IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


:^ 


1.0 


1.1 


IttlM    125 
ut  Ui   12.2 

S[   U£    |20 


L25  WU  11.6 


Photographic 

Sdmces 

Corporalion 


23  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14S80 

(716)872-4503 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/iCIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microroproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historiquaa 


TMhnleal  and  ■Ibllographie  NotM/NotM  tMhniquM  at  bibliographiquaa 


Th«eoi 
totlMi 


Tha  Inatituta  haa  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  boat 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Naturaa  of  thia 
copy  wliich  may  ba  bibliographically  uniqua, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagaa  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  aignif  leantly  changa 
tha  uaual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chaekad  balow. 


□   Colourad  covora/ 
Couvartura  da  couiaur 


rn   Covara  damagad/ 


□ 


D 

S 


□ 


D 


0 


Couvartura  andommagAa 


Covara  raatorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  raatauria  at/ou  palliculAa 


|~~1   Covar  titia  miaaing/ 


La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 


Colourad  mapa/ 

Cartaa  giographiquaa  an  couiaur 

Colourad  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  blua  or  black)/ 
Encra  da  couiaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  blaua  ou  noira) 


r~n   Colourad  plataa  and/or  illuatrationa/ 


Planchaa  at/ou  illuatrationa  wt  couiaur 


Bound  with  othar  matarial/ 
RaliA  avac  d'autraa  documanta 


Tight  binding  may  cauaa  ahadowa  or  diatortion 
along  intarior  margin/ 

La  r«  liura  aarria  paut  cauaar  da  i'ombra  ou  da  la 
diatoraion  la  long  da  la  marga  intAriaura 

Blank  laavaa  addad  during  raatoration  may 
appaar  within  tha  taxt.  Whanavar  poaaibia,  thaaa 
hava  baan  omittad  from  filming/ 
II  aa  paut  qua  cartainaa  pagaa  blanchaa  ajoutiaa 
lora  d'una  raatauration  apparaiaaant  dana  la  taxta, 
mala,  loraqua  cala  itait  poaaibia.  caa  pagaa  n'ont 
paa  «ti  filmAaa. 


L'Inatitut  a  microfilm*  la  maillaur  axamplaira 
qu'il  lul  a  At*  poaaibia  da  aa  procurer.  Laa  dAtailt 
da  cat  axamplaira  qui  sont  paut-Atra  uniquaa  du 
point  da  vua  bibliographiqua,  qui  pauvant  modifiar 
una  imaga  raproduita,  ou  qui  pauvant  axigar  una 
modification  dana  la  mAthoda  normala  da  filmaga 
aont  indiquAa  ci-daaaoua. 


Tha  im 


pn  Colourad  pagaa/ 


D 
D 
0 
0 
0 
D 
D 


Pagaa  da  couiaur 

Pagaa  damagad/ 
Pagaa  andommagAaa 

Pagaa  raatorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Pagaa  raataurAaa  at/ou  palliculAaa 

Pagaa  diacolourad.  atainad  or  foxad/ 
Pagaa  dAcolorAaa,  tachatAaa  ou  piquAos 

Pagaa  datachad/ 
Pagaa  dAtachAaa 

Showthrough/ 
Tranaparanca 

Quality  of  print  variaa/ 
QualitA  inAgala  da  I'impraaaion 

Includaa  aupplamantary  matarial/ 
Comprand  du  matArial  aupplAmantaira 


of  tho 
filming 


Origini 
baginn 
thalM 
alon,  o 
othor c 
firatpfl 
alon,  a 
or  illua 


I — I   Only  adition  availabia/ 


Tha  lai 
ahall  01 
TINUEI 
which! 

Mapa. 
diffara 
antiral' 
baginn 
right  a 
raquir« 
matho 


0 


Saula  Adition  disponibia 

Pagaa  wholly  or  partially  obscurad  by  errata 
siipa.  tlstuaa.  ate.  hava  baan  rafilmad  to 
anaura  tha  baat  poaaibia  imaga/ 
Laa  pagaa  totalamant  ou  partiallamant 
obacurciaa  par  un  fauiliat  d'arrata,  una  pelure, 
ate,  ont  AtA  filmAaa  A  nouvaau  da  fapon  A 
obtanir  la  maillaura  imaga  poaaibia. 


Additional  commanta:/ 
Commantairaa  aupplAmantairaa; 


Irregular  pagination  :  [ij  -  xv.  II]  •  830.  (827j  -  833  p. 


Thia  itam  la  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  eat  filmA  au  taux  da  rAduction  indiquA  ci-daaaoua. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


J 

12X 


16X 


aox 


a4x 


28X 


32X 


Tb«  copy  filmed  h«r«  hat  h—n  rtproduocd  titankt 
to  th«  gtnsroaity  of: 

UnlvwaHy  of  Altorta 
Edmonton 


L'Momplairo  fllm4  fut  roproduit  grieo  A  la 
SAnAroaltA  da: 

Unhrtrslty  of  Albarta 
Idmonton 


Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  ttia  baat  quality 
poaaibia  oonaldaring  tfia  condition  and  laglblllty 
of  tha  original  copy  and  In  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  apaclflcationa. 


Original  coplaa  in  printad  papar  covara  ara  fllmad 
beginning  with  tha  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  laat  page  wvith  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impree- 
tion,  or  the  beck  cover  when  epproprlata.  All 
other  originei  eoplee  ara  filmed  beginning  on  the 
firat  pege  with  a  printed  or  illuatratad  Impree- 
•lon.  and  ending  on  the  kMt  pege  with  a  printad 
or  illuetratad  impreeeion. 


Lea  imagea  tuivantea  ont  4tA  raproduitea  avae  la 
plua  grand  •oin.  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattet*  de  i'exemplaira  film*,  et  en 
conformity  avac  lea  conditiona  du  contrat  da 
filmage. 

Lee  exemplalrea  originaux  dent  la  couvarture  wi 
pepler  eet  imprimie  aont  filmte  1%  commandant 
par  le  premier  plot  et  en  terminant  toit  par  la 
darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  emprainta 
d'impreaaion  ou  d'illuatratlon,  toit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  la  caa.  Toua  las  autrea  axempiairea 
originaux  sent  filmto  an  eomman^ent  per  le 
premlAre  pege  qui  comporte  une  emprelnte 
d'Impreeaion  ou  d'illuatratlon  at  an  terminent  per 
la  darnlAre  pege  qui  comporte  une  telle 
emprelnte. 


The  leet  recorded  freme  on  each  microfiche 
shell  contain  tha  symbol  ^^  (meening  "CON> 
TtNUEO").  or  the  symbol  ▼  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  appliaa. 


Un  dee  symbolea  suivanta  apparattra  sur  la 
dernlAre  imege  de  cheque  microfiche,  scion  le 
caa:  la  symbole  -^  signifle  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  ▼  signifle  "FIN". 


IMapa,  plataa.  eharta.  etc..  may  be  filmed  et 
different  reduction  ratioa.  Thoaa  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  expoaure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hend  comer,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  framea  aa 
required.  The  following  diegrama  illuatrata  the 
method: 


Lea  cartaa.  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  pauvent  Atra 
filmAa  A  dea  taux  da  rAduction  diffArants. 
Lorsqua  le  document  eat  trop  grand  pour  Atra 
reproduit  it  un  saul  ciichA.  il  est  f  limA  A  partir 
da  Tangle  supArleur  gauche,  de  geucha  A  droita. 
at  da  haut  an  baa.  an  pranant  la  nombra 
d'imagea  nAcaaaaira.  Lea  diagrammea  suivanu 
illuatrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1  2  3 

4  5  6 


% 


.  r 


J 


!• 


1* 


/ . 


^  y^ 


/ 


A 


S 


mmmmm 


r 


.^  -^-v 


''U      ^■ 


■*^.<ife». 


^-     .^^' 


/^■^Cl^ 


V 


t  f 


' 


f'l 


/^ 


/ 


1 

I 


o 


'".VI  XtU7i;m>w<.'  Ptit^tU  h  Sluari  :" 


''^ 


OK    THE 


^ 


non  THE  omup  at  the  capitol  WASHinoniN 
NEW    YORK: 

PHILADELPHIA: 

STEVE3N-S     <Sc     HA-LL. 

1882. 


> 


»  ^   ' 


/^< 


(/r^  '/'6  ^a 


I 


1 
I 


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\ 


///,     iOUMTA//^  /iti.lD   O/    .1.1//.A/L.IX   //hsroKY: 

.— — .—  L     „  I  \ 

TWO   AMERICAS. 

TiiP.iR  coMi'Lirn;  iiistoky. 

FIWJM  'niK  KAULIK8T  DIHCOVKUIKS  TO  THE  I'ltESKNT  DAY. 

■f  rni 
'FATIIKkS    ()!•    AMKKICAN    MISIORY' 

'<i»ir>l«I»il     WITIIiitrf   tmifrHIMKNT, 

DELKNAP8  RIOORAPHIES  OF  TUB  EARLY  DI8COVKRBR0;  ORAIIAME'8  HISTORY  OP 
NORTH  AMERICA;  DR.  ROHERTBON'8  HlHTORY  OF  BOUTH  AMERICA;  AND 
RAMHAVS  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

,\NI»    A«<     Mil  smX    IIY    IIImF.    II     I,.    WIII.IVMH,    IIIIINUINJJ    TIIK    IIIHTOUV    OK    IIOIII    NOIIIII     \NI>   ^OfTll 

AMtKli'A   IH)WN   TO  TIIK   I'ilKMKN T   DAY. 

TO  WBMIU  AMI  ADOIB 

HUBBARD'S    HISTORY   OF   THE   INDIAN   WARS    IN    NKW    ENGLAND. 


4NI)  ".«  i«K.i*t';iMi  -I  MMAHV  i>tf   vm:  • 

MAN!  f Mil  IIKD,  AMIth  Ll.Tnir 


NAI.  WKAl.ill.  IN    lloMKKlh     A^H    t>lKKl'..N  I  >•«!  U»,hl'E 
<<l  T(l  TIIKIH  Mm  l\l.  i-ltoOKiMK,  TIIKIII  >>l>TK«i 


III'   I  I  ii|  II     hill  I  \  rinN    AMI   III!    Mnii  \i.  Mi\  AM  KMKKT  Ilk*  THN  1'Kiirt.l  " 

WITH  AN    INTRODUCTION   BY   P.  C.  HEADLEY. 

Al*>,    A  ^ 

Fl'I./  (IIKDXOlAHiy    UISTOKICM..  lUCtiK  \rrnc.\l.,  and  CRNERAt^DATtNG  FROM  /'^/i*   YRAk 

1  /  ,/  f-SHST  TIMK, 


A    COPIOUS    GENERAL    INDEX. 

TIIK   whom;    KOIlMINd    A    IlIrtTOUV    nK    IIIK    IWu   AMKIIU  VN    loNriMNls,    UN->t;urASiKD   rOli   KU  MOHe   AND 

r\rQi.',\i.r.rt  as  a   ihmhc  ok  i;ki'i:i;i,n('U. 
ILLUSTRATED   WITH   TWENTY-FOUR   FULLPAGE   STEEL   ENGRAVINGS. 


I'  ■' 


KhVlSUD    AXI)    liiWLAKGED. 


\ 


NEW    YORK; 

PHILADELPHIA: 

STEVEKTIS      &c      HALL. 
1883. 


Bntcrad,  aeeordliiii  to  Aet  of  CoBKreM,  In  Um  yaw  UTS,  bf 

HiCNRT  8.  ALLEN, 

In  tha  OIBn  of  th*  LIbrHtaa  of  OongriM.  at  WHMnKtoii,  D.C. 

Bntercd,  acvordlng  to  Aet  of  Coii|p«aa,  to  the  year  UBL  by 

M.  8.  ALLBM, 

In  tha  Offlee  of  the  Librarian  of  Congicaa,  at  Waablagtoa,  D.C 


UUAIY  0F  THE  MMiWlIUP  ; 
•r  ALIHT4  ^ 


TO 


< 


THE    PEOPLE    OF    AMERICA. 


EnroBTS  ur  tbx  oavsm  or  folttiqal  ubebtt  oitm  a  PMomjAa  obabactmm 

TO  THM  BMOOSDa  OF  TUB  PAST  CBNTUBT, 


AMD  ny  WBOM 


Ti»  onun  OF  nuouwai  nraBRiTBo  from  thb  ou>  woru>  hatk  brbn  had*  io 

DXTBLOP  mum  THAT  ARB  A  BUBBBina  TO  CIYIUZATIOir, 


3^  |it<«ftt(  )i4mt^  In  III*  f  ri>j(«i$  t\  lite  %mn  %i^, 

THIS  WORK, 

^BCOI\piNa    TH«    |(Ai\l\ATIVB    OF    THBII^    ^ISTORT. 

tlOM  TIU 

BARLIISST  TO  THB  LATEST  TIMGSt  • 

18  FAITHFUL LT 

Bodioaied. 


209CG11 


»«u:8iifefc.xTttac 


PREFACE. 


In  thit  volume  wo  prewnt  to  the  pnbllo  a  hlitorj  of  the  two  Atnerioan  Oontinunts,  from  the  peiu  of  oar  abloit  bi»i 
lorianf,  coutiunod  in  otch  initonce  by  competent  writon  to  the  pnwont  time.  For  purposcM  of  roforonce,  and  in  order  to 
render  the  design  as  complete  aa  poaaible,  we  have  prefixed  to  the  portion  which  ig  more  purely  hiiturical,  the  excellent 
biographies  of  the  early  discoverers  which  were  written  by  the  accomplished  scholar  and  divine,  Dr.  Bellcnap.  The 
raoord  of  thoeo  men  must  not  be  forgotten.  For  the  early  history,  from  tlio  flrst  voyage  of  Columbus,  through  the  stirring 
•rents  that  signalized  the  settlement  of  Central  and  South  America,  tlte  groat  work  of  Dr.  Robertson  possossos  ckims 
w^iich  are  pnHsminent  It  therefore  fitly  occupies  the  next  phuo,  but  with  an  additional  chapter,  wherein  are  traced  the 
gradual  development  of  tho  several  South  American  Republics,  and  the  fonnation  of  Brazil  into  a  separate  Empire. 
We  follow  tho  diain  of  events  in  North  America  from  the  period  of  the  early  settlement,  down  to  that  of  the  English 
revolution  of  1088,  aided  by  the  impartial  pen  of  Mr.  Grahame ;  henceforth  relying  upon  a  number  of  equally  accredited 
authorities  till  we  reach  the  last  fourth  of  the  eighteenth  century.  At  this  eventful  point  in  our  history,  we  have  had 
recourse  to  the  lucid  narrative  that  has  come  to  us  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Ramsay.  But  tho  result  of  his  labors  extends 
only  to  1807.  For  subsequent  history  we  have  therefore  adopted  tho  same  course  as  in  pei-foctmg  the  continuation 
of  Dr.  Robertson's  work  on  South  America.  Rich  materials  lay  in  abundance  before  us  in  both  cases.  We  have  used 
the  best  moans  at  our  disposal  to  gather  them  together,  and,  with  the  most  suitable  of  them,  to  produce  a  work  which 
shall  bo  at  once  authentic  and  as  far  as  possible  complete. 

It  has  been  said,  that  ours  is  the  only  nation  which  has  no  age  of  fable.  Tliis  is  only  partly  true.  It  is  true  of  the 
United  States,  but  it  is  not  true  of  America.  The  history  of  tlutt  time  which  preceded  tho  great  discovery  by  Columbus 
IS  a  page  which  has  yet  to  be  written.  Perhaps  it  never  can  bo  fully  written.  But  it  refers  to  an  ago  of  fable  than 
frhich  no  part  of  tho  world  offers  any  that  is  more  interesting,  or  probably  mora  marvellous.  Wo  cannot  lose  sight  ol 
this,  for  we  are  treating  not  only  of  this  Republic  which  has  no  such  fabulous  epoch,  but  of  the  entire  American  conti- 
nent ;  and  our  work  be^ns,  at  the  moment  when  tho  fabulous  portion  of  that  history  ends.  Our  aim  liaa  been  to  con- 
struct, upon  a  combined  chronological  and  geographical  basis,  a  narrative  of  all  tho  leading  events  in  American  history, 
wherewith  to  secure  at  once  a  work  of  reference  upon  the  widest  scale,  and  at  the  same  time  a  volume  of  pleasant  inter, 
est  which  shall  bo  acceptable  to  the  people.  Tho  lifo  of  a  nation  should  mark  the  moral  and  intellectual  progress  of  ita 
inhabitants ;  and  if  that  be  true,  the  story  is  one  which  surely  none  of  na  vsm  well  afford  to  leave  unread. 


COIVTENTII^. 


KOORAPHIES  OF  THE  EARLY  DISCOVEKEItS. 


erto 

illcnt 
Tile 
rring 
laims 
Itbe 
iplre. 
igliah 
dited 
I  had 
tends 
ation 
used 
rhich 

the 
nbna 
than 
htol 
ionti- 
con- 
tory, 
nter. 
f  ita 


r. 


.i 
-^1 


CHAPTER    I.  Ml 

BiaoK :  nu  DlicoTery  of  IcolMid  Md  Uraenland— An  Aecoant  of  hi* 
VoyuKD— CiMnotor  ud  App«anno«  of  the  NattvM    .       .       .      .       1 

CHAPTER    II. 
If  ABOO !  nil  SuppoMd  DUonvonr  of  Amorlci— An  Account  of  hi*  Voyiga 
Kxuulumi— Tho  IiniirobabllUy  of  the  Htory S 

CHAPTER    III. 

Zkmo  !  Tltii  RiDk  and  Birth— Ha  Skit*  on  >  Vorage  of  DUeorenr— !•  ot«i>> 
lakoii  by  a  Htunii— Arrtvoa  at  Friiland— UilHvulUoa  with  tine  Natlvei 
— IlUt  Uvatli— Mia  brother  Autoulo  take*  the  Oumniand      ...       8 

CHAPTER    IV. 

CoLVMBUi :  nia  Reaaona  for  ineklnR  Iiidlii  by  Weaterly  Route— Ilia  Four 
Voya|;e«,  and  the  Ilurdithlpa  and  OllUvultlea  b«  underwent— lie  la 
8iil|iwruoked  on  Jamaica— Ilia  Death  and  C'huructer  ....       4 

CHAPTER    V. 

AMiBicra  Viantoira:  Ilia  B'rtli  and  "Iduvatlnn- Ilia  Sotentiflc  Roacarchea 
—Ilia  Firat  Voyage  to  America  and  Clalma  aa  a  Dlacoveror— The 
Niuniug  of  the  Continent ,       .  10 

CHAPTER    VI. 
JOB!i  AMD  SiDAiTiAH  Cabot  !  Th*  Commluton  of  King  Ilennr  VII.— 
Thev  Ball  on  a  Voyaue  of  Ularovery,  uud  lijcht  Land— DeKorlptlon  of 
the  Mew  Country— Uvtum  tu  Knglaiid— Sebuatlan  atorta  on  a  Hocond 
Voyage 10 

CHAPTER  VII. 
jAxn  CAiTiia :  Bella  on  a  VoyaRn  of  Dlacovcry,  rcarbcs  the  lalnnd  of 
Newfoundland- FInda  Clialeur  Buy— Ills  Iiitorvluw  with  thu  Niitlvca 
— DunoGono,  the  Indian  Chief— Illii  8tri'.t»t,'i'rii— Indian  Ki'wptlim  of 
CartliT  and  nIa  Compunlona— Ohiinict«r,  llnhlt;!,  nnd  CiiatoniK  of  the 
Indiana— Further  Dlaoovurloa— Tliv  Kx|KHlltlciii  attickid by  Ulacii<o — 
Carter  l<kea  PonaeiHlon  of  tlm  (Jounlry— Itcturiin  to  Krunuu  with  two 
of  the  Natlvqa— A  Sceuiid  Vuyiij^— Kind  Kecuiitluii  by  thu  Indians. .     11 

CHAPTER    VIII. 

f  caDiMAKiK)  Di  BuTO :  Lauds  In  Florida— Advancea  Into  the  Interior— 
DlUlcultiea  with  the  Natlvea— 111*  Dvatb lit 

CHAPTER    IX. 

HuMrancT  Gilbirt:  Voyajto  of  Master  Hnro— Groat  Buirorlnga  of  the 
I'arty— Seizure  of  Freneli  Vessel— Sir  II.  Gilbert  rccclvea  a  Coin- 
mlsslun  from  (itioeii  ElUiibetli— He  SiilU,  and  l»  uvertakou  by  a  Storm 
— Lands  on  Newfoundland,  and  tokea  t'oMsession  nf  tliu  Inland— Cor- 
dial Kceeiitlon  by  the  Natlvva— A  Uovcmmcul  Katabllshed— Ship- 
wreck and  Death     .       • 14 

CHAPTER  X. 
Sir  Walteh  RALKinn  and  Sih  Ricuaro  GnENViLLB :  RaloiKh  obtains 
a  Coniinlaslon  from  (juecn  Elizabeth,  and  sulls  for  America— Ilia  ar- 
rival at  Woeocon— Grunganlmeo,  tlie  Indian  Chief- Description  of 
an  Indian  VilliiKe— Kind  RceepMon  by  the  NKtivea- Return  to  Kni- 
land-  -Second  Expedition  under  Sir.  If.  Grcnvillo— Settlement  of  Vlr- 

flula— Death  of  GranKanlnieo— Koveiiito  of  bis  brother,  Wlnglna— 
Us  Diulli— A  Third  Fxpedltlon— Vrogfeas  of  VlrBiula  and  ita  ulti- 
mate Di'sert.ioii- Introduction  of  Tobacco  Into  Europe— Anecdote  of 
Blr  Walter  KulelgU 15 

CHAPTER    XI. 

JOBK  DK  Pi'CA :  His  AdTcnturcs  and  Discoveries— The  Attempt  to  Pro- 
cure  hlui  a  Commission 16 

CHAPTER    XII. 

0ARTni>tOMEw  GosNOi.n:  Ills  Arrival  In  Virginia— Description  of  the 
Coaai — Visit  from  the  ludiaus— Abundonuiint  of  the  Colony  by  the 
English .      17 

CHAPTER    XIII. 

JOUN  Hmito  :  Sketch  of  bis  Currer— Ho  loins  the  Austrian  Army— His 
Encounter  wtlli  the  Turks— Is  mode  a  Prisoner,  and  sold  os  a  Slave— 
Escapes,  and  Returns  to  England— Meets  Gosnold,  and  they  aall  to 


Amerlca^ArrlTal  at  Virginia— Imith  la  taken  Prlaoner  by  the  In- 
dians, and  Condemned  to  Doatli— Ho  la  Saved  by  Pocahontas— HI* 
Release,  and  subarquent  DIacoTerles— lie  la  made  Preaident  of  Vir- 
ginia—Ilia  Fame  among  the  Indiana— Ketuma  to  England— Tbt  His- 
tory of  Pucabuntaa-timith's  Literary  Worka  and  Death    .       .       .     M 

CHAPTER    XIV. 
Da  MoHT*,  PoiTRincocRT  AMD  CnAMiiAiNt  De  Mont'a  Patent  for 
Acadia— HIa  Fort  at  St.  Croix— Champlain  NavlgaUs  tlia  81.  Law- 
rence—Builds  a  Forf  at  Quebec— Dlacoven  the  Lake  that  tieara  hi* 
Name— Sotrendera  Quebec  to  the  Engllab— Ilia  Character  and  Death     M 

CHAPTER    XV. 

FuniHARSO  OoRoit  AHD  JonH  Masom  :  Discovery  of  «  Plot  agalnat 
Queen  Ellaabetb— Gorgea  Defends  himself  before  ParllamenP-Hl* 
Complaiut  against  the  Dutch- Miafortunoa  and  Deotb— Maaon'* 
Plantation  at  PlsoaUqua— Massachoaetts  Establlabed— Plana  for  In- 
dependence Buspected- Pruvlnce  of  Maine— The  Form  of  Uovero- 
meut— Protected,  and  afterwarda  Pnrcbaaud  by  Maaaachuaetta  .      .     M 

CHAPTER  XVI. 
IIehrt  ncnwoK :  Bella  on  a  Voyage  of  Discovery— Arrlvca  at  Bandy 
i:ook— Attempts  to  Ball  np  the  River- Hoattllty  of  the  Natlvea— Re- 
tunia  to  England— HIa  Second  Voyago— Dlaeovery  of  Mermaid— 
Hudson's  Amngementa  with  Uie  Dutch- Ula  MIstortunea  and  Terri- 
ble end     •..M 

CHAPTER    XVII. 
Bib  TnoitA*  BMrrn :  Charges  against  him- He  Realgna  the  Treaaurcrshlp 
of  the  Virginia  Company,  and  receives  a  Grant  of  Land  to  tlio  Colony 
—Sir  Edwin  Sondya  appointed  hla  Succeaaor— Lotterlea— Bupplle* 
obtained  by  their  meana  for  the  Colony H 

CHAPTER    XVIII. 

Lord  Dklawarb,  Bir  TnoMAa  Gates,  Sir  Georob  Bomers,  Captaih 
Nkwfokt,  Sir  TiioMAa  Dale,  Sir  F.  Waimmam  :  Lord  Delav^are 
arrlvea  lu  Vlrjirinia— Buildti  two  Forts  on  the  Junios  River-Leave* 
Virginia  and  goes  to  tlie  Wcstcin  Islands— Sittleniont  of  Duniol  Goo- 
kln  In  Vlrglniii,  and  Removal  to  Now  England— Sir  Thomas  Dale  ap- 
pointed Governor  of  Virginia— Outline  of  his  Character— Appoint- 
ment of  Sir  Tliomas  Gatos— Dispute  betwcon  lilni  and  Admlraliiom- 
ei*  on  a  Qncation  of  I'recedenco— Wreck  of  Somcrs  in  Burmuda— HIa 
Death,  Burial,  and  Monument— First  Settlement  of  New  York— Ar- 
rival of  Sir  Ferdlnaudo  Waiuman  lu  Virginia— Ula  Death— Death  of 
Lord  Delawara         ,       ......       ■•••IB 

CHAPTER    XIX. 

Sib  SA>nn:L  Aroai,  and  Sir  George  Teardlet  :  Argal'a  Expedition 
to  Northern  Vtrgiiiiu,  and  his  Defeat  of  the  French  at  Mount  Desart 
—Takes  and  destroys  Port  Royal— Holds  a  Conference  with  Uien- 
court— Vlalta  the  Dutch  at  the  Hudson  River— Hie  Dutch  Governor 
Burrenderatohim— His  Voyage  to  England— Is  appointed  Deputy- 
Governor  of  Virginia— Ills  severe  Discipline- Chargodof  PeculuUon, 
and  Is  Superse<lt'a— But  Escapes  by  thu  lielp  of  the  Earl  of  Warwick — 
Commands  an  Expedition  against  the  Algerinos,  and  is  Knighted  by 
King  James- Ills  Cliaraeter— Appointment  of  Sir  Georee  Yeardley 
to  the  Governorship  of  VirKlnia— He  encourages  the  Cultivation  of 
Totiacco— Attacks  the  Chlckahomiuy  ludiana- Vicissitude*  In  Id* 
Carcei^IIU  Death M 

CHAPTER    XX. 

Bib  Frahcis  Wtat  :  Succeeds  Yeardley  in  tliO  Government  of  Vitglnln 
—Is  Deceived  by  the  Native  Chicfa— Massacre  of  the  Colonlsto— He 
opposes  the  chatigo  uf  Government  contciuplatcd  by  the  Crown,  and 
return*  to  Ireland M 

CHAPTER    XXi. 

DABTROLOMEW  GORNOLD,  MARTIN  PriNO,  BaHTHOLOMEW  GILBERT,  AND 
Geokor  Wbtmouth:  (iosnold's  Voyage  to  Virginia — Ills  Interview 
and  Traflic  with  the  Natives— Kcturna  to  England- Accompuiiies 
John  Smith  to  Virirlnla- Ilia  Death— Prlng  sulls  for  Nortli  Virginia- 
Discovers  Fox  Island— F.nters  Mossiichusetts  Bay— Interview  with 
the  Natives— Returns  to  England,  and  makes  a  Second  Voyaire— till- 
bcii  sails  for  VirKinia,  nud  Is  killed  by  the  Natives— Weymouth's 
Voyage  to  America — lie  Uiseovers  George's  Island  and  Pentecost 
Harbour,  and  Kidnaps  some  of  tlie  Natives jN 

CHAPTER    XXII. 
John  Robinson  :  Ills  Birth  and  Early  11  latory—MinUter  of  a  DluentlBjf 


i^<H 


ts^^~ 


iliM  aMTiTii*^  :j',^ 


Till 


CONTENTS. 


k 


hm-r 


ilMtHM  FcrMCillotM— H*  ramoTM  tn  AnwUrdtm— 
HM  mipuUUoB  wlik  KplMo^u*— III*  Chnrfh  onntompliUt  ■  M» 
■oTkl— Tb*y  tpplT  to  Um  Vlr(tnl»  ComiNin*— Tb*  Hamiia  btfurt 
lUmuraL  Md  rHtlnt  from  ttaoM  wbo  MtUail  fur  Aowrtva— UU  l>«Mk 
— ChMMMT  and  fMbrtty 


rMa 


CHAPTER    XXIII. 

Ion  OAimni  i  Appotnl*)!  Annl  br  lh«  KnRltoh  Battler*  (t  Lcydm— 
■npcrlntaiult  Mranmmanwi  fnr  EiBlgmtlon— li  ipnolalfd  Prwldant 
of  Um  CompMf— Mtkct  an  Ricunlon  from  C«M  C<mI  Ib  Rtuab  u(  i 
Ilwbor— Ijutdi  on  Clark'*  liltnd— rormi  a  Bttilamant  at  Plymouth 
— Ul(  Intcrrlaw  with  Maaaaamlt— Hla  Doatb,  Chiraotar,  aad  ifoatar- 
Ity-Rvllca  In  tb*  CablMt  of  tba  UUIorloal  Soaltty     .... 

OIIAPTRR    XXIV. 

Wituui  BiuDroNDi  III!  BIrih  and  Rdoeatlnn— lUmoTa*  to  AiMlar- 
dam— Aecumpanlea  Emigrant*  to  Naw  EngUad— Loaa  of  hia  Wlfa— 
I*  cboaan  Qovumor  uf  Naw  Pljnoutb— Indian  Coaanlnela*— Brad- 
ford adopla  Mcaaart*  of  Dafaoca— aorrcndara  tha  Paunl  to  Iba  Cot. 
any— Ula  Daatb,  Chantctar,  and  DaaoaodauU 


«T 


CHAPTER    XXV. 

Wnj.i*M  BBawarni!  Honor*  from  tha  Dntcb  Oovanimaat— Ramowa 
(o  Holland— EaUblUha*  a  PrlnUng-Ufflpa-Croaaaa  to  Amarlaa-Om- 
elalaa  aa  a  Prvacbar— HIa  Uaatb  and  Cbaraetar     >      .      t      •  80 

CHAPTER    XXVI. 
RoamT  CctmiAii :  Embnrka  for  Ami'ilcA— Ilrtuma  toEngland- ArrlTal 
at  Plymouth— Ula  Lcctura  on  8iiir-L(iro— Ul*  FamUy  cuma*  to  Nair 
logUnd SI 

CHAPTER  XXVII. 
Hum  t«i>  Wniatow :  Itia  Blrtb  and  Eduratlon— TraTvU  on  tha  Contlnenl 
of  Europe— RemoTra  to  America— VUlta  Maaiaaaolt— Ratuma  to  Bn|^ 
land— Salla  again  for  N«w  Plymoutb,  whonca  ha  la  airaln  Bent  to 
Riigland  a*  Aaent— HI*  Committal  to  tlie  Fleot  Prl*oii--Ia  Releaaed, 
and  Ratuma  to  Now  England— I*  Cbo*en  Oovamor,  and  then  made 
Commla*loner  of  tho  UnTu»l  Colonic*— la  Sent  by  Cromwall  agaloat 
tha  Bpaularda— Dtea  on  the  I'aaioge  to  Jamalc*— Ilia  Poalaiity  .       .     M 

CHAPTER  XXVIII. 
Miuw  STAROian :  A  Boldlcr  In  the  Notberlanda— Embark*  for  Amerlet 
— Compela  Oorbltant  tn  Submit  at  Bwanaey- HI*  Haaoluta  Policy 
towarda  the  Indian*— Ilia  Rxpedlllnn  to  Weaaajnaaet  and  Capa  Ann 
—Mr.  Uubbard'a  Obaervatlon*  ReapectlDg  Illm— Return*  to  England 
aa  Airant  for  the  Culnny— Ula  Death  and  Deacendanta— Eatlmata  of 
HI*  Chanctai^The  Policy  of  Bendhig  CooTlot*  to  Vlrglnln      .       .     8S 

CHAPTER  XXIX. 
tvm»  WiMTiiHOp !  Ftrat  OoTamor  of  Maaaaohuaetta  t  HI*  Birth  and  An> 
aeatryz-HI*  Character— Examination  of  HIa  Aeeounta— llla  DlOlcnt* 
culttaa  with  Mr*.  Ilutehlnaon  and  Her  Follower*— HIa  Conduct  to- 
warda  the  Church  at  Boaton— Opinlona  of  DemoeracT,  Liberty,  and 
tha  MagUtraey— Pecuniary  Embamuiamanta  and  Family  Afltletlon*— 
Bk  Death  and  PoaUrlty— The  Portrait  'n  the  Senate  Chamber  ol 
Maaaacbuaott* ST 

CHAPTER    XXX. 

Jom  Wranniop.  F.  R.  8.,  GoTcmnr  of  Connecticut— HIa  Birth  and 
Education— RemoTal  to  New  England— Obtain*  a  Charter  Ineorpo- 
rallug  Connecticut  and  New  Haven— I*  Choacn  GoTemor  of  tha  Col- 
ony-Elected  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society— Hla  Death       .       .      .     M 

CHAPTER    XXXI. 

Omwm  Caltsbt,  Cbcilic*  Caltkbt  (Lorda  Baltimore),  LEowano  Cat.- 
tan :  Birth  and  Education  of  Oeuige  Calvert— He  Entcra  the  Ser* 
Tloa  of  Sir  Robert  Cecil— la  made  Secretary  of  State,  and  RecelTiv  a 
Panalon  from  King  Jamca— Becomea  a  Roman  Catholic — la  Created 
Baron  of  BalUmon— Attempta  a  Settlement  In  Newfoundland  — 
VlalU  Virginia— Kecelvea  a  Grant  of  Territory  North  of  tha  Potomao 
—HIa  (.liaracter  and  Death— Cecil  Recelvea  a  Patent  of  Maryland— 
Bettlea  the  Colony  and  Appolnta  HIa  Brother  Leonard  QoTemor— 
Leonaid  Calvert  numotea  Immigration        ......     BO 

CHAPTER    XXXII. 

WnxtAM  Pbith  :  Hia  Birth  and  Education— Ha  TniTel*  to  Franca,  and 
Vlalta  Ireland— Attacbea  Hlmaelf  to  the  Society  of  Frlenda— I*  Ar> 
reated  and  Diacardcd  by  HIa  Fatbci^Beeome*  an  Itinerant  Preacher 
—  la  Iroprlaoned  In  tlie  Tower  of  London  — Hi*  Second  Jonr- 
ney  to  Ireland— Kecnm^llcd  with  Uii  Father— He  la  again  Arreatcd 
and  Imprlaoned  in  Nowgtib;— Pleads  theCuaae  of  the  Qnakera  before 
Parliament— Receive*  a  Charter  of  Pcnnaylvania— Term*  of  Settle- 
ment—Sends a  Letter  to  the  Indians— Einharks  with  a  Number  of 
Quakers  for  America— Ariivra  at  Newcastle  —  Founds  aiid  .Names 
Phllndclphlii— Is  Elw-ted  a  Fellow  of  the  Hoyal  S'Klety— II U  Siyle  of 
Preochliig— Departure  for  England— He  Publishes  a  Book  on  tho 
Liberty  of  Cunsclence— Is  SusniMted  of  being  Inimical  to  King  Wil- 
liam —  Biwnmea  Involved  In  n-ot— Signs  a  Now  Charter — Again 
Vlaita  England— Ilia  Eubarroaameut*  and  Death        ...  00 

CHAPTER    XXXIII. 
ivnNDiz  TO  TUB  BiooBAPBiu :  Account  of  the  Native*  of  New  lag- 
l»od  .       .  ...  f    M 


HISTORY  OF   SOUTH   AMERICA. 

loiTon**  Pniran 

Anaoa'a  Puraoa 

BOOK    I. 

raooai**  of  NavlpUon  among  the  Anclonta— View  of  their  Dteeovarle* 
aa  Preparatorr  to  thoan  of  the  MiHlerns— ImiHirfactlona  of  Anclaal 
Navlgatinn  and  Ueography— Dwtitne  of  the  /nn"»— Farther  Discov. 
arlaa  Checked  by  the  Irruption  of  liarbamu*  Nallona— (leugrapblcal 
Knowledge  atlll  Preaar^ed  In  the  Roat  among  the  Arablana— Revival 
of  Commerce  and  Navigation  In  Buro|in— Favoured  by  Uie  Crusade*— 
Extended  by  Traveller*  Into  the  East— Promoted  by  tha  Invantlne 
of  tlie  Marinar'a  Comnasa— First  Regular  Plan  ol  Discovery  formed 
by  Portugal— Stale  of  that  Kingdom— Hrhenies  of  Prince  Henry— 
Karly  Attempta  Feeble— Progress  along  the  Western  Coast  of  Afnea 
—Hopes  of  DIarovorIng  a  New  Route  iu  tha  Kaat  Indioa— Attempt, 
to  Accomplish  thla— Proopecta  of  Sucee** 

BOOK   II. 

BimTM  and  Rdnratlon  of  Colnmboa— He  aequirea  Naval  Skill  In  tha  Bar- 
vice  of  Portugal— Cnneetvaa  Hope*  of  n'aching  the  Beat  Indlea  by 
holding  a  Westerly  Couraa— HI*  Svatum  Founded  on  the  Idea*  of  tha 
Ancient*  and  Knowledge  of  their  Navigation,  and  on  the  DIacuvurlo* 
of  the  Portngue**— Hi*  Negotiation*  with  Different  Coorta— Ob*ta. 
elea  which  he  had  to  Surmount  In  Spain- Voyage  of  DIaeovery— 
DiniciUUea  and  Success— Kctnnia  to  Spain— Astonishment  there  at 
the  Discovery  of  a  New  Worlil— i'apal  Grant— Second  Voyace— 
Colony  Settle<l— Further  Discoveries— War  with  the  Indiana— FIrat 
Tax  Impoeed  upon  Them— Tlilnl  Voyage— State  of  the  Spanlah 
Colony— Errora  in  tho  First  Hystcm  of  Colonliing— Voyagu  of  tha 
Portuguese  to  the  East  Indies  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope— Ila  Effecia 
— Dlsvoveriea  made  by  Private  Advonturen  In  the  New  World- 
Name  of  America  given  to  It— Maehlnatlona  ajralnat  Columbua— Ha 
la  Dlagraced,  and  sent  In  Chalna  to  Europa— ula  Foortb  Voyage— 
DIaouverlea,  Diaaaters,  and  Death 

BOOK   HI. 

iTATa  of  the  Colony  In  llispaniola— New  War  wlUi  the  Indiana— Cmalty 
of  tlie  Spaiilanis— Fatal  Kcg\ilations  voneeming  the  Condition  of 
tha  Indians— Dlinliiutlon  of  that  Penpio— DIscoverle*  and  Settle* 
menta—Flrat  Colony  planted  on  tho  Continent— Conqueat  of  Cuba— 
DIaeovery  of  Florida— Discovery  of  the  Houth  Sea— Great  Expecla- 
tlona  and  Dlsap|iolutinents— Cunt'.ivimy  alMiut  Uie  Treatment  of  tha 
Indiana — Contrary  Decisions— Zeal  of  tlio  Eccleslastica,  particularly 
of  Laa  Cuaaa— Singular  ProeeeUlnga  of  Xlnienes—Negroea  Imported 
into  America— Laa  Casas'  Ideas  of  a  New  Colony— lie  la  Permitted 
to  Attempt  to  Carry  out  hIa  Sclionie,  and  Is  Unsuccessful- DIaoover- 
lee  towards  tho  Weal— YucataD-Campeachy— New  Spain— Prepar*. 
tloua  fur  luvailon 

BOOK   IV. 

AmaioA  tn  tha  Fifteenth  Century— Ita  Inhabttanta— Beananr,  ate.— 
Thaorlea  eoucoraing  the  Early  Population— Condition  and  Clmraetar 
of  the  Americana— Higher  Civilisation  of  tlie  Moxicana  and  Peru* 
viana— Pliyslcal  and  Mental  Chamctariatlca  of  the  People— Their  Do- 
meatlc  Lile— PollllrJil  Stale  and  Iiistltutlona— System  of  War— Cim* 
ditlou  of  the  Arte— Ucllglous  Belief  aud  ln*tltutlou*/-aenaiul  Cue- 


'a 


BOOK  V. 

Tbb  Conqueat  of  Naw  Spain  by  Curtei 

BOOK   VI. 

Tn  Conqneat  of  F*ni  by  Pliarro— Dl**cn*ii>n*  and  Civil  War*  of  tha 
Bpaniiuda  In  that  Coontiy- Their  Origin  and  Conaequence*       .       . 


.    US 


lat 


BOOK  VII. 

iKiTtTUTlON*  and  Manners  of  tho  Mexican*  and  Penivlan*— Their  Con* 
ditlon  ciimtiared  with  other  Aiiierlcao  Slates— Origin  of  tha  Mexi- 
cans—Their Progrese  In  Clvlllzatlun  — Oenlu*  of  their  Religion- 
The  I'ernvian  Monarchy— II*  Policy  Founded  on  Religion- Lawa  of 
Pro|>erty— Public  Works  among  the  I'enivlaii*— Paclflc  Character  of 
the  i*co|ilu— Other  Dominion* uf  8ualn  In  Ameilra—Sonora— Califor- 
nia—Uoiidura*  and  Yucatan— Chill— Tucumau—XierreFlrme — King- 
dom of  New  Granada ISO 

BOOK   VIII. 

Iirmion  Onvommcnt,  Commerce,  etc.,  of  tho  Spanish  Colonlea— De- 
population of  America— Spanish  .Mode  of  Cotonlxatlon— Eccleaiaa- 
Ucul  Policy— Character  of  the  Clergy— Progreaa  of  Christianity- 
Mineral  Itesourres  of  tho  Country— Mode  of  Working  the  Mine* — 
Other  Comiiiudlties  of  South  .\nicrlca— Ellecta  of  tbi*  New  Com- 
liieree  on  Bnsiu— Errors  In  the  Spuiilah  System— Contraband  Trade 
— Decline  of  Spain- Policy  of  tbo  llourboii  Prlueea— Trade  between 
New  Spalu  and  the  Philippines— Kvveuua  of  Spaiu  from  America     .    lat 

BOOK    IX. 

RnsTiom  of  Spain  in  Europe— Eflocta  of  tho  Policy  of  Napoloon  and 
of  the  Wan  with  England— Tbo  Spanish  American  Colonies  aeeklng 
Independence— Their  Ultimate  Success— Sepanllop  «f  Braxll  into 


CONTENTS. 


M 
Ul 


tS0 


B 


la* 


MM 
M  lB4«|i«lMlmit  MnnMvhj"  Wir  lM>twr«n  Hpiiln  (nil  th«  l<o|mhllci  of 
Chill  tM  Pirn— I'ho  Ww  •ipiliiit  Pnraicunjr— Itofust  mil  IHtath  ot 
Lopaa— ltoTl«w  of  thi  ProMnl  CnuiUlluu  ut  lb*  Houtk  AmarlvaB 
Countric*— Concliulau ITS 

Ism  upon  Um  Ulttorjr  of  Houtb  AmcrlM IM 


THE  HISTORY  OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


iDiToa'i  PaiMoi 
4uTa(Mi't  PawAoa 


aoB 
aw 


BOOK   I. 

CHAPTER    I. 

CiBOr'i  Vornga  ud  Dlaeorcry  of  NowfoaodUnd— Mtritlin*  EntcrprlN 
Ptvorvd  by  Queen  Kllubotb— The  Hlare  Tnile— Sir  Walter  Kiilel||h'« 
PruJecU— Colony  In  North  America— Flnt  Expedition— The  Country 
named  VIrKinIa— A  Colony  Ettablltlicd  at  Kounoko— Mbfnrtunei  ot 
thu  C'olonl>t(— Tobacco  Introduced  Into  England— The  Dlrlnlon  ot 
Nortli  America  between  Two  Companlce— Tboir  Chartera— Code  of 
Lawa— ArrlTal  of  Colonbu  In  the  Bnv  of  Cheiapeake— Jamei  Town 
Vonndod— HoeUllty  of  tbu  Indiana— Dtitreai  In  the  Colonv— Captain 
Soilth- Hla  Eleotlon  to  the  Pmaldnncy- New  Charter— Lord  D«l»> 
w«rt  ■ppolntad  QoTemor— 8mttli'a  lUtum  to  Kogland      .      .       .   UO 

CHAPTER  II. 
liloaiiflMO  DlfflcDltlea  of  the  Colonlata— The  Wlie  Adratnlitratlon  of 
Lord  Delaware— Sir  Thomaa  Dale— Martial  Law- Cultlratlon  of  To- 
bacco—Klnt  Aaaerobly  of  BepratentatlToi  In  Virginia— New  Conatl- 
tutlon  for  the  Colony— Dispute  between  the  King  and  the  Colony— 
Indian  Conaplraoy  and  Maiiacre  of  the  Colonlata— DlDaeniloni  ot  tha 
London  Company— DUiolutlon  ot  the  Company— Tyrannical  Govern- 
mnnt  of  Sir  John  Ilarrey— Sir  W.  Berkeley  appointed  Oovemor— Tha 
Popular  Aaaembly  Reatored— Part  taken  by  Virginia  In  the  Rebellion 
of  Cromwell— Reatrlctlona  on  tbe  Trade  ot  the  Colony— Revolt  ot  the 
ColouUU .       .       .    U9 

CHAPTER  III. 
tarouoT  of  the  Navigation  Acta— DIacontent  and  DUtraea  In  tha  Colonj 
— NatULilliatlon  of  Aliena— Indian  Hoatllitlea— Bacon'a  Rebellion- 
Bill  of  Attainder— The  Admlnlttmtlon  of  Colonel  JeSkvya— Dlapula 
with  tha  Aaaembly— Lord  Culpepper'a  Admlnlatration— Continued 
Disaffection— Inaurrectlon  and  Pnmabmcnt  ot  the  Rebela— Arbitrary 
If  eaaurea  of  the  Crown— Jamea  II.  Increuaea  tha  Trade  of  (he  Colo* 
nitta— Tha  Government  of  Lord  Kfflngbiim— Effect  upon  tbe  Colo- 
Blaa  of  tha  RevolnUon  of  l<US~8Uta  ot  VIrgInU  at  thla  Period- 
Population,  Lawa,  and  Manoera M 

BOOK  II. 

Tnn  New  England  States. 

CHAPTER  I. 
Cm  Flynionth  Company— Popbam  Eatabltshea  a  Colony  at  Fort  Saint 
George— Sufferings  of  tho  Colonlata— Captain  Smith'a  Voyage  and 
Survey  of  the  Country— It  Is  named  New  England  —  Ineffectual 
Attempt  to  Colonlie  It— History  and  Character  of  Iha  Puritana— RIaa 
of  tha  Independent* — A  Congregation  retire*  to  Holland  and  ulti- 
mately Resolve*  to  Settle  In  America— Their  Negotiation  with  King 
Jamea— They  Arrive  In  Masaachusetta  and  Fonnd  New  Plymouth — 
Hardship*  of  the  Colonists— Their  Civil  Institutions— Community  of 
Propcrtv— Salem  Founded— Charter  of  Hassachuaetta  Bay— Embark- 
ation of  a  New  Bai  d  of  Emigrants— Tboir  Arrival  at  Salem- Their 
Conatltntton— Two  Person*  Banished  for  BcbUm— Intolerance  ot  tha 
Puitana S88 

CHAPTER    II. 

Tn  Chartar  OoTammant  transferred  tima  England  to  Masiaehtnatta  - 
Continued  Emigration— Founding  of  Boaton— Dlsfranclilsement  of 
Dlssentera— John  Cotton,  hla  Colleague*  and  Successor*— William*' 
Sehlam- Ho  Founda  Providence— Arrival  ot  Hogb  Peter*  and  Ileniy 
Vana— A  Repreientatlva  Assemblv — Foundation  of  Connecticut  and 
*New  Haven— War  with  tha  Indians— Severities  Exorcised  bv  tha 
Colonlata -Mrs.  Hutchlnsonr-Colonlmtion  of  Rhode  Island,  Maine, 
and  New  Hampchlra— State  ot  New  England— Population,  Manner*, 
andLawa 


MS 


CHAPTER  III. 
ffBnnuii  Union  ot  the  New  England  Stataa- Provtnelal  Cotnaga  of 
Money— Impeachm«nt  and  Trial  ot  Oovomor  Wlnthrop— Arhltraiy 
Proceeding  against  Diasenter*— Attempt*  to  CIvlllie  tha  Indians- 
Indian  Bible  rrint.id  in  Ha**achuaotta— A  Synod  of  the  New  Eng- 
land Churchoi>— Cromwell's  Administration  Favourable  to  New  Eng* 
land— Persecution  of  the  Anabaptist*  in  Massachnsotts — Conduct 
and  Suffor'ug  ot  the  Quakers—The  Restoration  of  the  King— Addreaae* 
ot  Uie  Colonist*  to  Cbarle*  U.— The  Declaration  of  Right*— The 
King**  Measof^  to  Massachuoetts— Royal  Charter  of  Incorporation 
to  BBoie  laland,  Providence,  Cooncctlcnt,  and  New  Aifaa  . 


9M 


CHAPTER    IV. 

IwaiUTiON  of  MInlsler*  to  New  England- A  Royal  Coanlaalon— 
Oilbrancaa  between  Iha  Colonists  and  tbe  King— Caaaion  of  Aeadia 
to  tha  French  —  Prosperitr  of  New  England  —  Consplney  ot  the 
Indiana— Continuance  ot  Disputes  with  the  Crown— Religion  and 
Morale  In  tha  Colony— Surrender  of  the  Chartar  demanded  by  the 
King— Writ  ot  Quo  Ifarraiito  Issnad— Tha  Cbtrtor  adjudged  to  b« 
Voinllad M 

CHAPTER    V. 
DiATIl  of  Chailaa  11.— Ila  Effect  upon  the  Colony- Andro*  tpjiolntad         " 
Uovamor  of  New  England— Submission  of  Rhode  IsIand-K;olonlal 
PolloT  ot  Kins  Jamea— Intrigue*  of  the  Fieneb  Provoke  the  UostUi- 
tie*  of  tho  Inalana— In*urr*otlon  at  Boaton— Cnnnectlent  and  Rhoda 
Island  rasnma  their  Cbarteia— William  and  Mary  Proclaimed— Con- 

Iaest  of  Aeadia  by  Sir  William  Phlppa— Inpeaehment  of  Governor 
jidroa— The  King  mfnaaa  to  Restore  tha  Andant  Constitution  of 
Ma«*aehu*ati*— The  New  Charter— Witchcraft  in  Now  England— 
Paaea  ot  Ryawick— Moral  and  PoUtloal  Condition  ot  tha  Colonj      .   IN 

BOOK  m. 

KaBTtAKD— Charter  obtained  br  Lord  Baltlmora  from  Charie*  I.— Ro. 
man  Cstbollo  Emigration— Treaty  with  tha  Indians— Firat  Aasambly 
In  Maryland— Early  Introduction  of  Negro  Slavery— War  with  tha 
Indiana— Claybome'*  ItobelUon— Rellgloua  Toleration  EatabUahad, 
afterward*  Abolished— Eatabllshment  of  a  Provincial  Mint— Proa- 
paron*  Condition  of  tha  Colony— Naturalljatlon  Acta- Law  agalnat 
importing  Felon*— Separation  of  Dehtwara  from  Maryland— Report 
of  a  Popish  Plot— A  Protealant  A«*oclatlon  ta  Formed- Eatabllsh- 
ment of  the  Church  of  England— Persecution  ot  tha  Catholloa  StaU 
of  tha  ProTlnea— Manner*— Law* 811 

BOOK  IV. 

CHAPTER    I. 

NoBTH  and  South  Carolina— Early  Attampta  ot  the  French  and  Snan- 
lards  to  Colonlie  this  Territory— First  Charter  granted  to  Lord  Clar- 
endon and  Others— Formation  of  Albemarle  Settlement— Settlement 
ot  Aahley  River-Second  Charter— The  Conitltutlon*  of  South  Caro- 
lina—Emigration Thitfac John  Locke  created  a  landgrave— Boa- 

tlUtlaa  wiUi  tha  Spaalarda  In  Florida,  and  with  the  Indiana— Cnlpe» 
par'*  InsurreotiOB— Ula  Trial  and  Acquittal— Discord  among  tho 
Colonlata M 

CHAPTER    II. 

AVTAni  of  Booth  Cirollna— Indian  War— Praetica  of  Kldwppfaig  lo- 
dians— Emigration  from  Great  Britain  and  France— Pirates  Enter- 
tained in  tbe  Colony— Tha  Navigation  Law*— DIacontent  among  tha 
Colonists— Naturaluation  of  French  Rafugee*  roalstad- Tbe  Funda- 
mental Conatitations  Abolished— Wise  Admlnlatration  of  Archdala 
and  Return  of  Proaparity— Stato  ot  tha  People— Mannar*— Trade         M 

BOOK   V. 


CHAPTER    I. 


Niw  Tomx— Hadaon'a  Voyage  ot  DIaeoTenr— First  Settlement  of  tha 
Dutch  at  Albany— Tha  Frovinca  granted  Dy  tha  Statea-Oeneral  to  tha 
Weat  Indbk  Company  ot  Hollano— Tha  Dutch  extend  their  Poaaaa- 


•Ion*  into  Connecticut— DIapntaa  with  New  England- Settlement  of 
Delaware  by  tha  Swede*— war  between  the  Dutch  and  the  Indiana- 
Alarm  of  the  Dutch  Governor— The  Province  gmntad  to  tbe  Duke  ot 
York- 1*  Invaded  by  an  English  Fleet— Surrender*— Government  of 
Colonel  NIchola— Holland  oedea  New  Tork  to  England— Recapturea 
it— Cedea  It  Again- A  New  Charter  Granted— A  Free  ConsUtutlon 
given  to  the  Colony  by  tho  Duke  of  Tork DM 

CHAPTER    II. 

CoLOWKb  DoNOAN'a  Admlnlatration— The  Five  Indian  Natlona— Thabr 
Hostllltv  to  the  French— War-Dlscontant  at  New  York— The  French 
bum  SchenectadT- Arrival  of  Governor  Slaughter— Trial  and  Ezeeu- 
tlon  of  Leiater— War*  and  Mutual  Cmeltlea  ot  tha  French  and  In- 
diana—Governor  Fletoher'a  Administration— Captain  KIdd— Trial  «t 
Bayard— Administration  ot  Lord  Combuiy— Stata  of  tha  Colony  at 
tha  Close  of  tha  Seventeenth  Century tut 

BOOK  VI. 

Nbw  Jnsar  Bold  by  tha  Duke  of  Tork  to  Berkeley  and  Carterat— Emi- 
gration from  Long  Island  to  New  Jeney— Arrival  of  the  First  Oov- 
omor and  Settlers  from  England— Discontent  in  the  Colony — Con- 
duct ot  tha  Duke  of  Tork— Situation  of  the  Quakers  In  England— 
Their  Emigration  to  New  Jeraey— Remonstrance  ot  the  Quakera 
Lnding  to  the  Recognition  of  the  Independence  of  the  Province- 
rtr*t  A**embly— R.  Barclay  appointed  Governor— Scotch  Emigration 
to  New  Jeney— Surrender  of  the  Colonial  Patent  to  the  Crown— Con- 
atltntton of  ue  Provincial  Government  attar  tha  Baunlon  ot  Eaat 
andWeatNew  Jeney— Stata  of  tha  OoIouT >U 

BOOK  vn. 

CHAPTER   I. 

VrnmsrvfAXtk  um  DuAWAsa— Birth  and  Chancter  of  WOllam  Penm— 

He  SoUcita  a  Gnmt  of  American  Territory  from  Charie*  n.— Chartar 

of  Pannaylvanla— BmlgnUon  of  Qnaken  to  the  Provtnca— Letter 

from  Ponn  to  the  Indiana— Grant  of  Delaware  to  Penn— Fean'*  !•• 


CONTENTS. 


In  Am#rlc«— Nnmnrim*  Kmtifriitlrin— Tlni  Fli»t  lifirtiliitlTt 
AMMnblr—C'iinlruvrniv  Willi  Lnnl  HuUlniorp-Trralr  wUh  th«  In- 
dian*—^<<IW  Form  of  (liivvruuiuiit  AilupUd— PliUMitlpuU  toxuvUA— 
ruan'i  Ratum  tu  KhkImuI 

OUAPTKU    II. 

flim  (t  III*  Conrt  of  .Tiimi-n  II.--t>l«m'iini"n«  ntnnnft  lh<*  CnlorliU— 
Tlioir  l)lM|rr>'<"<><'ntii  wllli  IVnii— lli>  <i|>)ii>ltiu  Klvc  (.'iMiiinloi'l'iMin— 
Hvliitf  l>lwll*IU'il  nltli  lliciii,  liu  iiiuki'<  M;trkwrll  Dmiiilji'diivi'rnur 
~DllTtin!iit'i><  iHitwi'iiii  lliu  iViM'ln  of  Di'liiwarn  hihI  I'uiiiiiylviiiitit— 
DoUwurv  obttilni  n  8«>|iiiMlo  Kxi'i'iillvv— t^dilum  In  I'tMiiMjrltunlik— 
Pi'nn  lloprivoil  of  hU  Ailtliorltv— HelcliiT  ii|<piiliitn<l  (lovermir— 
Pann't  Authorltjr  itvilnrvil— (>|>liiloii«  iif  tliu  qunknn  coiK'«riiiii|{ 
N*Kro  SUvvrjr— RviwwitI  i>f  tlii<  l>U|iiitPi  Ixlwiwn  tli*  Two  HUtr»— 
Tbvir  Union  DImoIvwI— Cotiillllnn  «r  Uvlawuni  aotl  ronntylvtulii  ut 
Iba  eloM  of  Um  S<iv*i>I««uUi  Cxnturf 

APPENDIX. 

IT4TI  ind  ProapceU  of  Uia  North  Amorlean  Pmrlncf*  at  Um  elo*«  of 
the  8«Tenk«iitli  Contury— Onlnluui  of  Um  CuIuiiUU  rcipactlDg  Ilia 
rullc;  of  Uraat  Drtlain    .       .      - 

to  tha  nr«t  Part  of  tha  llUtorjr  of  North  Amarla*  .      , 


MM 


130 


S4t 


CoMTINUATIOir  or    THE    IllRTnRT   OF    NoRTn   AmKRIOA    FBOM 

Tim  Period  or  tub  ENOLian  Hetolvtiom  or  1689. 

CHAPTER  I. 
Ourvrm  batwaan  Naw  Tork  and  New  Jcr«e]r— Orarthrow  of  tha  Roral 
Oovamment  In  Naw  York— Scttloment  of  reiiniylvania— Now  Uhar- 
tar  for  Miitachumlta— KwtoratUin  of  tho  Uoveniiiiunl  lu  Now  York 
—War  with  tlia  French  and  Indluna— Wur  with  Cuutila,  and  with  tha 
Bpanlah  Colonle*— HatUemont  uf  tha  Bouuditrioi  batwuvn  Maaiacha- 
•atu  and  Counacticui—Tala  College M8 

CHAPTER    II. 

Pan*  Money  In  Matiaehiuetta— Inroada  of  tha  Indiana— Deputation  to 
the  French— Altoratlont  In  tho  Chsrlor— Ulipute*  between  tha  Xz- 
aeullTo  and  tho  Leffttliitura— Adjuitniont  of  tho  Riraadary  Ulipntaa 
betwoan  New  York  and  New  Jonoy— Coiitroveray  between  New 
Tork  and  Canada— Proiperlty  of  the  Northern  Colonlaa— Proceed- 
Inirt  In  Carolina— Settlement  of  Tnmoaea  Territory— Settlement  of 
Oeorsia— Qiwrrel  with  the  Spaniard*— Attack  upon  8t  Augutlna— 
AborUTa  Allanpt  npon  Oaorpla 880 

CHAPTER    III. 

Wt*  hftwaan  Fiance  and  England— The  Attack  and  Surrender  of  Lonl*- 
burg— D'AnvlUe'i  Expedition- Abortive  Attempt  upon  Nova  Scotia 
—Peace— Paper  Money— Dlicovery  of  LoaUlana  and  Foundlnir  of  Naw 
Orleana— The  Rupture  between  tha  EngUah  and  French  Colonic*— 
Capture  of  Nora  Scotia  —  Expedition*  agalnat  Crown  Point  and 
Niagara — Capture  of  Oawego— Unancceaafnl  Attack  upon  Tlcon- 
dofon— Detalla  of  the  SoTeral  Campaign*— Capture  of  Qnabae  by 
tha  BnglUh,  and  the  Death  of  Wolfo— inrrendar  of  New  Franea— 
aananl  Peace SSS 

CHAPTER    IV. 
IllMOBT  of  the  Colonla*  from  tha  Peace  of  Pari*,  1T8S,  to  1174  .    880 

CHAPTER    V. 

PsoriEltmos  of  the  Britleh  Parliament  In  Conaaqnenee  of  the  Daetme- 
tlon  of  Tea  by  the  Boitonlana       ........   808 

CHAPTER    VI. 

pKOCBBDntoa  In  the  Colonleo— Tha  Congrca*  at  Philadelphia— Reaoln- 
lion*  agreed  npoD 870 

CHAPTER    VII. 

rkitonomoi  In  Great  Britain  In  Reaponae  to  the  Action  of  the  Colonla*   878 

CHAPTER    VIII. 

CoiinqiTKKon  in  America  of  tha  Action  taken  In  Great  Britain— Com- 
mencement of  Hoetllltle« — A  Day  of  Fasting  and  Uumiliatlon  Ap- 
Eilnted— Landtnir  of  Britlah  Troops  at  Uostou— BatUo  of  Bunker* 
111  and  QoUont  Retreat  of  the  Americana 880 

CHAPTER    IX. 

Itmrao  of  the  Second  Congrsia— An  Army  Organized- Petition  to  the 
Kip  J— General  Washington  made  Commander-in-Chief— Tronaao- 
Hon*  In  Massochusctt* 884 

CHAPTER    X. 

TMOVDEaoaa  Token— Canada  Invaded— Varied  Fortune*  of  the  Colo- 
lii*U 887 

CHAPTER    XI. 
flsiKACTiOKS  In  Virginia— The  Carollnas— Georgia— General  State  of 
AOoiia  In  the  Colunta*  in  1775— Proceedings  In  Husodiuaetta— 
Kraeuatlon  of  Boston     ....  .  .      .       ,   I8I 


CHAPTER    Xil. 

Pkocnnixoa  In  Parllami'iil— t>|ierHtl»ns  In  Hnntb  Carolina— Maw  Tork 
snil  Nkw  Jrrsc'jr-Kr.  Krniikllii  -A  llrlllnh  Klmt  on  the  IIimIxmi— 

Ciim|>liiliiti>  iiu.iliiat  Wii»lilii^;l(in  —  l>>'lull«  iif  till'  Will' —  Hit  kiicss 
auiiinu  tliu  AiiiiTliKii  IKMips  •The  Aiiii'iiriiiis  llrlvi'ii  mil  of  (an- 
silii-riimiuutt  uf  Nuw  Yuiii  liy  the  UrllUh— Kiul  uf  tliu  Caiiiiislgn 

of  i7;u     .....     .     . 


J 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

CHAPTER    I. 

Or  Indepandenra— Stale  (^mstltullon  and  the  Conredomtlon- I/Po'a  Mo- 
tion In  CiiiiKrt'ss— The  Act  of  Indvpeuduiiui — The  Couucll  ut  Cen- 
sors In  I'cunsylvauia 4M 

CHAPTER    II. 

Tna  Campaign  of  1777  In  the  Mldille  Stntoii— The  Speerh  of  John  Qiiliiey 
Adams  uu  Lar«yuttu— Successes  of  the  Brltl«li  under  Sir  W.  Iluwv— 
American  PrlvaUiers 4U 

CHAPTER    III. 

Tm  Northern  Campaign  of  1777— Movements  slmut  trfike  Champlain— 
Memoir  of  (Iciicral  Starke— The  Coniluvt  <if  (Icnerul  Arnold— Me- 
moir uf  lluratlo  Gstu*— The  Convention  with  Ueiiarol  Uuruuvue       .    431 

CHAPTER    IV. 
AixiANCa  between  France  ond  the  United  States— Campaign  of  1778— 
Nottoo  uf  Benjamin  Franklin 481 

CHAPTER    V. 

Tua  Campaign  of  1778  Continued— Memoir  of  General  Charles  Lee— 
Ex|ie(lltlnn  against  East  Florida- NuUca  uf  CauUlu  BIddIa— The 
WaratBoa 441 

CHAPTER    VI. 

ClirrAian  of  1770— Memoir  of  Molor-Gcm  ral  I>ulnam— Warlike  Mani- 
festo by  the  Biinnlsh  Ambasnador  against  Great  Britain— The  Con- 
test In  the  South     44T 

CHAPTER    VII. 
Or  Continental  Paper  Currency 481 

CHAPTi5R    VIII. 

Tm  Indiana— Expadltloni  Into  tlioir  Country— Tho  Trouble*  of  Wyo- 
mlog— UoiToraoftha  War 481 

CHAPTER    IX. 
CaMFAiaN  of  1780  In  the  South^Attack  upon  Charleston— Surrender  of 

tha  Army  of  Dcfcuca— Defeat  of  the  Amerlcau  Army  near  Camden  .    481* 

CHAPTER    X. 
CAMFAiaH  of  1780  In  the  Northern  States— Mlafortnnea  of  the  Cnlnnlats— 
Memoir  of  Major  Andre— Barbarity  Charged  against  tha  Amartcon* 
for  hi*  Execution .481 

CHAPTER    XI. 

FONioit  Affbli*  In  Connection  with  the  American  Rarolntlon— Abortive 
Plana  of  the  French  and  Spaniards— Dutch  Assistance  to  the  Ameri- 
cana—Attack upon  St  Eustatia  by  the  British— It*  Contequence*    .   481 

CHAPTER    XII. 

BiTOtT  in  Pennsylvania  and  Now  Jersey- DIstreaaaa  of  tha  imertcan 
Aimlea— Arnold's  Invasion  of  Virginia 410 

CHAPTER    XIII. 
CAnrAloa  of  1781— Operations  In  the  Two  Carallnsa  and  Georgia— Con- 
duct of  General  Monran— Esenpo  of  General  Greene  Into  VlfgInU 
-Ills  Defeat  by  Lord  Comwallls— The  Battle  of  Eutaw  Final  In  South 
Carolina    .       .       • 411 

CHAPTER    XIV. 

OmATiOK*  in  Virginia— The  Importance  of  French  Assistance  to  the 
Cause  of  the  CoIonlsU- The  Investiture  of  Yorktown— Capitula- 
tion of  ComwalU*— Congrcsslouul  Honours  to  Washington  and  the 
Flench  General* 4TI 

CHAPTER    XV. 
Tn  Treatment  of  Prisoner*  and  Dlstresso*  of  the  Inhabitant*        .       .   481 

CHAPTER    XVI. 
ClurAioif  of  1788— Foreign  Events  and  Negotiation*— Peace  .       .       .488 

CHAPTER    XVII. 
Btati  of  Fortlei- The  Quakers  averse  to  Independence— Effect*  of  tin 
War  npon  tho  Manners  of  the  People — Advantages  aad  Disadvan- 
tage* of  the  Revolution 8M 


i 

* 

I 


CONTENTS, 


»>• 


.    4U 

'   tit 

9 

|. 

I    «» 
4H 

4in' 

Ml 


m 
«n 

4M 


I 


^ 


PMa 


OIIAPTBn    XVIIl. 

DaCMiMl  of  Wi«  Unllvil  HUlrt  Army— Rviirnitlinn  o(  Ntw  Tnrh— R*- 

•tKUitliin  of  WiMhlniitiin  -  Arniiii[i<ini<iil«  fur  t)Up<»liiK  of  Iho  W»*l> 

mi  Tiirrllorjr-I'ulilio  DUIn^im    FnlliirK  at  lli«  Arlli'K*  <if  (.'nnfrilarv 

llwn— Conn'iitloii  (nr  Hicurliiir  Atiii'inliiiriiU— Tim  Niiir  CoiMlllutloa 

•Wulilngkiu  KUctwl  Ui  tli*  I'rt'iliUiit'y  — An  AOdrt  M  lo  Ui*  I'nokil*    MB 

CHAl'TKK    XIX. 

#MMniaTOii't  Adminlitratlon— DUlrea*  of  Ilia  I'uniil*— Tli*  PrmMcnt** 
AililraM  t<i  thn  Hvimtn  mill  IIiium  uf  Kiiir«MnUUy«»— I'ollcj  of  Hualn 
-BMlrtmciit  of  WwliloKtun •       .    4I» 

OIIAPTKR    XX. 

Ta*  AdmlnlitnUmi  of  .fnlin  Ad«mi  mhI  Jnirrnnn— Adtrai't  AddMM  ta 
Cuii||r««»— Ktinornl  of  tha  Heat  nf  Onvemtnunl  to  tha  Dlalrlct  of 


Coliiinl'lii— Jaltanon'i  AililrvM  to  C'oiiKn***— 'I'dUct  of  Iho  Ubitad 
ittlat  In  Al(arl»— tionrautlon  with  tba  DaUwara  Indiana 


000 


CHAPTER    XXI. 

AMinitiiTaiTiOH  of  Madlaon— Intarauuraa  with  rrtae*  and  Kngland 
Problbltad— War  Dvclanid  «t(*liiil  Uraal  llrllalu— Datalla  of  thaCon' 
loat-Tlio  Trnaty  of  Obaulp-AborUva  Kaattll  of  tba  War-Madtwu'a 
Aiidraaa  to  Cougraaa .    MT 

OIIAPTBR    XXII. 

AlMttmaTRATlOHa  of  Monroe,  John  Qolnev  Adami,  and  Tart  of  that  of 
Andra*  Jackaon— Monroe'a  Addreaa  to  CoDfcroaa— Pnivniaa  uf  tha 
Country— Dupartare  of  Laflivetta— Traatlet  with  tha  indlat 


and 


with  the  Rcp'uhllo  of  ColomlAa— Tha  rrnelamatlon  of  Aiidfaw)i 

tun  upon  tba  CouatttaUon  In  KeganI  to  Statu  KIgbta  ,       .       ,       .614 

CHAPTER    XXIII. 
ABMninniATioii  of  Van  Biiranj-Commarelal  Panis— Canadlaa  RabaUloa 
— Convention  botweeo  tlia  united  Utalaa  and  Taiaa   ....    Sift 


CHAPTER 
4miniirBATioa  of  Uirrlion 


XXIV. 


sat 


8M 


CHAPTER    XXV. 
AmnHimATKW  of  Tyler— The  Aahbnrton  Treaty    . 

CHAPTER    XXVI. 

AnmiiiaTaATioa  of  I'olk— The  Admlialon  of  Texaa  Into  tha  Onion— 
Oupiialtlon  of  Meiico— Inatruetiona  to  Ueneral  Taylor— War— Battle 
of  Bnena  Vlaia— Battle  of  Uacramento— ProoeedlnKa  In  California— 
Adnnoe  of  Ooneral  8oott  towania  the  Capital  of  Mesloo— Captaie  of 
Oeneial  Valencia— Oboovorj  of  Qold  fai  Callfomla     .       .       .       .    I8S 

CHAPTER    XXVII. 

ASMTKieraATioit  of  Tavlor— Slavety  Dlioiiaaed  In  0< 
Addreea  to  the  8onth— The  Expedition  of  Lopai  to 

CHAPTER    XXVIII. 
AmumiTBATKNi  of  FlUmore 


talhoiui'a 


SIS 


CHAPTER    XXIX. 
ABtfiminuTioii  of  Flere*— Treat/  with  Mexico— Commercial  Radpio- 
elt*  Treaty  between  Iho  United  State*  and  Orcat  BrIUin— Rxpedltlon 
to  Japan— Treat*  with  Rueahi— Deatnictlon  of  Oreytown  bj  a  United 
atatoa  Ship  of  War SBO 

CHAPTER    XXX. 

AmmnTRiTion  of  Bnchanan— Conditlun  of  Kanaaa— DecMon  In  the 
Drod  Scott  Caae.— Admlialon  of  HInneaot*— The  Crime,  ArreaL  and 
Xxecutlon  of  John  Bruwn— Election  uf  Abraham  Lincoln— The  Preti' 
dent'a  Meeaage  In  Faror  of  Amending  the  Conatltotlnn- The  Secea- 
aion  MoTemenfr— The  Star  ofthi  IVifiif  rired  upon— Sclnire  of  Oovera- 
munt  Porte  and  Anenala  by  the  SouUiem  Btatea— Organlutlon  of 
Kauaaa,  Colorado,  and  Dakota S59 

CHAPTER    XXXI. 

•MnimnuTios  of  Lincoln— The  Cabinet  of  Proatdent  Darli  In  tha 
South— Preparatlona  for  Active  Proiecutlon  of  the  CItU  War— At- 
tack upon  Fort  Somter— Proclamation  Calllns  Ont  the.Mllltla— 
BlockoA*  of  the  SouUiem  Porte— The  Cauae  of  Seceulon  Advancing 
— Selxure  of  Uarper'a  Feny- Battle  and  Retreat  at  Boll  Ran— Evacu- 
ation of  Bprlnneld— Eicape  of  the  AwofiiuiA— The  War  at  Sea— 
Supercoialon  of  Qeneral  Boott— The  Army  of  the  Potomao— Fallurea 
and  Bucoeaaee  of  the  Union  Armlee— Capture  of  Fort  Donnelaon— 
Attack  on  New  Orleani— Capture  of  the  City— Inaction  of  HcClellan 
—Retreat  Acroas  the  Chickahomlny— Battle  and  Retreat  from  Mochan- 
leavUle— Failure  of  McClollan  to  Capture  Richmond— Hlstortunca 
of  Qeneral  Pope — Advance  to  Antletam— Blood;  and  Indeelalve  Bat- 
tle—Withdrawal  of  General  Leo  Acroia  the  Potomao— Elevation  of 
'  ueneral  BiUrck— Battle  at  Corinth— Tba  Preildent'a  Proclamation 
of  Freedom— Battle  at  Stone  RIver-Oeneral  Grant  aianmee  Chief 
Command  of  the  Union  Force* — Operatlona  at  Grand  Gulf— Inveit- 
ment  and  Surrender  of  VIckaburg— Unaucceufol  Attack  npon  Port 
Hndaon- Attack  npoa  Sabine  City— General  Bumalde  aaaumea  Com- 
mand of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac—Strategy  of  Qeneral  Leo— Battle 
of  Frederlokaburg— Hooker  auceeeda  Bunutde— Confederate  Dlaoa- 
ter  at  Cbaneellonvllle— Hooker  auperaedod  by  General  Meade— Bat- 
tle of  Gettyabnrg— Severe  Loeaeii  on  both  Sidea— Bncoeaafal  Raid* 
of  Geueral  Morgan— Advance  of  Roieoran*  toward*  Chattanooga- 
Battle  of  ChlckamauKa— Capture  of  Port  Royal— Attock  on  Fort 
Wagner -Offer  of  Meillatinn  by  thu  Emperor  of  the  French — Pro- 
williij[i  of  the  Cnulcderate  Cougreea— Inauguration  of  a  Free  State 


Ckiremmanl  Ibr  I.oulalana— Advance  of  Ooneni  Sherman'a  Traopt 
up  the  Had  HIVKr-ltoltl*  of  i'l*««*Mt  HIM— I'rtivevding*  at  the  WV- 
demeaa— Sheridan'*  Kipeilltinn  tu  Cut  off  t.*e'*  Coroniunloatloa  wltk 
Richmond— Itattle  alCoM  lUrbor  -Knd  of  Ibo  l.'*m|>*ltfii  of  IMW— 
Review  of  lh«  War  In  Wextrm  •ml  NiirlliKni  VlrKlnlu  -(trowth  ^ 
the  National  Onht— AlUnnpu  to  Nrvotlitr  n  rincv— Hklll  of  the  Con- 
M«r*tee  In  lliilliling  Inm-i'luila  aihl  (  onKlriallnK  Tor|iiulos*— Bher 
man'a  Mareb  rmm  Atlunia-  Attack  upon  HuviinnKh  —  Kxpedlllona 
acalMt  Fort  FUber  — Ueinnnatnllnii*  acalii*t  Alabama  — Oenenu 
C'anby'*  Movement  aniuat  Mobile— The  Campaign  of  iMOi-dS  In  Vlf> 

Cnto—Tha  OonSlot  anoul  Ilatehar'a  Run— Corr**ponilenee  betweoa 
w  and  Grant— Meeting  of  the  Two  Commander*  at  McLean'*  Farm 
Hon**  Sufwnder  of  the  ConMorate  General— Flight  of  Prealdent 
Davia— The  Loat  Cunttlct— A**a**lii*tlon  of  Prv*ldent  Lincoln— At* 
tempt  to  Murder  Mr.  Bew.ird  — lliirlol  of  Llnouln  —  LoMee  of  tha 
Armlea  latlmatad— Kevlew  of  the  Union  Armlee        .... 

CHAPTER  XXXII. 
AMttwitnuTiow  of  Andrew  Jolmaon  —  Proclamation  Coneamlng  th* 
Bouth-Kiiual  Righto  (br  Wbltoa  and  Blacka-Tha  Teat  Oath  BUI— 
Amendment  of  the  Oonetltntlon— Conduct  of  Mr,  Sewerd  agalnit  th« 
Emperor  of  Mexico— Canada  Rafnaea  Mr.  Seward'a  Damanda— Pol* 
Ic;  of  the  Prealdent  on  the  Queatinn  of  Civil  RIghU  —  Conventloa 
of  tha  National  Union  Club  at  Phlladelphla-PollUcal  Quarrel*— 
Irlah  American  Raid  upon  Canada— The  Fourteenth  Amendment— 
ProclamatMna  Regarding  Texaa  and  the  PolMleal  RlghU  of  the  Boulk 
—  Negutlatlona  For  the  Settlement  of  the  Alabama  Clalma  —  Tha 
Mexican  Difflculty  —  Impeaobinent  of  the  Prealdent— The  Flftaantk 
Amendment  tu  the  Conatltutlun 

CHAPTER    XXXIII. 

AoMlliltnuTioK  of  Grant— Virginia,  Tax**,  and  MlaiUalppI— Congfa** 
Refute*  to  Acknowledge  a  Supreme  Being— FInancee  of  tha  Country 
—Panama  Slilp  Canal— Piogreaa  of  Kaurganlxlng  tha  South— l.abor 
Movemento— Proclamation  Relative  to  The  Franco-German  War— 
Revocation  of  BbloDlng  Lleewea  by  Canada— Tha  Alabama  Clalma 
■  of  uuebandry— SeUure  of  the  n>v<iiii(*— Labor  RIoti 


Again— Patrona  of  Uueb 

— TluaDOlai  I>lMnt**lon*  In  Congreee 


CHAPTER    XXXIV. 

QuniiiAi.  SoMiAnT- Education,  Commerce,  and  Navtrntion— Agrieol* 
culture  — Hanufacturen— Cotton,  Mining,  RaUrooda,  and  Cauala— 
Immigration— Population— Religion— Tvlegnpha—  Poatal  Service— 
Nawapapera-Oold-Tba  PubUa  Debt  . 


NARRATIVE  OF  THE  INDIAN  WARS  IN 
NEW  ENGLAND. 

Pbii ACT SUB 

CHAPTER  I. 
XjrrMnvanoa- Ftrat  Settlement  of  New  England— Conference  and  Con- 
cla*lon  of  Peace  with  the  Indiana— Treaonery  of  the  Poquoda— Fight 
with  the  ColonlaU  In  llM— Vlalt  of  MlantonUno,  Sachem  of  tha  Nar- 
laganaetta,  to  Boaton— Captain  Maaon'a  Report  of  an  Attack  on  Ml- 
anlonlmo— Final  laine  of  the  Peqnod  War— Manaaatolt'*  League  with 
the  Engllah  at  Plymouth— Covenant  of  Philip,  Chief  Sachem  of  Pa- 
kanoket— Renewed  Treacheriea  and  Breech  of  Treat;  Bogagementa 
—New  Agreement  with  the  MarraganMitta— Hoatagoa  given  Tor  their 
Good  Bebavlotti^-tieenpatlon  of  the  Plymouth  Force*— Expedition 
to  the  Indian  ScttlemenU  on  the  Merrlmat^Perfldy  of  the  Nlnnet 
Indiana— Alliance  with  the  Peonoda— IncidenU  lu  the  War-Har- 
den of  Women  and  Children— DeaperatM  ''onfllct  with  the  Nom- 
ganaetta— Buffering*  of  the  CoIonl*«a  and  their  Alllea— Deatructlon  of 
Laneaater— Attack  on  Groton  and  Other  Place*— Amneetv  offered  by 
Proclamatlona  at  Boaton— Peralatence  of  Philip  In  the  Wat^-SaOer- 
ing*  from  Drought— Great  Fire  at  Boaton 04 

CHAPTER  II. 
Tha  War  from  Placataqna  to  Pemmaquld— Cauae*  of  the  Dl*turbane»— 
Barbarona  Conduct  at  Ovatcr  Bay— Attack  upon  the  Colonials  at 
Salmon  Fall*— Remarkable  Eacape  of  Anthony  Bracket  and  lUa  Wife 
—Indian  Buipriae*  of  the  BetUera— Hletory  of  Froncla  Cord— Jolu 
Pain* 003 


KING   PHILIP'S  WAR. 


To  TBI  Bbadib 


881 


CHAPTER    I. 

BnTUomiT  of  Mr.  Church- Hi*  Dlfflcultle*  with  the  Matlvea— Aaaanlt 
upon  the  Settlement— Indian  Priaoner*  Bold  aa  Slave*— Btratesy  of 
the  King— Commlaalon  to  Captain  Church- Intereatlug  Detalla  ol 
the  Wai^-Suooeaoea  agolnat  the  Enemy 883 

CHAPTER  II.  . 
Tbb  HIatotv  Conttoned— The  Conncil  of  War  to  Captain  ChnrclH- 
General  Inatmotlona— The  Flrat  Expedition  Ea*t— Captain  Cburch'a 
Report  to  the  Governor  and  Council  of  Ha**achriaotta— The  Second 
Expedition— Official  Reporta— The  Third  Expedition— Official  Docn- 
menU  and  Reporte— The  Fourth  Expedition— Proceedlnga  of  Major 
Church- Tha  Fifth  and  Last  Expedition— Official  Letter*  and  Id* 
atructlono— Detail*  of  the  Expedition   ...  .      •   801* 


CONTENTS  OF  THE  APPENDIX. 


(P 


CONTINUATION   OF   HISTORY  OF  THE 
UNTIED   STATES. 

ODAPTIR   ZZXY. 

Anwnmmuntmt  tl  Omt  mMI  Rt]rt»-lBporlnt  DmMom  ta  Ik*  UalM 
■Ulw  Ooan— ConvwUoM  of  ■MllMni  DikgilM,  Twijiwm  le- 
•tatiM,  Mi40i>f»— W»M«MMlflMB«w  0«bhwtOIHKW  !■  Ul>— 
DMtk  oT  TIm-PiwM«bI  Baary  WlteOD-Whliliy  rnitid»-tMf*«H]r 
BnlkMp-CnUoDhl  ■■kibltkm,  OoMt,  RMtlpti,  ■ta.-IVMidMtkd 
BIwtioa  lUlanM,  BtWUnwat  by  m  Arfi«|MMBt— Mockt  Md  lUp* 
plag— Mikwiord  R.  SajrM  laMgwaltd— N«w  OabtaMi— M«Mltoa, 
OoMMoa  •Aoote  Md  OtOHw-IaOiMi  Wm,  Outar,  MM^  Bill, 
JoMpk-Uket  MnkM-DMllM  la  lamlipillM-FtnuM-^nrw- 
VMM17QMMM1 IH 


OHAPTBB  XZZVI. 

ftnmu.  loyMA^T  Mid  VdMkto  Hilhlkri  iBfonMUoB— Fonlsa  Md 
OomMtH  Tnde-MalMtai  of  lekooU,  UnlTinitlM,  lod  IwiteiHii 
r«bli«  DaM,  Coin  Hd  BaUloB— Mawipapm  lad  rwlodkaU-IMiy 
rn4iMl»-rroduciloa  ofOoldMd  aifw-RiJlMadi  Md  roptdMlan- 
«MlaM-rMk  LMd*. 1M 


CONTINUATION  OF  HI8T0RT  OF  SOUTH 
AMERICA 

•MAiib— III  RMoanM— Dom  PMwh- Top«l*tlM   IwlmllM   Twn- 

toiT-WMllh-Tnil^-Rdtnwd^Aiiitt^Um.        ...         TM 
Onu— Ttrrttory— fbpaUUo*— Kiporli  Md  Impofla— Oklll  Md  Ttn^ 

UmMtlog.  •       J.        •        i fM 

loDAmw — PopaliUim — Twrllorv — OoaatrM  —  lodlge — Btfbon  — 

lUrolta.  .........  no 

rnv— lilM»-Inh*bHMU-biporii-lnMil»-nTel«MaM— a«tMM 

— Pablk  Oonltknr*.    .        ~      .....        .         Til 

BouviA— rrMldtnl  IImI— rr««  Pori-ArlialM  of  Ispoii-Ibnnwda— 

Mek  Bllvar  LiodM— DraMltloM  of  TrNldml*— PnwptroM  TImM.      Til 
Mmunnu  RnvM.fo-Popal«Ua«— PtovImm— RiTma»-Trid«  hi  Mf  M 

•■d  HortM— lUttrntdi. nt 

OiutaMALA-rrMldMltal  JOfaMoa— ■ormM-Importi— PMotfal  dlaU 

of  AflklnH-MMiaMi,  bad*,  Md  AqMdMM TU 

OoMA  Rka— ttoTolaUoa  — Rotmm— Boaadtrtao— KmataUoe— Idaw- 
__  tfcm-CoaiBMraa-Coata  Miaa  Ballfotd-Bilttoh  OoniBl  DiMilwad.       m 
OnmuL  Am aaiOA-OoBlWaaM  of  Dtltgatw— Prajoola  for  a  OoalMoia- 

CT^Moa4hMaMtof  tkalekMia.    7^     T       ....         lU 
WWAkAauAn-TanHoTy— FDcaUMo^-lipoHa   Importa   Koat*  of  Skip 

Otaal— Trada— Tobaeaov  t        .        .        .  .         1M 

YnMuatA— PopaUUoa— Idaealloa-Imporia-Ksporti-TalMiapba.      IM 
OauNOU  -loaadiriM  -ropalaOoe  — CipoHi  -Iiapprl*  — Debt  -Mk' 

mat  of  PaaaoM  Railway— InpraraaMnU—flnatcaaai  Prajad  Itt 

FABAaoAT— Bonndaiy  TroablM— Fluotaattag  lUvanaM— Debt— tiporia 

— Inporti— Moeor  trcm  toadoe— llvaia  Opaa  to  Fia*  MiTlnlloB.      M 
Mnieo-Boaadariia— Araa— repalaUon— Army— Aitldaaof  Import  aad 

lipoil— Toaaaga— IUfolii|loai   BrlMnda   laTtaaa   ■maajiMBg.      1M 
KBiMWAbABTipuM-fnm  KMtorfc^5iiirnM»-'nai  MawToik 


OaamAb  BniAaiu. 


m 

1M 


OaRONOLOOT, 


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BA 
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LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


ISO 

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ni 
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na 
im 


1M 


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CHRISTOPHER  COLUMBUS.    PORTRAIT.        .       .       .       t       .       .       t       . FrtnUi^ttt, 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON.    PORTRAIT Ftiiig  FrttHiipitt*. 

JAMES  A.  GARFIELD.    PORTRAIT,  FttH^  /ffKm^M  Ttlh. 

(PERSICOS)  COLUMBUS  AND  THE  INDIAN  MAIDEN V^mth  TM», 

DE  SOTO  DISCOVERING  THE  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER.          Pagt    14 

LANDING  or  COLUMBUS. .       .  "SO 

CAPTURE  or  THE  CITY  Or  MEXICO  BY  CORTEZ.         .••«'.«•       t       ••.       t       t  «     IM 

EXECUTION  or  THE  INCA  Or  PERU  BY  PIZARRO,       .••»«i«««»t**  "140 

DOM  PEDRO  II.,  EMPEROR  OF  BRAZIL.    PORTRAIT.     .••••• "170 

ENGLISH  PURITANS  ESCAPING  TO  AMERICA "NO 

BOSTON  MASSACRE "     8M 

RETREAT  OF  THE  BRITISH  FROM  CONCORD. -     tn 

CAPTURE  OF  FORT  TICONDEROGA, "880 

BATTLE  OF  BUNKER  HILL. "881 

DRAFTING  THE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE "400 

AUTOGRAPHS  OF  THE  SIGNERS  OF  THE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE "400 

TREASON  OF  ARNOLD. "484 

BATTLE  OF  LAKE  CHAMPLAIN— MCDONOUGH'S  VICTORY ' "     OtH 

THE  BATTLE  OF  NEW  ORLEANS. "810 

THE  BATTLE  OF  CHURUBUSCO-CAPTURE  OF  THE  "TETE  DE  PONT." 'MO 

BATTLE  OF  MURFREESBORO "370 

BATTLE  OF  CHICKAMAUGA I «••  "080 

BATTLE  OF  THE  WiLDERNESS.           .       .       « • ••     880 

SURRENDER  OF  GENERAL  LEE "     BM 

MASSACRE  AT  FORT  MIMMS, "OOO 


mtmm 


COMMENDATORY    LETTER 


BENSON   J.    LOSSING.   Esu. 


-•♦- 


The  Ridge,  Dover  Plains,  N.  Y., 


*  GKNrt.KMKN— I  have  carefully  examined  your  work   entitled   "Tiir.  Hwtory  or  The  Two 

Amkricas,"  and  can  commend  it  rnt  a  moHt  valuable  book  for  the  student  of  the  marvelou*  story  of 
the  diicovcry,  settlement,  and  progress  of  the  VVkstkkn  Continrnt.  The  value  of  the  portion  treat* 
inj;;  of  the  history  of  earlier  events  here,  is  fully  attested  by  the  flict  that  it  contains,  in  complete  form, 
Belknap's  Biographies  of  the  Discoverers  of  America,  and  of  the  Early  Founders  of  the  North 
American  Colonies;  Robertson's  History  of  South  America;  Ramsay's  History  of  the  American 
Revolution;  Grahame'i  Colonial  History  of  the  United  States,  ami  Hubbard's  History  of  the  Indian 
Wars  in  New  England.  These  works  have  stood  the  tests  of  criticism  and  subsequent  investigations, 
the  first  three  for  a  greater  portion  of  a  century,  the  fourth  for  about  forty  years,  and  the  fifth  for  two 
hundred  years.  Rev.  Dr.  Belknap's  biographical  work  has  been  a  standard  authority  since  its  publi* 
cation  in  179R.  Rev.  Dr.  Robertson's  qualities  as  a  historian  have  been  lauded  by  scholars  for  mora 
than  a  hundred  years.  Geor^'c  the  Third  appointed  him  Historiographer  of  Scotland  in  1764,  and 
afterward  ofilcred  him  compensation  if  he  would  undertake  a  History  of  England,  notwithstanding 
Hume's  History  hud  lately  been  published.  James  Cirnhame's  Colonial  History  uf  our  Republic  is  a 
later  work,  but  is  regarded  by  scholars  as  one  of  the  best  of  its  class ;  and  Dr.  Duvid  Ramsay's 
Story  of  the  Revolution,  in  the  scenes  of  which  he  was  a  participant,  has  received  the  highest  enco- 
miums for  its  fullness  and  accuracy.  General  Greene  vouched  for  its  truthfulness,  ami  Lafayette  said  : 
"  He  has  put  everything  into  it;  he  abbreviates  like  a  Florus."  Rev.  William  Hubbard's  Indian  His- 
tory, published  in  1678,  has  been  copiously  used  as  a  standard  authority  by  writers  on  the  subject 
ever  since. 

Your  book,  containing  the  text  and  annotations  of  all  these  works,  with  a  continuation  of  each 
to  the  present  time  by  competent  pens,  is  a  volume  of  rare  intrinsic  value,  not  only  to  the  students  of 
American  History,  but  to  all  readers  of  the  same.  It  was  a  felicitous  idea  to  combine,  with  a  History 
of  the  United  States,  a  full  account  of  the  southern  portion  of  our  continent,  for  its  discovery  and 
early  settlement  were  coeval  with  that  of  North  America,  and  intimately  associated  with  the  history  of 
the  latter.  Besides,  the  Empire  of  Brazil  and  the  important  republics  of  South  America  arc  daily 
becoming  more  and-  more  intimately  associated  with  our  current  history,  our  commerce,  and  our 
social  life,  rendering  a  more  intimate  knowledge  of  the  past  of  those  republics  and  of  that  Empire 
essential  to  our  well-informed  people,  especially  the  portion  engaged  in  traffic. 

Robertson's  History  of  South  America  extends  from  the  discovery  to  1772,  and  has  been  con- 
tinued to  the  present  time  by  a  competent  hand.  The  same  may  be  said  of  Grahame's  History,  con- 
tinuing from  the  Revolution  until  now  in  a  well-written  and  well-arranged  condensed  History  of  ■ 
the  United  States  down  to  the  present  time.  In  addition  to  the  historical  portion  of  your  work,  there 
is  a  compact  statement  of  the  present  condition  of  our  country,  compiled  from  the  National  Census  ef 
1870.  Altogether,  nothing  seems  wanting  to  make  it,  as  its  title  imports,  a  complete  History  of 
America.  *  «  *  *  I  hope  its  circulation  may  be  adequate  to  its  merits. 

BENSON   J.    LOSSING. 


INTRODUCTION 

THE  HISTORY  OF  THE  TWO  AMERICAS. 


»>■ 


America  t  To  comparatively  few  ha»  it  bMn  poaaibte  to  know  well  the  grand  aignificance  ttf 
that  aingte  word.  The  tourcea  of  information  were  not  acceaaible  to  ordinary  readers.  When  Dr. 
Smith,  without  a  thought  of  iia  [wrennial  |K>pularity,  wrote  hia  national  hymn,  ho  aang,— 

,    "  My  native  country,  thee, 
Land  of  the  noble  free, 
Thy  name  I  love ; 
*  I  love  thy  rocks  and  rilla, 

Thy  wooda  and  tempted  hilla, 
My  heart  with  rapture  thrilla 
Like  that  above : " 

\m  portit-nt  ^MMiiua  awcpt  only  the  boundaries  of  that  belt  across  the  northern  half  which  Is  included  in 
our  ^rvat  Rupublic.    Of  this 

"  Sweet  land  of  liberty  " 

we  have  excellent  hiatoriea,  and  their  record  of  the  little  more  than  two  centuries  since  the  germ  of 
our  nationality  wna  planted  on  these  shores,  is  studied  in  our  common-schools. 

But  AMKRICA  is  a  hemisphere,  stretching  from  pole  to  pole,  with  the  thrilling  annals  cf  nearly 
•  thousand  years,  and  with  every  variety  of  climate,  scenery,  and  resources.  Columbus  was  not  th« 
first  to  discover  this  continent  of  wonders  in  nature  and  in  civilization.  Almost  five  hundred  years  be* 
fore  the  Genoese  looked  upon  Amrricu,  amid  his  mutinous  crew,  Djarni  (or,  as  sometimes  written,  Biron), 
son  of  the  brave  old  Icelandic  navigator,  Hurjulf,  saw  its  wild,  mist-curtained  coast  I  And  in  1006, 
Gudrid,  the  beautiful  wife  of  Thorfin,  whose  galley  followed  in  the  wake  of  Bjarni's,  gave  birth  to  the 
first  "  live  Yanken  "  on  the  shores  of  Massachusetts  I  The  boy  was  named  Snorri,  and  in  his  noblo 
manhood  founded  one  of  the  most  distinguished  families  of  Iceland,  then  the  abode  of  princely  Scan- 
dinavians, with  their  retinues  of  armed  followers.  An  American,  with  the  best  blood  of  Europe  in  his 
veins,  upon  its  Arctic  Island,  nearly  nine  hundred  years  ago  I 

Standing;  by  the  rude  cradle  of  Snorri,  upon  the  sands  of  Buzzard's  Bay,  in  this  colony  of  one 
hundred  and  fifty-vight  persons,  seven  of  whom,  including  Gudrid,  his  mother,  were  women,  we  look 
down  the  ages  to  the  present  hour.  Columbus,  Americus  Vespucius,  Cabot,  Cartier,  De  Soto,  Gilbert, 
Raleigh,  Gosnold,  Smith,  Champlain,  Gorges,  Hudson,  and  the  Puritans,  pass  in  stately  proces 
sion  before  us,  as  they  succeed  each  other  along  the  coasts  of  rocky  islands  and  stormy  mainland,  and 
up  the  majestic  rivers  of  North  America,  in  which  the  grandest  Republic  of  the  past  is  now  attracting 
the  gaze,  ard,  by  its  marvelous  progress,  threatening  the  stability  of  the  monarchies  of  the  world. 
We  turn  the  view  southward,  and  the  dashing  Cortez  and  Pizzaro  lead  the  adventurous  colonies  of  the 
warmer  latitudes  into  the  sunny  plains  of  Mexico,  the  home  of  the  Montczumas  and  the  golden  realm 
of  the  Incas  of  Peru,  whose  ancient  and  marvelous  inhabitants,  and  their  achievements,  are  lost  in 
fascinating  mystery. 


alv 


INTRODUCTION. 


I  Visions  of  cxhaustlcss  treasures,  dazzling  pageantry,  sanguinary  battles,  and  magnificence  be- 

yond tlic  descriptive  power  of  pen  or  pencil — of  forests,  mountains,  and  rivers,  haunt  the  imagination. 
The  narrative  of  all  these  lanils,  their  people,  and  the  empires  and  republics  which  they  have  created, 
together  making  up  the  annals  of  the  VVestern  Memisphere,  for  the  first  time  has  been  gathered  from 
libraries,  new  and  old,  and  with  unsparing  research  and  loyalty  to  truth,  in  a  single  volume  within  the 
reach  of  all. 

THE  TWO  AMERICAS 

is  this  marvel  of  clearly-written,  logically- ar.-anged,  and  indispensable  information,  to  the  man  or  woman 
whose  boast  is,  "  I  am  an  American  citizen." 

The  essential  facts  of  this  vast  and  varied  continent  are  grouped  by  masters  in  historical  writ- 
ing, whose  authority  is  not  questioned  by  critics.  One  h.is  only  to  enter  tlie  largest  private  or  public 
libraries,  and  let  the  eye  glance,  till  it  is  weary,  along  the  shelves,  to  discern  clearly  the  investment 
beyond  the  means  of  the  many,  necessary  to  purchase  the  volumes  which  would  furnish  the  historical 
facts,  biography,  and  descriptive  sketches  contained  in  tliis  elegant  quarto. 

I'rom  ten  hundred  and  two,  to  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-tight,  this  story  of  our  own  land 
extends.  It  connects  the  remotest  outline  of  history  with  the  daily-reported  present,  for  the  youngest 
rc.ider  now  coming  upon  tiie  stage  of  our  stirring  national  life.  The  political  revolutions,  the  wars  of 
the  Republic,  especially  so  the  latest  one,  and  the  most  delicate  ami  difficult  to  chronicle  with  an  un- 
prejudiced mind,  are,  we  think,  recorded  with  remarkable  impartiality  and  fidelity.  No  bitter  words  to 
reopen  the  healing  wounds  of  the  recent  conflict  among  brethren  in  the  re-united  national  family, 
are  used  in  narrating  the  victories  of  its  loyal  sons.  It  is  thus  a  volume  for  every  latitude,  from  the 
settlements  of  the  Aroostock  region  of  Maine,  to  those  in  the  pines  of  evergreen  Florida,  and  being 
alike  attractive  to  young  and  old,  it  is  worthy  a  place  in  every  library. 

The  crimson  record  of  Indian  warfare,  since  the  first  arrow  was  shot  from  the  red  man's  bow 
at  the  white  invader  of  his  hunting  grounds,  is  also  added  to  these  American  Annals.  The  fearful 
romance  of  savage  bravery  and  cruelties,  of  massacre,  and  flying  men,  women,  and  children,  the 
pioneer  martyrs  of  the  nation,  is  vividly  portrayed,  not  alone  for  those  who  have  read  the  tragical 
pages  which  such  a  country  only  could  furnish  the  world,  but  preserved  for  the  generations  to  come, 
to  whom  the  Indian  will  be  a  being  of  the  past— a  shadowy,  startling  phantom  of  the  vanished  wilder- 
ness he  had  for  ages  called  his  own.  But  perhaps  no  part  of  this  library  in  one  book  will  have  fresher 
and  more  practical  attraction  to  not  a  few  readers,  than  that  which  reveals  the  greatness  and  richneiiS 
in  resources  of  nearly  every  kind,  of  the  realm  of  Dom  Pedro,  the  royal  traveler.  Like  the  Russian 
Empire,  tts  vast  area  includes  mountain  ranges  of  great  length,  mighty  rivers,  and  extensive  plains ; 
and  in  these  it  is  second  only  to  the  domain  of  the  autocrat.  But  how  wide  the  contrast  in  climate, 
soil,  and  productions  !  That  Empire  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  is  half  the  year  ice-bound  and  mantled 
in  snow,  while  barren  wastes  stretch  across  its  interior.  Brazil  is  a  world  of  luxuriant  vegetation,  rich- 
est foliage,  and  flowers,  of  fruits  and  grains,  of  silver  and  diamonds,  of  colored  woods  for  furniture,  of 
sugar-cane  and  coffee.  With  a  limited  monarchy,  and  a  liberal  ruler,  who  has  devoted  a  year  and  a 
half  to  the  study  of  the  nations  whic'.:  he  has  traversed,  Brazil  has  an  importance  and  unbounded 
interest  to  all  the  citizens,  and  to  the  enterprising  merchant,  especially  of  the  United  States. 

Steamships,  railways,  and  telegraphic  lines,  together  with  the  lofty  aiiibltion  of  the  Emperor  to 
develop  the  exhaustless  riches  of  his  dominions,  and  elevate  the  people,  will  make  Brazil  a  near  and  use- 
ful neighbor  in  the  brotherhood  of  nations,  during  the  opening  century  of  our  own  unrivaled  progress. 
Nor  is  this  all:  outside  of  our  multiplying  States,  this  new  aspect  of  Brazilian  wealth  and  advancement 
which  makes  a  comprehensive  work  on  America,  like  this  volume,  so  timely  and  valuable  for  general 
reading  and  reference  to  us,  will  be  true  to  some  extent  (and  no  one  can  tell  how  great)  of  every  other 
part  of  the  continent.  Chili,  Peru,  Columbia,  and,  indeed,  every  part  of  South  America,  is  rich  in 
manifold  productions,  which,  during  the  life  of  the  present  generation,  may  touch  the  material  interests 


INTRODUCTION 


of  the  more  favored  States  of  our  own  nation.  The  waking  of  Brazil  from  the  shimber  of  ages  over  her 
latent  powers  of  unlimited  growth — under  the  quickening  energy  of  our  own  advancing  civilization — 
will  doubtless  be  followed  by  a  similar  resurrection  of  the  smaller,  yet  richly-endowed  commonwealths 
which  are  around  her.  To  all  these  lands,  our  central  and  beneficent  progress  of  every  kind  will 
extend,  and  they,  in  turn,  enrich  us  with  their  varied  and  exhaustless  resources.  It,  then,  becomes  a 
duty  pressing  upon  parents,  teachers,  and  all  who  have  any  responsibility  to  the  young,  to  encourage 
in  all  possible  ways  the  circulation  and  study  of  so  great  a  work  upon  our  majestic  continent.  Such  ? 
treasury  of  knowledge  can  not  fail  to  be  welcomed  to  the  homes  and  libraries  of  all  the  people. 

The  day  is  parsing  when  Americans  will  turn  away  from  their  land  of  undeveloped  wealth  and 
unseen  wonders,  to  the  dazzling  riches  and  natural  magnificence  of  the  old  monarchies  and  empires  of 
the  Eastern  Hemisphere,  worshipping  at  the  shrines  of  "  storied  greatness,"  while  ignorant  of  the  lands 
of  more  boundless  treasures,  and  grander  scenes  within  the  boundaries  of  their  own  twin  Americas. 

Into  this  New  World,  the  Old  World,  from  the  Arctic  Circle  to  sunny  Japan,  is  steadily 
pouring  the  tide  of  population.  And  surely  the  generation  of  our  native  citizens  now  in  our 
schools  and  seminaries,  ought  to  be  familiar  with  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  land  which  is  to  furnish 
homes  for  "  every  kindred  tongue  and  people."  This  knowledge  is  accessible  in  the  humblest  cabin 
where  lies  "  The  Two  Americas."  The  early  peopling  of  the  Old  World,  the  moving  caravans  of 
ancient  tribes  across  the  ^eppes  of  Asia  and  over  the  plains  of  Europe,  are  lost  in  the  mystery  of 
an  unwritten  past.  But,  excepting  the  precise  origin  of  our  Indian  races,  we  can  track  the  emigration 
of  all  the  teeming  millions  of  the  Western  Hemisphere,  giving  to  our  annals  the  satisfying  charm  of 
certainty. 

Good  engravings  are  always  a  valuable  addition  to  any  pages  which  admit  of  illustration,  and 
are  preeminently  so  in  a  historical  narrative,  delighting  the  eye,  while  impressing  indelibly  upon  the 
mind  the  scenes  and  events  portrayed  by  the  artist. 

The  finished  sketches  which  adorn  this  volume  form  a  series  of  historical  pictures,  which 
add  their  illustrative  interest  to  the  text.  The  Indian,  Revolutionary,  and  late  Civil  Wars  have 
stirring  and  active  scenes  presented  to  the  vision  by  the  "  cunning  hand  of  the  artist."  Indeed, 
nothing  is  omitted  which  thoughtful  and  comprehensive  design  could  appropriate  •  from  all  the 
materials  available,  to  make  the  great  work  exhaustive  and  monumental  in  character,  as  it  is  in  form, 
being  the  only  complete  history  ever  published  of  the  two  Americas.  And  in  addition  to  this 
unequaled  collection  of  historical  facts,  there  is  a  full  chronological  index,  the  only  complete  work  of 
the  kind  ever  published,  which  fully  covers  the  chronology  of  both  North  and  South  America.  The 
great  importance  and  value  of  this  will  be  appreciated  by  all.  The  scholar,  the  teacher,  and  the 
politician,  and  every  other  intelligent  student  of  history,  may  here  find  an  epitome  of  American  history, 
which  scholarship  and  patient  labor  have  made  full  and  accurate ;  and  which  will  furnish  him,  without 
loss  of  time,  with  any  event  or  date  to  which  he  may  desire  to  refer.  In  confirmation  of  the  high 
opinion  we  have  given  of  the  value  of  such  a  work,  the  publishers,  in  this  connection,  have  the  great 
satisfaction  of  presenting  to  the  public  a  letter  received  from  B,  J.  Lossing,  the  well-known  and 
admired  pen-and-pencil  historian  of  our  own  land.  This  appreciative  commendation,  on  a  preceding 
page,  will  be  a  fitting  prelude  to  the  outline  view,  in  this  introduction  of 


THE    TWO    AMERICAS. 


p.    C.    HE  AD  LEY. 


SI 


*^  "What  can  b«  more  ittlrrlnR  «n<i  more  primeval  than  the  Biographies  of  thoae  brilliant  adventuren  and  Ulicovertni,  who,  In  the 
dwiillnR  Riory  of  the  Kllxabcthan  •k'^,  were  fired  with  the  hope  of  perpetuating  the  name  ol  the  Virgin  Queen  on  the  American 
Continent?"— Dban  Stanley  or  Londoh. 


1 


THE   BIOGRAPHIES 


or 


THE  EARLY  DISCOVERERS  OF  JlM^U. 


(FORTY-EIGHT   IN   ALL), 


AND  -rilKlR 


EXPLORATIONS  AND    ADVENTURES    IN    NORTH  AND    SOUTH    AMERICA 

AND  ADJACENT  ISLES. 

DATIN-Ca-   AS    ITAR    BAOZC    AS    THE    "X-EAX^   861. 

.  comprising: 

SIR  WALTER   RALEIGH,  JOHN  SMITH,  WM.  PENN.  CABOT,  CARTIER,  STANDISH,  WINTHROP,  DE  SOTO,  AND 
FORTY  OTHERS;   HEROES  ALL.  AND  THE  VERY  LIFE  OF  THE  EARLY  SETTLEMENT  OF  AMERICA. 


BY 


NEW  YORK: 
JOHnsr    Tt.    A.DSri3ERSOIT    &i    0  01,ffE»A.IT"3r, 

JVo.   55   CHAMBERS   STREET. 

SAN   FRANCISCO:    A.  L.  BANCROFT    &    CO. 
1882. 


BIOORAPHIES 


or  THE 


EARIiY    DISCOVERERS. 


BY  JBREMT  BELKNAr,   P.  0 


INTRODUCTION. 

Tai  editor  of  thii  work  belieref  that  a  people  who  have  patronlied  thoie  publlcatlont  which  treat  nfother  countrlei ,  would  readily  «•• 
Morage  one  that  wu  altogether  devoted  to  our  own  country.  We  have  general  and  particular  historiot,  many  of  them  abounding  in  «!• 
ccneni  matter ;  but  as  yet  we  have  no  book  of  reference  on  aubjocti  relating  entirely  to  America.  Almon  published  in  England  duriaf 
the  revolutionary  war  his  "  RBMeMBRANoaa,"  a  collection  of  facts  in  regard  to  that  conflict,  remarkable  for  candor  and  correctneu  ;  but 
this  is  out  of  print.  The  next  book  of  reference  is  NiLca*  Rcoirter:  the  public  are  much  indebted  to  this  indefatigable  and  able  editor 
far  Ills  historical  treasures,  which  are  truly  great ;  but  his  periodical,  on  account  of  the  expense,  cannot  circulate  so  generally  as  to  di^ 
fiise  tlie  intelligence  that  it  contains  among  all  classes ;  and  he  has  not,  from  the  pressure  of  passing  events,  gone  much  into  our  early  an« 
nals.  The  intention  of  the  editor  of  this  work  is  plainly  this — to  search,  with  competent  assistance,  the  records  of  the  discovery  and  set* 
tiement  of  this  country,  and  to  give  in  a  cheap  but  liandsonio  form  tlie  rich  materials  that  are  to  be  found  scattered  throughout  the  United 
States.  Ho  will  commence  liis  labors  with  the  lives  of  tho  early  adventurers  who  explored  unknown  countries,  and  particularly  this^~ 
There  is  a  direct  connexion  between  them,  if  some  only  prepared  tho  way  for  others.  We  therefore  shall  present  tlie  whole  chain  of 
events  which  have  operated  in  any  way  to  our  existence  and  welfare  as  a  people.  Chronology  has  been  called  the  eye  of  history,  and  m 
■hall  be  careful  to  give  correct,  dates  for  all  the  incidents  we  enumerate.  Going  back  to  the  fountains  of  our  history,  we  shall  follow  tha 
itreami  to  tlH<  present  time,  in  order  that  our  readers  may  have  a  panoramic  view,  as  it  were,  of  all  that  regards  our  origin,  progress,  and 
nrasent  situation.  Our  distinguished  idinds  in  every  age  of  our  history  shall  not  be  forgotten,  and,  when  practicable,  soma  of  their  men- 
mi  efforts  shall  be  furnished  the  reader.  Tlie  reader  need  not  foar  that  the  subject  will  be  soon  exhausted ;  for  Time,  who  destroys  all 
things  else,  makes  now  matter  for  tlie  historian,  not  only  in  the  birth  of  events,  but  in  opening  the  long  hidden  mines  of  knowledge.  The 
writer  from  whose  works  these  biof^raphins  were  taken,  deserves  the  title  of  the  father  ofAmeritan  kiittny.  He  was  a  man  of  genius,  n 
scholar  of  extensive  erudition,  a  divine  of  a  holy  life,  and  a  lover  of  his  country.  Ho  established  a  historical  society,  and  produced  several 
historical  works.  He  wrote  witli  a  more  polished  pen  than  his  cotemporaries,  and  showed  them  the  worth  of  historical  knowledge,  and  at 
the  tamo  time  gave  them  an  example  of  the  manner  in  which  history  should  be  written.  The  name  of  Jeremy  Belknap,  D.  D.,  is  sponsnr 
for  all  that  has  biion  said,  and  more.  This  great  historian  did  not  live  to  fill  up  his  outline,  which  embraced  "  adventurers,  statesmen, 
philosophers,  divines,  warriors,  authors,  and  other  remarkable  characters,  comprehending  a  recital  of  the  events  connected  with  their  live* 
and  actions  ;"  what  has  been  done,  is  well  done — and  we  shall  supply  a  portion  of  tlie  deficiency  from  other  sources.  In  fina,  wa  shall  usa 
every  exertion  to  make  the  work,  if  encouragement  is  given  to  the  undertaking,  a  valuable  collection  of  American  history,  biography,  elo« 
quence,  polite  literature,  science,  and  statistics — interspersed  with  anecdotes  of  olden  time,  and  of  revolutionary  days,  to  amuia  as  well  aa 
to  instruct  tho  reader.  In  our  history  we  shall  come  down  to  the  present  time  without  a  particle  of  party  spirit,  and  strive  to  ghra  a  trao 
record  of  events  as  they  have  or  may  occur.  There  is  an  advantage  in  many  respects  in  this  method  of  presenting  history  and  polite  lit* 
erature  to  tho  public,  as  wo  have  an  opportunity  of  being  optimists,  and  selecting  that  which  will  makethestrongest  unpression  on  the  mind  of 
the  reader.  Tiicre  are  epochs  in  our  history  which  have  not  ofien  been  distinctly  marked  by  writers.  We  shall  endeavor  to  point  them  out. 
There  is  a  philosophy  of  history  which  should  be  studied  while  we  are  endeavoring  to  fix  the  facts  in  our  memory.  Cause  and  effect  bav* 
the  same  connnxion  in  the  growth  of  a  nation  as  in  that  of  a  blade  of  grass,  and  are  much  more  cleariy  open  to  our  Investigation. 


BIRON. 

■nwK.  (  Bidn  of  If  orwar— Hli  dlsunnr  of  Iceland  and 
Onanltod-An  account  of  hli  foyage— Cnaraciar  and  ap- 
pcanue*  of  llu  nalivei. 

Tat  oncient  inhabitanta  of  Norway  and  Denmark, 
collectively  taken,  were  diatiiiguiaheJ  by  the  name  of 
Ntmam.  Their  ailuation  near  the  coiat  of  the  see,  and 
the  cdw>la(c«  which  that  clemvat  pnssntad  t*  them 


beyond  all  which  they  could  eipeet,  IVom  s  fongh  soil, 
in  a  cold  climate,  led  them  at  an  early  period  to  the 
aeience  and  practice  of  navigation.  They  bnilt  their 
Teaeola  with  the  beai  of  oak,  and  constructed  them  in 
auch  a  manner  aa  to  encounter  the  atorma  and  billowa 
of  tho  northern  ocean.  They  covered  them  with  decka 
and  fumiihed  them  with  high  forecastlea  and  alema. 
The/  made  use  of  ssila  aa  well  sa  oui,  sod  had  Issm- 


(d  to  trim  thsil sails  to  tiw  wind,  in  slmost  anrdlrs*- 
lien.  Inlhssants,afbaildfaigshipeandofmi4aBiioii, 
they  were  sapnior  to  tha  people  boidering  on  &  Me. 
ditemnean  tea,  who  depended  chiefly  on  thsir  ears 
and  uied  taila  only  with  a  fair  wind. 

About  the  end  of  tha  eighth  and  beginniof  ef  tha 
ninth  century,  the  Normans  made  ihtiattltts  fusons 
bf  their  prtdstoiy  •sconieas.  BnglsnJ,  Isetlsad,  Ire 


ANIRIOAII  RIITORT. 


riM  (MUwy  tut  MMtiaml  UiiMb.  «r»ra  ob)«tt  of 
pMdMiMM  I  tni  in  mm  of  ihtir  pinlirti  mii*- 
A.  U.  Ml,  Umjt  diMoirarwi  in  mUimI,  which 

kUMjr  RMunUiiM,  covtivtl  with  ic*  iikI  inuw, 
'  lb*  MOM  ol  IttlamH.     In  •  faw  yean  kfiar 


IIm])  pl«nta4«iialnnjr  lh*ra,  which  «••  coniinudljr  (ii||- 
■MMd  by  mlfMioM  from  iha  iKighboring  coumriM. 
WMm  Um  t|iM«  of  ibirly  yn  HM,  »  new  coiiiiiry  ii- 
IMI*  M  Um  wuI,  wm  diKOvvrvii,  irJ  fMin  lU  vortlur* 
ARilll  lb*  MinUBar  mnntha,  rn:«i««<l  iha  imiim  of  tl'ti*. 
MA  TW«  wm  dcnnicil  M  itnporlint  an  *ci|iijii'.iuii, 
iM,  Mriar  Ik*  conduct  uf  Kiiu  K*udi  or  Hkp  1U*d,  • 
OmM  obM,  U  «u  toon  |mo|)Iw1. 

Tko  •■igiMW  to  ihoM  now  rogiont  woro  •till  in- 
tMlwd  w«b  ibo  powMMi  fur  iiivonlura  and  ditcovaiy. 
Aa  lnh»iilw  of  Ibo  mmo  HiiioLr  *nd  hia  aon  UiauN* 
mmk»  •  *«TM*  OT017  yoor  to  dilTmnl  eounlrica  foi  iha 
Mkoof  •nflbi.  AbottI  ibo  boginning  of  ilw  I  Ith  con- 
Mm  IMIi  Iboir  abipa  won  aoparalad  by  a  alorin. 
Wloa  Biion  irrirod  io  Noiway,  bo  hoard  thai  hia  fa- 
tim  migofio  to  Orcanlaud,  and  bo  roaolvad  to  fullow 
Uail  bat  oiwUwt  Morm  diavo  him  10  tho  §t»lkmil, 
I  In  din  u  HI  id  t  flol  counlry,  fraa  ftom  rocba, 
'  with  Ibick  woodo,  and  in  iaiand  naar  tho 


Hi  <"•'•  no  loflgor  any  ol  oilho r  of  Ihoao  plaeoa 
Ikni  till  Ibu  aiMin  abaltd  ;  when  by  a  norlhaaal  couno 
M  htolod  Io  Oroonlomi.  Tha  Uiuovoty  waa  no  nooiiar 
kMWB  Ibifo,  Ihon  Liirthoaonol  taio,  who,  lilia  hia 
fctboTi  bid  «  ilrong  doairo  to  acquire  gtoiy  by  advaii- 
IMN,  oquippod  a  vcaaol,  carrying  lwcnly-fi««  men  ; 
•ail  luing  Oiron  fur  bia  (iilol,  aailnl  in  lUUS,  in  aoarch 
•f  Um  now  oounlry. 

HU  eouiao  waa  aouthwoal.  On  tho  6rat  land  which 
iMWWt  bo  (wild  nolbiiig  IhiI  Aal  rocka  and  ko,  with- 
out tny  Torduro.  Ho  iMroforo  gava  it  tho  namo  of 
iftffWooWi  wbicb  aigniAoo  rocky.  AAarwarda  bo  caina 
l(  •  loni  alioio,  wiiMtil  any  rorka,  bul  ottergrowii  with 
woodo,  and  tho  aand  waa  ninaikably  whito  'I'hia  bo 
\  MwrUm^  >"  woody.    Two  daya  after,  bo  aow 

Tia,  iiid  an  iiland  lying  boforo  tho  noriham 
il.  llaro  bo  Aral  UiiUod  :  and  ihoiico  aailing 
Wfotward,  round  a  point  of  land,  found  a  creek  or  ri- 
Mr  inlo  which  tho  abip  entered. 

Ob  Um  banko  of  ibia  ii«er,  ware  buahea  bearing 
M  bomoa  i  the  air  waa  mild,  tlir  aoil  fertile,  and  ilio 
r  well  alorad  with  fiah  among  which  ware  very  lino 
Al  tho  head  of  Ihia  river  waa  a  lake,  on 
Km  iboto  of  which  they  rvaolvud  to  paaa  the  winter, 
•nd  oroctnl  liula  for  llitir  accoininouailon.  Una  of 
llwir  compiny,  a  Uennon  named  i  yrkur  harins  alrag- 
gUd  inlo  tho  wooda,  found  grap€t  ,•  from  which  bo 
Mid  lotm,  that  in  hia  cuuiiiry,  they  made  mm. 
Tnm  Ihia  eircuinatinee,  Leif  the  commander  of  the 
■■My,  called  too  |ilac^  WtnUiul  dui  Uuk,  Um  Uood 
Wiuo  Counlry. 

An  intercourte  being  thua  opcne<l  liclween  Green- 
Imd  and  Winland,  aovcral  voyagca  woro  made,  and 
Ibo  now  country  w*o  further  eiplnrcd.  Many  ialaiida 
■era  found  near  the  cooat,  but  not  a  humau'crealure 
waa  aoin  till  tha  'bird  auinmer,  1004,  wlien  three  boala 
Moatruetad  with  hba  of  bono,  fulvned  with  thonga  or 
Iwigi  and  covered  with  akina,  each  boat  canlaiiimg 
n,  made  iheir  appearance.  From  Ibu  diminu- 
of  Iheeo  people,  itao  Norinana  driiominated 
1  Scraiing;'  and  uibiunaoly  killiid  tliuin  all  but 
ana ;  who  ewaucJ  and  eollecleu  a  large  iiiuiilier  of  hia 
coonlrymon,  to  mike  an  Mlack  on  their  iiivadura.  I'lie 
Nomuna  defended  thuir  abipa  with  au  much  apirit  tlial 
tba  aaaailania  were  ubligtnl  to  retire. 

After  Ihia,  a  colony  ol  Norinana  went  and  acttlcd 
•I  Winland,  carrying  on  a  barter  trade  with  the  8cru- 
lioga  for  fura ;  bul  a  controveray  aroae  in  the  colony, 
wbuh  induced  aome  to  return  to  (iri'ciiland.  The 
MMre  dieperud  and  mix.  d  among  the  Scrslinga. 

In  iba  next  century,  liSl,  £ric,  biahop  of  Ureen- 
Itod,  wont  to  Winland,  wi  h  1  benevoleni  duaign  to  re- 
■itfar  aad  convert  liiacounirymcn  who  hod  degenerated 
iMoaafagea,  .Tbiaprelala  never  relumed  to  Greenland  ; 
■or  waa  any  thing  more  heard  of  Winland,  for  aeverai 
ewituhea. 

Tbia  account  of  Ibo  diacovery  of  Winland  ia  tiken 
bam  Psntoppldan'a  Hiatory  of  Norway,  Cranti'a 
Hiatoiy  of  Greenland,  and  1  late  Hiatory  of  Northern 
VoyiM,  b«  Dr.  John  Rainhold  Forator.  The  facta 
•MtlM  mImvo  been  collected  from  a  "great  num- 
btr  af  lealandk  Mauoicripu  by  Thormond  Thor- 
,  Adtai  TOO  Ermnan,  Amgrim  Jonaa  and  many 


•  Wa  aaaaa  b  apallad  by  durarau  aulbora  Mirm,  Jtarn,  K- 
MI'MaflM  Mucnia 

,  lilt  ■Mki^  chlyo-dwatft 


othar  wrilafa,  aa  thai  11  ia  hardly  paaalMa  la  onieitala 
tho  loiat  doubt  aoiMorning  iba  aulkenlMily  of  iba  ■■• 
lalion. 

I'onioppldan  iiya  "  thai  Ibev  ronkt  aee  tho  aan  Aill 
ail  hoiira  in  tlie  ahortrit  day  ;  nut  I  lanli  lella  iia  thai 
■Mhv  aun  ruieon  lliaaherieai  lUyal  ngM  uf  Iherlock," 
and  Forairr  that  "  Iha  aim  waa  eight  huiiri  aliove  Iha 
horiinn,"  Irom  which  hecnnrliido  ihal  Wiiiland  muat 
be  liiiind  In  Iha  4Ulh  ilrj^raa  iit  norlliarii  lalitU'lii  ;  and 
from  lie  being  in  a  ■outhwtaiiiilydirvclioti  lioin  (irveti- 
laiid,  he  tiippinra  that  It  la  either  a  part  of  Newluund- 
larid  nr  tome  place  on  iha  nurlhcrn  coaat  of  Ihe  gulf 
uf  St.  Lawrence  ;  hut  whether  grapaa  are  foumi  in  eiUMr 
of  llioae  cuunlriea  ha  cannot  aay.  Ilawaver,  be  aeonia 
ao  fully  perauaded  of  iIm  facta,  that  he  girea  it  aa  hia 
opinion,  thai  the  Norinana  waie,  atrictly  a|ioaking,  tho 
Aral  diacoveraia  of  America,  nearly  Ave  centuriea  befora 
Lolumbua. 

From  a  careful  poruaal  of  the  Aral  accounli  of  New- 
foundland, praaerved  by  thoae  painful  collertora  llak- 
luvl  and  I'urrhaa,  and  of  olher  iiienioira  rea|iecling  that 
laland  and  Ibaeaaal  of  Labraduf  |  ami  froia  inapecliiig 
the  moat  appfovad  inapa  of  thoeo  regiona.  particuUily 
one  in  the  American  Allaa,  delineated  agreeably  to  tlie 
actual  aurieya  uf  the  late  celebrated  navigator,  Capt. 
Jamea  Cook,  Ihe  foUo\viii||  obaervaliona  occur. 

On  the  N.  K.  part  ol  iSiiwfoundlaiid,  which  ia  moat 
directly  acceaaibia  fiom  Greenland,  there  ia  a  long 
rangn  of  coaat,  in  which  an  two  baya,  Iho  one  called 
Gander  Uay,  and  iho  olher  the  Day  of  Kiploita.  Ue- 
fure  the  mouth  of  the  former,  among  many  amaller, 
there  lira  one  laige  lalaiid,  called  Fogo  :  and  before  the 
moiilh  of  Ihe  laltrr,  another  called  the  New  World. 
l^ilher  of  iheie  will  •iiincicnlly  aiiawer  to  Ihe  ailualion 
deacrilied  in  Uio  account  of  Uiron'a  aecoiid  voyage. 
Into  each  of  theae  baya,  runa  a  river,  which  haa  ita 
head  in  a  lake,  and  both  thaao  lakaa  lia  in  Iho  48th  de- 
gree of  noilh  latitude. 

Tho  earlicat  accounla  of  Ninfoundland  after  ita 
diacovery  and  Iha  ealabliahmeni  of  a  Aabary  on  ita 
coaat,  have  reaped  chiefly  to  Iba  landa  about  Trimly 
and  Conception  Uaya,  between  tha  parallela  of  4ti 
and  49*.  Theae  lamia  are  reprraonled  aa  producing 
alrawbeiriee,  whorlleberriea,  raapherriea,  peara,  wild 
chvrriea,  and  haiel  nuia,  in  very  great  plenty.  I'lie 
livcra  an  laid  to  have  been  will  atorcd  with  aaliiion 
and  trout.  Tha  nativca,  who  inliabiied  a  bay  lying 
to  tho  northward  of  frinity.  and  came  occaaionally  thi- 
ther in  their  canoaa,  are  duacribed  aa  broad  brcaated 
and  upright,  with  black  eyca,  and  without  bearda  :  tho 
hair  on  their  heaila  waa  of  dilfercnt  coloura  ;  aome  bad 
block,  aoma  brown,  and  olhera  yellow.  In  thia  variety 
they  didured  from  llie  other  eavagea  of  North  America, 
who  have  uniformly  black  hair,  uiileaa  il  be  grown  gray 
with  ago. 

Tha  climate  ia  repreaented  aa  more  mild  in  the  win- 
ter than  that  of  Liiglaiid ;  but  much  colder  in  Iha 
apring,  by  reaaon  of  tha  vaat  iaianda  of  ice,  which  are 
driven  into  the  baya  or  grou.-  Jud  on  Ihe  baiika. 

On  tho  nonhaaatern  coaat  of  Labrador,  between  Iha 
latiludea  of  63  and  56",  are  many  excellent  harbora 
and  iaianda.  Tho  aoaa  are  full  of  cod,  the  riven 
abound  with  aalmon ;  and  Iho  cliiuato  ia  aaid  to  be 
more  mild  than  in  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

Nothing  ia  aaid  in  any  of  theae  account*  of  vinea 
or  grapca,  excepting  that  aome  winch  were  brought 
from  England  had  thriven  well.  If  any  evidunco  can 
lie  drawn  from  the  eompariaon  between  Iho  couiitriea  uf 
Newfoundland  and  New-Knsland  it  may  be  obaervcd 
that  all  Ihe  above  mentioned  fruila  anil  brrrica  are 
found  in  iho  northern  and  eaatern  parts  of  New-Eng- 
land aa  far  aa  Nova  Scotia,  m  Iho  latitiidea  of  44 
and  45" ;  and  Ihal  grapea  (vuit  talpina,  vili*  vat- 
bnucu,)  are  known  to  grow  wherever  theae  fruita  are 
found. 

Du  Mania  in  hia  voyage  to  Acadia,  in  1608,  apeaka 
of  grapea  in  aeverai  u!acca ;  and  they  were  in  auch 
plenty  on  the  iaie  of  Orlcuna  in  iai.  47"  that  it  waa  lirat 
called  the  iaiand  of  Uacchua.*  Though  there  ia  no  direct 
and  poeitive  teatiinony  of  grapea  in  tlie  i«laiid  of  Naw- 
founJUnd,  it  ia  by  no  means  10  be  concluded  that  tbaia 
were  none.  Nor  ia  it  improbablo  that  grapea,  though 
once  found  there,  might  have  been  ao  agarce,  aa  not  to 
merit  notice,  in  such  general  descriptiona,  aa  ware 
given  by  the  Aral  EngliaTi  advenlurera. 

Tho  diatanco  between  Greenland  and  Newfoufadland 
ia  not  greater  than  between  Iculaiid  and  Norway  ;  and 
there  could  benomoro  dilHculty  in  navigating  the  weat- 


•  Il  is  also  SBliI  that  Mr.  Ellis  met  with  tha  vine  about  ika 
English settlemenls  at  IIuiIhuii's  llfiy,  and  cunipares  lh«  fruit  n. 
k  to  Iba  cuiraua  of  tha  lavaoL  Murss'a  Uii.  Oee.  vul.  I.  y.  H- 


am  than  iho  laaioni  |«ila  af  iha  naMtwiB  t    _ 
•iMb  veaaela  aa  woro  than  in  uao,  aad  ky  aack  1 
at  Iba  Norniana  iro  aaid  10  have  baaa  | 
know  notliing  uf  ilie  magnalia  neadla. 

Diion  the  whole,  though  wa  can  coino  Io  m  | 
icnclnaioii  in  a  qiiraiion  of  auch  remolo  anUaallVI 
yal  lliere  are  man*  aiciimalancaa  Io  loiiArm,  and  nnot 
to  disiirnvii  the  rrlaimn  given  of  the  voyagea  of  Ulrao. 
Uut  if  II  ha  allowed  that  liu  la  anIilM  In  the  honour  al 
haling  iliacovired  Amriici  befiira  Colninbna,  yet  ibia 
diacovery  caiinol  in  Ihn  least  dairacl  from  tha  merit  cl 
that  rrliibrsti'd  nav.gstor.  For  tliiro  ia  no  reaaoti  M 
a>i|i|HM«  that  (/'iilunihua  had  tny  knowbidga  of  iho  Nor 
man diacotcriaa  ;  whiih  long  beloia  hi*  time  wara  fa|b 
gntlen,  and  would  |iciha|ia  iitver  have  been  rrcolloetad 
if  ha  had  not  by  the  aaiouiibiiig  eieitiona  of  hia  goniut 
and  Ilia  (loraevarlng  induairy,  eHectid  a  diacovery  al 
ihia  riiiiiincnt,  in  a  climale  uinre  friandir  Io  iba  viowa 
of  riiminercial  advenlurera. 

Even  (Iri'ciilaiid  iisiir,  in  ihe  Aftaenl'i  century,  wia 
known  to  tho'Uanra  and  Nornana  nidy  by  tha  naina  ol 
lo§l  Greenland  i  and  ibey  did  not  recover  their  know 
ledge  of  it,  till  after  tha  English  had  aacarlained  lie  aft- 
istenca  by  their  vuyagra  to  discover  a  norihweal  paaa> 
age  to  the  l*acllic  Ocean,  and  tho  Dutch  bad  coaau'd  il 
lu  purauing  of  whalea. 

MAOOO. 

Maoee,  rrinca  nr  Walrs— Ills  suppnsf il  iltsmvsry  of  «in*<va 
—An  a^-ciiuiit  nr  Ills  vtiysio  riainiiisd'Tlia  llH|irubaliUIIJ 
ul'  tils  sniiiMissil  iliwMivrry  shnwii. 

Tins  person  la  aiip|>oaed  to  have  diaeovered  Aniorl* 
ca,  and  brought  a  colony  of  his  rounlrymen  hither,  b» 
fore  the  discovery  msilv  by  (<'oliinibua.  Thn  alary  ol 
bia  emigration  from  Walea  ia  thus  rela'ed  b*  llakluyt, 
whoao  book  was  lirsl  publiahed  lu  I6t^9,  tui  a  lacooj 
edition  of  it  in  lUUU. 

>*  The  voyage  of  Madoc,  Iko  aon  of  Owen  Owyia, 
natb,  princa  of  NorUi  Walaa,  to  Iho  Woel  Indica  ia 
iIm  year  1 170,  taken  out  of  tlw  Hiatuiy  of  Wala% 
lately  publiabed  by  M.  David  I'owal,  Doclof  of  Oi*^ 
uilie." 

"  After  tha  death  of  Owen  Gwyniwlh,  bii  lona  ftl) 
at  debate  who  ahould  inherit  after  hiiii.  For  the  eldeal 
aon  born  in  matiimony,  Edward  nr  lorwerib  Drwydioii, 
waa  counted  unuieet  Io  govern,  becauaa  of  the  maiiaa 
u|Hin  Ilia  face  ;  and  llowel,  that  took  upon  him  aj 
the  rule,  waa  a  base  son  begutten  ol  an  Irish  woraaiv 
Therafore,  David  gathered  all  the  power  Iw  could  uU 
came  againai  Howel,  and  lighting  with  him,  alrw  bun  i 
and  afterward  enjoyed  quietly  tha  whole  land  of  Norik 
Walea,  unlil  hia  brother  lorwerlh'a  aon  cama  10  ago. 

"  Mapoc',  another  ol  Owen  Gwvnnetb  hia  lona  lell  ibl 
land  in  contention  between  hia  bretbian,  and  prepared 
certain  shipa  with  men  and  munition,  and  sought  Kvan 
liirea  by  aea,  aailing  mil,  and  leaving  lla  c(a<t  e(  lra> 
land  ao  far  north  that  he  came  to  a  land  iiuknowo,  wboM 
he  aaw  many  atrange  Iblnge. 

"  Thia  land  must  needs  be  aome  port  of  thai  eounllj 
of  which  the  SiMiiiarila  aflirm  tliemavlvoa  to  l>e  Iho  Aral 
Andora  ainre  Hanno'a  time.  ['For  by  reaaon  and  ordec 
uf  coainograpliie,  thia  land  to  the  which  Madoc  cama, 
luuatneeoa  be  aome  part  of  Nova  lliapania  or  Florida.] 
Whereupon  It  ia  maiiireat  that  that  country  wna  lung 
[before]  by  liriialua  discovered,  aforo  [either]  Colum- 
biia  [or  Amerlcua  Vcapuliua]  lad  any  Hpaniarda 
thither. 

■*  Of  Ihe  voyage  and  return  of  Ihal  Madoc  there  b( 
many  falilca  fvigiad,  aa  the  cnininon  people  do  uae,  in 
distance  of  place  and  length  of  lime,  rather  to  luginaiil 
than  Uimlnisli,  but  turc  il  u  that  there  kt  teal.  And  af- 
ter ho  bad  returned  home  and  declared  the  pleaaanl 
anil  fruitful  countries  that  he  bad  seen  wilboul  inhabi 
lints ;  and  upon  the  contrary  part,  for  what  wild  and 
barren  ground  hia  brethren  and  nephews  did  murtliei 
one  another,  he  prepared  a  number  r'  ahipa  and  goh 
with  him  auch  men  and  women  aa  wara  daairoiM  10 
live  in  qiiietncsa ;  and  taking  leave  of  bia  frieuda,  look 
bia  journey  thitherwards  -<;. 

"  Thcrcforo  it  la  to  b)  i  !i<hyoaed,  that  ho  and  hi* 
people  inhabited  part  of  tlioae  eounlrica ;  for  it  appnai- 
«lh,  by  Francia  Ixipei  do  Gomara,  ihal  In  AcuxainU, 
and  other  places,  the  (icople  honored  the  cross,  Wbero* 
by  it  may  be  gathered,  that  Chnatiana  \\v\  been  Ineni 
before  the  coming  of  the  8paniarda.  Uut  because  thia 
people  were  not  many,  they  followed  Ihe  tRCNNtra  al 
the  land  thry  came  to,  and  uaed  the  hmguagt  Ihay 
found  there. 


*  Tho  wnnis  Incluifsil  In  chrtKchasa  [  ]  an 
aacuBtlstlMoDef  Uak.uyi's  vuyafan 


( 


nioaiiAPHiEi  or  thb  early  diioovererm. 


Lnd  hi* 
Ippnu- 
luiail, 
Thew 

I  tiMia 
iihia 

|i<r«at 


IkiM 


I 


■TMi  MajM  inttlni  In  UM  «Mi*fii  counlrjr  un- 
li  Mm  •kM  Im  UM  In  ih*  ynr  1 1  TO,  l«A  iihmi  o( 
Itt  faopl*  IImn,  ind  nturnlnv  hm-ii  foi  niur*  uf  hi* 
•«n  nation.  M<|uilnUnc«  tiHT  frWinU,  lu  liilmkll  ihak 
Mf  mmI  Inrii*  suuntry,  wml  lliltlwr  agiilii,  wlili  l«ii 
Mila,  M  I  HihI  nutctlby  Uuljiii  Dwrn.  I  mil  ul'  uliili- 
Ion  thai  Iha  Uiwl  wharatu  ha  cmiir,  «•«■  uiiiia  part  nf 
MailM  I*  tha  cauaaa  mbliib  umka  ma  tliliik  w  ba 


1.  •*  Tha  cnmnKNi  raport  «r  Iha  InhnlillnnU  of  that 
•Minir/,  whlah  KlDnn  Ihut  tlirir  lulria  i1»m ctitlMl  I'riiiii 
•  Mnuiia  imlliHi,  that  cania  lliUhar  fruin  n  fur  couiilry  i 
Hkktl  tbliif  la  cunfaMMl  bv  Miitaimna,  Klnn  af  IhnI 
CMMijr,  In  an  oration  maila  for  auUiliia  o(  hia  p*i'|iln 
•I  Mtaubmlaalaii  to  Iha  Kinu  iif  Caillla  i  lUriiaiHlu 
OmUi  baing  than  praaani,  whUsh  ta  laUl  iliiwn  In  tha 
Minnlah  obrunlclai  o(  tba  aoiiiiuaal  of  tbo  Waat  In- 

t.  "  Tha  Dritiah  worda  and  namaa  of  ptaea*  uaati 
it  that  cuunlry  avan  to  thii  ilay  Jo  argua  Iha  lania  ; 
la  whan  thay  talk  tngathar,  Ihay  um  Iha  word  OiaraN- 
A  which  ia  haarkan,  or  ilalan.  AIm  Ihry  hava  a  car- 
Uln  bird  with  a  tchUi  haad,  whkh  thvjr  cull  ftnguiii, 
Ihal  III  whila  haad.  Bui  the  Ulniid  ul  Currtxto,  iLc 
ll«ar  of  OiiyaWiir,  and  Iha  wlilta  nwk  nf  I'tm^pn. 
whkh  ba  all  UrIlUh  or  Walch  wonU,  dn  niniiir«ally 
■how  thalll  wai that eounlry,  which  Maduo  and  bia 
iwopla  bihabllad." 

•■  Rarnilna  Maradlth  Alll  Rhaai  mantlnnam  fiielan- 
lU  da  Madueu  Alio  Uwaiil  nwyiincdd  ct  da  lua  na- 
tigallona  in  larraa  incogiiitaa.  Villi  bio  Maraditb  cir- 
•ilar  annum  Domini,  UT7. 

Madiie  wyf,  mwyadio  wadd 
lawn  ganau.  Owen  Owynadd, 

Si  fyiiwin  liir,  fy  anaid  uddd 
a  da  inawr.  ond  y  iiiuroadd. 

Thaaa  «ar«ai  I  lecalved  of  my  laariiad  Mand,  M. 
W'iUlam  Uundan. 

THI  •4III  IN  INOLIiH. 

•  Madoo  I  am  iha  aon  nf  Owan  Owynnadd, 
M'lih  Mature  larga  and  comrly  graca  adiirned. 

»!>  landi  al  honiv,  nor  alum  of  wialtli  nie  plaaia, 
y  mind  wai  whole  lo  •earcli  the  Uaean  aoaa. 
In  Ihia  eitraet  from  Itakliivt  la  eanlainad  all  the 
criginal  inrarmatlan  which  I  have  been  able  to  And  re- 
apecling  the  auppoaed  lliKo«ery  of  America  by  the 
Walch.  The  account  IIhU  la  conAiuil  and  contra- 
dlctocjr.  Yha  eounlrv  dlicuvered  by  .Maduo  la  laid 
lab*  "  without  Inhahilanti ;  and  yet  the  |ieopla  whom 
bacarriad  Ihlthar  "  folluwed  the  inanncraof  llie  iuiid, 
ud  uaed  Iha  language  Ihev  found  there."  Though 
Iha  Welch  emlgranta  Inal  tlicir  Innguage,  yet  the  au- 
Ibor  atlempta  to  pruire  the  truth  of  hia  atury  by  Ihe 
praaervaliun  of  eeneral  Welch  worda  In  Ihe  American 
tonguee.  Among  theae  he  ie  unfortunnte  In  the  choice 
of'jfragMitnblnl  with  a  wkUehetul;'  all  birda  of 
that  name  on  Iha  American  ahorea  having  black  or 
dark  brown  heada.  and  Ihe  name  penguin  la  anid  to 
have  bean  originally  findutgint,  from  their  etcraaive 


Among  Iha  pmo<a  which  eome  lale  writer*  have  ad- 
duced In  aupport  of  the  diacovery  of  Amerlrn  by  Ma- 
doo la  Ibia,  that  a  language  reaembling  Iho  Welch  wna 
apoken  by  a  tribe  of  Indiana  in  North  Curolina,  nnd 
that  it  la  aim  uaed  by  a  niilion  ailuale  on  aome  nf  the 
wealam  watara  of  the  Miaaiaaippi.  If  that  part  of  Ihe 
account  preeerved  by  Hakluyl  be  true,  that  the  Ian- 
ttuage  wa*  ioat,  it  la  in  vain  to  olTer  en  argument  of 
Uilakind  In  aupport  of  the  truth  of  the  atory  ;  but  a 
queatlon  may  here  ariae,  How  could  any  report  of  Ihe 
loaa  of  their  language  have  been  tranamilted  to  Eu- 
lapa  at  eo  early  a  period  t 

An  atleinpt  haaiately  been  made  In  aacerlain  Ihe 
truth  of  tbla  piece  of  hialory  by  Ur.  John  William*.  I 
hava  not  *«en  the  book  itaelf.  but  if  Ihe  critical  review- 
er* may  be  credited,  no  new  facta  have  been  adduced. 
It  i*  remarked  by  them,  that  ■>  if  Madoc  once  reached 
America,  it  ladimcull  to  explain  how  he  could  return 
hooM,  and  it  wouM  be  more  improbable  that  he  ahould 
krriva  in  America  a  neond  lime  ;  of  which  there  i*  not 
Iha alightaat evidence."  They  alao obacive,  that  "if 
Madoe  aailcd  weetward  irom  Wale*,  tha  eunent* 
wouM  rather  have  carried  him  to  Nova  Scotia  than  to 
ih*  aonthward." 

The  mentioning  of  Nova  Scotia  reminda  ma  of  aome 
iMid*  in  the  native  language  nf  that  country  which 
bagin  with  two  ayllable*  reeemhling  the  name  of  Ma- 
do*.    A  aaehem  of  thePenobecot  tribe  who  lived  in 


a  la  lb*  aeeond  edition,  tha  word  *  Mexico*  ia  chant  ad  for 
*ttw  Wm  lodl**)'  awl  lb*  iwa  fsUawing  paiairapba  ai* 


III*  end  uf  Iho  laal  and  In  Ih*  beginning  uf  lb*  |Ht*a- 
rill  ceiilurv  Ixir*  ilia  iiania  of  AfAiliinwrfi),  A  vll- 
hga  un  r*iiubarul  river  waa  Mmttwrnlu:  On* 
briiiirh  uf  Ihe  rlvvr  Ml.  John,  whkh  rune  Into  tba  bay 
of  t'uiula  la  Altdntlmk,  and  aumliei  I*  Mtduftttnnm- 
lit.  'I'll*  advuralea  uf  Ihia  iiiiiiiiun  may  avail  Ihein- 
aalvea  aa  far  a*  Ihey  run  uf  iLi*  culiicid'iii'*,  but  in 
uiy  apprahvnaloii  it  la  tuu  pracarluua  lu  ba  the  baaia 
ol  any  jual  ciiiiclualnn. 

Alter  nil  llial  ha*  been,  or  can  ba  aalil  on  tha  *uh- 
jei'l,  woiiiualoliiiervenilhlh'crillcal  r*viewrra,lhal  if 
"  Madiiv  lell  Walea  and  dia«u«ar*d  any  ulh*r  cuunlry 
ll  niualaJMitya  rrinalnunc*i.iln  wlier*  that  country 
la."  Dr.  Kiilierlaun  lliinka,  ifhauiadaany  dlaaov*ry 
at  nil  It  nil||lil  lie  Madeira,  or  on*  uf  lb*  Aaor**. 

Til*  iHwk  of  Ilnkluyl,  in  which  lb*  original  alorv  la 

treaerved.  waa  wriilen  In  lb*  r*lgn  of  (jiM*a  Ellaa- 
ptli.  and  ill  Ih*  lliii*  uf  h*r  cunlrov*r*y  with  Hjmln. 
The  lUaign  of  hi*  bringing  forward  th*  voyage  uf  Ma- 
doc apiieai*.  from  wiml  he  aay*  uf  L'uluoibu*,  to  hav* 
been,  Ih*  aaaerling  of  a  diacovery  prior  lo  hi*,  and  ciin- 
**<ju*iilly  III*  riglil  of  Ih*  Crown  uf  England  to  Ih* 
aoverelgnly  uf  Aiuerka  ;  a  point  at  that  liuia  warmly 
conlealeil  lietwerii  Ih*  two  nalluna,  'Ih*  rruiarka 
whirli  Ih*  aiuii*  author  makraun  aeveral  otharvoyHge*, 
*vidciilly  land  lo  ill*  eatabliahnirnt  uf  that  cliiim. 
Out  if  lb*  Blory  nf  Uiron  Iw  tru*.  whkh  (though  Hnk- 
luy I  baa  laid  nothing  of  it)  U  boiler  aulheiilicalad  than 
IliUof  Madoc,  III*  right  of  lb*  Crown  of  Donmark.  ia 
on  th*  priiicipl*  uf  priui  di*rov*ry,  auparlur  to  altlwi 
of  lh*m, 

Pvrhapa  th*  whol*  my*t*ry  may  b*  unvaiM,  if  w* 
advart  to  thi*  on*  circunaiaiic*,  Ih*  tin*  wb*n  Hak- 
luyl a  book  waa  Aral  pubJiahed,  national  prejudk*  niigbt 
urevail  even  with  au  boiiret  a  wril*r.  to  coiivort  a 
Walch  fubl*  into  a  polltkal  argument,  lo  aupport, 
againat  a  puwerliil  rival,  Iha  chuiu  of  hia  auvciaign  lo 
tha  dumlnlon  vf  Ibia  ouiilinanl. 

ZENO. 

Riao— Hia  rank  and  birth— II4  enlla  on  a  voyai*  nf  diaenvtrv 
—la  ov-riakaii  liy  t  iinipaM'-ArrI'**  >l  rrUlanil— Oltneul- 
ll<>  wHh  Ilia  nailvt*— DaalU  af  MIcomi  iiaaa— Hia  luulher  An- 
luiilu  lakea  ib«  coiiiiiiaiid. 

It  i*  well  known  that  th*  V*netlana  were  rerkon- 
ed  among  llie  moat  ri^ert  and  ailvcniuruu*  of  ih* 
maritime  nation*.  In  that  republic  Ihe  family  of 
Zkno  or  Zaai  ia  not  only  very  ancient,  and  of  high 
rank,  but  ciilekrated  for  llluatriou*  •chievrm*iit(, 
Nicolo  Zrno  having  eihlbiled  great  valor  in  a  war 
with  the  QrnoeM-.  conci'ivtd  an  ardent  draire,  agree- 
ably lo  Ihe  griiiiia  of  Ilia  nation,  to  travel ;  that  he 
might,  by  hia  acquaintance  wilb  foreign  naliona  and 
hinguaiir*,  render  himeelf  more  illuatriou*  and  u**- 
ful.  Willi  Ihia  view  he  equipped  a  ve**cl  at  hia  own 
eipenee,  and  aniled  through  Iha  eirait*  of  Gibraltar  to 
the  northward.  A.I)  1380.  with  an  Intention  lo  viait 
Uritoin  and  FInnderai  but  by  a  alarm  whkh  laated 
many  day*,  he  waa  coat  away  on  the  eoaat  of  Fria- 
land. 

The  prince  of  Ih*  country.  Zir'.mni  (or  a*  Purcha* 
apella  it,  Zichmui).  Anding  Zeno  an  expert  acaman. 
gave  him  the  command  of  hia  fltel,  eonaialing  of  Ihlr- 
It'cn  vraeela,  of  which  two  only  were  rowed  with  oar* : 
one  wui  n  ahip.  and  the  real  were  amall  liarka. 
With  Ihia  Aeet  be  made  conqurat  and  depredation* 
ill  licdovo  and  Iloao.  and  other  email  iilanda ;  aeveral 
bark*  laden  with  Aah  lieing  a  part  of  hia  capture. 

Nicolo  wrote  to  hi*  brother  Antonio  Zeno  at  Venice, 
inviiing  hint  to  Frialnnd.  whither  he  went ;  and  being 
taken  into  Ihe  acrvice  of  Zichmni.  continued  with  him 
fourteen  year*.  The  fleet  eailwl  on  an  expedition  to 
Eilland,  where  they  commilted  greet  ravage*  ;  but 
hearing  that  the  King  of  Norway  wa*  coming  againat 
them  with  a  euperior  fleet,  they  departed,  and  wen 
driven  by  a  etorm  on  •hoal*.  where  part  of  the  fleet  wa* 
wrecked',  and  the  real  were  nved  on  Oriiland,  "  a 
great  iaiand,  but  not  inhabited. 

Ziclimni  then  determined  to  attack  Iceland,  which 
belonged  lo  the  King  of  Norway  ;  but  Anding  it  well 
fortified  and  defended,  and  hia  fleet  being  dinuniahed, 
ho  retired  and  built  a  fort  in  Bre**,  on*  of  *eT*ii 
email  ialanda,  where  he  left  Nicolo  and  letoiiMd  to 
Fridand. 

In  the  next  *pring  Zeno,  with  thraa  amall  baiha, 
aailed  to  the  northward  on  diacovery,  and  arrived  at 
Engroenhuid. — where  he  found  a  monaalary  of  Fri- 
ar*, and  a  church  dedicated  to  St.  Thomaa,  aituala 
near  a  volcano,  and  heated  by  warm  apringa  flawing 
from  the  mountain. 

After  the  death  of  Nicolo,  which  bappeiied  in 
about  four  yean,  Antonio  tucceadwl  him  in  tha  com- 


maml  oflh*  l**t  1  and  Ik*  prliie*  IkhiMil,  aMMat 
th*  *uv*f*ignly  of  tba  ami,  aiNlaitaMih  an  aipdwM 
i*««n**ri<,  bMiaua*  Ibal  *mm  MMnmn  had  dl* 
rkh  a'ld  |i«|Hjhiu*  l*l*ad*  in  Ihal  quaitar. 

TIm    r»|aiil  of  III*  Aabarnwn   waa,  Ihal 
Ihouaand  niilaa  wvalward  from   FrUhiml,   I*  wkWl 
dialaiice  lh*v  had  b*en  drlv*n  by  *  t*wp**l,  I 
an  iaianti  eailwl  Ealuiilanil.  whkh  Ibey  had  il 
Iwanly-ala  yrara  balur*  ;  thai  alx  B*n  In 
war*  driven  upuii  llie  lelaiid.  and  baing  taken  by  tiM 
iiilmbilanla  war*  brought  into  a  Ailr  and   pofi ' 
ciiy  ;  that  ilw  king  uf  iTiat  place  **nl  for  many  I 
pnlera.  but  nun*  waa  liiunil  who  *auM  un ' 


Ih*  lunguag*  uf  Ih*  A*h«rm*n.  *ieepl  oa*  who  (aaU 
*|i*ak  rutin,  and  b*  bad  foratarly  baan  aaal  ubaw 
un  lb*  Iaiand  ;  that  on  bla  rapuiting  Ihair  ea*«  lu  Ikt 
king,  h*  detained  them  Ave  y*ara,  in  whlak  liiM  tk«^ 
laarnad  Um  lanauag*  1  lltal  on*  of  lb*«  vUltad  dl**i« 
part*  of  th*  iaiand,  and  r*pi>rt*d  that  II  waa  a  vary 
rich  cuunlry,  abounding  with  all  tba  commadltl**  g| 


Ihe  worki  t  that  II  waa  kaa  than  Iceland,  but  hi  I 
fruitful,  having  In  Iha  middle  a  vary  high 
from  which  originated  four  riven, 
.  Tha  Inhabitania  wan  deerribrd  a*  v*ry  InnnkNMk 
having  all  machank  aria.  Thay  had  a  ■wcuilai  kln4 
of  language  and  Icllar*  t  and  lu  Ih*  king'*  libfuiy 
w*r*  pr*a«rveiklialln  bouka.  which  lh*y  did  not  amitf 
eUiid.  Th*y  had  all  kinda  of  malal*  (but  **p«clal^ 
guhl,  with  which  tb*y  mightily  aboundad.)  Thi^ 
bald  tnffk  with  th*  p*uul*  of  Eiigruanland,  llaa 
whence  they  brought  Am,  pitch,  and  brimaloiM.  Thw 
had  many  great  fonel*,  whkh  *uppli*d  tb*a  wllk 
timber  Air  th*  bulMIng  of  *bip*,  hou***,  and  fofllfla»» 
tiuna.  The  u**  of  ih*  laad*ion*  waa  not  known, 
but  the**  Aanermen,  having  Iha  narinen'  compaai, 
w*r*  held  In  *o  high  **tlnialion,  that  Ih*  king  aanl 
lh*m  with  lw*lv*  bark*  lo  a  eounlry  at  tha  aauthwaid 
called  Drogk,  whan  Iha  moat  of  th*m  w*m  Ull*d  lad 
d*vnui«d  bf  eannibala ;  but  one  oftbam  aavad  hioMatf 
by  ahowing  tha  •avagea  a  way  of  taking  flah  by  nala^ 
in  much  gr»*ur  pl*nty  than  by  any  olhar  nod*  baAm 
known  among  them.  Thia  flaharman  waa  in  ao  gnat 
demand  with  Ihe  prince*  of  lb*  country,  thai  Ihay  lk»i 
quenily  made  war  un  each  other  for  In*  *ak*  of  gala. 
ing  him.  In  ihia  mannar  ha  pa**ed  Atom  on*  la  ■■>• 
other,  till  In  the  *pace  of  thirteen  yean  h*  bad  IIvmI 
with  ttventy-Avedlfl'errnI  prince*,  lo  whom  h*  eoa- 
inunicaled  hi*  "  mlraculou*"  art  of  Aahlngwilh  ii<f«. 

He  Ihua  liecame  acquainteil  wilb  every  part  of  Ibii 
country,  which  he  deecribcd  to  he  *«  eileneiv*  a*  to 
merit  Ih*  name  of  a  nne  varU.  Tb*  p*opl*  w*ra  rud* 
and  ignorant  of  the  ua«  nfclnlhing,  though  their  eli- 
mala  wa*  cold,  and  afl'orded  beaat*  for  th*  cha**.  In 
their  hunting  and  wan  they  ueed  Ih*  bow  and  ib« 
lance  ;  but  liiey  knew  not  the  uea  of  m*tal. 

Farther  to  Ih*  *ouihw**l  Ihe  air  waa  aaid  to  b* 
monlcmpcrale  and  Ihe  people  mora  civil.  Thay 
dwelt  In  cilie*.  built  temple*,  and  wunbippwl  idol*,  to 
whom  Iliey  ofl'errd  human  victim*;  and  thay  hod 
plenty  of  gold  and,*ilv*r. 

The  A*h*rman'havi,ig  become  flilly  aequalnled 
with  the  country,  meditated  a  ratum.  Having  fled 
through  the  wooda  to  Drogio,  after  three  yean  aome 
lioat*  arrived  from  Eatotiland,  in  on*  of  whkh  Im  em- 
barked fur  thai  country  ;  and  having  acquired  con- 
aiderable  property,  he  Ailed  out  a  bark  of  hia  own  and 
raturned  to  Frialand. 

Such  waa  the  report  of  Ihe  Aaherman  ;  Oikhi  hear- 
ing of  which  Zichmni  reeolved  to  equip  hi*  fleet  and 
go  in  aearch  of  Ihe  new  eounlry  ;  Antonio  Zeno  being 
Ihe  aeeond  in  command.  But  "Ihe  preparation  for 
the  voyage  lo  Eatotiland  wa*  begun  in  an  evil  hour  1 
Ihe  fieherman,  who  wa*  to  have  been  tha  pilot,  died 
three  day*  befora  their  departura." 

However,  taking  certain  marinan  who  had  aailed 
with  the  fi*h*tman,  Zichmni,  began  the  intended 
voyage.  When  be  had  aailed  a  email  diatanc*  to  the 
weetward,  he  waa  overtaken  by  a  etorm  whkh  laalad 
eight  daya.  at  the  end  of  which  they  diecovered  laiM^ 
whkh  the  nativea  called  learia.  They  ware  noBer- 
oua  and  formhiableand  wouM  not  permit  bfao  lo  eoow 
on  *hon.  From  ibia  place  they  aailed  abi  daya  to  th* 
weetward  with  a  fair  wind ;  but  a  heavy  gal*  ftoM 
the  aouthward  drove  them  four  day*  befora  it,  «he« 
they  diacovered  land,  in  whkh  waa  a  volcano.  Tka 
air  waa  mild  and  temperate,  it  being  ibe  height  af 
aummer.  They  took  a  gnat  quantity  of  flah,  of  **k 
fowl  and  their  egg*.  A  part  who  penelraled  Ih* 
country  aa  far  aa  the  foot  of  the  volcano,  found  aapiiiig 
from  which  iaaued  "  a  certain  water,  like  pitebi 
whkh  ran  into  the  aea."  They  diacovered  aome  oj 
[tlw  inbabilanl*,  who  wenof  unali  itatun  aod  wiUi. 


AMEHIOAN   NIITORr. 


1 1*  iMt  MVf*.  Ifoftofl  (mnmI  ■  iwd  UikMir, 
Mi  la  RMk*  •  mMImmM  I  dM  Ms  ^Miit* 
»  ilhwhiwl  imrt  if  Ik*  tM«  wHkr 


Bmm^  Wm  MMinnl  la  frMiimi. 

Tka  pMtltHlMi  af  lk»  Mfnii**  «*rt  Iktl  wfilun 
I*  AmmM  Z«m  m  IM  hiwn  m  kM  kiwkat  Cwla,  «l 
TMiN  I  ban  MUM  fri(piMnW  of  wkkk  •  (MtpiUtiM 
mm  mU»  kjr  Ynmrnm  Maraalinl,  imi  mcmkmI  bjr 
r-r-rt-  ll  «M  iniMlaMd  by  Rtaktni  HMUiijri,  imt 
fnimt  ta  Ik*  tkM4  vatuaa  af  ika  M«an4  adiuan  uf  kw 
laHifltM,  MM  Itl,  A*.  Krmn  ll  Unabua  ha*  niMla 
M  wUMlMba  Tkntnm  Ork; 

Dr.  iWnaf  kaa  taken  maak  |wlna  la  aiamlna  Iha 
«Ma  maaal,  kMk  laagwakUally  ind  kiilaiwiUir 
Tka  laaall  af  kla  kl^alfy  la,  UM  riMttmi  ia  ona  of  iha 
Oiluian  I  ifeai  I%ka4  la  ika  tluMaf  af  wUmk  ctlUd 
rM%M4  MM  KaiiM4  ta  UkailMMl. 

Al  Ifit,  Mni,  ka  aaaif  afiatan  ikal  " ika  taun- 
Iflaa,  4aafrika4  kjr  ika  Saaaa  aciualljf  tiiii«l  ii  ikal 
•iaia,  kat  kmt  alaM  baa«  twaliawad  u|i  by  iha  mi  in  a 
araai  aankaaaka."  Tkk  apinian  ha  fouiiiM  on  Iha 
yiaUkailT  UM  all  Ika  higk  ialinda  in  iha  nudtll*  of  lb* 
aa«  ara  a/  fokaiiia  atigin  |  ■•  i*  atiilanl  wMh  nf*c\ 
la  laahnd  tut  Um  Para  Mamit  In  tka  North  8«t ;  iba 
Aimaa,  Tf  nariflk.  Midaiia,  tha  C»f  <!•  Vania,  Ml.  H>- 
lana  and  Aaaanalaa  In  Iba  Ailantie  i  Ihc  Hocnly  itlamli, 
Ouhaila,  Eaawr,  ika  Minu»*ai  ami  Mhir  idandt  in 
Ika  PlaiM.  Thia  a|iinlan  ha  wa«  imluawi  la  nlin<|uiih, 
aanl;  baaanaa  "  aa  fiaal  a  ravolulion  muil  ha«a  UA 
kkind  ll  aaaM  kialorieal  vaaligM  or  imtliiiont ;"  bul 
^aalpally  kaaa  ua  kit  knawlwlga  of  Iha  Kiiiiio  Un- 
gaafa  wggaalcd  la  him  a  raMinbltiica  balwaan  Iha 
aaawa  aianlionail  by  Zano  aiul  ibocM  whuih  aro  given 
la  aaaM  aT  Iba  itUwIa  of  UrkiMy,  8balUn<t  mil  iha 
Uakddaa. 

HewaTar  pnaompliiaoa  ll  may  appaar  lo  call  in 
^oaaliaa  ika  opinion  of  ao  Itamad  anil  ililigciil  an 
j^aiiar,  aa  a  aabiaci  wbick  hia  uhilologwal  and  gao- 
giafkiaal  knawladga  mual  anabla  bim  lo  aiamina  with 
Ika  graalaal  praciaioii )  yal  fioin  iha  aearch  which  I 
kata  had  upponunily  la  maka,  il  appaara  probaUa 
ta  ma  ikal  kia  Aral  opinion  waa  right,  aa  far  aa  il 
■aapaata  FrialamI,  and  parhapa  PorUiid.  My  roaaona 
ara  ikaaai 

1.  Dr.  Forawr  aayi  thai  Frialand  wta  much  largar 
Ikan  lealand ;  and  Hakluyl  in  hia  account  of  Zeno'a 
Tayaga,  apaaka  of  il  aa  "  biggar  than  Iraland."  Nai- 
Ibar  oi  ibaaa  accounia  can  agraa  with  iha  auppoaition 
af  ila  haing  ona  of  Iha  Orknava ;  for  Icnlaiiil  la  340 
■ilaa  lang,  and  MM  wida.  Ireland  ia  910  m  laiigth, 
and  IM  in  brradlh ;  Uul  Pomona,  tha  mainland  of  Iba 
Oiknajp a,  ia  but  n  inllaa  lonir,  and  30  wide. 

a.  Frialand  waa  aaan  by  Martin  Frubiahar  in  aach  nf 
Wa  Ihroa  voyagna  to  and  from  tireanlaiid  in  tha  yaara 
IS7S,  IST7  aiMl  1578.  In  hia  firal  voyaua  ha  look  hia 
daparlura  from  Fuiila,  Iha  wattarnmoai  of  th«  Shntlanil 
lalanda,  in  latitude  80*  30',  and  alXitr  aailing  W.  bv 
N.  (DUitaan  dava,  ha  made  the  land  of  Pnilanii, 
"  baariD|  W.  N.  W.  diitaiiee  16  leaguea,  in  lalituda 
tl*."  IB  hia  awond  voyage  he  aailed  from  the  Ork- 
aaya  W.  N.  W.  Iwaniy-iii  daya,  before  he  came 
••  within  making  of  Fnaland ;"  which  ha  thua  da- 
aeribaa: — 

"  Jul*  4ib.  Wa  made  land  perfect,  and  knew  il  lo 
be  Frialand.  Found  ouraelve a  in  lal.  60  and  a  half 
dag.  and  wen  fallen  in  with  the  aoutharinnott  jiart  of 
thia  land.  It  ia  ihoughl  to  bo  in  bignraa  not  in/trior  lo 
BngUnd ;  and  ia  called  of  aome  au'hora  Weal  Frialand. 
Ithink  il  lieth  more  weal  ihoneny  part  of  Europe,  ll  ei- 
landfth  to  ihe  north  vary  far,iia  aeeinnd  to  ua.  and  ap- 
iwarelh  by  a  deacriplion  eel  out  by  two  liielhren.  Nicolo 
aiid  Antonio  Zeui ;  who  being  driven  out  rroin  Ireland 
about  SOOyeara  aince,  were  ahip-wrecked  tlieri).  They 
have  in  their  aaa  charta  deacrlbed  every  part ;  and  fur 
aa  orach  of  tha  land  aa  we  have  tilled  along,  compar- 
ing their  charta  wilh  the  coaat,  we  find  it  very  agreeable. 
AQ  along  thia  coaat  the  ice  lieth  aa  a  continual  liulwark, 
and  ao  defendeth  the  country  thai  thoae  who  would 
iaiid  Ihan  incur  gnat  danger."  In  hia  third  voyage  he 
fctind  mcana  to  land  on  the  iaUnd.  The  inliabitanu 
fliad  and  hid  tbemielvca.  Their  tenia  were  inadn  of 
akina,  and  Ibair  boala  were  like  those  of  Greenland. 
From  Ibaaa  well  auihenliciled  accounta  of  Frialand, 
•lid  ila  ailualion  ao  far  wealward  of  the  Orkneya  and 
Bhellaad,  it  acenaa  impoaaibia  that  Dr.  Forater'a  aecond 
•pnUaa  can  ba  right. 

S.  Ona  of.  tha  reaaona  which  led  the  doctor  to  give 
■^  kia  6rat  opinion,  Ifaal  lliaae  landa  once  exialed,  but 
tad  lW*Tfr**  ■  *"*•  'll*'  *°  S"*'  *  revolution  mual 
^m  left  aeoia  faaliga  behind.  If  no  peraon  eacapod 
M  tall  Um  nawa,  wCat  batter  veatige  can  Uiera  bo, 


Ikan  the  ailaienea  af  ikaala  at  raeka  In  iha  plaraa 
wka«a  Ikaea  lalanda  ance  were  known  lo  ba  t  In  a  map 
praiiad  la  Ciaali'a  kwinry  af  OraanUnd,  there  la 
maikad  a  vary  aiienaiva  ttiual  bainfrn  ih<  laiiiiulM  nf 
•••  and  IU*a,  railed  "1'h«  iiiiilirn  Uiid  >.r  Hum."  Ii* 
tonflluda  la  belwaan  Ireland  and  l>rri>iilaiiil,  end  ill* 
autnOT  apaalia  af  il  In  Iheaa  wnrda  — "  Miinin  aia  nf 
apiiiHm  thai  FxaUiid  waa  aiink  liy  an  railli'|iiakr,  iiiil 
that  It  waa  ailnala  in  llioaa  |iarla  whara  iha  •iinkaii  land 
of  Uuaa  la  marked  in  the  iiiaiie  i  wbirh  ihe  aeaiiian 
eanlloualy  avoid,  bacauaa  af  Uia  ahallvw  gniund  and 
luibulani  wavaa." 

Keapaetliig  Uiiaa  laland,  I  have  mel  wllh  no  nllirr 
arcouni  lhan  what  la  praaarved  by  I'lircbaa  In  hia 
aliridgmant  of  the  Journal  of  Jamaa  HaU'a  voyagaa 
from  Denmark  lo  Uraaiilaiid.  In  hia  Aral  voyage, 
A  D.  IMM,  he  ramailia  tliua  ;  "  Uaing  in  the  laiilud* 
of  At  and  a  half  dagraaa,  wa  loohed  lo  have  aoan  Uuaa 
laland  i  bul  I  do  verily  aupjioae  iha  atnia  lo  ho  iilaced 
in  a  wrong  latiiiida  in  Ihe  manna  Miarta."  In  nia  ta- 
cund  vovage  ( IMM)  ha  aaw  land,  which  he  "  aiippoaed 
to  he  Uuaa  laland,  lyinii  miire  to  the  wealward  lhan 
ll  it  plared  in  the  inarms  rharia  i"  and  the  Ileal  day, 
via.  July  Id,  tia  wnirs,  "  Wa  ware  In  a  great  currrani 
aalling  8.  H.  W.,  «hwh  I  anppoae  lo  aal  between 
Uuaa  laland  and  Frialand  over  tuwani  Ainsrica." 

In  a  fauitli  vovage,  made  In  IRK,  by  the  aime 
Jamaa  Hall,  from  Knglaiid,  for  the  diaciivary  of  a  north- 
weal  iiaaaaae,  of  which  ihara  la  a  journal  wiilten  hy 
John  (ialanba,  andpreaerved  inrhuri'hiiral'ollerijnnt, 
they  kept  a  good  look  oul,  hoih  In  gnlng  and  ralurniiig, 
fur  the  iaianil  of  Krialaiul,  ImiI  rotild  nut  aea  it.  In  a 
map  proAied  to  thia  vuyaKe,  Frialand  la  laid  down  be. 
Iween  the  latitude  of  HI*  and  63",  and  Ouaa  In  ihe  lati- 
tude of  ft7*.  In  (iratoiihe't  journal  the  dialance  be- 
tween Nhelland  and  Frialand  la  computed  lo  lie  160 
leaguea ;  the  aouthernnioat  part  of  Fnaland  and  the 
northarnmoal  pan  nf  Nhelland  era  aaid  to  ba  in  the 
aame  latitude.  There  la  alau  a  panicultr  map  of  I'ria- 
land  preaarvad  by  I'urchaa,  in  which  are  delincalad  se- 
veral towiia  and  ciliea  ;  the  two  lalanda  uf  lloao  and 
Iiodovo  are  laid  down  lo  the  wealward  of  it,  and  ano- 
ther called  Sitomio  lo  the  eiatward. 

Ill  a  map  of  the  North  Heaa,  jireAied  to  an  anony- 
moua  account  of  Greenland,  in  ChiirchiU'a  ('ollectiatia, 
we  And  Frialand  laid  down  in  the  latitude  69*  between 
Iceland  andGraanland. 

We  have,  than,  no  reaaon  lo  donbt  Ihe  eiiatanee  of 
ihaaa  ialanda  aa  leta  aa  the  beginning  of  the  laal  century. 
Al  what  time  they  disappeared  ia  nneertain  ;  bul  that 
their  place  haa  aince  been  occupied  by  aahoal,  wa  have 
ilao  credible  leatimonv. 

Tha  appearance  and  diaappearance  of  ialanda  in  the 
Northern  8ca  le  no  uncommon  tiling.  Beaiilea  fonner 
evenia  of  thia  kind,  there  ia  one  very  recent.  In  the 
year  1783,  by  meaiia  of  a  volcanic  eruption,  two  ialanda 
were  produced  in  the  aea  near  the  S.  K.  coaat  of  lee- 
land.  One  waa  auppoaed  lo  be  ao  itermanenl  that  Ihe 
king  of  Denmark  aent  and  took  fonnal  poaaaaaion  of  il 
aa  part  of  hia  dominioiia ;  but  the  ocean,  paying  no  re- 
gard to  the  terriiorial  claim  of  a  mortal  aovereign,  haa 
aince  reabaorlied  it  in  hia  watery  buaom. 

Theae  reaaona  incline  me  to  believe  that  Dr.  Fora- 
ter'a Aral  opinion  waa  wall  founded,  aa  far  aa  it  reapvcla 
Frialand. 

Ha  auppoaoa  Porland  to  ba  the  clutter  of  ialanda 
called  Faro.  But  Pnrtand  ia  atid  lo  lie  tmilk  of  Frit- 
land  ;  whereaa  Ihe  Faro  lalanda  lie  norihuiril  of  Ork- 
ney, which  he  auppoaee  to  be  Frialand.  The  learned 
doctor,  who  ia  generally  very  accurate,  waa  not  aware 
of  thia  inconaiatency. 

In  Ihe  account  which  Hakluyl  haa  given  of  Martin 
Frobiaher'a  third  voyage,  we  And  that  one  of  hia  ahipt, 
the  Bute  of  Bridgewater,  in  her  return  fell  in  with  land 
fihy  leaguea  8.  E.  of  Frialand,  "  which  (ll  la  aaid)  waa 
never  found  before," — Ihe  aouthernmott  pari  of  which 
lay  in  lat.  57  and  a  half  deg.  Along  the  coatt  of  lM> 
laland,  which  they  judged  loeitend  twenty-fivu  letguct. 
Ihey  tailed  for  three  daya.  The  exiatence  of  llila  lend 
Dr.  Forater  aeema  to  doubt ;  but  yet  allowa  tlial  "  if 
it  waa  then  really  diacovered  it  mual  huve  tunk  after- 
warda  into  the  aea,  na  it  haa  never  been  leun  aituin ;  ur 
eltt>  theie  navigatora  inuat  have  been  uiialakcn  in  their 
reckoning." 

If  auch  an  laland  or  cliiater  of  lalanda  did  not  exist 
in  the  aitiiatioii  deacrlbed  by  Krulilahcr,  it  might  he  the 
Porland  of  Zeno  ;  for  the  aoiitliernmuat  part  of  Fria- 
land lay  in  the  latitude  of  00  and  a  half  des. ;  the 
aouthernmoat  pan  of  thia  land  in  57  and  a  half  deg. 
in  a  direction  S.  E.  from  it.  Il  waa  probably  called 
Buaa  by  the  Eiigliah,  from  the  name  of  Frobiaher'a 
veaaal  which  diacovered  it. 


1  ha  aniv  praaf  whiak  aaa  aaw  ka  fmtmtt  af  AM 
hrt  mual  ba  Ika  aeiiial  eilelaaaa  af  Maka  and  dMati 
in  or  near  the  aame  plaee.  Of  iMa,  M  ta  kapfUjr  ki  mf 
pnwar  la  prmliire  Ihe  evidsnee  of  iwa  aipartaneai 
thipiiiaalart,  a(  inennlaatihl*  varaeity,  naw  livinf .  Tka 
Aral  I*  laaae  Hmilh  of  Maiden  near  Hoaion,  ftnm  akaaa 
hiK  iHHik  I  have  mad*  ih*  following  tiirael :  "  In  • 
vuya(*  rrnin  IVlaraliurg  In  lliMlun,  in  Iha  ahin  11ia. 
inaa  and  Narah,  balnnging  lo  Thnmae  Kuaarll.  r!ai|  al 
Ikiaion,  merrha  it,  'Ihurailav,  Augual  II  I7M,  eoufaa 
W.  N  W.— wind  W.  N  W.  Al  4  A.  M  diituvtrad 
a  large  mrk  ahead,  whiih  fur  anina  lime  we  look  la  ka 
a  tliip  iiiidvr  cinan-rtrltd  Inpaail.  Al  7,  being  will lA 
two  inilva,  aaw  brrakrra  umler  out  lee,  on  whwk  ia> 
i-onnl  wore  ahlp.  There  are  bieikera  In  Iwa  placa% 
beanng  8.  F.  i  one  a  mile,  Ihaolhtr  Iwa  milea  fhim  tka 
rock.  It  Ilea  in  lal  S7*  88',  Inngllude  Weal  from  Lai»i 
dnn  19*  96',  and  inav  b*  diacovered  Ave  leaguea  olC 
We  aoiinded  and  had  Ariyaii  fathom.  The  roch  app 
peara  lo  lia  ahoiii  ona  hiinurad  yarria  in  eircumfsraiKe, 
and  Afly  feel  above  water  ll  makaa  Ilka  a  hayaiaoh 
black  belnw  and  whila  on  ih*  lop."  Tha  nihar  la  Na> 
Ihanirl  llowlwin  of  lloalnn,  who,  in  hia  homeward  pa^ 
aage  from  Ainalenlain,  on  the  Ifilk  of  Augual,  179% 
aaw  Iha  aame  rock.  Aerording  to  hia  olioervalioa 
(which  however  un  that  day  waa  a  lillle  dubuiua)  it  li*a 
in  lal  A7>'  48',  and  Ion.  18*  46'  Ila  paaard  wiihia 
two  inilea  of  ll  In  the  auulhward,  and  aew  hreakera  ta 
Iha  northward  of  II.  lit  appaarence  ka  deacribea  in  Iha 
aama  manner  wllh  Ainilh. 

Trom  iheta  aiiihunllea  I  am  alrongly  Inclined  la 
helirva  that  the  ahoal  denominated  "  ihe  tiinken  land 
of  Uiitt,"  It  either  a  part  of  the  ancient  FrItland  or  ii| 
antn*  laland  III  ita  iieiglilwrhooil ;  and  that  the  rock  ai4 
li'dgea  ai'eii  hy  Niniih  and  (ieedwin  belonged  lo  tha 
chialor  one*  calli'd  Porland.  If  ibeaa  concluaiona  ba 
adinilled,  there  can  ba  no  aiiepieion  of  Action  in  Iha 
tlory  of  iteno,  ta  far  aa  it  reapacta  Prince  Zichmai  and 
Ilia  aincdiiiona.  Aheiland  may  lhan  well  aiioiigu  agraa 
wllh  Ealland,  which  la  dtacnbail  by  Hakluyl  aa  laying 
■*  between  Frialand  and  Niirway." 

The  only  place  which  in  Zeno't  relation  ia  called  by 
the  aama  name,  by  which  ll  ia  now  known,  ia  Icalenil  | 
though  there  can  ba  no  doubt  thai  Engraenlaiid.  at 
Engroveland  ia  the  aame  wllh  Greenland  t  where? 
Bcronling  to  Cranli,  Ihern  wae  once  a  church  dedieataa 
to  8t.  Tbninaa,  and  alluala  near  a  vokano  and  a  liot 
tpring. 

But  the  i]iiettion  la,  where  ahall  we  And  Eatolilendt 
Dr.  Foraler  la  |ioaillv*  thai  "  it  cannot  ba  any  ulbat 
country  lhan  Wiiiland  (diacovered  in  1001),  where  tka 
Normana  made  a  aeltlemenl.  The  I,atin  booka  aeea 
there  by  the  Aahcrman,  h*  auppoaee  to  have  been  tha 
library  of  Eric,  Uiahnp  of  (Jreeiiland,  who  went  Ibllbef 
In  the  twelfth  crntiiry  *o  convert  hia  eounlrymen.  Ha 
la  alto  of  opinion  that  thia  Aahemien  had  Ihe  uae  of  Iha 
magnetic  needle,  which  began  lo  ho  known  in  Europa 
about  the  year  1801  befora  the  time  of  the  Zenoe.  Ita 
alto  thinka  thai  the  country  called  Drogio  ia  liw  aama 
Willi  Florida. 

In  aomo  of  the  old  mane,  particularly  in  Sanaon'a 
French  Atlaa,  the  name  l.*lotiland  ia  marked  on  Iba 
country  of  Labrador ;  bul  Ihe  pampoua  deacriplion  ol 
il  by  the  fiaherman,  whether  it  ba  I..abiador  or  New* 
fiiundland,  oxceeda  all  the  boiinda  uf  credibility,  and 
ahuaca  even  the  licenao  of  a  traveller.  The  ulinual  «(• 
lent  uf  Zirhiimra  eipcdillon,  in  cona*i|uence  of  Iha 
Aahennan'a  report,  could  not  be  any  further  wealward 
than  Greenland,  lo  which  hia  deacriplion  well  agreea. 
The  original  inhabiltnla  were  abort  of  atatura,  hall 
wild,  aiiJ  lived  in  caverna  ;  and  between  the  yeara  1888 
and  t:iS4  tliev  had  extirpated  tha  Normaoa  and  tha 
inonka  of  St.  Thoinaa. 

The  diacovery  of  Eatotiland  mual  therefore  real  aa 
the  report  nf  the  fialicrman  ;  bul  tha  deacriplion  of  iti 
of  Drogio,  and  the  country  auiilhweat  of  Drogio  muai 
be  ranked  in  the  rabiiloua  hiatory  of  America,  and 
would  probably  htve  been  long  aince  forgotten  il 
Chralopher  Columbua  had  not  mad«  hia  eriind  dia- 
covery ;  from  the  merit  of  which,  hia  rivala  and  tha 
cmeiiilea  of  Ihe  Spaniah  nation  have  uniformly  aiidaa 
vourud  to  detract. 

CHKISTOPIIER  COLUMBUS 
CuaiaToriB  CoLUMaua— Ilia  reaatma  flir  acaklnc  India  In  Ika 

Wfiil^lllRtlrHt  vi.yiigH  -  IIIH  tu)  voyuije— Hia  third  vov- 

agn— Ilia  Tourih  viiya?B— Dinicultlaa,  prifailooa,  end  Ike 
hariltlilpa  ha  undarwanl— Ha  Is  wrscksd  gn  Jamaica— Hta 
dstiti  and  characiar. 

Thi  advenlurea,  which  have  already  bean  apokan  a( 
were  more  the  reaull  of  accident  than  daaign;  wa 
ara  now  eulcriiig  on  one  founded  in  tciausa  and  i*M 


■  lOOIAfRIII  or  THR  RARI.Y   DIMCO  VR  R  R  Rto. 


••  M^mI  M  MUMflUii,  tU  •■Mtiltnn,   af  !«•  nrnw- 
■wiMMi  •lU  ■laay*  m4bi«   Iha   Mglin4   kuiHMif  an 

Abn«M  iIm  mtiUlaar  Iha  AMMnlk  Mnliirr.  whan  Iha 
r«ftu|«lMi  WMbf  Iha  aamtiMt  al  Priiic*  lUnrjr,  iinil 
tlUrwirJ  tf  Kln^  Jahn  II ,  wara  punuiiii  thalr  litt- 
tnoarlM  ■!■■!  IM  waMara  ahur*  uf  AfiD  k.  Iu  iln<l  • 
pmiiga  bjr  Iha  iNlhlu  IihIIu, — •  |*nlii*  »riiM,  whixa 
Maawfjr  ■*!  haan  |iraa*i«ail  with  (liiMinUiiii  In  Iha 
^gaa  nl  hialnijf,  h  Iha  iMlriiinaiil  uf  •iil.ir|iii|  Iha 
N||l<>iit  uf  Mtaaiwa  ■iiilcummatcalwyontl  iiiiji  ui  hU 
pnataaaaaiif*.  Uiiaiireriiii  Catvaiui,  a  nnllva  af 
Iha  layaMta  af  Oanoa,  wm  born  In  iha  ymr  I44T,  ami 
•I  Ilia  •!■  af  iMltafn  anlarad  on  •  tnintint  IiCk,  m 
IIm  Pfopw  wllaia  In  which  hU  iltonMi  niliiJ  «••  ilaa- 
linaii  M  MiforM  aiplulu  which  •liuuM  MdnnUh  man- 
kind.  Ha  was  aiiucalMl  In  Iha  aclaiicH  of  (Miinalry 
•ml  Mtranomy,  which  tiiin  Iba  hiiala  iif  natlgjtllun  i 
•mi  ha  waa  wall  «araaii  In  rii»in<igra|>h)r,  hliliiry  •imJ 
phlluatiphy.  Ilia  acllia  anil  aiil«r|irUliig  gaiiliii, 
Ihoufh  ll  anahlail  him  In  <«m|irahanil  Iha  olil  •yiUina, 
«at  wiHikl  Mi  auflar  him  to  raal  In  lh«lr  ilfcialuna, 
kowavar  aanoliflail  by  lima  <>r  by  ircnuruiila  namna  ; 
kill  ilalarmlnail  loaianilna  Ihaiii  by  atiiiiilci|irrMii<nl, 
ka  AnI  •Uilail  Iha  aaaa  wllhin  ika  poUr  elrvl«,  ami 
■IUrwar<Ja  Ihnaa  paria  of  AfVlen  which  Iha  Piirlu- 
guaaa  haii  iliaeo«aml|  aa  far  aa  ilia  rna<l  nf  (lulnra  i 
■nd  by  Iha  llinaha  hail  ullaliinl  llicaiia  nrihirly  aav- 
■n,  hahati  troin  hiaown  ••iN-rl«iira  rn'>r|vpil  ilia  ful- 
laat  euii«lallan  Ihal  Iha  opinion  of  iha  aiiciaiila  rrapacl- 
ln(  Iha  lorrld  Mi  frlnkl  loiiaa  waa  void  of  any  Jual 
Cmi  million. 

Whan  •»  oU  ayiitcm  la  fminil  arriinroua  In  ona 
point,  ll  la  nalurallo  luiiwl  ii  uf  firihar  lni|Mirl'm!' 
Ilona ;  and  whan  ona  dilllcully  la  u«rrcoma,  iilhara  a|i' 

Cr  laaa  lurmldabla.  Hucli  waa  Iha  caaa  with  Co- 
ibui  I  and  hia  «iawa  wara  aceclaralnl  by  an  iik'|. 
dani  which  Ihraalanod  to  pul  an  ami  In  lila  llfa.  Dur- 
ing ona  of  hIa  «oya|aa,  Iha  ahip  In  whiuh  ha  aailcd 
took  lira,  III  an  angagamttnt  wlih  a  Vancllaii  gallay, 
•ml  Iha  craw  wara  oMIgad  M  laap  Inlu  Iha  ara  Ic 
•void  parlahing  in  Iha  lainaa.  In  Ihia  ailrcmily  Co- 
.kmbua,  by  iha  halp  of*  flnallnn  iwr,  awain  iipwarda 
•ftwolaaguca  lolhaciKial  of  Portugal  near  LUbon, 
•ad  Bat  Willi  •  walcoma  racvptioii  from  many  of  hIa 
MOatryman  who  wara  aalllnl  thara. 

At  Uabun  ha  married  Iha  dauglilar  of  Paraalrallo, 
taoid  aaainan.  who  hati  lican  cnncvnivd  In  Iho  dia- 
mnty  of  Porlo  Sanio  and  Madeira  ;  from  whoaa  Jour- 
Mhi  and  chartt  ha  racclvnl  ihe  highrat  aniarlainmanl. 
I^rauing  hIa  Imjuirlra  in  gaograiihy,  and  ol>a«rrlng 
If kal  alow  prograaa  Iha  Portugueaa  mada  In  thrlr  «l> 
iMaplata  And  a  way  round  Africa  la  India,  "  ha  ba. 
|.*n  lo  raflaci  lhal  aa  Iha  Pnrluguaaa  lra«rllnl  ao  far 
t'JUlhwaid,  it  wara  no  IcM  proper  lo  aall  waalward," 
snd  that  il  waa  rcnaonahla  lo  aipcct  to  And  iha  daair- 
aJ  land  in  Ihnt  diracliun. 

Il  mual  hara  ba  ramanibered  that  India  waa  in  part 
kMwn  lo  Iha  ansieiila,  and  Ihnt  ila  rich  and  uaaful 
•ruducllona  had  fur  ninny  cpiiliiriaa  bvrn  cnnveynl  into 
Europe,  eilher  by  cnrnvuna  Ihruugli  llie  di'irria  of 
Syria  and  Arabia,  or  by  llio  way  uf  Iha  Ka-d  8ca, 
tiarougli  I'gypl  into  iha  Mediterranean.  Thia  lU' 
mtive  comnivrca  had  been  aucceaaively  engroaaed  by 
tlio  Phenociana,  the  llnbrewa,  tlie  EgypllAna,  Ihe  Aa- 
ayriana,  the  Palmyrenea,  the  Araliiana,  the  Uenoeae, 
and  the  Venetiana.  The  Portugueaa  were  then  aeek- 
ing  it  by  attemplihji  the  cireumnavigRtion  of  Africa; 
•nd  their  eipecUlion  of  fimling  it  in  Ihnt  direction 
waa  grounded  on  ancient  hialorical  Irndiliona  lhal  a 
voyage  had  bean  formerly  made  by  the  onlera  of  Ne- 
tho  King  of  Egypt,  from  the  Ited  Sen,  round  the 
oouthern  part  of  Africa,  to  Iha  atraita  of  Hercuira ;  and 
lhal  the  aame  mute  had  been  Iranraed  by  llanno  the 
Carthaginian,  by  Eudoiua  the  Egyptian,  and  olhera. 
The  Portugueaa  had  cunautned  about  half  a  century 
in  making  varioua  atleropta,  and  had  advanced  no  far- 
Ikor  on  tha  weatern  coaat  of  Africa,  than  iuat  to  enaa 
Ik*  aquator,  when  ooiam,. ja  conoeived  hla  graat  ds' 
rifn  of  flnding  India  in  the  weat. 

Tha  eauaea  which  led  him  to  entertain  Ihii  idea  ara 
dMagniihed  by  hia  aon,  Ihe  writer  of  hia  life,  into 
Uiaae  three;  "natural  reaaon,  the  authority  of  writera, 
•nd  thpteatimony  of  aailura." 

By  tha  help  ot  "  reaaon,"  ha  argueil  in  thia  man- 
nar :  That  Ihe  earth  and  aaa  conipoaed  one  gloha  or 
■ihara.  'I'hia  w«a  known  by  oboerving  the  ahadow  of 
tha  earth  in  lunar  eclipaea.  Hence  he  concluded  that 
it  might  be  travelled  over  from  eaat  to  weat,  or  from 
waat  to  eaat.  It  had  been  explored  to  the  aaat  by 
I  Europaui  tnveUen  aa  farai  Cipango,  or  Jap- 


an i  and  aalkr  weaiwaid  aa  the  Aiarea  of  Waatatn 
laknda,  Tha  remaining  apaea,  though  now  known 
1,1  be  mnfalhan  half,  ha  aM|HHM«d  In  be  hut  ona  Ihlnl 
part  oflh*  rircunilpieiir*  iif^lheglolM  If  Ikia  apaea 
war*  an  open  aea,  he  imagliinl  ii  nilghl  he  eaally  aall 
ad  over  ;  aiul  il  ihera  wera  any  land  ellendtng  *aa|. 
wardly  beymhl  Iha  known  liinile  uf  Aala,  ha  aup|«M*d 
lhal  II  inual  Iw  naarar  lit  Hpain  by  Iha  weal,  Ihan  by 
Iha  eaat.  I'lir,  II  waalhen  n  recelvml  opiniani  thai  Ilia 
eiinllneiil  and  lalniiila  iil  India  eileiulad  uva r  mie  llilril 
pari  uf  Iha  rlrvuiiifereixe  i)f  Ihe  globe;  lhal  annlher 
Ihlnl  pari  waa  emnpreheiulail  between  India  and  lli* 
wealernahiirauf  llpain  I  Iherefur*  It  waa  eoncludad, 
Ihul  llie  aaalarn  |Mrt  uf  Intliii  iiiual  be  aa  near  lu  Mpain 
aa  the  wealerii  pari.  'I'lila  u|ilitiuii  Ihuugli  now  kiiuwn 
tuha  arMiienua,  yel  being  then  ailinllteiT  aa  true,  nade 
il  appear  lo  Culumbua  very  eaay  and  prailicabia  lo 
illacuvar  Imlla  In  the  weal.  He  hoped  alao  that  be- 
tween Himln  ami  tmlia,  in  lhal  direrlinn.  there  might 
be  laiund  anme  laiaiHla  ;  liv  llie  help  uf  wbirh,  a  a  real- 
iiigplaceain  hia  vuv»Ke,  he  iiiliihl  ihe  lialler  puraue 
hia  niaindealan.  1'he  pruluilillily  uflhe  edalance  of 
land  in  Ihnt  (Mean,  he  argued,  partly  hum  lheo|iliiiun 
nf  philuaupliera,  lhal  lliera  wiia  mure  land  ihaii  aea  un 
Ihe  aurfiii-e  ul  llin  gtulie  ;  and  partly  fruiii  Ihe  iieceaai- 
ly  uf  a  cuunlerpuiaa  In  the  weal,  fur  Ihe  imoienae 
quanlily  of  land  which  waa  kiiuwii  to  ba  In  Iha  eaat. 
Another  aaniroe,  from  which  ha  drew  hla  eonclu- 
aiiiii.waa,  >■  the  authority  uf  learned  men,'  who  bad 
ainmied  Ihe  pnaaihillly  uf  Bailing  fruin  the  weatern 
ciiaat  uf  Hpain,  In  Ihe  enalrrn  Iwunda  uf  IihIU.  Huinv 
of  Iha  ancienl  (leiigniphera  had  adiiiiUeil  Ihia  for  truth, 
and  one  uf  Ihein,  Pliny,  hud  nlllrnied  thai  forty  daya 
were  auHtrlenl  lo  iierliiriii  Ihia  navigation.  'I'liaae 
authuriliea  fell  in  with  llin  Ibenry  which  Culumbua 
had  furnied  ;  and  hiiving,  aaenrly  aa  1474,  cumniuni- 
cated  hia  idana  In  willing  tn  Paul,  a  learned  phyalrian 
of  Flurence,  he  received  I'ruin  hint  lelleia  uf  that  date, 
cunltriiiinif  hia  npiniuii  aril  encuuragliig  hia  deaign  ; 
accumpanied  willi  a  churl,  In  whiJi  Paul  had  laid 
down  the  city  of  (juiaiiy  (luppuaed  lo  be  Ihe  capital 
of  China)  but  little  mure  than  two  thouaniid  leaguea 
wealwnrd  I'ruin  l.laliun,  which  in  fact  la  hut  half  Ihe 
dialance.  'I'liua,  by  arguing  from  true  principtea,  and 
by  Indulging  cunjeclureapartif  well  fuuiided  and  part 
ly  erroneuua,  Culumhiia  wna  led  lu  Ihe  eieculinn  of  a 
pinn.  iHdil  in  ita  cuiicppliun,  and.  to  hia  view,  eaaily 
practicable  ;  for  great  niiiiila  nveiliHikiiitertnediatcob- 
•laclea,  which  men  of  eiualler  viewi  magnify  inio  in- 
luiwrable  dlinculliea. 

The  thini  griiund  on  which  he  formed  hla  iileaa  waa 
**  the  toatiinony  uf  iimrinera  ;"  arlnaauf  nien  who  al 
that  time,  ami  in  that  iniiHTlfcl  atale  uf  acieiice,  were 
loo  prune  to  mil  fable  with  farl ;  and  wen  often  mie- 
led  (ly  aupenrancea,  which  they  cuuld  not  aulve.  In 
the  aea,  lietwct'ii  Miidrira  niul  the  Wralern  lalanda, 
pirrea  nf  carved  wihmI  niid  Urge  juinia  of  cnne  had 
been  diacuveri'd,  which  were  auppuaed  tn  be  brought 
by  weatcrlv  wiiuU.  Ilranchca  ol  pine  treea,  a  covered 
cniioe,  and  two  human  budiea  uf  n  conipleiiun  difler- 
cnt  from  the  Eurnpeana  and  Africanahad  been  found 
on  the  ahurea  uf  theaa  lalanda.  Sume  nnvlgntura  liiid 
allirnird,  that  they  had  aren  lalanda  not  more  than  a 
hundrnl  leaguea  weatward  from  the  Axorra.  1'here 
waa  a  IrnditTon,  tlinl  when  Spain  waa  conquered  by  the 
Muorain  Ihoeiyhtli  century,  aeven  Uiahupa,  whu  were 
e>ilrd  from  their  rountry,  had  built  aevcn  citiea  and 
churclice,  on  an  iainnd  culled  Antilla  ;  which  waa  aup- 
poavd  lo  he  not  more  than  two  hundred  leacuea  weat 
of  Iho  Canariei ;  and  il  waa  anid  that  a  Purtugueae 
ahip  had  once  diacuvered  thia  iaiand,  but  could  never 
find  it  again,  Tlicae  etoiiea,  partly  true  and  partly 
fabuloua,  hnd  their  eflect  on  the  mind  of  Colunibua. 
He  believed  that  lalanda  were  to  be  touiid,  weatward 
of  Iha  Axoreaand  Canariet ;  though  according  lo  hia 
theory,  they  were  at  a  greater  dialance  than  any  of 
hia  conteniporariea  hniT  imagined.  Hia  candor  led 
him  to  adopt  an  npiniun  frum  Pliny  re8|icctiiig  fluat- 
ingialanda,  by  the  help  uf  which  heaccuunted  fur  the 
appearancea  related  to  him,  by  hia  marine  brethren. 
It  la  not  improbable  that  llie  large  lalanda  of  floating 
ice,  driven  fruin  Ihe  Polar  8ena  to  the  anuthward  ;  or 
the  Fog  Uaiika,  which  form  many  aingulur  appearan- 
cea macmbling  Iniid  and  treea,  might  have  been  the 
true  ffiundntiuii  ul' thia  npiniun  and   uftheae  repurta.* 

It  ia  not  pretended  that  Culumbua  wna  the  only  per- 
oon  of  hia  age  who  hnd  acquired  theae  idena  of  the 
furm,  dimenaiona  and  balancing  of  the  clobe  ;  but  ba 
waa  one  of  the  few  who  had  liegun  lo  think  fur  them- 

•  The  followinf  account  of  a  curlnua  dccepiitin,  eiiraciad 
IVain  Iha  Oentlaoian'a  Magaiina,  may  alucklaie  tha  above  ob- 
oarvaUoBa 


c 


•  tirtiinfthrtkkM 
aa*  af  ifaaiilMbNi  MM  fMMalnf  mMji  i 
lo  aallnn.  Ma  •■•  Ml  •  l' 
enlerprlaing  a4*Ml4Mtt  |  aiMt  k«*tiii|  l"it«MI>hiJ  M* 
Ibenry  on  prinalflMH  ka  •••  Jatamilriail  la  CMfl  Wm 
aalf  lu  Iha  utMHial  t«  diinawatrata  Ila  Imlb  k«  tufti^ 
menl.  liutd*einln|tkafiiler|>riaalaa(i«*ltak«MMMa 
taken  by  any  but  a  aoverelgn  alata,  ka  Aral  applM  (•■ 
It  la  aald)  lo  Iha  Mepublla  of  Uanaa,  by  wham  Ma  pim 
N't  waa  treated  aa  vlalonary.*  lie  than  fnfmit 
U  plan  lo  Jidin  II  King  of  Poflugal,  wb«i  tkaii|^a 
Prime  of  guoil  iinderalandlng  ami  of  an  aMafpilalM 
illapoallion,  yel  »aa  au  deeply  engagad  in  MaaaaMfeM 
diaeovarlea  on  Ika  AlVlean  eoaal,  witti  •  view  la  iJM 
a  way  In  India  round  lhal  aanllnaM)  aiMl  kad  k«a 
at  au  vaal  an  aipenea  wllhuut  any  aonaUanbia  N» 
eeaa,  lhal  ha  had  no  Incllnalion  to  ••••«(  ih*  taiaH 
which  Culumbua  pmunoed.  IntueMair  kowavaf  b« 
the  advice  uf  I'm liadilla,  a  hvuurlla  cmirtlar,  ka  fif- 
valely  gave  unlera  lo  a  ahip,  bound  lo  Ika  lalanda  af 
Cap*  dv  VenI,  lo  allenipt  a  diacuvery  In  Ika  waat  i  hul 
Ihruugh  igiiuranee  ami  want  uf  etile rprlaa,  Ika  aa*t 
galura,  alter  wandering  for  aum*  liaw  In  Iha  naaan 
and  inaking  iin  diacuvery,  reacli*d  their  ilaalined  port 
and  turned  the  prnjecl  ul  Culumbua  Into  rldiaula. 

Ulaguatetl  with  Ihia  baae  arlAca,  ha  quitted 
gal,  and  wenllii  Keidinand,  King  of  Spain,  kaviiig 
prevluualy  aeiit  Ilia  brulher  lo  Englaad  la  anllail  Ih 
palrunaga  of  Henry  VII.  But  boin|  lakenby  pirala^ 
iinil  driHined  aevrral  yiara  In  captivity,  BarthohiaiaW 
had  il  nut  in  hia  iHiwer  to  reveal  hia  project  In  Haafy 
till  Chriatupher  (  ulunibua  had  auccredad  in 


MpalB. 
Hefnr*  thia  cuuld  Iw  acrunipli'hed.  he  bad  vafiaiM 
ubataclea  lo  eurmount ;  and  II  waa  nut  till  after  aaeail 
ytara  of  paiiilul  anlicitaliuii  that  lie  obtained  kia  fa* 
queal. 

'I'heobjecliune  mada  to  the  prnpoaal  of  ColnaibuiH 
by  Ilia  inual  learned  men  in  ^p«in,  to  whom  Ihe  coif 
alderntion  uf  it  waa  referred,  will  give  ue  oome  Idoaof 
Ihe  atale  nfgeugraphieal  aclence  at  that  iIdm.  Om 
olijection  waa,  Uuw  ahould  lie  know  more  than  •Hiba 
wiB*  and  akilful  aailora  who  had  eiialed  ainca  Iba  Ctf 
atloii  1 

had  doubted  i 
ocean  at  niiy  ||reat  i 

milting  that  it  were  navigable,  iliey  IniagiBad,  thai 
three  yeara  would  be  required  to  perlura  Iha 
voyage,  which  Colunibua  urupuocd.  A  thifil  WMk 
that  If  •  ahip  aliould  aall  weatward  on  •  moM 
globe,  aha  wouhl  iieceaaarily  go  down,  on  tbo  opf^ 
aile  aide,  and  Ihen  il  would  iM  Impoaaibla  lo  return, 
liccuuae  it  would  ba  like  climbing  up  •  kill,  whieh 
nu  ahip  could  do  with  the  alrongeal  wind.  A  fourth 
objection  waa  grounded  on  a  book  of  81.  Aaguatliw, 
ill  which  he  hud  elprcaaed  hia  doubt  of  Iha  ailalanca 
of  aiilipaidea  and  the  puaaiUility  of  going  from  ona 


ami  aaiiiui  aaiiora  wno  nau  eiiaieii  ainca  ina  Off* 
I !  Another  waa  tha  aulhurily  of  Henaea,  »ha 
loubted  whether  il  were  puaaiblato  navigala  Ikt 
natniiy  great  dialaiice  from  Ihe   ahira;  bat  aA* 


'*  March  4,  1748 — 9,  al  twu  In  iha  ahariuwn,  matle  land, 
wMct)  tior*  N.  K.  flovni  Iragura  dialance  by  •■liinalliin  ■  al  Uva 
lacltcil,  Iwing  about  ihrce  l««iiu«i  fruni  Mid  iatoiid,  wind  K.  i 
K.  lal.  l<)'"l>Hr«all"ii4llilr||.  4Umlri.  I  liiu  'M  ■!•(.  W  inln,, 
frunt  lti<*  l.liard,  Thia  lilamt  •ireii  hea  N.  W.  and  •.  K.  atwul 
i  Iroiurii  Jung,  and  II  nilln  «lila.  On  Iha  auulh  lUa  Ina  val- 
kyi  and  a  frval  nuinlicr  <''  birds. 

Marili  i,  Hid  Ulaiid  Uno  tl.  iliiiia  laafuaa,  N.  W.  a  raafuf 
rnckiihri'c  ntilf*.  Tlil"  day  a  »lii|i'v  niaal  cama  along  aide* 
Uii  Iha  Kiuih  iKijtii  ol  said  kaliuid  l»  a  imall  marahjr  Iaiand." 

**  A  cu|iy  III'  nty Jouriiiu  on  board  the  enow  tb  f  aul,  of  Leo- 
don,  buuiid  Trout  Buuih  Cur.'liita  to  Londoii- 

V^  ILLUH  Otto*,  Contmandar." 

r.B.  CaiMBin  Oitnn  III"  tt!;h(  hfl  law  a  lent  on  ilia  Iaiand. 
and  would  n«v«  gone  aiti.  ts,  but  had  unfununaial)'  atova  hla 
boat  Minia  Uma  before.** 

'*  Coniin<  dora  llodnoy  la  commlailoned  to  go  In  quaal  of  an 
Inland,  whlcli,  ■ccurilltifioihi  report  ol'a  maataroraehlp,  and 
i<iine(>t)tera,  oil  exBiiil'ialionberor-i  ll<a  lorda  of  the  Admiral 
l>,  hci  about  W  M.  and  about  MM  laafuaa  waal  of  England. 
Capt.  Miinliick  Macktinzle,  an  aacallaiii  inatheBiaUclan.  ana 
auitior  onhtt  MA  uhattt  of ilta  Orknay  and  Lewla  lalamla,  at 
leiiditiim  la  tti«i'iill(di?ii  iloop,  to  bring  back  an  account  nf 
what  dlacorerlcv  he  iiiair  make.  Aa  Ihia  Iaiand  Ilea  out  of  iba 
track  or  tha  trade  to  Amirica,  It  It  ifi|>i)oaad  lu  have  bean  ana- 
aedby  navlgotora  to  our  colonlaa,  lliough  marked  In  aamo 
Diiicn  Diana.  ITil  <  Cunimoaloru  diacuvera  k,  ha  ta  to  lake  |ia» 
aeaslon  oflt  by  ilie  ni.uia  of  Bodnay'a  iatanl." 

>■  Friilay,  April  Id,  171],  Commodore  Rodney  artlvad  01 
Woolwlib  :  ha  had  l«encriilaln| ten  daya  In  quaal oranisUqC 
and  the  men  at  the  top  maai-haad  wara  mora  than  onea  dacOlv 
ad  wKh  what  tha  aallor*  call  faf-banka.  About  iha  Mh  ur  nb 
day  the  crew  oboervad  brancliea  ot  traoa  with  their  Icavaa  eOi 
anil  nighia  iirgulla,  and  piccaa  orihlpivreck,  whict  ara  gana* 
rally  ragardeifaa  citnalii  aluna  of  an  auju,'  •'iitahore,  but  coulg 
not  dlacover  any."  UanL  Mag.  lor  1791,  (,.  IU|  for  17M,  p. 
83.  IN. 

21,  B.  The  Island,  marked  tn  ttt*  Dnich  man,  couU  not  have 
bean  mistaken  Tor  itiia  t.nagiiiary  iaiand,  being  but  a  alngia 
reek.    It  iaiheaania  lhal  ladaacribadtanbelUkofZano.    rage 

aj. 

•  Thia  ia  aaid  on  the  authority  of  Harrara,  Ih*  royal  Bpanbh 
hiatorlan  1  t'erdinando  Colunibua,  In  tk*  lUeol  Ideialbaf.aayo 
ntahinf  arhibuiraprcaeiiiai  hiaapplkailoatailwaiBg  ortefs 
lugal  aa  Iha  Aral,  aiul  give*  ihia  reaooo  tirlls  "  kaosaaaaa  lt«> 
od  under  hiai." 


I*  Ik*  Mbw     Af  Um  «mi 
WM  IMMM4  Uw  mwilM 


M  flMIMk 


fM    MMk    m MmI  bjp  MMh   IMMNWn,  Ik*  fl» 

mmI  W  CaliMikM  «M  M  IrM  itjMlMl  i  b*i  ki  i)m  in- 
MMM*  (f  Jatm  Ptna,  i  NmhwIi  |i«i»*),  •ml  I««m 
R»M*iif*l,  *n  oUtt  •!  tk*  King''  iMUMMd,  Qumn 
iMhallt  WM  |M|WM<I«I  M  iHrtm  la  Itw  MlicildHm, 
mhI  iIWi  Im  kM  bMn  i«Mt  wywlwil,  M  fMcU  kim  to 
Dawn  1  wkMi  ih*  alllifW  M  pawn  kar  jawtia  la  ilah*|t 
Ikt  •uanaa  af  ika  aiiiti|NMnt,  •mauniinf  la  no  mafa 
liM*  MM  (f««na  i  wMck  a«m  «aa  adiancail  lit  »•««• 
Migal,  tmt  Ika  QuaaH'a  jawalrjr  waa  aa«a4.  Tkua,  la 
Ik*  gawaWMa  dacMaa  af  a  (rMtala  aiiml,  wa  a«a  ika 
timimj  af  AmarMa. 

Tka  aawiMMii  aii|ralala<l  kaloaan  FaniinaiNl  aiut 
kikallaaa  tka  ana  Mti,  ami  Coluiitb'ia  an  iba  uikar 
fait,  wafa  Ikaaa  :  " 'ihal  ka,  hia  kain  ami  au«(aaaan, 
akauM  kaM  Ika  aMka  of  Admiral  In  all  ikoaa  u/iiaib 
and  raattafnia  aikiak  ka  ahowlil  iliarotac ;  Ihal  ka 
akixiM  ka  Viaaruy  ami  Uutarnor  af  ika  aama,  wlik 
pawar  of  miminaling  lliraa  aaaorialaa,  of  wtHHn  Ihair 
Majaaliaa  akauM  af|NMiil  oiia.  'llial  ha  tk  •>'  I  ha«a  ana 
Mttik  pail  nf  Ika  nalt  pracnada  of  all  Iha  pM  ami  all- 
«ar,  pfrewiia  atonca,  apira  ami  ulhar  inarrhamliaa 
wiiick  tkoiiM  ba  rwiinl  i  ihal  ka,  or  a  Japiily  of  hia  own 
•(ipainling,  (houlil  JarMla  all  coniru«>raH«  r>a|i*<iing 
ika  iraila  ;  ikal  ha  akoiilil  Im  a)  una  aiahth  pait  af  iha 
aipanaa  of  v<|ui|iiiin(|  iha  Ural  Maat,  ana  abuuM  racai«a 
an*  alghlb  pan  of  Iha  proAia  " 

Tka  nacaaaary  prfparaiiena  hain|  inaila,  antl  a  jraai'i 
provjalun  Iai4  iii,  on  Iha  Jil  of  Annual,  I4M,  (Joluinbua 
aailed  from  I'aloa,  a  non  of  Hiiain,  on  iha  Matlilcrran- 
aan,  wiih  ihraa  «aaaala,  oaa  of  whirk  waa  lalli'tl  a  lar- 
tack,  and  ika  olhar  two  cartvala,*  having  on  Iniaid  iha 
whnia,  ninaiy  man.  Ha«ln||  iiaiaad  lliruii||h  llw  •liaila 
al  Uibaraliar,  ha  ariirud  al  ina  l^aiiarica,  on  Ilia  Itlh 
of  Iha  nama  nwHilk,  whara  ha  waa  Jalainad  in  raAllina 
ana  of  Iha  raravala,  and  laking  in  wood  and  watar,  till 
III*  (ih  of  Hapiainhaf,  whan  Iw  aailad  waalward  un  hia 
vovaga  of  diacovary. 

'Iliia  irojraga,  wkich  la  natv  conaldarad  aa  an  aaay  and 
^aaaanl  run,  baiwaan  Ika  laliliidaa  of  30  and  W  da- 
graaa,  wllk  a  irada  wind,  waa  than  ilia  buldaat  allrmpi 
wkKk  kad  atar  baan  made,  and  lilird  iIm  mimla  of  Iha 
baai  aaamau  wtih  apprahanaian.  Tha*  wara  uoing  di- 
laciljr  front  hmna,  and  rrom  all  kopa  of  rallaf,  i7  any  ae- 
aidant  akouM  babll  Ibant.  No  Ihaiidly  part  nor  human 
kainii  waa  known  la  ba  in  ihal  diraiilion.  Enrjr  bird 
wkiek  flaw  in  Ika  air,  afary  Aah  which  appmuad  in  tka 
aaa,  and  aa arjr  waad  which  flaaiad  on  ita  aurfaca,  waa 
fagardad  with  tka  moat  minula  atlanlion,  aa  if  iba  fata 
af  Iha  'oyago  danaiidad  on  it.  A  pkanoinanon  which 
kad  navar  bafora  baan  obaarvad  alruck  lh«m  wilh  tarror. 
Tha  inagnalie  naadia  appcarati  to  «ary  from  Ilia  pola. 
Thay  bagan  lo  aiiprthand  Ihal  lhair  coin|Mia  would 
prova  an  unrailhful  gunla  ;  and  Iha  iraila  wind  which 
waflod  iham  along  with  ita  friandly  winga,  thay  faarad 
would  obatrurl  lliair  ralum. 

To  ba  Iwaiily  daya  al  aaa,  without  aighl  of  lami,  waa 
«kal  Iha  boklaal  marinar  had  na«ar  bafora  allrinplid. 
Al  Iha  aipiration  of  that  lima,  Iha  imuatiant  aailora  ba- 
gan lo  lalli  of  throwing  their  coinmaiHler  into  Iho  ocaan, 
and  raluming  hoina.  Fhair  in  irinura  raaclwd  I  ia  aara , 
but  hia  acliva  mind  waa  iia«ar  at  a  luia  fur  oaprdisn',* 
avan  in  ihagraataii  aiirainiiy.  My  iouthing,  Ailirn, 
and  anilicn,  by  invanling  raatona  for  over-  uiicoii.n  'i 
appaaranca,  by  promiiini;  reward  lo  iho  obt'i'lmt,  am'  a 
gtaluily  l<i  him  who  ahould  Aral  diacoar  lane,  in  a'i  lition 
to  what  tha  king  had  ordered  ;  and  by  durai"  ng  then.  -< 
Uia  aliip'a  reckoning,  he  kept  them  un  their  cauiao  for  t'\ 
laen  dayaloiigar.  In  Ilia  iiiuht  of  tha  I  itp  of  C>,aLo|, 
ba  bimaalf  aaw  a  WgUt,  which  aeenied  lo  be  on  al  on . 
and  on  tlie  morning  of  Iho  ISth,  lliey  had  iho  jaylu! 
aight  of  land,  which  proved  lo  aa  tha  iaiand  o,'  (luvia- 
kana,  ona  of  the  cluilai  called  Uahainaa,  in  Iha  SAtb 
dasrea  nf  nnrth  latiliide, 

Thua  in  the  apace  of  lhirty>aii  daya,  and  in  tha  4Ath 
war  of  hia  ago,  Columhua  completed  a  *oyaga  which 
na  had  apeiit  twenty  yeara  in  projecting  and  aiecnling; 
•  roy^ira  .  hich  opened  to  the  European!  a  new  world  ; 
whic  .•  ^  .«  a  new  turn  to  their  thoughta,  to  their  apirit 
of  antarpriis  and  of  commerce ;  which  oiilarK<'d  tho 
napire  of  Spain,  and  alaiuped  willi  immortuitj  tha 
name  of  Coliiinbua. 

After  apeniling  aoYoral  montha  in  aailing  from  one 
Iaiand  to  anoiher  in  ihat  vait  archipelago,  which,  from 
Iba  roiitaaeaortheaKerrcrivfd  the  name  of  the  Weal  In- 
diaa.  Coliiinkua  roiunird  to  Spain  wilh  Iho  two  ainaller 
•la  (the  larger  having  boon  wreck  on  the  ialaiid  ol 


*  A  carrack  aaa  a  vaaaal  wkh  a  <lack|  a  caraval  had  iioua 


M^^^^^^k  ^M«^^  hakt^rf  ^Ma  a  aalaaa  af  iklata-ii^M 
Niaa,  hunMad  wiw  •  yaai'a  praaieiaa,  aad  Mgad  Ma 
hft  wblak  baaa  baan  h«ill  af  ika  liiiibai  aavad  inNn  tka 
wnab.  IkMMig  k«a  paaaaga,  ka  aiel  wiik  a  vwlani  lam- 
paat  wbMk  iMaalanad  kim  wiik  daaliiMinm  In  tkta 
aatramily  ka  gave  an  admiraMa  proof  af  hia  aalmnaaa 
ami  hraalgkl  Ma  wrata  an  parehraent  an  aaaaunt  a( 
hia  diaaavaiiaa,  wrapi  it  In  a  piaca  u(  wl  atotk.  and  m- 
elaaad  II  m  a  aaka  af  wai,  whwh  ha  put  inia  a  tight 
caak  and  tkraw  Mito  tka  aaa  Anuihar  pankmant,  aa- 
•urad  in  iha  aama  manner,  ka  blaaad  un  iha  alarn,  Ikal 
if  ika  akip  akuakl  aink,  tka  aaak  niighl  float,  and  poaat- 
kly  ana  at  ika  olkar  nugkt  ka  driven  on  ahuie,  at  lakan  up 
at  aaa  by  aama  future  natlgaiof.  Ilui  ihia  ptaaaiiiwa 
ptavad  huitlaaa.  Ma  airivad  aafe  m  Niwin,  in  Marak, 
l4M,and  waaraaalvad  wilh  dtakanora due  lakianiaril. 

Tka  aaaonni  whwh  C'olumhna  gave  of  hie  new  dia- 
aovanaa,  Iha  apaaimana  of  guU  and  other  valuabta  pf» 
duciioiia,  and  iha  aighl  of  iTm  naiivaa  which  ka  aairiad 
from  tha  Waal  Imliaa  to  Hfiain,  wara  ao  plaaaing  Ihat 
Ika  court  datarmlnad  on  another  a>|iaditioii.  Hut  flral 
It  waa  na«'aaaary  la  obtain  tha  aaiiciiun  of  tha  I'opa, 
who  readily  granted  it ;  and  by  an  imaginary  lina. 
drawn  fram  |iala  to  pule,  al  tka  diataiice  ul  une  huialiad 
laaguaa  waalward  of  tha  Aiuraa,  lit  divided  betwaau 
Ilia  crowna  of  H|iain  and  I'urtugal,  all  the  new  cauntriaa 
already  diacovarad  or  to  ha  diaeuverad )  giving  tlia 
waalarn  |iart  lii  Iha  former,  and  iha  aaiiarn  to  iha  lallar. 
No  iiiiiviaioii  h«>wavar  waa  made,  in  raaa  thai  Ihay 
ahoukl  meet,  and  their  claima  aliuulil  iiiiiiirara  on  the 
ii|ipoaita  anla  of  iha  globa.  The  bull  containnig  Ihia 
laiwoua  but  miparfarl  line  of  damarkatlon,  waa  aignad 
by  Alaiandar  VI.  on  llie  aacuiid  dav  of  May,  I4IM  ) 
and  on  ika  Mth  of  the  aama  niunih,  tha  King  and 
tjuvan  of  Mpain,  by  a  wriltan  inatruinaiil,  aiulainnl  aiul 
cuiillrmad  ihe  privilegaa  and  puwara  winch  lliay  liad  ba- 
fura  granted  to  Coluinbua.  making  Ilia  ullUie  ul  Vice- 
roy and  Oovrriior  of  the  liidiea  hereditary  in  liia  Uinl- 
Iv.  Un  Ilia  (Alb  NaplemlHir  following  lie  aailad  fioin 
C'adia,  wilh  a  fleet  of  aavanlaan  ahnx,  great  and  email, 
wall  rurinalied  with  all  nocaaaariea  lur  iTie  voyage  ;  and 
having  un  board  IftUU  people,  will)  huraaa,  catlla,  and 
iinpleinunta  to  eelabliih  pUiiiaiuma. 

(hi  MiiiK'ay,  Ilia  third  of  Nuvambar,  ha diacovered  an 
iaiand,  lo  wLich  in  h<Hiur  uf  tha  day,  ha  gave  the  name 
of  l)i>iii>nica,  Afterward  he  diacoveraiTlii  aucceaiiun 
other  lalanda,  which  ha  called  Marigalante.  Uuailal«ii|ia, 
Montaarral,  Kvdomla.  Ani.gua,  Ht.  Martin'a  81.  IJrau- 
'a,  and  St.  John.  On  Ilia  I  lib  of  November  hacama 
to  Navidid.  on  iha  north  aide  of  Hiapaiiiula,  wliere  he 
had  built  h.a  lull,  and  left  liia  culuiiy  ;  but  ha  had  tha 
niortiAcalion  '.o  lliid  that  the  |iuoplo  ware  all  dead,  and 
tbal  tiM  fort  had  been  daalroyad. 

The  account  given  by  the  iialivee  of  Iha  loaa  of  tlia 
^I'.ioiy,  waa,  Ihat  they  fell  iiilo  diurord  among  them- 
naivua,  on  the  uauil  aukjccia  uf  '.'uiiliovvray,  vvunien 
and  gold  ,  'l.al  having  piovukad  a  cuiaf,  wliu>«  name 
waa  Canaunc,  haca-na  againal  tbain  with  a  auparior 
force,  and  daatroya?  Ikaiu ;  that  auiiie  of  tha  nativoa, 
in  allampiing  to  defaml  them,  had  been  kil'ad,  and 
"ihera  were  iliiii  ill  of  their  wuuiida  .  which,  u.i  in- 
•peclion,  appeared  to  liava  baaii  luada  wiui  lndi%ii 
w>  apoiia. 

('olumhua  prudently  forbore  to  make  any  tr.iieal  in- 
quir\  into  tie  inattar;  but  haaled  lo  oaiaUuali  anutnar 
c  ilunv  in  a  iiI'M"  a!,gil>lii  aitULt'on,  Ic  llie  ••aaiwaiii  , 
vkliich  he  calii'd  Ifabclla,  af'.r'hi'  ruyal  )alruiii'aa  H> 
hau  inaiiv  dillli-uilita  lu  lonlend  with,  lea  ijea  thuM 
wh'cn  unavuidablv  a'.le."i  undorukinga  pf  tech  nutrl 
It  and  magmluue.  Nalur  j  iii'lerd  wta  ht'^nliful ,  '.iie 
•oi>  Mill  c'linata  produced  vugela'ion  wi'ii  a  ia|iiili.v  ti 
which  the  8paiiiarda  had  not  been  arcuate  let  F>-.ia 
wheal  eowii  at  tha  and  of  January,  full  tare  wh-.o  ga- 
tliuied  at  Iho  and  of  March.  Tha  atoiiea  of  Iruil,  llie 
alipaof  viiioa,  and  the  joiiila  of  augat  canrt  ajrcuwd  ih 
aeven  daya,  and  many  other  aecua  iii  haU  llie  tiiiia. 
1  hia  waa  an  eiicouragin,'i  piotpcct ;  hut  li.i  alow  ojie- 
raiiona  of  agriculture  illu  nfl  meet  tha  viewa  of  aan- 

f[u  no  adventurcra.  The  nunieruua  fulluwora  of  Co- 
Jtnbiia,  aoma  uf  whom  were  of  the  boat  fainiliea  in 
Spain,  had  conciivod  ho|>ea  of  auddenly  anricliiiig 
thetnaalvoa,  by  tha  procioua  inalala  of  tlioaa  new  re- 
gions ;  and  wore  not  diapotcd  lo  litlen  to  hia  recom- 
mendaliDiia  of  patience  and  iiiduatry  in  culUTating  the 
earth.  Tho  nativea  were  diipleaecd  with  ilui  liceiitioua- 
neaa  of  their  now  ncigliboura  ;  who  ondeavorad  to  keep 
Ihein  in  awo  by  a  display  of  force.  The  exoloaion  of 
lire  anna,  and  tho  aiglit  of  men  mounicd  on  horaea, 
were  at  firat  okjocta  of  terror  ;  but  uao  liad  leodered 
them  leaa  formidable.  Coluinbua,  overhurdawii  with 
cata  and  hliguo,  fall  aicid  and  al  liia  racoTuy  fo'ind  a 


I  and  laMiy,  ka  kad  tka  addreaa  la  ^aaN.     Mi 
Iba*  aadaavaatad  la  aalabhak  diaaiplina  awiaag  kia 
paopla,  and  la  ampkn  ike  naiivaa  Hi  aullHtg   t 
Ikfaugk  tka  waada      wkilat  ka  waa  ptaaeat,  and 
la  atiend  la  kuawaaa.  thiiiga  went  an  ea  praipataaaly 
Ikal  ka  tkaugki  ka  might  taMy  paaaaed  o«  kta  diaaa«» 

a. 

la  kla  futmat  tayaga  ka  kad  aiatlad  Cuba  i  bat  ««• 
atiaeitam  wkaikar  It  wata  an  itland  at  a  patt  af  aama 
aaaiiaant.     Me  Iharafota  paaeod  aver  la  na  aaalara  eat 


tnmili  I  and  aaaalad  Ita  aauikward  aido,  till  ka  found 
klmaalf  antanglod  aaiang  a  vaa«  numkai  af  amaW 
lalaude,  wkiak  fat  Ihait  kaaaty  and  Iktidily  ka  aailad 
Ika  (taidan  af  Iha  Wuean  i  bul  Iha  danaataMa  taaka 
and  akoala  wkiak  auttoundod  ibam,  obfigad  biM  !• 
atrelab  brihet  in  tka  aauikward  i  ky  whtab  aiaaaa  k* 
diaaaaatad  ika  iaiand  of  Jamaiaa,  wkata  ka  bund  wa- 
let  and  aiker  rafiaakmeuia  kit  kla  Htan,  wba  wata  al> 
moat  dead  w,lh  (amine  1'ha  haiatda,  fatlgua,  and  dla- 
iraaa  af  thia  voyage,  threw  him  una  a  lelhatgta  diaatdar 
from  whiab  ha  had  )iial  recovered,  whan  ka  ralurnad  W 
kla  aalaiit  and  funnd  it  all  in  confuaian,  IVam  Ika  ti— 
aauaaa  wklab  kad  prov  d  daalniativa  ta  Ika  fliat. 

la  kla  ibaanaa,  tlia  liaeniiouanaea  of  tka  Haanlaidi 
ked  profahad  aaveral  of  Iha  ehiafe  \  four  af  whom  aad 
aiiilad  la  deatrov  Ihain,  ami  hail  actually  cammeneed 
Iwalilitiaa,  in  wkleh  Iwaniy  Npeniarda  wara  killed, 
(-'olumbae  collacled  Ma  people,  umI  Ikam  into  tka  heal 
order,  ami  by  a  judicioua  aomhination  of  fotaa  and 
atratagemiBiiiad  adaciaiva  virlory,  lo  wkiak  Ika  batia* 
and  doga  did  not  a  lillla  conlrilntte. 

Alhitruiurn  to  lliapanli-'t,  ha  lad  Iha  plaaaara  al 
meeting  hia  brother  llaribnlomi  v  wlwm  ha  had  nal 
aaen  lor  several  yeara,  and  whoir  l>a  aupimaad  to  hava 
been  dead.  Ilailliuloiiiew  waaa  ri't  .  raipialknowladga, 
ai|H'riaiice,  bravery  and  prii-'eiic  wiih  himaair.  flit 
patience  had  endured  a  aevare  Irri  in  ikait  long  aa|ia> 
talion.  Ma  had  many  obaiaclat  lo  autmauni  liefora  ka 
could  gel  10  Kiigland  and  obtain  aCi.oaa  lu  tha  king. 
Ma  waa  al  I'aria  wlian  ka  lieard  of  Iha  aurcaaa  of  bia 
bruiher'a  Hrat  enlerpriae ;  who  had  gone  on  Iha  aecond 
befoia  Uarthuloinaw  could  ifal  to  Hpaiii.  On  kia  arrival 
there,  and  being  introduced  lo  Ihe  court,  ba  waa  ap> 
puiiitad  to  the  cuininand  of  Ihraa  ahipa,  whKh  waia 
deaiined  lu  convey  aiippliea  lu  ihe  colonv  I  end  ka  ar- 
tivail  wliilsl  (Jrialophar  waa  aliaoni  on  hia  voyage  M 
Cuba  aiid  Jamaici.  (Jolumbua  ap|ioinlad  hia  brothel 
la  comm.'  id  ii:  laabella,  whilat  he  went  into  tka  inta* 
not  park  >  ti  island  lo  perreol  kia  coni|iiaal,  and  ia> 
duct  the  ii>  lives  lu  aulijeriinn  and  ttibule. 

Tha  Indiana  vaiu  au  unused  lo  collect  gnki  dual  in 
auek  i|uantiliea  aa  theit  cuiMinarora  dcmantlad  it,  thai 
that  oltered  to  plant  iha  immenaa  plains  of  lliapaniola, 
aiHlpayanaifUivalant  in  corn.  Culumbua  waa  alruck  witb 
the  iiiagnaniinity  uf  the  iiro|iasal )  and  in  conaequenea 
moderated  ihe  tribute,  'i'his  did  not  aaliafy  Iha  avarioa 
of  hia  fallow  adventiirera,  wlio  found  means  to  complaia 
of  him  to  the  king'a  ministers,  for  kia  negligence  in  ao- 
ijuiriiig  the  only  cniniiiudity,  which  tlie^  thought  da- 
served  thii  iisine  of  ricliua.  Tha  Indiana  then  Jeaialed 
from  planting  lliiiir  uaual  ijiiantilv  of  corn,  and  attemiH 
led  to  aubaiat  chiefly  on  animal  fuod.  Thia  eiperimeni 
provjid  iiijiirioua  to  themaalvea  aa  wall  aa  lhair  coni|na- 
ri.a;  and  il  waa  coniputad,  tlwt  wilhin  four  yeara,  froM 
■he  discovery  uf  ilia  island,  one  third  part  of  ita  inba- 
bitai  >a  iierialied. 

I'hu  complaint  asaiiiat  Columhua  ao  wreughl  on 
tha  joaloua  iiiiiid  of  King  Ferdinand,  thai  John  Ague 
do,  who  waa  sent  in  14U5,  wilh  suppliaa  to  the  colony, 
had  ordera  to  act  aa  a  apy  on  hia  conduct,  Thia  man 
b^thaved  with  ao  little  discretion,  aa  to  aeek  mailer  o( 
accuaalion,  and  give  nnt  Ihreala  againat  Ihe  Admiral, 
Al  >he  aaine  time,  the  ahipa  which  he  commanded  being 
dialroyod  by  a  hurricane,  he  had  no  meana  left  to  ra- 
lum ;  till  Uoluinbua,  knowing  that  ha  had  enemiee  al 
home  and  nolliing  toaupporlhimaelf  bul  bia  own  me- 
rit, reaolvad  to  go  to  Spein  with  two  camvela,  himaall 
in  ona  and  Af  uado  in  Iba  other.  Having  appointed 
proper  peraona  to  command  Iba  aaveral  forta  )  hia  bra- 
Ihet  Uaribolomew  to  euparinlend  tba  whole,  and  hia 
brotbar  Jamea  to  ba  nail  in  aiitbarity ;  ha  eel  aail  on 
tho  tenth  of  March,  t4JM,  and  after  a  perilaua  and  'a- 
dioua  voyage  in  Iha  tropical  latiludaa,  artivad  at  Cadia 
on  the  llth  of  June. 

Hia  preaence  al  Couit,  arith  tha  goM  and  niher  val- 
uable articlee  which  ha  carried  home,  removed.  In 
soma  meaauro,  Ihe  prejudicee  which  had  been  eicilad 
againat  him.  Uut  hia  eiiemiea,  though  ailent,  wara 
not  idle ;  and  in  a  ooort  whefe  phlegm  and  langtMf 
proved  a  clog  to  Iba  epiiit  of  antarptiat,  tbar  fotud  11 


BIOaRAPNIIf  or  1  Ht  kARt.T      ,i»rnvKR|!  m. 


\ 


fH  MMl  M  i/tmimn  Ma  tlaw*  t  «M*ik  mm  iiIm«*m|. 

Im  •■  AHMMIMMMa,  IHN  tUN  H*l«Mt  h(   ill*  at*- 

•■•My  af  »  aiiy  u  Indtii  kf  iK*  wad. 

N*  iMW  <»i««iiil»il  (tiM  tWiM,  lo  turry  miitiltM  l<i 
Mt  tnWiiy,  «ml  »>»  lo  (<■  **i  liMritorjr.  ThoM  •!• 
■Mali  Mr*  Mm|>lt*l  aith,  ami  li«  hcgiiii  liW  Ihtnl 
(•;•(•  M  th«  iKlrlUth  iir  Miijr.  I4IM  lU  k>|il  • 
MMW  M  Airlu  iIm  •iMilhMaiil,  ihol  nii<  milir  lit*  wn, 
kal  lli«ft««Utiino  hikI  oaUr  •iiltorml  gfMily  hoin  ••- 
NMt**  Mm.  TlM  Am  UihI  Ii«  hiom  nA^r  IvKlng 
Mli  MmuII'ip*  •!•  V>nl,  wu  *  Urn*  talaml  oliMM 
k*  MMMi  TrliiUntl,  rniiii  Ua  ii|i|w«ruiii'*  In  III*  li>r«i 
•f  Ikr**  iMMMalna.  Ho  lliaii  |HtMr>l  lhri>U||h  •  ii**- 
•Ma  Miatt  aal  iiihifl|M>i>l  inin  ili«  mmII'  »)  I'aiU  ,  wh«ia 
•kwtalnn  Ik*  M*  >u  Im  N|i«J,  anil  Hi*  walatkrarkwh, 
IM  tunlHlurMl  Ihal  lit*  I*ihI  »n  lit*  waalarii  nml  aaiulh 
Mil  aUwa  iiMli*  giitl  aiaa  |miI  al  »  rnnlliuinl  i  aiul 
MmI  III*  lH»h  m»t»i  |iru**»il*il  fnMii  atmia  (mil  fl«*ra 

TIm  fcupl*  on  lliavimaliil  I'ailii  warn  »lll*f  than 
Ikti**  of  III*  Ial*u4«-  i'lirv  hnil  hIhhii  ititir  li*rka 
fUt—  iif  (uM  anil  Miing*  ui  patl ,  wlilrli  lli>y  rfiulily 
•lahaiiyiHl  liir  |iiiv**  ul  llii  aiuHiraaa,  ami  lull*  ImIi«  ; 
•ihI  whuii  Ihajt  «*r*i|ii*>iiiMii'ilwlirni'>  llivy  uU«lii*«l 
Ik* intkl  anil  )i*aila,  llii'jr  imiiiiiil  in lli*  woal. 

'In*  Ailmliara  |>rii«laliiii  iml  alliittlii||  liliii  Id  aUjt 
hng  In  llila  plar*  )  lia  iwaaail  ajialn  UiriiU|h  thai  dan- 
g*ntiia  atrwlli  lit  wlilrli  lia  i(iiva  iha  iiaiiia  nf  Ui«  Drag- 
Mi*  Mouili  |  ami  lia«liig  •aliillril  biiiiaalf.  Ihal  l>»' 
1*1x1  iHi  Ilia  jail  waa  a  niniiiiaiil,  h*  ilMiiail  lo  tli*  N, 
y/.  I  illai'iitaringMargarllii  anil  a*tL'ial  alh*r  Mntui*  I 
III  kl*  OHira*  i  aiiil  un  lli*  llilillalh  iif  Angual  airivail 
■I  Iha  liafluiur  uf  Nt  Dtiiiiliign,  In  IIU|mni  ■\»  t  >•>  | 
•liich  |ilar*  Ilia  linilliar  liail  iainnir*d  Ih*  aitlony  In  lila 
inea,  In  cona«4U*ii«a  ul'  a  |iUii  ptMuncaltMi  tw- 
in ikain. 

WaarlatI  wlllilncaaaanUaraaml  wal«Mn(,  In  Ihia 
4ang*riiua  vujrnga,  ha  liii|ti-il  niiw  in  fiijnv  ra|itHMi ;  In- 
Maail  uforhit'h  n*  I'ihiihI  lila  I'uliiiiv  imirli  railiu-ail  hy 
4**lha  1  iiiuiiy  ul  Ilia  aiiivltiira  alik,  with  a  illaraaa, 
III*  pit'iiliiir  ciiiiam|ii*iii'a  ill  lliajr  ihlniurharv ;  aiul  a 
Uig*  iiuiiiImii  ul Ihain  in  ailiial  ii'livllliin.  Tlii'y  hail 
ferilMHl  Ihi'iiiarlvaa  liiln  a  iMKly  )  lli*)r  hull  gnlnril  uvar 
Miinyiil'th*  liiiliiiiia,  nmlar  |i|rlriir*  uC  |irii(rrlliig 
Ihain  i  ail  I  Ihry  hnil  rrtlrail  lo  a  ilialanl  pml  of  ih*  la- 
iMMliWhlrh  pnnril  a  rvaurl  fur  lli*  aaililluna  nial  illaciifl- 
Wnlad.  1'lwlr  einnniiiihlvr  waa  t'rnncla  Knlilan,  wlni 
ImuI  b**ii  Chlaf  Jiialica  of  Ih*  ciiluny  ;  anil  Itiair  nuni- 
kcrwa*  iu  eonalilnrnhla,  Ihiil  Culuniliua  riiulil  mil 
•oinmanil  a  fore*  aiillk'lrnl  lo  auMu*  ihrni.  Il» 
lh*r*liir*  anlarau  into  n  nagollalluii,  Ity  oirarliiji  a  par- 
Am  Iu  Ihoa*  who  wuiiltl  auliniil,  anil  lilwrlv  ul  rMiirn- 
Ing  In  Hfialn  In  Ihoa*  whn  ili'airril  ll.  1'nraa  ult'rra, 
howavar  inipulitle,  prnvail  aiircaaalul.  Kulilan  hini' 
wlf  accaplril  tliaini  ainl  paiaunilail  iilhara  Iu  iln  ih* 
MID*  i  llian,  Iwing  raalorail  Iu  hia  uillrai  liii  IriatI  and 
•ondmiinml  Ih*  niraclury,  atiiii*  of  whuiii  war*  |iul  Iu 
4MUh. 

An  account  of  Ihia  mnlliiy  waa  a*nt  hnin*  In  8paiii 
bjr  CuluinlHia  and  anulhrr  by  Kiiltlun.  L'arh  had 
Ihalr  adviicalaaal  court,  and  III*  rnua*  wna  lirard  liy 
Ik*  king  and  queen,  Muklan  and  hIa  man  war*  ac- 
euaad  of  aduliary,  |iarlury,  rolilwry,  murdar,  and  dia- 
lurking  ill*  |i«acft  of  III*  whiile  ii|Und  :  whilat  Uoluiii- 
bua  waa  uhiirgab  with  crualijr  tu  indlvlilunU,  aiming 
■I  Indapcnilaiicr,  and  angruaaing  ih*  Iriliuta.  It  waa 
Inainuatad,  that  nol  kaing  a  niitlva  of  Spiiin,  ha  hnd 
nn  prop*r  iraiicrl  br  Ih*  iiolil*  faniillaa,  whn  had  ha- 
coina  advanlurrra  ;  and  thai  Ih*  dabia  dii*  lo  Ihrm 
could  nM  h*  reeiHcrad.  It  waa  aug)[eal*il,  tlinl  II' 
aonia  ramady  war*  li»l  aprcdily  applird,  llirro  wiia 
danger  that  h*  would  rrvnit,  and  join  with  aoiiie  other 
prine*;  amllhut  loeomptuw  Ihiailaalgn,  h*  had  con- 
emivd  III*  reitl  wealth  of  III*  colony,  and  pravtnlnl 
tba  convaraioii  of  th«  Indiana  to  tlia  ('nthulie  fuiih. 

Th*a«  inalnuationa  |ir*vnilnl  on  the  jauluuiy  of  Frr- 
dlnand,  and  even  atnggerrd  the  vonitancy  of  lauballa. 
TIm*  raaolved  to  ap|Hiint  a  Juilga,  who  ahould  *x,<in- 
in*  facta  on  the  B|Hit :  and  if  he  ahould  tind  Ih*  Ad- 
mini  guilty,  Iu  aup*r*a<l*  him.  Fur  thia  purpoie  thay 
aani  rraiici*  llovadilla,  a  man  of  noble  iniik,  but 
whua*  |Mivcrly  alone  recommcndad  him  to  the  olllce. 
Furnianvd  with  thee*  puwera,  he  arrived  at  8t,  Oo- 
Bllngo,  wh*n  Coluinkua  waa  abaent ;  took  lodginga  in 
hiahiiuie;  inviinl  acctiarra  tuiip|H>!ir  aguinul  him; 
MIKod  nn  hia  clVrcta,  and  Unully  a«nl  him  anil  Imth  hii 
brithera  to  8p«iii  iu  Itarre  diir«ront  abipa,  but  all  loaded 
with  tmni. 

The  maateroftho  ahin  in  which  the  Admiral  exiled 
IumI  ao  much  reaped  fur  liiin,  Ihal,  when  he  had  got  to 
•Ml,  he  oflered  lo  take  olf  hia  fittter* ;  but  (.'ulunibua 
MUy  dieUncd,  tint  be  would  pe ruiil  that  honor  to.  lie 
•  *vhim  by  noDU  bM  Iti*  auvcreign.     In  Ihia  bu- 


•MikllHlfl  •milliiamrn''    ^  «••  Mtwii         -    t    .>«-<'n 
IWakf  ml  Madi^.  win  >Nm|  k—w  the  >  ..ufrntn- 

«f  all  lli*a*  rlgitrtwa   urucaMhoga,  ami   i.        Im  i  .   Mu 
k**H  MMMHlltod  Iha  ahWlra  of  ih*  India* 

Nmanailanl  wllh  rnkking  I'ltluinbH*  «f  hia    I     -H 
Iki*  |i«*Jui)laa>l  aralaalaati*  wuMJd  hate  da|>ii<a>l    hi 
ol  hi*  wall  aarnail  rapiilalliin  of  hairing  Aral  dlarnvax 
Iha  naw  aiHiilnanl,      Wllh  Ilia  aarMaalluna  whith  <''>- 
iunditi*  hail  taiil  hom*  aifuMial   Nnhlin,  h*  hail  Irani 
iMIIad  an  aariiuni  nflha  illatiKar*  uf  ih*  aitaat  of  Pu- 
rl*, whleh  ha  Jiially  aiip|«i*ail  Inh*  Mfl  of  a  aimllnanl 
ftjail.i,  an  arllta  iillWar.  who  had  aalM  wUhl'olHinhu* 
In  hlaaaruiid  (iiyaga,  waa  al  I'liurt   wh*n  Ihaa*   dl*- 
|>«lrhaa  ariltad,  ami  taw  ih*  draught  of  Iha  diwiK*- 
IT,  wllhlli*a|iaalinrnaiif  (cikl  ami  pmrla,    whkh   Ih* 
Admiral  Kwl  aeiit  koni*,     Ualng  a  lk<i>ril*  of  I'oiiaae*, 
ha  anally  iililalnad  laaia  In  piiraii*   lb*   iliarKtary  — 
Monwinarvlianla  uf  Mavilla  wara    pravnllrd   u\nm    Iu 
ainil|i  )iiurabi|ia.   wllk  wliirh.  In  IIIM,  Ojnl*  kilkiw 
ail  Ih*  Irark  nf  Colunibui,  ami  nimla  lami  mi  lli*aii*al 
uf  I'lirla.     Aiiiarign  Vaapuiil,  a  t'Inranlln*  nwrvkanl, 
wall  aklliad  ill  gaiigraphy  anil  ria«l||allon,  aci'mnpanl- 
ril  lljiija  In  lliia  yoyaga  ;  and  liy  |iulil|ahlng  Iha   Itiel 
JHHik  anil  rhiirl,  itaaarllilng  Ih*  naW  world  nitlaiiiril  Ilia 
hniiiir  uf  haying  it  aallad  Aur.airt.     ihia  huwayardkl 
mil  hapiian  llll  aAar  Ih*  ilaalb  of  ('olunibua.     ^ayaral 
iilbar  iiilvaniurara  Kdlowad    ilia  aani*   track,   and  all 
<ii|i|Hiaail  ihnttli*  conthiant  whkh  Ibay  had  aeen,  waa 
|Hiri  of  Imlla. 

Aa  aiMin  aa  it  waa  knuwn,  thai  (%ilumh«*  wra*  *^ 
rived  al  Cailii,  Nov  A,  IMNI,  In  lli*  iliagraaaftil  ellil*- 
lion  ataiva  inriilliMied,  lb*  king  and  i|U»an,  aahnniail 
oflba  iinlara  wliiih  ibay  bail  nlvan,  coniniaiiilrd  hint  In 
Iw  rrlaiiaad,  and  invliril  bliii  lo  rmirl,  wht'i*  Ibay  a|Mil- 
ogiird  lor  Iha  nilaliabayiuiir  of  lh*lr  naw  IJoyernnfi 
ami  ni4  only  prnnilard  m  ratal  him,  hut  lo  raator*  In 
III*  Aitniiriil  llll  hia  rll'ri'la.  I.'ohimbiia  rnulil  mil  fur- 
l|at  Ilia  iatiiiniiiiy.  Ha  prcaaivrd  tba  li'llrra,  l.niig 
Ibrni  up  Ml  bla  »parliii*iit,  and  urdarcd  Iham  to  be  bu- 
rled in  hia  grave. 

Inataad  nf  rriiialating  him  In  hi*  ■n«afiim*nt  •*• 
rnnling  In  tba  iirlglnal  rmilrad,  Ih*  king  end  unaan 
anil  OvHIidii,  In  llla|iilliii.ln,  In  aliiiarapilii  lliiyiiilillii  ; 
niid  only  inilulgad  I  ulunibua  In  puraning  hia  darling 
project,  ihe  diai-ovary  nf  Inillii  hy  lli*  waal,  wliirh  he 
aiill  hn|iad  to  arraiii|iliah.  Ha  aailed  iifaln  from  Ca- 
dia,  nn  llie  fiiiirlh  nf  May,  Ifii'^  t  wiih  four  vraaala, 
cnriying  one  humlrnl  and  fully  hian  ami  Imya  ;  uf 
wliirh  nuinhar  waie  hia  brcber  Unrtliulur.iew  and  hie 
Bon  Ferdinand,  the  writer  nf  hl«  \i(r 

In  hia  paaanga  In  the  (^iiriMife  iaianda,  b*  Ibund  hi* 
Inrgaat  yraaal,  uf  aavanly  Inna,  uiiAl  fur  tarvice  s  and 
tlirri'fora  want  tn  Nl  Diimliigo,  iii  hnp*  uf  eirhnng 
ing  it  for  a  batter ;  and  lo  aaek  aiirlirr  from  a  alnrm 
whkh  ha  aatv  pjiproarbing.  Tnhia  inAnite  aurprla* 
and  ninrliCcalinn, Ovamlu  wnidd  ii  il  adnll  hini  Into 
the  imrl.  A  Ural  nf  thirty  abipa  waa  than  rmdy  In 
aail  liir  Niniiii,  nn  iHianI  nl  wliivh  H.ibliin  and  llnvadil- 
la  wara  prianiirra  I'liluinbua  infurmrd  (.■vanilu  nf  ih* 
proifnnalira  wbirh  ha  had  iibaarvrd,  whirh  Ovamlu 
diiraganlril,  and  Ilia  Hrvl  anilad.  t'ulunibua  ihrn  laid 
lliri'*  uf  hia  vaaaria  under  the  le*  nf  lb*  abnra,  and, 
wllh  grant  uiniruliy,  rial*  out  Ihe  taniiiaal.  Ilia  broth 
f  r  put  to  era  ;  and  by  Ilia  grant  nnval  akill  anvrd  Ihe 
ahiii  in  which  he  aallrd.  Oflbellrel  lMlUlldtu^pnin. 
ai;imaan  abi;i*  werr  luat,  and  in  them  |H'riihcd  Kuldnn 
nml  Uovndillii. 

The  rnaiiiia.i  nf  Cnlumb  la  fpive  out  that  h*  had 
raiaail  the  aliirni  by  tbii  art  uf  niagic  ;  ai.'d  atirii  waa 
Ilia  ii^niiruiira  of  tiia  iiga,  that  the  atory  wka  lirlirvt'il 
Wliiit  nmlribulpil  iha  more  lo  ita  crrdit,  wna,  ihal 
one  uf  the  woral  abipa  nf  Ihe  Heel,  nn  iKinnl  nf  which 
were  all  Ihe  elTecIa  wbirh  had  been  inyrd  rrniii  the 
ruined  fortune  of  Coluniliua,  waa  the  flrat  which 
arrived  in  Hpain,  The  nninunt  of  thaae  riricia  waa 
*|  four  tboiiaand  paana  at'  gold,  each  nf  Ihe  value  nf 
right  ahihinga."  Ihe  remark  which  Feidinnndo 
Culumbua  makea  on  Ihia  event,  eo  deatructire  to  the 
nccuaara  of  hia  father,  ia,  "  I  am  aaliarird,  it  wna  the 
blind  nf  (Inn,  whn  wuh  planard  tu  infalunte  Ihrm  ; 
thnt  they  niiuhl  not  henrkcn  to  gtxid  advice ;  dir  hnil 
thay  arrived  in  flpain,  Ihav  hnd  never  bean  punialml 
aa  ibeir  criniee  daarrvnl,  but  rather  favored  and  pre- 
farrnl  na  baing  the  Uialiup'a  friemla.  '* 

Altrr  tliia  alortn,  nml  niinlher  which  followed  it, 
Columlaia  having  cnllrrtrd  hia  little  aquadron,  aniled 
on  diicnvery  toward  Ihe  cnnlinrnt ;  and,  alearing  to 
the  anulhwral,  came  Iu  an  iainnd  called  Ounnniiia, 
twelve  !rii|;ura  fniiii  the  rimal  nf  Hondurna,  wbrro  ba 
mat  with  a  larpe  ruvrrni  cHiinr,  having  un  iHinril 
aeyeral  piecea  nf  cotton  rinlh  of  divera  culora,  which 
~~  TT.aiirS 


wofila  aakd  Utr 

■'^11      ^f*  H' 

j|(.    '    wat 

,n.«lai       ,H<lr 

^  aa  mumaey.         i 

fy  puHiifit  Ic 

aaall  by  wkacfc 
,."'nil»i»  In  III.. 
•lulU.li,  Imaglli' 


Willi 
■ngly    Aa 
^,",,-4  ihey  ueett  Ik* 


kit  _  ^ 

I  ••"    ••'•HMH 
M  (M>t<M*f  •• 

«  WiMi,  awt  afc**  WiaMW* 

.  mi«h(  p***  IkfWMll  Mm  ImmI,  li«| 

From  Ik*  ifUmtM  af  (aitNi 

'  Ihal  lk*y  kxl  (MM  l^aai  lll4il|Ml4 


ha  hnprd  tu  pita,  ihliher,  ky  Ik*  ainitl  wMtll  llMy  i 
•aribad.  furauing  kl*  emira*  la  tba  »—i  Ml4  MM^ 
k*  wa*  l««l  la  lb*  gulf  •!  V»t^»m  i  mmI  vMimI  wvvm 
baiknte,  among  wbleb  waa  ana  wblall  ba  mlM  fmta 
Halbi  I  but  k*  tmixt  na  |MMWif*  *ili»<lin  Unamfc 
Ih*  Und  N*  lk*n  iMaiyiMl  la  tba  i>*M»ai<  MM 
landed  nn  lb*  eaaat  of  VengiM  |  wbeM  IJM  >»»t>ly 
•n4  Airlllllji  nf  lb*  tmiiMry  TnyMaii  M«  la  Uflli  • 
planiallnn,  wbWb  b*  etlM  ■*!*«  i  bal  Ika  WMlyaai 
•  A*re*  and  AiraiklaM*  r««*,  dapyivMl  kin  uf  Iba  lM> 
nof  of  Aral  eetabllching  a  eobiay  mi  Iba  taWlaMitt  bf 
killing  aunt*  of  hi*  peu|il*  and  uMlglag  kit*  la  WliM 
with  Ih*  other* 

At  a**,  h*  met  with  le«f*Mi»j«a  WMilkar  af  hNM 
nmllnuanee,  in  wkkh  ble  ahlpa  iy*N  aa  *baU«faJ( 
Ihal  wllk  lb*  ulimwl  dilHeuHy  ka  k*«l  llMai  aba** 
water,  till  h*  nn  iham  aabof*  on  lb*  UmmI  <4  J*aMlk> 
ra  My  hie  edraanlliiary  aiklre**,  ha  pwaaiwl  ftaa 
lb*  iiallvea  Iwo  nf  their  largeal  ranoe*  i  In  wblak  l«a 
of  hia  mnel  AiilhAil  (Vlamra,  Mendel  ami  fleaao,  ••• 
riinipanied  by  atiin*  nf  I  <  aailnra  and  •  km  IndlaM 
embnilirti  In  Hiep«nl..i;i.  AAer  eneMinlarlR|  Ik* 
jfraiilaal  diirrulliaa  In  Ihair  paaaeg*,  tbejr  canM  lU> 
iiiua  iif  Ilia  niialorlune  lo  llyai,dii,  ami  awllrilad  bi*  (M. 
Iha  marrilra*  wretch  dalaiiiad  them  eight  iMinlba 
wilhuul  any  anawer.iluring  wbirh  lime,  (NiTunkveMifi 
brad  Iba  aaveraal  haribiii*  IVoni  Ih*  dlaeiintant  of  kU 
rMnipaiiy,  and  a  want  ul  pniviainna.  Hy  Ih*  bo<|illa* 
Illy  uf  th*  nalivaa,  ha  al  Aral  raraivad  aurh  wipplUat 
aalhay  ware  able  tuapnr*  ',  hut  Ih*  lung  cant liHMiia* 
of  thee*  gueala  bail  diniiniabed  their  MON,  (Ml  lb* 
Inaolence  of  Ih*  mullrieen  gave  a  rheck  of  Ihalr  ^l^$ui• 
ahip  In  Ihie  eitremity,  the  IkrIlhi  invMillon  of  Oa- 
lunilHie  annealed  an  eipedienl  wbicb  Moved  m^ 
ceaadil.  lie  knew  that  a  imal  eelipaa  of  Iba  hmcn 
waa  at  hand,  whirh  wouki  b*  yiaihl*  in  lb*  eyening, 
On  the  prareding  day,  h*  aent  fur  Ih*  principal  ln< 
dUna,  tu  B|iaak  with  them,  nn  a  nintler  nflha  utinoal 
iniiHirlnnre,  lleing  nairnibird,  he  dirarled  hia  Inl*^ 
prater  to  tall  Iham,  that  Iha  Clun  nf  heaven,  wbom  h* 
wnrahip|ied,  waa  angry  with  iham  furwillihaklin|pn>- 
viainiia  liiini  him,  and  wnuld  puniah  than  with  hnilM 
ami  |iaalilanre  ;  aa  a  tulirn  ul  wbirh,  the  moon  naaki 
in  Iba  availing,  appear  uf  nn  angry  and  bliMaly  color 
Hnnir  uf  ihrin  rrcaivail  hia  apaach  wllh  tamir,  and  olh« 
era  wllh  imliiraraiicp  t  but  whan  lb*  mmm  roa*,  in4 
the  rali|HH>  iiicrraaiil  aa  aha  ailvnnced  fniiii  ih*  hart- 
inn,  ihry  came  in  rmwda,  Inailed  wllh prnviaione,  and 
lieggad  iha  AdniirnI  Inliitarrrtle  with  <lud,liir  th*  ra- 
ninval  nf  hia  angar.  I'nliinibua  rrlirad  In  hia  cabin  | 
and  whan  the  rrllpae  began  tn  gii  ulT,  he  rama  Mil 
ami  tiild  thrni,  that  he  had  prnyrd  lo  hia  Ood,  ami 
had  received  thie  anawer  ;  lliat  if  they  would  li*  good 
fur  tba  Allure,  and  bring  him  provialiin  aa  h*  abuuhl 
want,  OihI  would  fnrgiie  tlirin  ;  and  aa  a  token  nf  il, 
Iha  ninun  would  put  un  bar  iiauni  brigbtiieaa.  They 
gave  bim  tbaiika,  and  prniniard  rumplianca  ;  tiid 
wliilat  bo  reinaiiird  un  the  iaiand  there  wti  na  mora 
uant  nf  pr.i*iaion. 

At  Ibo  and  uf  right  monllia,  Ovindo  acnl  a  imall 
vciacl  tu  Janinira,  with  a  caali  ol  wine,  twoflilchea  ot 
Iwvon,  and  a  inter  of  compliment  and  eicua*,  which 
the  ufllcer  Jclivorad ;  and  wilhnut  waiting  fur  an  an* 
ewer,  weighed  hi*  anchor  th*  aam*  (yenrng  ukI  aait 
ail  bark  tu  Hiapnniula.  The  men  yrho  adhered  to  Co- 
luniliua  and  were  with  him  on  boani  Ihe  wrecki,  yyon* 
drrrd  nt  the  audden  departure  of  the  veaeel,  by  which 
Ihey  expected  deliverenc*.  Columbua,  noyer  al  a  loaa 
for  an  evaiinn,  told  ihain  thai  th«  caravel  waa  loo 
aninll  lo  Inke  the  wlinle  cnmpany,  •iral  he  woukl  not 
)ro  wilhnut  thrm.  Thia  fii:llnnn»d  Iba  deairad  effect-, 
tboie  wliu  adhered  tu  him  reaumed  their  patienca  ; 
hut  Ihe  mulineera  became  ao  inaolent  Ihal  it  yvoa  na* 
ccHary  to  aulalue  them  by  force.  In  tho  contaai  taa 
of  them  were  kilted.  I'orraa,  their  leader,  waa  mada 
prianner  and  ihe  nlhrra  eara|ied.  Bnrtholeinayy  Va- 
lumbuaand  two  other*  of  the  Adiuiral'a  paitjr  Hats 
woundeil,  nfwhnni  onediail. 

Tba  fu^iiivea,  having  luat  their  leader,  than|kt  ll 
beat  lo  aubniit ;  and  on  ihc  next  day  aeni  a  palilian  M 
iho  Admiral,  confeaaing  their  fault,  and  praauain| 
fidvlity.  TbIa  promiaa  thc^  coriliruwd  by  an  aalk^  M 
which  tho  imprecation  wt*  lingular ;  "  tha|  laaaiMta^ 


II 


•  iCm  II  (SHLm  WihMf  4mtk^  mSiI  ImX 

■HI  m  MMMMM*  tl  ttm  itMNlk  t  MMMNMg  M  W 


Al  iMgMl  •  «••><•  vMt  Mm 
■tM4  la  tor,  aHh  Mm  AAatftt'i 

M  JMMM*.  Mtrf  iMk  iharn  an 


Or  ikM* 


AAm  •   kMf   MHt    rflMNWHIf    ••«•«),    M    wkMit    IIm 

Alt  iMl  kM  ■nil,  k*  Mn««4  M  It.  Lw*,  M  M*f, 

Hi*  pMrwwM  ImIwII*  l)«i  Imm  J**4  tKatit  I  )iMt  i 
»mi  «Hh  iMf  Im4  »ifu»4  •II  Ik*  (mm  oImIi  Im  •»• 
•wjarMi  IN  lk»  i'm>U  at  riniiMwl  Wmr  Ml  Willi 
MImM  mJ   fclMM.  4|<(|HMmI  «lllh  Ik*  iHMMdlljr  •( 

tM  MfMalm,  Md  Uw  kangkiiMM  •(  kt*  fMrlMf*. 
Calwaka*  lii^pnd  Ml  •  «•••  m  fruiilM*  MtwiuiMn 


•mrai  M  M.  UmiIiH*.  Aiyy  !■.   !***•< 

JiwkMi     A*  MM  M  Ik*  «Mnt  WM  nAiimI,  Ik*  Alt- 
■Ml  Mak  Im**  *(  kl*  lm»k«>*M  kaM,  imI,  wtik 


r 

hi*  <wl*l*d  ilakui  liU  ilMlk  r*li*««l  kim  Aram 
•H  hU  tr*i*llaM.  1l*  iIimI  M  VaMxttil,  m  Iha  Iwaa- 
MMk  uf  May,  IIM,  m  Dm  Atik  «Mr  a<  kt*  i«a  >  tni 
mm  kttriwi  i«  iKa  Milmiir*!  uf  t*«iU*,  wiik  ikl*  in- 
WMfUM  M  kM  imtk 

A  I'litlU  ya  fiMM, 

tf—m  Mmm*  rfia  ('Wan. 
TnmUiwI  Ihi.*  i 

T*  C**llta  and  Imm, 

Ualumkua  fan*  a  Naw  WaM, 
In  Ika  lilb  *f  ikM  lamaikakU  rmr  Ikan  w  m  dak- 
«ian«)r  a(  any  i|Mlnf  wklak  aaR  aaflaiiiula  a  liuljr 
gnai  ahafaaMi*  Mm  (aalaa  waa  |Mnalralin(,  and  hi* 
ja^RMRl  aaii4.  Ha  ka4  aaquifad  m  miwh  kiwwladga 
af  Ika  *(i*R*M  a«  cmM  b*  akialRad  al  ihal  da*  ;  aiial 
k*  (otfaalad  lakal  Im  kad  laanMii,  by  kia  awn  olwarva- 
MM.  Hi*  aaRaiaRay  aaat  paiMRca  wara  a<|ual  la  iha 
■•at  kauidaM  aadaiukiMa.  Hw  fiHliiiHia  •unROuiit- 
»i  aMRy  4iiUallMa ;  uti  Cm  iRianlWR  aaUMaiad  kim 
Mt  •!  RiMjr  paniaillMa.  Hm  MiMlami*  anablaii  hiiH 
la  aamaal  m  mUm  kla  awn  InArmiiita  i  whilal  ha 
Mak  adtMUga  a(  ika  paaitaaa  af  athara,  adjualinf  hw 
■*hatia«ilakk*iiaaRMt*MM|  laaapantuig,  ar  aaling 
«Mk  «i(aiir,  u  ika  MaaaMR  i*<|wirad. 

Hia  iMaliljr  la  ika  URgfawrul  Princa,  wham  ha 
■•(tad,  and  wkaH  daminMua  k*  aaUrgaH,  mual  laRder 
Mai  faravar  aaoaplauaua  aa  aH  aiamfiia  of  jualka  i  aRd 
Ma  aliachfflmi  la  Ika  Quaan,  lijr  whoaa  intuanna  ha 
wa*  raiaad  aad  Mpparlad,  wiU  alwaya  ba  a  nMnumaiii 
«f  kM  mliluda. 

Ta  kia  atkaf  aiaallaRl  quaUllM  guy  ka  addad  hia 
^y.  Ila  alwaya  anlartaiRM,  and  on  propai  occaaiafla 
aifwaaaad,  a  lavaranca  fef  iIm  Daily,  ana  a  Irm  conA- 
danca  Ir  kia  caia  and  proiaclion.  In  hi*  diclining 
daya,  Iba  conaalaliona  ol  laligion  wara  hia  chiaf  aup- 
■att )  and  hia  laal  worda  wara,  ••  Into  Ihy  baada,  U 
Lard,  I  cammand  my  •piril." 

Tha  paraacutiaR  and  injuatJM  which  ha  aulTarad, 
najr  ba  Iraead  up  la  iba  cMlracI,  which  ha  inaialad  en, 
bafora  ha  angagad  in  iha  plan  ef  diaeevary.  1'hal  a 
liiraiynar  ihauM  allaiii  ao  high  a  rank  aa  la  ka  Vwarey 
(ar  lifa,  and  Ihal  Iha  honor  of  an  Admiral  thould  b* 
karadilary  in  hia  family,  to  iha  aicluaioo  of  all  nobla* 
af  Rpain,  waa  mara  than  ihair  pndo  anil  iaalouay  could 
aiidura  ;  and  Ihay  conaunily  •nil*a«auraa  lo  dapraciala 
kia  RMrit ;  tha  only  fuundatiaii  on  which  hw  honor* 
wara  araclad. 

Thaia  ia  a  alary  r*«ordad  by  Palar  Martyr,  a  con- 
••■iparary  hit lorian,  which  aiainplirwa  lhair  nwlica,  and 
Ma  ingtnuiiy  in  ri*ing  luparior  lo  il.  Aftar  Uia  daalh 
•f  tho  Q.aan,  Iha  nobilny  aHictad  to  iiuinuaia,  that 
kia  diaonrrri**  wara  mora  tha  raault  of  acciilani  and 
■Md  fortune,  than  of  any  well  coiicrrtad  maaauraa. 
OiM  day  al  a  public  dinnar,  Columbua  having  borne 
■uch  inautting  raiUry  an  that  head,  at  length  called 
fw  an  a|{g,  aild  aaked  whether  any  of  thain  could  act 
n  upright  nu  ita  little  end.  Tliey  all  confeaaed  it  to  ba 
Unpoaeible.  Colutnbue  atriking  it  gently,  flatted  the 
•kail  till  it  aiiiod  upright  on  tha  table.  IIm  company, 
W'lh  a  diadainful  aneer,  cried  out,  "  Any  body  might 
ka*a  done  il." — "  Yea,  (uid  Coluir,bua)  but  none  of 
fM  tkaught  of  il ;  eo  I  dwcovered  the  liidiea,  and  now 


•<iM«  iif  ihtM  ntiaar>ailof»  era  ukan  IViim  Dr.  Caaipball'i 
at'  Kur'yaaa  aanlauMiit  la  Aamlca.    Vol.  I.  ck.  till. 


iffawi^^f  alMi  awa  yaafkawad, 


^^^^b  ^^M^ 


we^a  ^a^^^aH  aa  ii^^%  ^^^^^^p  i  ^^^  ^ar  a^ai^^p  iw  aaeaic^^B 
Mf  ka4f  flM^  li»»«  4am  m  ««N  m  I  '*    wLmi  (Im 


•Man, 

WfUaM   af   dtAiraRt  aMRHMc  kaaa   Wealad 
•kaiaeiea  el  DalMMbna  aaaatdMg  la  Ikeir . 

k««  Ikaea  pef)i«dki*e  kara  daaaaadad  ,  and  Ikal  n»» 
at  Ika  dialaaaa  af  ikroa  •aiXHrMa,  iKata  ar*  aaiwa,  who 
•Ael  la  de*i  ktm  iIm  oilae*  Ibt  wbwh  he  a-aa  aawipi 
aaaaa,  and  ika  aiafit  al  ar(gi«ali«i«  a  dwaetart,  akiak 
M  M  k*»ar  la  kaman  raaaaa  llw  komMtiy  kaa  kaaa 
aalbRt  M  ifaeeltaR,  fcaaaaa*  k*  aarriad  dng*  la  Ika  Wael 
IndlM,  and  •malaiad  ikem  m  aatir|iaiing  iha  Ralltae. 
Tka  Iralk  la,  iImi  in  kM  aaaend  aipadiiiun  he  waa  a*. 
aaiiipaaiad  by  a  namber  el  ganlleman  of  Iha  baal  fa- 
milMe  In  Hpaia  i  and  many  mw*  w*«M  bate  gaw*  if  it 
had  baan  prmible  la  aaawRRMidala  ikem  'I'heaa  gan- 
ItaaMR  aarrMd  wilk  Ikem  "  karaaa,  aaaee  ami  oikar 
tMeale  wha-k  ware  of  a  greet  uaa  m  a  new  plantalNm  " 
Tka  aandlvl  wblah  I'nlnnibua  he<l  wilh  ih*  nalioaa  waa 
IR  aanae^uan'a  *f  iha  diannlarly  rundual  of  Ihaaa 
M|ieniarda  i  wha,  In  kia  abaanca,  had  lahan  their  gaada, 
abiiaad  their  woman,  aiid  aoininlilail  ulhar  aulra^a, 
whirh  Iha  Indwna  aoiild  not  amliira,  and  tharamre 
made  war  iipoii  Ihain  In  Ihla  war  iia  faiiiid  hia  i-olany 
engaged  i%han  lie  reliirnati  frmn  liia  v,iya||a  lo  tlulie  ; 
and  Ihare  waa  n*  wey  in  and  it,  liiil  liy  piiraiiing  II  with 
vigaur  Wilh  Iwu  bundrMl  Mi'aiiiarda,  uf  whom  Iwtndm 
wara  inaiintad  en  '*buraee  fullowad  liy  tu  aMaydoga, 
ha  aticiiiiilarail  4  Muittartiua  UHly  uf  iMilmiia.  vaiiiiiNiad 
at  one  hiiiitlrad  l(M»uaaml,  on  a  UrKa  jtliin  Mm  divhlad 
kia  man  inln  two  |Mrlii'a,  and  alio'liad  lliaiii  on  Iwo 
aidaa  ;  the  noiaa  of  the  Are  anna,  mwii  dutwraad  ilwm, 
and  Iha  horaee  and  doga  pratentad  itiam  frwn  rallying  i 
and  Ibaa  a  aompleta  yMlory  waa  alilaiiiad.  In  ihia  In- 
alMMe  elaiM,  were  the  doge  uead  agauial  iha  nalivre 
They  aelurally  followed  Iheir  RMalara  into  Iha  AaM.  and 
tka  horaM  ta  which  they  were  aceualomed  i  but  la  eup- 
yiu—  that  (.'aluinbaa  lrana|iortad  Ihem  lo  the  Weal  In- 
dlM, wilh  a  tMw  la  deairay  the  Indiana,  appeata  alto- 
getlwr  idle,  when  il  ia  CMiidared  that  iha  number  w 
reekanad  Miy  al  twenty.  Kiaepting  in  thia  inaianeo, 
wbofe  ka  waa  driaan  by  necaaaity,  there  ia  na  eyideRce, 
Ikal  ka  RMda  waf  an  Iha  nativee  af  the  Waal  tiidwa  i 
M  Um  cMlrary,  ka  andMyoured  aa  far  aa  paaeibia  la 
IrMI  Ikem  with  jualMe  and  gantleneaa.  '{"he  aama  tiR- 
nat  ha  aaid  af  IMm  who  auecaeded  htm. 

Allampla  have  tiaa  baan  made  to  dalraci  Inm  hia 
merit  aa  an  ariginal  diavoaarer  nf  the  New  World. 
The  iRMl  auacaaafnl  aandulala,  who  haa  baan  aal  up  aa 
a  riyal  lo  binh  ia  MaiTia  UiNtiM  nf  Nuranberg,  in 
(Jermany.  llw  claim  la  a  prior  diacuvarv  haa  been  ao 
well  coiilaeled,  and  iIm  «anity  uf  it  lO  fullv  eipoaed  by 
the  lata  Dr.  KobertaoR,  Ihal  I  ahnnld  not  have  lliuuglit 
of  adding  any  Iking  la  what  h*  liaa  wriiian,  had  nut  a 
memoir  appeared  in  tlw  aa«oiid  yuluine  of  i'ranaactioiii 
of  tha  Amarican  I'hiloeopliical  Nociaty  at  I'hiladal. 
phia,  in  which  the  pralenaiona  of  beliaim  are  reyived 
ny  M  Otto;  who  kM  proilucad  auiiie  authoriliae  which 
he  hail  obuined  from  Nuf«iiiber||,  an  ini|ierial  riiy  ol 
Oerinany,  and  which  ap|>ear  lu  film,  "  lo  aatabliah  in 
tha  rlraraai  manner  a  diacuirary  of  America  anterior  lu 
thai  of  Coluinhua. 

Il  ia  conceded  that  Uahaim  waa  •  Rwn  of  learning 
and  anierpriae ;  that  he  waa  conMmporary  wilh  Coluin- 
hua, and  waa  hia  friend  ;  that  hr  piiraiiad  the  eeine 
atudina  and  drew  the  aania  concliiiiiina  ;  that  he  waa 
cmuluyi'd  by  King  Joliii  II.  in  inakiii|(  diicuyeriae  i 
anil,  ifial  lie  mat  wilh  a  daaeryed  liuiiuf  fur  Ilia  iiii|Kirl- 
ant  aervicea  whicli  ha  reiidarod  to  tlie  cruwii  of  I'orlu- 
gal.  Hut  there  are  aiich  dilHeiiliiea  aticnding  tlie  atory 
of  hie  diacoveriiig  America,  aa  appoar  to  iiie  inaupar- 
able.  'I'heae  I  ihall  Hale  ;  I0)[t'lhrr  with  aoina  ramarka 
on  the  aiithoritiaa  produced  by  M.  Olio. 

The  Aral  of  Ilia  authoriiica  conlaina  aeyeral  aaaer- 
tiona  which  are  coniradiclnd  by  other  liiatoriea  ;  (I.) 
That  Ualii^lla,  daui[hier  nf  Juliii,  King  uf  I'urtuiral, 
roignrd  aTlnr  the  death  of  I'liilip,  Duke  of  Uiir)(iiiiily, 
auniamed  the  Uuod.  (3.)  That  ihia  lady,  wlicn  regent 
of  tha  Duchy  of  Biirgundy,  and  Plamlera,  Buhaim  paid 
a  yiail  in  1459.  And  (3  )  That  having  infurineil  her  of 
hia  deeigne,  he  procurrd  a  yeaael  in  which  ha  made  the 
divroaery  7f  the  i>land  of  Kayal,  in  1400. 

il  w  true  that  Philip,  Duke  of  Curgiindy  and  FUr- 
dart,  iiuiMiaad  tka  Qood,  ntniod  laabella  iim  daughter 


af  Rmw  Mm  I  •«  NwiMj  i  Mn  |M<M  «  Ml  fc 

1^^^^^*^^      ^^^^^^^^^^     A^^      fl^^^^     I^^^A   I^^MftM   ^^^M     to^^^^B  ^M 
'*— »^a*y     •••mI^^^PW     ••••      PfWfW*  WlPW  H^wWy  ^^VW    WOT^V  ■■ 


eat  Aiawla  regent,  allar  Iha  dealk  *f  Pkdia  i 
Ikara  kad  keea,  ika  Dm*  ef  ReMMi'a  awM  will  ail  lag 
feaaand  wiik  M  i  ikal  kaing  plaaad  in  l4Mv  elgkt  taaw 
kaAHe  Ika  dMik  af  llMlip  Niiak  a  RNalata  w  paM  m 
hat,  and  »l  thranabigy,  le  aMlHaiani  la  Mdaea  t  mutff 
•'•m  Ikal  Ik*  "arakiyaa  ef  N>»emkarg"  are  laa  dl4- 
•Mni  m  eaeiiraay  in  ke  dafwiMad  an  aa  antkatllMa. 

Wiik  reepaai  i«  ike  -liarnyery  e<  fayal.  In  I4M^  M. 
iHm  eaknawladgaa  ihai  i«  la  "aanlfary  la  Ika  raaiini 
apmnn  ,"  and  wall  ka  RMgkl ,  kif  the  Irat  if  Ika  Al» 
ree,  Ni  Merw,  waa  dieeaaered  in  I4>l  i  Ika  (Maw^ 
m  MiekMl,  M  U44t  Ika  ikird,  Taraaiaa,  M  l«M| 
•lid  hefor*  144V,  the  lelende,  Ml  (ienage,  tlriHail. 
Kayal  and  IVa,  ware  knawn  la  Ika  PmiwgaeM.  Ma«r> 
>iar.  iraa  li  may  k*  Ikal  NakaMi  aeillad  m  tka  lel*a4 
ni  ("tyal  and  llaad  Ikar*  twenty  yMra  yal  Ma  rlakM 
h,  Iha  dweeyary  al  ii  mual  kave  •  Iwinaf  fcundlllaa 
ilMii  the  "  arakiaM  af  Nurambarg,"  be^tore  It  aM  k« 
admillad 

Tha  gannlM  aaamni  af  Ik*  aelllawMRl  *f  fiyaL 
and  Ih*  mtereai  whiah  llehaim  kad  in  lu  w  IkM  relate* 
hy  IN  Cortier,  a  Herman  aalkar,  af  niaak  laaiMng  and 
goml  r  radii 

"  Arier  Ika  daelk  uf  Ihe  InfanI  Don  Mennr,  wkiak 
heiipeiiad  In  I4M,  ike  leland  af  Tayal  waa  made  a  fi^ 
•am  by  hie  aider,  Itebflle,  Ihiakat*  of  llurgeiidy,  M 
JiiImI  ynn  lliiriar,  a  nallya  of  Niii'mnberg  Hurtat 
went  In  I4M,  oiih  a  rnliiiiy  af  mora  ilian  WOO  ^lem* 
iniiig*  uf  iHiihaeiaa,  In  hia  prnnerlv  iha  wie  of  Payal, 
'IV  Duaheae  had  proyidad  iha  rleniaah  emigrania  wilk 
all  iiaraaaariva  fur  Iwo  yeere,  ami  lllie  roloiiy  aaan  ita- 
firaard  Alniut  ilia  yvar  I4M,  Mlariin  Uehaim  NMf> 
riad  a  daiighlar  of  ilin  I'havaiiar  <Mial  yon  Hurler,  and 
had  a  eon  by  her  nanwd  Marliii  -  .liulial  yon  Hurler,  and 
Merlin  llrhaim,  baih  iMtlyaa  of  Niaramkarg,  wen  lard* 
of  Fayal  and  Piao  " 

The  d^la  uf  the  tiippaeed  diai'wyary  of  AaMnea,  by 
llaheliii,  le  plarad  by  M.  Olio,  in  1444,  eight  year*  k*> 
f'ire  the  eviabraiad  voyage  of  I'mluinbue  In  tha  ••■• 
yeerwe  are  told  Ihal  AInnio  Navirliai  de  Huelva  ••■ 
driven  by  a  ainrin  to  the  waalward  for  Iwanly-nina  d^« ' 
and  aaw  an  lalaiHl  of  whwb  al  hia  return  Im  gave  M  m' 
fnrmaiioii  lo  roluiiihua  Krimi  both  iheea  toffmtt 
diai'iivi'ilee  Ihie iniicluanm  la  ilfawn  "Thai  Columbw 
wauld  never  heye  ihoiighl  nf  iliie  eipedlion  to  Aw** 
wa,  had  not  llehaim  giiiie  llmin. Iiafnre  bun."  >Vkatk«l 
Il  be  eupptiaad  ihal  Ualwiin  mid  Nani'hei  aeilad  in  Um 
••me  aiiip,  or  ilial  lliey  niaila  a  diaaoyery  of  lw*  diAh> 
rent  parla  of  Ainrrira,  in  thv  aani*  year,  la  not  aaay  la 
undaral^nd  fmin  Ihe  •uiliiwiliaa  produced  ;  bul  what 
deettoya  the  rrrdibilily  of  ihie  pUuaible  tale,  II,  Ihal 
(,'ulunibiia  had  ruriiied  hie  illu'ury,  awl  pro|aclad  hiayay* 
•ge,  •!  laaal  Ian  yaara  liailura  ;  ea  ap|>aara  by  hw  (ar- 
raafioiidaiice  with  Paul,  a  linriiad  |iliyaicMn  of  rkiienca, 
which  lieara  date  in  1474  II  ie  uncertein  al  what  tuna 
riiluinliiia  Aral  made  liia  apiilicatton  lo  the  King  ol 
Puiiugal,  lo  III  liiin  oiil  lur  a  wratern  inyaga  )  bul  it  la 
rartaiii  ilial  after  a  nagiirialion  wiih  him  on  the  aiibjaei, 
and afier  he  kid  iMnd  oiii Ihe  leirel end  un^iicce^alul •!> 
lainpl.  winch  had  lirvii  nwde  In  aiiliriiwla  a  diacov^ry  | 
he  iiuiitvil  thel  kiii|{duin  in  diaguii,  and  went  inia 
N|«iii,  III  ihe  latlar  mnd  af  iIm  year  1404.  'I  U  ao- 
lliorily  of  ihaae  facia  ta  unqueeiioiwd  i  and  from  Ikam 
Il  fully  •pfieara,  that  •  prior  diiroyery  of  Ainerwa,  by 
Itahaim  or  Haiicha*.  made  in  MM,  roiikl  not  have  bMB 
the  bundalion  of  Ih"  niilerpriee  uf  ('olumboe. 

M.  Olio  afiealiaui  Ictlera  writMn  by  Debaimin  Utt, 
in  ihe  Oerman  laiigiiaKe,  and  praaeraed  in  tha  "  arcb- 
ivee  of  Nuremberg,  which  aupinrl  liia  claim  to  a  priat 
diacovvry.  A%  iticae  Icttera  are  not  proiluced,  no  cer* 
lam  a|iinion  can  l>e  furnied loiireriiing  them  ;  bul  from 
llw  data  of  tlw  Ivilara,  and  from  th*  lellera,  and  from 
tlw  yoyagea  whH^h  Uehaim  actually  perfwroad  in  Ikn 
two  preceding  vaara,  wa  may  with  gieal  probebilily 
•ii|>l»Ma  that  they  related  lo  the  diecovery  of  ('ong*L 
in  Africa;  to  which  Uehaim  hae  aR  URCMirovertad 
claim. 

I  will  now  atat*  Ihe  facta  ralativ*  la  Ihia  ayant  partly 
from  the  authoritiea  cited  by  M.  Otto  i  and  partly  fiaa 
olliera. 

Dr.  Itaberi'wn  placM  Iba  dieeoyary  of  Congo  and 
Benin  in  I4aiil,  and  with  him  Dr.  Foiatar  agreM. 
Tha  autlioni  of  the  Modern  Univeraal  Hialory  apaak 
of  two  yoyagea  to  thai  CMal  |  the  Aral  in  I4IH,  Uw 
eecond  in  I4HS;  both  of  which  were  made  by  ljii*g« 
Cam,  who  ia  Hid  to  have  bMR  one  of  Iha  aaal  M* 
pail  aailora  and  of  aa  aiMrpilktni  ganiiM.    FtMi  Iko 


■tOOMAI 

y m  ^mmti,  Mwt  {hlwU  tJill  JiL  (Urn,  bi 

MMW  •■TkilM  •«■»,  kftiM  iNmtH  I  N^IWaMKi  ••<••* 
(hf  'hm  IM  wMKcm  Hvmii,  «it<|  iMttnf  «rini«il  iIm 
^■il  i»  I '  tnMik*  Ntkaf  >«iiiiift>«»«  I  «h«i>.  ^ti^ 

V  <*<  XMhMrrf,  ttHHf  tlkAilM**  ^iJotimI  ••••'<nU  Itw 
Amkt  Mrf  rtfM  hai»|  '  Na  «>»f>la  MmNI  ha  M>it« 
MB|4»Mly  «>«irl|i4i>iiNf  •  (.ifat*  l>iim  ruMut*!  !■■ 
C»lli|«>  «•  iny  |t«n<m  m»t  k*  milaltnl  kv  UMfiwIInt 
•  <Mf  xIAIVt**  ,  i«(l  !»«<•  (MtU  M  INlit  tnM(ln«lh«l 
A*  KIMiWf  V  uf  Xiwrtx*  «••  ••'TinnflUhnl  III  tiMK  • 
<«y»|a  M  lltM  I  "  tlatiiif  AiiKlwil  tlH-i«  rrulw  (>•« 
>ki<w**  HdttMlO  ^  *Im  ((mmii  i>f  M  iMiMiilw,  th«]i  mmnt 

■JWl  fHf«H|l)l'    •Htllh*  liMaufHUtHf  HlllMitrMIINIMI, 

f  Ik*  (MdiMM  af  Ik*  »Um*>»  "  'I'kM  Uli«>  otnuMn- 
««MIM  tlM  ((tMa  l*f]|  »>||  wlik  Ik*  alMMl*  •(  Ik* 
Abtaan  ••■«<«  •  liitl  M«kadl  ••;•  Ml  •  Ma«l  •#  Ik* 
il«»ii»«t]>  »(  AnMrt**, 

M    OllM  (•■••  IMt  III  l«H  «•  "  lk*l  Ik*  NMMt     f«*lll>* 

wiwf  it(  Dm  (r**l  Mni«*a  nmUmt  U  Ik*  f  mwn  af 
rMf<M(*lky  Nvkalm,  !•  Ik*  r»>i>m|i*)M*  ki<>' xmI  nn 
ktm  liy  Kiiif  Juhii  II  ,  «k<N  in  Ik*  mmui  vilMnii 
in«nn«r,  knijikixl  Mm  In  lh»  |inMni<*  ii(  sll  kia  xhiH  ' 
Tk*n  IMI*«<  •  p*ill«tt»r  ilaUll  «f  Ik*  trmn-mf  uf 
IntUlUlkHi,  It  (MfHtfiMMl  iiH  Ik*  l*ik  »(  K«liru«r|i, 
I4M,  ami  M  < Hin  Uttrlii  •ion*  ikM  Ihl**!**"*  nwani 
fcf  lk*illa«<i«af]r  arrimgii**  Nuw  let  ua  bilng  Ik* 
ilM*«k*l  |Mrt*  al  Ik*  aliHjr  titfHtwt 

Hakalia  «••*  knlikml  nn  ih*  I4lk  nt  Tmhmtty, 
MM,  ttr  Ik*  4lla«<na))r  iir  rimgii,  In  wliirk  k*  kail 
k«*n  •m|ilu)ra<l  M  itHmih*  |»arrillni| ,  liavtnn  wlihtn 
thai  lim*  mail*  iwii  «iiy>i(»a  Ihllliar,  In  n>mf>»>\y  wllk 
In*!*  ('•»  t     h  will  iAUm  lh*n  Ihal  Ik*  wkol*  iif  Ik* 

1«**Miln|  jraan,  MMaiiil  ItNl.wniwUkrn  up  lnlk*a* 
MM  vrnia|fi.  Thia  *|rraa  tarjr  wvll  wlih  l)i*  a* 
••nnila  ii|f  Ik*  iMam»iv  nf  t'iin«n,  In  Niilwrlaoii  ami 
f ar*l»«,  iimI iliMa  n<il  ilUanrw  wilk  ih*  miaUrn  iiiilva^' 
•*l  lilalurr,  a<  hi  i<  Ih*  y*ar  1414  la  Kint*t>in\ , 
wliird  unli>niinat»l)r  la  lh>  yr.it  aaalfnail  ftir  Hahnliii  a 
ilaawrarjr  of"  Ikal  |i*rl  uf  Arnvrixa  rallwl  Uraill,  iihI 
kl*  aalllnt  •«*n  In  Ih*  tirall*  of  Ma(*llan  " 

Tk*  oflla  Ikinf  bt  Mr  (lllna'a  nwnxiir  whlrh  h**ra 
■M  r*a«mhlaiiraliiaanlull<>n  iinhla  iltlDriilly  la  Ihla. 
■*  Wa  may  au)i|Hia«  lliai  lichaim,  angnfnl  In  an  •■• 
^lllim  liil'iingis  «aailrl>i-n  hy  ih*  wliula  In  V»t- 
■anboiiii,  ami  rnmi  Ihfnc*  liy  Ik*  riimnla  Inwanl  Ik* 
•Mat  of  liulana  "  llul  aii|i|iiialllun  wUhnut  nnM>r 
will  avail  liilla  ,  anil  aii|>|Nialiiiin  agalnal  prwir  wilt 
••■U  iiulhlnii  1'ha  Iwu  «iiyaf*a  In  I'nngii  ar*  ad- 
MlllatI  Tk*  nmra*  li  ilrairilml ;  Ih*  lim*  la  ilalar- 
MliMili  amlhiHh  nflhra*  ar*  illri>rllyn|ip<Mnl  In  In* 
•uppiialllun  af  kla  haing  ilrl«*n  \ij  wimla  and  rurrania 
la  Ani*rl«a.  Knr  If  li*  hail  bran  ilrltni  uul  «f  hia 
•aura* ami  hail  apani  "a*«»nil  yrarain  •■amlnlnnlha 
AinarWan  lalamla.aml  Jia*u«*riiig  Ih*  ilrnit  whkh  Iwar* 
Ihanamanf  Mag*llan  ;"  ami  If  una  nf  ihiw*  yaarawaa 
Ih*  year  HN|,  ih*n  h« roukl  inH  ha«* ap*iil  Mmnnih* 
M«!*<lln|  K-hruarjr  UNA,  In  Ih*  illarnvary  nfCimgn; 
Ml  of  Ihla  wa  hn«a  full  ami  aallallirlnrjr  *«Manea  i  Ih* 
iMwiiyary  uf  AnMrIra  lh«rafiir*iiniil  b*  (lv*n  ui>. 

Th*ri  la  una  Ihing  ftiiihar  In  Ihia  mvinolr  whii'h  il*' 
■rryva  a  |>*rtlriilar  rrniark,  ami  Ihal  U  Iha  ranaun  aa. 
il,pHHl  hy  M  Ollii,  fur  whu'h  Ih*  King  uf  Purliigal 
i*jlin*illh*|iriipi>aatiifl'olumhual»  aall  In  Imlialiy 
Ikt'  «*al.  "  Th*  rrfuial  uf  Jiihn  II.  la  a  prnuf  uf  ih* 
kncwinig*  whirh  Ihal  |miIIiI<!  ami  wi>*  prlnr*  hail  *!■ 
I»i<ly  procuml  uf  th*  *<lal*nc<>  nf  n  n»w  runliiifiil, 
which  iifn-rnl  hliii  iiiil>  Iwrrtn  lanila.  Iiihahilnl  hy  un- 
e<Mii(j*nili|a  aavigaa  'I'hia  knuwinig*  la  aupnnami 
In  ha*a  ba*n  ilarivnl  from  Ih*  ilia<-ii«rrirt  mail*  by 
Bchaiin.  Dm,  mil  in  iirg*  ii|;ain  Ihn  rhrnniilugirnl 
lUlkully  wlih  whirh  Ihia  citnjm-tura  laainliarniaanl,  I 
will  laka  nmicii  oi  two  eircumatancaa,  in  Ih*  Ufa  nf 
OotMinlHia,  whiah  inllllnl*  wilh  ihia  iil«*.  Tli*  Aral 
ii^  Ikal  »h*n  Culunibua  hnil  pmpnafil  a  wralern 
Mjrtg*  lu  King  John  ami  h«  ilrriinrtl  II,  •■  llir  king, 
ky  IM  adfira  of  una  Dr.  Caliailllla,  raaiilvnl  Inaand  a 
C«fi«*l  Pfl«al«l*,  In  Rllampt  that  whieh  Cojumbuahad 
ffOpiMfil  10  hint ;  lircaua*  in  eaa*  Iho**  eoiinlriaa 
war*  *o  diaeovtml,  ha  Ihuught  hiinaalf  nnl  obligrd  lo 
kaalow  any  graal  rawanl  llavlng  apmdiljr  cquippvd 
acararal,  which  waa  In  carry  auppiiaa  to  Ih*  iaiamla 
ol  Cabo  Vanle,  li*  a«nl  it  Ihal  wav  which  Ih*  Admi- 
ral pmpn*«d  In  go.  But  Ihoa*  whom  h*  a*nl  wanl«il 
Ihr knowlmlg*,  (jnaianrv  and  apiril  of  th*  Admiral. 
AAar  wandailng  iimny  ilnva  upon  th*  a«a,  lh*j  turn- 
ad  back  to  th*  lalamU  ofl^ilio  V*nl*,  laughing  at  th« 

fin  Brookai'a  (Janllmr,  B<iiln, 

|Dla|o  lalka  Spaiilih  nam*  nf  Jamat,  In  Latin  Jacnbiia,anil 
■I  raniifuitaa,  iagn.  Cam  li  In  I.ailn,  Cainiia  or  Cainia,  and 
■i  *paiili>ii  Caao  i  ihaaa  dUTaraiil  ntniaa  ir*  Ibuod  In  diftrtu 


I  aMi  aa^Hfl  H  i^av 
0m  ttH0iit  ilkiaiMM^ 
AJfaywanl,  **lka  hkt*m  kalM  aanalMa  lk*w  iMAt 
ik*y  •**•  wkMW  k*  kM  •*••<  wMkik*  **niiai  ImnI  • 

Ikal  ka  akiHiU  ran**  Ik*  4l*»iia>a»  af  kla  iiiMrpHa*  i 

III*  AilnMral  wa*  Ml  gatiliif  awa^,  ka  kial  Ikal  grnil 
HfipiifiMniiy  I  Ik*  AdiMMil,  akwal  Ik*  mhI  af  ika  f— 
IIM,  atiil*  away  |ift«*i*lli  ant  nf  l*>x«i«fal  tf  fcar  if 
Iwing  •liift'*''  ''T  IH*  king  "  Tkia  *«*miHl  dwaa  Hal 
agraa  alik  Ik*  a«f|atalll»M  a/a  ^l««  dtaantatir. 

Tha  uikar  utraimialanaa  la  an  lni*r>law  wMak  (I* 
liimkiia  hiul  wlik  Ik*  (wufi*  «f  litakini,  ami  Ika  King 
nf  fuflagal.  mi  kM  ratani  ttam  kM  Ami  *»l»t»  t*> 
H  aa  k*iiy«i*<lih*i  OidMintiMaiHi  hia  Mlani  wa*  kjr 
a«r*a*  af  waalkar  *Mtga4  lu  uk*  alwliar  M  Ik*  faM  af 
liMnm  I  ami  aa  anaii  aa  M  waa  kmiwa  ikal  k*  kati 
fitm*  Anan  Ih*  IndM*.  "  Ik*  |M«ipt*  ihnmgMl  la  a**  Ik* 
nalloa  wkiMi  k*  kad  kfuugkl,  ami  k*ar  Iha  aaw* ,  an 
ikal  Iha  «ara>*l  wmikl  nal  aiHilain  lli*m.  Mam*  uf 
lh*ni  praMng  <i<al  fiii  aa  gr*al  a  kapiMnaa*  \  ulhar* 
aliirmlnf  Ihal  lh*y  kadkial  Ihadlaaimry  Ikrwugli  llwif 
kina'a  invrailulMy  " 

Wh*H  Ik*  king  a*nl  Aif  l^ulumkua,  "  k*  waa  dmihl- 
All  wlial  In  iliii  mil  In  laka  iilf  all  auaplrlim  Ikal  k* 
*ama  Irian  kla  *imi|n*ai*,  h*  *nn**Mi*il. '  Al  Ik*  In* 
larnlaw,  "  Ih*  king  iiir*r*il  hini  nil  ihal  h*  rnpilrail  t>n 
Ik*  aarik*  uf  lh*lr  ralhnlia  MaJ*all**,  llmugh  h* 
ihiHighl,  Ihal  Airaainiirh  aa  h*  h,id  li**n  a  raaiain  In 
Hufliitfal,  liial  tfinti)n**l  Iwlinigad  In  him.  'In  wkwk 
Ih*  Admiral  anawarad,  ihm  h*  knaw  nf  no  tuch  agraa 
m»nl,  ami  Ihal  h*  kad  alrMlly  uliaarvail  kla  nrilari, 
which  wtra  mil  In  git  In  Iha  nilnaa  nf  INirtugal,  llha 

fiolil  ruaalj  mir  Inlliiinaa  '  Had  Jnhn  II.  Iwaid  iif 
Ivhiilni  a  viivag*  lu  a  waalrrn  «iniiln*nl,  wualil  hanul 
ha«*  I'll  hii*d  II  by  prinrily  of  illa«u«*ry,  r*lli*r  than 
by  III*  cmnmiaaiiHi  whia'k  C'uiumlNM  hiwl  tiniwrly 
liurn*  In  hia  a«i>lc*  F  Had  auck  a  prior  diarnirary 
lM>«n  mini*,  rinildll  haffa  lit**n  viniaaalvd  friMii  Iha  |i#ii- 
pl*  nf  liialani  I  And  wiMikl  Ihay  k*«a  Iwan  angry 
Ihal  Iha  king  had  lual  II  by  kM  liwradalil*  t  Tkaa* 
*lrrumalaiic*a  aufwar  In  m*  lo  carry  aulwianl  *•!■ 
dlaiwa,  thai  nn  dia«u«ary  of  ,\niarlca  priuc  In  Ihal  of 
rulunibna  had  CiMiM  I*  Ik*  kiiowl*dg*«f  ih*  King  uf 
furtiigal. 

Ill  anawar  In  Ih*  qu*aiiiin,  ■•  Why  ara  w*  a*arahln| 
Ik*  an<hi«»*of  an  iniiwrul  city  fur  Ih*  catiaaa  of  an 
•vani,  which  I'Mik  placa  In  ih*  w>al*rii  *ilr*mll]r  of 
Kurop*!'  M.  Oiiii  gl>*a  ua  la  amlaralaiNl,  ikal 
"fruinth*  Anirln'nlh  In  lb*  alataaiith  mnilarWai  Iha 
(i«rniana  war*  Ih*  h*al  gangraiihrra,  Iha  b*al  hialo 
riana,  and  mail •nllghi*n*d  pulllictan*  "  Nulla  d*- 
Had  f^imi  Ih*  m*rilufllM  Ocrmaa  lil*rall  of  Ihaia 
agaa,  I  think  wa  majr  gl«a  ai|ual  ciwlil  la  a  Wanwd 
(larman  aiiihur  nf  III*  pr***nl  ag*,  Ur.  Juhn  H*ln- 
hold  Fiiralar  i  whu  appaar*  lo  ha«a  a  thuruugh  uimI*^ 
alanding  uf  Iha  elainia  not  only  uf  hi*  uwn  cmintry- 
iiwn,  Ihii  nf  ulh*r*.  In  kit  imltllillgabl*  r»a*ar«h** 
IniotiM  dlacii**ri**  which  hat*  b**n  mad*  by  ail  na> 
llmia,  ihiiUKh  h*  baa  gWtti  du*  er*ilil  la  Ih*  ad«*n> 
tur*t  nf  Urhaiin  In  (Jiiiigo  and  fayal,  y*l  h*  haa  nal 
taiil  un*  wiird  uf  hia«iallliig  Amariea  i  which  h*  or- 
luliily  wuuld  hava  dime,  if  III  kit  opinion  Ibara  bad 
bc»n  any  fnuiulallun  tot  it 

IjiUm  fmm  Piml,  a  f lyaMra  i/  fTaraact,  la  ClrMapkv- 

C'ulaai'iaai  t'Diuaniiajr  M<  ditrocar|t  nflh»  Iniiu. 

I.KTTER  I. 


r*  CArMopAcr  C«l«a4«a,  PntJ  Ikt  MpaMaa 

I  rail  lira  yniir  nuhl*  and  carntil  d**ir*  lo  tail  lu 
Ihna*  paria  wlirra  ill*  apir*  la  pmduccil ;  and  thartfur* 
In  anawcr  li>  a  Irlirr  uf  ynura,  I  a«nd  ynu  anolhar  Id- 
ler, which  aunie  dava  aiiic*  I  wnil*  In  a  frivnd  nf  min*, 
ami  tpr«nnl  to  Ih*  King  of  Portugal,  h*for*  Ih*  wart 
nf  (^aaiil*.  In  anawcr  lu  anolhtr  h*  wrol*  la  m*  hy 
hia  highncaa'a  order,  upon  Ihit  tarn*  aeeouni  ;  and  I 
tend  you  another  tea  chart  Ilk*  Ihal  I  t*nl  him,  whioh 
will  talitfy  jfuur  dtmandt.  Th*  eopjr  of  Ih*  MUr  it 
Ihit. 

n  nrMmnd  Mtrliim,  emea  <tfLUbo%,  Fmd  Om  Pkyi- 
nan  mtlUtA  A«aM. 
I  aa  iwj  glad  to  hear  ol  th*  familiariljr  jrou  ha** 
with  Tour  mutt  terene  and  innKnincant  king  i  and 
though  I  have  very  often  diarnuraed  enncarnmg  lb* 
tkort  way  th*r«  la  fmm  hence  In  th*  Imliea,  wh*r*  th* 
tide*  It  produeeil,  by  ten,  which  I  look  nprni  lo  b* 
thorter  tlian  that  yuu  Ink*  by  lli*  enntt  of  fiuin*a;  ]r*l 
you  now  tell  me  that  hia  highnett  would  har*  in* 
mak*  out  and  domonttnite  it,io  at  il  may  b*  umlMtlood 
and  pill  in  practie*.  Therefor*,  though  I  oouM  bMlar 
ikow  It  kim  wkk  •  glob*  in  mj  kand,  umI  mak*  kim 


"SmU^SSTtSJkm 


w*f  apim  a  akan  M*k  a*  at*  am  ^^  -  -  i 

aaJ  ik*r*IWa  I  ttad  •••  M  Ma  aa^fnlyi  Mii  MM 
Amwm  wMk  mf  awa  kanj  i  wkattui  la  iM  itmm  ftm 

M  Ik*  Ikrlkaal  part  jf  (K***,  wMk  all  Ika  MmhI»I|MI 
Mala  Ika  way      Itaywaw*  la  wMak  wttitrn  I 


tttllad  Ih*  k**lnal«g  *f  ika  InJItai  wMk  Ika  Mmi4| 
tml  y|*«**  wkMkar  ywt  «Mf  ga>  *n4  Mm  kr  fa*  ■•• 
k*nil  thtm  Ik*  natik  t'da  iiiwani  Ik*  naNiaaikil,  mm 
•mHuw  kmgtiiiwa.  Ihaiia,  kMw  many  kM|<Ma  faa 
mill  tall  katir*  laa  •««*  la  Ikaa*  |d*«**  Ma*!  IMlM 
In  til  tmi*  nf  ipS**,  )*w*l*,  ami  prtthiat  tlanaa  !!• 
H«l  waralar  If  I  larm  ikal  taanlry  wkata  Ika  Iftw  pwN 
waal,  Ikal  prudHel  k*in|  g*«*f*lly  ataflMMIk*  «MII 
ilMtawkaakalaaU  w*Mwai4  wMatMafa  Im 


I  w*Mwai4  wM  timtif  I 
Ikiw*  pla***  In  Ik*  w**l  I  ami  Ikay  Ikal  Meal  if  kMl4 
•aalwanl  will  aaarUnd  tkaa*  pia**akl  Ika  (Mi     Tka 
tirall  Hn*a  thai  II*  lenglhaaya  In  Ikatkail,  I 
dUlanc*  lk>  re  M  (imm  weal  la  aati  I  ika  I 
ihein,  ah»«  Ih*  dtalane*  fVnm  nndk  I*  aanlki 
alaii  innrkaddiiwn  In  Iha  a4lil  eharl,  l*«*ral 
Imlla,  nh*r*  ahlpa  might  v«l   In  Mpan  any 
•unlrary  wlmU,  ur  any  nikar  a**l<l*nl  aamrt 

Mi>r*ii«*r  III  gl<a  yua  (till  Inlkfmalkin  *f  aH  ikaa* 
plaraa  wlili  k  yini  ar*  «*ry  il**lr<nM  I*  kaaw  i  jraa 
iiiiiai  umUraland,  Ihal  mm*  kal  Irailar*  Nt*  «t  raaMl 
in  all  Ihii**  Iaiamla,  and  Ihal  lh«r*  I*  a*  graal  MMBkat 
nf  ahlpa  ami  a«aracing  penal*  wMk  RMftfcamHaa,  •*  kl 
ant  ulhar  pan  iif  Ih*  aurkl  i  pariktalarly  in  a  RMlt 
aiiiila  purl  iillvd  Mtfinm,  nk*r*  ik*r*  ar*  (wry  jMar  • 
kumlrad  larg*  akipa  uf  paapar  bwiM  and  anhaMt 
baalihia  many  nlk*r  ahlpa  thai  laka  In  alkar  talaa. 

Tint  riHinlry  M  might*  pnpalaa*.  aad  Ikata  IM 
muny  prii«in**t  ami  klngitant,  and  InnamarakI*  dllaa 
umlir  lim  dimiinlun  af  a  prtn**  ralt*d  Ik*  Kkaa, 
which  nam*  algnlll**.  King  nf  King*  i  wk*  ki*  Ika 
inua'.  part  raaijaa  In  Iha  prutlnaa  uf  f 'alkaj.  NIa 
pri'ilai-faaura  waru  terv  deaimut  lo  kava  MONMiaa 
and  Iw  In  ainily  with  f.'brtalian*  |  ami  IM  f*aM 
alnce,  a*iil  amliataadnrt  la  Ih*  fuiw  i  d>*llklg  MM  M 
■    ■       !•  !» 


t*nd  tham  many  l**rn*<l  utut  arid  dnalafa 
lk*m  our  hlik  ;  but  bji  rvatun  af  aoma  akaU 
anihaiaailura  mel  with,  IkajF  lalarnail  kaak.  ' 
auniing  lo  Huum. 

UvaTilea,  there  earn*  an  ambaaaailor  In  Npa 
na*  IV.  whatohl  kim  tk*  gr**l  IMaiMlakiB  lk*M  ma 
b*lw**n  Ihn**  prine**,  their  iwapl*  ami  It*  Okli^ 
liana     I  diarourtad  with  kim  a  lang  wkUa  iiyaa  iJM 


t*t*ral  matlartsf  th*  graml*ar*f  Ik*  rayal 

and  of  lb*  gr*aln«aa, length  ami  br**dlk  al  Ikatt  li 

vara.     Ha  lokl  ni*  iiiant  wumWrAil  thing*  af  Ika  Mai 

iMad*  nf  lownt  and  eiitet  liiandad  ahmg  Ika  kaaka  al 

Iha  ritara  i  ami  Ikal  Ikvr*  wtra  MM  tllWa  u|m«  ana 

liter  onljr,  with  marbl*  krldg*a  a**r  II,  al  a  gtMl 

langlk  and  braaiitk,  and  adarn*<l  wMk  akawiaaaa  al 

pillart.     Thli  eottiilry  d«t*rt**  a*  w*U  a*  any 

la  h*  diacutarMl ;  ami  lh*r*  majr  nol  aniy  ka 

uroAl  mad* 

mil  ala4i  gulil,  ailver,  a 


?k*  r 

oAl  made  there,  and  many  Ihinga  of  tala*  Imi 

It  alan  gulil,  ailter,  aU  aorta  af  pre«tau*  tlMMt^  ami 
tpiet*  in  tlHindai.ea,  whii'h  ir*  nul  breagkl  Inia  oar 
part*.  Ami  il  it  etilain,  Ihal  manjr  wit*  mm,  pkikn 
tuphtrt,  aitrulugtrt,  and  olh*r  p*r*an*  tkliltd  la  all 
arl*,  and  t*ry  Ingeniona,  govern  Ikal  migkljr  prmilnaak 
and  cmnmami  Iheir  arinict. 

Pniin  l.ltlHni  directly  wealward,  thar*  ar*  In  Ika 
ebarl  M  tpacea,  each  uf  wbl«k  contain*  IkO  aMIaa,  M 
Ih*  mod  nidil*  and  tad  city  of  ^uitajr,  wkiak  la 
100  miMa  In  eunipna*.  Ihal  I*  U  laaguaai  kl  U  IkaiW 
ar*  ten  marbl*  briilget.  Tha  nama  aignUaa  a  k*a> 
ttnly  city  ;  nf  wbiek  wendarfttl  Iklnp  ara  rapaftaiL 
aa  to  Ih*  Ingfnuili  of  lb*  p*opla,  Ika  kulbllnga  ana 
th*  rctenuet.  Tnit  tpae*  abova  manllaiMd  la  almoal 
lb*  thini  part  of  tha  gkdia.  Tkia  ehy  It  in  Ika  ara- 
tine*  of  Mango,  kordarinri  on  Ikal  ol  Oalkay,  mmm 
Ih*  king  fnr  In*  mod  pr.rl  r**ld*a. 

From  Ih*  ItlamI  AniiUa,  wkkk  joa  tall  Ika  aa«aa 
eitiet,  and  */  vAkA  wm  tin*  Maw  knmUtdgi,  lo  Um 
noti  nobi*  kiland  uf  Cipango  ar*  l*n  tpae**,  wklM 
mak*  SMW  mil**,  ur  tU  ItagiMat  wkick  iakiM 
abiiund*  in  guld,  p*arl*  and  prteiuua  donai ;  and  yoa 
muti  umltrataml,  th*]r  ea**r  lb*ir  t*mpl(a  and  pa* 
iacet  with  plat**  of  pur*  goM.  So  Ikal  for  want  af 
knowing  th*  way,  all  that*  Ihinga  ara  kkhlan  and 
eunc*aled,  and  jrd  may  ba  gon*  In  wilk  aafaly. 

Much  nior*  might  b*  takl,  but  hating  loM  yo« 
what  it  mint  miilerial,  and  yuu  being  wit*  and  JaA- 
eiiMit,  I  am  taliali*<l  there  ia  ndhing  of  il  bill  wkat 
«ou  underalami,  and  tharefcr*  I  will  nol  ba  BOMpaai 
ill.  Thuamuchmajp  aartaioaaliaiy  yaaraailaii^ 
It  bting  ai  much  ai  Ika  ikoitiMia  ol  I' 


yatei 


AMKRIOAN    HISTORT. 


#■■  kmU  fMniH  ■•  la  Mjr.     Ro  I  mnalii  mnit  i 
■Miti  la  niltafjr  kikl  Mrr*  hU  htghiMM  in  lb*  ulnioal 
Ib  M  lb*  oiinniiiiMU  h«  ihall  Uy  u|hiii  lut. 

f  Miwvi,  JuiM  3A.  UT4.  I 

I 
tETTKR  II.  I 

l>  Chrhltflm  Vatumlm',  I'ml  M«  Fhytickn  mMnIk 
luiilik. 

I   iiriiTin  your  lrll«ri  with  lh«  lliiiigi  ymi  ivnl  I 
RM,  whi«h  I  tlmllulio  na  it  grrnt  lii«iir,  uiiilcoiiiiiiKiitl ' 
your  ni4ilo  miil  iiriiiiiit  ilriirn  ul*  ■iiiliiig  I'roin  chiI  to 
«••■(,  a>  il    it  iiturki'il  out  in  lli«  rimrt   I   iriit  you.  I 
which  wouM  il«iiiuiM(ral«  itavll'  baiu-r  in  Ilia  furni  ufit 
floh^. 

I  vm  glad  II  U  well  unJcniooil,  and  thai  Iha  voyngs 
UU  iluwii  !•  not  only  piiuilile  hul  (run,  certnin,  hiiiio- 
nbl«,  virjt  aJvnnUgoaui,  ami  inoal  ||liirii>ua  nnuiiiK  nil 
Uhridiana.  You  cutinol  h«  iwrrvot  in  lliv  kiuiwlcdi;* 
•f  ll,  IhiI  by  ei|Mri«nc«  and  pravlici>,  ni  I  lintr  liiid  in 
grml  iHMaur*,  and  by  the  aolid  iind  Irun  inlorinHllun 
•f  worthy  and  wlao  nirn,  wliii  hnvo  cunif  rnmi  tlioan 

Cria  In  tliia  court  of  Koine  ;  and  Troiii  niariliniila  wliu 
vr  Iradad  long  in  lhiM«  |Nirla  and  aro  iieraona  nfgood 
n|.'Utation.  Ho  that  when  the  laid  voyngo  ia  iHirlunn- 
•d.  il  will  be  lo  powerful  kinnduina,  and  to  tlia  moat 
imU*  (tilim  and  pmvincra  :  rieh  and  nbuumllng  in  all 
Ikinga  w«  atand  in  nriid  iif,  parliciilurly  in  all  aoitu  of 
■|iic«  in  grral  quantili«a,  and  alore  of  jewi'la. 

Thi*  will  moreover  lie  griitrful  lo  tluiao  kinga  and 
princea,  who  are  very  dvairoua  lo  ronverae  and  trade 
with  Clirialiana  of  llxae  our  coiinlriva,  wlirlher  it  lie 
for  eonie  ul  thoni  to  liccuiiie  ChrlKtinna,  or  idaa  to  liovo 
comuiunicaliun  with  the  wiaoiMid  ingenioua  men  of 
lliaae  porta,  at  wall  in  point  of  religion,  aa  in  all  tcian 
CM,  beiMUto  of  the  eilraordinary  account  they  have 
of  the  kingiluint  and  government  of  tlieio  parit. 

For  which  reaaunt,  and  niaiiy  more  that  iniglit  lie 
alktgad.  I  do  not  at  all  ndniirr,  that  you  who  have  a 
graal  heart,  and  all  tlie  Porlugiieae  iialiun,  which  liaa 
•««r  had  notable  men  in  all  uiKlvrtiikingt,  be  eagerly 
bull  upon  perlt'riuiiig  tliit  vuyage. 

AMliRICUS  VESPUCIUS. 
AmaicBt  Viipticiua.— ilia  birth  ami  ail urailon— Ilia  acleniille 
raaaarchaa— ilia  arcouiil  <>r  liia  vnjrage  (i>  Ainorica— Th«  Amt 
aeciiuni  of  Aiiiarica  imhliiilieil  hy  lilm— The  rfucoii  nfihla 
ConlUienl  bcliig  named  Amvrlca— lie  hua  no  claim  to  Ilia  Uia- 
eoaary 

Aailicua  Vaapucioa,  or  more  properly  Amerigo 
Vtapueci  a  Fhirantine  gentleman,  from  whom  Ama 
lUa  darivetita  name,  waa  linrn  March  9,  MSI,  of  an 
■neianl  fiiinily.  Hit  father,  who  WHtaii  Italian  mer- 
chant, brought  him  up  in  tliit  Imaineaa,  ond  hia  profea- 
•ion  led  him  to  viail  8|>ain  and  other  counlriei.  Ueing 
fminenily  tkilful  in  all  the  aciencea  lubaervient  to  na- 
vigatioii,  and  poaaraaing  an  entcrpriaing  apirit,  he  be- 
oinM  deatroua  of  teeing  the  new  world,  which  (/'iiliiin- 
bua  ImU  diacovarad  in  1402.  He  acconiingly  entered 
M  ■  PMichanl  on  board  Iho  amall  fleet  of  four  ahipa, 
•quiiipail  by  the  marebanta  of  Seville  and  tent  out  un- 
dar  we  coaimand  of  Ojeila.  The  enlarprire  waa  aanc- 
lionad  by  a  royal  licente. 

Aecording  to  Amerigo't  own  account  he  aailed  from 
Cadii,  May,  30,  1497,  and  returned  to  the  tame  port 
lelober  Ifi,  1498,  having  diicovered  the  eoait  of  Pa- 
ri* and  patted  aa  far  at  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  If  thia 
■latement  it  correct,  he  aaw  the  continent  before  Co- 
himbua ;  but  ita  correctneaa  hna  liccn  diaprnvcd,  and 
tha  voyage  of  Ojada  waa  not  made  until  1499,  which 
Amerigo  calls  hia  tecond  voyage,  fnltcly  repreaenting 
that  he  himaelf  had  the  command  of  aix  veaaelt.  He 
niled  May  30,  1499,  under  the  command  of  Ojeda, 
and  proceeded  lo  the  Antilla  iaianda,  and  thence  to  the 
ooaat  of  Uuiana  and  Veneiuela,  and  returned  to  Cadia 
in  Not.  IAOO.  After  hit  return,  Emanuel,  king  of 
INirtugal,  who  wat  jealout  of  the  tiicceat  and  glory 
•f  Spain,  invited  him  to  bit  kingdom,  and  gave  him 
the  command  of  three  ahipa  lo  make  a  third  voyage  of 
diaeovery.  Ha  tailed  from  Litbon  May  10,1501,  and 
nn  down  Iha  ooaata  of  Africa  aafar  aa  Sierra  Ijeone 
Bad  Ibe  Coatl  of  An^la,  and  then  patted  ■it  lo 
Draail  in  8ooth  America,  and  continued  hit  diacove- 
riaa  lo  Iha  aoulh  aa  far  aa  Patagonia.  He  then  re- 
tamod  lo  Sierra  I<eone  and  the  coatt  of  Guinea,  and 
•nlerad  again  the  port  of  Litbon.  Septemlier  7,  1&03. 

King  Emanuel,  highly  gratified  by  hit  tucceti, 
aquipped  for  him  tix  thipt,  with  which  lie  aniled  on  hia 
Cwrth  and  laat  voyage.  May  10,  1603.  It  was  hia  ob- 
Jaettu  diteovera  wettern  paaaajie  to  the  Molucca  iel- 
BDdl.  He  patted  the  cnaala  cf  Africa,  and  entered  the 
baif  af  All  Saintain  Braid.  Having  provition  for  only 
It  ■ant ha,  and  being  detained  on  the  coaat  of  Braiii 
tf  bad  wialbai  and  eoaliai;  winda  five  montba,  he 


fomMNl  Iha  reaoiulion  of  reluminff  lo  Portugal,  where 
lie  arrived  ,lnn<  14,  Iftll4  Aa  he  carried  home  with 
lilin  roiiaidrnilile  iinanllliet  uf  Ibe  Urittll  wooil,  anil 
other  arlirlri  of  value,  he  waa  rrerived  with  joy.  Il 
waa  aiiiin  alter  tlila  periial,  that  he  wrote  an  nrrouni 
of  hia  fiiur  viiyngea  The  work  wna  ilnlirnled  Itene 
II  Duke  of  Uirrniiic,  who  Imik  the  title  of  the  kinirof 
Nicily,  nnd  wlioiiieil  Ueiv  III,  IMM.  It  wna  prol>.itily 
pnhh»hi<d  alicit  the  year  l-M)?,  for  In  Ihnt  year  he 
went  frofii  l.jilion  to  Neville,  and  King FenllnHiil op- 
INiinted  him  lo  draw  tea  charia  with  the  title  of  chief 
pilot.  He  dieil  at  the  lalaml  ofi'ercrra  in  IAI4,  ageil 
aliont  03  venra,  or  agteviihly  to  another  account,  at 
Heville,  in'llM-J. 

Aa  be  piililiahed  the  Aral  iHMik  and  chart,  deacrlhing 
the  new  world,  and  aa  he  elnimeil  the  honor  of  flrat 
iliarovrriiig  the  conllnent,  the  new  world  baa  received 
fnim  lilin  the  name  of  j4mf lira.  Hia  pretentiont  how- 
ever In  tlili  Aral  iliaeovery  do  not  teem  to  be  well  tup' 
iHirted  agiiinat  the  claiina  of  (>iiluinliut,  to  wluiin  the 
honor  It  iinirornily  aacrilu'd  by  the  Hpaniah  hlaloriana, 
ami  who  Aral  aaw  the  coiiiinent  in  1498,  Herrera, 
who  coinpili'il  hit  general  hitlnry  of  America  from  the 
moat  nillhenlir  recorda,  aaya,  tliiit  ,\merign  never  iniiile 
hut  two  vnyagea,  anil  thine  were  with  Ojeda  In  14UII 
ami  ISOl,  and  that  hia  reiallon  nf  hia  other  voyngea 
waa  proveil  In  be  a  mere  lni|Hiailioii,  Thia  rliarge 
lieeila  to  be  cunArmed  by  alruiig  proof,  for  Ameii|;o  a 
lnHik  waa  puliiialml  wilhin  ten  yeara  of  the  periml  at- 
aigned  for  hia  Aral  voyage,  when  the  facta  innat  have 
been  freah  ill  Iheinenioriea  of  llioiiaaiula.  Beaiilea  ...j 
im|irnlmbllily  of  liia  iH'iiig  giillly  of  falaifying  dutet,  at 
he  waa  accuaeil,  which  ariaea  irmn  thia  circumaiance, 
it  la  very  |Kiaailile,  lliat  the  Npaniali  wrilera might  have 
felt  n  iialional  rcaentmeiit  againat  him  for  having  de- 
terted  the  terviceof  Hpain.  Uut  the  evidence  ugaintt 
Iho  honealy  of  Amerigo  la  very  convincing.  Nuillier 
Martyr  nor  Uenzoni,  who  were  linliiiiia,  nulivea  of  the 
aame  country,  and  the  former  of  whom  wat  a  con- 
temporary, atlribula  to  him  the  Aral  diacovery  of  the 
continent.  Martyr  puhliahed  the  A.'it  gvneral  hialory 
nf  the  new  world,  and  hia  epijilet  contain  an  account 
of  ull  the  remarkable  evenia  of  nit  time.  All  the 
Hpaniah  hiatoriunt  are  againat  Amerigo,  Herrera 
bringa  againat  him  Iho  tettiinony  of  U'eila  at  given  in 
a  jiidiriiil  inquiry.  Fonaeca,  who  gave  Djeilu  the  li- 
cenae  for  hia  voyage,  waa  not  relnatale«l  in  the  direr- 
lion  of  Imliit  alTairi  until  after  the  lime,  which  Ame- 
rigo attisna  for  the  commencement  of  hit  Aral  voy- 
age. Olher  circumtlancet  might  be  mentioned  ;  and 
the  whole  inaat  ,11  evidence  it  ia  dilKi'iilt  to  reaiat. 
The  iNMik  of  Amerigo  waa  probably  puhliahed  about  a 
year  after  the  death  of  Columbua,  wiien  hie  iirelen- 
tiona  could  lie  advanced  without  tne  fear  of  relutalion 
from  tliiit  illuatrioua  navigator.  Uut  however  thia 
controveray  may  he  decided,  it  ia  well  known,  that  the 
honor  of  firat  diacovering  the  continent  belonga  neith  ■ 
er  to  Uoliinibut  nor  to  Veapueci,  even  admitting  the 
relath*"  of  the  latter ;  but  to  the  Caboti,  who  tailed 
from  England.  A  life  of  Veiiiucci' wat  puhliahed  at 
Klorence  by  Dandani,  1745,  in  which  an  attempt  ia 
made  to  tupport  hia  pretenaiont. 

The  relation  of  hit  four  voyagci,  which  wat  firvl 
publithcd  about  the  year  1507,  wat  repubhthed  in  the 
Novua  Urbit,  ful.  \lib!i.  Hit  lettera  were  puLliahcd 
after  hia  death  at  Florence. 


JOHN  CABOT  AND  SEBASTIAN  CABOT- 

JoHH  Cabot  anil  his  ann  Sehaitlnn—  King  Henry  VII.  grants 
JdIiu  t'atiui  a  coniintuBlun — He  imilfl  with  hia  son  on  a  viiyaje 
nf  discovery — ApiMJirnnce  of  land — Dewri|ilion  nf  il— They 
return  10  Kiigland — Sabaatiau  sails  on  a  voyut^e  of  Jlscovsry 

Thc  economical  diapoaition  of  Henry  VII.  King  nf 
England,  induced  him  to  preaervo  t.-nii,]uillity  in  hia 
dominiona,  which  greatly  contributud  i.)  the  increaae 
of  commerce  and  manufacturea ;  and  to  bring  thither 
mcrchantt  from  all  partt  of  Europe.  The  Lombardt 
and  .  a  Vei.'.tiant  were  remarkably  numerout :  the 
former  of  whom  had  a  ttreet  in  T<ondon  appropriated 
lo  them  and  called  by  their  name. 

Among  the  Venetiana  reaident  there  at  that  time 
wat  John  Caliot,  a  man  perfectly  tkilled  in  all  the  tci- 
encei  requlaite  to  form  an  accompliahed  mariner. — 
He  had  three  loni,  I.ewia,  Sebaatian,  and  Sanctiut, 
all  of  whom  he  educated  in  the  tamo  manner.  Lew- 
it  and  Sanctiut  became  eminent  men,  and  lettled,  the 
one  at  Genoa,  the  oilier  at  Venice.  Of  Sebattian  a 
farther  account  will  lie  siven. 

The  famoua  discovery  made  by  Columbui  canted 
great  admimlion  ami  much  ditcourtc  in  the  court  of 
Henry,  aniongthe  niercnantt  of  England.  To  And  a 
way  to  India  by  the  weaU  bad  long  beea  a  problem 


with  man  ofacianca  aa  wall  aa  a  deaidaratum  lii  Ibt 
mereantlhi  intareal.  The  way  waa  then  auppnaad  li 
be  openetl  1  and  Iha  apeeimetia  of  gold  whion  ColaMi 
but  had  brought  home,  excited  the  warmati  diaira  fll 
purauing  that  diarovery. 

('sIhiI,  by  hia  knowledge  of  the  glolie,  tiipnnted  thai 
a  thorter  way  might  lie  found  from  Kiii'lniid  to  Iiidiai 
by  the  northweit.  Having  comniuniraiad  hia  projad 
to  ihe  king,  it  waa  favorably  reeeived  i  and  on  Iba 
Afth  of  March  1496,  a  ruinniltaiun  «<ia  granlail  !• 
"  John  (/'allot,  and  hia  three  aoiia,  their  heirt  and  dep* 
utira,  giving  them  lilH'rty  to  sail  to  all  |Hirta  of  aaal, 
weal,  and  north,  under  the  rnytl  li,uiiiert,  and  an> 
tigne;  lodltcover  counlriet  of  the  heaihen  unknown 
lo  ('lirltllant ;  to  tet  up  the  king't  lianiiert  there ;  la 
orrupy  and  (aiateaa  aa  hia  tiihjeela,  auch  nlacea  aa 
they  roiild  tulalue  ;  giving  them  the  rule  and  jurladie> 
tluii  of  Ibe  aame,  to  lie  bolilen  on  condition  uf  iiayina 
lo  Ihe  king,  aa  often  nt  they  alioiild  arrive  at  lirialol 
(at  wliirli  place  only  they  were  iiemiitted  to  arri«a,| 
in  waret  and  inercliaiidlie,  one  Afth  partof  all  Ihail 
gaiiia :  willi  exemption  from  all  cuatnma  and  dutieaun 
aneh  merchandiae  ua  aliuuld  lie  brought  from  Ihall 
diu*uveriea.'* 

After  the  griintingof  thia  commlaalon,  Ihe  king  gava 
onlera  for  Ailing  out  two  caravelt  for  the  purpoaa  oi 
thc  iliaeovery.  Tlieae  were  victualled  at  the  publia 
exjUMiae;  and  freighled  by  Ihe  metchantt  oa' Itondon 
anil  Uriatol,  with  coarae  clutlia  and  other  aitlclea  ot 
tralFic.  The  whole  company  conaiated  of  thraa  bun* 
Jml  men. 

With  ihia  equipment,  in  the  neginning  of  May, 
1407,*  John  CiilHit  and  hia  ton  Sebaatian  aailed  from 
Uriatol  towariia  the  norlhweat,  till  they  reached  Iha 
liitilude  of  IM"  ;  where  ineeling  with  floating  Ice,  and 
Ibe  weather  being  aevrrely  cold,  they  altered  Ibail 
courae  to  the  aouiliweat ;  not  expecting  to  And  any 
land,  till  they  thould  arrive  ul  Cathay,  the  northam 
part  of  China,  from  whence  they  intended  to  paaa 
southward  to  India. 

On  tlie  S4th  of  June,  very  early  in  Iha  morning, 
they  were  turpriaed  with  the  tight  of  land  ;  which, 
Ving  the  Ant  that  they  hud  teen,  Ihay  called  Prima 
Viata.  The  deacrlptlon  of  It  ia  given  in  thete  worda. 
'  The  Itland  which  lleth  out  before  the  land,  ha  called 
St.  John,  bernuae  it  waa  diacovered  on  the  day  of  Sk 
John,  the  Uaptiat.  The  inhubilanta  of  thia  iaiand 
wear  beaalt'  akiiit.  In  their  ware  they  use  laiwa,  ar- 
rows, pikea,  darta,  wooden  cluba,  and  tliiigt.  Tta 
toil  it  barren  in  tome  plarea  and  yioldeth  Utile  fruit, 
but  ia  ftill  of  while  neara  and  ttagt,  far  greater  than 
ourt.  Il  yieldeth  plenty  nf  Aah,  and  those  very  great, 
at  teals  and  salmons.  There  are  lolea  uliove  a  yard 
In  length  ,  liutetpecial'y  there  it  great  abundance  01 
that  kind  of  Aah  which  the  tavaget  call  Uucalao.— 
(Cud.)  In  the  tame  island  are  hawks  and  eaglet,  aa 
obick  aa  ravens;  also  partridges.  The inhabitanta 
had  plenty  of  cop|ier." 

This  land  ia  generally  auppnaeil  to  be  aome  pari  M 
tlieial.ind  of  Newfounilland  i  and  Dr.  Foater  thinka 
that  the  nnnie,  I'lima  Vialu,  waa  afterwarda  changed 
to  Uona  Viain,  now  the  lortherii  cape  Trinity  Bay,  in 
latitude  46'  50'.  Peter  Martyr'a  account  ia,  that  Ca- 
bot cnlleil  ihe  land,  Baculaoa  ;  and  there  ia  a  amall 
ihland  olVthe  south  cape  of  Trinity  Bay,  which  beara 
that  name :  Mr.  Prince,  in  bis  chronulo;;^  (-"itiiig 
Galvanua  for  an  authority,)  says,  that  the  land  die- 
covered  by  Cabot  was  in  latitude  45°.  If  thia  ware 
true,  the  Aral  discovery  was  made  on  the  peninsula  of 
Nova  Scotia ;  and  as  they  coasted  the  land  north- 
ward, they  must  have  gone  into  the  gulf  St.  Law- 
tonvo,  in  pursuit  of  their  northweit  paisage. 

The  best  accounts  nf  the  voyage  preserved  by  Hak- 
luyt  and  Purchas.  say  nothing  of  the  latitude  of  Pri- 
ma Viata  ;  but  apeak  of  their  sailing  northward  aftat 
they  had  made  the  land,  as  fur  as  67°.  Stowe,  in  hia 
chroniclF,  says  it  was  on  the  "  north  side  of  Terra  dc 
Idbradoie."  This  course  must  have  carried  them  faf 
up  the  strait  which  aeparatea  Greenland  from  the  con- 
tinent of  America. 

Finding  the  land  atill  stretching  to  Iha  northward, 
and  the  weather  very  cold  in  the  month  of  July  ;  Iha 
men  became  uneasy,  and  the  commanders  found  it 
necetaary  to  return  to  Bacaliiot.  Having  here  re- 
frethcd  themtelves,  they  coasted  the  land  aoulh 
ward  till  they  came  into  the  aame  latitude  with   11 


« 


'  There  Is  nn  good  arcniint  nrihts  voyRge  written  bj  any  Con 
temporary  auihtir.  It  i«  iliurerorn  collected  frnm  nveral  wiM 
tiuve  nei  ilown  raci"  without  nnich  order  or  precUton.  To  r«« 
coiicile  their  cniiiradictlouii,  ai>d  deduce  cnncluiU>na fhHn  whit 
they  have  rulati'd,  requires  much  trouble,  and  IctVM  ■»■ 
(aliity  with  rcHpcct  to  particular  cireunManoM^  th — ' 
priuctf  al  facta  are  wall  ascertaina^ 


I 


BIOORAPIIIES  or  THE  CARI.Y   DlflCOVERERS. 


Hak- 
Pri. 
aftM 

n  hia 
idc 

in  fat 

icon- 

*ard, 
lb* 
nd  it 
e  ra* 
■outh 
I  II 

Jean 
wka 


T 


• 


lint 

Mmh  tt*  I  whan  Ihf Ir  nrnvialnni  fKlllnii  •hnrt,  thtjr  ra- 
tafnail  I :  EnilamI ;  bnnflni  Ihrfx  of Ihn  minsn  iin  a 
praMnIt'  th«kliiii  "  Thcv  wrrarlDthoil  wilhllinikiiia 
of  bmiU  ami  livnl  nn  raw  flKih  ;  but  nfti>r  iwd  vriira, 
wura  H><>n  lnth«  king'a  enurt  clotlii'il  likn  RnKliahinan, 
■n<l  eniiKI  not  h«  iliwfrnKil  from  Kii^lialiiiieii.'' 

Nothlnif  morn  !■  aaid  of  John  (vnhot.  the  fnthf r  ; 
■nd  lomp  hiaiorinna  aacrlho  thn  wholo  of  ihia  iMacova- 
ry  In  Hahiiatlan  ooly  ;  hut  at  thn  thno  of  thia  vojiniia 
ha  enuld  not  hava  liran  mora  than  twenljr  yean  old, 
whan  though  ha  might  ncvompuny  hia  fiilhrr.  yat  ha 
waa  loo  young  to  undertnka  aunh  an  ex|ic<lillon  hini- 
•alt  Thn  voyaga  having  prmluced  no  apat^maua  of 
goM,  and  Iha  king  Iwiiig  eiigngnd  In  a  conlruvaray 
with  Snolland,  nn  farther  ancourogamant  waa  givan 
ti  thn  afiiril  of  diaoovnry. 

Aftar  thn  klng'a  ilnath,  Nnhnalian  Cnhot  waa  invit> 
•d  tn  Spain,  and  itna  rnRnivnd  in  a  rnapmuful  mnnnnr 
by  King  Fnnlinand  and  Quann  laahnlla.  In  Ihnii 
■arviea  ha  anilml  nn  a  vnyiitfe  nf  diacovnrr  tn  tha 
■outharn  parta  nf  tha  Naw  Continant ;  and  having 
«iaitnl  tliecnaat  ofDraiil,  nntnrpd  a  gn>at  rivnr  to 
which  ha  gave  tha  niima  of  Kio  do  la  Plata.  Ho  aail- 
•d  up  Ihia  river  one  hundrvd  and  twenty  lenguaa ;  and 
fbund  il  dividetl  into  many  hrnnrhra  ;  the  ahorea  of 
which  wan  inhabitnl  hy  numoroua  people. 

After  thIa  he  made  other  voyagna,  of  which  no  par- 
tieulur  memorlala  ramain.  Hn  wna  hoiinrrd  hy  Fer- 
dinand with  a  rommiaaion  nf  Grand  Pilot ;  and  waa 
on*  of  Ihecnunriinf  the  Indiea.  Hia  rpaidrnce  waa 
ti  the  city  nf  Sevilln.  Hia  character  wna  gentle, 
llrUndly  and  aocial.  Hia  employment  waa  the  draw- 
ing nfcharta;  on  which  he  delineated  all  the  new 
diacoveriea  mnde  hy  hiinaelfnndnlhera,  Peter  Mar- 
tyr apeaka  of  him  aa  a  friend  with  whom  he  luvcd  fa- 
niliarly  to  convorae. 

In  hia  advanced  age,  hn  returned  tn  Fniilaiid,  anil 
laaided  at  Briatol.  Uy  tha  favor  nf  thn  Duke  nf  Sum- 
•TMt.  he  waa  introiliired  to  Klnir  Edward  VI.  who 
look  great  delight  ill  hia  cnnveraalinii,  and  aetlind  on 
jim  a  panaion  of  106/,  I3.<.  iit.  per  annum  for  life.  He 
«r>t  appointed  governor  of  a  company  of  merchanta, 
Maociated  for  the  purpnae  nf  making  diacoverina  of 
unknown  coiintriea.  Thia  ia  a  proof  of  the  grant  ea. 
teem  in  which  hn  waa  held  na  a  man  of  knowledge 
■nd  eiperienced  in  hia  profeaainn.  He  had  a  atrong 
pxrauaaion  that  a  paaange  might  be  found  tn  China  by 
Ihe  northeaat,and  warmly  pntroniieil  the  attempt  made 
ky  Sir  Hugh  Willnughby  in  I  nS3  to  explore  the  north- 
am  acaa  for  that  purpoae.  Tlicre  ia  atill  eitant  a 
■ompleta  act  of  inatructiona  drawn  and  auhacriliej  hy 
(y'ahot,  for  the  direction  of  the  voyage  to  Culhay, 
which  afTorda  the  clearnat  proof  of  hia  aagacity  and 
penetration.  But  though  Ihia,  aa  well  aa  all  other  at- 
tompta  of  the  kind,  proved  incireclunl  tolhcprincipnl 
•nd  in  view,  yelit  waatho  meana  ofn|iening  a  trade 
with  Ituaaia,  which  proved  very  beneflcial  to  the  com- 
pany. 

The  laat  account  which  we  have  with  Schaatian  ia, 
that  in  11)56,  when  a  company  were  aending  out  a  vea- 
ael  called  the  Search  thrift,  under  the  command  nf 
Stephen  liurrough,  for  discovery  ;  thoOovernor  made 
■  «iait  on  board ;  which  ia  thua  rolateil  in  the  journal 
of  the  voyage  aa  preaerved  by  Hnkluyt, 

"  The  27th  of  April,  being  Monday,  the  Riijht 
Worahipful  iSehaatian  Cubotn  came  aboard  nnr  pin- 
nace, at  Graveaend  ;  accompanied  with  divnra  gentle- 
men and  gentlewomen  ;  who,  after  they  hail  viewed 
our  pinnace,  and  taaled  of  aiich  cheer  aa  we  could 
make  them,  went  aahore,  giving  to  our  marinera  ri<;ht 
liberal  rowarda.  The  good  old  gentleman  Maaivr 
('abuta  gave  to  the  poor  moat  liberal  nima,  wiahing 
llian  to  pray  for  the  good  fortune  and  prnapnroua  auc- 
coaa  of  the  Search  thrift,  our  pinnace.  And  then  at 
tha  aign  of  St.  Chriatopher,  he  and  hia  frienda  ban- 
queted ;  and  made  me  and  thorn  that  wera  in  the  com- 
pany graat  cheer ;  and  for  very  joy  that  he  had  to  ace 
the  towardneaa  of  our  intended  diacovery,  he  enlrrtd 
into  the  dance  kinuelf,  among  the  reat  nf  the  young 
■nd  luaty  company  ;  which  being  ended  he  and  hia 
frienda  departed,  moat  gently  commending  ui  to  the 
governance  of  Almighty  God." 

According  to  the  calculation  ofhia  age  by  Dr.Camp- 
bell,  he  muat  at  that  time  have  been  about  eighty 
Vean  old. 

He  waa  one  of  tha  moat  extraordinary  men  of  the 
age  in  which  he  lived.  Uy  hia  ingenuity  and  indua- 
I17.  he  enlarged  the  hounda  of  Bcicnce  and  promoted 
lUa  intereat  of  the  Engliah  nation.  I)r.  Campbell  aup- 
paaea  h  waa  he  who  fint  took  notice  of  Ihe  variation 
•fib*  angnelie  naadla     It  bad  bean  obierrad  in  tha 


Drat  voyaga  of  (;olumbuB  lo  Iha  Weal  Indira  ;  though 

Krobahly  ('abot  might  iiol  hava  known  ll,  till  tAar  ba 
ad  niada  the  aaino  diacovery. 

JAMES  c;  ARTIER. 
laMRa  r*ii  riia^lla  aalli  nn  a  vnynira  nrill«envary— Cnmea  In 
•Iflil  nrijiriil — Arniiinl  nnil*  vnyafa— riialiiltr  Bay  iUm-iiv- 
■rail— HIn  Inli-rvivw  with  Iha  iinllvea— DHiiarniia— Tha  In- 
illnn  Chlfl— lit!  HtrHtiiafiii— Hi)rr|,il,iu  nl'  I'arller  anil  liln 
riiinnnny  by  ihn  huhniin— i'hariirlar,  hiiMu,  nml  riialnm»  uf 
Iha  liiiliiiiiN'1'iirller  makai  fiirlhar  itli<r<iverl««— Itnglii^  nf 
Iha  nciirvy  In  hlacinn|ia'iy— I'lirller  lnk«*  pi>aMi*a«(iiu  iil  Iha 
coiMilry— He  rt-liirna  loKraitca  wllh  Iwii  nf  ihe  imllvoi — ear- 
lier aKHlli  aaila— The  iiailvai  tDqiilre  after  ihatr  kraihraii' 
Klnilnvaaiif  Iha  liiittana. 

TiiouuH  the  Engliah  did  not  proaeeulathe  diacove- 
ry made  by  the  Cahota,  nor  avail  Iheinaelvea  nf  Iha  on- 
ly advantagPB  which  il  could  have  alfonled  them  ;  vet 
their  neigliiioura  of  Hriltanny,  '  Normandy  and  oia- 
cay  wiaely  puraued  the  track  of  tlioae  advrnturera  and 
took  vaat  quuntitica  of  cod  on  the  banka  of  Newfound- 
la  nil. 

In  lAS't,  John  Veraiiani,  aFloranline,  in  Ihe  aer- 
vice  of  France,  ranged  the  coaat  of  the  new  continent 
from  Florida  tn  NewfuumllAnd,  and  gave  it  the  name 
of  yew  France.  In  n  aubapi|iient  voyage  he  waa  cut 
to  iilecea  and  devoureil  by  Ihe  aavagea, 

it  ia  remarkable  that  the  Ihrae  graat  European 
kin;{ilnina,  Spain,  England  and  France,  made  uae  of 
three  Itnlinna  to  conduct  their  diacnveriea;  Cotumbiia 
a  Genoean ;  Oalml,  n  Venetian  ;  and  Vrranani,  a 
Florentine.  Thia  ia  n  proof  that  among  the  Itnliana, 
th<<r«  were  at  that  time  (leraona  aupeiior  in  mnritiiiin 
knowledge  lo  the  other  nationa  of  Europe ;  though 
the  ponuriiiiia  jpiril  of  thoae  republic!,  their  mutual 
jealuiiay  and  petty  wara,  made  them  overlook  the 
beneflla  reaiilting  from  extenalve  rnterpriaea,  and  leave 
the  vaat  regiona  of  the  new  world  In  be  occupied  by 
otiiera. 

The  vnyagea  of  Veraizani  having  produeml  no  ad- 
dition to  the  revenue  nf  France,  all  further  attcmpla 
lo  perfect  hia  iliacoveriea  were  laid  aaide;  but  thefiah- 
ery  being  fo  :n  t  ondusive  to  the  commercial  inleraat, 
it  wnant  lensth  cnr.:«ived;  that  a  plantation  in  the 
neighborhocu  of  the  bunka  might  oe  advantageoua. 
Thia  lieing  repreaeiited  to  King  Francia  I.  by  Chabot 
the  Admiral,  Jamkc  CxaTiEa  t  of  St.  Malo,  waa  com- 
miaaioiieil  to  explore  the  country,  with  a  view  to  6nd 
a  place  fur  a  colony. 

On  the  aoth  of  April  1534,  he  aailed  from  St.  Malo 
with  twoahipaof  aixly  tone,  and  182  men;  and  on  the 
tenth  of  May  came  in  aight  of  Bonaviata,  on  the  iaiand 
of  Newfoundland.  But  the  ico  which  lay  along  the 
ahore obliged  him  logo  aouthward  ;  and  he  entered  a 
harbor  to  wliich  ho  gave  the  name  of  St.  Catharine ; 
where  he  waited  for  fair  weather,  and  fitted  hia  boata. 

Aa  aoon  na  the  aeaaon  would  |iermit  he  aailed  north- 
ward, and  examined  acverni  harbora  and  iainnda,  on 
the  coaat  of  Newfoundland  ;  in  one  of  which  he  found 
audi  a  quunlily  of  blrda,  that  in  half  an  hour,  two 
hnata  were  loaded  with  them  ;  and  after  they  had  eat- 
en na  many  aa  they  could,  Hve  or  ai<  barrela  full  were 
aailed  for  each  ahip.  Thia  place  waa  called  Bird  Iaiand. 

Having  paased  Cape  d«  Oral,  the  northern  extre- 
mity nf  the  land  ;  he  entered  the  atraits  of  Belliale  and 
visited  aeverni  harbora  on  the  opposite  coaat  of  Lab- 
rudor,  one  of  which  he  called  Cartier'a  Sound.  The 
harbor  ia  described  aa  one  of  the  beat  in  the  world  ; 
but  the  land  ia  stigmatized  aa  the  place  to  which  Cain 
wna  banished ;  no  vegetation  being  produced  among 
the  rocks,  but  thorna  and  moss.  Yet,  bad  as  it  was, 
there  were  inhabitants  in  il,  who  lived  by  catching 
seals,  and  seemed  to  be  a  wandering  tribe. 

In  circumnavigating  the  great  island  of  Newfound- 
land, thoy  found  the  weaklier  in  general  cold  ;  but 
when  thry  had  crossed  the  gulf  in  a  southwesterly  di- 
rection lo  Ihe  continent,  they  came  into  a  deep  hay, 
where  the  climate  waa  so  warm,  that  they  named  it 
Daye  do  Chnleur,  or  the  Bay  of  Heat.  Here  were 
several  kinds  of  wild  berries,  rosea  and  meadows  of 
grass.  In  the  fresh  watera  they  caught  salmon  in 
great  plenty. 

Having  aearched  in  vain  for  a  pasaage  through  Ihe 
bay,  they  quitted  il,  and  aailed  along  tne  coast  east- 
ward, till  they  came  to  the  smaller  bay  of  Gaspe ; 
where  they  sought  shelter  from  a  tempest,  and  wera 
detained  twelve  days  in  the  month  of  July.  In  thia 
place  Cartier  performed  the  ceremony  of  taking  poa- 
spssion  for  the  King  of  France.  A  erosa  of  thirty  feet 
high  waa  erected  on  a  point  of  land.  On  this  cross 
waa  suspended  a  shield,  with  the  arma  of  France  and 


*  It  Is  suppoaail  that  the  Island  of  Cap«  Breton  look  ila  i 
tVoRi  the  Bretons,  Iha  flahernien  BrUinny. 
t  Hia  Baae  la  aomaUmia  wrliua  Quanlar, 


M 

Iha  wonla  Vh*  /<  Nay  4t  fVaiM*.  Bafcia  M,  Um  pt»> 
pla  kneeled,  unenvered  :  wllh  Ihair  banda  aitafhtadi 

and  their  eyea  lifted  towani  heaven  Thn  nativaa, 
who  ware  preaent,  beheiil  Ihn  rrrrninny  at  Aral  with 
siient  niliiiiration  ;  but  ufter  a  while,  an  ohl  man,  clad 
in  a  heur'a  akin,  made  aigna  to  them  that  the  land  WMI 
Ilia,  and  that  ihey  ahoulil  not  have  ll,  without  hia  \mm. 
'I'hey  then  Infunned  him  by  aigna,  that  tha  cross  WM 
Intended  only  na  a  mark  of  ilirrclion,  by  which  lh«f 
might  again  And  the  port ;  and  they  pruniiaad  la  f» 
turn  tha  next  yvar,  and  to  bring  iron  and  olbat  caM> 
niodilies. 

I'hey  thonghl  it  proper  however  to  eonciliala  tha 
old  man  a  goiiil  will,  by  entertaining  him  on  hoard  Iba 
ahip  and  niakii.g  him  aevrral  prraenia ;  by  whicb 
means,  Ihey  so  prevailed  on  him,  that  ha  parmiltad 
Cartier  lo  carry  two  of  his  anna,  ynung  men,  lo  Fr«n«a 
on  Ihe  aecurity  of  a  iinuniae  that  ha  wouM  biing  lba« 
back,  at  hia  return  liie  next  spring. 

From  Urn>|>e,  he  sailed  ao  far  into  Iha  Great  Rival 
afterward  called  81,  Lawrence,  aa  lu  diecover  land  o« 
the  opiHiailn  aide  ;  but  the  wealhrr  being  boialeroua, 
and  the  current  arlling  auniiiat  him,  he  Ihnughl  ll 
heat  tn  return  to  Newluundlaiid,  and  then  lo  Fninea ; 
where  he  arrived  safe  in  Ihe  harbor  of  M.  Malo,  oa 
the  fifth  of  Sep dier. 

Thn  diacoveriea  miidn  in  Ihiavnvaga  eieilrd  farlhar 
eiirioaily  ;  and  the  vice  Admiral  Melleraye  reprraant- 
eil  (Jnrlier'a  ineritt  tn  the  King,  ao  favorably  aa  lo 
procure  fur' him  a  more  uniplu  equiinnenl.  Thraa 
ahipa,  one  of  120,  one  offlO  and  one  of  40  tons,  wara 
deaiincd  to  |H>rfiirm  another  voyage,  in  the  enaiiliig 
aprliig ;  and  aeveral  young  inen'of  dialinclion  anlarau 
na  voltinteera,  to  aeek  adventures  in  Ihe  new  world. 
When  they  were  ready  to  aall,  the  whole  company, 
after  Ihe  exninplo  of  Colunibua,  went  in  proceaaion  !>• 
church,  on  Whitaunday,  where  Ihe  Biahopof  St.MaW 
pronounced  hia  lileaaiiig  on  them.  I'hey  aailed  on  lb* 
19th  of  May  1530.  Meeting  with  leinpaaluoui  waalh 
er,  Ihe  ahipa  were  ae|iaraled;  and  did  nut  join  again, 
■  ill  Cnrtier  in  Ihe  largeal  ahip  arrived  at  Bird  Iaiand, 
where  ho  again  filledliia  boata  with  fowla,  and  on  tbi 
Seih  of  Jiil^  was  joined  by  the  other  veaaali. 

From  Bird  Island  Ihey  pursvcd  Ihe  same  eoaraa  a* 
in  the  preceding  summer ;  and  having  coma  into  Iha 
gulf  on  the  western  sideof  Newfoundland,  gave  it  tb» 
name  of  St.  Ijawience.  Here  Ihey  saw  abunJanco  al 
whidei.  Passing  between  Ihe  isla.id  of  Assumptioa 
(since  called  Aiiticoati)  and  the  northern  ahore.  thay 
auiled  up  Ihe  great  river,  till  they  came  to  a  branch  am 
the  northern  side,  which  the  young  natives  who  wafa 
on  board  called  Saguenay  ;  Ihe  main  river  they  loU 
him  would  carry  him  lo  Hochelega,  the  capital  of  tha 
whole  country. 

After  apending  aometime  in  exploring  Ihe  norlbam 
coast,  to  find  nn  ofiening  lo  the  northward  ;  in  Iha 
beginning  of  Seplenilier,  he  sailed  up  Ihe  river,  and 
discovered  aeveral  iaianda ;  one  of  which,  from  Iha 
multitude  nf  filberta,  ho  called  Coudras  ;  and  anolhar, 
from  the  vast  quantity  of  grapes,  he  named  Bacebua^ 
(now  Orleana.)  Thia  iaiand  waa  full  of  iuhabilanis 
who  subsisted  by  fiahing. 

When  Ihe  ahipa  had  come  to  anchor  between  th* 
N.  W.  aide  of  Ihe  iaiand  and  the  main,  Cartier  want 
on  shore  with  hia  two  young  Savagea.  The  peopla 
of  the  country  were  at  brat  afraid  of  them ;  but  heaf> 
ing  the  youths  apeak  lo  them  in  their  own  language 
they  became  aociable,  and  brought  eela  and  other  fiah, 
with  a  quantity  of  Indian  corn  in  eara,  for  the  raireah- 
ment  of  their  new  gueals ;  in  return  for  which,  thay 
were  preaenlcd  with  such  European  baublea  aa  waM 
pleaaing  to  them. 

The  next  day,  Donacona,  Ihe  prince  of  tha  plaer, 
cnnie  to  viait  them,  attended  by  twelve  boats;  but 
keeping  ten  of  them  at  a  ilialance,  he  approached 
with  two  only,  containing  sixteen  nan.  In  tha  tnio 
spirit  of  hospitality,  he  made  a  speech,  accompanied 
with  significant  gestures,  welcoming  tha  Freueh  to 
his  country  .ind  oflering  bis  service  lo  to  them.  Tha 
young  savages,  Tiagnoagni  and  Donugaia  answarad  • 
him,  reporting  all  which  Ihey  had  aeon  in  Franco, 
at  which  he  appeared  to  be  pleased.  Then  approach- 
ing the  Captain,  who  held  out  his  hand,  he  kissed  it, 
and  laid  it  round  hia  own  nock,  in  token  of  friend- 
ship. Cartier,  00  hia  part,  entertained  Donacona 
with  bread  and  wine,  and  they  parted  muliallj 
pleased. 

The  next  day  Cartier  went  up  in  his  boat  to  8nd  • 
harbor  for  hia  ahipa;  tha  aeaaon  being  ao  far  ad- 
vanced that  it  beeama  neeaaaary  to  aocura  tbaa.  Al 
the  weat  end  of  the  iaie  of  Bacchna,  ba  iomd  "  • 
goodly  anil  plaaaart  acicd,  whara  ia  •  Um*  I 


AMERICAN    HISTORY. 


1 1  ikmt  Hum  tukoaM  dm  at  lii|ti  waur* 
T*  (kit  Im  !•*•  Ih*  MiM  of  HI.  OrMt,  mitTdtMnuiii- 
«d  ibafi  lo  lit;  up  hi*  ihiiM. 

Nwr  ihU  pliw*  WM  «  village  cuIImI  fltaJiicanii,  of 
«hlch  DaiMouna  wan  tli«  i>inl.  li  wu  •nvlruntd 
with  fanial  Ireca,  aoinoor  wi.lch  biir* fruit;  nnil  uii- 
4tr  lh«  Irma,  wna  a  growih  of  wikl  h«iiip.  Ai  Car- 
liar  waa  ralurning  lo  hia  alii|M,  lia  had  anothrr  alia- 
•inicn  of  lh«  liu>|ilialilii  niuiiniiraor  tlin  imllvoa.  A 
•ompany  of  uiuiplv,  of  liolh  wiaa,  nivt  liiiii  un  lb* 
alii)!*  uf  in«  liilla  rivar,  aln||iii|{  anil  ilnni'iiig  up  to 
llMiirtdirra  in  ivalnr.  In  return  far  llii'iri'niirtriy,  ha 
gara  tiM'n  knivaa  and  hrada ;  anil  Ihay  continued  tliair 
■UMo  till  ha  waa  bayund  hoarlnv  It. 

Whan  O'aitlor  had  brought  liia  ahipa  to  Iha  bar 
%n  and  aaourad  them,  ha  iutiniatt'd  hia  inleiition  to 
fu»  in  hia  buala  up  tJia  rivrr  to  lluchalagn.  Uona- 
•ooa  waa  loth  to  part  with  him  ;  ami  inveiitnl  aeveral 
anilioaa  to  prevent  hia  gmng  thither.  Among  ulbera, 
ha  •ontrivad  to  draaa  three  uf  hia  man  in  IiIhcIi  and 
whita  aliiiia,  with  home  on  tlirir  heniU,  and  lli«ir  fa- 
eaa  beamaared  with  coal,  to  luakc  tlirm  iraamlila  in- 
fernal apirila.  The;  were  put  into  a  canoe  and 
paaaed  to  tba  ahipa;  brandiahing  their  hurna  and 
Halting  an  uninlelligilda  harrangue.  Dcnacona, 
with  hia  people,  purauod  ami  took  them,  on  which 
Ihajr  fell  down  aa  if  deiid.  'I'hry  wero  carried  ualiure 
Into  tba  wooda,  and  all  the  aavagca  lulluwed  them. 
A  long  diacuuraa  enaued,  and  th*  eoncluaion  of  the 
laioa  waa,  that  theae  deniona  had  brouijht  newa  from 
tba  god  of  Hoehelaga,  that  hia  country  waa  au  full 
•f  anow  and  ice,  that  whoever  aliuulil  adventure 
iMtbar  would  periah  with  the  cold.  The  artilice 
•IKmied  diveraion  to  the  French,  but  waa  too  thin  to 
dnciva  them.  Cartier  determined  to  proceed  ;  and 
M  tha  nineteenth  of  Septeiiiber,  with  hia  pinnace 
■od  two  boala,  began  bia  voyage  up  the  rivar  to 
Unebelaga. 

Among  the  wooda  on  the  margin  of  the  river  were 
■any  *inea  loaded  with  whita  gra|)ea,  than  which 
Bodung  could  be  a  more  welcome  eight  to  French- 
■an,  though  tha  fruit  waa  not  ao  delicioua  aa  they 
kad  bean  uaad  to  laate  in  their  own  country.  Along 
Iha  banka  were  many  huta  of  the  nativen ;  who  made 
■igna  of  joy  aa  they  paaaed ;  preaenled  llioni  with  Bali ; 
fUoled  them  through  narrow  channcla ;  carried  them 
Mbora  on  their  backa,  and  hel|ied  lliein  to  get  olf  their 
b«lU  whan  aground.  Some  pt«acnle<l  their  children  to 
tham,  and  auch  aa  were  of  proper  ago  were  Hccvpted. 

Tha  water  at  that  time  of  the  year  being  low,  their 
fMng*  waa  rendervd  difficult ;  but  by  tbo  friendly  aa- 
itoaiiiii  of  the  nativee  they  aurmounted  the  obatruo- 
nana.  On  tha  SSth  of  September  they  paaaed  the  rnp- 
Ui  between  the  iaianda  in  the  upper  part  of  the  lake 
Aogoleme,  (now  called  St.  I'etrra)  and  on  the  aecoiid 
of  Oetober  they  arrived  at  tha  iaiand  of  Hoehelaga ; 
whet*  they  had  been  eipected,  and  preparationa  were 
■aila  lo  giTs  them  a  welcome  reception.  About  a 
Ihouaand  peraona  came  to  meet  them,  ainging  and 
dancing,  the  man  on  one  aide,  the  women  on  the  olh- 
•r,  and  the  children  in  a  diatinct  body,  Preaenta  of 
fiah  and  other  victuala  were  brought,  and  in  return 
ware  given  knivea,  beada  and  other  trinketa.  The 
FianehmeD  lodged  the  firat  night  in  llieir  buuta,  and 
tha  nativee  watched  on  the  ahuro,  dancing  round  their 
firaa  during  the  whole  night. 

The  next  morning  Cartier,  with  twenty-five  of  hia 
eompany,  went  to  viait  the  town,  and  were  met  on  the 
way  by  a  peraon  of  diatinctiim,  who  bade  them  wel- 
euoM.  To  him  they  gave  two  hatchela  and  two  knivea, 
■ad  hung  over  hia  neck  a  croaa  which  they  taught  him 
la  kiaa.     Aa  they  proceeded,   they   paaaed  through 

Sovaa  of  oak.  from  which  aeoma  were  fallen  and  lay 
ick  on  tha  ground.  After  thia  they  came  to  fielda 
at  ripe  eonii  aome  of  which  waa  gathered.  In  the 
~  ' '  \  of  Iheae  fiebla  waa  aituate  tha  town  of  Hoche- 


II  waa  of  a  round  iorm,  eneompaaaed  with  three  linea 
M  paliaadea,  through  which  waa  one  entrance,  well  ae- 
Mnd  with  atakeaand  bare.  On  the  inaide  waa  a  ram- 

Cl  of  timber,  lo  which  were  aacenta  by  laddera,  and 
pa  of  alonea  were  laid  in  proper  plaeea  for  defence. 
Is  Iha  town  were  about  fifty  long  huta  built  with 
riihai  and  covered  with  bark.  In  the  middle  of  each 
MM  waa  •  fire,  round  which  were  lodging  plaeea,  fioor- 
•d  with  bark  and  covered  with  ekina.  In  the  upper 
fait  waa  a  acaflbld  on  which  they  dried  and  preaerved 
Ihair  com.  To  prepare  it  for  eating,  they  pounded  it 
IB  wooden  niortara,  and  having  mixed  it  with  water, 
kikad  iton  hot  alonea,  Bcaidea  com  they  had  beana, 
and  pumpkina.  They  dried  their  fiah  and 
IlimBintioughf.  Theia  paopla  U««d  ehiedjr 


b^  tillage  and  fiabing,  and  aeklom  went  fiii  ftian  home. 
1  hoae  un  the  lower  parte  of  the  river  were  more  giv- 
en til  liunliiig,  mid  innaiilerrd  the  l,ord  ul  lluchehiga 
ua  their  auvrrejgii,  lo  wliuui  thry  piiid  Irihtile. 

When  the  new  gueela  were  conducted  lo  an  npen 
aquiira  in  the  centre  ol'tlie  town  ;  the  reinaleacnniu  tu 
Iheiii,  rublMnglheirhniMla  ami  liirea,  weeping  wiihjuy 
at  llieir  arrival,  and  briniinig  their  chililrrn  In  l>e 
toui'livil  liy  the  atrungera.  T'liry  apreiiil  inula  fur  llirm 
on  the  griiund,  wliilal  the  liieii  ariiteil  tlieiiiarlvea  in  a 
large  circle  un  the  uutaide,  The  king  waa  then  liruiight 
illln  a  liller  on  the  almuldera  of  ten  nirn,  nnil  placed 
iin  a  mat  iie»l  tu  the  French  Caplain.  lie  waa  iilwut 
fifty  yeara  old,  and  had  no  niarli  of  dialinctiun  hut  a 
coronet  inaile  uf  |Hircupiiiea'a  i)uilla  dyed  red;  which 
he  tiiiik  utl'iind  gave  lo  iheCiiplnin,  rcqueating  him  to 
rub  hia  arint  and  lega  which  were  Ircinliling  wilh  the 
paUy.  Several  |ierauna,  blind,  lame  anil  withered 
with  dge,  were  alao  brought  to  be  touched  ;  aa  if  they 
aupiHiaed  that  Ihcir  new  gueaia  were  meaaeiigera  from 
heaven  iiivrated  wilh  n  |iuv  rr  uf  healing  diacaiea. 
t^'arlier  jralilicd  Ihuni  aa  well  aa  he  ctitiUI,  by  laying 
Ilia  haiiiTa  un  llieiii  and  rc|ieuliiigauniedeviitiunal  pna- 
aagea  from  a  aervice  bouk,  wliini  he  hud  in  hia  puck- 
el  ;  accompanying  hia  ejuculatiuna  wilh  aiuiiilicant 
gealurea,  and  lifting  up  hia  eyea  tu  heaven.  The  na- 
tivee atlentivcly  obaervedaiid  iinilnled  allhiamolinna. 

Having  (lerlormed  thia  cereuiuiiy,  ha  deaired  the 
men,  women  and  children  to  arrange  thrmaelvea  in 
aepnrate  budiea.  To  the  men  he  gave  hatchela,  to  tha 
wuinen  beada,  and  to  ihe  children  ringa.  Ho  then  or- 
dered hia  druina  and  lruiii|ieta  to  aound,  which  highly 
pleaied  the  cniiipany  and  ael  Iheiii  lo  dancing. 

lieing  deairoua  of  nacending  the  hill,  under  which 
the  town  waa  built,  Ihe  nativea  cunducted  them  to  the 
•uiiimit;  where  lliey  were  enlerlained  with  a  moat 
exie.iaive  and  beaiilil'ul  proapect  i>f  inuunlaina,  wuoda, 
iaianda  and  walera.  Thry  uliaerved  the  cuurae  of  the 
river  above,  and  aome  fulla  of  water  in  it ;  and  the  na- 
tivea informed  them  that  they  might  tail  on  it  lor  three 
muniha ;  that  it  ran  through  two  or  three  great  liikea, 
lieyond  which  waa  a  teaoT  frcah  water,  to  which  they 
knew  uf  no  bounda ;  and  that  on  the  other  aide  of  the 
mauntuiiia  there  waa  another  river  which  ran  in  a 
cuiiirary  direction  to  the  aouthweat,  through  a  coun- 
try full  of  delicioua  fruila,  and  free  from  anow  and  ice; 
that  there  waa  found  audi  metal  aa  the  Capluin'a 
tilvtr  whiatle  and  Ihe  haft  of  the  dagger  belonging  to 
one  uf  the  company  which  waa  gilt  with  jfu/ii.  Being 
ahown  aome  cupper,  they  pointed  tu  the  norti'ward, 
and  auid  it  cnine  frniii  Saguenay.  Tu  Ibia  kill  Car- 
tier  gave  the  name  of  MoiUreal,  which  it  haa  ever  aince 
retained. 

I'he  viait  lieing  finiahed,  the  nativea  accompanied 
the  French  to  their  buata,  carrying  auch  aa  were  weary 
on  their  ahuuldera.  They  were  lulh  to  part  with  their 
gueaia,  and  fiilluwed  Ihcin  alung  the  allure  of  the  river 
to  a  conaiilejablo  diatance. 

On  the  4lli  of  Dclubcr,  Cartier  and  hia  company 
departed  from  Hoehelaga.  In  paaaingdawn  the  river, 
they  erected  u  croaa  on  the  point  ofun  iaiund,  which, 
with  three  othera,  lay  in  thi  mouth  of  a  ahulluw  river, 
un  Ihe  north  aide,  called  Fouetz.  On  the  eleventh  they 
arrived  nt  the  Port  de  St.  Croix,  »nil  founil  that  their 
companiuna  had  encloaed  the  ahipa  with  a  palisade 
and  rampart,  on  which  they  had  mounted  cannon. 

The  next  day  Dunacona  invited  them  lo  hia  reai- 
dence,  where  they  were  entertained  wilh  the  usual  fea- 
tivity  and  made  the  cualuinary  preaenta.  Tlu'y  uh- 
servcd  that  theae  peupie  used  the  leaves  of  an  herb 
(tobacco)  which  they  preaitrved  in  puuchea  made  of 
skina  and  emoked  in  atone  pipca.  It  waa  very  olTen- 
aive  to  the  French  ;  but  the  nulivea  valued  it  aa  con- 
tributing much  to  Ihe  preservation  of  their  health. 
Their  houses  appeared  tu  bo  well  supplied  with  pro- 
visions. Among  other  things  which  were  new  tu  the 
French,  they  obaerved  the  acalpa  of  five  men,  spread 
and  dried  like  parchment.  Theae  were  taken  from 
their  enemiea  the  Toudamani,  who  came  from  the 
aoulh,  and  were  continually  ut  war  wilh  them. 

Being  determined  to  spend  the  winter  among  those 
friendly  people,  they  traded  with  them  for  the  provia- 
iona  which  they  could  spare,  and  the  river  supplied 
them  with  fish  till  it  was  hard  frozen. 

In  Uccember  the  scurvey  began  to  make  ita  ap- 
pi'arance  among  the  natives,  and  Cartier  prohibited  nil 
intercourse  with  them ;  but  it  was  not  long  liefuro  hir 
own  men  were  taken  with  it.  It  raged  with  uncon- 
trnlle']  violence  fur  above  two  months,  and  by  the  mid- 
dle of  February,  out  of  one  huii<'~jd  and  ten  persons, 
fifty  were  sick  at  once,  and  eight  or  ten  had  died. 

In  thia  extnniU;r  Oaitiat  attpointad  a  daj  of  aelamn 


bumilialliin  and  prayer.  A  rroelfii  waa  pliMd  «■  a 
tree,  and  aa  many  aa  were  able  lo  walk  went  ir  pM> 
ceaaiiin,  through  the  ice  and  anow,  ainging  tie  rnnm 
lienileiillHl  pealma  and  |ierliirniing  other  devotlmial 
eierciaea.  At  the  eluae  of  the  aolemnily  I'atliet 
made  a  vow,  that  "  if  it  wuuld  pli  aae  Uod  to  |iemiil 
him  lo  retnrii  In  Friince,  he  wi  iild  go  In  pilgrimage  M 
our  l.aily  ul'  H>H|Ui'niadi>."  Hut  it  uas  neeeaaary  lo 
watch  aa  well  oa  pray,  1'n  prevent  the  nativea  IhMI 
knowing  their  weak  and  deleiirrleaa  alale.  he  abliga4 
all  who  were  able,  tu  make  aa  much  noiac  aa  |HiaaiDW 
with  axra  and  haniinera;  and  told  llie  nativea  thai 
hia  men  were  all  biiaily  employed,  end  that  he  «oaU 
not  sulfer  any  of  Iheni  In  go  from  the  ahipa  till  their 
work  waa  done.  The  ahipa  were  faat  froien  un  (Vum 
the  middle  of  Niivrmber  to  the  middle  of  Match;  Ik* 
anow  wna  funr  IVet  deep,  and  hijiher  than  the  skies  ot 
the  ships  above  I  he  ice.  The  severity  of  the  winter  tx- 
eeedeilall  which  they  had  ever  eiperienred  ;  Iheaeiiri 
vy  still  ingcd  ;  twenty-five  men  had  fallen  victims  to 
it,  and  Ihe  iilliers  were  so  weak  and  low  in  apirila, 
thai  they  despaired  of  ever  aeeing  their  native  cnunlry. 

In  llie  depth  of  thia  diitreaa  and  deapuiidency.  Car* 
tier,  who  had  escaped  the  diaeaae,  in  walking  one  day 
on  the  ice,  met  some  of  the  natives,  among  whiim  waa 
Uomagaia,  one  of  Ihe  young  men  who  hnu  been  with 
him  to  France  and  who  then  n'xiilcd  with  hia  country* 
men  at  Stadaconn.  He  had  been  sick  with  the  scur- 
vy, hia  alnews  had  been  shrunk  and  his  knees  swol- 
len, his  teeth  loose,  and  his  gums  rotten  ;  but  he  waa 
then  recovered,  and  told  (Earlier  of  a  certain  tree ;  tb« 
leaves  and  bark  of  which  he  had  used  as  a  remedy,-— 
Cartier  eipreaaed  hie  wiah  to  aee  the  tree  ;  telling 
him  that  one  of  hia  people  had  been  al1i»:ted  with  tha 
aame  diaorder.  Two  women  were  immediately  dia- 
palcheil,  who  brought  ten  or  twelve  branches,  and 
ahowed  him  how  to  prepare  the  decoction ;  which 
was  thus,  "  to  Iwil  the  bark  and  the  leavea  ;  lo  drink 
of  the  liquor  every  other  day  ;  and  to  put  the  dregs  oo 
the  legs  of  the  sick."* 

Thia  remedy  preaently  came  into  use,  on  boaid  tha 
ships ;  and  its  gond  eflecia  were  so  aurpriaing,  that 
within  one  weelt  they  were  completely  healed  of  Ih* 
scurvey  ;  and  aume  who  had  venereal  complalnta  of 
lung  atnnding  were  alao  cured  by  the  same  means. 

The  seventy  of  the  winter  having  continued  fiiur 
months  without  inlemiission,  at  the  return  of  the  sua 
Ihe  season  became  milder,  and  in  April  the  ice  began 
lu  break  up.  On  the  third  ol  May,  Cartier  took  pos- 
aeaaion  of  the  country  by  erecting  n  croas,  thirty-fivs 
feet  high,  on  which  waa  hung  a  ahield,  bearing  the 
amia  of  France,  wilh  this  inacriptinn  :  FaiNcicva 
I'rimv,  Vti  gratia,  FaAXcoauji  Hex,  regnal. 

The  same  day  U-ing  a  day  of  festivity,  the  two 
young  ravages,  Tnignoagni  and  Domagaia,  with  l)o> 
iiacona  the  chief  uf  the  place,  came  on  lioard  thenhips, 
and  were  partly  prevailed  un  and  partly  constrained 
lu  acctmpany  Curlier  tu  France.  A  handsome  pre- 
sent waa  made  to  Ihe  family  uf  Dunacona,  but  it  waa 
with  great  reluctance  that  his  friends  parted  with  him; 
thuughCartierpromised  to  bring  him  again  at  the  end 
of  twelve  months.  Un  the  sixth  of  Mny  they  sailed 
from  the  Port  of  St.  Croix  ;  and  having  touched  at 
St.  Peter's  in  Newlbumllnnd,  they  arrived  at  St,  Ma> 
lo  in  France  the  sixth  of  July,  1536. 

Whether  Cartier  performed  hia  vow  lo  Ood,  Iho 
history  does  not  tell  us ;  certain  it  is,  however,  that 
he  did  not  |ierform  his  promise  to  his  passengers.  The 
zeal  for  adventures  of  this  kind  began  'o  abate.  Nei- 
their  gold  nor  silver  were  carried  home.  The  advan- 
lagea  of  the  fur  trade  were  not  fully  undersluod ;  and 
the  proapect  of  benefit  from  cultivation  in  Ihe  short 
aumnierof  that  cold  climate,  waa  greatly  overbalan- 
ced, by  the  length  and  aeverity  of  a  Canadian  winter. 
The  nativea  had  lieen  so  often  told  of  the  necessity  of 
baptism  in  order  lo  salvation,  that  on  their  arrival  in 
France,  they  were  at  their  own  request  baptised  ;  but 
neither  of  them  lived  to  see  their  native  land  again. 

The  report  which  Cartier  brought  home,  of  tha 
fine  country  beyond  the  I<akes,  had  however  made 
such  an  impression  on  the  minds  uf  some,  thai,  at 
the  end  of  four  years,  another  exueditiun  was  piu- 
jected.  Fruncia  de  In  Roche,  Lord  of  Roberval, 
was  commissioned  by  the  King  aa  his  Lieutenaot, 


Thin  lre«  wan  called  Ijjr  llie  iiallves,  Amcds  or  Haneda.— 
Mr  Ilakluyl  aii|iii(i>eH  il  u  have  Im-hi  llie  Siusalraa;  t'Ot  aa  Iba 
Icnvca  wero  iiBiiJ  with  llie  bark.lr  Ilia  wliiler,  Il  inuH  have 
been  an  evergreen.  Thedresanlihe  bvrll  wero  alao  apnl«i 
to  Ihe  Biiro  Icca  of  the  iwtieiit.  Kr.nn  these  clrciimatiulCM  I  WB 
Inclined  lo  tliink  thai  il  waa  the  spruce  |iiiie  (jpliiiia  cansoeaila) 
which  la  uicd  In  the  flame  manner  by  the  liiuiana,  arJ  auch  aa 
have  learntd  onhein.  Spruce  beer  la  well  known  to  be  a  W^ 
arful  antl-Knrbutic ;  and  the  bark  ofthia  aud  oflba  wbiMfM 
aatvea  aa  a  caupUam  fet  wouads  and  acMi 

.  \ 


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M 


BIOORAPIItES  or  THE  EARLY    DI800VEREKS. 


In  Oanaiiit  and  lliiek«l*ga ;  nnil  Cnrtiai 
•M  •pfointtd  hi*  pilot,  with  tha  conimnnd  uf  Ava 
Alp*.  Whan  Ihajr  wara  raady  to  aail,  Robarval  had 
■ut  flnUhail  hia  nrrparnliiina,  iinil  wna  thararura  ile- 
bilnad.  Tha  Kinn'a  iinlnra  lii  ('iirtinr  baliiK  |inailivc, 
W  aailad  IVain  Ht  Mal<>  nn  tha  3:l<l  of  M.iy  I&40. 

Tha  wjiula  warn  mlvaraa  niiil  tha  vriyajfa  ladinua. 
Tha  ahliM  waru  amllrrpd,  and  diil  nut  iirriva  at  tha 
placa  of  Ihnir  doatinnliim  till  thn:u3d  iirAui{iiat;  whan 
(hajr  oama  to  tha  (mrt  of  Ht.  Croix  in  tha  rivar  of  Can- 
ada. 

Tha  Arat  inqiiirv  mada  by  the  natl«aa  wa*  for  their 
countryman  who  had  Itaaii  carried  away.  Tha  an- 
ewer  waa,  that  Donaenna  waa  dand,  and  that  the  oth- 
era  had  kaconia  great  Ijonla,  wara  married  in  Franca, 
and  reAiaad  to  return.  Neither  aorrow  nor  reaent- 
nient  were  ahownon  thiaoccaaion  ;  but  a  •aeraljaal- 
ouay,  which  had  been  long  working,  received  atrengtb, 
from  an  anawar  ao  lijibia  tu  auajiiciun. 

The  hiatory  of  thia  vuyiigii  iH-ing  iiniierfccl,  it  ia  not 
poaaible  to  aay,  in  what  particular  manner  thia  Jaalou- 
*r  operated.  Cartiar  made  another  oacurainn,  up  the 
river ;  and  pitched  on  a  place  alfiut  four  laasuea  above 
Nt.  Croix  to  lay  up  three  ofliia  veaaria  furllie  winter. 
Tha  othor  two  ho  rent  b;ick  tu  France,  tu  infurm  the 
Kin^  of  what  they  hod  dune )  and  that  Itubeivul  had 
not  arrivid. 

At  the  new  harbour,  which  he  had  choaen  for  hia 
ahipa,  waa  a  aniall  river,  running  In  a  aer^ntine 
eourae  to  tha  loulli.  On  tha  raatarn  aide  of  ita  en- 
trance waaa  high  and  atepiicliif)  on  the  top  of  which, 
Ihay  built  a  fort  and  called  it  Charleburg.  Uelow,  the 
ahipa  were  drawn  up  and  fortillad,  aa  tliey  had  been 
In  the  former  winter  which  he  tpent  here.  Not  far 
from  the  fort  were  aome  rocka  containing  chryilula  ; 
which  they  dennininated  diainonda  ;  and  on  tha  ahorv 
ware  picked  up  certain  apccka  of  n  yellow  aubatance, 
which  their  iniaginatinna  refined  into  gold.  Iron  ore 
waa  found  in  abundance  ;  and  a  kind  of  black  alate, 
with  vaina  of  an  apparent  metallic  aubatance. 

In  what  manner  they  paiaed  tha  winter,  the  defec- 
tive account*  which  we  have  do  net  inform  ua.  In  th« 
•pring  of  the  fullowing  year,  ('artier  and  hia  company 
having  heard  nothing  of  Koberval  ;  and  concluding 
that  they  wara  abandoned  by  their  frionda  and  axpoa- 
ri  to  imriah  in  a  climate  the  moat  acvere,  and  among 
|<Mpla  wtoae  conduct  toward  them  waa  totally  chang- 
•d,  determined  to  return  to  France.  Accordingly 
having  aet  aail,  at  tho  breaking  up  of  the  ice,  they  ar- 
rived In  the  harbor  of  St.  Jofm'a  In  Newfoundland, 
•XMlime  In  June  ;  wliero  they  met  Kolictval,  who, 
with  three  ahipa  id  two  huitdred  peraona,  male  and 
fcaiale,  had  aaileu  from  Huchello  in  April  ;  and  ware 
on  their  way  to  eatabliah  a  colony  In  Canada.  Car- 
tier  wrent  on  board  Koberval'a  ihip,  and  ahowed  him 
the  diamonda  and  gold  which  he  had  found  ;  but  told 
him  that  the  huatilo  diapoaition  of  the  nativea  had 
obliged  him  to  quit  the  country  ;  which  however  he 
repreaented  to  himaa  capalile  of  profitable  cultivation. 
Roboryal  ordered  him  to  return  to  Canada  ;  but  Car- 
tier  privately  tailed  out  of  tho  harbor  in  tho  night.and 
puraued  hia  voyage  to  France. 

Mortified  and  <liaappointed,  Rplicrvul  continued 
lonie  time  lunger  at  St.  Juhn'a  bcfuro  hn  proceeded, 
and  about  the  end  of  July  arrived  at  the  pliice  which 
Cartier  had  quilted.  There  he  erected  a  fort  on  a 
commaniling  vniiiiencc,  and  annlber  at  ita  foot ;  in 
which  wore  depoaited  all  tha  proviaiim,aminunilian,ar- 
tillery,  impleinenta  of  huabandry,  and  other  niatcriala 
for  the  intended  colony. 

In  September,  two  veaacia  wore  tent  back  to  Franca, 
to  c^iiry  apeciniena  of  chryatal,  and  fetch  proviaiona 
for  the  next  year;  the  atoroa  which  they  hud  brought 
being  much  reduced.  By  the  help  of  the  fiah  which 
they  took  in  the  river,  and  the  game  which  they  pro- 
cured from  tho  aavagea ;  and  by  well  huabanding 
their  proviaiona,  they  lingcreO  out  a  tedioua  winter, 
having  auflered  much  from  the  acurvy,  of  which  about 
flfty  of  them  died.  In  addition  to  thia  dialreaa,  Kub- 
•rtal  exerciaed  auch  aeverity  in  hia  government,  that 
one  man  waa  hanged,  aeveral  were  laid  in  iron*,  and 
■omeofbotb  *exes  underwent  the  diacipline  of  the 
whip. 

In  April  the  ice  began  to  break  up  ;  and  on  the 
llfth  of  Juno  he  proceeded  up  tho  river ;  leaving  Do 
Royexe,  hia  Lieutenant,  to  command  in  hi*  abaence, 
with  ordera  to  embark  for  France,  if  he  ahould  not  le- 
tarn  bvtho  middle  of  July. 

A*  tha  account  of  the  expedition  end*  here,  we  can 
Mtly  remark  that  the  colony  waa  broken  up ;  and  no 
nither  attempt  wa*  made  by  the  French  to  eatabliah 
ItMHtlvM  in  Canada,  till  aAei  the  expitatioit  of  half 


a  century.  Tha  Inat  account  of  Koberval  I*  that,  In 
IA4U,  ha  aaited  with  hi*  broilier  on  aome  voyage  of 
diaeovery,  and  never  irturned. 

In  thia  Air«viait,  wl.ich  the  nativea  of  Canada  re- 
ceived frum  the  Eurupeana,  we  have  a  atriking  Inatance 
uf  their  priniilive  niannera.  Huapacting  iiu  danger, 
and  inlluenced  liy  no  fear,  they  embraced  thn  atranger 
with  uimlTecleil  juy.  Their  hull  wara  o|ien  tu  ro- 
reivo  him,  their  lirea  and  f\ira  to  give  warmth  and  reat 
to  hia  weary  liniba ;  Ihrir  IoihI  waa  aharrd  with  him  or 
given  in  exchange  liir  hia  triflea :  ;hf  y  war*  ready  with 
their  aiinple  mailicinea  to  heal  hi*  diaei  ica  and  hi* 
wound*;  they  Would  wade  thnwuh  rivera  and  climb 
rocka  and  mountainato  suide  liimln  hia  way,  and  the^ 
would  ramombei  and  reijuite  hi*  hindnea*  more  than  it 
d-iiervad. 

Unhappily  for  them  tha^  aet  too  high  a  value  on 
their  new  guaat.  Imagining  him  to  be  of  a  heavenly 
origin,  they  were  extravagant  and  unj^uarded  in  their 
flrat  iitlnchment,  and  friini  aome  ii|irriinvna  nfliia  au- 
periorily,  ubviuua  tot*'eir  acnaea,  tliey  exiH-cled  more 
than  ought  ever  to  be  ax|>actad  from  hainga  of  the 
tame  auecie*.  IJut  when  the  niiatake  waa  diaeovar- 
ed,  and  the  atranger  whom  they  adored  proved  to  bo 
no  mora  than  buiiian,  having  the  Lima  inrrriordeairea 
and  paaaiun*  with  themielva* ;  eapccially  when  they 
found  their  ronlideiicc  niiaplacad  and  their  gcncroua 
frieiidahip  III  requited  ;  than  tha  rage  of  jealousy  ex- 
tiiiguiahed  tha  virtue  of  benevolence ;  and  they  atrug- 
glcd  to  rid  themieivea  of  him,  aa  an  enemy,  whom 
tliey  had  received  into  their  boaom  aa  a  friend. 

(Jii  the  othor  hand,  it  waa  too  common  for  the  Eu- 
ropean adventurer  to  regard  tha  man  of  nature  aa  an 
inferior  being  ;  and  whilat  he  availed  himaelf  of  hia 
atrenglh  aiiiraxperienca,  to  abuae  hi*  confidence,  and 
repay  hia  kindneaa  with  iiiault  and  injiirv  ;  to  atigma- 
tiie  him  ii*  a  heathen  and  a  aavage,  and  to  liealow  on 
him  the  epilheta  of  deceitful,  treiicheroua,  and  ciucl : 
though  he  himaelf  had  firat  *et  the  oxamplo  of  thc*e 
dateatabia  vice*. 


FERDINANDO   DE  SOTO. 

FiaaiaaNDO  na  Soto— Ilia  0X|H><UiinTi~.HN  ailvcntiirea— Ha 
|M'ii«lralrn  Inloihe  iiilerjiirnr  the  rntiiilry— Hli  tlilllciilljr  with 
ihfl  liidlnna— Kncuuiitcr  wlih  the  liiiljaiii  in  wliicli  aiaitjr  are 
kllli'il— Hiailealh. 

The  Iravela  and  tranaaction*  of  thia  adventurer  are 
of  ao  little  importance  in  the  hiatory  of  America,  that 
I  ahould  not  have  thought  them  worthy  of  notice  ;  had 
it  not  been,  that  aonio  gentlemen  of  ingenuity  and 
learning  have  had  recourae  to  the  oxfMNlilion  of  thia 
SpanianI  aa  a  meana  of  aolving  the  uueation  rcapact- 
ing  tha  inounde  and  fortificationa,  of  a  regular  con* 
atruction,  which  within  a  few  yeara  naat  have  Iweii 
diacovercd  in  the  thlckeat  ahadea  of  tho  American 
foreat.*  Though  the  opinion  aeenia  to  have  been 
candidly  given  up  l>y  one  of  the  writera  who  attempt- 
ed In  defend  it  ;  yet  aa  what  waa  puliliahed  on  the 
aubject  may  have  impreaacil  aunie  peraona  with  an 
idea  that  tlieao  worka  were  of  European  fabric,  I  ahall 
briefly  relate  the  hiatory  of  Soto'a  march  ;  and  thedif- 
ficulliea  which  attend  tha  auppoailion  that  he  waa  the 
buihiar  of  any  of  theae  fortificationa. 

After  the  conqueat  of  Mexico  and  Peru,  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  aixtcenth  century,  the  inextinguiaha- 
able  thirat  for  gold,  which  had  aeixed  the  Spaniah  ad- 
venturora,  prompted  them  to  aearch  for  that  bewitch- 
ing metal  wherever  thero  could  be  any  proapect  of 
linding  it.  Three  iiiiaucceaaful  atlempla  had  been  made 
in  Florida,  by  Ponce,  Gomez,  and  Narvuez ;  but  be- 
cauae  theae  adventiirara  did  not  penetrate  tha  interior 
part*  of  the  continent,  FEaniNANoo  na  Soto,  Govern- 
or of  Culia,  who  had  lieen  a  companion  of  tiie  Piiar- 
roa  in  their  Peruvian  expedition,  and  had  there  ainaa- 
aed  much  wealth,  projected  a  march  into  Florida,  of 
which  country  he  had  the  title  ol  Adelantadn,  or  Pre- 
aident.  He  tailed  from  the  port  of  Havannah,  May 
18,  1539,  with  nine  veaaela,  aix  hundred  men,1'  two 
hundred  and  thirteen  horaea,  and  a  herd  of  awine,  and 
arrived  on  the  30th  of  the  aame  month  in  the  bay  of 
Eapiritu  Santo,  on  the  weatem  coaat  of  the  penineula 
of  Florida. 

Being  a  aoldier  of  fortune  and  determined  on  con- 
queat, he  immeiliutely  pitched  hi*  camp  rnd  *ecured  it. 
A  foraging  party  met  with  a  few  Indian*  who  re*i*ted 


*  Iflhc  reuiler  wishi*a  lo^ce  a  particular iiivt-i'iJgaliDn  ofilils 
hypotlieala,  h«  may  consult  Iho  Ainericuii  Mn^-n/ine,  printed  at 
New. York,  fur  Ucccmber  I7H7,  January  aiu)  Febritury  17!)d, 
■ml  lonia  aittwequenl  uuinbera ;  cniiijianiil  witli  llie  I'ulunibian 
Magazine,  printed  at  PtillaJelphia,  l(>r  September  and  Muvein- 
bcr  1788. 

t  In  Filnee'a  Clmnaliigy  ll  ii  aakl  that  Solo  had  WO  men,  but 
h*  quet**  r  urchaa  fa-  hia  aiuhariir,  In  whoa*  book  Ike  biub- 
b*cli"rixbuadr*d.> 


them  ;  two  were  killed,  the  other*  **c*pad,  and  repoita 
ad  to  their  countryman  that  the  werrture  e/jlr<  ha4 
Invadeil  Ihair  lerritnriea:  upon  which  the  amaller  towM 
were  deaerted  and  the  nativea  hid  in  the  wooda 

Having  mat  with  a  Siianiaid  uf  tha  pailv  of  Na» 
vaea,  who  had  been  wrecked  on  the  coaat,  and  had  ba«M 
twelve  yeara  a  captive  with  the  Indiana,  Soto  muJ* 
uae  of  him  a*  a  niamenger  to  them  to  Inquire  fur  goM 
and  ailver;  and  whe'evar  he  could  receive  any  inlbfa 
nialion,  rea|iecting  the**  preciou*  metiU,  Ikitbei  ha 
directed  hia  march, 

Hia  manner  of  marching  wa*  Ihi*;  The 
carried  hag*  of  corn  and  other  proviaion* ;  lb*  foot-i 
marched  by  the  aide  of  the  borae*,  and  the  awine  weM 
driven  liefure  them.  When  they  firat  landed  they  hul 
thirteen  female  awine,  which  in  two  year*  Increaiiil 
to  aeveral  bundreda;  the  warmth  of  the  climate  beii^ 
favorable  to  their  pnipagatlon,  and,  the  foreat*  yleUinf 
them  a  plenty  of  food. 

The  firat  aummer  and  winter  weie  apeni  In  the  p* 
ninaula  of  Florida,  not  far  from  the  bay  of  Apalacba. 
and  in  the  beginning  of  the  following  apring,  having 
*enl  back  hi*  va**el*  to  Cuba  for  aupplie*,  and  left  • 
part  ofhia  men  at  the  nort,  where  he  expected  the  ahip* 
to  return,  he  marched  towarda  the  north  and  eaat,  In 
aearch  of  a  place  called  Yupaha,  where  he  had  been 
Informed  there  waa  gold. 

In  thia  march  he  croaaed  the  river  Altamaha.  and 
probably  the  Ogecliee,  and  came,  aa  he  waa  iiiformedt 
within  two  daya'  juurney  of  the  bay  of  St.  Helena, 
where  the  Spaiiiarda  had  been  aeveral  yeara  liefore.  lit 
all  thia  march  ha  ataid  not  more  than  a  week  in  any 
one  place. 

He  then  *et  hi*  face  norlhumrd,  and  having  paaaed 
a  hilly  country,  came  to  a  diatrict  called  Cfhalaque, 
which  ia  auppoaed  to  be  the  country  now  called  Ch*> 
rokre,  on  tha  upper  blanche*  of  the  river  Savannah 
Thence  ho  turned  teetltrard,  in  aearch  of  a  place  call- 
ed Chiaha,  and  in  thia  route  he  croaaed  the  Allegany 
ridge,  and  came  to  Chiaha,  where  hi*  hor*e*  nnd  men 
being  axceaaively  fatigued,  ha  reatcd  thirty  daya.  Tha 
horaea  fed  in  a  iiieaduw,  and  tha  people  Iny  under  th« 
treee,  the  weather  being  vary  hut,  and  the  native*  la 
paare.  Thia  waa  in  the  niuniha  of  May  and  Jur.p. 
Diirin|{  their  abode  thero  they  heard  of  a  country  call* 
ed  Chiacu,  where  waa  copperrud  anotherinetal  of  tha 
aamc  color.  1'hia  country  lay  tioilhuard,  and  a  party 
waa  lent  with  Indian  guidea'to  view  it.  Their  nnaH 
waa,  that  the  niounlaina  were  inipaaaable,  and  Sola 
didnnt  attempt  to  proceed  any  farther  in  that  dircctloa 

Frum  a  careful  inapectiun  of  the  inapa  in  the  Aaia* 
rican  .\tlaa,  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  tho  place  whi  r* 
Soto  cruiied  the  mounlaina  waa  wilhin  tlic  ihiity-fiAh 
degree  of  latitude.  In  Ueliale'a  map.  a  villuga  called 
Canaaaga  ia  laid  down  on  the  N.  W.  aide  of  tha  Al- 
legany, or  (ua  it  ia  aomctimea  called)  the  Apalachioa 
ridge  of  mountuina,  in  that  latitude ;  and  Chiaha  la 
•aid  in  ■''olo'a  journal  to  be  five  daya  wcatward  from 
Canaaaga. 

To  ascertain  tha  aitnation  of  Chiaha,  we  mual  oh* 
aerve  that  it  ia  aaid  to  lie  auliject  to  llie  Lord  of  Coea, 
which  ia  •ituateim  aneaalern  branch  of  the  Mobile 
nnd  Soto  a  airk  men  came  i/oim  the  river  from  Chiaha 
in  iHHila.  Thia  river  could  be  none  but  a  branch  of  tha 
Miibilo ;  and  hia  eourae  wa*  then  turned  tov  ard  t(^ 
nniM.  In  thia  march  he  paaaed  tlirough  Alibauia,  Ta* 
tiae,  Taicaliiaa,  naniea  whicli  aro  atiil  known  and 
marked  on  thn  mapa,  till  he  came  to  the  town  of  Ma* 
villa,  which  the  French  pronounce  Mouville  and  Ma* 
bille.  It  waa  then  a  wailed  town,  but  the  walla  wera 
of  ivooil.  The  inhnbitanla  had  conceived  n  diaguat  to 
the  Spaniarda,  which  waa  augmented  by  an  uutraga 
committed  on  one  of  their  chiefa.  and  finally  broke  out 
in  a  aevere  condict,  in  which  two  thoui'aiid  uf  the  in- 
nocent nativea  were  alain,  and  many  of  ihe  Spanianla 
killed  and  wounded,  and  tha  town  wa*  burnt.  Thia 
waa  in  the  latter  end  of  October. 

It  ia  probable  that  Soto  intended  to  pa**  the  winter 
in  the  neiirhnorhood  of  that  village,  if  he  could  hava 
kept  OP  iriendly  term*  whh  the  Indian*  ;  for  there  ha 
cou'J  have  had  a  communication  with  Cuba.  Tbvia 
he  heard  that  the  ve**el*  which  ho  had  *ent  to  Cuba 
fur  aupplie*  were  arrived  atOchu*(Pen*acola,)  wbera 
he  agreed  to  meet  them ;  but  he  kept  thia  informatioa 
eecret,  becauae  he  had  not  yet  made  any  diacoveriea 
which  hia  Spaniah  frienda  would  think  worthy  of  re* 
gard.  The  country  about  him  waa  populou*  and  boa- 
tile,  and,  being  void  of  gold  or  rilver,  waa  not  an  ob> 
ject  for  him  to  pu**e**  at  the  ri*k  of  loaing  hi*  anny, 
ofwhich  above  an  hundred  had  already  perubaiL  Ha 
tharalbi*,  after  alaying  twenty-eight  day*  for  llw  *•• 
aovaiy  ofhia  woiwde^  detamiined  on  a  latantl. 


AMERICAN    HISTORT. 


h  Mi  MfMl  U  hu  bMii  wppocrd  Ihil  ha  ponirtrs- 
IliMMllwanl,  bc]rnn<llh*Ohlo.  TIra  Irulh  U,  lhi>l 
%»  Wfin  hU  miirch  from  Miivillii,  »  %lll«f*  n«iir  iIm 
Moulh  uf  III*  Mnbil*,  on  III*  IMih  of  Novriiiln'r,  anil 
M  lb*  ITth  orDwiiiibor  nrrivtil  al  ('liicHi'H,  nii  In- 
Jinn  «1IU|«  of  lw«nty  hauM«,  when  llipy  riiiialnnl 
mi  lb*  iiril  A|>rll. 

TIm  JiiUnra,  lh«  llmfi  lh«  nalur«orih»  counlry, 
Um  eiMim  ■nil  nMniwr  of  ih*  nmrili,  and  iIip  iiniiii'  til 
Ihc  «ill«|p,  all  mncurlo  ilr(rniiiii<>  ihU  winlpritiilloii 
•f  8uiu  n  b*  •  vllllilii  oflliii  Chirkttuw  liidiniia,  ril- 
Utl*  un  lh«  umwr  pari  oflli*  Yiiaou.  a  lirunrli  i(  lh« 
MUilMlp|)i,  annul rijflily  iMgUff  liorllinealwi'  .1  rrnin 
Mobil*,  mill  mil  Iraa  iban  one  hiinilrnl  a  .<!  forty 
Ing UN  Miulhwrtlvtnl  friHn  tb*  Miitliingu.n,  wbrr* 
Ih*  mi't  liiftiflralinna,  wliich  gavrriae  to  tliia  inquiry 
•r*  KHiml.  Prom  Ckitaea,  in  Ihr  spring,  li*  wtint 
w*tlwanl,  and  citMaail  ■  ri<«r  wilbln  Ibvibirlyfuurtb 
ibf  n*  of  latilutie,  wblch  ha  eallnl  Klo  Dranilai  and 
Whlcb  ia  now  known  lo  lie  lb*  Miitiiaippi, 

On  lb*  w*at«rn  aide  of  lb*  Miuiaiippi,  after  nm- 
blinf  all  aummer,  b*  apant  Iba  neil  winler,  al  a  place 
mllM  Aiilianiiiue,  wber*  ha  encloaeil  hit  camp  with 
•  wall  of  liinhar,  Ibe  work  of ihree  dayt  only.  Wilb- 
ln Ihia  eneloaure  he  loilgrd  anfiHv  during  Ibrea 
month*  i  and  in  Ihe  tuirawling  aprins,  the  extreme 
tiligu*  and  anxiel^  which  be  hud  lufluinl,  threw  him 
tnto  kfaver,  ofwhicb  he  dieil,  May  31,  IMS,  at  Gua- 
e^ya.  To  pranenl  hi*  death  ftnni'hcinK  known  to  the 
lldlatM,  hia  body  wat  aunk  in  the  middle uf  a  river. 

Hie  Liieulenant,  lioui*  il*  Moacniro,  continued  to 
nmUe  on  Ih*  weatern  aide  of  the  Miwiatippi,  till  the 
nait  aumnirr  ;  when  worn  with  fiitlgue,  diinppoiiit- 
■lent,  and  loea  of  men,  he  built  tcvrn  bnnla,  railed 
Mganlinea,  on  Ihe  Miuiiaippi,  in  which,  the  ahntlar 
«d  ramnanta,  eonalating  of  three  hundred  and  eleven, 
mumed  to  Culm,  in  Srpiemlirr,  IA43. 

The  place  where  Nolo  died  ia  aaiil  lo  hnva  been  on 
Iha  iHtnk  uf  the  Ked  river,  a  weatern  branch  of  the 
Miaaiaaiiipi,  in  lat.  3l>.  The  piiice  where  the  rem- 
nant uf  hia  army  built  their  veaaelt  and  emiiurkcil  fur 
Cuba,  ia  culled  in  the  JuumnI  Minoyn.  They  wera 
wvenlaen  daya  in  aailing  down  the  riier,  and  they 
•ompuled  the  diatunce  lo  be  two  buiidrod  and  fifly 
toajilea.* 

F'-im  tbia  account,  faithfully  abridged  from  Purchaa 
•nd  compared  with  the  boat  innpn,  I  niii  fully  |ipraim. 
dad  that  lb*  whole  country  thnniifh  which  Hoto  trav- 
•Mad  an  Ih*  .'alcrn  aide  of  the  Miuiiaippi  ia  rompre- 
kandad  within  Florida,  Georgia  iind  8outb  Carolina  ; 
and  that  ha  never  went  further  northward  than  the 
SSlh  degree  of  latitude,  which  ia  dintiint  two  dcgrrea 
•outhward  from  any  part  of  the  Ohio.  'I'be  cnnclu- 
•Ion  then  ia,  that  he  could  not  have  been  the  builder  of 
Ihuaa  fuititcatinna  atlll  remaining  in  that  part  of  Iha 
continent  which  liaa  N.  W,  of  the  Ohio.  Nor  indeed 
ran  any  work*  which  be  erected  for  tlip  arrurity  of  hia 
camp  ba  aubaialing  at  tbia  time ;  for  the  beat  of  tliein 
War*  made  of  wood,  mid  were  intended  lo  cover  hia 
man  and  protect  hia  boraoa  and  awine  only  during  one 
winter. 

The  worka  which  have  to  much  eicited  eurioatty 
•nd  conjecture,  are  fnr  mure  numeroua,  eilenalve  and 
durable.  They  ara  found  in  varioua  and  dialant  pla- 
•aa.  in  the  interior  part  of  the  cnnliiieiit,  on  Imlh  aulea 
•fthe  MiitiMippi;  on  the  Ohio  and  it*  linitichea;  on 
Jn>nea  and  I'otnwmack  river*  in  Virginia ;  in  the 
muiitry  of  the  Six  Nationi,  nnd  on  the  al.orea  of 
Lake  Erie  ;  where  they  are  exrcediiidly  nunieroaa. 

The  moat  obvioua  mode  uf  aolving  the  quoaliun  re- 
•paeting  them,  ia  by  inquiry  of  the  prcacnt  nativea. — 
But  the  tiructurea  are  loo  ancient  for  their  tradition  ; 
Mwoldeat  and  wiaeat  men  know  niHhing  of  their  orig- 
inal. The  form  and  materiala  of  Ihoae  worka,  indi- 
rale  the  exialence  of  a  race  of  men  euparior  lo  the 
praaant  race,  in  improvement,  in  detign,  and  in  that 
patience  which  muat  have  accompanied  the  labor  of 
•raeting  them. 

Treaa  which  have  been  found  growing  on  them 
bava  bean  cut  down,  and  from  indubiuble  marka,  are 
known  to  have  been  upwanla  of  three  hundred  year* 
•U  ;  nor  were  tbeaet.ie  firat  growth  upon  them. 

The  mounda  and  ranparta  are  conalructcd  of  earth, 
■nd  have  aequired  a  firmneaa  and  aolidity,  which  ren- 
dar  it  probabla  that  they  are  the  work  uf  koma  remote 
■■•  and  anma  other  people ,  who  had  diflcreiit  ideaa 
•r  aoDvanlxnce  and  were  better  acquainted  with  the 
Uta  of  deftnee  ;  and  in  fact  were  much  more  numor- 
Mw  titan  tlia  anoaatr;  of  thoaa  native*,  of  whom  we  or 
Mr  Citbara  baTa  had  any  knowledge.    It  ia  to  ba 


wm  mnat*  naTa  haa  any  knowledge.  K  la  to  be 
^ajptl-ri  vc,  In  hi*  eluonoloiir,  nyw  JM,  In  ll«urMi  bai 
IlMMi,ft«BWlWB  !•«•■•••,  iar*''two  buadisdaadnnr-" 


hoped  that  Iha  naraoiia  who  now  occupy  and  ara  cul- 
tivKliitg  th*  land*  where  thete  tinnulHr  building*  are 
found,  will  preaarv*,  aa  lar  a>  Ihry  are  able,  •nina  at 
li'iiat  Kfllirae  innnilinrnlauf  unliiiown  aura,-  tliiit  aa 
they  linve  Ion);  reaiilrd  the  rnvngra  of  time,  and  may 
IHiaailily  bnlHu  the  rraearrhra  of  the  prrnrnt  gcnrrn- 
lion,  they  inny  •iibaUt  uiiiiiipHircd  at  luliji'Ctt  ul'tpec- 
ulntiuii  to  our  |iotterity. 

lirMPHRKY   OITiBEKT. 

Mamar  Hurt  rhIU  <mi  n  vnyny*  nrillimvery,  iirrr.nipanlril  tijr  t 
tiiMiili('rot'ti'iilli>nirn  nrrmtli  ^111!  r'trliiiii»--Thfy  Ki-i  ipi.ui-mI 
— Tiip»it»i»iiiir  ntiimnoihar— artaitinnl  II  Kri-iii'h  tr^mfl  wUb 
fifnvlalim  by  ihn  Kuiiliih— llvurnaiv   lliiHar— Hr  oh. 

tllllM  II  |-i)llilntiiKliill  rii.lii  l^lirrii  llllaillivltl  —  lli'   phIIh  mill  IJ 

iiirniii  ''II  liy  a  nii.rin— In  iitillppil  to  [nii  liai  k—Hln  ilMliml. 
Ilr»— lid  atfniil  ana  anil  wilh  rtva  ahlfia  aiiil  nrrlvaa  In  Amur. 
Iia--llia  rpc«|ilii>ii— Ha  liikva  iM.aiiraali)li  In  Ilia  liaiiia  (if  llit 

Suoili— lla  aalalillallra  lawa— V  )  aalla  mi  lila  rfluni—Liiaa 
Ilia  Dalirh,— Liwa  iiflha  vaaael  wllh  (lllliarl  mi  hiiaril. 

Arraa  tliediacnvery  of  Newfuundland  by  Ihe  Ca- 
bota,  Ihe  imaainn  for  ndvenlura,  among  the  Englitb, 
met  with  many  t<'vi<re  chrckt.  But  wbilit  aim  ad- 
venluir  after  anuthcr  waa  reluming  home  from  an 
un^uccetiftilvuvi^p,  Inteiidrd  to  |ienelr«te  unknown 
teat  to  China  ,  fin  iii.t'rt  wera  reaping  the  beiielil  of 
their  partial  diacuv~riea 

Within  the  brti  forty  yeara  we  have  no  arrount  nf 
any  attempt  made  by  Ihe  Kngliah  to  nroircule  Ihe 
diicnvery  of  the  new  continent,  except  Ihut  in  Ifi36, 
two  vratt'la  contaiiiing  one  hundred  and  twenty  per- 
aniit,  of  whom  lliiily  where  gentlcnicn  of  nlurnllon 
nnd  chnrni'tcr,  undrr  the  ronuuct  of  "  Mailer  Hore 
of  l,ondon''  ninile  a  voyage  to  NewfouiHllaiid  1  hut 
they  were  au  ill  provideil,  and  knew  to  llltia  ul  the  nn- 
lure  nf  Ihe  counlry,  that  thry  tufli'rrd  the  exlrpmity 
of  fninlne.  For,  notwithalaiuling  the  iininenie  ipian- 
titlei  of  fitb  and  fowl  lo  Im)  found  on  tliute  ciuiata  ; 
ibcy  were  rrducnl  to  low  aa  lo  watch  Ihe  neala  nf  birdt 
of  prey  and  rob  them  nf  the  fith  which  Ihey  broU|iht 
to  feed  their  young.  To  collect  lliit  tcniily  lupidy, 
with  n  mixture  of  rnott  and  hrrlit,  the  nieii  dit|ierted 
thrmiFlvca  in  the  wwhU,  until  tevrral  of  them  were 
miaainit.  It  wat  at  Aral  thought  they  were  devuureil 
by  wild  henala ;  but  it  wat  found  ihiil  lliey  met  with  a 
more  Irngiciil  fate;  Ihe  tlrongrr  having  killed  the 
weaker  nnd  fentlcd  un  their  lletb.  In  the  iniilit  of 
Iliit  dialrett,  a  French  thip  arriving  with  a  tupply  of 
proviaioni.  limy  look  lirr  by  force,  nnd  rrluriinl  to  Eng- 
Iniid  ;  leaving  to  the  Frenclimeii  their  own  tniuller 
viwaria,  and  dividing  the  provitiun  brlwien  thi'iii. 
(^nmplnint  of  Ihia  act  of  piracy  wnt  iiimle  to  King 
Henry  VIII ;  who  knowing  the  niitei  pi  of  the  uiil'ur- 
tunntn  crew,  iiiatend  of  (luniahing  them,  aid  the  dam- 
age out  of  hit  own  coH'ert. 

Within  the  tucceeding  forty  year*,  Ihe  Engliah  bad 
h*iriin  to  innke  tome  nilvantnge  by  Ihe  Tiihrry  ;  nnd  in 
l,'i7S,the  itiite  of  it  in  Ihut  deacrilied.  "'rhrrii  »r«  alMiut 
one  bundri'd  anil  of  Spaniiinlt  who  come  to  take  cod  ; 
who  niiike  it  all  wet,  nnd  dry  it  when  they  roine  hiniie; 
beaidea  twenty  or  thirty  more,  who  come  from  Uiacay 
In  kill  whalea  for  Imin.  Thete  lie  lietter  npfiuintpd  lor 
abipping  and  furniture  of  munition  thnn  nnv  other  nn- 
lion  tavo  the  Eiiiilith  ;  who  commonly  are  ioidt  of  the 
linrbora.  At  loiieliiiii;  llieir  loiinnge,  I  think  il  niny  he 
near  five  or  tix  thou>and.  Of  Porlugnit,  there  are  not 
iibove  liHy  anil,  wlioae  tonnnge  niny  aiiioinit  to  three 
ihuutnnd,  nnd  they  make  nil  wet.  Of  the  Kreiirli  na- 
tion nre  nliout  one  hundrril  and  fifty  tail ;  the  nuwt  of 
their  thipping  it  very  aninll,  not  pnat  folly  loiia;  iinioHg 
which  tome  are  great  and  reaaonably  well  appointed  ; 
belter  thun  Ihe  Purtugala,  nnd  nut  to  well  iit  the  8|ihii. 
iardt ;  the  burden  uf  tliem  iiiHy  be  uIhiuI  aevvn  ibuua- 
und.  The  Engliah  vettela  linve  increased  in  louryenrt 
from  thirty  to  fifty  anil.  The  trade  which  our  nation 
hntli  to  Iceland,  maketh,  that  the  Engiitb  ate  not  there 
in  aiich  numbera  aa  other  nationt.'' 

The  next  year(l570j  (jueen  Elizabeth  granted  lo 
Sir  ilumpbrey  Giilierl,  a  patent  fur  the  diacovering, 
occupying  and  peopling  of  "  auch  remote,  heathen  nnd 
barbaroua  counlriea  na  were  not  actually  potaetaed  by 
any  Chrittian  people."  In  contequence  of  tliit  grant 
many  of  hi*  frieiida  joined  hir  1,  and  prcparationt  were 
made  for  an  cxpeditiun,  which  prumltcd  to  be  highly 
advanlageoua.  Uul  before  the  fleet  waa  ready,  tome 
declined  and  relrncted  their  engagement*.  Gilbert 
with  a  few  cnmpaniont,  tailed ;  but  a  violent  alorm,  in 
which  one  of  Iho  ahi|i*  foundered,  cnuted  them  lo  re- 
turn. Thi*  mitforl'ine  involved  bim  in  debt ;  and  he 
had  no  way  to  tatitfy  the  demand*  of  hi*  creditor*, 
but  by  granta  of  land  in  America.  By  auch  maana  Iha 
country  wa*  not  likely  to  ha  peopled,  nor  :he  conditiona 
of  hi*  patent  fulfilled.  He  wa*  obliged  therefore  to 
•dlUaaaUlalwfbnliotauldiiMka  vmthct  attea^ 


and  after  long  aoliciliilinn,  b«l  g  aaalalad  vf  tamt 
fiiendt,  he  tet  tail  from  I'lymuut  1  with  five  thlp*) mi- 

Zing  Iwo  buiidml  and  aixly  mri,,  nn  Ibe  eleventh  M 
me  litMlli  and  un  llie  eleventh  uf  July  arrived  ulTlh* 
bo^  uf  Nt.  John,  on  the  raatern  ronil  ol  Newfoundland 
rhirty-tix  fiahing  veitelt  were  then  in  the  harbor, 
who  reliiieil  him  niliniltaiiee.  He  prepared  In  entai 
liy  fmi-e  uf  nrnia  ;  but  pretiuualy  arni  in  hia  boat  with 
Ilia  roinniiaaion  from  ()ueen  Eliinhelh  ,  on  tight  of 
whii-li  they  aubmilted,  and  he  anilril  into  the  |Hirl. 

The  iiilentiuii  of  ihia  voyage  wat  to  take  formal  pa«> 
iraalon  nf  Ihe  ialniid,  anil  ul  the  lialiery  on  in  bonki^ 
for  the  erown  of  Eiij;land,  Tliit  wat  done  in  Ihe  fol- 
lowing manner : 

On  Monday  Ihe  fifth  of  AugutI,  Admiral  Gilbert 
had  hit  teiit  pitched  un  hore,  in  tight  ol  all  lb*  thip- 
ping ;  and  being  ntleiiilnl  by  hit  own  people,  tun- 
nionrd  the  merchant*  and  mattera  of  vettelt,  Iwlh 
Englitbnien  and  olbera  to  liepretent  at  Ihe  ceremony. 
When  they  were  all  attembled,  hit  cuiiimiiaion  wa* 
read,  and  inlerpretnl  lo  the  furrignert.  Then  a  turf 
and*  twig  were  delivereil  lo  bim,  which  he  received 
with  a  linile  wand.  Immediately,  proclaniatiun  wa* 
made,  iIihI  by  virtue  of  hia  cnmniit'ai  nfruin  thetjueen, 
be  look  poitrttion  for  the  cniwn  nf  Knglniid,  of  th* 
barlHir  of  Nl,  John,  nnd  two  hundred  lenguea  evety 
way  round  il. 

He  then  publitbed  three  lawt,  for  Ih*  gnvemmeni 
of  llie  territory.  By  Ihe  ArtI,  publicworihip  wat  *•- 
Inblithed  arconling  lo  Ihe  imxlr  of  Iherhurrhuf  Eng- 
Innd.  By  the  terund, the  alleniptingiirBiiy  thing  pre- 
Judicial  to  her  Majeaty'a  title  waa  declamrireaton,  ac- 
cording lo  Ihe  law*  of  England.  By  the  third,  the  ut- 
tering of  wnrdt  lo  Ihe  dithonor  of  her  Majraty  wi>t  lo 
lie  punithrd  with  the  la*t  of  ear*  and  the  confltcallon 
ufpro|irrly. 

The  prorlamation  being  finithed,  nttent  and  obedi- 
ence were  tignified  by  loud  acclamntiort.  A  pillar  waa. 
en-cted,  lienring  a  plat*  of  lend,  nn  which  Ihe  (jueen's 
arma  were  engraven ;  and  trveial  uf  Ibe  mercbania 
took  grnntt  of  land,  in  tee  farm ;  on  which  Ihey  might 
cure  their  fiah,  aa  ibey  had  done  belore. 

A  Inx  ofiirovliion,  by  her  Mnjetly'tanlhorily,  waa 
levied  on  all  Ihe  abipa.  Tbia  Inx  wat  rcndily  paid) 
heaidet  wliieb,  the  Admiral  received  prrient*  of  wina^ 
fruit,  und  utiier  lefrethineiitt,  cbirlly  from  Ihe  PuitU' 
gueae. 

Tliit  formal  poaaeaaion,  taken  by  Rir  Humphrey 
Gillirrt.  in  runirquence  of  Ihe  ditcuveiy  by  ihe  Cabot*, 
ia  the  foundation  of  the  right  und  title  of  the  cruwn  ol 
England  to  the  territory  uf  Nenfuundlunduiid  to  Iba 
fiihery  on  ilt  Imnkt. 

Aa  fnr  at  the  time  would  permit,  a  turvev  wot  mado 
nf  Ibe  country  ;  one  princi^ml  object  uf  which  waa  Iha 
diacuvcry  nf  minea  and  niniemla.  The  mineralngiit 
waa  n  Nuxon,  who  it  cbnrnclrriiril  at  "  lionett  und  If 
liuioiia."  Thia  man  brought  lo  Ibe  AduiirnI  firtt  a 
tpeeiinen  of  iron,  then  a  kind  nfure,  which,  un  Ih* 
peril  of  bit  life,  be  proletled  to  lie  tllver.  Tlie  Admi- 
r,ilenjiiineil  lecrecy,  ami  tent  it  un  honrd  ;  ititrnding 
to  have  it  ata;iyed,  when  they  tliuuld  get  to  aea. 

1'he  rumpniiy  liring  diaperaed  nliniud,  tome  wer* 
taken  tick  and  died  :  tome  hid  llienitelvei  in  the  woodi, 
with  nn  intention  lo  go  home,  by  Ibe  firtt  opp.-rlunity; 
and  iithert  cul  une  of  Iho  vettelt  out  uf  Ihe  liarbur  and 
carried  her  ulf. 

On  the  20lh  of  AiigutI,  the  Adii.irnl.  having  col- 
lecled  a*  ninny  of  hia  iiieii  na  could  be  found,  nnd  nr- 
dereil  one  of  hit  vetaelt  lu  tiny  and  lake  oil'  the  tick ; 
tet  mil  with  three  ibi|it ;  the  IMi|tbt,  the  Hind  nnd 
the  Squirrel.  Ki<  cunated  along  the  toiilhrrn  pnrt  of 
ihe  itiumi,  with  a  view  lu  make  Cniie  Uretun  and  Iha 
Iile  ol  Sable ;  un  which  laat,  he  hai!  heard  that  cattia 
and  twine  had  been  landed  by  the  i'uiluguete,  thirty 
yeara  licfore. 

Bring  enlAngled  among  thnali  and  involved  is 
foga,  the  Uelight  atriick  un  a  tand  bank  and  waa  loat. 
Fourteen  men  only  tnvcd  Ihemtelvrt  in  a  boat ;  tbia 
loat  of  the  Saxon  refiner  waa  particularly  noted,  and 
nothing  farther  wat  heard  of  the  tilver  ore.  Thia 
niitforlune determined  Ihe  Admiral  to  return  to  Eng- 
land, without  attempting  tn  make  any  farther  ditco- 
veriet,  or  to  take  puttrttiun  of  any  other  part  of 
America.  On  hit  pntiagr,  he  met  with  bad  weather 
The  Squirrel  frigate,  in  which  Sir  Humphrey  tailed, 
waa  overloadeil  on  her  deck ;  but  he  peraitled  w 
taking  hi*  paaaage  in  her,  nolwitbttanding  the  ra- 
monalrancea  of  hia  friend*,  in  the  Hind,  wlio  would 
have  perauaded  him  to  aail  with  them.  From  lb* 
ciicomalance  of  hi*  reluming  from  hi*  firtt  voyaga 
without  accompliahing  ila  object,  it  had  been  icpoitad 
Uwi  ba  waa  a&aid  of  tbe  mb  ;  bad  be  yicldad  ^  tte 


^   I 


I  with  lira  •hijn,  Mr- 
I.I  on  the  «l«vrnlh  t4 
III' July  RrrivrJ  iiflTlh* 
:i«l  1)1  Nrw  rulllidliind 
vllini  ill  Ihr  liaiburi 
lo  (irrpiirnl  lo  nit«i 
•nil  ill  hia  built  wilk 
iiihrlh  ,  nil  tight  of 
It'll  iiilfi  the  |M)rl. 
)■  lo  laliH  liirninl  pos* 
lliiii'ry  oil  ill  liank% 
wu  done  ill  III*  fa(> 

III,  Admirmt  Gilbert 
light  ol  nil  Ihc  ihiiH 
•  iiwii  poiiple,  mm- 
Irn  of  vrnHlt,  both 
will  Hi  lh«  cprrnionji 
hia  cuiimiiaainn  wit 
ijnrra.  Thrn  klurf 
III  which  ho  rrcritod 
y,  iiruclnniilinn  wm 
lai  II  from  Iheljlirfn, 
I  of  KlIgllllKl,  of  ih* 
ndreU  Ivnguci  iivrij 

,  fur  the  aorrrntncnl 
ihiicwurahip  WRa  ••• 
■r  Ihr  churrh  iif  En|> 
iiig  III'  niiy  thing  pra- 
I  ilrelninl  Imiaun,  «0> 
By  llir  lliini,  the  ul< 
fhcrMnjraly  mn  lo 
I  and  the  cunfiicdion 

nl,  naacnt  iind  obedi> 
iinliora.  A  pillar  wm. 
in  whirh  the  (juren'a 
lal  of  Ihe  mercbani* 
on  which  they  might 
belore. 

valy'iaiilhnrily,  w«« 
X  waa  rcndily  paid  | 
ml  prrarnli  of  winCi 
irfly  from  the  Poitu* 

|n  by  8ir  Humphrey 
ovciy  by  the  Cabuta, 
title  iif  Ihe  cruwnol 
uiidliind  and  lo  Ih* 


aurrev  waa  mad* 
uf  which  waa  the 

The  niineralngiat 

a"liniipal  and  ■*• 
le  Ailiiiirnl  Aral  • 
ore,  which,  on  Ibt 
ilver.     The  Admi> 

hoard ;  intending 
uld  get  to  a«H. 
'iriiiid,  loBie  were 

Ivea  in  the  wootia, 

flr>topi.<:rtunity; 

uf  the  liarbur  ami 


liiiirnl,  having  cot 
'  lie  liiiiiid,  iinil  or- 
liilin  ull'  llieaick; 
i;lil,  Ihe  Hind  and 
aiiulhrrn  part  of 
>e  Breton  and  the 
i!  heard  that  catll* 
I'urlugueae,  thirty 

and   involved   la 

bank  and  waa  loal. 

ea  in  a  boat;  lb« 

nilariy  noted,  and 

ailver  ore.     ThU 

lo  return  to  Eng- 

my  farther  diaco- 

ny  other  part  of 

with  had  weather 

Humphrey  aailed, 

t   he  peraiated   ia 

hatandina  Ihe  !•• 

Hind,  wno  would 

:hein.    From  the 

hit  firat  «o]r«|« 

Ihad  been  fcpoiMd 

IhsjieUwmib* 


t 


'i: 


u 


AMEKtCAN    IIIHTOnr. 


h  Mi  MiMl  it  hai  bMn  wppoani  Ihul  h*  iirnfln- 
MMMkwiinl,  b»;ri)iHlih»Ohli>.  Th«  init'i  U,  IhKl 
h*  Wftn  hU  mHrrh  (V<>nt  Mnvlllii,  «  >1IU(«  nnr  iIm 
■oulh  iirilin  Mii(>ilr,  i>n  III*  INih  n(  Nnti-iiilirr,  «iiil 
M  ih«  ITih  iirDn'riiilHir  iirrivril  ni  I'Iik'iicii,  nii  In- 
Jinn  •ilUi*  of  lw«iil)r  houwii  whi>r<i  llu'jr  iriimliinl 
till  Ih*  nr«l  April. 

TIm  JiiUiiiv,  ih«  tlm>,  lh«  nntun  iif  lh»  » 
IIm  conn* *riil  nwiiiii>r  udh*  nmrih 
Ihr  vllUv*,  all  riinriir  lu  i'*' 
•f  fl.ilit  A  Im>  •  •>"      « 
uau  iin  i>  .... 

MlMiMi|l|  • 

M(>kll«,  at 

If  agiira  I 

Ilia  vnwl 

■ra  fiHiml      rmui   C^w^aM. 

waalwanl.  an.l  I'roMol  4  ''■• 

llffl««  Oji.lilu.'r  ,    '    : 

which  la  II    .  k>i    . 

On(h*»<>' 
bliniall". 
sallnl  Ai 
•  wall  of 
Inlhia  • 
inonlha  i   ' 

Ikllfua »    '  I        a 

kiilo  »fa«i '  ... 

coy*.    1    , 
I  Miaiia,  'r  .  '.. 

Hial, 

rainlils  »>  thi>  .«  "wrii  -..•■i  >  1  tim  vuwia*iMii.  1  ' 
noil  aunt'itrr  ;  wlint  <*•  1     ^«iuS    ^..  ii' i.*,  iu*,i.i- 
■ivnt.  ar  >  !.>«  i.f  nmn    ' 
WgnnlliC!  rt-t  !!"■  4J,- 
•tl  rfinil  rt"     ..,.-..- 
leiurnni  "  ''  ii>  ^ 

The  |.l»' '    vh,  r    ^. 
•haltank  "I  ihi  Rtnl 
Miaalaa)  „  ,  ui  M   111 
liaiil  uf  .  -   iri  i\  ! ' 
Cuba,  i>  '-.i.ir.i       ... 
MVfntCtn  .I'l      .i.   .  « 

eompuii    •  .  .iM( 
bagiira  ' 

P-i'i  ...      .       ■    I 
■ml  cn«M'u    ...     I 
ini  Ihai  ttic  .'.  i,.>  r 
•IImI  m  t!.).  ru'vm'  •  . 
ImmImJ  >»  ;)iiu  ri-.ril  i  ' 
Anil  that  '     n.'v^r  Mvut  ^  Fthvi    i...f,  v,   • 
Wth  <!•:.:   ■«  "I  Ul.iutii.,  wliirli  w  .)im4(ii  ' 
..!>  jKir".  of  t>«   Otii.i.     '1 
h«  .  <i>M  nut  h-ivi*  !i««n  g. 
■m  •ft'l  r^-iniiiiii^  ;ii  ','1*1   I 
V.    r>i  .i>»  Ohio 


hopanl  Ihal  th«  narMiiia  who  now  ori'upy  and  arc  rul- 
ll*Kllii||ll..i  lamia  wh*r»  ihfM  aliiniilKr  liiilklliiga  art 
fiiuriil,  will  prri«r«*,  la  hr  «•  ihry  ar*  ahlr,  toina  at 
Iniat  iif  llti'Bi.  HioitiMiirMla  uf  liiikiMittii  n^v*  t  ihiil  na 
th*y  liiivp  liitiK  rraiilril  llio  riivnyrii  uf  liinr.  aiiil  niay 
puamlilv  >.'.t1t(.  til*  rvannri'lir*  uf    III*  ttri'iirllt    tfrllfrtl. 

•  i^.i  uMim|.<iit<i  »'  i  w 

mriljf. 


t.Hri 


ii..'.>i 
ii...  „ 


*  >t  i<*th  fniM  li»*i'.,j  •  !<  \... 
».i..  •iiMk  1.,  .       '   .1.1).     '  >  I 
1 .  I .'iilit  il*   Mi'ir. ».-.).    t.mriti 
"itrii  -.>>•  if  til*  %luwia*lMii.  I  " 


niiii  aft»r  lung  aullrllallun,  ImI  g  aaalalaii  M  H 
filfiMla.  h*  art  aall  rrnin  IMymuul  1  wllh  At* ah(|iai Mir* 
ryliig  Iwii  humlrrd  anil  aUly  in*l„  on  Ilia  rl»«fnlh  (4 
Jiiii*  lANll;  ami  nil  III*  rli'vi'iiihnf  Jiilv  airivril  iilTth* 
Imv  uf  Ml.  Jnhii,  uii  III*  i-HNti'm  riMitlulSi'W^iiMjIiind 
riiirly-ili  lUhliig  trHi'la  wrral'irn  In  ih*  liiiibor, 

«llO  ri  |\|«|-(1  Iiilii   .i.:.'i||lM|h*.        Hv    fil*^rt.t<    III  rl.lat 

ft*  Kill*  •( arin* ,  Ijui  I'lfviuunlv  uriil  In  Kin  Ui^l  wul) 
I  •  -  I  .1.  Pi  (Vimi  (Jur^n  I'll/  li*ili  .III  tight  uf 
1^  liiiiiiiiit'.l,  anil  '1*  MKili'il  iiitii  III*  iHirt. 

ii.  h  •  (  Mil*  •ii»«»*  »  i«  luiuli,   fiiinml  p.«- 
.  I.  kt  urn  ii^niiJ,  iiii.i  iirilm  dnliiTY  IIM  lU  liutili^ 
I  "<  ri.||i»i  I.    1  hia  H«>  Jill*  In  Ih*  fit* 


JIJfl.MI..     >l.". 

hm  ■<*«•  «4  iM 
Ma  •Muni-  Loaa 
tKiar*, 


loot) 


k.uii 
l>'»V, 


1  iii..n*        . 
I  KriglmtM,, 
'   VV  Iwil  II.. 
I  ri-iiit,'  Kl  il  I 
awl  I  l"ig 


>l    .\ugw*t.   Aduiiral  Uillwrl 
'  ;  II.  '     1  im  alMM.-.  In  ••|{*tl    I  all  lu*  •M|>- 

I  11    illlt'IHl*i|  h*      II*    nivil    p/»|.|*,    |.|tni> 

1  mhnri'a  anil  .n^*!*!.*  uf  tnaafli,  IkuH 
I  mill  otii.  !■  to  l'ivpr*auiil  t,i  lh«  I  rrf  nt.iuy. 
vu-ff  ull  aaat-nil'lril.  hia  riiniu'iaiiiii  tmat 
li'Tprriril  III  ihi  liirciitii*ra  Tlirn  «  u.?f 
>i  I*  ili.|i>*r«l  cu  liim,  wtiirh  h»  r*c*t«<«l 


«i  »ay  allM^  tlflMi  If  Ih*  tmp    < 
fittnim  tl'\,»    I"*  aMilinrni,  » ».  ■ 
»* .»  .•  itaMHitilif  Ml*  I' 


.#">  "•'•W  f***!' 
lil^rr  )h«  «MiM 


I",  rt  i%t.ait.iu 
riw  p'.ifcrr    * 


a».^  •Ml  1  llit«>^ihi|^wk^W»«)|t> 
l|.*marlM-*  In  lie     •  ■«<i»  \>v- 
r.,ifc.'il«g.     il  tau'  ^i<  ttn-i  ilv.   ■■■■ 
Hv  <rliil  Wwld;  tM  >*  «••  *  WU  I  t> 


1^  |v.Hi.«ui*  Ih* 
■I....'  In  l.'.Jil, 
.,  •.<  u»rnl_v  p»r- 
' «  i>f  tilui'ation 
*  -*  JManit-r  llofi' 
'  W4iiKi|.iiMl .  \mi 
■■    .Ilia  1.1  tl'"  "*■ 


,.  |.i 


w.iljt.  in.  [*<'•'•}  't'  ;»,;j£  *r«u..'   t\ 


4rl  Vilt. 

l.lll'      !,. 

nvtilut     1 
y  »Ul.  ..     .Ilfij  III 

^U^t*m  ..-iM,>i«,,i..nC:iiii 

ifypM-lllrr.     '.  ir  nlf-.i  «..    Ilri 
ill*  fi)/r*-Mu  hHwtri  'I     M.,,, 


■oulh< 
■Inn  Ihr 
IhuMft 
contina 
can  an> 

camp  h.  1. .    .     .11    '  :\ I'-r  Hi,.  1.,.,. ,., 

war*  n  I  •■  -.t    .  ..Ir  1 1„  ,<,- . 

man  ai  •<  n  .  ,  . 

wiiitar. 

The  ■.!  ■  k.  «',lrh  !»»« 
•nil  coi.|.rfur*  amfc 
ilarnblr      'riH>y  >f>.  f<. 
eea.  In  «<•■  uHi'.mf  ,.4 
ofthe  .Mi*9  MtfiiM  .  fhi  *.^i4'  tv! 
Jsmna     in-l    t*iit«>lrin.u:||    rivn 


..r«lM»  mnl  l»MU4  .«■%«'' 
ti.inUS.wmPk  •  n*M>tN|i|i^<^' 
prnttaiuntf  ' 
|»yiJ    " 
,»,.  :  .««Mla, 

,^,  ^i.il«au««»,.k 

"^*'illte,ai»«-«i»i»|«»  §<ft<f,y»»f    •  ',<- :  inij).  •  !i  ha.l 

'l«>l^t•  .-.  £|'il^iila» auKetlbiol.  '  r  ..'1.  ';i!aia<>K 
r  II*  laawdlar :  auMNUfWAf*'  wtio  •*>«>  •  -•  •••>*  •»<>  - 
«Im  rpMhl^lMfilihit,  i^.niyiji  whm  lixiy  .i«ii. 


tttturfeilj  Uw   '.It <■<!••  u>  ll.r.  «i 

"iinti  t^t*.  |iuri  ilio  liHiii 


»ri 


■   -    il«Olli_t  liulll.^iHM 

Hi  ««ii/'><  ft<i:jliei|l  mr-  fttt 


muntr.   '' 
Lake)  ... 

Tlw    ...- 
apeelin^  ' 
Bullhi    1 
tlwolJr 
imi.    r. 
eatatl.i^ 
pnaan<  r 
pitiaiii-r 
ereetii  s  r. 

Trt 
hkva  I 
kno4i 
•U:> 

Tl 


.  ilifv  .\r**i(r*mjin)ti>  1. 

1 .  :m  mI*  of  ..i>1«..  __'  ti,tf  ,[.,  ,.  , 
lulfv  .lilln'  |;rr«ii|ii  .i«i. 
'  .ij  .iitf^iniil  f.»r  ihpir  If*/^.-' 

flM.MT    llHlMllg    'if  ill*  . 

M.*  ..I  t|.*.^*   work*, 
1    ;■     I'    ^u|.f.iiif    •  . 


''•4.1,  .1U--       - 

n  <1    h*  Cii 


'{'. 


■nmi 


•inir 


nn 


i^'iit  hiHiibitiftliii.  inj)!.!. 


t-i  ikW  j|bi>i*t  ''«•  t««k.  jPafUM  i<»  UitM  iip|i4iuii.'<i  I... 

'H*«t'«**.MS!J**y*'''''^'""^'**" •'".'  ■•'•"■'■"*■ 
n«*»ifftf*<i(i*l|iiv'*<':-!iii»ii'nlv        '....iJaulili* 

A»liimW»#i«liflW{l»*g*.  >   <iiiu  .   i.mylia 

r<w  <Mi  jt»tH.ii:»»irt»A  Of  p.iitug  'i«.  rt..     I.,  w 

«»♦*  tJfl»  ¥a^^>r•"•*•^lX^•»Sl'  ni»v  anHii   I  ■»*  i(,ir* 
.  _,U„|j»<«l*o<W^»-.li».»»l»Hwol.      Oflhi.  ■•:*i,rl,  r... 

,»j  »»*i'**  4t*.'i.viw.i»i  '•;«i^  I""*!  fifty  "Il  1  th«  w  ■ '  t-- 
.«.<  ii*»W|ai;  !v  wrii  uppiMiii*''! 

;^..*«ll(  >*lt  >-    lOr.i..  li*  u.*  li^iMa- 

■I  ^  •"»  «!>>>  w  ..iMJiii  5f*«»  ii"<«>i 

itex^u,  Sir-    1   itim-dplila*!,;-  •;• 

■■VH     IJm  >'.'i'K  wliicb  Ml  ii'.iii.i.. 

*»"•:•  ^Ikw  »•.•■  SMffaH  hi.  iii.i  ■mt« 

;'Si.>   -    %^.K  '4ilW*i  fi"  "'-1  <" 

UJfc*-*'.  ».^>  .^'     •^'■'■i'  *»i''i.<-  .1  r- 

'         ■    r.    .  'VBiftK!,  Iieiiii t 


rfr* 


} 


fSSL 


-tiir*fti*(  (hut  ,hr\  ^rrth*  Wiirk  uf  t>*»nt    t»"ti    . 
*    :5     Mjfi  f^r*  i-iis ,  wtio  had  ft^ffofT**!    ;' 
■imi  ».    ^* 'ritrr    '.i:  .:iaint.ti        t;, 
.  nd  in  iAf^-fiHve,  »HU.h  t.iorr  riumi. 


w  eoi  i'«i> 

utoof.l«' 

m  than  1^  -«  A  'n^ry 

Mr  fiiib.  ;•  n.<  -    -    t 


h 


if  ilvii 

»ill    ki' 


"i  1*  t»Ili^ 
#  ,lli«f  .rtiirtr 
i».i  I     .1  .•dLll^^. 
01  wliiiia  we  or  i  I""  •»»  girm.-* '  '  lami ; 
It   ia  to  bit;  ••^'.iiiMri  M  ..         !,k  •!; 

uf  hi".  («l1-  "■   llirilllHl. 


Hf   n»« 


■pi  i"M  of  tht^^i-iii 

p.     I  r«{tAlllltul|*'M«  .r* 

.  j.-'"i.iil  id  I.*  WjfJiW 

-».«>|.;..I«.    ...H  . 
;..llK.tll*.       *fi;tyit 

. . ...  nwiWit.  alnil:!  >. 

t»Bi  lu  re- 

'. ,  .i.iil  b«.. 

•1  .'>',-.  rrnlilon, 

:^)r  »-••'    -(-ill!  iho 

,,.>|.  '1  A  4<.iniJUinna 

CKtUf  «•■  i-vki  >ri>re  to 


Xl.W    *4.^■  ^   f 


«  "t«o  bait>i«a  and  Ui/."  :  mU  Ut  out*  Uivr*  V  i:<>u>it  i^tk*  Mw  i»i  ..  i*iu(4 


■III  11  liiui,  wnii.l  liiipi'ilu.iri, ,  |iru<lani«i.»ii  «*■ 
liiiule.  iliiil  I  y  tiiir'.  irhiariinuii'Maiii  iVniin)  ■  Q  .en. 
It*  t...'k  pii»«(.*aiiiii  lur  till'  rruivn  ni  Kii|jtit<.J,  01  tha 
liailKit  uf".  Julin,  mill  Iwj  humlml  lingwa  I'vfy 
way  rnunii  11. 

H'  lln-ii  piilili»li*il  Ihrre  Inwa,  dir  lli*  gnrrmmcnl 

uf  III*  t*ii»i.ry.     1l«  ill*  llrxl,  p<ililiov>..rklii|i  wa*  ra< 

liiLlialii'il  RMunling  III  111   I  iixlr  if  ilinhurrh  nf  Kng- 

!aml    H»  i1m>  >*i..tl  iln.  mini  |.iiiigi.i  mn  iliii.g  ).|«- 

jUilMiAi  III  fii'i  M.   I'  •         'lie  I  ,i»  itt'rliii*(lii*ayii|i,  M* 

i-oriliiig  tolln- 1.  ■       '  '  1  )i>ii»l     Hr  llir  iliiiil, 'hii  111- 

i  ii'iiiij;  'f  HorJn  I.)  itii.  iikliuityr  ol  lifr  M hjiial^  w..ftto 

,  bi  |itiiii>h«il  Kilh^tli*  1'H.a  i>f  (.»(>  iiiiU  llie  ruuAaciiiiite 

.1:     .|!*fly. 

n'h"  iirnalaaaiiiiuii  Niliig  fmlahpi).  ni^rnl  ami  nbfiil- 

iw*  wi'v M^mllrtl  liy biuii  ni-..!!,!.  .      ..>    A  j.illar  wa* 

«i1*<l,  btmi.i;  i,  .     •  uf  Irml,  1   •  uliii  li  the  Qiiorn'* 

)M«  ««r«  •nyrocn  ,  iibii  ><  irt*!  uf  ilii   nirrrhaiit* 

.  jrrr,i'?<  nt  Imiil,  in  ,i.'  ftiiiui  ....     '   ih  Ihij  lu.^lit 

.  o  lliiH  ^,1'i  4one  li».''.r« 

I  I  i..ii«»ii,  b)  hi>r  Miijaaly'aaullinnly    w«« 

•  II  -Il  Ui*  •hl|m.     Thii  lai  wii»  ri'iidily  iwul) 

i     .    1  ivhi.'li,  III*  .Vilmirai  rri  liMil  (in  »<'nu  uf  wma, 

I  I'liit.  anil  i)lti«r  lefreahfui'iita,  ilii.  Ily   liiiin  lln-  J'l.'ii- 

■  p,»..- 

:  Till"  1  iruial  \i«a»ri<i..i.ii.  Iul<i-ii  by  Kit  Ilimiphrey 
|l         1.  .i-Miui-iirvuf  llie  iJiMovrry  by  ilii'CnhuU, 

I  if  :  .  1  •■  ir..in  of  ihr  liulii  undl  liilf  uf'itn.  iiown  of 
i  ;  ,,  Tl  li  t,  ibelurilufy  uf  ,\*»'>  iinlhiiiU  niul  lu  ill* 
<^»h*r-  "11  Ita  li.'ink*. 

j  Aa  fill  .•  li.r  tun*  wii'  |irriiiii.  n  aurvi  v  naa  maiie 
J  "f  Ui»  enunWJ  ■  uim  (irjiicipiil  objnt  ..f  nliith  »i,»  the 
I  ilia<r«>t'i »  uf  niirira  mid  " '.u'rila.  'I'liii  iiiinrralogiit 
1  w.-B  n  fn  '.an  >vbi.  in  cliiti'iii'Icrixil  sa  "  hi.iipai  imj  1*. 
I  111  I  I'lK.  '  TMa  man  biuiri^li  ■.  t},a  Ai.'uuriil  liri.1  » 
(...iiimi  of  i.Hii,  i|i»ii  :    kii.i!  ui  oir,  whiili,  un  III* 

■  i«-.ij  uf  hi.  Ijli.  1.1-  |ii  ii.i.'il  III  II..  .ilvir.  .'tl*  Admi- 
'  '..Ifiijiiuml  ercrL'i'.y,  iiiwl  M.gi  i|  uu  Intiint;  iiitritiliti|^ 
;  K  '»>*  it  aiia-ij^'d.  wbi  ■   ili.y  »h<i|ilil  ;t*l  to  M'.i. 

;  Til*  iiimpiiii.  twinjj  'h>|ii'ii.i'iJ  ..l.ri.i.i!,  ijjiHi  wi.>o 
j  fir  1  >i('li  aiiili  i.il .  mini*  bidthrnitirlM.>itiiliK  wiuuIk, 
i  will  uu  il  "I'liliiiii  II.  ;,'u  li,.|i.f ,  hv  ill    1  >•'  up)    rluiiity; 

I  aim  iilhrrii  tut    .'Huf  tin-  t..'*t<>i'>.    r  <  ..|  lUr  I'UlUirialMt 

|«i,"ii«ni»»  iiS". 

flu  thu  SOiii  f  .^ijiimi.  ih>.  .Ail-r.triil.  tjiiving  cijl« 
:  '<xi.rt.«»  •I'.iyaf  111"  II  t  II B.  .nuhl  be  (iitind,  imd  or 
jcli-^  I  M- 1  I  Uw  i»>i»«.|t  «iiiv  iiikI  tui-i.  oir  lliefw ': , 
nUi  aail  «M.  ui-i*  I'Mji.  ih</|>iiftl.  ibn  flind  ail4 
f  'tiling  ifiu  }ittuth*rn  piirl  of 
mnk*  ('»(•■  l^nlun  awl  iha 
.»!,  1,1  !..!.;  iimnl  ilml  ralllu 

aiiilfwiMi  ImiI  lieen  lanurd  by  lli«  l'ui:ui;iii'iie,  ihiity 
I  y"»  t  f'l*. 

I  Sfilug  rnii>n|l«i  ^uiiii'i,'  ah.mla  siid  iittiilltd  in 
1  f:>r*,  Uiv  IkQght  atnick  mi  a  t^A  I  :.i>k  r.iid  wua  Inat, 
i  Kiurt*»i  lEdii  only  imcii  ih*nii«l»ir.  m  «  bunl,~th<i_ 
'  ..■«  of  iht!  >'»ioii  itrfiupr  una  pariiflulari)  uulati,  and 
'  ■  .Jhing  fiii;Urwt»  In  ani  uf  the  ailvvr  orr  Tb»» 
;  inioturtoni  ili.'ttii!Diiii:il  i!i«  A.li  .if.if  i.i  rrturn  to  Kng- 
•  irnJ.  wilbual  nlfnipiHia  l"  mffke  any  !itrili«i  illi'^o. 
,  I'lif.p^,  ur  1*1  tar  .i..>itKr*TOiMi  of  uny  intbt-r  part  <l( 
.•ot-iuM  l>ii  l.ia  pan*:..'*,  b*'  n'*l  "i-'li  Imil  w»  .ihrf 
!  Th*  Si)uin<;l  fngni*  in  v  'livli  .*<!.  li>.,iiiphrry  'imiieil, 
j  wna  overjotii>*il  on  hir  .iM-'t  ;  imt  b*  iM-raiftuU  m 
i  utiifig   lr^   ua'iaage  in   hi'r,  notWiKX^.iinitlnj,  ih*  ?•• 

iminsifiirc"  of  UK  fHciiiia,  in  >!*  ijird,  •■hu  woi  lil 
i  have  |,(<r«ii8tli^d  Hli.  !r  Mii  Ti'h  il.fin  Fmiu  iUs 
j  cirfii-iialpiK-i' cf  hi«  Tiuni.iig  ffum  Ini,  I'lral  ♦"jraj* 
I  willioiil  uTowiplia'irtij  ii<  *hji.ct,  it  haJ  luiiii  rrpurtwS 
\  iUh:  Ue  wiia  itfiiit:  uf  tl.«  ten  ;  tiud  U-s  viclil«d  '.u  li^  ' 


\  i1»'i«f,ii.,1.  w  :(i  .1 
I  t*l*  III  fi«Nt ,  I 


J 


t   g  IMlllfll   M  MM 

ii  I  Willi  A«*ahi|M,rar- 
rt„  on  lilt  flrtfnlA  M 
ml  July  atrUrtliilTlh* 
mill  iilNrwIiilllltlilind 
■n  llirn  in  th*  lntiboTi 

It'      1     •  !■■ '    1.1  •  lilM 

I     ,>lfl   ill   I  |>  I  .1.11    Mltb 

n  .hvili     mi  aighi  u( 
iIIhI  trtlii  tliii  |Hirt. 
tiia  IdIiiIk'  fiiiniol  p<«- 
»  H'lirrv  im  liM  Iwnli*, 
,«  «••  Jor.«  III  Ilia  f  1^ 

pt^    Aitiiilml  (iiltwrt 

'  >    I  all  liiH  •M|» 

.1  (iMpIr,   mm- 

'  r  ii>»rl>,  Iwlh 

■••Mil  i.l  lh«  I  arrm'Wiy* 

.   Ilia  oililli'aaiiili  wtt 

iiiuff      'then  n  'iff 

'HI,  »*hiih  lia  rrraiviiU 

III,  |«u<l«n>at.'>ii  mtl 

'a*U>)i  frminl  •  (,'    •rn, 

n  nt  Kii||lii.,i|,  01  ika 

lltKlml   lil<||uia  <■V^TJ 

a,  r<ir  Ilia  gnvrnimcnl 
Ki)iliowi>r>lii|i  Kiia  pa- 
■  if  llirihiiri'linr  ¥■"»• 
iliiig  III  >M<\  lliii.ir  )'■*' 

ik  (IrclinrilliaaiiMi,  afl* 

Hv  llir  ll.lill,  'till  111. 

Ill  Itrr  Mhjt*ai^   t»v»  to 

!•  aiiU  llio  riiiiAavai'i'a 

lip.',  fini'nl  ami  obfiH- 
ii.  .  ••'»  A  )iillar  KM 
l-t  xlllrli  till  (Jiirro'a 
arai  •>(  Hii  nirrchaui* 
...  .  'ich  lhv)i  niijkt 
i  hi>t<ir«. 

ij«ily'«iiullinhly  ^m 
ia«  mix  ri'iiililv  |<«I<1  i 
iMtl  pn  >i'nii  III'  wiiie, 
hiilljr  Iram  tlit  Pu.''u> 

I'll  liy  Sir  Ilimipfinty 
icit-ry  Ity  I Itc  ( 'iih«4a, 

il  ilJc  iiiitit'  iiiuwn  ul 
^t'liiiiilunil  aiiil  lu  th« 

t.  n  aiirvi  v  waa  maiie 
I'll,  t  nlilih  wiia  tha 
*r^i*'  iniiirrajogrrt 
it  nil  "  lii.imat  niij  la- 
ilii)  Ai.'iiiiriil  lirkl  » 
;  1)11',  »liirli,  iiti  lli« 
•  ailvi  r.  lip  Ailmi- 
.'..i.irj  ;  iiilrn<liii|; 
lliitlllt  'iH  lu  hi'. I. 

Sri'i.i!.  •■jaw  wrte 
imrKia  ill  ihr  wuiala, 
hli  'ii«tiiiii.'.rtui)i«y i 
l^vt  I'l  iliai^mlair  himI 

ilul.  h:i>iiig  oU 
|li!  Iir  liitiiul.  iinil  nr- 
iiil  In!"  oil'  lliCfH'*!: 
hiijfii,  iliii  IliiiiJ  aiM 
Jilii'  .iiiuihTn  I'lrl  of 
«]<•  l^ri'inn  «wt  III* 
ii'.  iiv-unJ  ihal  rallU 
Vortuyinna,  ihirty 

q  nriil  iiiriiliail  ia 
I  ink  r.ii(l  waa  liiat. 
|f>r.  Ill  a  biinl  ,~ltMI,. 
Iii!ut)iri>  iKilcti,  and 
i«  »t(«i'r  ore  Tbi» 
lif  111  ri'turn  In  Kiig- 
1  uny  fiif'liai  illi  ■co- 
lony iilirr  part  at 
i.  iiii.t  IV*  ■ihrr 
U*iiiipiir«'y  'iMiiiet!, 
'■f  ni-raiaiiit  lu 
.i-.tiniiinL  tba  ?•* 
I  Hirtl,  who  uroi  \d 
I  Ihfin  From  ila 
li'b  Tint  «'i7>f* 
:  hhj  '•■ini  rtputfM 
Ii'-  <rii'.ii'i(l  '.u  1X0  ' 


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1 

BIOORAPHIRt  Of  TNI  lAIILT  DltOOTIIII  R«. 


$t  kto  W—ili,  Iha  MlgHM  ml|bl  Im**  biM 


WhM  IK*  mM  thatod,  *ml  tU  <n—t\»  w*n  nor 
M  Ailmlrnl  VIM  —n  loiialnnlly  •iilllMK  tii 

I  Mam  with  ■  tKNik  III  hi<  hitml.  On  iha  Uih  at 
BayXmbari  h«  ««•  h«ii  for  iha  !»••  llin* :  anil  w*a 
IkaanI  by  th*  |m><>|>I*  tii  the  lllml  (>■  »»y,  "  VVa  itr*  m 
■Mr  lM*<*n  hy  M*  ••  by  Uiul  "  In  Iha  liilkiwtng 
Bight,  Iha  llghU  ofhi-  ahiii  luiklaniy  ill>ii|>|iaara<l. — 
Tna  pauula  in  Ihaulhar  orMai  krjil  *  guml  lijok  uul  f»r 
liiiii,  liurlng  Iha  ramaliular  uf  .ho  vuyun*.  Un  Iha 
Iwanlyaacimil  of  M»|i(ainlia'  Ihay  aitlvml,  Ihniugh 
■uah  lMn|iaat  and  paril,  al  Fahnuulh,  Uul  nothing 
■on  waa  aaan  oi  baanl  uf  lh«  Ailmlral. 

Whllal  hb  laal  fni  lhi>  liiiaraal  uf  iha  Crown,  anil 
Umi  aatllamanla  of  lla  American  ilumlnluna,  haa  haan 
Itrgaly  oommanilail  i  ha  haa  baan  Uainail  fur  hia  la- 
narlly  tn  lavlahlng  hla  iiwn  and  ulhar  maii'a  furlunaa 
In  Iha  proaaciillun  uf  hla  ilaalgna.  Thia  la  mil  Iha 
nnljr  Inalanea  of  a  waala  of  pmiiartv  In  oonaai|uanfa 
•faangulna  aipm^allmia ;  which.  Inniigh  rulnuua  to 
Iha  Aral  aiNanturara,  haaphiilueail  aulki  ail«aiilagaa  to 
Ihalr  aiwcaaaora. 

Ur.  Puralar  haa  a  ramark  on  nna  of  Ih*  Ineklanla  of 
iMa  voyaga  which  la  wiirlhy  uf  rapalltiun  ami  mnam- 
hmiioa.  "  It  la  «arv  elanr  (aa«a  na)  In  ilia  iiiatanca  uf 
Iha  Porluguaaa  having  alookad  Iha  lala  uf  SabIa  with 
Joniaatio  aiilnala,  that  Iha  tllacovarara  uf  Iha  n*w  wiirlil 
wara  man  of  humanity  i  ilealroua  of  provklliig  for  auuh 
unfurtuiMla  paopla  aa  might  liap|wn  to  ba  caat  away 
on  Ihoaa  ooaata.  Tha  falaa  pulley  uf  miiiiern  limea  la 
ulloua  ami  tyrannical,  aiporllng  iloga  to  ilavour  Ihani. 
Ara  Ihaaa  tha  hapuy  cunaaquaneaa  of  Iha  ao  much 
koaalnl  anllghtvnau  alala  of  iha  praaant  aga,  ami  ra- 
laaiaant  of  mannara,  paoullar  to  our  llmaa  t  Kalhcr 
•f  iMnlaa,  when  will  philanthropy  ayalii  taka  up  hai 
•Inala  In  Iha  braaata  of  man,  of  Obriatiana,  ami  Ilia 
lefltliaaaitb!" 


WALTER   RAI.EIOH, 

AND 

RICHARD  URENVII.LB. 

Wai.iaa  Riiaiaa-Heiailva  of  OlllMrt— Obiaina  a  rnmmU. 
aiim  rrniii  l^ueaii  KllmitMlh— 'le  laiU  Inr  Ainorlra— Thoir 
arrival— Oraniranlniuo,  ilte  liullaii  clilnf— Daarrlpllitn  of  an 
Imllan  vlllnwa— HixiHiahly  and  kltHlna^a  uflha  nalivaa^Ua. 
lam  iif  Halfltrh  ami  hi*  puny  tn  KniUnd  with  Iwti  nallvva— 
Vlri|ti)U,  aiiiiaiiltMl  by  Rllxnhath— Aitnlhar  nvpcillllnn  miittir 
iha  cnnimanti  uf  tir  Rktianl  (iraiiVlllfl — Thatr  arrival  In 
AmarIca— Haahnaia  ni'  Uranvllla—HIa  r«iurn— Uaaih  of 
Oraiiaanlinaiv— WInalna  iltwrmiiiai  nn  a  rcvanip— Ha  la  en- 
aiiarad  by  Ilia  Ei.fiiah  anil  klllail— Dcpariura  ul^iha  Cnfllali 
— AniKlMr  aapailiilnn— Thair  arrival— A  illapula  in  iha  mm- 
pany— Oovarniir  of  Virginia  raiurna  lo  Knflanil  la  anilcli 
auppllaa— Hla  ill-auecaaa— Dl«ap|wlniinanu  ami  Inaaaa  ol'  Ka- 
lalch— Dapanura  oflha  Oovarnur  Ibr  VIrainia— Hla  arrival 
— f  Imla  Iha  eiilnny  ilaianail  ami  In  riilna— Ha  raiiima  m  ICni- 
lan..-4nir«luciion  of  Tobacco  la  Kuropa— AiiacUoU  of  Sir 
Wallar  Halaiih. 

Tni  diatingulahad  Agure,  which  tha  life  of  Sir  Wal- 
ter Ralaigh  makaa  in  tha  hiatory  of  England  randara 
■iinacaaiary  any  othar  account  of  him  hara,  than  what 
iMpaeta  hia  advanturaa  in  America  ;  and  particularly 
In  Virginia  ;  of  which  colony  he  la  acknowledged  to 
ban  bean  the  unfortunate  founder. 

Ha  waa  half  brolber,  hy  tha  molher'a  aide,  to  Sir 
Humphrey  Oilbert,  anil  waa  nl  the  expcnaa  of  fitting 
out  one  of  tha  ahlpa  of  hla  aqjidron.  Notwilhalaiid- 
ing  tha  unhappy  fata  of  hia  b-oihar,  he  peraiateil  in  hia 
deaign  of  matang  a  aetl'dment  in  America.  Ueing  a 
fatorita  In  the  eourt  of  Queen  Eliiabeth,  he  obtained 

•  patent,  bearing  data  the  35th  of  March,  lfi84,  for 
Ilia  diaeoraring  ami  planting  of  any  landa  ami  eoun- 
triaa  which  wara  not  poaataaed  by  any  CAri«(ian  prince 
•r  nation. 

About  tha  aama  lima  Iha  Queen  granted  him  another 

CatenI  lo  lioenia  iha  Tending  of  wine,  throughout  tha 
ingdom ;  that  by  tha  profila  thence  ariaing  ha  might 
be  able  lo  bear  the  aipanaa  of  hia  intendnd  plan  of 
eoioniiation.  Further  to  alrengthen  hia  intereat,  he 
•ngaged  the  aaaialance  of  two  wealthy  kinaman.  Sir 
RiehanI  Orenaille  and  William  Saodaraon.  Th^ 
provided  two  barka,  and  having  well  fiimiahad  them 
with  men  and  proviaiona,  put  them  under  Iha  com- 
Mand  of  Philip  Amadaa  und  Arthur  Barlow,  who  awl- 
ad  iram  the  waal  of  Englmd,  April  37,  1S84. 

They  look  the  uaoal  routa  by  Iha  way  of  tha  Cana- 
liaa  and  the  Weal  Indiea ;  tha  reaaon  of  which  ia  Ihua 
•ipreaaed  in  the  ancuuni  of  thia  voyage  written  by 
Barlow,  "  beoauae  v*a  doubtad  that  the  current  of  the 
bay  ol  Mexico  between  tha  cape  of  Florida  and  Ha- 
aaiina  had  been  of  greater  force  than  we  afterwarda 
firand  it  lo  be." 

•  Taking  advanlnge  of  the  Oulf  Stream,  they  ap- 
KMviMdltecMal  of  Florida;  andomhe  •eeoud  of , 


July  roma  Into  ahnal  walara  |  whan  tho  adorllbiom 
anwll  of  Nnwara  imikalad  Iha  lami  lu  Iw  near,  though 
mil  wllhlii  alghl.  On  iho  Kwrth  thav  aaw  lami  \  along 
wliii'h  ihay  aitllml  furiyUaguaa  Imllira  Ihay  liiuml  an 
xhtruni'a  Alllia  Aral  opaiiliig,  lliay  I'liat  aiu'liur,  (Julv 
13,)  ami  hiiviiig  ilaviHilly  givan  llianka  In  0ml,  ttr  lliair 
aafa  arrival  on  Iha  aoaat.lhay  want  aahoralnllialr  IhwU, 
ami  Imtk  pnaaaaalun  i.i  tha  nanui  of  Qiiaan  Elliahalh. 

'i'ha  iiliira  whara  Ihry  laiklail  wna  a  aaiiilv  lalaiid, 
rallnl  VVucuriiii,*  abii  it  aiilaanniiira  In  laiiglli  anil  all 
In  braaillh,  liill  iil  radara,  |iiii»a,  rypraaa,  aaaaafraa, 
ami  ulhar  traaa  i  amc'ig  winch  wara  many  vinaa  luad- 
ail  with  ■;-■<■«•«  l«  Iha  wimla  Ihay  liiuiid  tut  ami 
haraa  t  amf  In  Iha  Wk'an  ainl  marahaa  varliiua  kimla 
of  Aiwl ;  but  no  human  craaliira  waa  aran  till  tha 
third  day  i  whan  a  oanoa,  wllhthraa  man,  ram* along 
by  tha  annra.  One  ol  thain  lamlad  i  and,  without  any 
Aiar  or  pracaullon,  mrl  tha  Eunipaiina  and  aikiraaaad 
Iham  In  a  friendly  manner.  In  hla  iiwn  language.  I'koy 
rarrlml  hlin  on  board  >>na  of  Ihalr  veaaala  ;  gave  l-lm 
a  ahirt  ami  amna  ulhar  trlKaa,  an.  ragateilpim  with 
mml  anil  wina.  lla  .'ban  raliirnail  tii  hia  ranua  ,  u.id 
with  hla  rmn|Mnlona  wvnt  a  fahing  Whan  h«  ca- 
niia  waa  Allad,  ihay  br  lught  ll.t.  Aah  un  aliuva  and  dl- 
vidnl  ihain  Iniu  Iwu  haapa  ;  r>.aing  eigna,  that  each 
uf  Iha  veaaala  ahimlil  iika  una, 

Tha  noil  ilay,  aeveral  cnnnwaeank. ;  In  which  were 
forty  or  Alky  peonia,  knil  aiiiuiiglham  waa  Urangam. 
mvii,  brother  uf  wingina  King  uf  Iho  country  ;  who 
waa  conAnad  at  hoina  by  Iha  wminda,  which  hit  had 
rrcalvad  in  battle,  with  a  neighbouring  Prince.  Tho 
manner  of  Ida  approwh  waa  feailaaa  ami  raapaeinil. 
He  left  hla  boala  at  a  dialanca ;  and  came  along  the 
ahora,  accompanied  by  all  hla  people,  till  ha  waa  abreaal 
of  tha  ahlpa.  Than  advancing  with  four  man  only, 
who  apraad  a  mat  on  the  ground,  ha  aal  down  on  one 
end  i  ami  the  four  men  on  the  other.  Whenihe  Engliah 
went  on  ahore,  armed,  lie  beckoiieil  to  Ihain  to  come  ami 
alt  hy  him  ;  which  they  did,  and  he  made  algna  of  Joy 
and  Iriendahip,  alrlking  with  hla  hand  on  hla  hi^ail  anil 
bre aal,  and  then  on  Ihelra,  to  ahow  that  Ihay  were  all 
one,  Nona  of  hla  people  apoke  a  woid  i  and  when  tha 
Kngliah  oAered  ihom  pre.ienla,  he  took  them  all  into 
hia  own  poaaeaaiun  ;  making  algna  that  they  were  hla 
aeavaiita  and  thnt  all  which  Ihay  hnil,  lielungnl  to  hlin 

After  thia  Interview,  the  nntlvea  came  in  great  num- 
liera  and  brought  akina,  coral,  and  iiiiiteriala  for  dyea ; 
but  when  Oranaanimao  waa  preaeiit,  none  wore  iter- 
milled  to  traile,  but  hiinaelf  arid  Ihoae  wh'j  had  a  place 
of  copper  on  their  heada.  Nothing  pleaaed  him  aomueh 
aa  a  tin  plate,  in  which  ha  made  a  hole  and  hung  It 
over  hia  breaat,  aa  a  pi«ca  of  defenaive  armour.  Ha 
aupplled  them  every  day  with  veniaon,  Aah,  and  fhiita, 
and  invited  them  to  vitil  him  at  hia  village,  on  tho 
north  end  of  an  ialand  called  Roanoke. 

Thia  vill»goc\>naiatadof  nineboiiaea,  built  of  cedar, 
and  fortiAed  with  aharp  paliandca.  Wlien  the  Engliah 
arrived  there  In  Iheir  b'wt,  Uranganimeo  waa  abaeni ; 
but  hia  wife  entertaiiMd  them  with  Iho  kindaat  hoapi- 
tallly,  waahed  Iheir  lt<il  and  Iheir  clolhea,  ordered 
their  bo:il  lo  be  drawn  aahore  and  their  oara  to  he  ea- 
cureil ;  and  then  aealei)  them  with  veniaon,  Aah,  frulla, 
and  homuiiy.t  Whilat  they  were  at  aupper,  aoma  of 
her  men  came  in  from  hunting,  with  their  bowa  and 
nrrowB  i-i  their  handa  ;  on  which  her  giicala  began  to 
miatruat  Jangar ;  but  aha  ordered  their  bowa  lo  be 
taken  from  Ihem,  and  their  arrowa  to  he  broken  ;  and 
then  turned  tbrm  out  at  the  gale.  The  Ensliah  how- 
ever thought  it  moat  prudent  tn  paaa  tha  night  in  Iheir 
buat,  which  they  launched  and  laid  at  anchor  At  thia 
ahe  waa  much  grieved ;  but  finding  all  her  aolicilationa 
IneReclual,  ahe  ordered  the  vietuala  in  the  puta  to  be 
put  on  lioard,  with  mala  lo  cover  the  peopln  from  the 
rain  ;  and  appoinlml  aeveral  peranna  of  both  ae>ea  lo 
keep  guard  on  the  lieaen  during  the  whole  night. — 


*Thla Ialand  iageiierall)  vup|K)aed lu  ba  one  nflhoia  which 
tia  at  Iha  mouth  ur  Altieniarle  aoiinil,  on  ihe  couii  of  North 
Carolina.  Barlow,  In  hla  l«Uffr  to  Sfr  W.  Raleigh,  preierveil 
hy  Hakluyl.  aaya,  Ihal  ha,  \,  1th  auven  ntliera,  weiil  In  alxiut 
*i  Iwanly  mllaa  Into  the  river  Occam,  am],  the  evenins  I'ollow- 
tng,  camalo  an  latand  callcl  Roanoke,  dUtaiit  Croni  Iho  har- 
bor by  which  ha  entered,  icven  leaf uaa  |  at  the  north  end 
thereof  waa  a  village.'*  >(r.  Stith.  who  wrote  the  hiatory  of 
Virginia,  ami  who  acknowlMlgaa  that  ha  had  not  aean  thia  let- 
ter In  Engliah  but  In  a  Latin  tranalatlun,  auppoaea  that  the  ia- 
land Wococnn  muat  Ho  bel-ween  cape  Hatleraa  and  capa  fear, 
and  that  the  dietnnce  misht  ,*%  SO  leaguev.  Bui  It  uppeara  Trom 
Barlow*a  letter  that  the  iHtat  went  111  one  day  and  came  In  the 
evening  to  Ihe  north  und  oi'  Roanoke  :  the  dletance  la  twice 
mentioned,  once  in  inilea  and  unce  In  laaguea.  I  a«a  no  reason 
therefore,  to  admit  Stlth'a  conjecfura  in  oppoaltion  to  Barlow. 
Btlih  however  apppaara  to  hiva  baan  a  vary  cloaa  and  accurate 
inquirer,  aa  far  aa  hla  materlala  aiul  opportunity  permlucd, 

f  HoRiony  ia  mode  of  Indian  corn  beaten  in  a  moitar  and  ae- 
pariied  ttom  the  bran  j  thau  buUad  alihar  by  Uaalf  or  Ui  tha 
bmhefaaat. 


UouM  iharo  bo  •  Hon  awgaglng  apoaliM*  >4  (■■■■ 
hoapitalHy  t 

Thee*  people  wero  ■bafatoriead  oa  •*  gaiillh  Mm 
and  I'uilhful  |  vuid  of  guile  and  traaohery  i  livlaf  ■{ 
lar  III*  manner  of  Ihe  goUan  aga  )  earing  only  lo  (hJ 
Ihemaelvaa,  with  auch  AmhI  aa  Iho  aoU  aifonkth,  and 
to  ilaAiml  thoHiaelvaa  fhiM  Ibo  (old.  In  lllatt  akoH 
winter." 

No  Airther  diaeoverT  waa  mada  of  iho  OMHMry  by 
theaa  adventurer*,  I  rom  the  nativeo  they  ahlalned 
auma  uncertain  aoenunt  of  lla  geograpky,  andaf  aablf 
which  hid  lie*n  wrecked  on  Ina  eoaal  Mwaon  Iwen* 
ty  and  thirty  yeara  bafiiro.  They  eanM  away  lw« 
uf  the  nallvaoi  Wancheoo  and  Manleo ;  ami  arriaorf  !■ 
the  weel  of  Engknd  about  Iho  mkUlo  of  ■ealwibar 

Tho  ariNHialof  Iblodlaeovary  waa  ao  waliaiaia  M 
Quean  Elinbeth,  thai  aho  naMadlkoouunlry  Virgil- 
M I  oithor  In  memory  of  bor  own  virginity,  or  haeauaa 
ll  raulnod  lie  virgin  purity,  and  Ibo  poajdo  Ikoii  pii> 
mitlvo  etmplklly. 

About  thie  time  Raleigh  waa  ebetod  knlgM  of  lk« 
ahlre,  for  hla  native  euunly  of  Devon ;  and  in  iIm 
Parliament  which  waa  hoki  In  tho  •uoaoeding  wlaleri 
ha  eauaed  a  bill  lobe  bnughl  into  Iho  HouarofUeai> 
mona  lo  oonArm  hla  patent  for  Iho  dlarovary  of  AnoIm 
eounlrioa.  AArr  nuieh  debate,  ibo  bill  wao  ganM 
through  both  houaea,  and  received  Iho  royal  aaaont.— 
In  addHlonlo  which,  tho  Queen  aonlbrrod  on  kim  lh« 
order  uf  Knighthood. 

A  eaeond  egpedilion  being  leaolvod  on,  Mr  RIakaiJ 
Qrenvillo  himaalf  look  tho  (ommand.  and  with  aovaii 
veaaala,  largo  and  amall,  aailed  IVom  Plyoioulh,  ua  Iho 
ninth  «f  April.  ISM.  The*  went  in  Ibo  iieual  enaiaa 
by  the  Canariea  and  tha  Weel  Iwllee ;  wheio  Ikajr 
took  two  Hpaniah  oriiee  s  and,  alter  narrowly  aacap- 
Ing  ahlpwreck  on  Capa  Fear,  arrived  at  Woeueon  Iha 
MlhoNune.* 


The  nativaa  came,  aa  before,  lo  Md  Ihem 
and  to  trado  with  them.  Manleo,  whom  they  hatf 
brought  back  proved  a  faithful  guide,  and  uiluled  Iboai 
about  front  place  to  placa.  In  an  eicuraion  of  oighl 
daya  with  their  boata,  they  viaited  aeveral  Indian  vil> 
lagea,  on  the  lalanda  and  on  tha  main  adjuiaing  !• 
Aliiemarle  Sound.  At  one  place,  called  Aijuaaongnki 
an  Indian  atule  from  Ihem  a  ailvrrcnp  liii|iiiry  being 
made,  the  oHender  wna  dntrrtrd  and  proniiaed  to  lw> 
atore  It ;  but  the  proiniae  liring  not  apeedlly  perioral 
eil,  a  haaty  and  aevere  revenge  waa  taken,  by  the  onleM 
of  Ureiiville ;  the  town  wna  tmriit  and  Ilia  corn  ila- 
Btroyed  In  the  Aelda,  (July  10)  whilat  the  afl'ri||bti,4 
people  Oed  to  the  wuoda  for  aalely.  From  thia  ill 
Judged  act  of  violence,  may  bo  dated  Iho  uiaiortuMa 
amTfollure  of  thia  culony. 

Leaving  one  humlrrd  and  eight  peraona  lo  attempt  • 
aettlement.  aienvllle  proceeded  with  hla  flaat  lo  tha 
ialand  of  Hatleraa  )  where  lie  received  a  viait  frooi 
Oranganiinco,  and  then  aailed  for  England.  On  tho 
13lh  of  September  he  arriveil  at  Plymouth  ;  with  a 
rich  Spaniah  priie  which  ha  had  taken  mi  the  paaeago. 

Of  ibeeolonT  left  iu  Virglnln,  Ralph  Lanowaa  ap 
poinleil  Uovemor.  He  waa  a  military  man,  of  eon 
aiderable  reputation  in  the  aervive,  IMiillp  Amatkia, 
who  had  commanded  in  tha  Aral  voyage,  waa  Admiral. 
They  choae  Ihe  ialand  of  Riianuke  in  the  moi'tb  ol 
Albemarle  Sound,  a*  Ihe  placa  uf  their  reaidence ;  ami 
their  chief  employment  waa  to  eiplore  and  aurvcy  Iho 
country,  and  dracribe  Ihe  peraona  and  inunnera  of  lla 
inhnbitnnta.  For  theae  purpoeea,  Sir  Walter  Raleigli 
lindaent  John  Withe,  an  ingenioua  painter;  ami 
Thomaa  Heriot,  a  akilAil  mathematician,  and  a  man 
of  curioua  obaervation  :  both  of  whom  perlbrmed  tbeit 
parte  wilh  Adelily  and  anoeeaa.t 

The  fartheat  diacovery  which  Ihay  made  lo  tho 
aouthward  of  Roanoke  waa  Seoolan,  an  Iiidin,i  town 
between  the  rivc/a  of  Panplico  and  Neua,  diatani 
eighty  leaguea.  To  tha  northward  they  went  about 
forty  leagu'a,  to  a  nation  called  Cbeaepeaga,  en  a 
amall  river   now   called  Elleabelh,   which  iaila   into 


■  Mr.  §ilth  miaiakaa  in  aaying  May  M,  and   g|r  William 
Krlih,  who  copica  Ibr  him,  adspia  the  aaaw  mlMak*. 

» The  drawinga  wkkh  Mr.  Wlih*  mada  were  angravaa  aar 
printed  ai  Frankfort  (IMV)  bjr  Tkaodor*  Da  Bry.    Tkar  rar 
reaented  the  paraona  and  habluortha  nallvaa,  Ihalr  amnio] 
mama,  divaralona,  and  aaneraihlone.    rmu  ikaaa,  ih*  prlnie 
In  Beverly'a  klalory  of  Vfrglnia  aracoplad. 

Mr,  HerhK  wroie  a  topographical  daacrlfiiian  of  tha  coemrr 
and  lla  niiiinal  hiatory, which  lapraaerved  inHaklun'a  cntlaciloa 
vol.  111.  sgR.  II  waairaaalaad  IntoLaUn,  aad  i,  •Mlaiwd  b*  Da 
Bry  in  Ilia  collacUon  of  voyogaa.  k  ba*  baea  avppo*  g  that  Bw 
laigh  hlmaelf  came  lo  VIriliila  wlih  thia  colony.  '•  b.a  la  a  adfr 
lake,  grounded  on  a  arialranalatton  of  a  paaaaga  in  HarfcK'*  aar 
rativ*.  ll  la  Ihua  upreaaed  In  Engliah  t  "The  actiona  nfthaaa 
who  have  been  by  ■irWalur  Balaigk  Iharein  amf 
Which  la  Ihua  randarad  In  IhaLalln  iraiialaiiau,'*'tuig 
D.  Walterum  Ballagk,  hi  aaa  legtonam  aoaiiaili 
p.  A 


AMRRinAM    IMNTOKY. 


•ksiN  hftgr  w«g«Wi  !•  t  MItxn  mini  rhnwamif*  ,  i 
wiMM  kinK,  MiiiMlanniM,  aiiMiMl  lh«m  »Mh  •  atiift 
•I  •  **ff*  mtn*  *m\  »  \i»*tt  H'lwfT  ,  In  mmmIi  M 
•lUoh  iMjr  •|wii<  •«  iMurh  IImm  iiihI  m  >iliitu*t«t 
thtU  |i>i»l«i>HM,  llMl  Ihair  mtn  ftmt  t»  nl  llwi>  itag* 
b«fi>n  Ihajr  r*lillii*J  Id  Mimiiok* 

UvfiM  Ihl*  •■mtnimt,   thcw  liiMMl  llnnfaalaiM 
IM  I  MM  Mi  iMlMf  WlngliM  iilMn»r*il  hia  h.wlii* 


ItaSMtltM  tMitni  Mm  tnhny.  i'li*  laturn  ■>( M>  l<«m 
MM  Ma  ^N]r,  f)Mi  iMf  •••Mrctan,  >«••  •  chMk  In 
ki*  imUm  M  •  Mktta  I  but  k«  Mtivirjr  l*M  *  |>lii<  ht 
IM»  ilMWiMttan  I  wMah  k«ln(  b«<i»Ml  lijr  ili*  Knit- 
\Uk,  tkty  wlani  ill  ItM  biwu  on  iIm  IiUiuI  'I'liia 
kfl<l|kl M  *  •klrmtoh,  In  whU'h  Nn  nf  •!■  tmllitMa 
WW*  kllM.  awl  lk«  r**l  N»il  10  lk«  wiMida.  AA»rmu«h 
JMiwMy  inJ  JtMlmiilMlon  i«  knth  inIm.  Wingina 
WHiliavn  lata  *  mM*  ;  mkI  wllh  »l(hl  uf  kU  nwii< 
Ml  •  McriAra  In  Ih*  rMdilimml  ul  Iho  CnflUh 

In  ■  km  4»y  altot  Wliifin*  t  itcmii,  Mir  tnnm 
Dnk*.  «k»  h«4  koon  rnildnf  *g*liMi  lh«  r'p«iiUnl* 
in  Ik*  WmI  IndiM,  ami  liail  nvdvnl  onl*n  from  Ik* 
Ummn  ••  tUM  Ikloaalunjr,  arrloMi  wllk  hia  Ami  on 
HM  WMl ;  wmI  bjp  Ik*  unanlmuua  ilMin  of  Ik*  |mh>|>I*. 
lank  Ibmi  all  off  ami  rarrlail  Ikmn  lo  Knglami,  «k*ra 
Um*  anind  ill  July  I  AM. 

Wilkin  It  brtnlgkl  a A*r  Ih*  il»Mi«iin  of  ikl*  utittr- 
Mtnal*  eoliiii«,Nir  Hirliaril  (ln<ii«i)|*  arrloni  wilh  ihm 
•ili|M  Aw  lk*W  nll*f  rimliiif  lk*ir  liitliilaliun  almii- 
kiiiaJ.  ami  b*in(  unakl*  to  gain  any  iiil*llig*nr*  ul 
tllMB.  k*  landail  AAy  man  iiii  ih«  laUiiil  uf  KmiiKik*. 
^antlAilly  aiiMillail  wilk  pruniai.ma  for  Iwu  yeaf*,  ami 
Ikia  r*lMrn»l  lu  KnglamI 

Tk*  n*il  «*ar  ( IM7)  Ihree  ahliM  w*r*  a«nl,  iimi*r 
ItMaaaHnanifuf  John  Whll*,  who  waa  apptMnlnl  Uii«- 
•faor  of  Ik*  culiiiiy,  wllh  Iwrlv*  ( Nmntallora  To 
•Mm  KaMfh  (av*  a  eharoriif  iiin>r|H>rali»ii  f'lr  Ih* 
tky  ■■#  KaMgk,  which  h*  onlami  ih*in  in  hulM  on  Iha 
livar  ('li*a*|i»af,  ih*  north*ni  *it*iit  of  ih*  iliaruwry. 
AlUr  n-tmwiy  •*(a|Hnt  aliiuwrfrk  on  (',i|i«  tVarlli*y 
iiffi*«>l  at  HaUaraa,  on  ik*  8M  of  July,  ami  arm  a  party 
in  Roaaok*  to  kmk  for  Ih*  awoml  iMloiiy  of  lilly  iii*ii> 
Tb**  fMiiMl  no  p*r*un  living  ami  Itin  lMiii*a  of  Iwl  on* 
laail.  Th*  kula  w»r*  aUmiing,  Uul  w*r«  mvrgruwn 
wilk  buah*a  ami  «*»il*.  In  coiivrraing  wiili  aimi*  nf 
liw  null***.  tk«y  w*r*  iiiforinnl,  ihat  iho  roloiiy  hiul 
War.  laalniyaii  ky  Wingiiia'a  |i«o|ili>,  in  rrni'iige  uf  tiia 
iMll;. 

Ml.  Whil*  •nii*avor*il  lo  rf>n*w  a  frirmlly  inl*r- 
waraa  with  Iboa*  nali***  i  but  th*ir  ji-almiay  midfrml 
Ikani  implacahi*.  Halliarffurv  wrnt  lu'rnaa  llio  wiitrr 
ta  III*  main  with  a  party  of  lwriiiy.A««  nwn,  ami 
•aia*  au<l<l*nly  on  a  company  of  fricnilly  Imliana,  who 
war*  *«*l*il  Mund  a  Arc,  on*  of  whuin  ih*y  kill*<l  b*- 
fMa  lh*y  diacunml  Ih*  iiiiauk* 

Twii  r*in*rk*bl*  aventa  arc  inrnlionnl  a*  happ*nlng 
•I  Ihia lima ;  one  waa  Ihc  lin|illain  of  Mnnico,  the  failh- 
All  liiiUan  fuide ;  Ih*  other  waa  th*  kirth  of  a  fcinalo 
itM,  dau|fnt«r  of  Ananiaa  I)*r*,  on*  of  Ih*  council ; 
wbieb,  b*in|  th*  Aral  child  burn  in  Ih*  euluny,  wu 
Maiad  Virifinia. 

By  Ihia  Urn*  (AugiialSI)  th*  ahipa  had  nnloailmi 
lh*ir  alorca  ami  w*r*  prcpnrinit  to  ri'tiirn  lo  KiikIiiihI. 
Il  waa  *vid*nl  that  h  further  auiifily  wiia  iie<'i>a>ary, 
and  that  aoiii*  pcraoii  muat  go  honi*  to  aolicil  il.  A 
dliapul*  aroa*  in  Ih*  Oounejl  on  Ihia  point,  anil  afi.  r 
Mueb  allarcalion,  it  waa  determined,  lh»l  llic  (invrrnor 
waa  Iha  muat  proper  pcraon  lo  be  aeni  on  thia  errnml. 
Tha  whol*  colony  Join*d  in  requeaiini;  liiin  to  iirocenl, 
■romiaing  lo  lak*  car*  of  hia  liitereal  in  hi*  aiiacnc*. 
With  much  reluctance  h*  eunacntol,  on  llwlr  aubacrib- 
inp  a  Icatimonial  of  hia  iinwillintrncaa  to  i|iiit  llie  plnii- 
Ullon  II*  accordingly  aaileil  on  Hi*  27ib  nf  Aiigiial, 
mm!  arrivad  in  England  th*  fullnwing  NnveiiilM-r  — 
Tha  nation  waa  in  a  alata  uf  alarm  and  a|>pr«h*naion 
oa  aecouataf  the  war  with  Spain,  and  of  tli*  invlnci- 
kto  armada,  which  had  thr*al*n*il  it  wkh  nn  invnalon. 
Sir  Wallar  RaMih  wa*  on*  of  th*  Quaen  a  Council 
of  war,  aa  war*  Mao  Sir  Riehnrd  Orenirill*  and  Mr. 


Th*ir  tim*  waa  whollv  taken  up  with  public 

•onaaltationa,  and  Oovcmur  Whit*  wa*  obliged  to 
watt,  till  tha  plan  of  opcraiiona  againat  tha  anamy 
coald  ba  ailjiialad  and  carried  into  aiecution. 

Tha  nail  aprinf.Kaleigh  and  Qrenville,who  had  tha 
eolwnaiMlafthamililia  in  Cornwall,  and  were  training 
tlliin  for  lh«  d*f*neaof  th*  kingdom,  being  atron{[tv 
■oHehad  bjr  Whita,  provided  two  email  barka,  which 
MlM  from  Bkldaford  on  th*  SSd  of  April  ISSS  — 
Thaaa  vaaaala  had  eommiaaiona  a*  ahipa  of  war,  and 
hifeig  ■aninlanl  on  gain  to  thamaalaaa,  than  relief  lo 
AvHlHVai'MlI'll  MMN  of  fiisoa,  and  wara  both 


driven  back  by  ahi)!*  uf  aM|i«rlnf  fi>f**,   I*  tk*   giaal 
mniiiltiaiinn  nf  iheir  |Hilmn,  and  lb*  ruin  nf  h<a  euIiMiy 

'Iboa*  ilia*ii|Hiinlin*iil*  war*  •  aaMirra  nf  teiallnn 
In  lialflgh  lla  had  ai|i«mlnl  Airly  Ibnuaaiid  |HHiiMla, 
t*1  hi*  nwM  and  niber  nH*ii  a  mnttfv.  In  |niratill  ttf  bl* 
faviirife  nlt|a«-l,  ami  bla  gaina  war*  yet  In  nine.  H* 
Iharrlnr*  iimiI*  an  aaainniiiaot  nf  bla  |mli>ni  (Miirrh  7, 
IAnU)  lo  Tlminaa  Mnilln,  aiul  nllier  Mierrhuiila  iiiul  ad* 
vaiiliirera,  aiiinng  wbnin  waa  liinr,'Pitur  W  Itite,  wllh  a 
ilniiallnn  nf  ,m«  liuiHlrtNl  |HHiiula  litr  lb*  |irn|>rtgNii(Hi 
ul  Ih*  ('hrialianrrliglnii  iii  Virgliii*  llaliiglbuaili* 
riigagnl  friHnlh*  kualiwaanf  cidiinltallnn  ,  li«  bad  Atll 
MiiiM  liir  bla  niarll*!  genlua  In  Ih*  war  wilh  Npain 

Ilia  aaaigiM-ea  wer*  lint  an  leabiua  In  lb*  prnaeru* 
linn  nf  Iheir  iHialiiea*  Il  waa  iinl  *>ll  tb*  aprliig  uf 
I/MM,  that  liinariinr  Whil*  niuki  r*turr  I41  hia  vubnif 
Tb*n,  wllh  Ihra*  ahlm,  h*  aall*<l  from  llynintilb,  ami 
paaaing  through  lb*  W*at  Indie*  in  uueai  uf  Hp*nlah 
uril**,  h*  anivol  at  llatwraa  im  lb*  lAih  nf  Augual. 
I'ruin  Ihia  plae*  lh«y  nbaervnl  a  aiiiuk*  aiiaing  nii  Ih* 
iaiami  nf  Huanuke,  «liirh  gav*  tliein  annie  li»|>*  ibal 
Ih*  rnlniiy  waa  Iher*  aubaiaiiiig  |  on  Iheir  eoniing  lu 
lb*  pl*r*,  Ihey  fnuml  nkl  Ireea  ami  graa*  burning,  but 
no  human  being  On  a  fmat  of  *n*  nf  Iti*  liiwaaa  Ihey 
aaw  Ih*  wiinl  Vtimtan,  which  gav*  Ibrin  anin*  bn|i*, 
Ibal  at  Ih*  lalaiid  ul  Ihat  nam*  lh*v  ahniild  And  llieir 
frifml*.  Tliey  aail*d  Air  that  iaiaiid  1  which  lay 
aawlhwanl  of  llalleraa ;  but  a  vlulmil  alarm  ariaing,  in 
wbirli  they  lual  llieir  anehura,  Ihey  wer*  obliged  to 
qull  Ibe  iiihuepiulil*  ruaat  ami  return  home  ;  nor  wa* 
any  thing  alterwaril  heard  of  ibe  unfortunate  colimy. 

Thenxtyear  (IftttI)  Mir  Hichard  (irenvill*  wa* 
mortally  wnunded  in  an  engagemeiil  wilh  a  Mpaiiiah 
Arel  )  ami  died  on  laiard  th*  Admlral'a  ahip,  wlicr*  b* 
waa  a  priaoner, 

Hiilrigli,  though  diaengageil  from  th*  bu*in*«a  of 
eoliinuiMg  Virginia,  cent  tivrllnieaal  hia  own  aipena* 
lo  ae*k  fur  anir  rehev*  hi*  IVIenda  ;  Iml  III*  (leraona 
wiMNn  lie  emuluyed,  having  mnrc  proAtable  buaineaain 
Ih*  Wrat  Imllva,  eiiher  went  not  lo  th*  uinc*,  or  were 
breed  frniii  it  by  alreaa  of  weather,  il  Mng  »  lenipee- 
tiiiiua  region,  and  wiibout  any  aal'e  barbnr.  The  Uat 
aileMi|>l  wbii'b  be  made,  waa  in  IAU3  ;  iho  year  before 
hia  iiiipriaunmenl ;  an  event  which  galiAed  th*  nmlic* 
nf  hiaeneniiea,  and  pr*p*r*d  lb*  wny  fur  bla  death; 
which  wna  much  l*aa  ignominiou*  lo  hlin  Ihun  lo  bla 
aoverrigii,  KingJamea  I,  Ih*  Uriliab  Muluinun ',  auo- 
ceaanr  In  Clilalwth,  th*  Urilinh  UelMirah* 

Thia  uiilortunal*  atlenipt  loaetll*  a  colony  in  Vir- 
ginia, waa  pruducliv*  of  una  thing  which  will  alwaya 
reiiiler  il  inciiiuralile,  th*  liitrnduclion  nf  luktifo  iiilo 
Kiii(l>iiid.  ('iirtier.  In  hia  viail  In  (.'aniiila  Afty  yrara 
lieliire.  bail  ubacrved  Ihat  ihe  nallvea  uaeil  ihia  weed 
fuiiiigaiiun,  IhiI  il  waa  an  object  uf  diaguat  lo  French' 
men.  Ilnl|>h  l.aiie,  at  hi*  n-lurii  In  IMA,  bmuglil  il 
Aral  into  Kurniie ;  and  KHJeiuh,  who  waa  a  man  of 
gairly  and  fnatiinn,  not  uiily  learned  the  iiae  nf  it  him* 
aeir,  but  iiitrialured  ilinlu  the  |Milile  circUta  ;  and  even 
the  t^iieen  heraelf  gave  encouragement  tn  it.  Hume 
huiiiuurnii*  aturlca  rea|iectlng  II  are  alill  remembered. 
Kalrigh  laid  a  wager  with  Ibi-  l^iieen,  thni  he  would 
drierniifieeiai-llv,  the  wi'ighl  uf  •iiink*  which  iaaueil 
frnm  Ilia  pip*.  'I'liia  h*  iliil  by  Aral  wrlghiiig  Ihe  In- 
biici'ii  and  iben  llie  aabe*.  When  the gueeii  imid  Ih* 
WHgrr,  ah*  iileaaHiilly  nlwervnl,  Ibal  many  lalvrera 
bail  liiriied  their  )inldintu  aninke,  but  timt  he  waa  tb* 
Hrat  whu  had  cuiiverted  aninke  inlu  gubl. 

It  la  alan  rrlnted  ihat  a  aervaiit  uf  Hir  Waller,  bring- 
ing a  tankard  ul  ale  into  hia  etudy  aa  li*  wa*  aniokiiig 
hia  pipe,  and  reading,  wa*  ao  much  nUruied  at  ili* 
appeamnc*  of  amok*,  iaauing  out  of  hie  inuulh,  thai 
lit)  threw  Ihe  ala  into  hi*  face,  and  ran  duwn  tu  alarm 
the  fdmllv,  crying  out  that  hi*  niaater  wua  on  Are, 

Kiii|{  iaiiira  hail  au  rifiatd  a  laalo,  that  h*  nut  only 
hrlil  Ihia  liiilian  weed  iiiifreal  abhurreiice  biniielf,  but 
emienvored,  by  pruclamaliona  and  ulherwiae,  to  pre- 
vent Ihe  uaeof  it  among  hi*  aubjecta.  But  all  hia  teal 
and  uutburily  could  nut  aupprca*  il.  Sine*  hia  lim* 
il  haa  bccom*  an  important  article  of  commerce,  by 
which  individual*  in  £uropa  and  Amarica,  aa  wall  a* 
culoni**  and  nation*,  have  riaan  lo  grcal  opuianea. 

JOHN   DE  FUCA. 

Jona  Da  roca— A  nailva  of  Orerco— An  acenoniofhla  advan- 
lurta  anil  dlKoverlea  flvan  by  himwir— Locke  aiidaavoia  10 
procur*  Da  Fuca  acommiaalon.— Ramarka. 

Whin  Ih*  •xialenc*  of  a  wcalem  continent  waa 
known  to  th*  maritime  nation*  of  Europe,  on*  great 


af  Ikeir  ImfMlry  waa.  loAml,  Ikaaaafct 
inlmit 


Fiica  gave  hi* 


•AlaaiietimenulllialaiiKuagB  al' that  lira*,  lal  Ilia  reader 
take  tha  rnllosinii  aiiraci  fnim  Purchaa. 

"  lla  [I.  a.  KIni  Janwa]  ii  beyond  coinparlaon  a  nwra  Iran*. 
eandani,  beyond  aU  hia  pradacaaaora,  prineea  of  Uila  raaka ; 
ka|awltk*n^hbiiclii|frhic«a«f  U*  awa  limn  beyond  Ik* 


Ing*  w  bli'h  appea'red  in  II,  a  |Maa«g*  In  Tmila  ami  f)M* 
n*  Fnrlhia  |>Mr|iiM*  avveral  ••■enalv*  ami  iNieiW 
raaafiil  vnyage*  war*  mad*  1  ami  av*ry  ktal  wMafe 
emilil  ihniw  any  light  nii  i*i*  aubjevt  waa  (aMf^ 
ainighl  iimI  allembHl  In  by  thna*  wku  *Miak(*fa«  w 
iiiiitiilan**. 

Jniio  na  fi'ct  waaa  flraak.  bnm  In  Iha  Uhiad  rf 
IVphahinla.  In  Ih*  Adrlall*  gulf  N*  had  k**N  aa^ 
|>l'>>eil  in  Ihe  aervir*  nf  N|miii,  In  lb*  Waal  |mll*a,  M 
a  manner  and  pllnl,  abut*  Airly  yeer*  Having  lual 
Ilia  Airtun*,  aninuiilmg  0<a  h*  aabl)  lu  aiily  Ike  I*aii4 
dueala,  wk*n  lb*  Araiiiilru  ahip  waa  taken,  '.J  L'apl, 
I'atrndlah.  an  Kngliahman ,  ami  being  ihaaupainM 
of  lb*  rernniMiia*  whirh  k*  had  eipeeied  Irum  Iha 
riHirt  nl  H|Min  ;  he  relumed  In  illagual  te  hi*  nati** 
rounlry,  by  ih*  way  nf  Italy  ;  Ibal  h*  might  apami  lb* 
evening  of  hi*  bib,  In  paaca  and  poverty,  amaag  ilm 
friemla. 

At  ^'Inreiie*  h*  m*l  wllh  Jnkn  Draiglaa,  an  Kngllah> 
man,  ami  weni  wllh  him  In  Venie*.  There,  IbMigbia 
Inlnalureil  hlinio  Mlrh«*l  l<iiek,  who  had  liaen  (.on* 
aul  of  Ihe  Turkey  riini|Mnv  at  Alefipu,  and  waa  Ihaii 
nrraaiuiially  reaUeiil  in  Venire      (A   1).  IMM  ) 

III  fuiivrraaiinn  Wllh  Mr  l,nrk,  l)a  fin 
Ihe  AiilowiMg  arrnuiit  nf  hia  advenlun 

•'  Thai  h»  had  been  aent  by  Ih*  Vir*roy  of  Meileat 
aa  pilot  of  Ihrea  aniall  veaaela,  lo  diaruver  tha  alralt*  al 
Anian,  on  lb*  wealerii  ruaat  of  America  ;  Ikrougb 
which,  II  wa*  ennjerlumi  Ihat  a  pa**ag*  might  M 
Amml,  liilo  anm*  of  tb*  ileep  b*ya  on  lb*  *aatem  aid* 
nf  Ih*  rnnlinent.  'I'hl*  vnyag*  waa  fruatraird,  h*  lb* 
mlacnmliK'l  ol  ih*  cuinm*nd*r,  and  tlw  mutiny  of  Iha 
aeaman. 

"  In  lAM  Iha  Vieemy  i*nl  him  again,  with  the  eaai> 
mnnd  of  a  caravel  ami  n  pinnace,  nn  Ibeaama  enlar* 
(i.laiv  Uriween  Ibe  latiliiilea  nf  47"  and  41*  N  ba 
iliirnvrred  an  iiih'l,  Inlu  which  he  entered  and  aalM 
innre  ihiiii  Iwenly  daya  Al  ibe  enlrnnca  waa  a  great 
hrnillniiil,  wilh  an  e>ce*<ling  high  pinnacle  or  apirad 
null. like n  pillar,  Williin  the airall,  the  land atrrlch 
rd  N.  W.  niid  N  K.  and  aiao  E  and  H  E.  It  waa 
niiirh  wider  wllhin,  Ihiin  iil  iliernlraiice,  andcunlaiii- 
ed  inanv  iaiand*.  The  liihabilaiil*  were  clad  in  iba 
akina  of  lieaalB.  Th*  land  appeared  to  b*  f*rlil*  Ilk* 
thai  of  New  Npain,  ami  waa  rich  in  gold  and  ailver. 

•'  fluppnaing  that  ha  hail  accompllaheil  Ihe  Intentiaa 
of  Ihe  voyage  and  penelrateil  inlnihe  Ninth  Sea  i  b«l 
not  lieing  alrnng  enough  lo  reaiat  ihe  force  of  tha  n*> 
nierou*  aavagea,  who  ajipeared  im  Ihe  ahorea ;  h*  ra» 
turned  to  Arapuico,  liefnre  llie  ei|iiriilinii  of  Ihe  year."* 

Much  waa  the  accniint  given  by  lie  Kura  \  and  Mr. 
I.nck  wa*  ao  impreaard  wilh  iheaincerily  of  Ihe  reia 
lion  and  th*  advantage*  which  hia  countrymen  migOk 
iterive  from  a  kiinwlnlg*  of  ibl*  (tiail,  Ihat  h*  eariieal* 
ly  urgeil  him  to  enlei  liitu  Ihe  lervlre  nf  (juerti  Elll- 
alielh,  and  iierferl  Ihe  dlacovery.  He  aucreedetl  ao  far, 
aa  lo  ubiain  a  prnmia*  frimi  Ih*  Oreek,  Ihuugh  ililv 
year*  old,  Ihat  if  tb*  Queen  would  fumiab  him  with 
one  ahlp,  uf  furty  tana,  and  a  pinnace,  h*  wouM  un* 
derlake  Ihe  voyage.  He  waa  Oie  more  eaaily  peraua* 
ded  to  Una,  iiy  a  hope  Ihat  the  Quren  wuiiM  maka  bim 
annie  rerumpena*  liir  tlw  luaa  uf  hi*  fortune  by  Capt* 
Cavrnillah. 

Mr  l^ixk  wrol*  to  Ih*  I«nl  Trcnaurer  Cecil,  Sir  , 
Waller  Kaleigh  and  Mr  Hakluyl,  rrqiiealing ihat  Ihey 
would  forward  Ihe  achem*.  and  Ihat  one  hundred 
iHiumla  might  be  ailvaiicrd  lo  bring  l)e  Kuca  lo  Eng* 
laml.  The  tchrnie  Hna  appruvrd,  but  Ihe  money  waa 
nut  advanced.  I.ock  waa  ao  much  engaged  in  il,  thai 
ha  would  have  aent  l.imto  England  at  bla  own  »ipan*«i 
bui  he  waa  Ihrn  endeavoring  lu  recover  al  law,  hia 
demnnda  from  tlia  Turkey  company,  and  couhl  nol 
diabiirae  lb*  money.  The  pilot  Ihrrefure  returned  M 
Cepbalnnia :  and  I,ock  kept  up  a  correapomiMiaa 
wilh  hlin,  till  lAoa,  when  b*  h*ard  of  hi*  d*alh. 

Though  Ihia  account,  prea*rv*d  by  Purcbaa,  bean 
BufflcienI  mark*  of  authanlicity  ;  y*t  il  baa  bean  ra- 
Jeclcd  a*  fabulou*  for  nearly  two  eenliiriea  ;  and  U 
treated  ao  even  by  tha  vary  candid  Ih.  Foaler.  Lata 
voyagea  however,  have  aalabliahad  Iha  axialanca  a( 
Ihe  atrail )  and  D*  Fuca  ia  no  long*?  to  ba  comklaia^ 
a*  an  impoalor  ;  though  lb*  goU  and  ailvar  In  hia  ae* 
count  wtiro  but  eonjecluml. 

The  atrail  which  now  beara  hi*  nam*  ii  bimad 
by  land,  which  ia  auppoaed  to  ba  tha  eontinanl  of 
America  on  one  aide  ;  and  by  a  very  extcnaiva  alua* 
ler  of  lalaiid*  on  lb*  other.     lU  Boulb*m  aniianca 


tdlicrll  III'  iiililrria  daitleil  wilh  lu  much  liil|lilii*ia  )  beyuoA 
uiir  ticlotlima  BalKirah,  iml  in  it  1  oliitu,  bul  aa  peace  la  mra 
axcallani Ihan  war,  and  Snloinui. than  David)  In  lU**"- 
k*  la,  awl  wa  ei^y  kia  pccHiu  auiubio*." 


IIO«RAl>Nlia  or  THE  r  AKLT   tfltOOTIRIR*. 


ICreil,  flit  , 

kunilrM 

10  Enfi 

nomy  ««• 

I  In  It,  Ibit 

I  «i|wnM( 

l*w,  hi* 

leouM  ni>( 

Miirnwl  m 


bnn 
Mn  !•• 
and  U 
n.  Ul« 
laUnc*  a( 
lontkltiW 
Inbii  M* 

■•  kmmi 
RiiMnt  ol 
|i««  elui< 
ImtMnM 

bcyun 
In  If  Bof 


k*MM.M*WN  twi<  IMWftam  (Irwnwtoh, 
Mrf  M  •kaM  nrai  l«««iw»  wkia  lln  Ika  hikmnt 
(iii)  wiMtk  M  iMMiiiM**  •<  lalanaU,  Ika  kml  M  nty 
■IIWHiwin  I  n«ii«  *briip<lr  in  hi|Hi  »ni  ilMffi  f»»k» 
On  llw  turitMnl  •iil«,  w  •  immi  uf  Uiul  imnintiinii  in  • 
KHwrkahly  1*11  rwk,  <*llnl  ih*  |iill*r  Wiilim  ihv  aiw 
H«M«,  Uw  iwMOf*  gf««»>  wular,  •'•■•nalmii  lalli*  N  I) , 
N  tml  N  W  u,.!  M  roll  at  lakmU  On  lh>  K  kmiI 
N  K.  •!  •  Iff***!  UliU(H«  «r«  ■rrn  lit*  titIM  (tf  ItwMitl* 
4*IIM|  niifiOM^  la  Iw  an  Ih*  rniiiiiKiil  i  liiil  Itui  •lil|i* 
In4inc  in  hira  kan*  iwt  iMnwinical  (.ir  lo  tk«  *ui- 
W*r4|  lk«  w*  MMn  baing  llwir  )ifiw'ijMl  iitijmi,  •nd 
(k*  ImmI  IWn  •(  mmII  teiuHlanitati  rot  ihi*  »••«•> 
UmmMwh  tiMiiJiiy  af  ih*  Inhml  •••  i<  imm  ji'I  lullr 
•tflmni.  TU  •mil  lunM  to  iha  N  •ml  N  W  an 
MmiWMinfl  •  Urn  cliwlcr  e(  wUnd*,  •mon|  wkirk  la 
Mlaala  Novllia  HouimI,  and  toinaa  inio  Iha  IVilta 
MaaK  again InlaliliMla 61*  IS, long  IM"  40  Thlaaa- 
lianMjr  tl  Ika  ainit  la  aalM  ila  ntmharn  aninnca,  and 
la  widtf  ikan  Ika  aaiilkam. 

AMIkat  atrall  kaa  kaon  lalaly  aaan  wkick  ia  ati|»- 
yaaad  I*  k«  Ikal  af  !)•  I'ania,  a  Npaniah  adininl,  dia- 
M*aiad  In  IMO  i  Ika  aiManca  a(  wkwk  kaa  alio  boon 
Iraalad  aa  fekalaaa.  Tka  aluaiai  nl  Manda,  aallad  hj 
Ika  Btiliak  aaamaii,  Quavn  (Ihariotla'a,  and  by  iha 
AiMftaana,  Wnklii||<aw'a  laianda,  ara  In  Iha  «ary  apo< 


wkan  Ua  Pania  ataaad  Iha  Archi|ialato  of  M  Uiarua. 
Ttia  anmnaa  af  iMa  alrail  kaa  btri.  viaiiad  b*  Ika 
AiriMfa.     Itliaainkl.  M'U  andlo««  lU"  W. 


Tkaaa  lacant  and  wall  aatobliahad  facia  ma*  indura 
na  M  Iraai  ika  nlalioaa  af  loniign  my  ft*  with  daconl 
taapatt.  'fka  eireumna«ic*l><»>  of  Aliwa  by  iha  tnnani 
Phanlaiana.  waa  for  aavatal  agaa  daomad  fchiilaua  by 
Ika  laaiM^  Uiaaka  and  HoaMw.  Bat  ba  andMily 
waa  Alky  aaiaMlakad  ky  ika  I'onugiiaaa  diaaovarlaa  m 
Ika  MaaMh  cantviy.  In  lika  mannai  Ika  dMaavariaa 
•f  Da  Puaa  and  IV  I'onM,  wkick  kara  laiw  baan  alig- 
Maliiad  by  for,ifkan  aa  fnltnM,  tut  markad  in 
Ikair  inapa  aa  MtafMary,  an  new  known  lo  kafa  baan 
fwndad  In  Iniii  thotigk  bom  Uia  Mnparfaaiion  of  In- 
atramanla  ac  iha  Inaaauraay  of  Malonana,  Iha  dagiaaa 
•nd  minalaa  af  laliluda  aiid  leniiiuda  wara  not  pia- 
claaly  mafkad,  and  lkoii|k  aoma  ciraumattaeaa  In  Ihair 
aeeaunla  afa  bat  eonjaclural.  Faitkaf  diacovarlai  may 
Ihiow  Mw  light  on  Iho  aubjaci,  and  though,  par- 
liapa,  a  N.  W.  paaaaga  by  aaa  horn  Iha  AUaniia  inlo 
Iha  l^ila  may  not  atiat ;  yat  baya,  rivara  aiid  lakaa 
an  aa  fraquaot  In  Ihaaa  noruwrn  ragiona  of  our  ronii* 
nant,  that  an  infauid  navigatioii  may  ba  pnclicabla. 

It  haa  baan  auggaalaa  thai  Iha  company  of  Engliah 
mimhania  who  anjny  an  aieluaiva  Irada  to  Hudaiin'a 
Bay  ha*a,  fnm  inlanalad  mollna,  cancaalad  Ihair 
aiwwladga  of  iu  waalam  aitnmiliaa.  Whalhar  than 
ha  any  jual  feundallan  for  Ihia  canaun,  I  do  not  pro- 
•fnd  w  dalarmiuai  but  a  aunray  ia  now  aaid  lo  ba 
•aking,  fram  whkh  it  la  hopad,  Ihal  Ihia  longconlauad 
fitaalion  of  a  N.  W,  paaaaga  will  neai«a  a  full  aolulion. 

BARTHOLOMEW  OOSNOLD. 

■Mraaiwnw  aaa«ai,»-l»a  Toriia  lo  Amarka-HM  ar- 
rival In  Vlnlnla-Daacrlpllon  of  Iha  laa-coaal— VUll  af  Iha 
Mlana— Ala«ao«n.«nt  of  Iha  Colony  ky  Iha  EniUah. 

Tm  unCMttunala  laaua  of  Ralaigh'a  aliampi  to  maka 
•  aawlaannt  n  America,  together  wilh  tin  war  with 
Mpaia,  which  continued  for  aavaral  yaara,  ga«a  a  check 
lo  Ika  apiril  of  eotoniiing.  In  Iha  baainning  of  Iha 
aavaMaaath  eanlury  it  waa  nvired  by  Daitnoloiiiw 
•oaXOLOan  intrapid  mariner  in  Iha  waat  of  England. 
At  wkota  aijMBaaaa  undertook  hi«  roytga  lo  iha  uorih- 
•m  nut  of  Virgmia  doea  not  appear  i  but  on  the  Stlh 
«  Manh  I80S,  ha  aalM  from  Falmouth  in  Cornwall, 
In  a  amall  bark  wilh  thirty-two  men.  Inalead  of  going 
by  Iha  way  of  the  Canariee  and  the  Weal  Indiea,  he 
kept  aa  far  north  aa  Iha  winda  would  permit,  and  waa 
Iha  flrat  Engliahman  who  cama  in  a  direct  eouna  to 
Ihie  part  of  Amtrica. 

On  Iha  14lh  of  May  they  made  Iha  land,  and  met 
with  a  thallop  of  European  fabric,  in  whkh  wen  eight 
aaragea,  oiia  of  whom  waa  draaacd  in  European  clothea, 
from  which  they  concluded  Ihat  aoma  unfortumta  fiah- 
•rman  of  Biaoay  or  BrilUny  had  been  wracked  on  Ihe 


Tha  nail  day  Ibay  had  again  eight  of  Und,  which 
•ppawad  lika  an  ialand,  by  naaoa  of  a  large  aonnd 
whnh  Ut  beiweat  it  and  tha  main.  Thia  aound  they 
•allad  Sbola  Hop*.  Near  thia  capa  thay  took  a  great 
number  of  eod,  tem  which  circumauac#tbay  named 
Iha  land  C*p4  Cod.  It  ia  deacribed  aa  a  lowaandy 
Mora,  in  Uw  lai.  4*>.  The  captun  want  on  ahon  and 
found  the  aand  very  deep.  A  young  Indian,  with  plalaa 
m  eopiMc  banging  to biiaan,  and*  bow  and  aaewtio 
8 


hi*  hand,  aaoia  la  ktm,  aadia  a  ktawHy  manner  nO  red 
hia  urvwe. 

I'n  Iha  Idth  thay  aaaetad  the  land  aawlharly,  and  at 
iha  and  of  Iwalva  laagtiaa  diavovarad  a  pamt  with 
liraakara  at  a  illalanra  \  and  m  all*mi>ttng  lo  .ImittU 
M,  >una  aiHlilriilv  Inlo  ahoal  walrr  Ta  Ihia  point  «( 
laiul  Ihay  fii  Iha  nama  of  INiMil  Cam  II  la  now 
t  tillril  Hahtly  roMil.  attil  fitnna  iha  aiHith  vaalfrn  »«■ 
lri>milv  lit  ifio  fniiiiiv  of  llarnalaliln,  iii  MaH4i*hii«iiHa 

FiiNling  lh«inavl«aa  aiifnmiiilnl  hy  •hmla  ami  limali' 
ara,  Ihay  lay  al  anrhur  lill  Ihay  hail  aiaminwl  iha  niaat 
anil  (aumimita  In  Ihair  boat ,  during  whlrh  liifio  annw 
of  Iha  iMii«i>a  inaila  Iham  a  tiall  thia  of  Ihom  hail 
a  (ilala  nf  rnpixir  uvar  hia  hraaal,  a  fnol  in  Ivngth  and 
half  a  fimi  III  Wrailih  .  iho  oihar*  had  (wmUnla  of  Iha 
•ama  malal  al  Ihair  aara  i  ihoy  all  had  ptpoe  a(  labaaao, 
uf  whu-h  Ihay  wara  «ary  hrMf 

In  aiirvryiiiK  lh«  roaat  ihay  dlarovarad  braekara  tying 
nff  a  poiiil  «l  laral,  whirh  Ihay  danominalad  llilhart'a 
I'olnl ;  II  la  now  called  I'oinl  llammdn,  and  forma  Iha 
eaMarn  anla  of  Iha  karlMir  of  llyannaa 

Ihi  Ihn  IWlh  Ihay  paaaad  tha  breach  af  nilbafl'a 
Point,  in  four  and  Uta  la'homa  af  water,  and  anrhorad 
a  league  or  mora  lo  Iha  wealward  of  It.  Havaral  hum- 
nuirka  and  hllla  aiipaarad,  which  al  Aral  won  taken  lo 
ba  laUnda  i  ihaea  wen  tha  kigk  landa  af  Hamatakla 
ami  Vamwulh 

To  Iha  waatward  af  nilbart'a  Paint  appeered  an 
apaning,  whiah  Uoanold  Imaginad  ta  have  a  commu- 
niealioii  with  tha  aupnoaad  aound  which  ha  had  aaan 
waalwani  of  I  'apa  I  'od ;  ha  thanfan  gave  it  Iha  aama 
nama,  Nhol*  llopai  but  Anding  tha  water  to  ba  no 
mora  than  thrae  falhoma  deep,  al  tha  dialence  of  a 
league,  he  did  not  attampl  lo  enter  it.  Prom  thia  apan- 
iag  tka  lanJ  landed  la  tha  aaatk-weet  i  and  in  coaating 
it,  thxy  came  to  an  ialand,  to  wklah  thay  gave  tha  nama 
of  AfarlAa'a  riwyard.  I'hia  ialand  la  daarnhed  aa 
"  diatani  eight  leaguaa  ftom  Nhala  Hapa,  Ave  milea  in 
circuit,  ana  uninhahitad  i  ftill  af  waoid,  vinae,  and 
berriea ;  hare  they  aaw  dear  and  took  abundance  of  cod." 

Fram  their  atatinn  off  thia  ialand,  where  thayroilii  In 
eight  falhoma.  thay  aailad  on  tha  Mlh,  and  doubled  ilia 
capo  of  another  wland,  nail  to  it  which  thay  called 
l)o«er  (;iiir.  Thia  couraa  bruughl  Iham  into  a  aound, 
whan  thay  anchored  for  Iha  niglit,  and  tha  nail  morning 
aam  Ihair  hoal  lo  aiamina  enothcr  capa  which  lay  be- 
tween them  and  Ihe  main,  from  which  projected  a  ledge 
of  loche  a  mile  into  the  eea,  but  all  abora  water,  and 
not  dangeraua.  Hairing  paaaad  round  them,  they  rama 
to  anchor  again  in  one  of  Ihe  llneat  aounda  Ihay  had 
ever  aeen  i  and  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of^doe- 
nold'e  Hotio.  ()n  Ihe  northern  aide  of  it  waa  the  main ; 
and  on  the  aouiham,  parallel  to  it,  at  tha  diatanca  of 
four  leaguaa,  waa  a  largo  ialand,  which  Ikey  called 
Eliiabeth,  lit  honor  of  ihrii  nueen.  On  thia  Ialand 
they  determined  to  take  up  lliair  abode,  and  pitched 
upon  a  amall  woody  iaiel  in  Iha  middle  of  a  liteali  poiid, 
aa  a  aafa  place  to  build  Ihair  fort.  A  httle  to  Iha  north- 
ward of  thia  larva  ialand  lay  a  amall  one,  half  a  mile  in 
compaaa,  and  full  of  cedan.  Thia  they  called  Hill'e 
Hap.  On  tha  oppoaito  ahon  appeared  another  aimilar 
elevation  to  which  they  gave  tha  name  of  Hap'a  Hill. 

Ily  Ihia  deaeription  of  tha  coaat,  it  ia  evident  lhat  tha 
aound  into  which  OoanoM  entered  waa  Duiiard'a  Bay. 
Tha  ialand  which  ha  called  Mailha'a  Vineyard,  waa  not 
that  which  now  goea  by  that  name,  but  a  amall  ialand, 
the  eaatormoet  of  Ihoae  which  ara  known  bv  the  nama 
of  Eliiabeth'a  lalanda.  It  ia  called  by  the  Indiana 
Nenimieeatt ;  ite  preaent  cireumferance  ia  about  four 
milea,  but  il  haa  doubtleaa  been  diminiahad  aince  Ooa- 
nold'a  time,  by  Iha  force  of  the  tjdea  which  aet  inlo  and 
out  of  the  hay  wilh  great  rapidity,  Ite  natural  nroduc- 
liona  and  picaaant  aituation  anewer  well  tii  hie  acacri|i- 
lion  ;  and  doer  an  frequently  aeen  and  hunted  upon 
il ;  but  none  wen  ever  known  to  have  been  on  Ihe 
great  ialand,  now  called  Martha'a  Vineyard,  which  ia 
above  twenty  milea  in  length,  and  waa  alwaya  full  of 
inhabitanta.  For  what  reaaan  and  at  what  time  Ihe 
nama  wae  tranafamid  from  Iha  one  to  the  other,  I  have 
notyel  learned. 

The  cilif  named  Dover  ie  auppoeed  to  b«  Ihe  eaatem 
head  of  a  email  ialand  which  waa  called  by  the  nativea 
Onky  Tonkr,  and  ia  now  eormpted  inlo  Uncle  Timmy. 
Tha  rocky  ledgo  ia  called  Ratlleanaka  Neck.  Hill'a 
Hap  conaiala  now  of  two  very  amall  ialanda,  called 
Wiekpeakata.  Then  ia  every  appearance  that  theae 
wara  lormarly  united,  and  then  are  now  a  few  cedan 
on  Iham.  Hap'a  Hill,  on  the  oppoaile  part  of  the  main, 
ia  a  email  elarated  ialand,  of  an  oval  form,  near  the 
mouth  of  a  river  which  paaica  through  the  towna  of 
Wanham  and  Rocheatar.    It  ia  •  counieuoua  object 

,(»|ltTigltOCi. 


"nw  Ialand  on  w„i*k  OoannM  and  hia  rampany  Mik 
«■  Ihair  abodo,  la  now  aatlod  by  iia  Indian  nama  N«»> 
ahaiin,  ami  la  tha  |>n>|iaMy  af  tha  Honnfahle  JtkM 
lliiwnma,  nf  Itnalun,  In  whom  I  an,  iiiilahlad  ht  tkoW 
ramarka  an  llaaiinlila  )«umal,  whwh  la  aitant  M  I 
In  ISirrhaa'a  rnllMIMna 

Naar  lh«  aoiiihwaat  and  nf  Nanahaan  ia  a  large  I 
(lomt ,  aiii'li  an  una  aa  anawara  I  laaimld'a  ilcarrlpttai^ 
•  irri'ling  Ihal  lliara  la  no  laUl  in  ih*  inDlilla  uf  II  11M 
aliiiia  la  aaiidv  ;  hut  what  ravoliitian  may  have  lakM 
I  iaca  within  Ihe  apace  af  almaat  IwoaaMarMa  pial,  «• 
rannol  aay  a 

Whilal  aoma  of  OoanoM'a  man  labofad  III  kalMli^t 
fort  ami  alonhauae  on  the  amall  Ialand  In  Ika  aand,  aai 
a  Nat  boat  to  go  la  It,  h*  rraaaod  tha  bay  In  hia  vaaaaj 
and  diaravarwl  tha  mmilha  of  two  riven  i  ana  waa  Ikal 
naar  which  lav  Map'a  Mill,  and  Iha  other,  Ikal  an  Ik* 
ahar*  of  whwh  the  town  of  New  Uadhrd  la  now  kvilh 

After  Ave  daya  ahaance,  (loanoM  raturtied  la  Iha 
Ialand  and  waa  raaeived  bv  kie  people  wilk  mat  ceM 
many,  on  account  af  an  Indian  aklaf  and  AAy  af  hit 
man  who  ware  then  an  a  vlall  Ta  thia  akHaf  that 
praaanlad  a  atnw  hat  and  two  knivaa ;  Iha  hat  ka  IIUM 
regarded,  but  Iha  hnlvae  wan  highly  valued.  Tka* 
feaatad  Ihaaa  aavagaa  with  Aah  and  miialard,  and  d^ 
varied  Ihemeelvea  with  tha  clfael  of  the  maalafd  m» 
their  noeea  «>ne  of  them  etole  a  target  bal  H  waa 
raalorad.  Thay  did  not  appeer  to  be  InhabtlaMa,  k«l 
occaamnal  viailania  al  the  lalend,  for  Ihaaafce  nf  gather 
ing  ahell  Aah  Four  of  them  ramained  after  the  otheia 
wen  gone,  and  helped  Ihe  Kngliah  to  dig  Iha  raau  af 
aaaaalraa,  with  which,  aa  well  aa  the  fun  whkk  Ihay 
bought  af  Ih*  Indana,  tha  vaaael  waa  leaded. 

After  apending  ihiae  weeka  In  pnpanng  a  atafat 
kouae,  when  they  cama  to  divide  their  bravialon,  iher* 
waa  not  enough  to  victual  Iha  ahip,  and  lo  aubaiet  Ik* 
planlan  till  tha  ahip'a  nturn.  Home  jealouay  alaoitaa* 
•hoot  the  inlenlione  of  Ihoee  who  wan  going  beak  | 
and  after  Ave  ilay'a  eonaultallon  they  dalarminaii  to  ghr* 
up  their  deeian  of  planting  and  nturn  to  England.  Oa 
Ihe  aightaenlh  ol  June  thev  aailrd  out  of  tha  bay  Ihreagk 
the  aamc  jiaaaage  bv  which  they  had  entand  it ;  and  aa 
the  Iwenly-third  af^  July  they  arrived  al  Euneoth,  ki 
Ihe  weet  of  England. 

UoanoM'a  intention  waa  to  have  nmalnad  wllk  a 
part  of  hia  men,  and  to  have  aent  Oilbart,  the  aaeoiid  kl 
command,  to  England,  for  farther  auiipliae  i  but  half  a 
ao  amall  a  company  would  not  have  been  a  eulReioa; 
number  to  raaiat  the  aavagaa,  had  Ihay  been  diapaaa4 
to  allaek  Iham. 

Altar  hia  return  to  England  ha  waa  indefotlgtkia  a 
hia  andeavon  lo  forwanTlha  Battling  of  a  caiany  kl 
America,  and  waa  one  of  Ihoae  who  embarked  la  Iha 
neil  eipedllion  lo  Virginia.,  when  he  had  Ihe  taok  4i 
a  eoiioaellar,  aud  whan  ha  died  in  Iha  yaai  INT. 

JOHN  SMITH. 

Jeira  SMira-nia  trarala  and  advanluraa  an  the  CaMhiaat 
— na  jiHna  tha  Auiirlan  army— Ilia  Kncounler  wllk  tha 
Tiuka— Imlth  la  made  Prlaanar— ila  la  aoM  aa  a  alave— 
Hia  aacaiw  and  return  lo  Bnfland— He  meeta  Oaanold— 
They  aall  to  Vlra Inia— OMculllaa  toi  Iha  company  ttalth  ta 
taken  priaonar  Ey  Iha  Indiana-He  la  candamnad  la  death- 
lla  la  aavad  by  PooaiioaTaa,  dauchlar  of  the  Indian  Chief 
— Ula  raleaaa- Hia  IMicovarlaa— ImlUi  la  made  PraaMea* 
of  Vlralnla— HU  Fama  anwot  iha  Indiana— Hia  alraular 
INaclpHna- Ula  Raturn  to  Biwland— Hia  Varaca  la  NoA 
Vlr|1iUa-Hia  Wrllln|a-Hla  Math. 

Thouoh  the  early  part  of  tha  life  of  thia  aitraaaJt 
nar^  man  waa  apent  in  foreign  trevela  and  advanturaa 
which  have  no  rafereuce  to  America,  yet  Iha  incidaair 
of  that  period  ao  atrongly  mark  hia  character,  and  giva 
Buch  a  tinctura  to  hia  Bubee<|uent  actionB,  and  aie  wnhal 
BO  aingutar  in  thameelvee,  that  no  reader  (it  la  bm> 
Bumed)  will  canaun  Ihe  introduction  of  than  haia  la 
imperlmenl. 

He  waa  bom  at  Willoaahby,  in  Lincolnahira,  ia  tha 
year  1AT0.*  From  the  airat  dawn  of  raaaon,  he  dia> 
covered  a  roving  and  romantic  ganiua,  and  deUghtad  ki 
eitravannt  and  daring  actiona  among  hia  achooifak 
Iowa.  When  about  thirteen  yean  of  age,  ha  aoid  hia 
booka  and  aalchel,  and  hia  puerile  tnnkela,  to  taiaa 
money,  with  a  view  to  convey  himeelf  private^  M  aaa| 
but  tha  death  of  hia  father  put  a  Btop  for  the  preeani  ta 
thia  attempt,  and  thnw  him  into  the  bandaafguardiaaa^ 


.    .  ^*^'J*  *«l«m>lnad  by  an  Inacrlption  annaied  le  Wa  ■•• 
trait  on  hia  map  or  Maw  Cnfland-"  iKtat  IT.  Anne  Utk*^ 
Thia  portrait  npraaenu  him  clad  la  anaaur,  aad  ■•*«• 
arathasa  veraes: 

'  auch  an  Ihe  Unea  Ihal  ahow  Uiy  Ace ;  bat  ItMa 
That  ahowthyineeandilory  Mghtar  bee  i 

Thv  fain  diacoverlaa  and  fowla  oveithrewa* 
df  aalvafaa  muck  cIvtllBWl  by  thee, 

a«Bt  ahow  thy  aplrtt,  and  to  It  alory  win, 
■e  Ihoa  an  knaae  withfwt,  jai  gelde  wMii^ 


AMfRICAN   HmTORV 


J  iMm  M  •  Mm|»iiHa   Im<(M      Itmng  |hiI  tf 

rMlM  «•  •  iWKlMnl  •!  I, inn,  M  ika  •«■  ■•«  ni)««n, 
It  (nt  t*mai«Mi  kn)i«4  UmI  hta  nftn  wmilil  mimI 
kMI  M  •■•  in  >.i<  urvi<  >,  li»i  IhM  ku)*  UiUnt  h«  •|<i>iiwl 
kis  NMiMw,  (III  *iih  vly  Uii  ahilliiitfa  III  lix  imu  km, 
••>«l»4  mill  Ih*  Irtin  »l  •  taiiiHl  nuMaiii'ii  wnn  wm 
lt«f*lliiif  In  ^r«Mi'ii  Ai  (>rl«-i«ii«  U*»  i»4«  4t^h«r^mi 
hum  kM  •iikimUih'*  ^n  (••>n*  lh'rt(i>,  ••iil  KmiI  mi^hvv 
givvtt  Mm  10  rvMirn  III  lititfUiHl  Wiiliihi*  imuh***  tm 
fiMtMl   l*ftii«,  •ml   |iriii'iiiii|i-tl   III  Ihv   Imw  ( '•MiMirii'«, 

tttwr*  Im  •llllaKll    ••   *   •ulilivr,    •III  Iraliii'il    IliK    null 

IN  ml*  Hi  «k*r,  •  M-ianc*  |NH-ttlt«rlv  •tfrsMtMa  la  hi«  ar 
4>iit  ami  wlitu  (•niu)  M«riiii||  «iih  •  MviHa  fmiiU 
■mil  ihfMil.  Im  wh  |i*nu«lril  in  !■•••  miu  (WmUiul, 
mHk  Um  ynmiM  «(  twiiig  •irunglf  rariNHiiimiliiil  i* 
King  Jmm«  .  ImI  Iwing  UiHmI  in  Ihia  •ipvi'iatinn,  ha 
••Mnial  I*  kM  Milt*  titmn,  •ml  Aniliiig  mi  aiMiiiMiiy 
Ikw*  wkMk  MtltMi  kw  UM*.  ha  kuill  •  IwiMh  in  •  wirhI. 
•mI  kaMilt  MmMir  w  Iha  •luily  iM  NHliUr«  kialMy  mhI 
ImIMn,  4i«*rlin(  klinaall  al  inwrntla  wiih  nia  kufu  tml 
Un«n  1  M  wkwk  •■■iniM  k*  •!  Uiiflk  louml  •  •••ii|i«- 
IIMN,  M  IuImn  f«nll«Hi«n,  imI»i  la  llw  Kurl  •!  Un- 
««In.  «Im  4nw  WM  IkwN  kw  ay  li*n  ialiraiN«nl  In  Tal- 
KimL 

MntIiw  rtfNvarnl  a  part  Nf  iha  aalala  wliifh  kia  fcUiat 
Im4  InA  kim,  IM  |i.:l  hiinaalf  iiila  a  Iwllai  riHMiiiioii  ikaii 
kablN,  ami  aal  iM  aiaiii  '<ii  kw  tratala,  in  llw  winlar  u( 
IkN  jtNW  lAM.  baing  lk*n  only  aairanlarn  yaara  of  a^t* 
HM  tiat  ata^  «raa  >1ai«Ura,  wbaia  nwalinf  wilk  a 
FwiwhimB  wka  pnlvmlail  In  Iw  Iwir  In  a  nnhl*  family, 
k*!  wMk  kta  Ihra*  allamUnU,  imtaiJMl  U|i<m  Ninilh  IN 
g»  witk  Iham  IN  rraiK*  In  a  ilark  nighl  ikay  aiiKail 
•I  n.  Valarjp  in  I'iranly,  ijiui,  by  tha  rutmiiraiK'a  oltlw 
■kif  Nuaur,  Uw  KrwH'knian  war*  camaal  aahon  Willi 
Um  IrmkaNf  Nur  yNiina  iratallar,  wliiUl  ka  wa*  lull  an 
kaar^  UU  tha  ralurn  n(  Iha  boal.  In  Uw  nwan  lima 
dwjr  ka4  eantayad  Uw  bofgaia  oul  of  hia  ra*>'h,  ami 
won  not  In  ba  roiiml.  A  aailar  on  boanl,  who  knaw 
Ika  vUlaino,  lanNimaly  umlartaak  M  ramlurl  kiin  la 
MNftauw  wh*r*  Ihay  li«ail,  and  aumiliail  liia  wania  lill 
llwil  tnlvai  al  Uw  placa  llrra  Iw  luumi  Uwir  Arwitda, 
ttnm  wham  ha  could  gain  ne  riicoin|»'naN  ;  btil  Uw 
r*|wrt  n(  kia  aiilfvriti||a  mdiirml  aataral  pacaoiw  of  dio- 
tJticlion  to  iiifita  hint  to  ihrir  houaaa 

Kagrr  lu|iuiau*hia  Iravrla,  and  iiol  caring  la  racalya 
fatara  whuh  h*  waa  uiiahia  lo  rniiiila,  ha  lift  hia  naw 
frirnda,  and  wi  lit  from  |inrt  In  icrl  in  ararch  ul  a  alii|> 
of  war.  In  ana  uf  Ihaaa  rainbloa,  naar  Uinan,  il  waa 
kia  ikanca  Ut  mart  nnr  of  the  villaina  who  Iwd  robliod 
kim.  Wilhout  apraking  a  wuni,  Ihi'jr  ImiU  drnw  ;  and 
■milh  hairing  woiimlnl  ami  diaannitl  h»  antagoniat, 
•bllgod  bim  10  innfraa  hia  giiill  iH'fum  a  nunibai  ul  |i«r- 
•WW  who  had  aaannihjnl  on  Iha  wiaaion. 

BatiaAad  with  hia  yiriory,  ha  raliri'il  lu  tha  aaal  of  an 
Mi|uainianra,  tha  Karl  of  IMoyir,  who  had  lirati  brought 
apin  Kngland,  and  haviii||  ii'vi'ivi'd  aiiiijilira  from  hiin, 
k*  Iranllcd  along  iha  Franrh  ruaal  lu  Uayoiitir,  and 
torn  Ihcnca  croaaad  a«rr  lo  Maravillra -,  tiailing  and 
<iiarri»g  avrry  thing  in  hia  way  which  had  any  rafar- 
•ne*  lo  naval  or  military  archiiaciura. 

Al  Maiaaillaa  h*  ainbariird  for  lialy,  in  company 
•rilh  a  rabWa  of  pilgriina.  'I'ha  ahi|i  waa  furcod  iiy  a 
lompNOl  into  tha  harVior  of  Toutun,  and  altKrwarda  waa 
•Migad  by  a  contrary  wind  to  amhur  iiiHlvr  iho  lulls 
ialaM  of  St.  Mary,  olf  Nica,  m  Havoy.  Thv  bigotry  of 
Iho  pilgriina  niado  Uicin  aarribo  tlwiir  ill  fortune  lo  th« 
■raianca  of  a  heretic  on  lioard.  They  deynmly  riiracd 
Bmilh,  and  hia  Queen  Kliiabalh,  and  in  a  lit  of  nioua 
nm  threw  him  into  the  aca.  lie  awain  lo  Ilia  iaiand, 
■M  the  neit  day  waa  laken  on  board  a  aliip  of  St.  Mala 
which  hod  alao  put  in  thma  for  ahcllen  'tlia  inaaier 
•f  Uw  ahin,  who  waa  wvll  known  lo  hia  mililii  fnviid, 
Iha  Earl  of  I'loyar,  cnloruineil  hun  kimlly,  and  carrkil 
kim  lo  Ati'iaiulrm  in  KgypI ;  from  ihci.ca  he  coaaird 
Iha  ItNTBnt ;  and  on  hia  ictum  had  the  high  aatiafaiMion 
of  •  iwyal  engagement  with  a  Vrnciian  •hip,  which 
Ibojr  look  and  rifled  of  her  rich  cargo.  Nniiih  waa  ael 
•II  atoro  al  Aiilibaa,  with  a  box  of  a  thaiiaand  rlieuuina 
(■bout  two  thouaand  dollara),  by  the  help  of  which,  ha 
walto  Iba  tour  of  Italy,  crooaaa  the  Adriatic  ami  tra- 
VolM  into  Stiria,  lo  iha  aaal  of  Fvrdiiiand,  Archiluka 
of  Aualria.  Ilara  he  met  with  an  Kngliah  and  an  Ittah 
Joanit  yyho  introduced  him  to  I/ml  Ebanpaugbl,  Btraa 
JCital,  ami  other  officera  of  diatinclion,  and  hi^ro  ho 
tnuti  full  BcofW  fill  hia  gcniua ;  for  the  Emperor  being 
ikm  at  wit  wilb  tbi  Turk*,  ho  anleml  into  hii  nm; 
■■  •  Tolunloar. 

Ha  bad  eommnnieatod  lo  Eborapaugbt  a  malhod  if 
ling  It  •  diaUnce  by  aigntia  nuioa  with  lorchoo, 
boing  illanwlaly  ahown  and  hidden  a  eertaia 
I  of  liaoa,  dHignalod  oTiiy  Itllof  of  the  t^ho- 


kol  Ma  karfaNNnanafpNfiMniiy  NfmakingikNatliaft- 
maHl  l.lMir*|i«Mtfkl  kain^  haalagail  Ky  iKa  liiiaa  in 
Iha  atriNig  lawn  of  iMimp^wli,  waa  aiil  alf  frwm  all  m 
lnltlgaiM'a  atiU  Kitiw  itf  •ut.vi^iiv  rrtiin  hta  fripmU  Miitilh 
|iiii|4Miil  l)i«  iiiai  .'hI  1,1  I  itithMiinii  4IIIMI  III  ll«mn  l(ia*l, 
wImi  4|i^uivil  il.  and  4lUiM«tl  1)1,11  iiipMi  II  in  (imrtiipa  * 
M  <  »••  vNnvoyvd  by  a  g^^aid  In  •  hiN  wiiKiii  tiaw  af 
•  lia  iiiwn.  •ml  aitrt^t  kitiT*  rvittiiip  frtmi  Iha  't'lirkiah 
(•inp  M  ifca  diopUv  III  >N*  aiitnul,  l',ti«r»|>aiitihl  linaw 
•ml  aiMwarvil  il,  ami  Miiiiih  vontuvad  I'l  hun  ihta  inial- 
l>i(an«>a.  "'iHiirailay  nigh*.  I  will  i'h<tpga  tm  tha  lla^l  , 
4l  ihr  «t4rin  tally  IImhi  "  I'ttp  aitawar  waa,  "  I  w,ii  * 
lual  Wliii.1  ika  allai  k.  by  Nmiih  •  •ilvira,  a  great  num 
bar  III  falMi  Area  wara  mada  mt  amrthap  ifitariar,  wkt'k 
ditidad  Iha  aliaitlunt  taf  llw  anainy  ami  ga>a  ad<anlaga 
lit  IhN  aaaailanla ,  whM,  baing  aaatalad  ay  a  aally  hiiia 
Iha  lawn,  klllad  many  of  Iha  I'nrka,  dnnn  ttiara  Inlu 
Iha  nyt,  and  ihraw  auaroitra  intn  tha  {.  •,  wklab 
Nldtgad  Ika  »n»mi  tha  nail  day  la  lataa  iha  oiaga 
I'hta  wall  riiiidiii'iad  aapkHI,  pfialiwad  lo  iHir  ymina 
adyanlurar,  Uw  raininand  uf  a  amniiany,  runaialing  of 
IWN  kumlrad  and  Ally  huraaman  in  Ika  ragimani  of 
Citiinl  Maklrwk,  a  nobleman  u{  'rranaylyania 

'I'ha  raglmani  tn  whH'h  ha  aarrad  haiiig  engaged  in 
•avafal  kaianloua  anlar|inaaa,  Nmilh  waa  fiiraimiai  in 
all  Jangara  att4  dialingtiialtad  himaalf  both  by  hia  inga- 
nutly  aial  by  hia  labir,  ami  whan  Mrhlrirk  left  iha 
Intparial  amy,  and  paaoad  tniN  Iha  larytea  af  hia  naliya 
prin<ja,  HinlUi  Miowad  kim. 

Al  Uw  atagN  of  Hoaal,  tha  Otlomana  darnM  Iha 
•low  apiiraiaCaa  of  ik* TlMaylvanian  army,  and  aanl  a 
I'hallanga,  puiyatlliig  ikM  Uw  l^wd  I'ttrbiaha,  lo  divan 
Iha  ladiaa,  wouU  MM  my  alngla  ra|riain  of  iha  )  !hria- 
li«H  iraniia.  TIlN  MMt  Nf  aeeaiiling  Ihia  rhallanga 
liriitg  dvlermlnad  by  bt,  Ml  an  Oaplam  Nmtlh  i  who, 
mealing  hia  anlogmilat  on  koraaback,  wiihtn  yiaw  of 
Iba  loaliaa  on  Uw  lialtlanwnia,  at  iha  •oiind  of  intt^iu 
liegan  tha  aneininlar,  and  in  a  ahwt  linw  killail  him, 
and  twra  away  kw  baad  in  triumph  la  kw  ganani  Uw 
l,iird  Moyiaa. 

'I1w  daalk  uf  tha  rhiaf  aa  Irrilalad  hia  IViand  nrualgo, 
that  ha  arni  a  |iarticuUr  rhallanga  lo  tha  aani|iiafaf, 
who,  maeling  him  with  the  aanw  earamonwa,  alUr  a 
■mart  coniliat  tNok  Nil  hia  haod  alaa.  dmllh  ihNn  in 
hia  turn  aant  a  maoaoga  into  tho  toyrn.  Informing  iha 
ladtaa,  ll,.i.i  if  thay  wiahed  (at  mora  diyaraion,  Ihry 
ahuuld  In  weleomo  to  kia  haod,  in  caaa  thair  Ihird 
rhanipuia,  couM  l*ka  II.  Thia  challange  waa  aecrpli'd 
by  lluiiitinulgro,  who  unhoraad  Hmilli  and  waa  near 
gamiitu  llw  victory.  Uul  rainounling  in  a  eritical  mo- 
iiwnt,  Tw  gave  Iha  Turk  a  alroha  wiih  hia  fanlchion 
tthich  brought  htm  to  tha  ground,  and  hta  baad  waa 
added  to  Iha  nninhar.  Kor  theae  aingular  eijiloita  ha 
waa  honored  with  a  military  proceBawn,  roiiatalittg  of 
an  tlwuaaitd  roan,  three  led  horaaa,  and  tlw  Turka' 
heaita  on  iha  |iointa  of  ihrea  Ui.cea.  Wtlh  thia  cera- 
nionv  Smith  W4a  ciindai'tnl  to  tha  paytllton  of  hia  ge- 
neral, wito,  after  ainbracing  him,  preaanled  him  with  a 
horaa  ncltly  furmabad,  a  aeymilNr  tnd  bell  worth  three 
hundrod  ducala,  and  1  commiaawn  lo  ba  major  in  hia 
raginwiil.  Tha  pnnca  of  Tranaylvania,  ■lUf  tha  cap- 
lura  of  Uw  place,  iiwda  him  a  piraani  of  hie  iHctttra  aet 
in  gold,  and  a  prnaion  of  three  hundred  ilucata  per 
•nnutn,  and  moreover  granted  him  a  coat  of  arma  bear- 
ing three  Turka'  heada  in  a  ahiald.  Tha  uitanl  waa 
adntitlad  and  recorded  in  Uw  collaga  of  llaralda  in 
Kngland,  by  Hir  Henry  Hagar,  gartar-klng-at-arma. 
Smith  waa  alwaya  prowl  of  ihia  dialinguiahing  honor, 
and  thaaa  orma  ara  aecoidingly  blaionM  in  Iho  fronlia- 
piaca  to  hia  hulory,  wilh  Ihu  motto, 
"  Vlneara  aat  vlvara.** 

After  Ihia,  Uia  Tranaytyanian  army  waa  dafaatod  by 
a  body  of  Turka  and  Tartara  naar  Itolanlon,  and  many 
brave  men  were  oloin,  among  whom  wara  nina  Englialt 
and  Scotch  oflkan,  who,  after  the  faahlon  of  that  day, 
had  enlcird  into  thia  aervice  from  a  religioua  aaal  to 
drive  ihe  Turka  out  of  Chnatendom,  Smith  wai 
wounded  in  thia  battle  and  lay  among  tha  dead.  Ilia 
habit  diacovared  him  to  the  vielora  aa  a  paroon  of  eon- 
aeijiience ;  thay  uaad  him  wall  till  hia  wounda  were 
healed,  and  then  aold  him  lo  Iha  Baaha  Dogal.  wlui 
•ent  him  aa  a  proaent  to  hia  mietreaa  'Traganigianda 
at  I'anilanlinople,  aecom|ianied  with  a  meaaage,  aa  full 


*  Tlia  method  la  tItU :  Flrit,  three  torchei  are  ahown  in  a 
tine  eqiil-Uiatant  from  each  uthor,  which  ara  anawarad  lijr 
time  ulhari  in  Iha  Batna  monnar;  than  tha  meafaaa  haing 
wrillan  aa  brleHy  aa  poaatbla,  and  Ihe  alphabal  divldadlnto  two 

farta,  the  laltara  from  A  lo  L  are  •iiniAad  bv  ihawinf  and 
Idlng  one  lii(hl,  aa  often  •■  Ihare  are  lallan  from  A  to  that 
taller  wlilch  you  mean.  The  letter)  from  M  to  Z  by  two 
lighta  In  Ihe  aama  mannar.  Tha  and  of  a  word  la  aifnlllad 
by  ahowlnf  Ihraa  ll|hta.  Al  avary  latter,  the  llfhl  atanda  till 
the  oiher  iiarty  may  vnlta  II  dawn  aad  Mawar  by  Ua  algiialf 
whtcii  la  ena  Ughl. 


baitia  a  Woliamiiin  mdilainan,  and  pteaaMad  kmi  MkM 
•a  a  alaya 

The  piaaani  |  mvad  mitfa  aa'atitahia  IN  Ika  lady  ihW 
her  Ufd  tniamlad  M|w  >,imI>I  •|w«k  lulMli  ..  ttd 
Winiih.  in  Ihal  Unguatra,  mil  only  iiihiriiiad  hat  jf  btS 
aminiry  4iid  iiHtfliiy,  ImI  I'litivrpaail  wiik  kal  m  ■•  plaao 
ing  a  mannar  ••  In  g4i«  har  4rt»iiiHia  I  Iw  <i'iiHn*«wa 
priteori  ••  leinlar,  Ihal  lu  »'i  ui>  linn  fur  hafvi'll  and  M 

CavaM  hM  kaing  ill  haail  iii  aiilil  again,  alia  acui  kim  m 
I  kwlbar,  Iha  lUaha  el  .Nalliraiin,  in  ika  imintry  af 
Iha  I'ambrian  'larlara,  uii  Iha  Inifilara  i<4  iha  a*a  of 
,\aN|,h.  liar  ppalaiita  «••,  Ihal  lie  •limiiM  Ihare  leaat 
Iha  monnera  ami  laiigitaga  ••  wall  «•  raligiiM  ef  UM 
I  arlara  tly  iha  larina  im  wkiah  alia  onMa  Iw  bar  by* 
Ihar,  ha  anapaeiail  hay  daaign,  ami  oaiilvad  w  dia^ 
|aHnl  har  Wiihin  an  huiir  anei  Hniiih  a  ainyal  M 
waa  alilpfiail  ,  liM  head  and  baard  wara  almvan,  an  MM! 
riillar  waa  |wl  aliwil  hw  naak  ,  ha  waa  eWxhad  with  • 
■  oat  uf  hair  ikHh,  ami  driven  M  Ulwir  aiming  NthN 
I  hrwiMn  aUvaa  lie  had  ihiw  iiiii  kuti*  uf  radampllMli 
bill  tlom  Iha  hiva  of  hw  miaireaa,  who  waa  al  a  mol  dl» 
lanea,  ami  not  likely  to  be  infuninad  of  kta  MleMfluno  | 
Ihe  hupalaaa  aondiliim  of  kw  hlhne-aUyea  emilil  mt 
alleviela  hia  daapamlanay 

In  Iha  dapikof  hia  dialraao,  an  ejipNtlunl'y  pt«aanla4 
ht  an  aera^ia,  whirh  lo  a  iiaraun  of  a  leoe  (ouragamio 
and  advant.<in)<ia  a|Hril  wmild  have  proved  an  iggrataiiNn 
af  miaaii  lie  waa  emiiliiywl  in  Ihreahing  al  a  giango, 
in  a  largk  iiald  abuiil  a  laagxia  from  the  bmiaa  of  nM 
tyrant,  wtui  m  kia  daily  viaiia  Iraotad  him  with  abuaivo 
language,  arcatnfaniad  wiih  blowa  and  kwka.  Thw 
waa  mora  than  Hmilh  rould  boar,  wln'rafura  watching 
«n  atiHirtunilv  wllan  no  other  paraun  waa  proaanl,  b* 
lavallad  a  alriHia  at  him  wilk  hia  tlireahing  InalruiiianI, 
which  ilaa|ialcha4  him.  Tlwn  hnling  hia  body  in  Iho 
alraw  aid  ahiilling  Iha  doora,  ha  hllad  a  bag  wilk gram, 
nioiinieil  Ihe  Haaha'a  Iwraa,  and  baiaking  himaalf  lo  Um 
daaerl,  wamlarad  fur  two  or  Ihrea  daya,  ignorant  of  UlO 
way,  ami  ao  fortuiwla  aa  nut  la  nwal  wiih  a  amgla  paf> 
aoii  who  might  i|iya  inbrmoliun  of  hia  HigM)  Al 
langlh  ha  cama  fo  a  Mat  erected  in  a  croaa  rood,  by  <)m 
marha  on  whwh  ha  bnind  hw  way  lo  Muacavy,  arid  Ul 
•liiaan  day<  arrived  at  Eia|Mlia  on  Iha  nver  Umii 
whara  waa  a  Huaaian  garriaon,  the  cominandav  of  which 
underalandmg  ha  waa  a  tJhriatian,  received  Him  coul- 
leniialy  ;  iNoli  off  hia  lion  rollar,  ami  gave  aun  lalMf* 
to  the  other  goyarnora  in  ihal  ragiun.  'I'kiw  ho  II0> 
veiled  Ihroiigh  part  of  Huaaia  and  Pulaml,  till  ka  gal 
bock  to  hia  fnviida  in  Trinaylvania  i  receiving  praaaM* 
in  hia  way  from  many  (leraona  of  dialim'lion,  anaing 
whom  he  pariwulafly  manlHina  a  chorilabla  lady,  Oa,* 
mala,  being  alwaya  proud  of  hia  connaiion  with  Uiai 
•ei,  and  fond  of  acknowledging  iheir  favora.  Al  l4il|^ 
ale  he  nwt  wilh  hia  rulunel,  Tuunl  Maldnek,  and  Nigw- 
mund,  pnnca  of  Tianaylvania,  wh«  gava  him  loM 
ducala  lu  rr|iair  hia  joaaea  Willi  ihia  inoiwy  ho  WM 
enabled  to  iravel  through  Oermany,  Krance,  and  Spain, 
ami  liaviag  viaitnl  the  kingdomaof  Moroceo,  ha  rotufnoa 
by  aea  to  Kngland  i  having  in  hia  paaaoga  anjoyed  Uw 
ptaaaure  ul  another  naval  engtagnment.  At  hia  amvil 
in  hia  nail  vo  country  he  had  •  tliuuawid  ducala  in  Ilia 
piiraa,  whirh,  wilh  the  inlrmal  ha  hod  remaining  III 
England,  hii  devoted  to  aeek  advenlwea  and  maka  dio 
cuveriiia  in  NoiTN  Anaaict 

llartholoiiiaw  (Jnanuld,  having  conceived  a  favorahlt 
idea  nf  America,  bod  ni«da  ii  hia  biiaiiinaaon  liMratum 
lo  Kngland,  to  aulicil  aaaiialaiie<<  in  |iioaeeiiling  diaao- 
variee.  Meeting  with  ( :>|iii>i>  Hinuh,  ha  laadily  anlai«4 
into  hia  vinwa,  tlw  eiiiplwynivflt  being  eiaclly  auiled  to 
hia  aiilerpriaing  geniua.  Having  engaged  Edward  Ma* 
ria  Wingliehl,  a  inurihai'il,  Hubert  lluni,  a  clerinrmaa. 
ami  aevvral  oihera,  Ihay  |irevailed  upon  a  nunuwr  of 
nobluincn,  gvnUvinen,  ond  inerclwnia,  to  aolicil  a  palanl 
from  the  cruwn,  by  which  the  advenliirera  lo  Virginia 
became  atibjoct  to  legal  direction,  and  had  llw  auppoit 
and  encourageinenl  of  a  wealihy  and  reapoclabla  eo^ 
iHiMtion  I  which  waa  iiaually  alyled  Uw  South  Virginia 
I'oinuany.  or  the  I,ondon  Company,  in  dialuiclion  from 
the  Plynioiilh  Company,  who  aupenntanded  the  alfaira 
of  Nonh  Virginia.  'J'lw  date  of  their  patent  waa  Aofil 
in,  inua,  and  on  the  lOih  of  tha  following  Uecambar, 
ihrro  ahiiia,  one  of  one  humlred  tone,  anolTwr  of  totij, 
and  oiw  of  Iwanty,  fell  down  tho  river  Thamoa  for  Vii 
ginia  The  cumiiiandrr  waa  Chnatophcr  Newpoii,  at 
ciperienccd  manner.  'I'hayhad  on  board  the  nocaoaar; 
perauna  and  pigviaiona  fur  a  colony  ;  ami  Uwir  ordaia 
for  government  Were  aealcd  .n  a  boi,  which  waa  DOI  M 
be  opanod  till  thay  ahould  amva  in  Virginia. 

Tha  ahipa  wera  kept  in  tha  Downa  by  bad  waaUift 
ail  waaka,  and  aftarwarda  had  a  tempoiluaaa  Tonga. 
I'kay  look  Uw  oU  reiita  b;  riw  Cauaiy  aud  CirbM* 


NIhM) 


UiaiMt 
hMraiuni 

llllf  dlMO- 

'lily  •nMn4 
I  •uittd  I* 
dwini  Mf 
IwipriMa. 
lumMr  of 
II  t  |mUM 
la  Viriinla 
h*  tupiMin 
rubU  co^ 
ih  Vifitinb 
letion  from 
Uw  tffiiin 
WM  Aiml 
Dtctmbir, 
r  of  hnj, 
a»(m  Vii 
wpotl,  u 
ntntuj 
nil  ocdtn 

MlW 

I  WMlilM 

|»  Tonae. 


____, BIOOB 

kllMi*!  mJ  4mI  MM  HMka  iw  •MiMwa  al  ChaMfMaki 
■if  Itll  lh«  W<K  ■•<  A|Hil.  IMr  t'mm  )h«  )ir«>iiiiiMf 
•f  Umw  •mkMkMHMt  ih>f*  WW  •  |«4li«iay  <ihI  iliawn 
Mam  •iiMMig  Mm  oHHiiAhv    Mmllh  4rul  IIhmi  M»r*  rri<>itil«« 

twi  b*»*H  WW  vnVlvU  4ml  •tl«|t««'lrll  liy  iha  Mfhrr* 
IIUAI  «I44    )ll4l«>t«4l«  4fMl  fmlttui  ,  )tt«  iMtlm  ■«*'>tr»>l  III..) 

fhtm  inatiii      Miiidh  W44  4r*l*ni  •ii«l  Mtili)«iritiM«   

IMH44  In  liM  4*fHtfi<n*ni,  hnl  Iili»f4l  tn  I114  lihuuiu^' 

(  ht     MMtia     4Mtf||*«llMfl«    IImI    Im    llll»lt*l»'ll    M    H4Hf|l    iiw 

|t**«9rmii«ni,  «tiil  iImi  hi4  **Mir»>|pr4i»4  wpih  ili4)i«r«w<l 
t«iMHt|(  ih«  (>iHM|NirH«4  ul  r4i  h  4ln{f,  tw  <*44  ni««l«  aitri 
•wnffr  friitit  ill*  iiin«  »(  ilirir  lr4>iH||  Ih*  I '4ii<iri4*i.  atMl 
W44  Mn4«f  »imAit«nivfil  wh«it  ih#v  «rri«»i|  mi  itw  (  Urn 
•4|i««li*  \^  Nan  iN«  liui  w«4  tifwiifil,  11  w««  hitiml  ihtii 
l*4rihiil«ni«*  llMiHiki,  John  Mmitk,  t'llwanl  M  Winy 
tl>lit.  I 'Kri»iii«A«r  M>w|a)fi,  Julm  H4><-li|t,  Juhn  Mariin, 
•nil  lUilfii*  H  I  lUI  mmtm  n«mi>i|  l«i  M  tif  Iha  '•iim-tl  | 
•hn  «ii«r«  Ul  rhiitMa  «  |ir»aHl»fti  frmii  •iiwnil  ihninMlvM 
IW  MM  (Ml  (nil  iIm  gniDtnimnt  «44  ««ial*4  IH  Item 
M*ll«ra  •!  niamvnl  »•»  M  ha  "  aitminnt  l>y  *  liin. 
kill  ttalarmiii'il  lifi  Iha  ma|ur  |wil  ul  Iha  raiiMIt,  m 
whwh  Iha  (iraaialanl  Im4  loa  tviaaa  '  M hvn  ihaMii*. 
■  ll  «aa  a«i»n,  WinfAaU  w«  rhiMan  araaHlanl.  (wl  t 
4a<ltralMm  waa  nwla  u(  Iha  raaaana  Mf  whwll  MiMtfe 
WM  fiM  Mimillvil  ami  aNrufn  •niuiif  ilia  oihara 

■•tanlaan  liaya  fnim  Ihair  arilval  «••»  aiMM  >■ 
(Vaking  •  |ifii|iar  ulaoa  lur  Ihaii  Ural  |>l«nl4ii<Hi.  'Iha 
•oultern  punl  of  iha  bay  waa  ntmail  ra|ia  llaiiry,  ami 
Iha  naflhan  (;ajM  I'hailaa,  ih  hoiwr  of  iha  laio  avna  af 
Kinf  Jamaa  To  Iha  Mral  |raal  ri«ar  whwh  lha«  dia- 
Mtfarail  lka«  (ana  Ite  nama  uf  Ihalr  aataraian  ;  aiul  ilw 
inttibtirn  |iwiii  ul  ila  anlraiu'*  waa  rallail  T'uinl  I  'ami- 
fori,  on  accuiinl  uf  Iha  kimmI  rhaiinal  ami  anrhofan* 
whifh  Itef  round  Ihara  On  Iha  Nala  Ihay  luuh  planiy 
•f  ayalara,  In  auma  of  whte'h  oara  paaria  ,  aiai  an  Iha 
jiain  ihay  ruiiml  Urna  ami  n|ia  alrtwbamaa,  whwh  af- 
Ibnlril  iliain  a  dvlinoiia  ra|iaal. 

Ila«iii(in>lwilhlt«auf  ihanallvaa,  Ihay  in*llrd  iham 
la  Ihaif  lawn.  Knoughian,  whara  Mani|iiim  la  now 
feillll.  Ilara  Ihaji  w*ra  fvaalad  wiik  rakra  inada  of  In- 
dian ram,  and  raKalad  wilb  lohaa'cn  and  a  daiwa  I  la- 
•urn  Um)|  jiraaaiilad  Ih*  naiivaa  Iwaila  ami  ultiar  Iriiihrla. 
I'racaadini  up  iha  ri«ar,  anuilwr  rain|iaiiy  uf  Indiana 
•|i|iaarad  in  arma.  'Iliair  rhiaf,  A|i*in*lira,  holUinn  in 
ana  hand  kia  Imw  and  arrnw,  and  in  Iha  oihar  a  |H)i*  uf 
laltarco,  daiiwndvd  iha  rai*aa  uf  ihi'ir  cmninK  ;  Ihay 
madii  ai||iia  of  |  rara,  awl  wrr*  hoapilakly  rvraitnt  <  hi 
III*  Idh  of  May  Ihajr  |iil>'lM>d  U|Hm  a  (laniiiaiil*,  whrr* 
Iha  ahiiw  could  In  in  aii  falhoin  waiar,  inoiHvd  lo  Iho 
traaa,  ta  Iha  |ilaa*  of  Ihair  inlmidail  aallli'mrnl  Ilara 
lliry  wara  viailvd  hy  faapiha,  aiMlhrr  Iniliaii  rhirf,  w)io 
baiiiK  mad*  ari|uainlad  wilh  liivir  ili<ai|{n,  ollrrni  llirin 
ta  niiii^h  land  *a  lliay  araiilad,  and  anvrwanla  aaiil  Ihain 
I   deur    for  lliair  anlrrlaininmil.      On  Ihia  tiKil  ihay 

Lilrhad  Ikait  lanla,  and  ga»*  il  Iha  nam*  of  Jainua- 
iwn 
K«*ry  man  waa  now  affl|iluviMl  ailher  in  digginv  and 

IiUnlliig  (ardana,  or  nialiiii||  nala,  nr  in  culling  and  ri«- 
ng  liinbar  lo  raload  Ilw  ahipa.  1'h*  prmidani  al  Aral 
witukl  admit  of  no  martial  airrcia*,  nor  allow  any 
fonirtcalioiia  lo  ba  made,  eicvpling  ih«  bough*  of 
traa*  Ihrown  tugathar  in  ilio  form  uf  a  hklf  tiioon  ('ap- 
Uiii  Nawfion  luok  Hinith  and  Iwetiiy  more  wilh  hiin 
Ul  diacnvir  Iha  haad  of  Jama*  river.  In  an  daya  Ihay 
arrived  al  Iha  falla,  and  areeliiig  a  croaa,  aa  ihay  had  al 
0*|i*  iliuiry,  luok  poeaaaaioii  of  Ilia  counlry  in  Iha 
name  of  King  Janiua.  In  Ihi*  nulla  lliejr  viaiied  l*ow< 
N4T4II,  Uie  |iriiici|Ml  Indian  chief,  or  viniieror.  Mia 
town  conaiaieal  of  Iwaira  huuaea,  pltaaanlly  aiiiialml  on 
I  hill,  k«rnrr  which  were  Ihroo  lalaiida,  a  lilllo  hclow 
Iha  apot  wht-ro  Kichniond  la  now  kiiili.  (y'aiitain  New- 
Dort  praaentril  a  Iwlchel  lo  lliia  priiica,  whirli  lie  gralo- 
lullji  raceived ;  and  whnn  aoine  of  liia  Indiana  mur- 
mured it  Iha  coming  of  iha  Ciigliah  •inong  ihem,  he 
ailanced  Ihem  by  aaying,  "why  alioiild  w;  Iw  oil'eiidod  I 
Ihey  hurt  ua  mil,  nor  uke  any  thing  by  fore*  Ihcy 
want  only  a  litll*  ground,  which  we  can  oaaily  ^re  " 
Thi*  appMranca  of  friendahip  waa  not  much  rclinl  on, 
whan,  at  Ihair  return  10  Jameaiowii,  tliey  found  lliai  ih* 
company  had  been  aurpriaed  al  their  work  by  a  party  of 
Induna,  who  ha  I  killed  ano  and  wounded  anvenlecn 
elhara.  A  double-headed  ahot  froin  one  of  llie  ahiiw 
kad  cut  oflf  a  bough  of  a  tree,  which  fallina  among  the 
Indian*,  tarriDed  and  diaperard  lliem.  Thia  iiiculiinl 
•bl,g*d  Iha  Preaidont  lo  alter  the  plan  of  Ih*  fori, 
wkicK  wu  now  a  triangular  paliaade  with  a  lunetla  it 
each  angle,  and  Ave  piecea  of  artillery  were  mounted 
an  Iha  woriia,  which  were  coinplelod  by  the  16lh  of 
Juna.  It  waa  alao  found  nrceaaary  to  eierciae  the  men 
at  aniu,  lo  mount  guard  and  Iw  vigilant ;  for  the  In- 
dian* would  Mirpriaa  and  moleai  siraggUn.  wkibt  Hj 
ttar  tuyariai  agility  the/  would  aacapa  unhuit. 


Th*  ahiyia  kain^  aliaaat  ready  la  ralwn,  il  waa 
ibaMlfhl  prt,fwr  IImI  4Min*  ttrrtaiwal  4ha**l>l  ha  II141I  ra- 
afaMiiiig  >ha  all«g*i<iMia  again*)  Mmiih  Ilia  a>-ritaara 
Ni^wtatr»*HtM«i«««r4ii*m,  ami  pri*iamli«,|  iw  rater  him  la 
lit*  a'vHatira  *)f  ilie  vwtM|iaMV  iii  l.hiilaiul,  rai'ier  IKaii  im 
■  .ij.iMf,  him  I**  Irnal  itrtMewuiitm  v^lti,  It  Hiiiflti  ih|<ir»'  hia 
r>  I'mUImmi  uv  i,im,  Il  I114  lile  ntiitlli,  wN,i  hue*  ti*MU 
ihMtr  malti'a  4ii,l  ih^if  MiiiMiU'nvp,  ii),eitly  4«',irii*fl  ilwir 
|i«i,ieniUd  pliy  an*!  •letieil  ilii'tr  reaeiiinteiil.  He  had 
,',,n«ltlrlvil  liiiiiaell  ftii  Miif>«,'»|iliiHi«lilv  III  every  vm|iUiy 
lilt  Ml  telMiti  li«*l  lieei)  alhille*!  lu  liliii,  Ihal  tie  I141I  r»ili 
ill  nil  liMM«elt  kt'lf  |Hi|ii||4r  ,  aiel  lila  a,(-Meer«  ha«l  l>y  4 
ililleri-lit  ,  imiiIm,'!  Iiiel  the  alfet  IliHia  ami  rtMiftileii,'*  ul 
ihe  p«iu)ile  I  Immiii  who  had  liaen  aiilHifiii'tl  lu  aai  Ha* 
),ii»a<'liM>wleilgeilih*ir  towll  and  diaeutered  iha  aaerel 
alia  whh  h  haal  lieeii  peaaiiaad  agaiiiai  him  He  ile 
mandtil  a  trial,  a  hI  the  MM*  waa,  Ihal  iha  praaHleul 
waa  ad)Mil||ed  to  pay  him  two  huiwlrvil  ptiiind*  ,  bill 
wh*n  hia  pni|>eriy  waa  aeiaed  in  |Mri  01  Ihia  aallafMlimi, 
Niiuih  geiieruMaly  tinned  II  Mio  ilie  •ammun  aUire  t<i« 
Uia  heiiefll  af  Ilie  rutniiy  Muvh  an  aelitm  rutild  nut 
kal  liH-reaae  hia  iNi|Hil4rlly  Many  iiilwr  ilillleiiUiea  liad 
auHMig  tlt«i|l.,  wliirh.  by  tll*  lllllllali,-a  ut  Nuiilh 
a  eahuilalian  ul  lluiil,  llieir  rhaplain,  were 
III  a  aeeiiiiiigly  amicable  cuiirluaiun  Ninillt 
WW  ailllltlliHl  la  hi*  4*141  m  ilw>  roiinnl,  aiul  on  th*  lie  it 
fliinda*  lllav  aalakraied  the  roiiiiiiiiniuii  Al  the  aaiii* 
iimii  'k*  Indiana  faHi*  in,  ami  •ulunlarily  drairrd  peace 
WilkllHigvaJ  nifiaft  af  tlira*  Iraiiaacliuu*  New|Mrt 
a*ile4  rm  Dliland,  on  Ik*  tM  of  June,  prumiaiiig  lu 
relMin  in  'wncty  wimbIi*  wrtk  freah  Biip|ilira 

Th*  cnlaiiT  'kiia  M  in  Vvginia  iwiaiaiad  of  on* 
hundred  *ii4(U|  ptnuna,  111  eny  miaeraM*  rireuni- 
aianrna,  *aii*rial|y  <iu  aaawuM  ai  (Maviaioua,  lo  whwh 
ralamily  tlM<ir  luM  «i!t>ga  did  twt  •  little  raiilribiila, 
both  aa  it  rotiauiiM>d  Ihc'r  •tMk,  Mid  deprived  llieni  uf 
the  ii|i|iofiiiiiiiy  uf  luwlng  a/aajiialilv  in  th*  aping. 
WI11I4I  III*  aliiiM  rvinalnad,  in.<>  eoulil  buiti  r  wilh  iIhi 
aailura  for  lirvail ,  but  aflar  Ihair  de|iartiiia,  each  nian'a 
alluwaiica  waa  half  a  pint  uf  damaged  wheal  and  aa 
much  liarlay  jwr  day  'IIm  river,  whiili  al  the  Huod 
waa  aalt,  and  al  Ilia  ebb  waa  muddy,  alfurilud  lliani  ili*ii 
oiilv  drink ;  It  alao  auMilied  Ihem  wilh  alurgeoii  and 
ahell-rtah.  Thia  kin<l  ul  food,  with  Iheir  eontiniial  labor 
III  th*  h*al  of  auiiimar,  and  lh*ir  IV«i|U*nt  waUihinga  by 
night  tn  all  waathi-ra,  having  only  the  bare  ground  to 
III)  on,  with  but  alight  cuvering,  produced  illaaaaea 
among  Ihem,  which,  by  the  month  of  Maniember,  car- 
rird  oif  Any  paraoiia,  among  whom  waa  l/'aplam  (loa- 
iHild.  Thoaa  who  rainained  were  divided  into  time 
walchea,  of  whom,  not  nior*  than  Av*  in  *ach  w*r« 
caiMbla  uf  duty  at  once.  All  Ihia  liiiia  Ihe  pieaiitniil, 
WingAeld,  wIhi  had  lb*  key  uf  iho  alurea,  inoiiopuliiiad 
Ilw  law  r*fr«*liiiuiiila  which  r*iiwin*d,  and  waa  nicdilat- 
ing  10  d*a«rt  Iho  (danlalHin  privately  in  Iha  pinnace, 
and  remove  to  lh«  weal  Iniliea.  'Ilipae  ihinga  rendered 
kiiii  ao  halarul  lu  the  real,  that  Ihay  ilcjioaod  him,  and 
*l*cl*d  Hatclilfe  m  hia  room :  they  alao  rrinuvwl  Kendal 
from  Ilia  place  In  iha  cuiincil ;  ao  thai  hy  the  middl*  uf 
Henleinber,  three  meiiilier*  oiily  were  left. 

Halclille,  lieing  a  man  of  no  rcaolution  nor  activity, 
comiiiilled  the  iiianagenient  of  alfaira  abroad  lo  Hinitli, 
in  whom  hia  conlldvnro  wia  not  iniaplarid.  Al  Iha 
aame  time  iIm  Indiana  in  Iheir  neighburhuud  brought  in 
a  plenllful  iMpfdy  of  ailch  proviaioii*  aa  Ibev  had,  which 
revived  their  druo|iing  apirila ;  ami  ,Sinitii  aeuing  iIm 
iieceaaily  of  aiertiun  lu  aecura  ihemM-lvea  and  |iruvide 
fur  Ihe  aiipruarhing  winter,  partly  by  hia  aiiiiiialiiig 
*|ic*i!liea,  but  mara  liy  hia  eiimple,  eel  Ihem  to  work 
in  mowing  an4  binding  llialch,  and  in  buildiug  and 
covering  nouaaa.  In  ineae  einrriaea  he  bora  a  large 
ihare,  and  in  a  'hort  'ime  gut  a  aiilllcieiicy  of  houaca  lu 
make  comfor'.alila  lodging*  fur  all  the  people  eicepling 
htmaelf.  Tina  being  done,  and  Iho  pruviaioii*  which 
Ihe  iiaiitea  had  brought  in  Iwing  aipanded,  ha  picked  a 
number  of  Iha  heal  handa  and  embarked  in  a  ahallop 
which  Ihey  had  brought  from  Kngland,  lo  aearch  the 
country  for  another  auiijily. 

The  party  which  tccompeniml  Smith  in  ihia  *x- 
curaion  conaiated  of  ill  men,  well  armed,  bill  til  pro- 
vided wilh  clothing  and  other  neceaaariea.  What  wa* 
wanting  in  eiiuipinant  waa  lo  be  aupplied  by  raao- 
lulion  and  adilreaa ;  and  Smith'*  geiiiua  waa  e<|u*l  lo 
Ihe  allompt.  They  proceeded  down  the  river  to  Ka- 
coiiihtaii,  [Hamilton]  where  the  nativea,  knowing  the 
neeuv  ilale  of  thi^  culuny,  treated  them  wilh  contempt, 
ollenng  an  ear  of  corn  in  exchange  tor  a  inuaket  or  a 
aword,  and  in  like  proportion  for  thair  acant  and  tat- 
tered garmenla.  Fit.ding  that  couneay  and  gentle 
treatment  would  nut  prevnil,  and  that  notliing  waa  lo 
ba  expected  in  the  way  of  barter,  and  moreover  pro- 
voked by  tbeii  cantcmyt,  Sinilh  oidated  hii  boat  lo  ba 


4  kia  laaii  mt$»M  ikaf»  1%*  i^ 
nighled  iMiive*  Aed  M  Ika  wmd*,  whil*l  ika  MMt 
***r>h*d  Ikeiv  ha<taaa<  M  wkMh  they  Amnd  ptumf  m 
•  urn  .  hill  MiHilk  did  *«<  permil  hi*  wen  w  lut,**  % 
»i|ieeiinj|  ikal  Ihe  Indiati*  wwild  leinrn  ami  atla*li 
iheiii  iht.y  4mm  appeared,  lu  Ihe  niimltep  «f  aiily  at 
•evenly,  luiiHed  ml*  a  aiiMaf,  rarryiiig  their  hM  •■*•■, 
viKnpaaed  uf  •kiiia,  aliilti',1  wiili  uw**.  ami  ad<wn*4 
with  rhaiii*  al  autip**  'Itey  ware  armed  wilh  alNk* 
*ial  targrta,  Imwa  and  arruwa,  and  advaneed  ainging 
lu  ih*  «rMrife  'Ihe  |>ariy  peveiveil  them  with  a  volley 
uf  ahui,  «h»h  t^fuMghl  Beveral  «f  Ihain  lu  Ihe  grinim^ 
and  iheii  wliil  ainatig  lliem  ,  th*  r*4l  A*d  *g«4M  M  ika 
wuail*,  rrain    wheme   ihey   aeni  a  depulalum  lo  aiNt 

Caia  and   redeem   ihair  g*d      Hmilh,  h*ving  m  kia 
nd*  aa  valiiahl*  a  pledge,  waa  aMa  la  bring  Ihain  M 


hig 


I  Wkan 


[eilge 
•  n  teima  ,  he  eiiiHilaieil  ih4l  ail  of  Ikam  1 
iiiiarined,  and  load  lua  Imai  with  aurn,  and  an  Ikla 
randilWfl  ha  would  b*  than  ftMiid  and  give  ikam 
tehhela,  head*  *inI  euMwr  Th***  allpiil*IHHi*  w*r* 
faiihlully  p*i(iMin*d  on  liuth  aidea ,  ami  Ite  Indiana,  M 
aihliliuii,  iireaeiileil  lliein  wiih  veniaon,  liirkiaa  and  athav 
hinia,  and  (uiilinuad  ainging  and  dancing  lill  Ikaif  d^ 
liariuia. 

'iha  aiiee eaa of  ihM  allamiil  an«aiiragad  htm  la  l«|Ma< 
hia  airuraiuna  by  land  ami  water ,  in  Ite  eourra  al 
whirh  Im  iliaruvered  Beveral  liram  hea  uf  Jama*  rtvaf, 
and  particularly  lb*  I'hirliahainuny,  from  whoa*  brtda 
liaiika  te  ha^wd  la  •UMily  Ite  cidony  with  pravlaum. 
Hut  ifwluairy  abroad  will  nut  iiiak*  *  Auuriahing  planla- 
tiun  wiihoul  eriiiHHiiy  al  tema  Atel  ha  teu  I 
IMina  and  naked  bia  life  •«  provide,  waa 
and  wanlonleaaly  e<|iendad  1  ilia  tralltc  Wilh  ite  nallvta 
being  under  no  regulation,  each  fMiraaii  made  hia  awa 
bargain,  ami  by  oiiihidding  each  other,  itey  laugkl  Ika 
liiiiiana  10  aal  a  bigter  vanie  on  Iteir  cominoillIM*,  ani 
lu  lliink  Iheniaelvea  aheaird  whin  .any  did  nal  all  Ml 
the  aame  price*  Thi*  bred  a  iwluuay  and  aawad  ika 
aeeda  of  a  iiuarrel  with  them,  wnii  li  ite  colony  were  in 
a  |iaor  condition  ta  maintain,  teing  al  variaiaw  aawng 
Iheiiiaetvea. 

The  ahallop  teing  again  Atlfd  for  t  trading  vayaga, 
whilal  Hiniih  waa  aliroad  on  one  of  hia  uaual  rambia*, 
and  Ite  people  being  diarontented  wMh  tte  mdaltnaa 
of  HalclilTa,  their  I'reaident,  ami  Ite  long  awkneee  af 
Martin,  WingAeld  and  Kendal,  wte  had  been  dieplacad, 
liHik  advantage  of  Ninilira  alweiwe,  and  eanapirad  wiili 
aome  nialvciHilenta  :u  run  away  wilk  Ite  veaael  ami  ■• 
10  Kngland  Hmilh  returned  unea|Mciedly,  and  ika 
plul  waa  diacoverad.  To  urevenl  Ila  *l*culMm,  !•• 
cuurae  waa  had  to  arm*,  ami  Kendal  waa  killed,  An* 
llier  alti'iiipl  of  Ilw  aame  kind  waa  mada  kji  Katelilfi 
himaelf,  aaaialed  by  Archer ;  bill  Ninith  foiiiiu  meane  la 
defeat  lliia  alao.  Ila  determined  10  keep  poaaeaaian  of 
Iha  country,  Ihe  value  of  which  waa  daily  naing  in  hia 
ealimatiun ;  not  only  aa  a  aourco  of  wealth  10  mdividualat 
but  a*  a  grand  national  object ;  and  te  knew  ttel  graal 
iiiidertakinga  could  iiol  b«  accompliahad  wilhaul  bkot 
and  peraaveranee. 

Aa  iIm  autumn  advanced,  iha  walaf*  war*  careftil 
with  innumerable  wild-fowl,  which,  with  ite  addition 
of  corn,  lieaiia  and  puniiikina,  procured  from  tte  Indiana, 
changed  hunger  into  luxury,  and  abated  Ite  rage  lot 
abandoning  Iho  counlry.  Hmilh  ted  been  once  up  Iha 
river  Chickatemony,  but  beeauae  he  had  not  penatrtlaal 
to  Ila  auurco,  eicoption*  were  taken  to  hia  conduct  aa 
too  dilatory.  Tliia  imputation  he  determined  lo  ramova. 
In  hi*  next  voyage  te  went  ao  high  that  ba  wi*  obliged 
lo  cut  the  Ireea  which  ted  fallen  into  the  river,  to  uiaka 
hia  way  through  aa  far  la  hia  btiat  could  awim.  Ha 
then  left  her  in  a  aafa  place,  urdenng  hia  man  not  lo 
quit  her  until  hia  latum ;  Ihoii  taking  two  of  tten^  and 
two  Indiana  for  guidaa,  Iw  (irocrviled  in  0Mo(  IImu 
lanoea  ,0  Ite  ineadowa  al  the  rivur'a  head i  and  leaf* 
ing  hia  two  men  with  the  canoo,  te  went  with  hia  In 
dimi  guidea  acroea  Iho  meiidow*.  A  parly  of  31)0 
Indian*  below,  had  watched  the  motion*  oltlie  boat, 
'■"hey  Aral  aurpriaed  Ite  alraggling  crew,  and  made  oiM 
of  them  priauner,  from  whom  itey  learned  tlial  Hmilk 
waa  above.  'Itray  next  found  the  two  men  whom  ka 
had  left  with  Ite  canoa  aaleep  by  a  Are,  and  killed  tkaai  t 
tten  teving  diecovered  Smith,  itey  wounded  Mm  la 
Ite  Uiigh  with  tn  arrow.  Finding  hiinaalf  lima  taaaull- 
ed  and  wounded,  te  bound  one  of  hia  Indian  guidrt 
wilh  hia  gartera  lo  hia  left  ann,  and  made  uaa  of  him  ta 
a  ahield,  whilit  ha  deapateted  three  of  hia  enemiea  an4 
wounded  aome  otter*.  Ha  waa  ratiaating  to  hia  cauaa, 
when,  regarding  hia  enemiea  more  than  nia  foautapa^ 
he  auildenly  plunged  wilh  hia  guide  into  an  ooty  cioalk 
and  atuck  faat  in  ite  mud.  '1  te  Induna,  aalooiekad  at 
hia  hmvciy,  did  not  approach  him  nil,  almoal  dead  with 
cold,  be  Ihiiaw  away  hie  timt,  tiid  begged  li  em  ta  disnr 


AMKRICAN   II  IS  TORT. 


klaout,  whiti.  Ihry  did  ■nd  Iwl  him  to  lh«  An.  wlmra 
nM  ilun  cuinpanioiw  wera  lying.  Iliit  •igltf  •  Imo- 
■Wm4  kim  wnal  h*  wu  to  ttptet.  Baina  ravlftd  bjr 
Ihtii  (baling  hi*  banumbud  limb*,  In  cillad  for  llw 
(htcfi  OpMaiilunougb,liin|  of  PtnuunkM,  lo  whom  hn 
VMMMod  hi*  inn  comjMU  ind  dial.  Th*  Tibntlon* 
•f  Iha  iModla,  and  Iha  fly  under  the  glaaa,  which  they 
touM  i««  but  not  touch,  alTordiHl  them  much  amute- 
mtnl  i  and  Smith,  having  luarnad  nm*  of  their  lan- 
guaga,  partly  by  maana  of  that,  and  partly  by  nlKna 
antartainad  Iham  with  a  deacriplion  of  the  iiatur*  and 
uaa*  of  tho  inatrament ;  and  gaTt  them  auch  a  lecture 
on  Iha  motiona  of  the  he*T*na  and  earth  a*  amaied 
lh*■^  and  auapamM  for  a  tinw  the  aiecution  of  their 
purpoao.  At  langth,  eurioaity  being  aatiatod,  they  fae- 
UiMd  Urn  lo  a  tree,  and  prepared  to  deapatch  him  with 
Ihaifarrowi.  Al  ihia  inalant,  th*  chief  hohting  up  the 
towpaaa,  which  h*  aattamad  aa  a  divinity,  they  laid 
■iU*  thaii  ana*,  and  forming  a  military  proceaaion,  led 
kia  hi  triamph  to  their  Tillage  Orapaie.  The  order  of 
Ihtir  match  waa  thna:  they  ranged  themtelve*  in  a 
•iagl*  lU,  IIm  king  in  the  midat,  before  him  were  borne 
Iha  ifmi  lakan  from  Smith,  and  hie  companion* ;  next 
•Am  Iha  king  eaiao  th*  priaoner,  held  by  three  •tout 
Mfig**,  and  on  each  aide  a  filo  of  aix.  When  they 
Hrind  ■tlh*  trill*!*,  th*  old  men,  women  and  chihlrcii 
CHM  eat  to  mcMT*  Ihami  afUir  aome  maiuBiivrn, 
wUeh  had  Iha  aMMannee  of  regularity,  they  formed 
Ihwaaalra*  roono  th*  king  and  hia  priaoner  into  a  cir- 
•It,  dansing  and  ainging,  adorned  with  paint,  fur*  and 
fealhai*,  brandiahing  thair  rattle*,  which  were  made  of 
Iha  lalaa  of  rattleanakea.  After  three  dancci,  thoy  dia- 
paned,  ud  Smith  waa  conducted  to  a  long  hut,  guarded 
By  forty  man.  Th*ra  he  waa  ao  plentifully  feaated 
with  brmd  uid  T*niaon,  that  h*  auapecied  thoii'  inlen- 
lion  wa*  to  fatun  and  eat  him.  One  of  the  Indiana,  to 
whoim  Smith  had  formerly  given  beada,  brought  him  a 
guiiMnt  of  fura  lo  defend  him  from  the  cold.  Another, 
whoao  eon  waa  than  aick  and  dying,  attempted  to  kill 
him,  but  waa  prevented  by  the  guard.  Smith  being 
eonductaJ  to  th*  dying  youth,  told  them  that  ho  had  a 
medicine  al  Jaineatown  which  would  euro  him,  if  they 
would  let  him  fetch  it ;  but  they  hid  another  deaign, 
which  wa*  to  aurpriao  tlie  place,  and  lo  make  uae  of  hiin 
a*  a  goid*.  To  induce  him  to  perform  tliia  acrvirc,  they 
proiDiecd  him  hi*  liberty,  with  aa  much  land  and  aa 
many  women  aa  wxili  c  ii'.cnt  him.  Smith  •nagniriod 
tha  dilBeultjr  and  danuer  n(  their  attempt,  from  the 
ordnance,  mirni*  and  otner  defuncea  of  the  place,  which 
«iea*dingiy  t*rrinod  thorn ;  and  to  convince  ihom  of  tho 
truth  of  what  ha  told  them,  he  wrote  on  a  loaf  of  hia 
pocket-book  an  inventory  of  what  he  wanted,  with  aome 
direction*  to  tha  pmipio  at  tho  fort,  how  to  alTrioht  the 
maaaanger*  who  went  lo  deliver  the  letter.  They  re- 
lumed in  three  daya,  rc|iortiii|(  Iho  terror  into  which 
they  had  been  thrown ;  and  when  thny  produced  the 
thing*  for  which  ho  had  written,  tho  wliolo  company 
were  aatoniahixl  at  the  power  of  hia  divination  by  the 
tftakmg  Itaf. 

After  Ihia  thoy  carried  him  throuih  aeveral  nationa, 
inhabiting  the  banka  of  tha  Potowmack  and  Itapahanock, 
■nd  al  length  brought  him  to  Painaunkoo,  where  they 
paiiiNiaad  a  atrange  ceremony,  by  which  they  intended 
to  iivina,  whather  hia  intentions  towanla  them  were 
(Haadly  or  hoatil*.  The  manner  of  it  waa  thia .-  early 
io  tha  morning  a  great  fire  v>aa  made  in  a  long  houae, 
■nd  a  mat  apread  on  each  aide,  on  one  of  which  he  waa 
placed,  and  the  gua.-d  retired.  Preaontly,  an  Indian 
priaat,  hideouely  painted,  and  dreaacd  in  fura  and  anake 
akina,  cam*  akipping  in,  and  after  a  variety  of  uncouth 
noicaa  and  geaturaa,  drew  a  circle  with  meal  round  the 
fir*;  then  came  in  three  more  in  the  aame  frightful 
dr***,  aad  after  they  had  performed  their  dance,  three 
otbara.  They  all  eat  o|i|ioaite  to  him  in  a  lino,  the  chief- 
pri«*(  in  the  midat.  After  ainging  a  aor.g.  accompanied 
with  th*  muaic  of  their  rattlea,  tlie  chiof-pricat  laid  down 
fiv«  graina  of  com,  and  after  a  abort  apeech,  throe  more ; 
thia  waa  lepaatol  till  tha  fire  waa  encircled,  'llicn 
continuing  th*  incantation,  he  laid  aticka  between  the 
diviaiona  of  tha  com.  The  whole  day  waa  apent  in 
'Jwaa  eeraronniea,  with  faating,  and  at  night  a  feaat  waa 
prepand  of  the  beaat  meala  which  Ihcy  had.  The  aamo 
wiclu  wer*  repeated  the  two  following  daya.  They  told 
him  that  th*  circle  of  meal  repreaentcd  their  country. 
Iha  eiiel*  of  corn  the  aea  ahore,  and  the  a'.icka  hia  coun- 
tiy ;  lh*T  did  not  acquaint  him,  or  he  ha<  not  acquainted 
Wk  with  the  reault  of  the  operation,  but  he  ohaerved  that 
tha  gunpowder  which  they  had  taken  from  biro,  waa  laid 
Vf  uaoog  thair  com,  to  be  planted  the  next  apring. 

After  Utaa*  caremoniea,  they  brought  him  to  the  em- 
peror Powhatan,  who  received  him  in  royal  atato,  clothed 
in  ■toba  of  racooa  (kins,  leated  on  a  kind  of  thioae, 


elevated  above  the  floor  of  a  large  hut,  in  the  midal  af  { 
which  waa  a  Are  ;  at  each  hand  of  tlia  princa  aat  Iwo 
baautiful  giria,  itia  daughtara,  and  along  each  aide  of  | 
tho  houae,  a  row  of  hia  crunaellom,  naiiitvd  ami  aduriiod  i 
with  feather*  and  ahella.  At  Miuilli  a  eiilranoe  a  ureal 
•hout  waa  made.  The  qupcn  of  A|uiiialu<  brought  luin . 
water  tu  waah  hia  hanila,  and  another  aervvd  luin  with  a 
bunrh  of  fpiithera  inalcad  of  a  towel.  Having  feaated 
hiin  alter  their  iiiiiiinii,  a  long  canaiillatiun  waa  held, 
which  bi'ing  rndi'd,  two  largo  al  iiiva  wrro  brought  in 
on  one  ii  which  h.ia  head  Wi>a  laid,  and  cliiba  wei* 
1  fted  up  to  beat  out  hia  braina.  At  thia  critical  moment 
Pocahontaa,  the  king'*  favorite  daughter,  Hew  to  hiin, 
took  hia  head  in  her  anna,  and  laid  her  own  upon  it 
liar  tender  entreaUea  prevailed.  The  kinj;  conaeiited 
that  Hmilh  ahould  Uvo,  to  inaka  halcbata  tar  him,  and 
omamenta  for  her. 

Two  daya,  after,  Powhatan  eauaed  him  to  b*  brought 
to  a  diatant  houaa  ;  where,  after  anntber  threatening,  ne 
confirmed  hia  promiae,  and  told  him  bo  ahould  return  to 
th*  fort,  and  aend  him  two  piecea  of  cannon,  and  a  grind- 
Fton* ;  for  which  h*  would  giva  him  th*  country  of  Ca- 
pahouaick,  and  for  ever  eateoin  bun  aa  hia  aon.  Twelve 
giiidoa  accuinpanivd  hiin,  ami  be  arrived  at  Jaineatown 
thti  niDit  day  Aocurdiiig  lo  Ihn  alipiilulioii,  two  giina 
and  a  large  grinilatoiie  wire  oirrrvd  them  ;  but  having 
in  vain  tried  to  lift  them,  they  were  nontenl  to  let  them 
remain  in  thair  place.  8inlth,  however,  had  the  guiia 
loaded,  and  diacliargcd  a  volley  of  atoiiea  at  a  tree  co- 
vered wilb  iciclea.  Tho  re|>ort  and  etfect  confounded 
tham ;  but  Iwing  pacitiod  with  a  few  toya,  they  returned, 
carrying  preaeiila  to  Powhatan  and  hia  daughter  of  auch 
thinga  aa  gave  them  entire  aatiafaction.  After  thia  ad- 
venture, tho  young  princeaa,  Poealiontaa,  frequently 
viaited  the  plantation  with  iter  attunduiita ;  and  tho  rc- 
freahmenla  which  ahu  btoiiaht  from  time  to  time  proved 
the  raeana  of  aaving  many  Tivea,  which  othorwiae  would 
have  been  loat. 

Sinith'a  return  happened  al  another  criticul  juncture. 
Tho  colony  waa  divided  into  parliea,  and  the  inalcon- 
tonla  were  again  preparing  to  quit  the  country.  Ilia 
preaence  a  third  time,  defeated  the  ptujecl ;  in  rovenge 
for  which  they  meditated  to  put  nim  to  doath,  under 
pretence  that  ho  had  been  the  incana  of  murdering  the 
two  men  who  went  with  him  in  the  canoe ;  but  by  a 
proper  application  of  valor  and  atrength,  ho  put  hia  ac- 
cuaera  unuor  confinement,  till  an  opportunity  preaenled 
for  acnding  them  a*  priaonora  to  Lngland. 

The  miafortunoa  and  iniamanagcino'ita  of  thia  Vir- 
ginian colony  during  the  period  hero  related,  acein  to 
nave  originated  partly  in  the  tempera  and  quuliHcationa 
of  the  men  who  wero  appointed  to  command,  and  partly 
the  nature  and  circumstancea  of  the  adventure. 
There  could  he  no  choice  of  men  fur  the  aervice  but 
among  tboae  who  ofTerod  thninaolvca ;  and  theao  were 
previoualy  atranger*  to  each  other,  aa  well  aa  dilTerent 
in  their  education,  qiialitiea  and  habita.  Some  of  them 
had  been  uaed  to  the  command  of  ahipa,  and  partook  of 
the  roughneaa  of  the  element  on  which  thiiy  were  bred. 
It  ia,  perhapa,  no  great  compliment  to  Smith,  to  aay 
that  he  waa  the  beat  qualified  of  them  for  command  ; 
aiiice  tho  event  proved  that  none  of  them  who  aurvived 
the  firat  aickiieaa,  had  the  confidence  of  the  people  in 
any  degree.  It  ia  certain  that  hia  resolution  provontod 
tho  abandonment  of  the  place  tho  firat  year ;  hia  enter- 
priaing  apirit  led  to  an  exploration  of  the  country,  and 
acquainted  them  with  it*  many  advan'agca  ;  hia  capti- 
vity produced  an  interrourae  with  the  aavagca ;  and  the 
aupplixa  gained  from  them,  chiefly  by  mcana  of  hia  ad- 
drcaa,  kept  the  people  alive  till  tho  accond  arrival  of  tiio 
ahipa  from  Kngland.  The  Virginiana,  therefore,  juatly 
regard  him,  if  not  aa  the  father,  yet  aa  tha  aaviour  of 
that  infant  plantation. 

In  the  winter  of  1607,  Capt.  Newport  arrived  from 
England  in  Virginia.  The  olher  shi|>,  commanded  by 
Capt.  Ntiaon,  vvnich  aailed  at  the  aauie  time,  waa  dia- 
maaled  on  the  American  coaat,  and  blown  off  to  tho 
Weal  Indiea.  The  aupplica  aont  by  the  company  were 
received  in  Virginia  with  tho  moat  cordial  avidity  ;  but 
the  general  liccnao  given  to  tho  aailors,  lo  trade  with 
the  aavagea,  proved  detrimental  to  the  planter*,  aa  it 
raiacd  the  pricea  of  their  cominoditioa  ao  high,  that  a 
pound  of  copper  would  not  purchase,  what  belote  could 
be  bought  for  an  ounce.  Ncw|iort  himself  waa  not 
free  from  tliia  apirit  of  profusion,  ao  common  to  aea- 
faring  men,  which  he  manifested  by  sending  presents 
of  vorioua  kinda  to  Powhatan,  intending  thereby  to 

Jive  him  an  idea  of  the  grandeur  of  the  Cnslisb  nation, 
n  a  yiait  which  be  made  to  thia  prince,  under  the  con- 
duet  of  Smith,  he  waa  Kceived  and  entertained  with  an 
equal  ahow  of  magnificence ;  but  in  trading  with  tlie 
aavago  chief,  ha  found  himaolf  outwitted.    Powhatan, 


in  a  lofty  atrain,  spoke  to  him  lliua .  ■■  li  ia  not  agr**- 
ahl*  lo  tlw  gmtneaa  of  auch  man  aa  wa  ar*,  lo  trada 
lik*  common  peopl*  for  IriAae  ;  lay  down  tkiiiallDf*  al 
once,  all  your  gutida,  and  I  will  uiva  you  Iha  full  yalil* 
fur  llieni.  '  Smith  perceived  the  anare,  and  waflM4 
No«|iort  of  it;  but  he,  thinking  lo  oulbrava  tha  m- 
age  |irin*e,  diaplaved  ine  wn^^  of  hia  atota.  Fowl* 
Ian  then  aet  auch  a  price  on  hia  tutn,  that  not  nMta 
llian  four  huihels  could  l<e  pincured ;  and  tha  naeo 
■ary  supplies  could  not  have  Veen  had,  if  Smith  a  ■•• 
niiis,  ever  ready  at  invention,  had  not  hit  on  an  artiflca 
which  proved  auccvaaful.  He  had  a*er*l*d  Kim*  tr 
Aea,  and  among  them  ■  parcel  of  tliu  htUt,  woiee. 
•enningly  in  a  careleaa  way,  he  glanecd  in  tha  eyea  et 
Puwhalaii.  Th*  bait  caught  liim  \  and  ha  eiimeally 
desired  to  purchaa*  lh*m.  Smith,  in  hi*  turn,  raiaad 
the  value  of  them,  axtolling  them  aa  the  mo*t  urrcio;ia 
jewela,  reaembling  th*  color  of  tha  *ky,  ami  propal 
only  fur  the  nobleal  aovereign*  in  lb*  univora*.  Pow< 
hatan'a  imagination  waa  all  on  fire;  h*  made  larga 
oirora.  Smith  inaiated  on  more,  and  at  length  aufTered 
bimaclf  to  be  perauaded  lo  take  between  two  and  threa 
hundred  busbela  of  com  for  about  two  pounda  of  bluo 
bcada,  and  they  palled  in  very  good  humour,  each  ona 
being  very  much  pleaaed  with  hia  bargain.  In  a  aub> 
aeipient  visit  to  0|iecankanough,  King  of  Pamaunkaa, 
the  company  were  entertained  with  tRe  aama  kind  of 
aplendor  and  a  aiinilur  bargain  cloaed  the  fertivity  ;  b| 
which  means,  the  bluo  beada  grew  into  auch  eatimar 
lion,  that  none  but  tha  prince*  and  their  familia*  wei* 
able  to  wear  them. 

Loaded  with  thia  acquiaition,  they  relumed  to  Jama*- 
town  i  where  an  unliappy  Are  had  coiiauni*d  **ver*l  w* 
their  bouaea,  with  much  of  their  proviaions  ami  fum» 
ture.  Mr.  Hunt,  the  chaplain,  loat  hia  apparel  an^ 
library  in  thia  ronAa|rration,  and  caraped  from  it  with 
only  the  clothea  on  hi*  back.  Tbia  miafortun*  w*a 
severely  felt ;  the  ship  staying  in  |iort  fourteen  weekly 
and  reserving  enough  for  the  voyage  home,  so  con> 
tractod  their  stock  of  provisions,  tl'ial  before  th*  winter 
waa  gone,  ibcy  were  reduced  to  great  extremity,  and 
many  of  them  died.  The  causa  ofthe  ship's  detention 
for  ao  long  a  lima  waa  Ihia :  In  aearehing  for  freah  wa- 
ter in  tho  neighborhood  of  Jaineatown,  they  hail  ilia- 
covered  in  a  rivulet  aome  particlea  of  a  yellowiah  iaing- 
glaaa,  which  their  aanguine  iinaginationa  had  refinaO 
into  gold  dust.  The  zeal  for  tbia  prcciuua  matter  «  M 
so  strong,  thai  in  digging,  washing  and  packing  'I  ta 
complete  the  lading  of  llie  ahip,  all  olher  carea  welts 
abaorbed.  lliia  waa  a  tedioua  inlerval  to  Capt.  Smith ; 
hia  judgment  condemned  their  fully,  hia  paticnc*  w*a 
exiiauatcd,  and  hia  paaaion  irritated,  and  lb*  only  la- 
compenae  which  bo  hail  for  thia  long  vexation,  waa  tha 
pleaaure  of  acnding  homo  Wiiigfieldand  Archer,  wliaa 
the  ahip  departed. 

The  other  ahip  arrived  in  th*  spring,  and  notwilh 
standing  a  long  and  unavoidable  detention  in  the  Waat 
Indiea,  brought  them  a  comfortable  aupply  of  proviaion* 
Thoy  took  advantage  of  the  opening  aeaaon,  to  rebuiU 
their  housca  and  chapel,  repair  the  palisades,  and  plant 
com  for  tho  ensuing  aummer,  in  all  which  work*  Iha 
example  and  authority  of  Smith,  were  of  eminent  aer- 
vice. Every  man  of  activity  wa*  fond  of  him,  an! 
thoao  of  a  contrary  dicpoailion  were  afraid  of  him.  It 
waa  proposed  that  ho  ahould  go  into  the  country  of  Iha 
Monacana,  beyond  tha  falls  of  Jamca  river,  that  they 
might  have  aome  newa  of  the  interior  parts  to  aend 
home  to  the  company  ;  but  a  fray  with  the  Indiana  de- 
tained him  at  Jaineatown,  till  the  ahip  Bailed  for  Eng- 
land, laden  chieAy  with  cedar,  but  not  without  another 
epecimen  of  the  yellow  dual,  of  which  Martin  waa  ao 
fond,  that  ho  took  charge  of  tho  packagea  himaelf  and 
returned  to  England.  An  acceaaion  of  above  one  hun- 
dred men,  among  whom  wero  aeveral  goldsmith*  and 
refiners,  hod  been  msdo  to  the  colony  by  th*  two  la*l 
ships,  and  a  now  member,  Matthew  Scrivener,  waa 
adiled  to  the  council. 

Having  finished  the  neceuary  buainea*  of  the  eeaaon, 
and  despatched  the  ahip,  another  voyage  of  diacoverf 
was  undertaken  by  Captain  Smith  and  fourteen  othera. 
They  went  down  tho  river  in  an  open  barge,  June  10, 
160S,  in  company  with  the  ahip,  and  having  parted  with 
her  at  Cape  Henry,  they  croauHl  the  mouth  of  tho  bay, 
and  fell  in  with  a  cluster  of  ialanda  without  Ca|ie  Cbarle*. 
to  which  they  gave  the  name  of  Sinith'a  Islea,  wliich 
they  atill  bear.  Then  ro-rntering  the  hay  they  landed 
on  the  eaatem  neck,  and  wero  kindly  received  by  Aco- 
mack,  the  prince  of  that  peniuaula,  a  part  of  wUeh  at  0 
bear*  hi*  name.  From  thence  they  coaated  tha  *aateni 
ahore  of  the  bay,  and  landed  aometimea  on  tha  main, 
and  at  other  tiinea  on  the  low  ialanda,  of  which  the* 
.  found  maiqr,  but  none  fit  for  habitation.  They  jfieeeedM 


BtOORAPHIEti   or  THE  EARLY  DtSCOVERRRS. 


It 


I  wit  w 
•eUkDd 
ibuif 
<itb»wid 
two  luC 
wr,  «u 


If  lb*  Imy  10  Iha  nofthwird  •nd  cioMod  oni  lo  Ih* 

WMlcm  •noni,  down  which  Ihiy  cotitcd  lo  Iho  loiilh- 
ntui,  mid  in  llii«  roiiln  diKOverMi  iha  nioulht  of  Ihe 
yram  rivvrs,  which  fall  into  lh«  bay  on  th*t  lide.  On* 
in  (wrlicultr  ttirtclcd  much  0/  thnlr  kttunliori,  bcctiiae 
of.  »  reddish  cnrth  which  Ihey  found  Ihcra,  iiid  from  iti 
rcMinbliiic*  lo  bolc-Rmmoiiitc,  Ihcy  Rtva  it  Ih*  name 
of  Uoliii  river,  and  it  ia  ao  named  in  all  the  early  nia|M 
«'  the  counlry ;  hut  in  the  latti'r,  it  Iwara  tlie  Indian 
name  Pataparo ;  on  the  north  aide  of  whiih  ia  now  tho 
douritWnii  town  of  Ballimore.  'I'hvy  aailcd  thirty  niilna 
up  the  Potowmack,  without  acviiiK  any  iiihabitanta  ; 
but  on  enteriiiK  a  crook  found  Ihvinat^lvea  aurioundrd 
by  Indiana  who  Ihrealoncd  them.  8inith  pra|iarrd  for 
■n  encounter ;  but  on  liring  a  few  Kuiia,  llio  Indiana, '  over,  conaiatiiiK  uf  a  baain  and  ewrr,  a  bed  and  furui 


precioiia  inolala  in  tho  counlr]r,'bal  of  diacovering  lb* 
nbulb  H«*,  from  the  moiintaini  al  the  head  of  Jamot 
river ;  and  it  woa  thought,  that  the  journey  thither, 
miKhl  be  mrfomied  in  oi|{ht  or  ten  daya.  For  the 
iiur|KMe  of  makina  Ihia  capitul  discovery,  thry  put  on 
lioard  Nowport'a  aTup,  a  barge  capable  of  being  taken 
10  piecoB,  and  put  together  again  at  pleasure,  'lliia 
barge  waa  to  niako  a  voyage  to  the  head  of  the  river, 
then  to  bo  carried  in  piccra  atrosa  tho  inonnlaina,  and 
to  dcacrnd  Ihe  rivers  which  were  siipiiosril  In  run 
vti-Htward  to  tho  Nuiith  >S«a.  To  farihiate  this  plan,  it 
was  iicceaaary  to  tiain  Ihe  favor  of  Powhatan,  tnroiigh 
whose  country  the  paaaage  miiat  be  made ;  and  aa 
ineaiia  of  winning  him,  a  royal  present  waa  brought 


lerriAcd  at  the  noise,  niado  signs  of  p«ace,  and  ci 
changed  hoatagoa.  One  of  tho  coin|)any  wna  by  thia 
ineana  carried  lo  tho  htbiution  of  thoir  prince,  and  the 
whole  were  kindly  uacd.  I'lioy  learned  that  it  waa  by 
direction  of  Powhatan  lliat  tho  Indiana  were  in  anna, 
>iid  had  altompled  lo  BUi7'iao  them ;  from  thia  circiim- 
lUnce  they  ware  led  to'  aispcct  thai  Powhatan  had 
been  informed  of  Ihia  eipcdilion,  bv  tho  discontoiitod 
part  of  the  colony  whom  Miiiilh  had  obliged  to  stay  in 
tba  counlry  when  liiev  would  have  deavrtcd  it. 

It  waa  Smith'a  inviiriablu  cuatom,  when  he  mot  with 
lb*  Indians,  to  put  on  a  iHild  face,  aa  if  Ihcy  appeared 
lasirous  of  |ioaco  to  deiiuinil  their  arms,  and  aoine  of 
Iheif  children  aa  pledgee  of  their  aiiicorily ;  if  tlicy 
complied,  he  conaidurod  thoiii  aa  frienda  ;  if  not,  aa 
tnwnina.  In  the  coutM  of  thia  voyage,  he  collected 
■ome  fura,  and  discovered  some  colored  earths,  which 
Iha  tavagea  uaed  aa  ptinia,  but  found  nothing  of  the 
mineral  kind.  At  the  mouth  of  the  Kapiwhanock,  the 
boat  grounded,  aiul  whilal  Ihey  woru  waiting  for  tho 
I'de,  thoy  einuloyed  tlioiiiaolvca  in  slieking  with  their 
■words  llio  lislies  which  were  left  on  tho  Hats.  Smith 
btving  struck  his  aword  into  a  stingray,  tho  fish  raised 
lla  tail,  and  with  ila  sharp  indented  thorn,  wounded 
kirn  ill  the  arm.  This  wound  was  eitniinely  painful, 
iiid  h*  prcaently  awelled  to  tlial  dogreo,  that  they  ex- 

Kctsd  him  to  (lie,  and  he  hiinacif  gave  them  ordora  lo 
tj  him  on  a  neighboring  island.  Ilut  the  surgeon, 
Ik.  KuaacI,  having  prolied  tlie  wound,  by  tho  help  of 
vcirtxin  oil,  ao  allayed  tho  anguish  and  swelling,  that 
Bmilh  WH  able  to  oat  put  of  the  lish  for  hia  supiier. 
From  tliia  occurrence,  the  placu  waa  diatinguished  by 
Ihe  name  of  Stingray  Point,  which  it  atill  bcura. 

On  the  Slat  of  July,  tlioy  rotuniod  to  Jamestown. 
Having,  with  the  colored  earths  which  tliev  had  found, 
diagt  iaed  tlioir  boat  and  atroainera,  their  oklconipaniona 
were  ilanned  at  their  approach,  with  tho  appreiionsian 
of  an  attack  from  tho  Spaniards ;  lliis  waa  a  trick  of 
Smith's  lo  frighten  tho  old  prcsidoiil,  who  had  rioted 
on  tho  public  atorcs,  and  waa  building  a  lioiiso  in  the 
woods,  that  ho  might  acclude  himself  from  tho  aickly, 
discontented,  nnarrelroino  company.  On  Sinitira  arri- 
val, they  signiried  their  desire  of  investing  him  with  the 
governincit'..  Italcliflu  liciug  deposed,  it  fell  to  him  of 
coiirao  ;  and  .uving  recoiniiicnded  Scrivener  to  jireside 
in  his  abaonce,  he  entered  on  another  voyuga  ol  dis- 
covery, being  detcnnined  to  spare  no  luiiiia  for  a  full 
eiploratioii  of  tho  counlry. 

From  tho  S4th  of  July  to  tho  7lh  of  Scplemhor, 
with  twclvu  men  in  an  0|i«n  bnrge,  ho  ranged  the  bay 
of  Cheaapiiake,  aa  far  northward  ua  the  falls  01'  Susque- 
hannah,  entering  all  tho  rivora  that  flow  into  tho  bay, 
■lid  examining  tiioir  shores.  Ia  some  places  the  na- 
tives were  friendly,  and  in  others  iealoua.  Their  idea 
of  tho  atrange  visitors,  was,  that  tncy  had  come  "  from 
under  Ihe  world  lo  lake  thoir  world  from  them." 
Smith'a  constant  endeavor  waa  to  preaerrc  peace  with 
them  ;  but  when  he  could  not  obtain  com  in  tho  way 
of  traflic,  ho  never  acrupled  to  uae  thrcala,  and  in  some 
tasaa  violence,  and  by  ono  or  the  other  luothnd  he  pre- 
vailed ao  aa  to  bring  homo  a  load  of  proviaiona  for  his 
discortcnted  coin|iaiiions,  who  without  his  eflbrts  would 
not  have  been  able  to  live.  Sickncaa  and  death  wore 
very  frei|iient,  and  the  Ulcat  comera  were  moat  aiTect- 
od  by  tho  disoidors  of  tho  climate. 

Smith  waa  now  eatablishcd  in  tho  prcaidency,  by  the 
alecuonof  tlie  council  and  tho  request  of  the  company, 
bul  Ihe  commisaiun  gave  to  a  majority  of  the  council 
the  whole  power.  Newport,  at  hia  third  arrival, 
brought  over  two  now  n.«nibers,  and  Uatcliiru  having 
atill  A  aeat,  though  deposed  from  the  presidency,  Smitn 
wiu  obliged  in  some  cases  to  comply  with  their  opi- 
ciniia,  fontraiy  to  his  own  judgment,  an  instance  of 
vt'bich  will  now  bo  exhibited. 

Uto  Vii^ginia  Company  in  Ijondon,  deceived  by  falae 
lepoitii,  and  misled  by  tLeir  own  aanguino  imagina- 
UoMibttil  coDcoivcd  an  Bxpcctation  not  oidy  of  finding 


lure,  a  chair  of  atato,  a  suit  of  scsriet  clothes,  with  a 
cloak  and  a  crown,  all  which  were  to  be  preaenled 
lo  him  in  duo  form ;  and  Ihe  crown  placed  on  hia 
head,  with  aa  much  aolemnity  aa  poaaible.  To  a  |ier- 
aon  who  knew  tlie  country  and  ita  inhabitania  to  well 
aa  Smith,  thia  project  a|i|iearcd  chimerical,  and  tho 
moana  whereby  it  waa  10  he  carried  on,  dnngeroua. 
With  a  amall  quantity  of  copjHir  and  a  few  beads,  ho 
could  have  kept  Pownatan  in  good  humor,  and  made 
an  advantage  of  it  for  the  colony,  whereaa  a  profusion 
of  presenta  he  know  would  but  increase  hia  prido  and 
insolenco.  Tho  project  of  travelling  over  unknown 
iiiouiilaint  with  men  already  weakened  by  aickncaa, 
and  worn  out  with  ratiguv,  in  a  hot  climate,  and  in  the 
midst  of  enemies,  who  might  easily  cut  olT  their  retreat, 
waa  loo  romantic  oven  forliia  aanguine  and  advcntuioua 
apiril.  Ilia  opinion  upon  the  matter  cannot  ho  ox- 
pressed  in  more  pointed  langnago,  than  he  uacd  in  a 
letter  to  Ihe  company.  "If  tho  quartered  boat  was 
burned  to  ashoa,  one  might  eorry  her  in  a  bag,  but  n 
she  ia,  five  hundred  cauiiot,  to  a  navigable  place  above 
tho  falla."  Ilia  diaaont  however  was  inoiiectual,  and 
when  ho  found  that  tho  voice  of  the  council  was  for  ex- 
ecuting it,  ho  lent  his  attistance  to  cfliict  as  much  of  it 
aa  wua  practicable. 

Previoualy  to  their  aolting  out,  he  undertook,  with 
four  men  only,  10  carry  notice  to  Powhatan  of  the  in- 
tended present,  and  invito  him  to  come  to  Jamestown, 
that  ho  might  receive  it  there.  Having  travelled  by 
land  twelve  inilea  to  Wcrocomoco,  on  Pamunky  (York) 
river,  where  ho  expected  to  meet  Powluitan,  and  not 
finding  him  there,  whilal  a  nioaaenger  waa  despatched 
thirty  miles  for  him ;  hia  daughter  Pocahontas,  enter- 
tained Smith  and  hia  company  with  a  dance,  which  for 
ita  aingularity,  merita  a  particular  description. 

Ill  an  open  plain,  a  firo  being  made,  tho  gentlemen 
were  scatod  by  it.  Suddenly  a  noise  was  heard  in  tho 
adjacent  wood,  which  made  thorn  fly  lo  their  anna,  and 
aeize  on  two  or  throe  old  men,  as  hostagea  for  their 
own  security,  iuiagining  that  Ihey  were  betrayed 
Upon  Ihia  tho  young  princeas  came  running  lo  Smith, 
and  iiassionately  embracing  him,  ofl'ercd  herself  to  be 
killed,  if  any  harm  ahould  haiipen  to  him  or  his  compa- 
ny, licr  osaiirancea,  seconded  by  all  tho  Indiana  pre- 
sent, removed  their  fears.  The  noito  which  had  alanned 
them  was  madu  by  thirty  girlt,  who  were  preparing  for 
Iho  intended  ceremony.  Immediately  they  made  their 
appearance,  with  no  other  covering  than  a  girdlo  of 
green  leaves  and  their  skins  painted,  each  ono  of  a  dif- 
ferent color.  Their  leader  had  a  pair  of  buck'a  home 
on  her  head,  an  otter's  skin  aa  her  girdlo,  and  another 
on  one  arm  ;  a  bow  and  arrow  in  tho  other  hand,  and 
a  quiver  at  her  back,  llio  rest  of  them  had  horns  on 
their  heads,  and  a  wooden  aword  or  statT  in  their  hands. 
With  ahouting  and  singing  they  formed  a  ring  round  tho 
firo,  and  performed  a  circular  dance  for  about  an  hour, 
after  which  they  retired  in  the  same  order  aa  they  had 
advanced.  The  dance  was  followed  by  a  feast,  at 
which  the  tavngo  nymphs  were  as  eager  with  their 
caresses  as  with  their  attendance ;  and  this  being  ended, 
Ihcy  conducted  tho  gentlemen  to  their  lodging  by  tho 
light  of  tlre-bnnda. 

The  next  day  Powhntnn  arrived,  and  Smith  delivered 
the  message  from  his  father,  Newport,  (os  he  always 
called  him)  to  this  ellcct :  "  That  ho  had  brought  him 
from  tho  King  of  England,  a  royal  present,  and  wished 
to  SCO  him  at  Jamestown,  that  ho  might  deliver  it  to 
him ;  promising  to  assist  him  in  prosecuting  his  re- 
venge against  Iho  Moiiarans,  whoso  country  they 
would  penetroto  oven  to  tliu  sea  beyond  tho  moun- 
tains." To  which  '.lie  savage  prince  with  equal  aub- 
tilty  and  haughtiness,  answered,  "If  your  king  has  sent 
me  a  present,  I  also  am  a  king,  and  am  on  my  own 
land.  1  will  atay  hero  eight  daya.  Your  father  muat 
come  to  me  ;  I  will  not  go  to  him,  nor  to  your  fort. 
Aa  for  the  Monacans,  I  am  ablo  to  revengo  myself. 
If  you  have  heard  of  aalt  water  beyond  the  mountomt. 


from  any  of  mr  pcepla,  Ihey  btv*  daeeivod  yoa."  Thra 
with  a  alick  M  drew  a  plan  of  thai  rogion  on  lb* 
ground ;  and  after  many  compUmanta  tba  confeNM* 
ended. 

The  present  being  put  on  board  Iha  boat*,  wm  «iib 
rird  down  Jamca  river  and  up  tho  Pamauiikaa,  wblUt 
Newport,  with  fifty  men,  went  acroaa  by  land  and  '■M 
the  boats,  in  which  he  paaaad  tho  river,  and  bald  lb* 
jiroposed  iniervinw.  All  things  being  prepared  foi  Uw 
ceremony  of  coronation,  lite  proaent  was  Drought  (ram 
the  boats ;  the  basin  snd  ower  were  dejiosited,  Iha  bed 
and  chair  wrro  sol  up,  the  scarlet  suit  and  cloak  war* 
put  on,  though  not  till  Nainonlao  (an  Indian  youth 
whom  Newport  had  carried  lo  England  and  brougbl 
back  again),  had  assured  liim  that  theaa  habilimanta 
would  do  him  no  hann ',  bul  they  bad  great  difficulty  ia 
perauadiiiff  bim  to  receive  the  crown,  nor  wouhl  ba 
bend  hia  knee,  or  incline  hia  head  in  the  loaat  degfaa 
After  many  attcinpia,  aiyl  with  actual  preaaing  on  hit 
ihoulders,  they  al  latt  mado  him  atoop  a  littl*  and  pal 
It  on.  Instantly,  1  signal  bcins  given,  the  men  in  tba 
boala  fired  a  volley,  at  whiah  (ne  monarch  started  with 
horror,  imagining  that  a  dcaign  waa  forming  to  deatroy 
him  in  Ihe  summit  of  bis  glory  ;  but  being  aaiured  thai 
it  waa  ineaiit  aa  a  compliineiit,  hia  feara  aubaitltd,  and 
in  return  for  the  baubles  of  royalty  received  from  Kiug 
James,  ho  desired  Newport  lo  present  him.  hia  old  flu 
mantle  and  doer-akin  shoes,  which,  in  hit  estimation, 
were  doubtless  a  full  equivalent ;  aince  all  Ihia  finery 
could  not  prevail  on  the  wary  chief  to  allow  tbam 
giiidca  for  the  diacovery  of  Iho  inland  country,  or  to 
approve  their  doaign  of  viailing  it.  I'hua  diaappointad, 
'.hoy  returned  lo  Jamcttown,  detcnnined  to  pracaad 
without  hia  assistance. 

Smith,  who  had  no  mind  lo  go  on  auch  a  fruilleaa 
errand,  lanied  at  tho  fort  with  eighty  invalids  lo  reload 
the  shl|),  whilst  Newport  with  all  the  council,  and  ona 
hundred  and  twenty  of  tho  hoalthiosl  men,  began  Ihait 
transmoiitano  tour  of  discovery.  They  proceeded  in 
their  boats  to  Iho  (alls  at  the  head  of  Ihe  river  ;  from 
thence  thoy  travelled  up  the  counlry  two  daya  and  a 
half,  and  discovered  two  towna  of  the  Monacana,  Iha 
inhabitania  of  which  Boomed  very  indiflerent  towardt 
them,  and  used  them  neither  well  nor  ill.  Thoy  took 
one  of  their  petty  princes  and  led  him  bound  to  guida 
them.  Having  ]icrfonned  thia  march,  Ihcy  grow  wear- 
ried  and  roturnod,  taking  with  thorn  in  thoir  way  back 
certain  porliona  of  earth,  in  which  Ihoir  refiner  pra- 
tended  that  ho  had  accn  signs  of  si!»*r.  Thia  wtt  lU 
tho  tuccets  of  their  expedition ;  for  the  tavagat  bad 
concealed  their  corn,  and  ihcy  could  neither  perauada 
them  to  acll  it,  nor  find  it  to  take  it  by  force.  I'hua 
they  returned  to  Jamestown,  tired,  diaappoinled,  tan* 
gry  and  sick,  and  had  tho  additional  mortificatiou  oi 
being  laughed  at  by  Smith  for  their  vain  attempt. 

Tho  Virginia  Compaiiy  had  .iot  only  a  view  to  tbt 
diacovery  of  tlin  Soiitli  Sea,  but  also  lo  establish  inanu- 
facluros  in  thoir  colony  ;  and  for  Ihia  pur|ioso  had  aeni 
over  a  number  of  workmen  fiom  Poland  and  Germany, 
who  were  skilled  in  tho  making  jiot-aBhes  and  glaaa,  aa 
well  aa  pitch  and  tar.  Had  the  country  been  full  ol 
pcojilo,  well  cultivated  and  provided  with  all  the  necaa- 
aarios  for  carrying  on  theso  works,  there  might  hava 
been  some  prosgiect  of  advantage  ;  but  in  a  new  region 
tho  principal  objccia  are  auusistence  and  defenca 
these  will  necessarily  occupy  the  first  advcntutert  !• 
tho  exclusion  of  all  others.  However,  Smith  waa  of  ■• 
generous  a  disposition,  and  to  indefatigable  in  doing 
what  he  apprehended  to  bo  hia  duty,  and  in  gratifying 
hia  omployora,  that  aa  aooii  aa  Newport  returned  from 
hia  fruitless  attempt  to  find  the  South  Sea,  he  sot  all  who 
wore  able  to  work,  that  ho  might,  if  possible,  aiiswet 
the  expectation  of  tho  comjianv.  lliore  who  wera 
skilled  in  the  maniifacturca,  ho  left  under  the  care  of  tba 
council,  lo  carry  on  their  worka ;  whilst  he  look  thirty 
of  tho  most  active  with  him,  aliout  five  milea  down  lA 
river,  to  cut  tunhcr,  and  make  clapboards :  thia  being 
as  ho  well  know,  an  employment  tho  most  certain  o. 
Buccoss.  Among  these  were  soveral  young  gentlemen, 
whose  hap''s  not  having  been  used  to  lalior,  were  bliiK 
Icred  by  the  axes,  and  this  occasioned  freipicnt  expie^ 
siona  of  iinpatienco  and  profanoness.  To  punish  thea. 
Smith  caused  the  number  of  every  man'a  oatha  to  ba 
taken  down  daily,  and  at  night,  aa  many  carjia  of  watai 
to  bo  poured  inside  hia  alcove.  Thia  diaciplino  waa  n* 
Icsa  singular  than  oirectual ;  it  so  lessened  the  numbaf 
of  oaths,  that  scarcely  one  was  heard  in  a  week,  and 
,  withal  it  made  them  perfectly  good  humored,  and  re- 
conciled them  to  their  labor.  At  his  return  to  the  fort, 
he  found,  not  only  that  buaineaa  had  been  neglected,  bol 
much  proviaion  conaumed,  and  that  it  waa  necoaaary 
!  for  him  to  undertaka  another  ex^editioo  for  com.    Va, 


AMEKIOAN  IIIMTORT. 


) 

1 


ili: 


NMnront,  w«nt  up  lh«  (yliickibamony  with  two  boti* 
Mid  (iihUtn  men,  ind  fimlini  Ua  Indiwi*  not  in  • 
kwnor  fw  Uuling,  hut  nth«r  (cornrul  (nd  inioltot,  h* 
loid  tbant  ilitl  In  had  conw  not  m  much  for  com.  u  to 
It'tngn  bi>  iinprinriiineni,  tnd  Umi  inunlvr  of  hii  two 
rion,  Mine  liiw  Sitfora.  I^ltlinK  hitvraw  in  •  poatur* 
jf  tttack,  lh«  Indiini  fled,  end  preeeutly  nnl  nwuen- 
fen  to  Imt  of  p«r« ;  for  the  ohitininn  which,  he  nwde 
them  uive  him  en  hundred  buihele  of  com,  with  i  quen- 
titv  of  Ath  and  fowle;  and  with  thi(  aupply  he  kept  the 
colony  from  atarviiig,  end  preaenad  the  ahip'a  proti- 
•iona  for  her  voyage  to  England.  At  her  dvparturOi 
■he  carried  auch  apeoimena  H  could  be  had  of  tar, 
pilch,  tunienline,  aoap-aahea,  claphoarda,  and  walnacol ; 
and  at  Point  Comfurt  met  with  Scrivener,  who  had 
been  up  lor  Pairaiinaee  for  com,  and  had  sot  a  quan- 
tity of  ^CRU,  a  red  root,  uacd  in  dying  i  Uieaa  being 
taken  on  board.  Captain  Newport  returned  to  England 
the  third  time,  laeving  about  two  hundred  peraoiia  in 
Viivinla. 

'nio  harveat  of  lOM  had  fallen  abort  both  among  the 
new  plantera  and  the  netivca ;  and  the  colony  waa  in- 
debted to  the  inventive  goniua  and  indefatigable  porae- 
veranee  of  Smith  for  tlieii  aubeiatonoe  during  the  auo- 
cecding  winter.  Aa  long  aa  the  rivere  were  open,  ha 
aept  the  boata  continually  going  ainons  the  natitea  for 
auch  auppliea  aa  could  be  obtained ;  and  he  never  would 
latum  empty,  if  any  thing  were  to  be  had  by  any  meana 
in  hia  power.  Whilat  abroad  in  thaae  excuraiona,  bo 
■nd  hia  man  ware  obliged  frequently  to  lodge  in  the 
wooda,  whan  the  ground  waa  hai<i  froien  and  covered 
with  anow  |  and  their  mode  of  accommodating  thoni- 
■elvea  waa,  firat  to  dig  away  the  anow  and  make  a  fire ; 
when  the  ground  waa  dried  and  warmed,  they  removed 
the  fire  to  one  aide,  and  aprnad  their  mate  over  the  mnn 
aiwt  for  their  bed,  uaiiig  another  mat  aa  a  acrcon  from 
tlio  wind  ;  when  the  groiinil  oiolud,  tlioy  ahifted  tho  lira 
again :  by  thiii  continunllv  chan);iMj{  their  pukilioii,  they 
kept  thcinavlvca  tolerably  warm  llirough  many  cold 
aighla ;  and  it  waa  obacrved,  that  thoae  who  went  on 
thia  aervica  and  aiibniitlcd  to  theae  hardahipa,  were  n>- 
buat  and  healthy,  whilat  tliose  who  alayed  at  homo  wen 
■Iwaya  weak  and  aickly. 

The  auorliea  procured  by  trading  being  inaufflcient, 
and  hunger  very  preaaing,  Smith  ventured  on  the  dan- 

fi-roua  project  nf  aurprialiig  Powhatan,  and  carrying  off 
la  whole  atoek  of  proviaioiia.  Thia  Indian  prince  had 
form.'l  a  aimilar  deaign  rcapectiiig  Smith ;  and  for  tho 
purpoea  of  belraving  him,  iiad  invited  him  to  hia  acat, 
promiaiii^,  that  if  he  would  acnd  men  to  build  him  a 
nuuae  after  the  Engliah  mode,  ant)  give  him  aoma  guna 
and  aworda,  copficr  and  bcaila,  he  would  load  hia  lioat 
with  com.  Smith  acnt  him  three  Dutch  carpentora, 
who  treachrroualv  revealed  to  liiin  the  desijjii  which 
Smith  had  formed.  On  hia  arrival  with  fony-aiz  men, 
ha  found  the  prince  ao  much  on  hia  guard,  that  it  waa 
impoaaible  to  circute  hia  deaign.  Having  apent  the 
day  in  ron<^craation,  (in  the  courae  of  which  Powhatan 
had  in  vain  endeavored  to  perauade  Smith  to  lay  aaida 
lia  arma,  aa  being  there  in  perfect  aocurily.)  he  retired 
n  the  evening,  and  formed  a  deaign  to  aurpriae  .Smith 
and  hia  people  at  their  aupper ;  and  had  it  not  been  for 
tho  affectionate  friendahip  of  Pocahontae,  it  would  pro- 
hably  have  been  cirt-cted.  Tliia  ainiablo  girl,  at  the 
riak  of  her  life,  alole  from  the  aide  of  her  father,  and 
paaaiii);  in  the  dark  through  the  wooda,  told  Smith  with 
teara  in  her  eyea  of  (ho  plot,  and  then  aa  privately  re- 
tiwned.  When  the  Iiuliana  brought  in  the  aupper 
Smith  obliged  them  to  taato  of  every  dibh ;  hia  ariia 
were  in  readiiicsa,  and  hia  men  vigilant ;  and  tl.oiigh 
there  came  divcra  seta  of  mesaengcra,  one  after  ano- 
ther during  the  night,  under  pretence  of  friendly  in- 
quirlea,  they  found  tlicm  ao  well  prepared,  that  nothing 
waa  atlemptrd,  and  the  parly  returned  in  aafcty. 

In  a  aiibaequent  viait  to  Opecancaiioiigli,  ny  whom 
he  formerly  waa  taken  priaoner.  thia  prince  put  on  the 
aemlilance  of  friendship,  whilat  hia  men  lay  in  ambuah 
with  bowa  and  arrows.  The  trick  being  discovered  by 
one  of  Sinith'a  party,  and  communicated  to  him,  he  re- 
■olutely  aeizcd  tho  king  by  his  hair,  and  holding  a  pistol 
to  hia  breaat,  led  him  trnmbling  to  tho  ambush,  and  there, 
with  a  torrent  of  rcproachiul  and  menacing  worda, 
obliged  him  to  order  ihoae  very  people,  not  only  to  lay 
down  their  arms,  but  to  load  him  with  provisions.  After 
this,  they  made  an  attempt  to  inutvldr  him  in  hia  alcep, 
and  to  poison  him,  but  both  failed  of  succaaa.  The 
chief  of  Paspiha  meeting  him  alone  in  tho  woods,  armed 
ndy  with  a  aword,  attempted  to  ahoot  him,  but  he 
tloaad  with  the  savage,  and  in  the  atrugglo  both  fell 
into  (l»  river ;  where,  after  having  narrowly  escaped 
drowoJig,  Smith  at  last  prevailed  to  gripe  him  by  the 
td  wotild  have  cut  off  hia  head,  but  the  entrea- 


tiaa  of  Ibe  poor  victim  pnTailad  on  hia  hamanity,  bo 
N  him  priaonar  tp  Jamaatuwn. 

Thia  intnpid  behavior  struck  a  dread  into  the  aa- 
vagea,  and  they  began  to  believe  wliat  ha  had  often  told 
them,  that  "  hia  ilod  would  protect  him  against  all  their 
|iowor,  whilat  be  kepi  hia  promise  ;  which  waa  to  pre- 
aarve  peace  with  Ihein  aa  lung  aa  they  should  refrain 
from  hoatllitica,  and  continue  to  aupply  niin  with  com." 
An  incident  which  occurred  about  iJie  aame  time,  con- 
firmed their  veneration  for  him.  An  Indian  having 
atolan  a  pistol  from  Jamestown,  two  brothers,  who 
ware  known  to  be  hia  companiona,  wera  aeiaed,  and  one 
waa  held  aa  hoatage  for  the  other,  who  waa  tu  ratum  in 
twelve  houi-a  with  the  piatol,  or  the  priaoner  waa  to  be 
hanged.  The  weather  being  cold,  a  charcoal  lira  waa 
kinifled  in  the  dungeon,  which  waa  very  close,  and  the 
vapor  had  ao  auffocated  the  priaoner,  that  on  the  return 
of  hia  brother  at  the  appointed  lime  with  Ihe  piatol,  he 
waa  taken  out  aa  dead.  The  faithful  aavago  lamented 
hia  fate  In  the  moat  diatreaaiiig  agony.  Smith,  to  con- 
aole  him,  promised,  if  they  would  aleal  no  mora,  that 
he  sliould  be  recovered.  On  tho  application  of  apirila 
and  vinegar,  he  ahowed  algnn  of  life,  but  appaareu  de- 
lirioiia  ;  thia  grieved  the  brother  aa  munh  aa  hia  death. 
Smith  niidertook  to  cun  him  of  thia  alao,  on  the  ropeti- 
lion  of  the  promise  to  steal  no  more.  The  delirium 
lieing  only  the  effect  of  Ihe  apirila  which  he  hod  awal- 
lowM,  waa  remedied  by  a  few  houra  aleep ;  and  being 
diamiaaed,  with  a  present  of  copper,  they  went  away, 
believing  and  reporting  that  Smith  waa  able  to  bring  the 
dead  tollfe.  1  ne  effect  was,  that  not  only  many  alolen 
thinga  were  recovered,  and  the  thievea  punished,  hut 
that  peace  and  friendly  intercourse  wrra  preserved,  and 
com  brought  in  aa  long  aa  they  had  any,  whilst  Smith 
remained  in  Virginia, 

He  waa  equally  aenre  and  reaoliito  with  hia  own 
men,  and  finding  many  of  them  inclining  to  be  idle. 
Slid  thia  idleness  in  a  great  measure  the  cause  of  their 
frequent  sickness  and  death,  he  inado  an  order,  "  that 
hii  who  would  not  work  should  not  eat,  unless  ho  were 
disabled  by  alcknoaa ;  and  that  every  one  who  did  not 
gather  aa  much  food  in  a  day  aa  he  did  himself,  alioiild 
he  baniahed."  A  recent  attempt  having  been  made  to 
run  away  with  Ihe  boata,  he  ordered,  that  tho  next  per- 
son who  should  repest  this  offence,  ahoiild  be  hanged, 
Dy  firmnoaa  in  Ihe  execution  of  these  laws,  and  by  the 
concurrent  force  of  his  own  example,  in  lalnring  con- 
tlniislly,  and  diatributing  hia  whole  share  nf  Kuro|>caii 
provisions  and  rofreahments  to  the  sick,  he  kept  tho 
colony  in  auch  order,  thai,  though  many  of  them  mur- 
mured at  hia  severity,  they  all  became  very  indna- 
Irious;  and  withal  ao  healthy,  that  of  two  hundred  per- 
sons, then  died  that  winter  and  the  next  aiiring  no 
morj  than  aevcn.  In  Ihe  apace  of  threo  moiitlia,  ihey 
had  made  a  quantity  of  tar,  pitch,  and  pot-ashes  ;  had 
produced  a  aample  of  glass  ;  dug  a  well  in  the  fort ; 
Diiilt  twenty  new  houses ;  provided  nets  and  wicra  for 
fiahing ;  erected  a  block-house  on  the  isthmus  of  Janie*- 
town  ;  another  on  Hog  laland  ;  and  hod  liegiin  a  for- 
Ireaa  on  a  commanding  eminence.  Aa  tiie  apring  came 
on,  they  paid  auch  attention  to  husbandry,  aa  to  have 
thirty  or  forty  acrea  cleared  and  fit  for  planting  ;  and  a 
detachment  had  been  sent  to  the  aouthward,  to  look  for 
the  long  .OS*,  colony  of  Sir  Walter  lUlcIgh,  but  witliout 
success. 

Such  was  the  state  of  the  Virginia  colony  when  Cap- 
tain Samuel  Ar^al  arrived  on  a  trading  voyauo,  and 
brought  letters  from  the  company  in  England,  eoin- 
plaimng  of  their  disappointment,  and  blaming  Smith  as 
the  cause  of  it.  They  had  conceived  an  ill  opinion  of 
him  from  tho  |iersons  whom  he  had  sent  home,  who  re- 
presented him  as  arbitrary  and  violent  towards  the  colo- 
nists, cruel  to  the  savages,  and  disposed  to  traverse  the 
views  of  the  adventurara,  who  expected  to  grow  rich 
very  auddcniy. 

There  waa  this  disadvantage  attending  tho  business 
of  colonization  in  North  America  at  that  day,  that  the 
only  prcccdenta  which  could  be  had  were  thoae  of  Ihe 
Spaniarda  who  had  treated  tho  nallvca  with  extreme 
cruelty,  and  amassed  vast  sums  of  gold  and  silver. 
Whilst  the  Engliah  adventurers  detested  the  means  by 
which  the  Spaniards  had  acquired  their  riches,  they  still 
expected  that  the  aame  kind  of  richea  might  be  acquired 
by  other  means  ;  it  was,  therefore,  thought  politic  to  be 
gentle  in  demeanor  and  lavish  of  presents  towaids  the 
natives,  as  an  inducement  to  them  to  discover  tho  riches 
of  their  coaniry.  On  these  principles,  the  ordcnl  of 
the  Virginia  Company  to  their  servants  were  framed. 
Dut  experience  hod  taught  Smith,  the  most  discerning 
and  faithful  of  all  whom  they  had  employed,  that  Ihe 
country  of  Virginia  would  not  enrich  the  advonturera  in 
the  time  and  manner  which  tboy  expected )  yet  ha  wia 


far  fVom  abandoning  it  aa  woRhleoa  ;  hia  aim  «■■  tb»> 
roughly  to  explore  it ;  and  by  exploring,  he  had  die* 
covered  what  advantagra  might  be  derived  from  il ;  14 
produce  which,  time,  patience,  eiiirnso,  and  labor, 
were  abaolutcly  neceasary.  He  hod  'airly  represented 
these  idaaa  to  hia  employers  {  he  had  apeiii  three  yean 
In  their  aervlce,  anil  from  hia  own  obaarvsilona  had 
drawn  and  sent  them  a  map  of  Ihe  country  ;  and  hn 
had  conducted  their  aflalra  aa  well  aa  the  naliiro  of  tir. 
eumstancea  would  |ieriiiit.  He  had  had  a  disorderly, 
factious,  discontented,  diaapiiolntcd,  act  of  men  to  con- 
trol, by  Ihe  help  of  a  few  sdlierenta  ;  in  Ihe  face  of  tha 
native  lords  of  the  soil,  fnnnidshle  in  their  numbera  and 
knowledge  of  the  country,  veraeil  in  atralagem,  ten*. 
ciuua  of  reaentmeni,  and  jealoua  of  ainngera.  To  eourt 
Ihein  by  presents,  waa  lo  acknowledge  their  superiority, 
and  inllate  their  pride  and  inaolei>ce.  Thouuh  aavagea, 
Ihey  were  men  and  not  children.  Though  dealllule  ol 
aclence,  ihey  wera  poaseaaed  of  reaaon,  and  t  sufllcienl 
degree  of  art.  To  know  how  lo  manage  them,  it  waa 
neceaaary  lo  be  personally  acquainted  with  them  ;  and 
it  must  be  obvious,  tliat  a  person  who  liad  resided  a*. 
veral  yean  among  Ihein,  and  had  been  a  priaoner  wilb 
them,  waa  a  mucn  better  judge  of  the  proper  malhoda 
of  treating  them,  than  a  company  of  gentlemen  at 
aeveral  thoiiaand  milea  diatance,  aiid  who  could  know 
Ihein  only  by  re|ion.  Smitli  had  certainly  tha  interaal 
of  the  plantation  at  heart,  and  by  loilaome  experience, 
had  iual  learned  lo  conduct  il,  when  he  found  himaeli 
ao  obnoxloua  lo  hie  amplnyera,  that  a  plan  was  con- 
certed to  supersede  him,  and  reinstate,  with  a  ahara  ol 
authority,  thoae  whom  he  had  diamiaaed  from  Ihe  aer> 
vice. 

The  Virginia  Company  had  applied  to  the  king  lo 
recall  their  patent  and  gnni  another;  in  virtue  ol 
which,  they  apiwinlcd  'Hiomaa  Lord  do  la  Warre, 
general,  Sir  'I  noniaa  Gates,  lientenanl-general ;  Sir 
(ieorue  .Soinera,  admiral ;  Sir  Thninaa  Dale,  marahsl ; 
Sir  Ferdinaiido  Walinan,  general  of  horae ;  and  Cap- 
tain Newport,  (the  only  one  of  them  who  hod  aeen  tho 
country)  vice-amiral.  I'be  adventurara  having,  by 
the  alteration  of  their  patent,  aci|uired  a  reinforcement 
Iwth  of  dignity  and  pro|ierty,  equipped  nine  ahipa ;  in 
which  were  embarked  five  hundred  persona,  men, 
women,  and  children.  Gates,  Somera,  and  Newport, 
had  each  a  commiaaion,  investing  either  of  them  who 
might  first  arrive,  with  power  lo  call  in  Ihe  old,  and 
act  up  the  new,  commisaion.  The  Acct  aaileil  from 
England  in  May,  1609,  and  by  aomo  atrange  policy,  tho 
three  commanders  were  emlurked  in  one  ship.  Thia 
»hlp  being  separated  from  tho  others  in  a  storm,  waa 
wrecked  on  tfie  island  of  Dermuda :  another  foundered 
at  sea ;  and  when  tho  remaining  seven  arrived  in  Vir- 
ginia, two  of  which  were  commanded  by  Itatclilfe  and 
.\rchor,  they  found  themaelves  destitute  of  authority  ; 
though  some  uf  them  were  full  enough  of  prejudice 
agninal  Smith,  who  waa  then  in  command.  The  ahlpa 
had  been  grca'ly  shattered  in  their  passage,  much  ot 
their  provision  was  s|K>ilcd,  many  of  their  |ieoplo  wen 
sick ;  and  the  season  in  which  Ihey  arrived  uas  not  tha 
most  favorable  to  their  recovery.  A  mutinous  spirit 
soon  broke  out,  and  a  scene  of  confusion  ensued ;  the 
new  comers  would  not  oliey  Smith.  Iiecause  >huy  aiip- 
posed  his  commission  to  be  suiicrseded ;  the  new  com- 
mission was  not  arrived,  and  it  waa  uiii:ertain  whether 
the  ahip  which  carried  it  would  ever  be  seen  or  heard 
uf  Siiiilh  would  gladly  have  withdrawn  and  gone  hack 
to  England,  but  his  honor  was  concerned  in  inaintaln- 
ing  his  authority  till  ho  ahould  bo  regularly  aupersedcd, 
and  hia  spirit  would  not  suffer  him  to  be  trampled  on 
by  those  whom  ho  despised.  Upon  due  consioeration, 
he  determined  to  maintain  Ilia  authority  aa  far  as  he 
was  able  ;  wailing  some  pro|)er  opportunity  to  retire, 
some  of  the  most  insolent  of  the  new  comers  "  ho  laid 
by  Ihe  heels."  With  the  mora  moilerato  he  consulted 
what  waa  beat  to  be  done  ;  and,  aa  a  aeparatlon  seemed 
tu  bo  Ihe  best  remedy,  and  it  had  been  in  coiiieinpla- 
tion  lo  extend  the  acttlemonta,  some  were  induced  to 
go  up  to  the  Falls,  othcra  to  Nanscmond,  and  others  lo 
Point  Comfort.  Smith's  year  being  ^most  expired,  he 
offered  In  resign  to  Martin,  who  had  been  one  of  the 
old  council,  but  Martin  would  not  accept  the  command ; 
he,  therefore,  kept  up  the  fonn,  and  as  much  aa  he  could 
of  tho  power  of  government,  till  an  accident,  which  had 
nearly  proved  fatal  to  hia  life,  obliged  him  to  return  to 
England. 

On  hia  retiim  from  the  new  plantation  at  tho  Falls, 
sleeping  by  night  in  hia  boat,  a  bag  of  gunpowder  took 
fire,  and  burnt  him  in  a  most  terrllile  manner.  Awak- 
ing in  surprise,  and  finding  himself  wrapped  in  flamuat 
he  leaped  Into  tho  water,  and  waa  almoat  drowned,  b» 
fore  hia  eompaniona  could  recover  him.    At  hia  ntun 


».' 


BI00RAPHIG8   OP   THE   EARLY   0I8C0VERERM 


la  JimMlown,  in  Ihii  ditlraaMd  comlilion,  Ralelifla 
and  ArcKer  eoiupirwl  to  munler  him  in  hit  hwl ;  but 
th<  imuin  whom  thuy  umplojrad,  had  not  courag*  to 
In  t  piatol.  Hinith'a  old  •oldifra  would  haire  taken  off 
their  mada  j  but  hs  ihouKhl  It  prudriit  to  paaa  )iy  Ihii 
ofloncn,  and  taka  thia  oppoitunity,  aa  Ihrre  waa  no  aui- 
gton  in  ih*  country,  of  raluming  to  Knuland.  Aa  aoon 
u  hia  intention  Wfa  known,  th«  council  ap|ioinled  Mr. 
Porcia  to  prcaido  in  liia  room,  and  dalainod  the  ahip 
lliree  wrrka,  till  they  could  write  letlcra,  and  framr 
complaiiila  asainat  hini.  Ho  at  lun|{lh  aalled  for  Kni- 
land,  about  iFie  latter  end  of  September,  1800 ;  miieli 
regretted  by  hia  few  frionda,  one  of  wlioin  hae  left  thia 
character  of  him.  "  In  all  hia  procei^diniia  he  made 
jiiatica  hia  firat  guide,  and  e>|i<Ticiinc  hia  aecoiid  ;  hat- 
ing baaeneaa,  aloth,  pride,  and  indignity,  more  than  any 
ilingert.  He  never  would  allow  more  for  himaelf  than 
for  hia  aoldien ;  and  upon  no  danger  would  aend  thorn 
where  he  would  not  lead  them  himaiOf.  He  would 
never  aee  ua  want  what  he  had,  or  could  by  any  meana 

Jet  for  ua.  He  would  rathvr  want  than  borrow ;  or 
iwve,  than  not  pay.  He  loved  action  more  than 
itiirda  ;  and  hateil  covotouaneaa  and  falachood  worae 
than  death.  Hia  adventurea  were  our  livea ;  and  hia 
loaa  our  dettha." 

There  iieoda  no  better  leatimony  to  the  truth  of  thia 
character,  than  what  ia  related  of  the  miaerable  colony 
after  he  had  quitted  it.  Without  government,  without 
prudence,  careleaa,  indolent  and  factioua,  they  became 
■  prey  to  the  inaolence  of  the  nativea,  to  the  diaeHea  of 
the  climate  and  to  famine.  Within  aii  montha,  their 
number  waa  reduced  from  ...e  hundred  to  aixty  ;  and 
when  the  three  commandcra,  who  had  been  wrecked 
on  Bermuda,  arrived.  1010,  with  one  hundred  and  fifty 
men  in  two  amall  vcaaola  which  they  had  built  oit  of 
the  niina  of  their  ahip,  and  'He  ccdara  which  grew  on 
the  iaiand ;  tlioy  found  the  remnant  of  the  colony  In 
auch  a  forlorn  condition,  that  without  heaitation,  they 
determined  to  abandon  the  country,  and  were  aailing 
down  the  river,  when  they  mot  a  boat  from  the  lioru 
de  l«  Warre,  who  had  come  with  a  fleet  to  their  roliof. 
Hy  hia  perauaiion  they  reaumed  the  plantation,  and  to 
thia  fortunate  incident  may  be  aacribed  the  full  eata- 
blialiment  of  the  colony  of  Virginia. 

Such  a  geniua  aa  Siuith'a  could  not  remain  idle.  He 
waa  well  known  in  England,  and  the  report  of  hia  valor 
and  hia  aplrit  of  adventure,  pointed  him  out  to  ■  num- 
ber of  merchanta,  who  were  engaged  in  the  American 
fiahery,  aa  a  proper  peraon  to  make  diacoveriea  on  the 
eoaat  of  North  Virginia.  In  April,  1614,  ho  aailed 
from  I.<ondon  with  two  ahlpa,  and  arrived  at  the  iaiand 
01°  Monahigon  in  latitude  43  1-3°,  aa  it  waa  then  com- 
puted, where  he  built  aeven  boata.  The  deaign  of  the 
"ovage  waa  to  take  whalca,  to  oiamino  a  mine  of  gold, 
and  another  of  cupper,  whicli  wore  said  to  be  there ; 
and  if  cither,  or  both  of  these  should  fail,  to  make  up 
the  cargo  with  Hah  and  fura.  The  minoa  proved  a  fic- 
tion, and  by  long  chaaing  tho  whaloa  to  no  purpoae, 
they  loat  the  beat  aeason  for  fishing ;  but  whilat  the 
aeamen  were  engaged  in  those  services,  .Smith,  in  one 
of  hia  boata,  with  eight  men,  ranged  the  coast,  east  and 
west,  from  Penobscot  to  Cape  Cod  ;  bartering  with 
the  nativea  for  beaver  and  other  fura,  and  making  ob- 
aervationi  on  the  ahores,  islands,  harbors  and  lieail 
landa ;  which,  at  his  retnrn  U>  Englnr.d,  hs  wrought 
into  a  map,  and  proaenting  it  to  piince  Charles,  aftor- 
warda  the  royal  martyr,  with  a  requeat  that  he  would 
mve  the  countiy  a  name,  it  waa  for  the  first  time  called 
Kew  England.  The  prince  also  made  several  allcr- 
ationa  in  the  names  which  Smith  had  given  to  particu- 
lar placea.  For  instance,  he  had  called  the  name  of 
that  promontory,  which  forma  the  eastern  entrance  of 
Massachuaetts  bay,  Tragabigzanda ;  after  the  name  of 
the  Turkish  lady  to  whom  he  had  been  formerly  a  slave 
at  Cosstaiiiinople ;  and  the  three  iaianda  which  lie  oH' 
the  Cape,  the  Turks  Head,  in  memory  of  hia  victory 
over  the  three  Tprkiah  champions,  in  his  Transylvanian 
adventures.  The  fonner,  Charles,  in  filial  reapect  to 
his  mother,  called  Cape  Anne,  which  name  it  haa  ever 
aince  retained ;  the  name  of  the  islands  has  long  since 
oeen  hni ;  and  another  cluster  to  wliich  he  gave  hia 
cwn  name,  Smith'a  lales,  and  which  name  the  prince 
did  not  alter,  are  now,  and  have  for  more  than  a  cen- 
tury been  oiled  the  lalea  of  Shoals  ;  so  that  the  most 
pointed  marks  of  his  discoveries  on  the  coast  of  New 
Eiiglund,  have,  either  by  his  own  complaisance  to  the 
son  of  hia  aovereign,  or  by  force  of  time  and  accidents 
Decomo  otjsolete.  When  he  sailed  for  England  in  one 
of  the  ahira,  he  left  the  other  het'nd  to  complete  her 
liduig,  with  'irdera  to  sell  the  fiah  ii  ^pain.  The  maa- 
lar,  Tiioma*  Hunt,  decoyed  twenty-tour  of  the  nativea 
m  boud,  «nl  foid  them  in  S|i(ui  tot  alavoa.    The 


memory  of  thia  baa*  transaction  was  long  preaorved 
among  the  Americana,  and  aucceeding  tdvenlurera  suf- 
fered on  sccount  of  it. 

At  Smith's  return  to  Englsnd  he  put  in  at  Plymouth, 
where,  relating  hi«  adventures,  and  communicating  his 
srnliments  to  Sir  Kerduisndn  Gorges,  he  waa  iiitru- 
duced  lo  the  Plymouth  Company  of  adventurers  to 
North  Virginia,  and  engaged  in  their  aervice.  At 
London  he  waa  invited  hy  the  South  Virginia  ('oiii|>any 
lo  return  to  their  service  )  but  made  use  of  hia  ongagv- 
ment  with  llie  I'lyiiiouth  adveninrora  as  an  excuse  lor 
declining  their  Invitation.  Pioin  thia  circumstance 
it  aeenia,  that  they  had  been  convinced  of  hia  far- 
mer fidelity,  notwithstanding  the  Isilora  and  tenorta 
which  they  had  formerly  lecoived  to  hia  diaauvun- 
tage. 

Uuring  hia  alajr  in  I<ondon,  he  had  the  very  aingu- 
lar  |ileaaure  of  aeeing  hia  friend  Pocahontas,  lh«  daugh- 
ter of  Powhatan.  Tlaviiig  been  made  a  priaoncr  m 
Virginia,  she  was  there  married  lo  Mr.  John  Uolfc, 
and  by  him  waa  brought  to  England.  She  waa  then 
about  twenty-two  years  of  age ;  her  peraon  waa  grace- 
ful and  her  deportment  gen  Jo  and  plcaaing.  She  had 
been  taught  the  English  language  and  the  (ykrist^in 
religion,  and  bapliioa  by  the  name  cf  Kebecca.  Slw 
had  heard  that  Smith  was  dead,  and  knew  nothing  to 
the  contrary,  till  ahe  arrivr^  in  England. 

Thn  fame  of  an  Indian  princess  eiciled  great  cnrio- 
aity  in  Ixinilon  ;  and  SmilJi  had  tho  addraaa  to  write  a 
handsome  letter  to  tho  queen,  actting  forth  tho  merita 
of  hia  friend,  and  the  eminent  aervicet  ahe  had  done  to 
him  and  the  colony  of  Virginia.  Slio  waa  introduced 
by  the  I<ady  de  la  Warro ;  the  queen  and  royal  family 
received  hf^t  with  much  complacency,  anil  she  proved 
herself  worthy  of  their  notice  and  respect.  At  her  first 
interview  with  Smith  she  called  him  father )  and  lie- 
cause  he  did  not  immediately  return  the  aalutaticn  and 
call  her  child  ahe  waa  ao  overconio  with  grief,  that  ahe 
hid  her  face  and  would  not  s|H>ak  for  aomo  time.  Siie 
was  ignorant  of  the  ridiculous  atiiectation  whicli  reigned 
in  the  court  of  James ;  which  forbad  Smith  assuming 
the  title  of  father,  lo  the  daughter  of  a  king ;  and  when 
informed  of  i'  ^ho  despised  it ;  paaaionately  declaring, 
that  ahe  loved  him  as  a  father,  and  had  treated  him  aa 
auch  in  her  own  country,  and  would  be  hia  child  wherever 
she  wont.  The  same  pe<lantic  aHTection  caused  her 
husband  to  be  looked  upon  aa  an  oflender,  for  having, 
though  a  aubjecl,  invaded  the  myaterioua  righta  nf 
royalty  in  luarrying  above  hia  rank.  Thia  marriage, 
however,  proved  hencficial  to  the  colony,  as  her  father 
had  thereby  become  a  friend  lo  them,  and  when  she 
came  to  England,  he  aent  with  her  (Jttainaccomac,  one 
of  hie  trusty  counsellors ;  whom  he  enjoined  to  inquire 
for  Smith,  and  tell  him  whether  he  waa  alive.  Ano- 
ther onlor  which  he  gave  liim  was,  to  bring  him  tho 
nuniner  of  people  in  England  ,■  accordingly,  on  his  land- 
ing at  Plymouth,  the  obedient  aavago  began  hia  ac- 
count by  cutting  a  notch  on  a  long  stick  for  every  per- 
son whom  he  saw  ;  but  soon  grew  tired  of  his  employ- 
ment, and  St  his  return  told  Powhaton  that  they  ex- 
ceeded the  number  of  leaves  on  the  trees.  A  third 
command  from  his  prince  waa,  to  aee  the  God  of  Eng. 
land,  and  the  king,  queen,  and  piinces,  of  whom  Smith 
had  told  him  to  much ;  and  wLon  ho  met  with  Smith, 
he  desired  to  be  introduced  to  those  nersonagcs.  He 
had  before  this  seen  the  kin^,  but  would  not  believe  it ; 
because  the  person  whom  tt,ey  pointed  out  to  him  hod 
not  given  hi-^n  any  thing.  "  You  gave  Powhatan," 
said  he  to  Sn'ith, "  a  white  dog,  but  your  king  haa 
give  me  nothing."  Mr.  Rolfe  waa  preparing  to  ri> 
turn  with  hia  v/ifo  to  Virginia,  when  ahe  was  taken  ill 
Slid  died  at  Gravesend ;  leaving  an  infant  aon,  Thomaa 
Rolfe,  from  whom  are  denceniUd  several  families  of 
note  in  Virginia,  who  hold  their  lands  by  iiiheriMnce 
from  her. 

Smith  had  conceived  such  an  idea  of  the  value  and 
importance  of  the  American  continent,  that  he  was 
fullv  bent  on  the  business  of  plantation,  rather  than 
fishing  and  trading  for  furs,  tn  this  he  agreed  with 
his  friend  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  and  the  few  other 
active  members  of  the  council  of  Plymouth,  but  it  had 
become  en  unpopular  theme.  One  colony  had  been 
driven  home  from  Sagadahock  by  the  severity  of  the 
season  and  the  deaths  of  their  leaders.  Men  who  wore 
tit  for  the  business  were  not  easily  to  he  obtained, 
those  who  hod  fonnerly  been  engaged  were  discou- 
raged, and  it  required  groat  strength  of  mind  as  well  as 
liberality  of  purse,  to  set  on  foot  another  experiment. 
After  much  trouble  in  endeavoring  tn  unite  persons  of 
opposite  interests,  and  stimulate  those  who  had  sus- 
tained former  losses  to  new  attempts,  he  obtained  one 
aliir  of  two  hundred  tons,  and  another  of  fifty,  with 


which  h*  (tlM  in  l«lt.  HitIm  pi 
on*  hundnd  and  lw*nty  Uague*.  they  w*r*  a*p*rM*4 
in  t  ilormi  th*  raialltr  on*  commanded  by  CipL 
I'homaa  llermer  pursued  her  voyage ;  but  Smith  har- 
ing  lost  hia  maau  wa*  obliged  to  put  back  under  ■  jurv> 
maat  lo  Plymouth.  There  h*  put  hi*  alore*  on  buari 
•  amall  bark  of  aiity  Inn*,  and  thirty  man,  of  whan 
sixteen  w*r*  lo  aaaiat  him  in  beginning  a  now  cvIub;. 

Meeting  with  an  Engliah  pirate,  hia  man  would  h*fa 
liail  linn  surrender ;  but  though  h*  had  only  four  giin*i 
and  the  pirate  Ihirty-aix,  h*  disdained  to  yieM.  Ua 
speaking  with  her,  he  found  Ih*  commander  and  aonw 
of  Ih*  crew  to  b*  his  old  shipmalea,  who  had  run  away 
with  th*  ship  from  Tunis,  and  were  in  distreaa  for  pro- 
visiona  i  they  ofhred  to  put  themaelve*  und*r  hia  com- 
mand, but  M  rejected  tha  propoaal  and  want  on  hi* 
voyage.  Near  Iba  Waatarn  lalanda  ha  fell  in  with  two 
Franch  piratea;  hia  man  war*  again  thrown  into  a 
panic,  and  would  have  atruck,  but  h*  Ihraalaned  la 
blow  up  the  ahip,  if  they  would  not  fight ;  and  by  flrinj 
a  few  running  ahot,  ha  eaeaped  them  also.  Alwr  tbit 
h*  waa  met  by  four  French-man-of-war,  who  had  ordara 
from  their  sovereign  to  aeixa  piratea.  He  ahowed  tham 
his  commission  under  tho  great  aeal :  but  they  perfi- 
diously detained  him  while'  they  aufftred  l.ia  ahip  to 
escape  in  Ihe  night,  and  return  to  Plymouth.  They 
knew  hia  entotprisina  spirit,  snd  were  afraid  of  hia  mak- 
ing a  aelllement  in  New  England,  ao  near  to  th*ir  co- 
lony of  Acadia ;  and  th*y  auapected,  or  at  least  pr«- 
tended  to  auspect,  that  h*  was  th*  person  who  oad 
broken  up  their  fishery  at  Pott  Royal  (which  waa  raally 
done  by  Captain  Argal)  the  jrear  befur*. 

When  tiMir  cruisa  was  finished,  they  carried  him  to 
Rochclla  ;  and  notwithatandina  thair  promiaes  to  allow 
him  a  ahare  of  the  priiea  which  they  had  taken  whilat 
he  waa  with  them,  they  kept  him  aa  a  prisoner  on 
bosrd  a  ship  at  anchor.  But  a  atorm  arising,  which 
drove  all  tho  people  below,  ho  took  tho  Immi,  with  an 
half  pike  for  an  oar,  thinking  to  make  hia  escape  in  tho 
night.  Tho  current  waa  so  strong  that  ho  drifted  to 
sea,  and  waa  near  perishing.  Uv  the  turn  of  Ihe  tid* 
he  got  aahore,  on  a  marahy  island,  where  some  fowlor* 
found  him  in  the  morning  almoat  dead  with  cold  anj 
hunger.  Ha  gave  them  hia  boat  to  carry  him  to 
Roclicllo,  where  he  learned  that  the  ship  which  had 
taken  him,  with  one  of  her  priies,  which  waa  very  rich, 
had  been  driven  tn  shnra  in  that  atorm,  and  lost,  with 
her  captain  and  one  half  of  the  men. 

Here  he  mada  hia  complaint  to  the  judga  of  Ifaa 
Admiralty,  and  produced  auch  evidence  in  aupport  oi 
hia  allegation*,  that  ho  waa  treated  with  fair  word* ; 
but  it  doe*  not  appear  that  he  got  any  recompana^ 
He  mot  here  and  at  Bourdeaux  with  many  friend*, 
both  French  and  English,  and  at  his  return  to  Eng 
land,  published  in  a  amall  quarto,  an  account  of  hia  two 
last  voyages,  with  the  depositions  of  the  men  whowero 
in  tho  ship  when  ho  was  taken  by  the  French.  To  thia 
hook  he  prefixed  his  map  of  Now  England  ;  and  in  it 
gave  a  description  of  tlio  country,  with  its  many  advan- 
tages, and  the  proper  methods  of  rendering  it  a  valuablo 
acquisition  to  the  English  dominions.  When  it  waa 
printcti,  he  went  all  over  tha  west  of  England,  givinir 
copii'S  of  it  to  all  peraon*  of  note  ;  and  endeavoring  t* 
excite  the  nobility,  gentry,  and  merchanta,  to  engago 
with  eaniostness  in  tlie  business  of  colonizing  Ameiica. 
He  obtained  from  many  of  them  fair  promiaea,  and  waa 
complimented  by  the  Plymouth  Company  with  tha  titio 
of  Admiral  of  New  England.  But  the  former  ill  aue- 
cesa  of  some  too  aanguine  adventurers,  had  mada  a 
deep  impression,  and  a  variety  of  croa*  incident*,  balHad 
all  his  attempts. 

However,  his  experience  and  advice  war*  of  ami- 
nont  service  to  others.  The  open  franknasa  and  gene- 
rosity of  his  mind  led  him  to  give  all  the  encourage- 
ment which  he  could  to  the  business  of  fishing  and 
planting  in  New  England ,  for  which  purpose,  in  18S3, 
he  published  a  book,  entitled,  "  New  Eiigland'a  Tryala,' 
some  extracts  from  which  are  preserved  by  Purchaa 
No  man  rejoiced  more  than  myself  in  the  establish- 
ment of  the  colonies  of  Plymouth  and  Maasachu 
sotts. 

When  tho  news  of  tlie  maasacra  of  the  Virginian 
planters  by  the  Indians,  1622,  arrived  in  England, 
Smith  waa  all  on  firo  to  go  over  to  revenge  the  insult 
He  made  an  oiler  to  the  company  that  if  they  would 
allow  him  one  hundred  soldiers  and  thirty  sailors,  with 
tho  necessary  provisions  and  equipments,  he  would 
range  the  country,  keep  the  natives  in  awe,  protect  tho 
planters,  and  make  discoveries,  oC  the  liitberto  un- 
known parts  of  America ;  and  for  his  own  riak  and 
pains  would  doaire  nothing  but  what  he  would  "  pnH 
duce  from  tho  proper  labor  of  the  aavagea."    On  thio 


AMERICAN   IIIHTORT. 


il  Um  company  wh  divltM,  b«l  III 
I  imi  tfirkiou*  p«iv  pnvuM  i  uii  |»«  kioi 
Uu*  mmmn,  "  Uwl  Iha  (  it-f ••  wuuld  tw  loo  fitol ) 
Um  dwimocliwM  rwlnewi  j  iktl  iha  pltnlon  oughl 
to  dofmd  IhomMlvn  i  liul,  Ibtl  if  ho  would  go  ol  tiw 
•wn  oipoMo,  thojr  vouM  min  hia  Imn,  pronidwl  ho 
Kmul  givo  thoin  ono-holi  of  Iho  ftlUg*-  Huch  tn 
■nowor  could  bo  roeoivod  only  with  conlompl. 

Wkon  Um  king  in  1034,  inclitulod  t  comiiiiHlon  fat 
Iho  minmulioii  at  Virginii,  Hmilh,  by  dcun  of  Iho 
•iinniiiciouon,  give  in  ■  raltlioo  of  hi»  foriiwr  praccod- 
ingo  in  Iho  colony,  ond  hia  opinion  tiid  ■tlvicn  rMpocl- 
iag  Iho  proper  molbodo  of  rnnndying  tho  dcfncu  in  go- 
vommoni,  uid  carrying  on  tho  ploiiiaUon  wiih  a  proo- 
^1  of  aueccu.*  Thoao  with  uiany  olhar  paper*  ho 
•oUoe^od  and  publiitMNi  in  ICST,  In  a  Ihin  folio,  undor 
Iba  Llla  of  "  fha  Uanoral  lliatory  of  Virginia,  Now 
England,  and  Ih*  Soinef  Iclaa."  Ilio  namliva  part  ia 
maoa  up  of  joumala  and  lollvn  of  Ihoao  who  wur*  con- 
eonod  with  him  in  iho  planlalioii,  intcnniiod  <«ilh  hia 
Mm  otiaar  alioiia.  Hia  inlinala  ftiond,  Mr.  Fwchaii 
Md  publiabad  oioal  of  Ibain  two  yoaia  bofMa  in  hia 
"PUgrima." 

In  I6n,  at  Iha  raquoil  of  Sir  Robert  Colton,  bo  pub- 
liabad a  hiatory  of  Iho  early  pail  of  bia  life,  ciaitlod, 
*■  Tho  inio  Travela,  Advenlurea  and  Obaervaliona  of 
Caplain  John  Smili."  Thia  work  ia  preaerved  entire 
k>  ik*  eoeoiid  yoIuum  of  Churchill'a  Collectiona,  and 
fton  it  iho  f  wmei  part  of  Una  account  ia  compiled.  In 
Iha  eoi>/"«'oo  he  inado  aoine  addition  to  the  hiatory  of 
Viiyioia,  Be-niuda,  New  England,  and  the  Weal  In- 
Ceak  leepecting  thinga  which  had  come  to  hie  know- 
ledge alter  the  publication  uf  hia  general  hiatory.  He 
alaled  Iho  inhaliilania  of  Virginia  lu  1638  at  live  tluu- 
aand,  and  their  calilo  aliout  tho  wtine  number.  Thoir 
produce  waa  chi(Ay  lohacco  ;  but  tlioae  few  who  at- 
tended to  llioir  ntJona  had  all  aorta  of  fruit  and  vege- 
lablea  in  great  aoundancc  and  perfuclion.  From  New 
£ngla;d  they  reooivod  aaltrd  Hah ;  but  of  freah  hah  tiieir 
own  nvera  produced  enough,  boaidea  an  inlinile  quantity 
of  fowl ;  aa  their  wooda  did  of  deer  and  other  game. 
They  had  two  brow  hoiiaoa ;  but  they  cultivatwl  the 
Indian  com  in  preference  to  the  European  Brain.  Their 
planlaliona  were  acatterod ;  aoine  of  their  liouaea  were 
saliaaded ;  but  they  luid  no  furtilicationa  nor  ordnance 
Mounted. 

Hia  account  of  New  England  ia,  thai  the  country  had 
been  repreaoAed  by  advenlurora  from  Ilia  Weat  of  Kng- 
iand,  *«  foeky,  banen,  and  deaolate :  but  that  aiiice  hia 
■eeoon:  of  it  bad  be  m  publiahed,  tho  credit  of  it  waa  ao 
laiiod,  tkat  forty  or  fifty  aail  wont  thither  annually  on 
■ahing  and  tiaaing  voyagea.  Tliat  notliing  had  been 
dona  to  any  purpoae  in  eateUiahing  a  plantation,  till 
"  about  cii  hundnHl  Browniat*  went  to  New  i'lymouth ; 
nhoae  humoroua  ignorance  cauniNl  tlioiii  to  vmlure  a 
wonderful  deal  of  miaery  with  inliiiite  |iatieiico." 

He  thea  recapitulatoa  tho  hiatory  of  hia  American  ad- 
venture* in  the  following  tornia.  "  Now  to  conclude 
tbe  travela  and  adventurea  of  Caplain  Smith  :  Iww  Aral 
h»  planted  Virginia,  and  waa  aot  aahore  with  a  hundred 
men  in  the  wild  wooda  ;  Iww  he  waa  taken  priaoner  by 
Iha  aavagca,  and  bv  the  King  of  Pamaunky,  tied  to  a 
tree  to  be  ahot  to  death ;  led  up  and  down  the  country 
to  bo  ahown  for  a  womlor ;  failed  aa  lie  tlioiight  for  a 
aaeri&co  to  their  idol,  before  whom  they  conjured  three 
daya,  with  atiange  dance*  and  invocationa ;  then 
brouiht  before  their  Emperor  Powhatan,  who  com- 
manded him  to  be  alain  ;  now  hia  daughtdr  Pocahonta* 
aavod  hia  life,  relumed  him  to  Jameatown,  relieved  him 
and  hi*  famiahed  company,  which  wa*  but  eisht  and 
thirty,  to  poeaea*  tho*e  large  dominion* ;  bow  lie  di*- 
eoToied  all  the  acvoni  nation*  on  the  river*  falling  into 
the  Bay  of  Cheaapeake ;  how  be  wa*  atung  almoat  to 
death  Iqr  tho  poiaonou*  tail  of  a  fi*h  called  a  "tingray  ; 
how  ha  waa  blown  up  with  gunpowder  and  relumed  to 
England  to  be  cured. 

"  A  1*0  how  he  brought  New  England  to  the  aubjec- 
lion  of  the  kingdom  of  Great  Britain ;  hia  fighta  with 
the  piratee,  left  alone  among  French  men-o^war,  and 
hi*  *hip  ran  from  him ;  hia  aea-fighta  for  the  French 
againat  the  Spaniarda ;  their  bad  uaage  of  him ;  how 
in  France,  in  a  little  boat,  he  eacaped  tnem ;  waa  adrift 
■U  auch  a  atormy  night  at  aea  by  himaclf,  when  thirteen 
Fiencb  ahip*  were  aplit  or  driven  on  ahore  by  the  iale 
Rhee,  the  general  and  moat  of  hia  inon  drowned 
when  God,  to  whom  be  all  lienor  and  praiae,  brought 
kim  aafe  on  ahore  to  the  admiration  of  all  who  eacaped  ; 

*  Aereeably  to  Smitli's  advice  to  tt»e«e  comtniiisioneri, 
lhl|  Cliarlea  I.  at  hit  accession  dlasotveil  tlio  company,  In 
mC  and  reduced  tlie  coiuny  under  tlio  itnmediate  directloa 
•floe  crown,  appointing  ttie  governor  and  council,  and  order- 
Vg  all  pateat*  ad  procauea  to  iitauo  in  hia  own  name. 


al  laigt  In  hia  general  bii 
indat  and  Naw  tlngland.' 


you  majriaad 

Ikaaom 

Thia  m*»  probably  hia  laat  publication,  foi  he  lived 
but  two  yeara  alter.  By  a  note  in  Joaaelyn'a  voyage, 
it  appaara  that  lie  died  in  IMI,  al  London,  in  Iho  Hfly- 
aecoiid  year  of  hia  age. 

Il  would  have  given  aingiilar  pleaaure  to  the  com- 
piler of  thcao  nieinoira,  if  he  could  have  learned  from 
any  credible  Icalinioiiy  that  Minilh  ever  rrrrived  any 
racompanaa  for  hia  nuiiicroiia  aervicea  and  niiironngB. 
'I'ba  aonaa  winch  he  had  of  thia  matter,  in  I  HUT,  aliall 
be  given  in  hia  own  worda.  "  I  have  a|iont  live  yeara, 
and  iiior*  than  Ave  hundred  poiiiida,  in  llie  aervice  of 
Virginia  and  New  England,  and  in  neither  of  tliem 
have  I  one  fool  of  land,  nor  the  very  houa*  I  built,  nor 
the  ground  1  digged  with  my  own  haiula ;  hut  1  aee 
Ihoae  countriaa  aoared  beforu  nie  by  thoea  who  know 
tbani  only  by  my  deecriptiona. 

D£  MONTS,   PUUTHINCOURT, 

AND 

OHAMPLAIN. 

Da  MoRTt— nia  Patent  for  Aradia— Ilia  Fort  at  tt.  rroli— 
lie  quita  Acadia— l*euTaiaDoiiBT—R»Mvai.  CaAMruiii— 
lU  aalla  up  the  at.  Lawrence- UinlUa  a  I'orl  at  lluabeu— 
UlBciivera  ilie  Lake— •urrenUari  Wuulxc  to  tlie  CngUali— 
ilia  Death  ami  Charaetar. 

ArTki  Iho  diacovery  of  Canada  by  Cartiar,  the 
French  continued  trading  to  that  country  for  fura,  and 
Aahiiig  on  the  banka  of  Newfoundland,  Capo  lirelon, 
and  Acat'ia,  where  they  found  many  eicellont  and  con- 
venient harbora,  among  which  Caiiaeau  waa  early  dia- 
linguiahod  aa  a  place  extroinnly  auilable  for  tlio  fiahcry. 
One  Savalel,  an  old  maiinor,  who  rrciuvnted  that  port, 
had  before  1609  made  no  leaa  than  forly-lwo  voyagea 
lu  Ihoae  parte. 

Ilonry  IV.  King  of  France,  perceived  the  advanlagea 
which  might  ariae  to  hia  kiiiguom  from  a  failhcr  eiulo- 
ration  of  the  northern  porta  of  America ;  and  tlieruforo 
gave  encouragement  to  thoae  who  were  doairoua  of 
making  adventurea.  In  I  SOS,  tho  Marquia  do  la 
Itoche  obtained  a  commiaaion  of  lA>rd-lioutenani,  and 
undertook  a  voyage  with  a  view  to  ralakliah  a  colony, 
conaialing  of  convicta  taken  out  of  the  priaona.  Hap- 
pening in  the  courao  of  hia  voyage  to  fall  in  with  the 
lale  of  Sable,  a  low,  aandy  ialand,  lying  ulwut  twenty- 
five  loaguea  aoulhward  of  Canaean,  he  there  landed 
forty  of  hia  miacrablo  crew,  lo  aubeiat  on  the  cattle  and 
awine  with  which  the  place  had  been  atovkcd  by  the 
Portugutiae,  for  the  relief  of  ahipwrockvd  aeameii.  The 
rcaaon  given  for  chooaing  thia  forlorn  place  for  the  dia- 
einbarkalion  of  hia  colony,  waa,  that  they  would  bo  out 
of  all  danger  from  the  aavagea,  till  he  ahould  find  a 
belter  aituation  for  tliem  on  the  continent,  when  lie  pro- 
niiaod  to  return  aiul  take  them  olf.  Whether  he  ever 
reached  tho  continent  ia  uncertain,  but  ho  never  again 
eaw  the  ialo  of  Sable.  Ueturning  to  France  he  en- 
gaged in  the  ware,  waa  made  a  priaoner  by  the  Duke 
of  Morcour,  and  aooii  after  died,  'i'he  wretched  exile* 
aubaiated  on  auch  thinga  aa  the  place  aflbrded,  and 
clothed  Ihemaelve*  with  the  akin*  oi  aeala.  At  tho  end 
of  aevoii  yean.  King  Henry,  in  comgiaaaion,  aent  a  fi»h- 
erman  to  bring  iheni  ii'tme.  Twelve  only  were  then 
alive.  Tho  Uuierinan,  concealing  from  them  the  koiip- 
roua  intention  of  their  auvereigii,  took  all  the  akiiia 
which  they  had  collected  ae  a  recomiienae  for  hia  aer- 
vicea, aoiuc  of  which  lieinv  black  foxea  were  of  great 
value.  The  king  had  them  brought  before  him  in  llivir 
aeal  akin  habita  and  long  bearda.  He  pardoned  tlieir 
former  Crimea,  and  made  each  of  them  a  present  oi  fifty 
crowns.  When  they  diacoverod  the  fraud  of  the  tlali- 
orman,  they  inatituted  a  procoaa  againat  him  at  law, 
and  recovered  lari;e  damagoa ;  by  nicana  of  svhich  tliey 
acquired  so  much  property  aa  to  enter  into  the  aaino 
kind  of  trafiic. 

The  king  also  granted  lo  Ponlgnve  ile  Chauvin,  an 
eiclusivo  privilege  of  trading  at  I'adoiiaac,  the  inouih 
of  the  river  Saguenay ;  to  which  place  he  made  two 
voyages,  and  was  preparing  for  a  thud  when  ho  waa 
prevented  tty  death. 

The  next  voyager  of  any  note  waa  SmuaL  Cham- 
PLAIN,  of  lirouage ;  a  man  of  a  noble  family ;  who,  in 
1603,  sailed  up  the  river  of  Canada,  us  far  as  Cartier 
had  gone  in  153S.  Ho  made  many  inquiriea  of  the 
natives  concerning  their  country,  its  rivers,  falls,  lakes, 
mouMtKins  and  mines.  The  result  of  iiis  inquiry  was, 
that  a  communication  wa*  formed  by  means  of  two 
lakea,  with  tho  conntry  of  the  Iroquois  towards  the 
south  ;  that  towards  the  weat  there  were  more  and 
greater  lakea  of  fresh  water,  lo  one  of  which  they  knew 
no  limits  ;  and  that  to  the  northward  there  waa  an  in- 
land aea  of  salt  water.    In  tiie  coorso  of  thia  voyage, 


bialsiy  of  Virginia,  {  Champlain  anrhoiad  al  a  place  called  guabae,  whicli  ia 
Iha  languago  of  the  country  aignified  a  atrail ;  and  thw 
waa  thought  to  be  a  proper  aitualion  lor  a  fort  and  •*•• 
tlem*nl.  He  heard  of  no  minea  but  on*  of  copper,  laf 
to  the  northwanl.  With  Ihia  informalion  ha  nturoail  W 
France,  in  the  month  of  tSeptaniber. 

l>n  Ih*  eighth  of  .November  in  the  oama  year,  KiM 
Henry  granted  to  the  Nieur  I)*  Monia,  a  ganlleman  M 
his  lied-chainher,  a  pstrnt,  constituting  hiin  liaut*r.ant> 
general  of  all  the  tiirilury  of  L'ActJm,  from  Ik*  for> 
tieth  lo  Iho  fortysiiih  degree  of  norUi  latitude,  wilk 
power  lo  Bubdiia  the  liihabilanta  and  convert  them  la 
the  Christian  faith.  This  (latenl  wa*  published  in  all 
Iha  maritime  towns  of  Frtnte  ;  and  Da  Mont*  havin| 
ecpiinped  two  vessels,  sailed  for  hi*  n*w  govammani 
on  the  7th  of  Msrrh,  1604,  taking  with  him  lb*  albr*- 
a*id  Samuel  Champlain  for  a  pilot,  Monaieur  U*  Poul- 
nncout,  who  had  been  for  a  long  tun*  deairou*  lo  viatl 
America. 

Un  the  eih  of  May,  they  arrived  at  a  harbor  on  Ih* 
*outhe*al  aide  of  the  |ieniiiaula  uf  Acadia,  where  thev 
found  one  of  their  countrymen,  Koasigiiol,  trading  wilii 
the  Indiana  without  licenaa.  They  aeiied  hia  ahip  and 
cargo;  leaving  him  only  the  poor  consolation  cf  giving 
hia  name  to  iliu  harliur  where  he  waa  taken.  The  pro* 
viaiona  found  in  hia  ship  were  a  seasonable  anppiv,  and 
without  them  tlie  enler)irise  must  bava  been  abaiMouad. 
This  place  ia  now  called  Liverjiool. 

From  Port  Itossigiiol  they  coasted  the  peninsula  to 
the  southwest,  snd  having  iloubled  Cap*  sable,  caina 
lo  anclior  in  tho  hay  of  St.  Mary,  where  Aubry,  a  prical, 
going  ashore.wss  lust  in  the  woods,  and  *  Prolealant  wa* 
chariieil  wilh  having  murdered  him,  becaaur  llioy  had 
Boinctiines  liuil  warm  diapiitation  on  religiou*  subject*. 
They  wailed  for  him  several  days,  firing  guns  and 
aoundiiig  inimjirts,  but  in  vsiii ;  the  noise  ol  the  aaa 
waa  so  great,  thai  no  other  sound  could  b*  heard. 
Concluding  that  he  waa  dead,  tliey  quitted  tbe  |>lace 
after  aixleen  daya,  inieiuliiig  to  cianiiiie  tlial  eitcnaiva 
bay  on  the  west  of  ilivir  |>iiiiiiisula,  to  which  they  gava 
the  name  of  Iji  Hayu  hrancoise;  but  which  is  iio« 
railed  llio  lliiy  uf  Fiiiuly.  Tho  priest  waa  aftarwarda 
found  alive  but  almost  starved  to  death. 

On  the  raaterii  aide  of  lliis  bay  they  diacovered  a 
narrow  atrait,  into  wliitli  thoy  ciitertHl,  and  auoii  luuiid 
themselves  in  a  spacious  bnsun,  environed  with  hilla, 
from  whicli  descended  streams  of  fresh  water ;  and  be- 
tween tho  hills  ran  a  fine  navigable  river,  which  they 
called  L'Kquillo.  Il  was  bordered  with  ferule  inea- 
dowa,  and  full  of  delicate  fish.  Poutrincuurt,  cliaiinud 
with  the  lieauty  of  the  place,  detennmed  her*  to  make 
hia  residence,  and  liaviiig  received  a  grant  of  il  frova 
Ue  Moiita,  gave  it  the  name  of  Port  Uoyal  [Aann 
polia] 

From  Port  Royal,  Do  Monts  aailed  farther  into  lb* 
great  Iwy,  tu  visit  a  cupper  mine.  It  was  a  high  rock, 
on  a  pruiiioiitury,  hctweon  two  bava.  [Menia.J  The 
copper,  though  iiiixud  with  stone,  waa  very  pura,  r» 
aeinbling  tlutt  calU'd  Kozettu  copjier.  Among  tlieaa 
stones  thoy  found  vliryslala,  and  a  certain  shining  stone 
of  a  hliio  color.  Speciiiicna  of  theae  atonea  were  aeul 
to  tliu  king. 

In  farther  examining  the  bay  they  came  to  a  great 
river,  which  they  called  St.  Jolin'a,  full  uf  islands,  and 
swarming  with  fish.  I'p  this  river  they  sailed  fifty 
leagues,  and  were  extremely  delighted  with  the  vast 
quantity  of  grapes  which  urew  oh  ita  lianka.  By  Ihia 
river  they  iinagi.icd  lliat  a  sliorter  communication  miuht 
be  had  with  tho  Uayo  de  Chaleur  and  tlie  jiort  ol  Ta- 
douaac,  than  by  the  aea 

From  the  river  St.  John  they  cuaated  the  bay  aoulh- 
westnrly,  till  they  came  to  an  ialand  in  tlie  middle  of  a 
river  which  Ciiamplain  had  previoualy  explored.  Find- 
ing its  situation  safe  and  convenient,  Ue  Monta  reaolved 
there  to  buihl  a  fort  and  pass  the  winter.  To  this 
island  he  gave  tho  iianieofSl.  Croix;*  becauae  that 


It  haa  ftven  lis* 
I  the  Brituk 


*  Ttiia  ta  a  station  of  much  importance, 
to  a  coiitroveray  between  the  United  States  and  t 
govcrnnient.  whicli  ia  not  yet  terminated,  i  ahall  thersforo 
Rive  a  deacripiiun  of  thia  laiand  and  ita  surroundiiig  waters, 
from  a  traiislntion  of  Mark  l.eHCarbot'a  history  of  ttie  voyusa 
of  I>u  .Motita,  In  which  ho  Inmsuif  waa  engaged,  and  thsrelor* 
had  Hi'en  the  place  which  ho  dcHcniiea.  Tiua  tranalatlon  ia  to 
tie  found  at  lurge  in  ChurchiiPa  Lollertions,  vol.  vlli.  71111.  aiut 
an  Hlindgineiit  of  it  in  I'urchaa'a  Filgrniia,  vol.  v.  1019. 

"  Ijoavmg  St.  John's  river,  thoy  came,  following  the  coaol 
twenty  leagues  from  that  place,  to  a  great  river,  whicli  is 
properly  aea,  [i.  e.  aalt  water]  where  thoy  forlltied  ttieiiiaolvos 
in  a  Utile  island  seated  in  llie  midst  ol  Ihia  river,  which  the 
said  (;hairp'aiit  had  been  to  discover  and  view.    And,  sering 


it  sirong  bj  naiure,  and  of  easy  defence  and  kscptag ;  I 

that  the  season  began  to  slide  awsy,  and  therefore  it  was  tw- 

I  hoveful  to  provide  ol  lodging,  without  running  any  fartiiar, 

I  thoy  resolved  to  make  their  abode  there. 

I    "£fliMe«aafsak  of  tta*  ship's  rMuraloFraoMkH  la  aaal 


il 


\, 


BloaRAPIIIEt  or  THE  BARLT  DISOOVBRERt. 


iilch  they 

inca- 

churinurt 

to  iiiak* 

it  fron 

[Aom 


sou  tit- 
le of  • 
Fiiid- 
otolved 
thit 
lu  that 


ranilM 
Britltk 
«rafora 
wattrif 

royuw 
■erflfora 
ion  in  to 
Imi.  ud 


liM  iMfuM  tkMM  llwn  wtN  braoki  which  "  cmm 
IMW'WiM  10  fiU  within  thii  hrgo  bnnch  of  tb*  tn." 

llio  wintw  prnvtii  Mv«ra,  ind  thi  pcopU  tufliifed 
w  much  by  lot  leurvy,  th*l  thirty-nii  of  thtm  died  ; 
Hw  (timinina  forty,  who  wtra  M  lick,  lingered  till  the 
^(iflg,  (I6US,)  when  they  recovered  by  ineeiit  of  the 
keeh  feveutioii.  The  remedy  which  Cirtier  had  found 
Ml  Canada  waa  here  unknown. 

As  aooo  as  his  men  were  recovered,  Oe  Monta  re- 
•olved  to  seek  a  comlortalilu  station  in  a  warmer  cli- 
mate. IUyhik  viclusllvd  and  srined  his  piiinsce,  he 
Miled  alonii  the  coast  lo  Nuroinliago,  a  name  which  had 
been  given  by  aome  Eiira|i«an  adventurers  lo  the  Bay 
of  Penobarot  i  lh>in  thence  he  ssiled  to  Kennebec, 
Caaeo,  8aco,  and  Anally  came  lo  Mstelisrre,  ss  Uspo 
Cod  wss  then  called  by  the  Kroiirh.  In  sumo  of  tba 
|4aeea  which  he  had  paased,  the  land  was  inviting ,  and 
farticulsr  notice  waa  taken  of  the  ara|>cai  but  the 
MTSgee  appeared  numerous,  uiifrieiiilly  and  thievish. 
De  Monts  company  being  small,  he  nrrferred  safrly  to 
bleaaura,  and  rsturnod  Hrst  to  8t.  l^roii,  and  then  to 
Port  Koyal )  where  he  found  Dupont,  in  a  ship  from 
France,  with  fresh  supplies,  siid  a  reinforcemciil  of 
forty  men.  The  stores  which  had  been  dt>|HMit«d  at 
8t.  Croix  were  removed  across  the  bay,  but  the  build- 
ings wera  left  standing.  New  houses  were  creeled  at 
Iho  mouth  of  the  river  which  runs  into  the  bssin  of 
Port  Koyal :  there  the  alores  snd  {wople  were  lodged  ; 
•nd  Do  Monts  having  put  his  stfairs  m  aa  good  order 
M  poeeible,  in  the  mouth  of  Mvpteiiiber  embarked  for 
Fiance,  leaving  l)u|iant  aa  his  lieutenant,  with  Cham- 
ybin  and  Champdoio  to  perfect  the  settleuienl,  and  ex- 
plore Itaa  eount^. 

During  tho  next  winter  they  were  plentifully  sup- 
plied by  tho  savayee  with  venison,  and  a  ureal  trsuu 
was  carried  on  fur  turs.  Nothiny  is  ssid  uf  iTie  scurvy ; 
but  they  hsd  shnrt  slluwsnco  of  brrsd ;  not  by  reason 
of  any  scarcity  of  corn,  but  because  they  lisd  no  oilier 

lo  tail  you,  how  hsrd  llie  lula  uf  Rl.  Crols  Is  lo  l>e  founil  out, 
to  them  thst  were  never  tliers.  Vat  there  are  so  tnsny  Isles 
■Dd  srest  bays  tc  no  by  [from  St.  John'i)  before  one  be  st  It, 
Mall  wonder  how  one  nutht  ever  pivrce  so  isr  ss  lo  iIihI  it, 
Theie  are  three  or  four  mountains,  eminent  sliuvu  the 
•then,  on  the  sides ;  but  on  llie  north  side,  from  whence 
the  river  runneth  down,  tlicre  Is  but  a  sharp  pointed  ono, 
■bout  two  less ues  distsni.  The  woods  of  the  mslnlnnd  sis 
Ihlr  and  admirable  hlxh,  and  well  irown,  ss  In  llks  manner  ii 
tlM  irass.    There  Is  right  over  sf  shut  lite  iRlnnil  freili  wstur 

tenls,  very  plessant  snd  agreeable ;  whore  ilivers  of  Mons. 
Monts  men  did  their  builnest,  snd  bullded  thore  csrtsm 
cabins.  As  for  the  nslure  of  Iho  troiind,  It  Is  nioit  eicellent, 
and  roost  abundantly  fruitful.  Fur  the  said  Mons  De  ^nts 
kavUig  csused  there  some  piece  of  ground  lo  be  tilled,  snd 
the  same  sowed  with  rye ;  he  wss  not  sMe  to  tarry  for  the 
■wturlty  tliereof  to  reap  II ;  snd  notwilhslsndmg  the  grsin 
lauen  nslh  grown  and  increased  so  wonderfully,  that  two 
yesrs  after,  we  reaped  snd  did  Ksther  of  II  ss  fair,  big,  and 
weighty  as  In  Prince,  wluch  the  soil  haa  brought  forth  with- 
out any  Ullage ;  sid  yst  st  this  pieient  (IIMwl  II  doili  con- 
Unue^lill  to  mulllplv  every  yosr. 

"The  Bsid  islsnd  contsinrth  some  hslf  s  lesgue  in  rtrcult, 
and  at  the  end  of  It,  on  the  scs  mdo,  there  is  a  mount,  or 
email  hill,  whic'  Is,  as  it  wore,  s  little  itlr,  levortid  from  the 
ether,  where  Mons.  de  Monti  his  caiitmn  werv  plsced.  There 
If  also  s  little  chappel.  built  after  tho  savaKO  liishlon.  At  the 
foot  of  wlilch  chappel  there  is  luch  storo  of  muMloa  as  is 
wonderful,  which  may  be  gathered  at  low  water,  but  they 
are  small. 

■*  Now  let  us  prepare  and  hoist  up  sslts.  Mons.  de  Pou- 
Irlncourt  msde  the  voysge  Into  those  parts,  wlili  some  men 
•f  good  sort,  not  to  winter  there ;  but  ss  it  were  to  soek  out 
his  aest,  snil  And  out  a  land  that  miitht  like  hint.  Which  he 
having  doae,  had  no  need  to  lojuurne  there  any  loni  -  .  Uo 
llten,  the  ships  being  resdy  for  the  return,  he  shipped  hlnl- 
aelf^d  thoie  of  his  comiuiny  in  one  of  them. 

"During  the  fureisid  imviitntlon,  Mons.  de  Monts  his  peo- 

ee,  did  work  about  the  fort;  wliich  he  icsted  at  (he  end  of 
e  islsnd,  opp,)BitQ  to  the  plsre  where  ho  had  hHlged  his 
cannon.  Winch  was  wisely  consideruii.  to  the  end  to  com- 
mand tho  river  up  and  down.  Hut  there  was  an  incunvo- 
nleiice;  the  said  fort  did  lib  toward  tiie  north,  snd  witnout 
any  shelter,  but  of  tho  trees  that  were  on  the  inlo  shore, 
which  all  about  he  comman.led  to  be  kept  and  not  cut 
4ewii. 

"The  most  urgent  things  being  done,  and  hosry  snowy 
fathe.  being  come,  that  Is  to  say  winter,  then  they  were 
forceil  to  keep  witliin  doors,  and  to  live  every  one  at  his 
home  During  which  time,  our  men  iiad  three  spcrial  dia* 
commodities  In  tills  island,  want  of  wood  (for  tliat  which  was 
In  ths  said  tile  was  spent  in  buildlngsl,  lack  of  fresh  water, 
and  tie  continual  watch  made  by  night,  fearing  some  surprise 
from  the  savages  thst  had  lodged  themselves  at  the  foot  of 
aald  Island,  or  some  othei  enemy.  For  the  malediction  snd 
rage  of  msny  Chrlstlsni  Is  such,  that  one  must  take  heed  of 
•hem  much  more  than  ef  inlldels.  When  they  had  need  of 
wstei  or  wood,  they  were  consirslned  to  cross  over  the 
liver,  which  Is  Ihrtce  as  broad  of  every  side  at  the  river  of 

Mains" 


By  a  gentlemen  who  resided  several  yetrs  In  those  parts,  I 
have  been  Informed,  that  an  Island  which  answers  lo  the  do- 
acrlptlon  lies  In  the  eastern  part  of  the  Bay  of  Pa»aniai|u»d- 
dyi  and  theie  tiie  ilver  SI.  Croix  was  supposed  to  be  by  the 
commissioners  who  negotiated  Iho  peace  In  IT83,  who  had 
BUWhel's  map  before  them ;  but  in  a  map  of  the  coast  of  New 
Infland  and  Nova  Scotia,  published  In  London,  1787,  by  Ro- 
hni  iara^  and  saW  to  be  drawn  by  Captain  Holland,  tho 
Hvar  St.  Cralx  Is  laid  down  at  the  western  pert  of  the  bar ; 
W  lioaiWh  tt  which  la  about  six  or  aeven  leagues. 


mill  to  grin4  it  than  Iho  hond-niltl,  which  rai)iiiNd  hud 
and  continual  labor.  Tho  aavagaa  war*  a*  avaiao  lo 
thia  aiarcisa,  that  thay  prafarradnunger  to  tho  uak  of 
grinding  corn,  theiign  thay  were  olTerad  half  of  il  it4 
payment.  Six  men  only  di«d  in  tho  couiao  of  Ihia 
winter. 

In  tho  spring  of  lAM,  Dupont  atlamplad  lo  (Ind 
what  Da  Monta  had  miaaad  in  the  preceding  year,  a 
ninrc  auiitl  irly  sett.^inent.  His  bark  waa  Iwica  forced 
back  with  I  Iverse  winds :  and  the  third  time  waa  driven 
on  rw^ka  and  bilged  at  tho  mouth  of  the  |ion.  The 
men  and  storra  wera  saved  ;  but  tha  vessel  waa  loat. 
These  fniitlrsa  atlempta  proved  very  discouraging  i  but 
l)u|>ont  employed  hie  peoula  in  buikllng  a  bark  and  slial- 
lop,  that  tliey  might  employ  themaclvaa  in  viaiting  tha 
porta,  whither  their  enunlryinen  reaon  to  dry  tbair  fiah, 
till  now  suppliea  should  arrivo. 

Do  Monta  and  Poutrincourt  wera  at  that  lima  in 
Franct,  preparing,  amiilst  every  disrourageinent,  for 
another  voyage.  Un  the  thirteenth  of  May,  they  sailed 
from  Hoi'hclle,  in  a  ship  of  one  hundred  and  lifty  tons ; 
and  on  the  S7th  of  July  arrived  at  Port  Koyal,  in  llie  alw 
aence  of  Dupont,  who  had  left  two  men  only  to  g;iard 
the  fort.  In  a  few  daya  ho  arrived,  having  met  with 
one  of  their  boata  which  they  had  left  at  Canaeau,  and 
great  wis  the  joy  on  both  aides  at  their  nicctina. 

I'aulrincourl  now  liegan  his  plantation  ;  and  having 
rlearcd  a  spot  of  around,  within  liflcan  daya  he  aowed 
Kuropean  com  ana  several  aorta  of  garden  vegetables. 
Uut  notwithstanding  the  beauty  and  fertility  of  Port 
Koyal,  De  Monta  had  alill  a  aeaira  to  iiiid  a  better 
place  to  tho  aouthward.  He  therefort  rrevailed  on  Pou- 
trincourt lo  make  another  voya^  to  Cape  Malabarre  ; 
and  so  earnest  waa  he  to  have  this  matter  accomplished, 
that  he  would  not  wail  till  tho  next  spring,  hut  prcpired 
a  bark  to  go  to  the  aouthward  aa  aoon  aa  tho  ahip  waa 
ready  to  sail. 

Un  tho  i!8th  of  Auguat,  Iho  ahip  and  the  hark  both 
aailcd  from  Port  Koyal.  In  the  ship,  De  Monts  ond 
Dupont  returned  lo  France;  whilat  Poutrincourt,  Cham- 
plain,  Champdore  and  othora  croaaed  tha  bay  lo  St. 
Croix,  and  Ihonce  aailed  along  the  coast,  touching  at 
many  haibora  in  their  way  till  they  arriveil  in  eight  of 
the  Cape,  the  ohiect  of  their  voyago.  Ueing  entangled 
among  the  shosls,  their  rudder  waa  broken  and  they 
were  obliged  to  come  to  anchor,  at  tha  dialance  of  three 
leamiea  from  the  land.  The  boat  waa  then  sent  aahore  to 
find  a  harbor  of  freah  water ;  which  by  the  information 
of  ono  of  Iho  nalivea  waa  accomplished.  Fifteen  days 
wero  apeni  in  Ihia  place ;  during  which  time  a  croaa  waa 
ereclea,  and  poaaeaaion  taken  Kir  the  King  of  France ; 
aa  De  Monta  had  done  two  yoara  befoie  at  Kennebec. 
^^'hen  the  bark  waa  repaired  and  ready  lo  aail,  Poutrin- 
court look  a  walk  into  the  country,  whilst  hia  people 
were  Inking  bread.  In  hia  abacnce  somo  of  the  nativca 
triaited  his  people  and  atole  a  hatchut.  Two  guna  wero 
tired  at  them  and  thoy  fled.  In  hia  return  he  saw  aeve- 
ral  parliea  of  the  aavagea,  mala  and  fumalo,  carrying 
away  their  ehililren  and  their  com,  and  hidinii  them- 
aelvea  aa  he  and  hia  company  paaaud.  He  waa 
alarmed  at  thia  atrange  appearance ;  but  much  more  ao, 
when  early  tho  next  morning  a  ahower  of  arrows  came 
flying  among  hia  |>eaple,  two  of  whom  were  killed  and 
auvvral  othera  wounded.  The  aavagea  having  taken 
their  revenge,  fled ;  and  it  waa  in  vain  to  puraue  them. 
The  dead  wore  buried  at  the  foot  of  the  crosa ;  and 
whilst  the  funeral  aervice  waa  performing,  the  aavagea 
were  dancing  and  yelling  in  mock  concert  at  a  conve- 
nient diataure,  but  witliin  hearing.  When  the  French 
retired  on  board  their  bark,  the  aavagea  took  down  the 
cross,  dug  up  the  bodies  and  alripped  them  of  their 
grave  clothos,  which  they  carried  on  in  triumph. 

This  unhappy  quarrel  gavo  Poutrincourt  t  bad  idea 
of  the  nalivea.  Ho  attempted  to  paaa  farther  round  the 
capo,  but  waa  prevented  by  contrary  winds,  and  forced 
back  to  tho  aaine  harbor,  where  the  aavagea  oiTeriiig  tn 
trade,  aix  or  seven  of  Ihoin  were  seixed  and  put  to 
death. 

The  next  day  another  attempt  waa  made  lo  aail  far- 
ther ;  but  the  wind  came  againat  them.  At  the  dia- 
lance of  aix  or  seven  leagues  they  discovered  an  island; 
but  the  wind  would  not  permit  thcin  to  approach  it ; 
they  therefore  gave  it  the  name  of  Doutouse,  or  Doubt- 
ful. Thia  was  probably  cither  Nantucket  or  Capa- 
wock,  now  called  Martha'a  Vineyard  ;  and  if  ao,  tho 
contest  with  the  Indians  was  on  tho  south  shore  of 
Capo  Cod,  where  are  several  harbors  and  streams  of 
fresh  water.  To  tha  harbor  where  ho  lay,  he  gave  the 
name  of  Port  Fortune. 

It  waa  now  late  in  the  aeason  and  no  prospect  ap- 
t  »red  of  obtaining  any  bettor  place  for  a  settlement ; 
besides,  he  bad  two  wounded  ■md  whoa*  live*  ware  in 


did  liy  tha  akofteel  and  moal  direct  eowao  i  aitd  aAor  • 


periloua  voyage,  In  whieblito  rtiddar  waa  again  kmM«k 
and  the  bark  nanowly  eecaiwd  shipwrock,  ho  amsod 
at  Port  Koyal  on  the  Uth  ol  November. 


I'ha  manner  in  which  they  apeiit  the  ihiid  wrnler  VM 
aocial  and  fealiva.  At  Ihe  princi|ial  table,  lo  whiab  M> 
teen  |iersons  belonged,  an  order  waa  aatabliahed,  by  tlw 
name  of  L'onler  do  lion  tempo.  Every  ono  look  Ms 
turn  to  ho  caterer  and  atrward,  for  one  day.  duriM 
which  he  wore  the  collar  of  tho  order  and  a  napkin,  alio 
earned  a  atalf.  After  supper  he  resigned  hia  accoutro- 
ments,  with  the  ceremony  of  drinking  a  cup  of  wuie,  to 
the  next  'n  auceeaaion.  Tho  advanlaga  of  Uua  inatil» 
lion  waa,  that  each  one  waa  eniuloua  to  bo  prepaied  fat 
hia  day,  by  previously  hunting  or  Ashing,  oi  puickaaing 
lish  and  gamo  of  Ihe  nalivea,  who  cooatantly  leaidad 
among  them,  and  ware  extremely  pleaaed  wilk  Ihtit 
nianners. 

Four  only  died  in  Ihia  winlei  |  and  It  ie  itmaikad 
that  thoae  wore  "  sluggish  and  fretful."  Tho  winlat 
was  mild  and  fair.  Un  a  Sunday  in  the  middle  ef  Ja- 
nuary, after  divine  service,  they  "  apoilad  and  had  mnaie 
on  tho  river ;"  and  the  aanto  month  they  went  tw« 
leaguea,  lo  sea  their  corn-flehl,  and  dined  cheerfully  ia 
the  sun  shine. 

At  tho  hrst  ojiening  of  the  epring  (lAOT)  they  begia 
to  pre|iare  gardens ;  tlio  produce  of  which  waa  axtieiM* 
ly  grateful  ;  ae  were  also  the  numberleaa  tab  which 
came  into  tho  river.  They  also  cieclad  a  walaMuU, 
whirh  not  only  aaved  them  much  hard  labor  at  Iho 
haml-mill,  but  gave  them  mora  lime  for  Aahing.  Tha 
fish  which  they  took  were  called  Itriinga  and  pilcbaida  ^ 
of  which  they  pirMsd  aeveni  bogaheada  lo  bo  aent 
home  to  France. 

In  April  they  began  lo  build  two  baika,  in  whiclk 
they  might  viait  the  |iorta  frequented  by  the  fiaheimon, 
ami  learn  aoiiie  news  from  their  niotiiei  eountiy,  aa 
well  aa  get  supplies  for  their  aubaialence.  Having  na 
pitch  to  pay  the  aeains,  they  wera  obliged  to  cut  pino 
ireea  ami  bum  them  in  kilna,  by  which  moana  they  ob- 
tained a  sufficiency. 

Un  Ascension  <lay  a  veaael  arrived  from  France,  deo- 
lined  to  Wing  aupplies ;  a  large  ahare  of  which,  Iho 
crew  had  ungenerously  consumed  during  their  voyaoo. 
The  lettera  brought  by  thia  vessel  informed  them  that 
the  company  of  inercliantB,  aaaociated  with  Oe  Monta, 
waa  discouraged  ;  and  thai  their  ahip  waa  to  be  em* 
ployed  in  Ihe  fiahety  at  Canaeau.  '1  he  reaaen  of  thit 
proceeding  waa,  that  contrary  lo  tho  king'a  edict,  Iho 
Hollanders  had  intruded  Iheniaelvea  into  their  fur  inda 
in  the  river  of  Canada,  having  been  ciHiductad  by  • 
Ireacheroua  Frenchman  ;  in  consequence  of  which  iba 
king  had  revoked  the  excluaive  privilege  which  be  had 
given  lo  De  Monte  for  ten  yeara.  'I'he  avarice  of  thoaa 
Hollandora  waa  ao  great,  that  they  had  opened  tba 
gravea  of  Ihe  dead,  ami  taken  the  beaver  akina  it  wbicb 
Uie  corpaea  had  been  buried.  Thia  outrage  waa  aa 
highly  rosontod  by  the  aavagea  at  Canaeau,  that  Ibef 
killed  the  person  who  had  abown  the  placca  whom  tha 
deail  were  laid.  Thia  news  waa  extremely  wiwel- 
come,  aa  il  portended  Ihe  tleatruclion  of  Ihe  colMiy, 

Poutrincourt  however  waa  ao  well  pleaaod  with  his 
aituation,  that  he  determined  to  return  lo  it,  Ibougb 
none  but  hia  own  family  ahould  accompany  him.  Ha 
waa  very  deairoua  lo  aee  Ihe  iaaue  of  hia  attempt  at 
agriculture,  and  therefore  detained  the  veeael  aa  long 
aa  he  could,  and  employed  hia  bark  in  amall  voyagaa 
about  the  bay,  to  trade  lor  fura  and  gather  apeciinsne 
of  iron  and  copper  to  be  transported  to  France.  When 
they  were  all  ready  lo  sail,  he  tarried  eleven  daya  loii> 
ger  than  tho  others,  that  he  might  carry  home  ibo  fira4 
fruits  of  his  harvest  I.ieavina  tho  buildinga  and  part 
of  tho  provision  with  Ihe  alanding  com,  aa  a  pieeent  ta 
tho  friendly  nativea,  he  finally  aailed  from  Port  Koyal, 
on  tho  Uth  of  August,  and  joined  tho  otbei  veaaele  at 
Canaeau  ;  from  which  place  he  proceeded  to  Fnnca, 
where  they  arrived  in  the  latter  end  of  September. 

Specioiena  of  Ihe  wheal,  rye  barley,  and  oau  wera 
shown  Ihe  king;  which,  with  other  productiona  ol 
the  countiy,  aninul  and  mineral,  were  ao  highly  aecoM> 
able,  that  he  renewed  and  confirmed  to  De  Monta  tba 
privilege  of  trading  forbeavera,  that  be  might  bavo  it  in 
hia  power  lo  ealabliab  a  colony.  In  conaaqaance  ol 
whicn  the  next  apring  aeveral  familiea  were  aent  lo  re- 
new the  plantation,  who  found  that  the  aavagea  had 
gathered  several  barrels  of  the  com  which  had  been  left 
standing  ;  and  had  reaerved  one  for  theit  frienda  wbooi 
they  expected  to  return. 

The  revocation  of  the  excluaive  patent  styen  to  Da 
Monta,  waa  founded  on  complainta  roade^thaau» 
tera  of  fishing  yeaaila,  tbat  tbo  bnnch  of  i 


AMrRIOAN   HISTORY. 


f 


wkitk  Uwy  wtlt  ««l|t|«l  wwU  b*  ruliwd.  Vfhrn 
ItM  |Ml*nt  WM  iMMrwt,  II  ««•  llmilMi  lo  oiw  y»u  ; 
Mid  M  lhl(  mmditioii,  thai  h*  (Iwulil  mill*  »n  »ul>- 
Iwhimiil  in  Umi  ri««r  H%  l.awniiH'*.  !)•  Monli  ihtrx' 
km  i)u1lli'il  hit  connciion  wilh  Arulia,  11111  ih*  rain- 
Miijr  of  inrri'li«niii,  with  whom  hi>  hxl  l>r«nrnnnrri<'il, 
flilMi  out  lwoihi|i»ror  ih*  |i<irlaf  TuloiiMr,  in  IMH 
111*  fur  Iniii*  «•••  nf  vary  conaiilrnbl*  viIuk,  tnil  Iha 
■ompanjr  iiivta  griol  iiroftli ;  bill  IXg  MorU  rtn(llii|| 
Ikvir  intxml*  hurt  liy  lii»  cunnriion  with  llwin,  with- 
tfrrw  from  ihr  tuMN'Uilioii 

KnulMicaurl  rraolvinit  lo  proHCiila  hia  planlalion  al 
Fan  Kaval,  iha  uniil  of  which  hail  Im>*ii  roiillrninl  in 
•im  hy  lh«  king,  aont   Biciiroiirt,  hia  aoii,  01  Krniirii, 

illHM)  for  a  aiipply  ifinan  aiiil  |in>«i«ioiia  Oiio  con- 
iiMn  •'  llw  gnat  waa,  thai  alluiiipta  alioiihl  b«  made 
toeei  «n  IM  naliyaa  to  tha  (^athohc  faith,  It  wai 
UMnkm  nwaaaary  I  >  ennada  Iho  aaiialanrr  of  aoiiia 
•crlaaiaalka.  Th»  Aral  who  onihracml  the  pro|ioaal 
war*  tha  Jeauila,  by  whoaa  laaloua  rxartioiia  a  cmitn- 
biitlnn  waa  aoon  made  for  lh«  piir|Mia«  ;  and  two  uC 
Ihvir  ordtr,  Uiaid  and  Maaa*,  ainbarknl  fur  tha  ni>w 
•laitation.  Ilwaa  not  Iuiik  hrfura  acanlravpriy  aroni' 
»ul  tif'i  th»m  and  Iha  pmiirlaiar,  who  aaid  "  il  waa  hia 

Ctt  im/<  Umih  on  aarth,  and  Ihcira  only  lo  guide 
to  heaven  "  Aflor  hia  dppartnra  for  Fra.ica,  hia 
«on  H'lneoiirt,  diadajninj;  to  Ihi  ronlrolod  hy  thiian 
•liain  l.a  had  Invited  to  rraidu  wilh  hiin,  Ihraalanrd 
tham  witn  eoqmreal  puniahmont,  in  retuni-for  thair 
^Hrilutl  anslhtmaa.  Il  bccanw  iiceeaairy  than  that 
Ihay  riwuW  aoparals.  'Ilie  Joaiiila  rvniovad  to  Monnt 
Deaart,  wh«r«  thry  plaiiled  Rardriia  and  entvrrd  on 
Um  hiiainaaa  nf  their  inlaaion,  which  thoy  cunllnuvil  till 
ICi:i  or  IHI4;  when  Hir  Hainuel  Arijai  from  VirKinm 
broke  up  the  French  aettlementa  In  Acadia.  In  the 
•ncoiiiiler  one  of  Iheae  Jraiiita  waa  killed  and  the 
o' her  waa  made  nriionnr.  Of  the  other  Fnuichinnn, 
■jm*  diaperaed  thainaclvra  In  Ihe  wuoda  and  mined 
with  Ihe  aavagea ;  acme  went  to  the  river  St.  I,aw- 
Niice  and  alrenithened  tin  aettlainenl  which  Cham- 
plain  had  niatlo  there  ;  and  othera  returned  lo  Franco. 

Two  advanlaiiea  wero  ei|irctcd  to  rraiill  from  ca- 
labliahitig  a  colony  in  the  river  St  I^wrvnce  ;  one 
waa  an  eitenaion  of  the  fur  trade,  and  another  waa  the 
hop*  of  penetaling  wealward,  IhmiiKh  the  lakea,  to  Ihe 
IVelfie  ocean,  and  6ndln||  a  nearer  communication 
wilh  China,  One  of  the  voaaola  acnl  by  the  company 
of  merchant*,  In  1608,  lo  that  rivrr  waa  cnininaiKled 
bjr  Uhamplain,  In  hia  former  voyage  ha  had  inarkeil 
IM  atrail  above  the  lale  of  Oileaiii,  aa  a  pm|ier  altiia- 
tion  br  a  Ibrt ;  becauae  the  river  waa  there  contracted 
in  iia  breadth,  and  the  nonhorii  ahoro  waa  hiuh  and 
commanding.  He  arrived  there  in  the  he)(innin!{  nf 
July,  and  immediately  boifan  to  clear  the  wo<Htj,  tu 
build  houaei,  and  pre|iare  Aolda  and  gardena.  Here  ho 
•mnl  Ihe  winter,  and  hia  company  aulfcred  miirh  by 
to*  aeurvy.  The  remedy  which  Cartior  had  uacd,  wna 
lot  10  b*  found,  or  the  aavagea  knew  nothing  of  II.  It 
b  aunpoaed  thai  Ihe  former  inhabilanta  had  been  extlr- 
pateo,  and  •  new  people  held  poaaeaaion. 

In  the  apring  of  lfl09,  Champlain,  wilh  two  other 
Frenchmen  and  a  party  of  the  nativea,  went  up  the 
river,  now  called  Sore),  and  entered  the  lakea,  which  lie 
toward  Ihe  noulh,  and  communicate  with  the  country 
of  Ihe  Iroquoia.  To  the  largeal  of  theae  lakea  Cham- 
plain  gave  hi*  own  name,  which  il  haa  ever  aince  le- 
Uined.  On  Ihe  ahore  of  another  which  he  called  Lake 
Sacrament,  now  Lake  George,  they  were  diicoverrd 
by  a  company  of  the  Iroquoia,  wilh  whom  they  had  a 
•kirmiah.  Champlain  killed  two  of  them  with  hia  mua- 
kel.  The  acalpa  of  6fty  were  taken  and  bioughl  to 
Quebec  in  triumph. 

In  Ihe  autumn,  Champlain  went  to  France,  leaving 
Capt.  Pierre  to  command ;  and  in  1610  he  relumed  to 
Quebec,  la  perfect  the  colony,  of  which  ha  may  be  »n- 
■iderod  aa  the  founder. 

Aficr  the  death  of  Henr^  IV,  he  obuinod  of  the 
Queen  Reoent,  a  oommiaaion  aa  Jeutentnt  of  New 
fkince,  with  very  extenaive  poweta.  Thia  cominiaaion 
wa*  confirmed  by  I^ewia  XIII ;  and  Champlain  waa 
continued  in  the  government  of  Canada. 

Tha  religloua  eontroveraiea,  which  prevailed  in 
IVanee,  augmented  the  number  of  coloniata.  A  set- 
llvment  waa  made  at  Troia  Kivierea,  and  a  briu  trade 
wa*  carried  on  at  Tadouaac.  In  16S6,  Quebp-  legan 
ii>  aaauroe  the  face  of  a  city,  and  the  fortrcaa  waa  re- 
built with  atone  ;  but  the  people  were  divided  in  their 
ivligioua  principlea,  and  the  Huionot  party  prevailed. 

In  thia  divided  atate,  (1629)  the  colony  waa  attacked 
ta  (n  aimament  from  England  under  the  conduct  of 
Wr  David  Kirk.  He  aailed  up  the  river  St.  Lawrence, 
Ma  (igieand  before  Quebec,  which  wa*  then  aomuera- 


My  aupplicd,  that  Ihay  had  but  aavwi  cunca*  of  hraad 
to  a  man  Ibr  a  day.  A  aijuadron  from  France,  with 
provniiin  for  their  relief,  entered  the  rivrr ;  but,  after 
Mine  rpaiaiance,  waa  taken  liy  the  Mngliih.  'I'hia 
diaapiwiiilinvnl  iiU'raaMd  tha  iliatreaa  nf  llin  colony  and 
•ihliuril  I'Uinnlain  lo  capiliilala  lie  wna  lartird  lo 
Franca  in  an  r'nuh'h  'hip ;  •"d  ihaia  fminil  the  ininili 
of  Ihe  penple  diviiled,  Willi  re||anl  lo  l!anadai  a<>ine 
thinking  It  not  worth  regaining,  aa  It  liad  coal  Ilia 
giiveinini<nl  vant  •iiina,  wilhuiit  Jiriiigitiu  any  rvliirn  ; 
ulfiera  dcrrninij  Ihe  fialieiy  anil  (\»  IraJe  lo  lie  great 
iiaiioiial  ol>|eci<,  atiN'cially  a»  Ihrv  proved  tii  I'm  a  iiiir- 
<ery  lor  aeamen  Theae  ■entiiiienK,  iniiiioiird  by  the 
aolicnalion  of  I'lianiplain.  previikdi  and  I"  ilie  treaty 
of  Hi.  (Iprinain'i,  in  \M'i.  I^anada,  Aciil  .1  and  (Ja|ie 
Ureton  were  raatorrd  to  Franre 

The  np<l  year  Champlain  reaumed  hia  govcrnmenl, 
and  the  company  of  New  France  were  reatoriid  to  llieir 
furnier  iighla  and  privilegea.  A  large  recruit  of  iiihalii- 
tanta,  wilh  a  coinpeleiit  eiipply  of  Jeaiiita,  arrived  liuin 
France ;  and  with  aonie  dilllciilty  a  iiiuaion  waa  eiiali- 
bailed  among  the  llurona  ;  and  a  aeininary  of  the  order 
waa  hegiin  at  Quebec.  In  the  iniiUt  of  tliia  pnM|ierily 
Chainplain  died.  In  the  month  ol  DcceniU'r,  16dA ;  and 
wai  auceeodcd  the  neit  year  by  Un  Montmagny. 

Champlain  la  characleriied  aa  a  man  of  good  aenae, 
atrong  |ieiii>lralion  and  iiiiriglii  viewa;  volatile,  active, 
enierpriting.  Arm  and  valiant.  He  aided  the  llurona 
In  their  ware  with  Ihe  Iroipioia,  and  peraonally  engaifed 
In  their  battlea  ;  in  one  of  which  ho  waa  wounded. 
Ilia  leal  for  the  propagation  of  the  Catholic  religion 
waa  Bo  graat  that  it  waa  a  common  aaying  with  nun, 
that  "  the  aalvation  of  one  aoul  waa  of  ia>ire  value  tlian 
the  conipieit  of  an  empire." 

FERDINANDO  aOUOES, 

JOHN  MASON. 

f  aaeiaANpe  GoaoBi— Ilia  iwraevaranca.— fill  Hefenra  hernra 
tlio  L'nrnitinn».-HiN  cum|ilaint  agilnBl  Ihu  lliilcli-lllii  ex- 
penitfl  Biiil  liiNM— Ilia  niiifdrlunp*  ati<l  (li<itl)i— JuilH  Maiun 
— la  cofiTiarted  with  Oiirfua^llla  planUtmii  at  l*i>,('«Ui|il(i~ 
Ilia  arcHt  fli|Mina0  am)  l(iai~MHaaachuni>lla  I'lilmiy  eata- 
bilahpil— Iiiili4p«iiilency  of  tlie  Culiiiiy  auaiwcteJ— Provltica 
of  Maine— lla  plan  nf  aovemmeni— I'rutuctaii  b)  Maaiactm- 


aettB— Purcliaaad 


lolai 
by  Ml 


laaaacliuaelti. 


Wi  know  nothing  concerning  Oorgee  in  tha  early 
part  of  hia  life.  The  Aral  account  we  have  of  him,  ia 
the  diacovery  which  he  made  of  a  plot  which  Ihe  Earl  of 
Kaaei  had  laid  to  overthrow  the  government  of  Queen 
Ellaabeth,  the  tragical  laaiie  of  which  is  too  well  Known 
to  bo  here  repealed.  Oorgea,  who  had  been  privy  to 
the  conipifBcy  at  firit,  communicated  hia  knowledge 
of  it  tu  Sir  Walter  Kaliiigh,  liia  intimate  friend,  but  the 
enemy  and  rival  of  EaBca. 

'I'liere  waa  not  only  an  intimacy  between  llaleigh 
and  (iurgea,  but  a  siinilanly  In  their  geniua  and  einploy- 
iiietit ;  iHith  wore  formed  for  intrigue  nnd  adventure  ; 
both  were  indefiitigiiblu  in  the  proaeciitiun  of  their  aan- 
guine  projec  1 ;  and  l>ulh  were  naval  commanders. 

During  the  war  with  Spain,  which  occupied  the  laat 
yeara  of  Queen  ?:ii<alietli,  Oorgea,  with  other  adven- 
turous apirita,  found  full  employment  In  the  navy  of 
their  miHtresa.  When  the  peace,  which  her  Bucceaaor, 
Jamna  I.  made  In  ItUM,  put  an  end  to  their  hopes  of 
honor  and  fortune  by  military  enter]iriaea.  Sir  Ferdi- 
iianilo  waa  ap|)ointed  Oovernor  of  i'lymoulh.  In  Devon- 
shire. Thia  circuinstanco,  by  which  Iho  spirit  of  ad- 
venture might  aeem  to  have  been  repreaaed,  proved 
the  occasion  of  its  breaking  out  with  frcah  ardor, 
though  in  a  pacific  and  mercantile  form,  connected 
with  the  rage  for  foreign  discoveries,  which  after  aoine 
interruption,  had  again  seiicd  the  English  nation. 

Ij)nl  Arundel,  of  Wardour,  hnd  employed  a  Captal.i 
Weymouth  in  search  of  a  northwest  passage  tu  India. 
Thia  navigator  having  miataken  hia  courae,  fell  In  with 
a  river  on  the  coaal  of  America,  which,  hy  hia  deacrip- 
tion,  must  have  been  either  Kennebec,  ur  Penobscot. 
From  thence  he  brought  lo  England,  five  of  the  natives, 
and  arrived  in  the  month  of  Ju'y,  1606,  in  the  hatlmr 
of  Plymouth,  where  liorgca  commanded,  who  im- 
mediately look  three  of  them  into  hia  family.  Their 
namea  were  Manida,  Sketwarroea  and  Taaquantum; 
they  were  all  of  one  language,  though  not  of  the  same 
tribe.  Thia  accident  proved  the  occasion,  under  God'a 
providence,  of  preparing  Iho  way  for  a  more  perfect  dis- 
covery than  had  yet  been  made  of  thia  part  of  North 
America. 

Having  gained  the  afTectiona  of  theae  savages  by 
kind  treatinent,  he  foimj  them  very  docile  and  intelli- 
gent ;  and  from  them  he  learned  by  inquiry,  many  par- 
ticular* concerning  their  country,  ita  riverr,  harbors, 
ialuula,  fiab  and  olbar  animal* ;  tha  unmber*  dirpo- 


Mtlon,  mannar*  and  (ualaiM>  of  Iha  n*li**ai  ikati 
(overomant,  •llianeea,  anemia*,  fore*  and  raalhoda  aif 
war.  The  result  of  theoa  iiu|uiriaa  served  lo  laad  • 
sanguine  h<>|ia  of  indulging  hi*  genius  and  advaiicw^ 
hia  lurtune  liy  a  more  Ihurough  diacavery  of  tha  iOMk> 
try. 

Ilia  chief  aaaociato  In  this  plan  of  diacoverv,  was 
Mir  Julin  l'u|ihaiii,  l.nrd  Chiel  Jusiire  of  ttia  King'a 
llench,  who,  by  his  acr|iiaiiitanco  with  divera  nolileiiuin, 
anil  by  llieir  intvriwt  at  conn,  obiained  Iruin  King 
Jainea  a  jiaient  fur  niuking  satilemenia  in  America 
which  wss  now  divided  inlu  two  dialricis,  and  called 
.\orth  and  •Miiiiih  Virginia.  The  latter  ut  llwae  distriul* 
waa  put  under  the  care  of  certain  nubleinen,  knighta^ 
and  genilcinen  who  were  slylvdtli*  l,undun  Ci>m|Hiny ; 
the  (urincr  under  lliu  direelion  of  olhera  in  llrislol, 
Eaeler  and  I'lyinoiiih,  who  were  called  Ilia  fyinoutti 
(.'uinpany,  bocauaa  their  invetinga  were  uaually  liald 
there. 

liy  the  joint  elTurta  of  thia  company,  of  which  Pop- 
ham  ami  (iurgea  were  twu  uf  the  moat  enteqirising 
ineinliera,  a  aliip,  commanded  by  Henry  (Jhaluiig,  wo* 
lilted  uul,  and  Bailed  in  Aiiguat,  1606,  fur  the  iliaruvary 
of  the  country  from  which  Ihe  aavagaa  had  lieen 
brought,  and  two  of  iheiii  were  put  on  board.  Thu 
orilera  given  10  ih*  master  were  to  keep  in  aa  high  • 
latitude  aa  Caiie  Itrelon  till  he  ahould  discover  iha 
main  land,  a:id  t.^en  to  range  the  roast  southward  till 
lie  ahouki  Hnd  the  place  from  which  the  nativea  had 
been  taken.  Inatrad  of  ukaerving  these  orders,  th* 
captain  falling  sick  on  tin  passage,  made  a  auulharn 
courae,  and  first  arrived  at  the  laland  of  Porto  Itico, 
where  he  tarried  aoiiie  time  fur  thu  rerovary  of  hia 
liealth ;  from  thence,  coming  nurthwiinlly,  he  full  In 
with  a  Spanish  Aoet  from  iho  Havannah,  by  whom  iha 
sliiii  was  seiied  and  carried  to  Spain. 

t'aplain  I'lyiine,  in  anulher  aliip  which  aailed  from 
Uristul,  with  orilera  te  And  l/'lialong,  and  join  with  him 
In  a  survey  of  tlio  coast,  had  better  auccesa  )  for  though 
lu)  failed  of  meeli'  ,  hia  conaurt,  yet  he  carried  home  a 
IHirticular  accuuni  of  Ihe  coaala,  rivara,  and  harbor*, 
wilh  other  inl'urinntion  relative  to  the  country,  which 
iiiaile  BO  deep  an  iiiiprussioii  on  the  minds  of  the  com* 
|iany,  aa  to  atrongihun  their  ruaolution  of  proeeculing 
their  onterpriae. 

It  waa  determined  to  acnd  over  1  large  number  el 
(Kiople  siilHcienl  to  begin  a  colony.  For  thia  purpoa* 
tieiirgo  I'ophain  was  aii|ioinied  president;  llaleigh 
(iillierl,  admiral  1  Edward  llarlon,  master  of  ordnance  i 
Ihilicn  Davia,  aorjnanl-major ;  Ella  Uual,  marahat ; 
Mr.  ,Soameii,  secretary  ;  Jamea  Daviea,  commander  of 
the  fort ;  (ioine  Carew,  aearchrr.  All  Ihoaa  ware  lo 
bo  of  the  council ;  and  besides  theae,  Ihe  colony  con* 
sisled  .^f  one  hundred  men,  who  were  styled  planters. 
They  Bailed  from  Plymouth  In  two  shins.  May  31, 1807, 
and  having  fullen  In  with  the  island  of  Monahigon,  All* 
gust  1 1 ,  landed  at  the  mouth  of  Ssgadaliock,  or  Keniiai> 
bee  river,  on  a  (icninsiila,  where  they  erected  a  ator». 
houae,  and  having  fortilied  It  as  well  aa  their  circuni* 
stancoa  would  adinit,  gave  il  the  name  of  Fort  Si. 
Ocorge. 

By  mcana  of  two  nativea  whom  they  brought  wilh 
them  to  Kiigland,  via.  Sketwarroea,  aent  by  (iorgea, 
and  Dehamiila,  by  Pophain,  they  found  a  cordial  wel- 
come among  tho  Indians,  their  aacheniB  olTeiing  to  con- 
duct and  introduce  them  lo  the  Ilashaba,  or  great  chief, 
whose  residence  waa  at  Penobacot,  and  to  whom,  it 
waa  ei|>cctcd,  tlial  all  atrangera  ahould  make  tbeir  ad- 
dress. * 

The  president,  having  received  aeveral  invitation*, 
waa  preparing  to  comply  with  their  roipieat,  and  had 
advanced  aome  leaguea  on  hia  way,  but  contrary  wind* 
and  bad  weather  obliged  him  to  return,  to  tha  great 
.'-icf  of  the  aachems,  who  wer>;  to  tiave  atleniled  him 
lOe  Uashab*  hearing  of  their  disappointment,  aent 
hia  Bon  to  visit  the  president,  and  aettie  a  trade  for 
fura. 

The  ahina  departed  for  England  in  December,  leav- 
ing bebina  them  only  45  peraona  of  tho  new  cidnny. 
The  aeaaon  waa  too  far  advanced  before  llieir  arrival 
to  begin  planting  for  that  year,  if  there  had  lieen  ground 
prepared  for  lilTage.  Tliey  had  to  Bubaiat  on  the  pro- 
visions which  they  had  brought  from  EnDland,  and  tha 
fish  and  game  which  tho  country  atrordciT  The  aeve- 
rity  of  an  American  winter  was  new  to  them ;  and 


*  Ttio  Baahalia  of  Penobirut  wns  a  pniice  snporior  in  rank 
to  tho  aaclioma  nf  the  several  tribes.  AM  tlie  aachams  west 
ward  aa  far  as  N4Unikcetr  [Saluin],  ocknowludgeil  sulijectloa 
to  him.  lie  is  frequently  mentioned  in  the  accounts  of  tha 
flrat  voyaaea  to  Now  Eiiijlaiid;  but  waa  killed  by  the  Tarra. 
tenes  in  lAlft,  before  any  elTertual  settlement  was  made  la 
tho  country.  We  have  no  account  ot  any  other  Indian  chM 
in  these  noithorn  porli  if  i  uarlca,  wbos*  aiuberlty  waa  ia 
citanaiv^ 


niOOIIAPHIES  OP  THC   CARLT   DI800VBIIBR& 


^r,  lear- 
J  ciilnnjr. 
Ir  •rhvil 
1  ffTOund 
Itne  pro- 
1  and  tha 


_  I  M  WM  obMifW  iImI  ih«  Mm*  winter  wm  •» 
MmMMily  woara  in  KniiUmi,  yd  lh«l  ciiTunMlMir* 
MnH  uiiMMwn  could  nut  •ll»«i«l«  thuii  diilraM.  Uy 
Mim  tcuidviit  ihi'ir  ■tnrrhuuM'  louk  hia,  and  waa  ron- 
wiiihhI  Willi  III*  itrralvr  )iaM  of  llitir  |iiiiviaiiina,  in  tha 
■ilddla  III  Iha  winliii ,  and  in  tlw  •|>iiii||  of  16NM,  tliay 
had  tha  ailililiuiwl  mi'liirtiina  tu  luaa  llivir  |irr>idtinl, 
('a|itaiii  l'0|ihain,  liy  ilralh  'I'lin  ihiii  wliirh  thrir 
frianda  in  Kn||land  liy  llwir  unitrd  airrimiit  «inl  oviir 
with  au|i|>lica,  arn«ril  a  li'w  daya  alter  wiih  tha  mv- 
laiKh<il>  iiawa  ol  ihr  ilmthor  tilt  John  l'u|ilMin,  wliic'i 
ha|i|iaii«d  wkilp  aliv  lay  wailing  lurawiiid  at  I'lvnunilh 
'I'ha  coinniand  af  the  coluiiy  iiuw  Jvvolvrd  on  (lillwrt. 
out  Ih*  halt  abip  hiQUifht  an  account  ul  ilia  death  uf 
lua  brolhar,  Hii  Jiihii  (iilbart,  winch  oliliKcd  hiin  lo  re- 
lum  lo  Kiigland,  la  lako  cum  ul  Ihu  riUle  lo  winch  ha 
tuccredad.  'J'haav  rrfiraU'd  iiiiilurtuiiea  and  diai|>- 
pointiiianla,  o(wfatlii||  with  tha  diagiial  winch  tli«  new 
cojoniata  had  taktn  la  tha  cllinale  and  miiI,  dalcriniiit'd 
Umiii  to  quit  Iha  |ilaco.  Accorilinuly,  havinii  rinharkcd 
Willi  thnr  |iraaidciit,  they  retnrnrd  lo  l-jiKUnd,  rarryiiitf 
with  thain,  aa  tlie  fruit  of  Iheit  lalMir,  a  •mall  vcaaer 
which  Ihay  had  built  dining  tlicii  reaiUcntv  hero,  and 
Ihua  lha  Aral  colony  which  waa  attuin|it«d  in  Naw  Kn({> 
kiid,  Iwgaii  and  vndvd  in  »n«  year. 

Til*  country  waa  now  branded  aa  Inlolrrably  cohl, 
•nd  lha  body  of  thu  adventurera  rolini|uialii'd  lh«  dn- 
tign.  Hir  rrancla  I'uphain,  iiulvod,  ciii|iluyitd  a  ahi|i 
Ibr  aonw  auccaading  yaara  in  tlwi  liihiiia  and  fur  Iradii ; 
iMil  ha,  at  length  liecime  content  with  Tiia  loaaea,  ami 
■one  of  Ihia  cmnimny  but  Sir  Kerdinando  <!iiri;ca,  had 
(h*  raaoluliun  tu  aurinount  all  diacuuraifeinenia.  'I'hoiiuh 
be  aincarely  lamented  the  luaa  of  hia  worthy  friend,  triii 
Chief  Juatice,  who  had  loaloualy  joineil  hiiii  in  thew 
hitherto  fruilU'M,  hut  eaficniive,  labora  ;  yd,  "  aa  tn 
the  coldnoaa  of  thu  chine  (liii  aaya,)  he  had  too  much 
•■|ierienco  in  thn  world  tob«  frighted  with  aiicli  a  liluat, 
M  knowing  many  great  kingdoina  and  large  territoriua 


notlheily  acaled,  and  by  many  deKrvea  colder, 
were  plentifully  inhabited,  and  divera  of  Ihein  atorcd 
witli  no  battel  commoditira  than  ihuae  |iarta  allbrd,  if 
iUie  indualry,  an  and  labor  be  uacd  " 

Such  peraavering  ardor  in  the  face  of  ao  many  dia- 
coiiragemante,  muat  b«  allowed  to  diacovrr  a  mind 
formed  lor  enterpriae,  and  fullv  porauaded  of  tho  prac- 
Liability  of  the  undertaking. 

When  lie  found  that  bo  could  not  be  aocondrd  in  hia 
•Itainpla  for  a  thorough  diico«ery  of  the  country  by 
•tiiere,  be  determined  to  carry  i'  on  by  himaelf ;  aiHl 
for  thia  purjioae  he  purchaacd  a  ahip,  and  engauod  with 
■  maater  and  crew  lo  ||o  to  tho  coa^t  of  Nev  Lnifland 
for  the  purpoH  of  tiahing  and  trallk,  tlie  rnij  muu.  ~ 
ment  which  aeafaring  jM'uple  could  have  lo  undortako 
aiicb  a  voyage.  Un  board  thia  ahip  he  put  ItniiUKn 
ViNia,  and  aevrral  othcra  uf  hia  own  aorvanta,  in 
whom  he  placed  the  fulluat  confidence,  and  whom  ho 
kirtd  at  a  great  ei|M>nae  to  stay  in  the  country  over  the 
winter,  andpurauo  the  diacoviiry  of  it.  Tkeae  iieraona 
having  left  tho  aliip'a  coin|>any  lo  follow  Ihair  usual  oc- 
cupation on  the  coaat,  travelled  into  the  land,  and  meet- 
ing with  the  aava)(ea  who  hail  licfore  rutiirnod  lo  Aino- 
rici,  by  their  laaiatance  Iwcaino  acquainled  with  auch 
perticulara  aa  (Jnrgca  wialied  to  knuw. 

Mr.  Vinea  and  hia  coin|ianiana  wore  received  by  tho 
Indiana  with  great  hoKpitality,  though  their  reiidence 
among  thorn  wai  rendered  huzardoiia,  liuth  by  a  war 
which  raged  among  llieni,  and  by  a  |H'atiloncu  which 
•ecoinpunied  or  euccecdcd  it. 

Thia  war  and  |ieiiii!ence  are  froipiently  apokon  of  hy 
die  hiatoriana  of  New  KiiKland  ua  remarkable  events 
ill  the  courao  of  Providence,  which  prejurcd  tho  way 
for  the  ealalilishmeiit  of  an  Kuru|ioun  colony.  Con- 
corning  tho  war.  we  know  nothing  more  than  thia,  that 
il  waa  Dcgun  hy  the  Tarralenca,  a  nation  who  resided 
Matward  of  Ponohacnt.  These  forinidahle  people  aur- 
priaed  the  liaahaha,  or  cliief  sachem,  at  hia  head  quar- 
lera,  anddeatroyod  him  with  all  his  family  ;  upon  which 
(It  the  other  aachenia  who  were  Bulioruiiiate  to  him, 
quarrelled  among  themaolvca  for  the  aoveroignly ;  and 
m  theM  disapiiaiona  many  of  them  aa  well  aa  of  their 
anhappy  people  periahed.  Of  what  particular  kind  tho 
paatilencu  waa,  wc  have  no  certain*  information ;  but 
it  aeema  to  havo  been  a  diaorder  peculiar  to  tho  Indiana, 
for  Mr.  Vinea  and  hia  coinpaniona,  who  were  intiinately 
conversant  with  them,  and  frequently  lodged  in  their 
wigwams,  were  not  in  the  least  degree  alfccted  by  it, 
though  it  swept  olf  the  Indians  at  auch  a  prodigioua 
late,  that  tha  living  were  not  able  to  bury  tho  dead. 


•  Mr.  tiuokin  says,  Ihat "  he  liiul  iii>r4)ursed  witli  Nuina  old 
Indiana  who  were  then  youths,  who  told  liini,  that  the  bodies 
ef  the  sick  wen  all  over  eiceeding  yellow,  (which  they  de- 
jetUied  bypointlni  to  a  yellow  garment,)  both  Uifaia  they 


and  liieir  banta  were  found  aeveral  yeara  allar  lylnf 
about  tha  tillagea  where  they  ht,d  reaiiiMt,  Tha  aitani 
of  thia  pestilence  waa  batwaeii  Penvliacot  in  tlia  east, 
and  Narrsgsnirt  In  the  wast  'I'hesa  two  triliea  «•- 
csptd,  whila  Ilia  intaruiediata  paopla  were  waatad  and 
destroyed. 

The  information  which  Vinea  ubtained  for  Hir  Fer- 
diiiando,  lliuii||h  salisfaclory  in  one  view,  produced  no 
real  advantage  |iruportionaIe  to  the  e>|it'nse  \\  hiUt 
ho  waa  delihersiing  by  what  iiieana  ho  slioiild  farlher 

IiroHi'C'ile  hia  iilsii  of  colonisation,  I'Splain  Henry  liar- 
ey,  who  had  lieaii  un  <if  the  iinfortiinala  adventurera 
lo  .Sauadahuck.  came  hiiii,  htingiiig  a  iialivo  of  llie 
IsUiiJ  l.'a|iawnck,  now  called  iMattha  s  Vineyard,  who 
liad  been  Irrscheruualy  taken  from  Ins  own  cuiiiiiry  by 
one  of  the  lishing  shqis  and  shuwn  in  l,ondon  as  a  'ighl. 
liorgeareceiviMl  this  savage,  whose  name  waa  K|itinuw, 
with  gre.it  pleasure )  and  aliuut  tha  aaine  time  itvu- 
vered  Assacuinet,  una  of  thuaa  wlw  had  been  aent  in 
the  iinfurliniate  vuyage  of  t'aplain  dialong.  'i'liesu 
two  Indians  ot  lira'  scari'rly  undiTaluod  each  other} 
hut  when  they  had  grown  lietler  acqiiamtedi  Aaaacuniet 
infurined  hia  old  master  ul  what  he  had  learned  fru>ii 
K|ieiiow  conoerninif  hia  country.  Thia  artful  fellow 
lind  invented  a  atory  of  a  nuiw  »/  gM  in  hia  iiativu 
iaiaiid,  'vh.ch  he  au|i|ioavd  would  induce  auiiie  adven- 
turer t'/  cnipluy  liiiii  aa  a  pilut,  by  which  iiiiaiia  Ihi 
hopc'l  tn  get  homo,  and  ha  waa  nut  uisappointed  in  hia 
eij.iictation. 

Clorxea  had  engaaed  tha  Garl  of  Southampton,  than 
coinnmniler  of  the  Uto  of  Wight,  to  advance  ono  hun- 
dred pounds,  and  Uaptaiii  Ilobaon  another humlred,  and 
alao  10  gn  on  tho  uiacovcry.  With  thia  aaaistance, 
llarloy  aailed  in  June,  1014,  carrying  with  him  aeveral 
land  aoldiora  and  tho  two  before  mentioned  Indiana, 
with  a  third  named  VVaiia|ie,  who  had  been  aent  to 
liorgea  bum  the  Islo  ol  Wight.  Un  Ihe  arrival  of  the 
ahip,  aha  waa  soon  piloted  to  tha  island  of  Capawoek, 
anu  to  tho  harlior  where  Epenow  waa  to  perlorin  hia 
promiao.  The  principal  inhabilanta  of  the  place,  with 
aoine  of  hia  own  kinsmen,  came  on  board,  with  whom 
he  held  a  conference,  and  cuntrived  hia  escape.  They 
departed,  promising  to  return  tho  neit  day  with  furs 
for  tralKc.  K|ienow  had  pretended  thai  if  it  were 
known  that  tie  had  discovered  the  aecrets  uf  hia  cuiin- 
try,  hia  life  wouhl  be  in  danger ;  but  the  conipany  wero 
careful  to  watch  him ;  and  to  prevent  hia  eaca|iv,  hud 
dreaoed  him  in  long  clothea,  which  could  easily  b«  laid 
hold  of,  if  there  sMuld  be  occasiun.  Hia  frienda  a|i- 
peared  the  ncit  morning  in  twenty  caiioea,  and  lying 
at  a  distance,  tho  captain  called  tluiin  to  conioon  Imani, 
■•inch  hey  declining,  Kpenow  waa  ordered  to  renew 
the  invi.'tion.  He,  mounting  the  forecaatle,  hailed 
tliem  aa  i>  ■  waa  directed,  and  at  tho  aame  iiiatant, 
though  one  h  <d  him  by  the  cout,  yot  being  atrung  and 
heavy,  he  jun.ned  into  tho  wuler.  Ilia  countrymen 
then  advanced  ti  receive  him,  and  aent  a  thower  of 
arrowa  into  the  t'lip,  which  so  disconcurteit  ■'..  .  jw, 
that  the  prisoner  co...,  '-'.,yoilccteu  u>a  eacajio.  Thiia 
the  golden  druam  vaniahed,  and  tho  ship  returned  with- 
out liavint!  pcrfonned  any  aervicea  adequate  to  tho  ex- 
pense of  her  equipment. 

The  Plymouth  Uompany  were  much  discouraged  by 
the  ill  aucceaa  of  thia  adventure ;  but  tha  spirit  ul  emu- 
lation bitwccn  them  and  the  Loi\don  Coinuany  piovcd 
very  serviceable  to  t.'-.e  cause  in  which  they  weru  jointly 
engaged.  For  theiie  having  aent  out  fui:r  ahina  undur 
the  command  of  Micliael  Coopei,  to  South  Virginia, 
January,  lOlS,  and  Captain  John  Smith,  who  had  bee.i 
employed  by  that  com|iany,  li'iving  returned  to  Kng- 
!and,  and  engaged  with  the  cnnipany  at  Plymomh, 
thoir  hojiea  revived.  Sir  KcrJiiiarido  Gorgcv,  in  con- 
cert with  Dr.  Sutliflo,  Dean  of  Eiotcr,  and  aever.l 
othera,  e<]uip|ied  two  veaacla,  one  of  two  hundred,  the 
other  of  lifty  tons,  on  board  of  which  (besides  the  coin- 
pliiiicnt  of  seamen)  were  aixtrcn  men  who  were  duatiiied 
to  begin  a  colony  in  New  England.  March,  1615,  when 
they  had  aellcd  one  hundred  and  twenty  leaguea,  the 
large  ahip  had  lost  her  maata,  and  aprung  a  leak  ;  which 
obliged  them  to  put  back  under  jury  maata  to  Ply- 
mouth. From  thanca  Smith  aailed  again,  (June  M)  in  a 
bark  of  sixty  tons,carrying  the  same  aixteer  men ;  but 
on  thia  second  voyage,  waa  taken  by  four  French  men- 
of-war,  and  carried  to  France.  The  vessel  ol  fifty  tone, 
which  had  been  aepantcd  from  him  puraued  her  voyage, 
and  returned  in  safety  ;  but  the  main  design  of  the  voy- 
age, which  waa  to  ctlect  a  settlement  was  frustrated. 

The  same  year  (October)  Sir  Kichard  Hawkins,  by 
authority  of  the  Plymouth  Company,  of  which  he  waa 

firesident  for  that  year,  visited  the  coaat  of  Naw  Eng- 
and,  to  try  what  sctvicea  ho  could  do  them  in  acarchins 
the  country,  and  ita  commoditiea  )  but  on  hia  anival. 


Andiiic  lha  nallvaa  anfafad  In  war,  kt  yaaoad  ttmm  lha 
coaat  M  Virginia,  andlhMn  thance  ralurnad  !•  Fnflaadi 
by  the  way  of  Npain,  where  ha  diapoead  •(  iIm  Ink, 
which  lie  lisd  t.iken  in  the  yoyage 

Alter  this,  slii|ia  were  sent  every  aaaaan  hy  tha  l^l^ 
■foil  and  llyiiiuulh  Cuinpaniaa  un  vnyagea  of  niaAt  | 
their  llsh  and  furs  came  to  a  good  market  in  Lurufa, 
I  but  all  the  allenipta  which  ware  made  to  culuiua*  Nastt 
Virginia,  by  auma  unforeseen  acrt'.'jiils  failed  uf  suo* 
resa.  (Jorges,  however,  had  hia  mind  alill  intariabi* 
bent  on  his  anginal  plan,  and  every  ineHlant  wbieh 
aaviiird  tu  laviir  hia  views,  waa  eageily  improvid  iiit 
Ihat  puriiose.  Ueiiig  puaacsaed  of  the  juutnala  and  lai. 
tare  uf  ina  several  vuyagets,  and  uf  all  lha  iiifonnati<Ml 
which  cuuld  be  had,  and  lieiiig  slwaya  at  hand  to  altanil 
the  meeiinga  of  the  company,  ha  contnvad  l«  haas 
alive  their  liupea,  and  waa  the  prime  iiiovai  m  all  ihM 
tranaactiuna. 

Abuut  thia  I'me,  Captain  Thomaa  Dermal,  wh*  ka4 
lieeii  einiiluyad  in  the  American  Aahery,  and  had  if 
ler"d  liilly  into  tlia  auiiie  viewa,  offered  nia  aaivicaa  to 
assist  III  prosecuting  tlie  discuvery  of  tha  couniiy.  H« 
waa  at  Newruuiidland,  and  Uurgea  prevadad  on  tha 
cuinpany  tu  send  Cajitain  Edward  HocrafI,  m  a  ahip,  l« 
New  Enuland,  with  urdcrs  tu  wait  there  till  he  ahoul^ 
lie  luineiriiy  liermer.  KiKraft,  un  hia  arrival,  mat  with 
a  Ireiich  iiiierlu|ier,  which  he  seiied,  and  then  aaihMl 
with  hia  prise  tu  South  Virginia.  In  lha  mean  liiiM 
Dernier  went  to  England,  and  hiving  cunfarrad  with 
(iurgea  and  the  cutii|iany  on  the  intemled  dtacovary, 
went  uut  in  a  ahip  which  (iurgea  himaelf  owned,  ha^K 
iiig  tu  meet  with  nocrafi,  but  waa  much  parplaia^  at 
nut  liiiding  him. 

Having  ranged  and  examined  every  part  oflhacoaal, 
and  iiiidu  many  useful  ubscrvations,  which  ha  Iraa^ 
untied  tu  (iurgea,  ho  shsped  his  course  for  Virginia,* 
wlierv  Uocralt  had  U'eii  killed  in  a  ijuarrel,  and  biabaik 
aunk.  Uernier  luiing  thua  disappointed  uf  his  eonaorl, 
and  uf  hia  exjiixlcd  aiippliea,  returned  to  tha  north- 
ward. At  thu  islaiul  uf  Ca|MWOck,  ho  met  with  t!p*> 
now,  whu  knowing  him  to  be  employed  by  tjorgeai 
iiiid  suspecting  tliat  hia  errand  was  to  bring  hini  bava  to 
Enuland,  conspired  with  hia  counttyiiien,  to  seiaa  hia 
and  hia  com|ianiana,  aoveral  of  whom  were  lulled  in  tka 
Iray,  Dernier  defended  himoelf  with  hie  aword,  and  aa> 
cuiu'd,  though  not  without  fourteen  wuiiiida,  which 
ubiiged  him  to  g</  again  lo  Virginia  where  ha  difiL 
The  luaa  uf  thia  worthy  man  waa  tlie  moat  diacotiiag' 
iiig  circumatance  which  (iorgea  had  met  with,  aa  ha 
himself  expresses  it,  "  made  him  almoet  raaolva  naaai 
to  interiiieddlu  again  in  any  of  theau  couraaa,"  Hut  ha 
had  III  fact  so  deeply  engaged  in  them,  and  hod  ae 
many  persona  engaged  with  nim.  that  ha  could  not  ia> 
treat  with  honor,  whilat  any  ho|ie  of  auccaaa  ramainad. 
Soon  after  this,  a  prospect  liegan  to  opea  ftoiu  a  quar- 
ter where  it  was  least  uipected. 

The  iMteiit  of  IIIU7,  wiiich  divided  Virginia  into  Iwc 
coloniea,  cxprcss'y  provided  that  neither  ramiMnyahoald 
begin  any  plantation  within  one  huiMlred  milaa  of  tho 
other.  Uy  thia  interdiction  the  middle  region  of  North 
America  waa  neglected,  and  a  bait  waa  laid  to  attract 
the  attention  of  foreignera. 

Tlio  adventurera  to  South  Virginia  had  piohibitad  all 
who  wero  not  free  of  their  company  from  planting  oi 
trading  within  their  limita ;  llio  northern  company  had 
made  no  audi  regulatiuna  ;  by  thia  nieana  it  iiappanad 
that  tho  South  Virgin  a  obipe  could  Aah  on  the  iiorthara 
coaat,  whilat  the  other  company  were  excluded  from  ah 
the  privilegca  in  the  aoutneni  parte.  The  South  Vir> 
giniaiw  hu  J  also  made  other  regulationa  in  the  managa- 
ineiit  of  their  busineaa,  which  the  northern  com,  any 
were  deairoua  to  imitate.  They  thought  tha  moat 
elfoctual  way  to  do  thia,  waa  to  procure  an  axduaivo 
patent.  With  thia  view,  Gorgea,  ever  active  lo  prt>- 
mote  tho  interest  which  he  had  eapouaed,  aolieitcd  ol 
the  crown  a  new  charter,  which,  by  tha  intereal  of  hia 
frienda  in  court,  waa  after  aomo  delay  obtained.  By 
thia  inatrument,  forty  noblemen,  hpighte  and  gentleman, 
were  incorporated  by  the  atyle  of  "  the  councU  eeta- 
bliahed  at  Plymouth,  in  the  county  of  Devon,  for  tho 
planting,  ruhng  and  governing  of  New  England  in 
America."  The  date  of  tlie  clunei  waa  November  A, 
IttSO.  Tlie  territory  aubject  to  thoir  jurisdiction  waa 
from  the  40th  to  the  48th  degree  of  north  latitude,  and 
from  aea  to  aea.  'lliia  charter  ia  the  foundolisu  of  all 
the  grant*  which  were  mode  of  tho  couotry  of  Naw 
England. 

Uefore  thia  diviaion  waa  made,  a  number  of  ramilioa, 
who  were  atyled  Purilant,  on  account  of  their  aeahiqg 


/ 


\J 


•  It  Is  said  that  he  was  the  first  who  passed  the  whole  as 
lent  of  Lonit  Island  Sound,  and  discovered  that  It  waa  aU 
counoctod  with  the  conthient.    Tliis  was  In  Ulv. 


AMrRtOAN  HMTORT, 


•  kMkHl««hMMlM*f  Mm  CtMNtkaf  KnfUMi,  vkM  k 
Ife^f  (MilMt  aktetn,  *ii4  wh*  k»t  nun4  i<ii«  IMhiMi 
li  MM4  UM  MftfllJP  af  Um  p«nl  Uwi  t|*inil  diMvit- 
i«ll)  aMMllsMM  «  nina««l  !•  Aiiwrio.  'I'h*  Ihiirh 
wnt  Im4  tK  raumlnf  ihvm  *•  ilwir  miIi)>ci>,  »n<l  inuli' 
Mm  larg*  allara,  if  uUy  wnulii  mkiI*  m  miii*  uI  Ihm 
•iWiMMniM  umiwm  \  but  Ibnf  cImm*  nlhrr  u>  rviui* 
Ik  In*  tiaminHHM  at  llwir  iMiiva  pfinr«,  if  llwjr  coiiki 
te**  lilMnir  nl  ronKwiic*  'I'hry  h«tl,  h)r  th«ic  *(|«iii> 
MryMMIMt  wilh  Ihv  N)iiili  Vir|(iiii4  t'oiii|Miii,  •iiil  uto- 
>«''«<i  •  |i««niMio<i  10  litna|N)rt  Uivnuiltra  la  ViiKrita, 
villMii  Uwir  limita  i  but  aa  %o  lihariy  uf  rotiacwiica, 
tkay  aouM  •bum  nu  iiHiulgancv  from  Iha  I'luwn 
hand  inai  aval,  yrl  il  waa  ilo'larvil,  Dial  ■■  itw 
mmM  caniuva  al  Iham,  provulnl  ihry  brhatrii 
rfy."  Aa  Uiw  wta  all  IIm<  latai  which  Ihu  •|iiiil 
if  dw  Uma  wauM  allow,  ihav  ilalrrminMl  lu  raat  Ihtim- 
Mhaaaa  Ika  aara  of  Uivina  I'rotiilcnea,  ami  toniiira 
I*  Aaaitta.  Afkar  aararal  dwaalara,  ihay  arrivi'il  al 
Oaf*  CM  w  Um  4M  ila^raa  of  nuilh  laiiluilr,  a  |ilarK 
I  lha  abjarl  of  ihair  inlanlion,  winch  waa 
n'a  Itvat.  'Im  Dulch  liail  Ihaii  rjia  on  ihat  ^'i 
•irp*lal  Ml  In  rarr^i  lh«in  ihithvr.  Il  waa 
iMa  m  Ika  aaaauii  whrn  llwy  brritnl ;  Ihair  iwrniiaaioii 
twa  Um  VirginM  Company  waa  of  no  ua«  h«ra  ;  anil 
W*M(  naiUwf  aulhoniy  nor  form  of  Kovcrnniaiil,  thi<y 
•an  aMiK«U  for  th«  aalia  uf  urUir,  U'lorr  th<'y  diacm- 
kaiiwd,  10  form  IhaniMlvra  into  a  Iwily  jiolitic,  by  a  writ- 
Mn  liialiwnanl.  i'hia  waa  lha  b«giiinin|{  of  lha  colony 
W  Naw  Plynoulh  \  ami  Ihia  avanl  hauwiicil  (Nov  1 1 
IM>)  ■  (aw  daya  aftar  King  Janwa  nail  ainnrd  ih« 
fMaM  for  iMor|ioraling  llw  council.  'I'liata  circum- 
•laaeaa  aarvail  lh«  inlrraal  of  liolh,  Ihouffh  ihan  wholly 
■iklMwn  lo  aacb  other.  Iht  rouiicil,  htiiig  inlorini'tl 
it  Um  aaiabtiahmaiit  of  a  colony  wilhiii  Uu'ir  liinila, 
mm  tmA  of  taking  thcin  into  thi>ir  |iruicction,  and  tli« 
telaajr  vara  aqually  daairoua  uf  racrlvjng  that  protcc- 
Ue*  aa  far  aa  to  obtain  a  grant  of  territory.  An  auriit 
•wng  daapatclied  by  lha  colony  lo  Cnitland,  8ir  K. 
Oorgaa  intaraali'i  hiinaolf  In  Iho  allair,  and  a  grant  waa 
teatmiiBgly  ma^  (lAU)  to  Jolin  I'larca,  in  tniat  fur 
Ika  cdlany.  Thia  waa  their  Hrat  paiciii ;  Ihcy  after- 
warb(im)had  anolhar  niada  to  Wilbam  Uradfurd 
tad  hia  aaaociataa. 

Ona  and  whwb  tba  council  had  in  «iaw,  waa,  to  pre- 
tant  tlM  aecaaa  of  unauthonaed  ailvetiturera  to  the  coaat 
at  Naw  England.  The  crewa  ol  thrir  aliipa,  in  tlioir 
littareanraa  wiUi  lha  nativea,  being  far  from  any  eila- 
hltalMd  maniinanl,  ware  guilty  of  great  liccnimua- 
ntaa.  Baaidea  drunkennaaa  awl  debauchery,  aoino 
fllgnM  anormiliaa  had  been  committed,  which  not  only 
imur«4  lha  rapulalion  of  Kuroiieana,  but  encouragud 
Mlivia  lo  aau  of  hoaiility.  'I'd  icinady  Iheaa  evda 
lha  council  Uwught  proper  to  appoint  an  olllcer  to  eicr- 
ciaa  govomnianl  on  the  coaal.  The  Hrat  pcraon  who 
waa  aani  in  thia  character,  waa  Captain  Krancia  Weit, 
wiMAnding  lha  Aaherinrn  too  hconliuua  and  robuat  to  \m 
CMilroUad  by  hiin,  aoun  gave  up  lliia  inrllrclual  cum- 
maud,  'lliey  rwit  ap|iomted  Captain  KolK'rt  (jorgea, 
•  aon  of  Sir  Faiduiaiido.  lie  waa  like  hia  father,  of 
an  acUva  and  antarpriaing  grniua,  and  liad  newl^  rc- 
lumad  from  lha  Venetiai.  war.  Me  uliialncd  ul  the 
••uneil  a  iMtanl  for  a  tract  of  land  on  thu  iiurihvaatorn 
■ida  of  Maaaachuactu  Bay,  conlainiiig  tliirly  niilea  in 
langlh  and  tan  in  breadth,  and  by  the  inlluence  of  hia 
fcUiar.  anl  of  hia  Itinainan  I^rd  Kdward  (iorgca,  he 
waadaapatehed  wiUi  a  oommiraion  to  bo  "  IJeuienani- 
general  and  (iovamor  of  Naw  Kngland."  They  ap- 
poinlod  br  hia  council  the  aforeaaid  Weal,  with  Cliria- 
tophar  I<avel,  and  tha  Uovermtt  of  New  Plymouth  fur 
lha  time  being,  tiorgeaeaine  to  i'lyinouth  in  1623, 
publiahed  hia  eominiaaon,  and  made  aoino  ellbrla  to 
•■aeula  il.  Ha  brought  over  with  hiin  aa  a  chaplain 
Wdliam  Marrell,  in  Epiacopal  clergyman.  Thia  waa 
lha  Aral  aaaay  for  tha  aalabliahmcut  of  a  general  go- 
VonnMM  in  Naw  England,  and  Mnrrrll  waa  lo  have 
•uprrinlandenee  in  eccleaiaalical,  aa  Gorgea  had  iq  civd 
■nain ;  but  ha  made  no  uae  of  hia  coinmiaaion  at 
Plynoulh  ;  and  only  mentioned  it  in  hia  converaalion 
•bMI  lha  tlBM  of  hia  depanura.*  I'hia  general  so- 
vanumint  wia  a  darting  objact  wiUi  dMCouncd  of  Ply- 
miHilh,  but  waa  much  dreaded  by  ihe  plantura  of  Now 
England ;  however  all  tha  attempta  which  were  made 
to  cariy  il  into  aieculion  failed  of  aucceaa.  Uoigea, 
•liar  about  a  year'a  rcaideneo  in  lha  country,  and  bold- 
bif  MM  court  at  Pl^mourh,  upon  a  Mr.  Wcaton  who 
kad  begun  a  plantation  at  Waaaaguaaet,  (Weymouth) 
where  Oorgra  hiinaelf  intended  a  aottlemcnt.  waa  ro- 

•  Tliia  Morrall  appaani  lo  have  been  a  llllK<snl  Inquirer  Inio 
■m  atata  and  circumatancei  or  tha  country,  iti  natural  |iro- 
looa  aad  advanlanaa,  lha  maniien,  cuatotni,  and  (ovem- 
*  af  Ika  aallvea :  tha  raault  of  liii  obaorvaiioni  ha  wrought 
a  >oaM|  wMCh  ba  fruited  both  in  Latin  and  EngUali 


aalM  to  Knglaiid,  lha  auMitMa  wkMh  ha  aapaalad  M 
have  raraivnl  having  Mad.  Thta  failura  waa  awing 
la  una  ul  ihuae  cruaa  acanlanM  whwh  continually  lielvD 
lha  I'oiinol  ul  i'ltmoniU  Tak,<|h  Um  vrvciion  a< 
ihia  IxMtrtl  waa  really  lunrhrial  la  iTi«  nation,  and  gate 
a  ^>ru|<«r  Uirii'lion  to  ilia  ijiiril  ul  I'uluniiing,  yet  lliey 
balk  lu  •Iriignle  wiUi  Uia  u|>|>uaiiig  lulaiaala  vl  variuua 
aorta  ul  iwrtuiia 

III*  ruiii|>aiiy  of  Moiilh  Virginia,  ami  indeed  Ilia 
mereaiitilu  inltjrval  in  gninal,  liitditig  ihi'iiiBcltia  at- 
I'luded  liuin  Hie  |>ll>il«ga  ul  lialiing  and  lralli<  .  rum- 
plainad  ul  Ihia  inaliliuiun  aa  a  iiiunU|iuly,  I  h«  cuiii- 
iiHHie  ol  (ingland  were  gruwiiig  jealuua  uf  th*  luval 
prerogalitv  ,  aid  wialnng  lu  renuain  il  \  lha  granting 
rharlvra  ul  iii>'iir|>uraiuMi  wiili  vii'luai«a  atlvanlagaa  ul 
caniinerrv  waa  dvvined  a  uaurpaliuii  uii  ih"  riglila  uf 
tha  peufila.  I 'uin|ilaiiila  ware  brat  made  to  the  king 
Ul  coMiM'il  1  but  no  dia|ioaiiiun  ap|i<'ai*d  Ihara  lu  cuiin- 
lanaiH'e  tlii'in.  It  ha|t|H-nrd  huwwiur,  Ihat  a  parliainenl 
waa  calU'd  lur  auiiiu  ullitr  purjiuai'a  (k'vbruary  IUU4} 
in  which  Mir  t^dward  t'uuk  waa  ilwiavii  apcaker  uf  Um 
Comniona.  lie  waa  well  knuwn  aa  an  advocate  fur 
Ihe  libartiea  of  the  ihio|iIv,  and  »n  enemy  to  pruiectura 
'Mm  king  waa  at  lira!  in  a  guud  liiiiiiur  Willi  liia  |wr- 
liaiiivnt,  and  advaiilaga  waa  taken  ul  a  iImiwiuI  lur  aub- 
«Hliea  to  bring  in  a  bill  againat  iiioiiU|iuliva. 

TIm  lluuae  liciiig  reaulveU  intu  a  cuinmitlea,  Nir 
Ferdiiiandu  (luruca  waa  ralli'd  tu  tha  Iwr,  where  lliu 
aiivakei  inluriiH'U  hiiii,  tlwt  Iliu  patent  granted  tu  the 
IJuuiicil  uf  riviiiouth  waa  cuinplaliiid  uf  aa  a  grievance ; 
Ihat  under  culor  ol  plunling  a  culuiiy,  Ihey  were  jiurau- 
ing  private  game ;  that  thuugh  llwy  raapected  hiiii  aa  a 
peraun  uf  wurih  and  liuiiur,  yut  thu  puhlw  inlereat  waa 
lu  be  regarded  Iwfuro  all  iieraunal  cuniiileratiuiia  )  and 
theri<luru  tliey  retjiiired  that  the  iiatuiit  be  delivered  to 
tlw  lluuie.  liorgea  aiiawered,  lliat  he  waa  but  one  ul 
Um  company,  inleriur  in  rank  and  ahililiaa  to  many 
uiliera ;  that  lie  liad  no  jHiwer  tu  deliver  it,  williuul 
Uieir  conaent,  neiUier  III  fact,  waa  ll  m  hia  ciialudy. 
Ueiiig  aakcd  where  it  waa,  lie  aaid,  II  waa  lur  aught  liu 
knew,  alill  remaiiiiiig  in  the  cruwii-ulHce,  wlieni  it  had 
been  left  fur  Uie  ainendineiit  uf  aoiiiu  eiruta.  Aa  to 
thu  general  charge  hu  anawered ;  that  he  knew  nut 
how  II  could  bo  a  public  gruiamt  j  aiiicu  it  had  lieeii 
undartakeii  for  ilia  advancemanl  of  religion,  Uie  en- 
larijeinent  uf  Uiu  boiinda  uf  Iho  nation,  Uiu  inereaae  uf 
trade,  anil  the  einpluyiiieiil  of  many  thouaanda  of  peo- 
ple ;  thai  It  could  nut  be  a  numu/.u/y  i  fur  thuiiyli  a  tew 
uiily  were  iiiterealcd  in  the  buaiiiuaa,  il  waa  becauau 
many  could  not  bo  induced  to  advenluru  where  Iheir 
loaaea  al  firal  weio  euro,  and  Uieir  gaiiia  uncertain ; 
and,  indeed,  ao  much  loaa  hud  Iweii  aualainid,  that 
moat  of  the  advuniurvra  tliuinaelvea  weru  weary  ;  that 
aa  to  the  piuAt  ariaiiig  (luiii  thu  lialiery  it  waa  nuver  in- 
tended to  be  cuiiverted  lu  private  uae,  aa  iniglit  ap|ie«r 
by  thu  uH'era  which  they  lud  iiiudu  tu  all  thu  inantiinu 
citiea  in  the  Weal  of  England  ;  that  the  grant  uf  uaclu- 
aive  privile;|ea  madu  by  tlui  cljwii,  waa  intended  to 
regulatu  aiid  aettlu  pUntaliuiia,  by  Uia  prulila  atiaing 
from  the  Irade,  and  waa  in  ullect  no  mure  than  many 
gentlemen  and  lurda  uf  niunura  in  tiiigland  unju^ed 
wiibuul  ullence.  llu  added,  that  ho  waa  glad  ul  an 
opiwrtunily  lur  audi  a  parliamentary  iiii|uiry,  and  if 
Uiey  would  take  U|iun  theiiiaelvea  Uio  buaiiiuaa  uf  eolu- 
niaatiun,  he  and  hia  aaauciatea  wuuld  be  Iheir  huinble 
aervatita  aa  lur  aa  lay  in  Iheir  |iuwcr,  wiUioiit  any  retru- 
a|i«:t  to  the  vaal  ui|>eiiau  wliii'li  they  luiU  already  in- 
curred 111  diacovering  and  taking  puaaaiiaiun  of  the 
coiinlry,  and  bringing  matlera  tu  their  Uioii  preaent 
ailuation.  Ho  alao  deaircd,  tliat  if  any  thing  furthur 
waa  to  be  iiii|iiircd  intu,  it  iniglii  lie  given  huii  in  detail 
wiUi  liberty  uf  anavvering  by  hia  cuunaol. 

A  cumiiiilice  waa  ap|iuiiited  to  eaainlne  the  patent 
and  make  objectioiia ;  which  were  delivered  to  Uorgea ; 
accompanied  with  a  declaration  from  the  ajieaker  that 
be  ought  lu  look  u|iun  Uua  aa  a  favor,  Uuigea  liuving 
acknowledged  the  lavur,  cinpluycd  counael  lo  draw  up 
anawera  tu  the  ubicctiona.  Ilia  cuunael  were  Mr. 
(aftcrwarda  Ijord)  r'lncli,  and  Mr.  Caltrup,  aftcrwarda 
Bttoniey-general  to  Ihe  court  of  Warda.  Though  in 
cauaea  vmero  the  crown  and  |iHrlianicnt  iro  cuncenied 
aa  partiea,  counael  are  uflen  ulruid  uf  wading  deejjer 
than  they  can  aafely  return ;  yet  Uorgra  wua  aaiialied 
with  the  conduct  of  liia  counael,  who  fully  anawered  the 
objcctiona,  both  in  point  of  law  and  jiiallcu ;  tlieae 
aniwon  being  road,  the  llouao  aaked  what  fiirllier  ho 
hud  to  aay,  upon  which  he  added  KOiiie  obaervatiuiia  in 
point  of  |iu!icy  la  the  following  cH'ect : 

That  tho  advonlururu  had  been  at  great  coat  and 
paina  to  enlarge  th<>  king'a  dcmiiilona  |  to  employ  many 
aeamon,  handicraftameii,  and  laborora ;  to  aetllo  a  flou- 
liahing  plantation,  and  advancu  religion  in  tlieaa  aavage 


•iwnlnaa ;  mallaia  af  lha  Mghaal  «awaana»nt»  •  Ifti 
nalMn,  and  far  eiceading  all  ina  advantage  whMkcMM 
be  aapri'lad  from  a  ainipla  ruurie  of  nahing,  wlyak 
inual  auiHi  have  iN'vn  given  over,  fur  tliat  ao  valiialila  i 
rounlry  euiild  niH  lung  ramairi  iinpuaaeaaad  either  by 
the  i'rrneh,  HiwniariU,  ur  Ihili  ii ,  au  that  if  the  plantai 
>iuna  weia  M  lie  given  up,  Ihe  llahery  mual  imvitab^ 
be  lual,  anil  ihe  liuiior,  aa  wall  aa  iiiK  ml  uf  lha  nalioai 
grvull'  aiilh'i ,  that  the  niK'-liiel  already  dune  by  th* 
|H>rMMia  who  were  fiiranwat  in  Iheir  i-oiiiplainia  waa  l.t 
liiU'ialile  1  fur  in  their  diaorderly  inlertuurae  with 
tha  aavagra,  Ihey  liail  baen  guilty  of  lha  grailaal  *■• 
ce'vaea  ul  debaniliary  and  knateiy,  otai  m  addilUM 
lo  all  lliaae  inimoralitiaa,  Ihay  liail  furiiiahed  llieiu 
with  arini  aii'l  ammuiiiliun  ,  by  which  they  were  eii*> 
liled  lu  d>  alloy  iIm  |>eaceulile  llalMrman,  and  bait 
lieeuiiia  furiiiidalila  aiiaiiiiea  lu  tlw  planlora. 

He  further  added,  Uwt  he  hail,  in  aaal  fur  lha  inlaN 
eat  uf  Ilia  luuiilry,  dreplv  engaged  hia  nwii  eataie,  ami 
aaiit  one  ul  hia  auiia  tu  ifio  Aiiierieaii  cuaal,  beaidea  en* 
euiiraging  many  ul  hia  fiienda  lu  go  ihiUwr ;  Una  ha 
hnjK'd  wuuld  lie  an  a|Hilugy  fur  bia  eariwaliMaa  in  thM 
jilia,  aa  if  he  had  thuwii  laaa  warinlli,  il  mighl  hava 
iwi  It  eiinalniMl  ii.iu  iiegligenee  anil  ingraiituOe. 

'I'lirae  ph'ai  liiiwever  eariieal  and  ratiunal,  wara  10  IM 
purjioae.  The  I'arliaiiieiil  pnaenled  to  the  king  tha 
urirvancea  uf  the  iiatiun,  and  ihn  paieiit  fur  New  tng< 
ruiiil  waa  the  Hrat  uii  the  hat.  (lurgea,  huwevrr,  had 
taken  cuie  that  the  king  iliiiuld  lie  previuualy  aci)iiaililad 
with  the  ulijectiuiia  and  anawera  ;  and  Jainra  waa  a* 
jealoua  of  the  prerogative,  that  thuugh  he  gava  k't  oai 
aeiit  to  a  declaruiury  art  aguinat  nioiiupoliea  in  genera!, 
yet  lie  would  nut  recall  the  jHiteiit.  Iluwever,  in  dafar> 
ence  to  Iho  vu.ce  uf  the  naiiuii,  the  cuiincil  Uwughl  Al 
to  aiiapund  their  upuraliuna.  Thia  pruved  for  a  wki>f> 
diai'uiirauing  lu  thu  aiiirit  uf  adventure,  and  occaaionaa 
the  riealliiig  Kuliert  (lurgea  from  Ina  guvcrnmeitl. 

Hut  ihe  rarliainenl  haviiiM  priieeeded  with  mure  fVao- 
dnin  and  liuUiieaa  in  their  auinplainta  than  auited  tha 
feeliiiga  of  Jaiiiea,  he  diaaulved  them  in  liaata,  beforn 
Ihey  cuuld  prueeed  to  meaauiea  for  remedying  tha  d<a- 
ordera  in  chifch  and  atale,  which  liad  been  the  aubiecl 
uf  coinplaiiil  1  and  aoine  of  the  inuiu  liberal  apaakera 
were  ruminittcd  lo  prison,  'i'hia  aerved  to  damp  lha 
apirit  of  reforinaliun,  and  prepared  tha  way  for  aiioUMf 
euluiiy  uf  einigrania  tu  New  England. 

Aliuut  llic  aaiiio  liiiio,  the  ^'reiich  ambaaaador  put  m 
a  claim  in  behalf  uf  hia  court  lo  theae  territoriaa,  to 
which  CJorgea  waa  aiiinnioiied  to  aiiawor  liefora  the  king 
and  council,  which  he  did  in  aa  ample  aiul  convincing  a 
manner,  tliat  the  claim  waa  for  that  time  ailenced. 
Uurgea  then,  in  ihu  name  uf  the  Council  of  Plymouthi 
complained  of  Iho  Uiilch,  aa  iiitrudcra  on  the  Engllah 
imaaeaaiona  in  America,  by  making  a  aettleiiienl  OL 
lludaon'a  river,  'i'o  thia  tho  Hutca  made  anawei,  that 
if  any  aucb  thinga  hud  been  done  it  waa  wilhuu*.  Ihail 
order,  aa  Ihcy  had  only  erectml  a  coin|iaiiy  fur  tha  Waat 
liidiea.  Tliia  aiiawer  made  the  cuimcil  reaolva  M 
proavciito  Iheir  buaincsa  and  reinuvu  their  inliudora. 

Hitherto  (jorgea  appeora  in  thu  light  of  a  lealoua,  io> 
defatigulilu  and  iinaiicceaaful  adventurer )  but  cailt^l 
Ilia  laliora,  cijienao,  nor  ill  aucceaa  wuru  yat  coioa  x  a 
eoiicluaiun. 

'i'o  entertain  a  jual  view  o'  Sir  Fcrdinamlo  Gorgaa, 
wn  iiiuat  conaider  him  lioili  ua  a  member  ol  ilia  Couiusd 
of  I'lynioiilh,  piiraiiiiig  the  general  intureat  of  American 
|ilanlutioiia  ;  and  ut  Ihu  auino  liiiio  aa  an  adventutel 
undertaking  a  aetllement  of  Ilia  own  in  a  particular  part 
uf  lliu  torrilury  which  waa  aulijuct  to  the  juriadwtuin  ol 
the  council,  jlaving  funned  an  intimacy  with  Captain 
.luhii  Maau  ,  guvernur  uf  I'orlamuuth,  in  the  county  ol 
llanta,  who  waa  also  a  ineinber  of  the  cuuncil ;  and 
having  (IO',t!<)  jiiintly  with  him  procured  frum  the  couiv 
cil  a  grant  uf  a  largo  citeiit  of  country,  which  they 
culled  l<aconia,  uitcnding  from  tho  river  Merrimack  M 
Magadahiick,  and  fruiii  inu  ocean  tu  the  iakea  and  rival 
uf  Canada,  they  indulged  saiiguino  cxpcctaliona  of  auc- 
ceaa. ^'rom  the  accuunta  given  of  the  country  by  aoina 
romantic  travellera,  they  hud  cunceivcd  a«  idaa  of  il  aa 
a  kind  of  turroalial  |iaradi«o,  not  only  enfablt  of  pm 
diicing  all  tho  necessiirica  and  conveniencca  of  tifa  but 
IIS  alreidy  richly  funiislied  by  the  bountiful  hand  of  na- 
ture. The  air  waa  auid  to  liii  pure  and  aalubrioua ;  lha 
country  picaaant  and  delightful,  full  uf  goodljr  foreau 
fair  valleys,  and  fertile  plains;  abounding  in  viiiea 
cliesnuts,  walnuts,  and  many  otiicr  sorts  of  fruit ;  Ih* 
rivers  alured  wilh  fiali  and  environed  with  goodly  mea 
dowa  full  of  timber  lieca,  in  tho  great  lake  (Lak« 
Chainpluin)  it  won  oaid  wore  four  iaiaiida,  full  of  plea 
oant  wooda  and  mcadowa,  having  great  atora  of  ataga^ 
oallow  deer,  clka,  rocbucka,  bcaven  and  othai  gamo  | 
and  thooo  ialonda  wcra  suppoacd  M  ba  comuMMioiialy 


iivar  I 

aanl 

aurad 

•fiha 

ferdii 

Ihiawi 

waa  a 

lank  I 

aampai 

buildin 

andalt 


RionnAPHiKii  or  tii»:  KAKt.v  nmrovKiirKii, 


«lbr  UbtUlHtn  •ml  tnfflr,  In  th«  niiibl  of  «  Am 
•umlinf  with  Ih*  mml  ilalirit*  Kih  'I'liM  l«k( 
«M  UMUfiU  lo  h«  )•••  lh«ii  int  inlUi  ilitUnI  Oom  III* 
■M  «Mil ;  anil  llwr*  «ru  uiiiix  •i>rnl  Mimliiiion  ih*l 
■lltMHi  •ml  |in<noii«  ilnitrN  muiiIiI  It*  tliv  riiWNril  ul  llivtr 
p«lltnt  aihI  ilili|[«nt  •llrtitinn  tii  lli«  ItuainrM  uf  iJiMO- 
im.     Huch  wfr*  llw  ch«rm<  n(  ■.•cuiiw ! 

11  h^*  Iwan  Iwbra  iihurvril  thai  (iorniw  had  aunt 
•«i>r  KichanI  Viiita,  with  «iiiia  ollirri,  on  a  iliKuvrry, 
III  |irr|Hm  Iha  way  fur  •  rnlimy  'I'hr  iilara  wlikli  Viiira 
filibaiil  ii|ian  waa  al  llir  iiiiiiiili  of  ihi  iivrr  Naio. 
Hum*  yM  aAar,  •inthar  aalllainanl  waa  in.ul«  on  Iha 
ll««i  of  Altinantirua  hy  Kraiicia  Noilon,  whom  llorgfa 
Mnl  ovM  with  a  number  of  ollirr  |Hin|ila,  havini  pro- 
•uio4  (m  UMm  a  nalani  of  I3,(MM  ai'rri  on  Iha  raal  >idc 
•f  Iho  n«*r,  iml  11.000  mora  »n  Iha  w«al  aula  \  bia  aun, 
fnrdiiMwl*  (lorn>  ■  'x'mu  nainad  aa  on*  of  Iha  granlaaa; 
Ihia  waa  llw  Im||Ii  m  of  Iha  lawn  of  York  Norlon 
«u  t  liodlananl  unal,  ami  had  raiaod  himaalf  lo  Ihal 
rank  from  ■  conn  un  aoldiar  by  hia  own  inaril.  In  ihia 
•omoany  war*  ii'irral  arlllleara,  who  wcra  amployad  in 
bviiiling  a«w-null<,  and  Ihay  wara  au|iuliad  wilh  callla 
■xd  olhar  nwaaaariaa  for  Iha  biialnraa  nl  galling  lumbar 

About  Iht  aama  lima  (irii.  I6>3)  a  aaltlrmanl  waa 
kagvn  al  Um  rivar  Piac.ila^iia  by  (/'aplain  Maaon  and 
•avaral  Mha •  marchanla,  among  whom  (lorgta  had  a 
ahara.  TIm*  prinrlpal  daaign  ol  Ihaaa  aalllamanla  waa 
lo  aalabllah  ■  |*arniananl  flahary,  lo  maka  aall,  lo  trada 
wilh  Iha  nallvaa,  and  Ic  prapara  lumlwr  for  ainorialion. 
Agrkullui*  waa  hul  a  aacondary  olijaci,  though  in 
naalf  Iha  Inio  aourca  of  all  opulanca  and  all  aubaia- 
loiwa, 

Thta*  altampla  pravad  vary  aipanalva  and  yialdad 
ro  adaqual*  ralurna.  Tha  aaaociattia  wvra  diaroiiraged, 
•nd  dropped  offona  aftai'  anolhrr,  nil  nona  bul  (ivrKua 
tnd  Maaon  rainainad.  Much  patienco  waa  nocranary, 
but  In  Ihia  caa*  il  could  Iw  groundrd  only  on  cnlhuai- 
Hro.  Il  WM  not  pnaaihta  in  tho  nalura  of  ihinga  llial 
thair  inlrraal  alioiilil  ha  ailvanrrd  by  tha  niaiinrr  in 
which  Ihry  conJuotrd  llicir  huiiiirai.  'I'hrir  ruloniala 
eaina  over  either  ai  Irnanli  or  ai  hired  aervanla.  The 
produce  of  the  plantation  could  not  pay  their  wagca, 
tnd  they  aoon  became  their  own  maitera.  Tha  charge 
•f  making  ■  aottlamcnl  in  aiich  a  wildrmraa  waa  inure 
than  tha  value  of  Ihu  laiuU  whrn  Dip  iniproviMnrnlK  wuro 
made :  overarrra  wcrv  ap|ioiiili'd,  but  Ihry  could  not 
feold  the  tenanla  uiidui  coinniaiid,  not  prevent  their 
changing  placca  on  every  diacunlenl.  The  proprietora 
Ihemaelvea  never  came  in  iwiaoii  to  auperiiileiul  their 
interetia,  tnd  no  regular  goviTiimenl  waa  oatabliahcd  to 
puniah  ufTendera  or  pretervu  order.  For  Iheao  rvaaona, 
though  Qorgea  and  Maaon  eipendcd  from  Aral  to  Itat 
■on  than  twenty  Ihouaand  poiinda  each,  yel  tliny  only 
opened  the  way  lor  olhera  In  follow,  and  Iha  money  wta 
loal  lo  them  and  their  jioileriiy. 

Whilal  their  private  inlercal  waa  ihua  ainking  in 
America,  the  reputation  of  the  council  of  which  they  wera 
•lemhera  lay  under  auch  diaadvantage  in  England  ta 
landed  lo  endanger  their  political  ciiktence.  Aa  they 
had  been  incorporated  for  the  piirpoae  not  merely  of 
granting  landa,  but  of  making  actual  planlationa  in 
America,  they  were  fond  of  encouraging  all  allempla 
from  whatever  iiuailer,  which  might  realixe  their  viawa 
tnd  eipcctaliona. 

The  ecclnaiaatical  government  al  Ihia  lime  allowed 
ro  lilierly  lo  acrupuloua  conaciencra ;  for  which  rca- 
ton,  many  who  had  hitherto  been  peaceable  incnilwra 
of  the  national  church,  and  wiahnd  to  continue  auch, 
finding  that  no  indiil);eiico  could  be  granted,  turned 
their  thoughta  towarda  America,  where  aoino  of  ihuir 
brethren  hvl  already  made  a  aettlemcnt.  'I'hey  lirat 
purchaied  of  the  Council  of  Plymouth  a  largo  territory, 
•nd  afterward  obuined  of  the  crown  a  charier,  by  which 
they  wore  conatituted  t  body  politic  within  the  realm. 
In  June,  IBUO,  they  brought  their  charier  lo  America, 
a«d  began  the  colony  of  Miuiachuirtlt.  Thia  proved 
til  eflectual  aelllement,  and  the  reaaona  which  rendered 
It  ao  were  the  xeal  and  anion  which  animated  their  ei- 
trtiona  ;  the  wealth  which  they  poaaeaacd,  and  which 
they  converted  iiilo  inateriala  for  a  new  plantation ; 
hit  principally  the  preicnee  of  tho  advonturora  Ihom- 
tthea  on  tha  apot,  where  their  fortunea  were  to  be  ei- 
pMkled  and  their  zeal  exerted.  The  dilforcnce  botween 
■  mtn'a  doing  buaineas  by  hiinae If  and  by  hia  aubatl- 
tntea,  waa  never  more  fairly  exemplified  than  in  the 
•••duct  of  the  Mtaaachuaetta  plantcra,  compared  wilh 
Ihtt  of  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorgea :  what  the  one  had 
totn  laboring  for  above  twenty  yeara  without  any  auc- 
ceaa,  waa  realiied  by  the  othera  in  two  or  three  yeara  ; 
in  fire,  they  were  ao  far  advanced  at  to  be  able  lo  acnd 
out  •  colony  from  themaelvca  to  begin  another  at  Con- 
■iclkuti  tod  in  leit  Ihin  ten,  they  founded  tn  uni- 


veraily  which  liaa  atrr  aince  produced  an  iininlarrupMd 
•iiei'tuKMi  of  Hrvirr^hle  man  In  rhurrh  and  alale, 

Tlw  great  iiuiiiher  of  (wopla  whii  rtualiad  to  lliia  new 
plaiiluliiin,  raiard  an  alarm  in  I'.iiglaiid  Aa  Ihey  had 
uiaiiilrilrd    thair    diarunlanl    wilh    Itv     arclaaiaalical 

3ovrriiiii«nl,  it  waa  Bua|icrtvd  iImI  iIivv  aiiiiad  al  i«- 
rftHitiHrr,  and  wiiuld  throw  ulfthxr  alligiaiio'  lu  Uio 
rruwn  Thia  lealuiiay  waa  m  airoiig,  that  a  royal 
■iriirr  waa  inaJa  lo  rritraiii  any  from  ruiiiiiig  hillivr 
wlio  iliiiiild  lait  Aril  take  the  ualh  uf  allryiaiica  and 
auurriiiac^,  ami  obtain  a  lueiiaa  lor  Iheir  raiiiuval. 

I'o  relula  Una  jaaloua  cavil  agaiiial  tliu  planlara  of 
New  Kngland,  we  need  only  lo  uliaerva,  thai  at  Iha 
time  when  they  began  their  aalllemenl,  and  Ibi  many 
yeara  after,  Iha  landa  which  they  uccuuied  ware  ob- 
ircia  uf  envy  lioih  to  Iha  Dutch  and  r'rancli.  Tha 
Uuteh  claimed  from  lludaon,  aa  far  aa  t'nnnacticut 
river,  where  they  had  a  reeled  a  trading  bona*.  The 
French  claimed  all  the  lamia  of  .Now  ringlandi  and 
llie  giivernor  of  I'urt  Kuyal,  when  he  wrote  to  (iuvernur 
Wiiilhroii,  directed  liia  lellera  to  him  aa  gutmrmit  u/ 
iKt  KHgluh  •<  iiualut  IN  Ariti:  Had  the  New  Kng- 
land  planlera  thrown  olf  their  aiibjeclion  to  the  crown 
of  Kiiuland  they  iniiat  have  lieeoine  t  ntey  to  one  or 
the  other  of  tl.rae  rival  powera  Uf  tliia  they  were 
well  aware,  and  if  ihey  liati  aiilerlained  any  idra  of  in- 
de|icndeiicy,  which  ihry  certainly  did  not  (,niir  did  ihtir 
tutetiiori  lill  Uriten  lo  it  by  Hnlaiit  htrMrlf)  II  would 
have  been  Iha  nioal  im|iolitic  thing  in  thii  world  to  have 
avowed  II,  in  the  preeence  of  iieighbora  with  whom 
they  did  not  wiah  to  be  connected. 

'{"hia  jaalouay,  however  groundleaa,  had  an  influence 
on  the  public  councila  of  the  nation,  aa  well  ••  on  lliu 
aenliinenta  of  individiiala,  and  contributed  lo  incraaao 
ilie  prejiidico  which  had  liren  funned  againat  all  wIm> 
were  concerned  in  the  coluniialion  of  New  England 
The  niercluinta  alill  conaidered  the  Council  of  I'ly- 
mouth,  aa  monopoliiing  a  lucrativ*  branch  of  trad*. 
Tho  .South  Virginia  Company  diarcliahod  their  eiclu- 
aive  charier,  and  iiiarud  no  paina  lu  get  it  revoked 
The  popular  party  in  the  Commona  regarded  llieiii  aa 
aupporlera  of  the  piorogalive,  and  under  Ihe  royal 
innuenct.  The  high  cliurch  party  wera  incanaed 
againat  ihem  aa  eneiniea  of  prelacy,  bccauae  Ihey  had 
favored  thu  aetllement  of  the  Puritana  within  llieir  ter- 
ritory^ 1  and  the  king  hiinaelf  auaiiected  tlul  the  colo- 
iiiea  in  New  England  had  too  much  lilierty  lo  coiiaiat 
wilh  hia  notiona  of  government.  Qorgea  waa  looked 
iigion  aa  Ihe  author  of  all  tho  iiiiachief )  and  bviiig  pub- 
licly called  U|ion,  doilureil,  " that  Ihuugh  ho  had  ear- 
neat  y  aoiiglil  the  iniereat  of  the  plantationa,  yet  he 
could  not  anawcr  for  tho  eviU  which  had  happened  by 
Ihem."  Il  wta  extremely  inortifyiiig  to  bun  lo  And 
that  after  all  hia  cxertiona  tnd  expenaea  in  the  aervice 
of  the  nation,  ho  hud  lircuiiio  a  very  uiijiopular  charac- 
ter, and  had  enrmioa  on  all  aidea. 

To  remedy  Ihca*  •lilDciiltiea,  he  projected  tho  roaig- 
nation  of  the  charter  lo  the  crown ;  and  thu  diviaion  of 
the  territory  into  twelve  lordaliipa,  to  Iw  united  under 
ono  general  governor.  Aa  the  charter  uf  .Maaaachu- 
aetla  aloud  in  the  wajr  of  thia  project,  ho,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Maaon,  petitioned  the  crown  for  a  revocation 
of  il.  Thia  brought  on  him  the  ill  will  of  Ihoae  colo- 
niata  alao,  who  from  that  time  regarded  him  and  Maaon 
aa  their  enemica.  Ueroro  the  council  aiirruiulorcd  llieir 
charter,  they  made  graiila  to  aoino  of  their  own  nicin- 
bcra,  of  twelve  diatricta,  from  Maryland  lo  St.  Croix, 
among  which  the  diatrict  from  Piacataqua  lo  Saga- 
dahocK,  extending  ono  hundred  and  twenty  miToa 
northward  into  Ihe  country,  waa  amignud  to  (iorgea. 
In  Juno,  1635,  tho  council  rcaigncd  their  charter,  and 
pctilioned  the  king  and  tho  lorda  of  Ihe  privy  council 
for  •  confirmation  of  the  ecveral  propnotary  grtnta, 
and  the  establishment  of  a  general  government.  Sir 
Ferdinando  Uorgta,  then  three  acore  yeara  of  ago,  waa 
Iho  person  nominated  to  he  the  general  governor. 
About  thia  time,  Maacn,  ono  of  tho  principal  tctora  in 
thia  affair,  waa  removed  by  death ;  and  t  ahip,  which 
waa  intended  for  tho  aervice  of  tho  new  government, 
fell  and  broke  in  launching.  A  7110  teananto  was 
iaaued  against  the  Maoaachuaetta  charter,  but  the  pro- 
ceedinga  upon  it  were  delayed,  tnd  never  completed. 
An  order  of  the  king  in  council,  waa  alao  iaaued  in 
103T,  fur  the  oatabliahincnl  of  the  general  government, 
and  Uorgea  waa  therein  appointed  governor ;  but  the 
troublea  in  Scotland  and  England,  nl  thia  time  grew 
very  aeiioua  and  put  t  check  lo  the  buaineaa.  Soon 
•Iter,  Archbiahop  Laud  and  aome  other  lorda  of  coun- 
cil, who  were  lealoua  in  Ihe  affair,  lost  their  tuthority, 
and  the  whole  project  came  to  nothing. 

Ciorges,  however,  obtained  of  tho  crown  in  1639,  t 
confiimttioB  of  hit  own  giant,  which  wtt  ityled  Iha 


I'limnf  b/  ilfaiM,  and  of  wkMh  ha  • 
I'alalin*  with  ih*  atm*  powan  and  ptifiltgea  1*  lh| 
llialio)!  of  Durham  in  the  l.'ouniy  Ptiaiina  a?  Dufkaak 
Id  tirlu*  III  Ihiae  puwera,  ha  eonatitulad  a  gavarMMal 
wiihm  hia  said  |iruvin<'«,  and  incuf|itMaied  iIm  plinl* 
lion  al  Agaiiieiiliuua  into  a  city,  by  ih*  iw.im  al  f/eaw 
gitiM,  0)  « liH'h  hia  roiiain,  Thoniaa  Uergaa,  wtt  mtyta 
who  ri-iiiUd  thai*  alioul  two  veara,  aiiiTlhen  ralulMa 
lu  England.  Tha  council  for  tha  adminiatrai'«n  « 
guveniiiiani  wera  Hir  Thoiiias  Joasalyii.  Knight,  .(Mii> 
nril  Vines,  (Niawanl.)  Fraiicialhamiiarnonn  (t  newM* 
lullorgaa.)  Henry  Juaaalyii,  Uichard  Uonilon,  WtUlMS 
Huuka,  and  Edward  (lodlrcv 

The  plan  which  he  lofinril  fur  the  gov*mm*M  af  Mm 
province  waa  Ihia :  Il  waa  to  lie  divided  Into  aiglN 
countiea,  ami  Ihra*  into  aiataen  hiimlrada,  Iha  hundreAi 
were  lo  be  auUlivnled  into  panahea  and  lythingt,  ta 
the  propli.  ahould  ineraaa*.  In  Iha  tbaenee  of  Ih*  pr»i 
prietor  a  lieutenant  waa  lo  proaid*.  A  ehanctllof  wta 
runaMiuted  for  ih*  deciaion  ofcivd  (tiiaaa  1  a  traaauiaf 
lo  receive  Ih*  revanua,  t  marahal  lor  nantging  Iha 
militia,  and  a  mirahal'a  ci-urt,  for  crimintl  mtilara  1  tn 
tilmiral,  and  adinir»ra  eouit,  for  marilimo  eaiiaaa ;  a 
maitPi  of  ordnance  and  t  aecrelary.  Th*a*  oHIcera 
were  to  be  a  ataiiiling  council.  Eight  deputie*  wer* 
lo  be  elected,  one  from  etch  county,  by  the  mhtbilanta, 
tn  ait  in  the  aanie  council ;  and  all  inallare  of  momaM 
wore  lo  lie  determined  by  the  lieutenant  with  advice  ol 
the  majority.  This  council  were  to  anpoinl  jualicea,  M 
give  licenoea  for  the  sale  of  lamia  siihjer t  lo  t  laiil  al 
lour  pence  or  sixpence  per  acre.  When  any  law  wM 
to  ba  enacted  or  rtpea'td,  or  puhlir  ntoney  l«  b« 
rtiaed,  Ihey  were  lo  call  on  tha  eounliet  to  elwl  etch 
two  depiitiea,  ■■  lo  join  with  Ih*  council  in  Ih*  |i*rform- 
anre  of  the  aervice ;"  but  nothing  ia  aaid  of  their  voting 
aa  t  seiiarate  houae.  One  lieulentnl  and  tight  jualicea 
were  allbwed  lo  each  county  i  two  head  eonalahlee  10 
every  hundred  ;  one  conalabia  tnd  four  lythmgnwn  to 
every  pariah  \  tnd  in  conformity  lo  Ih*  inatiluliont  ol 
King  Alfred,  each  tythingman  waa  lo  give  tn  teeoui,! 
of  the  demeanor  of  the  faniiliea  within  hia  lylhing  i« 
llw  conalabi*  of  the  pariah,  who  waa  to  r*nd*r  Iha  aama 
lo  the  head  eonatablua  of  Ihe  hundrad,  tnd  Ihey  10  tka 
lieulentnl  tnd  jualicea  of  tha  county ;  who  wara  M 
lake  cogniitnct  of  all  miadenieanort ;  tnd  from  tlttti 
an  appeal  might  b*  madt  to  the  proprielor'i  lieulentnl 
and  council. 

Forma  of  goremment,  tnd  pitm  of  lelllemani,  m 
much  more  easily  drawn  on  pa|iei,  than  etrriel  imo 
execution.  Few  people  cniild  be  mduced  to  bncema 
tenania  in  tho  neighlnrhoud  of  such  t  colon)  ta  Mt» 
auchuaelta,  where  al|  were  frveholden.  No  proviaio* 
w^a  made  for  public  iiiatitutiona ;  achoola  wera  nn- 
known,  ami  they  had  no  miniatera,  lill  in  pity  lo  theil 
deiilorahle  atale,  two  went  thither  from  Doe  on  on  • 
voluntary  mlsaion,  and  were  well  received  l.y  iheia 
Tlie  city  of  (iorgoana,  though  •  lofty  r.tma,  wta  in  ftei 
lint  an  inconaiderable  village ;  and  then  wera  only  • 
few  houses  in  aoinn  of  the  liest  plaeea  for  ntvisttion. 
'llie  |ieople  were  without  order  and  morale,  tnd  It  wta 
aaid  of  some  of  them,  that  "  they  had  aa  many  ihtrtt 
in  a  irinnun,  ta  Ihey  had  in  t  Aahingbott."  Onrga* 
himself  complained  of  the  prodigihty  of  hia  aarvwi'^, 
and  had  very  little  conAdence  m  hia  own  BOi,a,  ft  r 
whuse  aggraiidixeinent  ho  had  lieen  laboring  '.>  ee  ab- 
lish  a  foundation.  He  had  indeed  erected  aa»'iillt 
and  corn-milla,  and  had  received  aome  acknowledgment 
in  the  way  of  rente,  but  lamented,  that  ha  had  not 
reaped  Ihe  "  happy  aiiceeaa  uf  thoae  who  are  Iheir  own 
stewards,  and  the  disjioaera  of  their  own  alTtira." 

How  long  Oorgea  continued  in  hia  ofBce  ttOover> 
nor  of  Plymouth,  doea  not  tmiear  Irom  any  materiala 
within  my  reach.  In  1835,  lie  commanded  t  thip  ol 
war  in  t  aquadron  under  the  Duke  of  Buckingham, 
which  waa  sent  lo  Ihe  aasialanca  of  France,  under  pra- 
tence  of  being  employed  igainat  Ihe  Oenoeae.  But  t 
euspicion  having  triaon  that  they  were  destined  lo  taaiat 
Louia  againat  hia  Proloaltnt  aubjecta  at  Kochella,  oa 
soon  aa  Ihey  were  arrived  tt  Dieppe,  tnd  found  IhM 
Ihey  had  been  deceived,  Uorget  wtt  the  Aral  to  break 
hia  ordora  and  return  with  hit  thip  lo  Engltnd.  Tb* 
other*  followed  hit  extmple,  tnd  tlwirieal  for  tha  Pl^ 
teatant  religion  waa  much  t|ipltuded. 

When  the  civil  diaaenaiona  in  EDsltnd  brok*  OM 
into  t  wtr,  Oorgee  took  tha  roytl  aido  \  tnd  tbougii 
then  ftr  tdvtnced  in  yetr*,  engtaed  peraontUy  in  tha 
aervice  of  Ihe  crown.  Ha  wta  in  Prlice  Rupert'a  triay 
•t  the  eiege  of  Brittol,  in  lIMil ;  end  whan  that  cit^ 
wit  rettken  in  16M  by  the  Ptrlitment'*  furcee,  bo  wta 
plundered  tnd  impriaoned.  Hia  political  principlet 
rendered  him  obnoxiout  to  tha  ruling  powert,  tnd  wMl 
it  wta  Becnaar/  for  him  to  tpyctr  befoca  tha  < 


I  hr  for«i|(n  pUnMlliiiw,  ha  wh  H«trirl)i  fr*«n«4 
upan  *Mi  r«nMi|ii«iii|)r  ilfK-uiirtunl 

riw  iiiiw  nl  lilt  itvtiN  n  Mwrrum  i  h*  I*  (fmlifn  •( 
in  IIm  r»i<iHiU  ttf  thr  )>iiivini'«  ul  Mumw  iI«  t^r^t/  hi  Jurw, 

|lM7        I  |wll  III*  llri>n«r,  Ilia  caUIII    fl'll    lu   Ilia   I'llli'al 

•un,  Juhti  UiK^ti,  who,  «h*^ilivr  iliai'Diirit^vil  by  lii«  U 
Itii-r'a  lit  •)h'i-«M,  ur  iM*'<t)Mi  lUlnl  hy  lliti  arvirity  u[ 
Uw  llinvt.  imtk  noi'arv  ul  lliv  |ir»vim'*,  iiur  Uo  «•■  liiitl 
•tiv  tttiti/  MirtimrHbl*  i iimiTitMiic  hiin  MtMl  ul  Ui« 
rtitiiints-iiHH  I*  Mhu  tuil  I'tdii  ■)i|Mtiiitiil  t.i  gutrrii  IN* 

'    prf't   'iir  iltat  ilt<l  it  ,    .iiitl  tlir  miiitlMlli^  lhll.llii(llltl»,  III 

tdl'l    <*<ri   iil>ti^*''l  to  I  iiMilillw  tuf    llii'il  ilAii  ••*« IV 

In  IttOl  III*  y  |i«ii(uMii(J  itiii  CiiiMN'il  III  Nriit>,  tliiit  III*  V 
mii(hl  li«  ioiiauli-riil  i*  purl  uf  ilif  ruiiiiiuMiAriilili  ul 

firinUllll        'I'll*  mil  \r*l,    ll|MIII  'l|(i  ti"|ll>  al  ul   *  uii  4l 

rart  uf  tli«  mlwliiuhi*,  Uw^  iuluity  ul  M>ia«rt(-hiiatftu, 
ikati  ihrm  umUi  lluiir  |irulMUuii,  Iwiiiu  iiiiiiiuafil  hi  Iw 
williin  Iha  liiniU  of  llwii  ilutiivr ,  miiiiv  u|i)iuaiiHMi  wm 
mnt»  la  lliw  •i*|i,  but  Ihm  nMioriir  •iiliiniitml  ur  •<• 
^ui*«rni ,  tiHl  cuiiaulriiMK  lhi<  ilillU  ullira  u(  Ih*  tiiiHia, 
tIMl  Um  uiiaallliil  aUIn  ul  allaira  iw  tliiglainl,  Ihia  WM 
lb*  Iwal  niiHiliaiit  fur  tliril  Mriinly 

(In  the  clraih  u(  Juhn  (iiir||i>»,  lh«  |iniiifl«ly  il«- 
•ramlDil  lo  hia  aon,  ^'erilliiaiHlu  (iutni'a,  nl  \V«aliniii 
(Mf,  wha  i<^iiia  lu  liavg  Iwrii  •  mail  ul  iiiluriiiatiuii 
Ami  aelivilv.  Ilu  prinlail  a  drMriiiliun  of  Nvw  Kiik- 
land  in  IR^lt,  In  wlmh  li«  aiiiiviiil  a  iiarriilivii  Mrtllin 
by  hia  graiiitfallwr  ,  fruin  whuh  Una  acruiiiil  la  rliiitrty 
■iHnpili'il ;  liiit  aitulhi-r  pi4<i:a  whii'h  in  auiiia  ftlitiuna  la 
la<lunl  lu  llivan,  I'litiili'il,  "  Wuiulrr  wniliinii  I'ruti- 
dancaa,"  waa  iihluirly  aarrilirit  lu  Mir  Ki-riliMaiiilu 
Oaruaa,  IhnuKli  wrillrn  by  a  Mr.  Juhnauii,  uf  Wuburii, 
In  Niiw  L'liKlaml 

Un  iha  rraluraiinn  of  King  (Miarlxa  II  llnr|{i<a  p«- 
titioiiiMi  Iha  rruwii,  roiii|ilaiiiiii||  of  llui  MaaaHt'ttuavlta 
eolony  for  iiaiir|iinu  lh«^  Kuvuriiiiiviil  of  Maiiir,  and  i}«< 
laraiinii  tlw  buuiiiiary  iiiira  III  IIIM  I'Uiiiiiiiaaiuiii'ra 
ware  aaiil  lo  Aincnra,  mIw  Aiuling  III*  |i«u|ila  in  the 
pruviiKS  of  Maine  ilividril  in  Ihrir  o|iiiiioiia  wilh  r»|it'i'l 
(o  inallrra  of  gov«<rnin«iil,  a|ifiointrtl  jiiaticra  in  tha 
kiny'a  nania  lo  KOM'rn  lliDin  ;  ami  aliuiil  Ihi'  aaiiia  tuna 
*Jw  pro|irii'iur  nninuialril  ihirli'cn  ruinmiaaionvra,  and 
irapaml  t  aal  of  inalrui'liona,  wrhich  weru  cnlarad  on 
Am  rarordi  cl  Iha  pruvinct.  liul  liion  Iha  dti|iariiira 
•f  Ihc  royal  roininiaaiuiMira,  Uw  colony  rvauinrd  Ha  jii- 
nailiflion  otrt  ihrui.  'rhuav  Iwo  aoiircra  uf  Kovi'rii- 
manl  l'a|>l  aiiva  two  par.,«a,  aarh  of  whuin  Mcri'  alwaya 
Ivaily  lo  complain  of  Ih*  other  ami  juaiify  Uieiiwi'lvca. 

An  in>|uiry  iiilo  the  rondini  uf^  Maaaachiiapiia  lijil 
baan  i,iaiitiiied  in  Kiixlaiid,  and  tliv  culuiiy  vir\»  ordiriil 
lo  ariid  over  amenta  to  anawcr  llic  cuinitlninia  of 
flor|(ea,  and  Maaoii,  the  proprivtur  of  New  llainpaliirv 
who  bad  jointly  propoard  lo  acll  Iha'ir  iiro|wrty  tu  Iku 
crown,  to  make  a  Kuvrrniiu'iil  fur  llm  lluiiv  uf  Mun- 
■uiulh  lliia  propoaal  nul  hcinu  nrri'|ilid,  lliv  I'uliiiiy 
Ihainaclvea  tonk  llie  hint,  and  lliuii)(hl  ihr  iiiual  < iFic- 
IimI  way  of  ailcnciiiK  lliv  rnniplaint  wuuld  lie  ti>  iiiukii 
■  pui->.Aa«,  '11)0  circiinialani'ra  uf  the  iirutiiiru  of 
MitiM  were  aiiih  aa  tu  favur  llicir  vivwa.  I'lic  liiiliaiia 
kad  invaded  it ;  moat  of  Ihr  aetllemeiita  ware  dcatroyvd 
•r  daaarlml,  and  llie  whole  country  waa  in  truiililv  ;  the 
colony  had  atrordrd  them  all  Ihe  aaviat«iioe  whirli  waa 
tai  their  power,  and  Ihey  had  no  liilp  from  any  oihrr 
juaitar.  In  ine  heiuhl  of  thia  ralamily,  Juliii  I  ahir, 
Eaq  ,  waa  employed  lo  lU'Koiiale  wilh  Mr.  Ciuri;t'a  fur 
Ihe  purcliaae  of  the  whuh'  ttrritury,  winch  waa  etl'iclid 
fal  the  year  1077.     The  aiim  of  Ivehr  hunilriit  aiul  fifly 

CntU  atorliiM  waa  paid  for  il,  and  it  haa  evfr  r.mre 
n  a  part  cl  Maaaarhuaella.  It  ia  now  formed  into 
iwo  countiea  ^trk  and  Cumberland  ;  but  ilie  Ihilnri 
of  Maine,  a  <iaiabliah*d  by  the  lawa  of  Ihe  Ijiiiii'd 
8t«lea,  cv  ^rrhenda  alao  lliu  countiea  of  l.inculii, 
M'aahiniU  j,  and  Hancock ;  eilendmg  from  l'ia<:ala- 
fua  10  r  .  (Jroii ;  a  temlnry  larite  enouKh  when  fully 
pDophd    n  be  funned  into  a  dialincl  Niate.' 

HENRY   HUDSON. 

niflT  nuiHOM— He  aalla  on  a  voyaRe  of  ilhciwery— arrlvea 
atflandylliMlll— Tlie  Aral  attt<iM|it  In  aati  up  tlie  nviT  itimla 
by lum— lliaiiility  af  ilia  iiaiivi'a— lie  rrtiiMia  t<i  En«liinil— 
■a  arabi  aalla— Mutiny— lludattn'a  niiafiirtutieH, 

NoTWiTHiTANniNo  Ilia  friiitleaa  alleinpla  which  had 
Men  made  to  And  a  paaaage  to  India  by  the  north,  tlie 
itn  waa  not  given  up ;  but  it  waa  aup|ioacd,  thai  uii- 
dar  the  direction  of  aome  prudent,  reaulute  and  eipe- 
rimearf  commaniler,  the  object  might  yet  lie  attained. 
A  aoeiely  of  wealthy  and  aanguine  iidvenlurcra  in 
Enslaiid,  believed  the  practicalnliiy  of  Ihe  paaaage  ;  and 
Wiui  a  raaolution  and  liberality  almoat  uneiamplad, 
Niwd  Ihe  nwnay  lo  carry  on  Ihia  expenaivc  undertak 


•  Mow  ttata  of  MaUw 


AM  K  RIO  AN   II I H  TORT. 

leg  They  five  lh«  rammand  uf  the  eapadilion  lu 
Haaav  lli'Haua,  a  aeinion  u(  enlarged  iiewa  aiHl  liHig 
ai|i«ri*neai  In  whnaa  hmmtedtta  and  inirrpHlily  Ihey 
t-M'ihl  aialt  ly  riliilMle  ,  and  wlwMr  rtilw|iriaili||  apiril 
Maa  tifi'tilrd  by  nun*,  and  aipialled  by  lew  ul  lila  I'uii' 
Itiitjairarit  a 

V\  lirii  Ibe  aliiii  whit'll  lli*v  bail  i!»a*  i  a. I  fur  Iha  vuy. 
a^e  wiia  reaily,  lliidauii  wiih  hiairew.  ai'i'uriling  lo  tli* 
I'liahMii  uf  araiiirn  in  thai  tUv.  went  lu  I  liiih  II,  in  April 
I'l.  IH'lT,  and  liter*  |Mriiiuk  ttf  the  Lurd  «  .*iiiji|i*r  I  hi 
III)'  I  at  ul  \|4V  iw  aaileil  Iriitii  Uraveani  I  \  and  «mi  the 
'jiai  ul  .June  iliai'overed  land,  in  l-it  111  .  on  llie  raaii  rti 
luaal  ul  lirieiiland.  wlueh  lia  lalltd  lliMt  wilh  llnfir 

Ilia  deaitfit  waa  lu  eanlurn  llie  wlmle  i-uaal  ul  lliarn- 
land,  which  Iw  aii|ijNMt'd  lu  Iw  tn  lalaiid,  ami,  il  |fuaai 
lib',  lu  |Maa  ruiiiij  ii,  ur  riae  direitlv  under  Ih*  |>ulu 
Hill  having  aaihd  aa  lar  aa  IIm<  I«i  oI  Mil  ,  hi'  biutid  ilia 
aea  ubatrueled  liv  iiiijienvtraM*  h  »,  ami  waa  ubliued  lu 
return  tu  llngland,  whore  lie  arrived  un  Ilia  lAlh  of 
MeiiU'inlwr. 

Ily  Una  vovai{«  nuire  of  Iha  caalern  enaal  ol  (Iraeii- 
land  waa  eapiured  llwii  hail  ever  livfura  Iwen  known  ; 
and  Ihe  lalaiid,  alWrwaid  railed  NpMiliergen,  waa  Aral 
diai'vverad.  Il  alan  opened  the  way  to  the  Kiigllah, 
and  alter  ihein  lu  lliu  Dutch,  lu  pruat'iule  IIhi  whale 
rtahery  III  lliuae  nuriherii  aeaa 

The  nenl  year  the  aaiiie  rompanv  uf  ailvnlnrera  re. 
aailved  lo  niaka  anollier  alleiiipl,  ami  ai'iil  lliidaiiii  again 
lo  hiul  a  (laaaaga  tu  the  nurtheaal  Ha  aailvd  un  Ihe 
It'Jil  of  .\ugiial,  IIUM  The  higheal  latilud*  lu  which 
lie  advaiii'i'd  in  Ihia  voyage,  waa  7A  '  'MV .  ,\l'ler  having 
niailn  aevrral  alleinpla  lu  paaa  U'tween  MpililM'rgeii 
and  Nova  Zenihia,  which  he  luund  inipraciicable.  the 
aeaauii  waa  ao  far  aiieiil,  atul  the  wimla  au  contrary, 
thai  he  had  nut  time  lu  try  lite  alrail  uf  Waygala,  nor 
l.umlcy'a  Inlet ,  and  llierefuie  thuiight  il  hia  "duly  lu 
aava  victual,  wagva,  and  laikle,  by  a  ajieedy  reliirn." 
He  arrived  at  liraveaeiel  on  llw  SUlh  of  Aiiguai  • 

After  hia  return  from  hia  aecoml  voyage  he  went 
over  to  llulland,  and  enlered  inio  the  aervuu  of  Ihe 
Hutch  Their  K.aal  India  I'oinpany  tilled  out  a  aliip 
fur  diacovery,  and  pnl  hiin  into  Ihe  cominaiul  t  He 
aailed  from  Ainalerdani  on  the  ilAlh  of  .March,  IflOO  t 

The  higheat  latitude  which  lie  made  in  Ihia  vnyage 
waa  Al"  iV  \  where  he  found  Ihii  M'h  in  iho  neiglilior- 
howl  of  Nova  /eiiibla  au  lllled  with  ice,  and  covered 
Willi  fuga,  that  it  waa  ini|)oaaibhi  lo  paaa  llie  alriiil  uf 
Waygiiia  lo  the  eaaiward.  He  thcrel'brn  lacked  and 
aleiri'd  wealerly,  luward  lireenlaiid  I  intemling  lu  fall 
III  Willi  lluaa  fajaiid,  which  had  lieen  aei  n  by  one  of 
l''toliiahei'a  alii|ia  in  in7H;  but  when  he  came  into  Ihe 
laliliide  where  it  waa  laid  iluwn,  lie  could  nut  And  II. 

He  then  ateered  aoiilli-wealerly  :  juiaaed  the  banka 
uf  NewluiindlamI  uinung  the  Kri'iieh  aliipa  which  were 
lialiing,  willioul  a|K'ukliig  wilh  any  uf  tliein  :  and  aailid 
ailing  the  conal  uf  Americi.  In  tliia  ruiile  he  diacu- 
\ercd  C'a|ie  (.'ml  and  landed  thi'rv  ;  then  pnraiieil  hia 
I'uiirae  lo  Iho  auiilh  and  wea'  ;  making  remarka  un  llw 
'uuiidinga  and  ciirrenta,  III!  he  ^.^ine  lo  the  entrance  uf 
I  'heaapa'ake  Day.  Here  he  plied  olF  and  on  fur  aeveral 
daya,  and  llicii  turned  again  lu  Ihe  nurlhward. 

In  Ilia  rclurii  along  li.e  coaal,  un  the  iltilh  uf  Augual, 
he  diii'uveted  Ihe  great  bay,  now  called  llelawaro,  in 
llie  laiitudu  of  311°  6'.  In  thia  bay  ho  oiiniined  thf 
aoiindinga  and  ciirrenta,  and  the  apjieBranc*  of  liie  land ; 
but  did  not  go  on  ahore. 

Kroiii  thia  bay,  paaaing  along  a  low  maraliy  coaal 
•kirled  with  broken  ialanda,  on  the  tSd  SepteinlHr  he 
law  high  hilla  to  the  northward  i  which  i  aujijiuMi  were 
the  Neveraiiika  in  New  Jerncy. 

On  llie  4th  of  Heiiteinber,  he  came  In  an  anchor  in 
"0  very  giiixl  harhnr'  m  the  iatllude  40"  3U  ,  which  la 
the  buy  wilhni  Sandy  Hook.  On  the  0th,  Ihe  Iwal  waa 
aeiit  lu  aiirvey  what  apjieareil  lu  lie  llie  mouth  uf  a 
river,  iliataiit  luur  leagnea.  Thia  waa  the  alruit  called 
Ilic  Narrona,  between  l,oiig  lalaiid  and  ,Slaten  lalnnd  ; 
hero  waa  a  gouil  depth  uf  water;  and  wilhin  waa  a 


*  lu  llie  jiiunial  ot  Una  voyaife,  wrllleii  liy  fluilaon  liiniai'tr. 
la  llielcllimiiiK  teiiiark.  "Jiiiiii  I),  lat.  72-  7'.  Tlila  iiioniliia 
line  (if  uui  ruiii|ianv  liHikiiiif  iivurlioaril  aaw  a  liierinuiil,  anil 
callUlK  up  aoiiic  uf  Itie  ciilnuuiiy  lu  aee  her, one  inure  railie  ll|i, 
ami  liy  thai  lliiie  alia  waaeliiaetd  Ihe  ahlp'a  aiile,  liaikliiK  eai' 
naatly  on  Ihe  iiieii.  A  llllle  after  a  aea  i-anie  ami  uverlurned 
tier.  Prtiin  the  naval  U|iwnril  her  back  and  lireaHla  were  like 
a  wnninn,  (a*  they  aay  that  aaw  her,)  li.-rhiHly  aa  tiig  aa  one 
of  ua  ;  her  akin  very  white,  Uliil  lotift  hair  haiiiiliiir  down  Ihi' 
hind,  of  color  black.  In  her  ^iiitr  down  they  aaw  her  tall, 
wliK'li  waa  like  the.  tail  of  a  lanpulae,  and  auei'kled  tike  a 
niBi'kerel.  Their  naniea  ihnt  aaw  her  ware  'rtiuniaa  llUlaa, 
ami  Robert  Havriiir.— Pnrrliaa,  Iv.  S75. 

t  Thia  la  aald  un  Ihe  aelhorily  of  Ur.  Poater.  The  journal 
aa>B  nuthlna  of  it.    11  waa  written  by  RolHirt  Juet  hia  miita. 

t  Smiiti  III  lua  hlatory  of  New  York,  following  Uldinliun 
and  other  Hecnndhand  nutiiontioa,|ilacea  thia  voyage  In  IMIH. 
lliit  aa  the  juumala  of  UuJaon'a  four  voyagea  an  aalaal  In 
Pu-'chUi  i  lake  »U  daWa  tmat  Uwm. 


large  oniniiig,  ami  a  narrow  riv*r,  m  ih*  weal  i  llM 
ahannel  Iwiween  llergen  Neek  and  Miaian  lilani  A« 
Iha  h<MI  waa  reluming,  il  waa  ailaeked  hv  onm*  nl  Ih* 
nalivea  in  Iwo  eaiiuea  > 'ite  iii.in,  Juliii  rulnian.  waA 
killed,  he  waa  hiiriid  on  a  |hiiiii  uf  Und.  wbii  li,  ryiHn 
llial  I  III  iiiua^iiH  e,  waa  i.illiil  ruliiian  a  |niiiit  ||  li 
|i(iilhil  ly  Hiiidv  lliNik,  wiiliiii  whiih  llie  aliip  lay 

Oil  the  llih,  Ihey  aailed  iliruiigh  III*  Narmwa,  aai 
liHiiid  a  "  gmal  harliiir  aeeiire  Irum  all  wiiiila  "  'In* 
iieii  d«>,  lliey  luiiird  againai  a  .N  W  wind,  Inlo  In* 
iiiuiiili  ul  ihi'  rivi  r,  wn.rlt  iN'ura  lliidaim  a  iiaina  ,  ami 
eaiiie  lu  Hin'liiir  Iwu  leagiica  within  It  On  lliea*  tw4 
dava,  lliev  were  viailej  by  Ihe  nalivea,  who  broiighl 
eurn,  In'aiia,  uyalera  and  >>iliiirru  They  had  pi|wa  ')! 
riitiper,  III  which  Ihey  aiii</kiil ,  and  earthen  |mla,  in 
Willi  h  Ihey  dreaaeil  then  imal  llnilaun  wuuld  I  M 
aiilter  llieiii  tu  alay  un  board  by  night 

Kruin  Ih*  Itlh  to  Ih*  lUlh  Nejiianilwr,  he  oaned  uf 
Ih*  riv»r ;  which  he  fouiHl  alionl  a  mil*  wiil*  ami  of  • 
gmal  depth,  aliounding  with  Hah,  among  which  wi  r* 
"great  alure  uf  aalmima  "  Aa  h*  advanced,  tha  land 
un  lailh  anlea  waa  hi  'h,  till  II  cam*  very  iiiuiinlalmHia, 
Tliia  "  high  lami  had  .nany  taunta,  ih*  clwiin*!  waa  iMr> 
ruw,  and  there  were  many  eddy  wimla  " 

t'ruin  a  careful  enumeratiuii  uf  the  enmpnted  di»i 
laiuea,  in  each  day 'a  run,  aa  act  diiwn  in  Ihe  juiirnal,  il 
ap|ieara  that  HiHlaun  aailed  Ally  three  leaguea  To  Ihia 
dialanco,  the  river  waa  iMvigable  fur  Iha  ahip ;  lh« 
lioal  went  up  eight  or  ten  Ivaguva  farlhar  ;  but  fouml 
the  Iwlloin  irregular,  ami  llie  ileplh  nul  mure  Ihan  aeven 
feel.  Il  la  evident  Iherelure  ihat  he  |i*iielralrd  ihia 
river,  aa  far  aa  where  the  <  ily  of  Albany  nuw  alanda. 

The  farther  k*  went  up  the  river,  the  more  frieiuilv 
and  liuapitahle  Ihe  nalivea  ap|ieared  Tliey  %,*i*  hint 
akiiia  in  eaihaiige  for  knivea  ami  ullwr  Irillea  Uul  aa 
he  came  down,  IhIiiw  tlie  Nioimtaiiia,  Iha  aavagea  wer* 
Ihieviah  and  Iruubleaoine,  whuh  wcaaiuned  IreipienI 
iiiiiirrela,  in  which  eight  or  nine  of  ihein  were  killed. 
The  land  on  Ihe  eaalern  aide  of  the  river  near  Ua  mouth, 
waa  called  Mmuthal* 

On  the  4lh  of  October  lie  came  out  of  Iha  rivar, 
ami  wiihoiil  anchoring  in  the  liay,  etomi  out  lo  aaa ;  anr 
ateering  directly  lor  Kurope,  on  Ihe  7lh  November  ar- 
rived "  III  the  range  of  Ihirtiiiuulh  in  Havonahira." 
Here  ihe  journal  emia 

The  diM'overiea  made  by  lliidaon  in  Ihia  remarkable 
viiyage,  were  uf  great  niercaiilile  conaei|iieiira  lo  hi* 
eiiipluyera.  Il  hna  liern  aald,  thai  he  "  aold  lite  coun- 
try, or  rather  hia  right  lo  il,  lu  the  Hnlrh."  Thia  liow* 
ever  la  i|iicalianahle.  The  aiivcreigna  of  Fliiglaiid  and 
Kraiice  laid  eipial  claim  tu  the  ciiiiiitry,  and  it  la  a  mai- 
ler which  rei|Uirea  loms  diaciiaainn,  whether  the  Ho'- 
Isiidera  \\rn',  al  Ihat  time,  au  lar  admitted  inlo  th* 
coiumnntly  nf  iinliniia,  aa  In  derive  riglila  which  wnuM 
Ih<  ackiiuwieilgeil  by  ihe  uther  Kiirnpean  |iuwera  How- 
ever, whilal  Ihey  were  alriigghng  for  eiiateiice  aflH>n|| 
llie  luiilona,  they  were  gruwing  rich  by  llieir  niereantil* 
advenlurea  ;  and  thia  capital  Jiaiuvery,  made  al  thail 
eijienae,  waa  a  aoiirce  of  no  atnall  udvanlage  to  them. 
They  had,  lor  mine  lime  iH'lore,  caal  an  eye  on  Ihe  ftil 
irude ;  and  had  even  brilH'd  aome  frenchmen  10  adinil 
iliem  inlo  Ihe  iraHIc  at  Acadia  and  Ml.  Lawrence.  'I'h* 
diacovery  of  lliidaon'a  river  gave  ihem,  at  once,  an  en- 
Iruiice  ul  aliovo  fifty  leiigiiia  into  Ibe  heart  uf  the  Am*- 
ru'aii  cuntineiit ;  in  a  aitiialion  where  the  Ileal  fur* 
cuuld  be  pruciired  wilhoiil  any  interrilplion  from  eithei 
the  French  or  tlie  Kngliah.  Tlie  place  indeed  lay  wilhin 
Ihe  claim  uf  Imth  iheau  naliona  ;  Acadia  eilemled  from 
Ihe  latitude  nf  40"  to  4fl"  ;  and  Virginia  from  3'!"  to 
4A  ;  but  the  French  hnil  made  aeveral  fruillera  al- 
Irmpta  lo  paaa  auutliward  of  fajH'  I'ud  ;  and  had  bul 
iiiat  lie>rnti  llieir  |iiiiiit»ltuna  at  Acmliu  and  Si  l,awrenca. 
I  riie  Diiuliah  had  iiiadn  Mime  elfurta  to  eatahliah  col» 
niea  in  Virginia,  one  uf  which  wiia  atriiggling  for  exlal- 
eiue,  and  ml. era  had  failed,  lurth  in  Iho  louthern  and 
nurlhern  diviaiun.  llrMulea,  King  Jainca,  by  a  alrokc 
of  (lolicy  prrulmt  In  hinurif,  in  dividing  Virginia  lio- 
Iweeiithc  North  and  Notith  (.'omiMiiiea,  Stdinltrldckri 
each  patent  with  Ihe  nllier ;  ami  al  Ihe  aame  time  iii- 
'eritcleil  the  palenleea  frum  planting  within  one  hundred 
inilea  of  each  othac  Tliia  uncertainly,  concurring  with 
oilier  canaea,  kept  the  adveiiturera  al  auch  a  diaiance, 
that  the  intonnciliatu  country,  by  far  the  inoal  valuable, 
lay  einoaed  to  Iho  intrnaion  of  foreigner*  i  none  of 
whom  knew  better  Ihan  the  IJutch,  how  lo  avail  thein- 
lelvea  of  Ihe  ignorance  or  inattention  of  their  ncighbon 
in  ptirauit  of  gain. 

but  whether  il  can  at  thia  time  be  determined  or  not 
by  what  meana  the  Hollandera  acquired  a  titl?  lo  tli* 
country  ;  certain  il  ia,  that  they  underatood  and  pur- 
aued  tbe  advantage  which  thia  diacovery  opened  to 
tbcm.     Wilbn  four  yean,  »  foit  and  tndingbaaia* 


HinoRAPMirn  or  Tiif!  rAiit.Y  nifOovKiirii» 


'I'liK  horn- 
niilitritl  *nt 
It  II  *  iiwl* 
I  r  111"  Ho'- 
i>i|  I  mo  Ih* 
Imh  wniiM 
icn    How- 
lira  •nxinfi 
iiinrrtiitil* 
id*  •!  thMI 
)(•  to  th«ni< 
i<  oil  >ha  fill 
«n  10  ailinit 
rrncc.  'Ill* 
Hire,  in  en- 
(f  ihr  Aiiio- 
Ih'>(   fiin 
from  ritliM 
il  Iny  wilhin 
Icmlcil  fruni 
Toin  M"  W 
friiithr*  »t- 
■ml  Imil  l>ui 
|,iwrrnr«. 
;al>li»li  rnlo" 
nH  for  i'«i»t- 
oiithrrn  •nd 
l,y  a  •irokc 
'irnini*  lie- 
1  mlnloekti 
i>  tiino  HI' 
jnc  hundm) 
rurnng  with 
I  ditiitnrvi 
»t  vtlutblv, 
_ ,  none  o( 
•viil  thein- 
■i  hcigfabon 

lined  Of  tiBl 

I  ml?  to  iha 

■nd  pur 

:  openec  to 


M  tka  •fNM  «lMf«  Altwny  i*  mi«  kmll  , 
f  hn   iMi  ih«  N   W    iMini  i>f  ih>   i«UihI, 
IIm  «lir  •(  Now  Vmk  mw  mmhI*,  hy  •  rnin^iy 
«f  it<«t«lMnit  »h<i    haul    iifw'unil    ham    th»   Nttii^ 

|«M.tl    •  |MWiiI     lUf     Ml    dwIlUIV*    Irxlo    l»  HlMlMMl't 

'I'ho  IniiMi'tlm*  britttan  lliiiiMn  and  hit  Ihilih 
•m|il««>fi  an  n«(  tlalMl  in  Iha  ••roiinU  ut  )i>a  «•>« 
•yaa.  llr  ^'iMlar  •««•  Ihal  ha  nlArnd  lu  iiiKlrrlalia 
aiiulhai  votatfa  in  Ihair  arctira,  liiil  thai  Ihay  ilarlmril 
II,  iiiam  Mliirh  ho  irliirnril  lu  Knuland  ,  ami  ajiain  aif 
Irrril  ihio  Ika  lartu  a  ul  liM  i'uni|iaii|i,  who  liail  kaforv 
ain|iluv>>l  hiin, 

ilia  hwmar  allcnipla  fnt  *  nurlharn  |iaaaafa  hating 
baan  mmlo  in  «ary  high  Uniudaa,  it  waa  now  dalar- 
niinail,  10  aaah  liif  ana,  li\  '•aaing  lo  iha  wralwani  of 
Uraaniand,  and  aiamininii  ilia  inTata  n(  Iha  Aiiiaiiaan 
•'onlinanl  Cor  Ihia  |Mir|ioao  a  aliiu  waa  Allad  mil,  and 
llto  commaiid  waa  gman  to  lludaon  i  but  Mnha|i)iil|f, 
Uia  aompanjr  inaiiiinrihat  ha  ahoiiid  laka  with  hiin  aa 
an  aiaialanl,  oiia  I'lilhiirna,  a  tary  abia  and  at|ia- 
ncnrnl  aoainan  i'hair  Kraal  conAili'iira  in  l.'ulhiirna'a 
tkitl  aiciiad  iliiilxin'a  an«y  ,  and  aftar  iha  a)il|i  had 
)all«n  down  Iha  rivar,  ha  put  hiin  on  boani  a  pink, 
hoiiiid  up  lo  l«fidiin,  with  a  lallai  to  tha  uwnan,  ion- 
lainini  Ina  raaaoiw iif  hia  ronilual  i  nnd  ihrn  priM'irili'd 
on  hia  voyai|«  {A\m\  «,  1410)  'I'liia  raah  alrp 
lafalhotraw  an  aiampla  ol  diavbadiaiur,  which  waa 
■a  aataraly  ratalialad  on  hiniaalf,  u  to  fntn  tha  cauao 
•f  hia  rum. 

Ma  want  round  Iha  north  of  Hrulland,  lhmii||h  Iha 
Orknay  and  Karu  lalamla,  and  nn  iha  lllhuf  May 
luada  iho  aaalarn  pan  of  Icaland  N«iliii||  aloii||  Ha 
■uulham  ahoro,  in  aight  of  Iha  tiilcanic  moiinlain 
llacia,  ha  put  Into  a  hariMM  In  Ilia  wralarn  part  of  Iha 
iaiaiid  ;  wliara  ha  mat  wilh  a  friamlly  raraplion  from 
Ilia  inhahilaiila  ;  Inii  fuiind  Krrat  iliMaiiaiona  ainoiin 
bia  craw,  winch  h«  could  nni  apjiaaao  without  much 
dilAcully. 

Having  doiihlad  tha  aoulharn  pronutnlory  of  (Iraan- 
kiid,  ha  aiaamd  iN  W.  for  iha  Aiiirriran  eonlinani 
In  thia  paaaaifo  lio  waa  ao  rniahglid  wilh  Haaliiig  lea, 
that  ha  alinoal  danpairrd  of  ||alllng  cirar.  Ilul  at 
Irngih  with  much  labor  and  paril.  lia  forcad  hia  way 
hroll^h  Iha  atrail  and  inioihe  bay  which  haara  hia  naina. 
Tha  tarlhor  ha  advaiicpd,  tha  graatar  wara  tha  murmur* 
inga  among  hia  man  Ha  riuiiovrd  hia  mala  and  lioat- 
•wain  aiulpiil  olhara  In  their  plaiaa  'I'lua  diaci- 
pliiia  not  anlv  ramlaraai  Mm  mora  un|io|Mlar,  but  in- 
llamad  Ika  iliaplacid  olHcera  with  bitlal  luaanlinaiil 
■gainat  linn. 

'I'ha  wl'iola  aiimmar  having  ba«n  apant  In  aiamining 
Iha  aaalarn  arid  aoulharn  aiiremitica  of  Ilia  drap  and 
•ilanaiva  hay  which  ha  had  diaiovrrad  i  in  Octolwr  it 
waa  too  lata  lo  ralum  ;  tha  diacovery  waa  yat  incum- 
iilcta,  ami  ha  waa  loth  lu  leave  it.  Ha  had  taken  but 
half  a  ycar'a  pruviaiun  friiin  Kngland  II  waa  there- 
fore nt'caaiary  lo  hualiand  wlial  waa  kU,  and  procure 
mote  by  hunting  )  which  waa  duno  in  great  iilenly,  by 
raaaon  of  Iho  numeroua  llighia  of  fowl  whicn  aurcaad- 
■4  OMh  other  ihroiigh  the  wintai. 

In  Novamhai  the  ahip  waa  froien  up.  8oon  alter 
tha  gunnel  died,  ami  a  ronlroveray  look  place  about 
dividing  hia  clolhea.  Iliiilnon  waa  partial  to  Henry 
Green,  a  yaung  man  of  a  iloltauched  character,  whom 
he  had  taKcn  on  ImmhI  ;  and  whoae  name  waa  not  en 
the  aliijia  iHMika.  'I'liia  young  man  iin|iiinvruii»ly  took 
|iart  witli  the  diacnnlcntcd,  and  loat  Hudioira  favor. 

They  had  to  atruggle  with  a  aevere  winter,  and  bad 
aecomniodaliona,  which  produced  acorhiitic  and  rheu- 
matic complainla.  Thrae  were  relieved  by  •  dccoc- 
linn  of  Iho  buda  nfa  tree  lillrd  with  a  balaamic  juice  i 
the  li(|iior  waa  drank,  and  the  buda  applied  to  the 
■welled  jointa.  Thia  ia  auppoaed  to  have  been.tlie 
I'mutuM  BaUtmifera. 

When  the  •pring  came  on,  the  binia  diaappearrd, 
and  their  proviaiwia  frll  abort.  To  atill  the  clamor 
•inong  the  diacuntentcd,  Hudaon  injudicioualy  divided 
Iha  remaining  atorea,  into  equal  aharea,  and  g^ve  each 
nun  hia  portion  ;  which  aoino  devoured  at  once  and 
Miier^  preaerved. 

Tha  ahip  being  afloat,  he  began  to  aail  tow*rd  the 
N.  W.  to  puraue  the  object  of  hia  voyage  ;  when, 
(Jiiie  SI,  1611)  a  conapiracy  which  h^d  been  eomc- 
tea  in  fermentation,  broke  out  into  open  mutiny. 
Tlia  diaplacod  mate  and  boalawain,  accompanied  by 
Iha  iiiiamoua  (ircen  and  otiiera  roae  and  look  com- 
atnd  of  the  ahip.  llie^  put  Hudaon,  hia  aon,  the  car 
penter,  the  inalhematician  ,  and  five  othera,  moat  of 
whom  were  aick  and  lame,  into  the  ahallop ;  with  a 
anall  quantity  of  meal,  one  gun  and  ammunition,  two 
01  llw  lyaara  and  an  iron  pot ;  and  then  wiUi  Iho 


■NMl  aavaita  itilmmaniiv  luriiril  iKuin  adriO      Thia  M^ 
■lia   U>i   airuiiiil  nl   Ili-Uaun      Whaihar  ha,  wilh  hie 
iinha|t|iy  >ain|iaiiiatia,  pi .   >liad  by  Iha  aaa,  by  famine,  w 
by  Iha  MVlgaa,  la  Ultlilit    *n. 

'Iha  I  tfiia|  i'liiiara  piii  ii.a'  atiip  almil  •«  tha  aaatwafd ' 
•  ml  liaalail  In     it  imiI  ul   ihc  hoy       Srtt  I  ape  Uiggaa,  | 
llM'r   mi'l  wi'      Ml  VIM  I  ,1  iM<«  III  Iha  aavagra,  liy  MluHrt 
llw'v  wvrii  all  1.  ktil       I  h"  |i>  ihiluiiia  lirvcn  waa  hilli'il. ! 
anil  lhri>«  oihara  wmimUil,  uf  wIuhii  iiau  iliad  in  a  bvv 
daya       Ilia   miaaiabki   riiiiiiani    |iiiraiiai|  ilinr  luuraa 
hiiiiirward,  and  auffoietl  iiiii*  b  iiy  laniiMa ,  but  at  Ifiigih 
arrivad  in  Iralaiid,  aiul  Irui'i  tbrtii'K  ^il  l«i  KiitfUiid 

Thia  a<'cijiiri4  uf  iha  liiiln^Hmaia  ami  ul   Mtidauii  and  | 
Iha  return  of  iIm  khip,  la  laKiii  liuin  a  narraliva  wriiiaii 
by  Abaciia  I'riekal,  whim  Iha  mulinaara  pfaaaivad,  Ul 
hu|ia  thai  by  hia  cuniiaiion  wilh  Hir  Ibnlby  Ihggaa, 
one  uf  Ilia  ownara,  llit  v  aboiil^  obtain  lliair  (lardun. 

'Iho  mnal  aaliiniahiiig  riiviiiiialania  in  Ihia  horrid 
art  nf  crually,  la  Iha  ualh  by  whieh  the  aonapiialofa 
Iwiind  Ihainaalvaa  lu  aaaaiiia  lliair  plot ,  iha  hirm  of 
It  la  iirfaarvad  by  IVirkal,  and  la  in  llieae  wiifda. 

"  V ou  ahall  awaar  iruih.  lulinn,  your  |i«inca  ami 
coiiniry  ;  yuii  aliall  do  nuiliing  hut  lu  Iha  glMry  ul  Uou  , 
and  iKa  giHMl  uf  Iha  aclion  in  hand,  am)  harm  to  nu 
man  "  II  w  lo  lie  liufiad,  that  Iha  ahaurdiiy,  hypoariay, 
and  blaa|iliriny  of  thia  Iranaaclion  will  aver  bo  unpar- 
rallallvd  m  the  lualory  of  human  depravity  t 


iNTHuuutrrioN. 

Tiia  beginning  of  Iha  colony  of  Virginia  haa  bean 
rrlaliid  in  Ina  Ilia  of  Captain  John  Niiuih ;  to  whoaa 
inganiiliy,  prwlancc,  paiianca,  activity,  iitdualry  and 
raaolutiiin,  Ha  aubaiataiua  during  Iha  Aral  thrae  yaara  la 
prini'i|ially  lo  be  aavrilwd  II  wuuld  have  liren  viilinr 
di'arrlt'd  by  llie  pao|ila,  ur  dealruyril  by  Iba  iialivra, 
had  ha  not  anrouragrd  Ilia  furmar  by  liia  unraniiilad 
aiarliona,  and  alruck  an  awa  into  the  latter  by  hia  nu- 
lllarv  addreaa  and  intrauidily. 

'I'ha  viawa  of  the  adtenlurara  in  England  ware  in- 
lent  un  preaent  gain  ;  and  their  atrict  orilrr^  wara  lo 
preaervo  |iaace  with  Ilia  nativca  Neither  of  tlieae 
could  lie  raaliied.  Cultivation  la  Ihe  llrat  otijaci  in  all 
new  planlaliona )  thia  re<|uirea  time  and  indualry  ;  ami 
till  Ihe  wania  of  the  paupla  could  lie  aiiiiplird  by  lliair 
Oivn  IttlKir,  It  waa  neceaaary  In  liava  aoiiie  di'peihleiii'e 
on  the  nativea  for  auch  proviaiuna  aa  Ihey  cuiild  apare 
from  their  own  conaumpliun  :  and  whan  Iha  aii|i|ily 
could  not  be  oblaineil  by  fair  bargain,  it  waa  Ihouglil 
neciaaary  lo  tiac  atratagem  ur  funa  Tliuau  who  were 
on  the  a|iol  were  tlie  beat  jtidgea  uf  Itie  tune  and  occa- 
aion  uf  uaing  lliuae  meana ;  but  ihey  ware  not  (irrmilled 
to  judge  fur  theniMlvea.  'I'ho  company  of  advanturera 
undertook  lu  prearrilie  rulea,  lo  inaial  on  a  ngoruua  va- 
aciiliuii  of  llii'in,  and  lo  luriii  variuua  projecta  which 
could  never  lie  c:irriud  inlu  i-lfect.  In  aliurt,  they  ei- 
pecled  inure  from  their  culuny  than  II  waa  poaailile  fur 
II  lo  pnyluce  in  ao  abort  a  lima,  with  audi  people  aa 
Ihey  aent  to  reaida  tliere,  and  in  tha  f^ca  of  ao  many 
dangera  and  dilUcultiaa,  which  wara  continually  pre- 
aenled  lo  them. 

After  the  arrival  of  raptain  Nawinrl  in  England 
fruni  Ilia  third  voyage,  the  Company  of  Houth  Virginia, 
diaappointed  and  vexed  at  the  ainall  retuina  whicii  Ihe 
ahipa  brought  home,  delarinmud  on  a  change  of  ayatem, 
tliry  auliciii'il  and  obtained  of  the  cruwii  a  new  charter 
(,May  i'i,  lOUtt),  and  took  into   the  tompany  a  much 

Srtaler  number  of  adventurera  than  before.  Not  leaa 
iBii  ai«  bundled  and  Afty-aeven  naniea  of  |ierauna  are 
inaerted  in  the  charier,  many  of  wluiin  wi  re  nublemon, 
ami  gentluineii  of  fortune,  and  inurctuiila ;  beaidea 
Atty-aii  incorporated  coinpaniea  of  mechaiiica  in  the 
ciiy  of  I^iidon ;  and  room  waa  leit  for  Ihe  adniiaaion 
of  more.  The  government  at  borne  waa  vealed  in  a 
council  of  fifty-two  peraona,  named  in  the  charter ;  at 
the  head  of  which  waa  8ir  Tliuniaa  •Siiiith,  the  furmei 
treaaiiror ;  and  all  vacanciea  which  iniglil  liap|ieii  m  the 
council,  were  lo  bo  tilled  'uy  the  vole  of  a  majority  of 
Iha  coinmny  legally  aaaemble.  'I'hia  council  in  Lng- 
land  had  the  jiowei  of  apjiointing  govrrnora  and  other 
otticcra  lo  rcaide  in  Virginia,  and  uf  making  lawa  and 
giving  inalrucliona  fur  the  governinenl  uf  the  culuny. 
In  conaequence  of  thia  power,  Ihe  treaaurer  and  coun- 
cil conatiluled  the  following  olltcora : 

Sir  Thoniaa  Weal,  Lord  Delaware,  Captain-general; 
Sir  lliomaa  Galea,  l.ieutcnanl-general ;  Mir  George 
Somen,  Admiral ;  Cupluin  Chriatopher  Newport, 
Vicr-Adiniral ;  Sir  Tliomaa  Dale,  High  Marahall ;  and 
Sir  Ferdinando  Wainman,  General  of  Horae. 

Several  other  gentlemen,  whoao  nainea  are  not  men- 
tioDod,  \wia  tppuiiitcd  lo  othut  oUicai,  tU  of  which 


ware  la  to  haMan  Aiftaf  f)/k  IHto  May  aae*  a 
alranga  way  el  a(>|aHniing  nint*  a  In  a  new  titkimf,  a^ 
pariaRv  wlirn  Iha  i  harmr  gao  Iba  rnniiiiil  i  iiai  r  >»  !•• 
vakr  ami  iliaelMr  (a  Iliriii  Hut  II  la  |irah«bla  iKa'  hee4 
gaiilkiiian  bad  liiaiida  ifl  Ilia  rmnpaiiv  aha  oliaia  pa^ 
auna  af  wialib  aial  inrtiaiira,  ami  •he  'IwukIiI  ll«a 
oltlaaa  mil  wuriby  »'  'hair  arri'^ilam'a,  i>i.»  •  llaj 
tmtU  huki  ibam  lung  amntgh  lu  iiiaka  Ihair  biriitnee 
lU  aaamtila  ul  I'ulunihua  ininbi  bate  aarvad  aa  a  pMa 
niani,  who  had  Iha  ulh<  a  nl  adnHral  nf  Itw  Waal  It- 
•l»a,  not  only  tat  bfe,  bul  aa  an  inhaiiiaiiaa  la  kia  p«* 
larily, 


mH   TIIOMAH  HMITII. 


■laTnaaaaaaiTN    Haiaralumniaiail  .  Ifarraa  nf  rhai 

ill  Ilia  lavM,      Mw  ta-lalM  hi*  iia,  a  iH  Tiaaaurar  ill  Iha 
alma  I  •11(1^11  f      l'««ii  lltiiiiaaiiil  «i  i,**  nl    I,«imI  aiamail 
niie  III   Viraliiia    an   Kilwin  aamlta,  Tiaaaurar  u(  Ilia  V{ 
llMia  I'liHijMinr    l.ii*i»iiaa    auai>>i**a  uMariiail  by  Itiam 


a"7S 

.  ".lia 

ilie  III  Viraliiia  an  Kilwin  aamlta,  Tiaaaurar  u(  Ilia  VJV 
alma  I'liHiMinr  l.ii*i»iiaa  auai>>i**a  uMariiail  by  Itiam  91 
viriinia  -Taitatfleuanaaa  ul  Rliig  Jamaa. 

Al.t  whM'h  la  bmiwn  wilh  errlainlv  of  thia  faalleiMMI 
w,  thai  ha  waa  a  Imitlon  man  liaiil.  ol  graal  wealth  n»4 
inAiianra,  llutrriiur  of  Iha  Ileal  Imlia  and  Miiaru<y 
I 'ain|ianiaa,  ami  uf  Iha  roinpeny  aaamialvd  bif  ih*  die- 
rovrry  of  a  iiurlhwaal  paaaaga  ;  tlial  lie  had  Itavn  aeni 
(IMM)  ambaaaadof  from  King  Janata  to  iha  lliniirful 
uf  Kuaaia  ,  mat  he  waa  one  uf  lh«  aaaii^nrra  ul  Nil 
Waller  Haleigh'a  palani,  ami  Ihiia  lieaaina  inlrrraiad  in 
Ihe  colony  of  Virgmw.  Ha  had  bean  iraaaurar  of  tto 
company  under  their  Aral  rharlar,  and  praaitlml  in  alt 
the  maeliiiga  uf  Iba  ruiimil  and  uf  the  coni|iany  in  El^ 
glami ;  Ihii  ha  nevi'r  raina  lu  ,\ini'rtca 

it  la  iinfunuiiala  fur  Ilia  memory  of  Nii  'itiomaa 
flinith,  that  both  tha  ram|Mny  and  loluny  of  Hunth 
Virginia  ware  diatraeted  by  a  malevolent  |iarlv  apiril  ( 
and  that  he  waa  aipially  an  objei-t  of  rvproai  fi  on  Ilia 
one  hand  and  nf  |tanegvrir  ini  iba  ulbar.  'i'u  decide  un 
the  inarit  or  diMiieril  ul  hia  I'barartar,  at  tbia  diaianeo 
of  time,  would  perhafia  require  more  avidenea  than  can 
be  prodiKfd  ;  bul  candi/r  la  due  to  Ilia  dead  aa  wall  aa 
lo  ine  living, 

lie  waa  a  warm  friend  of  Captain  John  Hmilh,  wh<i| 
in  Ilia  account  of  Virginia,  ipeaka  of  him  wilh  raapeel, 
■a  a  diligent  and  caranil  ovarieer,  ea)iti  ully  in  aendina 
aup|iliea  to  tha  culony  during  hia  reaidenea  tbare  ;  ana 
airier  hia  raliirn  Ic  Knglaiid,  he  de|iended  on  (hi 
Tbuinaa  and  Ihe  council  lur  thoae  acroiinla  cf  the  co 
Inny  which  he  haa  inaeded  11  hia  lualory,  aubaeqiiant  10 
that  period. 

In  a  dedication  prrAiad  to  a  narraliva  of  Iha  akiu- 
wreck  uf  Nir  '  'eorge  Suinera  on  the  laland  of  ilarniuoat 
Mir  'i'biMiiaa  la  -uui|iliniented  in  the  following  manner  | 
"  Worthy  air,  if  oilier  man  were  like  yuii,  if  all  aa  abIa 
aa  yon  are  were  aa  willing,  wa  ahoulil  aee  a  Aouriahn^ 
Chrialian  church  and  cimimc.iwaallh  in  Virginia  iiul 
li'l  thia  lie  your  cimaolatinii,  there  ia  one  Ihal  la  mora 
able  and  willing  than  vun,  even  the  Hod  of  heaven  and 
earth.  And  know  furllier,  fur  your  coinfoil,  llwt  ibuugli 
Ihe  bunlen  ho  on  you  and  a  few  more,  yet  are  there 
many  honorable  and  worthy  men  of  all  aorta  who  wdl 
never  ahrink  from  you.  Go  on,  therefore,  with  courage 
and  cunatancy  ;  and  be  aaaiired,  that  ihoiigfi  by  youi 
honorable  emlMaaagea  and  eiiipluyinenta,  and  by  youi 
charitable  and  virtunua  coiiraea  you  have  gained  • 
worthy  reputation  in  ihia  world,  yei  nothing  ihiit  you 
ever  ilid  or  aulfered,  more  hunora  you  in  the  e>  ea  of  all 
that  are  godly-wiae,  than  your  faithful  and  unwearied 
proacculiun,  yutir  continual  and  comfortable  aaaiaianca 
of  Ihjae  foreign  iilanlationa." 

lint  thoiigli  nittered  and  complimented  by  hie  ad. 
inirera,  vet  he  had  enemiea  both  among  the  com|iany  in 
Kiiglsnd  ami  tlie  coluniala  in  Virginia,  liy  aunie  of  hie 
ataucialee  he  waa  acciiacd  uf  favoring  the  i;rowih  of  to- 
bacco in  Ihe  colony,  lo  Ihe  negltcl  of  other  aiaple  coi.i- 
inwlitiea  which  Ihe  country  waa  eipially  caftabla  of  pr» 
diicing.  Il  waa  alao  alleged,  lhal  inalead  of  a  Iwdy  of 
lawa  agreeable  lu  the  Engliah  conalitution,  a  liook  had 
lieen  printed  and  dedicated  lohiin,  and  aent  lo  Virginia 
by  hia  own  aulliorily,  and  without  the  order  or  csaaaul 
of  Ihe  company,  containing  "  lawa  wrillcn  in  blood  ;" 
which,  though  tliey  iiilghl  avr>'e  for  a  lima  of  war,  be:na 
inuatly  Iranalelcd  from  Iho  marabal  law  of  the  IJiuloa 
Nelherlanda,  ycl  wen  deatructive  of  the  libertiee  of 
Engliah  aubjecia,  and  contrary  lo  the  expreaa  letter  of 
Ihe  royal  charter.  For  thia  rcaaon  many  people  in  Eng- 
land were  deter-ed  from  emigrating  to  Virginia,  ana 
many  peraona  in  the  culony  were  uiijually  put  to  ilealh. 

In  tha  colony,  the  clamor  agamal  turn  wat  itiU 
louder.  It  waa  liiere  aaid,  that  ho  had  been  mail  ariB- 
daloiiaiy  negligent,  if  not  corrupt,  in  the  matter  af  •up' 
pliea  ;  that  in  a  certain  period  called  the  "  elaniay 
lima,"  tha  tUowiaco  for  t  aaa  waa  oiii>  aigbl  aaaiw 


AMrntrAN  nuTORT 


MM  k«  k 


Mm  af  iImii  ••••  M  ta  ka  *»t*i« ,  tlw  Mmtn*  uiiiig«4 

■Mf  af  Ik*  fMyto  M  IliP  M  liM  •*••««•  Itu  »!>•(,  »Kti 
■■Mt  wMlkmi  »•)•  |)«<  >•  <i>«ik  kH  itMvriHm  i  ik*' 
mtmr  mf  mtmt4  i«  ik*  UMiMiit  »l  mmIi««,  akok 

^  klli  MttgMHtAfV  U<*«  W«*  |iMM>^«(l  With  •llr»IH« 
MgWi  lk«t  l*M  'I'll  ««4  HiK'in,  »K«  »•«•  iiit«l<l*  lu 
•Mk,  ••(•  ii>ni»4  )k«  •lluw<iv«,  •ml  laiiinl»>(  M 
*ti(  I  llM  ••■•)•  in  ikaM  ••immiliva  dug  )»••'•  in  Uw 

•Mftt  MhI  kl4    UWIMvltM  III!   tk«T    |i«llatl>>l  ,    Ih4l    UM 

■MMH*  oM  '  «•  UnwuMM*,'  ihai  Ihry  «•»  vuii 
MlMltiMl  IM  v*l  iIh||«,  i'4l«t  •lHltk»«,  «mJ  »«vh  litMnmi 
•t9|*MM,  ik*<  wwifwn  killiNl  Km  Mifv,  tini  |ii«i  h«r  llvaH 
li  |Mikt>,  An  akMk  ka  *w  kiitHi  M  ■l(i«ik  I  Kkm  «*■ 
iMMf*  «•)•  ky  Ik*  imtonMl*  ••  •inHiylii  whI  iomhI 
•ib  tMi  M  Um  *kMp*  «f  Ik*  irMiiin'r.  that  wIwh  ik*; 

■■4  ••*•  kaikiM  km  (bail  bt  hat,  tiimy  awknl  Ni> 
TImm*  mm  mm  mm*  kaiU*.  A  Im  of  ik*a*  in*- 
I  VM  inwiin^  M  King  Jmm*  1  ami  M  ih*  ••»■ 
I  «f  llw  ^IMMM,  Omy  k*g|Mi  liM  maiMiir,  itwt 
If  IIm  W  mlwwil  M  lit*  uiiaWr  Ihr  liki<  ««««rn 
■MM  Jjfi»t  k*  wmM  mh^  •««  ntiMiMWiHHiri  i*  *<<«f 

In  MMMt  M  itMM  IIHHrtMl,  it  MM  mU,  IIM  ik* 
«n|<M<  |T«IMii  •/  (tl  iImm  mIMmIu*'  WM  )h*  unlWftll- 
Mt*  ifclfwlMk  af  •  ?•*•*!  tMiat  atih  tuiitili*!,  an  Iha 
N>a4  il  BiHlii^l.  IIm*  kiyaimil  •■  •  lim*  aha* 
tllfWIa  Mm  HaUlk  «M  iImuiImI  tmi  odllgwl  lu  i|uil 
,  wkMk  k*4  kMii  awiiiwflwl  in  •  ttr*t  maa- 
I  aMftiaaa  Aaailwt  ia<in'«  ui  iha  miarkial 
MUalaaaa  af  ik*  aakMMta  ihamaaltM ,  aka 
lafBMM  aaly  ika  paaaani  amiiawt,  aiat  loak  na  aaia 
iar  ika  Mar*.  Ilu*  Iw^alaw  aaa  aa  (nial,  ikal  \tmf 
wawM  **t  thaw  Ml  raai  rariwr  Utait  f*  la  a  •mall  *» 
Unca  (tam  Ika  wawt  (**  waait  w  liraaa  II  WhanllMia 
«aa  •  fttmy  M  aiaiga**  m  Ik*  nin,  ikajt  «auM  aat 
tek*  anir  mara  ikaa  M  aana  thaw  |ir*aanl  nara»4it|r, 
'jHMifk  Ihajr  kiwta  ih*  anna  aaa  aMHaarfcinn  akaa 
tiwa*  Hak  rvlurn  la  Ika  aaa  i  naf  iliti  iIm^  Uk«  «an  la 
|N*a*n*  liwif  nala,  kul  aulTaNd  Ihaai  In  (wiiak  l*f  aani 
t4  4rytag  ami  RMarfuif  Anaikar  rauia  waa  ih*  dia 
kaiiaal*  af  ikaaa  wka  wai*  amplay*4  in  pferunna  ratn 
fnaa  ika  aautaa ;  (at  kairlaf  ac«*m|iliahul  ihaii  aliwrl. 
•kty  waul  la  aaa,  and  inniM  pini*a  i  Mm*  ■>(  inan 
jaM*4  «Hk  alhaf  alniaa,  and  Ikaaa  aha  aot  homa  ia 
Ka|tBn4,  pfawaMi  Ikal  lh*)i  «ai*  elili|«rio  i|ini  Vir- 
gia«  tm  M*f  af  atafving  Baatrfaa,  tl  waa  MMt  Uttt 
wkM  alii|M  arriirwt  wHb  praviiian,  II  waa  amhaaiU^ 
b)r  Ika  aianaan,  and  Ika  aniclaa  nilandad  for  iraM* 
«Mi  Ih*  lii^Mna,  war*  iinvalal*  (Ivan  awajr  or  aoUi  far 
•  Utf*  i  tni  aa«*  al  Uw  inafMa  vanluni^  lua  lar  laia 
IkMr  aillagaa  war*  aiir|ifia*ii  ami  kilM 

Tba  aMTT  af  Uw  man  aaliiiji  hia  ilaail  wif*  waa  pta- 
PI—*  la  Englami  ky  aem*  alUi*  ilaacrlvra  \  bill  wkan 
ll  «t*  aiaaiinarf  aAarwarda  liy  Mir  'I'lMMnaa  Oalaa,  il 
laarail  la  ba  mi  moi*  Iban  Ihia.  ( hw  ul  iha  roluniala 
wha  bai*)!  hIa  wifa,  iacrally  kilM  h«r :  Ihm,  to  roii- 
«a*i  Uw  murUar  rul  bar  bailjr  in  iM«e*a,  atitl  hul  iliam 
M  llfctaal  f»nt  af  Um  bona*  Whan  th*  woman  waa 
aH«t*4i  Uia  aMn  waa  atiafiwl*!! ;  hia  hoiia*  waa  aaarrb- 
ad.  tni  Iba  attcra  war*  ftiund  To  riruaa  hia  itnill, 
b*  |i<a*<«<  Ibal  ki*  wtfa  'llad  of  hiingar,  aiHl  thai  ha 
ibtly  M  an  liar  raaiaina.  lit*  hoiiia  waa  auain  aaarrh- 
«i,  and  aUi*r  hod  waa  found  ;  on  which  ha  waa  ar- 
raigaad,  canfoaaad  iha  aiunlar,  and  waa  put  M  daalb ; 
baNW  biimad,  accotdtng  la  Uw. 

Iwifb  calumnialadbaib  in  En|land  and  Amnrira, 
Sir  TbiiaM  Mmilh  did  net  want  adtoealaa ;  ami  hia 
•kanetar  for  inlanriljr  waa  ao  wall  aaUhlwhad  in  Kng- 
Und.  Uial  wban  anma  af  Iha  company  whs  liad  rcriiaoil 
la  advanra  Ihalr  ^uawa,  pleaded  hia  iicgligaiie*  an'l 
•wriaa  In  Uiair  •leu**,  tba  C'auit  of  Chancary,  hafor* 
«b*ai  Iha  aflliir  waa  eairnd,  ga«a  a  duel**  againat 
Ihaai,  and  Ibay  wara  campallad  la  pay  Um  auina  which 
Ika*  hid  aubaeribad. 

Th*  abargta  againat  bim  «r*r«  aqualljr  lavallad  againat 
Iha  cauaad  and  aaanany ;  and  by  thair  oidvr  a  dacla- 
niMn  WM  pnbbahad,  in  which  IIm  iniafortunca  uf  Iha 
aalaajr  ua  Uaia  luauMtdy  rapraaanUd.  "  Caat  up  Iha 
raahaalag  tagalbar,  want  af  goramniant,  alar*  of  idla- 
naaa,  Ihair  ai|iacUllaM  (hiatralad  bjr  Iba  Irailara,  thair 
maiiial  apailad  by  Iba  auhnara,  Ikair  nala  broken,  Iha 
daar  abaaad,  UmIt  baaia  lo*  'hair  hoga  killed,  Ihaii 
tfadaarWiiba  Indian*  forbidai..  aoma  of  their  men 
tod,  aaaa  waadand,  and  moat  by  dnnkinf  iha  brieUA 
ttl  Jaawa  Fart,  waakan*d  and  and«ng*r*d; 
I  aickMaa  by  all  thaaa  meana  ineraaaad.  Her* 
at  bana  Iha  mania*  came  in  ao  ilowty,  that  the  lArd 
IMaaraia  eauld  not  ba  daapatched  till  tbo  colony  waa 
ind  apant  wiUi  dilficultiaa.  Above  all,  harinf 
r  nUi  aer  fiaachar,  thay  faatad  iioiUMi  CM  oor 


man  wktok  pfwtakHl  iha  Xmi,  aad  fHnt  da«a  bla 
indgawwia  ittam  Ikam  ' 

hii  I  hawM  Mimitt  >— timiad  la  kM  adi'*  af  lr***K|«r 
••II  1*1*  I  wK»n  Ik*  pf«|Hdi«a  againa<  him  h«*i>w  ao 
atmiif,  Ikat  ky  Ih*  iMarval  if  in*  I. art  of  Maiwwk, 
»hu  lialail  ki.li,  Ilia  rcnwtval  aaa  in  r>Hiiawi|>l<i»i«  Al 
il,«  aa^ii.-  iiinv,  Mtr  llHtmaa,  Iwdtg  4.t«a*M'.<4  in  yaara 
and  inAriniii*a,  having  gtn^n  fuh,  ami  having  a  «Mdl 
iMnay  ul  Imainaaa  aa  gwvvfMM  wl  ih«  tiaal  Imli*  I  <<>« 
pnnr,  llwught  II  i^rxdani  u>  niiva  ftmn  an  adb*  *l  a* 
grral  a  rv«|'unail<iliiy.  aiivnil.il  oiil.  m  mnth  irwnM* 
ami  aa  liiila  advanlaga  ,  and  araardliwU  a*nl  in  Ina  n 
aigiialimi  U>  llw  I  'awmil  •!  >  ilglnia  Ilia  IvwiHla  MH«hl 
h*>»  iliaanatUd  him  Iram  ihM  maaaHM>  ,  bxi  k*  aa*  i» , 
lUiiliW      Hd  lldain  Nandf  a  aaa  al*f  lad  kt*  anraeaaar 


f,  havma  kaan  aavftaMTlB 
I  aih,  ami  Utnif  dMtmgtMhgi 


a  gvnikman  M  gaud  nmlaraiamling,  ami  great  fpll^ 
ralNin  in  biiaiiwaa  Al  kM  maiMn,  a  graluily  •(  I, MM 
avrea  *(  land  in  \  irgmM  waa  graniad  la  Nw  I'kaiiiai 
M*  had  k**n  in  *flU*  upwanla  *(  lw*lv*  yaara,  m 
wkirh  lim*  Ik*  aapenaea  *4  Ik*  plantaiMn  kad  amannlad 
Is  aH.WMV  ,  ami  ihongk  (■•  had  JaaUnd  Ihal  he  laft 
4,UMM  Inv  hia  anvraaaar  lu  Iwgin  with,  yal  ii  waa  hximt 
iHi  a  lamiiiaiwn,  Ihal  ih*  vmiipany  »a«  In  <J«U  lua 
graalat  anaMnt  ihan  Ihal  aiim 

Naveral  wave  wara  iiaad  for  (he  raieing  af  aupflKa 
10  rarr*  u«  Ih*  raluniaalHMi  af  Virginia  Ihw  aaa  I  v 
Ihe  aultarri|tiinna  tA  th«  ntenilwra  ul  Iha  tuiniiaMy  ,  am  - 
Ihrr  aaa  liy  ihe  vuliiiilary  ilimanwia  ul  uihar  p«U|il'  , 
ami  a  iliird  waa  liy  Wlleriea.  Niilwrri|i<ia<ie,  ll  nat  /U- 
liinlarily  |iaid  war*  reeuverahl*  hy  Uw  \  hul  lliia  ma 
UmmI  »aa  leiliwia  and  *i|iemMv*.  IhMMIiiHia  war  pre 
rariaua,  and  ihuugh  liWral  ami  wall  inlainlol  v.i  ilwy 
aumelmtae  roiiaiaird  wiiy  of  liuaka  and  hm  iiuiv  lur 
chiin'hea  and  collagaa,  aiid  apprapriallaii*  luf  iha  adu 
aalMn  of  Indian  fhildfcn  UMtcrxa  ware  tielure  Una 
lime  uiiknnwn  in  llngland  ;  km  an  great  waa  the  rage 
for  ikia  made  af  raiaing  mvnry,  thai  witlun  the  apu  u  ul 
ait  yeara  Ihaauin  aflO.OIMN.  waa  bmnghl  inin  ili*  Iraa- 
•uty  Thia  wa*  "  Iha  real  and  auhmanlial  luod  with 
which  Virginia  waa  naiiriahed  "  The  aulhufity  on 
which  Ih*  fotleriea  ware  gruund'd  waa  Iha  tlwiiar  u( 
King  Jainra  ( lAW),  •<«!  au  teiiaciuiia  waa  thia  munan  h 
•■(  Ilia  prrrogaliva,  that  'n  a  aiibaai|ii«nl  iirm  lainatiuii  Iw 
vainly  iiileidicled  Iha  "  tptating  againat  Uw  Virginian 
Idllary  "  Vet  when  Iha  llonae  of  I'uninitma  (llMI) 
began  to  call  in  iiuaalHm  aoiiie  of  the  aii|i|MM<id  righta 
ol  royally,  Iheae  lulleriea  and  Ihe  prorlaiiialiun  wniih 
eiifonid  ihcin  wire  cenipUined  ol  and  prcaonird 
aiiiung  the  grievancea  of  the  nation  (In  lliai  accaaNHi 
an  ajiulogy  waa  made  liy  th*  king'a  rrienda,  "  Ihal  be 
never /iAimI  the  Mlrnea,  but  garr  uey/i>  iAfm,  bvi'aiiae 
ha  waa  luld  tlial  Virginia,  ruiild  not  aiihaial  wilUml 
them  /*  and  wKi'ii  tlir  i'unininiia  iiiaiatrd  uii  tiair  cuiii* 
plaint,  the  inoiiarth  revoked  the  lianiee  by  an  onler  ol 
cwiiH  ll ,  III  runaei|ii*iice  of  which  the  tniaaury  of  iba 
aainpaiiy  waa  aliimat  williout  ii'awiraaa. 

TllflMAN  I.OIII)  DKLAWAIIK,  WR  THOMAH 
liATKN,  HIH  liKOKUK  HtiMKIlM,  (.'AITAIN 
CIIHIH'KJI'IIKK  NKWI'ORr,  MR  T'HUMAH 
UAI.K,  HIH  FKRUINANIX)  WAlNMAN. 

Laa*  Dilawaaa— arlvaain  Vinlnia-  Ha  kullda  Iwn  flirta  nn 
JainfKil.i'i  -  lla  Ivavi'M  Viraima  Brrlvf*  at  tlia  Wai.tarn 
Ulantl*  — llaiilal  IliNililn  aaltlva  In  Viramia -Ha  r»nitisa«  to 
Nvw  Kiigt«iHi--aia  Tnuaaa  Valb,  tinvariHir  ul  ViF«iiiia  - 
Ilia  viieiartir  |>riM-aaiil'iii*— Ilia  iltarai-tar  aa  llnvviiior - 
Mia  Taeaaa  lUraa—llia  arrhal  in  Vienna  *»  iiti««rri>ir  - 
lliaraiiiin  to  Uimiaiitl— lia  tJaeaua  auaaaa,  AUiniral  ut 
Vintlnla-lhapnia  will,  tiataa  alMmt  raiA  He  la  wrarkvU 
on  Ui-niiutlA  UlaiHl  -Ha  airlvaa  in  VlrKliila— Hia  ilaalli, 
hnrlHl,  nidI  mnnMinviil  -t'liri«iii|)li«r  N«W|M>rt,  coi.nnaniJvr 
In  Ilia  NakV  ul  Imuran  Klualalli— Naw  Vnrk  llral  aaltlMl  - 
•la  faaaiaaaiM  Waia*«N--Hia  arrival  In  Viriliiia— Ilia 
daith-Uaalh  uf  Lurtl  Ualawaia. 

Till  bialory  of  theaa  paranna  la  m  blandrd,  Ihal  1 
W|iarale  account  of  each  cannot  b*  writleii  from  any 
metcriala  in  my  |ioa>eaaion  Their  charaelera,  Ihiw- 
avcr,  may  Iw  dialiiigulaliod  in  a  few  wurda,  before  I 
prococil  to  III*  hiatoiy  of  ibair  united  tranaaotiona  in  Iba 
atniiloymaiii  of  Iha  company  and  colony  of  Virginia. 

I^ird  UiktWitai  la  aaid  to  bav*  been  a  worthy  pMr 
of  an  ancient  family  ;  a  man  of  Ana  parte  and  of  a  g*- 
naraua  diapoaiiiMii ;  wlio  look  much  paitia,  and  waa  tl 
1  great  ci|mnao  to  oalabliah  the  colony,  in  Ihe  aervico  of 
wnicli  he  auflbrml  much  in  bia  boallli,  and  Anally  died 
M  aaa  (161!!,)  ill  hie  aecoiid  voyaga  to  Ainorict,  in  or 
Mar  ihii  mnuth  of  the  bay  nbieh  betra  bia  name. 

8ir  THoaaa  flaria  waa  |>robably  i  land  oAkier, 
hatwcen  hiin  and  Nir  (Icorge  Homcta,  llwro  waa  mil 
•hat  cordial  harmony  which  la  alwaya  deainbia  between 
Bien  who  are  rgayed  In  the  aanie  huaineaa.  Ilicaiil- 
ttm  ihla,  no'hlng  laaaid  lo  bin  Jiaadvanltga. 

INt  Uaaiui  Boaiu  wh  a  |auUa*i^  of  aik  tal 


uf  ■■•»(  >*  ami  fra,  ha  galaad  tha  aanMMat 
•Hneil  and  rampany  In  llngland  ,  tad  wMMya* 
Med  waa  adapted  hy  iham     Haana  Haita  af  kw 


^Ma^^^   ^r  ^^^*^a^^  a^tetia*  m 

la^aawi  ot  ap^^w^a  r^^avr  i 

aa  aaaativNi  aaa  vwinwaiwlar 

Iha  navy  tl  t^ieae   Miaal  • 

himaall  11  aavalal  a.'llnna   tgamat   llw   W^inawtl  H  tt 

Uaal  ln*liee     Al  the  lim*   «l  hi*  ap^wnlmenl  MM 

A>lmi>al  'll  \  irginia,  ha  waa  alwva  aiviv  yaara  af  t^ 

•  lia  a><i  in  I'a.lMmani  waa  vaaaied  ky  h<«  teaepttaaS 
Ml  a  .-uWmal  .laminiaaiNn  Me  4iad  in  Ike  aervwa  al 
Ih*  vatonv  II4III)  at  Uermwlt,  highly  aeteeawd  a«l 
g  aailv  ngraiied 

I'aaieruraaa  Newfnar  waa  a  marino  af  akilily  aarf 

•  i|i«rwma  in  the  Anii-fiear  aeaa  Ma  bad  been  1 
auminemler  in  tha  navy  mi  l^liaakaik,  and.  la  lAM,  ka* 

•  muliwied  an  ai|i«dHMm  againat  Ihe  Hpenwrda  In  ih* 
Meal  linliaa,  where,  wilk  'hne  er  kmr  atupa,  ha  piMla 
dered  and  hnnied  aame  lawne,  and  Mah  a*a*r*l  piiaaav 
with  a  vwnaidarahle  lavaty  Ma  waa  a  vaia,  i 
aeliad  men,  and  vary  food  »< 
vanlaga 
af  Ike  vauneil 
he  prnfai 

rliart,  ter  Imvb  heen'giian  in  Iha  bfo  al  t.'apMm  Jate 
Nmiih  In  lAAl  he  iin|wri*d  HAy  men,  ami  iaaiaj 
ilwm  an  a  pUniatia*,  whtoh  k*  called  Newpart'a  New* 
Itamtl  UiiiAm  aame  ailh  a  rarga  af  callU  Itani  IM' 
laiul,  ami  aetilad  Hrat  an  ibw  alanUHan.  "'  ~^ — 
aarda  renmvad  tu  .New  llnglania. 

Mia  I'Hiiata  llti.a  la  aaid  la  kava  hean  a  ganlla 
uf  miH'h  hanuf,  atadmn  ami  aaparienee.  'I*  bim  wM 
eniriiatad  Ihe  aieeiilian  al  Iha  Uwa  aanI  aver  by  Ihg 
Ihainta  Mmiih  >  ahwh,  ihaugb  perhep*  na*,Mean  at 
thai  tune,  (1*11)  when  au  many  turbulent  and  lafrat- 
liiry  peianna  waia  lu  Iw  gover'ied,  yet  wara  aubvaraifa 
af  that  freedam  which  llngliahnMin  alaimad  *a  Utaw 
Utihrighl,  and  lava  lua  mm  h  power  inia  Iha  kaada  al 
a  guiariMW.  'I  Miigb  kia  adininialrallan  wM  Biarka4 
with  rigor  and  aeveriiy,  yet  ka  did  muek  lowarda  id. 
vanciiig  iha  aeltlemeiila  (hi  a  kigb  naak  af  land  !• 
Jamraiive',  named  Varina,  h*  built  a  lawn  wbiab  k* 
called  Henrico,  in  kanor  af  l>rtnae  Henry,  tba  taaiaiM 
nrvhii'h  war*  viailiU  whan  Mr  Ncith  wnMa  bia  bialary 
(I /lb.)  On  the  uiiiwaile  aide  of  th*  n«*i  b*  mad*  a 
|iliiitatiun  on  landa,  (ram  whii>h  h*  (ipallad  iha  li^ 
■liana,  and  railed  it  New  llerinuda.  Ha  ttaid  In  Vif 
ginia  alwnl  Ave  yeara,  and  ralumad  la  Kngland ( ICK) 
a.li-r  wliirh  them  la  iiu  larlher  accaunt  *rhim. 

Of  Hi*  I'vamaitaim  WtiNute,  notliing  la  aaid  bn 
Ihal  lie  ditxl  aaan  alter  hia  'urital  mi  Virginia  wllk 
l4iid  IhiUwara,  in  the  auninicr  ul  lillU 

VS'han  tha  new  charlar  uf  V  irgmia  waa  ohiainad,  Iha 
''iwiicil  and  company  niimediatfly  a<|iiip|iad  a  daali 
torariv  au|i|ilira  of  man  and  woman,  with  pmrWiaM 
iiid  utner  imraaarica  lu  tlie  ruluny  'Iba  Aeet  <a» 
iiaied  of  aaveti  ahi|»,  in  each  uf  which,  heaidv  Iha  ct^ 
lain,  want  one  or  mora  of  the  ronnaelloca  or  nthai 
iilllrera  ul  the  I'uluny  ,  and  thiMiuh  there  waa  a  dtapuM 
alwiil  rank  lirtwrrn  two  ollW  >  i>.  Moiiiara  and  (iala^ 
tlicy  were  (ilarid  in  one  ahip  v>iili  Newport,  lb*  thlM 
in  coniinaiid.  'llw  (luvrmor  griicral,  l^ird  tUhwtM, 
d»l  not  aail  wiUt  Ihla  Aett  ,  Inii  wailed  till  Iba  naal 
yeir,  logo  with  a  further  aii|i|>ly  'I1ia  naniM  af  Itw 
ahlia  anu  thair  coiiiinaiHli  ra  wi  -a  aa  folKvwa  : 

I'hii  Nea-Adventiire,  A^liiiiral  Hir  llrorga  Bamai^ 
with  Hir  'I'hiHnaa  (lalaa,  and  I'autain  ('hiiaiaylMrN*«' 

Knt ;  Iha  Uiainond,   ('aptain    Hadcliire  and   (.'aplaia 
ing  I  the  Kali'un,  ('npuin  Martin  and  Maatnr  Nalaani 
tlielllra 

i; 


lie  Tllraaihg,  lialirial  Archer  and  Ca|itain  Adamai  tha 
^iiliy,  i;at>tain  Wotd  and  Ma*t*r  I'atli  Um  l.iaik 
I'aplam  Wehb)  lb*  Hwtllavr,  CapUin  MauiM  aai 
Maalar  Noinera. 

The  Heel  waa  tllemled  by  two  amtlUr  T**a*U,  aM 
of  which  waa  a  ketch,  commanded  liv  MatuMvr  FilaK 
the  oihcr  a  piniitca,  in  which  want  Capltia  UariM  tai 
Maalar  Daviaa. 

I'hjt  Heel  aailed  front  riymaulh  on  tba  taaami  daf 
of  Jure,  IMW.  Though  their  ordrra  wara  not  la  |ti 
hy  the  old  route  of  tin  Canariaa,  and  Um  Waal  IndiM 
but  to  ateer  direully  for  Virginia,  yal  tnay  vrani  M  ha 
aoiithwanl  aa  th*  Iwimly-aiith  degree  af  Itllladt  | 
where  the  heat  waa  ao  eicaaatva,  Ihal  many  at  tha  aa* 
pie  war*  taken  with  enlenlur**.  In  two  ahipa,  thirt/a 
two  peranna  died ;  olhera  aulTared  aavaraly,  and  aM 
raaaal  only  waa  free  from  aicknaaa 

Tha  whole  Aeet  kepi  com|i*nv  till  Iha  lw*aly-fc«llb 
of  July,  when  th*y  aiipiioaad  inainaelvaa  lo  ba  wUhia 
eight  ilaya  aail  of  Virginia,  atrolching  to  tba  narthwaalt 
and  croaaing  tha  Uull  Stream.  On  Ibtl  day,  bagtn  • 
violent  lempeat  from  tha  northaaal,  tccompaoiad  wMk 
a  horrid  darkneaa,  wliicb  continued  forty-four  havn. 
In  Una  gale  tba  fleot  waa  acaitarad.  Tha  AdmiNl'a 
abip,  on  board  of  which  waa  tba  commttalaii  fit  Ik* 
now  goraniMnl,  with  Um  Uitm  piiucifal  i 


•M 


irN*MM| 


<WMl4«f 
IMtlOl* 

-  Um 

Rl    ••    tl* 

Ittita4«| 


Iba  wtohNI 

L  )■•■■■>• 
\,M  wMk 

iMvm. 
lodHl-* 

twite 


■MlM  m  *•  <^»»A  M  Nannwi*     Tka  \*»»^  Im» 

||Mm4,  MIUwI  «<•  *n«i  mmMMm  m  )«««•  tiiai,  (iMMt 
Mi  iiwiMI*  •<  AiiiiMl 

'lk«  |tfMtt*M*(iA  Mwiit^*  *'V  tKaca  «htfifl  *«vi)  tHAitlfl 
«M«li  kM  tk*  .iilMiii  «ml  (k»  )ai<»uu<ira  I  Kl«  A'^- 
%yumt   imwvmI   ««rv   (IvtrtiM^Mi^l,  «n*(  («**'4«i*»t»i|  iha 

0l«IIVI««  4n4   r«t>«<HfrlM'*   who  h  kM*V   ttHMH   4tr^4*l«    MIVH 

tt4i«u4  lk«  4f>«*  »  *it  t«it  tnHit«lt4  friHii  A>t||i(4»,  IkiHi, 
t*  iIm*  trri*4l  »(  \.my\  lK)Uw4r«,  in  iiifi«,  Ikitt,  mm 
kna«niK  V  iftmi*  k^r  umii  f>4ia  •()•>,  ky  ih«  n*m*  nl 
"  lk«  itafOiW  l""«  "  ll"»  '«•  '••Ml  •<  |ir.»i4mi(  »44 
MM  Iha  anil  JaArlawf  i  llMta  orM  •  li«t»l  want  •!  |>fi»- 
•  t|ll#  4111I  11/  NrU^r 

Of  Iha  •iHiiii'aiiy  oliM  arfiiail  m  Ihailm*,  ill*  ktllni* 
tfif  4a4»ft|i4iu<t  ta  givaii  tiv  •  Mii«a  Viriftni4n  "  A 
f««aft  |Mii  Hi  ihctii  MHi4iaift-il  «(  iiitfiily  afwrka,  f^\*<i 
iNi.  ky  Ikair  ftialnU,  lil  aar  i|im  a  vtiiraailaaliny  at  kattiM 
'lib*  r*«l  vara  *  hirftf  iiia*)*  up  ilf  (Mhifl  gpnllam"n,  lm^ 
lim  tmlaaiHaH,  nka4  aiiil  li»Mrllliaa,  hMtitwH  kiul  auak 
•tlwra  M  *V  iniH  h  MU '  •<•  (iiin  a  i-mnnHMioaalik  ikan 
MMklM'aK*  or  mainuiii  aii«  'I'kia  lawil  ■•iiimni 
mtm  lail  Ity  ihaif  aatliiiotia  f4|iiaitt4  111I41  many  miat'kiata 
tii4  aiiravatfkiw  laa  'I  tiay  aaaiiiMil  lh*<  paiwaf  af  4ia- 
■MinM  ul  ilia  iiiKfinnoMi  ,  ami  niiilo'i'ii  it  aama- 
um«a  wii  una  ami  •tiitialimaa  mi  aiHiikar  '!'«  ilay  ika 
gM  fiMumiaBiMfi  intisi  riila,  ui  m>imiw  Iha  n«w,  ami  Iha 
■*lt  Jay  naiihaf      All  «••  aiianhy  and  ilialravlim  " 

Hill  h  Uind  Iha  ihararlai  iil  llw  yv\Am,  Ihara  awiU 
MM  kata  kaaibkiiy  graal  JMitia  w(  am-'aaaat  if  Iha  wkaW 
tiiai  ka4  arfl>*4  in  aaCaty 

Tlia  adnMrara  ahiii  ha<l  on  iMianI  4  ffMl  tiuaiilily  (f 
^yiaiuii  Hka  waa  aaiiaraiail  Irmn  Im  Heal  In  iha 
Marm,  ami  afifanit  a  laak  al  aaa,  ao  ihal  wilk  riHiaUiil 
^ili|iin||  knit  ImiIiiik,  lliay  miilil  aaanalir  kaaii  har 
akova  walar  fnr  lhri*a  ilaya  ami  fuiir  iii||nla  \  Juring 
«llM«^h  liiiMt  Nir  I  laor^a  Noinara  Jul  mil  atioa  la««a  Iha 

rrtar-flacli  'I'lta  rraw,  »urn  uiii  wiik  TatiKna  an4 
|Hiiriii|f  ^  liTa,  hniat'hail  Ilia  alronji  li«|iHira,  ami  linik 
lM«a  III  '  •I'h  ailiar  wilh  an  Inahrialintf  draii||hl,  nil 
Many  ol  Ihain  li'll  aalaaii  In  Una  ilrraJriil  ailraiiniy, 
Mtr  llaui||r  iluHOvarail  UihI  ,  iha  nawa  of  wliu  h  awiikii 
Mid  rt'vivail  ihatii,  ami  avary  man  wvarivil  hiinaall'  lu  du 
lUa  du*y.  Al  laiitflh  iha  aniii  alrurk  iiriitiml  in  audi  4 
l^'jilMn  baiMi'vii  imfu  riH'ka,  al  ilia  ilialaiii'a  u(  liall  a 
■Ua  frain  iha  alwirn,  ihal  Iha  iwupla  ami  a  uraal  |i«rl  «( 
Ikt  rtrm  wara  aafi'ly  lamird 
Th*  UarniiMla  {•ImuU  vtaia  nniiihahilril,  ami  had  Iha 
iliuiiitf  liainif  I'nrliaitirtl  *  llnl  v%lirn  tlif  |iaii|ile 
I  oil  ahara  ikry  luuml  ilia  all  piira  ami  •aliihrioua, 
I  friiiia  ul  variuiia  kiiula  ifroMinK  in  liidirianl  (ilanly 

I  ^rfaaliim      'I'ha  ahiir*  waa  I'livarrd  with  lurloiMa, 
tea  alwiindril  willi  llah,  and  in   <ha   wmula   Ihay 

wild  liutfa,  whii'li    II   la  aiiiiiHMcd  ht4   aai.'a|wd 
IMaiaoiiia  vaaarl  wrarkrd  on  Iha  laUiid 

Han  Uwy  lamainad  niiia  munllia.  'I'ha  two  aaniait 
aflrara  livrd  apart,  and  aai'h,  with  tha  aaaiatanra  vi 
riM  man,  Imilt  a  ^r*vf\  of  Itw  ladara  whii'h  Krnw  an 
Mm  laland,  ami  Ihn  nun  and  ruriUua  lavrd  Iruiii  Ilia 
•rack.  Mir  Oaurira  Maiiiara  lalHiicd  wilh  hia  own 
hkH^a  avarx  dajr  till  hia  yaaaal  waa  coin|ilaiwl.  Una 
•f  Ihaaa  yoaaala  waa  ctllad  Iha  I'aliam:*,  tba  sthar  llw 
Ihliyrranra. 

II  la  rainarkad,  that  diirlnn  Ihalr  aboda  on  thii 
laland,  Ihry  had  iiiorninit  oui  ■"■•inu  prayrra  daily  ; 
diyina  arrvica  waa  (wrrurinad  and  two  aariiiaiia  wiira 

Sraachad  a«ary  I<ord'a  day,  liy  lliair  rliaplain,  Mr, 
lucka  (In*  niarriaga  waa  caluliralvd,  and  two  rlul- 
dian  wara  burn  and  bapliird  Kivi'  of  ilia  ronipany 
diad,  ana  of  whom  waa  murdaiad.  'I'ha  iniirdarrr  waa 
put  uiidai  conAnaiiicnt,  but  aacapail,  and  hid  hiniaall 
ainonii  tha  wouda  and  rocka,  with  anoihcr  nli'viidvr,  till 
Iha  drparliira  uf  tha  cotniianv,  when  ihay  w»rr  lefl 
brhind.  Many  uf  tha  |h)U|}|u  wrri«  au  well  plraai'd  wirh 
tha  plara,  that  ihay  wura  Willi  dilllculty  pravailnd  on  to 
^uii  Ihrao  plaaaani  lalanda. 

I'ha  lowar  aaiina  of  Iha  ycaaal  wart  cilkad  with  tha 
Nmaina  of  tha  uaalaaa  cablea,  and  a  ainall  liuanlily  of 
Itr  aavtd  from  tha  wreck  'I'lio  upix'r  aiiaiiia  wrra 
aacurad  with  lima  mada  of  calcined  atoiica  and  abaUa, 
iltkad  wilh  freak  waMi  and  aoftrned  with  tha  oil  uf 
lortoiaaa.  Thia  eamant  aoon  bacama  dry  and  Arm. 
Tta  wild  hog*  aanrad  for  aeaaioraa,  baing  prtaarvad 
with  aall,  oryalallitrd  on  tha  rucka. 

On  llw  taiith  of  May,  IfllO,  tha  company,  ronaiatlng 
of  ono  hundred  and  twenty  pcmona,  embarked,  and 


•  ■•  Wharaai  II  \%  re  ported  lliat  Ihia  lanil  of  DermuiUi,  Willi 
tha  tBl4n<U  about  it,  are  aiMrhantptt  ami  kr|)t  hy  rvll  bihI  wu-kuU 
Iplilta  i  II  14  a  iniul  UIIk  aiid  rilmi  mpurl.  l/,i,l  irunt  Ihal  wa 
ktfa  kruufkl  no  wlcknil  ipinit  willi  ua,  or  thai  ilmr*  come 
taae  altar  aai  rorwarounilnnt'ilrwUiaiaaalUaaaiuaalyaa." 
iMidW'*  !taw*  auu  ■ecinuOa,  toil. 


*Aw  eaaaiinlafMfl  aawM  diAaallv 
ika  nsti  dat  g»i  •!•*«  M  ika  landi  and  akafiad  Mwii 
•anna  kM  Vieyiaia  i  wkara  ihay  anltad  an  Ika  iwaaiy 
Itaat,  at  hMM  I  amkwl,  aad  •••  daya  aAe>  at  limaa 
iMWn  'Ika  »«*ip»ny,  ratlupad  M*  aitiy  |wt4ana,  in  a 
at»lily,  HMiiimHia  4Md  uiviiig  oand*!!***,  ^4fa  ihaiH  a 
nMiiif»/iil  «*^l,*f«,na  Iha  *H,<a  gafarmit,  Hir  t katttaa 
ll.4ia«,  laiiaad  Ika  >>i>ll  *>*  l>a  rung  aid  aMitwiwanad  ihe 
whnia  vmatHiay  in  ili,.  .lt>,,,'Ki  wiiafa,  aAa#  an  alfr*' 
iiMiiaia  tii>4f4r  l<y  Mi  II. ••'k»,  Ika  naw  aammiaaton  m*ti 
r»4«l  4nd  ilta  f*H'M<  r  pi.  aidani,  Mr  ISrMy.  Ikan  •■  araaly 
4li|a  III  aunil,  ■|al.,ai>4  up  iIm  aid  ^tanl,  wilk  kia 
NuiniHM^um 

•  In  a  •irii'i  aiaminaliaw.  It  waa  IbiHid  thai  Iha  |ir» 
f  lafvma  hrihiifhl  hy  Iha  Iwa  pinnaaaa,  wanki  aarva  iha 
Mnfila  Hal  nuifa  Ikan  aiiivan  daya,  and  Ikal  whal  Ikay 
ka<l  In  Ika  lawn  wwiM  lia  atiaiil  in  Ian  II  kaing  aaad 
lima,  Iha  Indiana  kad  iw  <ttn  la  apara,  ami  Ihay  wara 
an  hnaiila  that  wi  Iraaiy  ^iniUI  lia  kiddan  with  Uwni. 
Iha  atiirnaan  kad  mil  yal  aama  iiilu  tha  ilfar,  and 
mant  uf  Iha  naia  wara  uaalaaa  Na  hufia  rainalnad  9H 
preearviitaf  'ha  I'tiluny  ,  and  after  nwhira  dali'taralian, 
II  waa  dixarminad  to  ahandun  Ika  ranniry  Ika 
naaraal  pi4<  a  where  any  relief  aauld  ka  atMainad  waa 
NewranmlUnd  \  Ihiihar  Ikey  nrofwieed  lu  aail,  and  ihafe 
they  eipafied  la  meal  Ika  f(ahiii|/  v»44ala  fram  K'it|| 
land,  an  liaard  af  whn  h  Ika  fa4iyla  niiykl  lia  dialrilutUd 
and  let  p4444Kea  hnma,  wkau  Ika  aaaawi  of  Keking 
ehwiM  ka  cwnplated 

Hating  taken  ikia  raaaliilian,  and  hiiflad  Ikaif  wd 
nanea  al  ika  gala  a(  ika  fan,  an  the  aeyenlh  af  June, 
al  kaal  af  drum,  iha  whole  rmiipany  emiiwked  m  hiir 
pinnaeea  II  waa  wilh  diineiiliy  Ihal  aaina  a(  ika  pa*- 
pla  were  raalrainad  fhim  aalling  Nra  la  Iha  lawn  ,  but 
Ika  goteiniH,  wilh  a  aelefl  eaiapany,  reinainad  »n 
akora  lill  Ihe  oiliera  had  anifaarkad,  and  ha  waa  tha  leal 
Ihel  elaii|ieil  iiiiu  ilie  hoal  Abwil  mam  they  aama  ta 
aail,  and  lell  duwn  wiih  ilia  alib,  ihal  eteamg,  la  Mag 
laland  'Ike  neii  murning'a  lala  broiighl  lliam  la 
Mullieriy  laland  I'uiiil  \  where,  lying  el  anakaf,  lliey 
diaeuyertd  a  bval  mining  tip  Iha  riyar  with  tha  Hirad 
In  an  liuiir'a  iiiihi  iha  bual  rama  along  aula  Iha  gayer- 
iMtr'e  iiinnaie,  and  pru«ed  to  ha  an  eipreea  fram  Iha 
Uinl  Ik'laware,  wIhi  had  arrived,  with  three  alupa  ami 
a  aiip|ily  uf  priiyiaiiHi,  twu  daya  before,  al  I'uiiil  I'lnn 
lull  \  where  Ihe  raptain  of  the  fort  had  InliMineil  hiin 
of  Iha  inlrmled  evaeiialion  \  anil  hia  lonlaUip  inline' 
dinlrly  dpi,|Mli-lii-d  bia  akilf  with  Irllera  by  t'apiain 
l.ilward  Ilraw4|pr,  lo  preyent  thnr  demrtiiie  (In  re 
relying  llieaa  letlera.  Ilia  governor  onJered  Iha  am'lmra 
to  lie  wKighed,  ami  ilia  wind,  lieing  eaalerly,  brought 
Ihcin  back  in  llie  iiiglii,  to  tliair  eld  i^iiartara  *l  Janice' 
town 

Un  the  Iiord'a  day,  Juna  10,  tha  ahipa  eama  lo  an- 
chor before  tha  town  Aa  aoon  aa  iMd  Delaware 
rama  on  ahora,  ha  fell  duwn  on  hia  kneaa,  and  coif 
linnad  euma  lima  m  ailari  dayetion.  He  then  want  to 
chnrrh,  and  after  aertice,  hia  rommlaalixi  waa  read, 
whii'h  ronalilnleil  hini  "  goyerner  and  raplain  general 
■luring  liie  life,  of  the  colony  and  plantanun  of  Vir- 
ginia. Hir  'I'tiomaa  Ualae  oaliyered  up  hia  eommia, 
•lun  ami  Ihe  reloiiy  aail.  On  Ihia  orcaauin,  l«rd 
Delaware  inaile  a  piihlie  addraaa  to  tha  (leojila,  blaming 
ilieiii  for  ilieir  luriner  idleneae  ami  miarunduii,  ami  m 
horlinn  ihem  10  a  contrary  behavior,  luat  lie  ahoiilU  ba 
oliligi'd  lo  draw  Iha  award  of  juatira  againal  delin- 
■(uenla,  ami  cut  thamuiri  adding,  Ihal  ha  liad  rallMf 
•pill  hia  uwii  bliNiJ  In  protect  tliaiii  frnm  iniurira 

Haying  diaplaced  aiiih  men  aa  had  aliiiaed  thair 
power,  and  appointed  pru|ier  peraona  10  oHIca,  lia 
aaaigiied  lo  every  man  kia  portion  of  lalwr,  according 
to  hia  capacity  ;  among  which  tha  culture  of  fiiiee  waa 
nut  forgotten  ;  aome  V  rem-liinen  having  been  imported 
fur  Ihe  piiriHiae  There  had  bi'rn  no  diviaion  of  the 
landa,  but  all  waa  coiiimun  pro{>«riy  ;  and  Iha  colony 
waa  conaiJered  aa  one  great  lainily,  fed  daily  out  of 
Iha  public  alura  'i'hair  employmenta  wara  under  Iha 
directiun  of  llie  governiiienl,  and  tha  produce  of  their 
laliura  waa  liroiiglit  into  the  common  atuck.  'I'ha  In- 
diana were  ao  tioubleaome,  that  it  would  not  have  been 
iirudent  for  tha  neopla  to  diaparaa,  till  they  abould  ba 
ballnr  able  to  defend  themaalyea,  or  till  tha  aayagaa 
ihoiild  ba  more  friendly.  They  were  therefore  lodged 
wiihin  the  foctilicationa  of  Jamealown  ;  their  working 
and  liihing  parliue,  when  abroad,  were  well  armed  or 
guarded ;  their  aituation  waa  haiardoua  i  knd  tha  proa- 
pcct  of  improvement,  conalilrriiig  the  character  of  tba 
maioriiy,  waa  not  very  Haltering.  "  Tha  moal  honoal 
•nil  induatrioua  would  acarei'ly  lake  ao  much  paina  in 
t  week,  aa  thoy  would  liavo  dona  for  thainaelvea  in  • 
day ;  prcauniing  that  however  tha  harvcal  proapeiad, 
Uia  gananl  (Mfa  inu*' latuiuiu  iham  i  bjrwkwhkMM* 


^•w»    V#   MVM  wwn  w9*tflt  MvVv  I^^^M^Wi^  W»  ^MV  vW 
hMl4»  '* 


al  eeefiMw     lHa   (MNt 


>y  eadad   Mgaikar,  till  ky  eanirar*  all  . 
il)iva4i  kniaag  Ika  akaaki  af  NaMiiallat  mk  €• 


rr*«yieii*na  k4M« 
re  ighi  a>»  m  Ihe  deal  nuaht  kata  ke|M  ihaai  alH*, 
wih  pvndenl  maaagemeni,  Kw  ika  grealet  |»ft  tt  • 
«a*«  ,  kill  wiihin  Ikal  lima  it  wimkl  ka  aaeaaaaw  t> 
uraviiW  mate  Ika  lleimiida  lakanda  wera  Atlf  af 
Iwiga,  and  Nir  1  learge  Mameit  adWred  la  a*  IkMlMt  latlk 
a  party  la  kill  ami  aall  iliam  Ihia  aM»  waa  widite 
a>aap«ed,  and  ha  emlMikad  m  kia  awn  aedar  eaeaai  al 
ihidy  tana,  aaaam|iaiiied  ky  I'aptain  HaaMal  Argaii  M 
anailiar 

Ik 
were 

I  ud  ,    wkafiaa  Affal  *Mnd  kia  way  kaak  ••  Vn 
and  wae  daaaaukaj  ta  Ika  I^M<wmaek  >w  earn, 
ka  band  MaiMy  N|wlin4is  an  Itagliali  yawtk.  «tM  I 

N   pfeaaftad   fMm  Ika  Atfy  af  KwktMai  ky  I 
daughter  I'oaakaniaa     lly  kia 
anrad  a  aii|i|dy  af  eafn,  adMak  ka  earriad  ki  J 

rill  llamga  Wamere,  alUl  hMlg  atraggHnf  aiMll  iM^ 
Irary  winda,  waa  driven  M  Iha  kailkmiini  ikaM  aif 
Ainariea  |  wkara  ka  rafhiakad  kM  mam  Ikan  ^MiiM4 
Ika  mam  akieel  M  kle  vayaga,  ami  arMead  laMy  •• 
lUrmiida  1  kara  ka  kagan  la  eallael  Ika  ewlwa,  Mil 
nfetwre  their  deeh  for  food ,  kul  Iha  IkllglMa  M  wMtk 
ka  lied  been  eipaaed  hy  aea  and  lead,  pf0«ad  Ma  I 
lot  hia  advaiwed  age,  ami  ha  aitnk  1  ' 
finding  kia  lima  akiirl.  ka  made  a  pfaviaf  dlejaialimi  df 
hi4  eelala,  and  akarged  hia  ne|ihaw,  Matlkaw  ■••Mfit 
who  aommamleil  under  him,  10  return  wilk  Iha  |iM«ii 
awn  to  Virginia  ilnt  iha  juva  of  hia  nallea  ea 
prevailed  llaving  Iniriad  Ihe  eniraila  al 
carried  the  rarpeaaf  kieunrle  lo  England,  and  1 
led  II  al  Wkilahurrk  In  Ikiraalahira  A 
waa  aDerwarda  erealed  al  lleiiniida  !•  Ika  waaify  af 
Ihia  earelleni  man  *  'I'ha  inwn  of  Ml  liaarga  «M> 
named  l»i  him,  and  the  lelaiula  wara  called  Haaiai  l» 
Unde  Tlie  return  uf  Ihia  veaeel  gave  iha  kM  kaaMM 
in  (^nglaml  of  the  dieeevery  af  ihoaa  lalanda 

Virginia,  ihiia  left  deaiiiuie  of  ea  abia  and  vlMnMa  • 
frMiiil,  waa  aouii  •Iter  deprived  of  tha  praaanaa  af  IM 
tlovemor,  l,«rd  Delaware  Having  biiili  Iwa  IhW  at 
Ihe  mouth  uf  Jamaa  river,  ami  another  al  tha  fklla) 
and  having  rendered  hia  govermenl  reapeelahia  Hi  Ik* 
view  bulb  of  Iha  Kngliah  aiui  Indiana,  ha  llw>4  kl* 
liralih  aa  much  impairail  ihal  he  waa  obliged  in  ■!•• 
inonllia  lo  null  Iha  country,  intending  la  ga  !•  Nafta 
lur  tha  hanaflt  of  Iha  warm  liaiha  kty  canlrary  wkHb 
Im  waa  forved  to  tha  Weaiam  lalanda,  whan  ka  0^ 
lamed  great  relief  from  tha  fVeah  IVuila  af  Ika  laamri  | 
bill  ha  waa  adviaed  not  to  hatard  himaalf  tgtia  In  Vw* 
una,  till  hie  health  alioiild  ba  mora  parfvally  n 

t  voyage  la  Kngland      Mil  'I'hwaaa  Ul' 
heinaa   liatea  having  pravieualy   gaaa  a 
Ulnae  to  KiiglamI,  the  gineimuani  waa  again  talk  la  I 
handa  uf  ,Mr    reiry ,   a  ganllaman  of  a  nabta  f 
and  a  good  heart,  but  of  vary  madaiala  abililiaa. 

Al  iha  tuna  of  l,ard  Ualawara'a  dapaHiM*  (MwA 
M,  1611)  tha  colony  eonaialad  of  kbava  Iwa  kao^Mi 
pen|ila,  moat  of  whom  were  m  goail  haallk  vtA  Wll 
iiiuvided  ,  but  wlien  Mir  Thomaa  Ikila  arrived,  ki  iHi 
than  two  inontha,  (May  II),)  with  three  ahipa,  bnagilM 
an  addition  of  >  urea  liiiiidred  |iao|ila,  ha  found  Ika  ail 


V 

\ 


eoloniata  again  relapaing  into  tha  formal  aula  af  i 
lenue  and  |ianury  Decending  on  Ihe  public 
they  had  neglected  planting,  and  wara  imuaing  thenk* 
telvee  wilh  howling  and  oiher  divaratona  in  the  alraata 
of  Jamealown'  Nutlimg  but  tha  ^naence  of  a  apinlal 
guvcinor,  and  a  aavara  aiecuiion  of  hia  ordara,  eauM 
induce  theae  people  to  labor.  The  aoveriliai  oiar- 
riaed  upon  them  were  auch  aa  could  not  ba  wamntad 
by  the  Uwa  of  Kngland.     'I'ha  conaaquencea  ware  di» 

*  Thla  moniimenl  waa  erected  about  Ian  yeara  aAar  Ma 

deaiti  tiy  Nathaniel  Hi'tler,  then  Kovernor  or  Bermuda,  ul 
which  ihu  followiiiK  u'l-ounl  1*  ulvrn  hy  I'aptain  kniltk.  In  kia 
hlaliiry  .if  Viriiliiia  and  Iha  kuiiier  I«l4ii,la,  p.  IVS. 


finding  acciilanlally  a  llitla  cruei  erected  In  a  bye  ylaea 
eg  many  buahea,  aitd  uiiiteratendln|  that  there  wu  buried 
Ike  heut  and  eiiiraila  or  Sir  Oeerae  lomera,  ka  reaolved  la 


have  a  kelter  memory  to  ao  wortny  a  aoldler.  So  kndlng  a 
great  markla  atuna,  kraagkl  out  of  Cngland,  ka  caiiaad  II  kf 
maaoas  to  be  wrought  handaomaly  and  laid  over  Ika  ilaeay 
wluck  he  environed  with  a  aquara  wall  of  hewn  atone,  leaik' 
bke ;  whereon  he  cauaed  to  ba  engraved  Ikia  apllafh  ka  hat 
compoaed. 

'■  In  tha  year  alileen  It'     ,.  '  ■  1  >'l  eleven, 
Muble  air  Oeoiiie  '     ;  11  mi  n  Ur.-e  to  heaven) 

Whiiee  well  turn'  '■"< i>:  liai  I  ;.  «  allU  employ^ 

Oavehiratheki    •-'-         "f  llr 't  .„  J  ao  wide. 
Ilanca  twaa  '     I'.i.mJ    iio.  ".  *I  to  Ikia  glas^ 

He  brougkl  t  •<>■  1 'i,«l  n-iiM  ,  u  miilaat  gfM*| 

Atleat  hia  »ov  ;,  ^  Ic  ly  tieu  -tn  ,  11. e, 
liaharebat»'  ^  '.iuv  anUiuia««lMil 


AMERICAN  HISTORY. 


4  lammUon  in  miiw,  uiil  Mrril*  M!<|\ii- 
IMWIM  1b  otfwn.    8ii  Theinu  \M»  m»»  »tnin«il  ■• 

•  MM  wko  nir'hl  nfcljr  b«  (nlruilfd  with  powir ;  but 
lb'  lam  bf  ntii'-li  Iw  go«tm«d,  ind  hit  ngorotii  td- 
■ilaiiinlion  ol  tkcai,  n«ra  th«  nihjtict  of  bittur  rciiion- 
•tnnr«  and  roinpUial. 

Tin  advcmuran  in  Englind  wrra  itill  in  i  itat*  of 
diuf puintinoni  i  tnd  whcii  (iir  1'hoiiiH  (Itti'i  nrriirod 
without  bringing  tiiy  lelurm  •di'i|ii<le  to  llivir  t'i|ici:t*> 
iMiit,  tha  council  ontand  into  *  wrioua  di'libcntion 
wbfthuc  to  procc«'l  in  Ihvir  adventiitu  or  dwiidon  tho 
•nttrpriM.  I^ord  UcUwiru'a  arrival  in  l^'iKlaiid  caat  a 
)liM|wt  gloom  on  tha  iiielaiicholy  uroii|i«ct.  Uiit  tha 
npnaantationa  of  ihaaa  gentlemen,  dvliveri'd  in  council 
mi  canlirinad  by  oath,  acrvcd  tn  keep  up  thoii  ipinla, 
Md  indue*  tb»m  atill  to  tenew  their  eaertiona.  < 

The  aubalanoa  of  ihoae  reprciciitatiuna  wan,  that 
liie  country  wta  rich  in  itaelf,  but  that  lime  and  in- 
duati;  war*  necaisary  to  make  ita  woallh  prolilahlu  to 
th«  advanturera ;  that  it  yielded  abundance  uf  valuable 
wooda,  aa  oak,  walnut,  aah,  aaaHfraa,  iiiulbiTry  troca 
for  iilk  worma,  live  oak,  cedar  and  lir  fur  ahippiiig,  and 
that  on  tha  banka  of  the  I'utowmai-k  there  wore  treua 
lirg*  f  nough  for  inaala ;  that  it  produced  a  apociea  of 
WiB  bompTor  cordage,  pinaa  which  yielded  lar,  and  a 
wa.  quintitv  of  iron  ore ;  beaiilea  lead,  antimony,  and 
T  minerala,  ai;l  aeveral  kindi  of  colored  eartha  i 
in  th«  woodj  weio  found  varioui  baUaina  and 
medicinal  druga,  with  an  iminenae  quantity  of 
Byitla-berriea  for  wax ;  that  the  foreata  and  rivera  har- 
baavera,  otlera,  foxee  and  deer,  whoia  akina 
faluabia  articlea  of  commerce ;  that  sturgeon 
I  ba  lakan  in  tho  greatoit  plenty  in  five  nohio 
litara ;  and  lliat  without  the  bay,  to  the  northward,  waa 
aa  ai  .allanl  fiahing  bank  for  cod  of  the  boat  quality ; 
Ihal  'be  aoii  waa  Avorabia  to  the  cultivation  of  vinoa, 
augai  canaa,  orangea,  leinona,  almonda  and  rice  ;  that 
Iba  wintara  were  so  mild  that  cattle  could  get  their  food 
abroad,  and  that  swine  could  bo  failed  on  wild  fruita ; 
tbat  tbis  Indian  com  yielded  a  moat  luiuriant  harveat ; 
and  in  a  word,  that  it  wes  "one  of  the  goodliest  coun- 
iiiaa  (saya  Puichas),  promising  aa  rich  eiit,'ails  aa  any 
kingdom  of  the  earth,  to  which  the  aun  la  no  nearer  a 

•  uaighbor." 

Lwd  Delaware  further  aasured  thnm,  that  notwith- 
atanding  the  ill  slate  of  hia  health,  ho  was  so  far  from 
abrinkiiig  or  giving  over  the  enterprise,  that  lie  waa 
willing  la  lay  alt  he  was  worth  on  Us  success,  and  to 
Wturo  to  Virginia  with  all  convenient  expedition. 

Sir  'rbomaa  Uates  was  sgain  sent  out  with  six  ship*, 
Ibraa  hundred  men,  ono  hundred  cattle,  two  hundred 
awina,  and  large  supplies  of  every  kind.  He  arrived  in 
Iba  beginning  of  August,  101 1,  siid  received  the  com- 
tuand  from  Sir  Thomas  liale,  who  retired  to  Vorina  and 
ainployod  himself  in  erecting  a  town,  Henrico,  and 
inipronng  hia  plantation  at  New  Bermuda 

In  the  beginning  of  the  next  year  (1613),  Captain 
Algol,  who  liiid  carried  home  I.ord  Delaware,  came 
again  to  Virginia  witli  two  aliips,  and  was  again  aeni  to 
iCs  Polowmsck  for  com ;  of  which  he  procured  four- 
laan  hundred  busliela.  There  he  entered  into  an  ae- 
qnaiotance  with  Jspauwa,  the  sachem,  an  old  friend  of 
Captain  Smith,  and  of  all  the  English  who  had  come  to 
America.  Iti  his  territory  Pocahontas,  the  daughter 
of  Powbatsn,  was  concealed.  'J'ho  reason  of  hor  <|uit- 
ting  the  dominion  of  her  father  is  unknown.  Certain  it 
is,  that  he  had  been  in  a  stale  of  hostility  with  the 
colony  ever  since  the  departure  of  Smith ;  and  that  the 
frequant  depredations  and  murders  committed  by  the 
Indians  on  the  Kifflish,  were  in  tho  highest  degree 
lainful  to  this  tendcr-heartad  princess.  Argol  con- 
trirad  a  plan  to  get  her  into  his  possession.  He 
bargained  with  Japazsws  to  bring  her  on  l>oard  the  ship 
undar  pretence  of  a  visit  in  company  with  his  own  wife ; 
ihan  uamissing  the  sachem  and  his  wile  with  the  pro- 
miaad  reward,  he  carried  I'ocshontas  to  Jamestown, 
wbcia  the  bod  not  been  since  Captain  Smith  had  left 
liia  colony. 

A  meaaage  was  sent  to  Powhatan  to  inform  him 
tbat  bis  daughter  was  in  their  hands,  and  that  ahe  might 
ba  reatorod  to  him,  on  condition  that  he  would  deliver 
op  all  the  £n|rlish  whom  he  held  as  captives,  with  all 
Iba  arma,  tools,  and  utensils  which  the  Indians  had 
siolan,  and  furnish  the  colony  with  a  large  quantity  of 
com.  This  proposal  throw  him  into  much  perplexity  ; 
for  though  ho  loved  his  daughter,  he  was  loth  to  give  so 
much  for  her  redemption.  After  three  months  he  sent 
back  seven  of  the  captives,  with  throe  unserviceable 
muskets,  an  axe,  a  saw,  and  one  canoe,  loaded  with 
com.  He  also  sent  word,  that  when  ihcy  should  de- 
liver bis  daughter,  he  would  send  them  five  hundred 
'  '  I  of  corn,  and  make  full  aatisfactioa  fur  all  past 


injuriaa.  No  reliance  could  ha  placed  on  such  a  pro> 
miie.  The  iiegulistion  was  hruken,  aud  the  king  waa 
oll't'nded.  The  next  spring  (1013)  another  attempt  waa 
insdr,  sccompanicd  with  threatening  nii  the  pan  of  tha 
Kiiglisli  i  aiiu  siratsgoin  on  tin  part  of  tha  Indians. 
This  proved  eqiiall)  iiieirectusl.  At  length  it  was  an- 
nuiiiiced  to  Powhatan,  tliiit  John  Kolfe,  sn  Kiiglisb 
guiitleiiisn,  was  iii  love  with  Pocshontas,  and  liad  ob. 
tamed  her  consent,  and  the  liceiisa  uf  llie  governoi  to 
marry  her.  The  prince  was  soltencd  by  Ihis  inlelli- 
gonce,  end  sent  one  of  his  chiefs  to  attend  the  ni.p'ial 
■oleiiiiiity.  After  thia  event  Puwhstait  was  friendly 
lu  the  colony  aa  long  aa  lie  lived  ;  and  a  free  trade  waa 
carried  on  lietween  them  and  his  people. 

Tha  visit  which  this  lady  made  to  lingland  with  her 
husband,  and  hii*  death,  which  happened  there  in  the 
uioom  of  her  youth,  have  lieen  related  in  the  life  of 
Captain  Smith.  It  is  there  iiliserred,  that  "  several 
families  of  note  in  Virginia  sre  dewcnded  from  her." 
Tha  descant  is  thus  traced  hy  Mr.  Htith :  her  son, 
Thomas  Knife,  wss  educsted  in  Englniid,  siid  came 
over  to  Virginia,  where  he  become  a  man  of  fortiina 
and  distinction,  and  inherited  a  large  tract  of  land  whiib 
lisd  been  the  projicrly  of  his  grandfather,  Powhatan 
Ho  left  an  only  daiiiiliter,  wlio  was  married  to  Colonel 
Itnliert  Dolling.  Ills  son.  Major  John  Bailing,  was 
father  to  Colonel  John  Boiling,  whose  five  daiightera 
were  married  to  Colonel  Kichard  lUiidolph,  Colonel 
John  I'leiiiins,  Dr.  William  Uay,  Mr.  Thomas  Kl- 
dridge,  and  Mt.  Jainea  Murray.  Such  waa  the  state  of 
tho  family  in  1747. 

The  reconciliation  between  Powhatan  and  the  Eng- 
lish awakened  the  fears  of  the  lit  !:-na  of  Chickaho- 
inony,  a  formidable  and  free  peopi-  They  were  go- 
vemod  by  an  aasemlily  of  their  elders,  or  wise  men, 
who  also  bore  tha  character  of  prieais.  They  hated 
Powhatan  aa  a  tyrant,  and  were  always  jealous  of  his 
design  to  subject  them.  They  had  taken  advantage  uf 
tho  dissension  between  him  siid  the  Knglish  to  soaerl 
thoir  liberty  ;  but  on  the  reconciliation,  they  apprehend- 
ed that  he  might  moke  use  of  the  friendship  of  the  c<^ 
lony  to  reduce  Ibem  under  his  voke.  To  prevent  this, 
they  sent  a  deputation  to  Sir  'I  bomu  Dale,  to  eieiisa 
their  former  ill-conduct,  and  submit  themselves  to  tha 
Knglisb  govamnMnt.  Sir  Thomas  waa  pleased  with 
the  olfer,  and  on  a  day  appointed  went  with  Captain 
Argal  and  fifty  men  to  their  village,  where  a  peace  was 
concluded  on  tba  following  conditions. 

1.  That  tlwy  should  forever  be  called  [Toeaenteaaas] 
Now  Knjjlishmen,  and  b*  true  aubjecta  of  King  James 
and  his  dvputiaa. 

3.  Tlist  thay  should  neither  kill  nor  destroy  any  of 
the  I)ii)>lish  nor  their  stray  cattle,  but  bring  them  homo. 

3.  That  tiiey  should  alwayk  be  ready  tu  fumiah  the 
English  with  throe  hundred  men  against  the  Spaniards 
or  any  olbur  on  my. 

4.  Thit  till  y  anoold  not  enter  any  of  the  English 
settlements  v.ithout  previously  sending  in  word  tliat 
they  wt  re  NeiT  Englishmen. 

6.  Thiit  every  bow-man  at  harvest  should  bring  into 
the  store  two  measures  [two  one-half  bushels]  of  corn, 
aa  a  tribute,  for  which  he  should  receive  a  hatchet. 

6.  Tliat  eight  cidcra  or  chiefs  should  see  all  this 
perfbrini^d.  or  receive  punishment  ihcinselvcs ;  and  that 
for  thuir  Itii'.'lity,  each  ono  should  receive  s  rod  coat,  a 
copper  chain,  and  a  picture  of  King  James,  and  should 
be  account.id  bis  noblemen. 

Tliough  this  transaction  passed  whilst  Sir  Thomas 
Gates  was  at  tho  head  of  tlin  govciiiinent,  and  rcsidinj,' 
within  the  colony,  yet  noihing  is  said  of  his  assenting 
to  it,  or  giving  any  ordera  about  it  Dale  sppears  to 
have  been  the  most  active  and  enterprising  man ;  and 
on  Hatcs's  return  to  England  in  tho  spring  of  1614, 
the  chief  command  devolved  on  him. 

The  experience  of  live  years  had  now  convinced  all 
thinking  men  among  the  English,  that  tho  colony  would 
never  thrive  whilst  their  lands  were  held  in  common, 
and  tho  people  wero  maintained  out  of  tho  public 
stores.  In  such  a  case  there  is  no  spur  to  exertion ; 
the  industrious  person  and  the  drone  faro  alike,  and  the 
former  has  no  inducement  to  work  for  the  latter.  The 
time  preacribed  in  the  king's  instructions  for  their  tra- 
ding in  a  common  stock,  and  bringing  all  tho  fruits  of 
their  labor  into  a  common  store,  was  expired.  An  al- 
teration was  then  contemplated,  but  the  first  measure 
adopted  did  not  much  mend  the  matter.  Three  acres 
only  were  allotted  to  each  man,  as  a  farm,  on  which  he 
was  to  work  eleven  months  for  the  store,  and  one 
month  for  himself ;  and  to  receive  his  proportion  out  of 
the  common  stock.  Those  who  wero  employed  on  Sir 
Thomas  Dale's  plantation  had  better  terms.  Ono 
monUi'a  labor  oiUy  waa  required,  and  tbey  wen  ex- 


amptad  fiom  all  further  sarviea ;  and  for  Ihia  aMn^ 
lion,  they  |iuid  a  yisrly  irihiita  of  threa  barrela  and  • 
half  of  corn  tu  the  imlilic  store.  Theaa  farms  ware  n>il 
held  by  a  Iriiure  i>i  >  uinuion  succage,  which  canieswitb 
it  fitedom  and  pniiwrty  ;  but  niirrly  by  tenancy  al 
will,  which  produces  dr|ieiidi'ni'e.  li  is,  bowuver,  ab> 
servi'd,  that  this  small  ciicoiir^iKinieiit  gave  some  pi» 
sent  content,  and  tha  fear  of  comuig  to  want  grsduall)) 
dissppnared. 

Ab^ut  two  *aars  after  (ISlfl),  a  method  of  g-anlia|| 
lands  in  frccliiiMs,  and  in  lots  of  fifty  acres,  was  iiitri^ 
ducrd  into  Vir,?mia.  'I'his  quantity  waa  allawed  !• 
ach  (lerson  wh*  caina  to  reside,  or  biougbl  otbara  ta 
raaidu  there.  The  design  of  it  wss  to  encourage  emi- 
gration. Besidoa  this,  there  were  two  other  iiielbod* 
uf  grunting  Isnds.  Une  was  a  grant  of  merit.  Whoa 
any  |iersun  had  conferred  a  lieiii'fit,  or  dona  a  service  Ul 
the  colony,  it  waa  requited  by  a  (irant  of  land  whieh 
could  not  exceed  two  thousand  acres,  'i'he  other  waa 
called  the  adventure  of  the  purie.  Every  person  wbo 
paid  twelve  guineas  into  the  company's  tiasaury  Waa 
entitled  to  one  hundreil  acres. 

After  some  tiiiic,  this  1,'ierty  of  taking  grants  waa 
abused ;  nartly  by  the  ignorance  and  knavery  of  anr 
veyors,  who  often  gave  draughts  of  land  without  avat 
actually  aurveyiiig  them,  but  dcscnbing  them  hy  nstu- 
ral  boundarica,  and  allowing  large  measure  ;  and  |>attly 
bv  the  indulgcru:e  of  courts,  in  a  lavish  adinittsnca  M 
claiina.  When  a  master  of  a  shin  came  into  court,and 
made  oath  that  he  hod  iin|iorted  himself  with  so  many 
seamen  and  passengers,  an  order  was  issued  granting 
him  as  nisny  riuhts  of  fifty  acres ;  and  the  clerk  had  a 
fee  for  each  right.  The  acainen  at  another  court  would 
moke  oath,  that  they  had  adventured  themselves  aa 
many  tiinea  into  the  country,  and  would  obtain  an  unlar 
for  as  many  rights,  totict  quoliCM.  Tho  planter  who 
brought  the  imported  servants  would  do  tha  ssine,  and 
procure  an  order  for  as  many  timea  fifty  acres.  Thaaa 
grania,  after  being  described  by  tho  surveyors  in  tha 
above  vague  and  careless  insnnar,  were  sold  st  a  small 
price  ;  and  whoever  was  able  to  purchaae  any  conai* 
derablo  number  of  them,  became  entitled  tu  a  vaat 
quantity  of  land.  By  such  meana  the  original  intantilM 
of  allotting  a  small  freehold  to  each  emigrant  was  frua- 
trated ;  and  tha  aettlement  of  the  country  in  convrniant 
districts  waa  precluded.  Land  speculators  lacaino 
pooaessed  of  immense  trscts,  too  large  for  culti  /s*ioii ; 
and  the  inhabitania  ware  scattered  over  a  greav  extent 
of  territory  in  remota  aud  baiardous  situatioi.i.  Tba 
ill  atfecis  of  this  dis|iersu)ii  were,  insecurity  bom  tho 
savajea ;  a  habit  of  iiidulcnce ;  an  imperfect  mode  of 
cultivation;  tha  introduction  of  convicta  from  Eng* 
land,  and  of  slaves  from  Africa. 

Tha  same  year  (1016),  Sir  Thomas  Dale  relumed  to 
England,  carrying  with  him  Pocahontas,  the  wife  of  Mr. 
Itoffe,  and  several  other  Indians.  The  motive  of  hia 
return  was  to  visit  his  fsmily  and  eettla  his  privala 
afToirs,  after  having  spent  five  or  six  years  in  the  serviea 
of  the  colony.  Ho  is  chanicteriied  as  an  active,  faithful 
governor,  very  careful  to  provide  suppliea  of  corn,  ralhtr 
By  planting  than  by  purchaae.  So  much  bad  theaa  snpi 
plies  increased  under  his  direction,  that  the  colony  waa 
able  to  lend  to  the  Indian  princes  several  hundred 
bushels  of  curn,  and  take  morlgaget  of  their  land  in 
payment.  He  would  allow  no  tobacco  to  be  planted  till 
a  suHicicncy  of  seed-corn  was  in  tho  ground.  He  waa 
alr.n  very  assiduous  in  ranging  and  exploring  tho  country, 
and  became  extremely  delighted  with  its  pleasant  and 
fertile  oppcarance.  He  hud  so  high  an  opinion  of  it, 
that  he  declared  it  equal  to  the  best  porta  of  Europe,  if  it 
were  cultivated  and  inhabited  by  an  iiu(us<rioiM  peoplo.* 

SIR  SAMUEL  AROAL, 

AND 

SIR  OEOROE  YEARDLEY. 

Savusi.  AaoAi—Expedltion  to  ttie  Northern  part  ot  Vligtala 
Atrocka  tho  Ffu  en  at  MuuiU  Desart— Takes  Posiesmon  of 
tlieir  Fnrt— TukcH  and  destroys  l*ort  Royal— Ills  Conforeaco 
wall  Hiuiicourt— Vi.4it»ttiu  Dutch  at  Hudson's  river— Dutch 
(lovcrnnr  HurruiidiTi*  tu  tiiin—JJia  Voyage  to  England — A^ 
iMtintud  Ueijuty-governur  of  Vlr^lllia — Arrives  tn  Virtfinla.* 
Huvivon  disciplliie — Uucoincs  odious  by  hli  rigor — Chsrged 
Willi  i>c<-ulatu>ii — He  Is  Huptiiscdcd- Ltica|»cs  by  aid  of  tlia 
Karl  uf  Warwick— CuiiiinaadH  a  aliip  oi^aiiiat  ttio  AlL'f'rines 
— Knighted  byKiiig  James— Hia  character— 4>aoaQSYSAaD- 

■  Lay,  governor  of  Virginia— Encourages  tlie  cultivation  of 
Tobaccu— Attacks  tho  Chickohomony  Indiana— Superseded 
byArgal— Appointed  Governor-General  of  Virginia- Resigna 
— Resumes  the  Oovernnient— His  Deatb. 

Wb  have  no  account  of  Captain  AaoAt  before  tba 
year  16(19,  when  he  came  to  Virginia  to  fiah  for  stu^ 


Uti 


*  Since  the  luregoing  sheets  wero  printed,  I  have  found  tha 
following  brief  account  of  Sir  Ueorge  Somers,  In  FuUer'a 
Worthies  of  England,  p.  US 

"  Uoorie  Ittuiuis,  Knight,  wu  bom  1.1  or  near  Lyao,  la 


iiionnAPHit.'>)v  c  THE  CAiiLr  discoverers. 


Btumcd  in 
jvireofMr. 
kive  of  hi* 
Lit  priviita 
Iho  >or>ie« 
\e,  faithfnl 
Dm,  rathf  I 

|alony  WM 
^  hundred 
ir  land  in 
lilantcd  till 
Ho  waa 
lo  countiyi 
lasaitt  and 
Lion  of  itt 
prope,  if  it 
I  peoplo.* 


Jtrvugliito 
|ii«aston  o€ 
kinfotmco 
,«i— Dutcd 
klaiid— A^ 
IVinriill*— 
|-Char|«4 
lalvlot  tlw 
1  AlKfrinai 

Aivatlon  of 
lupornedad 
f— Realgn* 

Jefora  tha 
Iforiwt- 

[  found  Xh» 
IttUai*! 

Il.rat.1* 


gMH  tnd  ln4o  with  the  ttlony,  Thi*  Irad*  wm  lh«n 
■nikibitMl  but  toing  i  Uumiikii  of  Sir  Thomai  Smith, 
■I*  voytg*  wu  oonniyivl  il,  ind  Iho  prairiaiona  tnd 
win*  which  he  h.ouKliI  Wf  rt  >  wclcoing  rclitf  to  lliv 
coloiT'  lit  waa  thura  whtn  the  ahattoretl  floiil,  ea- 
eapMi  from  Iho  teiii|iral,  uriviHl  Vf  ilhoiit  liwir  coininaii- 
den;  and  ha  continuod  lo  make  vayjKca  in  the  «<r- 
Tiea  of  the  colony,  end  fur  hie  own  advanl.i)(<i,  nil  he 
WM  made  depuly-KOvernor,  iindur  I.itd  Uolawure. 

Ilia  prinei|Ml  eiploll  in  which  hn  wna  en^agrd,  waa 
tn  aipulilion  to  ine  northern  part  t.f  VirKiMia*  .Sir 
lliomtB  iJelo,  harinx  received  aoine  iiif'iriiiatioii  of  the 
ialrueion  of  the  French  and  IJ  ilch  wiihin  the  cha,'t.ircd 
limita  )f  Viri;init,  aer.t  ArKal,  oalonaildy  on  a  trading 
tnd  Aahir.g  voyage  lo  the  northward  ;  0x1  with  oti\tn 
In  teek  for,  and  diapoeaeae  inlrudora.  No  account  of 
thia  force  ia  mentiomxl  by  any  writor.  Hiving  viailed 
aareral  parte  of  the  coaat  of  North  Virginia,  and  ob- 
ttined  tl.a  beat  information  in  hia  power,  ly  arrived  at 
Iha  iaiaiul  now  called  Mount  Deaart,  in  thu  Diatrict  of 
Maine :  whern  two  Jenulta,  who  had  been  eipellcd  from 
Port  Royal,  by  the  governor,  Uiencourt,  for  Iboir  inao- 
laiiea,  had  made  a  pluntatlon,  and  buill  a  fori.  A 
French  ahip  and  bark  were  then  lying  in  tha  harbor. 
Moat  of  tha  people  wero  diaperacd,  at  tlieir  varioua  em- 
ploymenta,  and  wero  unprepared  lo  receive  an  enemy. 
Argal  al  once  attacked  the  voaaela  with  muequotry, 
and  made  an  eaay  conqucal  of  them.  Ona  of  the  Jo- 
itiila  waa  killed  in  attempting  to  level  one  of  the  ahip'a 
guiia  agiinal  the  aaaallanta.  Argal  then  landed,  and 
auminoned  llie  fori.  'I'be  commander  requeated  lima 
for  conaultation,  but  il  wat  denied ;  on  which  the  gar- 
riaon  abandoned  tha  fort,  and,  by  a  private  pa<aagv,  oa- 
caped  to  the  wood*.  Argal  look  poaaeaaion  in  the 
name  of  the  crown  of  England,  and  the  next  day  the 
people  came  in,  and  aurrendered  thcmselvea,  and  their 
commiaaion,  or  patent.  He  treated  them  with  polite- 
ncaa,  giving  them  leave  to  go  eithor  to  Kranco,  in  the 
Ibhing  veaaola,  which  reaortcd  to  the  coaat,  or  with  him 
!a  Virginia. 

The  other  Joauil,  Father  Biard,  glad  of  an  opporlu- 
•ity  lo  be  revenged  on  Biencourt,  uavo  information  of 
aia  aettlemcnt  al  Port  Hoyal,  and  otTered  to  pilot  the 
weed  thither.  Argal  aailcd  acroaa  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 
tnd,  entering  the  harbor,  landed  forty  men.  A  gun 
area  fired  from  the  fori,  aa  a  aignal  lo  the  people  aboard; 
tMt  Argal  advanced  with  auch  rapidity,  that  ho  found 
the  fort  ab-ndoned,  and  took  poaaeaaion.  He  then 
aailed  up  .:.:  river  with  hia  boata ;  jvhero  he  viewed 
their  fieida,  their  barn*  and  mill ;  thcao  he  anared ;  but 
It  hia  return  he  deatroyed  the  fori,  and  defaced  the 
Hta  of  the  King  of  France. 

Biencourt  waa  at  thia  lime  aurveving  the  country  at 
a  diatance;  but  waa  called  home  aiidaenly,  and  requoaled 
<l  cooferonr.e  with  the  Kngliah  commander.  They  met 
A  a  meadow,  with  a  few  of  their  follower*.  Alter  an 
Ineffectual  aaacrtion  of  riglita,  equally  claimed  by  both, 
Biencourt  proposed,  if  he  could  obtain  a  protection 
bom  the  Crown  of  England,  and  gel  the  obnoxioua  Je- 
aait  into  hia  poaaeaaion,  to  divide  the  fur  trade,  and  dia- 
ckwe  the  minea  of  the  country ;  but  Argal  refused  to 
make  any  treaty,  alleging  that  hia  order*  wero  only  to 
4ispoaae*a  him ;  and  thrualening,  if  ho  ihould  find  him 
hare  again,  to  uae  him  as  an  cnriny.  Wliilnt  they  were 
1 1  conference,  one  of  the  nalivca  came  up  to  them,  and 
ir.  broken  French,  with  suitable  goslurea,  endeavored 
tcmcdiatfl  a  peace ;  wondering  that  persons,  who  seem- 
ed  to  him,  to  be  of  one  nation,  should  make  war  on 
■aeh  other.  This  afTocting  incident  served  to  put  them 
both  into  good  humor. 

Aa  it  wa*  a  time  of  peace  between  the  two  erowna, 
Uic  only  pretcit  for  this  expedition,  was  the  mtruaion  of 
the  French  into  limits  claimed  by  the  English,  in  virtue 
of  prior  discovery.  This  mode  of  dispossessing  them 
hiN  been  censured,  as  "  contrary  to  the  Law  of  Na- 
iKxia,  because  inconsistent  with  their  peace."  It  was, 
however,  agreeable  to  the  power*  granted  in  the  char- 
tei  of  1609  ;  and  even  the  sciit-o  of  the  French  vcs- 
tela,  on  board  of  which  waa  a  lurge  quantity  of  pro- 
vieion,  clothing,  furniture,  and  trading  goods,  waa  alao 
warranted  by  tbe  aaine  charier.  There  ia  no  evidence 
that  thia  transaction  was  either  approved  by  tho  Court 
of  England,  or  resented  by  the  Crown  of  France ;  cer 


Donetihlre.  He  wai  a  lamb  npun  land,  and  a  lion  at  aeo. 
lo  patient  on  shore,  that  fow  could  snfier  him ;  and  on  enter- 
ing a  ship  as  If  ho  had  SKSutned  a  now  nature,  so  nsasionate 
that  lew  could  plcan«  Vitii.  Whitclmrch,  whero  hi*  corpse 
was  defwslted,  is  distant  tlirpc  miles  from  Lyme. 

•  The  time  of  this  voyai^o  is  not  accuratnly  moiitioned ;  but 
nem  romparing  seroral  dales  and  transnilions,  I  think  (with 
Mr.  Prince)  that  it  must  have  been  In  tho  summer  of  1613. 
Caitatiily  It  was  before  Arial  was  made  deputjr-govemor,  in 
KIT.  tM<i(h  aoBce  writers  luve  placed  it  an*r  that  period. 


a  p«l( 

King  James  gave  .o  Sir  William  Alexander,  in  lASI, 
by  which  he  granted  him  tha  whole  territory  of  Acadia, 
by  the  name  nf  Nova  Scotia ;  and  yet  the  French  con- 
tinued their  occiipacy. 

On  Ills  return  towards  Virginia,  with  hi*  priiea,  Ar- 
gal vialli'd  the  si'ltlemrnl  winch  the  Dutch  hud  made  at 
Iludson'*  river,  nror  tho  spot  where  Albany  ia  now 
built,  and  ilcinanded  fioaaessioii ;  alleging  that  Iludson 
being  an  Eiigluli  subject,  though  in  the  arivice  of  Hol- 
land, cuiilil  not  alienate  the  landa  which  ho  had  disco- 
vered ;  which  were  claimed  by  the  crown  of  England, 
•nil  uraiilrd  by  charter  to  the  company  of  Virginia. 
Tho  Dutch  governor,  Hendrick,  (^hriatlnna,  lieing  un- 
able to  msko  any  resistance,  quietly  aulnnitled  himself 
and  hia  colony  to  the  Crown  of  England,  and  waa  |ier- 
initted  to  remain  there.  But  on  the  arrival  of  a  rein- 
forcement the  next  year,  they  built  another  fort,  on  the 
•outh  end  of  the  iaiand  Manhallan,  whera  the  city  of 
Now  York  now  stands,  and  held  Iho  couniry  for  many 
yeara,  under  a  grant  from  the  Slatea-goneral,  by  the 
name  of  New  Netherlanda. 

The  next  spring  (1014)  Argal  went  to  England,  and 
two  years  after.  Sir  lliomas  Dale  followed  hiin,  leaving 
Ueoriie  Vcardloy  to  govern  the  colony  in  his  absence. 
It  had  been  a  grand  object  with  Dale  to  discourage  the 
planting  of  tobacco  ;  but  hi*  *ucceaM)r,  in  compliance 
with  the  humor  of  the  peoplo.  Indulged  them  in  culti- 
vating il,  in  preference  to  com.  When  the  colony  waa 
in  want  of  bread,  Veardley  aent  to  the  Indian*  of  Cliick- 
■homony  for  their  tribute,  aa  promised  by  tho  treaty 
made  with  Dale.  They  answered,  that  they  had  paid 
hi*  master ;  but  that  they  had  no  orders,  nor  any  incli- 
nation lo  obey  him.  Veardloy  drew  out  one  hundred 
of  hi*  beat  men,  and  went  againal  them.  They  received 
him  in  a  warlike  poaturo  ;  and  after  much  threatening 
on  both  aides,  Veardley  ordered  hi*  men  to  firo. 
Twelve  of  the  native*  were  killed,  and  aa  many  were 
mado  prisoners,  of  whom  two  were  Elders  of  Senators. 
For  their  ransom,  one  hundred  bushels  of  com  were 
paid,  in  addition  to  the  tribute.  Throe  boata  were 
loaded  for  Jamestown,  ono  of  which  wa*  overset  in  the 
paaaago.  and  eleven  men,  with  her  whole  cargo,  were 
ioat.  The  native*  wero  so  awed  by  Ihi*  chastisement, 
that  they  aupplied  the  colony  with  auch  provisions  as 
they  could  spare  from  their  own  alock,  or  procure  by 
hunting ;  and  being  thua  supplied,  tho  colonist*  gave 
themselves  chiefly  to  the  planting  of  tobacco. 

In  1017,  Captain  Argal  waa  appointed  deputy-go- 
vernor of  the  colony  under  liOrd  Delaware,  and  admiral 
of  the  adjacent  aoa*.  When  he  arrived,  in  May,  ho 
found  the  palisade*  broken,  tho  church  fallen  down,  and 
the  well  of  fresh  water  apoilcd  ;  but  tho  market-square 
and  tho  atrceta  of  Jamestown  wero  planted  with  tobacco, 
and  the  people  were  diaperaed,  wherever  they  could 
find  room  to  cultivate  that  precioua  weed ;  tha  value  of 
which  waa  aupnosed  to  be  much  angmentcd  by  a  new 
mode  of  cure,  drying  il  on  lino*,  rather  than  fermenting 
it  in  heapa.  The  author  of  tbia  discovery  was  a  Mr. 
Lambert ;  and  the  eflecl  of  it  waa  a  groat  demand 
from  England  for  linca,  which  afterwanU  became  a 
capital  article  of  trafiic. 

To  counteract  tho  ill  eflect*  of  Yeardley'a  indul- 
gence, Argal  revived  the  eovero  discipline  which  wa* 
grounded  on  tho  martial  law*,  framed  by  hi*  patron.  Sir 
Thomaa  Smith  ;  a  specimen  of  which  may  be  seen  in 
ihe  following  edicta.  Ho  fixed  the  advance  on  <>u<k1s 
imported  from  England,  at  twenty-five  per  cent,  and  ihe 
price  of  tobacco  at  three  ahillinga  per  pound ;  the  pe- 
nally for  tranagressing  Ihi*  regulation  waa  three  year* 
alavery.  No  person  was  allowed  to  fire  a  gun,  except 
in  hi*  own  dufence,  against  an  enemy,  till  a  new  supply 
of  ammunition  should  arrive  ;  on  penalty  of  one  year's 
slavery.  Abaence  from  church  on  Sunday*  and  holi- 
days, was  puniahed  bjr  laying  the  offunder  neck  and 
heels,  for  ono  wliolo  night,  or  by  one  week's  slavery  ; 
the  second  olfence,  by  one  month's  ;  and  the  third  by 
ono  year'*  slavery.  Private  trade  with  the  savages, 
or  teaching  them  to  use  tho  arms,  was  punishablo  by 
death. 

These  and  similar  law*  were  executed  with  such 
rigor,  oa  to  render  the  deputy-governor  odioua  to  the 
colony.  They  had  cnturtaiiiod  a  hope  of  deliverance, 
by  Ihe  expected  arrival  of  Lord  Delaware,  who  aailed 
from  England  for  Virginia  (.\pril,  1618)  in  a  largeehip, 
containing  two  hundred  people.  After  touching  at  the 
Western  Islands,  a  succession  of  contrary  wind*,  and 
bad  weather  protracted  tho  voyage  for  sixteen  weeks, 
during  which  lime,  many  of  the  peoplo  fell  sick,  and 
about  thirty  died,  among  whom  was  I<ord  Delaware. 
This  fatal  new*  was  known  first  in  Virginia ;  but  tho 
report  of  Argal's  injurious  conduct  had  gone  lu  Eng- 


land, and  made  a  dee,)  impresaion  lo  hi*  dlaadraMngJ^ 
on  the  mind*  of  hi*  beat  friendu.  Beside*  ■  ff:A 
number  of  wrong*  lo  particular  paraont,  ha  wta 
charged  with  ronverting  lo  hi*  own  use,  what  rmnainai 
of  Ihe  public  store* ;  with  depredstirn  and  wast*  cf  ISm 
revenuea  of  Iho  company  ;  and  with  many  oKnuiJt  lit 
mailers  of  slato  and  government.  At  first  the  eoflDjiiny 
were  ao  alarmed,  a*  to  think  of  an  applieatioii  10  tli  J 
crown  for  redress  ;  but  on  further  consideraliun,  they 
wrote  a  letter  of  reprehensinii  to  him.  and  another  M 
complaint  to  lA>rd  Delaware,  whom  they  supposed  to 
be  at  the  head  of  the  colony,  requeating  thai  Argal  inigU 
be  aeni  to  England,  10  answer  Ihe  curgei  laid  against 
him. 

Both  these  letters  fell  into  Argal'a  handa.  Convinced 
that  hi*  tinio  wa*  short,  he  determined  lo  make  Ih* 
most  of  it  for  his  own  interest.  Having  aaaqmcd  tha 
oare  of  hie  lordahip'a  estate  in  Virginia,  he  converted 
the  labor  of  Ihe  tenant*,  and  the  prmluce  of  the  land  lo 
hia  own  u*e.  But  Edwird  Brewder,  who  had  been 
appointed  overaeer  of  the  plantation,  by  hia  tordahip'e 
order*  before  hia  death,  endeavored  to  withdraw  that* 
from  Argal'a  aorvico,  and  employ  them  for  the  beiieCt 
of  the  oatate.  When  he  threatened  one  who  refuatil 
to  obey  him,  Ihe  fellow  made  hi*  complaint  to  Ih* 
governor;  Brewster  was  arrested,  tried  by  a  oouit 
Durtial,  and  sentenced  lo  death,  in  consequence  of  dw 
aforesaid  law  of  Sir  Thoma*  Smith.  Sensible  of  lha 
eitreme  aeverity  of  the*e  law*,  Ihe  court  which 
pa**ed  the  sentence,  accompanied  by  tho  clergy, ' 
in  a  body  to  the  governor,  to  intercede  for  Brawatai't 
life,  which,  with  much dilDculty  they  obtained,  on  thia 
condition,  that  he  ahould  quit  Virginia,  never  more  M 
retuin  ;  and  should  give  his  oath,  tnst  he  would,  neilhec 
in  England,  nor  eUuwhere,  aay  or  do  any  thins  10  tha 
dishonor  of  the  governor.  On  his  going  lo  Ensland,  ha 
waa  advised  to  appeal  lo  Ihe  company  ;  and  the  proae 
cution  of  this  appeal,  added  lo  the  odium  which  Argal 
iiail  incurred,  determined  them  to  aend  over  a  new  g(^ 
vernor,  to  examine  the  complaii<la  and  accusationa  in 
the  spot. 

The  person  chosen  ti;  execute  thia  commiision,  waa 
Yeardley,  his  rival,  who,  on  this  occaaion,  waa  knighted, 
and  appointed  governor-general  of  the  colony,  where  ha 
arrived  in  tho  spring  of  1610 

The  Earl  of  Warwick,  who  waa  Argal'a  friend  and 
partner  in  trade,  had  taken  care  to  give  him  informa- 
tion of  what  was  doing,  and  to  despatch  a  small  veaaiiL 
which  arrived  before  ttio  new  governor,  and  carried  off 
Argal  with  all  his  effects.  By  Ibis  mameuvro,  and  by 
virtue  of  his  partnership  with  the  earl,  he  not  only  e» 
caped  the  •ntended  examination  in  Virginia,  but  aeearad 
Ihe  greater  part  of  his  property,  and  defrauded  tha 
company  of  that  rettilution  which  they  hod  a  right  la 
expect. 

The  character  of  Captain  Argil,  like  that  of  moat 
who  were  concerned  in  the  coloniistion  and  govetn- 
mcnt  of  Virginia,  is  dilTerently  drawn.  On  the  ooa 
hand,  he  is  spoken  of  aa  a  good  mariner,  a  civil  gentle 
man,  a  man  of  public  spirit,  active,  indiiatrioua,  and 
careful  to  provide  for  the  people,  and  keep  them  con- 
•tantly  employed.  On  the  other  hand,  he  is  described 
a*  negligent  of  tho  public  business,  seeking  only  hi* 
own  intereat,  rapiciou*,  pa*sionste,  crbilrary,  and  cruel ; 
pushmg  his  unrighteous  gains  by  all  meana  of  extortion 
.And  oppreasion.  Mr.  Stub,  who,  from  the  beat  infor- 
mation  which  he  could  obtain,  at  the  diatance  of  mora 
than  a  century,  by  searching  the  public  record*  of  tbe 
eolony,  and  the  journals  of  the  company,  pronouneea 
him  "  a  roan  of  good  aenae,  of  great  industry  and  reao- 
lutien,"  and  says,  that  "  when  the  company  warned 
him  peremptorily,  to  exhibit  his  accounts,  and  make 
answer  to  auch  things  as  they  had  charged  against  him, 
he  so  foiled  and  peqilexed  all  their  proceniinga,  and 
gave  them  so  much  trouble  and  annoyance,  that  they 
were  never  able  lo  bring  him  lo  any  account  or  punial^ 
ment." 

Nothing  mote  ia  known  of  him,  hut  that  alter  quit- 
tiiig  Virginia,  he  waa  employed  in  1630,  lo  command  a 
ahip  of  war,  in  an  expedition  against  the  Algeriuea ;  and 
that  in  1633,  he  waa  knighted  by  King  James. 

About  Ihe  same  time  that  Lord  Delaware  died  al  aea, 
the  great  Indian  prince  Powhatan,  died  at  his  seat  in 
Virginia,  (April,  1618.)*  He  was  a  person  of  excel- 
lent natural  talents,  penetrating  and  crafty,  and  a  com- 
plete master  of  all  the  arts  of  savage  policy  ;  but  totally 
void  of  truth,  justice,  and  magnanimity.  He  waa  suc- 
ceeded by  his  second  brother  Opitchapan ;  who,  being 
decrepid  and  inactive,  was  soon  obscured  by  the  eupe- 

*  Tho  same  year  is  also  memorable  for  the  death  et  litt 
Walter  Ralclch,  who  may  be  cwsidsred  aa  tl»e  twill  e> 
tlie  colony  of  Virgin:*. 


AMERICAN   HISTOnr. 


I  pltiutl,  tlial  ha  luipl  tlw  kaya  coiitiriunlly 
amniiig  tni  riiulting  llw  doora  many  liinrt 


liar  •bilillM  and  amailion  of  hia  youngur  hrothcr  0|m- 
chtnctiiougb.  Uulh  of  them  rarmwiHl  aixl  coiitiriiiad 
IIm  p«wa  whick  I'owhatan  had  niada  wit!  iha  colony  ; 
Oy—hancanough  Anally  Fiinroaacd  tha  whola  power  of 
gDvamincnl ;  nt  tlio  Indiana  do  nut  ao  much  regard  lha 
Wiar  af  aucraaiion,  at  brilliancy  of  lalania,  and  iiilra- 
fidily  of  mind  in  their  r.liii'fa. 

To  ingralitia  thrmanlvoa  with  tha  prinea  and  attach 
him  mora  cloaolv  to  thvir  inlamat,  tna  colony  built  a 
kouaa  for  him,  alter  tha  Kiigliiti  moda,  With  tliia,  ho 
waa  ao  much 
in  hia  lianda,  oiwi 

in  a  day  and  ahowing  tha  maelwiary  of  lha  lovka,  to  hia 
•wn  people  and  atrangara.  In  return  for  thia  favor,  ha 
gava  hbarty  to  tba  Engliah  to  aaal  thoinaelvoa  at  any 
placa  on  lha  ahoraa  of  lha  rivara,  where  the  nalivca  had 
no  fillagaa,  and  antared  into  a  further  treaty  with  them 
lor  Iba  diacovary  of  minaa  and  for  mutual  friendihip  and 
iafanea.  Thia  treaty  waa  at  lha  requeal  of  Uiiechan- 
tauough  engtatau  on  a  bnaa  plate,  and  faalenod  to  ona 
•(  tha  uurgeat  oaka,  that  it  might  ka  alwaya  in  view,  and 
httd  in  uarpalual  lamambranca. 

Yaaidlay,  baing  rid  of  lha  trouble  of  calling  Argal  to 
■Mount,  applied  himaelf  to  the  buaineaa  of  hia  govern- 
■Mnt.  Tba  Arat  thing  ha  did  waa  to  add  aii  now  mcnt- 
kara  to  th;  council,  Francia  Weat,  Nathaniel  I'owul, 
John  Piry,  John  Ka!fe,  William  WIcLham,  and  (jain- 
■kl  Maycock.  The  neit  waa  to  publiah  hia  intention  to 
•all  a  General  Aaacinbly,  the  privilcgoa  and  powera  of 
wllieb  were  delinad  in  hia  coniinittioii.  1 1«  alau  granted 
M  lha  oldeat  planlera  a  ditcliarge  from  all  acrvicu  to  thu 
Mlanv,  but  auch  aa  waa  voluntary,  or  obligatory  by  the 
hwa  and  cuatoma  of  nationa ;  with  a  conlirmation  of 
•U  liwir  oatalea,  real  and  peraonal,  to  bo  holdon  in  the 
iaaa  manner  aa  by  Knglian  aubjccta.  Kiiuling  a  great 
Naicity  of  corn,  be  made  aomu  amende  for  hia  former 
anor  by  promoting  the  cultivation  of  it.  Tba  lirat  year 
of  hia  admihialration  (1619)  waa  remarkable  for  very 
gloat  cropa  of  wheat  and  Indian  cum,  and  for  a  great 
■Wttality  of  the  people ;  not  leaa  than  3(M)  of  whom 
diad. 

In  tba  month  of  July  of  thia  year,  the  firat  General 
Aiaambly  of  the  colony  of  Virginia  met  at  Jamealown.* 
Thu  d^'Jtiea  were  choaen  by  tno  lownahipa  or  korougha, 
110  countiea  being  at  that  tunc  formed.  From  thia  cir- 
OBmatanee  the  luwer  llouae  of  Aaarmkly  waa  alwaya 
•ftarwaida  railed  the  Ilouao  of  Durgcaa,  nil  the  revolu- 
tion in  1776.  In  thia  asaemhly,  the  governnr,  council 
and  burgeaaca  rat  in  one  bouae,  and  jointly  "  debated 
•U  mattcra,  thought  expedient  for  the  good  of  the 
colony."  The  lawa  then  enacted  were  of  tlie  nature 
of  local  regulationa,  and  wore  Iranamitted  to  Kngland 
far  the  approbation  of  the  treaauror  and  company.  It 
;a  aaid  that  they  were  judicloualy  drawn  up ;  but  no 
Toaliga  of  Ihein  now  remaina. 

Tbua,  at  the  expiration  of  twelve  ycara  from  their 
aattlament,  the  Virginiana  firat  enjoyed  the  privilege  of 
a  eoloiiial  Icgialaturu,  in  which  they  were  represented 
by  peraona  of  their  own  election.  They  received  aa  a 
laTOr,  what  tlicy  might  have  claimed  aa  a  right ;  and 
with  minda  dcpreaacd  by  the  arbitrary  ayatein  under 
which  they  had  been  held,  thanked  the  company  for  thia 
favor,  and  begged  them  to  reduce  a  coinpendium,  with 
hia  majeaty'a  approbation,  the  lawa  of  England  auitable 
far  Virginia ;  giving  thia  aa  a  reaaon,  that  it  waa  not  fit 
for  aubjecta  to  be  governed  by  any  lawa,  but  thoae 
which  received  an  authority  from  thuir  sovereign. 

It  aoema  to  have  been  a  eencral  aeniiineiit  among 
thaaa  coloniata,  not  to  make  Virginia  the  place  of  their 
permanent  reaider.ce,  but  after  having  acquired  a  for- 
tnua  by  planting  and  trade,  to  return  to  England  For 
Ibia  reaaon,  moat  of  them  were  deatitute  of  familiea, 
aiid  had  no  natural  attachment  to  the  country.  To 
icinady  thia  material  defect,  Sir  Edwin  Sandya  the 
naw  trcaaurer,  propoacd  to  the  company  to  send  over  a 
ftai^bt  of  young  women,  to  make  wivea  for  the  plantera. 
Tbia  propoaal  with  several  othcra  made  by  that  emi- 
nent atateaman,  waa  received  with  universal  applauae ; 
and  the  aucceaa  anawercd  their  expectiona.  Ninety 
girla,  "young  and  uncorrupt,"  were  sent  over  at  one 
lime  (1020);  and  aixty  more,  "handsome  and  well 
recommended"  at  another  (1021.)  Tbcao  were  aooii 
blaaaad  with  the  object  of  thoi.'  wishes.  The  price  of 
a  wife,  at  firat,  was  one  hundred  and  twenty  pounds  of 
tobacco,  but  aa  the  number  became  scarce,  the  price 
waa  increaaed  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds,  the  value 
of  which  in  money  waa  three  ahillinga  per  pound.  By  a 
■nbaequent  a^t  of  aaaembly,  it  waa  ordained,  that  "  the 


SIR  FRANCIS  WYAT. 


Ivott  hv  tho  Indian  cliiitrii— Matiiarra  oftba 
4-i>l<irijBt4— llenptmscii  iiiu  rhanae of  auvonunsnt altamiaad 


nf  VirirlMia— IVf 


price  of  a  wife  ahoutd  have  the  precedence  of  all  other  I  waakeneil,  hia  aninia  drjected,  and  hia  health  Impnioi 
delitaof  recovery  and  payment,  bccaiiae,  of  aV  kiuilal  to  that  degree  that  he  liceanin  iinlll  for  biiainaaa,  and 
of  marchandlae,  thia  waa  the  moat  deairable."  |  requeated  a  diamiaaton  from  llie  crea  of  ((ovammenl. 

To  thia  aalutary  project  of  the  rnin|iany.  King  Jamra  Ilia  romniitaion  expired  in  .Noveiiihcr,  llttl,  but  hO 
waa  plcaai'd  lu  mbl  aiioiliir,  wliiili  he  tignilied  to  the  j  ciinlinurd  in  the  culiiny,  waa  a  i.irml'cr  of  the  council, 
Ireaautir  by  a  letter,  rommaiuliHg  llivm  to  send  to  \'ir-  and  enjoyed  llie  reapret  and  ealeein  ol  lha  (leople. 
ginia  one  hiimlrrd  di»uliilo  perauna,  convicted  ufl  During  thia  abort  adniin«tration,  many  new  aeltU> 
Crimea,  who  tlioiild  bo  'lelivered  to  them  liy  the  knight-  i  ineiita  were  made  on  Jiimi's  and  York  rivpra,  and  liio 
inarahal.  The  aeaaon  uf  the  year  (Noveinlier)  waa  un-  |iluiitpra  iH'ing  supplied  with  wives  and  aervanta.  I<*g«r 
favorable  for  lrHiiai>orliitliin  i  liiit  ao  pprem|itory  waa  to  think  Iheinaelven  at  home,  and  to  lake  piraaiira  ic 
tlieking'acoinmaiiil.aiiusoanbmisaivetiieteiiiiierof  tliel  riiltivatliig  Ihcir  landa  ;  but  Ihey  neglected  to  provide 
company,  that  they  Iwcame  buund  lor  the  aiiliaibtence  1  lor  iht-ir  dofenre,  placing  too  uri'at  confidence  in  the 
of  theae  wretchea  till  they  cniild  aail,  which  waa  noil  continuance  of  that  lniiii|uillity  which  they  had  lam 
till  February.  Theeipenaeoflhtaei)uipineiilwaa400U/.  |  enjoyed  by  their  treaty  with  the  Indiana. 

Un  thia  tranaactiun,  Mr.  8lith,  who  takea  every  op- 
inrtunity  lo  eijioae  the  weak  and  arbitrary  governmonl 
of  King  Janiea,  niakca  the  folluwmg  remarka.  "  Tboao 
who  know  with  how  high  a  hand  thia  king  carried  it  even 
with  Ilia  parliamenta,  will  not  be  aurpriavd  to  find  him 
Ihua  unmercifully  inault  a  private  company,  and  load 
them  against  all  lai»,  with  the  mainlenanco  and  oxtra- 
onlinary  expense  of  truniporting  auch  peraona  aa  ha 
thought  proper  to  baniah.  And  I  cannot  but  remark, 
how  early  that  cualom  aroaa  of  tranaporling  looae  and 
disaoluta  peraona  lo  Virginia,  aa  a  place  of  puniahment 
and  diayrace ;  which  tlioiiKh  originally  deaigned  for 
the  advkiiceinsnt  and  increaae  of  the  colony,  yet  hat 
certainly  proved  a  great  hindrance  lo  ita  growth.  Fur 
it  hath  laid  one  of  the  finest  coantriea  in  Aiiieric  <  Mn- 
der  the  unjust  scandal  of  lieing  another  Siberia,  fit  only 
for  the  reception  of  inalcraclora,  and  the  vilest  of  llie 
people.  So  that  few  have  been  induced  willingly  lo 
transport  theinaelvea  lo  auch  a  place ;  and  our  younger 
aialcra,  the  northern  coloniea,  have  accordingly  profiled 
thereby.  For  thia  ia  one  cauae  that  they  have  out- 
slrip|icd  us  ao  much  in  the  number  of  their  inhabitanta, 
and  in  the  goodness  and  freiiuoiicy  of  their  towna  and 
citiea." 

In  tha  oame  year  (1020)  tho  merchandise  of  human 


Sia  FaA"<cit  Wv«T— Hiicceocls  Vesnllav  In  tha  fovammenl 
ncliierii- 
itmict  I  lie  rlianaaofai 
t)y  tlitt  Crown— lie  roturiu  tu  lieland. 

When  Sir  George  Yeanlloy  mjueated  a  diamiaeion 
from  tho  burden  of  govemment,  the  Earl  of  Southamp 
ton  recommended  to  tho  company  Sir  Fianeia  Wyil, 
aa  hia  aucressor.  He  waa  a  young  gentleman  of  • 
good  fainil>,  in  Ireland,  who,  on  account  of  hia  eduoft* 
tion,  fortune  and  integrity,  was  every  way  equal  to  Ika 
place,  and  was  arcordingfy  chosen. 

He  received  from  the  company  a  aet  of  inalnictinna, 
which  were  intended  to  he  a  permanent  directory  for 
the  governor  and  council  of  the  colony.  In  theae  it 
was  recommended  lo  Ihem,  lo  provide  for  the  aervico 
of  Ciod,  according  to  the  form  nnd  diaclpline  of  lha 
Church  of  England  ;  to  adminiater  justice  according  to 
the  lawa  of  England ;  to  protect  the  natives,  and  culti- 
vate peace  with  them  ;  to  educate  their  children ;  and 
to  endeavor  their  civilixation  and  converaion  ;  lo  encou* 
rage  indiialry ;  to  auppresa  gaming,  intemperance,  and 
excesa  in  apparel ;  to  give  no  offence  to  any  otbai 
prince,  atate,  or  people ;  lo  harbor  no  piralea ;  lo  build 
fleah,  waa  further  augmented,  by  the  introduction  of>  fortificalibna;  to  cultivato  com,   wine,  and  ailk;    to 


negroca  from  Africa.  A  Uutch  ahip  brought  twenty  of 
them  for  aale;  and  the  Virginiana,  wlioliad  but  juat 
emerged  from  a  state  of  vaasalage  theinaelvea,  began 
to  tie  the  ownera  and  masters  of  slaves. 

The  principal  commodity  produced  in  Virginia  be- 
aidea  corn,  waa  tobacco ;  an  arlicio  of  lu.tury  iiiurh  in 
demand  in  the  north  of  Europe.     Great  had  been  the 


search  for  minerala,  dyes,  gums,  medical  druga; 
to  "  draw  olf  the  people  from  the  eiceaaive  planting  ul 
tobacco." 

Immediately  on  Wyat'a  arrival,  (October,  1621)  hn 
sent  a  special  message  lo  Opilchapan  and  Opwhancn* 
nuugh,  by  Mr.  George  Thorpe,  a  gentleman  of  nite  in 
the  colony,  and  u  great  friend  to  tho  Indians,  to  coi^ 


diinciiltlca  attending  this  trade,  partly  from  the  jealousy  ;  firm  the  tornier  treaties  of  peace  and  friendship.    Thcf 


of  the  Spanianis,  who  cultivated  it  in  their  American 
coloniea  ;  partly  from  the  obseijuiouanesa  of  Jainoa  to 
that  nation ;  and  partly  from  hia  own  squeainiah  avcr- 
aion  to  tobacco,  against  the  use  of  which,  in  hia  princely 
wisdom,  ho  had  written  a  book.* 

'I'ho  Virginia  Company  theinaelvea  were  oppoaed  to 
ita  cultivation,  and  readily  admitted  varioua  projccta 


both  expressed  groat  satisfaction  at  the  arrival  of  tha 
new  governor ;  and  Mr.  Thorjie  imagined  that  he  eoukl 
perceive  an  uncommon  degree  of  religioua  acnaibUity 
m  0|iechancaiiaugh  That  artful  chief  so  far  iinpoaea 
on  tho  credulity  of  this  good  gentleman,  aa  to  ptnnada 
him  that  he  acknowledged  bis  own  religion  to  be  wrong; 
that  he  deaired  lo  he  inatructed  in  the  Chiittian  doc- 


for  encouraging  other  productions,  of  more  immediate  trine,  and  that  he  wiahed  for  a  more  friendly  and  fami- 
use  and  benefit  to  mankind.  Aa  the  country  naturally  liar  intercourse  with  the  English.  He  also  confirmed  a 
yielded  mulberry  trees  and  vines,  it  was  thought  that  i  former  promise  of  sending  a  guide  to  show  tliem  aoma 

all    ■ 

to  destroy  tho  whole  English  colony. 


ailk  and  wine  might  be  manufactured  to  advantage.  |  mines  above  the  falls.     Uut  all  these  pretencea  aerved 
To  facilitate  theae  projects,  ogga  of  tho  ailk-worm  were  j  only  to  conceal  a  design  which  he  had  long  meditated, 


«  Beverley  (p.  85)  aays  tliat  ttie  first  ARsombly  was  called 
.n  IMk  But  Stith,  who  tiad  more  accurately  searched  tha 
rceofilji,  saya  that  the  first  was  m  lom  and  tho  second  in 


procured  from  tho  southern  countriea  of  Europe  ;  hooka 
on  the  aubject  were  translated  from  foreign  languages ; 
persons  akilled  in  the  inanagcmonl  of  silk-worma  and 
the  cultivation  of  viuea  were  engaged;  and  to  crown 
all,  a  royal  order  from  King  Jamea,  enclosed  in  a  letter 
from  the  treaaurer  and  council,  waa  acnt  over  to  Vir- 
ginia, with  high  expectatioiia  of  aucccss.  Uut  no  ex- 
ertiona  nor  authority  could  prevail,  to  make  the  cultiva- 
tion of  tobacco  yield  to  that  of  ailk  and  wino :  and 
after  tho  trade  of  the  colony  waa  laid  open  and  the 
Dutch  had  free  eeceee  to  their  porta,  the  growth  of 


The  peace  which  had  subaisted  aince  (he  mam'age  ol 
Pocaliontas  had  lulled  tho  p]nglish  into  security,  and 
disposed  them  to  extend  their  plantations  along  tba 
banka  of  tho  rivers,  as  far  aa  tho  I'otowmack,  in  eitun- 
liona  too  remote  from  each  other.  Their  housee  were 
open  and  free  lo  the  natives,  who  became  acquainted 
with  their  manner  of  living,  their  houra  of  eating,  ol 
labor  and  repose,  the  use  of  their  arma  and  toola,  and 
frequently  borrowed  '.iie:r  Doata,  for  the  convenience  ol 
fishing  and  fowling,  and  to  pass  the  rivers.     Thia  fatni- 


lobaico  received  auch  encouragement,  oa  to  become !  liarity  waa  pleasing  to  tho  English,  aa  it  Indicated  a 
the  grand  ataple  of  the  colony.  I  spirit  of  moderation,  which  had  been  always  recanv* 

At  thia  time,  the  company  in  England  waa  divided   mended  by  the  uoinpariy  in  England  to  the  planlera  > 
into  two  parties ;  the  Earl  of  Warwick  waa  at  the  head   and,  as  it  afforded  a  favorable  symptom  of  the  civilixk' 


of  one,  and  the  Earl  of  Southampton  of  the  other. 
The  former  waa  the  least  in  number,  but  had  the  ear 
and  aupport  of  the  king ;  and  their  virulence  waa 
directed  againal  Yeardley,  who  had  intercepted  a 
packet  frum  hia  own  secretary,  Pory,  containing  the 
proofa  of  Argal'a  misconduct,  which  had  been  prepared 
to  be  used  againat  him  at  his  trial ;  but  which  the 
aecretary  had  been  bribed  to  convey  to  hia  close  friend 
the  Earl  of  Warwick.  The  governor,  being  a  man  of 
a  mild  and  gentle  temper,  waa  so  overcome  with  tho 
opjiosltian  and  menaces  of  the  faction,  which  were 
pubbcly  known  in  the  colony,  that  hia  aulliorily  waa 


•  This  boolt  is  entttlod  "  A  Counterblast  lo  Tobacco,"  and 
Is  printed  in  a  lobo  volumo  of  tlio  works  of  KiiiK  James.  In 
this  curious  work,  he  compares  tho  smoko  of  tobacco  to  the 
smoke  of  the  iHjttomie.i.i  i>it ;  and  says  it  iu  oidy  proper  to 
regale  tliu  duvU  altur  diniiui. 


tlon  and  conversion  of  the  nativea ;  but,  by  them,  01 
their  leaders,  it  waa  deaigned  to  conceal  the  moat  aan- 
guinary  intentions. 

In  the  spring  of  tho  next  year,  (1622)  an  opportunity 
ofibred  tu  throw  olf  the  mask  of  friendship,  and  kindle 
their  secret  enmity  into  a  blaze.  Among  the  nativea 
who  frequently  visited  the  English,  waa  a  tall,  hand- 
some, young  chief,  renowned  fo-;  courage  and  ancseea 
In  war,  and  excessively  fond  of  finery  in  dresa.  Hia 
Indian  name  waa  Nematanow  ;  but  by  the  Engliah  ha 
was  called  Jack  of  tho  Feather.  Coming  to  the  aloro 
of  one  Morgan,  ho  there  viewed  several  toys  and  oraa- 
mciits.  »liich  were  very  agreeable  to  the  Indian  taata , 
and  jiersuadcd  Morgan  to  carry  them  to  Painunky, 
where  ho  assured  him  cf  an  advun>ag?aua  traffic.  Mir- 
gan  consented  to  gu  Vith  him ;  but  waa  mu>.dei«d  bf 
tho  way. 


DroanAMiiGB  or  tug  rari.y  DincovEHEns. 


•7 


In  ■  hw  dujrt.  NtmiUnow  eim*  iRain  to  the  •lore, 
lillk  Morgtn't  cap  on  hif  head ;  ind  ittmg  inlrrroKaicil 
by  two  iloul  lid>,  who  atlrndrd  (hurt,  mliul  w»  Uvcumo 
Ul  thoir  muter,  lie  •iiKwcnd  tliW  b*  wi>  duud.  Tha 
bojr*  iciiicil  lilm,  •11)1  <indiiu\uird  to  <>rry  liiin  before  t 


mtgiilnie  ;  liiit  lili  violent  rptinlaiKO,  and  tha  iiiaolence 
tl  r:t  aoKuago,  ao  provoked  llivni,  tliat  tliey  allot  hint. 
TY»  wound   proveil  nitiunl ;  and  when  dying,  he  ear- 


Matly  reniu'nted  of  tl 

4Mth  initflit  he  concealrd  from  liia  coiinlrynit'ii.  ind  tliol 

k*  niltihl  li>  privately  kiined  aiiionu  Ihu  iill;{ll^  i. 

Aa  aoon  aa  ihia  trannattion  wialinowi.  l)p<  :honca- 
Mugh  demanded  aatiafuction  ;  but  bi'iri)(  an  ■  red  that 
Iho  retdliatiun  was  iiiat,  he  funned  a  plun  for  a  genitrul 
muaacro  of  the  Knuliali,  and  op|jonited  Fhdnv,  the 
Iwenty-aecond  day  of  Mareh,  fur  ita  eiecution ;  but  he 
diaaemhled  hia  rcaentmeiit  to  the  laat  inoinent.  Padioi 
of  Indiana  were  diatrihutcd  thruu)(h  iho  colony,  to  at- 
tack every  pluntnlion,  at  the  aainn  hour  of  tho  day, 
when  the  men  ahonid  bo  abroad  and  at  work.  On  the 
rvening  before,  and  in  the  morning  of  that  fatal  day, 
Ike  Indiana  came  aa  iiaual  to  t'le  houaea  of  tho  Kngliali, 
bringing  game  and  Kali  tu  acll,  and  cat  down  with  them 
M>  brvakfoil.  .So  general  waa  the  cuinbiimliun,  and  «o 
deep  the  plot,  that  alHiiit  one  hour  liefure  iiuoii,  they  foil 
on  the  people  in  tho  Helda  and  houaea ;  and,  with  their 
own  toola  and  weapona,  killed  indiacriminttoly,  pcraona 
of  all  agoa,  aeiea  and  rhatactera  ;  inhumanly  mangling 
llioir  dead  bodiea,  and  triumphing  over  them,  willi  all 
the  eipreaaiona  of  frantic  joy. 

Where  any  reaiatance  waa  made  it  waa  generally  auc- 
coaaful.  Several  houaea  were  defended,  and  aoiiio  few 
of  the  aaaailanta  alain  One  of  Captain  Sniith'a  old 
Midiere,  Nathaniel  Cauaic,  though  wounded,  aplit  the 
(kull  of  an  Indian,  and  put  hia  whole  party  to  flight. 
Several  other  partiea  were  diaperacd  by  the  firing  of  a 
•inglo  gun,  or  by  the  prcaenting  of  a  gun,  even  m  the 
hand  of  a  woman. 

Janieatown  waa  preaervcd  by  tho  fidelity  of  Clianco, 
k  young  Indian  convert,  who  lived  with  Kichard  Pace, 
(nd  VL^  treated  by  him  aa  a  aon.  Tho  brother  of  thia 
Indian  came  to  lie  with  him,  tho  night  before  tho  maa- 
ncre,  and  revealed  to  him  tho  plot,  urging  him  to  kill 
hie  master,  aa  ho  intended  to  do  by  his  own.  Aa  aoon 
M  ho  waa  gone  in  tho  morning,  Chanco  gave  notice  of 
what  waa  intended,  to  hia  muater ;  who,  having  aecured 
kii  own  houae,  gave  the  alarm  tc  hia  neighbors,  and  aont 
■II  exprcaa  to  Jamestown. 

rhroe  hundred  and  forty-nino  people*  fell  at  thia 
goi>?nI  ir.aaaacro ;  of  which  number,  aix  were  membera 
M  thv  council.  Noiio  of  these  were  more  lumenlid 
Ihtn  Mr  George  Thorpe.  This  gentleman  waa  one  of 
the  beat  friends  of  the  Indians,  and  had  been  earnestly 
concerned  in  the  business  of  instructing  and  ovaiige- 
liiing  them.  He  had  left  a  handsome  cstato,  and  an 
boiiorablo  empluyinent  in  England,  and  waa  appointed 
chief  manager  of  a  plantation  and  a  seminary,  designed 
for  the  maintenanco  and  education  of  young  Indians,  in 
Virginia.  He  had  been  remarkably  kind  and  generous 
to  iTicm  :  and  it  was  by  hia  exerliOn,  that  the  house  was 
built,  in  which  Opechancanough  took  so  much  pleasure. 
Juat  before  his  death,  he  was  warned  of  his  danger,  by 
one  of  his  servants,  who  immediately  made  his  escape ; 
but  Mr.  Thorpe  would  not  believe  that  they  intended 
him  any  harm,  and  thus  fell  a  victim  to  their  fury.     Hin 

*  Tho  number  ilain  at  tho  several  plantations :  from  Can- 
lain  Srnilh'.H  liistnry,  p.  I4».  ' 

At  Captain  John  Berkley's  plantation,  seated  ot  the  FalUns 
Creek,  nixly-six  iinlcs  from  James  city,  himself  and  twent^ 
•no  olIiiTB  ;  at  Master  Thomas  Sliollloia's  pliiiilation,  tlu-oe 
miles  from  tlio  Falling  Crock,  himself  and  twelve  olliora  ;  at 
IniiricD  lsland.i,  two  niiloi  from  ShcllloldN  plantation,  »i\ ; 
alaln  of  the  college  people,  twenty  miles  frmn  Henrico,  se- 
venteen;  at  Lmtrlcscily,  and  of  Captain  Smith's  men,  flvo  : 
at  the  n««t  ailjuinini  planlalion,  oiiflit;  at  William  Farrar's 
llouso,  tan  J  at  Biukloy  Hundred,  fifty  miles  from  Charles 
oily.  Master  Ooiirgo  Thorpe  and  ten  more  j  at  Wostover,  a 
mile  from  Brirkley,  two  ;  at  Master  John  West's  plantation, 
Iwo ;  at  Captain  Nathaniel  West's  plantation,  two ;  at  llicli- 
ard  Owen's  house,  himself  and  sii  more ;  at  Liouteiiaiit 
piWi's  irlantation,  twelve ;  at  Master  Owen  Macor's  house, 
himsoll  and  throo  more;  at  Martin's  Hundred,  seven  miles 
friim  Jiimos  rity,  seventy-throo  ;  at  another  placo,  seven  :  ul 
Edward  noun's  pinntalion,  Hrty  j  at  Master  Water's  house, 
himself  and  four  more ;  ol  Apanmliirk's  river,  at  Musler 
ye-ai's  Dlnntation.  «--s  miles  from  tho  College,  four:  at  Muster 
KavccHk's  oivwcnd.  Captain  Samuel  Maycock  and  four  more  : 
at  I  lowerdu  Hundred,  Sir  lioorge  Yeardliy's  plaiilalioo,  six  ■ 
on  the  side  opposite  to  it,  seven ;  at  Master  Swinliow's 
house,  ,ii,nseli  uid  seven  more  j  at  Master  William  Uiikar's 
bouse,  himsrtf  and  four  more  ;  at  Weanock,  of  Sir  Oeoritc 
Jeardley-s  people,  twenty-ime ;  at  I'owol  Brooke,  Capliun 
Nathaniel  I'owel  and  twelve  more ;  at  Soulhaiupton  Hun- 
dred, live  ;  at  Martin's  Brandon  Hundred,  aeveii  j  at  Captain 
Itonry  Spllman's  house,  two  j  at  Ensign  Spenco's  house,  live : 
at  Mlstar  Thomas  Porse's  house,  ly  Mulberry  island.  lUmsel f 
Md  ro«t  ant-ra  I'he  whole  numlier,  three  hundred  and  foiiv- 
nine.  ' 


totyt  WIS  mangled  and  abiiaerl,  in  ■  manner  loo  ahock- 
ing  to  be  related. 

One  eirrcl  of  ihia  maaaacro  waa  the  ruin  of  the  iron- 
works, at  Kalling  (^reck,  where  the  dealriiclion  waa  an 
rompletr,  that,  of  Iwenly-foiir  jieople,  only  ■  boy  and 
girl  escaped  by  hiding  thinisrlvea.  The  aiipcrintendant 
I  of  thia  work  had  diaeovered  a  vein  of  lead  ore,  which 
he  kept  to  himself ;  but  niudo  uao  of  it,  to  supply  him- 
aelf  and  hia  Irienda  with  shot.  The  knowledge  of  tins 
waa  loet  by  hia  death  fur  many  yeara.  It  waa  again 
found  by  ('olonel  llyrd,  and  again  lost.  The  place 
waa  a  third  time  found  by  John  Chiawell ;  and  the  mine 
ia  now,  or  has  been  lately,  wruii^'ht  to  advantage. 

Aimther  conaei|uence  of  Una  fatal  event,  was  an  or- 
der of  the  goveriimen'.,  to  draw  together  the  remnant  of 
the  peonlo  into  a  narrow  coinpaas.  Of  eighty  planta- 
liona,  all  were  abandoned  but  aix,  which  lay  contiguous, 
at  the  tower  part  of  Jamca  river.*  I'he  ownrra  or 
ovcraeora  of  three  or  fuur  others  refuaed  to  oliry  Iho 
order,  and  entrenched  themavlvca,  mounting  cannon  for 
their  defence,  t 

The  next  elfecl  wai  ■  ferociona  war.  The  Indiana 
were  hunted  'ike  beaata  of  prey,  and  aa  many  aa  could 
bo  found  were  destroyed.  IJnt  aa  they  were  very  expert 
in  hiding  tlieniselves  and  cscaniiig  the  pursuit,  the  Kng- 
lish  resolved  to  dissemble  with  them  in  their  own  way. 
To  this  they  were  further  iin[ielled  by  the  fear  of  famine 
Aa  aecd-time  came  on,  both  aides  thought  it  nccoasary 
to  relax  their  lioatilo  oporaliona  and  attend  to  tho  hiiai- 
nrsB  of  planting.  I'eace  wia  then  offered  by  Iho  Gng- 
liah,  and  acecptcd  by  Iho  Indiana ;  but  when  tho  corn 
began  to  grow,  the  Knglish  suddenly  attacked  Iho  In- 
dians in  tlieir  fields,  killed  many  of  them,  and  destroy- 
ed their  corn.  The  summer  was  such  a  scone  of  con- 
fusion that  a  sufliciency  of  food  could  not  be  obtained, 
and  the  people  were  reduced  to  great  atraits. 

Tho  unrclenliiig  severity  with  which  thia  war  waa 
prosecuted  by  Iho  Virginiana  against  tho  Indiana,  Irana- 
mitted  mutual  abhorrence  to  the  posterity  of  both  ;  and 
procured  to  the  former  the  name  of  "  the  long  knife," 
ny  which  they  are  still  distinguished  in  the  hieroglyphic 
kinguage  of  the  nativea. 

Though  a  general  permission  of  residence  had  been 
given  by  Powhatan,  and  hia  succoasora,  to  the  colo- 
I  iiista ;  yet  they  rather  atfectcd  to  consider  the  country 
aa  acquired  by  discoveiy  or  conquest ;  and  both  thcao 
ideas  were  much  favored  by  the  Knglish  court. t  The 
civilization  of  the  nativea  waa  a  very  dcsirahto  object ; 
but  those  who  know  them  heat,  thought  that  they  could 
not  be  civilized  till  they  wero  firat  subdued ;  or  till 
their  pricata  wero  deatroycd. 

Il  ia  certain  that  many  pioua  and  charitable  iicrsona 
in  England  were  very  warmly  intcrosted  in  thoir  con- 
version. Money  and  books,  church  plate  and  other 
furniture  were  liberally  contributed.  A  college  waa  in 
a  fair  way  of  being  founded  ;  to  the  supjiort  of  which 
lands  were  apprupriatcd  and  brought  into  a  state  of  cul- 
tivation. Sumo  few  instances  of  tho  influence  of  gos- 
pel principles  on  tho  savage  mind,  particularly  Poca- 
hontas and  Chanco,  gavo  sanguine  nope  of  success  ; 
ond  even  the  mussacro  did  not  abate  tho  ardor  of  that 
hope,  in  tho  minds  of  those  who  had  indulged  it.  The 
experience  of  almost  two  centuries  has  not  extinguish- 
ed it ;  and,  however  discouraging  the  prospect,  it  is  best 
for  tho  cause  of  virtue  that  it  never  ahould  bo  abandon- 
ed. There  may  be  some  fruit,  which  though  not  splen- 
did nor  extensive,  yet  may  correspond  with  tho  gc.iius 
nf  a  religion,  which  is  compared  by  ita  author,  to 
"leaven  hid  in  the  meal."  Tho  power  of  evangelical 
truth  on  the  human  mind,  must  not  be  conaidcred  at 
void  of  reality,  bccanso  not  exposed  to  public  observa- 
tion. 

When  tho  news  of  the  masnacro  was  carried  to  Eng- 
land, the  governor  and  colony  wore  considered  as  sub- 
jects of  blame,  by  those  very  persons  who  had  always 
enjoined  them  to  treat  tho    Indiana   with  mildness. 


*  Tlie  six  pluntutioiis  to  which  the  government  ordered  the 

JBople  to  retire,  were,  Shirley  Huiidreil,  Flowerdu  Hundred, 
amestown,  I'a^Miilia,  Kiiiuotaii,  Southnmptoii. 
t  Those  persoii.s  who  refused  tu  oliey  tiie  order,  were  Mr. 
Edward  Hill,  .at  Klizabctli  city  j  Mr.  Samuel  Jordan,  at  Jor- 
ilan's  Point;  Mr.  Daniel  Ctiokln,  at  Newport  News;  Mrs. 
Proctor,  a  gentlewoman  of  an  lioruic  spirit,  defended  her 
plantalir.n  a  munlli,  till  tho  olticers  of  the  colony  obliged  iier  ' 
to  aliandiin  it.  I 

t  Mr.  Jelferson  in  his  Notos  on  Virginia,  (p.  133)  observes,  i 
"Tiat  tho  laiida  of  this  country  were  taken  from  them  by  I 
coo'iiiOKt  is  not  so  gciierat  a  truth  us  is  sii|iposcd,    1  find  in 
our  historians  and   records,  repeated  proofs  of  purchases,  ' 
I  which  cover  a  cimsidcralile  part  of  tho  lower  country  ;  una 
I  many  more  would  doubtless  oe  found  on  furllier  search,  'The 
'  upper  country,  wo  know  has  been  ac'|uired  ultogetiier  by 
purchases  made  in  the  most  uncxceptioiiablo  form."  Amoro 
particular  account  of  the  earliest  purchases  is  desirable,  soe- 
cUving  the  date,  the  extent  and  Uio  ronipensatlon. 


However,  ahipa  were  deapalched  with  a  anpply  uf  Biw> 
viaiona,  to  which  the  corporalion  of  London  i*  WM  w 
several  peraona  of  fortune  largely  cnnlribuled.  ll* 
king  IrnI  them  twenty  barrels  of  powder,  and  a  quntiljr 
of  umtrcireablt  anna  from  the  lower,  and  promiuA 
lo  levy  four  hundred  suhliers,  in  the  aeveral  counliM  tA 
England,  for  their  protection  ;  but  though  frequently  MV 
lieitcd  by  tho  company  in  England,  and  the  eolonjr  in 
Virginia,  he  never  could  lie  induced  tu  fulfil  thia  promioo. 

The  calamitiea  which  had  befallen  the  colony,  UHi 
the  dissensions  which  had  agitated  the  coin|Niny,  bo> 
caroe  auch  topica  of  complaint,  and  were  ao  repreaentad 
10  the  king  and  hia  privy  council,  that  a  commiwMW 
waa  issued,  under  the  great  seal,  to  Sir  William  JonM, 
8ir  Nieholaa  Fortrscue,  Sir  Kraiicia  Goflon,  Sir  Rieb- 
ard  Sutton,  Sir  William  Pill,  Sir  Henipr  Uouchier,  and 
Sir  Henry  Spilman,  or  any  four  of  them,  lo  inquiM 
into  all  iiiattcrs  respecting  Virgiiii,  fr'-m  the  beginning 
of  ita  aettlemcnt. 

To  enable  them  lo  carry  on  Ihia  it'iuiry,  all  tha 
hooka  and  papera  of  the  company  were  ordered  into  tha 
custody  of  the  commiaaionera  i  their  deputy-lreuurrf 
waa  arreatcd  and  confined  ;  and  all  lettera  which  oliouM 
arrive  from  tho  colony,  wore,  by  the  king'a  romnwndi 
to  lie  intercepted.  Thia  waa  a  very  diacouraging  intra- 
duction  lo  the  buaineaa,  and  plainly  showed  not  onlf 
the  arbitrary  disposition  of  the  king;  but  the  tuill 
which  would  be  given  lo  the  inquiry.  On  the  trrivii 
of  a  ship  from  Virginia,  her  packeta  were  aeiied,  end 
laid  befuro  the  privy  council. 

The  transactions  of  these  commisaionera  were  alwiyi 
kept  concealed  ;  but  the  result  of  them  waa  ~-4M 
known  by  an  order  of  Council,  (October,  1623)  w  •  S 
set  forth,  "Thai  hia  majealy  having  taken  into  lis* 
princely  consideration  tho  distressed  stalo  of  Virginia, 
occasioned  by  tho  ill  government  of  the  company,  hail 
reanlvcd  by  a  now  charter,  to  an|^4}int  a  governor  and 
twelve  assistanta  to  reside  in  England  ;  and  a  goTsr- 
nor  with  twelve  assistanta  to  reaide  in  Virginia ;  liia 
former  to  be  nominated  by  hia  inajcaty  in  council ;  llM 
latter  lo  be  nominated  by  the  governor  and  aaaiatanta 
in  England,  and  to  be  approved  by  the  king  in  council ; 
and  that  all  proceedings  should  be  subject  lo  the  royal 
direction."  Tho  company  waa  ordered  lo  aaaomblo  and 
resolve  whether  they  would  aubmit,  and  reaign  their 
charter ;  and  in  default  of  auch  aubmission,  the  king 
•ignified  his  determination  to  proceed  for  recalling  llieir 
char'er,  in  such  manner  aa  to  him  ahould  aeem  meet. 

Thia  arbitrary  mandate  so  astonished  the  company, 
that  when  they  met,  il  was  read  over  three  timea,  aa  if 
they  had  diatruatcd  their  own  eara.  Then  a  long 
ailence  enaucd  ;  and  when  the  queation  waa  called  for, 
twcnty-aix  only  voted  for  a  surrender,  and  one  bundiad 
and  twelve  declared  againal  it. 

These  proceedings  gave  auch  an  alarm  to  all  who 
wero  concerned  in  tho  plantation  or  trade  of  the  colony, 
that  aomo  ships  which  were  preparing  lo  sail  were  atop- 
ped  ;  but  the  king  ordered  them  to  proceed  ;  declaring 
tliat  the  change  of  government  would  injure  no  man'a 
property.  At  the  same  time  he  Ihoughl  it  proper  to 
appoint  commiaaionera  to  go  to  Virginia,  and  inoiiirt 
into  the  state  of  the  colony.  These  wore  Sir  Jjbs 
Harvey,  aflerwarda  governor,  John  Pory,  who  had  leen 
secretary,  Abraham  Percy,  Samuel  Matthewa,  and  Johil 
Jefferson.  The  subjecta  of  their  inquiry  were  "  How 
many  plantations  there  be  :  which  of  them  be  publie 
and  which  private  ;  what  people,  men,  women  and  chil- 
dren, there  be  in  each  plantation  ;  what  forlificationa,  or 
what  place  is  best  lo  bo  fortified  ;  what  houses  and  how 
many  ;  what  cattle,  arms,  ammunition  and  ordnance  ; 
what  boats  and  barges  :  what  bridges  and  public  worka ; 
how  tho  colony  atandeth  in  respect  of  tho  savages ;  what 
hopes  may  be  truly  conceived  of  the  plantation  and  lb* 
means  to  attain  theae  hopes."  The  governor  and  coun 
cil  of  Virginia  were  ordered  lo  affonl  their  beat  aaaiat- 
ance  to  the  commissioners  ;  but  no  copy  of  their 
instructions  was  delivered  to  them. 

After  the  departure  of  the  commissionera,  a  writ  vf 
Quo  Warranla  was  issued  by  the  court  of  King'a  Bench 
against  the  company  (November  10,  lOSi))  and  upon 
tho  representation  of  tho  attorney-general  that  no  de- 
fence could  he  made  by  the  company  without  their  booka 
and  their  deputy  treasurer,  the  latter  was  liberated  and 
the  former  wero  restored.  The  ro-delivery  of  them  lu 
tho  privy  council  waa  protracted,  till  the  clerka  of  lh« 
compony  had  taken  copies  of  them.* 

*  Tlioso  copies  were  deposited  in  4tio  hands  of  the  Eari  ef 
Soulliamptun,  and  after  his  death,  which  battpcned  In  IWt, 
descondod  to  his  son.  After  liis  death  in  1667.  they  were  pun- 
alia.scd  of  his  executors  for  sixty  guineas,  by  Col,  Byio,  rl 
Virginia,  then  in  England.  Prom  these  copies,  and  from  tha 
records  of  the  colony,  Mr.  Stith  compiled  the  Hlstorr  of  Vli» 
ginla ;  which  extends  Bo  further  thau  the  yaar  IMI. 


AMERICAN    IIINTOKY. 


In  ika  iMginninK  of  ISM  lh«  commiMWinw  unitMl 
hi  Vilflnla,  (ihI  t  ( icni'nl  AHciiiMjr  wu  ctIM,  not  at 
thai*  fNum  i  for  thtiy  ke|il  »ll  their  <l«i%M  ••  Hcral 
MMttoi*.  Uul  nutwitlMl*adiii||  til  th*  picciutiMM 
which  had  lirwn  taken,  lo  iireviml  the  colonjr  fntin  gtl- 
liag  any  knowliidife  of  itie  procuvdiiisa  in  Kn|{lanJ, 
ihm  wen  hy  ilia  time,  well  inforinetl  af  the  wliolu,  and 
ba«  copiea  of  aavanl  papcra  whicl.  .:ad  been  aihibilvd 
•galiiat  them. 

The  Aueinbly,  which  met  on  the  14th  of  February, 
inw  up  aniwera  lo  what  had  been  alleg<  J,  in  a  apirited 
•nd  maaterly  alyle  ;  and  appointad  John  rorontia,  one 
•f  tha  couiicd,  lo  go  to  Eiiglani!  h  their  agent,  to  aoli- 
•it  iIm  cauaa  oftlia  colony.  11iia  gentlemsii  unhappily 
dieO  on  hi*  paaaaKe  ;  but  their  petition  to  the  king  and 
their  addrcaa  to  (he  privy  council  were  dvlivcri'd,  in 
which  they  rri|ucaU'd   ihat  in  caae  of  a  tliango  of  the 

Siifi'rninent  tlivy  might  not  again  fall  into  tliu  power  of 
il  Thomaa  Smith,  or  hia  cuiilidaiila ;  that  Uio  go«or- 
Bore  aent  over  lo  ihrin  might  not  have  abiolulc  aulho- 
lily,  but  bo  ccilraincd  to  act  liy  advii-e  of  council ;  and 
•hove  all,  that  tlioy  iiiight  '*  liavu  llii'  lihrrty  uf  Cicneral 
Aaeembliea,  than  which  nnihing  could  mora  conducu  to 
the  public  latiafaclioii  and  ulihly."  They  complained 
that  tha  abort  continuance  of  Ihoir  govemora  had  been 
vary  diaadvantancoua.  "  Tlio  ftral  year  llivy  were  raw 
•ml  inespcricnccd,  and  generally  in  ill  lievlth,  ihroiiuli  a 
change  of  climate.  The  aecond,  lliuy  livgan  lo  uiidor- 
•l^no  aoinelhing  of  the  alTalra  of  the  colony  ;  and  the 
third,  they  wore  prrpuring  to  return." 

To  the  honor  of  liovrrnor  Wyat,  it  ia  obaerved,  tlial 
ho  waa  very  active,  and  joined  moat  cordially  in  prepar- 
ing tbaaa  iittilionii ;  and  waa  very  far  train  dcairing 
•haolute  and  iiiardina'.o  power,  either  in  hiinicif  or  in 
hlura  govornora. 

The  Aaaeinlily  waa  very  unanimoua  in  their  proceed' 
ibga,  and  intended,  like  Iho  coinmiaaiona,  to  krt'p 
Ihain  aecrel.  Uut  Porv,  who  had  long  lieoii  voracd  in 
the  arte  of  corruption,  found  meaiia  lo  obtain  copioa  of 
•U  their  acta.  Ldward  Sliargijca,  clerk  of  the  council, 
w^a  aftrrwanl*  convicted  of  bribery  and  breach  of  truat. 
In  which  ho  waa  aentenced  to  Iho  pillory,  and  loal  one 
of  hie  eara. 

The  commitaionrra,  finding  that  Ihinga  were  going  in 
the  Aaaembly  contrary  lo  their  wiahea,  reaol  '  to  open 
•ome  of  their  powcra  with  a  view  to  intimidate  them  ; 
•nd  tlien  enueavorod  to  draw  them  into  an  explicit  aub- 
miaaion  to  the  revocation  of  their  charter.  But  the 
Aaaembly  had  the  wiadoin  and  lirmnoaa  to  evade  the 
propoaa!,  by  reuueating  to  aee  the  whole  eilont  of  their 
commiaaion.  lliia  licing  denied,  they  anawcrud,  thai 
•han  Iho  aurrender  of  their  charter  ahould  lie  demanded 
by  autlwrity,  it  would  l>e  time  enough  to  make  a  reply. 

The  lawa  enacted  by  thia  Aaacinoly  are  the  oldeat 
which  are  to  bo  found  in  the  recorda  of  the  colony. 
They  contain  many  wiae  and  good  iiroviaiona.  One  of 
them  U  <  quivalent  to  a  Bill  of  ttinkt;  defining  the 
IWwera  i.'  the  Ciovcrnor,  Council,  and  Aaiombly ;  and 
the  piivilc'gca  of  the  people,  with  regard  to  taiea,  bur- 
deiia  and  |>eraonal  i  -vicei.*  The  twenty-aecond  of 
March,  the  day  of  o  maaaacre,  waa  ordered  10  be 
•olemnizcd  aa  o  day  o.  devotion. 

M'lulat  those  thiiiga  were  doing  in  the  colony,  ita 
•iicinioa  in  I'lifland  were  endeavoring,  by  means  of 
aomu  |M)rsona  who  had  roiurncd  from  Virginia,  to  injure 
the  tliaractcr  of  the  goviirnor ;  but  he  waa  autlicieiitly 
vindicated,  by  the  teatiinony  of  other  pcraona,  who  aa- 
acrted,  on  their  own  knowledge,  the  uprightness  of  hia 
proceedings,  and  declared  iifKin  their  honor  and  con- 
acience,  that  they  esteemed  him  juat  and  ainerrc.  free 
from  all  corruption  and  private  viowa.  Aa  he  had  ro- 
questeil  leave  to  quit  the  government  at  the  expiration 
of  hia  coinmission,  the  company  look  up  the  matter ; 
and  when  Sir  Sdinuol  Argal  was  nominated  aa  a  candi- 
date in  competition  with  him,  there  apiietired  hut  eight 
votes  ill  hia  favor,  and  aixty-iiine  for  the  continuance 
of  Wyat. 

The  Parliament  aascmbled  in  February,  1024,  and 
the  company  finding  ihemsclvoa  too  weak  to  resist  the 
eiirroachinents  of  a  prince,  who  had  engrossed  almost 
the  whole  power  of  '.he  Stale,  applied  to  the  House  of 
Ckimmans  for  protection.  Tho  kins  wu  highly  of- 
fended at  this  alieinpl,  and  aent  a  pruhinitory  letter  to  tho 


*  At  tlua  tino^  wcmrn  w«ro  scarce  and  much  In  request, 
•ad  It  waa  coir.iiH-ti  [>tr  ,i  womiti  tu  connect  lierielf  wittt 
More  tli4»  one  mar.  at  a  time ;  by  wliich  means  groat  uneaai- 
liesB  a>ose  ^tw^en  private  persons,  and  miirh  troul)l6  to  tlie 
Fovenimonl.  It  wa.i  tlioreforn  ordereil,  "That every  minis- 
t-*i  sUould  give  notice  in  liis  ciiurrli,  Uiat  wliat  man  or  wtf 
■(.in  soever  «liouid  uho  any  word  ur  spi-ecli,  lending  tu  a 
runti.ict  ul'  marnuKe  l'>  two  Kevcra.  personi  at  one  lime,  ak 
lllou,ili  not  prficiHf  and  legal,  sliuulJ  eiltter  undergo  corpo- 
iroi  jiuniniimer.i.  or  pay  a  fine,  according  tu  ttie  iiuaiity  of  the 
•Aalar "— (ttUtli,  9U 


apeaket,  which  waa  no  aooner  read,  than  tha  coinpa- 
ny'a  |ietiliuii  was  ordrre<l  to  lia  withdrawn. 

However  amgiilur  lliia  inlcrfrreiice  on  tha  ona  hand, 
and  compliance  on  the  other  may  now  appear,  il  waa 
usual  at  thai  time  fur  the  king  to  iin|>oae  fiia  mandataa, 
and  for  the  Commona,  who  knew  not  thu  eilviil  of 
their  own  riglitsi  to  obey  ;  though  nol  without  the  ani- 
madverainna  of  tha  moat  intelligent  and  lealoua  mem- 
bare.  Tha  royal  prerogative  waa  held  inviolably  aa- 
erad,  till  the  mJiai-rntiona  of  a  aulianpienl  reign  reduced 
il  to  an  object  of  contempt.  In  thia  instance,  the 
Commona,  however  luiaaive  in  their  auhmiaaion  lo  the 
crown,  yet  showed  their  regard  to  the  inlereal  of  the 
complamanta  aa  well  aa  of  llio  nation,  by  |H'tilioning  tha 
king  thai  no  tobacco  ahould  lie  iin|ioiieO,  but  ul  the 
growth  of  the  coloniea.  To  ihia  Jainra  conaenled,  and 
a  proclainalion  wua  isaucd  accordingly. 

Tha  coininiaaioncra,  on  tlinir  return  from  Virginia, 
rc|>ortrd  to  the  king,  "  that  the  (leople  aent  lo  iuhulnl 
there  wera  moat  of  them,  by  aickneaa,  famine  and  inas- 
siirre  of  tho  aavagea,  dead  ;  that  those  who  were  liv- 
hig  wera  in  neccasiiv  and  want,  und  in  continual  danger 
from  the  aavagea  ;  hut  that  the  country  itself  appeared 
to  be  fruitful,  and  to  llioao  who  had  resided  there 
aome  time,  healthy  ;  that  if  indualrv  wera  uacd,  it 
would  produce  divera  atanle  coiiiiiiU4litiea,  though  fur 
aixteen  yaara  past,  it  had  yielded  few  or  none  ;  that  lliia 
neglect  inuat  fall  on  the  governora  and  comjiaiiy,  who 
had  (lowei  to  direct  the  plantaliona  ;  that  the  aaid  jilan- 
tationa  were  of  great  iiii|iorlance,  and  would  remain  a 
lasting  monument  to  jiosterity  of  hia  majesty'a  iiioal 
graciuua  und  happy  governiiient,  if  the  auine  were  prose- 
cuted tu  llioao  ends  for  which  lliey  were  firat  unilerlaken; 
that  if  thu  proviaiona  and  instructiona  of  Iho  iiral  char- 
ter (IOU6)had  been  puraned,  much  belter  elfect  had 
been  produced  than  by  the  alteration  thereof  into  so 
popular  a  course,  and  among  ao  many  lianda  aa  it  then 
waa,  which  caused  much  confusion  and  contention." 

Un  thia  rejiort,  the  king,  by  a  proclamation,  (July 
15)  Biipproaaod  the  inoclinga  of  tho  company  ;  iiid,  till 
a  more  perfect  aettlement  could  bo  made,  ordered  a 
privy  council  lo  ail  every  Thursday,  at  the  lioutu  uf  Sir 
I'homaa  Smith  for  conducting  thu  alTaira  of  tho  colony. 
Soon  after,  vii.  in  Trinity  term,  the  Quo  Wuiraiilo 
waa  brought  to  trial,  in  the  court  of  king'a  Iwneh  ; 
judgment  waa  brought  againat  the  company,  and  Uiu 
charier  waa  vacated. 

Thia  waa  the  end  of  the  Virginia  Company,  one  of 
tho  moat  public  apirited  aocielica  which  hud  aver  lieun 
engaged  in  auch  an  undertaking.  Mr.  Slith,  who  had 
acarcTicd  all  their  reconia  and  papers,  concludes  hia 
hiatory  by  observing  thai  they  were  "gentleineii  of 
very  noble,  clear,  and  diainterested  viewa,  willing  lo 
apond  much  of  tlieir  time  a.id  money,  and  did  actually 
expend  more  than  100,000/.  of  their  own  fortunuH, 
without  any  proipeci  of  preacnt  gain  or  retribution,  in 
advancing  an  enterpriao  which  they  conceived  to  be  of 
very  great  conBei)ueiice  lo  their  country." 

No  aooner  waa  the  company  dissolved,  than  James 
iiaucd  a  now  conimissioii  (.XuL'iist  i20)  fur  the  govurn- 
mcnt  of  tho  colony.  In  it,  the liistury  uf  Iho  plaiitutiun 
was  briefly  recited.  Sir  K'ancis  Wyat  was  eontiiiued 
Kovcrnor,  with  eleven  assis  .,ita  or  counsellors,  Francis 
West,  Sir  Gcoiae  Veardley,  Ucorgo  Sandys,  Kouer 
.Smith,  Kalph  ilainor,  who  had  been  uf  tlie  former 
council,  with  tlie  addition  of  John  Martin,  John  llur- 
vey,  Samuel  Matllicwa,  Abraham  Percy,  Isaac  .Madi 
sen,  and  William  (/layborno.  The  governor  and  coun- 
cil were  apjiointed  during  the  king'a  nleasiire,  with 
authoiity  to  rule  tho  colony,  and  puiiisn  offenders,  as 
fully  a;  any  governor  and  council  might  have  dune. 
No  assembly  was  mentioned  or  allowed,  because  the 
king  supposed,  agreeable  to  tho  rc|iort  cf  the  cominis. 
lioiicrs,  that  "  ao  pojiiilar  a  course"  waa  one  cause  of 
the  late  calamitica  ;  and  he  hated  tl  o  existence  uf  such 
a  body  within  any  (lart  of  hia  dcmiiiioiis,  eK|iecially 
when  they  w.ru  disjiosed  to  inipnro  into  lliuir  own 
rights,  and  redress  the  grievuncea  oi  tho  people. 

After  the  death  of  James,  which  happeuitl  on  the 
27th  of  March,  162.'),  his  son  and  successor,  Charlci, 
issued  a  proclamation,  expressing  hia  rcaolutiun,  that 
the  colony  and  government  of  Virginia  ahould  depend 
immediately  on  himself,  without  tho  inlcrvonlion  of 
any  commercial  company.  Ho  also  followed  the  ex- 
amplo  of  bis  f.ithrr,  in  making  no  mention  of  a  repn> 
neiilalive  asaciubly,  in  any  of  bia  aubsoquent  cominia- 
siona. 

Governor  Wyat,  on  the  death  of  hia  father.  Si 
George  Wyat,  having  icturned  to  Ireland,  the  govern- 
ment of  Virginia  fiMI  again  into  the  hands  of  S  r  George  | 
Ycardlcy.     Hut,  his  death  hajipenum  within  tlie  year  . 
1630,  he  waa  aueceeded  by  Sir  Johit  Harvey,  ! 


■ARTHOI.OMBW  IIIMNUI.D*   MARTIN    PRINO,   Mft 
TIIOLnMRW  UILUKHT,  IIKOIiai  WRVMOUTU 

RaataotoMaw  nosaai.i>--liia  vcysgeln  Viialnls-tilirovait 
rnj'ff  roil- Mm  nili'l^iew  and  Irsltir  wnli  Iha  nsilvss  — 
hull!  lur  KiihIuii«I  -At  i-<)iiipNii)i.ii  J.tlin  Mnnlh  tu  Vtrginta-* 
Ilia  ■ii<alll-M«ariN  I'risu  MaiIs  li>r  Nnrlti  Virgitus-llia* 
fdvora  Kill  NliiiiiU  Knli-rs  MsKNHrllusnIlK  lay  Inlrrvltw 
Willi  Ilia  nalivea  Hi-iiirimlo  Kn^iand  'lliaaarund  Vojraaa 
— tlasTHuLuMaw  iJii.RKar— Ilia  voya«a  to  Viirmia^no  if 
liilli'd  liy  ihe  niilivsa-iiauBiiB  WhVMiiuTH— ■aiia(a«aai» 
rii'a-MiNi'i>vtir«  iltiiirgr'a  lalanda  and  Paulacual  llaibac  * 
Kidnapa  soma  of  ttia  natives. 

Till  vnyagea  made  to  America,  by  Iheaa  navigatofa, 
in  the  iM'giiminij  of  tho  aevcntueiilh  century,  nuy  b« 
conaidered  aa  the  leading  atepa  to  the  coloiiiaatiun  of 
New  Kiigland.  F.xi'epting  Ihe  fishery  at  Newfound* 
land,  the  Kiirojieana  were  at  that  lime  in  actual  noaaea- 
aiun  of  no  pari  of  North  America  ;  llioigh  Ihe  kngliab 
cllimed  a  right  to  the  whole,  hy  virtue  of  prior  die- 
covorjr.  The  allcmpta  which  llaleigh  had  made,  lo 
coloniie  the  aonthern  part  of  Ihe  territory,  called  Vir* 
giiiia,  had  failed  ;  hut  ho  and  hia  aaaociatea  enioyed  an 
exclusive  patent  Irom  the  Crown  of  Knglanu,  for  tha 
whole  coaat ;  and  theae  adventurers  ubtamed  a  licenao, 
under  Ihia  autliorily,  to  make  their  voyagea  and  aeiila- 
inenta. 

llAaTiioi.oMiiw  Gna.tini.D  waa  an  active,  inlrepiil, 
and  experienced  mariner,  in  the  weal  of  Kngland.  Ha 
had  iiaileil  in  one  of  the  ahijia  eniiiloyed  by  Kalrigli,  to 
Virginia;  and  waa  coiiviiiced  thai  tlioro  iniiat  be  a 
aliorler  und  safer  way,  acroaa  Ihe  Atlantic,  lliaii  th* 
usual  route,  by  tho  Canariea  and  the  West  India  Is- 
laiida.  At  whoae  ei|ienae  he  undertook  his  voyage  to 
thu  northern  part  of  Virginia,  doea  nol  apjieur ;  but 
that  il  waa  with  the  approbation  of  Sir  Walter  lUluigh 
and  hia  ossocialcs,  is  evident  from  an  account  of  tlia 
voyage  whi-^h  was  presented  to  him. 

On  the  SOlh  of  March,  1002,  Gosnold  sailed  from 
Fihnouth,  in  a  small  bark,  the  tnnnago  of  which  ia  not 
mentioned,  carrying  thirty-two  jiersons,  of  whom  eight 
were  marinera.  t  'riie  dcaigii  of  the  voyage  waa  lo  lind 
a  direct  and  abort  course  lo  Virginia  -,  and,  upon  tho 
discovery  of  a  proper  seal  for  a  plantation,  twelve  of  tha 
coin|iaiiy  were  lo  return  to  Knglund,  and  twenty  to  ra- 
main  in  America;  till  further  aaaialanco  and  auppliaa 
could  ho  aent  10  them. 

The  former  part  of  thia  design  wua  accomjiliahrd,  •• 
far  as  the  winds  and  other  circumstances  would  permit. 
They  went  no  farlhrr  southward,  than  the  37th  degiaa 
of  latitude,  within  a;ght  of  St.  Mary,  tne  ol  me  Watlam 
lalanda.  In  tho  4ikl  degree  they  approached  tha  coiH 
tiiient  of  America,  which  they  first  discovered  on  tha 
14th  of  May,  afier  a  jiuisagu  of  seven  weeke.  Tha 
weukneaa  of  their  bark,  and  their  ign>irunuv  of  tha  loulai 
made  them  curry  but  little  aail ;  or  they  might  hava 
arrived  some  d»ya  sooner.  They  judged  that  they  had 
ahorleiied  the  distance  ftOO  Ic^aguua, 

Il  is  not  easy  lo  determine,  from  the  journal,  what 
part  of  tho  coast  they  first  aaw.  Oldmixon  aaya  il 
was  tho  north  side  of  Maasachusetta  Uay.  'I'he  da- 
scription  in  the  journal  doea.  in  some  reajiocta,  agroa 
with  the  coast,  extending  from  (^i|i«  Ann  to  Manila- 
head,  or  lo  the  rocky  |ioiiit  uf  Nahaiit, 

From  a  rock,  wi.ieli  they  called  Saitage  lioek,  a 
ahalluj)  ol  Kuropeun  fabric  came  otf  to  them  ;  in  which 
were  i!ij;lit  savages ;  two  ur  three  of  whom  were  dreaaed 
ill  I^imipean  habits.  From  these  circumstances,  they 
concluded  that  sonic  fishing  vessel  of  Uiscay  had  been 
tliere,  and  that  the  crew  were  destroyed  by  itio  nai^'ea. 
These  jieojile,  by  signs,  invited  them  lo  stay,  but  •  tha 
harlwr  being  naught,  and  doubling  tho  wea  thcr,"  they 
did  not  think  iiroper  to  accept  tho  invitation. 

In  the  night  they  stood  to  tho  aouthward,  and  tha 
next  morning,  found  tliomselvea  "cmbuyod  with  a 
mighty  headland,"  which  at  first  appeared  "like  an 
island,  by  reason  of  a  largo  sound,  which  lay  lietween 
it  and  the  mail."  Within  a  league  of  thia  land,  they 
came  to  anchor  in  fifteen  fathoms,  and  look  a  very 


*  Tlio  account  of  Oosnold'a  voyage  and  discovery,  in  liie 
tirst  volume  of  thii  worlc,  ia  so  cnuneous,  from  the  iinaui* 
foniiatiun  wtilch  I  liad  rocolvcd,  ttiat  I  tliought  it  liuHt  to 
write  the  wtiolo  of  it  anew.  The  former  niistakes  are  liare 
corroded,  partly  from  ttic  host  information  wttich  i  could  ol>* 
tain,  after  tlio  most  assiduous  inquiry  ;  hut  princir  Iv  from 
my  own  observations  on  tlie  spot ;  compared  with  tl.  'arnal 
of  the  voyage,  more  critically  examined  than  Iwfore, 

t  Tlie  names  of  tlio  porsuiis  wliu  went  in  tins  voyape.  aa 
far  aa  I  can  collect  tlieiu,  are  as  follows  :  OurtholoiiioK  Gos* 
ntdd,  commander  ;  Bartltotoiiiow  C*illM>rt,  second  uftlnei ;  John 
Anael;  Kobert  Salterne— lie  went  ag-iiii  thu  next  yeai  with 
Frmg— he  was  afterwards  a  riorgyie.an;  Williaiii  Slreele; 
Oabtiel  .\rcher,  gentleman  and  jourtialist— tie  ofter-.vardt 
went  to  Virginia— Archer's  Hope,  near  Williainsl-ur^,  is  numtid 
from  him ;  James  nosier— he  wrote  an  account  of  Itie  vuva|o 
and  presented  it  lo  Sir  Walter  Raleigli  i  lolui  Briarton,  ui 

llre-alo:i;  Tiiclter    from  wbum  tka  alMa!  eaUid 

Tnckei'a  Terror  la  namaa 


I 


BioonAPiiiRa  or  the  rari.y  dihooverrrs. 


and  tha 
with  a 
'tiko  an 
liotwocn 
ml,  tliey 
vory 

In  Uk» 
tc  inixlif 

llUHt  to 

iin  lierM 
;ould  ol^ 
W  Irotn 
'irital 

r»ro>  » 

DVt    (tOft- 

Jnhn 
ai  wUh 
itrtM'le; 
itr'.Viirdis 
9  iiaiitMd 
vuvan'j 
TtdS,  »t 

eaUid 


C^wolily  of  ttt.  Kram  this  clnumatanca,  ih* 
•aa  namml  C'«M  Cud.  It  la  ilvKribaU  aa  a  low 
mmdj  atwra,  but  without  danatr,  and  lyinii  in  Ilia  Uli- 
tiii*  of  49".  C'a|il  (iuanolil  Willi  Ml.  llrinilon  ami 
Uutt  man,  want  to  it  and  fuund  llio  •liora  bold  and  Iho 
land  varv  d««p.  A  jrounu  Indimi,  with  coppar  |h«i- 
4anl»  in  Ilia  aaia,  a  liow  In  liii  liaiul,  and  arruwi  at  hia 
back,  oaina  to  tliaiii,  and  in  a  liiciidly  iiUnnur  ofl'arvd 
bia  aaivli'e  ;  bill  aa  thry  wrrn  in  haala  to  latum  to  Ilia 
tbip,  tliay  had  lillle  conrcrriica  with  hiin. 

On  tha  leih,  tliry  aailcd  by  Iho  iliura  loulherly ;  and, 
M  tha  tind  of  twnlva  liM|{Uiiii,  iaw  a  |ioiiit  of  land,  with 
braaki>ra  at  a  dialanca.     In  altviniiiiM);  to  duulile  tliii 

Knt,  Ihoyiainn  luildonly  into  ahual  water :  Iroin  which 
y  eatricati'd  ihviniolvaa  by  ataiiding  off  to  ua.  'I'hla 
noint  thity  nmnad  I'ornl  Care,  and  tha  brcakcn, 
I'luiUt't  Ttrror,  from  tha  |i«rM>n  wlio  Ant  diKovervd 
tha  daiiKi'r.  In  lliv  niulit  tliiy  liorc  up  towirda  tha  land, 
and  cama  to  aiiehor  in  uiyht  fallionia  'I'ha  nrat  day, 
(I7tli)  •aoinu  many  breaki'ra  alioul  tlwin,  and  tlie  waa- 
Umi  iHtini)  loul,  tlitiy  lay  at  innlior. 

Ua  llui  IHlh,  tho  weather  IwIiik  clear,  Ihey  aent  Ihair 
beat  to  lound  a  beach,  which  lay  olf  anotlier  point,  to 
which  Ihay  nave  the  name  of  Oilbtrln  I'uint.  'I'lio 
abip  remained  at  anchor  the  whole  of  ihia  day  ;  and 
•ume  of  the  nalivea  came  from  ihe  ahore  in  thair  ranora 
to  viait  them.  'I'heie  |>copl»  were  dre>ae<l  in  akina,  and 
furniahcd  with  pi|ici  and  tolucro  ;  oni'  of  them  had  a 
breaat-plalo  of  cupper.  'I'luy  appeared  inoro  timoroua 
than  thoae  uf  Savage  Kock,  but  wore  very  tliieviah. 

When  the  gicoplo  in  Iho  boat  returned  from  Bounding, 
Ibay  re|iorlod  a  dipth  of  water  from  four  to  aeven  fa- 
Ihoma,  over  llio  breach  ;  which  tliii  xliip  naaaed  Iho  licit 
day,  (ittlh)  and  came  lo  anchor  aKaiii  alwvu  a  leauiie 
beyond  it.  Hero  Ihey  remained  two  dava  auriounded 
by  acoola  of  fiah  and  tlocka  of  aipiali':  hirda.  'I'u  the 
nuithward  of  weal,  they  aaw  leverul  huiniiiocka,  which 
•bey  imagined  were  diali'ict  iaianda ;  but  when  they 
•itilcd  towaida  them,  (on  the  Slat)  they  found  litem  to 
be  email  hilla  within  Iho  lai:d.  'i'hey  diacoverod  alao 
tn  opening,  into  which  thuy  endeavored  to  enter,  aup- 
poaing  it  to  be  the  touthcrii  extremity  of  Ihe  aouiid  be- 
tween Cape  (..'od  and  the  inalii  land.  Dut  on  eiainina- 
tion  the  water  proving  very  alioal,  Ihey  called  It  Shoal 
Hope,  and  proceeded  lo  the  woalward.  'I'he  coaal  waa 
full  of  people,  who  ran  along  Iho  ahore,  accompanying 
the  ahip  aa  aho  aailed  ;  and  many  amokoa  appeared 
within  tho  land. 

In  coaaling  along  to  the  wcalward,  thev  diacovcred 
W  ialand,  on  which  the  next  day  (28)  they  landed.  The 
dncription  of  it  in  Ihe  journal  ia  thia  :  "  A  disinhabited 
island  ;  from  Shoal  Hope  it  ia  eight  leagni;B  ;  in  cir- 
cuit it  ia  live  inilea,  and  hath  forty-one  degroea  and  one 
Suaiter  of  latitude.  The  place  moat  plcaaant ;  fur  we 
lund  it  full  of  wood,  vinea,  gooacberry  biiahea,  hurl- 
bwrira,  raapicea,  eglantine  [awnel-briur,]  die.  Here 
are  haderanea,  herna,  thoiilera,  gceao,  and  divora  other 
bilda  ;  which  there,  at  that  lima,  upon  the  clilla,  being 
■andy  with  aomo  rocky  alonea,  did  breed  and  had  young. 
In  Ihia  place  wc  aaw  deer.  Here  we  rode  in  eight 
lilboma,  near  Iho  ahore  ;  where  we  took  great  atore  ol 
e3d,  aa  before  at  Ca|ie  Cod,  but  much  better.  Thia 
iAand  ia  aound,  and  hath  no  danger  about  it."  They 
gave  it  tho  name  of  Martha's  VinryarJ,  from  the  great 
number  of  vinca  which  they  found  on  it. 

From  thia  ialand,  they  paaacd  (on  the  24th)  round  a 
very  high  and  diatlngniahed  promontory;  to  which  Ihey 
gave  the  name  of  Duccr  Cliff;  and  came  to  anchor  "  in 
■  fair  aound,  where  they  rode  all  night." 

Between  them  and  Ihe  main,  which  waa  then  in  aight, 
lay  a  "  ledge  uf  rocka,  extending  a  mile  into  the  aea 
but  all  above  water,  and  without  danger."  They  wont 
lound  Ihe  weatern  extremity  of  thia  ledgi,  and  came  to 
in  eight  fathoina  of  water,  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the 
•bore,  in  one  o(  the  atatclicat  aounda  that  ever  Ihey  hail 
ieen."  Thia  they  callid  GotnM'a  Hope.  'V\\e  north 
•ide  of  it  waa  Ihe  mair  land  atrctching  eaat  and  west, 
diatant  four  leagues  fiom  the  ialand,  where  they  came 
to  anchor,  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of  EUzabflh, 
in  honor  of  their  queen. 

On  the  2Sth  of  May,  they  held  a  council,  reanecting 
ilie  placn  of  tlicir  abode,  which  they  determined  to  bu 
**  in  Iho  west  part  of  Elizabeth  Ialand,  the  norlh-caat 

5 art  pinning  out  of  their  ken."  The  island  is  thus 
escribed.  "  In  the  western  side,  it  admiltoth  some 
crccka  or  aandy  coves,  so  girded,  as  tho  water  in 
wnno  places  nieetcth  ;  to  which  the  Indians  from  tho 
main,  do  offn  resort  for  fishing  crabs.  There  is  eight 
fiithom  very  near  the  shore,  and  the  latitude  is  4P  lU'. 
The  breadth  of  the  ialand  from  aound  to  aound,  in  the 
Weatam  part,  ia  not  paasing  a  milo,  at  moat  i  altogether 
(r|ien|>lcd  aral  disiiibabitod. 


"  It  ia  overgrown  with  wood  and  rubbish.  Tha 
wooda  ara  oak,  ath,  Iwecli  walnut,  witch-hatel,  ataaa- 
frage  and  erdars,  wiilidivura  oihara  of  unknown  namra. 
The  rubbish  la  wild-|H'ua,  young  aaaaafrage,  cherry 
treea,  vines,  eglantine  (or  awoetbriar),  gnoaelierry 
biishea,  liawlhorn,  honeyaiicklra,  with  olhrra  of  the  lika 
quality.  The  hcrlM  and  roota  are  atrawbvrrlea,  raapa, 
ground  nula,  alciander,  aiirrin,  tanay,  Ac.  without 
count.  Touching  the  firlilily  of  Ihe  aoil,  ky  our  own 
ciperience,  wa  found  it  to  lie  eicellant;  for,  auwing 
aonia  Kngllah  nulaa,  it  aprouted  out  in  ona  foltnight 
aknoal  half  a  tool. 

'  In  thia  ialand  ia  a  pond  of  fresh  water,  in  circuit 
two  milea  ;  on  one  aide  not  diatant  from  the  aea  thirty 
yaida.  In  the  centra  of  it  la  a  rocky  iaint,  conlaining 
near  an  acre  of  ground,  full  of  wwhI  and  rubhwh,  on 
which  wc  began  our  fort  and  plui'e  of  abode,  and  made 
a  punt  or  dul-bottomed  boat  lo  pass  lu  and  fro  over 
tha  fresh  water. 

"  On  tho  north  ride,  near  sdjoining  to  Fliiahcth,  is 
an  islet,  in  compsss  half  a  nnle,  full  of  cedars,  by  inc 
railed  Hill't  Hap ;  to  the  northward  of  which,  in  the 
middle  uf  an  opening  on  the  main,  appeared  another 
like  It,  which  I  called  Hap'i  Jlill."  n'hen  Captain 
(loanold  with  divers  of  tha  conipciny  "  went  in  the  abal- 
lop  towards  Ilill'a  Hap,  to  view  ii  and  Ihe  sandy  cove, 
they  found  a  bark  canoe,  which  llio  Indians  hiidi|iiitled 
for  fear  of  them.  Thia  they  took  and  brought  tu  Kng- 
lund.  It  is  not  said  tlist  they  inai'e  any  acknowledg- 
ment or  recompense  for  it. 

Ileforo  I  proceed  in  tho  account  of  Gosnold'a  tran- 
anciions,  it  la  necessary  to  make  aoine  remarks  on  the 
prei'i'iliii^  '..^il,  which  ia  either  abridged  or  extracted 
from  the  journal  written  by  Oabriel  Archer.  Thia 
journal  contains  some  inaccuracies,  which  may  be  cor- 
rected by  carefully  comparing  ila  several  parte,  and  by 
actual  obHervations  of  tho  placoa  deacribed.  I  have 
taken  iniiuli  pains  lo  obtain  information,  by  consulting 
the  best  maps,  and  conversing  or  correa|ionding  with 
piloia  and  other  persona,  ilut  for  my  greater  aalisfac- 
lion,  I  have  visited  Ihe  island  on  which  Gosnold  built 
his  house  and  furl,  tho  ruins  of  which  are  still  visible, 
thouuh  Bl  tho  dialance  of  nearly  two  centuries. 

That  (josnold's  Cape  Cod  is  the  promontory  which 
now  bears  that  name,  ia  evident  from  hia  description. 
The  point  which  he  denominated  Care,  at  tho  distance 
of  twelve  leagiiea  aouthward  of  Cu|ie  Cod,  agrcea  very 
well  with  Malebarre,  or  Sandy  I'oini,  the  aoulh-caalorn 
exlremily  of  Ihe  county  of  llarnatablc.  Tho  shoal 
water  and  breach,  whick  he  called  Tucker's  Terror, 
correspond  with  the  ahoal  and  breakera  commonly 
called  Ihe  Pollock  Kip,  which  extanda  to  tho  south- 
eaat  of  this  remarkable  point. 

To  avoid  this  danger,  it  being  lato  in  tho  day,  he 
Blood  ao  far  out  t?  sea,  as  to  overshoot  the  eastern  en- 
trance of  what  i"  now  called  the  Vineyard  sound.  The 
land  which  he  made  in  the  night  waa  a  white  clilT  on 
Iho  eaatern  coaal  of  Nantucket,  now  called  Sankoty 
Head.  'I'he  breach  which  lay  off  Gilbert's  Point,  I 
taka  to  be  at  the  Uaas  Hip  and  the  Pollock  Uip,  with 
tho  cross  riplings  which  extend  from  the  south-east  ex- 
tremity of  that  ialand.  Over  those  riplinga  there  is  a 
depth  of  water,  from  four  to  aeven  fathoms,  iiccording 
lo  a  late  map  of  Nantucket,  publiahcd  by  Pelcg  Cotfiii, 
Ksq.,  and  other*.  That  Gosnold  did  not  enter  the 
Vineyard  Sound,  but  overshot  it  in  tho  night,  is  demon- 
strated by  comparing  Ilia  journal  with  tiiat  of  Martin 
Pring,  Iho  noit  year ;  a  paaaase  from  which  ahall  be 
cited  in  ita  proper  place. 

Tlie  large  opening  which  he  saw,  hut  did  not  enter, 
and  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Shoal  Hope,  agrees 
very  well  with  the  0|ien  ahore,  to  the  weatwani  of  tlie 
little  ialand  of  Muakegct. 

Tho  island  which  ho  called  Maittia  a  Vineyard,  now 
lieara  tho  name  of  No-Man'a  I<and.  Thia  ia  clear  from 
hia  account  of  ita  eizc,  five  milea  in  circuit ;  its  distance 
from  Shoal  Hope,  eight  Icaguea,  and  from  Elizabeth 
Island,  tivn  leagues ;  tho  safety  of  approaching  it  on  all 
aides  ;  and  tho  email,  but  excellent  cod,  which  arc 
always  taken  near  it  in  tho  spring  months.  Tho  only 
material  objection  is,  that  he  found  deer  u|ion  tho  ialand ; 
but  this  is  removed  by  comparing  his  account  with  the 
journal  of  Martin  Pring,  who  tho  next  year,  found  deer 
in  abundance  on  tho  largo  ialand,  now  called  the  Vine- 
yard. I  have  had  crcdiblo  testimony,  that  deer  have 
been  seen  swimming  across  the  Viii(,>ar«l  Sound,  when 
pursued  by  hunters.  This  island  was  a  sequestered 
a|>ot,  where  those  deer  who  tuiik  rpfMr;c  upon  it,  would 
probably  remain  undisturucd  and  multiply.* 


Tha  lofty  promontory  to  whkh  ha  gava  tha  nanM  af 
ThttT  Cliff,  la  tJay  Head  ;  an  object  loo  aingulai  aii4 
enlerla  ning  to  fasa  unobserved,  and  far  siiiwrior  in 
inagniliide  to  an/  other  alilf  on  any  of  these  lalanua. 
The  "  fair  aound"  into  whiih  he  entered  after  doublina 
thia  clilf,  ia  Ihe  weatern  aitrrmity  of  tho  Vineyard 
Sound  ;  and  hia  anchoring  place  waa  probably  in  •■ 
near  Mrneinslia  Uighl 

Kor  what  reason,  and  at  what  lime,  Iha  name  of  Mar 
tha'a  Vineyard  was  Iranalerred  from  tha  email  ialand  M 
called  by  lioanold,  to  the  large  idand  which  now  liaaia 
it,  are  ipieationa  which  remain  in  oliecurily,  'I'ha! 
Goanold  at  llrat  took  the  aoulhem  sida  of  Ihia  larg* 
ialand  lo  ba  tha  main,  ia  evident.  When  he  doubM 
tha  clilfal  ita  weatern  end,  he  knew  it  lo  be  an  island; 
but  gave  no  name  lo  any  part  of  it,  eiecpl  tha  ('liff.* 

"I'he  ledgo  of  rrv:ka  extending  a  mile  into  tha  aaa," 
between  liw  anehiiring  ground  and  the  man,  ia  that  !•• 
markable  ledge,  dislinguiahed  by  the  naina  of  iha  8mv 
and  Piga.     'rhe  "  atalely  sound"  which  ha  anteradi 


after  paaaing  round  theae  ro<iks,  ia  the  mouth  of  I 
lard's  Uav  ;  and  Ihe  Ialand  tUttahetk,  ia  tha  waalan* 
moat  of  the  iaiaiida  which  now  go  by  the  name  of  Ett* 
labeth'a  lalands.  Ila  Indian  name  is  Cutlyhunk,  • 
contraction  of  Poo-cut-oh-hunk-un-noh,  which  signiAaa 
a  thing  that  lies  out  of  the  water.  The  namea  of  th« 
uthera  are  Naahaweno,  Paai|ue,  Nauahon,  Nenimiaaal, 
and  Peniqueae,  besides  some  of  less  note. 

In  this  island,  at  tho  weal  end,  on  tho  north  aide,  ia 
a  pond  of  freali  water,  three  quarlera  of  a  mile  in  length, 
and  of  uneipial  breadth ;  hut  if  meaaured  in  all  iti  aino- 
osities,  would  amount  to  two  miles  in  circuit.  In  Iha 
middle  of  ita  breadth,  near  the  west  end,  ii  a  "iDcky 
islet,  containing  near  an  acre  of  ground." 

To  this  spot  I  went,  on  tho  20th  day  of  June,  1 797, 
in  company  with  aeveral  gentlemen, t  whose  curiosity 
and  obliging  kindness  induced  them  lo  accompany  ma. 
The  prnii:cliiig  hand  of  Nature  has  reserved  thia  ravor* 
ite  spot  to  herself.  Its  fertility  and  its  productions  an 
exactly  the  aamo  aa  in  Gosnold'a  time,  excepting  tha 
wood,  of  which  there  ia  none.  Every  apeciea  of  what 
he  calla  "  rubbish,"  with  strawberries,  |iea*,  tanay,  and 
other  fruita  and  herbs,  appear  in  rich  abundance,  un- 
molested by  anv  animal  but  aquatic  birds.  We  had  tha 
aupreme  aaliafaclion  to  find  the  cellar  of  Gosnold'a 
storehouse ;  the  alonea  of  which  were  evidently  lakan 
from  Ihe  neighlioriiig  beach ;  Ihe  rocks  of  the  islet  ba- 


nc less  moveable,  and  lying  in  ledgca. 
The  whole  island  of  Cuttyhunk  ' 


k  haa  been  for  many 
ycara  stripped  of  ila  wood  ;  but  I  was  informed  by  Mr. 
Circcnill,  an  old  resident  farmer,  that  tho  treea  which 
formerly  grew  on  it,  were  such  aa  are  described  in 
Gosnold'a  Journal.  The  aoil  ia  a  very  fine  garden 
mould,  from  the  bottom  of  tho  vallies  to  tha  top  of  too 
hdia,  and  aH'ords  rich  paaturo. 

The  length  of  the  island  ia  rather  more  than  two 
miles,  and  us  breadth  about  one  mile  The  beach  be- 
tween tho  pond  aiid  llw  sea  ia  twenty-seven  yards  wida. 
It  ia  ao  hig'ii  and  firm  a  bamcr,  that  the  sea  never  flowa 
into  the  pond,  but  when  agitated  by  a  violent  ^ale  from 
Ihe  north-west.  The  pond  ia  deep  in  the  middle.  It 
haa  nu  visible  outlet.  Its  fiah  are  perch,  eela  and  tur 
Ilea ;  and  it  ia  frequented  by  aquatic  birda,  both  wild 
and  domestic. 

On  the  north  aide  of  the  ialand,  connected  with  it  by 
a  beach,  in  an  elevation,  Iho  Indian  name  of  which  ia 
Copicut.  Either  this  hill,  or  tho  little  island  of  Peni- 
queso,  which  lies  a  mile  to  tho  northward,  ia  the  place 
which  Gosnold  called  Hill'a  Hap.  Between  Copicut 
and  Cuttyhunk  is  a  circular  aandy  cove,  with  a  narrow 
entrance.     Hap's  Hill,  on  the  oppoaite  ahore  of  tho 


•  The  riillowlnir  tnrnnnation  was  given  to  me  by  Benjiiiiin 
Basstttt,  Esq.  of  OhilniHrk. 
"  About  tlio  year  1780,  tlio  lost  deer  waa  seen  on  tho 


Vineyard  and  stiot  at.  The  horns  of  theie  animals  have 
been  ploughed  up  aeveral  times  on  tlie  west  end  uf  tlie  island 
ir  one  deer  could  swim  across  VUieyard  Sound,  wliy  not 
more  T  No-Mnli*H  Land  is  four  miles  Iioiii  tiie  Vineyard,  and 
if  tho  deer  could  cross  tlie  Sound  7  iniiea,  wiiy  not  from  tiio 
Vineyard  to  No-Mairs  land  T" 

*  Tlio  reader  will  ^ive  ttie  following  conjecture  as  much 
weiglil  n.s  It  deserves  : 

Tho  liirijc  iiilund  is  frc<|ueiitly  railed  Martin's  Vineyord,  es 
peclally  by  ttie  old  writerH.  Thia  is  commonly  supposed  to 
bo  a  iniHtaiiC.  llut  wiiy  T  t'aptain  Vtiun't  i;iiristian  name 
was  Slarlin,  and  this  l&laiiJ  liaa  aa  Koud  &  n},'ht  to  the  apelta  . 
tion  of  Vineyard  us  tho  oilier,  being  equally  pro<luctlve  of 
vines.  The  names  Martha  and  Martin  are  esHily  rniifnuiideJ, 
and  MS  Olio  island  only  was  supposed  to  be  desiunati-tl  iff 
Tiio  Vineyard,  it  Wii.<!  natural  lo  givo  it  tn  the  aria'tr.  Tiia 
lesser  beciiinu  dir regarded,  and  no'.  I'*iri$  inlinl.il,fdor  claimed 
bv  any,it  wo-h  supposed  to  belong  tu  flu  ms,  t*oi  wh«  railed 
No-Muii's  band.  In  an  old  Uulcli  map,  extant,  in  DKilby'a 
lii^to>-y  .tf  America,  p.  1(18,  tlio  name  ol  .Slartlia's  Vineyard  ia 
given  to  a  small  Manti  lying  snullmard  of  Elizabel  £yl ;  aad 
:Iie  n:uiiG  of  Texel  is  Riven  to  the  largo  i.slaud,  which  is  new 
called  Tlic  Vint  yard.  The  Kitualion  of  llis  anidll  iaiandafrvaa 
Willi  lliat  of  No-Man's  l.and. 

t  Noah  Webster,  Esq.  o.'  New  Ycrli:  Cantain  Tall 
Mr.  Jolin  Spovner,  Mr.  Aliai;,  ajillat  of  New  BaiUiirt. 


,    iiiaifci 


AMERICAN   III8TVRY. 


main,  4Manl  foui  iwgM*.  it  i  iwmi  •ItvMion,  on  • 
ysM  af  bad,  mm  Uw  Uumplm  Hwski,  IwiwMn  iIm 
n«*n  •(  ApMiMywMl  (lid  I'aMaiMiiMl,  in  th«  lown- 
tkM  af  UtrliiHMtlt. 

FnMi  Um  aouib  iitU  of  Cuiljrhunk,  Ih*  pramonlory 
M  U»  Iwidi  whwh  IJocnold  mllnl  l>u«ci  C'litf,  ami 
Ik*  Mltni  «kMk  h«  ntinnl  Minha'*  Viii«y»rd,  Iw  m 
lUII  «Mw,  and  tpfwaf  (o  gmi  uitiiiuga.  No  oihei 
abjacu,  in  itwl  rcgMNi,  bear  tny  r«H>iulibiic«  to  ili<iiii, 
ai  la  Ih*  d«*'ri|iiio<i  givan  of  Ihcin  :  nor  it  tlian  >  Wiino 
a(  loclu  (irajocting  from  any  olUi  iiUihI  ■  iiiilo  iiito 
tkaMt. 

M'k.M  Qabrioi  Anhar,  and  a  pirtjr,  (•rwnlW  con- 
•iaiing  of  Un,  liborcd  in  clcaiing  tha  "  rocky  itld"  of 
waodi  and  buililiiig  a  aiornliauM  ami  Ion,  (  i|>lain 
Claanald  and  Iha  mtl  of  tha  coninany  wara  ani|>luya<l 
aiUiar  in  naUing  Uiacovarlaa,  or  nihing,  or  collaciing 
aaatafiaa.  On  Uia  Slat  of  May,  ba  want  to  tha  main 
land,  on  Iha  ahora  of  which  ha  wat  mot  by  a  ronipany 
af  Iba  nativaa,  "  man,  woman,  and  children,  who,  with 
all  ceurtaoua  kindiiaaa,  enlarUined  him,  giving  him 
akina  of  wild  batata,  tobacjo,  turllat,  h«ni|i,  aftifwial 
athnga,  celorad,  [wampum,]  ami  aiich  lika  Ihinga  aa 
liwy  Md  about  thain."  Tba  alalaly  grovaa,  Huwary 
Maadowa,  and  running  brooka,  aHonlad  dulighlful  an- 
lartainaant  to  Ibi  advanturara.  The  nrmcipal  diaco- 
vary  wbich  tha/  m^da,  waa  of  two  good  barlwrt ;  one 
•f  which  I  laka  to  bo  Apoonaganiel,  and  the  other  I'aa- 
camanaal,  belwaen  which  liaa  the  round  hill,  which 
tbay  called  H»p'i  HM.  They  obtervod  the  coatt  to 
attend  fi«a  letguei  further  M  tba  touth-wutt,  a*  it 
doat,  to  Saeonnat  I'uiiil,  Aa  Ihav  apent  hut  one  day 
in  Ihia  exeurtion,  they  did  not  fully  etiilure  iho  main, 
llMugh  from  what  they  obacrved,  Iho  laud  being  bro- 
ken, and  tha  ahotu  nwky,  thuy  were  coiivincui  of  tha 
anatnore  of  other  harbora  on  that  coaal. 

<  >n  the  Sth  of  June,  an  Indian  chief  and  fifty  men, 
armed  with  bowa  and  arrowa,  landed  on  the  iijaiid. 
Archer  and  hia  men  left  their  work,  and  met  Ihein  on 
tlie  beacb.  After  mutual  aalutationa,  tlioy  eat  down, 
and  began  a  liaHic,  exchanging  audi  thinga  ta  thuy  had, 
fa  mutual  aatiafaction.  The  ahip  then  lay  at  ancluir,  a 
league  olf.  Uoanold  aocing  the  Indiana  approach  the 
iaianj.  camo  on  ahore  with  twelve  men,  and  waa  re- 
aaived  by  Archor'a  party,  with  military  Roroiuony,  aa 
their  coiniiuinUer.  1  he  captain  gave  the  chief  a  ttraw 
kat  and  two  knivca.  The  farmer  he  little  regarded ; 
the  latter  he  received  with  great  tdiiiiration. 

In  a  lubaeauent  viail,  they  bectiiie  belter  tcqutint- 
ad,  and  liad  a  larger  trade  for  fura.  At  dinner,  they 
anlcrtained  the  aavagea  with  fiah  und  muatard,  and 
ga-e  tbein  beer  to  drink.  1'he  elTect  of  the  muatard 
oil  the  noaea  of  the  Indiana  afforded  them  much  diver- 
aioil.  Une  of  them  atole  a  target,  und  conveyed  it  on 
board  hit  canoe  ;  when  it  waa  demanded  of  the  chief, 
it  waa  immediately  reatorcd.  No  demand  waa  made 
•f  tlie  birch  canoe,  which  Qoanold  had  a  few  daya  be- 
fore taken  from  the  Indiana.  Wlien  the  cliicf  and  hia 
retinue  took  their  leave,  four  or  live  of  the  Indiana 
ataid  and  helped  the  advcntureia  to  dig  the  roota  of 
aaaaafraa,  with  which,  aa  well  aa  fura  and  other  pruduc- 
tiona  of  the  country,  the  tliip  waa  loaded  for  her  hoiiio- 
ward  voyage.  Having  |icrkirined  thia  aervice,  the  In- 
dia':a  were  invited  on  board  the  ahip,  but  they  declined 
the  invitation,  and  returned  to  tho  mtin.  1  hit  island 
had  no  fixed  inhabitinia  ;  tho  nativet  of  the  oppoaite 
ahore  frequently  vitted  it,  for  the  purpose  of  gathering 
ahall-fiah,  with  which  itt  creekt  and  covet  abounded. 

All  theae  Indiana  had  orntmentt  of  copper.  When 
the  idvcnturert  aakcd  them,  by  aigna,  whence  they  ob- 
tained thia  metal,  one  of  them  made  anawcr,  by  digging 
a  hole  in  tho  ground,  and  fiointing  to  the  iiiaiii ;  mini 
which  circumatance  it  waa  underatood  that  ilie  adjacent 
country  contained  minea  of  copper.  In  the  course  of 
almoat  two  ccniuriea,  no  copper  haa  been  there  dia- 
covered ;  though  iron,  a  much  more  uaeful  metal, 
wholly  unknown  to  the  nativoa,  ia  found  in  great 
plenty.  The  queation,  whence  did  they  obtain  copper ! 
It  yet  without  an  anawer. 

I'hrre  wcekt  wore  apent  in  clearing  the  ialet,  dig- 
ging and  stoning  a  cellar,  building  a  haute,  fortifying  it 
with  pallisodci,  and  covering  it  with  sed);e,  wliich  tlien 
(rrew  in  great  plenty  on  the  sides  of  ihe  |iond.  IJiiring 
fliie  time,  a  aurvey  wat  mado  of  ti.eir  provisions. 
After  reserving  enough  to  victual  twelve  men,  who 
were  to  go  home  in  the  bark,  no  more  could  be  left 
with  the  remaining  twenty  tliaii  would  aullice  them  for 
aix  weeka;  and  Uie  ahip  could  not  return  till  the  end 
of  the  next  autumn.  Thia  wat  a  very  discouraging 
tilcumtiaiiee. 

A  jealuuty  alto  troto  retpecting  the  profits  of  tho 

'''~l°a  lading ;  Ihota  who  ataid  behind  claiming  a  ihaie, 


at  well  ta  thoae  who  should  latiim  !•  Kng land.  WkitM 
thata  aub|acla  were  in  debate,  a  aingle  Indian  came  an 
board,  from  whose  apnaraiitiy  grave  and  sober  d*|ioil- 
inenl  lliay  suspected  him  to  have  been  sent  aa  a  spy. 
In  a  few  daya  al^ar  the  ahip  went  tu  IliU'a  Hap,  out  iif 
ai|(ht  of  Ihe  fort,  to  take  m  a  load  of  cedar,  and  waa 
there  detained  so  miirh  longer  than  they  ei|H'i'led,  that 
the  party  at  the  fort  had  eipendrd  tlirii  provision 
Four  of  them  went  in  search  uf  •lirllllah,  ami  divided 
theinsvlvea,  two  and  two,  going  ilill'rrenl  waya.  Due 
nf  these  small  partiea  waa  luddi'iily  stlarkrd  by  four 
Indiana  in  a  canoe,  who  wuiiiidi'd  une  uf  them  in  Ihe 
arm  with  an  arrow.  Ilia  roiniHiniun  teiaed  the  caniH<, 
and  cut  their  Itow-alringa  on  which  tliey  lied.  Il  being 
lute  in  the  day,  and  the  weather  stormy,  this  couple 
were  obliged  tu  pass  the  night  in  Ihe  woods,  and  did 
not  reach  Ihe  fort  till  the  next  day.  The  whole  iiarly 
aubnialed  on  ahell-Aah,  gro^md  iiu;<,  and  heiln,  till  Ihe 
■hip  rame  and  took  them  on  lioarU  A  new  .  jnsulla- 
lion  wat  then  holilen.  Thoae  *ho  had  cecn  must 
reaoiutc  to  remain,  were  diacourt,,!; ' ;  anil  the  unani- 
moua  voice  waa  in  favor  of  roturr.ing  l.i  Kngltnd. 

On  Ihe  17th  of  June,  Ihey  do'.,Dlc.'  the  rocky  ledrjeof 
Eliiabelh,  paased  by  Dover  ('lilT,  saiitu  :i  tin'  island 
which  Ihey  had  culled  Mar  ha  a  Vineyard,  iiiU  employed 
Ihemaelvea  in  taking  youn^r  geeae,  crania,  and  heme. 
I'he  next  day  they  aet  aail  U-r  Kngland :  and,  after  a 
pleaaant  paaaage  uf  five  weeka,  air.vml  ^1  Exinoulh,  in 
Uevonahire. 

Thiia  failed  tho  firti  altempi  to  pitnt  a  colonT  in 
North  Virginia ;  tlie  caiiaea  of  which  *n  ohvioua.  Tlie 
loaa  of  Hir  Waller  Haleigira  Company,  in  Noutk  Vir- 
l^inla,  waa  then  recent  in  memory,  and  the  same  eauaea 
might  have  Ojicrated  hero  to  pioduno  the  saiiio  elTect. 
Twenty  men,  aituatod  on  an  iaIanJ,  aiirrouiidod  by 
other  ialaiida  and  Iho  main,  and  furnitlicd  with  aix 
weeks  provisiona  only,  could  not  maintain  potsesaioii  of 
a  territory  to  which  they  had  no  right  against  tho  force 
of  ila  native  propriotora.  They  migh*  easily  have  been 
cut  oir,  when  seeking  food  abroad,  or  their  fort  might 
have  been  invested,  and  they  inual  have  aurrcndereirat 
diacretioii,  or  have  been  starved  to  death,  had  no  direct 
aaaaultbeen  made  upon  them.  Tho  prudence  of  their 
retreat  is  umpieslionable  to  any  peraon  who  conaidura 
their  haiardoua  ailualion. 

Uuriiig  Ihia  voyage,  and  eapoclally  whilst  on  shore, 
the  whole  comiwiiy  enjoyed  remarkably  good  health. 
I'hey  were  highly  pleased  with  the  salubrity,  fertility, 
and  apparent  advantagoa  ol  the  country.  Cluaiiold  waa 
ao  enthusiastic  an  admirer  of  il,  that  he  was  indefati- 
gable in  his  endeavora  to  forward  Ihe  settlement  of  a 
colony  in  caiijnnctioii  with  Ctptain  John  .Smith.  With 
him,  in  10U7,  ho  embarked  in  the  c>|>cditiun  to  South 
Virginia,  where  ho  had  the  rank  of  a  couiiHellur.  Soon 
after  hia  arrival,  by  excoasive  fatigue  in  tho  extremity 
of  the  aummer  heat,  be  fell  a  aacrilice,  with  filly  othera 
lo  the  insalubrity  of  that  climate,  and  tho  scanty  inea- 
auro  and  bad  quality  of  tho  provisiona  with  which  that 
unfortunate  colony  waa  furiiiahed. 

Tlio  diacovery  made  by  tioanold,  and  especially  the 
ahortneaa  of  the  time  in  which  hit  voyage  waa  per- 
formed, induced  KichanI  llackluyt,  tlien  i'reltenotry 
of  St.  A'.ignstme'a  Church  in  Uristol,  lo  use  hia  inllu- 
enco  with  Iho  major,  aldermen,  and  merchants  of  that 
opulent,  mercantile  city,  to  prosecute  tho  disiovery  of 
the  northern  parts  of  Virginia.  The  first  step  was  to 
obtain  pcrmiNsion  of  JUleigh  and  liia  asMooiates.  This 
was  undertaken  and  accomplished  by  Hackliiyt,  in  con- 
junction of  John  Angel  and  Hubert  Sallerne,  both  of 
whom  had  been  with  Uoanold  to  America.  Tho  next 
waa  to  equip  two  vcsaela ;  one  a  ship  of  fifty  tons, 
called  the  Speedwell,  carrying  thirty  men ;  the  other  a 
bark  of  twenty-six  tons,  called  tne  Discoverer,  carrying 
thirteen  men.  Tho  commander  of  tho  ship  wua  Martin 
Pring,  and  his  mate,  Kdinund  Jones.  The  bark  waa 
commanded  by  William  Browne,  whoNO  m,\to  was 
•Samuel  Kirkland.  Saltcrno  was  the  principal  ugent, 
or  supercargo  ;  and  was  furnished  with  various  kinds 
of  clothing,  hardware,  nnd  trinkets,  to  trade  with  the 
natives.  The  vesseln  were  victualled  for  eight  months, 
and  sailed  on  tho  10th  of  April,  1603,  a  few  days  after 
the  death  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

They  went  ao  far  to  the  southward,  as  to  bo  within 
sight  of  the  Azores  ;  and  in  tho  bei^innitiir  of  June,  fell 
in  with  the  .\merican  coast,  between  the  \M  and  44tb 
degrees  nf  latitude,  ainaiig  those  luiincroiis  inlands  which 
cover  the  district  of  Maine.  I>nc  of  these  they 
named  Kox  IsUtul,  fioin  some  of  that  species  of  animal 
which  they  saw  upon  it.  .\mong  these  islands,  in  tho 
mouth  of  Peiiuhscot  Day,  they  found  good  anchorage 
and  fishing.  Tho  land  being  rocky,  they  judged  it 
proper  for  the  drying  of  cod,  wbich  they  took  in  great 


pUnijr,  and 
Newfoundland 

Having  paaeed  all  Ihe  isltnda,  ihey  fangad  the  itMl 
to  Ihe  south-weal,  and  entered  four  inlila,  which  art 
thus  ileserilird  ■  "  Tha  moat  easterly  waa  harrad  M 
the  mouth  ;  but  having  passed  over  the  bar,  we  ran  op 
II  fur  live  milts,  and  lor  a  certain  apace  found  very 
good  depth,  roming  out  again,  aa  we  aailed  aaulih 
weal,  wn  lighted  on  two  other  inlela,  which  we  found 
tu  pieree  not  far  into  Ihe  land  Tha  fourth  and  meat 
westerly  waa  the  Inst,  which  we  rowed  up  ten  w 
twelve  in  les  In  all  tlieta  places  wa  found  no  people, 
but  signs  uf  firea,  where  they  had  been.  llowboD,  wa 
beheld  very  gowlly  grovea  and  woods,  and  sundry  toita 
uf  bi'tsts  lint  meeting  with  no  >«jte/raa,  we  left 
these  placea,  with  all  Iha  aforesaid  islands,  ahaping  am 
course  for  Sattgt  Hotk,  discovered  the  year  Mfaia  by 
Captain  Uoanold." 

r'riiin  this  description,  t  conclude,  that  after  they  bad 
passed  the  islanda  as  far  weslwsrJ  as  Ctoco  Hay,  lb* 
easlerinosl  of  the  lour  inlela  which  ihey  entered  waa 
the  mouth  of  Iho  river  Haco.  '1'he  two  next  were  Kan- 
nebiink  and  York  rivera  \  the  weaterinoal,  and  Ika 
bei.t,  waa  tho  river  I'iscataqua.  The  reaaon  of  Ikaii 
finding  no  |iea|ile,  waa  that  the  nalivea  were  al  Ihat  aan- 
aon  (June)  fishing  at  the  falla  of  Iho  river* ;  aiiH  tk* 
vealige*  of  Arne  marked  the  placea  al  or  near  Ikn 
moulTia  of  Iha  rivera,  where  Ihey  had  reaided  ami  taken 
fish  in  the  earlier  montha  of  tha  spring.  In  tteering 
fur  Sarage  H<kI:,  they  must  have  doubred  Capa  Ann, 
which  brou^iit  them  into  tho  bay  of  Massachuaella,  aa 
the  northern  ahore  of  which,  I  auppoae  Savage  Uock  10 
ba  aitiisted. 

It  sruins  that  one  prinoipti  object  of  their  «oyagt 
was  to  collect  sassafras,  which  was  esteemed  a  hlghty 
medicinal  vegetable.  In  aeveral  parta  of  Iheae  Jou^ 
nala,  and  in  other  liooka  of  thn  aame  date,  Il  ie  criebra 
ted  aa  a  sovereign  remedy  for  Ihe  pisgue,  Ihe  venereal 
disease,  the  ttuiiu,  strangury  and  other  maladioe.  Vui 
of  (ioenold'a  men  had  been  cured  by  it,  in  twelve  h,>uia 
of  a  surfeit,  occasioned  by  eating  greedily  of  Ihe  bel- 
liea  of  dog-fish,  which  is  called  a  "delicioua  meat." 

The  journal  then  proceeda :  "  doing  oti  Ihe  main  al 
Savage  Ituck,  wo  found  people,  with  whom  he  bad  na 
long  cnnveraation,  because  here  also  we  could  find  in 
sassafras.  De|iarling  hence,  we  bare  into  Ihal  grttl 
gutf  tckieh  Capl.  Gotnoli  mcrthot  the  year  before ) 
coasting  and  finding  |H'oplo  on  tho  north  aide  thereof. 
Not  yet  aatiafied  In  our  ci|iectation,  w*  'eft  them  and 
sailed  over,  and  came  to  anchor  on  I .«  a'ulh  aide,  in 
tho  latitude  of  forty  one  degreat  and  odii  minulea ; 
where  we  went  on  land,  in  a  certain  bay,  which  waa 
called  Whilion  Hay,  by  tho  name  uf  tho  worahipful  nua> 
ter,  John  Whitson,  then  mayor  of  tho  city  of  Uiiat,il, 
and  one  of  tho  chief  adventurers.  Finding  a  pleaaant 
hill  adjoining,  we  railed  it  Mount  Aldumrlh,  for  inaatct 
Kobert  Aldworth'a  aako,  a  chinC  furtlicrer  of  the  Toy- 
age,  ta  well  with  hia  piirao  aa  with  hia  travel.  Hera  w« 
Md  aulliciont  quantity  of  aaoeafraa," 

In  another  part  of  thia  journal,  Whitaon  Day  it  thua 
deacrihed  :  "  .\l  tha  sntrance  of  thia  excellent  haven, 
we  found  twenty  fathoms  of  water,  and  rode  at  our  ettn 
in  seven  fathoms,  being  land-locked',  the  haven  winding 
ill  compass  like  the  shell  of  a  anail ;  and  it  ia  in  Utitu'l" 
of  furty-ono  degroca  and  twenty  minutci.  We  alao  • ' 
served  that  we  could  find  no  aaaaafraa  but  in  aandf 
ground  "• 

Though  this  company  had  no  deaign  lo  make  a  aet- 
tienient  in  America,  yet  considering  that  Ihe  place 
where  they  found  it  convenient  to  reside,  waa  full  of 
inhabitants,  Ihey  built  a  teinpomry  hut,  and  encloaed  it 
with  a  barricade,  in  which  they  kept  eonstaiil  guard  by 
day  and  night,  whilst  othera  wero  employed  in  collecl- 

*  Tlie  fulluwiiiB.nute  Is  from  Pelea  Cuflln.  JSaq.  **The 
haven  here  (li'herilHid  tnUHt  have  ttecn  tilat  or  EOuartnwn.  No 
ftllier  cull  1(1  with  prupricty  lie  reiTespnted  aswlndinx  or  lanii- 
Int'ked,  as  Is  truly  the  harbor  of  Lldgartown,  generally  called 
UMiuwn." 

Tu  this  I  subjoin  an  eitract  >f  a  letter  from  the  Rev 
Joseph  Tlmxtar,  minister  of  Edgortown,  dated  Nov.  IS,  17V7 
"  Il  Is  evident  to  ine,  and  others  better  acqualDted  than  I 
am,  with  whom  I  have  consulted,  that  Pring,  as  soon  as  he 
panned  the  sandy  ptilnt  of  Monuinoy  (Mnlebarl.  bore  to  the 
wosiwiird,  and  cnnie  thruuKh  what  la  called  llutler's  Hole; 
that  ho  liepi  the  Nortti  channel,  till  he  got  Qs  far  ss  Fal 
mouth,  and  that  tio  then  cnisscd  oier  into  Oldlowii  liarlior, 
wliieh  coirespcndH  in  every  respect  to  his  descnptlon,  eacefl 
in  the  depth  of  water  at  the  entrance  of  Ihe  liailior,  thire  art 
now  but  fourteen  fulhoins ;  In  tha  harhur  tliere  aie  aovrn 

'  und  a  lialf.  I  would  Noi^gest  an  Idea,  whether  there  la  now 
tliu  same  depth  of  water  at  the  entrance  bm  in  I603t  It  It 
certain  tliat  tho  Khoalu  shin,  und  tnat  (.'apt-  Foge,  within  tka 
immiory  of  man,  has  been  wa.ihed  Into  tho  sen  lliirty  or  forty 
rods.  From  tins  circumstance,  the  dilferenco  in  the  depth  'M 
water  may  be  easily  accounted  for.  ''lliere  are  seven, 
pleasant  hills  amolnlng  to  the  liarSwr,  and  to  tlus  day  iilcnli 

J  of  aassafraa." 


■kaaM  V 


■■    Wt- 

pUc* 
ll'ull  o( 

Hi  it 

jrdby 
plleck- 

•Tht 
Na 
Ir  land- 

1  Half 
I,  17*7 
■than  I 

I  ht 
■to  th» 
lllols  i 

W 
■arter, 

UMfl 

lai* 

ovtn 

noit 

.  ItU 

In  a* 
1  '»ni 
Ubit 
Cvurk 
Llcntl 


BiooRAPiiiEi  or  me  rarly  pinooTimiBii 


Htf  Mtmfrt*  h  Ik*  mtttt.  TW  MUim  fraqutntljr 
vitilnl  lb*  m  In  ixrtlm,  of  toivut  numhcn,  fratn  Mn 
w  »  hundicil  'limy  won  um<I  lilnill)r,  h*il  (rinkrl4 
■maiiii'il  10  ihrm,  tiiil  wcrn  M  Milh  Knulnh  uiiIm  , 
U)«lr  own  liHMi  Iw  ng  I'hiilljr  rtah.  'I'liry  wcra  uiluriiiii 
Willi  (lUiia  of  <'0|i|)vr ;  Ihcir  liuwa,  arruwa  aiiU  i|iil«a'f 
wan  VI  ry  iiaally  nuJ*  i  aiul  ibaii  birelwn  caiioaa  wrr* 
(Tnaiiloiml  aa  (iral  ciirioailica,  oiia  uf  which,  or  ai'vrii- 
Uan  IkoI  in  li'iiulh  aiiil  four  in  hrvaillh,  waa  currii'd 
kmiw  to  Urialal,  aa  a  ■|Mi'iinen  uf  iIhui  iiiKKiiiiily 
V  liathar  It  waa  boughi  oi  alulun  froin  ihcin  la  uncvr- 
Mllt. 

Th«  nalivfa  wcra  ricnaiitcly  fonil  of  iniiaie,  ind 
would  danco  in  a  ring  round  an  liii||iiah  youlh,  wliu 
^yad  on  an  inairunicnt  called  a  yillarn*.  tint  lh«y 
Wtm  tficatly  Icrrillrd  at  tliii  barking  of  two  Kiigliiii 
■aalilla,  wliuli  alwava  krpt  llicni  at  a  dialaiicn,  when 
Um jwoplo  wvru  tirou  uf  lliuir  coiii|>aiiy. 

'Im  growth  of  tha  plac*  conaiilcd  of  aaaatfrH,  tiMt, 
•mlar,  oak,  aah,  brsch,  birch,  charry,  huicl,  walnut, 
Bupla,  hully  and  wild  plum.  Tha  land  aiiiniala  wvrn 
•taga  and  fallow  dcrr  iii  ahniidaiica,  Iwara,  wulv«a,roiM, 
luaornaa,*  furciipinva,  and  dug*  with  aliurt  nonea  t 
inm  watvra  and  alioraa  abounded  wilh  Aah  and  aliall- 
tah  of  varioua  kinda,  and  aipiatic  lilrda  in  graat  plenty. 

Uy  tha  «nd  of  July  limy  had  loaded  Ihvir  bark  with 
Haaafrai,  and  k<nt  her  lo  IliiKUnd.  After  which  they 
roado  aa  much  doanatch  aa  (loiiiilila  in  lading  their  ahip, 
tho  dajwrtur*  of  which  waa  accelttratcd  by  tbo  follow- 
ing incidiml. 

I'ha  liiiliana  had  lillherto  been  on  friendly  Icnna 
wilh  thxadveiilurera;  but  n'eing  llieir  number  loiieipd 
•lid  one  of  their  veaaela  guno,  and  thoao  who  ri'inaiiiod 
ili«p<ira«d  at  thvir  aoveral  eniployinenta,  they  camu  one 
day,  alMJiit  noon,  lo  the  number  of  one  hundred  and 
lorty,  armed  wilh  buwa  and  arrnwa,  to  the  barricado, 
where  four  men  wore  on  guard  with  Ihuir  ninikela. 
The  Indiana  calli'd  tu  them  lo  come  oul,  winch  tlioy 
icfiiwd,  and  ato<Hl  on  their  defence.  Captain  I'ring, 
wilh  Iwu  men  only  were  on  board  the  ahip ;  aa  ooon  aa 
he  |ierceivrd  the  danger,  he  accured  tho  ahip  aa  wcllae 
k*  could, and  hred  une  of  hia  great  guna,  aa  a  aigiial  to  the 
UtiorerN  in  the  wuoda,  who  wero  repoaiiig  after  their 
fatigue,  depending  on  the  matliHa  for  pruleclion.  'I'lie 
doga  hearing  the  gun,  awoke  their  maitcrs,  who,  then 
btariiig  a  aecond  gun,  took  to  their  arnia,  and  cam*  lo 
Um  relief  of  the  guard.  At  tho  eight  of  the  men  and 
dofp,  the  Indiana  deaiatcd  from  their  puqioie,  and 
tHeoting  to  luni  the  wliolo  into  •  jeal,  went  olf  laugh- 
ing wilhcut  any  damage  on  either  aide. 

In  ■  few  dtye  after,  they  a«t  fire  to  the  woodi  where 
Ik*  eiaaafna  grew,  lo  the  extent  of  a  mile.  Thee* 
■Urmina  circumatancea  determined  I'ring  to  retire. 
Afkcr  tne  people  had  embarked,  and  were  weighing 
Iha  anchora,  ■  larger  number  than  ever  they  had  acen, 
•bout  two  hundred,  came  down  to  tho  ahoro,  and  aome 
in  their  canova  camo  olf  to  the  ahip,  apparently  to  in- 
vite the  adventurora  to  a  longer  continuance.  It  waa 
not  eaay  to  believe  the  invitation  friendly,  nor  prudent 
to  accept  it.  They  thereforo  ciino  to  aa'il,  it  being  the 
nh  of  Aug,iBt.  After  a  paaaage  uf  five  weeka,  by  the 
mute  of  the  Aiorca,  they  came  into  aoundinga  ;  and  ou 
Iha  3d  of  October  arrived  at  King  Koad,  liclow  Uria- 
lol,  where  tlie  bark  had  arrived  about  a  fortnight  before 
Ihem.  Tbia  whole  voyage  waa  complclcd  in  aix 
nontha.  Ila  objccta  were  to  make  diacovcrioa,  and  to 
collect  fura  and  aaaaafraa.  No  inalance  of  aggrcaaion 
on  the  purt  of  the  adventurera  ia  mentioned,  nor  on  the 
|iut  of  the  naiivea,  till  after  the  aailjiij;  of  thiu  bark. 

At  ll  e  aamo  lime  that  Martin  I'ring  waa  employed 
in  hia  voyage,  Barthoi.ohiiw  Uilbirt  went  on  a  far- 
Itwrdiicovery  lo  the  aouthcrn  part  of  Virginia,  hoving 
it  tlao  in  view  to  look  for  tho  lost  colonv  of  Sir  Walter 
Rnleif.h.  He  aailed  from  I'lymuuth,  May  10,  1603, 
in  the  bark  Elizabeth,  of  tifly  toiia,  and  wont  by  the  way 
rf  Madeira  lo  the  Weal  Indiea,  where  ho  touched  at 


•  ••  Luaeme,  Luccm,  a  be»t  near  the  bluncsa  of  a  wolf 
of  o; lor  between  rod  and  bruwn,  iniiielhlngniaylodlikeacat, 
and  llilnglod  with  black  apola;  bred  In  Muscovy,  and  ii  a  rich 
furro."— [VlUe  Minaheu  In  verbuin  Furrp. 

Could  tlilaanlmjl  be  theracoont  Joaaelynglvea  the  name 
•f  luaerne  to  the  wild  cat. 

tAa  the    eiiatenco  of  thla  apeclca  of  animal  haa  been 

*)Uliled,  I  mual  remark,  that  It  ia  lereral  limes  incnil d 

*»  the  earliest  adventurers,  and  twice  In  Prinir's  Journal 
Joneiyn,  who  was  a  nslurallst,  and  resided  several  yearain 
kill.'  easlern  [inrta  of  New  KnglanU,  gives  lliia  account  of  it ; 
I  know  of  lint  one  kind  of  boast  in  New  Gneland  oioduccd 
ey  equivwal  nencration,  and  Unit  Is  the  Indian  dou,  beRotten 
twtwben  a  wolf  and  a  fox,  or  between  a  fox  and  a  wolf' 
which  they  made  use  of,  Iniiiinq;  liiem  and  bringinit  them  up 
to  hunt  with;  liut  since  the  EiikIikIi  came  among tlioin,  Ihev 
Mve  (otten  store  of  our  dogs,  which  they  "jring  up  and  keen 

•JhSTSISo  ST'it"  m"'*"  ''*  "■•"  *''•••  -•'«"'yn'» 


•even!  of  Iho  ialamla,  taking  in  ligum-vilB,  toituuM, 
and  loliMeo 

On  llie  Rth  of  July  he  quilled  the  ialanda,  and  atoot- 
ed  lor  Virginia.  In  four  days  he  cot  iiilo  the  (Jiilf 
Ntrrain,  and  waa  becalmed  h«e  ilaya  Alter  wliiih  the 
wind  aprang  up,  and  uii  the  SHih  he  aaw  laud  in  Ihe 
40th  ilegrrn  of  latitude.  Ilia  object  waa  tu  fetch  tlM 
uiou'.h  of  I  heaapeake  Bay  i  but  the  wind  being  adverse, 
after  beating  aguinal  ll  for  aoveral  daya,  the  neceasiiy 
uf  wood  and  wstur  obliged  tlieui  to  euine  to  anchur 
atioiit  a  mile  from  Itio  slHiro,  where  there  waa  an  ap* 
pearance  of  the  entrance  of  a  river. 

On  Friday,  the  tttlh  of  July,  Captain  (lilbcrt  accoiiv 
iianied  by  I'tiomaa  Cannar,  •  gcntlenian  of  Uernard'a 
Inn,  Itichard  llarrioon,  mule,  lleiiry  Kenton,  aurgeon, 
and  Derrick,  a  Dulchinan,  went  on  ahore,  leaving  Iwu 
buya  lo  keep  tlie  boat.  Iminedialely  after  they  had 
•iiWrod  Ihe  wood,  Iha  asvagea  attacked,  puraued  and 
killi'd  every  one  of  Ihem ;  two  of  lliem  fell  in  aighl 
of  the  boya,  who  had  mnch  dilllcully  to  prevent  llieln- 
Uiaiia  from  hauling  the  boat  on  ahoru. 

With  heavy  livaria  they  gut  back  lo  the  ahip ;  whoeo 
crew,  reduced  to  eleven,  including  the  boya.  dnral  nut 
make  any  fnrlher  atlenipl )  but  atiered  fur  the  Woalero 
Islands ;  after  (Maaiiig  them,  they  arrived  in  the  river 
Thainea,  aliout  tho  end  of  Mepiember,  when  Iho  city 
of  I.undon  waa  "iiiuat  grievoualy  infected  wilh  lliu 
Plague." 

After  the  peace  which  King  Jamea  mad*  wilh  Spain 
in  1604,  when  the  passion  for  the  discovery  of  a  norili- 
weal  passage  wae  in  full  vigor,  a  ship  waa  acnt  from 
KngUiid  by  the  Kurl  of  Noutliaiiiplon  and  I,ord  Arun- 
del of  Warilor,  with  a  view  to  tliia  object.  The  coni- 
iiiander  of  the  ahip  waa  Uoorgo  Weymouth.  He  aail- 
ed from  tho  Downa  on  Ihe  laal  day  of  March,  1605,  and 
came  in  sight  uf  the  American  coasi  on  tha  13tli  of 
May,  in  the  latitude  uf  41  degreea  30  mniulea. 

Being  there  eiilaiigied  among  ahoala  and  breakera,  lie 
i|uittvd  Iliia  land,  and  at  Ihe  diatance  of  fifty  leaguee,  dia- 
covcred  aeveral  ialanda,  tu  one  of  which  ha  gave  Ihe 
name  of  Si.  Grorgt.  Within  three  laaguea  of  thia 
island  he  came  into  a  harbor,  which  ba  caliad  I'tntrxott 
liarbor ;  and  aailed  up  a  nobia  river,  lo  which  it  doae 
not  appear  that  he  gave  any  naina,  nor  doea  ha  HMntion 
anjr  name  by  which  it  waa  called  by  iba  nalivae. 

I'he  conjocluroa  of  lualuriana  raapacling  thia  iiYar 
have  been  varioua.  Oldmiion  aupnoeaa  it  to  have 
been  Jamea  river  in  Virginia,  whilat  oayarly,  who  oinia 
lo  correct  hiin,  affinna  il  to  hava  boan  Hudaon'a  river 
in  New  York.  Naitbei  of  them  could  hava  mado  iheao 
niiatakea,  if  Ihay  had  laad  the  original  account  in  Pur- 
chaa  with  any  atlenlion.  In  SmitS'a  hiatory  of  Virginia 
an  abridgment  of  tha  voyoga  i*  given,  but  in  eo 
alight  and  indelinita  a  manner  aa  lo  atford  no  aatiafac- 
tion  ruapecting  the  aituation  of  tho  river,  whether  it 
were  northwaid  or  ooulhwaid  from  the  land  firat  dioco- 
vered. 

To  aacertain  thia  matter  I  have  carefully  eiamined 
Weymoulb'e  journal  and  compared  it  with  the  best 
ms|ia ;  but  for  mora  perfect  aaliafaclion,  I  gave  an  ab- 
atraet  of  the  voyage  with  a  number  of  quoriee  to  Capt. 
John  KoBter  Williiino,  an  experienced  mariner  anil 
commander  of  the  Keveiiuo  Culler,  belonging  to  thia 
port ;  who  haa  very  obligingly  communicated  to  me  hia 
obaervatioiia  made  in  a  lata  ciuiia,  ]}olh  of  thaae 
papera  are  hero  aubjoined. 

"  Ahlracl  of  Iht  Voyage  of  Caplain  George  Wey- 
mouth lo  Iht  Com/  of  America,  from  Ihe  printed 
Journal,  exiant  in  Purckae'e  tilgrinu,  part  iv. 
page  16n9. 

A.  D.  1605,  March  31.~"  Captain  George  Wey- 
mouth aailed  from  England  in  the  Archangel,  for  Iho 
northern  part  of  Virginia,  aa  tho  wholo  coaal  of  North 
Aninrlca  waa  then  called. 

May  13.--Arrived  in  aoundinge — I60fathoma. 

14. — In  live  or  six  leaguca  distance  ahoalcd  the  water 
from  one  hundred  to  five  fathoma,  saw  from  the  niaat- 
head  a  lehittih  tandy  cliff,  N.  N.  W.  6  leaguca :  many 
breachca  nearer  the  land ;  the  ground  foul,  and  depth 
varying  from  aix  to  fifteen  fathoma.  Parted  from  the 
land      I/Btitudo  41  degrees  30  niiniitea. 

ItJ— Wind  between  W.  S.  W.  and  S.  S.  W.  In 
want  of  wood  and  water.  I,and  much  dcaired,  and 
therefore  aought  for  it  tchere  the  wind  leould  best  euffer 
m. 

(jniar  1. — Aa  the  wind  then  blew,  muat  not  tho 
courae  be  to  tho  north  and  east  I 

10. — In  almoat  fifty  leaguca  run,  found  no  land  ; 
the  charta  being  crroneoua. 

17.— Saw  land  which  bore  N.  N.  E.  a  gnat  gala  of 


wimi  and  the  oe*  >lgh.  Iltood  tfT  till  )«•  m  Ik*  MW»- 
ing  i  then  atoml  ii  amin.  A'  eight,  A  M.  oaw  laad 
again  haailng  N.  E  't  apo*  led  a  mean  high  laad,  la. 
ing  aa  wo  aftarwarda  lound  ll  an  imUdJ  oI  no  i 
cuiii|iaaa  Alwiil  noon  came  to  anchor  on  ilia  i 
aide  in  forty  falhoina,  alwul  a  league  Iroin 
Named  the  laland  111    llringr. 

Uiiaav  S  —Could  thia  laland  lie  Stgm»  or  tfenW 
gan  \  or  if  neither,  what  lalaiid  waa  ll  I 

Wliilsl  wn  were  on  abnre  on  lh«i  laland  otir  man  •■ 
Uiard  caught  ihiriy  Urge  coil  and  haddock.  Ytam 
hence  we  diaeeriieil  niany  Ialanda,  and  the  main  land 
aileniling  from  W  M  \V.  lo  E  N  E.  A  great  way 
up  into  iTio  main,  aa  il  then  aeeined,  we  diocenwd  t«f| 
high  mvHiilaiHti  though  the  mam  aeemed  but  IM 
land.    The  moiiiiiaina  nure  N  N   K.  from  ua> 

(Juaiv  3  — What  moiiniaina  v/ere  itieae  T 

18 — lleing  Whilnumlai/,  weighed  anchor  at  iwthf 
o'rlock,  and  came  along  In  liie  other  lalande  mora  ad* 
joining  lo  the  main,  and  in  Ihe  riiaU  itireelly  to  l\t 
imiiiHliiin;  about  three  tengiiea  from  the  flrat  ialai>4 
found  a  aafe  liailior,  delendeil  from  all  wiiuU,  in  an  ei> 
celleht  deiilh  of  water  for  shipa  of  any  burthen  in  ait, 
aoveii,  eiglil,  nine,  ten  fathoma,  upon  a  clay  ooia,  vary 
lough,  where  ia  gout!  inuoring  even  on  tna  rocka,  by 
the  elilf  aide.     Named  il  I'ntlceotI  heritor. 

(JUKKY  4  — l)u  these  inarka  agree  with  Sagidaho<k 
or  Miisi|iiela  Imrbor  or  St.  Cieorga'a  IsIoihI  j  or  if  nol 
with  what  harbor  do  they  agree  ' 

80. — Went  ashore,  foumlwater  ieauing  from  apfini«« 
down  the  rocky  cliirs,  and  dug  pile  lo  receiva  Tl 
Koiiinl,  at  no  great  depth,  clay, liliie,  red  and  whila. 
(lood  lobsters,  rot'k'fish,  iilaiae,  and  lumpe.  Wilh  tw« 
or  three  hooka  caught  cud  and  haddock  enough  for  tho 
aliip'a  cninpany  three  daya. 

34. — The  ruptain,  with  14  men  armed,  marched 
through  two  of  the  islands,  una  of  which  we  giicaaed  to 
be  four  or  five  miles  in  coinpaaa,  and  one  broad.  Abun- 
dance  of  great  miioclea,  soma  of  which  containod  paaila. 
Une  hnd  14  pcaria  in  il. 

90.— I'he  caplain  wilh  13  man  departed  in  tha  ikkl> 
lop,  leaving  the  ahip  in  harbor. 

81. — The  ahallop  returned,  having  diacovarad  agrcol 
river  trending  far  up  into  Ihe  main. 

5 litany  A. — What  river  waa  thia  t 
Hiw  I. — Indiana  came  and  traded  wilh  oa.     PoiaW 
ing  lo  one  part  of  the  main,  eastward,  they  aigniflad  !• 
ua  that  Ihe  Btuhaie,  their  king,  had  plenty  olViua,  and 
much  tobacco. 

N.  B. — Hera  Weymouth  kidnapped  fiva  of  tka  M> 
tivaa. 
1 1.— Faoaad  up  into  tha  river  wilh  our  ahip  about  M 


Otter— tioiu  iy  Iht  Author  of  At  Ytfft,  Jmmt 
Satter. 

"  I'he  Arat  and  chief  thing  requirad  for  a  plantalwi 
ie  a  bold  coaat,  and  a  fair  land  lo  fall  in  with.  TLo 
next  ia  a  aafe  harbor  for  ahipa  to  ride  in. 

*'  The  firat  is  a  ppecial  attribute  of  ihia  ohora,  boiig 
fraa  from  aanda  or  dangeroua  rocka,  in  a  continue 
good  depth,  with  a  moat  excellent  land-fall  aa  can  ^ 
desired,  which  ia  Ihe  first  iaiaiid,  named  St.  George. 

"  For  the  second,  here  are  mora  good  harbora  l<it 
ahipa  of  all  burtbena  than  all  Eiigland  cai  affoid.  Tha 
river,  aa  it  runneth  up  into  the  main  very  nigh  forim 
milea,  towards  the  Great  Mountain*,  bearolh  in  breadth 
a  mile,  soinolimea  three-fourtha,  and  a  half  a  mile  ia 
the  narrowest,  where  you  shall  never  hava  leaa  than 
four  or  five  fathoma,  hard  by  the  ahore ;  but  aix,  aeven, 
eight,  nine,  ten  at  low  water.  On  both  aidea,  everf 
half  mile,  very  gallant  covea,  aoma  able  to  contain  al> 
most  one  hundred  eail  of  ahipa ;  the  ground  ia  an  ai> 
cellent  suft  ooie,  wilh  tough  clay  for  ancLorhold;  and 
ships  may  lie  without  anelwr,  oidy  mooiai  to  tha  abon 
with  a  liawaer. 

"  Il  floweth  fifteen  or  eightaan  feet  at  hia^  water. 

■■  Hero  are  made  by  nature,  moat  excellent  placaa^ 
as  docka  to  grave  and  careen  ehipa  of  all  burthana,  a** 
cure  from  all  winda. 

"  I'he  river  yioldeth  plenty  of  aabton,  and  othai 
fiahea  nf  great  bigneaa. 

"  Tho  Iwrdcring  land  ia  moat  rich,  trending  all  along 
on  boili  aides,  in  an  equal  plain,  noiUier  mouutainoua 
nor  rocky,  but  verged  wilh  a  green  border  of  giaaa ; 
which  may  be  made  good  feeding  ground,  being  plenti- 
ful like  the  outward  islands,  with  freah  water,  whick 
atreameth  down  in  many  placca. 

"  Aa  we  pisaed  with  a  gentle  wind,  in  oar  ahip,  tsf 
thia  rive*,  any  man  may  conceive  with  what  adaifatioA 
wa  all  conacnted  in  joy ;  many  who  had  bea>  tins 
ToUara  in  auadiy  countnaa,  and  to  tha  moat  fiiamii  i^ 


AMRRICAN  lliaTOIir 


I 


fMt  UbiMil  Umih  mx  <o«itMritl<l«  hi  ihia  I  will  mh 
Mfct  II  bftof*  iHir  riirrr  of  Thtimt,  hrriua*  ll  li 
■mhiiO  rwhvM  lr*<Mir«  i  Imii  «•  litil  kll  wiak  iKm* 
MMllriit  hxrtiort,  kOihI  ilr|Hh*,  roiilinual  rviixninnl 
bfMtlli^  tiiil  •iimII'IkU  gull  a,  lu  Iw  »  wall  iliiTfiii,  fur 
mu  c»iiiitr«  •  tfoaai,  M  »•  raiiml  lh«ni  h«ri> :  llMn  I 
«muU  tiolillf  •fflriii  It  I*  ba  lb*  rhmI  rich,  bmiilifiil, 
l«f|«i  Mi'iir*  hailwrin«{  ti««r  ihal  Ih*  MotlJ  nlfonliith  " 

It.—"  Our  ct|il«iii  ina'inwl  ti<  iW"f  willi  •<>*rn- 
•mm  man,  xwi  ran  ii|i  lo  lh«  aMt  u(  Ih*  ri«rr,  wlwra 
fM  lM4*d,  l«««iii||  Ml  III  kM|i  III*  alMllttii  Tail  uf  lit, 
•Ilk  aiii  ahai,  and  auina  ariiiaii,  wiih  a  boy  lu  carry 
ftmitt  an4  laaMb,  marchmi  up  lh«  counlrjr.  lotrard*  tlu 
mmutl*>»;  whwh  wa  drarriliail  al  our  llnl  falliii||  iii 
Wllh  Iha  land,  and  Nwr«  toHlmtiallf  m  siir  »i«i*.  'I  o 
MOM  of  ihoRi  Iho  ri«ar  broiighl  ua  to  n«ar,  aa  wa  JihIh 
•d  ouraoUoa,  wlivn  wa  lamlad,  lo  bo  wiihin  a  Ifauua  ol 
llMnii  but  wo  luund  lliain  lol,  hating  iiiarcliail  wall 
nigh  four  iniloa,  and  (laiard  ihrrn  grral  liilla.  WlH<ra- 
fcn,  krcauao  iIm  waailiar  waa  liul,  and  our  tnan  In 
ItMir  arinnr,  not  a'lla  lo  iraval  far  and  raiurn  lii  our 
•fc  iMca  al  night,  w«  rrtolvad  not  la  Iraral  furlhar. 

"  Wo  M  aoonar  camo  a  board  our  pinntra,  ralum- 
■g  4«wa  lowarda  our  ahip,  but  wa  ripiod  a  caiioa  com- 
iR(  (rom  Iha  farlhar  pan  of  tho  culJt  of  iht  rntr,  ttt$l- 
ward.  In  ll  war*  tliraa  Indiana,  ona  ol  wliuin  wa  had 
kafora  aaan,  and  hia  coining  waa  vary  aarnatUy  la  iin- 

CUM  ua  10  lal  ona  of  our  man  |(o  wilh  iham  la  Iha 
hth*,  and  than  Iha  nrit  inarning  ha  would  coma  lu 
Mr  ahip  with  fura  and  Inlwrco." 

N.  B  ^Thojr  did  not  accppi  th«  invllallon,  liaeaiiaa 
Ikay  aiiipcelad  dangrr  froin  Iho  lavagra,  having  da- 
Imiad  Ava  of  tlwir  pcoplo  on  board  lo  ba  carried  lo 
England. 

19.— "Dy  two  o'clock  in  Iha  morning,  taking  ad- 
Vanlaga  of  Iho  tidii,  wa  want  in  our  finiMM  up  to  that 
part  of  Ilia  river  which  Irnndcih  Wfl  inio  tlio  inaiii, 
and  wa  carried  a  crn»  lo  oraci  at  that  point,  (a  thinu 
nrvrr  oinlilad  by  any  Clirialian  travcllrra.)  Into  lH»l 
Itvart  wa  rmrril  by  catiinaliun,  twanly  iiiilaa. 

"  Wliat  prolil  or  piratura  ia  datcriliad  In  iha  formar 
■aft  of  Iha  rivar,  la  wholly  itmhiti  In  ihia  ;  for  Iha 
■Nadlh  and  drplh  ia  auch,  Ibat  a  ahip,  drawing  aovcn- 
Wan  ar  alghleen  f«al  of  walar,  iniuhl  liavo  |ia«ard  aa 
1m  aa  wa  want  with  our  ihatlif,  and  much  fartlitr,  ba- 
•Maa  w«  lad  it  in  ao  good  dejilh.  Kroin  tho  plai'o  of 
Mt  ahip'a  riding  in  Iha  hafbor,  al  iho  ontranco  into  iha 
■•Md,  10  thn  lanhaal  point  wa  wcro  in  thia  river,  by 
•waalimalion,  waa  not  much  laaa  llian  Ikritttnrt  milea. 
nW  ia,  aa  I  Hiidaraland  ll,  from  I'ontocoal  harbor 
■wy  want  ih  M«  ihif  forty  milaa,  to  Iho  tiMt  of  tho 
lit  ar ;  and  Iheiica  In  the  ahallop,  or  pinnaco,  twanty 
■k  aa  np  tha  waat  branch] 

Qviit  •  -Wbat  ia  meant  by  toii*  1  It  tppeara  to 
k>  (.1  old  word. 

'  Wa  were  ao  pleaaed  with  thia  river,  and  ao  loth  10 
iRMka  it,  Ihal  we  would  havo  cunlinuad  Ihore  wil- 
■■fly  ferl»o  daya,  having  only  bread  and  cbecto  lo 
Ml.  But  Iho  tide  not  aunerinu  it,  wa  came  down  wilh 
Iha  abb.  We  conceived  that  the  river  ran  very  far  into 
Ika  land,  far  we  paaaed  alx  or  aeven  milea  altiMethpr 
tnik  vater,  (whereof  we  all  drank)  forced  up  by  the 
tawing  of  the  aalt  water. 

14— -We  warped  our  thip  down  to  tha  river'a 
■uwlh,  and  there  came  to  anchor. 

IB.~-Weighrd  anchor,  and  wilh  a  breexe  from  Ilia 
land,  came  lo  our  watering  place,  in  I'enlecoat  harbor, 
ind  AIM  our  caak. 

"  Our  cintain  upon  a  rock  in  the  midat  of  thia  h•^ 
kor,  made  hia  obaervalion  by  the  aun,  of  the  height, 
hliliide,  and  variation,  eiacily,  upon  all  hia  Intlru- 
■enta,  vii  aatrolabe,  aemiaphere,  ring,  and  croaa-alair, 
«iid  an  eicelleni  variation  coinpaaa.  The  lulilude  he 
fcund  43  degrena  tO  minutea,  north  ;  the  variation,  1 1 
4tgreei  IS  minutea,  weal." 

N.  D. — -In  thia  latitude  no  part  of  the  American 
eoaat  Ilea,  aicepi  Cape  I'orpoiao  where  ia  only  a  boat 
harbor.  The  riven  neareat  lo  it  are  on  Iho  aouth, 
Kannebunk,  a  tide  river  of  no  grea!  extent,  terminating 
hi  a  brook ;  and  on  the  north,  8aco,  the  navigation  of 
which  ia  obatiucted  by  a  bar  at  its  mouth,  and  by  a 
iall  at  the  diatance  of  aix  or  aeven  milea  from  the  aea. 
Neither  of  theae  could  be  the  river  deacrlbcd  in  Wey- 
Maulh'a  Journal.  Hia  obaervalion  of  the  latitude,  ot 
Iha  printed  account  of  it,  muat  have  been  erroneoua. 

ICT"  Captain  Williama  will  be  ao  obliging  aa  to  put 
4Mrn  hia  remarka  on  the  aliova  abairael  in  writing,  for 
Ifea  uae  of  hia  humble  aervant, 

Botton,  Aug.  4,  1797.  Jiitar  Bilinap." 

Captain  Willitm't  Antvier, 

"The  <iat  land  Captain  Weymouth  aaw,  a  whitiab 
cliff,  Vr.  N.  W  aix  Icaguea,  muat  hava  baao 


iaSBn  Ibfti  [NanliMkai  |  WmK  tha  wimt  at  W  ■. 
M  and  H  N  W  ha  aauld  have  (auhad  inla  ihia  bay, 
[lloalunl  and  muat  have  aeen  ('apa  Cud,  had  Iha  wea- 
ther Iwrii  riaar      Mill, 

The  land  ha  aaw  ok  tha  I7lh,  I  ihinh  muat  ha  tha 
lalaml  Miiiilirgan,  aa  nil  olhar  laland  anawara  Ilia  da 
arripllun  In  my  laal  I'riiia*  lo  Iha  eaatward,  I  auuiid- 
eil,  and  had  lliiriy  frttlioiiia,  atioul  ona  Ivagim  to  Iha 
noiiliv%ard  of  the  laLihil  'j'tiu  niaiiy  lalanda  ha  aaw, 
and  Ilia  main  land,  eiUiiilnig  rriiin  W  H  W  to  K  S. 
y,  aurea  Willi  iliiil  alioie  ,  lliii  inounlaiiia  ha  aaw  livar- 
Ing  N  N  V,  were  IVnobacM  //i//«  ur  Mmnimm  i  tot 
from  Iha  plara  wliara  I  aumiaae  tho  ahip  lay  al  anchor, 
tha  alniva  niuuiiUina  hear  N    N    K 

The  harliur  where  ha  lay  with  hia  ahip,  and  iiamad 
Panlncoal  harbor,  la,  I  auii|io%e,  wlul  la  now  called 
Viorgt'i  hUni  lUrhnr,  whuh  Iwaia  iinrlli  from  Mui|. 
began,  alwiil  two  leayiiaa  i  wliuh  liarkur  and  lalaiula 
agree  with  hia  diaeriiiliona,  I  Ihuik,  lulerabla  wall,  and 
the  name,  lltotgi't  l$l*mli,  aeivea  lu  eonllrin  It. 

When  Ilia  eanlain  went  In  hia  Imat  and  diacovered  a 
great  river  iremling  far  up  into  the  mam,  I  aii|i|wae  he 
want  aa  far  aa  Two  lliiah  (aland,  almiit  Ihran  or  four 
leaguaa  from  Iha  ahip,  from  thence  lie  aould  diaeuver 
Pemihaeut  bay. 

Uialanca  from  the  ahip  to  Two  Dii>h  laland  ia  alwiit 
Ian  milea ;  from  Two  lliith  laland  to  Owl'a  Head,  nine 
milea  ;  from  Uwl'a  Head  lo  Ihe  nurtli  end  uf  l,iiiig 
lalaml,  twenlyaaven  nnlea  ;  from  Ihe  norlli  end  uf 
liOiig  lalaml  lu  Old  Kurt  I'ownal,  all  inilea  )  and  friiiii 
the  Old  Full  10  the  head  of  Ihe  tide,  or  falla,  in  I'cnub- 
acot  river,  tluiiy  inilaa)  whole  iiumbar,  aighly-two 
milea. 

I  aiipfioae  he  went  wilh  hia  ahip,  round  1'wn  Diiah 
laland,  and  llien  aailad  im  to  the  wealt, ird  of  l,ang 
laland,  aiipjioaing  hiinaelr  lo  bo  then  In  llie  river ;  Ihe 
moiiniiiina  un  the  main  to  the  weatward  extending  near 
aa  IhkIi  up  aa  Uelfual  Inty.  t  think  it  ptolialilo  that  he 
anchored  with  hia  ahip  olT  tha  pojit  which  ia  iiuw 
called  Iho  Old  Fort  Point. 

The  codde  of  the  river,  where  he  went  with  hia  ahal- 
lop, and  marehed  iiii  in  llin  country,  toward  tha  moun- 
lama,  I  think  muat  be  Uelfatt  hay. 

The  caniie  that  came  fruin  tiie  farther  |ian  of  the 
codile  of  tho  river,  caalward,  with  Indiana,  I  think  it 
probable,  came  from  llagaducu. 

The  woni  ealile  la  not  common ;  but  I  have  often 
heard  It :  aa,  "  up  in  Ihe  coddii  of  the  bay,"  meaning 
tho  bottom  of  the  bay.  I  aupimae  what  he  calla  "  tha 
codda  of  the  river,"  ia  a  bay  In  tho  river 

The  latitude  of  Nt.  Oeorgo'i  laland  hiirhor,  arcord- 
Ing  to  IlolUnd'a  map,  ia  forty-lhree  degreea  furty-eiifhl 
minutea,  which  ia  nine  leay'iea  more  north  than  the  ob- 
aervalion made  by  Captain  Weymouth. 

Am/UK,  Otluher  I,  1707, 
SlR,^I  made  tlie   foregoing  remarka,  whilo  on  my 
Uat  .ruixe  to  the  eaatward.     If  any  larllior  Infurination 
ia  neceaaaiy,  tliat  ia  in  my  power  to  give,  you  may  com- 
inand  ine. 

I  'am,  with  reapacl.  Sir,  you  obedirni  humble  aer- 
vant, JoHD  Foaria  WiLLUiie, 
Hit.  Dr.  Bilknap. 

Weynwulh'a  voyage  ia  memorable,  only  for  the  dia- 
covery  of  I'enobacot  river,  and  for  the  decoying  of  Ave 
of  the  nativea  on  liuard  hia  ahip,  whom  ho  carried  to 
Knglanil  Three  of  them  were  taken  into  Ihe  family 
of  Sir  FerJinando  Gorgoa,  then  governor  of  I'lyinoiith, 
in  Uavonahira.  The  information  which  he  gained  from 
tliem,  corroborated  by  Martin  I'ring,  of  Uriatol,  who 
made  a  acrond  vnyago  in  IBM,  (and  protecuted  the 
diaeuvery  of  Ihe  rivera  in  the  Diatrict  of  Maine)  pre- 
pared tho  way  lor  the  attempt  of  .Sir  John  Popham  and 
otiiera  to  eatahliah  a  colony  at  Kagadahock,  in  1601 ; 
an  account  of  which  atteinpl,  and  ita  failure,  ia  already 
given  in  the  life  of  Sir  Ferilmandu  (iorgea. 

In  tlie  early  accounia  of  thia  country  wa  And  Ihe 
namea  of  Matoihtn  and  liitrumhtga.  Mavnahen  waa 
a  name  for  the  whole  Uiatrict  of  Maine,  containing  nine 
or  ten  rivera ;  the  weatemnioel  of  which  waa  Shawako- 
tock.  (written  by  the  French  Chouakoet  and  by  Ihe 
Engliah,  Kaeo.)  The  eaaterninoat  waa  (juibequeaoon, 
whirh  I  take  to  bo  eaatward  of  I'onobacol,  but  cannot 
aay  by  what  name  it  ia  now  called.  Norumbega  waa 
a  part  of  the  aame  diatrict,  comprehending  I'enobacot 
bay  and  river ;  but  ita  eaateni  aiid  weaiem  Umila  are 
not  deacrilied. 

It  ia  alao  to  be  noted  that  tha  river  Peiiobecot  waa 
aometimea  called  Pemaquid,  though  thia  latter  name  ia 
now  rcatricted  to  a  point  or  neck  of  land  which  Ilea 
about  aix  loaguea  to  Iha  waatwaid.  Panobacot  ia 
called  by  the  f  i*>>cb,  Penlagoal. 


Thia  tMAialM  af  aawaa  MeaalMa  M  arnall  aet- 
■  laxity  la  la^ylrera  IMa  tha  laography  and  early  W 
lary  ai  ihia  aauniry. 

JOHN  HomNNUN. 

JanaReaiBiea-M'a  gtrih  and  al.lurail.in-Nlalalav  af  a 
iMiiaitnaibin  "f  INaaaiiirra  Ilia  I' 'iiiraaaiior.  (Miraaraia  I 
-  Hi  nuivai  Willi  hia  I  liiii,  li  l,i  Anialarlam— Ilia  il  aa<ltatMa 
with  K|>iat',i|,iua  -Ilia  1  ititri  h  t  MttiriiM^Uiaa  a  Rainava^ 
AeHr  I'l  llw  V  rilhUI  cim|iaiit  Piaai'llr*  lulhaiii  |i>a>latN 
In  MaiiiMtal  llii  iilfarlliiiiala  laaiau'  lliiiu  wkii  •H,aa|liai 
fur  Aiiiaiira  -Ilia  Ueaili,  riiaiai'iar,  aial  Putlarilr 

TiiK  Aral  airei'liial  telllamenta  of  Ihe  Fngliah  in  Now 
KiigUhd  were  made  by  Ihuaa,  who,  afler  the  refonna- 
Hull,  diaaenieil  rniin  Ih  etialiliahnient  of  the  Fplarapai 
I'liureli,  who  aiilfered  on  arruuiit  uf  their  diaaent,  ail4 
aniight  an  aayliim  from  their  aurteringa.  Uniformity 
waa  iiiaialeil  iin  with  auch  ilgur,  aa  ditgualed  many 
roiiarienliiiua  iiiinialera  and  (lenpla  of  the  (.'hureh  at 
Fngland,  and  rauaed  that  aeparalion  which  baa  evet 
ainre  aiiliaialid  Tliuae  who  roiihl  not  eunfurm  to  Ik* 
ealabliahmenl,  hut  wialied  fur  a  more  rumplate  reforma- 
tion, weie  al  Aial  diatinguiahed  by  tha  name  of  i'an- 
l»Ht  I  and  among  Ibeaa  Ihe  moat  rigid  were  tha 
llnivmtli,  ao  ralTed  from  HolHrt  Drown,  "  a  Aery 
young  clergyman,"  who,  in  lOHO,  headed  a  lealoM 
jiarly,  and  waa  vehement  fur  a  total  aeparalion.  Uul 
Ilia  xeal,  however  viulent,  waa  vniil  of  coiiaiateiiey  ;  far, 
III  hia  advaiued  yeara,  he  innforuied  lo  ihe  church  | 
whilat  olhera.  whn  iiiiire  ilelilieralely  withdrew,  retained 
their  te|iaraliun,  tliuugh  Ihey  lieraine  mure  candid  and 
n,  'lerale  in  their  priiiriiilea  Of  llieae  jieoplu  a  coit> 
gregation  waa  formed,  aliuut  Ihe  year  lAUti,  near  tha 
euiilinea  of  iIh<  ruunliea  of  York,  Nutlinghani,  and 
Lincoln  ;  who  ehoae  fur  their  mliiialera,  Kichard  Olif> 
lull  and  Juliii  Hubinaon. 

Mr  Italiinaiin  waa  bom  in  the  year  IS7A,  but  tha 
place  uf  hia  birih  ia  unknnwn.  He  waa  pruliably  edn 
rated  in  Ihe  ITnivaraily  of  Cambridge  ;  and  lia  la  aaM 
to  have  lieeii  "  a  man  of  a  learned,  iHiliahi  d,  and  inodaac 
aiurit :  pioua  and  aludioua  of  the  truth  ;  largely  ncccm- 
plialied  wilh  gifia  and  nualilleatiuna  aiiitable  lu  be  a 
ahepherd  over  Ihia  lloek  or  l^hriat."  Before  hia  election 
lu  thia  olllre,  he  had  a  lienellce,  near  Vatmouth,  In 
N'urfulk,  where  hia  frlcnda  were  frequently  molealed  hy 
the  blahnp'a  olHcera,  aail  aoiiio  were  almtial  niiiiad  by 
proaeculiona  in  the  eecleaiaatienl  courto. 

The  reigning  prince,  at  that  time,  waa  Jamea  I.  than 
whom,  a  more  c«nteniptible  character  never  aal  on  tha 
llritiah  throne.  Kdiicated  in  the  |iriiici|ilea  of  I'reabylo- 
rianiam,  in  •'Scotland,  ho  forgot  ihem  all  on  hia  advanoo- 
ment  to  the  throne  of  tho  ihri'o  kiiigdoma.  Flatteiad 
by  the  bithopa  he  gave  all  eccleaiaelical  power  into 
their  handa, and  entruated  avcophanta  withtnemana^ 
men!  of  Ihe  Mlate  ;  whilat  he  indolently  reaigncd  hini> 
aelf  10  literary  and  aonaiial  indiilgenciea ;  in  tho  formal 
of  which  he  waa  a  |iedaiil '  in  Ihe  latter  an  epicure. 
The  proaecution  of  the  I'lirilana  waa  conducted  with 
unrelenting  avverity  in  the  former  part  of  hia  reign, 
when  Bancroft  waa  Archbiahop  of  Canterbury.  Abtwl, 
who  aiieceedcd  him  waa  favorable  to  them ;  but  whan 
I,aud  eaiiie  into  giower,  Ihey  were  treated  with  every 
mark  of  inault  and  cruelly. 

Uohlnaon'a  congregation  did  not  eacape  peraeculion 
hy  ae|iarating  from  the  ealabliahmenl  and  forming  an 
iiide|H'ndcnl  church.  8till  eipoaed  lo  the  penalliaa  ol 
Ihe  eccleaiatlii'al  law,  thoy  were  eilrcmely  harraaaed  ; 
ooine  were  tliruwii  into  priaon,  aoino  were  contined  10 
their  own  houaet ;  othera  were  obliged  to  leave  their 
farma  and  auapend  their  uaual  occupationa.  Such  waa 
their  diatmaa  and  perplexity,  that  an  emigration  lo  aome 
fureigii  L'ouniry  aennied  the  only  meana  of  aafety. 
Their  Aral  viewa  were  directed  lo  Hulland,  where  tha 
apirit  of  commerce  had  dictated  a  free  toleration  ol 
religiuua  opiniuna  ;  a  bloaaing,  which  neither  tha  wia- 
doiii  of  iHiliticiana,  nor  tho  cTiarily  of  clergymen  hal 
admitted  into  any  other  of  tlie  Kuro|i«aii  Slatea.  Bu'. 
the  |iorla  of  their  uwn  coiinlry  were  ahut  againat  them. 
they  could  got  away  only  by  acoking  concealment  and 
giving  extnivagani  ratea  for  their  paaaagca  and  feea  la 
tne  iiiarinora. 

Ill  the  autumn  of  1600,  a  company  of  theee  ikaeen 
tera,  hired  a  ahip  at  Boaton  in  Lincolnahira  to  carry 
Ihcm  to  Holland.  Tho  maaler  promiacd  10  be  reain 
at  a  certain  hour  of  the  day,  to  lake  Ihem  on  boanl, 
with  their  familiea  and  eflecta.  They  aaaembled  at  tha 
place  I  but  ho  diaappoinled  them.  Afterwanla  ho  cama 
in  the  night ;  and  when  they  were  embarked,  batrayol 
tlioin  into  tho  handa  of  aearchera,  and  other  oiKoere  , 
who,  having  robbed  them  of  money,  booka  and  olhul 
articlea,  aiid  treated  the  woman  with  indacaDcy,  cai* 
tied  Ihtai  bt/k  into  tha  town,  and  e^oaul  ihMX  w  ■ 


•  lOORAPHIII  or  TIIR  CAR.!    DIHOOV  RRRRa 


^necution 
brming  tn 
Inahiw  oi 
lirruMil ; 
ln(in«a  to  ■ 
Vave  Iheif 
ISuch  wu 
I  to  wma 
Ipf  uretjr. 
Jvhera  Um 
kniion  ol 
]  tha  wik- 
ItiMn  hail 
1m.  Bu*. 
Inat  them. 
Iinent  an4 
I  faca  W 

liatkaacn 
,  to  cany 
lb*  ream 
boaiOi 
I  at  the 
b  ho  cama 
[  batnycd 
loffioan . 
Ind  otiwi 
Idcj,  en- 
1  •■■ 


Im|Mm  tiMtacU  \»  tka  mitllilit^  TImt  ••••  »*• 
iMgnad  halWa  the  ni<i|»lr<li»,  who  iiwil  th*ni  wiih 
fivilllyi  IhiI  cwiIiI  iiul  ctiMM  <h«iii,  wiihuiil  an  onlir 
ii(  lh«  kliiii  anil  rnMiH'il  'I'lM  Ihia  arrivnl,  llM|f  aumirt4 
•  matilha  iin|iri>'iiiinrnl,  M«rn  warn  Imuiwlutai  lu  iIm 
taataaa,  aiiti  llw  olh«ra  war*  ralaauil. 

TIta  iiati  ipriiig  (l*<M)ihcy  iiiailn  anoihat  ailain|il, 
tnd  hirvil  a  (tuii'li  xawi,  lh«n  lyiii||  in  lh«  iMrliur,  lu 
tolia  tlivin  on  iNMni  'I'ha  |il«i-a  aumil  un  M«a  an  iin- 
|r*i;n<niaj  cvninion.  b«lw**n  Hull  and  (Ininaby,  rr- 
iWHa  ream  any  hoiiara      'I'ha  woman  anil  chililrrn,  wilh 

Iha  \»tpif  «••'•  ••><■  •I"*"  ')■■  "**'  "■  *  *">*"  '>*'''• 
•ikI  Iha  inait  ai|r*«ii  In  mr«l  lliain  hy  Uml ;  hut  Ihay 
■aina  lo  ihu  plara  a  ilay  Iwliirn  iha  >hiu  arriirvii  Tli* 
watar  bamu  roii|(h,  anil  iha  woman  aiiili,  Ihay  pra«4ili'il 
on  Iha  pilul  of  iha  luili  lo  put  into  a  iinall  iraak,  whara 
Uiay  lajf  a|raiMMl,  whan  Iha  Ihilchinan  cania  awl  look 
•IM  boll  Inail  of  Iha  inrn  on  liuani  llalon  lia  could 
aand  for  lli«  ullivra,  a  runifianv  of  armad  ia«n  a|i|icar«d 
•n  horaaltark  ;  whioh  «>  IrfKhlciird  him,  llial  ho  wvigliail 
anchor,  and,  Iho  wind  lirinK  fair,  put  lo  a«a.  Noma  of 
Um  man  who  wara  l«A  bahind,  mada  lliair  aacapai 
Mbara,  who  went  lo  iha  aMialancn  of  Iho  woman,  wara 
with  tham  appnihandrd,  and  tarrmd  Iroin  ono  jualiea 
•T  Iha  paaoa  to  anulii«r ;  hut  Iha  jualicaa,  nol  knowinn 
whiil  to  do  with  ao  many  halplraa  and  dialrraaad  p  ir- 
■Mia,  diamiaaail  Ihoin  llaviiiii  aold  Ihaii  liuiiMa,  cat- 
lla  and  rurnilurn,  thry  hail  no  honioa  to  wliirh  tlwy 
MuM  raliro,  and  wara  Ihrrvrure  rail  on  Iha  rharity  of 
Ibalrftianda.  'I'hnaa  who  wore  huirind  lo  aiia  willioul 
Ibair  familira,  anddaatilulaavanof  a  channaordolhaa, 
•odMrad  a  Ivrnbln  alarm,  in  which  iiaillMr  auii,  moon, 
■or  alara  apiioari'd  for  acvmi  daya.  'I'hia  atoriii  drova 
1  far  lo  Iha  norlhwanl,  and  Ihay  very  narrowly 


taraf  waa  aa  Mllar,  that  iha  diaalplaa  of  iho  ona  would 
■carvaly  haarlhalfi'hiraaof  Ihaolhar  Hobinawi,  Ihnugh 
ha  pfoockad  conaianlly  ihiaa  liinaa  in  Iha  waak,  and  waa 
much  angaanl  m  wrilniK,  aiiandad  Iha  diaeeiiraea  of 

•  ai'h  I  and  nccamr  inaalar  of  iIm  arnuinan'a  nn  Inlh 

•  idea  of  Iha  conuovarli'd  iiuaalinna  ilrini;  fully  fwr- 
auadrd  of  Ilia  Irulh  ol  Ilia  I  alvinian  ayatcni.  and  uprnly 
|iti'ai'hiii|{  It,  hia  laal  and  aluliiina  rinilfrid  hiin  lornu 


dahio  lo  Iha  Arminiana  ;  whli  h  liidiicrd  Kiiiai  mihn  lo 

10   dafaiiu  Ihain 
againat  all  ii|ipuaara. 


publiah  actaral   ihaaaa,  and  angago 


Mpod  foiiiidiiring.  Allrr  lourlaan  daya  Ihay  arrived  at 
Amatordam,  whara  Iha  (wopla  wara  aurpriaad  at  tbair 
Mivaranco  ;  tha  Irmiiaat  having  baan  vary  aovaro,  and 
Much  daman"  having  Iwi-n  aualamud,  hotb  at  aoa.  and 
■  tho  harbora  of  Iha  coiilinanl. 

Tkia  Pirlorn  com|iany  of  emIgranU  won  aoon  afUir 
loinad  by  Ihcir  wivaa  iinal  familiaa.  'I'ho  lainaindar  of 
Ibo  church  went  ovrr,  in  the  following  aumiiHir ',  Mr: 
Kobmani,  wim  a  faw  olliura,  laiiiaiiiad  to  help  Iba 
IMakaal,  III!  ihay  wara  all  aiubaikad. 

At  Amalardaiii,  iliay  foiiiid  a  congrogalioo  of  Ihoir 
eounlryman,  who  had  llw  aaino  raligioua  viewa,  and 
hA  omigralad  bafora  Ihain.  Thoir  miniatar  waa  John 
Smith,  a  man  of  good  abilitiaa,  and  a  |iopiilar  praachar. 
but  unatcady  in  hia  o|iiniona.*  Thaao  peonia  fall  into 
eoatrotaray,  and  wore  aoon  acailarod.  Fearing  that 
Itw  infaction  might  apruad,  Hobinaon  propoaed  to  hia 
church  •  fuiibar  ronioval ;  to  which,  though  much  to 
Ihoir  diaadrantaKe,  in  a  tciii|ioral  view,  they  conaiuitt'd  ; 
•nd  after  one  year  ap-nt  al  Ainatcrdmn,  tliey  removed 
ta  Layden,  where  Ihuy  conliiiurd  eleven  yeara.  During 
Ihia  lime,  tliair  number  ao  increaavd,  by  frequent  emi- 
gn'.idua  from  Kiiglaiid,  that  Ihoy  had  in  tho  church 
nree  hundred  cuiuiiiunicanla. 

I,eyden,  they  enjoyed  much  harmony  among 
..olvea.t  and  a  friendly  intercoiirac  with  tho  Uulcli ) 
«bo,  olMerving  their  diligence  and  lldclily  in  their  biiai- 
noaa,  enlertaineil  ao  great  a  rea|iect  for  tlioin,  that  the 
nagiatrati-a  of  Ihn  rity  (16IU),  m  the  acalof  jualicc, 
having  occaaion  lo  ceiiaure  aoine  of  the  French  I'ru- 
laatanta,  wlio  had  a  church  there,  nude  thia  public  de- 
claration. "Theao  KiiKliah  hava  lived  among  na  Irn 
ycara,  and  yet  wo  never  had  any  auit  or  accuaalioii 
■gainal  any  of  them  i  but  your  miarrila  are  cuniiiiuil." 

The  year  (lOUU)  in  which  Mr.  Hobinaon  went  to 
Lcyden,  waa  remarkable  fur  tlio  death  uf  Jacoliiia  .\r- 
niniua,  nne  of  the  Divinity  I'rofeaaura  of  the  llnivcraity 
•(that  city.  Uelwecn  hi«  auceoaaor,  Kiiiaioiiiua,  and 
Iho  oilier  theological  profuaaor,  i'ulynnJer,  tlivro  waa 
much  op|ioailian ;  tho  former  teacliiiig  the  doctrine  of 
Anniniua,  and  Ihn  other  that  uf  (Jalvin.     The  contro- 


*  Mr.  Naal  auyi,  that  lie  rullitoil  uii  ttie  pniiciplea  iif  tlio 
BnwitlalM,  nivl  at  laat  ilerlureil  lor  Ihu  llatititila ;  lliat  lin  lurt 
Amaterilaiii,  aii,i  vnttletl  wlili  a  party  niLayikn  iwlieru,  twIiiK 
•laioaa  for  a  [jiitptirattintiiiHtnitorof  ba|iti«in,  ho  lira!  phiiiKii.l 
klniBi^lf.  anil  then  iiorroniiitil  tliH  n>ratiiohy  on  nttiura  ;  which 

Enad  luiii  the  iininu  iif  Se-bui>llht.  After  Ihu  he  miibrareil 
I  prinriplea  of  Arinliiliia,  aim  imblUlioU  a  booli,  which  llo- 
fclnaon  atiawere<l  in  Itilt ;  hut  Umilh  aoon  alter  died,  and  hia 
longreiratlan  WHadlitaulvud. 

t  Oovornur  HuUiilnHoM  (I  prt^auino  throuRli  tnattentlun) 
Ua  mlareprtiBunled  thia  inattor,  (vol.  11. 451)  by  aaylnv,  "that 
Ih  Iho  twelvti  yoara  uf  thi-lr  ruaidcitre  lit  Jiullaud,  tlipy  had 
•ontentlon  among  tlioiitxolvua,  dividiMi,  and  bocaine  two 
lliurrhoa.**  Tha  two  rhurrhea  of  8inlth  and  Robliixon  auti. 
atated  diatlnctly  and  uni-otmuctetUy  bclore  thov  <iiiittod  Eng- 
land It  wiiH  tu  avoid  contentlun  tliat  the  falter  removed 
ftoin  Ainatenlain,  where  tlio  former  lull  to  plecoa.  Not  the 
laaat  evidaiice  of  cniiteitliun,  In  the  rhureh  of  Leyden,  n|t- 

Cara  in  any  of  our  tinit  htatorinna ;  but  there  la  the  fulleat 
Hlaonir  of  the  contrary  in  all  of  them.  No  divuioiitook 
IMeaittUIha  amlgrallon  of  part  of  thuin  to  America,  when  tho 
uuiwai  baitMBf  Md  low  wara  manUaalod  ob  tbaeccvlou- 


Man  »f  aipiil  abililira  and  laaming,  but  of  dilfarani 
aonliinri  la,  aro  not  aaaily  tnducrd  to  aubiniaaion  |  aa- 
(lOcMlly  IP  I  country  where  opinion  ia  not  faltarad  and 
reatrainid  by  Ilia  ruling  power.  I'olyaiider,  aided  by 
Ilia  miniatara  nf  the  city,  rai|ueated  Unliinaon  lo  accept 
tho  ehallanga.  Though  hia  vanity  waa  llallerrd  hy  Iha 
rai|uaal,  yet  being  a  atranger,  he  inodeally  daelined  Iho 
I'omlial  Hut  Iheir  nreaaing  Imporliinily  prevailed  over 
hia  reluelanca  ;  and  judging  It  to  Ihi  hia  iJii'y  ho,  on  a 
aat  day,  held  a  public  diapulatiun  wilh  Iha  Annmian 
profeaaor,  in  prraoneo  of  a  vary  numoreua  aaaawbly. 

It  la  iiaiial,  on  auch  occaaiona,  for  Iho  partiaana  on 
iMMh  aidea  lo  claim  tha  victory  for  Ihoir  raapactiva 
rhaifipiona.  Whethor  it  wore  ao,  at  thia  tiiiir,  cannot 
In  dalrrinined,  aa  wo  havo  no  araouni  of  the  contn>- 
viray  from  tha  Arininian  parly.  Uovernor  llradfotil, 
who  waa  a  inoniber  uf  lluhinaon'a  church,  and  prolia- 
blv  preaanl  at  the  diaputation,  givea  thia  account  of  It : 
"  lie  ao  dafanded  iha  truth,  and  fulled  Iha  op|Miaar,  aa 
to  put  him  to  an  apparent  nonplua  in  thia  great  and 
public  audience.  Tha  aama  ha  did  a  aaeond  and  a 
third  liMie,  upon  tlw  Ilka  ocraaiona  |  which, aa  it  cauacd 
many  to  give  praiaa  lo  dud,  that  tha  truth  had  oo  fa- 
nioua  a  virlory,  ao  it  procured  for  Mr.  Hobinaon  much 
rrajieet  and  honor  from  iheaa  learned  man  and  olliora." 

When  Hobinaon  Aral  went  to  Holland,  ha  waa  on* 
of  the  ino.«t  rigid  arparaliala  from  the  (Jliiirch  of  Kng- 
land.  He  lioirwrillun  in  defence  of  the  atiparatioii,  in 
anawor  lo  Dr.  William  Amtn,'  whoao  name,  in  the  iia- 
lulanca  of  hia  wit,  ho  had  changed  lo  Amu.  Altar 
hia  removal  lo  Holland,  ha  met  with  Dr.  Amee  mi 
Mr.  Koberl  I'arkcr,  an  emineni  divine  of  Willabire, 
wha  had  been  obliged  to  Hy  thither  from  Ibe  lenare  cf 
the  High  Caininiaaion  Court,  under  the  diiaeliwi  «C 
Archbiahoti  Uancroft.  In  a  free  eonaontliaa  wilh  Iheea 
gantlenien,  Kobinaon  wae  eantrinead  »l  hia  aiauha, 
aubinittad  lo  Ibe  repraof  of  Dr.  Aaca,  tal  becanw, 
ever  afler,  mare  mooorela  in  Ue  eanlimanle  reapaelii 
aepanlion.  In  •  baoh  whieh  be  puMiahed,  (1610) 
allowed  tmi  defended  Iho  lawlUneaa  of  comnunieating 
wilh  the  Cbuiebof  Kngland,  "in  tha  word  and  prayer, 
that  ia,  in  Ibe  ritempore  prayer,  before  iho  aemion, 
tliough  nol  in  the  uae  of  Ihe  liturgy,  nor  in  the  indiacri- 
ininato  tdmiaaion  to  tho  aaciamenla.  Yet  he  would 
allow  the  oioua  inamhera  of  tho  Church  of  Kngland,  and 
of  all  the  Heforinad  churchea  to  coinmiinicata  with  hia 
church  ;  declaring  that  he  ap|)ari\tvd  from  no  church  ; 
but  from  the  corriiptiona  of  all  churchea.  Tina  book 
gained  him  the  title  of  •Semi-aeparatiat,  and  waa  ao  uf- 
fonaive  to  tho  risid  lirowiiiata  of  Amaterdam,  that  they 
would  acarcoly  liold  communion  with  the  Church  of 
Irfiydcn.  Theae  were  called  Holiinaoniana  and  Indu- 
pendcnla ;  but  the  name  by  which  they  diatingiiiahed 
themaelvea,  waa,  a  Congregational  Church. 

Their  granil  principle  waa  tho  aamo  which  wia  after- 
warUa  held  and  defended  by  Chillingworth  and  lloadley, 
that  Iho  Scripturea,  giveii  by  inapinilion,  contain  the 
true  religion  ;  that  every  man  haa  a  right  to  judge  for 
hiinaelf  of  their  meaning ;  to  try  all  doctrinea  by  them, 
and  tu  worahip  Uod  according  to  the  dictatca  of  hia  own 
etilightrnvd  conacience.  'Ihey  admitted,  for  trulb, 
Ihe  doctrinal  articlea  ofthe  Church  uf  Kngland,  aa  well 
aa  of  the  Heforined  churchea  in  Krarico,  ueneva,  Nwit- 
aerland,  and  tho  llnitod  Province*  ;  allowing  all  theii 
membera  frco  communion,  and  dilTering  from  them 
only  ill  mattcra  of  an  eccleaiaatical  nature.  Keapoct- 
ing  theae,  they  held,  ( 1 . )    That  no  church  ought  lo  coii- 


iM  caiiTaiiiwrth  Mact  tta 
aiplma.     (I )  flat  wtmf 


Dr.  Amea  waa  educutud  ut  UiimbndKe,  under  ttiu  f.iinoua 
Perkiita,  and  became  Fellow  of  Chrtnt'a  t^ulloKu.  In  IHU)  ho 
Kuvo  ulfence  to  tito  ititiuhunen  of  tho  tliuver»lly,  by  proach* 
lug  agatnat  card.-i  aiui  dice  ',  and  to  avoid  proaocutloii  lor  iion- 
CLiiformlty,  fled  to  Holland,  lie  flrnt  auUled  at  tho  Hague, 
whonee  he  waa  invited  by  tho  Ht.itca  of  Krlualand  to  Die 
chair  of  Theological  l*rufeaser  at  Francker,  which  ho  tlllod 
with  reputation  for  twelve  yeara.  Ho  waa  an  able  contro- 
voralal  writer;  hia  atylu  waa  eoiuiau  and  Ilia  nrguiiiciita 
acute.  He  wrote  aeveral  treatiacH  againat  tlie  Armimaita, 
bealdea  hia  famoua  Medulla  Thoologia>.  liu  afterwarda  re- 
moved to  Itottenlain;  but  tho  uir  of  Holland  not  agroeirig 
with  hia  constitution,  he  determined  lo  come  to  Now  tCug- 
lond.  Thia  waa  pruv-unted  by  hia  duntli,  in  1633.  Ilia  widow 
and  family  afterwarda  came  over,  and  hia  |K>alerity  havo  licon 
ruHpectable  ever  aiitco.  Hia  valuable  library  become  tlie  pru- 
iierty  of  Uorvard  c;oUa|e,  where  It  wu  conauiueil  by  Are  in 
I7M. 


alal  of  man  iMMhaiB  than  eta 
gather  for  vrerehlf  end  diai 
rhurrh  at  Chrlel  la  la  aanaiai  only  of  aiirh  aa  ap 
behave  in  and  olwy  him  (3  )  That  any  romp 
number  of  anrh  have  a  rigbl,  whan  nmarienre  obllgaa 
them,  in  Inmi  ihritiaelvaa  into  a  dlaiinrl  ehurrh  (#.) 
Tlial  Ihia  ineariHiralion  la,  hy  ooina  rniilraet  nr  t«a^ 
nam,  eipieaard  or  unplir  J.  (A  )  That  being  thiia  meat* 
|«ralei|,  Ihey  have  a  riglil  In  ehiioao  their  own  rjlllreia, 
(11  )  That  Ihraa  olllcera  are  I'aa/ura,  or  teaching  (ihtaN^ 
Hilling  Hliltri  and  Ihmont  {1 )  Thai  ahlera  being 
choaaii  or  onlatnrd  have  no  power  lo  rule  Ihe  ckufaS 
but  by  conoenl  of  the  braihren  (■  )'l'hatall  aldeie  end 
all  churchea  era  eipial  in  riapact  of  poware  and  pt^ 
vilegaa.  (■  )  Wilh  reaped  in  ordmaneea,  the*  held 
that  haplitm  la  lo  be  adminialared  lo  viaibia  heiiertM 
and  their  infaiil  children ;  hut  Ihey  admilled  only  Um 
I  hildren  nf  ciHnmunicanta  to  liiapliam.  Thai  lb* 
Uird'a  Hup|iar  la  to  l>a  received  aitiing  al  Ike  labia  | 
whilal  Ihey  wrre  In  Holland,  they  received  II  every 
l4>rd'a  Day  That  eccleeiaatieal  cenaurea  ware  wholly 
apiriliial,  and  nut  lo  be  aeeonipanird  wilh  lampartl 
panalliea.  (10  )  They  admilled  no  holy  daya  but  tha 
i  ;hnatian  Hahlialh,  though  Ihey  hail  occaaionally  daya  al 
faating  and  ihankagivtng  And,  Hnally,  Ihey  raiHHinred 
all  right  of  human  invention  or  impoailion  in  raHgioaa 
inatlera. 

Having  enjoyed  llioir  liberty  In  Holland  alghl  or  nina 
yeara,  in  which  lime  Ihey  had  lieconie  acipiamlad  wilh 
ihe  country  and  iha  niaimera  of  ita  inliabilanla,  Ihey 
liegon  to  think  of  another  removal  (ISI7).  lliereaaune 
of  which,  were  theao.  ( I  )  Moat  of  them  bed  beea 
breil  to  the  huaineaa  nf  huahandry  in  Kngland  i  but  ia 
Holland,  ihey  were  nbligeil  lo  learn  ineclianical  lradee» 
and  iian  varioiia  niellKMla  for  their  eiibeiatence,  which 
were  not  ao  agreeable  to  them  aa  cultivation.  (I )  TiM 
language,  inannera  and  habile  of  Iho  Dutch  ware  not 
rendered  pleoaing  by  familiarity ;  and,  in  perticulaTi 
Ihe  looae  and  careleea  manner  in  which  Ihe  Hahbelb 
waa  regaroea  in  Holland,  gave  Ihem  great  oHenca. 
(3  )  The  climate  waa  unfavorable  lo  their  iiealth ;  many 
of  Ihem  were  in  the  decline  of  hfai  their  children,  op> 
piceaad  wilh  labor  and  diaeaae,  liecame  infirm,  and  tha 
vigar  af  nature  aeemcd  to  abate  al  an  early  age, 
(4.)  Tha  licentiouaneaa  in  which  youth  waa  indulged, 
wae  a  nrnicioua  eiample  to  Iheir  children  |  aome  ol 
wham  Became  aailora,  olhera  aoldiera,  and  many  wero 
diaeolule  in  their  morale  ;  nor  could  their  perenla  r*> 
alrain  thoin,  without  giving  olfence  and  incurring  le* 
proach.  Theae  conaideraliona  alTorded  ihein  tha 
melancholy  proa|>ecl,  that  their  poalerily  would,  in  lima, 
become  ao  miied  with  the  Dutch,  aa  lo  loae  their  m> 
lereat  in  the  Kngliih  nation,  to  which  ilicy  had  a  naluiml 
and  alreng  allaehincnt.  (S  )  'I'hey  olieerred,  aloo,  that 
many  other  Kngliah  people,  who  had  gone  lo  llollandi 
aulTarcd  in  their  health  ami  auhatanee )  and  either  r»> 
lurned  home  to  bear  tho  inconvenienclea  friMn  which 
they  had  fled,  or  were  reduced  lo  poverty  abroad.  Kot 
Iheau  reaaoiia,  they  concluded  that  Holland  waa  not  a 
counirv  in  which  they  could  hope  for  a  permanent  and 
agreeable  reaidence. 

The  niieation  then  waa,  to  what  part  of  Ihe  wotld 
ahould  they  remove,  where  ihey  might  ex|>ect  freedom 
from  the  burdcna  under  which  tlu'y  had  formerly  groanedi 
and  the  bleaainga  uf  civil  and  leligiuua  liberty,  which 
Ihev  had  lately  enjoyed. 

'I  he  Dutch  inerchanta  being  apprlacd  of  their  diacon* 
lei'.t,  made  them  large  oirvra,  if  Ihey  would  go  lo  aoma 
of  their  foreign  planlutioiia  ;  but  their  allachmcnl  to  the 
Kiigliah  imtioii  and  government  waa  invincible.  Sit 
Walter  lUloiuh  had,  about  thia  lime,  raiaed  the  fame  o( 
(Guiana,  a  rich  and  fertile  country  of  America,  between 
the  tropica,  bleaaed  wilh  a  perpetual  apring,  and  pro- 
ductive of  every  thing  which  could  aatiafy  the  wanta  of 
man,  wilh  little  labor.  To  thia  country,  the  viowa  of 
aome  of  the  moat  aanguino  were  directed  ;  but  conai> 
dering  that  in  auch  warm  climalea,  diacaaea  were  gene- 
rated, which  oflon  proved  fatal  to  Kuropean  conatitu- 
liona,  and  that  their  nearoat  neighbora  would  be  Iha 
Spaniarda,  who,  though  they  had  not  actually  occupied 
the  country,  yet  claimed  it  aa  their  own,  and  might 
eaaily  diapoaaeaa  them,  aa  they  had  tho  French  ol 
Florida  :  the  major  part  diaapproved  of  thia  propoaal. 

They  then  turned  their  Ihoughta  lowania  that  part  of 
America,  comfrchended  under  tho  general  name  ol 
Virginia.  There,  if  they  ahould  join  the  colony  already 
ealubliahed,  they  miiat  aubinit  to  the  govcmmenl  (k 
tho  Church  of  England.  If  Ihey  ahould  attempt  t  new 
plaiilation,  the  horron  of  a  wildunicaa,  and  the  cruehiM 
of  ila  aavago  inhnbiiania  were  preacntcd  to  their  flaw. 
It  waa  anawored,  that  the  Dutch  lud  begun  lo  piMM 
within  Ibaea  Umita^  ud  woia  aomolvktM'  Uwl  iH 


AMERICAN    HISTURV 


' 


■•M  MklMUkinc*  a<n  »l>ti  di"!  ottk  iliMUullw*  .  IhiI 
Bm  Itm  flwiMrl  M  iufl  M  nt  rrittlrf  Ik*  mitt- 
mim4m(«mi*.  ihal.  Miui.'J  llirt  n-iiMiii  in  lltftUiul 
ihav  »«n<  nul  Irx  hum  il^iiyvr.  »  •  imrr  tuiwmi  iIik 

tlwMll    ('.-UtllMX    »w\    ,S|Hlln.  mKmH  Iwil  •ulialatril   111 

,  WM  M««rlv  i-i|ifi'«l.  «hj  |irr|>tr'iti(Mis  wtra  iimIi 
J  Ui  miaw  ||»  «••!  ,  iImi  ihr  n|Mi>i4pl*.  il  •»•  •'••Inl 
■iiglu  |>nif*  •■  ftM9i  ■•  ihv  lAtiyt*  ,  ti'tl  iltiii  tititriVi 
kMN   civil   •imI    ffi-liuiou*.    M««   nil. tj>  lilt  r    I'TtiMriuiia 

M    l*um|i#       'I'Ih  ^o   ciHi«><li'r«iii'iiK    iK'ir i.   t   Ihur 

«!•«■  lAttanU  ih«<  iii>iiiIi4|m(*U  I  trl  III  Nniiit  \iii«ri«'i4, 
cUiniiHl  liy  ihfir  niiiiir*  )iriii4'r,  mm  |i«it  ul  ti>«  itiiiiii 
iiiaiia  ;  ainl  ilirir  h<>|K'  »».  ilwl  li«  riiiiijuliiiK  linlur, 
llkvv  Hughl  iiialir  lAmy  lur  llit*  |ii-ii|wu4iiuii  ul  ll.r  I  tiria- 
tMA  rrliiiwi  III  •  hrailitii  Imiil,  ihoiiulMUi  iiar  liinr  umii 
ptmant  "  lh*y  •ImuiIU  Iw  Iml  ••  •ir|i|>iii||  ilunra  to 
Mhan,"  wIki  ini|{hi  raiiir  ultfr  ihrnt 

'IImm  lliiitga  wrip  tint  ilrliatrtl  in  pfivair,  and  afi*! 
wttnia  (miiNiarJ  lo  iliv  mIhiIc  i'uiiuri-g«liuii«  who,  alirr 
inalupa  dvlitwralmii,  aiHl  a  ilftuiii  aili)rrii<«  In  llravrn, 
4«l»nniiH'il  10  niakr  a|i|iliralii>ii  lo  Ihr  \  iruiiii*  I'uiii' 
f*nj  III  IaihIiid,  aiMl  lu  iiii|inri>  whrllirr  kiiiK  .Kiiiira 
w»uM  gr*nl  tli^iii  jilirrt)!  uf  i-oiiM-it'in  t*  iit  In*  Aiiirru mi 
JwiiMiMMia.  Juliii  tartir  ami  Itolnrt  t'lialiiiiaii  wrm 
•fimntad  Ihfir  agi'ina  nti  Una  ovraaioii,  ami  li'llvia 
«»ra  wrillun  by  Mr  Hulmwuii, ami  Mr  UrivtMcr.  ilu'ir 
ruling  rMrr,  in  lh«  iiaiiif  nl  llii'  riiii|;ri'tfalioii,  lu  Nir 
I^Min  NaiMlya  ami  Nir  lulin  VVurKli'iiltuliiiv,  two  priii- 
•l|wl  iiMiiiUra  ol  lh«  \  ir)|iiiia  ('uiii|Mny. 

Ill  Ihoa*  If'llara  Ihry  nn'Oiiiiiwiiilvil  llwniaflvra  aa  pro- 
Iwr  |wraana  lor  rnii||ralioii,  Im-auac  ihvy  wrr«,  "  wraii' 
•«i  IriHii  ihfi  tlt'hi'alr  iiiilk  uf  thi-ir  own  t'otiiitrY.  ami  ai 
;iiiiini  U>  llir  ilirtiriiliira  uf  a  alranno  laml,  that  iin  aiiiall 
lhin||a  woiiUl  diarouratfr  tlirin,  or  iiukr  tlicin  wiah  lo 
rclumhunw;  iImI  lliry  liad  ar<|iiirnl  haliila  uf  rriiga- 
bijr,  indiialry,  and  a<  If  drnial ;  and  wcr*  uniini  in  •  a<>- 
Iciiin  cutanani,  liy  wlm-li  llioy  wi-ri>  tiutiml  lu  avvk  *Jir 
««ll'am,  uf  llir  wliuli-  i-untfiaiiy,  ami  uf  vvrry  tmiividuat 
^noii  "  'llwy  t\"i  iiavii  a  ■iiciimu  and  laiidid  ar- 
amiiii  of  lh*ir  rl'll^ll)ll«  |inncl|ilva  and  iiracticoBi  lor  lliv 
liilMinalMin  of  ihv  kiiitf  and  liii  cuuiiril. 

'IIm  tnawrr  whicli  tlwy  nrrlvod  waa  aa  favorable  ai 
IImV  luuki  aiint'l.  'lb*  Vir||inia  Coni|>any  proiniard 
iWm  ■•  ani|il«  privilrira  aa  war*  in  ilii'ir  (lowiir  lu 
gnnl.  Il  waa  llwunhl  |inid«nl  not  lo  drlifor  iliiir  lul- 
rrr  to  the  kng  and  counril ;  but  a|i|ilication  waa  iiiailo 
M  Mir  Holivrt  Norton,  Necrciary  of  Mialo,  wbo  ani- 
wlnywl  hia  inlerrat  with  Arvliliiahu|i  .\liliot ;  and  by 
■irana  of  lila  iwdiation,  tliii  kliiK  |>roiiii»4'il  lu  cuniiivo  al 
llwir  roliKiuua  iiraclima ;  but  b*  daiiiad  ihrin  toleration 
na^r  tha  grrat  acal.     With  an  anawrr,  and  aumo 

Civil*  cm.'Our*gtni*nl,  llw  agent*  r*lurniMl  to  llol- 
iid. 

Il  waa  inipoaaible  for  Ihcin  In  tranaport  iheinarlviia 
W  Amerii'a  witlioiit  aaautaiM'r  from  Ibii  nifri'liant  ad- 
VMtturara  in  England.  Kiirllier  agency  and  aKri'mnriita 
Wafr  Mweaaaiy.  'Ilie  diaafiiaionaof  tb«  Virginia  Cum- 
pujl  w«m  ledioua  and  vinlvnl ;  and  II  waa  not  nil  alter 
two  who!*  yrara,  that  all  lb*  ntceaaary  praviaHiiia  and 
MfMigenH'nla  could  be  made  for  llit'ir  voyau*. 

In  the  begiiiiiiiiu  of  lAUO,  lliry  kept  a  aolrnin  day  of 

r>y*r,  when  Mr.  Hobinaon  drlivi  red  a  diaruurac  from 
Hmuel,  iiiii.  3,  4  ;  In  wliK-h  be  rndeavorrd  lu  rr- 
MOT*  their  dubbia,  and  cunlirin  ibeir  reauhiliona  It 
tad  been  previoiialy  delerniliinl,  that  a  part  of  tbciii 
ahoiild  go  lu  Ami-rira,  and  prr|i«rfl  the  way  for  Ihfi 
•Uier*  ;  •nd  ihal  if  the  niajnr  |i*rt  ahuiild  roiMrnt  lo 
go,  tha  |i*alor  alioiild  go  with  Ihrni  ;  uthorwun  b>' 
•hould  remain  in  llntlaii)!.  Il  waa  found  uii  eiaininu- 
twn,  that  tlioiigli  a  majur  part  waa  willing  lu  go,  yet 
lh*y  could  not  all  get  ready  in  aeaaon  ;  tbvreliire,  llie 
■reater  number  beiiiKoliliKed  toalay,  tliey  reipiired  Mr 
Kobiiiaon  to  atay  with  Ihein  Mr.  Ilrowatrr,  the  riihiiK 
•Ider,  waa  ap|iainled  lo  go  with  llie  ininonly,  who  were 
**  to  Im  an  atiaoliito  church  of  tlMinaetvca,  aa  well  a* 
tlioae  llial  abould  atay  ;  with  Ihia  pruvi4»,  that,  aa  any 
ehould  go  over  or  return,  they  aliould  be  reputed  aa 
uieinbera,  without  farther  diamiaaion  or  leatiinoiiial 
The  olhira  were  lo  fullow  aa  aoun  aa  |ioaaibl*. 

In  July,  they  kept  another  day  uf  prayer,  when  Mr. 
Kobinaon  preached  to  thetn  from  Kira  viii.  31,  and  con- 
cluded hie  diacoiirac  with  an  exhortation,  which  brcatliea 
■  noble  apiril  of  (.^briatian  IiIhtiv,  and  give*  a  jiiat  idea 
of  lliu  aeiitimenta  of  thia  e.tcellent  diviiic,  whose  ciMrily 
*r*a  llie  more  cunapictiutip,  berauac!  of  bia  former  nar- 
ruw  principlea,  and  the  general  bigutry  uf  llie  Kclnrined 
miniatera  and  chunhi  a  of  that  day. 

"  Brethren,  (aaid  he.)  we  are  now  quickly  to  part 
ffoni  on*  another,  and  wlicthcr  I  may  ever  live  to  ace 
*our  fico  on  earth  any  more,  the  Ciod  of  Heaven  only 
■now* ;  but  whether  the  I.ord  hath  •p|minled  that  oi 
■O'v  1  chug*  you  bcfoi*  tiod  ind  hi*  ble**«d  ingela, 


thai  yuii  ImUow  hi*  im  farlkei  ikM  |M  iMtt  MM  ■• 
Mliiw  the  l«rd  lean*  I'hrial 

"  Il  iiud  rrvmlativ  Ibiiig  to  y*«i  by  any  other  inalru 
iiieni  ul  III*,  )  I  44  ri ,>tly  lu  ii'tvive  il,  a*  »«»r  yuti  wiru 
lu  fri'i'ive  aii«  riiilh  'ly  iiiy  ihuualry  ,  Itif  I  am  vriily 
|irf*ll4tUil  .  I  am  «erv  rolilldeui,  thai  the  l,ufd  iMa  llioi*. 
Irt^ili  yri  to  lirrak  lorth  out  ul  lua  holy  word  I  ui  iiiv 
iiitrl,  I  I  annul  »iirl»4  l«  nlly  h»wall  the  luiMhi.on  ul  Ilir 
|t,iuriiud  rliurrhra,  who  Nr.<  I'utiie  lu  a  I'vfKH^  in  le 
hg'Oit,  and  Mill  jju,  al  prvtriit,  no  larllifr  than  ilit  in 
■  irnniinuiil  llitir  relurinaliuii  The  I  t'lhiirttlia  t<«n 
l.ut  Ik' ill  iitn  (11  Ku  lievoitd  wh4l  I  .Mili*'r  »4hI  t  mImIi  vi  r 
I  M.t  III  hi*  will  mil  ]ltH4*i  liiifl  lua  li  >i'alt'il  unto  I  aUlli, 
llil'V  will  ralher  llie  llidii  rniliraie  It  .\lid  llii<  t'AUin- 
lala,  you  air.  alhk  l.ial  wllaia  llla-y  Wvra  Ivll,  by  lliat 
^11  at  niriii  ul  liiMl.  witti  >rt  aaw  mjt  all  iliinga 

"  'I  Ilia  la  a  iiiiavry  iiiin-h  to  be  liiini  nlid  ,  loi  tliuiigh 
Ihry  were  l>iiriiiit|t  and  abining  lt||hia  in  tlianr  liinva,  yiM 
till  y  /ir  Arlfu/i  J  Hit  inio  the  wTmiIv  luuiiael  ol  Uuil ,  (ml 
wire  Itii  y  now  hying,  wuiild  be  aa  wilbng  lo  eiiiliracr 
iatlhrr  hkilil,  aa  that  wbn'h  tlwy  liral  rrceited  I  lie. 
■reili  yuu,  rrini'inlier,  II  la  an  artu'lii  uf  your  i-hiirih 
t'oyinaiii,  '  limt  yuu  lie  reiidy  lu  riit  lya  wliateyrr  triiih 
kliall  Ihi  made  known  tu  you,  Iruio  the  written  word  ol 
lion.*  Kenii'inlier  thai,  and  every  other  artitle  ol 
your  am  red  loveniiit.  Itiil  I  niiial,  hercwillial,  eiliurt 
yuu  to  liike  hiid  what  yuu  receive  •*  truth  tlianiine 
It,  eonaitler  It,  and  conipar*  it  with  ulliir  acnplurr*  ul 
liuth  belurv  you  receive  it  |  lur  II  la  nul  puaaible  llat 
the  L'lirialiin  ytorld  aliould  cum*  ao  laltly  uiil  of  emb 
thick  anIi-Chciatmn  daikiieaa,  and  thai  p*rl*ctlun  of 
knuwieduu  ahuiild  break  luith  al  one*. 

"  1  iiiiiat  alau  advia*  you  tu  abandon,  avoid,  and 
aliak*  oil  the  imiiin  of  HniirmtH.  It  la  *  mere  nick- 
name ;  ami  a  htand  for  the  making  religiun,  and  111* 
prulvaaura  uf  it,  wliuna  to  the  Cbriatiaii  world." 

Having  amil  thia,  with  aome  uthcr  thinga  relating  to 
their  priyatii  lundinl,  he  deyuutly  cuinnnltcd  them  lu 
tti*  cam  and  prutection  of  Ihvme  rruvidence. 

On  the  Ulal  ul  July,  the  iiitindvd  paaaenger*  rjuillcd 
Irfiydcn,  III  iinlMik  at  Uellthivin,  tu  ythich  ilace  lliey 
were  accuinpi-nied  by  many  of  tiicir  brethren  and 
fiieiida,  aeyeral  of  whom  had  come  lioin  Amalerdaiii  10 
lake  their  leave  of  ihuin.  'lb*  evening  waa  a|ienl,  idl 
very  late,  in  Iriendly  cunveraatioi) ;  and  the  iivtl  inorii- 
iiig,  th«  wind  being  fair,  Ihey  went  on  Injard  ;  where 
Mr.  Kubmaon,  on  liia  kneea,  in  •  moat  ardent  and  allec- 
tioiiata  player,  again  commilted  llieiii  to  their  divine 
i'lvtectur,  and  with  many  teara  they  palled. 

After  their  arrival  in  Naw  Kiigland,  he  kept  up  t 
friendly  curreaiiuiidenc*  with  lliviii ;  and  wlien  any  of 
Iheiii  v>eiil  to  Kiirupe,  they  were  received  by  htm  with 
Ih*  moat  cordial  welcoinu.  'llie  dilliciiltiea  which  then 
attended  a  vuyauu  acruaa  the  AtUntic,  llie  c>|ienae  ol 
an  eipiipinent  lor  *  new  colony,  and  the  liardahipa 
neccsaarily  incident  lo  *  pluiilatiun  ill  a  dialaiit  wilder- 
neaa,  pruved  a  burden  alinual  too  great  for  tlioao  who 
came  over.  'Ihey  had  a  hard  atriigglu lo aiip|i<irl  tliciii- 
aalvea  here,  and  pay  the  debta  which  Iliey  had  cuii- 
Irac'.ad  in  Knglaiid  ;  whilel  tlioao  wbo  remained  in 
Holland,  were  in  general  tuu  |iour  lo  bear  the  oi|ienac 
of  *  removal  to  America,  without  the  help  uf  llnir 
brethren  who  had  cuiiie  before  them.  'I'hcae  ihitiga 
prevented  Mr.  Kuluneoii  fruin  grutilying  hia  eaineal 
(IcHirv  tu  viait  hia  American  brethren,  andtheir  equally 
ardent  wiili  to  aee  hitn,  Idl  ho  waa  reuiuved  by  death 
10  •  liclter  country.* 

lie  continued  with  hia  church  at  I.«yden,  in  good 
health,  and  with  a  fair  praa|iecl  of  livinu  to  a  more  ad- 
vanced age,  nil  Saturday,  the  ii'^d  of  r'cliruary,  Wi!>, 
when  he  waa  seined  with  an  inwanl  a|{U«  ;  which,  how- 
ever diatreaamg,  did  nut  pieient  bia  preaching  twice  on 
the  neil  day  ThrouKh  the  lollowing  week  hia  disor- 
der increased  in  malignity,  and  un  Saturday,  March  1, 
put  an  end  to  his  valuable  lilo  ;  in  the  llftietli  year  ul 
Ins  age,  and  m  the  height  of  hia  reputation  and  uaclul- 
ncaa. 

Mr  Kobinaon  waa  *  man  of  •  good  geniua,  quick 
penetration,  ready  wit,  great  modesty,  integrity  ami 
candor.  Ilia  claaaic  literature  and  aciilenesa  m  dianu- 
lalion  were  acknowledged  by  hia  adveraariea.  Ills 
iiiuiincra    were    easy,    cuiirteoiia    and    obliging.     His 

tireaching  waa  inatruclive   and  aireiliiig.      I'liuugh  in 
iia  younger  yeara  he  waa  rigid  in  hia  aeparalioii  from 


*  Mnrton,  in  Ins  Mrinnrlsl  ()i.  Ml)  anyn,tliat  "Ins  and  their 
ailVf.r.*arii  R  had  Imia  I'ecii  |i1(iUiiik  Iiuw  they  nilKht  hllHlur  lua 
rninliiK  tu  Ncyv  Kiiulaiul."  llMtrhinsuii  (vul,  II,  )i.  4M)  Htiys, 
'Mie  was  (jri'Vinili'il  tiy  tll^M)i|>4j|iitiii(jiitH  triiin  tlieKe  in  Ifiitf- 
Uiiil,  who  iiiKlcrldok  tu  [ir<>\  iiiL-  lur  the  inuuiinie  ut  hini  ami 
Ills  l.'uiigreiiatiiiii."  Whether  tticNu  il|jiu|i|(uiiitiiielits  yyeru 
ili'siKnud  or  uiiavultlalile,  (-siiiint  nuw  tie  ilelennliied,  l.'uiidur 
wuiild  lend  us  to  su|jpuse  the  .atier.  But  Ilia  former  auiipo- 
slUuii  ia  within  the  hiiiils  uf  ircdiUlity. 


Uw  >:y<sf*|i*l  (;iNM*l»,  by  wiMaa  gtntmm  kt  «■!  Ml 
frwinl*  were  lr**led  with  iinrelenling  ••v*fM,  |«t 
wlHrn  ewiyiiwad  •!  hia  srior.  he  u|i<>nly  a«kii«wMg*4 
It,  aiul  liy  eiperiaiiae  ami  iiiit*ersatiun  wiih  guild  m*'Ut 
he  hai  Mine  iiiudi  r4tif  and  t'liaritable.  wiiliuul  alieting  hM 
<|.,il  lur  airiri  ami  real  laligmn  II  la  always  a  aigN  •! 
4  giMMl  h»4il,  whan  a  man  liaruinea  miUl  and  saiHud  •• 
he  Hiuwa  in  yrais  I  his  waa  •iiiinaiilly  true  ul  M>. 
Itoliinwin  He  Ie4inrd  to  sslri  lit  all  guoil  iii*n  W 
I'tiiy    r»li||luiis  pi  r«iiaaiu'i,  siid  ihArgiirhis  Ifuck  I* 

III4IUUIII  til*  hka  i4nilid  4iid  > evoUnl  lundu*!      Hm 

ai  nliinriila  r*'«|iei  ling  the  Uetiiriliera  aa  «%|ir«aaed  III 
Ilia  yaleilit  liiiy  ilia>  uurac,  Will  aiilall  loiMiullat  liunur  la 
Ilia  niiiiiurv  ,  eyulini'iiig  hia  sevurata  diaieriunviil,  bi* 
iiilb  iilile  hunesly,  and  lua  h  rveni  seal  lur  truth  and  • 

guod  t'Oltai'leme  Ha  waa  alau  |iuaa«>S4«>ll  III  an  eini* 
nriit  degree  ul  the  uti  nl  ul  pwai  e  imikiiig,  and  wa* 
Ii4|'py  III  cumpoaiiig  ililbiMiiis  among  nrighlluia  and 
III  Uiiiiliea  ,  ail  tli4l  p*  III  •  and  unity  wvre  prwaervvd  III 
lua  ■ungreg.iiioii  It  is  said  Ihal  "  such  was  ilia  leat- 
prwal  love  and  reafiecl  belwKii  hiin  ami  his  flw  ki  Iha4 
II  iiiight  lie  MrtKl  ul  iheiii  as  It  waa  said  of  the  Ijnpwruf 
Mart  us  .Viiti'liua  and  the  piuule  of  Home,  that  it  w«* 
hard  to  judge,  whether  he  delighled  inure  in  iMving 
such  a  |ieuplii,  or  llu  y  in  having  such  a  |issloi  "  |t*> 
aidca  lua  ainguUr  abilitiea  in  mural  and  tlieubigit^ 
niattvia,  he  was  very  disvrrning  and  prudent  In  civil 
sllaira,  and  able  to  give  Iheiii  uihhI  advice  ui  regard  !• 
their  ai'i  ular  and  uulilual  ■  onJiici.  He  was  higTvly  es- 
teemed, not  uiily  by  hia  uwii  tliK'k,  but  by  llie  magistracy 
and  clergy  ul  l,<-yilen,  wliu  gave  liim  ihti  iia*  ul  on*  ul 
their  churchea,  in  lbs  chancel  ul  winch  h*  w*a  buiMll 
Mr.  I'rince,  wIhi  viailed  that  city  in  ITU,  aaya  Ihal  Um 
uioal  ancient  |ieuple  then  living  told  hlin  Iruin  Ibaif 
parenla,  that  the  whule  city  ami  univeraily  regarded  hiai 
aa  a  great  and  good  man,  whoa*  di'atli  they  aiiicerely 
lamented  ;  and  that  they  liuiiurcd  lua  funeral  Willi  th*lf 
preaence. 

'I  hia  event  proved  tli*  disaobiliun  of  ih*  church  OVN 
which  b*  had  pieaideil  at  l.eydeii.  Noin*  ul  tlwm  r*> 
moved  to  Amaterdaiiii  aom*  lo  other  part*  of  Um 
Netherlamla,  and  ollrara  cam*  lo  Naw  Kiiglaiid,  aiiioag 
whom  w*r«  hi*  widow  *nd  children.  Ilia  atin  l**M 
lived  10  the  age  of  nmoty,  and  lali  uuil*  piMlerily  u  tka 
county  ul  liariiatalilv. 


JOHN  CAKVER. 

JaM*  rsBVH-Apixitntsd  afsnt  hy  the  KnillsB  aallloftM 
l,ayil«ii~llii|M'rlnt»liila  Ilia  b<|ul|iliiuiita  lur  bliilgrstUNS- 
t  liuaeii  liiiviriiol  nl  tliu  t'tiiiiiMiny  .  Makes  sn  ascursMHI 
liiiiii  t;spe  I'uJ  lu  liHik  lur  a  hstUir— nkiriiiiah  wtlh  tli*  lift- 
lives— 1-siids  lilt  l.laik's  lalsiid-  Makes  a  aulllaiiieul  *• 
Plyiiitmlh-llis  ■irknaaa  and  rciuvvi  V  — Ilia  Intarvltw  witk 
MsaaaKaoit  -  Ilia  ill  iitli,  I  liiirai  ter,  siiil  |Histerity— Ilia  awaf4 
III  tha  caliliict  ul  the  IllaturU'sl  Muilety, 

Wk  liKve  no  pariiculara  of  tho  lifo  of  Mr.  Ciivtr, 

iirevioua  tu  his  ap(Hniilinent  as  unu  of  the  ageiita  of  Um 
rJitiliah  (.'uiigregalional  Churchill  l<eyjun  At  thkl 
time  ho  waa  in  high  eatei  in,  as  a  grave,  piuiia,  prudent, 
judiciuua  man,  and  austained  the  olllce  of  a  deacon, 
In  the  lettera  written  by  Sir  Kdwni  8aiidya,  uf  th* 
Virginm  Cumpiiiiy,  tu  .Mr  Itubinaon,  the  ageiila  U9 
aaidtuhave  "carried  thomaelvea  with  good dwretion" 
The  business  uf  the  agency  uaa  lung  delayed  by  \if 
diacunteiits  and  lactiuiia  ni  Ibu  cumpaiiy  uf  Virgini*, 
hy  the  reinutal  of  tlieir  'ortner  treasurer,  Sir  Thoin** 
.Niiiilb,  and  the  eii  iiity  between  htm  and  Sir  Kdwin 
.Sandys,  his  successor.  At  length,  ■  patent  wa*  ol*- 
luiiied,  under  the  coinpuny'a  aeul :  but  by  the  advic*  of 
ajiiie  Iriemis,  it  waa  taken  in  lliu  name  uf  John  Win- 
cub,  u  religiuus  gentleman,  belungtng  lu  the  family  ol 
the  Cuiintesa  uf  Lincoln,  wlio  intended  to  accuinptny 
the  udveiilureta  tu  America,  'I'hia  patent  and  Ih*  pro- 
jiusula  uf  I'lioinaa  Weaton  uf  l,oiidoii,  merchant,  *mt 
other  peraona,  who  ajqieated  friendly  lo  tho  dcaigu, 
were  carried  lu  lA'ydeii,  III  the  autumn  of  lUltt,  Toi 
the  cimaidcratiun  uf  the  people.  Al  th*  •am*  ttaa 
there  was  a  plan  furming  fur  a  new  coiiLCtl  In  tho  wr*l 
Lf  M'igland,  tu  su|H'riiileiid  the  plantation  and  Kan*ry  ol 
Nu.'tli  VirKiniu,  the  naiiiu  uf  which  waa  changed  to 
.New  Kiiglaiid.  To  this  ei|ieclcd  eatabltaluueni,  Wm- 
tun,  and  the  other  inercliunia  began  to  iiiclin*,  chially 
I'ruiii  tho  hope  uf  |iruscnl  gain  by  tha  fishery.  Thi 
riiiised  suine  embarrassment,  and  ■  variety  of  upiiuun* . 
but  cunaiilcrini!  tlijt  the  cuuncil  for  New  England  wi* 
not  ye:  ineur|iurated,  and  that  if  they  aliould  wait  for 
that  event,  they  iiiight  lie  detained  another  year,  bofcre 
which  liiiio  the  war  between  the  Dutch  and  tha  Spa- 
niards iniglit  be  renewed,  the  majority  concluded  to 
lake  the  patent  which  luid  been  obtained  from  It*  CuiU- 
pany  of  South  Virginia,  and  einigralo  to  aoma  piM* 
near  Iliulaoo'*  liver  which  wta  within  bail  IMriMqr   j 


iinonArMtm  nr  thr  kaki.v  DiscnyKiiiiiiii, 


Ite  W«l  »fl">t-  (l*WI)  Wmmk  hmiuK  *«»l  ■»T 
>il#y<i»,  mkm  Mw  fM|il«  •'•'i>r«4  mm  irtirl««  •( 
IgMNMM  «i(h  kon,  hnih  IV>r  4<ii|>tiin(  (iv'  nuHwy,  i* 
•MM  m  lk«>  lr«Ma|>iir><(liuii  <  4rv«r  tliil  I  iiihiii4il 
Ikvra  fl^m  Mttl  ii»  Uiiwjmi.  1<>  m  •  >  ivn  IIih  Tnitiry  it>ii| 
M»«hU    I'O  iIm  t<iv«)|ii        NMiiH  il.f'7  raiiui   llirr«,  lli>y 

riiiimI  ih^iUlwi  IM•■^  hHiiu«o  ••ti  | i •  i.  .1  ■■  ••«, 

Uui  lh«y  wrn  iil>li||ril  ix  i   >   ••    >  m  • •   >i  <  <  i> ii 

||»«  ftrtirlira  ;    vktlh'h   lliou^l r.liahtil    l>y  i|M>f    •  >Mi 

illlilitiiU,  yrt  \»rr»  •«  tlruttnty  in«.«ii  it  on,  (hit  s^Mltnul 
Ittam,  lh«  ifthitU  Mlvvnittr*  itMi«i  liit«ii  ti«pit  l^<tatr»irtl. 
I>ii>  •ilii'Ira,  wilh  ll>»ir  »in»iiiliii"iil»,  Kir*  lli>«» 
**(!  )  Tha  aijv^-iltirfr*  tiitl  itUnicra  dtJ  *ur*'i*i  'I''** 
•Ttrjp  p«rM«  1K41  KiH'rii,  li>ini|  iiiiicn  yiur  »ld  aiiil 
•|»wiru,  h«  Nlctl  Ml  Kri  (MjiiriiU  ;  «lul  Ihtki  trM  |)iti|lula 
k*  •(■■iMinwO  •  ainijlii  •liara  (V  )  'lli*l  li>  ihai  ijimiIi 
III  |>«nani  tntl  furiiialinih  hinurll  out  with  Imi  ihimihU, 
Wlh*r  In  nionry  M  olhry  pro« laiuim,  Iw  ai  >  .iirninl  w 
Wving  twviilt  itaiiiiila  in  aliwh.aiiil  in  ilm  ilitiai^n  afml' 
frrriv*  •  iluiihla  alwt«  (3  )  Tlw  |>«nuiia  l>ai'*i»iili'<l 
•nil  >h*  ••Kvniimra  alMll  riinliiin*  iKair  J»iiii  aim  h  anil 
|Hinn«rahi|ii  iha  apat-a  ni  ttttn  ^'*rt,  aifriil  »»ttnm  iiii- 
ti|#<*iftfl  iinpttiJiiHvnU  iloraiM*  lh«  whoU  roiniiaiiy  lu 
(fiiw  ulhrtwiaa,  iliiriiiit  whirh  liiii«  all  iirwMla  ami 
wnthialhal  ara  (iillanliy  Iraila,  IraHIc,  lriiciilii><,  lurk- 
ing, llahinii,  ar  any  ollmr  inaaiia,  ii(  any  uthfr  |>'»aii  ur 
praina,  anal!  rainain  alill  In  iha  roinninn  aim  k,  iiniil 
Um  iliviaiun  (4)  Thai  al  lliair  I'mning  hcra,  llwjr 
■hall  i'ltuoa*  out  aiirh  a  niiniliar  of  |)«r«niia,  aa  iitajr 
fUrniah  lliair  ahipa  ami  huala,  tar  ialiinu  ii|a>n  Um  a«a  ; 
(m|ilnying  Iha  raal,  in  Ihrir  afttaral  rai'iilliaa,  ti|ion  Iha 
Und  i  H  hnililinn  honara,  tillinij  nM  |ilaniin|{  iha 
iranml,  and  making  aiirh  rnninioiliilra  aa  aliall  Iw  moal 
uaafiil  fnr  iha  ralnnjr  (A  I  Thai  al  lh«  tnt  s(  Ilia 
••van  yaara,  Iha  tajiilal  anil  prnlila,  vii  llw  hmiaca, 
Uiiila,  gooila  ami  rhallala  In  aiiually  4l«ld«il  ainu«||  ihr 
•dyaiitiiraia  ;  >(  any  di>l>l  or  ilKlrinianl  ronrrrning  ihia 

■dyanliira* (M  )  Whoaoaoar  ruinaihlo  iiie  riiliniy 

htraaner,  or  pnllalh  any  iIimik  inio  tlia  alack,  ahall,  al 
Ilia  riid  of  tha  aavan  yrara  U*  allowvd  proiiortianally  lo 
Ibe  iiiiia  of  hia  aa  doing.  (7  )  lla  ihal  ahall  rarry  hia 
Wift,  or  childran,  or  aarvmila,  ahall  Iw  allowKil  lot 
•vprv  [H'raon,  niiw  «gMi  aiilaan  yrara,  and  upwarda  a 
•iiiKli'  ahara  in  thadiviaioni  or  il  ho  |ir>ivi<la  thain  na- 
craaiiriiia,  a  doulila  ahara,  or  if  Ihiy  ho  hriwitan  ten 
yaara  old  and  aiii«a»,  than  two  uf  ilieiii  to  ha  icckonrd 
for  a  naraon,  hoih  in  trana|Hirialioii  and  diviaion. 
(8  )  'I  tial  audi  cLililrpii   aa  niiw  go,  and  ara  iindor  ten 

Jtara  of  tgr,  haya  no  olhi-r  aliarn  in  Iha  diviaiun,  than 
fly  aciaa  nf  unmanuri'd  land.  (U  )  Tliat  aiiih  peraona 
•a  dia  bafora  iha  aayitn  yrars  ha  aipiri-d,  llu'ir  uiecti* 
Ion  to  hava  Ihoir  iwrta  ur  shaiea,  al  tho  ilivialon  ;  pro- 

rmtionally  la  Iho  liinn  of  ihrir  lifa  in  lh«  colony. 
10  I  Thai  all  aurh  |Mir>ona  aa  arc  of  Ilia  colony,  are 
I*  lia«a  iiiaal,  drink  and  apparal  out  of  Ilia  coniiiion 
Mock  and  ||0oda  of  thf  aald  colony." 

Tliii  diHvrani'fl  hiitwcvn  Iha  arliclna  ta  Aral  agrrcil 


(I  )  In  ihi 
■lui   landa 


•n,  and  aa  llnally  concluded,  lay  in  llicax  two  puinii 
I  former,  il  waa  proviilrd  Ihat  "  thn  hoiiaca 
Inipruvril,  rawcially  gardcna  and  hiinia- 
t*Ma,  ahoiild  roiiiain  undivided,  vtnolly  to  iho  plniircra 
U  tha  and  of  iha  aavvn  ycara  ;"  hut,  in  tho  lallcr,  tho 
kouara  and  laiiila  were  lo  ha  aijually  divided.  (!i.)  In 
Iha  former,  tlie  plantera  wero  "  alluwod  two  tiaya  In 
Ika  week,  for  their  own  iirivala  ein|iloynienl,  for  thn 
comfort  of  themaelvoa  anil  raiiiilica,  ea|iecially  audi  aa 
kid  Iheni  to  lake  care  for."  In  the  latter,  thia  arti^lu 
waa  wholly  omitted 

On  theae  hard  conditlona,  and  with  thia  aniall  en- 
couragement, the  pilgriina  of  l,ovdcn,  aupportod  liy  u 
pioua  confidence  in  the  Suproino  t)ia|inaerof  all  thliiKa, 
•ml  animated  hy  a  fortitude,  rcaulting  from  the  aleady 
principica  of  the  reliKion  which  they  prufeaaed,  deter- 
mined  to  caat  theinaelvea  on  the  caro  of  Divine  I'ruvi- 
dance,  and  embark  for  America. 

With  the  procreila  of  their  own  eilatea,  put  Into  t 
cnromon  alock,  and  ihn  aaiiatani'e  of  the  merchanta,  to 
whom  they  had  mnriKUKed  their  labor  and  trade  fnr 
••yen  yoara,  two  veaaela  wero  provided.  One  in  llol- 
Uml,  of  aixty  tona,  called  the  Speedwell,  commanded 
hy  t  Captain  Keyiiolda,  which  waa  intended  to  Irana- 
|iort  aomo  of  them  lo  America,  and  there  to  remain  in 
their  aervica,  one  year,  fur  fiahing  and  other  uaea. 
Another  of  one  hundred  and  ei^hiy  tona,  called  the 
Mty-Aowcr,  w«a  chartered  hy  Mr.  I^uahman  in  l,onilun, 
and  acnl  round  10  .Southampton  in  llanipahire,  whither 
Mt.  Carver  want  to  aunerintend  her  equipment.  Thia 
waaal  «ru  commanded  hy  •  Ciplain  Jonea,  and  after 
ditchui|iiig  lior  paaaen^era  in  America,  waa  to  return 


altehui|iiig 


Iia  a< 


Seven  hundred  pounila  aterlini;  were  ex- 
Hera  aoiatililiif  wcma  lo  lia  wanting  wliich  canaot  mw 


pamlixl   In  piaa laiiHia  a»d  aiMva,  ami  Mkat  iw«aaaa*7 
p#y|i4lalwi<a  i    anil    Iha    valna   •(    il>«    Ifadtnj    tanlmra 

whMh    (hay    aarr>*,l    'mt*    aavnilavn    h In, I    |  ii>.,i,U 

Mr      WiralMit    t<|ita    littill    I  ItMi    >■>    ^ ) IM 

aaa  ihaiii  da>pai>liad  I  liii  h|>»>>U>  II,  »,ili  ili«  |,aa 
aaiiuara  Iliviii^  arritad  lli»r«  limn  lifilwli,  and  III* 
ii«i  waaafy  ulhi-aM  l<«iltg  diriai  n  In  tji^tirli  lli«  p«*>t,la 
and  Uka  tafa  al  ilm  piuviaiitna  and  aiuiaa  »ii  ili<<  vuy 
aifH  ,  ha*lll  alii^ia,  1  allying  uii«  hiiiidifd  *n'i  iMcniy  p*** 
Miitfrra,  aaiUtl  i.imii  Motilliailiplii*!  WM  Ilia  llHIl  ^U  '  uf 
.^ilUlial,  in«U 

Tliry  l.'itl  hill  aailnd  many  luatfuaa,  ilMwn  Ilia  ilMniial, 
halufx  livyiiiilila.  Hi  later  III  Ilia  ^|"ii|Aall,  1  aiiii':  amtd 
IJMl  hia  «>iaa«l  waa  luu  laaky  In  prmaad  llui  1  aiii|ia 
lli^n  pill  III  al  IKtrliiiuulll,  wliniii  IIik  n|»adw<ll  waa 
aKardird  and  irpaired  ,  ami  llix  laurkinrn  pi<l||«d  h«l 
aiillk'iaiil  lur  ihu  tuvaga  llii  ilw  iManly  Mm  ul  An 
glial,  Ihay  put  10  avu  atiam  ,  and,  haviaig  aail>d  in  anin- 
pany  alNnil  one  hundred  Iragiiaa,  lUyiiolda  raiiawad 
Ilia  eaiiiplaiiila  agaiiiai  Ilia  alnp  ,  dwetariiig.  Ihat  t'7  coti- 
alant  piiinpiiig  Im  could  aeareiiy  k»p  liar  aliuvu  w«lar, 
ml  wliii'h,  lioiU  aliipa  again  put  baa  k  lu  I'lyiiwulh 
Anmlmr  aaarrk  »<ia  niailii,  and  iiiMlelni  aipvaiMig,  >ha 
leaky  cundiiiun  ul  Ilia  abip  waa  jmlgid  10  Iw  owing  lo 
li*ir  gaiiaral  wvakiieaa,  and  aha  waa  piuiiuuiiuad  unlit 
(ur  lliN  vnyaifa  Aliuul  iwiuily  of  tliv  piaaaiigera  wciii 
on  aliitra.  ilia  oiliara,  Willi  iiitfir  pruviaiuiia,  were  fe 
ciiiyed  on  lioaid  tha  .May  lluwar  i  and,  on  ll>«  aiaih  uf 
^aiiteiiiUir,  Ilia  luinpanv,  cuiiaiatiiig  of  on*  lYiiiidr«d 
anu  one  paaariigera,  ^lieaidea  Ilia  ahip'a  ullieara  ai«d 
rrawjiuuk  lliN'ir  laal  travaul  KngUnd.  Imvingcunauniwd 
•  wliala  iiioimli  in  llir»  yaaaiioua  and  aapenmva  delaya 

Tha  irne  cauaaa  01  ihaa*  miaadaanturra  i\\4  iiel  Mien 
appear.  <  liia  waa,  thai  ih»  M|iaedwall  waa oviriuaii'cd ; 
which  arnir  liaiiig  leniedie'l,  Ilia  vaaaal  alterwaiil'  uadai 
aavarat  aafe  and  profluhla  voyagea  ilul  the  pritici;i«l 
caiiaa  waa  iho  daceil  of  tha  iiiaatar  and  rrew  ;  wlw  ImV' 
lug  engaged  lo  rri»aiii  a  wliatla  year  in  iba  aar^iea  al 
Ihu  colony,  and  appia handing  liaru  lai*  in  that  aiiiploy- 
iiirnt,  waru  ijlad  at  auch  an  auuaa  w  rid  ilMiuaalva* 
of  tlio  bargain. 

The  May  llowar,  Jnnaa,  procaade4  with  fair  wimla 
III  I  a  loriiier  part  ol  lirr  vuyaga ;  and  than  mat  wuh 
bad  weaihar  and  contrary  wiiida,  aa  Ihat  lor  auveral 
days  no  aail  could  ha  earned  'Iha  ahip  tailored  ao 
much  III  tha  ma,  that  ana  of  Iha  main  tieaina  •priiiig, 
which  renewed  tha  laara  and  dialreaa  nt  Itiu  paaaeiigara 
Tluy  had  then  made  alwul  one  hall  ol  tin  11  voyage, 
and  ilio  ctilel  of  tha  coiii^iaiiv  liegaii  a  conaiitialiun  with 
llie  coniinaiidar  of  Ihu  ahip,  wtialltar  II  waia  tieller  la 
proceed  or  lo  return  Uul  oiia  of  tha  paaavngara  hay- 
ing on  board  a  large  iron  aciaw,  it  waa  tppliad  10  tha 
lieaiii,  and  fon  •'d  it  iiilo  Ita  plaaa.  I'hia  iucctaalul 
allbri  deteriniiiid  lliain  lu  proceed 

No  otiirr  (Nirticulara  of  ttiia  long  and  tadioua  ynyaga 
ara  preaarvod  \  but  Ihat  the  ahip  being  laaky,  ami  liia 
people  cloau  atuwed,  wim'  '  oiitiniially  wet ;  ttiat  una 
yuiiiig  mall,  a  acryiiit  ol  Mariuial  duller,  died  at  aca ; 
and  llMI  Olio  I'lutd  waa  horn,  and  called  Ucttnui  1  lia 
waa  aon  of  fStcnlien  llupkma. 

On  tha  iiiiitli  uf  Nnvemtier,  it  break  of  day,  thef 
made  liiiid,  which  pruved  I"  '  <'  til*  white  aandy  elilla  of 
t/'ajio  Cud.  Tina  landt'atl  Imiig  liirtlier  nurltiward  than 
they  iiitanded,  iLey  immediately  put  aliuiit  ttia  aliiu  to 
the  aoulhward  ;  anil,  liefure  noon,  found  theiiianlvea 
among  aliuala  and  breakera.*  Had  they  puraued  Itieir 
aouthrrn  coiirae,  aa  tho  weiillier  waa  fine,  they  inigtil, 
in  a  few  huiira  more,  have  luiind  an  opening,  and  paaaaiil 
aal'ely  lo  the  weatward,  aureeabty  to  liieir  orijjiiial  da- 
aign,  wtiich  waa  to  go  to  lludaon  a  river.  Hut  haying 
been  ao  long  al  aea,  the  aiiilit  of  any  land  waa  welcome 
10  women  and  children  ;  the  new  danger  waa  formida- 
ble ;  and  the  oagernoaa  of  the  paaaengera  10  be  «et  on 
atiorv  waa  irrcaiatibla.  Theae  circuinatancca,  coincid- 
ing with  the  aecrol  viewa  of  tha  inaaler,  who  had  been 
iiromiacd  a  reward  by  aoine  agenla  of  itio  Dutch  Weal 
ndia  Companv,  if  tie  would  not  carry  them  to  lludaun'a 
river,  iiidiieeil  liiiii  lo  put  atioiit  to  the  northward. 
Ucfore  nigtit,  tho  ahip  war,  clour  of  tliu  dangi.'r.  The 
next  day  Ihoy  doubled  I  tie  iiorttiern  edremity  of  ttie 
Capo,  (llaco-l'oiiit)  and,  a  atoriii  coming  on,  the  ahip 
waa  brought  to  anchor  m  Capo  I  ud  harbor,  where  aba 
lay  perfectly  aiicuro  from  wimla  and  atioaU. 

'Ihia  tiarlwr,  being  in  tho  furty-secund  degree  of  north 
latitude,  waa  without  the  territory  of  the  .South  V  irgiiiia 
(/uinpany.  The  charter  whicti  ttieae  emigranla  had 
received  from  them,  of  cuurao  became  uaeleaa. 
Some  aymptoma  of  faction,  at  tho  aamo  time,  appearing 


aofvaMM^  yaM4  mm  ^^^^  f^t^n^ti  49  HHB 
HI  llnalaiHl,  |ii>|iyai«Mf  Ikot  wkan  an  akata  thtf  ainii 
ha  ii>.iila.r  Haa  gaaarimMHi,  anit  ih«i  aoa  man  vmmM  ti 
aa  tmut  a*  aiiathar,  11  aaaa  ihanghl  (ini^i,  k«  'ka  BMl 
ludxiiHii  jwratHia,  la  Kava  r»»wiira«  irt  iiaiural  ^W| 
a  III  iliai.  l.*-lora  diaainharkaiian.  ihay  ahwild  aiiMt  IttB 
an  aaain  iiimn.  and  rainluiia  ikamarlaaa  la  a  paM^tf 
Ittaly,  lu  Iw  gaaariiad  hy  Iha  ma|aiiiiy  'la  ihia  llMf 
I'iMiaeniiol  and,  aHar  aadamn  piratay  and  ihaidtay  MM 
a  wfilian  inairiimahl  liaioig  drawn,  itwy  aiikavfiM^l^ 
wuh  ihoir  a<vn  iMiiila,  and  hy  a  uaianinHHia  yMa,  ahMV 
Jul. II  t'arvar  ihair  govariiiu  lur  mn»  year 

llio  inalriiinanl  waa  fiMneiiad  in  ihata  larma  "la 
Iha  llama  of  I  loil,  amall  Wa  whnaa  Itaitiaa  tn  llflAipa 
wrman,  Itm  tayal  auhjaei*  af  oir  diaad  anvaraign  l^i^ 
King  iaiiii-1,  hy  itia  gru'a  af  Uml.  »l  liraat  UrltoM 
Kiaiia'a  and  Iralamt,  K^  Dafandar  u/  Iha  I'ailll,  A«b 
keaing  uiidariakan  fur  m*  gtary  af  Had,  and  Ike  a^ 
•anaiamenl  uf  ika  I'hriatiaii  failh,  and  hanof  of  ma 
King  and  aouniry,  a  ymaga  la  plant  ika  Aral  aalaii|>  M 
Iha  norllirrn  paria  af  Virginia,  da,  by  ihaaa  praaano. 
aolMaiiily  and  iniiliially.  In  iha  \nm*9nv»  af  U'Ulandcf 
ona  aiHMher,  ravaiiani  and  ronilHna  ouraelvaa  logalhot 
iniu  a  rivil  ImhIit  mtlilia,  for  our  hauar  onlaiing  aii4 
praaarvti'  on,  aiui  liiriharanra  af  the  anda  afafaaaid  I 
and,  by  virtue  hareiil,  10  anael,  eofiaiiiula  and  frani^ 
a  u'h  jiial  anil  npial  lawa  ami  urdinanraa,  aela,  runalK 
liiiiiviia  ami  oiRfea,  hum  lima  to  linia,  aa  ahall  he  1  i-Higkl 
inuM  in«>i  and  roiivaniani  fur  Iha  (anaral  gnaail  of  In* 
riilofiy,  I'  II)  which  wa  prtHniaa  all  dua  aukjeciion  ami 
otiadiencff  In  witiiaaa  wharaaf,  w*  have  heratinla  aa^ 
ai'rihed  our  namea,  at  Cana  l.'ad,  tha  alavanlh  day  tt 
ISovainliair,  in  iha  year  of  Iha  raign  of  aiir  aavaraiM 
l.ntil.  King  I iiiiea  of  (Inglaiiil,  I'raiira  and  Ireland,  IJM 
eiuhtaanlh,  and  of  Meolland  ili«  Ally  fourth.  AuM 
dumiiii  IHtO  "• 

llii.irninenl  >>riitg  ihua  rrgiilarlr  eatabliakad  ON  • 


truly  ri  f^iihliean  |  rinciiiU,  aialean  aiinad  men  wan  ■ 
on  aliurr,  aa  aoun  aa  ilia  waatlwr  would  jiarinll,  la  fclok 
womi  and  make  diavavariea.  Thay  raliirnod  at  lUfM 
with  a  hnal  load  of  iiini|ier  wood  ;  and  inada  i«|MM| 
"  that  ihay  found  Ilia  land  lo  Iw  a  narrow  nack  ,  haying 
the  hailior  nii  Iha  one  aiil>  and  Ihu  ueean  on  Iha  athatt 
l*>at  the  ground  coiiaialeit  .if  aand-hitta,  like  Iha  Ikiwiltf 
in  llullaiid  -,  ilial  In  amux  plaeaa  Iha  aawl  vaaa  Maak 
aarlh,  "  a  apu'e  deiilh  ;"  that  llw  iraaa  ware  aak,  IX'iCy 
aaaaatraa,  juni|Hir,  Inrcli,  holly,  aah,  and  waliiul  1  ibot 
tlie  forest  waa  open  and  wilhout  undarwuwl ,  that  •«• 
iiilialiilania,  liuiiaea,  nor  I'reah  water  ware  lu  ha  aean. '* 
Tliia  aceiHint  waa  aa  innioh  aa  1  mild  ha  vollaelad  ir 
mw  Saliirday'a  aftrrnooii  Tli*  neat  day  Ihay  raaiaiL 
Whilal  tliey  lay  in  tbia  harbor,  which  waa  the  a|ia«« 
of  Aie  waeka,  they  aaw  great  Hocka  of  aea  fowl  an4 
whalaa,  every  Jay  playing  alaiut  itiain  The  inaalaf 
and  mala,  who  had  liaan  a«i|uaiiiled  with  tha  Aaherji,  la 
the  nunhern  aeaa  of  Kiiropa,  aiippoaed  that  ihey  ir  .ghl, 
in  that  lime,  have  made  oil,  lu  the  value  of  three  o.'  ioul 
Ihuiiaand  |iouiida.  It  waa  too  lata  in  Iha  aanaoii  fur  ru^ 
and,  indeed,  ihey  caugtil  none  bill  ainall  liah,  near  the 
alioro,  and  ahetl  liah.  Tha  margin  ul  Iha  aaa  waa  it 
'hallow,  that  ihey  waro  obilgad  lo  wada  lahora  ;  and 
Ihe  weather  being  aayere,  many  of  iliein  took  cold.i  and 
coiigha,  which,  in  Iha  couraa  of  tha  winlar,  pi«va4 
mortal. 

*  Tha  namea  of  iha  aubarrliMira  ai«  placad  in  Iha  foltrwlna 
orilar  by  lacialary  Mnrtun  t  l.iil  Mr.  fllni-a,  Willi  lila  iiaual 
accurary,  haa  cuinpaieil  Iha  llat  wllh  t^ivemor  Braili  iril*a 
MS  lllalitry,  ami  ailUuil  Ihair  titlaa,  ami  tlw  nuinbar  of  aark 
oiie'a  lalnlly  wlilt'ti  L-aiila  ovar  at  Ihia  lima  |  oliaarvliii  llial 
aiinia  liifl  the  wliiila,  aii,l  ulliara  part  "( tliair  famillaa,  1  thai 
m  Kniflaiiil  or  llullaml,  wlm  raina  ovor  aflarwania.  Ha  haa 
alao  lH>ail  an  cuniiua  aa  lo  iiula  Ihoaa  who  broiiatil  llMir  a  va^ 
iiiarkeil  with  a  it),  aiiitthiiao  who  iliail  Itafoia  the  and  of  aen 


.Vlunii,  ilialiiitiuiahaii  by  an  aalarlain  (*). 

.Mr.  Ji'iiii  l.'arvnr,t  •     Mr.  ilephan  llopklliait 


•  Tlicao  hhoaU  llo  olFIIie  aoulli-iaat  c\lri  inlty  of  the  cape, 
which  waa  c:illod  by  lloaiiobl,  Ptiiiit  Care,  by  Ilio  Dutcli  anil 
Flench,  Malvbarie,  uiiil  la  rww  known  by  ibe  name  of  Samly 
I'uuit 


.Mr.  WiUiain  Brajfonl.t  * 
Mr.  K'lvtart  Wmalow.t  4 
Mr.  William  Drewalar, I  I 
.Mr.  laaac  Allarton.f  R 

Captain  Mi:ea«landlata,t  I 
Jolm  Alilan,  I 

.Mr.  Samuel  Fuller,  fl 

•Mr.  rhrlatiiplivr  Marlin  *  4 
'.Mr.  William  Miillmi,!  > 
'Mr.  William  Wlille,f  > 

[boalilca  a  aon  Item  In  Ca)>e 

{*oil    harlmr,    ami    n.viueij 

PflreiiniiH.] 

Mr.  Richanl  Warren,  I 

John  llowlaiKi,  CofCarvar'a 

niiiiiiv.i 

iiilbert  WInalow,  I 

■fiiliniiiul  Mariaaor«  1 

Peter  llruv«n,  1 

'RU'liaiil  Hnllerldu  I 

Oorrifu   Siiule,  [iif  Edward 

Winatow'a  family.] 
'Ricliaril  Clarke,  I 

RIckaiil  Uanlinar,  I 

U  whom  were 


•Edwaril  Mly.l 
'JolinTl!:,,i 
Francla  Cook, 
'Thomaa  Riiaara, 
'Tlioiiiaa  Tiiiaar,! 
'John  Hliliilala,t 
•Kilwanl  Piillar.f 
•John  Turner, 
Francla  Kalon,f 
•Jamaa  CMIIon,t 
'John  Cracaaton* 
John  llllllniiton.t 
'.Moaaa  Flalchar, 
•John  Ooodinant 
•Defiiry  Friaal, 
•Thoinaa  vVIUiama, 
•John  Allarton. 
•Tluiiiiaa  EnBliah, 
Em  want     Uoiay, 
l.'-iater,  [both  of 
llupkln'a  faoaily  1 

Total  paiauni. 


Edaarl 
lletban 

"lii 


••,  «Ml>t  «  (HM4,  W  ■<«!)  iNalt  alWlIM     I'M 

ril  V\  luUl    tt(i«    Artt  i|WM<,J,    lh*V    t.|*l|iM«>4   >ImI 

•»V4^  eiMlMfl  .\Mk'f  fNOAIlllAl.itM  ih4  |itM|  ••>*t-t*n, 
■»«)»■  II    ill*  n    **t9    *'|>->|     -*>(    I* 'III    vkfet    4"*1      'iMI^IIliMt 

iMm,  •<«iir4  «*i4  mwvUl,  n^Mlwf  iKa  iiWHm^iiiJ  iH  *  «|it<«Hi 
Mil>>  *li«mli*h,  wK*  kwl  Milli*«t  WfiHilliifil,  Nt^iiii.ii 
ItaiAm*  «h4  lltitttnl  I'My  M  kM  CimiviI  at  no 
An>«  IIMII|I  IMMfHatMHW  gi««n,  itMf  *•»•  rvilwf  |i«> 
wiiiari  ilt«ii  uriUriJ  M  ^  *ih|  ika  iimw  vf  ili«if  (k 

Mil**  W44  IiimiIimI  i«  ^m»  4%ft. 

M  Nan  ih«y  had  li4>allMt  ihmi  Huta  hy  Iha  •Ihi»  iIii>  > 
(•«>  it*  M  4*i  <rf  Ik*  MtlKa,  atw,  (n  tlgkl  «l  Ihain 
tnl  llwf  4l>*ii<ii««l  hi  (Hilww  .  4ml,  li^Miiig  an 
llMw  IMak,  MliH>ail  Aam  UH  nitfht ,  Inil  Uia  ihukait 
Ikrviltgk  *llult  titaif  Ii.m4  tu  |i4>««,  iha  waiiflil  Mf  Ihf'ir  41 
NMM,  4fi4  ihair  i^liiliiy,  4nwr  •  king  fayaije  iM4i(a  itt»>m 
•II  Miwi^iril  iM4(«  k,  m  |«Mnl  »(  iMValliiig.  to  IhaMi  mm 
W*  (WM  itf  natiira     I  h«f  r»4484,  41  I'linOt,  |i|f  4  •ixiiin, 

Wkwk    4Atfll>'li     llwm    ilw    ll<4<     I'll       'irig    llr4llglll     ut 

Ik4  iliaaMtariM  mail*  III  tk<4  mann  xarr  f««i,  km 
■•«*l  4ii>i  4iniMiii4  Im  oim  |44<*  ikay  kmml  4  lUar 
Ir4|i.  mmW  li«  llw  liaNiling  nf  4  ywin^  Ira*  la  ih«  •4>i)i, 

Vllh  4  IHMM  IIIMhf  (r»HM,  aioaraj  Milk  4i'<'r»4       Ml 

Priilluni  •  IwM  «44  i-4ii(kl  In  IIm  IK)!,  Inim  mn»t,  hi4 

•  i>«»|i4itMii4  iliaantfagMi  ram,  4111I  itiay  '»it^im  4il  aniar* 
Uiimi  oil!)  llw  inyaiHiili'  •(  llw  lixiia  In  4ii«ihar 
|il4i'a  llw|  ranw  l«*  411  Iim1i4ii  liuiyiiiif-griHinil  i  4ml,  in 
INl«  of  Iks  tfr4«««.  th«V  kHlliU  4  inurUr.  4n  P4lth«M  \hH, 

•  Imw  4n<l  •rrii«r4,  4ihI  nilial  iiii|il«iii«Ma.  4II  «hi«h  lliay 
•**•  r4r4(Mlly  l>|il4r>i|  ;  ln>4U4a  lh«y  ouilkl  ihM  Im 
giiiliy  •(  (luUlinil  Ika  ia|ai*ili>iia4  nf  llw  ila4<l  llul 
»k«ii  ikry  IuiiimI  4  ralUi,  ■4rafully  linril  Willi  iMik  ant 
■  •••rail  «iik  4  ka4|i  ul  •«iiil,  in  wlmh  4li«<it  luiii  Inisk- 
ala  III  avail-aDrii  111  aaia  wara  wall  araiirvil,  •flvt  laaviin- 
tUft  on  llw  nMf4lily  u(  llw  4i'liun,  Ihay  Imik  4a  hum  li  ul 
Ika  rvfn  44  Uwy  rauki  r4iry,  inlviHliii||,  wlwii  lliry 
■IWuM  Hiiii  Ika  vwnara,  u>  (My  tkani  lu  lln>ir  aaiiifai'' 
Iwn  Iki  llw  Ikiril  ilay  llwy  4rri*atl,  wa4ry  4ihJ  wal 
niiw,  wkaia  Ikii  alii|i  l4y,  4ihI  ilMliyariiii  ikair  lorn  miu 
lit*  *amiiMii  alora.  Tka  coiii|i4iiy  raiulvad  In  ki'i'p  il 
hi  airil,  ami  lu  iwy  Ika  n4li««4  Ika  full  «4lua,  wlwn 
l)My  akouki  Ii4«*  a|i(Wflunily 

nkan  llw  Bk4lli>|i  W44  raiMirail  4n<I  riirw*U,  Iwanly- 
kvf  III  Uw  •wnfwiiy  ••niufatl  un  a  arnmil  an'iifiinii  In 
llw  ••«•  fkat,  la  maka  4  fiirilwr  iii4ravary  i  Imimik 
Cl|il4lll  Jmw*  for  Ikrir  roinmaiiilsr,  wilh  laii  o(  \w 
Ijumn  tni  Ika  Bkip'4  IwiU'ImmI  'I'Iw  wiimI  iHmin 
1 4|k,  4iHi  Ika  aa4  roiiKk,  Iha  aliallati  r4m«  lu  amluii 
hinlvr  Ika  Unil,  wkilal  |iart  of  Ika  romiiany  «>4ilrU  i>ii 
tkura  fruin  Ika  kiii||'lia4l,  4ml  tr4«i'llv<l,  4a  lliay  inii- 
poaml,  411  oi  aayan  niiira,  kaviiin  dirprinj  ilin  alnlluii 
M  (ullow  Iham  llw  nail  iiioftiing  'I'ha  wrallnir  waa 
vary  raid,  wiik  aiiaw,  ami  Iha  paoplti,  liavinn  nu  ahi'llar, 
•Ml  (iH-h  ralda  la  4flarwanl4  |irov*iJ  faul  to  in4n)r. 

Harora  miun  iha  nril  day  Iha  bIi4IIu|i  louk  lliriii  on 
koaid,  4nil  44ilrd  In  Iha  iilni-a  wlm  h  tin  y  danuiniimlril 
Cotd  fhrhttr  *  Fimling  it  nut  naviKiiliU)  far  «hi|i4.  4nil 
ronaai|iiantly  not  |in>|irr  for  tlirir  rraidrnca,  4l'irr  aliiNit 
hl(  aotna  graaa  4nil  durka,  wkirh  ihry  dn\uiin'il  Willi 
**  4oldwi'a  atiifn4i;li4,"  lliity  wi'iit  111  ararrh  'if  aci'il  I'lirn 
Tka  groiiiHl  W4a  fruarn  and  ruviTi-d  with  anuw  ;  lint 
Iha  eallara  wrra  known  by  hriin4  of  44111! ;  4nil  thv  fru- 
fan  varth  W44  |j<>n4lritrd  with  lliair  4WordB,  nil  thry 
gatkarod  cam  to  llw  4maunl  of  Km  kiiahrl4  'I'hia  fur- 
Iun4i4  aupfily,  with  4  ijiiintiiy  nf  lH-4n4  prrarrurd  in 
Ihe  airiic  manner,  thry  look  on  tlia  aainr  riinililiiin  aa 
bcfora  ;  and,  il  14  rviiurkril  liy  (iuvarnnr  llr4drord,  that 
in  411  inonllw  4fi«r,  Ihay  p«ld  th«  ownara  to  Ihoir  inliri' 
•ali4f4ciion.  Tha  4ci|ul4ition  nf  Ihia  corn,  llipy  al- 
wtjia  r*i(4nled  ••  •  p4rticul4r  f4var  of  Divine  I'ruvi- 
danca,  without  whwh  iIm  colony  could  nol  hiva  4nk- 
aiflad. 

Captain  Jonra  in  Iha  4h4l!op  wpiiI  b4ck  to  lijr  4liip 
wilh  tha  corn  and  Kfiaen  of  Ihe  wi'4koat  of  th4  |  ecplii ; 
intending  10  4«nd  matlorka  and  8|i4de4  tha  ncil  J>y 

*  Mf'  Trlnra  con|ai*tiirFaltil4  filai-a  to  have  liaan  flammihln 
karkur,  (p.  T4|.  Hut  nrlthir  tha  tlrna  nor  dliitiirra  can  MKirn 
witk  tlu»  ciil||aclura.  nariintalili,  IN  muralliaiilirtr  inlU'«fr<>in 
Ca|W  CinI  karkor  by  lant ;  a  dittaiu-a  wliirh  Ui.<\  roiit'l  nut 
kava  Iravallad  and  bach  4f  am  In  three  ih'Tt  ilsya  nf  Niiviinilier. 
t  r4thnr  tkink,  aflar  Intiuirv  of  4  Kentleinan  wall  4i''|n4lrile<l 
with  (^apa  I'ihI,  thill  <:ut<l  Harbor  u  iho  monik  (if  Paiiini*t 
Craali,  between  Triini  alul  Welftei't ;  kikI  tha  tleNcrljitliMi  Ktvi>n 
In  Mourt's  Relathin  rorreii[Mintlii  wilh  thm  Men.  I'lioint't  14  a 
lija  harteir  lor  Imata,  liintaiit  hetwerii  three  Ad  fuur  Ie4i(iie4 
(tea Ika  karhnr  of  Oapa  Ca<l.— (aa  CaUaclMna  ul  Uuiuriiai 
-         rfwITIH.  VokUtp.lM 


AMRRIUAN  MI»TOlV 

IHT*- •!    H«»  m  Ml  fti-l*'*  tntti  i!i«  «i»tHl*,  «i((|  r«' 

4111       ••       »  i«      ij«.  >i    .'>^.|    4    niuDiiil    m(    ..i.'I 


<l.l 


..t.l  . 


.1 


Ilk 


nil. 


"I' 


,     ■  ■■  t     I    I  ill  rkil  v.i'ili, 
■      M  .     ltllM«<l-«    "mI 

I  >     ,    ^  4HMI,  ttllh   tlwll 

II  I  M  ■•  ivoil  iImI  Bvaik 
t»   4inv,t..r 

.1,1,1,  ii.«  ii>«t  >ii  iu 

lIlM      Milk      -if      \\   lltiflll 

WM,  wliw,  if*t*n  lltv  fit 


UllltM   l»a|Wt  l|ll||  \hmtt 

ltd   ih.li    I  •>!•)    ll4tlNif 


"'M     » I   •"   ' 

*ilili*f         MiiriMii    llt«'ti     «li««iMi 
y\  llll«   U44    tf4>»>t  lUtlkvr<^   Ml     • 

«Hm«t«tM>»«  wf  hf  btriH,  «4«  h4»t*»l  ^Vr^gvui*  * 

Al  >Im4  ttliM  lltt^y  h»lt|  4  *-iMiaulUI 

TuiHtm    •omIwiiwmI       Mwhn    UmM)|ti 

miglll  \t9  4  (>fM|>«ff  |iU«'l>  Ni  4H«f,  lli*Hi|(tl  ItWl  »!»'•')• 
VIHIUgb  Utf   vlillM,   II  Mllghi   I  •'    t'Mlt»vi>l*P<t    liir   IttMtft,   4(l4 

H«M4H«*  «  ««Im«I>I«  n«U«>rv  luf  wImU*  4tHl  »*n1  iMifuht  tw 
411U  yiMMj  (iif  rfirii.  4«  4|tfMi4r«i|   tniiii  lli«t  M-«t|       Il  wm 

4l«l*llte«ly  III  ^m  ll»>4Utlf>il  4Mi|  •l»lMt«ll>|«  \iui  Oitt  |<r<N 

t'<|Ml|  r«4MHM  M«|M,  II14I  lliti  l»thl«r  «4*  Ml  f4r  44*4it««ll 
44    III    pfVVVIll    riHMlHIg    «ltil    lilt^tttllff,    Iklll.iHlt    i|4M||l>f 

*tt  lu«mK  nirii  4iiii  1mi4I4  ,   lh4l  Itw  MirwU  Affn*  t4rt4l>ti', 

4Im|  llm  4li*f)lt4  ItitllUll  4tMl  «|ul«tll  ,  IImI  t>#  I'ltlil  «l(4 
Wlil     |iMl||IMg4     ihM     |I*M>|«||I      WSfH     IMMI  I)     «f|l»  l«4     Wtlh 

•uit|f(t4,  witii  >i,  ((  )Im  t  4liiitil«l  mil  Mtnii  olit«iii  tlioUvr 
wiiuM  i)Pw*«  (iiofUl  ,  iIkiI  |triivi«i4Mt«  wtfti  tUilv  imiviMtt 
iMg  *Mtl  III*  4liip  m<i«l  ttrwt>*  ctilfU  >i<iil  M  liwr  \utmv 
M4rU  tiiVAgv,  Mli4i*'tKr  l»-i-4(iiM  i)(  ilifi  tiilony 

I  Mil*  14     lll*>ll|(l|l    II     lNi4l   Ul  nu  til  «  I1I41  tl   I  4llrii   AK4 

wmii,  fwvmv  Uf4^urt  iMiriliMi«rii,  wtifrv  ilivy  iMii  li«  4r>l 
(H'  4(1  'iratlUitl  iMrlfiK,  giMHl  Ml  i|{.  4(i*l  4  li»Ui  r  4*111 
fttff  |ii4MiiMt{  I  u  II114  II  W4«  4ti««ri>rwi|,  l)i4l  llioro  mi|fh* 
ptfMibly  Iw  ••  M'mmI  •  \ii**'*,  tt«>4rt>r  Im  llirm.  Hulnrt 
('i»|i|tin,  Itwir  ^liui,  mIm  h4tl  hrwn  twin  ttflufa,  444iiri'U 
ibciii.  Uwi  h«  litMiw  uf  •  giMMl  iMrlwr  4ih1  «  114VI44I1I*' 
riki>r,  Hill  tiHtm  ihuM  ftt('**  l«4Kii«4  Ai'ru**  itiw  Imv  tn 
llw  i»«4iw«ri|  I'lMin  llw  wtioU,  ilt«y  ri>«iil«til  lu  ■••ml 
itiM  •Im1Iii|i  ruuful  Im  4liori>  ut  iliw  tHiy  im  iIim  ut<  ry,  Imi 
hul  Iwywiti  Um  ImuUii  t>i  MrtiuU  C«^|'iii  ImU  inlufiiHJtJ 
llirilt 

Oil  \Vt'tlii«>Ml«]r,  tlm  ■titb  of  D«««oib«r,  Uuvvrnor 
<'4rvfr.  with  niimuf  tli«  priiwi|>Ml  invn,  will  «niir(|,  •ml 
tli«  MUM  iiuiiilivr  ut  4i'4im'ii.  ul  wtit*  ti  <  'o|)|iiii  m4«  uiiv, 
wi'iil  uul  III  lh«  4h4llo|i  Itw  wrttlur  M4«4uriit4l, 
ttwl  lliii  "titty  of  iIm  m'4  TruAu  imi  ilM>ir  ii>4i4,  till  (li*<| 

WITH  l'44r(i  Wllb   llT,   "  llkf*  l*U«ll4  uf  Irffll     '      'I'lH-y  4<llll'll 

liy  the  i-4aii'rti  •liuri'  ul  titi*  Iwyi  a>  iht  y  juclifcil,  tii  ur 
wurii  lviigiii)«,  wttlMUl  Itiuliiii^  Niiv  rivt'r  ur  trrvli  At 
Iviitfili  lliuy  •««  **•  luftixnu  III  |iti>  ..t  \Hf\n\i  llitt  utf  fruiii 
iIm  •\Mm,  wtlll  «  •iiiity  piHnI  ;  th*  y  Iwrii  it^t  tu  g4llt  lli« 
I'OMii,  •ml  ruiiiiil  ilii'iu  •  I'dir  lilt  oiiiv,  ur  rudtl  ul  u  >i4y, 
iMiiUil  *  l***llii*'  *'^*^  •(  t'l"  n«rruwiu4(,  bml  iwu  ur  tliri* 
m  Imitflli ,  but  lliay  iimiIu  ri|[lit  uv«r  tu  ilii^  UnU  Whiri' 
iliciii.'  A4  they  C4IIHI  nr4r  tlw  %\vvtii,  ttwy  b^w  irii  ur 
tAi-lvfl  litiJiAiia  vutdng  up  •  Kraiimua,  wliu,  111  4igKl  uf 
ihtMii,  r4ii  awiy,  t-arrvinif  |iirrt'4  ut  thu  Mi  wtiuti  llwy 
h«il  cut.  'I'lutjr  UiKU'il  at  •  dt4Uiu:«  o(  •  U'^giin  ur 
itiur*  frutii  it>«  grtmptit,  with  grral  dillkulty,  uii  •!■• 
loiinl  tif  till*  lUt  ajiHU.  Il»r*i  thuy  built  *  Imrnraili', 
4ii'l  iiUriitu  4«'iitiiifl4,  Uv  down  lu  ri'Nl 

'riii<  mil  iiiurniiitf,  'riuirMUy,  iH-cutnhrr  7th,  ih«'y 
iliviilrit  lht'iit«t'l*<<4  iiiiu  twu  |>«rlie»  i  ri^hl  in  Ihv  ftlul- 
hi|i,  aihl  till'  n  4t  un  ■lioru,  tu  iimko  ftirttur  ilucuirry  ul 
lhi4  pl.H'u,  Mhith  i.ii'v  fuuitd  tu  liu  "«  b«y  WKhotil 
either  rivrr  or  c-ri<i'k  ('uuting  inlu  it."  'ihry  guvi'  11  llw 
tuinu  uf  firitmvus  ita^,  bei*tU40  ihry  mw  iiuiiiy  Itah  ul 
Ihiit  i|ioeu)4.  Thry  irnckad  lh«  Indian*  on  thu  4aitd,  and 
fuutid  a  [Mth  into  t)i«  wuuda,  which  thfv  fultuwud  a  grt  ut 
way,  till  ihi'y  caiMV  tu  uld  irurn  liildi  and  •  4|mi'iuti» 
huryiriKK''uuiid.  iitrlo»rd  with  palr4.  'i'liuy  raiitfi'dihi* 
wuud  till  tlm  clu4u  uf  thv  day.  and  llivn  C4nu!  do\%ii  to 
thu  ihoru  tu  innvt  tlui  ahallop  whii:ti  thry  hud  nut  Rrni 
•ini:v  thr  niornin|{.  At  high  w»t«r  aha  put  inlu  a  rruik  ; 
and,  4IX  iniMi  bLMUg  tuft  un  iMMrd,  Iwu  caido  on  ilwre 
and  ludi{vd  with  thuir  coinfMiiiiuttai  utidur  cover  if  a 
Iwrricuda  and  a  guard. 

On  Kriday,  Uvcumber  8th,  they  raao  ftt  five  iii  tha 

*  Thtf  r<il)>>wtnf  w:(-mint  nf  hhn  |4  ektrftiMvil  frmn  tito  II04- 
lim  Nawkh-Unr  nf  July  31.  KM,  l»rini|  lh«i  (tllcunth  iiiirn)K>r  ut 
the  ilrit  riMWii|t«pfir  |triiit*'il  in  Maw  Kniflanil.— '*  M«rihfl«lil, 
JiilyW:  (JaptAin  IVr«i(TUi«  White.  i>f  Ihia  lnwri*  ■i|utl«ii|liiy- 
tlirt- «  )><4r<i  ttn<l  rfiifht  iiuitilhi,  iliixl  li<'r«  tha  11)1*1  iimtiuit.  IIm 
wus  viiri>niiia  iin<l  uf  •  ciMiifl)  aapoct.  tn  iita  \vH;  wM  Iha 
«<in  of  William  Wlut^i,  Rtul  HufKniiia  hia  wiftt,  burn  on  bowU 
the  May-rtuwer,  l.'autam  Junsa,  cuinrnanJer,  hi  Cap«  Cuil 
hartKir,  Nuvciiihur,  lOQi),  Iho  Ant  Kni{liahinan  hurn  ui  Naw 
KiirIiiihI.  Although  ha  W4a  tn  lti«i  funiiHr  tiurl  iit  hia  life  rx- 
travHtiaitlt  )*tt  ho  waa  much  returmud  in  hia  laat  yaara,  and 
thaU  III) (Mt fully.** 

t  Thia  "  tonyuB  of  land**  ta  ■UUnpgaU  Poliil,  Um  wataw 
■bora  of  WaUlt*!  harbor. 


■iimng.  tai  !••  Pa«4y  i««  g«  on  tHMMl  «ft  (hmIi  mt 
iii  ^*H  mf  4<iy  ih«y  war*  aM»priaai4  amK  ih* 
•f  Iha  tutiivMi,  aiiU  4  mgli*  «f  4#n*wa  Itiay  t*»tiiia4i>»l|> 
•ai4*il  <»t«>ir  4f'tt4.  4n4  Hti  Iha  Mial  4tMrk4fg«i  <•!  Mi>*a^alfy 
1  aMlha  (waHaw  MmI,  IhH  ihi»>  «t*»««i  ihuh.  «Ih««imwi|  u  m 
aHifto  MMmiI  •  ifta,  •nU  tiif**  kii**4,  44  ii>»y  •<>|>^iiM«i 

WHWIlM     TWy  ImA  Wf  '•MhtavH  4l'VMW4,  h«44»d  ftOh«« 

WllbM«Mi4MM'lMMn*aiMi'»*-d4  i-Uwa,  whi»li  ihav  4«*4 
•a  •  |*aaa<Mi4  ••  Mlmf  Iklvtid*  m  rtiyUiiU    I  liia  i*H»a|ii»*ti« 

I  i»»'i>^l|««i|,  4n«l  llw  attlHl  <*4Ur  mI  lh»-  (il<4<  «,*   tiki*  flHltHi4 

I  ili»m  l«*  awftjk  f.tiilwr  tK#y  aMitad  4Wtig  iha  ahwik-  •• 
<i««r  44  iIm  aaUH4(*a  alMwla  wvwM  ^rmil.  Imi  aaw  iv0 
hartMif  |h«  waaijtai  ht-nan  Ui  Umll  ihiaali  hhm,  4im| 
t  iifil'iM  4aa**f>*l  llwm  ihai  ihay  mighl  pc4«'h  thai  tMvlMif^ 
•if  wlitth  h«  liad  •mil*  biiN«»l»dga,  Ih  hira  iiuhl  I  ti# 
wind  h«hi||  Ainiih  aaaUply  they  |ftii  lh«Mta»l«aa  lialwfa  il  f 
Afiar  akNH*!  himia  il  (wgaH  *•*  t*m  ,  \ka  Marm  ^  laaaiHg^ 
ihair  rt«  M»f  i*f*»k9,  ihair  maal  apruHg,  amj  ilwir  aaiM 
fall  aiarlMhtnl  In  iKia  pilawia  t*'*gnl,  alaafing  wilH 
lAU  i*4ra.  iIm  wind  4imI  Iha  rtiNnl  Ikia  I'Mfiad  IhaiM  in*« 
4  *<**a  lull  uf  hpnakara,  and  il  Iwmif  lUrk  lh«y  «»•«• 
in  dangar  ut  hving  >lri*»n  mm  tltora  I  lia  |iilul  v«tilaaaa4 
ili4t  ka  knaw  imi  Iha  |il4«'«  ,  IhiI  a  4i«iii  aaaiiHifi,  w|i9 
waa  alaaring.  rallad  lu  iha  riiwar4  lu  |>mI  ahiHil  atMl  P«# 
hard  I  hia  atturl  iMMMty  hfoughl  iham  wtil  'if  that  ai»t% 
inlu  4  fair  a«iitml,  4n4  indar  4  |wiinl  i»f  Iau4,  wliaia  tJwt 
vanta  aalaly  lu  anclHiP  Ihry  wara  d(«nJail  IN  tMt 
ujiinittfia  alfwnl  gtiii  g  on  ahura  ,  bill  abntil  mi4MgMt 
III"  wind  ihilttng  In  iVa  north  waal  t  Iha  •avaiily  •!  U|0 
•  uh|  iiiuiIm  4  lira  hai4«a4PY  'I  hay  tharwHiMa  g»l  •• 
ahuri",  4rH|  wUh  auina  dirlU  tiliy  bindlad  •  Rra,  and  I 
in  aafaly, 

In  iha  fiMfning  Ihay  fiiMfid  ilwinaalvaa  wi  a 
nniiihahiUil  wUihI.  whIiiii  Ihr  ritlrancc  uf  4  a|>a«l«tM 
t»ay  (  llarr  ility  aiiul  4II  Uw  nail  day  (N«iur«lay| 
drying  Ihair  rluthaa,  rlrainng  their  arma,  and  ri'irairnig, 
aa  wHI  44  Ihav  lunhl,  ihair  alMlUtfi  Iha  lulbtwing 
diy.  Iwing  Iha  Thnatian  Nahhalh,  ihoy  raaird 

Ihi  Munday,  llvirniliar  1  llh.  llwy  aurvava*!  arj 
aiiiiitd»il  till)  bay,  whuh  la  di'ai'rilied  la  t«  "  III  llia  aha^Ni 
ul  a  H«h  hiMik  ,  a  guud  iMrlair  hir  atit|i(  'mi|,  Urgar  ih4n 
tliat  ol  Capa  f 'ihl  ,  tonUining  Iwu  4in4ll  lalMina  wtib* 
wnl  inhahttanta  ,  innuntfrahla  atura  uf  luwU,  diftrri^ni 
■un*  of  hah,  Iwaidua  ahrlllU'i  in  ainimlanc*  Aa  that 
iikirihid  inltf  thu  land. 4  1'*'^  found  lurn  llalda  aiifl 
hrouaa,  and  a  vary  good  air.iatiun  lor  huilding  "  Willi 
ihia  joyliil  nrwa  ihay  i-'iiriud  lu  tha  roinpany  ;  aiii 
on  thu  lAih  ul  Ihi'iinhur  ihi'  ahip  fi^y  lu  atuliur  Ml 
ihi-  hiirli'ir,  Willi  all  tha  paaacngi  ri*  auapl  luur,  wUt 
dii'd  at  f 'ape  f 'ud 

Having  aurvryrd  tha  land,  aa  wall  aa  Iha  a^aana 
wvikl  |Mirinit  in  thrxa  daya ,  tlii-y  inichrd  n|)on  ■  high 
ground  un  iIih  aouthwral  aula  ul  tlia  Iwy,  wliic-h  viratf 
clrari'd  of  wuoil,  ami  had  lurniorly  Iwan  |ilantrd  I'n* 
drr  titv  Miuth  aidu  uf  It,  W44  "  I  vriy  aMaat  hroob  Ml 
Ihii  rnlrani-11  nf  whirh  the  4h'illo(i  and  lioala  could  bt 
a««vur«d.  and  many  drlictta  aiinn^a  uf  aa  yuud  watar  aa 
ruuld  Ih)  drank  "  fhi  tha  o(i|Nwita  aidit  uf  ilia  broob 
wia  a  I'li-urul  tlvhl,  and  Iwyond  it  a  funiinanding  ami- 
nvncu,  un  whirh  thry  intandrd  tu  lay  a  |ilatfuriu,  aii4 
nionnt  thvir  I'lnnon 

Thry  wi  lit  iinini'diatrly  to  work,  laying  out  houaa* 
lotM,  and  a  atrrrt  ;  fclhng,  aawing,  living  and  rarryirttf 
timlM-r ,  and  Iwlori*  llii*  rml  uf  IhTriiiUr,  though  niui^ 
in(i-rrti|iti'd  hy  atoruiy  wi'utlu'r,  by  thit  daath  ul  l«0| 
and  tin*  *ii'knoa«  uf  many  of  ihi'ir  nninlMr,  tliry  haj 
vri-ctid  a  Rluri-huua*.,  with  a  tlutilinl  ruuf.  111  whicb 
ilii'ir  gnoala  wi  rr  tU'|Hi4iti-d  iiii'li-r  a  guard  Two  ruwt 
ol  houaia  mrru  brgiin,  and  aa  luat  a*  ihay  I'ould  Iw  t'0> 
tiTid,  tin-  iirunli-.  whu  wrrrrlaaai-d  inio  ninvlrt-n  lainl* 
lira,  raniu  aafiori*,  and  Imlgid  in  ihum  i)n  l<ord'a 
tlay,  iho  :iUt  ol  IhTiMiihcr,  tlicv  attftulrd  divine  arr* 
Mvf,  fur  tho  hr4t  Inni-  un  ahori'.  and  namrd  tha  jilarc 
l^laVMuurii;  jNirtly  iHicanau  Ihia  liailwr  waa  bo  calhil 
in  1'a|)tiiin  Nmiih'a  niup,  puhliNlnd  tlinr  ur  four  vaani 
hrfurit,  ami  iiartl^  in  rtMiirnihranri'  ui  ihc  v<  rv  kind  and 

*  Mortiin  aiiya,  "  Ttiia  ta  thtmaht  I"  1*4  a  plai  a  caUrtl  Nnm* 
akekut."  A  iiwi'k  which  iHtw  luiara  tha  iiania  of  aitaliit,  Iiaa 
hctwuon  E'titliiun  ami  lUf'VKh ;  Ulatant  alNiut  Ihri***  or  foul 
nillaa  wwalwanl  fmin  Niiuarl ;  iho  ai'at  itf  a  Irlha  of  Imhana 
who  (at  Ihay  aUerwanU  laarnail)  inmltt  Ihia  altiuk. 

t  Tha  UinlanL-a  aim  tly  ai.'ri>a«  Iha  liay  frnm  Skakit  la  abniil 
Iwnlvf  Ivayutia ;  in  Wnica'a  Aiuula  U  la  aaiJ  thty  aalla'l  Ikftaas 
laaipiaa. 

t  Ttna  lalanil  haa  aver  amra  homa  iha  nama  nf  f'lartl 
lalanil,  frutn  Iha  ntatu  nf  tha  ahlp,  Iha  Ural  man  who  aiappa^ 
iirt  atiura.  Tlie  cuve  wharathry  wura  inJanfur,  haa  twlWMii 
the  Uurnet  llaad^  and  >a«uiih  Polnlf  at  tha  antranca  of  flf* 
nioulh  Buy. 

%  Tho  luck  nil  whtrh  Ihav  llrat  atappad  aahora,  al  hlib 
water  la  now  ciu'lnauit  with  a  wharf.    Tha   upparpartal 
hna  hi-i-n  avparatail  frmn  Iha  l<mt>r  part,  ami  ilrawn  Uilo  U4 

tn,  whara  M  la  A^ 


iiiitiiH;  Ri)tiara  nf  tha  town 


inyii 


hniuialii'tl  hy  tha  naitta  uf  Tlia  rnntfutnar'a  Mnrli-  Ita  Wi 
uf  Darembar  tU«oii|lan  itylo)  la  ragaraad  ty  Um  pMfU  m 
riyoMMM  aa  a  foatlnl. 


•  lOOMArNIRS   Of  Tlin    KARI.V    lilMiovrHrilft 


I  hoilM* 

■•rryini 
J(h  imni 
fu(  l«9. 
|H'y  hM 
•liicb 

ll  Iw  CO- 

I'll  luiul- 
lAiiil'a 
liiic  ur- 
u  iilai't 
I'tlli'd 
lir  ynn 
|iiiil  itnil 

111  Niun- 
Ikii,  !>•• 
i  iir  foul 
IliwIiaM 

III  •binti 

II  ilfUMI 

j  I'lini 


MiIMmm>M<  •(  I'liiMmtk,  ilM  tiMl  fMt  •<  «k«ir  wMt«* 

Ai  inn  um»  awwH  •>*  tlw  |i»tn>l»  li»>l(f»>l  •«  iMwi, 
Mkl  Htltf  r«  an  "fcoil  iIm  tliil*.  «tWll  hi  *t  '•'»  'I'""""* 
a(  *  mila  <'•(  4  ItaW  Inw  IM  IMBt  M  <•*)'•<  ili»  i>4« 
«M  •«•,  >h»rii  i>«iW  •>•  w»  MillWIWItHtwK  li«i«««n 
IhiHI  Ihi  Iha  Itik  »<  UniMn.  ••'<  xflt  w  M« 
HimiKK^.  M  li.iotiMir  I  irxr  4ii<(  Mr  NfixMtfil  Uf 
tivk  in  Imt  41  ih*  •lunlwiM'a.  iha  ilMi«ka4  km<,  *<* 

(•••M  •<   *  4MCll,    »4H»W    <»fl    »«,  4n4    wa*  4ilW»    ..m 

tMnwii  .  Hill  kf  the  linwly  4»Mi4iH>a  af  tha  |mi|iU  mi 
ttMwa,  Ika  Uiool  (Mil  a^  tka  hmlilintf  <>4«  pn<ai»il 
lltia  «*«ra  i4*fa>4i<ail  ih*'ir  <»H**Im  »uw\  «if  4<tiiiiiintii«Hi, 
•mI  4*>i->4l  luaaiail  (i»i«  ,  lull  kaptiil*  ih«  Itf*  M  nil 
••wk  tkam  rita  lira  «4a  4«an  kf  iha  iwivti  *n  li«4nl 
Ika  4ktf,  ok*  ••uM  MM  'iHtH  an  ikMfa  iill  •«  Kimf  »l 
|MW4m4  Itirf  wan  graaily  aUrmaJ  4I  Ika  4|i|n<4f 
■n^a,  karaiia*  liau  man,  wftn  kail  air^NaiJ  inut  iha 
wamla,  <••?■  mlaaiiiif,  aiul  thaf  oara  4|i||fahaiiaiii>'  iImi 
Ik*  Indiana  kwl  inaJa  an  altaak  nn  <ka  liaaa  In  iha 
a«anin||  ika  ainillara  kniml  iliai>  oaf  Vnoa,  aliinial 
ilaa«lMitk  ktin||vr,  faliifiia  ami  fulil 

Iha  Iwil  aaalhar  ami  aatara  hanlalM|ia  >M  whHit  1I114 
•iHnnany  warn  ai^maail,  in  a  rhinaia  miiah  inii«a  ri|{(>f 
u»»  Ikaii  any  I*  whiak  Ikay  ka4  ant  kaan  ao'iialmiiaal, 
lailk  Ik*  arofkiiliu  kakila  ri>ntraala4  In  Ihrir  «<>y4Ka, 
•ml  ky  litinii  a«  king  wi  thiiilManl.  ranaail  a  Kraal 
imirUlily  4ni«inir  ikain  in  ik«  winlar  lladira  Iha  nwnih 
•(  Apfll,  noarly  mia  hall  *  af  Ihain  iliail  Al  Mima 
liinaa,  Iha  nHntlnii  of  Ika  aMk  waa  an  (rati,  Ikal  nn* 
mwa  ikan  an  nr  aanan  «ar*  III  for  iliily,  ami  Ihaaa  wan 
almnal  whutly  aiiipUivail  in  ailaniliiiji  ihii  tick  'I'ha 
ahip'a  ritmpany  waa  in  iha  aaina  adualMn  ;  ami  <.'4|>^ 
lam  Jnnaa,  Ikiiiinh  aafiiaally  ilaiimia  In  Ml  away, 
waa  •lijigail  In  aiay  nil  A|iiil,  kating  inat  ww  Mil  u(  hi« 
man 

lly  Iha  haglnnlng  af  Marrk,  Iha  (avarnaf  waa  an  far 
Ivroiirrail  iit  hia  Hral  lilnaaa,  Ihal  ha  waa  ahia  la  w<lk 
Ihrtn  iiiiUa,  lu  1  ail  r  \tt\f  i>uihI  whuh  fraiiria  III!- 
Iin|{iiin  hail  iliafuvrrril  rrnin  llw  ln|i  uf  a  Ira*  un  a  hill 
Al  Ural  11  waa  aii|i|a)a<i|  lu  \m  (larl  iif  Iha  nraan  1  bill 
II  prunail  lu  ll*  Iha  hnail  walar  uf  iha  hnaik  whirh  riina 
l>V  Iha  liiwn  It  haa  f  var  ainra  tniriia  ih*  nam*  of  Iha 
Hril  iti»:tf«arar,  whirh  wauid  niharwiaa  ha**  b**n  fui' 
giiilan 

Hilkaria  Ikoy  hail  nul  aam  any  of  Iha  nallir**  at  Ihia 
plac*  'Ilia  nuiiiaj  nraiilnii'*  wiiirh  raKail  lhrn'i||h  iha 
)  ciinlrv,  fiHir  yaara  nffiirr,  hail  aliiiini  ilr|Hi|iiil.ili^il  11 
On*  raniaikalila  rirriiinalanrn  aliriiiliiin  Ihia  |iaalil*M* 
»ta  nm  known  nil  allrr  Una  ■rlll«inaiil  waa  mail*.  A 
Kiinrh  akip  hail  In-m  wmkail  wi  Caii*  i'-ai.  'IIm 
man  war*  nurii,  ami  Iha  |irii>iainna  aiM  uuwla.  'I'll* 
li',i'«*a  k*|i<  Itirir  rya  on  thani  lill  ihay  loitnil  an  op- 
|n>iiii".ily  10  kill  all  hut  Ihra*  of  four,  aiul  ilivnl*  Ihair 
jintiija.  'I'd*  ta|ili«aa  wtf*  t*nl  fniiii  on*  irili*  lo  aiMi' 
thar,  aa  alaat*.  UlM  of  thani  laarnnl  «i  iiiiirh  of  tliair 
langiMg*.  M  M  tell  Ihom  that  "<lu<l  waa  aiinry  with 
IMI  Nt  Ikalt  rnifliy,  ami  wuiilil  daalioy  thain,  anil 
tivt  dMir  ntunlry  lo  anolhar jN>u|iln  "  'I'hay  anawriati 
MM  "Ihay  w*n  too  many  fur  Owl  to  kill  "  11*  ra- 
pli*4,  Ihal  "  if  lhay  war*  rvar  ao  many,  Uuil  had  many 
waya  to  kill  Ihrin  of  which  Ihay  waru  than  iKiiurant.  ' 
Wlwn  Ilia  malilaiH'*  raina  ainniiu  ihrin,  (a  naw  diaaaif, 
rrntwhly  th*  yollow  Tavrr.)  lliry  rrmriiiln'ri'il  Ih* 
Frani'hinan'a  worila  ;  ami  whrn  ihn  I'lyinuiiih  aclllura 
arri«*ii  al  I'ap  Tml,  lhi>  faw  aiiryi«iir4  iin*|(iii>d  that 
Ih*  ollu'r  |Mrl  iif  liia  |irrilirlioii  would  anon  Imi  arroiii- 
pliahrd.  Noon  afti'r  llii'ir  ariiral,  thii  Indian  prii'ala  or 
inwowa  coiKriinl,  and  prrlurinad  Ihair  inrtnutiniia  in 
a  dark  awanip  thrr*  daya  amraaaivaly,  with  a  viaw  tti 
nirae  and  ilaalniy  Ihe  new  rumi'ra  Had  Ihay  himwn 
Iha  iiiiirliilily  which  ratfrd  aiiiunii  thain,  Ihry  would 
iliiulillaaa  hava  rfjnii'rd  in  ilia  aiirraaa  of  Ihrir  riidi'a- 
«i>r>,  and  minhl  wry  atiily  havn  taken  advanla||a  of 
Ihair  wraknaaa  to  attcriniiiala  tlmin  Hut  nuna  n( 
Ihcm  wars  aaan  till  aflrr  Ilia  aiikni'aa  had  ahaird  ; 
Ihoiiiih  aoiiia  Ionia,  which  had  lien  Irlt  111  III*  wooda, 
wan  iniaainK,  which  lhay  had  atiilan  in  llw  niifht 

On  Ihe  Biilvaiilh  of  Miri-h,  whrn  Iha  ipriiiK  waa  ao 
lai  advancrd  aa  lo  jnvila  tliam  In  inaka  llirir  uardnna,  * 
a*«a||*  cam*  hnldly  inlii  Iha  place  aluiiii,  walked  tliruiiKh 
Ihe  atrrri  lo  ihn  rendenvoiia  or  alorpliauae,  and  pro- 
kouneed  Ih*  worda  Wrltiimt  Eoglithmm  I  hia  nam* 
%aa  N*moa*l ;  h*  bcloii||t'd  lu  *  plac*  diatant  fivo  daya 

•Ilia  aisct  bill  of  innrtallly  aa  rallaclail  tiv  Mr.  Priiica,  ti 
■*  Mlowa ; 

or  lliaia,    11 


In  b*cain*iar,  A 
ta  January,  « 
Mnhruary,  ly 
bMiiitk,       II 

IMd.  it 


wara  ■iiharrlHara  lo 
Ihn  rWll  compart. 
n  warn  woman,  cinl- 
■Iran  awl  aaivaiiii. 


|MifMy  U)  fka  a**lw4Ml,  ami  k«4  Mmatl  M  tka  llak*r 

HM*  t»  a|i*ak  kwkan  t^nflM^i 

M*  waa  naai>ait  wi«k  kimln*a«  and  h«at<U*<iiy,  and 
k«   inftirmad    lliam,  "  «k.>l  hn  >lia  lila  pa<i,lan«a,  ami  a 
CaAH  IMM4  war.  Ilia  niiinffar  m*  ftia  »o,,nii>iti«n  hut   '*-^^ 
•If    iliiHlnlalii  li     llial   mM   inwfa   limit   •*»»  111  lwri>**   ,,^ 
niaift^d  '    lli'll    Iha   Bpot    -*liar*   lliay    t»¥f»    ««^    <*,  411.1 

■444    ««ll«d    l'..l..l..    i.    4... I    ll  'Hii|l,     I •,!»     |ii.|., 1:1111,. 

•  ll  a. fit  ll Ill     •    ...,  ..1  11  I.  !••  ■!  •   I   11   ■.!••    I  •  'I  "-<:•=  ■■ 

I  kla  aai-HMtil  .4  44  <  uiiliriiicil  I'f  ''k*  t  tr.  ■  i  Ml  I'n   li*l44, 
iha  niimhar  III   gravaa,  and  Mi*  rantiMMi*  nl  akabiona 


If  mil  MH  Ilia  griitind 

iTia     41'iiMlMl     Willi 


k*  *aa 
nnn  mH 


ha  It4«l  >ia«ii  aliaaiti  Innn  mHiia  9t^\\k  iti«Mft4,  iiari  mi 
Iha  iiiiia  4in«inK  Iha  Nailaala,  Ih,  11  na  irwal  naiiiMiwT'i  4' 
Ilia  •niiihaaal,  wh«  wvia  4h<iiil  mm  huiidrad  alrwiif,  and 
mnra  Uialy  arnmig  lit*  W*in|i*iia*K4  al  Ika  waalwtrd, 
*Im  wara  ahiiiil  4itly  ,  Ihal  lia  Ii4jliaard  nt  Iha  aliaak 
iiiaila  an  ihani  hy  iha  .N4il4ata  41  .N4mall*kal  ,  ihal 
llicaa  pail^tla  wara  hitl  of  raariiltnaiil  4tf4m4l  Iha  l.iirn 
iia4n4.  ml  an  mini  it  Iha  jiarildy  ii(  ll'iiii,  maaiar  •>!  411 
V!i<nll4h  faaaal  who  had  4>niia  yaaia  lialnra  ih*  liaall 
li-iii  a  dm  iiyad  aiHiia  ill  Iha  ii4lli»'4.  (twaitl|  Irilill  r4liik 
4at  »%h\  —^mfH  frillll  .N4ll4aM  IIM  liilanl  hi4  allip,  illtd  4illd 

Ikain  ahrtMil  44  4l*iaa  ,  Ih4i  iliay  Iml  killrd  ihraa  I,iik 
hah  fl4hariHan,  haaidaa  Iha  ^'ratii'hiii*it  aliirainaniiufiad 
in  ra>aii||«  fur  ihM  alfrimi  M*  alao  i|a<*  iiiluriiiaiiiin 
i)f  Iha  liMi  liHiU,  anil  priiiiii4ad  M  aaa  itiain  raaiiirtd  I 
and  Ihal  ha  would  hrtin/iha  iiaiiiaa  ui  Ir4da  wiih  Iham  '* 

Mainuaal  liaintf  iti4ini44ai|  wiih  a  praaanl,  raiuriird 
Ih*  Mil  day  with  h«a  mora  nf  Iha  nalKaa,  hrin||iii|| 
Ik*  alolan  limla,  ami  4  (aw  akiiia  fur  lra<l*  'I'hay  wara 
diainiaaad  wiih  a  rf<|Hi'4l  lo  tiring  iiuira,  whirth  lhay  pro 
nilaad  In  a  faw  day*  NjiimmvI  lai|fnad  lllliiaall  ali-k. 
and  rainainad  ,  fiiit  44  I114  aiHii|ianii»ii4  did  mil  raliirii  41 
Ih*  lima,  k*  waa  aaiil  lu  imjiiira  Iha  raaaon 

(ht  iIm  tUnd  h*  raiiiriiad,  in  cmnpany  with  Hipi-iniu 
or  Niiiianliiin,  a  naliya  nl  I'atiikaal,  and  Ilia  uiilr  una 
than  living  II*  waa  una  ul  Iha  Iwviily  whom  lluiii 
had  carnail  away  ,  ha  had  liaan  auld  in  Hpaiit.  had  liwd 
in  I<ondun  wiih  luhn  NIany  MarcliaM,  'rraaaiirar  uf  Iha 
iNawruundlanil  riim|wny  \  had  l**ni*d  Ih*  Knuliah 
lan||ua|{a,  and  cama  liack  10  hia  native  cuunlry  with  Iha 
Itaharman  'I'haaa  two  jiaratiiia  wara  dapiilad  tiy  Iha 
aachain  ufth*  VVump*n**||a,  Mt  §*>>  t,  il,'  whoav  ra- 
aidanc*  wa*  al  Nowwna  or  I'okanukal,  un  Ih*  Narr4 
1(4114*1  Uaji,  W  MIMiinr*  hia  inminu,  ami  hriiig  aonia 
•  kiiia  M  •  ^aanl  In  alHiut  an  fuiiir,  ihn  aacham, 
with  kll  bralher  l^«  dr  fm  aaA,  and  hia  whole  lore*  ul 
Mlly  man,  ap|i*arad  on  Iha  hill  over  a||ainai  lliain 
ll(|iianluin  waa  aanf  lo  know  liia  plaaaiira,  ami  returnad 
with  Ih*  aacham'a  reipiaal,  that  one  of  the  company 
ahould  com*  lu  him.  Ddward  \\  iiialuw  iiniiirdiataly 
want  alone,  carryinK  a  prrtant  in  hia  Iwiid,  wilh  the  yo- 
variior  a  complimeiila,  deairiiia  to  aao  the  aat  hem,  and 
ruler  on  a  friendly  Inaty.  Maaaaaoil  left  Winalow  in 
the  eiiatmly  uf  hia  hrathar,  to  whom  another  praatint  waa 
trade,  and  takiiitl  twenty  of  hia  men,  uiiaruird,  ilravaiiil. 
ad  the  hill  lowarda  the  hrouk,  ovrr  winch  lay  a  iag  lirulge 
(.'apttin  Milaa  Ntandiah,  al  th*  head  uf  ail  men,  met 
hull  al  th*  hriMk,  and  aacortad  him  and  liia  tram  lu  one 
of  the  heal  huuaea,  where  Ihn*  or  four  cuahioiia  wrte 
placed  on  a  graen  rug,  apraad  over  the  fluur.  'I'h* 
governor  cam*  in,  nreceedrd  hy  a  driiiii  and  Inimpel, 
ihn  aoiiiid  of  which  grratly  ilrliKliIrd  lh«  Indiana. 
Alter  mutual  aaliilatioiia,  lie  entered  into  converaalion 
with  Ihe  aachrm,  which  laaiird  in  *  treaty  'I'll*  aril- 
rira  ware,  "(I  )  That  nrillirr  he  niir  liia  ihuuld  injure 
any  uf  our'a.  (9  )  That  if  Ihey  did,  he  iliuuld  avnu  ihv 
ulleiider,  that  ir<  might  piiniah  hitii  (!! )  That  if  our 
liKila  were  taken  away,  ho  ahuuld  reature  them  (4) 
That  if  any  unjuillf  warred  againal  liiiii,  we  wuiild  aid 
liiin  ;  and  if  any  warred  agauml  iia,  he  ahould  aid  iia. 
(A  )  That  he  ahould  certify  lila  neighbor  cuiitrdrraira 
nf  thia,  that  they  might  not  wrong  ua,  but  be  conipriaed 
in  th*  cundiliuna  uf  iicace.  (0  )  That  when  their  men 
came  lu  ua,  Ihey  ahould  lea**  thoir  liowa  and  arruwa 
behind  them  ;  aa  wa  ahould  lea**  our  piecaa  when  we 
came  to  them.  (7  )  Thai  m  doing  Ihua,  King  JaMia 
would  ratoem  hint  aa  hia  friend  and  ally." 

The  conference  bring  ended,  and  the  company  hav- 
ing been  entertatnrd  with  aiich  rerrcahmeiita  aa  Ihe 
plac*  atlonled.  tlie  aachem  returned  to  hia  camp.  'I'liia 
treaty,  th*  work  of  one  day,  being  huneally  intended  on 
liolh  aidea,  waa  kept  with  fidelity  aa  lung  aa  Maaaaaoit 
lived,  but  waa  afterward  brokrn  by  i'hilip,  hia  lucceaaur 

The  Iient  day  Maaaaaoil  aeiit  fur  aumoof  lli*  Kngliah 
loviait   him.     Captain  8taiidiah   and   liaao  Allerion 

•  Mr.  Prliiro  laya  tlim  Ma-4a4K*r>*lt  I4  a  word  of  four  ayl* 
Iali|p4,  and  waa  «u  priuiouncrd  liy  Ilia  antioiil  [mu^la  uf  Ply* 
uiiiiilh.  Tina  ruiiiurli  I4  i-iintUiiied  liy  ilia  iii.iiiiii-r  111  wliith 
It  in  Npellad  In  lonie  part4  uf  Mr.  WinalowU  Narrative,  Ma- 
>da-u-w*t. 


■ana,  w*f*  kii>#f  ^eaiv*4  tMii  W*«*«4  •Nil 
niita  41*4  l*h**c« 

Iha    Willi* 

lant  lit  .1111    liartji  1111^4.4  .    imti  ll«|ti4ii«b|Mi  «iui  kaiMMel  f^ 
'>l>t<ll>d  41  I'lyiWWUUil,  iilill  iWfl^|rl,.4  Ika   ..mi^lli  ifie*  !• 

y4*m  IhitW  *«mt.  «l«i  draaa  it  aiiih  Snriui,;.,  vM  whiah  «■ 
"wiaaMaai  4iMkM;^  nine  into  ih*  iMMika  Ika  gnaoM 
Hii.li  ihif  p*m*i  «iMk  fmn  **»  twmy  *«i»a  Dwy 
H*ait  III  ^tm  Wilk  kwley  ali4  f*vi;  Urn  fufiMt 
j.<eld(»4  KU  indi^MWa*  aov  1  kii«  tlia  laiur  >kilia  |>M««M 
«  nil  <<Ba  ^vat,  tnd  M«"  a*  nfi  -xtn 

\<l  f\;sM  4wy  wara  r^gr^  n,  'M\  l**4».  Ht  wkiali  ■> 
«k>.re  ahk*  amfilHyail  ve  itm  ^\\,  af  \^(  (ih*  4if  M 
whuh  llw  thif  aailti  tiii  Xi)glu/Ml)  "i-uvarnM  i'ttnt 
name  Kill  ■(  ll>a  lirW.  ^  Maaw.  c«»(<l*uiiiag  af  t  ^m  m 
hi4  kaad,  aauw  . '.  i|i»  kwvl  Hfi  tk«  awn  ll  aMM  if 
ptivid  kMii  lit  MM  -  iiiiar*  •^  iw  a  (aw  4»ya  |n>t  an  and 
lu  hia  hii.  T*  >h*  |. '  <  v  ^'';j,t  nf  :!iia  inl*M  |dwiUiian. 
Ha  waa  b—"''^^  «  mI  ■**  kwHNa  wkwk  aawld  k« 
aliHwn  U>  !*>'  '"""luiy  af  a  gaud  man  k*  agiataful  |i*<^ 
pla  llni;  niau  ^''la  under  arm*,  and  knd  aaiaiai  *ii^ 
liaa  avM  ki*  |fi«>«  III  4f(keiK>ti«ia  wila,  aaaauawn 
wiiK  her  tiMa,  am  ..trd  him  hiil  iw  ^vaaka 

.Mr  I'arvvr  la  rapfaaaiilt-d  4*  «inaa  afgHt*!  ^ffudanca. 
Intagriiy,  ami  Itrinnaaa  ul  mind  M*  k44  a  gu^  i  a*i;ti,<i 
in  I  iigland,  which  k*  apanl  in  Iha  aniigraliix'  - 1  IW- 
lana  and  .\inaiiaa  II*  waa  mm  mI  uw  laiaitioat  in  a«- 
liiin,  ami  >HHa  a  Urga  aliai*  uf  aulfaringa  in  th*  aaxira 
ol  Iha  I'liliHiv.  wImi  f-iMillibHl  III  linn  aa  ihair  Itiand  anil 
lather  I'laty,  humility,  aint  Imnavutama,  war*  enit- 
Haul  traiia  in  kia  character ,  and  it  la  parlMiilafly  !»• 
marked  ttMl  in  Ilia  lima  of  gaiiaral  a«t  knaea,  wkiek  Ih^ 
fi'l  III!  i'ufiiny,  ami  wilh  wim-ii  ha  waa  affai^lad,  alter  ha 
had  hiiiiaall  raiaveml,  ha  waa  aaauluuua  111  atiatiding 
Ilia  4U'k,  ami  |iarlurming  llw  ||||hi|  hmnilialing  aartiea* 
liir  litem,  withiMI  an*  diaiiiwtwii  wf  peraun*  u<  «kafa4< 
lata 

I  In*  of  hia  grandaona  lived  ta  iha  age  af  ana  htindfetl 
ami  two  yaara  ,  and  *IhhiI  llw  huddle  uf  llw  praaaul 
century  ( I  f  AA)  ha,  liia  auii,  gramUun,  and  great  gran^" 
auii,  wara  all,  al  iha  aaiiw  linw,  al  work  in  Ilia  aaia* 
field,  wliilal  an  infant  uf  th*  fifth  gaiMialia*  «*a  lailhM 
Iha  hoiiae,  al  Maiahflald 

Ilia  niainnry  of  lluvarnar  Carter  la  alill  kaU  in  ■» 
liein  ,  a  ahip  bvluiiging  to  I'lyinuulh  now  liaara  lit* 
iiaiiia  ;  and  hia  hriMiTawurd  la  dauoaiiad,  aa  a  auiioallVi 
III  Iha  cabinet  uf  llw  lllalorical  naaiaty,  al  Uaatan 

WM.I.IAM   Ult.\t)ruRtX 

William  na«Broa»--Mi4  Hirth  ainf  KiliuBtiiui  lUiia^rate 
Aiii«li  riUili  Al  •'iilii|i4iila4  liia  Adviiiituriiri  lu  Naw  K*a* 
Uial  Ilia  Wlln  ftrimiiril— I'laMan  l^tvariair  nf  Naw  Pt*« 
uiMiiiii--l'oii4|ili4t-y  uf  lUa  Indiana  -lia  adnata  Maaattraaef 
IhliiiMa  -aiiiraiiilvrn  ttia  Pataitt  to  tlw  Culuny  Ilia  Walk 
ami  t'liara^lai  -  II14  I>a4canit4iit4. 

M'ii,i.uM  ll««nro*n  waa  bom  in  lAM,  *i  An*l*f> 
field,  an  obaciin  village  in  tk*  Morlh  of  England  Hw 
parriita  dying  when  h*  waa  yuiing,  ha  waa  cducaladi 
lliat  by  hie  grand  parente,  and  allerwaida  by  hia  iiualaa, 
III  the  piacticv  of  agrieulliira  Hia  (laleriial  inlwriuna* 
waa  conaidarabl*  ;  but  h*  had  no  uiner  laarning  bu 
»uch  ia  generally  falta  lu  the  ahar*  uf  ill*  cbildran  al 
hiiabandmen. 

Al  twelve  yeara  of  aga,  hia  mind  haeama  a*hoii*lif 
im|inaa*d  by  divin*  truth,  in  reading  the  Mcripliii** ; 
and  aa  li*  incrraard  in  yeara,  a  native  firnineaa  enablad 
him  10  vindicate  hia  opinion*  againal  uii|iuaituiii  Daing 
•tigniatiaed  aa  a  Nepariitiat,  he  waa  nbliged  lu  liear  Um 
fruwna  ul  liia  relativea,  ai<d  th*  arult'  of  hia  neigktaen ) 
hill  nothing  could  divert  or  intimidate  him  'roin  atlriid- 
iiig  on  the  minialry  of  Mr  Hiehatd  Clifton,  and  con- 
necting hmiaelf  with  the  church  over  which  ha  and  Mi 
Koliinaon  preaided. 

When  Im  waa  eighl**n  yeara  old,  h*  joined  in  Umu 
allempi  to  go  over  lo  Holland,  and  waa  un*  nf  Ifi* 
aeven  who  were  impriauned  at  lioaton,  m  liinc<«lnaliir*, 
aa  la  already  related  in  Ihe  III*  of  lluDinaon ;  bul  ha 
waa  aooii  libaratad  on  account  of  bia  youth.  Ha  wit 
alao  one  of  Ihoaa  who,  iha  neil  year,  Had  from  Uriinabf 
(,'unmiun,  when  (wrt  of  th*  company  want  to  **i,  latf 
purl  were  taken  by  the  purauivanl* 

After  aomo  time,  he  went  over  to  Zealand,  ihrongh 
variuua  difllculliea ;  and  waa  no  eaonar  aal  on  ahoru, 
than  a  malicioua  paaaenger  in  the  aama  *aae*l,  accuaad 
him  balbra  iha  Lhitch  magiatrat**,  ■*  a  lugiliv*  from 
Kngland.  Uut  when  they  underatood  iha  cauaa  of  hia 
emigration,  they  gava  him  protaclion,  and  p*rmia*ioa 
to  Mim  hia  bralhron  at  Ainaterdain. 

It  being  imjioaaibl*  for  him  to  proaacul*  agneull 
■  lid,  ■ 


in  Holland,  he  waa  obliged  to  betake  himaelf  lo 
other  buaineaa  ;  and  baiiig  then  under  age,  h«  put  hin^ 
a«lf  aa  an  iiiprfnlK*  tu  •  rniMb  PioMiUal,  niM 


AMERICAN  IIIHTOUr. 


I       , 


'■'. 

.1  , 

U  •  irt  of  ulk^yinit.     Ai  mmii  m  ha  it- 
I  the  «e»n  of  mtnhood,  lir  miIiI  hi*  mlarniil  nilaln 
M  Kiifltml,  (ihI  •nlnml  on  •  coinin«Kiil  life,  iii  whuh 
bv  wna  imt  vary  Aiicrfituriil 

Whrii  llw  (-'hurch  of  l,4>viliin  conirin|il*trd  t  re- 
movil  to  Aiiiorira.  Ilriillnrcf  irnloiidv  eiiKa|{rd  in  lh« 
umttirtiliinK,  ind  rim«  Willi  ihr  lirat  coiii|MMy,  in  IIWO, 
to  ('i[m  (.'od  WliiUl  Ihn  ahip  liy  in  thnt  hnrlior,  hii 
«•■  on»  of  thi^  forfriMixt  in  Hiv  kt'viTHl  hrfZiinloua  at- 
«mpta  tt/  find  a  |>ru;-Kr  |ila<'i<  Inr  llii'  arat  nf  llio  colony 
ill  ont  01  wliirh  h«.  with  oihcra  of  Iho  |)rihci|>al  |H*r- 
■oiia,  narn  wlv  oacapi^  the  drairuction  which  throat* 
•ned  tht^il  ahattoii  l)n  hia  ri'turn  trnin  tliia  nxi'iiraioii 
In  ll.r  ahip  with  ilm  )nyfiil  iii'wa  of  hatinK  loiiiid  an 
harhor,  and  a  |)lacn  inr  arltlmnont,  he  had  ihr  niurtiti- 
cilinn  10  hear  that,  during  hia  aharnrc,  hia  wife  had 
•rcidenlally  fallen  jnlo  the  aea,  and  waa  drowned. 

After  the  aiitldeii  death  of  Uovernor  (.!arver,  the  infant 
colony  eaat  their  eyea  on  Unidford  to  aiircecd  him  i 
bvt  being  tt  that  tune  ao  very  ill,  that  hu  life  waa  de- 
•pairMl  of,  they  waited  for  hia  recovery,  and  then  in- 
Tfclad  him  with  the  command.  He  waa  in  the  Ihirty- 
Ihird  year  of  hie  age ,  hia  wiadoin,  piety,  fortitude,  and 
giMiliiMt  of  heart,  wore  ao  conapicuoua  aa  to  merit  Iho 
•ineero  eateem  nf  the  people,  ('arver  had  been  alone 
In  roinmand.  They  confided  in  hia  prudence,  that  he 
•uild  not  adventure  on  any  inaiirr  of  iiionient  without 
IImi  cona^nl  of  the  people,  or  the  adviic  of  the  wiacat. 
To  Uradfoid  they  appointed  an  aaaiatani,  laaac  Aller- 
tall,  not  bccauae  they  had  not  the  aame  conlidcnco  in 
h'lii,  but  partly  for  the  aake  of  regularity,  and  partly  on 
ti  t'ounl  of  hi*  precarioua  health.  They  appointed  hut 
•itu,  becauae  they  were  ao  reduced  in  number,  that  to 
have  made  a  greater  diaproportion  lietween  ruler*  and 
people  would  nave  been  abaurd  ;  and  they  knew  that 
.1  would  alwaya  be  in  their  power  to  incrcaae  the  num- 
ber at  their  pleiaure.  Their  voluntary  coiiibiiiation 
waa  designed  only  aa  i  tciiiporary  eipeilient,  till  they 
■hould  obtain  a  charier  under  the  aulborily  of  tlieir  aovo- 
icign. 

One  of  the  fini  act*  of  Dradford'a  adininiatration, 
waa,  by  the  advice  of  the  company,  to  acnd  Kdward 
Wiiialow  and  Stephen  llupkina  to  Maaaaaoit,  with 
Squinto  for  their  guide.  The  deaign  of  thia  enibaany 
waa  to  einlorf'  tlix  country,  to  conlirin  the  Icif^ue,  to 
.tun  the  tituation  ami  atrcngth  of  their  new  friend,  to 
carry  some  preaenta,  to  apologize  for  aoinc  niiatichavior, 
>o  regulate  the  intercourae  between  ihcin  niid  th.i  In- 
dians, and  to  procure  ae'sd-corn  for  thu  next  planting 
Mtaon. 

Thcae  gentlemen  found  the  aachem  at  Pokanokct,' 
•tout  forty  inilea  from  Plymouth.  They  delivered  tlie 
preaente,  renewed  the  friendahiji,  and  aatiafiid  thein- 
•el>v;i  reapecting  the  atrcngth  ol^lhe  nativca,  which  did 
not  appear  formidable,  nor  waa  the  entcrtainrneiit  which 
Ihey  received  either  liberal  or  aplendid.  The  inarka  of 
ileaolat^on  and  death,  by  reaaon  of  the  |>eatilcnce,  were 
very  conapicuoua.  in  all  the  country  throu),'h  which  they 
paaaed  ;  i<ul  Ihey  were  informed  that  the  Narragaiiacta, 
wbo  reaidad  ?n  the  wi  alcm  ahoro  of  the  bay  of  that 
Mroe,  weie  very  numemua,  and  that  thu  peatilciicr  had 
aol  reached  them. 

After  the  return  of  thia  emhnaay.  another  waa  aent 
tu  Naiiaot,  to  recorer  a  l>oy  who  had  atn^ulod  from 
Plymouth,  and  hid  oeen  tikon  up  by  aoiiic  of  the  In- 
disu  of  that  place.  They  were  ao  fortunate  aa  to  lo- 
tover  the  boy,  and  to  make  peace  with  A'pinct  the 
•aehem,  when  they  paid  for  the  aecd-corn  wl.ich  they 
bad  taken  out  of  the  ground  at  Paomct,  in  the  preced- 
ing autumn.  During  thia  eipedition  an  old  woiiibii, 
who  had  never  before  acen  any  white  people,  burst  into 
leara  of  grief  and  rage  al  the  si)(ht  of  them.  Kho  had 
loat  three  aona  by  the  |>ertidy  of  'I'homaa  Hunt,  who 
decoyed  them,  wl|h  others,  on  board  Ilia  ahip,  and  aold 
liism  for  a!avea.  S<]uanto,  who  « a;  present,  told  her 
Mat  he  bad  been  earned  awuy  at  the  same  time ;  that 
Hunt  was  a  bad  man  ;  that  hia  countrymen  disapproved 
Ui  conduct,  and  that  the  Knglish  at'  Plymouth  would 
■01  offer  them  any  injury.  I'hia  declaration,  accoin- 
■Klied  by  a  amall  preaMnt.  appeased  her  anger,  though 
It  wa*  im|)088ible  to  remove  the  cause  of  her  griei'. 

It  was  fortunate  for  the  colony  that  'hey  had  aecured 
Iho  friendahip  of  Masaaaoil ;  for  hia  influence  was  found 
to  be  very  extenaive.  He  wa*  regarded  and  rcve- 
•cnced  by  all  tbo  naliTes,  from  the  bey  of  Narraganaet 

*  Ttiis  waa  a  general  name  for  the  nortliem  khore  of  tlie 
Narraganaet  Bay.  between  Providence  and  Taunton  rivers. 
and  conpreliendin?  the  present  townshii'S  of  Bristol,  V  arrun, 
aod  Barrington.  in  ttie  Slate  uf  ithudn  Island,  and  Sv  anzey 
In  Maaaachuaetta.  Ita  northern  extent  ii  unknown.  The 
ntncinal  aeats  of  the  aachem  were  at  Sowams  and  Kikemuit. 
Ilia  nrmer  la  a  neck  of  land  formed  by  the  confliiQiice  of 
I  and  Palaar'a  ri  'era ;  the  lat'c   >  Mount  Ifnna 


*<>  that  uf  Maaaachuwti*.  Though  aome  of  the  petty 
aachi'ina  were  'lia|Nie*d  to  be  jealo"a  uf  the  new  co' 
lony.  and  to  diatiirb  lit  peace,  yet  Ihei,  mutual  coiino<'' 
lion  with  .Maaaaaoil  proved  Iho  meaiia  of  ita  preaerva- 
tion  ;  n*  a  proof  of  which,  nine  nf  the  aailieiiia  \olun- 
tarily  came  to  I'lymoulh,  and  aiiliscrilH'd  an  iiutriiiiieiil 
uf  aiibinKBion  in  (he  following  Irriiia,  vi>. 

".Septeniher    13,   Anno  Dmiiiiii    Itl'Jl.     Know   all 
men  Itv  theae  preaenta.  that  wt',  wIionc  ii  unca  are  U'l- 
derwriilcn,  do  ni'kiiowled;;a  uuravlvia  Ic  'lu  llu'  loyal 
aiilijecta  of  King  Jaiiiea,  king  of  (ireut  llrii    ii  Kniiicu, 
and  Iri'lai.d,  Helender  of  the  t'ailh,  iVc.     In  wilnvas 
wheri'of,  and  aa  a  teatimonial  of  the  aaiiin,  we  have 
auba<:rilii'd  our  iiainea.  ur  marka,  a*  folluwi'ih  : 
Dhipiainehud,     .Nattawahunl,     <juadt<|uina, 
(.'awiiacome,      CauiibatanI,       Huttamoiden, 
Obbaiinut,         Chikalabak,       A|iannow." 

Hobamak,  another  of  tbeaa  aiibordinate  chief*,  came 
and  look  up  hia  reaidence  hI  Plymouth,  where  ho 
continued  aa  a  faithful  guide  and  inicrpreler  as  long  aa 
ho  lived,  'i'he  Indiana  uf  the  iaiand  of  Capawuck, 
which  had  now  obtained  the  namo  uf  Martha'a  ur  Mar- 
tin'* Vineyard,  alau  aent  meaaengera  of  peace. 

Having  heard  much  of  the  llay  of  Maaaacluiaett*, 
boih  from  thu  Indiana  and  the  Kngliah  lidierineii,  Oo- 
voriior  lliudlord  ap|x>iiited  ten  men,  with  Si|uahto,  and 
two  other  Indiana,  lo  viait  the  place,  ami  trade  with 
the  nativea.  On  tho  18th  of  Mcpteinlier,  they  sailed 
in  a  ahallop,  and  the  next  day  got  to  the  bottom  uf  the 
bay,  where  Ihey  landed  under  a  clitf,*  and  were  kindly 
received  by  Ubbalincwa,  the  sachom  who  had  aub- 
Bcrihod  Iho  •ubmiasioii  at  Plymouth  a  few  daya  before. 
He  ronowod  hia  aubmiaaiun,  and  received  a  prumisu  of 
aasiataiice  and  defence  againal  the  Squaw  Sacliem  of 
Maaaachuaetta,  and  other  eiicmiea. 

Tho  appearance  of  thia  bay  waa  ploaaing.  They  aaw 
tho  moiitha  of  two  rivera  which  emptied  into  it  'J'he 
islands  were  cleared  of  wood,  and  had  been  planted ; 
but  moat  of  tho  |ieuple  who  bad  inhabited  them  either 
were  dead,  or  had  removed.  Those  who  remained 
were  continually  in  fear  of  the  Tarrat?:iea,  who  fre- 
quently came  from  the  eaatward  in  a  hosiilo  manner, 
and  roblH^d  tiiom  of  their  corn.  In  one  uf  tlieao  pre- 
datory invasions,  Nanepaalminct,  a  sachem,  hud  bt-'cn 
slam  ;  his  Imily  lay  buried  under  a  fiame,  aurrnunded 
by  an  intrenchment  and  paliaado.  A  inonumeiit  on  the 
top  of  a  lull  designated  tbo  placo  where  ho  wua  killed. 

Having  explorcL  the  bay,  and  collected  aoiiiu  beaviT, 
the  shallop  returned  to  Plymouth,  and  brought  so  good 
a  re^Kirt  of  tho  place,  that  the  [leoplu  wished  they  had 
been  seated  there,  liut  having  planted  corn  and  built 
huta  at  Plymoulh,  and  being  there  in  security  fruin  the 
nativea,  they  judged  the  niotivea  fur  cuntiniiaiicc  tu  bo 
stronger  than  fur  removal.  Many  of  their  (loatenly 
having  judged  otherwise. 

In  November,  a  ahip  arrived  from  England,  with  thir- 
ty-live paaaengers,  to  augment  tlie  colony,  t'lihappily 
they  were  so  short  of  provision,  that  the  people  of  I'ly- 
niouth  were  obliged  to  victual  the  ahip  home,  and  then 

Sut  themselves  and  tho  new  coiners  to  half  allowance, 
icfore  the  next  spring,  (1682)  the  colony  began  to  feel 
the  rigor  of  faint  e.  In  tho  height  of  this  distress, 
the  governor  received  from  Caiioniciis,  ^iachelll  of 
Narraganaet,  a  threatening  message,  in  tho  emblematic 
stylo  of  the  ancient  Scythians  ;  a  bundle  of  arrows, 
bound  with  the  skin  of  a  serpent.  The  governor  sent 
an  unawer  in  tlie  same  style,  the  akin  of  the  serpent  till- 
ed with  powder  aiul  ball.  Tho  Narragansets,  afraid  of 
Its  contents,  tent  it  back  uno|>oned  ;  and  here  the  cor- 
respondence ended. 

It  was  now  jud'^ed  proper  lo  fortify  the  town.  Ac- 
cordingly it  v-:.j  surrounded  with  a  stock.ide  and  fuur 
ttankarts  ;  e  guard  was  kept  bjr  day  and  night,  the  com- 
pany being  divided  into  four  aquadroiis.  A  select 
number  were  apjiointed,  in  caao  of  accidental  lire,  tt> 
mount  guard  with  their  backs  to  the  lire,  to  prevent  a 
surprise  from  the  Indiana.  Within  the  stockade  waa 
enclosed  the  top  of  the  hill,  under  which  the  town  was 
built,  and  a  sulHciency  of  land  for  a  garden  to  each 
family.  The  worka  were  begun  in  February  and  lin- 
iaticd  in  March. 

At  this  time  the  famine  was  very  severe.     Fish  and 
spring  K'alerswere  tho  only  provision  on  which  the  oeo- 
pie  subsisted.     The  want  of  bread  reduced  their  flesh ; 
yet,  they  had  so  much  health  and  spirit,  that,  on  hear- 
ing of  the  masa!lcru  in  Virginia,  they  erected  an  addi- 
I  lionHl  fort  on  Ihn  top  of  tlie  hill,  with  a  flat  roof,  on 
I  which  the  guns  were  mounted  \  the  lower  story  served 
;  thein  for  a  place  of  worship.     Sixty  acres  of  ground 
i  were  planted  with  corn  ;  and  their  gardens  were  sown 


with  the  seeds  of  other  esculent  Tcgilablio,  in  groM 
plenty. 

The  ariival  of  two  ahipe  with  a  now  colnnj,  sont  nol 
by  Tliuiiias  Wotun,  but  witliuiil  provisions,  was  an 
aildilioiial  iiiiHt'orlune.  tSo.nu  u(  tlicu  peoiile  being 
rtck.  went  luil^i'd  in  thu  hufi|iilal  at  I'lyinoutli  till  they 
WHO  so  f.ir  rei'utered  us  lo  join  their  i uiniianinn*. 
wliu  seiiled  tlieniaelvea  at  Weaaaguaaet,  siitcu  called 
\V'i'vn.uulh. 

I'liu  first  aiippiv  of  provisiuna  wua  ohtaiiied  Croin  tlio 
rishiiig  vessels  ;  of  wliu'h  tliirly-live  ( ariie  IIiim  ipriiig, 
Iroiii  liiigliind  lo  the  coast.  In  Aiigiiit,  two  aliipv  ar* 
rivrd  with  tr.iJing  giioda  ;  which  llie  plaiitera  liouglit  at 
a  great  diaudvaiitage,  giving  braver  in  exchange.  Tho 
auiiiiner  being  dry,  and  the  lurvi.tl  short,  it  becaint 
necessary  to  inaku  excursiona  among  thtt  nativea,  to 
pro<ture  corn  and  beana,  with  the  goods  purchnsid  from 
the  aliips.  (lovenior  Uradlord  underlouk  thia  aerv.e«t 
having  Squanio  for  hia  guide  a»d  interpreter ;  who  waa 
taken  ill  on  the  passage,  and  died  at  Manoinoik.  Ue* 
fore  Ilia  death,  he  requeated  the  governor  to  iiray  for 
him,  "  that  he  might  go  to  the  Kngliahinan'a  (iud." 

In  theae  excuraiona,  Mr.  Uradlord  waa  treated  by 
the  nativea  with  great  reaped  ;  and  thn  trade  waa  con- 
ducted,  on  both  parts,  with  justnte  and  conlideiice.  Al 
Ntuset,  the  ahallop  liemg  alranded,  it  wua  necesaary  la 

fiul  the  com,  whicii  had  been  piirchuaed,  in  alack  and 
eave  it  covered  with  mats  and  sedge,  m  the  care  of  tho 
Indiana,  wbdat  the  governor  and  hia  party  came  lioiiio, 
fifty  milea  on  fool.  It  remained  there  from  Nnvember 
to  January  ;  and  when  another  ahallop  waa  aent,  it  waa 
found  in  uarfecl  aafety,  and  'ha  ttiandod  ahallop  waa 
covered 

At  Naiiiasket,  [Middloborough]  an  inland  place,  b* 
bought  another  quantity,  which  waa  brougtit  homo, 
partly  by  the  people  of  the  colony,  and  partly  by  tho 
Indian  women  ;  their  men  disdaining  to  bear  burden*. 

At  Manuinet,  [Sandwich]  he  bargained  for  more, 
which  he  was  obliged  tu  leave  till  March,  when  ('a|p. 
tain  Standish  went  and  fetched  it  home,  the  Indian 
women  bringing  it  down  to  the  shallop.  'I'he  wlioln 
quantity  thus  purchased,  amounted  to  twenty-oighl 
hogsheads  of  corn  and  beans ;  of  which  Weston's  pe<^ 
pie  had  a  share,  aa  they  had  joined  in  Iho  purchate. 

In  the  SI  ring  [1023J  the  governor  received  a  ma» 
ang(  from  Slasussiiit  that  he  was  aick ;  on  which  oeca> 
sion  it  is  usual  for  all  Iho  frienda  of  the  Indians  lo  viail 
them,  or  send  them  presents.  Mr.  Winslow  again 
went  to  visit  the  sachem,  accompanied  by  Ml.  John 
llamden,*  und  they  had  Hobamak  for  their  guide  ind 
interpreter.  Tho  visit  was  very  consolatory  to  thait 
sick  friend,  and  the  more  so,  aa  Winilow  carried  him 
some  cordials,  and  made  him  broth  after  Iho  Kngliab 
mode,  which  contributed  to  his  recovery.  In  return 
lot  this  friendly  attention,  Masassoit  communicated  to 
Hobamak  intelligrncc  of  a  dangeroua  conspiracy  then 
in  agitation  among  tho  Indians  which  he  had  lieen  aoli- 
cited  to  join.  Its  object  waa  nolliing  leas  than  tho  total 
extirpation  of  the  Knglish,  and  it  was  occasioned  by 
iho  imprudent  conduct  of  Weston's  people  in  tho  Day 
of  Maaaachuaetta.  Tho  Indiana  hail  it  in  contempla- 
tion to  make  them  the  first  victims,  and  then  to  full  on 
the  peopio  of  Plymouth.  Masaasoit's  advico  waa  tha 
tho  Kiiglish  should  seize  and  put  to  death  the  chief  con* 
spirators,  whom  he  named  ;  and  raid  that  this  woiU 
prevent  the  execution  of  the  plot.  Hobamak  comma* 
nicuted  this  secret  to  Winslow  as  they  were  returning 
and  It  wt's  reported  lo  the  governor. 

Un  this  alarming  occasion  the  i^hole  company  wei* 
assembled  in  court,  and  the  r.cws  waa  imparted  to  theio. 
Such  was  their  conliilence  in  tho  governor,  that  they 
unanimousiy  requested  him,  with  Allerton,  his  ussir^nl, 
to  concert  the  best  measures  for  their  safety.  Tbo 
result  was  to  itrengthen  the  fortilications,  to  lie  vigi- 
lant at  homo,  and  to  acnd  such  a  force  lo  the  llay  of 
Massachusetts,  under  Captain  Stanuish,  as  he  should 
judge  sulficient  to  crush  tho  conspiracy.  An  Indian 
who  had  come  into  the  town  was  sus|)ccted  an  a  Bpy* 
anil  confined  in  irons.  Standish  with  eight  chosen 
men,  and  tho  faithful  Hobamak,  went  in  thu  shallop  tu 
Weston's  plantation,  having  goods  as  usual  to  tr>ula 
with  Uie  Indians.  .Hero  ho  met  tho  persons  who  haa 
been  named  aa  conspiiaiors,  who  personally  insulted 


•  Supposed  to  he  Copy's  IIiU  In  the  town  of  Boston. 


*  In  Winsiuw's  Journal,  Mr.  Ilamdon  la  aaid  to  be  **  a  gen 
tleman  of  l.untlon,  who  then  wintered  Willi  us,  and  desired 
ntucti  to  see  the  country.*'    I  suppose  this  to  he  the  same 

Krsoii  who  dtMtioguiiihed  hiiiiselt  byliis  opposition  to  tlie  il- 
ia! and  arhitraij  demands  of  King  Cliarles  I.  Ho  had  pre 
viously  (1U37)  cinbarltod  fur  New  Kiiglund  with  Oliver  Crum 
well.  Sir  Arthur  llaslcng  and  others ;  hut  Ihey  were  mo 
vented  from  coming  by  lite  king's  *'  uroclaniallou  afslaal 
disorderly  transporting  his  majesty's  subjects  to  tn*  psanta 
tloiiB  in  America."  Uamden  wss  bom  in  15M,  and  was  twejMy 
years  c!il  it  h*  Urn*  of  hi*  baUf  at  riynuutb,  In  MH 


tbiM,  in  gTMil 

Amy,  MDt  nut 
moiir,  WIS  tn 
|H.'oii|r  hcinil 
iiiuutli  III!  Ihry 
r  iuiniwnl«n>| 
t,  miicu  cal 


BIOaRAPtllEH   OF   THE    EARLY    niHTOVERERS. 


aiiiril  rrorn  tha 
III!  tliia  iprmgi 
,  lAU  iliiiit  u- 
nli'r»  lioiiglil  11 
u'haiiHv  Tlj* 
lurl.  It  bceaiiit 
lliK  iiativi'i,  to 
piircliniid  rroin 
uk  till*  acrv.ea, 
«ter ;  who  ww 
anomoik.  !)•• 
nor  to  pray  for 
Mii'a  Ood." 
was  treated  by 
trails  waa  con* 

I'Ullftlll'llCB.      Al 

vua  nocraanry  to 
(I,  in  alRck  and 
1 1  he  caroof  tlx 
riy  came  homo, 
truin  Novcnibor 
waa  aviit,  it  wu 
lod  ahollop  wu 

n1*DdpUce,  bo 
brouglit  Itomo, 
id  partly  hy  tho 
to  licar  Durdun*. 
aincd  for  more, 
arch,  when  ('«|- 
>ine,  the  Indian 
op.     The  wliolo 
to  twonty-oight 
h  W'oaton'*  pe» 
tho  purchtM. 
received  a  meo> 
;  on  which  oeca> 
3  Indiana  to  vttit 
Winalow  aoaia 
led  hy  Mr.  John 
their  guide  tfid 
aolatory  to  thoit 
low  carried  bin 
ftcr  tho  Englieh 
very.     In  return 
toininunicatcd  to 
conapiracy  then 
10  had  been  aoli- 
;Ba  than  tho  total 
|>  occaaioncd  by 
!oplo  in  tho  Day 
it  in  contcnipla- 
then  10  full  on 
ladvico  waa  tha 
ih  the  chief  con> 
that  this  woiU 
bainak  conirntt- 
Iwere  returning 

company  weio 
liparted  to  tbeiiL 
Iriior,  that  they 
|n,  liisuiaiitvnt, 
Ir  aafety.  Tho 
Int,  to  lie  vigi> 
^to  the  Bay  o( 
]h,  aa  he  ahouki 
i.y.  An  Indian 
Vcted  aa  a  spy, 
\  eight  choaea 
b  the  shallop  to 
I  usual  to  trndo 
ftrsons  Mho  hao 
loimlly  inaultoJ 

Lil  to  ba  "  a  g«a 
L  us,  and  dasustf 
fto  lie  the  sama 
luaiiion  to  the  tl> 
1 1.  Ilo  lisil  pra 
lilh  Oliver  Clum 
I  they  were  yn 
laniatlou  sialaat 
Is  to  tu  rbiit* 
1  awl  was  M«Mf 
,laMH 


•nd  Ihrcatmiid  him.  A  qunrrrl  rnaiinl.  In  which  aevrn  I 
of  the  Indiana  were  kllletl.  Thr  iilhrra  wrre  an  atriirk  | 
with  terror,  that  they  fiiranok  their  hniiara  and  rrtrrnt- 1 
(d  to  the  swninps,  where  many  of  tliein  died  with  nilil 
and  hunjier  ;  the  aurvivura  wnulil  liiive  sued  fur  pence, 
hut  were  nfrniil  to  gn  lu  I'lyrnoulli  Westiin'a  people 
were  an  apprehensive  of  the  rniiaeipienrea  iif  this  tif. 
fair,  that  they  imitted  llie  iiluiiliiliiiii ;  ami  llie  pi'iiple 
of  Plymiiuth,  wlm  iiirered  lliem  priiteetiiiii,  wliieii  lliey 
would  nut  nrrepl,  were  gliid  lu  lie  rid  uf  audi  trouble- 
•ome  neiglilHira. 

ThuB,  hy  the  apiriled  conduct  of  a  hnniiriil  of  brave 
men,  ill  conrorinity  to  the  advice  .<if  the  frieiiilly  an- 
eheiii,  the  whole  conspiriicy  WAa  nnnihilaleil.  lint  when 
the  rep<"t  of  thia  trananclion  was  ciirrieil  to  their  bre- 
thren in  Holland,  Mr.  Robinson,  In  his  next  letter  to 
Ih*  governor,  Inmenteil  with  groat  conrcrn  and  ten- 
derness, *■  U  that  you  had  converted  some,  before  you 
iad  killed  any  !" 

The  scarcity  which  they  had  hitherto  experienced 
«  as  partly  owing  to  the  Increase  of  Ihelr  numbers,  and 
tl  e  acantlneas  of  Ihelr  supplies  fmm  Kurnpe ;  but 
p  Indpally  to  their  moile  of  iilHirlng  in  coinnion,  ami 
pitting  the  fruit  of  their  labor  iiilotne  public  store  \  an 
e  ror,  which  had  the  same  elfeet  here,  as  in  Vir;;inia. 
I'o  remedy  this  evil,  as  far  as  was  consistent  with  their 
•ngagemsnts,  it  was  agreed  in  the  spring  of  lflS3  that 
every  family  should  plant  for  tliemaelves,  on  aiich 
grt>iind  as  should  lie  aasigned  to  Ibciii  by  lot,  without 
any  division  for  inheritance ;  ond  that  in  tho  time  of 
harvest  a  competent  portion  should  be  brought  into 
the  common  store,  for  the  maintenance  of  tho  public 
niflcers,  (laherinen  and  auch  other  persona  an  could  not 
be  employed  in  agriculture.  This  regulation  gave  a 
•pring  to  Industry  ;  the  women  and  children  cheerfully 
went  to  work  with  the  men  In  the  flelda,  and  miicli 
more  corn  was  planted  than  ever  before.  Having  but 
one  boat,  the  men  were  divided  into  parties  of  six  or 
•even,  who  look  their  turns  tocaUh  fiHh ;  the  share 
afforded  them  shell  fish,  and  ground  nuts  served  them 
for  breyd.  When  any  deer  was  killed  the  flesh  was 
divided  among  tho  whole  colony.  Water  fowl  came 
in  plenty  at  the  proper  season,  but  the  want  of  boats 
prevented  them  from  being  taken  In  great  numbers. 
Thus  they  subsisted,  through  the  third  siiniiiicr,  in  the 
latter  ond  of  which  two  vessels  arrived  with  sixty  pas- 
■engers.  The  harvest  was  plentiful ;  and  after  this 
lime  they  had  no  general  want  of  food,  because  they 
had  learned  to  depend  on  their  own  exertions,  rather 
than  on  foreign  supplies. 

The  cnmblnaliun  which  they  made.liefore  their  land- 
ing at  ('ape  Cod,  was  the  Arst  fnundntion  of  their  go- 
veinment ;  but,  as  they  were  driven  to  this  expedient  by 
necessity.  It  was  Intended  to  subsist  no  longer  llian  till 
they  could  obtain  legal  authority  from  their  sovereign. 
Aa  soon  aa  they  knew  of  the  establishment  of  tho  Coun- 
cil of  New  England,  they  applied  fur  a  patent ;  which 
was  taken  in  the  name  of  John  I'clrce,  in  trust  fur  the 
colony.  When  1  c  saw  that  they  were  well  seated,  and 
that  there  was  a  prospect  of  success  to  their  undcrtnk- 
'.ng,  he  went,  without  their  knowledge,  but  in  their 
name,  and  solicited  the  council  fur  another  patent,  of 
greater  extent ;  intending  tn  keep  it  to  himself,  and 
allow  them  no  p>ore  than  he  pleased,  holding  them  nv 
hla  tenants,  to  sue  and  be  sued  at  his  courts.  In  pur- 
auance  of  this  design,  having  olitalned  the  patent,  he 
bought  a  ship,  which  he  named  the  Paragon  ;  loaded 
her  with  goods,  took  on  board  upwards  of  sixty  passen- 
gers, and  sailed  from  I>uiido,i,  for  the  colony  of  New 
Plymouth.  In  the  Downs,  he  was  overtaken  by  a  teni 
pest,  which  so  damaged  the  ship,  that  he  waa  obliged 
to  put  her  into  dock  ;  where  she  lay  seven  weeks,  and 
her  repairs  coat  him  one  hundred  pounds.  In  Decem- 
ber, 1633,  he  sailed  a  second  time  having  on  board  one 
hundred  and  nine  persons ;  but  a  series  of  tempestuous 
weather  which  continued  fourteen  days,  disabled  his 
ehlp,  and  forced  him  back  to  Portsmouth.  These  re- 
peated disappointments  proved  so  discouraging  to  him, 
that  he  was  easily  prevailed  upon  by  the  Conipany  of 
Adventurers,  to  assign  his  patent  to  them  fur  five  hun- 
dred pounds.  The  passengers  came  over  in  other  ships. 

In  1629,another  patent  of  larger  extent  was  solicited 
by  Isaao  Allerton,  and  taken  out  in  the  name  of  "  Wil- 
liam Bradford,  his  heirs,  associatea,and  assigns."  This 
patent  confirmed  their  title  (as  far  as  the  Crown  of 
England  could  confirm  it)  to  a  tract  of  land  bounded 
on  the  east  and  south  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  by 
lines  drawn  west  from  the  rivulet  of  Conohasset,  and 
north  from  the  river  of  Narraganset,  which  linea  meet 
in  a  puliil,  comprehending  all  th.  country  called  Po- 
kanoket.  To  this  tract  they  supposed  they  had  a  prior 
Ulk  fiom  the  depopulation  of  a  great  part  of  it  by  ■ 


pestilence,  from  the  gift  of  Masaaaoit,  hla  voluntary 
aubjeetion  tu  the  Crown  uf  England,  and  hla  having 
taken  protection  of  them.  In  a  declaration  piibliahed 
liy  theniin  W.W,  they  asserted  their  "lawful  right  in 
respect  uf  vacancy,  ilonntiiiii,anil  piircliase  of  the  na-  j 
tives,"w)iich,to^i'tlier  with  their  patent  Iroiii  the  crown, 
through  llie(!oiiiicilol'.New  Knglend  "liirnied  Ihewar- 1 
ranlabh'  ground  and  rouiiilatiiin  of  llieir  guveriinieni,  of 
making  laws  anil  ilispoMiiig  ol  lanils."* 

Ill  the  ■aiiic  piilciit  was  granted  a  larse  tract  border- 
ing (in  the  river  Keimelicck,  where  (hi'vliiid  carried  on 
a  Iralllc  with  the  natives  (or  furs,  as  they  did  also  at 
Connecticut  river,wbii!h  was  nut  equally  beneficial,  Ih<- 
cause  there  they  had  the  Duleli  lor  rivals.  The  fur 
trade  was  found  lo  lie  much  more  advantageous  than 
the  fishery.  Sonieliines  they  exchanged  corn  of  Ihelr 
own  growth,  for  furs ;  but  European  coarse  cloths, 
hardware,  and  iirnaments,  were  good  articles  of  trade 
when  they  cuiilil  cummnnd  them. 

The  Cunipnny  in  England,  with  which  they  were 
connected,  did  not  aupply  them  In  plenty.  Iioases 
were  sustained  by  aea  ;  the  returns  were  not  adeijuate 
tu  their  ex|H'ctations  ;  they  liecaiiie  discouraged  ;  llirew 
many  rellerlions  ontne  planters,  and  finally  refused 
llieni  any  farther  supplies  i  but  still  denianded  the  debt 
liio  from  them,  and  would  nut  (lerniit  tliein  to  connect 
themselves  in  trade  with  any  other  neraona.  The 
planteia  complained  to  the  Cuiincil  uf  New  England, 
but  ubtuincd  no  redress.  AOer  the  expiration  uf  the 
seven  years  (lASH)  fur  which  tho  contract  waa  made, 
eight  of  the  principal  persons  in  the  eiilony,  with  four 
uf  their  friends  In  Loiidon,  became  buunil  for  the  ba- 
lance; and  from  (hat  time  (uok  (he  whole  trade  into 
their  own  lianil».  These  were  uliliged  to  take  up  mo- 
ney at  an  exnrbilant  interest,  and  to  go  deeply  into 
trade  at  Kennebeck,  Penobscot,  and  Connecticut  j  by 
which  means,  and  il"  >wn  great  industry  and  econo- 
my, they  were  eiiiil  ..i  discharge  the  debt,  and  pay 
for  the  transportation  of  thirty  five  fiiiiiities  of  their 
friends  from  lrf<yden,  who  arrived  In  1020. 

The  patent  bad  been  taken  in  the  name  of  Mr.  Urad- 
furil,  in  trust  for  the  colony  ;  and  the  event  proved  that 
their  confidence  was  not  misplaced.  When  the  num- 
ber uf  peiiple  was  incrctiHcd,  and  new  townships  were 
erected,  the  (ieneral  Court,  in  1640,  requested  that  he 
wuiilil  surrender  the  patent  into  their  hands.  To  this 
be  readily  consented  ;  and  by  a  written  instrument, 
under  his  hand  iiiid  seal,  surrenderetl  it  to  them  ;  re- 
serving for  himself  no  more  than  his  proportion,  by 
previuuH  agreement.  Thia  was  done  in  open  court, 
and  the  patent  was  immediately  rc-delivered  into  his 
custody. 

Whilst  they  were  few  in  number,  tho  whole  boily  of 
associates  or  freemen  assembled  for  legislative,  exe- 
cutive and  judicial  business.  In  1034,  the  governor 
and  assistants  were  constituted  n  Judicial  Court,  and 
aflerward,  tho  Supreme  Judiciary.  Petty  offences, 
and  actions  of  debt,  trespass  and  damage,  not  exceed- 
ing forty  shillings,  were  tried  by  the  selectmen  of  each 
town,  with  liberty  of  appeal  to  the  next  Court  of  A 
hislanta.  The  first  Ansembly  of  Representatives  was 
held  in  1C39,  when  two  deputies  were  sent  from  each 
town,  and  four  from  Plymouth.  In  1640  Plymouth 
was  restricted  tn  the  same  number  with  the  other 
towns.  These  deputies  were  chosen  by  the  freemen  ; 
and  none  were  admitted  to  the  privilege  of  freemen^ 
but  such  as  were  twenty-one  years  of  age,  of  sober 
and  peaceable  conversation,  orthodox  in  the  funda 
mentals  of  religion,  and  possessed  of  twenty  pounds 
rateable  estate. 

By  the  former  patent,  the  Colony  of  Plymouth  was 
empowered  tu  "enact  such  laws  as  should  most  befit 
a  state  in  its  nonage,  not  rejecting,  or  omitting  to  ob- 
serve Bucli  of  tho  laws  of  their  native  country,  as  would 
conduce  to  their  good.*'  In  the  second  patent,  the 
power  of  government  was  granted  lo  William  Brad- 
ford and  his  aesociales,  in  tnc  following  terms.    "  To 


fraino  and  make  orders,  ordiuancim  and  eonitltnlloMk 
as  well  for  the  better  guvernnient  of  their  alTalra  hofo, 
(in  England)  and  the  receiving  or  admitting  any  lo  hto 
or  their  sis-iety  ;  aa  also  for  the  heller  government  of 
Ilia  or  their  people,  at  sea,  in  going  Ihitlier,  or  return* 
ing  from  thence  ;  and  the  aame  tube  put  in  execution, 
by  such  officers  and  ministers  as  ho  or  they  shall  au- 
thorise anil  depute  ;  provided,  that  the  said  laws  lie  not 
repugnant  to  the  laws  of  England,  or  the  frame  of  go* 
veriiinent  by  the  said  president  and  council  bereanef 
to  lie  eslalillHlied.' 

At  that  lime,  a  general  government  over  the  whoto 
territory  of  New  England,  was  a  favorite  obiecl  with 
the  cuuncil,  which  granted  these  patents ;  but  alUi 
several  attempts.  It  finally  miacarried,  to  the  no  small 
joy  of  the  planters,  who  were  then  at  liberty  to  govern 
themaelvei. 

In  tho  furmatinn  of  tho  Iowa  of  New  Plymouth,  ro* 
gnrd  was  had,  "nriniarily  and  principally,  lo  the  ancient 
platform  of  (iod'e  law.  For,  though  some  parts  ol 
that  syalem  were  peculiar  to  the  circumslancei  of  tho 
son'a  of  Jacob,  yet  "  the  whole  being  grounded  on  tho 
principlea  uf  moral  equity,"  it  waa  the  opinion  of  our 
first  planters,  not  at  Plymouth  only,  but  In  MaHachu- 
setts.  New  Haven,  and  Connedleul,  that  "  all  men, 
especially  Christians,  ought  to  have  an  aye  lo  it,  in  tho 
fraiiiiiig  of  Ihelr  political  ennstitulioni."  A  eeeondaiy 
regard  was  had  to  tho  liberties  granted  to  them  by 
their  sovereign,  and  the  la\^of  England,  which  th^ 
supposed  "  any  Impartial  person  might  discern,  in  ttw 
perusal  of  tho  book  of  the  laws  of  IM  colony. " 

At  first  they  had  some  doubt  concerning  their  right 
of  punishing  capital  crimes.  A  murder  which  happened 
in  1 030,  niaile  it  necessary  lo  decide  this  question.  It 
waa  decided  by  the  divine  law  againat  shedding  human 
blood,  which  waa  deemed  Indiapenaable.  In  1636,  their 
code  of  laws  waa  revised,  and  capital  crimes  wero 
enumerated  and  defined.  In  1071,  it  was  again  re- 
vised, and  the  next  year  printed,  with  this  title,  "  The 
Book  of  the  General  laws  of  the  Inhabitants  of  the 
jurisdiction  of  New  Plymouth,"*  a  title  very  similar 
to  tho  coiles  uf  .Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,  which 
were  printed  at  the  same  time  by  Samuel  Oreen,  at 
Cambridge. 

The  piety,  wisdom,  and  integrity  of  Mr.  Bradford, 
were  such  prominent  features  in  his  character,  that  ho 
was  annually  chosen  governor  as  long  as  he  lived,  ex- 
cepting three  years,  when  Mr.  Winalow,  and  two, 
when  Mr.  Prince,  were  chnaen ;  and  even  then,  Mr- 
Bradford  was  the  first  in  the  list  ot  assistants,  which 
gave  him  the  rank  of  deputy-governor.  In  1624,  they 
chose  five  assistants,  and  in  1033,  seven  ;  the  governor 
having  n  double  vote-  These  augmentations  were  mode 
at  the  earnest  request  of  Mr.  Bradford,  who  strongly 
recommended  a  rotation  in  tho  election  of  a  govenior 
but  could  not  obtain  it  for  more  than  five  years  in  thirty 
five  ;  and  never  for  more  than  two  yearn  in  succeasion. 
His  argument  was,  "  that  if  it  wero  an  honor  or  be- 
nefit, othersbeside  himself  should  partake  of  it;  if  it 
were  a  burthen,  others  beside  himself  should  help  to 
bear  it.''  Notwithstanding  the  reasonableness  and 
equity  of  his  plea,  the  people  had  a  strong  attachment 
to  him,  and  confidence  in  him,  that  they  could  not  Im 
persuaded  to  leave  him  out  of  the  government. 

For  the  last  twelve  years  of  his  life,  he  was  annu- 
ally chosen  without  interruption,  and  served  in  the  of- 
fice of  governor.  His  health  continued  good  till  the  au- 
tumn of  1556,  when  it  began  to  decline;  and  as  tho 
next  spring  advanced,  he  became  weaker,  but  felt  not 
any  acute  illness  till  the  beginning  of  May. 

.\ftcr  a  distressing  day,  his  mindwas,  in  the  follow- 
ing night,  so  elevated  with  the  idea  r  f  futurity,  that  he 
said  tn  his  friends  in  the  morning,  "  Gud  has  given  me 
a  pledge  of  my  happiness  in  another  world,  and  the 
first  fruits  of  eternal  glory."  Tho  next  day,  lielng  tho 
9th  of  May,  1657,  he  was  removed  from  this  world  by 
death,  in  the  sixty-ninth  year  of  his  age,  to  the  im 


♦  In  163!!,  iiftiT  tlio  tc|-iiilnnti(in  of  thi*  Ppqiimi  wiir,  M.-iuns. 
.^oU,wlm  luul  Ihuii  cliiiiiiri-il  hi.H  nnaie  lo  WnoHampinnm.liriiught 
bin  Hnn,  Mnoaiinm,  lu  i'lyiiiniilh,  anil  dcairoil  itint  the  leai^ue 
which  lifl  had  liiriaurly  inudu,  iiiiijht  be  reriowr^d  and  invlu- 
lahto.  The  Siichciii  and  Ids  son  viihliilarlly  pnindHUd,  "  fnr 
theniBCIves  ond  their  Biirre8iioi-3,  iluit  ihey  would  not  need- 
ipsuly  nor  iiniutdly  mine  any  quarrels  or  do  any  wrong 
ill  nlhcr  nnlives  to  jiruvokG  lliem  In  war  against  llie  colony  ;  slid 
llinl  Ihey  would  iiol  give,  »cll  or  convey  any  or  their  land, 
terrllnry  or  pOMScHsions  whatever,  to  any  person  or  persons 
whuinsnever,  wiiiidut  tho  privity  or  coiiaent  of  the  govern- 
ment of  riyiiiniilh,  other  tfiua  to  such  as  the  said  govern- 
ment should  send  or  appoint.  Tlie  whole  court  did  tlicn 
raiii'y  and  roiiirm  Ihe  aforeflnid  league,  and  prnnilae  lu 
the  said  WoosainiMiuen,  hla  son  and  auccesaors,  tliat  Ihey 
would  defend  Ihein  ai^iniit  all  snch  aa  should  tinjuatly  rlae 
up  nsahiBt  them,  lo  wrung  or  oppose  theui."— LMonoa*s  Me 
niorldl. 


*  Governor  Hulchiiinun,  with  uiiaccounlnble  carelesaness, 
h.is  asaerled,  <  Vol.  II.  403)  that  they  never  established  any  dis- 
tinct cixle  or  tiody  of  laws  -,"  grounding  his  asserlioii  oil  a  pas. 
aage  in  Hubbard's  MS  hi.story,  which  implies  no  suck 
thing.  The  ()uolaliua,  imperfectly  given  by  Huclilnson,  is  cor- 
rectfV  as  follows,  (p.  30.) 

"  The  laws  they  intended  to  be  governed  by  were  the  laws 
of  England ;  the  which  they  were  wdliag  to  be  subject  to. 
though  in  a  foreign  land  :  and  have  since  that  lime,  continued 
in  that  mind  forthe  general,  adding  only  some  particular munl- 
cipul  laws  of  their  (iwn,  in  such  cases  where  tlie  common  tawa 
and  Btatutes  of  England  could  not  well  rcich,  or  afford  them 
help  ill  emergent  dilTiculliea  .,1  the  place  ;  iHiasibly  on  the  aanie 
grouiiu  :V.»t  Pnr»v?-^d  anmeliinea  aitvlsed  his  neighbors  nl 
Capua  not  to  cashier  their  old  magiatratea,  till  they  cuuld 
agi^e  ua  tietter  to  place  in  their  room.  So  did  these  choosa  10 
abide  by  Ihe  laws  of  England,  till  ihsy  could  bs  provUed  af  bIW 
let" 


AMHRtOAIf   HISTORY. 


w  •ml  grivf  of  ih*  paopl*,  iinl  nnly  in  Ply- 
mouth, but  the  nritflilMirinff  rnliinlM ;  rmir*  iif  whii'h 
bi  llnil  to  ff  ratitlilialiril,  bfiulg  thnt  of  which  he  wui 
MM  nf lh«  priiiiiiml  roiinilrra 

In  iiiMitiiin to whnt  hiu  lH*fn  miiil  ntMr.  Driuirortl* 
chi>n«rtrr,  it  iimy  br  ohiKrvi'il,  tliiit  h«  <Viii  n  ■I'lmlbl)' 
man,  of  II  Mtrong  minil,  ii  ■oiind  jiitlKiiiont,  litut  n  ^ikkI 
ineiniiry.  Thniigli  not  fiivorixl  withu  ii'ariu'il  I'lluniiiiin, 
hx  wii«  murh  Tni'llir  >  to  ituily  nml  wtiliiiif.  'I'hf 
French  nml  Dutch  hingimiira  wrrv  fiuiiiliur  to  hin),  nnd 
h*  nllninvtl  n  coniiilprxhli'  knuwlodne  ol'  thr  l.n'.in  hih.' 
Qrwk  I  but  he  more  naiiiiluouaiy  atuilii'il  Ihr  ilrhn'w, 
berauae  he  uid,  that "  hn  would  we  with  hia  own  eyea 
the  anrient  orarlea  ofOiKl,  in  their  i>iilivi<  hriiuty." 

He  had  read  much  of  liiatory  and  philoaonhy,  but 
theology  waa  hia  favorite  aludy.  He  wna  nhle  to  ma- 
nage the  pnleniio  part  of  it  wllh  much  denlprity  ;  and 
waa  particularly  vigilant  agninal  the  arctnriea  which 
Infested  the  coloniea ;  though  by  no  meiina  aevnre  or 
intolerant,  aa  long  aathev  continued  pearpalilc  ;  wiah- 
ing  rather  to  foil  them  by  nrgumrni,  and  guiird  the 
people  against  receiving  tneir  tenets,  than  to  auppresa 
Ihem  by  violence,  or  cut  them  olTliy  the  awonl  of  ma- 
gistracy. Mr.  Huhbanl'a  character  of  him  ia,  that  he 
was  a  "  person  of  great  gravity  and  prurience,  of  sober 
^'jictples,  and  for  one  of  that  |ierauaalon,  (Urownista,) 
werv  pliable,  gentle,  and  condeacendiiig." 

fle  wrote  a  liiatory  c!  Plymouth  people  and  colony, 
bwnning  with  the  first  fcrmation  of  the  church,  in 
IWi,  an<]  eniling  in  1640.  It  wna  contained  in  n  folio 
•olume  of  270pagea.  Morton 'a  Memorial  ia  nn  nhridg- 
MMit  of  it.  Prince  and  Hutchiiiaon  hnii  ilie  ust  ol  it. 
amd  the  m.inuacript  waa  rnrcfully  deposited  with  Mr 
Prince's  valuable  collection  of  pafirra,  in  the  library  of 
the  Old  South  church  in  Boainn,  which  fell  a  aacriliov 
to  the  unprincipled  furyoriheUritiahp'.iiy  "■  the  year 
1775,  since  which  time  it  has  no^  *...  en  aeen.  ,'te  niao 
had  a  laruc  bonli  of  eopiea  ol'letters  relative  to  the  nr-| 
fiiira  of  the  cohmy,  a  rra^finiiil  of  which  waa,  a  few  I 
yeara  ago,  recovered  by  accident,!  and  published  by  j 
the  Hiatorical  Society.  To  the  frngmont  ia  subjoined : 
Another,  lieing  a  *' descriptive  and  historical  account  of' 
New-Gn>;lnn<l,"  in  verso;  which  if  it  be  not  {{rncrd! 
with  the  charms  of  poetry,  yet  i«  a  jufit  and  aireciinjr{ 
narrative,  intermixed  witii  piouiand  uacful  rclleclions  1 
Beaidea  IheHe,  he  wrote,  aa  \)t.  Mutlier  says,  "  Home  i 
aignificant  thingu,  for  the  confutation  of  the  errors  otj 
the  limes ;  by  whici,  il  appears,  that  In-  was  a  perHoii ! 
of*  good  temper,  and  free  from  that  ri^jiil  spirit  of  bo-i 
paration,  which  broke  the  Separaiinis  to  pieces.' 

In  his  office  of  chief  mn);iatrnte,  lie  was  pnuknt, 
temperate  and  firm.  Ho  would  siitrer  no  person  to 
trample  on  the  laws,  or  disturb  the  peace  of  the  colony. 
During  his  ndininiatralion  there  were  frequent  ncces 
•Ions  of  new  inhabitants  ;  some  of  wboin  were  at  first 
refractory;  but  his  wisdom  and  fortitude  obli),'eil  them 
to  pay  a  decent  respect  to  the  laws  and  customs  ol'lhe 
country.  Quo  particular  instance  is  preserved.  A 
company  of  young  men,  newly  arrived,  were  very  un- 
willing lo  comply  with  the  governor's  order  for  worliin<; 
on  the  pul.llc  account.  On  a  C'liristiiias  day,  llioy  ex- 
cused themselves,  under  pritcnco  that  it  was  n;,»ninst 
their  conscience  to  work.  The  (jovernor  gave  tliciii  tiii 
other  answer  than,  that  he  would  let  lliejii  alime,  illi 
they  ahoulil  be  liotter  inrorined.  Ill  the  course  of  the 
lay,  he  found  them  .it  play  in  the  streets,  and  com 
mnnding  the  instruments  of  their  (jaiiie  to  he  taken  from 
them,  he  told  them,  that  il  w.ix  against  liis  ronscienci' 
lo  sulTer  them  to  MJay.  whilst  others  were  at  work  ;  arul 
that  if  they  hail  any  reli^rjuos  regard  to  the  d.iy, 
they  should  show  it,  in  the  exercise  of  devotldii  at 
home.  This  gentle  reproof  had  llie  desireil  ellcct,  anil 
prevented  a  re|ielitluii  of  aiiiill  ilisonlcrs. 

His  conduct  loivani  intruders  and  false  friends  was 
equally  miHleratc,  but  finn  and  decisive.  John  I.yfiinl 
bad  imposed  himself  upon  the  colony  ns  a  minister,  be 
ing  recommended  liy  some  of  the  ailvenlurivs.  .^t 
Brsf  his  behavior  w.is  p!ausil>le,anil  hii  Wiialrealed  with 
feapect ;  but  it  was  nut  long,  before  he  bei^an,  in  con- 
tort with  John  llldham,  lo  oicile  n  faction.  The  go- 
ienior  watched  Ihem  ;  and  whennshipwas about sail- 
ng  for  England,  it  was  observed  thnt  hyfonl  was  very 
iu»y  in  writing  letters,  of  which  he  put  a  great  number 
on  board.  The  governor  in  a  boat  followed  the  ship 
lo  aea,  and  by  favor  of  the  master,  who  was  a  friend 
lothecolony,  examined  the  letters,  some  of  which  liein- 
toreeplcd,  and  crmcealcd.     I.yford  and  Uldhnm  wore 


at  Aral  under  niiieh  ammhenslnn,  but  na  nothing  trnii 
apired,  they  concluded  that  the  governor  bad  only  gone 
on  iHiunl  lo  carry  hia  own  letlcra  ;  and  fell  thoinselvea 
secure. 

In  one  of  the  interciipted  leltrra,  I.yf<iril  hiid  written 
to  his  t'rien.U,  theiliscoiitetiteil  part  of  I  fie  Hilventiirera, 
that  he  and  Dlilhain  irtteiiiled  a  relormalion  iiit'tiurch 
and  .Stale.  Accordingly  ifiey  bei;ait  to  instiliile  a  sepa. 
rale  church,  and  when  Dtilliam  was  suminoneil  lo  lake 
hia  turn  at  a  military  watch,  he  not  oidy  refused  eoni- 
iiliance,  but  abused  Captain  Mtaiidiab,  and  drew  hia 
knife  upon  him  Kor  this  he  waa  imprianned ;  and 
both  he  and  l,yfonl  were  brought  In  trial,  liefore  the 
wliole  coniiiany.  Their  iH'havi.ir  waa'inaolent  und  ob- 
Btinate,  1  lie  governor  liMik  pnina  lo  convince  Ihem  of 
their  folly,  but  in  vain.  The  letters  were  then  pro 
iluceil ;  their  adherents  were  cnnl'oundetl  ;  nnd  the  evi. 
ilence  of  their  factiuua  and  iliaonlerly  conduct  lieing 
aatisfactory,  they  were  coiulemned,  and  ordered  lo  he 
banished  troni  the  plnntntion.  I.yf'ord  waa  allowed  six 
inontha  for  iirobatioii ;  but  his  pretencea  provetl  hypo 
critical,  ami  be  wna  obliged  to  depart.  Af^er  several 
removals  he  died  in  Virginia.  Oldham  having  returneil 
nfler  banishment,  his  aiTond  expulsion  was  conducted 
in  this  aingiitar  maimer.  "  .\  guard  of  musketeers  wna 
npiminted, through  which  he  was  obliged  to  pans;  every 
one  waa  onlereil  to  give  him  a  blow  on  the  hinder  parta 
with  the  butt  end  of  hia  musket ;  then  ho  wna  conveyed 
to  the  wnler  aide,  where  a  tniat  was  ready  to  carry  him 
nwny,  with  thia  farewell,  f;;intnd  mrml  ynur  mantiem.*' 
Tlii^  discipline  had  n  good  effect  on  him;  he  made  his 
siinmission,  and  was  allowed  to  come  and  go  on  Ira* 
ding  voyages.  In  one  of  these,  he  was  killed  by  the 
Pequiid  Indians,  which  proved  the  occasion  of  a  war 
with  that  nation. 

Mr.  Urndford  had  one  son  by  his  first  wife  ;  nnd  by 
hia  second,  Alice  Southworth,  whom  he  married  in 
1(123,  he  hnd  two  aona  rind  ndnughter.  His  son  \Vi|. 
liani,  Uirn  in  lOSi,  wna  deputy  governor  of  the  colony 
after  hia  Cither's  death,  and  lived  lo  the  ago  of  8U  ;  aa 
appenra  by  hia  gravestone  in  Plymouth  cliurch-yard. 
One  of  his  grandsons,  and  two  of  his  great  grandsons 
wore  counsellors  of  Massachusetta.  Several  other  of 
hia  descendnnta  have  liorne  resiiei-table  characters,  and 
have  been  placed  in  stations  of  honor  and  uaef'ulneas. 
One  of  them,  William  Urailford,  has  been  deputy  go- 
vernor of  the  State  of  Hlioile  Island,  and  a  Senator  in 
the  t'luigress  of  the  United  States.  Two  others,  .Mdcii 
Dradf'ord.  and  Oam-itliel  Uradford  are  mombera  of  the 
Historic.'tl  Society. 


*  Tliese  rmir  cnlonlfla  sfi-re  htHi)jfMi||ll4nt|4|  riMltiecllcutt 
Raw-Haven,  anil  Rhixte  Iglaiul. 

f  It  WAV  Bcciileiitally  ^eiiii  inn  i;rocri-'5  nh^^^  at  llalifny,  No- 
?•  fleiSia,  tiy  iaiURS  Clarlle,  Rhij  a  riirri'siimiiliim  iiii-lllliiir  or 
Urn  HUlerkal  Suclcijr,  ami  ly  film  iraiiniiilninl  lo  ninHiM 


WILLIAM   11  U  E  W  S  T  E  R  . 

WiLI.UM  natw.sTEB.— IIIh  F.ililrallKn— Killi'ri  thn  siTvIro  iif 
Diivis.).!— ll'Hinre.l  liv  llii!  HIatiM  .il'  llollaixl—Rrmnres  In 
II'iHariit— Si'H  lip  n  I'rlutliii?  OIIIi'l'— Ilt-imivM  lu  Aniertca 
— Odii-iaifs  art  a  Pri'nf  tior— Ilia  iliNiltianilcliaranrr- 

Tiii  .ilace  of  this  gnutlenian's  birth  is  unknown  — 
The  timo  of  it  was  .\  I)  l.'iliO.  lie  received  hia  edu- 
cation at  the  University  of  (..niihriilije,  where  he  be- 
came seriously  imprcH^iil  with  the  truth  of  religion, 
which  had  ii.><  uenulne  infiiirnce  im  his  character, 
tliriiiluh  his  wlmll:  life. 

Affrr  leaving  the  University,  lie  iiilercil  iiijn  flic  ser 
viceor\Villiain  Davison. a  coiirlictofljueen  j'li/.abeth, 
and  her  ambassador  in  Sciillaiiil  and  in  Holland  ;wbo 
found  him  so  capable  and  tiiithfiil,  that  he  reposed  the 
iitinimt  confidence  in  him  He  esteemed  him  as  a  son, 
and  conversed  with  him  in  private,  both  on  religious 
and  political  subjects,  with  the  greatest  fluniliarity  ; 
anil  when  any  tliino  occurred  which  required  secrcsy, 
llrcwster  was  his  cnnliilential  friend. 

W'hiMi  the  Ijueen  entered  into  a  league  with  the 
Uniled  Provinces,  ([."iH  I)  and  rei  eiveil  possession  of 
several  towns  and  forts,  ai  security  for  her  expenses  in 
ilefiMhlinjj  thi'ir  liberties  ;  Davison,  whu  negoeiated  the 
mailer  elltrilsteil  Urewster  with  the  keys  ofKliishing. 
one  of  ihoHc  cautionary  towns  ;  and  the  States  of  Hol- 
land were  so  sensible  iif  his  merit,  as  to  present  him 
with  till'  oriiameiit  of  a  golden  chain. 

He  reliirned  as  ambassador  to  England,  and  conti- 
nued in  his  service,  till  Davison,  having  incurred  the 
hynocrilical  displeasure  of  his  arbitrary  mislrc-is,  was 
iiuprii'ined,  lined,  and  rnineil.  Davison  is  said  to 
have  been  a  man  of  abilities  and  integrity,  but  easy  to 
be  imposed  upon,  and  for  that  very  reason  was  made 
Secretary  of  State.  When  Mary,  the  iin(i)rtnnale 
tjiiecn  of  Scotland,  had  been  tried  and  condemned, 
and  theparliainent  of  England  bad  petitioned  their  so- 
vereign for  hernxenition,  Elizabeth  privately  ordered 
llavison  to  draw  n  death-warrant, which  she  signed, and 
sent  him  with  it  to  the  chancellor  to  have  Ihc  great 
seal  uimeicd.     Having  performed  this  duty,  she  pie- 


leiuled  to  Idaine  him  for  hia  precipllaney.  Davisun  »m 
ipiainled  the  council  with  the  whole  Iranaaclion  ;  ihejp 
knew  Iheipirena  real  senliineiila,  and  persuadeil  him 
to  send  Ihe  wnrrnnt  lo  the  Earls  ofKenl  nnd  Shrews* 
bury,  promising  to  justif^v  hia  eondiiel,  and  take  the 
blame  on  iheinselvia  Theae  earia  allendeil  Ihe  ex- 
ecution  of  Mary  ;  but,  when  Kli<alieth  henni  of  it,  sh* 
airecled  surprise  und  indignation  ;  threw  all  tbebbimo 
on  the  iiiiiiH*ent  aei'retary,  and  eommitteil  him  to  Ihc 
lower;  where  he  became  the  snbjecl  of  raillery  froi* 
those  very  coiinaellor'  who  had  promised  to  counte- 
nance and  protect  hi'  'o  wna  lrie<l  in  Ihe  alnrcham- 
ber,  nnd  fined  ten  II  .od  |Hnind,  which  lieing  rigor 
oiialy  levied  ii|ion  hit      '  tluced  him  to  poverty.* 

l)uriii|r  llieao  inislbrliinea,  Hrewater  faithfully  id- 
hered  to  him,  and  gnvc  him  all  Ihe  aasialance  uf  which 
he  wna  capable.  When  he  eoubl  no  lunger  aerve  hinii 
he  retireil  iiilu  ihe  north  of  England,  among  hia  ilc 
friends,  nnd  waa  very  highly  esteemed  by  those  who 
were  moat  exemplary  for  religion.  Being  imasesaeil 
of  a  hnndsome  pro|>erty,  and  hnving  aome  influence, 
he  made  use  of  both  in  promoting  Ihe  cause  of  religi* 
on,  nnd  iiriKiiring  |ieraona  of  giHxl  charncler,  to  aervc 
ill  theolilceuf  niinialera  to  Ihe  pariahes  in  Lis  neigh* 
ImrhiHsl. 

Uy  degrees  he  herame  disgusted  with  Ihe  imposition! 
of  the  prelniieni  party,  and  their  severity  lowani  men 
of  a  miHlerate  and  peaceable  dia|inailion.  Thia  led 
him  to  inquire  eritically  into  the  nature  of  eccleainati- 
cal  authoritv  ;  and  having  diacnvereil  nmchcnmiplion 
in  Ihe  eiinstitiition,  forma,  cereinoniea,  and  discipline  of 
Ihe  Eatabllahed  ( 'hurch,  he  thought  il  hia  duty  to  with- 
draw fnmi  its  comuiunion,  nnd  join  with  others  of  the 
same  sentiments  inlheinalilutiun  ofn  separate  church; 
of  which  the  aged  Mr.  Clifloii  and  the  younger  Mr. 
Robinson  wore  appointed  pastors.  The  newly  formed 
society  iiiel,  on  Ihe  Iiord  s  days,  at  Mr.  Urewater's 
hoiiae ;  where  Ihey  were  entertained  at  hia  pxpenat% 
with  much  airectinn  and  reaped,  aa  long  aa  Ihey  coulj 
nsaemblo  without  op|ioailion  from  their  ailveraariea. 

But  when  the  resentment  of  their  hierarchy,  height- 
ened by  the  coiinlenance  and  authority  of  James,  the 
successor  of  Elizalielh,  obliged  him  to  seek  refuge  in 
a  foreign  country  ;  Brewster  was  the  most  forwnrd  to 
assist  tlieiii  in  their  removal.  He  was  one  of  those  who 
went  on  board  of  a  vessel,  in  the  night  at  Boston  in 
Lincolnshire,  (aa  nlrendy  relnled  in  the  life  of  Robin- 
son  ;)  nnd  being  nppreheiided  by  the  magiatrnles,  Iw 
was  the  grenlcst  sufferer,  becniiae  he  hnd  Ihe  most 
propertv.  When  liberated  from  confinement,  he  first 
nnsisieii  the  weak  and  poor  of  the  society  in  the  ir  em- 
barkation, and  then  fidlowed  them  to  Holland. 

His  family  was  Inrge,  and  his  depcnilents  numerous; 
hiseduention  and  mode  of  living  were  not  suited  lo  » 
mechanical  or  mercantile  life,  and  he  could  not  prac- 
tice agriculture  in  n  commercinl  city.  The  hardship* 
which  he  suireriNl  in  consequence  of  thia  removal  were 
grievous  and  depressing ;  but  when  his  finances  were 
exhausleil,  he  had  a  resource  in  his  learning  and  abili- 
ties. In  Leyden  he  found  employment  as  a  tutor ;  the 
youth  of  the  city  and  university  came  to  him  for  in- 
atriiction  in  the  English  tongue  :  and  by  means  of  the 
l,ntin,  which  was  common  lo  both,  and  a  grammar  of 
his  own  construction,  they  soon  acqnireil  a  knowledge 
of  the  English  language.  By  Ihe  help  of  some  friendi, 
he  nlso  set  up  u  printingoHice,  and  wns  instrumental 
in  publishing  several  hooka  against  the  hierarchy, 
which  could  not  obtain  a  license  in  England, 

His  reputation  wns  so  high  in  the  church  of  which 
he  was  a  niemlier,  that  they  choae  him  a  ruling  elder, 
and  confiileil  in  his  wisdom',  experience  and  integrity, 
lo  assist  in  conducting  their  temporal  as  well  aa  eccl* 
sinstical  concerns,  particularly  their  removal  lo  Aino- 
rica.  With  the  minority  of  the  church  he  came  over, 
ami  suirereil  all  the  banlsbips  attending  Iheir  settlo- 
inent  in  this  wilderness.  He  partook  with  them  ot  la 
bor,  hunger  and  watching  ;  his  bible  and  his  anna  were 
equally  familiar  to  him  ;  and  he  was  always  ready  luf 
any  diity  or  suU'eriiig  to  which  he  was  called. 

For  soine  time  alter  their  arrival,  Ihey  were  desti- 
jtiiteofa  teaching  elder  ;  expecting  and  hoping  that 
Mr  Kobirison,  with  the  remainder  of  the  church,  would 
fiiljiiw  tbcm  to  America.  Brewster  frequently  oHicia- 
ted  as  a  |ircaclier,  but  he  never  could  be  persundcil  to 
ailinlnister  the  sacraments,  or  take  on  him  the  pastoral 
ofllco  ;  though  it  had  licen  stipulated  before  his  de- 
parture from  Holland,that "  those  who  first  went  should 

•  t-'oi-  a  imrticular  account  ofDavisoii.  anil  a  full  vlnUtcattoa 
iiibii  coiiiliii  I,  llie  realise  Is  refcrrcil  le  ihe  lilili  voluins  ofBlo- 
Ltaplna  llriliaiiira.  iiulillshril  liy  Ihc  lale  learncii  and  candM 
Dr.  Ki|i|in-,  where  llie  cliaracior  of  Eliioboih  la  drawn  luUl 
[.toper  eulurs,  p-  ^—i'A- 


•BioonAPniEB  or  the  Er\RI,Y  DISCnVrRKRS. 


n 


baa  •baolula  church  of  lh«ni««lvri,  m  well  ni  thoM  TheChurchnf  I'lsmxiith  hiiil  nn  rK»iiliir  miniatnr  III! 
wkadiiil;"  mill  it  MM  (ini>  of  Ihrir  |iriiiri|>K'ii,  that  four  y«ari  allrr  tliu  ilcutli  iil' Mr.  Kdliiiimn,  niul  iiinn 
Ih*  b>*lhr«n  whu  elected,  liwi  the  |'ut¥er  of  urJiilning  yenra  oiler  tlie'ir  ci)iiiiii|{  tn  Ainerii'ii.  In  IBilU,  they 
10  office.  letlloil  Kuljih  Nniiih,  wlm  CDuiinuril  with  ihriii  iilnuit 

TherminnnrhierefuialwMhieettrrinediinileiKo;  ,Avo  ymira,  ami  tlieii  ri-xiKiieil.  Ilo  i«  aiiMl  to  hiivp  lii'rn 
Ooitift  unwillin;,   tn  nuaiiine   any  niher  iillice   iii  lluija  iniiii  i>l  "  low  uiIik,  '  ami  wud  niikJHlril  lliri'i'yiMm  li 


eburch  than  tliat  wiih  whiili  liu  hnil  hrrii  iiivpatril  by 
the  whole  limly  I'hiii  jilrii  iiil){lit  hiivo  aiiiiK'  ruriu  Ju- 
ling  Kdbliiaiin  a  life,  liy  wlinac  mlvicii  he  had  liri'ii  pre- 
vaileil  iifioii  to  nccept  the  oflke  (ilridlnii  rldrr:  but  nller 
hie  death  thi*rp  waa  leaa  rcaaDii  liir  it,  and  hiH  decli- 
ning lu  i>niciiite  wae  really  prudu^livu  uf  very  diaugrce- 
able  eirrrla. 

A  apirit  nf  faetinn  and  illvlalon  waiexeiteil  in  Ihi' 
ohurcn,  partly  by  peranna  nf  dilTernnt  aenliuii'nta  an  * 
charactera,  who  came  over  froni  Kn||land,  and  parlL 
by  uneaay  and  aaanrninK  lirplliri<n  anioni;  thcniai'lvra. 
Huch  waa  thti  notoriety  and  inelancholv  uppi'arancc 
of  theae  diviaiona,  that  their  frinnda  in  l'*n<;liuul  aerl 


Ki>u<*r  \N'illi.iuiH,  ol'  "  tirl^lit  aci'DiiipliMlunrnlN,  Imt 
It'iiaive  erriirN.''  In  Hi:H{,  they  hml  John  Ht'vnrr,  "  an 
able  anti  uotlly  man,  ol'a  nn-i'k  and  hnrtdtic  H|iirlt,aonnd 
in  the  truth,  ami  unrrprovcalile  in  hi*  lili'  and  I'oiivi'r- 
aation.  lli'  runliiuiril  Hilli  lliiiji  till  lll.'il.  wlii'h  he 
removed  to  Dover,  in  New  iLwiipMhire,  where  he  Hjient 
the  remainder  of  IiIh  lite. 

UiiriiiK  Ilia  iiiiiiislry  at  I'lyinniitli,  ehler  llrewater, 
havinjf  enjoyed  :i  heiillhy  old  iiKe.ilied  on  the  ftitti-enth 
of  .April,  lIM'l,  hein^  (hen  in  (hei'i^lily  fourth  year  i>t' 
hia  ixun.  He  waa  alile  to  eonlinue  hia  eeeh'iiiaNl'.eal 
fnnellona,  and  hia  liild  labor,  till  within  a  few  iliiya  of 
hia  death,  and  waH  eontined  to  hia  lied  but  one  day 


oualy  adinoniahi'd  them,  and  reeuninieiided  to  them  ^  He  had  been  reiiiarkablv  temperate,  thronKh  hia 
*  to  let  their  practice  in  the  rhureh  be  eomplelo  and  vvhcde  lili',  having;  drunk  no  iiipior  lint  \vater,till  within 
fUll ;   to  permit  all  who  feared  tlod.  to  join   theni.  the  laal  fivti  or  aiv  yeara.     For  many  inoiilliN  to^'ether 

he  had,  tliroiixh  neeeaaily,  llveil  nitlioiil  bread;  laiviiiL' 
nothing  but  tish  lor  hia  auatenanee.and  aonielioiea  wah 
deatilute  of  that.  Vet,  bein^  of  a  pliant  and  eheerfui 
temper,  I'.e  eanily  aeeonnnoilaled  himaelf  toliia  cirenni 
atancea.  When  imthiii);  but  oyatera  or  elama  were  aet 
on  hia  table,  he  wiaild  u'ni'  tliiinka,  with  hia  family, 
that  they  eiaild  "auck  of  the  nbnndance  of  the  aeaa, 
and  of  llio  treaaurea  hid  in  the  rand." 

He  waa  a  man  of  eminent  piety  and  devotion  ;  not 
prolix,  but  full  andcomprehenaive  in  hia  public  pmy 
era  ;  eateeminj;  it  hia  duty,  tu  atrerijjthen  and  enruU' 
ra£;o  the  devotion  of  othera,  rather  than  to  weary  them 
with  [nng  nerformancea.  On  dayauf  faatio){  and  hu 
nnliation,  lie  waa  inoro  c<ipioua,  but  cipnilty  lervent 
Aa  an  inalanee  of  tliia,  it  ia  uhaerved,  that  in  HISII,  a 
drought  of  aix  weeka  haviiij;  aueeeeded  the  planliiij; 
aeHHon,  in  July  a  day  waa  set  apart  for  faatintr  and 
prayer.  The  niornin);  waa  clear  and  hot,  h«  uaual, 
but  arter  eif^fit  Aoj/r.»emidoyed  in  reliiFiona  exereisea, 
the  weather  rhan<;ed,  and  before  the  next  morninjr,  a 
(jentlo  rain  rame  on,  which  contniueil,  with  inlermia- 
aiona  of  fair  and  wnriii  weather,  fourteen  ilaya,  by 
which  the  lan!;uiahini;  corn  rcviied.  The  neiiihlmr- 
ini{  Indiana  obaerved  the  change,  anil  said  that  "  the 
l^n<jliahiuan'a  (lod  waa  a  Kond  (iod." 

In  hia  laililic  diaeouraea,  Mr.  Urewater  waa  very 
clear  and  dintin|!uiNhin^',  aa  well  nn  pathetic  ;  aildrcHH- 
inif  himaelf  lirat  to  the  underalaiulin^,  and  then  to  the 
allectiona  of  hia  audience  :  coiiviiiriii);  anil  perauadin;; 
them  of  the  auperior  exeelleiiey  of  true  reljrrion.  Such 
a  kinil  of  teachin<;,  waa  well  adapted,  and  in  many  in- 
atancea  ellectnal.  to  the  real  inatruction  and  benclitof 
Ilia  hearera.  What  a  pity  that  aueli  a  man  could  not 
have  been  peraiiaded  to  take  on  him  the  pastoral  olHce  ! 

In  hia  private  coiiveraatioii,  he  waa  aocial,  pleaaant, 
and  inollenaive  ;  yet  when  uccaaioii  rcijuired,  lieexcr- 
ciacd  that  fortitude  which  true  virtue  inapirea,  but 
mixed  with  such  lenderueta,  that  Ilia  reproofa  gave  no 
ulleiico. 

Hia  compaaaion  towards  thodisitressed  wnsnn  eini. 
ncnt  trait  in  hia  charncler  ;  and  if  they  were  aulVerini.' 
forcunacience  sake,  he  jnd)>e.l  iliem,  of  all  othera,  moat 
deserving  of  pity  and  relief  IS'olhIng  was  more  dis. 
guating  to  him  than  vanity  and  hypocrisy. 

In  the  (.'ovcrnmentof  the  church,  he  was  careful  to 
preserve  order  and  purity,  and  to  suppress  contention. 
Had  his  diilidence  permitted  him  to  exerciae  the  pas- 
toral ollice,  he  would  have  had  more  inlluence,  and 
kept  inlrudera  at  a  proper  distance. 

Jic  was  owner  of  a  very  coiiaiderahle  library,  part  of 
which  was  lost,  when  the  vessel  in  which  he  embarked 
was  plundered  at  Uoston  in  Ijincolnshire.  .■\lter  hia 
death,  his  reniainini;  books  wore  valued  at  forty-three 
pounds,  in  silver,  as  appears  by  the  colony  records, 
where  a  catalogue  of  them  is  preserved. 


Mlvea  to  them  without  delav  ;  and  tn  let  all  ilivine  or- 
dinaneoB  be  used  cuinpletely  in  the  church,  without 
longer  waiting  upon  uncertuintiea,  or  keeping  a  gap 
open  for  oppoaitea.'* 

With  Ihia  aalutary  advice  they  did  not  comply  ;  and 
one  great  obstacle  to  their  compliance  waa  the  liberty 
of"  propheaying,"  which  waa  allowed  not  only  to  the 
•Idera,  but  toaueh  private  memhiirs  as  were  "  gilled  " 
In  Robinaon'a  apology,*  this  principle  ia  explained  in  a 
*«ry  cautioua  manner:  the  exerciae  of  the  gill  waa 
•ubject  to  the  judgment  of  the  mlniater ;  nnil  wliilat 
they  were  under  hia  aiiperintendenee,theirprnphesyinga 
were  conducted  with  tolerable  regularity  ;  but  when 
they  came  to  practice  on  this  principle  where  they  had 
not  that  advantage,  the  conaeijuence  waa  prejudicial  to 
the  ealabliahment  of  any  regular  minialry  among  theio. 
"  The  preachnienta  of  the  gilled  brethren  proiluceil 
thuao  diecourageinenta,  to  the  miniatera,  that  almoat 
■II  le(l  the  colony,  apprehending  ihemaelvca  driven 
•way  hy  the  neglect  ami  contempt,  with  which  the 
(leople  on  thia  occaaion  trealeil  them. '  This  practice 
waa  not  allowed  ill  any  other  church  in  New  England, 
f  icept  that  of  Plymouth. 

Deaide  the  liberty  nf  propheaying,  and  public  con- 
fnmico,  there  were  aeverul  other  peculiaritica  in  their 

JatactiOT,  which  they  learned  from  the  Urownista,  and 
a  which  Ihey  dilfered  from  many  of  the  Iteformcd 
tiharehoo.  They  admitted  nune  to  their  coinmuiiion 
without  either  a  written  or  oral  declaration  of  their 
fjilli  and  religious  experiimces,  delivereil  before  the 
whole  church,  with  liberty  fur  every  one  to  aak  (|iies- 
iiuiis  till  they  were  satisfied.  They  practised  ortliiia- 
tinn  hy  the  hands  of  the  brethren.  Tliey  disused  (he 
Lord's  prayer  and  the  public  reading  of  the  Scriptures. 
They  did  nut  allow  the  reading  of  the  psalni  before 
singing,  till,  in  compassion  to  a  brother  who  could  not 
read,  they  pennitted  one  nf  the  ciders  or  deacons  tn 
read  it  line  by  line,  after  it  had  been  previously  ex- 
pounded by  the  minister  They  admitted  no  children 
to  baptism,  unleaa  one,  at  leaat  of  the  parents,  were 
in  full  cominiiniun  with  the  church  ;  and  they  account- 
ed all  baptized  children  proper  auhjects  of  ecclesiasli- 
cnl  diaciplino.  Whilst  in  Holland,  tjiey  had  the  Lord's 
Supper  tvery  Sabbath ;  but  when  they  cnme  to  .Ame- 
rica, they  omitted  it  till  they  could  obtain  a  minister, 
and  then  had  it  monthly.  Most  of  theae  practices 
were  continiieil  for  many  years,  and  some  are  yet  ad- 
hered to,  though  others  have  been  gradually  laiil  aside. 

•  "  We  learn  from  llie  Apostle  I'nul,  (1  Cor.  xiv.  .1)  ihnl  ho 
who  priiplieeicth,  ii|M!nkelh  to  men  eilincuiloii.onil  i>\linrinlinn, 
anil  cninriirl ;  wliicti  to  perform  convenioiilty,  coiiiei  wiihlnlliu 
cnmpilaa  nf  tun  a  lew  of  Ihe  inullituile,  liapty  two  or  Ihrce  in 
tacti  ot  (lur  chiirclifB.  Timrhin?  prophery,  llien,  we  think  the 
aaine  lh<lt  Ihe  Syniiil  of  F.nitiileii  (I.i71)  h.llh  ilecri'iMl  in  Ihoao 
wonla  :  *  I.el  llie  nrtti-rnf  prophery  be  nlwerved  ftcronliiiji  to 
Pant's  iniililatinn.  Inln  the  liitlowship  of  Ihia  wnrk,  are  to  he 
•dmillRil,  IKK  only  the  niinialrrn,  bin  llie  lencliera,  elilerfl, 
anil  lieai-ena,  yea,  even  of  ttie  iniiltitiiilc,  wlm  are  willint; 
10  confer  iheir  gill,  receivpit  nf  Gml,  in  itio  rninnmn  nlilitv 
of  the  rhiirttt ;  but  sn  sa  they  Ural  be  altowoil,  tiy  the  juilj^'. 
nient  nf  ilie  miniBters  sntl  oiliera  " — [Robiiisoa's  Apniogy, 
chap.  vlii. 

Oiiveraor  Winlhrop.  nnd  Mr.  Wildon,  miniiiler  of  Bnnlnn, 
inaile  a  visit  to  Piynintilti,  in  OrloInT,  16.1?,  and  kept  Snii- 
bath  Iheie.  The  rolinwinir  Rrroiint  nf  the  afiprnooa  exerciae 
la  preeerveil  in  Wtnlhrop's  Jnnrnnl,  ]r  41. 

"Inthi  afternoon,  Mr.  Rngcr  Wiiiiania,  nccnritinir  in  llieir 
cusiiini,pro|>tMinileil  nipiemirni,  to  wliicli  the  pnat,ir,Mr.  Sinilti, 
■pake  brielly  ;  then  Mr.  Wiiiinins  |iro|ilii'.Hieil ;  ami  atier  liim 

the  eliler  1  Brcwalerl  then  two  or  liiree  innre  of  the  cnn!rrH''n.    ri         ii  •  a  i*  ,.*         "■ 

Unn.  Then  Ihe  eidrr  dcaired  the  covernnr  of  Masanrliu.eiu  "'>"'"'•  '  ropnsing  afterwards  a  removal  to  America, 
anil  Mr.  Wilanii  to  apeak  m  it,  whioli  ihcy  Jiil.    When  this  in  the  year  ItilT,  Mr.Cusliiuan,  and  Mr.  John  Carver, 

wasenileit,  the  iteacon,   Mr.  Fuller,  put  ihe  c-nncregalion  In  I - — 

minil  of  Ihelr  iluty  nl  cnntribiitjon  ;  U|Wii  which  the  gnveninr  *  '^''''''  '""I'ooii'  "f  -^Ir-  Cushiniiii  was  pnbli-ihed  in  t7SJ,  at 
•od  all  Ihe  re.il  went  down  ic  the  deacon's  seat,  ami  put  lulo  'Irninnih,  aa  an  Appemiix  to  llie  iliinl  I'liilinn  ofhis  Ulscoume 
na  baf ,  and  tJitu  rclurood.*!  '  on  Self  Luvc.    li  was  wrluen  by  Juhu  Davis,  Keq. 


ROBERT   CUSHMAN. 

RosFRT  CusHMAK— Knib.irka  for  Ainorlca— Kelurns  to  F.ng- 
Innil— Arrives  at  Plymnntli — Delivers  a  Discourse  on  Self 
Love— SHil.-i  for  Kn^iuiut—Takcn  by  the  French  -his  Death 
anil  cliiiracli-r. 

Robert  Cushman  waa  a  distinguished  character 
among  that  collection  of  worthieswho  quitted  England 
on  account  of  their  religious  dilliculties,  and  settled 
with   Mr  John  Robinson,  their  pastor,  in  the  city  of 


(afterward  the  llrsi  goveriinr  of  New  Plymouth)  won 
aent  over  In  KnglahiT,  aa  their  agenta,  to  agree  with  iho 
Virginia  Company  for  a  aettlemeiit,  and  tn  obtain.  If 
pnaaible,  a  grant  of  liberty  nf  conacicnce  in  their  in" 
tendril  plantation,  from  King  James. 

Kroni  this  iiegotialion,  though  cnnductril  on  their 
part  with  great  ilincretioii  and  ability,  they  returned  UB- 

niiciehafiil  to  I.nyd in  May,  lOIH.     Thiy  met  with 

nodilllenlty  indeed  from  the  Virginia  Cm  ipany,  who 
were  willing  to  grant  them  anlllcieiit  lerril  iry,  with  ao 
ample  privileges  aa  they  could  heatuw  :  bt  t  the  pmg- 
matieal  Janiea,  the  pretended  vicegerent  ul  the  Oeity, 
refiiNi'd  to  grant  them  that  lilierty  inreligioua  .-^latter'., 
which  was  their  principal  nbjrct.  Thia  persevering 
people  deterniilieif  In  tranapnrt  themaelvealo  Ihia  coun- 
try, relying  upon  James'  promiae  that  he  woidd  rrmntor 
it  lliou„di  not  exjireaaly  liikmlr  them  ;  and  Mr  Cush- 
man was  again  liespatched  tu  England  in  February, 
mill,  with  Mr.  William  Ilradford,  to  agree  with  tho 
Virginia  Company  on  the  teriiia  of  their  removal  and 
setlh'inenl. 

.After  much  difllciilty  and  delay,  they  obtained  a 
patent  in  the  September  following  ;  upon  which,  part 
oftlie  church  at  Leyden,  with  their  elder,  Mr.  Brew- 
ster, delennined  In  transjMirt  themselves  aa  soon  ao 
possible.  Mr.  Cushman  wua  one  of  the  agentsir.  Eng- 
i.inil  tn  procure  money,  ahipping  and  other  neceaaarieo 
for  the  voyage,  and  embnilted  with  them  at  South- 
hnmplon,'Anguat  Ath,  11)30.  But  the  ahip,  in  which 
he  sailed,  proving  leaky,  and  after  twice  putting  into 
port  to  repair,  being  condemned  as  unfit  to  perform  tho 
vnyage,  Mr.  Cushman  with  his  family,  and  a  numbor 
of  others,  were  obliged,  though  reluctantly,  to  relin- 
quish the  voyage  fur  that  lime,  and  return  to  Iiondon. 
'I'liose  in  the  other  ship  proceeded  and  made  their  set- 
tlement at  Plymouth  in  December,  1620,  where  Mr. 
Cushman  also  arrived  in  the  ship  Fortune  frum  London 
nn  the  lOlli  of  NnveinlH-r,  lOSl,  but  look  passage  ia 
the  aame  ahip  back  again,  pursuant  to  the  direction!  oi 
Ihe  merchant  adventurers  'i  London,  (who  fitted  out 
the  ship,  and  hy  whose  assistance  the  first  seltlera  wero 
transported)  to  give  them  an  account  uf  the  plantation. 
He  sailed  from  Plymouth  Decemlier  13th,  1631  ;  and 
arriving  on  Ihe  coast  of  England,  the  ship,  with  a  cargo 
valued  at  X500  sterling,  was  taken  by  the  Frencn. 
Mr.  Cushman,  with  tho  crew,  was  carried  into  France; 
lint  arrived  in  liondon  in  the  February  following. 
During  his  short  residence  at  Plymouth,  though  a  mere 
lay  character,  he  delivered  a  discourse  on  tho  sin  and 
danger  ofselMove,which  was  printed  in  Lonilon(162li) 
and  afterward,  re  printed  in  Uoston,  (1724)  and  again 
at  PIrmouth,  (HS^)  And  though  hia  name  ia  not 
prefixed  to  either  of  the  two  former  editions,  yet  un- 
queatiunable  tradition  renders  it  certain  that  he  waa  tho 
author,  and  oven  transmits  to  ua  a  knowledge  of  tho 
spot  where  it  was  delivered,  Mr-  Cuahman,  though  ho 
constantly  corresponded  with  his  friends  here,  and  waa 
very  serviceable  to  their  interest  in  London,  never  re- 
turned to  the  country  again  ;  hut,  whilst  preparing  fot 
it,  was  removed  tn  a  hctlcr,  in  the  year  1626.  Tho 
news  ofhis  death,  nnd  Mr.  Robinson's,  arrived  at  tho 
same  time,  at  Plymouth,  hy  Captain  Standish,  and 
seems  In  have  been  equally  lamented  by  their  bereaved 
andsulTering  friends  there.  He  was  zealously  en- 
gaged in  the  prosperity  of  Ihe  plantation,  a  man  of 
activity  and  enterprise,  well  verseil  in  business,  re- 
spectahle  in  point  of  intellectual  abilities,  well  accom- 
plished in  scriptural  knowledge,  an  unaffected  profes- 
sor, and  a  steady  sincere  practiser  of  religion.  Tho 
design  nf  the  above  mentioned  discourse  was  to  keep 
up  that  flow  of  public  spirit,  which,  perhaps,  began  then 
to  abate,  hut  which  was  thought  necessary  for  their 
preservation  and  security.  The  policy  of  that  entire 
cnmmunity  of  interests  which  our  fathers  establiahedi 
and  which  this  sermon  was  designed  to  preserve,  ia, 
nevcrlhcleas,  justly  questionable.  The  love  of  separato 
property,  fur  good  and  wise  purposea,  i .  strongly  im- 
planted in  Ihe  heart  of  man.  So  far  from  being  un- 
favorable to  a  reasonable  generosity  and  public  spirit, 
it  better  enables  us  to  display  them,  nnd  is  not  lees  con- 
sistent with  the  precepts  of  Scripltire,  rightly  under- 
stood, than  with  the  dictates  of  reason.  This  ia  evi- 
denced by  the  subsequent  conduct  of  this  very  peo- 
ple. In  the  year  1623,  departing  a  little  from  their  firat 
system,  they  agreed  that  every  family  should  plant 
for  themselves  ;  bringing  in  a  competent  portion  at 
harvest,  for  the  maintenance  of  public  officers,  fisher- 
men, &c.  and  in  all  other  things  to  go  on  in  the  gtnf 
ral  K-aij,  (as  they  term  it)  as  before  ;  for  this  purpooo 
tiiey  assigned  to  every  family  a  parcel  of  land,  for  • 
year  only,  in  pro|iorlion  to  their  number.  Even  lUo 
temporary  division,  as  Governor  Bradford.in  hio  oaim-J 


i\ 


AMKKICATV    IIINTOIlV. 


■Mini  hlitiirjr,  ohMrvi-*,"  hu*  » trrry  gm«l  ririfl ;  iiiiikra 


lU  rntlaMrliiui ;  h'*"  cuol'nt ;  evca  th«  woinrii  uiiil 
cblMrtn  now  go  iiilci  lh«  A«lil  lu  work,  iiul  much  iimrr 
com  te  plaiitnl  than  evrr."     In  Ihn  •prin||  uf  III*  ^rur 


t  iKrilirr  l<>   llll  miiiio  \vi'i|(lity   |>ii'n<  cil'  tiiiilwr,   cir{il.iiljr  «i>t  •ml  cunaiim*  <>n<i  nnnihtr,  thr»unh  llMlrM^ 


v«a«'l,  if  iiiiii  iilniiil  >lill  iitiil  clii  iKit  lin,  ilinll  not  lli«  iilnliiini,  w»jra  nliil  miitrntiiiii» ',  !•  jroii,  Ihcrrhn 
rol  Ihi  wrnki'iir.l  iiiul  ilnlii'arli'nnl  !  Will  iicil  n  fi'W  ^Mlianiril  of  il,  anil  winlliciii  In  p«ar«,  hiilh  with  jroill> 
iilln  ilrnnra  aiKiil  lh«  »IimIi<  ainik  nf  liiluiriiiii»  Ix-rn  ' '  ••■Ivm,  nnil  Willi  "he  iiiiiillii'r,  liy  vmir  |>rnrriil>li  nam 
1024,  IliK  |M'ii|ilo  Ih  tii|i  atill  UMi'uay.  nil*  urrc  of  liiiiil  Nii  iini'  ullr  lii'lly,  oiin  inuriiiiirrr,  imik  I'lMiiiiliiiiirr,  nm  plpa.whirh  tvill  |>rriirli  IoiiiIit  !<■  l}ioiii,lliiiii  trynii  rnuUI 
WM  givoii  ti)  I'nch,  in  lee-aim|>l(t  ;  fi'i  tmire  to  he  nifnt,  I  ■rlMtiviT,  will  wiMikcii  iiiul  ili-liiMrtrii  ii  wlhilit  fnluiiy  rry  in  llicir  l>:irl>iirnii»  liin^iinur  ;  an  aUu  nhnll  yiMi  !)• 
hit  the  eipiriition  itf  the  tfrni  year  a.  In  tho  yiMr  1(^^*7,  i  (lri*>il  iimllrra  liiivi'  lirrii  lirtMiijIit  In  iiunn,  wtitTi*  iiii'ii ,  iin  riiniiiriijfinrnl  In  tiiiiiiy  nf  yntir  riirialiiin  I'rtriula, 
whrn  thi'y  |mrrlia«'il  llir  iiilcn'olul'llii'  iiilvi'iiliiri'ra  in  I  Iiiivk  rhn'rliilly,  na  »illi  nni-  lirurl,  liiiiiil  iiiiil  uliniilili'r,  in  Minr  iiiilivri'<iiiiitry,  torninc  Inynu,  wIhmi  tliry  haul 
Eni{lanil,  in  llit^  |itiinliitinii,  (Iti-ro  wiia  u  ili%iiiinn  iinil '  ^nlUl  iibniil  il.  tmili  in  WiirN.liiiililini;*  iinil  |iliiiiliiliniiM  ; ,  nl'  ynur  priiiT,  Invf  itiitl  kiiiilni'HN-  Hut,  iihova  all,  l| 
•ItotmrnI  nl'  iilimml  ull  thi'ir  prniirrty,  ri'iil  iiml  |ii'r- j  Imt  wIiitu  rvrry  niun  ai'ika  liiniaiH',  nil  iniiiilli  In  iin-   ■Imll  nn  will  williyniir  aniiU,  wlirn  tlmt  (Iml  nf  )><■».■• 


•uiial ;  tweiily  arrra  of  lillugi'  lunil  lu  isii'll,  Ivtiili  • 
what  they  held  Infure  ;  the  uifiiiltiwa  ami  the  trinlo 
mily,  remaining  in  cnmninn. 

Thui  it  ia  uTwrviibli',  hunr  mm,  in  apiln  of  ihi'ir 
princi|ilea,  are  nalunilly  lr<l  into  thai  iiinili'  nl'  miiiliiii, 
vf hich  truth  and  utility,  t'ViT  cniniiili'iit,  |ii<int  nut. 
Our  fathera  ilearrve  ihi-  hi|;lirat  i'niniiiriid.ilinii  for  prn' 
■•cuting,  at  Ihehaiaril  nfliri^  and  fnrtune,  that  ri'lnrina- 
tlon  in  rrliginn,  which  the  Church  of  l!}n|ilaiul  Icll  iin- 
perfect ;  taking  fnr  thia  |iiir|u»c,  llic  Sucri-d  Scrip 
luraa,  aa  their  only  guide,  they  tnivdli'.l  in  ilm  path  of 
Uutbi  and  appealed  t<i  a  mnal  iinbic  and  unerring  aliin- 
ilard  ;  but  when  iVnm  Ihcir  rovrri'iii  i>  to  thia  divine 
authority,  in  inattera  of  rcliginn,  thuy  were  iiiclinol  in 
ealeem  it  the  only  guiilo,  in  all  the  atfaira  nf  life  iinil 
attempted  to  regulate  their  civil  imlily  ii|ion  rimrch 
ideal,  they  rr'od,  and  involved  Iheniaoivea  in  iniiuine' 
rable  difficultiea 

The  eiul  of  civil  society  ietheaeruritynf  the  teiii|M>> 
ral  liberty  and  prua|ierily  nf  man,  not  all  the  hu|>|iiiiena 
and  perfection  which  ho  ia  capable  of  allaiiiing,  fur 
whicn  other  meaiia  are  npiiointpd.  Had  not  our  fii- 
Ihera  placed  themarlvca  upon  auch  a  fnntin^',  with  re- 
aped lo  |irnp4^rty,  aa  waa  repugnant  to  the  naliire  uf 
man,  and  not  w,irranleil  by  the  true  end  nf  civil  an- 
eiety,  there  would  probalily  have  been  iiu  juat  vrouiid  of 
complaint  of  n  want  of  real  and  reaaonalile  public  api- 
rit ;  and  the  neceaaity  ol  the  exiinrlalinn  and  reprnof, 
contained  in  Mr.  (Juahman'a  diarourae,  wniild  have 
been  auperaeded.  Their  leiil,  llieir  eiitcrpriae,  and 
their  uncominnn  HUtferings  in  the  pruaeciilinn  nf  Iheir 
arluoua  undertaking,  render  it  nmrally  certain,  that 
they  would  have  ever  cheerfully  perforineil  their  duly 
in  thta  rcapect.  Their  rnntem|H>rariea  might  cenanre 
Ibem  for  what  they  ilul  not,  but  llieir  poatcrity  miiat 
ever  adiniro  and  revere  them  fnr  what  llie;  '1/  exhibit. 
AHer  the  death  of  !Mr.  Cuahinan,  hia  family  came 
over  In  New  England.  Hia  aon,  Thniiina  ('ualiiiian, 
aucceeded  Mr  Brewater,  aa  ruling  elder  nf  tho  Church 
of  Plyinnulh,  being  ordained  to  that  otlico  in  KIl'J 
He  was  a  man  of  gnod  gifla,  and  freijuently  aaaialcd  in 
carrying  on  th*  public  wurahip.preacliing  and  catechiz- 
ing. Kur  it  waa  one  nf  the  prufeaaeil  principles  nf  thai 
church,  in  ita  firat  formation,  "  Inchinae  none  for  gn- 
veriiing  eldera,  but  aurh  nn  were  able  to  leach."  Tie 
continued  in   Ihia  ullice  till  he  died,  in  16U1,  in  the 


t, 


cignly  fourth  year  nf  hia  age. 

The  almvo  incnlinned  iliacourae  of  Mr  Rnliert  Cnah- 
man,  in  1021,  maybe  conaidcred  aaa  apecimen  nf  the 
"  prophesy iiiga"  of  tho  brethren.  The  occaaion  waa 
ainguiar ;  the  exhurtatinns  and  reproofs  are  not  leaa 
MOj  but  were  udapteil  to  the  then  state  of  aocicty. 
8ome  specimens  may  not  bo  disagreeable,  and  are 
therefore  here  inserted. 

"  Now,  brethren,  I  pray  you  remember  yourselves, 
and  know  that  you  arc  nut  in  a  retired  innnaslical 
course,  but  have  given  your  nameH  and  promises  one  to 
another,  and  covenanted  here  to  cleave  together  in  the 
wrvice  nf  CJikI  and  the  king.  What  then  must  you  do ! 
May  you  live  a«  retired  hermits,  and  look  after  nnbodyi 
Nay,  you  must  seek  alill  the  wealth  of  one  annther  ; 
and  inquire,  as  David,  how  livcth  such  a  man  !  how  is 
ho  clad  !  how  is  ho  fed  !  lie  is  my  brother,  and  my 
associate  ;  we  ventured  our  lives  tngellier  Iiere,  and 
had  a  hard  liruiUof  it ;  and  we  are  in  lea>Tiie  together. 
Is  his  labor  harder  than  mine  7  surely  I  will  eai^e  him. 
Hath  he  no  t>ed  to  lie  on  ?  I  have  two  ;  I'll  lend  him 
one.  Hath  ho  no  apparel  I  I  have  two  suits.  Ml  give 
him  one  of  them.  Eats  he  coarse  fare,  bread  and  wa- 
ter 7  and  have  I  better!  surely  we  will  part  stakes. 
He  is  aa  good  a  man  as  I,  and  wc  are  bound  each  to 
other ;  so  that  his  wants  must  be  my  wants,  bis  snr- 
nkwa  my  sorrows,  his  sickness  my  sickness,  and  his 
welfitrc  my  welfare  ;  for  I  am  as  he  is.  Such  a  sweet 
■jropathy  were  excellent,  comfortable,  yea,  heavenly. 
and  la  the  only  maker  and  conserver  of  churches  and 
commonwealths. 

It  wonderfully  encourageth  men  in  their  duties, 
they  ace  the  burthen  equally  borne  ;  but  when 


thin 

The  enunlry  iayvt  raw,  the  land  untilled  ;  theei 
lies  not  biiililed  ;  the  callle  not  settled.  We  are  com- 
paaaetl  about  with  a  helpless  anil  iille  people. the  natives 
nf  the  enunlry,  which  caniinl,  in  any  cnmely  or  enm- 
f  irtable  manner,  help  Ibeiiiaelves  ;  much  leaa  na.  We 
also  have  lieen  very  charueable  In  many  of  our  loving 
fiienda  which  helped  iia  bilbi'r, and  nnw  again  aiipplied 
na.  Ho  that  before  we  ibiiik  ttf  |/alliering  riches,  we 
must  even  in  conacienceibink  nfreqiiiliiig  llieir  charge. 
Inve,  and  labor ;  and  eursea  lie  on  that  prufit  anil  gain 
which  aiinelh  tint  at  lliis.  lieaiilea,  Iinw  many  of  our 
ilear  I'rienda  iliil  here  die  at  our  first  entrance  '  iiiaiiy  of 
iIm'iii.  iin  ilnubt,  fnr  Want  of  giKsl  liMl^ing,  ahelter.  anil 
t'.<TMi>trtalile  things;  and  itiaiiy  more  may  go  after  itieiii 
i|iii<'kly.  if  care  lie  nut  taken,  lathis  ilieii,  a  time  fnr 
men  In  begin  In  seek  Iheniaelvea  I  Paul  aailh,  that 
men  in  the  laat  daya  shall  be  lovers  nf  Ihemselvea  ('j 
Tim  iii  3  ;)  but  it  ia  here  yet  but  the  Aral  days,  and, 
aa  it  wcri-  the  dawning  nf  this  new  world.  It  i-  now 
therefore  no  lime  ttir  nicii  to  Itnik  lo  get  riches,  brave 
clothes,  ilaiiily  fare  ,  but  to  look  In  present  neceaailies. 
It  is  now  no  lime  In  piimper  the  ilesh,  live  at  ease, 
aiialch.  catch,  acrap<<,  and  hoard  up  ;  but  rather  In 
npen  the  doors,  the  cheata,  and  veaaela,  anil  say.  bro- 
ther, neighbor,  friend,  what  want  ye  /  any  thing  llial  I 
have  !  make  bold  with  it ;  it  ia  yours  to  cominanil,  to 
do  you  gniKl.  In  comfort  and  cherish  you  ;  and  gtud  1 
am  that  I  have  it  for  yon. 

"  I,et  there  be  no  prisligal  snn  to  come  fnrth  and 
lay.  give  tne  the  portion  of  lands  and  gonils  that  aji- 
pertuiiielh  lo  inc,  and  let  me  shift  for  myself  It  ia 
yet  too  aoon  to  put  men  to  their  shifts;  hiael  vtHM 
seven  yeara  in  Canaan,  lM>fore  the  hind  waa  divided 
unto  Iriliea,  much  longer  iH'fore  it  waa  diviileil  unto 
raniiliea;  and  why  wouldeat  thou  have  thy  particular 
|H>rtion,  but  iiecanae  thou  tbiiikeat  to  live  belter  than 
Ihy  neighlmr,  and  scnrnest  to  live  so  meanly  as  he  ! 
bul  who,  I  pray  ihee,  brought  this  parliciilarir.ing  firsi 
into  the  world )  Did  not  Satan  who  was  nut  content 
lo  keep  that  equal  slate  with  hia  fellows,  but  would 
>iet  his  thrnne  above  the  stars  !  Did  not  he  also  entice 
man  lodeapiae  hia  griinul  telicily  and  happinesa,  and 
go  Iry  /«/i-/i(*N/i;r  knowledge  of  gnnd  ami  evil  I  Nothing 
ill  thia  world  doth  more  rrseinble  heavenly  happinesa, 
than  for  men  to  live  as  one,  being  of  one  heart,  and 
nne  soul ;  neither  any  thing  more  resembles  hellish 
horror,  than  for  every  man  to  shift  fnr  himself,  for  il 
it  be  a  good  mind  and  practice,  thus  in  alfect  particu- 
lara,mi>ie  and  Ihinr,  then  it  shnuld  be  best  alsn  for  (iod 
lo  provide  one  heaven  for  thee,  and  another  for  thy 
neighbor. 

"  Olijcrtion.  Uut  some  will  aay.  If  all  men  will  do 
their  endeavors,  as  I  do,  1  could  be  content  with  this 
generality  ;  but  many  ure  idle  nn.l  sinthftil.and  eat  up 
other's  labora.  and  therefore  it  is  best  to  ptci,  and  then 
every  man  may  do  hia  pleasure. 

If  others  Ui  idle  and  thou  diligent,  thy  fellowship. 


and  Iinily  shall  eniiie  In  viail  ynu  wilh  death,  aa  ba 
halli  done  many  of  ynnr  aasoeialea,  ynu  lieing  fouiM 
of  hitii,  lint  in  iiiunniiringa.  iliMcnnlenI,  and  jara,  bul 
in  brnlherly  Inve,  and  peace,  may  lie  triinalated  from 
thia  wuiiilering  wilderneaa,  unto  that  Joyful  andhca* 
•nly  Canaan."     Amen. 


r>rovocation,and  example. may  well  help  to  cure  I  bat  mti- 
ady  in  tlicm,  bein^  together  ;  but  being  aanndcr.  aliall 
they  not  be  more  idle,  and  shall  not  gentry  and  beg- 
gary be  quickly  the  glorioua  ensigns  of  your  coniiiion- 
wealth  ! 

**  He  not  too  hasty  to  say  men  are  itite  and  slothful. 
.Ml  men  h.ivc  not  strength,  skill,  faculty,  spirit,  ami 
courage  to  work  alike.  It  is  thy  glory  and  creuit,  that 
thou  canst  do  so  well,  and  hia  shame  and  reproach, 
that  he  can  do  no  better ;  and  are  not  these  sullicieiit 
rewariis  to  you  both  I 

"  If  any  be  idle  apparently,  you  have  a  law  and  go- 
vernors to  execute  the  same,  and  to  follow  that  rule  nf 
the  apoatle,  to  keep  back  their  bread,  and  let  them  not 
eat;  go  not  therefore  whispering,  In  charge  men  wilh 
idleness :  but  go  to  tho  governor  and  prove  theiii  idle 
and  thou  shall  sec  them  have  their  deserts 

"There  ia  nogrief  sotedio.s  as  a  churlish  compan- 
ion. Dear  ye  one  another  s  burdens, and  lie  not  a  bur- 
den one  to  another,     .\void  all  factions,  frowardness, 


singularity,  and  wilhdrawings,  and  cleave  fast  to  the 
MmM  withdraw  themselves,  and  retire  to  their  own  par- 1  Lord,  and  one  to  another,  continually ;  so  shall  you  be 

lictilar  ea«e,  pleasure  or  profit,  what  heart  can  incn|a  notable  precedent  to  these  |Hiur  heathens.whosc  eyes  the  most  of  the  sunuuer  there      The  head  of  this  rivet 
luve  to  20  on  in  thoir  buainess !  When  I3eu  are  cuiuu  |  are  upon  you,  and  who  very  biutishly  and  cruelly  do  |  is  tepoiti-d  to  be  nut  foi  fism  the  place  of  out  abode  ■ 


EDWARD    WINHI.OW. 

F.DWAHD  WiSKiuw-IliN  llirih  mill  Kilui-siifnt— Travela  m 
Uw  ronltni'iu-  ItelhoM-a  to  Ainenrii-  Ilii  vialt  In  Mitaaa* 
aixl  — iti-ltiriiN  III  Kiii(liiriil--ltHilN  SKSlri  for  lM\nioulli— Hunt 
sa  Ajeiit  til  Knalsilil— rotniiiltteil  lu  the  Flaat  Pimoi^* 
Hrii-iiMi'il— Iti-iiiriiN  III  Nfw  Kiialiiiiil  Kiiil  <-liiiH«ii  Uiivsrnor 

—  i'lmscll  riiMiliit.^Hliilu  r  of  tilt-  I'lllleil  Coloalt-a— Sent  by 
Crotinvell  UKlilliit  tlie  S|)iinlHnla— lljra  on  Ilia  |)ltiiaaga  ta 
Jiiiiiiiua— Arcotilit  of  hia  l)i>nrvnilanls. 

Tina  eminenlly  uaefiil  |H'raon  was  tho  eldeatann  at 
n  gentlemin  of  the  aniiie  name,  of  Drnltwich,  in  Wor" 
ceatershire,  where  he  was  hnrn  in  l.'SIM.  Of  hia  edu- 
cation ami  Ural  appearance  in  life  vti  have  no  know* 
ledge.  In  the  course  nf  liia  Irnvela  on  the  cnnliiient  ot 
Kuro|M',  lie  oecanie  acquaiiiied  with  Mr  Rnbinaon  uuti 
the  church  under  hia  pastoral  care  at  I>eyden,  where  ha 
aellled  and  married.  Tnlhia  church  hejniiietl  hiniaelf, 
and  wilh  them  he  cnntimied  till  their  removal  lo  Amo- 
rica.  He  came  hither  wilh  the  firat  company,  and  hit 
nanieia  the  third  in  the  Mat  uf  those  who  snhacrilicd  the 
covcnani  of  incorjioratinn,  liefnre  their  diseinbarkalion 
at  Cape  ('ml.  His  family  then  consisted  of  hia  wift 
ami  three  other  persnns.  He  waa  one  of  the  company 
who  coasted  llie  bay  nf  (*ape  i'nd,  and  iliacnvereil  tha 
harbor  nfl'lymuiilh  ;  and  when  the  Sachem  Masassoil 
came  to  visit  tho  strangers,  he  nifered  himself  aa  a 
hostage,  whilst  a  conference  was  held  and  a  treaty 
was  made  wilh  the  savage  iirince. 

His  wife  died  soon  lifter  his  arrival ;  and  in  the  fol> 
lowing  spring,  ho  married  Susanna,  the  widow  of  Wi|i 
liaiii  White,  and  mother  of  Peregrine,  the  first  Engliab 
child  Isirn  in  New  England.  Thia  was  the  first  mar- 
riage solemnized  in  the  colony  ;  (May  18,  HiSI  ) 

In  June,  he  went  inconipany  wilh  Slephrn  Hopkin* 
In  visit  Sachem  Masai  aoit  at  I'okanoket.  The  deaign 
of  thia  viail  ia  relalei',  in  Uradfnrd'a  life.  The  particu- 
lar cireumsl.'nce-  uf  it  may  pro|ierly  be  detailed  here, 
in  the  very  wonts  nf  Winslnwa  unginal  narrative. 

"  We  set  fnrward.  the  lOih  nf  June,  about  nine  in 
the  morning ;  our  guide  [Tisqunnlum]  resolving  thul 
night  to  rest  at  Niimaaket.a  town  under  Masaasoit.and 
conceived  by  us  to  lie  very  near,  because  tlie  inhabit- 
ants  flocked  an  thick,  on  every  alight  occasion  among 
us  ;  but  we  found  it  to  be  fifteen  English  miles.  On 
the  way,  we  found  ten  3t  twelve  men, women  and  rhil- 
dren,  which  had  pestered  na  till  we  were  weary  ol 
them  ;  |ierceiving  that  (aa  the  manner  nf  them  all  ia) 
whore  victuals  ia  easiest  lo  be  got,  there  they  live,  ea- 
pecially  in  the  summer;  by  reason  whereof,  our  hay 
affording  many  lobsterii,  they  resort  every  spring-lido 
ihither,  and  now  returned  with  us  to  Namaskel, 
Thither  we  came  about  three  in  the  afternoon  ;  the  in- 
habitanis  entertaining  us,  with  joy,  in  ihe  beat  manner 
Ihey  could,  giving  na  a  kind  of  bread,  called  by  them 
Mazium,  and  ihe  spawn  uf  shad,  which  then  they  got 
in  abundance;  insomuch  as  they  gave  us  apoona'to 
eat  them  ;  wilh  these  they  boiled  musty  acomo, 
bul  of  the  shad  we  ate  heartily.  They  desired  one  ol 
our  men  to  shoot  at  a  crow,  complaining  what  damage 
Ihey  sustained  in  their  corn  by  them  ;  who  shooting 
and  killing,  Ihey  much  admired  it,  aa  other  ahuta  on 
other  occasions, 

"  After  thia  Tlsquanluni  told  ua,  we  shnuld  hardly 
in  one  day  reach  Pakanokick,  moving  ua  to  go  eight 
miles  fartlier,whi're  we  should  find  more  store  and  bet* 
ter  victuals.  Ueing  willing  io  hasti  n  our  jouniey,  wo 
went,  and  came  thither  at  selting-aun  ;  where  we  found 
many  nf  the  men  of  Namaakct  fialiing  at  a  ware 
which  they  had  made  on  a  river,  which  belnngnl  to 
them,  where  they  caught  abundance  of  bass.  These 
welcomed  us  also,  gave  us  cf  Iheir  fish,  and  we  them 
of  our  victuals,  not  doubting  out  weahuuld  have  enough 
wherever  we  came.  Theifl  we  lodged  in  the  open 
fields  ;  fur  houses  they  had  none,  though  they  spent 


$ 


niU||h  ihclTMDi 
yiiii,  lh«rpfnfl 
iKilh  with  ]ri>ui> 
|iriu'('iilfU  rxam 
ihniiifyiiiK'nuU 
Inn  >hnM  .you  IM 
'hrialinri  i'rirmii, 
.  whi'ii  \Ury  h«tt 
lilt,  iiluivn  nil,  M 
liiittJiHliiriiric* 
ith  ilriilh,  ni  h* 
run  lirlng  fiiuiM 
Ml,  itnil  jnri,  but 
I  Irniiiliitfil  fruiB 
jiiyful  mvihra* 


.OW. 

mlinii— Tti»tli  «• 
Ilio  \i>ii  lo  Mum- 
ur  l'l\nioulli— St-ni 

tllO    flMt   I'lKOll— 

III  I'ttukeii  tiuvwrnoi 

(■iiioiiif«-»iMt  hr 

I  on  III*  |ia»>gt  !• 

» Iho  rlilmt  Kon  at 
riiltwich.  In  Wor- 
Wi.  ur  hii  rilu- 
e  havit  no  kiiuw* 
in  tlir  rnnlliirtitot 
Mr  Kobinmin  uDd 
lrf>ytliMi,  wlivrcha 
lip  jiiliirti  hiniMlf, 
r  ipinnval  to  Ami* 
romimiiy.  antl  hi* 
who  >iihH-rllii'il  the 
pjriliH-niliurknlinn 
iHlilrd  of  hii  vvir* 
ni'  of  ihi"  ciimiiary 
nnil  (lliicovrr«l  th* 
Siii'hcin  Mnaaiaoit 
^rrrtl  liiinarir  ai  a 
lielil  aiiii  k  Irvaly 

ml ;  nnil  in  thf  fi>l> 

thf  willow  of  Wi|i 

|ir,tlir  fiTHl  Knijliak 

wna  thi>  tirat  inikl- 

12,  103)) 
Si)'|ih<  n  Hopkin* 
ikri.     The  ilraign 
fo.  The  |iiirtict|. 
be  iletiillcd  here, 
iniil  nanntive. 
Ml',  aliuut  nine  in 
III]  ri'anlving  Ihut 
VT  MtiKiiaaoit.anJ 
Hiiac  tlir  iiihulilt- 
orraaion  ainuni; 
llliah  niiira.     On 
wi.im'ii  ami  chil- 
?  were   weary  ol 
ner  of  them  all  ia) 
hero  they  live,  e»- 
whereof,  our  bay 
every  aprinj;  tiilo 
ua  lo   Naoiaakel. 
nernoon ;  the  in- 
in  the  beat  manner 
III,  called  by  them 
hii'h  then  they  irat 
fave  ua  apoona  to 
nuiaty    acoma, 
ley  (leaired  one  o< 
ling  what  damaga 
m  ;  who  ahouting 
aa  other  ahuta  oo 


DlOaKAPItlKH   or   TIIF.    RARI.Y    Dl  Hi;o  V  K  KK  K  N. 


ide 


^t 


III 


we  ehould  hardly 
ing  ua  tu  go  eight 
lore  atore  and  bet- 
n  our  jour.iey,  we 
I ;  where  wc  found 
ahiiig  at  a  war* 
rhicji  lielongeil  to 
of  baaa.  Thea* 
lah,  and  we  them 
lould  have  enough 
ged  in  the  open 
[hough  they  apent 
head  of  thia  rivcf 
ice  of  our  abod*  i 


I  It  are  ami  have  lieen  many  tnwna,  It  being  a  gmiil 
•nglh.  The  ground  la  very  gmal  oil  Ixith  aidra,  it  Iw- 
im%  l»  the  moat  pari  ileiireil  Tliuuaundauf  iiii'iiIihvk 
iiml  iiere,  whieh  died  in  n  grenl  pingiin,  nut  biiig 
eiiire  \  and  pily  it  waa  and  ia  to  aeti  ao  luiiny  guiHlly 
Aelda  and  ao  wall  aeateil,  without  luen  to  ilreaa  the 
irnie. 

"  Theneit  morning  we  brake  our  faat,  and  look  our 
hive  ami  dr|iarted  ,  liiiiig  Ibi'ii  iii'<'uni|iaiiii'd  with  aix 
•Avagea  lluving  gone  iihuiil  aix  niiira  by  the  river'a 
aide,  at  a  kiiuwn  ahoiil  pliire,  it  iH'ing  low  watt-r,  they 
apiikn  lo  ua  tu  pu*  oil  our  brvecliea,  for  we  iiiiiat  wade 
throiigli  Here  lei  ine  nut  forget  the  valor  and  rouriige 
ul'  aoiiie  of  the  aavagea,  on  the  op|Hiaile  aide  ol  tlie 
river ;  for  there  were  reinaiiiing  iilivi'  only  two  men, 
both  ug>>d.  Tlieae  two,  apying  a  company  of  men  en- 
taring  the  river,  ran  very  awillly,  and  low  in  the  graaa, 
to  meet  ua  at  the  hank  ;  where,  with  ahrill  voteea,  and 

Sreal  courage,  atanding,  charged  upon  ua  with  their 
DWa,  they  ueinaiiled  what  we  were,  aiippuaing  ua  lo 
he  eneiiiiea,  and  thinking  to  take  advniilage  of  ua  in 
the  water:  but  aeeing  we  were  friend',  tliey  welcoiii- 
ed  ua  with  aiiili  IuimI  aa  they  had  ;  and  we  liealowed  « 
email  bracelet  of  lieiida  ^n  Ihein.  Tliua  far,  we  are 
cure.  Iho  lido  eliba  and  lluwa. 

"  Having  here  again  refreaheil  ouraelvea,  we  pro- 
oeeded  on  our  journey,  the  weather  lieiiig  very  hut ; 
yet  the  country  ao  widl  watered,  that  a  nmii  could 
ecarce  be  dry,  out  he  ahoiild  have  a  apriiig  at  hand  lo 
cool  Ilia  thirat,  laiaide  aniall  rivera  in  abundance.  The 
aavngea  will  not  willingly  drink  but  at  u  apringheiid. 
When  we  came  to  any  ainall  brouk,  where  nu  bridge 
waa,  two  of  lliem  deaired  lo  carry  ua  through  of  llieir 
own  accord ;  aUu  fearing  we  were  or  would  Iw  weary, 
they  olTored  lo  carry  our  pieeea,  [guna  ;J  alao,  if  we 
would  lay  olfaiiy  of  our  ciuthea,  we  ahould  have  them 
carried  ;  ami  aa  the  one  of  llieiii  hail  found  more  apn- 
cial  kiiidiieHa  from  one  of  the  meaaeiigera,  ami  the 
other  aavage  from  the  other,  au  they  allowed  their 
IhankfulneHa  accordingly  in  alfording  ua  all  help  and 
flirtherancu  in  the  journey. 

"  Aa  w«  paaaed  along,  we  olwervcd  that  there  were 
few  placea  by  the  river,  bu*  hiid  been  iiihahiled  ;  by 
*eiiaoii  whereof,  much  ground  waa  clear  eiive  of  weeda 
which  grew  higher  llinn  our  lieada.  There  ia  much 
good  tiinlwr,  oak,  walnut,  tir,  beech,  and  exceeding 
great  cheanut  treoa. 

"  Aflerward  wo  came  to  a  town  of  Maaaaaoit'a, 
where  we  eat  oyalera,  and  other  fmh.  From  thenre 
me  went  tu  Pockaiiukick,  hut  Mnaoaaoit  waa  nut  :it 
homo.  There  wo  ataid,  he  laMiig  aent  fur.  Wlwii 
newa  waa  brought  of  his  coining,  our  guide,  Tiaipiaii- 
turn,,  requealed  that  at  our  meeting,  wo  would  dia- 
chargo  our  pieeea  One  of  ua  going  tu  chirge  hia 
piece,  the  women  and  children,  through  fear  ran  nway 
and  could  not  lie  pacified  till  he  laid  it  down  again  ; 
who  afterward  wero  belter  informed  by  our  iiilerprcler. 

**  Maaaaauit  being  t'oiiie,  we  diachargeil  uur  pieeea 
and  aaluted  him,  who,  after  their  manner,  kindly  wel- 
comed ua,  and  took  ua  into  hia  huiise,  iiid  act  uadown 
)y  him,  where,  having  delivered  our  lueaaage  anil  pre- 
ecnla,  and  having  put  the  coat  on  hia  back,  and  (lie 
chain  aliuut  hia  neck,  he  waa  nut  a  lillle  pruud  to  be- 
liuld  himself,  and  hia  men  alao  to  ace  their  king  ao 
bravely  attired. 

"  Fur  anawer  to  our  meaaage,  he  told  ua  we  were 
welcome  ;  and  he  would  gladly  continue  that  peace 
and  friendahio  which  waa  between  him  and  ua  ;  and 
for  hia  men,  ihey  Khnuid  no  more  (lester  us,  aa  they 
had  dune  ;  alao  that  he  would  aend  to  Paomet,  and 
hi'Ip  ua  to  Heed-corn,  aecurding  tu  our  request. 
'  "  Thia  being  Jane,  hia  men  gutliered  near  '.u  him,  lu 
whuin  he  iiiriieiuiimaelf  and  made  a  great  speech  ;  the 
meaning  tvhereuf  (aa  far  aa  we  could  learn)  waa,  that 
he  waa  commanderof  the  country,  and  thai  the  people 
ehuuld  bring  their  Nkina  to  ua.  He  named  at  leaat 
thirty  placea ;  ami  their  anawer  was  confirming  and 
applauding  what  ho  aaid. 

"  He  then  lighted  tobacro  for  ua,  and  fell  to  dia- 
euurhing  of  Kngland  and  of  the  king,  marvelling  that 
lie  could  live  without  »  wife.  Alau  he  talked  of  the 
Frenchmen  ;  bidding  ua  not  to  aulTcr  them  tu  come  tu 
Narruwhiganaet ;  for  it  waa  King  Jamce'a  country, 
and  hi!  was  King  Jainoa'a  man.  It  grew  late,  but  he 
ollerctl  us  nu  vicluala  ;  fur  indeed  lie  had  not  any,  be- 
ing so  newly  cume  home.  So  we  deaired  to  go  to  rest. 
He  laid  us  on  the  bod  with  himarlf  and  his  wife  ;  they 
at  the  one  end,  and  wo  at  ^.he  other  ;  it  being  only 
(ilariks.  laid  a  foot  frum  the  ground,  and  a  thin  mnt 
Kpon  them.  Two  mure  of  iiii'  chief  men,  fur  want  of 
roMn,  pieaacil  by  and  upon  la ;  ao  that  wo  were  worao 
KOariM  ol  out  loJj;in|[,  than  of  uur  journey. 


"  The  neat  day  lieing  Thiirailay,  many  of  their  au 
chenia  or  |h  lly  guvernura  came  lu  ai'e  ua,  and  many  uf 
their  men  alau  They  went  lu  llieir  manner  of  gainea 
liir  akin*  and  knives.  We  ehalleiigiMl  Ihein  tu  alimit 
liir  akiiia,  but  Ihey  diiral  not  ;  only  they  deaired  luaee 
one  uf  ua  slioiit  III  a  mark  ;  who  ahooliiig  with  hail-ahul, 
Ihey  wuiideri'd  lu  aee  the  murk  ao  hill  u(  liolea. 

"  .MhiiiI  line  uclut-k,  .Maaaasoit  broiighl  two  fiahea 
tliiit  he  had  abut ,  liny  weie  like  lireuiii, but  three  limes 
au  big,  and  better  iiietil.  [Probably  the  lisli  ealleil  Ta- 
tang  J  These  being  Isiiled.  there  were  at  least  furly, 
lliat  liiuked  for  a  share  in  them  ;  the  must  eat  ol  them. 
This  meal  only,  we  bad  in  two  iiighla  and  a  day ;  and 
had  nut  uno  ul' ua  liruuglil  u  partridge,  we  had  taken 
uur  juurney  fitatiiig.  Very  impurluiiate  ho  waa  with 
iia  lu  atay  with  him  longer ;  but  we  deaired  to  keep 
the  aalibath  at  home  and  feared  we  hliould  bo  light- 
headed fur  want  uf  aleep;  fur  what  with  bad  Imlging, 
barliaruus  singing,  (liir  they  use  lu  sing  themaelves  tu 
sleep)  lice  and  lleas  within  iliHirs,  and  miiskeloea  nith- 
oul,  we  could  hardly  sleep,  all  the  time  uf  our  tning 
there  ;  and  wu  much  feiireil  thai  if  we  should  stay  any 
lunger.we  should  nut  lie  able  lo  recover  home  fur  want 
uf  strength. 

"  Uii  Friday  morning.liefuro  sun-rising,  we  took  our 
leave  and  departed.  Masassuit  being  botli  grieved  and 
uahamed,  that  he  could  not  heller  entertain  ua.  Ke- 
taining  Tiaquantum  to  aeiid  from  place  tu  place, tu  pro- 
cure truck  fur  us.  ho  appuinted  anutlier  [guide]  'I'uka- 
inahanioii  in  Ilia  phuo,  whom  wo  found  faithful  bcliire 
and  alter  ii|Hni  all  occaaiuna." 

Thia  narrative  gives  ua  a  juat  idea  of  the  hoapilalily 
and  poverty  uf  the  Indiana.  'I'liey  gladly  entertain 
strangera  with  the  best  they  can  all'urd',  but  it  ia 
familiar  tu  them  tu  endure  lung  abaliiience.  Thuse 
whu  viait  them  iiuiat  lie  cunlent  tu  fare  aa  ihey  do,  or 
curry  their  own  pruviaiuiis  and  aliaro  it  with  them. 

ftfr.  Wiiialow  a  next  exciirsiuti  was  by  sen  tu  Klona- 
higoii,  an  ialaiid  near  the  iiiuiith  uf  Penobacul  Uay,  lo 
priMUiro  a  supply  uf  breail  frum  the  liahing  veaaela,who 
reaoited  tu  llie  eaalem  coaat  ill  the  apriiig  of  1022. 
Tiiia  supply,  though  nut  large,  was  freely  given  to  the 
sufl'eriiig  ciiluiiy  ;  and  being  prudently  managed  in  the 
diatiibuliun,  amuunted  lu  uno  quarter  of  a  pound  fiir 
each  (lersun,  till  the  next  harvest.  Uy  means  of  this 
excursion,  the  people  uf  Plymouth  became  acquainted 
with  thecaaleriicu'isl;  of  which  knowledge  thty  aller- 
warda  availed  Ihemaelves,  for  u  beneficial  traflic  with 
the  nalivea. 

In  the  apringoftho  year  1C2:),  Mr.  VViualow  made 
a  aei'und  visit  lo  the  aacheni,  on  accuunt  of  hia  sick- 
ness ;  the  particular  circumalancea  of  which  arc  tliua 
given  in  hia  own  words.  "^ 

"  Newa  came  tu  Plymouth  that  Maasasaowat*  waa 
like  lo  die, and  thai  at  the  aaine  time  there  was  a  Diilcli 
ship  driven  so  high  un  tile  shore,  before  his  dwelling, 
by  stresa  of  weather,  that  till  the  lidea  increased,  she 
could  not  be  got  off.  Now  it  being  a  cummemlalile 
inanner  of  Ihe  Indians,  when  any,  eapecially  uf  iiute, 
are  dangerously  sick,  fur  all  that  profess  friendship  tu 
them  lo  visit  them  in  their  e.xlremily  ;  tliercfurc  it  waa 
thought  meet,  that  as  we  had  ever  prufessed  frieiid- 
ship,au  we  ahuiild  now  maintain  the  aame.by  obierving 
this  their  laudable  custom  ;  and  the  ralher,  because 
I  we  desired  lu  have  some  conference  with  the  Dutch, 
nu:  knuwing  when  we  should  have  so  fit  nn  opportu- 
nity. 

"  Tu  that  end,  myself  having  furmcrly  been  there, 
and  understaiullni,  in  aume  meaanre  the  £)utch  tongue, 
Ihe  governor  [Uridfuril]  again  laid  thia  service  on  my- 
self, and  fitted  me  with  some  curdiaU  tu  nitministcr  lo 
liiin ',  having  one  Mr.  John  Hamdeii,  a  gentleman  of 
Ijondon,  who  then  wintered  with  U8,and  desired  much 
to  aee  the  country,  (or  my  comfort,  and  Hubaniock  for 
uur  guide.  Su  we  set  fiirward,  and  lodged  the  Urst 
night  at  Nauiaskat,  where  wo  had  friendly  entertain, 
inent. 

**  The  next  day,  about  ono  o'clock,  we  came  to  a 
ferry  in  Conbatant'at  country,  where,  upon  discharge 
of  my  piece,  divers  Indiana  came  to  us.  from  a  house 
not  fsir  off.  They  told  ua  that  Massassowat  was  dead, 
and  that  day  hurled  ;  and  that  the  Dutch  would  be  gone 
before  we  could  get  thither,  having  hove  ofV  their  ship 
already.  This  iiesvs  struck  us  blank  ;  hut  especially 
Huliamock,  who  deaired  me  to  return  with  all  speed 
I  toll'  him  I  would  first  think  of  it,  considering  now, 
that  he  iH'ing  dead,  Cunbatant,  or  ('uriiitant,  waa  Ihe 
moat    likely  to   succeed  him,  and  that  we  wero  not 


*  Tlius  it  isxiiell.  ih  Winsliiw's  narrntive. 

t  Ids  natiiR  is  spoil  ('url)itaiil,  CoiiiiataiU,  and  Conhutant. 
This  ferry  is  prnlhiliiy  Uio  siuiiu  which  is  now  calieil  Slade'i 
Ferry,  mSwaiccy. 


above  three  inllea  from  Main  puyal,'  hiedwellini  flttlk 
Althuiigh  he  wero  but  a  hulluw  hearted  friend  tniM,  I 
ihuiight  nu  time  au  At  aa  thia  to  enter  Into  more  friendly 
ternis  with  him,  and  the  rest  uf  the  aaehenia  lh*l» 
abiiuls  ;  liuping,  tliMugh  Ih"  bleaalng  of  (Jod,  it  would 
lie  a  nieaiia  in  that  iinaellleil  alale,lu  aellle  Iheirairee- 
liunsluwurdsuai  and  though  ilweie  aomewhat  danger- 
.  una,  ill  respect  of  our  personal  aatety,  yet  esteeming  il 
!  Ihe  beat  inenna,  leaving  Ihe  event  todisl  In  hia  mercy, 
I  rraolved  lu  put  it  In  practice,  if  Mr  Haniden  aiid 
llubamoek  diirat  attempt  It  with  me,  whom  I  found 
willing.     Hu  we  wenttiiw'ird  Mntta|m^al. 

"  In  Ihe  way,  llohanioek  minifi'tling  a  troubled 
apirit,  brake  forth  into  theae  a|H'echeB.  fiten  teomntn 
•Siit;amut,  i^r,  "  My  luving  Nachem  !  many  have  I 
knuwn  but  never  any  Uke  thee  !"  Then  turning  la 
me,  he  aaid,  wliilat  I  lived,  I  ahould  never  •eehialika 
among  the  Indiana,  He  waa  no  liar,  he  waa  nut 
bloisly  and  cruel  like  other  Indiana ;  in  anger  and  paa- 
aiun  he  wiia  aoon  reclaimed  ;  eaay  to  be  reeoncilnl  to- 
ward auch  aa  had  offended  him  i  ruled  by  reason,  in 
aueli  measure  as  he  would  not  acorn  Iho  advice  of  mean 
men  ;  and  that  he  governed  hia  men  lietter  with  lew 
Birokea  than  others  did  with  many  ;  truly  luving  wher* 
he  luved  ;  yea,  he  fearetl  we  had  not  a  faithful  friend 
left  among  Iho  Indinna.ahowinghow  often  he  reatrained 
their  malice.  He  cuiiliniied  a  long  apeech,  with  auch 
signs  of  lamenlatiun  and  unfeigned  eorrow,  aa  would 
have  made  Ihe  hardest  heart  relent. 

"  At  length  we  came  lo  Mattapuyst,and  wenttotto 
saehem'a  iilaco  ;  (..'oiibulaiit  was  not  nt  home,  but  at 
Puhaiiukick,  Ave  or  aix  niilea  off.  The  aqunw  iachev 
gave  ua  friendly  enlertaimnent.  Here  we  inquirad 
again  concerning  Masaaaauwat;  iheytlioiiglil  him  dead; 
but  knew  no  certainly.  Whereupon  I  hired  onelifO 
with  all  exhibition  to  Pokaiiokick,that  we  might  know 
the  certainly  thereof,and  withal  to  acquaint  ('onbulanl 
with  our  being  there,  Alwut  half  an  hour  liefore  sun* 
aelting  the  meaaenger  relurned,aiid  tuki  ua  that  he  wai 
not  yet  dead,tliougTi  there  was  nu  ho|io  that  we  should 
llnd  him  living.  l)|H>n  this,  we  were  much  revivnl, 
and  set  forward  with  all  a|iecd, though  it  waa  laic  with- 
in night  when  wo  got  thither.  AIhiuI  two  u'clock,that 
afternoon,  the  Dutchman  had  departed,  >o  that,  in  that 
respect,  our  journey  wna  fruatnite, 

"  When  wo  cunio  thither,we  found  the  houie  ao  full 
of  men,  aa  wo  could  scarce  got  in,  though  they  uaed 
their  beat  diligence  to  make  way  for  ua.  They  were 
in  the  midat  of  their  charina  for  him,  making  auch  a 
helliah  nuiae,  aa  diatemiiered  ui  that  were  well,  and 
therefore  unlike  lo  ease  him  that  wna  aick.  About  him 
were  aix  or  eight  wumen,whuchefed  hia  anna  and  lega 
to  keep  heal  in  him.  When  they  had  made  an  end  ol 
their  charming,  one  told  hiiii  that  his  friends  the  Eng- 
lish were  cunie  to  see  him.  Having  hia  undcratandiiig 
lelt,  though  his  sight  whully  gone,  he  naked  whu  waa 
come  I  they  told  him  VV'ii.snMe ;)  fur  they  cannot  pro- 
nuunee  Ihe  letter  h  but  urdinarilv  M  in  place  of  it :) 
ho  desired  tu  8|icak  with  mo.  \VhinI  came  to  him 
and  they  told  him  of  it,  he  put  forth  hia  hand  to  me, 
which  1  look ;  then  he  anid  twice.though  very  inward- 
ly, '  teen,  Winanme  I'  art  thou  Winalow  !  I  an- 
swered '  ahhc,'  that  ia,  *ye8,'  Then  he  doubled  thcta 
worda,  '  Malta  nren  vonckuntt  namcn  Wintnew  f 
that  is  to  say,  *  O  Winslow,  I  ahall  never  see  thea 
again  !'  Then  I  called  llubamoek.  and  desired  him  Is 
tell  Masassuit,  that  the  governor  hearing  uf  hia  eick- 
ncs8,waa  anrry  for  the  sniiie  ;  and  though,  by  reason  of 
many  businesses,  he  could  not  himself  come,  yet  he 
had  sent  me,  with  such  things  for  him  as  he  thought 
most  likely  to  do  him  good  in  thin  extremity  ;  and 
whereof  if  he  pleased  to  lake,  I  would  presently  give 
him ;  which  he  desired  ;  and,  having  a  confection  of 
many  comfortable  conserves,  on  the  point  of  my  knife, 
I  gave  him  sonic,which  I  coul^  scarce  get  through  hia 
leelh  ;  when  it  wna  dissolved  in  his  mouth,  he  swal- 
lowed the  juice  of  it,  whereat  those  that  were  about 
him  were  much  rejoiced,  saying  he  had  not  awallowed 
any  thing  in  two  days  before.  Then  I  deaired  lo  aee 
his  mouth,  which  waa  exceeilingly  furred,  and  hi* 
i  tongue  swelled  in  such  a  manner,lhat  it  was  not  potai- 
ble  for  him  to  eat  such  meat  as  they  had.  Then  I 
washed  his  mouth, niid  scraped  his  tongue,  after  which 
I  ^ave  him  more  of  ihe  confection, which  ho  swallowed 
with  more  readiness.  Then  ho  desired  to  drink;  I 
dissolved  sumo  of  it  in  water,  and  gave  him  thereof; 
and  wit'iiin  half  an  huiir.this  wrought  a  great  alteration 
in  iiiiu,  and  prrseiitly  after  his  sight  began  to  come  to 
him.     Then  I  gave  him  more,  and  told  hiu>  of  a  mii- 


*  A  neck  of  land  in  the  township  of  Swaniej, 
ftooouncoil  Msita^laet. 


AMFRtJIAN    IIISTOKr. 


■•f  «•  kiui  lijr  Ihn  way,  in  brmkiiiii  h'miIII*  iiI' ilriiik. 
whish  Ihi  (ini'iiiKf  ulau  will  hlin,  •hviiih,  ii  h«  wcmlil 
•aiul  any  nf  hU  inon  In  I'lyinoulh,  1  woiikl  avnil  lor 
■k)!*  uf  (Ik  Mnw  ;  alaii  lur  fhiikriia,  li>  iiiuki'  him 
WMh,  mill  lur  olliar  lliiiiKa  whivli  I  kiirw  nrtr  k<ukI  Inr 
him,  nntl  wuulil  alav  Ilia  rrlurii  ol'  llio  iiiio^i'iikit 
Thia  ha  liMik  iiMrvvllnua  kliiilly.  niiil  n|>|Hiiiili'il  •iiiiii> 
who  war*  raiuly  lu  vii  liy  Iwii  ii'cliN'k  in  tlin  iiioriiiuK. 
•gainal  which  lima  rinnila  raiiily  a  li'lli'r.ili'i'liirin;^  mir 
■immI  auci'aia,  anililaa<riii||  auvh  IhiiiKi  iia  wcra  |irii|ii'r 
a*  rrqacalcil  ma  Ihiit  I  would  Ilia  iii'il  iliy  luki>  my 
■iac»,  ami  kill  hliii  aoiiia  fowl,  hihI  niuka  him  aiith  |nil' 
W(«(ia  ha  hiul  rnlaii  Hi  I'lymoulh,  wliit'h  I  |iriiiiiia<il , 
kut  hia  •Inniach  comlriK  lo  him,  I  niual  iiaaib  iiiuki' 
Aim  aoina  wilhout  I'owl,  bvl'oro  I  wriil  itbrotd.  I 
taua«d  a  woman  lu  kruiaa  aumu  I'urii  iiiMi  Uk«  tlii< 
flour  from  ii,  aiiil  a«l  Iha  limki'it  cum  in  ii  |ii|ikiii,  (Inr 
Ihay  have  CHrllirn  |>ula  ul'  nil  aitcx  )  When  tlio  iliiy 
bruka,  wi>  want  uul  lo  acvk  livrlw,  (il  hriiiK  ilie  iniihlla 
of  March)  but  could  iiul  lliid  any  liul  alruwlivrry  k'ltvva. 
uf  which  I  ((athcrad  »  hamlfiil  mid  |hiI  into  llm  aiiini', 
itnd  lM<rnu>u  I  hnd  niilliiiiK  lu  ruliali  il,  I  went  I'nrlli 
AKiiin  liitd  imth-d  up  ii  HaHB.il'r»a  riHit,  mid  wliriHl  ii  |ii.-ra 
■ml  liuilnl  il,  lill  il  had  n  gixxi  irliah.  Dflhia  liiulli  I 
puva  him  apini, which  he  drunk  and  llkpd  ilwcll ;  iiflar 
itiia  hia  algnt  nierdnl,  and  h«  l»uk  aoiiic  real,  i'hnt 
lunriiiiiK  he  rauaed  me  lu  aiwiid  ill  U"ini.'  iimunK  the 
aick  In  llic  luwii,  ra,ui'iilinn  mnluwimhlhi'lr  iiiuulha, 
and  give  thrin  aunin  uf  llio  aame  I  gnvv  him.  Thia 
paina  I  look  willingly,  Ihough  il  warn  much  uireiiaivc 
to  me. 

■■  When  the  ineaarnxara  were  rctiinied.  nmlin'.(  hit 
■UHiMch  ruiiu*  lu  him,  hu  wiMild  nut  liuve  llii*  cliirki'iiH 
kllfed,  but  krpl  llicm  fur  breed.  Nritlirrduriil  wu  givu 
him  any  phyaic,  l>ecnuae  he  waa  ao  much  allcred,  nut 
UuuUing  uf  hia  recuvory  if  he  were  careful.  l!|iun  hia 
recuvcry  he  brnke  furlh  intu  thcae  aiwcclica  :  ■  Kuw  I 
aee  the  lIiiKliili  are  my  fricnda,  and  luvo  inu  ;  wliilal  I 
live,  I  will  never  furgel  thia  kindiicaa  thry  hiive  allowed 
nie.'  At  our  comiiiR  awny,  he  culled  llolmniuek  lu 
him,  and  privately  luld  him  nf  u  plot  uf  the  M»  imirhu' 
•clla  aguinal  Wealun*a  culuny,  mid  hu  iii;ainat  ua.  Uiit 
he  would  neither  juiii  therein,  iiui  give  wny  lu  iiny  of 
hia.  With  thia  he  ch.irgcd  him  to  nequainl  nie,  by  the 
way,  that  I  might  infurm  the  governor.  Uein;>  lilted 
for  our  return,  we  took  leuvo  uf  liiin,  who  returiieil 
many  Ihanka  In  our  governor,  and  iiUo  to  uuraplvea,  for 
our  labor  and  love  ;  the  like  did  all  Ibut  were  ubuul 
him,     8a  we  departed." 

In  tlic  autumn  uf  Ihe  anme  year,  Mr  Winelnw  went 
to  Knglnnd  aa  agent  lo  the  culniiy,  tu  giro  an  Recount 
nf  their  proceedinga  to  the  adventiirera,  iiiiil  jiriM'ure 
■uch  Ihinga  aa  were  neceaanry.  Wliilat  be  waa  lu  Kin;- 
land,  be  publiahed  a  narrntive  uf  Ibo  wtlleineiit  and 
raiiaacliuiiauf  Ibecoluny  nt  Hlymuutli, under  lliia  title, 
•*  (iood  new*  I'ruiii  New  Kngluiid.  or  u  rehilion  ul 
Ihinga  remurkable  in  that  plantation,  by  K.  Wiiia- 
low." 
Thia  narrative  ia  abridged  In  Purchna'a  Pilgrima.mid 
baa  lieeii  uf  great  aervice  lo  all  aucceeding  liimoriiinH. 
To  il,  he  aubjuined  an  account  uf  ttw  inannera  mid 
cualoma,  Ihe  religioiia  upiniuiia  and  cereinnniea  uf  the 
Indian  nativea  ;  which,  being  an  original  wurk  and  nuw 
rarely  to  be  fuiiiid,  ia  iiiaerted  in  the  Appemlix. 

In  the  following  «|iring  (March  1031)  .Mi  Wiiialnw 
returned  frum  England,  having  Ikcii  absent  iiu  longer 
than  ait  muntha  ;  bringing  a  good  aupply  of  cluthlng 
•lid  other  neceaaarien,  and,  what  kuh  uf  mure  vulue 
than  any  other  aupply,  three  heifert  ami  one  Lull ;  the 
firat  neut  cattle  bruuglit  into  Ncw-l!)ngland. 

The  aaineycar.he  went  again  lo  Kngland,w)iere  be 
had  r.,i  opportunity  uf  correcting  a  niiiilaku  which  had 
Iwen  made  in  hia  former  voj age.  The  aJvcntunra, 
had  then,  in  the  aame  abip  with  the  cattle,  aent  uver 
Juliii  l,yfurd.  aa  a  niiniater  ;  who  waa  aoun  HiiH[)ertcd 
uf  being  a  pt^raun  unlit  fur  that  oDico.  When  Mr. 
Winaluiv  went  u<;ain  tuBn[>land,be  imparted  tbin  liua- 
piciun  ;  and  at  a  meeting  uf  the  adventurerx.  it  ap|ieur 
rd  on  examination  that  Lyfurd  bad  been  a  minister  in 
Iieland  ;  where  his  conduct  had  been  ao  bad  aa  to 
oblige  him  lo  quit  that  kingdom  ;  and  that  the  adven- 
turera  had  been  inipuKed  upon,  by  falHetcatimony  con- 
cerning him.  With  this  dijcovery,  Mr.  Winalow  came 
back  to  Plymouth  in  IWib,  and  tuiind  the  cuort  silting, 
on  the  allair  of  Oldhani,  who  had  returned,  after  ba- 
niahmcnt.  The  true  charactcra  of  these  impustoralw- 
ing  thus  diacovereil,  tlicy  were  both  expelled  from  the 
ptantatiun. 

About  the  aame  time,  GoTrmor  Bradford  having 
prevailed  un  the  peuple  of  Plymouth  tu  choose  five  as- 
mtanls,  instead  of  one,  Mr.  Winsluw  waa  lirat  elected 
to  thia  office '  in  which  bo  waa  coutinued  till  lO'J'i, 


witeti  by  the  same  inlluvnce,  lie  waa  chosen  guvarnor,* 
Inr  one  year. 

Mr  Winsluw  was  a  niiin  uf  great  nclivily  and  reau- 
liilinn,  and  Iberei'ire  well  ipiablied  lu  cnndiicl  enler. 
pri/ea  liir  llie  lienclil  ul  the  cnlniiy  lie  Ireipivnilv 
went  lu  Peiiubsi-nt,  Kenni'beck,  aial  (\tniiecticui  ri 
vers,  nn  trading  vntages,  mid  rendercil  bimsell  umIuI 
and  agreialtle  lu  Ibe  petiple 

In  IIKIA,  be  undcrlnnk  iiiinlher  agency  In  Knglaliil 
Inr  the  ctilniiiea  uf  Plyninulh  and  .Massai  buxetls  ;  part' 
ly  (III  ta'casinn  id' the  nitrusinna  wlitili  were  inadi*  nn 
the  territory  uf  New  liliiglaiid,  liy  llie  l''ret)rli  un  the 
e.isl,  and  by  the  Dutch  un  Ihe  west  .iiid  partly  lu.iii 
HWer  cuinplainls,  which  had  Ih'cii  made  lu  ihe  un 
\erniiient  against  the  Masaachuaells  I'nluny,  by  Tlm- 
inaa  .Murluii,  who  had  U>eii  twice  ekja  lied  lur  bis  mis. 
Udiavinr. 

At  Ibut  lime,  the  care  nf  the  pulniiira  was  cuminil- 
leil  to  a  nurnhcr  uf  bisbopa,  lortls,  ami  geiitlcinen, 
nf  whom  Arclibisliup  Laud  waa  lit  Ibe  bead  II  was 
also  in  cuntemplatiuii  lu  eMt,iblif,h  a  general  gnvcrii' 
iiiciit  III  .'\iiicriea,  which  WuukI  have  superseded  the 
charters  uf  Ihecnloines. 

Wiiislow's  sitnaliun  at  ihat  lime,  niis  iiilical,  nial 
Ills  Irealment  was  severe.  In  his  pelilioii  to  the  euiii- 
mlssioners,  he  set  lirlh  Ihe  encroacbineiila  uf  the 
Krcneb  ami  Dutch,  and  prayed  liir  "a  special  warrant 
lo  the  Knglisb  I'tdunies  lu  defeiul  Ihcniselves  against 
all  fureign  eiiemiea."  (luvernor  Winlhmp  censured 
Ibis  petition,  as  "  ill  advised  i  la'cause  siicli  preeeilents 
might  endanger  their  liliertira  ;  Ihat  tliey  shuuld  iU> 
lail'iiiig.  but  by  cnmniissimi  uut  uf  Kngland  " 

The  pelitinn,  buwi'ver,  was  fa\nralilv  received  by 
Hunie  id  tile  lloaril.  Winsluw  was  beani  several  times 
in  siippiirt  uf  it,  and  puinteil  uut  a  way  in  wliich  the  ub. 
ject  miglit  have  been  atlained  williunt  any  cliar^'c  In 
the  (^riiwn.  by  furnishing sume  uf  the  cliiaf  men  id  Ibe 
ciilnniea  with  milborily,  ivhieh  they  wuitlil  exercise  at 
their  own  expcnse.and  withuut  any  public  natiunal  dis- 
Inrbaiice.  This  pru|H)sal  crnssed  the  design  of  (lenrge 
and  Mason,  whose  aim  was  tu  establish  a  general  go- 
vernment; and  the  tirchbishun  who  was  engaged  in 
their  intereat,  put  a  check  lo  Winsluw 's  prnpnsal,  by 
questioning  him  on  Murtun's  aeenaiitiun,  for  hi^own 
peraunal cunduet  In  .'\iiierica.  The  uHciieis  nllegeil 
against  him  uere,  that  he,  nut  being  in  holy  urilcrs, 
but  a  mere  layman,  had  taught  publicly  in  the  church, 
ami  had  utl'icialeil  in  *'ie  eelebralionuf  marriages.  To 
the  former,Winslow  answered,  "  that  soinclina'H.w  ben 
Ihe  church  wasdeslilute  ufa  minister,  he  had  exercin 
eil  his  gill  for  Ihe  eflilicalion  nf  bis  bn  linen.''  To  the 
latter,  "  that  tlinngh  he  bad  ollicialed  as  a  magistrate 
in  the  solemniaing  of  marriage,  yet  he  re<>arili'il  it  only 
aa  a  civil  eunlract ;  lliat  Ihe  people  uf  Plyrniaith  bad 
fur  a  Iniiir  time  been  deslitule  of  a  luinislcr,  and  were 
euin[H-llcd  by  necessity  lu  have  reciairse  to  I  lie  iiiagis- 
Irate  in  that  aulemnily  ;  that  this  was  not  to  lliein  a  no. 
velty.  having  been  aeeustuiiied  tu  it  in  llnjland  where 
be  hiinsi'lf  bail  been  inarrird  by  a  Dti'i'li  nia^rislrate,  in 
the  slate  hoi.iic. '  On  ihis  lioni'sl  ciuilo^sinn,  the  arcb- 
bi:Jinp  pron  ).inced  him  gnllly  of  Ihe  crime  of  .u'piira- 
ti' '  'Voiii  Ihe  national  iliurcli,  and  pri'viiileil  nn  the 
Iln.trd  to  consent  tu  Ins  iniprisniinient.  He  was  llii-ri^ 
fore  eojniiiilteil  In  the  KIrcl  prisnn,  where  he  lay  cnn- 
lined  seventeen  weeks.  Hut  allcr  Ihat  lime,  im  peti- 
tinniiig  the  Itnard.  he  iiblailliil  rebsise. 

M  lii«  return  lu  New  Kii|daiiil,  ihe  cijlnny  shnvved 
j him  the  highest  degree  uf  rfspect,  by  ehousiiig  Iiini 
itheir  guvernnr  I'nrlbe  succeeding  year  (161111.)  I.i  Ibis 
Inlllceheenmlucled  hiniseirgrcitly  lu  their  aatislact ion. 
In  IIM'l  he  was  a\;ain  bunrred  with  the  aame  ap- 
[  puinlnienl.  and  in  \\v  interm<(!intu  y  .jia,  u&a  the  lirat 
'on  the  list  uf  inai^istratea. 

I  Wiu'ii  thecolunies  of  \ew  Knglnnd  entered  into  a 
U'nnleder.'ilinn  for  their  nut.iial  deliMice,  in  11)1;),  Mr 
|W'lii4,]nvv  waa  chosen  u  ic  uf  thei'oniiniisiniiersnn  be 
Ihalt  nf  IMyinnuth,  and  was  ciailinned  in  tli.Lt  ollii-e  till 
I  tlMli.  when  he  was  s  dieiled  by  the  ('nioiiy  nf  .Mas^a- 
chiisclts,  to  go  agriir  to  Kngl.ind  to  answer  lo  the  com- 
I  plaints  of  SaimieU'ortuii  and  others,  wb.o  had  charged 
'them  with  religion  i  intojeranee  and  perseculion.  The 
i  times  being  chan<,i>d,  and  the  Puritan  i  being  in  power. 


•  Tlie  fi'lli)Wlri?n,'tc  from  Coveruur  Wi,rllir<ni'»  Jiium.it  is 
lUiirtliy  nrottservalloa.t  "  Mr.  Kilvvant  Winsluw  was  I'linsi-a 
I  i>ovi.>ninr  of  Plyinoutli.  Mr.  Urmlfnrd  havin>;  lieoii  icoM-rnor 
]ul,in.l  till  Itwetvo  years.]  un.l  now  l.y  nii(>iirti,ntty  tfnl  ml." 

'I'lijs  singular  tiait  lu  Urndfni' i's  clmracler,  nf  wlm-ti  tlu;ii,.  is 
llli- fullest  ev'idou(-e,  silflli-ielitlv  ihVallitHlcs  fli)  iiisiliuatinn 
(it  Iliitrtunsiin,  Ihfit  WinslnwN  '•  elisptnjniput  nl,r,):i'i  pre- 
;  veali'il  a  cnui(ielition  lH.tWi;eii  Rraiiford  aiiU  lum  lur  the 
ji'.iveriHM's  ptuce."t 

lliiwliiusnn  KHS  n  Knvemor  of  a  ''irtV-rent  rluiralcr ' 
I  t  VVuitlirui,-»Juurnal,47.       llultli.  lU^l.  11.  «7. 


Mr  Wlnahiw  had  greal  advantage  In  Ihia  Iw 
I'Knn  Ihe  rredll  and  ealeem  which  ne  rnj.iyeil  wllh  Ihat 
parly  We  have  nu  aicuunl  uf  the  pnrliculara  uf  Ihi* 
agency,  but  unly  in  general,  Ihat  "  by  hia  priMtenl 
inaiiageiniiil,  he  prevenlid  aii«  ihimuge,  and  ciMiriii 
the  colnny  Iruiu  any  blame  nr  ilishunur," 

I  hie  design  uf  therniiledcraliun  nf  iheculuiiiea,  WM 
In  prumutellipcivili/aliunuf  Ihe  Imliana.a'id  their  con- 
versiun  lu  the  I 'hrislian  religion  In  thia  gieal  and 
gnisl  wurk,  Mr.  Winsluw  was  Ironi  principle,  very  leit- 
liaiaiy  engaged  In  Kngland,  he  emphived  hia  iiilereal 
and  irieiidship  wllh  inemliera  uf  the  I'uiliamenI,  and 
ulher  genlleineii  uf  i|ualily  and  furlune  lu  erect  a  cor 
|siralinii  there  fur  Ihe  pruseeutiun  uf  Ihe  design.  Kur 
ibis  piir|Mise,  an  act  ol  Parliament  waa  paased  (IMS) 
iiieniiiuraling  a  society  in  Kngland  "  fur  |irupagatin|f 
the  linapel  in  New  Kngland."  The  coinimsslunera  of 
the  Iniliil  l.'uhmiei  were  eiiiistiluleil  a  Hnurd  uf  C'uf 
res|M'ndents,  and  dialrihulnrsuf  Ihe  money,  which  waa 
siipplieil  ill  Kngbind  by  eharilable  donations  frum  all 
Ihe  cities,  towns,  and  pariahea  in  Ihe  kingdum  Ujr 
the  inrtueiice  and  exerliona  nf  lioth  these  resiie4'tabl« 
liiiiliM.iliiiiialerawere  supported  amiiiig  the  liidiuna  uf 
.^ew  England  :  the  llible  aim  ulher  houks  of  piety  wer* 
Iriit  alatedinlo  the  Indian  tungue,  ami  printed  fur  their 
use  i  ami  much  piiina  were  taken  by  aeveral  wurlhy 
inn  islera,  and  ulher  genth'iiien  lo  inalruel  Ihe  Indiana, 
and  reduce  them  to  a  civilited  life.  This  society  i* 
still  in  eiislence,  and,  till  the  revoliitbm  in  America, 
I  hey  kept  up  a  llunrd  nf  (>'urreapoiidenla  at  Uuslon,  but 
shice  Ihat  |M'riud  It  has  lieen  ulacunlimied.  Of  Ihia 
cnrpiiralinii,  at  ita  firal  establishmeiil.  Mr  Winsluw 
v.as  a  veiy  active  and  faithful  member  in  Kngland  ; 
where  his  ri'|  utaliun  was  great,  and  hia  abilitiea  highly 
valued  by  the  prevailing  party,  who  found  him  so  much 
einplnyinent  tiiere.  and  elsewhere,  that  he  never  re* 
Inriicii  tu  New  Kngland. 

Wlieii  Oliver  Ouinwell  (1005)  planned  an  etpedl- 
linn  against  the  Npaniurds  in  the  West  Indies,  ami 
sent  Ailmiriil  Peiiii  and  (leiieral  Venablen  lo  execute 
it,  heappniiiud  three  eunimissiunera  tu  auperintend 
and  direi't  ibi  ir  uperutiuns  :  uf  which  liuniher  Wina- 
luw  was  Ihe  ihlef;  Ihe  ulher  two  were  Itiehard  Hul- 
drip,  and  I'lduiird  lllagge.  Their  uhjert  waa  tu  attack 
St.  Diiiniiigo.  the  only  place  uf  atrength  which  the 
Spaniards  li.iil  in  llisnaniola. 

The  cuiniii.'iiders  diaagreed  in  their  tempera  and 
views,  and  I  he  control  of  the  coininiasiunera  was  of  nu 
avail.  The  tiuupa,  ill  appuinli'd  and  badly  pruvidej, 
were  landed  ul  loo  great  a  distance  from  the  city,  and 
lost  their  way  in  Ihewuisls.  Worn  with  hunger  and 
lliirst,  heal  and  fkligne,  they  were  rniiteil  by  an  inrun. 
aiderable  imml  rr  ul  Mpanianis;  ait  liumlreil  were  killed, 
and  the  remnant  kiuk  refuge  un  hiuiril  Ibeir  veasela. 

Tnoinpeiihute  aa  far  aspiissible  for  thia  unfurtiiiiata 
event,  the  Heel  aailed  liir  ,lamalca,  which  surrendered 
without  any  roistaneo.  lint  Mr.  Winsluw,  who  par- 
took nfthechaLrin  uf  the  defeat,  did  nut  enjiiy  the  plea* 
smenf  Ibe  victi  ry  In  the  passage  between  llispaniu- 
la  and  Jamaica,  the  heat  uf  the  climate  threw  him  intu 
il  fever .  which,  operating  with  the  dejeetiun  uf  bis 
niiiiil.  pill  an  i  iid  tu  his  hie  un  Ihe  .'<th  uf  May,  lO.'i,''), 
ill  Ihe  sixly  liri-tyear  uf  his  age.  His  buily  waa  cum* 
milled  In  ibe  I'l  e(i,  with  Ihe  linnora  uf  war,  furty-two 
giiiis  bi'iiig  llred  by  the  licet  un  that  nccasiun. 

The  fnllnwnig  wcll-ineanl  but  inelegant  vcraea  wera 
w ritlen  by  uiie  if  the  passengera  un  huard  Ihe  BaBM 
ship  ill  wiiicb  be  died. 

"  The  eliililli  of  May,  went  frnia  'Spaniola  sliara, 
(!,Ht  Uiok  Irimius  our  Kralid  ruuiinlshiniier, 
Wuitiluw  ity  imme  ;  'i  iiihii  ui  'jlutilcat  ir'j-  f , 
Whose  life  was  sweet  stiil  ciinversation  Just; 
Wlaise  |>af1-H  nuil  wl:iiliiiri  most  liiuii  'llil  ouchI; 
Ail  honor  u>  las  plai-e,  as  all  can  tell." 

Hefnre  his  departure  from  New-Kiigland,  Mr  Wina- 
low had  inaile  a  selllement  un  a  valuable  IrAct  of  land 
in  .Marshlield,  lo  which  he  gave  the  name  of  I'arawell, 
prnlia'>lv  frniii  a  castle  and  seat  of  that  iinmo  in  Staf- 
I'nnlshire.  His  son,  Josiah  W'inslow,  was  a  mngistratfl 
and  goverior  uf  the  colony,  and  general  of  the  New« 
Kngland  forces, in  the  war  with  the  Indians,called  Phi- 
lip's war.  He  died  in  trSO.  Isaac,  the  sun  of  Jusiah 
Winsluw, snstaiiied  thecl  lef  civil  and  military  ollicca  in 
the  county  of  Plyniuutb,  alter  its  iiicur|>oratinn  with 
Massaebuhetts  ;  and  was  President  of  the  Provincial 
Cunncil.  He  dieil  in  I7iW  John  Winsluw,  the  aun 
of  Isaac, was  a  captain  in  the  iiiil'ortnnate  expediiioii  to 
(*uba  in  17'1U,  and  aOerward  an  otiicer  in  the  Hritiah 
si'rviee^  and  iniijor-^eneral  in  several  expedilioim  to 
Kcnnebeck,  Nova  Scotia,  and  (^rown  Point.  He  died 
in  1774,  aged  71  Hia  aon,  Dr  Isaac  Winsluw. ia  novs 
in  pussessiun  uf  the  family  eatate  at  MaiihlicI  J.    Bj 


BlUORAPItlRfl    or   THR    KARt.Y    Dl  Hnn  V  R  R  E  Rl. 


Ill  Ihli  Iw 
rnj<ijri>H  with  that 
imrlli'iilmaufthl* 
'  l)y  Ilia  iiriMW ill 
iui{i>,  mul  cUaini 
iir," 

thrciiliiiiirt,  MM 
tna,ii>iil  Ihrircuii- 
II  iliii  girii  ami 
rliii'i|ili',  vrrji  if*- 
iliivril  liii  iiil«r»l 
I'urliiiiiiriii,  uml 
III"  III  rr«'i  II  cor- 
Ih*  ilnlun.  Kiir 
iii|mii>nl(IM») 
"  tiir  |iri>|wgHling 
'iiiiiiiiiiialiiiii'ri  III 
I  >  ItciunI  ul'  Cur- 
iwiiry,  which  wu 
■iiiillonii  I'rnin  nil 
r  kiiiKilom  UjT 
tht*«o  rfRiirt'tiilila 
ig  III*  Iniliiini  of 
jtikaol'iiu'ly  wff* 
il  |irliilnl  liir  ihvir 
y  M'«rrul  worlhy 
Irui-t  Ihc  Indiana, 
Thl>  MK'Irl^  if 
lion  In  Anirrica, 
nil  Hi  Uunliin,  bill 
iliniicil.  Of  Ihi* 
III.  Mr  WInaluw 
li«r  in  Kniilniiil ; 
lU  Rlillilln  hiulily 
lunil  hini  to  iiiuch 
ihul  li«  nnvvr  r«> 

nnnni  nn  eipcili* 
M'cat  liiilii'a,  nnJ 
nnlilcN  10  execute 
■  to  nuprriiili'iitl 
rh  minilii'r  VV'ini- 
rri'  Kii'hnnl  H'll- 


v:1 


I'lijiih  which  the 

f 

irir  triniirri  niiil 

J.' 

tiiiitifra  WHM  of  no 

(1  liiiilly  |irii\lili'd, 

■I 

ruin  Ihiirily,  nnd 

wilh  hiinitrr  iiml 

i 

itcd  liy  Hii  iiiroii' 

4 
1 

iilri'd  wire  killnl, 

d  thi'ir  vmiirli. 

'thii  unl'iirtiiniita 

liirli  BuriPiidcrcd 

'« 

iiiitltiw,  who  jiiir- 

'■'■A 

lit  enjoy  lhi>  |)lea- 

.--^fj 

Iwri'ii  HiH|tiinlo- 

■-> 

iclliri'H  him  into 

i- 

(liji'rtinii  of  Ilia 

hot  May,  I6:ir>. 

n  liody  wna  com* 

if  wiir,  furly-two 

■  ^-'. 

t'l'iiaion. 

i;iin4  vvrica  were 

board  the  MUne 

nia  nhore, 

■V-''' 

.loner, 

.'^'^\ 

Mryt..                        ^ 

iii 

tinn  jiiat; 

4JKk 

'lid  OILCHl; 

JB 

rlnnd.  Mr  Wina- 

iH 

ihli'IrAi'lofliiml 

^^H 

ine  of  i'lirivvfll, 

^^H 

t  iitiino  in  Staf- 

^^H 

iiH  il  nin^iatrate 

^^H 

rni  of  Ihe  New- 

'H 

iinnii.Fallrd  I'hi- 

^H 

le  Hon  of  Joaiiih 

I^K 

lilitiiry  ollicea  in 

i^H 

iirporiitinn  with 

a^H 

■  the  Provincial 

^^1 

inalovv.  the  »on 

H^B 

,te  expedition  to 

^H 

r  ill  the  Dritith 

'.H 

ex|iedilii>nH  to 

«H 

Point.    Ho  died 

'^H 

Vinalow.ia  now 

^H 

itaifhAcld.    Bjr 

9 

IIm  titer  efthia  (•Mlaann,  Iha  l«U»r  bonk*  ami  Jmir- 
MJaufhlaUlu  hthar,  Mnjor  itaneral  Winaliw,  with 
■any  aiielent  fninily  paiiera,  eoiitiilninK  a  fund  uf  ir« 
Wllne  Informallon,  ar«  dp|ioait«il  In  Iha  liliiary  of  Ihii 
Hlalurliial  Noeiaij.  Thera  arn  aavaral  othar  rapiila- 
Ma  bntnoha*  of  tbia  ntmlljr  In  Naw  EngUiid  and  Nuva 
■cdtla. 


MII.GH    MTaNDINH. 

Mllia  triaaiiH— A  aolillKr  In  Ida  Nalhatlanda— Kinbtrka 
fur  Amerlra— roniiiali  rorlil'anl  to  aiilirnlt— Mu  rf»nliitn 
ctMaliMI  Willi  Iho  llitll^na-llla  KipailMlon  to  We«aiiKil*«et 
and  rapa  Atiii— Mr.  irttSiir.l'a  OliMervatlnna  mUllliK  In 
hliii— Mr.  H-'liiMiinM'a  Li-Unr— Standiuli  ratunta  to  IMvm'HiMi 
— Ilpedltliili  aaamat  Morlmi -Ilia  aeUlioileiit  at  Uniiliury 
nia  liaatli  and  llmroiidaiit^—atltira  Haiiiorlia  un  ■andiiiif 
Canvlrta  to  VlrRinla. 

Tnia  intrepid  anldier,  Iha  huro  nf  New  En;[liind,  na 
JohnSinith  wna  of  Virninia.wna  n  native  of  linnenahire, 
bl  llie  north  of  Knulnnd  ;  linl  the  ilaln  of  hia  hirth  ia 
not  preaerved,  lleaeeiiiled  froiii  the  yoimKer  linineh 
of  a  family  of  dialinction,*  he  waa  "  heir  apparent  In  a 
grral  eatale  of  lanila  and  livinga,  aurreptitioualy  ile- 
Uiiieil  from  him,"  which  enmpelled  him  lo  aeek  auliala- 
tenre  for  hlmaelf  Though  aiiiall  In  ttatiire,  ho  had  an 
aclive  geniiia,  a  aanifiilne  leni|i«r,  and  a  atrontf  eoiiatl- 
lulion.  Theae  oiialiliea  led  him  lo  the  yrofeaaion  of 
lirma  ;  and  the  Netherliinda  lieiiig,  in  hia  youth,  a  tlie- 
Ktr«  of  war,  he  entered  Into  the  aervico  of  Queen  Kliiu- 
beth,  inaiilofthePulnh ;  and  after  the  truce,  aotlled 
with  the  Kn)(hah  refugeea  al  !rf>yilen. 

When  they  meditated  u  removal  to  .\meriea,  Sland- 
iah,  though  not  a  inemlier  of  their  ehiireh,  waathonvhl 
a  proper  |ieraon  In  ai'i'ainiiaiiy  Ihem.  Whether  he  Joined 
Ihem  al  their  reipieat  or  lila  own  motion,  doea  not  n;i- 
pear  ;  hut  he  engaiied  wilh  teiil  and  reaulution  in  their 
•nlerpriae,  and  eniburked  with  Iho  Hral  company  in 

l«ao. 

On  Iheir  arrival  al  Ca|ie  Cml,  he  waa  np|Hiinli'd 
commander  of  the  Aral  party  nl  alxtecn  men,  who  went 
aahnre  on  iliaeovery  ;  and  when  they  lH>Kaii  their  aet 
llement  al  Plynioiiih,  ho  waa  unanimoualy  choaeii 
captain,  or  chief  military  eommaniler.  In  aeveriil  iii- 
Urviewa  wilh  thenativea  he  waa  the  liiat  to  meet  Ihem, 
and  waa  generally  aecompanied  wilh  a  very  aiiiall 
■umber  of  men,  aeleeted  liy  hlmaelf 

After  the  league  waa  maile  with  Maaaaaoli,  one  nf 
hia  potty  Baeheina,Ciirhilanl,  liecaino  diaeonteiited,  and 
waameililatinglnjnin  with  the  Narni!;aiiaeta  ngaiiiat 
the  English  istamliah  with  fourteen  men  and  a  guiile, 
went  lo  Curl^ilant'a  place,  (Svvanzey)  and  aurrounditl 
hia  liouae;  hut  not  finding  him  ii*  home,  they  inform- 
ed hia  people  nf  their  inlenlion  of  ih  .itroying  him,  if  lie 
ahould  peraiat  in  hia  reliellinn.  OurLitaiit,  hearinsr  of 
hia  danger,made  an  arknowledifiiient  .o  Maaaaaoit,aiid 
entreated  hia  medialioii  with  the  Ki  i;liah  for  peure, 
llewaa  aoon  after  [Ne^it.  13,  ltl'.{l]  adinitled  wilh  eight 
Other  cliiefa,  lo  aiiliacrihe  an  inatrument  ofaubmiaiiun 
lo  the  Engliah  governnienl. 

Ill  every  hazardoua  enterpriae,  Ciipl.  Standiah  waa 
ready  to  put  hlmaelf  firemoal,wliel her  the  objecta  were 
diacovery,  tniflic,  or  war  ;  and  (he  people,  aiiiinateil  by 
hia  eiamplo,  and  conliiliiig  in  hia  bravery  and  fidelity, 
thought  Inemaelvea  aal'e  iiinler  hii>  enmniand. 

When  the  town  of  I'lymnuth  [1(122]  waa  encloaed 
and  fortified,  the  defence  nf  .t  waa  e.immltted  lu  the 
captain,  who  made  the  jiiuHt  jidiei'iua  diaposilion  nf 
theirforce.  He  divided  tliom  i:;,o  four aqiiadrona,  ap- 
poinling  ihoae  whom  ho  Ihoii^'ht  inoit  fit,  to  command  ; 
and  ordered  every  man,  on  any  alarm,  to  repair  to  hia 
mpeclive  atation,  and  put  h',iii(,ei(  under  hia  proper  of- 
i^r.  A  aelecl  company  waa  appointed,  in  caae  of 
aeridenlal  fire,  to  mount  guard,  with  their  hacka  lo  the 
Are,  that  they  might  prevent  Iho  approach  of  an  enemy 
during  the  conflagration. 


*  All  wliltjli  I  have  been  alilo  to  collect  relative  tn  llie 
family  of  .StandiNli,  ii  tin  fiillowa  : 

llfthry  Stanilish,  a  FninciHran,  D.  D.  of  Cambridae,  Bislictp 
of  St.  Aaaul'.,  I'eforo  tlio  Koforniiition,  waa  a  Iin^ot  to  Popery. 
Palllnir  iiown  on  hi.n  kiieen.  Iii.fiiro  Kini!  Iloiiry  VIII.  ho  poll- 
tlo.ieJ  him  to  contliiuo  t  he  rellKioiia  eattthliMtimont  of  hia  ancea. 
Ufa.    Thia  prelate  died,  A.  II.  I.VW,  at  a  very  r.dva'ict.d  hrp. 

iotin  8t»ndiHh,  nei>liew  to  Henry,  wrote  a  hooli  affalnat  the 
Iranalatioa  of  the  bihlo  into  tlie  BiikIIkIi  l.niiKuiiKe ;  and  pre- 
aeatpd  It  to  the  Parliament.  lie  died  in  ISM,  in  Iho  rcifii  of 
Queen  Mary.  ' 

Sir  Richard  Standish,  uf  Whitlle,  near  Charier.  In  hia 
ftrounda  a  lead  iitino  waa  discovered,  not  lontfltefore  Ifl'J.^, 
and  wr^uirht  wjtti  i^ood  aucceia.  Near  the  aaine  place  la  a 
quarry  of  Mlll-atonea. 

Ttift  viliai^e  of  StandiBh,  and  a  aoat  called  ^tandinli-IIall, 
era  altuate  near  the  nver  Dnuirlaa,  In  Lancaaliire,  between 
ika  tovrna  \if  Charley  nnd  Wifiun.  which  am  about  (I  miles 
tUtami.  \V1nii  la  9  milca  north  of  Waminiton,  on  the  aouih- 
aipiMeaf  toa  county.   8«a  Caiixten'a  Ma;  of  Lancaililr*, 


Beinii  aeni  on  a  Iradlng  voyage  In  Malarhleal,  fha 
Iween  llarnatahle  and  Varmoiilh,  Keli  I (12:11  a  aevere 
aloriii  eaiiie  oii,diirlng  the  llral  night,  by  wbteli  tbehnr 
hor  Wiia  Ailed  wilh  lee  ami  I'liplnin  Ninndiah  wilh  hia 
party  waa  ohiig*,!  lo  halge  in  one  of  the  hula  of  the 
aavagea.  They  came  together  in  a  eonalderable  num. 
herand  under  ill*  iiiaak  of  frlendahlp,proiniaeil  lo  aiipply 
him  wilh  corn.  Nlandiah  aiiapeeiing,  by  Iheir  iiiimlier, 
that  Iheir  inlenlion  wna  hoalile,  would  not  |iermll  hia 
men  lo  lie  down  all  al  onee,  liiH  nnlered  them  lo  aleep 
and  wateh  by  lurna  In  Ibe  morning,  a  diai'overy  tvaa 
made  that  aoiiie  thinga  had  been  atoleii  from  hia  ahallnp. 
The  ea|ilain  iminedialely  went  with  hia  whole  force, 
eonairtlngof  ai«  men,  aiirronnded  the  hoiiae  nfthaaa 
chem  lanough,  and  obliged  him  lo  Ami  the  Ihief  and 
realure  the  atolen  thinga  Thia  reaoliile  liehnvior  alriiek 
Ihem  with  awe  ;  the  trade  went  on  peiu'eahly,and  when 
Ihe  harbor  waa  cleared  the  ahallopeaineoir  with  a  load 
of  eorn,  and  arrived  aafely  al  I'lymoulh. 

Thia  wna  the  Aral  aiiaplelon  of  a  conanlracy,  which 
ha  I  for  aome  lime  lieen  forming  among  llie  Indiana, In 
del  troy  the  Kngliah  In  the  following  month  [March] 
he  had  another  afieeimon  of  their  inaolence  at  Mann, 
.ne  ,'  whither  he  went  to  fetch  home  the  corn  which 
(•'  vernor  llradford  had  bought  in  the  preceding  an- 
luti.n.  The  captain  waa  i  it  received  with  that  welcome 
whir  '  Iho  governor  hii'i  experienced.  Two  Indiana 
from  \|eaan<;liuaetta  wrre  there,  one  of  whom  had  nn 
iron  da,;<rer,  which  ho  lad  golteii  from  aoine  nf  Wea- 
lon'a  |ieople  ,(t  Wea^.iguaaet,  [WeymoulhJ  and  which 
he  gave  to  (7anacuin,  the  S.ichem  nf  Mannmel,  In  the 
view  of  Nlandiah.  The  preaent  waa  accompanintwilh 
a  apeeh,  whirh  Iheenplnin  diil  not  then  perftietly  an- 
deratand,  but  the  purport  of  it  waa,  "  That  llie  Kngtlah 
were  loo  atroiig  for  the  Maaanehiiaetia  Indiniia  tuatlnrk 
wlthoiil  help  from  the  othera ;  beeauae  if  they  ahoubl 
cut  olftlie  people  in  Iheir  bay. yet  they  feared  lliat  Ihoae 
of  Plymotilh  would  ri'venge  liieir  death.  Ilo  therefore 
inviteil  the  aiieheni  to  join  wilh  them, mid  deatroy  both 
eoloniea.  He  mngnlAed  hiaown  atrength  nnd  courage, 
and  derided  the  Kuropenna,  becaiiao  ho  had  aeenthem 
die,  crying  and  making  aour  facea,  like  children."  An 
Indian  of  Pnoniet  waa  preaent,  who  had  formerly  been 
friendly,  and  now  profeaaed  the  anine  kindnraa,oirerlng 
hia  iieraonalaervieelo  get  I  he  corn  on  board  tlie  ahnllop, 
though hehadiieverdiineauch  work bofore;  andinviliug 
the  enfdain  to  Iialge  in  liia  hiit.aa  the  weather  waa  cold, 
Stniidiah  paaaeil  the  night  by  hia  Are,  lint  thriigh  earn. 
eatly  preaneil  In  take  Ina  real,  kepi  hiinaelf  cniilinunlly 
in  motion.and  the  iiextdny,  by  Iho  help  of  the  aquawa, 
got  hia  corn  on  boani,  nnd  returned  to  Plymouth.  It 
wna  afterward  tliacovered  thiit  thia  Indian  intended  to 
kill  him,  if  he  had  fallen  aaleep. 

About  the  Name  lime,  happened  Mr.  Winalow'i  viait 
loMaanaaoitin  liiaaickneaa.  and  a  full  diaeovery  of  the 
plot,  which  the  Indiana  at  .Mnaaiu'huai^tta  had  contrived 
to  deatroy  the  Kiigliah.  The  people  whom  Weatoij  hinl 
aent  to  plant  a  colony  at  WeaaagUHaet,  were  ao  iliaur 
derly  and  imprudent,  thai  the  Indiana  were  not  only 
diagueteil  with  them,  but  deapiaed  them.  Theae  were 
deatined  to  be  the  lirNt  vielima.  Their  overaeer,  Jidm 
Sandera,waa  gone  to  Monhegan,  to  meet  the  fiahermeu, 
at  Iheir  coining  to  the  coaat,  and  get  aome  pruviaiona. 
During  hia  iibHence,  the  Iiiitiana  had  grown  more  inao- 
lent  than  before  ;  nnd  it  waa  neeeaaary  that  aome  force 
ahould  he  aent  Ihither,  iia  well  In  protect  the  colony  aa 
to  cruahlheconapiracy.  Standiah  waa  the  commander 
of  Iho  parly  ;  nruina  thia  wna  hia  capital  exploit,  it  may 
be  moat  aatiBfactory  and  entertaining  lo  give  the  ac- 
count of  it,  aa  related  by  Mr.  Winalow  in  hia  nnrrnlive. 

"Tliu  i.'ld  of  M.irch  iWi23]  being  a  yearly  Court 
day, we  -^amo  to  thia  conctuaion;  that  Captain  Standiah 
ahould  lake  at  many  men  aa  ho  thought  aiiflicient  lo 
make  hia  party  goml,  ngaiiiat  all  the  liidiana  in  Maaaa- 
chuacttH  liay;  and  beeauae  il  la  iinpoaaihle  to  deal  with 
them  in  open  ileAance,  but  to  take  Ihem  in  such  trnpa 
aa  they  lay  for  others ;  therefore  that  ho  should  prctenil 
Iraile  as  at  other  tiinea  ;  but  Arat  to  goto  the  bngliah, 
and  nei)uainl  them  with  the  plot  and  the  end  of  his  own 
coming,thiit  by  comparing  it  with  iheircarriage  lownnia 
Ihem,  iio  iiiiirht  better  judge  of  the  certainty  of  il,  and 
more  filly  take  ojiportunity  to  revenge  the  same ;  but 
aliouM  furliear,  if  it  were  pnssiblo,  till  auch  time  aa  lie 
could  make  sure  of  Wittiiwamat,  a  bloody  and  bold 
villain,  whoso  head  ho  had  orders  to  bring  wilh  him. 


*  Manomct  ia  the  name  of  a  creek  or  river  which  nina 
tbroiifrii  the  town  of  Sandwich,  into  the  upper  part  of  Rur- 
zard'a  niv,  foriiierly  called  Mnnoinet  Bay.  Between  ttiis  and 
SciiHaot  ('rccii,  (into  wlncli  St.in<ltb)i  went  and  received  hia 
corn)  ia  the  place,  which,  for  inort*  ilian  a  century,  has  been 
thniii>ht  of,  aa  proper  to  be  cut  liirmiith,  to  form  a  coinmu- 
incntinn  by  a'navigablo  canal,  fruir.  Bamatable  Bay  to  lluz- 
lard'B  Bay. 


t 'imn  Ihls,  Captain  Hianiliah  made  ehoiee  of  elaM  mm, 
and  would  not  Inks  more,  hecauae  he  would  prcvMM 
Jenlouay.  On  the  lied  ilay,  before  he  eo'ikl  go,  laat 
one*  of  Wealon'a  company  lo  na  with  a  pack  on  hM 
hack,  who  made  a  pitlhil  narration  of  Iheir  lamenlaMi 
and  weak  ralale,  anil  nl  the  Intllana' carrlan;  wheat 
iMililneaa  increased  ahund,iiilly,liiaoniuch  aalhajp  wenli 
lake  their  vieliiala  out  of  their  |Hila,  and  eal  before  ihelf 
fares  i  yen.  If  In  any  thing  they  galnsayed  iheni,  they 
wen  ready  lo  hobi  a  knife  al  their  hreaata  Me  said 
thai,  lo  give  them  cnnienl,  Ihey  had  haiigeil  onet  uf  th* 
company,  who  had  tlolen  Iheir  corn,  and  yet  ibey  re> 
ganled  II  not  ;  thai  another  of  Ihem  had  turned  aatafM 
Inal  their  |ienple  had  mostly  forsaken  the  town,  ana 
niiiiln  Iheir  rendeivoua  where  Ihey  got  iheir  vloluali^ 
heaauae  Ihey  would  not  lake  pains  lo  bring  il  home  | 
thai  Ihev  had  sold  Iheir  elolhea  for  corn,  and  were  read/ 
lo  perish  wilh  hunger  and  cold,  nnd  that  ihejr  were  ilio* 
persed  into  three  comuanles,  having  scarcely  any  pow> 
der  and  ahol,  A  a  ihia  relation  waa  grievoua  lo  ua,aa 
il  gave  iia  giHxl  encouragement  lo  pruceeil ;  and  lh« 
wind  coining  fair  the  not  diiy,  March  IS,  Caplala 
•ttandiah  being  now  Atlnl,  aet  forth  (or  Maasachusellk 
"  The  cnplain  being  come  In  Massachuaells,  wall 
ArsI  III  the  ship,  bill  found  neither  man  nor  dog  llieie* 
in.  On  the  iliarharge  of  a  muskel,  the  master  aad 
some  others  showed  themselves,  who  were  on  short 
gathering  ground  niita  and  other  food.  After  saluta* 
lion.  Captain  .Standiah  aakcd  Ihem  how  they  dura*,  fo 
leave  the  aliip,  and  live  ir.  such  security  I  They  an- 
swered, like  men  senseless  of  iheir  own  misery,  that 
Ihey  feareil  mil  Die  Indians,  but  lived  ami  auirared  then 
to  lialge  with  Ihem,  not  having  n  sword  nor  n  gun,  ur 
neeilingthe  same.  To  which  the  captain  replleil,  that 
if  there  were  no  cause,  he  waa  glad  Uul  U|Kin  ftirlhar 
ini|uiry,  understanding  that  Ihoae  in  whom  John  8nn- 
dera  had  reposed  pioat  conAdence  worn  at  ihe  planla- 
lioii, thither  be  went  and  iniide  known  the  Indiana'  pov* 
poae,  and  the  end  uf  hia  own  coming  ;  and  told  InaM 
that  if  Ihey  dural  not  slay  there.  It  waa  lb*  inlsntiun  of 
Ihe  guvernur  and  people  of  Plymouth,  lo  receive  Ihcoi 


*  Ilia  name  waa  Phinohaa  Pralt :  an  Indian  followed  him 

to  iftil  jitm,  iMit  iiy  iniHHintr  hia  way,  he  eacaiM*.!  and  aot  into 
Plyuioutli.  This  limn  w.is  luiuaii.  1077,  wlien  Mr.  fluhl,arj 
wrote  Ilia  hiatory.  The  Indian  who  followed  him  went  to 
.Miiiioinet,  and  un  his  return,  visited  Plynioatii,  whoru  he 
wna  put  In  irons. 

t  .Mr.  Ilubliiird's  account  of  thia  matter.  Is  ss  fjltowa. 
"  Tile  company,  aa  aome  rejHirt,  pretendi),!.  In  way  of  anila. 
faction,  to  punish  him  that  did  ttie  thelt ;  hut  k'l  Ilia  i>le9d, 
hniiKi'd  a  pour  decrepit  old  man,  that  waa  unservicealdv  lo 
tile  company,  and  burdensome  to  keep  alive  ;  This  waa  IliO 
ground  of  tlie  story,  with  wliich  Ihe  merry  nen'.leman  that 
wrote  the  poem  called  lliidil^tiB,  dlil  In  his  poelieai  faney, 
niaku  k"  much  sport.  Tlic  Inliuidtnlita  of  Plymoatll  tell  tnu 
atory  iiiiicli  ollierwise,  aa  if  the  poraoti  lianfed,  waa  rehllr 
Kililty  of  stcallntr,  aa  wore  many  of  the  real.  Yet,  Ii  t:*  peaai- 
llie,  that  justice  inljjlit  ho  executed,  not  on  him  that  moat 
deserved  it,  but  on  him  that  could  best  lie  spniod,  or  who 
waa  not  likely  to  live  lonff,  U  he  had  lieen  let  alone.*' 

The  passatie  nf  lludlbraa  above  referred  to,  la  In  Pait,  9 
canto  9,  line  4tJ3,  Ac. 

'*  Tho'nice  and  dark  thenoint  appear, 

Qiiolti  Ralph, It  may  Imlil  u|>  and  clears 

That  }.iniiers  ninv  supply  the  place 

(If  sulieriiiR  saints.  Is  a  plain  csfp. 

JuNtice  rives  vnitence  many  limes. 

On  one  man  foranotber'a  crimes. 

Our  brethren  nf  New  Eniiliind  use, 

Choice  tnalefiictors  to  excttsi , 

And  hang  the  aoiitli-ss  in  Iheir  stead. 

Of  whom  the  cliiircliea  have  less  need  J 

Aa  lately  happened.     In  a  town. 

There  llv'd  a  I'uhbler,  nnd  but  one. 

Who  out  of  doctrine,  could  eul  .lap. 

An.l  nif  n  I  fi.f-n's  Uveh  aa  well  aa  abues- 

Tina  precious  brother,  having  alaln 

In  time  of  pence,  an  Indian, 

Not  out  of  malice,  but  mere  xesl 

Because  he  wa..^  an  Infidel ,  » 

The  iniRlity  Tottipotinioy  • 

Sent  to  our  elders  an  envoy, 

riiinpiainlnir  Sfirely  of  the  breach 

Of  k-aKue,  held  fonh  by  brother  Patc!l|  ^ 

Against  the  articles  in  force 

Ilt^tween  b<itli  chuiihea,  ins  and  oura: 

Fur  wiiirh  he  crav'd  tlie  snlnta  to  render 

into  ins  hands,  or  lianir  111'  olfender. 

But  they,  maturely  havliiK  weighed, 

They  had  no  niore  hut  him  of  the  trade  | 

A  man  that  serv'dthem,  in  a  tlouble 

t'apncity,  lo  teach  and  cobble, 

Resolv'd  lo  spare  him.  yet  to  do 

The  Indian  Ibtijai.  .\leian, too, 

loipartbil  iiiKtice,  in  hi.^  atead  did 

IlaliK  an  old  \Vea^■e^.  that  waa  bed-rid, 

Then,  wiirrefnre  mav  not  you  be  skipp'ii 

And  in  your  room  another  whipp'd  t" 

The  atorv  ia  hero  most  ridiculously  caricatured  as  a  slur 
upon  the  churches  nf  N'l-w  Fn^land.  1  do  not  find  that  Ike 
people  of  Weston'  K  plantation  had  any  church  at  All ;  they 
were  a  set  uf  needv  adventurers,  intent  only  on  fsillloc  a 
Biibaiatence.  Mr.  NenI  .sava,  tiint  "  ho  obta'ned  a  plteot 
under  pretence  of  propagating  the  diacipiine  of  Ihe  ChuRCh  of 
EnalaiM  in  America. 


AMKRIOAN    lltNTOMY 


I 


,       \ 


IW  Umv  mnM  W  Mirr  pfmkM  kif  TImm  mmi  tn-  |th»  i'«|i<»m  iwtiiriwl  i<>  iHk  |il>iniitiiiin  ,  whi'M  k*  n>- 
■mtaf  thi«l  lh*y  niuM  (iiiMi  mi  hvltir,  *ikI  Ii  w«<  IkkwiI  Ihn  wimixn  diuI  Imik  ii>h  lhi-iil>*it«frr<><ili  rnmi 
•fOmI*  nwrry  lK«t  Ih'y  «•*>•  i«><  killxl  Iwfiir*  hi»  Ihrm,  nm  •urtWml  lh«  Uaat  iIim'iimMmjt  la  k*  iirtWml 


ihi>iii 


N.iw  wiiw  WmIiih'«  piMiiili"  fi"«iil»i«l  111  l»ii»i>  llii< 


liUnUltiin.  mihI  ffn  I't  VliMihi*)|iii),  h<>|itii||  iti nrl  |iii«« 
mill  ivliirti  [III  t.iiitl«iiil|  wilntli'  rt«liiiii(  aliiiit      ' 


rim 


nln|,  ilMirinilh»l  h«  wihiM  nnnln-l  iiii>i|itHirliiiiiiv 
•a  prurr*l ,  h*r*U|iiMi  h«  ulviml  llimn  li>  Mi'mf  hikI 
III  iinUruiin  lliini  oflMr  niiniiitiiy  Ihitl  w*»  furihral 
olTlo  rum*  hum*,  unil  on  poln  iifilmk  III  kwp  llH-ri>, 

kliMvlf  •iliioing  ihnniii  piiil iif  liiilUii rorn,  Inn  ninn, jr.i|iiiiiii  lulil  ilivin,  ilml  jur  hi<  <iwii  )i<irl,  Iip  iliim'  \tir 
M  A  liny.  lhiiii||h  Ihiil  wnt  •twrail  ihiI  of  imr  iiimI  ^|  ihrrii  vviih  frwi^r  iii^ii  ihtin  llii*v  wi*ri<  ,  y<*l  ■iiirr  ilivy 
Tk*  »«*lliiir  iiM«lna|  trty  wrl  iinil  •liinnyi  U  WM  Ihr  wrrn  nlhrrwlan  iiiliiilnl.  lu'runliiiK  In  liia  nnli'ia  fniiii 
lun(*f  hafuni  n<  (■■uihI  Jn  uny  Ihlnil.  '  Ihn  niivrriuir  miil  |wii|il>  ><l  I'lviiniMlh.  Iin  wniilil  lii-l|i 

"In  lk«  laMniiiiM  »n  fmlUii  rant*  In  him  miil  tlimii  nriik  inrii,  wliirli  lii' ili<l,  ai'tnn  liiitiiin  luniavir 
kvmifkl  ■ffiui  furai  hul  riilh«f  In  fiil  whul  hii  rmilil  nmrii  llmn  lirniiKlit  iIumii  Imiii'  Mmiii*)  nf  ilii<iiiilialiki'il 
flrom  Ik* r«|il<iliilk4ii  III Irxl*;  mill IniHIfll  Ihfi'iililnin, III  1(11  III  Miiiilii'iinM  ,   iiihI  ilrairInK  In  k<i  wilh  hliii  In 


Mrrlwl  Ihlnfa  iia  ainmHlily  na  h»  I'niilil,  yi't  ul  lila  tr 
turn,  iIm  tiiiTlaii  rviMirlnllhal  hi<  aitw  liy  hi*  nym  Ihul 
k*  »••  (iiiiry  in  hla  lMi*rl.iinil  lhiiri<riini  livitnii  In  ana- 
pari  Ihrmaflvaa  iliacnvuml  Tlila  ritiiapil  uii«  I'iM'k- 
Mul,  nihn  !«■•  1  Plnran  rrhlnf  |  Iwiiif  »  innii  uf  h  notii' 
M*  aiiirU,  In  ennw  In   lliihiiini'k,  [Himiiliah'a  liiillun 


I'lyillolllti,  liK  liKik  Ihi'lll  lllln  llli>  >llillln|i  ,  illlil  ariMllH 
Ihii  iilhi'ra  avi  aiill.  ami  I'lriir  nl'  Muaaiii'liiiai'lla  ll.iy,  In' 
liNik  lmi«ii  mul  n'liiriinlln  I'lyniniiili,  lirlii||iiiKlli«  linikil 
nf  Wtlliiwiimnl,  wliiih  una  arl  mi  on  llir  liirl  * 

**  Thla  aiiilili'n  iiiiil  tin<*i|iriii*>(  iiii*niti<iii.   Iiail  an 
Irrrillnl  ami  nniiiiri!  Ih«  nihur  |irn|ili'  »lui  liili'iuli'il  In 


fUiitn  nnil  liilrr|irvliir|  ulul  >  '  liiin  IIhI  h»  iiii'liralnial  Join  wilh  Ihi'Mnaaiii'liiiariirka  iiKiiiixl  iia.  Iliiit  lliry  liir 
In*  ca|ilain  wiia  cnmn  In  kill  liiinarlf  mul  Ih*  rral  »l  amik  llirir  linua<>i,  iiiMhin||  In  iiiiil  I'm  likH  mm  ilU' 
Ik*  H«*gi'a  lli«n<  i  *  Tall  him,  aulJ  hn,  w*  kiinw  II,  linl  IrtcUil  i  llviii|(  in  awnnipa,  mul  ollirr  ilrai'rl  iilmra, 
ftar  him  nul,  nuilh*!  will  «•  ahun  him  i  hiil  Irl  lilni  (ml an  hrmiKlil  iliai>niiiiu|»iiilhi'ni«'lvi'a,wlii'ri-nriniiiiy 
k»|[in  whi<n  h*  ilmn.hn  ahull  nnl  Uk*  ua  al  unnwarra.'  ar*  ilrail ;  iia  l^itiiuriiin,  NHi'lmni  nl'  Muiiniiii'l;  Aaiil' 
Many  llinra  aAor  ilivura  nf  lhi>ni,  anvfraltjr  nr  ii  fin*  nrl,  nl'  N»iiai-l  ;  ami  ImimiKli,  nf  Muiiliii'lili>al,  'I'liia 
luipilh<ir,  ruiim  In  Ih*  iilantalinn,  wlirrr  Ihny  wiiiilil I  •nrliiiui,  [ImmiiKlij  iiillir  iiiuUl  nl'  lliran  ilialr.irlinna, 
what  ami  ahnr|irn  llif  |»Hiila  »f  Ihrir  knivfaht-l'nn  hia  aaiil,  'Iha  (iml  ulllin  Kiiitliah  wii*iilli<mli'>l  Milh  llinni, 
fcea,  anil   ua*    inaiiv    nlhar   inaulllng   ||>ialuriia   uml' ami  woulil  ilratrny  llimn  In  hia  miifi'r  '     Kmni  nun  nf 


inMcha*.  Ainnnil  lli«  rral,  Willuwanuil  lirn|(i|ril  nf 
In*  rierllancy  nf  lila  kiiifr,  nii  lhi<  luimllr  nf  wliii'li  wna 
piMunJa  wniiLiira  fiii'a  'Hul,  aiiiil  lir.  I  hiivriimillii<r 
■I  koma,  whrrrwilh  I  hiiva  killnl  Imlh  Krrnrh  mul 
Enfliih,  ami  Ihal  h>tlh  a  niun'a  fur*  nn  il,  mul  liy  nml 
by,  Ihraa  Iwn  iniiat  lin  nuirriivl,'  Kiirthrr  lir  aiiiil  nf 
that  knifa  which  he  Ihrrn  hml.  Kinmiin  hiim,  >i,  hin- 
aain  mif\ta,  mii"ii  rii/n,  IhnI  la  In  any,  Ay  iii<J  hu  i( 
tkniili  aer,  hu  ami  Ay  1/  nSmtlil  fitl,  hul  nut  tpfixk  Alan 
Pci'k«iilt  iii<tii|(a  miin  of  |{re,il«r  at.iturii  Ihunlhnriip' 
Uln,  laU  him,  ■  Ihniigh  ynu  are  a  KirnI  i'n|iliiin,  yol 


Ihi'aii  iiliii'ra,  ii  ImiiiI  wiia  auiil  with  jiri'Mi'iita  In  tin*  );n- 
vrriinr,  linpiii^  llirri'liy  In  wnrk  tlii-ir  pran*  ;  tint  tlir 
lindl  wiia  I'iNl,  anil  tliri-n  nf  thn  |H*iiplii  ilrnwiinl  ,  only 
niia  rai'iipi'il,  whn  ri'tnrTif'il  ;  an  llltil  liulin  nf  tllrtll 
iliiral  rntiir  mnniiK  ua," 

Till'  Iiiiliiin  who  hiiil  li^an  cnnftnnl  nt  riyinnnth,  nn 

III*  I'liiininiitinii.  I'nnl'i iltliu  pint,  in  wliuh  rtvr  pi'r- 

anna  \vi>rr  priiii'ipiitty  riuirrrnrtl,  nl  wlmni  Iwn  wrri' 
killiiil.  Mil  prnli'ali'il  Itia  nwn  innm-i'iirr,  iiml  Ilia  lil'i' 
wiia  apnrril  nn  i-iinilitioii  lliiit  hr  wniilil  iMrry  11  niraatiifr 
In  hia  Hiii'linn,  Ulittikii'al,  ilrin.iiiilinu  Itirrr  nt  Wt'alnn  a 

lU  ara  lint  a  liltin  niun  ,  ihnuiih  I  li«  nn  aiu'hrni,  ypt  <  mm,  whom  hu  hrlil  in  rualialy      A  w, m  ri'lnriiril 

am  a  man  nf  Kmit  atrrnuUi  ami  rnnrii|(i>    '     Thi'ai>  |  willi  Ilia  miatvrr,  that  llii<  iiirn  witi'  killnl  iH'fnrii  tlir 
Ihiniia  Iha  niplnin  obaarvrj,  but  for  Iho  prraeni,  bora  inraaaKii  iitrlvi'ij,  for  wliii'li  ha  wiia  vrry  anrry 
Ikam  with  palioiuw.  Thua  riulnl  Wratnn'a   pliintiitinn,  within  nnr  yriir 

"  On  Iha  na<l  ilay,  aaring  ha  conlil  nnl  (tat  many  nf  I  iiDrr  il  Im'hiiii  llr  hail  liri'ii  nm<  nf  tin-  iiilvriitnri'ra  In 
Iham  tugalhar  at  nnca,  lint  I'arkaoiil  nml  VVilluwuni'ill  t'lymnulh  ;  liul  ipiillnl  tlirm,  iiml  t<Hik  n  arpiinitu  pii- 
baitig  tunalhar,  wilh  annthrr  iii»n,  ami  Ihn  brntlu'r  i>f|li-nl  ,  mul  hia  pl.iiiliilinn  wuaiiitmili'il  In  riv.il  lliiit  nf 


I 


Willuwaiaat,  a  ynulh  of  i>i||litnrn,  putlinii  manylricka 
3a  Ih*  waakar  anri  of  man, anil  having  nluiul  aa  iiimiy  of 
klaownman  in  Iha  aainrm<Hii,tlirraplnin  gnva  Iha  wnnl 
to  hia  man  :  ani  Iha  iluur  hinni;  fiial  aliiil,  hr  lirKiin  him- 
wlf  with  Prckaiiul,  ami  amili'liiiig  tlia  knifr  frnin  hia 
tMck,  altar  much  alrui(i|lin|(  killnl  him  tlivrawiih  ;  llir 
nat  killaJ  Wittuivainal  ami  Iha  nlhrr  inan  ;  Iha  youth 
Ikay  tiMik  and  hanitnl.  It  ia  inrrrilililH  linw  iiiiiny 
woumla  Ihaaa  mm  riicrivril,  lirfnra  Ihay  ilinl,  not  mak- 
ing  any  faarful  iioiae,  but  catrliiiiK  nt  tlirlr  wrii|inna, 
and  alrivinii  to  Iha  laat.  HnlinnUM'k  atuiul  by  na  a  aprc- 
lalur,  ohaarving  how  our  man  ilrinrunnl  Ihainarlvra 
inthaaclinn;  which  bring  amlnl,  ha,  amiling,  brakr 
fnrlh  aiul  aaiil,  '  Yralanlay  I'rrkanut  liraKgod  of  hia 
own  atrangth  anil  atalura,  ami  tnlil  ynu  that  thniigli 
fou  wrra  a  grraAaplain,  yrl  you  wore  but  a  liillr 
man  ;  but,  In  ilay,  I  ace  you  are  big  enough  to  lay  him 
on  Ihr  grounil.' 

"Therr  liring  aoina  woinrn  at  the  aamo  timrlhrrr, 
f'a|ilnin  Htmuliah  IcU  tlirin  in  tlireuatiHly  nf  Wratnn  a 
paopla,  at  Iha  town  :  mul  aunt  woril  to  another  mm- 
pany  to  kill  thnan  Imliiin  man  that  ware  among  them 
Thrac  killeil  two  ninre  ;  himaelf  with  aoina  of  hia  own 
men,  went  In  iiiintlirr  pliira  anil  killetl  aniither ;  but 


i'lymniilli  Hr  iliil  nnt  rnmr  in  |H'rann  In  Ainrrii'ii,  Ii 
alter  the  ilia|H*raion  of  hia  prnpir,  anmii  nf  whom  bu 
fnuiiil  miMing  Ihr  raatrrn  llalirrinrn,  mill  I'rniii  llirm  hr 
Ural  hriiril  nf  Iba  ruin  of  hia  rnlrrpiiir.  In  a  alorm,  lir 
waa  raat  away  brtwren  llir  rivrra  of  Paacatiiipia  aiul 
Mrrrimurk,  ami  wna  rnlilH'it  by  the  nativra  of  all  which 
ho  hail  aavril  frniii  thn  wrri'k.  Having  bnrrnwril  a  anil 
nf  cinthra  from  aniiir  of  Ihr  prnpir  lit  I'iiaiMtaipiii.  tir 
came  to  Plyinnuth  ;  wlirrr,  in  cnnaiilrriitinn  of  liia  nr* 
ceaaity,  the  gnvrrnrnriil  Irnt  him  two  buiulrril  weight 
of  liravrr,  with  wliirli  he  aailnl  In  the  raatwunl,  wilh 
auch  of  Ilia  own  {leiiple  aa  were  iliapnaril  In  iirrnmpany 
him.  It  ia  obaerveil  that  be  iivvrr  rrpuiil  Ihr  ilrbl  but 
with  riiniity  ami  rrprnaih. 

The  nml  advantura  in  which  wr  I'lml  ('aplnin  Nian- 

iliali  engaginl,  waa  at  <7ii|ia  Ann,  where  Ibr  lialtrrmri. 

of  I'lymnulb  hail  in  1IV,:4  rrrcleil  aatiiL'r,  nml  a  rnm 

pany  from  the  wrnt  nf  Kiiglaiul  in  Ihr  Inlinwing  \rar 

fiail  lakrn  pnaaraainn  of  it.  Htamliuli  waa  nnlrrril  from 

I'lymuiith  with  a  party  lu  rrlakr  it ;  liut  nirt  a  rrfnaal. 

Tho  I'ontrovrray  grew  warm, anil  high  woriU  piiaaril  on 

luilh  aiilva.    lliit  tlir  prnilrncr  nf  Kcgrr  ( !oiianl,  agent 

for  the  weal  counlrymen,  anil  nf  ^Ir.  I'irrce,  inaaicrnf 

their  Hliip.preveiilnrniallrra  frnincnmiiig  Inotreinity. 

through  Ihr  nrgligence  of  onn  man, an  Imlianaacapcil,  |Thr  aliip'a  crew  IrnI  tlirir  aaaialaiicr  in  Luililiiig  mw- 

who  lliacnva^■0  anil  rniaanl  ihrir  jiriKvciling*.  Ilier  alngr,  whirh  Ihr  I'lymnulb  llaliernirn  arrrplnl  in 

■:l!a|ilainStamliahtiuiknnr  ball  nlhiainanwil' 


!aplainStamliahtiuiknnr  half  of  hia  man  wilh  one 
or  two  of  Wratnn'aanil  Hiibamni-k.  alill  aeeking  them. 
At  length  they  rapiail  a  rile  nf  Imliunn,  inaking  toward 
Iham  ;  and  there  being  a  amall  advantage  in  the  ground 


lieu  of  the  former,  and  lima  |HMice  and  barninny  were 
realiireil.  Mr  Hubbard,  who  baa  prrarrvrd  Ihr  inriiio- 
ry  of  Ibia  Hll'air,  rrllrrtHonlJaplainKtaiiilinh  in  ihr  fnl- 
Inwing  iimnner :  Hr  had  Ihmmi  brrd  a  Hiililirr  in  the  liiw 


by  reaaon  nf  a  hill,  both  companiea  atrovu  for  it    Cap-  'caunlries,  and  iirvnr  enlrrrd  into  the  arlinni  nf  ('liriat, 
tain  .Standiah  got  il,  whereupon  the  Indiana  retreated,  i  nr  uf  John  Ihr  llaptiat  \  or  if  rvrr  hr  waa  there,  hu  had 


and  took  each  man  hia  tree,  letting  fly  their  arrowa 
•main,  eapacially  at  himaelf  and  Holminock.  Where- 
upon Hobamock  caal  olT  Ilia  rnal.  and  rhaaed  Ihem  ao 
faat,  that  our  people  were  not  able  to  hold  way  with 
him.  They  ciuld  have  but  one  certain  mark,  the  arm 
•nil  half  the  face  nf  a  notable  villain  aa  he  drew  [hia 
bow]  at  Captain  8(andiah,  whn  with  aniilher.  both  dia- 
eharged  at  him  am)  brakr  hia  ann.  Whrrriipon  lliry 
fled  into  a  awainp ;  when  tbe^'  wrre  in  thr  thicket, 
tbey  parlird  but  got  nothing  b>ul  foul  langii:i:;r.  So 
aar  captain  dared  the  aachein  tn  cnme  out  and  fight 
Uhs  a  man,  ahowing  how  baaa  and  woman  like  ha  waa, 
IB  languing  it  u  tie  did  i  but  be  refuaed  and  fled.    So 


liirgnt  Ilia  liral  letanna,  tuoirer  vinlriiru  In  no  man,  and 
to  part  with  thr  rjimk,  rather  than  nrrdlraaly  conlund 
liir  thr  coat,  though  takrii  away  wilhotil  nrdrr.  A 
little  chimney  iaaoon  rired  ;  an  waa  thr  I'lyniouth  cap- 
tain, a  man  uf  very  amall  atature,  yet  nf  a  very  hoi  and 
angry  temper.     'I'ho  Are  uf  hia  paaaion,  aoon  kindled, 


*Thi-i  may  exi^ilu  tn  aoinn  iiilnda  an  olitrcilon  10  tho  )iii- 
maiiitv  nf  i,ar  f(,ri'l'athiT.i.  Tlir  ri-HHtm  as.iatinl  fur  II  waa, 
ilKit  II  inlKlit  piDi'u  n  trrror  In  (,th,>rn.  In  luattrra  nf  w.-ir 
»n'lpubitr  jiixtico.  tliry  nliarrvi'il  tlin  luslnma  luitl  lliwa,  nf 
tlir  KtiKllsh  nullon.  Aa  lute  bh  the  yciir  IT47,  tin;  heaila  n( 
the  lurda,  wlin  were  roncrrncil  la  the  Scuta  ruliulllun,  were 
art  up  nvrr  Tcrnplu-llar,  tho  must  froi|uciitcil  paaaafo  be- 
I  twecn  Luiuion  unit  Woatiuiiiiter. 


•imI  MmanNplnlna  Ham*  h«  but  witfila,  imgkl  1 
have    ronaniiMHl    all,  had    II    no!   haan    aaaaonaMy 
ipimrha,!   ' 

When  Iha  nawa  of  the  Iranaaelinna  nl  WeaaagiiaaH 
where  Ntiiiuliah  Iniil  kilted  Iha  ImliHiia,  waa  farricilU 
Knrn|ia,  \lr  Knlanann  Imin  lrf*vdeii  wriHe  In  Iha 
rhiirrhnr  Plvinniiih,  "In  rnnaider  Iha  illa|aHiiil,in  nl 
Ihrir  raiilain,  whn  wna  nf  a  wurni  lrm|iar  Hr  linied 
the  Iriird  had  aeiit  lili*i  aiiinng  Ihein  Inr  g'aal,  if  ifle^ 
iiai'tl  hiin  right  ,  Inil  l>eil<inlileil  whether  there  waa  nnl 
waiiiliig  that  leiidrriiraa  nl  the  life  nl  man,  made  aAff 

II  da  iiiiiige,  which  waa  inael  ami  ha  Ihnughl  tl 
would  hava  lieen  h.iiipy  Iflhey  had  ennvarlail  aoaw, 
heliire  they  had  killeil  any   ' 

'I'he  brat  niMilngy  fnrl'u|ilain  Nlataliah  ta,  thai  (•  • 
a.ildirr  he  had  la'Cii  arrualnniril  tn  dlaripllna  ami  nha 
diriicr  ,  that  he  rnnaidrrrd  himaelf  aa  Iha  military  aar 
•  ant  of  Iha  mlony.  and  rei-eivml  hia  orlara  from  Iha 
gnverniir  and  iiarpla  Hadenlarv  |iaraona  ara  mil  al- 
waya  the  la-al  Jndgea  nf  a  aoldier  a  merit  or  ferlinga.^ 
Men  nf  hia  nwii  prnfeaalon  will  admire  Iha  rnnraga  nl 
Mlamliah.hla  prompliliuir  and  drrlaion  in  Iha  aterulinn 

III  hia  onlri*  No  one  haa  charged  hhn  either  wilh  fal- 
hire  in  |Riinlof  nliedlmranrnf  wanlnnly  eiree<liiigllM 
llinita  nf  hia  cnnimlaainn.  If  Iha  ariunf  rteah  were  na- 
ceaaary  tnealnbllah  the  righia  ami  defend  the  livea  and 
pmiierly  ofrolnniala  In  a  new  euniilry,auirnunded  with 
eiieinira  mid  filar  IVirnda,  certainly  aiirh  a  man  aa 
Nliimllah,  wilh  all  hia  im)M<rfmioiia,  will  hold  a  high 
rank  among  Iha  woribiea  of  NawKiiglaml  Ml 
l*rim>r  dnea  lint  aeriiple  to  reckon  him  among  Ihoaaha 
ra-a  of  nnliipiily,  "  whn  cboae  to  aiilfer  alllirlinn  with 
the  prnpir  nf  (lial ;  who  ibrnngh  faith  anlalned  klng- 
dnma.  wrniiuht  righteouaneaa,  ohtainrd  pronilaaa, 
atiip|H'd  the  mniitha  of  liiina,waied  valiant  In  light,  aiul 
tnriiril  In   llighl  the  nrnileinf  the  alirna;''  and  even 

I  Mr  Uuhliaril,tii  annlhrr  part  nf  hia  liiatnry,  aaya  that 
il 'tiptain  Mtandiah  '*  waa  a  grntlrman  very  e«|ierl  in 
military  arrvicr  ,  by  whom  llir  p<>nple  wrra  all  willing 
1,1  hr  nnlrrrd  in  Ihnaeconrrrna.  lie  waallkawiaa  im- 
prnvrd  [riiiptnyrd]  to  giaal  acceplaiica  and  aiirceaa  in 
ulfiira  nf ihe  grealeal  moment  in  that  1  oinnv,  tn  whnaa 
inlrrral  he  cintiiiued  linn  mid  alrdfaalln  tlir  laat,  and 
alwaya  managed  hia  trual^ilh  great  inlagrity  and 
failhfnlnraa,'' 

Twn  aliipa  which  had  rome  wilh  anpplira  tnthaen- 
Inny  the  aaine  year  (IfltlA)  returned  III  the  aulumn  wilh 
cargnea  nf  liali  and  fura.  In  nne  nf  Ihear  Htaiidiah 
einliarked  ua  agent  fnrihe  colony, and  arrivail  nafely  In 
Knglaiid  ;  the  nttier  wna  caplurrd  by  a  Turkiah  ahip 
nf  war,  and  Ihe  Inaa  nf  her  valuable  cargn  waa  a  arvere 
Idnw  to  thecnlony.  He  arrived  in  a  vrry  unfnrtunalu 
lime  .  Ihr  plague  raging  in  l>nmliin,  carried  off  ninrit 
lliaii  forty  lliniiaaml  iirnplr  in  Ihe  apace  nf  one  yrar. 
I  'nminrrcr  waa  atagnatril,  thr  mcrihanla  and  mrnibcra 
nf  thr  rnuncilnf  NrW'l')nglanil  wrrrilla|M'raeil  amino 
meeting  rould  be  holilrn.  All  which  Captain  Standiah 
rniilil  iln,  waa,  by  private  cnnfrrence,  lo  prepare  the 
way  fnracniiipnaitinnwiththerninpanynfadventurrra, 
and  by  thr  lirip  ofn  frw  frirnda,with  grral  triinblr  and 
danger,  lo  pria-iirr  a  amall  ipiantily  of  giMiila  fnr  tliero- 
Inny,  urmamtiiig  to  I.W.  which  hr  look  up  at  Iheeinr- 
bitaiit  iiitrrral  nf  AO  per  criil.  With  thia  inaullicieni 
but  wi'lromr  aiipply,  hr  rrturned  tn  I'lyinniilh,  in  Iha 
•pring  nf  Iftlill ;  bringing  the  anrrnwfiil  iiewa  of  iht 
ilratli  nf  Mr,  Unliinaon  mid  Mr  ('nahinnn. 

.Several  altrinpta  wrre,  about  thia  lime,  made  lo 
form  plaiiliitioiia,  within  the  liay  of  Maaaacbuaetta,  til 
<'n|ie  ,^lm  ami  I'aacalaipia  Aniung  theae  adventur- 
era  waa  onef'uptain  Wnlliiatnn,  "a  man  nfcniiaidera- 
ble  piirta,  and  with  liim  lince  or  four  inorr  of  anin* 
rminrnrr,  who  brnnghl  nver  many  arrvanta  and  much 
prnvininna  "  He  pitched  on  the  anuthrrn  aide  of  tho 
bay,  at  Ihr  hrnil  of  thr  crrrk,  and  called  an  adjoining 
hill  Mount  Wnllaatnn,  [(juiiiry  J  One  of  hia  company 
'w»H  Thomaa  Morion,  "a  |M'ttifngger  of  Kurnival'i 
Inn,'"  who  had  aoma  properly  of  hia  own,  or  of  other 
I  men  cnimnitted  to  him.  After  a  ihort  trial,  Wollaa- 
ton,  not  rinding  hia  etpeclationa  realized, went  lo  Vir 
I  ginin,  with  a  grral  part  of  the  aervanii  ;  and  lieing  liat> 
Irr  pleaaed  wilh  that  country,  iciit  for  the  real  to  coma 
to  him.  Morton  thought  this  a  proper  op|iorlunity  to 
make  himaelf  head  uf  the  company  ;  and,  in  a  drunken 
j  frolic,  |H>rauadrd  Ihem  to  depoie  Filcher,  the  lieutv- 
iiaHl,  mill  act  up  for  Itlitrly  and  eqimlily, 
I  Under  thia  Infliionre  they  aoon  liecnme  licrnlioua  and 
t  debauched.  They  aold  their  gooila  lo  Iha  nativra  for 
I  fura,  taught  Ihem  the  iiae  nl  anna,  and  employed  them 
jin  hunliiiL'  Thry  invilinl  and  n-ccived  fn^ilivra  from 
I  all  tho  neighboring  aettlementi;  and  thua  endangered 
their  anfety,and  ubiigrd  Ihem  to  unite  their  alrength  in 
I  oppuailivn  tc  thorn.  Captiuo  £iMlicott,litatii  NtiuaMf, 


»iu(iH.\niir.N  nr  Tiir  i:\iit.Y  niNrnvr. iii:hii. 


mnilr  14 

|ltlM«*tti,  Hi 

|iiclvi>iilur> 
|iiii»i<tera- 
of  Hoin* 
Inil  iniich 
|llf-  oftlio 

f!iiiii|iHny 
liirnivnra 
1  of  iilhci 
I  VVoIIhi. 
It  lo  Vir- 
ping  !»»• 
I  to  com* 
luiiily  to 
drunken 
lieutv- 

■oiii  nntl 
live*  toi 
I  thma 
in  from 
Liigeml 
■noth  ia 


■i^  llMm  •  «UU,  iiimI  f*>«  tk*iii  *  mmN  .    , 

nMInf  dnwn  *  M»y'f>Af,  whirh  lh*y  hiwi  $m*li  M* 
MMtnT  fiitnl  nt  >llaat)wllan  ami  »*U»i»t»nn  ;  bin  ll 
m»»  fiMftnl  For  rii|rialn  Niainllah  In  lirank  iili  lliair 
mfamoMarniiiliiiHliiiii  Alter  t*|i«*la<l  rru'iiilly  ailiiiniil 
liima,  wliii'li  wrrr  iliarryanli-il.  al  iIih  rniUMl  uml  Joliil 
•  i|iriia«'  iir  Ihr  ••  allrrMl  iilniilrra,  aiulhy  unlvr  ol  lh« 
tjuofnitianl  nl  I'lviiiontli.lix  waul  In  MniiiilWollitaliin, 
■imI  aiiiiiiniMiiil  Miirliiii  III  aiirrriiilar  Morlnii  |iri<|»irnl 
liir  hia  (l*>r»(i<-r,  artiii*il  Itia  tiilharHiila,  hfatail  lhi<iii  Willi 
lt<|ui>r  aiiJ  'iiiaxrrrmi  Nliiiiiliali  with  nliii'Ki'  l.ini|ii<iui< 
Bill,  whoii  ll*  alK|i|Wil  im(  iif  ilia  ilixir,  in  laka  iiiiii  iil 
Ilia  »nl  i||iHilal,  Ihii  riiiilalii  aaiaisl  liia  iiiiiaki'l  niih  i>ii» 
kanii  ••  '  hia  i-iiiiar  wllh  llii>  nlhar,  ami  iiimla  liiiii  iiri- 
•miar  'rhii<itharai|iiially  aiitiniillml  NoIiNkmI  Wrtaaln-tj 
QuTAguii  rirail  'Vhi*y  wi*ra  all  rontliii'lnlln  IMviiiodili, 
MhI  IImii  aaiil  lii  Kii||laiiil ,  wharv  Mortmi  wua  Iri'alril 
with  l*aa  acvarily  than  h»  il*a»f«nl,  nml  wiia  |M>riii)lliHl 
to  raiurnanii  ilialiirhlhaaallUiiifnta,  nil  lliaaalHlillali- 
■wnl  uflho  Miiaaai-hiiaalla  I'lilmiy,  whan  h«  n-liri'il  In 
HlacataqiiH,  anil  Ihrra  ciuIpiI  hiailnya. 

Aftrr  Ihia  rnniiniior,  nliuli  hii|i|i«n>'il  in  III31.  wa 
lu«<  nn  |Hirlli'iil;ir  nrinunl  uf  ru|iliiiii  Nliiniliah  H« 
i«  nirt  mviiiiniiiiil  III  lh«  aivounl  ni  tlii*  l'ri|UMl  witr,  In 
I0J7  Ha  naa  chnaiin  tiiia  uf  Itia  iiiii|(lalr)iti<a  nr  aiaiat- 
aula  nl  Pl^iiinulh  I'nioiiy  na  IntiK  aa  h«  livnl  Aa  h« 
tilvani'iHl  III  yi'iira  h"  «  u  nvi.  ti  uMlli'li'il  rtillilho  alnim 
lilil  lh«  alrnuLjH)  III'  Mn\  iii  I6AII,  twiiiK  llii'ii  «rry 
olil.  at  Uiwbiirv,  near  I'lyiiiniilh  ;  whrro  lix  huiliilmcl 
nf  Ud.l,  whit'li  In  ihia  iluy  la  kiinwii  by  ttia  iiaiiM  nf 
Oa)iUln'a  Mill 

H«  hill!  una  ann,  Aloiuiiili'r,  whn  illcil  In  Umlniry. 
The  late  t)r.  M'lii>i'lnrk,  f'nuiiili>rnl'l)iirlMiniitlil,'nlli'KV, 
Mil  Mr  KIrklamI,  Miaainimry  tnllm  liitliaita,  wrre  iii< 
■caniUil  fmrn  hliii.  Ona  nl'  hia  ^riiiulaniia  wiia  in  |ina> 
■raainn  of  lila  rniit  iif  iiinil,  wliiili  ia  nnw  aii|j|Miafil  In 
b*liiat  ;  linl  hia  awnni  la  |irpai'rvi'il  in  llm  rjiini't  nf 
lhi>  Hialnrlcitl  Sa'iply,  uf  wliicli  niii<  nf  lilaili'ai'i'iiilunia, 
Jnhn  Ttinrninn  Kiikliiiid,  ia  ii  ini'iiilH>r  Hia  niiiiia  ia 
•till  vvnrrulml,  nnil  tlii'  iiii'rili.inla  nf  I'lyiiiniitli  mul 
Hoalnii  liavn  iiiiiiiihI  ihcir  ahi|M  iilli'r  liiiu  Ilia  |inal<>' 
rily  clii«l1y  rxaidu  In  avveral  luwna  uf  tbo  ouunty  nf 
Hlyiniiulh. 

JOHN    WINTHROP, 

rixaT  antOMua  nr  il«aa«uili;aiTTI. 

IM*  WmTHlnP-IIUhlrlli  and  unrnatry— Flrat  Oovirnor  nf 
Ida  Oolunlfla— llul'llariirlfr'-KlniiiliinlioiiDr  lila  ni-t-'iniilH 
and  tmnoraJila  romilt— llm  liiiintlity,  tlnniirnN,  nii>l  <furl- 
aion^-lllR  ilitnniUli'M  witli  Mm.  lliilrluiiN'iii  ami  li<<r  r<il- 
lownrK  — llm  firm  aiat  nirri'i-l  i  itnilmt  witll  Mi»  rhun-li  ill 
H-iVcM  •lilt  ">iiitiiurii»  nf  Ih'riiiH'rai'v,  MiiKt*li.iiy  »iiil  Ll- 
biHti  —llm  |ifi-uhiarv  rrril>iirrtmiiiiM<iila  nm<I  iilllu-tioMH  ~llm 
dnnlli  -I'rc^t'rvHlliiii  cil  hit  |ilrtiiiu  In  ttia  HiMiatu  (.'liuiiibiT 
of  Ma^^tu'liiiiitati'ltii  jMMturi'y. 

Tma  wnrlhy  i{i'iillanmn  »»« ilaarxnilnl  I'rniii  n  finnily 
nmiarknlili'  fnr  ila  iilliicliinrnt  In  Ihn  ri'rnriiii'il  ri'llKlnn. 
fnini  tlip  riirliral  jirrliKl  oftlio  Ki'fnriniillnn.  Ilia  Kriinil- 
hllirr,  Ailiiin  W'inlhmp,  wna  tin  rinlnrnt  luivvir  iinil 
l>»«r  of  tli«  Uoa|ii>l,  III  tlin  ri'ii,'n  uf  HiMiry  Vlll  iiiul 
brnlhcr  to  i>  nii'iiinrulil«  friiMiil  nf  the  Ki'lnnnillnii,  in 
llie  rriiin  of  Miiry  I.  in  whoan  hniiila  llii-  Miirlyr  IMiil- 
pot  K'll  Ilia  |m|>rr,  whicli  iiiiikn  n  rnnaiili-ralili'  |Kirt  nf 
llinHiatnrynfllicMiirtyra.  Hia  fiitlii'r,  AiliiiiiWintlirn|i, 
wua  n  n«nlli>iiianof  till)  auinn  prnfi'aainii  iiiiil  chiirmli'r 
Uuvpriior  Winthrnp  wua  linrii  iit  tlin  family  ai'iit  ;il 
Oruluii,  in  SulKilk,  Juiiu  13,  \M7,  ami  \«,ia  lirml  in  the 
law,  lhoU)ih  lie  hiiil  a  alrnn|{  iiu'linatinii  In  Ihi'nlnjrlLMJ 
•luiliiia.  At  tli«  agr  nf  i'IkIiU'i'ii  linwaa  inaili'  a  jualii'r 
of  tli»  poacp,  ami  hia  virlnra  ln'cainn  cnnaiiicuniiH.  |li> 
w»a  i<(om|iliiry  in  hia  |iinfi>Maini>  iia  an  uiirij|lit  and  im- 
partial ina){iatratp,  and  in  hia  private  cliarai'tiT  aa  a 
ehrialinn.  Hr  had  wiadnin  In  dlxt'crn,  and  fnrlitiidi'  In 
do  tijthl  in  thn  rxpcutinn  nf  hia  nllii'it ;  mid  aa  a  Kciitlu- 
man,  waa  rninarkaliln  fnr  lilwrality  and  linapilality. 
TliKao  iiualitira  ri'iidcrrd  him  di'ur  to  ini-n  nf  milirii'tv 
and  religion,  and  lUtrd  him  to  eiij(a);e  In  the  great  and 
diflU'iilt  work  of  I'aimding  a  nnlnny. 

When  the  deaiiin  of  aottling  u  colnny  in  NewKngland 
wat by  auine eminent  laraona  unilertakeii,  Ihia  gentle- 
man waa,  by  the  conaent  nf  all,  clioaen  {jt  their  leader. 
Having  converted  it  line  catate  of  aix  or  aevcii  hundred 

*  Pram  ttie  bill  nf  expoaae,  neiit  to  the  Council  v  Nr  , 
England,  may  be  loeii  the  iiui  bur  anil  ability  ol  the  pUiita- 
lloiia  In  IHM. 

Plyaioulh  conlrllmted 

Naumkeair,  (Sali'in) 

Placalafitiack,  [MaMon'a  Campany] 

Mr.  JelTrcy  and  llufMluin, 

Nantniicot, 

Mr  Thoniaon,  [S>|imntnrn  neck] 

Mr  Hlackiton,  [Unitonl 

Mr  Edward  HUtoa,  [Ouvar) 


rwla  a<*rlin|{  m-r  aiiiiMiii  liiln  iinHiay,  ha  *nilMrk*<l 
N«w  ,',i<\Uiui,  iiilhefnply  Ihlnl  yaar  uf  hiaagaaiol 
arrived  nl  .S.iliMn  wilh  lli>  Maaaai  huaella  rharler,  June 
I),  III. HI  Within  live  da;  a,  he,  Wllh  antnenr  ihe  prill 
i-lpiil  (leraoha  nl  the  i-,ilnnv  Iravrlled  llirtai|(h  Ihe  WtHala 
Iwriilv  milea.  In  ln«d|  tell  a  rnnvi'lllt'lll  alllliillnll  Ittr  a 
Inwn,  III  ■nine  pari  nf  Ihe  Hay  nf  Maaaarhiiaeiia  Finme 
nf  ihem  hiiitl  llielp  htlla  nn  Ilia  iinrltl  aklt'  <if  I'llarlea' 
river.  [I'liiirtralnwn]  bnl  llie  gn^ernnr,  and  innal  nf  Ihe 
aaNlalitiil*  pili'lied  iipnii  llie  |M<iilnMi|bi  nf  Sti.iu'ittiit  and 
lived  Ihi're  Ihf  tiral  wiiiii<r,  liilt'iidlnif  in  llie  apriiitf  In 
hiiilil  a  liirlilled  Inwn,  bnl  imdeli'rniiiMil  <i<  In  Ma  ailua- 
tinfl.  On  llli'  alvlh  ttf  Dri'elhbi'r,  llirv  ri'anlved  In  fnr 
Illy  till*  iMlhiniia  nf  Ihiit  |a>Minaula  ,  lail  changing  their 
miiida  lad'nre  llie  ninnlti  expired,  lliey  agrei-tl  ii|H>ti  n 
plari<  uIhmiI  llirce  niib-a  almva  IMiarlealnwii,  witii'li  I  hey 
eallfil  liral  Newlnwn,  ami  anerivnrilarainhritlge, where 
they  engagi'il  In  biidd  hniiaea  III*  enaiilng  aprliig  The 
real  nf  llie  ivlnler  Ihey  anlfered  niiirh  by  Ihe  aevrrlly 
nf  the  aeaann,  and  were  nlihgeil  In  live  iipnn  arnrna, 
grnnml  iiiila,  and  aliell  IInI)  One  nf  lite  |H>nrer  onr* 
I'nmlng  In  Ihe  gnteriinr  In  eniiipbiln,  waa  Inhl  llial  Ihe 
laal  bali'h  una  in  the  nvrn,  bill  nf  ihia  he  hail  hia  aliarw 
i'liey  bad  iippniiiled  the  tl'jit  nf  Ki'hrniiry  fnr  >i  faat  ,  bin 
lii*fnre  It  iMiiii*,  a  aliip  arrived  wllh  prnviainna,  and  Ihey 
turned  it  iiiln  a  dav  nf  Ib.uikagiving 

III  Ihe  apriiig  III'  IIIUI,  in  pnrauanee  nf  the  liilendi'd 
plan,  Ihe  gnvernnr  aet  up  llie  frniiie  nf  nil  hniiae  at 
Newtown  ,  llie  depiily  gnvernnr  •ilan  liiiitt  nne,  and  re- 
mnved  hia  family  AIhmiI  lliia  lime  I'liiekelawbii,  Ih" 
chief  nf  the  Indiana  in  that  neiublHMirhiHiil.  made  u  vUil 
to  the  gnvernnr,  with  high  prnleaainna  of  frieiiilahip. 
The  apprelieiiNinn  nf  danger  I'rnin  the  Indiana  abalcil, 
and  Ihe  acheine  nf  ii  fnrtilii'd  Inwn  waa  gradually  laid 
aaiile ;  tliniigh  if  It  had  la'eii  retained,  Ihe  |ieiiiiiaula 
wniild  have  been  a  ailiialinn  far  prnferable  In  Newtnwn 
'i'lie  g.iveriinr  link  dnwn  hia  frame  and  reiiioveil  it  tn 
Nhawiniil,  wlilch  waa  llnally  dotemiliiail  upon  fur  the 
iiielrii|)nlia,  and  iiainetl  Bnalon. 

'The  three  fullnwiiig  yeura  he  waaeoiitinufd,  by  nn- 
niial  eli'dinn,  at  Ihe  lieiul  nf  Ihe  gnveriinienl,  for  which 
ullice  he  waarminenlly  •iimlilied,  iiid  in  whicli  he  ahomi 
with  n  luatre, which  would  have  dniie  him  hniinr  in  a  lar- 
ger apliere  and  a  innre  elevated  ailuatinii.  He  wna  Ihe 
lather,  aa  well  aa  the  jjovernnr,  nf  nn  infant  plantalinn. 
Ilia  lime,  hia  aliidy,  Ilia  eierlinna,  hia  iiilliience  and  hia 
inlereat  were  nil  employed  in  llie  public  aervice.  Hia 
wiadoni,  patience  and  iiingiianimily  were  cniKnicunua 
in  Ihe  innat  aevere  triitia,  and  hia  exrinplary  ladinvinur 
aa  a  elirial  an  added  a  apleiidor  In  all  hia  rare  ipiidillcii- 
liniia  He  iininlaiiied  Ihe  dignity  of  a  governor  with  Ih* 
obliging  cnndeacenalon  of  a  gciitlemaii,  and  Waa  an  d«> 
aervedly  rea|H'cted  and  beloved,  tliut  when  Archbiahop 
liaud,  hearkening  to  aoine  calumniea  raiai'd  againat  the 
country  nn  nccouiit  nf  their  Puritan  principlea,  auiii' 
iiiniied  line  MrClenvea  iM'fnre  King  (^'hnrlea  I  in  hn|H'a 
of  getting  auine  nccuaation  ngaiiial  the  governor,  he 
gave  audi  an  account  of  liia  laudable  dc|Mirtnieiit  in  hia 
Hl.ition,  and  withal  of  Ihe  devolion  with  which  pruyera 
were  inaile,  both  in  private  and  public,  liir  Ihe  king, 
that  ('liarica  exiireaaed  hia  concern,  that  au  worthy  a 
peraoii  aa  .Mr.  Winlhrop  ahoulil  be  no  lietler  uccoino- 
dated  than  in  an  American  wilderneaa. 

He  wua  an  examplo  to  the  people  of  thai  frugality, 
decency  and  Ieiii|ierancr  which  were  nrcraaary  in  their 
<  ircnmalanrca,  and  even  denied  himaelf  many  of  the 
cli'gnnciea  nnd  au|iertluitleaof  life,  which  hia  rni.!i,  and 
fnrtune  gave  him  a  jiiat  title  to  enjoy,  both  that  he  might 
act  them  a  proper  example,  and  be  the  iM^ter  enabled 
tn  cxerciae  that  liberality  in  which  lie  delighted, even, 
in  the  end,  tn  the  actual  inipoveriahinent  of  InmMlf  and 
Ilia  family.  Ho  would  oAvn  aend  hia  aerv'unia  on  aonie 
errand,  at  meal  liinea,  lo  the  houaea  nf  hia  neighbnra, 
to  tee  how  Ihey  were  provided  with  foial ;  ani^  if  there 
waa  a  deficienry,  would  auiiply  thcin  from  Ilia  own  ta- 
ble. The  following  ainguliir  inatanco  of  hia  charily, 
mixed  with  humor,  will  give  ua  an  idea  of  the  man. 
In  a  very  aevere  winter,  when  woinI  liegun  lo  be  acarce 
in  llnaton,  ho  received  private  information,  that  a 
neighbor  waa  wonl  to  help  hiinaelf  from  the  pile  at  hia 
door.  "  Doei  he,"  aaid  the  governor,  "  call  him  to 
ine,  and  I  will  take  a  courac  with  him  that  shall  cure 
iiiin  of  alealing."  The  man  ap|Htnrcd,  and  the  gover- 
nor aildreaaed liim  thua,  "  Friend  it  ia  a  cold  winter, 
and  I  hear  you  are  nvanly  provided  with  wood,  you 
are  welcome  to  help  youraelf  al  my  pile  till  the  winter 
ia  over."  And  then  merrily  aaked  hia  friend  whether 
he  had  not  put  a  atop  to  Ihe  man'a  atenling  ! 

Ia  the  administration  of  jiiatico,  he  waa  for  temper- 
ing the  severity  of  law  wi'h  Ihe  exercise  of  mercy. 
He  judged  that  in  the  infancy  of  a  plantation,  justice 
should  be  ailnunisUicd  with  more  lenity  tUaii  in  a  lot- 


lleil  alale  Hill  whennlherfenllem**  iil  Mpnlllf  a 
InltueiM'*  had  taken  nirenr*  al  hia  lenHv,  ainl  I  ' 
an  npininn  llial  a  alrhier  diaripllne  waa  nereaaar)r,  h* 
anlanlllnl  In  Iheir  Jmlgiiieiil,  and  alilrlly  •dhereil  M 
Ihe  prntinaala  wllli  h  wein  Iliad*  lo  anmairl  III*  UiynHf 
of  iininn  and  ItrHiiwsCt 


nf  gnveriinienl. by  ai 
and    a   rnnceabiieiil 


p|iearat)e*  i 

nf  dllferviK**   ami  illaatinllnn* 
aiiinng  llie  public  nineera 

Ilia  driiciicy  wua  an  great, thai,  though  h*  riKiM  not 
wilhniil  incitiliiv  ilecliiie  ncce|ilin|  grnlullles  IVom  li^ 
vera  Inwiia,  aa  well  .la  pariUiilnr  |i*raiiiis,  liif  hia  publls 
■ervlira,  yet  be  1 1 ink  lacaalnn  In*  public  ap**rh,  al 
hia  third  rb'cliiin  In  declar*,  that  "  h*  rfr*i«*«i  IhwD 
with  ulirinbllng  hanl  In  leganlnf  (iial*  wuni,  ami  Mt 
iiwii  inllrmily, '  ami  dcaireil  llieni,  Ihal  Air  Ihs  IblUM 
they  wnidd  mil  lie  ull'ended,  if  h*  ahoukl  wholly  nttm 
audi  preaenla 

In  Ih*  year  inU4,  ami  ihalwnyear*  fnllnwlng,  k* 
waa  lell  iHil  nf  Ihe  ina^ialracy.  TluMigh  his  eomiucl, 
I'mm  hia  liral  engaging  in  the  aervir*  of  the  colony,  had 
la'cn  Irrrprnachable,  yel  the  envy  nf  aome,  faiaeil  a 
anapidon  nf  hia  lldelily,  and  gave  him  a  ainall  laaleul 
what,  in  nlher  laipular  gnverniiienis,  Iheir  |r«Bls*t  b*> 
iiifacinra  have  had  A  large  ahare  of  An  iiii|uiry  hav 
log  lieen  made  nf  hia  receipli  and  diaburaenianit  uf  Ih* 
laiblie  inninya,  during  hia  p,ial  iMlniinialraliiin,  though 
It  wna  cnndiicled  ill  n  III. inner  liai  harah  liH  hia  iMk  al* 
aeiiaibiliiy,  yel  hu  pnlienlly  aubmitted  to  Ih*  (laniinw 

limi  nf  hia  ni niila,  which  riideil  In  hia  hnnnr     Upon 

\tliich  ncc.iainn  he  made  a  deelarnlinn  whith  he  con- 
rlmli'd  in  llicae  wiirila  ;  -  "  In  the  Ihliiga  which  I  iiir«t, 
I  relcr  inyaelf  tn  llie  wiaibiinnml  jiialice  of  Ihe  (Jourtt 
with  llila  nrnlealaliiin,  that  it  re|i*fil»lh  ni«  not  of  nijr 
cimI  and  lalair  In-alnwed  in  Ih*  a*rvic*  of  Ihia  l'oin> 
mnnweallh  ,  but  I  dn  lientlilv  hieaa  Ih*  Iiord  our  Uoil^ 
llial  be  haa  been  inenaed  lo  lioii  r  me  an  far  as  lo  cai 
for  any  thing  he  lialh  lieatnv  il  upon  me,  for  Ih*  ■»!• 
vice  nf  his  chiin'h  and  pi  ople  h*r*  ;  ih*  prosiwrlly 
whereof,  nnd  hia  graiioua  acceplaiic*,  shall  D*  aa 
abunilant  recom|ieiiae  lo  me  " 

The  aani*  rare  huniilily  and  aieadr  eipialily  nf  mindk 
were  eonapiciioua  in  hia  U'linvlor,  when  a  pr«t*nc*  wa« 
riiiaed  tn  get  him  left  out  of  ih*  guvrrnnieni,  Wtl  bjr 
the  tiHi  frei|iieiil  choice  of  one  man,  Ih*  olitc*  shoulu 
cenae  to  lie  elecllve,  and  seem  In  Iw  hia  hy  preacripllon. 
Tliia  pretence  waa  advanced  even  in  Ihe  elei  lion  a*r- 
mona ;  nnd  when  he  waa  in  fact  reduced  lo  a  lowei 
stalion  in  the  governineiit,  he  endeavoured  to  a*r«*  th* 
people  as  faithfully  as  in  Ihe  highest,  nor  would  li*  siil^ 
fer  any  notice  lo  Iw  taken  of  siun*  undue  in»thiHl% 
which  were  uaeil  to  have  him  left  out  of  ih*  choir*. 
An  iiialance  of  Ihia  rare  lenijier,  and  Ih*  happy  Iruil 
nf  ll,  deaerve*  remembrance.  There  was  a  llni*  when 
he  received  a  very  angry  letter  fioni  a  meml'er  of  th* 
('ourl,  which  having  rend,  he  delivrreil  hack  lo  Ih* 
iiieaaenger  with  Ihia  anawer  "  I  am  not  wiHingl>ihe«p 
by  llie  audi  a  matter  of  provocation."  HhnrlTy  aller, 
the  writer  of  ihia  letter  waa  coni|ielled  hy  Ih*  scarcity 
of  provision,  In  aend  to  buy  one  uf  Ihe  govemor'a  cat- 
tle :  ho  begged  Irini  In  accept  it  aa  a  gilt,  in  token  of 
hia  good  will.  On  which  Ihe  genll^an  came  lo  him 
with  Ihl*  acknowleilgmeiil  ■  Hii.^Mif  a7*icomiii( 
yourself,  hath  overcome  nie." 

Out  though  condeacpiiding  and  genii*  on  every  occ*> 
sinn  of  personal  ill  Irealinent,  yet  where  Ihe  honor  o( 
government  or  roliginn,  and  Ihe  inlereat  of  Ihe  peupl* 
were  concerned, he  was  e<|ually  timi  and  intrepid,aland- 
ing  foremoat  in  npiKiaitiun  to  ihoae  whom  he  judged  t« 
be  really  public  cneniiea,lhough  in  Ihedisguiae  of  warm 
and  lenlniia  frienda.  Of  Ihia  nunihvr  waa  the  famou* 
Anna  HuTiHiNaoN,  a  woman  of  a  inaaculine  und*i< 
alanding  and  consunmiate  arl,who  held  private  lecture* 
tn  thewi^men  nt  her  hnuNe,iii  which  ahe  advanced  theae 
doctrinea,  via.  "  Thai  the  Holy  Ulioal  dwells  ptriOMolly 
ill  a  juatincd  p<-r*<in,and  that  aanctilication  does  not  evi- 
dence juatilicalion."  Those  who  held  with  her  wet* 
said  lo  lie  *'  under  a  covenant  of  grace,*'  and  Ihose  whe 
opposed  her  "  under  a  covenant  of  works."  Into  Ihos* 
two  denoniinatioiiB  the  whole  colony  began  to  he  divi- 
ded. Her  ailherenis  prevailed  in  1636,  lo  choose  fat 
governor,  HiNav  Vanii,**  young  gealleman  of  an  ap- 
parently grave  and  serious  deportment,  who  had  just 
arrived  from  England,  and  who  paid  great  altenlioni* 
this  woman,  and  seemed  lealously  attached  lo  liei  41*< 


*  Tills  person,  so  well  known  allerwarda  In  Intland,  Ii 
lima  characterized  by  Lord  Clarendon  : 

n  A  man  uf  great  natarat  parta  and  of  very  profound  dla> 
aii.Mulatinn,  ofn  ijiilck  conception  nnd  rentty,  iharp  and  weighty 
cxpreaiilon.  Ila  hail  an  unusual  siipect,  a  vultuin  riauaum 
that  though  no  man  could  make  a  guenn  of  wIip.!  he  tntendai^ 
yet  mode  men  think  tnere  waa  auntethlng  in  him  cxtraoc 
dlnnry,  and  hia  whole  Ufe  niailo  good  that  Imagtnalio* 
Tilers  uesd  no  mure  be  sold  of  bia  uUlty>  than  tbat  k*  WM 


AMmnM^  firnTonT. 


Ml  dlly  iirifrnJ  In  •»nltiN«ii<,  hul  mo  lh<  |M>niH't>Hi« 
Nlliwii**  nf  Oil*  i'*ittlrt*%i*r«y  Milh  rvi^rri,  himI  fcturnl. 
UMI  iI  II  »»>•  •ulfrriHl  I.I  |>r*<iill,  ii  wmiUI  oiviliiiifff  iImi 

•  IMIMi*!*  ofltw*  rtiltitiv       III  ihv  ))i*i*i  ul  ih iiirii«i*f 

•jr,  V\'h**#li»riglil,  A  SMitltHU  m»r>nu<**t.  |irr(ii'liml  A  a^r 
MMi. n lib'li  n<il  ••lilt  I  •riiwl  llivw  iminUlo  ItiKir  iiiiii.wt 
l«ii|fiN.liiii  v<Miuiii«s|  ••itiif*ii«|ir*'«aiMti«wtii<  li  ilifCuuri 
luid  h'tM  •»'  A*  IftiHlinii  I.I  M^liti.in,  f.tr   mIiii  fi  h**  i*'>« 
•■«iHii>-  I  ,  lull  4  iii'Tt*  full  iii>|tiir>  t« .!«  ilrlrrri'il  tiif  lti.ll  : 
lifiK       4  Hih.  vv4rMi  i.M'ihr**ii  <if  H.iAi.iii  |tfiiiiiMirJ  \t>r  | 
C'iMll  III  W  liflMrriKllI  a  r.iv.ir,  ri.|1..liii^  nii  llivir  |.r.     I 

MmIkim*.  ^ 'i  raia^tl  •iiih  .1  rr4i'iiiiii».Mi  m  ilirl'oiirl 

•ftti'iat  lh#  iiiwii  (hut  n  iiiirii.iii  Mn«  iii.itU  l.ir  ilif  ii*'%l 
r&ciliiii  III  Ic  liiattff  «1  ('diiiltritltffi  V^ii**,  llii'  if.iviriMtr. 
iMflnit  to  iirK'illo  voir*  i  iiilil  iinlv  ah.iw  hia  .lialikr  f<\ 

r*Alalll)|   1*1    (till  till*  i)lll>4li. HI        U'llillirii|i,  III*.  ilviMllv 

■iiMrniir,  ilwliiiwl  II,  «•  li*iii||  mi  liihuhlliiiil  nf  llialiiii . 
ilw  i|iii>ali<iii  •■•  lliKii  pul  by  Kiiiliriil  of  Hitlani,  iiihI 
Mrrixl  f.ii  III*  miKivtl 

.«i  III*  ii|i«iiiii||  i.rih*  ■•lfi'li'>n,(M«v  17.  1AnTla|if 
IllliHI  t>»»  ii||»lli  |irra<.iilivl  liy  iniiiiv  iii|i,iliil.iiila  ii|  ll.ia 
•iHi,    wliK  h  Vaiir  wiiiilil   luvi>   ri'ml    iirrvlmia  In   Ihr 

rhi>i<-»      Winlhron,    wl Ic.irly  aiiw   lli.il  lliia  Wiia 

■  riHilrl»*ni'«  <'•  Inniw  .ill  jiiln  I'liiil'iiainii.  iiii.l  a|iriiil 
Ih*  iliiv  In  iMtslr.  Mini  llio  rli'riinii  mlulii  Iw  |iri'«i<iilril 
liir  iliiil  unit*,  ii|i|Miai'>l  III**  ri'iiilmu  <>l  ili**  |h'IiIi)iii  imiil 
lh«  vlriiiHM  ali«Mil(l  In*  itttT  \'iiMe  .iimI  Iiin  |iiirly  viri.rp 
•tr^nU'iua,  lull  WiiilKrit|i  rallmj  l.i  lli«*  |M*<i|ilt<  tuiliviilf*. 
■nil  >hi<  majiirily  ii|i|i«4n*il  I'.ir  tlivrlwIMii.  Viini*  alill 
rphiaAJ,  nil  WiiilliMp  aiiiil  hi*  wiiulil  iiriN'm**!  wiiluiiii 
kini,  vliii'h  ulillii***!  Iiini  III  aiilniiil  'I  hi-  rliiliiin  w.ia 
«iirrl*il  III  l'u>oriil  \Viiillir.i|i  itii<l  hia  Irii'inla  'I'lii*  »vi- 
^nta  whiihiiil  waili-*l  iiiiVtiii*  tii  llii*  |iluri*  <ifi>li.riiiiii, 
Ihrrw  (l>iwii  llirir  liiilli^rila,  iinil  nihiai^l  In  HttPiiil  ili** 
IH*wly  rlfrtfil  fi'*\<frunt .  hi*  Imik  im  oilirr  iiiilii-i*  nflhi* 
•Ifriint.lliaii  In  iinli'r  liia  nwii  a«*rvaiila  In  lH>nrth«'iii  Ih*- 
|(>r«  hiin,  mill  mIii*iiIIi#  |H*ii|ilt*  r^iirraai'il  tlirir  rrai'iil 
m^iili  he  lN*t(K0iJ  llif*m  lo  iivi*rliiiik  llii*  nmlii'r 

'I'lii*  liiMii  III  lltialiHi  krliitf  iC'iii'Mlly  III  liiviir  nflhi* 
IMW  iipiiiiuiia,  ih**  yiivernnr  tfri*w  iitiiiniMiliir  ttirri*.  nnil 
a  Uw  which  wua  |>iiaa<*il  Ihia  yi'iir  *<l  Ilia  n'aliirntiiin  In 
ollkri*,  liirri*iiai»il  tlii*ir  ilialilii*.   Mtuiv  |H>rantta  wIhi  wiiri* 

•up|HMi(*il  lo  Uviir  Ihiwf*  n|iiiiiniia,  iviTi*  ■*«! (I'll  Irntii 

UntfhiiiiJ,  In  iiri*vriit  whnai*  aptlli*mi.Mi  in  llii*  I'niinlry. 
llnOuttrl  taM  a  pi'niilly  nn  all  wlinali<iulil<'nti*rliiiM  miy 
■IniiKora,  ur  iillnw  llii>iii  ilii-  urn*  nl'miy  linna*',  nr  Inl, 
ahovv  thrf*«*  werka,  witlnmt  lilirrty  lira!  uraiiti*il  Tliia 
M«i*i*  anifr  wua  an  ill  ri*i'i*iviiil  In  llnalnn,  Ihiil  nn  Ih*' 
fnf «mi*r  a  ri*liir'i  tVniii  tin*  ('inirl  nf  (Ttiiiibriiliri',  thi*y 
all  r«riiai*il  tn  .{11  nut  tn  iiiprt  liliii.  nr  tn  ah  11*  him  uiiy 
ttikrii  uf  rrappi'i,  'I'hr  iitlii'r  tnwna  nn  thta  iN-i-nainn 
incrpiiaviJ  ihvir  ri*a|N*i'l  tnwnrila  hini.ttiiil  the  Bunn*aiiin- 
nM*r.  in  »  Jnuriii'y  tn  Igiawirh,  kn  wua  KUurilnl  liniii 
luwn  Inlnwii  with  innri*  ■'■•ri*ninny  lliiin  li<>  il<.i*iri'il 

Tlw  aanir  yi*>ir  »  aynml  wn  ■  nilli'il  In  ili'ti'riiMiii'  nn 
Ihr  cnntrnverti'il  |ii>inta,  in  whi«'li  naamilily  Winlhrnp. 
lhoU|(h  hi*  iliil  Mill  prraiili*,  ypt  na  tin*  hi'ml  nl'llii'  rivil 
majfiatrary.wiia  nlilinnl  nlii*ii  tn  intcriHMi*  hia  iiiilhnrily, 
which  hmliil  with  wiailnni  aiiii  Knivitv,  ailriii'init  p>»- 
■innate  mnl  iniuerliiirnl  apciikera,  ileairinu  tliiil  lhi>  ili- 
vine  oraclrt  inTPit  hi*  nllnwcil  In  piprraa  thi*ir  own 
memiinii,  uml  lie  n|i|iriili<il  In  fnr  tin*  ili'ciainn  nf  llu* 
contrnveray;  uml  wlii>ii  he  a.iw  lieiit  ami  puaaiun  previiil 
In  the  aaaeiiilily,  h«  wnulil  ailjuurii  lt,thiit  time  mi|{lil  he 
■llowetl  for  c»>l  cniiaMrratiun,  hjr  wliirh  pruilenl  iiian- 
■femeni,  the  fjrnoil  eaine  In  an  anilealile  agreement  In 
comieinning  the  errora  of  the  day.  Hut  the  wurk  waa 
nut  wholly  ilune,  until  the  erruneoiia  peranna  were 
baniaheil  the  cnlnny.  Thia  act  of  aeverity  the  ('nurt 
thought  nrceaanry  for  the  peace  ufthe  (%>n)inniiweallli. 
Toleration  hail  not  then  lieen  inlrmlucril  into  any  of 
Iha  Proleataal  countriaa,  ami  even  the  wiaeat  ami  tiet) 
men  wore  afraid  of  il  aa  the  |>aront  of  all  error  and 
■liachief. 

Soma  of  th«  xealnua  npinioniata  in  the  church  nf 
Boatun,wauld  have  had  the  eldera  proceed  againalthe 
govemo*  in  the  way  nf  eccleaiaalicHldiacipline,  fnr  hia 
activity  in  procuring  theaeiitenceof  Imniahinenton  their 
brethren.  Upon  thia  nci'aainii  in  a  well  juilged  apeech 
to  the  congreyation,  he  Inld  them  that  "  thnugh  in  liia 
private  capacity,  it  waa  hia  duty  lo  auhinit  to  the  cen- 
Mn>of  hia  hrethren,  yet  he  waa  not  ainenalile  In  them 
lor  hia  comlurt  aa  a  inagiatrnte,  even  though  it  were 
BfljuaU  That  in  the  preaent  cniic,  ho  had  actnl  acroM- 
kl||  to  Ilia  conacience  and  hia  oath,  and  hi/  Ihr  ailrirr  of 
tlu  tli»ri  of  the  church,  and  wiia  fully  aallaflpil  that  it 
would  not  nave  been  conaiitent  with  the  public  peace 
la  bav*  dona  olherwiae."     Theae  reaiona  aatiaAed  the 


to  cozen  and  derelve  a  whole  nation   [the  Sootal 
waa  thongtit  to  cxrei  in  craA  and  cunning  which  be 
^Wlllia  aotaUn  yregnaocy  anil  deilarlty," 


uneaay  hpeihren,  anil  hw  generiil  riiinleaMthnn(  anil 
iilibgnilX  ilv|i*vli»eiil,  an  realnpeil  Inni  In  iheir  nltif'tlnrta, 
llmi  hi.  A.i*  In-ltl  ni  gri'.ii(*r  rairi-ni  ih.iii  l>*'f.ipe  .  .m  1 
prmr  "I  Una,  li)aMi  rHi.<ial.i*i  III  a  Inaa  **lt.>h  hi<  h.i.l 
aiiMi.tihr.1  III  Ilia  ii.|ii|inriil  ealalc,  ihry  iii.i.l,.  Iniii  .1  pre- 
aciil,  aiiiniittliiig  In  aevrrul  hiinilreil  pmii-'*. 

A  wartii  iImi|iuIi' It.itnig  iiriaeit  III  III*.  1 1  ,i<raM*.iiir1 
rnlH'i'rnlng  llie  iii'ifilli**.  tt.H'r  nf  Itie  I  |.ti«*P  Hmiae,  iIm* 
gnverM.irpnl.li«liriltila  u.fillnichU  nt  Mnllltg.  a.niie  jHIa 
a.i||i.«  nf  mIiIi  Ii  umiig  grr>il  nlti'lii'i',  li«>  liNik  iMTrtslnii 
.il  III**  iiftl  in^rlMig  lit  Ihfi  I  '.itipl  III  .1  pillilli'  «|it'|.i  II  In 
till  ilipili  ■  iImI  aa  In  Ihi*  m.il/'>  nf  liia  wrillliu.  It  waa 
iiri'nrillllg  t.i  hia  jiiilgiiiri  I,  wlitrli  Wiia  tinf  ill  hia  imii 
iliajMia.il,  anil  Iliiil  h.1%11  4  etnmiiii-il  11  by  the  riib*a  nf 
ri'aanll,  rrll|/liiil.  itllil  I'liitiilli,  b**  a.iM.  nn  rilliae  tn  le- 
liai't  II  ,  liiit  iia  Inr  lhi<  mun'irr,  witlrll  Wiia  whiilly  hia 
.iwii,  In*  w.ia  riMilv  tn  .irkiniHlnli]**  wb.itrvrr  lana 
bl.llll*-.ilil|..  Me  aalil,  lli'il  wbiil  he  wr.ile  Hiia  iiii  grial 
pmviH'.itinii,  iiimI  In  ^iMili.  lie  nimai  It  iind  nlbera  I'rnni 
ilnjiial  ita|ier»lnliN,  v**!  Il**  niiiflif  11. >(  tn  ba^r  allnwp.l  a 
iliali'iiijM'r  n|'  a|.ini,  iiiir  1.1  b.ivr  l.t-rii  an  tree  miiIi  Ibe 
rrplllitll.ill  III  l>i«  brelbrrll  ,  lli.it  li«*  lliltjbl  llitve  ntiiui- 
l.llnrilblacll'IMI'  WIfhillll  1  llallllg  .IIIV  ri'tb'i'llntl  nil  llli-ni, 

anil  Ibiil  be  |i*.rrn\ril  nn  uiiliivniniiig  pmU'  uml  iirtn 
giimy  Ml  annif*  nl  bla  ri|iri-aaliina,  ti.r  wbli  II  br  ibalri'il 
fiiri.'l>rli>-aaii|  IIihI  mill  .n.in  '  '  lly  lllla  n.liib'arrliiling 
aplril,  l.c  gri'Hllv  eiiili'iiri'il  bnnacil  In  hia  Iririiila,  and 
Ilia  i-ni-Miiea  were  aab.mn-il  i.f  ibrir  iippnailinii 

He  h.iil  mil  an  high  nn  npiiiinn  nf  a  Jtmn  inlutat  gn 
veriirnent  aa  aiiiiH*  ntlier  gentlemen  »f  eipiul  wiatlnin 
ami  gthkUieaa  ,  hiil  pbiiiilv  iierrrivnl  u  ibiiiger  in  refer- 
ring niiillrra  nf  cniinael  ami  jinbriilnri'  In  llie  Ihaly  nf 
the  |>enple  ,  ami  Mhen  ibnae  whn  li.nl  remnvcd  tnt'nii. 
m'rtiiMii,  were  iibniit  fnriiiiiig  tlirir  gmeriiinent,  he 
iviiriieil  them  nf  tliia  il.iiiuer  In  n  Irieiullv  mid  f.iillibil 
letter,  wherein  am  thian  rrniarkiilile  w.rda  " 'I'bi' 
licat  iHirl  nf  a  cnMniMililly  ia  iili«ii>a  the  v,ij<  and  i.f 
that  Im>m|  |Hiit  the  wiaer  la  alill  h»ii  ,*  ntierefnre  Ihr  nlil 
cminii  vdia,  i-hiHiae  ye  nut  Juilj^ee,  and  thnu  abult  bring 
the  iii.iMer  bcfnre  the  jiiilge." 

Ill  M'.l.t.  when  he  wna deputy  gnvernnr,  a  great dia- 
liirbmii'e  waa  riiiaed  by  amiie  {H'titinnrra  frniii  Ming- 
bmii,  »lin  I'liitipl.iiiii'd  tliiil  the  fund  iiiieiiliil  liiwa  nf 
Kiigbind  wi're  imt  nwned  in  the  rntnnv  na  the  bnaianf 
gnvernmi'iit  ;  tliiit  civil  pritilegea  were  ilenii'd  tn  men, 
merely  Inr  nut  being  mi'inliera  nf  the  i-lmri'liea  ;  and 
Ihry  I'linlil  lint  eiijny  divine  nrdimitirea  brfiiiiKe  Ihry 
lH.|nngi'il  tn  the  fliiirch  »i  Kiiubiml.  With  Ibeae  nim. 
nbiinta.  till  V  pelilinnnl  fnr  lilierty  nf  cniiarience  i  nr, 
if  thill  rnuld  nnl  be  grunted,  liir  frei'dnni  frmn  taiea 
mill  military  aervicea  \  the  pelitinn  ciiiii-IuiIihI  with  11 
iiieniice,  tbiit  in  raaenfn  refnaal.  cniiiplaiiit  wniild  br 
bad  tntlie  I'arli.imcnt  nl  KiikLiiiiI  'I'bia  |ielilinn  ^ave 
miirli  ntrenct',  and  the  |H'liliiiiii'ra  VM're  riird  tnt'ourt, 
mil'  lini'il  na  "  innvrra  tn  anlilinii,''  Winllirnp  Waa 
iii'tive  in  tlii'ir  prnaei'iittnii  ,  but  11  party  in  the  llnuaetif 
hepuliea  wna  an  at  mug  in  their  f.ivnraa  tn  riirry  u  vnte, 
reipiiriiig  biiii  tn  uiiawer  bir  liia  cnmliii't  in  pnlilic;  tbe 
reaiill  nf  whii'li  waa,  that  he  waa  hniinrnlily  aiiptitteil. 
Then  leanming  biaaeal,  be  tiNik  that  np|nirtiinily  pnli- 
lii'ly  tn  ilrrbire  lii'i  aeiiliiiienta  nn  the  queatiniiacnncern* 
ing  the  aiithnritv  nf  tlie  niagiatracy,  mid  the  liberty  nf 
lln-  |H'<iple.  "  I'i'ii  have  called  na,"  aaid  be,  tn  ntliie. 
but  being  called,  we  have  our  authority  I'ruiii  liml,  it  ia 
Ltiii  nriliiiance  uf  Oml,  and  liatli  the  image  uf  (IihI 
atam|H'il  nn  it  ;  mid  the  rnntempt  of  it  hatli  been  vin- 
diciited  byllial  with  terrible  exainpleanf  hia  vengeance. 
When  ynu  chmiae  iimgiatratea,  ynu  take  thrni  fr  >ni 
among  ynuraelvea,  men  aubjei't  tn  the  like  pnaainii* 
with  ynuraelvea.  If  ynii  aee  our  iiiliriiiitiea,  relh'ct  on 
your  own,  and  you  will  not  lie  au  aevere  on  oura.  The 
covenant  between  ua  and  ynu  ia,  that  »e  aliall  g>ivern 
ynu  and  judge  yniir  cauaea  accnrding  tn  the  lawa  uf 
(iial*  and  nur  beat  akill.  Aa  for  our  ikill,  you  muat 
run  the  liaiani  uf  it ;  and  if  there  lie  nn  error,  not  .n 
the  will,  but  the  akill,  it  lievnniea  yuu  to  liear  il.  Nur 
would  I  have  you  iniaiake  in  the  |Hiiiii  uf  ynur  liberty 
There  ia  h  liberty  nf  curriiiil  nature,  which  ia  iiicunaia- 
tent  Willi  authurity,  impatient  of  reatraint,  the  grumi 
•neiny  uf  truth  and  peace,  and  nil  the  ordiiiancea  nf 
Hod  are  lient  agniiiat  it.  Uiit  there  ia  a  civil,  moral, 
federal  lilierty,  which  ia  the  pro|ier  end  ami  object  uf 
authurity,  a  lilierty  fur  that  unly  which  ia  jiiar  and  uuno. 
For  thia  liberty  ynu  are  lo  ataml  with  your  livea  ;  and 
whatever  croaaea  il,  ia  nut  authurity,  but  a  diatem|M!r 
tlicrenf  Thia  liberty  ia  inaiiitHinril  in  a  way  of  iuli- 
jectinn  tn  authurity,  and  the  aiith*irlly  ael  over  ynu  will 
in  all  ailniiniatrnliona  fnr  your  go<at,  be  ipiietly  aub. 
initted  to  by  all  but  audi  aa  have  n  diapoaition  lo  ahiike 


•irth«yak»,  »|*I  InwihetT  Mmly  hy  awriMtfllllMlto 
Knnof  anil  (Htwaf  III  .•.iltinfily,  ' 

I  In*  kind  nfargiiii  'III  waa  frevpieitlly  nr^ad  by  Iht 
faltVera  nf  New  llnglaml  In  piallli*  aiinn  ul  1  lieir  aevi  lity 
liiwani  lh**ae  whn  tllaaeM*ei|  trnni  Iheiii  'Ibey  lii..,*M* 
lalni'il  iliAl  all  nn-n  hail  blierly  I.*  i\t\  tight,  bul  nn  Uti*r* 
ly  In  lln  irfiiN^     Unwrvrp  true  iliia  principle  tney  lie  M 

C'Inl  nt r.ililv,  yi'l  In  ni.iMrra  nl  nfiiuinti.  In  nealaa  ^ 
lib.  w  .1  iliip  .mil  ri  I  b.alaaii<'al  iiriler  lh«  ipiea) Inn  IA 
•h.i  ah  1)1  l.r  lln.  judge nirl.ht  nml  wrung  '  audit  laliaa 
efelriii  1 1  KM  iheir  I'miibnt,  that  they  an)jMiaed  llw 
^iwer  nl  jiiifging  In  be  ni  llniae  who  were  veatt'il  Milk 
ailtb..rlly  ,  a  priln'Iplii  ilralriiellve  nf  IllierlV  n|  efH»- 
arli  lire,  ami  the  right  nf  private  jiidgmenl,  and  big  willfe 
all  the  hiirmra  nf  iieraeeutinii  I'Tie  eaerelae  nf  tuelb 
iiiilhnrih  ilirvenmlemiirdinlheblghrhureh  |Hirly.wli« 
bill  nppreaaeil  Item  In  tniglandi  and  yet,  auih  la  ilia 
frailly  nf  hunniii  nnlllre,  Ibry  held  Ibe  aa.lie  princlplea, 
and  pnu.||a|.il  the  am |i|iieaalnna  nil  tlwiaii  whn  dl»* 

aeiilnl  iVniii  ihrin  >V  iiiitir.i|i.  Iiefnre  he  lell  Kn|ilaiHl| 
waa  nf  mure  I  'atbiilic  apirii  ibaii  annie  nf  hia  brethren  i 
after  be  had  nniie  tn  .Anierii'a,  he  tell  in  with  the 
reigning  principle  nf  iniuleraiH-y  which  aliniMt  all  Iha 
Hrbirmera  unhappily  retained  aa  a  relut  ufthe  peraeru- 
ling  rliiirrh,  Irniii  whbdi  lliey  had  ae|iarated  ,  but  aa  \t» 
ailvmii'ril  In  life,  he  reaiinied  hia  hirnier  ni*Nleratlun  1 
alill  III  the  lime  nf  hia  laat  aickneaa,  when  Dudley,  Ilia 
ilepnlv  gnverlinr  preaard  bun  t,i  aigtl  all  nriler  liir  tha 
bmilafiiiieiil  nf  a  peranii  IV I  .1  Waa  deemed  helerialni, 
he  reliiaeil,  aayliig,  that  '  li«  had  dun*  Ino  much  uf 
that  wnrk  atreinlv.'' 

Iliivingib'vnleil  the  greafeal  pall  uf  hi*  Inlereal  ta 
the  aervire  nl  the  public,  and  aullerliig  many  loeae*  b* 
aeriileiila,  nnd  by  li'iivnig  the  nianagenienl  nf  hi*  pri- 
vate nlbiira  tn  uiilnithbil  aervaiita,  whilal  hia  whoU 
lime  mill  atteiitinii  were  eiiiplnved  in  the  public  buai* 
neaa.  Ilia  fnrtiiiie  wna  an  niiirli  liiipnired,  ibal  •am* 
yr.ira  Iiefnre  bla  ilealh,  be  wna  nbligid  In  aell  the  niiwl 
nt  Ilia  eatnte  fir  the  paynient  nf  an  aci'iiniiilatnl  delit. 
He  alaninel  with  mmhallliciinii  in  hia  family,  havlnif 
buried  three  wivea  and  an  rliiblreii  Tbeae  Irnublea, 
jnified  In  the  nppnaltinn  ami  ill  treatnieiil  which  Iw 
IVeipienlly  met  uilli  frnm  amiie  ufthe  penple,  ao  preyed 
i  iipiiii  Ilia  nature,  aliiaily  much  wnrii  by  the  tnila  anil 
I  harilaliipa  of  iilanliiigaiubinv  in  a  wikbrneaa,  that  ha 
j  iieri'eivi.d  a  tfeciiy  nf  Ilia  fai'lllliea  aevell  yrara  la'fnro 
I  lie  rearhril  bia  grand  climnleric  and  nllen  apnke  nf  hia 
!  appruarhingdiaanlutinn,  wll'i  a  calm  reeignatinn  tn  Iha 
williif  llenven.  At  leiiglli,  when  be  had  entered  Iha 
|ai\iy  tliini  year  nt  hia  age,  a  fever  m'caainiieil  by  a  cnlil, 
af'ier  uiie  inniilh'a  cniiliiiemeni,  put  an  end  lo  hia  Ufa 
on  the  vnth  uf  March,  llllll. 

The  ialmid  called  (Invernnr'a  lalaiid,  ill  the  harbcr 
nf  llnatnn,  wna  granted  tn  liini,  and  atill  remaiiia  in  Ilia 
|Hiai>ca>ii)ii  nf  hladeacemlniila.  Ilia  |irtureia  preaerviil 
in  the  eriinte  chanilier,  with  ihnae  nf  other  uiii  lent 
gnvrrnnra.  The  hniiae  in  which  be  lived,  reniiiiiied  till 
1771^,  when,  with  ninny  utiier  nbl  wiiiMlen  buililinga,  il 
waa  pulled  dnwn  by  the  Uritiali  Imnpa  liir  fuel  Ma 
kept  an  exact  juuriinl  uf  the  mvurrcncea  and  tiunaac- 
tinna  in  Ibe  cnbiiiy  during  bia  reablence  in  it.  Thia 
Jiinrniil  wna  nf  great  aeivice  tn  aiivernl  hiatnrlani,  par* 
lii'ubirly  lliilibanl,  Mather,  n  .1  I'rince  II  ia  atill  in 
poaaeasinnnflbet.'nniierlicnl  branch  nf  hia  family,  and 
waapnbliabeil  at  llarH'nrd  in  I7U<).  It  nirnrila  a  UMira 
einci  mid  circiinialaiilinl  iletnil  of  event*  within  thai 
peri'Ml,  th.iti  any  cnniriilatinn  which  hiia  been  ur  can  ba 
made  frnm  it ;  the  princlplea  iinl  cuinluct  of  tbia  truly 
great  ami  giunl  man,  therein  appear  in  the  li|fhl  whirk 
he  hiinaelf  viewed  tlieiii  ;  while  hia  ubilitiea  lur  the  ar- 
iluoii*  ataliiiii  which  be  held,  the  iliHiculliea  which  ha 
had  to  encounter,  and  bia  fidelity  in  biiaiiifpa,  are  dia- 
played  with  that  truth  and  jiiatii'e  in  which  they  oughl 


•  It  muat  tjo  iilMervod,  that  ttio  MiiHali'  luw  waa  at  tliat 
tine  conalilereil  aa  tbe  KiHieral  alamiATil,  and  muat  ut  the 
U«B  uf  Uie  country  ware  fmiudcd  uu  it. 


I  1  aiipear. 
Me  " 


e  had  five  aona  living  at  hia  deceaae,  all  of  wrhnnii 
nntwilhalanding  the  rnluctiun  uf  hia  fortune,  aci|uiml 
mill  [Hiaueaaeil  large  profierty,  and  were  |ier*oii«  of  rnii- 
iieiice  Many  uf  hi*  pnaterity  have  buriie  reB|ieclablo 
character*,  ami  filled  auiiia  of  Ike  priiici|uil  place*  o( 
truat  and  uacliilnea*. 


JOHN    W  I N  T  II  K  O  P ,    F  . 

UOVIRNOH  Of  (.'ONNIOTICVT. 


R.    8, 


John  WiaxHRnr,  Onvemnr  of  Cnnnertlrut— Ilia  tgrth  ana 
p.hiralliin— 111*  rmiiiivBl  to  New  Kniilniui—lllilHliM  a  I'har- 
Irr  liM-iirimrHliiiK  roniieclit'ul  anil  New  llivcii— faovemui 
III  ihf.  iiiU.iiy  of  rniiiii'tticut— Klccted  Pviluw  of  tha 
Riiyul  Sut Illy— Ilia  deulli. 

J.iiiN  WiNTiiRnp,  ebleat  inn  of  Oovemi.r  Wlnthrou 
by  hia  Aral  wili*,  waa  Inirii  at  (iroton,  in  Nuflolk,  Fan, 
Ii,  IOO&.    Hi*  liiio  geniui  waa  much  improved  by  • 


BIOONAIMIIKN   or   TIIR    rAMI.V    Dl  Hint  V  r  K  R  N  I. 


Iill  of  whom, 
linr,  *ci|uir*<i 
Irnniit  uf  niii- 
lit  rfi|>rclalilu 
l|>»l  pliWM  uf 


lllln  Mrth  ani 

|»iHiii4  m  t'har* 
-Govamui 
klluw    of  lb* 


Ir  Winthrnis 
>uflblli,  Fek 


te4lnll■■t  !•  Oi»  iinlMrailwa  uf  f 'aml'rkl^v,  iviiil 
■nri  hyMNUin^  ihMiigh  HMMl  iiriiK  I.iim|i*- 
SI  kln||ilu«it«,  *«  ttt  M  I  iitli>)i  H*  >*»■«  '•)  Nil* 
HnUiut  Miili  hia  hiitwf  •  faniilt.  Nm  I,  IMI  i  ami 
lh«iii|(h  uM  rtlhivn  i«***iii«  til  ffi4r»  til  a)f»,  w^a  I'lr  lh«* 
mitiiiiiiiMiia  I  liut>'«  <if  Ihc  IVp«tii#ii,  ii<|'iHiiiit«i|  It  ii-t^'o 
Irtiia  ol  itia  i'mKiuv,  uf  Mlikh  liia  laUur  waa  a  i*»-itutt 

Ml*  ramli'fi'il  iM.I*V  •i'»*|t'ra  In  lit,'  • try    l...(Ii  ,1  li 

tn,l  ah( I.  |Miii' iil'iili  III  llw  >,'.■,  Hill   '•!.• 

Iiig  lo  KiitfliiMtl,  ht*  Ma*  l>y  III*'  •irt-*«  •>!  t»,-Nlli**,  I'lf 
#i*<l  llllii  Iri'liUHl  ,  wltffa  lii|i,'llii4  Willi  lll'iliv  Irilliirit- 
llal  |M*r«iHi«  >il  Ih**  li'Hiaa  til  ^>i  Juiiii  I'.MatM.ifihv,  liit 
hitil  all  ,i|iiMirlUMiiy  Iti  iiruuitila  lh«  tiilrraal  wi  Ilia  im* 

ItillV.  Iiy   llirlr  lllf'llia 

i  Ita  Mail  yc'tr  hit  aiiitia  Ikii'Ii  In  \i*w  Diiiiliii't'l,  with 
piwara  IriMii  ilia  l^irila  f-ti  ami  llrmilia,  m  a«<ll«  * 
|ilaiiliihifii  "*!  i'fiinri-lii'iil  ritar  Hill  lliiillMn  iliai  aiMH# 
Wurlliv  |iarK"ii«  Iriitn  M'iN«tithiiarlla  luil  iilriiit'ly  ra- 
iN4i«*t«l,  ami  tiihrra  wrra  .ilniiil  rfiiiiiviiin  loiiirtka  a  aal* 
llaiiiaiil  till  Ihiii  dorr  al  Harlltinl  ami  \Vi  iliaraltaki,  ha 
(ata  llii'iii  Mti  iltiilMrlhiiii'a  ,  lait  Ihoini;  iitaili'  all  aim* 
calilii  «||imiiwii(  Willi  lliaiii,  liiiill  a  liit  iil  Iha  iiiiiiilli 
ol  iha  rivar,  ami  furiiiahi'il  il  wilh  nrlillfry  himI  alnrfa 
whii'h  hail  liaari  aaiit  ttvar,  ami  liaaiiii  a  tiiwii  ilirra, 
arlilrh,  frnni  ilia  Iwii  UirU  talm  Iwttl  a  |iriiiriiiiil  attttra 
1/1  Iha  uiHlarlakiri|(,  waa  nllail  Htiylinaili  Tlila  hirl 
ka)il  Iha  liiiliaiia  Ml  awa  ami  |iriiiail  a  aaaiiilly  In  Ilia 
|»laiilara  tin  lilt*  rivar 

Wh««  Ihay  liail  li<fiiiail  ihrinaalaaa  Inlii*  iHaly  |miIIIIc 
Ihry  hi'ttuairatl  liiiii  wilh  uii  itlri-litiii  In  Iha  iiiiiKlNtriiry, 
ftiiil  alWrwaril  rlitiaa  liiiii  Knvfriitir  nt  llin  I'liliiiiy  At 
Iha  raalnruliiinttlKlnii  1'liarli'a  II  lia  iiiiilart>Htk  n  voy 
■yr  In  l!ltylaliil,  nil  itia  Ih'Ii<iII'  iiI  iIu*  tH'tt|i|,'  IhiIIi  uI' 
('tiiiiMt)  lli'iil  anil  St'vi  lliivni  ,  iiiitl,  liy  III'*  |irml«'nl  ti  I 
ilraaa,  tttil.iiiiail  IriHii  Iha  kiiijx  a  t'hiiriar.  iiii't>r|i'iralin|f 
tailll  f'lliilllita  liiltinlia,  Willi  a   kiiiiiI  nl' )irivit,'^ra,  iimt 

Kiwfra  til  KiiV'Tiniii'iil,  Nii|Htrttir  liiaii>  |ilitii(aliiiii  wliiilt 
III  iHiaii  ai'llli'il  III  Aint'rit'll.  Uitrliiu  ihia  iii'4'ili.iliiiii, 
ftl  a  |iriviila  <'iiiili*raiii'i'  with  ttii'  kinij.  lit*  prt'it*'iili'il  Iin 
liiajaaly  with  ii  iiti|(,  mIdiIi  Kliitf  I'li.irlt'n  1  I'-til  iiivi'ii 
II' ma  Kraiitllathitr  'I'liia  jirrwiit  r*  iitliTfil  .iiuvi'ry 
ttivii|ilalili*  tn  tha  kill;;,  iinti  |(ri'iilly  I'.iiilii'ili'il  ihn  liuai- 
Vaaa  Tha  |m*ii|>Iii,  ill  hia  ri'tiirii,  itt|iri'a«i'il  thrir  ijfu- 
liliiila  Iti  him  liy  cli'rtiiiK  liiiii  In  tlti'n|lit-i' til'yuvi'rnor, 
ftir  ItHirli'aii  ynira  ti>uit(li,'r,  till  lim  ilnilh 

Mr  Willdir'ip'a  Ki'llllia  ll-il  lllni  III  |llillnNti|ihii'al  ill- 
qiiirii'a.  aiitl  hiat>|i|t4irtuiiilit'a  ltiri''iiiv*'raiiiy  Willi  li'iirii* 
ail  iiii'M  ahrtiiiil,  runiialii'il  liiiii  wirh  n  rlt'li  varit'ly  nl 
kiitmlnlKa,  iiartiriilarly  til  thi>  iiiiiirral  kin|(iliiiii  \  alitl 
lliara  an'  atiiiiit  vulualili'  riiiiiiiiuiiiiulitiiir)  nl  hi»  iii  llii> 

|'liilnati|itiu'til  triinitai-titiiia,  wliifh  ima'tirt'tl  liiiii  llii' 
iniiur  III  la*ili|{  I'liiti'il  u  Ki'llnw  nl  tin'  Uny.il  Ntairly 
Ha  liatl  aUn  iiiiu'h  akill  in  tha  art  til'|iliyMi^  ,  ami  yi'iia' 
riiuhly  tliatrdHilitil  iiiuiiy  viilii.iltia  iin'ilu-iiii'aiimniiu  tlir 

(K'n|ilit,  whn  t'liiul'iiiily  u|i|ilii'tl  III  him  whi'iirvvr  lliry 
mil  iii'i'tl,  mill  wrrt'  triiili'il  with  a  kiinliicaa  that  iliil 
luMinr  III  their  liriD'liii'liir 

Hia  iimny  viihialilii  t|imlitii*a  iia  ii  ^nlli'iimii,  a  I'hria- 
tiati,  n  |»litloiiti|ilii'r.  iind  ii  |aililii'  riili'r,  |iriM'iiri'tl  him 
Iha  uiiivi'r>  al  ri'a)'t't-t  nl'  tlin  |ii'iinla  initlfr  hia  ^nvi'm' 
liH'iil ;  ami  hia  miwt'iirii'il  utliiitinii  luthr  |iulilit'  liiui' 
im-<a,  aiitl  ^ri'iil  mtih-rarimlmu  in  llirart  iJl'ifiivi'iiiiiMiit, 
wiia  ul'  uiu|ii<iikiililr  aiKunluui'  Inlhi'iii  Ih  iiik  nni'  til 
thariMllllliaaitilu'ra  til'tlir  I'mlttI  I  'nl'iliii'anf.Ni'W  Kii^- 
kiiitl,  ill  Ihvynir  IliCII,  intlic  l.iijilit  nl  llm  lir'<l  ut'iiiral 
liitliiiii  war,  iia  hit  uia  .itli'iitlmj  tin'  Hrrvii'i'  nt  lltiNtnii, 
liii  li'll  aii'k  nl'  II  h'vtr,  iiinl  iliiirnii  ihi'  full  nl  A|iril,  ill 
Iha  aati'iity  Iimt  yir  nl'  liia  aui',  ami  waa  hnnnialily 
tmricil  111  lliu  aiiuiu  lumU  wilh  liia  vJiolWiit  litllur' 


tart   Iff  hia  aarula*,   ami  am|il»yail  kun   in   «*«atal  { 
waiahiy  maltatanf  alala 


OEOKOE  (;  AI.VKHT,  rECII.IIS  fAI.VFIlT,- 
(liUKiia  liiLTinnaa  )     I.IHINAUl)  CAI.VKKT. 

Oltoani  t'lrviRT -HlH  lih'ttt   ninl  rilnt'ttlion -In  Ihr  «rrvii't' 
lit  Nir  Ht'lMTt  ri'i-tl   -He   ift   irul'tf   St'iTiliiry  nt  HtHti'-Mi- 

ri'ti'ivna  u  i>rn»itin  IrniM  Kiiiii  jHnii'it--llt'fiMiH'ii  a  railtniii- 
— t'rtmlt-'l  Uilnili  til  llaltiiiioru-llii  ulti-iiii'tH  ;l  nrllli-- 
lllpilt  at  Nt'Wiiiliii'llini'l— Vimti*  Virmiilii  -Hit,  it n^  n  )friint 
o(  llip  tt'rriltirv  north  nf  the  rnlnwitmck— lli»  llfntli  -Ilia 
(Jharaclar— I'Ki'll.  1'AI.VKaT -llti  rutfivi'*  a  l»iil,'iii  m  Ma- 

ryliii>l-8atllt'a  111"  rnlniiy— A|)|Miiiitii  limliriillitT, L .ml, 

Gnvariiur— Lkunard  Calvkkt— Cuatlucta  aottltiri  to  iliii 
L'ulony 

(Uoiiai  Calvkiit  wna  ilKaccntlail  rmm  n  nalil«  fit. 
mily  »r  Fl  inihira,  uml  linrii  at  Ki|iliii|{  iii  Vnrkahirit, 
r  IMS  )  lla  rpci'ivml  hia  riluirntinii  al  Triiiily  (\illFur, 
in  Onfinl,  mill  altfr  lakiii|{  hia  Uaehfltir'a  (li-|{rna, 
(IM'")  Iravolh'tl  ovi-r  the  cnntiiK'iil  nf  Kurti|H>.  At 
hia  return  tu  KiiKlaml,  in  th»  lKi|{iiiiiiiiK  "f  ''<*'  rFi<;n  n( 
Jtmoa  I  he  waa  laki'ii  liila  the  ullive  i>(  Hir  Kulwrt 
Ctcil,  Hrcrelnry  of  Slate  ;  anil  whim  Nir  Kulicrt  waa 
Hnuceil  10  the  l^onl  Hinh  'i'lCMuier,  he  nitoiiMil  Uiil- 


K>  Iha  Iniaraai  III  Mir  Knharl.lhati  t;arl  tif  Miiliatmry, 

ha  mum  a|iii'tlnli'il  >mt>  ot  Ihi'  rlrrka  nf  ill linrll.  ami 

f',!.!.,..!  iha  li-'ii'ir  III  kni||hih.tt«l  (lOIJ  i  ii  I  In  Ih*' 
l.ill'miiif  yaitr  wiia  mmla  Hmci  lary  nl  hi.il''.  in  Iha 
I i|  Hlr   'rhiillliia   I, Ilka        r.'iiU'HIMil  It"'    llnka  nf 

lint  kiiii/hiiiii  III  h't«a  la'cn  iii«iniiiirriial  III  hia  (ifafrf' 

I'Miil,  ha  lirrarlilril  hllll  Willi  .t  Ji'Wrl  <if  Otnl  «*llM  1 
kill  lliit  iliika  ri'Inlliail  ll,  nllli  a  iiiraa.iaa  that  h*  iMHad 
I 'tia  ailv.iiH't'tnaiii  III  Ilia  imii  niarll  iimflha  gmnl  j^m 
■lira  nf  hia  »"varriyii  wli'i  waa  Inily  arnailila  nf  ll 
Ilia  Hrral  km>t*lrtlg*i  "f  iitilillit  l>iialitf-«a,  ami  hi*  iMt- 
(rmr  ami  Hili'lity  in  •niuhn liii||  II  hail  raiidarrtl  hirii 
i*n  at'i'a|i*alila  in  Iha  klnit.whn  graiilrti  hint  a  |i«italnfi 
nf  I.INNW    iml  nf  llir  nualnlila 

tn  IrtVl.ha  I'ntiai' II  itif  'Italy  hai'iiinea  M'lniiinC'ulhn 
lU',  mill  hiiilnii  rrrfly  nunrfl  hia  )irtiii'l|ih-a  In  tha  klii||. 
raaluiiail  hia  nlYU'a  'i'hia  lii^animna  rimti  t*al'itt  an 
nlFai  It'll  tha  niiml  nf  lainra,  that  ln<  n>>t  null  i  .niliiiiirtl 
Inni  nil  till'  litt  nf  l*rity  C'liiiiai'llnra.  lint  ,-riMli'tl  liini 
llirtiii  nf  11  'linniira,  In  tha  rnuiily  nf  lain||liir>l,  in 
Irrliiml 

Whilil  hn  wni  MearaUry  nf  NUI*  anil  una  nf  lll» 
rnriinnili'it  nf  Inula  ami  |iliiiif.itlniia,  ha  uhuiriril  fVtiin 
lilt-  kiiiif,  a  iHitrnt  ftir  Itia  annlh  amlirii  panlnaiila  nf 
Nawlniimlliinil,  what  h  he  iiiiiiifil  Ihii  |*riiviii<-it  nf  A«it 

Inn  ,    triilll  Atalnlliua,    il    utntik,  whtl  w.ia    •l|^i|H>aeil  In 

hnta  riMKurl'tl  lh«  lliltiah  Kinn  liiii'lii>'  anil  nil 
hia  rnnrl  tn ''hrUiianity  ,  in  ri-iiirniliraiii'i' nf  t'hlih 
i'v,'iil  the  A'.iliity  nf  llliinl'iiilHjry  wna  Intiiiih-'l  .ii  | 
Aval'in,  ill  Nnniri-arlahir*'  Hlf  (Imr^a  yavr  hia  | 
prnvlma  Ihia  name,  iiniigiiiiiiy  ii  wniilil  ha  thn  iWal 
|il.n'e  in  Nnrth  Ainrrifa  where  tha  IJiia|H'l  wnnlil  he 
|iri'itrliril 

At  I'afryliiml,  In  hia  I'mtlnee  nf  AmiI'IIi.  he  Iniilt  a 
lint'  liiiijae,  uml  aii-nt  ".'V,IMHI/  ill  ailvalii'lliK  tiia  |ilitiilii-  i 
liiili,  wlilrll  In'  tntilrtl  twiit-i'  in  |ier«tin       Hnt  It  wai  an 

iiriiinyi'tl  liy  ilii»  Kri h,  tPiiit  thnnifh  he  nine  ri'imlai'il  I 

-mil  |MirHiii'i|  thi'ir  Nlii|ia,  antl  ttaik  auty  |triannrra,  yet, 
he  fiiiin.l  Ina  |irn\liire  aiiliillrh  e«|lnaetl  In  their  llmnlti, 
iiiiil  tilt'  trnnlite  uml  i'ii)ii'tnn'  nf  ili'li'mliit);  il  mh  lery 
Uri'at,  tlliit  he  wua  tihtl|ji'il  in  ahiiliiinn  ll,  uml  he  run 
teiil  with  tin'  Inait  nf  what  he  liati  liiiil  mil.  In  the  nil- 
lirnvinieiit  iif  a  terrilnry.  the  anil  niiil  i  Innate  nf  whit  ll 
were  •'iniaiilereil  na  iiiilavnrulile  tn  hia  newa 

Ih'iiii;  •till  iinliiieil  In  I'nrm  a  >eltlen>f'nt  in  Alii<>rU a,  | 
whither  he  miKht  retire  wilh  hia  luinlly  uml  rrlenila.nfj 

^  the  aaiiie  reliijinna  |iriiii'i|ih'a,  he  inaile  a  vialt  1 1  Vlr||l 

I  Ilia,  the   lertility  uihI   ailvniilairea  nl  whieh   hail   heeii  i 

hiulily  ri'h'lii.iti'tl ,  uml  in  wliiili  he  hnil  I n  iiitrnatiil, 

aaniie  nf  the  uilveiitnrera.  Hnt  the  iiennle  there,  U'lny 
I'rntentanla  III  the  llmreli  nl  Kiii|hiiiil,  reiiurtleil  him 
with  a  jeahiiM  eye,  iiii  arenuni  ■tflila  riliyii"  .  ami  liy 
their  tiiiweh'iMne  ret'e|iiitin  nf  lilni,  he  wu>  ilisu-nuraueil 
rrniii  aetthiiK  williin  their juriailii'li, mi 

III  ^iaitinu  the  Hay  nf  t  'heaa)a'uki .  he  ohai'raeil  that 
llie  VirKiiiiana  hatlealuhlliihi'it  trutlinx  himaea  nn  aniiie 
III  the  mlunila  ;  hnt  that  they  hail  ii"l  eileinleil  their 
|iluiil.itinna  In  the  imrthwanl  nf  the  river  I'ntnwniaik  ; 
ulihnnuh  the  r.Miiilry  there  wua  ei|nully  vahiuhle  with 
I  hut  which  liny  hail  |ilanti'n. 

When  he  reliiriieil  tn  I'.iiKlaiul,  he  n|i|ilieil  In  KiiiK 
rharlia  I  fnr  the  Kranlnfa  territnry  nnrlhwanl  nfthe 
I'nlnnimii'k  ;  ami  the  kiiiu  who  huil  aa  ureal  nn  nll'ee- 
li,iii  I'nr  him  nahati  hia  full'ter  Jaiiiea,  reailily  i'nm|illeil 
wilh  Ilia  ri'iiin"tl.  Hnt  iiw  ,iu  in  the  leili,ma  fnrnia  nf 
|Hililii'  huaineaa,  iM't'iire  ii  iiutenl  cnulil  he  cnnipleteil 
mil  |iu>a  the  aeala,  l,nnt   Ualtiinnre  tlietl  nt   l,niiihin 

|un  the  l.'^tli  uf  April,  lU'M,  in  the  Dial  ycaruf  hia 

|u((e. 

I     The  rhnnirter  nf  Ihia  nolilenmn   la  Ihui  ilniwn. 

iTIiniiKh  he  waa  a  Knnian  (^mlinlie,  he  kepi  himaelf 

|iliiti'n|!ai{e(l  frnm  all  inlereala,  liehnviii|{  with  aueh 
intHlerallun  anil  prnpriely,  that  all  iinrtiea  were  pleaieil 

.  with  hiiii,nnil  iiniie  i-nniplaineil  nf  him     He  wai  a  man 

,nfKreal  Kntal  aeine,  mil  ohatinalo  in  hia  npinitma,  la- 
kinii  na  mueh  pleniure  in  liearinit  >he  •entimenla  nl 
illiera  ua  in  ileliveriiij{  hia  uwn.  Whilat  he  wuii  Necre- 
tary  nf  Niate,  he  exainineil  all  lettern.  anil  tarrieil  tu 
the  kiii|;everv  niKht  nn  exart  iinilwell  ili|(eate(l  urennnl 
nf  all'aira.  He  UKreed  with  Sir  Jnhn  I'niihnm  in  the 
deniifii  iif  fnrei|{n  plnnlnlinna  ;  Inn  iliirereil  In  the  man- 
ner  nf  eiecntiiiK  i'-  I'nphum  waa  Inr  extirpatinit  "t" 
urivinul  inli«bitanta,(;alvt'rt  wna  fnr  civiliiiin|{  niid  rnn- 

I  vertiii);  tlieiii.  The  I'nrmer  wua  fnr  preienl  prulil ;  the 
latter  far  reuannnhle  etjiertntinn,  and  fnr  rmplnyinj;  i 
ffnverniira  whn  were  mil  interenleil  inereliBiila,  hiil  nn- 1 
cnncerned  Kenllemen ;  he  was  fnr  Krantint;  liliertiea ! 
with  cnulinn,  leaving  every  one  In  provide  fur  himaelf  i 
hy  hl<  own  induatry,  mid  nut  tu  depend  on  a  cnmmun 

|iiitei(al.    Ho  left  •umctliiiig  rcipccling  Aiueiics  in| 


wrtlinf,  ktti    H   JnM   Ral    tffl    liMI  It   IHt    a«4i 

|>rlnla<l 

Aller  lh«  ilaalh  nf  Mr  flenrya  tha  Mlei"  wat  afalM 
drawn  In  Iha  name  "I  hiaelileal  «,,n  I'avll,  I  iirti  Haiti 
mure,  ami  )"i4aa'il  tha  criila  ,'*l  the  INiliiil  Infie.  llt^M 
I  lie  iiriuliiul  ilraiiahl  l'*<n,)(  in  l,allii,  iIh*  I'alaiilaa  le 
iiMail  I  rii/iat  ami  Ihr  tinililry  '■  '/'•"«  H«ri'»i  altn* 
Marvl-in,!  '  in  hniinr  i'4  llanrletu  Malta,  the  ^  mmi 
anlianri  nfriiarlaa  I  * 

from  tha  ureal  iimiuiiii  nf  thia  rharlar  ihe  |ai»rf« 

tVhieh  II  yl^ra  In  llir  |iri'|tllrlnr.  rtlHl  the  pit,lte|jaa  anil 

aianitiliniia  whiihll  ari*nta  In  the  pe<i|ile,  ii  la  evitlani 
that  M|rtietir||f  himaelf  wua  Iha  rhief  panniiH  nl  ll, 
Ulie  nnil»almi  Waa  annn  ihal'tiyereil  ,  m»  prnvlaltin  Wil# 

iii'itir,  thai  the  I"  a  « ihiiiilil  Im'  traiiamiitnj  tu  tha  anva* 
ri'iifii  fnr  hi«  a|t(irtiliiitinii  nr  ,li«i«llnw.in«-a  Thamnt* 
ililaNli'iiara  nf  trinle  ami  I'taitlnllniia  made  •  re|iraarll* 

lull f  thlatleli't  III  the  lltHiaanfriniinHina,  In  lAiU, 

anil  an  nil  nf  I'urllanienl  waa  pni|Hi«>d  aa  tha  nnly 
remedy 

The  prnvlnre  nf  Marthiinl  la  thna  dew-rdied.  All 
that  pari  t  fa  prninanU  in  .\nierlea,  lyiiiK  lietwren  th« 
ta'eiin  nn  the  eaat,  ,iiiil  ilie  H-iy  nl  Chaanpeake  nn  th* 

ne>l.  and  illtiiliil  Ir the  i.ilirr  iinri,  hy  a  liuhl  liiia 

ilnittii  frnm  Walkin  •  I'hImI,  in  tha  afnreaaul  liny,  nn 
Ihe  weal,  III  the  iiniiii  ta-ei'ii  tin  Iha  eaal  Theitre  I* 
Ih.il  pari  nf  Delaware  Huy  nn  tha  rmrth,  whlth  lialh 
iiit/ir  Ihr  lih'iiih  Jr^irf  nf  iitirlh  latltutla  frnm  Ih* 
eipilma'llal.  where  \ew  Cnuland  enila  Thenra  In  ■ 
ri^hl  line,  li\  the  ileyire  iifiireinnl.  tu  the  till*  uierltilall 
"flln-  lltat  lliiihlniiiaiifllie  rlter  i'ntnwiiiark  Thane* 
I'ntltmiMlf  ihe  eniirae  nf  aiiiil  rlaer  tn  Ita  mntilh,  where 
It  liiila  lllln  the  Hay  nf  I'heaapeaka.  Theiire  on  • 
lillhl  lint',  aeriiaa  the  hny  In  Wnlkin  a  I'ulnl ;  wilh  all 
the  laliinila  uml  iairia  williiii  theae  limlla 

Tina  ri'uiiiii  waa  rniletl  iiitii  a  prntiiite  ;  ainl  tha 
prnpfii'liir  vMi«  iiitt-ali'tl  with  palatine  hunnra.      In  run- 

ininiinn   Willi  the  fn-e i  nr   their  tlale||alea  he  hail 

leuialulive,  and.  In  laranii,  nr  hv  niniara  nf  hia  nwii 
upptimtment,  he  hmt  exi'i-nlive  pnwera  He  lm,l  niati 
Ihenilvnwann  nf  ehiirr-hea.  the  erei-iinn  nf  niannra,  Ixm 
rniiiflia,  I'liiia.  uml  jnirla  ,  antinii  the  lilirrly  nflUliliig 
and  ilryinij  Itah  whieh  waa  tirelnreil  rnnininn  tn  all  tliii 
kiiitf'a  atihjeila.  The  i  liarier  prntnled,  thai  if  »njr 
dtiuhta  ■hniitd  ariae  i'nnreriiiii|(  the  aenae  nf  tt.aiii  h  an 
Inter)  rrtali, in  ahmilil  In'  ifiveii  aa  wiiulil  Iia  iiiuet  futuia- 
hle  ll  the  Inlereal  nf  ihe  prnprielnr 

Tha  terrilnry  la  aaiil  In  l«  "  in  the  parte  nf  Anierira 
mil  i/rl  rulliminl,  thmi^li  iiihnhilad  hy  a  Irir'nrwia 
|H'iiple,"  anil  it  la  prnvnled,  thai  the  iimviin'e  "  ahiinU 
mil  lat  hnlileii  nr  rr|iiili'd  aa  fui/  n/  I  hkiriu,  nr  of  any 
III  her  i'nhiny,linl  InmH'ihalely  ile|ieiiilainl  nn  thal'ruwa 
nf  KllJ(lantl  "  Theae  rlauaea,  liinellla-r  wilh  the  lull- 
atriM'linn  put  nn  OwJ,:iliilh  Jrgrtt  nf  Inlltiiile,  piinni 
the  Krnuiid  nf  hniK  nial  liiller  enntrnveraiea,  ime  uf 
whlehwaa  nnl  rluaetl  till  aAer  Iha  hi|>ao  uf  a  een* 
tutv 

'I'welve  yenra  lieftire  the  dale  of  Ihe  rharler,  (lAXO,) 
Ji'lin  I'nrey,  anmetinie  ae-  retnry  of  VirKinIn,  whiihnj 
anili'ilintntheiinrlhern  pnri  nfthe  May  nf  ITieaa|Ht|ike, 
re|iiiiteil  thiit  he  liiuml  iie.irune  huiidSil  Kn||liah  (auplo 
very  hnppily  aeltlitl  there,  and  eiiKUKeil  in  u  fur  tiuhi 
wilh  the  nativen.  In  Ihe  year  U'liire  Ihe  date  nf  Iha 
eharter.  (in:il,)  Kinij  Thnrh-a  hail  Kranted  a  lieeiitu 
iimler  Ihe  privy  at  .i|  nf  .St-nllaiid,  tu  Nir  William 
.VIexnmler,  prnprielitrnf  Nnva  Scotia,  and  to  William 
('levlwriie,  ennnaellnr  niid  aecretnry  o(  Virginia,  tu 
trniii'  in  thnae  parta  nf  America,  for  whieh  Ihere  hail 
not  heen  n  putent  granted  to  olhrra  ;  and  aeni  an  nnlei 
III  Ihe  gnvvrniir  ot  Virginia  to  pemiil  them  freely  lu 
trade  there  In  ennaeqiience  ol  which,  8ir  John  Har- 
vey and  hia  cnuncil,  in  the  auine  year,  had  graiileil  li> 
•  he  laid  Cleyhortie,  a  |iermiaaiun  lu  anil  and  traffic  li> 
the  "ndjnining  plantalinna  of  the  Dutch,  or  to  any 
l^nu'iah  pinnliition  on  Ihe  terrilnry  of  America.''  Aa 
iinlhinK  ia  anhl  In  iheae  inalnimenla  ofthe  Sweile>,wha 
tirat  pinnted  the  ahnrei  nfthe  Bay  of  Delaware,  it  haa 
been  inferreil  hy  the  adtM-nlea  nf  lialliniore,  thai  they 
had  nut  leltled  there  previuua  lo  Ihe  charter  of  Mary- 
land ;  thnugh  the  tainily  nf  Fenn  inaiileU  on  il  aa  a 
fuel,  thai  the  occupancy  of  Ihe  Nwedea  waa  prior  la 
thnt  jieritHl.  In  eunaeipience  nf  Ihe  licenae  given  lo 
<.'leylHjrne,he  and  liia  uaaociatca  had  made  a  ultleuienl 


•  Oiillliy  aaya  tlial  a  liUnk  WM  left  for  tha  name  of  tkeler 
rllnr),  t\l'U'll  l.nrtl  Dalllninre  llltemlail  In  have  Bllod  Willi 
C'rt-ai  t'litiu.  Ilul  wl,i  II  Ihe  klni)  aaki'tl  him  fur  a  name,  ha 
luiMl'lauaiitly  lelorri'il  It  to  liia  .Vaii-aty'a  pleaaure,  whn  pro* 
pnai-il  the  iiuiiit)  ut  tha  quueii,  tn  wlileh  hia  lorilahlp  could  not 
but  rniiaeiit. 

lie  alau  auya,  thai  tha  aerontl  Lord  Rattlinora  waa  chrta 
tened  Cecil,  111  honor  of  hit  father'!  paboDi  but  waa  I 
by  the  iiaiue  ol  t'ucUiua 


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Photograpiiic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)873-4503 


AMRRIOAN   HIHTURT. 


MtlMltbaC  KmH,  (w  wilkiii  In*  IWuorMujhaa ; 
mt  Mmtt  ■  ■■mfily  af  Um  trad*  of  Ih*  OhMUMk*. 
TImm  |w»Ii,  M  U  Mitl,  Mitl  Bargimi  to  lh«  Ii«- 
f  rfMan  ar  VlrftnU,  tnil  w«ra  eontiikrMl  u  rabjMl 

lu  JwkiHMlim,  btfora  IIm  wteUUhownl  of  Mtrjr- 
■mL 

AlUr  naxiving  Ih*  ehMtor,  Iionl  Btlllmora  began  to 
aiapaia  fat  Iha  aollaetlnt  ami  tranipoiling  a  eolunjr  Ui 
Amnka.  Al  dm,  ha  InlantlaJ  lo  go  in  iMrwn  ;  but 
•Aanranl  ehangad  hi*  n«iiMi,aiiil  appoinlml  hit  brother 
Laonanl  Oalvait.  gonriior,  with  two  aitlatanla,  Jara 
nyHawlyandThomaaOomwallU  ThaM.wltb  tbwit 
two  hunJiaJ  paraooa,*  of  goad  bmlliaa  anU  uf  tba  Ro 
man  Calholle  parauaalon,  ambarkail  at  Cuwm  at  tha 
Ilia  of  Wight,  and  on  thalttantyaaeond  o(  Novambar, 
IU3,  and  alUr  a  elurallona  vojraga  through  Iha  MTcat 
Indb  laianda,  loaeUng  Ant  at  Barbadoaa  and  than  at 
Bl  Ohiiatayha^a  thay  cana  to  anehoi  babra  Pbint 
OomfcilliiVlra-  •  .      .    —  . 

IM4 ;  and, 


Virginia,  on  tha  twanty-fnurthof  februarjr, 
on  going  op  to  Jamaalimn,  dalWarad  tu 
Oavamof  Harra*.  tha  Mlara  whieh  tba  hing  had 
ariUtan  in  thak  fcvor.  Tha  goramor  and  hU  council 
raeaitad  them  with  that  civlUly  which  waa  due  lo  ih« 
oomnMnd  of  thair  aovaialgn  ;  but  they  iviolved  "  to 
maintain  Iha  righUartha|>rioraalllainenl."  Thayaf- 
fMrdad  to  tha  naw  enlony  auppiita  of  pnniiiion  fur  do- 
maatia  aaa,  but  eonaidaiad  Iham  aa  Intrudara  on  thair 
tarritoty,  and  aa  obal>  jding  that  Iraffie,  from  which 
Ihay  had  darivad  and  aipaeUd  to  deriva  much  advan- 


olliar  part,  till  tha  nait  liamat ;  whan  Ihay  pfomiaad 
to  quit  tha  plaee,  and  mign  it  wholly  to  Iham.  Balh 
partlaa  anterad  into  a  ewntrael  lo  liva  togalhar  hi  a 
niandly  mannar ;  or,  if  any  injury  ihouldBa  dona,  on 
aitliar  aiile,  Iha  uirunding  party  •huuld  maha  aaliaftte- 
llon.  Calvart  having  gl«rn  Inrm  what  ha  ilrrmad  a 
valuabla  coniidaralion,  with  which  Ihay  appaami  lu  ba 
coolant,  lliey  readily  quitted  a  number  oflheir  houiea 
and  retired  to  the  othera  :  and,  il  being  the  iiasaun  iur 
planting,  both  jianlea  went  lo  worh.  Thua  on  the  STlh 
oif  March,  1034,  Iha  Engliah  colonT  look  peaeeuble 
poeaeaaion  of  Iha  country  of  MiirvlanJ ;  and  gave  lo  llui 
town  Iha  nania  of  81.  Mary,  anJ  lo  the  creah  on  which 
it  waa  ailuale,  the  name  of  Hi.  Oeorge. 

The  desire  of  quieting  tha  nativea,  by  giving  them  a 
feaaonaUe ami  saliafaelory  conipenaation  fur  their  landa 
U  a  trait  in  tha  character  of  ika  Aral  pUnlora,  which 
will  alwaya  do  honor  to  their  meinonr. 

It  waa  a  furtunale  circumalanra  for  Iheae  adventU' 
rare,  that,  previoua  lo  their  arrival,  the  Indiana  of  Yoa- 
eomoeo,  had  reaulved  to  quit  their  country,  and  retire 
to  the  wealward,  that  they  might  be  ftee  tnm  the  in- 
curaiona  uf  Iha  Suaquehanucka,  a  powerful  and  warlike 
nation,  reaiiling  between  the  Baya  ofCheaapeakeaiid 
Uelawara,  who  (Vequeully  invaded  Ihem.and  carried  off 
their  pniviaiona  aiM  women.  Home  had  actually  re- 
ej,  ami  otiiera  were  preparing  lo  follow,  but  wen 


•^n 


WILLIAM  PENN. 

Wnuaa  Paaa— n*  Wrth  tut  Uaeallan— Me  tiaaala  la 
nlre 


•  <)«abMi 

titer— ■a> 

iwar-K 


Vmnce— Ones  In  frelandh- Atlarhei  hlmwlf  to  Ilia  <, 
— Uli  arraii  and  4lKliai|a— l)tMard«d  bv  tilt  rallter 
cnnivi  an  llliMrant  pnaclitr— liii|irliaiieillnthstawar— 1_ 
vrrontljouniejr  tolrfllaiid— III*  tattler  reconciled  lo  him-* 
HI*  Imprhanment  In  Newfale— He  pleads  fnr  the  Qnakeia 
before  Pullament— Raruives  >  Cherlsr  ii<  hntwylvanle 
Ills  terms  of  ■sltU-iiioiit—annds  a  letter  lo  the  Indiana 
Kinbnrks  with  a  number  «f  giisksrs  for  America— Arrlvaa 
Rl  Nswrssile— fliirs  to  t;hrtter— Names  hts  settlement 
Phlladelnhls— Iperlinrn  nl  lila  style  of  pr*achln|— Ills  da 
parturo  lor  Ritilaiid-  llu  uuliluiies  a  iHMik  on  the  llhcrlyaf 
■    1  of  lH<lri|  sn  enemy  to  Kliia  Wllllar 


Jn  tha  M  of  March,  Calvail  with  hie  colony  pro- 
•aadad  in  Iha  Bay  of  Chaaapaake,  lo  the  northwanl,and 
•ntaicd  tha  Potowmack,  up  which  he  aailed  twelve 
kagtiea,  and  eaina  to  anchor  under  an  iaiand,  which  he 
immad  8l.  CItmtnt.  Hera  he  Arad  hie  canon,  erected 
a  eraea,  and  look  poaeaaaion,  "  in  the  name  of  the  Sa 
aiouroftha  world  and  tha  King  of  England."  Thence 
na  want  with  hie  pinnaeea  Aftaen  leamea  higher  to  the 
Indian  town  of  Potowmack,  on  the  Virginian  aide  uf 
the  river,  now  called  New  Marlborough  ;  where  he  waa 
laeaived  in  a  friendly  manner  by  the  guardian  regent, 
Iha  prince  of  the  country  being  a  minor.  Thence  he 
•ailM  twelve  laaguaa  Aitther,  to  tha  town  of  Piecata- 
way.  on  Iha  Marylaml  aide ;  where  he  found  Hmy 
Plcel,  an  Engliahman,  who  had  reeided  eeveral  yeara 
among  Iha  nalivea,  aitd  waa  haU  by  them  in  great  ec- 
laam.  He  proeurad  an  interview  between  Ualvert 
and  Iha  Warowanea  or  Ion!  jf  Iha  plaoa,  and  offlcia- 
lad  aa  their  Inlarpralet.  Oalvert,  determining  lo  pur- 
■uaaeourae  of  conduct  founded  on  paeiAo  and  hono- 
nUa  inl«nliofia,aakad  tho  Werowanee,whather  he  waa 
"wilUng  that  he  and  hie  people  ahoulU  settle  in  hw  eoun 
Ity.  nia  anawar  waa  abort  and  prudent ;  "  I  will  not 
bid  you  to  go,  nor  to  atay  ;  but  you  may  uae  your  own 
diaoietion."  Thia  interview  was  held  on  board  the 
mvemor'a  pinnaiiee ;  Ibe  nativee  on  ahoie  crowded  to 
Iha  water'a  adn,  to  lank  after  their  auvemign,  and 
war*  not  aaliaAed  of  hia  safely,  till  he  atood  up  and 
■bowed  hUnadfto  them. 

Having  made  thia  diaeovery  of  Iha  river,  and  con< 
vinead  the  nativ||lhat  hia  deaigna  were  amicable,  the 
'  gavemor  not  thlKlng  it  adviaable  to  make  hie  Ant  sel- 
Uement  ao  high  up  the  river,  aailed  down  to  the  ships, 
taking  Pleat  with  him  for  a  guide.  The  natives, 
who,  when  they  Aral  aaw  the  ahipa,  and  heard  tlie 
gnna,  had  fled  from  St.  Clement'a  iaiand  and  ila 
neighborhood,  returned  to  their  habilaliona,  and  seem- 
•d  to  repoaa  eonAdenoa  in  their  new  frienda ;  but 
Ibia  waa  not  deemed  a  proper  elation.  Under  the  con- 
duet  of  Pleektha  governor  viaited  a  eraek  on  the  north- 
era  aide  of  the  Potowmack,  about  four  leaguea  from  ila 
mouth,  where  waa  an  Indian  village,  aurrounded  by 
com-Aelda,  and  called  Yoacomaco.  Calvert  wont  on 
■hore,  and  acquainted  the  prince  of  Ibt  placo  with  Ins 
intention ;  who  waa  rather  reaerved  in  bis  anawcr^  but 
entertained  him  in  a  friendly  manner,  and  gave  him  a 
lodging  in  hia  own  bed. 

On  the  neit  day,  he  showed  Calvert  the  country ; 
which  pleaaed  him  ao  well,  that  he  determined  there  to 
fti  hia  abode  ;  and  treated  with  the  prince  about  pur- 
chaaing  the  place.  Calvert  preaentrd  him  and  hia  prin- 
cipal men  with  Engliah  cloth,  axea,  hoes  and  knives  ; 
and  Ihay  eonaentatrthat  their  new  frienda  ahould  re- 
ride  in  one  part  of  their  town,  and  themselves  in  the 


•  The  names  of  the  principal  men  in  Ihs  colonr  were, 
——»  Calvert,  brother  to  the  proprietor  and  ^vemor. 
iUchsrd  Gerard,  Henry  Green, 

Edward  Wlnler,  Nicholas  Fairfax, 

Frederick  Wlnler,  Thomas  Dorrell, 

nenrr  Wiseman,  John  Medcalf, 

John  Handera,  WUUam  Sayie, 

Mm  Baxter,  JohnHlU. 

WwartCrailaM,  ^ 


encoutagcd  lo  remain  another  aeasun,  by  the  presence 
of  tha  English.  They  lived  on  friendly  terms  with  Ibe 
colony  1  the  men  assisted  them  in  hunting  and  Ashing ; 
the  women  taught  them  tomanage  the  planting  and  cul- 
ture of  com,  and  making  it  into  bread ;  at)d  they  were 
eompenaated  for  their  labar  and  kindness  in  sucn  tools 
and  trinkets  aa  were  pleaaing  to  th'ni.  According  to 
their  promise,  they  quitted  the  place  wholly,  in  the 
following  year,  and  tha  colony  had  full  and  quiet  pos- 
aesaion. 

At  hia  Aral  aetltemenl  in  this  place,Calvert  erccteil  a 
houae.and  mounted  a  guard  fortho  aecurily  of  hia  people 
and  ainres.  He  waa,soan  alter,  visited  by  sir  John  Har- 
vey and  by  several  of  the  Indian  princes.  Al  an  enter- 
tainment on  board  one  of  the  ahipa,  the  Werowanca  of 
PatuxenI  was  seatetl  between  the  Governor  of  Virginia 
ami  tho  governor  of  Maiyland.  One  of  hia  own  sul^rcta 
coming  on  board  and  seeing  hia  aovereign  in  that  siluo- 
lion.siarted  with  surprixe,tninking  him  apriaimer,aa  he 
hadbeenoncebefore,lalhe  Virginiana.  Theprince  rose 
from  the  table  and  aaliaAed  the  Indian  that  he  waa  aafe, 
which  prevented  hia  affeetionale  subject  from  leaping 
into  IM  water,  na  he  had  allrmptnl.  This  Wero- 
wance  waa  ao  much  pleased  with  the  conduct  of  Cal- 
vert and  his  people,  that  alter  many  other  complimenta 
he  aaid  to  them,  at  parting,  "  I  love  the  Engliah  ao 
well,  that  if  I  know  tliey  would  kill  nie,  I  would  com- 
mand my  people  not  to  revenge  my  death ;  because  I 
am  sure  Iney  woukl  not  kill  me,  but  through  my 
own  fault.'' 

The  colony  had  brought  with  them  English  meal ; 
but  they  found  Indian  com  in  great  plenty,  both  at 
Barbadoea  and  Virginia ;  and  by  the  next  spring,  they 
were  able  to  export  one  thousand  busheU  lo  New 
England  and  Newfoundland  ;  for  which  they  received 
driM  fish  and  other  provisions  in  ivtum.  They  prO' 
cured  cattle,  swine  and  poultry  from  Virginia.  1'hey 
were  very  imiuslrioua  in  buikling  houses  and  making 
ganlens ;  in  which  they  sowed  the  seeds  of  European 
esculent  vegetablea ;  and  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing 
them  eoriie  to  high  perfection.  They  auffered  much 
in  their  health  by  the  fever  and  ague,  and  many  of 
them  died ;  but  when  the  aurvtvora  were  seasoned  to 
the  climate,  and  had  leamed  the  use  of  indigenous 
medicinal  remediea,  they  enjoynl  their  health  much 
belter.  The  country  had  so  many  natural  advantages, 
that  it  soon  became  populous.  Many  Roman  Catholic 
familiea  from  England  resorted  thither,  and  the  pro- 
prietor with  a  degree  of  wisdom  and  generoeity,  then 
unparalleled  but  in  Holland,  after  having  established 
theChrislian  religion  upon  the  footing  of  common  law, 
granted  liberty  of  conscience  and  equal  privilegea  to 
Christiana  of  every  denomination.  With  thia  essential 
beneAl,  was  connected  aecurily  of  property ;  landa 
were  given  in  lota  of  Afty  acrea,  lo  every  emigrant,  in 
abaoluta  fee  aimple.  Under  such  advanlagea  the  peo- 
ple thought  themaelvea  so  happy  .that  in  an  early  period 
of  their  colonial  existence,  they  in  return  granted  to 
the  proprietor  a  aubsidy  of  Afteen  pounds  of  tobacco,  on 
every  poll,  "  as  a  testimony  nf  their  gmtitude  for  his 
great  charge  and  aolicitude,  in  maintaining  the  gov- 
ernment, in  protecting  Ihc  inhabitants  in  thnir  rights, 
and  for  reimliuraing  liis  vast  expense  ;"  which  during 
Iha  two  Aral  yeara  exceeded  forty  Ihouaand  pounds 
ateiling. 


consclsm's— auNpei'teil  c  _ 

—Its  Is  mvolved  In  debt— llls~pr<><l(^»l  niesiiirei— ai|i,s  a 

new  rhsrisr— Rstunw  to  Bnslsiid— Ills  smbsrrassBwals  - 

Ilia  death. 

Tna  Fovanaa  of  Pennsylvania  waa  thagniidaon  of 
CapUin  Gilea  Pann,  an  Engliah  Conaul  in  tha  Mtdi- 
lemnean,  and  Iha  aon  of  8ir  William  Pann,  an  Adail« 
ral  of  the  Engliah  navy,  in  the  protectorate  of  Orom- 
well,  ami  in  Iha  raign  of  Charlea  II.  in  which  i 
he  rendered  very  important  aervicaa  to  tha 
partieulariy  by  tha  conqueal  of  Jamaica  ftom  tha 
Biianiards,  aiid  in  a  naval  victory  ovar  tha  Doteh 
William  waa  bom  October  14,  1644,  hi  Iha  pariah  af 
St.  Catharine,  near  tha  tower  of  Loiidon,  adueatad  al 
Chigwell,  in  Essex,  and  at  a  nrivala  achool  in  I^ondon 
and  in  the  Afteenlh  year  of  hia  aga  entered  aa  a  alil- 
deiit  and  gentleman  commoner  of  Christ  Chuieh  la 
Oxford. 

Hia  geniua  waa  liright,  his  dispoaition  sober  and  aln- 
dioua,  and  being  possessed  of  a  lively  imaginalhin  and 
a  warm  heart,  the  Aral  turn  of  his  mind  lowarda  rali- 

Sioua  siibjecia,  was  attended  with  cireumatancaa  bor- 
ering  on  entbusiaam.  Having  received  hia  fbat 
impressions  fVoin  the  preaching  of  Thomaa  I,oa,  an 
itinerant  (Quaker,  he  conceived  a  favorable  opinion  of 
the  Aighta  and  reAnemenIs  of  that  rising  sect,  which 
led  him,  while,  at  tha  university,  in  conjunction  with 
some  other  students,  lo  withdraw  from  the  ealabliahed 
worship,  and  hold  a  privitte  meeting,  wheia  thay 
preached  and  prayed  their  own  way.  Tha  diseipUna 
of  the  university  being  very  strict  in  aueh  mattera,  ha 
was  Ancd  for  the  tin  of  nonconformity ;  thia  aerred  lo 
Ax  him  mora  Armly  in  hia  principlea  and  haliiu,  and 
exposed  his  singularity  more  openly  to  tha  woihl.  Hia 
conduct  being  then  deemed  obetinate,  ha  waa,  in  the 
sixteenth  year  of  hia  age,  expelled  aa  an  ineorrigibla 
offender  agbinst  the  laws  of  uniformity. 

On  hia  return  home,  he  found  liia  Iklher  bigh^ 
incensed  against  him.  As  niiilher  remonslrancea,  nor 
ihrealenings,  nor  blom  couhl  divest  him  of  hia  reli- 
gious attachments,  he  waa,  for  a  while  'irned  out  oi 
the  house ;  but  by  the  inAuence  of  his  mother  he  waa 
so  far  rrstbred  to  favor  as  to  be  sent  lo  France,  hi 
company  with  some  persons  of  quality,  with  a  view  lo 
unbend  his  mind,  and  reAne  hia  mannera.  Hera  ha 
Iramt  the  language  of  the  coonlry,and  acquired  aueh  a 
polite  and  courtly  behaviour,  that  his  father,  after  two 
yeara  absence,  received  him  with  joy,  hoping  that  the 
object  of  his  wishes  waa  attained.  He  waa  then 
admitted  into  Ijncoln'a  Inn,  where  he  aludied  law  till 
the  plague  broke  out  in  lAOfi,  when  he  relumed  to  hia 
father's  house. 

About  this  time  (1660)  the  king's  coffera  being  low, 
and  claims  for  unrewarded  services  lieing  importunata, 
grania  were  frequently  made  of  lands  in  Ireland ;  BM 
the  merits  of  Sir  William  Penn  being  not  Ibe  leaat  con- 
spicuous, he  received  a  valuable  estate  in  the  county  of 
Cork,  and  commilted  the  management  of  it  to  hia  son, 
then  in  the  twenty  second  year  of  hia  age.  Hera  ho 
met  with  his  old  friend  I.oe,  and  immediately  attached 
himself  to  the  society  oftjuakers,  though  at  that  time 
Ihey  were  subject  to  severe  persecution.  Thia  might 
have  operated  as  a  discouragement  toa  yoing  gentle- 
man of  such  quality  and  exp«clationa,eapecia.ly  aa  ha 
exposed  himself  Iheirby  lo  the  renewed  displtasure  oi 
a  parent  who  loved  him,  had  not  the  integrity  and  fer- 
vor of  bis  mind  induced  him  to  sacriAce  all  worldly 
considerations  to  the  dictates  of  his  conscience. 

Il  was  not  long  before  he  was  apprehended  at  a  ra- 
ligious  "  amreiUicle,"  and  with  eighteen  othera,  com- 
milled  lo  prison  by  the  mayor  of  Cork ;  but  upon  hia 
writing  a  handsome  address  to  the  Earl  of  Orreiy,Lord 
President  of  Munsler,ln  which  he  very  sensibly  pleaded 
for  liberty  of  conscience,  and  profeawnl  hU  deaira  of  a 
peaceable,  and  hia  abhorrence  of  a  lumulluoua  and  dia- 
respeclful  separation  from  the  established  worahip,  he 
was  illscharged.  This  second  stroke  of  peraewitieti 
engaged  him  more  closely  lo  the  (juakera.  He  aaao- 
ciatcd  openly  with  them,  and  bore,  with  calmneaa  and 
palience.the  cruel  abuse  which  waa  liberally  beatowed 
on  that  singular  party. 

Hia  father  being  informed  of  hie  conducfi  I 


BIOORAPHIES  or  THE  EARLY  DI8C0VERCRR. 


ujiag  tiM  IbfM  of  IkM  Mwein  of  illwIpliiM,  to  which  pmehlng  In  lh«  KreH,  ind  earriftl  lo  Ih*  to««r ;  (Vom 
ta*  na*il  nmiiiMiukri  m  hiul  biwn  leeuHomaii,  yal  whence,  after  iilnnf*i«mln(lion,h«wii  MnlloNcw- 
f4  piled  him  with  Ihoee  M|unwnte,  which  ll  wni  n*-  (nie,  ami  being  iliwhiirKedwilhoiit  any  Iriul,  rI  the  end 


ld»l  (ore  niHn  of  the  world  to  um,  ami  which,  to  luch  nf  nine  ntonltm.he  went  over  to  Hnltind  nndflermanjr, 
Ml  one,  would  him  been  iirevailint.  The  prlnciimlone' where  he  continued  tmvelling  and  prraehing,  lill  the 
waa  a  threatening  to  dialnherit  him  ;  and  tn  tliia  he  king  publlohed  hie  declaration  of  inilulgence  to  lender 
humbly  aubmitlej,  though  he  could  by  no  mrnne  be  coniclencei ;  upon   which  he   relume<l   to  Envland 


(wrauadetl  to  lake  olT  hie  hat  In  preeence  of  the  king, 
the  Ihika  of  York,  or  hie  falher.  For  thle  Inflexiliilily 
ha  waa  again  turned  out  of  doora ;  upon  which  he 
coaamoncnl  an  Itinerant  preacher,  and  had  much  aue- 
•eea  in  making  proaalytea.  In  theae  eieuraiuna,  the 
oppoaition  which  he  mat  with  from  the  clergy  and  tha 
maglatraey,  frei|uently  brought  him  into  dinieultle*, 
aMaomallmaa  to  Impiiaonment ;  but  hie  Integrity  wae 
ao  ■wnllaat,  and  hla  patience  eo  InTlnciUv,  that  hie 
Iklher,  at  length,  became  ooftanad  toward  him,  and 
not  only  aiarted  hla  Inlereat  to  nleaee  him  from  con- 
flnemant,  but  winked  at  hie  return  to  the  litmlly  when- 
•var  It  aulted  hia  eonvenleney.  Hie  mother  wae  al- 
waya  Ma  friend,  and  oAan  eupplled  hia  neceaaltlea 
wllkoot  Iha  knowledga  of  the  Ikther." 

In  tha  year  I  (MM,  he  commenced  author ;  and  having 
written  a  book,  entitled  ■•  The  Samly  Foundation 
Shaken,"  which  oave  great  oAeiice  to  the  apiritual 
■onla,  ha  waa  imprtooned  in  tha  tower,  and  the  vialta  of 
aia  Manda  ware  forbidden.  But  hia  adTeraariea  found 
him  proof  againal  all  their  afforta  to  aubdue  him ;  for 
a  meaaage  being  brought  to  him  by  the  Blahop  of  I<on- 
4on,  that  lie  rauat  either  publicly  recant,  or  die  a  priaon- 
ar,  hia  anawer  waa,  "  My  priaon  ehall  be  my  grave.  I 
owe  my  eonaeienca  to  no  man.  Thay  are  miataken  in 
ma ;  I  value  not  lliair  threata.  They  ahall  know  that 
I  oan  weary  out  their  malice,  and  baffle  all  their  da> 
algaa  by  Ika  apirit  of  patianoo."  During  thia  eonSno- 
ment  ha  wroto  ►  '•  Ikmoue  book,  "  No  Croee,  no 
Crown ;"  and  another,  ■*  Innocenry  with  her  open 
face,"  in  whioh  ho  eiplained  and  vindicated  the  prin. 
aiplee  which  ho  had  advanced  in  the  book  for  which  he 
waa  imiiriaoned.  Thia,  with  a  letter  which  he  wrote 
lo  ImiA  Arliniton,  aeeretary  of  State,  aided  bv  the  in- 
tercet  which  lua  father  had  at  court,  procured  hia  re- 
leaae,  after  eeveii  immtha'  conAnement. 

Soon  after  Ihia,  ha  made  another  vleit  to  Ireland  to 
aeltia  hia  liitber'a  eoncema,  in  which  he  exerted  him- 
aalf  with  great  induetry  and  auceeae.  Here  he  con- 
•tontly  appealed  at  the  meetlnga  of  the  Quakere,  and 
nut  only  oMcialed  aa  a  preacher,  but  uaed  hie  inlereat 
with  the  lord  lieutenant,  and  otheraof  hia  nobility,  to 
procure  imiulgence  for  them,  and  get  aome  of  them  re- 
leased from  their  imnrieimment. 

In  1670,  an  act  of  Parliament  waa  made,  which  pro- 
klbiled  the  meetings  of  diaeenteri,  under  severe  penal- 
tiee.  The  Quakers  being  forcibly  debarred  entering 
their  meeting-house  in  Grace  Church  street,  I^ndon, 
aesembled  befoio  it  in  the  street,  where  Penn,  preached 
to  a  numsroua  concourse  ;  and  being  apprehended  on 
the  apot,  by  a  warrant  from  the  lord  mayor,  was  com- 
mitted to  Newgato,  and  at  the  next  aession,  took  hla 

•  u  'l""*  *"''  ^•''•y'  "''•"'  •'«'  pleaded  his  own  ciiuse 
with  tha  freedom  of  an  Englishman  and  the  magnani- 
mity o<  a  hero.  The  jury  at  flrst  brouaht  in  their  ver- 
dict, "  guilty  of  tpraliiitg  in  Grace  Chureh  street ;" 
but  this  beint;  unsatisfectory  to  the  court,  they  were 
detained  all  nisht,  and  the  next  day  returned  their  ver- 
dict, "  not  guilty."     The  court  were  highly  incensed 


miiiried  a  daughter  of  Sir  William  Snringel,  and  set 
tieil  at  Klckinansworth,  in  Herfordshire  i  where  he 
ptirsued  his  studies,  and  multiplied  his  controveraial 
wrilinga  for  about  flva  yeara.  / 

In  ISTT,  Iw  "  had  a  drawing"  to  renew  hla  travele 
in  Hullnnd  and  Germany,  in  company  with  Fox,  Bar 
clav,  Keith,  and  several  nihers  of^  his  brethren.  The 
inducement  to  Ihia  Journey  waa  the  candid  reception 
which  had  baen  given  by  divinea,  and  other  learneil 
men  in  Germany,  to  the  aentlmenta  of  every  well 
meaning  preacher  who  dissented  from  the  Church  of 
Rome.  In  the  course  of  these  travela  they  settled  the 
Older  of  church  government,  discipline,  correspondence 
and  marriage*  among  their  frieiida  In  Holland ;  dis- 
persed their  books  among  all  sorts  of  people  who  were 
inclined  to  receive  them ;  visited  many  persons  of  dis- 
tinction, and  wrote  letters  to  nthen.particularly  to  the 
King  of  Poland  and  the  Elector  Palatine.  They  were 
received  very  courteously  by  the  Princess  Eliiabeth, 
grand  daughter  of  King  James  I.  then  resUent  at  He^ 
werden,  who,  though  not  perfectly  initiated  into  the 
mystery  of  "  the  holy  silence,"  yet  had  been  brought 
to  a  "  a  waiting  frame,"  and  admitted  them  to  several 
private  meetings  and  conforencea  tn  her  apartments,  in 
company  with  the  Counteoa  of  Homea,  and  other  la- 
diee,  her  attendante  ;  and  afterwartia  kept  up  a  eor- 
reepondenca  with  Mr.  Penn  lUI  her  death. 

On  hia  return  lo  England,  he  found  hia  frienda  auf- 
ferlng  by  the  operation  of  a  law  mad*  against  Papists, 
the  edge  of  which  waa  unjustly  tunied  against  tnem. 
The  law  required  a  certain  oalii  to  lie  lenjeml  lo  those 
who  were  auspecled  of  popery ;  and  because  the  Qua- 
kera  denied  the  lawfulness  of  oatha  in  any  case  what- 
ever, they  were  obliged  to  bear  the  penalty  annexed  to 
the  refusal  of  this  oath,  which  waa  no  loss  than  a  fine  of 
twenty  pounde  per  month,  or  two  thirda  of  their  estate. 
By  Penn'a  advice  they  petitioned  the  Parliament  for  re- 
dress of  this  gTievance,and  after  explaining  the  reaaon 
of  their  declining  the  oath,  oflered  to  give  their  leorif 
to  the  same  purport,  and  to  submit  to  the  penalty,  ■■  if 
they  should  be  found  faulty."  Penn  had  a  hearing  be- 
fore a  committee  of  Parliament,  when  he  pleaded  the 
cause  of  his  friends  and  of  himself.  In  a  sensible,  decent 
convincing  manner ;  and  what  he  said  had  so  much 
weight,  that  the  committee  egreeil  to  insert  in  a  bill, 
then  pending,  a  proviso  for  their  relief  The  bill  passed 
the  Commons,  but  before  it  could  be  got  through  the 
House  of  Iiorda,  it  waa  loat  by  a  awlden  prorogation  of 
Parliament. 

We  have  hitherto  viewed  Mr.  Penn  aa  a  Christian 
and  a  preacher ;  and  he  appean  to  have  been  honest, 
lealous,  patient  and  industrious  in  the  concerns  of  re- 
ligion. His  nbilltieaand  his  literary  acquirements  were 
eminently  serviceable  to  the  fraternity  with  which  he 
was  connected ;  and  it  was  owing  to  his  exertions,  in 
conjunction  with  Barelay  and  Keith,  that  they  were 
formed  into  order,  and  that  a  regular  correspondence 
ami  discipline  were  established  among  the  several  so- 
cieties of  them  dispersed  in  Europe  and  America.  His 


I  a  man  of  great  abUitiea  i  of  an  M 
I  of  disposilian  ;  of  quick  'hwigtil  aai 
I  Aill  nf  love,  without  HeainHilatisn 


ow  vtsw  Mm  in  ins  enaraeior  oi  a  wgiain 

reapaet  hia  learning,  hie  sallkrings,  hi* 

with  nuinkind,  and  hia  ganuino  Nborality, 

:  use  to  him.  Among  hia  vaiiotM  atndiMb 


ehiy,  yat  ha  ia  bv  no  moaM  inMor  !•  kai  la  MMto 
of  ranaoning.  Hi*  eharaator  I*  IhiM  dnwii  by  Ih*  tik 
tor  of  hla  worka :  »  Onr  worthy  frimd.  William  Psm 
was  known  to  be  I 
cellent  sweetness  i 
resily  utiemnce ; 

ni  exirnilve  in  charity  a*  comprehensiv*  in  knowMgt 
■o  really  lo  forgive  enemie*,  tnal  Ih*  angral*Ail  w*M 
mil  excepted.  He  waa  learned  withoul  vanity  i  afl 
without  forwardneaa ;  (aeelloua  in  eonveraation,  y*l 
weighty  and  serious ;  of  an  exirannllnary  grealn*** 
of  mind,  yet  void  of  Ih*  atain  of  ambition." 

We  shall  now  view  Mm  in  lb*  character  of  a  lagialn 
lor,  in  which  ■"  ' 

acquaintance  with  I 
were  of  great  use  lo  him.  Among  I 
h*  hail  not  omitted  to  aequaini  himaalf  with  Ik*  prinat- 

files  of  law  and  government ;  andhohadmoiaeapaetal 
ndueemenia  to  Ihia,  from  Ik*  pr*aee«itlaa*  and  arr**to 
which  h*  frequently  auflered,  into  the  lagaltly  of  wkMl 
it  waa  natural  for  him  to  Inquire.  H*  had  obaerveJ  k» 
hie  travela  abroad,  aa  well  aa  In  hi*  aeooainlane*  at 
hoai*,th*  working*  of  arbitrary  power,aml  t 
of  usorpatloa ;  and  h*  had  studied  Ih*  whol*  i 
versy  between  regal  and  popular  ehiima :  the  raaall  tt 
which  waa,  that  government  must  h*  foumbd  In  Jo*- 
lice,  and  exereised  with  moderation.  0«M  of  hia  mas* 
1ms  was,  that  "  the  peopl*  being  Ik*  lej^f-pWi/u  of  Ik* 
prince,  ia  better  managed  by  wisdom  than  ruM  hf 
foree."  Hia  own  feeiinga,  aa  well  aa  laflediona,  led 
him  lo  adopt  the  moel  liberal  Uea  of  toteralion.  Fr**- 
dnm  of  profession  and  inquiry,  and  a  total  abborronea 
of  persecution  for  eonecience  sake,  wen  hie  ilarlinf 
principlest  anditiaasingulareiroumataneeinth*ki» 
tory  of  mankind,  that  Divine  ProvUenc*  eboukl  giv*  I* 
auch  a  man  aa  William  Penn  an  opportunity  to  mak* 
a  fair  and  eontiiltni  experiment  of  theee  excellent 
maxims,  by  establishing  a  eokmy  in  Ameriea,  on  tk* 
moat  liberal  prineiplea  of  toleration,  at  a  time,  wk*n 
Iha  policy  of  Ike  oldest  nationa  in  Europe  were  in- 
efleclually  employed  in  endeavouring  to  reduce  Ika 
active  minds  of  men  to  a  moat  abauni  uniformity  ia 
articles  nf  faith  ami  mode*  of  worship. 

I  been  obeerved  that  his  hther.  Sir  Willia 


against  Ihem,  fined  Ihem  forty  marks  each,  and  impri- 1  writings  served  lo  give  the  world  a  more  just  and  fa- 


soned  Ihem  along  with  Penn,  till  iheir  lines  and  fr 
were  paid.    An    unlucky  expression  which  droppml 
from  the  reconler  on  this  trial,  rendered  the  cause  of 


vorable  idea  of  their  principles,  than  could  lie  had  from 
the  harangue  of  illiterate  preachers,  or  the  rhapsodies 

, .„„ v»u.»  ...    of  enthusiastic  writen  ;  while  his  family  and  fortune 

the  Quakers  popular,  and  their  perseculoraodious  :  "  It  I  procured  for  them  a  degree  of  respectability  at  home 
will  never  be  well  with  us,"  said  the  infamous  Sir  John  and  abroad.     His  controveniai  writings  are  modest. 


Howel,  "  till  something  like  the  Sptinish  Inquisition  be 
established  in  England."  The  triumph  of  Penn  was 
complete ;  being  acquitted  by  his  peers,  he  was  re- 
leased from  pnson,  on  the  payment  of  his  fees,  and 
returned  lo  the  lealoue  exercise  of  his  ministry. 

His  conduct 'under  this  prosecution  did  him  great 
honor.  Hie  falher  liecame  perfectly  reconciled  toTiim, 
.  •T!  .  '  '"*'•*  '"'••'(r  hie  parental  blessing  and 
a  plentiful  esute.  This  secession  of  fortune  made  no 
alteration  in  his  miinnera  or  habito  i  he  contlnueil  to 
preach,  to  write,  and  lo  travel  aa  before ;  and,  within 

Sr„-  .^" .  ^"*'  ••""«•  •  wmraend  to  you.  I.  Let  no- 
2L/.  i5"lS.'J™..'°..'r'5"«>'""  conclence;  If  you  keep 
J",Sl*«  '"""'•  ".wU  beafSMtto  youlnadsyof  trouble. 


vritinga 
candid  and  perauasive.  His  book,entitlM ''  The  Chris- 
tian  Quaker,"  is  a  sensible  vindication  of  the  doctrine 
of  Universal  Saving  Light.  His  style  is  clear  and  per- 
spicuous ;  and  though  he  does  not  aflect  so  much  scho- 
lastic  subtillty  in  his  argumentation  as  his  friend  Dar- 


*  It  may  not  be  smibB  here  to  introduce  an  extract  from 
Mr.  PenirB  Journal  containing  tlie  aentiments  of  the  Quakers 
concernln><  inarriago.  "Amsterdam  the  3d  of  the  0tli  month, 
1677.  A  Hcruple  concorning  the  law  of  the  mosialrate  about 
murriago  lieing  proposed  and  discoursed  of  in  the  fear  of 
Ood,  among  Friends,  at  a  select  ineering,  it  was  the  univer- 
sal and  unanimous  sense  of  Friends,  that  joining  in  mamage 
is  the  work  of  the  Lord  only,  and  not  of  priest  or  magistrate. 
it  is  God's  ordinance  and  not  man's.  It  was  God's  work  be- 
fore tlie  fall,  and  it  is  God's  work  in  ti.e  reatoratlon.  We 
marry  none ;  it  is  the  Lord's  work,  and  we  ate  but  witnesses. 
But  if  a  Friend  have  a  desire  that  the  magistrate  should  know 


that,  iltbsy  please,  they  may  teflstei  it " 


It  baa 
Penn  had  merited  muck  by  kia  aervlcea  in  Ik*  EnaKall 
navy.  There  were  also  certain  del  la  du*  to  him  from 
the  crown,  al  the  time  of  hia  death,  which  the  royal 
treasures  were  poorly  able  to  discharge.  His  son,  at 
l*r  much  sollcitalion,  found  no  proapwt  of  gelling  hi* 
"      "  andthi     " 


due,  in  the  common  mod*  of  paprmont, 
lumeil  his  Ihonghls  toward  obtaming  a  grant  of  lan< 
in  America,  on  which  ho  might  mak*  Ih*  *xp*rlni*nl 
of  settling  a  colony,  and  ealablishing  a  govemm*nt 
suited  to  his  own  prineiplea  and  viewa. 

Mr,  Penn  had  been  concerned  with  aereral  otkot 
Quaken  in  purekasing  of  Lord  Berkelev,  kia  patent  ol 
West  Jersey,  to  make  a  settlement  for  their  persecuted 
brethren  in  England,  many  of  whom  tranaported  IheaH 
selves  thither.in  hope  of  an  exemption  from  th*  IrouU** 
which  they  had  endured,ftom  the  execution  of  the  penal 
laws  against  dissentcra.  But  they  found  themaalv** 
subject  to  the  t'bitraiT  impoaitione  of  Sir  Edmund 
Androa,  who  governed  the  Duke  of  York's  terriloiy, 
and  exercised  the  Jurisdiction  over  all  the  aelllemento 
on  both  sides  the  Delaware.  Penn  and  hia  aasocial** 
remonstrated  against  his  cniMluct,  but  their  eflbrts  pro- 
ved ineflectual.  However,  the  concern  which  Penn  Bad 
in  this  purehase  gave  him  not  only  a  laate  for  s|iecu- 
laling  in  landed  interest,but  a  knowledge  of  the  middi* 
region  of  the  American  coasts-,  and  being  ilesirous  of 
acquiring  a  separate  estate,  where  he  might  realixe  hi* 
nanguine  wishes,  he  had  great  oilvanlag*  in  making 
Inquirjr  and  determinina  on  a  place. 

Having  examined  all  the  former  grants  to  the  com- 
panies of  Virginia  and  New  England,  Ih*  Lord  Balti- 
more and  the  Duke  of  York,  he  fixed  upon  a  terriloiy 
bounded  on  the  east  by  the  bay  and  river  of  Delaware, 
extending  southward  to  Lord  Baltiowre'a  province  ol 
Maiyland,  westward  aa  far  aa  Ike  weetom  exteal  ol 
Maryland,  and  northward  "  as  for  aa  planlaU*.''  For 
Ihia  he  petitioned  the  king ;  and  being  examined  be- 
fore the  Privy  Council;  on  th*  I4lh  of  June,  ooneoro- 
Ing  those  word*  of  hia  petition  "  aa  for  aa  planlabi*," 
he  declared,  "  that  he  should  be  latiafM  with  the  *i- 
lent  of  Ikrte  degrea  of  latiluit ;  and  tkat  in  Ueo  of 
suck  a  grant,  k*  waa  willing  to  remit  hla  debt  from  tk* 
crown,  or  loaw  part  of  it,  and  to  atay  for  Ike  remain- 
der, till  hi*  Majeaty  ahould  b*  in  a  better  oondition  to 
satisfy  it. 

Notice  of  thia  application  waa  given  to  Ih*  aftnite  *f 
the  Duke  of  York  and  Lord  Baltimore,  and  inquiry  waa 
made,  how  &r  lb*  piatennaa*  of  rnm  aughl  t 


AMERICAN   HIRTORr, 


«kklka^rMUBlrMilT««<l*u>lh«Bi.  Tha  |wiitiMuU 
taHMM  IIm  bajri  vf  RImim|W*1m  •ml  Dahtwitn  hml 
kna  flMiUii  kjr  il«tMlM<l  •ompiinim  of  Hw«i1m,  t'in' 
ImiiIiw.  DuIcK,  ind  Knglhh.  It  wh  Ant  by  ll>rc«, 
•ml  alUroiiiJ*  by  Iraalv,  broafhl  umltr  Ih*  iluminioii 
•f  Um  Cruwn  iil  KngUml.  That  iMrt  of  it  whicli 
btmkMii  an  Ih*  D«lii«r*ra  wna  wllhin  lh«  Duka  of 
Vark'a  pala nt,  arhila  that  which  Juinad  on  Iho  Uhaaa- 
^aaka  waa  wIlUn  iha  |ranl  In  lioni  Bnllimor*. 

Tha  Uuka'a  aianl  couaanlaU  that  Prnn  •hoiiM  ha*« 
Um  land  waat  of  Dalawara  ami  north  of  Nawemtla,  "in 
nmiidoralinn  of  Iha  rnuoM  ha  had  lo  a>|ircl  fator 
(Km  bia  la^jaaly."  l<oni  Ifellinwia'a  agent  petiliuniil 
iJmI  Paan'a  granl  might  Iw  axproaaad  to  lia  iioiili  iil 
^Ua^uahaniMh  (wt,  and  of  a  Una  lirawn  eaal  and  nut 
ffom  it,  and  that  ha  might  not  ba  allowed  lo  aall  anna 
■mi  anauBiliaii  la  Iba  ludiana.  To  tkeaa  raalrictiuna 
fm*  had  na  ot^jartioa. 

Tha  dniigkt  of  a  ohartar  being  piapand,  it  waa  aub- 
■iUad  la  laid  eWaf  Juoltee  North,  who  waa  ordered  Ui 
pntUm  bf  At  alauooa  fcr  the  inlerad  of  tha  king  and 
Iha  oaeouragamant  of  Iha  plantara.  While  it  waa  un- 
der eanaidaralion,  Ihe  Buhopof  Ijondoo  petitioned 
Uial  Penn  might  ba  obliged  by  hia  palani  lo  admit  a 
•haplain  of  hie  lardahis'a  a|i|ioinlnieul,  at  tha  re<|ueat 
of  any  nuariMC  af  tha  {dantara.  The  giving  a  name  to 
Ihaprovinca  waa  left  lo  Ihe  king. 

The  eharlar,  conaialing  of  twenty-three  aecliona, 
"  paoaed  with  all  Ihe  apfieanince  of  candor  and  aim- 
plicilyi"  waa  aigned  and  aealed  hy  King  Charlea  II., 
on  Iha  4lh  of  March,  1881.  It  ounatitiiUa  William 
Paan,  and  hia  heira,  true  and  abaoluta  propriolariea  of 
Ihe  pnnlnce  of  PrnnayUania,  aaving  lo  the  crown  their 
allagianaa  and  iha  aovereignty.  It  gl«aa  him,  hia  haira 
■ud  their  deputioa,  power  to  maka  Uwa  "  for  Iha  good 
and  ba|ipy  govarnmant  of  tha  country,"  hy  aJVioa 
af  Iha  fieaoMO,  and  to  erect  oouila  of  Jualiea  for  the 
asaeulloaaf  thoae  la«a,pravided  they  be  iiol  repugnant 
to  Iha  lawa  of  England.  For  the  encouragement  of 
pfaiBlara,  tbejr  were  lo  enjov  the  privilegea  of  Engliah 
auifiaola,  paying  the  aaoM  dutiea  In  Inula ;  and  no  tax- 
«■  wan  to  M  levied  on  them,  but  by  their  own  Aaaem- 
Miaa  or  by  acta  of  Parliament.  With  reaped  to  religion, 
•a  aoia  ia  aaid  than  what  the  Biahop  of  London  had 
■aggoatod,  that  if  twenty  inhahitanta  abould  ileaire  a 
praaehar  of  hia  loidahip'a  approbation,  lie  ahouM  be 
allowed  lu  raaida  in  the  province.  Thia  waa  perfeclly 
»|feaabla  lo  Mr.  Peno'a  ptofeaaed  principlea  of  liberty 
al  cenaeianea ;  but  it  may  aeem  rather  extmardinary 
that  thia  diatinguiahed  leader  of  a  acct,  who  ao  point, 
•dly  denied  Ihe  lawfulncaa  of  war,  iliuuld  accppt  Iho 
powera  given  him  in  the  aixteenlh  article  of  tlie  ch:-.rt«r, 
*'  lo  levy,  mualer,  and  train  all  aur*'  of  men ;  to  puraue 
and  vanquiah  enemiea ;  to  take  ana  ^1  Ihem  lo  dcalh 
by  Ihe  lawa  of  war ;  and  lo  do  every  thing  which  be- 
longed to  the  office  of  captain-general  in  an  army." 
Mr.  Pdon,  for  reaaona  of  ftate,  might  find  it  conve- 
nient that  la  and  hia  heira  akoulil  he  Ihua  invcated  with 
Iha  power  of  tha  aword,  tliouyh  it  waa  impoaaible  fur 
him  or  Ihem  lo  exerciaa  it,  without  Oral  apoatotiiing 
bum  their  rcligioua  prolcaaion. 

The  charter  being  Ihua  obtained,  he  found  himaelf 
KUthoriied  lo  agree  with  auch  |ieraona  aa  were  tliapoacd 
lo  ba  advenlurera  to  hia  new  province.  By  a  public 
•dvertiaemeni,  he  invited  purchaaera,  and  deacrilied 
Iba  country  with  a  diaplay  of  the  advanlaiea  which 
night  be  expected  from  a  aettlement  in  it.  Thia  indu- 
ced many  aingle  perauna,  and  aome  fumitica,  chiefly 
■f  Iba  denomination  of  (juakera,  to  think  of  a  remo. 
«al.  A  number  of  merchanla  and  olhera  formed  them- 
talvea  into  a  company,  for  the  aake  of  encouraging  the 
aettlement  and  trade  of  the  country,  ami  purchased 
twenty  thouaandacreaofhia  land.  I'hey  hud  a  preai- 
dent,  treaaurer,  aecretary,  and  a  committee  of  twelve, 
who  reaided  in  England  and  tranaacted  their  common 
buaineaa.  Their  objecta  were  to  encourajfe  the  manu- 
fiMturera  of  leather  and  glaaa,  the  cutting  and  aawing 
U  limber,  and  Ihe  whale-fiahery. 

The  land  waa  aotd  at  the  rate  of  twenty  pounda  fur 
■eory  Ihouaand  acrea.  They  who  rented  fanda  were  to 
pay  one  penny  jrearly  per  acre.  Servanta,  when  iheir 
tormawere  expired,  were  entitled  to  fifty  acrea,Bubj)!ct 
lo  two  ahilUnga  per  annum ;  and  their  maatera  were 
allowed  fifty  acrea  for  each  aervant  ao  liherated,  but 
•ubjael  to  imr  ahillinga  per  annum ;  or  if  the  maater 
llwuld  give  Iha  aervant  fifty  acrea  out  of  hia  own  di 
^Ujan,  na  might  raeeive  from  the  proprietor  one  bun. 
ind  tarn,  aubied  to  aix  ahillinga  per  annum.  In 
•eery  hundred  toouaand  acrea,  the  proprietor  reaarved 
IMI  for  bimaelC 

'  Tba  qui  rente  ware  not  agreed  to  without  diffieuHy, 
Xte  puniwatn  maonalrUad  againat  tbam  aaa  buidan, 


unprecedented  in  any  other  American  colony.  Uul 
Penn  diatinguiahed  bilwaen  the  cbaraotar  of  propria 
lor  and  governor,  urging  Iha  naceaaity  of  aunpurting 
government  with  dignity,  and  that  by  complying  witii 
ihia  eipedlani,  they  would  be  freed  from  other  Lixra. 
Nurh  dialiiicliiHia  are  very  eonvenient  to  a  (lolilician, 
and  by  thia  inainualion  the  point  waa  carried  :  u|ioii 
which  it  waa  remarked,  (|ierhapa  too  aevorely,)  thai 
jpia  of  the  man  of  Uod  now  a|ipeared,  and  more  of  the 
man  of  the  world." 

Aoounling  to  Ihe  powera  given  by  Ihe  charter,  "  for 
regulatinji  iind  gnvpniing  property  within  Iha  province,' 
he  entered  into  certain  artlcleawilh  Ihe  |iurchaarra  iiiid 
iidventurera  (July  ll,IWI)which  were  entitled  ■■  Ciin 
dilinna  ami  l/'onceaalona."  Theae  related  lo  Ihe  liiy 
iiig  out  maila,  city  and  country  kite  ;  Ihe  urivilrge  of 
wuler  couraes ;  Ihe  pro|iertv  of  uiinra  and  minerola : 
the  rraervation  of  limber  and  mulberry  Ireea ;  the  terms 
nf  improvement  and  cultivation ;  the  Irnino  with  tin- 
Indiana,  and  the  means  of  preaerving  peace  with  ilirni ; 
of  preventing  debtors,  ami  olbar  damultera  from  mak- 
ing Iheir  e<ca|ie ;  and  of  preaanim  Ihe  morals  u(  the 
plantera,  by  the  rieculion  of  llie  penal  Uwa  of  Eng- 
land, till  an  Assenihly  should  meet. 

These  preliminariea  bi<ing  a4iuated,  tha  Aral  colony 
under  hia  authority,  oaino  over  to  America,  and  begon 
Iheir  aetlteineul  above  tlie  confluence  of  the  Schuylkill 
with  the  Delaware.  By  Ihem  the  pMiirietor  aent  n  let- 
ter lo  the  Indians,  informing  Ihem  that  "  the  UaVAT 
Uou  had  Iteen  pleased  to  inalie  him  concerned  in  Iheir 
part  of  the  world;  ami  that  the  king  of  the  country 
where  be  lived  had  given  him  a  great  province  therein  ; 
but  that  he  dkl  not  deaire  to  enjoy  it  without  their  con- 
sent ;  that  he  waa  a  man  of  peace,  and  that  tlia  people 
whom  he  sent  were  of  the  same  dlapoailion ;  but  if  any 
diAerance  ahoukl  happen  betv  eon  Ihem,  it  might  b<< 
adiuated  by  an  equal  number  of  men  chosen  on  both 
sides."  With  this  letter,  he  appointed  commissioners 
to  treat  with  the  Indiana,  about  purchasing  land,  and 
promised  them  thai  ha  would  ahortly  come  and  con- 
veroa  with  Ihem  in  peraon. 

About  Ihia  lima  (Nov.  lASl)  ha  waa  elected  a  Fel- 
hiw  of  the  Koyal  Society. 

The  next  apring  he  completed  a  frame  of  govern- 
ment (April  35,  168S)  with  Ihe  exprcaa  deaign  "  to 
aupport  power  in  reverence  with  the  people,  and  to 
secure  the  people  from  tl:e  abuse  of  power."  It  is 
prefaced  with  a  long  discourse  on  the  nature,  origin, 
use  and  abuse  of  government ;  which  shows  that  he 
had  not  only  well  studied  Ihe  subject,  but  that  he  waa 
loiid  of  displaying  hia  knowledge. 

By  this  frame  of  (government,  there  was  to  be  a  Pro- 
vincial Council,  consisting  of  seventy  two  persona,  an- 
swering to  the  number  of  eldera  in  the  Jewish  sanhe- 
drim, who  were  to  be  divided  into  three  classes: 
twenty-four  to  serve  for  three  years,  ttventy-four  for 
two  years,  and  twenty-four  for  one  yerir ;  the  vacan- 
ciea  thus  made  lo  Iw  aupplied  by  new  elections  ;  and 
after  seven  yeara,  every  one  of  thoae  who  went  olf 
yearly,  wore  to  be  incapable  of  reelection  for  one 
year  following.  Thia  rotation  waa  intended  "  that  all 
might  be  fitted  for  government,  and  have  experience  of 
the  care  and  burthen  of  it."  Of  this  council  two-thirds 
were  to  be  a  quorum,  and  the  conaent  of  two-lhinia  of 
this  quorum  waa  to  be  had  in  all  mattera  of  moment ; 
but  in  mattera  of  leaser  moment  one-third  might  lie  n 
quorum,  the  majority  of  whom  might  di'toriiiine.  The 
ilistinclion  between  matters  of  moment  and  of  lesser 
moment  was  not  defined ;  nor  waa  it  dfclarcd  who 
waa  to  bo  judge  of  the  distinction.  The  governor  was 
not  to  have  u  negative  but  a  treble  voice.  Tbecoun- 
cil  were  lo  prrpiire  and  propose  bills  to  the  Gc.iernl 
.\saeml>ly,  whiih  were  to  be  puhliHlied  thirty  days  be- 
fore its  meolina.  When  met,  the  Assembly  uiiglit  de- 
liberate eight  diiya,  but  on  the  ninth  were  to  give  their 
anaent  or  dissent  to  the  proiiused  bills  ;  two-lhirds  of 
them  lo  be  a  quorum.  With  respect  to  the  number  of 
the  Assembly,  it  was  provided,  that  the  first  year  aU 
the  freemen  in  person  inivht  compose  it ;  aftcrwani  a 
delegation  of  two  hundred,  which  might  bo  increased 
to  five  hundred."  The  governor,  with  the  council  to 
bo  the  supreme  executive,  with  a  parental  nnd  pruden- 
tial authority,  and  lo  bo  divided  into  four  departments 
of  eighteen  each ;  one  of  which  was  called  a  commit- 
tee of  plantations,  another  of  justice  and  aafety,  anoth- 
er of  trade  and  revenue,  and  another  of  manners,  edu- 
cation and  aila. 

To  Ihia  frame  of  goremment  waa  aubjoined  a  body 
of  fundamental  laws,  agreed  upon  by  Penn  and  the  ad- 
venturers in  Ixindon,  which  respected  moral,  political, 
and  economical  mattera ;  which  were  not  to  M  altered 
but  by  tbe  consent  of  the  goveiDjr,  or  hia  beira,  and  aix 


parts  in  Iha  saven  of  Iba  fhtemen,  mel  I* 
i Council  ami  AsaainM*.  In  Ihia  coda  wa  And  thai  oot'i- 
braled  deehiralian  whwh  baa  eonlribuled  mora  than  a«y 
thing  else  to  Ihe  prosperity  of  Pennsylvauiaivii .  '•  TImM 
all  persona  living  hi  Ilia  provlnea,  whuconfcaa  and  ■■• 
knowledge  Ihe  o>ia  almighty  and  eternal  Oou  lo  be  tba 
erratur,  uphokh^,  aial  ruler  of  Iha  workl  |  ami  hoM 
Ihrmw-lvva  obliged  in  cunscience  lo  live  peaceably  aiMl 
justly  in  civil  a<icl«ly,  ah  ill  in  no  ways  be  molested  for 
their  ri'ligiiHispersuaslon  or  practice  in  mailers  ollailk 
ami  woraliip;  nor  shall  they  be  compilird  at  iiiiy  lina 
to  I'rpqurnt  or  maintain  any  religious  worship,  place  or 
ministry  whalsver."  To  which  waa  aikled  aaolhar 
conducive  to  Ihe  welliire  of  aoviely.    "  Thai 


Mcronling  to  the  good  example  of  tha  primiliva  Cbrio* 
liana,  ami  llu  cats  of  Ike  cttatim,  every  Aral  day  of  Iha 
week,  called  Ihe  Ijord'a  Day,  people  aball  abalaw  IVoai 
their  common  daily  labor,  that  Ihey  nuiy  the  hatter  dio- 
pooa  themselvea  to  worship  Uud,  acoofdi4'|  to  tboil 
underalandings." 

These  lawa  were  an  original  compact  betweon  Iba 
governor  and  the  freemen  of  the  colony.  They  appear 
lo  ho  founded  in  wlsdum  and  e<iuity,  and  annw  oflMai 
have  been  copied  into  Ihe  deoiarationa  of  righta  pra> 
Axed  lo  acveral  of  the  preaeiit  repuUican  conatitutieiM 
in  America.  The  ayatem  of  governmani  which  Penn 
pnaluced  baa  been  regarded  aa  an  Utopian  project ;  but 
though  in  aome  parte  viaionary  ami  impracticable,  yal 
it  wua  liberal  and  popular,  caiculated  lo  gain  advenM- 
rera  with  a  prospect  of  republican  advantagea.  Botna 
of  ila  proviaiona,  particulariy  tha  rotation  of  the  coun* 
cil,  have  been  adopted  by  a  vary  enlightened  body  oi 
American  legislators,  after  Ihe  expiration  of  acentuiy. 
The  experiment  ia  now  in  operaliim,  and  without  ex- 
periment nothing  can  be  frfny  decided  in  Ibe  political, 
any  more  than  in  the  phyaical  workl. 

Having  by  the  help  of  Sir  William  Jonea,  and  olbat 
gentlemen  of  the  long  robe  construcleil  a  plan  of  go- 
vernment for  his  colony,  Mr.  Penn  prepared  to  maka 
Ihe  voyage  to  America,  that  he  might  attempt  the  ax- 
ecution  of  it. 

Apart  ofihe  lands  eemprehended  within  hiag-aal  bad 
been  subject  lo  Ihe  governnienl,which  waaaxerciaad  by 
the  deputy  of  the  Uuko  of  York.  1°o  proveni  any  ditiv- 
cully,' he  thought  it  convenient  to  obtain  fiwn  tiia  Duka 
a  deedof  aale  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,whleb  ba 
did  on  Ihe  3lal  of  Auguat,l683 ;  and  by  two  aubaoquenl 
deeds,  in  the  same  month,  Ihe  Duke  conveyed  to  him 
the  town  of  Newcaalle,  ailuate  on  Iba  wealam  aide  of 
the  Delaware  with  a  circle  of  13  milea  radiua  from  Iba 
centre  of  tbe  town,  and  from  thence  extending  aoulh- 
eriy  In  the  Hour  Kills,  at  Ca|ie  Ilenlopen,  tha  weatern 
point  of  the  entnince  of  Delawan  Bay  ;  which  tract 
contained  the  settlements  made  by  the  Dutch,  Hwedea, 
and  Finns.  Thia  was  called  Ihe  territory,  in  distinc- 
linclion  from  tlie  province  of  I'eniiaylvania,  and  wa* 
divided  into  three  countiea,  Newcaalle,  Kent  and  Sua- 
sex. 

At  this  time  Ihe  penal  lawa  againat  diaaentera  ware 
executed  with  ri|{ur  in  England,  which  made  many  of 
the  Quakers  desirous  of  accompanying  or  folhtwiug 
Penn  into  America,  where  they  had  a  proa|iect  of  tha 
most  extensive  liberty  of  conscience.  Having  choaen 
some  for  hia  particular  companions,  ho  embarked  with 
them  in  August  lUOS,  and  Iroiu  the  Dowiia,  when  the 
ship  lay  waiting  for  a  wind,  he  wrote  an  afleetionala 
letter  to  hia  friends,  which  he  called  "a  farewell  lo 
England."  After  a  pleasant  pasaage  of  aix  weaka,  they 
came  within  eight  of  Ihe  American  ciiaal,  and  wen  ro- 
freshci'  hy  the  land  brcszea,  at  the  diaUtnce  of  twelva 
leagues.  Aa  the  ship  sailed  up  Ihe  Delawara,  Ihe  in* 
habitniits  came  on  board,  and  saluted  the  new  gover- 
nor with  an  air  of  joy  and  satibfaction.  Ha  landed  at 
Newcastle,  and  suiniiioned  the  people  to  meet  liira, 
when  possession  of  the  soil  waa  given  him  in  Ihe  legal 
form  of  that  day ;  nnd  he  entertained  them  with  a 
apccch,  explaining  the  purpoee  of  hia  coming,  and  tba 
views  of  his  government :  assuring  Ihem  of  his  inten- 
tion to  preserve  civil  and  roligioua  uberty,  and  exhort- 
ing them  to  peace  and  aomely.  Having  nnawod 
the  coinmiasiuns  of  their  former  magiotratea,  ba  went 
lo  Chester,  where  he  re^wated  Ihe  aame  Ihinga,  andn- 
ccived  their  congratulationa.  The  Swedea  appoinlod 
a  delegate  lo  compliment  him  on  hia  arrival,  and  la 
assure  him  of  their  aflection  and  fidelity. 

At  thia  time  the  number  of  inhabitania  waa  about 
three  thousand.  Tha  first  planters  wen  the  Duleb, 
and  after  them  Ihe  Swedea  and  Finna.  Then  had 
been  formerly  disputes  among  Ihem,  but  for  abova 
twenty  yean  they  had  been  in  a  stale  of  peace.  Tba 
Dutch  wen  settled  on  Ihe  bay,  and  applira  themsclvoa 
chiefly  totrade ;  at  Newcastle  they  bad  a  court! 


BIOORAPHIES   or  THB   EARLT   DISCOVERERS. 


■ml  •■!■(•  of  wanMf.    TlMBwdlMMiilPlnMlhPcd, 

MftMr  mlka  rlwr,  >ii>l  MIowmI  hmbMNlnr.    TMr  of  Iha  land  which  th*r 

_.  .   .      _  ..A.  ......  _. »„fih«Mlr»MUiU 

I  WMltt  lo  hla  fricnili 
In  GngUml.  "  The  king  wt  in  ihc  niiilillc  of  a  hair 
mflon,  antl  hwl  hii  council,  old  ami  wImi,  on  carli  hnnil 


■MllnamU  «m  OhrMlna,  TanMunv  and  W Icom «  al !  Mlpulatad  one*.    Tho  'form  of  on*  of  th( 
Thojr  w*N  a  plain,  I  thui  daMrihtd.ln  a  Itttrr  which  ha 


•Mh  of  which  thty  had  a  charch. 
rahuil,  lobor  and  Induatrlout  pm>pl«,  and  moat  of  Ihcm 
had  larg*  IkmlliM.  Tha  colonjr  which  Penn  had  Mini 
Iha  ytar  hafoi*,  h*(an  (hair  laltlanMnt  ahove  Wl- 
•oc«i  and  it  waa  bjr  apaclal  dlraetlon  of  th*  proprie- 
tor, eallad  PNikaDikrau.  Tha  pnnlnoa  wa«  dWI- 
M  into  thraa  sonnliaa,  Ohaatar,  Baekiniham,  and 
miadalphia. 

Thiaa  principal  objacta  angagad  tha  altanlton  of  Mr. 
Fann  i  ona  waa  to  unlta  tha  tarrilorjr  with  tha  pro. 
vinaa  |  anothar  waa  to  antar  into  a  traaljr  with  tha  In- 
liana  i  ami  Iha  third  wm  to  lay  aal  a  capital  citv. 

Tha  Iral  wm  antarad  apon  faMBadiataljr.  Within 
•  month  alUr  hla  arrival,  ha  eallad  a  Oanaral  AiaemMy 
•I  Obaatar^whan  tha  oonitltution,  which  had  bean 
Ibrmad  in  England,  waa  to  undergo  an  aiparimant. 

Tha  Aaaman  both  of  tha  prorlnca  and  tarrilorjr  were 
aammonad  to  eompnae  thia  Aieambly  in  peraon.  In- 
ataad  of  which,  they  elaeted  Iwelra  mambera  in  each 
•ountjr,  amounting  in  all  to  aeventy-two,  the  precise 
number,  which  by  the  frame  of  gmremment  was  to 
•ampoea  imt  hnuoa  only  The  eleclione  were  aceom- 
panM  by  peiitloni  to  the  governor.  Importing  that  the 
nwneea  of  the  people,  their  inaUllly  in  ealale,  and  un- 
aktlAilnaaa  m  govemmani,  would  not  permit  them  to 
aerve  in  aohrge  a  council  and  aMcmbty,  and  Iherefore 
it  waa  their  deelre  that  tha  twelve  now  returned  from 
each  eoanty,  might  earva  both  for  Pmvlneial  Council 
•nd  Oaiwnl  Aeaembly,  with  the  same  poweia  and  prl- 
vilegea  which  by  tha  ehaitar  were  granted  to  the 
whole." 

Tha  mambera  were  aocorilingly  dietribuled  Into  two 
boneea;  thraa  out  of  each  county  made  a  council, 
•aaaiating  of  eighteen,  and  the  remaining  part  formed 
an  ataemMT  of  flfty-fuur.  In  thia  asaemhly  was  passed 
•*  tha  act  of  settlement,"  in  which  the  flrame  of  govern- 
■ant  made  in  England,  being  styled  a  proknlioiiary  act, 
waa  ao  (hr  changM.as  that  three  persons  of  each  county 
might  compose  the  eodneil,  and  fix  the  assembly. 
AlTcr  aavaral  other  "  variations,  eiplanatlone  and  addl- 
llona,  requaated  by  the  Assembly,  and  yielded  to  by  the 
governor,  the  aforesaid  charter,  and  Irame  of  govern- 
ment waa  "  raeognlseil  and  accepted,  as  if  with  these 
■Iterations  it  was  suppoaeii  to  be  eomplcle."    The 


Some  of  their  Ohialli  made  him  a  voluntary  present '  '•  no  person  shall  buy  land  of  any  ImHaii,  wHhnl  •• 
tha  land  which  they  elalmeii ;  othera  aoM  It  al  a  oanaa  Aral  had  and  abtalnad  of  Iha  Oawaid  Cawt,"— 

Other  ragulationa  raepeding  tralla  with  Ike*  wm* 
maile  at  the  same  time,  which  bear  tha  appauaaHk 
not  only  of  Justice  and  Mndaration,  but  of  a  paralal 
reganl  lo  their  Interesl  and  property. 

Nor  is  it  In  be  sapposed  that  Aher  Europaaia  m^ 
gleded  Ihelr  duty  in  these  respscts.  Several  pcrahaiM 
were  made  before  Psnn's  lima  in  New  Jeraay.  Mr. 
Penn  himself,  in  one  of  hie  letter*,  speaking  of  lk» 
quarrels  between  the  Dutch  and  tha  Swedaa,  who  had 
occupied  the  lands  on  the  Delaware  before  him.  say*, 
"  the  Dutch,  who  wera  Iha  Ural  planters,  looked  on 
Ihem  [the  Swedee]  as  inlradera  on  their  purchase  umk 
possession."  Of  whom  could  Iha  Duteb  have  pur 
chased  those  landa,  but  of  Iha  natlvea  1    They  aouM 


ibly  I*  atyled  "  the  Oeneral  Assembly  of  the  pro- 
vince of'^ Pennsylvania  and  the  territories  thereunto 
bahmging." 

Thus  the  lower  countlee,  at  this  time,  manifoslnl 
their  willingneae  to  be  united  with  Iha  province  of 
Pennsylvania;  but  the  proprietor  hod  not  received 
Aom  tna  crown,  any  right  of  Jurisdiction  over  that 
territory,  though  the  Duke  had  sold  him  the  right  of 
soil ;  and  it  waa  not  in  the  power  of  the  people,  as 
aubjecis  of  the  King  of  England,  lo  put  themselves 
under  any  form  of  government,  wilnout  the  royal 
authority.  The  want  of  this,  with  the  operation  of 
other  causes,  produced  difficulties,  which  afterward 
landerad  this  union  void ;  and  the  three  lower  counties 
had  a  separata  Assembly,  though  under  the  same  gov- 
■mor. 

Mr.  Penn'e  next  object  waa  lo  treat  with  the  nativee. 
The  benevolence  of  his  disposition  led  him  to  exercise 
great  tenderness  toward  them.which  was  much  Incrbss- 
ed  by  an  opinion  which  he  had  formed,  and  which  he 
openly  avowed,  that  they  were  descendants  of  the  ten 
dispersed  tribes  of  Israel.  He  travelled  into  the  coun- 
try, visilad  them  in  their  cabins,  was  present  nl  Ihelr 
nosls,  conversed  with  Ihem  in  s  free  and  familiar 
manner,  and  gaineit  their  afloction  by  his  obliging  car- 
riage, and  hla  firequent  acta  of  generosity.  But  on 
fMio  occasions,  he  received  them  with  ceremony,  and 
transacted  business  with  solemnity  and  order. 

In  one  of  his  excursions  in  the  winter,  he  found  a 
chief  warrior  aick,  and  his  wife  preparing  to  sweat 
•im,  in  the  usual  manner,  bypouringwater  on  a  heap 
jf  hot  stones,  in  a  closely  covered  hut,  and  then  plung- 
mg  him  into  tha  river,  through  a  hole  cut  in  the  ice. 
To  divert  himself  during  tha  sweating  operation,  the 
chief  sang  the  achievements  of  his  aneestora,  then  his 
own,  and  concluded  his  song  with  this  reflection  :  Why 
are  we  sick,  and  these  stnngen  well  ?  It  seems  aa  if 
they  were  sent  to  inherit  the  land  in  our  stead !  Ah ! 
h  is  becauae  they  love  the  Oreat  Spirit,  and  we  do 
not !"  The  oentiment  was  rational,  and  such  as  often 
occurred  to  the  sagacious  among  the  natives ;  We 
cannot  suppose  it  was  disagreeable  to  Mr.Penn,  whoee 


Behind,  al  a  lillte  distance,  aal  the  young  nno.  In  the 
ssme  Agure.  Having  consuhed  and  resolved  ih*  huii. 
neaa,  the  king  ordered  one  of  them  to  sneak  lo  me. 
He  stood  up,  came  to  me,  took  me  by  the  hand.aaluted 
me  in  the  name  of  the  king,  told  me  he  waa  onlered 
by  the  king  lo  speak  to  ma,  and  Ihal  now  it  was  not  ha 
that  anoke  but  the  king,  because  what  ha  should  say 
waa  the  king'a  mind.  [Having  mad*  an  apology  for 
their  delay,]  ha  fell  to  the  bounds  of  the  land  they  had 
lo  dispose  of,  and  the  price,  which  is  now  dear,  that 
which  woald  once  have  bought  twenty  miles,  not  now 
buying  two.  During  Ihs  lime  this  pereon  waa  speak- 
ing, not  a  man  of  them  waa  observed  to  whlspar  or 
nlle.  When  the  purohasewas  agreed,  great  promises 
passed  between  us  of  kindness  and  good  neighborhood, 
and  that  the  English  and  Indiana  mual  live  in  love,  aa 
long  as  lb*  sun  gave  light.  Which  done,  another 
mads  speech  to  the  Indians  In  the  name  of  all  the  sa- 
chems, Arst  lo  tell  them  what  waa  done,  next  lo  charge 
them  to  love  the  christians,  to  live  In  peace  with  nin 
and  my  people,  and  that  they  should  never  do  me  or 
my  people  any  wrong.  Al  every  aentenee  of  which 
Ihey  shouted,  and  said  Amen,  in  their  way.  The  pay 
or  preaents  I  made  them,  were  not  hoarded  by  the  par- 
ticular owners,  but  the  neighboring  kings  and  clans 
brina  present  when  the  goods  wera  brought  out,  the 
parties  chiefly  concerned  consulted  what  and  In  whom 
Ihey  should  give  them.  To  every  king,  then,  by  the 
hands  of  a  person,  for  Ihal  work  appolnted.was  a  pro- 

fiorllon  sent.sorted  and  fold«l,wllh  that  gravity  which 
satlmireble.  Then  that  king  aulidlvliird  it  in  like 
manner  among  his  dependants,  they  hardly  Iraving 
themaelvea  an  sqnal  share  with  one  of  their  suhiects." 

Mr.  Penn  waa  ao  happy  aa  lo  auccecd  in  hla  en- 
deavon  to  gain  tha  good  will  of  the  Indiana.  They 
have  IVequenllr,  in  aulnequent  treaties  many  years 
after,  expressed  great  veneration  for  his  memory  ;  and 
to  perpetuate  it,  they  have  given  to  the  successive 
governon  of  Pennsylvania  the  name  of  Oiuu,  which 
signifles  a  Pen.  By  this  name  Ihey  are  commonly 
known  and  addressed  in  the  speeches  made  by  the  Six 
Nations  in  all  their  treaties. 

One  part  of  his  agreement  with  the  Indians  was, 
that  they  should  sell  no  lands  lo  any  person  but  to  him 
self  or  his  agents ;  another  was,  that  his  agents  should 
not  occupy  nor  grant  any  lands,  but  those  which  were 
fairly  purchasetrof  the  Indians.  These  stipulations 
wore  conArmed  by  subsequent  acts  of  Aasenibly  ;  and 
every  bargain  made  between  private  persons  and  the 
Indians  without  leave  of  the  proprietor,  was  declared 
voiil.  The  charter  which  Mr.  Penn  had  obtained  of 
the  crown,  comprehended  a  far  greatcrexlent  of  lerri 
tory,  than  it  was  proper  for  him  at  Aral  to  purchase  of 
the  natlvea. 

He  did  not  think  it  for  hla  intereet  to  take  any  more 
at  once  than  he  had  a  prospect  of  Kranting  away  to  set- 
tien.  But  his  colony  increased  beyond  his  expecla- 
tlon,  and  when  new  tracts  were  wanted,  the  Indians 
rose  in  their  demands.  His  first  purchnaes  wera  made 
at  hia  own  expcnae ;  and  the  gooda  delivered  on  these 
occaaions,  went  by  the  name  of  preaents.  In  a  course 
of  time  when  a  treaty  and  a  purchaae  went  on  together, 
the  governor  and  his  aucceasor^  made  the  speeches, 
and  the  Assembly  were  at  the  exnenae  of  the  presents. 
When  one  paid  the  cost,  and  the  other  enjoyed  the 
profit,  a  sumecl  of  altercation  arose  between  the  pro- 
prietary and  the  popular  interests,  which  other  causes 
contributed  to  increase  ami  inflame. 

The  purchases  which  Mr.  Penn  made  of  the  Indians 
were  undoubtedly  fair  and  honest ;  and  he  is  entitled 
lo  praise  fur  his  wise  and  peaceable  conduct  toward 
them.  But  there  is  such  a  thing  as  over-rating  true 
merit.  He  has  been  celebrated  by  a  late  author,  as 
having  in  these  purchases  "  set  an  example  of  mode- 
ration and  Justice  in  Amorica,which  was  never  thought 
of  before  by  the  Europeans."  It  had  been  a  common 
thing  in  New-England,  for  fifty  yean  before  his  time, 
to  make  fair  and  regnlar  purchases  of  land  from  the 
Indians ;  and  many  of  their  deeds  are  preserved  in  the 
public  records.  As  early  as  1633,  a  law  was  enacted 
in  the  colony  of  Massachusetts,  that "  no  person  shall 
put  any  of  the  Indians  from  their j>tanting  grounde,  or 
fishing  places;  and  that  upon  complaint  and  proof 


»lew  waa  to  impress  them  with  an  idea  of  his  honest  thereof,  they  shall  have  relief  in  any  of  the  courts  of 
■nd  paeiflc  intentions,  and  to  moke  a  fair  bargain  with  I  Justice,  as  tl    ~ ~ 


the  Ei\glish  have."  To  prevent  frauds  in 
private  bargains,  it  waa  ordered  by  the  same  act,  that 


not  have  oeeupiad  Ihem  without  Iha  eonaani  of  Iha 
Indians,  who  war*  very  numerous,  and  eouM  easily 
have  extirpated  them,  or  prrr*nt*d  their  ssttlemanl. 
It  Is  probable  that  this  Dutch  purehas*  la  raforrwitoin 
that  part  of  Penn'a  Istter  before  quotetl,  wber*  h« 
speaks  of  Iha  land  at  that  time,  (1883)  aa  dmrrr" 
than  fomwrly.for  how  eouM  thi*  hav*  bean  aaearlainad 
but  by  comparing  his  wilh  former  purchases  1 

It  may  then  be  proper  lo  eonaider  Mr.  Penn  aa  ka*» 
Ini  followed  th*  "  exampiee  of  jualic*  and  ■Mdcration,'' 
which  had  been  art  by  former  Europeans,  in  their  can- 
duct  toward  the  natlvea  of  America :  and  aa  having 
united  hie  example  with  theirs,  for  the  imitation  A 
succeeding  adventurers.  This  will  giva  ua  the  tru« 
Idea  of  hia  merll,  without  detracting  from  the  respect 
due  to  those  who  preceded  him  in  the  aiduoua  work  ol 
colnnixing  America. 

Mr.  Penn  eaaily  foresaw  Ihal  th*  situation  of  hi* 
province,  and  the  liberal  encouragement  which  he  bad 
given  to  settlers,  woukl  draw  people  of  all  denomina- 
tions Ihither,  and  render  it  a  place  of  commerea ;  ha 
Iherefore  determined  to  lay  th*  plan  of  a  capital  city, 
whkh  in  ennfnrmitv  to  hia  catholic  and  pacific  ideaa, 
he  called  PhiUdelplii:  The  cite  of  it  waa  a  neck  ol 
tanil  between  the  river  Delaware  on  the  east  and  the 
8chuylkill,  Hulinf  Creek,  a  branch  on  tha  west ;  and 
he  designed  that  the  city  should  extend  from  on*  to 
the  other,  the  distance  being  two  iniles.  This  spot  waa 
chosen  on  account  of  the  firm  soil,  the  genii*  rising 
from  each  river  lowardsthemidst,thenumrrau*aprings 
the  convenience  of  coves  cB|iable  of  being  used  aa 
docks,  the  depth  of  water  for  ships  of  liurthen,  ami  lh« 
good  anchorage.  The  ground  was  surveyed,  and  ■ 
plan  of  the  intended  city  ivas  drawn  by  ThomasHolm*, 
surveyor. general.  Ten  streets,  of  two  miles  in  length, 
were  laid  out  fWim  river  to  river,  and  twenty  streMa  of 
one  mile  in  length,  crossing  them  al  right  angela.  Four 
■quarea  were  reserved  for  common  purposes,on*  in  each 
quarter  of  the  city,  and  in  the  centre,  on  lb*  inoel  ele» 
vated  spot,  was  a  larger  square  often  acres,  in  which 
were  lobe  built  a  slate-house,a  market-house,  a  school- 
house  and  a  pliice  of  worship.  On  the  side  of  each  river 
it  was  Inlcmii-il  to  build  wharves  and  ware-houses,  and 
from  each  front  street  nearest  lo  the  rivers,  an  open 
space  was  to  lie  left,  in  the  descent  lolhe  shores,whieb 
would  have  added  much  lo  the  beauty  of  the  city.  All 
owners  of  one  thousand  acres  were  entitled  to  a  city 
lot,  in  the  front  streets,  or  in  the  central  high  street, 
and  before  each  house  was  to  bean  open  court,  planted 
with  rows  of  trees.  Smaller  purcbaaere  wera  to  b* 
accommodated  In  the  other  streets  ;  and  care  was  la- 
ken  in  all,  that  no  building  should  encroach  on  th* 
street  lines.  This  last  regulation  has  been  always  at- 
tended lo,  though  in  some  other  respects  th*  pUn  has 
hern  either  disregarded  or  not  completed. 

The  city  was  begun  in  1683,  and  within  less  than  a 
year,  "  eighty  houses  and  eottafce  were  built,  wherein 
merehants  and  mechanics  exereised  their  respective  oe- 
cupations  ;"  and  Ihey  soon  found  Ih*  country  around 
them  ao  well  cultivated  by  Ih*  planters,  aa  to  aflord 
them  bread  and  vegetables,  whila  the  venison,  fowl 
and  fish,  made  an  agreeable  varietv  wilh  the  salted  pro- 
visions which  they  imported.  Penn  him**lf  writ**, 
with  an  air  of  cheerfiiln***,  that  he  waa  well  contoitad 
with  the  countiy,and  the  entertainment  which  h*  found 
in  it.  This  letter  is  among  hia  printed  worka,  and  in 
the  aame  collection  w*  finifan  aiTeelionala  addraaa  la 
the  iieople  of  Pennaylvania ;  in  it  h*  appean  In  ,av*  a 
lander  concern  for  their  moral  and  reiigiooa  improve- 
ment,  and  warns  Ihem  against  the  temptationa  to  which 
they  were  exposed.  Their  cireumstancea  were  indeed 
peculiar ;  Ihey  had  auflerad  eonlcropt  and  pereeoulioa 
in  England,  and  were  now  at  rest ;  in  the  enjoymanl 
of  liberty,  under  a  popular  form  of  government ;  Ih* 
eyes  o<  the  world  were  upon  Ihem  ;  their  former  an*- 
mica  w*ra  watching  tb*if  conduct,  and  would  bav« 


AMERIOAIf   HISTORY. 


ttM  fM  af  Ml  ifpaflantoy  l>>  ni|iioMh  iktai ;  ll  wm 
Umnnm  kit  dnln  thai  llMjr  (hauU  b*  muknu  in 
yiiMWrtly.  M  tkajr  kwl  batn  paltmrt  In  wivafnUjr.  Th« 
MMHUitlMg  wani*  uf  ihU  Hililr<!U  inajr  (ivn  u*  »  iprai 
nm  of  hi*  M]fl«  KniJ  nMnn»r  iif  ftoneUuif.  ••  My 
IVtMMla,  rrniMinlivr  itmt  lh»  Imnl  Iwlh  liriHi||hl  jriiii  U|n)ii 
Ih*  dtf*  ;  h*  h»lh  now  irM  yuu  willi  librrty,  ym,  miil 
with  uuwar )  k*  hiilh  |MI  prrviiHia  i>|i|HirlimiiM>a  Into 
your  nanja  :  haoa  a  cara  ul'  a  pcrxrui*  >|iirll,  ami  tl» 
Ml  provulw  Iha  Ijiiril  by  Mn^  lliiiaa  Ihiiitfa  by  whirh 
Um  mlMbiUuila  ul  tha  laiiil  thiil  wvra  Tirrnra  ynii, 
griaiml  hUa|iiril|*  bHi  aaiwlify  Uwl,  lha  living  (1<hI  in 
yuur  hMrta,  thai  Ua  Maaalng  imy  fall  ami  n-at  ua  ibr 
iaar  *t  Hmmii  on  you  ami  yimr  olTa^ilng.  Tbrn  ihull 
U  b*  aaaa  to  Um  mMtona,  that  than  la  mi  anehaiiliiiaiit 
■fatail  tmaab,  aordtirinatUn  aninat  lamal ;  but  yuur 
toMa  ahall  ba  (ooJIy  ami  your  ilwalhnga  vluriuua.'' 

la  Iha  ifring  af  IMS,  a  aaeoml  AaaaiiiUy  waa  bcM 
III  tha  aawally  of  PhMaiialphia,  ami  a  mat  nuinbar  uf 
l>iwa  wan  aaaaij.  AaMNig  utiwr  (•no  ngulallona,  it 
waa  aaaalail,  that  to  pn*anl  Uwauita,  khraa  arbilratora, 
aalhai  paaaa-nMhan.  alwubl  ba  ehoaan  by  anry  county 
•aiirt,  to  haar  and  datarmlna  mall  illflanneaa  botwecn 
MMn  ami  nun.  Thia  AaaamMy  grantail  to  tha  fo- 
vamor  an  Impoal  on  eartaln  (laija  aiportail  and  ini- 
portad,  whkh  ha,  aftar  aduMwIadginf  Ihalr  goodnaaa, 
waa  flaaaaJ  be  tha  anaoungaiiMnt  of  tha  tradan, 
"  Iraaly  to  nmlt."  But  tha  nwal  dialinfulahad  act  of 
Ihia  Aiiawbly,  waa  Ihiilr  aeoapianca  of  anothar  ftama 
af  fovarnmant  whieh  tha  iifopnalar  had  davlaad,  which 
Wka  "  in  part  eonforuwd  to  tha  Ant|  In  pait  modlfiml 


Inf  to  tha  act  of  aalllamanl,  and  la  part  aaaan- 
tially  diflannl  tnm  both."  Tha  nwal  inatarlal  altora- 
Uaaa  wan  tha  radiielng  Iha  number  of  tha  Aaarmbly 
Cram  aa*anty-lwa  to  ftftyiour,  and  tha  (l«ing  tha  go- 
vamor  a  nagalira  in  liau  of  a  IraUa  voica  in  acta  of 
lagialatiaa.  Thair  "  IbanklUI"  aecapUiiea  of  Ihia  ae- 
ewkl  ehaitor,  waa  a  proaf  of  hia  graat  aaaandanoy  ovar 
tittm,  and  tha  eanUanca  which  Ihay  plaead  In  him  ; 
but  thaaa  ehangaa  wen  nganled  by  aoma  aa  a  dapnr- 
Ian  Uraa  Iha  prineiplaa  on  which  Iha  origiiul  coinpaet 
waa  grauadad. 

Tha  alato  of  Iha  provinea  at  thia  lima  haa  beau 
aamparad  to  thai  of"  a  hther  and  hia  family,  tha  latter 
laitad  hv  intaraat  and  afliMtlon ;  tha  furnwr  revered 
$K  tha  wladhMi  of  hia  inalitutlona  and  tha  indulgent  uae 
of  hia  autharity.  Thoaa  who  wen  ambitioua  ul  re|inae, 
CnumI  U  in  Pannaylvania  ;  anJ  aa  none  returned  with 
an  avil  rmrt  of  tha  land,  nuinbera  fallowed.  All 
paitoak  at  tha  laavan  which  they  fuuiwl :  the  commu- 
nily  won  Iha  aama  equal  iiice :  no  one  aapired,  no  one 
waaappnaaad:  Indualnr  waa  aureof  profll,  knowlnlge 
•f  aataaa.  aad  virtue  of  veneration. "  When  wo  cun- 
IwaplaM  Ihia  agraeabia  picture,  we  cannot  but  lament 
VM  Mr.  Penn  ahouid  aver  have  <|uUt<'  I  hia  province  ; 
hal  aAar  laaiding  in  it  about  two  yeara,  he  found  hlin- 
»alf  urged  by  mollvea  of  intaraat  «•  well  aa  philanlhrO' 
py,  to  ralam  to  England.  At  hia  departure  in  the  auin- 
aar  af  I6M,  hia  capital  city,  then  only  of  two  yeara 
atanding,  eonlabiad  nearly  three  hundred  houaea,  and 
two  thottaand  inhabitanta :  lieaidea  which  there  were 
twenty  other  aeltlementa  begun,  bicluding  Ihoee  of  the 
Dutch  and  Swedee.  He  left  the  adininiatration  of 
govamnMnt  in  the  hamla  uf  the  Council  and  Aaaem- 
My,  having  appointed  five  eommiaaionera  to  preaiile  in 
hbpUoa. 

Tha  raolivaa  of  hia  reium  to  England  wera  two. 
A  eontrovany  with  lord  Baltimon,  the  proprietor  uf 
Mafylaad,  coneeming  Iha  limita  of  their  reajieclive 
patanla,  and,  a  concern  for  hia  brelliren,  who  were  auf- 
nring  by  the  operation  of  the  penal  Inwa  againat  die- 
aaaton  from  Iha  Eatabliahed  Church. 

Tha  eontrovaray  with  Iioid  Bultimora  originated  in 
Ihia  nannar.  Befora  Penn  came  to  America,  ho  had 
written  to  Jamea  Friaby  and,othcra,  at  their  plantntiuna 
an  Delawara  Bay,  then  raputed  a  part  of  Maryland. 


ag  Iham,  that  aa  he  waa  conRdent  they  were 

I  hia  limita,  Ihay  ahouid  yield  an  obedience  to  the 

Uwa  of  Maiylanil.    Thia  warning  aerved  oa  a  pretext 


to  aoma  ol  tha  inhabitanta  of  Cecil  and  Baltimore 
eoanliaa,  who  wen  impatient  of  control,  to  withhold 
tha  payoMOt  of  their  nnia  and  taxea.  Lord  Baltimoro 
and  hia  eouiwil  oidarad  tha  miliury  olBcen  to  aaaiat 
tha  aheriA  in  the  execution  of  their  duly  which  waa 
aeeoMpHahad,  thoogh  with  great  difficulty.  After 
dd/%  Marhham,  Penn'a  agent,  had  a  meeting  with  Lord 
Baltimon  at  tha  vUhtge  of  Upland,  whfcb  la  now 
eaDed  Cheatar,  whan  a  diaeovery  waa  made  by  a 
quadrant,  that  the  place  waa  twelve  milea  aouth  of  the 
Mlh  dagraa  of  latitude,  a  eircumatance  before  unknown 

•  Probablr  aUu<Un«  to  tiie  tan  Iribaa  of  laiael,  Itom  whom 
I  to  ba  daacandatf. 


to  bulb  paitiaa.  Baltimon,  thenfon,  ciHieluded  to 
derive  an  advantage  from  prefhlun,  whilat  Penn 
wlahed  to  avail  himaalf  of  uiirertalnty.  After  Priin'a 
arriviil  In  Anwrlcu,  he  viajlnl  Uml  Uulliniori'.  unit  hail 
u  eaulerenc*  with  liiiii  uii  Ihe  aulilrcl.  An  arruuiil  ul 
Ihia  ciiiift'reiii'e  taken  in  ahurt  hiiriil  l>v  n  iierami  |iri>- 
•enl.wllh  a  malunipiil  of  the  niHlli'r  in  ili'lmti'.wi'ri'  ariit 
hy  l.i>iil  Balllmore  In  KiiKlaiul,  niiil  IhIiI  iH'I'ori'  lh« 
Uirila  of  Tiaile  and  pliintntlona  hi  April,  IHHII.  I'litin 
which  letlera  were  wrillrn  to  biilh,  Hilviainu  ihcin  lu 
ciiine  In  an  amicable  agveeiiienl.  Thia  cuulil  mil  Iw 
ikinr ;  and  Iherefiire,  Ihey  liolh  went  to  Kiiuliind 
anil  laid  Ihelr  reapective  coiniilninia  before  Ihu  Uminl 
ari'raile  Uallimnra  all<>|(nl  Ihiil  Ihe  Iriirt  In  iiuealion, 
waa  within  ihe  liinila  nl' nia  charter,  ami  hiij  ulwaya 
been  an  underaloud,  and  hia  el.iiin  alhmed  untd  dia 
turbeil  by  I'enn.  The  word<  of  hia  charter  were,  ■■  to 
that  part  of  Delawara  bay  un  Ihe  north,  which  lln 
iimler  Ihe  40th  degree  of  northerly  latitude  from  the 
equlnorllal.'  Penn,  on  the  other  hand,  alllrmnl  that 
Imrd  Ualllmora'a  grant  waa  of  "  Unda  not  Inhabited  by 
Ihe  aubjecia  of  any  Chrlalian  prince  ;"  that  Itw  land 
in  quaation  waa  poaaeaaed  l<y  Iha  Dutch  ami  Hwedea 
prior  to  tha  dale  uf  the  charter  of  Marvland  ;  that  a 
•urrander  having  been  made  hy  iha  Dutch  of  Ihia 
territory  to  KIngf'harlea.in  lflA4.lhe country  had  ever 
aince  been  In  |Hiaaea«lon  uf  ihe  Duke  nl  York.  The 
l<orda  at  aevenil  inerllnua,  having  r«nmined  the  evi- 
dencea  on  lioih  oiilca,  were  uf  <.>|miiuii  that  the  Innila 
bordering  on  Ihe  Delaware  did  nut  belong  to  Lord  Bal- 
llnon,  but  to  Ihe  king.  They  then  proceeded  to  aellle 
Iha  boumlary,  and  on  the  7lh  of  November,  I68S,  it 
waa  determined,  llmt "  fur  avoiding  Airther  diflarencea, 
tha  tract  of  land  lying  between  Ihe  river  and  bay  of  De- 
laware, and  Ihe  eaalarn  oea,  on  the  one  aide,  and  Che- 
•apenke  hay  un  Ihe  other  aide,  Im  divldeil  Into  two 
mjunl  paria  by  a  line  from  the  latitude  from  CapeHen- 
lopen,  In  Ihe  lothdegree  of  northern  latitude,  and  that 
one  half  thereof  lying  towanla  Ihe  Bay  of  Delawaie  and 
Ihe  eaalern  aea,  be  adjudged  to  lieloiiffto  hia  mujraly, 
and  that  the  other  half  remain  to  Ihe  l,urd  Bultiniore, 
aa  eompriaed  within  hia  charter."  To  Ihia  dociaiun 
Iiord  BaUimon  aubniilteil,  happy  that  he  had  lual  no 
more,  aince  a  quo  warranto  hail  lieeii  iaaucd  auainal  hia 
charter.  But  the  dociaiun,  like  iimny  mhfra.left  ruoiii 
fur  a  Ikrther  cunlroveray,wlilch  wnaciirrlnl  un  by  llirir 
rea|iecllve  aucceaoora  for  nlmve  half  a  century.  The 
queation  waa  conceniiiig  Ihe  conalruction  of'*lhe40lh 
ilegrt'c  of  latitude,"  which  Penn'a  hclra  conlemlnl  wna 
the  btiiinning,  and  Ballimoro'a  llio  cumjiUlion  a(  the 
40th  ilegrev,  thediflerance  being  •i«ty  niiii-  niiloa  and 
a  half 

The  other  eauia  of  Mr.  Penn'a  departure  for  Eng- 
land proved  a  aourca  of  much  greater  veiutiun,  and 
Inviilvrd  cunarquencca  injurioua  to  hia  repulatlun  and 
liilereat.  Hia  cunceni  for  hia  aufTering  bretlirrn  indu- 
ced hlin  to  uac  Ihe  interrat  which  he  had  at  court  fur 
their  relief  He  arrivml  in  the  month  of  Auguat,  and 
Iha  death  of  Chnrlt-a,  which  hapiirnnl  the  next  Febru- 
ary, brought  to  Ihe  throne  .laiiira  II.  under  whom,  when 
l«nl'high-adniiral,  Penn'a  father  had  commanded, 
nnd  who  had  alwaya  maintained  a  atrady  fricndahip 
with  Ihe  aon.  Thia  aucceaaiun  rather  iiicreaani  than 
dlmlnlahed  hia  atlachinonl  tu  the  court  ;  but  aa  Jamea 
openly  profeaaed  himaelf  a  Papiit,  and  the  prrjudlcea 
uf  a  great  part  of  Ihe  nation  againat  him  wera  very 
high,  il  waa  ini|ioaalble  fur  hia  iivllmate  frienda  to 
excape  Ihe  iinpulatinn  of  being  popiahly  alTected.  Penn 
had  before  been  euapticled  to  tw  a  Jeiull,niid  what  now 
euntribuled  to  fix  tha  atlKma  upon  him  waa,  hia 
writing  a  book  on  liberty  orcunwience,a  darling  prin- 
ciple at  court,  and  vindicating  Ihe  Duke  of  Bucking- 
ham, who  hod  written  on  llie  aame  aubject  Another 
circumatnnce  which  atrcn^ithenetl  the  auapicion  naa, 
hia  taking  lodginga  at  Kennington.ln  liie  nelgliburhn-  *\ 
o(  the  court,  and  hia  frequent  allendance  there,  to  ao- 
licit  the  liberation  of  hia  brethren  wtw  now  filled  the 
priaona  of  Ihe  kingdom. 

He  endeavored  to  allay  theae  auapiclona  by  publiih- 
Ing  an  oddreaa  to  hia  brethren.  In  which  he  refere  tu 
their  knowledge  of  hia  character,  principloa  and  wri- 
tinge,  for  eighteen  yean  paat,and  expreaaea  hia  love  uf 
modentlon,  and  hia  wlah  that  the  nation  might  not  bo- 
come  "barbaroua  for  Chriatianity,  nor  abuaeone  anoth- 
er for  Ood'a  oake."  But  what  gave  him  the  greateal  pain 
waa,  that  hia  worthy  friend  Kictor  Tillolaon  had  enter 
taincd  the  aame  auapicion,and  expreaaed  it  in  hia  eon- 
venation.  To  him  he  wroto  an  expoatulatory  letter, 
and  the  Doctor  frankly  owned  to  him  the  ground  of  hie 
appreheneion,  which  Penn  oo  fully  remorad,  that  Doc- 
tor TUIotaon  candidly  acknowledged  hia  miatake,  and 
[nude  it  hia  biuiDeaa  on  all  oecaaiona  to  vindicate 


Penn'a  eharaetat.  Thia  Higeniioua  i 
from  a  gentlaaian  of  ao  much  InlbnnalkMi,  and'*  ^ 
termiiifd  an  enemy  to  Popery,  la  one  of  tna  hart  evf 
di'iici'a  which  can  h«  had.  ol  Mr.  I'enn'a  InlegrHy  kl 
lliia  reipei'l ;  but  tlia  current  uf  pupniar  prvjudica  waa 
Hi  thitt  lime  oo  etnmg,  that  il  waa  nut  in  Ihe  power  of 
I  lo  arrnl  iiiiil  good  a  man  aa  Dialor  'I'lllolaon  to  turn  il 
I  llail  Mr  I'enn  rallrn  In  with  the  diacnnleiiled  pATi 
■il°lhi>  iiiiiluii,  and  eni'ouragnl  II,*  emigration  uf  Ihuoo 
who  drruded  Ihe  cuiiaequeiirra  uf  King  Jamea'  upaa 
lirufi'aaiun  uf  Pn|iery,  he  inighl  havn  made  large  audi* 
tiiiiia  lu  Ihe  nuinbera  of  hia  cnloiiiKta,  and  greatly  in 
creaaed  hia  fortune ;  but  he  hiul  rrcrivril  auch  aaail* 
raniea  from  the  king,  of  hia  intention  to  Introdoa* 
uHi»trt<U  lohnlioH.  Jiat  he  lhou|iht  il  hia  duty  to  wall 
for  the  enlargement  which  hia  bretliien  mual  axparianao 
from  Ihe  eiiieclad  event.  Hia  b<N>k  on  liberty  of  can- 
arience,  adureaaed  to  Iha  king  and  council,  had  nal 
been  publiahad  many  daya,  balbre  Iha  king  laauad  • 
general  |wrdon,  and  Inolruclod  Ihe  Judgea  of  Aaaiaa  oa 
their  reaiiective  circuila  to  extend  Ilia  oenelt  of  It  to 
Ihe  Ijuaken  In  particular.  In  oonaaquenea  of  thia, 
about  thirteen  hundiad  of  them,  who  hail  bean  conftnaa 
in  the  prbiana,  were  oal  al  liberty,  Thia  waa  Ibllowad 
by  a  declaration  for  liberty  of  eonacience,  and  for  aua- 
pending  the  execution  of  the  penal  lawa  agalnol  dia> 
aentera,  which  waa  an  oecaaion  of  gnat  Joy  to  all  d^ 
nondnationa  of  Ibein.    Tha  Uuakera,  at  their  next 

Seneral  meeting,  drew  up  an  adilreaa  uf  thanka  to  Iha 
ing,  which  waa  preaentnl  by  Mr.  Penn. 
The  declaration  of  indulgence,  being  a  opacimanof 
that  dupenaing  power,  which  Iha  houaa  of  Btuart  wart 
fomi  of  aaauming,  and  being  evidently  Intended  to  flivor 
the  free  exerclae  of  the  Popiah  nligion,  gave  an  alarm 
to  the  nation,  and  cauaed  very  aeven  canauna  on  thoaa 
who,  having  felt  the  benefit  of  it,  had  expraaaed  thaif 

gratitude  in  terma  of  afl'ection  and  napact.  Tha  ()m- 
en  in  particular  became  very  obnoxioua,  and  tha  pio> 
Judice  againat  Penn  aa  an  abettor  of  tha  aibitnry  mai- 
ima  of  the  court,  waa  Increaaed  ;  though  on  a  candid 
view  of  the  matter,  there  ie  no  evidence  that  ha  ioughl 
any  thing  more  than  an  Impartial  and  univeraal  llbartj 
uf  eonacience.* 

It  la  much  to  be  regretted,  that  he  had  not  token  thia 
critical  opportunity  to  return  to  Prnnaylvania.  Hia  eon- 
troveray  with  I.ord  Baltimore  had  been  decided  by  tha 
council',  and  hia  pacific  principlea  ought  to  have  led  hiai 
to  acuuieoce  in  their  delenninatlon,  aa  did  hia  anlago> 
niat.  lie  had  accompliahcd  hia  purfnae  with  nganTto 
hia  brethren,  Ihe  (juakera,  who,  lieing  deliverM  ftooi 
their  diincultlea,  wore  at  liberty  either  lu  remain  in  Iho 
kingilom,  or  follow  him  lo  America.  The  elate  of  Iho 
province  wna  auch  aa  lo  require  hia  preaence,  and  ho 
niiibt  at  thia  lime  have  reaumed  hia  oflice,  and  carried 
nil  hia  bualneaa  in  Ponnaylvania,  with  Iha  greateal  pro- 
biibiilly  ofapending  the  remainder  of  hia  daya  then  fai 
uaefuliieaa  and  peace. 

The  revulntiun  which  aoon  followed,  placed  hhn  Id 
a  vnry  illiagrevuble  altuatiun.  Having  been  a  ftiend  to 
Jiiinra,  he  wna  auppoaed  to  he  an  enemy  lo  William. 
Aa  he  wna  walking  one  day  In  Whitehall,  he  waa  »f 
reatvd  and  examined  by  the  lorda  in  council,  befon 
whom  he  aolrnmly  declared, "  that  he  loved  hia  country 
and  the  Protealant  religlnn  alwve  liU  life,  and  that  ba 
had  never  acted  againat  either  ;  but  that  King  Jamea 
hod  been  hie  frierol,  and  hia  fnther'a  friend,  and  that  ha 
thought  himaelf  bound  In  jualice  and  gratitude  to  ba  a 
friend  lo  him."  The  jralnua  policy  of  that  day  had  no 
aar  for  aentimente  of  the  heart.  He  waa  obliged  to  find 
aecuritlea  lor  hia  ap|icarance  at  the  next  term,  and 
thence  lu  the  aucceeilmg  term,  in  the  la«l  day  of  which, 
nothing  having  been  apecially  laid  to  hia  charge,  ho 
waa  arquilled. 

The  next  vear  ( 1 690)  he  waa  taken  up  again  on  ao^ 
picion  of  hokling  correapondence  with  the  exiled  king. 
The  lorda  ret^uirins  accurlly  for  hia  appearance,  ho 
nppealeil  lo  King  William  in  peraon,  who  waa  inclined 
to  acquit  him,  but  to  pleaae  aoma  of  the  eoundl,  ha 
waa  fur  awhile  held  to  bail  and  then  aequiltad. 

8uon  after  Ihia,  hia  name  waa  inacrted  in  a  proehi> 
malian,whereln  eighteen  lorda  and  olhen  were  cnargad 
with  adhering  to  the  enemlea  of  Ihe  kingdom  ;  but  no 
evidence  appearing  againat  him,  he  waa  a  third  lino 
acquitted  by  the  Court  of  King'a  Bench. 


Fox 

itpr 


*  "If  an  univeraal  chanty.  If  tha  aaiettbif  an  impartial 
Ubenv  of  con«ciei4:e.  If  douif  to  othara  aa  one  woaM  ka 
{ done  by,  and  an  open  avowlna  and  iteady  practUInf  of  thaaa 
thinga,  in  all  tlmea,  and  to  all  paniai,wlU  juatly  lay  a  aMO 
under  the  retlaction  of  bainf  a  Jeiult  or  raplat,  I  moat  aol 
only  aubmit  to  the  character,  but  embrace  it ;  and  I  eaa  baai 
it  with  more  plaaaura  than  It  la  poaaiUa  for  Uem  vrtlh  aot 
iuatlre  to  (Ive  It  to  ma."— (Panama  I.al  to  Sec.  Von)*,  Oct 
M  IMS. 


muuRArniEii  or  the  eaiii.y  diiooveiierii. 


I  hnputlal 
would  k* 
(Of  thaw 


Mm  now  •!  lilMrtjr.  ka  mudlUlMl  •  ittarn  la  Pmii- 
•rlvtiiM,  Mid  pobUtMii  pfo|Miwli  for  aiMtlMr  •migrik- 
IkM  af  Mtlkra  Hthail  prooMcUil  m  ht  m  la  otitiin 
tton  Id*  SocMary  of  Rum  »n  onbr  for  *  con* ojr ;  bui 
bl(  •ojrtg*  WM  pf«nnlMl  by  t  tHirlh  iteeuiatinn.  on 
tlta  oilh  «f  ■  ffon  whom  lh«  Parlmnwnl  nlUrw*nl 
dwlaml  •  chvil  tiul  impixUri  »  wntranl  w*>  ImuwI 
for  kpprahoiMilng  hini,  and  ho  n.imiwlv  i>M-n|irtl  nil  «r- 
•••I,  tt  hU  Murn  Oum  lb*  fiinrml  uf  hi>  frimii),  nrorm  I  Kngllah  Tlui  u 
Vox,  on  th«  I6th  of  January,  lid.  Ha  thrn  lh<>U||Til  ' 
il  pniilant  to  Mlra,  ami  aecanlingly  ktpt  hlinaalf  cun- 
Mal«l  <or  Iwoor  Ihrr*  yaara,  during  which  tlina  ha  rm- 
pinyad  hiuiaalfin  wrlUn*  aavaral  ptacaa,  nna  of  which 
antillad  "  Mailma  and  Ralbcllona  relating  lo  iha  con- 
duet  of  hUBiail  llf*i"  being  Iha  laaull  of  much  obarrva- 
lion  and  aiparlanca,  baa  nan  much  aalabralaj,  and  haa 
paaaad  Ihrough  aavaral  adiliona.  In  16t3,  b*  Iha  ma- 
dialioaoraafaral  paraona  of  rank,  ha  waa  aJmltlad  lo 
■ppaar  babra  Iha  Ung  In  council,  whara  ha  ao  main- 
talnad  hia  tnnoeaneaaf  what  had  baan  allagad  agalnal 
Mm,  thai  ha  waa  a  fotirlh  lima  bonamU*  acquiltad. 

Tha  Irnaeauaaofthaaa  flra^uant  auapielnna  waa  Iha 
oonduet  of  hIa  wifa ;  who  baing  paaalonalaly  allaebad 
to  Iha  quaan,  cnnaort  of  Jamca,  moda  a  practiaa  to  tI 
oh  har  at  ft.  Qarmalna  a«ary  yaar,  and  to  carry  ta  bar 
auch  piaaanta  aa  aha  aouM  eonact  ftom  Iha  Arianda  of 
tha  unhappy  royal  family.  Though  Ibara  waa  no  pn- 
lllleal  connaiion  or  corraapomlanca  between  Penn'a 
fhinily  and  tha  king'a,  yal  Ibia  circuinatance  gave  color 
to  tha  Jaalouay  which  bad  been  coneeWed;  but  Iha 
death  of  hia,wifo  which  happrnad  In  February,  I6M, 
put  an  and  lo  all  ihaaa  auaplelona.  Ha  married  a  aa- 
cond  wifo  in  1694,  a  daughter  of  Thomaa  Callowhill, 
of  Brialol,  by  whom  ba  hod  four  aona  ami  ona  daugh- 
tar. 

By  hie  eonllnnal  eipenaaa,  and  by  Iha  paeallar  dif- 
teultlaa  lo  which  ha  bad  been  aipoaad,  ha  had  ran  him- 
oeir  deeply  into  debt.  He  hod  ioat  XTOOO  before  tha 
rerolutlon,  and  £4000  aince  ;  baaidea  hia  paternal  ea- 
late  in  Ireland,  valued  at  X460  per  annum.  To  repair 
hia  fortune,  he  raqueated  hia  (Vienda  In  PannayUante, 
that  one  hundred  of  them  would  lend  him  £100  each, 
for  aome  yeara,  on  landed  aecurily.  Thia,  he  aaid, 
would  enable  him  lo  return  to  America,  and  bring  a 
large  number  of  inhabilanta  with  him.  What  anawer 
waa  given  to  thia  raqneal,  doea  not  appear,  but  IVom 
hia.remaining  in  England  aix  or  aeven  yeara  after,  it 
may  be  concluded  that  he  received  no  encouragement 
of  thia  kind  from  them.  The  low  circumalancea  of  the 
Aral  aeltlera,  muat  have  tendered  it  impooaibla  to  com- 
ply with  auch  a  reaueat. 

Pennaylvania  baa  exparienced  many  inoAiveniencee 
ftom  hia  abaence.  The  Provincial  Council  having  no 
alaady  hand  to  hold  the  balance,  had  fallen  into  a  con- 
troveray  reapecling  their  aeveral  powera  and  privilegea, 
and  Ktoore,  ona  of  the  proprietary  officera,  had  beenlm- 
peached  of  high  miademeanora.  Diagutletl  with  their 
diaoutea.  and  diaaatialled  with  Iha  conatilution  which 
ha  Bad  ftamNl  and  alleied,  Penn  wrote  lo  hia  oommia- 
oionera  (1686)  lo  reauire  iu  diaaolulion ;  but  the  Aa- 
oambly,  perceiving  the  loaa  of  their  privilegea,  and  of 
the  righia  of  tha  people  lo  ba  involved  in  fk«quent  inno- 
traliona,  oppoaed  the  aurrrnder.  The  commiaaioiiera 
thamaelvea  were  aooii  after  removed  by  the  proprietor, 
who  appointed  for  hia  deputy  John  Blackwell,  an  nllicer 
trained  under  Cromwell,  and  completely  veracd  in  the 
aria  of 
cember, 

Jirietor,  and  by  endeavoring  to  aow  dlaeord  among' the 
reemen.  Unawad  by  hia  Inaolence,  they  were  firm  in 
defence  of  their  privilegea,  whilat  atthe  wtme  time  they 
made  a  proiaaaion  of  peace  and  obedience.    He  imnri- 


f  iiitrigua.     He  began  hia  admiiiiatralion  in  De- 
ir,  1688,  by  a  diaplay  of  the  power  of  the  pro- 


l< 


^S 


aoneil  theSpeaker  of  theAiaembly  which  had  impenrhed 
Moore,  and  by  a  variety  of  artificea  evaded  the  grant- 
ing an  Habeoa  Corpua.  He  delayod  aa  long  aa  poaai- 
ble  the  meetiag  of  a  new  Aaaambly ;  and  when  they  en- 
tered on  the  aubjact  of  grievanoea,he  prevailed  on  aonie 
of  the  membera  to  withdraw  firom  their  aeata,  that  there 
might  not  baaquonim.The  remainder  voted  that  hiacon- 
duet  waa  traaeheraua,  and  aatrong  prejudice  waa  con- 
ceived not  onljr  againat  the  deputy,  iiut  the  proprietor 
who  had  appointed  him.  The  province  aleo  fell  under 
the  roval  diapleaaure.  Their  lawa  had  not  been  pre- 
aenled  fur  approbation,  and  the  new  king  and  queen 
•  era  not  proclaimed  in  Pennaylvania  for  a  long  time 
after  their  aeceoaion  ;  but  the  adminialration  of  govern- 
ment  waa  continued  in  the  nameoftheexiledmonareh. 
At  what  time  the  altrnition  waa  made,  wo  cannot  be 
certain ;  but  in  the  year  1 693,  the  king  and  quren  look 
U»  government  of  tho  colony  into  their  own  hnnda,  and 
appointed  Colonel  Fletcher,  governor  of  New-York 
iMPonnaylvinia,  with  equal  jiuweraaud  rieiogativoa 

6 


in  both,  wiIImM  any  tafcieaaa  la  Iha  (barter  of  Penn- 
aylvania. 

It  being  a  lima  afwaf  kalieaan  England  and  f  ranea. 
anti  the  provinea  of  New- Yorh  baiiia  much  eipoeed  lo 
tha  incuralona  of  the  Indiana  In  the  French  inlereet,  Ihe 
prlncl|ial  object  which  Fletcher  had  in  vlew.waa  Iu  pro- 
cure lupplfri  for  tha  delenre  of  the  country,  anil  Iha 
•upporl  of  ihoM  IrHliiina  who  were  In  aillanre  with  llie 
Kngli'b  The uHxnilily  iniUteil on acunAnnnilini of  iheir 
lawa,  aa  a  condition  uf  their  granting  a  luptily,  lo  whirh 
he  eonaented,  during  Ihe  king'a  piraaure.  They  woiilil 
have  gone  farther,  and  demanded  a  retlma  of  grir 
vaiicra ;  but  Fiali^hrr  having  intimateil  In  them  that 
the  king  mluhl  probably  annei  thrii  lo  New  York,  and 
they  knowing  thamaelvea  unalita  lo  nninlain  a  contro- 
vcray  witn  tha  crown,  aubmitted  fur  the  praaani  lo  hold 
their  libertiea  by  courleay,  and  voted  a  aupply.  On 
another  appliealiun  of  tha  aama  kind,  they  nominated 
colleetora  in  their  bill,  which  ba  daamad  inconaialant 
with  hia  prerogative,  and  aftar  aoma  aKaroation  dia' 
aolvad  them 

In  I6M,  William  Markham,  dapuly-govemor  under 
Fletcher,  made  a  aimilar  propoaai,  but  could  obtain  no 
aupply.  till  an  expedient  waa  eontrivnl  lo  aave  their  pri' 
vilegea.  A  temporary  act  of  aatllement  waa  paaaed, 
aubjeet  to  tha  confirmation  of  tha  proprietor,  and  then 
a  grant  waa  made  of  three  hundnd  pnunda  ;  but  aa 
Ihey  had  been  rrpreaanlad  by  aome  at  New-York,  aa 
having  acted  ineonaiatently  with  their  prineiplea  in 
granting  money  to  maintain  a  war.thay  appropriated  tha 
grant  to  •'  Iha  relief  of  Ihoaa  friendly  Indiana  who  had 
aulTarad  by  tha  war."  The  requeat  waa  repealed  every 
year,  aa  king  aa  Iha  war  continued  i  but  tha  Infiiney, 
povatty,  and  embarraoamenta  of  the  province  were  al- 
iedgad  for  non-complianco.  The  paaea  of  Ryawiek  in 
i6M,  put  an  and  to  Ihaaa  requiailiuna. 

Thua  the  province  of  Pennaylvania,  aa  well  aa  lie 

nrietnr,  experienced  many  inconveniencea  during 
'  long  aaparation  of  fifteen  yeara ;  and  it  la  aome- 
what  aingular  to  remark,  that  whilat  they  weta  em- 
ployed in  an  ineffectual  atroggia  with  Iha  royal  gover. 
nor  and  hia  deputy;  be,  whom  Montaaquieu  atyiaa  Ihe 
American  Lycurgua,  waa  engaged  in  hia  dariing  work 
of  reliolooa  conlrovcray  and  of  itinerant  preaching 
Ihrough  England,  Walea,  and  Ireland, 

In  Auguat,  1609,  be  embarked  with  hia  family,  and 
alter  a  teilioua  paaaaga  of  three  montha,  arrived  in 
Pennaylvania.  By  reaaon  of  thia  long  voyage,  they 
eicapeil  a  pealilenlial  dialemper,  whien  during  that 
lime  raged  in  the  colony. 

He  did  not  find  tha  people  ao  tractable  aa  before. — 
Their  minda  were  aoured  by  hia  long  abaence,  by  Ihe 
conduct  of  hia  deputiea  and  the  royafgovemora  ;  their 
tyatem  of  lawa  waa  incomplete,  and  their  title  lo  their 
landa  inaecure.  After  much  time  apent  in  trying  their 
tempera  and  penetrating  their  viewa,  he  found  it  moat 
adviaabia  to  liaten  to  their  remonatrancea.  Fiva  aea- 
aion*  of  aiiembly  were  held  during  hia  aecond  real- 
dence  with  them;  hie  expreeiiona  in  hi*  public  tpecchea 
were  aoothing  and  captivating,  and  ha  promiaed  to  do 
every  thing  in  hia  power  to  render  them  happy.  They 
requeated  of  him  that  in  cate  of  hia  future  aboenea.  he 
vt'ould  appoint  for  hia  deputiea  men  of  integrity  and 
properly,  who  ahould  be  invetted  with  full  powera  lo 
grant  and  confirm  landa,  and  inatrucled  lo  give  true 
meaauro ;  and  that  be  would  execute  auch  an  inatru- 
ment  aa  would  accure  their  privilegea  and  poaicMiona 
To  theae  requcita  he  aeemcd  to  conacnt.  and  with  Ihe 
moat  flattering  complaiaanco  doiired  them  lo  name  a 
peraon  for  hia  aubatitute,  which  they  with  equal  polite, 
neaa  declined. 

In  May,  1700,  tha  charter  waa  anrrendered  by  aix 
parti  in  aeven  of  the  aaaembly,under  a  aolemn  promiae 
of  rcititution  with  auch  alterationa  and  amendmenta  aa 
ahould  be  found  neeeiaary.  When  a  new  charter  waa 
in  debate,  the  repreaenlativea  of  the  lower  countiea 
wanted  to  obtain  aome  privilegea  peculiar  to  them- 
•elvea,  which  Ihe  othera  ncre  not  willing  to  allow. — 
The  mombera  from  the  territory  therefore  refueed  to 
join,  and  thua  a  acparation  waa  made  of  the  Province 
of  Pennaylvania  from  the  three  lower  countiea. 

In  thia  new  charter,  the  people  had  no  voice  in  the 
election  of  counaelloni ;  whoever  afterwarda  aerved  in 
thia  capacity  were  appointed  by  the  proprietor,  but  Ibey 
had  no  power  of  legi'lation.  The  executive  waaveatad 
aolely  in  him.  and  he  had  a  negative  on  all  their  lawa. 
On  the  other  hand  the  aaaembly  had  the  right  of  origi- 
nating lawa,  which  befon  had  been  prepared  for  their 
deliberation.  The  number  of  membera  waa  four  from 
each  county,  and  mora  if  Ihe  ^vernnr  and  Aaaembly 
ahould  agree.  They  were  inveated  with  all  the 
liowen  of  a  Icgialativa  body,  accordiog  to  tba  righta 


of  Engllah  ■iilijn'ta  and  Iha  praelira  of  other  Amoriaaii 
eidonieo.  Tha  privilagaa  iwlbra  grantad  wata  aon- 
Armed,  and  aoma  of  their  moat  aahilary  kiwa  war*  li^ 
eluded  In  the  haxly  of  tha  ebatUr  ;  all  whiab  ware  i»- 
rlareil  Irrevncahle,  aira|i«  by  cnnaent  of  aii-eavantlia  of 
Ihe  aiaemlily  with  Iha  governor ;  hut  the  elanaa  :»• 
■perling  liberty  of  eonaelenee  waa  ilaelarad  abenlulel* 
irreviH-able.  A  proviaional  arllela  waa  aiMed,  thai  V 
In  three  yean,  the  repreaenlalivra  of  the  province  and 
Irrriliirlea  ihmild  not  join  in  leglalalion,  each  roanty  of 
Ihe  priivltH-*  ml|(hl  choiMW  eignt  paraona.  and  Iha  ally 
of  Phlludelphl.1  two,  In  repreiant  Iham  in  ona  Aaaam 
hly,  ami  each  county  of  Ihe  Inrrilury  tha  aama  nnmhar 
lo  conalllule  aiiuther  Aaaeinlily.  On  tba  Mlb  ofOc<o> 
her,  1701,  Ihiacharter  waa  accepted  by  Iba  rapraaanla- 
livea  of  Iha  provinea  ;  previoua  to  which  (vfi.  on  tba  . 
aOth)  tba  city  of  Philadelphia  waa  iiicorporalad  by 
anotjiar  chartar.and  tba  government  of  lleommiltadio 
a  Mayor  and  Keeoidar,  eight  AMermen  and  twalva 
Common  (Councilman.  Tba  paraona  In  each  of  tbaa* 
ofUfoa  ware  appotnlail  by  name  in  tha  chatter,  who 
were  empowered  In  ehoooe  auceaaaora  to  Ikrmaalva* 
annually,  and  to  add  to  Iha  number  of  Akierman  and 
Rommon  Councilman  ao  many  of  tha  Uraaman  «a  Ih* 
whole  coart  abouM  think  proper. 

Theae  two  ehailara  ware  tba  laol  pablla  acta  of  Mr. 
Vtnn't  paraonal  adminialration  in  Pennaylvania.  Thtj 
wera  dona  in  haato,  ami  while  ba  waa  nraparing  to  ra> 
embarii  for  Enaland,  which  ba  did  immediaUly  on 
aigninf  them.  Tha  eaueo  of  hia  auddan  departurawoa 
'   -abillw 


an  account  which  be  had  received,  that  i 


Iwaaabont 


to  be  brought  into  Pariiamenl.  for  reducing  Iha  I    , 
lary  and  chartered  govemmenta  to  an  immadUta  da« 

Cindenee  on  Ihe  crown.  In  hia  apaeeb  lo  tba  Aaaaw- 
y,  ha  intimated  hia  intention  to  return  and  aaltln 
among  them  with  hia  fiimily ;  but  Ibia  proved  lo  ba  bia 
laal  vlait  to  America.  Ha  aailad  from  Philadelphia  In 
Ihe  end  of  October,  and  arrived  In  Engbind  about  lb* 
middle  of  December,  1701.  The  btllln  Pariiament, 
which  had  ao  greatly  alarmed  him,  waa  by  Iha  aol><iil«- 
tlon  of  tha  firianda  of  Iha  eoloniea  poatponad  and  flntlly 
Ioat.  In  about  two  montha.  King  William  died,  and 
Queen  Anne  came  to  tba  throne,  which  brought  Pann 
again  Into  favor  at  oourt,  and  in  the  name  of  tha  ao- 
ciely,  of  which  ha  waa  at  tha  head,  be  praaanlad  to 
her  an  addraaa  of  congratulation. 

Ha  then  reaumed  hia  fiivorile  emplorment  of  writing, 
preaching,  and  viailing  Ihe  aocieliea  or  Frienda  in  Eng- 
land, till  Ihe  year  1707,  when  he  found  himaelf  in- 
volved in  a  auit  at  law  with  the  executora  of  a  peraon 
who  had  formeriy  bean  hia  alaward.  The  cauae  waa 
attended  with  auch  circumalancea,  that  though  many 
thoucht  him  ill  uaed,  Iha  Court  of  Chaneery  did  not 
give  him  relief;  which  obliged  him  to  live  within  tba 
rulea  of  tha  fleet  prioon  for  about  a  year  till  the  matter 
waa  accommodated.  After  thia  ba  made  another  elr- 
euiloua  Journey  among  hie  frienda,  and  in  Ihe  year 
1710  took  a  handaoma  eaat  at  Ruaheombein  Bucking- 
hamahire,  where  he  reaidad  during  tha  temalndar  of 
hia  life. 

At  hia  departure  from  Philadelphia,  ha  laft  for  bia 
deputy,  Andrew  Hamilton,  whooe  principal  buaineaa 
waa  to  endeavor  a  re-union  of  the  province  and  tem- 
tory,  which  being  ineffectual,  the  province  claimed 
Ihe  privilege  of  a  dialinet  Aaaembly. 

On  Mr.  Hamillon'a  death.John  Evanawaaappointad 
in  1704  lo  aucceed  him.  Hialdminiatration  waa  ona 
unvaried  aeene  of  controveray  and  unenaineao.  Tba 
territory  would  have  received  Ihe  charter,  and  the  go- 
vernor warmly  recommended  an  union.but  the  province 
would  not  hearken  to  Ihe  maaaura.  They  drew  up  a 
etatement  of  their  grievancea,  and  tranamilted  to  Iba 
proprietor  a  long  and  bitter  remonatrance,  in  which 
they  charge  him  with  not  performing  hia  promiaea,  but 
by  deep  laid  artificea  evading  them  ;  and  with  neglect- 
ing to  get  their  lawa  confirmed,  though  he  had  received 
great  auma  of  money  to  negociateihe  buaineaa.  They 
look  a  retromeclive  view  of  hia  whole  conduct,  and 
particulariy  blamed  hia  long  abaence  from  1684  to 
1699.  during  which  the  interest  of  the  province  waa 
ainking,  which  might  have  been  much  advanced,  if  ba 
had  come  over  according  to  hia  repeated  promiae* 
They  complained  that  he  had  not  affixed  hia  aeal  to  Iha 
laal  charter;  that  he  hoal  ordered  hia  deputy  lo  call  a» 
aembliea  by  hia  writo.  and  to  prorogue  and  diaaolv* 
them  at  hia  pleaaura  :  that  he  had  reaerved  to  himaelf, 
though  in  England,  an  aoaent  to  billa  paaaed  by  hia 
deputy,  by  which  meana  three  nagalivaa  were  put  on 
their  acta,  one  by  the  deputy  governor,  another  by  the 
proprietor,  and  a  third  by  the  crown.  They  also  added 
lo  their  liat  of  grievancea,  the  abuaea  and  exioitiona  oi 
tbeaectatatv,  aurrayor,  and  other  offioera,  which  mlgbl 


AMKmCAN   NIITOR 


fHftt,  Ibr  IIm  yitt—Mnt  *ppninl«l  t>v  htm,  cmiM 
Ml  In  UmI  ••<•  k*  MnalilarMi  M  ImlvpamUnl  und  un' 
UaMMl  I  iIm  hnyiMilton  of  i^uU  rrnl*  on  Ih*  rlty  k>i*. 
•Nil  iMfiilf  Um  gfoinil  un  which  lh«  rtly  wm  hiilU, 
$Mitmk$tm  wUlt  Ik*  cUlm  of  tl«  Ant  puMMaun  lh« 


Th*  Uiii||M|t  of  iMi  r*mon*lraiMw  <*ii<  pUlM  iiml 
1 1  ImiI  Ihr  hkiiW  u(  thrtr  eumliielliin  ll,  wita 


fcw  lW>il  ■mwliJ  If  k*  ImhI  piaMil  •  Mil  m|i,.Miil  I  AM,  Ikajp  Mjr.  thai  than  wm  im  aaakom  or  klnf,  b«il 
M  llM  Ani«>lj.  Ill  I1*l>  hf  f»g»iMl)i<  hM  I  Ih*  Klrhun.  whu  Joallaih  abma  iha  liaavana,  whlihai  all 

-»   .    -    .t  ^   .  .  — ,  k^ar»«nWiiiai»J  Iha  mini  in»n  (HWhanlhajrilU,  loaaa  Ikair  ManJa  aiid 

hoa  Ihvir  All  nt all  Ihlnp  Thla  hia  hahiuiLm  Miili 
waalwani  In  Iha  haavana,  Ihajt  aajF  ;  lhtlh<>r  iha  IkuI 
man  (<i  ala<s  awl  knnrk  al  hIa  ilmif.  IhiI  ha  bhla  lliaiii 
•iiuifhrl,  Ihal  la  III  aajt.walk  akMail  Ciir  Ihar*  la  no  |il««a 
hir  •Koh  ;  au  Ihal  Ihay  wamlar  In  raallaaa  «anl  ami  pa- 
nury  Navar  man  aaw  Ihia  Klahlan,  only  okl  man  Ivll 
lliain  of  hlin.an<l  hkl  Ihani  lall  Ihalr  rhlhlraii,  yea  rhnrip 
llwin  III  laach  lhair  poalailllaa  Iha  aama,  ami  la«  Ilia 
Ilka  charga  U|am  Iham  Thla  |Mn«arlhay  acknowinlga 
In  ha  (iMil ,  ami  whan  Ihay  woulil  ol4aln  any  graal 
millai,  niaat  lofalhat  ami  rry  iinlu  him  ;  ami  mi  Ilka- 
wlaa  An  yhtity,  (laiairy,  &o.  alna,  ilan<!«,  laatl,  |W* 
Ihaaka,  and  hang  up  garlamla  ami  otbai  tlUn|«  In  nw- 
mnr;  of  tha  aaina, 

Annthat  piiwar  thay  worahlp.  whom  Ihay  call  IMU- 
mack,  and  lu  Iha  mirlhwani  of  ua,  Hol>64m«^tii  i  Ihia, 
aa  hr  aa  wa  can  eimralira  la  Iha  ila«ll.  Illm  Ihay  call 
u|ioii  III  rura  lhair  wuumU  ami  illaaaaaa.  Whan  Ihay 
ara  curnhia,  ha  |iariuailaa  Iham  ha  aamla  Ilia  aanir,  for 
auina  citnrrltad  aiigar  agalnal  Iham  i  liul  iiuon  lhair 


aklna,  kalakaU,  kmula,  kiil«aa,*v.  all  wklah  ara  iUt  tf 
Iha  uriaala  Inlo  a  graal  Ara  Ihal  Ihay  maka  In  ika  mUit 
of  Iha  k<iuaa,  amTlhata  aiHinMinail  In  a«>ia«.  To  ihia 
iilfrrloK  a«ary  man  lirlii|i'lh  Irnrly  .  .mil  Ilia  mnn  ha  !■ 
knnaiilo  liriiig  halh  Iha  Mlrr  rili'viii  »l  all  ntaik 
ThU,  lha  othar  Imliaiia  aUiul  ua  a|i|iro«a  of  aa  gii*d« 
hihI  wlah  Ihalr  •achauw  wmilil  a|iiaMiii  iha  Ilka ;  aiul k*> 
riiiiaalha  plagua  haa  mil  raigiml  al  Narohlgganaat  M 
al  idliar  plui'aa  about  Iham,  inay  allribuladlu  lhlin» 


MMmlwl  with  a  iWgfaa  of  prudanea  ami  ilalloary  whloh 
U  not  oomMonly  obaarrail  hjr  puMIc  htallaa  of  man  In 
Mifh  dmiaMUncaa.  Thar  aant  ll  la  him  privalaly  by 
•  wAJiiilUI  paraon,  ■■■I  raAiaad  In  giva  any  copy  of 
ll  Ikoagh  ilrongljp  urgad.  Thay  wara  willing  lu  ra- 
ckia  IM  prapiialw  tu  •  ilua  Mtiaa  of  hIa  ubilaatlima, 
b«l  w«l«  anally  ■nwllling  lo  aipoaa  him.  Thay  haJ 
•Im  mmm  aonaam  Am  Ihamaalna  i  Atr  if  It  had  Iwan 
poMlaly  known  Ihal  ihay  had  aiieh  iibjwlloiia  to  hia 
•ondiMl,  IIm  biaaah  might  ha«a  haan  a<i  widaiinl  aa  lo 
dlaaol**  lb*  rdalbm  balwaan  Iham ;  In  which  cnaa 
•Mtain  tnannvanlanoaa  might  hata  arlaan  raapacliiig 
Mlh*  Mid  luilllto  law«,  wnkh  wouM  not  ha«a  liran 
plMalnilo  an  AaaamMy  eonaiatlngchMlyofljuakara. 
"Tkna  T«araslUr,(«ii.  In  ITOT) ihay  aani  himanolhar 
Nmonalninaa,  In  which  ihay  coinplnrnad  thai  Iha  grla«- 
•nea  Mat*  mantlonad  waa  not  radraaaad ;  and  thay 
■ddad  lo  lb*  e*lalogu«  artlcka  of  Impaachmani  agalnal 
IiogMi  IK«  taaialsry,  sntl  Ev^na  lha  ilapuly  ga«arnar. 
TIm  httof  waa  niiiad  (hmi  hIa  olAea,  ami  waa  auo- 
M«lad  hf  Oookin  in  ITM,  and  ha  by  HIr  William 
Kalth  In  ITIT ;  but  laigan  bald  bla  placa  nf  aacralary. 
•ml  waa  In  Awt  lha  prima  mlnlalar  and  mo«ar  in  Iwhalf 
•jr  Ika  proprialar,  though  aitramaly  ubnoiioua  to  lha 

ThMO  dapot'-gorafnora  war*  dapamlent  on  lha  pro' 
priatoi  Am  Ihalr  appointment,  and  on  lha  paopla  for 
Ihalr  rapport ;  If  tbqr  diapleaaad  lha  furinar,  Ihav  ware 
faeallad,  if  lha  lallar,  their  allowanea  waa  withheld  ; 
•ml  ll  waa  nail  In  impoaaibia  to  keep  on  gooil  larina 
with  both.  Such  an  appoinlmant  could  be  aecaulml  by 
I  but  Indigent  peraona,  ami  could  be  relianad  by 


inArmiliaa  ami 


i'ha  faniaica  ara  man  of  graal  cnuraga  and  wiadiiM, 
and  lu  lha>a  alau  lha  da«ll  afipaaralh  nuira  Ainilllaity 
than  tu  olhara,  and  aa  wa  r-mraiva,  niakath  euvanMM 
with  Iham  to  praaar«a  thain  f^oni  death,  by  wawidt 
with  arruwa,knl«aa,halrhala,  Ac  or  al  laaat  knth  Ihara* 
aeWea  ami  aapaelally  lha uaopla Ihliik  ihamaaUaa  tab* 
fTaeil  f^om  Ihe  mnmi  Ami  Ihmigh  agiiiiial  Iheir  battle* 
all  of  Iham  hy  painting,  iliaAgura  llirinaali'aa,  yal  Ikajp 
are  kmiwn  by  their  courage  and  iHikliiraa,  liy  rraami 
whereof  one  of  Ihem  will  chaae  almoat  an  hundred 
man  i  Air  they  aceiMinl  it  death  fur  wbuniaiie«er  ilawi 
In  lhair  way.  Tbeae  are  highly  ralramrd  nf  all  aoita 
of  lieopla,  ami  are  of  the  aat-hrme  rouiiaal,  withoul 


calling  upon  him,  mn  ami  doth  helplheni ;  IhiI  whenlwhian  lha«  will  niK  war,  or  umlrrlaka  any  waiahly 
Ihay  ara  mortal  ami  not  rumlita  In  nature,  llien  he  |ier- Ibuaincaa    Inwarlhair       '  -     ■    . 


I  but  thuae  who  were  fond  of  parpalual  conlroveiay 
he  proprietor.    Hia 
mlafortunea  inoreaacd  with  hia  age,  and  unAlled  him 


To  reluni  lo  Ihe  proprietor. 


Cir  the  eieieiaa  of  hia  belurcd  work .  In  1 7 1 1 ,  he  die 
lalad  •  preface  lo  lha  Journal  of  hia  old  rriend  John 
Banka,  which  waa  hie  laal  printed  work.  The  neil 
year  ha  waa  aelsed  with  a  paralytic  diaonlcr.whicb  im- 
pairad  hia  memory.  For  three  auoceoding  yeara  he 
eontinued  In  a  alale  of  great  debility,  but  atlended  Ihe 
laaellng  of  Frienda  al  Heading,  aa  long  aa  he  waa  able 
la  liJaln  hia  chariot,  ami  auinelinm  apoka  abort  and 
weighty  aentencea,  being  iiieapabln  of  pronouncing  a 
long  diaoourae.  Approaching  hy  ((riulunl  diwny  lotha 
cloa*  of  lilc,  he  died  on  the  aOlh  uf  July,  1718,  in  Ihe 
T4lh  year  of  hia  age,  and  waa  buried  in  hia  Inmily  tomb 
•I  Joidan'a  in  Buekinghamabire. 

Nolwilhalamiing  hia  Utif  paternal  Inheritance,  and 
lha  great  opporlunlliea  which  he  enjoyed  nf  accuinula- 
llof  piopeily  liy  hia  connexion  with  America,hia  latter 
daya  were  paaaed  In  a  atale  far  from  ntnuenl.  Ha  waa 
eantlnually  auhjecl  to  the  importunity  of  hia  emlitora. 
•ml  obliged  to  mortgage  hia  eatute.  He  wna  on  Ihe 
point  of  aurremleriiig  hia  province  to  the  crown  for  a 
valuable  oonaideraliun,  to  enlriciite  hiinaeif  from  debt. 
The  inatrument  waa  preparing  for  hia  aignaliire,  but 
hia  deatk,  which  happened  rather  unexpectedl^v,  piV' 
eented  the  execution  of  it ;  and  lhu,a  hia  pruvince  in 
America  deaconded  lohia  poalerily,  who  held  it  till  the 
laeolution. 

APPENDIX 

Mb.  Wi»to»''a  aecaiini  nr  lha  niuirefur  Naw  F.nslinil,  an- 

llaxail  IK  hill  Narrolin  o(  Itta  FlaiiuliiHia,    A.  O.  ItM 

[rurchaiiV.  IM7. 

A  raw  Ihinga  I  thought  meet  to  add  hereanin,  which 
I  have  oliaervMl  amongat  Ihe  Indiana ;  both  touching 
their  religion  and  aumlnr  other  cuatoma  among  them. 
And  Aral,  whereaa  myaelf  and  othera,  in  former  lettera, 
(whii  h  came  to  Ihe  preaa  againat  my  will  ami  know- 
edge)  wrote  that  Ihe  Indiana  about  ua  ara  a  people 
without  any  religion,or  knowledge  of  any  Ond;  therein 
I  aned,  though  we  could  then  gather  no  better ;  fur  aa 
ihay  conceive  of  many  divine  powera,  ao  of  one,  whom 
they  call  Kiektan,  lo  be  the  principal  maker  of  all  the 
feat ;  and  to  be  made  by  none.  He,  they  aay,  created 
the  heavena,  earth,  aea,  and  all  creaturea  contained 


auadaa  Ihem  Kiehtan  la  angry,  ami  aeiida  Iham,  whom 
none  can  cure;  inaoiiiurli  aa  in  that  raapert  only  Ihay 
aoiiiewlial  doubt  wlictliar  he  be  iiiiiiily  giMal,  and  there- 
Aire  In  •kkiu'aa  never  rail  upim  hini.  Thla  llohha- 
mock  appaara  In  lumiry  furiiia  unto  Iham,  aa  In  the 
ahape  of  a  man,  a  deer,  a  Aiwn,  an  eagle,  Ac.  hut  moat 
onlinarily  a  anake.  lie  ap|ieara  not  to  all,  IhiI  Ihe 
chlefeat  and  moal  Judlcioua  among  Iham ;  though  all  of 
Ihem  atrive  to  allain  to  that  helliah  height  of  honor. 
He  appaara  moal  ordinary,  and  la  moat  eunveraani  wilh 
three  aorta  of  people ;  one,  I  cimfeaa,  I  neither  know 
hy  name  or  office  uireclly  ;  of  Iheae  they  have  few,  bul 
ealaem  highly  of  them,  and  think  no  weapon  nan  kill 
Ihem :  another  they  call  by  the  name  uf  I'oietk,  and  the 
third  Ptnitu. 

The  office  and  duty  of  the  Powah  la  lobe  eierciaed 
principally  in  calling  upon  Ihe  devil,  and  curing  die 
eaaea  of  the  aick  or  woumliHl.  The  common  people 
Join  with  Ihem  in  the  eierciae  of  invocation,  but  do  but 
only  aaaent,  or  aa  wa  term  it,  aay  Amen  lo  that  he 
aaith ;  yet  aometimea  breiik  out  into  a  abort  mualcal 
note  with  him.  The  Powah  ie  eager  and  free  in  apeech; 
Aerce  in  countenance,  and  Joinelh  many  antic  and  U' 
borioua  gaaturea  wilh  the  aame,  over  Ihe  party  die- 
eaard.  If  Ihe  party  be  wounded,  he  will  alao  aerin  lo 
auck  the  wound ;  but  if  they  be  curable,  (aa  thry  aay) 
he  touchelh  it  not ;  but  a  ahooke,  that  ia  the  anakr,  or 
Wohaacuck,  that  ia  Ihe  eagle,  aitteth  oh  the  ahouldrr, 
and  lirka  the  aaine.  Thia  none  aee  Inil  Ihe  Powah, 
who  telle  them  he  doth  it  himaelf  If  the  party  be 
otherwiae  diaeaaed,  it  ia  Hcenuntnl  aufficient  if  in  any 
ahape  he  bul  come  into  Ihe  houae,  taking  it  for  an  un- 
>douMed  aign  of  recovery. 

And  aa  In  former  avea  Apollo  had  hia  temple  at 
Delphoe,  and  Diana  al  Epheaua,  ao  have  I  heard  Ihem 
call  upon  aome  aa  If  they  had  their  realdence  in  aome 
certain  plaeea,  or  becauae  they  appeared  In  thoee  forma 
in  the  aame.  In  the  Powah  a  apeech  he  proniieoth  to 
aaeriAce  many  akina  of  beaata,  kettlea,  hatcheta,  beada, 
knivea.and  other  the  beat  thinga  they  have  to  the  Arnd, 
if  he  will  come  to  lielp  the  party  diaeaimli  bul  whether 
they  perform  it  I  know  not.  The  other  practicea  I 
have  aeen,  being  neceaaarily  called  aumetimea  lo  be 
with  Iheir  lick,  and  have  uaed  Ihe  beat  arcumenia  I 
could  to  make  them  underatand  agiiinat  the  aame.  They 
have  told  me  I  ahould  aee  the  devil  at  thoae  tlniea  come 
to  Ihe  party  ;  but  I  aaaured  myaelf  und  Ihem  uf  the 
contrary,  which  ao  proved  ;  yea,  theniaclvca  have  coii- 
feaaedlliey  never  aaw  him  when  any  uf  ua  were  pre- 
aenl.  In  deapenile  and  extraordinary  linrd  trnvnil  in 
child  birth,  when  the  party  cannot  lie  delivrreil  by  the 
onlinary  meana,  they  aend  fur  thia  Powah;  tliough  or 
iliimrily  their  travail  ia  not  ao  extreme  na  in  utherparta 
of  the  world,  they  lieingof  a  more  bnnly  nature ;  for 
on  the  thini  day  after  childbirth,  I  have  aeen  the  mo- 
ther with  the  InAinl,  upon  a  email  occaaion,  in  cold 
weather,  in  a  Inal  upon  the  aea. 

Many  aaeriAcea  the  Indiana  uae,  and  in  aome  eaiea 
they  kill  children.  It  acemeth  they  are  varioua  in  their 
religioua  worahip  in  n  little  diatance,  and  grow  mure 
anifmore  cold  in  their  worahip  to  Kielitan;  aaying,  in 
their  memory  he  waa  much  more  called  ii|ion.  The 
Nnrohigganacta  exceed  in  their  blind  devotion, and  have 
a  great  apacioua  liuuae,  wherein  unly  Hoino  few  (that 


therein.  Alao  that  he  made  one  man  and  one  woman,  |  are,  aa  we  may  term  them,  pricata)  come ;  thither,  at 
of  whom  they,  and  we,  and  all  mankind  cnme  ;  lait  how  |  certain  known  timea,  roaort  all  Iheir  people,  and  oflrr 
tUn  bacauM  so  far  difperawl,  that  they  know  not.    At  j  almoat  aii  the  rivliea  Ibey  have  lo  tbair  gadi,af  liettiea, 


heme,  forthrir  more  aawly, 
gu  In  lha  niklat  of  Ihem.     They  are  commonly  meiiol 

Rreat  alature  and  alrength,and  auch  aa  will  rmlure  moal 
anineaa,  and  yet  are  more  diacrret,  courtroue  ami  hu- 
mane in  their  rarriagea  than  any  amongat  ihem.aeom. 
Ing  theft,  lying,  aiMTthe  like  baaa  dealin||f,  and  tland 
aa  much  U|K>n  ihrlr  re|iulaiiiin  aa  any  men.  And  !• 
Ihe  end  they  may  have  alure  of  ihene,  lliey  train  up  th« 
moat  Airward  and  likelieal  laiya  from  their  rhildhood, 
in  great  hardneaa,  and  make  iham  ahalain  from  dninl^r 
meal,  nbaerving  divara  ortlera  preacrihed,  tuihe  end  that 
when  they  ara  of  age,  the  devil  may  appear  lo  Iham, 
cauaiiig  lo  drink  the  lulce  of  aentry  and  other  Mil* 
herbe,  till  they  caat,  which  they  muat  diagorge  into  Ihe 
platter.and  drink  again  ami  again,  till  al  length  thriaigk 
extraordinary  preaaing  of  nature  it  will  aeeni  lo  lie  aV 
Mood;  and  thla  the  boya  will  do  wilh  eagerneaa  at  the 
Aral,  ami  aocontinua  till  by  reaoun  uf  Aunlneae,  the* 
can  aearoe  aland  on  their  lege,  and  then  muat  go  fiirlk 
into  the  eoM  I  alao  they  beat  Iheir  ahina  wilh  aticka, 
and  cauae  them  to  run  through  buabea  ami  atumpe  ami 
bramblea.  to  make  Ihem  hardy  and  acreplable  lu  lha 
devil,  that  in  time  he  may  appear  unto  Ihem. 

Their  earhema  cannot  be  all  called  kinga,  hot  only 
aome  few  of  them,  to  whom  the  real  reaurt  for  prulro- 
tion  and  pay  hnmage  unto  Iheini  neither  may  Ihey  war 
without  Iheir  knowledge  and  n|iprnhatlon  ;  yet  to  Im 
commanded  hy  the  greater,  aa*  occnaion  aremeth.  01 
thia  a»rt  ia  Maaaaaauwal  our  friend,  undUonanacua  ol 
Narohigganael  our  auppoaed  enemy.  Kvery  aachem 
takethcareof  the  widuw  and  fatherleaa,  alao  lorruch 
aaare  aged  and  any  way  maimed,  if  their  friendii  be 
dead,  or  not  able  to  provide  for  them.  A  aachem  will 
nut  lake  any  to  wife  mil  auch  an  one  aa  ia  equal  to  him 
in  birth  ;  otherwiae,  they  aay  Iheir  aeed  wuuld  liecom* 
ignoble ;  and  though  they  have  many  other  wivee,  yet 
are  ihey  no  other  than  conrubinea  or  aervanta,  an^ 
yiekl  a  kind  of  obedience  to  the  principal,  who  order^ 
the  family  and  Ihem  in  it.  The  like  their  men  ohaerra 
alao.  and  will  adhere  to  the  Aral  during  their  livee  ;  but 
put  away  the  other  at  their  pleaaure.  Thia  govemmeil 
la  aurceeaive  and  not  by  choice;  ifthefiilberdie  before 
Ihe  eon  or  daughter  be  of  age.lhen  Ihe  child  la  commit- 
trii  to  the  protection  and  luitinn  of  aome  one  amongil 
them,  who  ruleth  in  hia  atead  till  ha  b*  of  age,  bul 
when  that  ia,  I  know  not. 

Every  aachem  knowelh  how  far  the  houmla  and 
liniila  of  hie  uwn  country  exiendeth ;  and  that  ia  hia 
own  proper  inheritnnre  ;  nut  nflhal,  if  any  uf  hie  men 
ileaire  land  tu  aet  their  com,  he  givrth  them  aa  mue^ 
aa  they  can  uae.  and  acta  them  in  their  bounda.  In 
thla  circuit,  whoever  hunteth,  if  any  kill  veniaon,  Ihev 
bring  him  hia  fee  ;  which  ia  Anir  parta  of  the  aame.  If 
it  lie  killed  on  land,  but  if  in  the  water,  then  Ihe  aRin 
thereof.  The  great  oaehema  or  kinga  know  not  their 
own  liounda  or  limita  of  land,  aa  well  aa  Ihe  real.  Ail 
travellera  or  atrangera  for  the  moat  part  lodge  at  the  aa> 
chem'e.  When  they  come,  they  tell  them  how  long 
they  will  atay  and  to  what  place  they  go;  during  whlen 
lime  Ihey  receive  entertainmeiit,  according  lo  Iheir 
peraona,  but  want  not.  Once  a  year  Ihe  Panieaea  no* 
lo  provoke  the  people  to  beatow  much  corn  on  the  aa- 
chem. To  Ihal  end  they  appoint  a  certain  lime  and 
place,  near  the  aachem 'a  dwelling,  where  Ihe  peoph 
bring  many  baaketa  of  corn  and  make  a  great  atnrk 
thereof.  There  Ihe  Panieaea  atand  reaily  to  give  thanki 
to  the  people  on  the  aachem'a  behalf;  and  after  ao 
quainling  the  iachcm  tberewitb,  who  lalidMi  tib*  *aam 


■  lOORAPHIRI  OP   THE    RAIII.Y   DIIOO  V  RRB  US. 


■mI  I*  M  Im*  llMMiklbl,  kMtowlng  NMMjr  f  M*  m  iImri 
WkM  My  tr*  flatlfd  Kllk  itakiMM.  iImI>  frtcmb  »' 
Wft  iiMii  IhMii  tn  iMf  roMtirt,  unJ  ••HttlniM  wUh 
Ihaia  a(l«niliiiM  llll  Ihflr  ilMth  «r  rM«<>»rjt  If  Ih*; 
ill*,  lUjr  aiay  *  MrlAlnllnM  iiinKMirnfif  lh»m.  Nlyht 
■ml  nHirninn  ih'jr  iwrliifin  iMa  iluly,  iMnjr  4»y  »hn 
Iha  iHirUl.lii  *  nvM*  iktIaAil  iniinnM .InMmiMih  ■•  Ihuaih 
ll  Iw  unlitMrjr  *nil  llw  nu«a  muatiMl  wlitrh  ihfjr  lull* 
rnnn  iiiw  anuilMraiHl  alliiivlhrr  i  T'l  ll  wlllilraw  Irara 
IhHil  lh*lf  ajraa  ami  aInHMi  fruni  iiiira  alaii  llul  Iflh'y 
raruirar,  lh«n  kfcaua*  ihrlr  ilikima  «••  rhariralilv, 
Ihny  aviHi  ruin  >ih1  olhar  KlDa  uniu  lliaia,  al  k  I'firlalii 
■|t|Mliilatl  lima,  whiraal  Ibay  faaal  auil  iliim*.  wlili'h 
khay  call  tammuro  Whan  thry  bury  lh«  ihiMi,  ihvy 
■<>«•  M|i  Iha  Mr|iM  in  *  nml,  ami  a»  uut  ll  In  ih«  r»rtli ; 
U  Ih*  |Mrty  b*  •  wiclMm,  ihay  inner  nim  wlih  many  cu- 
riiNi  nml(,  and  bury  nil  hia  rkha*  wllh  hini,  tnj  m 
tloM  itM  (n«*  »llh  »  |Mil«.  ir  ll  b«  »  ehIM,  Iha  Atlliar 
will  *bo  put  bl«  uwn  loiMi  hmcUI  Jawcla  iml  orn*- 
M*nli  In  Ih*  rartli  wllh  III  ilao  ha  will  cul  hi*  hair. 
mmI  ilMrai*  himMlf  «*ry  hhmiIi  In  latum  of  lorruw, 
If  It  h*  IIM  man  or  woman  of  lha  IWHMa  i  Ikoy  will  puU 
itvwn  Iha  mala,  and  loan  Iba  IVam*  alanillni,  and  wiry 
l*.»m  In  or  naar  Iha  aana,  and  ailhar  raiwwa  Ihalr 
ilwalliui  or  gl«a  o«ar  bouaalivaflnf . 
""  Ivaawkoll 


Tha  wan  omidof  Ibaawalvaa 
•IharaiarcUaa  oflnabow,  aimpt  at  Muna  llmaa  Ihay 


ly  in  knnlin|,  and 

I  (oma  llmaa  Ihay 

TKa  woman  ll«a  a  moat 


take  aoma  palna  in  lUhirtf. 
atavlah  llh i  ihay  carry  aUlbalr  burdana i  lal and draaa 
tbair  earn,  (alhar  it  In,  and  aaak  out  for  much  of  Ihair 
fiwd  '  *<*al  ami  maka  raady  Iha  oora  to  aal,  and  hava 
al.  .xMaaahokl  caru  lying  upon  Iham. 


Tha  jruungar  aort  rararaiwa  Iha  ahlar,  and  do  all 

'lay  ara  la|alhcf,  allhough  Ihay 

ba  atrangcra.   Duya  and  giric  may  not  waar  their  hair 


Thavi 
■wan  oAl 


Uha  man  and  woman,  but  aia  diaiinmlahad  Iharoby, 

A  man  la  nul  aceounlaU  a  man  llll  ha  do  aoma  no- 
labia  act.  or  ahuw  Turth  auch  oouraga  and  raaululion  aa 
bacomcth  hIa  pluca.  Tha  man  laka  muck  lobaaco,  but 
hr  b<iya  »>  to  du,  Ihay  aaeounl  ll  adiaaa, 

All  Ihair  namaa  ara  algnlAeant  and  varlaMai  for 
whan  Ihay  eoma  lo  Iha  alala  of  man  and  woman,  Ihay 
alter  Iham  aeeording  to  Ihalrdaada  or  dlapoalliana. 

Whan  a  maid  lalakan  inmarriaga,  aha  Arateullelh 
bar  hair,  and  altar  waaralh  a  covarlng  on  har  haail,  till 
bar  hair  ba  grown  out.  Their  women  are  dl«eraely  die- 
poeed,  acme  aa  moileet  aa  they  will  aearea  talk  one  wllh 
■nollMr  in  tha  company  of  man ;  being  very  ehaale 
aleo ;  yd  other  aome  are  light,  laaeivloua  ami  wantun. 
If  a  woman  have  a  bad  huabami,  ur  eannul  aflecl  him, 
and  there  be  war  or  oppoeilion  between  Ibal  and  any 
other  paople,  the  will  run  away  from  him  lo  Iha  eon- 
Irary  party,  and  there  live,  where  Itiay  never  come  un- 
welMma ;  for  where  are  moat  woman  there  la  grealeat 


•^wL 


Wiien  a  woman  hath  her  monthly  tcrma,  ahe  eepa- 
ralelh  haraelf  from  all  other  company, and  liveth  certai'i 
daya  In  a  houaa  alone  ;  alter  which,  ahe  waaheth  her- 
oelf,  and  all  that  ahe  bath  liiuehed  or  need,  and  ia  again 
raoeived  to  her  huaband'a  bed  or  family.  For  adukery, 
the  huakand  will  beat  hia  wife  and  put  her  away,  if  be 
pleaae.  Home  common  alrumpeta  Ihera  are,  aa  well  aa 
in  other  plaeea ;  but  they  are  auch  aa  either  never  mar- 
ried, or  widowa,  or  put  away  for  adultery ;  for  no  man 
will  keep  auch  a  one  to  wife. 

In  matlera  of  unjuat  and  diahoneet  dealing,  the  aa- 
ehem  examlneth  ami  pnniahelh  the  eama.  In  caaa  of 
theft,  for  the  Aral  olTenca,  ha  ia  diagracaAilly  rabuked ; 
for  the  eeeond,  beaten  by  the  aachem,  with  a  cudgel  on 
Iha  naked  back ;  for  iba  third,  he  ia  beaten  with  many 
etrakee,and  hath  hia  noae  elil  upwaide,  that  thereby  all 
men  may  know  and  ahun  him.  If  any  man  kill  another 
ha  muat  likewiae  die  for  the  aainc.  The  aachem  not 
only  paaaelh  aenlence  upon  mulefaolora,  but  executeth 
tha  aame  with  hie  own  handa,  if  the  party  be  then  pre- 
•ent ;  if  not,  aendeth  hia  own  knifo  In  eaae  of  death, 
in  the  handa  of  olhera  lo  perform  the  eame.  But  if 
the  olTeuder  be  to  receive  other  puniahment,  he  will  not 
neeive  the  eame  but  from  the  aachem  bimaelf,  before 
whom,  being  naked,  lie  kneelelb,  and  will  not  oAer  to 
ran  away,  Inoagh  ha  beat  him  never  ao  mueh,  it  being 
■  fiaalar  diaparagMwnt  for  a  auto  lo  ctj  during  Iba 


s; 


lime  ef  Me  eurreetiuii,  than  in  Ma  aibiMa  and  punieh 
meni 

Aa  for  their  apparel,  ihev  wear  beeeehaa  ami  atoek 
Inga  In  nn*.  Ilka  aimie  Irian,  which  le  made  nf  deer 
•liliia,  ami  have  ahoea  iif  iha  a«m*  Icwlhef  i'hey  waar 
alaii  a  ilear'i-ahin  bMHM  about  them  like  aeloek,  which 
Ihey  will  lum  la  Ihe  weather  alih<.  In  Ihia  hnbtl  ihev 
travel ,  IhiI  when  Ihey  are  at  home,  nr  enme  In  Iheir 
JiHirney'a  end,  Ihey  preaenlly  |iull  iilT  Iheir  kreet-hea, 
aliirkliiira  and  ahnea,  wring  mil  Ihe  waler,  If  Ihey  be 
wel,  anddrylheui.  and  rubor  chafe  Ihe  aame  I'huugh 
li.eaelienir,  yal  have  Ihey  anullier  amall  varment  whirh 
rnterelh  IheWaeereta.  The  men  wear  aran,  when  Ihey 
•It  abmail  In  mid  weather,  an  oiler,  or  foi  akin  nn 

eir  right  arm ;  but  only  Iheir  bracer  on  the  left 
Wninen,  aiHl  all  uf  that  aei,  wear  alrlnga  about  Iheir 
lega,  which  men  never  do. 

The  people  am  very  Ingenloue  and  obeervallve  i  Ihey 
keep  account  of  lime,  liy  the  mnon,  and  winlera  or 
aummera ;  Ihey  knuw  dlvere  nf  Ihe  elara  by  name  i  In 
particular  Ihay  know  Iha  North  Hiar,  and  call  llMoele, 
which  la  lo  aay  Ikt  Arer  (  alaa  Ihay  have  man*  namea 
for  Ike  winde.  They  will  gueea  very  well  at  Ihe  wimi 
and  weather  bettrehand,  hy  obaervallona  In  Ike  heav 
ene.  They  report  alao,  thai  aome  of  Ihem  tan  eauaa 
ihewiiHlio  blow  In  what  |iarl  ihey  llai— can  ralae 
ainrma  ami  lemneala,  which  Ihey  uaually  <h>,  when  Ihey 
InlemI  Iha  dealh  or  dealruction  of  other  pe<iple,  that  l>v 
reaaon  of  Iba  unoeaaonoMa  weather,  Ihey  may  lake  ail- 
vantage  of  their  enemlea  In  Iheir  houaee.  At  euek 
limee  Ihay  perform Ihalf  grealael  eipkille,  and  at  auch 
eeaeona,  whan  Ihay  are  al  enmity  with  anyilbey  keep 
more  carefol  waleh  than  al  other  limea. 

Aa  for  their  tenguage,  It  le  very  cnplouo,  large,  and 
dURcull,  aa  yet  we  cannot  attain  lo  any  great  meaeura 
thereof  i  but  can  underoland  them,  amreipbiin  ou^ 
eelvee  lo  Iheir  underetanding  by  Ihe  help  of  Ihoea  that 
daily  cniiveree  with  ue. 

And  though  there  ba  diffiirence  In  an  hundred  mllae 
dielanee  of  idaca,  both  In  language  and  mannere,  yet 
not  ao  much  but  that  Ihey  very  well  uiHleraland  each 
other.     And  Ihua  much  of  their  Uvea  and  maniiere. 

Inatead  of  reeorda  and  ehnmielee  Ihey  lake  Ihia 
couroa :  where  any  remarkable  act  ia  dune,  in  memory 
of  It,  either  in  Ihe  place,  or  by  aome  |wlhway  near  ad- 
joining, Ihey  maka  a  rouml  holii  In  llio  ground  about  a 
fool  deep,  and  aa  much  over,  which  when  olhera  paaa- 
ing  by  behold,  Ihey  Inqulrn  Ihe  cauoo  and  ocoaaiun  of 
Ihe  aame,  which  being  mica  known,  lh«y  are  careflil  lo 
acquaint  all  men.  aa  iwcaaion  oetvelh  therewllh  ;  and 
leal  auch  holea  ahould  lie  fliletl  or  grown  up  by  any  ac- 
cident, aa  inei(  pnaa  by,  lliey  wlllult  renew  the  eame  : 
by  which  meana  iiwny  Ihlnga  of  great  antiquity  are 
freah  in  memory.  Ho  that  aa  a  man  Iravellelh,  if  he 
can  underaland  hia  guide,  hia  journey  will  be  leee  le- 
dloue,  by  reaaon  nf  many  hialorical  diaooutaaa  which 
will  be  related  lo  him. 

For  that  eonlinent  on  which  we  ara,  callcn  New 
England,  alllwugh  it  hath  ever  been  concelv  '  jy  the 
Kngliahtoba  a  |iart  of  the  main  land  adjoini  ..  L  I'ir- 

elnia,  yei  by  relation  of  Iha  Indiana  it  ahouki  «|<);e  rto 
•  otiierwiaa  ;  for  Ihev  afHrm  cunftiianllv  tint  it ..  an 
iakind,andlhal  either  the  Uutchor  French  paaa  through 
flrom  oea  lo  oea  between  ue,  and  Virginia,  ai>d  drive  u 
great  trade  in  Ihe  aame.  The  name  uf  Ibal  inUl  of  Iha 
aea  they  call  Muhtga*,  which  I  take  to  be  tha  aame 
which  we  call  Hudoun'a  iiver,up  which  Maalar  Hiidaan 
went  many  leaguee,  ami  for  want  of  meana  (aa  I  hear) 
left  ll  undiecovered.  Fur  eonArmatlon  of  Ihl^  their 
opinion  Ihua  ia  mueh ;  though  Virginia  lie  not  above  an 
hundred  leaguee  from  ua,yal  Ihey  never  heard  of  I'mi  • 
kalan,  or  knew  that  any  Gngliah  were  planted  in  liia 
country,  aave  only  by  ue  and  TitmtiUum,  who  wcnl 
thither  in  an  EngllaA  ehip ;  and  Inerefore  il  la  more 
pmbable,  becauae  Ihe  waler  ie  not  paaauble  fur  Ihem 
who  are  very  advanluroua  in  their  boela. 

Then  for  Ihe  temperature  of  Ihe  air,  in  almeot  three 
yeara  experience  I  can  aearea  diotinguiab  New  Eng- 
land, (him  Old  England,  in  ^peet  of  heat  and  cold, 
(hial,  anow,  mm,  wind,  Ste.  Soma  object  heeauaa  our 
plantation  lieth  in  Iba  latitude  uf  two  and  forty,  it  mua^ 
neada  ba  much  holler.    I  confcia  I  cMnat  giva  Iba 


at  Iha  eiintraiy  \  aniy  aiparlanaa  laMwaA  v^ 
Ihal  If  ll  do  eieeed  Rnghiml,  H  le  aa  lltlla  aa  Mual  •» 
quire  heller  jwlgmanle  t«  dieeara  M  And  Air  Ihe  win* 
ler,  I  ralHer  think  (If  there  he  dllfrreweal  ll  la  hnlh  ahar- 
|ier  ami  longer  In  Nawllnglaml  IhanlNd  ;amtyatliM 
want  of  ibnaa  aiwn folia  In  Ihe  one,  whirh  I  have  en- 
jnyed  In  Ihe  mhet,  may  develve  my  jwlgmeni  alaa  But 
In  my  lieal  nheervallnii,  rnniparing  iwr  own  eondilloiia 
wllh  Ihe  rehiilona  of  other  parte  of  .\meflea,  I  eannol 
eiMN-elve  of  any  In  agree  belter  wllh  Ihe  eowa>llull«Hia 
nf  Ihe  Kngilah,  mil  being  iqqireeeed  Wllh  iheedremlly 
nf  heal,  nnr  ni|i|ieil  hy  biling  eubl,  by  whieh  meana, 
lileoaeil  he  (Iml,  we  enjoy  our  heallh,  nolwllhalanding 
Iheae  dlMcultlea  we  have  undergone.  In  oiich  a  meaaura 
aa  wnukt  have  been  admired  kad  we  lived  in  Knghiml 
wllh  tha  Ilka  meana  The  day  ie  two  houra  lunger 
than  hare  when  nlihe  aboitaal,  and  aa  mueb  oboilat 
when  al  Iha  knigeat 

The  euil  la  variable,  in  enow  plaeea  mouM,  In  aaUM 
clay,  and  Mhera  a  mixed  eand,  Ac.  The  ehieftrel 
gmin  la  Iha  Indian  malea,  at  Unlnaa  wheat  i  Iha  aaed 
lima  haginnelh  In  Iha  mkidia  of  April,  and  oantlmialb 
good  till  Iha  oiidel  of  May.  Our  harveel  beginnelb 
wllh  Heptember.  Thie  cum  inereaeatb  In  groat  man* 
Buie,  hut  ie  Inferior  In  quality  lo  tha  eame  In  Virginia, 
Iha  reaaon  I  conceive  le  hecauae  Virginhi  le  for  nollaf 
than  ll  la  wllh  ua,  ll  requiring  giaat  heal  lo  ripen.  Bat 
whereae  il  leolijected  againel  New-Enghnd,  Ihal  earn 
will  not  grow  Ibara  except  Iha  graund  ba  ManurRi  wbb 
Bah :  I  anawer,  that  where  men  aet  wllh  ftab  (aa  wilb 
ua)  ll  la  mora  aaey  oo  to  do  ihan  lo  clear  ground,  awl 
tel  without  eome  Ave  ur  alx  yaara,  and  ao  bagln  i 


aa  in  Virginia  and  alaewhere.  Not  but  IbalinMMM 
placee,  where  Ihey  cannot  he  taken  wilb  eaae  In  auab 
abundance,  Iha  Indiana  eel  four  yeaia  lanlbar  witbaal 
Ihem,  and  have  »  good  com  or  better  llian  we  have, 
that  eal  with  Iham  i  thougb  indoed  I  iMnk  if  wa  bad 
callla  lo  llll  Iha  ground,  it  would  ba  mora  proAtabla 
and  bailer  agreeable  lo  Iha  eoll  lo  oow  wbaal,  rve,  bar- 
ley, peaa  ami  oala,  Ihan  lo  oat  maba,  which  our  Indiana 
call  &'iea<Aim  i  for  we  have  had  eiperienee  Ihal  Ihay 
like  and  thrive  well )  and  Iba  other  will  not  ba  pro- 
cured wilhoul  gaod  hibor  and  diligence,  eepeeially  al 
•eed  lime,  when  il  nuel  alao  he  watched  by  night,  lo 
keep  Iha  wolvea  from  Iha  tab,  till  It  ba  rotten,  whiell 
will  be  in  fourteen  daya,  yel  men  agreeing  togelbart 
and  taking  Ihair  luina,  it  ia  not  much. 

Much  might  ba  apokanof  iha  boneBl  that  may  cooM 
lo  auch  aa  aboil  plant  bare,  by  trading  with  Iha  In  liana 
fur  lUra,  if  men  lake  a  right  couroa  for  obtaining  Iba 
aame ;  for  I  dare  preauma  upon  Ihal  email  experienea 
I  hate  had  to  alRim,  Ihal  Iht  Engllah,Dutcb  anu  Frencb 
return  yearly  many  thouannd  pounde  proAl  by  trad* 
only,  from  that  lalandon  which  we  ara  aealad, 

Tubaeeo  may  ba  there  planted,  but  not  wilb  that 
pmAl  aa  in  aoma  olbar  placee,  neither  were  it  proAl- 
able  there  lo  follow  il,  thougb  Ihe  ineraaoa  were  equal, 
bacauoa  ftab  ia  a  better  and  richei  cominodlly,  ana 
mora  noeaaaary,  wbkh  may  ba,  and  thaia  ara  bad  in  aa 
great  abundanca  aa  In  any  other  part  of  Iha  worU  ; 
wllneea  tha  weal  country  marchanta  of  Englaiid,whleb 
return  incredible  gaina  yearly  bom  Ibenca.  And  il 
Ihay  can  ao  do,  wbkh  liara  Miy  their  ooll  at  •  giaal 
charge,  and  Iranaport  mora  company  lo  maka  tbait 
voyage  Ihan  will  aall  Iheir  aMpe,wbat  may  Iba  planlara 
expect  when  once  Ihey  are  oaatod,  and  maka  Um  aoat 
of  their  call  there,  and  employ  thamaalvoa  at  leaal  elgbl 
i.tontha  in  Aabing,  whareaa  the  other  flah but  four, and 
have  Iheir  ehip  lie  dead  in  Iba  harbor  all  Iha  lima, 
wberaae  aueb  chipping  aa  bok>ng  lo  pUnlationa  may 
lake  fireighl  of  paooengara  or  cattle  thither,  and  bava 
their  lading  provliled  agalnat  they  come  1  I  eonfoaa 
wn  have  come  eo  far  abort  of  Ihe  meana,  to  raiaa  eucb 
reluma,  aa  with  great  dUBeulty  wa  have  preeened  our 
livna ;  inoonucb  aa  whan  I  look  back  upon  our  condi- 
tio.', and  weak  meana  lo  preeerve  the  aame,  I  rather 
odmiia  at  Uod'a  meiciee  and  provklenca  in  our  pi»- 
aarvation,  than  Ihal  no  gtaatcr  Ihlnga  have  been 
eflected  by  ue.  But  though  our  beginning  bava  Iwaa 
thue  raw,  email  and  difBeult,  aatbou  beat  aeen,vat  Ibl 
eame  Ood  Ihal  bath  hitherto  led  ua  tbrougblba  fafMt, 
I  hope  wiU  raiaa  meana  lo  aceompiiab  Iba  UUar. 


HISTOBY   OF  SOrTH  AHIEBICA* 


at  -wiuiAM  ■oBnttow,  a  ik 


■SITOB'I  FBirAOI. 


l>Hm»>tiHiy*»A«iHwmHwllw>i«»>HriililiMi<yt>lfc»iw<wli><a— MwwumiM,   ll«wtMMllMl«Minla4mta 

il*«r«MlHMifM«r  ltolMi«|M4NirMlkN«HMllMMMlMl«MMHMM*lllni 
IMbnMMMMriMi4aMMtilrMrw*llk*lMi   OtMifniMy  > Mniwir tt  mt iiHIib ■«  tfc* M»Miirt ■■lawMy fcltewi 
I  <nM  "  WofwpMii  tf  IM  iMly  nmaf iMii,"  tM  Pr.  ■omtw't  libww  wom  miii^Hly  IMi  t  H«**   liy  "■■nM«rl»."  Ibr  H 

m  taritaf  wNk  tt*  M*  tkrt  tNifMMtoA   TW  aly  toMwiy  H  W  ■oMw4  !■  H  I  Iww  nywll  witiwtiN,  wItt  m  mttk  trnttHttittf, 

>  tMfttf ,  (•  MiMljri  MMnky  aaklaf  Ife*  MmllN  In  •  mmi>  MaiylMt  I*  (to  pmMl  4iy. 

Bh  ■itirtiw,  wiMif  ■!  IIM  mA  of  tlM  iMl  mMmt,  ktMgM  kto  p««lM  W  Ik*  ««k  tlMn  I*  ■  p«M  kwMirlilw  thM  mk  awa  DmImUmW 

tHUtmkmm.    W  >■•>>*■  wy  •>»*»  f  wyplwl  im  !»>»«»  >y  olltM  »*  lfc>  wt>  rtwgw  Ifcrt  fc»f  Hf  rmwht  iIm»    MyanlMMNMtaiataff 

MHi,  w  »  Hlw  M  P».  ■«>tmo»'t  mi— I  Hi  m  tl^Mk  httk,  mMmg  ww"  MmUum  !■  Mw  Iwl  m  woaM  U  ■iiiiwry  t»  >  niiiMiw  lil*»»ir  >»r»« 

l»tt«iM«mo(l»4qr.    »HfHllMffMMMtnUMMMto»«aM«irtM«M    lte*«yNlkrM«tolwT«UMafl|lMiwwkMM«,Maia«trtMM«<ta 

—  lilllii ly  pwMwi  wWfcf  Uw  M^lto  «l  >  Irtfc  fcoofc,    Klla*i<i«tMt,MwMliiyMrtU*kiliMpNMf«M<ipM«tofallewMltt«plMM« 

«Mmfeflto«f<glMlnlkar.    A  MitHj  «l  loMk  AMrtM  «mI^|  Ito  ImI  aMrtwy.  U  inHta  wMk  IIm  M«pNlMMt*MM  k«  Mlow<  wo^ 

fHllytollMilnal  IMiTataMk    'T— "■■■■«—  p-«—fc'—  f"-«  "Tr**^ "j' itiTinr.  t^Hi  winlitmln  tiH  n^iili.  1 1 

i««l 


PRirAOI. 


to  tktfSmt,  wkh  riiyirt  la  Ik*  NMntjr  af  AmmIm, 

M  WM  My  MiMiitaii  iMi  to  hava  paMiMaa  any  yaii  av 
Ika  waih  aalU  Ilia  wkala  «aa  waiyNal.  Tka  fm- 
Msl  ilato  flf  Ika  Billftik  flnloiilss  kaa  torfaaad  Ba  to 
aNav  laal  laawauant  ^vMla  laay  aia  aafaaaa  M 
war  wtek  Oiaal  BiHahi.  layWaa  awJ  lymlalliiai 
aivwaf  UMff  aaawnl  Mnvm  ai  yaUay  ana  lawai  wMak 
aatWlaHiiillat.  TkaanaMtna 
anaklad  aia  aaw  toimJ  lowanb 
m.  la  wkato*ar  aiaaaaf  Ikla  aa- 
ly  lafMriaato,  a  naw  afihf  ef  lhiB|t 
ailaa  to  Nam  Aawifaa,  and  ka  aikba  wHi  aa- 
r  aipiil.  I  waM  wkk  tka  iikaUaJi  a^a 
aalll  Ika  hrawwl  ■akiMi.aai  lafalar  |a- 
aalaMWMA  awl  Ikan  I  ikall  i«am  to 
walk,  to  wkM  I  kad  laada  mbm  pn- 
Tkai,  iagHkw  nkk  ika  "  '  ~ 


aiial  na  iMifw,  aaaaal  ka  li 


iMa  yail  af  aqr  wait,  I 

ffaaai  Tkalf  toMtkat  wNk  ika  kartaiy  ai  PoiMfaaaa 

AwwIto.aaJ  at  Ika  MMhiiMato  mmit  ky  Ika  wvwil 


■Mtoaa  af  Baiafa  to  Ika  Waal  Indto  likuida,  wlH 
flitoanrylaa. 
Tka  IMaa  letawii  wklak  I  now  yohlMi  aontota  aa 


laflkadiaaatanr 
■tagiaai  aflka  ■yaaiia 
bnaton 


of  Ika  Naw  WaiM,  and  aflka 
aiBM  and  adanlia  ikaia.  Tkli 


I  yttodplaa  and  aaitow  of  ika  naniaida  to  ptoaltof 
aohMM,  wkiak  ka*a  kaon  adopted  In  Maia  nwaNra  by 
atary  nalion,  ara  nnlbhM  In  ikia  part  of  mjr  work ;  It 
wW  larra  a*  a  pronar  latmkwtkm  to  tha  kMoiy  of  ill 
Ika  Bniopaan  ailabllikmmt*  in  Amoriea,  nnil  eonvay 
mak  taCmaation  aonomlni  thk  Impoitiint  artleto  «* 
paHay,  aa  may  ba  daaand  no  laaa  intoiaittof  Ikan  eU' 


In  dMniUna  tka  aakUramanto  and  inilliallona  ofjwitkoat 
tka  Spanlkidtln  Ika  Naw  WoiU,  I  ha«a  dannrtadln 
■any'  Imlanaaa,  fina  tka  aaaonnto  of  pneodlng  kla- 
taiMa,  and  ka«a  ollan  lalalad  fiMto  iriikk  Mam  to 
kMB  kian  unknown  to  tkam.  It  la  a  dul;  I  owo  tka 
PnUlo  to  manllon  tka  loafno  Aom  wbiek  I  ka«a  dni- 
«ad  anek  inlalliganoa  whiak  JaUlSea  ma  ailhtr  In  pla- 
atof  tfaniaelkoiw  In  a  naw  ll|fcl,or  In  fimaing  any  naw 
apiatonwIlhraapaaltolhclreauanandaffiMU.  Tbli 
Ml*  I  parfonn  wilk  mator  nlUfutlon,  a*  it  will  nf- 
M  an  appoMonily  of  aiprming  my  mlltnda  to  Ihoia 
kaaidkitm  wko  baTo  booond  mo  wilk  Ikair  ooanlo- 
■MMa  and  aid  in  my  ra«wrehM. 

Aa  hwaa  ftom  Spain  that  I  bad  toaipset  Ibo  moat 
'       '    t  iofematioa,  wilk  lagafd  to  Ibis  put  of 


wavB,  I  aaMMNvn  it  nan aaty  li 
Ikr  ma  wkan  Laai  Omnlkaaii  to  wkam  I  kad  Ika  Uin- 
ar  af  batog  piwanally  knawn,  and  wkk  wkaaa  likar> 
aUtyof  •MMknaat.aaddiMrilian  tooMlga,  I  waawall 
amkaMador  to  Ika  aawt  af 


MOrtd.    Vp«i 


IkagialiinlbMiafmy' 


lytof  toktoi,  I  mat  wkk  mak  a  la- 
■■  Ikat  kb  andaavafa  would  ka 


Ikalrlnawtog  kaw  ■Makkia 
•alf  In  my  Mataia. 
Boldldlawanalkingi 


'.In 

( and  I  am  paKbatly  ns' 

I  ka«a  amda  to  my  toaalriia 

iiikaJabiiaiyto 


t  to  Uid  Ommkaa  Ikan 


Ika  adfaataga  wkick  I  ka*a  diil»ad  Itom  kia  attantlan 

mgaalagllr. 
n,  to  laka  Ika  aandnal  af  my  Utomy  lay Ifiaa  In  Bpain, 


to  mgairiagllr.  Wadditova,  tka  akMbto  af  Ma 


aUlgationa  I  lio  nndarto  bim  waald  bt  vara  giaat. 
Dating ll*a  y<an  Ikat  gantliman  kaa  aantid  on  m- 


■taiakaa  m  my  lakooli  wilk  anak  aatlvkytpafaavaf- 
anaa  and  knawlodgoof  Ika  Mb{iael,to  wkitk  ktoattan- 
lion  waa  tamad,  aa  kaTallM  ma  wkk  na  laaa  aato- 
nlikminl  ikan  inllafc«tlan.  Ha  pro—iad  fer  ma  tka 
giaatar  part  af  tka  Spaniak  baoka,  wblak  I  ka«a  aan- 
tnlladt  andia  manyof  IkamaratapiliiladMiiytolba 
■iitiintk  arataiy,  and  aia  kiaama  aitiamaly  laia,  tka 
aoHaallng  af  tfcaaa  waa  aaak  an  aaanpallan  laakmaia 
onimd  mnak  Ifana  and  aaiidnlla.  TakiaMandly  alton- 
uon  I  am  indibud  fa*  eoplii  af  aaraml  talaabla  mann- 
■erlpla,  aoatointof  Ihato  and  ditolla  wbiak  I  migtM  ka*a 
Mankad  far  in  vain  In  warki  Ikat  kava  baan  mada  pah 
lie.  Eneonngad  b)p  Ika  invHtog  good  will  wkk  wkieh 
Mr.  Waddilovo  oonfanad  kla  Ihaofo,  I  Innanfclad  to 
kirn  a  ait  af  qoarloo,  wilk  mnwl  bolb  to  iba  euitomi 
of  and  poiiejr  oflko  nalivo  Amaneana,  and  iba  natnra  of 
MTonlinilitutlono  In  Ibo  Spanlib  Mttlominu,  framed 
to  aueh  a  inannaf  tkit  a  Spnntord  migkl  anewer  Ikem 
witkoot  dlfeloiing  any  Iking  Ikat  waa  Improper  to  be 
oommunlaaled  to  a  fareignef.  Ho  tiamlalad  Ineea  Into 
Spaniak,  and  oUalnad  mm  vaiiooe  penone  wbo  kad 
reelded  in  moel  of  Ike  Speniik  eolonlee,  raeb  lepllee 
u  kava  afbided  ma  auMk  iMlmetion. 
Notwitkalanilinf  tkaia  paeallir  idnntogae  wilk  whicb 


my  Inavirleo  waia  canted  on  in  Spain,  It  ii  wilk  legrel 
I  am  aollged  to  add,  Ikat  their  euoceM  muelbe  aiertued 
to  the  benefleenoe  of  imll* Iduala,  not  to  anjr  eonunu- 
nioatlou  by  puUic  autboriljr.  Bt  a  eingular  arrange- 
ment  of  rbiilipll.  the  rooonlaof  the  Spaniib  monarchy 
are  depoeited  in  the  Ankito  ofSimancae,  near  Valla- 
dolid,  at  the  diitance  of  a  hundred  and  twenty  roilee 
from  the  ioat  of  govemment  and  Iho  itipreme  eontto  of 
jMiiae.    Tkepapen  lalativato  AaMfMn,and  ekii^ 


■gfjjniliaa. 


to  Ikal  early  peiladaf  Ha  Mitary  towaidi  wkWi  my 
-.^lenllaw  waadiiaalad,aia  eannmeiona,  t'  '  ' 


Ik*  AiMwai  and,  aaaarding  to  anatker,  IMv  aamMi* 
etokl  k«*dwd  and  laeantjp  ikia*  kiga  bnadMa.  Can* 
ecbna  *f  paatMitog,  to  iima  dijiii,  Ik*  Indaowy 
•MekkriMHato  an  kielerian,  Ika  priiaiH  af  enek  » 
Ifeaewn  mmM  my  m**l  anbM  antteelly.  Bnl  Ik* 
pwipaal  af  <  I*  *»  llmt  I  knee  anHrad.  Spain,  wkk 
an  aiaaa*  afwlton.  kaa  anifanaqr  tkaawn  a  vail  ovat 
ine*illenato  Ametiea.  PramMiangan  tkeyai* 
eaneeatol  wkk  paanHaf  lellellndei  Even  to  ker  aw« 
■atiteiito  tka  AiakWo  af  Simaaeae  ie  net  opened  wkk- 
em  a  partienlar  ovder  framlkaefawn;aad,*llar  ak> 
tatotoa  Ikat,  papal*  eaanol  ka  lealed  wllkent  paytaa 
faee  of  eAaa  eo  aiaikitanl  thai  Ika  aipenie  rieoed* 
wkat  it  wanbl  be  proper  to  boMow,  wken  Ika  giallAan* 
lianoflkamryenrlaeky  latkaenlyoMeet.  Illatok* 
koped,  Ikat  Ike  Bpontoide  will  at  k>et  illiiavir  Ikia  eya. 
tern  afeonoeaknenl  to  ba  na  haa  tomaUli*  than  ilUbaix 
al.  Flam  what  I  kava  aiperieneed  in  tkeeoniioaf  my 
driaa,  I  am  «lii«*d,  that  npaa  a  mora  minto* 
•enliny  tototkeir  early  apemtione  to  Ik*  New  WarU, 
kowovor  reprekenalble  Ika  actiaaa  af  todivldaala  ma* 
appear,  tka  eomlnal  of  Ike  nation  will  be  piaaed  to  a 

N*  favorable  light. 

In  elhar  parte  af  Earope  v*n  dUfaimit  eentknento 
prevail.  Havtog  aeafihed,  wkkani  iueeeM  to  Spato* 
far  a  hilar  of  Oortaa  to  Ckariea  V„  wrillan  eoen  alUt 
he  landed  to  tha  Meiiean  Empire,  wklak  hai  nol  kkk* 
trto  bean  pablieked ;  k  oeeamd  to  me.  that  aa  lb* 
Emperor  waeieMlng  oat  far  German*  at  the  lime  wb«i 
th*  meeiengen  from  Oortee  arrived  In  Europe,  tb*  lel> 
ler  wkk  whiek  Ibejr  were  inlrueted  might  poeelMjr  b* 
preeerved  in  the  Imperial  llbmrjr  at  Vienna.  I  eoa> 
muakaled  tkie  idea  to  Sir  Robert  Murray  Keilk,  wilk 
wkoa  I  have  long  bad  the  honor  to  live  In  Aiendehipt 
and  I  had  aoon  the  pleaeure  to  learn,  Ikat  upon  kie  ap. 
pUealioa  ker  Impertol  Maieitjr  kad  been  graeione^ 
pleated  to  Imuo  an  order,  tkal  not  only  a  copjr  of  thai 
MlerOfil  werefoanJ),  but  of  any  other  peuere  in  Ik* 
library  whiek  eonU  Ikrow  Hgkl  upon  Ike  Hietory  of 
Ameriea,  ekonld  be  Iranimllted  to  mo.  The  letlat 
from  Cortee  Ie  not  to  the  Imperial  library  ;  but  an  au- 
thenlio  copy,  allMled  by  a  notary,  of  the  letler  written 
bjr  the  megWraIn  of  the  colony  planted  by  bim  at  Vara 
Crui,  wbleb  I  have  oientloned,  p.  tlO,  havtog  been 
bond.  It  wai  traneeribed,  and  Mnt  to  me.  Ae  thle 
letter  la  no  lew  eurioue,  and  ae  lltllo  known  ae  that 
whiek  waa  the  object  of  my  inqulriee,  I  have  give* 
eome  aeeoont,  in  ileproper  phwe,  of  what  te  moM  wa*. 
%arMlicatoit.  Tof*tk*twkkit,lM«'tod*  M|y 


•Of.  KatofiKM'i^wlMMMslIlM*     a  lM««  taM  ImiM  ky 


"  N*  HiMMy  al  iMtk  AawtM 

Rok«flMII,''-CN«MMM'  CVCiO.  Of 


THE   COMPLETE   HISTORY 


<  Mm 


My,"  MIS 
or  Um  imm 

MtanllMal 
HMla*itag 


ikallWyalMt 

llHjrMMMM 

mMw.  Cm. 
,  Um  ImhMWy 
■Mlaf  Mtka 

Mj.     ■«>  tiM 

naiwUatM 
mllMyu* 
MbtrMm 

wkb' 


IMOMM 

illMmlttMi- 
III*  lata 

rlMnjra* 


NmtWmM, 

MvMmI*  «■« 

flMwIbi* 


ilaRpda. 
ImiooikKm 


i  thai  a*  Iha 

I  iImm  wbaa 

Iran*,  tba  M- 

h  poMiM;  ba 

Ina.    I  coaH 

1  KMt,  wltk 

iMambhtp, 

luponhlaap 

la  (laciaaaly 

[capjrof  thai 

antra  la  IIm 

tHUloryal 

TiMbtM 

|;bvl  *a  au- 

I  hiai  at  Vam 
liniai  bacr. 
Atlhla 
»n  aathal 
Jbata  fivaB 
lltaMMlwaf 
I'valacaif 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 

Mexico^  and  ^entrat  (ilmerica^ 

IMIMACINO 

Till  BRAZILIAN  EMPIRE,  PERU,  BOLIVIA,  CHILL  COLOMBIA,  VENEZUELA,  NEW  GRANADA.  IQUADOR.  GUIANA. 

THE  ARGENTINE  CONFEDERATION,  PARAGUAY,  URUGUAY,  PATAGONIA,  THE  FALKLAND 

ISLANDS,  YUCATAN.  THE  WEST  INDIES.  Etc^  Etc.. 

FROM  THE  EARLIEST  DISCOVERIES. 

BY 

INCLUDING 

r»£  fXOGXSSS  or  NAVIGATIOIT  among  tub  ANCIBNTS,  tub  BARLY  VOYACBS,  and  DtSCOyBBtBS.—AMSMlCA  M 

TUB  BJFTBBNTH  CBNTVRY :  iTS  INHABITANTS,   SCBNBRY,  BTC,  AND  THBORtBS 

CONCBRNING  TUB  BARLY  POP ULATtON. 

WITH  A 

Continuation  and  Appendix,  bringing  the  Work  Down  to  the  Present  Day. 

THI  WHOLE 

ABOUNDING  WITH   NOTES  AND   ILLUSTRATIONS. 
By  RIOKikZW   Z^S3E3,  A.2C. 


NEW  YORK: 

Nt.   SS  CUAMBBRS  STREET. 

SAN  FRANCISCO:   A.  L.  BANCROFT   &   CO. 
1882! 


•  OlfTN    AMRmnA 


Ml  llM»k  M  MMMctrf  I*  •<••■*  MM*  •««  ^f«lt«kt  il»- 
MtlWAN  IMtMtMgK 


M I  ami  Mk*«l«ii  lk><w  MiWiM 

Mf  iMitlriM  ••  nt  NMnlMff  ••fsMnM  Mt  •Hh 
•|iHM  h»uMt  ami  iM«»»i«,  U  •MmMiig  l<H*lh«  iim> 
■  M  ■iimi»m»w«lUw  kalMMii  mil  MfHIiMiN  *imI  iIm  •# 

■lliwwidMi  (WMimttiif  lb*  ilUiimftn  af  llM  NiiMkttM 
in  Ikak  iw*t(MlMi  #Mi  lt»iw»>»>>»  M«»>4i  lk«  mMat 
■f  AmmW*.  AMittftM  MfoltMtM  af  llMf  IfM  <MTnf>i 
kini,  IMM  Um  H^Mt*l  l>T  M«ll*f  tMl  llNKtln 

1WVMH  w9V*fH  •mwlHI  lvl|V0  MNtf  fvAMAI  HII  M^H|pM%lKM 

«l)b>lt  Imm  kMM  NMMla  ky  mm*  mmiM  Mttpian,  tiiil 

•DM.  lUf  okkk  Ik*  ffMmt  tiNCNtM  at  Rwmm  U  (mt 
IMM  I  iKW  MuM  I  iimnn  tnjr  |i>MUlr*l  mmmh,  iImi 
Ml|lM  r»ilil«f  H  liH|»f<i|i«r  In  ofiftf  t»t  InAtfiiMltnM  «■■« 
••mlil(  IIm  l«t*  «U«m|it«  nf  tM  RuMtan*  In  imn  • 
t<Hnm«nUitilun  IwloMin  AtU  *im1  AnoiU*.  Njt  tn- 
MnliMM  MHtnlrjtNMn,  Ih  Rugcnnn,  tM  jidjptWUn  In 
IM  RiMffvMi  ^mmhimI  my  m^tt  In  n*f  Imfcrial 
Mik^Hj,  tiWa  IM4  •Mtlif  illwliilnml  unt  kl»*  of  riNK«*l- 
Kwnl.liMt  Indanlly  nnUriHl  lh«  Jmirnal  nf  l}ii|itAln  Kr*- 
MIiiIm.  •Im  »uii4(it«lfi|  itM  mtljr  <iny»t»  »|  illMii«*r]r 
mail*  hy  MiMIx  •Htkwilf  •Inn  lh«  «Mr  IT4I,  In  Im 
InniUtM,  ami  kU  nfigfnal  rkart  In  M  v»at«il  in  my 
Ma*.  Njr  runaoMai  lh*n«.  I  k«**  (wan  ananknl  In  gt«a 
ft  innfa  am-Mrala  ftiw  nf  Ika  prnaraia  iml  ailani  arika 
NuHlan  INaanvaftaa  ikan  k«a  hlikarla  bean  eiunmHHt' 
jalnl  In  Ika  puMla. 
finm  mkar  aiiaitoft  I  kava  ra«*i«*il  InHmnalliin  af 

Kraal  Hllllljr  ami  ImiMHianfa,  M  la(!ka«allar(la  Ptnln, 
la  miitUlaf  h<m\  Punugal  to  Ika  tuurt  nf  (Iraal  Hri- 
tola,  wkn  eutninamlail  (ir  aaaanil  jraaraal  Malagniaaa. 
•  Mlllainniil  nf  Ika  l>iifiu|iMaa  In  ilia  Inlarlnr  |i.irt  nf 
Bruill,  wkara  Ika  Imliana  aia  niimarmia,  ami  Ikalrori- 
fliml  mannafa  llllla  aharail  ky  Inlairuuraa  wllk  Kiira- 
p»»n»,  aiaa  plaaaail  tn  aanJ  ma  tarjr  Aill  anaarara  In 
(uina  qiiariaarnnaamln*  Ika  rkaranlaraml  liialllulliina 
of  Iha  nallvaa  nf  Ainarira,  aihlnk  kla  |Killla  r»c«|i4lnn 
•fan  a|i|ilieallnn  maila  In  Mm  In  my  nama  an<mira|ail 
ma  Inpriiaaiaa  Thraa  ullillail  ma,  ikal  ka  Iia4  (un- 
laniiiUlail  Mfllk  •  iliararnlnf  allanlinn  Ika  runouanb- 
jaHa  wkiak  kta  allnitllnn  praaanlatl  In  kla  «l«w,  iml  I 
0  ha>a  oC      '  


lAan  fullowad  bim  aa  ona  of  mjr  bail  InalnMlail 

gukln, 

M  fliiitnl  In  wknaa  rlamnt  Iranalalinn  nf  Ika  lllilsr; 
•f  Iha  Ralgn  nf  Ckarlra  V  ,  I  nwa  Ika  flurnrahla  rarap- 
Mimnf  Ikal  work nn  Ika  nmlinanl.pna-iirail  ma  anawan 
n  Iha  aama  i|uarlaa  fnim  M  ila  Unuialnvllla,  who  hml 
appnHunlllfa  nf  nl>aar«ln|  Iha  Imliiina  bulk  nf  Nnrlh 
•ml  HiHilh  Ainarica,  ami  frnin  M  (Imlln  la  Jaiiiia,  whn 
raaltlail  ItAaan  jf  aaraninona  Imlliina  in  (julln.anJ  Iwanljr 
fannlnf'ajranna.  Tlia  liiilar  ara  mnra  «nlualila  flrmn 
ll««ln(  baanaiamlnati  liy  M  ila  la  (^nmlanilna,  wko,  a 
fcar  waaka  liafnra  kla  Jaaih.maila  aonia  ahnrt  ailillllima 
In  Iham,  whirh  may  Iw  ninaiilirnl  aa  ika  laal  afliin  of 
Ikal  allanlinn  Inaeianra  which  ncvupiail  a  kmf  Ufa, 

My  iniiuirica  warn  nnl  rnnllnati  In  nna  raginn  in 
Aniarira  (liivrninr  llulrhinann  liKik  Ika  Inailila  nf 
racnmmanillnv  Iha  conalilrralinn  of  my  quarlaa  tn  Mr. 
Il.iwlry  anil  Mr  liminaril.  Ivan  pmlaalani  mlaaionarlaa 
amplciyail  am<mg  Iha  Imllana  nf  Iha  PIva  Nallnna,  whn 
flivurrilmawilh  anawara  whlchiliarnvar  arnnaiilanilila 
llnnwlail|(a  of  Ilia  |M-ii|ila  whnaa  cualnma  Ihay  ilaacriba, 
Ttom  William  Hmllh,  Raij  iha  inganiniia  hialnrinn  of 
Naw  York,  I  raeaWail  aoma  uaaAil  Infnrmalinii  Wh^in 
I  aniar  U|mn  Iha  llialnry  nf  our  ('otnnira  In  North 
AmaricR,  I  aknil  hara  neeaainn  In  icknnwlailga  how 
murk  I  ka«a  baaii  iiulabiail  In  many  oikar  gnitlaman 
•f  that  enunlry. 

Vtmn  Ike  valunhia  fnllaellon  of  Vnyagaa  maila  hy 
AlatHnilar  Diilrvmplr,  Raq  ,  wilk  wkoaa  •tiantinn  In 
Ika  Hialnry  nf  Nnvigalinn  ami  Uiacmary  Iha  Puhlla 
U  wall  aniualnlail,  I  hava  m-aivnl  aoma  vary  rare  boiilia, 
pnrticulnrly  two  hirija  vnlumaa  nf  Momoriala,  pnrllv 
iiraniiavripl  ami  purity  in  print,  whirh  wrra jiraarnlnl 
lo  Ika  ciMirt  nf  Niiuin  iluring  llie  reiifna  nf  Pkllip  III 
mmI  Philip  (V.  fnimlkaaa  I  hava  Irnrnail  many  cnrl- 
iNia  piirlieulara  with  raajiacl  In  the  intrrinr  alale  nf  Iha 
flpaniah  mlnniea.  nnil  thn  viirlniia  achrmaa  f  >rmpil  fur 
Iknir  iinpriivpiniMil.  .\i  thia  cnltprtinii  nl  Memnrinia 
Cirmarly  IwloiiKail  tn  theUnitwrt  Uhrary,  I  hiiveiiun- 
toll  Ihem  liy  Ikal  lille. 

All  Ikaaa  hooka  iinil  mnnaaeri|i(i  I  kava  eonauhed 
Whh  thai  atlentiun  wkick  Ike  reaiiaci  ilue  from  nn  Au 
tor  la  Iha  Publlo  re^uiroJ ;  ami  hy  niinuu  referencfca 


amtaatnaail  la  aMkanllaaia  «kala<af  I 

kMM  aaawnHiT  la  naaaaaary  Tka  Malnatan  taka  raannta 
Ikaatania  uf  kla  awn  lima  la  aradllail  In  MnpHflkm  In 
Ika  nplnlim  wk*  k  Ika  PnMla  anlaflalna  wllk  raaaaH  la 
kla  Rwana  af  Intifmalltm  ami  kla  taraally  Ha  wkn 
•taHnaalaa  ika  Iranaaallnna  «f  a  ramnia  parttal,  baa  nn 
IHta  In  alalm  aaaatil,  iinlaaa  ka  ptinlHaaa  aiklanaa  In 
pfnnf  af  kla  aaaaffl<nia  WllkiHil  Ikia  ka  nwjr  wrila  an 
anmaing  lala,  but  aannnl  ba  aaki  l»  b«>a  aimipnaail  an 
anikaiilla  kMnfy      In  Ikuaa  aanllmaiMa  I  ka«a  kaan 

MiMNTnlMI  Hy  l^w  MHAHfM  Wi    All  ^UtRMTi  wRATC  RM  |I»* 

liiMir*,  aMJMbm,  ami  itlaaafnnian*,  knte  liaaanailly 
plaaai  In  •  kl|ll  rank  amnng  ika  nwat  aminani  kM«- 
fbtnaaf  Ik*  •(*  Iwknblanailliy  a  klnt  IVnm  kim.l  kax 
ynbllakail  •  aalakigiMaf  Ik*  aiMnhik  kwika  vMak  I  k«t* 
aawanllail.  Tkl*  pfaalla*  waa  Aa^nanl  In  Ika  ha*  van- 
Inrv,  ami  waa  aimablafeil  aa  an  aablana*  nf  larnkM* 
Imwalry  In  an  anikw  i  In  Ik*  praaani,  II  may,  parkap*. 
b*  ilaan.aU  Ik*  alRwl  nf  aalanlalbm ,  b«il,  aa  many  »t 
ikiiaa  kiNiba  are  unbnnwn  In  (Iraal  Nrllain,  I  •nnbl  mil 
•iikarwiaa  ka>a  ralbrrail  In  tkam  aa  aulknflllaa,«llkMlt 
anatimbarlng  Ik*  page  wllk  an  InaanUn  uf  Ikair  Aill 
llllaa  Tn  any  pemm  wkn  may  rkona*  to  Mkm  ma  In 
iMa  palk  af  lni|Mlry,  Ik*  aalafcigiM  mnal  k*  aery  tiaeM 

My  ramlara  will  ubaarva,  Ikal  In  manlbming  auma  af 
mnnay,  I  ka«a  uiilfiirmly  kilbiwail  ih*  NMinlak  malk<'<* 
ufamnpwing  by  Mtna  In  Amafla*|lM  p*aa/a«rr«, 
n>  Jam  ia  ik«  imly  ana  known  i  ami  lk»l  la  alwaya 
maaiil  wkan  any  awin  Impnflail  IVnm  Amarla*  I*  man 
llimail.  Tlia  paan  hiaria,  aa  wall  aa  olkar  aolna,  kaa 
•ariail  In  lie  nnmarary  ••hm  \  kut  I  ka«a  keen  a<l«ia*il, 
wllkiml  allamliiigt'iaiiah  mlhulavarlalkma.loaonablar 
ilaa  ai|iialln  Aiur  ahlMln||>  aibl  aliiianraufiwr  m<may 
ll  ia  In  ba  rainaniharail,  hnwaaar,  Inal  In  Ik*  alalaaiilk 
aanlury,  Iba  allbrllaatalua  nf  a  paan,  i  «.  Iha  aiMnllty 
nf  labor  wkirk  il  r*praa*nlail,nfnfgawlawkbihllwniilil 
purakaaa,  waa  Ave  or  al«  tiniaa  aa  much  aa  al  praaani, 

N  D.  HIni'*  Ikia  aililiuii  wiia  |hjI  liilit  Iha  preaa,  a 
llialnry  nf  Maiian,  in  Iwn  anIiKnaa  in  i)uann.lrniialaleil 
fWmi  the  Italian  of  Ika  Atih*  il*  Pranvaaen  Haaarln  i'Uf 
algaru,  kaa  been  piilillahnl  Prnni  a  paratm  wkn  la  a 
native  nf  Naw  N|Min,  wkn  kaa  reaklnl  Hitly  y^ara  In 
Ikal  rountry.ami  wkn  ia  ari|iialnlaO  wllk  Ik*  Maiiean 
language,  Il  waa  nalurnt  In  eipael  much  n*w  InAinna 
linn.  li|Km  p«rualng  kla  wnrk,  hnwavar,  I  Ami  Ikal  il 
ennlaina  krtnlly  any  aihlillim  In  the  amiiani  llialnry  of 
Ika  Maili'iin  ainplra.aa  ri-latnl  hy  Anwta  anil  llarrara, 
bill  what  iailrrlvi'il  Imm  thv  iiiipriiltiilijx  MarraliTaa  aiiil 
fanclftil  tnnjarturaa  i>rTnri|ii<<maila  ami  Hnlurinl.  Ha- 
ving rofilatl  Ihalr  apJaiallil  ijrarripllona  of  Ih*  high  alula 
nf  clvlllialion  In  tlip  Mciiranrnipira,  M  (MnvrgaM,  In 
Ika  aliuiiilaiira  of  hi>  ti''\\  fi"tli#  hminr  nf  hia  naliv* 
itiHinlry.rhnrgva  ma  witli  hiivinK  niialnkaii  anmr  pnliita, 
ami  with  kaving  niiarapraai'iiiml  olhrra  in  the  hialnry 
nf  I),  Wkan  an  autlmr  ia  eimarioiii  nf  having  avartnl 
liiilualry  In  raaaarrh,  ami  linparliaiily  in  Jhi  lai^n.  ka 
limy,  wilhinit  praaumpllim,  claim  what  pniiaa  is  li|a 
In  Ihraa  i|ualitira,  ami  ka  cannot  b*  inavnailila  lo  any 
arcuaallon  thai  lamia  tn  weaken  Iha  fnrra  of  bfa 
claim  A  feeling  nf  thia  kiml  baa  IihIucmI  ma  to  eiam- 
Ine  aurk  atrlclurea  of  M.  t.'lavlgero  on  my  hialory  of 
America,  aa  merileil  any  alteiiliim,  ea|ievially  aa  thaa* 
are  maile  hy  one  whn  aeeinnl  lo  pnaaeaa  the  ineana  of 
obtaining  accurate  inrnrniulinn ;  ami  tn  ahnw  that  the 
greater  part  nf  Ihcm  ia  ilealituta  of  anv  Jiial  fuumla- 
linn.  Thia  I  have  ilnne  in  iioli<a  U|Nm  ihm  paaaagaala 
my  Hialnry  which  gave  riae  In  kla  eriticlama. 
Cullafa  DrKilliiburih,  March  I,  ITM. 

BOOK    I. 

Pracraaa  nf  Navlminn  amani  iha  anciania— Vk>»  nf  ihalr 
ilia,  nvarlaa  •■  prritarnliiry  In  ihiiaa  i>r  ihx  nitNl»rn»—lMi- 
pvrrat'linna  nf  aiiri,<ril  iiavlgHltiin  ami  froiirapltv — Uiftiltia 
of  Iha  irtitv*— ^'iirihfr  illHroviiflt'a  t-tivcliail  by  ilitt  Irrtititl.Mi 
nf  ItartiariMia  nallitna— lli<namphli'itl  kniiwlc'laa  ■nil  |ir<*- 
aarwil  III  Iha  Kaal,  ami  aiiini<(  lh«  Ariililaii>— K'vlval  nl 
cnmiiivri'H  anil  imvifiillnii  hi  l'.urn|i«— I'uvnrfil  >iy  thti  I'ml. 
aailaa— aili-iiilai!  Iiy  iravallera  liiln  iha  Knnl'-iirniiinipil  hjr 
Iha  Invanllnii  nf  ihv  martntir'a  f'niii|Hi«N — Kii'«l  ri'anlnr  plan 
'    lUriivafy   l.tniinil   by  l*nrt,tV(il  — Mlala  nl  Ihal  kliuiilniti^ 


iwaa  wmaw  iii*v  unw  MWmiw 

maMavi'i       ••  anafctee  n*  to  •>•••  wM mm aaMalnly, 
•b*  ap*iMi.i«*  •#  Ika  iMaMM  MM  I*  Ik*  iMMap  af  t» 

naaf  mankln<lwam*M4»ky  kml  Tk««M«»wMik 


a«rrw<inita  ik*  kakwabia  aaHb, 
arma  af  Ik*  a*a  wki*k  aapauli 
Ikmigk  4aailn*4  l<(lk«tHtoto  lb* 


(•ftaiM 
lainnUnilaa  klwa» 


*k**k  Ik*  pwaraea  af  man,  ami  to  maife  Ika  kaamli  *7 
•kai  pMlbm  af  Ik*  gkik*  to  wbtoll  aalan  Im4  law<ai4 
Mm     ll  •••  kmg,  ••  mat  fcdtoaai  kaCwa  aHm  ai. 

IIM  ami  mlaaaluwa  aa  to  mwaM  Ikaiaahai  to 


Ik*  •i*iey  »t  Ika  wlaila  aii^  oaaaa,  •*  to  fall  lk*if  ••• 

Navlgalbm  ami  aMp •kMlMtog  aw  aria  aa  iil**  a«4 
amnpkralad,  ikal  lk*y  ra^lr*  iM  togMMMy,  aa  wall  a« 
*ip*rl*n*»,  af  amny  aaaeaaatva  age*  to  kfing  Ikaai  to 
any  ilegraa  af  pvKbvltim,  f  ram  Ik*  mR  af  aaiiaa,  wklall 
trM  aaneil  In  aarry  a  Mvaga  aaaf  Ika  itaaf  Ikal  ak> 
•Iruaini  kim  In  Ik*  akaa*,  1*  ik*  *MMlra*lbNi*f  *  •••aal 
aapaM*  af  fnnveylng  a  aaaiarwn  mm  wllk  aalbly  to 
amatonl  aaaaltlk*  pfwgfewin  NR^faaaiiiaiN  la  MMRaiiaai 
Man*  aRbfia  wmiM  baaiarf*,  «May  *tparla>*wla  «a«M 
b*  irM,  ami  mavk  labae  aa  wall  aa  InvaMban  waaM  k« 

v^HflV^yVBt  WWWV  NMH  WHnl   A^**omB|MA   IIM0  AnMMIf 

ami  kayaitani  iimlaitoklng  Tk*  fail*  awl  ki!p*f Ibtl 
•laM  tn  wMak  navlgalbm  la  allll  Katml  •nrnng  all  n^ 
llnna  wkiek  ara  mil  amiabbmbly  flvllli*<l,  auff»apnaiti 
wilkihla  aenmiil  nf  itapmgfaaa,  ami  ilamimalnMalbal 
In  early  llmea  Ik*  art  wa*  nnl  au  hr  Impfuveil  aa  to 
enable  men  to  umleitoke  iMalanI  voyagea,  nf  In  all«mp( 
feimae  illaeovaflea 

Aa  annn,  kowavvf,  a*  Ik*  art  nf  navigation  keaam* 
kmiwn,  a  naw  <p**l*a  of  rnf  reapmnlenea  annmg  m«« 
tm.k  plaea,  ll  U  IVian  Ikia  em  Ikal  we  muH  ilata  Ik* 
«  mmaneameni  nf  auek  an  IMaraoarae  belwean  aa< 
Ibma  aa  ileaervea  Ik*  appellalbm  of  anmmere*  Mm 
ara,  imlaetl,  far  ailvanreil  In  Impfovemenl  hettr*  ei«a> 
m*re*  keemina  an  o^eel  of  graal  Inipoftane*  to lk«m 
Tkey  muM  even  kava  maila  auma  conahleralil*  pfngraaa 
Inwanla  elvUI«allon,k*llif*tk*ji  ae^ulrail  Ik*  km  orpfi>> 
perly,  ami  aacarlain  il  an  perfcrlly  aa  In  h*  aeaualiilej 
wllk  III*  mnai  almpl*  of  all  eimtracla.ikal  of  eiekanglng 
hy  Imrler  ona  ruil*  jomimaliiy  fnr  amilkef  Bui  M 
Kxm  aa  thia  imporlanl  right  la  ealaliliaheil,  ami  *•* ijr 
imlivlilual  Ma  Ikal  k*  kaa  an  airlualva  lUt*  la  pa*< 
aeaa  ur  In  iillenato  wkalavef  k*  kaa  an|uir*il  kjr  kla  owii 
labor  ami  il*ilefiiy,  tk*  wania  ami  ingenuity  afklina* 
lure  iiiggeal  In  kliu  a  new  inetkml  lif  Inafeaaing  kU 
aci|iilaitliina  and  * nji^menla,  liy  diapnaing  of  wkal  ia 
au|M>rltuoua  in  hia  nwii  alnrea,  In  order  to  prnaura  what 
ia  nei-aaaary  or  ileairable  in  iknaa  of  otker  men  Tku* 
a  commercial  Inlercmira*  hegina,  and  I*  carried  oa 
among  tk*  niemlwra  of  Ika  aani*  community.  By  d*> 
gf**a,  they  diacmer  thai  neighboring  Iribee  poaaea* 
what  Ihey  ihemaalvea  want,  and  eiDoy  comloila  of 
wkwh  they  wiak  lo  partake.  In  Ike  aama  mod*,  ami 
upon  the  aama  princlplaa,lhat  domeatle  Irallle  la  carrkNl 
nn  within  Iha  auclety,  an  etteriial  eummerc*  la  eala> 
bliahetl  with  other  triliea  ur  naliima.  Their  mutual  in> 
tereal  and  mulual  wanta  rrnder  thia  intercuura*  d*air> 
able,  and  iniperi'p|ilibly  iiilnHluce  Ihe  maihiia  ami  Jawt 
wbiek  facililatp  ila  prugrcaa  and  rrmler  ll  aacur*.  Bui 
noaary  eiienaive  ciiininerce  can  take  plaea  balwean 
eoallguoua  provincea,  whoa*  aoil  ami  climala  being 
iwarly  the  aame  yield  aimilar  pfoductiona  Rraiota 
cnuntriea  cannot  convey  their  eominodillea  liy  land,  la 
Ihna*  placca  where,  on  account  of  tkelr  rarity,  Ikayaia 
deairail,  and  become  valuable.  It  ia  lo  navigation  Ikal 
men  are  imhrhtrd  for  Ike  power  of  IranaporlTng  Ika  iu- 
perfluoiia  atnck  of  one  |iart  of  the  earth  to  aupply  Iha 
wnntaof  aiinlher.  The  luiurWa  and  lileaainga  of  a  par* 
tirular  cjiinale  are  no  hingrr  coiillned  lo  ilaelfalona, 
but  Ihe  eiijoynienl  of  Ihem  la  cuinmunleatod  to  Iba 
ninal  dialniit  regiima. 

In  prn|Kirllon  aa  lb*  knowledge  of  Ih*  advanlagead*'  ' 
rivctll'riiiiinavigalloiiniHl  commerce  continued  to  apreaj 
the  iiileri'ourae  among  natinna  eitciidcd.  The  anibi- 
tinn  of  conqurat,  or  Ihe  neccaaity  of  procuring  now  eel 
tleinanta,  were  no  limger  the  aola  uiollvea  of  viailiiig 
dialani  landa.  The  dcaira  of  giilii  tiit'ani*  a  new  In- 
ri'niive  lo  iictiviiy,  ruuacd  nilveiiturera,  and  aenl  lk*M 
.Si'veriit  nifca  nliipaed  lirfnra   lliry  reninvcd  fii'r  rrninj  forth  U|Min  long  vnyagra,  in  aearck  of •ounlriea  whoa* 


■>f 


•irliaiiit*  nf  frinra  Haiiry—K.iiiiy  auifiTi|Ma  frntblu— fmaiaM 
aInitK   Ilia  Wi<al,.ri|.i*iiil«l  nf  Al'rli-il' -Iti  |ira  nC  ill<K'nvi.rlnf  a 

nfM  riiiua  iniha  Kimi  Imllaa— Aii«nt|aa  m  acriini|iltah  ilila— 
Priiapacla  uf  auccaaa. 

Thk  progreaa  of  men.  In  diaenvering  and  peopling 
the  vnriiiua  piirtanf  Ihe  ciirlh,  hiia  lircneilrciiii'ly  alnat 


thiwe  iiiilit  iinil  fertile  rFgiiiiia  in  which  tliey  were  ori 
ginnliy  |ilnced  liy  their  Crealor.  The  oeeaaloii  of  their 


Aral  general  diaiieraion  la  known ;  but  w*  are  unnc 
— ninted  with  Iha  cnura*  of  their  migrationa,  or  the 
10  when  Ihay  look  potaaaalon  of  Iho  dUTaranl  coun- 


prudurta  ur  waiita  might  Incrcaaelhal  circulatioa  wb 
nuuriahea  iiml  givea  vigor  lo  cniiiinerce.  Triide  proved 
a  greal  aouree  of  dlacovfry  ;  il  opened  unknown  aaaa^ 
ll  penelmlail  into  new  reyiona,  and  eonlrlbuleil  moia 
tliao  any  other  cauaa  to  Liuig  men  aci|ualnlail  wM  Ik* 


ROBRRTflONR   HISTORY   OF 


rilMll  w.  Ik*  Mlttia  anti  eommoilltlw  of  th*  liillStraiil 
pMU  tftht  fkiiM.  But  •«tii  iifUr  a  regular  eomoMica 
«aa  nUblUlMil  In  iha  wotM,  aftar  iialion*  w«ra  con 
iMaraMjr  eUiUud,  ami  the  MlancM  and  arti  waraeul 
lUaUil  with  anliir  and  wcmm,  navigation  continual 
to  ba  w  hn|MrliKt,  that  it  ean  hardly  ba  nid  to  hata 
ailvanrni  k'yond  iha  InAtncy  uf  tu  iinpravemfnt  in 
tha  aiK-laiit  wiirkl. 

Among  all  tha  iiattona  of  antiquity,  tha  ilruetura  of 
Ihalr  vauria  waa  ditramaly  nida,  and  Ihair  raathod  of 
working  ilivin  vary  dclaclWa.  Thay  wara  unacquainlctl 
with  lavrrul  princlulaa  and  oprrutlona  in  navigation, 
which  ara  now  lunildarad  aa  tna  Aralalcnianla  on  which 
that  Kivnc*  in  fuundad.  Though  thai  propaity  of  tha 
roagnal  by  which  it  allracta  iron  waa  wall  known  to  tha 
anclenta,  ita  mora  important  an<l  amaiing  virtua  ol' 
pointing  In  Iha  pulaa  had  aniiraly  aaeaped  tbair  ohaar- 
*ation.  U«>iilula  o(  thia  failhAil  guida,  which  now 
coiiducta  ilia  pilot  with  ao  much  eartainty  in  tha  un- 
iMMinded  ocran  during  tha  darknraa  of  night,  or  whan 
th«  haavani  ara  cnvarad  with  eluuda,  Iha  anciania  bail 
no  olhar  niPtluHl  (if  rvgulating  thair  eouraa  than  by  ob- 
aarving  tha  lun  and  aura.  Thair  navigation  waa  of  cnn- 
aaquance  uiicartain  and  timid.  They  durat  aaldom  quit 
aignt  of  land,  hut  crapl  along  Iha  eoaat,  aipoaad  to  all 
Iba  dangara,  and  'Ctardad  by  all  tha  olialnictiona,  una- 
•voiilaliia  in  holding  auch  an  awkward  ciMiraa.  An  in- 
eradibia  length  of  lima  waa  raifuiaila  for  parlorming 
Toyagaa  which  ara  now  flniah<id  in  a  abort  ipaee.  £ven 
in  Iha^ildcit  clinialaa,  and  in  aaaa  Iba  Ivail  Irmpea- 
luoua,  it  will  only  during  the  iummar  monlha  that  the 
■ncii'nu  tenluml  mil  of  Ihrir  hnrbora.  The  rainaiiulcr 
of  the  year  waa  loat  in  innclivily.  It  would  have  Inmn 
deemed  moal  inconaidnmle  raahneaa  to  have  braved  Ihe 
fury  of  the  windi  and  wavea  during  winter. 

While  Imlh  Ihe  at^ionce  and  practice  of  navigation 
continued  In  be  ao  defective,  it  waa  an  undertaking  of 
III)  aniiill  liiflicully  mid  danger  to  viait  any  remote  re- 
gion of  the  earth.  Under  every  diandvnnlage,  how- 
ever, Ihe  active  epirit  of  commerce  exerted  itaelf.  The 
Egyptiane,  amin  after  the  ealabUahnient  uf  their  moii- 
irony,  are  aiiid  to  have  opened  ■  trade  lietween  the 
Arabian  Gulf,  or  Kud  Sea,  and  tha  wealern  eoaat  of 
the  great  Indian  continent.  The  coiiimodiliea  which 
ibcy  imported  from  the  Eaat.were  carried  by  land  from 
Ibe  Arabian  Oulf  to  the  banka  of  Ihe  Nile,  and  con- 
wyrd  down  that  rivor  to  Ibe  Mpdilprrunean.  liut  if 
the  Egypliana  in  early  timca  applied  Ihemiclvea  to 
commerce,  their  'ittention  to  il  waa  of  abort  duration. 
Tha  fertile  aoil  and  mild  climate  nf  Egypt  prn<luced  Ihe 
iMceoariea  and  cninforta  of  life  with  auch  profiiaion, 
la  rendered  iu  inhnhilnnta  oo  imlciiciiilent  of  ulbcr 
aountrira,  that  il  liecameaneitiiklithed  maxim  among 
lk»t  people,  whoae  ideaa  and  inilituliona  difTerol  in 
alinott  every  point  from  thon  of  other  naliona,  to  re- 
nounra  all  inlercourae  with  furcignera.  In  conie- 
quence  of  thin,  they  never  went  out  of  their  own  coun- 
try ;  they  held  all  leafaring  peruana  in  deteilation,  aa 
impioua  and  profane;  and  fortifying  their  own  harbora, 
they  denied  alrannera  ndmillance  into  them.  It  wai 
in  the  decline  of  ihi'ir  power.and  when  their  veneration 
fur  ancient  niaiimi  had  greatly  almled,  that  they  again 
opened  llii*ir  porta,  and  reaumed  uiiy  coininuiiication 
with  fi>n>i;!nerB.  | 

The  character  and  eltuation  of  the  Pheniciana  were 
aa  favorable  to  the  apirit  of  commerce  and  diicnvery  aa 
ihoi*  of  the  Egypliana  were  advene  to  il.  They  had 
n'~>  dislinguialiini;  (leculiurily  in  their  iiiannera  and  in- 
atitiitiona ;  they  were  nut  adiliclcd  to  any  aingular  aiiil 
unaocial  form  of  ■uprratitioii ;  they  coulil  mini{le  with 
other  naliona  without  acrupleor  reluctance.  The  terri- 
tory which  Ihey  iwaaeaieil  waa  neither  large  nor  fertile. 
Coinineree  waa  the  only  aource  from  which  they  could 
derive  (ipulenrc  or  power.  Arconlinjfly,  the  trade 
narrieil  on  hy  the  Pheriiciniia  of  Sidun  mid  Tyre,  waa 
more  extcnaivc  and  cnlerpriaing  than  that  ofanyalale 
in  the  iincioiit  world.  The  i;cniua  of  the  Phemciana, 
BK  well  iix  Ihe  iiliject  of  their  policy  and  the  ipiril  of 
their  law«,  were  entirely  commercial.  They  were  a 
people  of  inorchaiita,  who  aimed  at  the  empire  of  the 
aiiH,  and  actually  [loaaeMed  it.  Their  ahipa  not  only 
freuuenieil  all  the  porta  in  the  Medilerranenn.but  they 
were  the  firat  who  ventured  beyond  the  ancient  boiin 
daries  of  imvijrailun,  and,  pasaiii);  the  Straita  offiadea, 
viaitoil  the  western  coaats  of  Spain  and  Africa.  In 
many  of  the  place*  to  which  ihey  reeorlcd,lhey  planted 
eoioiiiea,  ami  communicated  to  Ihe  rudn  inhahilanta 
tan,e  kn(>wleJi;e  of  their  arte  and  improvemenla. 
Whib.  Ihey  extended  their  diacovcriea  towards  the 
north  aiid  the  weal,  they  did  not  neglect  to  penelrnle 
Into  the  more  opulent  and  fertile  reginna  of  the  aouth 
•ml  taal.    Having  rendered  tbemaelvea  maatera  of 


aavaral  orniinodioua  hatboia  towania  tha  bottom  of  tha 
Arabian  Uulf,thay,  after  tha  aiampla  of  tha  Egypliana, 
aalahliahad  a  regular  intareuurM  with  .\rabia  and  the 
eimtincnt  of  India  on  tha  one  hand,  and  with  Ihe 
aaalarn  eoaat  of  Africa  on  the  other.  From  theae 
eounlriea  they  importeil  many  valuable  commodltiea 
unknown  to  tlia  real  of  Ihe  world,  and  during  a  lung 
perio'.  engroaaed  that  lucratiia  branch  uf  conimerce 
without  a  rival.  [N] 

Tha  vaat  wealth  which  tha  Pheneciana  acquired  by 
monopoliiiiig  Ihe  Iraile  carried  on  in  tha  Ked  Hen,  in- 
cited Iheir  neighbora  the  Jewa,  under  the  prua|i«roua 
reigna  of  Davidand  8olnmun,  to  alui  at  being  admitted 
to  aoma  ahare  of  il.  Thia  they  ubtained,  partly  by 
thair  conqueat  of  Idumea,  which  atralcbea  along  the 
Red  Haa,  and  partly  by  their  alliance  with  Hiram,  king 
of  Tyre,  Solomon  fiitnlnul  fleeta,  which,  under  the 
direction  of  Phcneciaii  pilola,  aailed  from  the  Red  Hea 
to  Tarahiah  and  Ophir.  Tlieae,  il  la  pruliable,  were 
porta  in  India  and  Africa,  which  their  cnnduitora  were 
aecuatcmed  to  fVequent  and  from  them  the  Je«  ah 
ahipa  returned  with  auch  valuable  cargoee  aa  auddenly 
dilluaad  wealth  and  aplendor  lhru>igh  Ihe  kingdom  of 
latael.  But  Iha  aingular  inatituliona  uf  Ihe  Jewa,  the 
oboervance  of  which  waa  enjoined  by  their  divine  I,e- 
gialator,  with  an  intention  of  preaerving  them  a  aepa- 
rala  people,  uninfected  by  idolatry,  formed  a  national 
chamclar,  incapable  of  that  open  and  lilM'ral  inlercourae 
with  atrangen  which  commeice  requirea.  According- 
ly, thia  unaocial  geniua  of  the  people,  together  with 
the  diaaatera  which  befell  the  kingdom  of  larael,  pre- 
vented  the  commercial  apirit  which  their  monarcha  h 
iHircd  In  introduce  and  to  cheriah,  from  apreading 
among  them.  The  Jewa  cannot  be  i.  .mliered  among 
•he  natiunj  which  contributed  to  improve  navigation, 
or  lo  extend  iliocovery. 

Dut  though  the  inalructinna  and  example  of  Ihe 
Pheniciana  were  unable  lo  mould  the  ninnnera  and 
temper  of  the  Jewa,  in  oppoaition  In  the  tendency  uf 
their  lawa,  they  tranamitted  the  commercial  apirit  with 
facility,  and  in  ftill  vigor,  lo  their  own  deacendania  the 
Carthaginiane.  The  commonwealth  of  Carthage  ap- 
plie<l  to  trade  iind  naval  alTaira,  with  no  leaa  ardor,  in- 
genuity, and  aucceaa,  than  ita  parent  alate.  Carthage 
early  rivalled  and  aoon  aurpaaaed  Tyre  in  opulence  and 
power,  but  oeema  not  lo  have  aimed  at  obliiiiiing  any 
•hare  in  the  commerce  with  India.  The  I'hviiiciana 
bad  engroaaed  thia,  and  had  auch  a  command  of  the 
Hed  Sea  aa  aecured  lo  them  the  axeluaive  poaaeaaion 
of  that  lucrative  branch  of  trade.  The  commercial 
activity  of  Ihe  Carlliaginiana  waa  exerted  in  another 
direction.  Without  contending  fur  the  trade  of  the 
Eaal  with  their  mother  country,  Ihey  extended  Iheir 
navigation  chiefly  towania  the  wrat  and  north.  Fol- 
lowing Ihe  courae  which  the  Pheniciana  had  opened, 
Ihey  paaaed  Ihe  Straita  of  Oadea,  and  puahing  Iheir 
diacoveriea  far  beyond  Ihoae  of  the  parent  Ktnte,  viaited 
not  only  nil  thecoaata  of  Spain,  but  tlioae  of  (iaul,  and 
penelraletl  at  laat  into  Britain.  At  the  aanie  lime  that 
they  acquired  knowledge  of  new  countries  in  lliia  part 
of  the  globe,  they  gradually  carried  their  reacarcliva  to- 
wania Ihe  aouth.  Tliey  made  conaiilemlilo  progreaa 
by  land  into  the  interior  provincea  nf  Africa,  traded 
with  auine  of  them,  and  aubjected  olhera  In  their  em- 
pire.  They  aailed  along  the  weatern  eoaat  of  that 
great  continent  alinoat  to  the  tropic  of  Cancer,  and 
planted  aevernl  roloniea,  in  order  to  civilize  the  nnlivea 
and  accualom  Ihem  to  commerce.  They  diacuvered 
the  Fortunate  lelniula,  now  known  hy  the  name  of  the 
('aiiarica,  the  utmuat  Imundary  of  ancient  navigation 
in  the  wealern  ocean. 

Nor  waa  Ihe  progreaeof  the  Pheniciana  and  Carllia- 
giniana in  Iheir  knowledge  oftlip  glolie,  owing  entirely 
to  Ihe  deaire  of  exteiuling  their  trade  from  one  ctuintry 
lo   another,     ('oinnierce   waa   followed  liy  ita  uauul 
efl<>cta  among  both  theae  |ieople.     It  awakened  curi- 
oaity,  enlarged  the  ideaa  and  deairea  of  men,  and  inci- 
ted  them  to  bold  enlerpriaea.     Voyagea  were  under- 
taken, the  aolc  object  of  which  waa  to  discover  new  i 
eounlriea,  and  lo  explore  unknown  aeaa.  Such,  during  | 
the  proapcroua  age  uf  Ihe  ('arthaginian  republic,  were  | 
the  famoua  navignliona  nf  Hanno  and  Himilco.  Both  i 
their  fleeta  were  equipped  by  authority  of  the  aennte, ; 
and  at  public  expenae.     Hanno  waa  directed  to  ateer ! 
towarda  the  aouth,  along  Ihe  eoaat  of  .Mrica,  antI  ho  ' 
aeema  to  have  advanced  much  nearer  the  equinoctial  I 
line  than  any  fnnner  navigator,     Himilco  had  it  in ; 
chHr!;e  lo  proceed  toward  Ihe  north,  and  to  examine  1 
the  wealern  coaataof  the  European  continent.  Of  the  | 
aaine  nature  waa  the  extraordinary  navigation  of  the 
Pheniciana  round  Africa.     A  Phenician  fleet,  we  are : 
told,  fitted  out  by  Nacho  king  uf  Egypt,  took  ita  de- 1 


inarture  about  aix  hundred  and  four  yaara  beloretiM 
t'htiatian  ara,  from  a  port  in  tha  Red  Hea,  dttMed  Ik* 
aoulhern  promontory  of  Africa,  and  after  a  voyage  ol 
three  yeara  returned  by  iha  Htraita  uf  Oadea  l<i  lb* 
mouth  nf  the  Nile,  Euilnxua  of  Cyiicua  ia  oaid  lo 
have  hekl  the  aame  eimrae,  and  to  have  accunpliah«l 
the  aame  arduoua  undertaking, 

Theae  voyagea,  if  performed  in  the  manner  whirh  I 
have  relale«l,niay  jually  lie  reckoned  the  greateal  ellhrl 
of  navigation  in  the  ancient  world;  and  il  we  alter  d  to 
Ihe  iin|ierfact  alate  of  the  art  at  that  lin.e,  il  ia  diihcult 
to  determine  whether  we  ahould  niuat  admire  the  cour- 
age and  aagncity  with  which  the  deaign  waa  furnied,nr 
the  conduct  and  good  fortune  wilbwiiich  itwaaeiecii- 
ted.  But  unfortunately  all  the  original  and  authentin 
accounta  of  Ihe  Phenicinn  and  Carthaginian  voyagea, 
whether  undertaken  by  public  authority  or  in  prnavcu- 
lion  of  Iheir  private  Iraue,  have  periahed.  The  infor- 
mation which  we  receive  concerning  them  from  tho 
Ureek  and  Roman  aulhora  ia  not  only  obacure  and  in- 
accurate, but  ifweexeepta  abort  narrative ufHaniio'a 
expedition,  ia  of  auapicioua  aulbority.  Whatever  an- 
qiiainlanee  with  the  remote  regiona  of  Ibe  earth  tho 
Pheniciana  or  ('arthagiiiiana  may  have  acquired,  waa 
concealed  from  the  real  of  mankind  with  a  mercantile 
jeakiuay.  Every  thing  relative  lo  the  courae  of  theii 
navigation  waa  not  only  a  niyalery  of  trnde.hut  a  aecrel 
of  alate.  Exiraunlinary  facta  are  related  concerning 
their  aolicitude  lo  prevent  other  naliona  from  penttra- 
ting  into  what  they  wiahed  ahould  remain  undivulged. 
Many  nf  their  diacoveriea  oeem,  accordingly,  to  have 
been  acurcely  known  lieyond  theprecihcia  oftheirown 
atalet.  The  navigation  round  Africa,  in  particular,  ia 
recorded  by  the  ureek  and  Roman  writert  rather  aa  a 
at  range  aniuaing  tale,  which  they  did  not  comprehend  Ol 
did  not  lielicve,  lliun  na  a  real  tranaaction  which  en- 
larged their  knowledge  and  influenced  their  opiniuna[U] 
Aam'iihi'rtbi'prugicaaoflhePheiiicianorl 'arthaginian 
diacoveriea,  nor  the  extent  of  their  navigation,  were 
communicated  to  the  real  of  mankind,  all  uieuioriala  of 
their  extraordinary  akill  in  naval  afliiiraaeem  in  a  great 
meaaure  lo  have  |H'rialicd,  when  the  maritime  power 
of  the  former  waa  annihilated  hy  Alexander'a  conqueat 
of  Tyre,  and  Ihe  empire  of  the  latter  waa  orertuincd 
by  the  Roman  arnia. 

Irf'aving,lhen,theobacureand  pompoua  accounta  ol 
thcPbeniciannnd  Carthaginian  voyagialotbccutioaily 
and  conjecturea  of  antiquariea,  bialory  niuat  real  aatia- 
fied  with  relating  the  progreaa  of  navigation  and  diaco- 
very  anibngtliefjreekeand  Riimana,  which,  though  leaa 
aplendid,  ia  lietler  aacertained.  Il  ia  evident  that  the  ' 
I'bi'iiiciana,  who  inatrucled  Ihe  (ireeka  in  many  other 
uieful  acicncea  and  arte,  did  not  cniuniunicate  lutiiero 
that  extenaive  knowledge  of  navigation  which  they 
Iheniaelvea  |in>aeaacd  ;  nor  did  the  Ronianu  iudiibe  that 
commercial  apirit  and  ardor  for  diacovery  wliicli  dia- 
linguiaheil  Iheir  rivala  the  Curtliaginiana.  I'hougk 
fl recce  be  nlinnat  enconipnabed  by  the  aen,  which  furio 
ed  many  apacioua  biiya  and  commudinua  harbora 
though  it  be  aurrouiideil  by  a  great  iininlier  of  I'ertilo 
iainiida,  yel,  notwilhalandii  g  auch  a  favorable  ailualiuii 
n  hirh  aerined  to  invite  that  ingeiiioua  |ieuple  lo  apply 
ihrinaclvca  to  navigation,  it  waa  li,ng  lielure  Iliia  art 
attained  any  degree  of  perfection  among  them.  'J*be:r 
early  voyagea,  the  object  of  which  waa  piracy  rather 
than  cuiiuiierce,  were  ao  inconaiderable  tlial  the  expe- 
ililioii  of  Ihe  Argoiiniila  from  the  coaainf  Tbeaaiily  tu 
the  i'^uxine  Sea,  ap|)eared  auch  an  amazing  etlort  uf 
akill  and  couriiye,  aa  entilleil  the  conduclora  of  il  lo  lie 
ranked  among  the  deniiguda,  and  exalted  the  vcahil  in 
which  tbey  aailed  to  a  place  among  the  heavenly  iiui- 
alellaliona.  Even  at  a  later  |ieriud,  when  Ihe  Uireka 
enga)ied  in  the  famoua  enlerpriae  agaiiial  1'roy,  Iheir 
know  ledge  in  naval  ntfaira  accina  not  to  have  been  much 
iinprovrd.  .Xccordiiig  lo  tho  account  of  Homer,  the 
only  piH't  to  whom  hiatnry  veiiturea  to  appeal,  and  w  ho 
by  Ilia  acriipiibua  nccurncy  in  deacribing  the  niniuiera 
and  urta  of  early  agea.merita  thia  diatinction.tbe  Hciciice 
of  navigation  nitbal  lime,  hnd  hardly  advanced  la'yond 
lie  rudeat  atalc.  The  (Srecka  in  the  heroic  ngc  aeelii 
to  have  been  unacquainted  with  the  uae  uf  iron,  the 
moat  aerviceable  of  all  the  melala,  without  which  iiu 
cnnaiderable  progreaa  waaever  made  in  the  mecliuiiical 
arta.  Their  veaaela  were  of  inconaiderable  burden,  and 
mnatly  without  decka.  They  had  only  one  niaat,  wliicb 
waa  erected  or  taken  dawn  at  pteaaure.  They  were 
atrangera  to  the  uae  of  anchora.  All  their  operationa 
in  euiling  were  clumay  and  unakilful.  1'hey  turned 
their  obaervaliona  lowarda  atara,  which  were  iiiipro|H!r 
fiir  regulating  their  courae,and  their  mode  of  ubaerving 
them  waa  inaccurate  and  fallacioua.  When  they  had 
finiahed  a  voyage  Ihey  drew  their  palti;  barkf  uabon^ 


IIOVTH   AMERICA 


M  ntagM  do  Ibmr  mrom,  and  iIwm  ranniiwd  on  dnr 
Und  unllflho  Mnion  of  rHurning  lo  wr  •pproaehitl 
II  U  not  thon  in  Iha  OHrly  h«roir  agri  of  Urrwa  Ihiit 
««  ran  tiuKt  In  nb«>r«c  Ihe  •rirnca  of  nnvlgaliun, 
ami  Ihit  apiril  of  iliaeovDry,  making  any  coniliTcrahle 
piiigrvu.  Uiiring  thai  prrind  o(  dianrdcr  ami  igno- 
nnit,  a  thnuaniiil  cauara  eonciirrfd  In  realrnlning  cu- 
rUnily  anil  rnl«r|iriM  wiihin  vrry  nanniw  Inunila. 
Hut  tha  (irrvka  ailvnnrnl  with  ra|il<lily  lu  a  italc  or 

f[raalrr  ei«iliinliun  and  rrAncinant.  OuvarnnienI,  in 
la  niiwl  lilirral  nnil  (irirrrl  furin,  bagan  In  ba  aalah- 
liahail  III  Ihalr  iliflartnl  runiniuiiliiaa  ;  iHiuat  lawa  and 
rfgiilnr  (Kilieo  wara  grailuiilly  iiilnxlucail ;  Ilia  wiancra 
and  arta  which  ara  uaaliil  or  ornamanlal  In  Ufa  wara 
earrlail  lo  a  high  pilch  of  iinprova mant ;  and  aaveral  of 
tha  Orrrian  eonuiHinwaallha  appliad  lo  ciimmarca  wilh 
aui'h  aniiir  and  auccata,  thai  tnay  wara  eiinaidrrad,  In 
tha  anciant  workl,  aa  niarilima  powara  of  tha  flrit  rank. 
Kvaii  Ihan,  huwavar,  Iha  naval  viclorlaa  of  tha  (Iraaka 
muat  ba  aacribad  ralherto  Iha  naliva  apiril  of  Iha  pro- 

fila,  and  to  Ihalcouraga  which  ihaanjnymant of  liliart^ 
iiapiri'a,  Ihan  to  anyaitraonliimry  prngraaa  in  tha  aci- 
•hcaiif  navig^illon.  In  Iha  Prrainn  wiir,  thoia  aiplnila, 
which  III*  gaiiiua  of  the  Uraok  hialoriana  hna  ranilarril 
■0  famoiia,  wara  parformad  by  Aaata  compoaad  cliially 
of  ainall  vaaaala  without  dacka  ;'the  erawa  of  which 
ruahad  AirwanI  wilh  Impaluoua  valor,  Imt  Utile  art,  to 
board  Ihoaa  of  Iha  anamv.  In  tha  war  of  Palnponnaaui, 
thair  ahlpa  aaam  atill  to  hava  liran  of  Inconaidarahle  bur- 
dan  and  forca.  Tha  aitaiil  of  lhair  trada,  how  highly 
■oavar  ll  may  hava  baan  aatimalad  In  anciant  limaa, 
waa  In  proportion  lo  thia  low  condilinn  of  thrir  marina. 
Tha  marilima  atalaa  of  Oraace  hardly  earrird  nn  any 
coromorca  hayond  Iha  limilaoflha  Madilarranaan  aaa. 
Thair  chiafintarcouraa  waa  wilhtho  coloniaa  of  lhair 
countryman  planlad  in  Iha  I^aarr  .\aia,  in  Italy,  and 
Sicily,  Thay  aomrlimat  viaitrd  Iha  porta  of  Kgypt,  of 
tha  aoutharn  provincra  of  (iaiil,  and  of  Thraca ;  nr, 
paaaing  through  Iha  HrlUaporil,  thay  tra^ad  with  tha 
counlrlaa  ailuatad  around  the  Euilnaaai.  Amaiing 
Inatancaa  occur  of  lhair  ignnranca,  avan  of  Ihoaa  coun 
triaa  which  lay  within  Iha  narrow  precincta  lo  which 
thair  navigation  waa  confined.  Whan  Iha  Graeka  hud 
aaaainblau  their  combined  fleet  agalnat  Xerxea  at  Egina 
Ihay  thiiught  it  unadviaable  lo  aail  lo  Hamoa,  becauaa 
Iha^  believed  Iha  diatance  liplwaan  that  iaiand  and 
Egina  I?  ba  aa  great  aa  the  diatance  batwaan  Eginn 
and  Iha  Villara  of  Harculea,  Thay  wara  either  utterly 
unacq'iainted  with  all  tha  parta  of  the  glolie  bavond  tha 
Madilarranaan  aaa,or  what  knowledge  they  hailof  Ihcin 
waa  founded  on  conjecture,  or  derived  from  the  infor- 
malion  of  a  few  paraona  whom  curioaity  and  tha  love  «f 
■cicinca  had  prompted  lo  travel  by  land  into  the  Upper 
Aaia,  or  by  aea  into  Egypt,  the  ancient  aeata  of  wia- 
rloro  and  arta.  After  all  that  tha  Oraaka  laariicd  from 
(hem,  thay  apiiaar  to  have  liaan  ignorant  of  the  moat 
important  facta  on  which  nn  accurate  and  acienlific 
knowledge  of  the  glolie  ia  founded, ' 

1'he  expedilinn  of  Alexander  the  Orent  into  the  Euat 
eonaiderably  enlarged  the  aphere  of  navigation  and  of 
geographical  knowledge  ninunglha  Greeks.  That  ex- 
traordinary man,  notwilhatanding  the  violent  paaaiona 
which  inciteil  him  at  aniue  tinira  to  the  wildcat  actinna 
•nd  the  inual  extravagant enlarpriaaa,  poaaaaacd  lalcnta 
which  fitted  him,  not  only  lo  conquer,  but  lo  govern  the 
world.  He  waa  capable  of  framing  those  Uild  andori- 
ginul  acliemea  ol  policy,  which  gave  a  new  form  to  hu- 
man afiiiira.  The  revolution  in  commerce,  brought 
.  about  by  the  forca  of  hia  geniua,  ia  hanliy  inferior  to 
that  revolution  in  empire  occasioned  by  the  aucccaa  of 
his  arms  It  ia  probable  that  the  opposition  and  efforts 
of  the  republic  of  Tyre,  which  checked  him  ao  long  in 
the  career  of  hia  victories,  gave  Alexander  an  opportu- 
nity of  observing  the  vast  resources  of  a  maritime  pow- 
er, and  conveyed  to  hliii  some  idea  of  the  imincnao 
wealth  which  the  Tyrians  derived  from  their  commerce 
especially  that  with  the  East  Indies.  As  soon  as  ho 
had  accomplished  the  destruction  of  Tyre,  and  reduced 
Egypt  to  subjection,  ho  formed  the  plan  of  rendering 
tho  empire  which  he  proposed  to  establish,  the  centre 
of  commerce  aa  well  as  tha  sent  of  dominion.  With 
thia  view  he  founded  a  great  city,  which  he  honored 
wilh  his  own  name,  near  one  of  the  mouths  of  the  river 
Nile,  that  by  the  Meiliterranean  sea,  and  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  Arabian  Gulf,  it  might  command  the  trade 
both  of  the  East  and  West.  This  situation  was  chosen 
with  such  discernment,  that  Alexandria  soon  became 
tho  chief  commercial  cily  in  tho  world.  Not  only  du- 
ring the  subsistence  of  the  Grecian  empire  in  Egypt 
•DU  in  the  East,  but  amidst  all  the  aucceasive  revolu- 
licna  in  those  countries  from  the  time  of  the  Ptolemies 
Is  lb*  diaeoTcrjr  of  the  navigation  by  the  Cape  ofOood 


Hope,  enmmarea,  particularly  that  of  tha  Eaat  Indiea, 
continued  to  flow  in  Iha  channel  which  the  sagacity 
and  foresight  of  Alexander  had  marked  out  for  ll. 

His  uinbilion  was  not  sntialleil  wilh  having  opened  lo 
the  Greeks  a  communiralion  with  India  by  sra  ;  Iw 
aspireil  lo  the  sovereignty  of  those  regions  which  fur- 
nished tharast  of  maiikind  with  io  many  praciouaeotn- 
nioditiaa,  and  cunduclad  his  army  thither  by  land.  En- 
leriiriaiiig,  however,  aa  he  waa,  ha  may  bo  aald  rather 
lo  nave  viewed  than  lo  have  conaiiereil  that  country. 
He  did  not,  in  hia  progreas  luwiinis  Iha  Eut,  advance 
beyond  Iha  banks  of  the  rivers  that  fall  into  Iha  Indus, 
which  is  now  tha  western  boiiudary  of  tha  vaat  conti- 
nent of  India.  Amidst  tha  wild  exploits  which  diatiii- 
guish  this  part  of  his  hialory,  he  pursue>l  menaurea  that 
mark  the  auiirriorily  of  hia  geniua  aa  well  as  the  oxieni 
ofhisviaws.  He  had  panetraled  na  far  into  India  as  lo 
confirm  hia  opinion  of  lla  commarrial  ini|mrtanca,  and 
to  perceive  that  immense  wealth  might  ba  derived  from 
intercourse  with  a  country  where  the  aria  of  elegance, 
having  bean  mora  aariy  cultivated,  were  arrived  at 
greater  perfection  than  in  any  other  part  of  tha  earth. 
Full  of  this  idea,  he  resolvail  to  examine  Iha  courao  of 
navigation  from  the  mouth  of  the  Indus  lotha  bottom 
of  tha  Persian  Gulf;  and,  if  it  ahould  lie  found  practi- 
cable, lo  estnbliah  a  regular  communication  between 
them.  In  order  lo  aflect  this,  he  pro|M>sed  lo  remove 
Iha  cataracts,  wilh  whichthe  jealousy  of  the  Persians, 
anil  their  aversion  to  correapondance  wilh  foreignera, 
had  ohatructed  the  entrance  into  the  Euphralea ;  to 
carry  the  rommoditias  of  the  East  up  that  river,  and 
the  Tigria,  which  unitea  wilh  it,  into  the  interior  parta 
of  his  Asiatic  dominiona;  vihile,  by  Iha  way  of  the 
Arabian  Gulf  and  tha  river  Nile,  lhay  might  be  con- 
veyed lo  Aleirndria,  and  diat'ibutad  lo  tha  rest  of  the 
world,  Nearchus,  au  olUcer  of  eminent  abilities,  was 
intrusted  wilh  the  coinninnd  of  the  fleet  fitted  out  fur 
this  expeilition.  He  iierformisl  this  voyage,  which  was 
deemed  an  onterpriso  so  arduous  and  important,  that 
Alexander  reckoned  it  one  of  the  most  extraordinary 
events  which  distinguished  his  reign.  Inconsiderable 
aa  it  may  now  nppi'ur.it  wns  at  that  time  an  undertak- 
ing of  no  litllo  merit  ami  difficully.  In  tha  prosecu- 
tion of  it,  Btrikiiig  instuncea  occur  oftha  small  progreas 
which  the  Greiks  had  made  in  naval  knowledge.  [4] 
Having  never  anili'i!  beyond  the  bounds  of  theMcditerra- 
neun,  where  the  rlib  uiiil  flow  of  the  sea  are  hardly  per- 
ceptible, when  till  y  first  observed  this  phenomenon  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Indus,  it  appeared  to  them  a  prodigy, 
by  which  tha  gods  testified  the  displeasure  of^  heaven 
against  their  enterprise.  [6]  During  their  whnlecourse, 
tliey  arnii  never  lo  have  lost  sight  of  laml,  but  followed 
the  bearings  of  the  coast  »'.i  servilely,  that  they  could 
not  avail  theinaelvea  of  those  iierioiiical  winda  which 
facilitate  navigation  in  the  Indian  ocean.  Accordingly 
they  s|ienl  no  lesa  than  ten  months  in  performing  this 
voyage,  which. from  the  mouth  of  the  Indus  lo  that  of 
the  Persian(Sulf,  does  not  exceed  twenty  degrees.  It 
is  probable  that  amidst  the  convulsions  and  frequent 
revolutiona  in  the  East,  occasioned  by  the  contests 
among  the  successors  of  Alexander,  the  navigation  to 
India  by  tho  course  which  Nearchus  had  opened  was 
discontinued.  Tha  Indian  trade  carried  on  at  Alexan- 
dria, not  only  aubsisted,  but  waa  so  much  extended, 
under  tho  Grecian  monarchs  of  Egypt,  that  it  proved  a 
great  source  of  the  wealth  which  distinguished  their 
kingilom. 

The  progress'which  the  Romans  made  in  navigation 
and  discovery,  was  still  more  inconsiderable  than  thai 
ofthoGreekc.  The  genius  of  the  Roman  people,  their 
military  education,and  the  spirit  of  their  lawa,  concur- 
red in  estranging  them  from  commerce  and  naval  af 
fairs.  It  was  the  necessity  of  opposing  a  fiirmidable 
rival,  not  the  desire  of  extending  trade,  which  firat 
prompted  them  lo  aim  at  maritime  power.  Though 
they  Boon  perceived,  that  in  order  to  acquire  the  uni- 
veraal  dominion  after  which  they  aspired,  it  was  neces- 
sary to  render  themselves  masters  of  the  sea,  they  still 
considered  the  naval  service  as  a  suliurdinate  station, 
and  reserved  for  it  such  citizens  na  were  not  of  a  rank 
to  be  admitted  into  the  legions.  In  the  history  of  the 
Roman  Republic,  hardly  one  event  oceura  that  marka 
attention  to  navigation  any  further  than  it  was  instru- 
mcntui  towards  conquest.  When  the  Roman  valor 
and  discipline  had  siilidued  all  the  maritime  states 
known  in  the  ancient  world;  when  Carthage,  Greece, 
and  Egypt  had  submitted  lo  their  power,  tlio  Romans 
did  not  idihilte  the  commercial  spirit  of  the  conquered 
nations.  Among  that  people  of  soldiers,  to  have  ap- 
plied to  trade  would  have  been  deemed  a  degradation 
lo  a  Roman  ciliaen.  They  abandoned  the  mechanical 
arti,commerce,  aai  navigation,  to  slaves,  lo  freedmen, 


to  provineUls,  and  to  olIlMni  of  Ihe  loweat  elaaa.  Even 
after  Iha  subversion  of  liberty,  whan  Ihe  aeycriiy  and 
haughtiness  of  anciant  mannara  began  lo  aliale,  eoin> 
nierce  did  not  rU*  into  high  estimation  among  Ihe  Riv 
mans,  Tha  trade  of  Greece,  Egypt,  and  the  other  con- 
quered counlriaa,continued  lo  lie  carried  on  in  ill  uaual 
channels,  alter  thay  wara  reduced  into  the  form  of  Ro- 
man  provinces.  As  Rome  waa  Iha  capital  of  the  worM, 
and  the  sealof  government, all  the  wealth  and  valnabl* 
nrmlurtiona  of  tha  provinres  flowail  naturally  thither. 
The  Romans,  satislieil  wilh  this,  seem  lo  have  suflerail 
commerce  lo  remain  almost  entirely  in  Iha  hands  oftha 
natives  of  the  respective  countries.  The  extent,  how- 
ever, of  tha  Roman  power,  which  reached  over  Iha 
greatest  part  oftha  known  world,  Ihe  vigilant  Inapeo- 
lion  of  the  Roman  magistrates,  and  the  spirit  of  lb* 
Roman  government,  no  lass  intelligent  than  active, 
gave  Biicn  additional  aecurity  lo  eoaimarcc  aa  animalaJ 
it  with  new  vigor.  The  union  among  nations  waa 
never  so  antire.nor  the  intereouraa  so  perfact,aa  within 
Ihe  bounda  of  this  vast  empire.  Commerce,  under  tha 
Roman  dominion,  was  not  obstructed  by  Ihe  jaalouay 
of  rival  states,  interrupted  by  frequent  hoatilitiea,  or 
limited  by  (lartial  restrictions.  One  superintending 
power  moved  and  regulated  tha  Industry  of  manklniJ, 
and  enioyad  Ihe  fruits  of  their  joint  elTorte. 

Navigation  felt  ita  influence,  and  Improved  under  ll. 
Aa  soon  aa  the RomanaBcquiredataateforthaluxurie* 
of  the  East,  the  trade  with  India  through  Egypt  waa 
pushed  with  new  vigor,  and  carried  on  lo  greater  ex- 
lent.  Dy  frequenting  the  Indian  continent,  nnvigalora 
became  acquainted  with  the  periodicBl  course  nftba 
(vinds,  which,  in  Ihe  ocean  that  separolaa  Africa  from 
India,  blow  with  little  variation  during  one  half  oftha 
year  from  Ihe  eaat,  and  during  Ihe  other  half  blow  wilh 
equal  atvadinass  from  Ihe  wast.  Encouraged  by  ob- 
serving this,  Ihe  pilots  who  aailed  from  Egypt  to  India 
abandoned  their  ancient  slow  and  dangerous  coursa 
along  tha  coast,  and,  aa  aoon  aa  Ihe  waatarn  monsoon 
act  in.  took  their  departure  from  Ocelia,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Arabian  Gnlf.  and  stretched  boldly  across  Iha 
ocean.  The  uniform  direction  of  the  wind,  aupplying 
the  place  of  the  compass,  and  rendering  the  guldanca 
of  the  stars  less  necessary,  conducleil  them  to  the  port 
ofMusiris.onlhewaslern  shore  of  Ihe  Indian  continent. 
There  they  look  on  board  their  cargo,  and,  reluming 
with  Iha  eastern  monsoon,  finished  tlieir  voyage  to  tlw 
Arabian  Gulf  within  Ihe  year.  Thiapartof  India,  now 
known  by  thenamaofthe  Malabar  coaat,  seems  tobaM 
been  Ihe  utmost  limit  of  ancient  navigation  in  that 
quarter  of  Ihe  globe.  What  imperfect  knowledge  tba 
ancients  bad  of  the  immense  countries  which  slretrli 
beyond  this  towards  the  Eaat.they  received  from  a  few 
adventurers  who  had  visited  them  by  land.  £fueh  *I- 
curslons  ware  neither  frequent  nor  extensive,  and  ll  if 
probable  that.while  the  Ri^man  intercourse  with  India 
aubsisted,  no  traveller  ever  penetrated  further  than  to 
the  banks  of  the  (f.inges.[6].  The  fleets  from  Egypt 
which  traded  at  Miisiris.were  loaded  it  ia  Irue.wilh  tM 
spices  and  other  rich  commodities  of  the  continent  aril 
iHlands  of  the  further  India ;  but  these  were  bniugbt  l« 
that  port,  which  liecame  the  staple  of  the  commeroa 
between  the  east  and  west,  by  the  Indiana  ihemselye* 
in  canoea  hollowed  out  of  one  tree.  The  Egyptian  and 
Roman  merchania,  satisfied  with  acquiring  those  com- 
modities In  this  manner,  did  not  think  it  nccesaary  to 
explore  unknown  seas,  and  venture  upon  a  dangerous 
navigation,  in  quest  of  the  countries  which  produced 
them.  But  though  the  discoveries  of  the  Romans  in 
India  were  so  liinited,  tlieir  commerce  there  was  such 
as  will  appear  considerable,  even  toihe  present  age,  in 
which  thu  Indian  trade  haa  been  extended  far  beyond 
the  practice  or  conception  of  any  preceding  period. 
We  are  informed  by  one  author  of  credit.thal  the  com- 
merce with  India  drained  the  Roman  empire  every  year 
of  mure  than  four  hundred  thousand  pounds;  and  by 
another,  that  one  hundred  and  twenty  ships  sailed  an- 
nually from  the  AAbian  Gulf  to  that  county. 

The  discovery  of  this  new  niethotl  of  sailing  to  In- 
dia,is  the  most  considerable  improvemi  ntjn  navigation 
made  during  the  continuance  of  Iha  Roman  power. 
But  in  ancient  limea,  the  knowledge  of  remote  coun- 
tries wns  acquired  more  frequently  by  land  than  by  sea: 
[7]  and  the  Romans,  from  their  iieculinrdisinclination 
to  naval  alTuiia,  may  be  said  to  liave  iiejjiected  totally 
the  latter,  though  a  more  easy  and  expeditious  niclhod 
of  discovery.  The  progress,  however,  of  their  victo- 
rious armies  through  a  consideruble  port  ion  of  Europa, 
Asia,  and  Africa,  contributiil  greatly  to  extend  disco- 
very by  land,  and  gradually  o|iened  Ihe  navigation  c< 
new  and  unknown  seas.  Previous  lo  the  Roman  coo- 
quota,  the  civilized  nations  of  antiiuity  ba  I  little  o<«» 


ROBERTSON'S   HISTORY   Of 


I  »Uh  IboM  tMurtiiM  in  BaiofawkkkiMW 

Tli« 


epul 
Eui 


I 


Inlor  part!  of  Spain  and  Oaal  wata  taipif>a>ly 
Britain,  Mparatad  ftom  Iha  laalaf  IIm  woiU, 
kad  na«ar  baan  vUltad,  aicapl  by  tta  nai|Man  Uw 
flaula,  and  by  a  Ibir  Carthafinlan  mafehanU.  Tba 
nana  of  Oarnwnjp  hail  Maml*  baan  baaid  at  Into 
•II  ihaaa  oounlriM  iha  anna  of  Iha  Roiaana  panatralcd 
Tkay  antlialy  wibiluwl  Spain  and  Qauli  Ihay  aon^narad 
Mm  (laalaat  aiid  moat  fntUa  paiU  of  Britain;  thqr  ad- 
*an«ad  into  Qaimanjr,  aa  Ihr  aa  Iha  banka  of  Iha  ri«ar 
Elba.  In  AMoa,  Ihay  aoauirad  a  eonaidarabla  knoW' 
lad|t  of  Iha  pravlneea,  which  ilfalehad  alona  Iha  Ma 
dttananaan  Saa,fnMn  ISgypI  wailwaid  to  Iha  Mraita 
Oadaa.  In  AaU,  Ihay  not  only  aubjaotad  to  Ihalr  powtr 
noalof  tha  pnwincaa  which  compoaau  Iha  Paraian  and 
Iha  Maeadonlan  ampliaa,  but  aOar  Ihair  «icloriaa  ovar 
Mkhridataa  and  TIgranM,  thoy'iaaai  to  hafa  mada  a 
■Kwa  aceurata  aum*  of  tha  aountriaa  eonli(uo<M  to 
Iba  Euilno  and  Oaapian  aaaa,  and  to  hava  earmd  on  a 
mora  aitoniiva  Inula  than  that  of  Iha  Qiaaka  with  the 

Iilant  and  eonmaiclal  naliuna  than  aaatad  lound  tha 
uiina  aaa. 

From  thia  aaednel  anrray  of  diaeoraiy  and  na*ifa- 
llan,whleh  I  hafalnoad  flrom  Iha  aarilaat  dawn  ofhia- 
Mrieal  knowMfa,  to  Iha  full  aaUblUhmant  of  Iha 
Roman  dominion,  Iha  promaa  of  both  appaara  to  hava 
baan  womlerflilly  alow,  it  laema  nailbar  adaquata  to 
what  wa  might  hava  eipeelad  ftom  Iha  activity  and  an- 
larpfiM  of  UM  human  mind,  nor  to  what  might  hava 
Man  parlbmMd  by  Iha  power  of  tha  grealampiraa  which 
aacenai*aly  gwremed  Iha  world.  If  wa  rajact  aoeounta 
that  ara  hbuloui  and  obaeura ;  If  wa  adiwra  alaadily 
to  tha  light  and  information  of  authantie  hialorr,  with- 
••t  lubilituling  in  ila  place  the  eoi\|ecturaa  of  wiiey  or 
Iha  draaroa  ofetyniologiala,  wa  mutt  conelado,that  tha 
kimwledga  which  the  ancienta  had  acquired  of  Iha  ha- 
bitable globe  waa  extremely  ennflned.  In  Europe,  the 
aileneive  prorinoea  in  the  eaelem  part  of  Germany 
were  lillle  known  to  them  They  were  almoat  totally 
■nac(|uaintod  with  the  *■•!  oounlriea  which  are  now 
aubjeellatha  kinga  of  Denmark,  Sweden,  Prueaia,  Po- 
land, and  the  Ruaeian  empire.  The  mure  barren  ra- 
glona  that  etralch  within  Iha  arctic  circle,  were  quite 
nnciplored.  In  Afriea,their  reeearcbn  did  not  extend 
'ar  beyond  Iha  prorincee  which  border  on  the  Medilar- 
ranean,  and  Ihoea  ailutted  on  the  weitam  ahore  of  the 
Arabian  Quit  In  Aria,  they  weie  unaequainlad,  ae  I 
formerly  ohwrred,  with  all  the  fertile  and  opulent  eoun- 
Iriaa  lieyond  the  fjangee,  which  furnish  tha  moat  tbIu- 
•bk  commodiliee  that  in  modem  timei  have  been  the 

rat  object  of  the  European  eomnierce  with  India;  nor 
they  iaem  to  have  ever  penetrated  into  thoee  im- 
inenee  regiona  occupied  by  the  wandering  tribea,which 
Ihey  called  by  Iha  general  name  of  Sarmatians  or  Scy- 
thiane,  and  which  are  now  poaaeased  by  Tailan  of  va- 
rioua  denominatians,  and  by  the  Aaialie  aubjecta  of 
Ruui*. 

But  there  ia  ana  opinion  that  universally  prevailed 
among  tha  ancienta,  which  convevs  a  more  etriking 
idea  of  the  email  progreu  Ihey  bad  made  in  the  know- 
ledge Oi'  the  hahilHble  globe  than  can  be  derived  from 
any  detail  of  their  discoveoee.  They  supposed  the 
earth  to  be  divided  into  Ave  regione,  which  ihey  dis- 
tinguished by  the  name  of  Zones.  Two  orthese.which 
were  nearest  tha  poles,  they  termed  frigid  xones,  and 
believed  the  extreme  cold  which  reigned  perpetually 
there  rendereii  ihem  uninhabitable.  Another,  sealed 
under  the  line,  and  extending  on  either  eide  towards, 
Iha  lropios,lhey  called  the  Torrid  xone,  and  imagined  it 
to  be  eo  burned  up  with  unremitting  heat,  aa  to  be 
equally  dpstitute  of  inhabitants.  On  the  two  other 
lonee,  which  occupied  the  remainder  of  the  earth,  they 
baatowad  the  appellatinn  of  Tampenle,and  taught  that 
Iheie  being  the  only  regions  in  which  life  could  sub. 
sist.were  allotted  to  man  for  his  habitation.  This  wild 
opinion  whs  not  a  conceit  of  the  uninformed  vulgar,  or 
a  bnciful  fiction  of  the  poeta,  but  a  lyslem  adopted  by 
tha  roost  enlightened  philoeophers,  the  most  accurate 
historians  ami  geogmphen  in  Greece  and  Roma. 
According  to  this  theory,  a  vast  portion  of  the  habitable 
earth  wis  pronounced  to  be  unfit  for  sustaining  the 
llamas  species.  Those  fertile  and  populous  regions 
within  the  torrid  lone,  which  are  now  known  not  only 
to  yield  their  own  inhabitants  the  neceasariea  and  com- 
forts of  life  with  most  luxuriant  profusion,  but  to  com- 
municate their  superfluous  Jtorea  Id  the  rest  of  the 
world,  were  siipposeil  to  be  the  mansion  of  perpetual 
srerility  and  desolal:  i.  As  all  the  porta  of  the  globe 
wnh  which  the  ancienta  were  aoqunintedlay  within  tha 
northern  temperate  xone,  their  opinion  that  the  other 
tou^fanl*  ranawaaOllidwitb  inbabiunu,was  founded 


Manning  I 
baUavadl 


and  aaiilaatoia,  not  on  diasevary,  Tbay 
that,  if  ikalolalanUa  heat  of  iba  tonid 
tone,  suah  an  Inauparablo  baiilai  waa  plaead  batwaon 
Iha  two  lampanta  regiona  of  Iba  aailh  aa  would  pre- 
vent forever  any  inlaieauraa  between  their  reapaeliva 
Rlhabitaale.  Thus,  lUa  axtnva|anl  theory  not  only 
ptovee  that  the  ancienta  wot*  unacquainted  with  the 
Iroe  itata  of  tha  globe,  k  Jl  it  landed  to  render  Ihair 
ignoranca  parpelual,  by  rapraoenting  all  allampla  lo- 
warda  opening  a  communication  with  tha  lemola  re- 
giona of  Iha  earth,  aa  utterly  Impraelicabla.  [8.] 
But,  however  imperfoet  or  inaccurata  Iha  geomphi- 
-  eal  knowledga  which  the  Oraeka  and  KnoMns  bad  ae- 
of|  quired  may  apptar,  in  reepeel  of  Iha  praeeni  Im- 
proved stato  of  tnat  science,  their  progreee  in  dieoovary 
will  eeem  eoneidenUe,  and  tha  extent  In  which  Ihey 
carried  navigation  and  commaise  must  be  reckoned 
|reat,  when  compared  with  tha  igimranee  of  early 
limaa.  Aa  long  aa  Iha  Roman  Empirs  retained  such 
vigor  aa  to  preeerve  ila  authoritv  over  the  conquered 
naliona,  and  to  keep  Ihem  united,  it  waa  an  object  of 
public  policy,  aa  well  aa  of  private  curioeily.  to  examine 
and  daeeribis  tha  eountriea  which  compoaed  thia  giaat 
body.  Even  whan  Iha  other  eeiencee  began  to  decline, 


geography,  enriched  with  new  obeervatione,  and  re- 
eeivingaome  accaeeion  ham  thaexpeiiencoof  every  aga^ 
and  Iba  reporta  of  every  traveller,  continued  to  im- 
prove. It  allalned  to  the  higheal  point  of  perrrclion 
and  aeeuney  to  which  it  ever  arrived  in  the  ancient 
worM,hy  thaindustnr  and  genius  uf  Ptolemy  the  Phi- 
loeopher.  He  douruhed  in  the  second  century  of  the 
Christian  rra,  and  publlslied  a  description  of  tha  ler- 
raelrial  globe,  mora  ample  and  exact  than  thai  of  any 
of  his  predeceeeora. 

But,  aoon  after,  violent  convulsions  began  to  shake 
tha  Roman  atata ;  the  ftlal  ambition  or  caprice  uf  Con- 
etanline,  by  changing  the  seal  of  government,  divided 
and  weakened  ile  force ;  the  barbarous  nations,  which 
Providanee  prepared  aa  inatrumente  lo  overturn  tlie 
mighty  fabric  of  tha  Roman  power,  began  lo  assemble 
andio  muster  their  armlea  on  ila  frontier ;  the  empira 
tottered  to  ile  fall.  During  thia  decline  and  old  age 
of  Iha  Roman  alale,it  waa  impoasible  that  the  sciences 
shouhl  go  on  improving.  The  eOiirte  uf  genlue  were, 
at  that  period,  as  lan^ld  and  feeble  ae  those  of  go. 
vemment-  From  the  lime  of  Ptolemy,  no  inconsider- 
able addition  eecme  to  have  been  maile  loa  geographi- 
eal  knowledge ;  nor  did  any  important  ravolutiun  bap- 
pen  in  trade,  excepting  that  Constantinople,  by  ilaad- 
vantageoue  •iluallon,  and  the  encouragemenl  of  the 
eaalam  empemn,  became  a  eonunercial  city  of  Iha  first 

lU. 

At  length.the  clouds  which  had  been  so  long  gather- 
ing round  the  Roman  empira  bunt  into  a  alorm.  Bar- 
baroue  nalione  rushed  in  from  several  quartan  with  ir- 
reaiatable  impeluosily,  and  in  the  general  wreck,  ucca- 
rioiied  by  the  inundation  which  overwhelmed  Kurope, 
the  arts,  sciences,  inventione,  and  discoveriee  uf  llie 
Romans  perished  in  a  great  nieasure,nnd  disappeared. 
All  the  varioue  trihea  which  settled  in  the  diHerent 
provincec  of  the  Roman  empire  were  uncivilised, 
strangere  to  letters,  destitute  of  arts,  unacquainted  with 
regular  gnvemmenl,  eubordination  or  laws.  The  inan- 
nen  anil  institutions  of  some  of  them  were  so  rude  us 
lo  be  hardly  compatible  with  a  slate  of  sociul  union. 
Eurupe.when  occupied  by  such  inh«bilants,mayhes«id 
to  have  returned  to  a  second  iitruncy,  and  had  to  begin 
anew  its  career  in  improvement,  science,  and  civility. 
The  firat  eflect  of  the  eettlemeut  of  those  barbarous  in- 
vadera  was  lo  dissolve  the  union  by  which  the  Roman 
power  had  cemented  mankind  together.  They  par 
celled  out  Europe  into  many  amall  and  indepenuent 
elates,  differing  from  each  other  in  language  and  cus- 
toms. No  intercourse  subsisted  between  the  mrmliers 
of  thoee  divided  and  hostile  communities.  Accustom- 
ed lo  a  simple  mode  of  life,  and  averse  lo  industry, 
they  had  few  wants  tosupply,and  few  superfluities  todie- 
poee  of  Thenamesofe/raii^CT'anileiKmybecameonce 
mora  words  of  the  same  import.  Customs  every  where 

Srevailed  and  even  laws  were  celablished,  which  ran- 
ered  it  disagreeable  and  dangerouslo  visit  any  foreign 
country.  Cities,  in  which  alone  an  extensive  commerce 
can  be  carried  on,  were  few,  inconsiderable,  and  desti- 
tute of  those  immunities  which  produce  security  or  excite 
enlarprise.  The  sciences,  on  which  geography  and  na- 
vigation are  founded,  were  little  cultivated.  The  ac- 
counts of  ancient  improvementa  and  discoveries,  eon- 
taineil  in  the  Greek  and  Roman  authun,nere  neglected 
or  misunderstood.  The  knowledge  of  remote  regions 
waa  lost,  their  situation,  their  Gommodiliea,and  almost 
their  namea  ware  unknown. 
One  cireolnalauce  prevented  comincieial  inlcreooiae 


wilb  diatoal  nalkiaa  llroa  roaalng  allagatbat.  Om 
slaallnapla,  ibougb  aSon  ikraateuad  by  tba  Ibfia  bl 
vadan  who  spread  daeolallon  over  Iha  real  of  Euian 
waa  eo  fortunato  aata  eeeape  their  dostruelive  rap  la 
that  city  the  knowledge  of  ancient  arte  and  diseoverioa 
was  praoerved  ;  a  lasla  for  sleganca  and  splendor  euln 
aiatad;  Iha  proiiuetions  and  luxuriee  of  foreign  cuua- 
Iriee  wen  in  requeel ;  ami  sommarea  eoniinusd  la 
douriah  there  when  il  waa  almunl  exiinct  in  every  other 
part  of  Europe,  Tha  eitltens  of  Cunslanlinupla  diil 
not  confine  their  trade  to  the  Iriandaof  Iha  Arekipelago 
or  lo  Ihe  adjaenni  coasts  of  Asia  i  they  took  a  wiikr 
range,  and,  following  the  coursa  whien  iho  aneienia 
hod  marked  out,  imported  tha  commodlliaa  of  the  East 
Indiea  ihm  Alexandria.  When  Egypt  was  lorn  from 
Iha  Roman  empire,by  Iba  Arabiana,  the  Indualrv  oflha 
Graeka  discovered  a  new  channel  by  which  Ihe  pro 
dudtnne  of  India  mighl  be  eonvnad  to  Oanstanlin» 
pla.  They  were  eniried  up  the  Indua  aa  far  aa  that 
great  river  is  navigable ;  Ihenea  Ihey  wore  transported' 
by  lami  to  Iha  banka  oflha  river  Uxue,  and  proceeded 
down  ite  stream  lo  the  Caapian  sea.  There  they  en- 
tered the  Volga,  and,  aailing  up  il,  ware  carried  I9  land 
lo  tha  Tanaie,  which  conducted  them  into  Ihe  tuxina 
aea,  where  vesaela  from  Oonslanlinopla  walled  Iheirar- 
rival.  Thia  extnonUnaiy  and  ledloue  mode  of  convey* 
anca  marila  altention.nnl  only  as  a  proof  oflha  violent 
paaaion  which  tha  inbabilaiila  of  Oonslanlinopla  had 
conceived  for  Iha  luxuriee  of  Ihe  East,  and  as  a  s|ieei' 
men  of  Ihe  ardor  and  inganuily  with  which  Ihey  carried 
on  cnmmeree  ;  but  bccauee  II  demonslralee  that,  du- 
ring the  ignoranca  which  reigned  In  Ihe  rest  of  Europe, 
on  extensive  knowledga  of  remote  eounlriee  waa  aliU 
preserved  in  the  capital  of  Iha  Greek  empire. 

At  the  same  tune  a  gleam  of  light  and  knowledga 
broki.  n  upon  the  East.  The  Arabiana  hav'.ng  con- 
t  reeled  some  relish  for  Ihe  eeiencee  of  Ihe  people  whose 
auipire  they  had  contributed  to  overturn,  translated  the 
books  of  several  of  the  Greek  philoeophera  into  their 
own  languifge.  line  of  the  first  waa  that  valuable 
work  of  Ptolemy  which  I  havealready  mentioned.  Tim 
study  of  geography  became,  of  consequence,  an  early 
objscl  ol  allention  lo  the  Anbiane.  But  that  acuta 
and  in^nioua  people  cultivated  chiefly  ihe  speculaliva 
and  acientlAc  parte  of  ge«gn,)hy.  In  order  lo  ascer- 
tain Iha  figure  and  dimensions  of  Iho  terrestrial  globe, 
Ihey  applied  Ihe  principlea  of  geometry,  they  had  re- 
eouree  lo  astronomical  oliservalions,  they  employed 
axperimenls  and  operations,  which  Europe  in  mora 
enllghlened  limes  has  been  proud  to  adopt  and  lo  imi- 
lata.  At  that  ,)eriad,  however,  Ihe  fame  ol  the  improve- 

ints  made  by  the  Arabians  did  not  reach  Europe.  Tha 
knowledge  of  their  discoveries  waa  reserved  lor  agea 
capable  uf  comprehending  and  of  iwrfrdiiig  lliem. 

By  degrees  Ihe  calamTliea  and  ilesolation  brought 
upon  Ihe  western  provinces  of  the  Roman  empirt  by 
its  liarbaroua  coiu|uerors  were  forgotten,  and  in  some 
measure  repaired.  The  rude  tribes  which  settled  there 
acquiring  insensibly  some  idea  of  regular  government 
and  some  relish  fur  Ihe  functions  and  comforts  of  civil 
life,  Europe  began  lo  awake  from  its  torpid  and  inactive 
state.  The  first  symptoms  of  revival  were  discerned  in 
Italy,  The  northern  tribes  which  look  pussessioh  of  this 
country.miiile  progress  in  imiirovemrnt  with  greater  re* 
pidlty  than  Ihe  people  settled  in  other  partsof  Europe. 
Various  causes,  which  il  is  not  the  object  of  this  wurk 
lo  enumerate  or  explain,  concurred  in  restoring  liberty 
and  irolependence  to  Ihe  cilice  of  Italy.  The  acquiai- 
lion  of  llwae  roused  industry,  and  save  motion  and  vi- 
gor to  all  Ihe  active  powera  of  Ihe  human  mind.  Fo- 
reign commeree  revived,  navigation  wae  attended  lo 
and  improved.  Constantinople  became  Ihe  chief  mart 
to  which  the  Italiana  resorted.  There  they  not  only 
met  with  a  favorable  reception,  but  obtaineii  such  mer- 
cantile privileges  as  enabled  them  to  carry  on  trade 
with  great  advantage.  They  were  supplied  both  with 
the  precious  commodiliee  of  Ihe  east,  and  with  many 
curious  manufactures,  Ihe  product  of  ancient  arts  and 
ingenuity  which  still  subsisted  amongihe  Greeks.  Aa 
the  labor  and  expense  of  conveying  Ine  productions  ol 
India  toConstantinople  by  that  lonsand  indirectcoursa 
which  I  have  described,  rendered  them  extremely  rare, 
and  of  an  exorbitant  price,  Ihe  industry  of  the  Italiana 
discovered  other  methods  of  procuringlhem  in  greater 
abundance  and  at  an  easier  rate.  They  soroelimea 
purchased  them  in  Aleppo,  Tripoli,  and  other  ports  on 
the  coast  of  Syria,  to  which  Ihey  were  brought  by  a 
route  not  unknown  In  the  ancients.  They  were  con- 
veyed from  India  by  sea  up  Ihe  Penian  Gulf,  and  aa- 
cending  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris  aa  far  aa  Bagdad, 
were  carried  by  land  acruca  tha  deeeit  of  Palmyra,  and 
from  thanoa  lotbalownaon  liia  MwUtananaan.  Bui 


■OUTH   AMBRIOA. 


wri oftm •  pnmrloMiimla o(W««y*iiM.  At Imgtk  Th* imI oTtlw  !■  «d oTiIm OhriMkn Ctanh eaop* 


_    _  I  pfiMfioM 

llw  SoMmm  of  Kfjrpli  Iwviiit  ra«i««i  ih* 
whh  Iwll*  In  ill  aiMWiit  dMnnal,  by  the  AnbianOulf, 
ka  lUlhM  iMrahaiiU,  MlwUhiUiidlng  iIm  *M«nt«n- 
tlMlkjr  to  mth  ath«  »llh  whieh  ChrMlani  and  tb« 
Mlowan  of  Mkboowt  wtra  than  powcHMi,  rapaiiad  lo 
Al*i«n<lria,  and  •nduiing,  rroni  Iha  lav*  of  gain,  llw 
iDMlanra  anal  aiaclloa*  oilb*  M«hiHn«taM,MlabllalM<i 
•  lueralW*  trail*  In  that  port.  From  that  pariod  ih* 
wauMirlal  ipirlt  of  Italy  batam*  aetit*  anil  antarprl- 
ting.  Vanlea,  Oanoa,  Pita,  ni*a  IVoni  IneoniMarabla 
town*  to  ba  populoua  amLwaallhj  eilka*.  Tbair  naval 

Kwar  Imraaiad  ;  Ibair  vaa^l*  fnqMntMl  not  onlf  all 
I  porta  In  tha  Madllarranaan.but  vantaringaooiotlnM* 
bajroml  tha  itraila,  vlaitad  tha  maritima  towna  of  Spain, 
rranca,  tha  Iiow  Counlriai,  and  England  i  and,  by 
dialribatln'g  Ihair  eomoiodUlaa  u«*r  Europa,  bagan  to 
eommunieala  to  It*  variou*  naliona  ioaa  taata  br  tha 
valuaMaproduotion*  oflha  Eaat,  aa  wall  a*  loaaklau 
of  manufaetuni  and  arta,  which  wan  than  unknown 
bayond  tha  p^inota  of  Italy. 

Whlla  tha  olllaa  of  luly  waf*  thu*  adTanaing  In 
thalr  earaar  of  impiovaniant,  an  airant  happanad,  tha 
BMMt  axlnunlinary,  parhap*,  In  tha  hbtory  ofnnnUnd, 
whleh,lMlaad  of  ratarding  th*  eommerelal  progf***  of 
Iha  lullana  rondarad  it  mora  lapld.  Th*  martial 
aplrit  of  th*  Europaanj,  heightan*d  and  inflamad  br 
icllgloua  ual,  pniinptcd  tb«m  to  atlampt  th*  d*liv*r- 
•nea  of  tha  Holy  Land  IVom  th*  dominion  of  Inlidcla. 
Vait  aimiu  eouipoted  of  all  th*  naliun*  In  Europ*, 
marahcd  towanln  Ada  upon  thii  wild  cntcrprlw.  Tha 
Qano***,  th*  Pianni,  and  Venitianii,  fumithad  th* 
traniporta  which  curried  them  thither.  They  iuppli*d 
them  with  proviaiona  and  military  atore*.  ISeaidn  the 
Immena*  auma  which  they  received  on  Ihia  account, 
they  obtained  commercial  prlvilegea  and  ealabliah- 
ment*  of  great  eonaeqneiice  in  the  aeltlement*  which 
th*  Oruaadera  mad*  In  Paleatine,  and  in  other  provin- 
aetnf  Aala.  From.thoea  anureea,  prodiyiou*  wenllh 
lowed  into  the  citie*  which  I  have  mentinned.  Thi* 
waa  accompanied  with  a  proportional  inerraaa  of  pow- 
er :  and,  by  the  end  of  the  Holy  War,  Venice  In  partl- 
eular  liecame  a  great  marilima  atate,  poaaeaaing  an  ox- 
lenaive  commerce  and  ample  territorM*.  Italy  waa  not 
the  only  country  In  which  the  eruaade*  contributed  to 
levive  and  dilluaa  euch  a  apirit  aa  prepared  Eump* 
for  Allure  diacovariea.  By  their  axpadilione  into  Aain. 
tha  other  European  naliona  beeauia  well  acquainted 
with  remote  region*,  which  fiirnurly  they  knaw  only 

S'  nam*,  or  by  th*  report*  of  Ignorant  and  cieduloua 
IgrioM.  Thay  had  an  opportunity  of  obwnring  th* 
manner*,  tha  art*,  and  the  accommndHtiona  of  pro 
pie  more  poliahed  than  Ihemaelvea.  Thia  inlareourae 
between  the  Eaat  and  Weal  aubeiated  almoat  two  oen 
luriea.  The  adventurer*  who  returned  from  Aaia. 
oommunieated  lo  their  countrymen  th*  idea*  which 
they  had  acquired,  and  tha  habit*  of  life  they  had  con- 
tracted by  vlaiting  mora  reAned  naliona.  The  Euro- 
peana  liegan  to  be  eenaible  of  wania  with  which  they 
were  formerly  nnaequainled;  newdeeirea  were  excited; 
ami  auoh  a  laata  for  the  cnmmoditiea  and  arta  of  other 
counlriea  grailnally  apread  among  them,  that  they  not 
only  encouraged  the  reaiirt  of  fureignera  to  their  har- 
bora,  but  began  to  perceive  the  advantagoa  and  nccea- 
lily  of  applying  lo  commerce  Ihemaelvea. 

Thia  eonimunicalion,  which  waa  opened  between 
Europe  and  the  wealern  provincea  of  Aaia,  encouraged 
aeveral  peraona  to  advance  far  beyond  the  counlriea  in 
which  the  (>niaadera  carried  on  their  opertlliona,  ami 
to  travel  by  land  into  the  more  remote  ami  opulent  re- 
giona  of  the  Eaat.  The  wild  fanaticiam,  which  aeeina 
at  thai  period  lo  have  ininglol  in  all  the  acheniea  of  in- 
dividuala,  no  leaa  than  in  all  the  counael  of  naliona, 
Drat  incited  men  to  enter  upon  Ihoae  long  ami  danger- 
oua  (leregrinaliona.  They  wereailorwarda  undertaken 
from  proapecta  of.commerclal  advanlajze,  or  from  mo- 
tivea  of  mere  eurioaily.  Benjamin,  a  Jew  of  Tudcia, 
in  the  kingdom  of  Navarre,  poaoeaaed  with  a  auper- 
atitioua  veneration  fur  the  law  of  Moaea,  and  aolicil- 
ouB  to  viail  hia  countrymen  in  the  Eaat,  whom  he  ho- 
ped to  find  In  auch  a  atate  of  power  and  opulence  aa 
might  redound  to  th*  honor  of  hi*  aeet,  aet  out  from 
Spain,  in  the  year  1 180,  and'travclling  by  land  to  Con- 
Btanllnople,  proceeded  through  the  counlriea  to  the 
north  of  the  Euxine  and  Caapian  Seaa,aafaraa  Chineae 
Tartary.  From  thence  he  took  hia  route  lowaida  the 
aouth,  and  after  traveraing  variaua  provincea  of  the 
l\ulher  India,he  emba  rked  on  the  Indian  Ocean,  viailed 
•tvaral  of  ila  iaianda,  and  returned  at  the  end  of  tbir- 
MnyawB,  by  tha  waj  of  Egypt,  to  Europe,  with  much 


ralad  with  tha  auparMlilon  of  B*niain''  i**  '**  *"  <''** 
aovaring  th*  intattof  and  lamola  pfovlneaa  of  Aaia. 
AIIOhrMmdomhavingbaanalanaad  witklhaaaeounta 
of  Iba  rapid  prograaa  of  the  Tartar  arma  under  ZangI* 
Khan  (1M«,]  Innocanl  IV.,  who  antartained  moat  ax- 
allad  idea*  aoneaming  thaplanituilaof  hiiown  power, 
and  tha  aubmiaaion  dua  to  hie  ii\|unelion*,  aant  Father 
John  da  IMano  Carpini,  at  Iha  head  of  a  miaaion  of 
Franelamn  monka,  and  Father  Aaeollno,  at  th*  head  of 
Uominiean*,  to  oi^uin  Kayuk  Kahn,  tha  nandaoa  of 
Zangia,  who  waa  than  at  iba  head  of  tha  TarUr  am- 
pira,  to  ambraea  tha  Ohriatlan  bllh,  and  to  daalat  flrom 
daaoUtlng  tha  aartb  by  hi*  arma.  Tha  haughty  da- 
acandant  of  tha  graalaal  eonquaror  Aala  bad  aver  ba- 
haki,  aatonlahatT  at  thia  atranga  mandate  Urom  an 
lulian  priaal,  whoaa  name  and  Juriadiotlon  war*  alike 
unknown  to  him,  laoalved  It  with  th*  contempt  which 
it  m*rit*d,  though  ha  dianlaaad  th*  ni*ndieant*  who 
delivered  it  with  impanltjr.  But  a*  they  had  panatra- 
lad  into  Iha  country  by  diflarani  routaa,  and  MIowail 
for  aoma  lime  the  Tartar  campa,  whieh  ware  alwaya  In 
motion,  they  had  an  opportunity  of  vlaiting  a  great  part 
of  Aala.  Carpini.  who  proeaeded  by  tha  way  of  Poland 
and  Ruaaia,travalled  tnnagh  ita  northern  provlncaa  a* 
liiraath«*xlrcmitiea  of  Thibet.  Aaeollno,  who  aeema 
lo  have  landed  aoma  where  in  Syria,  advanced  through 
ila  Bouthem  provlncaa  Into  Iha  interior  parte  of  Parala 

Nut  long  after,  [ISftS]  St.  Louie  of  Franc*  eon' 
tributcd  Airthcr  toward*  *itending  th*  knowledge 
which  the  European*  had  begun  to  acquire  of  tho« 
diatant  regiona.  Some  dealgiiing  impoator,  who  look 
advantage  oflha  alender  aequaintanea  nf  Chriatandom 
with  Iha  atale  and  character  of  tha  Aaiatic  nation*, 
having  informed  him  that  a  powerftil  Khan  of  the  Tar 
lara  had  embraced  the  Chriatian  faith,  tha  munarch 
liatened  lo  liie  tale  with  pioua  credulity,  and  inalantly 
reaolved  to  a*nd  ambaaaador*  to  thia  illuatriou*  con. 
vert,  with  a  view  of  enticing  him  lo  attack  their  com. 
mon  enemy  the  Karaeen*  in  one  quarter,  while  he  Ml 
upon  llieni  in  another.  Aa  monk*  were  th*  only  per 
aona  in  thata|*  who  poaaeaaed  auch  a  degree  of  know 
ledge  aa  quuliAeil  them  for  a  aervice  of  thia  kind  he 
employed  in  it  Father  Andrew,  a  Jaeobina,  who  waa 
followed  by  Father  William  de  Rubruquia,  a  Francia 
can.  With  reapeet  to  tha  prograaa  of  the  former,  there 
i*  no  memorial  extant.  The  Journal  of  tlie  latter  baa 
been  publiahed.  He  waa  admitted  into  th*  prcaenee 
of  Mangu,  tha  third  Khan  in  auceeaaion  from  Zengia, 
and  made  a  circuit  through  the  interior  parte  of  Aaia, 
mora  extenaive  than  that  of  any  Europiaa  who  had 
hitherto  explored  them. 

To  Iboaetravellera  whom  religioua  leal  aent  forth  lo 
vlait  Aaia,  aucceeded  other*  who  ventured  into  remote 
countrie*  from  th*  proapeot  of  commercial  advantage, 
or  from  motive*  of  mere  eurioaily.  The  firat  and  moat 
eminent  of  theae  waa  Marco  Polo,  a  Venetian  of  a 
noble  family.  Having  engaged  early  in  trade  [I36fi,] 
acconling  lo  the  ouatom  of  hia  country,  hia  aapiring 
mind  wiahed  for  a  epher*  of  activity  more  extenaive 
than  waa  aflbrded  to  it  by  the  eatabliahed  Iraflic  carried 
on  in  thoee  port*  of  Europe  and  Aaia  which  lb*  Veni- 
liana  frequented.  Thie  prompted  him  to  travel  into 
unknown  counlriea,  in  expectation  of  opening  a  com- 
mercial intereourae  with  them  more  auiled  to  the  aan- 
guine  ideaa  and  hopea  of  a  young  adventurer. 

Aa  hia  bther  had  already  carried  aoma  European 
cnmmodiliea  lo  the  court  of  the  great  Khan  of  the 
Tartara,  and  had  diapoaed  of  them  to  advantage,  he 
reaorted  Ihilber.  Under  the  protection  of  Knhlay 
KImn,  the  moat  powerful  of  all  th*  aucceaaor*  of  Zen- 
gia, he  continued  hi*  mereantile  peregrinaliona  in 
Aaia  upwarda  of  twenty-aix  year* ;  aniT  during  that 
time  advanced  towarda  the  eaat,  far  beyond  the  utmoal 
boundariea  lo  which  any  European  traveller  had  ever 
proceeded.  Inateod  >■/  following  the  couraa  of  Carpini 
and  Rubriquia,  along  the  vaat  unpeopled  plaina  of 
Tartary,  he  paa*ed  through  the  chief  trading  citiea  in 
the  more  cuiiivated  part*  of  Aaia,  and  penetrated  lo 
Cambaln,  or  Peking;  the  capital  of  the  gnat  kingdom 
of  Cathay,  or  China,  aubject  at  that  time  to  the  auc- 
ceaaora  of  Zengia.  He  made  more  than  one  voyage 
on  the  Indian  ocean ;  he  traded  in  many  of  the  iaianda 
from  which  Europe  had  long  received  apicerie*  and 
other  commodiliea  which  it  held  in  high  eatimalion, 
though  unacquainted  with  the  particular  counlriea  to 
whicn  it  waa  indebted  for  thoaa  preeioua  producliona ; 
and  he  obtained  information  concerning  aeveral  coun- 
lriea which  he  did  not  viait  in  peraon,  particularly  the 
iaiaud  Zipangri,  probably  the  aame  now  known  by  the 


*a  auBMa.  >wi  nw  ^^^a^^  na  i 
iMBpotariaa  wits  Ma  flacaftpllaiia  aa  vaaa  ngioMa  WMM 
namee  had  never  bean  heard  of  In  larapa,  and  wMk 
auch  pompoua  accowMa  af  their  lartlHy,  Ihair  pop** 
hMmiaaa.  tbalr  opulane*,  the  variety  of  Ibair  maiM* 
hcturaa,  and  tha  ailani  of  Ihair  Inda,  w  ia*a  te 
abov*  lb*  eancaptioii  of  an  uninliirmad  aga. 

About  half  a  aantury  after  Marco  Polo  (III*.]  Mr 
John  Mandavilla,  an  Engliahman,  enaouraged  by  hii 
example.vialladnMetof  tliacounlrieain  Iha  Eaat  whiek 
h*  had  d**eribcd,  and,  lik*  him,  publiahad  an  account 
of  them.  Tha  narrationa  of  Inaea  aariy  Invallera 
abound  with  many  wiM  IneoharanI  lalaa,  aonaaraing 
gianta,  aocbanlera,  and  mooalere.  But  tkay  waraiMl 
irom  that  cireumatanca  laaa  accaptaM*  la  an  igiwranl 
aga,  which  delighted  in  what  waa  ■•rvalhiM.  Tha 
wondare  which  uiey  loM,  moally  on  kaaraay,  Mladtha 
muhltuda  with  admiration.  The  hela  which  Ibay  !•• 
Uled  from  Ihair  own  obaarvatlon  allraalad  Iha  atlanlion 
of  (ha  mora  diaaaming.  Tha  former,  whieh  may  ba 
conaidered  a*  the  popular  tradilkin*  and  hUeaof  tha 
counlriea  through  which  they  had  paaaed,wara  gradu- 
ally diaragaidcd  a*  Europe  advanead  in  knowladga. 
The  latter,  however  Ineredihla  aonw  of  tham  may  hava 
appeared  In  their  own  tima.hava  bean  eonllnned  ht  Iha 
onearvalione  of  modem  Iravallen.  By  mean*  of  both, 
however,  lb*  curloalty  of  mankind  waa  oieiied  with 
reapeet  to  tti*  remote  part*  of  tha  earth  ;  their  idea* 
were  enlarged  ;  and  Ihey  wen  not  only  IneanaiMy  dia- 
poaed lo  all«m|il  new  diaeovariee,  but  rrealved  auoh 
Information  aa  directed  lo  that  particular  eoona  in 
which  thee*  were  afterwarda  carried  on. 

While  thia  apirit  waa  gradually  forming  In  Europe,  a 
fortunate  diacovery  waa  made,  which  contributed  mora 
than  all  the  eHbrta  and  ingenuity  of  Ihejprecading  ages 
lo  Improve  and  lo  extendnavigalkm.  That  wondarAil 
property  of  the  magnet.by  which  it  eommunlcale*  audi 
virtue  to  a  needle  or  elemler  rod  of  Iron  aa  to  pohit  to- 
warda the  polea  of  the  eaith,  waa  ohaerved.  Tlie  oaa 
which  might  b*  mad*  of  thia  in  directing  navigation 
waa  immediately  peiceived.  That  valuable,  but  now 
familiar  InatrumenI,  the  mariner'*  eoinpaaa  waa  eon- 
alruded.  When  by  rooana  of  It  navigator*  founal  that* 
at  all  aeaaon*  and  in  every  place,  Ihey  cnuM  diacover 
the  north  and  aouth  with  en  much  eaae  and  accuracy.it 
became  no  longer  neceaeary  to  depend  merely  on  tha 
light  of  Iha  alar*  and  the  obeervation  nf  the  aea  eoaal. 
They  gradually  abandoned  their  ancient  limid  and 
lingering  couraa  ahmg  the  chore,  venlurad  boldly  into 
the  ocean,  and  relying  nn  thi*  new  guide,  could  clear 
In  the  darkeat  nighl,  and  under  the  moat  cloudy  aky, 
with  a  aecurily  and  preciaion  hitherto  unknown.  Tha 
eompaaa  may  ba  aaid  lo  have  opened  lo  man  the  do- 
minion of  the  aea,  and  lo  have  put  him  in  full  jioeaea- 
aion  nf  Iha  earth,  by  enabling  him  to  viail  every  part  of 
it.  Flavio  Oloia,  a  eiliien  of  Almali,  a  town  of  con- 
aiderable  trade  in  Ihe  kingdom  of  Naplea,  waa  the  au- 
thor of  thia  great  diacovery,  about  ih*  year  one  thoo- 
aand  three  hundred  and  two.  Il  halh  been  often  Iha 
fale  of  Ihoae  illuatriona  benefaclora  of  mankind  who 
have  enriched  acience  and  improved  the  arta  ky  their 
invenlione,  lo  derive  more  reputation  than  henefll  from 
Ihe  happy  eflbrta  of  their  geniua.  But  Ihe  lot  of  Giom 
haa  been  alill  more  cruel ;  through  Ihe  inallpniion  or 
ignorance  of  contemporary  hialoriana,  heba*  bean  de- 
frauded even  of  the  fame  lo  whieh  he  had  auch  a  juat 
title.  We  receive  from  them  no  information  with  re- 
apeet lo  hia  profeaaion,  hi*  character,  the  predae  lime 
w  hen  ho  made  Ihia  important  diacovery ,or  the  accident* 
and  inquiriea  which  led  to  il.  The  knowledge  of  Ihia 
event,  though  productive  of  greater  eflecta  than  any 
recorded  in  Ihe  annal*  of  Ihe  human  raee,iatrananihted 
lo  ua  without  any  of  Ihoae  circumalancca  which  can 
gratify  Iha  curioaily  that  It  naturally  awaken*.  But 
UHHigh  Iha  uaa  of  the  eompaaa  might  enable  the  Italiana 
to  perform  tha  abort  voyagea  to  which  Ihey  were  ae- 
cuatomed  with  gieater  aecurily  and  ex|ieditton,  ila  in- 
fluence waa  not  aoaudden  or  extenaive  aa  Ipimedialely 
to  render  navigation  ailvenluroua,and  to  excite  a  apirit 
of  diacovery.  Many  eauaee  combined  in  preventing 
thia  beneficial  invention  from  producing  ita  full  eflect 
inatantaneoualy.  Men  relinquiah  ancient  babila  elowly 
and  with  reluctance.  They  are  averee  to  new  experi- 
menlB,  and  venture  upon  them  with  timidity  1'h* 
commercial  jealouay  of  Ihe  Ilaliana,  ilia  probable  la- 
bored to  conceal  the  happy  diacovery  of  their  country- 
men from  other  naliona.  The  art  of  ateering  by  the 
eompaaa  with  auch  akill  and  accuracy  aa  to  inapire  a 
full  confidence  in  ila  direction,  waa  acquired  gradually. 
Sailor*  unaccuatomed  to  quit  tha  aight  of  land,  dual 
not  launch  out  at  once  and  commit  Ihemaelvea  to  an- 
known  aeaa.  Accordingly,  near  half  a  cenlui;  ( 


ROBERTIOIt't   HIBTORT   OF 


llM  to*  M  OUIm'»  dUMfMjr,  btfcn  m«1 
m4  (Mn  uiy  mm  wkkk  toy  Uii  Ml  biM 


i 


I 


taniMl  la  fVv^iMNl. 

Thr  AnI  iip|imnnM  of  t  bnMvf  ipirll  mar  Iw  ilattd 
ftmn  itwTi>jr*|<>t«f  llw  BnnUnk  to  to  Onmrjr  of 
r«rt)iii»lit  Idlamlt.     Bjr  wImI  MiaMmt  to*  wtn  M 
to  to  iliMnvm  of  thaw  mhUI  lila«,«htah  11*  nnr  A** 
liiimlrMi  mllM  miu  ih*  BiwnWi  eo«it,*iHi  >bot*  ■  hun- 
ilftd  •ml  Af)  *  inilra  from  in*  eaaot  of  A  Mmi.  eonlwnpon- 
rv  wrlt»n  hav*  not  viplitinMl.  Bui,  tbuot  to  miiMlanr 
Ih*  fnurtwrnh  etnlurV,  to  fofli*  of  «ll  to  illllkmil 
UniphMiM  inia  which  nptln  wu  ton  iIIvUmI,  man  u- 
auaionml  In  nuk*  ptraliml  *n«nlnn*  ihltor;  in  or- 
ii*r  10  ptumlor  to  InhaMitnU,  or  lo  carry  ihMa  off  m 
■h«**.    L'iMiMni  VI ,  in  virtu*  of  to  right  claimed 
Iff  to  Holjt  8**  10  ilUpo**  of  all  caunlria*  faimiiil 
bjr  InUfla,  anetmt  ihoi*  iai**  into  »  kinidom  in  th* 
y»t  on*  thonoanii  thn*  humlrad  and  fuitjr  taut,  and 
«*nf*rf*d  it  Ml  Ii*wl*  d*  la  C«rda,  d**c*ndiNl  from  th* 
royal  hmlU  afOaalU*.    Bui  thai  unlbrtunata  prino*, 
dmillul*  ar  ii*«r«r  lo  aa**rl  hi*  nominal  till*,  having 
nvntr  viaiM  th*  Canarin,  John  d*  Bdhcncourt,  a 
Norman  iMron,  ohlaiiMil  a  grant  of  th«m  Arom  Henry 
III.  of  C^alii*.    BetlMneourt,  with  th*  valour  ami  g<ml 
Ibrtun*  which  ilialinfuiihad  to  advcnturera  of  hi* 
country.  all«mM*d  aml*ir*etml  toconqucd ;  andtlic 
uuiinalon  of  tn«  Cnnari**  rrmainnl  fur  wine  linie  in 
Jia  family,  a*  a  Aef  held  uf  to  crown  uf  Oaalile.  Pi*- 
vinui  lo  llii*  exnetlilion  of  Uelhencourt,  bia  countnr 
aien  aeltled  in  Niirmamly  are  aaid  to  have  viailad  th* 
soaal  of  Africa.nnd  In  have  prorcfxled  far  to  to  aoulh 
ifto  Canary  Iiilande[iatt6]  But  their  voyage*  thilher 
ieem  nol  to  hav*  been  undertaken  hi  conaeqiiene*  of 
any  public  or  regular  plan  fur  eitending  navigation 
and  altampling  new  diaenveriea.     They  were  either 
*icur*iu«ia  auggeeted  by  that  roving  uimllcal  tpirit 
which  deMendnl  to  the  jforniana  from  llieii  anceatora, 
or  the  commercial  enterpriaea  uf  private  inerchniita, 
which  atlraeteil  au  little  iiiMiee  that  hardly  any  memo- 
rial of  Ikwa  ia  to  he  found  in  conteinporary  aulhura. — 
In  a  g*n*ml  aurvey  of  (lie  iimgrea*  of  diacovery,  it  ia 
*u|lkient  In  have  mentioned  Ihla  event ;  and  leaving  it 
among  th***  of  duldoua  eiiatonce,  or  of  amall  imjwrt' 
•nc*,  w*  may  conclude,  that  though  much  additional 
information  cnneeming  the  remote  regiona  of  the  Eaal 
had  been  received  by  Iravellera  who  vialled  them  by 
land,  navigation  at  the  beginning  of  the  fifteenth  cen 
luijr  had  not  advanced  lieyond  the  atat*  lo  whiili  it 
baa  attainad  hefoi*  th*  downfoll  of  the  Koman  *m' 
pJr*. 

Al  length  th*  period  arrived,  when  Providence  d* 
ened  that  men  wen  to  paaa  the  limit*  within  which 
toy  had  iMen  ao  bing  caiiAncd,and  «p*n  to  ihemaelvea 
•  more  ample  field  wherein  to  diaplay  their  talenta, 
Iheir  eiiterpriae,  awl  courage.  The  firat  conaidenble 
afliitta  tnwarda  Ihia  were  nut  made  by  any  of  the  more 
powerful  atalea  of  Eurupe,  or  by  tho**  who  had  ap- 
plied to  navigation  wilh  th*  2r*at*al  aaaiduily  and  auc- 
ee**.  The  glory  of  laading  th*  way  In  thia  n*w  caraer 
waa  reaervM  iorPoitugal.oneoftheamalleatand  leaat 
powerfill  of  the  European  kingdom*.  Aa  the  attempta 
of  the  Portugueae  to  acquire  to  knowledge  of  tboae 
|«rt*  of  the  glob*  with  which  nankind  were  then  un- 
acquainted, not  only  Unproved  and  eiteiided  the  ait  of 
navigation,  but  rouaed  auch  a  apirit  of  curioaity  and 
anterpria*  aa  led  to  the  diecovery  of  the  New  World, 
of  which  I  propoa*  towrile  the  hiatory,  it  ia  neceaaary 
to  take  a  full  view  of  the  riae,  the  piogresa,  and  auc- 
eeeaof  their  varioua  naval  operatiuna.  It  waa  in  thia 
■ebool  that  th*  diacoverer  of  America  waa  trained 
and  unlea*  w*  trace  the  atepa  by  which  hia  inatructura 
and  gtikle*  advanced,  it  will  be  impoeaible  to  compre- 
hend the  circumatance*  which  auggcated  th*  idea,  or 
fiuilitaled  the  execution,  of  hi*  great  de*ign. 

Varioua  circumatance*  prompted  the  Portnguei*  to 
•icrt  their  activity  in  thi*  new  direction,  and  *nabl*d 
lh*m  to  accompliah  undertaking*  apparently  ■up*rior 
to  Ih*  natural  fore*  of  their  monarchy.  The  king*  uf 
Portugal,  having  driven  th*  Moon  out  of  thsir  domin' 
ion*,  had  acquirad  power  a*  wall  aa  glory,  bj  th*  auC' 
e***  of  their  arm*,  again*!  the  Infider*.  By  their  vie- 
torie*  over  them,  they  had  extended  lb*  royal  authori. 
ty  beyond  Ihe  narrow  limlta  within  which  it  waj  ori- 
ginally circuinacrilwil  in  Portugal,  a*  well  aa  in  other 
feudal  kingdom*.  They  hnd  the  command  of  the  na- 
lional  force,  couM  roua*  it  to  act  with  united  visour, 
and,  after  the  expulaion  of  the  Moon,  could  employ  it 
without  dread  of  interruplion  from  any  domeatic  enaroy. 
By  the  perpetual  hoatililiea  carried  on  for  aeveral  cen- 
lurie*  againrt  th*  Mahomelane,the  maitial  and  adven- 
.  Mt  whicb  diatinguiahed  all  the  European 
i  tluiiog  to  uiddl*  ag*a,  wa*  improv*d  and 


h*igtil*«*d  anMug  to  PorlugiM**.  A  t*N*  aivil  war 
Mwaida  to  «hM*  af  to  lourlamlh  **iitary,*eea*tan*d 
Iqr  a  di>piil*d  MMe***ton,  aanMnl*d  to  aUlkary 
ardor  of  th*  nation,  and  tmn*!!  of  «all*d  fiiflh  m*n 
nf  aneh  acliv*  and  daring  fania*  a*  ai*  III  for  boM 
undartaking*.  Tha  eiluaUan  of  to  kingdom,battiid*d 
on  *v*ry  Mii*  by  Ih*  dominion*  of  a  mora  powarltil 
neighbour,  did  not  aflbrd  IV**  aeiip*  lo  to  activity  of 
the  Portugue**  by  himl,  a*  Ih*  iMngth  of  toir  mon- 
archy waa  no  match  for  that  of  Uaalll*.  Bui  Porlugal 
waa  a  marillm*  Mat*,  in  which  tor*  w*r*  many  com- 
mudiiNiB  harhora ;  Ik*  p*opi*  had  b*gan  lo  mak*  aom* 
progr***  in  th*  knowMg*  and  praellc*  of  navigation, 
and  Ih*  •*•  wa*  oprn  to  thorn,  prf*enilng  th*  onlv 
lUM  A>r  *nl*rprl**  In  which  lh*y  could  dialinguich 
tom**lv*a. 

fluch  waa  th*  *l*l*  of  PortnnI,  and  each  to  dU- 
pwitlon  of  Ih*  p*opl*  when  John  I„  aumamed  to 
Baatord,  obtoined  a*cur*  pn***e*km  of  Ih*  crown  by 
Ih*  p**o*  concluded  with  Caatile,  in  tha  year  one 
ihouaaml  liiur  hundred  and  eleven.  He  waa  a  prine* 
nf  gr**!  merit,  wh.i,  by  aumrior  eourag*  and  ahlllti** 
had  opened  hi*  way  to  a  tnron*  which  of  right  did  not 
bolong  In  him.  H*  inalanllv  pareeived  that  it  wnuki  lie 
iinnnaailite  lo  preaerve  public  onler.  or  domeatic  tran- 
quility, wilbout  finding  aome  employmeul  for  to  reel- 
Irae  apirit  ef  Ilia  aubjerla.  Willi  thia  view  he  aaaemblnl 
a  numeroua  fleet  at  I.iabon,  roinnnaetl  nf  all  the  ahipa 
which  he  could  fit  out  in  bia  own  kinKdon,Bnd  of  many 
hireil  from  foreigner*.  Thia  great  armament  waa  dea- 
lined  In  attack  Ihe  Mnora  aeltled  on  to  cocal  of  Bar- 
Ury  [1411]  While  it  waa  equipping,  a  fow  veaiela 
were  appointed  lo  anil  along  llie  wealem  ahoi*  of  Af 
rica,  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  nrean,  and  to  diacover 
the  unknown  co'unlriee  ailualed  there.  From  thia  in- 
eonaidernbl*  allempt,  we  may  dale  the  commencement 
of  that  apirit  of  diacovery  which  opened  Ihe  barriera 
which  hnd  ao  long  abut  out  mankind  from  lb*  know- 
Inlge  of  one  half  of  th*  terreatrial  glob*. 

At  Ihe  time  when  John  aeni  forllilheaa  ahip*  on  thl* 
new  voyage,  the  art  of  navigation  waa  atill  very  impe^ 
feet.  Tliough  Africa  lay  ao  near  to  Portugal,  and  the 
fertilily  of  Ihe  countriea  alreaily  known  on  that  con' 
linenl  invited  men  lo  explor*  it  mor*  Ailly,  the  PortU' 
ifuea*  had  never  ventured  lo  sail  beyond  Cape  Km 
That  promontory,  a*  it*  name  impuria,  waa  nilherlo 
conaidered  aa  a  lii>undary  which  couki  not  be  paaaed. 
But  th*  nation*  of  Kurop*  had  now  acquired  aa  much 
knowledge  a*  eml»ldened  them  lo  diareirard  to  pre- 
Judiee*  and  lo  correct  th*  *rran  of  Iheir  anoeator* 
Th*  long  reign  of  igmirance,  Ihe  conaUnt  enemy  of 
ever^'  curinua  Inquiry  and  of  everv  new  undertaking, 
waa  approaching  lo  it*  period,  the  light  of  acience 
liegan  to  dawn.  The  work*  of  ihe  ancient  Oreeka  and 
Rnmana  began  lo  be  rend  with  admiration  and  profit. 
The  eriencea  cultivated  by  Ih*  Arabian*  were  intrudu- 
cnl  into  Europe  liy  th*  Moon  actllnl  in  Spain  and 
Portugal,  and  by  to  Jew*,  who  were  very  numeroua 
in  both  theae  kingdoma.  Geometry,  aatronomy,  and 
geography,  the  aeience*  on  which  th*  art  of  navigation 
ia  fouiulnl,  liecamcobjecla  of  atudioua  attention.  Th* 
memory  ol'  diacoveriea  made  by  the  ancienia,  waa  re- 
vived, and  the  progreaa  of  their  navigation  and  com- 
merce liegan  lob*  traced.  Some  of  th*  cauae*  which 
have  obatructed  the  cultivation  of  aeience  in  Portugal, 
during  Ihia  century  and  tho  laat  did  not  exiat,  or  did 
nol  operate  in  Ihe  aame  manner,  in  th*  fifteenth  cen- 
tury ;  [9]  and  Ihe  Portugueae  at  that  period  ae*m  to 
have  kept  pace  with  other  nationa  on  thia  aid*  of  the 
Al|i*  in  literanr  purauila. 

Aa  the  geniua  of  th*  ag*  favored  the  execution  of 
that  new  undertaking,  to  which  Ihe  peculiar  atato  of 
the  country  invited  the  Portugueae ;  it  piuved  auceeaa- 
ful.  The  veaaela  aent  on  the  diacovery  doubled  that 
formidable  Cape,  which  had  terminated  Iheprogrewof 
former  navigalon,  and  proceeded  a  hundred  and  rixty 
mile*  beyond  it,  to  Cape  Bojodcr.  A*  it*  rocky  cliflii, 
which  atrctched  a  conaidenble  way  into  the  Atlantic, 
appeared  mora  dreadful  than  the  promontory  which 
they  had  paaaed.the  Portugueae  commandenduntnot 
attempt  to  aail  round  it,  but  relumcl  to  Liabon,  more 
aatiafied  with  having  advanced  ao  fiir,  than  aahamed  of 
having  ventured  no  further. 

Inconaiderable  a*  thia  voyage  waa,  it  increaaed  Ihe 
paaaion  for  diacovery  which  beganloariae  in  Portugal. 
The  fortunate  iaaue  nftheking  aeipeditionagainat  the 
Moon  of  Bnrbary  added  atrenglh  to  that  apirit  in  the 
nation,  and  piiahnl  it  on  to  new  undertakinga.  In  or- 
der to  render  Iheae  (ucceeafttl,  it  waa  neceaaary  that 
they  ahould  be  conducted  by  a  per«on  who  poaacaaed 
abiiitie*  capable  of  diaceming  what  wr.*  attainabla.who' 
ei^oyed  leiaura  to  form  a  regular  eyatem  fiit  pra**ca- 


llng  dl**o**iy,  and  wka  wa*  aalaalad  wHk  arfarllHl 
wmaU  p*r****r*  in  apito  of  ah*la«l**  and  naulwt 
Happily  for  Portugal,  *h*  fo«nd  all  Ih***  qualili**  In 
H*nry  Dak*  of  Viaaoo,  to  fourth  wm  of  King  John  hy 
Phlllppaof  Lan*a*l*r,*l*l*rorH*nry  IV.kiniofERf. 
land.  Thai  princ*,  In  hi*  *Brhr  yovth,  having  accara- 
ponied  hia  Ihth*?  In  hi*  *ip*dilion  to  Barbary,  dialia 

Siil*h*d  blma*lf  by  many  d**d*  of  v*tef .  To  to  m^r- 
al  apirit,  which  wa*  toaharactari*!!*  ofai«ry  man  ol 
' '  birth  al  thai  Urn*,  h*  addad  all  tha  aeeumptiab* 
m*nl*  of  a  mora  *nllghl*n*d  ind  poli*h*d  ag*.  Ha 
euhivalad  th*  art*  and  wi^nc**,  which  were  lli*n  iin> 
known  and  d*api**d  by  p*r*nn*  of  hi*  rank,  H*  a|H 
plied  with  peeulUr  fondn*a*lo  th**ludy  of  goographyt 
and  by  Ih*  Indmction  of  able  maatara,  aa  wall  aa  by 
lb*  aeaoani*  of  lMv*ll*f*,lM  *arly  acquirad  auch  know> 
l*<lg*  of  to  babitabi*  ghib*,  a*  diaeovond  to  gnal 
ponlbilily  of  finding  now  and  opulonl  eounlrie*,  by 
aailing  along  Ih*  coaal  of  AlVica.  Such  an  objad  waa 
fortiMd  to  awakan  th*  *nthualaam  and  ardor  of  a  youth* 
fill  mind,  and  h*  **pnuaed  with  to  ulmo*l  Mai  to 
palnmag*  of  a  deaign  which  might  prove  a*  b*n«fir.lal 
•a  it  appeared  lo  be  aplendid  and  honorable.  In  oidar 
that  h*  might  punu*  thia  great  aclieme  without  Intor- 
ruptlon,  he  retired  hum  court  immmliately  after  hi*  !*• 
turn  fVom  Africa,  and  Axed  hia  reaidenc*  al  Sagr**, 
near  Cap*  St.  Vincent,  when  ihe  proapeet  of  th*  At- 
lanlie  ocean  Invited  hia  thought*  continually  towaida 
hia  favorite  pr«lrcl,and  enoiuraged  lilm  In  exeeuto  it* 
III  Ihia  retreat  n*  waa  attendeil  by  aome  of  Ihe  noal 
learned  men  in  hia  eounlrv,  who  aided  him  in  hia  M> 
aearchca.  He  applied  for  information  lo  to  Moora  ol 
Barliary,  who  were  aceuatomed  lo  travel  by  land  into 
Ihe  interior  provincea  of  AfVica  in  queal  of  ivory,  goU 
duat,and  other  richcommodhie*.  HeconaulteillMMwa 
aeltled  in  Portugal.  By  promiaea,  rewarda  and  mark*  ol 
reaped,  he  allured  Into  hia  Mrvic*  *everal  pereon*,  fo- 
r*i|jn*n  a*  well  aa  PortugiieM,  who  wen  eminent  for 
thc'ir  akill  In  navigation.  In  taking  thoM  preparatorjr 
atepa,  th*  grtal  abilitiea  of  Ihe  prince  wci*  a*cond*il 
by  hi*  prival*  virtue*.  Hia  integrity,  hi*  aflkbilily,  hi* 
rcapect  for  rallgton,  hi*  xeal  for  Ih*  honor  of  hi*  coun- 
try, cngag*d  peraon*  of  all  rank*  to  applaud  hi*  da> 
aign,  and  to  lavor  the  execution  of  it.  Hia  •chcm** 
w*r*  allowed,  by  ih*  greater  part  at  hi*  countrymm, 
lo  proceed  neither  IVom  ambition  nor  the  dealn  o{ 
wealth,  but  lo  flow  from  the  warm  benevolence  of  a 
heart  eager  to  promote  Ihe  liappin***  of  mankind,  and 
nliicb  juatly  enliti*  him  to  aaaum*  a  motto  for  hi*d*> 
vie*,  that  daacrihed  the  quality  by  which  b*  wiabcd  to 
be  diatinguiahed,  Ikt  latent  of  kmng gtoi. 

Hia  firat  eflTort,  aa  i«  u*ual  at  the  commencemeni  ol 
any  new  undertaking,  waa  extremely  inconaiderabi*. 
He  lilted  out  a  aingle  ahip  [1418,]  and  giving  th*  com- 
niand  of  it  lo  John  Gonxaiee  Zarroand  Tnatan  Vai, 
two  gentlemen  of  hia  houaehold.who  voluntarilv  oflarea 
to  conduct  the  enterpriae,  he  inatrucled  ibeip  to  oM 
th«irutmo*t  eflbrtiio  doulil*  Cap*  Bojador.and  tone* 
lo  aleer  towarda  the  aoulh.  Ijiey,  according  to  to 
mode  uf  navigation  which  atill  prevailed,  held  their 
courae  along  the  ahora  i  and  by  following  that  direc- 
tion, they  muat  have  encountered  almontinauperabla 
difficultiea  in  altenipling  to  paaa  Cape  Bojador.  But 
fortune  came  in  aid  to  Iheir  want  of  akilKand  prevented 
the  voyage  from  bring  allogetlier  fruitleaa.  A  audden 
aquall  of  winil  aroae,  drove  Ihrin  out  to  aea,  and  when 
they  expcctrd  every  moment  lo  periah,  laiidrdlhem  on 
an  unknown  ialand,wbtch  from  their  happy  eacape  they 
named  Porto  Santik  In  tlie  infiincy  of  navigation,  tha 
diacovery  nf  thia  amall  iaiand  appeared  a  matter  of  auch 
moment,lh«t  they  inaianlly  returned  to  Portugal  wilh 
the  good  tiding*,  and  wera  received  by  Henry  wilh  the 
applauae  and  honor  due  to  fortunate  adventurera.  Thi* 
faint  dawn  of  auccea*  filleil  a  mind  ardent  in  the  pur- 
suit of  n  favorite  object,  with  auch  aanguine  hope*  a* 
wera  aufficient  incitement*  to  proceed.  Next  year 
[1419]  Henry  wnt  eut  three  ahipa  under  the  aama 
commandera,  to  whom  he  joined  Bartholomew  Pena- 
trellow,  in  order  to  take  poaaeaaiun  ofth*  iaiand  which 
they  had  diacovered.  When  they  began  to  will*  ia 
Porto  Santo,  they  obaerved  towarda  lb*  aoulh  a  llzad 
apot  in  th*  hnrixon  lik*  a  amall  black  cloud.  By  de- 
greea,  they  wera  led  to  conjectura  that  it  might  b* 
land  ;  and  ateering  toward*  it,  they  arrived  at  a  con- 
aiderable  iaiand,  uninhabited  and  covered  with  wood, 
which  on  that  account  they  called  Madeirt.  A*  it  wa* 
Henry'a  chief  object  to  render  hia  diacoveriea  uaefill  to 
hiacounlry,  he  immediately  equipped  a  fleet  to  carry  a 
colony  of  PortugucM  to  Iheae  iaiand*  [1420]  By  hi* 
provid*nl  cart,  they  were  fumiahed  nol  only  with  to 
aeeda,  plant*  and  domMlie  animal*  common  in  En- 
rop<    bat,  aa  It*  fomaw  tot  th*  wannth  of  Ih*  ctt> 


■  OUTH  AMimOA. 


mm  »mi  •Htim*  at  Ik*  Mil  would  prart  kvofibl*  to 
Um  iMfiai  afolkm  ptadnctloni,  b*  pnimiiMl  illpi  of 
Mm  «Iim  titm  IhoUliml  nfOyprao,  iho  rich  wIum  of 
whtrh  wort  than  in  iirMi  raquoil,  tmi  pluu  of  ibo 
M^r-cano  from  nieily,  into  which  it  hiwl  boon  Uloljr 
tnlrnliMml.  Thow  lhro«o  M  prM|MnMt)jr  In  thio  now 
eounlrjr,  thai  Iho  h«n«fll  of  oHliivaiinf  Ihom  waa  Im 
mtdialtly  ptnoivoil,  ami  tho  augar  and  wina  of  Ma- 
dttra  fuieliljr  bocama  artioloa  of  •omo  eoniofutnca  in 
Iho  eoinnMreo  of  Portugal. 

Aa  anon  aa  Iho  advantagn  ilarivati  from  thia  flrat 
aatllonMnltolhawaalaflh*  Kuropraneoniinonlbagan 
lo  bo  fiiU.  Iho  ipiril  of  illM-orrr;  a|>ptar«l  l«u  ehimori- 
•al,  and  baeamo  mora  aiivtnluroua.  Bjr  thair  rajtafta 
lo  Madalra,  Iha  Portugutjo  wara  gradually  arauatomad 
to  a  boldar  iwvigatlon,  iffld,  Inaltad  of  eraaping  aa^ 
vIMy  along  Iho  ooad,  vanturad  Into  iha  opon  aaa.  In 
«onaai|uamia  of  tailing  thIa  souraa,  Ollianai,  who  com- 
nandad  ono  of  prlncananrjt'a  ahipa,  douhladOapa  Bo- 


Jador  [1433.]  Iho  boundarjr  of  Iha  INirtuguaaa  naviga- 
lion  upwanla  of  twenty  vaarai  andwhieh  had  hilhar' 
baan  daainod  unpaaaabia.    Thia  aurcaaaftil  vo]ra| 


ilon  upwanla  of  twenty  vaarai  andwhieh  had  hitharto 
baan  daainod  unpaaaabia.  Thia  aurcaaaftil  voyaga, 
which  the  ignnranoo  of  Iha  age  placed  on  a  la? el  with 


Iho  moal  famoua  eiplolla  reenrded  Inhiatnry,  opened  a 
new  Bphare  to  navigation,  »a  itdlaenverrd  the  vad  eon- 
llneni  of  Africa,  alill  waahrd  hy  the  Allanlio  ocean, 
•nd  atfetehing  lowarda  Iha  aouth.  Part  of  thia  waa 
•ooh  aiploraiTi  the  Porlugueae  advanced  within  the 
Impiea,  and  in  the  apace  of  a  fen  yrara  dlfcof  ered  the 
river  l!ene;iRl,  and  all  the  euaat  eilauding  from  Uapa 
Blanco  to  Capo  de  Verd, 

llilharto  the  PurlugueM  had  been  guided  In  their 
diacoveriea,  or  encouraged  lo  atlrmpl  thrm,  hy  the 
light  and  information  wliieh  they  rrrrivrd  fioni  the 
Wiirka  of  the  ancient  matliemaliciani  and  geogmphera. 
But  when  they  hegnn  la  enter  Ihe  torrid  annr,  the  no- 
tion which  prevailed  among  Ihe  aneiente,  Ihut  Ihe  heal 
which  reigned  perpelunliy  there  waa  ao  eicp»lve  aa  to 
render  it  uninhabltalile,  doterred  them,  for  mme  lime. 
from  proceeding.  Their  own  oliaervniiona,  when  they 
Aral  ventured  into  lliia  unknown  and  rormidnble  region, 
tantled  lo  confirm  Ihe  opinion  of  anliquily  concerning 
Iha  violent  operation  of  the  direct  raya  of  the  aun.  Aa 
fir  aa  Iha  river  Senegal,  Iha  Pnrtugueae  had  found  the 
soaal  of  Africa  inhabited  by  people  nearly  reaembling 
Ihe  Moora  of  Barbary.  Wlien  they  advanced  to  the 
■Milh  of  that  river,  the  human  form  aeemed  lo  put  on 
■  new  appearance.  They  beheld  men  with  ekina  black 
aa  ebony,  with  abort  curled  hair,  flat  noaea,  thick  lipa, 
and  all  the  peculiar  featurea  which  are  now  known  to 
dlalinguiah  the  race  ofnegroea.  Thia  aurpriiing  alien- 
lion  they  naturallT  attributeil  lo  the  influence  of  heat, 
•nd  if  they  ahould  advance  nearer  to  the  line,  they  be< 
■an  to  dread  that  ita  elTecIa  would  lie  alill  more  violent. 
Thoaa  dangera  were  exaggerated ;  and  many  other  oh- 
Jaeliona  againat  attempllng  further  diicoveriea  were 
propoaed  by  aome  of  the  gmndeee,  who,  from  igno- 
rance, from  envy,  or  from  that  cold  timed  prudence 
which  rejecia  wdalever  haa  the  air  of  novelty  or  enter- 
priiia,  had  hitherto  condemned  all  prince  Henry'a 
aeliemea.  They  repreaenled,  that  it  waa  altogelhcr 
chimerical  to  eipecl  any  advantage  from  counlrica 
ailuated  in  that  region  which  Iho  wiwinm  and  eipe- 
rii'nce  of  anliquily  had  pronounced  to  be  unHt  fur  the 
habitation  of  men ;  that  their  fareriithera,  aatiifiru  with 
oullivnting  the  territory  which  Providence  had  allolled 
them,  did  not  waile  Ihe  •trength  of  Ihe  kinndoni  l>y 
fruilleu  prnjrcla  in  qucat  of  new  >ctllrnienta ;  that 
Portugal  waa  already  enhauated  by  the  expcnie  of 
MIempla  to  diacover  land*  which  either  did  not  e«iat, 
or  wiiich  nature  deilined  to  remain  unknown;  and  waa 
drained  of  men,  who  might  have  been  employed  inun- 
dertakinga  attended  with  more  certain  lucceia,  and 
productive  of  greater  benefit.  But  neither  their  appeal 
to  the  authority  nf  the  ancienia,  nor  their  reaioninga 
concerning  the  intereats  of  Portugal,  made  any  im- 
preaaion  upon  Ihe  datarmined  phlloanphic  mind  of 
Drince  Henry.  The  diicoveriea  which  he  had  already 
made,  convinced  him  that  the  ancienta  had  little  more 
than  a  conjecturnl  knowledge  of  the  torrid  zone.  He 
waa  no  leaa  aatlafied  that  iTio  political  argumenta  of 
hia  oppnneniB,  n  ith  reapect  lo  the  intereat  of  Portugal, 
were  malevolent  and  ill  founded.  In  tho«c  aentimenta 
he  waa  atrenuoualy  aupported  by  hii  brother  Pedro, 
who  giivernad  tlie  kingdom  aa  giiiinlian  of  their  ne- 
phew Alphonao  V.,  who  had  auccrtided  lo  the  throne 
during  iiir.  minority  [I43S] ;  and,  inatead  of  ilacken- 
uning  hia  eflbrti,  Henry  continued  to  puriue  hia  dia- 
eo~eries  with  freih  ardor. 

But  in  order  lo  ailence  all  themurmuraof  oppoailion, 
ho  endeavored  to  obtain  the  aanction  of  Ihe  higheal 
lutborily  in  bvat  of  hia  operationa.    With  thia  view 


Im  trUM  t»  th«  Pop*,  awi  liptaaaiiliJ,  in  .  . 
lamia,  tka  pto«a  and  anwaaiiad  ia«l  wllh  whiah  ka  had 
axaitad  himaalf  daring  twanly  jraara.  In  dlaaavarina 
unknown  aouMriaa,  ika  wratcliad  iahabilanla  of  wklea 
wara  ullar  atrangara  to  Ira*  rallgioa,  wandarlng  in 
healhan  darknaaa,  at  lad  aalnjr  by  Ik*  dalualana  of 
Mahomal.  Ha  beaougkt  Ik*  holy  htkar.  to  wkom,  aa 
Iha  viear  of  Ohrlat,  all  Ih*  kingdom*  of  iIm  aarik  wara 
aubjaci,  lo  confer  on  Ika  arown  of  Portugal  a  right  lo 
all  Iha  counlriaa  poaaaaaad  by  inlUela,whlch  ahouhl  b* 
diacovarad  by  the  Indualry  of  ita  aubjeeta,  and  aubduad 
h*  Iha  Ibrea  of  ila  arma.  Ha  entreated  him  In  enjoin 
all  Chrlatian  powara,  under  Iha  higbaat  panalliaa,  not 
lo  mtdaal  Portugal  while  engaged  In  thia  laudaUa  an- 
larpriaa,  and  lo  proklbit  tkam  from  aalllinf  in  any  of 
ika  euunlriaa  wbiek  th*  Porluguaaa  ahoukl  diacover. 
He  pnmiiaed  that  in  all  Ihairaipedillon*,  it  ahouhl  be 
Ihe  chief  object  of  hia  countrymen  to  apread  Ilia  knoW' 
ledge  nl  the  Chriatlan  religion,  to  ealabliah  Iha  an 
Ihorily  of  Iha  Holy  See,  and  to  Inereaa*  Iha  flock  of 
Ih*  univaraal  paalnr,  Aa  it  waa  by  Improving  with 
daiterily  every  (kvorabl*  eonjunctur*  for  acquiring 
new  powera,  that  lb*  court  of  Home  had  gradually 
eitended  ita  uaurpationa,  Eugene  IV.,  the  PonlliTto 
whom  Ihi*  appllratiiin  waa  made,  eagerly  aeiied  the 
opportunity  which  now  preaenled  ilielr  He  inalanliy 
perceived  that,  by  complying  wilh  Prince  Henry'a  re- 
queit,  ha  might  exerciaa  a  prerogative  no  leaa  flaller- 
ing  !<i  ita  own  nature  than  likely  lo  prove  liancAcial  in 
ila  conaequencea.  A  bull  waa  accordingly  iaaued,  in 
which,  alter  applauding  in  the  alrongeit  lerma  Iha  paal 
eflbrta  of  the  Porlugueae,  and  eahorlingthem  lo  pro- 
reed  in  that  laudable  career  on  which  Ihev  nad  entered, 
he  granted  them  aneacluaiva  right  to  aldh*  countriea 
which  they  ahoukl  diacover,  from  Uape  Non  lo  the 
cnnlinent  nf  India. 

Ealravagant  aa  tbiadonalion.comprehendiiig  auch  a 
largo  pnrtiiin  of  the  habitable  globe,  would  now  appear, 
evrh  in  Ciilhnlle  countriea,  no  penon  ir  Ihe  Hftpenlh 
renlurv  doubled  that  Ihe  Pope  In  the  plenitude  nf  hia 
apoalolie  power,  had  a  right  lo  confer  it.  Prince  Henry 
waa  anon  lenaible  nf  Ihe  advanlagea  which  he  derived 
from  Ihia  tranaaction.  Hia  ichemea  were  authorixed 
and  aanctified  by  the  bull  apprqving  of  them.  The 
•piril  of  diacnvery  waa  connected  with  xeal  for  religion, 
whirh  in  that  une  wna  a  principle  of  auch  activity  and 
vigor  aa  to  influencv  Ihe  conduct  of  nnlinna.  Ail  Ohria- 
lian  prineea  were  deterred  from  intruding  into  thoae 
countriea  which  the  Portugueaa  had  diacovered,  or 
from  iiilerrapling  the  progroa*  of  their  navigation  and 
conqueata. -[10]  • 

I'he  fame  uf  Ihe  Porlugueae  voyagea  aoon  apread 
over  Europe.  Men  long  accuatomeiTlo  circumicrihe 
Ihe  acllvity  and  knowledge  of  Ihe  human  mind  within 
the  litnila  lo  which  they  had  been  hitherto  confined, 
were  aaloniahed  lo  behold  the  aphere  of  navigation  lo 
auddenly  enlarged,  and  a  proapect  opened  of  viiiting 
regiuna  of  Ihe  globe  Ihe  eiiatenee  of  which  waa  un- 
known in  former  timea.  The  leamad  and  apeeulative 
teaioned  and  formed  theoriea  concerning  thoae  unex- 
pected diacoveriea.  The  vulgar  inquired  and  won- 
dered i  while  enterpriaing  adventurera  crowded  from 
every  (lart  of  Europe,  aoliciling  prince  Henry  to  employ 
Ihcni  in  thia  honorable  aervic*.  Many  Venetiana  and 
Genarie,  in  piirticular,  who  were  at  that  time  auperior 
to  nil  other  nationa  in  the  acience  of  naval  aflaira.entered 
nhoaril  tlie  Porlugueae  ahipa,  and  acquired  a  more  per- 
fert  and  eileiiaive  knowledge  of  their  profeiaion  in  that 
new  achool  of  navigation.  In  emulation  of  tbeie  fo- 
reigncra,  Ihe  Porlugueae  exerted  their  own  talenla. 
The  nation  aeconded  the  deaigna  of  Ihe  prince.  Pri- 
vate mcrchanta  formed  companiea  [1446,]  wilh  a  view 
In  search  for  unknown  countries.  The  Cape  do  Verde 
lalands,  which  lie  off  the  promontory  of  that  name, 
were  diacovered  [I449,]aiid  aoon  after  the  iaiea  called 
.\zorea.  As  the  farmer  of  these  are  above  three  hun- 
dred niilea  from  the  African  coaat,  and  Ihe  latter  nine 
hundred  milea  from  any  continent,  it  is  evident  by  their 
venturing  so  boldly  into  the  open  seaa,  that  the  Portu- 
guese had  by  thia  time  improved  greatly  in  Ihe  art  of 
navigation. 

While  the  passion  for  engaging  in  new  undertakings 
waa  thus  warm  and  active,  it  received  an  unfortunate 
check  hy  the  death  of  prince  Heniy  [1463,1  whoa*  au- 
perior knowledge  had  hitherto  directed  all  lb*  opera- 
tions of  the  diacoverera,  and  whoa*  patronage  had  en- 
couraged and  protected  them.  But  notwilhalanding 
all  the  advanlagea  which  Ihev  derived  from  these,  the 
Porlugueae  during  his  life  did  not  advance  in  their  ut- 
moat  prograaa  lowarda  the  aouth,  within  five  degieea  of 
the  equinoctial  line ;  and  after  their  continued  exer- 
tion* for  half  a  century,  [from  14U  to  1463,1  hardly 


Maan  kan^tadaiUaaaf  ikaaaaaiaf  AMaamt*  Ar 
•a«*f*ii.  To  an  a|a  aaqaaialaii  wHk  Ika  tAito  • 
iiavlgali<m  in  ila  Mala  of  nMlarity  aad  imptonrntul, 
th*aa  essays  of  ila  early  yaaraaHial  n**asiarily  apf«af 
fcabia  and  unskilAil.  But  inoonsklaraMa  aa  tkay  any 
ba  daamad,  Ikay  wara  aufllelani  to  turn  Ik*  enrioaily  m 
Ik*  Euraaaan  nation*  into  a  now  ekannal,  lo  aieii*  *■ 
anlarpriaini  apirit,  and  to  point  tka  way  la  fiituiadia- 
*0variea* 


Alpkonse,  wko  poaaaaaad  tk*  Ihmn*  of  Portagal  al 

•  lim*  of  prine*  Henry'*  death,  waa  ao  much  anf  aga4 

in  aupporting  hia  own  pralenalons  lo  Iha  crown  oi  Oa*- 


tila^  or  in  carrying  on  hia  axpeilitiona  againat  th* 
Moor*  of  Birhaiy,  Inal,  tk*  lore*  of  kia  kingdom  bting 
oiertad  In  otkar  onarationa,  ka  couM  not  proaacala  Ika 
diaeovariaa  in  Alriea  wilk  ardor.  Ha  aommlllad  Ik* 
conduct  of  them  to  Famando  Oom**,  a  aMickanl  la 
Idabon,  III  whom  h*  granted  an  aulaoiv*  right  of  «*■»• 
marca  wilh  all  Ih*  eountri**  of  which  prine*  H*nr7 
had  lak*n  poaaaaalon.  Under  th*  raalraini  and  *ppn* 
aion  of  a  monopoly,  lb*  apirit  of  diaeovory  hingaiak«L 
It  ceaaed  to  be  a  national  object,  and  becanM  Ik*  con- 
cern of  a  private  man  more  altenllv*  to  hi*  own  gala 
than  lo  the  glory  of  hia  country.  Bom*  progrta*,  how- 
ever, waa  made.  Th*  Portuguea*  venturad  at  kngtk 
[1471.1  lo  croaa  the  line,  and,  to  Iheir  aalonlabnanl, 
liiunil  that  region  of  Ihe  lorrid  rone,  which  waa  aup- 
piiard  In  lie  ecorrhed  wilh  Inlolerabia  haal,  I*  ba  nol 
iinly  bahitnble,  hut  populnua  and  frrlila. 

John  II ,  wlm  sucreeded  hia  father  Alphonao  [1481,] 
nosaeiaed  talent*  capable  both  of  forming  and  exeeul- 
Ittf  great  designs.  Aa  part  of  hia  ravenuea,  wkiU 
prince,  had  arisen  from  dntiea  on  Ih*  trade  wilh  Ik* 
newly  diacovered  countries,  Ihia  naturally  turned  M* 
altrntiou  luwarda  Iheni,  and  aatiafled  him  with  rtap 
to  their  utility  and  importance.  In  proportion  aa  I 
knowledge  oflhcse  countries  extended,  Ine  poaeeaaiaa 
of  them  appeared  to  b*  of  greotcr  conaequeiice.  Whila 
the  Portuguese  proceeded  aloiig  Ihe  coaat  of  Afriea,froBl 
Cape  Noil  lo  the  river  of  Senegal,  they  found  all  thai 
extenaive  tract  lo  be  aandy .barren  and  thinly  inhabited 
by  a  wretched  people  proftaaing  t  ba  M  akomelan  religion^ 
and  auliject  to  Ihe  vast  empire  of  Morocco.  But  lo  Iha 
aouth  of  that  river,  the  power  and  religion  of  the  Mah» 
metana  wero  unknown.  The  country  waa  divided  inta 
•mall  independent  princinalitiea,  the  population  w.ia 
mnaiderable,  Ihe  aoil  fertile,  and  Ihe  Portuguese  soon 
diacovered  llial  it  produced  ivory,  rich  guma,  gold,  an4 
other  valuable  commudilies.  By  the  acquisition  o( 
these,  commerce  was  enlarged,  and  became  more  ad- 
venturous. Men,  animated  and  rendereil  active  by  Iha 
certain  prospect  of  gain,  pursued  discovery  with  great- 
er eagerness  than  when  they  ware  excited  only  by 
corioaily  and  hope, 

Thia  spirit  derived  nii  email  reinforrement  of  vigor 
from  Ihe  countrnanee  of  auch  a  monarch  aajohn.  De- 
claring himself  Ihe  patron  nf  every  attempt  lowarda 
disRovery,  he  promntrd  it  with  all  th*  ardor  of  hit 
grand  uncle,  prince  Henry,  and  with  superior  powei 
The  eflecia  of  ihia  were  immrdiidely  fell.  A  powtrf  it 
fleet  waa  filteil  out  [1484.1  which  after  discovering  IHm 
kingdoma  of  Benin  and  Congo,  advanced  above  fiftiet 
hundred  miles  beyond  Ihe  line.and  the  Portuguese,  hi 
Ihe  first  lime,  beheld  a  new  heaven,  and  obaerveil  ih* 
star*  of  another  hemisphere.  John  wa#nol  only  to- 
liciloua  to  discover,  but  atleiilive  to  secure  the  potae* 
sion  of  those  countries.  He  built  furta  on  th*  coaat  ol 
Guinea ;  he  oent  out  cohinies  lo  settle  there ;  h*  ea- 
labliahed  a  commercial  inlereoorae  wilh  Ihe  mora  pow- 
erful kingdoms;  he  endeavored  to  render  auch  aa  wer* 
feeble  or  divided  tributary  lo  the  crown  of  Porlugil. 
Some  of  Ihe  petty  princes  voluntarily  acknowledged 
Ihemaelvea  his  vaaaala.  Olhera  wera  compelled  lo  do 
so  by  force  of  arma.  A  regular  and  well  digeated  sy*- 
lem  was  formed  wilh  respect  lo  this  new  object  of  po- 
licy, and  by  firmly  adhering  to  H  ihe  Portuguea*  pow- 
er and  commerce  in  Africa  were  aatablitbed  upon  a 
solid  foundation. 

By  their  constant  intercourse  with  Ihe  people  of  At 
rica,  Ihe  Porlugueae  gradually  acquired  aimM  know- 
ledge of  those  parte  of  that  cobntry  which  Ihev  had  not 
visited.  The  information  which  they  received  from  the 
nativea,  added  lo  what  they  had  obeerved  in  their  own 
voyagea,  began  to  open  prospect*  more  extensive,  and 
to  aoggeat  the  idea  of  achemea  more  important  ihaB 
thoae  which  had  hitherto  allured  and  occupied  them. 
They  had  detected  the  error  of  the  ancienta  concerning 
Ihe  nature  of  Ihe  torrid  zone.  They  found  aa  they  pro- 
ceeded southwards,thal  the  continent  nf  Africa,inatead 
of  extending  in  breadth,  according  to  the  doctrine  o.' 
Ptolemy, at  that  lime  the  oracle  and  guide  of  the  l«.imec 
in  the  acience  of  geography,  appeared  lenaibly  to  coa 


ROBBRTIOIf'l  HIITORT   Of 


I 


«M(t  knU;  Mkl  lA  ktmt  towafrii  iIm  tMl.  Tkto  !•• 
4m«I  lliMil<i|fvr  afrik  lallwiMWMa  arilM  mmUM 
fdankian  vii)rii|M  raMwi  AMra,  wkMl  kad  Imi|  kam 
darnml  hbHlitiia.  und  M  Ihmn  la  aamttin  kupM,  iImI 
bv  Mtnwlnf  lUt  laiM  rouM,  tbajr  ntgiM  arrl**  M  th* 
k»H  Intlln,  anil  »nfiiiN  that  aaaNMiaa  wktak  kaa 
kaan  Ika  aonraa  af  waallk  aail  poarar  la  rmtj  Mliaa 
■MMHul  af  U.  Tha  enmptakaiiai*a  aanlaa  M  pfinaa 
Hanry,  ••  wa  may  coiiJaelHia  fViim  tna  »onb  af  Iha 
f  up*  a  Irall,  bad  aatW  Maad  tana  Mas  af  Ikia  iM«i(H 
liaii.  Bal  ihaagk  bla  coMtrjriMihM  ikat  parM.  waia 
liM»|iaMa  af  aanaatving  Ika  ailani  af  kla  «lawa  aad 
wkamaa,  aU  Ika  IVmagaaii  rwUkaiallataiia  ami  pllota 
aanad  hi  tafwaaimiig  Ikaa  aa  wail  fcandad 
Tka  Umi  amaiaJ  wllk  wanalk  inia 


•faa  Ika  MmIb  af  Imlim,  laMtkat  vMk  aitat  mi^  af 
Ika  aaaala  an  wktak  ka  kai  laaakad  i  mi  Aam  wkM 
ka  Mnaatf  had  akiarraj,  aa  wail  aa  Ann  Ika  kilbfaa' 
llan  nf  ikllflil  aaaaian.  In  lillKiranl  aavitlrlaa,  ka  con' 


SBWllflMHUk  MMI   BvfRH  W  tfOVMMV  M9MNIM0  Wtt 

inhMwa  tad  laipaflaM  vajraga. 
■afbaa  kla  yiafawllaaa  Cm  Ikia  aipadkloii  waia 


I  waia  ItiBiiklad  tVooi  AtHsa,  Ikal 
aiftoaa  nallaaaalaiigllMaaaat  bad aMiMlanad  amifkly 
kiagduM  akaalad  a«  IkairaaallnanI,  al  a  ffaal  dlaUoaa 
lawafda  Ika  aaal,  Iha  kinf  of  whkik.  leaanllni  la  Ikair 
daatripliaH,  prafaaaad  Ika  Ckrialian  latiginn.  Tbt 
Fartaiaaw  aianarah  iwiaadialaly  sanaludml,  thai  IhU 
aval  ka  tka  aaiparof  af  Akyaainia,  lo  whom  Ika  Euro- 
paaaa,aadiiead  1^  a  miataka  of  Hubniauia,  Marco  Pulo, 
aadolhaf  Iravanara  la  Iha  Eaal,  abaunily  (M*a  Ika  nama 
•f  Pnalaf,  of  Piaabytar  Juka  |  ami  at  ha  hopnl  la  ra- 
•aiva  inHinnallan  and  aaaialanea  from  a  Ohriilian 
[wlnaa,  hi  pfaaeeulina  a  aeiiama  Ihal  lamlad  In  pnipa 
gala  lliatr  taaiairm  fuih,  ha  laaaltail  lo  apan,  if 
WUh 


I  lataraoana  wUh  hla  enurt.  Wllh  Ihl*  *iaWi 
I  alioiea  of  Padro  da  Covlllam,  and  Alphonau 
ia  Payva,  whawcra  parfael  aiaalan  of  tha  AiaMe  Ian- 
■aaga,  and  aaal  Ihom  la  Iha  Eaal  lo  aaarah  Ibr  Iha  ml- 
•anaa  af  Ikia  unknown  polmlala,  ami  lo  maka  him 
ffoHaia  of  friandahip.  Tliay  had  In  charga  likewlM  lo 
proeara  whalavar  inlaliigaiwa  the  naliona  which  Ihay 
fiailad  could  rapply.wkh  rcupiicl  lo  tha  Inida  of  India, 
•ad  Iha  aauna  af  navigatlim  to  that  ennllnanl. 

Whiia  John  moda  ihia  naw  attampl  tif  land,  lo  ob- 
tain aoma  knowladga  of  Iha  eounlry  which  ha  wiahad 
•a  ardanllv  lo  diioavar,  ha  did  not  nfalod  Ika  protaeii- 
lian  of  Ihl*  naal  daaign  by  aea.  Tha  eandud  of  a 
•oyaga  Kir  IbM  purpota,  tha  moil  aiduoua  and  impofl- 
aal  which  Iha  Poitugiwio  had  c*«r  |irn|«cl«l,  wai  eoni' 
■Iliad  lo  Hartholomaw  Iliai[l486]  an  offierr  whnw 
aagaoHy,  atparianea,  and  fortiluda.  nmlarad  him  aqual 
la  Iha  undartaking.  He  alrelebad  boldly  towanl*  the 
tonlh,  and  pfoeaadlng  beyond  Iha  utmoel  llfflHa  >o 
which  lUaeounlnrmati  bad  hitherto adTanced.diaeo*einl 
Mar  a  Ihoumnd  mliaa  of  naw  country.  Neither  llie 
ihngar  lo  whieh  he  waa  aipoaail,  by  a  aucceeeion  of 
aiolani  lempeaU  in  unknown  aeaa,  and  by  Ihe  fireqiieni 
wnlln4aa  of  Ma  erew,nerlheealamllleaora  famine  which 
be  auflbrad  from  kiaing  hie  iloreahip,  could  deter  lilm 
Aam  pfaanullng  hie  enterpriw.  In  rreo<npcnM  of  hi* 
labore  and  peraeveranea,  be  al  hut  deecricd  lhal  lofty 
MoaMntoty  whieh  baanda  Africa  to  Ihe  aoulh.  But  to 
ieaery  it  waa  all  that  he  had  in  hiapower  to  aceompliah. 
The  *iolenea  ol  the  winde,  the  ihaltered  eomlilion  of 
hii  ahipa,  and  Iha  turbulent  ipirit  of  Ihe  aailora,  com- 
palled  him  lo  return  after  a  voyage  of  lixteen  monlhe. 
In  which  he  dticotered  a  far  neater  extent  of  country 
than  any  bfmer  navigator.  Dial  had  called  the  pro- 
montory whieh  terminated  hie  voyage  Ctfo  Tarmtnloto, 
or  Ihe  atormy  ('ape ;  but  Ihe  kmg,  hie  mailer,  aa  he 
now  enlertainad  no  doubt  of  hating  found  Ihe  long  de- 
riled  mute  to  India,  gave  it  a  name  more  inviting,  and 
of  a  baiter  omen,  Tki  C*pt  of  Gooi  Hop*. 

Thoaa  aanguine  eipcctalione  of  aucceu  were  eon- 
6nned  by  the  intelligence  which  John  reeeiTed  over 


in  coaeeqnence  of  hia  embaMV  to  Abyaainia. 
Covilhim  and  ny  va,  in  obedience  to  iheir  maater'a  in- 
alruelione,  had  repaired  to  Grand  Cairo.  From  that 
city  they  travelled  alonf  with  a  caravan  of  Egyptian 
meiehanta,  andembarlung  on  the  Red  Sea,  arrived  at 
Aden,  in  Arabia.  There  they  leparated ;  Pay  va  tailed 
directly  lowatda  Abyeainia;  Covillam  embarked  for  Ihe 
Baal  Indiea,  and  having  vititeil  Calecnl.  Goa,  and  oth- 
er ciliea  on  Ihe  Mabibar  coatt,  relumed  lo  Sofalo,  on 
the  eaat  aide  of  AfHca,  and  thence  to  Grand  Cairo, 
wbicb  Payva  and  he  had  fiied  upon  aa  their  place  of 
tendeivoua.  Unfoitunatrly  the  former  waa  cruelly 
nnidered  in  Abyttinia  ;  but  Covillam  found  at  Cairo 
two  Portuguete  Jewt,  whom  John,  wboee  provident 
oa^eity  attended  to  every  circumttance  that  could  lit 
dlitala  the  execution  of  bit  tchemee,  bad  deipalched 
after  them,  in  order  to  receive  a  detail  of  their  pniceed- 
Ingi,  and  tu  commuuicnte  to  them  new  inttructiont. 
Ryonoof  theae  Jewa,  Covillam  trantroitted  to  Portu- 
gal ajuamal  of  hia  liavela  by  tea  and  kknd.bit  remarht 


alitdod,  lhal,  by  tailing  loand  AlViaa,  a  pataaga  migbl 
be  Inund  to  Iha  Eaal  Indiet. 

The  happy  eoiiwldenea  of  Cavlllam'e  opinion  and 
l«part,wkb  Iha  ditaoveriea  whieh IMaihad  Itlely  made, 
Ian  hardly  any  ahadow  of  doubt  wllh  rtopecl  to  Ihe 
poeeibilily  «f  tailing  ftom  Europe  to  India.  Bui  the 
vaat  length  of  Ihe  voyage,  and  the  furioue  tlonne  whieh 
Dial  had  aneonnlerairnaar  the  Cape  of  Good  Hopa, 
alarmed  and  intimidated  the  Portugueee  to  aueb  a  da> 
giea,  akbougfa  by  long  eiperienea  Ihey  were  now  be- 
aume  advanlaroua  and  tkilAil  aurinera,  that  tome  time 
waa  reyiiaila  lo  prepare  Ikeir  minde  for  thit  dangeroua 
and  eitraordinary  voyage.  The  courage,  however, 
and  authorit?  of  tha  BMmareh  grailually  ditpalled  Ihe 
vain  Ibara  of  hia  tttb)eaU,  or  made  it  nteeteary  lo  eon' 
eeal  them.  Ae  John  thought  himeelf  now  upon  the 
eve  of  aeeomplithing  that  great  ileaijpi  which  had  been 
Ika  prinnipal  objeel  of  hia  reign,  hia  aamealnete  in 
Meealing  it  boeame  tu  veheineni,  thai  it  occupied 
I  Ihoaghle  by  day  and  bereaved  him  of  tieep  tkrough 


proeeealing  it  became  tu  veheineni,  thai  it  occupied 
hie  Ihaaghlebydayi 

Ihe  night.  While  bo  waa  taking  every  precaiilinn  that 
wladom  and  eiperienee  could  auggetl,  in  order  lo 
enture  Iha  aueeete  of  Ihe  expedition,  which  waa  lo  de- 
ckle eonreming  Ihe  hte  of  hit  favorite  prqjecl,  Ihe 
fame  of  Ihe  vail  diicoverlet  whieh  the  Portuguete  had 
already  made,  Ihe  repnrtt  cimcerning  Ihe  eitraonlinary 
intelllgenee  whieh  Ihey  ha4l  received  flrom  the  Eotl, 
ami  Ihe  pneneet  of  the  voyage  which  Ihey  now  mnll- 
tnteil,  drew  Ilie  attention  of  all  the  European  naliona, 
ami  held  them  In  luvpeiite  and  e»|ieclatliin.  By  tome, 
Ihe  maritime  tklll  ami  navijiation  nf  the  Puttuguete 
were  compared  with  thoee  of  the  Plieniciani  and  Car- 
thaginiana,  aud  exalted  above  them.  Otbert  formed 
eonjeoluree  coneerning  Ihe  revolutinnt  which  Ihe  tuc- 
cete  of  the  Portuguete  teheinet  might  oocailon  in  the 
enurae  of  trade,  and  Ihe  political  Malu  of  Europa.- 
The  Venetiana  began  lo  be  ditquialed  with  the  appra- 
hanaion  of  loaing  Iheir  Indian  commerce,  Ihe  mono- 
poly of  whieh  waa  the  chief  touree  of  their  power 
aa  well  aa  opulence,  and  Iha  Portugueee  alreauy  en- 
Joyed  In  fiincy  the  wealth  of  Ihe  Eatl.  Dul  during  thit 
Interval,  which  gave  tuch  eeope  lo  Ihe  varlout  worli- 
ingt  of  curi<Hiity,  of  hope,  and  of  fear,  an  account 
waa  brought  lo  Europe  of  an  event  no  lete  extraor- 
dinary than  unexpected,  the  diacnvery  of  a  Naw 
World  ailuated  on  the  Weal ;  and  the  eyn  and  admi- 
ration of  mankind  turned  immediately  d'Htida  lhal 
great  ot^jael. 

BOOK  II. 

Blnh  and  eiluralinn  of  Citliimbui — ■cqiitrM  naval  iklll  In  the 
MTTke  of  Putlugal— fdiicrlvtfl  hi)|Mi  iif  rcMhliif  iha  Eaal 
liidlea  by  boMlnr  a  weiitflrly  cmiiaa— hia  ayHam  ftiundeit 
on  Ihe  M«aa  ofihe  anctaiiia,  and  knowladga  of  ihalr  navlffa- 
lion — and  on  tha  dlacnvrrlea  or  Iha  rtiftuffucaa~hla  iia. 
fotiaiinaa  wtih  different  rnuna — itbaiaclea  which  ha  hail  to 
aurmouni  In  Bpair) — Voyntre  or  dlacorary — tllfflculliaa— ane- 
eeaa — return  in  Spnin — Aelnnlabmanl  of  mankind  on  Ihia 
diacnvery  nf  a  new  wcrltt— Papal  gram  uf  li~8«cond  *oy- 
afe — Colony  aenird— Further  diacuverlea— War  wllh  iha 
Imllana — FIrai  lax  Inipnaed  on  ihain—Tblrd  voyage— Ha  dla- 
fovera  Ihe  Contlneni — Riaia  of  Iha  Bmnlvh  culonv— Errura 
In  Iha  Iral  ayalani  of  colonliing— Voyage  of  the  funu- 
aiwaa  lo  ilw  East  Indiea  by  Iha  t^apa  of  Good  Hopa — Ef- 
fecla  nf  ihla — dlarovai  laa  made  by  private  adventurera  In  Ihe 
New  Wnrld— Name  of  America  given  lo  It— Machlnailnna 
agaloM  Colnmbua— diagractd  and  Kent  In  chalna  to  Eu- 
rope—Fourth voyage  of  Colunbua— Hia  dlacoverlca— die- 
aalera— death. 

AuoNoIhe  fiirelgnen  whom  the  fame  of  the  ditco- 
veriet  made  by  the  Portuguete  had  allured  into  their 
tprvice,  waa  Chriatopher  Colon,  or  Columbut,  a  aub- 
jcct  of  Ihe  Republic  of  Genoa  Neither  Ihe  time  nor 
place  of  hit  birth  it  known  with  certainty  [U] ;  but  he 
waa  deecended  of  an  honoralile  family,  Ihoush  re- 
duced to  indigence  by  varinue  mitfortunet.  Hit  an- 
ceelora  having  betaken  Ihemaelvet  for  tubtittence  to  a 
aeafaring  life.  Columbut  diecovered  in  hia  early  youth 
the  peculiar  character  and  talenia  which  mark  out  a 
man  for  that  profettion.  Hit  parenia,  inalead  of 
thwarting  thiaoriginal  propentity  of  hit  mind,  teem  to 
have  encouraged  and  confirmed  it  by  the  eiliication 
which  they  gave  him.  After  acquiring  aome  know- 
ledge of  the  Latin  tongue,  the  only  hinguage  in  which 
acience  waa  taught  al  that  time,  he  wat  inatructed  in 
geometry,  roamography,  aatrononiy,  and  the  art  of 
drawing.  To  Iheie  he  applied  with  tuch  ardor  and 
pmlilection,  on  account  oi  their  connexion  with  navi- 
gHtian,hit  favorite  object,  that  he  advanced  with  rapid 
proficiency  in  the  atudy  of  them.  Thua  qualified,  he 
we'j<  to  aea  at  lb*  age  of  fourteen  [U6I],  and  began, 


aaiaor  an  thai  atmiia|M  wbab  aendaaiad  kka  la  W 
.  ary.  Hk  earl*  va«a|ea  wora  la  ihaaaaarla  kl 
Ika  Modilamnean  wkleb  hie  aouMryaMn  ika  Oanaaai^ 
Aoouenled.  Tkie  being  a  apkara  loo  narrow  for  kla 
active  mind,he  made  an  eieunlnn  to  the  narlham  aoaa 
(UaT,1  and  vlailad  Ihe  eoati  of  lealand,  lo  whkb  Iba 
Kaglith  and  ether  naliona  had  begun  to  roaort  nn  oa- 
count  of  lie  Aakery.  Ae  navlgallun,in  every  dlre(tian,waa 
now  beeoaia  enlerpriting,  he  pweetdej  beyond  lhal 
ititnd,  the  Thule  uf  the  aneienia,  and  advanced  teverol 
dogreee  within  Ihe  polar  circle.  Having  antiafied  hia 
eurioeily,  by  a  voyage  whieh  tended  more  lo  enlarge 
hit  knowleilge  uf  naval  allklra  than  In  Improve  bla  for* 
lune,  he  entered  Into  the  aeivlee  of  a  Airooua  tea-eap* 
lain  of  hia  own  aaBM  and  tknily.  Tbia  man  ea«> 
mandeda  email  aquadron  ll^  out  al  biaowa  axponao, 
and  bv  crulaing  aoawlimae  agalnal  the  MahoaMtana^ 
tonetimee  agalnal  the  Venellane,lba  rivaleof  hia  eoun- 
inr  in  Inula,  bad  acquired  bolb  weakb  and  lepMalian. 
With  him  Columbua  continued  for  eeveral  yeara,  no 
leee  diatlngulabed  for  hie  coaraga  than  for  hie  expo- 
rienee  aa  a  tailor.  Al  length,  in  an  obelinate  engaga- 
menl  olT  ibe  cooet  of  Portugal,  with  tome  Venetian 
caravela  reluming  riehlv  laden  (Vina  the  Ijow  Countrieo, 
the  vettel  on  board  which  he  terved  took  lire,  logethet 
with  one  of  the  enomy'i  thipe  lo  whkh  It  wat  htt  grap* 
pled.  InlhitdreadlUlaxIrcmilyhia  intrepidity  and pro- 
aenee  of  mind  diil  not  fortake  him.  He  threw  himtelf 
Into  Ihe  tea,  laid  hold  of  a  floating  oar,  and  by  tha  tup* 
port  of  il,  and  hit  dexterity  in  twimming,  he  reachod 
the  thore,  though  above  two  leaguea  diatani,  and  aa- 
ved  a  life  reaerveil  for  great  undertakingt. 

At  toon  at  he  recovered  tirenglh  for  the  Journey,  bo 
repaired  to  Mabon.where  many  uf  hia  countrymen  warn 
aeltleit.  They  toon  conceived  tuch  a  favorable  opinioa 
of  hit  merit,  aa  well  at  lalentt,  lhal  Ihey  warmly  to- 
liclled  him  lo  remain  in  lhal  kingdom,  where  hia  naval 
akill  and  experience  could  not  fiiil  of  rendering  himeon- 
tpicuuut.  To  every  adventurer  animated  either  wllb 
curioaily  lo  viait  new  coiintriea,or  with  ambition  to  dla> 
llnguiahhimaelf,lhe  Portugueee  jervice  waaul  lhal  lima 
exlrem<:ly  inviting.  Columbua  litlened  with  a  fiivorabla 
ear  to  Ilw  advice  of  bla  fVlenda,  and  having  gained  Iha 
etieem  of  a  Portuguete  kidv,  whom  he  married  filed 
hie  realdence  in  iJabon.  Thit  alllacce,  inalead  of  da< 
taohing  him  from  a  teahring  llfo,  contributed  lo  enlaioa 
the  tphere  of  hit  navnl  knowledge,  and  lo  excite  a  da> 
aire  of  extending  it  tiill  Airther,  nie  wife  waa  a  daiigb* 
ter  of  Bartholomew  Pereatiello,  one  of  Ihe  eaptaina  em- 
ployed by  prince  Henry  In  hia  early  navigutiona,  and 
who,  under  Ida  protection,  had  diaeovereiTand  planted 
the  iaiandt  of  Porto  Santo  and  Madeira.  Columoua  got 
potieaaion  of  Ihe  joumala  andchartaof  Ihia  experienced 
navigator  1  ami  from  Ihem  he  learned  Iheooune  whkb 
Ihe  Portuguete  had  held  In  making  their  ditcoveriea, 
aa  well  aa  Ihe  varioua  circumttancra  which  guiiled  or 
encouraged  them  in  their  attemntt.  The  ttudy  of  theta 
aoothed  and  inllamed  hia  fiivorlte  pattion ;  and  whila 
he  contemplated  the  map*,  and  read  Iha  detcriptlona 
of  the  new  counlrlet  which  Peretlrello  had  aeen,  hia 
impatleneo  to  vitil  them  became  irretltlible.  In  order 
to  indulge  it,  ho  made  a  voyage  to  Madeira,  and  con- 
tiiiunl  liuring  aeveral  yeara  to  trade  wllh  that  itiand, 
with  the  Cunarlea,  the  Axoret,theiettlementt  in  Gui- 
nea, and  all  the  other  placet  which  Ihe  Portuguete  had 
ditcovcreil  on  the  continent  nf  Africa. 

By  the  experience  which  Culuinhua  ucquired,during 
tuch  a  varii'ty  of  voyaget  lo  almoti  every  port  of  Ihe 
ginlie  with  which  at  thai  time  any  intercourte  wat  ear> 
ried  on  by  tea,  he  wat  now  become  one  of  the  moet 
tkilful  nuvignlort  in  Europe.  But,  not  tatitfied  with 
that  praiae,  hit  ambition  aimed  at  tometbing  more. 
The  tuccettful  progrctt  of  the  Portuguete  navigalom 
hud  awakened  a  ipiril  of  curiotity  and  emulation.whicb 
tet  every  man  of  teieiice  upon  examining  all  Ihe  cir- 
cumttancet  that  led  to  the  ditcoveriet  which  they  had 
made,  or  that  aRunlcd  a  protpect  of  tucceeding  in  any 
new  and  bolder  undertaking.  The  mind  of  Columbua, 
naturally  inqultitire,  capable  nf  deep  reflection,  and 
turned  to  apeculationa  of  thit  kind,  waa  ao  often  em- 
ployed in  revolving  Ihe  prineiplet  upon  which  Ihe  Por- 
tuguete had  founded  their  acboinet  3f  diacoveiy,  and 
the  mode  on  which  they  had  carried  them  on,  that  he 
gradually  began  to  form  nn  idea  of  improving  upon  their 
plan,  and  of  aeeomplithing  ditcoveriet  which  hitherto 
they  had  attenpted  in  vain. 

To  find  out  I  paaaayg  by  tea  to  the  Eatt  Indiet,  waa 
the  important  object  in  view  at  that  penud.  From  tha 
time  that  the  Portnguete  doubled  (/ape  de  Verd,  thit 
waa  Ihe  point  at  which  Ihey  aimed  in  all  their  naviga- 
tiona,  and  in  compariaon  with  all  their  ditcoveriet  in 
Africa   appealed  inconaiderabla.    The  foililitT  iud 


■  OUTR  AMERICA 


iWmW  MtelMi  btMikiiMiii  In  aMMqrMMi  Ha 
iyltM  tmt  Mhw  fshiaMt  iwiilM  «•  ••Mhi  Mfk 
mwm  UuoayliMl  Euiap*,  aiU  Um  fad  wwkk  af  Um 
VtwUtoiifc  •Mag  *«■  iMt  kavlng  imtoinJ  Mt 
ImI*,  iMd  nUtd  iha  M*]r  •#  ■U  wulon*.  Bat  kaw 
InWiil  Mrm  Ik*  tahmgit—t  wan  apan  <liiao*afin|  • 
■aw  taiita  to  Iboia  daiirabia  ngiaaa,  thiy  aaarahMi  Rir 
k  enly  b*  ilaafiRg  towank  iIm  loatb,  In  hepa*  ofani- 
«in(  al  Imlla  bjr  Uimtng  to  tha  aaal  aftar  Ikajr  bad 
■aliaa  raund  iba  Ambar  ailraiakjr  of  AlHaa.  TbU 
aoana  waa  MUI  waknawa.  ami  ataa  If  dkasvaml,  waa 
af  MMb  liaoMnaa  Imglb,  laal a Tajraga  AvoiKaMMto 
laiHa  aMMl  bafa  appaaiad  at  tkalpatM  aa  aadaitoklng 


aiiraaMi*  aniaoai,  aad  af  ?ary  anaaitaiH  laaaa.  Mat* 
liMn  bair  a  aaalaiy  bad  baaa  aaplojrad  in  advancing 
Aoa  Oapa  Nan  to  Iba  aqu 
ot  lima  mtghl  alaaia  baCiaa 
tion  Ctoni  IMl  to  India  aaul 


I  aqnator  i  a  aMab  langai  ifaaa 
iMa  Um  BMfa  aston^iva  ni«lga- 
i  aauld  ba  aaeampUahad.  Titaaa 
laiaallani  npan  Iba  nnaaitoinly,tba  dangar.and  ladlaaa- 
naaaoflbaaaunawbleblha  PoitafuaM  wai*  panning, 
naluralli  lad  Oolumbua  to  eonaidai  whalbar  a  ahartar 
and  maia  ditael  paMaga  to  Iba  Eaal  Indiaa  mighl  nal 
ba  found  oul .  AlUr  ra«ol«ing  lang  and  Mrlonaty  aoar; 
elioumttonea  •iiiiailad  bjr  nla  tttiiariof  knowladga  in 
Iba  Ibaory  aa  wall  ai  Iha  pncllaa  of  na«igallon  i  alkar 
aompaiing  altonllvaly  tha  abwrvallona  oraMdam  piloU 
with  iha  blnla  and  eonjMluraa  oraneianlaulboia,  ba  tl 
laal  eoneliidad,  Ihal  b;  laillng  diraelljr  lowarda  Iha 
waal,  aernaa  tha  AtUnlia  oaaan,  naw  aountriea,  whiah 
piobaMjr  formad  a  part  uf  Iha  graaKontloant  of  India, 
muat  inlblllMy  Im  diwovarad 

Prinelplaa  and  argununla  of  varioua  Unda,  and  da- 
ri*«l  from  dlflaranl  MMireaa,  induead  him  to  adopt  thla 
apinion.aaaminjriy  aa  ehimarieal  aa  it  waa  naw  and  ci- 
Iraonlinan.  Tha  apharieal  llgura  of  Iha  aartb  waa 
bnown,and  iU  magniludaaioartalnad  with  aomadagraa 
of  aceuraoT.  From  Ibia  it  waa  avidani,  Ihat  Iba  oon- 
linanli  of  Kuropa,  Aaia^nd  AMe%,»»  flir  aa  ibajr  wara 
known  at  thai  lima,  formad  but  a  amall  puiliun  of  Iba 
larraquaoua  gloha.  It  waa  auilabla  to  our  idaa*  eon- 
•aming  Iha  wUdoin  and  banaikance  of  the  Author  uf 
Nalura,  to  believe  Ihal  tha  *aal  apaea  alill  unaiplorod 
waa  not  covered  enllreljr  by  a  waato  unprotlabla  ocean, 
but  occupied  liy  eounlnea  ill  for  the  habiuiion  of  man 
It  appeared  likewiae  etiremely  prolxibie  Ihal  the  eon 
.ineiil  on  Ihia  liile  of  the  globe  wee  balanced  by  a  pro- 
porlional  quantity  of  UihI  In  the  other  bemiephrre. 
Tbeaa  concluiiona  concerning  Iha  axiatonce  ofanolher 
eonllnant,  drawn  from  the  llgura  and  otruclure  of  Iha 
globa,  were  confirmed  by  tha  obeervaliona  and  eonjeC' 
turea  of  modern  navigatora.  A  Portuguaaa  pilot,  hav' 
Ing  ilrelohed  fUither  to  Iha  wrat  than  waa  uaual  at  that 
time,  took  up  apiece  of  limber  artificially  carved  deal- 
ing upon  the  aea ;  and  aa  It  waa  driven  towarda  him  by 
a  wenerly  wind,lia  concluded  Ihat  it  came  from  aonie 
unknown  Innd  ritualod  in  that  quarter.  Columbua's 
brulherin-law  had  found  to  Iha  weet  of  the  Maileira 
talae,  a  piece  of  limber  faahioned  in  tha  oama  manner, 
and  brought  by  Iha  aama  wind ;  and  had  aeen  likewiae 
eanei  of  an  enormoua  aiia  floating  upon  Iha  wavea, 
which  reiembled  Ihoea  deeeribed  by  Ptolemy  oa  pro- 
ductiuna  peculiar  to  the  Eaot  Indiea.  Alter  a  counc 
of  weatorly  winda.lreea  torn  up  by  Iha  roola  wereoften 
driven  upon  Iha  coaat  of  tha  Aioraa;  and  a»  one  time, 
Iha  dead  bodieioflwo  men,  nilh  aingular  fealurea, 
leiembling  neither  the  inhabitanta  of  Europe  nor  of 
Africa,  were  cait  aihure  there. 

Aa  the  force  of  Ihie  united  evidence,  ariiing  from 
Iheorrtical  principlea  and  practical  obaarvatlona,  led 
Columbua  to  expect  tha  diicovery  of  new  countriea  in 
the  wealem  ocean,  other  reauna  induced  him  to  be- 
lieve that  Iheie  muat  be  connected  with  the  continent 
of  India.  Though  the  anoienia  had  hardly  aver  pene- 
trated into  Imlia  further  than  the  banka  of  the  Gangea, 
yet  aome  Ureek  author*  had  ventured  to  deaeriba  the 
proviiieea  beyond  that  river.  Aa  men  are  prone,  and 
at  liberty,  to  magnify  what  la  remote  or  unknown,  they 
repreoented  them  aa  regiona  of  an  immanaa  extont. 
Ulraiaa  affirmed  Ihat  India  waaaa  large  oa  all  the  real 
of  Aaia.  Oneaicrituo,  whom  Pliny  the  naluraliot  fol- 
lowa, contended  that  it  waa  equal  to  a  third  partof  the 
habitable  earth.  Nearchua  aaaerled,  that  it  would  take 
bur  moniha  to  march  in  a  alraight  line  from  one  ex- 
tremity of  India  to  the  other.  The  journal  of  Marco 
Polo,  who  had  proceeded  towarda  the  Eaal  lar  liryond 
Iha  Ibnila  to  which  any  European  had  ever  advanced, 
itamed  to  confirm  then  extgaeraled  aocounia  of  the 
anelente.  By  hie  magnificent  deacriptionaoftha  king- 
daiM  af  CaMa>  and  C^migo,»aA  of  many  other  coun- 
triea the  namea  of  which  were  unknown  in  Europe, 
India  appeared  to  ba  a  region  of  vaal  extant.  From 
tbaaa  aecounta,  which,  however  deiectlve,  were  the 


maal  aaawato  Ibat  Iha  paapiaaf  Earapa  bad  laaatvad 
at  tbalpaiUd  wltb  iiipiil  to  Iba  taaiata  aaito  af  Iba 
Eaal,Oalaaibiiadnwa>MluMMliMian.  lia  laalindad 
Ibat,  In  prapaHlan  aa  Iha  aaallnaM  of  ladta  alfatabad 
oM  towarda  Iba  Eaal,  U  araol,  In  eanaaquanaa  af  Iba 
ephatiaal  figure  of  lbeeailh,appnaah  near  to  the  lalanda 
which  kadlaUly  keen diaaoverad  totbawaMof  AMea; 
Ihal  Iba  dialanaa  IVoai  Iba  one  to  the  other  waa  piaba> 
My  not  vary  euneUarak.a  \  and  Ihal  Iba  maaldlreal  aa 
wall  aa  ohoilaat  eoaraa  toiha  laoMta  railMM  of  Iha  Eaal 
waa  to  ba  bund  by  aaUliig  duo  weal.  [IS]  TbU  nation 
oanaotnlng  ibo  vldnMy  oflndla  to  ibo  waetom  porta  of 
oar  aonlliMnl,  waa  aountananead  b«  aoaM  aaiinanl 
wrilara  aaMog  Iha  aneiania,  Iho  aanaUmi  af  whoaa  aa- 
Ihorky  waa  niaaaaary.lw  that  aga.  topfocuia  a  Itvofa- 
Mo  reaapllen  to  any  tonal.  Ariatolla  Ibougbt  H  an*- 
haUa  Ihal  Iha  Uolunma  of  Hareulae,  or  Hinlia  af  Oib- 
raHar,  wata  not  Air  romavad  horn  tha  Eaal  lndiea,and 
Ihat  than  mif  hi  ba  a  aoaMtunlaation  by  aea  between 
ihaak  flanaea.  In  Mrma  aliU  ntoia  aipiieil,  afllrma, 
that  with  a  fitir  wind  one  might  aoil  IVomBpain  to  India 
In  a  fcw  daya.  Tha  liimaua  Allanlia  iaianda  deaerihed 
by  Plato,  and  auppoaad  by  many  to  ba  a  real  eounlrv, 
beyond  which  an  unknown  continent  waa  aitualed.ia 
repreoented  by  him  aa  lying  at  no  great  dialanca  ftom 
Hpain.  After  weighing  all  thaoa  paniculara.Columbua, 
in  whoaa  character  the  modeely  and  diffidence  of  true 
genlue  were  united  with  tlia  aniant  anthuaiaim  of  a 
projector,  did  not  reel  with  auch  ahaoluto  aaeurance, 
either  upon  hie  own  argumania,  or  upon  Iha  authority 
of  Iha  ancienta,  aa  not  to  eonault  euehof  hia  eutem- 
porariee  aa  were  oapabla  of  comprehending  Iha  nature 
of  Iha  evidence  which  he  produced  in  aupport  of  hia 


anaal 
ilan  hi  awaaatag  It.  Aa'amMngly,  Iba  king  Halaaag 
to  hia  in  iho  aaat  giaatoaa  BMnnar,  aad  lotonad  tha 
eonelderatlaa  of  Ma  ahui  to  INago  Oilla,  Mabop  at 
Oaata,  and  two  Jawiall  Phyataiana,  amlaeat  aaaawy 
raphara,  wbaai  bo  waa  aaiaalaiad  to  eaaault  la  aiav 


tare  ol  Ibia  kind.  Aa  In  Oanoa,  Igfieaaaoa  badaap » 
aaabal  with  ptajadlaa,  an  aaewy  aa  leaa  Ibmldal 


ea&seed 

Tldii 


waa  to  ba  adaatad,  at  tajealed,  bad  haoa  Iho  ehtaf  dl- 
faatota  af  Iba  Nitagaaao  aavlgalloiia,  aad  had  adilee< 
to  aaarah  fcr  a  paaaaga  to  India,  by  alaeihig  a  aaaraa 
dtiaotiy  oppaatto  Mthat  whiah Oohanbao  leoaaHaaad 
ad  aa  aliarlar  and  mofa'aaflala.    They  aaald  ant. 


,. Aa  early  aa  the  year  one  thouiaiid  fourbuO' 

dred  and  aeventy  four,  he  eommunicated  hi*  idea*  eon- 
eeming  the  pnwabllily  of dlecav«iing  new  countrie*,l>y 
oalling  waalward,ln  Paul.a  phyeioiau  of  Florence,  euil- 
nenl  iir  hia  knowladga  of  coamography.and  who,  from 
Iba  learning  aa  well  aa  candor  which  he  dieoovera  in 
hia  reply ,appeara  to  have  been  well  entitled  to  the  con- 
fidence which  Uolumbu*  placed  in  him.  He  warmly 
approved  of  tha  plan,  auggcaled  oeveral  facta  in  eon- 
firmalion  of  it,  and  enaourand  Columbua  to  peraavera 
In  an  undertaking  ao  lauJabla,  and  which  muni  re 
dound  ao  much  to  the  honor  of  hia  country  and  the 
benefit  of  Europe. 

To  a  mind  leaa  capable  of  forming  and  of  executing 
great  deaigna  than  that  of  Calumnua,  all  Ihuae  rea- 
aoninga  aiw  obeervalinna  and  aulhoriliea  wuuM  have 
•eived  only  aa  the  foundation  of  aome  plauaible  and 
fruitlaaa  theory,  which  might  have  funiinbed  matter 
for  Ingenione  diaoouraa  or  fancii^l  conjecture.  liut 
with  hia  aanguineandanterprieing  temper  apeeulation 
lad  directly  to  action.  Fully  aatiafieJ  himaelf  with 
reepect  to  Iho  truth  of  hia  ayotom,  ha  waa  impellent  to 
bring  It  to  the  leet  of  eipenmeni,  and  to  lel  oul  upon 
a  voyaga  of  diaoovery.  The  firat  alep  towarda  Ihia 
waa  to  aeeure  the  patronage  of  aome  of  the  eonaldara- 
ble  powere  In  Europe  capable  of  undertaking  auch  an 
enlerpriaa,  Aa  long  abaeneo  bad  imI  axtlnguiahed  the 
afleotion  which  he  bora  to  hia  native  counlry,be  wiabed 
that  it  ehould  reap  tha  fruila  of  hia  labora  and  inven- 
tion. With  Ihia  view,  he  laid  hi*  acbeme  before  the 
aenato  of  Uenoa,  and,making  hia  country  the  firat  ten 
der  of  hia  aarvice,  oflTered  to  aail  under  the  bannera  of 
tha  republic  in  queat  of  Iha  new  regiona  which  ha  ex 
peeled  to  dlwover.  But  Columbua  had  reaided  fur  ao 
many  yeara  in  foreign  partisthat  hi*  countrymen  were 
unacquainted  with  bia  abilitiea  and  character ;  and, 
though  a  maritime  people,  were  ao  little  aocurtomed 
to  diitant  voyagea,  that  they  could  form  no  ju>l  idea  of 
the  principlee  on  which  he  founded  hia  bopea  of  auc- 
cee*.  They  inconaiderataly  rejected  hi*  propo*nl,  a* 
Iha  dream  of  a  chimerical  projector,  and  loat  forever 
the  opportunity  of  reatoring  their  commonwealth  to 
Ita  ancient  •plendonr. 

Having  performed  what  waa  doe  to  hia  country, 
Columbua  waa  ao  little  diacouragcd  by  the  repulae 
which  he  hod  received,  that  inelead  of  ralinquiahing 
hia  undertaking  he  purauad  it  with  freah  ardor.  He 
made  hia  next  overturato  John  II.  king  of  Portugal,in 
whoaa  dominion*  he  had  been  long  ettabliehed,  and 
whom  ba  conaidered  on  Ihat  account,  a*  having  the 
aeeond  claim  to  hia  aervico.  Here  every  cireum*tance 
•eemod  to  promiee  him  a  more  favorable  reception : 
he  applied  to  a  monarch  of  an  entorpriaing  geniua,  no 
ineompetant  judge  in  naval  aflaira,  and  proud  of  patro- 
nlaing  every  aUempt  to  diocover  new  counlriee  Hii 
eubjeote  were  the  moat  experienced  navigatora  in 
Europe,  and  the  leaet  apt  to  be  Intimidated  either  by 
the  novelty  and  boldneeaof  any  maritime  expedition. 
In  IVirtugal,  the  profoaaiunal  akiU  of  Coluinbtia,  aa 


tnlmrni  ueteminea 

natlun  ca|iali|a  al 

ilnntly  quillnl    llM 

»nl*  thecliaMoltlM 


iv^  aapeovo  ar  nla  paapaaal 
to  Iho  doakb  aiorllNaalioii  af  aoadanalaf  ibair  awn 
tbaory,  and  aebnawMging  hia  aaporior  aagaaity.  A^ 
lar  laaeint  bin  with  rapliaaa  quaatlona,  and  atartlng 
InnumoraMa  ohjecllana,  with  a  view  of  kelnylag  bbn 
Into  auch  a  particular  eiidanalion  of  hie  eyatoM  aa 
might  draw  IVnm  bim  a  Aill  diaeovery  of  ila  aalarok 
they  deterred  pa**in|  a  final  judgment  with  reepoet  k 
It.  In  tha  mean  liino  lliay  conapired  to  rob  him  of  Ibo 
honor  and  advanlagae  which  he  aapeeted  hum  lb*  ane* 
eeee  ol  hia  aehema,  advleing  Iha  king  to  deapeteh  a 
ve**el  aeerelly,  In  order  to  atlempl  the  pnipnami  dhco- 
very,  by  following  exactly  tha  coura*  which  (/uluaf 
bue  aaemed  to  polnl  oul.  John,  forgetting  on  Ible  oe* 
caaion  tha  aenllmenta  becoming  a  monaKh,  meanly 
adopted  thi*  perfldiiNia  rounael.  But  Iha  pihrt  eboeen 
to  execute  Columbua'a  plan  had  neither  the  geniua  not 
tha  fortitude  uf  ita  author.  Contrary  winda  aroeo,  no 
algbl  of  «pproa<>hing  land  appeared.hia  courage  Niiled, 
and  ha  relumed  to  Uahon,  eirerating  Iha  prnjaol  aa 
equally  extravagant  and  dangeroua. 

V\ton  dlocoverlnit  Ihia  dlabonoraMa  Iranaaellon.  Co- 
lumbua (pit  the  indignation  natural  In  an  Ingenloua 
mind,  and  In  the  warmth  nf  hia  reaenlmrni  detemlned 
to  break  off  all  Intorenurae  with  a 
auch  flagrant  treachery.  He  inain 
kingdom,  and  landetl  in  Hpain  towania 
vear  one  IhouaamI  four  hundml  and  rlghly-fmir. 
ha  waa  now  at  liberty  tn  court  the  prolrrllon  nf  laf 
palron  whom  he  could  engage  In  approve  nf  hia  |>la% 
and  to  carry  It  into  axeeuliiin,  he  reaolvrd  In  |ir4i|Miaa 
It  in  pcraon  to  Ferdinand  and  laalwlta.who  at  that  lima 

Siverned  the  united  kingdoma  of  Caatile  ami  Aragon. 
ut  ae  he  had  already  experiencml  the  uncertain  iaauo 
of  application  In  kinga  and  minlilera,  he  took  the  pre- 
caution of  (ending  into  England  hia  bnilher  Bartho- 
lomew, to  whom  he  had  fullv  communicated  hie  ideaa^ 
In  onler  Ihal  he  mighl  negotiate  at  the  aame  lime  with 
Henry  VII.  who  waa  n>|iutnl  one  In  the  moat  aaga- 
einua  aa  well  aa  opulent  prlncpe  In  Europe. 

It  waa  not  without  reaaon  that  Columbua  entertained 
double  and  feara  with  reapcet  to  the  reception  of  hia 
propoeala  In  the  Spaniah  court.  Hpain  waa  at  that 
Junctnro  engaged  in  a  dangemua  war  with  Ciranadn, 
the  laal  of  the  Mooriah  klngJonx  in  that  country 
The  wary  and  auaplcioua  temper  of  Frrdinand  waa 
not  formw  to  reliah  bold  nr  uncommon  dreigna.  laa- 
bella,  though  more  grnrmua  anil  enlerpriiing,  waa 
under  the  influence  of  her  huaband  in  nil  her  adiona. 
The  Spanianla  had  hitherto  made  noeHiirtato  extend 
navigation  beyond  ita  ancient  linilta,  and  hnd  beheld 
the  amaaing  pmgreaa  of  diaeovery  among  •heir  neigh- 
bora  the  Portugueae  without  one  allempt  to  Imitate  oi 
to  rival  them.  The  war  with  the  infidela  aflbnied  an 
ample  field  to  the  national  activity  and  love  uf  glory. 
Under  cireumdancea  ao  unfavorable,  it  waa  impoeai- 
aible  for  Columbua  to  make  rapid  progreaa  with  a  no 
lion  naturally  ah>w  ami  dilatory  in  forming  all  ila  reao- 
lutiona.  Hia  eharactar.however.waa  admirably  adapted 
to  Ihal  of  the  people  whoaa  confidenee  and  protection 
ha  aoliciled.  He  waa  grave,  though  courleoua  in  hia 
deportment ;  cireumapecl  in  hia  word*  and  actiona,  if 
reproacabia  in  hia  morale,  and  exemplary  In  hia  alM» 
lion  to  all  Iha  dutlea  and  ihndiona  of  religion.  B* 
qualitiea  ao  reapeetable,  he  not  only  gained  many  pri- 
vate ftienda,  but  acquired  auch  general  ealeem,  thai, 
nolwithalanding  the  plalnneaa  of  hia  app«aranoa,euil- 
ubie  to  the  mediocrity  of  hia  fortune,  ba  waa  not  con- 
aidered aa  a  mere  adventurer,  to  whom  imligenco  had 
aoggealed  a  viaionary  project,  but  waa  received  aoa 
peraon  to  wbnae  propoeltlon*  Mirioua  attention  waaduo. 

Ferdinand  and  leabella,  though  fully  oceopiad  by 
tbairoperalionaagainat  the  Moora,paid  ao  mueh  rogaid 
toCokunlHia,  aa  to  remit  the  conaaieration  of  hiaylM 


ROREHTkOWS   HIRTORY   Of 


••  Iht  i|MMt'i  tmifcmr,  f •nUiMHid  Jk  T*l*f«m.   Ha 

1  MMk  of  Ms  MMIIIrjPaMNI   M  mf  MffltMll 


bHi  fMiUM  la  ilMhl*  wllk  rMH««  la  •  mMmI  of  IM* 
kM.     Rvt  Ira*  Mt«i«M  kaii  hMlwrln  niwiii  m  IIiiU 


I 


UiMla. 


I  In  Hfstil.  tkul  IW  ftfttmM  plitkMophfri,  ••• 
I  la  JiMllt  in  a  aialiar  of  luah  uhmh* nl,  ilUI  mit 
tcm^ltkmtit  Am  AM  |»lml|il»a  upon  wlitrh  r'ulumlnii 
ItamW  hia  aoiijvaluiaa  ami  hnfiaa,  N<mM>  of  llwni 
fram  nilMakaN  iuMtam*  niimmlng  Iha  iMiiirnaliiiii  nf 
Ida  (Itilia,  aiHilandnl  ihal  a  vn«t|»  lii  lliiia*  rrnwta 
(Mfto  uf  Ih* Ma<  whbh  ('nluiiihua  •luaclMl  loilUrmar, 
aiMtU  imK  ba  fwrforniMl  In  laaa  llian  Ihraa  jr»n. 
Ulhara  cutwlixlatl,  that  allhar  ha  wutikl  Ami  Ih*  mvaii 
l»  ha  of  InAiilw  ailanl,  ar«»nlln|  l»  Ih*  o|ilnl<Hi  of  Mma 
aaalant  |riill<Mi>|ili*r*  i  or.lf  ha  ahouM  panid  in  •l**ilnf 
lowaida  Um  «*al  bajroMl  ■  rartaln  point,  that  Ih*  aon- 
«ai  tfilfa  af  Iha  ghiha  wauM  pfavani  hIa  Mum,  and 
Ihal  M  RMit  InavTlaMjr  pariah  In  Iha  «iln  aliampi  la 
•pan  •  tanaMMlaalian  kalaraan  Iha  Iwa  appoalla  ham- 
ItahaiM  whMi  nalitra  hail  fcfa*ar  <H»join*d,  Evati 
•MhoiMilaliniiiflaanlarliilaanjrpaillaularillaauaaliNi, 
■MRjr  Njaelad  IM  aahama  In  gananil,  ii|mn  Iha  ciadll 
•f  ■  «miiIm,  iindar  whiah  Iha  ifnofanl  and  unanlarpri 
<lli(  ahakaf  Ikamaaivaa  In  awijr  a(a,  "  Thai  It  la  pra- 
aunpttHNia  In  anjr  paraon,  lu  auiiraaa  ihal  h*  alona  ptM' 
aaaaaa  kno*lni|a  niparinr  to  all  Ih*  raal  of  mankiml 
■nilail."  Th*]r  nMlnlalnnl,  lhal  if  lh*fa  «rara  r»allv 
anjp  aueh  eouMria*  a*  Culumhua  pfatantM,  ihajr  enuM 
■ol  ha*a  ramainail  ao  Innf  romwaM,  nor  nouM  Iha 
wiailMn  ami  aagaall.T  of  fonn*r  ajm  ha«*  l*A  Iha  glnrjt 
■f  Ihi*  Invanlion  In  an  oharura  li*nii*a*  (lilnl, 

ll  raquirad  all  Ootomhua'a  palivnra  and  aildraaa  In 
MfoliBla  arilh  man  eapahl*  of  ailvancing  atich  •Irani* 
profioailloaa.  •  Ma  hnd  lo  e»nl«nd  nnl  nniv  wllh  iha 
ohaiinacjr  of  ignoranca,  bul  with  whal  la  alill  mon  In- 
IraelaMa,  Iha  pri<l*  of  fula*  knowl*dg«.  After  Innu- 
Bwnibl*  conf»r*n**i,an<l  waMlng  ll«*  ymra  In  frulll*aa 
andaavora  l<i  inliifm  and  lo  aalialY  judgra  ao  lllll*  enpn- 
ble  of  dreiiling  wilh  proprialy,  Tnlavara  al  laal  maila 
aiwh  an  undvoraM*  rvpnrt  In  Kanllnand  and  laabalia, 
M  indueail  Ihain  lo  aeaualnl  Unlumlnia,  lhal  unlll  Iha 
war  wllh  Ih*  Monra  anotild  Iw  brtnighl  lo  a  p*riad,  ll 
wouM  ba  iinprudcnl  lo  angaga  In  any  naw  and  eilan- 
iita  anicrpf  laa. 

Wha^«ar  imra  waa  lakan  lo  anftan  Iha  harahnaaa  of 
Ihia  daclarallon,  Columbua  nnnaideml  ll  aa  a  Anal  ra- 
(actliNi  of  hia  propoaala.  Bul,  happily  for  ninnkind, 
lhal  Miparinrily  of  ganiiia,  which  it  rapable  of  forming 
(r»al  and  uncommon  d*aigna,  la  uiually  aeeompnriird 
wllh  an  Bfdaiil  afllhuaiaam.whirh  can  nailhvr  bn  conM 
by  il«Uya  nor  danipad  liy  dlH|ip<tlnlnirnl.  Cnlumh<ia 
waa  of  Ihia  aanguin*  l*m|i*r.  Thmiah  ha  frit  ilrrplv 
th*eru«l  blow  gi«*ii  lo  hia  hopra,  •udrrtirrd  Imninll- 
•laly  from  a  court  wh*r*  h*  had  hrrn  ainmnl  an  lung 
wkh  vain  aipeelaliona,  hia  ennfldi-nr*  in  the  Jmlnaaa 
of  hiaown  ayilem  did  nut  diinlniah,  iiml  hia  iin|Nili«ne* 
lo  damonalrala  the  Irulh  of  it  by  an  an  mil  aniiarinirnl 
baram*  graalar  IImh  a  wr.  Iluving  rniirt nl  the  prolrr- 
lion  of  ao**reign  alalaa  wilhnul  auoTx.  he  appliinl 
Mil  loparaona  of  inlarior  rank,  and  nddri-'ml  auccaa- 
ai«aly  Iha  Dukra  of  Madinn  Hidonia  and  M  >'dina  Cell, 
who,  though  auiijccla,  war*  pnaavaaad  of  )>uwi>r  and 
opulanee  ninr*  than  aqual  In  Iha  rnlnqirix-  which  he 
projactad.  HIa  nagnliatiuna  wilh  lliein  provril  «•  fniit- 
laaa  aa  Ihoaa  In  wnkh  he  had  bren  lillhrrlii  cngagMl ; 
lot  Ibaaa  nobhinwn  war*  either  iia  lillle  cnnvincnj  by 
Culumbua'a  argumanla  aa  their  auperiora,  or  Ihpy  wpro 
afraid  nf  aUrmlng  Iha  Jealouay  and  oHendiiig  llin  pride 
of  Ferdinand,  by  oounleiiancing  a  achame  wliioh  ha  bad 
Mrj«!lad. 

Amid  tha  palnflil  aanaaliona  noeaaioned  by  aueh  a 
auceaaaion  of  dianppointmenia,  t!nluinhua  had  lo  aua- 
tain  Iha  additional  diatreaa  nf  having  receiveil  no  ac- 
■ounia  of  hia  brother  whom  he  hnd  aent  to  the  court  nf 
England.  In  hia  voyage  lo  lhal  euuntry,  Bartholuinew 
bad  been  ao  unfonunala  aa  lo  fall  into  the  handa  of  pi- 
imlaa,  who  having  alripped  him  of  every  thingdetained 
him  a  priaoner  for  aereral  yeara.  At  langtn  he  made 
hia  eaeape,  and  arrived  in  London,  but  in  aueh  extreme 
indigance,  lhal  h«  waa  obliged  lo  employ  himaelf,  du- 
ring a  eooaiderable  lima  in  drawing  and  aeiling  mapa, 
ia  order  to  pick  up  aa  much  money  aa  would  purehaaa 
■  daorni  dreaa  in  which  ba  might  venture  lo  appear  al 
court.  He  then  laid  before  the  king  the  mopoaala  with 
whieh  b*  bad  been  inlrualadby  hia  brother;  anl  not- 
wfchalanding  Henry 'aaiceaaivecaution  and  paraimony, 
wbieb  rendered  him  averae  lo  noworextenaive  nndar- 
tokinga,  bo  leoeived  Columbua'a  oveiturea  wilh  more 
appTMation  than  any  monarch  lo  whom  Ibay  bad  bi> 
iMrto  oaan  maaenled. 

Meanwhiw,  Uolumbua  being  unacquainted  with  hia 
'f  bit,  uid  having  now  no  pruapact  of  aocout- 


agemenl  In  llpain,  reaalved  luvWllhaaiMit  af  Engkmd 
In  pennn,  hi  hapea  af  meeting  wHh  a  it^M^  mvafaWa 
raaeatlon  th*ro.  He  had  already  mwie  pf»paraliona 
Hit  Ihle  purpoe*,  and  taken  maawir**  Aw  the  illauoaal 


purpnea, 

of  hia  rhlMren  during  hia  abaenee,  when  Juan  Per**, 
Iha  (uanlian  ol  Iha  monaalery  of  Habitia,  near  Pakia, 
In  wlileh  Ihev  hail  k**n  eduralail,  eariinllv  anlkllnl 
him  In  iWfrr  hia  Jottrnoy  for  a  ahutt  lliii*  r*r*a  «a> 
a  man  uf  rnnalinirabi*  irarnliig,  ami  uf  aonia  •rnlit 
wilh  i|ii*an  Uaballa.lowhiNnh*  waaknuwn  peraunally. 
Ha  waa  warmly  allavhad  lu  l/'ulunibua,  wllh  wbiia* 
aliillly  aa  w«ll  aa  Inlagrily  h*  hail  many  oppnrlunlll«a 
nf  being  arqualnlad  Pram|>lad  by  curluailir  or  by 
iyianiUhip,h*enl*r*ilupananaeeurala  •lamlnatlun  nf 
hia  ayiUm,  In  ronjiinellnnwilh  a  iihyairlBn  avlllnl  In 
Iha  neighhorhniHl.who  waa  a  eonaideralile  pruAcirnl  in 
maihamaliral  knowledge.  Thia  Invaallgalinn  MiilaAwl 
lh*m  ao  Ihorongbly,  wlikreapaetlolh*  aolldlly  oflbe 
princlplea  on  which  fJolumhua  AMimled  hleopliil<ifl,and 
lb*  ptMiabllily  of  aurrraa  In  aieeuling  the  plan  which 
h*  pmpoaeil,  ihal  I'erei,  in  onlar  lo  prevent  hia niun- 
try  from  being  ilvprived  of  lb*  glory  and  heneAl  which 
mual  arenia  In  the  palrona  of  aueh  a  grand  anivrpriae, 
ventured  lo  write  In  laaliella,  conjuring  her  to  ennaldfr 
Ih*  mailer  anew  with  lb*  allenllnn  which  ll  nwrilnl 
Moved  by  the  repreaenlatlnna  of  a  paraon  whom  ihe 
r«*pecl«d,  laabella  deaireil  Peret  In  rvpair  immaill- 
alaly  to  lb*  village  of  Sania  Fa,  In  which,  on  account 
nf  Ihe  al*g*  of  Oranada,  Ihe  court  reaklnl  al  that  time, 
that  aba  mlibt  confer  wllh  hint  on  Ihia  important 
aubjecl.  ilia  Aral  eAfrrt  nf  their  Interview  waa  a 
gracloua  invitation  of  Uiilumhua  back  In  cnurt.  ac< 
ennipanlad  wllh  the  preaent  of  a  amnll  aum  lo  equip 
him  Air  the  Journey  Aa  there  waa  now  a  certain 
proapect  lhal  Ihe  war  with  tha  Moora  wouhl  apeedily 


b*  brought  lo  a  haitpy  laaue  by  Ihe  reduction  of  {Ira 
nada.which  would  leave  Ihe  nation  al  litierty  to  engage 
In  new  underlaklnga  j  thia,  aa  well  aa  III*  mark  of 


royal  Aivor,  wllh  which  Columbua  bad  b**n  lately 
honnrad,  ancnuraged  hia  frianda  lo  appear  with  greater 
conAdence  than  forroariy  in  aupport  of  hia  achenni. 
Tha  chief  of  thee*,  Akmia  da  Quinlanilla,  compt- 
roller of  Iha  AnaM*a  in  Caatll*,  and  l>uiB  de  Santun- 
gel,  receiver  of  lb*  ecoleaiaalleal  revenuea  In  Aragon, 
whoae  merilorioua  leal  In  promoting  thia  great  ileaign 
enllllea  Iheir  namea  lo  an  nonorable  place  in  hiatory, 
intnalucrd  (Columbua  lo  mnnv  peranna  of  high  rank, 
ami  inlerealed  them  warmly  in  hia  behalf 

Dul  ll  waa  not  an  eaay  mailer  lo  Inapir*  Ferdinand 
wilh  Aivnrable  amlimanta.  Me  etill  regarded  Culum- 
bua'a project  aa  eilmvaganl  and  chimerical ;  and  In  or- 
der In  render  Ihe  ITorU  uf  hie  imrtiaana  ineflerlual  he 
had  Ihe  addreaa  lo  emplny,  in  Ihia  new  negotiation  wllh 
tiim,annwoflhe  peraona  whnbad  fnrmerly  pmnnunced 
hia  Mheme  to  lie  linnracllcable.  To  Iheir  aatonlahmenl, 
Coluniliui  appenred  before  Ihem  wilh  the  aam*  conA- 
dent  hofira  or  aiiccna  aa  furnieriy,  ami  inaialed  U|inii 
Ihe  aaiiie  hinh  lecnmpenae.  He  pmpoaeil  that  a  nmull 
fleet  (hnukl  lie  f.tled  nut,  under  hia  command,  lo  at- 
tempt Ihe  diacnvpiy,  and  demanded  tn  be  np|H>inleil 
hereditary  admiral  and  vicenivoralltheaeaaaml  lamia 
which  he  ahould  diacover,  anil  In  have  Ihe  tentlia  of  the 
pmAla  arining  trom  ihein.iettlrd  irrevucnhly  upon  him- 
aelf and  hia  iTeirenilnnla.  Al  the  aame  time,  he  nflernl 
lo  advance  Ihe  eijfhth  part  of  the  aum  neceaiary  fiir  ac- 
coinpliahing  hia  deaign,  on  condition  that  he  ahnuld  lie 
eiililled  tn  a  pmportlonal  ahare  of  beneAt  from  the  ad- 
venture. If  the  enterprla*  ahnuld  tmally  miaearry,  he 
made  no  •llpulalinn  for  any  reward ur  emolument  what- 
ever. Inalead  of  viewing  Ihia  conduct  aa  the  cleareat 
evidence  of  hia  full  perauaainn  with  reaped  In  Ihe  tnilh 
nf  hia  uwn  ayilem,  or  being  atruck  with  that  magna- 
nimity which.after  an  many  delaya  and  repulaca,would 
atoop  to  nothing  inferior  to  iia  original  claima,  Ihe  per- 
aona  wilh  whomColnmhua  treatedliegaii  meanlytncal- 
eulnle  theexpenae  of  the  eipeditinn,  and  Iha  value  of 
Ihe  rewani  which  he  demanded.  The  expcnee,  mnde- 
ret*  aa  it  waa,  they  repieaenled  lo  be  too  great  fur 
Spain  in  the  preaent  exnauated  atate  of  ita  financei. 
Tbey  contended  that  the  bonora  and  emolumenia 
claimed  hv  Columbua  were  exorbitant,*ven  if  he  ahould 
perform  (ha  utmoal  of  what  he  bad  promlaed  ;  and  if 
all  hia  aangulne  bopea  wouhi  prove  illuaive,  each  vaat 
eonceeaiona  lo  an  adventurer  would  be  deemed  not 
only  inconalderate,  but  ridieuloua.  In  thia  impoaing 
gani  nf  caution  and  prudence,  their  opinion  apprared 
ao  plaualble,  and  waa  ao  warmly  aupported  by  FerdI' 
nand,  that  laabella  declined  giving  any  countenance  to 
Columbua,  and  abruptly  broke  olT  Ihe  negotiation  with 
him  which  aha  had  iieran. 

Thia  waa  more  mortifying  to  Columbua  than  all  the 
diaappoinlaenu  which  be  had  hitheito  met  with.  The 


InvMalbin  to  eanrt  Aram  laabella.  Ilka  Ml  inwpiilrf 
ray  af  NgM,  bad  apenetl  anck  praapiila  af  lumaa  M 
Mwrntraged  kim  to  hop*  thai  hU  hhora  war*  at  an  *n<l  | 
hut  miw  darhnaaa  ami  uneettalmy  r*lurti*il.  an.l  hit 
inlml  Ann  aa  ll  waa,  coukl  hardly  aupanrl  Ihe  ahurk  o| 
au«h  an  unAtraaeen  revera*  H*  wilhilrew  In  deep 
aiiguUh  ftiim  raurl,  wllh  an  liilenlinn  uf  pruai-eullng 
hia  vittage  In  England  ••  hl>  !»■!  reauiirre 

Ahnul  IhnI  timellranailii  >iirn>iiileinl.aMd  renllnanil 
and  Uahella,  In  triuniphnl  pump,  liaik  |hmw»Iiiii  of  ( 
cllv  [Jan,  *,  MM.I  Iha  reilurlliin  nfwlilrh  eilirpale4 
a  Aireign  imwer  (him  Ihe  heart  uf  Iheir  diHiilnhuia,  ami 
renderMlthem  niaaler,  nf  all  Ih*  pnniiirra  eilpmling 
IViim  Ihe  bollum  uf  Ihe  Pyrenrea  lu  llii<  I'lunllera  ol 
Portugal  Aa  the  Now  of  aplrlta  which  aerumpanlat 
■iirceia  ehnatea  the  mind,  and  remlera  ll  eiilerprlainf, 
Vtulnlanllhi  ami  Hanlangel,  Ik*  vigilant  ami  dlaeernlng 
I'.ilrona  of  Columbua,  lank  advantage  of  ikia  AivonM* 
alluallnn.  In  ofiter  In  make  on*  ellbri  mure  In  behalf  al 
their  frieml.  They  addreaaed  Ihamaalvta  In  laabella  i 
ami  after  eipreaaing  aom*  aurpria*.  lhal  ah*,  who  baj 
alwaya  li**n  lb*  munlAcent  palmneaa  nf  generoua  un, 
dartakinge.  ahouM  b*altal«  to  long  to  counUnanea  Ik* 
mnal  aplemlld  arbeme  lhal  had  ever  been  propoaed  lit 
any  monarch  i  they  reprrieiiliil  In  her,  lhal  Columbua 
waa  a  man  of  a  wuind  unilpraluniliiig  ami  virluoua  cha- 
rarler,  well  quallAeil,  by  hia  *>|ierli>nre  in  navigaliun 
aa  well  aa  hia  knowledge  ufgpiHiirlry.luriirmjual  lile.it 
wilh  reaped  In  Ihe  alrurlure  uf  Ihe  gluiNi  and  Ihe  ailuii, 
linn  nf  ill  varlniia  rej^iuna  ;  ihiil.  by  ulfrring  In  riak  hi* 
own  life  and  fiirtuiie  iii  Ihe  etrcullun  nf  bja  avhemr,  h* 
gave  Ihe  mnal  aailafylng  evidence  lailh  of  hia  integrity 
and  hope  nf  aurceaa ;  lhal  the  aiiin  rmiiiialle  fur  equip- 
ping  aueh  an  armainenl  aa  he  ilemamleil  waa  inconal- 
deraMe,  and  Ih*  advanlagee  which  might  accrue  from 
hia  undertaking  were  imniena* ;  that  he  ilemanded  no 
reenmpenae  for  hia  invenlinn  and  lalwr.  bul  whal  wat 
In  ariaa  ftum  Ihe  cnunlriea  which  he  ahotild  diacover , 
that,  aa  it  waa  wurthy  of  her  magnanimiiv  to  mail*  Ihi* 
nuhl*  Blleinpt  lo  extend  the  apnere  of  human  know- 
leilge.  and  lo  open  an  Inlerrmirae  wilh  regiuna  hitherta 
unknnwn.ao  ll  wnukl  alTunl  the  higheat  aatiafiictiun  lo 
her  piety  and  leal,  after  re  eatahliahlng  the  Chrlalian 
failh  In  Ihnaeprovlncea  of  Hpalnfrum  which  ll  had  been 
long  baniaheJ.  In  diacover  a  new  world,  to  which  ah* 
4ni^hl  communicate  Ihe  light  and  hieaeliiga  uf  diviiit 
truth ;  that  If  now  abe  did  not  decide  initantly.  the  op- 
portunity would  b*  Irrelrievalily  lual ;  thai  Cnlunibua 
waa  on  hia  way  to  foreign  cuiintrira.whrrp  auiiie  princ* 
more  Ihlunate  or  advcntiiroiia,  would  rluae  with  hia 
propnaala  and  Hiiain  winild  for  ever  kvwnil  thai  final 
limidlly  which  had  excluded  her  frum  Ihe  glory  and 
advanlagca  thai  ah*  had  once  in  her  power  lo  bava 
enjoy ed. 

I'heae  fnrcihle  argnmenia,  urged  by  peraona  of  aueh 
authority,  and  at  a  Jnndure  an  well  rhuarn,  produced 
Ihe  deaired  eflrcl.  Thry  iliapellnl  nil  laHbella^i  duubta 
ami  frara ;  ahe  unlered  Cnlunibua  lu  lie  inalnntly  re- 
callnl,  declared  her  reaiiliiliun  urenipluying  him  on  hia 
nwn  lerma,  and  regrrlling  lb«  tow  catate  of  hei  A- 
nancea,  genpruualy  olferrd  tu  pliilge  her  own  jewela 
in  order  to  ralae  aa  much  ninney  ua  iiiighl  he  needed 
iu  making  jire|iarnlinna  for  lllll  voyage.  Nanlaiigel,  in 
a  trnnapnrrof  grnlilude,  klaard  Ihe  qiieeii'e  hand,  and, 
in  onler  lo  aave  her  rruiii  having  recuurae  lo  aueh  a 
morlifying  expcilicnt  forpnicuiiiig  money ,pngagcd  la 
ailvance  inimcdiiilcly  the  aiini  lliiil  waa  requiaile. 

Columbua  had  priiccedeil  auiiie  Irauiioa  nii  hia  jour- 
ney, when  the  nieoaengcr  fruni  IialH'Tlii  nverlnuk  him 
ITpnn  receiving  an  accuunt  nf  the  unexpected  reaulu- 
lion  in  hia  favur,  he  rcliirni'd  ilirrclly  lo  Santa  Fe, 
thiiu|!hannicrrninin(lernr<liiriilpiici<  alill  mingled  itaelf 
with  hia  jnv.  But  the  curilinl  rrci-|illoii  which  he  roel 
wilh  from  laabella,  together  wilh  Ihe  nenr  proapectof 
aelting  out  upon  that  vnyogu  which  had  ao  long  licen 
tho  ol^ect  of  hia  thoughte  and  wiahca,  aonn  elfnccd  lb* 
remembrance  of  all  that  he  had  aulfcred  in  Spain  spring 
eight  tedioui  yeara  of  aolicitnliun  and  auaiienao,  Th* 
negotiation  now  went  forward  wilh  facility  and  dea- 
patch,  and  a  treaty  of  eapitnlalinn  wilh  Columbua  waa 
algned  on  the  I7lh  of  April,one  Ihouri  nd  fuur  hundred 
and  ninelT-lwo.  The  chief  artlclea  of  it  were: — I, 
Ferdinand  and  laabella,  aa  aoverei^na  of  Ihe  ocean, 
eiinatiluledCulumbuf  their  high  adniiriil  ill  all  tbaeeao, 
iaianda,  and  continenta,  which  ahould  lie  diaeovarod  bj 
hiaindutliy;  and  atipulaled  lhal  he  and  hia  helri  for 
ever  ahould  ei^oy  Ihia  ofliee,with  the  aame  powera  and 
prerogativeiwhiehbelongeillotbe  high  admiral  of  Caa- 
tile  within  th*  Uroita  of  hlB  juriadiction.  t.  They  ap- 
pointed Columbua  their  viceroy  in  all  the  iaianda  and 
continenta  which  he  ahould  diacover ;  but'  if,  for  tha 
better  adminiatralioo  of  affaire,  it  wouW  hti-ifttt  bt 


MOOTII  ANIIIfOA, 


•r*  ••  an  *imI  i 

inixl.  mi'l  hi* 

fl  Ihr  •hurk  n| 

Mirrw  tn  liwf 

I  |iru«'culln(| 

m> 

•ml  r'Allimnil 

iiflaraatiMI  of  | 
Irh  riliriwlMl 
iHiilniiiim,  •ml 
rrm  rilrmllng 
Ml  rriHillora  ul 
li  ii*ciim|MntM 
I  •)il»r|>rMn(, 
iml  illM*nilng 

IhU  flinraM* 
ir*  In  IwlMir  al 
M  to  iMbdIa  1 
I  th*,  wha  hul 
r  |«iwrnut  u» 
unUimiM*  iIm 
•n  pni|Hiwil  lu 
h»l  ('utuinbu* 
I  tIrtHnui  ek(< 
In  n*«lg»llon 
rnrmjiiil  l<l»it« 

■nd  III*  alluu- 
ring  III  ritk  hM 
Ilia  Kh*mr,  b* 
>r  hli  hilriirUjr 
UMa  rurr«|ul|)- 
I  waa  Inconal- 
It  accrue  ftom 
I  ik-manJaii  na 

but  what  waa 
mild  illaeinar , 
y  luniakalhia 
human  know- 
cglona  hllhaHa 

ulUflicUiin  10 
[  the  Chfklian 
ilch  It  hail  b«*n 
,  tu  which  aba 
liiga  iif  divliia 
ilanlly,  tha  op- 

lull  L'liluiiibua 
•oiiMi  luinca 
oMt  With  bla 
il  that  futal 

ihi>  glory  ami 

puwar  tu  hava 


VIWtHMV  iW  BWy  W9 

I  pawwa  a(  wbMH  tkajr  wmM  allaaaa  •••■  fer  thai 

J I  ami  tha  dlgntiy  iirtlcarojr  with  all  Ha  ImnM- 

ltHlaa,«aa  llkawlaa  la  ba  barwiMarjr  In  Iba  hmlly  «r(!» 
himbua  •  Thay  grantarf  to  Ooiumbua  and  bla  baira 
Ih  a«a(  tha  tanlh  ul  tha  IVra  proAla  accruing  fluM  tba 
proilucllmta  and  aommaiea  of  Iba  aounlrUa  wblab  ha 
ah<Hikl  dlaaoaar.  4i  Tba*  tiaalaiad,  thai  If  any  eon- 
iruvaiay  or  lawaull  aboiiM  arlaa  with  raapaat  to  any 
■Mieanllla  InuMaailiM  I*  Iba  awinlilaa  wbleh  ahould  ba 
dlaeovaiad,  It  ahouM  ba  dalatmlnad  by  Iba  aula  au- 
IkMlly  of  UoliiHibiia,  or  e(  Iwlgta  to  ba  apoatnlad  by 
Urn.  t'  Tbay  MiMlllail  baluaibua  la  advanaa  ana- 
•Igklk  part  af  wMl  akoitM  ba  aipandad  In  praparlna 
M  llM  aipadlllon,  ami  In  aamlng  ou  aawwaraa  with 
Ik*  amiMriaa  wkiak  ha  akotild  dtaaaaar,  and  anlUlad 
Mm,  In  ratuiii  to  ona  alablb  part  ut  Iba  ptofll, 

TkMgk  Iba  nana  ai  raMlnand  appiwia  ai\)olnad 
»llk  thai  ot  laaballa  In  tbia  Iranaaallen.  bla  diatnial  nf 
Oalumbua  waa  allll  ao  vIolaM  Ibal  ha  laAiaad  lo  lake 
•ny  partln  Ibaanlarpriaa  aaklngof  Aiagun.  Aa  tha 
wboMaipanaa  of  Ihaaipadlllan  waa  to  ba  dafhiy<<d  liy 
Ika  arown  of  Oaallla,  laaballa  raaarvad  for  her  auhjecia 
al  thai  kingdom  an  aialualva  right  to  all  tka  banaflla 
•hleh  might  redound  firum  Itaaueaaaa. 

Aa  aoon  aa  the  treaty  waa  atgned,  laaballa,  by  bar 
altentlon  and  activity  In  brwaidhig  the  preparatlona  for 
the  voyage,  emieavorad  lo  Make  aoma  reparation  to 
Ooluinbiia  for  tba  lima  whieb  babad  hial  In  IVullloaa  to- 
lleiuiloa.  By  the  twalAh  of  May,  all  thai  dr|iandad 
upon  bar  waa  adluated  ;  and  Uolumbua  waited  on  tha 
king  and  queen  in  order  to  raeelea  their  Anal  inalrua- 
liana.  Every  thing  reapacling  ihedeallnallon  ami  eon- 
duel  of  tha  voyiige  they  eommltted  ImpllalllT  to  tha 
diapoaal  of  bla  prudanea.  But  Ihal  Ihay  mlgnl  avoid 
giving  any  Juat  canaa  of  offiinoa  to  tha  king  of  IVirtu- 
ml,  they  alrlctly  eniotned  him  not  lo  approach  near  to 
Iba  Portugueae  aeiilenienta  on  tha  cuaat  of  Quinaa,  or 
in  any  of  the  olhi>r  countrlea  to  which  the  Portugueae 
claiinad  right  aa  diaeovarara.  laaballa  had  ordered  the 
ahlpa  of  vvhioh  Columbua  waa  lo  take  the  aommand  lo 
ba  Ailed  out  In  the  port  of  Paloa  a  email  marillma  town 
In  the  province  of  Aiidaluala.  Aa  the  guardian  Juan 
Pern,  to  whom  Columbua  had  already  been  ao  much 
liidcMnl,  realded  In  Ihe  naigbborhooil  of  tbIa  place,  be, 
by  the  Influence  of  that  good  eeolealaatle,  aa  well  aa  by 
kia  own  aonnection  with  tha  Inbakltanta,  not  onl*  rale* 
ad  among  them  what  ha  wanted  of  tha  aum  that  be 
waa  bound  by  treaty  to  advance,  but  engaged  aaveral 
of  them  to  accompany  him  in  Iba  voyage.  Tba  chief 
ol  thaaa  aaaooialea  were  three  brotbera  of  the  name  of 
Pinion,  of  conaiderabia  wealth,  and  of  great  experi- 
ence In  naval  affiiira,  who  were  willing  to  bauid  their 
livee  and  fortunea  In  tka  aipedlllon. 

But  alUr  all  tha  eflbrta  of  laaballa  and  Colnmbua, 
the  armament  waa  not  aultabia  either  to  the  dignity  of 
the  nation  by  which  II  waa  equipped,  orlo  the  impor- 
tanco  of  the  aervlce  for  which  it  waadeatlnad.  It  eon- 
aUled  of  three  vraaela.  Tha  largeat,  a  ablp  of  no  con- 
aiderabia burden,  waa  eommanoad  by  Columbua,  aa 
admiral,  who  gave  it  tha  name  of  5a«/«  Maria,  out  of 
leapaet  for  the  Bleaaed  Virgin,  whom  he  honored  with 
aingular  devotion.  Of  lh«  aecoml,  called  the  Pinta, 
Marton  Pinion  waa  captain,  «nd  bla  brother  Fronoia 
pilot.  Tba  IhinI,  nnmnl  the  Nigna,  waa  under  the 
command  of  Vincent  Yanei  Pinion.  Theaa  two  were 
light  veaaela  hardly  auparior  in  burden  or  force  to  large 
boata,  Tba  aquadron.  If  it  merita  that  name,  waa  vic- 
tualled for  twelve  muntha,  and  had  on  board  ninety 
men,  mnatly  anilnra,  tngelher  with  a  few  aJvenlurera 
who  rullowrd  tha  fortune  of  Columbua,  and  aonie  gen- 
tlemen of  Imbrlla'a  court,  whom  ahe  appointed  to  ac- 
company him.  Though  the  expenae  of  the  umlertaking 
waa  one  of  the  circumatancea  which  chiefly  alarmed 
the  court  of  Spain,and  retarded  ao  long  tha  negotiation 
with  Columbua,  the  aum  employed  In  fitting  out  thla 
aquadron  did  not  eiceed  four  thouaand  pounda. 

Aa  the  nrt  of  ahip-liuilding  In  the  fifteenth  century 
waa  extremely  rude,  and  the  bulk  of  veaaela  waa  ao- 
commiidnled  to  tha  abort  and  eaay  voyagea  along  tha 
coaat  which  they  were  accuatomed  to  perform,  it  la  a 
proof  of  the  courage,  aa  well  aa  entarpriaing  geniua  of 
Columbua,  that  he  ventured,  with  a  fleet  ao  unfit  for  a 
diatant  navigation,  to  explore  unknown  ecaa,  where  he 
ud  no  chart  to  guide  bim,  no  knowledge  of  Ihe  tidea 
and  eurrenta,  and  no  experience  of  the  dnngere  to 
which  he  might  be  expoaed.  Hie  eagerneaa  to  aecom- 
pilab  tha  great  deaign  which  had  ao  long  engroaeed  hia 
thoughta,  made  him  overlook  or  diarrgard  every  cir 
•tunatanoa  that  wouM  have  intimidated  a  mind  leaa  ad 
taaUUKNU.  Uo  ptuhed  fotwaid  the  pre|Hiratiuna  with 


iwll  aMaf,  Mt  WM  aaiawlai  ao  alikatiMllyH' Um 

*M«o  af  Ikia  boalwaaa.  Ikat  avont  thing  waa  aooM  Im 
raodlnaaalbt  tha  voyage.  But  aa  CalumlMia  waa  daepty 
imptaaead  with  aantlaianU  of  religion,  be  wouU  not 
eat  out  upon  an  aipeditbm  ao  aniuoua,  and  of  whiah 
ona  great  objeel  waa  lo  aitend  tha  knowMga  of  Ika 
Chriatian  Ailtb,wlthottl  Imploring  puMlrly  the  niUanae 
aiHl  pruleellon  of  Heaven.  ^Vllh  thla  view,  he,  loge- 
iher  with  all  tha  pataona  umlar  hia  aommami,  mareniNi 
In  aolamn  proeeaalon  lo  tba  immaalery  of  RaUda. 
AAareunlbaaing  their  etna,  and  obtaining  abaolullnn, 
they  Noelved  Im  holy  aaeramant  from  the  banda  of  tha 
guanlian,  who  joined  hie  prayera  lo  Ibeira  for  Iba  eua- 
aaaa  of  an  aolarpiiea  wblak  na  had  ao  leabiualy  pa- 


Nail  notnlng,  being  Friday  tha  third  day  of  Aogoal, 
la  Ika  year  ona  UMNiaand  four  hundred  and  ninaly-two, 
ColumMia  aal  aall,  a  llllla  before  atinriaa,  in  preeenca 
of  a  vaal  arowd  of  apeetatora,  whoaeni  up  their  aup' 
pikialiona  to  Hraven  for  iImi  proeperoua  laaue  of  tha 

Ci^ 

ami 


voyage,  whiek  Ihey  wiabed  ralbar  than  aipeeled. 
lumlnia  aleered  directly  for  Ihe  Canary  lalaiida. 


arrived  there  [Aug.  IS]  without  any  oceurrenee  Ibal 
wnuM  have  deaerved  niillce  on  any  other  occaalon 
Hut,  In  a  voyage  of  aucheipeetatlon  ami  Inipurtanre, 
everv  clnnmialnnea  waa  Iba  iibjeel  of  attention.  Tha 
riidiier  iit  Ihe  Plmla  broke  kMiea  the  day  alter  abe  left 
tha  harbor  i  and  Ihal  accklent  alarmed  th^  creW)  nnleae 
auf  iratilliiua  than  unakilfol,  aa  a  certain  nmen  of  the 
unfortunate  lUallny  of  Iba  expetlllinn.  F.ven  In  the 
abort  run  to  Ihe  Cunariea,  tha  ahlpa  were  fuuml  to  be 
ao  emiy  and  ill  appolnled,  aa  lo  ba  very  lni|iroper  fur 
a  navigatktii  which  waa  eipeeted  to  be  both  king  ami 
dangaroua  Columbua  refilleil  them,  however,  to  the 
beet  of  hia  poweri  and  having  au|iplle'l  blniaelf  with 
(Veahproviaiona,  ha  Imih  hia  departure  Itnm  (lumera, 
one  or  Ilia  moat  weaterly  of  the  Canary  lalanda,  on  th>> 
alilh  day  of  September. 
Hera  Ihe  voyage  nf  diaeovery  may  properly  ba  aald 


iperly  I 

rae  una 


lo  beain  I  for  Oulunihua,  boklliig  hia  courae  une  weal, 
left  immediately  the  uaual  trad  of  navigation,  and 
•Iralehed  Into  unfVequented  and  unknown  aeaa.  The 
Aral  day,  aa  II  waa  very  calm,  ha  made  but  little  w^y ; 
but  on  tha  aecond  he  foal  eight  of  Ibe  Canariee  i  and 
manyof  the  aallora,  dajeoled  already,  iihI  diamayeil. 
when  Ihey  eontemplaled  tha  boldnea'a  of  ihe  iindeiink- 
ing,  began  lo  beat  their  breaala,  and  to  alinl  lenra,  aa  If 
Ihay  war*  never  more  lo  liehuld  land.  Columbua  com- 
forted them  with  aaauraiicea  nf  aucceaa,  and  Ihe  nma- 
peel  of  vaal  weaUh  In  Ihoee  opulent  rrglona  wbllber 
he  waa  conducting  them.  Thla  early  iliaeiivery  nf  Ihe 
apirit  of  hia  folbiwera  taught  Columbua  that  lie  muat 
prepare  to  almggle  not  only  with  the  uiinvoidRhle  ilitK- 
cuhlee  which  might  be  expected  from  the  nature  nf  hia 
undertaking,  but  with  auch  aawere  likely  tnariaeftom 
tha  Ignorance  and  timidity  nf  the  people  under  bla  com- 
mand ;  and  ha  perceived  that  the  art  of  governing  the 
minda  of  men  would  he  no  loaa  reouiaite  for  acrnm- 
pllahing  tha  diacnverira  which  ha  bad  in  view,  than 
naval  ahill  and  undaiinied  courage.  Happily  for  him- 
aelf,  and  for  tha  country  by  which  ha  waa  employed, 
ha  Joined  to  tha  ardent  lem|ier  and  inventive  geniua  of 
a  projector,  virtuea  of  another  apeciea  which  nre  rarely 
united  with  them.  He  poeaeeeed  a  thorough  know- 
ledge of  mankind,  an  Inelnuatlnji  aildreaa,  a  patient 
peraevemnce  in  executing  any  plan,  Ihe  perfect  gov- 
ernment of  bla  own  paaalona,  and  Ihe  talent  olarquir- 
ing  an  aaceiidant  over  Ihoee  of  other  men.  All  theae 
qnalitiea,  which  formed hini  locnmniand,  were  acconi 
panied  with  that  tU|ierlor  knowledge  of  biaprofeaaion, 
which  begela  confidence  In  limea  of  difllcully  and  dan- 
ger. To  unakilful  Bpaiiiah  uilora,  accuatomed  only  to 
eoaating  vnyagea  In  the  Meiliterrancan,  the  maritime 
Bcience  of  Columbua,  the  fruit  of  thirty  yeara'  experi- 
ence, ImpMved  by  an  acqunlnlnncewilh  all  the  Inven- 
liona  of  the  Portugueae,  appeared  linmeiiae.  Aa  aoon 
aa  they  put  lu  aea,  ha  regulated  every  thing  by  hie  aole 
authority  ;  ha  aiiperintended  the  execution  of  every 
order ;  and  allowing  bimaelfonlv  a  few  houra  foraleep, 
he  wae  at  all  other  limea  upon  deck.  Aahlacouraalay 
throuib  aeaa,  which  bad  not  formerly  been  vlalted,  Ihe 
aounding  line,  or  inalrumenia  for  obaervation,  were 
continually  in  hia  handa.  After  the  example  of  the 
Portugueae  diacuverera,  he  attended  to  Ihe  motion  of 
tidea  and  current*,  watched  tha  flight  of  hinia,  the  ap- 
pearance of  fiahca,  eeaweeda,  and  of  every  thing  thai 
floated  on  the  wavea,  ami  entered  every  occurrence, 
with  a  minute  exactneaa,  in  the  journal  which  he  kept. 
Aa  the  length  of  the  voyage  could  not  fail  of  alarm- 
ing aailora,  habituated  only  lo  abort  excu.'jinna,  Co- 
lumbua endeuvotcd  tocoocval  ftum  tlwiu  Iho  trai  pro- 


irMowkMikoyiMAi.    WtokiMo flaw, llM^Jia| 

Qomerii.  ko  gnvo  ant  thai  ikay  k*4  »l^nlm^mlf^i^ 

teen,  and  ha  unlAmnly  emphryed  Iko  aatno  anUMo  ol 
raekaflln|  aken  during  Ika  whale  votage.  By  Ika  fo•^ 
leenlh  of  Meplenibar  ina  fleet  waa  akava  two  hondrari 
leaguea  to  the  weal  of  the  Canary  lalea.at  a  greater  dl» 
lanae  IVom  land  than  any  Hponalrd  bad  keen  iMforelhal 
lima.  There  they  were  ainwh  with  an  appearanea  no 
leee  aalonlablng  than  new.  They  obaerved  that  tho 
magnelki  needle,  in  iheir  compaaeee,  dkl  not  point  ei< 
aelly  l«  the  polar  alar,  but  varied  towarda  tka  weal  | 
and  aa  Ihay  proceeded,  thla  varialkm  increaaed.  ThU 
appeamnaa,  wklak  la  now  fomillar,  tkoogk  II  allll  ro- 
malna  aoo  of  Iko  aiyalarlea  af  natoro.  Into  Ihe  <  auao 
ofwkiaktko  MgaailyofaHinkaanalbeonabIa  to  pen* 
atnlo,  AIM  Iko  eeaipanlono  af  Colaatboa  whk  loi* 
mr.  They  were  now  In  a  boondleea  and  unknown 
oaaan,  Ihr  IVom  Iko  oaoal  aooraa  of  navlgalkm ;  naluro 
llaelf  aeemod  to  ba  allertd,  and  Ika  only  gnkla  wkkh 
tkay  kadlell  waa  about  toiiill  ibem.  Cobimbua,  with  no 
leaa  quickneae  than  ingenuity.  Invented  a  reaaon  kit 
thla  appearance,  which,  though  il  dkl  not  anilaiy  kim- 
aelf,  aeemeil  an  ulmialhle  lo  Ibem,  that  Itdlapelled  tkaif 
feara  or  alleneeil  Iheir  murniura. 

He  allll  eunlinueil  to  ataer  due  weal,  nearly  in  lk« 
aiime  latitude  whb  Iba  ('anary  lalanda.  In  thla  eourao 
he  came  within  the  aphere  of  Ihe  Irado  wind  whlek 
bhiwa  Invariably  from  eaal  to  weal,  between  Ihe  tfO|ilc< 
and  a  lew  ilegreea  In-yund  them.  He  advanced  bafoio 
thla  ateaily  gala  wiib  auch  uniform  raphlily  that  It  wno 
Mkliim  nereeaary  tn  ahlft  a  aall  When  about  four 
bumlrrd  leaguea  lu  the  weet  of  the  Canariee,  he  foui«l 
Iba  aea  ao  eovariHl  with  weeda,  that  it  reaembled  n 
meadow  of  veal  extent,  ami  In  aoma  |dacee  Ihey  wero 
•o  thick  aa  to  retard  the  motion  of  the  veaaela.  Thio 
atrange  appearance  occaakined  new  ilarm  and  dla> 
iiulel.  The  aailoia  imagiiied  Ihal  Ihey  were  now  ar- 
rived at  the  utninat  Iwundary  of  Ihe  navigable  ocean  t 
thai  Iheao  Roaliiig  wemla  wouki  ubatruct  Iheir  further 

firogreee,  and  eonrealed  dungeroua  riicka,  or  aoao 
•rge  track  of  land,  which  hail  aunk,  they  knew  not 
bow,  in  that  plare.  Columbua  enih-avured  lo  per> 
•uade  them  that  what  had  alarmetl  ought  rather  to 
have  encourngeil  Ibem,  and  waa  lo  be  conaidered  aa  a 
algn  of  approaching  Innd.  At  Ihe  aanie  lime,  a  briak 
gale  aroae,  and  rarrled  them  foiwnnl.  Meveral  MrJa 
were aeen  hovering  altoul  Ihe  ahiii  [  13.]  and  directing 
Iheir  flighia  limaiiTa  Ihe  weal.  The  deaponding  crew 
reaunied  aome  degree  of  apirit,  and  liagaii  lu  eulvrtaln 
freah  ho|iev. 

I'pon  the  Aral  of  October  they  were,  according  li> 
Ihe  adniiral'*  reckoning,  aeven  hundred  and  aetenly 
leaxuea  lo  the  weal  of  the  Cunariea ;  but  leal  hit  man 
ahould  lie  Inliniidated  by  the  priMllgluu*  length  of  Iha 
navljiation,  he  gave  out  that  Ihey  had  proceeded  only 
five  nundred  and  el)|lily  four  leiimiea,  and  fortunately, 
for  Columbua.  neither  hia  own  |iilut,  nor  Ihuae  of  tba 
other  ahi|Hi,  bad  akill  aufllcleiit  to  correct  ibia  error,  and 
diai'uver  the  deceit.  They  hnil  now  been  above  Ihreo 
weekaataea;  Ihey  hnd  proreeiled  fnr  lieynnd  what 
fonner  iiavignlora  hud  alleinpted  or  deemed  poaaiblr 
all  their  prognuatica  of  iliacuvery,  drawn  from  Ibeflig.*: 
ofbirda  and  other  circuniatnncc*.  bud  proved  fnlUclMia, 
the  appearancea  of  land,  with  whith  their  own  cre- 
dulity or  Ihe  artifice  of  their  cnmnmnilrr  had  from  llnio 
tn  lime  Rallered  anil  ainuacd  llieni,  had  been  aliueelher 
illuaive,  and  Iheir  proapcci  of  aurceaa  aeemed  nuw  to 
lie  aa  diatant  aa  ever.  Theae  reAeclioiia  uccurrel 
often  lo  men  who  hud  no  other  olijecl  nr  ocrupalinn 
thnii  to  reaaon  and  iliacourae  concerning  the  inlenliun 
and  circunialuncea  of  Iheir  expedition.  They  niada 
iinprraaion  at  firat  U|ion  Ihe  ignorant  and  llniid,  and 
extending  by  degreaato  auch  aa  were  lieiler  iiifornied 
or  more  reaolute,  the  contagion  apreod  at  lenglli  from 
•hiploahip.  Fromaecret  whiapera  or  murniuringa, 
they  proceeded  to  open  cubala  and  public  complainla. 
They  taxed  their  aovereign  with  inconal  leratecredullty 
in  paying  auch  regard  to  the  vain  promiaca  and  raan 
conjedurea  of  an  mdlgenl  foreigner,  aa  lo  haiird  tho 
liveaof  BO  many  ofherownaul^ccta  in  proaecutinga 
chimerical  acheme.  They  ollirmed  that  they  bad  ftilly 
performed  their  duty,  by  venturing  ao  far  In  an  jnl^nuwn 
and  bopcleaa  courae,  and  could  mcur  no  blame  lur  re- 
furinji  tu  follow  any  longer  a  dcapenite  adventurer  lo 
rrrtain  dealruclion.  They  contended,  that  il  waane- 
iinaary  lo  think  nf  reluming  lo  Spain,  while  their  craijr 
veaaela  were  atill  In  a  condition  lo  keep  Ibe  aea,  but 
ex  preaaed  their  feara  ibal  the  attempt  would  prove  vai% 
aa  Ihe  wind,  which  hitherto  have  been  ao  favouraklala 
Iheir  courae,  muat  render  il  impoaailile  to  aall  in  I 
puaila  diiectioa.    All  agreed  that  Colunbtia  i ' 


ROBRITION'I   HiaTOIIY   Of 


M 


ilMifMaiaM,  M  ika  mm!  »uhiIMI«ih  m*!  wftotn 
■Mttmt  li  (•illMf  >U  (I  MMW  of  M*  ramniMlniiaM,  !• 
tkmw  iMin  iiiio  ilw  •••,  k»tiM  fmifiM  that,  uiKm 
lll»t>  Mum  III  N|Hiin,  lh«  ibMA  iiirikN  mmuxmwAiI  pru' 
ftHitt,  winihl  •»iu  Itilkaunram,  mhI  k«  tiM|*tfMl  tula 
•  Hh  Hii  rurtiwlljr. 

I'uluiii)>u«  wmAiIIjt  Mmllila  of  kl*  p*riiiMi«  illiM 
Unit.  H*  hwl  i4M*f«Ml,  allh  (mil  uwmImm,  iIw 
til*)  ifttttMn  •(  tgiMritiKM  twl  uf  l«*i  In  |irmlii«ln| 
iliMlfn'tUn  dNHMi  hU  rnw,  anil  M«r  ihtl  U  *••  n«« 
fvwtT  111  bum  •)<«<  Intii  ii|wn  NMtilnjt  II*  r«l«in«l, 
kiHtawr,  iwfftrl  pMwnM  »(  niIimI  II*  alfMiMl  lu 
HMH  l()Mt»Ht  uf  iMf  mMKtaattinM.  NiilwIilMtamllnf 
Ik*  ifiialtMi  •mi  wtlcUiMl*  ml  kl*  amn  mlml,  k«  »p- 
■twil  wMk  •  ik— ffcil  •MmUMiwc,  Uk«  *  dmii  mIMM 
llHh  ik*  pnnt—t  ka  kstl  iwui*.  aiial  rantdtM  af  aiM- 
•■M.  lim»«m  kf  aM|ili»«il  all  Ilw  aila  af  tiialnua- 
llaa  la  laalka  kta  mrn.  HaawllHiaa  ka  anJaavtMail 
to  wafk  «pa«  ikaif  amhMtan  ar  atarlaa,  hv  ma|nlMr*nt 
4>arri|iliuna  iif  Ilw  IWaw  ami  wtallh  ohfrh  llwjr  «»r« 
KkHil  la  am|iiln>.  (In  ulhar  urraalwia  ha  aiauHwil  a 
lana  uf  •allwifiljr.  «i«l  ihrralrnaJ  Ihaia  with  ••iiaaama 
fhim  Ihalr  aiHirniliin,  If,  bjr  lh*lr  ilaalanlljr  babatliif, 
Ikajr  ah<iiilil  liafeal  Ihla  luibla  •IKift  lu  prmaata  Iha 
■lurjr  uf  UinI,  anil  la  aiall  lha  H|Mnlak  nama  abo«a 
mal  uf  atary  uthaf  nalkin  Kiran  wllh  anlilluua aailura, 
Ika  wanla  uf  a  man  whom  Ihay  had  Iwan  acfuMuuml 
la  rataranra,  wara  wrinkly  ami  |iarauaaUa,  ami  nul 
onl*  ivatralnaii  Iham  IVuni  Ihnaa  «lulanl  aicaaaaa 
OMahlha*  madllalMl,  hiil  pravallail  wllh  Ihain  lo  u- 
•ampanjr  ihair  ailmlnil  Kir  arnna  Dnw  lonaar- 

Aa  lliay  pmaaailail,  Ika  Intlwallona  of  ■pproackinf 
hml  aaaniaj  la  ba  innra  aarlain,  aiiti  ficilaJ  hutia  In 
IKiipnfllun-  Tha  MnIa  bayan  lo  apprar  In  lloclia, 
mMlng  lowanla  Ih*  aiiulh-wral.  I'uluiiibua,  In  linlla- 
Iton  of  tka  Portufuaaa  nHviialnra,  who  had  baan 
guldad,  In  aa«anil  of  Ikair  illN'otarlra,  lijr  iIm  mullun 
at  birda,  aliarad  hia  euuraa  rnini  Una  waal  luwania 
Ikkl  uuartrr  whilhar  Ihay  uoinlnl  ihfir  llighl.  Uiil, 
•Dar  hiildinf  un  fiir  aavaral  ilayain  Ihia  n'W  difarllon, 
wilhnul  anv  Iwltar  aurraaa  Ihan  foriiwrly,  ha«in|  aaan 
nil  uhjarl,  during  Ihirty  daya,  bul  Ika  m  and  Ilw  aky, 
lha  bupaa  uf  hIa  ennipanluna  anhaidad  laalar  Ihan  Ihay 
tad  riaan  ;  lhair  faara  ratioad  wilh  addlliunal  liirra  ; 
Impallaiica,  raga.  and  daa|Mir,  a|i|iaarfd  In  a«ary  eoun- 
tanane*.  All  aanaa  uf  aubunlination  waa  tual  :  Ilia 
oHIrrrt,  who  had  hllhrrtii  cuncurrrti  wllh  ('nliiinhiia  In 
•pinion,  and  au|>|Mirtrd  hia  authorlly,  now  lixili  pari 
•rllh  lha  privala  man  i  Ihay  a»andilnl  luniulluiiualy 
Ml  ttw  dark,  ai|Niiitulaiatl  wilh  Ihrir  riinimandar, 
Minilad  Ihraala  wllh  Iholr  aipualulaliuna,  ami  rrqulrad 
Mm  inalnnily  lo  lark  nlxHil  and  lu  raliirn  lu  Euriipa. 
Ouhiinhua  parrritnl  thai  il  wouki  ha  of  no  avail  lu 
hava  raciHiraa  In  any  of  hia  furnirr  aria,  whirh,  having 
kaan  iriad  auoftrn,  hail  lual  Ihrir  rlfrcl ;  and  Ihal  il 
waa  im|aMailila  lu  rrklndla  any  irni  fur  lha  aurvraa  iil' 
Ihr  ri|inliiinnnniung  man  in  whina  brraala  Irar  had 
•itinguiihril  avrry  geiirroua  arnllinrnl.  Ha  aaw  lhal 
Il  waa  no  Icaa  vain  lo  think  ufrinpliiyingrilhrr  griillr 
uraarara  niraaum  tui|uHI  «  mutiny  a<i  grnrral  iiiid  lu 
vinlrnt.  Il  waa  iirmnKry,  on  all  Ihria  nrruiinla,  lu 
■milhr  paaa'.oiii  which  Iw  could  no  luiigrr  cuininand, 
•ml  lo  giro  way  to  a  lortriil  luu  iniprluuua  lu  lie 
•haeknl.  Ha  proiniird  aolriiiiily  In  hia  iiirn  lhal  hr 
Would  comply  wllh  ihrir  rruurat,  |iriiviilr<l  thry  wnnlil 
•enxmpany  him,  and  olwy  hiacuininniid  for  Ihraa  diiya 
longar,  and.  If  during  lhal  llinr,  land  wara  nul  dia- 
eorcrrd,  he  wuuld  Inen  Hlmndun  Ihe  enlerpriae,  and 
direct  hia  enurae  luwania  Hpiiin, 

Enraged  aa  Ih*  aaihira  were,  and  impalient  liiluni 
llieir  facea  again  toward  Iheir  native  euunlry,  thi*  prii. 
pnnilinn  diil  nut  appear  to  them  nnrraaunnhlo.  Nor 
Ad  U<4umhua  hatard  much  in  confining  himaelf  In  a 
•arm  BO  abort.  The  prraagea  of  iliaenvering  land  were 
BOW  an  numeroua  ami  promiaing,  that  he  deemed  them 
infallible.  For  aonw  daya  the  aounding  line  reached 
Ihe  bottom,  and  tha  aoil  whiih  it  briHighl  up  indicated 
•ami  to  be  at  no  great  diaUnee.  The  flocka  of  birda 
inereaaed,  and  were  eompoaed  not  only  oraeafowl,  iHit 
of  aueh  land  birda  aa  could  not  ba  luppoaad  lo  lly  far 
ftom  the  ahora.  The  crew  of  the  Pinta  obaerved  a  eunt 
floating,  which  aeemed  to  have  been  newly  cul,  and 
Ukewiaa  a  piece  of  timber  artificially  caned.  The 
■ailor*  aboard  Ihe  Nigna  took  up  the  branch  of  a  tree 
with  ia<l  barriea,  perfectly  freah.  The  clotula  around 
'Jm  aalling  aun  aaaumed  ■  new  appearance  ;  Ihe  air 
waa  mora  mild  ami  warm,  and  during  Ihe  night  the 
Wiml  became  unequal  and  variable.  From  all  Iheae 
qnaptona,  Columbua  waa  ao  confidenl  of  being  near 
IwdLtlut  on  the  evening  of  ihe  elevcnlh  of  Uctubar, 


alUr  piiMta  pwiaw  Ikt  I— m%  k»  M^Htt  l>a  laila  la  Upaiila^la,  anil  wHk  IWM|iaili  af  lay 
ka  AirM,  ami  Ika  aktiM  to  Ha  la^  kaaatwg  atrM  waiak,  IImm  kavkakalkk  gkMa  baaiK  a*  athaf  kaakhat  \m  ■•• 
leal  ikey  akauM  ka drlaan  aakari  Mi  taa  ntgkl.  U«rln|  law  kw  wkirk  ikey  gave  «iwk  piavlatawa  aa  Ikay  k>4 
IklciMervalaf  aMapeaeaamleipeetalkM,  naatanakul  *ih|  aam*  rtilliHt  varn,  ih*  ihiIv  rnniiniHlHv  •••  ••la* 
kU  rvra,  all  kepi  upaw  daak,  gailng  InleHlly  luwanlailhal  ihry  ruwUI  priidura  Tuwanla  rvrnlag,  CulHRihtM 
lhal  uuaM*l  whara  Ikey  aiperlrd  IndiMuver  llie  land,  r*lurn*>l  lu  hie  ahip,  areunipanieil  by  manv  uf  Ih*  l» 
wkieil  had  been  aa  bwg  lha  ulijvrl  uf  Ineir  wlahaa.  I  Umlrra  In  Ihrlr  kuaia,  whlrh  lliev  ralM  r»m  >•  and 
Akunl  two  koura  belara  mtdhlghl,  l.'ulHiiibtta,  alaml-  llHiugh  rwUlv  hitmrd  mil  nf  il.r  iiiii>k  nf  a  ■iin.l*  ire*, 
Ing  iHi  Ihe  Inreeatlla,  akaerved  a  light  *l  a  duiaiir*,  lh«y  ruwnl  llirm  wiih  •itri'ii  iny  ilrxniiv.  Thua,  to 
and  pflvalaly  poinlvd  M  autlu  IVIru llHllivrr*, a  peg*  Ih*  Aral  InUrvWw  Iwlwrrn  lli*  inbaluianla  i>l  Ih*  ntd 
af  Ih*  l^ueen  a  wardmii*,  llulliarri  p*r**lv»d  ti,  and  awl  new  wurUa,  rvary  lhm||  waa  tuiiiliiiivd  aniiralily, 
calling  to  Nakada,  rumptnillar  vf  Ih*  llrri,  all  Ihrre  and  la  Ihalf  MUlMal  aallatatltun.  'I  be  hitnirr,  *«• 
aaw  IIM  mutlaHi,  aa  If  II  war*  tarried  nxiw  plara  lu  llghlrned  and  aiiilmioaa,  himud  aliaaily  vaal  alaa* 
piaea.  A  llllla  alUrmldnigkl  lk*Juynil  amtiNlul /and/,  with  leap**!  to  Ih*  ai|>aiilag*a  whiih  ihry  miglil  ilv 
Mad  /  waa  kaard  IWmi  Ih*  Plata,  wkWh  kepi  alwaya  »• '  riva  IVum lha  reaioMa  Ikal  b*g*n  lu  np*n  lu  llirir  «i*w. 
k**ilafth*alh*f  ahlpa.  Hul,  having  been  eaaA*N  da- 1  Tha  latter,  almplaaMd  andtarefnlng,  hail  nu  hirraigkl 
eeived  ky  Mlaeioaa  appaartn***,  aver*  niaii  waa  now '  of  Ika  eahiatllli*  «*d  daaalalkm  whiak  wer*  appraaek- 
Kandwaltoiltoalll' 


•tow  of  kellal;  and  wallad  to  all  Ika  aagiiUk  afi  Ing  their  *a«nlry 
unaaMalaty  and  lwpalla«*a  Ibf  Ika  lalwni  ef day  Aa  C'ekiikMa,  wka  aaw  aieiim»d  Ika  IHla  and  aalkatlly 
aaan aatoatnlng dawned  (Ual.  ll],allikNitoaaiid  fcaranf  admiral  and  vlevmy,  ealM  Ika  lalaad  whiek  ka  ka4 
were  dlepailad.  rrom  every  aklp  an  latond  •••  aean  i  dlaeav*r*d  «a*  Aa/aadar.  Il  la  bellar  known  k«  ika 
ahiNil  two  l*agH»a  lu  lh*iiarth.  whua*  Ihl  and  «*rdanl  \  tianw  uf  f/aaaaAaa),  whirb  lha  nalivra  gave  lu  H,  iimI 
Mda,  well  ainred  wllh  waul,  ami  walrretl  wllh  many  lia  one  uf  lhal  largerhiMeruflalanda  railed  Ike  fjwayt 
rivalala,  praaanled  lha  aapacl  of  a  delighlAil  rounlry.  |  or  llahama  lalea.  It  la  ailualed  above  Ihrre  thMMan4 
Tka  eraw  af  lha  PInia  inalanllv  began  lha  7'«  lAram,  i  niiira  to  ika  weal  of  ftuniera  ;  htm  whirh  Ihe  aiiuadiaii 
aa  a  kyaHt  af  Ibankaglving  la  tlod,  and  were  jnlneil  kf  i  Imdi  it*  departure,  and  only  four  d*gr***  lo  Ih*  aauljl 
Ihoa*  iifth*  ulh*r  ahliM,  wllh  toarauf  Juy  and  tranapana  nf  II  i  an  llllla  had  I'nkinibua  davialrd  fnim  Ih*  wral- 
of  eunaralulaliun.  Thia  uMW'*  of  gralilud*  lu  lUavan,  *rlv  (aura*,  which  ha  had  rhuaen  aa  tU  moat  prnpar, 
waa  liiiltnvMl  by  an  art  ufjualk*  lu  lb*iv  rommamlar.  |  ruluinbua  rnipluyrd  Ih*  neil  day  in  vlilling  lha 
Tbay  lhr*w  theawelvea  at  lha  Irel  of  ('ulunibua,  wllk  ruaata  uf  ihe  laland  i  and  Inmi  ibe  uiiivriial  povrrly  at 
ftMlinga  uf  a*lf  rnndfmnalliin  mlngl«<l  with  ravrranaa. !  the  Inbabilania,  he  perrelvrd  lhal  Ihia  waa  nut  Ihe  rlrh 
They  Implored  hlin  la  pardun  Ihair  ignuranr*,  liwr*'  ruunliy  fur  which  k*  auughl.  Hul,  cnnforBiablv  lu  hia 
dulily,  anti  inauUnra,  whirh  had  crealrd  him  aomucb  Ihaory  ruiicrriiing  lh«  diaruvrry  of  lima*  r*gluiia  ol 
unnaeaaaary  dlM|ulrl,  and  had  au  nllen  ubelrualedtka;  Ada  whkh  atiatched  towanla  Ihe  real,  he  runrtuded 
proeeeutlon  of  hia  well  eunrarled  plan  ;  and  paMlng,  In  lhal  Han  Halvadar  waa  ww  uf  lha  lake  which  geogra- 
lha  warmth  of  llwir  admlralinn,  from  una  eilreme  to  phera  lUaeribed  a*  allualad  in  lha  grrat  ocean  adjar*nl 
anulh*r,lheyrKiwpriiiiuunc*dllwinun,wluinith^hadtu  India.  Having  ubHivrd  that  niiitl  of  the  prupl* 
au  lalaly  reviled  ami  ihreateneti,  lu  lie  a  pcraiin  inapir- 1  whuni  he  had  aeen  wur*  aniall  plalea  uf  guki,  by  way 
*d  by  llraven  with  •agaritv  ami  liiilitude  inure  than  ufurniinirnl,  In  Ihrir  nualriU,  haeagrrly  iiKjulred  wh«l« 
human.  In  urdar  lu  arcunipliah  a  dralgit  au  far  bayoud :  they  gut  that  prrcimia  nieul.  Thry  itiiinleil  luwania 
Ih*  ideaa  ami  euncepliuii  uf  all  fumier  age*.  Ihe  amilh,  and  made  hini  run.prrliriiil  ky  aigna,  lhal 

Aaaoonaalh*iunaruie,alllhelrbu*lawerenianned|gi>kUlKiuiidrd  In  cuunliira  vlluatrd  In  lhal  i|Uailrr 
awl  arawd.  Tkay  lowed  towaida  the  laland  wllh  llwir  |  I'hillier  he  iinnirdlairly  drirnniiiril  lu  dirrrt  hia  riiuraa, 
euliira  diaplayed,  wllh  warlike  inuaic.  and  olhcr  iiwrllal .  in  full  nuiflilriice  uf  liiiiling  tlirrr  tliuae  ii|  iilriil  reglnna 
|Nimp.     Aa  ihey  apitrnaiheil  III*  nrnat,  thry  aaw  il  which  had  kern  Ih*  ubjert  iil' hia  viiyagr,  and^Muukl 


ruvrred  wllh  a  multitude  of  pwipl*,  wlioni  Ih*  novtlty 
uf  lha  apadacla  had  drawn  lugelher,  wlwaa  atllludaa 
and  geaturea  einieaeed  wunder  and  aalunlahmenl  al 
Ihe  alranga  ubjrria  which  preaenled  iheiiiarltra  In 
Ihrlr  vk>w.  Culuiulma  waa  tha  Aral  Kniuiiean  who 
•rt  fiiul  in  Ih*  Nrw  Wnrkl  whirh  he  bad  diacuvared. 
He  lanilrd  in  a  richdreaa,  and  wllh  a  naked  aword  in 
hia  hand.  Hia  iiwn  liiltowed,  and  kneeling  down, 
Ihey  all  kiaeed  ihegruuMl  whirh  Ihey  had  aoTong  da- 
•IrnI  In  aea.  1'hey  neil  •r*ctrd  a  crurifii,  and  pnia- 
■rating  themaclvra  beliire  il,  relurneil  thanka  to  Uud 
fur  riMiducling  Ihrir  voyage  lu  luch  >  happy  l»iir 
Thry  llirn  liHik  aulrmn  iNiaaraaiun  of  Ihe  ruunlry,  fur 
Ihe  cmwn  uf  Oatlile  and  Leim,  with  all  the  forinali- 
ilea  which  the  I'urtugueae  were  accualiHiird  toobaeive 
In  iirli  of  Ihl*  kimi,  in  llwir  new  iliacovrrira. 

1'he  S|ianiard*,while  Ihua  rnipluyrd,  were  aiirrmind- 
el  l>y  nin  y  uf  Ihe  nalivra,  who  gaird  In  aitenl  oilini- 
ration  U|iiin  aclionawhirli  Ihey  cuuki  nut  cumprrliriiil, 
and  uf  which  they  did  nul  fiireaee  Ihe  eunaequrncea. 
1°he  drraa  uf  the  Spaniania,  the  whilrnraa  uf  their 
•  kiiia,  tiM'ir  brnrda,  ihvir  arnia,  apprnrnl  rlraiigr  niiil 
aurpriaing.  The  vaal  inacbinea  in  which  thry  hud 
Irnveraed  Ihe  ucran,  lhal  aeemed  lo  move  upim  Ihr 
WHirra  wilh  wing*,  and  uttered  a  dreailfnl  auuiid  re. 
•emkllng  thunder,  aoeumpanied  \'ilh  lightning  and 
amuke,  alruck  Ihem  with  auch  terror,  lhal  Ihey  lirgiiii 
lo  reaped  their  nrw  gueala  aa  a  auperiur  onler  of  be- 
ingi,  and  concluded  that  Ihey  wrie  chiklren  of  the 
Sun,  who  had  dracended  to  vlall  the  earth. 

The  Kuropeana  were  hnnlly  leaa  amarrd  al  ihe  arrnr 
now  liefure  ihrni.  Kvery  herb,  and  ahrub,  and  trrr, 
waa  diflrrent  from  ihuae  which  fluuriahed  in  Kuriipa. 
The  aoil  arrmed  lo  be  rich,  bul  Iwre  few  mark*  of  cul- 
livatiun.  The  climate,  even  to  the  Siianiarda.  fell 
warm,  though  eitremely  delighlful.  Tne  inhabitant* 
appeared  in  the  aimpla  Innocenca  of  nature,  entirely 
naked.  Their  black  hair,  long  and  uncurird,  fluaicd 
u|ion  thai'  ahoulder*,  or  waa  bound  In  Ireaaea  around 
their  heada.  They  had  no  bearda,and  every  part  of  their 
bodiaa  waa  partMlly  amoolh.  Their  complexion  waa  of 
aduaky  copper  color, Ihair  faaluraaainnilar,  rather  Ihan 
diaagreeable,  Iheir  aapacl  gentle  ana  timid.  Though 
not  tall,  Ihey  were  well  anaped  and  active.  Their 
faeea,  and  aeveral  parla  of  Ihair  body,  were  fanlaali- 
cally  painted  wilh  glaring  olora.  They  were  ahy  at 
fini  tbiuugh  fear,  but  Mon  bacamc  iMBiUaf  with  Ilia 


be  a  ircunipenae  fur  all  hia  liilla  uiiil  iluiigrra.  Ilr  luuk 
alung  wllh  hini  arvrn  uf  ihe  naliirJbl  Han  •'lalvadiir, 
lhal,  by  aruiiiiliig  Ihe  Npaniah  langiiayr,  Ikey  ailgkl 
arrve  aa  guiilea  and  inlripielera  )  and  thuae  iniiiicaal 
(irupto  cunaldrrrd  II  aa  a  nialk  uf  dialinclion  Wka* 
thry  ware  aetrrird  lu  aciiinipany  klm 

He  aaw  aevrral  iaiaiiila,  and  liiurhrd  al  three  nf  lha 
Urgrat,  on  whirh  he  liraluwrdihe  namre  uf  HI  Mary 
i>f  tlw  Ciincrptkiii,  t'riiiandiiia,  and  laalirlla.  Uut,  a« 
llirir  anil,  piiHlurtliina,  and  iiihakiliinla  nrarly  rrirm- 
bird  ihuar  ul  Nun  Halvadur,  kr  ninil*  nu  alay  in  anv  of 
Ihrni.  Ilr  iiH|uiirdr.rry  wlirrr  liirgiild,  •ndthraign* 
lhal  were  uniliiinily  nmtle  by  way  ulanawrr,  runlirnird 
him  In  Ihe  upiniun  that  it  waabiuught  liiini  Iheaoulh. 
He  fulluweil  lhal  cuurae,  and  eoun  diacnvrrrd  a  ci>u;i> 
try  which  ap|warnl  vrrv  ritriiaivr,  mil  |<eifrctly  h-vrl, 
like  Ikiiae  whirh  hr  kail  alrruily  tiailid,  but  au  diveral. 
lird  with  riaiiig  giiiunila,  killa,  litrra,  wikmU,  and  plnilia, 
Ikut  he  WHBUiicrrtainMhrlhrr  il  nilglil  priivr  an  iaiandi 
ur  pull  ul' Ike  cunlllirnl  Tkr  niiiivraul  Nun  Helvadur, 
wki'in  he  kiid  un  ImiiimI,  rallrd  it  f 'u/a  ,'  Culnnibua 
fave  il  Ikr  iianir  iifjuiilia.  II*  riitrnd  tkr  niiiulh  ol 
a  large  ritrr  nilk  hia  aqiiiiilron,  nil  tkr  lnkuliiianl»  lied 
lu  the  iniiunlnina  aa  hr  iippmnrhril  tkr  akiire.  But  aa 
he  reanlvrd  lu  riirrrii  tkr  akii.a  in  timl  plare,  he  aeiit 
auine  Siiuniurda,  lu)irtkri  uilli  lUir  of  Ike  |ieuplr  nf 
Han  Kiilvmkir,  lu  »irw  ikr  iiilrrkir  part  nf  Ikr  cminlry. 
Thry  Imving  udvuiirrdalHiut  ai«ly  niiira  rriiin  Ihr  ahora 
repurted,  u|miii  Ihrir  rrlurn,  that  thraiiil  waa  richer  and 
mora  rullivalrd  than  any  Ihry  had  hitkrrlu  diacuverrd 
lhal,  liraidra  many  acnilrrrd  coltngra,  Ihry  had  foum! 
una  village,  runlaining  aUivr  a  lliixmniiil  inbabilania  | 
that  Ihr  people,  thuugli  naked,  arruird  lo  be  nmre  in- 
telligent Ihan  thoae  of  8aii  Balvador,  hut  had  treated 
them  wilh  the  anme  rrapectrul  altrntiun.  kiaaing  Iheii 
fed,  and  honoring  ikrin  aa  aacrrd  kringa  nllint  lo 
beavrn ;  thai  thry  had  given  tkrm  lo  ml  a  crrtain 
riiol,  the  taate  of  which  learniblrd  rnaiird  chratnuta. 
and  likewiae  a  aingular  *|NicirB  of  corn  railed  mmit; 
which,  either  when  ruaaled  whole  or  ground  into  meal, 
waa  ahumlantly  palatable ;  that  there  teemrd  to  be  no 
four-footed  animal*  in  the  country,  bul  a  apecira  of 
dog,  which  could  not  bark,  and  a  eiaalaia  reaemhllng 
a  rukkit,  kut  of  a  much  ainaller  aito ;  thai  they  hail 
oliaerved  aume  ornanienta  of  gold  among  tha  people, 
bul  of  no  great  value. 

Theaa  UMiaangeia  hod  prevailed  wllh  ••••  *'  "to 


& 


minmlH*    III   «»llM 

>y  n«ii»  "f  ih»  !•• 
rnlM  r*m><.  (Ill4 
.l.kiil  ■•1)11.  I*  ir**, 
ptlmllir.  Ttiu>,  ta 
•litUtlla  •>(  lh«  nti 
«litllli<l»il  •tlltvsblyi 
'Ih*  Aitnwr,  •«• 
•Irwiljt  tMl  ItlM* 
ili'h  lh»v  IMialil  il«- 
it|i#li  III  lli*ir  «l«1* 

tliail  nu  hif»l|M 
k  fttr*  •|)|inMh> 

•  llll«IIHl»MlMfll« 
itaMlwIlklllMlMi 

luikiHHin  k*  ika 

!«*•  gSf*  )•>  Hi  imI 

•  r*llrtl  Ik*  litwtjrft 
!««•  ikrf*  lhuiiMn4 

•  hlrblk«M|uiiiliMl 
l»(r**i  lo  th«  wNlIt 
iilnl  riiim  Ik*  «r»tl- 
!•  Ill*  iKMi  |im|i*r. 
Ujr  In  (liltlni  lk« 
jiiivriial  |i<»*rl;  ol 
hii  wuiKil  III*  rich 
,  mnftiinmlilv  lu  kla 
if  lliiiu  rr|i»iii  ol 
ml,  h*  runcMMl 
ialr>  whkh  K*o|r>> 
[rrul  urrun  ■iljiw*nt 
tiiiil  uf  Ik*  |ifu|il» 
I**  ofiiiM,  I7  wajr 
(rrljf  liiijulml  «kf  M 
ry  itiiiiilnl  liiwunU 
iriiil  liy  •ign*!  Iktl 
ril  In  llml  i|uailrr 

loilirrrlkliriiMn*, 
iiiM  ii|'Ulriit  r*|luM 
iiijiiig*,  mil  uuukl 
iliiii|l*r*.  II*  look 
rakil  8«n  HiiUiiilori 
liiiill*,  ili*)t  ailgkl 
niitl  ihiiMi  liiiiiicMil 
r  (lUlinelkun  »kM 
tiiii 

I'liril  ul  Ihrraoflk* 
hunt*!  uf  Hi  Mnry 
■■ulicllii.    Dm,  ■* 

Mia  nrailv  rfariif 
»  iiu  (lay  III  any  of 
gold,  aniltkfaigfi* 
aiiawrr,  ruiiflrmnl 
hi  lruilith*aaulk. 
ifecovprrti  ■  ciiu;j« 
nol  |wff«lly  l»«»l, 
till, hul  ail ili«*ral- 
wihhIi,  anil  iiIhIim, 
,lit  |iriivr  an  UlaiMli 
'a  III  Nun  Mvlvailiir, 
Ca/a  i  (NiliinihiM 
lli'nil  ilir  niiiiilhol 
hi'  inliiiliiiaiiiii  IM 
lir  tliiirr.     Dul  ■• 
iiiil  ^Ikc*,  he  Kill 
of  ill*  |i*o|i|r  of 
rl  of  llif  cmiMlrjr. 
[ilia  riiim  Ihr  alum 
nil  waa  richer  and 
lirrto  iliaci>v*mi 
a,  thry  hail  rounil 
laaiiil  Inhakilaiita  | 
inl  to  be  Dior*  In- 
',  but  hail  lr«Kl*il 
lun.  klaainf  Ibflt 
kringa  nilirit  10 
to  fat  a  crrtain 
loulnl  chralnula. 
im  called  iMitt, 
lund  Into  meal, 
.  aeemcd  to  be  no 
but  ■  apecira  ol 
itnn  rcaemblini 
I  thM  they  had 
ong  lb*  |>*opl*> 


■  OIRNTaoN-t   NINTORV    Of 


MMImI  (If  (•titit(  itil  <l  wim  (f  IM»  nm-matnnm,  in 
•Km*  h«m  tniM  •ha  •••,  tolM  |i»N)m>M  lh«l,  u^m 

llMir  IMNfH  IH  N|MM.  Ih«  llvilln  nf  •!•  l«««««»*M^ll  |lfN 

^Itif  ■■•wkl  >••  iM  hula  tummm,  tNii  ka  liH|i«lml  inln 

«llK   IHI  •l|>l>Wl(* 

t'utiimlHia  watAtllt  Mnatlil*  id  kM  partliiH*  •llii* 
linn      II*  hwl  Nlw'fvixl,    ollh  (n>*l  Hn*»«lii*M,  Ik* 

dial  nn»'<l>..n  ..<  .  "I  ..  ,,    ' 


MM*  wMla  |K»tM>  (w  MMMHk  kt  »nkm4  »*•  Mtti  u  BfauM^  Mkl  m»k  Kmiywi  W  Uf  iwtliwl  As 

IW  KiAnI,  «i»l  lit*  (ktiM  IM  IM  K  kM^na  Ml'  a^tiih,  UMm  txwltilwlli^  |>»«»  ht»4ti  M  aM*'  <«ii»ilt  Is  m 
lad  ih>(  •IwmM  ka  iliUait  *altMa  m  Ika  Mflii  thuinf  Im'H  M  aktok  tk*T  g»>a  awk  |i>a>tai.>«ia  M  tkaf  IM^ 
iMa  ln*«»»«lMf  tfiai^aaa  4mlai^*Wt>M<i.  MMiiian  aliHl  ■(••I  ••!»*  «(i«t>«4i  va'M.  iKv  Miily  »«ntH<"ilHy  it  ««taA 
kta  •«»,  all  k>|il  »ftm  ikwk,  fatiag  tman'tii  •••wanla.lkallkat  •■wM  (ifudwa  I  HOanIa  •x'MIhu.  ''"Im* 
Ikai  iiNaNar  wHafa  Ikay  aiifavUdiMillaaM^ar  Ilia  U»i4|  valHVMHl  iHhta  aktfi  a(ivi<n-|M»ii*tl  l<t  aiatif 


wklak  lf*t»l  kaan  m  hmi§  llta  iil<t»vl  wf  thalf  wtalt»* 

AliMHi  i«it  k*iMra  Nakira  muli>iylil.  I  'HittttikiHs  lUml 
IntI  Mft  Ika  kiravaalla,  iika>f»**l  •*  tight  •*  a  ili«i«iti«>, 
ami  HfWatpU  fi»»4t'»'-.l  *•,'■'''     «         « 


■  •tmlara  Ih  Ikair  k*rti«,  oklt'li  lliav 
lliMtlgk  fH«lalv  ht«Ht»il  ittti  mI  iI  «  Ir 
Mtay  rtiwiiil  lli#iM  ailh  awriri   ■>  .1  •! 


I  Ika   l» 

Ihal  >a>ii  '•    anl 

k  i<l  •  •!><'  la  iraa, 

ivtiit        Ikua  M 

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t/^n;  »>».f  IH  .11  sat  ■(•< 


Af'^r'-tMk  {••»«•'••'<  «*>!  UH|M>ii4kr» 


V**'*    **4Mtt  ******  *****"*  *** 


I  .    HI*   »t  ^l'        k^. 


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Mini)  •illiri-Mialll.  (hi'IfaipiatuUilK   •     '>4f«^iiiri.l 

hliil  I     '  ••"'if  'n  U'k  iiuMl  anil  ••■  ntini  !••  |tu><>t>" 

Citlil  •••    1'  I'  n>-l«iil  ll'iil    a  niMiU   !>■  «<   ■••    aCaU'la 

ka«a  I"     ■    r  lu all*  lit  Ilia  fiimiir  »ta,  o'ali'kilnKiiiia 

k»HI  '111  I  «• 'Aan. 'laJ  l'i>i  IIM'U  aHval  ,'kii4  tha<']l 

waa  liii;"'-»«'*i*' 'll  li'liim'V  art)  »aal  t»if  »'i^  •    '      '     ' 

Ihaai  •'■■ 

liiiiil 

tl  wai 

Oti»y 

viiilriii 

toiMlM  (.ou 

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thwkw      Hi  y 

wouUI  ititnii' '   I'li. 

Me>ini|!.ii<v  hint,  .!••'< 

|iin(*r,  .ml.  if  ilimnit  '■'.,»■ 

dirrcl  I 
Knn 
(heir  Ik 
pnallim 
did  (:<4 
•arm  a* 
now  M 
Inrallikl 
Iha  ImiII 
mimI  to . 
inetrtm 
of  aueh  I 
froinih* 
llinllngt 
lUwwiM 


«  IIPI||*<  ajywt  *"  ||»l^»'|^^^■|   ■fwrnrnt     iii>ra 
v.Mut  ■  .ja«fc'*  «'k4l*l<l     ■..l>.ri       -'MmUi 
*  MMn  <b'A»i  I,  i>«»  ~'  ■)  >'         n  •!>•      •laUflha 
)<t«H«af  i.f  v.Hraf^    -"t*.**!!,'    .   ^. 


Ik. 


^^., 


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..'•■a,  MBiliai.4  atdW'   ■., 
'«  rtltmMM  %m»  >■  II  •>  %»„^  tffHtffH 

"  »Miiia>rikW*Ml>Mi>  ^••'•1  •xl^'tl'f 

.  .,i4>«a.  i^t  MilM«ll*l|lMkl*lMkka'.a4 

'i»4  Am /.al^A*.     It  •  k»«la«  kM"Wn  k«    <li« 

«  III /^WMwIoai    •klak  >|mii>i.««   |*>'  li^  il    n 

•  u{iIm>  laiya  liti'iral'^HftilafaiMil  il  •  I  >•■  '  •» 

I-    I..4  .>!••,      II  »  alliiiixlakliaaik'.alli.ni-      .1 

iiaikawi-a'     iliiwrii    (Vim  wkii  liika  .  |ii«i. 

i<a  dr»aii|i..    ^al  ati^  IMI  ■tayivaak' ll>a 

xi  lil<l»  ^       I  iikm  Ixa  il««l.ita<l  imM  tl<'  •  '  -i 
awifaa.  » I  •  '<  '     'ail  i  lii'»n  M  ll"  •  ••  |iMii  ■ 
iliiiHK'.a  «H  1  ''    I'll   lUk    '•    <ialll>i| 

■  •ulllir'ala  ■■■'  '       ■•     kr  Ifl  ataal  r«W«1 .      I 

hkakllania    I      , '->       .v'l  lltal  llila  «A» 'imI  llta  I,.  I, 
I  in  IUl  »tk»*  ka  auMiki      lli«t>  <nMil<>mi<lil<  lu     • 
IV  'III    pMhs  t^a  liiai.  .rr«  uf  tl'iiaa  t.  ^i.'i'      i 
....        I   'ifliail   )ii»ii '•  ill*  •'■)4,  lia  ran  tl«|i>r.l 
I.  r  WW  i-ti' I'f  oM  iaira  wli.  ti  K«n(r*. 

lalail  III  ihr  graal  m  •  an  a  ijaa*  i.l 
'    '  p'<i|'l* 


»ii«ad  Ikal  naal  «| 

I  >iw'il  |iUtaa  oigvli' 

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II.  aa*  III II 

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ll«  laii.laduiarMl 
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III     i'.ii  ikt^miir"- 

1,1      I  .  '.rihiaUmt   III  llw) 


aaa 

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u»  «M  Ml  ^Mi  >IMl|fHH  * '  -I , 
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Oa... 


I 


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anil  ikMUliI 
I  .  .  '•  llrlwk 
I'lrn  III  lliv  H«u>raui  Kan  NalaailMi. 
■Mi  li>  I  "I  .:  <ki'  Hliaiiih  lan(iiai>a,  lliry  •ilglit 
'I  1.  na  gii.  !•'•  4iiil  uilfiiifaiara  ,  atiU  iti  laa  InitficaMi 
yfVfU  .  I'liaiiltiiil  II  .aa  a  ut«ik  uf  ilMiArllMi  whaa' 
'!»«  "jiiTf  atlnir.l  I  I  uy  iti'i(...ii.   i'l'i. 

Mr  »il»  a»»rr«l  lalanila.  an. I 
llialal    '  ll  wMil    h"  hr.l  ■••  • 


vt'. 


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I,  ■'  .  Ijil'lul 


niton  rf 
with  ml 
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waomon 
wiml  bMi  . 
Maptoiw 
iMdldukti 


•  rU    <|'i.ii. 
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■' .  »  ll.alf  iiltiva  r  ■ 
•  ai  I"  ihaiii  -anf^ 
.1  miwhiii  firtltfi' 

;if»aai/f.»1TI  'liai*!'*. 
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...  .i.ira  Ik*,  afiull'*!'  / 
»..||  wKluh  ll  liriHifM  ii| 
.1  ilMiaiini.     TlH>  ^1 

.ii'i|..i*p,l  ii.it  mJt  lilac.         ^totWrMHh  •►ixifti 
■  -   "iJa!  mil  ha  -uppiMni'  I  I   '  y  T^t   ta>..*  ...r.l  ii«  tl* 

.•ri-.»  iiMlia  PifiU.'tiai  r.i         CklM  iwImiI       Timi        '•  ll  f.» 
"tl  )<iliav«  litvn  nawlv    iil,  ami  ||m.  Iliai*  almi  i. 

.imliaf  kftifuUilj      ■».»«'       TIk   I'luii  1 1.     1; 

.'1 1  ■  ..  ll  mi  llif '.1  .in*!!   -'      I-       ■    .li(.«  ni.a|icrtn,|)  > 
!.l'iali.        I  U>  rl.Miilaaii.iinil 'n.l  ia(i,i.,>p|„|.t<iliir.ri.  .    ■ 

Hiul  ihirinir  tlir  iii«iil  Ik^'ntK  lall,  ii       wara   MaM  •  - 
•ifialilf       Jrmn  ail  Ihaar  ' r.,p(;»,  ami  ar»ii»l  junta  "f  i... 

rtJa.it  i>ri<rii||   ll«l«    raila  in  oti'il  nilS  ^'allUjr  «i»l<H.i 

tU.i  uf  KMbitmt.   Aiat  •luuujk  laor,  bul  to>j«>  ko>.'>a<  itfuiw 


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I*   li»'   ■.»•.     . 
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1.,  ,.  .4..  ..>  Ill  .in»  '•! 

11  •lla.-i  )iir|tilil,  ul  'llkail||li« 

la  •.>  m»f  .tf.nawar,  rniifltniril 

It  kaaa  tH'Uglii  Iri'iii  ltie..(iiilli. 

i  llial  riHiiaa,  ainl  at- i|i  ui.xnri/il  a  ni<i.i- 

.  .ilil'iarail  »n)  ratriia.na  nut  jiaifatUj  lean, 

k  I'll  >.  Iia  liiiiti'l'rvlt  tiallnl,  hut  au  ili«ani- 

Hj,  /I.. 1111.1a,  liill<,  iivri.  «<HKla,  •iiilplali  a, 

■ all  '.aliallHr  ll  ll|i;.'t  I  uriKi  «»  lallanJi 

.iiiiriii    "I  III- r.«il»r«  III  Wan  (ial.aHair, 

I...  I  „   lallril    ll    ''•/«  ■   l.'iitalllilHia 

.1  1' 1  iigiiii' III  Juiiiia      llr  I    '■   !■'   Iia 'iHiiilli "1 

'     '.''I  niihlia  ti|iiiiili<iii.  nil  il.i  'inli.ilniaiila  (tail 

'      1 1   i„..,i.ni,iia  »a  lii.»|H'l"Ki"lnil  ll'r  aliirr       llill  a1 

Ih.  r.  ai-WiNl  '11  raiatii  iha  aliii  a  in  ll.  il  pl'i*».  Ii«  aaiil 

^ ',  ,lu|;iU.ri   >a»b  'Ml"  if  •!»•  (»i)(ili"  'll 

h,  .(.  ll  viaw  itii- .Pl'llni  pait  III  Ikacuiiiitry. 

!    '  .      '.irif  at|ii-itr«i<laUiul  aiitv  i^\U  u  tftiiii  Iha  aliiira 

M'pti'irtl.  MfW'ii  I  'ir  rMuiii.  Ik*'  iliraiirn   a  lirharaiHl 

lUiuiaritliii  itwilhaii  any  Ui'y  ll.i>l  hill.i'iin  iliacin ml 

i;.       Waiilaa  nwn«  aiMlrrnl  rutlagai.  lliajr  kail  luuiul 

■   iillau  ,  1  iiiiiauiiiiol'*'""' "''k"""""' 'i''"*'"""''" '• 

,'  ih«^  projiin,  'limii;li  imli  '     '■-niril  In  da  oior"  In 

ii,:riii  thaii  tlKiaa  ■  t  Ran  halttiil  ir,  liiil  liail  iKatnl 

'Kill.  iWf  aiiiiia  i^a|i««ilul  atianlit'i.,  kiaaii'i;  iln'ii 

.'Uil  hull  ling  ilini  an   «-'.rt«il   lriiij|a  «II!hI  III 

'M.  'liat  111)  luul  ji'i'i  il.aw  '«'  foa  «  i'i>ttair 

'.  Iti«  '.'lau  of  wi.ich  laarii.MajI  Teii»i*i'  tl.i'aliioli., 

I.  lull  ika  <»  la.  «  alnnDlor  a|i»ti»«  ..I  at  <i     .-i'l"'  miif. 

.atliiali,  riiVi  wkrn  riMWla.1  .al...'!-    .  t,' '  • -i  ml"  imal, 

.      i.mUiiilj  pa|ii»l>l«     Owl '(.aita -a^MHtlln"*  nil 

f.Kilr.1  miiiimla  in  ihf  c   i..  lijf,   km  a  aj '•  A 

ij.i.  v-hk^  tiiiil-'  ni.|  Uik  a.i<l«  i.'wiliinirearniMink 
,  >  luiiliil,  'ml  of  1  Miiieli  aiii'ii'i't  ailo  i  ll'Ot  'li'J  h«il 
■  iioatnaj  at'iin  i.f.,.ii>ia«U-.f  |fi''l  amoTig  the  in;o()i», 
km   1^1  I  ^i*iil  value. 

Ikttt  int*a«ii|cii>  hial  yiii«kil«l  niih,i«(*  *>L  tfo 


:  i 


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•  '  I  <   vr  IliiiM-viil 

iiuniAi'iit'ti  •h«n' 

.1  ll  ir»n(tl>« 

nir*  i>l  Ml  M«^ 

xil'-llii        tllll..  I 

Ma  irr  »ljr   HWI»- 

.  ..'a*  III  iinjr  "f 

Liii,  III  .llh(>ii||ii« 

]»«»«r,  niiifliBtrif 

|tl  tri-«i  (Itiiwrulll. 

.rinrr^il  «  riH*.>- 

U  iicifMill  Wtrl, 

i|,  liiii  •»  ilivvrti* 

iiutU,  mill  plmi «, 

|irtiVi  MM  ivlnikii 

.IM<nK«l>*d>>r, 

ott     (.'•4uiiilK'< 

i«'   tir  niiMtih  "I 

iiiliiiliaBDin  Ittti 

■III  rr      lliil  <i 

l>l>i-r    liK  Mnit 

lUf  i*i>ii|<>  "• 

(>l  ihf  t'Mliltlry. 

Ill  III  ihr  »li<'r« 

'a-.h  rii'hcr  kimI 

|itoiliwi"i'ri(l 

llhfjr  hml  IuuihI 

IkI  lii'whiliiiilii ; 

111)  b*  morii  in 

ll  Imil  Irmli-il 

kiwii'K  ili'-ir 

[limit  a!!:'i'  Id 

•  1,1  <«  i'i*rt»in 

f'   (l.clllllUtx. 

.  .If.'  r»i  II t^. 
■  I  into  11. lull 
'im-tl  \nf^f  nil 
.1  nj...  "•  ii( 
jni  rcirmliliiiM 
•I  tiic)  hull 
tha  |Kupi», 

I  ,«Klk  oL  tit 


{ 


S 
> 


:  -t 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


81 


i; 


iptny  Umih,  who  infoinwd  Columhua, 
ti»(  Um  (aid  of  which  Uwy  niuU  their  oriHmcnU  wai 
trami  In  Citknite»».  Vn  thi*  wont  ihny  nwul  iha 
Riiddl*  or  iiiUnd  p>rt  of  Oubt  i  but  Coluinbiii,  Iwini 
iitnonilt  of  thoir  ((niiukga,  ••  woll  ••  unincuntornuil  to 
Umii  pronunciation,  •nil  hit  thoiiKlila  running  cunti- 
niKiUjr  upon  hii  own  thaory  conci^rniiiK  tliii  diwovcry 
of  iho  Eut  Imlici,  ha  wu  Ud,  by  the  ruiionil)liini:a  til 
•ound,  to  luppoM  thai  they  ipoko  of  the  (jri'iit  Khui, 
tnd  inwgincn  that  the  opulont  kingdom  of  C'alkai/,  d«- 
(cribrd  By  Marco  I'olo,  wu  not  very  remote.  Thia 
Induoetl  Ilim  to  employ  aomo  time  in  viewing  the  coun- 
try. He  viailed  timoet  every  harbor,  from  Porto  del 
Principe,  on  the  north  coaat  of  Cuba,  to  the  eaatern 
•itremily  of  the  iaianj :  but,  though  delighted  with  the 
oeauty  of  tho  acenea  which  every  whoro  preaented 
Ihemaelvea,  and  amaiod  at  the  luiuriant  fertility  of  the 
aoil,  both  which,  from  their  novelty,  made  a  more  lively 
imnretaion  upon  hia  imagination  1 14],  ha  did  not  find 
gold  in  auch  iiuantily  aa  waa  aufflcient  to  aatiafy  either 
Iha  avarice  ol  hia  fo'lowara,  or  the  eipeetaliona  of  the 
csurt  to  which  he  waa  to  return.  The  people  of  the 
country,  aa  much  aatoniahcd  at  hia  eagrrneaa  in  i)ueat 
of  gold  aa  the  Europeana  were  at  their  ignorance  and 
aimplicity,  pointed  towarda  tha  eaat,  where  an  iaiand 
which  they  eallrd  H*yli  waa  aituated,  in  which  that 
metal  waa  more  abundant  than  among  them.  Coluni- 
bua  ordered  hia  a()iiadron  to  bend  ila  course  Ihithor ; 
but  Marton  Alonao  Pinion,  impatient  to  be  the  lirat 
wlio  ahould  take  poaaeaaion  of  the  treaaurea  which  thia 
country  waa  auppoaed  to  contain,  (quitted  hia  com- 
lieniona,  regardleaa  of  all  the  admimra  aignala  to 
aUcken  aail  until  they  ahould  come  up  with  him. 

Colunibua,  retarded  by  contrary  winda,  did  not  reach 
H*7'i  till  the  aiith  of  December.  He  called  the  port 
where  he  Arat  touched  St.  Nicholaa,  and  tho  iaiand  itaelf 
'<2apagnola,  in  honor  of  the  kingdom  by  which  he  waa 
employed  ;  and  it  ia  the  only  country,  of  those  he  had 
yet  diacovered,  which  haa  retained  the  name  that  he 
'  [tvo  it.  Aa  he  could  neither  meet  with  the  Pinia,  nor 
lave  any  intercourie  with  the  inhabitanta,  who  fled  in 
real  consternation  towarda  the  woods,  he  soon  quitted 
St.  Nicholas,  and,  aailing  along  the  northern  coaat  of 
the  iaiand,  he  entered  another  hariior,  which  he  called 
Co  weption.  Here  ho  waa  was  more  fortunate ;  hia  people 
ovnitook  a  woman  who  waa  flyinj;  from  them,  and  alter 
treating  her  with  great  gentloneaa,  disniisscd  her  with 
a  present  of  such  tova  aa  they  knew  were  most  valued 
u  those  regions.  The  deacription  which  ahe  save  to 
her  countrymen  of  the  humanity  and  wondorftil  quali- 
ties of  the  atrniigora ;  their  admiration  of  'he  trinKota, 
whicbalie  shoMcd  wilh  exultation;  and  tlieir  eagerness 
to  particiiwto  of  the  aame  favors ;  removed  all  their 
feara.  and  induced  many  of  them  to  repair  to  the  har- 
bor. The  strange  objecis  which  they  Iwhcid,  and  the 
baulilea  which  Columbus  bcttowed  U|)on  them,  amply 
gratified  their  curiosity  and  their  winiioa.  They  nearly 
resembled  the  people  of  (Juanahani  and  Cuba.  They 
were  naked  like  them,  ignorant  and  simple ;  and  aocmod 
to  be  equally  unacquainted  with  all  the  arte  which  ap- 
pear most  necessary  in  polished  suciotius ;  but  thuv 
were  gentle,  credulous,  and  timid,  to  a  degree  which 
rendered  it  easy  to  acquire  tho  ascendant  over  them, 
especially  as  their  excessive  admiration  led  thom  into 
the  same  error  with  the  peopio  of  tho  other  islands,  in 
believing  tho  Spaniards  to  \<o  more  than  mortals,  and 
descended  immediately  from  heaven.  They  posaataed 
gold  in  greater  abundance  than  their  neighliora,  whicli 
they  readily  exchanged  for  bella,  beads,  or  pins ;  and 
in  thia  unei|ual  trafiic  both  partiea  were  highly  pleaaed, 
each  eonaidering  themselves  as  gainera  by  the  trans- 
action.  Here  Columbua  was  visited  by  a  prince  or 
eatii/ue  of  the  country.  He  ap|iearcd  with  all  the 
pomp  known  among  a  simple  people,  being  carried  in 
«  sort  of  palanquin  upon  the  shoulders  of  four  men, 
and  attended  by  many  of  his  sul)jects,  who  served  him 
with  great  re8|)ect.  His  do|H)rtnient  was  grave  and 
stately,  very  reserved  towards  his  own  people,  but  witli 
Columbus  and  the  Spar.iaida  extremely  courteous  Ho 
gave  tlie  admiral  aome  thin  platea  of  gold,  and  a  girdle 
of  curious  workmanship,  receiving  in  return  presents 
of  small  value,  but  highly  acceptable  to  him. 

Columbus,  still  intent  on  diKOvering  the  mines 
which  yielded  gold,  continued  to  interrogato  all  the  na- 
tivea  with  whom  he  had  any  intercourae,  concerning 
their  aituation.  They  concurred  in  pointing  out  a 
nountainous  country,  which  they  called  Cibao,  at  some 
dialance  from  tho  sea,  and  further  towarda  the  east, 
dtrack  with  this  sound,  which  appeared  to  him  the 
aame  with  Cipango,  tho  name  by  which  Marco  Polo, 
and  other  travellers  to  the  east,  dialinguiahcd  the 
lalasd  of  Japan,  he  no  linger  doubted  wiw  respect  to 


the  vicinity  of  the  countries  which  he  had  diacovered 
lo  the  ramota  parts  of  Aaia  ;  and  in  full  expectation  of 
leaching  aoon  thoaa  regiona  which  had  bean  tha  object 
of  hia  voyage,  ha  directed  hia  course  lowarJa  the  eaat. 
lie  put  into  a  commodioua  harbor,  which  he  called  8t. 
Thomaa,  and  found  that  district  lobe  under  the  govern- 
iiiunt  of  a  powerful  casnpie,  named  (luaranakan,  who, 
aa  he  afterwarda  learned,  waa  one  of  tho  five  aovereigna 
among  whom  the  whole  iaiand  waa  divided.  Ila  im- 
mediately aent  inossengers  to  Columbus,  who  in  hia 
name  delivered  to  him  the  present  of  a  maak  eurioualv 
fuahioned  with  tha  eara,  nose  and  mouth  of  beaten  gokl, 
and  invited  him  to  the  place  of  hia  reaidence,  near  the 
harbor  now  called  Cape  Francois  aome  leaguea  towarda 
tha  eaat.  Columbua  deapatched  aomo  of  hia  ofHcera  to 
viait  thia  prince,  who,  aahe  behaved  himself  with  greater 
dignitv,  lovincd  to  claim  more  attention.  They  ra- 
tumed  with  auch  favorable  accounte  both  of  the  country 
and  ol  the  people,  as  made  Columbus  impatient  for 
that  interview  with  Ouacanahari  to  which  he  bad  been 
invited. 

He  aailed  for  thia  purpoae  from  St.  Thomaa,  on  the 
Iwanty-fouith  of  December,  with  a  fair  wind,  and  the 
aea  perfectly  calm  ;  and  aa,  amidst  the  multiplicity  of 
his  occu|iationa,  he  had  not  abut  hia  eyna  for  two  daya, 
ho  retired  at  inidnigiit  in  order  to  take  some  repose, 
having  committed  the  helm  to  tho  pilot,  with  strict  in- 
junctions not  to  quit  it  for  a  moment.  Tho  pilot,  dread- 
ing no  danger,  carelenaly  left  the  helm  to  an  unexpe- 
rienced cabin  bov,  and  the  ahip,  carried  away  by  a  cur- 
rent, was  dashed  againat  a  rock.  The  violence  of  the 
ahock  awakined  (volumbus.  He  ran  up  to  the  dock. 
Them  all  was  confusion  and  despair.  He  alone  re- 
tained presence  of  mind.  Hi)  ordered  some  of  tho  tai- 
lors to  take  a  boat,  and  carry  out  an  anchor  aatam  ;  but 
inatead  of  olieying,  they  made  off  towarda  the  Nigna, 
which  waa  about  lialf  a  league  distant.  He  then  com- 
manded the  masts  to  be  cut  down,  in  order  to  lighten 
the  ship  ;  hut  all  his  endeavora  were  too  latd  ;  the  vea- 
sel  npencd  near  the  keel,  and  filled  ao  fast  with  water 
that  ita  loss  was  inevitable.  The  amoothnesa  of  the 
sea,  and  tlie  timely  asiistance  of  boata  from  the  Nigna, 
enabled  the  crew  to  save  their  livea.  Aa  aoon  aa  the 
iaianders  heard  of  thia  disaater,  they  crowded  to  the 
shore,  with  their  princo  Quacanaliari  at  their  head.  In- 
atead of  taking  advantago  of  the  diatross  in  which  they 
beheld  tlie  Spaniarda,  to  attempt  any  thing  to  their  de- 
triment, they  lamented  their  miafortune  with  teara  of 
aincere  condolence.  Not  satisfied  with  thia  unavailing 
expreasion  of  their  aympatlHr,  :hey  put  to  aea  a  number 
of  canoes,  and  under  the  diioction  of  the  Spaniarda, 
assiHted  in  saving  whatever  could  be  got  out  of  the 
wreck  ;  and  by  tho  united  labor  of  ao  many  handa, 
aliiioat  every  thing  of  value  waa  carried  aahore.  Aa 
fast  as  the  gooda  were  landed,  Ouacanahari  in  person 
took  charge  of  thom.  By  hia  orders  they  were  all  de- 
posited in  one  place,  and  armed  sentinels  were  posted, 
who  kept  the  multitude  at  a  distance,  in  order  to  pre- 
vent them  not  only  from  embezzling,  but  from  inapoct- 
ing  too  curiously  what  belonged  to  their  guoata.  [16] 
Nazt  morning  this  princo  visited  Columbus,  who  was 
now  on  lioard  tho  Nigna, and  endeavored  to  console  him 
for  hia  loaa,  by  otrcriiig  all  tliot  he  |ios8Csscd  to  repair 
it. 

Tho  condition  of  Columbus  wos  such  that  lie  stood 
in  need  of  eonsolatioii.  He  had  hitherto  procured  no 
intelligence  of  tho  Pinta,  and  no  longer  doubted  but 
that  his  treacherous  associate  had  set  sail  for  Kurope,  in 
order  to  have  the  merit  of  canning  tho  first  tidings  of 
the  extraordinary  discoveries  which liad  been  made,  and 
to  preoccupy  so  far  the  ear  of  their  sovereign,  as  to  rob 
him  of  the  glory  and  reward  to  which  he  was  so  justly 
entitled.  There  remained  but  one  vessel,  and  that  tha 
smallest  and  most  crazy  of  the  squadron,  to  traverse 
such  a  vast  ocean,  and  carry  so  many  men  luck  to 
Europe.  Each  of  those  circumstances  was  alarming, 
and  lillcd  the  mind  of  Columbus  wilh  tho  utmost  so- 
licitude. The  desire  of  overtaking  Pinzon,  and  of  ef- 
facing tho  unfavorable  impressions  which  his  misrepre- 
sentations might  make  in  Spain,  made  it  necessary  to 
return  thither  without  delay.  The  difficulty  of  taking 
such  a  number  of  pcraons  on  board  the  Nigna  confirmed 
him  in  an  opinion  which  tho  fertility  of  the  country,  and 
the  gentio  temper  of  the  people,  had  already  induced 
feim  to  form.  He  resolvea  to  leave  a  part  of  his  crew 
in  the  iaiand,  that  by  residing  there,  they  might  learn 
tha  language  of  the  natives,  study  their  disposition,  ex- 
amine tne  nature  of  the  country,  search  for  mines,  pre- 
pare for  the  commodious  settlement  of  the  colony  which 
he  purposed  to  return,  and  thus  secure  and  facilitate 
the  acquisition  af  those  advantages  which  he  expected 
flroin  hia  discoveries.    When  he  mentioned  thia  to  his 


man,  all  approved  of  tha  daaign  ;  and  IVam  imptliaiwt 
under  tha  fatigue  of  a  long  voyage,  Ihrni  tha  lavitT  w^ 
lunl  to  aailoia,  or  from  tha  hopaa  of  ainaaatng  waallli  hi 
a  country  which  afforded  auch  promising  apaeimaM  ai 
ita  richea,  many  offered  voluntarily  lo  ba  among  Um 
number  of  thoaa  win  diould  remain. 

Nothing  waa  now  wanting  towarda  tha  aieculion  ol 
thia  achcina,  but  to  obtain  tha  conaeni  of  Qiiacanthaii ) 
and  hia  unauapicioua  aimplicity  aoon  praaanlad  to  Iha 
admiral  a  favorable  opportunity  of  piopoaing  it.  Co- 
lumbua having,  in  tha  beat  maniiar  M  could,  by  broke* 
worda  ami  aigna,  azpreaaed  aoma  eurioaity  lo  know  Iha 
causa  which  had  moved  the  iaiandeia  lo  fly  with  au«h 
precipitation  upon  the  approach  of  hia  ahipa,  the  eaiiqiM 
informed  him  that  the  country  waa  much  infoelad  bjr 
the  incuraiona  of  certain  people,  whom  ho  called  C«' 
Tibf.ant,  who  inhabited  aeveral  iaianda  to  Iha  aoulh-eaal, 
llieaa  he  deacribcd  aa  a  fierce  and  warlike  race  of  maa, 
who  delighted  in  blood,  and  devoured  the  flesh  of  Ih* 

Kriaonera  who  were  to  unhappy  a|  to  fall  into  thail 
anda  ;  and  aa  the  Spaniarda  at  their  flrsl  appearane* 
were  auppoaed  lo  ba  Carribeans,  whom  Iha  nalivaiL 
however  numeroua,  dural  not  face  in  battle,  they  had 
recourae  to  their  usual  method  of  aecuring  their  aafaty, 
by  flying  into  the  thickeal  and  most  impenelrable  wooda. 
fiuacanahari,  while  apoaking  of  thoae  dreadful  invadara, 
discovered  auch  avm^  loma  of  tenor,  aa  well  aa  aueb 
conaciouaneaa  of  the  inability  of  hia  own  people  lo  |«- 
aiat  them,  aa  Iml  Columbua  to  conclude  that  ho  would 
not  be  alarmed  at  the  propoaition  of  any  acheme  which 
afforded  him  the  pioapect  of  an  additional  seccrity 
againat  their  attaeka.  He  inatantly  offereJ  him  Iha  ta- 
sistance  of  the  Spaniarda  lo  repel  hia  eneniiaa :  ha  en- 
gaged to  take  him  and  hia  pettjile  under  the  protaelioa 
of  the  powerful  monarch  whom  he  aerved,  and  oflered 
to  leave  in  the  iaiand  auch  a  number  of  hia  man  aa 
ahould  be  auflicient,  not  oniy  to  defend  the  inhabitanta 
from  future  incuraiona,  but  lo  avenge  tlv'ir  ptai  wranga. 
The  creduloua  prince  cloaed  eagarhr  with  tha  pn^ 
poaal,  and  thought  himaelf  already  aafe  under  the  pa- 
tronage of  beinga  aprung  from  heaven,  and  auparior  in 
power  lo  mortar  men.  The  oround  was  marked  out 
for  a  small  fort,  which  Colutnbua  called  NamUd,  ba- 
cauae  he  had  landed  there  on  Chnatmaa  day.  A  dean 
ditch  waa  drawn  around  it.  The  ramparts  were  fortified 
with  palliaades,  and  the  great  guna,  aaved  out  of  the 
admiral'a  ahip,  were  planted  upon  them.  In  ten  daya 
tlie  work  waa  finiahea ;  that  aimple  race  of  men  labor- 
ing with  inconsiderate  aaaiduity  in  erecting  thia  fiiat 
monument  of  their  own  aervitude.  During  thia  time, 
Columbus,  by  hia  careasea  and  liberality,  lahorod  to  in- 
crease the  high  opinion  which  the  natives  entortainad 
of  the  Spaniarda.  But  while  he  endeavored  lo  inspire 
them  witn  confidence  in  their  disposition  to  do  good,  ha 
wished  likewise  to  give  them  some  striking  idea  of  thcrr 
power  to  punish  and  deatroy  auch  aa  were  the  objw':* 
>f  their  iiidignation.  With  this  view,  in  preaenca  ji  • 
vast  aaaombly,  he  drew  up  hia  men  in  older  of  bactla, 
and  made  an  ostentatioua  but  innocent  display  of  tha 
aharpiieaa  of  the  Spaniah  aworda,  of  the  force  of  their 
spears,  and  the  operation  of  their  cross-bowa.  Thets 
rude  people,  atrangera  to  the  uae  of  iron,  and  unac- 
quainted Willi  any  boatile  weapons  but  arrowa  of  reeo 
pointed  with  tha  bonea  of  fiahes,  wooden  awonis,  and 
lavelina  hanluned  in  the  fire,  wondr/eil  and  trembled. 
Before  thia  aiirpriae  or  fear  had  time  lo  abate,  he  ordered 
the  great  guna  to  be  fired.  I'he  sudden  explosion  struck 
them  with  such  terror  that  they  fell  flat  to  tho  ground, 
covering  their  faces  with  their  handa  ;  and  when  they 
beheld  the  aatoniahins  efl°ect  of  the  bulleta  among  the 
trees,  towards  which  Uie  cannon  had  been  pointed,  they 
concluded  that  it  waa  imposaible  to  reaiat  men,  who  had 
tlie  command  of  such  destructive  instruments,  and  whv 
came  armed  witli  thunder  and  lightning  againat  their 
enemies. 

Aflcr  giving  auch  iinpreaaions  both  of  the  beneficent  a 
and  power  of  the  Spaniards,  as  might  have  rendered  it 
easy  to  preserve  an  aacendant  over  tho  minds  of  tho 
natives,  Columbua  appointed  thirty-eight  of  his  people 
to  remain  in  the  island.  He  intruateathe  command  iif 
theae  to  Diego  do  Arado,  a  gentleman  of  Cordova,  in- 
voating  him  with  the  aame  powers  which  he  himself  had 
received  from  Ferdinand  and  Isabella ;  and  furnished 
him  with  every  thiiu  raquiaita  for  tha  aubaiatence  or 
defence  of  thia  infant  colony.  He  atrictly  enjoined 
them  to  maintain  concord  among  ihemaelvea,  to  yiehS 
an  unreaerred  obedience  to  their  commander,  to  aToid 
giving  offence  to  the  nativea  by  any  violence  or  azactioo, 
to  cultivate  the  friendship  of  Guacanahan,  but  not  !• 
put  ihemaelvea  in  hia  power  by  atraggling  in  amall  par- 
tics,  or  marching  too  tar  from  the  fort.  He  promiaad 
to  visit  them  aoon  with  auch  a  reinforcement  ot  atnn|lk 


ROBERTSON'S  HISTORY  Of 


1  II 

li 
!i 

ii 
j  jj 

1 !  i 

:  (• 


M  augllt  WMbl*  them  to  l*ka  full  |ioiiaei«inn  of  lh«  coun- 
tTf,  md  10  IMP  ill  th*  fniili  or  Ihi'ir  tlmcov^riei.  In 
liw  IMMII  liiiM  he  engiaed  to  iiitintinn  Ihrir  nuinea  to 
Ibi  king  *n<i  qiiMn,  ind  to  |il«c«  th«ir  invrit  tiul  Hr- 
TicM  in  till)  nio«t  idvanliiKroiiii  li|!ht 

Hi«inf{  thui  Itkrii  every  preeiut  on  foi  tho  •ccnrity 
•f  the  colony,  ho  Mk  .Nivnliul  on  ilif  finirth  of  Jmiiinry, 
one  thouHiMl  four  huntlri'<l  and  iiinrty-thrcc,  and  ii|o«r- 
inK  towania  lh«  rati,  diicovarad  and  gave  nmnra  to 
noal  of  the  harbora  on  lh«  northern  coaat  nf  tho  iilaiid. 
On  tho  aiith  Iw  doacripd  tho  I'inta,  and  soon  ctinii  up 
with  htr,  ifltr  t  aoparatlon  of  mure  than  aix  wcoka 
Phnon  •nduTond  to  juatify  hia  conduct  by  |ireiondii>g 
Dial  ha  had  bean  driTon  from  hia  eouraa  by  atreaa  of 
waalhar,  and  piaTanted  rrom  returning  by  contrary 
wiada.  Tha  idinini,  tliough  ho  alill  ■iu|>cct(<d  hia  per- 
idieua  intantioiia,  asd  knew  well  what  he  urge<l  in  hia 
owa  daCanea  to  ba  flrivoloua  aa  well  aa  falau,  waa  ao 
aanaibia  that  thia  waa  not  a  proper  time  for  venturing 
upon  any  Ugh  attain  df  authority,  and  felt  auch  antia- 
(aetkm  tal  tbia  junction  with  hia  conaort,  which  delivered 
him  ftom  many  diaquieting  approhenaiona,  that,  lanin  aa 
Piaaim'a  apology  waa,  he  admitted  of  it  wilhuut  dilli- 
cultjr,  and  reatored  him  to  favor.  During  hia  abaence 
ftom  tha  admiral,  Pinion  had  viaited  aaveral  harlnra  in 
tiia  iaiand,  had  acquired  aorne  gold  by  traHkking  with 
tha  nativaa,  but  had  made  no  diacovory  of  any  impor- 
tanea. 

Prom  tha  condition  of  hia  ahipa,  aa  well  aa  tha  teni- 

Cr  of  hia  men,  Coluinbua  now  found  it  neceaaary  to 
aten  hia  return  to  Kurope.  The  former  linvinu  auf- 
fored  much  during  a  voyaK**  of  auch  an  uiiuaual  length, 
were  extremely  leaky.  'iHio  Utter  exproaacd  the  ut- 
rooat  inipatianco  to  reviait  their  native  country,  from 
which  they  had  been  ao  long  ahaent,  and  whore  thoy 
had  thinga  ao  wonderful  and  unheanl-of  to  relate.  Ac- 
corlingly,  on  the  aixttenth  of  January,  he  directed  hia 
courae  towarda  the  norlh-eaat,  and  aoon  loat  aight  of 
land.  Ha  had  on  boan!  aoina  of  tho  nativoa,  whom  he 
had  taken  from  tho  difTorent  iaianda  which  he  diaco- 
vani  I  and  baaido*  tho  gold,  which  waa  the  chief  ob- 
ject of  reaeareh,  ho  had  collcrted  apeciinona  of  all  tha 
productiona  which  wcro  likely  to  bocoma  aubjocta  ol 
commerce  in  the  aeveral  countries,  u  well  aa  many  iij- 
known  birda,  an-  other  natural  curi<<sitioa,  which  might 
attract  tho  attention  of  '.he  learned,  or  oiuite  tho  wonder 
of  the  people.  Tho  voyage  waa  ■)roaporoua  to  the  four- 
teenth of  Tehruary,  and  he  had  advanced  near  five  hun- 
dred loaguea  acroaa  the  Atlantic  ocean,  when  tho  wind 
bega-^  to  riae,  and  continued  to  blow  with  increaaing 
rage,  which  terminated  in  a  furious  hurricane.  Every 
thbu  that  the  naval  akill  and  experience  of  Columbus 
couQ  deviae  waa  employed  in  order  to  aavo  the  ahips. 
But  it  was  impossible  to  withstand  the  violence  of  tho 
atorm,  and,  as  they  were  still  far  from  any  land,  de- 
atruction  aeemed  inevitable.  The  aailors  had  recourse 
to  prayers  to  Almighty  God,  to  the  invocation  of  saints, 
to  vows,  and  charms,  to  every  thing  that  religion  dic- 
tataa,  or  superstition  auggeats  to  the  sflrighted  mind  of 
man.  No  prospect  of  defiverance  appearing,  they  aban- 
doned themaelvos  to  despair,  and  expected  every  mo- 
ment to  be  swallowed  up  in  the  waves.  Besides  the 
pasaiona  which  naturally  agitate  and  alarm  the  human 
mind  in  such  awful  situations,  when  certain  death,  in 
one  of  his  most  terrible  forms,  is  before  it,  Columbus 
had  to  endure  feelings  of  distreaa  peculiar  to  himself. 
He  dreaded  that  all  knowledge  of  the  amazing  diaco- 
varies  which  ho  hod  made  waa  now  to  poriab ;  mankind 
were  to  be  depnved  of  every  benefit  that  might  have 
been  derived  from  the  hanpy  success  of  his  schemes, 
and  his  own  name  woulu  descend  to  posterity  as  that 
of  a  rash  deluded  adventurer,  instead  of  being  transmit- 
ted with  the  honor  due  to  tho  author  and  conductor  of 
the  most  noble  enterprise  that  had  ever  been  undertaken. 
These  reflections  extinguished  all  sense  of  his  own  por- 
aonal  danger.  Less  alTected  with  the  loss  of  life  than 
Bolicitous  to  preserve  tho  memory  of  what  he  had  at- 
tempted and  achieved,  he  retired  to  his  cabin  and  wrote 
upon  a  parchment  a  short  account  of  the  voyage  which 
be  had  made,  of  tho  course  which  ho  had  taken,  of  tho 
aituation  and  riches  of  tho  countries  which  he  hod  dis- 
covered. Olid  of  the  colony  that  he  had  left  there.  Hav- 
mg  wrapped  up  this  in  an  oiled  cloth,  which  he  en- 
cloaad  m  a  cake  of  wax,  he  put  it  into  a  cask  carefully 
atopped  up,  and  threw  il  into  the  sea,  in  hopes  that 
■raw  forttmate  accident  niight  preserve  a  deposit  of  so 
Mch  importonca  to  tha  world.  [IG] 

At  length  Providence  interiiosed  to  save  a  life  rc- 
aerved  for  other  aervices.  The  wind  abated,  tha  sea 
became  calm,  and  on  the  evening  of  the  fifteenth,  Co- 
Itimbua  and  hia  companions  diacovered  land;  and 
Itwugh  uncertain  what  it  van,  they  made  towanU  tt. 


They  aoon  knew  it  to  be  St.  Mary,  one  of  Iho  Aiorea 
or  weatem  isles,  subject  to  the  crown  of  I'ortugal. 
There,  alter  a  violent  conteat  with  the  governor,  in 
which  Columbiia  diaplayed  no  less  spirit  than  prudence, 
ho  obtained  a  supply  of  fresh  proviaiona,  and  whatever 
elio  ho  needed,     l)ne  circinnatanre,  however,  greatly 
diai|uictrd  him.     Tho  I'inta,  of  which  he  had  loat  aight 
on  the  lirat  day  of  ihe  hurricane,  did  not  apitoar  ;  he 
dreaded  for  aome  time  that  alio  had  fuundcreu  at  aea, 
and  that  all  her  crew  had  |wriahed ;  aftrrwarda,  hia . 
former  auapiciuns  recurred,  and  he  became  apprehen-  ^ 
aive  that  Pinion  had  borne  away  for  Mpain,  that  ha  : 
might  roach  it  licfore  him,  and  by  giving  the  firat  ac- , 
eount  of  hia  diacoveriea,  might  obiam  aoma  ahare  of  hia 
fame. 

°  III  order  to  prevent  thia,  ho  left  tho  Axorca  aa  aonn 
aa  the  weather  would  |ierinit  [Feb,  84],  At  ik>  great 
diatotice  from  the  coast  of  Mpain,  when  near  the  oiid  ol' 
hia  voyage,  tnd  aeemingly  beyond  tho  reach  of  any  dis- 
aster, anotlier  storm  arose,  little  inferior  to  tho  former  in 
violenco  ;  and  after  driving  before  it  during  two  daya  and 
two  nights,  he  was  forced  to  take  aholter  in  the  river 
Tagua  [.March  4].  Upon  application  to  tho  King  of 
Portugal,  he  waa  allowed  to  come  up  to  Lisbon  ;  and, 
notwithstanding  the  envy  which  it  was  nstural  for  the 
Portugueao  to  feel,  when  thev  beheld  another  nation 
entering  upon  that  province  of  aiacovory  which  thoy  hrd 
hitherto  deemed  peculiarly  their  own,  and  in  its  first 
essay  not  only  rivalling  but  eclipsing  their  fame,  Co- 
lumbus waa  received  with  all  Ihe  marks  of  dialinction 
due  to  a  man  who  had  performed  things  so  cxtriiordi- , 
nary  and  unexpected.  Tho  king  adinitltd  him  into  his  | 
nresonce,  treated  him  with  the  highest  respect,  and  i 
listenad  to  the  account  which  he  gave  of  his  voyage 
with  admiration  mingled  with  regret.  While  Colum- 
liua,  on  hia  |iart,  enjoyed  the  aatiaTactijn  of  dcacribing 
the  iin|>ortaiice  of  his  discoveries,  and  of  being  now 
able  to  |>rovo*the  solidity  of  hia  schoinos  to  those  very 
(lersons,  who,  with  an  ignorance  diagraceful  to  thein- 
soItos,  and  fatal  to  their  country,  had  lately  rejected 
them  aa  tha  projects  of  a  visionary  or  doaigning  adven- 
tner. 

Cdumbua  waa  ao  impatient  to  return  to  Spain,  that 
ho  remained  only  five  dajra  in  IJabon.  On  the  fifteenth 
of  March  ho  arrived  in  tho  port  of  Palos,  seven 
months  and  eleven  days  from  the  time  whe^  he  set  out 
thcneo  upon  hia  voyage.  As  aoon  aa  tho  ahip  was 
diaeovored  approaching  the  port,  all  the  inhabitants  of 
Paloa  ran  cagerlv  to  tho  anorp,  in  order  to  welcome 
their  relations  and  fellow-citiions,  and  to  hoar  tidinga 
of  their  voyage.  When  the  prosperoua  iaaue  of  it  was 
known,  when  they  beheld  tlio  atrange  people,  tho 
unknown  animale,  and  aingular  productiona,  brought 
from  tho  countriea  which  nad  been  discoverod,  the 
elfuaion  of  joy  waa  general  and  unbounded.  The 
bclla  woro  rung,  tlie  cannon  fired  ;  Coluinbua  waa 
received  at  landing  with  royal  iionors,  and  all  the  people 
in  aolcion  procession,  accompanied  him  and  hia  crew  to 
iho  church,  where  thev  returned  thanka  to  Heaven, 
which  had  so  woiu'orfully  conducted  and  crowned  witk 
success  a  voyage  of  greater  length  and  of  more  im- 
portance than  had  been  attempted  in  any  fonncr  age. 
On  the  evening  of  tho  same  day,  he  had  tlie  satisfaction 
ol  seeing  tho  Pints,  which  tho  violenco  of  the  tempest 
had  driven  far  to  Ihe  north,  enter  the  harbor. 

Tho  firat  care  of  Columbus  was  to  inform  tlie  king 
and  queen,  who  were  then  at  Barcelona,  of  hia  arrivJ 
and  aucccss.  Ferdinand  and  laabella,  no  less  as- 
tonished than  delighted  with  this  unexpected  event, 
desired  Columbus,  in  terms  the  most  rcsjiectful  and 
flattering,  to  repair  immediately  to  court,  that  from  hia 
own  mouth  they  might  rcceivi  a  full  detail  of  hia  extra- 
ordinary servicea  and  discoveries.  During  his  journey 
to  Barcelona,  the  people  crowded  from  tho  adjacent 
country,  following  him  every  where  with  admiration 
and  applause,  ilia  entrance  into  the  city  waa  con- 
ducted, by  order  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  with  pomp 
auitable  to  the  great  event,  which  added  auch  dia- 
tinguishing  lustro  to  their  reign.  Ihe  people  whom  he 
brought  along  with  him  from  the  countries  which  he 
hod  discovered,  marched  first,  and  by  their  aingular 
complexion,  tho  wild  peculiarity  of  their  features,  and 
uncouth  finery,  appeared  like  men  of  another  apecies. 
Next  to  them  were  carried  the  oniaments  of  gold, 
fashioned  by  the  rudo  art  of  tho  natives,  tho  grains  of 
gold  found  in  the  mountains,  and  dust  of  the  same 
metal  ^thered  in  the  rivers.  After  those  appeared 
the  various  commodities  of  the  new  discovered  coun- 
tries, together  with  their  curious  productions.  Colum- 
bus himself  closed  the  procession,  and  attracted  tho 
eyea  of  all  the  spectators,  who  gazed  with  admiration 
on  tLe  extraordinary  man,  whose  superior  sagacity  and 


fortitude  had  eanduilad  Ihair  touflryman,  by  a  i 
concealed  from  past  aoea,  to  tha  kiiowled|ta  of  a  na^ 
world.  Ferdinand  and  laabella  reeeivnl  nim  clad  !■ 
their  royal  robea,  and  seated  upon  a  throne,  under  • 
magnificent  eano^iy.  When  he  anproarhed,  Ihey  stood 
up,  and  raising  hiin  aa  he  kneeled  to  kiaa  llieir  handa> 
cominandid  him  to  tako  his  seat  upon  a  cluir  prr|>area 
for  him,  and  to  give  a  circiiinatantial  account  uf  hia 
voyage.  He  delivered  it  with  a  gravity  and  coinposuM 
no  leaa  auitable  to  the  diaposition  of  tho  Mpaniak 
nation  than  to  the  dignity  of  Ihe  audienc  in  which  h* 
s|ioke,  and  with  that  inoiileat  siin|ilicity  which  cliarao- 
terixea  men  of  aiiperior  ininda,  who,  aatiafied  witk 
having  performed  great  actiona,  court  not  vainapplaua* 
by  an  oatentatioua  diaplay  of  their  exploits.  Wlien  h* 
had  fiiiishc<l  hia  namtion,  the  king  and  queen,  kneelinf 
down,  olfercdup  aolenin  thanka  to  Almighty  (iod  for 
tlie  discovery  of  thoae  new  regions,  from  which  tliry 
expected  ao  many  advantogea  to  flow  in  iiimi  the  kinf- 
doms  subject  to  their  government,  [IT]  hvory  mark  of 
honor  that  gratitude  or  admiratlou  could  auggeat  WM 
conferred  upon  Columbus.  Ixiltcrs  psteni  were  issued, 
confirming  to  him  and  to  his  heirs  all  tne  privilegea 
contained  in  the  capitulation  concluded  at  Santa  Fa ; 
his  family  waa  ennobled  ;  the  king  and  qiieeu,  ami 
after  their  example  the  courtiers,  treated  him  on  every 
orcaaion  with  all  tho  ciremonioua  reajiect  paid  l<l 
jicraoiia  of  tho  higheat  rank.  But  what  pleased  him 
moat,  aa  it  gratified  hia  active  mind,  bent  continually 
upon  great  objects,  waa  an  order  to  e<piip,  without 
delay,  an  armament  of  auch  force  aa  might  enable  liim 
not  only  to  take  jiosseasion  of  the  countries  which  iia 
had  already  diaeovored,  but  to  go  in  search  of  tboaa 
more  opulent  regiona  which  he  still  confidently  ai- 
poeted  to  find. 

\Vhile  preparations  were  making  for  this  ex|iediliofi, 
the  fame  of  Coluinbua'a  auccesaful  voyage  apreid  over 
Europe,  and  excited  general  attention.  I'lio  muititudei 
struck  with  amazement  when  they  heard  that  a  now 
world  had  lieon  found,  could  hardly  believe  an  event  oo 
much  above  their  conception.  Men  of  acienee,  ca- 
pable of  comprehending  tne  nature,  and  of  discerning 
the  eifecta  of  this  great  discovery,  received  the  scnoiinl 
of  it  with  admiration  and  joy.  They  spoke  of  hia 
voyage  with  rapture,  ami  congratulated  one  anoihrt 
upon  their  felicity  in  having  lived  in  the  period  <vlien, 
by  this  extraordinary  event,  the  lioundaries  of  human 
knowledge  were  so  much  extended,  and  auch  a  new 
field  of  inquiry  and  observation  opened,  ua  would  lead 
mankind  to  a  |icrfcct  acquaintance  with  the  structur* 
and  productions  of  the  habitable  globe.  [10]  VDrioua 
opinions  and  coniecturca  wero  formed  concerning  th* 
new  found  countriea,  and  what  diviaion  of  the  earth 
they  belonged  to.  Columbus  adhered  tenaciously  to 
his  original  opinion,  that  tliey  ahould  be  reckoned  a 
part  of  thoae  vast  regiona  in  Asia,  comprehended 
under  the  general  name  of  India.  This  aeiituneiit  waa 
confirmed  by  the  obxurvations  which  he  made  coo 
cerning  tho  productiona  of  the  countriea  he  had  dia- 
covaiM.  Gold  was  known  to  abound  in  India,  and  ha 
had  met  with  auch  promiaing  aamplea  of  it  m  tha 
islanda  which  he  visited,  as  Ted  liiin  to  believe  that 
rich  mines  of  it  might  bo  found.  Cotton,  anotlini 
production  of  the  East  Indies,  was  common  thoro. 
The  pimento  of  the  islands  ho  imagined  to  bo  a  tfu  lea 
of  liie  East  Indian  pepper.  He  mistook  a  root,  somo- 
what  roaembling  rhubarb,  for  that  valuable  dm;;,  which 
was  then  supposed  to  he  a  plant  peculiar  to  thu  Ksat 
Indies.  Tho  birds  brought  lioiiie  by  him  wvre  adonml 
with  the  same  rich  plumage  which  distinguishes  ttiou 
of  India,  'i'ho  alligator  of  the  one  country  appaorod 
to  be  the  same  with  tho  crocodilo  of  the  other.  After 
weighing  all  these  circumstances,  not  only  Iha  Spa- 
niards, hut  the  other  nations  of  Europe,  ae^m  to  lave 
adopted  thu  opinion  of  Columbus.  The  countriea 
which  he  had  diacovered  were  considered  as  a  part  of 
'  India.  In  consequence  of  this  notion,  the  namo  ol 
Indies  is  given  to  them  by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  in 
a  ratification  of  their  former  agreement,  which  waa 
granted  to  Coluinbua  ujion  his  return.  Even  aflei  the 
error  which  gave  rise  to  this  opinion  was  detected,  and 
tho  true  position  of  the  New  World  waa  ascertained, 
tho  name  has  remained,  and  the  ajipelUtion  of  West 
ItulicB  ia  given  by  all  the  people  of  Europe  to  tha 
country,  and  that  of  Indiam  to  its  inhabitants. 

The  name  by  which  Columbua  distinguiohed  tha 
countries  which  be  had  discovered  was  ao  inviting,  the 
specimens  of  their  riches  and  fertility  which  he  pfo> 
duced  wero  so  considerable,  and  the  reporta  of^hia 
companions,  delivered  frequently  with  the  exaggeration 
natural  to  trav>illera,  so  favorable,  as  to  excite  a 
wonderful  spirit  of  enlerpriaa  among  tita  Spoulards 


HOUTII  AMERICA. 


im,  by  >  I 

tdM  of  1  nr« 
•d  nim  cImI  ■• 
lironx,  under  ■ 
i«tl,  lli«y  ttooii 
••  ilieic  hvtitf 

chair  |)rrparM 
iccouiil  uf  hi* 
uiil  coinpMUM 
f  the  iSptniik 
C"  in  which  h* 

which  charae- 

HtiaAcd  witk 
>t  vainippltuM 
iiu.  Wlwn  h* 
^ue«n,  kueehnf 
niffhty  (Jodfor 
rom  which  tlity 

I  iiiHMi  Ih*  kin^ 
Kvciy  nitfk  ol 

lid  •iiRgeat  WM 
'nl  wore  iniivl, 

II  in«  priviltuM 
il  Bl  Hand  Fc  ; 
iiid  qimu,  ami 
cA  him  on  muf 
eapcct  )wid  l<i 
mt  pleaiad  him 
ticnt  continually 

eipiip,  without 
■Kilt  enable  liini 
iiiiriea  which  b* 
search  of  IboM 

coiilidently  *■• 

thii  ctimlilion, 
/aao  apmd  ovei 
The  inu'ttitude, 
lieard  that  a  new 
Icve  an  avent  ao 
I  of  acienca,  ca- 
iiid  of  diaceming 
iivcd  the  arroimt 
icy  spoke  of  hia 
itiid  one  aiioU<r| 
he  period  Alien, 
idarics  of  human 
and  auch  a  new 
,  ua  would  lca<l 
ith  the  Kructuf* 
[18]    Varioua 
concerning  th> 
ion  of  the  earth 
tenaciously  to 
b«  reckoned  ■ 
,  comnrchendtd 
is  ■rntiineni  WM 
he  made  coa 
triea  he  had  dia- 
in  India,  and  h« 
la  of  It  in  tba 
to  beliavo  that 
Cotton,  anotliRi 
common  thcro. 
to  be  a  spwira 
ik  a  root,  saino- 
ible  dru^,  whiuh 
liar  to  the  Haat 
m  wvre  aduiwd 
itinguiahea  ttioaa 
lountry  appeared 
e  other.     A.fter 
it  only  the  Spa- 
nto  have 
The   GoimiiiM 
|red  as  t  part  of 
on,  the  name  oi 
[and  laabelta,  in 
which  wait 
Gven  aflei  tha 
detected,  anil 
aa  aacertained, 
lation  of  Weit 
Europe  to  tba 
itanta. 

itinguiahad  the 
ao  inviting,  lb* 
which  ha  pro- 
reporta  of^hi* 
le  cxogi^eration 
a  to  excite  • 
the  Spaukrds 


TWugh  little  aceusMined  to  naval  oipaditiona,  Ihry 
MM  unpatieni  to  bkI  out  upon  Ihcir  voyage.  Voluti- 
IMIl  of  every  rank  tullcited  to  be  cm|ilovcd.  Allured 
hy  the  iiiTiliiiff  proipcdt  which  npintfl  (o tl.eir nm* 
hitlon  and  sTtller,  ni'ithrr  the  length  nor  danwr  of  iho 
liaviKalim  inUn.>il*<ed  thoin,  Ctuthius  aa  Ferdinand 
waa.  and  aversri  lo  rvcrv  lliiiiK  new  or  advriituruuii,  he 
aroilio  to  h.ivi'  rstrhad  tliu  sumo  an  rit  uiih  his  suh- 
jectai  Umior  it<  inllueiK'i',  pn  |iaiatinna  fur  o  second 
<'i|i«iiitlon  wire  etrried  mi  wiili  rapidity  unusuni  in 
Kpain,  an  I  to  an  exlmt  that  would  bia  iltemcd  not  in- 
t'liniiiieiabia  in  tha  prcaent  age.  'I'lic  fleet  coniialed  of 
iCTMMen  ships,  suina  of  whuli  wrro  of  kixxI  hurden. 
It  M  on  Uiard  fifteen  liundrid  persona,  among  whom 
wtte  many  nf  noble  families,  who  lad  served  in 
honorable  alationt  Tliu  gresier  part  of  there,  bcins 
4eallned  lu  rimain  In  the  country,  were  I'urniahed  with 
ilTcry  thing  rei^uialtg  for  conqueat  or  aeltleineni,  with 
all  kinds  uf  huropean  domestic  animals,  with  such 
•eods  and  plants  aa  were  moat  likely  to  thrive  in  tho 
rlinule  of  the  West  Indes  with  utensils  and  inslrumenta 
of  oveiy  anrt,  and  with  siieh  artiAtors  aa  might  be 
moat  "aeful  in  nn  iiifanl  colony. 

But,  foruiidabla  and  well  provided  aa  thia  fleet  waa, 
fonlinnnil  and  laaballa  did  nut  reat  thalr  title  lo  the 
lioaanssion  of  the  newly  diacovered  countries  upon  ita 
ojieMtions  alone.  The  eiainple  of  the  Portugueae,  as 
(veil  as  the  sunerstiiion  of  tho  age,  made  it  nocctaar^ 
to  nhtain  from  Ino  Konian  pontilT  a  grant  of  those  tcrri- 
toriea  «h'ch  they  wished  to  occupy.  'l°he  Pope,  aa  the 
virar  and  reprrscntalive  of  Jesua  Christ,  was  supposed  to 
have  a  right  of  dominion  over  all  tho  kiiigduiiis  of  the 
rarth.  Alexander  VI.,  a  pontilT  infamous  for  every 
clime  which  disgrscoa  humanity,  filled  tlio  Papal  throne 
at  that  lime.  Aa  he  waa  born  Ferdinand'a  subject, 
and  very  aoliciioiia  to  secure  the  protection  of  Spain, 
in  order  to  facilitate  the  execution  of  hia  ambitious 
achenira  in  favor  of  hie  own  family,  he  waa  exiramaly 
willing  to  gratify  tho  Spanish  monsrcha.  By  an  act 
of  liberality  which  coat  hiin  nothing,  and  that  acrved  to 
eatabliah  the  jiiriadictions  and  protensiona  of  the  Papal 
Sao,  ha  granted  in  full  right  to  Ferdinand  and  laahella 
all  tho  countrioa  inhabited  by  Infidcia,  which  they  had 
diicavcred,  or  ahould  discover ;  and,  in  virtue  of  that 
power  which  h«  derived  from  Jesus  Christ,  ho  conferred 
Ml  the  crown  of  Caatiie  vast  regions,  to  the  poaacssion 
of  which  ha  himaelf  waa  so  far  from  having  any  title, 
that  ho  waa  unaci|uaintcd  with  their  situation,  and 
Ignorant  even  of  their  existence.  As  it  waa  necessary 
lo  pravact  thia  grant  from  intcrfcrins  with  that  fonnerly 
made  to  the  crown  of  Portugal,  ne  appointed  that  a 
line,  aupposeJ  to  be  diawn  from  pole  to  pole,  a  hun- 
dred Icaguea  to  the  westward  of  the  Azores,  should 
tarve  as  a  limit  between  them  ;  and,  in  the  picntituile 
of  his  |«wcr,  bestowed  all  to  tho  cast  of  this  imaginary 
line  upon  the  Portuguese,  and  all  to  tho  wcat  of  it 
upon  the  Spaniarda.  Zeal  for  propagating  tho  Chris- 
tian faith  was  Iho  consideration  employed  by  Ferdinand 
in  soliciting  this  bull,  and  is  mentioned  by  Alcxaiiiler 
a«  Ilia  chief  motive  for  issuing  it.  In  order  to  mani- 
fest aoino  concern  for  this  laudable  object,  acvcral 
friara,  under  the  direction  of  Father  BoyI,  a  Catalonian 
monk  of  great  reputation,  as  ajKistolical  vicar,  wera 
appointed  to  accompany  Cohinibiia,  and  to  devote 
themselves  to  tho  instruction  of  tho  natives.  I'ho  In- 
diana whom  Columbus  had  brought  along  with  him, 
having  received  aome  tincture  of  Christian  knowledge, 
were  baptized  with  much  solemnity,  Iho  king  himself, 
the  prince  his  son,  and  tho  chief  persons  of  hia  court, 
atanding  as  their  godfathers.  Tliose  first  fruits  of  tho 
Naw  World  have  not  been  followed  by  such  an  in- 
ireaae  aa  pioua  men  wished,  and  had  reason  to  expect. 
Feidinand  and  Isahelia  havii  n  thus  acipiircd  a  title, 
which  waa  then  deemed  completely  valid,  to  extend 
their  discoveries  and  to  establish  Ihcir  dominion  over 
aueh  a  considerable  portion  of  tho  globe,  nothing  now 
lelardcd  the  departure  of  the  fleet.  Columbua  waa 
extremely  impatient  to  revisit  tho  colony  which  he  had 
left,  and  to  pursue  that  career  of  glory  u|ioii  which  he 
had  entered.  He  set  sail  from  the  bay  of  Cadiz  on  tho 
twenty-fifth  of  September,  and  touching  again  at  the 
island  of  Oomera,  he  ateered  further  towarda  the  aouth 
than  in  hia  former  voyage.  By  holding  this  course,  he 
enjoyed  more  steadily  the  benefit  of  the  regular  wuids, 
which  raign  within  tm  tropics,  and  was  canicd  towands 
a  large  cluster  of  islands,  situated  considerably  to  the 
aaet  of  tlioae  which  he  had  already  diacovered.  On 
ttia  twenty-sixth  day  after  his  departure  from  Gomera 
[Nov.  2],  be  made  land.  It  was  one  of  the  Carribbcc 
ar  Leeward  Islands,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of 
Daaaada,  on  account  of  the  impatience  of  his  crew  to 
itMcrta  aoma  part  of  tha  Naw  World.    After  thia  ho 


vt>iled  siicircasively  Dominica,  Marisslunle,  Guada- 
luupe,  Anti).'ua,  Han  Juan  de  IVcrto  Ilico,  and  aevcral 
other  ialniuls,  scattered  in  his  way  aa  ho  advanced  to- 
ward! tl  a  north-weat.  All  tlicae  he  found  to  be  In- 
I  aliili  d  by  that  fierce  rare  of  people  whom  Giiacan- 
iihari  had  pointed  in  suth  frighftil  colors.  His  descrin- 
t  ons  iippeared  not  lo  have  been  eraggcrntcd.  'I'ne 
Spllnia^la  never  a  .eiiipted  lo  laud  without  meeting 
w'th  KUch  a  rrccplion  aa  discovered  the  martial  and 
daring  apiiit  of  the  natives :  and  in  their  habitations 
wrra  found  relics  of  those  horrid  feaals  which  they  had 
made  U|ion  the  ludiea  of  their  enemies  taken  in  war. 

But  aa  Culiimhiia  waa  eager  to  know  Ihe  elate  of 
tha  colony  which  he  bad  planted,  and  to  aunply  it  with 
the  necessaries  of  which  lie  supposed  it  to  lie  in  want, 
he  mode  no  atay  in  any  of  those  islands,  and  proceeded 
dirirlly  to  llispaniola  [Nov.  331.  tVhtn  he  arrived 
oir  Navidad,  tho  atalion  in  which  he  had  left  tho  thirty- 
eight  men  under  the  command  of  Arada,  he  waa 
aslonislicd  that  none  of  them  appeared,  and  expected 
every  moment  to  see  them  running  with  transiiorts  ol 
joy  to  welcome  Ihcir  countrymen.  Full  of  solicitude 
shout  their  aafuly,  and  foreboding  in  his  mind  what  had 
befallrii  them,  he  rowed  instantly  to  land.  All  Ihe  na- 
tivca  from  whom  he  miuht  have  received  information 
had  fled.  But  tho  fort  which  he  had  built  was  entirely 
demolished,  and  tho  tattered  garments,  the  broken  arms 
■nd  ut'Mils  scattered  about  it,  left  no  room  to  doubt 
concerning  Ihe  unhappy  fate  of  the  garrison.  Whilu 
Ihe  Spaniarda  were  ahedding  Icara  over  thoao  aad 
mcmoriala  of  their  fellow-citixens,  a  brother  of  tho 
catique  Guacanahari  arrived.  From  him  Columbua 
received  a  particular  detail  of  what  had  happened  after 
hia  departure  from  Ihe  island.  The  familiar  intereourae 
of  the  Indiana  with  the  Spaniards  tended  gradually  to 
diminish  the  superstitious  veneration  with  which  their 
first  appearance  had  inspired  that  aimpio  people.  By 
their  own  indiscretion  and  ill  conduct,  the  Spaniarda 
apocdily  cfliiced  those  favorable  impressiona,  and  aoon 
convinced  the  natives,  that  they  had  all  the  wanta,  and 
weaknesses,  and  paasions  of  men.  Aa  soon  aa  the 
powerful  restraint  which  the  preaenco  and  authority  of 
Columbua  imposed  waa  withdrawn,  the  garriaon  threw 
off  all  regard  for  Ihe  oiTiccr  whom  ho  half  invested  with 
command.  Uegardlea  of  the  prudent  inatructiona  which 
he  hod  given  them,  every  man  became  independent, 
and  gratified  hia  desires  without  control.  Ine  sold, 
the  women,  Iho  proTisons  of  tho  natives,  wera  all  the 
prey  of  those  licentious  •oppressors.  They  roamed  in 
small  partiea  over  the  island,  extending  their  rapacity 
and  insolence  to  eveiy  comer  of  it.  Gentle  and  timid 
a^  tho  people  were,  those  unprovoked  injuries  at  length 
exhausted  their  patience,  and  rouacd  their  courage. 
Tho  caziquo  of  Cibao,  whoso  country  the  Spaniarda 
chiefly  infested  on  account  of  tho  gold  which  it  con- 
tained, surprised  and  cut  oflT  several  of  them,  while  they 
straggled  in  as  perfect  aecurity  oa  if  their  conduct  had 
been  altogether  inoficnsivc.  He  then  assembled  his 
subjects,  and  surrounding  Ihe  fort,  act  it  on  fire. 
Some  of  the  Spaniarda  were  killed  in  defending  it ; 
the  real  perished  in  attempting  to  make  their  escape 
hy  crossing  an  arm  of  the  sea.  Ouacanahari,  whom 
all  their  oxnclions  had  not  alienated  from  the  Spaniarda, 
took  arms  in  their  behalf,  and,  in  endeavoring  to  pro- 
tect them,  had  received  a  wound,  by  which  he  waa 
atill  confined. 

Though  this  accounl  waa  far  from  rcmoviiic  the  sua- 
picions  which  the  Spaniarda  entertained  with  respect 
to  tho  fidelity  of  Guacanahari,  Columbus  perceived  ao 
clearly  that  this  was  not  a  proper  juncture  for  inquiring 
into  his  conduct  with  ecrupuloua  accuracy,  that  ha  re- 
jected the  advice  of  several  of  his  officen,  who  urged 
him  to  seize  the  person  of  that  prince,  and  to  revenge 
the  death  of  their  countrymen  by  attacking  his  subjects. 
He  represented  to  them  tho  necessity  of  securing  the, 
friendship  of  some  potentate  of  the  country,  in  order  to' 
facilitate  the  settlement  which  they  intended,  and  the 
danger  of  driving  the  natives  lo  unite  in  some  despe- 
rate attempt  against  them,  by  such  an  ill-timed  and  un- 
availing exerciso  of  rigor.  Inatead  of  waaiing  hia  time 
in  punishing  past  wrongs,  he  took  precautions  for  pre- 
venting any  future  injury.  With  this  view,  he  made 
choice  of  a  situation  more  healthy  and  commodious  than 
that  of  Navidad.  He  traced  out  the  plan  of  a  town  in 
a  large  plain  near  a  spacioua  bay,  and  obliging  every 
person  lo  put  hia  hand  to  a  work  on  which  their  com- 
mon safety  depended,  the  houses  and  ramparta  were 
soon  so  far  advanced,  by  their  united  labor,  aa  to  afToid 
them  ahcller  and  security.  Thia  rising  city,  the  iiral 
that  the  Europeans  founded  in  the  New  World,  ha 
named  laabella,  in  honor  of  hia  patroneaa  the  Queen  of 
Castila. 


In  carrying  on  thia  necessary  work,  Columbua  bail 
not  only  to  sustain  all  tha  hardships,  and  to  encouMer 
all  the  difliculliea,  lo  which  infant  colonies  an  aipuaad 
when  they  settle  in  an  uncultivated  countrv,  hut  he  had 
to  contend  with  what  waa  more  iiisuperslile,  the  Uai- 
nrss,  the  iiniialirnre,  and  mutinous  liisiiosition  of  bia 
followers.  By  the  enervating  influence  ui  a  hot  rlimatat 
the  notural  inactivity  of  the  S|iaiiiards  seemed  to  ill 
creasa.    Many  of  thim  werai{eni|einen,  unaccbato 


lo  the  fatigue  of  bodily  labor,  and  all  had  engoged  in 
the  enterprise  with  the  sniiuiiine  hopes  viciteu  by  tb« 
splendid  slid  eiaggersted  iTi^Kriptioii  ol  their  countrv-  ,. 
men  who  relumed  from  the  first  vuyage,  or  by  the  nil*- 
taken  opinion  of  Columbua,  that  tho  cjuntry  which  ho 
had  discovered  waa  either  the  (;ipangc  of  Marco  Polo^ 
or  the  Ophir,  from  which  Solomon  iimiorlud  thoae  pro- 
cious  commodities  which  suddenly  diflused  such  exln- 
ordinary  riches  through  his  kingdom.  But  whon,  in- 
stead of  that  golden  harvest  which  they  had  expected 
to  reap  without  toil  or  |iains,  the  Spaniarda  saw  that 
Ihcir  prospect  of  wealth  was  remote  as  well  aa  uncer- 
tain, and  thol  it  could  not  he  obtained  hut  hy  tho  slow 
and  persevering  cflbrls  of  industry,  tho  disd|>|iointinent 
of  those  chimerical  hopes  occasioned  such  ilejection  of 
mind  aa  bordered  on  despair,  and  led  lo  general  discon- 
tent, lu  vain  did  Columbus  endeavor  to  revive  their 
spirita  by  pointing  out  Iho  fertility  of  the  soil,  and  ex- 
hibiting iho  specimens  of  gold  daily  brought  in  from 
dilTcrenl  parts  of  the  island.  They  had  not  |>atienco  to 
wait  for  the  gradual  returns  which  tho  former  might 
yield,  and  Ihe  latter  they  despised  as  scanty  and  incon- 
aiderable.  The  apirit  of  disaffection  aprcad,  and  a  con- 
apiracy  waa  formed,  which  might  have  been  fatal  to 
Columbua  and  Ihe  colony.  Happily  he  discovered  il ; 
and  aeiiing  tho  ringleaders,  punished  some  of  them, 
sent  others  prisoners  into  Spain,  whither  he  despatched 
twelve  of  Ihe  ships  whi'-i  had  served  as  transports,  with 
an  eameat  requeat  for  a  reinforcement  of  men  and  • 
a  targe  supply  of  proviaiona. 

1494]  Meanwhile,  in  order  to  jljaniak  thai  idlenrio 
which,  by  allowing  hia  people  leisure  to  brood  ovar 
their  disappointment,  nourished  the  spirit  of  discontent, 
Columbus  planned  several  expeditions  into  Ihe  interior 
part  of  the  country.  He  aeni  a  detachment,  under  tho 
command  of  Alonzo  de  Ojeda,  a  vigilant  and  eiiterpria- 
ing  officer,  to  viail  the  diatrict  of  Citiao,  which  waa  said 
to  yield  the  grealeat  <)uantity  of  sold,  and  followed  him 

Eraon  with  the  main  body  of  hia  troops.  In  thia  as- 
ion  he  diaplayed  all  the  pomp  of  military  magiu 
ce  that  he  could  exhibit,  in  order  to  strike  tho 
imagination  of  the  natives.  He  marched  with  colon 
flying,  with  martial  muaic,  and  with  a  email  body  of 
cavalry  that  paraded  sometimea  in  ttie  front  and  aome- 
timea  m  tha  rear.  Aa  those  were  the  fini  horses  which 
appeared  in  Ihe  New  World,  they  were  objects  of  terror 
no  less  than  of  admiration  to  the  Indiana,  who,  having 
no  tame  animals  themaelvea,  were  unacquainted  with 
that  vast  acceaaion  of  power  which  man  hath  aaquired 
by  aubjecting  them  to  hia  dominion.  They  soppoard 
them  lo  b:  rational  crealurca.  They  imagined  that 
the  horse  and  the  rider  formed  one  animal,  with  whoaa 
speed  they  were  astonished,  and  whose  impetuosity  and 
strength  they  considered  as  irresistible.  But  while 
Columbus  endeavored  to  inapira  the  nativea  with  a 
dread  of  hia  power,  be  did  not  neglect  the  arts  of  gain- 
ing their  love  and  confidence.  He  adhered  acrupu- 
loualy  to  the  principlea  of  integrity  and  justice  in  all 
his  trenaactiona  with  them,  and  treated  Imm,  on  every 
occaaion,  not  only  with  humanity  but  with  indulgence. 
The  diatrict  of  Cibao  anawered  the  deacription  given 
of  it  by  the  natives.  It  waa  mountainous  and  unculti- 
vated, but  in  every  river  and  brook  gold  waa  gathered 
cither  in  dust  or  in  grains,  some  of  which  were  of  con- 
siderable size.  The  Indians  had  never  opened  any 
mined  in  search  of  gold.  To  penetrate  into  the  howela 
of  the  earth,  and  to  refine  the  rude  ore,  were  onerationa 
too  complicated  and  laborioua  for  their  talania  and  in- 
dustry, and  tliey  had  no  auch  high  value  ft  igold  aa  l« 
put  theii  ingenuity  and  invention  upon  the  atittch  in  of 
der  to  obtain  it.  The  email  quantity  of  thai  prccioua 
metal  which  they  poasessed,  waa  either  picked  up  in 
the  beda  of  the  riven,  or  waahed  from  tho  mountaina 
hy  the  heavy  raina  that  fall  within  the  tropics.  But 
from  thoae  indications,  Ihe  Spaniarda  could  no  lonj[er 
doubt  that  the  country  contained  rich  treaanrea  in  ila 
bowela,  of  which  they  hoped  aoon  to  be  maaten.  la 
order  to  aecure  the  command  of  this  valuable  province, 
Columbua  erected  a  small  fort,  to  which  he  gave  the 
name  of  SI.  Thamas,  by  wav  of  ridicule  upon  aoma  ol 
his  incieduloua  followera,  who  would  not  believe  Ibal 
the  country  produced  sold,  until  they  aaw  it  with  thail 
own  eyes,  and  touched  it  with  their  banda. 


RonrRTSONH  HISTORY  OF 


ini 


1lM  Mcwnl  of  thoM  promiiing  tppMnnen  of 
mmMt  bi  Ih*  roantryoT  Cibao  cam*  viry  w-iMnahly  to 
wwhrt  Iho  dcipomllng  eolonr,  which  wm  iirMldd 
wilh  didrMM*  m  virioai  kiMi,  TW  ttock  of  pi^ 
vWOM  which  b*4  hMn  brought  ftom  Eura|M  wm 
■MIt  eonniiiMa ;  whtt  ramdncd  wu  M  much  cor- 
lapMa  hf  Iho  hoot  uWI  moiituro  of  (ho  climilc  u  to  b« 
■liNit  unfit  fiir  UM 1  Iho  nilifM  caltirtlcd  m  •mtll  ■ 
fmtitn  of  (round,  ind  wilh  m  lilllo  ikill,  that  it  htrdljr 
jtWdld  wMt  wii  tufllcimit  for  Ihoir  own  nlboiitanco ; 
Iw  Spultrdo  oflnbollo  hod  hithorlo  noilhor  limo  nor 
n  to  oloor  iho  Mil,  oo  u  to  rotp  iny  coniidirable 
I  of  Ihoir  own  induntn.  On  ill  Ihote  iccnunli, 
I  dkBid  of  poriMing  with  hangar,  and  w«ra 
Mdy  to  a  aeantjr  aflowanco.  At  the  aama 
(ino,  iho  diaoaaoa  predominant  in  tha  torrid  ion*,  and 
uVUk  ragt  ehioily  in  Ihoao  nneultiralad  eounlriea  whero 
Ik*  hand  of  indoatry  had  not  oponad  Iho  wooda,  drained 
Iko  ntrriMO,  and  confined  Iho  riven  within  a  certain 
•honnal,  began  to  apread  among  them.  Alarmed  at 
Ik*  vMenco  and  onuanal  aymploma  of  Ihou  malodiei, 
ihoT  onlaimod  againat  Columbua  and  hia  companiona 
in  mo  (nmier  voyage,  who,  Iry  their  anlendld  hut  deceit- 
M  dooeriptlona  of  Hiapaniola,  had  allured  them  to  quit 
0poin  for  a  barbaroua  nnciiUivulod  land,  where  Ihey 
moat  either  bo  cut  off  by  famine,  or  die  of  unknown 
4iatempera.  Several  of  tho  officera  and  pcraona  of 
HMO,  iMtead  of  eheckini;,  joined  in  thoao  aodilioiia 
eatnplainta.  Father  BoyI,  the  apoatollcal  vicar,  waa 
•no  of  Ihe  moat  turbulent  and  oulrageoua.  It  required 
■II  the  authority  and  addreaa  of  Columbua  to  re-eita- 
Mieh  aubordinalion  and  tranquillity  in  Ihe  colony. 
Thieato  and  promiaoa  were  alternately  employed  for 
thia  puipoao ;  but  nothing  contributed  more  lo  aoothe 
Iho  malecontenta  than  the  pma|ieet  of  finding,  in  the 
iiikHio  of  Ciboo,  auch  a  rich  atore  of  trcaaure  aa  would 
ha  a  recompenao  for  all  their  aulTeringa,  and  efface  tho 
womory  of  former  diaappointmenta. 

When,  by  hia  unwearied  endeavor*,  concord  and 
ortor  were  ao  far  restored  that  ho  could  venture  to 
bovo  Ihe  ialand,  Coldmhna  reaolved  lo  pureue  hia  dia> 
covoriea,  thi '  ho  might  be  ahlo  lo  aaeertain  whether 
Ihoae  new  conntriee  with  which  he  had  opened  a  com- 
monieation  were  connected  with  any  region  of  tho 
oarth  already  known,  or  whether  they  were  to  be  conai- 
dored  aa  a  aeparale  portion  of  Ihe  globe  hitherto  iin- 
viaited.  He  appointed  hia  brother  Don  Diego,  wilh 
•ho  aaaialanea  ol  a  counril  of  officera,  to  govern  the 
Mand  in  hia  ahaence ;  and  iravn  Ihe  command  of  a  liody 
of  aoldieia  to  Don  Pedro  Maruaritn,  with  which  he  waa 
iO  viait  tha  different  parts  of  the  ialand,  nnd  endeavor 
to  eslabliah  Iho  authority  of  the  Spania^l!l  ainnii);  the 
Miabitanta,  Having  left  them  very  parlirular  iiistnic- 
liona  with  lasnect  to  their  conduct,  ho  weighed  anelior 
on  the  24th  of  April,  with  one  ship  and  two  small  bsrlia 
■nder  hia  command.  During  a  tcilioiis  voynge  of  full  five 
months,  he  had  a  trial  of  ntmnst  all  the  nuntcroiia  hnrd- 
■hipa  10  which  persons  of  his  profc!>aion  are  cxpoaeil,  witli> 
•ut  Bahingany  discovery  of  importance,  except  the  ialand 
of  Jamaica.  Aa  he  ranged  along  the  suuthcm  coast  of 
Coho,  [19]  be  waa  entangled  in  a  labyrinth  formed  by 
m  incrediblo  number  of  small  islands,  to  which  ho  gave 
Iho  name  of  the  Queen's  (lardcii.  In  this  unknown 
eourao,  among  rorka  and  shelves,  he  waa  retarded  by 
contrary  winds,  assaulted  with  furious  storms,  and 
■larmed  wilh  the  terrible  th<inder  and  lightning  which 
to  often  almost  incessant  between  Ihe  tropics.  At 
hmgth  hia  provialona  fell  short ;  hia  crew,  exhausted 
vtitn  fatigue  aa  well  aa  hunger,  murmured  and  threat- 
•nod,  and  were  readv  to  proceed  to  the  most  desperate 
Oltrcmitica  against  liim.  Beset  with  danger  in  aueh 
varioua  forms,  he  waa  obliged  to  keep  continual  watch, 
10  obaerve  every  occurrence  with  his  own  eyes,  to  iaauo 
•very  order,  and  lo  superintend  the  execution  of  it.  On 
no  occasion  was  the  extent  of  hia  skill  and  experience 
■■  a  navigator  ao  much  tried.  'I'o  these  tho  squadron 
owed  ila  nfety.  But  this  unremitted  fatigue  of  body, 
■nd  in(^nse  application  of  mind,  overpowering  his  con- 
atitulion,  though  naturally  vigorous  and  robust,  brought 
on  a  feverish  disorder,  which  terminsted  in  a  lethargy, 
thai  deprived  him  of  aense  and  memory,  and  had  almoat 
proved  fatal  to  hia  life. 

But,  oil  hia  return  to  Hiapaniola  [Sept.  S7],  the  aud- 
doB  emotion  of  joy  which  he  felt  upon  meeting  wilh  his 
hfother  Bailholomew  at  Isabella,  occasioned  soch  a 
low  of  spirita  aa  contributed  greatly  to  hia  recovery. 
It  woo  iMnv  thirteen  ycara  aince  the  two  brother*,  whom 
aimOarity  of  talenta  united  in  close  friendship,  had  ae- 
porated  from  each  other,  and  during  that  long  period 
then  had  been  no  intercourse  between  them.  Bartho- 
kMnew  after  finiahing  kia  negotiation  in  the  court  of 
£ngbnd,  had  aet  out  for  Spain  by  the  way  of  France. 


At  Paria  he  received  an  account  of  Ihe  ailraordinary 
diacoveriea  which  hia  brother  had  made  in  hia  Aral  voy- 
age, and  that  he  waa  then  preparing  to  rnibtirk  on  a  ao- 
cond  expedition.  Iliough  thia  naturally  Induced  him 
lo  puraue  hia  joumev  with  the  ulinoal  despatch,  tho  ad- 
miral had  sailed  for  llispaniola  before  ha  roachod  Spain. 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella  rocaived  him  with  Ihe  res|>eet 
duo  to  the  nesresi  kinsman  of  a  peraon  whoso  merit 
and  aorvices  rendered  him  ao  conapicuoua ;  and  aa  Ihey 
knew  what  conaolatlon  hia  proaence  would  afford  to  hia 
brother,  they  porauaded  him  lo  tako  the  command  of 
three  ships,  which  they  had  appointed  lo  carry  pravl- 
aiona  to  the  colony  at  Isabella. 

He  could  not  have  arrived  at  any  juncture  when  Co- 
lumbua alood  more  in  need  of  a  friend  capable  of  aaaial- 
ing  him  with  hia  counsels,  or  of  dividing  wilh  him  tha 
carea  and  burdena  of  iiovemmenl.  For  although  Iho 
provialona  now  brought  from  Europe  afforded  a  tem- 
porary relief  lo  Iho  Spanlarda  from  the  calamitiaa  of 
famine,  the  aupply  waa  not  in  auch  quantity  aa  to  aun- 
port  them  long,  and  the  Islsnd  did  not  hitherto  yield 
what  waa  sufficient  for  sustenance,  'i'hoy  were  llireat- 
tencd  with  another  danger,  atlll  more  formidable  than 
the  return  of  scarcity,  and  which  demanded  more  im- 
mediate attention.  No  sooner  did  Columbua  leave  the 
ialand  on  his  voyage  of  diacover)',  Ihan  Ihe  aoldiera  un- 
der Margarita,  aa  if  they  had  been  aet  free  from  dla- 
cipline  and  suhonlinalion,  acomed  all  rfslraint.  In- 
atead  of  ronforming  lo  Ihe  prudent  inatruetiona  of  Co- 
lumbua, thev  diaperacd  in  atraggling  partiea  over  Ihe 
island,  lived  at  discretion  upon  the  natlvea,  wasted 
their  provisions,  seized  tlieir  women,  and  treated  that 
inoffensive  race  with  all  tha  inaolence  of  military  op- 
prcssion.  I 

Aa  long  aa  Ihe  Indiana  had  anv  proapeet  that  their  1 
aufferinga  might  come  lo  a  period  by  Ihe  voluntary  de- 
parture of  the  Invadera,  they  aubmitted  in  alienee,  and 
diaaembled  their  aorrow  ;  but  they  now  perceived  that 
Iho  yoke  would  bo  aa  permanent  aa  it  waa  intolerable. 
The  Spaniarda  had  built  a  town,  and  aurroundcd  it  with 
ramparu.  They  had  erected  forta  in  different  placea. 
They  had  encloaed  and  aown  aeveitl  flelda.  It  waa  ap- 
parent that  thev  came  not  lo  viait  tho  country,  but  to 
aottle  in  it.  Though  Ihe  number  of  those  atrangera 
waa  inconaiderable,  tho  alato  of  cultivation  among 
Iheao  rude  people  waa  ao  imperfect,  and  in  aucn 
exact  proportion  to  Ihoir  own  consumption,  that  it  waa 
wilh  difficulty  tlioy  could  afford  suliaisteiice  lo  their 
new  gurala.  Their  own  mode  of  life  waa  ao  indolent 
and  inactive,  the  warmth  of  tho  climate  ao  enervating, 
tha  constitution  of  Ihoir  liodiea  naturally  ao  feeble,  and 
ao  unaccustomed  to  the  laborioua  exertion*  of  indua- 
try,  that  they  were  satisfied  with  a  proportion  of  food 
amaxingly  small.  A  handful  of  niaixe,  or  a  little  of  tho 
Inaipid  bread  made  of  the  caaaadarnot,  waa  aufficient  lo 
aupport  men  whoae  strength  and  spirits  were  not  ex- 
hausted by  ony  vigorous  efforts  either  of  body  or  mind. 
Tho  Spaniards,  though  the  most  abstemious  of  all  the 
European  nalinna,  appeared  to  thom  excessively  vora- 
cious. One  Spaniard  conaumed  aa  nuich  aa  aovoral 
Indiana.  Thia  keennosa  of  appetite  surprised  them  ao 
much,  and  seemed  to  be  oo  msatiable,  that  they  aup- 
posed  the  Spaniarda  had  left  their  own  country  because 
It  did  not  produce  aa  much  aa  waa  requisite  to  gratify 
their  immoderate  desire  of  food,  and  had  come  among 
them  in  quest  of  nourishment.  Solf-nreser\'ation 
prompted  them  to  wish  for  the  departure  at  gurala  who 
wasted  so  fast  their  alcndcr  stock  of  provisions.  1°he 
injuries  which  Ihey  suffered  added  to  their  impatience 
for  thia  event.  They  had  long  expected  that  the  Spa- 
niards would  retire  of  their  own  accord.  They  now 
perceived  that,  in  order  to  avert  the  destruction  with 
which  they  were  threatened,  either  by  the  slow  con- 
sumption of  famine,  or  by  the  violence  of  their  oppres- 
sors, it  was  necessary  to  assume  courage,  to  attack 
thoae  formidable  invadera  with  united  force,  and  drive 
them  from  the  aettleinenta  of  which  they  had  violently 
taken  possession. 

Such  were  the  sentiments  which  universally  pre- 
vsilcd  among  the  Indiana,  when  Columbua  returned  to 
Isabella.  Inflamed,  by  the  unprovoked  outragea  of 
the  Spaniards,  with  a  degree  of  rage  of  which  their 
gentle  naturea,  formed  to  suffer  and  submit,  seemed 
hardly  susceptible,  they  waited  only  for  a  signal  from 
their  Icadcra  to  fall  upon  the  colony.  Some  of  the 
caziquea  had  already  aurprised  and  cut  off  aeveral 
atragglera.  The  dread  of  thia  impending  danger  uni- 
ted the  .Spaniarda,  and  re-established  the  authority  of 
Columbus,  as  they  saw  no  prospect  of  safety  but  in 
committing  themselves  to  his  prudent  guidance.  It 
waa  now  necessary  to  have  rccourae  to  arma,  the  em- 
ploying of  which  againat  Ihe  Indiana  Columbua  had 


hitherto  avoMad  w nil  tha  giaalaalaolieilttde.  llna^iMl 
aa  tha  conSial  may  aeam,  between  the  naked  inhaM- 
lanta  of  tha  Naw  World  armad  with  cluba,  alieha 
hardened  in  tha  Ara,  wooden  aworda,  and  atrowf 
(lointrd  wilh  bona*  or  flints,  ami  troo|i*  accuaianiod  la 
tlie  diaciplina,  and  provided  with  tt,a  inalrumaala  is 
ileatruction  known  in  tha  European  art  of  war,  IIm  iit» 
ation  of  Iho  Spaniarda  waa  far  tnm  being  aiaaial 
from  danger.  Tha  vaal  aupariarily  cf  tha  nativaa  H 
number  compenaated  many  dafacta.  A  hawIM  tl 
men  waa  about  to  aneountar  a  wbala  nalian.  Ow 
adveraa  event,  or  avan  any  unforaaan  dalav  in  tttm- 
mining  tha  faia  of  tha  war,  might  preva  ratal  la  i» 
Spaniarda.  Conacioua  that  auceaaa  dapandad  •■  ika 
vigor  and  rapidity  of  hia  oparationa,  Columhtia  i^ 
alanlly  aaaamblad  hia  fareea.  Thay  wara  tadaiaj 
lo  a  Very  email  numbar.  Diaoaaaa,  angandarad  hy 
ih*  warmth  and  humidity  of  tha  country,  or  oaen> 
sioned  by  their  own  licenliouanaaa,  bad  raged  amang 
them  with  much  violanea;  cxparienca  bad  not  yai 
taught  them  Ihe  art  ailhar  of  curiofi  thaaa,  or  tkn 
precautiona  rcquiaito  for  guarding  againat  thara ;  tw^ 
thirds  of  the  original  advenlurera  wera  dead,  and 
many  of  Ihoao  who  aurvived  were  incapable  of  acrvica. 
Tho  liody  which  look  the  field  [March  S4,  Uttft]  coif 
aisled  only  of  two  hundred  foot,  twa.ily  horaa,  and 
twenty  large  doga ,  and  how  alranga  aoaver  it  o»y 
seem  to  mention  the  last  aa  compoaing  part  of  a  mill- 
tary  force,  Ihey  were  not  perhapa  Iho  least  formidabia 
and  deatrucliv*  of  the  whole,  when  empl^red  againat 
naked  and  timid  Indiana.  All  tha  caaiquaa  on  tha 
island,  Cucanahari  excepted,  who  retained  an  inviolabia 
attachment  lo  Ihe  Spaniarda,  wera  in  aima  to  o|>poaa 
Columbua,  with  force*  amounting,  if  we  may  beliova 
Ihe  Spanlah  hialorlana,  to  a  hundred  thouaand  man. 
Inatead  of  attempting  to  draw  tho  Spaniarda  into  tha 
faalnesses  of  the  wooda  and  mountaina,  Ihey  wato  ao 
imprudent  aa  to  take  their  atation  in  tha  Vega  Raal, 
the  moat  open  plain  in  tha  country.  Columbua  did  not 
allow  them  time  lo  perceive  their  error,  or  to  altar  than 
poailion.  He  atucked  them  during  tha  nignt,  whan 
undiaciplincd  troopa  are  leaat  capablo  of  acting  with 
union  and  concert,  and  obtained  an  eaay  atid  bloodlaw 
victory.  The  tonaternation  with  which  tho  Indicna 
wera  filled  hy  the  noiao  and  havoc  made  by  tha  fiia- 
arma,  by  the  impeluoua  force  of  Iho  cavalry,  and  tha 
fierce  onset  of  the  doga  waa  ao  great,  that  lliey  thiaw 
down  their  weapona,  and  fled  without  attempting  ra 
aiatance.  Many  wera  alain ;  mora  were  taken  pi- 
aoners,  and  reduced  to  aarvituda  ;  [SOJ  and  ao  mo 
roughly  wera  Iho  raat  intimidated,  that  from  that  ■» 
ment  they  abandoned  themselvea  to  despair,  ralinqoUf 
ing  all  ihonghta  of  contendirg  with  aggrtaaota  whom 
they  deemed  invincible. 

Columbua  employed  aeveral  montha  in  maiebmc 
through  the  islanu,  and  in  aubjecling  it  to  tho  SpaniaE 
government,  without  meeting  with  any  oppoaitiaiL 
He  imposed  a  tribute  upon  all  Ihe  inhabilanta  above 
Ihe  age  of  fourteen.  Each  peraon  who  lived  in  thoao 
districta  whero  gold  waa  found,  waa  obliged  to  pay 
quarterly  aa  much  gold  dual  aa  filled  a  hawk'a  bell ; 
from  those  in  other  parte  of  the  country,  iwenty-fivo 
pounda  of  cotton  were  demanded.  Thia  waa  liie  firal 
regular  taxation  of  the  Indians,  and  aerved  aa  a  pre- 
cedence for  exacliona  atlll  more  intolerable.  Such  an 
impoaltion  was  extremely  contrary  to  those  maiinia 
which  Columbus  had  hitherto  inculcated  with  reapoci 
to  the  niodo  of  treating  them.  Out  intrlguca  wero 
carrying  on  in  the  court  of  Spain  at  thia  juncture,  in 
order  to  undermine  hia  power,  and  diacrcdl*  hia 
operations,  which  constrained  him  to  depart  from  hia 
own  ayatcm  of  admlnlatration.  Several  unfavonbla 
accounts  of  his  conduct,  as  well  aa  of  the  eounlriea 
discovered  by  him,  had  been  Iranamitted  to  Spain. 
Margarita  and  Father  Uoyl  were  now  at  court,  and  in 
ordor  to  justify  their  own  conduct,  or  to  gratify  their 
resentment,  watched  with  malevolent  attention  for 
every  opportunity  of  spreading  inainuation*  to  hia 
detriment.  Many  of  the  courtiera  viewed  hia  growing 
reputation  and  power  with  envioua  cyea.  Fonaoca, 
archdeacon  of  Seville,  who  waa  intrusted  with  tho 
chief  direction  ol  Indian  affairs,  had  conceived  auch 
an  unfavorable  opinion  of  Columbua,  for  aomo 
rcasu  I  which  the  contempsrary  wrilen  h^e  not  men- 
tionet ,  that  he  listened  with  partiality  to  every  invec- 
tive a,Tain8t  him.  It  waa  not  eaay  for  an  unfriended 
slrangir,  unpractiaed  in  courtly  arte,  to  counloract  tha 
inachinationa  cf  ao  many  enemiea.  Columbua  aaw 
that  there  waa  but  one  metnod  of  aupporting  bia  own 
credit,  and  of  ailencing  all  hia  advcraariea.  Ha  moat 
produce  auch  a  quantity  of  gold  aa  would  not  only 
juatifv  what  he  bad  repotted  with  raapact  lo  Iho  M^ 


HOUTll   AMERICA. 


Mn  af  Um  cMMiy,  but  •nMund*  Pcrdinand  and 
IhMI*  ••  pMaavci*  In  pnMMuting  hi*  pltni.  'I'lw 
MMMiljr  of  obuining  il  loruad  him  nol  only  to  impOM 
Ifcw  hMvy  !»(  ii|ion  (m  liiilitiM,  but  to  (lul  (wyiucnl 
•f  II  with  •itramo  rigor ;  ind  mty  be  pleiilvil  m  ei- 
•SM  lor  kli  dtiTitting  on  thi<  occHion  from  the  inlMnon 
■ndkunMnlly  with  which  ha  uniformly  troakwl  Uut 

Thf  UDor.  oUontlon,  and  romight  which  the  Itidiani 
wmt  e>lig(d  to  amploy  in  procuring  tha  tnbuta  da- 
■Modad  M  iham,  appaarad  iho  moat  intolorahlo  of  all 
•Vila,  10  man  accualoincd  to  |iau  their  daya  in  a  care- 
Imo  impnridenl  indolence.  They  were  incapable  of 
•neh  •  rtgular  and  pcraovering  eiertlon  of  indiiilry, 
■nd  fait  il  aiich  a  griovoua  realraint  upon  their  lilicrty, 
that  ihev  had  rrcou.M  lo  an  Di|H!dienl  fur  obtaining 
d«li*aranca  from  tbia  yoke,  which  damonatralea  tlin 
Muaa*  of  their  impallcnco  and  doipair.  'I'huv  formed 
A  aehama  of  atarving  tiiuao  opprcanora  whom  they  diirit 
nut  attempt  to  aipoT ;  and  from  tlio  opinion  which  they 
witartained  with  raapecl  to  the  voracioua  appetite  of 
tha  Spaniarda,  ihfy  coicludod  Iho  oiecution  of  it  to  be 
vary  practicab'ie.  With  thia  view  they  aui|Mindcd  all 
tha  operationa  of  agriculture  ;  Ihcy  aowed  no  niaiii', 
thay  pulled  up  the  rvota  of  the  mannin  or  caiaada 
which  waro  planted,  and  retiring  to  llio  moat  inaccca- 
aibla  parti  of  the   mountaina,   loft  the  uncultivated 

tina  to  fbf ir  eneniioa.  Thia  doaprnle  reaolutiun  pro- 
sad  ia  a'lme  degree  the  elfecta  «bich  they  elpccted 
Xho  SpAhiarda  were  reduced  to  eitreino  wan'  \<u' 
tbey  rocclved  auch  aeaaouable  a  ipplloa  of  provuiuiia 
lioin  Euro|H),  and  found  ao  many  reaourcea  in  their 
•wn  ingenuity  and  indualry,  that  they  auirored  no  great 
diaa  cf  men.  The  wretched  Ii.diana  were  the  victima 
•f  ihiT  own  ill-concerted  po'icjr.  A  great  multitude 
•f  pra|.'a,  ahut  up  in  the  inountainoua  or  wooded  part 
•f  ttw  c>«mtry,  witlwut  any  food  but  the  apontaneoua 
|Mdiictionj  of  the  earth,  aoon  felt  the  utmoatdiatreaaoa 
vf  ftmino,  Thia  brought  on  contagioua  diacaaea ;  and 
tai  lib*  couraa  of  *  few  montha  more  than  a  third  part 
of  tha  inhahitanta  of  t><e  iaiand  pcriahed,  after  aipa- 
lianeing  niiaery  in  all  ita  varioui  forma. 

But  while  Columbua  waa  oalabliahing  the  fouoda- 
lioiia  of  the  Spaniah  grandeur  in  the  New  World,  hia 
anemiea  labored  with  unwearied  aaaiduily  to  deprive 
kini  of  the  gloiy  and  rewarda  which,  by  hia  aervicea 
•nd  auffaringa,  ha  waa  entitled  to  enjoy,  'i'he  hard- 
■Upa  unavoidabia  in  a  new  aettlomont,  the  calaniitiea 
eeeaaionad  by  an  unhealthy  climate,  the  diaaatcra  at- 
ianding  a  voyage  in  unknown  aeaa,  wore  all  rcprcaentcd 
■a  tim  eflNta  of  hia  reatlcaa  and  inconaidcrato  ambi- 
tion. Him  prudent  attention  to  preaerve  discipline  and 
tubordi'iation  waa  denominated  exceaa  of  rigor  ;  the 
raniahmanta  which  ho  inflicted  upon  the  mutinoua  and 
diaorJerly  were  imputed  to  cruelty.  These  accusa- 
lior.»  gained  auch  credit  in  a  jcaloua  court,  that  a  com- 
raiaaioiiar  waa  appointed  to  repair  to  Ilispanioln,  and 
lo  inapecl  into  the  conduct  of  Columbua.  By  the  re- 
aommendation  of  hia  enemies,  Aguado,  a  groom  of 
Ute  bedchamber,  waa  the  pcraon  to  whom  thia  im- 
portant truat  waa  committed.  But  in  thia  choice  they 
aaain  to  have  been  more  influenced  by  the  obacquious 
tltachment  of  the  man  to  their  intereat,  than  by  hia 
capacity  for  the  station.  Puired  up  with  auch  auddcn 
elevation,  Aguado  displayed,  in  the  ezcrclsn  of  thia  of- 
fice, all  the  frivolous  aolf-importancc,  and  acted  with 
all  the  disgusting  insolence  which  are  naturul  lo  little 
Blinds,  when  raised  to  uneijicctcd  dignity,  or  ciiinloycd 
iu  functions  lo  which  they  are  not  equal.  By  listen- 
ing with  eagerness  to  every  accuaation  against  ('olum- 
bna,  and  encouraging  not  only  the  malecontcnt  Spa- 
niarda, but  even  the  Indians,  to  produce  their  griev- 
ances, real  or  imaginary,  he  fomented  the  apirit  of 
diaaenaion  in  the  island,  without  establishing  any  regu- 
lationa  of  public  utility,  or  tluit  tended  to  redress  the 
many  wronga,  with  the  odium  of  which  he  wished  to 
lood  the  admiral'a  administration.  As  Columbua  felt 
aansibly  how  humiliating  bis  situation  must  be,  if  he 
ahould  rcmuin  in  the  country  whilq  aucli  a  partial  in- 
apector  observed  hia  motions  and  controlled  hia  juris- 
Oictian.  he  took  the  reaolution  of  returning  to  Spain,  in 
order  to  lay  a  full  account  of  all  hia  transactions,  par- 
ticularly with  respect  to  the  points  in  dispute  between 
bim  and  bis  adversaries,  before  Ferdinand  and  Isabella, 
bom  wliose  justice  aud  discernment  ho  expected  an 
equal  aivi  a  favorable  decison.  [1496J  He  committed 
IIm  administration  of  atfaira,  during  hia  absence,  to 
Don  Bartholomew,  his  brotlicr,  with  tho  title  of  Ado- 
kntado,  or  Lleutcnant-Uovornor.  By  a  choice  less 
fortunal),  and  which  proved  tho  aoutce  of  many  rala- 
BH'iaa  t )  tha  colony,  he  appointed  Francia  Roldan  chief 
ktalicc,  with  vary  extenaiva  power*. 


In  returning  to  Kurope,  Columbua  held  a  course 
dilferent  from  that  which  ha  had  taken  in  hta  fonner 
voyage,  lie  steered  almost  due  east  from  llia|uiniola, 
in  tho  parallel  of  twenty-two  degreoa  of  latitude  ;  as 
eipf  rience  had  not  yet  diacoverad  th*  mora  certain  and 
e«|icditioua  method  of  atretching  to  the  north,  in  order 
to  fall  in  wiih  the  aouth-wcst  winds.  Uy  Ihia  ill  ad- 
viacd  choice,  which,  in  the  infancy  of  navigation  be- 
tween the  New  and  Old  World,  can  hardly  b*  imputed 
lo  the  admiral  aa  a  daftcl  In  naval  akill,  ha  waa  ca- 
|Kiscd  to  inllnite  fatigue  and  danger,  in  a  perpetual 
struggle  with  tho  trade  winds,  which  blow  without 
variation  from  Iho  caat  between  the  tropica.  Notwith- 
atandlng  the  alinoal  inauperahle  dilDcultiea  of  auch  a 
navigation,  he  persisted  m  his  course  with  hia  uaual 
patience  and  tlrinneaa,  but  made  ao  little  way  that  he 
waa  three  months  without  seeing  land.  At  length  his 
provisions  began  to  fail,  the  crew  waa  reduced  to  the 
acanly  allowance  of  aix  oiincea  of  bread  a  day  for 
each  pnraon.  'I'he  admiral  fared  no  belter  than  Iho 
meanest  sailor.  Uut,  even  in  thia  rilroine  diatrcsa,  he 
retained  the  humanity  which  distinguishes  his  charac- 
lar,  .ind  refiiaed  to  comply  with  tho  earnest  solicitations 
of  hia  crew,  some  of  whom  pru|i08cd  to  feed  upon  the 
Indian  priaoiicra  whom  they  were  carrying  over,  and 
olhcra  insisted  lo  throw  them  overboard,  in  order  lo 
lesson  the  consumption  of  their  small  atock.  Ho  rc- 
preacnled  that  they  were  human  beinga,  reduced  by  a 
common  calamity  to  tho  aame  condition  with  them- 
aelvca,  and  entitled  to  abate  an  equal  fate,  Hia 
authority  and  remonstrancoa  diaaipaled  thoao  wild 
idoaa  auggeated  by  deapair.  Nor  liad  tliey  time  to 
recur ;  aa  no  came  aoon  within  eight  of  the  coaal  of 
Spain,  when  all  their  fears  and  aufreringa  ended. 

Columbua  appeared  at  court  with  the  modest  but 
determined  conbdonce  of  a  man  conacioua  not  only  of 
integrity  but  of  having  pcrfoniied  great  aenricca.  Fer- 
dinand and  Isabella,  aahamed  of  their  own  facility  in 
lending  too  favorable  an  ear  to  frivoloua  or  unfounded 
accusationa,  received  him  with  auch  diatinguiahod 
marka  of  respect  aa  covered  hia  enemiea  with  ahamo. 
Tho  cenaurea  and  calumniea  were  no  mora  heard  of 
at  that  juncture.  The  gold,  the  pearia,  the  cotton,  and 
other  commoditiea  of  value  which  Columbua  produced, 
acomcd  fully  lo  refute  what  the  malecontent*  had 
propagated  with  respect  to  the  poverty  of  tba  country. 
By  reducing  tlie  Indiana  to  obedience,  and  unpoeing  a 
regular  tax  upon  them,  he  had  aecurcd  to  Spam  a 
largo  accession  of  new  subjects,  and  tho  eatabliahinent 
of  a  re  loaae  that  promiacd  to  be  considerable.  By 
the  minea  which  he  had  found  out  and  examined,  a 
aource  of  wealth  stdl  more  copious  waa  opened.  Great 
and  unexpected  aa  tlioso  advantagca  were,  Columbua 
represented  them  only  aa  preludes  to  future  acquisitions, 
and  aa  the  earnest  of  nioro  im|iorlant  discoveries, 
which  he  atill  meditated,  and  to  which  thoaa  ho  had 
already  made  would  conduct  bim  with  eaae  and  cer 
lainty. 

Tba  attentive  consideration  of  all  theaa  circum' 
atancea  made  auch  an  iinpreaaion,  not  only  upon  laa- 
bella,  who  flattered  with  the  idea  of  being  the  patron 
caa  of  all  Columbua'*  enterprises,  but  even  upon 
Ferdinand,  who  having  originally  expressed  hia  dis- 
approbation of  his  acliemcs,  was  atill  apt  to  doubt 
of  their  success,  that  they  resolved  to  supply  the 
colony  of  Hispaniola  with  every  thing  which  could 
render  it  a  ^icnnanont  eatabliahinent,  and  to  fumiali 
Columbus  with  such  a  fleet,  that  he  might  proceed  to 
search  for  those  now  countries  of  whoso  existence  he 
seemed  to  be  contident.  Tho  measuroa  most  proper 
for  accomplishing  both  these  dcaigna  wore  concerted 
with  Columbus.  Discovery  had  been  tho  aolo  object 
of  the  first  voyage  to  tho  New  World  ;  and  though, 
in  the  second,  settlement  had  been  proposed,  the  pre- 
cautions taken  for  that  purpose  had  either  been  in- 
aufllcient,  or  wcro  rendered  inotTectual  by  the  mutinous 
apirit  o!  the  Spaniards,  and  the  unforeseen  calamitiea 
arising,  from  various  causes.  Now  a  plan  waa  to  bo 
formed  of  a  regular  colony,  that  might  aerve  aa  a 
model  in  all  future  establishments.  £very  particular 
waa  conaidcrcd  with  attention,  and  the  whole  arranged 
with  a  actupiilous  accuracy.  Tlie  precise  number  of 
adventurers,  who  should  bo  permitted  to  embark  waa 
fixed.  Thoy  wore  to  bo  of  uiircroiit  ranks  and  pro- 
fcsulona,  and  the  projiortion  of  each  was  established 
according  to  their  usafulnesa  and  the  wanta  of  the 
colony.  A  suitable  number  ri  women  were  to  be 
chosen  to  accompany  these  new  ecttlcrs.  Aa  it  was 
the  first  object  to  raise  provisions  in  a  country  where 
acarcity  of  food  had  been  tho  occasion  of  so  much 
distress,  a  considerable  body  of  husbandmen  waa  to 
bo  carried  over.    Aa  the  Spaniarda  had  then  no  con 


caption  of  darlving  any  banaAl  Inm  theaa  tiojnallo— 
of  iba  Naw  World  which  hava  aliaa  yialdad  aMh 
large  raluma  of  wealth  to  Eui  jpa,  bul  bad  formad  laai- 
nitlccnl  ideaa,  and  entertained  eangtiin*  hope*  with  i^ 
•|iecl  to  tha  tieha*  contained  in  Ihe  iniiioa  which  kid 
been  diacovarad,  a  band  of  workman,  akillad  in  IkO 
varioua  aria  employed  in  digging  and  ralimng  Iba  pt». 
cioua  metals,  waa  provided.  All  theaa  cmigranta  «WM 
to  recolva  pay  and  aubaiatence  for  aoma  yaata,  at  Iho 
public  expenae, 

Thua  far  tha  regiilatlona  were  prudent,  and  wal 
adapted  to  the  end  in  view.  Bul  aa  il  waa  (antmt 
that  few  would  engage  voluntarily  to  aalUa  in  n 
country  whoae  noxioua  climate  ImJ  bean  fatal  M  a* 
many  of  their  countrymen.  Columbua  propoead  !• 
traii»|<ort  to  ilis|wniol*  auch  malcfactnra  aa  nad  boon 
convicted  of  Crimea  which,  thouuh  capital,  wara  of  • 
less  atrocluua  nature ;  and  that  for  tha  fuluro  • 
certain  proportion  of  the  otrcndera  uaually  aant  to  Iho 
galleya,  ahould  be  condemned  to  labor  in  tha  minaa 
which  were  to  be  opened.  Thia  advice,  oiven  without 
due  reflection,  waa  aa  inconsidurately  adopted.  Tba 
priaona  of  Spain  were  drained,  in  order  lo  coUaat 
incinbera  for  Iho  intended  colony  ;  and  tha  judge*  am- 
iiowcred  to  try  criminala  were  instructed  to  recruit  it 
l>y  their  future  sentences.  It  waa  not,  howavar,  with 
auch  materiala  that  the  foundationa  of  a  aociaty, 
destined  to  lie  permanent,  ahould  lie  laid.  Indualry, 
aohriety,  patience,  and  mutual  confidence,  ara  india- 
pensably  requisite  in  an  infant  aeltloment,  where  purity 
of  morale  must  contribute  more  towarda  eatabhahin. 
order  than  the  operation  or  authority  of  lawa  Uut 
when  auch  a  mixture  of  whut  ia  corrupt  ia  admitttd 
into  the  original  conalitution  i  Iho  political  body,  tho 
vicea  of  those  unsound  and  incurable  membara  will 
prolMbly  infect  the  whole,  and  muat  certainly  bo  pro- 
duclive  of  violent  and  unhappy  flTecta.  Thia  Iho 
Spaniards  fatally  experienced ;  and  tha  othaf  Eu- 
ropean nationa  having  aucceaaively  imitated  the  ptactieo 
of  Spain  in  thia  |>articular,  |>emicioua  conaequencea 
have  followed  in  their  aettlement,  which  can  bo  im- 
puted lo  no  other  cauae. 

Though  Columbua  obtained,  with  great  facility  acd 
deapatch,  the  royal  approbation  of  every  mcaaura  aud 
regulation  that  he  proposed,  his  endeavors  to  carry 
them  into  execution  were  so  long  retarded,  aa  mual 
have  tired  out  the  patience  of  any  man  leaa  accuatomad 
to  encounter  and  surmount  diiricultiea.  Thoao  delaya 
were  occasioned  partly  bjr  that  tcdioua  formality  and 
apirit  of  procnutination,  with  which  tho  Spaniarda  coo- 
duct  buainesa,  and  partly  by  tho  cxhauated  atate  of  Iho 
treasury,  which  waa  drained  by  tho  expenae  of  celabl*. 
ting  the  marriage  of  Ferdinand  and  laabella'a  oidy  aoo 
will)  Margaret  of  Auatria,  and  that  of  Joanna,  Ihair  a^ 
cond  daughter,  with  Philip  Archduke  of  Auatria ;  but 
must  bo  cliioHy  imputed  to  the  malicioua  arte  of  Co- 
lumbua'a  enemiea.  Aatoniahed  at  tho  reception  which 
he  met  with  u|ion  hia  return,  and  overawed  by  bia  pi^ 
scnce,  they  gave  way,  for  some  time,  to  a  li()«  of  favor 
loo  Btrong  for  them  to  oppoao.  Their  enmity,  howevoi^ 
was  too  inveterate  to  remain  long  inactive.  They  r»- 
aumed  their  operationa ;  and  by  tho  assistance  of  Fon- 
scca,  the  minister  for  Indian  an'airs,  who  waa  now  pro- 
moted to  the  Bishopric  of  Uadujos,  they  threw  in  ao 
many  obstacles  to  protract  Iho  prcparationa  for  Coluin- 
bus's  expedition,  that  a  vcar  elapsed  before  he  could 
procure  two  shins  to  car^  over  a  part  of  tho  auppliea 
destined  for  the  colony,  and  almost  two  year*  wera 
spent  before  the  small  squadron  was  equipped,  of  which 
ho  lilinself  was  to  take  tlie  command. 

[HUH.]  Thia  aquadron  consisted  of  aix  *hip*onl]r, 
of  no  great  burden,  and  but  indiflbrcntly  provided  for  a 
long  or  dangoroua  navigation.  The  voyage  which  ho 
now  meditated  was  in  a  course  dilferent  from  any  bo 
had  undertaken.  As  he  was  fully  pcrauadcd  that  tho 
fertile  rcgiona  of  India  lay  to  the  south-weat  of  thoao 
countriea  which  he  had  discovered,  he  proposed,  aa  tba 
most  certain  method  of  finding  out  these,  to  aland  di- 
rectly south  from  the  Canary  or  Cape  dc  Vcrd  ialanda, 
until  ho  caino  under  tho  equinoctial  line,  and  then  Uf 
atretch  to  Ihe  west  before  the  favorable  wind  for  auch 
a  course,  which  blows  invariably  between  Ihe  tropica. 
With  this  idea  be  set  tail  [May  30],  and  touched  firat 
at  Ihe  Canary,  and  then  at  tho  Cape  de  Vcrd  ialanda 
[July  4].  From  the  former  he  despatched  three  of  hia 
ships  with  a  supply  of  provisiona  for  the  colony  in  Hia- 
paniola ;  with  the  other  three,  he  continued  hia  voyago 
towards  tho  south.  No 
pciied  until  they  arrived  i 
[July  19].     There  they 

aame  time  the  heat  became  ao  excessive  that  many  of 
theii  wine  caak*  burat,  tha  liquor*  in  olbeia  aoundt 


ner  inrce,  ne  conimucu  ma  voyago 

No  remarkable  occurrence  ha|H 

ved  within  five  dcgreea  of  the  lino 

they  wcro  l>ecalmed,  and  at  Iho 


ROBRRTMON-a   HISTORY   OF 


M<  (Mr  ywrfalwii  c«fiuf«*4.  Th*  Bpuianli.  wIm 
M  acTW  TMiturMi  m  fti  toHh*  (outh,  war*  lOmiil  ihsl 
Ik*  liiiiM  wmiM  Uk*  An.  ind  b*|pin  lo  ipfmhand  (h* 
iMMy  of  atal  Ika  Mirienli  had  uiighl  comernini  Iho 
d«MrueliT*  qiiililiM  of  itwl  lurrul  ra||ion  of  tin  |(lnh«. 
Thajr  won  nli*«ni,  in  wiina  mritiin,  rrom  tlirir  fvara 
by  •  MiMHwhU  fall  of  ram.  'fhia,  howarcr,  Ihouuh  w 
kaavy  and  uiiinlcrniiitmg  thai  the  men  could  hardly 
liMp  tha  dark,  did  niN  Rraally  inititfata  iha  inlvnaanraa 
sf  Ilia  haal.  'llw  admiral,  who  with  hia  iiiiial  viuilanca 
kid  in  porion  diiticlvd  avory  a|ieration  from  tha  lirgln 
•jiiff  of  tha  vaya|«,  waa  ao  inurh  Pihaualvd  liy  faligua 
•nawanl  of  alaar,  that  II  hrouKht  nn  a  violaiil  fit  of  lha 
gout,  accoinpan.ed  with  a  fi>vi>r  All  thaaa  circum- 
auneaa  conatrainad  him  lo  yield  lo  llw  linporlunitica  of 
kia  craw,  and  to  allar  hia  coiiraa  lo  Ilia  north-weal,  In 
wdar  lo  raaeh  aonia  of  tha  Caribliea  iaianda,  whara  he 
aiisht  refit,  and  be  aiip|iliad  with  provlaiona. 

On  lb*  Aral  of  Auguat,  Ihr  man  atalioned  in  the 
round  lop  aurpriaed  Ihem  with  ihe  joyful  ciy  of  ImmI  I 
Tbay  atood  loward  il,  and  diarovxrrd  a  conaidcrahle 
ialaiid,  which  iha  admiral  called  Trinidad,  a  nam*  il 
Mill  ralaina.  Il  liea  on  the  roaat  uf  (iuiana,  near  Ihe 
mouth  of  Ihe  Orino<-o.  Thia,  luoiigh  a  rivnr  only  of 
Ik*  third  or  fou'ih  maKnituila  in  the  New  World,  far 
■uimaaea  any  ol  the  alreaini  in  our  hemiapheri'  Il 
lolii  lowarda  Ih*  ecean  anth  a  taat  body  of  water,  and 
tuahe*  into  il  with  auch  impeluoua  force,  that  when  it 
m**ta  Ui*  tide,  which  on  thalcoaal  riaea  lo  an  uncommon 
kaigUl,  Ikeir  eolliaion  occaaiona  a  awell  and  agitation  of 
Ik*  wav**  no  leaa  aurpriaiiig  than  formidable.  In  thia 
conflict,  th*  irreaialiblo  lorranl  of  iho  river  ao  far  pre- 
Ttila,  that  il  freahena  Ihe  ocean  many  leagiiaa  with  ila 
Hood.  Colunibiia,  licfora  he  could  conceive  the  dan- 
ger, waa  entan)(led  ainaiig  Ihcio  advcrae  ciirrcnta  and 
liiM>|M>atuoua  wovea,  and  it  wai  with  the  iitiiioat  dilli- 
cully  that  he  aacaped  throuKh  a  narrow  atralt,  which 
uiprared  ao  treinenduua  that  he  called  it  I,a  llo4ra  del 
Dra^o.  Aa  aoon  aa  the  conttoniation  which  thia  occa- 
aiuncd  permitted  him  to  retlcct  upon  the  nature  of  an 
appearance  ao  citraordinary,  he  diaccmed  in  It  a  aourco 
of  comfort  and  hope.  He  juatly  concluded  that  auch  a 
vial  body  of  water  aa  thia  river  contained,  could  not  be 
aupplicd  by  any  iaiand,  but  muit  flow  througih  a  coun- 
try of  inmienau  extent,  and  of  conaequcnco  that  he  waa 
now  nrrivcd  at  that  continent  which  it  had  long  liccn 
the  object  of  hia  wiahca  lo  diacovor  Full  of  thia  idea, 
b*  atu<id  to  Iha  weat  along  the  coaat  of  Ihoao  provincca 
which  are  now  known  by  the  namca  of  I'ara  and  Cu- 
inana.  Ho  landed  in  aeveral  plarca,  and  had  aomo  in- 
lorcourae  with  Ihe  people,  who  reaemblcd  thoao  of  Ilia- 
paniola  in  tbiir  appoarance  and  manner  of  life.  They 
wore,  aa  omamenta,  amall  platea  of  gold,  and  pearla  of 
eonali'crablo  value,  which  they  willingly  exchanged  foi 
European  toya.  They  aecnied  to  (waaeaa  a  better  uii- 
deralanding  and  greater  courage  than  the  iiihabllunta  of 
Ihe  islanda.  The  country  produced  four-footed  animala 
of  aeveral  kinda,  aa  well  aa  a  grrat  variety  of  fowN  and 
ihiita.  The  adinlml  waa  ao  much  delighted  v;ith  ita 
Iwauty  and  fertility,  that,  with  the  warm  cnthuaiaam  of 
■  diacoverer,  he  imagined  it  lo  be  Ihe  Parailiie  dcncribcd 
in  Scripture,  which  the  Almighty  clioae  for  the  rei.idcnce 
of  man  while  he  retained  innocence  that  rendiTrd  him 
worthy  of  auch  a  habitation.  [31]  Thua  Columhua 
had  the  glory  not  only  of  diacovering  to  niankinj  the 
•xiateiico  of  a  new  World,  ^1  made  contldertbl*  piii- 
greaa  lowarda  a  perfect  knowledge  of  it ;  and  waa  tlie 
firat  man  who  conducted  Iho  Spaniarda  to  that  vut 
continent  which  baa  been  the  chief  acat  of  their  empire, 
and  the  aource  of  their  treaaurca  in  thia  quarter  of  the 
globe.  Tbe  shattered  condition  of  hia  ahipa,  acarcity 
of  proviniona,  hia  own  intirmities,  together  with  the  im- 

S alienee  of  hia  crew,  prevented  him  from  pursuing  hia 
iHcoveriea  any  further,  and  made  il  nccciiaary  to  bear 
■way  for  Hispaniola.  In  his  way  thither  he  discovered 
the  islands  of  Ciibagua  and  Margarita,  which  afterwards 
became  remarkable  for  their  prarl-tishcry.  When  he 
arrived  at  llispaniola  [Aug.  30J,  ho  waa  waated  to  an 
extreme  degree,  with  fatigue  and  aickncss ;  but  found 
the  afTaira  of  the  colony  in  auch  a  aituation  as  aflbrded 
biin  no  proapect  of  enjoying  that  repose  of  which  be 
Muod  ao  much  in  need. 

Many  revoluliona  had  happened  in  that  country  during 
Ilia  absencK  Hia  brother,  the  adelantado,  in  conae- 
•^uence  of  an  advice  which  the  admiral  gave  liefore  lii* 
doparturo,  litd  removed  the  colony  from  Isabella  to  a 
nor*  commodiouo  station,  on  the  opportito  side  of  the 
island,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  St.  Domingo,  which 
wa*  long  the  most  considerable  European  town  in  the 
Now  W^rld,  and  the  scat  of  the  supreme  courts  in  the 
t^imiali  doinin  on*  lh<ro.  Aa  soon  as  the  Spaniarda 
win  Mtabliahed  ill  .bia  new  aettleiuent,  tbe  adelantado, 


Ikal  tkay  migkl  nailbar  languiah  in  inactivity,  nor  kav* 
Uiaur*  to  form  new  calwla,  nianhrd  into  those  parte  of 
th*  iaiand  which  hia  brother  had  not  yet  visilrii  or  r> - 
duecd  lo  oliedienre  Aa  llie  people  were  iinahl*  to  ni- 
sist,  they  aubmitled  every  where  lo  lh«  tribute  which 
he  im|K>aed  lliit  they  sonii  found  the  burden  lo  b«  ao 
intolerable  ihnt,  overawed  as  they  were  by  tlw  su|ierior 
inwer  of  their  uppressora,  they  twik  anna  against  them. 
I'hoao  insurrei'tiuna,  however,  were  not  formidable.  A 
conflict  with  liinid  and  naked  Indiana  waa  iieitlwr  dan- 
geroiia  nor  of  doubtful  iaaue. 

Uut  while  Ihe  adelantado  waa  employed  against 
th*m  in  the  field,  a  mutiny  of  an  aspect  far  mora 
alarming  broke  out  among  the  N|iaiiiarils.  'Ilie  ring- 
leader of  It  waa  Krancla  Koldan,  whom  Calunibua  had 
pla<-e(l  in  a  atalion  which  rrquirrd  him  to  lie  Ih*  guar- 
dian of  order  and  tranquillity  In  Iho  colony.  A  turbu- 
lent and  inconaiderat*  ambition  precipitated  him  into 
thia  deaperate  measure,  ao  unlH'coniing  his  rank.  The 
argiimenta  which  he  ciiinloyed  to  aidiico  hia  country- 
men were  frivolous  aiut  ill  founded.  He  accuaed  i'o- 
luinbua  and  hia  two  brolhera  of  arrogance  and  sovaniy ; 
he  pretended  that  they  aimed  at  establishing  an  inile- 
pendent  dominion  in  In*  country;  be  tait-d  them  with 
an  intention  of  cutting  olT  [wrt  of  the  ipsiiiarda  by 
hunger  and  fatigue,  that  they  iiiiuht  mure  easily  re- 
duo*  Ihe  remainder  to  aubjection ;  b*  repreaenled  it  aa 
unworthy  of  Caatiliana,  to  rtmin  the  tame  and  paaaive 
alavea  of  these  (lennan  tdventurera.  Aa  men  have 
alwaya  a  propeiiaily  to  bnput*  lb*  hardships  uf  which 
they  feel  the  preaaur*  to  In*  miaconduct  of  their  riilera ; 
aa  every  nation  view*  with  a  jealuua  eye  the  power  and 
exaltation  of  foreigncn,  Uofdan's  inainiialinna  mode  a 
deep  iinpreasion  on  his  countrymen.  Ilia  character 
and  rank  added  wei^^ht  to  them.  A  consideriblo  iiiiiii- 
lier  of  the  Spaniarda  made  choice  of  him  aa  their 
leader;  and,  taking  anna  against  the  adelantado  and 
hia  bnithcr,  aeiied  the  king'a  magaiine  of  provisiona, 
and  endeavored  lo  surprise  the  uirt  at  St.  Uomingo. 
This  waa  preserved  by  Ihe  vigilance  and*couragv  of 
Don  Diego  Columbua.  ITi*  mutmecra  were  obliged 
lo  retire  to  Ihe  province  of  Xaramja,  where  they  con- 
tinued not  only  to  diaclaim  the  adelanlado'a  authority 
themaclvek,  but  excited  the  Indiana  lo  thruw  olf  the 
yoke. 

Such  waa  the  dialractcd  atato  of  the  colony  when 
Calumb..a  larded  at  Si.  Domingo,  ilo  waa  astonished 
to  find  that  the  three  ahipa  which  he  had  despatched 
from  the  Canariea  were  not  yet  arrived.  Uy  Ihe  un- 
skilfiilness  of  the  pilots,  and  the  violence  of  currents, 
they  had  bein  carried  a  hundred  and  s.ily  inilea  lo  the 
west  of  St.  Domingo,  and  forced  lo  take  shelter  in  a 
harbor  of  the  province  of  Xanigiia,  where  Iloldan  and 
hia  (editioua  followera  were  cantoned,  lioldan  care- 
fully concealed  from  the  coinniandera  of  the  ships  his 
insurrection  against  the  adela.itado,  and,  employing  Ilia 
utmoat  address  lo  gain  their  confidence,  p'  fnuaded 
them  to  act  on  alioro  a  considerable  part  ol  the  new 
aettlera  whom  they  brought  over,  that  they  might  pro- 
ceed by  land  lo  St.  Domingo.  It  required  but  few 
argumcnta  lo  prevail  with  thoae  men  lo  eK|iouae  hia 
cause.  They  were  the  refuse  of  the  jails  of  Spain,  to 
whom  idleness,  licentigusncaa,  and  deeds  of  violence 
ivere  familiar ;  and  they  returned  eagerly  lo  a  coiirne 
of  life  nearly  resembling  that  to  which  they  had  been 
Bcciiatomed.  The  coinniandera  of  the  ships  perceiv- 
ing, when  it  was  too  late,  their  imprudence  in  disem- 
Lurking  ao  many  of  their  men,  atood  away  for  St. 
Do'ningo,  and  got  safe  into  the  iwrl  a  few  uaya  after 
the  admiral;  but  their  atock  of  provisions  was  s-i 
waated  during  a  voyage  of  such  long  continuance  tlut 
they  brought  little  relief  to  the  colony. 

Ity  thia  junction  with  a  band  ol  auch  liold  and  des- 
perate associates,  Uuldan  became  extremely  formidable, 
and  no  leaa  extravagant  in  hia  demands.  Columbus, 
though  filled  with  resentinoiil  at  hia  ingratitude,  and 
highly  exasperated  by  the  insolence  nf  hia  followers, 
made  no  haste  to  take  the  field.  He  trembled  at  the 
thjiighta  of  kindling  the  flumca  of  a  civil  war,  in  wbicb, 
whatever  party  prevailed,  Ihe  power  and  atrength  of 
both  must  be  ao  much  wasted  aa  might  encourage  the 
common  enemy  to  unite  and  complete  ilieir  destruc- 
tion. At  the  same  time,  he  obnerved,  Ihat  the  preju- 
dicca  and  paasiona  which  incited  the  icbela  to  take 
arma,  had  ao  far  infected  those  who  still  adhered  to 
him,  that  many  of  them  were  *lverse,  ami  all  cold  to 
the  service,  rrom  auch  sciitinmnts,  with  rcH|)ect  to 
the  public  interest,  aa  well  as  from  this  view  of  his  own 
aituation,  ho  chose  to  negotiate  rather  than  to  fight. 
By  a  aeaaonable  proclamation,  oH'cring  free  pardon  to 
auch  aa  ahould  merit  it  by  returning  to  their  duty,  he 
made  inipteaaion  upon  aoiue  of  the  nulcconteiita.     Uy  | 


angigtng  le  grant  aucb  ■*  akeiiM  d**lr*  il  Ik*  I 
of  raturning  to  Hpain,  h*  allured  all  thoa*  unfanuMli 
adventurers,  who,  from  aicknass  and  diaappoinlmMll, 
mete  disgualed  with  th*  country.  l)y  prumiaing  M 
re  rslablish  Koldsii  in  hia  former  oinca,  h»  aoothwl  bit 
liride  ;  and,  by  complying  with  moat  of  hia  d*B«nda  ■ 
Uhalf  of  Ilia  followera,  ho  satisfied  ihcir  avarie*.  Tbu^ 
gradually  and  without  liloodahid,  but  alter  many  1*4 
oua  lu'gutiations,  he  dissolved  this  dangeroua  comblMi> 
lion,  which  thrrateni-d  the  colony  with  ruin:  ami  nN 
aiorrd  the  Bp|iearanc*  of  order,  tegular  gevanunml 
and  lrani|uillity. 

In  ronsequenca  of  Ihia  agreement  wllb  Ih*  muti- 
neers, laiida  were  allotted  lliein  in  dilferent  parte  of  lb* 
island,  and  Ihe  Indiana  aetiled  in  each  diatrici  w*n 
appointed  to  cultivate  a  certain  portion  of  ground  fm 
the  ua*  of  thoae  new  maatera  [UUVI.  'Hi*  |ierfora> 
mane*  of  thia  work  waa  aiibatitutad  in  place  of  lb* 
tribiito  formerly  lni|io>ed ;  and  liow  nereaaary  aoev*( 
such  a  regiilutiun  might  he  in  a  aickly  and  feabi* 
colony,  il  intrmlucrd  among  Ihe  Spaniarda  the  Krftrtt' 
mifHlot,  or  diatribulioiia  of  Indiana  ealabliahad  hv  Ihma 
in  all  their  seltlemenla,  which  brought  numUrl*** 
calaniitiea  U|ion  that  unhappy  people,  and  aubjectad 
them  to  the  most  grievoiia  op|iression.  This  waa  not 
Iha  a>ily  bad  eKect  of  the  ihaurrecllon  ill  llispaniola i 
it  prevented  (>oluinbua  from  proaeculing  hia  discovo- 
ries  on  the  continent,  aa  aelf  preservation  obliged  liim 
lo  kern  near  hia  |H'raan  hia  brother  Ih*  Mielantado,  ami 
the  BBilora  whom  he  intended  lo  have  employed  in  thai 
aervico.  Aa  soon  aa  hia  afiTaira  would  ponnil,  ba  sent 
aoine  of  hia  ahipa  to  Spain  with  a  journal  of  Ih*  voy- 
age which  he  had  made,  a  description  of  Ihe  new  coun- 
tries which  ho  hud  discovered,  a  chart  of  Ih*  coaal 
along  which  he  had  sailed,  and  specimena  of  the  gold, 
the  iiearls,  and  other  curiuua  or  valuable  production* 
whicli  he  had  acquired  by  tralRcking  with  the  naliv**. 
Al  the  aaiiie  time  he  traiiainitlcd  an  account  nf  th*  in- 
aiirrection  in  llispaniola;  h*  accuaed  the  miitiiiear* 
not  only  of  having  thrown  the  colony  into  auch  violont 
conviilsiona  aa  threatened  ila  diaaolulion,  but  of  having 
ohslructod  every  attempt  towaida  discovery  and  i-ki- 
provcmenl,  by  their  unprovoked  rebellion  againat  tlieif 
superiora,  and  pro|ioaed  aeveral  regulatioiia  for  tha 
better  government  of  the  island,  aa  well  aa  the  *s- 
tinctioii  of  that  miitinoiia  apirit,  which,  though  aiii^ 
prrascd  at  present,  might  aoon  burst  out  with  adJi- 
lioiial  rage.  Koldan  and  hia  aaaocialea  did  not  n*gl*el 
to  convey  lo  Spam,  by  the  aame  ahipa,  an  apology  for 
their  own  conduct,  together  with  their  recrimiiuitiona 
iqion  the  admiral  and  hia  brolhera.  1 1nforlunalely  fof 
the  honor  qf  Spain  and  the  happineaa  of  t'olumbua,  '.ho 
latter  gained  most  credit  in  the  court  1 1  Fcniinand  and 
laabella,  and  produced  unexpected  elfecla. 

Ilul,  previous  to  the  relalihg  of  theats,  it  ia  pro|i«r  to 
take  a  view  of  some  eventa,  which  merit  attention, 
iMith  on  account  of  their  own  importance,  and  thoif 
connection  with  the  history  of  the  New  M'orld.  Wliil* 
(yoluinhuB  waa  engaged  in  hia  auccrasive  voyage*  to 
Iho  weat,  the  spirit  of  discovery  did  not  languish  in 
i'ortiigal,  Iho  kingdom  where  it  first  acquired  vigor, 
and  became  enterjirising.  Self-condemnation  and  n*- 
glccl  were  not  the  only  aenliineiita  to  which  the  aiicrea* 
of  (^iliimbiis,  a.id  rellection  upon  their  own  impriidenc* 
in  rejecting  his  projioaala,  gave  rise  among  tbe  I'ortu- 
U'lU'se.  They  excited  a  general  einulatiuii  to  siirpaa* 
his  prrfiiriiianci's,  and  un  ardent  desire  to  make  aoiii* 
reparation  to  their  country  for  their  own  error.  With 
this  view,  Kiiianuel,  who  inherited  the  enteqirising  go- 
nius  of  his  predecessors,  persisted  in  their  grand  achemo 
of  oiieniig  a  passage  to  the  Kast  Indiea  by  the  Cap* 
of  (jood  llopo,  and  soon  afVer  hia  accession  to  lb* 
throne  eqiilp|ied  a  squadron  for  that  important  voyage. 
I  le  gave  the  command  of  il  to  Vaaco  de  Gama,  a  nian 
of  noble  birth,  possessed  of  virtue,  pnidenee,  and  cou- 
rage, eipial  to  the  station.  The  squadron,  like  all  thosa 
fitted  out  for  discovery  in  the  infancy  of  navigation, 
waa  extremely  feeble,  conaiating  only  of  thre*'  -"'sse's, 
of  neither  burden  nor  force  adequate  I  .iit^  rr.ice. 
Aa  the  Europeana  were  at  that  time  liUn.  .r>;.,iiinted 
with  the  courae  of  the  trade-winda  and  periodical  mon- 
soons, which  render  navigation  in  the  Atlantic  ocean 
aa  well  aa  in  the  aea  that  aeparatea  Africa  from  India, 
at  aomo  aeaaona  easy,  and  at  othera  not  only  dangeroua 
but  alinost  impracticable,  Ihe  time  chosen  for  Uama'a 
departure  was  the  most  iihproper  during  the  whol* 
year.  He  set  sail  from  Lisbon  on  the  nmth  of  July, 
[14U7],  and  standing  towards  the  south,  had  to  strug- 
gle for  four  msntlis  with  oontrary  winda  befor*  b« 
could  reach  the  Cap*  of  Good  Hope.  Here  their  tIih 
lence  began  to  abate  [Nor.  30] ;  and  during  an  iiitor- 
val  of  calin  weather,  Gama  'doubled  that  foriuidabit 


lOIITIl   AMERICA. 


y,  wkkk  M  m  Im(  bn*  Ik*  bMralMjr  of 
■MtgMkiti  m4  4irMt«4  kit  tauna  Mwinia  tlw  Mirtk- 
NM,  lions  Itw  AlViean  ruMl.  lin  louchml  il  Mttnl 
porta)  tnil  aftar  varioui  Mivriiluran.  which  thn  I'ottu- 
(VaH  liialoriana  ralala  wllh  high  hul  ju>l  aiKOiiiuiiia 
Upon  hii  conduct  tiiil  iiilr«|iiilil*,  ha  raiiia  lo  anchor 
bafiir*  the  ciiy  of  Mahiiil*.  'rhroiighoiit  ill  iha  vaal 
couiilriM  which  aiti'nil  aluiig  ihn  rout  o(  Africa,  from 
Itia  ri«*r  Niiiiv|(«l  la  Ihu  conlinea  uf  /aiiKUKhar,  tha 
r^tliigiicaa  hail  round  araca  of  man  rude  and  iincuUi- 
fitad,  itraiiKeia  to  latlari,  In  arta  and  coinniana,  and 
dillrriiiK  frnin  Iho  iiihalMlaiila  of  Kuropa  no  Icaa  in 
Ihair  fiuturi'a  and  coinplKiion  than  in  ihair  inaiinera 
and  inalilliiuna.  At  ilicy  advanced  from  thit,  thajf 
obtarvad,  lo  thair  inaipntaaihia  joy,  that  the  human 
form  gradually  allaiad  and  iinprovml ;  tin  Aalatie  faa- 
luiaa  bcHtn  to  pradomintlc,  marka  of  civiliittion 
•ppatrad,  leltara  wart  known,  lha  Mahomcttn  religion 
waa  attalilithcd,  tnd  a  commarca  far  from  liaing  incoii- 
•idarabla  wtt  carried  on.  At  that  lima  tavtrti  vataalt 
from  India  wera  in  lha  port  of  Malmda.  Utma  now 
purtuad  hia  noyige  wiih  alinoal  abaolula  corttinty  of 
■uccaaa,  and  uiidar  tha  eonduel  of  a  Mahomelaii  pilot, 
•rrifad  at  Calacut,  upon  Ilia  coaat  of  Malabar,  on  Iho 
Iwanly-aacond  of  May,  one  Ihouatnd  four  hundred  and 
ninaly-aight.     What  ha  belirld  of  tha  wealth,  tha  po- 

Cukwanaaa,  tha  cultivation,  tlio  iiidutlry,  and  trtt  of 
lit  highly  civilitad  country,  far  aurpaated  any  idea 
tkal  ba  nad  foruiad,  from  the  iniparfoct  accounit  which 
Iba  Euroiwani  had  hitherto  received  of  il.  Uul  aa  he 
|MMaatia<l  neither  euffioieni  force  lo  allampi  a  aeltla- 
menl,  dm  proper  commodiliea  with  whicn  ha  couU 
•arry  on  eommaro*  of  any  contequenca,  ha  htalaned 
back  to  Portugal,  with  an  account  of  hia  euceeae  in  per- 
forming a  voyage,  lha  longett,  aawoll  aamoti  difflcull, 
that  liad  aver  Iwen  madu  aince  the  Aral  invention  of 
Mvigalion.  He  landed  at  Ijabon  on  the  fourteaiilb  ff 
8«ptemb«r,  ona  Ibouaand  four  hundred  and  iiinat)P-nine, 
two  yeara  two  moniha  and  Ave  daya  from  the  luna  ba 
lift  Ihal  port. 

Thua,  during  lha  courte  of  the  (IfUenth  century, 
mankind  made  greater  prograta  in  exploring  tha  atala 
•f  lha  habitable  globe,  thai  in  all  the  agaa  which  bad 
tUpaed  previoua  lo  that  period.  The  apiril  of  diieovery, 
foebia  at  Aral  and  cautioua,  moved  within  a  very  nar- 
low  tphera,  and  made  ila  aflbrli  with  heailalion  and 
timidity.  Encouraged  by  aucceaa,  it  became  advaa- 
luroua,  and  Iwldly  extended  ila  operationa.  In  Ihr 
counw  of  ila  proareaaion,  il  eontiuiiM  to  acouira  vioor, 
•ud  idvanceJ  at  length  with  a  rapidity  and  force  which 
buret  through  all  the  limit  within  which  ignorance  and 
foar  had  hitherto  circumacribed  Iho  activity  of  the 
kumin  race.  Alinott  Aftv  yeara  were  eimiloycd  by  the 
INirtugueto  in  creeping  along  lha  cnaal  of  Africa  from 
Cape  Non  lo  Cape  do  Veid,  the  latter  of  which  liee 
only  twelve  degreea  to  tha  toulh  of  lha  former.  In 
laaa  than  thirty  yaara  they  ventured  beyond  the  equi- 
noctial line  into  another  hemiaphere,  and  penetrated  lo 
the  aouthern  extremity  of  Africa,  at  Iho  dialtnce  of 
fony-nine  degreea  from  Capo  de  Verd.  During  the 
latl  aaven  yeara  of  the  centuryi  a  New  World  waa  dia- 
eovercd  in  the  wett,  not  inferior  in  extent  lo  alt  the 
parte  of  the  earth  with  which  mankind  wore  at  Ihal 
time  acquainted.  In  lha  Katt,  unknown  teat  and 
counlriet  were  found  out,  and  a  communication,  long 
daairi'd,  but  hitherto  concealed  waa  opened  between 
Europe  and  the  opulent  regiona  of  India.  In  coinna- 
liaon  with  eventa  ao  wonderful  and  unoxpecled,  all  tlmt 
hod  hitherto  been  deemed  great  or  tplendiil  faded 
•way  and  diaanpeared.  Vaal  objecta  now  jireaoiiled 
themaelvct.  The  human  mind,  roused  tnd  inleroated 
by  the  proancci,  engaged  with  ardor  in  pursuit  of  them, 
and  exertcu  its  active  (Mwera  in  a  new  direction. 

Thia  apiril  of  onlcrpriae,  though  but  newly  awakened 
in  Spain,  began  aoon  to  operate  eitontively.  All  the 
•tieinpta  lowarda  discovery  made  in  thai  kingdom  had 
hitherto  been  carried  on  by  Coluinbua  alone,  and  at  the 
expense  of  the  Sovereign.  Hut  now  private  adven- 
turers, allured  by  the  magnificent  deai^riptiana  he  gave 
of  the  regiona  which  ho  hud  viaited,  aa  well  as  by  the 
apecimens  of  their  wealth  which  he  produced,  ollered 
to  fit  out  squadrons  at  their  own  riak,  and  to  go  in 
qiieel  of  new  counlriea.  The  Spanish  court,  whoso 
scanty  revenues  were  exhauated  by  the  charge  iif  its 
expeditions  lo  the  New  World,  which,  though  ihey 
opened  alluring  prospects  of  future  benefit,  yielded  a 
very  sparing  return  of  present  profit,  was  extremely 
viliing  lo  devolve  the  burden  of  discovery  upon  its 
■ubjecta.  Il  seized  with  joy  an  opportunity  of  render- 
kg  Iba  avarice,  the  ingenuity,  ana  eflbrtt  of  projeclora 
iBftiaaantal  in  promoting  dctignt  of  certain  advantage 
M  Um  public,  Uwufihar  doubtful  auccoaa  with  respect 


to  Ikomaalvaa.  Ona  of  lha  IWat  pfopoailleaa  •(  Uuo 
kind  waa  made  by  Alonta  da  Ojada,  a  gallanl  and  ac- 
tive oHIcrr,  who  hud  arromiitniad  Ciilunihua  m  hia 
tscund  voyage  Ilia  rank  ami  clitraclur  procured  huu 
such  aradit  wllh  Ilia  marchanis  of  Navillv,  llial  Ibay 
und«rlook  lo  ri|ulp  four  ahipa,  pravhled  ha  roiild  ohlain 
Ilia  royal  license,  tuihuriaing  Ine  vovaga.  'I'lin  (lowcr- 
ful  |>alruii»gn  uf  Ilia  llialioii  of  llailiijut  raaily  aeciired 
aureuas  in  a  auil  ao  tgrrrable  In  Ilia  court.  Witlioul 
conaulling  Colunibut  or  regarding  Iho  righia  and  jiiria- 
diction  vvhii'h  he  had  aciiuircd  by  lha  capilultlioii  in 
one  Ihouttnil  four  hiiiidrrd  and  ninrty-two,  Ojada  was 
[Mirinilird  lo  act  out  for  Ihti  Mew  World  In  order  to 
direct  his  course,  the  biahop  coiiiniiinicaled  lo  him  the 
adniiral'a  journal  of  hia  laat  voyage,  and  hia  charta  of 
the  oountrica  which  ha  had  discovered.  Dicda  atruck 
out  into  no  new  path  of  navigation,  but  adhering  aer- 
vilcly  to  lha  roiile  which  (Joluinbiia  had  taken,  arrived 
on  the  coast  of  i'sria  [May].  He  traded  with  ihe  na- 
tivaa,  and,  alanding  to  tha  weal,  proceeded  aa  far  aa 
L'a|ia  da  Vela,  and  ranged  along  a  conaidcrabia  ailrnt 
of  coaat  lieyond  that  on  which  Columbna  had  touched. 
Having  lliiia  atcertained  the  oiiinion  of  Columbus,  that 
thia  country  waa  a  part  of  the  conliiient,  Ojeda  re- 
lumed by  way  of  Hiapaniola  lo  Spain  (October],  with 
aoina  reputation  aa  a  diacovorar,  but  with  little  benefit 
to  Ihoae  who  had  raiaed  Ihe  funda  for  Ihe  expedition. 

Amerigo  Vaapucci,  a  Florentine  gentleman,  accom- 
panied Ojoda  in  thia  voyage.  In  what  station  ha  aerved 
la  uncertain ,  but  aa  ho  waa  an  experienced  aailor,  and 
aminenlly  akillad  in  all  Ihe  aciancea  aubservieni  lo 
navigation,  bo  aeemt  to  have  acquired  auch  authority 
among  hia  companiona,  that  they  willingly  allowed  him 
lo  have  a  chief  ahare  in  directing  ihaii  operationa  during 
Iho  voyage.  Soon  after  hia  return,  he  tranamitlcd  an 
account  of  hia  advcniuraa  and  discoverica  lo  one  of  hia 
countrymen  ;  and  lalviring  with  Ihe  vanity  of  a  traveller 

10  magnify  hia  own  exploits,  he  had  Ihe  addreta  and 
oonAdance  to  frame  his  narmtiva  ao  at  to  make  it  ap- 
pear thai  Im  had  the  glonr  of  having  first  discovered  Ihe 
continent  in  the  New  World.  Aincngo'a  account  waa 
drawn  up  not  only  with  art,  but  with  aome  elegance. 

11  contained  an  amusing  hiatory  of  hia  voyage,  and  ju- 
dioioua  obaarvaliont  upon  Ihe  natural  producliona,  tha 
inhabiiania,  and  Ihe  customs  of  the  countriea  which  he 
had  visited.     Aa  il  waa  Ihe  Aral  description  of  any  part 

,  of  Ihn  New  World  that  waa  published,  a  performanco 
ao  well  calculated  lo  gratify  the  passion  of  mankind  for 
what  ia  new  and  marvelloua,  circulated  rapidly,  and 
waa  read  with  admiration.  Tha  country  of  which 
Amerigo  waa  aupposed  to  bo  the  discoverer,  came 
graduollr  lo  be  called  by  hia  name.  The  caprice  of 
mankind,  often  as  unaccountable  at  unjuat,  naa  per- 
petualed  this  evror.  Uy  Iho  univeraul  content  of  na- 
tions, America  it  Ihe  name  botlowod  on  thit  new  quar- 
ter of  the  globe.  The  bold  pretentions  of  a  fortunate 
impoatar,  Imvo  robbed  the  discoverer  of  Iho  New  World 
of  a  distinction  which  belonged  to  liiin.  The  name  of 
Amerigo  haa  aupplanted  that  of  Columbua ;  and  man- 
kind mav  regret  an  act  of  injualice,  which,  having  re- 
ceived the  sanction  of  time,  it  ia  now  loo  late  lo  re- 
dress. [32] 

During  Ihe  same  year,  another  voyage  of  diacovery 
waa  undertaken.  Columbiis  not  only  introduced  the 
spirit  of  naval  enterprise  into  Spain,  but  all  the  first 
advenlurera  who  distinguished  themselves  in  this  new 
career  were  formed  hy  his  instructions,  and  acquired  in 
his  voynjTOs  the  skill  and  information  which  qiialifii-d 
them  to  iiniuio  his  example.  Alonso  Nigiio,  who  had 
rerved  under  Ihe  admiral  in  hit  lost  expedition,  fitted 
out  a  single  ship,  in  conjunction  with  Christopher 
Uuorra,  a  merchant  of  Seville,  and  sailed  to  the  coast 
of  Paria.  This  voyage  seema  to  have  been  conducted 
with  greater  attention  to  private  emolument  than  to  any 
general  or  national  object.  NIgno  and  Guerra,  made 
no  diacoverios  of  any  imnortanco  ;  but  Ihey  brought 
homo  such  a  return  of  gold  and  pearls  as  inflamed  their 
countrymen  with  the  desire  of  engaging  in  similar  ad- 
ventures . 

Soon  after  [Jan.  13,  ISOO],  Vincent  Yaiicx  Pinxon, 
one  of  Iho  admiral's  companiona  in  his  first  voyage, 
sailed  from  Palos  with  four  aliins.  Ho  stood  boldly 
towards  the  south,  and  was  the  nrat  Spaniard  who  ven- 
tured across  Ihe  equinoctial  lino  ;  but  he  seems  lo  have 
landed  on  no  part  of  the  coast  beyond  Iho  mouth  of  the 
Maragnon,  or  river  of  l|ie  Amazons  All  these  navi- 
gators adopted  Ihe  erroneous  theory  of  Columbus,  and 
believed  that  the  countriea  which  ihey  had  discovered 
were  part  of  the  vast  continent  of  India. 

During  Ihe  last  year  uf  the  fil^cunth  century,  that 
fertile  di|trict  of  America,  on  Ihe  confinca  of  which 
Pinxon  liad  copped  abort,  was  mOK  fully  ditcovcred. 


IIm  MMteeeftil  voyage  at  Oama  lo  Iba  Caal  la 
baving  anaoaraatd  Ihe  King  of  Porlugal  la  ■;•  oal  a 
Aaal  ao  powerful  aa  not  only  lo  carry  on  trade  b«l  !• 
alttmpt  can<|ueal,  ha  gave  Ilia  command  of 't  lo  PadM 
Alvarei  Cabral.  In  order  lo  avoid  the  coaat  of  AfHoi^ 
where  ha  waa  aarlain  of  ineeling  wilh  variable  hraeie* 
or  freqiienl  calina,  which  inighl  retard  hia  voyag% 
I 'abral  ilooil  out  lo  ara,  and  kept  ao  far  to  lha  wael, 
Ihal,  to  bia  aurprise,  he  found  hiinaalf  upon  Ihe  abon 
of  an  unknown  counlrv,  in  Ihe  laclh  oegrae  beyond 
Ilia  line.  He  imaginail  at  Aral  thai  tl  waa  tome  ialand 
ill  Ihe  Atlantic  ocean,  hilharto  unobserved  ;  but,  pr^ 
reeding  along  lit  coaal  for  aeveral  days,  ho  waa  M 
gradually  to  Iwlieva,  that  a  country  oe  axlansiva  fuilin4 
a  part  of  aome  great  eonlinenl.  I1iia  latlai  opinio* 
was  wall  founded.  The  country  wilh  which  he  fell  ia 
belonga  lo  ihal  province  in  Houlh  America  now  knowa 
by  the  name  of  Uratil.  He  landed )  and  having  fomud 
a  very  high  idea  of  the  fertility  of  the  aoil,  and  agfoo* 
ablenata  of  Ihe  climate,  he  took  possession  of  il  for  Ik* 
crown  of  Portugal,  and  deipalcnrd  a  ahip  lo  IJabaa 
wilh  an  account  of  Ihis  event,  which  SMMarad  lo  be  na 
less  Imporlanl  than  il  was  uiicipecleu.  Columbua'a 
discovery  of  Ihe  New  World  waa  the  eflbrt  of  an  aetlvo 
geniua  aniighlencd  by  acience,  guided  by  eiperieneo, 
and  acting  upon  a  regular  pitn  executed  with  no  leee 
courage  Inan  peraeveranre.  Out  from  thit  tdventai* 
of  the  Porlngueae,  il  apjieara  that  chance  might  bavo 
aecompliahad  Ihal  great  dvaign  which  il  ia  now  Iko 
pride  of  human  reaaon  lo  have  formed  and  perfaeted. 
If  Ihe  aagaciijr  o(  (Columbua  hid  not  conduelad  mu^ 
kind  to  America,  Cabral,  by  a  fortunate  accident,  miglll 
have  led  Ihem,  a  few  yaara  later,  lo  the  knowledge  of 
that  eitenaive  continent. 

While  Iho  Spaniards  and  Portiiguete,  by  Ihoee  euo- 
cettive  voytget,  were  dtilv  acquiring  more  enlarged 
ideaa  of  lha  extent  and  opulence  of  that  quarter  of  Ihn 
globe  which  Columbua  bad  made  known  lo  them,  ba 
nimaeir,  far  from  enjoying  the  Iranmiillity  and  hoiMrt 
wilh  which  hia  aervicea  ahould  have  (lecn  recompaneod. 
waa  atruggling  with  every  diatrett  in  which  IM  eary 
and  malevolonce  of  the  people  under  hia  command.  Of 
the  ingratitude  of  the  court  which  he  tervcd,  could  in- 
volve him.  Though  Ihe  pacification  with  lloldan  broke 
the  union  and  weakened  Iho  force  of  tha  mulineen,  U 
did  not  extirpate  lha  aeodt  of  ditcurd  out  of  the  ialand. 
Several  of  Ihe  malecontenia  cbnlinucd  in  arma,  refuaing 
lo  Bubinit  lo  the  admiral.  He  and  hit  brolhara  were 
obliged  to  lake  Iho  Acid  allemalely,  in  order  lo  eboek 
their  incuraiona,  or  to  puniah  their  eriinaa.  Tho  p*r> 
potuti  occupation  and  dia<)uiet  which  thia  created,  pf^ 
vented  him  from  giving  due  allcntion  to  tha  dtngeraua 
machiiiationa  of  hia  enomiea  in  the  court  of  Spam.  A 
good  number  of  tuch  ta  wore  moat  disstlisfieu  with  Ua 
administration  had  embraced  Iho  opportunity  of  relura- 
ing  lo  Europe  with  Ihe  ships  which  he  dospalebed  from 
St.  Domingo.  The  final  disappoinlmeni  of  all  Iheit 
hopea  inflamed  Ihe  rage  of  these  unfortunate  adventur- 
ers against  Columbua  lo  the  ulmoti  pitch.  Their  po- 
verty and  diatrett,  by  exciting  comptasion,  rendered 
their  accuaationa  credible,  and  tneir  compliinit  inlerett- 
ing.  They  leased  Perdinand  and  IsalielU  inceeeanlly 
with  memorials,  containing  the  detail  of  their  own 

f;riovancet,  and  the  articles  of  their  chorgo  againal  Co- 
uinbus.  Whenever  cither  tho  king  or  quean  appeared 
in  public,  they  aurronniled  them  in  a  tumultuary  man- 
ner, insisting  with  iniiiortiaate  clamours  for  the  pay- 
ment of  tho  arrears  due  to  them,  and  demanding  ven- 
geance upon  tho  author  of  their  siiireringt.  Iliey  in- 
sulted the  admirol's  sons  wherever  they  mel  Ihem,  re- 
proaching iheni  as  ihe  ofl°spring  of  the  projeetor,  whoee 
fatal  cunosity  had  discovered  those  pernicious  regiona 
which  drained  Spain  of  its  wealth,  and  would  prove  the 
grave  of  its  people.  These  avowed  cndoavora  of  lha 
nialeconlentt  from  America  lo  ruin  Columbua,  were 
seconded  by  the  lecrct  but  more  dangerous  intinualion* 
of  that  party  among  tho  courtiers,  which  had  alwaya 
thwarted  his  schemes,  and  envied  his  success  and  cre- 
dit. 

Ferdinand  was  dispnwd  lo  listen,  not  only  with  a 
willing  hut  with  a  partial  ear,  lo  these  accusatitma.  , 
Notwithstanding  the  flattering  accounts  which  Colum- 
bus hnd  piven  of  the  riches  of  America,  Ihe  rcmillaneea 
from  it  had  hitherto  been  so  scanty  that  they  fell  fat 
short  of  defraying  the  expense  of  the  armaments  filled 
out.  Tho  glory  of  ihe  discovery,  together  with  tha 
prospect  of  remote  commercial  advantages,  was  all  that 
Spain  had  yet  received  in  return  for  tho  efloits  which 
she  had  made.  But  time  had  already  diininiahed  Iba 
first  •lensationa  of  joy  which  Iho  discovery  of  a  Near 
World  occasioned,  and  fame  alone  was  not  an  abiecl 
lo  tatiafy  the  cold  interested  mind  of  Ferdinind.    Tlw 


RODCRTIinN'Jl  IIIHTORY  OV 


I  •(  niwim  WM  Ikaa  w  lilUs  un^moail  Uial, 
IniMdiaW  (Mil  wti  iMri  •niHiwd,  Um  hii|M  of 
I  ImmAi,  or  of  tlow  •nd  mu<l»n)o  raiumt,  wh 
bittUjr  ilMniguiiwI  FrnliiMiol  I'linaiilaiMl  Npnin,  on 
HM  Mcounl,  M  h*ving  loat  by  Iho  «iiMr|iriM  of  Coliiin- 
km,  inl  impuUHl  il  lo  hit  iiiiKumluel  mi<1  ifirt|iMil]t 
to  ■Mwnnwnl,  Itul  t  country  •boiindiiHi  in  gold  hid 
•Mm  KMhliHl  of  «tlu«  lo  lU  comiuoror*  Lvtn  Im- 
wlli,  wh*  frmn  Um  bvorthU  ofiniun  which  iIm  tnior- 
Minnil  of  Columbu*  ImuI  uniformly  proloctMi  hiin,  m»» 
aktkM  *l  toiHMli  by  Iho  numhor  11111  bol<ln*M  of  hii 
M«tMn,  ind  Mgtn  lo  lutpmit  that  ■  diwUliKiion  to 
gliMNl  muM  h*v«  bMn  ocsaiioncd  by  ml  griovincM 
«kMk  ciiM  Ibr  rodfOM.  'Ilw  Uiihop  of  U*d*jo«,  with 
kit  wuil  MunHMlty  urinal  i^oluinbua,  •ncoungtid  ihoM 
■■■kiMM,  tml  contmncd  them. 

Ai  won  H  Um  ijueon  bogtn  to  (in  wty  to  th« 
Mmnl  of  oalumny,  ■  raaolution  fatal  to  (,'uliiinliiia 
«M  takan.  I'rancia  da  Uuvadilla,  a  knight  of  Cala- 
Mva,  wta  apfiaintad  to  rrpair  to  lliapaniola,  with  full 
••wata  to  int|uira  Into  Iha  conduct  of  ('olunibua,  and 
M  Iw  i.hotJd  Ibid  lha  chargo  uf  inaladiiiiniatralion 
yunti,  to  auparaaida  him,  and  aiauma  lha  (ovammont 
01  Um  lalanJ.  It  waa  im|KMaililii  lo  caca|Mi  condcni- 
MtiOn,  when  thu  prapoataroua  rominiaaion  made  il  lha 
inioraai  of  Ih*  judga  lo  prononncv  tha  peraon  wlioin 
kit  wa*  aar'.  lo  try,  guilty.  Though  Culuinbua  liad 
•ow  cempoaad  all  lha  diaaonaloni  in  Uia  iaiand  ;  though 
kt  had  hnugbl  both  Hpaniarda  and  Indiana  to  aubniil 
IMCmU)  lo  hia  govarnmant ;  though  ha  had  niada 
Mch  aflaelual  proviaion  for  working  lha  niinea,  and 
•ultivaJng  tha  eoonlry,  aa  would  ha«a  aariirad  a  con- 
•idaraiila  lavaauo  to  Uio  king,  u  well  aa  large  proilla 
U  inJiniduale  :  Bovadilla,  withtnit  itaaigiiing  lo  attend 
III  Ua  nature  or  merit  of  there  aervicee,  diacovarrd 
fctpm  lha  PMmant  thai  he  landed  in  lliapaniola,  a  de- 
wnained  purpoee  of  treating  him  aa  a  criminal.  He 
took  poaaetaion  of  the  adinirara  houao  in  (it  Domingo, 
liom  which  ita  maater  happened  at  Ihdl  liino  lo  do 
•beani,  and  aaized  hia  edecta,  iia  if  hia  guill  had  been 
•iready  fullr  proved  ;  ha  reiidnrad  hiinaelf  maater  of 
Jm  fort  ami  of  lha  King  a  aiorea  liy  violence  ;  he  re- 
i|aifed  all  peraona  lo  acknovtlod^a  him  aa  auprame 

Kvemor  i  tie  aat  al  liberty  the  pnaonera  conflneil  b^ 
I  admiral,  and  auminonod  him  10  appear  before  hia 
tribunal,  in  order  to  anawer  for  hia  conduct ;  Irana- 
nilting  lo  him,  togalher  with  the  aummona.  a  copy  of 
tk*  roval  mandate,  iiy  which  Columbua  waa  enjoined 
to  yield  implicit  obeidience  to  hia  commanda. 

Columbua,  though  deoplv  alfecled  with  the  in- 
grMituda  and  injualiee  of  Ferdinand  and  laabclla,  did 
■ot  heailale  a  moment  aboul  hia  own  conduct.  Ilo 
aubmiltad  to  the  will  of  hia  aovrroi|{iia  with  a  reapoct- 
fiil  ailanca,  and  repaired  directly  [October]  lu  the 
court  of  that  violent  and  partial  judge  whom  tlicy  bad 
•ulhorited  lo  try  him.  Bovadilla,  without  admitting 
him  into  hia  preaence,  ordered  liiin  inaiaiitly  lo  b«  ar- 
iseted,  lo  be  loaded  with  chaina,  and  luirricil  on  board 
•  ahip.  Even  under  thia  humiliating  roverae  of  fortune, 
Um  nrmneaa  of  mind  which  diatinguiahea  the  cluractcr 
of  Columbua  did  not  foraake  him.  Conacioua  of  hia 
own  integrity,  and  aoUcing  himnclf  with  rcDecting 
upon  the  great  thinif*  which  ho  had  achieved,  ho  en- 
dured thia  inault  oll'crcd  lo  hia  character,  not  only  with 
c'ompoaure  but  with  dignity.  Nor  had  he  the  coii- 
■olalion  of  aympalhy  to  mitinle  hia  aulTeringa.  Ilu- 
Toddla  had  already  rendered    himaelf  ao  extremely 

Eiular,  by  granting  varioua  iinmunitiea  to  the  colony, 
liberal  donationa  of  Indiana  to  all  who  applied  for 
m,  and  by  rolaiing  the  reina  of  diacipline  and 
government,  that  the  Spaniarda,  who  were  moatly 
•dvenlurera,  whom  their  indigence  or  Crimea  hod  com- 
pelled to  abandon  their  naiivo  country,  ezprcaacd  the 
moat  indecent  sutiafaction  with  the  diagrace  and  im- 
priaonment  of  (;«lumbua.  1'hey  flattered  thomaolvoa 
that  now  they  ahoiild  enjoy  an  uncontrolled  liberty  more 
auitablo  to  their  dixpsaition  and  former  haliita  of  life. 
Among  peraona  thua  prepared  to  cenaure  the  proceed- 
inga,  and  to  aapcrae  the  character  of  Columbua, 
Bovadilla  collected  materiala  for  a  charge  againat  him. 
All  accuaationa  the  moat  improbable  aa  woU  aa  incon- 
aiatent,  were  received.  No  informer,  however,  info- 
moua,  waa  rejected.  The  reault  of  thia  ini)Uoat,  no  leas 
kidocant  than  partial,  he  Iranamitted  to  Spain.  Al  the 
aame  time  he  ordered  Columbua,  with  hia  two  brothcra, 
lo  be  carried  thither  in  fettera  ;  and,  adding  cruelty  to 
inault,  he  confined  them  in  difleront  ahipa,  and  excluded 
Uum  from  the  comfort  of  that  friendly  intercourse 
which  might  have  aoothcd  their  common  diatresa. 
But  while  the  Spaniarda  in  Hiapaniola  viewed  the 
■ifaitrary  and  inaolent  proceedinga  of  Bovadilla  with  a 
pwMrai  approbation,  which  roUecta  diahonor  upon  their 


nanw  and  eounlry,  on«  man  ailll  lalaiiMd  •  pfopar 
aanaa  of  the  great  arlinna  whiah  ('olumhtia  hail  par- 
(umif<l,  and  waa  tourhrd  wilh  Ih*  aanliinenia  of  «*na- 
raliun  ami  nilv  due  l»  hia  rank,  hia  age,  and  hia  merit 
Aloiiao  da  Vaiajo,  lha  captain  of  tha  vaaaal  on  board 
which  lha  admiral  waa  nmAnad,  aa  toon  aa  ha  waa 
clear  of  the  laljiid,  approarhrd  hia  priaonvr  with  great 
raaparl,  and  ollrred  lu  rtleato  hiiil  fiiNn  tha  fxlltra 
with  which  he  waa  unjiially  loaded  "  No,"  replied 
('oliimlnia  with  a  geiieroiia  indign4lion,  "  I  wear  tnraa 
iruna  in  conaeiiuenca  of  an  order  from  my  aoveraigna 
f  hey  ahall  llnil  me  aa  obedient  lo  thia  aa  to  their  other 
injuiictiuna  Uy  their  cuinmaiid  I  liave  hern  lonAnad, 
and  their  i-ommand  alone  shall  ael  me  al  lilierty  " 

Nov.  t9  I  fortunately  lha  voyage  lo  Hpiun  waa 
ailremalv  aliort  Aa  eoon  aa  FenTiiiand  and  laaballa 
were  informed  tha*.  rulumhua  waa  liriiii^ht  hnina  a 
priauner  ahd  in  chains,  they  |M'ircivi'd  at  oiira  what 
univvraal  aatoiiialiineni  thia  event  iiiiiat  oeraaion,  and 
what  an  iinpriaaiun  lo  their  diaadvanta)(e  it  inual  make 
All  turope,  they  foresaw,  would  be  tilled  wilh  indig- 
nation al  thia  ungeneroiia  requital  of  a  man  who  had 
|ierf»rmcd  artiaiis  worthy  of  the  highest  rerompeiise, 
and  wuuld  riclaini  against  the  injuatica  of  the  nation, 
to  which  he  had  been  aiich  an  ainmenl  benefactor,  aa 
well  aa  againat  tha  illgnilituda  of  tha  pnncea  whoaa 
reign  ha  had  rendered  illualrioua.  Aa>iamed  of  their 
own  conduct,  ami  eager  not  only  to  make  aoina  n-|iara- 
tion  for  thia  injury,  out  lo  efface  tha  tiain  which  il 
might  fix  upon  their  chattctar,  they  inalanlly  iaaued 
onTera  lo  eel  Columbua  al  liberty  [Dee.  IT,]  invited 
him  lo  court,  and  rniiillcd  money  10  enable  him  to  ap- 
pear there  in  a  iiianiur  auitabie  to  hia  rank  When  he 
entered  lha  royal  preaence,  Columbua  threw  himaelf 
at  the  feel  of  hia  aovoroigna.  Ha  remained  for  aonie 
time  ailenl ;  lha  varioua  paaaiona  which  agitated  hia 
mind  auppn»sii\g  hia  power  of  utterance.  At  longtii 
ho  tvroviirril  luiiiself,  and  vindicated  hia  conduct  in  a 
long  diacoume,  producing  the  moat  aatisrynig  proofs  of 
hia  own  integrity  aa  well  aa  good  intention,  and  evidence, 
no  leaa  clear,  of  the  malevolence  of  hia  eneiniea,  who, 
not  aatiafied  with  having  ruined  his  fortune,  labored  to 
deprive  him  of  what  alona  waa  now  loft,  hia  honor  and 
hia  fame.  Ferdinand  received  him  wilh  decent  civility, 
and  laabella  with  tcndemeaa  and  reaped.  Tlioy  both 
expreaaed  their  aorrow  for  what  had  happened,  diaa- 
vowud  their  knowledge  of  il,  and  joined  in  proiniaing 
him  protection  and  future  favor.  Uut  though  they  in- 
aiaiitly degraded  Dovadilla,  in  order  to  remove  from 
Ihemaelvea  any  auapicion  of  having  authoriied  hia 
violent  proceedinga,  they  did  not  realore  to  Columbua 
Ilia  juriadiction  and  privilegca  aa  viceroy  of  Ihoaa 
countriea  which  ho  had  diacovered.  Though  willing 
to  appear  the  avengora  of  Coluinbua'a  wronga,  that 
illiberal  joalouay  which  prompted  them  lo  invest 
Bovadilla  wilh  auch  authority,  aa  put  it  in  hia  power 
to  treat  the  admiral  with  indignity,  atill  aubaiatcd. 
They  were  afraid  to  Iruat  a  man  to  whom  they  had 
been  ao  highly  indebted  ;  and  retaining  him  at  court 
under  varioua  pretexia,  they  appointed^  Nicholaa  de 
Ovando,  a  knight  of  the  military  tidcr  of  Alcantara, 
governor  of  llispaniola. 

Columbus  war  deeply  affected  with  this  now  injury, 
which  came  from  hanila  that  aenmed  to  be  employed 
in  making  reparation  for  hia  past  auircringa.  'I'he 
aenaibility  with  which  great  minda  feel  every  thing  tliat 
implies  any  auapicion  of  their  integrity,  or  that  wears 
the  aa|>ect  of  an  alfrant,  ia  exquiaite.  Columbua  had 
experienced  botli  from  the  Spaniards,  and  their  un- 
generous conduct  exasperated  him  to  such  a  degree  that 
no  could  no  longer  conceal  the  oentimenta  which  it 
excited.  Wherever  ho  went  I.e  carried  about  wilh 
him,  aa  a  memorial  of  their  ingratitude,  those  fetter» 
with  which  ho  had  been  loaded.  They  were  conatanlly 
hung  up  in  hia  chamber,  and  ho  gave  ordera,  that  when 
ho  died  they  ahould  he  buried  in liia  grave. 

IfiOl  ]  Meanwhile  the  spirit  ofdiacovcry,  notwith 
atanding  the  severe  check  which  il  had  received  by  the 
ungenerous  treatment  of  the  man  who  first  excited  it  in 
Spain,  continued  active  and  vigorous.  [January]  Ko- 
dorigo  de  Bastidaa,  a  person  of  distinction,  fitted  out 
two  ships  in  copartnery  with  John  de  la  Cosa,  who  hav- 
ing served  under  the  admiral  in  two  of  his  voyagea  was 
deemed  the  most  akilful  pilot  in  Spain.  They  steered 
directly  towarda  the  continent,  arrived  on  the  coast  of 
Paria,  and,  proceeding  to  the  west,  discovered  all  the 
coast  of  the  province  now  known  by  the  name  of 
Ticrra  Firino,  from  Capo  de  Vela  to  the  Uulf  of  Da. 
rien.  Not  long  after  Ojcda,  with  his  former  aoaociale 
Amerigo  Vespucci,  set  out  upon  a  second  voyage, 
and,  being  unacquainted  with  the  deatinalion  of  Bas- 
tidaa,  hold  the  aamo  couroe  and  touched  at  tho  aome 


■iaaaa.  Tha  voyaga  of  Baalldaa  waa  proai  asmM  ltd 
lucratlva,  that  of  (>|eda  unfortunate.  Hui  both  lenM 
lo  ineraaaa  lha  ardor  of  diorovery  ;  for  in  pmparlHM 
aa  lha  Nuaniarda  arqinrad  a  mora  eatenaiva  know> 
ledga  of  tlia  Ameriran  conlinani,  their  idea  of  i'«  opo- 
Irnra  and  fertility  iwreaaad. 

liefora  Ikaaa  advenlurera  ratiimad  tnm  iheir  m 
agaa,  a  deal  waa  equi|iped,  at  ihn  public  eapensa,  lot 
carrying  over  Ovando,  lha  naw  governor,  lo  lliapa- 
niola. ^Iia  praaanca  there  waa  aatrtmely  te-iiiiade,  ,* 
order  to  atop  tha  inconaidarata  caraar  of  UovaJilla, 
whoaa  iinpriuiani  adininiatration  ikrealanad  iho  •otila- 
nieni  with  ruin,  ('onacioua  of  lha  violanca  and  iniquity 
of  hia  proceedinga  against  (,'olumbus,  h*  canlinuM  to 
make  il  hia  sole  object  to  gain  lha  favor  and  aupport  at 
hia  countryman,  by  acemnmodating  himaelf  to  Ihair 
iiasaiana  and  prejudices.  Wilh  this  view,  ha  aala- 
Wished  regulationa  in  every  point  lha  raveraa  of  thoao 
which  CeTumlnia  deemed  eaaential  to  tha  proa|ienl]r 
of  the  colony.  Inalaad  of  tha  severe  discipline  neces- 
sary in  order  lo  habituala  lha  diaaolula  aiid  rorrupted 
iiirniliers  of  which  lha  aoeiety  waa  coinpoaad,  lo  Um 
reairaints  nf  law  and  auliordinalion,  ha  aiinerad  tham  lo 
eiiiuy  auch   iinronlrollatl   licenaa  aa  encouraged   tha 

ildcal  aicewaa.  Inatead  of  prolacling  lha  Indiana, 
ha  gava  a  legal  aanclion  to  tha  oppreaaion  of  thai  un- 
happy paorla.  He  look  the  eiacl  number  of  aiieh  aa 
aurvived  their  past  calamitiea,  divided  tham  into  dia- 
tinct  claaaes,  distiihuted  them  in  property  among  hia 
sdherenta,  and  reduced  all  lha  paopla  of  tin  iaiand  10  a 
state  of  coniplela  aervilude.  Aa  lha  avariea  of  lha 
M|ianiarda  was  too  rapaiMoua  and  impatient  lo  try  any 
nieihixl  of  acquiring  wealth  but  that  of  aiarrhing  fur 
gokl,  this  servitude  became  aa  griavoiia  as  il  waa  uii- 
jual  Tho  Indians  were  driven  in  crowda  U<  Iho  moun- 
tains, and  coinpelleil  to  work  in  Iho  mines,  by  masiera 
who  inqioaed  tlieir  tasks  without  mercy  or  diacretion 
Ijalior  BO  di>pra|Hirliuiii-d  to  their  airength  and  former 
halms  of  life,  wasted  that  feeble  race  of  men  with  auch 
Mpid  consumption,  aa  inusi  have  soon  tanninated  in 
lha  utter  extinction  of  tha  ancient  inhabitanta  of  tho 
country. 

The  necessity  of  applying  a  speedy  remedy  10  Ihuao 
disordera  hastened  Ovando'e  depirlure.  He  had  Ihn 
command  of  lha  moat  rNpactable  armament  hitherto 
fitted  out  for  the  Naw  World.  It  consisted  of  thirty- 
two  ahipa,  on  board  of  which  two  llousand  five  hundred 
peraona  embarked  with  an  intantiiin  of  aallKng  in  lha 
country.  [ISO).)  Upon  lha  arrival  of  the  now  governor 
wilh  thia  powerful  reinforeemel  lotlia  colony,  Bovadilla 
reaignod  hia  chargo,  and  waa  commtrdcd  to  return  in- 
stantly lo  Spain,  in  order  to  anawer  for  hia  conduct. 
Koldan  and  the  other  ringleadcra  of  the  iiiiitinoera,  wko 
had  been  moat  active  in  oppuaing  Coluinhua,  were  re- 
quire<l  to  leave  the  island  at  tho  aame  lime.  A  pro- 
clamation waa  issued,  declaring  tho  nalivea  to  lie  frea 
subjects  of  Spain,  of  whom  no  service  waa  lo  lie  cx- 
jiccted  contrary  to  their  own  incliiuitiun,  and  without 
paying  iliem  an  adcqiiute  price  for  their  labor.  WiUi 
respect  to  the  H|ianiarda  tliemoelvea,  varioua  regula- 
tiona wero  made,  tending  to  auppreaa  the  liceniiuua 
spirit  which  hod  lieeii  10  fatal  to  the  colony,  and  to 
csiubli«h  that  reverence  for  law  and  order  on  which  so- 
ciety is  founded,  and  to  which  il  ia  indiibted  for  ita  in- 
creaae  and  atability.  In  order  lo  limit  the  exorbitant 
gain  which  private  peraona  were  aupp<jaed  to  nuke  by 
working  tho  minea,  an  ordinance  waa  publiahcd,  direct- 
ing all  tho  gold  lo  lie  brauulit  lo  a  public  amelting* 
houae,  and  declaring  one-lwl?  of  it  to  be  the  property  ol 
the  crown. 

^Vhile  theae  atepa  wero  taking  for  aeciiring  the  tran- 
quillity and  welfare  of  tho  colony  which  Columbua  had 
planted,  he  himaelf  waa  engaged  in  the  unpleasant  em- 
ployment of  soliciting  the  favor  of  an  ungrateful  court, 
and  notwithstanding  all  hia  merit  and  aarvicea,  lie  ao- 
licited  in  vain.  He  demanded,  in  lerma  of  the  original 
capitulation  in  one  thousand  four  hundred  and  ninety- 
two,  to  bo  roinatatcd  in  hia  oflice  of  viceroy  over  lha 
countriea  which  he  bad  discovered.  By  a  strange  fa- 
tality, tho  circomatanco  which  he  urged  in  support  of 
his  cla.tn,  determined  a  jealoua  monarch  to  reject  it. 
The  grtatness  of  his  discoveries,  and  the  prospect  of 
their  increasing  value,  mode  Ferdinand  consider  tho 
conceaaioiis  in  the  capitulation  oa  extravagant  and  im- 
politic. He  was  afraid  of  intrusting  a  subject  with  the 
exercise  of  a  jurisdiction  that  now  appeared  to  be  so 
extremely  extensive,  and  might  grow  to  be  no  less  for- 
midable. He  inapircd  Isabella  with  the  same  suspi- 
cions ;  and  under  varioua  pretezta,  equally  frivoloua 
and  unjust,  they  eluded  all  Columbue'a  requisitiona  to 
perform  that  which  a  aolemn  compact  bound  them  to 
accomfiUab.    After  attending  tbo  court  of  Spain   fai 


NnirTii  AMmiUA. 


MM  l«r«  yn,  u  Ml  humhU  niilM,  h«  tound  il  iin- 
MMibb  ta  niiw«*  rintimntl'i  prvjudicn  •ml  •|il>f«- 
MnMWM  )  tnd  prrvKixl  •!  kngih  Ihal  ha  Ulwrnl  in 


■ame  suapi- 
Jly  frivolou* 
equisitioiu  to 
lund  tham  to 
of  Sgm  fa 


Vim,  whanlw  ui|(«ii  •  cUlinof  juiiiaa  m  imml  wiih  ■■■ 
INWraatwl  •ihI  unhalmg  priiHi*. 

Ilui  a«tn  Ihia  ungamrau*  rt  urn  M  not  diMoiiraf  • 
Urn  fratn  punuing  tha  gntt  )I>jkI  which  flnl  ••llmi 
Ibfth  hM  inHnlK*  gtniua.  ami  xnilail  hiin  la  ail*iii|il 
4iaea*af)r.  Ta  afiaii  a  nrw  paaaana  la  tha  (laat  liiiliva 
wta  hi*  ariginal  aiial  fa«i»ita  achama  Thia  alill  rn- 
gioiiiil  hta  thaughta  i  and  ailhar  from  hia  own  alwr- 
nlion*  in  hia  vayagt  to  I'aria,  or  Awn  aoina  oliariira 
Mm  af  Ih*  natlvaa,  or  froin  Iha  arcounta  aiiran  hy  Ilia- 
Udaa  tml  il«  la  ('oaa  of  lliair  »ip«lillon,  lia  cnni^nivril 
M  opinion  that  IwtoiuI  th«  rontinanl  of  Amatiaa  Iharr 
WW  a  aaa  which  ciIi'ihIi'iI  Id  Iha  Kaat  Iniliva,  awl 
kopad  10  And  aoiiie  alriit  or  narrow  nt'ck  of  land,  hy 
which  a  communication  niiuht  ha  opanad  with  il  and 
Iha  part  of  tha  aaaan  already  known.  Ily  a  «ary  for- 
lunala  coniaetura,  h*  aui>|HMril  ihia  atrail  or  iithniua  lo 
ha  tituttaa  naarlh*  (iulf  of  Darirn  Full  of  thia  idra, 
though  ha  waa  new  of  an  advam^vd  aga,  worn  oiil  wilh 
fatlgua,  and  brokan  wilh  inArmitiaa,  ha  oAarad,  with 
Iha  alaerilT  of  a  youthful  adfcnlurar,  to  undertake  a 
voyaga  whleh  would  aarartain  thia  importani  point,  and 
paifael  tha  grand  tchcma  which  from  Iha  beginning  h* 
propoaad  to  accampliah.  Several  eireumalancea  con- 
•srrad  in  diipo*ii>||  Ferdinand  and  laaholla  lu  land  a 
fivorabla  aai  to  Ihia  pro|ioaal  'lliey  were  glad  to  have 
the  pratait  of  any  hoiioruhle  eni|ilayinent  for  rmnovinn 
from  court  a  man  wilh  whoa*  doinanda  they  drained  it 
Imiiolitia  to  comply,  and  whoae  acrvicea  it  waa  indecent 
la  laglact.  Though  unwilling  lo  reward  Columlnia, 
%ty  war*  not  liiaanaible  of  hia  merit,  and  from  their  ei- 
yaiianca  of  hie  akill  and  conduct,  had  reaaon  to  give 
tradit  to  hia  canjeclurva,  anil  lo  confide  in  hia  aiirccaa 
To  Ihaaa  conaidurationa,  a  third  miiat  bo  added  of  atill 
■laia  pewarful  influence.  About  thia  time  tlie  l*ortii- 
guaaa  Real,  under  Cabral,  arrived  from  the  liidiea  i  and 
Ey  tha  rtehneaa  o(  ila  cargo,  gavn  the  people  uf  Miiropo 
a  mora  parfaot  idea  than  they  had  hithurlu  lieen  able  to 
form,  01  the  opulence  and  fi'rtihty  of  tha  Kaat.  The 
Partuguaae  had  been  more  fortunate  in  their  diaco- 
verie*  than  tha  Spaniarda.  They  had  opened  t  com- 
munication with  counlriea  where  iiidiiatry,  arte,  and 
alaganoa  flouriahed  ;  and  where  commerce  had  been 
longer  aatabliahed,  and  carried  to  greater  eitont  than 
fai  ray  legion  of  the  earth.  Their  nrat  voyavea  thither 
yialdad  immediate  aa  wall  aa  vaal  retnma  of  proAl,  in 
cominoditia*  ailremely  preeioua  and  in  great  rei|neiit 
Llaboa  bacama  Immeaiately  tha  aeal  of  commerce  and 
wealth ;  while  Spain  had  only  the  einectation  of  remote 
lanefil,  and  of  future  gain  from  tne  weatcm  world. 
Nothing,  then,  could  bo  more  accrptahio  to  the  Spa- 
niarda than  Columbua'a  olTer  to  conduct  them  to  the 
Kaat,  by  a  route  which  he  expected  to  Iw  ahortcr,  aa 
well  aa  laaa  dangeroua  than  that  which  the  Porlugueau 
had  taken.  Even  Ferdinand  waa  roiiaed  by  auch  a 
proapecl  and  warmly  approved  of  the  uiidertnVing. 

But  intereating  aa  the  object  of  Ihia  voyage  waa  to 
the  nation,  Coluinbua  could  procure  niily  four  ainall 
barka,  the  largest  of  which  did  not  exceed  sovenly  tona 
in  burden,  for  |ierforming  it.  Accuslomod  to  brave 
danger,  and  to  engage  in  arduoiia  undertakinga  with 
inadequate  force,  he  did  not  hoaitute  lo  accept  the 
command  of  thia  pitiful  aipiadrun.  Hia  hrotlier  Uiir- 
tholomew,  and  hia  aecond  aon  Ferdinand,  lli«  hiitoriun 
•f  hia  utiona,  accoin|uinled  him.  Ila  aailed  fruin 
Cadix  on  the  ninth  of  May,  and  touched,  aa  iiaual,  at 
the  Canary  ialanda ;  from  thence  he  proposed  to  have 
itood  directly  for  the  continent ;  bul  hia  largcat  veaaei 
waa  ao  clumay  and  unfit  for  service,  aa  constrained 
him  to  bear  away  for  Iliapanlota,  in  hopes  of  exchang- 
ing her  for  aoine  ship  of  the  fleet  that  had  carried  nut 
Ovando.  When  lie  arrived  at  St.  Domingo  [Juno  SO], 
ha  found  eighteen  of  these  shipa  reodv  loaded,  and  on 
Iha  point  of  departing  for  S|Min.  Oolumbua  imme- 
diately acquainted  llie  governor  with  the  destination  of 
hia  voyage,  and  the  accident  which  had  obliged  him  to 
alter  hia  rout*  He  requested  permission  to  enter  the 
harbor,  not  on.  •  the  he  might  negotiate  the  exchange 
of  hia  ahip,  but  that  ^a  might  lake  shelter  during  a  vio. 
kilt  hurricane,  of  which  he  discerned  tha  approach 
fcoip  varioua  prognoatica  which  hia  experience  and 
lagacily  had  taught  him  to  observe.  On  that  account, 
be  adviaed  him  likewise  to  put  off  for  aome  daya  the 
departuic  o,'  the  fleet  liound  for  Spain.  But  Ovando 
lefuaed  hia  cequeat,  and  despiaed  hia  counsel.  Under 
eircumatancea  in  which  humanity  would  have  afforded 
lafuge  to  a  atranger,  Columbua  waa  denied  admittance 
lata  a  country  of  which  he  had  discovered  the  ex- 
Mtenea  and  arquiied  tha  possession.     Hia  atlutary 


warning,  which  meritail  Iha  greotaal  attenlMn,  waa 
•egardnl  aa  the  draain  of  a  viaionary  prophet,  wha 
arrnganlly  prrlandad  to  predict  an  event  hayend  Ih* 
raai'll  of  human  furaslghl  Th*  Aaat  a*l  aail  fof  Niwin 
Next  night  Iha  hiirriran*  cama  on  with  dreadful  im- 
jirliinaiiy  (Nihiinbua,  aware  of  th*  danger,  look  pre- 
raiillaiia  againal  it,  and  saved  his  llltle  a>)uadron  I'll* 
fleet  dealiiivd  for  N|Min  mel  with  tha  fata  which  tha 
rsshneaa  ami  otiatinacy  of  lie  ccnMnandera  deaervrd. 
(If  ei||hi««ii  ahipa  two  or  three  o(i!y  eacaped  In  thia 
general  wreck  |ienshed  Uovadilla,  Uoldan,  and  the 
greater  |iart  of  Ihoa*  wha  had  bear,  th*  moal  active  in 
iieraeciiting  ('oluinhua,  and  o|iiireeaing  tha  Indiana 
Tiigeihar  wilh  Iheinaeivaa,  all  the  wealth  which  they 
half  acquired  by  their  injiisiice  and  eru*lty  waa  awal- 
tiiwed  up.  It  eiceeilad  in  value  two  hiiiidrad  tlioiiaand 
^<iu  I  an  immense  sum  at  tliat  |N'riod,  and  suineient 
not  only  lo  have  acreened  them  from  any  a*v*ra 
arniliny  into  their  rondiicl,  hut  lo  hava  aaciired  lh*m 
a  grarioiia  rereplion  in  tha  Njianish  court.  Among 
the  shipa  lhal  esraiied,  nnn  had  on  lioard  sll  ihe  rll'eria 
of  Coliinibiia  whirli  had  bean  recovered  from  the  niins 
of  hia  fortune.  Illatoriana,  ainick  with  th*  exact  dia- 
crimination  of  charaelera,  aa  well  aa  th*  Juat  diatri- 
biilion  of  rewards  and  puniahinenla,  conapicuoi  a  in 
thos*  eventa,  imitarsally  attribiile  them  lo  an  imme- 
diate inlerpoailion  of  Divine  Providence,  in  order  to 
aveng*  the  wroiiga  of  an  injured  man,  and  to  punish 
Ihe  otipreasort  oi  an  innocent  people.  I'lion  the 
ignorant  and  aiiperatiiioua  race  of  men,  who  were 
wilneaiea  if  this  occurence,  it  made  a  dilTerent  iin- 
ureaslnn.  From  an  opinion  which  vulgar  admiration 
la  apt  to  entertain  with  reaped  lo  panona  who  have 
diatingulshvd  themaelvea  by  their  aaaaelly  and  iiivon- 
liuns,  tliey  iH'lieved  Columbua  to  ha  poeaaascd  uf 
sii|M<matural  (lOwcrs,  and  imaginfd  that  ha  had  conjured 
up  Ihia  dreadful  alarm  by  magical  art  and  incantaliona 
in  order  lo  lia  avenged  of  hia  enamie*. 

(/'oliiinbui  aoon  left  Hiapaniola  [July  14],  where  he 
met  wilh  auch  an  inhoapitabia  reception,  and  alond 
lowanlalhe  continent.  After  a  tedious  and  dangerous 
voyage,  he  diacovared  Oiiania,  an  iaiand  not  far  distant 
from  the  coaat  of  Hondura*.  There  he  had  an  inter- 
view with  aoma  inhabitant*  of  the  continent,  who  ar- 
rived in  a  largo  canoe.  The>  appeared  lo  be  a  people 
more  civilixed,  and  who  had  made  greater  progreaa  in 
the  knowledge  of  uaefiil  arta  than  any  whom  he  had 
hitherto  diacovered.  In  return  to  the  inquirica  which 
the  Spaniarda  made,  with  their  uaiial  eagerness,  con- 
cerning the  places  where  the  Indiana  got  the  gold  which 
they  wore  by  way  of  ornament,  they  directed  them  lo 
counlriea  aitualed  to  the  weat,  in  which  gold  waa  I'ound 
in  auch  profueion  that  it  waa  applied  to  the  moat  com- 
mon usee.  Instead  of  ateering  in  quest  of  a  country 
ao  inviting,  which  would  have  conducted  him  along  the 
coaat  of  Yucatan  lo  the  rich  empire  of  Mexico,  (Coluin- 
bua waa  BO  bent  upon  hia  favorite  aeheine  of  finding  out 
the  strait  which  ho  supiiosed  to  commiinicato  with  Ihe 
Indian  ocean,  that  he  Doro  away  to  the  eaat  towards 
the  gulf  of  Darien.  In  thia  navigation  he  discovered 
all  the  coaat  of  Iha  continent,  from  Capo  Oracias  a 
Dioa  lo  a  harbor  which,  on  account  of  ita  bcaiily  and 
security,  ho  culled  I'orlo  Uello.  Ho  searched  in  vain 
for  the  imaginary  airait,  through  which  he  expected  to 
make  hia  way  into  an  unknown  aea ;  and  though  he 
went  on  shore  several  tiinea,  and  advanced  into  the 
country,  ho  did  not  penetrate  ao  far  aa  to  cross  the  nar- 
row istliinua  which  aeparatea  the  (iulf  of  Mexico  from 
llie  great  Southern  ocean.  He  waa  so  much  delighted, 
however,  with  the  fertility  of  the  country,  and  conceived 
such  un  idea  of  its  wealth  from  Ihe  apeciinena  of  gold 
proiliiced  by  the  nativea,  that  he  resolved  to  leave  a 
ainall  colony  ii|ion  llie  river  Oelen,  in  llie  nrovince  of 
Vcragua,  under  the  command  of  hia  brotncr,  and  to 
return  himself  to  Spain  [1503],  in  order  lo  procure 
what  waa  requisite  for  rendering  the  oslablishinont  per- 
manent. Dill  the  ungovcmablo  spirit  of  the  people 
under  his  command,  oeprived  Columbus  of  the  glory 
of  planting  the  first  cotony  on  the  continent  of  Ame- 
rica. Their  insolence  and  rapaciousnesa  provoked  the 
nativea  to  take  arma  ;  and  aa  theae  were  a  more  hardy 
and  warlike  race  of  lUim  than  the  inhabitants  of  the 
islands,  they  cut  olfpart  of  the  >Spaniards,  and  obliged 
the  rest  to  abandon  a  station  which  wo*  found  to  bo 
untenable. 

This  repulae,  the  first  that  the  spaniarda  met  with 
from  any  of  the  American  nations,  waa  not  the  only 
misfortune  that  befell  (yolumbua  ;  it  waa  followed  by  a 
Bucceaaion  of  all  the  disasters  to  which  navigation  ia 
exposed.  Furious  hunicanca  with  violent  atorma  of 
thunder  'and  lightning,  threatened  hia  leaky  veaaela 
with  destruction ;  while  hia  d^acontented  eiaw,  ax- 


haualed  with  falim*,  and  deeiiini*  of  praviaiaM.  Mf 
unwilling  m  unaMa  lo  eaernta  hi*  rommamta.  (la*  H 
hia  ahipa  penahad  i  he  waa  obhgad  to  abandan  a«>»- 
Iher,  aa  unfit  for  aervir*  ,  ami  wiih  th*  two  whira 
rainsined,  he  quilird  that  |>art  uf  Ihe  coiilinent,  whirh, 
in  hia  anguish,  h*  nsinrd  thai 'oast  o(  Veialien,  and 
liore  away  fur  llia|Mniol«.  New  diatr*aa«a  awailad 
him  In  hia  voyage  He  waa  driven  bait  liy  a  vloiaal 
Icinpeat  from  tha  eoaal  oft. 'uba,  hia  ahipa  fall  luul  tl 
one  another,  and  ware  ao  much  shatlared  by  Iha 
lhal  wilh  i!i*  inmost  dillliiilly  they  raaehad  im 


[June  !ll|,  wher*  he  waa  oliliged  lu  run  lh*m  (fraun^. 
to  praveni  them  from  ainking.  'ilw  m«**ur*  af  kta 
calaniltiaa  aeeinad  now  lo  Im  lull  He  wa*  eaat  ifhw* 
»|Kin  an  iaiaiiil  at  a  cunaiderabla  diulanra  from  tha  aiUy 
seitleinent  nf  Ihe  N|Mnisrds   in   Aiiierira      Hir     '' 


wer*  ruined  beyond  ilie  iwamlHlily  uf  iMina  repaiiad. 
To  convey  an  aeeount  ul  hia  eilualion  la  lli*|ianiaia 
appeared  ininraclieahla  i  and  without  llua  il  wa*  in  vain 
lo  expect  relief  Ilia  genlue,  fertile  in  reaoureea,  Mi4 
niiMi  vlgnroiia  in  those  iienloua  eitremitiea  when  feabia 
minds  aliaiulun  theiiiselvea  lo  deapair,  diacavarad  Iha 
only  expedient  which  alTurdrd  any  proapecl  af  delivar- 
anre.  lie  had  recourse  to  Ilw  hoapitaMa  kindnaaa  ol 
the  natives,  who,  cnnsideiing  the  Niianiarda  aa  heir^ 
of  a  superior  nature,  war*  eager,  on  every  occasion,  lo 
minialer  lo  their  wanla.  From  Ihem  h*  obtalnad  twa 
of  their  ranoea,  each  formed  out  of  th*  trunk  of  a  atngla 
tree  hiillowed  with  fire,  and  ao  misshapen  and  awkward 
as  hanlly  lo  merit  tha  nam*  of  UmI*.  In  Ih***,  whiah 
were  fit  only  fur  creeping  along  III*  coaat,  or  cro*ain| 
from  one  aidu  of  a  bay  lo  another,  Men'lei,  a  Hpaniaid, 
and  Fieachi,  a  (lenoose,  two  gentleman  particularly 
•It'iched  lo  Columbus,  gallantly  offered  la  1*1  out  fa 
lliapiiiiiuh,  upon  a  vovag*  of  abov*  thirty  l*agiiaa. 
Tliia  Iliey  accomplished  in  ten  daya,  after  aiirinounling 
incredible  ilangera,  and  enduring  auch  fatiguea,  lhal 
a*veral  of  the  Indiana  who  *ccoro|ianiad  them  aunh 
under  It,  and  died.  'Hie  attention  paid  to  th»m  by  tha 
governor  of  llispaniola  waa  neither  auch  aa  thair  co<i- 
n\f«  merited,  nor  the  diatreaa  of  Ihe  peraona  fnmi  wham 
they  came  required.  Ovamlo,  from  a  moan  ja*hw*y  of 
('olumbua,  waa  afraid  of  allowing  him  to  **l  loot  in 
Ihe  islsnd  under  his  government.  Thi*  ungnwiaii* 
passion  hsniened  his  lieart  againal  every  lender  •*!»• 
tiinenl  which  reflection  upon  the  aervicee  and  miafoi^ 
tiinea  of  that  great  man,  or  compaaaion  for  hia  own 
fellow-citiiena,  involved  in  the  aame  calamlliei,  muel 
have  excited.  Mendel  and  Fieachi  Bjient  eight  month* 
in  aoliciting  relief  for  their  commander  and  ataoeiata% 
without  any  proapecl  of  uhlaliiing  il. 

During  Ihia  period,  varioua  paasiona  agitated  tha 
mind  of  Columbua  and  hi*  conqianiona  in  advaraily. 
At  firat,  Ihe  expectation  uf  speedy  deliverance,  from 
the  aiicceaa  of  Mondcs  anil  Ficschi'a  voyage,  cheered 
Ihe  apirlta  of  Ihe  most  desponding.  After  eoina  lima 
the  most  tiino:ous  began  lo  anapecl  lhal  they  had  mia- 
carried  in  their  daring  attempt  [  IIMM].  At  length,  even 
the  moal  aanguinu  concluded  that  tney  had  periahed, 
'I'hu  ray  of  ho|Mi  which  had  broke  in  iqion  them,  mada 
their  condition  apfiear  now  more  dismal.  Despair, 
heightened  by  disappointment,  settled  in  every  breast. 
Their  last  resource  had  failed,  and  nothing  remained 
but  the  prua|iccl  of  ending  their  miserable  usya  among 
naked  savagea,  far  from  their  country  and  their  friend*. 
The  aeamen,  in  a  tranii|M>it  of  rage,  rose  in  open  mu- 
tiny, threatened  the  life  of^(/olumbiis,  whom  they  re- 
proached aa  the  author  of  all  their  calamitica,  aeixed 
ten  canmia,  which  they  had  purchased  from  the  Indiana, 
and,  deapising  hia  reinonatrancoa  and  entreatiee,  mada 
off  with  them  to  a  distant  part  of  the  iaiaiid.  At  Iha 
aame  time  the  native*  murmured  at  the  long  reaidenca 
of  the  Spaniarda  in  their  country.  Aa  their  induatiy 
wua  not  greater  than  that  of  their  neighbor*  in  Hiapa- 
niola, like  Ihem  they  found  the  burden  of  aupporting  *o 
many  atangera  lo  be  altogether  intolerable.  I'hey  be- 
gan to  bring  in  provisions  with  reluctance,  they  fur- 
nished them  with  a  sparing  hand,  and  threatened  to 
withdraw  those  aupplica  altogether.  Such  a'raaolulian 
muat  havo  been  quickly  fatal  lo  the  Spaniarda.  Their 
aafety  depended  u|ion  the  good  will  of  the  Indiana ; 
and  unless  they  could  revive  the  admiration  and  reve- 
rence with  which  that  aimple  people  had  at  firat 
beheld  them,  destruction  waa  unavoidable.  Though 
the  licentioua  procecdinga  of  Ihe  mutineers  had  in  a 
great  measure  effaced  those  impressions  which  had 
been  ao  favorable  to  the  Spaiiarda,  the  ingenuity  of  Co 
lumbua  auggestcd  a  happy  artifice,  that  not  only  re 
atored  bul  lieightened  the  high  opinion  which  the 
Imliana  had  onginally  entertained  of  them.  By  hi* 
akill  in  astronomy,  he  knew  that  there  waa  ahortly  to 
be  a  total  eclipae  of  Ihe  moon.     He  aaeemblei*  all  tha 


RnBrRTanN  a  hintoiiv  or 


CHMifal  yiwm  af  Mm  4Mn>l  *f«HMt  ktiii  m  Ik*  tty 
tut*  II  li«|iy»iin>,  aiHt,  tftur  trptntthmt  Idem  f<M  llMir 
MffklvtwM  in  «%iilHlrawin|f  Ufir  •Ifri'lidn  •inl  (•••(•t«nr« 
fhMii  NMii  tt^HHit  Ihry  h4il  Uirlv  rrvarvil,  tw  l«M  lh*in. 
thai  ih«  N|«nMn|a  »•»  •rrtmiu  of  ili«  l>rr«i  N|iiril 
wh*  4'A«IU  m  lir«««i),  Mha  fiiMio  ami  Ki»«»m«  th» 
weilil ,  UmI  Im,  atffiiMfeil  «l  ihf  ir  ft'im»\  in  aiiiifurl  nwn 
who  wri*  Iha  iil>|n'ia  of  hia  (lawiiliar  htnf,  waa  |ii>p<tr- 
inn  lu  |Miniali  Ihiarriin*  wiih  »i«iii|ilary  anttriiy,  ami 
Mmi  toti  niKhl  th«  innnn  alwuld  wiiIiIkiIiI  hrr  link),  aiid 
■yprai  uf  •  hl««ily  h>ii>,  aa  •  t\gn  ill  Ilia  ittiiir  wralh 
MM  an  ainhlaiii  •/  iIm  vvn'/vaMfii  ivkly  I'  'ill  aynii 
'I'a  IhW  nwr«allaiia  iirriliriiaii  aniiK  i>(  Ihrni 
i  Milh  lk«  ranlva*  imiilhrarwa  |wi'>i|ijr  I*  III* 
of  Aiiwrir*  ;  ttih<<ra,  wiili   ili*  ini'liiUiiia  aalo 

hiiMni  iialiinil  (n  barlMrMM.  Iliil  wlian  i>m>  maun 
feaigui  aradiMlly  la  ha  4arlirn*il,  aiul  al  tanglh  appMrMl 
•f  a  rail  I'ulur,  all  wara  ainwk  with  Irrrar  'I'kay  ran 
wilk  ronamrnalion  l<>  Ihrir  hniiara,  ami  rriurninn  In- 
•lanlly  to  rolitinhiia  ttMilrtl  wilh  pnivNiima,  tlirfw  lltrm 
■I  kia  frrl,  rnnjiirma  liiiii  III  iiili'n'nl*  with  ika  llraal 
H|iiiil  lo  ayart  lk»  Jralriirtini)  wiih  whirh  Ikajr  *i*n 
llirvalvnaii  Cnliinihiia,  aarminK  In  ho  inovrij  hy  ihair 
•litraalira,  promia«-il  In  riiiti|ily  with  Ihrir  ilraira  'Ilia 
•«li|ia*i  Mini  Qlf,  Ihr  iiiiMtii  rvt nvi'ml  ila  a|ilrn<lo<ir,  and 
(mn  lliat  <iay  iha  M|iinianla  wria  iiol  only  riirniahml 
imfuarly  wilh  proviamna,  Iml  Iha  iialiyaa,  wilk  aupvr- 
alilioiia  alianlion,  avmdnl  ayary  thing  Ikal  cauM  g|y« 
Itwni  •Ifrnra 

During  Ikoaa  trana««llona,  Iha  mutlnaara  had  nwla 
trpcalad  tllampla  to  |>aia  oyrr  lo  llia|i«ninl>  in  Iha 
ranoaa  wha-h  Inay  hail  aaiiril.  Uul,  mm  Ihair  own 
miarondiiel  or  Iha  yinl«H««  uf  Ihn  wiiula  ami  rurrania, 
Ihair  allbna  war*  all  iinaiirrruriil  Kiiratfiid  *l  ihia 
diaapiMMnlinant,  ihoy  inarrhnl  InwanU  tlial  |iart  of  thi' 
iaiaiia  wlwrn  ('aiiiiniiita  ramainnl,  Ihrralrning  hini  Willi 
■aw  inaiilia  and  daiigora.  \\i,i,»  Ihay  wrra  ailyaiicing, 
■n  ayani  hap|<«nrd,  mora  eni^  ami  alllirting  llian  any 
(alainitv  whii'h  he  dnaiM  fioin  Ihain  'I'ho  goyarnor 
et  Hiapanlola,  whoaa  mind  waa  atill  Allrd  with  aoiiia 
urk  aua|ijciona  of  ColiitnlHio,  aani  ■  ainall  bark  lo  Jt- 
inaica,  not  lo  daliyrr  hia  diairraa<>d  countryman,  hul  to 
ajiy  out  thair  rondilion  l,ral  lhi<  ayinpathy  of  llioaa 
whom  ha  I'liiployid  alMiild  aHiird  tlirin  rrlii'l,  runtniry 
to  hia  inlanlion,  h«  gava  iha  I'oininaiul  of  Ihia  vraaci  tn 
Cacobar.  an  inyalcralo  anainy  of  ('olumhua,  who,  td- 
kanng  lo  hia  inatructlona  with  nialigniint  accuracy,  caal 
tnrhor  al  aome  diaUnca  from  Ihe  iaiand,  anproachrd 
(ho  ahora  in  •  aniall  IkmI,  obaarvrd  ihe  wratcnnd  plight 
of  Iho  Njianiuda,  drlivarrd  a  Irtirr  of  amply  coinpli- 
acnta  to  Iha  tdiainli  racaiyrd  hia  anawu',  and  d*- 
|i«rlad.  Whan  iho  (Ipauiarda  Aral  daarrlcd  Iha  vaaaci 
artmling  lowuda  tha  laland,  avrry  hrarl  aiultad,  aa  if 
tka  long  ri|in;trd  hour  of  Ihair  dolivartnca  had  at 
hingth  arriyad  ;  but  when  it  diaapp<>arp<l  ao  aiiildciily, 
Ihry  anak  into  iha  daopait  dajaclion,  and  all  lliuir 
hopoa  dmd  away.  Colunibua  alone,  though  ha  frit 
moat  aenaililjr  Ihia  wanton  inaull  which  Dvanilo  added 
to  hia  paat  naglact,  mtaiiicd  auch  rompoaiirn  of  mind 
••  to  lie  till*  to  charr  hia  fullowera.  lie  aaaiiied  llwin 
that  Maiidet  and  Kiaachi  had  reached  Hiapanlola  in 
aafaly ;  that  Ihey  would  anerdily  procure  ahipa  lo  carry 
Iham  off  1  hul  la  Kariibara  voaarl  i-ould  not  lake  thrni 
all  on  board,  thai  he  had  refuatd  to  go  with  her,  ho- 
cauao  he  waa  delrrmim'd  never  to  abandon  the  uithful 
ram|«niona  of  hia  dialreaa.  Soothed  wilh  the  eipecta- 
lion  of  apcedy  deliyeranef,  and  dalightad  with  hia  appa- 
rent gennroaity  in  attending  mom  to  their  proaervation 
than  lo  hia  own  aafety,  tlieir  apiriu  leyiyad,  and  he 
regained  their  eonfidenct. 

Without  thia  conlidanca  h<  could  net  haya  raaiatcd 
tha  mutineers,  wIhi  were  now  al  hand.  Al!  hia  endea- 
von  to  reclaim  llioae  doaiicnite  men  had  no  olfeet  but 
lo  increue  their  freniy.  Their  demanda  became  every 
day  more  eilrayagant,  and  their  inlcniiona  more  vio- 
lent and  bloody.  The  common  aafety  rendered  it  ne- 
ccaury  to  op|H»e  tlicin  with  open  force.  Coluinbua, 
who  had  been  long  afflicted  with  Ihe  gout,  could  not 
lake  Ihe  Aeld.  Ilia  brother,  the  adelantado,  marched 
againat  them  fMav  SO].  They  quickly  met.  The 
Diutineera  rejected  with  aiom  tenna  of  accommoda- 
tion, which  were  once  »  "•■  jflered  them,  and  ruahcd 
an  !>o!itlv  to  Ihe  attack.  >  hey  Ibll  not  upon  an  enemy 
luiprcpiirod  lo  receive  them.  In  the  Aral  ahock,  ae- 
vera.  of  their  moat  daring  loadera  were  alain.  The 
adalantado,  wh  lae  atrcngth  waa  equal  lo  hia  coiiritgn, 
cloaod  with  th<  ir  captain,  wounded,  diaarined,  and  look 
him  priaoner.  At  eight  of  thia,  the  real  Hod  with  a 
daatudly  fear  auilable  to  their  former  iiiaolence.  Soon 
after,  they  aubmitted  in  a  body  to  Columbua,  and  bound 
Ihamaehaa  by  the  moat  aolcmn  oath.«  to  obey  all  hia 
— ~'—~'-      Hat(!!r   WM  tian<iuiUity  re-catabliahod 


«kaa  Ika  atHM  a|ifaarail,  whoaa  amval  i^atamlHM  kad 
proailawl  wiw  great  adiiraaa,  liiough  ha  ••ukl  karaaaa 
II  wilh  lillla  aariainly  Wilh  lianawNla  af  joy  Iha 
9t|iaiiiarUa  i|Millrd  *n  lalami  in  wliifh  ina  unfeeling )e«* 
kmay  of  Dvaiiilii  ImiI  ■uIIi  red  tliani  lu  laiigiiiah  amiva 
a  year,  ei|i«iaed  lu  imaery  in  all  Ha  variuiia  fiirina 
Whan  Ihey  arritrd  at  Ml  Itomingo  lAiig  l»\,  the 
a  villi 

7  " 

the  inaii  whom  he  envieil,  ami   had  alteiuiiied  lu  rum 


laliura  fo  atoiia  f<ir   inaiilenre  by  aervilily,  fawned  on 


lie  raraived  I'eluinliua  with  Ihe  iiitwl  aiudied  rea|iecl, 
ludgad  hini  in  hia  own  huuaa,  and  ilialiiigiiiahed  htm 
with  every  mark  of  honof.  Uul  aniid*'  lliuaa  over- 
acted  ilemonalrHliona  uf  nganl,  ha.rinild  nut  ronreal 
Ihe  halridaiid  nialigniiy  lalrni  in  hia  heart  Ila  ael 
al  liberty  Ihe  raplaiii  of  tha  inuliiieera,  whom  <  'iiluin- 
kua  hail  brought  over  in  cliaina  lo  ba  tried  for  hia 
Crimea  ;  and  ihrealaiwd  aiwh  aa  liad  adhered  10  tin 
admiral  with  prweading  with  a  iuiIdmI  iii<|uiry  iniu 
their  cumliu'l  C'otuniiMia  aubiiiilted  iii  ailem'e  In 
what  ha  ejukl  nol  radraaa  i  but  diarovrred  an  eilieiiia 
impalianra  to  i]uil  a  eaunlrv  wkirh  waa  under  tha  ju- 
riadietian  of  a  man  wka  haa  treated  him,  on  every  uc- 
caaion,  with  liihiimanity  and  Injualwa  Ilia  prapara- 
linna  were  aoon  flnlahadi  and  ha  aat  aail  for  Npain  wilh 
twu  ahiiia  [Nypt  IIJ.  Diaaalera  ainiilar  lo flioaa  which 
hail  arrumpanied  him  Ikrough  lifa  eonlinuail  lo  piiraua 
hiin  lu  Iha  and  of  hia  aataar.  Due  of  hia  yaaaela  being 
diaalded,  waa  aooii  foiaad  hack  to  Ml  Ikiminga  i  Ilia 
other,  eha'.tarad  hy  vmIoiM  alorina,  aailed  aeveral  hun- 
dred leaguea  with  jury-maata,  and  reached  with  diHl- 
culli  Ilia  port  of  Hi.  I.ucar  ( Ovceinher]. 

'lliera  ha  racaiyed  the  account  of  an  avanl  tha  moal 
fatal  that  could  have  befallen  him,  and  which  com- 
pleted hia  miafortufiea.  'Ihia  waa  iha  death  of  hia  iia- 
Itoneaa  Quaan  laalwlla  [Nov  UJ,  iii  whoaa  juaiKe,  iiu- 
manity,  and  favor  ha  confided  aa  hia  laal  raaourca. 
Nona  now  ramainad  lo  redreaa  hia  w  ronga,  oi  lo  re- 
ward him  for  kia  aarvicaa  and  auffennga,  but  Ferdi- 
nand, who  had  ao  k>ng  oppoavd  and  ao  oflon  injured 
him.  'I'o  atdicil  a  princu  Ihiia  pnjudicad  againal  hiin 
waa  an  occupation  no  leaa  irkaoma  than  hopeleaa.  In 
Ihia,  however,  waa  Columbua  doomed  to  employ  Iha 
I'hiae  of  hia  daya.  Aa  aoon  aa  hia  heitllh  waa  in  aoma 
degree  re-calabliahad,  he  repaired  to  court ;  and  though 
ho  waa  receivad  there  with  civility  Iwrely  decent,  he 
plied  Kerdinand  with  petition  after  patltion,  dainandiiig 
Ihe  puniahment  of  hia  oppreaaora,  and  theraatitutioiiof 
all  Im  privilegea  liaatowed  upon  hiiii  liy  Iha  oapitiila- 
lion  ol  one  Ihuiiaand  four  hundii'd  and  ninety-two. 
Kerdinand  amiiaed  him  with  lair  worda  and  unmeaning 
proiniaea.  Iiialeud  uf  granting  hia  claiina,  he  pro|HMcd 
eiiiedienia  in  order  lo  eliidu  them,  and  apun  out  Iha 
afuir  with  auch  ap|wrcnt  art,  aa  plainly  iliacoverrd  hia 
intention  that  it  alwuld  nevtr  be  teriiiinated.  'Tha  de- 
clining heallli  of  Culiiinbua  Haltered  Ferdinand  with  the 
ha|iea  uf  lieing  aoon  delivered  from  an  importunate  aui- 
tor,  and  encouraged  him  to  peraevere  in  ihia  illiberal 
plan.  Nor  waa  lie  deceived  in  hia  at|iectaliona.  tiia- 
gualed  with  iiigratiludo  of  a  monarch  wliom  ha  had 
aerved  with  aucn  fidelity  and  aucceaa,  eihauaied  with 
the  faliguea  and  hardahipa  which  lie  had  ondureil  and 
broken  with  tlie  inArmitica  which  theao  had  brought 
upon  hira,  Columbua  ended  hia  life  at  Valladolid  on 
tha  twentieth  of  May,  one  thoiiaand  Ave  hundrid  and 
ait,  in  Ihe  Afty-niiith  year  of  hia  age.  He  died  with  a 
compoaure  of  mind  auilablo  lo  Ihe  magnanimity  which 
diatinguiaked  hia  character,  and  with  aenliineiita  of 
piety  becoming  that  aupreme  leaped  for  religion  which 
be  manifeated  in  every  occurrence  of  hia  life. 

BOOK  III. 

state  of  Iha  coUiny  In  IllapanioU— New  war  with  Iha  Indiana 
—Cruelty  of  the  Spaiiwnla— Fatal  reeulatlona  concenUn| 
the  condition  of  the  Imllana— Dtirimutlon  of  that  people — 
Uiacoverlea  and  aettlflmeiita— Firit  colony  planted  on  the 
ContlnenI— Cuikiuuit  of  Cut>a— Dlicovqrv  of  Florida— of  the 
louth  Hea — Urvat  axfiectatluiia  ramed  iiy  tliia— L'auauK  of 
dlaapp'tltltlnoiit  with  reN[>ert  tottu'Hu  for  loriio  tinia — Coli- 
troveray  com:eminir  Ihe  treatmuiilof  the  indliini— Coiitiary 
dacl>loiia— /out  of  tlio  ecdualaittlca,  particularly  of  Lua 
Caaaa — Sliutular  prm-iicdliitt*  I'f  Xlitiunoa»Nfgroea  tin  purled 
Into  America— Lai  Caana'  idea  of  a  new  colony— parnUtled 
to  attempt  tt— unBiiccoa»fiil— Uiicovenea  lowanU  tlio 
Well- Yucatan— Cainpeacliy-Naw  8paiii"preparatlona  for 
Invadmi  It 

Whilk  Columbua  waa  employed  in  hia  laat  voyage, 
aeveral  cvonta  worthy  of  notice  happened  in  Hiapa- 
niolu.  'Tho  colony  there,  the  parent  and  nurae  of  all 
Ihe  aulneiucnt  catabliahinenta  of  Spain  in  tho  New 
World,  gradually  acuuirud  Ihe  form  of  a  regular  and 
proaperoua  aocietv.  The  humane  aoliciludo  of  laabelU 
to  protect  the  ImliaDa  from  oppreaaion,  and  particularly 
the  proclamation  by  which  the  Spaniarda  were  pro- 


liie  aoma  lima  Iko  paagraaa  »t  mipwivaaiawl.  tlW 
nalivea,  who  •aneHlafaaT  aia*i|Miaii  Ihiib  toil  aa  a« 
Irema  falieily,  acnened  every  alliireiiien'  and  rewaad 
hy  whhh  Ihey  were  iikiimI  lu  lalwr  'Tie  Hpanianta 
11041  nol  a  aullk'wnl  nuniWt  uf  haiida  aiilwr  la  work 
Iha  ininea  or  lu  eullivale  Iha  auil  Haveral  uf  ika  Krai 
ealonieia  wIm  kad  kaen  aecualumed  la  the  aervMa  of 
the  Indiana,  i|iiilted  tha  laland,  when  de|«iied  a<  ihoaa 
inammanla,  wiikuui  whuh  ihay  knew  nol  kow  M 
•any  an  any  wueraliwi  Many  ul  Ilia  new  aalllora  wk* 
•ama  aver  wilk  llvaiida,  were  aeiaad  with  tha  dieleM- 
pera  peculiar  lo  the  alunala,  and  in  a  ahon  a|iaea  ahova 
a  llwitaand  of  thain  died  A I  tha  aanie  lima,  tho 
eiarling  one-half  uf  the  prudiirl  ul  tha  niiiiea,  aa  the 
royal  aliare,  waa  fmiiid  to  lie  a  demand  ao  eiurbltanl 
that  no  adventurera  wouhl  engage  to  work  tkam  upoa 
aurh  lernie  In  order  to  aava  iha  eokmy  hom  rum, 
flvandu  yentiireil  tn  lelai  tha  rigor  ol  ika  royal  edwla 
[IIMM]  Me  made  a  new  di>lribulMNi  of  ika  Indiana 
among  the  N|ianiarda,  and  conipalled  lham  M  labor,  fa« 
a  alalad  lima,  in  digging  tha  minaa,  or  in  aullivalin| 
Iha  ground ;  hul  in  order  lo  aerran  himaalf  hom  llio 
linpulalMm  uf  having  aulijoelad  lham  again  to  aerviludat 


he  enjoined  their  maalera  to  pay  them  a  ci  rtain  i 
aa  Iha  iirica  of  their  work,     lie  reduced  Iho  royal 
ahara  ol  thaguki  found  in  Iha  mInaa  from  lie  half  W 


Iha  third  part,  and  aoon  after  iowered  It  lo  a  Aftk,  al 
which  it  lung  leinained.  Nnlw  ilhatanding  laabalia'a 
teieler  cuncirii  fur  the  goud  tnatmaiil  of  tha  Indiana, 
and  KerdiiMiml  a  eagertieaa  lo  Improva  tha  royal  ravo- 
nue,  Ovamlo  paiauadcd  Iha  court  W  apprava  c(  bmb 
Ihaaa  ragiilatioiia 

Uul  Iha  Indiana,  after  enjoying  raapita  from  it- 
preaaion,  though  during  a  aliorl  inlerval,  now  fall  ijO 
yuke  of  Iwiidaga  to  Im  au  galling  that  ihay  niadx  ae  ^* 
ral  atleiiipta  lu  vindicala  lliair  own  liberty.  'I'hia  iM 
Npaniarda  conaidaied  aa  rebellion,  and  look  araia  Is 
order  to  reduce  them  to  aubjeetion.  Whan  wai  la 
carried  on  balwteii  naliunti  wlioaa  alata  of  impcova 
meni  ia  in  any  degree  aimilar,  the  uieana  of  defanco 
bear  aoma  projiortion  lo  llioaa  ainploycd  in  Iha  attack  t 
and  in  Una  a<)ual  contett  auch  allbrta  inuat  bo  mado, 
auch  lalrnta  are  dieplayed,  and  auch  paaaioiy  rouaed, 
aa  eihiliit  mankiiid  to  viow  in  a  ailiiation  no  leoa  atrik- 
inglhan  iiilerealmg.  It  ia  one  of  the  iiobleat  functioiia 
ol  hiatory  lo  obaerva  aiul  to  delineala  men  al  a  June- 
lure  when  their  miiida  are  mnat  violanlly  agitated,  and 
all  their  |iowera  and  jiaaaior.'  aie  called  forth,  llenca 
the  ii|H'raliona  of  war,  and  I''  •Irugglea  between  con- 
tending alatea,  have  been  dot.  i.t  by  Fiiatoriana,  ancionl 
aa  well  aa  modern,  a  capital  and  important  artiela  In 
the  annala  uf  human  ai'tiona.  Hut  in  a  conteal  ba- 
Iwecn  naked  aavagea,  and  one  of  tlw  moal  wailiko  of 
the  Kuru|iean  nationv,  where  acienca,  courage,  anddio- 
cipline  on  ono  aide,  weni  oii|ioaed  by  ignorance,  limi- 
dity,  and  diaorder  on  tho  other,  a  particulai  detail  of 
evenia  would  lie  aa  iinpleaaanl  aa  uninulruotiva.  If 
Iho  aimplicity  and  innocencu  of  the  Indiana  had  inapired 
the  Mjianurda  with  humanity,  had  aoftened  the  priua  of 
auperiority  into  coiii|iaaaiun,  and  kad  induced  lham  to 
improve  the  inhabitania  of  the  New  World,  inatead  of 
opprcaaing  them,  aoine  uudden  acta  of  violence,  liko 
the  too  riguruua  chaatiaeinenta  of  impatient  iiiatniclora, 
might  have  Iwcn  related  without  horror.  Uul,  un- 
forluiiaU'ly,  thia  coiiaciouanraa  of  aupcrionty  operated 
in  a  diirerent  manner.  'The  Sjianiania  were  aavaiicod 
ao  far  beyond  the  nativca  of  America  in  improvement 
of  every  kind,  that  they  viewed  Ihvio  wilh  contempt. 
'They  conceived  the  Ainiricana  to  lie  aniniala  of  an  in- 
ferior nature,  who  were  not  entitled  to  the  righta  and 
privilegea  of  men.  In  peace  Ihey  aubjocted  Ibem  to 
aervitude.  In  war  they  paid  no  regard  M  Ihoao  lawa 
which,  by  a  tacit  convention  between  contending  na- 
tiona,  regidata  hoaiilily,  and  act  ooine  bounda  to  iti 
r,i).'e.  'Tliey  conaiderrd  thoin  not  aa  men  Aghling  in 
dufenco  of  their  liberty,  but  aa  alavea  who  had  re- 
volted againat  their  maalera.  'Their  caiiquca,  when 
taken,  were  condemned,  like  tho  leader*  of  banditti,  10 
the  moal  cruel  and  ignominoiia  puiiiahmenta  ;  and  all 
their  aubjecta,  without  regarding  the  dialinction  of 
taiika  ealahliahiid  among  tliem,  wore  reduced  to  tha 
•amo  atcie  of  abject  slavery.  With  auch  a  apirit  and 
aenlimcnta  were  hoalililiea  carried  on  againat  Iba 
cazique  of  Higuey,  a  province  at  Iho  eaatern  extremity 
of  the  iaiand.  'Thia  waa  nccaaionrd  by  the  perAdy  of 
tho  Spaniarda,  in  violating  a  treaty  which  they  had 
made  with  the  nativaa,  and  it  waa  terminated 
hanging  up  Ihe  caiique,  who  defended  hia  people  \ 
bravery  ao  far  auperior  lo  that  of  hia  countrymen,  aa 
entitled  hiin  to  a  better  fate. 

The  conduct  of  Ovando,  in  another  part  o(  tho  ialan^ 


5: 


NOtlTII    AMERICA. 


MMtoWW. 

vanwfil.  Tto 
iiu  l«l  M  M 
I'  aiMl  r*«M4 
It  •  H^niM^t 
illliar  M  WMk 
»nl  al  Ifca  Hnt 
III*  wir«w*  d 
|i(i«wl«t  Umm 

•  IHit  h*w  M 
«  MiiUn  «Im 
lib  Ih*  ilialtM- 
Mt  n»r*  •>■<•«• 

Mil*  IIHM,  lh« 
I   niUiMi  H  III* 

i  M  niiHbiUnl 

■irk  llwiii  u|iM 
IcMiy  fllHIl  niHii 
ha  ruytl  tilicU 
I  ol  llw  ImlitM 
iin  la  l*li«f ,  (M 
t  in  «ulli«Min( 
iiKMlf  from  IM 
iin  to  wrviliHl*. 

*  (trliiin  niin, 
iMtd  Iha  rojtui 
ViMii  IL*  half  10 
J II  (a  ■  Aflb,  tt 
nUiiia  ImImIU'i 

iif  WW  Indum, 
the  loyal  »«•■ 
i|ipn>«t  •(  biMk 

iipiit  rism  It- 
u,  now  bit  IJ0 
llMy  iiumI'  M'  J* 
»rly.  'i'hit  •■>• 
d  look  tmt  in 
W'lwii  w^i  M 
MIo  o(  linpnito 
ic*n»  of  doftnco 
a  ill  Iho  oIIkIi  I 

I  iiiuil  bo  niaaloi 
poHioqf  raUMili 
oil  no  IcM  Mrili- 
loblott  functioiii 
m«n  tl  1  June- 
ly  tKiUtwl,  tnd 

II  ruith.    Ilmieo 

•  liciwMn  coo- 
ilorwna,  (iwMnI 

iiUnt  utielo  In 
coiiKil  bo- 
jl  wuliko  of 
irago,  »nt  dia- 
ignonnco,  timi- 
:ulw  dotoil  o( 
iniiliueli«o.     If 
III*  had  inapirad 
led  tho  prida  of 
iducad  thain  to 
irld,  inalaad  of 
violonca,  like 
ml  iiialruclon, 
Iror.     Uul,  un- 
riority  oparated 
ten  auvaiwcd 
improTamani 
rikh  conlempt. 
inula  of  an  in- 
llia  righla  and 
:tad  Iham  to 
to  thoao  lawa 
rontanding  na- 
boumla  to  ila 
ion  fighting  in 
J  who  had  re- 
■iiiquca,  when 
lof  banditti,  to 
lanta  ;    and  all 
lliitinction  of 
ducad  to  tin 
Lh  a  ipirit  and 
ll  againat   lb* 
iam  citiomity 
Ithe  perfidy  ojf 
liich  tliay  had 
Icrniinated  *>* 
people  wMn 
|uiitryioan,  aa 

I  of  tin  ialand, 


«w  altJ  mtm  naaahawiia  and  araat.  '11m  pforMMO 
laalaally  naiaad  Xaiagna,  wkiah  aiianda  hnm  the  kt- 
Ida  piam  whafa  l,a«(ana  la  now  •iiiMi«d  M  iha  w»l«ni 
•aHamly  of  Iha  Wlani,  wna  auhinl  la  •  laiiiala  •  *- 
•lt|M<,  nanwd  Ana>  uana,  hiahly  ra>)iai'lril  by  Ilia  nalltra 
Wia,  'rain  ihal  |Miiial  Ihh(ii«m  wiih  wliiih  ih«  wirnirn 
of  Aimiwa  »•»  ailarliril  t>i  Ilia  >:iin>|Miaiia  (iha  vaiia* 
al  wliii  ll  ilitll  Iw  iill>i««iila  ai|ilaiiu'il|,  had  aU«y> 
tuurlati  ilia  Iririitlaliip  u(  Ilia  NjitihiarUa,  and  khulnl 
Ihaiii  wiljl  Iwiialila  lliil  auiiia  ul  ih«  ailliaiaiila  of 
HoMaii  litving  aalllail  in  lirr  ruiinlry,  wai*  hi  iiiiirh 
(■•aparalril  al  har  iiitlaaviiiiiig  lii  rrairain  Ihair  •• 
raaaaa,  Ihal  lliry  ari'iiixl  liar  ul  lnKiiig  tnriiiail  a  plitii 
•a  Ihnw  aM  Ilia  yoke,  tiid  lu  riirriiiiimia  iha  N|>aiiMnla 
l>vanda,  though  ha  knew  wvll  Mhal  lull*  ciailil  waa 
due  to  aurh  pralligala  man,  inarrhril,  wiilMMit  fiirthai 
liii)iiiry,  towania  Xaiajiua,  wiih  iliraa  huiulml  fiml  ami 
aavanly konainan  'In  (iiavi'iit  Ihn  liHliaiialninilaliinK 
alarm  al  Ihia  hoalila  a|i|>«ar»iii'v,  hx  gairr  uul  ihal  hia  Kila 
InlanIMn  waato  «iail  Aiiarnana,  lu  whom  liia  rounlry' 
man  had  Iwan  ao  much  intlablcd,  in  iha  moat  laapail- 
ftti  inannari  and  to  r«|{uUla  wiih  liar  iIm  iwiila  of  la«y- 
Ing  Iha  Irihiita  payahlr  in  ih«  king  uf  N|iitin  Aiiaco- 
ana,  in  onlar  to  ravaivu  iliia  illiiairuma  giiaal,  wilh  diia 
honor,  aaaamblad  Ilia  |iriiici|ial  man  in  hai  iluiiiiiiimia, 
M  Iha  numbai  of  thra*  huiHlrad  ;  and  advancing  al  Iha 
Mad  of  Ihaao,  arcomiwiiiril  hy  a  graal  crowd  of  |iar- 
aona  of  inferior  rank,  alia  walruinail  OvaiHlo  with 
aonga  and  dancna,  arnmling  lu  lh*  iiimla  of  lh* 
aouBlry,  and  conducted  hiiii  to  the  place  of  har  reei- 
dniii-e.  Thara  ha  waa  fnaaiad  fur  a»in*  day*,  with  all 
llio  kimhiaaa  of  aitiipld  liuapitalily,  ami  •iiiuaad  with 
Ihii  Kiiiiira  ami  a|ivrlai'lra  iiaiial  among  lh<i  Auiaricniia 
upon  oi'i'aaiofia  uf  niirlli  ami  Irativily,  Hut  aiiildal  Ilia 
avcurily  winch  thia  iii>|nriil,  (Ivamlu  waa  maililainig 
Iha  ilaalruclion  of  lila  nnaiiapiciuua  riilvrlainer  ami  har 
•ulijrela  ;  and  the  iiivaii  iwrtldy  with  which  lie  ci- 
iH'uli'il  lliia  acliDiiii',  Miinillrd  III*  liarliiirily  in  forming 
II.  I'ndar  colur  of  eiiiiliiting  to  the  Indiana  iha  iia. 
radii  ol  a  Kuropean  tuurr.aiiiaiit,  lie  advaiii'cd  with  hia 
Iroupa,  III  Initio  array,  lowarda  the  hoiiae  in  which 
Anacnaiia  an'l  the  chicfa  who  altandad  her  wrro  aa- 
acmliliid  The  infaniry  luok  poaaoaaiun  of  all  ilia 
avi'iiuea  which  led  lo  Ina  village.  The  horaenieii  en- 
compaaaed  Ilia  houaa.  'I'heaa  mo? eownt*  were  the  object 
of  adrii'ntion,  without  ny  iniiture  of  fear,  until,  U|xin 
a  aignai  which  nad  been  coneeried,  the  H|Hiriiarda  auil- 
denfy  drew  'bur  aworda,  and  ruahad  u|ion  Ihu  Indiana, 
dafaiieclaaa,  and  aaloniihed  at  an  act  of  Iroaclivry 
which  aieaadcd  the  conception  ol  undeaigiiing  men.  I 
In  a  niofiiant  Anacoana  waa  aacurcd  All  her  allend- 1 
ania  wore  ariiid  ami  Iwund.  Kirs  waa  act  to  llm  | 
hoiiae  ;  and  willioiit  ciaminalion  or  convlrlion,  all  Ihcaii  ] 
unhappy  |i«rauiia,  llio  moat  illuatriuua  In  thoir  own 
country,  were  conaumed  in  tlia  llainca.  Aimcoaiia 
waa  reaened  fur  a  iiiora  Ignoiiiinloua  fate.  Hlie  waa 
•arrled  in  I'lwina  lo  Ml,  IXiiiiingu,  and,  afirr  the  fur- 
malily  uf  a  Irial  liefore  Npaniali  juilgva,  alio  waa  run- 
demiied,  iijion  the  eviili'iii'u  of  llioao  very  men  who  bad 
batliyad  her,  to  bo  puiilicly  hangMl. 

Overawed  ami  humhlcu  by  taia  utrocioiia  treatment 
•f  their  pnncea  and  iiobica,  who  woro  uhjocia  of  llieir 
lilgheal  ravercncii,  llio  |M'0|ile  In  all  tho  provim-i'a  o( 
Hia|ianiola  aubinitti'd,  wilhuiit  liirlhi-r  rraiaiuncu  to  tliu 
Hpaniah  yoke.  U|ion  the  di'alh  of  lajhrlU  all  lliii  rv- 
gulatluna  tending  lu  inltiKati'  llio  ri|;or  of  thoir  acrvl- 
ludo  wi^ro  furguilcn.  The  amall  Krutulty  puid  lo  llieiii 
a*  iho  price  of  Ihoir  lulior  wua  willidrawn,  and  al  tli» 
aaino  tune  llio  taaka  inif>oaod  upuii  tliiMii  were  Incrrdittil 

(laOttJ.  Uvaiulo,  without  any  natmlnl,  diatributed 
iidlana  among  hia  friend)  in  iho  laland.  Ferdinand, 
lo  whom  the  ipiccn  had  left  by  will  one-half  of  tho  re- 
venue arlaing  from  the  ai'ttloiuciila  in  the  New  Wurld, 
conferred  granta  of  a  alnillar  nature  U|ion  hi*  courtlera, 
aa  Iho  leaal  ei|icnalvo  inuilii  uf  rewanling  tlifir  aer- 
vlcea.  Thoy  farmt'd  iint  tliu  Indiana,  of  wliuin  they 
were  rendered  pruprii'lura,  lo  their  ruunlrymen  eel- 
lied  in  lllaiunlola  ;  and  that  wreli:lied  pi'ople,  lioiiig 
compelled  lu  lalior  in  order  lo  aaliafy  the  rapueily  of 
both,  the  eiiciiona  of  their  oppreaaora  no  longer  knew 
any  bounda.  But,  barliaroiia  aa  their  pulley  waa,  and 
fatal  lo  Iho  Inhabllanta  of  lllapanlula,  it  produced,  for 
•ome  tlino,  very  conaiderable  olfecta.  Hy  calling  forth 
the  force  of  a  whole  nation,  and  oierting  itaalf  in  one 
direction,  the  working  of  the  ininea  waa  carried  on  wilh 
■inaiiiig  rapidity  and  aucceaa.  During  aovural  yeara 
the  gold  brnuglit  Into  llio  royal  amelting-houaea  in  Ills- 
panlvla  ainuiinted  annually  to  four  hundred  and  aixty 
thouaand  pcoua,  above  a  hundred  thouaund  (lounda  atcr- 
liiiu ;  which,  if  wo  attend  to  Iho  great  change  in  the 
val'.,*  of  nuney  ainco  the  beginning  of  llie  aixteenth 
MDtiUT  to  the  preaont  limea,  luuat  appear  a  conaider- 


•Mi  tWK,  Vaal  toflunsa  war*  araalarf,  af  t  aaMan, 
ky  aowa  tHk*ra  dMaipaivd,  in  aalanlaUana  pwhiawn, 
what  lh*v  aa-piirad  wiih  farilily  l^ailad  by  bath, 
new  advanliirrr*  rruodad  lu  Amarua,  wilk  iIm  iimai 
•agar  lni|Mii>nra,  lo  ahara  in  thoaa  irvaaiiraa  whukhad 
•  nriehril  ihair  ruuntryman  i  and,  iMiiwilhaiaiiding  Ilia 
moilalily  lar aalimnl by  Ilia  Miihaallhinaaa of  iha alimala, 
ill*  i-uloiiy  fiintiiiiifil  III  mrrraaa 

Ovaiido  giivarnrd  Iha  N|Miiiarda  wilh  wiadam  and 
{Ualwa  nut  inlmor  lu  iha  rigur  wilh  wlilah  ha  Iraalrd 
Iha  Imllana  Me  aalahllahed  *<|ual  lawa  ,  ami.  by  *|. 
•culHlf  Iham  wilh  lm|i*(lialily,  arrnalmiud  Iha  paotil* 
iillhai'ulanyluravrrrnralliani  Mr  Inullilailarvrra^nrw 
luwnaindilTaranl  parla  uf  ihaialaml, ami  alluirdinlialul' 
aula  lo  Iham  hy  Ihtf  ronraaaion  of  variuiia  iitimuniliaa 
Ma  rndtaviirMl  to  turn  tlia  atlanlHin  nf  lh*  f  panierda  to 
aaini*  branch  of  imlualry  mora  uaafiil  lliaii  Ihal  of  aaarr  hing 
forgiildinlhaniiiiaa  Noma  ali|ia  uf  lliaaiigan  ana  having 
ham  hruiighl  from  the  Canary  lalanil*  liv  way  of  ai|i<'ri 
iiuuit,  Ihay  ware  fouml  to  thrive  with  aurh  inereaaa  in  the 
ru'h  anil  ami  warm  rilmala  lo  which  they  ware  Irana- 
plaiilad,  tlwt  the  riillivalion  of  Iham  aucm  tiaeama  an 
objact  of  roinmarce.  Katrnalvo  planUHuna  wria  he 
gun  )  aiigarwnrka,  which  iha  Hpamarda  called  mgimoi, 
iroin  lh*  variou*  marliinery  *iiipluyad  In  lh*m,  were 
erarled,  and  In  a  few  yeara  Iha  mamifactiira  of  thia 
roinii'mliiy  waa  lh*  great  ocou|iation  of  the  inhabilanla 
uf  llia|wnula,  and  lh*  moat  conaidarabla  aourca  of  tlieir 
waal'h. 

'I'll*  prudent  endeavora  of  Ovando,  l«  promote  ihn 
welfare  of  the  colony,  were  powerfiilly  aaeonded  hy 
drdinand  The  large  reniillaniea  which  ha  rrraivrd 
friiin  llin  New  World  0|wned  hia  eyca,  at  Irnglh,  Willi 
reaped  lu  Ihe  liniiortance  of  llieae  iliecoveriva,  which 
be  liail  hillierlo  all'ccted  10  undervalue.  Kurtuna,  and 
Ilia  uwn  addreae,  having  now  ailrlcaled  bun  out  ol 
lliuao  diHiiilliea  In  which  h«  had  been  involved  by  the 
death  ol  Ina  queen  [  101)7 1,  and  by  hia  diamitea  wilh  hia 
aun-in  law  alioiit  tho  government  of  har  ooininiona,  lie 
liail  full  leiauro  lo  turn  hia  allenlion  to  Iha  alfaire  nf 
America.  To  hi*  provident  aagacity  Hpain  i*  Indabli'd 
fur  many  of  thoaa  regiilallona  which  giaduallv  formed 
lliat  ayalem  of  profound  but  jeeloiie  policv,  b*  which 
ahe  govrrna  her  dominion*  in  Iha  New  World.  He 
erected  a  court  diatmguiahed  by  the  title  of  CaJia  da 
(.'im/ra/iirioii,  or  Uoard  of  Trade,  compoard  of  paraona 
eminrni  fur  rank  and  ahilillea,  tu  whom  hn  rommltled 
the  ailiniinatralton  of  American  tlfair*.  'I'hia  iKiard  aa- 
aembleil  regularly  In  Neville,  and  waa  Invealed  with  adia- 
tmct  and  eilenaiva  juriadlctlon.  He  gave  a  regular  fonn 
loerrleaiaallral  government  inAmanea,  bv  nominating 
urchliiahopa,  liiahoiia,  deana,  together  with  riergynien 
of  aiiliordinate  rank*,  tu  lake  charge  of  Iha  K|ianiarda  ea- 
tiblialied  there,  aa  well  a*  of  the  natlvaa  who  ahnuld  ein- 
braro  the  Chrialian  failh,  but  notwithalanding  the  obee- 
piloua  devotion  of  the  >Snanlah  cnurl  lo  the  p*|ial  aee, 
aueh  waa  I'erdinanda'  aolicltiide  to  prevent  any  foreign 
(lower  from  claiming  jiirladiction,  or  acquiring  innii- 
ence,  in  hia  new  doininiona,  Ihal  ho  reaervciT  to  Ihe 
crown  of  Spain  Iho  aole  right  of  natronage  to  the  bene- 
Acea  in  America,  and  atipiilatad  that  no  iiapal  bull  or 
mandate  ahoiild  lie  promulgated  there  until  it  waa  pre. 
vuiii-ly  eiamiiicd  and  approved  nf  hy  hia  roiincil.  With 
Iha  ainie  aplnt  of  juulouay,  ha  piolubltod  any  uuoda  lo 
lie  e<|iortea  lo  America,  or  any  peraon  lo  oeltlo  there 
without  a  apecial  llccnae  from  that  council. 

Hut,  notwithalanding  thi*  attention  to  the  nolice  and 
welfare  of  the  colony,  a  calamity  impeniled  which 
threatened  Ila  dlaauliitiun.  Tho  original  immbitanta, 
on  whoae  lalior  tho  iSpeniarda  in  Hlapaniola  depended 
for  their  proaperily,  and  even  their  cxiatence,  waatcd  ao 
faal  thill  the  eitinctlon  of  the  whole  race  aecmed  to  be 
liievllulile.  When  Coliimbua  diacoverwl  lliapaiiiola, 
tho  nunilier  of  ita  inhabllanta  waa  coinpiiled  to  lie  at 
leaat  a  million.  They  were  now  reduced  to  aiity  thou- 
aund In  the  space  uf  fifteen  yearn.  'I'hia  conaumptloii 
of  Iho  human  apociea,  no  leaa  ainazln)^  than  rapid,  waa 
the  oll'uct  of  aevcral  cnnciinlng  cauaee.  The  iiativea  of 
the  American  iaianda  were  of  a  inoro  feeble  conalilu 
lion  than  the  inhabllanta  of  the  other  hemlaphore.  They 
could  neither  |)erform  the  eame  work  nor  endure  the 
oame  fatigue  with  men  whoae  organ*  were  of  a  more 
vigoroua  conforiiiatlon.  The  llatleaa  indolence  in  which 
they  delighted  to  paaa  Ihoir  daya,  aa  It  waa  the  olfect  of 
their  debility,  contiibiiled  likewiae  to  increaao  it,  and 
rendered  them  from  habit,  aa  well  a*  conBlllution,  inca- 
liable  of  hard  labor.  Tho  food  on  which  they  aubaiatcd 
all'orded  little  nouriahment,  and  lliov  were  accualomed 
to  take  It  In  amall  qiianlitiea,  not  aulticicnt  to  invigorate 
a  languid  frame,  and  render  it  eipial  to  Ihe  eH'orla  of 
active  induetry.  Tho  Spaniard*,  without  atteiiding  to 
thote  poculiaiitie*  in  Iho  conatitution  of  tho  Americana 


'S 


,i     ..1 

mi 

■i.in. 

VK 

II.     ^        J 

.„i4 

U,  ^cjiite 

•»**• 

impuaad  uaka  UfM  .ix*  wkle*,  i. 
than  Karopaana  mighl  !>*'-•  {-t^Mtf-  • 
ao  dla|ir«|aiflumad  to  thiMr 
anil*<i  Ilia  laiitfiia,  and  ci..! 
Ollu.ra,  |ifiHiqilad  by  impaliri..  >•  .. 
Ihatr  own  litaa  with  a  viuU-iit  h>t<i>i 
Mn  by  rtHiiiialliiig  auidi  nuiiibrra  i"  >*>.) 
»f  ihair  laiidi*,  in  order  lo  labor  m 
fatal  lu  iiiiiiiv  tiiaaa«i-a  nf  variou*  kn 
aiotiad  by  Iha  haidalupa  lo  vtlii,  h  lliey  ware  aap 
and  ulhrr*  by  Ihair  mirrcmira*  wilh  iha  Kiiropaana, 
who  cuiniiiniticalril  lu  iliain  aoin*  uf  their  fteciiliar  ni* 
ladiaa,  i  ompletad  Iha  daaul«ili<in  uf  ilia  lalaml  Tha 
M^Hiniarila,  Itaing  thiia  lUprivad  of  iha  hiatrunianta  which 
Ibay  war*  aacuaiumad  lo  euipluy,  found  II  impooallil* 
lo  eilriid  llieir  inipnivemanta,  of  *v*n  to  i  *rry  on  Iha 
work*  which  Ihay  had  already  begun  tlMt)  in  ordal 
lo  provide  an  niimeiliale  rvmidy  for  an  evil  an  alarm- 
ing, llvandu  proiioaid  tu  IranaiMiil  Iha  in,.ai>ltanta  ol 
lh*  l.ueavn  lalaiida  lo  llia|i*nlula,  nndrr  prataii**  ikal 
Ihay  niiglitli*  nviliaad  wilh  mora  faeiliiy,  and  inatrurl- 
rd  to  grralar  advantage  III  Iha  I'hrialian  religion,  if  ihay 
wrro  iiniled  lo  llie  M|i*iiiah  rulnny,  and  placril  under  iha 
iminediala  iiia|irriiun  ul  the  miaawnariea  ariilad  ihar*. 
Kvrdinaiid,  ilrcvivrd  by  ihia  arllfira,  or  willigg  to  eai»> 
hive  al  an  act  of  viulanc*  wlueh  (leliry  rrpreaantad  •* 
neeeosnry,  gave  Ina  aaaeni  to  tlie  prU|io*al  N«iveral 
vaaaela  v>rre  lllird  uul  fur  the  l.ucayua,  tlia  eoiiiman- 
ilera  of  which  inlormiHl  lb*  nalivea,  wiih  whoae  lan- 
iuaga  ihay  were  i  ow  well  acquainted,  thai  Ihay  cam* 
fioin  a  ilelicioua  e  iiinlry.  In  whieli  the  dr|iarle«l  aneea- 
lora  uf  Ihe  liidiiiiin  leaiilrd,  by  whom  Ihay  wan  aani  10 
invilii  llieir  ileM'en'Unla  lu  reaurt  thillier,  to  partake  of 
Ihe  liliaa  enjoyed  iti-ie  by  happy  apirila.  Thai  aimpla 
people  lialened  wild  w  inder  and  credulity  )  and,  fond 
of  viaiiing  llieir  rela'kni  and  fricnda  m  thai  haiifiy  ra- 
ginn,  followed  ihe  N|.  i,  lania  wilh  eagerneaa  Uy  Ibia 
arlillce  aliuio  fuily  ib^'Uiind  were  iliciiyrd  Into  Ilia- 
|iaiiiola,  to  ahara  in  llio  vu1>'riiiga  which  ware  Ihe  lol  ol 
111*  Inhabilanla  of  that  lalatil,  and  to  iningia  their  groaiM 
and  tear*  with  ihoae  of  that  w.-etched  race  of  man. 

Tho  Npaniarda  had,  for  ran«  tune,  carried  on  thelt 
nperalioiia  in  the  niinca  of  llia|<a.iioU  with  auch  ardot 
aa  well  aa  aucceaa,  Ihal   lliea*   a'^emad  lo  have  an- 

firoaaed  their  whole  attention.  The  apirit  of  diacovery 
angiuahed  i  and,  ainca  Ihe  taal  voyage  of  Culumbua^ 
no  enlerprlao  nf  any  moment  had  lieen  iinderlaketi. 
Hut  aa  the  decreaae  of  the  li:diana  rendered  ll  lnip*»««l* 
ble  to  acquire  wenlih  In  that  lelinil  with  Iha  «ima 
rapidity  aa  formerly,  thia  urged  ooma  of  Iha  mar* 
adventiimua  Npaniarda  lo  aaarch  for  new  eountriea, 
where  Ihair  avarice  mighl  b*  gratified  with  mom 
facility.  Juan  i'once  de  Leon,  who  commanded  uiidei 
Uvanao  in  the  eaalarn  dialrici  of  lliaiianiola,  paaaad 
over  to  Iha  laland  of  Hi.  Juan  de  I'uerto  llico,  which  Co- 
lunibuB  had  diacovered  in  hia  aerond  voyage,  and  penn- 
trated  into  the  interior  part  of  tha  country.  Aa  h* 
fuund  the  aoil  to  tie  fertile,  and  eipccled,  frmn  eonia 
aymploma,  aa  well  aa  from  Ihe  Infonnaliun  of  the  in- 
habllanta, lo  diacover  mine*  of  gold  in  tha  monnlaina, 
Uvando  nennltled  him  to  atlampl  making  a  aettlenienl 
In  the  laland.  Thia  waa  oaallv  etCccted  by  an  offlrer 
eminent  fur  conduct  no  leaa  tliaii  fur  courage.  In  a 
few  yeara  Piiirto  Hico  waa  aubjecled  lu  Ihe  .Spaniab 
goveniment,  the  native*  were  reduced  to  aervitiide ; 
and  being  treated  with  ihe  aumo  inconalderate  rigor 
aa  their  neighliora  In  Hlapaniola,  the  race  of  original 
iiih.<lntaiita,  wurn  uul  wilh  fatigue  and  aulfcrlnga,  waa 
auuii  oxiermlnaled. 

Alioiil  Ihe  aiiine  time  Juan  Dial  de  Solia,  in  conium.- 
llon  with  Vincent  Vanui  Pinion,  one  of  Columbua'a 
original  com|ianiuna,  made  a  voyage  to  llie  rominont. 
Tliry  held  the  aanie  courao  which  ('uluinbua  had  taken 
aa  far  aa  the  laland  of  Uuanaloa ;  but,  atamllng  from 
llienco  10  the  weal,  they  diacovered  a  new  and  cxton- 
live  province,  uflerwarda  known  by  tho  name  of  Yuca- 
tan, and  prucceded  a  ronaiderablo  way  along  the  coaal 
of  that  country.  Though  nothing  iiiciiiorable  occurred 
In  thia  voyage,  It  deaervea  nolice,  becaiiae  it  led  lo  dia- 
coveriea  of  greater  importance.  Kur  the  aame  raaaon 
the  vogage  nf  Seliaatiun  de  Ueampo  mual  be  men- 
tioned. Ily  tho  coninmnd  of  Ovando  he  aailed  rouinl 
Cuba,  and  firat  diacovered  with  certainty,  that  thi* 
country,  which  Coliimhua  once  auppoaed  to  be  a  pari 
of  tho  conlinent,  waa  a  large  laland. 

Thia  voyage  round  Culu  waa  one  of  the  laal  occur- 
rencoa  under  the  admlniatratlon  of  Ovando.  Ever 
•ince  Iho  death  of  Colunibua,  hia  aon,  Don  Uiego,  had 
been  employed  in  aollciting  Ferdinand  to  grant  lum  tha 
ollice*  of  viceroy  and  admiral  In  the  New  Wor  d,  to 
getlier  with  all  tlio  other  imniunitlea  and  pruAta  wkkb 
doacended  lu  him  b;  iiilierlaiica.  in  cona^uanea  of  ibi* 


ROIRRTIinifl  HIRTOIIY  Of 


I 


I  1 


ItM,  M  itM  M|i»Ma  •(  Wmh  ctMnMil  'in 
IftM  M  imH  m  iM(r«MM,  IM  iMil  «!■•••<(  ilwiii  fnmt 
P>liliil>il»,  4   KM   MM   MHwmm   lk«l   tf  akwiUI  Im 

Kiilmf  M  (Mlb*  iKmi  m  k<«  mm  Aa'afilintlf 
lh«|a  mMMt  la*  i*M«  M  tiHi«M«iii )  .11  hultUM 
<MfMtMMir  WMff  M  ihM,  Ka  iiii4M«*.«>l  «i  luniih 
to  <kMlil  kf  »  la(*i  witwwa  «tlMI  ka  tmUi  lutt  pi*- 
•■••  kMi  Mm  ti>w  af  an  Miaraala<l  nMnanli  Ha 
•MMMHtad  *  awtt  Matnat  I'arJiMnJ  kaAwa  Ika  ••Hit- 
tii  wtaall  iwaimaj  Miait  albira  ,  aixl  ikal  ••h>i,  »iiIi 
IwiayiMr  wlMak  ra4r«ia  kwiar  iipwi  lia  Mwaajinfa, 

■(•Ini  •/  Um  ataamfalir,  l*|«lk*r  with  all  ik«  atlwr 


fhfitfH  Miy«la<aJ  in  Ika  •afii«lalMm      t'.ttn  aftai 

liM  ilarrM  faidlMMi'a  ranunnaMa  I*  piil  a  (iikml  in 

I  »l  anah  aiiaitaifa  ri(kia  iiii||kl  ka>a  innwn 


»tm  •kauala*,  if  Ikan  th«M  ka<t  mM  Ukan  a  alap 
WiMth  .Rkraalarf  ntj  p*««rM  (laraana  in  Iha  auaraaa 
•f  kM  aUiiM     Tha   aanlaiiM  al  Iha  roHnail  af  Iha 


Miaa  ift<n  turn  a  lilla  la  •  rank  ao  alixalail,  and  a 
(bnniM  M  apHlanl,  that  ha  foiiiul  no  ilirtkiilly  m  run 
(Mtng  •  MinMrn  wilk  tXtnna  Mail*,  lUiiKlilar  of  Ikm 
f««4liM»4  lia  TaMa,  |raal  rainmaiuUiar  n(  \*m, 
•m4  kMhar  af  iha  4uka  af  Alia,  a  noMaman  of  lha 
tlM  M*k,  »mI  naadf  ralalml  lit  lha  kind  'l°l«  ''"'l* 
titt  kia  bnuly  aaiMntnl  a<t  warmly  Ilia  raiiM  at  Ihair 
••*  tlljr.  Ikal  faraMuiul  «uiil4  nal  rraial  ihair  wlirila- 
lla   rwallail  I  Wanda,   and  ap(inmli>d 


I  n«wi 

Dktil  Uwg*  iua  •ufiTKaMr,  ikongh  an'n  in  eimtrttint 
Ikia  Iknit  ka  rauld  mui  rnnraal  hia  jraluua*  ,  fur  ha 
•*'>w*4  him  la  aaaiiina  only  lha  lliln  of  (iivarnur,  nal 
ikal  af  ticaiay,  wbirh  had  baan  adjixlgvd  la  lialang 
Wkim 

Owi  IMaga  aiiwkir  rapairad  la  lliapaniala,  allandad 
kr  kia  'iralhar,  Ria  iimlra,  hia  wifa,  wImiih  lha  roiirleay 
M  Ika  Spanianla  hanitri<d  with  lha  liila  af  «iri>i|ii«aii, 
•nd  ■  m  maraua  raliiiiia  of  iwraona  of  bum  aaiaa  bom 
•f  good  bmiliaa.  Ma  lioad  wilh  •  anlundar  ami  mag 
WAcanca  kilharlo  unknuwn  In  ilia  Nnw  WuiUi  and 
tka  t»mi\y  tf  (Jalmnhua  laainaa  now  >»  anjoy  tha  hunora 
•nd  rawarda  diw  lo  bia  in«aniiva  aeniiia,  of  whirb  ha 
feiiaoalf  had  kaan  eruoUy  dafniiiitij      Tha  colony  iiaalf 

Dairtd  Mw  liialra  hjr  lha  arraiaion  of  m  manjr  in- 
UtnU,  *t «  dilfarawt  rank  ami  ctianrlar  from  moal 
•f  Umm  who  had  hiihrrin  nunraluil  lo  Ainarira,  and 
Many  of  ika  moal  illiialrioua  lamiliva  in  iha  Npaniah 
•MllanMnli  an  daacandad  from  Ihn  pxraona  who  al 
Itktl  llMa  Mieampanimi  Don  Dirgu  rolniiihiia. 

N«  battalia  acrriied  to  lha  unha|i|iy  naliraa  (Vom 
dMa  ehanga  of  goirarnora  Dun  Dirgo  waa  no!  only 
•mhariwJ  hjr  a  myal  adirl  lo  conliniio  lha  rtptrli- 
■Haafoi,  af  dialribulion  of  Indiana,  bul  lha  particular 
■umbar  which  ha  might  gram  lo  rrrry  pcraon,  acconl- 
ng  lo  hia  rank  in  Ihn  culony.  waa  aprrillail  llu 
•vailnd  kimaalf  of  Ihal  pariniaaion  ;  and  auon  aftar  Iw 
lindad  al  8l  Uomingn.  ha  <li«id<nl  audi  Indiana  aa 
ivara  allll  nnapproprialod,  among  hia  ralaliuna  and 
•IMiMlaala. 

Tha  nail  cora  of  Ihe  now  gavamnr  waa  lo  comply 
KJlh  an  inalrucllon  which  bn  ncaivitd  from  llw  kini{, 
tboul  oallling  t  colonv  In  Cubayiia,  t  ainall  iaiaiid 
which  Columniia  had  diacjvernd  in  hia  third  'oyago 
Though  Ihia  barren  a|iul  hardly  yielilvd  auhaialcnca  It) 
iu  wrelehad  inhabilanla.  auch  auaiiliti«a  of  Ihoao  ova- 
tan  which  produca  paarta  wan  found  on  ila  cooal,  llial 
It  did  not  long  ca<;a|ia  tha  inquiaiiiva  avarice  of  Ihe 
Spaniard*,  and  bcrama  ■  place  of  conaidorable  raaorl. 
Jitrga  fonunea  were  aci|iiirrd  by  Ihe  tiahory  of  pcaria, 
which  waa  carrird  on  wilh  eitraoriliniry  ardor.  'I'lin 
Indiana,  eapecialty  llioan  from  lha  Lucayo  ulanda,  wcro 
compalled  lo  dive  for  Ihein  |  and  Ihia  dangrroiia  and 
nnhaillhjr  employment  waa  an  additional  caUinily 
which  contributed  not  a  litlla  to  lha  eillnelion  of 
Ihal  davoled  rue. 

About  Ihia  period,  Juan  Dias  da  Hotia  and  Pinion 
■at  out,  in  conjunction,  upon  a  aecond  voyage.  They 
■lood  directly  aouth,  towarda  the  a<)iiinociial  line, 
which  Pinion  had  formerly  croiaod,  and  advanced  aa 
Iu  ■■  tha  fortieth  degree  of  aouthern  latitude.  They 
won  tatoniahed  to  And  that  Ihe  continent  of  America 
ttntehiid  on  their  right  hand  through  all  thia  vaal  ei- 
lenl  ol  ocean.  They  landed  in  diflerenl  placea,  lo 
loki  poaaeaaion  in  name  of  their  aovareign ;  bul  though 
Ihe  country  apfieared  to  be  etiramely  fertile  and  lii- 
*iling,  their  force  waa  ao  ainall,  liaving  been  fitted  out 
•tlhar  for  diacovery  than  making  aelUeinanta,  that  thev 
lift  00  colony  behind  them.  Their  voyage  aervod, 
Iwwavar,  to  give  the  Spaniarda  more  eialted  and 
■4a^-iata  ideaa  with  reaped  It  lha  dimanaiona  of  thia 
■•w  f  atiiar  of  the  globe. 


Tkaatb  H  waa  abairt  tan  yean  atnaa  I 
Aaeavarad  lha  main  Uml  tt  Amavlaa,  Ika  ll)ianla»<a 
iMd  hiiK«r*a  mad*  hm  •alllanwiii  in  any  pan  al  H 
What  liad  hmn  aa  king  Mglovtad  waa  now  aariuttalv 
aliaiMilad,  and  wilh  aawaiJeraMii  vigaf ,  Ikuiigh  Ika 
plan  m  ikM  Mrpaoa  waa  naiikaf  hnnad  ky  ika  »mmn, 
mt  eaoaiilad  al  ika  aapanaa  af  lha  n.iiion.  hiii  aarilod 
on  by  lha  anlarixiaing  apiril  a(  priiaia  adtanturara 
Tha  aaihaina  lOHt  Ila  riaa  frum  Alnnaa  da  ll|a<la,  wha 
kad  atfaady  aiada  Iwa  voyagaa  aa  a  diavavaraf,  by 
wkwk  ka  aaiiiiiirad  aamidarahta  n-pulaiMn,  bul  aa 
waalih^  n<il  Kia  ahanaler  (at  inira|>Mliiy  and  aandiwl 
eaaily  ptwnrad  him  aaaw'iaiaa,  wli«  advanaarf  Ika 
monay  ra<iiiiaiia  la  daltay  lha  rhaiyaa  »l  lha  aipa- 
dltian  AmmiI  lha  aama  lima,  IXagw  da  Nuiiiaaaa,  whu 
kad  a«>|Hifad  a  larm  tofliina  in  llia|Mniala,  IWnird  a 
almilar  daalgn  Ferdinand  anraiira^d  bwh ,  and 
Ihoiigh  ha  rafuaod  la  advanea  'ha  ainallaal  aiim,  ha 
waa  atiramaly  liberal  of  liilaa  and  palanla  Ila  ani'lrd 
Iwa  g«tvaramanla  an  lha  ranllnani,  ana  a  Handing  fhHn 
I'apa  da  Vala  la  lha  Oulf  af  Ihwian,  ami  lha  other  fnmi 
Ihal  la  I'apa  llra'iaa a  Dwa  Th«  fnrmir  waa  given  to 
lljoila,  lha  lallar  lo  Nianioaaa  Divdt  Itlloil  a<il  a  aliip 
and  two  briganlinaa,  wilh  Ihrae  hiindrad  invii ,  Niciieaa* 
ail  vaaoala  with  aaven  humlred  ami  eighty  men  They 
Miled  abmil  the  aama  tuna  fram  Ni.  Ikimlngti  for 
their  raafiaciiva  gnvemniania  In  order  to  give  their 
title  to  Ihiiaa  rniinlriea  amna  a|itw<ri>ni'a  of  validity, 
aevrral  of  the  niiwl  eniiiHiit  ditinea  and  lawyara  in 
N|iain  wan  employed  lo  preaeribo  ili«  moile  in  whuh 
they  ahoiild  lake  puaaeiaiun  uf  them  Then  la 
not    in  the  hiatiiry  wf  mankiml  any   lliing  mora  ain- 

Kilar  or  aitravai^ant  than  the  fttriM  whu't)  ihey  ileviacd 
t  Ihia  piir|HMe  They  iiialnu'leil  lluwa  invailara,  aa 
aonn  aa  they  lamlml  on  the  rnnliiirni,  til  derlan  la  tha 
nallvea  the  prinei|ial  arlirlia  of  llu  Ihrialian  faith  I  la 
a«i|U4inl  Ihein  in  fiartirular,  with  ihu  aiipreiiie  jiiriadia- 
llun  of  Ihe  l*U|>e  over  all  tha  kiitgdimia  nf  lha  aaftll; 
lo  Inlurtn  them  iif  the  grant  which  tliia  holy  ponlllf  had 
made  of  Ihvir  roiinlry  in  lha  king  of  Npain  i  Iu  reiiuin 
Iham  10  einliraca  the  docinnta  of  that  religion  which 
tha  .Spaniania  iiiade  known  to  ihem  ;  ami  Iu  aiilntiit  Iu 
lha  auvereign  whoaa  aiilhurity  Ihav  prorlaimed  If 
tha  nalivea  rofiiaed  to  romply  with  lliia  rei|iiitiliun,  lha 
lerma  of  whirh  miiat  have  been  utterly  iiiroinprehan' 
aible  lo  unlnalruiMed  Indiana,  thiinOjeilaaiul  Niciiraaa 
were  aiilhofued  lo  attack  them  with  lire  and  awnrd  ; 
to  redure  them,  their  wivea  ami  rhihinn,  lo  a  alate  uf 
aervilude  ;  and  to  compel  Ihain  by  forre  lo  recngnlae 
tha  juriadiction  of  lha  church,  ami  Ilia  auihorily  of  the 
monarch,  to  which  lUy  would  not  voluntarily  auhjcct 
thamealvaa    [tn) 

Aa  lha  inhabitanta  nf  the  country  could  not  at  onca 
yirlil  aaaani  to  dorlmiea  loo  ralltied   for  llieir  iineiil 


tivated  underalandingi,  ami  einlaineil  10  Ihein  by  In- 
terpreter* iiniH'rfei'lly  kcouainieil  with  their  lai  guaga  ; 
aa  tliey  dul  not  conreive  liow  a  foreign  prieai,  cf  whuin 


Ihey  had  never  heard,  cuiild  have  any  right  Id  diafioaa 
af  Ibeir  fntinliy.  or  liuw  an  ■nknown  pnnea  ahould 
claim  jiiriadiclion  over    Ihein  aa  hia  auhjecia  ;  they 


Aercely  opiioecd  Ihe  new  invadcra  of  their  lerritoriea 
')|Dda  and  Nicueaai  emlravoiirrd  lo  elfeot  by  lorei 
ilial  lliry  could  not  accoinpliali  by  pcniiaaioii      The 


contemporary  writera  enter  into  a  very  minute  detail  in 
relating  iheir  Iranaaitioiia ;  hut  aa  Ihey  made  no  dia- 
covery of  iin|iortanre,  nor  ealahliahed  any  pcrinaneiil 
aelilement,  lueir  advenlurea  ara  not  eiililird  lo  any 
conaiderable  (ilaco  in  the  general  liialory  of  a  period 
where  romantic  valor,  atruguling  wilh  iiirredilile  hard- 
•liipa,  diattiigiiiahea  every  ell'ort  uf  the  S|ianiiih  anna 
They  fuiind  the  natlvua  m  thoao  :uiinlriea  of  which 
they  want  to  aaaume  Ihe  government,  lo  be  of  a  cIm- 
racter  very  dilTerent  from  Ihal  of  Iheir  roiinlrvmeii  in 
lha  ialanda.  They  were  free  and  warlike  'Pheir  ar- 
rowa  were  dipiied  in  a  iioiaun  ao  noiiuua,  lliat  every 
woutifl  waa  fallowed  with  certain  di^atli.  In  one  on- 
counter  Ihey  alew  iliove  aevenly  ol  Ojeda'a  followera, 
and  the  Hpaniarda,  for  the  Aral  lima,  wen  taught  lo 
dnad  tlio  inhnliitanla  of  the  New  World  Niciioiaa 
waa  op|)oaed  by  peojilt'  oi|iiiilly  rewliito  in  defence  of 
llicir  peiaaoaaiani.  Noiliiiig  cuuld  aul'len  Iheir  terority. 
Though  the  Spaniarda  employed  every  art  to  aoolhe 
tlicm,  and  to  gain  their  conliilence,  Ihey  refunoil  lo  hold 
any  inlcrcoiirae,  or  to  eichaniju  any  friendly  oinee, 
with  men  whoae  reaidence  ainnnif  thriii  they  roiiaid'^red 
aa  fatal  lo  their  liberty  and  iiide|M'ndviu'e  [ISIO]  Thia 
implacable  enmity  of  the  nativea,  though  it  rendered 
an  attempt  lo  eaiabliah  a  at'tlloincnl  in  llicir  country 
ailroinvly  difficult  aa  well  aa  diingeroua,  might  have 
been  aiirinoiinted  at  len;(tli  by  the  jieraevcraiice  of  llin 
Spaniarda,  by  the  lupcriority  of  llivir  anna,  and  their 
•kill  in  the  art  of  war.     Uut  every  diaaater  which  can 


ptNa  Ihalf  nti«.     Tka  tiaa  af  ihot*  afclfa  kf  «alM* 


aaeatanta  Hpan  an  anknown  aaaot,  Ika  dnaaaaa  f» 
•  iiliat  la  a  vliniaia  lha  nwat  aaaMwa  tn  aH  Amitrnt, 
Ika  want  of  pfaviaiana  unavaMtaMa  M  a  vaHalry  lMfaf> 
Inily  aulllvaiad,  dlaaanaHm  amang  Ikamaalvaa,  •«■  Ik* 
Ineaaaanl  haaiililiaa  ol  Ika  nallvaa,  Mvolvad  Ikam  Hi  a 
aweeaalon  of  ralamilMa,  tha  kaai  laailat  af  whl*^ 
alrikea  ana  with  hovrur  Thaugk  Ihav  roeaivad  Iwa 
aanaidaraMa  raln«iteainanla  Ikom  lliafaniula,  Ika 
gnalar  part  of  iMoa  wka  kad  angagad  in  Ihia  wnlMffy 
aipadilHM  aaflaltadk  in  laoa  than  *  year.  Mi  lha  OMM 
aitroma  mlaary  A  faw  who  aurrivad  MtthNl  la  • 
haMa  aalany  al  Mania  Maria  al  AnlMwa,  on  Ika  Calf 
of  llarMn,  undaf  the  rommand  af  Vaaea  Nagnai  da 
llallioa,  wha.  In  lha  moal  daa|ianla  ailgenaiaa,  dia. 
played  aiieh  aaiiraga  and  aanduat  oa  AfM  pin  ad  tka 
raiilldanra  ol  hi<  •ounlryman,  ami  marked  Mm  aal  aa 
ihair  laadar  in  iiifif*  aplendid  and  aMcaeaalWI  umiar< 
lakingo,  Naf  wa<  ha  Ika  aniy  advanlurar  In  Ikia  aa> 
padilion  whn  will  apoaar  with  lualra  in  man  lmp,Nlant 
aarnea.  rianriaro  l*iiarro  waa  nna  uf  l>)ada'a  eanv 
paniona,  ami  In  Ihia  aelMwt  of  advaralty  aai|«lrad  of 
Impnivad  tha  ilenia  whirh  Hltaal  him  fiif  IIm  ailranf* 
dinary  aatlana  'vhleh  ha  aftarwarda  perfcrmad,  lief 
nan  ^orlea,  whi'aa  nama  haeama  allll  man  famaiia, 
hod  likewiaa  engaged  early  in  ihia  anlarpriae,  whii-h 
ruuaotl  all  tha  active  youth  of  lliaiianiula  to  anna  ,  bul 
lha  g<Hid  furliina  that  aceiHn|ianied  him  in  hia  auba» 
qiienl  advenlurea  lnler|iuaad  In  aava  him  IVom  lha  dla» 
aalara  to  which  hia  rnmpaniona  wera  eipaaed  ll» 
waa  taken  ill  al  Nl  Ihmiingo  befon  the  ilapartiin  of 
tha  (tret,  and  ilrUiiird  itiere  l.y  a  ledioiia  indiapaaillfm. 
Noiwillialamliiig  lha  iinforliinata  laaua  of  Ihia  ai|M' 
dilion,  lha  N|ianiaril*  wen  not  deterrml  fhim  angaglaig 
In  n«'«  arheinea  of  a  aimilar  nature  Whan  wealw  la 
aeipiired  gradually  by  Ihe  |ieraerviiig  hand  of  liulilXffy, 
or  aceiiiiiiilaled  by  the  alow  ojwraliuiia  of  ngnlar  iimif 
niaree,  Ihe  ineana  employed  are  ao  propiirlianed  U)  tha 


ami  attained,  that  then  la  nulliing  lo  alrike  Ihe  liiaagil 
nation,  and  lillla  to  urge  on  Ihe  active  powan  of  ina 
mind  10  um'Ommon  amtila,     Hiil  when  large  for«Miiea 


wera  created  almoat  Inrtantanemialy  ;  whan  giilul  and 
(learla  wera  procured  in  eachange  for  bauble*  ;  whan 
Ihe  coiinlriea  which  iir».)ue>',|  Iheaa  rich  coininoditieo, 
defended  only  by  ii  ihrd  aavagei,  might  ha  aaoed  hy 
the  Aral  bold  Invader  i  ohfvcla  ao  aingnlor  and  allurinf 
roiiaed  a  wowlerfiil  apiiil  of  anlerpiiaa  immg  tha 
M|ianlarila,  who  ruahed  wilh  ardor  into  Ihli  roiw  miIi 
Ihal  waa  n|Mineil  to  wealth  and  dlaliiwlior.  WM» 
thi*  apirit  conlinuaj  warm  and  vigoraua,  avarv  altampi 
aiiher  towarda  diai-overy  or  compieal  waa  afiplauded, 
and  odventurera  engaged  In  it  with  einiilaiuon.  'Ilia 
poaaion  for  new  iinJarl'ikinga,  which  eharacieriiea  tha 
age  of  diecnvery  in  the  latter  part  nf  lha  llinoanlh  and 
beginning  of  tha  aiitai  nth  century,  would  alone  hava 
bean  aumcKnt  lo  pnvrnt  lha  H|ianiarda  Ihwn  ala|iping 
abort  in  Iheir  carear.  Uut  circumatancea  peculiar  to 
lliapaniola,  it  Ihia  juncture,  concurred  with  it  in  ei- 
leiMing  their  iiavigaliun  and  conniieala.  The  ri||aroiia 
trealmont  of  Ihn  inluhilania  of  thai  laland  having  al- 
moat eilirpated  the  race,  many  of  the  Mjianiah  plant- 
en,  »a  I  have  alraoily  obiwrved,  finding  it  Impoaiibia 
to  cariv  on  Iheir  woria  with  Ihe  aanie  vigor  and  proAl, 
were  oliligeil  to  look  out  fur  aellleineiii>'>  in  aome  caiin* 
try  where  jieople  were  not  yet  waaliiil  by  oppnaawn 
Other*,  with  the  inconaiderale  levity  naluni  lo  men 
upon  whom  wealth  |ioun  in  wilh  i  auitden  Aow,  had 
ai|iiniidered  in  llioughlleaa  prodigalmv  what  Ihay  ac> 
<|iiired  with  eaae,  and  were  driven  li«  ncceaaity  lo  em 
lurk  in  lha  nio*l  deaiieraln  acheniev,  in  oidei  lo  n- 
irieve  their  alTair*  I  rum  all  lhe>e  caiiaea,  when  Don 
lhej;orulumliuapropo*ed[Iftll|  to  conquer  the  iaiand 
of  Cuba,  and  Iu  eatahliah  a  colonv  there,  manypenoni 
of  chief  diatincliun  in  llia|i.iniola  engaged  with  tla 
cnty  in  the  meaaiire  Ho  gave  the  command  of  lha 
troopa  dealincil  fur  Ihal  aerviee  le  Diego  Valaai)uai, 
one  of  hia  falher'a  coinpaiiiona  in  hia  aecond  voyage, 
und  who,  having  In'en  lung  aellled  in  HiB|ianiola,  had 
nci|iiircd  an  ample  furiiinn,  with  auch  reputation  fur 
proliity  and  pnidence,  llial  ho  aecmcd  to  be  well  miali- 
lied  for  conducting  an  i'»|iedition  of  importance.  Thren 
hundred  men  were  dacmed  iiifficienl  fur  Ihe  conqueai 
of  an  island  uf  aliove  acvcn  tuHidret  milea  in  lenglh. 
mid  filled  with  Inhahilantii  Hut  tiey  wen  of  iho 
aame  unwarlike  characlir  wi:h  Ihe  people  of  Hiapo- 
niula  They  wore  not  uiily  intimidated  by  the  apjiear- 
ance  of  their  nuw  cnuniiea,  hut  uniirepared  10  reaial 
them.  Kor  though,  from  I'lelime  tnat  Ihe  Spaniania 
took  |ioaaeaaiou  of  tlio  adjacent  iaiand,  then  WM 
reaaon  to  eijiect  i  deaccnl  on  ihnir  tcrrilonea,  nooa 
of  tha  MiuU  communitiaa  into  which  Cuba  win  * 


■oimi  A  Mm  in  A. 


MM  fcf  iMRt 

itM    <IHIMI    >» 

•  lit  (H  Aimiw^ 
I  »  nmMty  tmff 
MIIM«tt««,  «Mi  ika 
N*at»4  iWm  m  * 

iMiliil  af  wlu*^ 
lk*«  rw*iM<t  !«• 

Hitf*>>iuU.  )ka 
•4  in  ihi*  unkafff 

|iMr,  m  Um  imm* 

ilr(4  MtiM  M  • 
taMM,  M  tkt  (lltif 
VM*«  NugtMt  4» 

m  nHitMlin,  4i» 

•  Ant  iMiwil  *ha 
•Mrkdl  Mm  Mt*  M 
lU.-ftwM  itwiat* 
•ntunr  in  ikw  ••> 
in  man  imptWUnl 
I  uT  0)«l«'a  rwn- 
■nllf  Mi|iiir«4  ut 
int  Ciir  ilw  *unm- 
|i»rfefnMNl.  Il'r> 
itlll  IIMf*  Immu*, 
tnlarpriM,  whU'h 
niol*  la  anna  ,  but 
him  in  hw  nihaa- 
hlm  from  Iha  4I»- 
tn  •ipOMil  H*> 
«  llw  il«|Mr1iir«  of 
lioila  iniliapoalluin. 
aaii*  a(  Ihia  *t\m' 
tol  from  aniagiMK 

Whan  waalw  i) 
hanil  of  liuliKKrjr, 
iia  of  ra||<ilar  iiniif 
|irop<irlionril  lu  Ih* 
a  ainka  lh«  liiaaMI- 
i«a  powan  of  IM 
ihrn  lar|«  fimMiii'* 
y  ;  wlKin  g'llul  aiul 
foe  bauhlai  \   whan 
I  n«h  rommoUitiaa, 
iiight  ho  aotar4  hy 
ngiilu  «nd  ollurinif 
irpilao  aiwang  IM 
inlu  (Ml  r*x«  M'h 
laliiMlior      Whil« 
la,  oyan  allampl 
WH  afipUuilaJ, 
•mulaiMMi.     'ItM 
chancMriwa  Ih* 
Iha  IHllMnih  ami 
woiilil  aloiw  h*va 
|rda  IViMn  ata|itiiiiK 
lUnraa  (wcuhar  u> 
nml  with  it  in  ri- 
lU,    Tha  rt||oroiia 
laland  having  ■!■ 
Iha  M|ianiah  planl- 
inu    II   impoailhlo 
It  «^tor  ami  proflit 
iniM  in  aoiiw  coiin> 
■all  hjr  o|i|>raaaian 
»  nalural  lo  mrn 
Man   flow,  haJ 
|cv  what  Uwy  to* 
ncccaaitjr  lo  am 
in  ofdrr  lo  ro- 
aiiaca,  whan  Uon 
onqurr  Iha  ialaiul 
ra,  many  pcraona 
InKauni  with  tl* 
command  of  iha 
DiOKO  ViUai|ua«, 
ia  aeroiHl  vnyatfx, 
n  Hia|>aniola.  hail 
h  rr|nilalian  fur 
lo  b«  well  qiiali- 
porianco.    Threa 
for  Ihe  conquaai 
milaa  in  langlh, 
ley  wera  of  tho 
>o|ila  of  Hiapa* 
ail  liy  iha  ap|ioac- 
irrparrd  10  leaial 
nt  the  SpanianU 
lUnd,  thtra   wM 
|r  terntorlaa,  noM 
h  Culat  wta  * 


ttmn,  m  Ka4  WmM  mr  iilMrt  r<»  ihai» 
Mlbty  'Dm  anly  >a<Mini<'iMit  Ihn  *tp*>uanla  iiivt  with 
••a  frmn  M«iu>y.  a  >>««i'|u>,  wli"  nn'^  ll<»t  frwn  Mi*- 
ponHtla,  aial  Iwl  i»ln-n  mMWMinn  «t  lM»MaWi>it  aim- 
mitf  of  I  :uli*  Mk  •luuil  ii|«m  iha  iMooil^  ||  Hmm  Am 
lamiin^,  aiwl  amloourail  i>i  ■Irlim  W^  haak  M  Ihair 
aliiiia  Ilia  r>  alila  iriHi|Mi,  h«wat»r.  w.  ra  Mom  tunkin 
tn\  <lia|i«rMil  ,  tn>\  h*  himaalf  'hainf  lokan  ^lawwr, 
Val«a>|iiaa,  avmnlinti  l«  Ika  IwiOMrMM*  malint  of  Iha 
N)ian<anta,  noMiilanHl  k4m  aa  •  «to*a  oha  kaJ  lokan 
Mma  a^liiat  hia  maaur,  ami  nwiAf'vnti  htm  la  ika 
tomoa  Whan  llalaay  waa  fMini  '^^  Ilia  atoka,  a 
('lawiwan  ftla«,  lahufing  la  •"■hkkh  <ii«,  pfomtaMt 
iMm  imnMMliaia  aiimillanaa  Inlu  ili*-  |w  •  of  kaaaan,  ir 
ka  woiiM  amhnaa  Ika  Chrialiaii  ki\a  "  Am  Ikaro 
my  NpaMonla,"  aaya  ha,  aflm  nMna  panaa,  "  In  that 
(•(ton  of  Mlaa  wliuh  yxti  ilaxiilw  t— ••  Vaa,"  r«pli»l 
Ika  monk,  "  h<ii  only  aiwh  aa  t{-  woflhy  ami  giMil." 
"  TIm  haal  of  Ikam,  ralurnniO  Iha  Inalignani  aoaiipia, 
"  ka«a  nailha*  woflh  nm  gmotntm  :  I  will  not  ga  la  * 
pla«a  whan  I  may  maul  wiiiHi  a<ia  of  thai  acrunatl 
ra<a  "  Thla  ilraaiiriil  aiaintWa  iif  «an||aam-a  airurk 
tha  pootila  of  I  iiIm  wilh  am  »,  ii-rraf  Ihal  ihnjf  afarraly 
f»i»  any  a|ipaaill<m  la  tha  |ii«i|((i>m  of  ihair  invailai  a  , 
ami  Valaat|iiat,  wilhiHil  llin  liiu  nl  •  man,  annaiail 
Ikia  aatenaiya  ami  fartile  ifUml  to  iha  Hpaniali  in»- 
Rarrhy, 

l^w  farllily  with  whirh  lima  iinpoftani  rnni|iiaai  waa 
«ain|ilalait  aarvaii  aa  an  iiwilainanl  lu  oihar  iimlarlak' 
Inna  Juan  I'onaa  da  Lniin,  hatmn  a«<|iMn<d  hmh  faiiia 
uhI  wealui  hy  tha  mlunliwii  uf  i'liarto  liivo,  waa  liii 
polianl  W  angaga  in  aoina  nnw  rnlar|iriaa  Ma  Itliail 
Ml  Ihna  akipa  al  hi*  awn  »i|i«nae,  fur  a  vnyag«  nf  diartv 
<arv  |IAIt|,  ami  lila  rapiilalimi  anon  draw  logvihar  « 
ira|iaatahla  indy  ul  fnljnwan  Ma  ihrevlad  Im«  rniiraa 
lawarda  Iha  lairayu  lalaiul*  ,  ami  aOar  Iniirhiii.^  at  ae- 
faral  of  Iham,  aa  wall  aa  uf  Iha  llahaiiia  lalaa,  Ixi  alawl 
M  tho  aoiilh'Waal,  and  dwovafKil  a  ruiiiilry  hilhrrto 
unknown  la  iIm  Njianiarda,  whlrh  ha  rallail  Klorido, 
aiihar  Iwcaiiao  ha  fall  in  with  il  on  I'alin  Hunday,  or  on 
■rpuiinl  of  lla  uay  and  iMxtiilifiil  apiNiaraiira  Ma  at- 
lamplad  In  laiiil  iii  ililfuri'iit  pliira,  liiil  mikI  with  aiirh 
yigoruiia  o|i|ioiiliun  from  Ihn  naiitra,  who  warn  lli'rro 
•nil  warlika,  aa  aunviiuivd  hlin  iImi  an  Incraaaa  iif  forra 
waa  r«<|iilalta  to  alfarl  t  aalllamai.l.  Haliaflril  with 
hating  opened  a  roininiinicallun  wilh  a  nnw  roiiiiiry,  of 
whnaa  value  atid  lin|Hirt4ni-e  lie  runreivrd  vary  aan* 
gulna  n*|iea,  ha  raliiriieil  In  I'lirrlo  Itiro  thraiiirh  Iha 
atiaiinal  now  known  liy  Iha  name  of  Iha  llulf  uf  iMorlda 

It  waa  nut  meruly  iha  imaaiuii  uf  aeari'hing  for  now 
eoiiiilrioa  that  prain|ili'd  t'oiire  de  l^'un  lo  iindarlake 
Ihia  voyage  ;  ha  waa  infliiriii'id  hy  uiie  of  llioae  viaion- 
•ry  ideaa,  which  at  Ihal  tune  uftrn  mingled  with  Iha 
aplril  of  diaeovary,  ami  rnnderrd  il  mom  teliva.  A 
tradition  pravailod  aiiiuui^  the  nativea  of  Puerto  Hieo, 
that  In  Ihe  iaie  of  Uuniiii,  una  uf  tha  Lucayoa,  there 
waa  t  fountain  of  aiu-h  wonili'rful  virluo  aa  lu  raiu'w 


Iha  youth  and  recall  the  vigor  of  every  iieraon  wlio 
bathed  in  lla  aaliilary  watera.  In  hopea  of  Hnding  Ihia 
grand  rnaloralive,  I'unro  da  !,eon  and  hia  folluwera 


nnged  thmiigh  Ihe  jaLiiida,  aean^hing  wilh  friiilli'aa  au- 
liciiiide  and  LilMir  fur  the  I'uuiilain  wViii'li  waa  lliii  chief 
olijecl  uf  Iheir  ei|i<'ililioii  i1ial  a  lain  ao  fiiliiiloiia 
ahouUI  gain  credit  among  aiinplo  ainil  iiiiinalruclcil  In- 
diana ia  nut  aiirprialnji.  That  it  aliaiild  make  atiy  iin- 
pnaaion  upon  an  ciuighteni'il  pvu(>lu  amieara  in  iliii 

Iiraaent  age  allugclhrr  iiicrcililile.  'I'lie  Tact,  Imwever, 
a  certain  ;  and  Ilia  inoat  aiilhentic  .t|Mniah  hialuriana 
mention  ihia  eitravig^int  aally  of  their  crodutoua  conn- 
tryinen.  The  H|)aniartla  at  Ihnt  period  were  engaged 
in  a  career  of  ailtviiy  which  ijavc  a  ruinanlic  turn  lu 
Iheir  imagination,  and  daily  iiri.'wciled  tu  ihern  alraii^jo 
and  iiiarvelloua  olijccta,  A  New  World  waa  opened  to 
their  view.  'I'hey  viaitcd  iaianda  and  conlinonta,  of 
white  eiialence  mankind  in  furiner  agea  hod  no  con- 
eopiiJn.  In  thoae  delightful  coiiiilriua  nature  aenincd 
10  aaiiime  anolher  form  :  every  trco  and  plant  and  ani- 
mal waa  diirrreiit  from  thine  of  tho  aiu'ient  hemlapliero. 
Tney  acoinnd  to  he  tranaporteil  into  enchnnted  ground; 
Did  after  the  wondcra  which  ihey  had  aecn,  nothing,  in  tha 
warmlh  and  novelty  of  iheir  admiration,  u|i|iuarnd  lu 
tfcein  ao  ettraonlinary  aa  to  lie  lieyond  lielief.  If  the 
npid  atinceaaion  of  nnw  and  alriking  icenoa  made  auch 
nprMaion  arcn  upon  Ihe  aoimd  underalanding  of  Co- 
himbaa,  that  he  bonalod  of  having  found  the  aeat  of 
hndiae,  it  will  not  appear  atrango  that  Ponoi  de  Ijeon 
itxmid  dream  of  diacovcring  the  fountain  of  youth. 

Boon  after  the  cipiidition  to  Florida,  a  diaoovory  of 
iniKh  gioaler  im|iortanro  waa  inailii  in  tnothcr  |iarl  of 
AaMrica.     Balhoa  hnving  been  riilnod  to  the  guvern- 
I  of  Ibo  aniall  colony  at  Santa  Marit  in  Uarieii,  by 


Iha  lotunlary  aiilfraga  of  kla  aaaaaiolea,  w*a  aM  aonma 
l«  daairwua  lu  uliiam  from  lh«  arowu  a  tfonHrmalwtn  of 
iImi-  aleaium,  llwl  ha  dea|Mlvh«d  una  of  hia  MflWara  la 
M|Him,  m  artirr  la  vtlivil  a  rnyil  ftfiiiutivaitm,  wlutk 
mghl  mveal  him  wilh  •  lagal  ml*  la  iha  aii|»aiiia  >»>»- 
Mt-iml  t*rtnaalaiia,  hawavar.  Ih4l  he  cuiild  nut  a»|i«»t 
•'•raaaa  horn  Ilia  palronaga  af  >'»nlMiaMd'a  ininiaina, 
Wilh  whwn  he  ««a  iiiirnniiai'leil.  «r  iruiH  n>utt<iaiiiig  in 
%  rmiil  la  Iha  ma  »f  winch  ha  waa  a  alr»ii,(ar,  lia  en 
'Uiayafod  la  meril  Iha  dignity  la  which  ha  aainrvd,  and 
•imad  at  parrotinmg  auma  algnal  aarvwa  Ihal  w>)iild 
•aciin  him  the  pramrenra  10  avary  «a<n|ialltar  Kull 
9f  Ihia  hlea,  ha  inada  frefpieiil  inruada  inlu  Iha  ailiacant 
counlry.  aiilaliiad  aaveral  of  Ihe  caiiipiea,  and  i  itllai<lai| 
a  vanaidartMa  ipiantity  of  goM,  whiok  almumUd  mura 
in  that  part  of  tha  aontinant  than  In  tho  Iaianda  In 
oiw  nf  IMoa  eiaiiralima,  tha  N|Mnianla  i'iMiiainla<|  with 
auch  aogamaaa  ahoul  iha  diviaiun  uf  aonta  gulil,  ihiii  j 
Ihay  wara  al  Iha  nmnl  of  pruiaeiliiig  lo  acta  uf  •iniaiira 
againat  ena  aimlner  A  young  ra<l>|iia  who  waa  pre- 
aant,  aatuniahed  al  tha  high  <  ilii*  which  they  aat  ii|Min 
a  Ihing  of  which  ha  did  ii"'  'liaccrii  Iha  iiae,  liiinldeil 
Iha  gtilil  out  nf  iha  lialance  wilh  Imlignatluii ,  ami  liirn- 
ing  lu  the  Npiniarda,  "  Why  ilo  ymi  ipiarrri  (atiya  lie) 
alwil  auch  a  Irifta  '  If  yon  an  to  |Mia«iun4li'ly  nnid  uf 
gold,  aa  lu  thamlun  vmir  own  cuuiiiry,  and  lu  dialurii 
Iha  Iranipiillily  uf  ilialant  iialKma  fur  lla  aaka,  I  will 
cumliici  yuii  lu  a  ragiiin  whcra  Iha  nicul  winch  aevnia 
lo  tie  Ihe  ahiaf  uluei'l  of  yiiiir  ailuiiraliuii  and  draira  la 
ail  cuiniiMtn  Ihal  ihe  nieaneal  iiteiiaila  era  formed  of  it  " 
rr*na|«irlad  wHh  what  Ihey  heard,  Italtma  ami  hia  coin- 
IMiiluna  impilrad  aagerly  where  Ihia  lia(ifiy  country  lay, 
and  hiiw  they  iniglil  arrive  al  it.  Me  mrurined  lli«'iii 
Ihal  at  the  diaianea  nt  an  aiina,  that  ia,  of  aia  dtya' 
joiimay,  lowarda  iha  anuth,  Ihey  ahniikJ  diaeuver  another 
oraan,  near  la  which  llila  wealthy  kingiloin  waa  ailiia- 
ed  ;  hill  if  Ihey  inlendeil  lu  allai'k  ihal  powerful  alala, 
Ihey  iniial  aaaeiiiMe  liircea  far  aii|iariur  in  iMiiiilier  and 
alrengtii  to  Ihnae  with  which  tliey  now  ama'ared 

'I'hia  waa  Ilia  hral  infurinalinn  which  llie  N|ianiarda 
received  cnmreriiing  iha  gnat  auiilhrrn  ocnaii,  or  Ihe 
ojiuleni  and  eitciiaive  cuunlrv  known  aAerwnrda  hy  the 
name  of  I'erii  ItallNM  had  iiuw  liernrn  him  uh|e<'ta 
■iillpd  to  hia  liouiidtiiaa  ainhiliun,  and  Ihe  eiitrrprining 
ardor  of  hia  geniiia  Ilo  iininedialely  cunclmlcd  I'm 
W'ean  which  tha  rafupie  inciiliuhiil,  lu  he  lli.tt  lur 
which  ruliiinliiia  hud  aearctieil  wilhieit  aiicceaa  in  Ihia 
part  nf  America,  In  hu|H-a  uf  upeniiig  a  iiiurn  ilirci  I 
cuminiinicalion  with  the  Kaal  liullra ;  and  he  i'»ii{ec. 
lured  Ihal  Ihe  rich  irrrHury  which  had  Immmi  dcai'rilHil 
In  him  mnal  ho  part  of  thai  vaal  ami  iniiilent  region  ul 
ihe  earth  l''.latrd  wilh  ihe  idea  uf  pcrioriniiig  what  mo 
gre.ll  a  man  had  alleiiiptcd  in  vain,  ami  caifir  lu  accom- 
pliah  a  diacovery  which  he  knew  wiiiild  lie  no  Uaa  ac- 
ceplalila  la  tho  king  than  tieiinllcial  lu  hia  counlry,  ho 
waa  impalieni  nnlifha  could  ael  mil  ii|K)n  tliia  enlor- 
priae,  in  cuin|MriaoM  of  which  all  hia  former  eiplona  »\f 
peared  ini'unaiderahln  lliil  previuiia  arrangeineiil  and 
prpparntiuii  were  reipiiaile  In  rnaiira  aiicceaa  Me  lie- 
gan  with  courting  and  at>curing  tha  friendahip  of  Ihe 
neighlNtriiig  caaiipiea.  lla  aeni  aome  of  hia  otRccra  In 
llia|miiiula  with  a  large  ipianlity  nf  gold,  aa  a  proof  uf 
Ilia  pial  aiicceaa,  und  an  cirneal  or  hia  future  hoiiea 
Hy  a  prnpir  ilialriliiilion  uf  ihia,  Ihey  anciirt'd  the  favor 
uf  the  gnvertior,  and  allured  vulunlcera  into  the  acrvicn 
,\  rnnaidrnhle  rviiiforceiiienl  frnm  Ihal  iaiand  joined 
liim,  and  he  thought  himaelf  in  a  condition  to  tlleinpl 
the  diacovery 

'I'lie  iathinua  of  Ihrien  la  not  ahnve  aiity  milea  in 
lireiidih ;  hut  thia  neck  of  land  which  binda  loguthar 
the  coiitlnenta  of  North  and  Hniith  America,  ia  atrengih- 
envd  hy  a  chain  of  lofty  moiintaina  atrelching  through 
lla  whole  eateni,  which  ruiuler  it  a  harrier  of  aolidily 
aiifflciont  lo  reaial  the  iinpiilao  of  two  oppoaiie  occana. 
The  mountaina  are  covered  wilh  fureala  almoal  iiiac- 
eeaaiblo.  The  valleya  in  that  moial  climate  where  it 
rama  during  Iwo-lhirda  of  the  year,  aro  inarahy,  and  ao 
frnipiently  overllowed  that  the  iiihahliania  lind  it  nccea- 
aary,  in  many  placna,  to  liiiild  their  hoiiaea  upon  treea, 
in  order  to  lio  elevated  at  aomo  diatnnce  from  Ihe  damp 
ooil,  and  the  odioiia  replilea  engendered  in  the  putrid 
watera.  Iiorgn  rivcra  riiah  down  wilh  an  impoliioua 
current  from  Ihe  high  groimda.  In  s  region  thinly  in- 
habited by  wandering  aavagna,  tho  hand  of  indiiatry  had 
done  nothing  lo  mitigate  or  correct  tlioao  natural  diaad- 
vanlagea.  'I'o  march  ocroaa  thia  unexplored  counlry 
wilh  no  oilier  giiidoa  but  Indiana,  whoao  fidelity  could 
bo  little  Iruated,  waa,  on  all  thoae  accoiiiila,  the  bold- 
rat  enterpriae  on  which  tho  Hp.inlarda  had  hitherto 
vvntiiriiil  in  llin  New  World.  Iliit  Ihe  inlrcpidiiy  of 
llallHM  waa  auch  aa  dialingiiiahnd  him  among  hia  conn- 
trymun,  al  a  period  when  every  adventurer  woe  conopi- 


nrnxtim  AiriM  ■■npiiftiai  Sm  ««•  kMoaa 
kia  only  niaril  i  W  «M  ffMOnt  in  aamiiiai,  gaaatiN( 
alHiMa.  ami  |iMaaaaa»d  nf  ihaaw  |i<i|»iht«  laleiiia  wkiaik 
in  iIm  imMl  ilf>a|iftnie  iiiHl«<riakinga,  inafnra  umiUdaim 
and  avMiire  alia*  hiitaiil  llvan  altar  ih»  pinalion  of  t^ 
•Htiinieera  fruin  Miajianiala,  ka  waa  aMa  In  iMMAMonto 
a  huinlr>.d  ami  ninety  mam  Im  hia  at|iedlliaii  Mt 
Ihey  wara  tuidy  talanna,  hiM>»d  la  llw  alHMla  4| 
.\inavica,  ami  raady  la  hilhiw  huii  Ittfinigh  avery  dM^ 
gar  A  Ihuiiaami  liialiana  allanded  iliam  lo  aaivy  ikM 
piuviannia  ,  and,  la  aiHiiitlala  Iheif  warlika  amy,  tiMf 
Inik  with  lii'in  aaveral  of  lloiaa  Iten'O  dN||a,  wkiakwaM 
nu  laaa  brmldaMa  than  daotruatlva  i»  Ikail  MM 
anainiaa. 

|I«IIh>«  aal  out  upon  ihia  imfiortant  eipatUlloii  M  ika 
Oral  III  is.,|>temhar,  olioitl  tha  liina  that  iha  p»rla4wil 
raliia  l»  gaii  In  ahala  lie  |ifiMaad«d  hy  aaa,  ami  wllka 
»iil  any  dillkully,  la  Iha  larrii'Hiea  af  a  raahiiia  wkoM 
rriiniUhip  ha  had  gained  ,  liul  no  a'lmiar  diu  ha  kegta 
to  ailvanva  Inlu  ilia  InlariM  part  uf  iha  caHntry,  thM 
Im  waa  relanleil  liy  avary  olialaala,  whiek  ho  had  roooM 
In  apfirrhewl.  from  Iha  naliira  of  the  lariilary,  at  Ik* 
iliaiMMiiiiHi  uf  lla  inlMhilaiila  Mtnita  of  Iha  raliipiao^ 
al  Ilia  a|i|iriMch,  llrd  In  Ilia  rniMiiilaina  wilh  alt  Ihelf 
p<  nple,  ami  cameil  otf  nf  ilealroyad  whalaver  roilM 
alfiird  aiiliaialaiH'a  lo  hia  liui>|ia  (Hhere  call»«la4 
ilirir  aiilij)  lla,  in  nribr  In  i>|i)iiia«  hia  pmg  naa  ,  ami  ha 
•)illcktv  iMrii'iviil  wIkiI  alt  ariluiMia  iiiideflaking  it  waa 
lo  coiiiIhcI  am  h  a  iHhly  of  men  lliriiiigli  liiHiile  haluina, 
acruaa  awanifw,  ami  nvara,  and  wmala,  whi  h  h^d  iievov 
la'rn  iMiacd  hut  by  alnggling  Indiana  Itnl  liy  ahar* 
log  III  every  hanlahip  Willi  lli«  inaanral  auldirr,  liy  ap> 
{waring  Ihe  run'iiiiMl  In  iiieel  vvrry  danger,  by  promiO' 
lug  I'unlldeiilly  lu  hia  lriHi|ia  the  rtijuyiiiaiil  of  honor  %ni 
rw-liaa  a«|ieriur  lu  what  had  lieen  ailaiiiiil  by  ihe  maal 
aiiccaaafiil  uf  llirir  cnuiitrvinen,  he  liia|Hrvd  Iheiii  wilk 
auch  anihiialaaiie  ri'aiiliiiuui,  ihiil  Ihey  followed  hiin 
wilhoiil  Miuriniiring  When  lliey  hail  |iciieiralad  a  goail 
way  iiilu  iha  inuuiiUina,  a  |Hiwerfiil  i-nitiijiia  a|tiM«rai| 
in  a  narrow  |iaaa,  willi  a  niiuieruiia  liialy  uf  hia  aiinjaclOi 
lo  nlialrucl  thi'ir  prugrroa  Hut  man  who  had  anr- 
nioiinleil  au  inaiiy  oliala>'lea,  ileapiai'd  Iha  oiifioailion  oi 
auch  reelile  eni'iiiiea  Tluy  allackid  llMin  wilh  iinpo 
liiiMily,  ami,  haling  dia|N>rard  them  wnh  much  rooa 
mill  great  alaughler,  cunliniied  Iheir  inarrh.  'Ilaugk 
their  guitloa  hiid  reprcaenled  Ifie  breoillh  of  tha  latSmoa 
lu  III!  only  a  journey  of  aia  d  lya,  lliey  had  already  a)iant 
IweiilV'rive  in  fureiiig  their  way  ihniuijli  llin  wouda  and 
Miiiuiitoina  .Many  of  them  wer*  ready  lo  aink  'indvt 
auch  iiniiilnmiplcd  filigiie  in  ihal  aulln  eliinala,  tans 
ral  were  taken  ill  of  lh«  dyaeiilery  and  other  diaaaaea 
frv<|iii  III  III  that  country,  and  all  liecumn  iiii|jiliant  la 
reach  ihe  iMriml  of  their  lalwra  and  aiiUcringa  Al  langtk 
Ihe  Indiana  aaaiired  lliein,  thai  from  tlie  ton  of  Iha  nail 
inoiinlain  they  ahinild  diacover  the  ocean  wnich  wta  Iha 
nlijcci  uf  llieir  wiahea.  When,  wilh  iiiAnila  toil,  ihoy 
hiid  clinird  up  the  greater  part  nf  that  tteep  aacani, 
lliiliHia  cnnimaiided  Ilia  men  lo  hall,  and  odvaiieea 
alone  to  the  aiiminil,  ihal  lie  might  ha  lh«  lint  wha 
aliuiilil  riijny  a  a|ieclacle  which  he  had  to  lung  dralmil. 
Aa  amiii  aa  hii  iH'held  ihn  Nuiilli  Net  airaichiiig  in  (iid* 
leaa  pniaprct  In'Iuw  him,  he  fell  on  hia  kiiere,  and.  lift- 
ing up  hia  hunda  lo  heaven,  relumed  ihankt  la  tioj, 
who  had  rondiicUd  hiin  to  a  diacovrry  ao  beneflcitl  la 
hia  counlry,  and  ao  Imnorulilo  to  himaelf  Ilia  foUavt- 
era,  oliaerving  hia  Iranapuita  of  joy,  rualiod  lar«H4  In 

toin  in  hia  wonder,  tiultalion,  and  gratitude.  Thay 
leld  on  Iheir  coiirae  lo  the  ahiire  with  great  alacrity, 
when  llnlbua,  ailvancing  iiji  lo  the  niidilln  in  tlie  wavti 
wilh  hia  buckler  and  aword,  look  jioaaeaaion  of  that 
ocean  in  tho  name  of  ihu  king  hia  inaaicr,  and  vowtd 
to  defend  it  wilh  thrae  arma,  ai^ainat  all  hia  enemiet. 

That  part  uf  the  great  Pacific  or  Nonlhrrn  acetn 
which  llalbao  firat  diacovered,  alill  relaina  the  name  ol 
tho  (lulf  of  Mt.  Michael,  which  he  gtvo  lo  il,  and  ia  ai* 
tuateil  lo  tho  cati  of  Panama.  I'  rom  aevenl  of  Ika 
petty  princea,  who  governed  in  the  diairicia  adjacent  la 
that  gulf,  ho  eitortcd  proviaiona  and  gold  by  force  al 
amia.  Oihera  aeni  them  to  him  voluntarily.  To  tlitta 
tccoplnbte  preaenta,  aome  of  the  caaiipiaa  added  a  coa- 
oidenlile  quantity  of  iiearla ;  ami  ha  luarned  fiom  ihem, 
with  much  aaliaiaction,  that  nrarl  oyaiert  abounded  is 
tha  aea  which  he  had  nowly  ulacovered. 

Togothw  with  the  acnuiaitllii  of  thia  wealth,  whkk 
■arveil  lo  tooli.a  and  encourage  hia  followen,  ha  ra- 
eoired  accojnta  which  confirmiMl  hia  aanguina  hapoa  al 
fituro  and  more  eitenaiva  henafita  from  tlie  eipaaitioo 
All  the  people  on  the  coaat  af  tha  South  8ea  coneunad 
in  informing  him  that  then  waa  a  mighty  and  opultnt 
kingdom  titimtcd  at  a  eonaidartbia  diatanee  towinh 
tha  oouth-eaal,  the  inhabilaiita  af  which  hod  lama  mi 
aula  lo  carry  Ihair  buidena.     In  ordai  to  (|iva  tbt  Sfai 


M 


norniMTnows  iti.<TORY  or 


III 


nluiU  tn  idr*  uf  llior,  Ihry  ilirw  ii|iuii  Ihii  Mnil  lilt 
HlOm  of  itio  lUinan  or  •licpp,  (nrrwiinli  roiintl  in  I'crit, 
which  thn  I'rriiviaiia had laiiuht  lo |M'rforni  aiuh  acrvirea 
at  Uiry  ilrarrilHtl  A>  lh«  ILiiim  in  ila  lorin  lu'irlv  rvarin- 
bli'a  a  caiiii'l,  a  litiaat  of  hurdcii  ili'riiiril  [ireiiliar  to 
Aai4)  thia  cimiinalaiu'n  in  t'oii)iiitcM()ii  witli  thu  ilmoo- 
vary  of  ihc  |iciirl>,  anoilicr  iioivtl  pra<liiciion  of  ihiit 
VoiMitry  ;  tiiiidi'd  to  rantiriii  ihu  (^|miiianli  in  thnr  niia* 
tak>'a  ihi'trv  wiih  toi|n'ct  lo  ih«  vit'iiiily  ol  Iho  Now 
Woilil  U  Ihn  Kiial  llidu'a. 

Iliil  though  ihu  iiifnriiiation  which  Halhn.i  rrcriviMl 
(i»iii  Ihii  |H!a|>l«  on  tho  count,  d>  well  ai  hi»  own  roiv 
irciiirrn  ami  liopva,  rentlrri'il  hull  eilrfiMit'ly  linpaliciit 
to  viail  Ihia  iiiilinown  coiinlry,  hia  pniilnncn  rotrainril 
him  from  allcinpling  to  iiivaiio  it  with  u  huiiilful  of  men 
Dxhaualod  hy  faligua  and  wrikciird  l>y  diaruara.  [SIJ 
Ho  dclrrinined  to  load  hark  hia  followura,  at  nroaoiit,  to 
lliBir  ariilcmtnl  of  Natita  Maria  in  Uarien,  and  to  rrliirn 
noil  auaaon  with  *  forca  moro  adoqiialo  to  niich  an  ar- 
diioua  cntcr(<r<ao.  In  onlor  to  acquim  a  inoro  oitton- 
alio  knowledge  of  the  iaihniiiii,  ho  iiiarcliod  hack  by  a 
din«ri:iit  routo,  which  l<e  found  lolie  no  Iran  dangcrona 
and  ditric'ill  than  that  which  ho  had  formerly  taken. 
Uut  to  men  elated  with  aucceaa,  and  animated  with 
hope,  n«,>hing  ia  inaurmounlahle.  Ualboa  returned  to 
Hania  Maria  [1514],  from  which  he  had  been  ahaeiit 
four  inoiiiha,  with  Kfeator  ginry  and  more  Ireaaure  than 
tho  SiMiiiarda  had  aciiiiirod  in  any  eipedition  in  the 
New  World.  None  of  Uallma'a  oincera  dialinuiiiahod 
Ihemaelvea  more  in  thia  aorvice  than  Kranciaco  niarro, 
or  aaaiatt'd  win.  urcntcrcniiraKo  and  ardor  in  ojicning  a 
comnitinicatiun  with  tlioao  coiintriea  ill  which  ho  waa 
deitincd  to  act  ouon  a  morn  illuntrioiia  part. 

Ualhoa'a  lirat  care  waa  to  aond  Information  lo  Spain 
of  tho  important  discovery  which  ho  had  made  ;  and  to 
demand  a  rrinforcemrnt  of  a  thouaand  men,  in  order 
lo  attempt  Iho  compieat  of  that  opulent  country  con- 
cerning which  ho  had  reeoivcd  aiich  inviting;  intelli- 
Boiice.  Tho  firat  account  of  the  diacovery  of  tho  Now 
World  hardly  occasioned  greater  joy  ihon  the  unei- 
pcclrd  lidinga  that  a  paaaago  was  at  laat  found  lo  the 
ureal  aoutliorn  ocean.  Tho  cominunicution  with  tho 
East  Iiidiea,  hy  a  rourae  to  tho  wo'tward  of  tho  lino 
of  deinarcalion  drawn  ty  the  Pope,  aoomed  now  to  be 
certain.  The  vaat  wealth  which  Dowcd  into  i'ortiigal, 
Crtm  itt  octtleinonla  and  conmieals  in  that  country, 
•tcited  Iho  envy  and  called  forlh  tho  emulation  of 
Mhor  atatea.  Ferdinand  hoped  now  to  coino  in  for  a 
aiMUe  in  thia  lucrative  commerce,  and,  in  hia  eagerneaa 
to  obtain  it,  waa  willing  to  iiiako  an  otTort  beyond  what 
Balbo*  n<()uirod.  But  even  in  thia  exertion,  nia  jealous 
policy,  aa  well  aa  the  fatal  antipathy  of  Konsccu,  now 
Iliahop  of  Durgoa,  to  every  man  of  merit  who  dia- 
liiiguiahed  himself  in  the  New  World,  wat  conspicu- 
oiia.  Nstwihatanding  Balboa'a  recent  aervicea,  which 
marked  him  out  aa  the  inoa>  proper  person  to  finish 
thai  great  undertaking  which  he  had  licguii,  Kordinand 
was  ao  ungeneroua  aa  to  overlook  Ihcao,  and  to  appoint 
I'eilrorias  Uavila  goveriioi  of  Darlcn.  I  In  gave  him 
tho  command  of  olleen  alout  veaacla  and  twelve  hun- 
dred soldiera.  These  were  fitted  out  at  tho  public 
exjiense,  with  a  liberality  which  Ferdinand  had  never 
displayed  in  any  former  armament  dcatined  for  the 
Now  World ;  and  auch  waa  tho  ardor  of  the  Spanish 

Sentieinen  lo  follow  a  loader  who  was  about  to  con- 
uct  them  to  a  country  whoro,  aa  fame  reported,  they 
bail  only  lo  throw  their  neta  into  tho  sea  and  draw  out 
gold,  llial  f  iteen  hundred  embarked  on  board  tho  fleet, 
and,  if  the)  had  not  been  restrained,  a  much  greatr' 
number  would  have  engaged  in  the  snrrice. 

Pedrariaa  reached  the  Uulf  of  Darien  without  any 
remarUrble  accident,  and  immediately  sent  some  of  his 
principal  oinccra  ashore  to  inform  Uiiboa  of  his  arrival, 
with  tho  king'a  commission  to  be  governor  of  the 
colony.  To  their  aatonishmeni,  Ihoy  found  Ualboa,  of 
whose  great  exploita  they  had  heard  ao  much,  and  of 
whoso  opulence  tlicy  hod  formed  such  high  ideas,  clad 
in  a  canvass  jacket,  and  wearing  coarse  nem|>en  san- 
dala  used  only  by  the  meanest  peasants,  employed, 
logether  with  somo  Indians,  in  thatching  hia  own  hut 
Milh  reeds.  Even  in  this  simple  garb,  which  cor- 
n>i<iMi:dcd  so  ill  with  the  ex)iectationa  and  sviahcs  of 
hia  new  guests,  Balboa  received  them  with  dignity. 
The  fame  of  hia  diacoveries  had  drawn  so  ma«y  adven- 
turers from  the  islands,  that  he  could  now  muster  four 
hundied  and  fifty  men.  At  the  head  of  those  daring 
Telenna,  he  waa  moro  than  a  match  for  the  forces 
«hich  Pedrariaa  brought  with  hlin.  But,  though  hia 
troops  murmured  loudly  at  the  injustice  of  tho  king  in 
■u|ieraeding  their  commander,  and  complained  that 
■Irangcrs  would  now  reap  the  fruita  of  their  toil  and 
weccw,  Balboa  lubiiutlM  with  implicit  obedience  to 


tim  will  of  his  sovereign,  ami  received  Pedrariaa  wiili| 
all  the  deferrnro  due  lo  hia  chararter.  I 

NolwithalandinD  ihia  moileration,  to  which  Pedrariaa 
owed  the  peaeealile  |NMse>ion  of  hi"  gnvernmenl,  he 
apiNiiiitrd  a  judicnti  ini)iiirY  I"  hn  iniide  into  lliilltoa's| 
I'Oiidui'l,  while  under  the  euniinuitd  of  Niriiensit.  and  i 
iinpoaed  a  eonaideralilo  fine  u|ion  him,  nn  areuuni  uf  | 
the  irregularities  of  which  he  hud  tlien  iM'eii  guilty. : 
llalhoa  felt  ■ensihly  the  mnrtilicalion  of  being  aub- 
leelcd  to  trial  nnil  to  uunii>liineiit  in  n  place  where  he 
had  so  lately  ut-cunicu  the  first  stuluin.  PeilnirtaN 
could  nut  conceal  liia  jealousy  uf  bis  stiperiur  iiiertt ; 
ao  that  the  reaentinrnt  ol  lh«  one  and  Iho  envy  of  the 
other  gave  riae  to  diaaeiisions  extremely  detrimental  lo 
tho  colony.  It  waa  threatened  with  a  calamity  atill 
more  fatal.  I'edrariaa  had  landed  in  Darien  al  a  moat 
unlucky  time  of  the  year  [July],  almut  ihomiddlo  of 
the  rainy  season,  in  that  part  of  tho  torrid  lone  where 
the  clouda  |>our  down  aucli  torrenta  aa  are  unknown  in 
more  lemperale  vlimatea.  The  village  of  Nanta  Maria 
waa  acaled  in  a  rich  plain,  environed  with  marshes  and 
wooda.  The  constitution  of  Kiiropoans  was  unable  to 
withatand  the  pestilential  inriuence  of  auch  a  aitiialion, 
in  a  climate  naturally  ao  noxioua,  and  at  a  aeaaon  so 
peculiarly  unhealthy.  A  violent  and  doslniclive  malady 
carried  ofif  many  of  the  aoldicrs  who  accompsiied  Pe- 
drariaa. An  extreme  scarcity  of  provision  augmented 
thia  distress,  aa  it  rondorod  it  iiujioasililo  to  find  pro|icr 
refreshment  for  Iho  aick,  or  Iho  necessary  sustenance 
for  tho  healthy,  in  the  apace  of  a  month,  above  aix 
hundred  persons  perialied  m  tho  utmost  misery.  De- 
jection and  despair  spread  through  the  colony.  Many 
princijwl  persons  solicited  their  dismission,  and  were 
glad  to  relinquish  all  their  hopea  of  wealth,  in  order  to 
escape  from  that  pernicious  region.  Pedrariaa  en- 
deavored to  divert  those  who  remained  from  brooding 
over  their  misfortunes,  by  finding  Ihein  eniployinont. 
With  Ihia  view,  he  aent  several  detachments  into  the 
interior  parts  of  tho  country,  lo  levy  gold  among  the 
nativea,  and  to  aearch  for  the  mines  m  which  it  waa 
produced.  Those  rapacious  adventurers,  more  atten- 
tive to  prcaont  gain  than  to  the  means  of  facilitating 
tiieir  future  progress,  plundered  without  distinction 
wherever  they  marched.  Kegardless  of  the  alliancea 
which  Ualboa  had  made  with  aeveral  of  tho  caziqucs, 
they  stripped  them  of  every  thing  valuable,  and  treated 
them,  aa  well  aa  their  aunjocts,  with  the  iitinosi  inso- 
lence and  cruelty.  By  their  tyranny  and  exactions, 
which  Pedrariaa,  either  fnim  want  of  authority  or  in- 
clination, did  not  restrain,  all  the  country  from  the 
Cf  ulf  of  Darion  to  tho  lake  of  Nicaragua  was  desolated, 
and  llio  Spaniards  were  inconsiderately  deprived  of  the 
advantages  vliich  they  might  have  derived  from  the 
friendship  of  tho  nativea,  in  extending  their  conquests 
to  the  South  Sea.  Balboa,  who  saw  with  concern  that 
such  ill-judged  proceedings  retarded  tho  execution  of 
his  favonto  scheme,  sent  violent  remonstrances  to  Spain 
againat  the  imprudent  government  of  Pedrariaa,  who 
bad  niinid  a  happy  and  nourishing  colony.  Pedrariaa, 
on  the  other  har.o,  accuaed  hlin  of  having  deceived  the 
king,  by  magnifying  hia  own  exploita,  aa  well  aa  by  a 
false  reprcsontation  of  the  opulence  and  value  of  the 
country. 

Ferdinand  became  aenaiblo  at  length  of  hia  impru- 
dence in  aufieracding  the  most  active  and  experienced 
officer  he  had  in  the  New  World,  and,  by  way  of 
coni|>cnsation  lo  Balboa,  appointed  him  Adclantaao,  or 
Iiiciitenant-UoTernor  of  the  countriea  upon  tho  South 
Sea,  with  very  oxtonaivo  privilogea  and  authority. 
At  tho  aame  time  ho  enjoined  Podrarias  to  supiiort 
Ballioa  in  all  his  operations,  and  lo  consult  with  nim 
concerning  every  mcaaure  which  he  himself  pursued. 
[1518]  But  to  eflect  such  a  sudden  transition  from 
inveterate  enmity  to  perfect  confidence,  exceeded 
Ferdinand's  power.  Pedrariaa  continued  to  treat 
hia  rival  with  neglect ;  and  Balboa's  fortune  be- 
ing exhauatod  by  the  prvment  of  hie  fine,  and  other 
exactiona  of  PedrarioK,  he  LOuld  not  make  auit- 
able  preparations  for  taking  possession  of  his  new 
govemmc. '  Al  length,  by  tho  inletposition  and  ex- 
hortations of  Iho  Bishop  of  Darien,  they  were  brought 
to  a  reconciliation  ;  and,  in  order  to  cement  thia  union 
more  firmly.  Pedrariaa  agreed  lo  give  hia  daughter  in 
marriage  to  Balboa.  [1516.]  'the  first  eflect  of 
their  concord  was,  that  I^llMa  was  permitted  to  make 
several  small  incureiona  .T.^  tho  country.  Theae  he 
conducted  with  auch  prudence,  at.  added  to  the  repu- 
tation which  he  had  already  acquired.  Many  adven- 
turers resorted  to  him,  and,  with  the  countenance  and 
aid  of  Pedrarias,  he  began  to  prepare  for  his  expedition 
to  the  South  Sea.  In  order  to  sccompliah  this,  it  was 
neceaaory  to  build  veaacla  capable  of  eonveyiug  hia 


trooiM  lo  IImmw  provinces  which  he  piirfiosed  tnintaiW 
[  1 5 1 7  I  A  Iter  surmoiiiil  ing  iiiuny  obatueles,  and  endiirinn 
a  variety  of  ihoae  hardships,  which  were  the  purliun  ol 
the  conquerors  of  Anti*rica,  ho  at  Irnglli  linislie*!  foul 
small  briu'inlinea.  In  I'lene,  w^lh  three  hiindfcn  choNim 
men,  a  force  siqti'riur  tu  that  with  which  Pixurru  I'U'r 
wnnlsundertnok  the  >ininetx|ieililian,huw4>  ready  to  sail 
lowanlH  Peru,  \sluii  ho  received  an  iinevpectej  mea* 
siige  from  I'eJraruis.  As  his  reconeilnitioii  with  Ual- 
Inia  hud  never  he.'ii  cordial,  tjie  progress  whicli  his  son- 
iii-luw  was  making  revived  iiis  ancient  eninity,  Liid 
uililed  to  lis  rancour.  He  dreaded  the  prON|K-nty  and 
elevation  ol  a  man  whom  he  hud  injured  suileeply.  He 
siip|>ecteil  that  auccess  would  encourage  him  tu  aim  at 
iiiile|Minileiice  u|ion  hia  jurisdiction ;  and  so  violently 
did  tho  iwsaioiia  of  hatred,  fear,  and  jealousy  opcraM 
U|ion  hia  mind,  that,  in  order  lo  gratify  his  veiigeuiice, 
ho  acrupled  not  lo  defeat  an  onterpriae  of  the  greatuat 
niomeiit  to  hia  country.  IJiidor  iirete.«ta  which  wore 
false,  but  plauaible,  ho  dcaired  Ballioa  to  postpone  l.ia 
voyage  fur  a  abort  lime,  and  lo  ni|aiir  to  Ada,  in  ordef 
that  he  might  have  an  interview  with  him.  Ilallioa, 
with  Ihn  unsuspicious  confidence  of  a  inanconwiuuaof 
no  crime,  instantly  olieyed  the  summons ;  but  as  aouii 
asheenlered  the  place.howasarreatcd  by  order  of  Pedra- 
riaa, whoso  iinputienco  to  satiate  his  revenge  did  not  suf- 
fer him  tu  languish  lung  in  confinement.  Judges  were  iin- 
meil lately  apjiointed  lo  proceed  to  his  trial.  An  accusation 
of  disloyalty  lo  tho  king,  and  of  an  intention  to  revull 
againat  the  governor  waa  preferred  againat  him.  Sen- 
tence of  death  was  pronounced  ;  and  though  tho  jiidgot 
who  iNissed  it,  seconded  by  tho  wholo  colony,  inter- 
ceded warmly  for  hia|)ardon,  Pedrariaa  continiieti  :ne.t- 
onble ;  and  the  Spaniarda  beheld,  with  astonishment 
and  sorrow,  the  public  execution  of  a  man  whom  ihey 
universally  deemed  more  capable  than  any  one  who 
h:iil  burne  command  in  America,  of  forming  and  accoin- 
plinhing  grout  designs.  Upon  bis  death,  tho  expedition 
which  ho  had  planned  was  relinquished.  Peuwriati 
notwithatanding  tho  violence  and  injualice  of  hia  pn» 
coedings,  was  not  only  screened  from  punishment  b) 
the  {wwerful  patronage  of  the  Bishop  of  Burgos  and 
other  courliera,  but  continued  in  power.  Soon  altel 
ho  obtained  permiaaion  to  remove  the  colony  from  iU 
unwholesome  atatiun  of  Santa  Maria  lo  Panama,  on  ilia 
opposite  side  of  Iho  isthmus  ;  and  though  it  did  not 
gam  much  in  point  of  healthfulness  by  thu  change,  tlie 
commodious  situation  of  this  new  settlement  contribu- 
ted greatly  to  facilitate  the  aubaeijuent  conquest  ]  of  tho 
Spaniards  in  Iho  extensive  countries  aituated  upon  the 
Soulhern  Ocean. 

During  these  tranaactinna  in  Darien  [1519],  the  his- 
tory of  which  it  waa  pro|>or  to  carry  on  in  an  uninter- 
rupted tenor,  aeveral  important  events  occurred  with 
respect  lo  the  discovery,  tho  conquo.it,  and  governinont 
of  other  provincea  in  the  New  World.  Ferdinand  wm 
so  intent  ujion  opening  a  conimimii  ation  with  the  Mo- 
lucca or  Sjiice  Islanda  by  the  west,  that  in  tho  year  on* 
thousand  five  hundred  and  fifteen  ho  fitted  out  two 
shipa  at  hia  own  expense,  in  order  to  aileiimt  auch  ( 
voyage,  and  gave  tho  command  of  them  lo  'nan  Dias 
do  Solia,  who  waa  deemed  one  of  the  most  skilful  iiavi- 
gatora  in  Spain.  He  alood  olong  tho  couat  of  South 
America,  and  on  tho  fint  of  January,  one  thouaand  five 
hundred  and  aixteen,  entered  a  river  which  ho  called 
Janeiro,  where  an  extensive  commerce  is  now  carried 
on.  From  thence  he  proceeded  lo  a  spacious  bay, 
which  he  supjiosed  to  bo  the  enlraiico  into  a  eirait  that 
communicated  with  tho  Indian  Ocean ;  but,  uixin  ad- 
vancing further,  ho  found  it  lo  bo  the  mouin  of  Kio  de  la 
Plata,  one  of  the  vaat  rivers  hy  which  tho  southern  con- 
tinent of  America  is  watered.  In  endeavoring  to  make 
a  dcacent  in  thia  cojiitry.  Do  Solis  and  aeveral  of  hii 
crow  were  alain  by  tho  natives,  who,  in  sight  of  tho 
ships,  cut  their  bodies  in  pieces,  roasted  and  devoureil 
tlicm.  Discouraged  with  tho  loss  ol  their  commander, 
and  terrified  at  this  shocking  apectacio,  the  surviving 
Spaniards  sot  3i>il  for  Europe,  without  aiming  at  any 
further  discovery.  Though  this  attomi>t  proved  abor- 
tive, it  was  not  without  benefit.  It  turned  tho  attention 
of  ingonioua  men  to  this  course  of  navigation,  and  pre 
pared  the  way  for  a  moro  fortunate  voyage,  by  which,  a 
few  years  posterior  to  this  jieriod,  Iho  great  doai^n  that 
Ferdinand  had  in  viowwaa  accunipliahed. 

Though  tho  Spaniarda  were  thus  actively  enrployed 
in  extending  their  discoveries  and  acttleinenta  in  Aina- 
rica,  they  atill  considered  Hispaniola  aa  their  principal 
colony,  and  the  seat  of  governinont.  Don  Diego  Co- 
lumbus wanted  neither  inclination  uor  abii.'.iea  to  have 
rendered  the  members  of  this  colony,  «ho  were  moti 
limmedialely  under  his  jurisdiction,  prospeious  w1 
I  happy.    But  ho  waa  ciicutnachbed  j>  ail  bia  opaiationa 


aOtlTII  AMRRICA. 


r|ioii«il  inliHwto 
lr>,HiHli'iHliiriii|| 
rii  llw  |>uriiun  ul 
(til  liiiitlii-<l  loui 
liiiiHlri  II  chiinnil 
L'h  I'uiitru  n'U'r 
iwaiiri'iiilv  lomil 
iirxpt'Clij  HIM- 
lllllKIII  with  lltl- 
■■  mIiicIi  Ilia  Mil- 
cut  I'liiniiy,  limI 
II  iiruniM'nly  hihI 

ll  HUlll'<>|>I.V'     ll« 

Ki<  hiiii  tu  uiiii  kt 
uiiil  DO  violuiilly 
jualouny  Q|>cniM 
y  lim  vcnijeuiive, 
e  of  thp  |(r«iit«iil 
Icfta  wliu'li  woro 
■  to  po>l|ioiio  \m 
to  Ada,  ill  unlet 
h  liim.     lUllKW, 
nun  conwioiia  of 
>na ;  but  »  mmii 
liyorderoflVdrn- 
tenge  Uiil  nut  luf- 
.  JuilKDawuroiin- 
ill.  Anuccuution 
ntuntion  to  rcvult 
;ainat  him.     Sen- 
though  the  jnilge* 
ulo  coluiiy,  inuir- 
aa  conliniiei?  :no.t- 
with  aatoninhineiit 
I  man  whom  ;h«)» 
lan   any  one  who 
irininit  and  accoin- 
ath,  the  expcditio" 
iiihcd.     I'cuvna*, 
uatice  of  hia  iiio 
>m  iiunishincnt  \>y 
ip  of  Uiuijoa  and 
awer.     Soon  aftel 
le  colony  from  it* 
,  to  Punaina,  on  ill* 
Ihonuli  it  did  nut 
lliy  ihi;  chaiiKO,  tlie 
•ttleint'nt  coiitribu- 
.tcunquraljuf  th* 
aituatvd  upon  tlM 

[ISIS],  the  hi» 
on  in  an  uninter- 

9  oocnrrcd  with 

and  Kovcrninont 
Fiirdinund  wm 
tion  with  the  Mo- 
hut  in  the  year  ont 
ho  iittcd  out  two 

attcinnt  aucb  ( 


icm  to  'nan  Diu 
moat  akdfnl  iiavi- 
„  coaat  of  South 
one  thouaand  tiva 
which  ho  called 
:e  in  now  canicd 
B  apacioua  bay, 
-  into  a  Btrait  llial 
n ;  but,  uuon  ad- 
noutii  of  Kio  de  li 
the  Bouthcrn  con- 
leavoring  to  malt* 
lid  Bcveral  of  hit 
,  HI  Biiiht  of  tfao 
ted  and  dnvniireil 
Ihoir  commander, 
cle,  the  aurvivino 
mt  aiming  at  any 
mpt  proved  allO^ 
'lied  the  attcntioD 
.igaiion,  and  pre 
yage,  by  which,  a 
great  desi^  Ihil 
,ied. 

[ctivcly  eirployeJ 
ilemeiita  ir\  AinO' 
.  their  principal 
Don  Diego  Co- 
abii/.iea  to  hav« 
«ho  were  moii 
.  proaperaua  w\ 
aUhitopaiatiana 


hf  tha  auipieio<'.a  policy  of  Frrdinand,  who  on  every  oc- 
eaaion,  ana  under  prrteita  the  moat  frivoloua,  relrcnchrd 
Ilia  privilegra,  and  eiiroiiraacd  the  trnaaurer,  the  jiidgra, 
arid  other  auhindinato  alMcera  to  counteract  hia  niea- 
•orca,  and  to  diamite  hia  authority.  'I'he  moat  valuable 
prerogative  which  ihe  govenor  poaaoawd  waa  that  of 
diatrinutinu  Indiana  aiiioiig  the  HpaninriU  artlliid  in  the 
iaiand.  'lie  rigoroua  acrviliide  uf  thuao  unhappy  men 
iiaving  been  hut  little  mitigated  by  all  the  regiilaliuiia 
in  their  favor,  Ihe  power  of  parcelling  out  auch  neccf- 
tary  inatrumtiila  of  labor  at  piraaure,  aecured  to  Ihe 
governor  great  influence  in  the  colony.  In  order  to 
atrip  him  of  Ibia,  Ferdinand  created  a  new  office,  with 
the  power  of  diatribiiting  the  Indiana,  and  beatowed  it 
upon  Rodrigo  AU<ui|ueriiue,  a  relation  of  Zapata,  hia 
confidential  minialnr.  Mortified  with  the  injuatice  aa 
well  at  indigniljr  of  Ihia  invaaion  upon  hia  righia,  in  a 
point  to  (laential,  Don  Diego  could  no  longer  lemain 
in  a  place  where  hia  power  and  conaequence  were  al- 
moat  annihilated.  He  repaired  to  Spain  with  the  vain 
hopet  of  obtaining  rcdreia.  Albuquernue  entered  Ufion 
hit  offlca  with  all  the  rapacity  of  an  iiidigrnl  adventurer 
impatient  toamann  wealth.  He  began  with  taking  the 
exact  number  of  Indiana  in  the  iaiand,  and  found  that 
from  tixly  thouaand,  who  in  the  year  one  thouaand  five 
hundred  and  eight  turvived  after  all  their  aiiireringa, 
they  were  now  reduced  to  fourteen  thouaand.  Tlieae 
h*  threw  Into  taparate  diviaiona  or  lota,  and  bealowcd 
Ihein  upon  tueh  at  were  willing  to  purchase  them  at 
the  higneat  price.  By  thia  arbitrary  diatribution  aevcral 
of  Ihe  natirea  were  removed  from  their  original  habita- 
tiona,  many  were  taken  from  their  ancient  niaalcra,  and 
all  of  them  lubjected  to  heavier  buidena,  and  to  more 
intolerable  labor,  in  order  to  roimburao  their  new  pro- 
prietort.  Thote  additional  calamitiea  completed  the 
miaery,  and  battened  on  Iho  extinction  of  tliit  wretched 
ind  innocent  race  of  men. 

The  violence  of  theae  pioqedingt,  together  with  the 
fatal  conaequencoa  which  atlcndcu  them,  not  only  ex- 
cited complainta  among  tuch  at  thought  themtelvet 
aggrieved,  but  touched  the  hearlt  of  all  who  retained 
any  tenlimentt  of  humanity.  From  the  time  that  ec- 
cleaiaatica  were  aent  aa  inatructora  into  America,  they 
perceived  that  the  rigor  with  which  their  countrymen 
treated  the  nativea,  rendered  their  miniatry  altogether 
fniitleaa.  The  miaaionariea,  in  conformity  to  the  mild 
epirit  of  that  religion  which  they  were  emplojred  to  pub- 
liah,  early  remonatrated  againat  the  maxima  of  the 
plantera  with  reapect  to  the  Americana,  and  condemned 
the  reparlimientot,  or  ditlribulioiu,  by  which  they  were 
given  up  aa  alavea  to  their  conqucrora  ua  no  lest  con- 
trary to  natural  juatice  and  thi>  prccopla  of  Chriatianily 
than  to  tound  policy.  Tbe  Doininicana,  to  whom  the 
inttnietion  of  Uie  Americana  waa  originally  committed, 
were  moat  vehement  in  teitifying  againat  the  rcparti- 
mien!:t.  In  Ihe  year  one  thouaand  five  hundred  and 
eleven,  Monteaino,  one  of  their  moat  eminent  preachera, 
inveighed  againat  thia  practice,  in  the  great  church  of 
St.  Domingo,  with  all  the  impetuoaity  of  popular  elo- 
quence. Don  Diego  Columbua,  the  principal  officer  of 
the  colony,  and  all  the  laymen  wno  had  been  hia 
hcarert,  complained  of  the  monk  to  hia  auperiora ;  but 
they,  inatead  of  condemning,  applauded  hit  doctrine  at 
equtUy  piout  aud  acaaonable.  The  Franciacana,  influ- 
enced by  tbe  tpirit  of  oppoaition  and  rivalahip  which 
aubaiata  between  the  two  ordcra,  diacovercd  aome  in- 
clination to  take  part  with  the  laity,  and  to  capouso  the 
defence  of  the  repartimientos.  But  aa  Ihey  could  not 
with  decency  give  their  avowed  approbation  to  a  ayalem 
of  oppreaaioii  ao  repugnant  to  Ihe  apirit  of  religion,  they 
endeavored  to  palliate  what  they  could  not  juatify,  and 
alleged,  in  cicuae  for  the  conduct  of  their  countrymen, 
that  it  waa  impoaaible  to  carry  on  any  improvement  in 
the  colony,  unlcaa  the  Spaniarda  posaeated  auch  do- 
minion over  the  nativea  that  they  could  compel  them  to 
labor. 

Tlie  Domin'-ana,  regardleaa  of  tuch  political  and 
'ntereated  conaiderationa,  would  not  relax  in  any  degree 
the  rigor  of  their  aentimenta,  and  even  lefuacd  to  ab- 
tolve,  or  admit  to  the  tacrament,  auch  of  their  country- 
men aa  contmued  to  hold  the  nativei  in  tervitude. 
Doth  partiet  applied  lo  the  king  for  hia  decision  in  a 
nutter  of  audi  importance.  Ferdinand  empowered  a 
committee  of  hia  privy  council,  aaaiated  by  aome  of  the 
ouwt  eminent  civiliana  and  divinet  in  Spain,  to  hear  the 
itftljm  aent  from  Hiapaniola  in  tupport  of  their  ro- 
rpeetive  opiniona.  After  a  longdiacuaaion,  the  tpecu- 
lative  point  in  controveray  waa  determined  in  favor  of 
tbe  Dominicant,  the  Indiana  were  declared  to  be  a  free 
people  entitled  to  all  the  natural  righia  of  melt ;  but 
notwithatanding  thia  deciaion,  the  repartimientot  were 
enotinued  upon  their  ancient  footing     Aa  thit  deter- 


mination admitted  Ihe  principlea  u|ion  which  Ihe  Do- 
mlnicana  founded  their  opinion,  Ihey  renewed  their  ef- 
forta  to  obtain  relief  for  Ihe  Indiana  with  additional 
boldiicaa  and  teal.  Al  Irngih,  in  order  to  qnii't  Ihe 
colony,  which  waa  alarinrd  al  their  rcnionnlrnni'ra  and 
cenaurea,  Ferdinand  iaaued  a  diorie  uf  hia  privy  conn- 
ed [ISIS],  declaring,  that  after  iiialnre  conaiilrration 
of  Ihe  Apoatolical  Hull,  and  other  litlia  by  which  the 
crown  of  ('aatile  claimed  a  right  to  ila  iioaaeasiona  in 
the  New  World,  the  aervitudu  uf  the  Indiana  waa  war- 
ranted lioth  by  Ihe  lawa  of  (ind  and  of  iiia'i ;  that  un- 
leaa  they  were  aiihjeeted  lo  the  duminioii  of  the  .Spa- 
niarda, and  compelled  lo  reiide  under  thvir  inapection, 
it  would  lie  impoaaible  to  reclaim  tlieni  from  idnliitry, 
or  lo  inalrurl  tlieni  in  the  principlea  of  the  Clirinlian 
faith  ;  that  no  farther  acniple  ought  In  be  entertained 
concerning  the  lawfulneta  of  the  rtparlimicnlnn,  aa  the 
king  and  council  were  willing  lo  take  the  charge  of 
(hat  upon  their  own  conaciencea ;  and  that  therefore 
Iho  Itominicana  and  monka  of  other  rehgioiia  ordera 
should  abatain  for  the  future  from  thnae  invectivea 
which,  from  an  exccaa  of  charitable  but  ill-informed 
leal,  they  had  uttered  againat  that  practice. 

That  Ilia  intention  of  adhering  tu  thia  decree  might 
bo  fully  underatood,  Ferdinand  conferred  new  granta 
of  Indiana  n|ian  aeveral  of  hia  courtlrra  [2S].  Dill,  in 
order  that  he  might  not  aeoin  nllogplher  iiiattentivo  lo 
the  righta  of  hiiinanity,  he  jiubliahcd  an  edict,  in  which 
he  endeavored  to  provide  tor  ino  mild  treatment  of  the 
Indiana  under  Ihe  yoke  to  which  he  auhjecled  them  ; 
he  regulated  Iho  nature  of  Iho  work  which  they  ahould 
be  required  to  perform ;  he  prcacribed  the  mode  ^ 
which  they  ahould  bo  clothed  and  fed,  and  gave  direc- 
liona  with  reapect  to  their  inatructiona  in  the  principlea 
of  Chriatianily. 

But  the  Dominicant,  who  from  their  experience  of 
what  wat  pant  judged  concerning  Ihe  future,  aoon  per- 
ceived Ihe  ini'llicacy  of  thoae  provlaiona,  and  lorelold, 
that  aa  long  aa  it  waa  the  intrreat  of  individuala  to  treat 
the  Indiana  with  rigor,  no  public  regulationa  could  ren- 
der their  tervitude  mild  or  tolerable.  They  conaidered 
it  at  vain,  to  waate  their  own  time  and  atrength  in  at- 
tempting to  communicate  the  aiiblime  trutha  of  religion 
lo  men  whoae  apirita  were  broken  and  their  faculliea 
impaired  by  oppreaaion.  Some  of  them  in  denpair,  re- 
qu3ated  the  permiaaion  of  their  auperiora  to  rcinovo  to 
tlie  continent,  and  to  purauo  the  object  of  their  miaaioii 
among  auch  of  the  nativea  aa  wore  not  hitherto  cor- 
rupted by  the  example  of  the  Spaniarda,  or  alienated  by 
their  cruelty  from  the  Chriatian  faith.  Such  aa  re- 
mained in  Hiapaniola  continued  to  romonatrale,  with 
decent  firmneaa,  againat  the  tervitude  of  the  Indiana. 

The  violent  operationa  of  Albuquerque,  the  new  dia- 
tributor  of  Indiana,  revived  the  zeal  of  the  Dominicana 
againat  the  repartimicnlot,  and  called  forth  an  advocate 
for  that  opprcased  people,  who  poaacaaed  all  the  cou- 
rage, the  talents,  and  activity  rcquiaite  in  aupporting 
auch  a  desperate  cause.  Thia  waa  Bartholemew  de 
laa  Caaaa,  a  native  of  Seville,  and  one  of  the  clergy- 
men tent  out  with  Columbut  in  hit  tccond  voyage  lo 
Hiapaniola,  in  order  to  tetlle  in  that  island.  He  early 
odopted  tho  opinion  prevalent  amortg  ecclnaiaatict, 
with  retpect  to  the  unlawfulnest  of  reducing  Ihe  na- 
tivea lo  tervitude ;  and  that  he  might  demonatrate  the 
tincerity  of  hia  conviction,  he  rilinquiahcd  all  the 
Indiana  who  had  fallen  to  hit  own  ahare  in  Ihe  diviaioii 
of  the  inhabitania  among  their  conqucrora,  declaring 
that  he  ahould  ever  bewail  his  own  niiafortune  and 
guilt,  in  having  exerciaed  for  a  moment  thit  impiout 
dominion  over  hit  fellow-creatnra.  From  that  time 
he  became  the  avowed  patron  ol  the  Indians ;  and  by 
his  bold  interpositions  in  their  behalf,  at  well  aa  by  the 
respect  due  lo  hia  abilities  and  character,  ho  hod  often 
the  merit  of  telling  tome  boundt  lo  tho  exceaaet  of 
hit  countrymen.  He  did  not  fail  to*  remonatrate 
warmly  against  the  nroceedinga  of  Albuquerque ;  and 
though  he  toon  found  that  attention  to  his  own  interest 
rendered  this  rapacioua  officer  deaf  lo  admonition,  he 
did  not  abandon  the  wretched  people  whose  cause  he 
had  eapouaed.  He  instantly  set  out  for  Spain,  with 
the  moat  aanguine  hopes  of  opening  the  eyet  and 
aoftening  Ihe  heart  of  Ferdinand,  by  that  atriking 
picture  of  Ihe  oppreaaion  of  hia  new  aubjecit  which 
he  would  exhibit  to  hit  view. 

He  eatily  obtained  admittance  to  the  king,  whom  he 
found  in  a  declining  ttato  of  health.  With  much 
freedom,  and  no  lest  eloquence,  he  repretented  to  him 
all  the  fatal  effecta  of  the  repartimienlo*  in  tho  New 
World,  boldly  charging  him  with  the  guilt  of  having 
authorized  this  impious  meaaure,  which  had  brought 
misery  and  deatruclion  upon  a  numeroua  and  innocent 
race  of  men,  whom  Providence  bad  placed  under  hit 


protection.  Ferdinand,  whoae  mind  at  well  ta  bod? 
waa  much  enfeebled  b<-  hia  dialemper,  waa  graatljr 
alannrd  at  thia  charge  of  impiety,  which  at  another 
juncture  he  would  have  deapiacil.  He  liatened  with 
deep  compiincliun  to  the  diacaiirsoa  of  l.aa  Casiia,  and 
proiiiiurd  lo  ta|(o  into  acrioiia  coiiaidcration  the  meant 
of  ri'dicaaing  the  evil  uf  which  he  complained.  But 
dcalh  prrventrd  him  from  executing  hia  reaolulioa 
Charlia  of  Vuatria,  lo  whom  all  hia  cmwna  dcvolvtt], 
rraidi'd  at  that  tune  in  hia  paternal  doininiona  in  Iha 
Low  (,'oiinlrica.  I^aa  (laaaa,  with  Ilia  iiaiial  ardor,  prt- 
pared  immediately  In  act  out  for  Flandera,  in  order  to 
occupy  the  ear  of  the  young  monarch,  when  Cardinal 
Ximenea,  who,  aa  Kegent,  aaaumcd  the  reina  of  go> 
votnnieRt  in  Caatilo,  commanded  him  lo  dcaiat  fmm 
the  journey,  and  engaged  to  hear  hia  complainta  iq 
pcraon. 

Ha  accordingly  weighed  tho  matter  with  attention 
equal  to  ila  importance  ;  and  aa  hit  impetuout  mii«l 
delighted  in  tchemet  hold  tnd  uncommon,  ho  toon 
fixed  upon  a  plan  which  aaloniahed  tho  miniatei* 
trained  up  under  Iho  formal  andcaulioua  adminiatralion 
of  Frrdinand.  Without  regarding  either  the  ri^ihlt  of 
Don  Diego  Columbut,  or  t.ie  regulationa  eatabliahed 
by  the  late  king,  ho  resolved  to  send  three  peraona  to 
America  aa  aupcrintondcntt  of  all  Ihe  colonica  thcra, 
with  authority,  after  examining  all  circumatancea  on 
the  spot,  to  decide  finally  with  reapect  to  thn  point  in 
qucatlon.  It  waa  a  matter  of  doliberaticn  and  oelifacy 
to  choose  men  qualified  for  auch  an  important  atatiou. 
As  all  the  laymen  aelllcd  in  America,  rr  who  had  been 
conaiilted  in  the  edniinialratisn  of  that  department, 
had  given  their  opinion  that  tho  Spaniarda  could  not 
keep  possession  of  their  new  settlemantt,  unlcaa  Ihey 
were  allowed  to  retain  their  dominion  over  the  Indiana, 
ho  saw  ihut  he  could  not  rely  on  their  impartiality,  and 
determined  lo  commit  the  truat  lo  eccleaiattict.  A* 
Iho  Dominicans  and  Franciscant  had  already  ea|iouaad 
oppoeite  tidet  in  tho  controveray,  he,  from  the  atma 
principle  of  impartiality,  excluded  lioth  theae  fratemitiea 
from  Ihe  cominission.  Ho  confined  his  choice  to  the 
monks  of  St.  Jerome,  a  small  but  respectable  order  in 
Spain.  With  the  aaaistance  of  their  general,  and  in 
concert  with  I.as  Casas,  he  soon  pitched  u|ion  thre* 
persons  whom  he  deemed  equal  lo  the  charge.  To  them 
ne  joined  Zuazo,  a  private  lawyer  of  distiiigiiiahcd  pro- 
bity, with  unliounued  power  to  regulate  all  judicial 
prucccdingB  in  the  culoniea.  Ida  Casas  was  apjioinled 
to  accompany  them  with  tho  title  of  protector  of  lb* 
Indiana. 

To  vest  tuch  extraordinary  powers,  at  might  at  one* 
overturn  the  system  of  goternment  eatabliihed  in  th* 
New  World,  in  four  persona,  who,  from  their  hunibl* 
condition  in  life,  were  little  entitled  to  postett  thit  high 
authority,  appeared  lo  Zapata,  and  other  minialera  of 
Ihe  late  king,  a  meaaure  ao  wild  and  dangerous,  that 
they  refused  to  issue  Ihe  despatches  necessary  for  car- 
rying it  into  execution.  But  Ximenea  waa  not  of  a 
temper  patiently  to  brook  oppoaition  to  any  of  hia 
ochemes.  He  sent  for  the  refractory  minialera,  and  ad- 
dressed them  in  auch  a  lone  mat  in  the  utmoat  conster- 
nation they  obeyed  his  orders.  Tho  tuperint<>ndentt, 
with  their  atsociates  Zuazo  and  I.,at  Caaaa,  sailed  for 
St.  Domingo.  Upon  their  arrival,  the  firel  art  of  their 
authority  was  to  set  at  liberty  all  tho  Indiana  who  had 
been  granted  lo  the  Spanish  courticra,  or  lo  any  person 
not  residing  in  America.  This,  towther  with  the  in- 
formation which  had  been  received  from  Spain  con- 
cerning the  object  of  Ihe  coniniiaaion,  epread  a  general 
alarm.  The  colonials  concluded  Ihot  they  were  lo  bs 
deprived  at  once  of  Ihe  hands  with  which  they  carried 
on  their  labor,  and  that,  of  conaequence,  ruin  was  un- 
avoidable. But  the  fathera  of  St.  Jerome  proceedeil 
with  auch  caution  and  prudence  aa  aoon  dissipated  all 
their  feart.  They  diacovered,  in  every  step  of  theu 
conduct,  a  knowledge  of  tho  world,  and  of  alFaira, 
which  ia  teldom  acquired  in  a  cloialer ;  and  displayed 
a  moderation  aa  well  at  gentleness  still  more  rare 
among  persons  trained  up  in  the  solitude  and  auaterit> 
of  a  monastic  life.  Then  ears  were  open  lo  informa 
lion  from  eveiy  Quarter ;  they  compared  the  different 
accounts  which  tliey  received ;  and,  after  a  mature 
consideration  of  the  whole,  they  were  fully  miafied 
that  Ihe  state  of  tbe  colony  rendered  it  impossible  to 
adopt  the  plan  proposed  by  Las  Caaas,  and  recom 
mended  by  tbe  Caiainal.  lliey  plainly  perceived  thai 
the  Spaniards  aettled  in  America  were  so  few  in  num 
ber,  that  they  could  neither  work  the  mines  which  had 
been  opened,  nor  cultivate  the  country ;  that  they  da 
pendcd  for  effecting  both  upon  the  labor  of  tho  natives, 
and,  if  deprived  of  it,  they  muat  instantly  reUnquiob 
their  conqueats,  or  give  up  all  Ihe  advaiiiaget  viMh 


ROBEIITSON'S  HISTORY  or 


May  dtfirad  from  liMm)  that  no  ■lluromeiit  wu  m 
nwtrful  n  lo  •urinounl  th«  nitiiriil  ivoriion  of  tho 
Indimw  (•  iny  Uboriou*  otrorl,  ami  that  nothing  liul  lh« 
■uilioritv  of  ■  inaalnr  cuulil  coin|K'l  ihcin  to  work  i  and 
If  tmy  w«ro  not  kept  conatanlly  uiidir  the  oyv  ind  dit- 
ci(ilin«  of  •  lupvrior,  lo  uraal  waa  tbrir  natural  liatlea^ 
ncaa  jihI  indilfcroncs,  thai  tlicy  would  lliiithi^r  attend 
lo  rrliKiuua  Inatruction,  nor  oliarrvn  thunii  ritoa  of 
Cliriati4uity  wliich  they  liad  lioen  already  Uuuht.  Upon 
(II  thoae  tccouuta,  tho  au|icrintendi'nta  TouimI  il  necea- 
aacv  to  tolcrala  iha  rtpartimicntoM,  and  to  autfer  the 
India.ia  to  renuia  under  aubjection  to  their  Spenlah 
inaiUira.  Tliey  uaod  their  ulmoat  ondeivora,  how- 
over,  to  prevent  the  faUl  eflbcta  of  thia  eaubliahmont, 
■ml  to  aecuro  to  Iha  Indiana  Ihe  conaolation  of  the 
(laat  IreiluMiit  eomptlible  with  t  alate  of  aervitude. 
Kor  thia  purpoae,  they  revived  former  rcuulationa,  they 
praaeribaa  naw  onea,  thev  neglected  no  circumatance 
that  landad  to  mitigate  llie  rigor  of  the  yoke ;  and  by 
Ihair  authority,  their  eiample,  and  their  eihortationa, 
thay  labored  to  inapire  thcii  countrymen  with  acnti- 
menta  of  equity  and  gentlvneaa  towanla  the  unhappy 
people  upon  .wnoaa  induatry  they  depended.  Zuuo, 
in  nia  departHent,  aeconded  tha  endeavora  of  the 
auperintandenta.  Ho  reformed  tho  courta  of  juatice 
in  auch  a  manntr  aa  to  rentier  tlicir  deciaiona  equitable 
■a  well  aa  eipedilioua,  and  introduced  varioua  regula- 
liona  which  greatly  improved  Ihe  interior  policy  of  the 
rolony.  Tba  aatiafaciion  which  hia  conduct  and  that 
of  tha  auperintendonu  gave  waa  now  univoraal  among 
Ihe  Spaniarda  aeltled  in  the  New  World;  and  all 
adinirM  tba  boldneaa  of  Ximenaa  in  having  departed 
ftom  Ihe  ordinary  path  of  buainoaa  in  farming  hia  plan, 
aa  weK  aa  hia  aagMity  in  pitching  upon  peraoua  whoae 
wiadom,  modaiation,  and  diaintereatedneaa  rendered 
Uwni  worthy  of  thia  high  Iruat. 

Laa  Caaaa  alona  waa  diaaatiafled.  Tha  prudcDtial 
conaideration  which  influenced  the  aupermtendenta 
made  no  impreaaion  upon  him.  Ha  reganled  their 
idea  of  acommodating  tneir  conduct  to  the  aute  of  the 
colony,  aa  tha  maiim  of  an  unhallowed  timid  policy, 
which  tolerated  what  waa  unjuat  becauae  it  waa 
banefiGiBl.  Ha  contended  that  the  Indiana  wore  by 
nature  fiaa,  and,  aa  their  protector,  he  required  the 
auperintandenta  not  to  bereave  them  of  the  common 
nrivilega  of  humanity.  They  received  hia  moat  viru- 
lent remonatrancea  without  emotion,  but  adhered  firnUy 
10  their  own  ayatem.  Tho  Spaniah  plantera  did  nut 
bear  with  him  ao  patiently,  and  were  ready  to  tear  hint 
in  piecea  for  inaiating  in  a  requisition  ao  odioua  to 
tlicin.  Laa  Caaaa,  in  order  to  acrccn  liimaclf  from 
their  rage,  found  it  iiecoaaary  to  take  shelter  in  a  con- 
Tent;  and  perceiving  that  all  Ilia  etforta  in  America 
were  fruiUaaa,  he  aoon  set  out  for  Europe,  with  a  fixed 
resolution  not  to  abandon  the  protection  of  a  peoplo 
whom  he  deemed  to  be  cruelly  oppreased. 

Had  Ximenea  retained  that  vigor  of  mind  with 
which  he  usually  applied  to  buaineas,  Laa  Caaaa  muat 
have  met  with  no  very  sracioua  reception  upon  hia 
return  to  Spain.  But  he  found  tho  Cardinal  languioh- 
lOg  under  a  mortal  diatemper,  and  preparing  to  resign 
hia  authority  to  the  young  king,  who  waa  daily  ex- 
pected, from  Ihe  Low  Oountriea.  Charloa  arrived, 
took  poassion  of  the  government,  and,  by  the  death  of 
Ximenea,  lost  a  minister  whose  abilitiea  and  integrity 
entitled  him  to  direct  hia  afliiira.  Miny  of  tho  Flemish 
nobility  had  accompanied  their  aovercign  to  Spain. 
From  that  warm  predilection  to  his  countrymen,  which 
waa  natural  at  his  age,  he  consulted  ilicin  with  resnect 
t*  aU  Ihe  tranaactiona  in  hia  new  kinuilom  ;  and  they, 
with  an  indiacreet  eagerness,  intruded  themselves  into 
every  business,  and  seized  almost  every  department  of 
adminiatration.  The  direction  of  American  alfain  waa 
an  object  too  alluring  to  escape  their  attention.  Las 
Casns  obacrved  their  growing  influence ;  and  though 
piojoctors  are  usually  too  sanguine  to  conduct  their 
■chemea  with  muck  dexterity,  he  posseaaed  a  bustling, 
mbofatigable  activity,  which  sometimes  accompliahaa 
ita  (uiposea  with  greater  aiicce«s  than  the  most  cx- 

?utaM  discernment  and  addrtvs.  He  courted  the 
lemish  miniatet*  with  aaaiduity.  He  reprcaen'ted  to 
them  the  absurdity  of  all  the  maxima  hitherto  adopted 
with  reapact  to  the  government  of  America,  particu- 
larly during  the  admiuiatration  of  Ferdinsiid,  and 
pointed  out  the  defects  of  thoae  arrangements  which 
Ximenea  had  introduced.  The  memory  ofFerdinand  waa 
odioua  to  Ihe  Fleininaa.  The  aupenor  virtuea  Hid  abi- 
litiea of  Ximenea  hadlong  been  the  object  of  their  envy, 
Thay  fondly  wiahed  to  have  aplauaible  pretext  for  con- 
demning the  measures  both  of  the  monarch  and  of  the 
nioister,  and  of  reflecting  some  discredit  on  tbnir  poli- 
tVca!  wiadom     The  frienda  of  Don  Diego  Cotumbua, 


■a  well  as  Iha  8|ianiah  eourtiera  who  had  been  diaaa- 
tiafled with  the  Cardinal'a  adminiatration.  Joined  Ia» 
Caaaa  in  censuring  the  scheme  of  aending  superintrn- 
dcnia  to  America.  Thia  union  of  ao  many  intureata 
and  pasaiona  waa  imiaiatible ;  and  in  conaequnnce  of  it 
the  latheraof  St.  Jerome,  together  with  their  aaaociale 
Ziiaio,  wire  recalled.  Uudirigo do  Fifjiieroo,  a  lawyer 
of  aoinu  eminence,  waa  a|>|)OUited  chief  judge  of  the 
iaiaiid,  and  received  instructions,  in  compliance  with 
the  request  of  I<aa  Casaa,  to  examine  once  more,  with 
tlie  utmost  attention,  tha  point  in  controversy  between 
him  and  the  people  of  the  colony,  with  respect  to  the 
treatment  of  Iha  nativea  :  and  in  Iha  mean  lima  to  do 
every  thing  in  hia  power  lo  alleviate  their  aulTaringa, 
and  to  prevent  the  extinction  of  Die  race. 

lliia  waa  all  that  the  leal  of  I,aa  Caaaa  couM  pro- 
cure at  that  iunctnre  in  favor  of  tho  Indiana.  The  iro- 
poasibilily  of  carrying  on  any  inprovementa  in  America, 
unleaa  Ihe  Spaniah  plantera  could  command  the  labor  of 
the  nativea,  waa  an  insuperable  objection  to  hia  plan  of 
treating  them  as  free  subjects.  In  order  to  provide 
some  remedy  for  litis,  without  which  he  found  it  was  in 
vain  to  mention  hia  achomo,  Laa  Caaaa  priipoaed  to 
purchaae  a  aullicient  number  of  nogroea  from  the  I'oi- 
tuguoae  settlements  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  and  lo 
transport  them  to  America,  in  order  that  they  miuht  ba 
employed  aa  alavoa  in  working  the  mines  anil  cultivat- 
ing tho  ground.  One  of  the  lirat  advantagea  which  the 
I'ortuuueae  had  derived  from  their  diKoveriea  in  Africa 
aroae  from  Ihe  trade  in  alavea.  Varioua  ciroumatancea 
concurred  in  reviving  thia  odioua  commerce,  which  had 
""in  long  aboliahed  in  Europe,  and  which  ia  no  leaa  re- 
pugnant to  tho  feelings  of  humanity  than  to  tha  princi- 
plea  of  religion.  Aa  early  aa  tho  year  one  thouaand 
five  hundred  and  throe,  a  few  negro  alavea  had  been 
sent  into  the  New  World.  In  the  year  one  thouaand 
Ava  boiidrad  and  eleven,  Ferdinand  permitted  tha  im- 
portation of  them  in  greater  numbcre.  They  wore 
found  to  be  a  more  robust  and  hardy  race  than  the  na- 
tivea of  America.  They  were  more  capable  of  endur- 
iiw  fatigue,  more  patient  under  servituoe,  and  the  labor 
of  one  negro  waa  computed  to  be  equal  to  that  of  four 
Indiana.  Cardinal  Ximenea,  however,  when  aolicited 
to  encourage  thia  commerce,  pt'.remptorily  rejected  the 
proposition,  becauae  he  percuivcd  the  iniquity  of  reduc- 
ing one  race  of  men  to  alavery,  while  ho  waa  consult- 
ing about  tha  meana  of  reatoring  liberty  to  another. 
Uut  Laa  Casaa,  from  the  inconsistency  natural  to  men 
who  hurry  with  headlong  impetuosity  towarda  a  favorite 
point,  waa  incapable  of  makins  thia  distinction.  While 
he  contended  eomoatly  for  the  liberty  of  the  people 
bom  in  one  quarter  of  the  globe,  he  lalxired  to  enalave 
Ihe  inhabitanta  of  another  region ;  and  in  the  warmth 
of  hia  laal  to  aave  the  Americana  from  the  yoke,  pro- 
nounced it  to  be  lawful  and  expedient  to  impoae  one 
still  heavier  upon  tho  Africana.  Unfortunately  for  Ihe 
latter,  Lt*  Caaaa'a  plan  waa  adopted.  Charlea  granted 
a  patent  to  one  of  hia  Fleiniah  favoritea,  containing  an 
excluaivo  riuht  of  imparting  four  thouaand  negroea  into 
America.  The  favorite  aold  hia  patent  to  aome  Geno- 
ese merchanta  foi  twenty-five  thousand  ducata,  and 
they  were  the  first  who  brought  into  a  regular  fom^  that 
commerce  for  slaves  between  Africa  and  America, 
which  haa  ainea  bean  carried  on  to  auch  an  amazing 
extent. 

But  the  Genoese  meichanta  [1618],  conducting  their 
operations,  at  firat,  with  the  rapacity  of  mondpolista, 
demanded  auch  a  high  price  for  negroea,  that  the  num- 
ber imported  into  Hiapaniola  made  no  great  change 
upon  the  state  of  tho  colony.  Laa  Casas,  whose  zeal 
was  no  less  inventive  than  indefatigable,  had  recourse 
to  another  expedient  for  the  relief  of  the  Indians.  He 
observed,  that  most  of  the  persons  who  had  settled  hi- 
therto in  .America,  were  sailors  and  soldiers  employed 
in  the  discovery  or  conquest  of  the  country  ;  the  younger 
sons  of  noble  famiUes,  allured  by  the  prospect  of  ac- 
quiring sudden  wealth ;  or  desperate  adventurers,  whom 
Uieir  indigence  or  crimes  forced  to  abandon  their  native 
land.  Instead  of  such  men,  who  were  dissolute,  rapa- 
eioua,  and  incapable  of  that  sober  persevering  industiy 
which  ia  requisite  in  forming  new  colonies,  he  piopoaaa  ' 
to  auj^y  the  aettlementa  in    Hiapaniola  and  oiiwr 

1>arta  of  the  New  World  with  a  auflicient  number  of 
aborers  and  husbandmen,  who  should  be  allured  by 
suiuble  premiums  to  remove  thither.  Theae,  as  they 
were  accustomed  to  fatigue,  would  ba  able  to  perform 
the  work  to  which  the  Indiana,  from  tba  feableneaa  of 
their  constitution,  were  unequal,  and  might  soon  become 
useful  and  opulent  citizens.  But  though  Hiapaniola 
stood  much  in  need  of  a  recruit  of  inhabitants,  having 
been  visited  at  this  time  with  the  amall-pox,  which  I 
aweft  off  ahnoat  all  the  nativea  who  had  autvived  theii  I 


long  continued  oppression ;  aiid  though  Laa  Cat 
the  countrnance  of  the  Flemish  ininistara,  thia  i 
waa  defeated  by  Iha  bishop  of  Burgoa,  who  thwarted  all 
hia  projects. 

I.aa  Casea  now  doanairod  of  procuring  any  relief  tm 
the  Indiana  in  thoae  placea  whero  ihe  spaniarda  wen 
already  aeltled.  'I'he  evil  waa  become  ao  invetersta 
there  us  nut  to  admit  of  a  cure.  But  auch  diacoveriea 
were  daily  making  in  the  continent  as  gave  a  high  idea 
both  of  ita  extent  and  (lopulouancaa.  in  all  thoae  vaal 
regiona  tliero  waa  but  one  feeble  colony  planted  ;  ami 
except  a  small  apot  on  the  iathmiia  of  Darien,  tha  na- 
tivee  still  occupied  tba  whole  country.  Thia  opened  • 
new  and  more  ample  field  for  Ihe  humanity  and  teal  oi 
Laa  Caaaa,  who  flatltred  himaalf  that  ha  might  prevent 
a  pemicioua  ayatem  from  being  introduced  there,  thoogb 
he  had  failed  of  eueceaa  in  hia  atlempta  to  overturn  il 
where  it  waa  already  oatablished.  Full  of  thia  idea,  ht 
applied  for  a  grant  of  the  unoccupied  country  atratching 
along  the  aeacoaat  from  tha  Oulf  of  Paria  to  Ilia  weal- 
em  frontier  of  that  province  now  known  by  the  nam* 
of  .Santa  Martha.  He  pro|>oaed  to  aettle  there  with  • 
colony  composed  of  husbandmen,  laborers,  and  ecct*. 
siastics.  He  engaged  in  the  apace  of  two  years  to 
civilize  ten  thouaand  of  Ihe  nativea,  and  to  inatnicl 
them  ao  thoroughly  in  tho  arte  of  aocial  life,  that  fium 
tho  fruits  of  their  induatry  an  annual  revenue  of  fifteen 
tliouaand  ducata  ahould  ariae  to  the  king.  In  ten  yeara 
he  expected  that  hia  iinprovemenia  would  ba  ao  fai 
advanced  aa  to  yield  annually  aixty  thouaand  ducata. 
He  elipulaled,  iKat  no  soldier  or  aailor  ahould  aver  ba 
permitted  lo  settle  in  thia  district ;  and  that  no  Spi^ 
niaid  whatever  ahould  enter  it  without  hia  permiaaioik 
He  even  projected  to  clothe  the  people  whom  ha  look 
along  with  him  in  some  dialinguiahing  garb,  which  did 
not  resemble  the  Spanish  dreaa,  that  they  might  rppear 
to  the  natives  lo  be  a  different  race  of  men  Mm  thoaa 
who  had  brought  ao  many  calamitiea  upon  Ihair  coun- 
try. From  iKia  acheme,  of  which  I  have  traced  only 
the  great  linea,  it  ia  manifest  that  Laa  Casaa  bad  formed 
ideaa  concerning  the  method  of  treating  tba  Indiana, 
similar  to  those  by  which  the  Jeauita  afterwarda  canied 
on  their  great  operationa  in  another  part  of  tha  aama 
continent.  He  auppoeed  that  the  Europeana,  by  avail- 
ing themselves  of  that  aacendant  which  thay  poasesaad 
in  consequence  of  their  nuperior  progress  in  science 
snd  improvement,  might  graduslly  form  the  minds  ol 
Americana  to  relish  those  comforts  of  which  they  wet* 
deatitule,  might  train  them  to  the  arte  of  civil  life,  and 
render  them  capable  of  ita  funcliona. 

But  to  the  bishop  of  Burgos,  and  the  council  of  tba 
Indies,  this  project  appeared  not  only  chimerical,  but 
dangeroua  in  a  high  degree.  They  deemed  the  fa- 
eultiea  of  the  Americana  lobe  naturally  so  limited,  and 
their  indolence  ao  exceaaive,  that  every  attempt  to  in- 
struct or  to  improve  them  would  be  fraitlesa.  They 
contended,  that  it  would  be  extremely  imprudent  to 
give  the  command  of  a  country  extending  above  a  thou- 
sand milea  along  the  coaat  to  a  fanciful  proaumptuoua 
enthusiast,  a  atranger  to  the  affaira  of  the  world,  and 
unacquainted  with  the  arta  of  government.  Laa  Caaaa, 
far  from  being  discouraged  with  a  repulse,  which  ha 
had  reason  to  expect,  hod  recouroa  once  more  to  tba 
Flemish  favorites,  who  zealously  patronised  hia  tchrma 
merely  because  it  had  been  rejected  by  the  Spanish 
ministers.  They  prevailed  with  their  master,  who  but 
lately  been  raised  lo  the  Imperial  dignity,  to  refer  tha 
conaideration  of  this  measure  to  a  aelect  number  of  hia 
privy  counaellors;  and  Laa  Caaaa  baviag  exeepted 
against  the  membera  of  the  council  of  the  Indiea,  aa 

Sartial  and  intcreated  they  were  all  excluded.  Tha 
ecision  of  men  chosen  by  recommendation  of  tha 
Flemings  was  perfectly  conformable  to  their  eentimenta. 
They  warmly  approved  of  Las  Casaa'a  plan,  and  sav* 
ordere  for  carrying  il  into  execution,  but  reatricteathr 
territory  allotted  him  to  three  hundred  miles  along  tho 
coast  of  Cuinana ;  allowing  him,  however,  to  extend 
it  as  far  as  he  pleased  towards  the  interior  part  of  tba 
country. 

This  determination  did  not  pass  uncenaured.  Almoet 
every  person  who  bad  been  in  the  Weat  Indiea  ex- 
claimed against  it,  and  supported  their  opinion  so  con- 
fidently, and  with  such  plausible  reaaona,  as  made  il 
advisable  to  pause  and  to  review  the  subject  more  da- 
liberately.  Charles  himself,  though  accustomed,  at  thia 
early  period  of  his  life,  to  adopt  uie  aentimenta  of  hia 
mimaten  with  such  aubmiasive  deference  aa  did  nal 
promise  that  decisive  vigor  of  mind  which  diatinguishatf 
his  riper  years,  could  not  help  suspecting  that  the  eager 
■ess  with  which  tho  Flemings  took  part  in  every  anail 
flowed  from  some  improper  motive,  and  began  to  di» 
cover  an  inclinatwn  to  examine  in  peraon  into  the  staM 


SOrTH   AMERICA. 


•T 


LuUMMtal 

•,  thii  Mh«M 

r  iny  nM  (M 
l|Mnwnli  w«ra 

•o  iiivetcnM 
icli  ditcovuriat 
>«•  1  high  idM 
I  til  ihoM  vul 
f  pUnlml  i  •ml 
[kritn,  tha  m> 

Thwo|Mn«l« 
iltjr  »nd  tul  ol 
I  might  pravcnl 
NlUwra.lboiigti 
I  to  oTiituro  it 
1  of  Uii*  Id**,  ht 
unlry  *lrMchlii( 
rit  to  th*  w**t* 
n  (7  tb*  Mm* 
tl«  th*n  with  • 
ran,  *nd  cccio' 
>r  two  yttn  to 
and  to  inttniot 
il  life,  tiMt  fn>m 
!«*nu*  of  fl(t*«n 
g.  Int«ny**n 
rould  b*  *o  fu 
InuMtnd  duc*t«. 
r  (houM  OTff  Im 
td  th*t  no  S|i»- 

hi*  |i«niii*«ioik 
I  whom  ha  look 
;  g*ib,  which  did 
MX  mwht  'fff 

man  fram  tno*« 
upon  thaii  coun- 
h«va  traced  only 
:;■•*(  had  foimed 
ing  th*  Indian*, 
Aarwanb  itanied 
wrt  of  the  iwno 
ropeani,  by  avail- 
;h  they  poue**ad 
igrai*  in  •ciene* 
inn  the  mind*  01 

which  they  wen 

of  civil  life,  tod 

^e  couneil  of  th* 
'  chimeric*!,  but 
deemed  the  b^ 
|y  *o  limned,  *ai 
y  attempt  to  iif 
fniitleu.    Thev 
^ly  imprudent  to 
Ing  above  *  thou* 
il  proiumptuou* 
;  the  world,  and 
mt.    La*  C****, 
ipal*e,  which  ha 
tee  more  to  tha 
lieed  hi*  vchrni* 
by  tho  Spaniih 
inattor,  who  had 
|ity,  to  refer  tb* 
:t  number  of  hi* 
javiog  eieepted 
If  the  Indie*,  aa 
ixcludiid.    Tha 
indation  of  tha 
|heir*entim(nt*. 
plan,  and  gavt 
11  reatricted  thf 
[milea  along  tha 
)ver,  to  extend 
ior  part  of  tha 

liaured.  Almo*t 
|e*t  Indiea  ez- 
Inpinlon  ao  con- 
Ins,  aa  made  il 
Ibject  more  d»- 
Womed,  atthia 
ttiment*  of  hi* 
tice  a*  did  Da( 
Ih  di*tinguith*tf 
1  that  the  eaMT 
1  in  every  antit 
\  began  to  di» 
a  info  the  ataM 


•»  the  i|iieillan  coiiceriiini^  tho  rharaclrr  of  the  Amr- 
ricana,  and  the  pro|i<'r  iniiriiir  iif  irciitinK  tlicin.  An 
opiiortuiiily  of  making  lhi«  ii  i|uiry  with  griwt  advanlugo 
aooa  occurred  [Juno  a(»J.  Uunvcilo,  llio  tmliop  of 
Uarien,  who  had  acuuinpuiiii'il  I'lilrariui  to  lliu  luiili- 
nunt  in  the  your  onn  ihounaml  tivc  hunilrr J  and  iliirlci'n, 
kappeniHl  to  land  at  Diini'lonii,  wlitru  llm  I'uurt  tlieri 
imided.  It  *••  quii'kly  kiiuwn  lliul  liia  »tntiMiuiil« 
cohcoriiing  llio  laloiiln  and  dmpD^ilion  of  ihii  Indiana 
diirvrod  from  ihoM  of  !'«•  <"«»«» :  «"<i  t;ii»rl«»  "»• 
tiirally  concluded  that  tiv  confronlinu  two  rcmmclalilo 
parMint  who,  during  llu'ir  rnnidouco  In  Anuirica,  had 
full  liiiauro  to  oluorvo  llio  mannir«  of  llio  nooplo  whom 
thtiy  pretended  to  doacrllie,  ho  nil^lit  liu  alilu  lu  discover 
which  of  them  had  formed  hia  opniiun  witli  the  greutoit 
diacernmeni  and  accuracy. 

A  day  for  ihiaaolemn  audience  waa  appointed.  Tho 
tmpcror  appeared  with  oitraordinary  pomp,  and  took 
bia  ioat  on  a  throne  in  tho  groat  hall  of  the  palace.  Hie 
principal  courtiora  attondod.  Don  Uiogo  Coluinbua, 
admiral  of  tho  Indlca,  waa  auminoncd  to  be  preicnt. 
The  bithop  of  Daricn  waa  called  upon  firit  to  dellvor 
hia  opinion.  He,  in  a  abort  diicourae,  lainontcd  the 
faUl  deaolation  of  America  by  the  extinction  of  ao 
many  of  ita  inhabiUnta ;  ho  acknowledged  thai  thia 
muat  be  imputed,  in  ao-no  dcjireo,  to  tho  oxionaivo 
rigor  and  inconaiclerato  proccedinga  of  tho  Spaiiinrda ; 
but  declared  that  all  liw  people  of  tho  New  World 
whom  he  had  aeen  either  in  tho  continent  or  in  tho 
iaianda,  appeared  to  him  to  be  a  race  of  men  inarkcd 
out,  by  tlio  inferiority  of  their  talenti,  for  acrvitudo, 
and  whom  it  would  bo  iinpoatlblo  to  iiiatruct  or  improve, 
unltja  they  wero  kept  under  the  continual  inspection 
of  a  inaater.  Laa  Caaaa,  at  greater  length  and  with 
inore  fervor,  defended  hia  own  ayatem.  Ho  rejected 
with  indignation  the  idea  that  any  raco  of  men  waa 
born  to  aervitude  aa  irroligioua  ond  inhuman.  Ho  aa- 
aerted  that  the  facultiea  of  the  Americana  were  not 
naturally  doapicablo,  but  unimproved  ;  that  they  were 
capable  of  receiving  inatruction  in  the  principlea  of  re- 
ligion, ai  well  aa  of  acquiring  tho  induatry  and  arte 
which  wtuld  qualify  them  fur  the  varioua  olficea  of 
*ocl*l  life,  that  the  mildneta  and  timidity  of  thoir  nature 
landered  them  ao  lobmiatiTe  and  docile,  that  they 
might  be  led  and  formed  with  a  gentle  h«nd.  Ha 
profeaaod  tliat  hia  intention*  in  propo*in2  the  achema 
now  under  consideration  were  pure  and  diainteretted ; 
and  though  f-oin  tlie  acconipliahment  of  hia  deaigna 
ineatimahle  bonefita  would  roault  to  tho  crown  of 
Caatile,  he  never  had  claimed,  nor  over  would  receive, 
any  recompenae  on  that  account, 

Oharloa,  after  hearing  both,  and  conaulling  with 
miuiatera,  did  n  it  think  himself  sufficiently  informod 
to  establiah  any  sencril  arrangement  with  roapect  to 
the  atate  of  the  Indiana ;  but  aa  ho  had  perfect  confi- 
dence in  the  integrity  of  Laa  Casaa,  and  aa  oven  tho 
biahop  of  Darien  ulinitted  his  scheme  to  bo  of  such 
imporUnce  that  a  trial  ahould  bo  made  ot  lis  effects, 
b«  iaaued  a  patent  [1623],  granting  him  tho  diatrict  of 
CMiUMia  formerly  luutioned,  with  full  [lowur  to  ea- 
tiiliah  a  colony  there  according  to  hia  own  plan. 

Ij**  C****  puahed  on  the  prvparationa  for  hi*  voyage 
with  hia  uaual  ardor.  But,  cither  from  his  own  inex- 
perience in  the  condu  t  of  alfairs,  or  from  the  aecret 
oppoeition  of  the  Spanish  nobility,  who  univoraallv 
dreaded  the  auccesa  of  an  institution  that  might  rob 
them  of  the  induatriout.  and  useful  hands  which  culti- 
vated their  eatatea,  bia  progress  in  engaging  husband- 
men tod  laborora  waa  extremely  alow,  and  he  could 
Itot  pnvail  on  more  than  «wo  hundred  to  accompany 
him  to  Oumana. 

Nothing,  however,  could  damp  his  zeal.  With  thia 
aleitder  train,  hardly  sutficient  to  take  possession  of 
such  *  large  territory,  and  altogether  unequal  to  any 
effectual  a-.tempt  towarda  civilizing  ita  inhabitants,  ho 
set  *ail.  Tho  first  place  at  which  he  touched  waa  tho 
island  of  Puerto  Rico.  There  ho  received  an  account 
of  a  new  obatacle  to  the  execution  of  his  scheme,  more 
insuperable  tlan  any  he  had  hitherto  encountered. 
When  be  left  Amenca,  in  the  jrear  one  thousand  five 
hundred  and  sixteen,  the  Spaniards  had  little  inter- 
course with  any  part  of  tho  continent  except  the  coun- 
triea  adjacent  to  the  Gulf  of  Uarien.  But  as  every 
epacio*  of  intern*,  induatry  began  to  atagnate  in  Hia- 
paniola,  when,  by  the  rapid  decrease  of  the  natives, 
the  Spaniarda  were  deprived  of  those  hands  with  which 
they  bad  hitherto  carried  on  their  operations,  this 
prompted  them  to  try  various  expedients  for  supplying 
that  loss.  Considerable  numbers  of  ne^piea  wero 
imported;  but,  on  account  of  thoir  exorbitant  price, 
nany  of  the  plantera  could  not  afford  to  purchase 
In  tnder  to  procure  aUvca  at  in  easier  tato, 
8 


some  of  the  Spaiiitrd*  in  Hisiisniola  fitted  out  vuHsela 
lu  rruisu  along  the  coast  of  tlio  euittiiient.  In  pl.icea 
whrrelhuy  found  thcinsclvea  infvrinr  In  atrongth,  iluy 
iriulid  with  the  nntivcs,  and  gavn  Diironcan  toy»  in 
I  i('liiiiij;e  for  llie  |ilati'ii  of  Kold  worn  by  tliim  us  uiiia- 
imiiU;  lint,  wliiiii'vir  tliry  could  surprise  iir  O'er- 
powi'r  tho  IndiiiMK,  they  curtied  ihiin  off  by  fiiri'r,  and 
sold  tliem  as  hIiivcs.  In  thoao  pridatury  encursions 
mil  h  utrocioiis  acts  of  violence  and  crui  lly  hud  liiin 
cuiniuilli'd,  that  llio  Spanish  name  was  held  in  deteala- 
tion  all  over  the  cnnllnent.  Whenever  any  ships  ap- 
peared, tho  Inlialiituiits  oilhor  fled  to  lliu  woods,  iir 
rushed  down  to  tho  shore  in  arms  to  rep<d  those  hated 
disturbers  of  their  tranquillity.  Tiny  forced  some 
parties  of  toe  Siianiards  10  retreat  with  prcci|iitallon  ; 
they  cut  off  otiiera  ;  anil  in  tho  violeneo  of  llieir  ru- 
scnlinent  against  tho  whole  nation,  tli<7  murdered  two 
Dominican  inlsslonsrics,  whoso  zeal  had  prompted 
them  to  setllo  in  tho  province  of  (Annans.  This  out- 
rage against  persona  revered  for  their  sanctity  excited 
such  indignation  among  tho  people  of  llispaiiiola,  who, 
notwitlialaiiding  all  their  licentious  and  cruel  proceed- 
ings, were  possessed  with  a  wonderful  zeal  for  religion, 
and  a  siiperalltioua  respect  for  ita  ministers,  that  they 
detorinlned  tn  inflict  exemplary  punishment,  not  only 
upon  the  perpetrators  of  that  crime,  but  U|ion  tho  whole 
raco.  Willi  thia  view,  they  gave  the  command  of  five 
ahipa  and  threo  hundred  men  to  Diego  Ocaiii|)a,  with 
oruera  to  lay  waste  tho  country  of  l!iiinana  with  fire 
and  aword,  and  to  transport  all  tho  inhabllanta  aa 
slavca  to  Hla|iaiiiola,  Tliia  armament  Laa  Casaa 
found  at  Puerto  HIco,  on  ita  way  to  tho  continent ; 
and  as  Ocainpo  refused  to  defer  hia  voyage,  ho  imme- 
diately perceived  that  it  would  be  impoaslmo  to  attempt 
the  execution  of  hia  pacific  plan  in  a  country  dealinod 
to  bo  tho  seat  of  war  and  desolation. 

In  order  to  provide  against  tho  oflecta  of  this  un- 
fortunate Incident,  ho  sot  sail  directly  for  St.  Domingo 
[April  11],  leaving  hia  followers  cantoned  out  among 
the  planters  in  Puerto  Rico.  From  many  concurring 
causes,  tho  reception  which  Laa  Casaa  met  with  in 
Hispaniola  was  very  unfavorable.  In  hia  negotiations 
for  tho  relief  of  tho  Indians,  ho  had  censured  the  con- 
duct of  his  countrymen,  settled  there  with  auch  honest 
severity  ss  rendered  him  universally  odious  to  thorn. 
They  considered  their  own  ruin  aa  tho  iiievitahio  con- 
seqiienco  of  his  success.  They  wero  now  elated  with 
hope  of  receiving  a  largo  recruit  of  slaves  from  Cu- 
mana,  which  muat  bo  relinquished  if  Laa  (yasasweru  aa- 
aistcd  In  settling  his  projected  colony  there.  Figueroa,  in 
consequence  of  the  Instructions  which  he  hail  received 
in  Spain,  had  made  an  experiment  concerning  the 
capacity  of  the  Indians,  that  was  represented  as  dcclsivo 
against  the  system  of  Laa  Casaa.  He  collected  in  Hia- 
panlola  a  good  number  of  tho  nativca,  and  settled  them 
in  two  villages,  leaving  them  at  perfect  liberty,  and 
with  the  unconlrullcd  direction  of  their  own  actiona. 
But  that  people,  accustomed  to  a  mode  of  life  ex- 
tremely different  from  that  which  takca  place  wherever 
civilization  haa  made  any  considerable  progress,  were 
incapable  of  assuming  new  habita  at  onco.  Dejected 
with  their  own  misfortunes  as  well  as  those  01  their 
country  they  exerted  so  little  industry  in  cultivating 
tho  ground,  appeared  so  devoid  of  solicitude  or  foresight 
in  providing  for  their  own  wants,  and  wero  auch  atran- 
gcrs  to  arrangement  in  conducting  their  afTairs,  that  tho 
Spaniarils  pronounced  them  Incapable  of  being  formed 
to  live  like  men  in  social  life,  and  considered  them  as 
children,  who  should  lie  kept  under  the  perpetual  tute- 
lage of  persona  auperior  to  themaelvcs  in  wisdom  and 
aagacity. 

I^Iotwithstandlng  all  those  circumstances,  which  alien- 
ated the  persons  in  HIspaniolii  to  whom  Las  Casaa  applied 
from  himself  and  from  bis  measures,  he,  by  his  activity  and 
pcrsoveranco,  by  some  concessions  and  many  threats, 
obtained  at  length  a  small  body  of  troops  to  protect  him 
and  bis  colony  at  their  first  landing.  But  upon  bis  re- 
turn to  Puerto  Rico,  ho  found  that  the  diseases  of  tho 
cllinalo  bad  been  fatal  to  several  of  hia  people ;  and 
that  others  having  got  employment  in  that  island,  refu- 
sed to  follow  him.  With  the  handful  that  remained, 
he  sot  aail  and  landed  in  Cumana.  Ocampo  had  exe- 
cuted his  commission  in  that  province  with  such  bar- 
baroua  rage,  having  maasacred  many  of  the  inbabitanta, 
sent  others  in  chains  to  Hispaniola,  and  forced  the  rest 
to  fly  for  ahclter  to  the  woods,  that  the  people  of  a  small 
colony,  which  he  had  planted  at  a  place  which  he  named 
Toledo,  were  ready  to  perish  for  want  in  a  deaolated 
country.  There,  however,  Laa  Casaa  was  obliged  to 
fix  his  residence,  though  deserted  both  by  the  troops 
appointed  to  protect  him,  and  by  those  under  the  com- 
mand of  Ocampo,  who  foresaw  and  dreaded  tha  calami- 


ties to  vhich  ho  must  be  exposed  in  that  wmehed  ■••• 
tlun.  Ilu  made  the  liest  iirovlsloii  in  his  power  for  tiaa 
safety  and  aubslslcnce  ot  hia  followers,  but  as  hi*  Hi- 
must  ellucts  availed  Utile  towaids  securing  either  tha 
one  or  llin  ulhrr,  he  roiiiriud  to  llirpsnlola,  in  order  10 
sullen  more  iffielual  aid  fur  the  proser^'ation  of  men 
who,  from  coiilidencu  In  hlin,  had  t  ntured  into  a  poat 
iif  so  iiiiieh  danger.  Nuon  after  his  ilcparture,  thf  na- 
lives,  having  discovered  tho  feeblo  and  defenceleaa  stata 
of  the  Spaniards,  assembled  secretly,  attacked  them 
with  the  tiiry  natural  to  men  exasperated  by  many  in- 
juries,  cut  off  a  good  number,  and  coinpolled  the  real  10 
fly  In  the  iitinuat  consternation  to  tho  Island  of  Cubagua. 
'1  ho  ainall  colony  settled  there  on  account  of  the  pearl 
fishery,  catching  tho  panic  with  which  their  countrymen 
had  been  seized,  abandoned  the  island,  and  not  a  Spa- 
niard remained  in  any  |iart  of  the  eoiitinent,  or  idjacanl 
Islands,  from  the  Clulf  of  Paria  to  the  borders  ol  Iwriaik 
Astonished  at  auch  a  aucceaslon  of  disasters.  La*  C**aa 
waa  ashamed  to  show  his  face  after  this  fatal  terminalim 
nf  all  his  splendid  schemes.  He  shut  himself  up  in  tilt 
convent  of^the  Dominicans  st  St.  Domingo,  tnd  aooa 
after  aasiiined  the  habit  of  that  order. 

Though  the  expulsion  of  the  colony  from  Cumwia 
happened  in  the  year  one  thouaand  fivo  hundred  and 
twenty-one,  I  have  chosen  to  trace  the  progreaa  of  I,** 
Casaa's  negotiationa  from  their  liral  riaa  to  their  final 
Issue  without  Interruption.  Hi*  system  waa  the  object 
of  long  and  attentive  diacuaaion ;  and  though  hia  eflorta 
in  behalf  of  tlio  oppreased  Americans,  partly  from  hia 
own  raahness  and  imprudence,  and  partly  from  the  mala- 
volent  opposition  of  hia  advoraariea,  were  not  altendad 
with  that  auccesa  which  ho  promiaed  with  too  aanguina 
confidence,  great  praise  is  due  to  his  humane  activity, 
which  gave  riao  to  varioua  regulationa  that  were  of  aoma 
liencfit  to  that  unhappy  people.  I  return  now  to  th* 
history  of  the  Spaniah  discoveries  **  they  occur  in  tb* 
order  of  time. 

Diego  Volaaqucz,  who  conquered  Cubaintbayeu 
one  thouaand  five  hundred  and  eleven,  atill  ratained  tha 
government  of  that  island,  as  the  deputy  of  Don 
Diogo  Columbus,  though  ho  seldom  aclinowledged  hia 
superior,  and  aimed  at  rendering  his  own  autboritijr  il- 
together  independent,  binder  ni*  prudent  adminia- 
tration,  Cuba  became  one  of  the  moat  flouriahing  of 
the  Spanish  settlements.  Tho  fame  of  Ihi*  *llured 
thither  many  persons  from  tho  other  coloniea,  in  hope* 
of  finding  either  *ome  permanent  e*t*bli*hment  o( 
some  employment  for  their  activity.  Aa  Cub*  lay  to 
tho  weat  of  all  tho  iaianda  occupied  by  tho  Spaniard*, 
and  aa  the  ocean  which  atretchea  beyond  it  towarda 
that  quarter  had  not  hitherto  been  explored,  theae  cir- 
cumatanccB  naturally  invited  the  inhibitant*  to  oltempt 
new  discoverio*.  An  expedition  for  thi*  purpota,  in 
which  activity  and  resolution  might  conduct  to  radden 
wealth,  waa  more  auitcd  to  the  genlua  of  the  age  than 
the  patient  induatry  requisite  in  clearing  ground  and 
manufacturing  eugar.  Instigated  by  thia  spirit,  aavc- 
ral  officers,  who  had  aorved  under  Pedrariaa  in  Duien, 
entered  into  an  aasociation  to  undertake  a  viiyage  ol 
discovery.  They  persuaded  Franciaco  Hemandex  Cor- 
dova, an  opulent  planter  in  Cuba,  and  *  nun  of  diatin- 
guiahed  courage,  to  loin  with  them  in  the  adventur*^ 
and  chose  him  to  be  their  commander.  Veltequaz  not 
only  approved  of  the  design,  but  aaaiated  in  earrriiig  it 
on.  A  a  tho  veterans  from  Darien  were  eztremely  mdi- 
gent,  he  and  Cordova  advanced  money  for  purchasing 
three  small  vessels,  and  furnished  them  with  every  thing 
requiaite  either  for  traffic  or  for  war.  A  hundrad  *IM 
ten  men  embarked  on  board  of  them,  and  aailad  (mat 
St.  Jago  do  Cuba,  on  the  eighth  of  February,  ona  IbOD- 
sand  five  hundred  and  seventeen.  By  the  advica  of 
their  chief  pilot,  Antonio  Alaminoa,  who  had  aarrad 
under  tho  firat  admiral  Colunibua,  they  atood  directly 
west,  relying  on  the  opinion  of  that  great  navigator, 
who  uniformly  maintained  that  a  weaterly  couraa  would 
lead  to  the  most  important  diacoveriea. 

On  the  twenty-firat  day  after  their  departure  from  St 
Jago,  '.hey  aaw  land,  which  proved  to  be  Ca;ic  Caioehe, 
the  eastern  point  of  that  largo  peninaula  projecting  from 
the  continent  of  America,  which  atill  retain*  it*  origi- 
nal name  of  Yueattm.  Aa  they  approached  the  ahore. 
five  canoea  came  oflT  full  of  people  decently  clad  in  cot- 
ton garmenta ;  an  aatonishing  spectacle  to  the  Spa- 
niards, who  fasd  found  every  other  part  of  America  pos- 
aessed  by  naked  aavagea.  Cordova  endeavored  by 
small  presents  to  gain  the  good  will  of  these  people. 
They,  though  amazed  at  the  atran^e  object*  now  jpt*- 
sented  for  the  first  time  to  their  view,  invited  the  Spa- 
niards to  visit  their  habitations,  with  an  appeannea  ot 
cordiality.  They  landed  accordingly,  and  a*  thay  ad> 
vonced  into  the  country,  tliev  observed  with  new  v>a» 


nODERTSON'S   (IIBTORY   OF 


ri 


4tt  HMIM  km  hoiiMi  built  with  tlone.  Iliil  Ihry  mmii 
hmtt  thti,'  ll  th*  pcopla  of  V  uc  ton  hul  inid*  progreu 
la  impiovtnwnt  Myond  their  countrymen,  they  were 
Ukewiee  more  ertful  end  warlike.  For  though  the 
lui>|U*  hill  ii-rrivrd  (Unlove  with  nuny  lokciii  nf 
frienoihi|i,  he  hul  |H»lril  •  (■oiiiidcriihiu  iHMly  uf  hi> 
iubjacte  in  enihuih  hehinil  ■  thicki't,  who,  iipun  ■  ■tuiial 
given  by  him,  ruihed  out  end  titaekrd  Ihc  S|>iiiiiiirde 
with  Krtet  holdneH,  end  ■oino  dourvo  nf  iiiarlial  ordrr. 
At  the  Aret  (litiht  of  thoir  errown,  riTtcpii  of  llio  Npeiiiardi 
were  wounded  l  but  tho  Indiana  wrre  xtruck  with  aiirh 
Mnor  by  the  audden  eiploaion  of  the  lire  anna,  and  ao 
turpriaed  at  tlio  eiecution  done  by  thein,  by  the  croaa 
bowe,  end  by  llie  other  weapona  of  their  now  eneiiiiua, 
IkM  tbejr  flea  preeiptlalely.  (^ordovaquitlcd  a  country 
whero  M  had  met  with  auch  a  livroe  tuncption,  carry- 
{■H  off  lw«  prieonera,  tosether  with  the  ornainenta  of  a 
■atll  Wmple  which  he  pTundoted  in  hia  retreat. 

He  continued  hia  courte  lowarda  the  woat,  wllhoiit 
loeiiy  eiglll  of  the  coaat,  and  on  tho  aixtreiith  day  ar- 
llTeait  Uunpeachy.  'Fhere  tho  nativea  loccived  them 
mora  hotpittbly ;  but  the  8pani«rUa  were  much  aur- 
piiaed,  that  on  all  the  eitonaive  coaat  along  which  tlioy 
nad  tailed,  and  which  they  imagined  lu  be  a  largo 
itland,  they  htd  not  obaerred  tny  river.  [3A]  Aa  lliuir 
wtltr  htd  Mgan  lo  fail,  they  advanced,  in  ho|Hia  of  liiid- 
IbjI  t  eapply  ;  tnd  tl  length  they  diacovored  tho  inoulh 
oT  t  rJTOC  tt  Potonehan,  aoine  leaguea  beyond  Cain- 
jwiehjp. 

CSanloTi  Itnded  all  hie  troopa,  in  order  to  protect 
ike  eallon  while  employed  in  filling  the  caaka ;  but  not- 
wilheUnding  thie  precaution,  the  nativea  niahod  down 
upon  them  with  auch  fury  and  in  auch  niimbera,  that 
forty-eevan  of  the  Spaniarda  wore  killed  upon  the  apot, 
•nd  ooo  man  only  of  the  whole  body  eacaiM'd  unhurt. 
Their  commander,  though  wounded  in  twelve  dilTcrenl 
pUeee,  directed  the  retreat  with  preaencu  nf  mind  o<|ual 
W  lh«  couragt  with  which  he  had  led  them  on  in  iho 
•n^tgamcnt,  and  with  much  dilllcully  thoy  regained 
amf  ahipe.  After  thia  fatal  repiilae,  nothing  remained 
but  to  htaten  back  to  Cuba  with  their  ahattored  forcoa. 
In  Ihtlr  ptaaage  thither  they  auHei  id  the  moat  exqui- 
•ito  diativaa  for  want  of  water,  that  aien,  wounded  and 
tiekly,  ahul  up  in  email  veaaela,  and  cxpoacd  to  the 
btel  of  the  torrid  aone,  can  be  aup|ioaed  to  endure. 
SooM  of  them,  ainking  under  theao  calamitiea,  died  by 
the  way :  Cordova,  tlieir  commander,  expired  vjon 
•iter  they  landed  in  Cuba. 

Notwithatanding  the  diaaatroua  concluaion  of  this 
npeditioii,  it  contributed  rather  to  animate  than  to  damp 
•  apirit  of  anterpriae  among  the  Spaniarda.  Tliey  had 
diecomed  tn  extenaive  country,  aituatcd  at  no  great 
duiUM  iinm  Cuba,  fertile  in  appearance,  and  |H»acascd 
by  t  flOfjt  lu  auperior  in  improvement  to  any  hitlicrto 
known  in  Aineiica.  Though  they  had  carried  on  little 
commtreiel  inlercourse  with  the  nativea,  they  had 
brought  off  eome  omamenia  of  gold,  not  conalderablo 
in  triiue,  but  of  singular  fabric.  These  circumstaiiccs, 
ralattd  with  the  exaggeration  natural  lo  men  deairous 
of  heifhtening  tho  merit  of  their  own  exploita,  were 
BMce  Ihtn  tulileient  to  excite  mmantie  hopea  and  et- 
ptelttiani.  Qreat  numbera  offered  lo  engage  in  a  new 
axptdition.  Velaaquex,  aolicitoua  to  diatinguiah  him- 
iuf  br  eome  aerrice  ao  meritorioua  aa  might  entitle 
hira  tn  claim  the  government  of  Cuba  independent  of 
the  adminl,  not  only  encouraged  their  ardor,  but  at  hia 
own  tiipenae  fitted  out  four  ahipa  for  tho  voyago.  Two 
hundtM  and  forty  volunteera,  among  whom  were  ao- 
varal  penona  of  rank  and  fortune,  einbarkcd  in  thia  on- 
t«i|inte.  The  command  of  it  was  given  to  Juan  de 
Onialrt,  t  young  man  of  known  merit  and  courage, 
vritb  inttnictiona  to  observe  attentively  the  nature  of 
Ih*  counttiea  which  he  ahould  discover,  to  barter  for 
goblf  tiid.  If  circumatancea  were  inviting,  lo  aettle  a 
coionr  iu  tome  proper  station.  He  aaUed  from  St. 
Xigo  da  Cuba  on  the  eighth  of  April,  one  thousand  five 
hundred  tnd  eighteen.  The  pilot,  Alaminua,  held  the 
tuna  course  ta  in  the  former  TO/age :  but  tho  violence 
of  the  enrrenta  carrying  the  ahipa  to  the  south,  the  first 
land  which  they  made  was  the  island  of  Cozumrl,  to 
lite  eatt  of  Yucatan.  Aa  all  the  inhabitanta  fled  to  the 
woodi  tnd  mountains  at  the  appioach  of  tho  Spaniards, 
thay  mtda  no  long  stay  there,  and  without  any  romark- 
tMe  occurrence  they  reached  Potonehan  on  tho  opposito 
tide  of  the  peninsula.  The  desire  of  avenging  their 
countrymen,  who  had  been  slain  there,  concurred  with 
thait  iaett  of  good  policy,  in  pioinpting  them  to  land, 
thtt  thay  might  chaatise  the  Indians  of  that  district  with 
anch  a(amn»tT  rijor  aa  would  strike  terror  into  all  tho 
paojpla  raond  them.  Bu*  though  they  disembarked  all 
tkair  trOMM,  and  carried  aahore  aome  field  pieces,  the 
faditai  foujht  tvith  auch  courage,  that  the  Spaniards 


gained  the  victory  with  diinculty,  and  wrre  confirmed 
in  their  opinion  thai  Ihe  inhabiltnts  of  tliia  country 
would  prove  more  foriuidahlu  enemiea  than  any  they 
had  met  with  in  ollirr  parts  of  Amrrict  Krum  Po- 
lonclisu  llicy  cuittiiiiicd  Itii  ir  vnynt^o  ttiwarils  the 
wckl,  kri'|i>iig  as  nvur  as  pxaiiiMi'  In  tlii'  nhxrc,  and 
caMing  niu'huc  ovrry  ivi'iiiiig,  fruiii  ilrrml  iil'  the  dan- 
geruuN  acciiU-Dts  lo  which  tiny  ini^ht  b««  i'ji|i()«t'd  in  an 
uiikiinwn  sen.  l)urin;|  the  duy  their  eyi'S  victv  turned 
coiiliniiany  lownriU  luiul.  willia  niiitiirc  oraur|>ris('  and 
uonilir  at  the  bianty  nf  lli  rniinlry,  oa  well  aa  tho 
novclly  of  the  olijocis  whi  i  lliry  bt'liclil.  Many  vil- 
lages were  soattcrtd  alo  .g  tho  coast,  in  which  Itioy 
could  distinguish  liouaea  uf  slone  that  appeared  white 
and  lofty  at  a  distance.  In  tlio  watinlh  jI  their  adinira- 
tiuii,  they  fancied  these  lo  bu  cilics  adunied  with 
lowers  and  pinnacles  ;  and  one  nf  the  auldiera  happen- 
ing to  remark  that  thia  coiinlry  rcaeiulilcd  Spam  in  ap- 
pearance, (irijalva,  with  universal  aiipliiiise,  called  it 
AVw  Spain,  the  name  which  still  tlmlinKuislioa  thia 
extensive  and  opulent  |>rcviiice  of  Iho  Sjjanish  empire 
in  America  [ST.]  They  landed  in  a  rivor  which  the 
nalires  called  Tnlnuai  [June  U] ;  and  the  fame  of  their 
victory  at  rnloiiehan  having  reached  thia  place,  the 
caiiqne  not  only  received  them  amicably,  hul  beatowed 
preaenia  upon  them  nf  auch  value,  as  confirmed  Ihe 
nigh  idcaa  which  the  Spaniarda  had  formed  with  reanect 
to  the  wealth  and  fcrtilily  of  the  country.  These  iileaa 
were  raised  still  higher  by  what  occurred  at  the  iiloce 
where  they  next  touched.  Thia  waa  conaiderably  lo 
Ihe  weal  of  Tabasco,  in  Ihe  province  since  known  by 
the  naineofGuaxaca.  There  they  were  received  with 
Ihe  respect  paid  to  Bu|)erior  beinga.  Tho  people  per- 
fumed tliom,  as  thoy  landed,  with  incense  of  gum  copal, 
and  presented  lo  them  aa  offoringa  the  choiceat  dolica- 
cioa  of  their  country.  They  wore  extremely  fund  of 
trading  witli  their  new  visitanta,  and  in  six  days  the 
Spaniards  obtained  ornanienis  of  gold  of  curious  work- 
luanthip,  to  tho  value  of  fifteen  thousand  pesos,  in  ox- 
change  for  European  toya  of  small  price.  The  two 
prisoners  whom  Cordova  had  brought  from  Yucatan, 
had  hitherto  served  aa  intorprotcra  ;  but  as  they  did  not 
understand  Ihe  language  of  thia  country,  the  Spaniards 
leanied  from  tho  nativea  by  aigna,  that  they  wore  aiib- 
jocta  of  a  great  monarch  called  Montoxnma,  whose  do- 
minions extended  over  that  ond  many  other  provincoa. 
Leaving  thia  place,  with  which  ho  had  so  in.ich  roaaon 
lo  be  pleased,  Ciriialva  continued  hia  courso  towarils  the 
west.  He  landed  on  a  small  island  [June  I9j,  which 
he  named  Ihe  lalo  of  Sacrificea,  because  there  tho  Spa- 
niards beheld,  for  the  first  time,  the  honid  spectacle  of 
human  victima,  which  Ihe  barbaroua  supirslilion  of  the 
natives  olTered  to  their  gods.  Ho  touched  at  another 
small  island,  which  ho  called  St.  Juan  do  Ulua.  Krom 
thia  placo  ho  dospatched  Pedro  do  Alvarado,  one  of  his 
officers,  to  Velaaquex,  with  a  full  account  of  the  im- 
portant discoveries  which  he  had  made,  and  witli  all 
Ihe  trcaaure  that  ho  acquired  by  Iratlieking  with  Iho 
nativea.  After  the  departure  of  Alvarado,  he  himself, 
with  tho  remaining  vessels,  proceeded  along  tho  coast 
aa  far  aa  the  river  Panuco,  tho  country  atill  appearing  to 
be  well  peopled,  fertile,  and  opulent. 

Several  of  Urijalva's  oflicera  contended  that  it  was 
not  enough  to  have  discovered  those  delightful  regiona, 
or  to  have  performed,  at  their  different  landing-placea, 
the  empty  ceremony  of  taking  posscsaioii  of  them  for 
the  crown  of  Caslilo,  and  that  their  gloiy  was  incom- 
plete, nnless  they  planted  a  colony  in  some  proper  sta- 
tion, which  might  not  only  secure  the  Snanish  nation  a 
footing  in  the  country,  but  with  the  reinforcements 
which  they  were  certain  of  receiving,  might  gradually 
aubject  tho  whole  to  the  dominion  of  their  sovereign. 
Dut  the  squadron  had  now  been  above  five  months  at 
aea  ;  the  greatest  part  of  their  provisions  was  exhausted, 
tnd  what  remained  of  thoir  atoroa  so  much  corrupted 
by  the  heat  of  Ihe  climate,  aa  lo  be  almost  unfit  for 
use ;  they  had  lost  some  men  by  death ;  othora  wore 
aickly;  the  countnr  waa  crowded  with  people  who 
aeemed  to  bo  intelligent  as  well  aa  bravo ;  and  thr>y 
were  under  the  government  of  one  powerful  monarch, 
wl  o  could  Dring  them  lo  act  against  their  invadera  with 
un.ted  force.  To  plant  a  now  colony  under  ao  many 
circumstances  of  disadvantage,  appeared  a  scheme  too 
perilous  lo  be  attempted.  Grijalva,  though  possessed 
of  ambition  and  courage,  waa  destitute  of  the  superior 
talonta  capable  of  farming  or  executing  such  a  great 
plan.  He  judged  it  more  prudent  to  return  to  Cuba, 
Living  fulfilled  the  purpoae  of  hia  voyagn,  and  accom- 
pliahed  all  that  the  armament  which  he  commanded  en- 
abled him  to  perform.  Ho  returned  lo  St.  Jago  de 
Cuba,  nn  the  twenty-aixtli  of  October,  from  which  he 
had  taken  his  departure  about  six  mnntha  bcfura. 


Thia  was  the  Inngrat  aa  well  aa  the  moti  aiiecattM 
voyage  which  the  S|ianiarda  had  hitherto  made  In  Uw 
New  World.     'I'hey  had  diseovarcd  that  Yucatan  wt> 


not  an  island  aa  ihry  had  siiprosed.  hut  |iart  of  Ih* 

final  eiintinint  ol  Ainrriea.     From    Polonchrn  they 
lad  pnriiueil  ilieir  enirse  for  many  hundred  miles  along 


a  euuit  I'urinrrly  uniiplorrd,  stretching  first  '.uwtrda 
tho  west,  mid  then  turning  to  tho  north  ;  all  Iho  coun- 
try  which  they  had  discovered  appealed  to  be  no  leti 
valuahle  than  exlrnsive.  As  soon  aa  Alvarado  reachad 
('nba,  Veldsquei,  trnnspnrtcd  v  ilh  success  so  far  b«- 
yoiid  hia  niast  sanguinu  eipcctr.liona,  iminedialnly  det- 
patched  a  |ieraon  of  confidence  to  carry  thia  important 
intolligence  to  Spain,  lo  exhibit  Ihe  rich  productiona  of 
tho  countries  which  had  been  diacovored  by  hia  mean*, 
and  to  Boli^  it  such  an  increaae  of  authority  aa  might 
enable  and  encourage  him  to  attempt  Ihe  conqueal  of 
lliem.  Without  tyaiiing  for  the  return  of  hia  messenger, 
or  for  the  srrival  uf  (irijalva,  of  whom  ho  waa  bacom* 
so  jcsloiis  or  distrustful  that  he  waa  reaolved  no  loDgar 
to  employ  him,  he  began  lo  prepare  with  auch  a  power- 
ful armament  aa  miuht  prove  equal  to  tn  entarpriae  9f 
aoinuch  danger  aniliniiiortanca. 

Uiit  aa  tho  cxpedilioi  u|x>n  which  Velaaquei  waa  novf 
inlent  terminated  in  conqurita  of  greater  moment  thtn 
what  Ihe  Spaniarda  had  hitherto  achieved,  and  led  Ibem 
to  Ihe  knowledge  of  a  people,  who,  if  compared  with 
tliose  triliea  of  America  with  whom  they  were  hitherto 
acquainted,  may  bo  conaidcred  aa  highly  civiliied ;  it  it 
proper  to  panae  before  we  proceed  to  Iho  hiatory  of 
eventa  extremely  different  from  thoaa  which  we  bava 
already  related,  in  order  to  take  a  view  of  tho  atala  a( 
the  New  World  when  firat  discovered,  and  to  cuiilom- 
plate  the  policy  and  inanncra  of  the  rude  imcultivalad 
Irihca  that  occupied  all  the  parte  of  it  with  which  th* 
Spaniarda  wero  tt  this  time  acquainted. 


DOCK  IV. 

View  of  America  when  llrit  dliicoverad,  anil  of  Ilia  manneia 
am]  iwlicynf  llii  ntoRt  tuiclvtllznd  jntiabltanti— Vojit  extant 
of  America — vranileur  of  the  olijects  It  prcinnts  to  view— lit 
ninuiitulni— riven— lakoM— us  form  favurablu  tucoiniiierca 
— tein|>orHture— iireilomiiiaiico  of  cultl — cuuioi  of  tins— un* 
ctiltivatuU — unwnoleitotno — Its  anhr.nll — noil — Intpilry  llow 
America  was  )ieo|ilod— various  Iticorlei— what  appeara 
moiit  probalile — Condition  and  character  uf  the  Americana 
— All,  tho  Moxicaiis  and  Puruvlanii  oxruptod,  iu  tlio  state 
of  KnvaKOR— In'pilry  routined  to  tho  unclvlilzod  tribes— 
DllUnilty  ofobtalniiiirlnfdrmallnn— vnrtoii*  causes  of  this-* 
MuiIukI  ubaerved  lu  the  ln(|Uirv — I.  The  bodily  consututlon 
of  tlin  Aiuericani  cousidorod— 11.  Tho  qualities  of  thsir 
ninda— 111.  Tliei,  d  ncnllc  state— IV.  Their  political  itata 
nrd  luHtltutlouH— \  "^eir  svitom  of  war  and  public  s«cu> 
ritv— VI.  The  arts  vlth  which  they  wore  acqaolntsd-* 
Vll.  Tlioir  rollgloua  Idoas  aud  InRtltullons— VIII.  Such  suv* 
Kiilar  and  dctiichod  customs  as  are  not  reducible  to  sny  of 
tl'.o  femier  heads— IX.  General  review  and  estimate  of  tlielff 
virtues  and  defects. 

TwENTY-tix  years  had  clapaed  ainca  Colnmbna  htd 
conducted  the  people  of  Europe  to  the  New  WorkL 
During  that  period  the  Spaniarda  had  made  great  pro- 
gress in  exploring  ita  varioua  regiona.  Thoy  had  vi- 
ailed  all  the  iaiamla  acatlored  in  different  dusten 
through  that  part  oi  the  ocean  which  flowa  in  between 
North  and  South  America.  They  had  aailed  tlonjlho 
tualern  coaat  of  the  continent  from  the  river  l5a  la 
Plata  to  Ihe  bottom  of  the  Mexican  Qnlf,  and  had  found 
that  it  stretched  without  interruption  through  thia  vtit 
portion  of  Ihe  globe.  Thoy  had  diacoverod  Ihe  giatt 
Southern  Ocean,  which  opened  new  pros|iectt  in  that 
quarter.  They  had  acquired  some  knowledge  of  tho 
coast  of  Florida,  which  led  them  lo  observe  tne  conti- 
nent aa  it  extended  in  an  oppoaile  direction ;  and  though 
they  puahed  their  discoveries  no  further  towarda  tho 
North,  oilier  nationa  had  viaited  thoae  parte  which  they 
neglonted.  Tho  English  in  a  vo^ysge  the  motivoa  and 
success  of  which  shall  he  related  in  another  part  of  thia 
History,  had  aailed  along  the  coaat  of  America  fron 
Labrador  to  the  confinca  of  Florida  ;  and  tha  Portu- 
guese, in  quest  of  a  ahortcr  passage  to  the  Eaal  Indiei, 
had  ventured  into  the  northern  seas,  and  viewed  Iha 
same  regions.  Thus,  at  the  period  where  I  have  choaao 
to  take  a  view  of  the  slate  of  the  New  World,  ita  ex- 
tent was  known  almost  from  ita  northern  extremity  to 
thirty-five  degrees  south  of  the  equator.  The  countriaa 
which  stretch  from  thence  to  the  southern  boundary  of 
America,  the  great  empire  of  Peru,  and  the  intariof 
atale  of  the  extenaive  dominiona  subject  to  the  aovo- 
reigns  of  Mexico,  were  atill  undiscovered. 

When  we  contemplate  the  New  World,  the  first  cir- 
cumataiice  that  atrikes  us  is  its  immense  extent.  It 
was  not  a  small  portion  of  the  earth,  ao  inconaiderabla 
that  it  might  have  escaped  the  ubservatinn  or  research 
of  former  agea,  which  Columbua  diacovr.red.  Ha  mad* 
known  t  new  hemisphere,  larger  than  aithat  Eua|il^ 


Ml  itieefMAit 
)  iri*da  in  Iht 
Yuettan  WM 
III  |Hitt  of  Um 

uloiirtwn  lh«y 
I'll  lllllllll  tluiig 

Ant  tuwud* 
I  til  iho  coun- 

10  ho  no  Imi 
viriilo  r'lchad 
»•  DO  far  ht- 
iinediitnly  dct- 
ihii  imporunl 
productioiii  af 
I  \>y  his  nimiMH 
hurity  u  might 
)•  conquMl  of 
hit  mnungar, 
ho  wu  bocom* 
lived  no  Iodrot 
1  luch  t  powor- 
in  cntcrpriM  of 

uqnoa  wii  now 
Bt  moment  thin 
id,  ind  led  them 
compared  with 
ly  were  hitherto 
y  civiliied ;  it  ii 
I  the  hiitorv  ol 
which  wo  hkv* 
r  or  the  ttata  of 
end  to  coiilum' 
jde  uncultiveted 
:  with  which  tlM 
L 


ml  of  the  minntn 
nntf— Vul  «ten< 
;tiinUtovl«w— itt 
rablo  tucuinmeive 
ruuiof  of  tUii— im- 
Hioll— Imiiiiry  liow 
ei— what  apMan 
u(  the  Americant 
ipioil,  In  Iho  >lale 
iidvlilieil  trlWi— 
111  cantea  oftbla^ 
bodily  cansUtuiion 
auallliva  of  Ihait 
■helrnilltlciliUM 
ir  and  public  mcu> 
Jure  acqeiUnwd— 
•—VIII.  Such  aln; 
Ireductble  to  any  ol 
IdeiUmalcofUMlf 

-I  Colnmbna  had 
te  New  Wora 
[made  urctt  pro- 
1     They  had  ri- 
Iflbrent  duijtert 
Dwa  in  between 
aailedalonitho 
1  the  river  iJe  la 
|r,  and  had  found 
Jirough  thia  net 
Iverod  the  great 
lroa|iecla  in  that 
lowledse  of  tho 
nerve  the  conll- 
|on ;  and  thouah 
sr  towards  tno 
irta  which  they 
Jie  motives  and 
[her  part  of  thie 
'America  from 
jind  the  Porto- 
Ihr  East  Indies, 
|nd  viewed  ih* 
I  have  chasm 
IWorld,  iu  ex- 
eitremity  !• 
The  countriee 
|rn  boundary  ol 
id  the  interiot 
bt  to  the  sovo- 

d,  the  first  cii>- 
fcu  extent.  It 
linconsiderablo 
pn  or  research 
ed.  Ha  nuda 
kitbai  Emof*^ 


ROUTII   AMF.niOA. 


•r  All*.  W  AlHea,  the  three  nolcil  divisions  of  Ihe  sii- 
•laal  eontinent,  and  not  much  inferior  in  dimensions  to 
•  third  part  of  Ihe  habitable  ulolie. 

America  is  remsriishle,  not  only  for  its  msgnitiide, 
but  (at  its  [million.     It  stretches  from  the   nortlirrn 

tolsr  circle  to  a  lu^h  southtini  Ulttudo,  obovu  lirtrrii 
unilrod  miles  Iwyund  Iho  fiirtlii'st  I'xireiiiity  iif  Ihn  ulil 
continent  on  that  aide  of  Ihe  line.  A  coiitilry  of  siiih 
M'«nt  passes  through  sll  the  climates  ropuhlo  of  lio- 
coming  Ihu  hahilatlun  of  man,  and  lit  fur  yicliliiiK  lliii 
various  prolucllons  |icciillar  cither  to  llie  teiiiporsto  or 
lo  the  torrid  regions  of  tli«  earth. 

Next  10  Ihe  extent  of  Ihe  New  World,  the  (randeur 
of  Iho  objects  which  it  jircsonts  Iu  view  is  most  apt  lo 
eirike  the  eve  of  an  olncrvcr.  Natiiru  acrms  hora  to 
have  csrried  on  her  upurutions  upon  a  larger  soala  snd 
with  a  bokler  hand,  and  to  have  distinguished  the  foa- 
tuna  of  this  country  by  a  peculiar  magnilicenco.  The 
BMuntiina  in  America  are  much  superior  in  height  lo 
lliosa  in  the  other  divinions  of  the  globe.  Kveii  Iho 
plain  of  Quito,  which  miy  ho  considered  as  Iho  liaso  uf 
the  Andes,  is  elevated  further  abovo  the  sea  than  Iho 
lop  of  Ihe  Pyreneea.  Thia  alupendoua  ridge  of  the 
Andes,  no  leas  remsrkahle  for  extent  than  xlovation, 
riioc  in  dilTerenl  placea  mora  ihsii  ono-lhird  aliove  iho 
Peak  of  Tcncriflo,  Ihe  hlKhcsl  land  in  tho  ancient  ho- 
misphere.  The  Andea  may  Ulorslly  be  aald  lo  hide  Ihclr 
tMua  in  Ihe  clouda ;  the  storms  often  roll,  snd  the  thun- 
der bursts  below  their  summits,  which,  tlwugh  exposed 
to  the  rays  of  the  sun  ia  tho  centre  of  tho  torrid  sono, 
tie  covered  with  everlsating  snows,  [39] 

From  these  lofty  mountains  dcKond  rivers,  propor- 
lionahly  large,  with  which  the  atreama  in  the  ancient 
e  mtineiit  are  not  to  bo  compared,  either  for  length  of 
course,  or  the  vaat  body  of  water  which  thoy  roll  to- 
warda  Ihe  ocean.  The  Maragnon,  Ihe  Orinoco,  the 
Plata  in  Soul'\  America,  tho  Mississippi  and  St.  I<au- 
ranco  in  Noril  America,  flow  in  suc'i  spacious  chan- 
nels, that  long  before  they  feel  the  influence  of  the  lido, 
.bey  reaemble  arma  of  the  sea  ratlior  than  rivers  of  fresh 
water.  [30] 

The  lakes  of  the  New  World  are  no  loas  conspicuous 
for  grandeur  than  ila  mountains  and  rivers.  1  nere  ia 
nothing  in  other  parts  of  the  globo  which  resembles  the 
orudlgiuus  chain  of  lakea  in  North  America.  Tliey 
■nay  properly  be  termed  inland  suaa  of  fresh  water ; 
and  even  those  of  the  second  or  third  class  in  magni- 
tude are  of  larger  circuit  (the  Caspaiii  Sea  excepted) 
llian  the  greatest  lake  of  Ih']  ancient  continent. 

Tho  Now  World  ia  of  a  form  extremely  favorable  to 
roinmercial  intrrcourso.  When  a  continent  is  fonncd, 
llkti  Africa,  of  one  vast  solid  niasi,  unbroken  li^  arms 
■if  Ihe  sea  penetrating  into  ita  Inlerlor  parts,  with  few 
1  irge  rivers,  and  Ihoso  at  a  coiisidi>rabla  dlatanco  from 
racn  other,  tho  greater  part  of  it  aeoms  dostincd  to  re- 
main for  ever  uncivilized,  and  lo  bo  duborred  from  any 
active  or  enlarged  communication  with  the  rost  of  man- 
<jnd.  When,  like  Europe,  a  continent  ia  opened  b^ 
Uileta  of  the  ocean  ol  great  ottoni,  such  as  thn  Medi- 
lerrsnea*  and  Ballio ;  or  when,  like  Asia,  ita  coaat  ia 
broken  by  dcrp  fan*  idvanrhig  far  into  the  country, 
auch  aa  the  DIaek  Sea,  the  UulTa  of  Arabia,  of  Persia, 
of  Bengal,  of  Siam,  and  of  Lcotang ;  when  Iho  aur- 
looiiding  aeaa  are  filled  with  largo  and  fertile  islands, 
and  Ihe  continent  itself  watered  with  a  variety  of  navi- 
gable rivers,  those  regions  may  be  said  to  possess  what- 
ever can  faclUtate  Ihe  progreaa  of  their  iiihabilaiita  in 
commerce  and  improvement.  In  all  these  rospccta 
America  may  bear  a  comparison  with  the  other  quartcn 
of  Iho  globe.  The  Gulf  of  Mexico,  whiclktiows  in  be- 
tween North  and  South  America,  may  bo  considered  as 
a  Mediterranean  sea,  which  opens  a  maritime  comincrco 
with  all  the  fertile  countries  by  which  it  is  encircled 
Tho  islands  scattered  in  it  are  inferior  only  to  those  in 
Um  Indian  Archipelago,  in  number,  in  magnitudo,  and 
in  value.  Aa  we  atretch  along  tho  northern  division  of 
the  American  bemiaphere,  Ihe  Day  of  Chcsapcak  prc- 
■enta  a  spacious  inlet,  which  conducls  tho  navigator  far 
into  Ihe  interior  partaof  provincca  no  lose  fertile  tlian 
•itenaive ;  and  if  ever  the  progress  of  culture  and  popu- 
lation ihaU  mitigate  the  extreme  rigor  of  the  climate  in 
Iho  more  northern  diatricis  of  America,  Hudson'a  Uay 
may  become  a*  aubservient  tu  commercial  intercourse 
in  that  quarter  of  the  globe,  as  the  Baltic  is  hi  Europe. 
Th«  other  great  portion  of  the  New  World  is  encom- 
fcaaed  on  every  side  by  the  sea,  except  ono  narrow 
neck  which  separates  the  Atlantic  from  Ihe  Pacific 
Ocean ;  and  though  it  be  not  opened  hy  spacious  bays 
Cr  arma  of  Ihe  sea,  its  interior  parta  are  rendered  ac- 
eciiibio  by  a  number  of  Urge  rivers,  fed  by  ao  many 
Ittxiliary  atreams,  flowing  in  such  various  directions, 
Ibtt  tlmoot  without  any  aid  tma.  the  band  of  indiulry 


and  art,  an  inland  navigation  iiiav  b«i  carried  on  through 
all  tliii  pruvlnrrs  from  the  rivor  Ue  la  I'Ista  to  the  Uulf 
of  Psiit.  Nor  is  Ihis  bounty  of  naturo  ronlinid  Iu  thn 
•outhi  ni  ilivlaioii  of  Aiiioricni  Ita  nortlirni  coniliirni 
nhounils  iiii  less  in  rivers  wliii'h  are  nsvl,'{pl>tu  iiliiio*t  to 
their  Kutih  es,  anil  by  its  iinnionso  chain  uf  liikrs  provi- 
sion Ik  iuiiJo  fur  sn  inland  cuiiiiminiiatuiii,  niuro  eilcii- 
sive  and  luiniiioilious  ilion  in  any  iiusrler  of  the  ginlie. 
Tho  countries  stretching  from  the  (.iiilf  uf  liarjen  on 
oiiu  side,  to  tlint  of  ( 'uliroriiiu  on  tlie  other,  which  form 
tho  clulii  that  hlniU  iho  two  parts  of  the  Anirncan  con- 
tinent logetlier,  sru  not  donlitiitu  of  [HTuliar  sdvantages 
Their  coast  on  ono  aldo  is  washed  by  Ihu  Atlantic 
Ucean,  on  Ihe  other  by  Ihe  Paclllu.  >'4onia  of  their 
rivers  flow  inlo  tho  former,  some  Into  tno  latter,  snd 
secure  lo  them  all  tlio  coininercial  beiielils  that  may 
result  from  a  commiinlcatluii  wllh  lioth. 

Uul  what  most  distinguishes  Amorica  from  ol*"" 
parta  of  tho  earth  ia  Ihe  |ieculiar  lem|i«ralure  of  i>  >  cli- 
mate, and  lh«  dlflvrcnt  laws  to  which  it  is  sublcrt  with 
ri'S|iect  to  the  distrlbullon  of  heat  ond  cold.  V  c  can- 
not deterinino  with  prccliiion  the  portion  uf  hcs  fell  in 
any  part  uf  Ihe  globe,  merely  by  measuring  its  distance 
from  the  equator.  The  climalo  of  a  country  is  sl.'bcted, 
in  some  degree,  by  iXf  olevstion  sliovo  tho  sen,  liy  tl;<^ 
eiloiit  of  coiiilnent,  by  Iho  nature  of  the  soil,  Ihe  liuiglii 
of  adjacent  mountains,  and  many  other  cinumslancoii. 
Tho  influence  of  those,  however,  is  from  \arious  causes 
less  considerable  in  tho  greater  pari  of  '.!in  ancient  con- 
tinent ;  and  from  knowing  tlirj  position  of  any  country 
there,  we  can  pronounce  wiih  greater  certainty  what 
will  be  Iho  warmth  of  its  cliinito,  and  Ihu  nature  of  its 
productions. 

The  maxims  which  am  founded  upon  ohservtiion  of 
our  hemisphere  will  not  apply  to  the  other.  In  tho 
New  World,  cold  piedomlnntea.  The  rigor  of  the 
frigid  zone  extends  over  half  of  those  regions  which 
should  bo  Icmpurate  by  tlioir  position.  Countries 
where  tho  gnipo  and  Iho  fig  should  ripen,  are  buried 
under  snow  ono  half  of  tho  year ;  snd  lands  situslrd 
in  tho  same  parallel  with  tho  most  fertile  and  host  cul- 
tivated provinces  in  Europe,  ore  chilled  with  perpetual 
frosts,  which  almost  destroy  Ihe  power  of  vegetation, 
[nO]  As  wo  advance  to  those  parts  of  America  which 
lio  in  tlie  same  parallel  with  provinces  of  Asia  and 
.^frica,  blessed  with  a  uniform  onjoympnt  of  auch  gonial 
warmlh  as  is  most  friendly  to  lifo  and  vngelalion,  the 
dominion  of  cold  continues  lo  he  fell,  ond  winter  reigns, 
though  during  u  short  |ieriod,  with  cxlreme  severity. 
If  we  proceed  along  tho  American  continent  into  the 
torrid  zone,  wo  shall  find  tho  cold  prevalent  in  tho  New 
World  extending  Itsolf  also  to  Ihis  region  of  the  globe, 
and  mitigating  Ihe  excess  of  its  fervor.  WhiTo  Ihe 
negro  on  Ihe  coast  of  Africa  is  acorched  with  unremit- 
ting heat,  Ihe  inhabitant  uf  Peru  broathea  an  air  equally 
miiil  and  tomprrate,  ond  is  per|)etually  shaded  under  a 
canopy  of  gray  clouds,  which  Inlercopta  tho  fierce  beams 
of  Iho  suii,  without  obstructing  his  friendly  influence. 
Along  tho  caatern  coast  of  Amorica,  the  climato, 
thuupi  more  similar  lo  that  of  the  torrid  lono  iii  other 
parts  of  Iho  earth,  ia  nevertheless  considerably  milder 
than  ill  thngo  cuuntrics  of  Asia  and  Africa  which  lio 
in  the  same  latitude.  If  from  the  southern  tropic  wo 
continue  our  progrosa  to  tho  extremity  of  tho  Ame- 
rican continent,  wo  meet  with  frozen  seas,  and  couD' 
tries  horrid,  barren,  and  scarcely  habitable  for  cold 
much  sooner  than  in  Iho  north. 

Various  causes  combine  m  rendering  the  climate  of 
America  so  extremely  ditferent  from  that  of  the  an- 
cient continent.  Though  the  utmost  extent  of  Ame- 
rica towards  tho  north  be  not  yet  discovered,  we  know 
that  it  advances  much  nearer  to  Iho  pole  than  either 
Europe  or  Asia.  Both  thi^ae  have  large  aeas  lo  the 
north,  which  sro  open  during  part  of  the  year ;  and 
even  when  covered  v  ith  ice,  the  wind  that  blowa  over 
them  is  less  intensely  cold  tlian  that  which  blows  over 
land  in  Iho  same  high  latitudes.  But  in  America  the 
land  stretches  from  tli<)  rivor  St.  Lauronco  towards  tho 
pole,  snd  spreads  ou;  inimenaely  to  the  west.  A  chain 
of  enormous  mountaina  covered  with  anow  and  ice, 
runs  through  all  this  draary  region.  The  wind,  in  paa- 
sing  over  such  an  extent  of  high  and  frozen  land,  be- 
comes so  impregnated  with  cold,  that  it  acquirea  a 
piercing  keenness,  wliich  it  retains  in  its  progress  through 
warmer  climates,  and  it  ia  not  entirely  mitigated  until 
it  reach  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Over  all  the  continent 
of  North  America  a  north-weatorly  wind  and  exces' 
sive  cold  are  synonymous  termx.  Even  in  tho  most 
sultry,  tho  moment  that  the  wind  veers  to  that  quarter, 
ila  penetrating  infliicnco  is  felt  in  a  transition  from  heat 
to  cold  no  less  violent  than  sudden.  To  this  powerful 
cause  we  may  aaccibe  the  extraordinary  dominion  of 


cold,  and  ita  violent  ir.roada  into  iIm  southern  pmn*- 
crs.  III  that  part  of  Ihe  glolie. 

Other  causes,  no  less  reuisrkable,  diminish  tho  aclif* 
power  of  heat  In  those  psris  of  the  Ainoricsn  ceiilin* 
cnl  which  lie  lietwern  tlie  tropica.  In  all  that  poilia* 
of  tho  globe,  the  wind  blows  m  an  invariable  dirvctiot 
from  eaal  lo  west.  As  Ihis  wind  holds  its  coiiraa 
across  the  ancient  conilnont,  it  anivea  at  Ihe  eounmec 
which  alrelch  along  the  wrslern  shoios  of  Africa,  iif 
llainud  with  si!  tho  liery  particles  which  it  hsd  col- 
leclrd  from  tho  sultry  |ilains  uf  Asia,  and  Ihe  burning 
•snds  in  the  Afrlcsn  deserts  Tlio  coast  of  Africa  ia, 
acconlingly  iho  region  of  tho  earth  which  feels  the  moat 
fervent  heat,  and  is  exposed  lo  Ihe  unmiligaird  ardor  of  lh« 
torrid  xono.  Uul  thia  same  wind,  which  brings  such 
an  secession  of  warinti,  '.i  the  other  eounlrioa  lying 
Itetwoen  Iho  river  of  Senegal  and  Cafraria,  Iravarta* 
Ihe  Atlanlio  Ocean  before  it  reaehea  Iho  American 
shore.  It  is  cooled  in  its  paaaage  over  this  vaal  body 
of  water,  and  ia  ftilt  as  a  refreshing  gala  along  lhi> 
coaat  of  Brazil,  [31]  and  Quiana,  rendering  Ihaao 
countriea,  though  among  the  warmeal  in  America, 
temperate,  when  compared  with  thoae  which  lio  op- 
jiosiln  to  them  in  Africa.  [33]  Aa  Ihis  wind  advamiea 
in  ita  courae  across  America,  it  meets  with  immenso 
iiiuins  covered  with  impenetrable  foraata,  or  occupied 
liy  lurt/e  rivers,  marshes,  snd  stagnating  waters,  wnera 
it  can  recover  no  considersble  dograe  of  hast.  At 
length  it  arrives  at  the  Andea,  which  run  from  north  M 
south  through  the  whole  continent.  In  paasing  over 
their  elevated  and  frozen  aummita,  it  ia  to  thoroughly 
cooled,  that  the  greater  part  of  Ihe  countriea  beyond 
them  hardly  fed  uie  ardor  to  which  they  aeem  eiposad 
by  their  situation.  In  the  other  provinces  of  Amariei, 
from  Tiorre  Forme  woslwsrd  to  the  Mexican  ampiia^ 
the  heat  of  Ihe  climate  ia  tempered,  in  aoma  plaeai, 
by  Iho  elevation  of  Ihe  land  above  the  aaa,  in  olhara, 
by  their  extraordinary  humidity,  and  in  all,  bytha  anor- 
moua  mountains  scatlorad  over  Ihis  tract.  The  ialanda 
of  America  in  the  torrid  zone  are  either  email  or  moun- 
tuinoua,  and  are  fanned  alternately  by  refreshing  soft 
and  land  breezoa. 

The  cauaea  of  the  axtnrdinary  cold  lowardi  tha 
soiilhom  limits  of  Ainorioa,  and  in  Ihe  aaaa  beyond  it, 
cannot  bo  aacertained  in  a  manner  equally  atliafyiiig. 
It  waa  long  aupposed  that  a  vaat  continent,  dielin- 
ffuished  by  the  name  of  Ttrra  Auttralit  Ineognila, 
Fay  between  Iho  aoulhem  extremity  of  .\merica  and 
Ihe  Antarctic  pole.  The  aame  pnnciplee  which  ac- 
count for  the  extraordinary  degree  of  cold  in  tha 
northern  regions  in  America,  were  employed  in  oidea 
to  explain  that  which  ia  felt  at  Cape  Horn  and  tha  ad- 
jacont  countriea.  The  immense  extent  of  the  aoull^ 
ern  continent,  and  tho  large  rivera  which  it  poured  into 
the  ocean,  were  mentioned  and  admitted  by  philo- 
mophera  aa  causes  sufficient  to  occaaion  the  unuaual 
aensation  of  cold,  and  the  atill  more  uncommon  ap- 
poarancea  of  frozen  aeas  in  that  region  of  Ihe  gloM. 
But  the  imaginary  continent  to  which  auch  influence 
was  ascribed,  having  been  searched  for  in  vain,  and  tha 
space  which  it  was  supposed  lo  occupy  having  been 
found  lo  be  an  open  sea,  new  conjocturea  muat  bo 
formed  with  respect  lo  tho  causes  of  a  temperature  of 
Climato,  so  extremely  dlHeront  from  that  which  we  ex- 
perience in  countriea  removed  at  the  aame  diattnca 
from  the  opposite  pole.  [3i)] 

After  contemplating  those  permanent  and  charteter- 
ialic  qualities  of  tho  American  continent,  which  ariaa 
from  Ihn  peculiarity  of  its  situation,  and  the  disposition 
of  its  parta,  the  next  object  that  merits  attention  ia  ita 
condition  when  first  discovered,  aa  for  aa  that  de- 
pended upon  Ihe  industry  and  operationa  of  man. 
Tho  efTects  of  human  ingenuity  and  labor  are  mora  ex- 
tcnsivo  and  considerable  than  oven  our  own  vanity  ia  apt 
at  firat  to  imagine.  When  we  survey  the  face  of  t&a 
habitable  glolw,  no  email  part  of  that  fertility  and 
beauty  which  we  ascribe  to  the  hand  of  nature,  la  tha 
work  of  man.  His  eflbrts,  when  continued  through  • 
succession  of  ages,  change  Ihe  appearance  and  im- 
prove Ihe  qualities  of  the  earth.  Aa  a  gint  part  of 
the  ancient  continent  hna  long  been  occupied  b^  na- 
tions far  advanced  in  arts  and  industry,  our  eye  la  a^ 
customed  to  view  the  earth  in  that  form  which  it 
assumes  when  rendered  fit  to  be  Ihe  reaidenca  of  a 
numerous  race  of  men,  and  to  tupply  tbem  with 
nouriahment. 

But  in  the  New  World,  the  atala  of  mankind  waa 
rurVr,  and  the  aspect  of  nature  extremely  diAnenl. 
Throughout  all  ita  vaat  regions,  there  were  only  tw* 
monarchies  remarkable  for  extent  of  territory,  or  die* 
tinguiahed  by  aay  progress  in  improvement.  TherestaTi 
this  conlineat  was  possessed  by  aiu»il  indepandeat  lriba% 


m 


lOBIRTtON't  MMTOUV  01^ 


ii . 


Imllutoaf  •rtntmt  ImluMiy,  mil  MilbttatptM*  MMt- 
IMI  Iba  •iKKti  nor  ininnt  lo  mrlionKi  lh«  comlilianof 
itel  fUt  of  Um  twlh  allollwl  10  Ihcni  for  llwir  Inhiuiion. 
'  OMntriM  ocenptMl  hr  mch  propio  wtra  *IiihwI  in  lh« 
MOM  >UM  ••  if  thry  hiul  lirrn  wilhoiil  inhaliiitiila.  Iin- 
imnw  foniMt  coTrmI  •  gratt  (Mrt  of  ihn  tiiiniliivtiiil 
MIth  1  (ml  ■•  tliii  IminI  af  iiiduilnf  hail  not  UiiKhl  llm  ri  vin 
10 run  m*  pio|if r clunniil,  or  ilrtinnl  oir  llio  •U||imliiia 
mter,  nwny  m  Iho  moat  furiilii  |>Uint  w«r«  ovorMowtid 
with  Inumldloni,  or  convertnl  inio  miinhm.  In  th« 
Mulhom  pfovliMM,  wbtr*  Iho  wtrmlh  of  lh«  tun,  the 
■MMMura  of  Iho  cUmalo,  tnd  iho  fcrtilily  of  ihe  Mil, 
•amUno  In  eillin|  forth  tho  rhmi  vigoroui  powon  of 
vopUlioo,  Iho  wMilo  oro  McholifNl  with  it*  rtnk  liiiii- 
ritnoi  ••  M  bo  tInMMt  impordoui,  ami  Iho  aurfaca  of 
Iho  growid  it  kill  from  iho  ayo  uiidvr  a  thick  runriiiK 
■f  dmibo  unt  hnba  oml  wmOa.  In  Ihia  at>te  iil  wild 
iMMiMad  nolHio,  i  groat  pact  of  the  larffn  provincoa  in 
twill  Amofko,  whion  oilond  from  Ihahotlom  of  tho 
Andoo  to  tin  aao,  tfill  roinain.  Tho  Eurotwan  coloniaa 
IWfO  oloofod  and  eullivatiid  a  few  apota  along  the 
OOMI ;  but  tho  original  race  of  inhabitaiita,  ai  riido  and 
laMonI  U  ovor,  Mto  done  nothing  to  0|ien  or  improve 
•  •ooilliy  pootiiwlng  timool  every  advanliKo  of  aitiia- 
llta  ond  euiMto.  Aa  we  advance  towarda  the  north- 
tm  pi»»lllooa  of  America,  nature  conlinura  to  wea' 
lh(  111110  onettlliTalod  aapeel,  and,  in  proportion  ai  the 
li|tr  of  Iho  eliiMlo  increaaea,  appcara  more  doiolalo 
•ad  horrid.  Than  the  foraata,  though  not  encumbered 
wilii  the  tuna  eiuberaneo  of  vegelatlon,  are  of  lin- 
■MMO  tiltnl ;  pndlgiout  mannea  ovcnprnad  Iho 
pitllio,  tnd  Ibw  nurka  appear  of  human  activity  In  any 
alltmpl  lo  ouiliTali  or  embelliah  the  oarth.  No  won- 
doi  tkll  tho  coloniaa  aeni  from  Europe  were  aatoniahed 
tl  ikiir  Crat  tnlianea  into  tho  New  World.  It  ap- 
ptaiod  10  tktin  wiale,  aolilary,  and  uninviting.  When 
Iht  En|Uah  btgan  to  aoltle  in  America,  they  termed 
llw  eouotritt  of  which  they  look  poaaeaiion,  Tht 
WMtmui.  Nothing  but  thoir  eascr  ciiioctation  of 
[  minttof  gold  could  Uve  iiiJuccJ  tlie  tipaniardt 
I  thiougb  tilt  wooda  and  nianhea  of  Amo- 


ritjl  okMO  01  ttrtry  atop,  thoy  obaervcd  the  eilreme 
dilMMro  botwatn  Iht  uneuluvatcd  face  of  natiue,  and 
llMt  whkh  it  tequiroi  under  Ihe  farming  hand  of  in- 
dotiijr  and  tii.  [34] 

Tho  Ithor  tiid  opera  tiona  of  man  not  only  improve 
tnd  tmbtlliah  Ihe  earth,  but  render  it  more  vvholuaome 
■ad  friendly  lo  life.  Wlion  any  retfion  lioa  netgloctcd 
and  dotlitiitt  of  cultivation,  the  air  alagnalea  in  the 
woodo ;  putrid  exhalation*  ariae  from  Iho  watera ;  the 
torftot  of  the  earth,  loaded  with  rank  TCgetatlon,  foela 
not  Iht  purifying  iiiAucnco  of  the  aun  or  of  tin  wind  ; 
Iht  malignity  of  the  diatcmpera  natural  to  tho  climate 
inenttoa,  and  now  inaladiee  no  Icsa  noxiout  aro  en- 
gtndertd.  Accordingly,  all  the  prnvincva  of  America, 
wbtn  fint  diacoverod,  wero  found  to  bo  remarkably 
nnhtalthy.  Thia  the  Spiniarda  experienced  in  every 
tiptdilion  into  tho  Now  World,  whether  deatined  for 
cenquttt  or  lottlemeiil.  Though  by  tho  natural  con- 
tlitatioo  of  Ihnir  bodiea,  their  habitual  temperance,  and 
tho  poittvering  vigor  of  their  minda,  Ihoy  wcra  aa 
moeh  farmtd  at  any  poopit  in  Europe  for  active  aer- 
viet  in  a  lulliy  elimata,  they  felt  aeverely  Ihe  fatal  and 
tnd  pamieioua  qualitie*  of  thoae  uncultivated  rcgiona 
through  which  they  marched,  or  whore  they  endeavored 
lo  phnt  eoloniea.  Oreat  numbera  wero  cut  oH*  by  the 
nniinown  and  violent  diaeaaea  with  which  Ihoy  were 
inCBOttd.  Such  at  aarvivcd  tho  dcatruclivo  ni|;o  of 
Ihoft  mtladioa,  wero  not  exomptod  from  tho  noxinua 
influonet  of  Ihio  cliL-iate.  Thoy  returned  to  Europe, 
aceordins  to  the  deacriplion  of  the  oarl^  Spanish  hit- 
toriana,  feoble,  emaciated,  with  languid  looka,  and 
compltiiofit  of  anch  a  aiekly  yellow  color  aa  indicatetl 
Iht  unwholoaumt  tomparaturo  of  Iho  eountriea  where 
Ibty  had  reaidad. 

Tha  uncultivated  atata  of  the  New  World  aflectod 
not  only  the  temperaturo  of  the  air,  but  the  qualitiea 
of  ila  pioductiona.  The  princiiilo  of  life  aeema  to  have 
bttn  bat  aotivt  and  vigoroua  tnore  than  in  tho  ancient 
eonlintiit.  Notwilhalandinp  Iho  vaat  extent  of  Ame- 
rica, and  tha  variety  of  ita  climatea,  Ihe  dilTcrenl 
■jweitt  of  animal*  peeuliar  hi  it  art  much  fewer  in 
proportion  than  thoae  of  the  other  hemiaphere.  In  tho 
'aianda  there  wore  only  four  kinda  of  quadrupede 
known,  the  largeat  of  which  did  not  exceed  tho  aizo  of 
a  rabbit.  On  the  continent,  the  variety  wa*  groaler ; 
and  thousfa  the  individual*  of  each  kind  could  not  fail 
9f  muhiiNying  exceoilingly  when  almoat  unmoleatcd 
by  man,  who  were  neither  ao  numeiou*,  nor  *o  united 
k  toeialjr,  at  to  be  formidable  enomie*  to  the  animal 
attlion,  tho  numbei  of  dialiiict  inocic*  mu*t  atill  be 
MMUtrcd  aa  oxlniceljr  nnall.    Or  iwoahundred  dif- 


ftiant  kind*  of  animala  apread  over  the  fac*  of  Iho 
earth,  only  abntit  niie-thiril  laiiicd  in  .\iiicrica  at  tha 
lime  of  ita  diacoverv.  Nature  waa  iini  oiiiv  lea*  pro- 
liAr  in  the  New  ^\  orld,  hut  ahe  appcara  fikrwiae  to 
have  been  Icaa  viKiiniiia  in  her  |ij<i[|iirtioiia.  The 
•niniala  uriKinilly  iHlonumK  lo  thia  qiiaricr  of  llio 
tflotm  ap|M'ar  lo  he  ul  uri  mrcrior  race,  neither  ao  mbiiat 
nor  ao  lirrco  aa  Ihn^n  uf  the  other  runlinoiil  America 
tflvea  birth  In  no  crratiirr  ul  aiich  bulk  a*  to  !ie  coni- 
|i*rrd  with  the  elephiiit  or  rhinoceroa,  or  that  av|uala 
the  lion  ami  ti^cr  in  airentflh  and  ferm'itv.  [!)A]  The 
Tiipyrot  Draail,  Ihe  larueat  ipiadru|H'd  of  the  raveiioua 
Irilw  in  tha  New  World,  ia  not  laruer  than  a  calf  of 
ail  montha  old.  The  I'uma  and  ./ii^'ixir,  ita  liereoal 
liraat*  of  prey,  which  |jiro|iean*  have  iiiacciiralely 
denominated  liona  and  tiKera,  poaaea*  neither  lli* 
iiiMlaiinled  conraKn  nf  the  former,  nor  tho  ravenou* 
cruelty  of  tho  latter,  They  are  inactive  ami  timid, 
harOly  formidable  to  man,  and  often  turn  their  backa 
u|ion  the  leaal  ap|ieanince  of  reatatance.  Tho  aaine 
ipialitiea  in  Iho  climate  of  America  which  atinted  the 

Krowth,  and  enfeebled  the  apirit,  of  ita  native  aiiiniala, 
ave  proved  |M'rnicioiia  tu  auch  aa  have  miiiraled  into 
It  voluntarily  from  the  other  continent,  or  nave  been 
tranaportod  thither  by  tho  Euro|ieana.  Tho  boara,  the 
wolvea,  the  deer  of  America,  aro  not  equal  in  aiie  to 
tnuav  of  the  OhI  World.  Moat  of  the  domeatic  ani- 
mal*, with  which  the  Euranean*  have  atored  the  pro- 
vince* wherein  they  aetlleu,  have  degenerated  with 
re«|iccl  either  to  bulk  or  quality,  in  a  cuuiitrv  whoae 
tcin|ieraturfl  and  aoil  aoeni  lo  Ihi  le*a  favorable  to  the 
atrength  and  peifrction  of  Ihe  animal  creation.  [SHI] 

The  aamo  caiiaea  which  checked  tiie  growth  and  the 
vigor  of  tho  more  niilile  animalt,  were  friendly  to 
the  propaftatinn  and  inrreaaa  tl  rtplil'ia  and  iiiaect^. 
Tholl^h  thia  ia  not  |ieculiar  lo  Iht  New  World,  and 
thoae  odioiia  tribva,  nouriahcd  ir  heal,  moialure,  and 
corruption,  infeat  every  part  of  Iho  torrid  zone  ;  they 
multiply  faater,  perhapa,  in  America,  and  ijrow  lo  a 
more  monatrou*  hulk.  A*  thi*  country  i*  on  the 
whole  le**  cultivated  and  loaa  peopled  than  Iho  oilier 
qiiarlera  of  Ihe  oarth,  tho  active  principle  of  life  waatea 
ila  force  in  producliona  of  thi*  inferior  form.  Tho  air 
i*  often  darkened  with  clouda  of  inaecta,  and  tho 
ground  covered  with  ahockina  and  noiion*  reptile*, 
llie  country  around  Porto  Dello  awanna  with  toada  in 
auch  multitudea  aa  hide  tho  aiirface  of  Iho  earth.  At 
(Juavaquil,  anake*  and  vipera  are  hardly  leaa  numeroiia. 
Carthagena  i*  infcat^d  with  niiineroua  flock*  of  bat*, 
which  annoy  not  only  tho  cattle  but  tho  inhabitant*. 
In  Ihe  idanda,  legiona  of  ante  have  at  dlfTeront  tiinea 
conaumod  every  vegetable  production,  [87]  and  left 
tho  earth  entirely  bare  aa  if  it  hid  boen  burned  with 
lire.  The  damn  foreal*  and  isnk  soil  of  the  eountriea 
on  the  bank*  oi  tho  (Orinoco  and  .Maragnon  teem  with 
almoat  every  offenaivo  and  poiaonoua  croaluro  which 
Ihe  power  of  a  sultry  sun  can  quicken  into  life. 

lot  birda  of  tho  New  World  are  not  distinguiahod 
by  qualitiea  ao  conapicuoua  and  characlcristical  aa 
those  which  we  have  obaervcd  in  ita  quadnipcds. 
Bird*  are  more  independent  of  man,  and  less  allecled 
by  the  changea  which  hia  industry  and  labor  make 
upon  the  atalo  of  Iho  earth.  They  hata  a  greater 
propensity  lo  migrato  from  one  country  to  another, 
and  can  gratify  this  instinct  of  thoir  nature  without 
dillicully  or  danger.  Hence  tho  numbnr  of  biida  com- 
mon to  both  conlinenta  ia  much  greater  than  that  of 
qiiadru|ieds  ;  and  oven  such  as  arc  (leculior  to  America 
nearly  reseinblo  those  with  which  mankind  were  ac- 
quainted ill  similar  regions  of  tho  ancient  hemisphere. 
The  American  birda  of  tho  torrid  tone,  like  those  of 
the  same  climate  in  Aai*  and  Africa,  are  docked  in 
plumage  which  dazzica  the  cyo  with  tho  beauty  of  its 
colors ;  but  nature,  satisfied  with  clothing  them  in  this 
gay  dress,  has  denied  moat  of  them  that  melody  of 
aound  and  variety  of  nutoa  which  catch  and  delight  the 
ear.  The  birda  of  the  temperate  climatea  there,  in  the 
aamo  manner  aa  in  our  continent,  aro  less  splendid  in 
thoir  appearance ;  but,  in  coinpeiiaation  for  that  defect, 
thoy  have  voices  of  greater  compass,  and  more  melo- 
dious. In  aomo  diatrict*  of  America,  the  unwhole- 
some temperature  of  the  air  aeoma  lo  bo  unfavorable 
even  to  this  part  of  the  creation.  Tlie  number  of  birds 
is  less  than  in  other  countries,  and  the  traveller  is 
struck  with  the  amazing  solitude  and  silence  of  ila 
forest*.  It  it  remarkable,  however,  that  America, 
where  the  quadruped*  aro  ao  dwarfish  and  dastardly, 
thould  produce  the  Candor  which  is  entitled  to  pre- 
eminence over  all  the  dying  tribe,  in  bulk,  in  atrength, 
and  in  courage. 

The  soil  in  a  continent  so  extensive  as  America, 
nutl,  of  couiio,  be  extremely  variou*.    lu  etth  of  its 


provinrsa  we  find  aonm  niaiinguialiing  ptea 
Iho  ill  Biription  ol  which  iHlunKa  lu  ihoae  whn  wrilt  t 
particular  hiaiorv.  In  ueiisral  w*  may  obttrra,  Ikal 
the  moisture  ami  cold,  wTiiciipieilninina.naoremarillMv 
in  all  purls  uf  America,  must  have  great  inlluanro 
u|Hin  Ihe  iiaiiire  iil  lis  luil ;  coiiiilrjea  lying  in  Iht  atino 
parallel  with  hoae  regions  whi.'h  never  feel  iht  t(* 
Ireiiie  rigor  of  winter  in  the  aiuienl  conlineni,  aro 
frozen  over  in  America  diiiinu  a  great  pari  of  llw  year. 
Chilled  by  thia  intcnao  euld,  tne  ground  never  aequirta 
warmth  aufllcirnt  to  ripen  tho  fruit*  which  *rt  found  ia 
Iht  corre*pondiiig  |wrl*  ol  the  other  continent.  II  wo 
with  to  rtar  in  Ainorica  iho  iiroductione  which  ttacund 
in  any  particular  diatricl  uf  the  ancient  world,  wt  mual 
advinet  aovural  degreoa  nearer  to  tho  lint  than  in  tha 
other  hemiaphere,  aa  it  requirea  auch  an  awieata  of 
heat  to  counterbalance  the  natural  frig  dily  of  tho  toil 
and  climate.  [38]  At  the  Tape  of  Uood  Ii0|it,  atvo- 
ral  of  tho  planta  ami  friiil*  peculiar  to  Ih*  counlrito 
within  Iho  tropica  are  cultivated  with  aucc*** ;  whtrtaa, 
at  Ml.  Augiiatino  in  Klorida,  and  Charlta  Town  ia 
Mouth  Carolina,  though  conaiderably  nttrtr  tho  lino, 
they  cannot  lie  brought  to  thrive  with  equal  ctllainljr, 
[3U]  llul,  if  allowance  be  made  for  thia  divtraity  in 
tho  degree  of  heal,  the  aoil  of  .\inerica  ia  naturtUy-aa 
rich  and  fertile  aa  in  any  part  of  tho  earth.  A*  Iho 
coimliy  wa*  Ihinlv  inhabited,  ami  by  a  peopio  of  liltio 
industry,  who  hail  none  of  tho  domeatic  animalt  which 
civiliitu  nation*  rear  in  auch  vaat  numbtra,  Iht  earth 
waa  not  eahauated  by  their  conaumplion.  Tht  vegt- 
table  producliona,  to  which  the  fertility  of  Iht  toil  gavo 
birth,  ulten  remained  untouchnl,  and,  being  aulTeiM  lo 
corrupt  on  it*  *urf*ce,  returned  with  iiwteaea  into  ila 
lioaoin.  A*  tree*  and  planta  derive  a  great  part  ol 
their  noiiriahraent  from  air  and  water )  if  llity  wert  not 
deatroyed  by  man  and  other  animala,  Ihty  would  ren- 
der to  the  larth  more,  perhap*,  than  ihey  take  from  it, 
and  feed  rather  than  impoveri*li  it.  lliu*  tha  unoccu- 
pied aoil  of  America,  may  have  gone  on  anriehing  io) 
many  agea.  The  vaat  number  aa  well  at  tnormout 
aizo  of  the  Ireea  in  America,  indicate  tha  tilitonlinary 
vigor  of  the  aod  in  ita  native  aUta.  Whtn  tht  Eun^ 
poana  lirat  ticgan  to  cultivate  Ihe  New  WorU,  Ihey  wero 
aatoniahed  at  tlie  luxuriant  power  of  vegetation  in  ita 
virgin  mould ;  and  in  several  placet  tha  ingenuity  of 
Iho  planter  ia  atill  employed  Jiininiahing  and  waatinf 
it*  *uperHuou*  fertility,  in  oi..rr  lo  bring  it  down  U  a 
*lato  fit  for  profitable  culture.  [40] 

Having  thua  aurveyed  tho  atale  of  tha  New  World 
at  the  time  of  ita  diacovery,  and  considertd  Iho  pecuiiu 
features  and  qualitiea  which  distinguish  and  ehluacl*^ 
ize  it,  the  next  inquiry  that  merit*  allenlion  ia,  How 
was  America  peopled!  Uy  what  couraa  did  mankind 
migrate  from  the  one  continent  lo  Ihe  oilier  1  Ami  in 
wh*l  quarter  is  it  most  probable  that  a  communication 
wat  opened  between  them  I 

We  know  with  infallible  certainty  that  all  Ihe  human 
race  spring  from  Iho  same  source,  and  that  tht  doactnd- 
ante  of  one  man,  under  tho  protection,  a*  well  aa  in 
obedience  to  the  command  of  Heaven,  multiplied  and 
replenished  tho  earth,  liul  neither  tha  tnnala  nor  Iha 
Iraditiona  of  nations  reach  back  lu  those  remote  ago*,  in 
which  they  took  possession  of  the  dilTerent  countries 
where  Ihey  aro  now  settled.  We  cannot  tract  tha 
branches  of  this  first  family,  or  point  out  with  cerlaintr 
the  time  and  manner  in  which  Iney  divided  and  spread 
over  tho  face  of  the  globe.  Even  among  Ihe  m«i*t  en- 
lightened people,  Ihe  |ieriod  of  authentic  hietory  i*  ex- 
tremely short ;  and  every  thing  prior  to  that  i*  fabu- 
lous or  obscure.  It  is  not  aurpriaing,  then,  that  Iha 
unlettered  inhabitants  of  America,  WM  have  no  soliei- 
ludo  about  futurity,  and  little  curiueily  concerning  wiitt 
is  passed,  ahould  be  altogether  unacquainted  with 
their  own  original.  The  people  on  the  two  oppoaita 
coasts  of  America,  who  occupy  those  eountriea  in  Am^ 
rica  which  approach  nearut  lo  Ihe  ancient  continent  are 
*o  remarkably  rude,  that  it  ia  altogether  vain  tu  aoarch 
among  them  for  auch  information  at  might  diacover  tho 
place  from  whence  Ihey  came,  or  tho  ancettor*  of  »hom 
they  are  deacended.  Whatever  Hght  haa  been  thrown 
on  Ihia  aubject  i*  derived  not  from  tht  native*  of  Aim^ 
rica,  but  from  the  iiiquiaitive  geniu*  of  their  conquerora 

When  the  people  of  Europe  unexpectedly  diecovtml 
a  New  Worlu,  removed  at  a  vaat  uiatance  from  OTeij 
part  of  tho  ancient  continent  which  wat  then  knownt 
and  filled  with  inhabitant*  whoaa  appearatKO  and  nMD> 
ners  differed  remarkably  from  Iha  rest  of  the  human 
apeciea,  the  question  concerning  their  original  beeama 
naturally  an  object  of  curioaity  and  attention.  Um 
theories  and  speculations  of  ingenious  men  with  rttpecl 
to  this  subject,  would  fill  many  volume* ;  but  are  often  to 
wdd  and  chimerical,  that  I  •houU  offer  au  mault  to  IIn 


•OOTR  AMBRIUA. 


onwiMt 

y  oliMrr*,  iImI 
•  «)  rmiiuiitNf 
grnitt  inllu«nr« 
lllg  ill  th*  MIM 
r*r  fotl  th*  M- 
contintnii  M* 
Mti  of  iIm  jfmi. 
i  ii«v«r  Mi|uilM 
iich  •!•  fouiMl  la 
mliiMiil.     11  «• 
■  which  •bcun4 
world,  wt  mud 
liiM  thin  in  Iha 
tn    MWIMM  ol 
I  dity  of  Um  iiil 
Mid  H«|i»,  ••»•■ 
to  th*  coontriM 
cctH ;  whtraui 
;h*rleiTown  ia 
nnrar  th*  Un*, 
t^^\u^  e*lt*intjr. 
thu  diMTMly  la 
t  it  nalunlly'M 
Mrth.    A*  th* 
,  pcofii*  •(  littla 
io  •nimtl*  which 
imbara,  th*  atith 
lion.    Th*  veg*- 
y  of  th*  wil  gav* 
being  •uHciM  la 
iiici**M  into  it* 
•  gr**!  part  ol 
if  tU*y  w«ir«  noi 
,  th*y  would  ran- 
ih«y  t«k*  from  it, 
rhu*  th*  unoccu- 
I  on  onriehing  loi 
ell  u  *norniout 
tha  *ilitaidinafy 
Wh*n  th*  Kuio- 
WorU,ihqrw«ra 
Ycgttation  in  it* 
th*  ingenuity  of 
■King  tiM  waating 
iiig  it  down  ti'  a 

Ih*  New  World 
iertd  the  pecuiiu 
h  and  chiaraclai^ 
[ttention  it,  How 
re*  did  nunkind 
other)  Ami  in 
eommunicalioa 


■adifatandlag  of  my  m  lera,  if  I  alt*mpt*d  *ilh*r  mi- 
aulaly  to  •nMnieral*  •■  to  r'.ula  llieiii.  Nome  have 
ptaaumpluoualy  Imagiiad,  that  thu  tiro|ila  of  Ainirira 
wan  nut  the  olTi|ifin|  of  il<*  •aiiifl  I'lHumon  paniil 
with  th*  real  uf  inankiiKl,  but  that  lliry  foriiKul  *  iriM- 
f*l*  race  of  men,  dia' iiiauiahabio  by  peculiar  fraturei 
In  th*  eonttilntion  of  Inair  iHxliea,  ai  well  ••  in  >h« 
chtraetariilin  qualilien  of  Ihrir  luiiiila  Other'  con- 
Irnd,  that  they  are  iliacKiiilfil  Irom  tuine  rriiinaiit  of 
th*  aniadilufiaii  inliakilania  of  llie  cirtli,  whu  iiirvivril 
the  deluge  which  twii|it  away  the  grealeil  pari  of  the 
human  aiieeiea  in  the  daya  of  Noih ;  and  prepoater- 
iHialy  tuppea*  rud*i  iinciviliiod  Irilwa,  H-attrrrd  over 
tn  unrulliirated  continent,  to  be  the  ino«l  ani-ivnt  rmn 
•f  people  on  the  earth.  I'here  ii  hardly  any  nation 
ftom  tn*  north  to  the  touth  pole,  to  which  aoiiie  anti- 
<|uary,  in  Ih*  eilravigance  of  conjecture,  haa  iiol 
•■onlwd  th*  honor  of  peopling  America.  The  Jewa, 
Um  Canaanitea,  the  I'hiriiiciaiia,  the  (Jarthauiiuana,  iIhi 
Uraaka,  the  Seylhiam,  in  ancient  liiiiea,  am  ■uii|ia«iii 
to  have  aellled  in  lliia  woalern  World.  The  Chineae, 
•h*  8wcdea,  Ih*  Norwegiana,  the  Wvlah,  the  Hpa- 
niard*!  are  aaid  to  have  aenl  colonioa  thither  in  later 
u**,  at  diflmni  perioda  and  on  variuua  occaaionn 
Zaalout  tdtrocalao  aland  forth  to  auD|xirl  the  ree|)t'ctive 
tlaima  of  Ihoa*  peopi* ;  and  Ihougfi  they  real  upon  no 
baiter  foundation  than  the  ciiual  reicinblaiice  of  aoine 
cuatoma,  or  th*  auppoeed  affliiily  between  a  few  worda 
in  Ihoir  difTtNnt  languagea,  much  erudition  and  more 
■Ml  h*v*  b**n  *mployeJ,  to  little  purpone,  in  defence 
of  th*  opiMiail*  tytlamt.  Thoae  reuioni  of  conjedure 
umI  controTOray  belong  not  to  the  hiatorian.  Ilia  ia  ■ 
moc*  limlt*d  province,  conAned  by  wlut  ia  ettabliahed 
by  eertain  oi  highly  probable  evidence.  Ueyond  tliia 
I  ahall  not  venture,  in  oDering  a  few  obaervtlioiu 
which  may  contribute  to  throw  aom*  light  upon  thia 
eiirioi'i  tiid  much  uilated  quaation. 

I.  Thar*  at*  tulbor*  who  hav*  endeavored  by  men 
eonjaetnr*  to  account  for  th*  peoplinji  of  America. 
Som*  hav*  auppoeed  that  it  waa  originally  unilad  to 
Ih*  tneimt  continent,  and  diajoined  from  it  by  the 
•hock  of  in  earthquake,  or  the  inuption  of  ■  deluge, 
Olhen  hav*  imagimd,  that  aome  veaael  beina  foreed 
from  it*  eourao  oy  lb*  violonce  of  a  weaterly  wind, 
■ight  b*  driven  by  accident  towarda  Ih*  American 
mxal,  uid  hav*  given  a  beginning  to  population  in 
that  daaoUt*  conlinenl.  But  with  reipect  Io  ail  thoae 
•yalaia*,  it  i*  in  vain  eithei  to  reaaon  or  inquire,  bo- 
ctoi*  ii  ia  impoaaibi*  to  coma  to  any  decition.  Such 
avaoia  a*  Uwy  auppoa*  are  barely  poaaiblo,  and  may 
tav*  happ*n«d.  Iml  they  ever  did  happen,  we  have 
ao  evidence,  eilh.  '  from  the  clear  tealimony  of  hialory, 
or  from  the  obeeure  intinwtiona  of  tradition. 

3,  Nothing  can  be  more  frivoloua  or  uncaitain  than 
the  attempla  I)  diicover  the  original  of  the  Americana 
merely  by  tracing  the  reiemblance  between  their  man- 
nere  and  thoao  oT  any  particular  people  in  Ik*  ancient 
continent.  If  we  auppoae  two  trihet,  though  placed  in 
th*  moat  ramot*  region*  of  the  globe,  to  Uve  in  a  cli- 
mate nearly  of  the  aame  temperature,  In  be  in  the  same 
atale  of  aociely,  and  to  reaeinble  each  other  in  the  de- 
gree of  their  improvement,  they  mutt  feel  the  aame 
ivania,  and  eiert  the  tame  endeavora  to  tupply  them. 
Th*  aame  objaela  will  allure,  the  aame  pataiona  will 
animal*  Ihia,  and  the  mum  uleaa  and  aentimeiua  will 
ariae  in  their  minda.  The  character  and  occupationa 
of  the  hunter  in  America  mual  be  litte  difl'ereni  from 
thote  of  an  Atiatie  who  depende  for  aubtialonce  on  the 
ehtae.  A  tribe  of  tavagea  on  the  banka  of  the  Danube 
mutt  nearly  rvtemble  one  upon  the  plaina  waabed  by 
the  Miaaiatippi.  Intlead  then  of  preauming  from  thit 
tlinilarity,  that  there  it  an^  affinity  between  them,  we 
(hould  only  conclude  that  the  diapoaitlon  and  manner* 
of  men  are  formed  by  Ihoir  aituation,  and  ariao  from  the 
•tale  of  aociely  in  which  they  live.  The  moment  that 
begina  to  vary,  the  character  of  a  people  mutt  change. 
In  proportion  aa  it  advancoa  in  improvement,  their 
mannera  refine,  their  powora  and  talenta  are  called 
forth.  In  every  port  of  the  earth,  the  progrcsa  of  man 
bath  been  nearly  the  tame ;  and  we  can  trace  him  in 
fall  career  from  the  rude  aiinplicity  of  aavago  life,  until 
ka  altaina  the  industry,  tlie  arta,  and  the  elegance  of 

Ctliahed  aociely.  There  ia  nothing  wonderful,  then, 
I  Ih*  (imililude  between  the  Americana  and  the  bar- 
baroua  nationa  of  our  conlinenl.  Had  Latitau,  liarcia, 
and  many  other  authors  attended  to  this,  they  would 
not  hav*  perplexed  a  aubject,  which  they  protend  to 
illuttrate,  by  their  fruitleaa  endeavora  to  eatablith  an 
affinity  between  varioua  racea  of  people,  in  the  old  and 
crar  eonlinonta,  upon  no  other  evidence  than  auch  a  re- 
■nnblanc*  in  tJieir  manner*  aa  neceaaarily  triaea  from 
Um  amilirity  of  Uwit  cooditM.    There  ate,  it  is  true, 


imong  every  iienple,  aom*  eualoma  which,  at  Ihay  tin 
not  flow  frniii  any  ntiural  want  or  deair*  peculiar  to 
Ihrir  litualioii,  may  he  dimoininalrd  uaagra  of  ubitrary 
inaliluliuii  If  iK'twrrn  l»o  iialiuna  aellled  in  ramot* 
ptiia  of  the  riilh,  a  iHrhcl  agri'emviil  with  raa|i*al  to 
any  of  thrau  ahuuhl  lie  diat'ovrrid,  one  iiiighl  lie  led  to 
aua|M'rt  tlial  they  were  ciiiiiirrlt'il  by  auiiie  ainnity  ll, 
lor  faain|ilf,  t  nation  wire  lixind  in  Aiiirru'a  that  con- 
arcrali'd  llie  aevniilh  day  lu  raliKioua  warahiii  aixl  real, 
we  niiifht  jiially  aiip|>u»o  that  it  had  drnviil  ila  kiiow- 
li'dge  uf  Ihia  uaaue,  vvhirli  la  uf  ailiitrary  inttitution, 
from  the  Jewa.  Sat,  if  it  were  diacoveri'd  llitl  anotliar 
nation  cclclirated  lh<'  Aral  appi-arunce  of  every  new 
iniMin  with  vatraonliiiary  demoiialratiuna  of  joy,  we 
ahoulil  not  he  riilitlril  to  coiiiluilu  lliat  the  oliaervation 
of  thit  monthly  fealival  waa  liurrowrd  fruin  the  Jewa, 
but  ought  to  I'oiiaiili'r  il  merely  aa  the  eipreaaion  of  that 
juy  which  ia  naluril  to  man  on  ihc  riitiirn  of  the  planet 
which  giiidea  aiiil  cheera  liiin  ill  the  higlit.  The  lii- 
atancea  uf  ciiaioiiia,  merely  arbitrary,  cuininon  to  the 
inhtbilanta  of  both  heiniaphrrea,  are,  indeed,  to  few 
tiid  ao  ei|ulM)ctl,  thai  no  iheury  runccrning  the  popu- 
lation of  ilie  New  World  ought  to  bu  founded  u|ioii 
them. 

3.  I'h*  theoriea  which  have  been  formed  wilhrrapect 
to  the  original  of  the  Americana,  from  obtervalioii  of 
their  religious  ritet  and  practices,  are  no  lett  ftnciful 
tiid  doilitulo  of  aolid  fnuiidutjon.  When  the  religioua 
opjiiiont  of  tiiy  |H'ople  are  iivitlicr  the  reault  of  rational 
iiii|uiry,  nor  derived  from  the  iiiatrucliona  of  revelation, 
they  mutt  needs  be  wild  end  eilrsvsganl.  Barbtroua 
nations  are  incapable  of  the  former,  and  have  not  been 
hlcaacd  with  the  advanla|;ea  ariaiiiK  from  the  latter. 
Still,  however,  the  huinuii  mind,  even  where  ita  iipera- 
linns  a|>|)ear  moat  wild  and  capricious,  holds  a  coiirae 
so  regular,  that  in  every  age  and  country  the  dominion 
of  particular  paaaiona  will  be  attended  with  similar  ef- 
fects. The  savage  of  Europe  or  America,  when  filled 
with  superstitious  dread  of  invisible  beings,  or  with  in- 
quiaitivo  solicitude  to  penetrate  into  the  evenia  of  fu- 
turity, trembles  abke  with  fear,  or  glowa  with  impa- 
tience. He  has  recourse  to  rites  and  practices  of  the 
same  kind,  in  orilcr  to  avert  the  vengeance  which  ha 
Buppoaoa  to  be  iinp<!iidin<i  over  him,  or  to  divine  the 
aecrct  which  ia  the  olijcct  of  his  curionity.  Accordingly, 
the  ritual  of  aupcralllion  in  one  continent  seems,  in 
many  particulars,  to  bo  a  transcript  of  that  ealablithed 
in  the  other,  and  lioth  authorize  aimilar  institutions, 
sometimes  so  frivolous  a^  to  oxcito  pity,  sometimes  so 
bloody  and  barbarous  as  to  create  horror.  Uut  without 
supposing  any  consanguinity  between  auch  distant  na- 
tions, or  imagining  that  their  religious  ceremonies  were 
convoyed  by  tradition  from  the  one  to  the  other,  we 
may  aacrilio  this  unil'ornilty,  which  in  many  instances 
seems  very  amazing,  to  the  natural  operation  of  super- 
stition and  enlbuaiaam  upon  the  woakneaa  of  the  human 
mind. 

4.  We  may  lay  it  down  aa  a  certain  principle  in  this 
inquiry,  that  America  was  not  peoiilod  by  uiiy  nation 
of  the  ant:iont  continent  w^^ich  had  made  considerable 
nrogress  in  civilization.  The  inhabitania  of  the  Now 
World  were  in  a  atate  of  society  so  extremely  rude  aa 
to  be  unacquainted  with  thoae  art*  which  are  the  first 
essays  of  human  ingenuity  in  its  advance  towards  im- 
provement. Even  the  most  cultivated  nations  of  Ame- 
rica wore  strangers  to  many  of  those  simple  inventions 
which  were  almost  coeval  with  society  in  other  parts  of 
the  world,  and  were  known  in  the  earliest  periods  of 
civil  life  with  which  wo  have  any  acquaiutance.  From 
this  il  ia  manifeat,  that  the  tribes  which  originally  mi- 
grated to  America,  came  otT  from  nations  which  must 
have  been  no  less  barbarous  than  their  posterity,  at  the 
time  when  they  were  first  discovcrod  by  the  Europeans. 
Fur,  although  the  elegant  or  refined  arts  mny  decline  or 
perish,  amidst  the  violent  shocks  of  those  revolutions 
and  disaston  to  which  nations  are  exposed,  the  neces- 
sary arts  of  life,  when  once  thoy  have  been  introduceil 
among  any  people,  are  never  lost.  None  of  the  vicis- 
situdes ill  human  affuirs  alfcct  these,  and  they  continue 
to  be  practised  as  long  as  the  raco  of  men  exists.  If 
ever  the  use  of  iron  had  been  known  to  the  savages  of 
America,  or  to  their  progenitors  ;  if  ever  they  had  em- 
ployed a  plough,  a  loom,  or  a  forge,  the  utility  of  those 
inventions  would  have  preserved  them,  and  il  is  impos- 
sible that  they  should  have  been  abandoned  or  forgotten. 
We  may  conclude,  then,  that  the  Americans  sprung 
from  some  people,  who  were  themselves  in  such  an 
early  and  unimpiovcd  stage  of  society,  as  to  be  unac- 
quainted with  all  lliose  necessary  arts,  which  continued 
to  be  unknown  among  their  posterity  when  first  visited 
by  the  Spaniard*. 

5.  Il  appeara  no  loss  ovidrnt  that  America  was  iiot 


iwonlwl  by  any  ealony  (h)m  Ik*  mar*  aoalham  uMnMi 
of  llw  ancient  contimml.  Non*  of  th*  lud*  Irib**  aM> 
lied  in  Ihsl  part  of  our  h*mitph*r*  can  b*  siippai»4  la 
have  visited  a  country  so  rsmol*.  Th«y  catsiii«< 
neillier  enterprise,  nor  ingsnuily,  nor  power  Uial  eaiiM 
prompt  them  Io  underlsae,  or  enable  Ihem  to  p*rf*l 
such  a  dislrnl  voysg*.  That  the  mors  civihiad  oatl* 
III  Asia  or  .\frics  are  not  the  progaiutors  of  Ih*  Anwil* 
csiis,  IS  msnilosi  not  uiily  fruin  in*  obaarvatijn*  whieb 
1  bav*  already  made  cuncerning  their  ignonne*  ot  Iba 
inoel  Biinpl*  and  iieceaaary  arta,  but  from  an  additional 
cireumataiica.  Whenever  any  people  have  *xp*ri*ne*4 
Ih*  advantagas  which  men  enjoy  by  their  dominion  *v*t 
the  inferior  animala,  they  can  naither  aubaial  wilbuul 
the  nourishmeni  which  thes*  alTord,  nor  earry  on  any 
considerable  operation  independent  of  their  ininiftry 
and  labor.  Accordingly,  the  tirst  car*  of  th*  8p*niuda, 
when  they  settled  m  America,  was  to  stock  it  with  all 
the  domestic  snimala  of  Europe  ;  and  if,  prior  la  Ihaa^ 
the  Tyrisns,  the  Carthaainisiia,  Ih*  Chines*,  or  any 
other  polished  people,  haiT taken  possession  of  that  con- 
tinent, w*  should  have  found  there  the  animala  poculiar 
to  those  regions  of  the  globe  where  they  wera  originalW 
sosled.  In  all  America,  liowever,  Ihert  ia  notonoan^ 
mal,  tarn*  or  wikl,  which  properly  belong*  to  Ih*  warm 
or  oven  th*  mora  temperai*  eountrio*  of  Ih*  •nci*nl 
conlinsni.  Th*  carnal,  th*  dromedary,  th*  hor**,  lb* 
cow,  were  aa  much  unknown  in  America  a*  tha  *!•• 
pluni  or  the  hen.  From  which  it  i*  obvioua,  that  iba 
jieople  who  first  settled  in  tha  weatem  world  did  not 
iBsu*  from  Ih*  countries  where  thoa*  animal*  abound, 
and  where  men,  from  having  been  long  accualomad  to 
their  aid,  would  naturally  conaider  it  not  only  aa  bona- 
ficial,  but  aa  indispensably  neceasar^  to  Ih*  improva* 
moni,  and  even  the  preaervation  of  civil  aociely. 

6.  From  conaidering  the  animala  with  which  Ani» 
rict  ia  atorad,  we  may  conclude  that  th*  n*ar*at  paint 
of  contact  between  th*  old  and  new  continenia  w  la- 
wards  th*  northern  extremity  of  both,  and  that  Ibara 
the  communication  waa  opened,  and  th*  int*reouraa 
catTied  on  between  them.  All  Ih*  *xtenaiv*  eountrir* 
in  America  which  h*  within  th*  tropica,  or  approach 
near  to  them,  are  filled  with  indigenoua  aninudi  of 
varioua  kinds,  entirely  diflerant  from  thoeo  in  Ih*  eor- 
respondi'jg  regions  of  tht  ancient  continent.  But  lb* 
northern  provincea  of  Iho  New  World  abound  wilb 
many  of  th*  wild  animala  which  ar*  common  in  au«L 
parte  of  our  hemisphere  aa  lie  in  a  aimilar  aituation. 
rho  bear,  the  wolf,  the  fox,  th*  hara,  th*  d**r,  tha 
roebuck,  the  elk,  and  aeveral  other  ineeiea,  frequent 
the  foraala  of  North  America,  no  leaa  than  Ihoa*  in  lb* 
north  of  Europe  and  Aaia.  Il  aeema  to  be  evident, 
then,  that  the  two  continent*  approach  each  other  in 
Ibis  quarter,  and  are  either  united,  or  to  nearly 
adjacent  that  these  animala  might  p***  from  Um  ana 
to  the  other. 

7.  Th*  actual  vicinity  of  the  two  eonlinant*  i*  is 
clearly  establiahed  hy  modem  discoveries,  that  tha 
chief  difficulty  with  respect  to  the  peopling  of  America 
ia  removed.  While  thoae  immense  ngions  which 
stretch  eastward  from  the  river  Oby  to  Ih*  s*t  of 
Kamchatka  were  unknown  or  iroperfe-^Uy  *xplor*d, 
the  norlh-eaat  extremities  y '  our  hemispliera  wera 
supposed  Io  be  to  lar  distant  from  any  part  of  tha 
New  World,  that  il  was  not  eaay  to  conceive  bow  any 
communication  ahoiild  have  been  carried  on  belwowi 
Ihem.  But  the  Kuasiana,  having  aubjected  th*  w**t- 
cm  part  of  Siberia  to  their  empire,  gradually  exl*nd*d 
their  knowledge  of  that  vaat  country,  oy  advancing 
towarda  the  ea<t  into  unknown  provuicet.  Tbaaa 
were  discovered  by  hunten  in  their  excutaiona  after 
game,  or  by  aoldiera  employed  in  levying  the  taie* ; 
and  the  court  of  Moacow  ealimaled  the  importance  of 
those  countries,  only  by  the  email  addition  which  they 
mode  to  its  revenue.  At  length  Peter  the  Great 
ascended  the  Russian  throne,  flia  enlightened,  com- 
prehensive mind,  intent  upon  every  cirounutance  that 
could  aggrandize  his  empiro,  or  render  Ilia  reign  illiu- 
trious,  discerned  consoquonces  of  thoso  diaooverie* 
which  had  escaped  the  otiaervation  of  hia  ignorant  pt*' 
docetaors.  He  perceived  that  in  proportion  aa  th* 
regions  of  Asia  extended  towards  the  eaat,  they  muat 
approach  nearer  to  America ;  that  th*  communicatioq 
between  the  two  conlinenta,  which  had  long  been 
searched  for  in  vain,  would  probably  be  found  in  Ihia 
quarter;  and  that  by  openiiig  il.  some  part  of  tha 
wealth  and  commerce  of  the  weatem  world  might  ba 
made  to  flow  into  his  dominions  by  a  new  cbaniMl. 
Such  an  object  auited  a  genius  that  delighted  in  grant 
schemes.  Peter  drew  up  insiruclions  with  hi*  osss 
hand  for  proaociitiiig  thia  deaign,  and  gava  3nia(t  fn 
carrying  it  itiln  execulioii 


m 

•..rcMwrt  iilaiitwl  hw  I<Ih>  iihI  |Mnwil  hi* 

t».  'Dm  orttrrn  wbum  iha  HuMun  roiirt  vrniilayMl 
iM*  trnut  h4il  In  Mruml*  wiin  mi  many  ililll- 
mhl**,  IImI  llMit  proiirrH  wm  vairvinoly  •low  Mil- 
Mun(<Nl  hy  MHii*  faiiil  lr*diliaiii  •moi>||  Ilia  |i<i«|>l*  of 
■iImiw,  cini<'«riiiii||  *  Mirrnafiil  •ay>||«  in  Ih*  yr«l 
MM  ihouMiul  III  niintlr.'l  inii  forly-Kiuhl,  miimlllM 
norlh'Ml  pronioiilory  of  Aii«,  ihoy  •llrin|iii'il  to 
fotlow  ih*  Mnir  roiin*  VsHaU  wrr»  lUttil  oiil,  wilk 
lhi«  «ww.  Hi  iliirtrrni  imict,  front  ili*  rivrra  \*i\*  >im1 
Kolyni* ;  bill  in  •  fruwii  oi-<tn,  which  naliira  loriiia 
not  lo  ha«*  dralinxl  for  navigation,  thojr  war*  ra|iu«ii 
10  many  iliaaalcra,  mtiiImhiI  licHia  alilo  to  arruiii|iliah 
Ihoir  p<ir|ioa«.  Nu  Ta>a«l  Itlird  out  hy  the  Hiiaiian 
cotirt  tirt  iloiihlnl  Ihia  turinidahlii  ('a|Hi  \  [41]  w«  ar* 
laJahtml  for  what  la  known  of  llioao  rilrtiiii*  rruiona 
of  Aaia,  lo  lh«  diMa««ri*a  inada  in  oiciiraioiia  liyla'.J. 
In  all  Ihoaa  pro«inra(  an  o|>inion  prnvaila,  '.hat  Ihcra 
kro  rounlnaa  of  groat  riioni  aiitl  fertility  which  liu  at 
no rnnaiilprahlo  ilialanca  from  ihair  own  coaata  'Ihvaa 
lh»  Kiiaaiaiia  imaninnl  lo  h«  part  iif  America ;  aiHl 
Wft'ral  eirciimaiawaa  Lonoiirrol  not  only  in  luiiflrniiiiK 
thorn  In  thia  Iwlivf,  but  in  pcrauatliiiK  thtiin  that  miiiio 
portion  of  that  continent  rniilil  nol  Im  vitv  rrtiiuiv 
Trooa  of  Tarioua  liintla  unknown  in  lliuao  nakiul  ri'Kuma 
of  Aait,  iit  ilrixn  upon  iho  cuait  by  an  uaalnrly  wiml. 
Bjr  tbo  aaiM  wiml,  floating  ice  ia  brought  thither  in  ■ 
few  lUyai  flighta  of  binia  arrive  annually  from  th* 
•MM  qttutor ;  and  a  tradition  oblaina  among  Iho  in- 
habtlwu,  af  in  ktaraounw  (oraMriy  Mniad  on  wllb 
«■■■  HWlM'H  iitatlad  lo  iha  etal. 

AfUr  weighing  all  theaa  parliculara,  and  comparing 
Um  poeilion  of  tlie  countriea  in  Aaia  which  had  Imivii 
dieeo«erod,  with  auch  parte  in  the  nnnhwpal  of  Aino- 
riea  «•  war*  already  known,  the  Huuiaii  cuurt  foruu'il 
•  plan,  which  would  have  hardly  occurred  In  a  naliuii 
leaa  aceualomed  to  engage  in  arduoja  undortakinga, 
and  10  contend  with  great  dilficultiea.  Ordcra  were 
iaaued  In  build  two  Teaaala  at  the  amall  village  of 
Ochott,  ailualed  on  111*  aea  of  Kamchatka,  In  aaiT  on  a 
voyage  of  diaeovery.  Though  that  dreary  uncullivalcd 
Mgion  furniahed  nothing  that  could  bo  of  uae  in  con- 
elrucling  Ihem,  but  tome  larch  Ireet :  though  not  only 
the  iron,  Iha  cordage,  the  aaila,  and  all  th«  niiniornua 
artiolea  raquiait*  for  their  equipment,  hut  the  provi- 
aioaa  for  victualling  thorn  were  to  bo  carried  ihrouiih 
Ih*  immene*  deeerta  of  Siberia,  down  ritora  of  diHiciill 
iWTigation,  and  along  roada  almoti  impaaaible,  the 
manaata  of  Iha  aovereign,  and  the  peraovorance  of  Iho 
people,  at  laat  aurmountod  every  obatacle.  Two  voa- 
aala  war*  llniahed,  and,  under  the  command  of  the 
Captaina  Dehring  and  Tachirikow,  aailed  from  Kani- 
•haika,  in  quaet  of  the  New  World  in  a  quarter  whcro 
it  haC  never  been  approached.  They  ahaped  their 
eouraa  towarda  the  eaal ;  and  though  a  atorm  aoon 
•eparalad  the  veaaela,  which  never  rejoined,  and  many 
diaaauia  befell  them,  the  expectaliona  from  the  voyage 
war*  not  altogether  frualraled.  Each  of  th*  com- 
mandara  diacoverad  land,  which  to  them  appeared  to 
b*  part  of  the  American  continent ;  and,  according  to 
tbair  obeervation,  it  aeema  to  be  aiiuatcd  within  a  few 
dagreaa  of  the  north-weat  coaat  of  California.  Each 
act  iom*  of  Ilia  people  aahore :  but  in  one  place  the 
fnhabitanla  fled  aa  the  Kuaaiana  approached  ;  in  ano- 
Ihar,  tbay  eanied  off  thoae  who  landed,  and  doatroycd 
tliair  boala.  The  violence  of  the  weather,  and  the  ma- 
iraaa  of  their  crewa,  obliged  both  captaina  to  quit  tliia 
inhoapitable  coaat.  In  tlwir  return  Ihey  touched  at  ae- 
varal  iaianda  which  atrclched  in  a  chain  from  eaat  to 
waat  between  the  country  which  they  had  diacovercd 
and  the  coaat  of  Aaia.  They  had  aome  intercourte 
with  the  nativea,  who  aoemrd  to  Ihem  to  reaembli.  the 
North  Ainerieant.  Thn  preaented  to  the  Kuaaiana 
Ih*  eofiuMf,  or  piiie  of'^  peace,  which  ia  a  aymbol  of 
friwidthip  unireraal  among  the  people  of  North  Ame- 
liea,  and  a  uaag*  of  arbitrary  inatilution  peculiar  to 
Ihem. 

Thoogh  the  iaUnda  of  thia  New  Archipelago  have 
liaen  frequented  aince  that  time  hy  tho  Kuaaian  bun- 
tera,  the  court  of  St.  Peteraburgh,  during  a  period  of 
more  than  forty  year*,  aeema  to  luve  relinquiahed  every 
Ihnught  of  proeecuting  diacoTorie*  in  that  quarter. 
ft-jl  in  Iha  year  one  thouaand  aeven  hundred  and  aixty- 
•ight  it  waa  unexpectedly  reaumed.  Th*  aoveroiin 
wl|a  bail  been  .ately  aeated  on  the  throne  of  Petnr  the 
Oraat,  poeaeaaed  the  geniua  and  talenta  of  her  illuatri- 
ou*  predeceaaor.  Puring  the  operationa  of  the  moit 
aatuoua  and  extenaive  war  in  which  the  Kuaaian  em- 
pire waa  ever  engaged,  abo  formed  achemea  and  exo- 
tnted  nndertakinga,  to  which  more  limited  abilitiea 
would  have  b^en  incapable  of  attending  but  amidat  the 
kiinre  of  pacific  timca.    A  new  voyage  of  discovery 


A^.i 


Rf)nr:KTNnN'H  mihtouy  or 

from  lh«  raalern  eitremily  of  Aaia  waa  plaiinni,  and 
eaplaiii  Kranliiin  and  l.icutenaiil  l^vaaholf  ware  a|>- 
poiiilrd  10  I  oiniiiaiid  Ihv  two  vraai  la  llltrd  uul  lur  Ihal 
purpuae  In  Ihrir  voyage  uiilward  Ihey  held  iit'aily  I'm 
aaine  roura*  wilh  the  former  navigalora,  Ihry  luiirhail 
at  Iha  aain*  lalanda,  iibarrvrd  their  aiiiiatiiin  and  pro- 
dtichona  mnri*  curel'iillv,  and  diicovrnd  arvrrtl  nrw 
lalanda  with  whirli  llrhring  and  'r«<'hirikow  had  iiol 
rulleii  in'  'I'huiigh  tliey  iliil  not  protrrd  >u  far  lu  the 
real  aa  lo  rrviail  ih«  roiinlry  which  llrliriiig  uiid 
Tarhinkuw  aiippoard  lo  he  part  of  Iho  Ainrricaii  cun- 
liiieni,  yrl,  hy  returning  in  a  rorrae  rniiiidxraiil*  in  iha 
north  of  Ihnra,  they  lurrrrird  auiiifl  capital  inialakra I 
inio  which  Ihrir  prrdairaaora  had  rallrii,  and  have  run- ' 
Iribuled  lo  facihlate  tlie  progreaa  of  future  navigalora  in 
thiiae  aeaa    [43| 

'lliua  the  |iuaaihilily  of  a  cmnmiiniralion  hetwrrn 
•he  continvnia  in  lliia  qutrlrr  reata  no  loniirr  upon  inrrr 
con,pclure,  but  ia  oalalih>hrd  hv  uiuluiihli'd  evidanrr 
Some  tnlie,  or  aoiiia  faiiiihca  of  warnlnring  'I'orlura, 
IVoin  the  reallraa  apiril  |ieciiliar  lo  ihcir  raie,  might 
migralo  to  the  nraraal  ialanila,  aiid,  ru4a  aa  their  know- 
le<lgo  of  iiaviguliun  »aa,  niiglil,  by  pataing  Iroiii  our 
lo  thu  other,  rrach  at  li'ii|t>h  llie  cuaal  of  .\iiirrica,  and 

5ive  a  lirginniiig  In  |iuiiiiliilion  in  that  coiitinriil.  The 
lalance  Iwlween  Uie  Marian  or  I.adrane  iaianda  and  iho 
Mareal  laiul  in  Aaia,  i>  grealrr  than  that  between  the 
part  of  America  which  the  l(-aaiaiia  diacovered.  and 
coaal  of  Kamchatka  ;  and  yet  the  iiihaliitanla  of 
ae  itianila  are  manil'etlly  of  Atiutic  extract  If, 
nolwilhalaiidiiig  their  remote  ailiiation,  we  admit  that 
the  Marian  iaianda  were  peopled  from  our  continent, 
dialaiK-r  alunn  ia  no  rcaoon  why  wo  ahniild  heaitato 
alioul  ailiiiiiling  that  tho  Americana  may  derive  their 
uriginal  friim  tliu  tamo  aourco  ll  ia  proiialile  that  fu. 
turn  navigalora  in  ihoae  aeaa,  by  aieerin;{  I'lirlher  to  the 
north,  may  Hnd  that  thu  continent  of  Aincrira  approach- 
ea  Btill  nearer  to  Aaia.  According  to  the  iiifuriiiation 
of  Iho  liarbaroua  people  who  inhabit  iho  country  alioiit 
the  norlh-caal  promontory  of  Aaia,  ihoro  lier,  otf  the 
coaal,  a  amall  lalaiid,  to  which  they  aail  in  loaa  tlian  a 
day.  From  that  they  can  deacry  a  large  continent 
which,  according  to  their  deacriplion,  ia  covered  with 
foreatt,  and  poaaeaaed  by  people  whote  language  they 
do  nol  iinderalaiid.  Hy  th'.  'n  they  are  aupplied  with 
the  akina  of  martens,  an  animal  unknown  in  iho  north- 
cm  parte  of  Siberia,  and  which  ia  mvor  found  but  in 
countriea  abounding  with  trees.  If  we  could  rely  on 
on  thia  account,  wo  might  conclude  that  Iho  American 
continent  ia  arpiratcd  from  oura  only  hy  a  narrow 
atrait,  and  all  the  diflicultiea  with  reaped  to  the  com- 
munication between  thorn  would  vaniah.  What  could 
be  oflercd  only  aa  a  conjecture,  when  thia  history  was 
tirat  puhlithed,  ia  now  known  to  bo  certain.  The  near 
approach  of  the  two  conlinenta  10  each  other,  hoa  been 
diaco'  rred,  and  traced  in  a  voyage  undertaken  upon 
principlea  ao  pure  jndao  liberal,  and  conducted  with  ao 
much  profcaaional  akill,  aa  reflect  luatro  U|ion  the  reign 
of  the  aovereign  by  whom  it  waa  planned,  and  do  honor 
to  the  oliicera  intrusted  with  the  execution  of  it.  (4liJ 
It  ia  likowiae  evident  from  recent  discoveries,  tlut  un 
intercourse  between  our  contiiiint  and  Ameiirs  might 
be  carried  pn  with  co  lea*  facility,  from  tliu  north-west 
extremities  of  Europe.  As  early  ae  tho  ninth  century, 
[A.  U.  830,]  Iha  Norwegiaiia  discovered  (ireenlanil, 
and  planted  colonic*  there.  Tho  communication  with 
that  country  after  a  long  interruption  was  renewed  in 
Iho  last  ceuury.  Soma  Lutheran  and  Moravian  mis- 
sionaries, prompted  by  ical  for  propagating  Iho  Chrit- 
tian  faith,  have  ventured'  to  settle  in  this  froien  snd  un- 
cultivated region.  To  them  we  aro  indebted  for  much 
curious  infonnation  with  respect  lo  its  nature  and  inhalii- 
tanta.  We  learn  that  the  nort:i- weal  coast  of  Urcen- 
land  ia  aeparated  from  Ainerio-  by  a  very  narrow 
alrait ;  that,  at  the  bottom  of  tho  bay,  into  which  thia 
atrait  conducta,  it  ia  highly  probable  that  they  are  uni- 
ted ;  that  the  inhabitanta  of  Iho  two  countriea  have 
•ome  intercourse  with  one  another ;  ihat  the  Esquimaux 
of  America  perfectly  resemble  the  Greenlandera  in  their 
aspect,  dress,  and  mode  of  living ;  that  some  sailors 
who  hod  acquired  the  knowledge  of  a  few  words  in  the 
Greenlandish  language,  reported  that  these  were  un- 
derstood by  the  Esquimaux  ;  that,  at  length  [A.  U 
1764,]  a  Moravian  miasionary,  well  acquainted  with  the 
language  of  Greenland,  having  viaited  the  country  of 
tlie  I!a(|uimaux,  found,  to  his  astonishment,  thit  they 
spoko  the  aame  language  with  the  (Jrecnlandera;  that 
tliey  were  in  every  respect  tho  same  people,  and  he 
waa  accordingly  received  and  entertained  by  them  as  a 
friend  and  a  brother. 

Dy  these  decisivo  facta,  not  only  the  consanguinity 
of  the  Esquimaux  and  Greenlandera  is  eatabliaUed,  but 


the  iKMailulily  tf  Mpllig  Amailea  frwii  Iha  i.aftb  j 
EuruiHi  la  demonawaiail.  If  ilw  Norwegiens,  in  a  hai> 
liarnua  age,  wlian  aeiriir*  had  nut  begun  to  daw*  la 
Ihe  nurili  of  Europe,  poMessed  such  naval  skill  a*  M 
n|irn  a  I'uiiiiniiniiuliun  wiih  draonland,  their aiMoa'ura, 
aa  inui'li  adilicird  tu  roving  bv  sea,  ss  ih*  TaltaiaaM 
lo  wandering  liy  laiul,  might,  at  aome  mot*  Miiioi* 
iwriud,  a,  I'Uiniiliali  tlie  same  voyage,  and  sotli*  a  (olnna 
iheie,  wlioseifi'aceiidan:s  miiilil,  iii  umgreoa  *f  ll«i*in<F 
urate  iiilu  ,\inerica  Hut  if,  inalrau  ol  venturing  lo  sail 
direcily  from  their  own  coaal  lo  (Ireenland,  weauppva* 
that  tlie  .Norweuiaiia  held  a  mora  caulioua  couiae,  aii'l 
advanced  truni  Nlietland  In  ine  Keroe  islands,  and  fko'jl 
iheiii  lu  Iceland,  in  all  which  ihey  had  tilanled  culoniee ) 
their  progress  may  have  lieen  ao  gradual,  Ihat  tliia  na- 
vigation cannot  lie  coiiaiilvred  aa  either  longer  or  nivn 
liasunloiia  than  ibese  voyagea  which  that  hardy  a.ai 
inlerprising race  d  men  la  known  to  have  parforiii'.d ui 
every  age. 

H  Tliouyh  it  be  poaaihte  that  America  may  liava  r*> 
ceivi'd  its  lirsi  inhabilsnls  fruin  our  continent,  either  by 
llie  iiorlli-west  of  Eiiruiie,  iir  the  nurlh-eaal  of  Aaia, 
there  areiiia  lo  lie  guv.l  reaaun  fur  suppjaing  ihat  lit* 
iirugemlurs  of  all  the  American  naliooa  train  Capa 
llornlothe  aoulhern  conllnaa  of  laibrador,  migrated 
from  the  latter  rather  than  Ihe  former.  The  Eaqiiimaux 
are  Ihe  only  |i«ople  in  America,  who  in  their  asueil 
or  character,  liear  any  resemblance  to  th*  northern 
Europeana.  They  are  manifestly  a  race  of  men  dis- 
tinct Irum  sll  the  nstions  of  the  Americsn  continent,  m 
language,  m  diB|iosition,  and  habila  cf  life.  Their  ori- 
ginal, then,  may  warranlably  be  traced  up  lo  that  source 
which  I  have  pointed  out.  Hut  among  all  the  other  in- 
hahilaiila  of  America,  there  ia  auch  a  atriking  aimili* 
tilde  ill  the  form  of  their  boiliea  and  the  qualiliea  ol 
their  minds,  that  noi'vithataiiding  the  diveraitica  m^ca- 
•ioiied  hy  Ihe  iiiAuencea  of  climate,  or  unequal  pro- 
greaa in  improvement,  we  mutt  pronounce  them  lob* 
ilcscendcd  from  one  aource.  There  may  lie  a  variety 
in  Iho  aliades,  but  wo  can  every  where  trace  Ihe  sain* 
original  colour  Each  tribe  haa  aoinething  peculiar 
which  diatinguithea  it,  but  in  all  of  them  we  diacern 
certain  featurea  common  to  Ihe  whole  rare.  It  ia  re- 
markable, that  in  every  peculiarity,  whether  in  their  per- 
Ruiia  or  dispositions,  winch  chsrscterixe  Ihe  Americana, 
Ihey  have  some  resemblance  to  thu  rude  tribes  si'atler- 
ed  over  Ihe  north-eaat  of  Asia,  hut  alinoat  none  lo  tli* 
nuliona  aotlled  in  tho  northern  extremitiea  of  Europe. 
Wo  may,  therefore,  refer  them  to  the  former  origin,  and 
conclude  that  their  Aaiatic  progenitors,  having  settled 
m  tlioao  inrts  of  America  where  the  K  loaiana  have  dis- 
covered the  proximity  of  the  two  rontinenta,  aprcoj 
gradually  over  ita  varioua  regiona.  Thia  account  of  th* 
progreaa  of  population  in  America  coincidea  with  th* 
trauitiona  of  the  Mexicana  concerning  their  own  origin, 
which,  impeifert  aa  they  are,  were  proaerved  with  more 
accuracy,  and  merit  greater  credit,  than  thoM  of  any 
people  in  the  New  World.  According  to  ti.em,  their 
anceatora  came  from  a  remote  country  silusted  to  tho 
norlh-wett  of  Mexico.  The  Mexicana  point  out  their 
varioua  atationa  aa  they  advanced  from  thia  into  Ihe 
interior  provincca,  and  it  ia  preciacly  the  aame  route 
which  Ihey  must  have  held  if  Ihey  had  been  emigranta 
from  Asia.  Tho  Mcxicsns,  in  describing  the  ap|iear- 
aiice  of  Ihrir  progenitors,  their  manners  and  hadita  of 
life  at  that  period,  exactly  delineate  those  of  Ihe  rudr 
Tartars  from  whom  I  aupimae  Ihoin  to  liave  a|irung 

Thiia  have  I  finithed  a  Uiaquiaition  which  liaa  liren 
deemed  of  ao  much  importance  Ihat  it  would  have  licen 
improper  to  omit  it  in  writing  the  hiatory  of  America. 
I  have  ventured  lo  inquire,  but  without  presuming  to 
decide.  Satisfied  with  oflering  conjectures,  I  pretend 
not  to  establish  any  system.  When  an  invealigation 
ia,  from  ita  nati  to,  oo  intricate  and  obscure,  that  il  is 
impoaaible  toai.i'e  at  concluaiona  which  are  certain, 
there  may  be  aome  merit  in  pointing  out  such  aa  are 
probable. 

The  condition  and  character  of  the  American  natiuiia. 
at  Ihe  ime  when  they  became  known  to  the  Europeans, 
deser  t  more  attentive  consideration  than  tho  inquiry 
concerning  their  original.  The  latter  ia  merely  an  ol>- 
joct  of  curiosity ;  th*  former  is  ono  of  the  moat  impor- 
tant as  well  aa  instructive  researchea  which  can  occupy 
the  philosopher  or  historian.  In  order  to  complete 
the  history  of  the  human  mind,  and  attain  to  a  perfect 
knowledge  of  its  nature  and  operations,  we  must  con- 
template man  in  all  thoae  varioua  aituatione  wherein  h* 
haa  been  placed.  We  must  follow  him  in  hie  progreae 
through  thn  diSercnt  atagea  of  society,  as  he  gradually 
odvancea  from  the  infant  atata  of  civil  life  towarda  iM 
maturity  and  declino.  Wo  muat  obaerve  at  each  po- 
riod,  how  the  facultiea  of  hia  understandiDg  unfold ;  wo 


Mit  lb*  i.atlll  m 
l|ian«,  111  •  ))%h 
(uii  lu  (kwa  IM 
i«il  •kiU  M  M 
Ihair  •iKH'wft, 
iht  I'MIMl  (M 

■    IIHin    NtliOl* 

•oiila*  colmK 

l!M  of  itMMl  nir 

•nlunnii  M  wU 
inti,  w*»u|i|itiM 
iiui  rouiit,  1114 
laiiiit,  •nti  ftoia 
•nttd  colonwi  \ 
•I,  Ihal  tliii  n»- 
loiiK*t  or  nran 
tlwl  iMrdjr  •.«! 
••  |Milutiii>.il  la 

!t  nwjr  )><*•  r» 
linant,  tilhai  hy 
h->ut  of  Asia, 
piMing  lh*i  ill* 
uni  iruiii  CiiMi 
rutlor,  miyralinl 
i'h*  i:w)Uiinaui 
in  llwir  ■•iwrl 

0  th«  nortni'tii 
■c«  of  iiirii  ili>- 
in  conlinfiit,  in 
lif*.  Thvii  on- 
ip  to  Ihit  muK» 
til  III*  other  iiH 
•trilling  tiinili- 

th*  quilitic*  of 
]i««rutio*  onci- 
or  uiiwjuil  pro- 
ne* lh«in  to  b* 
luy  b«  •  v*ri(ty 
trie*  the  Mill* 
wthing  peculiu 
Mm  we  diacern 

1  rar*.  It  it  ro> 
llier  in  their  per- 

the  Ainerlcaiit, 

u  tribre  H'atter* 

oat  none  to  tlw 

jitlra  of  Kutope. 

inor  origin,  and 

having  aettini 

laiana  have  dia> 

inenta,  aprcaj 

■rcoiint  of  ih* 

icidca  with  th* 

i«ir  own  origin, 

ved  with  inor* 

than*  of  *n>f 

to  tl.em,  their 

lituated  to  th« 

lilt  out  thoir 

thie  into  the 

le  aurne  route 

len  emigrant* 

ig  the  an|ir:ir- 

and  liabita  of 

of  the  rudr 

^ve  aprung 

ich  liaa  been 

Id  have  ticen 

of  America. 

pmatiming  lo 

e»,  I  pretend 

iiiveatigation 

iro,  that  it  i« 

ar*  t'crtain, 

iuch  aa  arv 

lictn  naliuiia, 

I  Europcana, 

I  tho  inquiry 

fccrcly  an  ol>- 

1  moat  impor- 

I  can  occupy 

Ito  complete 

Tloa  perfect 

|e  muat  con- 

I  wherein  h* 

Ibia  progrea* 

>  graduuUy 

jlowiid*  ila 

Ittaach  po- 


MOUTH  AlftlRIOA. 


J  ill*a4  !•  th*  albrta  tl  Ma  active  power*,  watch 

Ik*  TMioH*  iiMv*in*nla  of  deair*  and  alTai'iion,  aa  thev 
lla*  In  Ua bnaal,  and  mark  whiihrr  iluy  ii'nil,  and  with 
«)llill  •(dot  lh*y  an  aicrt*)!  Th*  pluli»ii|ili*ra  ami  lii>- 
tnfWn*  af  aiMlant  Urarc*  aiul  Kiiiiia,  iiur  Kuidra  ui  thia 
M  w*il  aa  *«*ry  oikef  diai|iiiatlliiii,liad  unly  a  limited  *inw 
*f  ihia  aubjecl,  *«  lliry  M  h'inlly  any  a|>|iorliiiillyof  ai.  '• 
nying  man  in  hia  rudaat  and  ninat  eiiily  alale,  In  all 
Ikaa*  r*gioiw  of  th*  xarih  wiih  whuh  ilii'y  w«ra  will  an- 
^•inlad,  civil  aociatv  liad  iiuiln  ranaidirilil*  atlvannia, 
•lal  nationa  had  flnialMd  a  gowl  part  of  Ihair  rar**r  lie- 
tut  lh*y  began  lo  oliaerva  thnni.  'I'lin  Ntiythiana  and 
OormaiM,  Ih*  rudrat  |i«ipl«  uf  wluiiii  any  ancient  au- 
r  haa  Iranainiilad  lu  iia  an  auilieniin  acciiunt,  |hm- 
i*d  Ihn'ka  and  lierda,  had  ai'ipiirrd  pruiwrty  of  va- 

Mia  kind*,  and,  when  coiii|i*r«d  with  mankind  in  tliair 
priinlliv*  atala,  may  lie  reckoned  to  have  attained  to  a 
gl*al  degrnv  of  civiliiatlon 

Uul  III*  diH:nvery  of  the  New  World  enlarged  tho 
■her*  of  cnnt*in|ilatiun,  and  preacntcd  nationa  lo  our 
new,  in  atagea  of  llieir  proureaa  much  laaa  advanced 
Ikin  thoae  wherein  they  havalieen  obaerved  in  our  con- 
tent. In  America,  man  ap|H<ara  under  the  rudeal 
fenn  ill  which  w*  can  conceive  him  to  aiibaial.  Wo 
Miuld  coininunitiea  jual  beginning  to  unite,  and  may 
oiamiii*  III*  •*nlim*nt*  »an  action*  of  human  beinga 
m  Ih*  inlaiicy  of  ioekU  IKu,  while  they  feci  but  linper- 
Airlly  Ih*  fore*  of  lit  lea,  and  liave  acarcely  rolin- 
fuiaiwd  Ihrir  nittiv*  lilwrty.  That  atatn  of  primeval 
rimplieily,  which  waa  known  in  our  continent  only  by 
Ih*  fanciful  daacriptiun  of  |KMta,  really  oiiated  in  Ih* 
slh*r.  'llw  gr*aler  iiart  of  ila  inhabitanta  were  alran- 
fm  lo  indnatry  and  Llior,  ignorant  of  arta,  iniuerfeclly 
uli)uainted  with  the  nature  uf  properly,  anil  enjoy- 
ing alinoat  without  realrirtion  or  control  tho  bleaainga 
mieh  flowed  apuntaiieoualy  from  the  bounty  of  nature. 
'Ciwr*  wcr*  only  two  nationa  in  Ihia  vaal  coiiiineni 
which  had  emerged  from  Ihia  rude  alate,  and  bad  made 
any  eonaiderabi*  progreaa  in  aciiuiring  the  idraa,  and 
•dopling  th*  inatitutiona,  which  belong  to  (wlialied  ao- 
<l*lica.  llieir  |av*rnmniil  and  mannora  will  fall  na- 
turally under  our  review  in  relating  the  diacnvrry  and 
cnnquoat  of  th*  Mexican  and  Peruvian  ompirua  \  and 
«•  ahalt  have  thare  an  op|iortunity  of  cotiicmpUting 
lb*  Ainarieana  in  the  atatu  of  higheat  iinprovcuienl  to 
ivhich  Ihey  *ver  attained. 

At  praaeni,  our  attention  and  reaearchea  ahall  be 
tntnad  to  Ih*  amall  independent  triboa  which  occupied 
•T*ry  other  pari  of  America.  Among  thuac,  tbougli 
arilh  aome  diveraily  in  their  iharacter,  their  mannora, 
and  inatitutiona,  Ih*  *lal*  of  aociety  waa  nearly  almi- 
ar,  and  ao  eitremoly  rude,  thai  the  denomination  of 
tttagt  may  b*  applied  lo  them  all.  In  a  general  hia- 
lor)  <f  America,  it  would  lie  highly  iinpro|ier  to  deacrilie 
Ih*  eoiidilioii  of  each  petty  community,  or  to  inveati- 
gate  every  minute  circumatance  which  contribiilaa  to 
wrm  th*  character  of  ita  membcra.  Such  an  inquiry 
Wauld  laad  to  delaila  of  immeaaurablo  and  tiroaoinq 
aitenl.  The  qualitiea  belonging  to  the  people  of  all  the 
different  tribea  have  auch  a  near  reaeinblaiice,  that  tlicy 
may  b*  painted  with  the  aaine  foaturea.  Where  any 
eireumatancea  aeom  lo  conatitute  a  diveraily  in  their 
character  and'mannera  worthy  of  attention,  it  will  be 
•ufficiant  lo  point  Iheae  out  aa  they  occur,  and  to  in- 
quire into  the  ccuae  of  auch  peculiaritiea. 

It  ia  extremely  dillicult  to  procure  attiafying  and  au- 
thentic information  concerning  nationa  while  they  re- 
main unciviUied.  To  diacovcr  thoir  true  character  un- 
der thia  rude  form,  and  to  aolect  the  fvaturca  by  which 
they  are  dialinguiahed,  requirea  an  obaervor  poaaoaaod 
of  no  leaa  impartiality  than  diacarnmenl.  For,  in  every 
atag*  of  aociety,  the  faciiltica,  tho  aentimenla,  and  do- 
iirea  of  men  are  ao  accommoda'.cd  to  their  own  atate, 
mat  thev  become  atandarda  of  excellence  to  iheinaelvea, 
they  athx  llio  idea  of  perfection  and  happiiieaa  to  tlioae 
attoininciita  which  ruaemble  their  own,  and,  wlieruvor 
th*  object*  and  cnjoymciita  to  which  they  have  been 
aceuatonicd  are  waiitin;;,  confidently  pronounce  a  peo- 
ole  to  be  barbaroua  and  miacrable.  Hence  tho  mutual 
conteiniit  with  which  the  membert  of  coinmunitlea, 
•nequal  in  their  degree*  of  improvement,  regard  each 
Other.  Poliahod  nationa,  conwioua  of  the  aJvantagca 
whielk  'Jvey  derive  from  their  knowledge  and  arta,  are 
apt  to  view  rude  nationa  with  peculiar  acohi,  and,  in 
In*  pride  of  auperiority,  will  hardly  allow  cither  their 
occ'ipitiona,  their  feelings,  or  their  pleaaurc*,  to  bo 
•vorthr  of  men.  It  haa  aeldom  been  the  lot  of  com- 
Munitie*,  in  their  early  and  unpoliahod  atato,  to  fall 
under  the  obacrvation  of  persona  endowed  with  force 
af  mind  superior  to  vulgar  prejudicea,  and  capable  of 
aoniamplatins  man,  under  whatever  aspect  ho  appoara, 
with  a  caadia  and  diaucining  cyo. 


'Ilir  N|>aniiird*,  who  Oral  vlaiird  Ant*li<*,  and  who 
had  ap|Hirtunily  of  lieholding  Ita  tarioiia  lrlh«*  while 
entire  and  Mniiilaliiid,  and  iH'I'orK  any  chang*  had  twin 
made  In  tliiir  idi"ia  iir  iiiannira  by  iiilerioura*  wilh  a 
rui'o  of  men  murh  advinred  hi'yiiiid  ihrni  in  iinprovc- 
uienl, were  hr  rrnm  )inMiiaainit  llin  i|ualili*<  rei|UUito  fur 
nJnerviiig  tho  alriking  a|i<<i'Ui'lo  prMarnlrd  lo  their  view 
Neilhrr  the  ai^r  in  wlm  h  llwy  livi'cl.  nor  ih«  nation  to 
whiih  ihiy  lu'roMgi'it,  had  inuli'  •Mrhiirogri'aaintruaari- 
ence,  aa  inapirra  iiilnrKi'd  niid  hhi'ral  aintinienta.  The 
coni|iirrora  of  Ih*  Now  World  wire  moally  illiterate 
advanlurora,  dratiluta  nf  all  the  ideaa  which  should 
have  directed  ihoin  in  i  onleinpUlinii  i>li)ccla  ao  extreme- 
ly dilforent  frnin  lluian  with  whirh  Ihry  wire  arqiiainl- 
ed  Nurmuiided  I'oiiliniiully  with  dangornr  struggling 
with  hardahi|M,  tliey  had  little  leisure,  and  lesa  ra|iacily, 
for  any  B|H>culalive  inquiry,  Kager  In  lake  posaiaaion 
of  a  country  of  aurh  oileni  and  opulence,  ami  hapjiy 
in  flnding  it  orrupiod  by  inhaliilania  ao  in<-a|iabln  lo  ilo- 
fend  it,  tliry  hialily  |irunaiiiirpd  thiiin  to  bo  a  wrrlchrd 
order  uf  men,  fiirnii'd  inrrrly  for  aervltiide  i  and  were 
more  employed  in  computing  the  pioAta  of  their  labor, 
than  in  1111)11111114  Into  tfio  uperatinaa  of  their  minda,  or 
the  roaauiia  uf  lliiiir  cuatoma  and  inatitutiona  Tho 
peraona  who  penolratod  at  aubsequeni  perioda  into  the 
interior  provincea,  lo  which  the  knowledge  and  devaa- 
tationa  of  the  Ural  cnnqiierora  did  not  reach,  were  gi<- 
nerally  of  a  aiinilar  character  1  bravo  and  entorpriaing 
in  n  high  dogree,  but  ao  uninl'uriiird  as  lo  be  liltle  nuali- 
lied  either  lorohscrvingordi'scribingwhat  (hoy  liuliold. 

Not  only  the  incapacity  but  the  prejudicea  of  the 
Hpaiilarda  rendered  llieir  acrniinia  of  the  people  of 
America  extremnly  dofective.  Moon  alter  they 
planted  colonioa  in  their  now  conqiiusta,  a  dllfer- 
enco  in  opinion  aroao  with  roB|ioct  lu  the  Ireatinont  of 
the  nativea.  Un*  party,  aoliciioiM  to  rendor  their  a«r- 
vituds  |ierpetiml,  rnprnaentod  tlium  aa  a  bruliah,  obati- 
nate  race,  incapable  vilber  uf  ac(|uiring  roligioua  kiiow- 
ledgn,  or  of  lieiiig  trained  tu  the  fiini'tiuna  of  aoi'ial  lifu 
The  oilier,  full  of  pioiia  concern  for  their  coiivoraion, 
contendod  that,  though  rudo  and  ignorant,  they  wero 
gentle,  airectioiiale,  uocile,  and  bv  proper  inatructiona 
and  regulations  niiuht  lie  fonnoil  gradually  into  good 
(/hrlatiana  and  uaofiil  ciliiona.  This  controversy,  aa  I 
have  alrcaily  related,  waa  carried  on  with  all  tho  warmth 
which  ia  natural,  when  allontion  to  intoroat  on  thf  on* 
hand,  and  roligioua  leal  in  tho  other,  animate  the  dis- 
pulanla.  Moat  of  tho  laity  eapouaud  the  former  opi- 
nion ;  all  the  ecrloaiaatioa  wero  advocatea  for  the 
latter ;  and  wo  almll  uniformly  find  that,  accordingly  aa 
an  author  belungnl  10  either  of  thoae  parties,  he  is  apt 
to  magnify  thn  virtues  or  aggravate  tlio  dufucia  of  the 
Americana  far  beyond  Iriitli.  Thoae  repugnant  ac- 
counla  iiicreaso  tho  dimculty  of  attaining  a  perfect 
knowledge  of  their  character,  and  render  it  110- 
ccBsary  to  peruae  all  tho  doscriplions  of  them  by  Spa- 
nish writers  with  distrust,  and  to  recoivo  their  nibrnia- 
tion  with  some  grains  of  allowance. 

Almost  two  centuries  olapacd  after  the  diacuvory  of 
America,  bufore  tho  miinnora  of  its  inhabitanta  attract- 
ed, in  any  conaiduralilc  dngroo,  tho  attention  of  philo- 
aophcra.  At  length  thoy  diacovurod  tliat  the  contem- 
plation of  tho  conuition  and  charuclor  of  the  Ameri- 
cans, 'n  thoir  original  atate,  tended  to  complete  our 
k>'3'>  ledge  of  the  human  apcciea  ;  might  enablo  ua  lo 
till  up  a  eoocidcrtblc  chaani  in  the  hiatory  of  i'a  pro- 
(presa ;  ai*!  lead  to  (peculationa  no  less  curious  than 
important.  They  entered  u|H>n  this  ii*w  Avid  of  study 
with  grral  ardor ;  but,  inatead  of  throwing  light  upon 
the  lubjeet,  th*v  have  contributed  in  some  degree  to 
invoWa  it  in  additional  obscurity.  Too  impatient  lo 
inquire,  they  hailened  lo  decide  ;  and  began  lo  erect 
cyatcms,  when  they  should  have  been  aoarching  for 
facta  on  which  to  eatabliah  thoir  foundationa.  Struck 
with  the  appearance  of  degonuracy  in  tho  humon  spe- 
cies throughout  the  New  World,  and  aatoniahed  at  be- 
holding a  vast  continent  occupied  by  a  naked,  feeble, 
and  ignorant  race  of  men,  somo  authors,  of  great  name, 
have  maintained  that  tliia  part  of  tho  globo  had  but 
lately  eiiiflrgcd  from  the  sea,  and  become  fit  for  tho 
rusidonco  o?  man ;  that  oicry  thing  in  it  bore  marks  of 
a  recent  original ;  and  that  its  inhabiianis,  lately  called 
into  existence,  and  atill  at  the  beginning  of  thoir  ca- 
reer, were  unworthy  to  be  compared  with  tho  people  of 
a  more  ancient  and  improved  continent.  Others  have 
imagined,  that,  under  tho  inlluonco  of  an  unkindly  cli- 
inato,  whicli  checks  and  enorvotcs  tho  principle  of  life, 
mail  never  iittaincd  in  America  tho  perfection  which 
belongs  to  his  nature,  but  rnmainrd  an  animal  of  an 
inferior  order,  defective  in  tho  vigor  of  his  bodily  frame, 
anil  duatitiite  of  sensibility,  as  well  as  of  force,  in  tho 
opcratioiiB  of  hia  mind.    In  opposition  to  both  theao, 


other  iihiln<fl|>h«m  have  aii|q>  ml  that  man  arrit**  M 
his  h'gheat  dignity  Slid  rirrlli'iK-e  long  bcfor*  h*  traataa 
a  slal*  uf  ri'fiiieinrnt  ;  snd,  In  ih*  rude  slmpli*i,>  M 
savso*  life,  displaya  an  rlrvationnf  seiitimeiit,  an  in>'^ 
|Htiiilrne*  uf  niiiid,  ami  a  warmlh  ul  aiiaihmani,  fjt 
which  it  ia  vain  10  aearch  among  tlw  inemliera  el  |W 
liahnl  aoeleliea  Th*y  a*rm  'u  runsider  that  a*  llM 
moat  iwifert  atala  of  man  which  la  th*  leaat  elviliawl. 
They  dea<!rih«  lbs  mannrrsuf  ih*  rude  AiiMricans  wnk 
such  rapliir*,  sa  if  they  pru|HMed  them  for  inodols  to  tho 
i*sl  of  the  species.  Thea*  contrsdictory  th*orieah*>a 
bmn  proposed  with  equal  coiiAdenee,  siid  uncomnuM. 
powsra  of  genius  and  elai|U*hca  have  lie*n  *i*N*d,  HI 
order  to  clothe  them  with  an  ap|iearanca  of  truth. 

As  all  tho**  eircumsunce*  cnnriir  in  r*nd*riaf  fn 
inquiry  into  ih*  slal*  of  the  rudo  netion*  in  Anwiica 
intricat*  and  obaeure,  11  i*  n*cnsssry  10  esrry  it  rni  with 
raiitlon  When  guided  in  our  rrararrhea  by  Ih*  iiittl- 
ligeiit  obaervationa  uf  the  few  |ihiloaophera  who  have 
visited  thia  part  uf  the  globe,  we  may  venture  todocid*. 
When  obliged  lo  have  recourae  to  th*  aupcrftcial  re- 
marka  of  viilgar  Iravollera,  of  sailort,  Iradera,  bucaa**r*, 
and  miaaiunariea,  we  muat  often  (lauac,  and  comparing 
dciiit'lii'd  fail*,  iiiidiavor  lu  diacover  what  Ihey  wanted 
sagaci'y  to  observe.  Without  indulging  conjecture,  o 
lielraying  a  propenaitylo  eith*r  ayatoin,  w*  muat  study 
wilh  equal  care  lo  avoid  th*  cxtram**  of  axiravagani 
admiration,  or  nf  aupercilloua  conlempi  fur  tho**  mait- 
ners  which  wo  duarnbo. 

In  order  to  conduct  thia  inquiry  with  gieatai  accu- 
racy, ii  aliould  bo  rendered  aa  annpic  aa  possible.  Man 
existed  aa  an  individual  before  he  became  the  inenUief 
of  a  community  1  and  the  qualitiea  which  belong  to  him 
under  Ilia  former  capacity  ahuuid  be  known,  liefure  m» 
proceed  to  examine  tlioau  whicli  ariac  from  th*  Utter 
relation.  Thia  ia  iieculiarly  necessary  in  invesliyaling 
the  mannera  of  riiilv  nationa.  Their  petilical  union  ia 
ao  incoinpleie,  their  civil  inalitntiona  and  regulatioiu  so 
few,  su  simple,  and  of  such  aleiider  authority,  that  men 
in  Ihia  stato  oiigh.  to  lie  viewed  ratlior  aa  iiub|iend*iit 
tnenta,  than  a*  member*  of  a  regular  society.  T1m 
cn.irscler  of  a  ssvtge  roault*  aliiioat  •lUiicLy  from  hi* 
aentimenla  or  feolinga  aa  an  individual,  and  is  but  bill* 
iuftiiencod  by  hia  iinjierfuct  aubjcction  tu  govoiiimeni 
and  order.  I  ahall  conduct  my  reaearchea  concerning 
the  manners  of  the  Americana  in  this  natural  order, 
proceeding  gradually  from  what  ia  aiinple  to  what  ie 
more  complicated. 

I  ahall  consider,  I.  Tho  bodily  conalitution  of 
tho  Americana  in  thoae  regiona  now  under  review. 
11.  The  (tualitiea  of  their  minda.  III.  Their  domostic 
attic.  IV.  Their  jiolitical  atate  and  inatitutiona. 
V.  Their  system  uf  war,  and  public  aeeuritv.  VI.  Tho 
arts  wilh  which  they  wero  aci|uaintod.  VII.  Their  r» 
ligiona  ideaa  and  inatitutiona.  VIII.  Such  aiii^uhir  de- 
tached cuatoma  aa  are  not  reducible  lo  any  ul  the  for- 
mer heada.  IX.  I  thall  conclude  with  a  general  roview 
and  estimate  of  thoir  virtues  and  defecta. 

I.  The  bodily  constitution  of  the  Americana.— The 
human  body  is  loss  alTocted  by  climate  than  that  of  any 
other  animal.  Some  animala  are  confined  lo  a  parti- 
cular region  of  the  globe,  and  cannot  eiiat  heyond  it : 
others,  though  they  may  be  brought  to  bear  the  injuriee 
of  a  climate  foreign  to  Ihom,  cease  to  mulliplv  when 
carried  out  of  that  district  which  nature  dealined  lo  bo 
thoir  mansion.  Even  such  as  seem  capable  of  being 
naturalixed  in  various  climates  fool  tho  olfect  of  every 
remove  from  thoir  pro|icr  station,  and  gradually  dwin- 
dle and  degenerate  from  tho  vigor  ana  perfection  pe- 
oulitr  to  thoir  specios,  Man  is  tho  only  living  cretturo 
whoso  frtino  is  at  once  so  htidy  tnd  so  flexible, 
that  ho  can  spread  over  tho  whole  etrlh,  become  tha 
inhtbitant  of  overy  rcirion,  tndthrive  and  multiply  un- 
der every  climate.  Subject,  however,  lo  the  general 
law  of  ?lature,  the  human  body  ia  not  entirely  exempt 
from  tho  o|i«ralion  of  climate ;  tnd  when  axpoted  to 
the  oxtroinos  either  of  heat  or  cold,  ita  sixe  or  vigor 
diminishes. 

The  first  appearance  of  tho  inhabitant*  of  the  N*w 
World  filled  tho  discoverers  with  such  astoniahmeni 
that  they  were  apt  to  iinaaino  tlicm  a  race  of  man  dif- 
ferent from  those  of  the  otiier  hemisphere.  Thoir  com- 
plexion is  of  a  reddish  brown,  nearly  resembling  the 
color  of  copper.  The  hair  of  their  heada  ia  alwaya 
block,  long,  coarae,  and  uncurled.  Thoy  have  no 
board,  and  every  part  of  their  body  ia  perfectly  amooth. 
Thoir  persons  aro  of  a  full  siie,  extremely  straight,  and 
well  uroporlioned.  [44]  Their  features  are  regular, 
though  often  distorted  by  absurd  endeavors  to  improve 
tha  beauty  of  their  natural  form,  or  to  render  their  traect 
more  dreadful  to  their  enemies.  In  the  island*,  wiwa 
four-footed  animala  were  both  few  and 


IM 


«lt 


n  MwlwlMM  kliMMl  HMiiiaiwatMly, 
t0  Wlinltimili  M   Iba  iMliiM,  wilhar  br*rMl  by  llw 

•III**    niNIM*    nl    llw   riMH,  rXM  IM>l|M»U'lt  liy  llw 

UJM  •fcul'inMMii,  MM  flli'iiHly  Irabln  tnj  Uiiguiit 
t)il  llw  vanliiwnl,  wlwra  Uw  taNnu  tbuuixt  with  gtiM 
•f  •WWII*  kinti*,  •mi  Iha  I'hwl  iir<u|wliiMi  u(  iiuny 
Ifitwi  wu  Ui  puniw  II,  Iha  hiiiiwii  Iraiiia  Ki^umtl 
|r«4t>r  nr.iinan  Hull,  IworKr,  itw  Aiiiarwaii*  «•» 
niura  ftmarkthla  lof  agiliiy  Itiaii  •Iriiiuih  'I'lwy  f- 
MiiiliM  baaala  of  pf»y,  ratnai  ihaii  aiiimala  furinail  Iim 
Ulair  [4ftl  'Ihay  wan  not  oiilv  titt—  lo  tail,  bul  ft- 
(•iMbla  01  il ;  ami  whaii  roiiaail  liy  fuira  Iroin  Ihair 
Mlxa  iiHlulaiH'a,  ami  coin|Mllvil  lu  wurk,  Ihay  ■uiik 
umlai  laaka  whii^h  Iha  paupla  ill  llw  nilwr  •aiiiiiwiil 
wuuM  kava  iwclunnad  wilh  aaaa  'I  hi*  Ifrlilrnaaa  ot 
aanaiilulion  waa  uiii«aiMl  wnong  iha  iiihaliiiaiila  uf 
tbuaa  ngiona  m  Aiiwnc*  which  wa  ara  •uivaying,  ami 
may  b»  canaHicrail  ta  rharaclarialic  it(  Uw  aiwcwa 
Ihara 

'I1w  baanllfM  counlananra  iiul  •inaath  ikln  of  Iha 
Aiiwrican  aaaina  lo  imiicala  t  tiahct  of  oigor,  ue- 
caiiomNl  lijr  auiiia  vua  iii  liia  friiii*  liu  la  dt'illliila 
v(  una  aigii  of  iiianliuuii  and  of  alrvnglh  'I'hia  uacu- 
liarity,  bjr  which  (ha  iiihabilaiila  of  llw  Naw  WorUl  iia 
dialiiigulalwU  from  Iha  paopla  of  all  oiliai  iwliona,  can- 
mrt  Im  allributad,  H  wiiw  irairnllvra  ha«a  tuiipoaad,  lo 
llwK  mod*  of  aubaialanca.  For  ihough  ilw  food  of 
Duiiy  Amaiicana  Iw  ••Iraincly  iiiai|iid,  aa  Ihay  art 
illogallwi  uiMci|uainlcd  Wllh  iha  uh  of  aalt,  iiidv 
Irikaa  in  oihcr  |iarla  of  Iha  attth  hava  aubaialad  on 
■linwnla  atjually  ainipla,  wilhoul  Ihia  mark  of  dnifra- 
dalion,  or  any  ap|iarcnt  ayniptuin  of  a  diiiiiiiuliwi  in 
Uwir  vigor. 

A  a  Iha  ailarnal  forma  of  Iha  Ainarlcant  laad  ua  lo 
tua|iacl  llwl  Ihara  la  aoina  iialnral  diiliilily  m  llwir 
fraiiia,  lh«  amalliwaa  of  Ihair  ap|ialila  fur  fuud  liaa  Iwon 
nwnlMHiad  liy  nuny  aulkora  aa  a  conllrinalion  of  ihw 
■uaiiiciofl.  Tlia  i|uar...ly  of  loud  which  tnrii  coniuiiw 
tarwa  according  lo  llw  tainparalura  of  Iha  cliinala  m 
which  llwy  li«r,  Uw  dagraa  of  activily  winch  Ihay 
aarrt,  and  Iha  ulutl  vigor  of  ihair  conatituliona. 
IJndai  Iha  anarvalii^  baal  of  Ihs  torrid  lona,  and  whan 
own  paaa  Ihair  daya  In  indolvnca  and  caw,  Ihiiy  ra- 
furo  laaa  nounahnienl  llian  Ui«  acli«u  liihabitania  of 
^in|wraM  or  cold  counlriaa.  llul  naiihvr  iha  warnilh 
of  Iheii  lUuiata,  nor  Ihcir  cilraina  latinoia,  will  ac- 
aouni  fur  uw  UDi«miiiun  oxfeel  of  appolile  among  Uw 
Ainarictna.  'llw  Hpanlarda  were  aaloninlied  with  ol^ 
Mrving  Uiia,  ml  only  in  iha  iilanda,  but  in  aaveral 
yuU  M  Uw  continent.  I'ha  conititulional  toinpenuwo 
of  liw  nAivaa  far  aicaodod,  in  llieir  upinion,  llio  abali> 
Mnco  af  Itw  inoal  iDortiAod  hcriniu :  while,  on  Iha 
Olbor  htndi  tho  tppalile  of  the  Njianiarda  apiwarud  lo 
Uw  Amaiicana  inaaliubly  voracioua ;  and  Ihcy  altlrinad. 
tlwl  oiw  Spaniard  devoured  mora  foud  in  a  day  than 
wia  aufficient  for  Ian  Americana. 

A  proof  of  aoiaa  ferbleneaa  in  Ihair  frame,  atill  mora 
Mrilliiig,  ia  tho  inaenaibilily  of  the  Aiiwricana  to  the 
cbarma  of  beauty,  and  the  power  of  love.  That  uaaaion 
which  waa  dealined  lo  perpcluato  life,  la  be  thu  bond  of 
■oeial  union,  and  the  aourco  of  lendernaaa  and  joy,  it 
llw  moat  ardent  in  the  human  breaal.  Though  Iha 
porite  and  hardahipa  of  tha  aavage  elate,  ihough  eicea- 
■iva  faligua  on  aoina  occaaiona,  and  the  dilllculty  at  all 
Uinoa  ofprocuring  aubeiatence,  may  accin  lu  be  advurie 
to  thia  iwaaion,  and  to  hava  a  tendency  to  nlukle  ita 
vigor,  yet  Iha  rndeal  nationa  in  every  other  part  of  the 
globe  nem  It  feel  ita  influence  more  powerfully  than 
llw  inltabitanta  of  the  New  World.  '1m  nogro  glowt 
with  all  itw  warmth  of  deiiro  natural  to  hia  clinmle  ; 
■nd  tho  inu<t  uncultivated  Aaiatica  diacover  that  vcnai- 
bility,  which,  from  their  aituation  on  the  globe,  we 
eiwiild  eipect  Itwm  to  have  felt.  But  Iha  Americana 
ore,  in  an  amaiing  degree,  alrangera  to  the  force  of  thii 
firat  inatiiict  of  nature.  In  every  part  uf  the  New 
Wnrld  the  nativea  treat  Ihoir  women  wilh  coldncia  and 
indilTerenca  They  are  neither  the  object!  of  that  ten- 
der attachment  which  takea  placa  in  civiliied  aociety, 
nor  of  thai  ardent  doiire  conapicuoua  anj^ng  rude  na- 
tiona. Kven  in  cllmatoi  where  thia  paaaion  uaually 
iicquirea  ita  grcatoit  vigor.  Ihe  aavage  of  America 
fiewa  hia  female  wilh  dudain,  ai  an  animal  of  a  leaa 
noble  apecioa.  He  ii  at  no  paina  to  win  her  favor  by 
tho  aasidully  of  conrtahip,  and  atill  leaa  eoliciloua  to 
pcoaerve  it  by  induljjence  and  gcnllencaa.  Miasion- 
■rioa  theinaelvoa,  notwithatanding  the  auatcriiy  of  mo- 
Malic  ideas,  cannot  refrain  from  expreaaing  Uwir  aa- 
Innithmant  at  Iha  diipaiiionate  colaneai  of  the  Ame- 
liean  young  men  in  their  intercourie  with  Ihe  other  sei. 
Nor  ia  thia  reaerve  to  be  ascribed  to  any  opinion  which 
Ikcy  entertain  wilh  rcopect  to  the  merit  of  female  chaa- 
lily.    1'bat  ia  M  idm  too  refined  for  a  aavage,  and  aug- 


ROnBRTHOK'H   IIIHIOHY  or 

Eatad  hy  adalwa^y  of  •sniiinanl  and  alliHlwn  lo  whiih 
la  a  iUangaf 

Iim  m  nu|iiiriaa  raiii'rriiing  ailhai  Iha  liodlly  nr 
iiwnlat  <|iMliii«a  ul  |HUlii'iiUr  rwra  ul  man,  ihara  w  net 
a  Miura  nimniun  ur  inura  andnnng  (rn  r,  than  llwl  of 
aacribiiig  to  *  uiigl*  raiiM,  ilHMa  cliara  larwtw  paeu- 
Ijarima  wliiih  ara  iTi*  nlfdl  u(  Ilia  luiiibinad  •Mniwn 
of  many  raiiava  'Iha  rliniaia  and  soil  of  Anwrira 
dilfrr  in  hi  inaiiy  laaprrta  troin  ihuaa  of  Iha  oUwr 
hainiaphara,  and  ihia  dilf«ram?«  la  m>  uhvtoua  and 
•Inking,  thai  uhiloaophtra  ol  grrat  liininviire  Imvo 
laid  huld  on  ikia  aa  nillk'nnt  lo  ai'fuiiiit  lor  what  la 
pi'C'uliar  in  Ika  conallliilion  of  lU  iiiliitliiniiila  'I'lirv 
ri'al  on  jthviir'il  p^iiava  aliHta,  and  roiiaidwr  Iha  fvvbia 
fraiiw  ami  Uiigiiid  daiira  ol  tha  Aiiivriiana,  aa  lon- 
■•■iiiancaa  ol  llw  lain|ivr«niunt  of  thai  p<irlioii  of  llw 
gloM  which  llivy  ocrnpy  llul  Ilia  inlliKiiri'a  uf 
puiiliral  and  moral  cauira  oiiglit  iml  lu  have  Iwrn 
nvvrluukad  'Ihtiaa  u|icrala  wilh  iiu  h'U  •'llrcl  lliaii 
that  un  which  many  pliiluuiphrra  real  ••  a  lull  viplmia 
lion  uf  Uia  •ingiilar  ajiiwtraiii'r^  which  h^vi<  In  <  n  iiinn- 
llonrd  Wheravrr  llw  ■Ule  of  •m-irly  i*  iiii'li  aa  lo 
I'realii  inaiiy  wants  and  dvatrra,  which  cuiinul  Iw  •alls- 
Had  willwiil  rsgiiUr  rirrliuna  uf  iiidiialrv,  llw  liody 
acciialonwil  lu  Tslnr  Iwioiiwa  rubusi  •nil  paiiani  uf 
faligua  In  •  mura  siinpis  stale,  where  the  driiMmla 
uf  men  ara  ao  low  and  su  nimlnr^ta  tli»t  they  may  ba 
^ralillad,  alniual  wiihuiil  •ny  alfurl,  by  iha  •iwnlaiHiuua 
l>ruducliona  of  iMlurn,  tha  (wwer^  uf  iliii  liody  are  not 
I'allcd  furlh,  nor  can  ihay  alisin  llwir  |iru|wr  •Irenglh 
riw  nalivaa  of  Ohili  and  uf  Nurth  Aiiii'ik*.  ihe  two 
leiuparale  regioiia  in  llw  New  World,  wliu  live  by 
hunting,  may  bn  deemed  an  arliva  and  viuoruiia  race, 
when  cuinparad  with  Iha  inhabiunl^  of  llw  islc^,  or  of 
llio^o  paria  of  llw  cuntinanl  where  hardly  any  lalwr  la 
reipilaile  lo  procure  •ulialalance.  Tht  •Mltiona  of  • 
hunter  are  not,  however,  au  regular,  or  so  continued, 
•a  Ihuaa  of  peraoiw  amployod  in  the  culture  uf  llw 
Karlh,  or  m  the  varioua  aria  of  civiliiad  life ;  and 
lliuugh  hia  agilily  may  Iw  grcaiir  llian  Uwiira,  hi^ 
•ircnglh  w  on  the  wliulu  iiileriur.  If  aiiuilivr  diruclion 
wera  given  lo  tho  active  powera  of  iiian  in  llw  New 
World,  and  hi^  force  •uginenled  by  oiiTciae,  ho  might 
ar(|iiire  a  degree  of  vigor  which  he  duca  not  in  hia  pre- 
aenl  sute  (weseis  I'lw  IruUi  of  '.his  is  cunllrmcd 
by  «i|ierience.  Wherever  Ihe  Americana  have  been 
gradually  accualomed  to  hard  labor,  Uieir  conatitutioiw 
becoine  robual,  and  ihny  have  been  found  cagiable  of 
performing  audi  laak^,  ••  •t'eincd  not  only  lu  eicecd 
llw  powers  of  aiich  a  feeble  iraiiie  ••  l:aa  been  dceinud 
peculiar  to  Iheir  country,  hut  lo  ei^ual  any  ollorl  of  the 
nativea  either  uf  Africa  or  of  I'.ur.'iW.  [tDJ 

The  Hine  niaaoning  will  tpply  to  what  hie  baan  ob- 
•erved  conceriiiiig  their  •lend.'rtirt.iai.il  for  luod.  A^ 
a  proof  llwl  lliw  •liould  Iw  aw  riljv.t  aa  much  to  thuir 
tllreme  indoleiicn,  and  often  total  want  of  uccu|iatiuii, 
ai  lo  any  tlung  (leculiar  in  the  pliyaical  slrucluru  of  their 
budieOk  It  haa  been  obaervod,  that  in  llioae  districts 
where  tho  people  of  America  ire  obligid  to  eiurl  any 
unuausi  elluil  of  activity,  in  order  to  poicure  •iibiia- 
lence,  or  wherever  they  are  employed  in  revere  lalwr, 
Iheir  appetite  u  not  inferior  lo  Uiat  of  other  men,  and 
in  aomo  places,  il  haa  elruck  obMrvera  aa  rciiuukably 
ToraciouB. 

The  operilion  of  political  and  moral  eausea  ia  still 
more  conspicuous  in  modifying  the  degree  of  attiicb- 
nieiil  between  the  seies.  In  a  statti  of  hiuh  civilixalion, 
Ihia  passion,  inllimad  by  restrtini,  refined  by  delicaoy, 
and  cherished  by  fsaliion,  occupies  and  engrosses  llw 
heart.  It  is  no  longer  a  simple  instinct  of  nature;  •oii- 
tiinent  heightens  Uiu  ardor  of  desire,  and  the  inoi/t  ten- 
der emotions  of  which  our  frame  is  susceptibln  soothe 
and  agitate  the  soul.  This  description,  however,  ap- 
plies only  to  Ihuso,  who,  by  iheir  situation,  sre  oieinpt- 
ed  from  the  csros  and  labors  of  life.  Among  persona 
of  inferior  order,  wlio  are  doomed  by  Uwir  comli- 
tion  to  incessant  tod,  the  dominion  of  this  paasion  is 
less  violent ;  their  solicilude  to  procure  subsistence, 
and  lo  provide  for  the  first  demand  of  nature,  leavea 
little  leisure  for  attending  to  its  second  call.  But  if  tha 
nature  of  the  intercourae  between  the  ectea  varies  so 
much  in  persons  of  dilTercnt  rank  in  polinhed  societies, 
Uio  condition  of  man  while  Iw  remaina  uncivilized  must 
occasion  a  vsrislion  still  more  apparent.  We  msy 
well  suppose,  that  amidst  the  hardships,  tho  dangers, 
and  the  simplicity  of  domestic  life,  where  subsistence 
ia  always  precarious  and  often  scanty,  where  men  are 
almost  continually  engaged  in  tho  piirtuit  of  their  ene- 
mies, or  in  guarding  againit  their  attacks,  and  where 
neither  dre>^  nor  reserve  are  ciiiuloycd  as  arts  of  female 
allurement,  that  lho>atlention  of  iho  Americana  to  their 
women  would  b«  extremely  feeble,  without  imputing 


ihia  salaly  M  any  pliyswai  dstasi  M « 
frsina 

Il  IS  srrnrdingly  ohasrva<l,  thai  In  Ikoea  SMnUiMil 
Ainariia  where,  Irwn  Iha  farlilil*  of  Iho  ami,  Uw  «lU> 
nsas  of  III*  rlinMls.  or  aoina  riiriher  wivatwaa  wkMk 
Iha  nallvsa  have  iiisda  in  iniprovsmani,  Iho  nwsiw  •( 
aulMWirnra  ara  mora  abiiniUnl,  •nd  Iha  hardahipe  •( 
•a«ai|i'  lile  SIS  loas  scvsrrly  lali,  Ihs  sniiiwl  passwn  •! 
the  arira  liruuiiirs  iiiiir*  srdvnl  linking  sssin|>lM  ol 
this  orcur  sinung  suina  Irihas  saaliNi  on  Iha  banka  m 
grsat  livers  wtlf  sliirsd  with  food,  smanii  others  wk* 
•re  iiMslsra  uf  hiiiiling  gruumla  •Iwiinding  •o  miwk 
Wllh  game,  llwl  Ihay  h^vo  •  rrgiilsr  •!»!  pisnilful  sii|i|it]) 
of  nuiinshinsnl  wild  lulls  Isliur  Tha  nipanor  dagraa 
of  aecuiiiy  4nd  alKiianra  which  Ihoaa  Irilwe  snjoy  M 
iulluwrd  by  Ihsir  nslural  slTerta  'i1w  (wasiuna  im- 
planird  in  Ihs  human  frame  by  llw  hand  uf  naliira  •» 
iiiiirr  sddiliuiial  furca ;  new  laslas  siid  desiras  era 
luf  iiied  i  llw  woiiwn.  ••  ihsy  tra  mora  valued  and  ad* 
iiiirad,  tim'oma  mora  allsiilive  lo  dress  and  oniamanl  | 
Iha  men  Iwginiiing  to  fesi  how  much  uf  Ihair  own  ha|^ 
(iiiiass  drpvnds  upon  them,  no  longsr  distlam  the  aria 
uf  wininiig  their  Isvur  and  sllerliun  The  inlsreours* 
uf  tha  seise  Iwcoiiies  very  diifsrani  from  llwl  wluck 
lakes  pisca  among  ihair  rudai  counlryman  i  and  i* 
hardly  snv  rsslrsiiil  is  imposed  on  tha  graliltcation  of 
daiaira  sillier  by  religion  or  lews  or  deaaney,  Itw  diaev- 
luliuii  of  Iheir  msniwrs  is  sicsssivo. 

NotwithaUnding  Ihe  fssble  iiwkf  of  tha  American^ 
hardly  any  of  them  ara  deformed,  or  iniililslnl.or  dafea- 
llva  in  ai.y  one  of  ihairsrnsas  All  travellers  have  liesa 
struck  with  this  circiimsisnee,  ami  have  rrlshralml  Ih* 
uniform  symmelry  sndtierfsrtionof  ihrirsaiernsIHgiir*. 
Noma  anlhora  aosreh  for  llw  causa  of  this  appeariM* 
in  Ihair  physicsl  eondilion  As  tha  parents  ara  not  •■• 
haiiated  ur  over  fstigiiad  wilh  hard  labor,  llwy  aunueM 
thel  Iheir  children  ara  Iwrn  vigoroua  and  eound.  I'Im/ 
imagiiw  that,  in  Iha  liberty  of  aavage  life,  tha  humaa 
Imly,  nakad  and  iinconllned  from  ita  earbeal  age,  pr*> 
serves  Us  nslursl  form  ;  sud  that  all  Ua  linilia  and  iiwnv 
bera  •oiiiire  a  juslsr  protwrtion  than  wlwn  fellvred  with 
arliHcial  reslrsints,  which  stint  its  growth  and  distort 
its  shspa.  Noiiietliiiig,  wilhout  duiiul,  insy  be  sscniwd 
10  the  n|icrsliun  of  these  csiise* ;  IhH  Iho  iriia  raaaona 
of  this  spfiaranl  advantage,  which  ia  common  lo  all  na- 
vsge  nations,  lie  dec|Mir,  and  ara  cluaely  interwoven 
with  tha  ralura  ami  genius  of  llwl  state.  Tha  infancy 
of  msn  is  so  long  and  ao  helpless,  that  il  is  eilremely 
dilllcult  lo  resr  children  among  rude  nations  The  I 
incsiis  of  siibaialence  are  not  only  aasnty,  but  procaiioiia. 
Much  as  live  by  hiinling  must  range  over  eitenaiv* 
countries,  snd  shift  oflen  from  piseo  to  |ilace,  Tho 
care  of  children,  aa  well  aa  sverv  oliier  laborioiia  task, 
IS  devolved  iijion  the  woiiwn.  The  distresses  ami  hard- 
•lii|M  of  llw  siivsgo  life,  which  are  oflen  such  as  can 
hardly  bo  aup|iuitcd  by  persona  in  full  vigor,  niusi  b<i 
fatal  to  llwae  of  more  tender  ago.  Afraid  of  undeib 
taking  a  task  ao  lalwrious,  and  of  auch  long  duratim, 
aa  that  of  rearing  tlieir  ollspring,  the  woiiwn,  in  soma 
parts  of  America,  procure  l're<|uanl  alwrtions  by  tho  ut« 
uf  curtain  herbs,  and  rilingiiiah  the  firat  aiiarks  uf  that 
life  which  tlwv  are  unable  U>  cherish.  Hensibla  thai 
only  stout  and  well  formed  children  have- force  of  con- 
sliliilion  to  struggle  through  auch  a  hard  infancy,  other 
nations  ulmndon  and  deatroy  lull  of  Iheir  progeny  a* 
appear  fitrblu  or  di'leciive,  as  unworthy  of  atleniion. 
Kven  when  they  endeavor  to  rear  all  tlwir  children 
witlwul  distinclion,  so  groat  a  proportion  of  Ihe  whole 
number  periihes  under  the  rigorous  treatment  which 
inuat  be  their  lot  in  the  savage  state,  that  few  of  thoeo 
who  labored  under  any  original  frailly  attain  tha  age  ol 
la.tnhood.  Thua  in  poliahed  aocietica,  where  Ihe  meant 
of  subsistence  are  secured  with  certainty,  and  acijuired 
wilh  ease ;  where  the  tulents  of  the  mind  are  often  nl 
more  iin|xirtance  than  ti.i  |iowers  of  the  body  ;  children 
•re  preserved  notwithstanding  their  defecta  or  defor- 
mity, and  grow  up  lo  ba  useful  cilixena.  In  rude  na- 
tions, such  persons  are  cither  cut  olT  aa  soon  aa  they 
are  liom,  or,  becoming  a  burden  to  themselves  and  to 
the  coininunity,  csniiol  long  protract  Iheir  lives.  But 
in  those  provinces  of  the  New  World,  where,  by  the 
establishment  of  the  Europeans,  more  regulsr  proviiion 
has  been  made  for  the  •ubaistence  of  its  inhsbitinis, 
and  they  affe  reatrained  from  Icying  violent  hands  on 
their  children,  tho  Americans  are  ao  far  from  being 
eminent  for  any  auperior  perfection  in  their  form,  ihtl 
one  should  rather  suspect  some  peculiar  imbecility  ia 
Ihe  race,  from  the  extraordinary  number  of  individual* 
who  are  deformed,  dwarfish,  mutilated,  blind,  or  deaf. 

How  feeble  soever  the  constitution  of  the  AmorieiM 
may  be,  it  is  remarkable  that  there  is  leas  variety  la 
the  human  form  throughout  lb*  New  World  than  io  Ilia 


lOOTII  AMimOA. 


I IM  «l«l*4  lK«  >4lllWf«nl  ■••iiMrtM  irf  An  •■ 
ItM  wkMh  ll*  wilhin  Ihii  ■•fiiil  tatw,  ih>y  n4iur>ll« 
tl|»«t*<i  M  MmI  [irn|il«  nf  Ih*  llnw  railiplxiilil  »iin 
Ums*  til  iIm  riirr*tt|HtiHliii||  rrgintia  of  (h«>  •th»r  hvitu 
•filMI*  T*  Itfir  •ni*iiini«iil.  h<m>««r,  lloy  iliar» 
ftml  Ikal  Aiiwilr*  runliiiHil  iiu  nruiin'* ,  unil  il>« 
fftiia*  t1  Ihto  •itiKiiUr  «|tf#«r«rti*«  twr«iM#  •■  itiui-li  ih« 
nhjiTl  of  •tirlrtallf  41  llir  tarl  llaptf  Mm  of  wniiiUr  In 
•Iwi  f»ti  M  nyinhtum  of  III*  ImhI*  iIuI  huiiior  txiilra 
•kwh  lin||»  lliK  roiii|>l<'<ioii  uf  iliK  iirKfo  miiIi  a  ilrrii 
Ml^'k,  II  l«  Id*  hiiiii»»  of  •iwlwiiuu  III  liii|iiirr  and 
4*mii)ni.  1'h*  iNiwrrfiil  iiMraliiin  uf  Iwal  ap|w<r> 
minlfMlly  la  h*  llw  raua«  wliii  li  |iri><liir>a  ihia  alrlliliiK 
ttrMtjr  in  Itw  hiiiiMn  aiifi'iM  All  Miirn|i<>,  t  yraai 
^1  af  Am,  (ml  llm  l<iin|i«rala  riiunlnra  uf  Afrua, 
■ft  ink«hit*4  hy  iiivn  of  •  wlill*  rmii|ilriiaii  All  llw 
Mf'Hi  (on*  In  Afrii'a,  iiinw  of  lh«  Mtriiirr  rfdHma 
tilj«i'anl  10  II.  •ihI  arvrral  loiinlrirt  in  Aaia,  tin  nlliil 
«ilh  |i*0|il*  of  *  i|r<'|i  lilai'k  nilor  If  w«  aiiitry  III* 
IKlloiM  of  our  ronlliiriil,  iiiakiiiii  niir  proiirrM  from 
foM  and  i*ni|i<ir»lo  counlrira  towanla  Inuao  |>«ria 
wkirh  aro  vifwaad  lu  tha  lhrtiii«m'<H  uf  vrhaiiiaiit  anil 
unrtniilliiiH  haal,  w«  ahall  lliut  ilial  llw  •ilmiw  wliiit- 
Mao  al  Ihair  akin  at.un  twgiiia  lo  iliiinniah ;  llial  lla 
••lof  Awpona  gndualljr  aa  wa  aiUanra ;  and,  aflar 
■Malnf  Ihraugh  all  Ih*  aiwpraal**  uradatioiia  of  ahailr, 
Mrminala*  In  «  iinirurin  iinvaraiitf  lilai'k  lliil  In 
Aiaarlct,  whan  Iha  auancgr  of  hral  la  chnkril  aiul 
•hitad  bjr  varloua  raiiaaa,  whinh  I  haim  aliaatly  ri- 
plaiiwd,  Iha  rlimala  airma  lo  Im  ilr>^>iii«  of  that  furca 
which  pnducra  au<  h  wuii<liiifiil  rift  'la  on  Ilir  liiiiiuii 
Ainia.  'Ilia  roloi  of  llw  iialivaa  of  llw  lorriil  loiw  III 
Amarlra  la  hanllji  of  a  ili<i<|irr  hua  Ihan  Ihal  ol'llix  |h'i>- 
flit  In  Iha  nMra  Irniiirrati)  part*  of  thair  ronlii.nl 
Accurala  obaartara,  v%lio  hail  an  o|jimrtiinii)r  uf '  mwinu 
Um  Anwricana  in  «rry  liillirrnl  rliiiiama,  am  in  pro- 
Vlncaa  far  lamoiad  from  ruch  olhar,  hava  Iwan  ilriick 
with  Uw  aaaiing  ainiilarily  uf  llwir  Ayiira  and  aa- 
PMI.  [47] 

Bui  though  tho  hand  of  naliira  haa  dvvialrd  ao  lillla 
ftam  ona  alandard  in  faahioninn  llw  human  form  In 
Amarica,  Iho  crralion  of  fancy  lialli  livcii  varioua  and 
Mlnvaganl.  'I'h*  aamo  falilci  lliat  wrra  current  in  ihc 
tnciant  continani,  hava  b«on  rvviviid  with  r«a|i«i't  In 
Iba  Naw  World,  and  Amrrlca  loo  haa  liron  ijcoiilrd 
with  human  Iwiiiua  of  moaalruiia  and  faiilaalic  aiipiaj- 
MM*.  Th*  inharmanla  uf  crrtain  provincra  wai  i  di'- 
•cribad  lo  b«  piiiinlca  of  thrvo  fiat  high  \  thoaa  of  ulhrra 
to  bo  glaiila  of  an  anorinoiia  aii«.  Nome  Iravrllira 
publiaiwd  accoiinla  uf  (H'liple  with  only  oiwrya  ;  olhrr* 
plttanded  lo  have  diacovrrrd  nii'n  williuiit  hcada,  wliii>« 
(jiaa  and  mouiha  wrra  planird  In  thrir  lirraaia.  The 
ftfiaty  of  Naliir*  in  hrr  |>riHtucliuiia  ia  iiiilt'i'd  aoKnat, 
(htt  it  ia  prraumiituoua  lo  aol  lioiinda  lu  hci  li'rlility, 
tnd  to  rrjccl  inaiictiminatsly  c«»ry  rclulion  that  iloi'a 
not  parffclly  accord  wiih  our  own  limited  ohairvuliun 
•nd  oipcrlonc*.  iliit  the  other  cilreine,  of  yicldiiiu  a 
baaty  aaatmt  on  tho  aliylili'at  nvidviico  In  wlialever  haa 
Ih*  appearance  of  lH'in^  atranne  and  inarvclloua,  la  atill 
more  luiliecoming  a  philoaophicil  iiiqiiirer ;  aa,  in  every 
period,  men  are  mure  apt  to  lie  iHtrayed  into  errur  liy 
Iheir  weakneaa  in  lielievmg  loo  much,  than  hy  llieir  ar- 
logancp in  beliaviiiK too  little.  In projiortioii aa M'iiiicc 
•Itenda,  and  nature  ia  eiuinineil  with  a  ili>ceriiiii|j  eye, 
the  wondera  which  ainuavd  agea  of  iKiioraiico  dixnppeur. 
The  talea  of  creduloua  tnivellera  cuiireniiiiK  Aiiiiru'a, 
•r*  forgotten  ;  llio  inunatera  which  they  deacrilie  liavu 
been  aearchcd  for  in  vain  ;  and  tlxiac  provinrea  where 
Ihey  pretend  to  have  found  iiihahilaiita  of  linKulur  furini 
•re  now  known  to  he  poiaeaacd  by  a  |ieo|ilo  iiowiae 
different  from  the  other  Amoricana. 

Though  llioae  relatione  may,  wilhoiil  dixcuaaion,  be 
njected  aa  fabuloiia,  there  are  olher  ncrounta  of 
varletioa  in  the  human  apcciea  in  aoine  narta  of  the 
New  World,  which  rcat  upon  belter  evidence,  and 
merit  inon  attentive  examination.  Tliia  variety  hue 
bean  particularly  oliaerved  in  three  diHbrent  di^tricta. 
The  firat  of  theae  ia  aituatcd  in  the  iaihmua  of  Uiricn, 
near  tho  •centra  of  America.  Lionel  Wafer,  a  traveller 
poeaeaaed  of  more  curioaitv  and  intellifjence  than  we 
•hould  have  expected  to  linil  in  an  aaeociato  of  Uucca- 
Mere,  diacorered  there  a  race  of  men  few  In  numlier, 
but  of  a  eingnlar  make.  They  are  of  low  atature, 
•ccording  to  hi*  dcacriptlon,  of  a  feeble  frame,  incups- 
Uo  of  enduring  fatigue.  Their  color  ia  a  dead  milk 
white ;  not  reaeinhling  that  of  fair  people  among  tho 
CniO|)eana,  hut  wiihuut  any  tincture  of  a  bliiah  or  aan- 
guiiie  complexion.  Iheir  skin  ia  covered  with  a  lino 
■airy  down  uf  a  chalky  white  i  the  hair  of  their  hcada. 
their  eyebrowe,  an^  eye-laahea,  are  of  tho  aamo  hue. 
Aeir  'yaa  ore  of  a  aingular  form,  aiid  ao  weak  llut 


tkaf  *•*  benlly  Uar  ih*  light  •/  ik*  aun  i  bwl  lh*y  «• 
rltarly  hy  mminbglil.  and  era  mwi  a»il»  and  ■•«  HI 
Iha  nmhi  No  rare  anuilal  lo  Uila  haa  ba*n  dmtoaaiwl 
III  an*  uihar  |iail  "f  Aiiwrita  I'ortea,  indaad,  Iwmd 
•iinir  |i»iMiMa  aiai'ily  raarinliliiig  lh«  whila  )i**(>l*  «l 
Ihiiitn  among  iha  rar*  and  niuiiairoua  anioiala  wliirh 
Miiniaiiiiii*  hiwl  I'olUi  ltd  lliil  a<  llw  power  *f  iha 
.Mamali  riiipii*  rllaiulril  In  llw  prnvllii'ra  limdalllig 
on  Iha  lallimiia  nf  iKtrian,  l)wy  wma  piulwlilv  hroiiglil 
llwiua  Wiiignlar  aa  llw  ap|>eara  ira  of  lliuaa  |ir<i|  l« 
may  ha,  ihry  I'jhiHil  l>*  imiaidrrril  ta  ronatiliiliiiu  a 
diaiinrt  a|><i'W>  Ainnng  iha  iwiirova  uf  Afili'4,  aa 
well  aa  Iha  imlivaa  uf  Iha  Indian  lalaiida,  nature  annw. 
iiinea  prmliiira  a  amall  numlwr  nf  individuala,  wllh  all 
ill*  rliarai'Irrlaliu  faatiiraa  ami  i|iial,iira  of  ih*  while 
|iea|ila  uf  Darwn  'Ih*  foriiwr  air  rallml  .ilhim't  liy 
llw  I'lHliigurae,  Iha  latlvr  Kiuktrlnkti  hy  Ih*  Ihilrh. 
In  llariaii  llw  parenla  of  ihoa*  Whiirt  are  nl  llw  aam* 
I  olor  Wllh  Iha  uilwr  nalltrn  of  the  ruintry  ond  tin*  oliaer. 
ballon  appliea  niiially  lo  llw  aiiumalniia  progeny  uf  ih* 
Nrgriwa  ami  liuliana  'llw  aamr  inullwr  who  priiduera 
■oitie  rhitilrt'ii  of  a  rotor  thai  do^a  nul  belong  lo  the 
rice,  hriiiga  fiirlh  Iha  real  with  a  ruinplailun  pecuh  ir 
to  her  i-oiinlry  One  eoncluaion  may  then  h*  foriiwd 
Wllh  rrapei-t  to  Ihe  n*opla  deacrihed  hy  Wafer,  the 
.IMiniia  and  the  Kiulitrlakf  t  tlwy  ar*  a  degenerated 
hreed,  not  a  ar|iar»ln  claaa  of  men  i  and  from  amne 
diaeaaa  or  defrcl  of  Iheir  parenla,  the  peculiar  color  and 
ilehility  which  mark  llieir  degradation  ar*  tranainiiled 
la  Ihem  Aa  a  derjaiv*  proof  of  ihia,  it  hna  h*en 
oliaerved,  that  ncllher  Ih*  while  peoftle  of  Darwn,  nor 
Ihe  Altiinoa  of  Africa,  proiiagala  llieir  race ;  lh*ir 
I  hildri'ii  are  of  the  color  am]  teni|>erainent  ncenhar  lo 
•  he  nattvea  of  tlieir  rea|wctive  eoiiitiiiea   [W\ 

The  ai'i'ond  dialricl  that  ia  oeriipjed  by  Inhahi- 
tanta  dillernig  in  anpearanc*  frnin  the  olher  people  of 
America,  la  aiiualed  in  a  high  nnrthern  laliiiide,  eilend' 
ing  frnm  llw  coaat  uf  Luhrador  towanla  the  |iolo,  aa  far 
aa  the  ruiinlry  iahahilahle  The  |ieople  M'attrred  over 
thuae  dreary  regiona  arn  known  to  the  Diiropeana  by 
the  name  or  K»i(mmaux.  They  theinaelvea,  with  thai 
idea  uf  their  own  auprrinrily,  wliich  eunaolea  the  rndeat 
and  ninat  wretched  natunia,  aaauine  Ihe  name  of  Ktra- 
III,  or  Mm.  They  are  of  a  middle  eiie,  and  rohuat, 
with  lieada  of  a  dia|iro|Kiriioned  hulk,  and  feel  aa  re- 
inarkahly  amall.  Tlieir  eompleiion  though  awarihy,  hy 
lieing  cuiitihiially  eipuaed  lo  the  rigur  of  a  cold  climate, 
inclinea  lo  the  huru|iean  while,  rather  than  to  the  eo|^ 
per  culor  of  America,  and  the  men  have  liearda  which 
ore  aometimee  buahy  and  long  Krnm  Iheae  marka  of 
dialilii'linn,  aa  well  aa  from  one  aldl  leaa  eipiivocal,  Ihe 
iillliiity  of  Iheir  language  to  that  of  the  (ircenlandera, 
which  I  have  alreaiFy  mentioned,  we  may  cunchide, 
with  •onin  ilegree  of  conlldencc,  ihat  the  Kaipiiniaiix 
are  a  rice  dillerent  from  the  real  of  the  Americana. 

We  cannot  decide  with  eipial  certainty  concerning 
the  iiihahilania  of  the  third  dialricl,  aiiualed  at  Ihe  aoulh- 
ern  extremity  of  America.  Theae  are  the  famou«/'ii/a- 
gnniant,  who  during  two  centurica  and  a  half,  have  af- 
forded a  Buhject  of  controveray  to  Ihe  learned,  and  an 
ulijcci  of  wonder  to  the  vulgar.  They  are  Bup|ioaed  lo 
Ik)  one  of  Ihe  wandering  trihea  which  occupy  the  vaat 
hut  Icoat  known  region  of  America,  which  extenda  from 
iIhi  river  de  la  I'lala  to  Ihe  8traita  of  Magellan.  Their 
proper  atalion  ia  in  that  part  of  Ihe  interior  country 
which  Ilea  on  the  banka  of  the  river  Negro ;  but  in  Ihe 
hunting  aciiaon,  Ihey  often  roam  aa  far  aa  the  alraila 
which  aeparate  Tierra  del  Fuego  from  the  main  land. 
Tho  lirat  accoimta  of  Ihia  people  were  brought  lo  Kii- 
ropo  by  the  companiona  of  Magellan,  who  deacrihed 
them  aa  •  gigantic  race,  above  eight  feet  high,  and  of 
alrenglh  in  proportion  to  their  enormoiia  aiie.  Among 
aevcral  trihea  of  amniata,  a  diaparity  in  hulk  aa  coimi- 
derahle  may  he  ohacrved.  Nome  large  breeda  of  horaca 
and  doga  exceed  tho  more  diminulivo  racea  in  atature 
tnd  atrcnglh,  aa  far  aa  llic  I'atagonian  la  euppoaed  to 
riio  aliovo  the  uaual  alandard  of  the  human  body.  Uut 
animaU  attain  tho  highcat  perfection  of  Iheir  ipeciea 
only  in  mild  clirnatea,  or  where  they  find  tho  moat  nu- 
tritive food  in  grealcat  ahundaiice.  It  ia  not  then  in 
the  uncultivated  waate  of  the  Magellanic  regiona,  and 
among  a  trilio  of  improvident  aavagea,  that  we  thould 
expect  lo  find  mm  poaieaaing  the  highcat  honora  of  hia 
race,  and  diaiinguiahed  by  a  auperiority  of  aizn  and 
vigor,  far  beyond  what  ho  has  reached  in  any  other  part 
of  Ihe  earth.  Tho  moat  explicit  and  unexceptionable 
evidence  ia  requiaite,  in  order  to  cslabliah  a  fact  repug- 
nant to  Ihoae  general  principlea  and  lawa,  which  aeem 
to  aircct  thi  human  frainu  in  every  olher  inalani'e,  and 
lo  decide  with  res|iecl  to  ita  nature  and  (|ualitiea.  Such 
evidence  haa  not  hitherto  been  produced.  Though  ae- 
vcral paraoua,  to  whooa  lettimony  great  reaped  is  dua. 


kava  f iailMl  lM«  part  af  AnwHea  ttwa  dM  Imm  W  I 

gellan,  and  have  had  inlarvwwa  wiih  Ih*  iiali«**i  I' 
•am*  have  altlrniad,  Ihal  amh  aa  ihay  aaw  war*  it  (^ 
gaiiiw  aialiiie.  and  uihar*  h*v*  futmad  Iha  aama  aai». 
ahiaMm  from  maaaiiring  llwir  fuolalaiia,  ar  f^om  vwwMif 
Iha  akalaluna  nf  Ihair  dead  ,  yil  iheir  arroiinta  vaiy 
irum  aai-h  mliar  in  an  many  aaaanlial  |HMnia,  and  •!• 
niingUd  v»iih  aoinany  I'lrcumalanraa  manifaally  fala*  ft 
fahiilana,  aa  deirart  iniieh  from  ihair  cradll  Dn  lb* 
iilhrr  hand.  a<nn*  naiigalura,  and  Ihiia*  amaiM  lb*  moat 
aniiiwnl  uf  Ihair  uriler  for  diarerninani  aiwT a*ruPa«y, 
have  aaaartril  Ihal  Iha  nalivva  of  ralagimia,  with  whom 
lhay  had  mlercuuraa,  though  aloul  and  wall  mada,  at* 
not  of  Biirh  aiiianrihnary  all*  aa  ta  ha  dtatlngalabad 
fhiin  Iha  real  of  Ih*  human  ap*ei**.  |4II|  Th*  atiM- 
ene*  of  ihit  gigantic  rare  uf  men  aaain*,  tbail,  la  ba  m» 
of  Ihoae  |ininla  in  natural  hialory,  wllh  r**pael  la  wbiah 
a  raulioiia  iiii|iiirar  will  haailal*.  and  will  eliaoaa  ta  aiiai 
peiiil  Ilia  aaaenl  iinlll  mora  eoniplal*  avidanc*  ahall  da- 
cide  whether  he  ought  to  admit  •  fact,  aeanunfly  in- 
eonaiaient  with  what  reaaon  and  aiMrlane*  bav*  dia> 
covered  ronrerning  llw  alriielnr*  ana  candilion  af  m*n, 
in  all  Iha  vaiiuua  ailuallutia  in  which  ha  baa  ba*n  ahi 
aerved 

In  unlar  In  fnrm  •  complata  id*a  with  rtafiafl  I*  lb* 
ronatlliiiion  uf  Ihe  inhalntania  of  ihia  and  Iba  alhar  b^ 
niiaphere,  wa  ahniihl  allend  not  unl*  10  iba  mab*  ^nd 
vigor  uf  their  hmliea,  hut  eonaidar  wtiat  ilagraa  af  baallh 
they  vnjny,  and  lu  what  period  nf  longevity  Ihay  uaoally 
arrive  In  Iha  aimnlieilir  of  th*  *av*g*  alal*,  when 
man  la  not  nppreaaed  with  labor,  or  eiwrvalod  by  luiuryi 
r.r  diaiinieled  wllh  care,  we  are  apt  lo  imagina  that  Ihia 
III*  will  How  on  alinoat  iinlroiibled  by  diaaaaa  or  aulfar- 
mg,  iinlil  hiB  daya  b*  termmalad  in  •ilr*iiia  eld  •(•  by 
|Im>  grudiial  decaya  of  nature  W*  And,  Mcardiiiglv, 
among  the  .Vmeiicana,  aa  well  aa  amanif  oth«r  riiila 
|ieO|il»,  (leraona  whoa*  deerepid  and  abrlvallad  farm 
aeeina  lo  Indical*  an  extraordinary  length  of  hi*.  Hut 
aa  moat  of  Ihem  are  unaeipiamted  wilh  the  art  of  num- 
bering, and  all  of  iham  aa  forgetful  of  wbol  la  paal,  •• 
ihey  are  imprnviilent  o'  whal  la  to  come,  II  ia  iinpoaat- 
hie  In  aai'erlBin  iheir  age  with  any  degra*  of  prociaion. 
It  la  evident  that  the  |ieriod  of  their  longevity  inual  vary 
conaiderahly,  according  to  Ilia  diverally  af  ebnwlm, 
and  their  dilfereni  moilea  of  aubaialenc*.  'Itiay  aaans 
however,  to  be  every  where  exempt  from  many  of  the 
dintein|i*ra  which  alllirt  (lolwhed  nalinna.  Nona  of  Iht 
miiladiea,  which  are  Iha  iininadiate  olfapnng  of  luxuiy 
ever  viiited  them ;  and  Ihey  have  no  nainea  in  Ihair 
laiiguagea  hy  which  to  diatingiiiah  Ihia  numaiou*  liai* 
of  adventilioiia  evila. 

Hut  whatever  lie  the  alliiaiion  In  which  man  ia  plaaad, 
ho  ia  Imrn  to  aufTer ;  and  hia  diaeoaea  in  Iha  aavtga 
aiale,  though  fewer  in  numhi'r,  are,  like  Ihoaa  of  tha 
aiiimala  whom  he  nearly  reaenibica  in  hia  modr  of  liia, 
more  violent  and  mure  fatal.  If  luxnnr  engender*  and 
nonriahea  diatempera  of  ona  apeciea,  Ina  rigor  tnd  dia- 
Ireaaea  of  aavage  life  bring  on  thone  of  another.  A* 
men  in  thia  alale  are  wonderfully  improvideni,  and  Ihair 
meana  of  auhaiatence  precarioua,  Ihey  often  paaa  from 
extreme  want  lo  exiibcrtnt  plenty,  according  lo  Iha 
viciaaitudca  uf  fortune  in  Iha  ckaae,  or  in  conBe<]uenca 
of  Ihe  varioua  dcgreea  of  ahoiidance  with  which  Iha 
earth  allbrda  lo  them  ila  prodiictinna  in  dilfereni  aeaaona. 
Their  inconaiderate  gliillony  in  the  one  ailiialion,  and 
their  aevere  abatinence  in  the  other,  are  equally  pami* 
cioua.  For  though  the  human  conatilulion  may  ba  te- 
cuatomed  by  habit,  like  thtl  of  animala  of  prey,  lo  to- 
lerate long  famine,  and  tlien  to  gorge  voracioualy,  it  la 
not  t  little  atTectcd  by  aiich  audden  and  violeni  Irtnai- 
liona.  The  alrenglh  and  vigor  of  aavagea  tra  tl  aomr 
aeaaona  impaired  by  whal  they  aulTcr  from  t  actrcily  al 
food  ;  al  olhera  they  aro  atHicled  with  diaordera  inain| 
from  indigoation  and  t  auperfluity  of  groaa  tlinienl 
Thean  are  oo  common,  thit  tliey  may  ba  conaidared  ta 
the  unavoidable  conaequence  of  their  mod*  of  •ub*i» 
ting,  and  cut  olT  conaiderable  nunibera  in  tha  prima  ol 
life.  They  arc  likewiae  extremely  auhjecl  lo  eonaump 
tiona,  lo  pleuritic,  aalhmatio,  and  paralytic  diaordan^ 
brought  on  by  the  immodarala  htrdthipa  tnd  ftligua 
which  they  endure  in  hunting  tnd  in  wtr ;  or  owing  lu 
to  Ihe  inclemency  nf  Um  aeaaona  to  which  they  ti«  con 
tinutlly  expoaed.  In  the  aavoga  attla,  htnlahip*  tnit 
fatigue  violcnily  taaaull  the  conatilulion.  In  poliahed 
aociotiea,  intem|ieianco  undenuinea  it.  Tl  ie  not  etay 
to  determine  which  of  them  operatea  with  moal  fatal 
etfect,  or  tonda  moat  to  abridgo  human  life.  Tha  inllu 
ence  of  the  former  ia  certainly  moat  exionaive.  Th* 
pcrnicioua  conaequencea  of  luxury  retch  only  a  fan 
inembeia  in  any  community  ;  the  diatreaae*  of  atTa|t 
life  are  felt  by  all.  Aa  far  at  I  can  judge,  tftar  vary 
miDUto  iiiquiiy    Ihf  yantnl  period  of  hunua  Ufa  » 


R0R»;R  r«)»K'«   MIMTIIMr  <>» 


f.  t 


IftM  to  mw$  tfitlmt  (Mi  I 


•  )«•  4n«4M   iiMl«lf,  iIm   fffM  •<•••>(•    viiS 
•iMaki  IH  lh«  lifa,  mfcmM  IU«>»li  'hvitin*  iIm  iihI.I 

Iha  Aitt*rM«n«  My  imniHuiii*  titnn  it  in  ilif'tr  run 
^MvriK*,  Ihiiy  h4f«  ntil  mtif  aitiiily  ii««ti||*il  i|w>r  »«»ii 
■M«i^  Iwl,  Hf  oMmn  iki*  'alwiiiK  lit  iImm  »tiwh 
~  fHMtrlv  iMihmirrd  huiiMn  Itlt^,  ihvv  h«»»,  |»rh<ii)«, 
"     IIMN   i'»ini«>h«Ui<rril  til  iKii  lumhi*  «hii  li  til 


fiMi*  Kf  4«rttMl  hiHit  lit*  iliM'utvry  u1  ih«  Nrw  \\<iflil 
*1  m«  ilt«4rm|«r,  frmn  Ilia  fitiiiuiir  mi  wliH'h  i*  ltr«*  r«H*<l. 
•f  iMm  llw  |i**|il*  k|f  wImia  II  «»•  aiiiiiwwil  In  Ii4«» 
Wmi  <pfi>«l  •••!  IliiMfw,  kM  h««n  aiHiwiiinx  ••llnl 
Ik*  NmpitiUM,  tml  Min*liinM  Ilia  Kraiwli  •!  tttw  Al 
tM  Am  *yfmti»wm,  Iha  inlariMn  w«a  •*»  iimltuMiiiil,  Ma 
•)im|i(wiH  an  iwlani,  Ma  i«ti«r»iinii  an  ra|iul  ami  (aiil,  aa 
MhtMU  all  Iha  artiHIa  u(  mxilwal  akill  ,\iiaiiiahin*iil 
WmI   larrot  avramiianiMl  Una  imkiMom  atHirliwi  In  Ha 

Drvaa,  am)  nwti  ^la^an  lo  ilraail  ilia  aiiiiH'iitiii  nf  iha 
an  ra"a  by  atit-h  a  rnifl  *iailali<*ii.  Kifiariwtn-a, 
•Il4  llir  inifa-MiiMy  of  |ttiyaii  laiia,  irr44|iiallY  iliai-nvt  rril 
•trnxliM  o4  aiKk  tliluaaaloauranr  lo  iiilligala  Iha  r«il 
OufiiHf  tha  foiirar  at  iwo  ■■I'liliirica  arnl  a  liaU,  tta  tini 
fttf  aaama  In  hata  alxiiU  annaiilaialily  Al  lanulh, 
kk  Ika  aanM  maiinar  wiili  iha  lr|iniay,  *hH'h  ninrir  ni 
Kar*|M  (or  amiia  nninriaa,  M  way  waaia  Ma  fon'a  anil 
4>aap|«ar ;  ami  in  annia  haptnar  at|*,  Ihia  t%aataiii  mi 
lai'lien,  lika  Ihal  frain  Ilia  aaal,  iiiaji  iw  known  iniljr  hy 
4*trti|(li«ii.  lMt\ 

II.  AAar  runaiilarintf  what  appaara  In  Ha  |Mtnn- 
'{•r  In  tlia  UHlily  rnnaliliiiiiin  nf  ilia  Ainrru'ana,  mir  ai- 
Unlion  la  nalurally  liiriiail  luwanla  Ilia  |Hiwan  tnil 
aba'.iliaa  »(  Ihrir  inniila  Aa  ili»  milivnlual  aiivainii 
mm  ka  i(naran<-a  and  iinlMrihty  nl  iha  iiifinl  aUia  lii 
viguf  aij  'iialnrily  al  unilrraiaiiilmg,  annirlliMiK  •miliar 
lo  Ihia  iray  tw  ulwarvail  in  ilwi  |irnKrraa  ol  iha  •(ivi'iva 
Wilh  raafiarl  In  ii,  lau,  tliara  la  a  |iaruiii  of  mrjiicy, 
4uiinu  «hii'li  aatoral  |i<i»iira  nf  ilir  niiiitl  ara  iiul  mi- 
MilaJ,  ami  all  ara  hrlilii  and  il*r»rli«a  in  iliair  oirra- 
Mil  In  Ilia  aarly  aura  ol  awiialy,  whila  iha  raiitlilian 
of  nian  la  aiinfila  ami  nnlr,  htarraaonia  Inil  lillla  rirr- 
•laail,    iihI   hia   ilvairi'a   niuia    ttllhin    *  inirv   narmw 

ailiara  llancF  ariat'  iwii  rainirkalila  rliarai'liriaina  uf 
a  lininan  iniml  in  ihia  «lala.  lit  inii'llvniial  |Hiv«i-ra 
■I*  ritrrnu'ly  limiliil  ;  jl>  amMlina  anil  rllurta  aru 
fcw  ami  Uni(iiiil  liulh  Ihaaa  diaiim'tiniia  am  run- 
•|ii<!uuiia  ainunii  iha  riiilail  and  nioal  iMiiniprovril  ul 
laa  Aniariraii  Irilwa,  anil  ronalilula  t  *.r>kiii|{  pail  uf 
iWir  daarriplion. 

What,  ainuiiK  |ialiahad  n*li«M,  la  callad  apariiUilya 
maoninii  or  ra>«arrh,  ia  altunailMr  unknown  in  llip 
niala  alala  of  aocialy,  and  luivrr  In'ruinca  Iha  imi  iipa- 
lion  or  arniiaainani  of  Iha  linnian  rariillira,  nnlil  iiiun 
bo  ao  far  iniprovrd  aa  to  hava  arf  nrml,  with  i?.>rtainty, 
Iko  inaana  of  auhaialanra,  aa  wall  aa  Iha  (waaioaion  nf 
loMiira  and  lraii<piillily  'Ilia  llmiiKhla  andalliMilioii  .if 
0  aavaga  ara  rnnhnatl  williin  Ilia  aiiiall  nri'la  of  olijrtMa 
Imniadulaly  rondticiva  to  hia  prfarrvalion  or  rnjny- 
manl  Kirpiy  thing  Iwyiind  that  rara|>va  hia  nliarrva- 
lien,  or  la  prrfartly  imlitrarrnl  to  linn.  I.iki'  a  nirri' 
•nimal,  what  ia  liafora  hia  ryra  iiitfrrata  ui  il  all'iria 
htm  )  what  ia  oul  of  ainhl.  or  il  a  diatanca,  nitki  a  litlla 
iinpraaaion.  Thars  ara  aaviTal  |iriip|p  in  Anii'ru'a, 
whoaa  liiniird  uiidurataiidinKa  aaoni  nut  In  lir  rnpahli^  nf 
funning  an  arraiiarinani  fur  fiitiirily  ;  npilhrr  thrir  •oh- 
citiida  nor  thrir  Yoraaight  ailatid  an  far  'I'liry  fniluw 
blindly  tlw  iinpiilaa  of  ihu  ap|H!tit«  whirl^  ihry  In  I,  hut 
■ra  antiri'ly  rrgardlraa  uf  diatani  ruiiaripiciii la,  and 
airen  of  tlioaa  raniovod  in  the  Ivaal  di'Rri'n  Inini  iiniiia- 
diata  ipprehtnaion.  While  thry  hiuhly  priii'  aurh 
Ihinga  aa  a«r«e  for  (itaaent  naa,  ur  ininiatrr  In  prrariit 
onjoymanl,  they  ael  no  value  u|ioii  tliuai<  which  are  nul 
llw  objarl  of  aoina  iinmt'diate  want  N\'licn,  on  the 
■piiroarli  of  Iha  ere niiig,  t  C'arriblire  fecla  hi'naelf  dia- 
yoaed  lo  so  to  real,  no  conaidrntion  will  toiniit  him  to 
acll  hia  naminock.  Uiil,  in  the  niornuig  when  ho  ia 
nllyiiig  oul  to  the  buainaaa  or  paaaliiiia  of  Ihe  day,  he 
will  part  with  il  for  the  aliKhtcat  toy  ilwl  catchea  hia 
fancy.  At  the  eloae  of  winter,  whila  llw  iinpryaian  of 
what  ha  haa  auffrrad  from  Ihe  rigor  of  tho4li>iiate,  ia 
fnah  in  Ihe  mind  of  iho  North  Aiiierictn.  he  aela  him- 
aelf  with  vigor  to  prepare  materitia  for  arecUng  a  com- 
fonabla  hut  to  protect  him  agaihal  the  inclemency  of 
Iha  auccaeding  acaaon  ;  hut,  aa  aoon  aa  the  weather 
bacomea  mild,  he  fnrRcta  what  ia  paat.  abandona  hi> 
work,  and  nevrr  thinka  of  it  inure  until  the  return  uf 
toM  conipela  him,  when  tiio  liita.  In  rrauiiie  it 

If  in  concerna  the  moat  iiilfrriitiii^t,  and  acciniiiulv 
Ifee  moat  liinple,  the  reaauii  of  iiiari  wliile  riidi'  ami  iIi-h- 
IMIa  of  culture,  dilfcra  an  littlr  from  the  thniitJilirHt 
Wvil|  of  cluldfvn, or  IIm  imjiroviduiil  iiiatiiict  ul'miiinila, 


iia   vaariKHia   m  mltar  dira,  ii*ma  •  a M  ha   tarv  ««» 

aklafalila  1 1»  Mk|a»ia  lowarda  whK'h  r<aa*n  iMma, 
•ad  ika  4i*|<Ma*i.Niia  >n  wbiah  ii  an^gaa  mnal  ik»|iaml 
a|iMii  Ilia  «<>tia  HI  mIiii'Ii  man  h  |>Ur»il  .„„|  ara  aiig- 
Kiai»)|  l>y  h'a  iiataialliaa  and  daa.rva  |h»tMl«laHma, 
wtiith  a|>p»'ar  Ilia  iitMal  ii»t.«.«aiiry  and  MH|mrtaMl  Iw  man 
in  una  ala'a  nf  Ma-it'ly,  iia*i>r  ta  ,'itr  In  llmaa  in  annlhar 
.\iii*Mi||  ri«ili«ril  ii4li,in«  anilinn  ii,  .  iir  ll.a  art  *»1  n<iiM 
li»riiig,  lailfinuJ  41,  t^at'tilial  anil  t  U  iiinliLirir  anam-a 
anil  III  niir  I  iMti:ii*'lil.  ilia  intii|ili«iil  anil  ii«a  ul  II  r»4ilira 
liai  k  In  a  parnal  an  rwiniita  aa  la  iMyiiiitl  tlia  kiMwUiJ^a 
•f  hi'lnry  Mill  aii.tni^  aa«a|fra,  wlui  liata  no  prM|iarty 
III  aaiimala,  nn  htHrdail  Iraaaiiraa  lo  rwnnl,  no  variety  vl 
iibjaala  ey  Hinlinilnily  of  ujraa  lo  annmarala,  ariih 
meiia  la  a  aM|w  rtliuttia  an4  uaalaaa  art  A<a«rdlii||ly, 
amotiij  a<iin*i  iritu'a  in  .\iitaru*a  M  aaania  lu  Iw  ipilia  iin- 
known  'I  lirra  ara  nniny  who  ranniM  rii  knn  fnrlhar 
than  ihraa  ,  and  hava  lui  daiinniinainH'  In  dialihgiiiali 
any  nnndiar  alMva  il  Havaral  van  priMaa«l  aa  tar  aa 
Ian,  uihvra  lo  Iwaniy  U'lwni  thav  wunUI  coiivay  an 
alaa  nf  any  niiintiar  liavinid  ihaaa,  itii  y  iniinl  In  Iha 
liaii  III  llu'ir  hr4d.  iiiinnahng  thai  Iliavi|ii4f  lo  ihain,  or 
Willi  wiMidar  ih't'lara  ii  in  ha  au  nft-al  llial  II  i-annul  ha 
rnkiHtt-d  Nnl  utily  tlia  .\ntaru-ana,  liiil  all  naliuna 
whila  aairaini'ly  rnda,  aa'  ni  lo  Iw  nnai'ipiaintad  with 
Ilia  art  of  rtHM|inlaiiiin  Aa  a«Hiii,  howwrr,  aa  Ihay 
afipiirn  aiit'h  Mi-ipiainuafa  or  I'oniwKMin  wiih  a  varia'y 
ol  uli|i'fla,  tlul  llivra  la  fr  ,|iianl  Oi'i'aainn  In  r-ofnlnna 
or  itiviila  tliani,  llicir  knowlrdt/r  uf  niMiilN>ra  inrraaara, 
Ml  Ihal  Iha  aula  nf  tliia  art  ainoiiii  any  jirnpla  may  lia 
ronaid»iri'il  at  nnn  alamlaril  by  wTiii-li  to  aalimaia  iha 
dagrra  uf  itiair  inipruvanirnl  Ihu  liiHpioiaa,  III  Nurih 
Aini'iira.  aa  liny  ara  ninrh  nifra  I'lviliard  iban  ilii< 
r-i,U  iniialiilania  ol  llraail.  I'araitnav.  nr  tiniana,  hava 
llkawiaa  inadu  grialar  advanvna  in  llna  rra|i«'i-t  ,  ilioii|/h 
rvan  liiatr  arillinniia  iluea  not  ailand  bi-vund  a  lluin- 
aand,  aa  III  thair  petty  Iranaainiona  thfv  hiivn  no  ix'ra- 
aion  'or  any  hij^ln-r  iiuiiilHr.  'Iha  rhcrokaa,  a  Ivaa 
runaidrrabla  nation  on  llir  aaiiia  rnnlMianI,  ran  rrrkon 
only  aa  far  aa  a  hnndrrd,  anil  lu  iliat  i  iiiiit  liavi'  iiann  a 
for  tlia  arvvral  niinibara  ;  llin  aiiiutirr  Irihra  in  thi-ir 
naiuliborhiHHl  ran  riac  no  hitthi  r  llntii  Im    [Al  ] 

In  uihar  rrapri-i*.  Iha  rvrrnar  nl  Iha  iinili'r«ianilMi)| 
aniuiiK  rinla  naluina  la  atill  ninr>  Innili'd  'I'lia  llrat 
Itlaaa  uf  alary  hnniaii  li*<iiig  iiiiiat '  ■•'  ■tirli  aahr  rirt'ivra 
by  Iha  aviiara.  Hill  in  tlir  iniiiil  nf  man,  wlnlr  in  llir 
aava|(u  at.iti',  ilirra  at-tiii  to  In  liintlv  any  ulma  Imi 
whiit  rntrr  by  Ihia  att-ii'ii-  '!'.•  nlijrria  iirniiiid  liini 
ara  prra4>litrd  lo  llla  ryr  •*4lli'li  iia  limy  br  aiiliai  niriit 
to  Ilia  naa,  or  ran  uralify  any  ol  bu  apin-lilra.  atlrari 
hia  nulira  ;  hr  \irwa  lhi>  real  witlmiil  nirinaiiy  nr  at- 
Irntiim  .Suiialinl  with  ronanlrriMK  llirni  iinili'r  lliiil 
Biinpla  innilr  in  vvliM'li  iliry  iiiip,  ar  lo  bun.  aa  arparati' 
and  ih-lih'lii  il.  h>'  ni  lllnr  rninb.in  a  llii  nl  ao  aa  tn  tnnii 
unirriil  i*l.iai*|.a,  tinr  riiiili  niiiliiira  tbi'tr  i)nHlil4ia  apiirt 
fruin  Ihu  aiiliji-ri  in  v\liii  li  liny  iiilnrr,  iinr  bralowa  a 
thnntflil  n|H)n  llir  MjitMltinia  nl  hi*  nwii  iniiiil  i-unrrrii 
ing  tlniin.  'I'liiia  ha  la  iin.iripiainlid  with  all  Iha  idraa 
which  liove  bt-rndrnninin.itril  uitiniiitl,  ur  ubntriwlt  or 
o/u/lutum.  'I'lia  raii[;r  nl  tiia  ntuliraiandinu  iiiiiat,  of 
courv*,  be  lary  tontini'il,  and  Ina  rraaoning  pnwrra  hr 
pm|ilov>'d  nirri'ly  on  whit  la  arniililr  Tina  la  ao  ri>- 
inaikanlv  t!ie  ruaa  ivitli  ihr  nulrr  nulinna  of  ,\marira, 
tliiil  thi'ir  liiiifni.i^rc,  [aa  we  ahall  aftrrwarda  hiid)  hate 
iiol  a  »ord  In  xvivraa  any  thing  but  what  i#nulrrial  ur 
;inpiiral  Tn<*,  'imrr,  iiiliilaiirr,  and  a  tliouaiiiid 
iiTii.D,  I  f  thoiVf'iracnt  abairurt  and  nnivrraal  idtaa,  arr 
ul'iigrtlii  r  uii^iiuwn  lu  tlirin.  A  imkrd  aavagr,  ruwat- 
,  ing  ttrvr  Uio  lire  inliia  iniarrablr  riilnii,  or  atrrlrtird  iin- 
j  der  a  fuw  brancbea  mIiicIi  alluid  him  a  trmpuriry  abrl- 
ter,  haa  aa  little  iiit  iiiialioii  aa  capHcity  fur  iiarluaa  atir. 
nil.111011  Ilia  thoiiuhia  rxlriid  nut  beyond  what 
relali  a  tn  uniniil  lilr  ;  and  whrn  liny  arc  not  directed 
towaida  aiiinr  nf  iia  conrrriia,  hia  iiiind  la  tutully  inac- 
tive. In  ailiiatinna  wlirre  iiurxlraordinnry  rHurt  ritln-r 
uf  ingriiiii'y  ur  Uliur  ia  rnpiiaitt',  in  urdcr  to  aattafv  Ihe 
aiinpir  ilrinunda  nf  nature  thr  iHjwrra  of  the  iiiinil  are 
ao  tti'tdoin  roiiard  lo  any  exertion,  that  the  rational  fa- 
cullira  rontintie  aininat  dormanl  and  iiiieierciard.  The 
niiineroiia  trihca  araltrrrd  over  the  rich  plaina  of  Mouth 
America,  the  iiihabitunta  of  aoiiie  uf  the  lalanda,  and  uf 
acvrral  fertile  regiunaon  the  continent,  roiiui  under  ihia 
deirri|ilioii.  'I'heir  vacaiil  counteiiaiicr,  their  ataring 
uneijireaaive  rye,  their  liatleaa  inattrnlinn,  and  tola! 
ignorance  of  auhjecta  which  e<<ein''d  lo  lie  the  lint 
ivliirli  aliuiild  occupy  the  thuiighla  of  rational  hcinga, 
nndi'  aurh  iiii|irra9nin  U|ian  tlin  Npaniarda,  when  they 
lir»t  liiheld  Ihn.ie  rudn  pea|i!r,  that  ihry  conaidrted 
liieni  K»  anlnlal^•ll^all  inlrnor  uriirr,  and  ronid  not  be- 
lii'vo  Iliiit  thry  iielungi'd  to  tlie  human  a|ieciea.  Il  re- 
ipiirrd  lliu  uulhiirity  uf  a  pafiul  bull  to  counteract  thia 
u|iiniun,  mid  to  cunviiice  tliuni  tliat  the  Aineiicnna  waro 


aa|iaMaa(iko  ^<>lrllH•l•  ami  •miibil  m  ilia  piivltagM 
of  knmanily      Minra  thai  iinia.  paratma  uiuta  anb^M 


anil  Im|airii4t  iHan  iha  diavutarira  m  vMti|<.ae 
M  Amariaa,  ka«a  li'td  ail  ,ip|i«ifiiiniiy  uf  •'HnialMflaiiiig 
Iha  nwMl  aav  tea  ml  ii«  iiili.,l>ii.iiti4.  ami  lliay  kava  Noav 
aaimiialiad  aiiil  Itiinilibd  miiIi  ,ili«»r«ing  ham  naar'y  oioe 
III  Una  vondiliun  apprua,  liaa  tn  Iha  lirtila  vfaallOti.  Hul 
in  aavarvr  rlllnalaa,  wliara  a  ibalalanaa  ramMH  fw  pfv^- 
t'lirrd  with  Iha  aaina  ¥<im¥t  where  inrii  innal  unHa  nnite 
rUiaaly,  and  ail  Willi  unaivf  I'mitari,  naraaaily  aolle 
Inrtli  lb* IV  lalviiia  amf  aliar^iaiia  ihair  Invaniieii,  an 
ihai  Ilia  niiellaviiial  iwwara  ara  niova  aaaraiaail  aa^  |H»> 
pinvvd  Iha  ,\anh  Ainarwan  Irihaa.  ami  Iha  naliaee 
af  I  hdi,  wh4)  Inhabii  iha  iam|iartia  lagMwia  In  Um  HMI 
graal  diairnla  uf  Aniaiira,  ara  pampla  •!  anllivataii  tmt 
rnlargril  xlaralamlinga,  when  vlawad  in  >ai«|iarlann 
Willi  anil  mI  IhiMa  aaaiad  In  the  laliaiiiU,  af  an  llie 
hanka  III  llw  Maraunnn  ami  Dvinoru  Thaiy  aarii|ia' 
liuna  ara  mora  vanuua,  ihair  ayaiain  of  |Ndlay,  aa  wall 
aa  uf  war,  innra  ctaHplai,  Ibaii  aria  mora  nnmaraua, 
Hut  avail  aniiM'g  Ihnn,  Iha  inlallviinal  iiuwara  are  ai- 
iranialy  liniiiid  III  lliair  n|iv'raliona,  ami,  utiUaa  whan 
liiimd  diirrily  In  tlinaa  iihjrria  whnh  interval  a  aavago, 
ara  bald  Ml  mi  valnnalimt  thrib  Iha  North  Aitiarieana 
and  I  'hib'aa.  whan  nul  angagrd  in  aoma  ol  Iha  fum'iMma 
lialonying  lu  4  warrior  or  hiinlar,  Uniar  away  Ihair  lime 
in  Ihonghllaaa  Indnlama,  unari|iiK.nilad  wnn  any  oikot 
aiibiart  worlhy  nf  llwir  alianlinr  r  ra|iabla  ef  oaeiapy* 
nig  il.rir  niiiidv  If  avaii  ainnnu  inrni  raaaun  la  ao  iimiall 
cirrtiniirrlliad  Ml  Ita  aiartiuna,  4(i>l  never  arrivaa,  ivi  lie 
hii,'hi  at  allaiinnanla,  al  Iha  knuwlrdga  of  Ihuaa  ganaial 
I  iinripira  and  niaiiina  wliii  h  aarva  aa  the  foiindaliun  ol 
arianir,  wa  umy  rntieludti  ihal  Ilia  inlrtlarinal  jiowaia 
of  man  in  ilia  aataga  alata  are  daatitnta  ul  Ihair  pro|iar 
ubjiel,  and  raiinnt  ar,piir«  any  conaidarabla  degree  el 
vigor  and  rnlaruanianl 

troMi  the  aaiiia  ranaea,  the  acliva  alfurla  of  iho  ibIii4 
ara  Irw,  and  on  iiioal  wraainna  languid  If  wa  at 
ainniii  iinu  llir  mnlivra  which  runaa  men  to  activity  m 
I'lvibaed  llir,  and  prunipt  thiiii  lu  |i«raatara  In  fatiguing 
avirlinna  of  llirir  mijrnuiiy  ur  alranglh,  wa  aliall  (iiul 
tliiil  thry  ariae  chielly  Iruin  acipiirvd  wante  ami  apiM»> 
tiira  Ihran  are  nninriinia  and  linporiunala  {  thay 
k<  rp  the  mind  in  |irrpatual  agitation,  ami  in  onlai  IA 
gratify  Ihain,  invrnliun  inual  lie  alwaya  on  llir  atietcb, 
and  Midiiaiiy  iniiai  ha  nicraaantly  employed  IM  the 
drairra  of  aiinpir  iialiire  are  few,  and  whore  a  ^vor- 
iibhi  rhinale  yielda  alnnial  aponlaiit onaly  what  aulficaa 
In  griilify  them  Ihry  aianrly  atir  Ilia  aunl,  or  aiciia 
any  viuleiit  emotion  llanre  Ilia  uatHila  of  aavaitl 
Irihra  in  Amerira  waate  Ihrir  life  in  a  liatleaa  indolanre. 
Tn  Ita  free  from  orriipatl  'ii,  aucma  lo  ba  all  ihe  enjoy- 
inrnt  lowarda  whirh  thry  aapiro  Tlwy  will  continue 
whnlr  daya  atrrtrhed  out  in  their  haniiiMicka,  or  aaataU 
n.i  the  larlli  in  prrlrd  idlriieaa,  willwut  cliaiiging  ttoait 
pnaiiirr,  or  raiaiiig  ilieir  ryea  Iruiii  itie  grouiid,  ol  ul- 
Irring  a  aiiiglr  word. 

•Inch  la  ihrir  avrraion  to  hihur  lhal  iieilhai  Iha  hope 
of  future  good,  nor  the  appri  lienaiun  uf  future  a«il  cam 
Buniiouni  It.  They  ap|  .ar  eipiallv  indilTrrenl  to  IwUii, 
diacoycrnig  lillle  auliritnde,  and  Liking  no  prarauliunH 
lu  a\uid  the  uiie  ur  tn  ai'curu  tlie  uilirr.  'I  tie  craviiitia 
nf  hungrr  may  ruiiar  them  ;  but  aa  they  devour,  with 
lilllr  dinlnictiun,  whalavei  will  appiaac  Ha  InaliiicUva 
lU'inaii'la,  the  rirrtiuna  which  tlivae  occaaioii  anr  ol 
alinri  duialioii  Dralilule  of  ardor,  aa  well  aa  vanwty 
uf  draire,  ihry  feel  not  the  force  of  thuae  iHiMueri'd 
•priiiga  which  gi\u  tiuor  lu  the  inuveim  iita  uf  the  imniU, 
uiid  iirgii  tlui  iiaticnt  luind  uf  induatry  lo  jNiraeviare  m 
Ita  cllurla.  NIaii,  in  aoine  |iarla  uf  America,  apiwiara  in 
a  furin  mi  rude  ll.at  we  can  diacuver  no  ell'ccla  of  hia 
activity,  and  lliu  principle  of  uiidrratanding,  which 
rhniild  direct  it,  aeeiiia  fiardly  to  lie  unfolded.  I,ika 
tile  ulber  uniiiiala  he  hue  no  tiled  reaidence  ;  he  haa 
errrtrd  no  habiluliun  lu  aheltrr  lum  from  the  iiiclamanry 
of  tlir  wralber;  he  Inia  taken  no  nicaaurea  for  ace  jiiig 
certain  aiibaialeiire  ;  he  niilher  aowa  nor  reajia  :  but 
rouiiia  alHjut  aa  led  in  aearch  uf  tlie  plaiita  aiui  fruita 
wliii'h  the  earth  briiiga  fuitb  in  aucceaaiun  ;  and  in  >|ueal 
of  the  game  which  he  killa  in  the  foreat,  ur  of  Iha  tiah 
which  he  catchea  in  the  rivera. 

Thia  deacriplion,  liuwevir,  appliua  only  to  ioiiie  Iribea. 
Man  cannot  continue  long  in  thia  atate  uf  feeble  and 
iiniiifariiird  infancy.  He  waa  made  fur  induatry  aiul 
action,  and  the  |iowera  of  hia  nature,  aa  well  at  iIm 
neceaaity  of  hia  condition,  urge  liiui  lo  fulKI  hia  daa- 
tiny.  Accordingly,  amonK  'uoat  of  the  American  na- 
tiniia,  capecially  thnae  aeated  in  ngoroua  elimatea,  aomo 
ellurta  are  employed,  and  aoine  previoua  pracautioua 
are  taken,  fur  aecuriny  aubaiaience.  The  caieu  ol 
re;;ular  induatry  ia  liegun  and  Ihe  laboriuua  aim  bee 
tnudo  Iho  ftral  eaaaya  of  ita  {Mwen.    huU,  lwyWM% 


•  nirtM  ANmiOA. 


I  howM«« 


rite  hufWil-WiM  *wl  thltltNl  laniiM  «f  ilM  »•••)(«  aMt*  i 
MtimitMl**        !''••)•   •KMng    ih«M   man    initi»i>pi| 
Ifllwi.  Mmf  >4  4m»m»4  ignHmtitiiri*  4Mfl  tlvur^ilind      It 
W  *i,lf  la  *«fk  of  *  >»Uii>  kiiiil  iIm)  •  MI4II  oill  il«i||ii  j 
!•  |>ul  Ilia  Iwnil       I  )<•  ('•'<i>'f  |>«ri  la  •Ixxltnl  niiitaly 

aywi  Iha  *w«iM«      'Mm  hall  n(  >!>•  xh nir  iimkiik 

|M>lit>,  *kil«  ilw  Wlwr  ii  ii|.|>ri»Ml  «iili  !"•  iiiiilii 
|i«l«  «»4  variafv  n(  IM  m*  MtrntuMi*  I  li>i«  lUvir  iti 
tfutlry  M  |Mrti«l,  nnl  iha  r>ir»<i|lii  whi>h  oynUiaa  ii  la 
■•  Uaa  Iiiiiila4  A  r>in«ikal>la  malaiua  •(  iliia  ■•>■  >ifa 
Ih  lh«  •!»■'  arrtncanwnl  »»li  naiiarl  la  ihair  niannaf 
•f  liting  'I'hay  ii«|i«nil  Un  Itwii  aulnialaiH'*,  iliiiiiig 
■Ml  part  ml  lh«  yaar,  »n  Maliinn  ,  iliirinK  anaihar,  on 
kunlin^  I  during  •  Ihinl,  nn  ilia  ptiMlura  M  Itwif  tun 
tulliira  TlwHigh  aiiwriania  haa  UiikIi*  llirm  lu  kin 
•••  Iha  raliifH  ul  lh<Ma  variiHia  •* aainia,  anil  la  niaka 
Mnw  pnniaian  M  Iha  raattaflina  aiigrnaiaa  af  aaah. 
tha>  allhar  araiii  aavavily  In  |init«rii»n  lliia  prutMiim 
la  iKair  i'iHi<iini|iiiuti,  im  ara  «>  iiHapahla  af  any  lum- 
manii  »ta(  tlMK  ai>|>alilai,  ihal,  rniiii  lliaif  Imuiiafila 
NU  waala,  Ihay  aOan  faai  Ilia  ralaiiilliaa  ol  ramiiia  aa 
tataralf  aa  ilia  rmlaal  of  iha  aaira«fa  Iriliaa  What 
Ihay  iiilfar  ana  yaar  iloaa  luri  anniiM'iil  iliaii  iiulualiy, 
•r  ranilar  liivnt  iiioro  |irii>iilaiii  ui  |ir>'«aiii  •miliar  ilia- 
Iraaaaa  'Iliia  inraiiaiilrrala  llHiM|(lillaaana>a  alioiil 
Allunly,  iha  albcl  af  innufaiwa  ami  'ha  raiiaa  sf  alulli, 
•«a«m|>*nlaa  ami  rharailarKra  man  in  avary  Mana  uf 
M«a|a  lifa  t  ami,  liy  a  ra|>rii-iiiia  >iMKiilarily  in  hia  aua- 
•sllona  ha  la  Ihaii  Iraal  •■ilinliiua  alaiul  •ii|it>lyini|  liia 
Urania,  whan  Iha  nwani  t,l  aaliafyMig  lliriii  am  iiioal 
•■ariaua,  *im<  ii(iMi"aii  miih  Iha  graataat  liillWulljr 
Ml 
III  AftarylawingllialiiHlily  ranaliliilioiianlllin  Ama 
f  aaiia,  ami  roitiriM|tl  11111)1  i\w  |Miwrra  iif  llii'ir  itiiitiU,  ^*a 
%n  Ird,  In  Iha  naliirjl  urilur  nf  nii|<iir«,  lu  I'liiiaiili'r 
Iham  aa  unilril  totfriliirin  aurii'ly  lliiliriiu  uiir  ra 
aaari'haa  hava  haaii  t'lHiliiirtl  lu  iha  ii|»'r4lioha  uf  iimlar- 
•laiiilihhr  raa|iarliMK  Ihriiiaalvt'a  aa  imhvutiiata  ;  now 
iticy  will  riliMkI  10  lliii  ilr|{ri<a  uf  lliair  aonaiUility  anil 
(lliii'liiiit  luwarila  ihrir  <|wri>  a 

'I'll*  iluinaalii!  alala  M  iha  lii<l  and  niual  aiinpla  form 
of  human  aaaorialiun  'I'lia  iimuii  ul  iha  anra  amniiv 
iliiri'r'iil  aiiiniala  la  uf  \nn^i>t  nr  aliiiriar  iliiraiioii  in 
|>rii|Mirtion  lu  ihn  aaaa  or  tlilTli-iilly  nl  n  ariri||  tlivir  ull- 
a|irii,i|  AinuMH  thuas  Irilwa  whi'ru  ilia  ai'a>uii  uf 
infancy  la  allur^  and  iha  young  auon  a>'i|iiira  vigor  or 
tgllily,  no  (irnnanrnl  iiiiiiiii  la  loriiii'il  .Matiira  ruiii' 
RUIa  Iha  rara  of  Iraining  ii|i  Iha  nira|<ring  lu  iha  mnllirr 
•lona,  and  h*r  Irndi'riiraa,  withuiil  any  ullirr  aaaial- 
■lira,  la  ai|iial  lu  Ihn  laah  Hut  wlnra  tlw  alalr  uf 
Infancy  la  lung  and  hrlplraa,  and  ihi'  juinl  aaauluily  uf 
both  iwranla  la  miuiailii  in  trndinu  llii'ir  fmhln  pro- 
gany,  Ihnra  a  tiiorr  iniiinaia  loiiuriian  liikra  |iliii'i<, 
tnd  ronlinuua  uiilil  thi<  |iur|n>i,r  uf  natum  Ihi  aciuin- 
pliahed,  and  Iha  now  run  grow  up  lu  full  nmliirily, 
Aa  Iha  infancy  of  man  la  inuru  liii'lilti  ami  lu'lplnaa  iliaii 
Ihal  of  any  olhrr  animal,  and  hu  la  di-miiili'iii  diiniig  t 
luui'h  longar  |irriod  on  iha  ram  and  lurra  ghl  ol  Iiia 
parania,  iha  tiniun  iM'twfPii  hiiahiiiMl  and  wil'ii  cainn 
early  lo  lio  conaiduri>(l  iiul  unlv  aa  a  aulrinii  hut  aa  a 

Iwrnuiifnl  rontrarl.  A  gt'iirraf  alatii  o(  prumiatiiiuiia 
nirrcuiiraa  hrtwonn  tint  acira  nrviir  I'lialfd  hut  in  lliii 
liiiaginatiun  of  (Kirla.  In  Ilia  infiinry  uf  aut'ii'ty  whan 
ineii,  (iaalilulaof  aria  ami  mdiialry,  \eu\  a  hard  jiriii'a- 
noua  lifit,  Iha  rearing  of  thiilr  prugpiiy  di'inamla  tliu 
tllanlioii  and  alTiirta  uf  Imih  |Mri'nla  ;  tnd  if  llii'ir 
union  had  not  havn  furinril  and  I'unliniiad  with  lliia 
viaw,  the  rare  could  nut  hiivc  Ih'cii  iirracryrd.  Ac- 
cordingly in  Aiiii'rit'a,  nvnn  among  llio  riidiat  trilnta, 
•  regular  iiniun  Iwlwern  liiialiand  and  wilii  waa  univcr- 
•al,  and  the  righta  uf  marriage  were  iiiHlrraiootl  and 
t^cogniaed.  In  Itionn  diatrirta  where  aiiliaiatunco  waa 
■canty,  and  the  dilllLMilty  of  inainiaiiimg  a  fdinily  waa 
great,  Iha  man  conlimtd  hiinaolf  lu  one  wife.  In 
wanner  tnd  more  furlile  pruvincca,  the  facility  of 
imcuring  food  vunciirrad  wilh  the  inllnenco  of  cli- 
mala  in  Inducing  Iha  inhaliitnnta  to  inereaae  Iha 
■umber  of  their  wivea  In  aoma  coiintriM  Iho  inai- 
rige-union  aulwiated  during  life ;  in  ullwf*,  Iha  iin- 
^Uenca  of  the  Americana  under  rcttrtini  of  wiy  apa- 
cieo,  together  wilh  their  natural  loviljr  end  ctprioe, 
|)romplad  tluun  to  diaaolve  it  on  vtrjr  rlighl  |niiUxta, 
tnd  often  without  ■•■igning  any  ctuee. 

But  m  wliatever  light  iha  AinrricMi*  cnnttdand  the 
cbligatioii  of  lliia  cuiilraLi,  cither  *•  |ier|wtu«l  or  only 
M  temporary  ;  the  condition  of  wuinen  waa  eiiually  liu> 
inilmting  and  miacralile.  Whether  man  haa  liven  im- 
|ltoyed  hy  the  prugreaaof  arta  and  civiliialiun  in  tociety, 
u  A  queatiiin  which,  in  the  wiintuiiiwaa  of  diapulution, 
luM  Uien  igiltled  ainoiig  philuaopliera.  That  women 
•M  indebted  to  the  reliniunonta  of  polialied  mannura, 
Im  %  ii>{<ff  Kbitngo  in  ihtii  lUlo,  ii  t  point  which  cun 


ailmM  a(  na  daubt  I'm  daafilaa  an4  M  dagraila  Iha  lb- 1 
mala  aai  laa  «b«r»«ierialw  a(  ilia  aa>aga  aiaia  in  a<aiy 
|iari  nniw  glalw  Man  iiraud  nl  >i>«Tling  in  alnngih 
<n,4  m  naiirafa,  Iha  ■  liial  maika  uf  ff  •uiiiian«a  anu.i.g 
F>„lii  iiriipla.  irraia  wumaii.  aa  «n  inlaruir,  wiih  diaiUin 
llia,  Aii<,iif4iM,  p«>Im|hi  fruin  Ihal  >,ildi<eaa  and  iiiaan 
«ii>,liiy  «tii,  h  Ih«  Iivi'u  runaiilvrad  aa  |iaruliar  la  tliiur 
,  ,„ialllMiiii,i.  aibl  ii#gU,>l  and  harahnaaa  la  riitiUmpI 
Ilia  itiuwi  Miiclligviii  IravilU'a  Imi^h  Iwrn  tiriull  wiili 
ihia  MMiivMiiMii  al  Ilia  Amari.  ana  i«  iliair  wunian  li 
.a  nut,  aa  I  ha>a  alrea4y  atiaaroml,  hy  a  aliitliad  diaplay 
tl  lamlarnaaa  »n4  aHaakmanl  thai  Iha  Ameriran  al 
laiiipia  la  ^am  Iha  kaail  a(  llw  woman  xIhiih  ha  wiahaa 
lo  marry  Marriaga  iiaall,  iiial^ail  uf  Iwuig  a  ummi  uf 
alfiii'iiim  and  mlrri-ata  halwran  t,|uala,  Iwaumaa aiiiung 
Ihaw  Iha  annalural  •atipiiHlMii  al  •  maal>r  wlih  hia 
•laya  It  la  llw  abaarvaiian  •( an  auihuf  wlioaa  ii)iininna 
ara  ilaaariiilly  uf  grral  woiglil,  thai  wlwratar  wiica 
ara  |niri'liaai-d  their  'inuliliun  la  ailreinaly  d'pfaaaril 
I'hay  Imiuuie  Ilia  pru|>orly  and  llw  alataa  »f  llaiaa  wliu 
buy  Ihani  In  whalvtar  |iarl  uf  Iha  glalia  Ihia  riialuin 
pr*«aila,  Iha  nlnarvallon  hulda  Ir  ••untrlaa  wh,>ra 
rrllnemani  lua  tn'ola  aunia  progrraa,  woman  whru  pur 
>'lia«il  are  anluilid  fruin  mhii'I*,  aliiil  up  hi  ••'- 
ipiaairrrd   a|Htrlin*'nla,   itid    !,rpl    iiiidaf    Ilia    vigilant 

Siiard  uf  tliKir  maairra  In  rudar  iiaiioia  they  ara 
r,(ra<led  lu  ilia  iiiaanaat  fiiiieiwna  Ainong  many 
firuplu  uf  .\iiu'rtca  tin-  niarrlaga  i-uulraet  la  prupvrly  a 
uiirt'ltaaa  'Die  man  liii^a  liia  wifa  »l  her  |Hirriila 
ritougli  iiiiai'ipiiiiiiliid  Willi  tile  uaa  uf  iiiunay,  ur  with 
Biii'h  l'uulrll#^'lal  tranaartiuna  aa  lake  plura  in  iiuiru 
tmprotid  MM-ii'ty,  ha  kht),^*  tiuw  lo  give  an  aqiuvalaiil 
fur  any  uli|r,'l  wliii'll  ha  duairra  to  laiaaraa  In  •nma 
plat'ia,  tliti  aiiitor  ilevulea  Itia  atirvirp  for  a  I'vitain  tiiue 
III  the  pttreni*  uf  iha  maid  whmn  ha  ruuria  ;  in  ulhera 
ha  hiinia  fnr  them  neraalonally,  or  aaaiata  in  cultivating 
iluir  lU'lila  and  funning  Ihair  ranoaa ;  In  utliera,  lie 
ullera  preariila  of  ain'li  thinga  a>  ara  drained  niual 
vatiiahlf  un  ai't'uiinl  at  tliair  naafiilnaaa  ur  rarity  In 
ri'iiirii  I'ur  ilt*-ai<  he  rei'eivi<a  hia  wile  ;  and  thia  ciri'iim* 
atance,  adilt-d  to  llw  low  eatlmalion  uf  women  amung 
•avagea,  kaila  hiin  lo  eunaidrr  her  aa  •  female  aervani 
whoui  he  liaa  |niri'lia>rd,  and  wlioin  ha  h,ia  a  lilla  to 
trial  aa  an  inferiur  In  all  un|Kiliahed  natioiia,  it  la 
true,  the  functiuna  in  domratic  economy  which  fall 
naturally  tu  the  aliare  uf  wumen  are  ao  many,  tlial  lliry 
are  aniijecird  to  hard  lahur,  and  mual  lie^r  mure  than 
tlieir  full  portion  ol  the  rummon  Imrden.  Ilul  in 
America  their  condition  la  au  neciillarly  griuvoua,  and 
their  di'iireaaiuii  ao  cnmpleta,  thai  aervitiide  ta  *  nam* 
tm>  milil  lo  deaerilie  their  wretched  atale  A  wifu 
among  inuit  Iriliea  la  no  lietler  thiin  a  lieial  of  burden, 
deatineil  tu  nverv  nlliee  uf  la'iur  and  fatigue  Wliilii 
the  men  luiter  out  the  diy  in  aluth,  or  a|iend  it  In 
amuaemeiil,  the  women  are  cotidemnrd  to  liioeaaaiil 
loll.  'I'aalia  era  im|iaaed  u|Hin  them  withuiil  pity,  and 
aervicea  ara  received  wilhoiil  coniiilaeeiica  or  grati- 
tude Kvery  circum>lan''e  reininda  woman  ol  lliia 
miirlifyiiig  inferiority,  'i'liey  iniiat  approach  their  lorda 
with  reverence  i  they  iniiat  regard  tnem  aa  more  ei- 
alted  huinga,  and  ara  nol  (lermiiled  to  aal  in  their 
preaence.  'I'liera  are  dialricia  in  America  where  thia 
iluminion  ia  ao  grlevoue,  tnd  ao  aenailily  felt,  that 
aunie  we. lien.  In  a  wild  emotion  of  maternal  tandur- 
iieaa,  hiva  daatroyed  tlieir  fcinala  child'en  in  their 
iiifdiicy,  in  tpltr  lo  deliver  litem  from  thtl  intolerable 
laindage  to  yihieh  they  knew  they  wert  doomed.  'I'hua 
tlia  lirat  inalilution  of  aoeiti  lile  it  |ierverted.  That 
aUle  ufdoinratic  union  towarda  which  nature  Icadathu 
human  aprciea,  in  order  to  aoften  the  heart  to  gciit!u- 
nraa  and  hiiin.inity,  ia  rendered  ao  uneijutl  aa  lo  eatab- 
hall  t  critui  diatinction  lietween  the  aeiea,  which  fu'tna 
the  one  lo  he  harali  and  unfeeling,  tiid  humblet  the 
other  10  tervility  and  aiilijcction. 

It  ia  owing,  |H'iha|ia,  in  4ume  inouura,  to  Ihia  title 
of  depreaaion,  :hal  women  in  rude  iittiont  are  liir  from 
bring  prolillc.  Tlit  vigor  of  lhair  conalitulion  it  ei- 
hanated  hy  eiceaaive  utigue,  and  the  wanla  and  dia- 
truraea  of  aavagu  life  tre  to  niimcrout  aa  lo  force  Ihetii 
tu  lake  varioiia  preciiiiliont  in  order  to  prevent  too  rapid 
tn  iiicretae  of  ihnil  progeny.  Among  wandering  triliea, 
or  auch  ta  dot>end  chieHy  upon  hunting  fur  aiibaiatonco, 
Iha  mother  cannul  attempt  to  rear  t  lerund  child  until 
Um  Artt  haa  ilttined  auch  t  degree  of  vigor  ta  to  be  in 
tome  motiitrt  inde|iendent  oT  her  ctre.  From  thii 
motive  it  it  the  uiiivertti  practice  of  Iht  Atnerictn 
wuinon  to  aiickle  their  children  during  toveral  yotra ; 
and,  at  they  tuldom  iniirry  early,  the  iieriod  of  their 
fertility  ia  over  before  they  ctn  lliiiali  tlio  long  but  imi- 
caaaary  t".indanco  upon  two  or  three  children.  Among 
Boiiie  of  the  Ictat  puliahcd  tribea,  whote  ii'.dutlry  and 
forotighl  do  not  stiend  to  far  tt  to  tutke  tnjr  ntguUi 


MuMum  tm  ilwif  aabalaaaaea,  H  la  t  himmi  Ml  !• 
hMfilan  ihamaalvea  with  reariag  mata  Iban  iwa  aklMwi  I 
and  Ma  a«i*  K  numanaiia  faiwiltaa  »•  ara  rra,f>,«ni  m  tlv^ 
liaad  aa*  iriiaa  4ia  la  lie  ItHiiid  aniang  aien  ui  iha  aavtgo 
•laia  WlwM  iwina  are  trntn.  m\»  al  Iham  inaamanlf 
u  atMmkniad,  iMranaa  llw  mailier  la  mH  ai'ial  M  iha 
Uab  u(  rvaring  IxHh  |M|  M  han  t  ivuHhaf  diet  while 
alia  i<  iiiiraiiigailMld.  all  lia|ia  af  pfeaarvlug  iia  kla  failei 
and  II  la  lHiii»d  lagkilipf  with  livr  In  Iha  aama  grtva 
Aa  IliK  iwranla  ara  ira.|„>iiily  aiiuaaJ  ta  want  by  ihait 
awn  luipnividenl  uidulanoa.  ilia  dittWaUy  af  aHalamIng 
iliair  •hildran  kaeamai,  m  gretl  Ihal  il  le  MM  anawmiKO 
lo  aliandun  ar  daairoy  Iham  Thiia  than  eiiwriafiee  •( 
tli>  dirtk  ully  al  ir4imiig  up  an  mfani  to  NMIariiy,  <im4M 
Iha  liardahi|ia  al  aavaga  hie,  aftan  alMlet  Iba  .  ■tut  al 
naiura  auiaiig  iha  Amaflaana,  and  aitf|MMne  MM  MMXf 
aoHHiana  of   iiarrnltl  landarnaaa 

ilul  Ihougli  naiaaaiiy  «ain|wU  ih*  InkeMMMt  W 
.\uHri>a  ihiia  lu  ael  Imiimla  to  iN*  Inayataa  of  iball 
lainilira,  Iht  y  ara  iiiM  dalWiaiil  »i  tllbaiMn  tnd  tlltaly- 
mani  lu  ihrir  urtaiinng  'Ibay  (eel  Iba  pwaaf  •!  Ilut 
laaliiH'l  In  iia  lull  fofi'e,  and  at  laaig  ta  Ihalf  pMganf 
,'tiMiiiiua  frelile  and  lirlplrat,  IHI  |iaovea  aaeaad  Iham  m 
iiuiib  imaa  and  i  arr  Ilul  In  riida  nalMne  the  dapa» 
daiiea  uf  I'liihlran  umHi  llwir  paranta  M  a(  ahatlar  ren* 
limiama  than  in  pulialied  aorlaliat  When  man  mual 
ha  Iramad  lo  Iha  variona  hinelwna  *l  elvd  Uh  bt  pf*' 
vioiia  diaeipliiiii  ami  adiHaiian,  wh^n  the  knowleage  •( 
aliatriiaa  wiiiupa  mual  lie  taiighl,  ami  dattarily  In  in* 
Iru  ate  aria  mual  lia  ai'ipilrrd,  Itefvra  t  yiMiig  man  It 
lireiiared  lu  lagin  hia  eareat  of  telHHi,  the  tlltntivo 
feeiiiiga  ul  a  parrni  ara  nol  ronrlnail  to  Iha  yaara  of  In- 
lam  y,  lull  rilrnd  tu  wbal  la  mora  ranmle,  Iha  aMt- 
hlialiiiieut  uf  lua  rhild  iii  the  world  tiran  Ihan  hit 
aiilii  iliide  ikira  nol  tarmiuala  Ilia  prolerliim  may  tlill 
Iw  reiiuiaiie,  and  hia  wiadoei  tnd  eaparienee  alill  prove 
iiaefui  gimba  'I'hua  a  |irrinanenl  rmmeihm  la  fvyinad  ; 
pureiilal  temli  meat  la  etemaetl,  and  (Ihal  reafiael  ra- 
tiiriird,  lhrull^llOlll  the  wliule  euiiraa  of  life.  Uiit  in  ibo 
aiiiiplii'iiy  ul  tlie  aavage  ataie  ihe  alfaclHin  uf  paiente, 
Ilka  the  inaiimiiva  londiiraa  of  aniintit,  eeaiet  timoat 
entirely  ta  aovii  ea  their  olfapring  tlltin  mtliirity. 
I.ittla  iiiatruutiun  Hit  lliein  fur  thai  mode  of  bfa  lo 
which  iliey  are  dralinrd  'Hie  parania,  tt  II  ibeir  duly 
were  trrumpliahed,  when  lliay  htva  eOniiietMl  lliail 
chiklren  thiwigh  the  hi'lpleaa  yetn  of  infancy,  letvo 
them  tfterwanla  al  entire  liberty  VWen  In  Iheir  len- 
der age,  they  aeldoin  tdviae  nr  admonian  i  they  never 
chiilu  or  rhiiatiae  them  They  aulTer  lliem  to  lie  bihm» 
luta  maaiera  of  their  own  ariiona  In  tn  Ameiictii 
hut,  t  father,  t  mother,  tnd  tlieir  poattrily,  live  luge* 
Iherlike  iwrauna  aaaemhleil  hy  trrida.il,  wtthoiil  teem* 
ing  to  feel  Ihe  ulillgatiiin  of  tliedutiea  muliitlly  •riainf 
from  thia  eonnrrtion.  Aa  llhal  love  la  nol  rheriahad 
hy  Iha  contimianee  of  atlrntuin  or  good  ollbet,  Iho 
rnculleeiion  of  lienelita  received  tn  early  infancy  it  loo 
lainl  to  etcita  II.  Conarioua  uf  their  own  liliarly,  tnd 
im|Hitient  of  reatraini,  tlai  yuuth  of  Amerira  art  tcciii- 
loined  lu  act  aa  if  they  werelutally  Indeiiemlenl.  Thait 
ptranit  tre  not  oli|eeta  of  greater  rugtru  lhan  other  per> 
aont.  They  trett  them  alwaya  with  neglect,  tnd  often 
with  tiich  lurahiieaa  and  inaolrma  ta  lo  llll  Ihoae  who 
have  been  wiliieaaeaufllivireniidiiel  wilhhofror.  ThiM 
llui  idiaa  which  aeeni  lo  lie  natural  lo  man  in  hia  aa- 
vagu alale,  aa  they  reaiilt  ti aaarily  from  hit  cifcntn- 

tlaiicei  tnd  comlttion  in  that  (leriod  of  hit  pyogrete, 
alfrct  the  two  capital  rrlationa  in  donieatie  life,  I'he* 
nnde;  Ihn  union  lietweeii  hiiabtiid  tml  wile  Uliaqiitl. 
They  aliorten  the  duratio:i  ami  weiken  the  (tree  of  Iho 
coimectiuii  between  iwrrnta  tml  children. 

IV.  From  the  domeatic  elate  uf  iha  Amorieint,  Iho 
trtnaition  to  the  conaideralion  of  Iheir  civil  govern- 
ment tnd  jKilittcal  iiiatilutiuna  ia  natural.  In  every  ln> 
i|uiry  concerning  Ihe  n|ierBtiont  of  inen  when  united 
together  in  aociety,  llie  llrM  object  of  tllentlon  tbould 
bo  their  mode  of  aubtiateneu.  Accordingly  te  that  ri^ 
riet,  their  lawa  tnd  |ialicy  mutt  be  dtlTtttnl.  The  li»- 
ttitiilion  tuited  to  the  iilett  tnd  tilgenelet  of  tiibeo 
which  tubiial  chieHy  bv  liahing  or  hunting,  tnd  which 
htvo  at  yet  tcipiired  tiul  tn  lin|ierfecl  eoiictplion  of 
tny  apeciea  of  pro|ierly,  will  be  much  more  ainiple  then 
thoee  which  tniial  Uke  pUee  wlien  the  etrth  it  culli- 
vtlod  with  reguUr  indutlry  i  tnd  ■  right  of  property, 
not  only  in  ttt  produotiont,  but  In  IM  toil  ittelf,  io 
comiiletely  ttcerttincd. 

All  the  people  of  Ameriet,  now  under  review,  bo- 
long  10  iIhi  former  eltai.  Bui  though  they  mtr  tl,  ha 
comprehended  under  Ihe  generti  denomintiion  0'  !•• 
vtge,  the  tdvtncea  which  lliey  had  made  in  Ihe  Ml  ol 
priKuring  to  themtelvet  t  certtin  tnd  plentiful  Mb> 
aialence  were  very  unequtl.  Un  llie  eticnaiye  plehM 
of  tiouth  Ameriet  nuB  *gfom  In  one  of  the  riiUH 


ROBERTSON'S    HISTORY  OF 


M  whwk  ha  ku  (Ttr  bara  •bMrrrd,  or  iwriuM 


« 


I 


8«nnl  iribM  4*|wnd  •ntinly  upon 
Mvnty  of  Mlura  for  tuhiMWico.  They  diKovcr  iio 
Mikiiudo,  Ihcy  tmplojr  lilll*  l'orail|(Kl,  Ihry  Kurciily 
I  onjr  indiMlinr  to  Hcura  whit  it  nooriMry  lor  llii'ir 
„DM.  Tb*  T»finr;ot  Uraiil,  tha  Uiitjcerot,  of 
Ttfim  Firnio,  iho  Vaiguf,  llro  Moiom,  tnil  Mv«ral 
Mkir  poopk  of  I'irtguty,  tro  Traequtinlwl  wiih  every 
■win  of  culiivtiion.  Thcr  naitncr  ww  nor  iilini. 
aton  Iho  cult  jrt  of  tha  miiiioc,  of  which  cauada  nrcad 
at  oada  of  ia  an  art  um  intricate  for  their  ingenuity,  or 
lae  hliguini  to  their  indolriica.  Tha  roota  which  'he 
aMh  iMMiMea  aponlaneoualy  ;  tha  fruita,  tha  berriea, 
■mI  IM  taada  wiuck  (hay  gtthac  in  tha  wooda  ;  loge- 
Iker  with  liitida  and  other  reptilea,  which  multiply 
■milingljr  with  the  heat  of  the  cinnata  in  •  fat  aoil, 
■wialaiiM  by  frequent  raina,  auppW  them  with  food 
during  aama  pait  of  tha  year.  At  other  timaa  they  aub- 
aial  1^  flaking  i  and  nature  aeama  to  have  indulged  the 
baiwaa  of  the  South  American  trihca  by  the  liberality 
«ilk  wkieh  aha  miniaten  in  thia  way  to  their  wtnta. 
Tha  raat  rivera  of  that  region  in  America  abound  with 
an  inflnila  nrialy  of  tho  moat  delieata  fiah.  The  lakes 
•nd  marahea  formed  by  the  annual  overflowing  of  Iho 
watera  are  fliled  with  all  the  diHarent  apaciea,  where 
Ihey  remain  abut  up,  aa  in  natural  reaervoirt,  for  the 
•aa  of  tho  inhabilanta.  They  awarm  in  aueh  ahoala, 
Ikal  in  tome  placet  they  are  calched  without  art  or  in- 
duatry.  [Ml  In  othora,  the  iialivea  have  diacovorcd 
•  mathod  of  infaeling  the  water  with  the  juice  of  cer- 
liio  pianla,  by  which  tha  fiah  are  ao  intoxicated  that 
thay  float  on  the  aurface,  and  are  taken  with  the  hand. 
[5A]  Soma  tribea  have  ingenuity  enough  to  proarrvo 
Ihem  without  aalt,  by  drying  or  amoking  them  upon 
luidlaa  over  a  alow  fire,  Im  prolific  quality  of  the 
livara  in  South  America,  indiicea  many  of  the  nttivea 
lo  raaort  to  their  banka,  and  to  depend  almoat  entirely 
ftr  nouriahment  on  what  their  watert  aupply  with  aucii 
pnfuaion.  In  thia  part  of  the  globe  banting  aeema  not 
la  have  been  tha  firat  employment  of  man,  or  tha  firat 
•Abtt  of  their  invention  ana  labor  to  obtain  fnnd.  They 
frere  fiaoera  before  they  became  huntora  ;  and  aa  the 
•eeupationa  of  tha  fonner  do  not  call  for  equal  eier- 
lioaa  of  activity  or  lalenta  with  thoae  of  tha  latter,  pco- 
fl»  in  thai  atata  appear  to  poaaeaa  neither  the  aame  dc- 
giM  of  cnternriae  nor  of  ingenuity.  Tha  petty  naliona 
■^aeant  •-<  the  Maragiion  and  Orinoco  are  manifuatly 
Iha  iB.j*<  .laclita  and  leaat  intelligent  of  all  tha  Amen- 


Nona  but  tribes  contiguoua  to  great  riveta  can  aua- 
lUB  Ihemaelvaa  in  thia  manner.  The  greater  part  of 
Ihe  American  natioiia,  diaperactl  over  tne  foreata  with 
wbieb  Ikeir  country  ia  covered,  do  not  procure  aubaia- 
Uocawilh  the  aame  facility.  Fur  altlwugh  thcao  foreata, 
■apecially  in  tha  aoutliern  continent  of  America,  are 
Btorad  pwnlifuUy  with  game,  contiderable  clforta  of  ac- 
livilf  and  ionnuity  are  requiaite  in  purauit  of  it.  Ne- 
oaatily  incited  the  nativea  to  the  one,  and  taught  them  tha 
other.  Hunting  became  their  principal  iicoii|uitioni  and 
■u  it  called  forth  atrenuoua  exert  luiMofcourage,  offeree, 
and  of  invention,  it  waa  deemed  no  leaa  honorable  than 
■aeaatary.  Thia  occupation  waa  peculiar  to  the  men. 
Thay  were  trained  to  it  from  their  earlicat  youth.  A 
bold  and  deiteroua  hunter  ranked  next  in  fame  to  the 
dialinguiabed  warrior,  and  an  alliance  with  the  farme, 
ia  oftan  courted  in  preference  to  one  with  the  latter. 
Hardly  any  device,  which  the  ingenuity  of  man  has  dia- 
covered  for  enanaring  or  deatroying  wild  animaU,  waa 
unknown  to  the  Americana.  While  engaged  in  this 
favorite  eierciae,  Ihcr  ahake  off  the  indolence  peculiar 
to  their  nature,  the  talent  powera  and  vigor  of  their 
minda  are  rouaed,  and  they  become  active,  persevering, 
and  indefatinble.  Their  aagacity  in  finding  their  prey 
and  theit  addreaa  in  killing  it  are  e()ual.  Their  reaaon 
and  their  aenaea  being  constantly  directed  towards  thia 
.  one  object,  the  former  diaplaya  auch  fertility  of  inven- 
tion atid  the  latter  acquire  auch  a  degree  of  acutencas 
■a  appear  almoat  incredible.  They  diacern  the  foot- 
alapa  of  a  wild  beast,  which  eacape  every  other  eya, 
■ad  can  follow  them  with  certainty  through  tbe  pathlcaa 
fxeat.  If  they  attack  their  game  openly,  (neic  arrow 
aaldom  enra  from  tho  mark :  if  they  endeavor  lo  cir- 
ctimvent  it  by  art,  it  ia  almoat  impoaaible  to  avoid  their 
leila.  Among  several  tribes,  their  young  men  were 
not  permitted  to  marry  until  they  hail  given  such  proofa 
sf  their  akill  in  hunting  as  put  it  beyond  doubt  that  they 
•ran  capable  of  providing  for  a  family.  Their  ingenuity, 
always  on  Ihe  stretch,  and  sharpened  by  emulation  aa 
well  aa  neccaaity,  haa  atruck  out  many  inventions 
Wiiiek  gi«atly  facilitate  aucceas  in  the  chase.  The 
t  aingultr  of  these  ia  the  diacovery  of  a  poiaon,  in 
\  tkajr  dip  tJia  arrowa  employed  in  hunting.    The 


alighlear  woumi  with  thoaa  envenomed  ahalka  ia  morul. 
If  thajr  only  pierce  .he  akin,  Ika  blood  fliea  and  con- 
geala  in  a  moment,  and  Ihe  •troogaat  aaimtl  falla  ino- 
tioiileaa  lo  Ihe  ground.  Nor  doea  thia  poiaon,  notwilh- 
•landmg  ila  violence  and  auhllety,  infect  the  Aeah  of 
Iho  animal  which  it  kills.  That  may  be  cairn  with 
pi'rreet  aafety,  and  retain  ila  native  rcliali  and  qualities. 
All  Ihe  nations  tilualrd  upon  Ihe  banka  of  the  Manig- 
non  and  Urinoco  are  aci|uaintiid  with  thia  compoai- 
lion,  the  chief  ingredient  in  which  ia  Iho  juice  extracted 
from  the  root  of  tho  turare,  a  B|)eciea  of  withe.  In 
other  parte  of  America  they  employ  the  juice  of  Ihv 
mttuhiHMi  for  the  same  purpoaa,  and  il  Ofieraica  with 
no  leaa  fatal  activity.  To  people  poaaeaaed  of  Ihnae 
aecrela  Ihe  bow  ia  a  more  deatructive  weapon  than  Iho 
muakel,  and,  in  their  akilful  hand',  doaa  fn  ut  eieculion 
among  the  birda  and  baaata  which  abound  in  the  foreata 
of  America. 

But  Iha  life  of  a  hunlar  gradually  leadt  man  to  a 
atale  mora  advanced.  The  chaae,  even  where  prey  ia 
abundant,  and  Ihe  dexterity  of  the  hunter  much  im- 
proved, tlTorda  but  an  uncertain  maintenance,  ami  at 
■lime  aeaaona  it  mutt  bo  auniieiiileil  allogt'ther.  If  a 
aavage  Iriitit  to  hit  buw  alone  for  food,  ho  and  liia 
family  will  bo  often  reducoil  to  extreme  diatrnts.  [56] 
Hardly  any  region  of  Ihe  earth  funiiahaa  man  sponta- 
neously with  what  hia  wania  require.  In  Iho  mildett 
cliiiialea,  and  mod  fertilo  aoilt,  hit  own  induatry 
and  foresight  mutt  be  otvrlod  in  aomo  degree  to 
Bocure  a  regular  aupply  of  food.  Their  experience 
of  thia  aurmounta  the  abhorrence  of  labor  natural  to 
tavage  nationt,  and  coinpela  Ihein  lo  have  recourte  to 
culture.  It  tubaiditry  to  huntinK.  In  purlieular  titiia- 
tiont,  tome  email  tribea  may  auhsist  by  tliihing,  inde- 
pendent of  any  production  of  the  earth  raised  by  their 
own  induatry.  Ilut  throughout  all  America,  wo  anarcely 
meet  with  any  nation  of  liuiitvra  which  docs  not  prac- 
tise tome  apvcica  of  cultivation. 

The  agriculture  of  tho  Americana,  however,  ia  nei- 
ther exionaivo  nor  laborioua.  Aa  game  and  fiah  are 
their  principal  food,  all  they  aim  at  by  cultivation  it 
to  aupply  any  occntional  defect  of  these.  In  the  south* 
ern  coiitinont  of  Aiiicrica,  the  nativea  confined  liteir 
industry  lo  rearing  a  few  plants,  which,  in  a  rich  snil 
and  warm  climate,  wore  eaaily  trained  lo  maturity. 
The  ehief  of  theae  it  nui'se,  well  known  in  Europe  by 
the  name  of  Turkey  or  Indian  wheat,  a  grain  extremely 
prolific,  of  aiinple  culture,  agreeable  to  tho  taste,  and 
alfurding  a  atrong  hearty  nourithmoiit.  The  aecond  ia 
the  manioc,  which  growa  to  the  aiio  of  a  largo  shrub 
or  small  tree,  and  producca  roots  somewhat  resembling 
parsnipa.  After  carefully  squeezing  out  Ihe  juice,  theso 
roota  are  grated  down  to  a  fine  |)awder,  and  formed 
into  thin  cakes  called  caatada  bread,  which,  though 
inaipid  to  the  taste,  prnvea  no  conlemptihle  food.  Aa 
the  juicn  of  tho  manioc  ia  a  deadly  poison,  some  au- 
thors have  celebrated  the  ingenuity  of  the  Americana  in 
converting  a  noiiout  plant  into  wholesome  nourish- 
ment. But  it  thould  rather  be  considered  as  one  of  tho 
deiperato  exbedienta  for  procuring  aubaiatence  to  which 
necettily  reducct  rude  nations  ;  or,  perhapa,  men  wore 
led  to  the  ute  of  it  by  a  prngrett  in  which  there  it 
nothing  niarvellout.  Una  apecica  of  manioc  ia  alto- 
gether free  of  any  poiaonoua  quality,  and  may  be  eaten 
without  any  preparation  but  that  of  rotating  it  in  the 
embera.  Thit,  it  ia  probable,  waa  firat  uaid  by  the 
Americana  aa  food ;  and,  neeesaity  having  gradually 
taught  them  the  art  of  aepara'.iag  lit  perniciuua  juice 
from  the  other  apeciea,  they  have  by  experience  foui<d 
it  to  be  more  prolific  aa  well  at  more  nouriahing.  [&7] 
The  third  ia  the  plantain,  which,  though  it  riaea  tv  tha 
height  of  a  tree,  ia  of  auch  quick  growth,  that  in  Itu 
than  a  year  it  rewarda  the  induatry  of  the  cultiva'.or 
with  its  fruit.  This,  when  roaitcd,  tupplici  the  place 
of  bread,  and  ia  both  palatable  and  nouriahing.  [5tl] 
The  fourth  it  the  polaloe,  whotn  culture  and  qualitiea 
are  too  well  known  to  need  any  deacription.  The  fifth 
ia  pimenio,  a  email  tree  yiaUing  a  atrong  aroraalic 
apice.  The  Americana,  who,  lilia  other  inhabitants  of 
warm  climates,  delight  in  whataver  ia  hot  and  of  poig- 
nant flavor,  deem  thia  aeasoiiing  a  necessary  of  life, 
and  mingle  it  copiously  with  avejy  kind  of  food  thay 
Uke. 

Such  are  the  various  productiona,  which  were  the 
chief  object  of  culture  among  the  hunting  tribea  on  the 
continent  of  America :  and  with  a  moderate  exortin;i 
of  active  and  provident  induatry  these  might  have 
yielded  a  full  supply  to  the  wants  of  a  numerous  peo- 

filo.  But  men,  accustomed  to  tho  free  and  vagrant 
ife  of  hmtera,  are  incapalilo  of  regular  application  lo 
labor,  and  consider  agriculture  aa  a  secondary  and  infe- 
rior occupation.    Accordingly,  the  provision  for  aub- 


aialenee,  ahaiiig  from  rultivalion,  waa  to  limilad  tal 
•ctnly  among  ihe  Americana,  thai,  upon  any  aeoidaiHal 
failure  of  tlwir  uaiial  tiiccett  in  hunting,  thay  warn 
often  reduced  to  extreme  Hitlreta. 

In  Ihe  itiandt,  tho  mode  of  tuhtitling  wat  cnnaido> 
rably  ditrerenl.  None  of  the  large  animala  whicll 
abonnd  on  the  continent  were  known  there.  Or  y  four 
aprriea  of  quadru|irilt,  beaidea  a  kind  of  ainall  dumb 
dug  eiitled  in  the  itlindt,  the  biggett  of  which  did  not 
exceed  the  tiie  of  a  rabbit.  To  hunt  auch  a  diininutiva 
prey  waa  an  occupation  which  rrijuired  no  eHbrt  aithar 
of  activity  or  courage.  The  chief  employment  of  a 
hunlnr  In  Iho  iilea  waa  lo  kill  birda,  which  on  Iha  con- 
tinent are  deemed  igiioble  game,  and  left  chiefly  to  Iho 
purauit  of  lioya.  Thit  want  of  animala,  aa  wall  aa 
their  peculiar  titualion,  led  Iha  iilandera  to  <l*P*>>d 
princi|ially  upon  flthing  for  their  tubeittenca.  Their 
rivert,  and  Ihe  aea  with  winch  Ihey  aru  aiimiundad, 
aupplied  them  with  thia  tpecies  of  food.  At  aoma  par- 
ticular teaaont,  turtle,  eraha,  and  other  ahellflah  abound- 
ed in  auch  numbers  Ihal  the  nalivea  could  aiipport  them- 
aelvrt  with  a  facility  in  which  their  indolence  delighlad. 
At  other  tijnrv,  Ihey  ate  liiardi  and  various  reptilea  ol 
odious  forma.  To  fiahing  the  inhabilanta  of  tha  iaianda 
added  tome  degree  of  agrioulluro.  Maiio,  [ABj  mankw, 
and  other  planta  were  cultivated  in  the  aame  manner 
aa  on  the  continent.  But  all  Ihe  fruita  of  their  indua- 
try, together  with  what  their  toil  and  climate  produced 
aponlaneoutly,  afTurded  them  butaactnty  maintenance. 
Though  their  doinanda  for  food  were  very  a|iaring,  Ihey 
hardly  raised  what  waa  autflcionl  for  their  own  con* 
aumption.  If  a  few  Spaniards  acttled  in  any  dittrici, 
tuch  a  ainall  addition  of  aupemumerary  moutht  aoor 
exhauttcd  their  teanty  atorea,  and  brought  on  a  famine 

Two  circumatancea  common  to  all  the  aavase  na- 
tiont of  America,  concurred  with  thoto  which  1  hava 
already  mentioned,  not  only  in  rendering  their  agri- 
cnllure  iin|ierrect,  but  in  circuintcrihing  their  power  in 
all  their  operaliona.  They  had  no  lame  animaU ;  and 
they  were  unacquainted  with  the  uteful  metala. 

In  other  parte  of  the  globe,  man,  in  hia  mdetl  itate, 
tppeara  ta  lord  of  Iho  creation,  giving  law  to  varioua 
triiiea  of  animala,  which  he  haa  lamed  and  reduced  to 
auhjcction.  The  Tartar  followt  hit  prey  on  tha  hoita 
which  he  hat  reared;  or  tends  hit  numerous  herdt, 
which  funiisK  him  both  with  food  and  clothing :  tha 
.\rab  hat  rendered  tho  camel  docile,  and  ava'la  himoelf 
of  ita  pcrtovering  tirength :  the  Laplander  bat  formed 
the  reindeer  to  be  tubaervient  to  hia  will ;  and  even 
Ihe  pcoplo  of  Kamchatka  have  trained  their  doga  to 
labor.  Thit  command  over  the  inferior  ctaaturet  ia 
one  of  the  noblett  prcrogalivet  of  man,  and  aiiions  tho 
greatest  effortt  of  hia  wiadom  and  powar.  WiUioul 
thia  hia  dominion  ia  incomplete.  lie  ia  a  montruk 
who  haa  no  aubjecta,  a  matter  without  tervantt,  and 
mutt  perform  every  operation  by  the  tirangth  of  hia 
own  arm.  Such  was  tne  condition  of  all  the  rude  na- 
tiont in  America.  Their  reason  waa  to  little  improved, 
or  their  union  ao  incomplete,  that  they  seem  not  to 
have  been  contciout  of  the  luperiority  of  their  ntlure, 
and  tutfercd  all  the  animal  creation  to  retain  its  liberty, 
without  ettabliahing  their  own  authority  over  any  ona 
apecica.  Mont  of  the  animala,  indeed,  which  haya 
I  --sn  rendered  domestic  in  our  continent,  do  not  exiat 
in  the  New  World ;  but  thoae  peculiar  to  il  are  neither 
to  fierce  nor  to  formidable  as  to  have  exeimited  them 
from  tervitudo.  I'hero  are  tome  animals  of^  tho  tama 
tpcciea  on  both  continents.  But  the  rein-deer,  which 
hu  lieen  tamed  and  broken  to  the  yoke  in  tho  one 
hemitphcro,  runs  wild  in  the  other.  The  biton  of 
America  is  manifestly  of  the  same  tpeciet  with  tha 
homed  cattle  of  the  other  hemisphere.  The  latter, 
oven  among  the  rudest  nations  in  our  continent,  havo 
been  rendered  domestic  ;  and,  in  consequence  of  hia 
dominion  over  them,  man  can  accompliah  worka  of 
labor  with  greater  facility,  and  haa  maae  a  groat  addi- 
tion to  hia  mcana  of  tubtittence.  The  inhabilanta  of 
many  regiona  of  the  New  World,  where  the  bitoo 
abounda,  might  have  derived  the  tame  advantagai 
from  it.  It  It  not  of  a  nature  to  indocile,  but  that  it 
might  have  been  trained  to  bo  at  tubtervient  to  man 
at  our  cattle.  But  a  tavage,  in  that  uncultivated  atata 
wherein  the  Americana  were  diacovered,  it  the  enemy 
of  the  other  animala,  not  their  auperior.  Ho  waataa 
and  destroys,  but  knowa  not  how  to  multiply  or  10 
govern  them. 

I'hia,  perhaps,  ia  the  most  notable  distinction  be- 
tween Ihe  inhabitants  of  Ihe  Ancient  and  New  Worlds 
and  a  high  pre-eminence  of  civilized  men  aliove  suck 
aa  continue  rude.  The  greateat  operationa  of  man  m 
changing  and  improving  the  face  of  nature,  aa  well  aa 
hia  most  conaidcrable  cfToria  in  cultivating  tbe  eaitl^ 


HOIITH  AMKRIRA. 


IM 


sinction  be- 
ew  Worldly 
almve  suck 
I  of  min  m 
,  »s  well  u 
;  tbeatcU^ 


■I*  teconipl'ihed  hjr  inmni  of  tht  lid  which  lie  ra- 
MivM  from  Iha  ■nimtU  th«l  he  hen  liincd,  iiid  cm- 
■Injrt  in  Ubof.  I*,  ie  bjt  their  •tmngth  ihet  he  tubduci 
Ik*  itubborn  Mil,  end  convert!  the  dewrt  or  ininh  into 
•  ftuilful  Aeld.  Hut  man,  in  his  civilmcd  atste,  is  so 
Mcusiomed  to  the  service  of  the  duiiirstic  aiiiinsis, 
liwi  he  seldoiQ  reflects  upon  tl^  i  vsst  hem  lits  wliicli 
he  derives  from  it.  If  we  were  ,a  >up|ioiie  him,  even 
when  most  improved,  to  be  deprived  of  their  useful 
ministry,  his  empire  over  nsture  must  in  some  mes- 
•ure  eesse,  end  he  would  remsin  i  feeble  animil,  tt  * 
lose  how  to  subsist,  end  incspible  of  attempting  such 
•rduous  undertakings  ts  their  essistsnce  enables  him 
to  eiecute  with  esse. 

It  is  a  doubtful  point,  whether  the  dominion  of  man 
over  Iho  aninul  creation,  or  his  ar<iuiring  the  useful 
DMlala,  haa  contributed  most  to  extend  nis  power. 
Tho  era  of  this  imporunt  discovery  is  unknown,  and 
lu  our  hemisphere  very  remote.  It  it  only  by  tradition, 
or  by  digging  up  some  rude  instruments  of  our  fore- 
btbers,  that  we  learn  that  mankind  were  originally  un- 
acquainted with  the  use  of  metals,  and  endnavorod  to 
supply  the  want  of  tlirm  by  employing  flinta,  aholls, 
bonea,  and  other  hard  substances,  for  the  aame  pur- 
poeee  whieh  metala  serve  among  polished  nations. 
Nature  complelea  the  formation  of  some  metals. 
Gold,  silver,  and  copper,  are  found  in  their  perfect 
atalo  in  the  clelU  of  rocka,  in  the  sides  of  mountsins, 
or  the  channels  of  rivers.  These  were  sccordingly  the 
metala  first  known,  and  first  applied  to  use.  But  iron, 
the  moat  serviceable  of  all,  and  to  which  man  is  most 
indebted,  ia  never  discovered  in  its  perfect  form  ;  its 
nose  arid  stubborn  ore  must  feel  twice  the  force  of 
Are,  and  go  through  two  laborious  processes,  before  it 
becomes  nt  for  use.  Man  waa  long  acquainted  with 
■be  other  metals  before  he  acquired  the  art  of  fsbricat- 
lug  iron,  or  attained  auch  ingenuity  as  to  perfect  an 
invention,  to  which  he  is  indebted  for  those  instruments 
wherewith  he  subdues  the  earth,  and  commands  all  ita 
iiiliabitants.  Uut  in  this,  ss  well  as  in  many  other  re- 
spects, the  inferiority  of  tiio  Americans  waa  eonspicu- 
out.  All  the  sava(jo  trilios,  scattered  over  the  conti- 
nent  and  islanila,  were  totally  unacquainted  with  the 
metala  which  their  soil  produces  in  great  abundance, 
if  wr  eicopt  some  trifling  quantity  nf  gold,  which  the^ 
picked  up  in  the  torrents  that  descended  from  tlieir 
mountains,  and  formed  into  ornaments.  Their  devices 
to  supply  thia  want  of  the  serviceable  metals  wero  ex- 
tremely rude  and  awkward.  The  most  simple  opera- 
tion waa  to  them  an  undertaking  of  immense  dilDculty 
and  labor.  To  fell  a  tree  with  no  other  inatninients 
than  hatchets  of  stone,  was  employment  for  a  month. 
To  form  a  canoe  into  shape,  and  to  hollow  it,  con- 
eumed  yeara;  and  it  frequently  began  to  rot  before 
they  were  able  to  finiah  it.  Thoir  operationa  in  agri- 
culture were  equally  alow  and  defective.  In  a  country 
covered  with  woods  of  the  harduat  timber,  the  clearing 
of  a  email  field  deatined  for  culture  required  the  united 
eflbrts  of  a  tribe,  and  was  a  work  of  much  time  and 
great  toil.  This  was  the  business  of  the  men,  and 
uieir  indolence  was  satisfied  with  porlbrmiiig  it  in  a 
very  slovenly  manner.  The  labor  of  cultivation  was 
left  to  the  women,  who,  after  digging,  oi  rather  stimnff 
the  field,  with  woiidon  mattocks,  and  stokes  hardened 
in  the  fire,  sowed  or  planted  it ;  bnt  they  were  more 
indebted  for  :he  increase  to  the  fertility  of  the  soil  tliaii 
to  their  own  >-ude  industry. 

Agriculture,  even  when  the  strength  of  man  is  se- 
conded by  that  of  the  animals  which  he  has  subjected 
(0  the  yoke,  and  his  |>ower  augmented  by  the  use  of  the 
various  instruments  with  wliicn  the  discovery  of  metals 
has  furnished  him,  is  still  a  work  of  great  labor  ;  and  it 
is  with  the  sweat  of  his  brow  that  ho  renders  the  earth 
fertile.  It  is  not  wonderful,  then,  that  people  destitute 
of  both  these  advantages  should  have  made  so  little 
progress  in  cultivation,  that  they  must  be  considered  as 
depending  for  subsistence  on  fishing  and  hunting,  rather 
than  on  the  fruits  of  their  own  labor. 

From  this  description  of  the  mode  of  subsisting 
among  the  rude  American  tribes,  the  form  and  genius 
of  their  political  institutions  may  bo  deduced,  and  we 
are  enabled  to  trace  various  circuinsta  ices  of  distinction 
between  them  and  more  civilized  nations. 

1.  They  were  divided  into  small  independent  com- 
munities. While  hunting  is  the  chief  source  of  sub- 
■istance,  a  vast  extent  of  territory  is  requisite  fur  support- 
ina  a  amall  number  of  people.  In  proportion  aa  men  mul- 
lipiy  and  unite,  the  wild  animals  on  which  they  depend 
tat  food  diminish,  or  fly  at  a  greater  distance  from  the 
lMuii;;a  of  their  enemy.  The  increase  of  a  society  in 
(hi*  state  is  limited  by  its  own  nature,  and  the  mem- 
hMi  of  it  in  wt  either  disperse,  like  the  game  which 


tliey  pursue,  or  fall  upon  some  better  iiietliod  of  pro- 
curing food  then  hy  hunting.  Ueasts  of  prey  are  by 
nttuio  sohtarv  and  unaocial,  they  go  not  forth  to  the 
chase  in  herds,  but  delight  in  thoAC  lecesMS  of  the 
forest  where  they  can  roaiti  and  destroy  undislurlied. 
A  nstion  of  hunters  rvsciiililis  llieiii  Iwth  in  occupaliuii 
and  in  genius.  Tiiey  cannot  furiii  into  larg»  eoiiimu- 
nities,  because  it  would  lie  iiiqioBslble  to  tind  siilisiat- 
rnce ;  and  they  must  drive  to  a  di»iance  every  rival 
who  may  encroach  on  those  doiiuiiis,  s^liirh  they  con- 
aider  as  their  own.  Tina  was  the  slate  ul  all  liio  Ainu- 
rican  tribes ;  the  numbers  in  each  were  inconsiderable, 
though  scattered  over  countries  o'  gicst  extent ;  they 
were  far  removed  from  one  another,  and  engaged  in 
perpetual  hostilities  or  rivslship.  In  Ainerii-s,  the  word 
ntUiuH  is  not  of  the  same  import  as  in  oilier  parts  of 
the  globe.  It  is  applied  to  small  sooiclios,  not  exceed- 
ing, perhsps,  two  or  three  hundred  (lersons,  but  occu- 
pying provinces,  greater  than  aomo  kingdoma  in  Eu- 
I0|W.  The  country  of  Quians,  though  of  larger  extent 
than  the  kingdom  of  Krance,  and  divided  aiming  a 

Sreatei  number  of  nations,  did  not  contain  alwve  iwenty- 
ve  thousand  inhabitants.  In  the  provinces  which  bor- 
der on  the  Orinoco,  one  may  travel  several  hundred 
milea  in  dilferent  directiona,  without  finding  a  aingle 
hut,  or  observing  the  footsteps  of  a  human  creature. 
In  North  America,  where  the  climate  ia  more  rigorous, 
and  the  soil  less  fertile,  the  desolation  ia  etill  greater. 
There,  journeys  of  soma  hundred  leagues  have  been 
made  through  uninhabited  pkina  and  forests.  [60]  As 
long  aa  hunting  continuea  to  be  the  chief  eniplovmont 
of  man,  to  which  he  trusts  for  subsistence,  he  can  hardly 
be  aaid  to  have  occupied  the  earth.  [61] 

3.  Nationa  which  depend  upon  hunting  are  in  a  great 
measuro  atrangera  to  the  idea  of  property.  As  the  ani- 
mala  on  which  the  hunter  feeds  are  not  bred  under  his 
inspection,  nor  nourished  by  his  care,  he  can  claim  no 
right  to  them  while  they  run  wild  in  the  forest.  Where 
game  is  so  plentiful  that  it  may  lie  catched  with  little 
trouble,  rnen  never  dream  of  oppropriuting  what  ia  of 
small  value,  or  of  easy  acqiiisiiinn.  Where  it  is  so 
rare,  that  the  labor  or  danger  of  the  chase  requires  the 
united  eflbrts  of  a  tribe,  or  village,  what  is  killed  is  a 
common  stock  belonging  equally  to  all,  who,  by  their 
skill  or  their  courage,  have  contributed  to  the  success 
of  the  excursion.  The  forest  or  hunting-grounds  are 
deemed  the  property  of  the  tribe,  from  which  it  has  a 
title  to  exclude  every  rival  nation.  But  no  individual 
arro^tes  a  right  to  any  district  of  these  in  preference 
to  his  fello.v-citizcns.  They  belong  alike  to  sll ;  and 
thither,  as  to  a  general  and  undivided  store,  all  repair 
in  quest  of  sustenance.  The  same  principles  by  which 
the^  regulate  their  chief  occupation  extend  to  that 
which  ia  subordinate.  Even  agriculture  has  not  intro- 
duced among  them  a  complete  idea  of  property.  As 
the  men  hunt,  the  women  labor  together,  and  after  they 
have  shared  the  toils  of  the  seed  time,  they  enjoy  the 
harvest  in  common.  Among  some  tribes,  the  increase 
of  their  cultivated  lands  is  deposited  in  a  public  gra- 
nary, and  divided  among  them  at  stated  times,  accord- 
ing to  their  wants.  [62]  Among  others,  though  they 
lay  up  separate  atores,  they  do  not  acquire  such  an  ex- 
clusive right  of  property,  that  they  can  enjoy  superfluity 
while  those  arouna  them  sutTer  want.  Thus  the  dis- 
tinctions arising  from  the  inequality  of  possessions  are 
unknown.  The  terms  rich  or  poor  enter  not  into  thoir 
language  ;  and  being  strangers  to  property,  they  are 
unacquainted  with  wnat  is  the  great  object  of  lawa  and 
policy,  as  well  as  the  chief  motive  which  induced  man- 
kind to  establish  the  various  arrangcmonta  of  regular 
government. 

3.  People  in  this  state  retain  a  high  sense  of  equality 
and  independence.  Wherever  the  idea  of  property  is 
nut  established,  there  can  ho  no  distinction  among  men 
but  what  arises  from  personal  qualities.  These  can  be 
conspicuous  only  on  such  occasions  as  call  them  forth 
into  exertion.  In  times  of  danger,  or  in  aflairs  of  in- 
tricacy, the  wisdom  and  experience  of  age  are  consult- 
ed, and  prescribe  the  measures  which  ought  to  be  pur- 
sued. When  a  tribe  of  savages  takes  the  field  against 
the  enemies  of  thoir  country,  the  warrior  of  most  ap- 
proved courage  leads  the  youth  to  the  combat.  If  they 
go  forth  in  a  body  to  the  chase,  the  most  expert  and 
udventurouB  hunter  is  foremost,  and  directs  their  mo- 
tions. But  during  seasons  of  tranquillity  and  inaction, 
when  there  is  no  occasion  to  display  those  talents,  all 
pre-eminence  ceases.  Every  circumstance  indicates  that 
all  the  membersofthocommunityareonalevel.  Tbey 
arc  clothed  in  the  same  simple  garb.  They  feed  on  the 
aame  plain  fare.  Their  houses  and  furniture  are  exactly 
aimilar.  No  distinction  can  arise  from  the  inequaUty  of 
poaaesnion*.    Whatever  forms  depundence  on  one  part, 


or  constitutes  superiority  on  the  other,  ia  nnkiiown. 
are  freemen,  all  feel  themselves  to  bo  auch,  and 
with  firmness  the  rights  which  belong  to  thst 


Thia  Beiilinienl  of  independence  is  iinprinled  so  dMfh 
in  their  nature  that  im  change  of  condition  csn  eraiu 
csle  it.  Slid  bond  their  minds  to  servitude.  Aoca» 
tomed  to  lie  ahtolula  masters  of  their  own  condiH', 
tliey  disdain  to  execute  the  ordxrs  of  another ;  and  b*v« 
iiig  never  known  control  they  will  not  submit  to  cor> 
reetioii.  [OU]  Many  of  the  Americans,  when  the; 
found  that  Ihey  wore  treated  aa  slavea  by  Spaniarda, 
died  of  grief ;  many  destroyed  themselves  in  Mspair. 

4.  Among  the  people  in  thia  state,  govemmeM  cah 
assume  little  sutnority,  and  the  aenae  of  civil  fu^ 
ordination  must  remain  very  iinperfacl.  'Whib  lb* 
idea  of  proiicrty  is  unknown,  or  incompletely  co» 
ceived  ;  while  the  spontaneous  productions  of  the  ealt^ 
aa  well  aa  the  fruita  of  induatrv,  are  conaidered  aa  bo- 
longing  to  the  public  atock,  ttiere  can  banlly  bo  any 
aucn  subject  ot  dilTerence  or  disci-  lion  among  tM 
members  of  tlio  same  community,  as  will  requir*  tba 
hand  of  authority  to  interpose  in  order  to  acjuat  it. 
Where  the  right  of  separate  and  exclusive  posacsaion  it 
not  introduciMl,  the  great  object  of  law  and  jurisdiotion 
docs  not  exist.  When  the  members  of  a  tribe  tf* 
called  into  the  field,  either  to  invade  the  territoriea  of 
their  enemies,  or  to  repel  their  attacks  ;  when  they  urn 
engaged  together  in  the  toil  and  ilangera  of  the  cnaae, 
they  then  perceive  tliat  they  are  |iart  of  a  political  body. 
They  are  conscious  of  their  own  cunnexioii  with  tM 
roinpanions  in  conjunction  with  whom  they  set ;  and 
they  follow  and  reverence  such  ss  excel  in  conduct  and 
valor.  But  during  the  intervale  between  <uoh  conn 
men  eflbrla  they  aeem  acaiceW  to  feel  the  ties  of  politi- 
cal  union.  [64]  No  visiblo  form  of  government  ia  e»> 
tablished.  The  names  of  magutrate  and  tubjeet  tn 
not  in  use.  Every  one  seems  to  enjoy  his  natural 
independence  almost  entire.  If  a  scheme  of  publio 
utility  be  proposed,  the  members  of  the  tonununitv  ai« 
left  at  liberty  to  choose  whether  they  will  or  will  not 
assist  in  carrying  it  into  execution.  No  statute  im- 
poses any  service  as  a  duty,  no  coinpulsory  laws  oblig* 
them  to  perform  it.  All  tlieir  resoliitiona  are  voluntary 
and  flow  from  the  impulse  of  their  own  minds.  Tht 
first  step  towards  establishing  a  public  juri:.,liction  haa 
not  been  taken  in  those  rude  societies.  The  rigl  ,1  0. 
rovcnse  is  left  in  privato  hands.  If  vicleiice  is  <  on- 
mitted,  or  blood  is  shed,  the  community  does  not 
assume  the  power  either  of  inflicting  or  of  moderating 
the  punishment.  It  belongs  to  the  family  and  friiiiidt 
of  the  person  injured  or  slain  to  avenge  the  wrong,  or 
to  accept  of  the  reparation  oH'ered  by  Che  ogj^essor. 
If  the  elders  interpose,  it  is  to  advise,  not  to  decide, 
end  it  is  seldom  thoir  counsels  are  liatcncd  to  ;  for,  at 
it  is  Jeemed  pusillanimous  to  suffer  an  oflenJer  to  es- 
cape with  impunity,  resentment  is  implacaUv  and  ever- 
lasting. The  object  of  governnient  among  aavages  it 
rather  foreign  than  domestic.  'I'hey  do  not  aim  at 
maintaining  interior  order  and  police  by  public  regula- 
tions, or  the  exertions  of  any  permanent  uuthority,  but 
labor  to  preserve  such  union  among  the  members  ol 
their  tribe,  that  they  may  watch  the  motions  of  their 
enemies,  and  act  against  them  with  concert  and  vigor. 
Such  was  the  form  of  political  order  establiabed 
among  the  greater  part  of  the  American  nationa.  In 
this  state  were  almost  all  the  tribes  spread  over  the  pro- 
vinces extending  eastward  of  the  Mississippi,  from  the 
mouth  of  the  St.  Ijawrciice  to  the  confines  of  Florida. 
In  a  similar  condition  were  ihe  peoiile  of  Brazil,  the  in- 
habiunts  of  Chili,  several  tribes  of  Paragui  and  Guiana, 
and  in  the  countries  which  stretch  from  the  mouth  ol 
the  Orinoco  to  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan.  Among  auch 
an  infinite  number  of  petty  associations,  there  may  ba 
peculiarities  which  constitute  a  d'"inction,  and  mark 
the  various  degrees  of  their  civilization  and  improve- 
ment. But  an  attempt  to  trace  and  enumerate  theaa 
would  be  vain,  as  they  have  not  been  observed  by  per- 
sons capable  of  discerning  the  minute  and  delicate  cir- 
cuinstancos  which  serve  to  discriminate  nationa  re 
sembling  one  another  in  their  general  character  and 
features.  The  description  which  I  have  given  of  the 
political  institutions  which  took  place  among  those  nida 
tribes  in  America,  concerning  which  wo  have  receirerl 
the  most  complete  information,  will  apply,  with  little 
variation,  to  every  people,  both  in  its  northern  and 
southern  diricion,  who  nave  advanced  no  further  in 
civilization  than  to  add  some  slender  degree  of  agricul- 
ture to  fishing  and  hunting. 

Imperfect  as  those  institutions  may  appear,  tevtral 
tribes  were  not  so  far  advanced  in  their  political  pro- 
gress. Among  all  those  petty  nations  which  tiuslcd  tai 
subsistence  entirely  to  fianing  xnd  hunting  witboot  taf^ 


llA 


ROBERTSON'S  HISTORY  OP 


in 


I   ■! 


*pMin  of  eultirttion,  Ih*  union  wm  ra  inconiplMe,tnd 
thrlr  Mnae  of  mutual  depr.idance  to  fooblr,  iImI  hardly 
■iiy  •ppoiriuiro  orKOvernnonl  or  ordrr  ran  ho  diicerned 
in  iheir  nrnrredin^*.  'i'lmir  wniit^  arc  r«w,  llivir  oV 
jKciiol  iiunult  aiiii|il«,  llioy  form  into  aipiiriite  Irihca, 
•ihI  act  togctlior,  from  inKiiiicl,  lialili,  nr  voiivoiik'iicy, 
nthar  than  from  any  furnial  raiircrt  and  aaiini:iallon. 
To  tbia  claaa  brIonK  the  Calilbrniana,  aevornl  of  iho 
■mall  nalioiiK  in  tho  «»ton>i*o  country  of  I'araKiia,  tome 
of  tin  proplo  on  tho  baiika  of  ihc  iWlnoco,  aiij  on  tlio 
rivrr  St.  Mafidalone,  in  the  new  kinijiloni  of  (iranada. 

Uiil  Ihouijh  among  thoaa  laat  mentioned  Iribea  there 
waa  hardly  any  ahadow  of  regular  (fovcrnment,  and 
tvm  among  thoao  which  I  firal  duarrilird  ita  aiilliority 
m  ilendar  and  confined  within  narrow  houndi,  tliere 
war*,  however,  aome  placea  in  America  where  f;ovcrn- 
ment  waa  carried  far  beyond  the  degree  of  perfection 
wUcb  aeema  naluial  to  lude  naliona.  In  aurreying  the 
{wlilicil  opantiona  of  man,  either  in  liia  aavage  or  ci- 
Tdind  tialo,  wo  diacover  aingular  and  eccentric  initi- 
lutiom,  which  atirt  ■«  it  were  from  their  atation,  and 
fljr  off  M  wide,  thai  wo  labor  in  vain  to  bring  them 
within  tho  general  lawa  of  any  ayatem,  or  to  account 
fol  them  by  thoao  nrinciplea  which  influence  other  coin- 
mnnitiea  in  •  aimilar  aituation.  Some  inatancea  of  ihia 
occur  among  thoae  people  of  America  whom  I  have  in- 
eluded  under  the  common  denomination  of  aavage. 
Theae  art  ao  curioua  and  important  that  I  ahall  doKrilM) 
them,  and  attempt  to  explain  their  origin. 

In  the  New  World,  aa  well  aa  in  oihrr  parta  of  the 
(lobe,  cold  or  tem|)crate  countriea  appear  to  be  the  fa- 
rorite  aaal  of  freedom  and  indeiwndence.  Then  the 
Bind,  lili  I  the  body,  ia  firm  and  vigoroua .  There  men, 
conaoioua  of  their  own  dignity,  and  capable  of  tho 
graaleet  eflbrta  in  aaaerting  it,  aapire  to  independence, 
■nd  their  atubhorn  apirita  atoop  with  reluctance  to  the 
yoke  of  aervitudo.  In  warmer  cliniataa,  by  whoae  in- 
fluence the  whole  frame  ia  an  much  enervated  that  pre- 
■ent  plcoaure  ia  the  aupreme  felicity,  and  mere  repoae 
ia  onjoymcnt,  men  acquiescK,  almost  without  t  strug- 
gle, HI  the  dominion  of  a  auporior.  Accordingly,  if  we 
proceed  from  north  to  aouth  along  tho  continent  of 
America,  we  ahall  find  tho  power  of  those  vested  with 
■uthorily  gradually  increaaing,  and  the  apirit  of  the  peo- 
ple becoming  more  tame  and  passive.  In  Florida,  the 
authority  of  tho  aachcms,  caziquea,  or  chiefs,  waa  not 
only  permanent,  but  hereditary.  They  were  distin- 
guished by  peculiar  ornamonta,  they  enjoyed  prdroga- 
tiTOs  of  varioiia  kinds,  and  were  treated  by  their  aubjvcta 
with  tlut  icverence  which  people  accuatomed  to  aub- 
jcrtiuii,  pay  to  a  maater. 

Among  the  Natchex,  a  powerful  tribe  now  extinct, 
formerly  aituatcd  on  the  baiika  of  the  Misaisaippi,  a  dif- 
ference of  rank  took  place,  with  which  tho  northern 
tribea  were  altogether  unacquainted.  Some  families 
were  reputed  noble,  and  enjoyed  hereditary  dignity. 
The  liooy  of  tho  people  waa  considered  aa  vile,  and 
fbnned  only  for  aubjeclion.  This  distinction  wus 
marked  by  appellations  which  distinguished  the  high 
elevation  of  tlie  one  atate,  and  the  ignominious  depres- 
sion of  the  other.  The  foiinnr  were  called  Rtijicrl- 
tile ;  the  latter,  the  Stinkantt.  Tho  gredt  Chief,  in 
whom  the  aupreme  authority  waa  vested,  ia  reputed  to 
be  a  being  of  auperior  nature,  the  brother  of  the  sun, 
the  solo  oliject  of  their  worship.  They  approach  this 
groat  Chief  with  religious  veneration,  and  honor  him  as 
uie  representative  of  their  deity.  His  will  ia  a  law,  to 
whi'.'h  all  aubinit  with  implicit  obedience.  Tho  livns  of 
his  aubjecta  are  ao  absolutely  at  his  disposal,  that  if  any 
one  haa  incurred  his  diapleatiure,  the  ofTendor  conies 
with  profound  humility  and  nffera  him  his  head.  Nur 
doea  the  dominion  of  tlio  Chiefs  end  with  their  lives ; 
their  principal  officers,  their  favorite  wive^,  together 
with  many  domestics  of  inferior  rank,  are  sacrificed  at 
their  tombs,  that  they  may  be  attended  in  the  noxt 
world  by  the  same  pt^rsons  who  served  them  in  this ; 
and  auch  ia  the  reverence  in  which  they  are  held,  that 
thoae  victims  welcome  death  with  exultation,  dooming 
it  a  recompense  of  their  fidelity  and  a  mark  of  distinc- 
tion to  be  aelected  to  accompany  their  dcoaascd  mas- 
ter. Thua  a  perfect  dcsputism,  willi  its  full  train  of 
aupaiatition,  arrogance,  and  cruelty, is  cstalilishud  among 
the  Natchex,  and,  by  u  singular  fatality,  that  people  haa 
taated  of  the  worat  Caiamitiea  incident  to  polished  na- 
liona, though  they  themselves  arc  not  far  advanced  be- 
nind  the  tribes  around  them  in  civility  and  improvement. 
In  Hiapaniola,  Cuba,  and  the  larger  islands,  their  ca- 
liques  or  chiefs  possessed  extensive  power.  The  dig- 
nity waa  transmitted  by  hereditary  right  from  father  to 
eon.  Its  honors  and  prerogatives  were  considerable. 
Their  aubjecta  paid  great  respect  to  the  caziques,  and 
aatcute^  their  orders  without  hesitation  or  loaorve. 


They  were  diatinguished  by  peculiar  ornamenta,  and  in 
order  to  preserve  or  sugmeni  the  veneration  of  tho 
people,  they  had  the  addreaa  to  call  in  the  aid  of  supir- 
aliiiiHi  to  uplinld  their  authority.  'I'hey  delivered  llii  ir 
mandate*  aa  the  oraclea  of  boaven,  and  prclindrd  to 
possess  the  |iower  of  regulating  tho  seasons,  and  uf  dis- 
pensing rain  or  aunshine  according  as  their  aubjecta 
atoo<l  in  nerd  of  them. 

In  same  parts  of  tho  •onthcrn  continent,  the  power 
of  tho  caiiuues  seems  to  have  been  as  extensive  as  in 
the  isles.  In  Bogota,  which  is  nnv;  a  province  uf  the 
new  kingdom  of  (Iranada,  there  waa  acliird  a  nation 
more  considerable  in  number,  and  more  iinprored  in 
the  varioiia  arta  of  life,  than  any  in  America,  except  the 
Mexican  ami  Peruviana.  I'he  people  of  Bogota  sub- 
aistrd  chirHy  by  agriculture.  Tho  idea  of  property 
waa  introduced  among  them,  and  ita  lighta,  secured  by 
lawa,  handed  down  oy  tradition,  and  obaerved  witli 
great  care.  Tliey  lived  in  towna  which  may  be  termed 
Targe  when  compared  with  those  in  oilier  parta  of  Ame- 
rica, They  were  clothed  in  a  decent  manner,  and  their 
houaea  may  bo  termed  commodioua  when  compared 
with  thoae  of  the  small  triliea  around  them.  The  effect 
of  thia  uncommon  civilixniion  were  conspicunua.  Qo- 
vemment  had  aasumcd  a  regular  form.  A  jurisdiction 
was  eatablished,  which  took  cogniziince  of  different 
Crimea,  and  puniahed  them  with  rigor.  A  diatin'ction 
of  ranka  waa  known ;  their  chief,  to  whom  tho  Spa- 
niarda  gave  the  title  of  monarch,  and  who  merited  that 
name  on  account  of  hia  splendour  aa  well  as  power, 
reigned  with  absolute  authority.  He  waa  attended  by 
ofHcera  of  varioua  conditiona ;  he  never  appeared  in 
public  without  a  numerous  retinue ;  he  waa  carried  in 
a  sort  of  palanquin  with  much  pomp,  and  harbingers 
went  before  him  to  awecp  the  road  ond  atrew  it  with 
flowera.  Tliia  uncommon  pomp  waa  aupgiorted  by  pre- 
sents or  taxes  received  from  hia  aubjecta,  to  whom 
their  prince  was  auch  an  object  of  veneration  that  noiio 
of  them  presumed  to  look  him  directly  in  the  face,  or 
over  approached  him  but  with  an  averted  countenance 
There  were  other  tribes  on  the  same  continent,  among 
which,  though  far  leas  advanced  than  the  pcopio  of 
Bogota  in  their  progress  towards  refinement,  the  free- 
dom and  inde|iendence  natural  to  man  in  hia  savage 
atate  waa  much  abridged,  and  their  caziquea  !iad  aa- 
auined  extensive  authority. 

It  ia  not  easy  to  point  out  the  circumstances,  or  to 
discover  tho  causes  which  contributed  to  introduce  and 
establish  among  each  of  those  people  a  form  of  govorn- 
inent  so  different  from  that  of  the  tribes  around  thoin, 
and  so  repugnant  to  tho  genius  of  rude  nations.  If  the 
persons  who  hed  an  op|>ortunity  of  observing  them  in 
their  original  stale  had  been  more  attentive  and  more 
diacerning.  we  might  have  received  information  from 
tlioir  coni|Ucrora  aufiicient  to  guide  ua  in  thia  inquiry. 
If  tho  transactions  of  people  unacquainted  with  the  use 
of  letters  were  not  involved  in  imgicnelrable  •bscurity, 
we  might  have  derived  some  information  from  this  do- 
mestic source.  But  as  nothing  satisfactory  can  be 
gathered  either  from  the  accounts  of  the  Spaniards,  or 
fmm  their  own  traditiona,  wo  must  have  recourse  to 
conjectures  in  order  to  explain  the  irregular  appear- 
ancea  in  the  political  stale  of  the  pcopio  whom  I  have 
mcntinned.  As  all  those  tribes  which  had  lost  their 
native  liberty  and  independence  were  seated  in  the  tor- 
rid zonn,  or  in  countries  approaching  to  it,  the  climate 
may  lie  supposed  to  have  haa  some  influence  in  forininif 
their  minds  to  that  servitude  which  seems  to  be  the 
destiny  of  man  in  those  regions  of  tho  glol<o.  But 
though  the  influence  of  climate,  more  powerful  thai, 
that  of  any  other  natural  cause,  is  not  to  be  overlooked, 
that  olone  cannot  be  admitted  as  a  solution  of  tho  [mint 
in  question.  The  operations  of  mind  are  so  complex 
that  we  must  not  attribute  the  form  which  they  assume 
to  tho  force  of  a  single  principle  or  cause.  Although 
despotism  bo  confined  ill  .\inerica  to  the  torrid  zone, 
and  tu  the  warm  regions  bordermg  upon  it,  I  have 
already  observed  that  these  countries  contain  various 
tribes,  some  of  which  possess  a  high  degree  of  free- 
dom, and  others  are  altogether  unacquainted  with  tho 
restraints  of  government.  The  indolence  and  timidity 
peculiar  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  islands,  render  them 
so  incapable  of  tho  sentiments  or  efTorta  necessary  for 
maintaining  independence,  that  there  is  no  occasion  to 
oeaicb  for  any  other  cause  of  their  tame  submission  to 
the  will  of  a  superior.  The  subjection  of  the  Natchez, 
and  of  tho  people  of  Bogota,  seems  to  have  been  tho 
consequence  of  a  difference  in  their  state  from  that  of 
the  other  Americans.  They  were  settled  nstiona,  re- 
aiding  constantly  in  one  place.  Hunting  was  not  the 
chief  occupation  of  tho  former,  and  the  latter  seem 
hardly  to  have  truated  to  it  for  any  part  of  their  subsist- 


ence. Both  had  made  such  pft>gTess  in  agrieidlui*  mt 
arta  that  the  idea  of  pto|ierty  waa  introduced  in  eaiM 
degree  in  the  one  coiiiinunitv,  and  fully  eatabliahed  ia 
tho  other.  Among  people  in  tliia  atate,  avarice  and 
ambiliun  have  ucqmrid  ohjrcla.  and  have  begun  to  el< 
ert  their  |>ower ;  vie'< «  of  ii.lerrst  ollure  the  selfish  | 
the  dt'sirii  of  pre-rmiiirnre  excites  the  enterprising | 
dominion  ia  courted  by  lioth ;  and  passions  unknown  IB 
man  in  hia  aavage  state  prompt  the  interested  and  an^ 
liitiona  to  encroach  on  the  rights  of  their  fcllow-ciliiens. 
Motives,  with  which  rude  nations  are  equally  unac 
qiiaiiiled,  induce  the  people  to  submit  tamely  to  tba 
uaiiijied  authority  of  their  aujieriors.  But  even  sinong 
nations  in  thi.i  state,  the  spirit  of  aubjecta  could  not  hav* 
been  rendered  so  obaeiiuioua,  or  tho  power  of  lulera  so 
unlHiunded,  without  the  intervention  of  superstition. 
By  ita  fatal  influence  Iho  human  mind,  in  every  alaga 
of  ita  progreas,  ia  depreaaed,  and  ita  native  vigor  ami 
indeiH'iidenco  aubdued.  Whoevor  can  acquire  th* 
'liroction  of  this  fcrmidable  engine,  ia  secure  of  domi- 
nion over  hia  species.  Unfortunately  for  tho  peopla 
whoso  institutions  are  the  subject  of  inquiry,  this  power 
waa  in  the  handa  nf  their  chiefa.  The  caiiques  of  th* 
ialea  could  put  what  reaponaea  Ihoy  [ileaaed  into  the 
montha  of  their  Vrmit  or  gods  ;  and  it  waa  by  theii 
interpoaition,  and  ;ii  thoir  name,  that  they  impoacd  any 
tribute  or  burden  on  Ihiir  people.  The  aame  powst 
and  prerogativo  waa  exerciaed  by  lb"  great  chief  of  the 
Natchez,  as  the  princijial  minister  aa  well  as  the  repro- 
aentative  of  tho  Sun,  their  deity.  The  respect  which 
the  people  uf  Bogota  paid  to  their  monarchs  wss  like- 
wise inspired  by  religion,  and  the  heir  apparent  of  tha 
kingdom  waa  educated  in  Iho  innermost  rocesa  of  their 
principal  temple,  under  auch  auatere  discipline,  and  with 
auch  peculiar  ritea,  aa  tended  to  fill  his  subjects  with 
high  sentiments  concerning  the  sanctity  of  his  cha- 
racter, and  the  dignity  of  hia  elation.  Thua  auperati- 
tion,  which  in  tho  rudest  period  of  society,  is  eithaf 
altogether  unknown,  or  waatea  ita  force  in  childish  un- 
meaning practicea,  had  acquired  auch  an  aaceiidani 
over  those  pcopio  of  America,  who  had  n.ade  soma 
little  progress  tuwarda  refinement,  that  it  became  th* 
chief  inatrument  nf  bending  their  minda  to  an  untimeljr 
aervitude,  and  subjected  them,  in  the  beginning  of  their 
political  career,  to  a  deapotiain  hardly  leaa  rigoroua  than 
that  which  awaita  natioiia  in  tho  last  atage  of  their  toi- 
ruplion  and  decline. 

V.  After  examining  the  political  institiitinna  of  Iha 
rude  naliona  in  America,  tho  next  object  of  attentioa 
ia  tlicirart  of  war,  or  their  provision  for  public  aecuritjr 
and  defence.  1'ho  amall  tribes  dis|iersed  over  America 
are  not  only  independent  and  unconnected,  hut  eneagad 
in  perpetual  hoatilitiea  with  one  another.  Though 
mostly  strangers  to  the  idea  of  aeparate  proponjr, 
vested  ill  any  individual,  tho  rudoat  of  the  American 
naliona  are  well  acquainted  with  the  righta  of  each 
community  to  ita  own  domaina.  Thia  right  they  hohl 
to  be  perfect  and  exclusive,  entitling  tho  iwaaeaaor  to 
oppose  the  encroachment  of  neighboring  Iribea.  Aa 
ii  IS  of  tho  utmost  conacquence  to  prevent  them  from 
destroying  or  diatiirbing  the  game  in  their  hunting 
grounds,  they  guard  this  national  properly  with  a  jealoua 
attention.  But  aa  their  territorica  aro  extensive,  and 
Iho  buundarles  of  them  not  exactly  ascertained,  iniiu- 
merable  subjects  of  dispute  arise,  which  seldom  termi- 
nate without  bloodshed.  Kven  in  thia  simple  and  pri 
niitivc  stale  of  society,  intorest  is  a  aourco  of  discord, 
and  often  prompts  savage  trilies  to  take  arms  in  order 
to  repel  or  punish  auch  as  encroach  on  the  foreata  or 
plains  lb  wnich  they  trust  for  subsiatence. 

But  interest  is  not  either  the  most  frequent  or  Ilia 
most  powerful  motive  of  the  incessant  hostilities  among 
rude  nations.  'I'hcso  must  be  imputed  to  the  passion 
of  revenge,  which  rages  with  such  violenco  in  tho  breast 
of  savages,  that  eagerness  to  gratify  it  may  be  con- 
sidered aa  the  diatinguiahing  characteriatic  of  men  in 
their  uncivilized  state.  Circumstances  of  powerful 
influence,  both  in  the  interior  government  of  rude  tribes, 
and  in  their  external  operations  against  foreign  ene- 
mies, concur  in  cherishing  and  adding  strength  to  a  pas- 
sion fatal  to  tho  general  tranquillity.  When  the  right 
of  redressing  his  own  wrongs  is  left  in  the  hands  ui 
every  individual,  injuries  are  felt  with  exquisite  sensi- 
bility, and  vengeance  exorcisca  >vith  unrelenting  ran- 
cor. No  time  can  obliterate  the  -nomory  of  an  of- 
fence, and  it  is  seldom  thut  it  can  be  expiated  but  hf 
the  blood  of  the  offender.  In  carrying  '>n  their  publio 
wars,  savage  naliona  are  influenced  by  thb  same  ideaa, 
and  animated  with  the  aaino  spirit,  as  in  prosecuting 
private  vengeance.  In  amall  communities,  over*  man 
IS  touched  with  the  injury  or  affront  offered  to  Ibebodt 
of  which  ne  u  a  member,  .<8  if  it  were  a  persona!  aUan 


SOUTH   AMEKtOA. 


in 


«paa  hii  own  honor  ur  urely.  The  dvtirs  of  reveiiKo 
li  roauaunicatixl  Irani  brviit  lo  btc*it,  aiKl  noar.  kiiidlri 
into  rig*.  At  frolilo  •oriolict  ctn  Uka  the  fiold  only 
in  •in*n  parliot,  nai'h  warriur  la  conavioiia  of  ihu  im^r- 
Unco  ol'  hill  own  urin,  anil  I'l'iU  that  tn  it  ia  coinniillt-i) 
■  conaiiJrralilo  |>ortiuii  of  llio  public  vcnKoanca.  War, 
which  between  extrnaivc  kinuiloina  la  cartiiil  on  with 
little  aiiinioaily,  ia  projaculoiT  by  aiiiall  Iriliea  with  all 
the  runcur  of  a  nrivnle  i)iiarriil.  'i'lie  rcatmtiiwnt  of 
naliona  ia  aa  iiii|ilaf  iiMo  ua  llmt  of  Individuula.  Il  may 
iw  diaat'inblrd  or  ■ii|i|ir('ascd,  but  la  tirviir  oliuKUiahtKl ; 
and  often,  when  louat  eaiieeted  or  dreaded,  it  burata  out 


a  march  of  aome  hundred  inilea  Ihruuuh  dreary  forrata, 
or  during  a  long  voyage  u|>oii  their  lakea  and  rivera. 
Their  armiea  are  not  enciiinlirrrd  with  baggage  or 
li  htary  alorra.  Knrti  warrior,  bianlia  hia  anna,  ciir- 
rica  a  mil  and  5  ainnll  bag  ol  |iotiiidi!d  iiuiiio,  and  with 
Iheao  la  coin|il«tiily  e(|ui)i|it'd  lor  oiiy  aurvico.  While 
at  II  diitanco  fruin  the  enemy  a  frontirr,  tliey  diaiierao 
through  tho  wowla,  and  au|i|iort  tlicnnwlvra  willi  the 
gaiiiu  whirh  they  kill,  or  tlie  Hull  which  they  catch. 
Aa  they  a|i|iraauli  nearer  lo  the  tcrriloriea  of  tho  na- 
tion which  they  Intend  10  attack,  they  collrcl  their 
troopa,  and  advance  with  greater  caution.     Even  in 


with  redoubled  furv.     SVhen  Doliahed  naliona  have  I  their  hotteat  and  moat  active  ware  they  proceed  wholly 


obtained  the  glory  of  victory,  or  have  acquired  tn  addi' 
lion  of  territory,  tliey  may  terminate  a  war  with  honor. 
But  atvtget  are  not  ttltaHed  until  they  extirpate  tho 
community  which  ia  the  object  of  their  hatred.  They 
fight,  not  to  conquer,  but  to  deatroy.  If  they  engogo 
in  hoililitiea,  it  la  with  a  reaolulion  never  to  aco  tho 
face  of  tho  enemy  in  petco,  but  to  proaecule  tho  quar 


by  atralagein  and  ainbuacado.  They  place  not  their 
glory  in  attacking  their  cneiniea  with  open  force.  To 
auipriao  and  deatroy  ia  the  grentcat  merit  of  t  com- 
mander, and  tlie  highoat  pride  of  liia  followera.  M'ar 
and  hunting  are  their  only  occujiationa,  and  they  con- 
duct both  with  the  aame  tpirit  and  tho  aame  aria. 
They  follow  the  track  of  their  encmiea  through  the 


rrl  with  immrrtal' enmity.     The  deaire  of  vengotnco  ia    foruil.     They  endeavor  to  diacover  their  haunta,  they 


tho  firat  and  alinoat  tho  only  principlo  which  a  a'tvago 
inatilt  into  tho  minda  of  hia  children.  Thia  growt  up 
with  him  It  ho  advancca  in  life ;  and  ta  hia  attention  ia 
directed  to  few  objecta,  il  aoquiret  a  degree  of  forco 
unknown  among  men  whoao  pasaiona  are  diasipatcil 
•nd  weakened  by  tho  variety  of  their  occiipatiuna  and 
puriuita.  The  deairo  of  vengeance,  which  lakea  poa- 
eeation  of  tho  heart  of  aavagen,  reaemblea  the  inatiiic- 
tive  rago  of  an  animal  rather  than  tho  paaaion  of  a 
man.  It  turna,  with  undiaccrning  fury,  even  againat 
inanimate  objecta.  If  hurt  acciuentally  by  a  atone, 
Uiey  often  aeixo  it  in  ■  tranaport  of  anger,  and  endeavor 
to  wreak  their  vongetnoe  upon  il.  IT  atruck  with  an 
■now  in  a  battle,  they  will  tear  it  from  the  wound,  break 
•nd  bite  il  with  their  teeth,  un<l  duah  it  on  the  ground. 
With  leaped  to  their  cnomiea  their  rago  of  yengeaneo 
knowa  no  bounda.  When  under  tho  dominion  of  thia 
raaaion,  man  *  "omoa  iha  moat  cruel  of  all  animala. 
lie  neither  y  "Ot  forgivea,  nor  aparea. 

Tho  forci    c'  '      ion  ia  ao  well  undotatood  by 

tho  Americ        i  ,  that  they  alwaya  opply  to  it 

in  Older  to  i  •  u  .people  to  take  anna.    If  the 

cidera  of  any      >     '    >.npt  to  rouao  their  youth  from 


men.    To  fall  in  battle,  inatead  of  being  reckoned  an 
honorable  death,  ia  a  miafortuno  which  aubjecla  thu 


jloth,  it  a.chiei  wiaiioa  to  allure  a  band  of  warriora  to '  leader  if  it  haa  been  purchancd  with  any  considerable 
follow  him  in  invading  an  cnemy'a  country,  the  moat   loaa  of  hia  fullowcra,  [07J  and  tlioy  never  iHmst  of  a 
perauanivo  topica  of  their  martial  cloipicnco  are  drawn  !  victory  if  attlriod  with  the  blood  of  their  own  country 
from  revenge.     ••  Tho  bonea  of  our  countrymen,"  aay 
they,  "  lie  uncovered  ;  their  bloody  bed  haa  not  been 
waahcd  clean.     Their  apirita  cry  agaiiitt  ua ;  they  muat 
bo  ap|ieaacd.     I,et  ua  go  and  devour  the  jieople  by  .     . 

whom  they  were  alain.  Sit  no  longer  inactive  U|>on  I'hia  ayatcin  of  war  waa  universal  in  Ameriua  ;  and 
your  mata ;  lift  tho  hatchet,  console  the  apirita  of  the  I  tho  ainall  uncivilized  tribca,  diaperacd  through  all  its 
dead,  and  tell  them  that  they  ahall  bo  avenged."  I  dilferont  regiona  and  climatea,  display  more  craft  than 

Animated  with  auch  exhortutiona,  tho  youth  tnatch  |  boldnesa  in  carrying  on  their  hostilities.  Struck  with 
their  arma  in  a  trans|iort  of  fur;',  raise  the  aong  ot  war,  this  conduct,  ao  opposite  to  the  ideas  and  maxima  of 
■nd  bum  with  impatienco  to  imbrue  their  hanua  in  tho  i  Kuro|ieana,  aevoral  authors  contend  that  it  Hows  from 
blood  of  their  cneiniea.  Private  chiefs  often  asacinblo  a  fecblo  and  dastardly  spirit  peculiar  to  tho  Americana, 
imall  partiea  and  invado  a  hostile  tribo  without  con-  which  is  incapable  of  any  goneroua  ur  manly  exertion, 
•ulting  tho  rulcra  of  tho  community.  A  aiiigle  warrior,  Uut  when  wo  reflect  that  many  of  these  tribes,  on  occa- 
prompted  by  caprice  or  revenge,  will  take  the  field  aiona  which  call  for  extraordinary  clforts,  not  only  do- 
■lons,  and  march  several  hundred  miles  to  surjirise  and  fond  themselves  with  obstinate  resolution,  but  attack 
cut  oflT  a  straggling  enemy.  [03]  Tho  exploits  of  a  their  enemies  with  thu  most  daring  courage,  and  that 
noted  warrior,  in  auch  solitary  oxcuraions,  often  form  they  possess  fortitude  of  mind  superior  to  the  scnao  of 
tho  chief  part  in  tho  history  of  an  American  cam-  da.vgcr  or  tho  fear  of  dentil,  wo  must  ascribe  their 
pai^ii  i  [66]  and  their  elders  connive  at  such  Irrouular  habitual  caution  to  aome  other  cause  than  constitutional 
ttllics,  as  they  t^nd  to  cherish  a  martial  apirit,  anil  au-  <  tiipidity.  The  number  of  men  in  each  tribe  ia  so  small, 
euatom  their  psople  to  enterpriso  and  danger.  But  { tho  dillicuUy  of  rearing  new  membora  umidat  tho  hard- 
when  a  war  is  national,  and  undertaken  by  public  autho-  ships  and  dangers  of  savage  life  is  so  ereat,  that  the 
rity,  the  deliberations  are  formal  and  slow.  Tho  ciders  life  of  a  citizen  is  extremely  precioua,  and  the  prcserva- 
■seeinble,  they  deliver  their  ophiions  in  solemn  spcechus,  tion  ot  it  becomes  a  capital  object  in  their  |>olicy. 
ihev  weigh  with  maturity  tho  nature  of  the  enterprise,  I  Had  tho  |ioint  of  honor  been  tlio  same  among  the 
■nd  balance  its  bcnoHcial  or  disadvantageous  conso-    fceblo  American  tribca  as  among  the  powerful  nations 


whit  took  place  in  tlioat  petty  aocieliiM  which  «««NMI 
the  name  of  nations. 

Hut  though  vigilance  and  attention  an  Iha  qiitUliM 
chitlly  reipiiiila  where  the  object  of  wtr  ia  to  dicdv* 
and  to  aurnrise ;  and  though  the  Ainerieane.  wbe* 
acting  singly,  display  an  ainaiing  decree  of  wldree*  In 
concealing  their  own  inotiona,  and  diacovering  that* 
of  an  enemy,  yet  it  is  remarkable  that,  when  Ihey  Kk* 
tho  Held  in  parties,  they  can  seldom  be  brought  10  Ob* 
serve  the  precauliona  moat  rascntial  to  their  own  aeea* 
rity.  Such  ia  the  ditliculty  of  accuatomin^  aavaget  to 
aiibordiiution,  or  to  act  in  concert  i  auch  It  their  ii»> 
IMtience  under  restraint,  and  such  their  ciprice  tad 
preauinption,  that  il  ia  rarely  Ihey  can  bo  bl0U|hl  10 
conform  themtelvea  to  the  counsels  and  direoliom  of 
their  leadera.  They  never  atatioii  sentinelt  around  tbo 
place  V  here  they  real  at  night,  and  after  muebing  tono 
hundred  milea  to  aupriae  tn  enemy,  tre  often  tuipriiod 
themaclvea,  and  cut  oir,  while  aunk  in  ae  proiMMl 
aleep  aa  if  they  were  not  within  reach  of  dinger. 

If,  notwithattnding  thia  negligence  and  leeuiily, 
which  cften  fnistrate  their  moat  artful  achenwi,  lho« 
catch  the  enemy  unprepared,  they  ruah  upon  thtm  wilk 
the  utmoat  ferocity,  and  tearing  olf  the  actlpe  of  tU 
tlioie  who  ftll  victiina  to  their  rago,  [70]  Imy  cuijr 
home  those  slronge  trophies  in  triumph.  These  ihqf 
proaerve  aa  monumonla,  not  only  of  tlieir  own  prowetii 
but  of  the  venueanco  which  their  arm  hat  inflicted  upoa 
the  people  who  were  objects  of  public  reaenliaank 
They  are  atill  more  aolicitoua  to  aeiie  priaonera.  Dit- 
ring  their  retreat,  if  they  bofio  to  elfect  it  uninoleated, 
tho  prisoners  are  coinmonly  exempt  from  tny  iiiaull, 
and  treated  with  aome  degree  of  hunitnily,  Ihouga 
guarded  with  tho  moat  atrici  •ttontion. 

But  after  thia  temporary  auspcnsion,  the  rage  of  thO 
con<|uerora  rekindles  with  new  fury.  Aa  toon  tt  tbey 
approach  their  own  frontier,  aome  of  their  number  HO 
duspatched  to  inloiin  their  countrymon  with  res|H)Ct  to 
tho  aucceaa  of  the  expedition.  1  hen  the  priaonera  bo> 
gin  to  feel  tho  wretclicdiioaa  af  their  coiHir.ion.  Tbo 
women  of  the  village,  together  with  tho  youth  who  htvo 
not  attained  to  tho  age  of  bearing  armt,  aaaemble,  tod 
forming  theinaelvoa  into  two  liiica,  through  which  tho 
priaonera  must  past,  heat  and  bruise  them  with  tlicko 
or  atonea  in  a  cruel  manner.  After  thia  flrat  gratifies 
tion  of  their  rage  against  their  enemies,  follow  Tamentk- 
tiuna  fur  tin  lusa  ui  siicn  ul  tneir  own  countrymen  to 
have  fallen  in  tho  service,  accompanied  with  wordt  tnd 
ocliona  which  seem  to  exprcsa  tlie  utmoat  anguiah  aiut 
memory  if  a  warrior  to  tho  imputation  of  rushncsa  or  I  grief.     But  in  a  moment,  upon  a  signal  given,  their 


lurk  in  aome  thicket  near  to  these,  and,  with  the 
patience  of  «  aportamaii  lying  in  wait  for  game,  will 
tonimua  in  their  elation  day  after  day  until  they  can 
ruah  u|>on  their  prey  when  most  secure,  and  leaat  able 
to  resist  them.  If  they  meet  no  atnggling  patty  of  tlio 
enemy,  they  advance  towarda  their  villagaa,  hut  with 
auch  solicitudu  to  conceal  their  own  appmach,  that  Ihoy 
often  creep  on  their  handa  and  feel  through  the  wooda, 
and  pai-t  their  akina  of  the  aame  color  with  the 
withered  leaves,  in  order  to  avoid  detection.  Ifao 
fortunate  aa  to  remain  unobserved,  they  set  on  fire  the 
enemies'  hutt  in  the  dead  of  night,  and  inassacro  tho 
inhabitants  as  they  fly  naked  and  defencelnas  from  the 
flainea.  If  they  ho|>e  to  etrecl  a  retreat  without  being 
pursued,  they  carry  off  some  prinoners,  whom  they  re- 
serve for  a  more  dreadful  fate.  But  if,  notwithstanding 
all  their  address  and  iirocautiona,  they  lind  that  their 
motiona  aro  discovered,  that  the  enemy  haa  taken  the 
alarm,  and  ia  prepared  lo  oppose  them,  they  usually 
deem  il  most  prudent  to  retire.  They  regard  it  as  ex- 
treme folly  lo  meet  an  enemy  who  ia  on  hia  guard, 
upon  equal  terma,  or  lo  give  battle  in  an  open  Hold. 
'I  he  moat  ilistinguisbcd   succcsa  ia  a  disgraco  lo  a 


quencca  with  no  inconsiderable  poriioii  ol  political  dis- 
eenimcnl  or  sagacity.  Their  priests  and  soothsayers 
■re  consulted,  and  sometimes  they  ask  the  advice  even 
of  their  women.  If  tho  determination  bo  for  war,  they 
prepare  for  il  with  much  ceremony.  A  leader  offera  to 
conduct  the  expedition,  and  is  accepted.  But  no  man 
it  constrained  lo  follow  him ;  the  resolution  of  tho 
community  to  commence  hoslilitiea  imposes  no  obliga- 
tion upon  any  mcnibor  lo  lake  part  in  tho  war.  Each 
individual  ia  still  master  of  his  own  conduct,  and  his 
onngement  in  the  service  is  iierfectly  voluntary. 

The  maxima  by  which  they  rcgulats  llieir  military 
operations,  though  extremely  different  from  Ihoso  which 
take  place  among  more  civilized  and  populous  naliona, 
■re  well  auitcd  to  their  own  political  state,  and  tho  na- 


of  Europe,  had  they  been  taught  to  court  fame  or  vie 
lory  in  cunlempl  of  danger  and  death,  they  must  have 
been  ruined  by  maxims  so  ill  adapted  to  their  con- 
dition. But  whcroirer  their  communities  are  more 
iwpulous,  so  that  Ihoy  can  act  with  considerable  force, 
■nd  can  sustain  tho  loss  of  several  of  their  members 
without  being  sensibly  weakened,  tho  military  opera- 
tions of  the  Amcrirans  more  nearly  rcaombto  Ihoso  of 
other  nations.  Tho  Brazilians,  aa  well  as  the  tribes 
tituated  upon  the  banks  of  the  river  Uo  la  Plata,  often 
take  lite  Held  in  such  numerous  bodies  as  deserve  the 
name  of  arinica.  They  defy  their  enemies  to  the  com- 
bat, engage  in  regular  battles,  and  maintain  the  conflict 
with  that  desperate  ferocity  which  ia  natural  to  men 
who,  having  nu  idea  of  war  but  that  of  exterminating 


luio  of  the  country  in  which  they  act.  They  never  [  their  enomies,  never  give  or  take  quarter.  [69]  In  the 
take  the  field  in  numerous  bodies,  as  it  would  require  a  !  powerful  empires  of  Mexico  and  Peru,  great  armiea 
gioater  cHort  of  foresight  and  industry  than  is  usual  i  wero  assembled,  frequent  battles  were  fought,  ami  the 
■moiig  savages,  lo  iirovidu  foi  lliuir  aubaiateiice  during  { theory  aa  well  aa  practice  of  war  were  ditfercnl  bom 


tears  cease  ;  Ihoy  pai>s,  with  a  sudden  and  unaccaunt- 
able  transition,  from  tlio  deptlie  of  aurruw  lo  the  irano- 
porta  of  joy;  and  begin  10  celebrate  their  victory  with 
all  the  wild  exultation  of  a  barbaroua  triumph.  Tlio 
fate  of  the  prisoners  remains  still  undecided.  Tho  old 
men  deliberate  coiiccniini;  il.  Some  aro  destined  lo 
bo  tortured  to  death,  in  oriJer  to  satiate  the  revenge  of 
tho  conquerora ;  aome  to  replace  the  nienibert  which 
the  community  hit  lost  in  that  or  former  wart.  They 
who  aro  reserved  for  this  milder  fate,  are  led  to  tho  huu 
of  Ihoso  whose  friends  have  been  killed.  The  womeo 
meet  them  at  tho  door,  and  if  Ihey  receive  ihein,  Ihaii 
aulferinga  aro  at  an  end.  They  are  adopted  into  tho 
family,  and,  according  to  their  phrase,  are  seated  upon 
the  mat  of  the  deceased.  They  asaiimo  his  name,  they 
hold  the  same  rank,  and  are  treated  thonueforward  with 
all  the  tendernesa  due  lo  a  father,  a  brother,  a  hutbandi 
or  a  friend.  But,  if  either  from  caprice  or  an  unrelent* 
ing  desire  of  revenge,  the  women  of  any  family  refuao 
lo  accept  of  the  jirisoner  who  is  offered  lo  them,  hio 
doom  is  fixed.  No  power  can  then  aave  biin  ftoM 
lorluro  and  death. 

While  their  lot  is  in  suapenao,  the  priaonera  thorn 
selves  appear  altogether  unconcerned  about  what  may 
befall  them.  They  talk,  they  eat,  Ihoy  aleep.  ■■  if  Iha) 
were  perfectly  at  eaae,  and  no  danger  impending. 
When  the  fatal  sentence  is  intimated  lo  them,  they  ro- 
eeive  it  with  an  unaltered  countenance,  raiae  theil 
death  song,  and  prepare  to  suffer  Uke  men.  Their 
conquerora  ossemblo  as  lo  ■  solemn  festival,  reaolved  10 
put  tho  fortitude  of  the  captive  to  tho  utmoat  Dronf. 
A  accno  ensues,  tlie  bare  description  of  which  ia  enough 
lo  chill  the  heart  with  horror,  wherever  men  have  beta 
accuatoined,  by  milder  institutions,  to  respect  Ihtit 
apociea,  and  lo  melt  into  tendemeaa  at  the  thjbt  of 
human  tufferiiigt.  The -priaonera  are  tied  naked  to  ■ 
alake,  but  ao  aa  to  oe  at  liberty  to  move  round  il.  AU 
who  are  present,  men,  women,  and  children,  ruth  upon 
them  like  furiet.  Every  species  of  torture  it  ap|tlted 
that  the  rancor  of  revenge  can '  invent.  Some  bum 
their  limbs  with  red  hot  irons,  tome  mangle  their  bodiio 
with  luiivet,  olhert  tear  their  fleah  from  their  boneo 


lU 


RODRRTHON'S   ItlSTOIiy   OP 


v\ 


■hMk  tdl  Ibtir  Milt  hy  Ihe  rooU,  mil  mid  ind  IwmI 
Umnt  tiiMwi.  Thr^  vl«  with  on«  aiiotlwr  in  rafmaincnl* 
•f  (actum.  Nolhinu  mU  boundi  to  th«ir  ra|;-t  but  (hg 
dnad  of  •bridtfinii  Ini  diirthu'i  uf  thi'ir  vviikiiuiivv  hy  ! 
kut^ning  Iho  dattb  ofthv  mitri'ri'rt  \  iiid  (in-h  i>  llii'if ' 
erini  inneiiuity  in  lorinriitiiig.  tint,  by  avouliriK  iiidiia- 
trioualy  to  hint  tny  vital  jiatt,  tlioy  oiwn  pioloriu  tiiii 
■ewM  of  inguuh  for  itvonil  diyi  In  >|>ilo  uf  all  that 
tb»]f  aiiir«r,  the  viclima  runliiiiia  to  rimiit  ihi'ir  dcatli 
•ong  with  t  firm  vaica,  ihoy  lioaat  of  tlmir  ov  n  oi- 
ploila,  Ihay  inault  their  loriiiuiilvra  fur  tliu  want  of  akill 
In  (ranging  their  frienda  and  rrlationa,  th«y  warn  tlicin 
tf  Um  ningMnco  which  awaila  tliuiii  on  trcoiinl  of 
whil  Ibejr  art  now  damn,  and  eicilv  their  fvronity  by 
Ih*  noat  ptovoUng  re|iroachM  and  Ihrvala.  To  dia- 
pUjr  undaunted  fortitude,  in  auch  dreadful  aitualioiia  i< 
Uw  nobleel  triumph  of  ■  warrior.  To  avoid  Iho  trial  by 
■  voluntary  dattn,  or  to  ahrink  unuor  it,  i<  dovniud  in- 
fimoua  tnn  cowardly.  If  any  onu  betray  ayinptuiiia  of 
timidity,  hie  lonnontora  often  dcapaioh  him  at  onoo 
with  contempt,  aa  unworthy  of  iHiing;  treated  like  a 
Bian.  Animated  with  lho.i«  iiloaa,  ihry  endure  without  a 

Sroen  what  it  aeenia  aliiioal  miiKianiblu  tlut  liuin<tn  nature 
liould  auatain.  Thoy  apfiear  to  u«  nut  only  inaenaiblu 
to  pain,  but  to  court  it.  "  Furliear,"  aaid  an  aged 
chief  of  the  lroi|uoia,  when  hia  inaulla  had  provoked  one 
of  hie  tonnentora  to  wound  him  with  n  knife,  ■■  furU'ar 
th«a«  atabaof  your  knife,  and  rather  let  mo  die  by  tire, 
that  thoef  doga,  ynur  alliea,  from  beyond  the  aea,  may 
learn  by  my  eiample  to  auifor  liko  men."  Thia  inagni- 
mity  of  which  there  are  frequent  inatancea  among  the 
American  warriora,  inatead  of  cicitInK  admiralion,  or 
calling  forth  aynipathy,  exaa|icralea  tlie  fierco  apirita  of 
their  torturera  to  freah  acta  of  cruelty.  Weary,  at 
length  of  contending  with  men  whoae  conatancy  of 
mind  they  cannot  vaiiquiah,  aoine  chief,  in  a  rago,  puta 
a  period  to  their  auircringa,  by  deaiwtchiii]  them  with 
hia  dagger  or  club. 

Thia  barbaroua  aceno  ia  nllen  aucceeded  by  one  no 
lea^  rhocking.  Aa  it  ia  im|KMaible  to  appvaao  the  fell 
epirit  of  revenge  which  ragra  in  the  heait  of  a  aavage, 
thia  frequently  proinpta  the  Americana  lo  devour  tlioae 
nnhappy  peraona  who  have  been  the  victima  of  their 
enielly.  In  the  ancient  world,  tradition  hue  prcacrvcd 
Uw  inemoryof  barbaroua  nationa  of  canniliala,  who  fed 
on  human  deah.  Uut  in  every  part  of  the  New  World 
lliere  were  people  lo  wlium  ihia  cuatom  waa  familiar. 
It  piavai'ed  >a  ine  aouthem  continent,  in  oevcral  of  the 
iaianda,  and  in  varioua  diatricla  of  North  America. 
Kvrn  in  Ihooe  parte  where  circiiuintanroa  with  which 
w*  are  unacquainted  had  in  a  great  niensure  alibliahed 
Ihia  practice,  it  aeema  formerly  to  have  been  ao  well 
known  that  it  ia  incar|iorated  into  iheidiom  of  their 
languago.  Among  the  Ira<|Uois,  the  phraae  by  which 
they  eapreaa  their  reaolution  of  making  war  against  an 
enemy  la,  "  I,et  iia  go  and  eat  that  nation."  If  they 
aolicit  the  aid  of  a  neighboring  tribe,  tlioy  invite  it  "  to 
rat  broth  made  of  the  fleah  of  their  enemies."  [71] 
Nor  waa  the  practice  peculiar  to  rude  unpolished  trilwa; 
the  princiulo  from  which  they  took  rite  ia  so  deeply 
looted  in  tnc  minda  of  the  Americana,  that  it  aubaiatcu  in 
Meiico,  one  of  the  civilized  empires  in  the  New  World, 
and  relica  of  it  may  be  discovered  among  the  more 
mid  inhabitants  of  Peru.  It  was  not  scarcity  of  food, 
ai  aom;  authora  imagine,  and  the  importunato  cravingf 
of  hunger,  which  forced  tho  Americana  to  those  horrid 
te|Msta  on  tlieir  fellow-creatuVca.  Human  flcah  was 
never  used  aa  common  food  in  any  country,  and  tho 
various  relations  concerning  people  who  reckoned  it 
among  the  atated  means  of  subsistence,  flow  from  the 
credulity  and  mistakes  of  travellera.  The  rancor  of 
lOveDgo  first  prompted  men  to  thia  barbaroua  action. 
The  fiercest  tribes  devoured  none  but  prisoners  taken 
in  war,  or  auch  as  they  regarded  as  enemies.  [72] 
Women  and  children  who  were  not  the  olijcels  of  en- 
mity, if  not  cut  ofl'  in  iho  fury  ui  their  first  inroad  into  a 
boitila  country,  aeldom  auflered  by  the  deliberate  ef- 
fceia  of  their  revenge. 

The  people  of  south  America  gratify  their  m-engt 
h  0  manner  somewhat  difltrer.t,  but  with  n^  l«it  unrc- 
Inting  nneor.  Their  prisorera,  after  meeting  ct  their 
tal  calrance  with  the  same  rough  reception  as  among 
Iho  North  Americana,  are  not  oar  exempt  from  injury, 
tat  twted  wiUi  the  greatest  kindneas.  They  are 
Aoited  and  careaaed,  and  some  beautiful  young  women 
•n  appointed  to  attend  and  aolace  them.  It  is  not 
Mqr  to  account  for  thia  part  of  their  conduct,  nnless 
wo  impute  it  to  a  refinement  in  cruelty.  For,  while 
tiMjr  aeem  atudious  to  attach  the  captives  to  life,  by 
Wipplying  them  with  every  enjoyment  that  can  render 
it  agreealde,  their  doom  is  irrevocably  fixed.  On  a 
dajrappointodtbevletorlonitribeaasemblea,  tbo  pri- 


aoner  ia  brought  forth  with  great  aolnmnify,  ho  viewa 
the  iireparationa  for  the  aaerilTca  with  aa  much  indilfer- 
ence  aa  if  ho  himaelf  waa  not  the  victim,  and  mooting 
Ins  fsti-  with  uiid'iuiitt>d  liriniieaa,  is  detpntched  with  a 
aingle  blow.  The  iiioiiitiit  he  falla,  the  woinin  aeiie 
the  bjdy  and  drraa  it  for  the  feast  They  braiiioar 
their  childriii  with  the  blued,  in  order  to  kindle  in  their 
liOKOina  u  liairi'd  uf  their  rnruiiea,  which  la  never  extin- 
guislii'd,  and  all  join  in  feeding  U|ioil  the  flesh  with 
aiiiaaiiiu  greedineaa  and  exuliatioii.  Tu  devour  Ihii 
Ixidy  ofa  slaughlored  enemy  they  deem  Iho  moat  com- 
plete and  eiqiiiaile  sratihcation  of  revenge.  Wherever 
Ihia  practice  pruvaiU,  captivea  never  eaca|ie  death,  but 
they  are  not  torlurrd  wiih  the  aanio  cruelly  aa  anions 
trihea  which  are  leaa  accuatoinod  lo  such  horrid 
feaaU.  [73] 

Aa  the  conatancy  of  every  American  warrior  may 
be  put  10  auch  severe  proof,  the  ureal  olijecl  of  military 
education  and  diacipline  in  the  New  World  la  lo  foiiii 
Iho  mind  lo  auatain  it.  When  nationa  carry  on  war 
with  open  force,  defy  their  enemiea  to  the  comliul,  and 
vanquish  thoin  by  tho  superiority  of  their  skill  iir  coU' 
rage,  aoldiers  are  trained  lu  be  active,  viuorous,  and  en- 
terprising. Uut  in  America,  where  tile  genitia  and 
luaiiroa  uf  war  are  extremely  different,  pasaive  fortitude 
ia  Iho  quality  in  higheat  eatimation.  Accordingly,  it  ia 
early  the  aludy  of  llie  Americana  lo  acquire  aonlimenta 
and  habita  which  will  enable  them  to  liehavo  likn  iniin 
when  their  reaolution  ahall  lie  put  lo  Ihe  proof.  Aa  tho 
youth  of  other  nationa  exercito  themselvea  in  feala  of 
activity  and  force,  tlioae  of  America  vie  with  ono 
another  in  eihihitioni  of  their  patience  under  auH'eringa. 
They  harden  their  nervca  by  llioao  vohintiry  trials,  and 
gradually  accustom  themselves  to  endure  tho  sharjieal 
pain  without  complaining.  A  boy  and  a  uirl  will  bind 
their  naked  anna  together,  and  place  a  Tiuming  coal 
lietween  them,  in  order  to  try  who  first  discovers  auch 
iinpalienco  aa  to  ahake  it  olT.  All  the  triala  cuatoinary 
in  America,  when  a  youth  ia  admitted  into  Ihe  cluaa  of 
warriora,  or  when  a  warrior  ia  promoted  to  tho  dignity 
of  captain  or  chief,  are  accomino<lated  to  this  idea  of 
manlineaa.  lliey  are  not  displaya  of  valor,  but  of  pa 
tienco ;  they  are  not  exhibitiona  of  their  ability  to 
offend,  but  of  their  capacity  lo  aulfer.  Among  the 
Iribea  on  tho  banka  of  the  Orinoco,  if  a  warrior  aspirea 
to  the  rank  of  captain,  hia  probation  liegina  with  a  long 
f'aat,  more  rigid  Inan  any  overubsorvcd  by  the  most  ab- 
stemious hermit.  At  the  clone  of  thia  the  chiefs  aaaein- 
blo,  each  givoa  him  three  laahca  with  a  largo  whip, 
applied  au  vigoroualy  that  his  body  i«  almost  flayed,  and 
if  he  botraya  Ihe  least  symptoms  of  impatience  or  even 
sensibility  he  is  disgraced  for  over,  and  rejected  aa  UU' 
worthy  of  tho  honor  to  which  ho  aspires.  After  some 
interval,  Iho  conatancy  of  the  candidate  ia  proved  hy  a 
more  excruliating  trial.  Ho  ia  laid  in  liammoc  with 
hia  handa  bound  faat,  and  innumerablo  multitude  of 
venomous  anta,  whoae  bite  occaaions  cxquiaite  pain, 
and  producea  a  violent  inflammation,  are  tlirown  upon 
him.  I'hu  judges  of  his  merit  stand  around  tho  liam- 
moc, and,  while  these  cruel  inaccta  faaten  u|)on  the 
moat  sensible  parts  of  his  body,  a  aigh,  a  groan,  an  in 
voluntary  motion,  oxpieative  of  what  he  auH'ers,  would 
exclude  him  for  over  from  the  rank  of  captain.  Even 
after  thia  evidence  of  hia  fortitude,  it  is  not  deemed  to 
be  completely  ascertained,  but  must  stand  another  test 
more  drcadl'ul  than  any  he  has  hitlierto  undergone 
He  ia  again  auapendcd  in  his  hammoc,  and  covered 
with  leaves  of  tho  palmetto.  A  fire  of  stinking  herbs 
ia  kindled  underneath,  so  as  he  may  feel  its  heat  and  bo 
involved  in  its  smoke.  Though  scorched  and  almost 
suffocated,  he  must  continue  lo  endure  with  the  same 
patient  insensibility.  Many  perish  in  thia  rude  esaay 
of  their  firmness  and  courage,  but  auch  aa  go  through 
it  with  applause,  receive  the  ensigns  of  their  new  dig- 
nity with  much  solemnity,  and  are  ever  after  regarded 
as  leaders  of  approved  resolution,  whose  behavior  in 
tho  most  trying  situations  will  do  honor  to  their  coun- 
try. In  North  America  the  previous  trial  of  a  warrior 
IS  neither  to  formal  nor  so  severe.  Though  even  there, 
before  a  youth  is  permitted  to  bear  arms,  his  patience 
and  fortitude  kie  proved  by  blows,  by  fire,  and  by  in- 
aulla more  intolerable  to  a  haughty  spirit  than  both. 

The  amazing  steadiness  with  which  the  Americans 
endure  tho  moat  exquisite  torments,  has  induced  some 
authors  lo  suppose  that,  from  the  peculiar  feebleness  uf 
their  frame,  their  sensibility  ia  not  so  acute  as  that  of 
other  people;  as  women,  and  peraona  of  a  relaxed 
habit,  are  obaerved  to  be  less  afTectcd  with  pain  than 
robust  men,  whose  nerves  are  moro  firmly  braced. 
But  tho  constitution  of  the  Americans  is  not  so  different 
in  its  texture  from  that  of  the  real  of  the  human  species 
aa  to  account  for  thia  divenity  in  their  behavior     It 


(Iowa  flnm  a  priciple  of  honor,  intlillail  early  and  culli 
vatcd  with  inch  care,  aa  to  inspire  nun  iii  hia  ludaal 
sisle  with  an  heroic  magnaiiiinity,  to  which  idiiloaopiqr 
hath  endeavored  in  vain  to  form  him,  when  iiHWt 
highly  iiiipruvi'd  and  poliahed.  Thia  invim  ihia  con- 
slain  y  he  liaa  liecn  tauiiht  lu  consider  as  the  chief  die- 
liiiciiiin  of  a  man,  and  the  higheai  attainment  uf  a  war- 
rior. The  ideaa  which  iullueiice  liia  conduct,  aiul  Ibe 
panaiona  whicli  lake  iioasaaaion  of  hia  heart,  are  few. 
riiuy  u|ieralc  uf  course  with  more  deciaive  elfrct  than 
when  the  mind  ia  crowded  with  a  multiplicity  of  objecl% 
ordiatracled  hy  the  variety  of  ita  purauila  ;  and  whea 
every  motive  that  acta  with  anv  force  in  forming  the  aa» 
tiinenta  of  a  aavage,  prompla  niin  lo  aulTcr  with  dignity, 
he  will  liear  what  might  aeem  to  be  inipoaaible  for  hu- 
man patience  to  auatain  Out  wherever  th<i  fortitude  ol 
the  Americana  ia  not  roiiaed  to  exertion  by  their  idtiae 
of  honor,  their  fcclinga  of  pain  are  Ihe  aaine  with  thoao 
of  the  rest  of  mankind.  [74]  Nor  ia  Itial  patience  un- 
der aulTeringa  for  which  the  Americana  have  been  iO 
justly,  celebrated,  a  nniveraal  allainmenl.  The  con- 
Hiancy  uf  many  of  Ihe  viclima  ia  overcome  by  tho  ago 
nica  of  torture.  Their  weakness  and  lamentaliona  cent- 
plete  the  triumph  of  their  enemies,  and  rofiect  diagrace 
npon  their  own  counlrjr. 

The  perpetual  hostilities  carried  on  among  Ihe  Ameri- 
can Iribea  are  productive  of  very  fatal  eflectt.  £vw 
in  scasona  of  public  trani|uillity,  their  iin;ierfect  indualry 
does  not  supply  them  with  any  aiiperfluoua  store  cf  pro- 
visions ;  but  when  the  irruption  of  an  enemy  deaolate* 
their  cullivalod  lands,  or  uislurba  them  in  their  hunt- 
ing excuraiona,  auch  a  calamity  rcducoa  a  community, 
naturally  unprovident  and  deatitutouf  resources,  to  ex- 
treme want.  All  tho  pcoiile  of  the  diatrici  that  ia  inva- 
ded are  frequently  forced  lo  lake  refuge  in  woods  and 
mountains,  which  can  afford  them  little  subsistence,  and 
where  many  of  them  (lerish.  Notwithstanding  their  ex- 
cessive caution  in  conducting  their  niililsry  operaliona, 
and  Iho  solicitude  of  every  leader  to  preserve  the  livea 
of  his  followers,  aa  the  rude  tribea  in  America  seldom 
enjoy  any  interval  of  peace,  Ihe  loss  of  men  among 
them  is  considerable  in  proportion  to  Ihe  degree  at 
population.  Thua  famine  and  the  aword  combine  in 
thinning  their  numbers.  All  their  communitiea  are 
feeble,  and  nothing  now  reniaina  of  aeveral  nationa 
which  were  onto  coiiaideralilo,  but  the  name. 

Sensible  of  this  continual  decay,  there  are  Iriliea 
which  endeavor  to  recruit  their  national  force  when 
exhauatcd,  by  adopting  priaonera  taken  in  war,  and  by 
this  expedient  prevent  their  total  extinction.  The 
practice,  however,  ia  not  universally  received.  Ke- 
scntment  operates  more  jiowerfully  among  savagea 
than  cunsiderations  of  policy.  Far  the  greater  part  of 
llicir  captivea   waa  anciently  sacrificed  to  their  vcn- 

Seance,  and  it  is  only  since  their  numbers  began  lo 
ecline  fast,  that  they  have  generally  adopted  milder 
maxims.  Uut  such  aa  they  do  naturalize  renounce  for 
ever  their  native  trilie,  and  asauine  tho  iiunnera  aa  well 
as  passions  of  the  people  by  whom  they  are  adopted  so 
entirely,  that  they  often  join  them  in  expeditione 
against  their  own  countrymen  Such  a  sudden  transi- 
tion, and  so  repugnant  to  ono  of  the  most  powerful  in- 
stincts implanted  by  nature,  would  be  deemed  strange 
among  many  jicople ;  but  among  the  members  of  small 
communities,  where  national  cnmit<^  is  violent  and  deep 
rooted,  it  has  tho  appcaranco  of  being  atill  more  unac- 
countable. It  Bocins,  however,  to  result  naturally  from 
the  principles  iifion  which  war  is  carried  on  in  America. 
When  nations  aim  at  eilcrininaluig  their  enemies,  no  ex 
change  of  prisoners  can  ever  take  place.  From  the  mo- 
ment ono  is  made  a  prisoner,  his  country'  and  his  frienda 
consider  him  as  dead.  [7A]  He  has  incurred  indellible 
disgrace  by  suffering  himself  to  bo  surjiriKcd  or  lo  be 
taken  by  an  enemy  ;  and  wero  he  to  return  home,  after 
such  a  slain  upon  his  honor,  his  nearest  relations  would 
not  receive  or  even  acknowledse  that  they  know  mm. 
Some  tribes  wero  atill  more  ngid,  and  ii  a  prisoner  ru- 
turned,  the  infamy  which  he  had  brought  on  his  cuuRtrr 
was  expiated,  by  putting  him  instantly  to  daith.  *  • 
the  unfortunate  captive  is  thus  an  outcast  from  hia 
own  country,  and  tho  ties  which  bound  him  to  it  aie 
irreparably  broken,  ho  fcele  less  reluctance  in  formins 
a  new  connexion  with  people,  who,  as  an  evidence  ol 
their  fnendly  sentiments,  not  only  deliver  him  from  a 
cruel  death,  but  offer  to  admit  him  to  all  the  nghia  of  a 
fellow-citizen.  The  perfect  aimilurity  of  mannera  among 
aavage  nations  facilitates  and  complolea  the  union,  ana 
induces  a  captive  to  tranafer  not  only  his  allegiance,  bnt 
his  affection  to  the  community  into  the  bosom  of  which 
he  is  received. 

Uut  though  war  be  Ihe  chief  occupation  of  men  !■ 
theii'  rude  slate,  and  to  excel  in  it  tbeii  highest  di* 


SUUTII  AMRRfUA. 


Nrijr  wmI  cuhl 
in  in  hit  nitlMt 
hich  philoM^ 
III,  wlirn  iiHiM 
iiiviiii  ihla  nai»> 
■•  Ihu  eliiuf  iii*i 
iiiiieiil  uf  9  WA^ 
:on(lucl,  aiul  lb* 
lii'urt,  ara  f«w. 
Iiive  «irrct  ihui 
licily  of  objuctai 
tiili  ;  iiid  whM 
funning  Ik*  ■*•• 
rvr  witn  iliHnitx, 
i|iOHibla  iur  hu- 
r  ihn  fortiluda  ol 
n  by  thair  idoaa 
Hima  with  ihoM 
••I  |»ti«nc*  un- 
!•  ntv*  hcan  M 
em.  Th«  con> 
nine  by  tho  tgo 
nwnUlioni  com- 
1  loflccl  ilitgnc* 


tlMtion  iml  pridr  their  infiiriority  ii  •Iwtyi  tmnifMl 
i«h*iilh«y  eningc  In  comiwlition  with  |ioliahnl  nMioni. 
Uiatiliitc  of  itiil  roranighl  whirh  diKi'rni  inil  iiroviil<ii 
for  ri'innte  rvvnii,  •itiiii|{cri  tn  Ihn  iiiiinn  unil  iniitiial 
conCiilviico  rri)uiiiilo  in  furinitiu  any  rxtrnKivc  |iUn  of 
oucralioiiH,  anil  iiicu|itttilfl  of  thfi  aiihorilinatit)ii  no  Inaa 
raqiiiailii  I  '  iirryiiig  aui'li  plana  Inlii  piuimiIioii,  aavugi' 
naiinnt  ii  aatuiiinTi  a  iliaci|iliiii'il  iiintny  liy  lliiir  viiliir, 
■lilt  arlili'  .  |irova  furiniilablu  to  liiiii  liy  lliijr  cuiiilnut ; 
anil  wlitncvor  the  ruiitrat  ia  of  lotiK  coiititiiiaiicr,  iinii'l 
yirld  to  aujH'rior  art.  [lOj  The  iMii|>iri'a  of  I'cni  and 
Mmli'o,  Inungli  tliuir  |jru)|rraa  in  clviljiulioii,  wlivii 
mrasuri'd  liy  tho  biiiopiian  or  Aalutii:  alaiularda,  Hrna  in- 
ciiiiaidiralili),  aci|iiitod  aiirh  an  aaiisniUncy  over  llio 
rudu  Iriliea  around  Ihcm,  that  they  aiihjoctcd  moat  of 
thmn  with  groat  facility  lo  iheir  imwor.  When  thn 
|Hioplo  of  Kuro|i«  overran  llie  varioua  provincea  of  Ame- 
l«a,  thia  aujieriority  waa  atill  more  coiiapicunua.  Nei- 
I'wr  tho  couragD,  nor  nunitter  of  the  nativea  could  reficl 
t  handful  of  invadera.  'I'lio  alinnnlinn  and  enmity,  pre- 
lalant  among  batbariani,  prevented  them  from  unilinu 
in  anv  common  achenie  of  defence,  and  whila  each 
tribe  fouoht  aeparatcly,  all  were  aiibdiird. 

VI.  The  arte  of  rude  naliniia  iiMiici|iiainted  with  tho 
lao  of  melala,  hardly  merit  any  attention  on  their  own 
account,  but  aro  worthy  of  aome  notice,  aa  far  aa  they 
aerve  to  diaplay  the  gcniua  and  mannera  of  man  in  Ihia 
•taae  of  hia  nrogroaa.  The  firal  diatroaa  a  aavaue  miiat 
feell  will  ariao  from  the  manner  in  which  hia  Tiody  la 
■llecled  by  Iha  heal,  or  cold,  or  inoiatuie  of  Ihn  climate 
under  which  ho  livea;  and  hia  Arat  care  will  be  to  pro- 
vide aome  covering  for  hia  own  defence.  In  tho  warmer 
and  mere  mild  cliinatea  of  Amcrira,  nono  of  tho  rude 
tribea  were  clothed.  To  moat  of  tiiem  nature  had  not 
oven  auggealcd  any  idea  of  iinptopriely  in  being  alto|{e- 
thrr  uncovered.  Aa  under  a  mild  climala  there  waa  little 
need  of  niiy  defence  from  the  injuriea  of  rhe  air,  a'ld 
Iheir  eitieme  indolence  ahunncd  every  apecieaof  labor 
to  which  it  waa  not  urged  by  abaolute  necoaaity,  «ll  the 
inhabitania  of  the  iaiea,  and  a  coneiderable  part  of  the 
people  on  the  continent,  reinainod  in  thia  atate  of  naked 
aiinplicily.  Othora  were  aatiatied  with  aome  alight  co- 
verinj;,  auch  aa  decency  required.  Ilut  though  naked, 
they  wore  not  unadorned.  They  drcaacd  their  hair  in 
many  diHi'rent  forma.  They  faatened  bita  of  gold,  or 
ihelfa,  or  ahiiiing  atonea,  in  their  ear*,  their  noaea  and 
chceka.  They  atained  iheir  akina  with  a  sreat  variety 
of  figurea ;  and  they  a|>cnt  much  time,  and  aiibmitteil 
10  great  pain,  in  oriiain''iiting  their  peraona  in  thia  lan- 
laatic  manner.  Vanity,  hnwovcr,  which  tinda  endlcas 
occupation  for  ingenuity  and  invention  in  naliona  where 
dreaa  haa  become  a  complex  and  intricate  irt,  ia 
circuniacribed  within  ao  narrow  bouiida,  and  confined 
lo  ao  few  orticlea  among  naked  aavagca,  that  they  are 
not  aatiafiod  with  thoae  aiiiiplu  decorations,  and  have  a 
lyandurful  propenaity  to  alter  the  natural  form  ol  their 
bodiea,  in  order  to  render  it  (aa  they  Imagine)  more 
perfect  and  beautiful.  Thia  practice  waa  univcraal 
among  the  rndeat  of  the  American  tribea.  Their  ope- 
Mtiona  for  that  pnr|)oae  begin  aa  <oon  aa  an  infant  ia 
boni.  By  coniprcaaing  the  bonea  of  the  akull,  while 
atill  soft  and  flexible,  aome  flrttcn  the  crown  of  their 
beada  ;  aome  si|iiccze  Ihcm  into  the  aha|ie  of  a  cone ; 
othera  mould  them  aa  much  aa  poaaiblo  into  a  square 
figure  ;  and  they  often  endanger  the  livea  of  their  pos- 
terity by  Iheir  violent  and  abaurd  etTortV  to  derange  the 
plan  of  nature,  or  to  improve  upon  her  deaigns.  But  in 
all  their  atlempta  cither  to  adorn  or  lo  new  model  their 
peraona,  it  seema  to  have  been  leas  Ihe  object  of  the 
Americana  lo  please,  otto  appear  beautiful,  than  to  give 
an  air  of  dignity  and  terror  to  their  aa|iect.  Their  at- 
tention tn  dress  had  more  reference  to  war  than  tn  gal- 
lantry. The  diircrcnce  in  rank  and  estimation  between 
the  two  scxca  waa  ao  great,  as  seems  to  have  extin- 
guished, in  some  measure,  th^ir  solicitude  lo  appear 
mutually  amiable.  Tho  man  deemed  it  beneath  liini  to 
adorn  his  pnraon,  for  the  sake  of  one  on  whom  ho  was 
accuatomcd  to  look  down  as  a  slave.  It  waa  when  the 
warrior  hid  in  view  to  enter  tho  council  of  his  nation, 
tr  In  take  '.he  field  against  its  encrnica,  that  he  assumed 
his  choicct  ornaments,  and  decked  hia  person  with  the 
nicest  caio.  The  decorations  of  the  women  were  few 
and  siin|  le ;  whatever  was  precious  or  splendid  was 
rcaerred  for  the  men.  In  several  tribea  tho  women 
were  obliged  to  apend  a  considerable  part  of  their  time 
every  day  in  adorning  and  painting  their  husbands,  and 
could  bestow  little  atienlion  upon  ornamenting  Ihcm- 
aclves.  Among  a  race  of  men  so  haughty  aa  to  despise, 
or  Bu  cold  aa  to  neglect  them,  the  women  naturally  be- 
came carelcas  and  slovenly,  and  the  love  of  tinery  and 
ahow,  which  had  been  deemed  their  favorite  passion, 
«■>  confined  chiefly  to  the  other  aez.    To  deck  hia 


prraon  waa  tht  diatinction  of  a  warrior,  ia  well  aa  on* 
of  hia  moat  arrioua  aeru|iationi.  [TT]  In  one  part  of 
their  dreaa,  which  at  Am  aight  appeara  the  moat  ain- 
^ular  and  capricinua,  tin  Amerirana  have  diaeovared  ' 
rnnaiilrrablc  aagaiily  in  providing  auainat  the  chief 
ini'unvciiieiu'ira  of  their  ilimalo,  which  la  oftrn  aiillry 
and  inoial  to  eiceaa.  All  tho  dilfercnt  trilwa,  whiih 
remain  iinrtulliid,  are  arcuatoined  to  anoint  and  rub 
llinir  Intdiaa  with  the  grcHao  of  animala,  with  viacoiia 
gnina,  ami  with  nila  of  dilliirent  kimla.  By  this  lliey 
i-liuck  that  proluae  perajiiration,  which  in  tho  torrid 
tune  waales  Ihe  vigor  of  Ihe  frame,  and  aliriilges  the 
|iiiriad  of  human  life.  Dy  thia,  too,  they  provide  a  de- 
fence againat  the  extreme  inoiatiire  during  the  rainy 
aeaaon.  [7HJ  They  likewiae,  at  certain  aeaaona,  tem- 
per paint  of  diniirent  colore  with  thoae  unctuona  jub- 
atancea,  and  bedaub  themaelvea  plentif  <ily  with  that 
coin|H>Bition.  Hheatlied  with  thia  impenetrable  varniah, 
their  akina  are  not  only  protected  from  the  iienetraling 
heat  of  llio  aim,  but  as  all  the  innumerable  triliea  of 
inaeclB  have  an  an!i|>athy  lo  the  ainell  or  taale  of  that 
mixture,  they  are  delivered  from  their  leaaing  |K>raecu- 
tion,  which  ainidat  fureala  and  niarahoa,  ea|iecially  in 
Ihe  warmer  regions,  would  have  been  altogether  into- 
lerable in  a  atate  of  perferl  nakrdiieaa. 

Itie  next  object  to  dreaa  that  will  engage  Ihe  al- 
lontion  of  a  aavage,  ia  lo  prepare  aome  habitation  which 
may  atrord  him  ahiller  by  dny,  and  a  retreat  at  night. 
^^'nutever  ia  connected  with  his  ideaa  of  personal  iltg- 
iiily,  whatever  bcara  any  reference  to  his  military  cha- 
racter, Ihe  aavago  warrior  Jeenia  an  objuot  of  import- 
ance. Whatever  relalea  only  lo  peaceable  and  inactive 
life,  he  vicwa  with  indifTerenco.  Hence,  though  Ani- 
cally  atleniive  to  dreaa,  he  ia  little  aolicitoua  about  the 
elegance  or  diapoaition  of  hia  habitation.  Savage  na- 
liona, far  from  that  atate  of  improvement,  in  which  the 
mode  of  living  is  considered  aa  a  mark  of  diatinction, 
and  unaciiuainted  with  those  wants,  which  require  a 
variety  of  accommodation,  regulate  the  construction 
of  their  houaea  according  lo  iheir  limited  ideaa  of 
neceaaity.  Somo  of  the  American  tribea  wero  ao  ex- 
tremely rude,  and  had  advanced  ao  little  beyond  tho 
primoival  aiinplicily  of  nature,  that  they  had  no  houaea 
at  all.  During  the  day,  they  take  aneller  from  the 
scorching  rays  of  the  sun  under  thick  trees ;  at  night 
they  form  a  ahed  with  their  branchca  and  Icavea.  [Ttt] 
In  the  rainy  scaaon  they  retire  into  caves,  formed  by 
the  hand  of  Nature,  or  hallowed  out  by  their  own  in- 
dustry Othera,  who  have  no  Axed  abode,  and  roam 
through  the  forest  in  quest  of  game,  sojourn  in  tempo- 
rary huts,  which  they  erect  with  liltio  labor,  and  aban- 
don without  anv  concern  The  inhabitania  of  those 
vast  plains,  which  aro  deluged  by  the  overflowing  of 
rivers  during  tho  heavy  rains  that  fall  periodically  be- 
tween the  tropics,  raise  houses  ujion  pilea  faatened  in 
the  ground,  or  place  them  among  tho  bougha  of  treea, 
and  are  thua  safe  amidst  that  wide  extended  inunda- 
tion which  aurrounda  them.  Such  were  the  Arat 
esaays  of  tho  rudest  .\mcricana  towards  providing 
tlicmselvea  with  habitaliona.  But  even  among  tribea 
which  are  more  improved,  and  whoso  resilience  is  be- 
come altogether  Axed,  the  atructure  of  Iheir  houaea  ia 
extremely  m  )an  and  aiinr'n.  They  are  wretched  huts, 
somotimca  of  an  olilon^  and  sometimes  of  a  circular 
form,  intended  merely  for  shelter,  with  no  view  to 
elegance,  and  little  attention  lo  convoniency.  The 
doors  are  so  low  that  it  is  necessai'y  to  bend  or  to 
creep  on  tho  handa  and  feet  in  order  to  enter  them. 
They  are  without  windows,  and  have  a  largo  hole  ii< 
the  middle  of  the  roof,  to  convey  out  tho  smoke.  I'o 
follow  travellera  in  other  minute  circumstancea  of  their 
descriptions,  is  not  only  beneath  the  dignity  of  history, 
but  would  be  foreign  to  tho  object  of  my  roaear<^hc». 
One  circumstance  mcrita  attention,  as  it  ia  singular, 
and  illustralea  the  character  of  the  people.  Some  of 
their  houses  aro  ao  large  as  to  contmn  accommodation 
for  fourscore  or  a  hundred  peraona.  These  are  built 
for  the  reception  of  dilferent  families,  whirh  dwell  to- 
gether under  the  same  roof,  [tlO]  and  oiten  around  a 
common  Aro,  without  separate  apartments,  or  any  kind 
of  screen  or  partition  between  Ihe  spaces  which  they 
respectively  occupy.  As  soon  as  men  have  acquired 
distinct  ideas  of  property ;  or  when  they  are  so  much 
attached  to  Iheir  females,  aa  to  wa'.ch  tiiem  with  care 
and  jealouay ;  families  of  course  divide  and  settle  in 
separate  houses,  where  they  can  secure  and  guard 
whatever  they  wish  to  preserve.  This  sigular  mule  of 
habitation  among  several  people  of  America,  may  there, 
fore  bo  con.«idcred  not  only  ai  the  etiect  of  their  im' 
'  perfect  notions  concerning  property,  but  aa  a  proof  of 
I  inattention,  and  inditferencc  towards  iheir  women.  If 
1  they  had  nut  been  accustomed  lo  perfect  equality,  auch 


lU 

an  arrtngemant  could  not  hava  taken  plaro.  If  theli 
sensibility  had  barn  apt  to  have  taken  alarm,  Uuiy 
would  not  have  trualed  the  virtue  of  their  wihimi* 
amiilal  tho  temptations  and  opportimitiea  of  such  a  pio- 
miatuoiis  intercourse.  At  las  aamr  lime,  the  peipa ' uat 
concord,  which  reigna  in  habitaliona  where  ao  nwnjr 
lamiliea  are  crowded  together,  ia  aurtiriaing,  and  aHbrda 
a  atriking  evidence  that  they  muat  he  (x'ople  of  either 
a  very  gentle,  or  of  a  very  phlegmatic  temper,  who  in 
■urh  ii  aituaiioii,  aro  uiiaci)uaml«d  with  aniinoaily, 
brawling,  and  iliaconl. 

After  making  aome  provialon  fur  his  dress  and  habi- 
tation, a  aavage  will  perceive  the  neceaaily  of  preparing 
iirnpir  arma  'vilh  which  to  aaaault  or  repel  'an  enemy, 
rhia,  accordingly,  haa  •ariy  aiarelaM  tli*  ingenuity 
and  invention  of  all  rud*  nailous.  The  first  olienaivo 
weapons  were  doubllesa  such  aa  chance  preaeiitcd,  and 
the  Aral  elforts  of  art  lu  improve  u|ion  tiicse,  were  oi> 
tremcly  awkward  and  aimple.  (>luba  made  of  aoin* 
heavy  wood,  atakca  hardened  in  the  Are,  lancea  whoa* 
heada  were  armed  with  flint  or  tlie  bonea  of  aoma  ani- 
mal, are  weapona  known  to  the  rudeat  naliona.  All 
tlieae,  however,  are  of  uae  only  in  cloae  encountt  r.  Uul 
men  wished  to  annoy  their  enemiea  while  at  adialanca, 
and  thfi  bow  and  arrow  it  Ihe  moat  early  invention  fot 
thia  purpoao.  This  weapon  ia  in  the  handa  of  peopio 
whoso  advances  in  improvement  are  extremely  incon- 
aiderable,  and  ia  familiar  to  the  inhabitania  of  every 
quarter  of  tho  glolw  It  ia  remarkable,  however,  that 
aome  tribea  in  tinerica  wero  ao  dcatilule  of  art  and 
and  inurnuity;  that  they  had  not  attained  lo  the  diaeo- 
very  oT  thia  aimple  invention,  and  aeem  to  liave  been 
unacquainted  with  the  uae  of  any  miaaile  weapon.  Tbo 
aliiig,  though  in  ila  conalruclion  not  more  complex  than 
the  tiow,  and  among  many  naliona  of  equal  antiquity, 
waa  little  known  lo  the  people  of  North  America,  or 
tho  ialanda,  but  appeara  to  have  lieen  used  by  a  few 
tribea  in  tho  aouthem  continent.  [HI]  Thn  people,  in 
some  provinces  of  Chili,  and  thoao  of  Patagonia,  to- 
wards Ihe  southern  extremity  of  America,  uae  a  wea- 
pon |ieculiar  lo  themselves.  They  faaten  atonea,  about 
Ihn  aixe  of  a  Ast,  to  each  end  of  a  leather  thong  of  eight 
feet  in  length,  and  awing  Iheae  round  their  heads,  throw 
them  with  auch  dexterity,  that  they  aeldoin  iniaa  tlw 
object  at  which  they  aim. 

Among  poople  who  had  hardly  any  occupatiop  but  war 
or  hunting,  the  chief  exertiona  of  their  invention,  [8!t] 
aa  well  aa  induatry,  were  naturally  directed  towards 
these  objects.  With  res|iect  to  every  thing  else,  Iheir 
wants  and  desires  wero  so  limited,  that  their  invention 
waa  not  upon  Ihe  atretch.  Aa  their  food  and  habit*- 
tiona  aro  perfectly  aimple,  their  domeatio  utenaila  ar« 
few  and  rudo.  Some  of  the  aouthern  tribea  had  dia- 
covered  the  ivt  of  forming  vessels  of  carlhern  ware,  and 
baking  them  in, the  aun,  so  as  they  could  endure  the 
Aro.  In  North  America,  they  hollowed  a  piece  of  hard 
wood  in  the  form  of  a  kettle,  and  Ailing  it  with  water, 
brought  it  to  boil,  by  pulling  red-hot  atonea  into  it. 
[83]  Theae  vessels  tliey  used  in  preparing  part  of 
their  proviaions ;  and  thia  may  bo  conaidercd  as  a  alep 
towaida  rcAnement  and  luxury ;  for  men  in  their  nidost 
state  were  not  acquainted  with  any  method  of  dreaaina 
their  victuals  hut  by  roaaling  them  on  Ihe  firo  ;  and 
among  soveral  tribe*  in  America,  thia  ia  Ihe  only  apo- 
ciea  of  cookery  yet  known.  But  Ihe  masterpiece  of 
art,  among  the  aavagea  of  America,  ia  the  conalruclion 
of  the  canohs.  An  L'sauimaux,  shut  up  in  hia  lioat  of 
whalebone,  covered  with  the  skiiia  of  seals,  can  brave 
thrt  atormy  ocean  on  which  the  barrenness  of  his  coun- 
try coinpola  him  to  depend  for  tho  chief  part  of  hia 
subsistence.  The  people  of  Canada  venture  upon  their 
rivers  and  lakea  in  boats  made  of  the  bark  of  trees,  and 
so  light  that  two  men  can  carry  them,  wherever  ahal- 
lows  or  cataracts  obstruct  the  navigation.  [134]  In 
these  frail  vessels  they  undertake  and  acconqilish  long 
voyagoa.  The  inhabitania  of  the  isles  and  of  tho 
aouthem  continent  form  their  canoes  by  hollowing  the 
trunk  of  a  large  tree,  with  infinite  labor ;  and  though 
in  appearance  Ihey  are  extremely  awkward  and  un- 
wieldy, they  paddle  and  ateer  them  with  auch  dexterity, 
that  fiuropeans,  well  acquainted  with  all  tho  improve- 
ments in  the  science  of  navigation,  have  been  aaloniahcd 
at  the  rapidity  of  their  motion,  and  tho  quickneas  of 
their  evolutions.  Their  pirogue;  or  war  boats,  aro 
ao  large  oa  to  carry  forty  or  fifty  men ;  their  canoes^ 
employed  in  Ashing  and  in  short  voyages  aro  lesa  capa- 
cious .  Tho  form  as  well  as  materials  of  all  these  va- 
rious kinds  of  vessels,  is  well  adapted  to  the  aurvicc  for 
which  they  are  destined ;  and  the  more  mirutcly  Ihay 
are  examined,  the  mechanism  of  their  atructure,  aa  vicU 
as  ncatiieaa  of  their  fabric,  will  appeal  the  mora  ■ul^ 
priaing. 


114 


nODRRTaON'l  HIITORY 


W 

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.'  .A) 

pi 


H  . ! 


H    ! 


I    I 


:i-n 


k  M«i7  lUtmpt  lowwili  liMiiM«7  iniang  ih* 
M  (triking  i)u<Uljr  in  llwir  chanoMr  la 
Thtjr  (piMjr  10  work  wilhoiil  tnlor,  carry 
il  ••'  with  lilUo  Mliviijr,  (mi,  liko  childrtn,  iro  •••ily 
divorlmi  Itom  II.  R«fn  in  oiKniiana  whuh  s«i>m  lliii 
■wl  int*mlin||,  ami  whtra  Ino  inixt  iHiwrrfiil  inoiivra 
■rg«  Iham  lo  «l||Oroiia  rirrtiuna,  tlipy  lahor  with  a  laii- 

Cid  liatlaaantaa.  'i'hrir  Murli  ailvanrca  iiiiilir  lliiir 
nd  with  auch  alowncaa,  thai  an  ryv  wilnt'ia  roiniiarna 
il  to  ike  Impcrcaptiblo  pronrcaa  ol  vagntaliun.  I'hay 
will  apond  ao  many  yvara  in  fonninn  a  raiiiw,  that  it 
•fton  Mginatorol  witn  aga  twfurs  limy  riiiiuli  i(  'I'liDy 
will  wmr  on*  pari  of  a  roof  to  decay  anil  |wriah,  he- 
fen  Umjt  eonplalo  iho  oihar.  'I'lia  ■li||hiiii  manual 
•panMion  eonaunwa  an  amailna  lunKth  ol'  tune,  and 
whil  in  petiabad  naliona  would  nardly  h«  an  rirort  of 
hduatty,  ia  amona  at«a|{aa  an  arduoiia  uiidartaking. 
Tkia  alownoaa  of  tna  Anaricana  in  aucuiinii  worka  of 
•ttrjr  kind  may  bo  imputed  lo  vanoua  cauava.  AinonH 
•OTigoe,  who  do  not  depond  for  aubaialcnco  upon  ilia 
•flbcU  of  regular  induatry,  lima  ia  of  ao  laile  iinpor- 
Uneo  ikal  they  ael  no  valuo  u|ioii  il ;  and  pruvidi'd 
Ibey  ten  flniah  ■  dealgn,  they  mvrr  ngard  liuw  long 
Ikey  era  amploved  about  it.  The  toola  which  they  em- 
plojr  ir«  80  awliward  and  dnfeclive  that  every  work  in 
wb'eh  Iboy  engage  muat  necoaaarily  be  loilioua.  The 
htiNl  of  IM  BOel  induatrioua  and  akilful  arlial,  wrru  il 
fnmiehed  with  no  boiler  inatruinenl  than  a  iloiir  hulehi'l, 
e  ahell,  or  the  bone  of  aome  animal,  would  tiiid  it  dilll- 
eull  10  perfect  the  moat  aininle  work.  It  ia  by  hmgth 
of  Ubor  thai  he  ninal  endeavor  to  aupply  hia  Jcfurl  of 
power.  But  above  all,  the  cold  phlenmalic  loni|icr  po- 
ealitr  to  Iho  Americana,  rendera  their  opcrationa  languid 
Il  ia  almoal  impoaaible  to  rouae  (hem  from  that  habitual 
Indolence  lo  which  they  are  aunk  ;  and  unloaa  wlirn 
engaged  in  war  or  in  hunting,  Ihoy  aocm  incapable  of  v«- 
vrtinii  any  vigoroua  elfon.  Their  ardur  of  application 
ia  nM  ao  great  aa  lo  call  forih  that  mventivu  apint 
which  anggeata  cipedienta  for  facililalini;  and  abridg- 
ing labor  They  will  return  to  a  taik  day  after  day, 
but  all  their  methoda  of  ciecullng  it  are  Icdioua  and 

2ieroee.  [tIS]  Kvcn  aiiice  the  Kiiropeaiin  have  cominu- 
caled  to  them  tli«>  knowledge  of  iheii  inatruinenta,  and 
laugM  Ihem  to  imitate  their  aria,  the  peculiar  gcniua  of 
the  Americana  ia  conapicuoiia  in  vvr^f  atlKiiipl  they 
make.  They  may  bo  palicnl  and  aaauluoua  in  lulwr, 
Ihey  can  copy  with  a  aorvile  and  niinutn  accuracy,  but 
diacover  little  invention  and  no  talnnta  fur  doputch. 
tn  apilo  of  inatructioii  and  Maniple,  llio  apirit  of  the 
race  predoiniiiatea ;  tlirir  motiuna  iiro  iialuially  tardy, 
and  it  ia  in  vain  lo  urge  thcni  to  quicken  their  pace. 
Among  the  Spaniarda  in  America,  Iht  irirrk  i<(  an  In- 
dUn  u  a  phraaa  by  which  they  dcacrike  any  thing,  in 
the  eiccuiion  of  which  an  iinmenae  lime  haa  boon  em- 
ployed and  much  lalnr  waated.  • 

Vll.  No  eircunialance  reapecting  rude  naliona  liaa 
been  the  object  of  greater  curioalty  than  their  religioua 
leneia  and  rilea  ;  and  none,  perhapa,  haa  been  ao  im- 
perfectly undcralood,  or  rcpreacnled  with  ao  little  fido- 
h'.j,  Pricata  and  miaaioiurica  aio  the  |ieraona  who 
have  had  the  beat  oppottunitica  of  ranying  on  thia 
inquiry  anran^  the  moat  urciviliicd  «i  the  American 
(libea.  Their  minda,  engroaaed  by  llio  doctrinea  of 
thair  own  religion,  and  habituated  to  ila  inatilulionB, 
are  apt  to  dincovcr  aoinctking  which  reaemblea  tliono 
objocla  of  their  veneration,  in  the  opiniona  ami  rilca  of 
every  people.  Whatever  they  contemplate  thoy  view 
through  one  medium,  and  draw  and  accominodato  it  to 
their  own  ayalem.  Tliey  iludy  to  reconcile  the  iiiati- 
lutiona  which  fall  unilcr  ihvir  obnrrvalion  to  their  own 
creed,  not  lo  caplain  llu!in  according  to  the  rudu  notiona 
of  the  people  themselvea.  They  aacribe  lo  them  idnaa 
whK^  ihey  are  incapable  of  forming,  and  8iip|Mne  them 
to  he  icquainted  with  priiicipica  and  facta,  which  it  ia 
impoaaible  that  they  should  know.  Hence,  some  inis- 
alonarica  have  been  induced  to  believe,  that  even  among 
the  moat  Iwrbaroua  naliona  in  America,  they  had  dia- 
eorercd  tracca,  no  Icaa  distinct  than  amazing,  of  their 
acquaintance  with  the  aiiblime  inyaterica  and  peculiar 
inatitutiona  of  Chriatianity.  From  their  oyn  iiiicrpre- 
lalion  of  certain  e>preaaioiia  and  ceremonies,  they  have 
eoncluded  that  these  people  had  some  knowledge  of  the 
doctrine  of  Iho  Trinity,  of  the  incarnation  of  the  Son  of 
Ood,  of  hia  eipialory  aocrifice,  of  the  virtue  of  the  cross, 
■ndofthe  efficacy  of  the  Sacramenta.  In  such  uiiiiiti!lli- 
gent  atwl  credulous  guidea  we  can  place  little  conlidoncu. 
But  even  when  we  make  our  choice  of  conductors 
•vilb  the  greateal  care,  we  must  not  follow  Ihem  with 
unplieit  faith.  An  inquiry  into  tho  religioua  nokiona  of 
nae  nations  ia  involved  in  [icculiar  intricacies,  and  we 
nnat  often  pause  in  order  to  at  parate  the  facia  which 
•HI  iniKinMiia  relate  fraea  tlie  reasonings  with  which 


ikay  are  aeeompaniad,  or  the  Ikteriea  which  ihey  buiM 
upon  Ihem.  (leveral  pioiia  wniara,  more  ailanlive  to 
■  he  impo-'lanre  of  the  •iihjrrl  than  the  riindilion  uf  thu 
people  wknae  ■rnlimenta  ihey  were  eiHleavoring  10  dia- 
ruvrr,  have  briliiwrd  iniirh  uiiproHlable  labet  in  re- 
■cari'lirs  of  Ihis  naliire  [Nfl] 

Tliire  are  iwo  fuiidaniriilal  doelrlnae,  upon  which 
the  whiile  syslrni  uf  ii'liifiun,  aa  far  aa  il  can  lie 
diacovcrrd  by  lliv  li||ht  ol  iialure,  la  ralablished.  'I'lia 
one  rraprcia  the  being  of  a  Hod,  the  other  iha  immor- 
tality of  Ihe  soul.  To  discover  the  ideas  of  the  uiicul- 
tivaied  naiioiis  under  our  review,  with  re||ird  lo  those 
iin|Kirlant  |ioiiila,  it  la  nut  unly  an  ohjoci  of  cuiioaily, 
hut  may  atiiird  inalruction.  To  these  iwo  ailiclea  I 
ahall  confine  my  rraearches,  leaving  eiilnrdiiiale  opi- 
iiiuns,  and  lha  detail  of  local  aujieratitiona,  lo  more 
niinuin  iiii|uirera.  Whoever  haa  had  any  upiwrtui.ily 
uf  oiamining  into  the  religious  opinions  n(  (M'raons  in 
tho  inferior  ranks  of  life,  even  in  the  most  rnlighlened 
and  civilixed  naliona,  will  And  that  their  system  ol  belief 
is  derived  from  instriiclion,  not  diacovircd  by  inniiiry. 
'Itiat  niiinerous  part  uf  the  hiiinsn  siirciei,  wliooe  lot  la 
lalHir,  whooti  principal  and  almost  sole  jccu|)ation  iaio 
secure  subaialoncu,  views  llie  arrangement  and  oue- 
rationa  of  nature  with  little  reAectiun,  and  haa  neither 
leisure,  nor  capacity  for  entering  into  that  path  of 
rrllncd  and  intricate  speculation  which  conducia  tu  the 
knowlcdtfe  of  tho  priiici|j|ea of  natural  riligion.  In  the 
early  and  most  rude  jierioda  of  aavage  iil'e,  auch  die- 
quisiliona  are  altogether  unknown.  When  the  intel- 
lectual powera  are  jiiat  beginning  to  unfold,  and  llieir 
lirsl  feeble  exertions  are  directed  towards  a  few  olijccia 
of  primary  necessity  and  use ;  when  the  faruliira  of  Ihe 
iiiiiid  are  ao  limited  oa  not  to  have  forincd  abatruct  or 
general  idcaa  i  when  language  ia  ao  bairen  aa  to  lie 
deatitute  of  names  lo  distinguiah  any  thing  that  is  not 
|ierceived  by  some  of  the  aenaea ;  it  is  pre|ioalcroua  to 
eipecl  that  man  aliould  be  capable  of  tracing  wilh  ac- 
curacy the  relation  lietween  eauae  and  elicct ;  or  lo 
sup|ioae  Ihal  he  ahould  riao  from  Ihe  contcinplatiun  of 
the  one  lo  Ihe  knowledge  of  Ihe  oiher,  and  lorin  jual 
concepliona  of  a  Deity,  aa  the  Creator  and  (iovernor 
of  tho  univerae.  1'he  idea  of  creation  ia  ao  familiar, 
wherever  the  mind  ia  enlarged  by  science  and  illumi- 
nated wilh  revelation,  that  we  seldom  rellect  huw  pro- 
found and  abstruse  this  idea  is,  or  consider  what  pro- 
gress man  must  have  inado  in  observation  and  re- 
search, before  he  could  arrive  at  any  knowledge  of  tliia 
eitinentary  nriut*i|jle  m  religion.  Accordingly,  auvetul 
tribes  have  been  discovered  in  America,  which  have  no 
idea  whatever  of  a  Supremo  Ueing,  and  no  rilca  of  lo- 
ligioua  worahip.  Inaltenlive  lo  that  inagnificent  apec- 
laclo  of  lieauty  and  order  preaenled  to  their  view,  un- 
accustomed lo  reflect  cither  upon  what  they  them- 
selves ore,  or  lo  inqniru  who  ia  the  sulhor  uf  their  ex- 
istence, men,  in  their  aavage  state,  paaa  their  daya  liko 
tho  aniinala  around  them,  without  knowledge  or  vene- 
ration of  any  auperior  power.  Some  rude  tribes  have 
not  in  their  language  any  name  for  the  Ueity,  nor  have 
thu  moat  accurate  observera  been  able  to  diacover  any 
practice  or  inatitiition  which  aeemed  lo  imply  that  they 
recognised  hia  authority,  or  were  aolicitoua  to  obtain 
hia  lavor.  [8T]  It  ia  however  only  among  men  in  the 
moat  uncultivated  state  of  nature,  and  while  their  intel- 
lectual facultiea  are  ao  feeble  and  limited  aa  hardly  to 
elevalo  them  above  the  irrational  creation,  that  wo  dia- 
cover thia  total  inaenaibility  to  the  iinpreaaions  of  any 
invisible  power. 

But  thu  human  mind,  formed  for  religion,  aoon  opena 
to  Iho  reception  of  ideaa,  which  are  destined,  when 
conccted  and  refined,  to  bu  the  great  source  of  conso- 
lation ainidat  the  calamiliea  of  hfe.  Among  aome  of 
the  American  triliea,  alill  in  the  infancy  of  improve- 
ment, we  diteern  apprehenaions  of  some  invisible  and 
|>owcrful  beiiiga.  1  hc^e  apprehensions  are  originally 
indistinct  and  perplexed,  and  aceni  to  bu  aiiggested 
rather  by  tho  dread  of  impending  evils  than  to  flow  fruin 
gratitude  for  blessings  received.  While  nature  holds 
on  her  course  with  uniform  and  undisturbed  regularity, 
men  enjoy  the  benefits  resulting  from  it,  witliout  in- 

?[uiring  concerning  ila  cause.  But  every  deviation 
rom  this  regular  cuurae  rouses  and  astonishes  them. 
When  they  behold  events  to  which  they  are  not  accus- 
tomed, they  search  for  thu  reasons  of  thcin  with  eager 
curiosity.  Their  understanding  is  unable  to  penetrate 
into  these ;  but  imagination,  a  more  forward  and  ardent 
faculty  of  the  mind,  decides  without  hesitation.  It 
ascriboa  Ihe  extraordinary  occurrencea  in  nature  to  the 
influence  of  invisible  beings,  and  aupposes  that  the 
thunder,  the  hurricane,  and  the  earthquake  are  eflbcta 
of  their  interposition.  Some  such  confused  notion  of 
apiritual  or  inviaiblo  power,  superintending  over  those 


natural  ealamitiea  which  fmiuenlly  deaelale  Ihe  ttA 

iiiiil  Irrnfy  its  iiihsbilanls,  may  h«  ttai'ed  among  imM 
riule  iialiuiia  (NN)  But  beiidra  ihia,  Ihe  diaaslrra  an) 
daiigert  of  savsge  life  are  >n  insnv,  and  mrn  nflrii  fint 
llieiMselves  in  siliislioiis  so  fnrniidsble,  Ihal  'He  mind, 
arniiblv  uf  Ila  own  wraknrss,  has  no  resnurre  but  la 
Ihe  giiiiLince  and  |>tuleelion  of  wixbun  and  pjwef 
aii|H'rinr  lu  what  ia  human  IVieeled  with  rslaiiiltia* 
which  oppress  liiiii,  and  eiiiosed  lu  daiigera  which  he 
cannni  repel,  the  lavage  no  lunger  rehea  u|ion  himaelf  I 
ho  feels  hia  »»n  iinputence,  anil  area  no  proapeel  in 
bring  eitricni.il,  but  by  Ihe  inler|insilion  of  aome  u»> 
■ren  arm  ilrncr,  in  all  unenlightened  naliona,  ih* 
first  riles  »i  nraeticra  w  hieh  hear  any  reaemblance  le  an  14 
of  religiun,  nave  il  for  their  uluecl  lo  avert  evile  whieb 
men  aiitfer  nr  dread  The  Mtnilimi  or  Utku  of  the 
North  .Americans  were  smiilels  or  charina,  which  Ihey 
imagined  lo  Imi  of  such  virtue  aa  tu  preserve  the  par- 
suns  who  reposed  confidence  in  Ihem  from  any  diaaa 
Irons  event,  or  Ihey  were  considered  aa  tutelary  apinl% 
whose  aid  they  might  implore  in  rirciimstanrea  of  i»- 
treaa.  i>'  /Vmi»  of  tne  inlanders  were  rrpiittd  bf 
Ihem  lo  be  Ihe  aiilhora  of  every  calainily  Ihal  aldicla 
Ihe  human  race ;  they  were  represented  under  the  meal 
frightful  forms,  and  religioua  homage  waa  paid  lo  Ihem 
wilh  no  other  view  than  lo  ap|irase  these  furioua  deiliee. 
Kven  ainung  those  tribes  whose  religiniis  avatein  wao 
more  enlarged,  snd  who  had  formed  aome  cunceplionel 
lienevoleni  beings,  which  delighted  in  conferring  liene* 
file,  aa  well  aa  of  maliciuua  powera  prone  to  .nlliul  evil  j 
auperslilion  alill  ap|iears  aa  the  olupring  of  fear,  and 
nil  Its  cflbrts  were  empluyrd  lu  avert  calamiliea.  they 
were  persuaded  that  their  good  deities,  prompted  by 
ihn  btnellcence  of  their  hstiire,  would  btsiow  every 
blessing  in  their  power,  withuutsohcilalion  or  ackiiow- 
ledgeinenl ;  and  their  only  anxiety  waa  lo  soothe  and 
deprecale  Ihe  wralh  of  ihe  powera  whom  they  regarded 
aa  the  enoniiea  of  mankind. 

Such  were  the  imperfect  concepliona  of  .a  greater 
pari  of  Ihe  Americana  wilh  rea|iecl  to  the  interiioailioB 
of  invisihle  ssonta,  and  auch,  almoal  universally,  wa« 
Ihe  mean  ana  illilieral  nbject  of  their  aiipervtitiona. 
Were  wo  to  trace  liack  Ihe  ideaa  of  other  naliona  U 
that  rude  alale  in  which  hiatory  Aral  prceenia  Ihem  lo  on 
view,  we  ahould  discover  a  aiiriirising  resemblance  in 
their  leneia  and  prscticea  ;  and  ahould  lie  convinceil, 
that  in  similar  circiimalancea,  Iho  facultiea  of  lira  hu- 
man mind  hold  nearly  Iho  aume  eourao  in  llieir  pro- 
greas,  and  arrive  at  almost  tho  aume  concluaiona.  The 
impressiuna  of  fear  are  conspicuoua  in  all  tlie  aya- 
tenia  of  anporatition  formed  in  thia  situation.  'Ibe 
most  exalted  notiuns  uf  men  rise  no  higher  than  lo  a 
(lerplexed  apprehenaion  of  certain  beings,  whoac  power, 
though  aupernatural,  ia  limited  aa  well  aa  partial. 

But,  among  other  trilics,  which  have  been  longer 
united,  or  liavo  made  greater  progress  in  irnprovemenlt 
we  discern  aome  feeble  |iointing  towarda  more  just  and 
adeipiate  concepliona  of  Ihe  power  that  presides  in 
nature.  They  aceni  to  |icrccive  that  there  muat  be 
some  universal  cauae  to  wliom  all  ihinga  aro  indebted 
for  their  being.  If  we  may  judge  by  somn  of  their 
expreaaiona,  thoy  appear  to  acknowledge  a  divine  power 
lo  bo  the  maker  of  tho  world,  and  llw  diapoacr  of  al] 
eventa.  They  denominate  him  the  Great  Spirit.  Bui 
iheae  ideaa  are  faint  and  confused,  and  when  Ihey  at- 
tempt to  explain  them,  it  ia  manifcat  that  among  Ihem 
the  word  t;iinr  haa  a  meaning  very  ditferent  from  thai 
in  which  we  employ  il,  and  that  they  have  no  concep- 
tion of  any  drily  but  what  ia  corporeal.  They  belitve 
their  gods  to  lie  of  the  human  form,  though  of  u  natire 
more  excellent  than  iiinn,  and  retail  auch  wild  incul.o- 
rent  fablea  concerning  their  fiinctiona  and  op«nilioi.a, 
aa  are  altogether  unworthy  .if  a  place  in  hiatory.  Eviin 
among  tlieae  triliea,  there  ia  no  established  form  ol 
public  wars  lip  ;  there  aru  no  temples  erected  in  lionn 
uf  llieir  deities  ;  and  no  miniatora  peculiarly  cunaecra- 
teil  to  their  aervice.  They  have  the  knowledge,  how- 
over,  uf  several  auperstitiuus  ceremoniea  and  pnicticee 
handed  down  to  ihem  by  tradition,  and  lo  iliese  they 
have  recourse  with  a  childiah  credulity,  when  rouaej 
by  any  emergence  from  their  uaual  insensibility,  and 
excited  to  ackiiowledgo  the  uower,  and  to  unptote  the 
protection  of  superior  beings. 

Tho  tribe  of  Ine  Natchei,  and  Ihe  people  of  Bogota 
had  advanced  beyond  the  other  uncultivated  naliona  Oa 
America  in  their  ideas  of  religion,  aa  well  aa  in  their 
political  inatitutiona ;  and  it  la  no  leaa  difficult  to  ex- 
plain the  cauae  of  thia  distinction  than  of  that  whicb 
we  have  already  considered.  The  Sun  waa  the  chiel 
object  of  religious  worship  among  the  Natchez.  In 
their  temples,  whicb  were  coiiatructed  wilh  aome  mag- 
nificence, and  decora'ed  with  varioua  omaiiuuta,  M- 


■outh  amkrioa. 


Ill 


jltllMil  moilc  of  ■rehilMliit,  ihajr  prtMrtvd 

t  Mf|iM>Ml  lira,  ■•  thu  piimat  (inhlnin  of  Ihtiic  ilivliiiiy 
Minialtra  w«n  *|i|H>iniiHi In  wiiih  •nil  fvrd  thu  lacrrd 
hiiM.  The  Ant  runctioii  nf  tlm  grot  r\m(  of  lliv 
HtHin,  cnry  morniiin,  wta  mi  «rt  u?  oliniMiirii  la  Ilia 
Hull ',  •ml  fvilivala  rrliifiml  al  aUtpil  aujauria,  wliiiHi 
mm  ri'luliraliiil  liy  llir  whulu  cuiiiiiiiiiiily  wiili  •ulriiin 
but  uiililiMnly  rilra.  'I'lila  l<  ihn  iiiiiit  riiAiiril  aiireiia 
rf  •ii|ioraiiti<in  kiiowii  in  Aiiicrica,  and  pcrhaiia  on*  uf 
Uto  iiuMt  natural  ta  woll  u  iiiual  acdiKMnu.  i'he  Nun 
I*  Iha  tp|i«ranl  tourc*  of  tho  jo*,  fortmly,  and  lifii, 
(lliruavd  ihruu|{h  natura ;  and  wnile  tlin  liinnan  mind, 
bl  lla  iiiirliiir  oaaaya  lowarla  iiM|iiiry,  cantoiii|il.itaa  and 
■diiuiva  hia  iiiiivcnMl  and  aniiiulinn  tnrtgy,  lla  aduii- 
ntiiin  la  apl  la  atop  aliorl  al  what  ia  vlaible,  wjlhout 
Nuhing  to  lb*  unaciin  caiiae  ;  and  paya  that  ailuralion 
M  tho  hiiMt  niorioua  and  ImnrlU'lal  work  of  (lud,  wliirh 
la  duii  only  to  him  who  lurinrd  it.  Aa  llni  ia  tho  piircat 
Mid  inual  tctlvii  of  tliii  cluinvnla,  and  in  aonio  of  lla 
i|nalilioa  anil  tlfvcla  r«acmhl«a  Iha  Nun,  it  wta,  not 
Improperly,  choacn  to  he  tlw  oinhlcm  of  hia  powarful 
S|wralion.  'Itui  anciimt  I'liraiana,  a  |i«oplii  far  au|Mriar 
ill  uvrry  rcaiHiol,  tu  lliiil  rudii  Iriliti  wlioao  ritca  I  am 
deacrilHiiK,  foundod  Ihrir  ri'lixioua  ayalnm  on  aiinilai 
prmciplaa,  and  ••tahliahod  *  form  of  pulilio  worahili, 
baa  Kroaa  and  niciptionalilo  thin  Ihal  of  any  |i«nplo 
dbalilulo  of  Kiiidancv  from  rovrliilion.  Tliia  aiirprlaiiiK 
tuincidencfl  in  avntiuuuit  Iwtwonii  two  nattona.  in  bu<;I) 
liilfcrciit  alalca  uf  iin|irovvincnt,  ia  ono  of  tho  many 
■inuular  and  unaccounlalilo  circunulancea  which  occur 
In  IBo  hialory  of  human  atfaira. 

AinoHK  Iha  |ico|ilo  of  Uu)|ola,  Iha  Nun  and  Moon 
wore,  liki)wiav,  tho  rhiuf  uhjucta  of  vunvruliun.  Thulr 
•yalom  of  rvlitfion  waa  mora  rauiiiar  and  roniplrlo, 
tiioaiih  Icaa  pure,  than  that  of  ibe  Natcliox.  Thay  had 
tompiot,  alura,  pricala,  aacriAcea,  and  that  long  train  of 
itronioniiu,  wliicli  au|i«ratilliin  inlruducaa,  wbiiruvor 
•bo  haa  fully  oatablialiiid  hur  duiiiinion  over  ilia  iniiida 
9f  man.  Hut  tho  rilcM  uf  ihoir  woraliip  aro  cruel  and 
Bloody.  Thay  olfvrcd  hum>n  viciima  lo  Iheir  doitiea, 
(ltd  many  of  llmir  practicea  nearly  reanmliled  the  bar- 
baroui  lnalit>'tiutia  of  the  MoxicBiia,  the  gcniua  of  which 
«re  ahall  have  aiiupporlunily  of  cunaidering  more  alien- 
:'.veW  in  ila  pro|Hir  plaru. 

With  rea|iecl  lo  the  other  groat  doctrine  of  religion, 
concerning  tho  iinmorlality  of  tho  aoul,  iho  aonliment* 
of  the  Americana  were  iiiuru  uiiilcd  :  tlio  human  mind 
«Ton  wlien  Iraat  iniprnvrd  and  iiiviKonitcd  by  culture, 
thrinka  from  llie  llioiighlaof  aniiiliilitiun,  and  looka  for- 
ward with  ho|Xi  and  eipectalion  lo  e  alate  of  future  ex- 
Iflcnce.  'I'hia  aenliinrnl,  rvaiiUing  from  t  aecral  con- 
aniouaneaa  of  ila  own  dignity,  from  an  inalinctive  long- 
ing after  immorlulity,  ia  imivi'raul,  and  may  lie  doomed 
:iatund.  Upon  thij  are  foundid  the  moat  eialitd 
yiO|iea  of  man  in  hia  highoat  atatv  of  improvement ;  nnr 
tie  nature  withhold  from  him  Ihia  auotliing  contolation. 
In  the  moat  early  and  rude  jwrioil  of  hia  progreia.  Wo 
ctn  trace  Ihia  opinion  from  one  oxirornily  of  America 
to  the  other,  in  aoniu  rogiona  more  faint  and  obacuro, 
fa)  otiiera  more  perfectly  dovrlopod,  but  nowhere  un- 
known. The  moat  unciviliiod  of  ila  aavage  tribea  do 
not  apprehend  death  aa  the  extinction  of  being.  All 
•nleruin  ho[>c8  uf  a  future  and  more  happy  state,  where 
they  aliall  be  for  ovor  ctonipt  from  the  calainitioa  which 
imbitlor  human  life  in  ita  preaent  condition.  Thia  fu- 
ture alate  they  conceive  to  be  •  doliglitful  country, 
bleaaod  with  perpetual  apring,  whuae  foroata  abound 
with  game,  whose  rivcra  awanii  with  Aah,  where  famine 
ia  never  felt,  and  uninterrupted  plenty  ahall  be  enjoyed 
without  labor  or  toil.  Uut  aa  men,  in  forming  their  Aral 
imperfect  ideua  concerning  the  invinible  world,  auppoae 
that  there  they  ahall  continue  lo  fool  the  aaine  deairea, 
■nd  to  be  engaged  in  the  aanic  occupationa,  aa  in  the 
preaent  world  ;  they  naturally  aocribe  omlnenun  and 
diatinction,  in  that  alate  lo  the  aame  qualitiea  and 
talenta  which  are  hero  the  ohjecta  of  their  ealeoin.  The 
Americana,  accordingly  allotted  the  highest  place,  in 
their  country  of  apirita,  to  the  akilful  hunter,  to  the  ad- 
«enturoua  and  aucceasful  warrior,  and  tu  aueh  aa  had 
tortured  Iho  greateat  number  of  caplivea,  and  devoured 
Iheir  flesh.  These  noticns  were  so  prevalent  that 
they  gave  rise  to  a  universal  custom,  which  is  at  once 
the  strongest  evidence  thnt  the  Americans  believe  in  a 
fMturo  sute,  and  the  best  illustration  of  what  llicy 
expect  there,  Aa  they  imagine,  that  departed  apirita 
begin  their  career  anew  in  the  world  whither  they  ire 
r<ue,  that  their  friends  may  not  enter  upon  it  defenco- 
Wia  and  unprovided,  they  bury  together  with  tho  bodiea 
of  the  dead,  their  bow,  their  arrows,  and  other  weapons 
Baad  in  hunting  or  war ;  thev  denoait  in  their  lombe 
th*  (Xiiia  or  atuH'a  of  whicii  tney  make  garmenta,  Indian 
«m  aanioc,  viuiiroa,  domestic  utenailB,  and  whaMver 


ItMblMA  MMI(  iIm  naraoaaria*  In  Ibair  aimpi* 
mOiia  of  Nik.  In  some  provit.rra,  U|ion  Iha  dareaaa  of 
a  riiiKpie  or  rhirf,  a  rerlain  nunilivr  of  hia  wivva,  of  hia 
fnviinlea,  and  uf  his  alavra,  wn'o  put  In  death  and  in- 
lerrxd  tugiUhrr  with  bun,  that  he  iiiiglit  apfiear  with 
the  aaine  dignity,  in  hia  future  atalinn,  and  wailed  upon 
by  thu  same  niloiiiUnta.  'I'tiia  prrauaaioii  la  an  deep 
ruoli'il  tli'tt  many  nf  the  dereaaiul  person's  relainrra 
olfer   Iheinaelvns  as   voluntary  virtima,  and  .'iiurl  Iha 

Krivilegu  of  aecomiianyinii  iheir  de|iarlrd  inaater,  aa  ' 
igh  dialinelion.     It  haa  been  found  dilllcull,  on  aoii 
m^raaiona,  to  set  lioitrida  lo  Una  eiithnaiaain  of  airoctioik- 
ate  ilnty,  and  tu  reduce  the  train  of  a  favorite  leader 
to  aiirh  a  number  as  the  irilH' could  airunl  tu  apsre.  [Htl 

Among  Ibe  Americana,  aa  well  aa  other  unciviliiaa 
nations,  many  of  the  ritaa  and  ohaervnncha  which  boor 
aorne  reaeinlilance  In  acta  ol  religion,  have  no  con- 
nection wiih  devotion,  but  proceed  from  a  fond  deaira 
nf  prying  into  futurity.  The  human  mind  la  moil  apl 
lo  feel  and  lo  diacover  thia  vain  curioaity,  whan 
ila  own  powera  are  moat  feeble  and  uninformed.  Aa- 
lonished  wilh  occurrences  of  wliich  it  ia  unable  to  com- 
prehend ihe  caiisd.  It  naturally  fanciea  Ihnt  there  ia 
aomolhing  myslorioua  and  wonderful  n  iheir  origin. 
Alarmtil  at  evenia  of  which  il  can'inl  diacern  Iha 
iaaue  or  the  coriscquencoa,  il  haa  'ccnuraa  lo  other 
ineana  of  diarovoring  them  than  the  exercise  of  itsowa 
aagaeily.  Wlirrever  auihirmiliuii  ia  so  eatablished  aa 
lo  form  a  regular  system,  this  desire  of  |ienetniting  into 
tho  secrets  of  futurity  ia  connected  with  it.  Divination 
bacoinea  a  religiuua  act.  Prieata,  aa  the  minialora  of 
heaven,  prelrnd  lo  deliver  ila  oraclva  lo  men.  They 
are  ihe  only  aoothsavcra,  augura,  and  magiciana,  who 
iirofeaa  the  aacred  and  iniporlanl  art  of  diacluaing  what 
IS  hidden  from  other  eyaa. 

Uul,  among  ruda  nationa,  who  pay  no  Yeneralioii  In 
any  auperintonding  power,  and  who  have  no  ealabllahed 
rilea  or  ministers  of  roligiun,  their  curioaity  lo  discover 
what  is  future  or  unknnwn,  ia  cherished  by  a  diirereni 
principle,  and  derives  alrenglh  from  another  alliance. 
Aa  Ihe  diaeaaea  of  men  in  the  aavaga  alate,  aro  (as  baa 
been  already  ol»<'rved)  like  thoae  of  Ihe  animal  crea- 
tion, few,  but  exiremely  violent,  iheir  impatience  un- 
der what  they  aulfer,  and  aolicilude  for  the  recovery  of 
health,  soon  inaptred  them  wilh  extraordinary  reverenco 
for  auch  as  preleniled  to  underatrnd  the  nature  of  their 
maladiea,  and  to  bo  [lossessed  of  knowIed;{e  sulllcioul 
lo  preserve  or  deliver  tlioiii  fruiii  their  sudden  and  fatal 
elfecta.  These  ignc.ant  nrolonders.  however,  were 
auch  utter  atran',eiu  ,u  :  "  '.'..ucti.'o  of  the  human 
frame,  as  to  bo  equally  unacquainted  >  'th  Iho  causes 
of  ila  disorders,  and  the  manner  in  which  .Sey  will  ter- 
minate. 8np<irslition,  mingled  frei|uently  'ith  oonie 
iiortion  of  craft,  supplied  what  they  wanted  in  uieiico. 
riiey  imputed  Iho  origin  of  diseases  lo  super  <alural 
influence,  and  prescribed  or  performed  a  variity  of 
mysterious  rites,  which  they  gave  out  to  lie  of  such  .  "^ 
cacy  aa  to  remove  tho  most  dangurons  and  inveterate 
maladies.  The  credulity  and  love  of  Ihe  marvellous, 
natural  to  uninformed  men,  favored  tho  deception,  and 
pre|Hircd  them  lo  be  Iho  dunes  of  inose  impostors. 
Among  savages,  iheir  Aral  physicians  are  a  Kind  of 
conjurors  or  wizards,  who  boast  that  they  know  what  ia 
past,  and  can  fortell  what  is  lo  come.  luuanlaliona, 
sorcery,  and  mummerios  of  diverse  kinds,  no  less 
strange  than  frivolous,  aro  the  means  which  Ihey  employ 
to  expel  tho  imaginary  causes  of  malignity ;  and  rely- 
ing upon  Ihn  ofl'ioacy  of  these,  they  predict  wilh  con- 
Adenco  what  will  be  tho  fate  of  their  deluded  patients. 
Thus  Bupoiatition,  in  ita  earlioal  form,  flowed  from  the 
solicitude  of  man  to  bo  delivered  from  present  distress, 
not  from  hia  droad  of  evils  awaiting  him  in  a  future 
life,  and  was  originally  ■ngrafled  on  medicine,  not  on 
religion.  One  of  tho  Arsi  and  moat  intrlligent  histo- 
rians of  .\merica,  was  struck  wilh  this  alliance  between 
tho  art  of  divination  and  that  of  physic,  among  thu  peo- 
iile  of  llispaniola.  Uut  thia  was  nut  peculiar  to  them. 
The  Alexia,  iho  Piayat,  Ihe  Autnuniu,  or  whatever 
was  tho  distinguishing  name  of  their  diviners  and 
charmers  in  other  parts  of  America,  were  all  the  phyai- 
cians  of  their  respective  tribes,  in  Iho  aaino  manner  aa 
Ihe  BuHtoa  of  Hixpaniola.  As  their  function  led  them 
to  apply  to  tho  human  mind  when  enfeebled  by  sick- 
ness, and  as  they  found  it,  in  that  season  of  dejection, 
prone  lo  be  alarmed  with  imaginary  fears,  or  amused 
wilh  vain  hopes,  they  easily  lEduccd  it  to  rely  with 
implicit  conAdance  on  the  Virtue  of  their  spelu,  and 
the  certainty  of  their  prcd'ctiona. 

Whenever  .nen  acknowledge  Ihe  reality  of  superna- 
tural power  and  discernment  m  one  instance,  they  have 
a  propensity  lo  admit  it  in  others.  The  Americans  did 
not  long  sup|)08e  Ihe  efldcacy  of  conjuration  to  be  coii- 


llnad  lo  one  objael.  They  hsd  raeuurs*  In  il  In  avafj  * 
situation  nf  danger  nr  dittrrss.  Whan  Iha  svenia  m 
war  ware  |iecu[iarly  diaaalruua,  when  they  inol  wilk 
iinfureaeeii  diaap|Kiinlinenl  in  hiinltng,  wban  Inun4*> 
Uona  or  drought  threatened  their  cro|ia  witn  daelm^ 
lion,  they  called  iiimn  their  conjurora  lo  begin  liw<l 
incanlaliona,  in  oriler  In  discover  Ihe  causes  uf  theao 
csUinitii's,  ur  lo  foretell  what  would  lie  their  iaauo. 
Their  conlidence  m  ihis  delusive  art  gradually  incraaaad, 
and  inanifeated  itacif  in  all  tha  occurrenies  of  lifa, 
Wban  involved  m  any  difflculty.  or  about  to  enter  upw 
any  Iranaaction  of  inomrnt,  every  individual  regutaibf 
ronaulted  the  vireerer,  and  de|ieiuled  upnn  hia  inatriM- 
liona  lo  exlriesla  bun  from  the  former,  as  well  aa  to 
direct  bis  conrtuet  ir  Ihe  latter.  Kvan  among  tho 
rudest  tribea  in  America,  superati'.ion  appears  in  thia 
form,  and  divination  is  an  art  in  high  eateer.  Ixing 
before  man  hud  acquired  auch  knuwledge  of  a  deity  aa 
inspires  reverence,  and  leada  lo  adoration,  we  ohservo 
him  stralching  out  a  presumntuoiis  hand  to  draw  aaida 
that  veil  with  which  Providence  kindly  conceals  its 

GirpoacB  from  huinsn  knowledge ;  and  we  And  him 
Iwring  with  fruitless  anxiety  In  |Mmetrsle  into  ibo 
myaleries  of  the  divine  sdinlnialrstion.  'I'o  discam 
and  lo  worship  a  superintending  (lOWer,  ia  an  avidenao 
of  Ihe  enlargement  and  maturity  of  the  human  undat- 
•tonding ;  a  vain  deaire  of  prying  into  futurity  ia  llw 
•Ror  01  its  infancy,  and  a  proof  of  ita  waaknass. 

From  thia  weakness  proceeded  likewise  Iha  faith  tt 
Iha  Americans  in  dreams,  their  obserrstion  of  omena, 
their  stteiilion  lo  the  chir]iing  cf  birds,  and  the  cries  of 
animals,  sll  which  they  suppose  lo  be  indicslions  of  fu- 
ture events;  and  if  sny  one  of  these  prognostics  is  deamoil 
untavorsble,  Ihey  inalantly  abandon  the  purauit  of  tboaa 
meaaurea  on  which  they  are  moal  eagerly  bent. 

VIII.  But  if  wa  would  furm  a  coinplelo  idea  of  tho 
uncultivated  nations  of  America,  we  muat  not  paaa  un« 
ubanrved  aoine  aingular  ciisloms,  which,  though  uni- 
versal and  charactariatic,  coidd  not  lie  reduced,  with 
.propriety,  to  any  of  Iha  articlea  into  which  I  havo  di- 
vided my  inquiry  concerning  their  mannara. 

Among  savages,  in  every  part  of  the  globo,  Ihe  lovo 
of  dancing  is  a  favorite  psaaion.  Aa,  during  a  graal 
part  of  Iheir  time,  they  languiah  in  a  stale  of  inacllTitjr 
and  indolence,  without  any  occupation  to  rou^.i  or  in- 
terest them,  Ihey  delight  universally  in  a  pastime  woioh 
calls  forth  the  active  powera  of  Iheir  nature  into  exer- 
cise. The  Spaniards,  when  Ihey  Arst  visited  .Aini'r'f  a, 
were  astonished  at  the  fondness  of  the  nalivea  for  dan- 
cing, and  beheld  wilh  wonder  a  people,  cold  and  un- 
animated  in  most  of  Iheir  other  purauita,  kindle  into 
life,  and  exert  ihcniaelvea  wilh  ardor,  as  often  oa  ihia 
favorite  amusement  recurred.  Among  them,  indeed* 
dancing  ought  not  to  bo  dcnominatea  an  amuseii  ent. 
It  ia  a  oerioua  and  important  occu|»tion  which  mil  glea 
in  every  occurrenc»  -f  --blio  or  private  life.  If  any 
'.iicrcuursv  '„>.  necessary  between  two  American  tiibes, 
the  sinbaasadora  of  tho  one  approach  in  a  solemn  dince, 
and  present  the  calumet  or  emblem  of  peace ;  tha 
sachems  of  Ihe  other  receive  it  with  tho  aame  ceremony. 
If  war  is  denounced  against  an  enemy,  it  ia  by  a  d  tnca 
expressive  of  tho  resentment  which  they  feel,  an  I  of 
the  vengeance  which  they  raeditile.  If  the  wra  b  oi 
their  gods  is  to  bo  sppnased,  or  Iheir  boneAconce  t>  bo 
celebrated  ;  if  they  rejoice  at  Ihe  birth  of  a  child,  or 
mourn  the  death  of  a  friend,  Ihey  have  dances  t\  pro- 
prialcd  lo  each  of  these  situationa,  and  suited  tu  tho 
aiffcrcnl  sentiments  with  which  they  are  then  animtted. 
If  a  person  is  indisposed,  a  dance  is  prescribed  ••  tho 
must  eifectual  muana  of  roatoring  him  to  health ;  and 
if  be  himself  cannot  endure  the  fatigue  of  auch  an  e  ler- 
cise,  Ibo  physician  or  conjuror  performs  it  in  his  name, 
as  if  Ihe  virtue  of  hia  activity  could  be  tranafemd  U,  hia 
patient. 

All  their  dances  are  imitations  of  some  action ;  and 
though  Ihe  music  by  which  they  are  regulated  ia  oi- 
treinely  simple,  and  tiresome  to  the  ear  by  its  dull  lao- 
iiniony,  some  of  iheir  dances  appear  wonderfully  ex- 
pressive and  animated.  The  war  dance  is,  perhaps, 
Ihe  most  striking.  It  is  the  representation  of  a  ccm- 
plele  American  campaign.  The  departure  of  the  war- 
riors from  their  village,  their  march  into  the  enemy'a 
country,  the  caution  with  which  Ihey  encamp,  tho  ad 
dress  with  which  they  elation  some  of  their  party  in 
ambush,  the  manner  of  aurprising  the  enenw,  the  nciso 
and  ferocity  of  the  combat,  the  scalping  of  those  who 
aro  slain,  tne  seizing  of  prisoners,  the  triumphant  itturn 
of  the  conquerors,  and  the  torture  of  the  victims,  aro 
auccessively  exhibited.  The  performers  enter  with  such 
entbusiastic  ardor  into  their  several  parts ;  their  ges- 
tures, their  countenance,  Iheir  voice,  are  so  wild  and 
ao  well  adapted  lo  their  various  situationa   that  Euro 


iii 


rta  kanlljF  Miatt  It  lo  b*  ■  miml*  m«m,  or 
ilow  tl  wIUmmiI  cHMlwiM  nf  bw  »iui  h«rror 

Bui  howotr  (ipitMi**  torn*  u(  ih*  AiiMnean 
4mcm  may  b«,  Ui*r*  i*  on*  nrrumaunr*  in  lh«in 
MiMrllthlt,  tiul  ronnrrii'il  wiih  lli*  cli*t»i'l«r  of  lh« 
MCf .  'lilt  Mh|r>t  ihi)  (Uni-ra,  ihr  •iimit^inriiU  ul'  iillirr 
iwlioM,  ia|iriiMiv*  of  ih»  •rutiiioiii*  wtiiih  •hiiii*ir 
Ihvir  hr4rt>,  ar*  urtvii  ail.i|>lril  ii>  iliapliiy  ur  •icili'  ihat 
faiwiltililv  winch  iiiutiialljr  altiii  ht>a  (It*)  irira.  AiiHin^ 
aoniv  |iruplvt  auch  ta  t)i4i  ardtif  uf  lliia  pda«iuii,  tliat  lova 
la  aluwal  tlw  aola  ukjvi'l  uf  fvniivily  anil  jiiy  )  ami  ai 
Hula  iiMioiia  ara  airuniirra  lo  ililieary,  an>l  nnuniH' 
imnwi  lu  liirgiiia*  any  amotion  of  ihfir  niintia,  llimi 
itncn  ara  onan  rxroinaly  wanloii  anil  imlaifnl. 
■u«b  it  Um  CtttmU,  of  which  th«  nallvra  of  Africa 
■n  ao  ptaaioMtaly  fomi ,  ami  auch  Iha  fnata  of  Ilia 
diticing  firla  which  iha  Aaialica  coiitriii|ilatu  with  au 
■web  avioity  of  ilaaira  llnl  aiiionn  lh«  Ainrrii'ana, 
M*rf  cold  ami  Inilillannt  lo  thvii  friiwloa,  from  caiina 
wbieb  I  Im«o  llratily  aiplainad,  th«  paaaion  of  lo«a 
MinilM  but  lilklo  with  Inrtr  fvulivala  ami  paalimra 
Tbtir  aonga  ami  ilancca  ara  inually  aolrmn  and  mar- 
tial ;  Ikay  ara  connoclod  wilh  aninv  of  Ihn  arrnnia  anil 
iniporttnl  atfaira  uf  lifa  ;  and,  haviiiK  no  rolaliun  lo  lovn 
Of  gallaiiliT.  ara  aaldom  coniinon  lo  the  Iwo  acira,  liiil 
•iiculcd  b<  tha  men  and  woinmi  ajiarl.  [OOJ  If,  on 
aoino  occaaiona,  Iku  women  are  |icrinillcd  lo  jum  in  the 
Ibatifal,  tlia  character  ol  the  entarlainnirni  m  atill  tha 
Miiio,  and  no  inoveinoni  or  uralure  la  vi|ireaaivo  of  at- 
UcbinenI,  or  encuuranea  fainihahly. 

An  immoilarale  love  of  play,  eapeeially  at  gtmea  of 
huwd,  which  aeeina  to  be  natural  to  all  |ieoiila  tinao- 
toalomad  lo  the  accu|ialiona  of  rniiular  inuiiatry,  ia 
Ukewiae  univeraal  aiiiung  the  Ameri'.'ana.  Thu  aaihe 
•AUMa,  which  ao  often  |fruin|it  |>iiriona  in  civiliivd  lil'e, 
wbu  are  at  their  oaae,  to  have  rvcourae  to  thia  paaliine, 
Nnder  it  tlie  di'li|{hl  of  the  aavaun.  The  furiiicr  are  in- 
daptndent  of  lalior,  the  latter  do  not  feel  Iha  noroaaity 
•f  It  i  and  aa  both  are  unemployed,  they  run  with  Irana- 
yort  to  whalofer  ia  interoalinu  enough  to  alir  and  lo 

rit*  their  uiinda.  llrnco  the  Americana,  who  at 
r  tiniea  are  ao  indilfiit^nl,  ao  phlegmatic,  ao  ailenl. 
Mid  animated  with  ao  few  deairea,  aa  aoon  aa  they  en- 
gage in  play  liccome  rapacioua,  iiniiatient,  noiay,  and 
klinoat  frantic  with  eagcrneaa.  Their  fur>,  their  do- 
nealio  iilentila,  tliuir  clulliea,  their  arma,  are  atakeil  at 
Um  gaming  table,  and  when  all  ia  loat,  high  aa  their 
•ctiao  of  independonco  ia,  in  a  wild  emotion  of  drapair 
or  of  ho|ie,  Ihey  will  ohen  riak  their  jieraonal  lihcily 
■pon  a  ainglo  caat.  Among  aoveral  Irilwa,  auch  gimiiig 
partiva  frei|uently  recur,  and  U'coine  their  inuat  ac- 
Mptable  ontortaininoiit  at  every  great  fvatival.  Supcr- 
Milion,  which  ia  apt  to  lake  hold  of  ihoao  paaaiona 
which  are  moat  vigorona,  frci|nenlly  Icnda  iia  aid  to 
conArm  and  atrengthen  ihia  favorite  inclination.  Tlioir 
eonjurora  are  acciiatoined  to  nreacrilHi  a  aulcinn  match 
•t  play  aa  one  of  llio  moat  rltlcacioua  nivthoda  of  ap- 
paating  their  goda,  or  of  rcatoring  the  aiuk  to  health. 

From  raiiaea  ainiiliar  lo  IhoKo  which  render  them 
lond  uf  play,  the  Americana  are  extremely  addicted  to 
4funkenneaa,  It  teema  lo  have  keen  one  of  the  Hrat 
•xertiona  of  human  ingenuity  lo  diacovor  aome  coin|io- 
•ition  of  an  intoxicating  quality  ;  and  there  ia  hardly 
■ny  nation  ao  rude,  or  au  dealitute  of  invention,  aa  not 
to  have  auccecdcd  in  thia  fatal  roacarch.  The  moat 
barbaroua  of  the  American  Irikea  have  been  ao  un- 
fortunate aa  lo  attain  Ihia  art ;  and  even  Ihoao  which 
•re  ao  dcticient  in  knowledge,  aa  to  lie  unacquainted 
with  the  method  of  giving  an  ineliriatiiiff  atrcngth  lo 
liquura  by  fermentation,  can  nccompliah  the  aaniu  end 
by  other  meana.  The  people  of  tlio  iaianda  of  North 
America,  and  of  California,  uacd,  for  thia  purpoae,  the 
amoko  of  tobacco,  drawn  up  wilh  a  certain  inatruincnt 
into  the  iioalnls,  iho  fuinea  of  which  aaccnding  to  the 
brain,  lliey  felt  all  the  tranapurta  and  phrcnay  uf  intoxi- 
cation. [UIJ  In  alinoat  every  other  part  of  the  New 
World,  the  nativea  poaacaaed  the  art  of  extracting  an 
intoxicating  liquor  from  iniize  or  Iho  manioc  root,  the 
iama  aubatancea  which  Ihey  tonvort  into  brra4.  '  The 
0|icralion  hy  which  Ihey  effect  thia  nearly  reaeniblea  the 
common  one  of  brewing,  but  with  Ihia  iliH'ercncit,  that, 
fai  place  of  yeaal,  they  uae  a  nanacoua  infuaion  of  a 
Mrtain  quantity  of  maiie  or  manioc  chewed  by  their 
women.  The  aaliva  excitoa  a  vi^uroua  fermentation, 
and  in  a  few  daya  the  liquor  becoinea  tit  fur  drinking. 
It  i*  RJt  diaagrecable  to  the  laato,  and,  when  awallowed 
in  Urge  quantilica,  ia  of  an  intoxicating  quality.  This 
ii  tha  general  beverage  of  the  Americana,  which  they 
diatinguiah  by  varioua  namea,  and  for  which  they  feel 
auch  a  violent  and  insatiable  deaire  aa  it  ia  no',  eaay 
•ither  to  conceive  ur  describe.  Among  poliahed  na- 
whcro  ■  cucceaaion  vf  varioua  tuuctiona  aud 


KOBrHTHf^NH    limTORY  Of 

amuaementa  kaf|i«  Iha  mind  in  roniiniiat  ocrupeliun, 
the  dxeire  fur  alrung  drink  la  regiilalrd  in  a  great  inra- 
aure  by  tha  climale,  and  inrreaaea  ur  dimiiiiahra  arcurd- 
ing  to  the  varialiuna  nl  ila  trinprraliiri'  In  warm  re- ' 
uiuna,  the  daliealc  and  aeiiaitila  I'raiiie  nl  ihe  iiitiabitanta  ' 
diM'a  nut  rripiire  the  alimutalinn  uf  fermt-lilid  lii|U4ira.  i 
In  colder  I'uuntriva,  tlie  ruMalilutiiin  uf  the  nativea, 
iiioru  rubiial  and  inuru  aliiggiah,  ataiida  in  nerd  uf 
grneriiiia  liquora  lo  qiin  ken  and  aniiiiata  il  lliil 
uimiiig  aatagra,  the  deaire  of  aomelhing  that  la  of  |Kiwer 
lu  inliitiiatu  la  in  every  ailnaliun  Ihe  aainn  ,\ll  the 
IMtiple  uf  .Vineriea,  if  we  eicepl  aoiiie  anull  Iribea  near 
tlie  .'Htraila  uf  .Magellan,  whether  nali\ea  ul  the  torrid 
tone,  ur  iiihaliitanta  uf  ita  mure  lempertle  regioiia,  or 
placed  by  a  harder  fata  m  Iha  aevere  cliinate  luwarda 
Ila  northern  or  auulhern  extremity,  appear  to  he  eniially 
under  the  domiiiiuii  of  Ihia  ap|wlite.  Much  a  aimiUrily 
uf  teale,  amuiig  |H'iiple  in  aiieh  diH'vrenI  ailualinna, 
mual  be  aKribcd  lu  the  inlliience  of  aome  moral  ca'iae, 
and  cannot  lie  conaidered  aa  the  elfecl  of  ai|y  phyaical 
or  coLatilutioiial  wuiil.  While  engaged  In  war  or  in 
the  chaae,  the  aavage  la  often  in  the  moat  inlereating 
ailiialiuiia,  and  all  the  |Kiwera  of  hia  nature  are  loiiaed 
lo  the  moat  vigoroua  eiertiuna.  Iliit  ihoau  ai.iiiialing 
acenea  are  aucceeded  by  long  inlervala  of  rejioae, 
during  which  ilia  warrior  nieeta  with  notliing  that  he 
deviiia  uf  fulHcivnt  dignity  or  imjiortaiice  to  merit  hia 
attvnliun  He  laiigiiiaTiea  and  mo)iea  in  thia  aeaaon  of 
iiidulence  'I'lie  puatnre  uf  hia  budy  la  an  onibleiii  of 
the  atain  of  liia  mind.  In  one  climale,  cowering  over 
the  fira  in  hia  ralnn  ;  in  another,  alreiched  under  the 
ahade  of  aome  tree,  he  doiea  away  hia  lime  in  alerp, 
or  In  au  unthinking  joyleaa  inactivity  not  far  rvmuved 
from  it.  Aa  atruiig  liquura  awake  him  from  thia  torpid 
alale,  give  a  brisket  motion  lo  liia  auirila,  and  enliven 
hiin  mure  tliuroiighly  than  eillier  dancing  ur  gaining, 
hia  love  of  them  la  eiceaaive.  A  aavage,  wTieii  not 
engaged  in  aittion,  ia  a  prnaiva  nielanchuiy  animal ; 
but  aa  aoon  aa  ho  laaloa,  or  ha»  a  proapecl  of  uating, 
the  intoxicating  draught,  he  liecomea  gay  and  frolic- 
aome.  Whatever  be  llie  oixaaion  or  preleila  on  which 
Ihe  Americana  aaaemlile,  the  moeting  alwaya  tcriui- 
natee  in  a  debauch.  Many  of  their  l^alivala  have  no 
other  object,  and  Ihey  welcome  iIm  return  of  litem  wilh 
tnnaporta  uf  joy.  Aa  Ihey  aiu  not  accualomed  to  re- 
alrain  any  ap|iolito,  Ihey  aet  no  lioiAida  lo  thia.  The 
not  often  continuea  without  intermiasion  several  days  ; 
and  whatever  may  be  Ihe  fatal  elfecla  of  their  excvaa, 
they  nevci  ceaae  from  drinkiii|i  aa  lung  aa  one  drup  uf 
liquor  remains.  The  |>eraona  oT  grealcet  eminence,  tliu 
moat  dialinguiahed  warriora,  and  Iho  chiefa  moat  re- 
nowned for  their  wiadoin,  have  no  greater  command 
of  Ihomaelvea  than  Ihe  moat  obaeuro  membera  of  Ihe 
comniunity.  Their  Cagerneaa  fur  proaeni  enjoyment 
rendcra  them  blind  to  ita  fatal  coiiaequencea ;  and 
Ihoao  very  men,  who  in  other  aitualiana  aeeiii  lo  poa- 
aesa  a  force  of  mind  more  than  human,  are  in  Ihia  in- 
stance Inferior  to  children,  in  foraight  aa  well  aa  con- 
sideration 'lid  mere  aluvoa  of  brutal  appetite.  When 
their  uaaaiuna,  naturally  atrong,  are  heightened  and  in- 
Aamed  by  drink,  Ihey  are  guilty  of  tlio  most  enorinoua 
outragea,  and  Ihe  feativily  aelduiii  eoncludea  without 
deeds  of  violence  or  bloodahed. 

Hut,  amidst  Ihia  wild  dubauch,  there  ia  one  circuin- 
atance  remarkable  ;  the  women,  in  mo>t  of  Ihe  Amu- 
rican  trihee,  are  not  permitted  to  |iartako  of  it.  [UttJ 
Their  province  ia  to  prepare  the  liqour,  lo  serve  il  about 
10  thu  gueala,  and  to  lake  care  of  their  huabanda  and 
frionda  when  their  reaaon  ia  over[iowereil.  Thia  ex- 
clusion of  tho  women  from  an  enjoymeiil  ao  highly 
valued  by  aavagea,  may  lie  jiiatty  conaidered  aa  a  murk 
of  their  inferiority,  and  as  an  additional  evidence  of  that 
conlumpt  with  which  they  were  treated  in  the  New 
World.  The  people  of  North  America,  when  Aral  dis- 
covered, were  not  aci|uainted  with  any  intoxicating 
drink  ;  but  aa  the  Kuroiieana  early  found  it  their  in- 
tcreat  lo  anpply  them  with  apiritufua  liquura,  druiiken- 
ncaa  aoon  became  aa  univeraal  among  them  aa  among 
their  countrymen  In  tliu  auuth ;  and  their  women,  hav- 
ing acquired  thia  new  taste,  indulge  it  wilh  aa  little 
decency  and  moderation  Ha  the  men. 

It  were  endleas  to  enumerate  all  the  dctaclied  cuo- 
toms  which  have  excited  tho  wonder  of  travellers  in 
America  ;  but  I  cannot  omit  one  seemingly  aa  singular 
as  any  that  has  liecn  mentioned.  When  their  parents 
and  other  relations  become  old,  or  labor  under  any  dis- 
temper which  their  slender  knowledge  of  Ihe  honling 
art  cannot  remove,  the  Americana  cut  aliort  their  dava 
with  a  violent  hand,  in  order  to  be  relieved  from  the 
burden  of  supporting  and  tenJing  them.  Thia  pructico 
prevailed  among  the  ruder  Iribea  in  every  part  of  tho 
conliBcnt,  from  Iluda  .vi'a  Bay  to  Iho  river  De  la  i'lata; 


and  hawevai  ahorkinf  tl  may  bo  !•  Ikaoo  aanlbiMatorf 
.anderneaa  and  altachmeni,  which,  in  aivdltid  life,  M« 
are  apl  to  rnnaider  aa  rungrnial  with  our  frame,  liw 
ruiiililiun  of  man  iii  the  auvage  atate  trails  and  reeoiv 
cilta  hini  lo  II.  The  aaiiip  harilahipa  and  dilHeuli*  •• 
priHuriiiK  aulxiatrni'v,  wliirh  deter  aavagea,  ii  snnM 
rsara,  Iruiii  reoring  their  children,  prompi  lliein  w  J*- 
slriiy  the  agid  and  inliriii  The  ilscliiiiiig  alala  uf  IA* 
■Hie  la  aa  Fielpleaa  aa  llie  Inlalii  y  of  tliu  iilhrr  'Hw 
futmrr  are  no  leaa  iinalile  llwn  iliii  latter  tu  (lerform  liM 
fnnctiuna  thai  lielung  lu  a  warriiir  ur  hiiiiler,  or  .u  ol^ 
dure  Ihnae  vatiuiia  dialresaea  in  which  aavagea  are  M 
ullen  in\ulvi'd  hy  their  uwii  want  of  forraignl  and  ia> 
duatry.  Their  relatiuna  feel  Ihia  :  and,  incapable  ufala 
lending  lo  Iha  wanta  or  wi'akneaaea  of  ulhara,  their  iia* 
patience  under  an  additional  Inirilen  prumpla  them  M 
eitinguiah  that  life  which  they  And  il  dillleult  lo  all» 
lain  Thia  la  nut  roganled  aa  a  deed  uf  cruelty,  but  (• 
sn  act  of  iiien-y.  An  American,  broken  with  yeara  and 
inllrmitiea,  conacioiia  tliat  ha  can  no  longer  d«|iend  om 
the  aid  of  ihoaa  around  him,  plarea  huiiaelf  conieiiledly 
III  Ilia  grave  ;  and  It  la  by  the  hamla  uf  hia  children  ot 
iieareat  relationa  that  the  thong  la  pulled,  or  the  blow 
iiiAicted,  which  releaaea  him  tor  ever  frum  Iha  aerruwt 
of  life. 

IX.  Afker  eonlemplallng  llit  rude  American  trllio* 
in  auch  varioua  liglita  ;  after  taking  a  view  of  their  cu»> 
toma  and  maniiera  from  so  many  diirerent  ataliuiio, 
notliing  rumaina  hut  lo  form  a  general  raliniale  uf  Iheii 
character  cumpared  wilh  that  uf  mure  (lolialied  naliona. 
.\  human  being,  aa  he  comca  originally  frum  llw  Iuiii4 
uf  nature,  ia  every  where  the  aaiiie.  At  hia  Aral  ap- 
|H'arance  in  the  atale  uf  infancy,  whether  it  Iw  among  th* 
riideat  aavagea  ur  in  Ihe  iiiuai  civdiied  nation,  we  can 
diaeern  no  uiiality  which  inarka  any  distinction  or  au* 
periority.  I'he  ca|iacity  of  impruvemenl  srema  to  b« 
the  asme  ;  and  thu  talenta  he  may  afierwarda  ac.uira, 
aa  welt  aa  thu  virtuea  he  may  be  rendered  capalle  of 
exerciaing,  de|)eiid,  in  a  great  mvaaure,  upon  the  alala 
of  aoriely  in  which  he  is  placed.  To  thia  atate  hia 
mind  naturally  aci  ominndatea  itaelf,  and  from  it  receivaa 
discipline  ami  culture.  In  propurliun  lo  the  wania 
wliicli  it  accustuma  a  human  being  '.o  fiel,  and  Iha 
fuiicliona  in  which  theaa  engage  him,  hia  intellveiut^ 
powera  are  called  forth  According  to  the  ciinnoiioi.f 
wliich  it  aatabliahea  between  him  and  the  real  of  ha 
s|ieciea,  Ihe  alfcctiona  uf  hia  heart  are  exerted.  Il  M 
only  by  attending  lo  Ihia  great  principle  that  we  can 
discover  what  ia  Iho  character  of  man  m  evsty  dllbraiil 
|i«riod  of  hia  prugreaa. 

If  we  apply  il  lo  aavage  life,  and  meaaura  tha  allaii^ 
menta  of  ihe  human  mind  in  that  alalu  by  Ihia  atandard, 
we  ahall  find,  according  to  an  obaervalion  which  I  hats 
already  made,  that  Ihe  intellectual  powera  of  man  muat 
be  rxtremcly  limited  in  their  operalioiia.  They  ara 
conlini^  within  Iho  narrow  aphcre  of  what  ho  deema 
ncceaaary  fur  aupplying  Ins  own  waiila.  Whatever  Iwa 
not  sume  relation  tu  Iheae  neither  allracta  hia  attention, 
nor  la  the  object  of  hia  inquiriea,  Uut  however  narroi* 
tho  boiinda  may  ba  within  which  tho  kncwledire  of  a 
aavage  la  circumacribed,  he  posaeaaea  tl  .iroughly  that 
ainalT  |iartion  which  ho  haa  attained.  It  waa  not  coin- 
miinicuud  lo  him  by  formal  inatruclion  ;  be  does  not 
attend  to  it  aa  a  matter  of  mere  apeculation  and  curi* 
osily  i  il  ia  the  ruault  of  hia  own  obaervatiun,  Ihe  fruit 
of  nia  own  experience,  and  accommoilaled  to  hia  cou- 
ditioii  and  eiiuenciea.  While  employed  in  the  acliva 
occupaliuna  of  war  or  of  hunting,  he  often  Ands  hiinsell 
III  dilAcult  and  puriloua  aituatiuna,  from  which  Ihe 
eifurta  of  hia  own  augacily  must  extricate  him.  He  ia 
frc(|ueiitly  engaged  in  meaaurea,  where  every  step  de- 
(MMida  upon  hia  own  ability  to  decide,  where  he  mual 
rely  aolcly  ii|xiii  Ihia  own  |H'netrHlion  '.o  diacern  tha 
dangers  lo  whii'h  he  ia  exfiosed,  and  upoi,  hia  own  wia* 
doin  in  luuviding  against  thrm,  In  consequence  of 
this,  ho  feela  the  knuwiedgo  which  he  iiosreaaea,  ^nd 
ellbrta  which  he  makes,  and  either  in  debberation  01 
action  reata  on  himaelf  alune. 

Aa  tho  talents  uf  individuals  are  exercised  and  ur. 
proved  by  auch  exertiona,  much  |>uliti(-al  wisdom  is  said 
to  lie  displayed  in  conducting  tlie  atl'iiira  of  their  amid! 
cuniniumiiea.  The  council  uf  old  men  in  an  American 
tribe,  deliberating  ujion  ita  intercala,  and  determining 
with  rca|Hict  lo  peace  or  war,  has  been  com|>ared  to  tho 
senate  in  more  {loliahcd  republica.  The  proceedinga 
of  the  former,  wo  arc  told,  are  often  no  Icsa  formal  and 
aagacioua  than  those  of  the  latter.  Great  political 
wisdom  ia  exhibited  in  |iondering  the  varioua  meaaurea 
proposed,  and  in  balancing  their  prrbable  advantagea 
ngainst  tho  evila  of  which  they  may  bo  productive. 
Much  address  and  elo.|uonce  are  employed  by  Iha 
leaders,  who  aapire  at  acfuiiing  oucU  conhdvoca  witk 


nolITII   AMrHIOA. 


m 


iWtt  Mtmlnnim,  m  to  h«««  tn  mmmUiiI  In  ikuM  t»- 

MMMM*.      but,  MIHHIg  M«*|{*  tlllMI,  lh«  lUkl    fw  lil»- 

■kyinU  polilifil  UlaiiM  ritniHM  Iw  rilanuf*  V\  livni 
llt»  III**  of  |iri«>U  |iro|»(ly  la  iii<ioiii|ilrli',  •lul  iw  vri- 
miimI  iiimmIicIiuii  m  I'aUliliilii'il.  Ilirrii  ii  hanlly  any 
^iiiiliwi  u(  iiilariial  KuTtidiiiiaiil  I*  rlrrrM,  Hhiri' 
llwrv  I*  Ku  t'uiiiiiiifri'ti,  aiul  acaiii'ly  any  inlrrcoiiiaa 
(UHMif  ••|«hU  inlwa ;  whrn  •iiniily  la  iin|jlacalil*, 
MmI  kualililira  an  larrivd  on  aliii4Ml  willioul  iiiliitiiiia- 
•HHi ;  iliara  will  l>«  liw  |>uiiiU  uf  iiuliliv  cuiiirni  t<i 
Kljiial  With  lliair  hi'iiihlKira  ;  anil  llml  dr|Niitiniiiil  ol 
Uwir  allaira  wliu'li  may  Im  driiumiiialpil  ri>ri'i||ii,  laiiiHil 
ba  aa  inliii'alii  aa  Ui  riii|uiri< iiiiiili ri'linml  jKiluy  iii run- 
tet'liiig  il  Whtm  imliviilimla  an:  an  lhiiii||hlli'aa  anil 
iin|iro«lil*iil  aa  m<I<Iuiii  iu  taki'  iirticlual  (irii  aiili'><'«  lor 
acil'iAaaiirvaliun,  II  la  vain  lo  I'lprrl  llial  (iiilili  mia- 
•una  and  dalilivialiuna  will  b«  n!||iilitl«d  by  II  run- 
lain|ilaliun  uf  raniolu  ««iinla.  Il  la  Ihn  gniilii"  J  aa- 
*a|{i>a  IU  ai'l  rrnin  llin  Mn|iiilat'  uf  |irranil  |waaiiiii  'I'hay 
h<i«a  nrillu'r  rucraiKlit  nor  U<ni|M'r  lo  form  toih(>lii'atad 
wraiiai'inriila  with  rra|Hii'l  Iu  llivii  riilum  lundurl  'I'lit 
conaimaliona  of  Ilia  Ainrciruna,  Imlecd,  an  au  friN|iirnl, 
■nd  thair  niiuuliuliuna  arv  ao  many,  [UilJ  and  au  Iuiik 
pmlrarlrd,  aa  Iu  uivu  tlirlr  |irwi'ailini|a  an  mtraordi- 
nary  aMM'rt  of  wiajuiii  llnl  Ihia  la  not  owliitf  ao  mm  li 
to  llw  Japtli  ol  Ihrir  arhmnra,  aa  lu  thn  ruldncaa  and 
phlagin  o(  llwir  lain|i«r,  wlik'li  nindiir  llivin  alow  in  du- 
tarininiiiK.  If  w«  aii'r|il  ijio  culubralml  Itiauua,  thai 
united  llni  Kiva  Naliuna  In  <  Canada,  into  a  rudvrat  rii- 
public,  winch  aball  liu  lonaidi'md  in  ita  prciijar  |ilar«, 
w«  can  diacorn  few  aiicli  trucua  uf  pulitical  wiadoin, 
•inong  Iho  rutin  American  tribca,  aa  diacovcr  any  urril 
4agrra  of  foraaighl  or  c  ilcnl  of  intellectual  auilltita. 
Eir«ri  ainoiiK  lliiini,  wu  ■  itll  llnd  public  nitiuauna  mora 
lrai|u«nlly  iliriicli'd  by  tlir  Mii|wliioua  fiirucity  of  tlivir 
yoiitli,  than  tc||ulatcil  by  tli<i  ci|Kiri«nc«  and  wiaduiii  of 
Ihair  old  inon. 

Aa  tha  comlilion  of  man  In  the  aavaga  alata  ia  unfa- 
vorable tu  the  proKreaa  of  Ilia  uiulrralandin|{,  il  baa  a 
andciicv  liki'Wiae,  in  aoine  ti'a|i«cla,  to  check  tlie  ««■ 
•rciae  of  airu'tion,  and  to  romlcr  the  bean  contracted. 
1  he  atrongeal  fnolin|{  in  Iho  iniiid  of  a  aavage  ia  a  aenao 
•I  Ilia  aw  n  indeponilnnce.  Ilu  lua  aacrillced  ao  aiiiall  a 
porlion  uf  hia  natural  liliurty  by  beioniinii  a  nieinber  of 
locioty,  that  he  reniaina,  iii  a  (treat  duttreu,  the  aolv 
■later  uf  bia  own  uctiona.  Ilo  often  takea  hIa  rcaolu- 
Ikina  alona,  without  conaullini(  or  feeling  any  connoc- 
lion  with  Iha  peraona  arounuhim.  In  many  of  hia 
•(lerationa  ha  atanda  aa  much  detached  from  the  real 
ol  hia  apcciea  aa  if  ho  li!id  funned  no  unioti  with  them 
Conaotoua  bow  little  he  dc|ieiida  upon  oilier  hien,  hu  ia 
ipl  to  view  them  with  a  careleaa  indiHeronco.  K*en 
the  forei)  of  hia  mind  coiilriliutca  lu  increaae  Ihia  uncon- 
cern ;  and  aa  ho looka  not  beyond  hiinanlf  in  dililient- 
inil  with  reapitct  to  tha  part  which  hu  ahuuld  act,  hia 
•olicituda  about  the  conaecpiuiicca  of  it  aelduni  eitenda 
further.  Iln  piiraueahia  own  career,  and  iiidiilKea  bia 
own  fancy,  without  impiiring  or  regarding  whether  what 
ho  doe*  bo  agreeable  or  olTenaivfl  lo  otherj<,  whether 
lliey  may  derive  benefit  or  receive  hurt  from  it.  Iloncv 
the  ungovornablii  caprice  of  a^vagea,  ihcir  impalienco 
uuder  any  apeciea  of  rcatraini,  their  inability  lo  aup- 
preaa  or  moderate  any  inclination,  the  acorn  or  neglect 
with  which  they  receive  advice,  their  high  eatiniation  of 
themaolvca,  and  their  contempt  of  other  men.  Among 
them,  the  pride  of  indeiwnJcnco  produce*  ainioat  thii 
tamo  olTucta  with  intoroatednoaa  in  a  more  advanced 
atata  of  anciety ;  it  refera  every  thing  lo  a  man  himaolf, 
it  leada  him  to'  Ihi  indilTerent  about  tne  manner  in  wliicS 
■ia  acliona  may  alfect  other  men,  and  reiidera  tlio  an- 
lification  uf  hia  own  wiahea  the  mcaaure  and  end  of 
ccndurt. 

To  the  aame  cauae  may  bo  imputed  the  hardneaa  of 
heart  and  inaenaibility  remirkahle  in  all  aavago  nationa 
Their  mnida,  rouaed  only  by  atroiig  emoliona,  are  liille 
auaccplible  of  gentle,  doliLatc,  or  tender  aHuctioiia. 
Tlicir  union  ia  an  incomplete  that  each  individual  acta 
an  if  ho  retained  all  hia  natural  righta  entire  and  undi- 
miniithej.  If  a  fu/or  ia  conferred  upon  him,  or  any 
beneficial  aervice  la  performed  on  his  account,  ho  re- 
celvea  it  with  much  aatiafactioii,  because  it  eoiilributea 
(o  bia  enjoyment ;  but  thia  aonliinent  oxtenda  not  be- 
yond hiinijl'  it  excite.a  no  aenaeof  obligation,  he  nel- 
Ibir  feela  gratitude,  nor  thinks  of  making  any  return. [94] 
Even  among  |>eraona  the  must  cloaely  connected,  the 
eichange  of  those  good  olHcea  which  atrcngthcii  attiich- 
■onl,  mollify  Iho  heart,  and  awcetnn  the  intorcourae  of 
lib,  ia  not  freque.it.  The  high  ideas  of  inde|)endoncc 
UBOng  tho  Americana  iiouriah  a  aullen  reacrvo,  whicli 
kMp*  thoin  St  a  diatauce  from  each  other.  Tho  neareat 
nUtiona  are  mutually  afraid  to  make  any  demand,  or  tu 
mUcu  Buy  acrvics,  loat  it  ahould  be  coniiderod  by  tho 


other  aa  ini|ioaing  a  burden,  or  Uylng  •  IMl.tlM  apM 

hw  wdl 

I  have  already  rrmarkrd  Iha  InHiiana*  of  Ihia  hard 
unfeeling  triniwr  u|ion  duinratie  kle,  wllh  rva|wet  to 
llie  I'unni  rtiuii  btlAirii  hiiahaiid  and  wife,  aa  well  aa 
llial  lirlween  parrnis  and  rhildrei  lla  ellicla  aia  nu 
leasriinapi'iKiiia,  m  llie  pvrlurnianra  of  thoia  mutual 
ullli'iaiif  triHlrriiraa  which  tlie  liilirinitieaof  our  iMiure 
frripiriilly  riact  .\inong  aiMiie  Iribrs,  wlmn  any  uf 
llirir  nunibi  r  are  leiird  wilh  any  viuli  lit  diseaan,  they 
are  generally  alMiiduiied  by  all  aruiiiid  them,  whu,  lare- 
leaaul  their  reruvrry,  lly  In  tlie  ulinual  eunilernatioi> 
fruin  the  anp|HM«'d  danger  uf  inlecluni  hul  even  wbera 
Ihajr  are  nut  thus  deaerted,  the  cold  indiireieiice  wilh 
which  lliey  are  attended  i  an  allurd  iheiii  llllle  coiisiila- 
'  lion.  No  louk  of  ayin|iathy,  no  •uuilniig  eipreaaiuns, 
no  oHIciuu*  aettlora,  cunlrlbule  lo  alleviate  llie  diatrwa 
of  Ilia  aiilTerrra,  ur  lo  make  them  furget  what  they  en- 
dure. Their  nraraal  relationa  will  ulten  refiiaa  lo  aiil>- 
inlt  lu  Ihn  sinalleat  incmivenieniy,  or  lo  pari  wilh  the 
leaal  IriMa,  huwever  much  il  may  lend  lu  their  accuni- 
niodation  or  relief  Ho  little  la  the  breaat  of  a  savage 
siiacrpidilo  of  thnae  aentiinrnia  which  pruinpl  men  lo 
that  feeling  attention  which  millgalea  ihu  calainiliea  uf 
hiiinan  lile,  thai.  In  aoine  pruviKcca  uf  Ainrrica,  itie 
Npaniarda  have  fuuitd  It  neceaaitry  lu  anforie  tha  cum- 
muii  duliaa  of  biimanity  by  |H>silita  laws,  ami  lu  obligo 
huobanda  and  wivoa,  (Mrents  and  children,  under  aavere 
|ienalliea,  to  take  cure  of  each  nther  during  their  aick- 
neaa.  The  aainn  Iwrahneaa  uf  teiniier  ia  aim  inura  cuii- 
apicuuua  in  their  Ireatinent  of  llie  animal  crealiun. 
Prior  lo  their  iiitercuurae  with  the  peoiilo  of  Kuropo, 
the  North  Americana  had  aomn  lame  ilnga,  which  ac- 
companied them  in  their  hiinlingeicuraioiw,  and  aerved 
them  wilh  all  tin'  ardur  and  lldi  lily  peculiar  to  the  ape- 
ciea Uiit,  inslead  uf  that  fond  allachinenl  which  the 
hiiiitnr  naturally  feela  towarda  thoae  useful  cuiiipaniuna 
of  hia  toils,  they  re'|nita  their  services  wilh  neglect, 
seldom  feed,  and  never  careaa  them  In  uther  nrovincea 
tho  Americana  have  beionie  acipialnted  with  the  do- 
ineatic  aniniala  of  Kiiru|ie,  and  availed  iheniaelvea  uf 
Ihoir  aervice ;  but  it  ia  univrraally  observed  that  they 
alwaya  treat  them  hsrahly,  and  never  employ  any  me- 
thod eillier  fur  breaking  or  inunaging  them,  but  force 
and  crni'lty.  In  every  part  uf  the  de|4>rtincnt  of  man 
in  his  savage  state,  wnelher  towsrds  his  crpiala  of  the 
human  B|Micies,  or  towatdii  Iho  aiiimala  lieluw  him,  wo 
recogniae  tho  same  character,  and  trace  the  operations 
of  a  mind  inlent  on  ita  own  gralifiiatluna,  and  rcgu- 
laleit  by  its  own  caprice,  wilh  Tiltle  alleiitiun  ur  aenai- 
biliiy  tu  Iho  acnlimenta  and  fuolinga  uf  the  beiiiga  aruuiid 
him. 

After  eiplslniiig  how  imfavorabU  the  aivage  atata 
la  tu  the  cultivation  of  the  unileralaiidlng,  anJ  to  tho 
Improvement  of  thn  heart,  I  ahoi  Id  not  have  thought  it 
necessary  to  mention  what  may  be  deemed  its  lesser 
defect*,  if  tho  character  of  nations,  as  well  as  of  in- 
dividuals, wore  not  often  morn  distinctly  marked  by 
clrcuinstancna  apparently  trivial  than  by  tlioaeuf  greater 
moment.  A  Havagn  frccpienlly  placed  in  situalioiia  uf 
danger  and  dialreia,  depending  uii  himaelf  alone,  and 
wrap|>ed  up  in  hia  own  Ihoughta  and  acliemea,  ia  a  se- 
rious melancholy  animal.  Ilia  attention  lo  others  i* 
siintll.  The  ranuo  of  hia  own  idous  is  narrow.  Ilcnco 
that  taciturnity  wliich  is  so  disguating  to  men  accua- 
loineil  lo  tho  open  iniercourae  of  aucial  conversation. 
When  they  are  not  engaged  in  action,  the  Americana 
often  ait  whole  dava  in  one  ixiature,  without  opening 
Iheir  lips  When  they  gu  furlli  lo  war,  or  to  tho  cluac, 
they  uaiially  march  in  a  lino  at  aoine  diatauce  from  oiio 
another,  and  without  exchanging  a  word.  The  aame 
profound  ailenco  is  observed  when  they  row  together  in 
a  canoe.  It  ia  only  when  they  ore  animatod  by  intoxi- 
cating liijuora,  or  rouaed  by  the  Jollity  of  the  featival 
and  dance,  that  they  become  gay  and  converaible. 

To  the  aamo  caiiaca  inty  bo  imputed  tho  refined 
cunning  with  which  they  furiii  and  execute  their 
achemoa.  Men  who  aro  not  habituated  lo  a  liberal 
coinmunicalloii  of  their  own  sentiments  nnd  wishes,  are 
apt  to  be  au  diatruatfiil  aa  to  place  little  confidence  in 
otiicra,  and  to  have  recourae  to  an  inaidioiia  craft  in 
accompliahing  their  own  purfioaes.  In  civiliied  life, 
Ihnso  persona  who  by  their  situations  havo  but  a  few 
olijects  of  pursuit  on  which  their  minda  incoaaantly 
dwell,  sro  moat  remarkable  for  low  artifice  in  carrying 
on  their  little  projecla.  Among  suvagca,  whnao  viowa 
■re  equally  confined,  and  their  attention  no  leaa  peroa- 
vering.  thoao  circumstance*  must  operate  atill  more 
powerriilly.  and  grudimlly  ueciiatuiu  tlioiii  lo  a  disingo- 
iiiiouH  subtlety  in  all  their  Imnaiictions.  Tho  force  of 
Ihia  ia  incroi|aed  by  habits  which  Iliey  acquire  in  carry- 
ing on  Iho  two  most  inloioatiiij{  uperaliona  wboroin  tlioy 


•!•  eiifagad.  With  llMm  war  la  »  eytiMn  af  anlk,  t% 
whMh  Ihey  Irual  for  aiwtaea  lo  alratat|*m  mora  tUa  tr 
niien  force,  and  have  their  Invention  cunlmually  on  iba 
atistrh  lu  nrriimvenl  and  aiirpriae  thair  enennas  A* 
hniilers,  Il  I*  their  ronslanl  olijei  t  to  eiwnar*  in  or4w 
that  Ihay  may  dsairoy  <\i'ciirdiiigly,  ari  and  eumiiiig 
have  Iwan  univeraally  ohaerved  aa  dialinguialung  sb^ 
rarisriaiic*  of  all  aavagea  Tlw  |i*u<il«  of  Um  rwla 
triliaa  of  America  ar*  rrinarhabia  fur  thsir  atliAca  and 
duplicilv  lm|ienetralily  aecret  in  funning  their  nieo- 
aiiiss,  tliay  iiuraii*  iliem  with  a  |Mtlenl  uiideviatlngal- 
lenliun,  aial  ihets  la  no  refinemenl  uf  tliaalinulalMa 
which  Ihey  cannot  employ.  In  order  lo  anaur*  auccea*. 
The  iialivra  of  I'erii  were  rngagrd  aliuve  thirty  yeara  III 
cuneerling  the  plan  of  that  inaurie,  lion  wblih  took  |ilac« 
umler  the  vice-ruyalty  uf  tha  Mahpiia  du  Villa  (larola  i 
and  though  it  was  cuminunicaled  lo  a  great  nunibai  M 
persons,  III  all  dilfereni  ranka,  no  iiidieation  of  il  avM 


transpired  during  llial  Iwig  iieriod  ;  no  man  lietrayadhM 
trust,  or,  by  sii  unguarded  look,  or  raah  word,  gave  riaa 
tu  any  aiiapicinn  ufwliat  waa  intended      The  uiaalinu- 


latlnn  and  craft  of  individuals  ianu  laaa  reniarktbia  than 
that  uf  naliuna.  When  ael  u|ioii  deceiving,  Ihoy  wrap 
tlieinselvee  up  su  arliHcially,  thai  il  ia  impoasibl*  M 
|ieiietrate  intu  their  intentions,  or  lo  delect  their  d»< 
signs. 

liiil  if  thero  be  defecia  or  vicaa  peculiar  lo  tho  aa«ig* 
stale,  there  are  llkewia*  virluna  which  it  Inapiret,  and 
good  ipiallllea,  lo  tho  eierciae  of  which  il  la  friendly. 
I'hii  liunda  of  ao<;loly  alt  au  luuae  u|ion  the  ineinltera  of 
the  mure  rude  American  Iriliea,  thnt  thev  hardly  ftei 
any  reatraint.  Hence  thn  anint  uf  Indeiiendence,  wbieli 
is  III*  pride  uf  a  aavage,  and  which  ho  conaider*  aa  Iho 
unalienable  prerogative  of  man.  Incapable  of  control, 
and  diailainiiig  lo  aikiiuwledgo  any  au|ieriur,  hia  mind, 
thuiigh  limited  in  ita  puwera,  and  erring  in  many  of  ita 
purauila,  aci|Uiroa  audi  elevation  by  the  cunaciouanoto 
of  ita  own  freedum,  that  he  acta  on  oumr  occaaioiiO 
with  lalunlahing  furce,  and  miraeierance,  and  dignity. 

Aa  independeiicn  noutialiea  Ihia  high  apiril  ainonfi 
aavogea,  the  p<<r|>«tual  wara  in  which  they  aro  engaged 
call  II  forth  into  action.  8iieh  long  inlervala  of  lraii< 
quillUy  aa  are  frequent  in  fiollalied  aocletiea  ara  un< 
known  in  Ihu  aavagu  aiatn.  Their  rnmitiea,  aa  I  havo 
obaervod,  are  implacable  and  iinmorlal.  The  valor  of 
the  young  men  ia  never  allowed  to  ruat  in  inaction. 
The  halcnel  ia  alwaya  in  the  hand,  either  for  attack  or 
defence.  Even  in  their  hunting  eicuraiona,  Ihoy  miiat 
be  on  their  guard  againat  atirpriau  from  the  hoatilo 
tribea  by  wliini  they  aro  aiirruundcd  Accuatomed  to 
continuiil  alarma,  they  grow  familiar  wilh  danger ;  cou- 
rage bocoinee  an  habitual  virtue,  resulting  naturally 
from  Iheir  ailualioii,  snd  stren^jthened  by  ronslanl  ax- 
nrtiona.  Thn  mode  of  dlaplayiiig  fortilude  may  not  bo 
tho  aamo  in  aiinll  and  rude  conimiiinties,  aa  in  mora 
powerful  and  civiliicd  atatea.  Their  ayatcm  of  war, 
and  atandard  of  valor  may  bo  formed  upon  diiraronl 
principlea ;  but  in  nu  aitualion  doea  tho  human  mind 
riao  inoie  auperlor  lo  Iho  aonse  of  danger,  or  the  dread 
of  death,  tliaii  in  ita  most  aimple  and  uncullivatad 
state. 

Another  virtue  remarkable  among  savage*,  i*  atttoh- 
mem  10  the  community  of  which  they  aro  membera 
From  the  nature  of  ihcir  political  uniun,  one  might  ox 
|ioct  this  tie  to  bo  extremely  fueblo.  Uut  there  aro  eir 
ciimatancea  which  render  the  infiucncu,  even  of  Ihoif 
Inoae  mode  of  aaaociatiun,  very  powerful.  The  Ameri 
can  trilics  arc  small ;  combined  against  their  neighbor*, 
in  prosecution  of  aiicier!  irninltica,  ur  in  avenging  re 
cent  iiiJiii.cB,  their  mtereata  and  o|H*ratiuna  are  neither 
nunicroua  nor  complex.  Theae  ore  ubjocla  which  ih* 
uncultivated  undoratanding  of  a  savage  can  compro- 
hend.  Ilia  heart  ia  capablu  of  fonning  connection* 
which  aru  ao  little  ditriiacd.  He  asaenta  wilh  warmth 
tu  public  mcaaurca,  dictated  by  [laaaiona  aimilar  to 
thuae  which  direct  hia  own  conduct.  Hence  the  ardor 
with  which  individuals  undertake  thn  most  perdous  aer- 
vice, when  the  community  deems  it  necessary.  Henca 
Iheir  fierce  and  deep  routed  antipathy  lo  tho  nublio 
enemies.  Hcnco  tlieir  ical  fur  tho  honor  of  Iheir 
tribe,  snd  that  love  of  their  country,  which  prompt* 
them  10  brave  danger  that  il  may  triumph,  and  lo  endui* 
tho  most  exquisite  tormoiits,  without  a  groan,  that  it 
may  not  bo  disgraced. 

Thus,  in  every  situation  where  a  human  being  can 
tic  placed  ever,  in  the  moat  unfavorable,  there  are  vir 
lues  which  peculiarly  belong  to  il ;  there  are  afloclion* 
which  il  cull*  forth ',  there  i*  a  specie*  of  happinoa* 
which  it  yields.  Nature,  with  thn  moat  beneficent  in 
lontion,  conciliates  snd  forma  the  mind  lo  ite  condi 
lion  ;  the  idcaa  and  wiahea  of  man  extend  not  beyoad 
that  atalo  of  aocicly  lo  which  hn  ia  htbituttod.    Whal 


M  akiMW  nf  tmiwmiilatiMi  m  •njarinvnli 

I  imI  wIM^a  RM  nUmI,  aiMt  mcmi  ItMillf  ««n*«i«a 
Mf  athot  PMil*  af  lib  lo  h*  |i|**miiI,  m  xkii  liitvMhU 
TIM  TtrUr,  •■'«iMlan<«l  lu  nMrnatrr  fiiviiaitd  (lUina, 
•nd  111  •iihual  m  ilw  nriNliiri  of  hi*  Iwnit,  iin|ir«>*l** 
■laMi  III*  riiKinT.  ••  *»•  umiMl  itf  til  •iinM,  iImI  ha 
Rliiv  Iw  riiiialriiMii  il  III  rvaiila  in  oil*  |it4rt,  tiHt  10  ho 
Miifi'hol  wiih  Iho  in|i  of  •  wcod  Thu  mil*  .\iii*ri' 
tail',  liiiiil  III  llii'ir  own  |iiir«iili.  •lul  uliadvii  Willi 
Uoir  imii  kill  an  finally  unalil*  lu  riiiii|in>h*ini  ilui 
MivniiiHi  of  iilililgr  of  tho  taiiuiia  a<'roiiiiii<i>Uiiona, 
•ninrh,  III  iiMfU  |uili>livii  Miri*!*  an  ilraiiml  raai'iilial 
la  ih»  riiii>riKl  ol  lif*.  ('ar  froin  ruiiiiiUiiiiiiu  o(  llwir 
fwit  iilnaiiiiiti  or  vi*Aliig  thai  of  iiivii  iii  a  inort'  iiii' 
^•«4  aial*  with  ulinirailiiii  ur  *n«|i,  lh*y  r>iianl  ihani- 
avl«*a  M  ih*  alaiulanl  of  vicdlrw'*,  aa  li*iii||a  ilw  Iwat 
tnlilloil,  aa  Willi  ao  Ihi'  iiumI  iH'ilVailir  i|iialill*il  lo  rM|uy 
•mI  hapt>iii*M  rimi'i'iiaiuiiiril  lo  any  rfalraiiil  ii|hiii 
Ihair  will  or  lh«k  arimiia.  ih*y  ImIiuIiI  wiih  aiiiaaiiiiwnl 
Um  inr<|iMlily  nf  rank,  ami  ih«  iiiliurilinaiioii  whitrli  ukva 
|Mar*  III  ciyiliaiHl  lifti,  ami  coiiaiUi  r  Ih*  volonlary  aiih- 
Mloaiaii  of  uim  iiiaii  in anolhrr  aa  t  rriiiiiH'ialiuii  no  liaa 
kaa*  than  unat'ioiiiiialilu,  of  th*  Aral  iliaiiiiclioii  uf  hii- 
Maiiily.  Void  of  fiirvaiKht  aa  wallaa  fraa  fruin  far* 
ikointvlvM,  and   ili'liglilail  wilh  thai  aula  nf  iniluk'Ht 


RonrRTiif)Na  iiihtorv  of 

ihair  inhotHianta  In  ayarii  pari  •(  Iho  tank  whoia 
man  aaiala,  iho  piKaar  of  rliimlK  n|Mirai*a,  wilh  ilori- 
•IV*  iiilliirrtr*,  ii|Mm  hia  fiHiiliiion  ami  rhararlar  In 
iIhm*  ruviniii*a  wliirh  <|i|iio*a^h  iwar  lo  ih*  miromtia 
•(  liMl  or  *«U.  Ikia  inlliKwa  la  a«  ranapit'iiiMia  aa  I* 
alrik*  anary  ay*  Whalhar  wa  canaiilnr  man  maraly 
aa  an  aiiiiiial.  or  aa  hfiiim  I'IhIow*«I  wilh  ratiwul  jiow- 
*r«  whirli  rtl  hiin  fur  arliviiy  ami  afwiMiUiuHi,  w*  ahall 
rttiil  that  h*  lw«  iiiiiloriiily  aiuiiii'd  ihr  grvaival  |irrt*t'' 
lion  iif  wliirli  hia  iialur*  laiafialil*,  in  ih«  ivmp*>al* 
rriiMHia  of  Ih*  (lolw  TWr*  hi*  cmiaiilulion  la  moat 
«i|fiiriHia,  hia  organa  i**.*  ariit**  and  hia  lorin  iiioal 


Iwaiiliftil      'riwrv.  loo,  hi>  > 


a  aiiiwiuK  aaUiiil 


itl  lajiai'ily,  fr*ai*r  t*tiiliiy  of  iinaKiiMiioii,  inur*  *iit*r' 
priwng  "uiirag*,  and  a  aanailiilily  of  h*«rl  whirh  gitta 
hirih  la  daairaa,  iwH  only  ardant,  but  ti*rB*>*ring.  In 
Una  raiofil*  aiiualMNi  h*  haa  diafiUyaa  ih*  uIiiumI  *f- 
furta  uf  hia  ganiua,  in  lilaratura,  in  imliry,  in  luiii- 
inrn*,  in  war,  and  In  all  Ik*  arta  whKk  iin|iruT*  or 
aitilialliah  III*. 

'I'hla  (lowaifiil  itfrntian  of  rliimt*  la  f«ll  nMal  a«n- 
aihly  liy  riid*  naliuii*,  and  (irmliii'va  grrairr  atrurla  than 
III  aoruMiv*  iiiiiin  Improved  The  lalrnla  uf  riviliaed 
nMMi  ar*  ruiiliiiiiallv  rairtad  in  rcndi'mig  Ihvir  owii 
rondiiion    iiioru  riiiitfnrtatilti ;    and  by  thuir  tngvnuily 


tMiirit*.  Ilwy  weiidar  al  iIm  aiiiiona  prai'aiiliona,  ihu  !  and  intviilioiia,  ih<'y  I'an  in  agrval  inraaiir*  aii|ijil«  III* 
MiKoaaing  iiidualfy.   and  roni|ilu'aUMl  arrangamrnta  uf  j  ilcl'ri:!*,  and  giianl  agaiiial  ihii  inroiiytinienc**  of  any 

■  liinal*  lliil  III*  iiii|iruviiliiiil  aavag*  ia  alfaclcd  by 
(M  ory  cirruiiiaiancr  |i>ciiliar  lo  hia  ailiialion.  II*  lake* 
no  iirvraulion  villiar  lu  iniligala  or  la  iin|>ra«*  ii.  I  jk* 
a  iilanl  or  an  aiiiinal,  h*  la  forinvd  by  llw  cllmal*  undar 
wkich  k*  la  |il*cad,  and  f*«la  Ih*  full  fore*  of  il*  intit- 
ance. 

Ill  aiirrvying  III*  md*  naliona  of  AnMriea,  lliia  natu- 
ral dialinellon Iwlwciin  th*  inhabitanla  of  Ih*  tein|>«r*l* 
ami  torrid  lonra  la  vrry  rsinarkabi*.  Tlioy  may,  ac- 
rordingly,  b«  ditlded  inia  two  grval  rlaawa.  'I'li*  una 
'  uiiiiirahonda  all  ili*  North  Ainrricana  from  th*  rivvr 
Ml.  Iiaur>iii'«  lo  Ih*  (lulfuf  Maiica.  logtllior  with  tiM 
pcopl*  of  (!hill,  and  a  faw  amall  Iriboa  toward*  th* 
otirvinily  of  th*  aoiilharn  caiilinaiil.  'I'o  tho  alh«r 
l*long  all  iha  inhaliilanta  of  ih*  lalamla,  and  ihoa*  aut- 
lli'd  III  ih*  varioua  iirovini'aa  which  eiland  Iriiiii  lh« 
lalhiniia  of  Dailan  ainioat  to  tho  aoiilhttrii  coiiAnva  of 
Uraail,  along  th*  *aal  aid*  of  Ih*  Andaa.  In  th*  for- 
mar,  which  coinprvhanda  all  tha  raglona  of  the  Ipinp*- 
>i«  lonr  that  iii  America  ar*  inkaliilod,  th*  human 
apflcjea  appsara  inanifeally  lo  Iw  mor*  pcrfvct.  'I'll* 
nalivca  ar*  mor*  robual,  morn  aeliva,  mor*  intclllgoni, 
and  mor*  couragcoiia.  Thry  poaaoaa,  in  ihu  iiioal  mil- 
noni  degnir,  that  fore*  of  mind,  and  lov*  of  indi'|i*n- 
dunre,  which  I  haw  |ioinlod  out  aa  Iho  chief  virtui-a  of 
man  in  hi*  aavag*  ainio.  'I'hsy  hav*  defcndi'd  thi'ir 
lilwrty  with  (leraevaring  foniludu  against  Iho  Kurop«aiia, 
who  aulKliiid  Ihu  other  rude  nationa  of  America  with 
the  gicalual  uaae.  The  nalivca  of  the  tcin|ienle  ton* 
ar*  iho  only  people  in  llie  N*w  World  who  are  indebted 
for  their  freedom  lo  llieir  own  viilor.  The  North 
Americana,  though  long  encnmpaaaed  by  ihreo  formi- 
dable Kuropc>an  |iowera,  atill  retain  pari  of  their  original 
poaaeaaiona,  and  continue  to  riiat  aa  indcpcndnnl  na- 
liona. Tin  pi-ofMa  of  Chili,  though  early  invaded,  atill 
maintain  a  gallant  conleat  with  the  Mpaniarda,  and 
have  ael  iMWiida  lo  their  encroachmcnla  ;  whcreua,  in 
the  winner  regiona,  men  are  inoru  fetlilv  in  their  fraino, 
Irna  vigoroua  in  tho  etfuria  of  their  ininda,  of  a  gentle 
but  daalardly  apiril,  more  enalaved  by  ple«aur>.<,  and 
more  aunk  in  indolence.  Accordingly,  it  ia  Inth*  tor- 
rid lono  that  tho  KiiroiKana  liav*  moat  completely 
eitabliahod  Iheir  doniiniun  over  America ;  tho  inoal 
fertile  and  dcairabia  provincea  in  il  are  aubjected  lo 


'^iirunoana,  in  guarding  againai  dialani  wila,  ur  pruvul 
In.  for  futur*  wanta;  and  they  ullen  rielaiin  againat 
Iheir  pnipnalaroua  lully,  m  thua  inultiplying  th*  truulilea 
■nd  iiwreaaing  th*  lanor  of  life  'Inia  pniferenc*  of 
Ibair  awn  mannora  la  conapicuuua  on  avary  oecaaion. 
E**n  Ik*  nam**,  by  which  the  varioua  naiiona  wiah  to 
•a  diallngiiiahcd,  ar*  aaaunied  from  tliia  idea  uf  ihvir 
•nn  pr*-*iniiienc«.  'Hie  tpuellalian  whuh  th*  lrai|uui> 
f\o  la  lkema*lvta  ia  llie  t\%tf  n/  nwn,  f'araitr,  the 
•ti(inal  name  cf  llie  flrrc*  inhabitanla  af  Ih*  Wind- 
Ward  lalanda,  aigniHaa  tkt  imrhke  ftiipli.  The  (Jliu- 
|rk«**,  from  an  idea  of  Ikeir  own  au|i*iiorily,  call  III* 
Kiiro|ia*na  iVnfAia^i,  or  f^  tceuttid  r»tt,  and  aa- 
•  iine  to  themaejvea  th*  name  of  1^4  Mattit  fto/ilt. 
11mi  tamo  principle  regulated  tlio  notion*  of  the  other 
Americana  concorning  the  Kuru|Miuna  )  ftii  allhungli  al 
krai  iliev  were  tilled  with  aaloiualiinent  at  their  urta, 
ind  with  dread  uf  Ihoir  (lOwer,  lliuy  auon  camo  lo  alula 
llioir  eaijinatiun  of  men  wlioae  maiiina  of  lif*  war*  ao 
dilTercnt  from  Ineir  own.  Hence  they  called  them  tho 
froth  of  the  aea,  men  without  father  or  mother.  They 
Bup|Niai'd,  that  either  they  hod  no  country  of  their  own, 
and  tiicrafor*  invaded  that  which  belonged  to  ollwra  ; 
or  llial,  being  d«alitule  of  Ih*  nuceawirioa  of  life  al 
•ome,  they  wore  obliged  lo  roam  over  the  ocean,  in  Ol- 
der lo  mb  aiick  aa  were  mora  amply  provided 

Man  thua  aaliaHed  with  their  own  condition  are  far 
from  any  inclination  lo  rrlinnuiah  their  own  habita,  or 
lo  adopt  thoao  of  civiliiod  lite.  The  Iranaillon  ia  loo 
viulatil  to  bo  auddenly  mad*.  Even  where  endeavor* 
hav*  Iwan  uaeil  lo  wean  a  lavage  from  hia  own  eualoma, 
and  lo  render  th*  accominodationa  of  iiolialied  aooiety 
familiar  la  hin- ;  aven  where  he  haa  been  allowed  lo 
laate  of  tlioae  pleaanrei,  and  haii  liven  honored  with 
Ihoaa  dialincliona,  which  ara  Iha  chief  object*  of  our 
deaire,  he  drcupa  and  languiahea  under  the  rralraint  of 
lawa  and  lorma,  ho  aeiina  the  Aral  opportunity  of  break- 
ing looa*  from  thrni,  and  rrliirni  with  lranN|iorl  lo  the 
ibreal  or  Iha  viild,  wkare  ha  can  enjoy  a  canloii  and 
uneanliollcd  freedom. 

'Iliua  I  liava  fliiiahed  a  laborioua  delineation  of  the 
character  and  manncra  of  the  uncivilited  triliea  ical- 
Ured  over  tha  vaal  continent  of  America.  In  Ihia,  I 
tapir*   not   al  rivalling  the  great  maalera  who  have 


painted  and  adorned  aavag*  life,  either  in  holdnoaa  of  Iheir  yoke ;  and  if  levrral  tribea  there  atill  enjoy  iiide- 


ileaign,  or  in  the  glow  and  beauty  of  Iheir  coloring.  I 
am  aatiilied  with  the  more  humble  moril  of  having  per- 
aiatcd  with  patient  indiialry,  in  viewing  my  lubject  in 
many  varioui  liglili,  and  colleeiing  from  Ih*  nioal  accu- 
rate obiervora  auch  detached,  and  often  niinula  fua- 
lurca,  aa  might  enable  me  lo  exhibit  a  portrait  thai 
icaeiiibliia  tho  originiil. 

Ilefor*  I  I'losn  tiiia  part  of  my  work,  one  ab^rmlion 
Moro  ia  iieieiaury,  in  order  to  juitify  tha  coneluaiona 
which  I  havu  formed,  or  to  prevent  the  iniitakea  into 
«hich  td.:li!U  •lamino  them  may  fall.  In  contemplat- 
ing iliu  mhaliitanti  of  a  country  ao  widely  extended  aa 
Amcrira,  great  attention  ahoiiid  be  paid  to  the  diver- 
•ilT  of  cliniiitiw  under  which  they  are  placed.  The 
innuonce  nf  thia  I  have  |ioinled  out  witn  rei|iecl  to 
taveral  iicportaiit  particulari  which  have  been  the  ol>- 
jcctuf  reaearch  ;  but  even  where  it  ha*  not  been  ireif 
llonad,  it  ought  not  to  b«  ovcilookoil,  Tho  provincea 
af  AoMriet  are  of  auch  diH'crcnl  leinpartineni,  llut 


pendunco,  it  i*  either  becauaa  they  have  never  been 
attacked  by  an  ciioiny  already  aaliated  with  compieit, 
and  iwiaeiaed  of  larger  Inrritorlea  than  ho  waa  alile  lo 
occupy,  or  becauie  they  have  been  aavcd  from  ajiprea- 
aion  liy  Iheir  remote  anil  inacceiiible  aitualion. 

Coiiapicuoua  aa  ihia  dialinclion  may  appear  between 
the  inhabilanta  of  thoee  diirorciit  regioiia,  il  ia  not, 
howevei,  univcraal.  Moral  and  |iolitical  cauiea,  aa  I 
have  formerly  oliaerved,  allect  the  diipoiiliun  and  cha- 
racter of  individuala,  aa  well  aa  nationa,  atill  mure 
powerfully  than  tho  induence  of  cliinato.  There  are, 
accordingly,  aoine  tribei,  in  varioui  parti  of  the  torrid 
xiiiie,  po^ieaacd  of  courage,  hiffh  apinl,  and  tliu  love  of 
inilependeiK'O,  in  a  degree  haruly  inferior  lo  tho  iimivea 
uf  more  lein|«rato  climatoa.  Wc  are  too  little  acquainted 
wilh  the  hiitury  of  Iheie  (wople,  to  Ihi  able  lo  trac>!  tho 
aeveral  circuiiiitaiicea  in  their  progreai  and  condition, 
10  which  tliev  oru  indebted  fur  lliia  remarkable  pro- 
cmineiico.     The  fact,   nevcrthcluaa,    ia  certain.     Aa 


iliittloiiai«*vdkitnlUiMMi*tUuta*diatiiietliiabMwiio:iloui!jr  on  the  fiitt  voyogt  of  ColumUut,  ha  ncoiTtd 


talWiwaliiiii  that  taeaftl  af  Iha  lalanda  waf*  Mk«Mt<i 
by  tka  I'arntttii,  a  Hen*  rare  of  men  nawlia  ittM^ 
lumg  their  fnibl*  and  tiinid  iinahlNna  In  hia  mfumt 
•  i|i*diiimi  lo  ih*  Naw  \\iirlil,ri«  foiiiHt  tlua  iiiforma* 
IMMI  la  Im  Miai,  iml  waa  hinurlf  a  wiineaa  of  IhMI 
niirrpid  valui  |IM|  Tli*  aaniaihaiarier  ih«y  hi«t  aia'» 
lauird  invariably  in  all  aiihaxpwni  riinlaala  wnk  Iha 
|it'upl*  of  (!iirii|M< ,  iml  even  in  <iiir  own  tiinra  we  halt 
aevn  Ihaiii  niak*  a  gallant  aland  in  delrm*  ul  Ik*  laM 
l*rrilury  wSieh  III*  rajiM'iiy  of  lb*  iiivadeia  liad  laA 
in  lh<'ir  iNMaraauMi  (IM|  Hum*  tiaiinna  in  llraail  waft 
IHI  Ivaa  «miii*nt  for  vigor  uf  iiiiiid  and  bravarv  u,  wat 
Th*  (HMHil*  of  llw  lalTiiiiua  uf  Itarirn  boldly  mal  It* 
N)iaiiiania  in  III*  iWld,  and  freipMiilly  r*p«ll*'l  Ikaar 
MrmldabI*  invadvra.  Ulbar  inalaiw**  might  ha  fit 
diM'*d  II  la  ihH  by  attending  la  any  aingla  rauaa  oi 
•iruHriple,  how  |iaw*riul  ami  aatanaiv*  mevvr  iii  inta 
•ut*  may  apjirar,  that  we  lan  aaplain  ili*  a<  limia,  m 
areuunt  for  th*  character  of  men  Kvan  llw  law  al 
rbmalv,  itioro  univuraal,  (lerliap*,  In  II*  opcralinn  ika* 
any  thai  alTaria  th*  human  ajivcic*,  ranniM  ba  *|i)i>'»d| 
in  jmlging  of  llwir  conduct,  wilhiHit  many  •actpiM.ia, 

V  BOOK    V. 

Illatiiry  of  the  riuviuaal  uf  Naw  l^ln  by  Cart**, 
Whin  (Injalva  (lAII  ]  r*lum*d  In  Cu\m,  hn  tmiai 
the  armament  doalinrd  to  atleni|>l  ih*  coiupiral  of  thai 
iicli  country  which  h*  had  diacovored  almoai  coinplala. 
Not  unly  ainhition,  but  avorica,  had  urged  Velaiqiiat 
la  haairn  hia  preiiarationa ;  and  having  auck  a  proapaal 
of  gralilying  IhiiIi.  k*  had  ailvanred  conaiderabin  auiiia 
out  uf  hia  iirivata  fortun*  toward*  defraying  th*  •■• 
penae*  uf  Ine  ripcditinn.  At  ih*  lani*  tune,  h*  ai> 
•fl*d  hi*  iiiHueni'*  aa  governor,  in  engaging  lb*  maal 
dialinguiahrd  |wrauna  in  ill*  colony  lo  uiiueilak*  Ik* 
•eivii'u  [U7J  Al  a  lim*  when  III*  apiril  of  ihe  Nptniah 
nation  waa  adveiituruua  lo  pxeeaa,  a  iiiimlier  of  *"Nliera, 
•igur  to  einliark  In  any  daring  enlerprian,  auan  an- 
|Hiar,:d.  Uul  il  waa  not  au  aaiy  to  find  a  (loraan  ipmli- 
Ned  to  take  tho  command  in  an  •ipedition  of  lo  much 
iin|iortaiiee  ;  and  Ihe  rhamrtcr  of  Velaamiea,  who  had 
the  right  uf  nominiiion,  greatly  increaivJ  Ihe  dillleiiliy 
of  the  chone.  Though  of  moat  aapiring  ainliiliun,  ani 
not  deatitiiiii  of  talenia  for  goveriiiiient,  he  |iniaeaacit 
neilhtir  auch  courage,  nor  auch  vigor  and  aMivity  (>l 
mind,  aa  to  imdertak*  in  |wnon  ill*  condict  of  tli* 
artntiiienl  which  li»  waa  iire|iaring.  In  Ihia  enilnirraaa* 
ing  aitualion.  he  formed  the  chimerical  achcme,  ml 
oiily  of  athiuving  grea*  eiploiti  by  a  deputy,  but  iri 
aocuiing  lu  himarif  thr  glory  of  coni|ue>ta  which  «era 
to  be  made  by  anollMi,.  In  tho  execution  of  Ihia  plan, 
lie  fundly  aimed  at  rvconcillng  eonlradictiona.  He  wa* 
•oliciloiia  to  chooa*  a  commander  of  intrepid  reaolu* 
lion,  and  of  tiiiieiior  abilitica,  Iwcaiiae  he  knew  Iheat 
10  lie  rei|uiiite  in  order  to  cniuru  lucceia  i  but,  at  tha 
aaine  time,  from  th*  jealouiy  natural  lo  little  minda,  ha 
wialied  thia  |icnun  to  Iw  of  a  ipirit  ao  lame  and  obaa- 
ipiioiia  aa  lo  bo  entirely  de|iendent  un  hia  will.  Uul 
when  ho  came  tu  apply  thoae  uleaa  in  forming  an 
upiniun  concerning  the  aeverul  offlrera  who  occurred 
to  hia  thoiigliti  ai  worthy  of  bring  intruited  with  tiK 
coinniand,  he  loun  iierceivcd  that  il  waa  im|iinaililo  l> 
lind  audi  incompiitibto  qualitiei  united  in  one  character. 
Such  aa  were  diatinguiahed  for  courage  and  taluiii* 
were  too  high  ipiritinrto  lie  |iaiiive  matrumcnta  in  hit 
handa.  Tlioae  who  aji|ie*rcd  mora  gentle  and  tract*, 
bl*  w*ra  deatitule  of  capacity,  and  uiiei|ual  lo  t*.« 
charge.  Tlua  augmented  hia  iwnileiily  and  hia  fea'  i. 
He  uuliberated  long  and  with  iniicn  aolicitudo,  and  u  la 
alill  wavering  in  hia  choice  when  Amador  de  Imp  a, 
Ihe  royal  Ireaaurer  in  Cuba,  and  Andrea  Diiera,  hia  oi  n 
aecretary,  Ihe  two  peraona  in  whom  he  chieHy  conlidi  J, 
were  encouraged  by  thia  irreioliition  to  pro|ioaj  a  ni  w 
candidate  ;  and  they  aiip|iorlcd  their  recommendaii  n 
with  inch  aaaiduity  and  addreia,  tluit,  no  leaa  fatal  y 
for  Velaaquex  than  liappily  for  thair  country,  it  provad 
aucceaafui. 

The  man  whom  Ihey  pointed  out  to  him  waa  Fer 
nando  f./'ortea.  He  waa  born  at  Medellin.  a  ainiill  lowii 
III  Katromadiira,  in  the  year  one  thouaand  four  hundred 
and  eighty-tivo,  and  deicended  from  *  family  of  nubl* 
blood,  bill  of  very  moderate  forluno.  living  originally 
dealiiied  by  hia  parcnia  tu  the  itudy  of  law,  aa  the  iiiu.<l 
likely  method  uf  bettering  bia  condition,  he  wtia  nent 
early  lu  Iho  univoraity  of  Salamanca,  wlioro  he  imliibed 
•oino  lincturo  of  learning.  Hut  ho  waa  aoon  diagiiated 
with  an  academic  life,  wliirh  did  not  auil  hli  ardent  and 
reatleai  geiiiua,  und  retired  lo  Medellin,  where  he  gava 
himaclf  up  entirely  to  active  iporta  and  martial  exer. 
ciaea  Al  thia  period  of  life  he  waa  to  impeluout.  m 
oveibouing,  ind  to  diaaipalod,  that  hia  ftlhar  WM  |M 


K' 


■  ni>TM   AMRKIDA. 


tit 


t*  Mi^  Mtlk  kt*  MbiMlltn,  tni  —M  Ikun  iImmI  u 
W  t4«MMMf*r  m  arma  'llMfa  *ara  In  Ikal  h«  i«« 
CiNMMKuahia  llwalrva,  »n  wittvh  au*  h  ul  iha  h^iantah 
|«iHh  aa  caiirldU  iitilKarv  utufy  ttiii^hl  ilia^laii  th«ir 
vaiur  I  un«  in  lial)).  iiit'lir  ihh  a  ^iiiiiaiiU  •»!  tha  Uraal 
Ca|)*>i  I ,  Ilia  ulliaf  III  Ih4'  S*»  Mmlil  lariaaiira- 
bilxl  IIhi  iurmar,  but  waa  prataiilHl  liy  ii»lia|waiiiiHi 
l^tin  attttiafhiiig  wilti  a  raiiilttri  aiiiaiil  ul  iruufia  ■•nl  to 
Na|ili'«  I  |iuii  Una  diaaiiiiuiiiiiiwMl  iw  liinicil  hia 
iwwa  iDWiiila  Atiirriia,  whiiliai  ha  Maa  alliiiril  by  ill* 

Kaa|i|>  I  ul  ilw  atltaiilagKa  whiih  ha  iniyhl  ilriita  Iimim 
a  Iwiraiiaga  ol  Ittaiuln,  |IM|  ilia  gutaitinr  ul  Hi*' 
EMtiula,  mIiu  waa  liia  kiiiainaM  W'hrii  Imi  laiiilail  al 
I  iJuMiiiigUi  III  una  lliuuaaiHJ  A«a  huiulrati  aiui  lour, 
Im  n'i'ii|»i<>ii  «aa  aw>.n  aa  r<|iiallail  hia  inoal  aaii|uiiia 
lN>|i«a,  mill  Iw  waa  ain|>lu)f«il  \>f  Iha  (luiranHM  In  aataral 
biMioraliU  and  liirraiioa  aiaiiuna  'I'lwa*.  huwavai,  M 
MM  aatialV  liia  aiiiliiliuii ;  wul.  in  lha  yrar  una  thaiiaaiiU 
ll«a  kiiiiun'il  aiiU  aliman,  ha  »l>laiiii>il  iwrmiaaiini  lu 
iccuiiiiaiiy  iJiagu  Valaai|iia>  in  hia  ai|iri(iliuii  lo  (^iitia 
In  Ihia  atitii'a  ha  ilialmguialMNl  hiniaall  an  much,  thai, 
IWIW'lhaUiMliiiil  autiHi  tiulciil  ewilaala  with  Valaaf|iia>, 
orraaiuiioU  by  trivial  avaiita  iiimurlliy  uf  rrniaiiilifaiu  a, 
Imi  waa  at  ImigUi  laki'ii  liilu  la«ur,  ami  raraiixil  an  am- 
fla  cwKtaaiuii  ul  laiiila  ainl  ul  liHliana,  tha  lai'Uiiiwnaa 
laually  baatuttnl  uiiuii  advviilurara  in  ttw  Naw  WaiM 
'I'littugli  <  orlaa  IiihI  iiuI  hillirriu  ai'lail  in  lutfh  com- 
naiut,  Itfi  luul  iliaiiUyi'il  aiirh  i|Mtlmi>a  in  aavarjlKviiaa 
•f  ilillkully  anil  ilaiigi'r,  aa  raiwil  univvraal  I'ipcU' 
iMNi,  aiui  luriiad  lha  ryaa  ul  hia  cuuntryinan  tuwarila 
bim  aa  oiw  <;a|i«bl«  ol  pcrlurnung  gmal  tliinga.  'lha 
tuibulvftva  ul'  youihi  aa  wouii  aa  ha  IouimI  ul)jui!ta  ami 
0t.'CU|ialiuiia  auitail  lu  tlw  anloc  ol  liia  iiiiml,  grailiially 
■ubauiail  ami  avitlail  into  a  babil  uf  lugitlar  inilaUligable 
ictitily.  The  liii|>ciuuaiiy  of  hia  ti>ni|i«r,  wluii  Uv 
•auHi  lu  act  wilh  hia  ci|uala,  inaanaibly  alialixl,  hy  baing 
kai>t  uiular  raalraint,  and  nivllowad  into  a  cordial 
MMliarly  Iraiiknaaa.  'I'litaa  qiialitiia  wcra  aci'oin- 
paiiivd  Willi  calm  |iriidi'iica  in  coiicitting  hia  achnnu'a, 
with  (Hiraitvariiig  vigor  in  aicctiliiig  lliatn,  and  with, 
wlial  la  iwculiar  to  aujicrior  ganiua,  im  ut  of  gaining 
Jio  cunlid(iiii.'«  and  govvrning  lha  niinda of  nian.  'lo 
•II  wliu'h  wara  aildad  llw  inlurior  accoiii|ili»liinunta  Ihiit 
•tiika  tbri  vulgar,  and coiuniand  Ihiir  rt'*|i«ct ;  a  grace- 
fill  |H'iaon,  a  winning  aa|i«cl,  citraurdiriary  addraaa  in 
Bartial  caorciaaa,  and  a  cunalitutian  uf  auch  vigui  la 
IS  Ihi  ca|Kibla  of  enduring  any  faligiiu. 

Aa  auaii  aa  Cortea  waa  uivniiunad  to  Valta<|uai  by 
hia  Iwu  coiilidania,  lio  llatlari'd  hiinacif  that  Ini  had  at 
l•ng^il  found  what  lio  bad  lutlicrto  aouglit  in  vain,  a 
nun  wllb  talcnia  for  coiiiniand,  but  not  an  obirct  fur 
(falouay.  Ncilliar  tho  rank  nor  tbo  Inrtune  of  Curtra, 
aa  ha  in'agined,  waa  auch  that  h«  could  aa|jiia  at  iihIu- 
pviidenca.  Ha  had  rcaaon  to  b«'liato  that  by  hia  own 
raatl:naaa  lo  bury  ancient  aniinoailica  in  oblivion,  aa 
wall  aa  hia  libcralily  in  confarriiig  aavand  recent  favora, 
be  had  aiivtily  gained  the  guoil  will  of  Cortea,  and 
ho|MHl,  by  thia  new  and  unei|M.'clrd  inaik  of  ronlideiu:*, 
Uwl  b*  mi^bt  alUch  bun  for  ever  to  liia  inlereat. 

Cortea,  rrceiving  hia  couiiniaaion  [Oct.  33,1  wilh  the 
waruMiai  vxpreaaioiia  of  na|x'cl  and  graliluuu  to  tlui 
governor,  iiniiH'iiiataly  oreciid  hia  atandard  before  liia 
own  houae,  a|>|Msarcd  In  a  military  drMa,  tnd  aaauinid 
•II  tliu  enaigne  of  hia  new  diKnily.  Ilia  utmuat  in- 
fluence ami  activity  were  exerted  in  pcrauading  many 
of  hu  frwnda  to  engagu  in  tlie  aervice,  and  m  urging 
forward  the  prrfiarationa  for  the  voyage.  All  hia  own 
funda,  logolhcr  with  wliat  money  lie  could  raiae  by 
inurlgagiiig  Ilia  landa  and  Indiana,  were  eipendeU  m 
uurcliaung  inililaiy  atorea  and  nroviaiona,  or  in  au|i|ily- 
ing  tha  waiila  of  audi  of  hia  ollicera  aa  were  unable  to 
equip  Ihemaclvca  in  a  manner  auited  to  their  rank.  lUUj 
Inullenaivn  tnd  even  lendable  aa  thia  coniluct  waa,  hia 
diaapixiinled  com|ietitora  were  nialicioua  enough  lo 
give  It  a  tiini  to  hia  diudvaiitage.  They  rcprcarnled 
nun  aa  aiiiiing  already,  with  little  diaguiac,  at  eatabliah- 
ing  an  independent  Authority  over  hia  troopa,  and  en- 
deavoring to  aecure  Incir  reapect  or  love  by  hia  oaten- 
Ulioua  and  intcrcated  lilieralily.  Thoy  mininded  Ve- 
Ua<|uei  of  hia  former  diiaenaiona  with  the  man  in 
wbom  he  now  re|ioacd  to  much  confidence,  and  lore- 
told  that  Cortea  would  lio  mure  apt  lu  avail  himnclf  of 
tbo  power  which  the  govornor  waa  inconaidcrtlely 
putting  in  hia  handa,  to  avenge  |iaat  iiijuriua  than  lo 
lequilo  recent  obligationa.  'Iheae  Inainuationa  mado 
auch  imprcaaion  U|K)n  tho  auapicioua  mind  of  Velia- 
quei,  that  Cortea  a>.on  obaerved  iom*  aymploma  of 
■  growing  alienation  and  diatruat  in  hia  behavior,  and 
waa  adviaoil  by  Laroa  and  I  lucro  tu  haateii  hia  depar- 
ture liefore  thoae  alwuld  become  ao  conlirincd  aa  to 
bnik  out  wilb  open  violence.  Fully  aanaibln  of  thia 
tegar,  im  -Jigad  fsiwiid  hi*  ftfu  *ioiu  witb  auch 


aighlaanik  •!  Mevamhef  Vrlaaiiiwi  araumpanying 
hiin  lu  It.a  ahnra,  and  taking  l»a*a  ul  liini  wiih  an 
apiwaram'a  nl  porlai'i  rriviMlaliip  and  i'uiifidri->«'a,  iImhiiiIi 
hw  had  aacrairy  gitan  il  in  iliarga  to  autiiii  mI  I'lMiaa' 
iilfli'i  ra,  |»  kaap  a  wall  hliil  aye  ii|i«a  aaery  |ial  al  thaif 
eiHnniamUr'a  riindiii't. 

I'utiea  (ifiM'railvd  In  't'rinidail,  a  amall  aaiilciManl  mi 
ih*  aaiii*  aHlii  III  lha  lalaiul.  wliara  ha  waa  jiimail  hy 
arvrral  ailvrntiirara,  and  rreaiiad  a  aiipiily  uf  pruviaimia 
and  niililaiv  aluraa,  uf  whirh  hia  aiuek  waa  alilt  vary 
inrnmplaW      Ha  had  hardly  lalt  Ml    Jago,  whan   the 

Ivaloiiay  whii'h  had  Iwan  wurking  in  iha  brraal  of  Va- 
*ai)iiaa  graw  au  viulanl  that  il  waa  ini|iuaaihla  lo  aup- 
I  iiaa  II  'lha  arinainant  waa  no  lunger  under  hia  uwn 
rya  and  dirm'lion  i  and  he  fall  iliat  aa  hia  power  over 
It  caaaad,  that  i<f  Cuflaa  would  Ihu'ohi*  more  alieolnl* 
linaginaliim  now  aggravalad  every  rirtiimatanra  wliirh 
hail  lorinarly  eii'ilaii  aiiaiiieiun  :  IIik  rivala  of  Cortea 
indii'IfUHialy  threw  in  renaitiona  which  increnard  hia 
fear ;  and  with  no  leaa  art  than  inilice  thay  called  an- 
|>eralilion  to  iheir  aid,  empluying  llw  iiredietiona  of  an 
aairulogrr  in  onlrr  lo  ruinplelu  the  alarm  All  thrae, 
by  Ihi'ir  uiiiird  iiiieraiion,  priNliirrd  lha  dealrrd  alfact 
Valaai|u«a  re|Mnied  liitlnriy  u(  hi«  own  iinprudanca.  In 
having  romiiiillrd  a  Iriial  of  an  niiirh  lm|iiirtanre  lo  « 
|irrai>n  wliuae  iWlelily  apiMarid  an  iliiiililfiil,  and  kaalily 
deajialrhed  inalriicliona  lo  'rriniilail,  em|>owering  Ver- 
diigu,  the  ehiaf  niagialriile  there,  lu  deprive  Curiae  of 
lua  coininiaaion.  Hut  Cortea  hud  alraadv  inadii  auch 
prograaa  in  gairiing  the  aalerm  and  coimdeuee  of  hta 
lruo|>a,  that,  llnding  oHkara  aa  well  aa  auldlera  ai)ually 
■ealuiia  lo  aiip|iurtliia  autliority,  hu  aoolhed  Of  intliiil- 
dated  Vrrdugo,  and  waa  perinittad  lo  depart  from  Trini- 
dad witiioul  nuileitaliun. 

Fruin  Trinidad  (''uriea  aaijed  for  Ihe  lUvtna,  In  or- 
der lo  rain*  more  auldlera,  and  lo  coinplele  Ihe  victual- 
ling of  Ilia  Heel.  Tliere  aeveral  perauna  of  dialinclion 
entered  into  lha  aervice,  and  engaged  lo  aiipply  what 
proviaiona  were  alill  wanting  )  but  aa  it  waa  neceaaary 
to  allow  them  auinu  tiiiio  fur  perfurining  what  they  had 
|ironila«d,  Valaaipiea,  aenaible  lliat  he  ought  no  lunger 
to  rely  on  a  man  uf  whuin  he  had  ao  openly  iliai'overed 
hia  illalriiat,  availed  himaelf  of  Ihe  interval  which  thia 
unavoidable  delay  all'urded,  in  order  to  make  one  at- 
lempl  more  to  wreal  tho  command  out  of  the  handa  of 
Cortea  He  loudly  complained  of  Verdugo'a  condncl, 
•ccuaing  hiin  either  uf  childiah  facility,  or  of  manifnal 
treachery,  in  aiiHering  t'ortea  to  oaca|>o  from  Trinidad. 
Aniioua  to  guard  agaiiial  a  aecoiid  diaappoinlmanl,  he 
•enl  a  peraon  of  cuiilldence  to  the  llavuna,  with  pe- 
remptory injunctiuna  lu  I'edm  llarba,  hia  lieutenant- 
governor  in  that  toloiiy,  mauntly  to  arreat  Ccrtea,  to 
aend  him  priauner  to  ^t.  Jago  undnr  (  alruiig  guard, 
and  to  cuiintermand  the  aailing  of  tho  armainent  uiilil 
he  ahoiild  receive  further  ordera  He  wrote  likewiau 
lo  Ihe  principal  olHcera,  re<|uirin|r  thnm  tu  aaaiat  Uarlia 
in  eiecuting  what  he  had  given  linn  in  charge.  Uul 
before  Ihe  arrival  of  iliia  iiieaaenger,  a  Krunciacan  friar 
of  8t.  Jago  had  aecrolly  conveyed  an  account  of  Ihia 
interoating  tranaaclioii  to  Uartholumew  du  Olniedo,  a 
inouk  of  the  aaniu  order,  who  acted  aa  chaplain  to  the 
eipedilion  Cortea,  forewarned  of  Ihe  dani;ur,  had  lime 
to  take  preciiiiiiima  fur  hia  own  aafety.  ilia  liral  atep 
waa  tu  liiid  aoiue  preteat  for  removing  from  the  Havana 
Uicgo  du  Urdai,  an  ulllcerof  great  merit,  but  In  whom, 
on  account  of  hia  known  attacliment  lu  VeUai|uei,  he 
could  not  conlide  in  Ihia  trying  and  delicate  juncture 
He  gave  him  the  conimaiid  of  a  veaael  dealined  to  lake 
on  iHwrd  aoinc  proviaiona  in  a  email  harbor  beyond  Capo 
Antonio,  and  tliua  made  aun  of  hia  abaence  without 
aoeniing  lo  aua|iect  hia  fidelity.  When  he  waa  gone, 
(y'orloa  no  longer  concealed  tho  intcntiona  of  Velaaipiei 
from  hia  troopa ;  and  aa  olticcra  and  aoldiera  wore 
equally  im|iatient  to  act  out  on  an  etpcdilion,  in  nre- 
paring  for  which  moat  of  them  had  eipcnded  all  their 
Tortunea,  Ihey  oxproaaed  their  aatoniahmeiit  and  indig- 
nation at  that  illiberal  jculouay  lo  which  Ihe  governor 
wta  alwut  lo  aacrilico,  not  only  lliu  honor  of  thoir  so- 
noral.  but  all  their  aaiiguino  hopea  of  glory  tnd  wealth. 
Wilb  one  voice  thoy  eiitretled  that  hu  would  not  aban- 
don the  iinjiortant  atation  to  which  he  lud  auch  t  good 
title.  Tliey  conjured  hiin  not  to  deprive  them  of  a 
lutder  whom  they  followed  wilh  audi  well  founded  con- 
fidence, ami  offered  to  ilied  the  laat  drop  of  their  blood 
ill  maintaining  Ilia  lulhuritv.  Cortea  waa  ctaily  In- 
duced lo  comply  wilh  what  ho  hiinaolf  ao  ardently  du- 
I  airad.  lie  awore  that  he  would  never  desert  aoldiera 
I  who  bad  given  him  auch  a  aignal  proof  of  their  attach- 
I  mont,  and  promiaed  inatantly  to  conduct  ihom  to  that 
'  rich  country  which  had  been  ao  long  the  object  of  Iheir 
llioilgltl*  and  wiahei.    Tbii  decloiatiuu  wta  nceived 


with  lftna|ia(1a  •(  mllllafy  ayplaiiae,  taeomftMi^  alA* 
ihraala  and  impraaaliana  agalnat  all  wka  abaiiM  yi^ 
iiiMia  M  rail   in  ipiaaiMfl  lha  jiiriadKliiM  af  dMli  g^ 
'laral,  itr  to  wbairuel  tha  aaariilMin  uf  hia  daalgnt 

>:«aiy  tliii>4  waa  nuw  raatly  fur  Ihair  daparlur*  )  iM 
though  Ihia  aipadiiwn  waa  Kltnl  out  hy  tta  uniwd  •> 
futl  III  Ihe  H|ianiah  |iiiwar  in  Cuba ,  though  every  aMIl* 
ntaiit  had  t'onlriliuiad  ila  i|ii»>ta  uf  men  and  pwviaWM  ( 
ilinugh  lha  giivariiiir  had  hi  <1  out  ennaiiUrabl*  tuiM^ 
ami  eai'h  ailvenlurar  had  aalia  idail  hia  almk,  or  airaia 
ml  hia  cradii,  tha  poverty  uf  tlui  |ire|nralMHia  waa  UH,k 
aa  muat  aaioniah  ih*  |iraa*nl  aga,  awl  bufe,  Indeed,  M 
t'  ai inblama  lu  an  arinaraaiii  daalinad  litr  the  eunqmH 
ul  a  great  empire  l°h*  Mii  ■  runaiatad  of  al«*«n  vt*> 
aela  ,  lha  largaal  of  a  humlrcd  lone,  whwh  wae  dlgll^ 
Had  hy  llie  nam*  of  Admiral ;  three  irf  aaventy  nt  elmlf 
liina,  and  Ihe  real  amall  0|ien  lierke  I  hi  board  of  Itaia 
Were  all  hundred  and  aavoiilean  men  ;  of  whwh  (*• 
hundred  ami  aighl  lialonged  to  lha  land  aarvire.  and  • 
huiidrait  ami  nine  war*  aaainen  or  artiAeen  The  a*»- 
iliira  were  diviilail  into  elaven  campeniea,  accord* 
ing  to  Ihe  nuinbar  of  lha  atu|ia  i  la  aaeh  uf  wliiab 
Curt*a  apiwiiiled  a  captain,  and  cuinmitlad  to  biM 
the  runimand  of  the  veaael  while  al  aea,  tnd  of  Iba 
man  when  on  ehora  [  |0U)  Aa  lha  uae  uf  Are  am* 
tiniing  lha  ntiiona  uf  Kiiroua  waa  hitherto  conAnad  I* 
a  few  ballaliona  nf  regularly  diaciplined  infantry,  anlf 
ihirtaen  auldiara  were  trnied  with  muakrta,  tbirty-lwk 
were  cruaa-bow  men,  tnd  tha  real  had  awarda  tad 
apvara  Inatead  ol  ill*  uaual  dvfenaiva  armour,  wblall 
mint  have  been  ciimbaraoina  in  a  hut  climate,  lha  an  • 
dirra  wore  jackala  quilted  with  cotton,  which  eiparia 
enca  had  taught  llw  H|ianiarda  to  ba  a  aulUcienl  pf*' 
lecliun  againal  the  wea|iuiia  of  Ih*  Amaricana.  'nnf 
had  only  aiiteen  liuraaa,  ten  amall  Held  piacea,  and  turn 
falconela. 

With  thia  alender  tnd  ill  provided  Iraln  did  Cortaa 
ael  aail  [Feb  III,  15IU,]  to  make  war  upMi  a  monarcb 
wluM*  uuiniiiione  were  more  ealenaiva  than  all  Ihn 
kingdonia  auhjecl  to  the  Niianiah  crown  Aa  religiuua 
enlhuaiaam  alwaya  iningluu  with  the  apiril  of  tdvenlura 
in  the  New  World,  tiid,  by  t  combination  alill  mora 
alrange,  milled  with  avarice,  in  prompting  iIm  Hiianiarda 
to  all  llieir  enterpriaea,  a  lirgo  cruaa  waa  diaplayed  in 
Iheir  alandarda,  with  liiia  inatription,  /W  u»  fiJloit  iSt 
eroi»,fvr  umirr  Mia  iiya  irr  liull  eoiK/Htr. 

No  powerfully  were  Cortea  ami  hia  lullowen  tniina- 
led  with  liolh  theae  |iaaaiuna,  that  no  leaa  eager  to 
plunder  Ihe  opulent  country  whither  lliey  were  Imund, 
than  icaluue  lo  pro|iagtte  llie  Chriatian  iailh  among  Ila 
inhabilanta,  they  ael  out,  not  wilh  the  i .  hcitud*  iitlu- 
ral  lo  men  going  upun  dangeroua  aer>  ea,  but  wilk 
that  cr/idanca  which  ariaaa  fruin  security  of  tucccaai 
tnd  certtinty  ol  the  divine  protection. 

Aa  l^ortea  had  determined  to  touch  kl  every  place 
where  (Injtiva  hid  viaited,  he  alecred  directly  lowarda 
the  lalaii'l  of  Coiuinet ;  there  ho  had  the  guod  fortum 
to  redeem  Jerome  de  Agiiil.nr,  a  ,S|ianiard,  who  had  been 
eight  yeara  a  priauner  aiiiung  the  Indiana.  Thia  man 
waa  perfectly  aci|uainled  with  a  dialect  of  their  lan- 
guage underatood  through  a  large  client  of  country, 
anil  iwsacsaing  boaidea  a  conaidurablo  ahare  of  prudenca 
and  a.igBi.'ity,  pruved  ealreniely  useful  aa  an  mlerprola, 
Fruin  Cmumel,  (!uttca  pruceedeil  lo  the  rivor  of  Ta- 
basco [.March  4,]  in  hojiea  uf  a  reception  aa  friendly  tt 
Urijilvt  had  met  with  there,  and  of  Andiiig  gold  in  tba 
atiiio  abundance  ;  but  th>'  diajiusilioii  uf  the  ntllvea, 
from  some  unknown  cauae,  wta  lulally  changed.  After 
rejieated  enileavora  lo  conciliate  their  gomi  will,  he  waa 
conatrained  to  have  recourse  to  violence.  Though  lha 
forcoa  of  lau  enemy  woro  nuincruua,  and  advanced  wilh 
I  entrtnrdiiiiry  courage,  Ihey  were  ruuleil  with  Kr*at 
•laughter  in  aeveral  aucceaaive  actiona.  Til*  loaa 
wliicli  they  liad  auslained,  and  ttill  more  the  aatuiiiah- 
I  meiit  tnd  terror  eicilcd  by  the  deatruclive  clfecl  of  tha 
!  fire  anna,  tnd  Itie  dretdliil  tpjicaranco  of  the  horaaa, 
j  humbled  their  fierce  apirila,  and  induced  them  to  auo 
I  for  peace.  They  acknowledged  the  King  of  Caatile  at 
their  aovercign,  and  granted  Cortea  a  aupply  of  provi 
aiona  with  a  preaent  uf  cotton  garmenta,  aoma  gold, 
and  twenty  fcinalo  alavea.  [lUIJ 

Cortea  continued  hia  course  to  Ihe  weatwtrd,  keep- 
ing ta  near  the  ahore  as  possiblo,  in  order  to  obaervn 
tlin  country  ;  but  could  diacovor  no  iiroiior  place  for 
londinir  uniil  ho  arrived  at  Nt.  Juan  do  l.'lua  Aa  ba 
entered  thia  harlwr,  [.\pril  'i,J  a  large  canne  full  nf  peo- 
ple, among  whom  were  two  who  aeeiiied  0  bo  persona 
of  diatinciion,  apjiroached  hia  shin  with  si^-na  of  pear* 
and  amity.  'I'liey  came  on  bouru  without  fear  or  di^ 
tniat,  and  iddrca'aed  hiin  in  t  moat  rca|>eclful  mannaTi 
but  in  a  language  altogether  unknown  to  Aguilit. 
Coitoa  waa  in  tha  utmoal  peiiilexiv  tnd  diuiaaa  M  M 


RnnrHTito  N-a  niitorv  or 


;i 


' ,"' ' 


•  MMI  •(  «kMk  h»  laMwMW  *tnmm  Ik*  *i 

aaii  tlfM4>  fcll  llM  kMiMluM  Mt4  >in>af««<ii«f  «i«h 
Wktilt  Iw  tUMM  <*nT  M  ilM  (fMi  MKaim*  akMlt  ka 
tl,  m  tut  miMooan*  inh  ik«  imik**,  ha 

»tMl  •Mlmlf   HfWI  «IKk  Mt  HttlMffMl,  MftktfO- 

•M«i  *mI  rwi|»>»nl  iMiU  «<  •■mmiinwaium  m  Ika 
•M  af  «(M  Uhi  k«  cImI  imm  niiMin  Imig  in  kM  •!•»• 
miMiing  MliMlHm  ,  •  kMlHM)*  wviiiani  ••KWM*^ 
Mm  wkaii  kM  ■•»  atftriif  rxiM  k«ta  «Hninl.Ki<-4  In- 
iki  (•wtnl*  kl«  nlivl  <  hi*  tif  ih#  l«m«la  •Utr*.  wtMiti 
!•  k*<l  nf«t«t4  Irwn  ik«  raiit|ii*  •<  I'th***,  h«y|n»»J 
M  IM  ^IMIH  •!  Um  knt  iitl>i«i««  kalwwn  t'wm  mmI 
kM  MW  |nmW  Mw  (wnaliwl  kM  ilMiraM,  M  «t*U 
M  ik«  ••filMMii  •(  Agiiilar ,  Mil,  u  riM  ^>fe«il|r  Mn- 
ilinmr)  Um  M*lM*n  hM(iMi|*,  tka  •i^MMt  *k«t 
tlMy  ki4  Mi4  m  Ika  YwaMn  Mn(<M,  wiik  wkirk  Agui 
Im  »m  Mi|iM(alad  IIm*  mmmd,  kiwwii  •Aaiwtnt* 
bf  Ika  iMOM  a(  llaniM  M*nn*,  mm)  wka  mtkn  •  «aM- 
ifMiMttt  kgiira  M  Ika  hl*lafT  »( Iha  Naw  WafM,  wkara 
|tMl  ntatuiiaiM  mtn  kraughl  almiil  liy  amall  raixaa 
•ml  i»KaiH4ilaf»bla  UMlruinaiiia,  «M  b»fn  in  ana  al  Ika 
fnfxmm  a(  Ika  MatMan  Kmptn  ll*vM.(  baaa  wki 
M  »  tlan  in  Ika  aarl«  pari  al  kai  lib,  anar  t  tarMiy 
«t  a4«anluraa  aha  M\  iiiin  ilia  ImiuU  uI  Iha  i'atiaarana, 
■Iii4  had  raaidad  lung  anuiigh  •nimig  Ihain  iii  K'i|iiira 
•Mir  laagiMga  wiihuiii  luaiiig  ilia  iiaa  of  har  awn 
TkHugfc  II  oaa  ka>k  ladnma  aiat  irauMaaama  la  rtm- 
«araa  Of  ika  inlarnanlia*  »t  l«a  Uiirarani  iniar|i«alara, 
Vtrlaa  waa  aa  kigkly  |ilaaaa<t  with  having  iliarutarail 
IkM  malkad  uf  carrying  an  aoiua  inlanoiiraa  with  iha 
paajrla  •(  a  rauntry  inio  which  ha  waa  dalarinMiH  lu 

tnalrala,  Ikal  in  ika  lr»na|i<arta  nf  hia  m  ha  canal- 
ra<l  II  M  a  viaiMa  iMar|iaaiiian  ol  l*ru«iJan«a  in  kia 
fctar. 

Ha  nnw  laar*a<l  ikal  Ika  two  pat  anna  whom  ha  had 
I'H'aivail  nn  Imaiil  of  hia  ahip  wiiia  ila|iiili<'a  tVain  I'vt- 
Ilia  and  filpaina,  Iwo  nlHiara  iniruaiad  with  Iha  go- 
Itrnmaiil  o(  Ihal  |irn»inr«  hy  *  graai  tnenaiirh  wlunn 
Ikay  callad  Munlaiiima  ;  anil  Uial  Ihay  wara  aani  lu 
Maiuira  whal  hi>  inlanlioiM  waia  in  (lailing  Ihair  ruaal, 
(IM  lo  oriar  hiin  whal  aaaialanra  ha  might  iiani,  in 
ordar  lo  ronlinua  hia  yayaga  (,'afMa,  airia'k  wilh  Iha 
tp|w*rant'a  of  Ihoaa  paopla,  aa  wall  aa  iKa  Miior  o(  Iha 
Maaaaga,  aaauratl  Ihain,  In  raapacifiil  laiina,  Ihal  lia 
■ppiaachad  Ikair  country  with  inoal  friandly  B«i|itiin«nla, 
Ma  cama  lo  prafioaa  inallara  of  graal  iin|iurUnca  lu 
Jm  walfara  •!  Ihair  prinra  awl  hw  kingUoin,  wluvh  ha 
•miM  unfold  nwra  fully,  m  paraon,  lo  iha  govamor  and 
Ika  ganaral  Nail  murinng,  wilhuul  wailing  for  any 
Wtwar.  ka  laiiiltiU  hia  Iroopa,  hia  lioraaa,  and  arlillary  ; 
Mdi  kaviiig  I'hoiaii  iiruiwr  ground,  hagan  lu  araci  huia 
IMM  nan,  and  lii  fornry  Iiia  cainu  Tha  nalitaa,  in- 
•laoil  of  o|)|iaaing  tha  anlran«a  oi  Ihoaa  fatal  guoaia 
iiila  Ihair  country,  aaaiaiad  Ihatn  in  all  ihair  e|ieraliuna 
Itilk  an  alacrity  «f  which  lhay  had  ara  lung  gaud  raa- 
«m  to  rapani 

Naat  day  Tautila  and  Pijpaloa  aniarad  Iha  Hpaniali 
•amp  with  a  numaroua  ratinua ;  and  ('uriaa,  cunaiilar- 
Ing  Iham  aa  Iha  miiiialara  uf  a  graal  inonarrh  aiiliilcd 
to  a  dagraa  of  altantiun  vary  dinarani  fruin  that  which 
Ika  H|iaiiiarda  wera  acciiatumad  lo  |>ay  tha  patty  ca- 
l^tlaa  wilb  wlioiii  thay  had  inlarcouraa  in  Iha  lalaa, 
laetivad  iham  with  much  furmal  carainony.  Ha  in- 
formad  tbam,  that  ha  cama  aa  aiubaaaador  from  Don 
Carloa,  of  Aualria,  King  of  l.'aatila.  Ilia  graataal 
montreh  of  tha  Kaal,  and  waa  intriiatad  with  pro|iaii- 
bona  of  auch  momant,  Ihal  ha  could  imparl  lliain  lo 
nana  but  Um  Kinpcror  Munlaiuma  hiinaalf,  and  Ihara- 
fora  r«<)ulrad  Iham  lo  conduci  him,  without  loaa  of 
lima,  into  tha  praMnca  of  ihair  maalcr.  'I'ba  Maiican 
ofllcara  could  not  coneaal  Ihair  unraainaaa  al  a  raijuaai 
which  Uwy  knaw  would  ba  iliaagreaabia,  and  which 
Ihajr  (oraaaw  might  prova  ailiamaly  cmbarraaaing  to 
Ihair  aovvroign,  whoaa  mind  had  bacn  hilvd  with  many 
diai)iii«ting  apprehrnaiona  over  ainca  tha  furiner  appaar- 
■nca  uf  tho  .■Spanianla  on  liia  coaata.  Uul  btfora  thay 
atlainptad  lo  diaauada  Cortaa  from  inaiating  on  hia 
datiund,  thay  andcavond  to  conciliala  kia  good  will  by 
MIraaiing  him  to  accept  of  certain  praaenta,  which,  aa 
fcumbia  alavua  of  Moiiteiuma,  thay  laid  al  hia  feat 
Tbajr  wcra  mtroduinl  with  great  parade,  and  dinaiated 
•f  nna  cnlton  cloth,  of  plumaa  of  varioua  eulora,  and 
of  emamunta  cf  guld  and  ailvar  lo  a  conaidarabia  value ; 
lb*  wurkinanaliip  of  which  appeared  lo  be  aa  cunoua 
M  tha  iiiateriala  were  rich.  I  he  diaplay  of  thoae  pri>' 
duced  an  elfert  very  dilTurent  from  what  the  Miiicaiia 
Intandud.  Inalrad  of  aatiafyin|{,  it  incrvaaed  the  avidity 
nf  Iha  Hpaniarda,  and  rendered  them  ao  oager  and  iiiipa- 
U«ni  to  liecunie  inaalera  of  a  country  which  abouiulud 
with  aui-h  procioua  produutiona,  that  (.'uni-a  could 
Widly  liaten  with  patience  loihe  argumenu  which  i'llpic 
to*  and  Toiitilo  c^ployad  lo  diaaiudo  him  from  vuitiug 


riM  aaylial.  a«4  M  •  kaogkty  daiarwina<  Hna,  k»  l» 
aMiad  on  kM  demand  af  kaing  a4mitia4  W  a  paiinnal 
audiaMia  mt  Ikair  anveraign  Ihiring  thia  Mtarviaw. 
anma  poiniara,  iii  Iha  iram  af  iIm  MatH>a«  akMfa,  kad 
haan  ililiganliy  amplnvad  in  ilvlinralint,  upon  whil* 
aailan  rluiha,  Itguraa  of  tha  >)ttf»,  iha  luwaaa,  ilia  arlil 
lary,  Iha  auldiaia,  and  wkaiavar  alaa  aiiraciaii  Ihair 
avaa  aa  aingiilar  W  han  I  arlaa  akaarvad  ikta,  and  waa 
infiirwad  Inal  ihaaa  pi>iiurea  wara  la  h«  atml  la  Man 
laaiiiiia,  in  nrdar  in  cunvav  lu  him  a  *n*m  li«*tv  idea 
af  Iha  airanga  aiut  waiHlarfiil  uhiwla  nuw  p<aa«nl*d  In 
Ikair  VMw  than  any  warda  could  vmnmiiiiii'ala.  ka  ra< 
anivad  I*  ramlar  iha  rapraaantalwn  aiill  inara  anmialing 
and  inlaraMing,  hy  aahihiiing  aurh  a  a|ia<ta<'l«  aa  migkl 
give  hath  iharr  ami  ihair  munarch  an  awful  tinpraaaian 
af  Ika  aiiraardiiiarv  prawaaa  of  hia  fiilktwera,  and  tha 
Irraaiaiikta  htraa  of  ihaii  arma  'llw  irum|wla,  ky  kM 
order,  aaundnl  an  alarm  ,  Ika  Iranpa,  in  a  Hwmani, 
(nvmail  In  nnler  uf  liaiil*,  tka  liifaniry  parfurinad  auch 
martial  aaaniaaa  a<  wara  Wtl  aiiiinl  lu  iliaplay  Iha 
alfaci  af  ' 'xir  dilfat«nl  wea|>ana  ,  tha  huraa,  in  varMma 
avolminix.  gave  a  apaciman  nl  ihair  agihlv  atid 
atranglli  ,  Iha  arlillarv,  pnintad  towarda  tha  thick  wnoda 
which  aurriiuiHlcil  the  camp,  ware  t\rf*t.  and  inada 
ilrcadliil  havix  among  iha  iraaa  Tha  Maaicana  Imikcd 
im  wiih  Ihal  ailani  ainaacmani  which  la  natural  whan 
Ika  mind  la  aliiick  with  ulijarla  which  «r>  both  awful  nral 
alwva  Ha  comprahanaion  Uul,  at  tha  •aploaion  uf  tha 
cannon,  many  uf  thain  Had,  amna  fell  lu  iha  grmiiid, 
and  all  were  aa  much  ■  uiiluuiiilad  at  iha  aighl  uf  man 
whoaa  (rawer  aa  laarly  raaamblail  that  nf  Iha  goila,  thai 
Coflaa  faiiiid  II  diAriill  to  cn«i|iuaa  ami  raaaaiiia  Iham 
'I'ha  paintara  had  now  many  new  rtl,)rria  on  which  la 
eiari'iaa  their  art,  and  ihcy  put  ihinr  faney  on  Ilia 
alrcli'l)  m  order  to  iiivant  tig'iraa  aiul  avmlmla  lo  rcpra- 
aanI  tlia  aitrauriliiiarv  tliinga  which  ihry  had  aaaii 

Maaaangera  were  iniinailwlaly  dcaiiatched  In  Munta- 
•iima  with  lh<Ma  piciurea,  and  a  full  accuiiiil  of  rvary 
thing  that  had  paaaril  aiiica  tha  arrival  nf  iha  NiiaMiarla, 
and  ny  ihcni  I  'iirica  anil  a  praaaiit  uf  auriie  ^,llru|wall 
citrinailtaa  lo  Moiitciiiina,  which,  tliuiigh  of  nn  grant 
value,  ka  behaved  wouki  ba  acceptable  un  account  of 
Ikair  noveltjr  'I'ha  Meiican  monarcha,  in  ordar  to  ob- 
tain early  inforinaiiun  of  every  uccurrrnce  in  all  tha 
camera  of  Ihair  ciicnaive  empire,  had  inlrudiiccd  a  re- 
Hnamanl  in  |Hilica  iinkiiowii  al  Ihal  tiino  in  KiirO|ia 
'lliay  kad  eoiiriora  (waled  al  projiar  alationa  alung  the 
principal  roaila  ;  and  aa  thaaa  wera  trained  to  anility  hy 
a  regular  ediicaliun,  and  relieved  one  aiiullicr  at  iiiude- 
rata  diaiancnn,  they  cnnveyid  iiilrlligenoi  wiin  aiirpria- 
ing  rapidity.  'I'liouali  the  citpit.il  lu  winch  Muiiiitiiiina 
raeidinl  waa  above  a  hundred  and  eighty  inilea  from  Nl 
Juan  da  Ulna,  I'uilaa'a  preaanta  were  carrlol  ihither,  and 
an  aiiawer  to  hia  iteinanda  received  in  a  few  daya. 
The  aaiiie  utncera  who  bad  hitherto  trraied  with  Iha 
N|iaiiiarda  were  einpluved  to  deliver  thia  aiiawer ;  but 
aa  they  knew  how  repiignant  tha  dctrrminatiun  uf  itiair 
maaler  waa  lo  all  the  achainea  and  wiahea  of  tha  N|ia- 
niah  cuinniaiider.  they  would  not  venture  to  make  ii 
known  until  tliey  hail  prcvioiialy  ent|,<avorcd  lo  aootlie 
and  niullify  him.  Kur  ihia  piirgioea  they  renewed  their 
negotiation,  hjr  introducing  a  train  of  a  nundrrd  Indiana 
loaded  with  preaenia  aeni  lo  hiui  by  Monleiuma.  'I'ha 
magiiillcence  of  llteae  waa  auch  aa  hecsine  a  great  mo- 
narch, and  far  etceeded  any  idea  which  the  .S|>aniarda 
hail  hitherto  formed  of  hia  wealth.  'I'licy  were  iilaccd 
on  mala  apread  on  the  ground  in  auch  oruer  aa  ahuwed 
them  lo  the  greatcat  advantage.  (Jorlea  and  hia  ulllcera 
viewed  with  adiniratiuii  Ihe  '  arioua  inaiiufacturea  of  the 
country  ;  cotton  atiilla  ao  fine,  and  of  auch  delicate 
tenure  aa  tu  reaemble  ailk  :  picturca  uf  aiiimala,  trnea, 
and  other  natural  objecta.  funned  with  faalhera  uf  dif- 
ferent colon,  diapoaed  and  mingled  with  auch  akill  and 
elegance  aa  to  rival  the  worka  of  the  pencil  in  truth  and 
beauty  of  iinitalion  U'.it  what  chieltly  attracted  their 
ayea  were  two  large  plaiea  of  a  circular  form,  one  of 
maaaive  gold  repreaanting  the  aun,  tha  other  of  ailver, 
■n  amhiein  of  the  moon.  [103]  Theae  were  accompa- 
nied with  b.acnieta,  collana,  ringa,  and  other  triiikcta  of 
gold  ;  and  that  nothing  might  be  waiilid  which  cuulil  give 
tna  8paniarda  a  complete  ideaof  wh4i  the  country  allurd- 
ed,  with  ooma  boica  tilled  wilh  iwarla,  prvcioua  etonaa, 
and  grama  of  gold  unwroughl,  aa  they  hid  lieen  found 
in  tha  niinee  or  nrera.  (.'urtea  received  all  thcan  wilh  an 
ipfiearaiice  ol  profound  veneration  for  the  monarch  by 
wliuiii  they  wore  heaiowci'..  lint  when  the  .Mexteana, 
preaiiining  upon  thia,  infurined  him  Unit  their  maaler, 
though  he  hud  doairetl  him  to  accept  of  what  he  had  aanI 
aa  a  tohcn  of  roifiird  for  that  inoiiurcli  whom  Cortaa  re- 
praaenteil,  wuiilil  not  give  hia  comeiit  that  foreign  troop* 
ahould  approach  nearni:  to  hia  eapitol,  or  even  allow  them 
to  conlimi*  longer  in  hi*  domiwona,  the  Spanioh 


aa  ka  aautd  nari  wilhaai*  diahnmif,  ralurn  la  kia  *•% 
aouniry,  uniil  ha  waa  admiiiad  inlaika  paaaeu*a  af  ik« 
pflnaa  k«hiam  ka  waa  aiip*itMi«d  ii*  viaii  in  iha  ntiH*  *i 
fiia  anvaratgn  'Iha  Maiicaiia.  aatoniakad  al  aaaia^ 
any  awn  dare  la  aapaaa  ihal  will  whivk  thay  wara  ••■ 
ruatomad  to  aananhr  aa  auprama  »ml  irrralaiibia,  f  4 
afraid  uf  preeipiialing  Ihair  vauniry  inia  an  ofrn  rup 
t.ira  Willi  auch  formidaMa  anainiea,  pravailail  with  I'af 
laa  lu  pmtiiiaa  Ihal  ha  would  nut  raiiwva  from  Hia  af* 
aanI  camw  unlil  IIm  ralurn  af  a  maaaanger  whom  tk*f 
aanI  to  MoniaaHma  tea  furlkar  inatiuriiana 

I  ha  krmnaaa  wllk  wkwk  i  'arlaa  adhered  I*  kia  arlg^ 
nal  pmpoaal  akaxM  nalarally  have  hraugkl  Ika  nag*ti»> 
lion  kaiwaen  kim  and  Monieaum*  la  a  apaady  laaua,  M 
H  aaamad  la  leave  tka  Meairan  mmiarrk  n*  rhwae,  kiM 
either  lo  reaelva  him  wilk  aanMdanra  aa  a  friend,  m  W 
appoaa  him  ojianly  »»  an  enemy  The  latter  waa  wkM 
might  have  haaii  aa|iaetad  fTion  a  haiigkly  prim  a  m  pM> 
aeaainn  of  eitenaive  power  The  Meiican  ainpir*  al 
Ihia  perual  waa  al  a  piU'k  if  grandeur  to  wkiek  M  ••• 
rtely  ever  attained  in  an  akorl  a  pariod  'Ikougk  M 
hail  Biitiaiaied.  accnnling  1 1  th,)ir  own  iraditiona,  only 
a  hiiiHtrad  and  Ihirty  yeara  ita iltiuiitiiun  eiiaudad  from 
tha  Nurth  to  tha  Noiilh  N  a.  nvar  larrtlarira  atrali  hing. 
with  amna  email  inter  ii|iiiou,  alwva  Ave  hiindrMl 
leagiiea  from  eaal  to  »■  al,  and  more  than  Iwa  bundiail 
from  north  to  aouth,  comprakanding  provmcea  nol  in* 
feriiir  in  fertility.  |x>  ,ulation  andopuFvnca,  lo  any  in  Ik* 
torrid  aona  'I'h.  paiipla  wera  warlike  ami  aniarpfia> 
ing  ;  tha  authority  of  tka  nwnarah  unh«<inded.  ami 
kia  raveniiea  cunaMlaraMa  If  wilk  Iha  fortaa  wkiek 
might  have  bean  aiiddanly  aaaemhied  in  aich  an  <  iii|M*k 
Monteaiim*  had  fiillen  ufHin  the  N|iaiiianla  <vkil*  *•• 
cani|>ed  on  a  barren  iinhaalthy  cuaat,  uiiaiip^aned  kf 
any  ally,  wilhoiil  a  place  of  ralreal,  and  Jaatitut*  oil 
pruviaiima,  it  aeema  lo  ba  Impuaaible,  even  with  all  th* 
advantagea  uf  ihair  aiiiianur  diat'ipliiie  and  anna,  thai 
they  cuiild  have  aliNHl  the  ahui-k,  and  llivy  miiat  eilkar 
havn  ucriahed  in  auch  an  unatpial  cuiitaai,  ur  have  abam 
doiiail  tha  enlerpriaa 

Aa  Iha  power  of  Manteiiima  enablail  him  lo  lake  tkia 
apinteil  part,  hie  own  dia|iaailioiia  wera  auch  aa  aeemad 
naturally  M  prmnpl  hiui  lu  il.  Df  all  the  priucea  whil 
had  awayed  tha  Muiicaii  acepire,  ha  waa  the  moat 
haiiglity,  Ilia  nioai  violent,  ami  tho  iiiaal  iinpatianl  nf 
coiilrul  Ilia  aiibjecia  looked  up  lo  luin  with  awe,  and 
hia  eneiniea  with  terror.  'I'ha  former  ha  governed  with 
iinaiaiiiplcil  rigcr  ;  but  limy  were  iinpreaaed  wiih  auuli 
an  otiiniun  of  bia  ca|i4Cily  aa  coiiiniaiided  llieir  raapael  i 
and.  by  many  viciuriee  over  the  laltar,  lie  liad  apraaa 
far  the  dread  of  hia  anna,  and  had  added  aavaral  eon- 
aideralila  |rniviiicee  to  hia  duiniiilona  llul  tha<'gh  hi* 
talunta  might  lia  aiiitcd  to  Ihe  tranaactiona  irf  a  auta  ao 
lin|ierfvcily  |H)liahed  aa  Ihe  Meiican  einpira,  and  aiiHI* 
cient  lo  conduct  them  while  in  their  accualomed  cotiroi^ 
they  weru  aliiuather  inadeipiata  to  aconjunclure  e*  a*, 
traonlinary,  atid  did  nol  'pialify  him  either  to  judge  wilb 
the  diaccniiiieiit,  or  lo  act  with  iIm  deciaion  r*i)iil*il*  ia 
auch  trying  ciiiergcnca. 

Kroin  the  nioinent  thai  th*  Rpaniarda  appeared  *n 
hia  coaal,  he  diacovcrcd  ayinptoina  of  timidity  and  cm- 
bnrrHaaineiit.  hutraJ  of  taking  auch  rvaolutiona  oa 
the  t:oiiai-iouancaa  of  hia  own  [wwer.  or  the  iiieiiiory  m 
hia  foniier  eiploila,  might  have  iiiapired  h*  delilierated 
with  an  anilely  and  hjailatioii  which  did  nol  aacap*  tk* 
notice  of  hia  meaiieat  courtiere.  The  perpleiiiy  and 
diacompoaiire  of  Moiitexuma'e  mind  upon  ihia  occa* 
aioh,  aa  well  aa  the  general  diamay  uf  hia  auhjecta,  wet* 
not  owing  wholly  to  the  iinpreaaion  which  th*  Spaniard* 
had  made  by  lb*  novelty  of  thoir  ipnaaranea  and  th* 
terror  of  ihai'r  arma.  Ita  origin  may  In  Iracod  up  to  • 
more  reinol*  oourc*.  Ther*  w*a  an  opinion,  if  wo 
may  baliave  th*  **rlieal  a.id  moal  lullMntio  Npaniah 
hiatoriana,  almoal  univaraal  among  tha  Americana,  ihal 
aoma  dreadful  calamity  waa  imp^aling  over  Ihair  hitada, 
from  a  raca  of  formidabi*  invader*,  who  ahould  com* 
from  region*  Wwarda  th*  naing  aun,  to  overrun  and 
duaolata  llMir  country.  Whether  Ihia  diaquieting  ap 
prehenaion  flowed  Irom  the  mamory  of  lOfn*  natiuti 
calimily  which  had  alHictad  thai  part  of  Iho  globe,  and 
iinpreaaad  tho  minda  of  th*  inhabilania  with  aupereli' 
liuua  fcara  and  forcbodinga,  ur  wliether  it  waa  an  una- 
giiiation  acculciituUy  aiigKcalrd  by  the  aaioiiithiuent 
wli.ch  Iho  lirat  eight  of  a  new  raci  of  men  occaainned. 
It  la  iinfioaaihle  lo  determine.  Hut  aa  lb*  Mniicaaa 
were  more  prone  to  auperatitioii  than  any  people  in  in* 
New  World,  they  wera  mora  deeply  alfccted  by  tho 
appearance  of  Ihe  .Spaniania,  whom  iheir  credulity  in- 
atanlly  ■epreaented  aa  th*  inatruin*nl  d*etiii*d  to  bniif 
about  *i*  W.ti  r*yBlutior  whidi  iter  dr*«d*d     UmIm 


*art 

tin 


•  uirrii  ANimie* 


gigbt,  iml 
•upenli- 
I  in  irna* 
oiiifhincnt 
crANiontid, 

i|>l*  in  tiw 
d  by  Uio 
dulilt  in- 
I  lobnnf 
Uata 


il  ar  <4<wi«ir*t«  ((iti  iW  alMMi  Ik*  mmnmk  M  * 
Nw»tllMi*iHtiiH|  Ik*   M*<mm>»    if  iM*   l<«pruM.m, 


MMM  af  MM  «lMt«  *«mr      ll«  Imirt  M  MM*  n<wm  I  k*  < il  mmMmI  ••  Mia  |mMM  ««Mt,  vak  Mm  MSM 

•NMM  •illMHl  *<«r  »ff*Hma  til  •nmum,  •!«(  m  k*  1 4w«iM  iMalMf  M  if  k*  oMt  iMilmiiin  Im«  my«(  «» 
••II  knl«  Mm  \tmf»t  *Mt  wMkM  af  ki*  mI4mm,  (mI  Mf ,  lk*l  ika  aMHfMT  *t  •  (alMtT  will*!!  m  *  MM 
ktraw*  kaw  ikay  owtiU  naait*  •  pmpmmoi  hMl  M    •mpirv,   akaa*  MHcMifn  k«l  «Im*<I?   ili*»nfM|  kM 


■iMn  IM  mauviig^r  xiixil  rrait  Ika   N|Miiiah  •4in|i  I  wwn  In  ail  ika  ((lUnilitl  k<iiw«  tiwl  •>l|,^M)••  ahwii  ili»|    IimiiIii  iniiniian*,  iIo^ikM  >i|Mn  oina.  «>hI  iIm  alMxaf 


•WH  M  wo*!*!  <f><ii  Mia  laixlxf  III  Ika  imii^ar^.  xlhi 
kw  I*  kia  anginal  ilaMun*!.  rr^l«atl  ii.'  .iliav  ih«i  Ofilp* 
dijAininf  kim  la  laaia  Hia  >aiiiiitv.  Mimiatmna  ••••imail 
^mM  4»graa  i*l  r««iilmi»<i  ,  4tiil  im  a  Irait«|a4ri  mt  t%4* 
iMitfal  Ilia  fi»ff  |)riiit ■  t)ti«rrii«irMiiait  ta  niaai  aiih 
i»i)l  i|ifttMiii*m  III  ki«  »>H  li»  ilirvMiaiivil  IM  aai  rtAi a 
lk««a  pfaaiiKittiiiaiia  iiifi  lo  Im<  nmU  llnl  Ni«  ilwihia 
•imI  faar*  'I'lMkln  r«*<i>i»"l  .    mil  iiiaiaaal  nf  ia<tiiii|| 


tmtl  Iwan  fittmiii|f  miiH  tMch  vtHHitlfanf,  ka  carfiail  Hia 
•liwuniiUiiaa  an  far  «•  la  ••aiii  i«  raliii<|i4iah  ki«  aan 
maaaiiraa  in  tfatH|i4iaMaa  laiik  iha  laaiiaat  M  llnUi,  ami 
laaiiail  iMtlart  ihal  iha  annir  atiwil'l  na  iii  raa>liiia»a  iwii 
U«v  1*1  ra  aitiliark  l«i#  I'ulia  A*  tiam  «•  itii*  *** 
kniH*n.  Ika  ilia«pfNiihlai|  •4lvanliiraf«  aiiUimail  imiI 
ikraalaiir'^  iIm  »miaaa(iaa  ari-'>ifiaa,  iitnttfli  tg  i*<ik 
Ikaiii,  iiillii   ixl  Ihaif  raga  ,  ika  rariiiaai  baiaina  (aiiani  , 


4*fa  M  rarry  kia  ikraaK  oiiti  •■• mii,  ka  auxin  •allnil    Ika  wtwila  ««in|t  aiaa  aliiMal  In  «|ian  nniiiny  ,  all 

kla  HiiHiaiara  la  aaiilai  ami  alfcf  iliair  ailiira       t'aaliU  i  inan<liii({  wiik  aagadiaaa  lu  aaa  Ihair  >amiiiai«lar     tar 


laa  waa  mil  aUiw   in  apftaaitrig  ,   lakaii,  miiK  ana  viM4<a, 

•rtlrara  anil  aitUliara  aapraaavil  Ikaif  aaiiifiiakmant  aiiit 

liiilitfiialiim  al  Iha  afilara  ithiah  Ihav  Im4  naaiiia4      II 

I  nir  mariiing  aii>n  irniiiiiaaania  m     oaa  uiioiiflky,  (kry  ariaii,  a(  Iha  l.aalillMn 'aiirafa  M 

tfiiMara,  ami  »ara  aaliaHaT  oiili  Uaiiinn  a  iiMfa  |iaaitiiia    ha  Jannlail  al  iha  Aral  aajiaal  u(  danyar,  aial  inUinoua 

la  fly   Iwfitra   ativ  aiipiiiy   a(ifiaarv«l      Vm   Ikair   |>4ria, 


Mxl  lain|airiatiif   inaaaiiraa  will  aiaaya  l«   Iha    rcaiili 

•hail  man  aaaambla  la  ilaliharala  i>i  a  aiiiialian  whan 

tkay  Myhl  la  aal      'Ika  Maawan  •aniiarilura  look  m 

"  aliial  maaama  Air  miirlllnc  aiirh  Irniililaaania  In 

ili<« 
ln|iinalian,   ra<)iiiiin||  ikaiii  la  laata  ilia  .  unniry  ,  bill 


una  i 
a  Ilia 


IkM  Ikay  pfa|malaraiialy  ari'am|Miilail  »iil)  a  praaaiil  al 
■iwk  aalH*  aa  fratad   a  fraak  indimainanl  ••  rainain 


Maanwklla,  ih«  Mpaniania  war*  nnf  wlihaol  anllrU 
•il4a,*«  a  taiiaiy  nf  •aiiilmaiila,  in  lUliliaraiinn  run 
aaflting  IhaK  nam  fiiliiraiuiidiial  Knim  »lial  lluy  had 
•traady  aaan,  many  uf  lliani  rmmad  am  li  rairanaganl 

IdiNa  ranraining  ihaniinli a  u(  ilia  nniniry,  ihal  uaa- 

palng  danaar  nt  hardali>|ia  ahan  Ihry  hati  1 1  aiaw  Iraa- 
auraa  whirn  a|itH<arril  in  Iw  inaalianaiilila,  ihay  arara 
M(«f  10  ademi.'l  the  i.'"''.!!!''!  Ihlirra,  raiimaiing  ili* 
pwar  tt  iha  Maikan  riiijiira  hy  ila  waalih,  and  ami 
Riaralini  iha  nariuiia  |irii<ila  »hirli  haal  twranA  af  IW 
kaiPtf  undaf  a  wall  ra)(iil4lr>l  ailiiilnulraiion,  aonlandad 
tlwl  II  would  ha  an  arl  uf  ilia  wililaal  IrKnuy  In  aiurh 


ha4a  upon  Ika  aiihM«diM4l)a«t  and  di«»i|*tina  |<fi>aaf*o4 
4>Mt»«ig  Iha  ira*tfia  \  lhal  kia  nghl  im  ramiaand  >m^»  diN 
ri«pd  frmn  a  aoiwiwiaaiaM  (raniaii  l»y  ika  g«a«nMif  ol 
I  iiha  I  and  aa  lhal  had  kaan  lati^  aii.aa  raiak^d,  Mai 
lawliilnaaa  *f  hia  tnn-aliftiaM  miyhl  wall  I  a  •iit»4lia«iadi 
(Ital  ha  ini||hi  ha  llii*«i^hl  la  aal  nt'On  a  ilvfaciita  ol 
m^9n  a  dntiiiaia  iiita  ,  ritir  vii'ild  Ihay  ItMal  ^t\  armf 
whiah  migkl  diafnila  Ika  |M>w»a  •«  Ha  (anaral,  al  • 
innaiiira  wkan  il  anuM  iint*liviily  (m  uliay  ikia  ofdofO  i 
llial,  nitivail  hy  Ihaaa  tiiiiaidarallana,  ha  now  ^aaighad  M 
hia  anihuriiy  In  Ihain,  iImI  ihay,  hamtin  Uoth  rwhl  M 

igMO 


^n<  oiia  III  Iho  kinn'a  aania  l»  •■miiwnd  Ih*  amy  Ml 
Ma  hilura  ofiarailana  i  and  aa  M  hia  *wn  fUi,  aook 
waa  hia  Raal  fof  Ilia  aaraira  m  whith  Ihay  wafo  09* 
l(aK*d.  lhal  Ita  wtiiild  iiitiat  whaailiillv  laka  ii|»a  pika  wllk 
Iha  aima  liaiid  lhal  laid  iliiwn  Iha  ganaral  a  KiinakOMh 
ami  riHOiiKa  hia  frllaw  aaUiara,  lhal  Ihowgh  •«••» 


Ihay  wara  ihnriiiilnad  nul  lu  iahn<|iiiah  an  anlar^ifiaa 
iImI  had  hiihrrin  >iaan  aiincaaafiil,  aial  whiah  lamlad  au 

malhly  la  a|>r><4il  Iha  knawlvdga  of  Ifna  laliguni,  and  la  iiniiad  M  I'tHiiiiiainl.  Iia  had  mil  fufipillan  ho«  lo  okay, 
••ItaiH'u  Iha  iiliiry  and  inlaiaal  of  ihtir  ramiiry  llajiiiy  |  Il4>iii|i  Hiii'lml  hia  diaiiiiiHa,  ha  laid  Ika  namiMIIIW 
undar  Ilia  ininniand,  Miry  waiild  hilhiw  hint  with  afa  |  rrnni  \ilN«>|nva  upiin  Iha  lalila,  and,  allar  kiaaiiig  kM 
amy  Ihraiiuh  at»ry  dangaiin  >|naaler  lliuaa  •rukiiiania  I  Irnni  h4Uii,  dalinaiail  il  lu  lit*  ahlaf  iMgWIrMo,  (M 
•ml  Iraaauraa  wlwh  ha  had   au  lung  hrld  mil  lu  Ihair  I  wiilaliaw, 

flaw  I  hill  If  ho  ahoaa  rallk  r  lo  raliiin  lu  Inlia,  and         Ilia  ilaliliafaliona  of  Iho  aounaM  wofo  no!  bllfi  M 
laiiialy  (lira  up  all  hia  hupaauf  ilivliiii'liun  and  ntiuUiH'*    I'uriaa  had  fiHiiarli-d  iK'a  iiniioftani  maaanra  wiik  kio 
lu  ail  fnviuiia  rival,  Ihay  would  intianily  «'h*MM«>  itintlirr    rtniddaiiU,  aiat  liad  )irr|ian'd  Mia  mliar  inainliara  •Ilk 
aaiiaral  lu  t'oniliiiil  Ihain  in  lhal  palh  ul  glury  wliit'h  ha    K'lal   aihlra>a  fnr  ilia   fiarl   wliirk   ha  wiahad  IhaiN  Ma 
Cad  nul  apiril  In  aniar  laka      Ilia  raaigiialiim  waa  a««a|Had  i  and  ••  Iko  onirw 

(JiWtaa,  dalighlaj  wllh  ihalr  ardnr,  lonk  on  nifrnaa  at    larriiiilad  lamir  iif  Ihair  jirua|iarily   umlar  hia  aondual 
Ik*  lioidiiaao  Milk  whii'h  II  waa  iitlarad       Iha  annii     alTiinlid  ilia  inoat  aaiiaivinii   ••idaiH'a  of  hia  ahdillao 
monlo  wara    what    ha   himaalf   had  ina|iirvd,  anil  Ilia  ,  for  i-uininKuil,  ihay,  hy  iliair  iiiianiniuna  anlfraga,  al«<<l«<l 
•lick  a  alala  wllh   a  aniall  liudy  of  niin     in  wani  nf  I  yftrmlh  of  aiiirnaaiaii  aaililtad  hliii  llial  hia   fiilhiwrra    turn  ihiai   jnalicauf  Ilia  ivhHiy,  and  I'aiilain  gaiiatal  of 

Coalalona,  iinriiniirilril  wllh  any  ally,  uiki  alraaily  an-  hid  bnblliad  IMin  Ihoruiighly  lU  alfai'lad,  liuwaii'r,  Ila  army,  ami  a|>|Miiilrd  hia  auiniiiiaaioii  lu  Im  moda  out 
•bl»d  hy  Iha  diapaaoa  iwiiiliar  M  IM  climala,  anil  llw  '  lu  l«  lul)irMa4  •!  what  lia  haanl,  daclaring  lhal  hia  ur>  '  in  llw  kinii'a  iiania,  wllh  iiiual  ain|ila  powara,  whirli 
loaa  of  aayaral  uf  llialr  iiiinilH'r  (Joilaa  aai  rally  a|>  ilara  lo  yraiiro  (tf  (inliarliiiiii  wara  laaiiail  fruni  a  |H>r'  |  wara  In  ruiilinna  in  furi'a  iiniil  iIm  ri<yal  plaaaiira  ahaiilil 
■laiidail  Ilia  adviii'tira  fur  liuld  mMtllT**,  andikarialii  <l  •ii.i>iun  Ikw  IkM  WH  agroaalila  lu  hia  lru<i|ia  \  lhal,  Iruiii  ka  fnrlliar  kiiuwii  'I  hat  Ihia  daad  iiiighl  nut  lia  ilranwil 
won  nnnanlw  h4i|iaa,  aa  am  h  iilaaa  ••maMlidad  wiih  ih  li  rim'a  lo  whol  k*  md  baan  infurinad  waa  lliair  in-  Ilia  inathiiialiun  of  •  )iinlo.  III*  ruuiwil  callad  looalhoi 
klo  own,  and  favurad  Iha  rirrnliaii  of  UM  Mihpini  •  i  Inniiiun,  ha  kod  aoariltaaai  hia  own  privala  upinioii,  Iha  triMiua,  and  a«|iiainlad  ihain  wilk  wImi  hadhaan 
•kich  ha  had  furinad  Kroni  Iha  mm  iSal  Ik*  aiiapi  wlmh  waa  Itrinty  koni  on  aataliliahing  mimrdialaly  a  raauUad  'Iha  aoldiara,  with  aagar  apidaiiaa,  nliMail 
•  Mnaof  Valaa<|naa  liruka  ant  Wllh  n|ian  tlolaiMaln  lliK    aiiili  ninil  un  iha  aoo  Maal,  and  than  on  anilraturiiig    Ilia   vhnii'a  wliirh  Iha  ■■uiiiiril   had  inaila  ;  IIm  air  r»* 

tIKmplalu  dapriva  liiin  of  Ilia  rnininand.  Carlo*  aaw    to  | mala  Inlu  iho  InMrMM  pari  of  Iha  rminlry  ,  thai    aiiiindad  with  Ilia   nania  of  Ooriaa,  and  all  yowfti  M 

dl*  nacaaaity  uf  diaa>i|yini|  a  ciinnarliun  whwk  would    iiiiw  lin  wii  ruiivnifad  of  Ilia  arrur  \  and  aa  ha  paririvrd  :  ahrd  llirir  liliaat  in  aiippuri  of  hia  aultiurity. 
okalrurt  and  ainharraaa  all  hia  oparaliuiia,  and  wotchad    lhal  ihi'V  wrm  aniinal*4  with  th*  ganaruiia  apiril  which       ( 'uriaa,  having  now  brnnglil  hia  iiilrigiiaa  to  ih*  4» 
fir  •  nnpar  op|Mrtiinily  nf  euiniiig  lo  a  final  niptur*  i  brvalhnl  in  i>««ry  Una  H|i*nianl,  h*  would  raaiiinr,  with   airnl  laaii*,  and  ahakan  olf  hia  inoriifying  dapandaiK* 
•Ilk  nun      Having  lliia  in  viaw,  Tia  had   lalwrail  b«  |  fraah  ariliir,  liia  uriginal  plan  of  Ofiaraliun,  and  duiibliil  '  un  Iha  gayarnof  uf  (JiiIm,  ariaplail  uf  Ih*  roiiiiniaaioiv 
•«*ry  an  lo  aacuro  iha  aalaain  ami  aHrdiun  of  kl*  aol-    MM  10  I'uniluil  Ihain,  In  lh«  r*r**r  of  viciury,  lu  amli  J  whii  li  vaalad  in  hliii  aiiprrnia  jiiriatlii'imn,  rivil  aa  wall 


dwra.  Wilk  hia  abiliiiaa  fur  riMiiinanil,  it  waa  (aay  to  jn4*p*,idi'til  furlnnca  aa  ihair  valor  tn*riliid>  tipuii 
awn  iknir  *ata*m  ;  and  hia  folluwara  wprc  iiniikly  aolia-  \  Ihia  doolartlioii,  aliwila  of  apfilaua*  MalilM  Ih*  aicuaa 
|«l  lhal  Ihay  might  raty,  Wllh  iirrfpel  cniillilinia,  oiiiha  '  of  Ihair  joy,  'llw  nwaaur*  aMniaii  lo  b*  lakan  with 
ceiiduci  ami  I'oiiragaof  ihi'ir  laador.  Nor  waa  it  iner*  I  iinaniinoiia  canaant ;  aurh  aa  aacrally  (an^iiiiii'd  it 
diinciilt  lu  aeiinira  llintr  airviiiun     Among  adtantur^ra   being  oliliurd  lu  juiii  in  Ilia  ai'claination*,  partly  lu  «in 


ti*arly  of  Ihi  aainr  rank,  and  aorving  at  llitir  uwii  •■• 
p*iia*,  tha  digiiily  of  command  did  not  alvvaia  ■  ga- 
naral  ahov*  mingling  with  Ihoa*  who  acird  iiiidur  liiiii 
Cortaa  availrd  hlmaclf  of  ihia  fraaduin  of  liilarrunraa  lo 


oaal  ihiiir  ilimilfi'diun  fruiii  ihair  gvnoral,  and  |iarily  lu 
tviNil  III*  iiiipulation  of  cowanlioa  fran  Ihair  fdluw- 
•aldwr* 


Without  alkiwing  hia  nira  tiina  10  cool  nr  lo  rvllaci, 
Inainiiala  himaalf  into  tlirir  favur,  and  hy  liia  alfalilo  !  Curia*  aal  alioul  carrying  hi*  daaign  into  aiai'iitiuii 


nwnnera,  by  well  tiiiiad  acta  uf  liiirrulily  lu  auina,  hy  J  In  ordar  to  giva  a  b*i(inmiig  la  •  culuiiy,  ha  aaacnmlt'd 
'  '      "  '  llif  prineipaTpotaana  ill  hi*  army,  and  hy  thair  aiilfraga 


I.  h» 
Inapirmg  all  with  vaat  ha|H'a,  and  by  alluwiiig  lliain  lu 
Irad*  privalrly  with  Ihn  nativaa,  ( lOUJ  h*  allaihcd  tlui 
malcr  part  nf  hia  auldiora  ao  llrinly  lu  himaclf,  lliat 
Inay  aliiiuat  furgol  tint  tho  arinainant  liad  liai'n  Httud 
out  by  tlio  aiiihurily  and  al  tha  oijianaa  of  aiiulhvr. 

During  lh*t«  inlriguaa,  'I'siUilu  arrived  with  ih*  pre- 
•cnl  from  Muiitatmna,  ami,  togailiar  with  il,  Ui'livarud 
th*  ultimate  order  uf  lliat  monarch  lu  di'|iarl  iiialaiilly 
out  uf  hia  dominiuna;  and  when  ('urlea,  iiialiad  nf 
complying,  renewed  kia  laipirBt  uf  an  audiem:*,  the 
Maiican  turned  from  liiin  ahriiblly,  and  i|iiilli'd  the 
••nip  Willi  looka  and  geatiirea  which  atrnngly  •(priaaid 
kia  aurprine  and  reaentment.  Nett  inurmng,  nnn*  of 
Iko  nativea,  who  iiaed  lo  froi|iient  tho  ciiinp  in  great 
numlwra  in  ordrr  lo  birler  with  tho  aoliliera,  and  lu 
kring  in  proviaiona,  appeared.  All  friendly  correa|iond- 
•nc*  aeemed  nuvr  10  ha  at  an  and,  and  it  waa  oipecled 
•very  moment  Ihiil  hoalilitiaa  wuuld  cominenc*.  Thia, 
tkoiigh  an  event  thut  iiii^ht  have  been  foruaeen,  occa- 
•loiiad  a  aiiilden  conateriialinn  ainaiig  Ilia  Npanljrda, 
which  oinlioldened  tha  adherent*  of  Velaaquei  not  only 
lu  manniir  and  cabal  againal  ihair  general,  but  lo  a|i- 
Buint  unenriheir  niiiiilwrlu  remuiiatrule  oiienly  againit 
nia  impnidencfl  in  alUnnplmg  tli«  rumpieat  of  a  inighty 
umpire  with  aurh  inadcijinite  force,  and  to  urge  the  iiu- 
eeaaity  of  rcturniiii;  to  Cuba,  in  order  to  relit  th*  llcut 
mi  augment  the  army.  Uiegn  ile  Ordai,  one  of  hia 
pricciiMl  ollicera,  wliuin  tho  malu.-nnteiita  clitrged  wiih 
IhM  caiiuniaaion,  delivered  it  with  a  aoldierly  ftocdom 
Md  WvnIiMM,  laauriiij  Corloi  tlut  Iw  ijnkM  Ika  louli- 


elri'ii'd  a  council  and  inagiatraiva,  in  whom  th*  giivarn 
ini'iit  waa  lo  bo  vaaled.  Aa  men  naturally  tranaplani 
the  inaiiiiitiona  and  furina  of  III*  niolher  ruiiniry  inlu 
Ihoir  new  ieltloiiienia,  thia  waa  framed  upon  the  model 
of  a  iSiMiiiah  corporation,  'ih*  inagialralaa  wara  dia- 
llnguialied  by  III*  aanio  name*  and  aiiaigiia  of  ollk'c, 
ami  were  lu  eietciae  a  aimilar  iuriadi>:lion.  All  llie 
(wrauna  elioaen  were  inoat  lirinly  dnvuted  to  Cortea, 
and  Iha  inatriimenl  of  thoir  election  waa  framed  in  th* 
king*  llama,  without  any  inantiun  of  their  dep*nd*iic* 
on  Velaaqiiei.  'I'll*  two  principle*  of  nvaric*  and  an- 
ihiiaiaani,  which  prninpteil  iha  .'4|ianiarda  to  all  their 
enlerpriavi  in  the  New  World,  aeeiii  tu  have  concurred 
In  aiiijgealing  Iho  iiaiiio  which  Cortea  lieatowod  on  hia 
Infant  aelllemenl.  lU  called  II,  Tin  Huk  'I'oun  of  tlu 
True  Vrai; 

'I'll*  llrat  me*ting  of  th*  now  council  waa  dialin- 
guiahed  by  a  Iranaaction  of  great  moment.  Aa  aoon 
aa  It  aaieiiibled,  Cortea  a|i|ilied  for  leave  to  enlar ;  and 
approaching  wllh  many  marka  of  profound  r**p*ct, 
which  add*il  dignity  lo  th*  tribunal,  and  eat  an  aiainpl* 
of  reverence  fur  ila  aiilhority,  he  began  a  long  harangue, 
111  which,  with  much  arl,  and  in  lerina  eitroinely 
flittering  to  peraona  juat  entering  upon  thoir  now  func- 
tion, he  obaorved,  that  aa  the  aiipreiiie  jiiriadiclion  over 
tho  colony  which  they  had  planted  waa  now  veatcd  in 
Ihia  court,  h*  conaidurcd  iham  aa  clothed  with  th*  au- 
thority and  repreaeiiting  lln  pcraon  ol  Ihair  aavaraim ; 
lhal  iccordiiigly  ho  would  communiotla  M  Ihtm  wnu 


aa  iniliiary  over  Iha  culuiiy,  wllh  many  pruftaaion*  ol 
reaiMcl  to  III*  council  and  graliluda  tu  th*  army  'I'u- 
galhar  Wllh  Ihia  naw  cuininand,  ha  ■aaiiinad  gr**ler 
uignily,  ami  liegan  lo  eierciae  nwre  eateiuiva  pawara. 
Koriiwrly  Iw  had  lill  hiiiiM'lf  tu  Im  mily  Ih*  da|Hily  af  • 
aubjrcl )  now  he  acted  aa  Ilia  leiiraaanlallva  of  hia  (O- 
vereign  The  adheranta  uf  Valaaipiaa,  fully  awara  ol 
what  would  Iw  tha  all'eel  of  thia  change  in  llw  aitualiaii 
of  t'ortea,  could  no  longer  rwiliniie  aileiil  and  paaaiva 
4|iaclalora  of  hia  artiuna  'I'hoy  eaclaimed  o^nly 
againat  the  proceediiiga  of  tha  cuiiiwil  aa  jllegal,  and 
againal  tliuaa  uf  the  army  aa  iniilinoua.  I.'url**,  in< 
Blanlly  paneiving  the  ni'i-vaaity  of  giving  a  tiiiiel'  check 
lu  audi  arditiuiia  diacuiiraa  hy  autn*  vigoruiia  nieaaure, 
arrealid  Drdaa,  Kxiidero,  atiil  V«laai|ue<  da  l^on,  tha 
tiiigleadera  uf  Ihia  faclion  and  aant  tliain  pnaonor* 
aboard  tha  Hrel,  loaded  wiih  chaina.  'Itwir  depcnilanl*. 
aaiuniahed  and  uverawcd,  remained  i|uiat  i  and  Cortaa, 
mora  ileairoiia  lu  reirlaim  thai  lo  puniali  hia  priaonor*, 
who  weiu  ollicera  uf  greet  ineril,  courted  their  friand- 
ahip  with  aiich  aaaiduity  and  addreaa,  llial  ih*  r*conci- 
lialion  waa  porfectly  cordial ;  and  on  Ihe  inoal  tryini| 
occaaiona,  neither  their  connection  with  th*  govenior 
uf  C'ulia,  nur  th*  tneinnry  of  llw  indignity  wilh  whick 
they  had  lieen  treated,  tempted  them  to  awerv*  from 
an  inviolabi*  atlachinunl  lo  hia  inlervM  In  tlua,  ■• 
well  aa  hia  other  nagntiation*  al  tliia  critical  ':onjuM'tura, 
which  decided  with  rna|iect  to  hia  fiiiiir*  fain*  and  for- 
tune Cortea  owed  much  of  hia  auccea*  to  tlie  Mcaican 
gold,  which  lie  dialriliiited  wilh  a  liberal  baiul  botk 
among  hia  frieiida  and  hia  ouiioneiiti. 

Cortea,  having  thua  rendered  th*  uniun  between 
hiinaelf  and  hia  army  indiaaoluble,  by  engaging  il  tu 
join  him  in  diaclaimmg  any  dejiendonce  on  the  govfriwl 
of  Cuba,  and  in  reiiealcd  acia  of  diaolwlience  I'  \..i 
authority,  thought  no  now  might  veutnre  lo  iji  .i  ili* 
camp  in  which  ho  had  hitherto  remained,  and  n-'ivn.  ^ 
inio  llio  couiilrv.  'I'u  Ihia  Iw  waa  encoura  . ,'  .v  >• 
event  no  loaa  fortunate  than  acaaonable.  r  n  •  In- 
diana having  Bjiproached  hia  camp  in  a  inyatoii '  «  ao. 
ntr,  wer*  inlroduced  into  hi*  pr*atnc*,     ilo  fouui  tiMt 


ROBERTflON'S  HISTORY  OP 


tr  I. 


<tmf  wan  Mni  with  t  pfoffiir  of  friamUhip  ftam  th* 
MUqiM  o<  Zaimoall*.  ■  coniKifnM*  town  u  no  grail 
4lM4noo  I  imi  Iroin  Ibmr  tmwcn  lo  t  vuivty  of  i|iiv<- 
liom  wnii'li  lio  pill  lo  Ihuin,  ucofUIng  lu  Kit  u*ii*i 
ynclicn  in  tvory  iiilrrvicw  willi  Uw  mo|iIo  of  Ihe 
•ounlrjr,  ha  gmharad,  lh«t  Ihoir  mMter,  though  •iibjoci 
lu  ih*  Mciicaii  criiniri',  wu  iinpatlaiii  uf  Iho  yoka,  •iiil 
llllaii  Miih  luvh  ilrnul  •lul  hilml  u(  Monuiiuiiia,  that 
QolhiiiK  coiilit  l>v  iiioru  *ccc|itahlo  to  him  Ihtii  any 
praipvct  uf  ilrhiaraiiia  fruin  Iho  o|i|)t«iiiion  undvr 
arhiuh  hn  ^nMiiril.  tin  hoariiiK  ihii,  a  ray  of  h||lit  and 
M\iK-  biuku  in  upon  Ihu  mind  of  Corlva.  Ho  law  thit 
llta  ifmal  vni|iir«  which  he  inlandsd  lo  attack  wai  neither 

Klailly  nniled,  nor  iti  tovcrmgn  univorMlly  beloved, 
coneludvd,  that  ih«  cauwt  of  diaalfaclion  could  not 
h»  coiiHiiad  10  one  proviiire,  but  that  in  other  cornon 
thara  inual  ba  maleconlanlt,  m>  weary  of  uihioclion,  or 
M  deairoua  of  change,  at  to  he  ready  to  iolluw  the 
Mandard  of  any  proleclor  Full  of  llioao  ideaa,  on 
which  he  bagan  lo  form  a  tchema  that  lima  and  mora 
perfect  inruriualioii  concerning  the  Halo  of  Iho  country 
enabled  hiin  lo  inatuiv,  ho  gavn  a  inuat  uracioua  recep- 
tion lo  Ihe  iSoinpoallani,  and  promiMiu  looii  to  vuil 
their  caiiqua. 

In  order  la  perform  Ihia  promise.  Il  wm  not  ne- 
craaary  lo  vary  lh«  route  which  ho  had  already  Nxed 
for  hia  march.  Mumo  olDcem,  whom  hu  had  eiiipluyeil 
to  lurtuy  Ihe  coast,  having  diwovcrod  a  village  iiuinrd 
Qiiisbialan,  alioul  iorlv  miles  lo  iho  northward,  wliirli, 
licih  on  account  of  the  fcrlilily  of  the  aoil  and  com- 
Madiousnesa  of  the  harlior,  seemed  10  be  a  more  pro- 
per station  for  a  tellleinnnl  Ihiii  Ihtl  where  hu  wiis 
•ncainped,  ('ortea determined  lo  remove  lliitlier.  /em- 
ails lay  in  hia  way,  where  the  caiiipie  received  him 
M  the  manner  which  he  had  rnaaon  to  oi|i«cl ;  with 
(ilia  and  careasot,  like  a  man  solicitous  to  gain  Ins 
good  will ;  with  rcaiicci  approachiiiif  aliiioil  lu  udoru- 
tioii,  like  one  wIm  looked  up  lo  hiin  as  a  deliverer. 
From  him  ha  learniHl  muny  parliciilsrs  with  roapect  to 
the  chtraeter  of  Moiiieiiiina,  and  Iha  circumslsncos 
which  rendered  his  dominion  odiuus.  He  wu  a  tyrant, 
•9  the  caiique  laid  him  with  tears,  hiughly,  cruel,  and 
tuapieioua ;  who  treated  hit  own  subjects  with  arro- 
gance, ruined  the  conipierei^  provinces  by  cicessiAC 
ciactiona,  and  often  tore  their  ions  and  daughtern  from 
tliem  by  viojcucc :  Ik*  fcnnrr  to  bo  olferod  as  viclinia 
tb  hia  gods ;  tI.o  .alter  to  lie  reserved  as  concubines 
for  himself  cr  favorites.  Cortes,  in  reply  lo  him,  art- 
felly  .'nsinuated,  thai  one  great  object  of  ihe  .*Spaiiiurds 
111  visiling  4  country  so  reinato  from  their  own,  was  lo 
ralress  grievances,  and  lo  relievo  the  oppressed ;  and 
biviiig  eiicoiirsged  liim  to  hojic  for  this  inlernosilion 
in  duo  time,  he  roiitinued  his  inarch  lo  Quiabislan. 

Tko  siHit  which  hit  ollicert  had  recommended  as  a 
projicr  sii.i>liuii,  appeaivd  to  him  to  Im  so  well  chosen, 
that  he  immediately  marked  out  ground  for  a  town. 
The  houses  to  be  erected  were  only  htitt ;  but  tliuto 
were  lo  be  surrounded  with  forl'Kcationa  of  aufficient 
■tiengtii  U>  reaisi  the  aaaaulls  of  an  Indian  army.  As 
tL*  finithiiig  of  those  fortilicationa  was  essential  lo  Iho 
•lislence  of  a  colony,  and  of  no  less  iiniMrtanee  in 
uosecutigg  the  designs  which  the  leader  and  his  fol- 
lowers meditated,  both  in  order  to  secure  a  place  of 
teireal,  and  lo  preaervo  their  coininunieaiion  with  the 
■ea,  every  man  in  the  army,  officers  as  well  at  toldiert, 
put  hit  hand  to  the  work,  Cortes  himself  setting  them 
•n  eianiple  of  activity  and  perteversnce  in  labor.  The 
Indiana  of  Zempoalla  and  Quiibislan  lent  their  aid ; 
■nd  this  petty  station,  the  parent  of  so  many  mighty 
Mttlemenla,  was  aoon  in  a  slate  of  defence. 

While  engaged  in  this  necessary  work,  Cortes  had 
■evetal  interviews  with  Ihe  csziques  of  Zempoalla  and 
Quiabislan ;  and  availing  himself  of  their  wonder  and 
utonithmeiit  at  the  now  objects  which  they  daily 
beheld,  ho  gradually  intpin<d  them  with  tuch  a  high 
opinion  of  Iho  Spaniardt,  aa  beings  of  a  auperior  order, 
ciid  irresistible  in  arnia,  that,  relying  on  their  protection, 
they  ventuied  to  insult  the  Mexican  power,  at  Ihe  very 
name  of  which  they  were  accustomed  to  tremlilo. 
Some  of  Monteiunia's  officen  having  appeared  to  levy 
tbe  usual  tribute,  and  lo  demand  a  reriain  ^ullibcr  of 
kunan  viclinia,  at  an  expiation  for  their  guilt  in  pre- 
•■ining  to  hold  intercourse  with  those  strangers  whom 
tka  empbior  had  commanded  to  leave  his  dominions ; 
inalesd  of  obeying  the  order,  Ihe  caziqiics  made  them 
priaoncrt,  treated  Inom  with  great  indignity,  and  as  their 
■uportlition  wat  no  lest  barbarous  than  that  of  the 
Mexicans,  they  prcpired  to  tacriAco  them  to  their 
Ra<!t.  From  Ihit  last  danger  they  wore  delivered  by 
Uie  interposition  of  Cortet,  who  manifetted  the  utmost 
bonof  at  Ihe  mention  of  such  a  deed.  The  two 
MtMl  lei  htviiig  now  been  pushed  to  an  act  of  such 


open  rabellion,  as  left  them  no  Imhw  of  stfely  but  in 
attaching  themaelvet  inviolably  to  the  8p«niarda,  Ihey 
toon  completed  their  union  with  them,  by  formally 
•cknowlmiging  iheinaeleet  to  be  vassals  of  llie  same 
monarch.  'I'heir  example  was  followed  by  the  Tolu- 
naipies,  a  Derco  (icople  who  inhshited  the  niounlainoiia 
part  of  the  coimlry.  They  willingly  sulijvclcd  them- 
selves to  the  crown  of  Castile,  siid  ulfered  to  sccoin- 
nany  Coitea,  with  all  their  forces,  in  hit  inarch  towarda 
Mexico. 

Cortet  htd  now  been  above  three  months  in  New 
Hpain  i  and  though  this  period  had  not  been  dia> 
lingiiiahed  by  niarlial  exploits,  every  inonieni  had  been 
employed  in  operations  which,  though  less  splendid, 
were  mora  imporlanl.  Uy  his  address  in  conducting 
hia  intriguea  with  hia  own  army,  as  well  aa  his  sagacity 
In  carrying  on  his  negotiations  with  the  natives,  ho 
had  alreti^  laid  the  loundalions  of  his  fiiliiro  success. 
Uul  whatever  confidence  ho  might  place  in  the  plan 
which  ho  had  formed,  he  could  not  but  perceive,  that 
•i  his  title  lo  command  was  derived  from  a  doubtful 
aulliorily,  ho  held  il  by  a  precarious  tcnura.  The  in- 
juries which  Vetasqiiex  had  received  wero  such  aa 
would  naturally  prompt  him  lu  apply  for  redreaa  la 
Ihoir  common  sovereign  ;  and  tucli  a  repretentation, 
he  foresaw,  might  lie  given  of  his  conduct  that,  he  had 
reason  lo  apprehend,  not  only  that  ho  might  lie  de- 
graded from  his  present  rank,  but  subjected  lo  punish- 
ment. Ilelura  ho  began  his  march,  il  wat  necetsary 
lo  lake  the  nioti  elfeclual  pracautioiit  againti  Ihit  iin- 
|iending  danger.  V'ith  Ihia  view  ho  ponuodeil  lha 
mtgitlratei  of  the  colony  at  Vera  ('rux  to  addreta  a 
U'tler  to  Iho  king,  the  chief  object  of  which  waa  to 
jiiilify  their  own  conduct  in  eilaliliahing  a  colony  in- 
de|)endenl  on  the  juriadiotion  of  Velasiiiiei.  In  order 
lo  accomplith  this,  they  ondeavoicd  to  detract  from  hit 
merit  In  lilting  out  the  two  former  annaineiili  under 
Cuidova  and  Cirijalva,  afllrmiiig  that  these  had  been 
oquipjied  by  the  advoniurert  who  oiiuaged  in  the  ex- 
pedition!, and  not  by  Iho  governor.  I'hey  cuiitendcd 
that  Iho  tolo  object  of  Velaaquei  was  to  trade  or  barter 
with  Ihe  natives,  not  lo  attempt  the  conquest  ul  New 
S|)ain,  or  to  settle  a  colony  there.  Tliey  aaaerled  that 
('ortes  and  Ihe  ollicert  who  tervcil  under  hmi  had 
defrayed  the  greater  part  of  the  expense  of  filling  out 
the  armtme'il.'  On  Ihit  account,  Ihey  humbly  re- 
quested their  sovereign  In  ratify  what  ihey  had  dune  in 
his  name,  and  lo  coiilirm  Curies  in  the  supreme  com- 
mand by  Ms  royal  cominisaion.  That  (vharles  might 
be  Indiiceil  lo  grant  more  readily  wluit  lliey  demanded, 
Ihey  ;jave  him  i  pompous  dosc'iplinn  of  Ihe  country 
whiih  I  Key  had  discovered;  of  its  riche»,  the  number 
of  III.  inhsbilaiits,  tlioir  civilixalion  and  arts;  they  ro- 
liiled  Iho  progress  which  lliev  had  alroady  made  in 
aiinei  ing  soinn  parts  of  Ihr  en  ...iiry  situated  on  the  sea 
ca.ist  to  Ihe  crown  of  Castile ;  and  monlioneil  the 
schei.'iei  which  they  had  formed,  at  well  at  the  hopet 
which  they  eiilertaincd,  of  reducing  the  wliole  to  tiili- 
jecliun.*  Cortes  hiinsclf  wrote  in  a  similar  tirain ;  and 
aa  he  knew  that  the  Spanish  court,  accustomed  to  the 
cxajgentcd  repretoiilations  of  every  new  county  by 
its  discoverers,  would  give  little  credit  lo  their  splen- 
did sccounts  of  New  S|iain,  if  these  woro  not  accom- 
panied with  such  a  specimen  of  what  it  conlainod 
as  would  excito  a  high  idea  of  its  opulence,  he 
tolic'ted  his  soldiers  to  relinquish  what  Ihey  might 
claim  as  ihoir  part  of  the  treasures  which  had  hitherto 
been  colloclod,  in  order  that  tho  whole  might  be  sent 
lo  Iho  king.  Such  was  tho  aacendant  which  ho  had 
acquired  over  their  mini^t,  and  tuch  their  own  romantic 
expeclationa  of  future  wealth,  Ihal  an  army  of  indigent 
and  rapacious  odventurera  was  capable  of  this  generous 
elTorl,  and  olfered  to  their  sovereign  the  richest  present 
that  had  hitherto  been  transmitted  from  the  Now  World. 
[  104]  Portocarroro  and  Montejo,  the  chief  magistrates 
of  Ihe  colony,  were  appointed  lo  carry  Ihia  present  to 
Castile,  with  express  orders  not  lo  touch  at  Cuba  in 
thiir  passage  thither. 

While  a  vessel  was  preparing  for  their  departure  an 
unexpected  event  occasioned  a  general  alarm.  Some 
soldiera  and  sailors,  secretly  attached  to  Velasquez,  or 


•  In  this  letter  it  la  aisertod,  tliat  tliough  a  contiderable 
numtier  of  Spaniards  have  been  wounded  in  tlicir  vedoua 
encnuiitera  with  the  people  of  Tobaaco,  not  one  of  tiiem  died, 
and  ail  bad  recovered  in  a  very  short  tiino.  Tliia  Boema  to 
connriii  what  I  obHorve  in  p.  Vi3,  coiiroming  tho  Itnperfuctioii 
ot  the  olTehiiivo  woapoiis  ufted  by  the  Aiiioricana  In  this 
lettur,  tho  human  sacriflcea  otfored  by  the  .Moxicana  to  their 
deilios  are  doscrilted  miiiiitoly.  and  with  great  horror ;  aonie 
of  the  .Spaniards,  it  Is  aaid,  had  twcn  t-ye-witnossos  of  those 
barbarous  rltea.  To  tho  letter  is  Kuhjuincd  a  catalouije  and 
deitcription  of  tho  presents  sent  to  Ilio  ein|H>roi  That  pub- 
liiihed  by  Goniara,  Cron.  c.  311,  seems  to  have  been  copied 
from  it.  Pot.  Martyr  describea  many  of  the  articles  in  his 
tteatiM, '  De  lusulis  nuper  Invenlii,'  p.  3M,  Ac. 


inlimidated  it  Ihe  proapeet  of  lb*  dingan  unaMlMti 
in  alleinpting  lo  penetrate  into  the  heart  of  i  srtM  mm 
pire  with  such  uneqnsi  force,  formed  Ihe  m^sign  *f 
seuing  one  uf  the  hriganliiirs,  and  making  their  eecap* 
10  Cuba,  in  order  lo  give  the  governor  sue!n  inlellig*M« 
as  might  enable  him  lo  intercept  the  ship  which  wia  M 
carry  the  tressiire  and  deapslches  lo  Hpain.  Thision* 
spiracy,  though  formed  by  persons  of  low  rank,  waa 
cundiiiled  with  profuund  secrecy  ;  but  al  Ihe  inoineni 
when  every  thing  wtt  ready  fur  execution,  Ihey  w*r« 
betrayed  by  one  of  Iheir  associsles. 

Thuugli  the  good  fortune  of  I'ortet  inlerpoted  to 
leasoiiulily  on  this  occasion,  Ihe  detection  of  this  con- 
spiracy tilled  hia  mind  with  most  disi|uieting  tppr*- 
honsioiis,  and  prompted  him  lo  execute  a  scheme  which 
lie  had  long  revolved.  He  perceived  that  Ihe  spirit  of 
disaflbelion  still  lurked  among  hit  Ironpa ;  that 
though  hitherto  checked  by  Ihe  uniform  auccett  of  hie 
schcinea,  or  siijipressud  by  Ihe  Und  of  authority  Tt> 
rioiia  oventa  might  occur  which  would  encourage  aiHl 
call  it  forth,  lie  observed,  that  many  of  hia  men,wetry 
of  tlie  fatigue  of  service,  longed  lo  revisit  Iheir  tetll*- 
muntt  in  Cnlia ;  and  Ihtl  upon  tny  araiearaiico  of  (i- 
irsnrdinary  danger  or  any  revcrae  of  fortune,  il  wouki 
be  im|ioaaililo  lo  restrain  ihem  from  returning  Ihilher. 
Me  waa  sensible,  that  liit  forces,  already  lou  feeble, 
cuuld  liear  no  diiniiiulion,  and  thai  a  very  aiiiall  defec- 
tion nf  his  followers  would  oblige  him  lo  abandon  Iho 
enterprise.  Afler  ruminating  often,  and  with  much 
sulicitude,  upon  those  particuUn,  ha  taw  no  hope  ol 
auccett  but  in  cutting  oH' all  pottibilily  of  reliott,  and 
ill  rcdiieing  hit  men  lo  Iho  nereasiiy  of  adopting  Ih* 
same  ijlulion  with  which  he  himself  was  animaltd 
cither  lo  compier  or  lo  |ierish.  With  Ihit  vitw  h« 
dotermiiied  to  destroy  hia  fleet ;  but  at  he  dkre*  not 
venture  to  execute  tuch  a  bold  resolution  by  hia  t  ngl* 
aulhurily,  he  laliored  to  bring  his  soldiers  10  adopt  hit 
ideas  with  respect  to  the  propriety  of  this  ineaiura. 
Ills  address  in  accomplishing  this  was  not  inferior  to 
the  arduouB  occasion  in  whien  it  waa  employed.  Ho 
iienuadcd  some  that  the  ships  had  aulTered  so  much  by 
hiving  been  long  at  s<!a,  as  lo  be  allogollier  unfit  for 
service  ;  to  others  he  pointed  out  what  a  teatonible  ra- 
inforcement  of  tirength  Ihey  would  derive  from  the 
junclion  of  a  hundred  men,  now  unprofilably  employed 
aa  tailort ;  and  lo  all  he  ropretented  the  ncccttitj  of 
fixing  Iheir  eyet  and  wishet  U|ion  what '  waa  boit  to 
ihnin,  without  allowing  Ihe  idea  of  a  retreat  once  to 
enter  their  ihoughtt.  vV'ilh  univcrtal  content  the  tliip3 
were  drawn  ashore,  and  after  stripping  them  of  their 
sails,  rigging,  iron  works,  and  whatever  elte  might  bo 
of  use,  lliey  wero  broke  in  pieces.  Thus,  from  an  ef- 
fort of  magnaniinity,  to  which  there  is  nothing  parallel 
in  history,  live  hundretl  men  voluntarily  conson'ed  lo  b* 
shut  up  in  a  hostile  country,  tilled  with  powerful  and 
unluiown  nations  ;  and.  having  precluded  every  lucani 
uf  o>ca|ic,  left  theinselvoa  without  any  resource  but 
their  own  valor  and  perseverance. 

Nothing  now  retarded  Cortes  ;  the  alacrity  of  bio 
troops  and  tho  disposition  of  his  allies  were  oqutlly  fa- 
vorable. All  Iho  advantages,  however,  derived  from 
Ihe  latter,  though  procured  by  much  assiduity  and  ad- 
dress, were  well  nigh  lost  in  a  moment,  by  an  indis- 
creet sally  of  religious  icsl,  which  on  many  occasions 
prccipilalod  Cortes  into  actions  inconsistent  with  the 
prt'denco  that  distinguishes  hia  character.  Though 
hitherto  ho  had  neither  time  nor  op|X>rlunity  lo  explain 
to  the  natives  the  errori  of  their  own  tuperslilion,  or  to 
instruct  tliem  in  the  principles  of  the  Christian  failh,  he 
commanded  his  soldiera  to  overturn  Iho  allara  and  to 
destroy  the  idols  in  tho  chief  temple  of  Zempoalla,  and 
in  their  place  to  erect  a  crucifix  and  an  image  of  the 
Virgin  Mary.  The  people  beheld  this  with  astonish ' 
ment  and  horror  ;  Ihe  priests  excited  them  to  arma . 
but  such  was  Ihe  authority  of  Cortes,  and  so  great  kho 
ascendant  which  the  Spaniards  had  acquired,  that  the 
commotion  was  appeased  without  bloodshe«l,  and  con- 
cord perfectly  re-established. 

Cortes  I'egan  his  march  from  Zempoalla,  on  Ihe  six 
Icenlh  of  August,  with  five  hundred  men,  fifloon  liorto 
and  six  field  iiicces.  The  rest  of  his  troops,  consisting 
chiefly  of  such  at  from  age  or  infirmity  wero  less  fit  for 
active  service,  he  left  as  a  garriton  in  Villa  Rica,  under 
the  command  of  Eicalante,  an  officer  of  merit,  and 
warmly  attached  to  hit  interest.  Tho  cazique  of  Zem- 
poalla supplied  him  with  jirovisions,  and  with  two  hun- 
dred of  those  Indians  called  Tainemet,  whoeo  office,  in 
a  country  where  lame  animals  wero  unknown,  wat  la 
carry  burdent,  and  tp  perform  all  servile  labor.  They 
were  a  great  relief  to  the  Spanish  soldiers,  who  hilbof 
lo  had  been  obliged  nut  only  to  carry  Iheir  own  bag 
gago,  but  to  drag  along  tho  oitillory  by  irain  foico.  Iw 


lici 


ROUTH  AMERICA. 


of  I  gml  M* 

the  ilniign  tf 
ing  llirir  Msif* 
iicn  iniclligfaM 
ip  which  WM  M 
•in.    'I'hi*  taa> 

low  nr.k,  wm 

>  il  lh«  inomtnl 
lion,  they  wora 

I  inlcrpoMil  m 
on  of  ibit  eon- 
i|ui«ting  t|ipi*- 

•  Dchcina  which 
Iwl  Uio  iiiiril  of 

tronpii  thit 
I  lucctH  of  hit 
if  •uthorily  vt- 
1  encoung*  iiiil 
r  hill  men.wMry 
iiit  their  Hitlo- 
IwaniKo  of  ax- 
rtiine,  it  wouki 
turning  thithor. 
idy  lou  fmhlo, 
<ry  •mill  ilofM- 
to  abiiiMlon  the 
nil  with  much 
Mw  no  hope  ol 
I  of  ratrott,  and 
>r  adopting  Iho 
waa  animattd 
h  Ihia  Tiiw  h« 
a  ha  ^kra>  ml 
i>ii  by  hia  a  ngla 
ra  to  adopt  Eia 

thia  inaaiufo. 

•  not  inferiar  (o 
employed.  Ho 
red  ao  muck  by 
igotlier  unfll  for 

>  aoaaonable  re- 
lerivo  from  the 
itably  einplojed 
;he  neceaaitj  of 
lut'waa  bcKTO 
Ictieat  once  to 
maent  the  aliipa 

them  of  tlieir 

elae  might  bo 

from  an  ef- 

lothiiig  parallel 

:onacn'ed  to  bo 

powerful  and 

every  mcana 

reaourca  bul 


alacrity  of  hio 
ore  equally  fa- 
derived  from 
iduity  and  ad- 
by  an  indii- 
lany  occaaiona 
latent  with  the 
ter.    Though 
ity  to  explaiB 
eratition,  or  to 
iatian  faith,  he 
altara  and  to 
icmpoalla,  and 
Image  of  the 
with  aatoniah' 
licin  to  arma . 
ao  great  the 
ircd,  that  the 
lied,  and  con- 

a,  on  the  ai> 
fifteen  liorao 
M,  conaiating 
re  loaa  fit  for 
I  Rica,  under 
merit,  and 
Ique  of  Zein- 
rith  two  hun- 
oao  office, in 
own,  waa  to 
ibor.    Thoy 

who  hitbor- 
Bir  own  bag 

ifOKO.  1h 


I  likewiae  a  eonaiderable  body  of  Ma  Iroopa,  bul 
Owloa  waa  aatiaflcd  with  four  hundred  ;  taking  care, 
kowever,  to  choone  pinaona  of  aiich  note  aa  n.iulil  prove 
(oalagea  for  the  Hdi'lity  of  iheir  inanter.  Nothing  ma- 
nMirahle  hapiwnrd  in  hii  prot(rcaii.  until  ho  arrivrd  on 
the  conAnaa  of  'i'laurala,  'I'lin  inhahitanta  of  that  pro- 
vinco,  1  warlike  people,  were  ImiiUaable  eiisiniea  ol  the 
Meiicana,  and  hail  Ixen  unilod  in  an  ancirni  alliaike 
witn  the  ('a«i>|Uea  of  /rinpoalla.  Thuiigh  Ihm  civiliicd 
than  the  nubjerta  of  Muntcxunia,  tliry  were  adviinced 
In  iinproveiiivnl  fir  'jayoiid  Iho  rude  iiaiiona  of  America 
wlioae  inannera  wo  have  deacribed.  Thoy  had  made 
conaideNbla  progreaa  in  agriculture;  tliey  dwelt  In 
large  lowiia  i  tbay  wora  not  alraiuera  to  aoine  ijieeiee 
of  eoininerce;  and  in  the  imnerloct  accounta  of  their 
inatituliona  and  lawa,  traniniitled  to  ua  by  iho  early 
Bpaniah  writera,  we  diacvm  tracea  both  of  dialributiTa 

1'ualice  and  of  criminal  juriadi^ition  In  iheir  interior  po- 
ice.  Rut  ilill,  aa  the  degree  of  Iheir  civilixation  waa 
incomplete,  and  aa  thny  iicpuiidod  for  aubaialence  not 
on  agriculture  alone,  but  truiited  for  il  in  >  great  mea- 
auro  to  hunting,  they  retained  many  of  the  qualitiea 
natural  to  men  in  thia  atate.  Like  them  they  were 
fierce  and  revengeful ;  like  them,  ton,  they  were  high 
apirited  and  Independent.  In  consequence  of  the  for- 
mer, they  were  involved  In  perpetual  hoatilitica,  and 
hid  bul  a  alender  and  occaaional  intercourae  with 
neighboring  alatoa.  The  Utter  inspired  them  with  auch 
dolaalalion  of  aervitude,  that  thoy  not  only  reluaed  to 
•loop  to  a  foreign  yoke,  and  maintain  an  obatinale  and 
•uceaaaful  conteat  In  defence  of  their  liberty  againat 
Iho  auperior  power  of  the  Meiican  empire,  but  thoy 
guarded  with  equal  aolicituda  against  domestic  tyranny ; 
■ud  disdaining  to  acknowledge  any  master,  thoy  lived 
under  the  mild  and  limited  juriadiction  of  a  council 
•tecled  by  their  several  tribes. 

Cortea,  though  he  had  received  information  concern- 
ing Ihe  martial  character  of  this  people,  flattered  him- 
•cTf  thai  hia  professiona  of  delivering  the  opprusaed 
from  the  tyranny  of  Montezuma,  their  inveterate  eninily 
lo  Ihe  Meiicms,  and  the  example  of  their  ancient  allioa 
Ihe  Zempoallans,  might  induce  tho  TIascalans  to  grant 
him  a  friendly  reception.  In  order  to  dispose  them  to 
Ihie,  four  Zempoailana  of  great  eminence  wero  aent 
•inbaaaadors,  to  reuueat  in  his  name,  and  in  that^  ol 
Iheir  ca>i<pie,  that  they  would  permit  the  Spaniards'  to 
paaa  through  the  territoriea  of  tho  republic  in  their  wav 
lo  Mexico.  But  instead  of  the  favorable  anawer  which 
wae  expected,  lliu  TIaacalans  aoized  tho  ambassadors, 
and,  without  sny  regard  to  ihc'u  public  character,  made 
{irapantioiis  for  sacrificing  them  lo  their  gods.  At  tho 
1  time  they  asnombloJ  their  troops,  in  order  lo  up- 


poaii  thoso  unknown  invadora  if  thoy  ahould  attempt  to 
make  their  passage  goiid  by  force  of'^arina.  Various  nio- 
livee  concurred  in  proi  ipitsting  the  TIascalans  into  thia 
loaolution.  A  fierce  |ieunle,  shut  up  within  its  own 
narrow  precincts,  nnd  .'itle  accuatomed  to  any  inter- 
courae with  foreignera,  ia  ml  to  conaider  every  stranger 
•a  an  enemy,  and  is  easily  i  idled  lo  arms.  Thoy  con- 
cluded, from  Cortca'a  prorKsal  of  visiting  Montezuma 
in  hia  capital,  that,  notwitnatanding  all  hia  profosaions, 
he  courted*  the  friendship  of  a  monarch  whom  they  both 
haled  and  feared.  Tho  iinpru'lrnt  zeal  uf  Cortes  in 
violating  the  temples  in  Zoinpoalla,  filled  the  TIasca- 
lans witn  horror ;  and  aa  they  were  no  lesa  attached  to 
Iheir  auperstitlon  than  the  other  nations  of  New  Spain, 
Ihey  wore  impatient  to  avenge  their  injured  gods,  and 
lo  acquire  the  merit  of  offering  up  to  them  aa  victima, 
Ihoae  impious  men  who  had  dared  lo  profane  their  al- 
lara ;  thoy  contemned  the  small  nuinoer  of  the  Spa- 
niards, as  thev  had  not  yet  measured  their  own  strength 
with  that  of  these  now  enemies,  and  had  no  idea  of  Iho 
■uperiority  which  they  derived  from  their  arms  and  dia- 
cipline. 

Cortes,  after  wailing  aome  daya  in  vain  for  the  re- 
turn of  his  ambassadors,  advanced  [Aug.  30,]  into  Ihe 
TIaacalan  terrilorles.  As  tho  resolutions  of  pcopio 
who  delight  in  war  are  executed  with  no  less  promuti- 
lude  than  they  are  formed,  ho  found  troops  in  the  lield 
toady  to  oppose  him.  They  attacked  bim  wilb  great 
intre|>lditv,  and  in  the  first  encounter,  wounded  some  of 
ihe  Spaniards,  and  killed  two  horses ;  a  loss,  in  their 
lituation,  of  great  momrnt,  because  it  was  irreparable. 
Fiom  thia  specimen  of  their  courage,  Corles  aaw  Ihe 
Becessitr  o>  proceeding  witn  caution.  His  army 
marched  in  closo  order  ;  he  chose  the  stations  where 
be  hailed,  with  attention,  and  fortifitd  every  camp  witli 
■xiraurdir.ary  rtre.  During  fourteen  days  he  waa  ux- 
poaed  to  almost  uninterrupica  assaults,  the  TIascalans 
•dvMicing  with  numeroua  armies,  and  renewing  tho  at- 
tach in  varioua  forma,  with  a  degree  of  valor  and  perae- 
1  to  which  the  Spaniards  hod  seen  nothing  paral- 


lal  in  Ihe  New  World.  The  Spanish  hialoriina  describe 
thoae  aucceaaive  halllea  with  gnat  pomp,  and  enter 
into  a  miniile  detail  of  particulara,  iiiingling  many  ex- 
•Vgerated  and  incredible  circumalancea  (lOftl  with  such 
ai  nrn  real  and  niarvelluna.  Hut  no  (nwer  uf  words  can 
reiidur  Ihe  recital  of  a  cuinbat  interesliiig,  where  there 
IS  no  equality  of  danger ;  and  when  the  narrative  closes 
With  an  account  of  thousamla  slain  on  he  one  side, 
while  not  a  single  (lerson  falls  on  tho  other,  tho  most 
lulMired  desmptiuns  of  the  previous  dift|Kisition  of  tho 
troops,  orof  the  various  vicijuiludes  in  the  engagement, 
command  no  attention. 

There  are  aome  cireumilaneea,  however,  in  thia  war, 
which  are  memorable,  and  merit  notice,  aa  they  throw 
light  u|ion  the  character  both  of  Ihe  people  of  New 
Spain,  ami  of  their  conquerors.  Though  tho  Tlaaci- 
lana  brought  into  the  field  auch  numeioua  annies  aa  ap- 
pear auHlciont  to  have  overwhelmed  the  Spaniarda,  they 
were  never  able  lo  make  any  impression  upon  their 
small  battallion.  Singular  aa  Ihia  may  seem,  it  is  not 
ineiplicable.  The  TIascalana,  though  addicted  to  war, 
were  like  all  unpoliahed  nations,  atrangera  lo  military 
order  and  discipline,  and  loat  in  a  great  meaaure  the  ad- 
vantage which  they  might  have  derived  from  their  mini- 
bera,  and  the  iiiqieluosiiy  of  their  attack,  by  their  consiant 
solicitude  to  curry  olf  Ihe  dead  and  wounded.  This 
point  of  honor,  founded  on  a  aenliment  of  tenderness 
natural  lo  the  human  mind,  and  atrenglhened  by  aniiely 
lo  preserve  the  bodies  of  their  countrymen  from  being 
devoured  by  their  enemies,  waa  universal  among  Iho 
people  of  New  Spain.  Attention  to  thia  pioua  olfice 
occupied  them  even  during  the  heat  of  combat,  broke 
their  union,  and  diminished  the  force  of  the  impression 
which  they  mi)iht  have  made  by  a  joint  effort 

Not  only  waa  their  superiority  in  number  of  little 
avail,  but  the  iinperfeclion  of  their  military  weapons 
rendered  their  valor  in  a  great  niesauro  inoironsive. 
After  throe  battloa  and  many  skirmishes  and  assaults, 
not  one  Spaniard  waa  killed  in  the  field.  Arrows  and 
s|iears,  headed  with  flint  or  tho  bones  of  fishes,  stakes 
hardened  in  tho  fire,  and  woodon  swords,  though 
destructive  weapons  among  naked  Indiana,  wero  eaai- 
ly  turned  aside  by  the  Spaniah  bucklera,  and  could 
hardiv  penetrate  the  eicaupilu,  or  quilled  jackets, 
which  tlio  soldiers  wore.  'Hie  TIascalana  advanced 
boldly  to  tho  charge,  and  often  fought  hand  to  hand. 
Many  of  tho  Spaniarda  were  wounded  though  all  slight- 
ly, which  cannot  bo  imputed  lo  any  want  of  courage  or 
strength  in  their  enemies,  but  to  the  defect  of  the  ariiia 
with  which  they  asaailed  them. 

Notwithstanding  Ihe  fury  with  which  the  TIascalana 
attacked  tho  Spaniards,  they  seemed  lo  have  conducted 
their  hoalililies  with  aome  degren  of  barbaroua  genero- 
aity.  They  gave  tho  Spaniards  warning  of  their  hostile 
intentions ;  and  aa  they  knew  that  their  invaders  wanted 
provisions,  and  imagined  perhapa,  like  the  other  Ame- 
ricans, that  they  hud  left  their  own  country  becauae  it 
did  not  otrord  them  aubsislenco,  they  aent  to  their  camp 
a  largo  supply  of  poultry  and  maize,  deairing  Ihein  to 
oat  iiientituily,  because  thoy  acoriied  to  attack  an  enemy 
onrecbled  by  hunger,  and  it  would  bo  an  affront  lo  their 
gods  lo  nifer  them  famished  victims,  aa  well  as  dia- 
agrccable  lo  Ihemaelvea  to  feed  on  auch  emaciated 
prey. 

When  thoy  were  taught  by  the  firat  encounter  with 
their  new  enemies,  that  it  wua  not  eaay  to  execute  thia 
threat ;  when  they  perceived,  in  the  aubaequcnt  en- 
gagements, that  notwithstanding  all  the  efforta  of  their 
own  valor,  of  which  they  had  a  very  high  opinion,  not 
one  of  tho  Spaniarda  waa  slain  or  taken,  they  began  lo 
conceive  thoin  to  bo  a  auporior  order  of  beings,  against 
whom  human  power  could  not  avail.  In  thia  extremity, 
they  had  recourse  to  their  priests,  requiring  them  to 
reveal  tho  mysterious  causea  of  auch  extraordinary 
eveiils,  and  lo  declare  what  new  meaiia  they  ahoulil 
einoby  in  oitler  to  repulse  those  formidable  invaders. 
The  ^  'iesta,  after  many  aacriticea  and  incantations,  de- 
livered this  response  :  That  these  atrangera  were  the 
offspring  of  tho  sun,  procreated  by  hia  animating  energy 
in  the  regiona  of  the  east ;  that,  by  day,  whilo  Jheriahed 
with  the  influence  of  hia  parental  beams,  they  were  in- 
vincible ;  but  by  night,  whon  his  reviving  heat  was 
withdrawn,  their  vigor  declined  pnd  faded  lik  i  the  herbs 
in  tho  field,  and  they  dwindled  down  into  mortal  men. 
Theories  lesa  plauaibic  have  gained  credit  with  more 
enlightened  nations,  and  have  influenced  thair  conduct. 
In  can8ei|uence  of  this,  tlio  TIascalans,  with  Ihe  impli- 
cit confidence  of  men  who  fancy  thcm^elvci  to  be  under 
the  guidance  of  Heaven,  acted  in  contrai:ction  to  one 
of  their  moat  eatablished  maxims  in  war,  and  ventunxl 
to  attack  tho  enemy,  with  a  strong  bo,i  r,  in  the  night 
liine,  in  hopes  of  dostioyirig  them  whcL  iofeebicd  and 


auipriaed.  Bul  CoitM  h(d  meter  TlgiliiiM  umI  i 
cemment,  than  lo  be  deceived  by  the  rude  i 
uf  an  Indian  army.  The  seiilinela  at  hia  oulpoela^  i 
serving  aome  extraordinary  moveinent  among  Ihe  Tl»> 
•calans,  gave  the  alarm.  In  a  moment  the  Iroopa  were 
under  arms,  and  aallying  ml,  disjiorsed  the  party  with 
groat  aliughter,  without  allowing  il  lo  approach  itw 
camp,  'llie  TIaacalana  convnced  by  asa  expeneoe* 
that  their  priests  had  deluded  them,  and  aalialled  that 
they  attempted  in  vain  cither  lo  deceive  or  lo  vinquiah 
their  enemies,  their  fiercenesa  abated,  and  Ihey  bogu 
to  incline  aorlouaiy  u»  peace. 

They  were  at  a  loaa,  however,  in  what  mannar  to 
addreaa  Ihe  atrangera,  what  idea  to  fbrm  of  ihcir  cha- 
racter, and  whether  lo  consider  them  aa  beinp  of  • 
gentle  or  of  a  malevolent  nature.  There  were  cin-ui* 
auncta  in  their  conduct  which  leemed  to  favor  each 
opinion.  On  the  one  hand,  aa  the  Spaniard!  conatanlly 
dismissed  the  prisonera  whom  Ihey  look,  not  only  witl^ 
out  injury,  but  often  with  preaenta  of  European  loya^ 
and  renewed  their  olTera  of  peace  after  eve^  vicloni ; 
ihia  lenity  amazed  jieople,  who,  according  to  Ihe  exter- 
minating ayatem  of  war  known  in  America,  were  ae- 
cusluiiied  lo  sacrifice  and  devour  without  mercy  all  tha 
ca|itives  taken  in  buttle,  and  diapoaed  them  lo  entertain 
favornble  sentiments  of  tho  humanity  of  their  new  ene- 
mies, liul,  on  the  other  hand,  aa  Cortea  had  aeiietl 
fifty  of  their  countrymen  who  brought  proviaiona  to  hia 
camp,  and  siinposing  them  to  bo  apiea,  had  cut  offtheil 
haiida  ;  Ihia  bloody  s|ioclacle,  added  10  the  terror  occa- 
aioned  by  the  fiie-arma  and  horaoa,  filled  them  with 
dreadful  impressions  of  tho  ferocity  of  their  invaderi. 
[106J  This  uncertainty  waa  apparent  in  Ihe  nuide  nl 
addreasiiig  tho  Spaniarda.  "  If,"  aaid  Ihey,  "you  ara 
divinitiea  of  a  cruel  and  savsgo  nature,  we  preaent  lo 
you  five  alaves,  thai  you  may  drink  their  blood  and  eel 
their  flesh.  If  you  are  mild  deities,  accept  an  oflToring 
of  incenso  and  variegated  plumee.  If  you  are  men, 
hero  is  meat,  and  briud,  and  fruit  to  nourish  you."  Tho 
|>caco,whi<^h  bulh  parties  now  desired  with  e<iual  ardor, 
waa  aoon  concluded.  Tho  TIascalana  yielded  Ihem- 
aelvea as  vassala  to  the  crown  of  Ciatile,  and  engaged 
to  aaaiat  Cortea  in  all  hia  future  operations.  He  took 
the  republic  under  hia  protection,  and  proiniaed  10 
defend  their  persona  and  poaacaaiona  from  iijury  of 
violence. 

Thia  treaty  waa  concluded  at  a  aoaaonable  juncture 
for  the  Spaniards.  The  fatigue  of  aervice  among  a 
aniall  tjodv  of  men.  surrounded  bv  auch  a  multitude  of 
enemies  was  incredible.  Half  the  army  waa  on  duty 
every  night,  and  even  they  whoao  turn  it  waa  to  reel, 
slept  alwuya  upon  their  arms,  that  they  might  be  ready 
to  run  to  Iheir  poats  on  a  momont'a  warning.  Many 
of  them  were  wounded ;  a  good  number,  and  among 
these  Cortea  hiinaelf,  labored  under  the  distempera  pre- 
valent in  hot  climalca,  and  aeveral  had  died  ainco  they 
set  out  from  Vera  Cruz.  Notwilhatanding  the  auppliea 
which  they  received  from  the  TIascalana,  they  wero 
often  in  want  of  provisions,  and  so  destitute  of  tho 
necesaariea  most  requisite  in  dangerous  aervice,  that 
they  had  no  ealve  lo  drc:ss  their  wounds,  but  what  waa 
coinjiobed  of  the  fat  of  the  Indians  whom  they  had 
slain.  Worn  out  with  such  inlulerable  toil  and  hard* 
shipa,  many  of  tho  soldiers  began  lo  murmur,  and  when 
they  reflected  on  tho  inultiluue  and  boldnen  of  their 
enemiva,  moro  wero  ready  to  lespair.  It  required  tha 
utmost  exertion  of  Cortca'a  authority  and  address  tu 
check  this  spirit  of  despondency  in  its  progress,  and  to 
reanimate  his  followera  with  their  wonted  sense  of 
their  own  superiority  over  the  enemies  with  whom  tliey 
had  to  contend.  The  aubmiasion  of  the  TIascalana 
and  their  own  triumphant  entry  into  the  capital  city, 
where  they  were  received  with  the  reverence  paid  to 
beings  of  a  auperior  order,  baniahed  at  once  from  tho 
minda  of  the  Spaniarda  all  memory  of  paat  auHeringv, 
dispelled  every  anxious  thought  with  respect  to  their 
future  operations,  and  fully  satisfied  them  that  there 
waa  not  now  any  power  in  America  able  to  withstand 
their  anna. 

Cortes  remained  twenty  daya  in  TIascala,  in  order 
to  allow  hia  troops  a  abort  interval  of  repose  after  sucii 
hard  aer>'ice.  During  that  time  he  was  employed  in 
transactions  and  inquiriea  of  great  moment  with  respect 
to  hia  future  schemes.  In  His  daily  conferencea  with 
tho  TIascalan  chiefs,  he  received  information  concern- 
ing every  particular  relative  lo  the  stati  of  ihe  Mexican 
empire,  or  to  the  qualities  of  its  sovereign,  which  could 
be  of  use  in  regulating  his  conduct,  whether  he  shouio 
beobliged  tnaclaaa  fiiendoraaanenemy.  Ashe  fouoJ 
that  tho  antipathy  of  hia  new  allies  to  tho  Mexican  na- 
tion waa  no  leas  implacable  than  had  btion  representedi 
and  perceived  what  benefit  he  m'ght  derive  from  dw 


Ft 


I 


m 

■M  of  aiicli  |K>w<rrul  eonfedettlM,  ha  emplnyrd  til  hi* 
MwiJii  of  iiiilnuition  in  onlar  to  giin  Ihcir  confidence. 
Vrt  wie  tny  eiinonlinarjreiertion  oflhcM  neetuerjr. 
Wm  TUecaltni,  with  the  le«ily  of  niiiid  nuliinl  to 
M|>oli«h«l  men,  wore,  of  their  own  tfeord,  dinpoMHl  lo 
■an  rmrn  the  eitrvine  of  hilred  lo  that  of  fondncen. 
Efery  thiug  in  llie  ippMrinre  end  conduct  of  Ihcir 
gueiie  wu  to  ihein  milter  of  woiidar.  [107]  They 
giied  w  ith  tdniinitioti  at  whatever  th«  S|ianiardi  diil, 
•nd,  fancyintt  them  to  be  of  heavi'iily  origin,  were  ea^er 
Mt  only  to  comply  with  their  dciiianda,  but  to  aiitjci- 
|Ate  ttieir  v  iahea.  Tlicy  olU-ri'd,  accordingly,  to  acronk' 
panv  Cortea  in  hr>  march  to  Meilco,  with  all  the  forcca 
of  tiie  rr|iublic,  under  the  cuiiiiiiand  of  their  nioat  eipe- 
rtencnl  cafitaina. 

Uul,  after  bealowing  ao  much  peine  on  cementing 
Ihia  union,  all  the  liencftclal  fruila  of  it  war*  on  the 
poiiil  of  being  loat  by  a  new  efliiiion  of  that  inlenipo- 
nte  roliginua  leal  with  which  Cortea  waa  aniniatrd  no 
.eaa  than  the  othi^f  adventurcra  of  the  age.  They  all 
(onaidered  thoinaelvea  aa  iiiatruinenta  employed  by 
Heaven  to  propagate  the  Chriktian  faith,  and  the  leaa 
Ihey  were  qiialillcd,  either  by  their  knowledge  or  iiiorala, 
for  euch  a  function,  they  were  more  varr  to  diachargu 
it.  The  profound  voiieration  of  the  Tlaacalani  for  the 
Spanianln  haviiii;  eiicoiiragrd  Corlei  lo  ciplain  lo  M>ino 
01  their  cliiefa  thn  iloclrinea  of  the  C'hriatiail  religion, 
■nd  lu  inaiat  that  they  aliould  alumlan  their  own  tuper- 
Mltioiie,  and  embrace  the  faith  of  their  new  frienila, 
thejr,  according  to  an  idea  univrraal  among  barliaroim 
Mlioiia,  readily  acknowledged  the  truth  and  eicollence 
of  what  he  lau|tht ;  but  contended,  that  the  Ttulet  of 
Tlawala  were  iliviiiitiea  no  Iraa  than  the  Uod  in  whom 
Iho  Spaniarda  believed  ;  and  aa  that  Ueiiig  waa  ciititlod 
lo  the  homage  of  Kuro|ieana,  ao  they  wore  bound  to 
revere  Iho  aanie  |iowora  which  their  ancoaton  liad  wor 
(hipped.  Cortea  continued,  novcrlheleaa,  lo  urge  hia 
demand  in  ■  tone  of  authority,  mingling  ihrcata  with 
hio  ■rguinenlB,  until  the  Tlaacalana  could  bear  it  no 
longer,  and  conjured  him  nevor  to  mention  Ihia  again, 
Itel  the  uoda  ahould  avenge  on  their  hoada  the  gunt  of 
having  listened  to  auch  a  proposition.  Cortea,  Kto- 
niahni  and  enraged  at  their  obstinacy,  prepared  to  eio- 
cute  by  force  what  he  could  not  accomplish  by  pcraua- 
iioii,  and  waa  going  to  overturn  their  allure  and  caat 
dikwn  their  idols  with  the  aaine  violent  hand  aa  ut  Zem- 
ixwlla.  if  Kather  Uarlholoniew  do  Olincdo,  chaplain  to 
'Jw  eipodition,  had  not  checked  his  inconsideralo  iin- 
peliiosity.  He  represented  the  imprudence  of  auch  an 
Utempt  in  i  large  city  newly  reconciled,  and  filled  with 
people  no  leaa  auperaiitious  than  warlike ;  ho  declared, 
llut  the  proceeding  at  Zempoalla  hud  alwaya  appeared 
lo  him  precipitate  and  unjust ;  that  religion  was  not  to 
bo  propagated  by  the  sword,  or  inlidcis  to  be  convrrled 
hy  violence  ;  that  other  wca|ions  wore  to  be  employed 
in  Ihia  ministry  ;  patient  instuclion  must  enlighten  the 
onderatanding,  and  pious  example  captivato  the  heart, 
before  men  could  be  induced  to  abindon  error,  and 
oinbrace  the  truth.  Amidst  accnea  where  a  narrow 
minded  bigotry  appears  in  auch  close  union  with  op- 
presjion  and  cruelty,  teiitimcnts  ao  liberal  and  humane 
toothe  the  mind  with  uneipected  pleasure  ;  and  at  a 
time  when  the  rights  of  conscience  were  little  under- 
•lood  in  the  Christian  world,  and  the  idea  of  toleration 
unknown,  one  ia  astonished  to  find  a  Spaniah  monk  of 
the  aixtccnth  century  among  the  firat  advocates  agaiiiat 
persecution,  and  in  behalf  of  religious  liberty.  The 
femonatmnccs  of  an  ecclesiastic,  no  leaa  respectable 
for  wisdom  than  virtue,  had  their  projior  weight  with 
Cortes.  He  left  the  TIascalans  in  Ihe  undisturbed 
Oierciae  of  their  own  ritea,  requiring  only  that  they 
■Iwiild  desist  from  their  horrid  practice  of  offering  hu- 
■un  victims  in  sacrifice. 

Cortea,  aa  aoon  aa  hia  troops  were  fit  for  aervice,  re- 
oolved  to  continue  hia  march  towards  Mexico,  notwith- 
Manding  the  earneat  dissuaaives  of  Ihe  TIascalans,  who 
tepresented  his  destruction  aa  unavoidable  if  he  put 
himself  in  the  (lOwcr  of  a  prince  so  faithless  and  cruel 
■■  Montezuma.  Aa  ho  waa  accompanied  by  six  Ihoii- 
luid  Tlascalana.  he  had  now  the  command  of  forcea 
«hicb  resembled  a  regular  army  They  directod  tlieir 
ootiiie  towards  Choluia  [Oct.  13] ;  Montexuma,  who 
had  at  length  consented  to  admit  the  Spaniarda  into  his 
pnaonce,  having  informed  Cortes  that  he  had  given 
onleiv  for  his  friendly  reception  there.  Choluia  waa  a 
ooiiaiderable  town,  and  though  only  five  leagues  distant 
flam  Tlascala,  was  formerly  an  independent  state,  but 
hid  been  lately  subjected  to  the  Mexican  empire.  This 
was  considered  by  all  the  people  of  New  .Spain  aa  a 
holy  i>la«e,  the  sanctuary  and  chief  scat  of  their  gods,  lo 
ivbich  pilgrims  resorted  from  every  province  and  a 
gniatcr  numbci  of  human  victims  were  offered  in  its 


RODEUTSON'S    HISTORY  Of 


principal  teinple  than  even  In  that  of  Mexico.  Monte- 
luma  seema  to  have  Invited  the  Spaniarda  thither,  either 
from  aome  aiiperslitious  hope  that  Ihe  so<la  would  not 
auffer  Ihia  aacred  minsion  lo  be  defileiV,  without  pour- 
ing down  iheir  wrath  upon  tlioae  impious  sirangera,  who 
veiiiurod  to  insult  their  power  in  tlie  place  of  its  imicii- 
liar  reaidence  ;  or  from  a  belief  that  hu  himaelf  might 
there  attempt  to  cut  thqin  off  with  more  certain  aiic- 
cesx,  under  the  iiiiincdiate  nrolection  uf  hia  divinilira. 

(  ones  had  been  warned  by  the  'I'lascslana,  before 
he  But  out  on  hia  inarch,  tu  keep  a  watchful  eye  over 
Ihe  Cholulana.  He  himaelf,  though  received  into  the 
town  with  much  aeeming  res|iect  and  cordiality,  ol>- 
scrvnd  aeveral  circumatiincea  in  their  conduct  which 
excited  suspicion.  Two  of  the  TIaacalana,  who  were 
encam|ied  at  aome  distance  from  the  town,  aa  iho  Cho- 
lulana  refused  lo  admit  Iheir  ancient  enemies  within  its 
precincts,  having  found  means  to  enter  in  diaguiae,  ac- 
quainted Cortea  that  they  obaerved  Ihe  women  and 
children  of  the  principal  citiien.4  retiring  in  great  hurry 
every  night ;  and  that  aii  children  had  been  aacrificed 
in  the  chief  temple,  a  rita  whii:h  indicated  the  execu- 
tion of  aome  warlike  enterprise  to  be  approaching.  At 
the  aame  time,  Marina  the  interpreter  received  informa- 
tion fioin  an  Indian  woman  of  diatinction,  whoae  confi- 
dence ahe  had  gaint^d,  that  Ihe  dcatruction  of  her  friends 
waa  concerted  ;  thai  a  body  of  Mexican  troopa  lay  con- 
cealed near  Iho  town  ;  that  aomo  of  Ihe  atreeta  were 
barricaded,  and  in  others,  pita  or  deep  trenches  were 
dug,  and  slightly  covered  over,  aa  trapa  into  which  Iho 
horses  might  fall ;  that  atonea  or  miaaivo  weopona  were 
oollectcd  on  the  lopa  of  the  temploa,  with  which  to 
overwhelm  the  infantry ;  that  the  fatal  hour  waa  now 
at  hand,  and  their  ruin  unavoidable.  Cortes,  alarmed 
at  thia  concurring  evidence,  secretly  itrestcd  three  of 
Iho  chief  prieais,  and  extorted  from  them  a  confession, 
that  confirmed  the  intelligence  which  ho  had  received. 
Aa  not  a  moment  was  to  be  lost,  he  instantly  resolved 
to  prevent  hia  enemies,  and  lo  inflict  on  Ihom  such 
drcodful  vengeance  as  might  strike  Montezuma  and  his 
auhjecia  with  terror.  Kor  thia  purpose,  the  Spaniarda 
and  Zempoallans  were  drawn  up  in  a  largo  court,  which 
had  licen  allotted  for  their  quarters  near  the  centre  of 
the  town  ;  the  TIascalans  had  ordcra  to  advance  ;  the 
magistratca  and  aeveral  of  the  chief  citizens  wore  tent 
for,  under  various  pretexia,  and  seized.  On  a  aigiml 
given,  the  troops  rushed  out  and  fell  upon  the  multi- 
tude, destitute  of  leadera,  and  so  much  astonislieil,  that 
the  wca|Kins  dropping  from  their  hands,  they  atood  mo- 
tionless, and  incapable  of  defence.  Wliilo  the  Spa- 
niarda preased  them  in  front,  Ihe  TIaacalana  attacked 
tlinin  in  Ihe  rear.  Tlie  streets  wore  filled  with  blood- 
shed and  death.  The  temples,  which  alforded  a  re- 
treat to  the  priests  and  some  of  tho  leading  men,  were 
set  on  fire,  and  they  perished  in  tho  flames.  This  scene 
of  horror  continued  two  days;  during  which,  Iho 
wretched  inhabitants  suffered  all  that  the  destructive 
ragn  of  '.he  Spaniards,  or  the  implacable  revenge  of  iheir 
Indian  allies  could  inflict.  At  length  the  carnage 
ceased,  after  the  slaughter  of  aix  thouaand  Cholulans, 
without  tho  loss  of  a  single  Spaniard.  Cortea  then  re- 
leased Iho  magisliatea,  and,  reproaching  them  bitterly 
for  Iheir  intended  treachery,  declared,  that  aa  justice 
wuB  now  appeased,  he  forgave  the  offence,  but  required 
them  to  recall  the  citizens  who  had  fled,  and  re-eata- 
blith  order  in  tho  town.  Such  waa  the  aaccndant  which 
the  Spaniards  had  acquired  over  this  superstitious  race 
of  men,  and  so  deeply  were  they  impressed  with  an  opi- 
nion of  Ihcir  superior  discernment,  aa  well  aa  power, 
that,  in  obedience  to  Ihia  command,  the  city  waa  in  a 
few  daya  filled  again  with  people,  who,  amidst  tho 
ruins  of  their  sacred  buildings,  yielded  respectful  aer- 
vice to  men  whose  hands  were  stained  with  the  blood 
of  their  relations  and  fellow-citizens.  [lOH] 

I''rom  Choluia,  Cortea  advanced  directly  towards 
Mexico  [Oct.  89],  which  waa  only  twenty  leasuea  dis- 
tant. In  every  place  through  which  he  passed,  he  was 
received  as  a  person  possessed  of  eufficient  power  to 
deliver  Ihe  empire  from  the  oppression  under  which  it 
groaned ;  and  the  caziques  or  governors  communicated 
to  him  all  the  grievances  which  they  felt  under  the  ty- 
rannical government  of  Montezuma,  with  that  unre- 
served confidence  which  men  naturally  repose  in  au- 
perior  beinga.  When  Cortea  first  obaerved  the  aeeda 
of  discontent  in  Ihe  remote  provinces  of  the  empire, 
hope  dawned  upon  his  mind ;  but  when  he  now  disco- 
vered auch  symptoms  of  alienation  from  their  monarch 
near  the  oeal  of  government,  ho  concluded  that  the 
vital  parts  of  the  constitution  were  all'ccted,  and  con- 
ceived Ihe  most  sanguine  expectations  of  overturning 
a  state  whose  natural  strength  waa  thus  divided  and 
impaired.     While  tliose  reflecliona  encouraged  the  go- 


noral  to  iwraial  in  hia  arduoua  undertaking,  tho  soMlMt 
wrra  no  leaa  animated  by  obaervaliona  inor*  obvioiw  10 
their  capacity.  In  deacending  from  the  mounlaiiM  ui 
Chaico,  acroaa  which  the  road  lay,  the  vaat  plain  o. 
Mexico  0|Mined  gradually  lo  Iheir  view.  Wban  llwy 
first  lieheld  this  prospect,  one  of  tho  moat  alriking  and 
lieautil'iil  on  Ihe  face  nf  the  earth )  whi>n  they  uiiaerved 
Ivrtile  and  cultivated  fields  stretching  fiirthei  than  tho 
eye  could  reach  ;  when  Ihev  saw  a  lake  reaembling  Iho 
ara  in  extent,  cncompassi'd  wilh  largo  towna,  anadia- 
covered  the  capital  city  riaing  nyion  an  ialaiid  in  tho 
middle,  adorned,  with  lis  temples  and  tiirreta  ;  Iho 
accno  to  far  exceeded  iheir  imagination,  that  aoii.o  be- 
lieved the  fanciful  deacriptiona  of  romance  wem  rea- 
lized, and  that  ita  enclianted  palacea  and  gilded  u.imea 
were  preaeiiled  to  Iheir  aighl  i  olhera  could  l.ardly 
persuade  Ihemselvea  thai  thia  wonderful  s|iectacl«  waa 
any  thing  more  than  a  dream.  [  lOUl  Aa  they  adva.iead, 
Ihcir  duulita  were  remuved,  but  their  amaiamaiit  in- 
creaaed.  They  were  now  fully  satiafied  that  tho  coun- 
try waa  rich  beyond  any  conception  which  Ihev  had 
forn-.ed  of  it,  and  flattered  thaniaelvea  that  at  length 
they  ahould  obtain  an  ample  recompenaa  foi  all  llieii 
tervicoe  and  aufferinga. 

Hitherto  they  had  mot  with  no  enemy  tooppoae  Ihaif 

firogreaa,  though  several  circuinatances  occunod  which 
rd  them  to  suspect  that  some  deaigr,  waa  formed  to 
aurpriso  and  cut  them  oH'.  Many  messengera  arrived 
successively  from  Mn  itezuma,  permitting  tCen)  one  day 
lo  advance,  requiring  .hem  on  tho  next  to  relir>i,  aa  hia 
hopea  or  feara  alternately  prevailed ;  and  so  woiidorfu 
waa  Ihia  infatuation,  which  aeoina  to  be  imaccounlahia 
on  any  aupposition  but  that  of  a  su|>erstitio'is  dread  of 
the  Spaniards,  aa  beinga  of  a  superior  i.ituro,  tha. 
Cortea  waa  almost  at  the  gates  of  the  capital,  before  tl.o 
monarch  had  determined  whether  to  receive  him  i>  ■ 
friend,  or  lo  oppose  him  as  an  enemy.  Ilut  ii  no  aign 
of  open  hoatility  a|)peared,  the  Spaniards,  without  re- 
garding the  fluctuations  of  Montezuma's  sentimento, 
continued  their  march  along  the  cauaeway  which  led  to 
Mexico  through  tbe  lake,  with  great  circuinapection  and 
Ihe  stricteat  disciplinv,  though  wi'.hout  aeeining  to  sua- 
pect  the  prince  whom  they  were  about  lo  visit. 

When  they  drew  near  Iho  city,  about  a  thouaand 
peraoiif,  who  appeared  to  be  of  diatinction,  came  forth 
10  meet  them,  adorned  with  plumoa  and  clad  in  mantlea 
of  fine  cotton.  Each  of  theao  in  hia  order  paaaed  by 
Cortea,  and  saluted  him  according  lo  the  mode  deemed 
moat  respectful  and  aubinisaive  in  their  country.  They 
announced  tho  approach  of  Montexuma  hiin£o!(,  and 
soon  after  hia  harbmgera  came  in  sight.  Thera  appeared 
first  two  hundred  persons  in  a  uniform  drctj,  with  largo 
pluinea  of  feathers,  alike  in  fashion,  marching  two  and 
two,  in  deep  silence,  barefooted,  with  their  eyea  fixed 
on  Ihe  ground.  These  were  followed  by  a  company  <^l 
higher  rank,  in  their  moat  rhowy  ap|arel,  in  tha  raidat 
of  whom  was  Montezuma,  in  a  chair  or  litter  richly  orna- 
mented with  gold,  and  feathers  of  varioua  colors.  Four 
of  his  principal  favoritca  carried  him  on  their  ahouldera, 
olhera  sup|iorted  a  canopy  of  curious  workmanahip  over 
his  head  Before  him  marched  three  oilicen  with  roda 
of  gold  in  their  hands,  which  they  lifted  up. on  high  at 
certain  intervals,  and  at  that  aignol  all  the  people  b«wed 
Iheir  heads,  and  hid  Iheir  faces,  aa  unworthy  to  look  on 
ao  great  a  monarch.  When  he  drew  near,  Cortea  die- 
mounted,  advancing  towards  him  with  ollicioua  haate, 
and  ill  a  respectful  [losture.  At  the  aame  time  Monte- 
zuma alighted  from  his  chair,  and,  leaning  on  the  arms 
of  two  of  hia  near  relations,  approached  wilh  a  slow 
and  atately  pace,  his  attendants  covering  the  atreets 
with  canon  cloths,  that  he  might  not  touch  the  ground. 
Cortea  accosted  him  with  proiound  reverence,  after  tho 
European  fashion.  He  returned  Ihe  salutation,  accord- 
ing to  the  mode  of  hia  country,  by  toucbiiig  the  earlli 
with  hia  hand,  and  then  kiaaing  it.  Thia  ceromony, 
the  cuatomary  expreaaion  of  veneration  from  inferiors 
towards  Ihoae  who  were  above  (hem  in  rank,  appeared 
auch  amazing  condescension  in  a  proud  monarch,  who 
acarcely  deigned  to  consider  tho  real  of  mankind  as  of 
the  aame  apecies  with  himself,  that  all  hia  aubjecta 
firmly  believed  thoae  peraona,  bcforo  whom  he  humbled 
himaelf  in  this  manner,  to  ho  somsthing  more  than  hu 
man.  Accoidingly,  as  they  marched  through  the  crowd, 
the  Spaniarda  frequently,  and  with  much  aatiafaction, 
heard  themaelves  denominated  TeuUt,  or  divinitius. 
Nothing  material  passed  in  this  first  interview.  Moir 
tezunia  conducted  Cortes  to  Ihe  quarters  which  ho  had 
prepared  for  his  reception,  and  immediately  look  leave 
of  him,  with  a  politeness  not  unworthy  of  a  court  inura 
refined.  "  You  are  now,"  eays  he, "  with  your  brothun 
in  your  own  houao ;  refrcah  yourselves  after  yuur  ft<- 
tigue,  and  bo  happy  until  I  return."    Tho  phico  alio* 


'"\i 


I 


nnvrn  amerioa. 


IM 


M  M  Ik*  8r«nUi*  «M  tiMir  Miinf, ' 
htUft  br  lb*  hihcr  of  Menlnumt.    It  w« 


,  WM  I  houM 

1  bjr  lb*  lalhcr  of  Menlnumt.    It  wu  •urroniHlcd 

iiy  *  «loiM  will,  with  lowtn  at  propar  diitancea,  which 
•arred  for  dcfenca  ta  wall  aa  for  ornament,  ami  Ita  a|Mrt- 
■enla  ami  coiirta  went  ao  large  aa  to  accommiKlata 
both  Iho  Npanlania  and  tlieir  Indian  allioa.  Tho  lint 
cara  of  (.'ortea  waa  (o  tako  |irfcautiani  for  hia  accurlty, 
bjr  planting  tha  artillery  ao  aa  to  command  the  diirvreni 
tvvnuaa  which  lad  to  it,  by  appointing  a  larua  dif  iaion 
of  hia  iroopa  to  be  alwajra  on  guard,  and  by  poating 
aenliuela  at  propt-r  atationa,  with  injunctiona  to  od- 
aarfe  Ihe  aame  figilant  diaciplina  aa  if  they  were  in 
aight  of  an  enemy'a  camp. 

In  the  evening,  Monteiumt  returned  to  Tiait  hia 
guaata  with  tho  aama  pomp  aa  in  their  Arat  interriew, 
and  brou||hl  preaenta  of  auch  value,  not  only  to  Cortea 
and  to  hia  offlcera,  but  even  to  tha  private  men,  aa 
proved  the  liberality  of  the  montrrh  to  bo  auitable  to 
the  opulence  of  hia  kingdom.  A  long  conference  en> 
aiied,  in  which  Cortea  learned  what  waa  Ihe  opinion 
of  Monteiuma  with  reapect  In  the  Spaniarda.  It 
waa  an  eatahliahed  tradition,  he  (old  him,  among  the 
Meiicana,  that  their  ancealora  came  originally  from  a 
remote  region,  and  conquered  the  provincoa  now  aub- 
jeot  to  hia  dominion  ;  that  after  they  wereaetlled  there, 
the  ^at  captain  who  conducted  thia  colony  rniiimed 
to  hia  own  country,  promiaing[  that  at  acme  future  pe- 
riod hia  deaccndanta  ahnuld  viait  thom,  aaauine  the  oo- 
vomment,  and  reform  their  conatitution  and  lawa  ;  mat 
from  what  he  had  heard  and  aeon  of  Cortea  and  hia 
followera,  he  waa  convinced  that  they  were  tha  very 
perrona  whoae  appearance  the  Mexican  traditiona  and 

Qheeiea  taught  them  to  eipect ;  that  accordingly  he 
received  them  not  aa  atrangera,  but  aa  relationa  of 
the  aame  blood  and  parentage,  and  deaired  that  they 
might  consider  thcmsolvua  as  masters  in  his  doiiiiiiioiia, 
for  both  himself  nnd  hia  aiibjects  should  bo  ready  to 
comply  with  their  will,  and  even  to  prevent  their  wishes. 
Cortea  made  a  reply  in  hia  uaual  atyle,  with  reaped  to 
Ihe  dignity  and  power  of  his  aoveroign,  a'  -*  hia  inten- 
tion uT  aending  him  into  that  country  ;  artfully  endca- 
Toriog  BO  to  frame  liis  discourse,  that  it  might  coincide 
■a  much  as  (losslble  with  tho  idea  which  Montezuma 
bad  formed  concerning  the  origin  of  the  Spaniards. 
Neit  morning,  Cortea  aud  aome  of  hia  principal  at- 
tendania  wcreadinitlcd  to  a  public  audience  of  the  em- 
peror. The  three  aubaequent  daya  were  employed  in 
viewing  the  city  ;  the  appearance  of  which,  ao  far  aupo- 
rior  iu  the  order  of  ita  iiuildiiiga  and  tne  numocr  oi  its 
inhabitauta,  to  any  place  tho  Spaniarda  had  beheld  in 
America,  and  yet  ao  little  reaeinbling  the  atructure  of 
•  Kuropean  city,  filled  them  with  surpriaa  and  tdmirt- 
lion. 

Mexico,  or  Temtchiillan,  as  it  waa  anciently  called 
by  tho  nativca,  ih  aituatcd  in  a  Urge  plain,  environed 
by  inoiintaina  of  auch  height  that,  though  within  the 
tonid  tODO,  the  temperature  of  ita  climate  is  mild  and 
bcaltbful.  All  the  moisture  which  descends  from  the 
high  grounds,  is  collected  in  acvcral  lakes,  the  two 
largest  of  which,  of  about  ninety  miles  in  circuit,  com- 
mimicale  with  each  other.  The  waters  of  the  one  are 
freah.  those  of  Ihe  olher  brackish.  On  the  banka  of 
Ihe  latter,  and  on  some  amall  islanda  adjoining  to  thom, 
Ihe  capital  of  Monlozuina'a  empire  waa  built.  The 
access  to  the  city  was  by  artificial  causeways  or  streets 
formed  of  stones  and  earth,  about  thirty  feet  in  breadth. 
Aa  tlio  waters  of  tlie  lake  during  tho  niny  aoason  over- 
flowed Ihe  flat  country,  these  causeways  were  of  consi- 
derable length.  That  of  Tacuba,  on  the  west,  extended 
a  mile  and  a  half;  that  of  Tepeaca,  on  tho  north-west, 
three  milea ;  that  of  Cuoyacan,  towards  the  south,  six 
milea.  On  the  east*  there  was  no  causeway,  and  the 
city  could  be  approached  only  by  canoes.  In  each  of 
Ihcso  causeways  were  openings  at  proper  intervals, 
through  which  tho  waters  Howes,  and  over  these  beams 
of  timber  were  laid,  which  being  covered  with  earth, 
the  causeway  or  atrcet  had  every  where  a  uniform  ap- 
pearance. As  Ihe  approaches  to  the  city  were  aingular, 
Ita  coDstruction  wb^  remarkable.  Not  only  the  tcinplea 
of  their  gods,  but  tho  houses  belonging  to  Ihe  monarch, 
and  to  persona  of  distinction,  were  of  such  dimensions, 
that,  in  comparison  with  any  other  buildings  which 
hilhorlo  had  been  discovered  in  America,  they  might  be 
termed  magnificent.  The  habitations  of  the  common 
people  were  mean,  resembling  the  huts  of  other  Indians. 


Rut  they  wert  all  placed  in  a  tv^iular  manner,  on  lb* 
banka  of  th*  eanala 


*  1  om  indebted  to  M.  Clavigero  for  correcting  an  error  of 
Importance  in  my  doscription  of  Moxico.  Frurn  ttie  east, 
where  Tezeuco  was  situatod,  tliere  was  no  causeway,  as  I 
have  obsfcrved,  and  yet  bv  some  Inattention  wi  my  part,  or  on 
that  of  the  printer,  in  all  llie  fornior  oditions,  one  of  the  causf:- 
waya  was  said  to  lead  to  Tezeuco.  M.  Clavigero's  incaauro- 
Inoiit  ul  the  uiiKth  of  theae  caaaewaysdilferssoniewliatfrom 
Ikat  which  I  have  adopted  from  F.  Torribio.   Clavlg.  U.  p.  *«. 


which  ptaaed  through  Ihe  city,  in 
aomo  of  ita  diatncia,  or  on  tha  sides  of  the  sl'reeta 
which  interaeeird  it  in  other  quarteta.  In  several 
places  were  large  openings  or  aquarea,  one  of  which, 
allotted  for  the  great  market,  ia  aaid  to  have  been  ao 
apacioua,  that  forty  or  fifty  thouaand  persons  carried  on 
irafllc  there.  In  thia  city,  the  pride  of  the  New  World, 
and  the  noblest  nirciu...''nl  of  Ihe  industry  and  art  of 
man,  while  unarqi  ain'.t,  with  the  use  of  iron,  and  dea- 
titiile  of  aid  from  i  ny  tl  mealic  animal,  the  Spaniards, 
who  are  moat  made,,  'o  in  their  comnutationa,  reckon 
Dial  there  were  at  loaal  aixty  thouaanila  inhubitanla. 

But  how  much  aocver  the  novelty  of  Ihoaa  ohjecia 
might  amnae  or  aaloniah  the  Spaniarda,  they  fell  tha 
ulmoai  tolieituda  with  reaped  to  their  own  aituation. 
From  a  eoncunenca  of  eiroumaltneei,  no  leaa  unai- 
peeled  than  favorable  10  their  progreaa,  they  had  been 
allowed  to  penetrate  into  tho  heart  of  a  powerful  king- 
dom, and  were  now  lodged  in  ita  capital  without  having 
once  met  with  open  oppoaition  from  ita  monarch.  The 
TIaactltna,  however,  had  eamoatly  diaauaded  them 
from  placing  auch  confidence  in  Monteiuma,  aa  t«  enter 
a  city  of  auch  peculiar  aituation  aa  Moxico,  where  that 
prince  would  have  them  at  mercy,  abut  up  aa  it  were 
in  a  anaro,  from  which  it  waa  iinpoasible  to  escapa. 
They  assured  them  that  the  Mexican  prieata  had,  in  the 
name  of  the  goda,  counaelled  their  aoveroign,  to  admit 
the  Spanianls  into  the  capital,  thai  ho  miglil  cut  tliem 
olf  there  at  one  blow  with  perfect  aecurity.  They  now 
perceived  loo  plainly,  that  the  apprelicnsions  of  their 
alliea  were  not  destilnta  of  foundation  ;  that,  by  break- 
ing the  bridgea  placed  at  certain  intervale  on  tho  cauae. 
ways,  or  liy  destroying  part  of  the  causeways  them, 
selves,  their  retreat  would  be  rendered  impracticable, 
and  they  mual  remain  croped  up  in  the  centre  of  a 
hostile  city,  aurroiir.iied  by  multitudes  aiilficient  to 
overwhelm  them,  and  without  a  possibility  of  receiv- 
ing aid  from  tlieir  allioa.  Montezuma  had,  indeed, 
received  thom  with  distinguished  res(H:cl.  Hut  ought 
they  to  reckon  upon  thia  aa  real,  or  to  consider  it  aa 
feigned  1  Kven  if  it  were  aincere,  could  they  promise 
on  its  continuance  I  Their  safety  Uefiended  upon  the 
will  of  a  monarch  in  whoaa  attachment  they  had  no 
teaaon  to  confide ;  and  an  order  flowing  from  hia  caprice, 
or  a  word  uttered  by  him  in  passion,  might  decide  irro 
vocably  concerning  their  fale. 

These  reflections,  so  obvious  aa  In  occur  to  tho 
means  It  soldier,  did  not  eacape  the  vigilant  aagaci'y  of 
their  general.  Before  he  act  out  from  Cholula,  Cortes 
hod  received  advice  from  Villa  Uica,  that  Qualpo- 
[loca,  one  of  tho  Mexican  generals  on  Ihe  fron- 
tiers, having  assembled  an  arni^  in  order  to  attack  some 
of  the  people  whom  the  Spaniards  had  encouraged  to 
throw  off  Ihe  Mexican  ^oke,  Escalante  had  marched 
out  with  part  of  the  garrison  to  support  his  alliea  ;  that 
an  engagement  had  ensued,  in  which,  though  tho 
Spaniarda  were  victorious,  Escalante  with  seven  of  his 
men,  had  l-een  mortally  wounded,  his  horse  killed,  and 
one  Spaniard  had  been  aurrounded  by  tho  enemy  and 
taken  alive ;  that  the  head  of  thia  untortunato  ciptivc, 
after  being  canied  in  triumph  to  dlirerent  cities,  in 
order  to  convince  the  people  that  their  invaders  were 
not  immortal,  had  been  aent  to  Moxico.  Cortes,  though 
alarmed  with  this  intelligence,  as  an  indication  of  Mon- 
tczuma'a  hostile  intentions,  had  continued  hia  march. 
But  as  soon  as  ho  entered  Mexico  he  became  sensible, 
that,  from  an  excess  of  confidence  in  the  superior  valor 
and  discipline  of  his  troops,  as  well  as  from  the  disad- 
vantage of  having  nothing  to  guide  him  in  an  unknown 
country,  but  Ihe  defective  intelligence  which  he  had 
received  from  people  with  whom  his  mode  of  commu- 
nication was  very  imperfect,  he  hod  pushed  forward 
into  a  sitnation  where  it  was  ditiicult  to  continue,  and 
from  which  it  waa  dangeroua  to  retire.  Disgrace,  and 
perhaps  ruin,  waa  the  certain  consequence  of  attempt- 
ing the  latter.  The  success  of  his  enterprise  depended 
upon  supporting  the  high  opinion  which  the  people  of 
New  Spam  had  formed  with  respect  to  the  irresistible 
power  of  his  arms.  Upon  Ihe  first  symptoms  of  timi- 
dity on  his  part,  their  veneration  would  cease,  and 
Montezuma,  whom  fear  alone  restrained  at  present, 
would  let  loose  U|>on  him  the  whole  force  of  his  em- 
pire. At  the  same  time,  he  knew  that  the  counte- 
nance of  his  own  sovereign  waa  to  be  obtained  only  by 
a  aeries  of  victories,  and  that  nothing  but  Ihe  merit  of 
extraordinary  success  could  screen  his  conduct  from 
the  censure  of  irregularity.  From  all  these  considera- 
tions, it  was  necessary  to  maintain  his  station,  and  to 
eitricate  himself  out  of  the  difficulties  in  which  one  bold 
atop  had  involved  him,  by  venturing  upon  another  atill 
bolaer.    The  aituation  waa  trying,  but  hia  mind  waa 


aqual  to  it  i  and  alter  revolving  tha  mailer  whb  i 
attention,  ha  fixed  upon  a  plan  no  leaa  extraord) 
than  daring.  Ha  deirrmined  to  aeixe  Monteiuma  la 
his  palace,  and  to  carry  him  aa  a  prisoner  to  the  H|i«« 
nisli  i|uarton.  From  the  aiiprrslitioua  veneration  al 
the  Mexicana  for  the  person  of  thrir  monarch,  as  weV 
aa  their  implicit  aubmission  to  hia  will,  he  hoped,  by 
having  Monteiuma  in  hia  power,  to  acquire  tne  aupraoM 
direction  of  their  alfiura ;  or,  at  Icaal,  with  auch  a  a*> 
cred  pledge  in  his  hands,  he  made  no  doubt  of  bainf 
aecuro  from  any  effort  of  their  violoncu. 

'Iliia  he  immediately  proposed  to  hia  offlcera.     Tha 
timid  startled  at  a  measure  ao  audacioua,  and  raital 
objeetiona.     Tha  more  intelligent  and  resolute,  coif 
acioua  that  it  waa  tha  only  resource  in  which  there  K^ 
peered  any  proa|iacl  of  aafety,  warmly  approved  of  tl, 
and  brongnl  over  their  companiona  so  cordially  to  Ih* 
aama  opinion,  that  it  waa  agreed  inatanlly  to  make  Ibt 
attempt.     Al  hia  uaual  hour  of  visiting  Mi  ntaxuina, 
Cortea  went  to  the  palace,  accompanied  by  Alvarado, 
Sandoval,  Lugo,  Velaaqnei  de  I«on,  and  Davila,  fiv* 
of  hia  principal  officers,  and  aa  many  tniaty  aoldian. 
Thirty  choaen  men  followed,  not  in  regular  ordei,  but 
aauntering  al  aome  dialance,  aa  if  they  had  no  object 
but  rurioaity ;  amall  partina  wero  poated  at  proiier  in< 
lervals,  in  all  Ihe  alreeta  leading  from  tlui  S|ianiah 
quailera  to  Ihe  court ;  and  tho  remainder  of  hia  Iroopa, 
with  Ihe  TIascslan  allies,  were  under  arma  ready  la 
sally  out  on  Ihe  fini  alarm.     Cortea  and  hia  attendants 
wero  admitted  without  auspicion ;  the  Mexicana  retiring 
aa  usual,  out  of  respect.     He  addressed  the  monarol 
in  a  tone  very  diflereiit  Aroiii  that  which  he  had  emplojr- 
ed  in  former  conferencea,  reproaching  him  bitterly  u 
the  author  of  Ihe  violent  aasault  made  upon  the  Sp* 
niarda  by  one  of  hia  officers,  and  demaiiiled  public  r» 
paration  for  the  losa  which  they  had  sustained  by  tha 
death  of  some  of  their  rompaniuns,  aa  well  as  for  lltf 
insult  olTered  to  the  great  prince  whoso  servants  thoy 
were.     Montezuma,  confounded  at  this  unexpected  ae> 
cusation,  and  changing  color,  cither  from  conscioiianoat 
of  guilt,  or  from  feeling  the  indigiiity  with  which  he  waa 
treated,  asserted  his  own  innorencc  with  greul  eamott 
ness,  and,  aa  a  proof  of  it,  gave  orders  instantly  to  bring 
Qualpopoca  and     is  accoinplicea  prisoners  to  Mexico. 
Cortes  rejilied  witli  nroniiiig  coinplainanco,  that  a  d» 
claration  so  respectable  left  no  doubt  remaining  in  hit 
own  mind,  but  that  something  more  .vas  requeue  it 
satisfy  his  followers,  who  would  never  be  convinced 
that  Montezuma  did  not  harbor  hostile  inteniiona  againt/ 
them,  unless  aa  an  evidence  of  hia  confidence  and  tt- 
tachment,  he  removed  frnm  his  own  [Alace,  and  toot 
up  his  residence  in  the  Spanish  quarters,  where  hi 
should  be  served  and  honored  as  became  a  great  mo- 
narch.    The  firet  mention  of  so  stniiigo  u  proposal  be- 
reaved Montezuma  of  s)H>ech,  nnd  almost  of  motion. 
At  length  indignation  gave  him  utterance,  and  be 
haughtily  answered,  "  Tliat  persons  of  his  rank  were 
not  accustomed  voluntarily  to  give  up  themselves  at 
prisonera  ;  and  were  he  mean  enongh  to  do  so,  hia  sub- 
jects would  not  permit  such  an  altront  to  bo  oHTcred  to 
their  sovereign."    Cortes,  unwilling  to  employ  force, 
endeavored  ollemalely  to  soothe  and  to  intimidate  him. 
Tho  altercation  became  warm  ;  and  having  continued 
above  three  hours,  Velasquez  de  I,<!an,  an  iinpetuoua 
and  gallant  young  man,  exclaimed  with  impatience, 
"  Why  waste  more  lime  in  vain  !     Let  us  either  seixa 
him  instantly,  or  stab  him  to  the  heart."    The  threat- 
ening voice  and  fierce  gestures  with  which  Iheao  wordt 
wero  uttered,  struck  IVIonteziiina.     The  Spaniards,  ho 
was  sensible,  had  now  proeocdod  so  far,  as  left  him  w 
hope  that  they  would  recede.     His  own  danger  wat 
imminent,  tho  necessity  unavoidable.     He  saw  both, 
and  abandoning  himself  to  hia  fale,  complied  with  theii 
reauesl. 

His  officers  were  called.  He  communicated  to 
them  his  resolution.  Though  astonished  and  atHlcted, 
they  presumed  not  to  question  the  will  of  their  master, 
but  carried  him  in  silent  pomp,  all  bathed  in  tears,  to 
the  Spaniah  quartern.  W  hen  it  waa  known  that  tha 
strangers  were  conveying  away  the  Emperor,  Ihe  |ico 
plo  broke  out  into  the  wildest  Iransporta  of  grief  and 
rage,  threatening  the  Spaniards  with  immediote  de 


struction,  aa  the  punishment  justly  due  to  their  impioag 
audacity.  But  aa  aoon  aa  Montezuma  a)  peared,  with 
a  seeming  gayoty  of  countenance,  and  waved  his  hand, 
Ihe  tumult  waa  huahed ;  and  upon  his  declaring  it  to 
be  of  hia  own  choice  that  he  went  to  reside  for  soma 
time  among  hie  new  friends,  the  multitude,  taught  ui 
revere  every  intimation  of  their  sovereigna'a  ploaaufo, 
quietly  diapcraed. 

Thus  waa  a  powerful  prince  seized  by  a  few  alnnom 
in  Ihe  midst  of  his  caf  iCol,  at  nooiidav,  and  canUa  «l 


IM 


RODRRTIION'S  HISTORY  OF 


i 


m 


.1.  1 

I    ! 

1  i: 


i 


M  *  iiCMMMT,  vrilheut  opanilion  or  blooil>lM<l.  Hi*- 
toij  eonliini  nothing  ptrillrl  M  ihia  atoiil,  (ilhor  wilk 
iMfwcl  to  lh«  Minoriiy  of  ihu  iltainpl,  or  iho  iuccoh 
•f  tka  •iMulion  i  iml  wcrt  not  ill  th*  ciicuimUleot 
uf  Ihn  titnorilintrjr  InnHClion  •ulhtnlicilnl  hy  Itw 
■ml  un^iMtHoiuM*  avidonee,  ihcy  would  ipntr  to 
wrilj  •»!  (iiravagtiil  ••  lo  go  fw  nryond  Ih*  sound* 
of  ilui  (irolialiilily  whit.h  muM  bo  prtMrvod  ovon  in 
Iciilioui  iMrratioii*. 

Muniunuiiw  wM  melted  in  Iho  Sptniob  quirtrra 
with  ill  the  ctmnioniouo  r«*p«cl  whicb  CorU*  htd 
prominil.  Ha  wat  atlrndod  by  hia  own  domoolica, 
■ml  a*r«cd  wiih  hia  uaual  atate.  Ilia  iirincipol  officen 
bad  I'rco  acceaa  lo  hiin,  and  h«  carrivu  on  averv  fiinc* 
|ik>n  of  govemment  aa  if  ha  had  Ihwh  al  |ierfect  libarty. 
I'ha  Spaniarda,  however,  walchcd  him  wilh  iha  acru- 
puloua  vigilance  which  waa  natural  in  guarding  auch 
an  iinporlant  priie,  [110]  enilravoriiiH  at  the  aanie 
lima  lo  aoolh  and  reconcile  liiin  lo  hia  ailualion  by 
every  eilernal  dniiiunatration  of  renard  and  allacbmenl. 
But  from  caplivu  princoa,  tlie  hour  of  liuinilialion  and 
■uflniing  ia  never  far  iliatant.  Qualpopora,  hia  aon, 
■lid  Ave  of  the  princinal  otllcera  who  aerved  under 
bim,  wore  brouifhl  iiriaonera  10  tho  capital  [Deo.  4],  in 
eonaequenco  ol  tlio  ordera  which  Monteauma  had 
iaaued.  The  Kmperor  gave  thorn  up  to  Cortca,  that 
ha  might  inquire  into  the  nature  of  their  crime,  and 
determme  their  puniahment.  Thoy  were  forinallv  tried 
by  a  Spaniah  eouit  martial ;  and  lliough  ihey  had  acted 
no  other  part  than  what  became  loyal  aulijccta  and 
brave  men,  in  olwying  the  order*  of  Ihcir  lawful  aovo- 
isign,  and  in  opiwaing  I'le  invader*  of  their  coimlry, 
Iboy  were  condemnrdio  lie  burnt  alive.  'I'he  eireu- 
lion  of  auch  atrocioua  deeda  ia  acldoin  long  auapeiidad. 
The  unhappy  victima  were  inalantly  led  forth.  The 
pile  on  which  ihojr  were  laid  waa  coinpoacd  of  the 
weapona  collected  in  the  royal  magaiine  for  Iho  public 
defence.  An  innumerable  multitude  of  Mciicana  be- 
held, in  ailenl  aatoniahnient,  the  double  inault  olFered 
Ut  ihe  majraty  of  their  oinpire,  an  olficer  of  diatinrtion 
eoininitted  lo  the  flamea  by  the  authority  of  atrangera 
for  having  done  what  ha  owed  in  duty  lo  hia  natural 
■overoign  ;  and  the  ■rma  provided  by  the  breaight  of 
their  ancoaton  for  avenging  public  wronga,  conaumed 
before  their  eyea. 

But  ihoio  wnra  not  the  moat  ahocking  indignitica 
lAkh  Iha  Mciicana  had  lo  btar.  Tho  S|»niarda,  con- 
Tineed  that  Qualpo|ioca  would  not  have  ventured  lo 
■Uack  Eacalanla  without  ordera  from  hia  maater,  were 
■mN  aaliaAed  wilh  inAicling  vengearre  on  Ihe  inalrumcnt 
employed  in  cominitling  that  crime  while  the  author  of 
it  cacaped  wilh  impunity.  Juat  before  Qualpopoca 
vu  led  out  to  Buffer,  Cortea  entered  the  anarlmont  of 
Mofitaiuina,  followed  by  aoine  of  hia  olitceni,  and  a 
■oldier,  carrying  a  pair  of  I'ettcra ;  and  approaching  Ihe 
Cionarch  wiih  a  atom  countenance  told  him,  that  aa 
Ihe  pcraoni  who  wore  now  to  undergo  the  puniahment 
Mrhich  they  merited,  bad  charged  him  aa  the  cauae  nf 
the  outrage  eominilted,  it  waa  ncceasary  that  he  like- 
wiaa  ahouM  make  aloneinent  for  that  guilt ;  ih  7  lurn- 
uig  away  abruptly,  without  wailing  for  a  rep  com- 
manded the  aoldicr  to  clap  tho  feltora  on  hia  lega.  The 
•rdera  were  inatantiv  extcutcd.  The  (lisconaoTato  mon- 
trcli,  trained  up  wiln  an  idea  that  hia  person  waa  aacrcd 
•nd  inviolable,  and  (onsideriiig  lliia  profanation  of  it  *• 
Ihe  prelude  of  iniinedmte  death,  broke  out  into  loud 
lamentationa  and  coniplainta.  Hia  attcndanta,  apecch- 
laaa  with  horror,  fell  at  hia  feet,  bathing  tliein  with  their 
laara ;  and,  bearing  up  tho  fritera  in  their  handa,  en- 
deavored with  oiricioiia  londcnicaB  to  lighten  their  prea- 
rare.  Nor  did  iheir  grief  and  Oca|ioiideiicy  aliale,  until 
Cortea  returned  from  tho  execution,  and  with  a  cheer- 
ful countenance  ordered  the  feitcra  to  be  taken  oflT. 
Aa  Montriunia'a  spirita  hud  aiink  with  unmanly  dejec- 
tion, they  now  roae  into  indecent  joy  ;  and  with  an  un- 
becoming tninaition,  he  paased  at  unco  from  tho  anguiah 
of  dcapair  to  tranaporta  of  gratitude  and  exproaaiona  of 
toidneaa  towarda  hia  deliverer. 

In  tiwaa  Iranaaclioiia,  aa  repreaented  by  the  Spaniah 
oiiloriana,  we  aearch  in  vain  for  the  qiialitiea  which 
diilinguiah  other  parU  of  Cnrtea'*  conduct.  «l>i  uaurp 
■Junadiclioa  which  could  not  belong  to  a  atranger, 
waa  laanmed  no  higher  character  than  that  of  an  am- 
haatidor  from  a  foreign  prince,  and,  under  color  of  it, 
10  inflict  a  capital  pur.iahment  on  men  whose  conduct 
OBlilled  them  lo  ealeem,  appeara  an  act  of  barbarous 
cruelty.  To  put  the  monarch  of  a  great  kingdom  in 
il<>n«,  and,  after  auch  ignominious  treatment,  auddenly 
to  loleaaa  him,  aeem*  to  be  a  diaplay  of  power  no  leaa 
meonaiderate  than  wanton.  According  to  the  summon 
laUtioii,  no  account  can  be  given  either  of  tho  oiio 
■ction  or  the  other,  but  that  Cortes,  intoxicated  with 


■ueceea.  and  pfaauniaf  an  Iha  •teandanl  wkiak  ha  had 
aaouired  over  Iha  mMa  of  Iha  Mexicans,  Ihaught 
nolhing  lae  bold  far  him  la  undaitaka.  ar  toe  dangaioua 
la  execute.  But,  in  ana  view,  theae  proeeedinga,  haw- 
ever  repugnant  lo  juaiica  and  humanity,  may  have 
llowed  from  that  artful  policy  which  rvgulaled  every 
part  of  Cortes'a  behavior  towarda  the  Meiicana.  They 
hai  :oiiceived  the  Hpaniard*  to  be  an  order  of  being') 
superior  to  men.  It  waa  of  the  uiinoat  conari|iieiice 
10  cheriah  Ihia  illuaion,  and  to  keep  up  the  veneration 
which  it  inapired.  Cortea  wiahed  that  ahedding  Ihe 
blood  of  a  S|>aiiiard  ahould  lie  deemed  the  most  lieinoiia 
of  all  Crimea  :  and  nothing  apfM'ared  Iwlter  raloulatid 
to  ealabliih  Ihia  ouinion  than  to  condemn  llie  Aral 
Mtiicana  who  had  ventured  lo  commit  it  to  a  cruel 
death,  and  to  oblige  their  monarh  himself  to  eubmil  lo 
a  mortifying  indignity  aa  an  expiation  for  being  accea- 
siry  to  a  deed  ao  atrocioua.  [Ml] 

I  ftSO  ]  'I'he  rigor  with  which  Cortea  punished  Ihe 
unhappy  persona  who  liral  preaumed  lo  lay  violent 
hand*  upon  his  followers,  seems  accordingly  to  have 
made  all  the  impreaaion  that  he  doaired.  The  epiril 
of  Monleiuin*  waa  not  only  overawed  but  aulHlued. 
During  aix  montha  that  Cortea  remained  in  Mexico,  the 
monarch  continued  in  Ihe  8puniah  ijuartera  wilh  an  ap- 
pearance of  as  entire  aatialaction  and  Iranqiiillily  aa  if 
lie  had  resided  there  not  from  conalraint,  liul  through 
choice.  Ilia  minialera  and  ntHcera  attended  him  as 
usual.  lie  look  cognisance  of  all  alfairs ;  every  order 
waa  isaiied  in  hia  name.  'Ihe  external  aa|Hict  of 
government  appearing  Ihe  same,  and  all  ita  ancient 
forma  lieing  acrupuloualy  obaerved,  Iho  people  were  ao 
little  aenaible  of  any  change,  that  they  obeyed  the 
mandalua  of  their  monarch  with  the  aame  aubmiaaive 
reverence  aa  ever.  8uch  waa  the  dread  which  lioth 
Montexuma  and  hia  aubjecta  had  of  the  Mpaniarda,  or 
auch  Ihe  veneration  in  which  Ihey  held  lliein,  that  no 
attempt  waa  made  to  deliver  Iheir  (overeign  from  con- 
finement ;  and  lliough  Cortes,  relying  on  lliis  aacendant 
which  he  had  ac,)uired  over  their  minds,  permitted  him 
not  only  lo  visit  hie  teinplea.  but  lo  make  hunting  ex- 
curaion*  beyond  the  lake,  a  guard  of  a  few  8|iaiiiarda 
carried  wilh  it  auch'  a  terror  aa  to  intimidate  Iha  multi- 
tude, and  aecure  the  captive  monarch. 

Thua,  hy  ll  .  .'orlunate  Icmerity  of  Cortea  in  aeixing 
Montexuma,  the  Spaniards  secured  at  once  to  lliem- 
aelvea  more  extensive  authority  in  the  Mexican  Kinpirr 
than  it  waa  poaaible  lo  have  acquired  in  a  long  course 
of  lime  by  open  force  ;  and  Ihey  exercised  more  abao- 
lute  away  in  the  name  of  another,  than  thev  could  have 
done  in  Iheir  own.  The  arte  of  polished  nations,  in 
aubjecting  auch  aa  are  leaa  improv«l,  have  been  nearly 
the  aame  in  every  period.  The  ayalem  uf  acreening  a 
furrign  uaurpation,  under  tho  aanclion  of  authority  ue- 
rivciT  from  the  natural  rulers  of  a  country,  Iho  device 
of  employing  Ihe  magiatraten  and  forma  already  cata- 
blislied  aa  inatnimenia  to  introduce  a  new  dominion,  of 
winch  wo  are  apt  to  boaat  aa  aublimo  retincmenta  in 
iwhcy  peculiar  lo  the  present  age,  were  inventions  of  a 
more  early  period,  and  had  been  tried  with  success  in 
the  West  long  before  Ihey  were  practised  in  the  East. 

Cortea  availed  himaeli  to  the  utmost  of  the  power' 
which  he  poaaeaacd  by  being  able  to  act  in  Ihe  name  c 
Montexuma.  Ho  aenl  aome  Spaniarda,  whom  ho  judged 
best  qualified  for  such  commiaaions,  into  dilferent  parte 
of  tho  empire,  accompanied  by  peraona  of  distinction, 
whom  Montexuma  appointed  to  attend  them,  Iwth  as 
(guides  and  piotoetors.  They  visited  most  of  tho  pro- 
vinces, viewed  Iheir  soil  and  productions,  surveyed  with 
particular  care  Iho  diatrids  which  yielded  gold  or  silver, 
pitched  upon  aovoral  places  aa  proper  atationa  for  future 
colonics,  and  endeavored  to  prepare  the  minda  of  the  peo- 
ple for  submitting  to  the  Spaniah  yuko.  While  they 
were  thus  employed,  Cortea,  in  the  name  and  by  tho 
authority  of  Montexuma,  degraded  some  of  the  princi- 
pal oflicors  in  tho  empire,  wlioso  abilities  or  indepen- 
dent apirit  excited  hia  joalouay,  and  aubr'.itutod  in  thoir 
place  persona  losa  capable  or  inure  obaequioua. 

One  thing  atill  was  wanting  to  complete  hia  aecurity. 
He  wished  to  have  such  command  of  the  lako  aa  might 
ensure  him  a  retreat  if,  either  from  levity  or  disgust, 
Ihe  Mexicans  should  take  anna  against  him,  and  break 
down  the  bridges  or  causeways.  This  loo,  his  own 
address,  and  the  facility  of  Montezuma,  enabled  him  lo 
accompliah.  Havieg  Ireqiiently  entertained  hie  priaoner 
with  pompous  accounts  of  the  European  marine,  and  art 
of  navigation,  he  awakened  hie  curioeity  10  aee  thoae 
moving  palaces  which  made  their  way  tbrough  the  wa- 
ter, withuul  oars.  Under  protext  of  gratifying  il.is  da- 
airo.  Cones  persuaded  Montezuma  to  appoint  some  of 
bia  aubjecta  to  fetch  part  of  Ihe  naval  atorea  whicb  Ihe 
Spaniarda  hid  depoaited  at  Vera  Ctui  to  Mexico,  and 


••  employ  alhera  in  culling  down  and  preparing  I 
Wilh  Iheir  aasislance,  the  K|ianiah  carpniera  eaa* 
cempleted  two  briganiinrs,  wlnrh  alforded  a  frivalaaa 
ainuaement  to  the  monarch,  and  ware  conaidaied  hjr 
Cortea  aa  a  certain  laaourca  if  ha  ahould  be  ebligrd  •■ 
retire. 

Kiii'ouraged  by  ao  many  In'tancea  of  tlie  monaieh'a 
lame  auluiiisiiun  lo  hia  will,  Cortea  vviiliirvd  to  put  It 
In  a  proof  still  more  trying,  lie  urged  Monteiuina  la 
acknowledge  hiinaelf  a  vasaal  of  the  king  of  Caalila,  to 
hold  hia  crown  o(  him  aa  auperior,  and  to  aubjeet  hia 
diiininiuiia  lo  the  |iaymeiil  of  an  annual  tribute.  With 
this  requiaiiioh,  Ihe  laat  ami  must  humbling  that  can  be 
made  lu  one  poaaeaaed  uf  aovereign  authority,  Monte- 
xuma waa  ao  obsequious  aa  lo  comply.  II*  called  lo* 
Ret  her  the  chief  men  of  hia  empire,  and  in  a  solemn 
.irangiie,  reminding  them  of  the  tradiliona  and  propha> 
cies  which  led  them  lu  ex|ieel  the  arrival  of  a  peoula 
aprung  from  Ihe  aaiue  atui'k  with  Ihemaelvaa,  ii  oruer 
to  lako  iMMsession  of  the  supreme  power,  he  declared 
hi*  iH'lief  that  Ihe  Spaniarda  were  Ihia  promiaed  race ; 
that  therefore  he  recugniaod  Ihe  right  of  their  inonaivb 
to  govern  the  Mexican  empire  ;  that  he  would  lav  hie 
crown  at  hia  feel,  and  oliey  him  aa  a  tributary.  Whda 
uttering  these  words,  Montexuma  discovered  how  deeply 
he  was  alferted  in  making  auch  a  aacrilice.  Tear*  am! 
groan*  frequently  interrupted  hia  diacoune.  Uvcrawed 
and  broken  aa  hia  apirit  was,  it  still  retained  auch  • 
aenae  of  dignity  aa  to  feel  lliat  pang  which  pieniee 
the  heart  of  princea  when  onalraineiTlo  re*ign  inde- 
(lendent  power  The  fir*l  mention  of  auch  a  reaalulioB 
•truck  the  assembly  dumb  with  aaloniahmenl.  Thia 
waa  followed  by  a  auddon  murmur  of  so'row,  mingled 
with  indignation,  which  indicated  aoinu  violent  imiptiaa 
of  rage  to  be  near  at  hand.  'I'his  Curies  foresaw,  and 
aaaaonably  inlerpoaed  lo  prevent  it  by  declaring  that 
hi*  maater  hod  no  inlentimi  to  deprive  Montexuma  ol 
the  royal  dignity,  or  to  iimke  any  innuvalion  upon  the 
conntitution  and  lawa  of  Ihe  Mexican  empire,  'lldi 
asaurance,  added  lo  their  dread  of  the  S|ianiah  (owei 
and  to  the  authority  of  their  monarcir*  example,  extort 
i»la  reluctant  conaent  from  Ihe  aaiemlily.  [llitj  'I'ha 
act  of  *ubini*aioii  and  homage  was  executed  wilh  Uw 
fonnalitiea  which  the  Spaniarda  were  pleaaed  to  pnv 
scribe. 

Montexuma,  at  Iho  doaire  of  Cortee,  accompanied 
'.hi*  profeaaion  of  fealty  and  homage  with  a  magnillceiU 
preaent  lo  hi*  new  sovereign  ;  and  after  hi*  exampia 
his  subjects  brought  in  very  lilieral  contribuliona.  'the 
Spaniarda  now  collected  all  the  Ireaaiirea  which  had 
been  either  voluntarily  bcalowed  upon  ihein  at  difltrant 
liinea  by  Montexuma,  or  had  been  extorted  from  hii 
people  under  varioua  prelexta ;  and  having  melted  Iha 
gold  and  silver,  the  valuo  of  thnse,  without  including 
jewela  and  oinaments  of  varioua  kinds,  which  were 
preserved  on  account  of  their  curious  workinanahip, 
amounteil  to  six  hundred  thousand  peto:  The  loi- 
diera  were  impatient  to  have  it  divided,  and  Coitea 
complied  with  their  deairo.  A  fifth  of  the  whole  waa 
liral  set  a|>art  as  the  tax  duo  to  the  king.  Another  6Ah 
was  allotted  to  Cartes  as  commander  in  chief.  I'he 
sums  advanced  hy  Velasquez,  by  (Cortea,  and  by  some 
of  tho  oflicors,  towards  defraying  Ihe  ex|ieiiBO  of  filliug 
out  the  armament,  wero  then  deducted.  The  remain- 
der was  divided  among  the  army,  including  Iho  garri- 
son  at  Vera  Cruz,  in  proportion  to  their  ditroiont  ranka. 
After  ao  many  defalcatione,  tho  share  of  a  private  man 
did  not  exceed  a  hundred  pesos,  'i'his  sum  fell  ao 
fur  below  their  rangiiine  rxjicetations  that  soiiie  sol- 
dien  rejected  it  with  scorn,  and  othera  iniiriniirad  to 
loudly  at  this  cruel  ilisappoinlinent  of  tlieir  ho|ica,  tliat 
it  required  all  the  addrcsa  of  Cortea,  and  no  ainall  ex- 
ertion of  Ilia  liberality,  to  appease  them.  'I'he  cum- 
plaintr  of  Iho  army  were  not  altogether  destitute  o( 
foundation.  As  the  crown  had  contributed  nothing  to- 
ward!' the  equipment  or  aucceaa  of  Ihe  armament,  it 
was  nut  withont  regret  that  the  aoldieia  beheld  it  aweep 
away  ao  great  a  proportion  ol  Iho  treaaure  purcha.sea 
by  their  biood  si  .it  tod.  What  fell  lo  Iho  aliaro  of  the 
general  appeared  according  to  the  ideaa  of  wealth  in 
tne  aixleenlh  century,  an  enormous  sum.  Some  ol 
Cortes'a  favorites  had  secretly  appropriated  lo  theii 
own  use  several  ornament*  of  gold,  which  neither  paid 
the  royal  fifth,  nor  were  brought  into  account  aa  purl  of 
Ihe  common  atock.  It  waa,  however,  ao  manifeaily  the 
interest  of  Cortes  at  Ihia  peiiod  lo  make  a  large  remit- 
tance lo  the  king,  that  it  ia  highly  probable  thoae  coo- 
cealmenta  were  not  of  great  conacmionce. 
The  total  aum  amaased  by  tho  Spaniarda  bear*  ne 

Eroportion  lo  the  ideaa  which  might  lie  formed,  either 
y  raflecting  on  the  doacription*  fiyen  by  hialoriana  of 
the  ancient  *plend,£r  of  Mexico  6i  by  eensMlerii^  Uw 


llMil 

Aal 
■idei 

Ihe 


flnirrn  amrrica. 


M 


I  privalD  inu 
•Ulll  fl'll  M 


•MlilMlaM  of  ill  miiiM  in  modBm  linira,  llul  iinonK 
mm  (iMtoM  Maiieiiw,  gald  »nA  iilvcr  wcrt  not  Um 
Miniltrrfi  by  which  Ih*  wnnh  of  oihrr  commiMliliu 
«M  riiiiniii«i  i  tnil  ilnatjitilH  of  Ih*  aniAcial  «*lue  d«- 
li««i  rram  th  ■circuriim.ini'*,  wan  no  (iirlhcr  In  raqiical 
Iktn  •(  lliry  fiirniilml  nmlorliiU  for  nrniiaenU  and  trin- 
kalt.  i  hex  wrrt  riihcr  ronMfiratod  lo  ihe  nodi  in 
iWii  Icinpisii,  01  wera  wnni  ••  inarlia  of  diatiiirilon  lijr 
Ikcir  princci  and  loma  of  thrir  moat  oniinani  chiafa. 
At  Uie  conauin|>liun  of  IIj*  iiracloua  inauU  «ru  iiieon- 
aUaralila,  tha  demand  for  (nam  wu  not  aiich  u  lo  put 
vltkar  iha  ingenuity  or  induairy  of  tha  Maiicana  on 
Ik*  atraleh  in  ordrr  tu  auaineni  tlMif  iton.  'IlMy 
mtn  allO||alh«r  unacr|uainted  with  tha  art  of  woikins 
Iha  rich  minea  wiih  which  Ihair  country  aboundoj. 
What  gold  they  had  waa  gathaiad  in  tha  bcda  of  tha 
rivora.  native,  and  ripened  into  •  puni  malallio  atata. 
'Ilia  nimoal  ellort  of  ih«ir  labor  in  atarch  of  it  waa  lo 
waah  tha  mrth  carried  down  b^  torrcnia  from  tha 
iBOunUiiM.  nnd  to  pick  out  the  grama  of  gold  whick  aub- 
•ided;  and  even  thia  aimple  operation,  <iccording  lo 
tha  re|iort  of  the  peraona  whom  Cortra  uppoinl<3  lo 
aurvay  the  provincea  where  there  waa  a  proapect  of 
finding  minea,  they  performed  very  unakilfully.  Froin 
all  ihoiw  cauaea,  the  whole  maaa  of  gold  in  poaaeaaion 
of  Iha  Moiicina  waa  not  great.  Aa  ailver  ia  rarely 
found  pure,  and  the  Meiican  art  wa>  loo  rude  to  con- 
duct tha  proceaa  for  reKning  it  in  a  proper  maiiner,  the 
nuanlUy  of  ihia  inelal  waa  alill  leaa  conaiuerabla.  TtMa, 
uiough  the  Spaniarda  had  eierted  all  the  power  which 
Ikey  poaaeaacu  in  Meiico,  and  often  with  irideccnt  n- 


pacity,  in  order  lo  gratify  thrir  prrdominaiit  paaaion, 
and  uiough  Monteiiima  had  fondly  eili.iuat«d  hia  irca- 
auma,  in  nopea  of  aatiating  their  tliirat  for  gold,  the  pro- 


da  heart  no 
|rmed,  eitbol 
Jiiatoriant  o< 
laidcrii^  liM 


duct  of  both,  which  probably  included  a  great  pari  of 
Ihe  lullion  in  tho  empire,  did  not  riaa  in  value  above 
wlitt  haa  been  incntiunad.  III3J 

Hut  howevur  pliahlo  Monteiuma  might  be  in  other 
inattcra,  with  reaiicc^  lu  one  point  he  waa  infleiiihie. 
'riinugh  Cortea  otton  urijed  him,  with  the  importunate 
tent  ot  a  miaaionary,  to  renounce  hia  falae  goila,  and  to 
embrace  tho  ('hrintian  faith,  he  alwaya  rnjcctod  the  pro- 
poaiiion  with  horror.  8upcri>tition,  among  the  Moii- 
eana,  waa  Ibrincd  into  inch  a  rcuular  and  complete  aya- 
Icm,  that  ita  institmiona  naturally  took  faat  hold  of  tho 
mind  ;  and  while  th6  rude  Irilict  in  other  parte  of  Aino- 
rict  weru  eaaily  inilucrd  to  rclinqiiiah  a  fow  notiona  and 
ritea,  ao  luoae  and  erhitrarv  as  hardly  to  merit  tho  naino 
uf  a  public  religion,  tho  i>roxicaiia  adhered  tenaciously 
to  their  mode  of  worship,  which,  however  barbaroua, 
waa  accom|>anipd  with  auch  order  and  aolemnity  aa  to 
render  it  an  object  of  the  highest  vonoration.  Cortea, 
finding  all  hia  attempta  inclfcctuiil  to  shako  the  coii- 
•tancy  of  Montezuma,  waa  ao  much  enraged  at  hia  ob- 
aiinacy,  that  in  ■  transport  of  loal  ho  led  out  hia  aol- 
diara  lo  throw  down  the  Idols  in  tho  grand  temple  by 
force.  Ulll  the  priesta  taking  arms  in  defence  of  their 
allara,  and  tho  people  crowding  with  great  ardor  to  aup- 
BOlt  Ihcm,  Cortes  a  prudence  overruled  hia  teal,  and 
Indneei'  Sim  to  dcsiat  from  hia  raah  attempt,  after  dit- 
MUiiig  '  le  idola  from  ana  of  the  ahrinea,  and  placing 
ialaeir  stead  an  imago  of  Uia  Virgin  Mary.  [114] 

From  tliat  moment  tha  Maiicana,  wlio  had  permitted 
Iha  impriaonment  of  thair  aovereign,  and  suffered  the 
axacliona  of  atrangera  without  a  atnigglo  began  to  me- 
ditate how  they  might  eipel  or  dos'.roy  tho  Spaniards, 
and  thought  themsclvea  called  upon  lo  avenge  their  in- 
aulted  deities.  Tho  prieala  and  leading  men  held  fre- 
quent consultaliona  with  Montezuma  for  thia  purpose. 
But  as  it  might  prove  fatal  to  the  captive  monarch  to 
attempt  either  tho  one  or  the  other  by  violence,  he  was 
willing  to  try  more  gentle  moans.  Having  called 
Cortes  intu  his  presence,  ho  observed,  that  now,  as  all 
tho  purposes  of  hia  embassy  were  fully  accomplished, 
the  gods  had  declared  their  will,  and  tho  people  signified 
their  desire,  that  ho  and  his  followers  should  instantly 
depart  out  of  Ihe  empire.  With  this  ho  required  Ihoin 
to  comply,  or  unavoidable  destruction  would  fall  sud- 
denly on  their  heads.  The  tenor  of  thia  unexpected 
ivquisition,  as  well  as  the  determined  tone  in  which  it 
w<a  uttered,  left  Cortes  no  room  to  doubt,  that  it  was 
Iha  result  of  some  deep  scheme  concerted  between 
Moomuma  and  hit  subjects.  He  quickly  percoiv,<d 
lint  he  might  derive  more  advantage  from  a  seeming 
cenpliance  with  the  monarch's  inclinations,  than  from 
an  ill-timed  attempt  lo  change  or  oppose  it ;  and  re 
ylitd.  with  great  composure,  tnat  ho  had  already  begun 
I*  atepare  for  returning  to  his  own  country ;  but  aa  he 
haa  deatro^cd  tho  vessels  in  which  he  anived,  some 
tea  was  lequisite  for  building  other  shipa.  Thia  ap- 
|ioated  reasoonble.  A  number  of  Mexicana  were  sent 
••  Vara  Ciux  to  cut  down  timber,  and  aome  Spaniah 


carpeiilara  were  appointed  to  superintend  tha  work 
Cortea  Hitlared  himself  that  during  ihia  Iniervai  he 
might  either  find  meana  to  avert  Iha  threatened  danger, 
or  receive  auch  rainfoKeinenta  aa  would  enable  hiin 
to  despise  It. 

Alinuai  iiina  montha  were  elapard  ainca  Portocancro 
and  Morteio  had  aailad  with  his  despatckaa  to  tt|Min  ; 
and  ha  daily  eipectrd  their  raliirn  with  a  cnnHnnation 
of  hia  autlioiity  from  the  king  Without  thia,  hia  con- 
dition waa  inarcure  and  precarioua ;  and  after  all  the 
great  thinga  which  he  had  done,  it  might  be  hia  doom  to 
bear  the  iiamo  and  suffer  tho  punishment  of  a  traitor. 
Rapid  and  ozlenaive  aa  hia  progreaa  had  been,  ha  could 
not  hope  to  complete  the  reduction  of  a  great  empire 
with  so  amall  a  body  of  men,  which  by  Ihia  time  diseases 
of  varioua  kinda  cuiiaiderably  Ihinnid ',  nor  could  he 
apply  fur  recruila  to  Ihe  flpaniah  aettlementa  in  the 
islands,  until  ha  received  tha  royal  approbation  of  hia 
proceedlnga. 

While  ha  remained  in  thia  cruel  ailuation,  aniiona 
about  what  waa  pati,  uncertain  with  reaped  to  the 
future,  and  by  the  Iste  declaration  of  Monteiuma,  op- 
pressed with  t  new  addition  of  cares,  a  Meiican  cou- 
rier arrived  with  an  account  of  aoine  shipa  having  ap- 
peared on  Iho  coaat.  Cortes,  with  fond  credulity, 
imagining  that  hia  ineaaengera  were  relumed  from 
Npain,  and  that  the  completion  of  all  hia  wiahea  and 
hopea  waa  at  hand,  imparted  the  glad  tidinga  to  his 
companions,  who  received  tliein  with  transports  of 
mutual  gratulation.  Tlieirjoy  waa  not  of  longeonti- 
nuaiica  A  courier  from  Sandoval,  whom  Cortea  had 
anfiolnted  to  aucceed  Kacalante  in  roinmand  of  Vera 
(.rui,  brought  certain  information  llijt  tho  armaiiioiit 
waa  fitted  out  by  VelaMuoi,  aovornor  of  Cuba,  and 
inatead  of  bringing  the  aid  which  they  ei|iecled,  threat- 
ened them  with  immediate  destruction. 

Tha  motivea  which  prompted  Vrlasqiiei  to  this 
violent  measure  are  obvious  I'min  tho  circuinsta.-'.'-ea 
of  Coriea'a  departure,  it  waa  im[iu>Bililn  not  to  siisiiect 
hia  intention  of  throwing  olf  all  depondenco  upon  nim. 
Mia  neglecting  to  transmit  any  account  of  his  upera- 
liona  to  Cufia,  strengthened  tliia  auspicion,  wliirh  waa 
at  laat  confirmed  beyond  doubt  by  tho  indiserelion  of 
Ihe  officers  whom  Cortea  sent  to  Spain.  They,  from 
aome  motive  which  is  not  clearly  ciplaincd  by  the  con- 
temporary hiatorians,  touched  at  Ihe  island  of  Cuba, 
contrary  to  the  peremptory  ordera  of  their  general.  Uy 
thia  meana  Velaai)ucz  not  only  leaineil  thnt  Cortea  and 
hia  followera,  after  formallv  renouncing  all  coniicctiun 
with  him,  had  eatabliahed  an  inde|iendoiit  colony  in 
New  Spain,  and  were  soliciting  tho  king  to  con'itm 
their  proceedings  by  his  authority  ;  but  he  obtained  par- 
ticular iiifonnation  conceriiin<;  the  opulence  of  the 
country,  the  valuable  preaenia  which  Cortea  had  re- 
ceived, and  the  inviting  prospecta  of  aucceaa  that 
o|H>ned  to  hia  view.  Every  passion  which  can  agitate 
an  aiiililtioua  mind  ;  shame,  at  having  been  so  grossly 
overreached ;  indignation,  at  being  betrayed  by  the 
man  whom  ho  had  selected  aa  tho  object  of  his  favor 
and  confidence ;  grief,  for  having  waate<l  hia  fortune  to 
aggrandize  an  enemy  ;  and  despair  of  recovering  ao  fair 
an  opportunity  of  establishing  his  fame  and  extending 
hia  power,  now  raged  in  the  l«aom  of  Velasquez.  All 
theae,  with  united  force,  excited  him  to  malte  an  ei- 
tnordinary  effort  in  order  to  be  avenged  on  the  author 
of  hia  wrongs,  and  to  wreat  from  him  hie  usurped  au- 
thority and  coni|uests.  Nor  did  he  want  the  appear- 
ance of  a  good  title  to  jur.tify  such  an  attempt.  The  agent 
whom  he  sent  to  Spain  with  an  account  of  Urijalva'a 
voyage,  had  met  with  a  most  favorable  reception  ;  and 
from  tho  specimens  which  ho  produced,  such  high  ei- 
nectitious  were  formed  concerning  tho  opulence  of 
New  Spain,  that  Vclasquex  waa  auihorized  to  prosecute 
the  discovery  of  the  country,  and  appointed  governor  of 
it  during  life,  with  more  czicnsivc  power  and  privilegca 
than  had  been  granted  to  any  adventurer  from  the  time  of 
Columbus.  Listed  by  this  distinguishing  mark  of  favor, 
and  warranted  to  consider  Cortea  not  only  aa  intruding 
upon  his  jurisdiction,  but  aa  diaobedicnt  to  tho  royal  man- 
date, he  determined  to  vindicate  hia  own  rights,  and 
tho  honor  ofhis  sovereign  by  force  of  arms.  [115]  Hii 
ardor  in  carrying  on  his  preparations  W4s  such  as  might 
have  been  expected  from  the  violence  of  the  passions 
with  which  he  was  animated  ;  and  in  a  abort  time  an 
armament  was  completed,  consisting  of  eighteen  ships 
which  had  on  board  founcoro  horsemen,  eight  hundred 
foot  soldiore,  of  which  eighty  were  musketeers,  and  a 
hundred  and  twenty  cross-bow  men,  together  with  a 
train  of  twelve  picc'ea  of  cannon.  Aa  Velaaquez's  ei- 
perience  of  tho  fatal  conaequence  of  committing  to 
another  what  ho  ought  to  havo  executed  himself.  Lad 
not  isndorod  him  laata  entaipriting,  bo  voated  the 


command  of  this  formidabla  body,  which,  in  tb 
of  tha  H|Mnisk  iwwer  in  America,  merila  the  ap 
of  an  annv,  in  Pamphile  de  Narvaet,  with  inal 
lo  seize  Coftea  and  hit  principal  oincert,  lo  aend  I 
prisoncra  to  him,  ind  then  lo  coinplelt  tha  diaaaiaiy 
and  conqiieal  of  tha  country  in  hia  name. 

Afttr  a  prosparoua  voyage,  Nsrvaex  landad  Wa  MM 
witliniit  op|iosilion  near  St.  Juan  da  IJIiia  (ApiU^ 
Three  euldiers,  whom  Cortea  had  atnt  to  aearva  fo( 
mines  in  that  diatriel,  immtnliately  joined  biin  By 
thia  accident  ha  not  otily  received  information  caneani> 
ing  llie  prograaa  and  ailiiatiim  of  Cortea,  but,  aa  theia 
toTdiert  had  made  tome  progreaa  in  tha  knowladga  «l 
tha  Mexican  language,  ha  acquired  inlerpralart,  tf 
whoaa  mesne  he  waa  enalilid  to  hold  aome  intareauia* 
with  the  jieople  of  the  country.  Uiit,  according  Iv  tha 
low  cunning  of  dearrtera,  they  framed  their  inleUigenca 
with  more  allentiun  lo  what  they  tlHxighl  would  ba 
agreeable  than  to  what  they  knew  to  be  true :  and  ia> 
preaented  tha  aitiiation  of  Cortea  to  be  ao  daapartMk 
and  Ihe  diaaffection  of  hia  followera  to  be  ao  geneiaH 
aa  iiicraaaed  Ihe  natural  confidence  and  praaumption  ot 
Narvaei.  Ilia  fini  opraliun,  however,  might  hava 
taught  him  not  to  rely  on  their  partial  accoimta.  Hav- 
ing  aant  lo  auinmoii  Ihe  gov^riiur  of  Vera  Crux  la  auf* 
render,  Uuevara,  a  prieat  whom  he  employed  in  thai 
aervice,  made  the  requisition  with  such  insolence,  thai 
Sandoval,  an  olficcr  of  high  rpirit,  and  lealuualy  nU 
taclied  to  Cortea,  instcsd  of  complying  with  hia  do- 
manda,  aaiiod  him  and  hia  atteiidanlui,  and  aani  thaa 
in  chaina  to  Meiicn. 

Cortea  received  them  not  like  enemiea,  but  aa  fVicndl^ 
and,  condemning  the  severity  of  Sandoval,  act  them 
iminiidialely  at  liberty.  Uy  Ihia  well  timed  clemency, 
seconded  by  careaaea  and  preseiita,  he  gained  their  con> 
fidcnee,  and  drew  from  them  audi  particulara  concern* 
ing  the  force  and  intentions  of  Narvani,  aa  gave  him  a 
view  of  tho  impending  danger  in  iia  full  e.itcnt.  Ha 
had  not  to  contend  now  with  half  n.iked  Indiana,  ■• 
match  lor  him  in  war,  and  alill  more  inferior  in  Iha 
aria  of  policy,  but  lo  take  the  field  againat  an  array  in 
courage  and  martial  disciplinn  equal  to  his  own,  ia 
number  far  auperior,  acting  under  the  sanction  of  loyal 
authoritv,  and  caiiiiiiandcil  by  an  ollicor  of  known  bis- 
very,  tlo  waa  infomicd  lh.\t  Narvaei,  more  aoliciloMa 
lo  gratify  the  reaentment  of  Velaaquei  than  attentive  to 
the  honor  or  interest  of  his  country,  had  begun  hia  iiv 
tercourse  with  the  natives,  by  representing  him  and  hit 
followera  aa  fugitives  and  outlaws,  guilly  of  rebcUian 
agaiiiat  their  own  aovereign,  and  of  injustice  in  invading 
the  Mexican  empire  ;  and  had  declared  that  hia  chiai 
object  in  visiting  the  country  waa  to  punish  the  Spv 
niarda  who  had  cummiltcd  these  Crimea,  and  lo  nacua 
the  Mexicana  from  oppreiiiun.  Ho  soon  perceived 
that  Iho  tame  unfavorable  reprcsentationa  of  hit  charao 
ter  and  actiona  had  l>een  conveyed  to  Monlexuina,  and 
that  Narvaei  had  found  iiioana  to  assure  him,  that  aa 
tile  conduct  of  those  who  kept  him  under  restiaini  waa 
highly  displeasing  lo  the  King  hia  muster,  he  bad  it  ia 
charge  not  only  to  rescue  an  injured  monarch  faon 
conhnement,  but  la  reinstate  him  in  ttie  posaeaaioo  id 
his  ancient  power  and  independence.  Animated  with 
thia  prospect  of  being  set  free  from  aubjectiim  to  aliiiiii* 
gars,  ttw  Mexican)  in  aevcral  prcviocea  b^o  optaly 
to  revolt  from  Cortes,  and  to  rogaid  Narvaex  aa  a  d*> 
livercr  no  less  able  than  willing  lo  iiave  them.  Moiili> 
luma  himself  kept  up  a  secret  mtcn^ouito  with  the  nevt 
commander,  and  seemed  to  court  him  aa  a  pcrton  tu- 
pdrior  in  power  and  dignity  to  those  Spaniards  whoia 
he  had  hitherto  revered  as  the  first  of  men.  [116J 

Such  were  Ihe  various  aspects  of  danger  and  diffr 
culty  which  presented  themselves  to  the  view  of  Cortea. 
No  situation  can  bo  conceived  more  trying  to  tlie  capa- 
city and  firmness  of  a  general,  or  where  the  choice  ol 
the  plan  which  ought  to  be  adopted  waa  more  ditfieulL 
If  he  tliould  wait  the  approach  of  Narvaet  in  Mexicoi 
destruction  seemed  to  be  unavoidable  ;  for,  while  tha 
Spaniarda  preased  him  from  without,  the  iubabitania, 
whose  turbulent  spirit  ho  could  hardly  reatnin  with  an 
hia  authority  and  attention,  would  eagerly  lay  hold  oa 
auch  a  favorable  opportunity  of  avenging  all  Ikail 
wrongs.  If  he  aliould  abandon  tha  capital,  tat  iha 
captive  monarch  at  liberty,  and  to  march  oul  lo  laaal 
tho  enemy,  he  muat  at  once,  forego  thA  fruitt  of  all  hia 
toila  and  victories,  and  relinquiah  advantagea  which 
could  not  be  recovered  without  extraordinary  eflbila 
and  infinite  danger.  If,  inatead  of  employing  foicai  ha 
ahould  have  recoune  to  conciliating  meatures,  and  at- 
tempt an  accommodation  with  Narvaes;  the  nalonl 
hnuehtinest  of  that  officer,  augmented  by  consciouanaeo 
of  Bit  preient  tupelioritv,  forlndu  h<m  tn'ruoriia  anr 
nnguloe  uupe  ot  tucc^at.      After  NToivmg  evai^ 


ROBERTSON'S  HIATOHY  OF 


■iMHa^Mi  dMp  ■ittnlion,  CoflM  HnJ  npan  tkit 
•rtliell  !■  r/iwulion  wm  mmt  Ktiunlaiit,  (ml,  if  •iircM*- 
M.  wauM  |im»  iihmi  Iwiirllriil  lo  hiimvlf  iml  lo  hi* 
Dounlry  ;  iiid  wilh  iIm  iIickiv*  iM>rr|iidiiy  •iiiiwi  lo 
datprritft  iiltialMnii.  tirlrriiiihril  tn  iiukt  ono  Itolil  f  1- 
fon  Tor  viviory  uii<l«r  orry  iliMili>*nl«||«,  rmlivr  ihati 
iMr!)K'«  bit  VMn  con<{utita  tnd  iIm  HptiiMh  inliimit 
m  Mciico 

Hill  lliaii||h  h*  foraikw  lh«t  lh«  i'nnt*>l  muit  ><* 
l*rniiii«.»d  linally  l>y  arin,  il  wnulil  h.itn  Iwan  not  only 
Mwant  Iml  criminal  lo  hat*  iiumlinl  aKaiiiat  liia  ouiiii- 
Irynwn,  withoiil  illriniilinK  to  adjual  inattara  by  an 
•tnicaMn  nvtfolialion.  In  (hia  w rvica  ha  riii|ilava«l  Ul- 
Bwtkt,  kia  rliHpUin,  lo  wlioac  rharaclar  Ihs  runition 
«M  wall  •Milctl,  and  who  iHMacatnd,  baalijra.  auch  |>tu- 
dvnra  and  adilfva*  aa  qualilM  him  lo  carry  on  ih*  a*- 
•rot  intriff  Ma  In  which  <  '.orlaa  placed  hia  chief  eonlV- 
Atnco  Narvaat  ri'jvclcd  with  acorn  anory  aclirnia  of 
■ceommodalion  llial  Olincdo  propoaod,  and  waa  with 
dMIciilly  raalrainrd  from  layinn  «iolcnl  hinda  on  him 
■nd  hi*  altcndanla.  H«  nicl,  howavar,  wilh  t  moro 
favonMo  reception  amonv  the  follnwera  of  Narvaoi,  lo 
■Mny  of  whom  h«  dvlivirrd  Irllara,  (iihar  from  Cortaa 
•t  hia  'ifficera,  iheir  ancient  frieiida  and  coni|ianiona. 
Cortva  artfully  accoin|ianied  llirati  with  proacnia  of 
ling»,  chainaof  gvld,  and  other  trinkala  of  «alu«,  which 
Inapirad  Iboao  iioetly  adventiirera  wilh  hi(h  ideaa  of  tho 
wealth  that  ho  had  aiqiiirod,  and  with  envy  of  Umit 
nod  fortune  who  were  eii)(aK<'d  in  hia  aervice.  Soma, 
■om  hopaa  uf  liccuiiiing  aharera  in  thnac  rich  apoila,  do- 
dared  for  an  iinniedialo  acrominalttion  wilh  Corlea. 
Othera,  from  public  apiril,  labored  lo  prevent  a  civil 
mr.  which,  wnalever  party  iliould  prevail,  muat  ahake, 
•nd  perliapa  aubvurl  the  .Spiiiinh  (lower  in  a  country 
•bore  il  waa  ao  irnnerfecllv  I'ttabliahed  Narvaei  dia- 
rafurded  both,  and  liy  a  public  proclamation  denounced 
Cortea  and  hia  adiierenia  rebela  and  enomiea  to  their 
country.  L'oriea,  it  ia  prolwlile,  waa  not  much  aur- 
iwiaed  at  Ih*  MIraclahlH  arro|(*ne«  of  Niirvaei ;  and 
•Aer  liavinK  Kiveii  auch  a  proof  of  hi*  own  paciAc  dla- 
poaition  aa  inighl  juatify  hia  rerourae  to  otiier  nirana, 
M  deierinineil  to  auvanco  lowarda  an  enemy  whom  ho 
kid  laliored  in  vain  10  appcaaa. 

He  left  a  hundred  and  fifty  men  in  Iha  capital,  [May,] 
•ndar  the  command  of  Pedro  do  Alvanao,  an  olDaar 
•f  di<iliii){uialied  courage,  for  whom  the  Meiicana  liad 
conceited  a  ainuular  d<')(rca  of  icajiect.  To  tha  cu»- 
tedv  of  thia  alender  giirriaon  he  commitled  a  great  city, 
ivith  all  the  wealth  he  had  ainiaaed,  and,  what  waa  of 
atill  K"=*tcr  importance,  the  person  of  the  iinpriaoned 
monarch.  Hia  utiiioet  art  waa  employed  in  concealiiif{ 
(kom  Montezuma  the  real  caune  of  hia  march.  He 
labored  lo  perauado  h>-ii,  that  the  atranKcra  who  bad 
lately  arrived  were  hia  fripnda  and  fellow-aubjecta ; 
and  tliat,  after  a  abort  interview  with  them,  they  would 
depiirt  together,  and  return  to  their  own  country.  The 
captive  prince,  unable  to  comprehend  iho  doaisna  of 
the  Spaniard,  or  to  reconcile  what  ho  now  heurJ  with 
Uic  dcclarationa  of  Narvaci,  and  afraid  to  diacovor  any 
ayniptom  of  auapicion  or  diitrutt  of  Corlea,  promiacd 
lo  remain  quietly  in  the  Spaiiiah  quarter*,  and  to  ciilti- 
**le  tho  aamn  freindahip  wilh  Alvurado  which  he  had 
•niformljunaintained  with  him.  Corlea,  wilh  aoeming 
confidcMVin  thia  promiae,  but  relying  principally  upon 
Iha  injunction*  which  ho  had  given  Alvarado  to  guard 
hia  pnaoner  wiih  the  moat  acrupuloua  vigihtnce,  act 
out  froiii  Mexii:o. 

Hia  atrength,  even  after  it  waa  reinforced  by  the 
junction  of  oainloval  and  the  garriaon  of  Vera  Crui, 
did  not  ciceed  two  hundred  and  fifty  men.  Aa  ho 
hoped  for  aucceaa  chiefly  from  tiie  rapidity  of  hia  mo- 
tion*, Ilia  Iroopa  were  not  encumbered  either  with  hag- 
gage  or  artillery.  But  aa  he  dreaded  extremely  the 
unpreMion  which  the  enemy  might  make  with  their 
eavair)',  he  had  provided  against  Ihia  danger  with  Iho 
foreaight  and  aagacity  wbicb  dialinguiali  a  great  com- 
DUiiider.  H*v:::g  obaerved  that  the  Indiana  in  the 
province  of  Uiinantla  uacd  apeara  of  extraordinary 
length  and  frrce,  he  armed  hia  aoldier*  with  Iheae,  and 
•ecuatomed  them  to  that  deep  and  compact  arrange- 
ment which  the  uae  of  tbia  formidable  wea]ion,  the 
keat  perhapa  that  waa  av«x  invented  foe  defence, 
•Mbled  them  10  aaaurtie 

Wilh  thia  snAII  but  firm  battalion,  Corlea  advanced 
tewarda  Zempoalla,  of  which  .Narvaez  had  taken  poa- 
Bcaaion.  During  hia  march,  he  made  repeated  atlenipla 
lowarda  aome  accommodation  wi'h  hi*  opponent.  Out 
Nirvact  requiring  tliat  Cortea  and  hie  foUowcrs  ahould 
inatauily  recogiuae  hia  title  to  be  governor  of  New 
Spain,  in  trirtuo  of  the  power*  which  he  derived  from 
Valaaquei;  and  Cirtes  refuaing  to  aubmit  to  any 
taUwrUf  whicb  w«-  wt  foiindad  on  a  cominiaiioa  from 


Iba  Cmparer  himaalf,  under  whoa*  Iminadlala  pratae- 
lion  ha  and  hia  aallwranl*  had  placed  th*ir  infant 
eolofly  ;  all  thea*  alteinnla  piaved  fruilleaa.  The  in- 
teicniirae,  however,  whu-n  iliia  occaaiunrd  lielwven  llie 
IMO  |Hirtiea,  pnived  of  no  ihitill  Hdtani.iun  lit  t'tirte*. 
aa  II  allordril  hiii,  an  o|i|iurtuiiily  of  gaming  aoiiie  ol 
Nartaea'a  olllrer*  by  Mietal  praaonia,  ol  aollening 
othera  by  a  ai'iiiliUi  <  •  of  ntodrration,  and  of  il.i/ilirig 
all  liy  Iho  ap|teiu4nca  of  wealth  ■iiiiirig  liia  trnotw,  iiioai 
uf  Ilia  aulilirrn  liHViiig  coiiverird  tluir  vliare  ul  the  .Mexi- 
cull  gol'J  into  chain*,  bracelela,  and  ullirr  nrnainrnia, 
whicn  they  diaplayed  with  inililary  oaicnuiian.  Nar- 
vaei and  a  hill*  junto  uf  hia  rrcaiurea  excepied,  all  the 
arinv  leaned  lowarda  an  arconiinudutiun  wilh  iheir 
countryman.  'I1ii*  diacovery  ol  mm  nicliiialion  irrilal- 
•d  Ilia  viulani  l*in|i*r  aliiioat  lo  niadiiea*.  In  a  Irana- 
porl  of  raye,  ha  a*l  a  price  upon  the  head  of  Cor*;.*, 
and  of  hia  principal  oHIcera ;  and  having  learned  that 
tie  t«as  now  advanced  within  a  league  uf  /enqnalla 
wilh  Ilia  email  liody  of  men,  ho  considered  Una  a*  i:: 
inaull  whicb  merited  immodialo  chaatiaemcnt,  and 
marched  out  wilh  all  hia  Iroop*  lo  olfer  him  battle. 

liut  Cofle*  waa  a  leader  of  greater  abililiea  a:id  ex- 
perience tlian,  on  equal  grouiid,  to  fight  an  ei  euy  ao 
far  aiiperior  in  nunilier,  and  ao  iiiuih  belter  apiuinted. 
Having  taken  hi*  *tation  on  Iha  onpoaila  bana  if  tlie 
river  no  Canoaa,  vliera  he  knew  tliat  ha  couhl  not  be 
attacked,  he  beheld  the  aiairoach  of  the  enemy  without 
concern,  and  diaregarded  thia  vain  bravado.  Il  waa 
then  the  beginning  of  Iho  wet  aeaaon,  and  the  rain  had 
poured  down,  during  a  great  part  of  Iho  day,  wilh  a 
violence  peculiar  lo  the  torrid  tone.  Tba  followera  of 
Narvaei,  unaccualomed  to  llie  hardahipa  of  iniliury 
aervice,  niurinured<ao  much  at  being  lliua  fruitleaaly 
ex|maed,  that,  from  their  unaoldicrliko  iinpaticiice,  aa 
well  aa  hia  own  contempt  of  hia  adveraary,  tiieir  general 
permitted  them  to  retire  lo  Zempoalla.  The  very  cir- 
cimiatance  whkh  induced  them  lo  quit  the  field,  en- 
couraged Corlea  to  form  a  acheine  by  which  he  hoped 
at  once  to  terminate  tlie  war.  He  obaerved  that  hia 
hardy  veterana,  tliouah  atanding  under  the  lorreiita 
which  continued  to  Jall  wilhoul  a  tingle  lent  or  any 
•heller  whateoever  to  cover  lliem,  were  ao  far  from 
repining  at  hardahipa  which  were  become  familiar  to 
them,  tnat  they  were  atill  frcah  and  alert  for  aervice. 
Ha  foraaw  that  the  enemy  would  iiaturallv  give  Ihem- 
•elvea  up  to  repoae  after  their  fatigue,  and  thai,  judging 
of  the  conduct  of  othera  by  their  own  elleininacy,  they 
would  deem  themaclvea  perfectly  aecuro  at  a  aeaaon  ao 
unlit  for  action.  He  rcaolvcd,  therefore,  to  fall  ii|nn 
thcin  in  the  dead  of  night,  when  tho  auprme  and  terror 
of  thia  unexpected  attack  niiglii  more  tlian  coinpcnaate 
Ihe  infcriori'y  of  hia  number*,  lit*  aoldiera,  aenmlilo 
that  no  rcaouree  remained  but  in  aome  desperate  ellbrt 
of  courage,  approved  of  tha  meaturo  wilh  audi  wtiniilh, 
that  Cortea,  in  a  military  oration  which  he  addresaed 
to  them  before  they  began  their  march,  waa  mora 
uulicitoua  to  temper  than  to  inflame  their  ardor.  Ho 
divided  tliem  into  three  partiea.  At  the  head  of  the 
firat  ho  placed  Sandoval ;  intiuating  thia  gallant  oificer 
wilh  the  moat  dangcroua  and  im|iorMnt  service,  that  of 
auiiing  the  enomy'a  artillery,  which  waa  planted  before 
the  principal  tower  of  the  temple  whero  Narvaei  had 
fixed  Ilia  head-quarter*.  Chriatoval  do  Ulid  com- 
manded tho  aecond,  with  order*  to  aaaault  the  lower, 
and  lay  hold  on  the  general.  Corlea  hiinaelf  con- 
ducted the  third  and  amalleat  diviaion,  which  waa  to 
act  aa  a  body  of  rcacrve,  and  to  aupport  tho  other  two 
aa  there  ahould  be  occaaion.  Having  (lagacd  tho  river 
do  Canoaa,  which  waa  much  awollvd  wilh  the  raino, 
not  wilhout  dirticully,  the  water  reaching  ilmuat  to 
their  china,  they  advanced  in  profound  ailencc,  wilh- 
out beat  of  drum,  or  aound  of  any  wailiko  inatruinent ; 
each  man  armed  with  hia  aword,  hia  dagger,  and  hi* 
Chinanllan  apcar.  Narvaez,  retnisa  in  proportion  to 
bia  accurity,  had  poatcd  only  two  aentincla  to  watch 
the  inoiiona  of  an  enemy  whom  he  had  auch  good 
cauae  to  dread.  One  of  tlieao  waa  aeized  by  the  ad- 
vanced guard  of  Corlea'a  troopa ;  the  other  made  hia 
CHcagic,  and,  hurrying  to  the  town  tvilh  all  the  preciiii- 
tation  of  fear  and  zeal,  gave  auch  timely  notice  of  the 
enetny'a  ajiproach,  that  there  waa  full  feiaiire  to  have 
prepared  for  their  reception.  But,  through  the  arro- 
gance and  infatuation  of  Narvaez,  thia  important  inter- 
val waa  loot.  Ho  imputed  this  alarm  to  tne  cowardice 
of  the  aentinel,  and  treated  with  deriiiion  the  idea  of 
being  attacked  by  forcea  ao  unequal  to  hia  own.  The 
about*  of  Cortea'*  aoldior*,  ruahing  on  to  the  aeuult, 
convinced  him  at  laat  that  the  danger  which  he  de- 
apiaed  waa  real.  The  rapidity  with  which  they  ad- 
vanced waa  auch  that  only  one  cannon  could  be  fired 
bafore  Sandoval'a  party  cloaed  with  the  eoemv,  drove 


flmn  Ibeir  gun*,  and  began  lo  Ibre*  th*ir  mitf  ay 
Ika  al«p*  of  the  lu»i  r  Narvae*.  no  leaa  brave  in  aalM 
than  prea'iinptuous  m  rondncl,  armed  himaelf  in  haa 
and  bv  hia  tuiee  ami  example  aiuinaiod  liia  iiteii  to  I 
euiiil'jt  I  i|id  adviitired  toaiiMirtin  hiiiM.iiiiiiuiiuik«  ;  ami 
Curlra  himarlf  riiihiiig  10  llir  IrunI,  euiidm  ti  il  and  add*4 
new  vigor  to  the  atlaek  The  euiii|hi(  I  unler  in  whitill 
ll.la  tihall  livtiy  pressed  on,  and  llie  iiripeii 'iralile  front 
which  ihey  prrseiitetl  with  llieir  lung  cprtna  liure  doWB 
all  nppiistlion  Iwfure  il      They  li..d  now  reaehad  lb* 

Sale,  and  were  alniggliiig  to  liursi  it  npen,  when  a  aoU 
ler  liatiiig  a«l  fire  in  ihu  reeds  wiih  which  the  tuwaf 
waa  covered,  coinpvlled  Nurtiiei  lo  aally  uiil.  In  ilia 
first  vneuiinlrr  liu  waa  wounded  111  itie  ey*  witb  Iba 
apcar,  and,  fulling  lo  the  ground,  wna  dragged  down 
Ilia  alcpa,  and  in  a  moineni  clapped  in  feller*.  Tb*  nf 
i>f  victory  reaounded  anions  the  troopa  of  Coftaa. 
Tl.oae  who  had  aallied  out  with  iheir  leader  now  main- 
tail  ed  the  conflict  feebly,  and  liegaii  to  auirender. 
Anoiig  the  remainder  of  hia  aoldiera,  atatioiied  in  Iwa 
•  ■  aller  lower*  of  the  temple,  lerraf  and  confuaion  pr» 
niiM.  The  darknee*  waa  ao  great,  tliat  they  coiiM 
.ol  I'iallnguiah  between  their  ftienda  and  foca.  Thaif 
ow,-!  artillery  wna  |)oinled  againal  ihein  Wharavac 
they  tu.-ne'l  their  eye,  they  beheld  lighta  gloamiug 
through  the  obacurily  of  Uie  night,  which,  lliough  pro- 
cecd.ng  only  from  a  variety  of  ahining  Inaacta  thai 
•l"^uiid  ill  nioiat  and  aiiltry  cllniaiea,  llieir  airrightau 
iinagination*  rcpreaenled  aa  ir.ininroua  bands  of  muaka 
leer*  advancing  with  kindled  malchea  lo  ll|a  alUok 
After  a  abort  reaiaUnce,  the  aoldiera  compelled  Iheir  o( 
ficera  to  capitulate,  and  before  morning  ill  laid  dovrD 
Ibeir  anna,  and  aubinitted  quietly  to  Iheir  coiiniieror*. 

Thia  complete  victory  proved  more  acceptable,  aa  il 
waa  gained  alinoat  willioiit  bloodshed,  only  two  aoU 
diera  being  killed  on  the  aide  ol  Cortea,  and  two  oHI 
cera,  with  fifteen  private  men  of  Iho  adverse  faction. 
Corlea  treated  the  vannuiahed  not  like  enemiea,  but  aa 
countrvmen  and  frienda,  and  oHered  either  to  •anil 
them  back  directly  lo  Cuba,  ur  to  lake  them  into  hia 
aervice,  aa  partnera  in  hia  fortune,  on  rqual  lerma  wilh 
Ilia  own  aoldiera.  Thia  latter  projioaition,  oecoiided  bjr 
a  aeaaonable  diatrihiition  of  aome  ptoaenl*  from  (Jortaa, 
and  liberal  proinisea  of  more,  opened  proapaata  ao 
agreeable  to  the  romantic  eipeclati>>na  which  bad  in- 
vited them  to  engage  in  thia  aervice,  that  all,  ■  few 
partiaana  of  Narvaez  excepied,  closed  tulh  it,  and  vir4 
with  each  oihcr  in  profe**ion*  of  fidelity  and  attach- 
ment to  a  general,  whoae  recent  eiicceaa  had  given 
them  aiicb  *  alriking  proof  of  hia  abililiea  for  commaiMl. 
I'hiia,  by  a  aerie*  of  event*  no  lesa  fortunate  than  un- 
common, Cortea  not  only  c*ca|ied  from  perdition  which 
aeeined  inevitable,  but,  when  he  had  leaat  reaaon  to 
cz|iecl  il,  waa  jilaced  at  the  heod  of  a  tlioiiaand  8|ni- 
iiiards,  ready  lo  follow  wherever  ho  ahould  lead  them. 
Whoever  reflects  upon  the  facility  with  which  thia  vic- 
tory waa  obtained,  or  considers  wilh  what  sudden  and 
unanimou*  tranaitlon  the  followers  of  Narvaez  rangi4 
thomaelve*  under  Iho  atandaid  of  hia  rival,  will  be  apt 
to  aacribe  both  ovcnta  aa  mucn  to  tho  intriguea  a*  to 
the  anna  of  Cortea,  and  cannot  but  auanoct  that  tha 
ruin  of  Narvaez  was  occasioned  no  lesa  by  the  treach- 
ery of  hia  own  followera,  than  by  the  valor  of  tha 
enemy. 

But  in  one  point  the  prudent  conduct  and  good  for* 
tune  of  Cortea  were  equally  conspicuous.  1^  by  the 
rapidity  of  hia  0|ieralioii«  after  he  began  hi*  march,  ba 
bud  not  brought  matlera  10  audi  a  apeedy  iaaue,  even 
thia  deciaive  victory  would  have  come  too  late  to  bava 
aavcd  hia  compuniona  whom  ho  left  in  Mexico.  A  few 
days  after  the  discomfiture  of  Narvaez,  a  courier  uriveil 
with  an  account  that  the  Mexirana  hud  taken  arm*, 
and,  having  aeized  and  destroyed  the  two  trigantineo 
which  Corlea  had  built  in  order  to  aecure  llie  comoiand 
of  tho  lake,  and  attacked  the  Spunianla  in  their  quar- 
ters, had  killed  aeveral  uf  ihem,  and  tvounded  moras 
had  reduced  to  ashes  their  magazine  oC  provisions,  and 
carried  on  hostililica  with  aueh  fury,  that  though  Al- 
varado and  hia  men  defended  themaclvea  witb  uiidaun^ 
ed  reaolution,  tiicy  must  either  bo  soon  cut  olf  by  (a- 
mine,  or  sink  under  the  multitude  of  iboir  enemioo. 
This  revolt  was  excited  by  inolivea  which  rendered  il 
atill  more  alarming.  Ou  the  departure  of  (^ortea  foi 
Zempoalla,  the  Mcxicana  flattered  themaclvee  that  Iha 
lung-expected  opportunity  of  resloiing  their  «overeia 
lo  liberty,  and  of  vindicating  their  country  from  Iba 
odious  dominion  of  strongera,  tvas  at  length  arrived ; 
that  while  tho  forcea  of  their  opprcsaors  were  divided, 
and  the  anna  of  one  party  turned  against  the  olher.  ttaaf 
might  triumph  with  greater  facility  over  both.  Ccn- 
aulutiona  were  held,  and  achemea  formed  with  ihia  in> 
lention.    The  Spaniaida  in  Moiicu,  conscioua  f>f  iLoil 


bvi 
Iha 
ftmr 

alrai 
autb 
diac 
caiia 
•ala 
danc 


iOUTII  AMKHIUA. 


■iid  goad  roi> 

Ji;  by  th* 

fiia  march,  h* 

iaaue,  evm 

latn  10  btva 

■ico.    A  fow 

kuricr  uhvut 

I  taken  arim, 

t  ri|{antiiM)a 

IIm  cuinuiand 

thoir  quir- 

jiidcd  inorib 

^viaiona,  an) 

though  Al- 

\'ub  undaunl> 

lit  oir  by  lit- 

pir  cnamioo. 

ratidcml  U 

Cortea  fol 

In  that  Um 

|ir  aoveraia 

from  IM 

;th  arrinj ; 

ere  diyidedi 

I  other.  th»f 

9th.    Con- 

«ith  tiiH  IB- 

itui  of  lli«i« 


MM  fciMaiMiaa.  aiiapMlatl  and  ilraadad  IhoM  machim- 
MM.  Aloaraoo,  thuiinh  a  lallaiil  ollli'iir,  (HMariacd 
naitlHir  thai  ailant  orra|Mrily  nor  ih|{niiy  u(  inannrn, 
hv  which  l^ortM  had  ari|iiirrd  ■in'h  an  aarrmUnt  otor 
tiM  minda  <tl  Iha  Meiicana,  aa  yorr  allowed  ihain  lu 
form  »  Jual  aalirnala  of  hia  wcaknraa  or  of  llirir  own 
atrai.||lh  Alvarado  knvw  no  nindn  of  •ii|i|uiriini{  liia 
tulhuiily  but  furr*  Inalrad  uf  ani|ilovinK  aitdrr»  In 
diavuncart  Iha  plant  >r  to  aouihi  Ilia  niiinta  uf  lli«  Mpih 
cana,  h«  waiia  t  the  ri-lurii  of  una  of  Ihalr  auluinn  faali- 
•ala  Whan  Iha  pnncipal  |wraoiia  in  the  ainpira  warn 
dancing,  according  to  cualuin,  in  tlw  roiirt  of  Iha  grral 
lampla,  ha  aaiied  all  iha  avaniiKa  which  led  lo  It  i  and 
•llurad  partly  by  iha  rich  ornamriila  whwh  Ihay  wore 
in  honor  uf  Ihair  goda,  and  parlly  by  tlia  facility  of  cul- 
ling olf  al  onea  IM  aulhura  uf  that  connpirucy  which  ha 
drtaded,  ha  fnll  upon  them,  unarmed  and  iinaiiapicioiia 
of  any  danger,  and  inaiaacred  a  great  number,  nunc  ea- 
caping  but  inch  aa  made  their  way  o«er  tlia  Iwlllenienla 
of  IM  tanipla.  An  action  ao  cruel  and  treacbaroua 
fillad  not  only  the  city,  but  the  whole  empire  with  in- 
dignation and  raue.  All  called  aloud  for  vengeance  ; 
aiid  regardleaa  uf  the  aafetv  of  their  monarch,  wliuao 
life  waa  at  tlia  mercy  uf  the  npaniarda,  ur  of  their  own 
danger  in  aaaaulliiig  an  enemy  who  had  Iwen  ao  long 
Iha  object  uf  their  terrur,  they  committed  all  thoaa  acta 
of  violence  of  which  ('urtea  received  an  account. 

Tu  him  the  danger  apjiearcd  ao  imminent  aa  to  admit 
naitlior  of  delilieralion  nur  dcli*.  He  ael  out  inatantly 
with  all  hia  furcea,  and  returned  from  Zampoalla  with  no 
leaa  rapidity  than  ho  had  advanced  Ihilher.  At  TIaacala 
ha  waa  joined  by  two  Ihouaand  clioaen  warriora.  On 
entering  the  Moiican  lemtoriea,  ha  found  that  diaaflec- 
tion  to  the  >Spaniarda  waa  not  confined  to  the  capital. 
Tlia  principal  inhabitanta  had  deterted  the  tuwna 
through  which  he  paaaed  ;  no  perton  of  note  appearing 
lo  meet  liim  with  the  uauul  reaped  ;  no  proviaion  waa 
roado  for  the  aiibaiatence  of  hia  tronpa ;  and  though  he 
waa  permitted  to  advance  without  oppoaition,  the  aoli- 
tiide  and  ailence  which  reigned  in  every  place,  and  the 
bnrror  with  which  the  people  avoided  all  intorcourae 
with  him,  diicovercd  a  deep  rooted  antiiialhy  that  ei- 
eited  the  moat  juat  alarm.  liut  implacable  aa  the  en- 
ipily  of  the  Moiicana  waa,  they  were  ao  unacquainted 
with  the  acience  of  war,  that  they  knew  not  how  to  take 
tha  pro|>er  nieaaurea  either  fur  their  own  aafely  or  the 
daalruction  of  the  Spaniaida.  Uninatructcd  by  their 
fanner  arror  in  admitting  a  fonnidable  enemy  into  their 
cai>ital,  inatead  of  breaking  down  the  cauaewava  and 
brdgea,  by  which  they  mimit  have  encloaed  AUarado 
tr.d  hia  party,  and  have  ettbctually  atopped  tha  career 
of  Cortea,  they  aaaiii  aulTemd  him  to  inarch  into  tha 
(ity  [Juno  34]  without  moleatation,  and  to  lake  quiet 
poaaeaaion  of  hia  ancient  elation. 

The  trantporta  uf  joy  with  which  Alvarado  and  hia 
ioMiera  received  their  companiona  cannot  be  eipreaaed. 
Soth  partiea  were  ao  much  elated,  the  one  with  their 
aoaaonable  deliverance,  and  tho  other  with  the  great 
aiploita  which  they  had  achieved,  that  thia  Intoiication 
of  aucceaa  acema  to  have  reached  Cortea  himaelf ;  and 
he  behaved  on  thia  occaaion  neither  with  hia  uaual 
aagacity  nor  attention.  Ho  not  only  neglected  to  viail 
Munteiuma,  but  embittered  the  inault  oy  eipreaaiona 
full  of  contempt  for  that  unfortunate  prince  and  hia 
people.  The  torcea  of  which  he  had  now  the  rommaiid 
appealed  to  him  ao  irroaiatible  thai  he  might  aaaiime  a 
higher  tone,  and  lay  aaide  the  maak  of  muderation  under 
which  'lie  had  hithcrtu  cnncealcd  hia  deaigna.  Some 
Mexicana,  who  undetatoud  the  Spanish  language,  heard 
tho  contemptuoua  worda  which  Cortea  uttered,  and, 
reporting  tlinin  to  their  countrymen,  kindled  their  rage 
anew.  They  were  now  convinced  that  tho  intentioiia 
of  the  general  wore  equally  bloody  with  Ihoae  of  Alva- 
rado, and  that  hia  original  purpoae  in  viaitjng  their 
country  had  not  been,  aa  he  pretended,  to  court  the 
alliance  of  Iheir  sovereign,  but  to  attempt  the  conquoat 
of  hia  doininiona.  They  reaumed  thoir  arma  with  the 
additional  fury  which  tliia  discovery  inspired,  attacked 
a  considerable  body  ol  Spaniarda  who  were  marching 
towards  the  great  square  in  which  the  public  market 
waa  held,  and  compelled  them  lo  retire  with  aome  loss. 
Emboldened  by  this  success,  and  delighted  lo  find  that 
thoir  oppressors  wore  not  invincible,  they  advanced  tho 
next  day  with  extraordinary  martial  [loinp  lo  assault 
(he  Spaniarda  in  llieir  quarlera.  Their  number  waa 
fcrmiaible,  and  thoir  undaunted  courage  still  more  so. 
Though  the  artillery  pointed  againat  their  numeroua 
battabona,  crowded  together  in  narrow  atreeta,  awept 
•ff  multitudea  at  every  discharge  ;  though  every  blow 
of  the  Spanish  weapons  fell  with  mortal  effect  upon 
*  °  r  naked  boaies,  the  impetuosity  of  the  assault  did 
Fmtb  men  rnahcd  Ibnvaid  to  occupy  the 
10 


plaaae  af  Iha  alain,  and,  maetln^  wllk  tha  aan*  (kle, 
were  succeadeil  by  oihera  iiii  laaa  Intrepid  and  eager  for 
vengeance  'Iha  utiiiost  elforta  of  I'orlaa  abililiaa  and 
ra|Mirisnct,  aeconiird  hy  tha  diariplined  valor  of  hia 
limipa,  were  hardly  aufflciant  lo  detend  the  furlitlca- 
liona  that  tiirioumlrd  the  nuat  where  the  Npaniarda 
tvrre  ataliunail,  into  whirl,  the  enemy  ware  iiiora  than 
oiire  on  ilia  jioiiit  uf  forcing  (hair  way 

(.'ones  lielield  with  wuniler  the  implacable  ferocity 
uf  a  people  who  seemed  si  first  lo  aubinit  lamely  to 
the  yoke,  and  had  continued  ao  long  passive  under  it. 
The  suliliera  of  Nsrvaea,  who  fondly  imagined  that 
they  followed  Cortea  to  ahara  in  the  apoila  of  a  con- 
quered empire,  were  aatonialied  to  find  thai  they  were 
involved  in  a  dangeroua  war  with  an  enemy  whoae 
vigor  waa  alill  uiiTiroken,  and  loudly  execrated  their 
own  weakneaa  in  giving  aiich  taay  credit  lo  the  delu- 
sive promises  of  their  new  leader.  Dut  auniriae  and 
complaints  were  of  no  avail.  Some  immediate  and 
extraordinary  oHbrt  waa  neceaaary  to  eilncale  them- 
selves out  of  ttieir  present  situation.  Aa  aoon  aa  the 
approach  of  evening  induced  the  Mexicana  to  retiru  in 
cuniplianco  with  llieir  national  ciiatoin  of  ceaaing  from 
hoatilitiea  with  the  aetlina  aun,  Cortea  began  lo  urepara 
for  a  aally,  neat  day,  witri  aiich  a  conaiderable  force  aa 
might  either  drive  the  enemy  out  of  the  city,  or  com- 
pel them  lo  liaten  to  lenna  of  accoinmotlation. 

He  conducted  in  peraon  llie  troopa  destined  for  thia 
important  aervica,  Kvery  invention  known  in  Ihe  Eu- 
ropean art  of  war,  aa  well  aa  every  precaution  auggoated 
by  hia  long  acqinintanco  with  the  Indian  mode  ortighl- 
ing  were  employed  lo  ensure  succeaa.  Uul  he  Ibund 
an  enemy  prepared  and  determined  to  oppoae  him. 
The  force  of  tho  Mexicana  waa  greatly  augmented  by 
freah  troopa,  which  poured  in  continually  from  tha 
country,  and  their  animosity  waa  in  no  degree  abated. 
They  were  led  by  their  iiobloa,  inflamed  by  tho  exhor- 
taliona  of  their  prieata,  and  Ibiight  in  defence  of  their 
lemplea  and  faimliea,  under  the  eye  of  their  gods,  and 
in  pretence  of  their  wivoa  and  children.  Notwith- 
ataiiding  their  niimbera,  and  enthiiaiaatie  contempt  of 
danger  and  death,  wherever  the  Spaniarda  could  cloae 
with  ihein,  Ihe  suiieriority  of  their  diacipliiie  and  anna 
obliged  the  Mexicana  to  give  way.  Hut  in  narrow 
atreels,  and  where  many  of  the  bridgea  of  communica- 
tion were  broken  down,  tho  Spaniarda  could  aeldom 
come  10  a  fair  rencounter  with  the  enemy,  and,  aa  they 
advanced,  were  expoaed  to  ahowera  of  arrowa  and 
atonoa  from  the  topa  of  houaea.  After  a  day  of  In- 
ceaaant  exeitlon,  though  vast  numbers  of  the  Mexicana 
fell,  and  part  of  the  city  waa  burnt,  the  ,Spaniarda  weary 
with  the  alaughter,  and  harraased  by  multitudea  which 
aucceaaively  relieved  each  other,  were  obliged  at  length 
lo  i-etire,  with  Ihe  mortilicaiion  of  having  accompliahed 
nolhins  ao  dcciaive  aa  to  cnni|>ensala  the  unuaual  cala- 
mity of  having  twelve  aoldieta  killed,  and  above  aiily 
wounded.  Another  aally,  made  with  greater  force,  waa 
not  more  effectual,  and  in  it  Iha  general  himaelf  waa 
wuiinded  in  the  hand. 

Cortea  now  perceived,  too  late,  tho  fatal  error  into 
which  be  had  been  betrayed  by  hia  own  contempt  of  Ihe 
Mexicans,  and  waa  salianed  that  he  could  neither  main- 
tain hia  piosent  atation  in  tha  centre  of  a  hostile  city, 
nor  retire  from  it  without  tho  moat  imminent  danger. 
One  rcaource  still  remained,  to  try  what  effect  Ihe  In- 
terpoailioii  of  Montizuma  might  have  to  aoothe  or  over 
awe  hia  aubjccta.  When  the  Mexicana  approached 
next  morning  to  renew  the  assault,  that  unfortunate 
prince,  at  the  mercy  of  the  Spaniarda,  and  reduced  to 
the  aad  noceasity  of  becoming  the  inatrument  of  hia 
own  disgrace,  and  of  the  alavery  of  hia  people,  [117] 
advanced  lo  tlie  battlementa  in  hia  royal  robea,  and 
with  all  the  pomp  in  which  he  uaed  to  ap|iear  on  aolemii 
occaaiona.  At  sight  of  their  soveroizn,  whom  they  had 
long  been  accustoincd  lo  honor,  ana  almoat  to  revere 
aa  a  god,  Ihe  wea|iona  dropped  from  their  handa,  every 
tongue  waa  silent,  all  bowed  their  hoada,  and  many  proa- 
trated  themaelvea  on  the  ground.  Montezuma  addressed 
them  with  every  argument  that  could  mitigate  their 
rage,  or  pcrauado  them  to  cease  from  hostilities.  When 
he  endea  his  discourse,  a  aullcn  murmur  of  ditapprs- 
bation  ran  through  the  ranks ;  to  thia  aucccedcd  re- 
proaches and  threat! ;  and  the  fury  uf  the  multitude 
rising  in  a  moment  above  every  reatraint  of  decency  or 
respect,  flights  of  arrows  and  volleys  of  atones  poured 
in  ao  violently  upon  the  lamparta,  that  before  the  Spa- 
niah  aoldiera,  appointed  to  cover  Montezuma  with  their 
bucklera,  bad  time  to  lift  them  in  hia  defence,  two  ar- 
rows wounded  the  unhappy  monarch,  and  the  blow  of 
a  atone  on  hia  temple  struck  him  to  the  ground.  On 
seeing  him  fall,  the  Mexicans  were  so  much  aatoniahed, 
that  with  a  tranaition  not  nocommou  in  popular  tumulta, 


m 

they  paeaed  In  amomant  frem  on*  eilrame  I*  dwMlM , 
rainuraa  aucreeded  10  inault,  and  they  IM  WMk  IwilH, 
aa  if  the  vengeance  of  heaven  were  puieHlnf  Iko  eilow 
which  they  romniilled  The  Npeniarda  wilMol  mol*» 
tatlon  carried  Monlniim'i  lu  hia  apartmenla,  and  Coftao 
haaianed  ihithar  lo  console  him  under  hia  iniafortuno. 
Hut  Ihe  unhappy  monarch  now  (lerceived  how  low  ko 
vaa  aiink  ;  anil  Ihe  haughty  apiril  which  aeamed  lohavo 
l.aen  ao  long  riiincl,  relurnitig,  he  acomcd  to  survivo 
Ihia  leal  humiliation,  atul  to  protract  an  ignoinmlou* 
life,  not  only  aa  the  priaonar  and  tool  of  hia  enemies 
but  aa  the  object  of  eontampl  or  deteatation  among  IM 
aubjecia  In  a  Iranaport  of  ng»  he  tore  the  baiioagaa 
from  hia  wounda,  and  rafuatd,  with  aiich  obelinaey,  lo 
take  any  nouriahmeiil,  that  he  aoon  ended  hia  wietehod 
daya,  rejecting  with  diadain  all  Ihe  aolicilaliona  of  til* 
Npaniarda  tu  embrace  the  Chriatian  faith. 

Upon  Ihe  death  of  Monteiuma,  t'ortea,  having  loat 
all  lia|ia  of  bringing  Ihe  Meiicana  lo  an  accommooatioii, 
aaw  no  proapecl  of  aafely  but  in  atleinptin|  a  relreal, 
and  began  lo  prejiare  for  il.  Uut  a  audden  motion  of 
the  Mexicana  engaged  him  in  new  conflicta.  Thejr 
took  poaaeaaion  of  a  high  lower  in  the  great  tempi* 
which  overlooked  the  •Npaniah  quaitrrs,  and  placinf 
there  agarriaon  of  their  pnncipal  wairiora,  not  a  Spa- 
niard could  Blir  without  being  expoaed  lo  their  miaaito 
wespoiia.  From  Ihia  post  it  waa  neceaaary  lo  dialodgo 
them  al  any  risk  ;  and  Juan  da  Kscobar,  wilh  a  numo- 
mus  datacnmant  of  chosen  soldiers,  waa  ordered  I* 
make  the  attack.  Uut  Kacohar,  Ihuugh  a  gallant  ofR- 
cer,  and  at  ihe  head  of  troopa  accualoined  to  conquefi 
and  who  now  fuiighl  under  the  eyea  of  iheir  country* 
men,  waa  Ihtice  repulsed.  Cortea,  aenaible  that  not 
only  the  reputation  but  the  safely  of  hia  army  depended 
on  Ihe  aucceaa  of  thia  aaaaull,  ordered  a  buckler  lo  lei 
lied  10  hia  arm,  aa  he  could  not  manage  it  with  hi* 
wounded  hand,  and  ruahcd  with  hia  drawn  iword  into 
the  thickest  of  tho  combstanla.  Encouraged  by  th* 
jireaenco  of  their  general,  the  Spaniarda  returned  to  lb* 
charge  wilh  such  vigor,  that  they  gradually  forced  tbeif 
way  up  tho  tiepa,  and  drove  the  Mexirana-lo  Ihe  plat- 
foim  at  the  top  of  th*  tower.  Ther*  a  dreadful  car> 
nage  began ;  when  two  young  Mexicana  of  high  rank, 
oloerving  Cortea  aa  he  animated  hia  aoldiera  by  hi* 
voice  and  example,  reaolved  to  aacrilice  iheir  own  live* 
in  order  to  cut  off  tho  author  of  all  tho  calamiliea  which 
desolated  their  country.  They  approached  him  in  a 
auppliant  poature,  aa  if  they  had  intended  lo  lay  down 
thoir  anna,  and  aeiiing  him  in  a  moment,  hurried  hint 
towarda  the  battlementa,  over  which  they  threw  them- 
aelvea headlong,  in  hojiea  of  draugins  him  along  to  bo 
daahed  in  piecea  by  the  aamo  fall.  But  Cortea,  by  hi* 
atrength  and  agility,  brokp  looae  from  Iheir  graap,  and 
Ihe  gallant  youtha  periahci)  in  thia  generoua  uwugh  iin- 
successful  attempt  lo  save  iheir  country.*  Aa  aoon** 
the  Spaniarda  became  maatera  of  the  lower,  they  ael 
lire  to  it,  and,  without  farther  moleatation,  aonliauad 
Ihe  prcpaiationa  for  Iheir  retreat. 

1  hia  became  the  more  neceaaary,  aa  Ihe  Mexicana 
were  ao  much  astonished  at  the  last  effort  of  tho  Spa- 
nish valor,  Ihat  they  liegan  to  change  their  whole  ay*- 
lem  of  hoalility,  and,  inatead  of  inceaaani  altacka,  en- 
deavored, by  barricading  the  atreeta  and  breaking  down 
the  cauaewava,  to  cut  on  the  communication  of  the  Spa- 
niarda with  the  continent,  and  Ihua  lo  alarve  an  enemy 
whom  they  could  not  aubilue.  Tho  firat  point  lo  be  de- 
termined by  Cortea  and  hia  followers,  waa,  whether  they 
ahould  march  out  openly  in  the  face  of  day,  when  they 
could  discern  every  ilanger,  and  aee  how  to  regulate  their 
own  motiona,  as  well  os  how  to  resist  tho  assaults  of  th* 
enemy  ;  or,  whether  they  ahould  endeavor  to  retire  ae- 
cretly  In  the  night !  The  tatter  waa  preferred,  parlly  from 
hopoa  that  their  national  aupcrstition  would  restrain  Ih* 
Mexicana  from  venturing  to  attack  them  in  the  night,  and 
jiartly  from  their  own  fond  belief  in  the  predictiona  of  a 
private  soldier,  who  having  acquired  universal  credit  by 
a  smattering  of  learning,  and  his  pretenaiona  lo  aatro- 
logy,  boldly  aasured  hia  countrymen  of  auccess,  if  thoy 
made  Iheir  retreat  in  thia  manner.  They  began  to 
move,  towarda  midnight,  in  three  diviaiona.  Sandoval 
led  the  van ;  Pedro  Alvarado  and  Velasquez  de  Leoa 
had  the  conduct  of  the  rear ;  and  Cortea  commanded 
ir.  the  centre,  where  he  placed  the  priaonera,  among 
whom  were  a  son  and  two  daughtera  of  Montezuma, 
together  with  several  Mexicana  of  dialinction,  tlie  aitii- 
lery,  the  baggage,  and  a  portable  bridge  of  limber  in- 

*  H.  Clavlgero  lias  censured  me  witli  anperity  fur  relatlnf 
tilts  aallant  action  uf  tlie  two  Mexicans,  and  for  aupposlnff 
that  there  were  battlementa  round  tho  temple  ,,f  Mexico  1 
related  ttie  attempt  to  destroy  CortcN  oi^  ttie  ixt'iority  of  Her. 
doc.  a.  lib.  X.  c.  V.  and  of  Toniuemailo  lib.  Iv.  c.  61).  1  fullowed 
them  llkowlfe  In  supposing  the  upperniuttt  platform  of  tho 
temple  to  be  encompassed  by  alialllaiBant  or  rail 


V 


m 


RoueitTHON'i  RMTOir  nr 


1, 1 

li 


MM  I*  W  M  tTtf  IM  brMrhM  In  Itw  caiiMWiir 
Thil  MMikld  M  pfofotinJ  wlrnr*  •Innii  itw  rtiiMWty 
•kM  M  M  TmuIm,  hfftUM  II  WM  •hnflof  lh*n  •iiy 
•f  Ik*  rMl,  wid,  lyini  niiMl  niniM*  rnini  iK*  nNui  lo- 
wtnl*  'I1mc(I*  iml  IM  •rarital,  h«l  hr»ii  l«n  nwr* 
Mlilt  by  Iha  M*iie>n«  'I'hcjr  tftihrA  Ih*  Hr>llir»arh 
In  il  wilkaut  moUiutinn,  hi>|)in||  llul  ihair  nittU  wu 
mtiittaitni. 

llul  lh«  MviiciM,  iir>|i<irrri«iil,  hwl  nut  only  walrhvil 
til  Ikcir  moliiHM  with  aiivniinn,  Iml  hail  iiiaila  |iru|»ir 
dia|MiailluiM  fur  •  moat  formiilaiila  allark.  Whila  Ihn 
Npanitni*  wan  inlanl  U|ion  placinji  their  brulija  in  Iha 
kmah,  and  oeeuiMai!  in  eomliiclina  Ihair  horaaa  ami 
artillary  tlanf  ll.  tbay  w«ra  aiidtlrnVy  alarinvil  with  • 
mmaBihu*  aouwl  of  wailika  inalriiinxiila,  anil  a  grna- 
nl  ahoul  from  an  innumarabla  iniilliliiila  ofanriniMi 
lb*  laka  waa  eo«aia<l  with  ranoai ;  Hi|(hla  nf  arrowa 
•nd  ahowart  of  alonaa  poumi  in  ujiofi  ihDni  from  a* ary 
qMlMr  I  Uw  MaiKana  ruahing  forward  la  thr  charifa 
wilk  hatltao  imiMluoaiiy,  aa  if  Ihay  ho|>rd  in  that  mo- 
rmM  M  bo  ayonnd  for  all  ihair  wror.ua.  Ilnfoftunataly 
Ikt  woodon  brid(a,  by  tba  wai||fal  al  llio  artillary,  waa 
wadmd  ae  foM  into  Iho  alonna  and  mud.  thai  il  waa  iin- 
poooibIo  to  romota  ii.  Uiamavail  al  Ihia  arridani,  Iho 
■lioniaida  aduancad  with  prrei'iulatinn  tnwarila  iha  ao- 
tOful  kraach.  'l°h«  Mciicani  hrininnl  lliam  In  on 
tyory  aida ;  and  though  lhay  drfrmlnl  thainaa l«ra  with 
Uwir  uaual  rouraga,  y«l  crowdad  logrthrr  aa  ihry  wrr« 
on  a  narrow  cauaaway,  ihatrdiacipiinv  and  inililary  akill 
wort  of  little  avail,  nor  did  the  obMuritv  of  iha  ni|iht 
paimil  them  to  drriye  great  advantage  from  their  tire- 
■fma,  or  the  auprnoriiy  of  their  other  weajHiiia  All 
Meiico  w<ia  now  in  arma  ;  and  ao  eager  were  the  (leoplu 
OB  the  dealniction  of  their  oppreaaora,  that  they  who 
war*  not  near  enough  to  annoy  them  in  peraon,  iinpa- 
lioiil  of  the  delay,  preaard  forward  with  aiich  ardor  aa 
drav*  on  their  rounlryincn  in  front  with  irreaialihia  yio- 
UiK*.  Kreah  warrior*  inatanlly  filled  ilia  place  of 
wch  aa  fell.  The  >Spaniarda,  wraiy  with  alaiighler, 
•ad  unable  to  auatain  the  weight  of  iho  torrent  Iha! 
yaurad  in  upon  them,  licgan  to  give  way.  In  a  inomanl 
Um  conluaion  waa  uiilvrraal  ;  hone  and  foot,  otflcera 
tnd  aoldiera.  frienda  and  cneniiea,  were  mingled  to- 

e ether ;  and  while  all  fought  and  many  fell,  they  could 
■rdly  diatinguiah  from  wTiat  hand  the  blow  came. 
Cortea,  with  about  a  hundred  foot  •oldiura  and  a 
f»w  hoiae,  forced  hia  way  over  the  two  remaining 
braachea  In  the  caiiteway,  the  liodlea  of  Iho  dvad  aer- 
ving  to  fill  up  tliu  chaaina,  and  reached  Iho  main  land. 
Having  foniicd  them  aa  aoon  aa  thay  arrived,  he  ro- 
lurned  with  aiich  aa  wore  yet  caiialile  of  arrvlco  to 
•aoiat  hia  frienda  in  their  retreat,  anu  to  cncoiiruKe  them, 
ty  hia  praacnco  and  eiample,  to  periovcre  In  llie  rtforta 
loquiaile  to  etTccI  It.  He  iricl  with  part  of  hia  aoldiera 
WM  had  broke  through  the  enemy,  but  found  many 
inora  overwhelmed  liy  the  inullltuile  of  their  aggrea- 
aora,  or  pcritlilng  in  the  lake ;  and  heard  the  piteoiia 
lamentatluna  of  othera,  whom  the  Meilcana,  having 
liken  alive,  wcro  carrying  olT  in  triumph  to  bo  aacriliced 
lo  Iho  god  of  war.  Before  day,  all  who  had  eacaped 
■•Mmbied  at  Tacuba.  Uul  when  the  morning  dawned, 
ami  diacoveriil  lo  the  view  of  Cortra  hia  ahaltcred 
battalion  reduced  lo  Icaa  than  half  Ita  number,  the  aiir- 
yiyo/B  dejected,  and  moat  of  them  covered  with  wounda, 
Um  llioughtaof  what  they  had  auffercd,  aod  the  remem- 
brance of  ao  many  faithful  frirnda  nnd  gallant  followora 
who  I  ad  fallen  in  that  night  of  sorrow,  *  pierced  hi* 
aoul  w.th  auch  angulah,  that  while  he  waa  forming  Ihrlr 
nnka,  and  iiaiiing  aomo  ncccaaary  ordcra,  hia  auldlcri 
obaerved  the  teara  trickling  from  hia  eyra.  and  remnrkud 
with  much  aatiafactioii,  that  while  attentive  lu  Iho  dutlea 
•f  a  general,  he  waa  not  inaonaiblo  to  the  feelinga  of 
■  man. 

In  Ihia  liital  retreat  many  officcra  of  dlatinction 
pel'  ed  [IIH],  and  among  theao  Velaaquoz  de  Iicon, 
who  having  forsaken  Iho  party  of  hia  kinsinan,  the  go- 
vornor  nf  Cuba,  to  follow  the  fortune  of  hia  conipa- 
uiona,  waa,  on  that  account,  aa  we',  aa  for  hia  superior 
■lerit,  (eapectcd  by  them  aa  the  accond  peraon  in  the 
•nay.  All  'he  •rtillrry,  ammunition,  and  baggage,  were 
UmI  ;  the  ^eMcr  part  of  the  horaea,  and  alyvo  two 
ibouaand  'riascalaiis,  were  killed,  and  only  a  veryariiall 
pcliun  of  the  treasure  which  they  hail  amasaiid  wus 
•aved.  This,  which  had  been  always  theirchlef  ohjoct, 
prored  a  great  causu  of  their  calamity  ;  for  many  of  the 
aoldiera  having  so  uvcrloadcd  ihemselvca  with  liars  of 

Sold  aa  renderod  ihcin  unlit  for  action,  and  retarded 
wir  flight,  fell  ignominiously,  the  victiina  of  their  own 
ineofuldente  ivarice.  Amidst  ao  many  disasters,  it 
WIS  aome  conaolation  to  tind  that  Aguilar  and  Marina, 


•  Moclie  triite  u  the  name  by  whirli  It  Is  still  (Ualinguiaiiod 
t*  Kl  w  .SfkU 


wk«w  hmrllon  aa  InterpralMt  WM  ff  (wll  tNtnlltl 
liniiorlanra,  had  made  thair  eM*a|Mi 

I  h«  tirat  rara  of  Corlra  waa  !•  tliid  aoma  ahaltar  for 
hia  waariml  trun|ia  ,  fur  aa  Ih*  .Mrsieaiia  inrestrd  Ihoin 
on  avary  side,  and  Ilia  jwopla  of  'I'ai'ulHi  hrgaii  lo  tska 
anna,  ha  roiild  not  euiitiinie  in  hia  present  station  lla 
directed  his  march  lowsrds  iha  risinit  gruiiiid,  and  hav- 
ing forlunslely  iliacnverrd  a  temple  ailusird  on  an  ami- 
iteiira,  liHik  |M>«seaaiim  of  ll  'I'nera  he  found  not  only 
the  ahelirr  for  which  he  wiahed,  but,  what  waa  no  less 
wanted,  some  priitisionatii  refreah  Ins  men  ,  and  though 
the  aiiamy  ilid  iinl  inlerinit  llieir  altacka  throiighuiil  tjia 
day,  they  were  wilh  leaa  ditlleully  prevented  troin  mak- 
ing any  impraaaioii  I  hiring  thia  inn*  I'orlea  waa  en- 
gaged In  deep  conaiiltatinn  wiih  hia  oHlcara,  concern- 
mil  Iha  mute  which  thay  ought  to  lake  m  iheir  retreat 
'I'jiey  were  now  on  the  waal  aide  of  the  lake  'I'laa- 
cala,  the  only  place  where  tliey  could  hope  for  a  (Viaiidly 
(•caption,  lay  about  aiily-raiir  milea  to  th*  atal  ol 
Meiieo ;  a«  thai  they  wero  obliged  to  go  nMUil  tb« 
north  end  of  the  laka  hofore  they  could  fall  into  tba 
road  which  led  thither.  A  'I'lasealan  aoMier  iindailook 
lo  b*  their  guide,  and  conducted  Ihem  throng  a  coun- 
try in  aome  placea  marshy,  in  other*  mountaiiKiua,  in 
•II  III  eultivalad  and  thinly  peopM.  tttry  inarched 
for  ait  daya  with  litlle  respite,  and  under  continual 
alarina,  numeroiia  Uidiea  of  th*  Memnana  hovering 
•round  them,  aomeiimea  haraaamg  them  al  •  dialance 
with  their  iniaaila  weapona,  and  aemtlinwa  attacking 
them  cloaely  In  front,  in  rear,  in  tank,  with  great  hokT 
iieaa,  aa  they  now  knew  that  tliey  were  not  invinntile 
Nor  were  the  fsllgiie  and  danger  of  ihoee  ineeesant  co'n- 
Hicta  the  worst  evils  lo  which  lliey  were  eijiosed.  .\s 
the  baritn  country  through  which  they  paaaad  alfunled 
hardly  any  provtaiona,  they  were  reduced  lo  feed  on 
lierrira,  roota,  and  the  atalka  of  green  mail*  ;  and  at 
■  he  very  time  that  famine  waa  de{>re«Biiig  iheir  splrita 
and  wasting  their  atrenglh,  their  situation  reipiiicd  th* 
iiioal  vigorouaand  nnremiltiiigeiertlona  of  courage  and 
activity.  Amidat  ihoa*  coinplicated  dialiaaaea,  one 
circumatance  aiipportad  and  aniiiialed  the  N|ianiarda 
Their  coniinaiidcr  aiislanied  thia  sad  rcverac  of  fortune 
with  unshaken  magnanimity.  Ilia  proaencu  of  mind 
never  forsook  him  ;  hia  aagaclty  foreaaw  every  (venl, 
and  hia  vigilance  provided  lor  it.  He  waa  foreinoal  in 
every  danoer,  and  endured  every  hardship  with  cheer- 
fulness. The  difficulties  with  wliteh  ho  wus  surrounded 
seemed  lo  call  forth  new  talents  ;  and  hia  aoldiera, 
though  derpairing  Uiamaelvea,  continued  to  follow  him 
with  iiicreaaing  confidence  in  iiiaahlllliea. 

On  the  slith  day  they  anived  near  to  Otiimba,  not 
f'lr  from  l!io  road  liotween  Meiico  and  riascsla.  Karly 
neit  morning  Ihey  began  lo  advance  toiania  It,  flying 
partiea  of  the  enemy  alill  hanging  on  their  rear ;  and, 
amidat  the  inaulta  wilh  which  Ihey  accompanied  their 
huatiliiioa,  Marina  remarked  that  Ihey  often  eiclaimed 
wilh  eiullalion,  "  (Jo  nn,  roblivra  ;  go  to  lb*  place 
where  you  ahall  quickly  meet  with  the  vengeance  dug 
lo  your  Crimea."  The  meaning  of  thia  throat  the  Spa- 
niarda  did  not  comprehend,  until  they  reached  the 
auminit  of  ao  •minence  befor*  them.  I'here  a  ap«- 
cioua  valley  opaned  to  their  view,  covered  with  a  vaat 
aniiy,  cileiiding  aa  far  aa  the  eye  could  reach.  The 
Mezicana,  while  with  one  body  of  their  Iroopa  they 
harasacd  the  Spaniarda  in  their  retreat,  had  asaom- 
bled  their  principal  force  on  the  other  side  of  the  lake ; 
and  marching  along  the  road  wliirh  led  directly  to 
Tlaacrla,  posted  it  m  the  plain  of  Oluniba,  through 
which  they  knew  Cortea  muat  paaa.  At  the  eight  of 
thia  incredible  multitude,  which  Ihey  could  aurroy  at 
once  from  tlio  riaing  ground,  the  (^[laniarda  were  as- 
toiiii'hcil,  and  even  the  boldest  liegnn  to  despair.  But 
(Jonca,  without  allowlnif  leiaiiro  Kir  their  feara  to  ac- 
quire atrenglh  by  reflection,  after  warning  them  briefly 
that  no  alternative  now  remained  but  to  conquer  or  to 
die,  led  them  Inatanlly  to  the  charge.  The  Meiicana 
waited  their  approach  wilh  unuauul  fortitude.  Such 
however  waa  Ino  aupcrlorily  of  the  Spanlah  discipline 
and  arma,  that  iho  impression  of  Ihia  ainall  body  waa 
inoaialible ;  and  whichever  way  ita  force  waa  directed, 
it  penetrated  and  diapcracd  their  most  nuineroiia  Iml- 
taliona.  Hut  while  these  gave  way  in  one  quarter,  new 
combatants  advanced  from  another,  and  the  Spaniarda, 
though  aucceasful  in  every  attack,  wore  ready  to  rink 
under  those  repeated  elfons,  without  seeing  any  end  of 
their  toil,  or  any  hope  of  victory.  At  that  time  Cortea 
obaerved  the  great  standard  of  tho  empire,  which  w^a 
carried  before  tho  Mexican  general,  advancing  ;  and 
fortunately  recollecting  to  have  heard,  that  on  tlie  fate 
of  it  depended  the  evont  of  every  battle,  he  aa- 
aemblcd  a  few  of  hia  lirav'tt  olFicera,  whoae  horaea 
were  atill  capable  of  acrvicc,  and,  placing  liimaclf  at 


their  head,  |MialiMl  forward  lawaide  •••  atan^M^  ' 

an  lin|t*tui>«iiy  which  liora  down  avary  tiling  hafofa  M, 
.\  chaaen  timly  of  nottlea,  wtwi  guarded  iha  aMM* 
made  some  rvaisisnre,  hut  were  soon  broken     I 'a 


with  II  struka  of  liia  liuice,  wounded  Ihe  Mesiran  ga* 
iieral,  and  threw  liim  on  the  ground  tin*  of  uia 
S|nniah  ntllrera,  ahghling,  put  sn  end  to  his  life,  aisl 
laid  hold  ol  the  ini|i*rial  sisndsrd  The  nia'nani  thai 
their  leader  fall,  and  Ilia  standard,  Inwards  wluih  all 
directed  tlieir  eyes,  dissmieared,  a  unitarssi  psn.a 
airiiek  the  Meaiiaiia  ;  and,  aa  if  the  Imiul  which  held 
lliem  together  liad  been  diaaolved,  avary  ensign  waa 
lowered,  each  aoldiar  threw  away  hia  w»a|ioiia,  and  all 
lied  with  praripilation  lo  the  inountaina  The  Npa- 
niarda  iinahle  to  iHiraiie  them  far,  retiiriied  la  colleel 
the  spoils  of  thii  tieM,  which  were  so  vsliishl*  aa  la  ba 
aome  cnin|ianaation  lar  th*  wealth  which  ikey  had 
lost  in  Meiico ;  for  In  iha  aneiny'a  army  were  inosi  ol 
lliair  princi|ial  warriora  Jrcaaatl  out  in  tliair  ricliesi  or> 
namenla  aa  if  they  had  been  marching  to  aaaiired  vw 
lory  Neil  day  [July  Nl,  to  Ihair  gmal  joy,  they  an 
tared  the  Tlascalaii  lermoriea 

llul  amidal  their  aatiafaciion  In  having  got  bevend 
th*  precincia  of  a  hoalila  country,  they  could  ihH  look 
forward  wilhoiit  aoliciliide,  aa  ihey  wer*  still  uncertain 
what  reception  they  might  meet  wilh  fiom  alliea  la 
whom  Ihey  reliirneil  m  a  condilinn  very  dilferent  from 
that  in  which  they  had  lately  sal  out  from  their  do- 
miniona.  Happily  for  them,  th*  anmlly  of  the  TIaa- 
calana  to  th*  M*iican  nair*  waa  ao  inveterate,  iheir 
desire  lo  avenge  the  death  of  iiieir  countrymen  ao  v*- 
heincnt,  and  Ine  ascendant  which  Cortes  had  aeipilrad 
over  the  chiefa  of  the  renublic  ao  complete,  that,  fai 
from  rntcrtainii:;(  a  thoiignt  of  taking  any  advantage  ol 
the  diatreaaed  ailualion  in  which  they  lielield  the  Hpx- 
niarda,  they  received  them  with  a  tenilerneaa  and  cot- 
diallly  which  quickly  dissl|iated  all  their  auapiciona 

Home  interval  of  tranquiUily  and  indulgence  waa  now 
•baoliitely  necaeaary  ;  not  only  that  the  Hpanlard* 
might  give  attention  to  the  cur*  of  their  wounda,  which 
had  been  too  long  neglected,  but  In  order  to  recruil 
llieir  strength,  eahuiisled  by  such  a  long  succession  01 
Istigiio  anu  hardahipa.  During  ihia.  Cortea  learned 
that  h*  and  hia  companiona  were  nnl  llie  only  Hjiaiuardi 
who  had  fell  tba  eflecta  of  the  Maiicaii  eninily.  A 
eonaiderahl*  detaehmeni  wl.lcb  waa  marching  fmia 
/einimalla  towarda  the  capital,  had  btieii  cut  off  iiy  thr 
people  of  Tepcaca.  A  ainaller  party,  returning  from 
TIascal*  to  Vera  Crui,  with  Iha  ahare  of  the  Meticaii 

Sold  allotted  lo  Iha  gamaon,  bad  been  aurpilaad  and 
estroyed  in  Iha  mountaina.  A I  •  juncture  when  tha 
life  of  every  Spaniard  waa  of  iiii|iortance,  aiieh  loaaea 
were  deeply  fell.  The  aehemea  which  Cortea  waa 
meditating  rendered  ihem  peculiarly  afllieliea  lo  him. 
While  hia  enamies,  and  even  many  of  hia  own  fnl> 
lowera,  conaldered  the  diaaatera  which  had  befallen  him 
aa  fatal  to  the  progreaa  of  hia  arma,  and  imagined  that 
nothing  now  remained  but  apeedily  lo  aliandun  a  cnniw 
try  which  he  had  invaded  wilh  unequal  force,  hia  mind, 
aa  eminent  for  peraevcnnc*  aa  for  enterpriae,  waa  atill 
lient  on  accompliahing  hia  original  pur|ioae,ofaubjocting 
the  Meiican  empire  to  the  crown  of  Caalile.  Sever* 
and  unoxjiected  oa  the  check  waa  which  ha  bud  re- 
ceived, it  did  not  appear  to  him  a  autBcient  reaaon  lot 
relinqulahing  the  conquesta  wlJeh  h*  had  alrcsd* 
made,  or  againat  rvsiiiniiig  his  ii|>erations  with  lietlei 
hoi.es  of  success.  The  colony  at  Vera  Crur  waa  not 
only  safe,  but  had  reinsincd  unmolested.  The  peopio 
of  Zeinpoalli  and  tho  adjacent  diatricta  had  diaruven)d 
no  ayinploma  of  defection.  Tho  TIascalana  cont'nued 
faithful  to  tlieir  alliance.  On  Ihrlr  martial  spiri'.,  easily 
mused  to  arms,  nnd  Inflamed  with  implacable  hatred  of 
the  Medcana,  Cortes  de|ieiidod  for  powcrf  il  aid.  Ha 
had  still  the  command  of  a  body  of  8|Mn'arda,  equal  id 
number  lo  that  with  which  he  had  ojiered  hia  way  inlu 
the  centre  of  the  empire,  and  had  takan  iMWaeamon  ol 
the  capital ;  an  that  with  the  benefit  of  greater  eip» 
rienee,  aa  well  aa  more  iM'rfect  kniwledgo  of  Ihe  coun 
try,  he  did  not  despair  of  quickly  recovering  all  that  k> 
had  been  deprived  of  by  untoward  eventa. 

Full  of  taia  Idea,  he  courted  Iha  TIaacalan  chicM 
with  sii':h  attention,  and  diatributed  among  them  ao  li> 
bcrally  Ihe  rich  ajioils  of  Otumba,  that  he  waa  aecura  of 
obtaining  whatever  ho  ahould  require  of  tho  republia. 
Ho  drew  a  small  aupply  of  ammunition  and  two  or  thre* 
iiuld-piecea  from  hia  atorea  at  Vera  Crui.  Ha  d*> 
snatched  an  otHcer  of  confldenco  with  four  ahipa  al 
Narvaez'a  fleet  lo  Hispanlola  and  Jamaica,  lo  engaga 
•dventurera,  and  lo  purchase  horaaa,  gnnpowilar,  aM 
other  military  atorea.  Aa  he  knew  thai  it  would  ba 
vain  to  attempt  the  reduction  of  Mexico,  unlaia  k* 
could  aacaia  Iha  fomiaand  of  Iha  laka,  be  gava  r  * 


r^i; 


noirTii  A  Mm  10  A. 


Ii|l«|wi*  In  llM  MonnUim  of  'Hntml*,  iiMi«n«la  am  iha  rmwn  ul  i'uiil»     'l'li*«  iitMHidMnlly  iwhI*  ikvir 
wIMiiH  tT-|Tir  '  rir ".  "   T  •'•'r  "-u'-  ' — '   •llrm|i*  on  ihv   iiurlhfin  pruiriiwr*,  «li«n  Ihr  I'liiiniiy 


liltn  cbicM 

llhem  M  li- 

^1  Mcura  tl 

lo  r«publi«> 

wo  or  threa 

Ha  d*- 

•hipi  *l 

I  (ocngif* 

bwdcr,  tM 

I  vrould  In 

unl«M  ha 


•  In  iIm  MonnUim  of  'Hntml*,  iiMi«n«la  Am  Iha  rmwn  ■>(  l'uiil» 

lh«injir 

If  in  pMrM  ruiiljv  to  h«  |iiil  taf\\wi,  tnd  Uiiiich*!!    wa<  (Ninr,  anil  tha  |m<i|iI«  Htrra  ami  taailikn  ,  an  I  afiar 

i|Mn  ha  aUHMl  in  nrril  n(  Ihrir  aarvira  \  a  rrnri  lurraaa.."!  nf  iliaaalara,  raniina  riHn|Mlli''l  iliain 

lliil  whilv,  Willi   jiruvulrnl  alli'nliun,  hn  waa  takinu    lu  tiiiiiira  iniii  V  tra  I  rnn,  anii  caai  ijirniaalvra  M|nin 

naraaaary   al»|i«  towariU   iha   airiMttutn   nl    li>a|iha  iiii'ri-y  of   lliair  i-unnlrynian  [Del  UNI      'their  H- 

aiMaiwaa,  an  nlialaria  aruaa  in   a  >|iiaMrr  wharn  il   wa4   ilrliiy  waa  ihiI  priHif  airainai  iliv  afilaiKlnl   hii)Mia  ami 

haal  a>|ia<'l»il,  hiil   iiiual   furinidaliU      'I I. a  apirit  ol   |iriiniiaaa  wlmh  hail  anliirnl  nihrr  ailnrnliirrra  ;   ami, 

4iaconlvnl   anil   innliny   lirulia  unl   ni   Ina  own  aiiny   I  aa  il    llio  a|>iril  ul   ri'viill  liail  Ix'rii  riMiliiKioiia  in  Naw 


Many  of  Natvaai'a  lullawara  war*  planlrra  railwr  iliaii 
•oldirra  ;  anti  haii  wt'iinipaniril  linn  In  Ni'W  Npain 
•  llh  aan^iiina  hupaa  ul'  obuninin  aalllainanla,  hnl  with 
llltla  inrlinaliuii  lu  anHaga  in  iha  hardahijia  ami  ilanKan 
of  war.     Aa  Iha  aaina  inoiivaa  ha<l  iiiUiircd  lliam  la 


M|>airi,  Ihry  likrwiaa  aliamlonml  iha  inaalar  whom  thay 
wara  lioniiil  lu  aarva,  ami  rnliatril  iiiular  I  'orlca.  Niir 
waa  II  Ainari«*a  aluna  thai  riirniahail  an  h  •innipaelvil 
aid  I  •  ahin  arrivad  (rum  .M|i.imi,  frai||hla>l  '>>  attiiia  pri- 
«al*  inarnrwnta  wilh  ini!ii>iiy  aluraa,  in  hflpra  of  •  pro- 


•nlnr  inlu  ihaii  naw  rn||atfaniaiira  with  Curlaa,  Ihay  no   Hlalilo  iiiarlial  in  •  connlrv,  ilia  rami'  af  whuaa  njiiih  nca 

•■•nrf  iMcaina  ai'i|nainlaj  with  Iha  nalura  of  Iha  aar-   ' '- ' '' i  •-...— 1-  

«laa,  than  ihay  biltarly  raiiaiilail  of  ikail  rhuica  Much 
af  Ihain  u  hail  iha  ||noil  furliinv  lo  aiirviva  Iha  parlloua 
dlvanlnraa  in  whirb  Ihini  own  iinpriiilanca  had  Inyolvaii 
'ham,  happy  in  haviiiK  inaila  lliait  aari|i«,  Irainblad  al 
iIm  Ihoughla  of  liaiii||  aapoaad  •  aacoiHl  lima  lo  aiiiillar 
(aUmiliaa.  Aa  aooii  aa  Ihay  iliacovarail  iha  inlantiuii 
af  I  )uilea,  Ihay  lir||an  aacrally  lo  inurinnr  anil  ralwl, 
will,  waaniK  gradually  mora  tiijaciaiia,  thay,  in  a  bmly 
airxrad  a  runionalranca  lo  ihair  uanaral  a||»iiial  iha  iin- 


priidnnca  uf  allarliinii  a  iMwarfiil  rnipira  wilh  hia  ahal 

Urrd  fcrsaa,  ami  furiiially  ranuiird  hlin  lo  laad  ihain  ibaar  no  prouotlian  la  Ihair  allaali,  auch  aiiiall  ayania 

M'l ...u  I'.  '  -■       'f^-  '  -'  _  ..,    ^       .    ._ 


Iianan  lo  apiaad  oya*  Kum|ia.  i'otit*  aagarly  pnr- 
(haat'd  a  I'arKu  wbirh  lo  hlin  wia  in«aliialila,  and  iha 
(raw,  fulluwinn  I'**  lanaial  aiainpla,  joinad  hiin  al 
TUaaala. 

Kmm  ihoaa  varlona  quirlafa,  tha  anny  of  I'nrtaa  waa 
aiigiiwiilad  wilh  a  huiiJrad  and  ai)(hly  man,  and  Iwanly 
bofaaa,  a  ramroroainani  l>>e  incuiiaidaralila  lo  proiluea 
any  roiiaai|nanea  which  would  hava  aniillad  il  lo  hava 
baan  iiianlioiiad  in  iha  kialoiy  of  oihrr  |iaru  of  iha 
llMia  Unl  in  Ihal  of  Ainarica,  whara  u'aal  rn«n|ii- 
liona  wara  hroughl  alioul  by  rauaaa  whicli  aaamail  lo 


baak  dirrrily  lu  Oulia.  I'haiigh  (.'ortra,  long  practiaiid 
In  II .  aria  uf  coinaiand,  aniployad  argiimanla,  aiilrraliaa, 
aiAl  praaeiila  lo  convineo  or  to  auoiha  Ihain  i  Ihiingh 
Dia  own  anidiara,  aniinatad  with  tha  aplril  of  ihair 
laaili'r,  warmly  aiicondad  hia  endaaaora  ;  ha  found  ihair 
Irara  luo  viulrni  and  drap  routid  lo  b«  rainoypil,  and 
tk«  utinuiii  hii  cuiild  rlTicI  waa  lo  pravail  mlh  Ihain  lo 
di'fur  lliair  doparturn  for  aoina  lima,  on  a  proiniaa 
thai  ho  would,  at  a  mora  |iropar  junclura,  dlainiaa  auch 
aa  ahoiild  daaira  il. 

Thai  Iha  malaconlrnia  miKliI  hiTn  no  Iriaiiro  lo 
brood  over  Ihu  ranara  of  thi*ir  diHalVi'ction,  ho  raaiilvvd 
inalantly  lo  call  furth  bia  Iroopa  mm  at'lion  llu  pro- 
|kiaad  lu  chaaliaa  ihn  |HH>ple  ol  'I'viwaca  for  iha  oiilrago 
which  ihcy  hail  coinmiltad  ;  and  aa  the  detacliinanl 
wbicli  limy  had  rut  olf  hapiHiird  to  lia  roin|>u>cd  iiioally 
l(  aoldicra  who  had  aorvinl  niiilin'  Narvarl,  Ihrir  com- 
p:iiii,)iia,  from  Ihu  duairo  of  vpiigcani'Vt  angaged  tha 
niuia  nilliiigly  in  Ihia  war.  Ha  took  Iha  command  in 
M/ioi.,  ^Aiiguit]  accompanied  by  a  nuinerona  body  of 
11  ta>.alaiia,  and  in  a  apace  of  a  few  wreka,  afirr  rarioua 
arconntera,  with  great  ajaiighlcr  of  tha  'IVjicacana,  rn- 
rfnced  that  province  lo  aubjeclion  During  aevrral 
nwnlha,  while  ha  waited  lor  the  aiippliea  of  men  and 
■minnnition  which  he  eipected,  and  waa  carrying  on 
hia  prrparnliona  fur  conatriictlng  tha  briganlinoa,  lie 
kept  hia  troopa  roimtantly  employed  in  variuiia  ei|HMli- 
Uona  aganul  the  adjacent  pruvincra,  all  of  which  were 
rundurted  wilh  a  uniform  tenor  ofaucceaa.  Uy  theaa,  liia 
men  bucame  again  accualomed  lo  victory,  and  reanined 
their  wonted  aeiiav  of  aii|)i*riority  r  Meiican  |iowor 

waa   wciikciied  ;  the   TUacaUn  .ra  acquired  the 

lialnt  of  acting  in  coiiiunclion  ».  i  the  Mpnniarda  ;  and 
the  chiofa  of  llio  republic  delighted  to  aee  their  country 
enriched  with  the  apoila  of  all  Iho  (leopla  around  them; 
and  aalonialied  every  day  wilh  freah  diacoverlea  of  tho 
irreaialililv  [iroweaa  of  tliuir  allica,  they  declined  no  ef- 
fort ici|iii>ilu  to  aup|Hirt  them. 

All  thoan  preparatory  arrangomenta,  however,  though 
(he  moat  prudent  and  cfDcacioiia  which  tho  ailuation  of 
('ortea  allowed  "hini  to  make,  would  have  been  of  little 
ivml  without  a  reinforccnioiil  of  Spuniali  aoldiera.  Of 
IhiR  he  waa  ao  deeply  aenaililc,  that  it  waa  the  chief  ob- 
'act  of  hia  thoiighta  and  wiahea  ;  and  yet  hia  only  proa- 

Crct  uf  obtaining  it  from  tho  roliirn  of  the  oHlcer  whom 
«  lad  sent  to  the  iaiea  lo  aolicit  aid,  waa  liolh  dialaiil 
and  uncurtain.  Uut  what  neither  hia  own  aagacity  nor 
power  could  have  procured,  he  owed  to  a  aeries  of 
fortunate  and  uiiforeaeen  incidenia.  The  governor  of 
Cuba,  lo  whom  the  aiirceaa  of  Narvitx  appeared  an 
avent  of  infallible  ccruinly,  having  aent  two  amall  ahipa 
after  him  with  new  instructiona,  and  a  aupply  of  men 
■lid  military  atorea,  the  ollicer  whom  Cortea  had  ap- 
pointed to  cnininand  on  tho  coaat,  artfully  decoyed 
them  into  '.\,r>  harbor  of  Vera  Crui,  teixed  tho  vcasela, 
and  eaai'y  |M'r»'iaded  the  aoldiera  to  follow  tho  ■landurd 
aft  more  able  Icajer  than  him  whom  they  were  dentincd 
to  join  Soon  aft  :r,  threii  ahipa  of  more  conaiderablo 
lorco  cam«  into  the  harbor  aepirately.  Theae  belonged 
10  an  armament  fitted  out  by  Fraiiciaco  de  Garay,  go- 
vernor of  Jjmaica,  who,  being  poaaoaacd  with  the  rage 
tf  diacovery  and  conquest  which  animated  every  Nna- 
liard  settled  in  America,  had  long  aimed  at  intruding 


rise  Into  iiii|Mirtanca,  hacanaa  thay  wara  aulllciani  lo 
deride  with  laaiHicI  lo  Iha  fata  of  kingdame  Nor  la  II 
tha  leaat  reiiiatkabla  inatanca  of  Iha  aingular  felirity 
conaplcuona  in  many  paaaagaa  of  ('orlaa  a  aioiy,  thai 
Iha  two  paraona  chirny  jnaltunienlal  in  furniahing  him 
with  Ihoaa  aeaaonablo  aiippliaa,  ahould  lia  an  avowed 
enemy  who  aiined  al  hia  daatriiction,  and  an  anyioua 
rival  who  wialiml  to  aii|iiilaiit  hlin 

Tha  Aral  alfect  of  the  junction  with  hia  naw  fol- 
lowrra  waa  lu  eiiabia  him  to  diainiaa  auih of  Narvaai'a 
aoldirra  aa  remained  with  reluctance  in  hia  ai'rvii'n 
After  thi'ir  departure,  ho  alill  inualered  live  hiiiidred 
and  lifty  inlantry,  of  which  fonracoro  were  armed  with 
niiiakota  or  cruaaliowa,  forty  horaamen,  and  a  tram  of 
nine  lleld-piecra  Al  the  head  of  theae,  a('Coni|ianled 
by  ten  ihniiaund  TIaacalana  and  other  friendly  Indiana, 
(^orlea  iH^gan  hia  march  towards  Mexico,  on  the  tweii- 
ty-eiglitli  o'  Decemlier,  ai>  inontha  after  hia  diaaalroiia 
retreat  from  thil  city. 

Nor  did  he  advance  lo  attack  an  anamy  unprepared 
lo  receive  him  lliion  the  death  of  Monteiuina,  the 
Meiiraii  cbiel'a,  in  wlium  the  right  of  riocting  the  eiii- 
|M'ror  waa  veatod,  had  inalantly  rniaed  hia  brother 
(juttlavBca  lo  tho  throne.  Hia  avowed  and  invateralo 
enmity  lo  Iho  Npaniarda  would  hava  been  aufficiant  to 
gain  their  aulfragra,  although  lie  had  been  laaa  dia- 
lingiiished  for  courage  and  capacity.  Ho  had  an  iin- 
incditle  op|K>rtiiinly  of  showing  tlial  he  waa  worthy  of 
their  choice,  by  conducting  in  |ieraon  tboae  Harce 
attaoka  which  compelled  the  H|ianiarda  to  abandon  hia 
capital ;  and  aa  oooii  as  their  retreat  alforded  him  any 
respite  from  action,  hn  look  meaaiirea  lor  preventing 
their  return  to  Meiico,  with  prudence  equal  to  the 
spirit  which  ho  had  displayed  in  driving  them  oul  of  it. 
Aa  from  the  vicinity  of  Tlaocala,  he  could  not  be  un- 
acquainted with  the  inotiona  and  intcntiona  of  Cortos, 
ho  observed  the  storm  tint  wsa  gathering,  and  began 
early  to  providu  aguinat  il.  Ho  repaired  what  the 
.Spuniiirda  hud  ruined  in  the  city,  and  atrengthened  it 
with  aiich  new  fortiticationa  aa  Iho  akill  of  hia  aiibjocta 
was  capable  of  erecting.  Ueaidea  tilling  hia  magaxinca 
with  the  uaual  wca|ioiia  of  war,  he  gave  directiona  lo 
make  long  apeara  headed  with  tlie  aworda  and  daggcra 
taken  from  the  Spaniaids,  in  order  to  annoy  the 
cavalry.  Ho  summoned  the  people  in  every  province 
of  the  empire  to  take  anna  agamat  their  oppressors,  and 
oa  an  enooiiragcmrnt  to  exert  theinavlvca  wilh  \igor, 
ho  promised  tiiem  rxemption  from  all  tho  tuxea  which 
hia  predeceaaors  had  inipoacd.  lint  wliat  ho  labored 
wilh  the  grcateat  earncatiiosa  waa,  to  deprive  the 
Spaniards  uf  Iho  advantagea  which  they  derived  from 
the  friendship  of  tho  Tlaai;alana,  by  endeavoring  to 
pcrauade  that  |ieuplo  to  renounce  all  connexion  with 
men  who  where  not  only  avowed  enemiea  of  the  goda 
whom  they  worshipped,  'but  who  would  not  fail  to  aub- 
ject  Ihein  at  biat  to  the  aanie  yoke  which  they  were 
now  inconaidorutely  lending  their  aid  to  iinnoao  uiion 
others.  These  representations,  no  leaa  atriking  limn 
well  founded,  were  urged  ao  forcibly  hv  hia  anibaaaa- 
dors,  that  it  required  all  the  addtcsa  of  Cortea  to  pre- 
vent their  making  a  dangeroua  inipressiun. 

Uut  whilo  Cjiielluvaca  waa  arranging  his  plan  of  de- 
fence, with  a  degree  of  foresight  uncuminoii  in  an 


ioni  soma  district  of  New  Spain,  and  dividing  with  I  American,  hia  days  were  cut  short  by  tho  emall-poi 
UsMea  tlie  g'rry  and  gain  of  aomtiug  that  ampira  lo  |  Tbia  diatemper,  which  raged  at  that  lime  in  Naw  Spain 


wilh  hial  mallgntty,  waa  iinknawn  \t>  thai  qiiaria  M 
■he  glob*  iinlil  II  waa  inlruiliiced  ny  Iha  tjirapaaaay 
ami  may  ha  raekonail  among  tha  graataal  lalam  liaa 
lirminhi  upon  iham  hy  their  invsilrrs  In  hia  aiaad  lh>' 
Ml  iii-iina  laiii'd  III  Ihr  ihrnne  tliMiiinoiin,  itriifiew  and 
•llh  III  law  of  MiHilesiiina,  a  younK  man  ol  auch  higt 
ri  p  lUiiiiii  fur  aliiliiies  and  valur,  that  In  Ihia  dangerauk 
i-iia<«,  tii«  rituhlrytiiin,  with  oiia  viicr,  railed  liim  la 
the  Ruprente  lommaml 

IfVUI  }  .As  iittin  aa  I  'iirtra  rnlnrnt  tha  enriny'a  latl^ 
titrira,  be  diat'iivm-il  varimia  pri-paraliona  Irf  iiliatiiul 
hia  prugrraa  lint  liia  irmipa  fiiniil  llirir  way  with  ll% 
lia  ililHrully  and  timk  piiara4iin,  ul  Tetnurn,  tha  a» 
riind  eily  of  the  ampirr,  ailnnlrd  on  Iha  lianka  ol  Iha 
lake  abuul  Iwanly  miles  from  Maiicii  llara  ha  driofi 
niliied  to  aalabliah  hia  head  ipiailera,  aa  the  nioal  pia< 
|irr  atalion  for  laiinrhing  hia  briganlinea,  aa  wall  aa  tot 
making  hia  arprnai'haa  to  lb*  capital  In  onlar  in  ran* 
der  hia  rrsiilrnca  there  mure  airiire,  he  drjioaed  tha 
callqua,  or  chief,  who  waa  al  Ihe  head  of  that  rommil* 
nlly,  under  pralail  of  aonia  drlrit  in  hia  title,  and  aiib* 
atilnied  in  hia  |  lace  a  neraon  wlmm  a  facllun  of  Iha 
nublea  piiintrd  out  aa  the  riglil  hrir  of  that  dignity. 
Attai'hrd  lo  him  hy  Ihia  lirnvlil,  the  raiiqiie  ami  hi* 
adhrrrnta  aervrd  tha  N|ianiards  with  inviolable  Iblality. 

Aa  Ihr  prrparailnna  for  constructing  Ihe  briganlmaa 
advanrrd  alowly  under  the  unskilful  handa  uf  aoldiera 
and  Indiana,  whom  Curlea  waa  ob'iged  m  employ  in 
aaaiaiing  three  or  four  car|)entrra  who  happened  tor* 
lunalaly  to  he  in  hia  aetvlce;  ara'  as  ha  hsd  not  yal 
rrcrivail  the  remforcaineiil  which  lia  ai|irrlrd  from 
llispsniola,  ho  waa  mil  in  a  condition  t  >  turn  hia  arm* 
dirrctly  against  the  capital.  To  have  attacked  at  ihit 
lieriud,  a  city  au  |iupiiliiiia,  au  wril  pr«|iarrd  fur  delrnrOi 
and  in  a  aitiiatinn  uf  such  jieculiar  alrcngib,  miiat  hava 
ri|iuard  hia  Iroopa  to  inevitable  dealriiciion  Threa 
inontha  elapaed  iH'fore  Ihe  materiala  for  the  briganlinoa 
were  rtniahi'd,  and  before  he  heard  any  thing  with  ra- 
aprri  lo  the  ancceaa  of  ihe  ollicer  wlium  he  had  aeni 
to  Hia|ianiola.  'I'hia,  however,  waa  not  a  season  ol 
inaction  to  (.'orles.  He  attacked  succasaiva^^  several 
of  the  towna  ailualrd  around  tho  lake  ;  and  though  aU 
the  Mexican  (lowar  waa  exerted  lo  obetruct  hia  opera* 
lions,  he  either  coin|M'lled  ihem  to  submit  to  ttia 
Npanish  crown,  or  reduced  them  lo  ruina.  Tha  in 
habilanta  of  other  towna  ha  endeavored  U  conciliata 
by  more  gentle  meana :  and  though  he  could  not  hoM 
any  intercourae  wilh  them  but  by  ihe  intervention  ol 
interpretrra,  yet,  under  all  the  diaadvaiilagea  of  thai 
tedious  and  iiiiperrcct  mode  uf  commnnication  he  hod 
acquired  auch  ihoroiwh  knowledge  uf  the  atala  of  Iha 
country,  aa  well  aa  of  the  diapoaitiona  of  the  people, 
that  he  conducted  hia  negotiationa  and  intriguea  wttb 
astonishing  dexterity  and  aucceaa.  Moat  of  the  citiaa 
adjacent  lo  Mexico  were  originally  the  capitala  of  aiiiall 
independent  alatea ;  ami  aonie  of  them  having  been  but 
lately  annexed  to  the  Mexican  empire,  atiU  retained  lb* 
remembrance  of  their  ancient  liberty,  and  bnra  with 
impatience  the  rigoroua  yoke  uf  their  new  inaalvra. 
Cortea,  liaving  early  obaeivcd  aymptoma  of  their  die- 
aRection,  availed  hiinaclf  of  thia  knowledge  lo  gan 
their  confidence  and  friendship.  Uy  ulfcring  with  cun- 
ftdenco  lo  deliver  them  from  tho  udious  doiniiiion  ol 
Iho  Mexicana,  and  by  liberal  promiaes  of  more  indul> 
gent  tiratiiient  if  they  would  unite  wilh  him  againal 
their  opprcsaora,  he  prevailed  un  the  people  of  aeverti 
conaiderablo  dialricta,  nut  only  to  acknowledge  tha 
King  of  Cuatilo  as  iheir  sovereign,  but  lo  supply  tha 
8|>aniah  camp  with  provisions,  aud  to  airongthen  bia 
army  with  auxiliary  tioopa.  Ciautimoiin,  on  the  firal 
appearance  of  defection  among  hia  aubjccta,  exerted 
himself  with  vigor  lo  prevent  or  to  punish  their  revolt ; 
but,  in  apilo  of  hia  cH'urts,  tho  spirit  continued  to 
sjiread.  Iho  Spaniards  gradually  acquired  new  alliea, 
and  with  deeii  concern  ho  beheld  Cortea  arming  againak 
bia  empire  tiioao  very  handa  which  ought  to  have  lieea 
active  in  ita  defence,  and  ready  to  advance  againal  tho 
capital  at  tho  head  of  a  numeroua  body  otbia  owa 
aubjccta. 

While,  by  tboae  varioua  methods,  Cortea  waa  gradlH 
ally  cireemscribiiig  the  Mexican  power  in  auch  a  man- 
ner that  hia  prospect  of  overturning  it  seemed  ntilboc 
to  be  uncertain  nor  remote,  all  Ilia  achemea  were  well 
nigh  defeated  by  a  conspiracy  no  Icsa  unexpected  than 
dangerous.  The  aoldiera  of  Narvaci  had  never  united 
prrtcctly  with  tho  original  companiona  of  Cortea,  not 
did  they  enter  into  hia  meaaurca  wilh  the  aame  cordiil 
xral.  Upon  evaijr  occasion  that  required  uny  cxtntM|> 
dinary  olfort  of  courage  or  of  patience,  their  apirita 
were  apt  to  sink ;  and  now,  on  a  near  view  of  what 
they  had  to  encounter,  in  attempting  to  reduce  a  eily 
ao  iiiacceoaible  aa  .Mez'co,  and  defendod  by  a  numwoua 


ROBEM  fMoN  a   HIMTIIHY  Of 


ktalu  Imi  ••m  •(  iImm  tmtm^  limm  wkt 

!•  CoftM  wkcn  K«  «u  ilawftail  ti^r  ilwtr 

*n  M  hil      llMif  fMn  l«i  ilwm  w  ftt 

uhI  HiwuMwrlik*  diwuMWii*  (iiMaftiMtf 
tkm  ^mtwijr  uf  ihi>ir  (*ii«t*l  •  ni><iiir»,  auJ  ih«  mh 
(bAMiljr  af  III*!'  ■iii'iraa  ^'ram  'Iwu  Uu>y  |in> 
1  14  ««n«iini  anal  iiivwiiv**,  »(hI  •!  U«i  Iwifitii  lu 
MtlMrttla  Imw  lhi>v  might  ^ituvhU  I'nr  Ihmr  irAn  Mt»iy, 
tl  ohii'k  llw«  il*«inril  Ihrir  I'lNiiiiMiKhr  In  tw  iu«ll| 
IMgll4*nt  Aii'imi*  \  ill(h||ii<,  •  |Hi>al«  avIilKr,  Ixii 
mCI,  inlilfiiMii|.  tml  Miungljr  allarlMHl  lu  V>l«a>|ii«l,  arl 
^)i  llMiwnt«r Ihli  iruwing  aytill  »<  iliaalfvrtHm.  Ilia 
^iMTMn  bMuiMi  ilw  ramkiiOM*  u(  ih«  iiwlvfimtanla, 
«kM«.  tftar  ••ny  ronwIteiiaiM,  Ihaf  aitiiM  iliMiatai 
■•  iimiIm4  of  rtwcliiiig  l^uit**  in  hi*  ««rrar^  bill  by 
•MHMMIinf  luin  tnil  hia  inuat  twwHiarttil*  iitlWan, 
•■4  ••nrnninii  Ik*  cwnnMnii  upon  aaoM  |>*naii  aha 
vaiiM  raliiMiuial)  hia  «ikl  pUm,  »ntl  ailaiil  lucMura* 
Maro  eoiMMUnl  «iik  Iho  fanonl  aovurilf.  l)M|wif 
liMfind  Ihom  with  coiinn  Tkn  koiii  (<m  Mr|M<mtiii(| 
Mm  trinM,  Ih*  p«nona  whom  lk«y  iIkMIiwJ  m  tMliiao, 
Ika  aAnn  lo  aurcaail  Ihoin  in  romaiml,  war*  *U 
nmri  :  ami  Ih*  cunapiralura  algiHNl  an  aaawMtion,  by 
•hich  Ihay  lioiiml  lk*ina«lf«a  wilh  mod  aul*inii  u*lh*, 
M  muliial  iMnlily.  iliil  un  Ik*  •»iiiiig  hcfuf*  Ik*  ap 
Mtniwi  lUy,  on*  of  (/'arm'*  aiMionl  lallowar*,  who 
■■4  b**n  aoiiuowt  inlo  Ik*  runapirvy,  luurhvU  with 
compunclMMi  *|  Ik*  iiniiunani  lUngtr  of  •  man  wlwiii 
b*  had  hmy  b*«n  arriialoiiMil  to  r«v«r*,  or  alriicli  with 
kairar  *l  hi*  own  trui  hrry,  w*iil  privately  to  ki*  g*n*- 
nl  tut  r*«**l*ii  to  kiin  all  iliti  k*  kiww.  L'orl*<, 
Ibsugh  <i**ply  alannnl,  iliarrm*d  at  one*  what  rundiwl 
•M  proper  III  •  ailuation  ao  criliral  II*  rnuairwl  in- 
•Unlly  la  Villafagna'a  iiiiaitrra,  acronipanimi  hjr  mmii* 
•f  bi*  inoal  iriMty  oHltar*.  'I'll*  aaloiiiakiiMnl  anJ 
caafuaion  of  Ih*  man  al  thia  un«ipw:t*>l  «wil  aiitici- 
f»ft  lb*  co«r*a*ion  of  kia  guill.  Corln*,  whil*  hia 
MtaiUarl*  aMiiril  th*  traitor,  aiiatchnl  fruin  hi*  Immoiii 
•  |>*p*r>  containing  th*  aaaocialioii,  aignwl  by  th*  •'un- 
i|Nr*UK*.  Iin|i*licnl  to  know  knw  far  lb*  inlc  t^un 
MUimM.  h*  ratired  to  rrad  il,  ami  fouml  tkor*  ham** 
•ihwb  tIM  hini  with  aurpria*  and  Borrow.  Ilul  awar* 
haw  daiigcroua  a  ainct  acnillnv  inighl  proya  at  aiiah  a 
Janclur*,  k*  confiiifil  liu  iiiiliilal  in<|iiiriiia  to  Villcfagna 
(lano.  A<  th«  pruuf*  of  kia  guill  w*r*  nianifMli  k* 
«aa  cinidainiml  after  a  ahorl  trial,  and  neil  nwrning 
no  wa«  aarn  banging  hcfor*  the  door  of  th*  liuua*  III 
which  k*  had  l«d||rd  Cort**  callad  ki*  troop*  lugellwr, 
and  having  ■iplauicd  to  thrm  .h«  alrociou*  purpoa*  of 
lb*  conauiralora,  a*  wril  *•  Ik*  jualio*  ol*IM  piinwh- 
awnl  inflicted  on  Villrfagna,  h*  added,  with  an  a4ipe*r- 
tac*  of  aaliafaciicn,  tlial  k*  waa  antirvly  ignorant  with 
N«p*cl  to  all  th*  circiimaUnce*  of  thi*  dark  Uanaac- 
lion,  aa  Ik*  iraitur,  when  armatud,  had  auddanly  torn 
Mid  awalluwed  a  paiier  which  probably  roiitained  an 
Kcount  of  it,  and  under  lb*  aavereal  loilure*  |NM*«**«d 
aueb  conataney  a*  to  conraal  th*  nam**  uf  hi*  accoin- 
liticra.  'I'lii*  artful  deilaralion  rvainrvd  tnii<|uill  ly  to 
many  a  briia«t  Ihal  waa  Ihroblnng,  while  li*  apuk*,  with 
conaciouaiie**  of  guilt  and  ilrrailof  ilcleclion  ;  and  by 
Ibia  prudent  nioderatinn,  Cortaa  Iwl  the  advaiitag*  of 
kaTing  diaco«ar*d,  and  of  being  able  to  obaervn  aucb 
of  bia  follower*  aa  were  diaalfvctad  ;  whil*  Uwy,  llal- 
Mfing  Ihcmavlve*  that  their  p«al  crima  waa  unknown, 
•indaayorcd  to  avert  any  auapicion  of  it  by  radoubling 
thaif  activity  and  leal  in  hi*  nrvie*. 

Cocta*  did  not  allow  ihem  leiaura  to  rumirata  on 
wbat  bad  happt'ned  :  and  a*  the  moat  cITcctual  nieana 
of  pravanting  the  return  iif  a  inutinou*  (piril,  h*  d*lar- 
minad  to  call  forth  hi*  troop*  imnudialely  tu  action. 
Fortunately,  a  proper  occ*aion  fur  thia  occurred  with- 
a«il  hia  Meming  to  court  il.  Ha  received  intelligence 
(bal  'ha  maleriala  fur  building  the  briganlinea  were  al 
Mngth  romplcicly  liiiialicd,  and  wailed  only  for  a  body 
of  Spanianl*  to  conduct  liiein  to  Teieiico.  'I'he  coin- 
mana  of  thi*  convoy,  coii*i*ting  of  two  hundred  fool 
ioldier*,  fifteen  horiemen,  and  two  field-piece*,  he  gave 
to  Sandoval,  who,  by  the  vigilance,  activity,  and  coU' 
lag*  which  he  manifetlcd  on  every  occauon,  waa  grow- 
ilia  daily  in  hia  confidence,  and  in  the  eatimalion  of  hia 
fcllow-aoldiera.  'I'he  aerviee  waa  no  luaa  •lugular^har, 
important ;  iho  heama,  the  plank*,  tho  inaal*.  ifle  cord 

yi,  Iha  aaiU,  the  ironwork,  and  all  the  inlinile  vurivty 
trtielea  reijuiaite  for  the  conatrucliuii  of  llurtocn 
■■gaoliiiea,  ware  to  be  carried  aiily  mile*  over  land, 
Aiough  a  mouiilainou*  country,  by  people  who  were 
•Mcijuaiiiled  wilh  the  miniatry  of  uoinnatio  aninuila,  or 
Iha  lid  of  machine*  to  facilitate  any  work  of  labor. 
n*  TIaacalan*  fumiahcd  eight  thouaand  Taminit,  an 
inibrior  order  of  men  dcatincd  for  m  rvile  laaka,  to  carry 
lb*  material*  on  iheir  *hauldcr*,  and  aiipointcd  fifteen 
lhgin)id  wanion  to  accompany  ai»l  defend  Uwm. 


lb*  diapoaitiun  hif  Iheii  |if*(tu«l  wilk 

II     ill*     »•! 


l|Tt'«l  pfU|iri>iy,  pl*<>ing  Ih*  Ttmrmi  in  llw  eenli*, 
an*  liuily  a(  wariiufa  in  ih*  IriMil.  amMhar  >ii  III*  rear, 
wilh  raiMHieralil*  (larliaa  in  rnver  Ik*  Manii*  Taaaak 
•  »(  ihea*  he  |UiMi-,l  aiKiie  !4|Mnianl4.  n«H  tiiiiv  In  aaaiBl 
ilMin  In  dah(>  r,  Imi  Ui  ai-riiaiiH*  ihain  li>  ixfulaniv  and 
«iilH)iilihaiHMi  \  IhnIv  an  nuinanMia,  ami  ati  mui-hen' 
rilfiilirreil,  advanced  lelaiirrly  b,il  In  e«r»lli>ht  order  i 
and  in  aoiii*  plai'aa,  whHr*  it  Wrt*  >'inil1(ivil  by  the  wdotla 
ur  mouniaina.  Ihe  i'lie  at  nMrtU  etieniled  aliu**  Ml 
(iiile*  l'*rii«*«l  Mniifana  fr««iii*nllv  ai*|M>ar*d  htivar- 
tug  arouiid  lliem  un  Ih*  high  grtnimla  ,  mil  |Mrv*ivtng 
no  prawwel  of  anere**  in  ailxking  an  •iieniv  eanliwi- 
•llv  un  hi*  gu*nl,  (nd  |>r«|Mnnl  id  reraiv*  lliem,  lh«y 
dul  not  vanliii*  la  niiil>al  hiin  i  and  Mandoval  hail  ih* 
ghwy  of  totaiiieliim  aafaly  lu  Teteiira,  •  convoy  on 
wkirb  *ll  Ih*  fiiiitn  ap*ralMHW  of  bia  •auiitryHwn  de- 
p*mi*d 

Thw  wa*  fallowed  by  annlhai  *yenl  uf  no  lea*  mo- 
M*nl  Four  akin*  arrived  al  Vera  I  nia  from  lli*|i*- 
niala,  wiib  Iwa  numlrvd  aoldiera,  eintiiy  kuraea,  twn 
ballaring  cannun,  and  a  eanai<l«r*Me  aupply  of  ainniU' 
iiiUcn  aiid  arm*  Kl*tal«d  with  abaerving  lk«l  *ll  hia 
pr*|i*r*tury  arheinea,  Mithor  for  r«enutmi|  hi*  uwn  army, 
ai  miMirina  the  furc*  uf  th*  enemy,  had  nuw  pvudiu'ed 
Ihau  full  emel,  I'urt**  impel  lent  to  begin  ih*  *i*g*  in 
(atm,  haalane<l  th*  laiini  king  uf  Ih*  bnuantine*.  'I'u 
facililai*  thia,  k*  had  *niplayed  a  vaal  niiinlwr  uf  In- 
diana fur  Iwa  maiiiha,  in  daipining  lb*  wnall  riviilrl 
whto'h  run*  by  Teaauea  inia  Iba  lake,  and  in  roniiing  it 
Into  a  canal  near  Iwa  miku  in  langtk  ;  [llHI  and 
llMiugk  Ik*  M*aicaiia,  awar*  af  hia  inlanliona,  aa  well 
aa  01  Iha  danger  wbieb  Ibreatenail  Ihaiu,  eiuleivored 
freijuantly  lo  inlerni|ii  lb*  laiiater*,  or  to  burn  Iba 
hfigantinea,  th*  wutk  w*a  al  la*l  einnpUled  On  Ihe 
Iwenty-aightb  of  April,  all  th*  Npaniab  troo)!*,  IO|i*lli*r 
Willi  Ik*  auailiary  Indiana,  war*  drawn  up  on  th*  bank* 
of  Ik*  canal ;  and  with  eilraordinary  nnlilary  |iainp. 
r*nd*r*d  more  aolemn  by  Ih*  eeUhration  of  Ih*  inoal 
•*cr*d  nt**  of  nligiun,  Ih*  briganllnea  were  launched 
Aa  thav  fall  down  lb*  canal  in  ordar,  Falhar  Ulinado 
hiaaaad  Ihtin,  and  gave  each  ita  nam*.  Kvary  ly*  fol- 
lowed thani  with  wonder  and  ho|ie,  until  they  entered 
Ik*  lake,  wken  they  hoieled  their  aaila  and  iMire  away 
iHifora  III*  wind  A  general  about  of  jny  wa*  raiaed  ; 
all  admiring  thai  Uild  invenliv*  gaiiiua,  which,  by 
maun*  to  eitreordinary  Ihal  Iheir  aurcea*  ahiioal  ei- 
ceaded  beliaf,  had  ari|iiircd  coininand  of  a  fleet,  with- 
oul  the  aid  of  winch  Meiicn  would  have  ronlmued  to 
a*l  th*  !<|ianiah  power  and  ann*  al  daAanca. 

Corte*  delanmned  to  allack  th*  eily  from  tbrae  dif- 
ferent quartera  |  from  Tapaaca  on  lb*  nertb  aid*  of  the 
laka,  from  'I'lbuca  on  the  weal,  and  from  Cuyoean  to- 
ward* iIm  *oulb.  'I'll***  town*  wer*  wtualed  on  the 
principal  cauaewaya  which  led  lo  the  capital,  and  in- 
lended  for  their  defence.  Ha  appointed  Mandoval  to 
commaml  in  lb*  Aral,  i'edro  de  Alvarailo  in  the  aecond, 
■nd  (y'lirialoval  de  Ulid  in  the  third ;  allolling  to  each  a 
nuineruiia  liody  of  Indian  auiiliariaa,  logelhar  with  an 


•a  bManl  iha  Miaak  i  awl  baftag  **  "'lif**  ^  MMfeMI 
•  lui  hn  Mauled  in  Hm**,  k*  aaaainMad  •iieli  a  ■i«lllta4> 


111  raliiiea  aa  riivrfed  Ih*  face  of  lb*  lake  'lllay  I 
an  huldly  i*  Ih*  rh«rg*,  wfcil*  lk»  nfiganlin**,  telan 
liy  a  dritd  ralin,  ruiikl  a«'ari'ely  advaiitje  lu  nieel  I 
lliii  a*  Ik*  enemy  drew  near,  *  brrtae  aiiddenly  (pfuag 
Hp  .  in  a  mmneni  ih«  aaiia  were  apr •*'!,  Ih*  briganliN**! 
laiiii  riia  ulinoal  eaa*  liruii*  ihrinigh  Ihi-ir  h'elii* 
uenla^  overael  in*iiy  rannea.  and  diaaipeied  the  wb 
armameni  wiib  aarh  aUngkier,  aa  riMi»im-ed  Iha  f* 
ran*,  ihal  tin  i.iiik.io*  of  the  Kiiru|i**na  in  khawb 
an<l  alia  landfrrd  tlieir  aiqirriofiiy  greater  on  Una 
aleinenl  ikai,  lh«y  Iwl  hilhciin  found  ii  by  land. 

Crnm  tbal  time  <  'aria*  reimined  niaaler  of  Iha  laka^ 
and  ih*  hnganlinea  mM  mily  |if*a*rtrd  *  ruinmiinicali** 
heiwren  ih*  M|i*niarda  in  llieir  ililferent  alalwiie,  tliougb 
al  tfunaideralfle  ilialam'e  frwn  eai'h  iHber,  tmt  were  en*- 
pluyed  lo  euvir  Ih*  cauaewaya  iin  etch  aide,  and  k**^ 
ilf  lb*  canoaa  whan  lh*y  all*inpl*d  la  aiinny  lb*  Irooiit 
»*  ib*y  ailvaneed  towarda  ihacily  I'nrtea  formed  Ina 
brijMnlin**  in  three  diviaiona,  *|>|NMntinif  nn*  tu  rov*t 
each  of  th*  ataliotia  from  wliiih  an  aliaik  w**  lo  ba 
arried  un  aninal  Ik*  niy,  wiik  ordera  lo  aecond  Ilia 
iiii*raii«maorih*eineer  wiiuruminamled  iher*  ¥tm» 
all  Ihe  three  alaiiona  lie  pnehed  on  the  allark  againal 
Ih*  Illy  wilh  eipial  vigor ;  but  in  a  manner  ao  very  dif- 
ferent fmni  Iherondticl  of  aiegea  in  regular  war  Ihal  ba 
hlinaalf  aeema  afraid  it  woiikl  apjieir  no  leaa  ini|,ri>|ief 
than  aingiilar  to  paraona  iinacipiainled  with  hia  aiiiia- 
lien.  ()*<'h  inornina kia Irunne aaaaalled  Ik*  harmadee 
wkiek  the  eiiamy  had  eiecleiliin  Ike  cauaewaya,  fiircad 
Iheir  way  over  Ihe  ir*nchea  which  they  had  dug,  and 
Ihrniigh  the  canala  where  Ih*  bridge*  wer*  brok*a 
lowii,  and  endeavnfed  to  |>enetraia  Into  the  heart  of  iha 
city,  in  hop**  of  obtaining  tome  deriaive  advaiitaga 
wliii  h  might  force  the  enemy  to  aurrender,  and  tarmi* 
naie  ik*  war  al  once  \  hut  whan  Itie  ohalmala  valor  o( 
Iha  Maaicana  rendered  lb*  elforia  of  the  day  in*ir*<tu*l, 
the  Npaniarda  retired  in  Iha  evening  to  their  former 
ipiartara.  'I'hua  tlieir  Iwl  and  danger  wen  in  aoina 
ineaaure  continually  renewed  \  Ilia  Meiicana  raiHiiniig 
in  Ih*  night  what  tfia  N|i*niarda  had  deatroyed  tliroiigS 
the  day,  and  recovering  Ihe  poaia  from  which  they  had 
driven  thain  Ilul  nereaaity  preacribrd  lliia  alow  anb 
untoward  inwie  of  mteration.  'I'lie  nunilier  of  hi*  Irnofi* 
w*i*  *o  *mall  Ihal  Corte*  durat  not,  willi  a  handful  o< 
man,  atlenipt  lo  m*k*  a  lodgment  in  a  city  where  ha 
might  be  aurrouiided  and  aiiiiuycd  by  aiich  a  inii'lltuda 
of  eiiemie*.  'Itie  renii^mbraiice  uf  wlwl  lie  had  aiready 
aiiDereil  by  the  ill  Judged  coiitidi'ni*  with  which  h*  bad 
ventured  intoauch  adangeroii*  ailuation,  waa  atill  fraah 
in  hia  mind,  i'he  H|iaiiianla,  rihauated  with  faligiie, 
v/ere  unable  lo  guard  the  varioiia  poata  which  Ihey  daily 
gained  \  and  though  llieir  camp  wa*  filled  with  Indian 
auilluriea,  Ihey  dnrat  not  devolve  ihi*  ch*rge  U|inil 
them,  b«c*n*u  Ihey  were  *o  little  aneualo.ned  to  diaci- 
pliiie,  Ihal  no  coiitidenco  couhl  lie  placed  in  llieir  vigi- 
lance, lieaidea  thia,  (.'ortea  waa  eiUeinely  aoliciloua  la 
jireaerve   the  cily  •*  iniich  aa  jHwaible  from  being  da- 


ei|U*l  diviaion  of  Hpaniard*,  who,  by  Ibe  junction  of  the  ilroyed,  both  beceiiae  he  deatiiied  it  lo  be  the  capital  uf 


truop*  from  lli*paniola,  amounting  row  to  aighty-eii 
boraemen,  md  eight  hundred  and  eighteen  fool  aoldiera ; 
of  whom  one  hundred  and  eighteen  ware  armed  with 
muakala  or  croae-bowa.  The  train  of  anillary  eonaiat- 
ed  of  three  battering  caniion,  and  Hlteen  Aaid-piecea. 
Ma  reaorred  lor  bimaall,  aa  Ihe  elation  of  grealeat  im- 
portance and  danger,  the  conduct  of  Ihe  biigantinaa, 
each  armed  wiib  one  of  hia  •mall  cannon,  ana  mannad 
with  twenty-flfe  Spaniarda. 

Aa  Alvarado  and  Ulid  pneeeded  towarda  Ihe  poet* 
aaeigned  them  (May  lU],  lliey  broke  down  the  aqua- 
duct*  which  the  ingenuity  of  the  Meiicana  had  erected 
fur  conTeying  water  into  Ihe  capital,  and,  by  the  dia- 
Ireaa  lo  whicn  thia  jeduced  the  inhabitant*,  gave<'a  lie- 
ginning  10  Ibe  calamiliaa  which  Ihey  were  deelined  to 
*ufl'er.  Alvarado  and  Obd  found  the  lowna  of  which 
Ihey  were  ordered  lo  laka  poeaaaaion  de*crted  by  their 
inhabitant*,  who  h*d  Aod  for  aafcly  to  the  capital,  where 
Uuatimoiin  had  collecled  Iha  chief  force  of  hi*  empire, 
t*  ther*  alone  ha  cuuld  hope  to  make  a  aucceaaful  atund 
againal  Ike  formidable  enemie*  who  wore  approaching 
lo  aaaault  bim. 

The  Aral  eflbrt  of  the  Mexicon*  wa*  to  dcatmy  the 
licet  of  brigantinee,  the  fiital  clfccta  of  wlioae  niirriilion* 
they  foreaaw  and  dreaded.  'I'hoi'gh  the  briguiilinea, 
after  all  the  labor  and  merit  of  Corte*  in  funning  them, 
were  of  ineonaidcrablo  bulk,  rudely  conatructcd,  and 
manned  chiefly  with  landainen  hardly  poeacaaed  of  akill 
enough  to  conduct  them,  they  muat  have  been  object* 
uf  tinor  tu  a  jieople  unacquainted  with  any  navigation 
but  that  of  their  lake,  and  jHisacaacd  of  no  veaael  larger 
than  i  cano*.    Neceaaity,  Iwwovar,  urged  Uualiinoaiii 


Ilia  coiiqueala,  and  wiahed  that  it  might  remain  aa  a 
maniiinenl  of  bia  glory.  From  all  ihoae  conaiderationa, 
ha  adhered  olialinately,  for  a  inonlh  after  llw  aiege  waa 
opened,  to  the  •yilem  which  he  liad  adojiled.  'I'ba 
Meiicana,  in  their  own  defence,  diaplayad  valor  which 
waa  baldly  infw'or  u>  that  with  which  the  8p*niard* 
altackvd  lht.x  On  land,  on  water,  hy  night  and  by 
day,  one  furioua  conflict  •iicceeded  lo  another.  Several 
8paniarde  were  billed,  more  wounded,  and  all  wera 
ready  to  aink  under  Ike  toil*  of  unintennitling  eervice, 
whicn  wer*  rendered  more  inlolenble  by  the  injuriea  o( 
the  aeaaon,  Ihe  jieriodical  rami  being  now  ael  in  witb 
their  uaual  violence. 

AaloiiKhed  and  diaroneerted  wilh  Iba  len,<{tb  and  dif- 
ficiiltiea  of  the  aiege.  Curie*  detaniimeri  to  make  ona 

f;reat  eflbrt  to  get  poaaeaaion  of  the  cily,  belore  be  rn- 
innuiahcd  the  jilan  which  he  had  hitherto  followed,  a-id 
had  rccourae  to  any  other  mode  of  attack.  Wiih  line 
view  he  aeni  inatruclion*  to  Alvarodo  and  Sandoval  la 
advance  with  their  diviaiona  to  a  general  aaaault,  nnd 
took  the  command  in  peraon  [July  9]  of  that  poated  on 
the  caiiaeway  of  (Jiiyocan.  Animated  by  h  *  pTe*en;e, 
and  the  oijiectalion  of  aoine  deciaive  event,  ihe  Npa- 
niarda piiahed  forward  wilh  irre.iatiblo  iin[Mitunmljr 
They  broke  through  one  barricade  after  anolhirr,  forced 
Iheir  way  over  the  ditchea  and  canala,  and,  hi  ring  en- 
tered the  city,  gained  ground  inceaaaiilly  in  anite  M 
the  nultitude  and  ferocity  of  their  opnonrnta.  Oor'-aa, 
though  delighted  with  Ihe  rapidity  of  bi*  progteaa.  did 
not  hirgel  that  he  niiglit  atill  find  il  neeeHary  to  ra- 
treal ;  and,  in  order  to  eccure  it,  appointed  Juliaa  da 
Aldaiala,  ■  captain  of  cbtaf  iioU  in  Iba  Uuoyt  wikak 


I 


I 


glh  ind  dif- 

intk*  oiM 

ilore  ha  rn- 

llownl,  fid 

With  till* 

litidov*!  to 

•ull,  Rlld 

It  potted  on 

\%  pretcn  :ft, 

It,  the  H|)*- 

ln|Mitii<Mity 

|h*r,  forced 

Ihifiiig  cn- 

lin  tpitr,  ,>l 

Cn'M, 

bgm*,  did 

Lur  10  re- 

I  JuliM  dt 


■OI'TN  AMminA 


It  Im4 MMtvwl tarn  Hi«|i««iNl»,  w  KM  Kf  ilM  >*iMi*  »M 

a  I  m  lt»  ••uMiMf  M  >))•  DMin  ImiIi  •(I'wwnl     I'ImI 

f«vr  fff  «i*(iMy,  n»i|l»i  ■•*(  iKa  ini|«ruii*  •  N«rif»  vwhi 
RMMint  M  hM»,  «wl  Kiiltwil  mi  M««4i>Ur«uly,  la  iwn 
gW  *iil»  IK*  «wm^t4nU  '!>!«■  Mi*iwin«,  whwMi  mill 
UfV  •lliiiliiHt  4ml  •kill  «i>r»  i|4itv  iw|ttii»in|f.  im  MMHwr 

HUkflwl  ltM4  IImiI  tlMtf  •4rll4ll  411  4>i'«ilM  •!  ll  M  lh»lf 

■NiiMr-'ti 

(iii44iifMMiH  Iii4l4nily  ili4#*rn#il  ih«  cwiflpifuvm**  «f 
ilw  •ffiif  «>h»  K  lh«  Hii4ni4nl4  h4il  •  •immiHi'il,  4ii>l,  with 
•i(mir»ti4«  |>r44«itr»it(  iMiMiJ,  |irr|Mirw*l  in  uka  44lv4ii*«^ 
•/  ll  ll»  I  iimHi4i>*lw*l  Oi»  Irti*l|i4  iMWIiil  m  Iha*  fr'Hil  IM 
«t*«li4n  ik«i>  •IftHia.  Ill  iinUf  111  4llMi«  Ik*  N|i«iii4ril4  IH 
^I4ti  k#fW4r*l,  14K1U  Ii4  il«4|i4l«li4il  4  Ur|f«  ImmIv  nl 
tbiMpn  •4rfiuf«  itif«Mij|h  ililfMri<n4  4ir44l4,  4««n«  by  Uml, 
•mI  ■MK»f4  ItT  U4»r,  fim4nl4  ih*  (?>4l  lif^wh  in  ilw 
4*U4«w4y  whivh  hail  liMii  I'fi  uiwn  IHi  •  4i(n4l 
«ll«'h  It*  (4««,  itM  pru'4t4  m  iIhi  |iriiii'i|i«l  l4ni|il»4 
•iriit'li  thi*  gri'4l  ilfttiii«  i'iMi4«vr4liiil  iii  ih*  tfml  of  mtf 
N*  Mvior  ilul  ihx  Miiii<-4n4  ti«4r  Ii4  Utrfulnl  iaUinn 
•■Himl,  i>4li-iil4ii')l  In  in«|iirp  lltrin  wilK  vniilvnipl  iff  il44ih. 
•ihI  •nihii4i44liM  Ariltff,  Ih4ti  ih«iy  iii4h««l  H|*uit  Ihn  fnm- 
mi  Willi  (r4iiiH'  r4|<  I  Im  NpanmriU,  itiMl.la  lu  r44i4< 
m0n  iirnMl  nn  ii«  1*44  by  r«tifi«ii4  fury  (Imii  kiifi*  nf 
M'<444,  tM||*n  !•  inlin,  41  Hr4l  l4i4Mr>ly,  4iHi  wiih  4 
■uuil  4i)unl«n4n<'a  ,  hul  M  ika  «iwiny  pn4aril  on,  4imI 
Uiair  awn  iin|Mli4iw«  in  r4r4|ia  in«r«44>il,  Ika  lnniK 
MhI  c«Mi(\i4iun  lia«  4ni«  4*1  ifMnaral,  1I14I  whan  Ihav  tr- 
nvtii  41  Iha  (4|i  in  Ihii  r4ii4a«4|r,  N)i4ni«ril4  4ml  '1144- 
t4Un4,  hiir4f>ini<n  4iul  iiif4nlry,  pliintfvil  in  pnniii4- 
ttwualv,  wliila  Iha  Miiii<  4n4  Iii4hrj  iiput  Ihani  H«ii'4l« 
ffiiiii4«vrv4Hla,  iliaii  liyhi  i'4ii*i«4r4riymfl  iKain  ihruiitfti 
ttMMU  whirh  Iha  h>i||4iiiiiir4  ruiiltl  mit  41  (iiaarh.  In 
lam  liiil  ('•il>4  all«in|ii  In  4iiif  4111)  mllii  hi4  Nyinii 
iroatM ;  tr»i  iinilrtinl  ilirm  r«K>ifillr44  ul  hi4  aniiMiiM 
M  coiiimanila  CiihIiiik  4II  I1I4  •iHli*>ar4  M  ranaw  Ilw 
Mmh4l  Iriiiilr4a,  hia  iivii  «4ra  1*44  lu  4a«a  4i>ina  u( 
Ihuaa  who  h«l  ihruwn  Ilu'in4al«aa  iiitu  ihv  malar ,  bill 
tnhiia  Ihu4  ani|ilnya<l,  with  iiinrr  tllaiiliuii  in  Ihair  41I11 
lt>r  1I1411  lu  hi4  own,  4it  Moiiran  •'4|ilaiii4  4uilili>iil|i 
liid  holil  of  hiin,  anil  wrm  hiirryliiii  hiiii  al(  in  lfiuiii|ili , 
mil  ihoiiKh  Iwo  of  hi4  i>ini'i'r4  r«4<'iisil  hiin  al  tha  ai- 
|]an4i>  of  llii'ir  uwii  li«i'4,  ho  rwaivml  4a«iir4l  JaiiKrruii^ 
•  oiiiiil4  Iwrur*  Iw  roiilil  lifi'ak  looaa  Aha««  iiily 
l|iHiiii4rd4  |M*n4h%'il  in  Iha  roiil  ,  4111I  wh4l  r*'iiilffr«il  ihn 
Waaalt'i  inura  alfliclinn,  fully  o(  ihaaa  fall  ali«a  into 
N*  hamla  of  in  anainy  iMMr  known  10  4huw  iiiarcy  lu 
»  capliva. 

'I'lia  ipproach  af  night,  Ihoiigh  il  dalivarad  iha  da- 

tlad  Hpaniania  from  iIm  4ll4ck4  of  Iha  anamy,  iiahoraii 
what  waa  h4r4ly  l«44  (rir«oii4,  Iha  noi4a  of  ihxir  bar- 
kaioua  lriMin|ih,  and  of  Iha  hofrid  fcalival  wiili  whiih 
(try  i;»li'lir4lr>l  Ilii'ir  tiriury  K««iy  i|<iarlrr  n(  Ihn 
illy  W44  illiMiiiii4lvd  ;  III*  gri'41  Iniipl,!  aliniin  willi  iiirh 
|iai'iili4r  aplriidur,  ihal  Ihn  Nfianiariia  I'uiitd  plainly  4i*a 
tlM  prcpla  in  inoliun,  and  Iha  iiriada  buay  in  haalaninii 
Iha  pn<|iaralion4  fur  tha  ilr4ih  ol  Iha  nntoiivra  'Hiruunli 
Ika  itluoin,  Ihry  f'4nrii:il  1I14I  Ihry  diarrrtird  llit'ir  rum- 
|Miiiuii4  liy  Ilia  wliiu<ti«44  of  Ihrir  4kiii4,  44  limy  were 
•iriul  n4ki'd,  and  cuinpallrd  lo  d4nc«  li«riirn  Iha  linaija 
of  iKs  ||od  tu  whom  Ihny  warn  to  ba  olliwd.  'IVy 
hrani  Iho  4hriaka  of  thu4i>  who  wnra  aarrillccd,  and 
tliQUKht  Ihal  lh4y  ruiild  dmiiniiuwh  rirh  iiiih4|itiy  «u'- 
Inn  by  Ihn  wril  known  4utiiid  M  bi4  voice.  Iiii4uin4- 
Uon  addrd  to  wliit  tlicy  rrally  4aw  or  hctnl,  aiut  4ii||- 
incntvd  1I4  horror      The  moat  unfvi'iiiiK  iiieltod  iiitu 


coin|ia44 

Rdful  41> 


•t  Ihe  drcidful  4|H-cla>'le  which  tliay  brheld  ( 110  | 

(!urli'a,  wliu,  Iwaidra  4il  lli4t  he  It'll  in  cuiiiinon  wilh 
bi4  4ulilicra,  W44  upprc44i'il  Willi  lliu  4ddiliunal  load  of 
■niluiia  rrflvclioiia  natural  10  a  {{finenil  on  auch  an  un- 
ti|icctml  cilamily,  could  not,  like  thrin,  relirvu  hia 
miiid  by  gi«iM|(  vinl  to  1I4  aniiuuh.  lie  waa  ubligrd 
10  aaaunic  4n  air  uf  lraiii)uillily,  in  oidor  lu  revive  iho 
ipirit  and  lin|M'a  of  hi4  followera.  The  juncture,  indccil, 
iei|iiiriHl  an  rilraordinary  eicrtion  of  Ibrliiudu.  The 
Maiicaiia,  nlated  with  ihcir  \ictury,  aallird  out  ncit 
moniiiig  to  attack  him  in  hia  i|iiarter4.  Uut  they  did 
not  rely  on  ihti  eiruria  of  ilimr  own  anna  alone.  'I'hey 
atnl  the  hcada  of  Hpaniarda  whom  they  had  aarriHccd 
to  till)  leading  men  in  the  adjacent  provliicea.  and  44- 
lured  thi'in  that  thn  ^od  uf  war,  afipeaaed  by  the  blnod 
of  thair  invtdurt.  » Jiirli  had  been  4hi'd  ao  plentifully 
on  hi4  allara,  bad  dnland  with  an  amiiblu  voire,  that 
in  eight  daya  tinio  thnHO  hated  oiicriiica  ahuutti  bo 
Anally  dcatruycd,  and  jieace  and  proapaiily  ni-cata- 
Uiahod  in  the  empire. 

A  pniictiun  uitcred  wilh  auch  eonlidence,  and  in 
iMiu*  M  void  of  ainbiguily,  gained  univeraal  credit 
■Mag  •  pmpi*  I  rone  to  iu|ieralition.    'I1ui  utl  ol 


ika  pfN4tn«aa,  wkwh  ka4  alrwailv  devlareil  4tfaif*4l  llio 
■laMiatda,  aHgnMiilnl  >  4ml  4avafal  wkwh  haw  kitharta 
rvmamfil  lm»»ti»i*,  itmk  ariiM.  wiik  »niKn4t44iif,  4nln*'. 
ll*  MIPVMI4  iba  ilrif  f#«  af  ilia  g«d'*  I  tir  IimIi,*!!  antltia 
ri*«    whM    iMll    ^nwil   I '•4144,    4ri*<i4laMn4d   li>  vati^l^tl! 

Ika  •4iMa  ■{•'iiMa  wnk  iIm  Maiiraxa,  4ml  ■••  raraiva  iko 
raapothiaa  af  ihalr  p«ia4i4  •  iih  iha  aanw  im|ilnil  hitk, 
4l4ml*in«i|  ika  Mtianianla  44  a  tf  wf  inrn  il4«nt«d  in 
vaflam  4'4ivtn,inm  Kvan  ik«  (I'lvliiy  wl  iha  I  U4V4 
\*n»  W44  4k4k4n,  4nil  iha  N|iaMi4h  Inm^*  wan  l«ll 
4*nMMI  4lH«a  In  Ikaii  alatK  ra  lufiea,  kmlintf  llwl  ha 
4il4iHf<4d  m  ••»!  Ill  ilMpai  II  «  a,  ^#f4iiii«in  lean  of 
kia  fm\K)lrt»<n  ky  argniiHinl,  iiMk  tilvanuc*,  fwm 
Iha  impruiUi  f  a  *\  ^hm•  wkw  had  rramrd  Iba  pfufihi'i'v 
IH  haing  114  4i'i'imipli4hiMania  au  n*ar  41  baml,  In  gi««  a 
airiking  ■l*mMn4ir4lwn  af  114  f4Ui1y  lU  ^4|iaiHVd 
4II  iniri<4ty  u|M'r4lUHi4,  durinn  Iha  narual  markad  mil 
by  tha  orarla  rndai  ruvar  uf  iba  liriganilmia,  whiah 
k'pl  Ilw  anamy  41  4  di4l4n«a,  hia  lriNi|i4  Uy  In  44faiy, 
ant)  Iba  f4l4l  l4mi  •■|Hrad  wilhunt  4ny  ilia44lar 

Many  of  bia  alli«a,  aabamad  of  ibair  own  iri'ilullly, 
raturnad  In  ihrif  4I4IIUI1  I  llhai  lrili*4.  Judging  Ihal 
ih«  giiila,  wb<i  hail  iiuw  lUraiod  ih«  Mailiana,  h4d 
itrrraad  Hnaliy  lu  willidr4w  ihaiftpiinarMun  IVuin  ihain, 
joinad  hi4  4l4mlM4  i  4ihI  4iii>h  wa<  Iba  lavily  of  4  aim 
)tl«  liau^la,  niuvad  by  avary  alight  impraaawn,  Ih4l  in  4 
4lM»t  iiina  4nar  aiiah  a  ganaral  ilaliii'lum  uf  hi4  aun- 
fadarilaa,  I  'uftaa  aaw  kuiiaalf,  if  wa  may  baliava  bia 
•iwn  4CFr»inl,  at  ilw  head  of  a  hiimlrad  and  Alty  Ibun 
aaial  liHlwn4  l!«aii  wilh  4u«h  4  numaruua  army,  Iw 
fwind  II  nacaaaary  lu  4<lu|il  a  new  ami  mora  W4ry  tit 
Urn  of  i>|i«'4liiMi  ln4laa<i  ef  ranawing  hia  altampia  In 
Iwaaina  in44iar  of  tha  illy  4I  oiMa,  by  inch  bold  ImiI 
dangannia  •tfurt4  of  yalur  44  ha  had  4lra4dy  irkd.  hn 
m4>ra  bi4  4d>4iira4  gradiully,  iiid  with  a««ry  pua4il,la 
praraiiliun  agaiiwi  'iiioalng  hi4  iiwn  In  4ny  raUniily 
ainiiUr  tu  IImI  whnb  Ihay  4I1II  li«W4ilrd  A4  Iba 
N|iani4rd4  piialwd  liirwanl,  tha  Indiana  regularly  re- 
paired Iba  i'au4<>«««4  liahiiid  ikoin  Aa  4uai>  44  llivy 
got  |KMaa>4im  uf  41, v  |ian  of  tha  lowni  tha  buiiaaa 
ware  niaUnily  •i>«i>llvd  with  Iha  ground  l)*y  by  d4y, 
itw  M»iii'4n4,  furi'i'd  lu  ralira  ia  their  anamiaa  gaiiira 
ground,  ware  hammed  in  within  mote  narrow  Tiinila 
uiulimoiin,  though  unable  to  atop  Iha  career  ol  the 
eneiiiy,  canliiiiivirio  dvfriid  hii  capital  with  oliitmita 
rrauliilnii,  4iid  iliapiilad  every  inch  uf  ground.  T'w 
N|iaiiiard4  nut  only  V4riad  Ihair  mode  of  4ll4ck,  bul,  by 
0(dar4  uf  (,'o(lr4,  cliangail  tlw  weapona  with  wlilcb 
Ihey  fought.  Tliay  ware  again  armed  with  tha  long 
Clnnanllan  apa4r4  which  Ihay  liad  ainuloyed  with  auch 
4ucce4a  agaiiwl  N4rv4at;  4iid,  by  the  llrni  erray  in 
which  line  enabled  Ibain  to  range  IheniaaUca,  Ihey  re- 
palled,  with  littia  danger,  iha  luoeo  aaaault  of  tha  Meti- 
e4iM :  Incrrdible  niimbara  of  tliain  fell  in  tha  cuiiHicta 
which  they  rriittwed  every  d4y.  While  war  wealed 
witlwut,  raiiiine  liegen  tu  cunauine  Ihein  wilhlii  the 
city.  The  Njianiab  nriginiinoi  having  tha  entire  cum- 
niaml  of  the  lake,  rendered  it  ainioel  iinpoaaihle  to  con- 
vey to  the  boaiegvd  any  iupply  of  proviaiuna  by  water 
The  immciiiH  number  of  hia  Indian  •ntili4rii'4  eiinblud 
<.'nrli'4  lu  ahul  up  the  ivenuee  lu  the  cily  by  Uiid 
Tha  4lurei  which  Unitimuiiii  hid  laid  uii  were  e>- 
hauBlcd  by  the  iniiltitiidei  which  had  crowded  into  tha 
cipital  to  defend  their  ioyeraigii  aiul  Iho  leniplvi  of 
llieir  gmla.  Not  unly  Ilw  |wopTv,  bui  per4on4  uf  the 
blglieat  milk,  iclt  the  utinoel  di4lrc44«4  uf  f4niiii<> 
W  hu|  they  aiill'ercd  lirnuglit  un  mrvctiuua  ami  iiiurt4l 
di4li'in|>er4,  the  lael  caUmity  that  yiaila  beiieged  citiea, 
4nd  which  filled  up  Ihe  ineaaure  of  their  woea 

Ilul,  under  the  prea4iiru  uf  au  iiuny  and  auch  yarioiia 
evila,  tile  aiiirit  uf  (Juatiiiioxni  remained  tirin  4iid  uii- 
aubdued  lie  rvjei'lvd  with  Koru  every  overture  of 
peece  from  (<ortee  1  and,  di4d4iiiing  tha  idea  of  lub- 
inilling  to  the  oppreeeora  of  hi4  country,  deleriniiied 
nut  to  eurvivo  114  rum.  The  Spaniarda  cuiilmuvd  their 
progrraa.  At  length  all  the  three  diviaoiia  peiiuir4icd 
iiitu  the  gr>'4t  a<|uaro  in  iha  centre  of  tlie  city,  and 
made  a  avcuro  lodgment  ihero  [July  ST.]  '('hree- 
fourthe  of  the  cily  weni  now  reduced  iiid  laid  in  ruiiia 
The  remaiiiiiig  iftiarlor  waa  ao  ctoaely  proeacd,  that  il 
could  not  long  withatand  iaaailtnla,  who  ittacked  il 
from  their  now  itation  with  auiwriur  advaiituuo,  uid 
more  aaaured  eii|iectation  of  lucceaa.  The  Meiican 
nobica,  aolirltouB  lu  aavo  Ihe  lilo  of  a  inoiiircli  whom 
they  revered,  prevailed  on  (luiliinoiin  lo  retire  froiii  a 
placn  wlirru  rcaiauiicu  waa  now  vain,  that  ho  iiiighl 
ruuau  the  more  diataiit  pruviiicea  uf  ilio  empire  to  urma, 
and  manitain  there  a  mure  aui-ccaafuj  alruggte  with  the 
public  enemy.  In  urdur  tu  rucilitato  the  ciccution  ul 
thia  ineaaure,  they  endeavored  lo  ainiiiu  (.'urtea  with 
overtiiroe  of  aubmi44ioii,  tlut,  while  hie  attentiun  waa 
sinpluyed  in  idjuatiiig  the  artictea  of  iwcillctlioii,  Uut- 


ilMNtabt  mlgiM  aeaaM  a  (wfealyeil  Hm  ite)  Umtf 
Itum  aitamyl  ttftm  a  laadar  af  aicatai  aagaaity  Mat  4I» 
■>ef.,Ha»l  than  w  ba  i||.,.>i.ed  by  iki  If  4«l*  rnetaa. 
•uayMciing  Ihair  iHianiKN,    i   <1.  aaar*  Mi  wihai  mmnanl 

II  »4a  la  ,lar>4)  >•.  4|i|'Oii.ii ..  ^inln-ial^  lb*  oAerr  an 
wkaaa  vigiUnea  h«  runhl  iiu.  i  infinity  /»eljl\  W  "Wlli 
Iha  •Hmniand  a(  ika  bngantmix  '•nli  ami  ,iyHMlMm 
Id  W4l,-li  .,rr>  mailnii  of  lIu  wemji  tl4niitay<«  il- 
Irniive  la  Iha  rh*»gr,  ali4rriini|t  ****  '»fi*  candiM 
irawdeil  wilh  paufpjx  rawing  4i'r~*t  "  take  wiUi  «* 
iraxnimary  lapidily.  niaMnily  gale  ibe  4ign4l  In  ilMv' 
llareia  llnlgiiin,  who  ewnm4ml«d  iha  awina4>  —i\iiit( 
brig4riiine,  f*Na«i  avwrlmik  ik*in,  ami  waa  iiraiHirinij  ^^ 
Are  ini  iha  hiramnal  r4nn«,  wKi,  li  aaamail  in  •  v  .  '  .^lo 
p.>rBii»  wkuia  ad  iha  real  killnwad  4iHi  'rf'>,.'7rd  V< 
ama  the  rowara  dro|i|Nid  ikair  naia,  4ni|  i|f|  im  b«i«^ 
Ihrawing  down  their  arma,  aaniwrad  him  wKk  ""m  "^ 
leara  lu  hirtHi4r,  aa  the  aniparnr  waa  lHarr  ^stboua 
•ageily  4eia4d  hie  priie  ,  end  lliMliinM',.  «riia  4  dig- 
iiinad  fUM|ifi4ur4,  g4%a  hlinaalf  uii  iiila  hi4  hamU*'  W- 
,pie4ling  only  ihal  nn  inaiill  mignt  ha  ulfaieil  ,ri  thn 
•nipreea  af  hi4  •  hdilran  Whan  rumliieud  M  t'oftea, 
ba  4|itia4r>d  nailhar  wilh  Iha  4,illen  l|4rei-ne44  of  a  bar- 
liariiAi,  imr  wilh  Iha  dejaelinn  uf  a  4iipplu'4iit  "  I 
hate  dniie,"  aaal  he,  addra44liig  hlin4eir  lu  Iha  Noaniab 
general,  "  what  bacaina  4  niunareh  I  have  defended 
my  pantil*  lu  ihe  laal  aiimnily  Nulhing  now  ra- 
0141114  bill  In  die  Take  Ihl4  dagger,"  laying  hw  kami 
un  une  which  I  'urta4  wore,  "  pUni  It  in  my  brea4i,  iiid 
put  in  ami  In  i  lifa  whieh  can  n,i  bniger  lie  uf  iiaa  '* 

A4  401111  44  Ihe  fata  of  Ibrir  4nvereign  W44  known, 
Iha  reaiaUnci  of  the  Meiii'4n4  rea4ed  ,  4ml  I'orua 
look  |HM4i'44iini  nf  Ihal  41114II  p4rl  of  tha  eapiUl  whuh 
yet  remeined  unilv4lruved  [  Aug  13]  Tlni4  lerminatej 
the  aiege  iil  Meiicu,  llie  iiinal  memorable  event  m  lb* 
I'uniiueat  nf  Anierii'i  ll  cunliniied  aevenlyhve  daya, 
h4rdly  une  uf  which  paaacil  wilboiit  annie  eiir4urdinary 
•Ifnrl  of  una  parly  m  the  atiai'k,  or  of  the  ullier  in  Dm 
deU'iice  ul  4  cily,  on  the  fale  uf  which  Iwth  knew  ihol 
Uin  Ivrtiina  of  the  empire  ilepemled  Aa  tha  alriiggla 
here  wae  more  obalinala,  it  W44  likewiaa  morn  aiiuol 
than  any  between  Hio  inbaliilaiita  ol  ihn  I  lid  ami  New 
Wurld4  The  greet  abililiea  nf  lliiiimioim,  Iho  num- 
lier  of  hi*  troope,  Ihe  piiriijiir  iiinaliun  of  hii  ci|ilUl, 
au  far  cuunlerliiileiu  ed  Ilw  4U|>eriurily  uf  thn  Njiiniinla 

III  iriiii  iitit  diii'iplirie,  lh4t  they  111114I  h4Ve  relintpiielw^ 
Ihe  4nlerpit4e  if  ihey  Imd  Iriiaieil  Inr  4iicceB4  lu  them- 
•elvee  aluna.  Ilul  Meiicu  waa  uveilurned  by  llM 
Je4lau4*  of  nelgliJHire  who  dieailed  lie  (lower,  aiifl  kf 
the  luvoll  of  auhieclj  linpalieiil  In  »hake  ulf  lie  yoko. 
Ily  their  eirectuel  411I.  ( 'urira  waa  eiiabltd  lu  accum- 
pli4h  what,  wilhuut  4ncli  4np|Kirl,  ln>  wuiibl  Iwrdly  hav* 
ventured  to  etieinpl  lluw  iiiiieb  euevcr  1I114  account 
of  ihu  railuciion  of  Mono  may  dilraet,  on  tha  on* 
hand,  fruni  Ihe  marvelluiii  rr!4liini4  ul  auine  Hpaiilib 
wriiera,  by  444-ribiiig  ili4t  lu  aniiple  4111I  ubviuu4  c4iiiOi 
wh  ch  Ihey  iilribiiie  lu  Ihu  runuiitic  velur  nf  thair 
countrymen,  it  iddi.  un  llie  oilier,  lo  the  ineril  and 
ibilitiei  of  ('urtei,  who,  under  mery  di44dv4tit4ge,  ac- 
ipiired  euch  an  i4<-eiid4iil  uver  unknown  naliona,  an  lit 
render  tlwm  inilriiiiietita  tuwaiiU  C4rrymg  hii  iciwiiw* 
into  eiecutiuii   [IDI] 

'Itw  etnllation  of  the  H|iaiiiarda,  on  accompliiliing 
Ihli  arduoua  eiiterpriee,  W44  4I  llrat  viceaaivn  Uul 
thia  wii  quickly  damped  by  the  cruel  iliaa|i|Hiiiilmenl  of 
thuie  aanguiiiii  hujM'a  winch  liuil  animiilcil  lliein  4iiiida4 
40  many  hardahqw  and  dangera.  Iiwiead  uf  Ihu  iiiai- 
hauaiibia  wealth  which  they  eijiectcd  fruni  becninmg 
maatera  uf  Mnntciuma'a  iriuaurea,  and  the  ornainania 
of  40  many  lrmiile4,  their  ra|nu'iiiiianeaa  cuuld  oiiljr 
collect  an  incuiiaiderable  IkhiIv  uniidat  ruiiia  and  deaoU- 
Hull.  Uuatnnuiin,  iwini  ol  hia  iin|>ending  fate,  had 
ordered  what  reinamed  uf  the  richee  iiiiiiied  by  liu 
anceilorito  be  ihruwn  into  the  like.  The  liidiin  iuu- 
Iwriee,  while  the  ,Siiaiii4rd4  were  engegad  in  conllMI 
wilh  the  enemy,  had  carried  uir  lliu  niuai  valuable  put 
uf  the  i|ioil.  The  auin  lo  b«  illiidcd  iiiiong  the  cou- 
querora  wii  io  iiiiall  Ihit  intny  of  ihrm  diidained  to 
accept  of  the  pittince  which  fell  to  tlinir  ahire,  end  all 
murmured  iiid  eicUimod  ;  ennie  againet  (<'urte4  tai 
hii  conhdiiili,  whom  they  Biii|wcled  uf  having  aecrelljr 
apiiroprialcd  lo  their  own  uae  a  largo  jioriiun  of  tli* 
ricnei  which  ahould  have  livuii  brought  into  tha  com- 
mon itock  ;  uiliera,  igaiiiat  (lualimuiin,  whom  they 
Bccueeil  of  ubainucy  in  refuaing  tu  diacnvcr  the  plici 
where  he  lud  hliMcii  hi4  treuaurc. 

Ar|{iiiniMil4,  eiilrc4liea,  and  prainiu,'4  were  cmpluye4 

in  order  to  aoulliu  them,  but  with  ao  liltin  cH'uct,  thai 

Oorici,    from   aulicitudo  lu  chock  thia  growing  apt- 

rit  uf  diarnntent,  jjave  wiy  to  a  deed  which  itaina  U* 

lulury  of  ill  hii  grvil  actioni.     Without  rogardiojl  IM 

I  loniMir  di^.iilv  of  UiMtimoain,  or  feeling  tuv 


l^ ! 


t 


M4 

fef  iImm  vlrlaM  which  h*  hid  diipliycd,  h*  luhiMMd 
A*  unhuppy  monarch,  togilher  with  hit  chiaf  hforilc, 
M  torture,  in  ordvr  to  fore*  from  ihcin  •  diKo^vry  of 
•kt  ntytl  troaiiirei,  which  it  wh  •U|i|HiMd  tliey  liad 
(oncciivd.  (luiiliiiioiin  bora  wh>l««>r  thti  rcHnatt  cru- 
tilly  of  hia  loriiu'nlora  i-uuld  iiillicl,  with  iho  iiiviiicibi* 
frrliliidv  of  in  Anmricaii  warrior.  Ilia  MIow-aulfarer, 
•vnrcoiiio  by  tho  viiilriiea  of  Iha  anguiih,  turned  ■  da- 
i»lt'd  oyo  lowarda  hia  maaler,  which  aacincd  to  implore 
lie  iicrniiaaioii  to  reveal  all  that  he  know.  Uul  tlx 
bitfh  npiriteil  prince,  darting  on  liiin  a  look  of  authority 
DiinKled  with  Mom,  checked  hia  wcakiieia  by  aakiiiK, 
"  Am  I  now  repoainu  on  a  bed  of  llowora  I  Over- 
■wec  iiy  the  rcproaun,  the  favorite  pcraeverrd  in  hia 
dutiful  ailence  ind  expired.  Cortea,  aahamrd  of  a  iceno 
aohorri'1,  readied  the  royal  victim  from  the  ha"daof 
hia  tortiirera,  and  piolonjjed  a  life  roaerved  for  iiaw  in- 
dl|{niliea  and  aulfciiiiKa. 

I'he  fate  of  the  capital,  aa  both  partiea  had  foreacen, 
decided  that  of  the  empire.  The  provincea  aubmilted 
•no  after  anotiicr  to  the  conaucrora.  8mill  uetach- 
wpnta  of  8|)aiiiarda  murchinu  t[irau||li  ihcm  without  m- 
iciruptioii,  peiietralfd  in  dilfi'rcnt  qiiartcra  to  the  great 
Soullif-n  Ocean,  which,  arcording  to  tho  idcaa  ot  Co- 
luinbua,  they  Ima'  nnl  would  open  a  ahott  aa  well  aa 
aaay  paaaage  to  Kaal  Inilioa,  and  aecura  to  the 
crown  of  Caatil*  .  1  tho  envied  wealth  of  ihoae  fertile 
regiona ;  and  the  active  mind  of  Cortea  begun  alreiidy 
to  form  acheinea  for  attempting  thia  iinjiorUiit  dia- 
coverv. 

He'  did  not  know,  that  during  the  progreaa  of  hia 
*letorioua  arma  in  Mciico,  the  very  acheino,  of  wliicli 
ho  began  to  form  aoma  idea,  had  been  undertuken  and 
accomplikhed.  Aa  Ihia  ia  one  of  tho  inoit  aplondid 
evcnta  in  :he  hialiiry  of  tho  S|ianiah  diacovcriea,  and 
haa  been  productive  of  cITecta  |ieculiarly  interealing  to 
Ihosn  extenaive  provincea  which  (.'ortea  had  now  aub- 
iectcd  10  tiic  crown  of  Cieiile,  the  account  of  ita  riae 
and  progresa  menla  a  particular  detail. 

Perdniand  Magalhacna,  or  MagolUii,  a  Porlugueao 
ge.illeman  of  hoiiorablo  birth,  having  aervcd  aevoral 
yeara  in  the  East  Indica,  with  diatinguialicd  valor,  un- 
der the  fair.o  .a  Albiiquornue,  demanded  tho  recompense 
which  he  thought  due  to  hia  services,  with  the  boldiieaa 
uatural  to  a  high  spirited  soldier.  Uut  as  hia  general 
would  lint  grant  hia  auit,  and  he  eipocted  greater  jua- 
tice  from  his  sovereign,  whom  he  knew  to  boakooil 
'i:dge  and  a  generous  rewarder  of  merit,  he  quitteu  In- 
dia alruplly,  and  returned  to  Lisbon  In  order  to  in- 
dued Kinanucl  to  lialen  more  favorably  to  hia  olaiin,  he 
not  only  atatcil  his  past  aervicea,  but  oflered  to  add  to 
them  hv  condu  ung  Ma  countrymen  to  the  Molucca  or 
•Spice  fslands,  by  holding  a  westerly  courne  ;  which  lie 
conitndi^d  would  bo  lioth  ahorter  and  leas  hiintdoua 
than  that  which  the  Portuguese  now  followed  by  the 
Cape  of  Good  llnpe,  through  the  iinmenae  extent  of 
the  Kaatern  Ocnun.  This  waa  the  original  and  iavorito 
project  of  Columbus,  and  Magellan  founded  his  hojiea 
of  soccess  on  the  ideas  of  that  great  navigator,  con- 
firmed by  many  ulnvrvationa,  the  reaiilt  of  hia  own 
naval  oiperiencc,  as  well  as  that  of  hia  country- 
men In  their  intercourse  with  the  East.  Uul  though 
the  Portuguese  monarcha  had  tho  merit  of  having  lirat 
awakened  and  encouraged  the  spirit  of  discovery  in 
that  age,  it  was  their  destiny,  in  Iho  course  of  a  few 
years,  to  reject  two  grand  schemes  for  this  purpose, 
the  execution  of  which  would  have  been  ationued  with 
I  great  acccstion  of  glory  to  themselves,  and  of  power 
to  their  kingdom.  In  consequence  of  some  ill  founded 
prejudice  against  Magellan,  or  of  some  dark  intrigue 
which  contemporary  hiatoriuna  have'  not  explained, 
Kinanucl  would  neither  bestow  thb  recompense  which 
So  claimed,  nor  approve  of  the  scheme  which  he  pro- 
iwsM ;  and  dismissed  him  with  a  disdainful  coldness 
mlt  erahio  to  a  man  conscious  of  what  he  dcaervcd, 
and  animated  with  the  sanguine  hopes  of  success  pe- 
culiar to  those  who  aro*capablo  of  fonning  or  of  ciin- 
ducting  new  and  great  undertakings.  In  a  transport  of 
resentment,  [1517]  Magellan  formally  renounced  his 
allcgiince  to  an  ungrateful  master,  and  Hod  to  the  court 
of  C  istile,  where  he  ex|iected  that  his  talents  woald  bo 
more  justly  estimated.  Ho  endeavored  to  recommend 
hiinaelf  by  ofleriiig  to  execute,  under  tho  patronage  of 
Spain,  that  scheme  which  lie  liail  laid  Dcforc  tho  court 
01  Portiiijal,  tho  nicoinpliahincnt  of  which,  he  knew, 
would  wound  tho  monarch  against  whom  he  waa  exas- 
perated In  liin  mout  tender  part.  In  order  to  vstabliah 
Uar  luttneas  of  hii  theory,  ho  produced  tho  same  argu- 
oi^i.ta  which  he  had  employed  at  Mslion  ;  acknowledg- 
ing, at  the  same  imo,  that  the  undertaking  waa  both 
arauoua  and  ex|iensive,  aa  it  could  not  be  attempted 
but  with  a  aqiudioo  of  cotuiderable  force,  and  vie- 


ROORKTSUN'S  lUSTUnV   OP 


liialled  for  at  least  two  years.  Kortuiiately,  ho  applied 
lo  a  m'  'ster  who  waa  not  apt  to  lie  deterred  either  by 
the  Imlilneas  of  a  design,  or  llie  eipenoa  ol  carrying  it 
into  execution.  Cardinal  Xiiiienea,  who  at  that  time 
diraclMl  tlie  all'aira  of  Spain,  diacerniiia  at  oncn  what 
an  increase  of  wealth  and  glory  would  accrue  to  liia 
country  by  the  aucceas  of  Mai'ellan'a  projioaal,  liali'iied 
to  it  with  a  moat  favorable  ear.  Charlea  V,  on  hia  ar- 
rival in  hia  8|nnish  dominions,  entered  into  the  meaaiire 
with  no  less  ardor,  and  orders  were  iaaued  for  equip- 
ping a  proper  squsdron  at  the  public  charge,  of  winch 
the  coniinaiid  was  given  to  Magellan,  whom  tho  king 
honored  with  the  habit  of  St.  Jago  and  the  title  of  Cap- 
lain  general. 

Un  the  tenth  of  August,  one  thousand  five  hundred 
and  nineteen,  Magellan  aailed  from  Seville  with  live 
ships,  which,  ai'ciirding  to  the  ideas  of  the  age,  weie 
deemed  lo  lie  of  considerable  force,  Ihuiigli  the  burden 
of  the  largest  did  not  exceed  one  hundred  and  twenty 
toiia.  The  crews  of  the  whole  amuunted  to  two  hun- 
dred and  thirty-four  men,  among  whuin  were  some  of 
the  most  skilful  pilots  in  Spain,  and  several  Portuguese 
sailors,  in  whose  experience,  as  mure  extemive,  Ma- 
gellan placed  atill  gnialer  confiilenco.  After  touching 
at  the  Canariea,  he  atood  directly  aoulh  lowarda  the 
equinoctial  line  along  tho  coaat  ot  America,  but  was  ao 
long  retarded  by  tedious  calms,  and  siieut  so  much  lime 
in  searching  overy  bay  and  inlet  for  that  coiuinunication 
with  the  Sontliern  Ucean  which  he  wialied  to  discover, 
that  lie  did  not  reach  tlie  river  Ue  la  Plata  'ill  the 
twelfth  of  January,  [1590.]  That  spacioua  opening 
through  which  its  vaat  body  of  water  |ioura  into  the  .\t- 
lantic  allured  him  to  enter ;  but  after  aailnig  up  it  for 
aome  days,  he  concluded  from  the  ahallownesa  of  tho 
alream  and  the  freshness  of  iha  water,  that  tlie  wislied- 
for  strait  waa  not  situated  there,  and  continued  hia 
course  towards  the  south.  Un  ihe  tliirly-lirst  of  March 
,he  arrived  in  the  Port  ol  St.  Julian,  about  forty-eight 
degreca  aoulh  of  the  line,  where  ho  resolved  to  winter, 
in  tliia  uncomfortable  atation  he  lost  one  of  hia  squa- 
dron ;  and  the  Spaniarda  sulfured  so  much  from  the 
excessive  rigor  of  the  climate,  that  Iho  crowa  of  thrun 
of  his  shipa,lieaded  by  their  oHicers,  rose  in  open  mu- 
i  ny,  and  iiiaisted  on  relinquishing  the  visionary  project 
o'  a  desperate  lulventurer,  and  returning  directly  to 
Sp,iin.  This  dangerous  iiiaurrcclion  Magellan  sup. 
preaLtd,  by  an  eHort  of  courage  no  leaa  prompt  tlian 
I'ltrcpd,  and  inQicted  exemplary  puiiislinient  on  Iho 
ringleaders.  With  tho  rcinaiudrr  of  his  followers, 
overawed  uut  not  reconciled  to  hia  achemo,  he  con- 
tinued hia  voyage  lowarda  the  south,  and  at  length  dis- 
covered, near  the  tifty-third  degree  of  lalituuc,  tho 
mouth  of  a  atrait,  into  which  he  entered,  iiutwithsland- 
ing  the  murmura  and  rcnionaltanccs  of  the  people  un- 
der hia  command.  After  sailing  twenty  daya  in  that 
winding  dangeroua  chimnel,  lo  which  he  gave  his  own 
name,  and  where  one  of  hia  ships  deserted  luiii,  the 
great  Southern  Ocean  opened  to  his  view,  and  with 
teara  of  joy  ho  returned  thanks  to  Heaven  for  having 
lliua  far  crowned  hia  endeavors  with  success. 

Uut  he  waa  still  at  a  greater  distance  than  he  iina- 

Sined  from  the  object  of  Ins  wiahea.  He  sailed  during 
ireo  montlis  and  twenty  daya  in  a  uniform  direction 
towarda  the  nurlh-weat  without  discovering  land.  In 
thia  voyage,  ttie  longest  that  had  ever  been  made  in  the 
unbounded  ocean,  he  suir>'red  incredible  distresv.  Ilia 
stock  of  provisions  waa  almoat  exhausted,  (he  water 
became  putrid,  tlie  men  were  reduced  to  the  shortest 
allowance  with  which  it  waa  possible  to  sustain  life,  and 
the  scurvy,  the  moat  dreadful  of  all  the  maladies  >vi:it 
which  sea-faring  (leoplo  are  indicted,  began  to  s;/read 
among  the  crew.  One  circuinalancu  atone  all'orded 
them  some  coni^olation ;  they  enjoyed  an  uninterrupted 
course  of  fair  weather,  with  such  favorable  winds  that 
Magellan  bestowed  on  thai  ocean  the  name  of  Facific, 
which  it  aiill  retains.  Wlien  reduced  lo  such  exlrn- 
mity  that  they  niuat  have  sunk  under  their  aull'erings, 
they  fell  in  with  a  cluster  of  ainall  but  fertile  islands 
[March  6,]  which  alTarded  them  refrealimenta  in  such 
abundance,  that  their  health  was  soon  re-established. 
From  these  iaiea,  which  he  called  De  lo*  Ladront;  ho 
proceeded  on  hia  voyage,  and  aoon  made  a  more  im- 
portant diicoverj'  of  the  islands  now  known  by  the 
name  of  the  I'hilipfintt.  In  one  of  these  he  got  into 
an  unfortuni<.te  quarrel  with  tho  natives,  who  attacked 
him  with  a  nuniuruus  body  of  troops  well  armed ;  and 
while  he  fought  at  the  head  o  hia  men  with  his  usual 
valor,  ho  fell  [April  20]  by  the  hands  of  those  barba- 
riana,  togeilier  with  several  of  his  principal  otiicers. 

The  expedition  "as  proseeuteu  under  other  com- 
loanders.  Afie  -  iting  many  of  the  ainaller  isles 
acatierod  iti  A«  ? .  .orn  part  of  the  Indian  ocban,  they 


touched  al  the  great  faland  of  Domcn,  [Not.  k]  wA 
at  length  landed  in  Tidore,  one  of  the  Moli'ccaa,  lalbi 
ailonirhment  of  the  I'nitiigiiese,  who  I'ouid  ,iot  coot- 
prnhend  how  the  Spaniards,  by  holding  a  weaiail* 
course,  had  arrived  at  that  sequestered  ai  al  of  theii 
most  valimble  comii<trce,  which  tlicy  then  aalvea  hwi 
discovered  by  sailini  m  an  o|i|iO<ile  Jireclio.i.  Than^ 
and  in  the  adjaci'nt  .  lea,  the  Spaniards  found  a  peop^ 
acquainted  with  the  .lenefila  of  exirnaive  trwle,  knd 
willing  lo  o|ien  an  inlercourao  with  a  now  nation.  They 
took  m  a  cargo  of  Ihe  precious  spices,  which  are  ihe 
dislingnislii'd  protliiclion  of  these  islands ;  and  with 
that,  as  well  ss  wuh  specimens  of  the  rich  coinmoditiaa 
yiehled  by  the  other  countries  which  they  had  visitadi 
the  Vwlitry,  which,  of  the  two  ships  that  remained  el 
Ihe  sipiadron,  waa  moat  fit  for  a  long  voyage,  ael  »:i| 
for  Kiirope,  [Jan.  XfiVil  under  Ihe  rominand  of  Juan 
Sriuatian  del  Cano.  Hi  followed  the  course  of  the 
Porliignese,  by  Ihe  CaM  of  Good  Hope,  and  after 
disastera  and  siifTerings  he  arrived  al  St.  Lncar  on  the 
aevrnlh  of  .Septeinher,  one  ttiouaand  five  hundred  ami 
■evpiily-lwo,  having  aailed  round  the  globe  in  the  space 
of  three  years  and  twenty-eigl.t  days. 

Thoiign  an  untimely  fate  deprived  Magellan  of  Ihe 
sstisfsriion  of  accomplishing  iSis  great  undertaking, 
his  contenuioraries,  just  to  liis  memory  and  tulenia 
atrrilied  to  liiin  not  only  the  holier  of  having  formed 
tho  plan,  but  of  having  surmounted  almost  every  ob> 
alscle,  lo  the  completion  of  it ;  anif  in  tho  present  age 
hia  name  ia  still  ranked  among  the  highest  in  tho  rol 
of  eminent  and  succeasful  navigalora.  Tho  naval 
glory  of  Spain  now  eclipsed  that  otevory  other  nation ; 
and  by  a  singular  felicity  ahe  had  Iho  merit,  in  the 
course  of  a  few  years,  of^discovering  i  new  continent 
aliuosl  as  largo  aa  that  part  of  the  cirth  which  waa  fur- 
iiicrty  known,  and  of  uB<:ertaining  by  experience  Ihe 
form  and  extent  of  Ihe  whole  of  the  terraqueous  glulio. 

The  Spaniards  were  not  aatisned  with  the  glory  ol 
iiaving  lirsl  encompassed  the  earth ;  they  expected  la 
derive  great  rnmniercial  advanlagea  from  this  new  and 
boldest  elfurt  of  their  maritime  skill.  The  men  of 
science  among  them  contended,  that  the  Spice  Islands, 
and  seversl  of  tho  richest  countries  in  tho  List,  were 
so  situated  as  to  belong  of  right  lo  the  crown  of  Cud- 
tile,  in  consequence  of  tho  partitions  niadu  ty  Alo- 
ander  VI,  The  merchants,  without  attending  to  thia 
diacuaaion,  engaged  eagerly  in  that  lucrative  and  allur- 
ing commerce,  which  was  now  open  lo  ibem.  The 
Portuguese,  alarmed  at  tho  inlriision  of  such  form  dahia 
rivals,  remonstrated  and  negotiated  in  Kiirope,  while 
in  Asia,  ihcy  obstructed  the  trade  of  the  Spaniards  by 
force  of  arms.  Charles  V.,  not  aulHciently  inslruclcf 
with  respect  to  the  importance  of  this  valuable  lirrnch 
of  commerce,  or  distracted  hy  the  multi|)licity  of  hia 
sclienu's  and  operatioiiH,  did  nut  allord  hia  suiijrcta 
proper  protection  At  hist,  the  low  stale  of  bis  liiian- 
ccs,  exhaiiated  by  the  eD'nrls  of  bis  arms  in  every  purl 
of  Europe,  together  with  the  dread  of  adding  a  new 
war  with  Portugal  to  those  in  which  he  waa  already  en- 
gaged, induced  him  to  make  over  his  claim  of  tho  Mo- 
luccaa  to  the  Portuguese  for  three  hundred  and  fifty 
ihonsand  ducats.  Ho  reserved,  however,  to  the  cruwu 
of  Castile  tho  right  of  reviving  its  prcteimions  on  re- 
payment of  that  sum  ;  but  other  objects  cngrnssed  his 
attention  and  that  of  his  successors ;  and  »S)>ain  was 
finally  excluded  from  a  branch  of  commerce  in  whicl' 
,r  was  engaiiing  with  sanguine  ex|icclatiuiis  of  prolli 

Though  the  trade  with  Ihe  Moluccas  was  relin 
quished,  tho  voyage  of  Magellan  was  followed  hy  coin 
inercial  eHects  of  great  moment  to  Spain.  Itnlip  II., 
in  the  year  one  thousand  five  hundred  and  ai\ty-f«ur. 
reduced  those  islands  which  ho  discovered  in  the  East- 
ern ocean  to  subjection,  and  established  settleinenta 
there ;  between  which  and  the  kingdom  of  New  Sjiain 
a  regular  intercourse,  the  nature  of  which  shall  bo  ex- 
plained in  its  proper  place,  ia  still  carried  on.  I  rctun> 
now  to  the  tranaactions  in  New  Spain. 

At  the  time  that  Cortes  v/ns  acquiring  such  exten- 
sive territories  for  his  native  country,  and  preparing  tlit> 
way  for  future  conquests,  it  waa  hia  singular  fate  no*, 
only  to  be  destitute  of  any  commission  or  authority 
from  tho  sovereign  whom  ho  was  serving  with  such 
successful  zeal,  but  to  be  regarded  aa  an  uiiduliful  and 
seditious  subject.  l)y  the  influence  of  Fonseca,  IJishop 
of  Uurgos,  his  conduct  in  assuming  the  government  ol 
New  Spain  waa  declared  to  be  an  irregular  usurpation, 
in  contempt  of  the  royal  authority  ;  and  Chriatova!  ii 
Tapia  received  a  commission,  emjiowcring  him  to 
siHieracde  Cortes,  to  seize  his  person,  to  confiscate  hie 
eilccta,  lo  make  a  alrict  scrutiny  into  his  proceedings, 
and  to  transmit  the  result  of  all  the  inquiries  carried  oa 
in  New  Sjiatn  to  the  Count  il  of  the  ludioi)  of  wiick 


!     I  ! 


! 


)iO0TH  AMRRTOA. 


186 


Lch  cxten- 

glaring  tlw 

|r  fatn  v,o', 

A  authoritr 

Iwith  8urh 

lutirul  mid 

|>,  Uishop 

Vnnicnt  ol 

Burpation, 

Istova!  ii 

him  to 

iBcate  hii 

Iccdings, 

lamed  oa 

lofwikfe 


dM  Biihop  of  Durgo*  waa  |>ntiiil«n(  A  Taw  week* 
•nci  Um  reduction  of  Meiico,  'i'apia  landi'd  >l  Vera 
Orua  will)  the  royal  inandaiv  tu  iirip  it»  cuiuiuiirnr  u( 
hi»  powvr.  mid  treat  him  aa  u  crimiiiul.  lint  V'aiii<e<'u 
bail  chuien  a  very  iinpriiiiiT  iiinlrumimt  to  wreak  Inn 
vengeance  on  (^irtna.  '1  apia  had  iirithcr  tlio  rvpiita- 
tinn  nor  the  talenti  that  aiiited  tko  hit(h  cuinmaiid  to 
which  hu  waa  appointed.  Ourtra,  wliiln  ho  piililirly  vx- 
preaacd  the  moa*.  riispretrul  vennralimi  lur  the  vin- 
pfinr  a  aiilhnrily,  aecrctly  took  iiiouaurea  to  defoat  tlio 
(llfC  of  hia  coinmiaaion  1  and  haviiiK  involved  Tapiu 
(lid  Ilia  followcra  in  a  inultipliiily  nf  nogoliationa  and 
conforencva,  In  which  he  aoniciiinea  had  ri'coiirae  to 
Ihreata,  but  moie  frrquently  vinployed  briliea  and 
promiaea,  he  at  length  prevailed  ujion  that  weak  man 
lo  abandon  a  province  which  he  waa  unworthy  of  go- 
verning. 

But  nolwithalandinK  the  fortunate  dexterity  with 
which  he  had  eluded  thia  dinger,  (.'ortet  waa  ao  aoiiai- 
ble  of  the  precnriuua  tenure  by  which  ho  held  hia 
power,  that  he  deapatched  dcputiea  to  8|>aiii  [May  IS.] 
with  a  pomgioua  account  of  the  aucceaa  of  hia  arma, 
with  furihcr  apcciuiena  of  the  productiona  of  (ho  coun- 
try, and  with  rich  prcaonia  to  the  einpcrnr,  aa  the  oar- 
neat  of  future  contrikuliona  from  hia  new  conipirata ; 
requealing,  in  recoinpeiiao  for  all  hia  aerviies,  the  ap- 
orubalion  of  hia  proci^dinga,  and  lliat  ho  might  be  iii- 
Iniated  with  the  governinenl  of  tlioae  dominiona,  which 
hia  conduct  ar.i  the  valor  of  hia  followers  had  added 
In  the  rtown  of  Caatilo,  The  juncture  in  which  hia 
depuliea  reached  the  court  waa  favorable.  The  inter- 
nal commotiona  in  Npaiii,  which  had  iliaqiiicted  the  bo- 
ginning  of  Charlea'a  reign,  were  juat  appeased.  The 
niinialera  had  leisure  to  tnrn  their  atlciition  towanla 
foreign  atfairs.  The  account  of  Cortca'a  victorica 
dlled  Ilia  >;unlrymen  with  admiration.  The  eitint  and 
value  of  Ilia  confiuesls  became  the  object  of  vast  and 
interesting  liopoa.  Whatever  atnin  ho  might  have  coii- 
trartcd,  by  the  irregularity  of  the  stepa  which  ho  took 
'.n  order  lo  attain  power,  waa  so  fully  elTaccd  by  the 
■plandor  and  merit  of  the  groat  actiona  which  thia  had 
enabled  him  lo  perforin,  that  every  heart  revolted  al  the 
thought  of  inflicting  any  censure  on  a  man  whoao  aer- 
vicea  entitled  him  tu  the  highest  marka  of  distinction. 
Tlie  public  voice  declared  warmly  in  favor  of  his  pro- 
Kmiona ;  and  Charles,  arriving  in  Spain  about  thia 
time,  adopted  Uio  aentimoiita  of  his  aubjecta  wiili  a 
ysutliful  aidor      Notwithstanding  the  claims  of  Velaa- 

Juei,  and  the  partial  represontations  of  the  Bishop  of 
lurgca,  the  emperor  appointed  Cortea  captain  gnnerul 
■111  governor  of  New  Spain,  judging  that  no  person 
waa  so  capable  of  maintaining  the  royal  authority,  or  of 
establishing  good  order  both  among  hia  Spanish  and 
Indian  subjects,  as  the  victorious  loatlcr  whom  the  for- 
mer had  long  been  accustomed  to  oliey,  and  the  latiet 
ht'l  been  taus;ht  to  fear  and  lo  respect. 

Even  before  hia  jurixdiction  received  thin  legal  sanc- 
tlun,  Cortea  ventured  to  exercise  all  the  powers  of  a 
(•nroiurr,  and,  by  various  arrangements,  endeavored 
to  render  hia  ccnouest  a  st  :uro  and  beneficial  acquisi- 
tion to  hia  country.  He  determined  to  eatablish  the 
seat  of  govemnici.*.  in  its  anciti.t  station,  and  to  raise 
Meiio  again  from  its  ruins  ;  and  having  conceived 
high  ideas  concerning  the  future  graiid<-'ur  of  the  state 
of  which  he  wiis  laying  the  foundation,  he  began  to  re- 
build  its  capital  on  a  pUn  which  hath  gradually  formed 
the  most  niagniticcnt  city  in  the  New  World.  At  the 
aaino  time,  he  employed  skilful  persona  to  aearch  for 
mines,  in  dilTerent  parts  of  the  couiilry,  and  opened 
aoino  which  were  found  to  be  richer  than  any  which 
the  Spaniards  had  hitherto  discovered  in  .\mcrica 
He  detached  his  principal  ollicers  into  the  remote  pro- 
vinces, and  encouraged  them  to  settle  there,  not  only 
by  bcatowing  npom  them  large  tracts  of  land,  hut  by 
granting  them  the  aamc  dominion  over  (he  Indians,  and 
Ihe  same  right  lo  their  service,  which  the  Spaniards 
bad  assumed  in  the  islands. 

It  was  not  however,  without  difTicuIly  that  the  Mexi- 
can empire  could  be  entirely  reduced  into  the  form  of 
■  Spanish  colony.  Enraged  and  rendered  desperate  by 
cppression,  the  natives  often  forgot  the  superiority  of 
their  enemies,  and  ran  to  arma  in  defence  of  tlicir 
bberties.  In  every  contest,  however,  the  Pluropcan 
valor  a«'.d  discipline  prevailed.  But  fatally  for  the  ho- 
iior  ot  tneir  cuu.itry,  the  Spaniards  sullied  the  glory  re- 
dounding from  theae  repeated  victories  by  their  mode 
of  treating  Ihe  vanquished  people.  After  taking  Guali 
tnozin,  and  becoming  musters  of  his  capital,  they  aiip- 
boaed  that  the  king  of  Castile  entered  on  poascssio.t  of 
tU  Iho  rights  of  Ihe  captive  monarch,  >nd  alfecled  to 
cgniidei  every  effort  of  the  Mexicans  to  aasert  their 
•ra  iiidrp:r.deiu:e,  aa  the  lebellion  cf  vaaoala  againat 


their  aovereigii,  or  the  iniiliny  of  alavea  againat  their 
maater.  ruder  the  aanctioii  of  thoao  ill  founded  max- 
mis,  lliey  violated  every  right  that  should  be  heldaacred 
beuvi'eii  hostile  iiatiuna.  Alter  eacti  insurrection,  they 
reiliiced  the  common  peoiilo,  in  the  provinces  which 
they  subdued,  to  Ihe  moat  liuinilidlingof  all  conditions, 
that  of  (H-rsunal  aervituile.  Their  chiefs,  Biip|K)sed  In 
lie  more  criiiiiiial,  were  punialied  with  greater  severity, 
and  put  tu  death  in  Ihe  moat  igiioniinioua  or  the  most 
exrruniating  niu<le  that  the  insolence  or  the  cruelty  of 
their  lonijiierora  coiiUI  devise.  In  almost  every  district 
of  the  Mexican  empire,  the  progreaa  of  the  Spaniah 
arms  is  marked  with  bloo<l,aiid  with  deeda  ao  atrocious 
as  disgrace  the  enterprising  valor  that  conducted  them 
tosiicceis.  lu  Iho  country  of  I'anuco,  aixty  caxiquea 
or  leadera,  and  fuur  hundred  noblea  were  burnt  al  one 
time.  Nor  was  thia  ahocking  barbarity  per|ietratcd  in 
any  sudden  aally  of  rage,  or  by  a  commander  of  inferior 
note.  It  waa  the  act  of  Sandoval,  an  olficer  whoae  name 
is  entitled  to  the  second  rank  in  the  annals  of  New 
Spain,  and  executed  after  a  aoleinn  consultation  with 
Cortea ;  and  lo  complete  the  horror  of  the  aeeno,  the 
children  and  relational  of  the  wret.^hid  victims  were  aa- 
senibled,  and  compelled  to  be  spectatora  of  their  dying 
ugnnica.  It  aeeins  hardly  posaitile  to  exceed  in  horror 
this  dreadful  example  of  aeverity  ;  but  it  waa  followed 
by  another,  which  ali'ected  the  Mexicans  atill  more 
aensibly,  as  it  gave  them  a  most  feeling  proof  of  their 
own  degradation,  and  of  the  small  regard  which  their 
haughty  masters  retained  for  Iho  ancient  dignity  and 
aplenilor  of  their  state.  Un  a  alight  suspicion,  con- 
liiined  by  very  imperfect  evidence,  that  Uiiuiiinoain  had 
formed  a  achemn  to  shako  olf  tho  yoke,  and  to  excite 
hia  former  aubjecta  lo  take  arms,  Cortes,  without  the 
formality  of  a  trial,  ordered  the  unhappy  monnrrli  to- 
gether with  Ihe  caziquoB  of  Toxuuco  and  Tac  tho 
two  persons  of  greatest  eminence  in  the  empn. .  to  bo 
hanged ;  and  the  Mexicans,  with  astoniahmoiit  and 
horror,  beheld  thia  disgracoful  punishment  inllicled  u|ion 
persimn  to  whom  thoy  wcrn  accustomod  to  look  up 
with  reverence  hardly  inferior  to  that  which  they  paid 
lo  the  goda  themselves.  [123]  The  example  of  Cortes 
and  his  principal  olficers  encouraged  and  justified  per- 
sons of  suliordinate  rank  to  venture  upon  committing 
greater  cicesaca.  Nuno  di'  (Siizman,  in  particular, 
aiainei!  an  Illustrious  niiiiiu  by  deeds  of  peculiar  enor- 
mity and  rigor,  in  various  expeditions  wnich  he  con- 
ducted. 

One  circumstance,  however,  saved  the  Mexicans 
from  further  consumption,  perhaps  from  aa  complete  aa 
that  which  had  depopulated  the  islands.  The  Aral  con- 
querors did  not  attempt  to  search  for  the  precious 
inelnls  in  tho  bowels  of  tlie  earth.  They  were  neither  suf- 
licicntly  wealthy  lo  carry  on  tho  expensive  works  v(hich 
arc  requisite  for  opening  those  deep  recesses  where 
nature  has  concealed  the  veina  of  gold  and  ailver,  nor 
suiru-ienily  skilful  to  perform  the  ingenious  operations 
by  which  those  precious  metals  are  separated  from  their 
respective  ores.  They  wero  sutisticd  with  tho  more 
ainiple  methoil,  practised  by  Ihe  Indiana,  of  washing 
the  earth  carried  down  rivers  and  torrenla  from  the 
mountains,  and  collecting  Ihe  grains  of  native  metal  de- 
posited there.  Tho  rich  mines  of  New  Spain,  which 
nave  |>oured  forth  their  treasures  with  such  profusion 
on  every  quarter  of  the  globe,  were  not  discovered  for 
several  years  after  the  conquest  By  that  time  [1502], 
&c.].  a  more  orderly  government  and  police  were  in- 
troduced into  the  colony ;  experience,  derived  from 
former  errors,  had  suggested  many  useful  and  humane 
regulations  for  the  protection  and  preservation  of  tho 
Indians ;  and  though  it  then  became  necessary  to  in- 
crease the  number  of  those  employed  in  the  mines,  and 
they  were  engaged  in  a  species  of  labor  more  pernicious 
to  the  human  constitution,  they  auHbred  les<i  hardship 
or  diminution  than  from  the  ill  judged,  but  less  exten- 
sive, schemes  of  the  first  conquerors. 

While  it  was  tho  lot  of  tho  Indians  to  st.fTer,  their 
new  masters  seemed  not  to  have  derived  any  consider- 
able wealth  from  their  ill  conducted  researches.  Ac- 
cording to  the  usual  fate  of  first  settlers  in  new  colonies, 
it  was  their  lot  lo  encounter  danger  and  to  struggle 
with  didicultios ;  the  fruits  of  their  victories  and  toils 
wero  reserved  for  times  of  tranquillity,  and  reaped  by 
successors  of  great  industry,  but  of  inferior  merit.  The 
early  haloriana  of  America  abound  with  accounts  of 
the  sutfenngs  and  of  the  poverty  of  its  conquerora.  In 
New  Spain,  their  condition  \>ts  rendered  more  grievous 
bv  0  ecutiar  arrangement.  When  Charles  V.  advanced 
(yortea  to  tho  government  of  that  country,  ho  at  the 
same  time  appointed  certain  commissioners  to  receive 
and  administer  the  royal  revenue  there,  with  independ- 
ent jurisdiction.     Those  men,   choaea  from   mferior 


alaliona  in  varioua  de|nrtmenla  of  public  buainni  11 
Madrid,  ivore  ao  much  elevated  with  lliair  prcqiolloai 
that  ihey  Ihoiighi  they  were  called  to  act  a  part  of  Iho 
first  cunseipienco.  But  being  accustomed  lo  Iho 
ininuto  furmalitiea  of  nince,  and  having  contracted  Iho 
narrow  ideaa  suited  to  the  sphere  in  which  they  had 
hitherto  moved,  Ihey  were  astonished  on  arriving  in 
Mexico  [IA24],  al  the  high  aiithorily  which  Cortea  ai 
ercised,  and  could  not  conceive  that  Ihe  mode  of  admi- 
niatulion,  in  a  country  recently  aub<liied  and  aettled, 
must  be  dilTerent  from  what  look  place  in  one  where 
tranquillity  and  regular  governmeni  had  been  longcaM* 
bliahed.  In  their  Icltera,  Ihey  represented  Cortea  ae 
an  amhitiuns  tyrant,  who,  having  usurped  a  ji.risdiolion 
auperior  lo  law,  aapired  al  independenco,  and,  by  Ilia 
exorbitant  wealth  and  exienaive  influence,  might  te< 
complish  those  disloyal  icheinea  which  ho  apparonlly 
meditated.  These  insinuationa  made  auch  deep  im< 
pression  upon  the  .Spanish  minialers  most  of  whoinhad 
been  formed  lo  business  under  Ihe  jealous  and  rigid  ad* 
miniatralion  of  Ferdinand,  that  unmindful  of  all  Corlea'a 
past  aerviccs,  and  regardless  of  what  he  waa  then  suf- 
fering ill  conducting  that  extraordinary  expedition,  in 
which  he  advancetf  from  tho  lake  of  Mexico  to  Ibe 
westbrn  extremities  of  Hondinis,  [1S3]  ihey  infused 
the  same  suspicions  into  Iho  minds  of  iheir  master,  and 
prevailed  on  iiim  to  order  a  solemn  inquest  lo  be  made 
into  his  condncl  [I52ri],  with  powers  lolho  licenliata 
Ponce  do  Iioon,  intrusted  with'that  eommisaion,  to 
aeiie  bis  person,  if  ho  should  find  that  expedient,  and 
send  him  piisoncr  to  Spain. 

Tho  audden  death  of  I'once  do  Leon,  i  few  daye 
after  bis  arrival  in  New  Spain,  prevented  the  execution 
of  this  commission.  But  as  the  object  of  his  appoint- 
ment w  as  known,  the  mind  of  ('ones  was  deeply  wound- 
ed with  tins  unexpected  return  for  services  which  fat 
exceeded  whatever  any  aubjecl  of  Spain  had  rendered 
to  bia  aovereign.  tie  endeavored,  however,  lo  main 
tain  hia  station,  and  lo  recover  the  confidence  of  the 
court.  But  every  person  in  office,  who  had  arrived 
from  Spain  ainco  Ihe  conquest,  was  a  spy  upon  hia  con- 
duct, and  with  malicioiia  ingenuity  gave  an  unfavorable 
representation  of  all  hia  actions.  The  apprchensiona 
of  Charles  and  hie  ministers  increased.  A  now  com- 
mission of  inquiry  was  issued  [1628],  with  more  ex- 
tensive powers,  and  various  precautions  wero  taken  in 
order  lo  prevent  or  lo  punish  him,  if  he  should  be  ao 
presumptuous  aa  lo  attempt  what  waa  inconsistent 
with  the  fidelity  of  a  suhjeet.  Cortes  beheld  the  ap- 
proaching crisis  of  his  fortune  with  all  tl,o  violent  emo- 
tions natural  to  a  haughty  mind  conscious  of  high  de- 
sert, and  receiving  unworthy  trcatmenl.  But  though 
some  of  his  desperate  followers  urged  him  to  assert  hia 
own  rights  against  his  ungrateful  country,  and  with  a 
liold  hand  to  seize  that  power  which  the  courtiers  mean- 
ly accused  him  of  coveting,  ho  retained  auch  self-com- 
mand, or  was  actuated  with  such  sentiments  of  loyalty, 
as  lo  reject  their  dangerous  counsels,  and  to  chnoso 
the  only  course  in  which  ho  could  accure  his  own  dig- 
nity, without  departing  from  his  duty.  He  resolvra 
not  lo  expose  himself  to  the  ignominy  of  a  trial  in  that 
country  which  had  been  the  scene  of  his  triumphs;  but, 
without  waiting  for  the  arrival  of  his  judges,  to  repair 
directly  to  Castile,  and  commit  himself  and  hia  cause 
to  the  justice  and  generosity  of  his  sovereign. 

Cortes  appeared  in  his  native  country  with  the  splen- 
dour that  suited  the  conqueror  of  a  mighty  kingdom. 
Ho  brought  with  him  a  great  part  of  his  wealth,  many 
jewels  and  ornaments  of  great  value,  several  curious 
productiona  of  the  country,  [124]  and  was  attended  by 
some  Mexicans  of  the  first  rank,  aa  well  aa  bv  the  most 
considerable  of  his  own  officers.  His  arrival  in  Spain 
removed  al  once  every  suspicion  and  fear  that  had  been 
entertained  with  respect  lo  hia  intentions.  The  em- 
peror, having  now  nothing  to  apprehend  from  the  de- 
signs of  Cortes,  received  him  like  a  person  whom  con 
sciousness  of  his  own  innocence  had  brought  into  tho 
presence  of  hia  master,  and  who  was  entitled,  by  the 
eminence  of  his  servicea.  to  the  highest  marks  of  dia- 
linetion  and  respect.  The  order  of  St.  Jago,  the  title 
of  Marquis  del  Valle  dc  Guaxaca,  the  grant  of  an  am 
pie  territory  in  New  Spain,  were  successively  bestowed 
upon  him  ;  and  as  his  manners  wero  correct  and  ele- 
gant, although  he  had  passed  the  greater  part  of  his  lifn 
among  rough  adventurers,  the  emperor  admitted  him  to 
the  same  familiar  intercourse  with  liimself.  that  v,^ 
enjoyed  by  noblemen  of  the  first  rank. 

But,  amidst  those  external  pruufs  of  regani,  symp- 
toms of  remaining  distrust  appealed.  Though  Carlo* 
earnestly  solicited  to  be  reinstated  in  tho  guvemtnen' 
of  New  Spain,  Charles,  too  aagacioua  lo  commit  eueh 
an  importanl  charge  to  a  man  whom  he  bad  once  w* 


II 


( 


jil'i 


IM 


KODEHTSON*S   HISTORY  Of 


i 


ti|!( 


^ 


.li 


■;  ;'  1 1 


,  ptramploriljr  nfuMd  lo  invnl  him  iiptin  wilh 
I  which  Bc  niighl  find  il  impoMiblit  to  coiiirol. 
)!«nci,  lhoii|{h  ili|(iiiri«l  with  n«w  litlei,  rrturiioU  to 
Mciico  (lAUOj,  Willi  iliininiMinl  •uDionty  The  niili- 
Vuy  dr|)«rtmeiit,  with  powori  lu  attempt  new  tlivco- 
fariei,  wti  left  in  hit  hanilf ;  but  the  auprrms  diKctioii 
of  civil  alfaira  wai  placril  in  a  boaril  called  The  Au- 
iirRtt  of  iVfw  tS/>difl.  At  a  aiibacqiient  period,  whi-ii, 
upon  the  incr«aa«  »i  ihti  colony,  the  exertion  of  authority 
morn  imitfil  and  vitcnaivc  liecanin  receaaary,  Antonio 
d<  Mendoia,  •  nobleman  of  hiffh  ronk,  waa  aent  thither 
u  i'lteroy,  to  lake  the  government  into  hia  handa. 

Thia  diviaioii  of  |iuwer  in  New  S|>ain  proved,  oa  waa 
unavoutable,  th«  aource  of  per|>elual  diaacnaion,  which 
mibitiorad  the  .ifa  of  Cortea,  and  thwarted  all  hia 
•ehemea.  Aa  be  had  now  m  opportunity  to  diaplay 
hia  active  lalonta  but  in  atteinpi  mg  new  diacnveriea,  he 
formed  virioua  achvinea  for  th  t  piir(ioan,  all  of  which 
liear  iinpreaaion*  of  a  seiiiua  tiiat  delighted  in  what  waa 
bold  and  apleiidxl.  lie  early  eiitertiined  an  idea,  that, 
eillier  by  atcerins  through  the  Ciulf  of  Florida  aloiia  the 
Mat  coaat  of  North  Aiiirrica,  aome  strait  would  bo 
Ibund  that  communicated  with  the  weatem  ocean  ;  or 
that,  by  oxflrniiiiii^r  ihii  jathmua  cat  Darivn.  aoiue  paaaajie 
would  liH  tlif«uvFri-«i  between  Hia  North  ana  iSouth 
8eaB.  Uut  having;  lieeii  diaappwinlMi  in  hia  oapccta- 
tioni  wilh  rcapoct  la  both,  he  now  i-anl'incd  hia  f  iewa 
lo  auch  vovafxca  of  diacovery  aa  he  ctould  make  from 
the  porta  nl  New  Mpain  in  the  South  Nea.  'I'hore  ho 
filled  out  Hucccsaively  aeveral  tiiiuli  M^iiadrons,  which 
oitlier  pcrialioil  in  ilie  attempt,  or  icturncd  without 
making  any  diHcovory  of  moment,  ('ortea,  weary  of 
inlrustMi};  tin-  conduct  uf  hia  operation*  to  othera,  took 
)he  rv.iuinatid  of  a  new  armament  in  peraon  [1536]  ; 
•nd,  after  endiiiiniT  incredililft  imrdHtiipa,  and  encoun- 
trrni){ danger*  ol  every  apeciia,  he  dmcovcreU  the  largo 
peiiiniula  of  California,  and  aimcyeil  the  greater  imrt 
of  the  gulf  which  aeparatea  it  from  New  i^pajn.  The 
diacovery  of  a  country  of  auch  extent  would  have  re- 
6cctcd  credit  on  a  common  adventurer ;  but  it  could 
idd  little  new  honor  ti  the  name  of  .Corlna,  and  was 
far  from  satisfying  llie  sanguine  cipcctation»  which  lie 
bad  formed.  Disgusted  with  ill  aiicccaa,  lo  which  lie 
bad  nut  been  accualomed,  and  weary  of  ciiiilRating  with 
idvenarica  to  whom  he  considered  it  aa  n  ilingraco  to 
be  opposed,  he  once  more  sought  for  redress  in  hia  na- 
tive country  [1540]. 

Uut  hia  reception  there  waa  very  ditTcrent  from  that 
which  gratitude,  and  even  decency,  ought  to  have  se- 
cured for  him.  The  merit  of  hia  ancient  ciploita  was 
Uready,  in  a  great  measure,  forgotten  or  eclipsed  by 
the  fame  of  recent  and  more  valuabin  coni|ucBta  in 
•nothcr  quarter  of  America.  No  acrvice  of  moment 
waa  now  expected  from  a  man  of  declining  yours,  and 
who  began  to  be  unfortunate.  The  emperor  behaved 
to  him  with  cold  civility ;  hia  ministers  treated  him 
■ometjinea  with  neglect,  aomctimca  with  insolence. 
His  sricvances  received  no  redrcsa  ;  hia  claims  were 
UlgM  without  efTect  ;  and  after  several  years  apent  in 
fruitiest  application  to  miniatcra  and  judgea,  an  occu- 
uation  the  moat  irksome  and  mortifying  to  a  man  of 
nigh  spirit,  who  had  moved  in  a  sphere  where  he 
waa  more  acciistoinru  to  command  than  to  solicit. 
Coites  ended  hia  days  on  the  second  of  Deer  inber,  one 
thousand  five  hundred  and  forty-seven,  in  tint  siily- 
aecond  year  of  hia  age.  Ilia  late  waa  the  same  with 
that  of  all  the  persona  who  distinguished  tlieinsolvcs  in 
the  discovery  or  conquest  of  the  New  World.  Envied 
by  hia  contemporaries,  and  ill  rcquilcd  by  the  court 
which  he  aerved,  ho  has  been  admired  and  celebrated 
by  succeeding  ages.  Which  has  formed  the  moat  jiiai 
estimate  of  his  character,  an  impartial  conaideralion  uf 
bis  actiona  must  determine. 


DO  OK    VI. 

Bistoryof  the  conquest  of  Peru  l,y  Plzami  Bn<l  of  the  (iia- 
senmoiis  undcival  wars  of  the  spanianls  In  tlial  rouiitly  ~ 
Ori^n,  progress,  anil  elTects  of  llieso. 

I.VJ.I]  From  the  time  that  Niignei  de  Ballioa  dls- 
rovereil  the  orcat  Soutlieni  Ocean,  and  received  the 
!■'.•'  obscure  hints  concerning  the  opulent  countftes  with 
-  .-.ich  it  might  open  a  coinin  niiciilion,  the  wishes  und 
schemes  pf  every  enterprising  person  m  the  colonies  of 
Oarien  and  I'm  aiiia  were  turned  luwstds  ibo  wealth  nf 
those  unkB  jv;n  rcgiona.  In  an  ago  v/hen  the  spirit  of 
•dvenlure  wta  so  anient  ainl  vigorous,  that  lutan  fnr- 
IDRM  wer»  wamj.  ar^il  the  inosl  alarming  iTuiniers 
toSTcd,  in  pilrsirt  ^f  disriveries  iiicrely  poasllilc,  Ihi; 
fcintetl  ray  nf  iionn  huh  foiiowi  d  wilh  an  enger  exjiec- 
tstion.  anil  the  sliglitcsi  iiiformation  was  auiricieiit  to 
iospiie  auch  perfect  conlidcnce  as  conducted  men  to 
lbs  mist  dnlucHi    underlakiii^t  [135J 


AccoiJIngly,  several  atintinenls  «•!•  fitted  out  hi 
order  lo  ei|iior«  and  lake  poaassaion  of  lh«  counlrita  to 
the  eaat  of  I'anama,  but  under  the  conduct  of  leadera 
whose  talunia  and  raauurcva  were  unequal  lu  the  at*- 
luinpt.  As  the  vicursiont  uf  thuae  adventurers  did  nut 
eilrnd  beyond  the  liniita  of  the  province  to  which  the 
''paniania  have  given  the  name  uf  Tierra  Firine,  • 
mountainoua  region  covered  with  woo<la,  thinly  inha- 
bited, and  extremely  uiihea'.iiy,  t!  ey  relumed  with  dis- 
mal accounta  concerninc  the  dia.tcsaea  to  which  they 
had  liren  eiiioted,  and  the  unpromiaing  aspect  of  Ihu 
placea  whicn  they  had  viailcd.  Uamiied  by  thea*  tid- 
ings, the  rage  for  discovery  in  that  direction  alialed  ) 
and  it  becaino  the  general  opinion  that  llallKia  hail 
founded  viaionary  hopes,  on  the  tale  of  an  ignorant  In- 
dian, ill  underalwNl,  or  calculated  lo  deceive. 

ISM.]  Uut  there  were  tlireo  |ieraona  aettird  in  Pt- 
ntma,  on  whom  the  cireiimstsncea  which  deterred  others 
made  to  little  impreaaiun,  that,  at  the  very  iiiomcnt 
when  all  considered  Uallioa'a  eipectationa  ol  diacover- 
ing  a  rich  country,  by  altering  towarda  the  etat.  aa  chi- 
merical, Ihey  reaolvvd  to  attempt  the  oiecution  of  hia 
Bcliome.  The  names  of  those  cxtraurdinary  men  were 
Francisco  I'izarro,  Uiegn  du  Alinsgro,  and  llvrnandu 
Luquo.  Piaarro  was  the  natural  aoii  oft  gentleman  of 
an  honorahio  family  by  t  very  low  wointn,  and  accord- 
ing to  tho  cruel  fate  which  often  atlenda  the  otrspring 
of  unlawful  love,  had  been  ao  totally  neglected  in  hia 
yomh  by  the  author  of  hia  birth,  that  he  seemt  to  have 
deslinetl  him  never  to  rise  beyond  Ihu  condition  of  hit 
mother.  In  conaoouenc*  of  thit  tingeneroua  idea,  he 
aot  liiin,  when  borunring  on  maphood,  to  keep  hogs. 
But  the  aspiring  mind  of  young  Pizarro  diadaimiig  that 
ignoble  occupation  ',.c  abruptly  abaiiiloned  his  charge, 
enliatcd  aa  a  -  .iuitr,  anu  ^het  aerving  some  yeara  in 
Italy,  emliarkeil  for  America,  which,  hy  opening  auch  a 
boundlesa  range  to  active  talenta,  allured  every  adveii- 
liirrr  whose  fortune  waa  not  equal  to  his  ambitious 
thnuglils.  There  Pizarru  early  diatinguiahed  himself 
With  a  tem|ier  of  mind  no  lets  daring  than  the  coniti- 
tution  of  hia  body  was  robuat,  he  waa  forumotS  in  every 
danger,  patient  under  tho  greatest  hardships,  and  unsub- 
dued hy  any  fatigue.  Though  xu  illiterule  lliat  hu  could 
not  even  read,  he  was  soon  considered  as  a  man  formed 
10  coinniand.  Every  operation  coinniitled  to  hia  con- 
duct proved  successful,  as,  by  a  happy  but  raro  cuii- 
junclion,  ho  united  perseverance  wilh  urdor,  and  was 
us  caulioiia  in  executing  as  !'c  was  bold  in  fonniiig  hia 
plana.  Uy  engaging  early  in  activu  life,  without  any 
resource  but  hia  own  talunta  and  industry,  and  by  de- 
pending on  himself  alone  in  hia  struggles  to  emerge 
from  obscurity,  he  acquired  auch  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  ulTairs,  and  of  men,  that  ho  waa  titled  to  assume  a 
su[)crior  part  in  conducting  the  former,  and  ill  govern- 
ing tho  biter. 

Alinagro  had  as  little  to  bottt  of  his  dcnceni  at  Pi- 
ztrrn.  The  one  was  a  baatard,  the  other  a  loinulling 
Bred,  like  hia  companion,  in  the  camp,  he  jiiMul  iiui 
to  him  in  any  of  the  suldierly  qiialilii^  ufiiilrcp.il  valnr, 
indefatigable  activity,  or  in.surinuiiiitalile  coiisiiincy  in 
endiirini  Ihc  haidsliipH  iiiAe|iar:ihJi;  from  inijitary  service 
in  ihu  New  World.  Uut  in  Aiinagr;>  llichc  virtues 
were  i  -coin|iaiiied  with  the  openness,  ocncrosily,  and 
candor,  natural  to  men  who.so  profession  is  arms  ;  in 
Piziirro  Ihey  were  iiiiilcd  with  the  address,  Ihu  craft, 
and  thi  di.^.siiiiulalioii  of  a  politician,  wilh  the  art  of 
conrciil.ig  his  own  purposes,  and  with  sagacity  to  peiie- 
tralc  int )  tho^e  of  other  nicn. 

IKniinulo  dc  Luqiie  was  an  ecclesiastic,  who  acteil 
both  as  nrie»l  and  Hclioolniastcr  at  Panama,  and,  hy 
means  wliicli  tho  contemporary  writers  have  nut  de- 
scribed, liiiil  amassed  richea  that  iiiNpired  him  wilh 
thoughts  uf  rising  to  greater  eminence 

Such  were  the  men  destined  lo  nvet|iirn  one  of  the 

Thei 


confederacy  for  tins  puqioBO  was  authariziil  by  I'edra- 
rias,  the  gnvcrnor  of  Panaiiia.  Kach  eiigaurd  to  em- 
ploy his  HJiulu  futtiiiie  in  the  advcnliire,     f'iiarro,  tin: 


least  wealthy  of  the  three,  as  he  could  nut  throw  so 
large  a  si'm  as  his  associatea  into  the  common  block, 
engaged  lo  'jike  the  department  of  gi'iitrsl  fatigue  and 
danger,  and  lo  eoinmand  in  person  l1ii!  ariiinineiil  which 
was  to  go  I  rst  upon  discovery.  Alinagro  Oifered  to 
conduct  ihe  supplies  of  provisiuna  and  reinforcementa 
of  Iroopt, of  which  Pizarru might  slaiid  in  need.  Luquo 
waa  to  remuin  at  Panama  lo  ncgiitjale  wilh  tho  go- 
VcilMir,  fiitil  iMinerJIileiiil  whatever  wan  carrying  on  for 
ilic  (iiiicnil  ihliri-sl  Aa  llic  spiril  cil  eiilliusiasin  uni- 
formly accoMiponiiod  that  of  adventure  in  the  New 
World,  and  by  that  tlraitgii  iininii  hulli  acquired  an 
Increase  of  fnn  i<,  Ijila  ruiilLiletary,  furnied  by  ambition 
lUid  •vtilfii,  wts  cuiiliiiued  by  the  moat  solemn  act  of 


religion.  I.uqua  c*khn'.«d  mass,  divided  t  eonsMiMW 
hott  into  three,  ami,  reserving  one  part  lo  hiineelf,  g*«« 
Ihe  other  two  to  hia  aaaoritlet,  of  which  Ihry  partook  1 
iml  thus.  III  the  name  of  the  Prince  uf  Peace,  lutiHoa 
t  contract  of  which  plunder  and  bloodshed  wore  the  ob- 
jecla. 

The  tttumpt  watbegtin  with  t  force  more  auitad  ts 
Ihe  humble  condition  of  the  three  asMXialralhanlolb* 
greatneaa  of  Ihe  enterprisi!  in  which  they  were  engaged, 
Pistrro  set  aail  from  Panama  [Nov.  14],  wilh  a  tmgit 
veaael  of  amall  bunion  and  a  hundred  and  twelve  mm. 
Uut  in  that  age,  so  litlle  were  the  Spanish  acquainted 
Willi  the  pecuharitiea  of  the  climate  in  America,  that  th* 
timu  which  Pizarrochose  foi  hiade|uirturo  waa  the  innsi 
improper  in  the  whole  year ;  the  (leriudical  wiiida,  which 
were  then  aet  in,  being  directly  advoraa  to  Ihe  courM 
which  he  proposed  to  ttecr.  After  beating  about  for 
aevcnty  days,  with  much  danger  and  incessknt  fatigue, 
Pizurro'a  progrett  towarda  the  south-east  was  not 
greater  than  what  s  tkilful  navigator  will  now  make  in 
ta  many  hours.  He  touched  at  several  placea  on  tho 
coast  of  Tiem  Firme,  but  found  every  where  the  siino 
uninviting  country  which  former  advonturem  had  do- 
acribed  ;  tho  low  grounda  converted  into  swamiia  by  ai 
overflowing  of  rivera;  the  higher,  covered  with  iin 
pervioua  woods;  few  inhabitants,  and  those  fierce  and 
hostile.  Famine,  fatigue,  frequent  rencounters  wilt 
tho  natives,  and,  sbove  all,  the  distempers  of  a  moiat, 
sultry  climate,  combined  in  wasting  hia  slender  band 
of  fullowert.  [1533]  Tho  undaunted  reaulution  of 
their  leader  continued,  however,  foraoine  lime,  to  aiis 
tain  their  apirita,  although  nu  ilgn  htd  yet  tp|iearrd  of 
discovering  those  golden  regiont  to  which  no  liad  pio- 
inised  to  conduct  them.  At  length  he  wtt  obliged  td 
ibaiidon  that  inhospitable  coast,  and  retire  to  Chucntm'k, 
opposite  to  the  pearl  iaiandt,  wheio  he  hoped  U  ty- 
ceivc  a  supply  of  provisiont  tnd  Iroopt  from  Panuna. 

Uut  Ahuagro,  having  aailed  from  that  port  with ' 
aeventy  men,  stood  directly  towarda  that  part  of  th« 
continent  where  ho  hoped  to  meet  with  hia  associatea 
Not  finding  them  there,  ho  landed  bis  soldiers,  who,  ia 
aearehing  for  their  conipaniona,  nnderwont  the  aamo 
distressea,  tnd  v.  nro  ei|ioaed  to  the  tame  dangers, 
which  had  driven  them  out  of  the  country.  Uc|Milsed 
at  length  by  the  Indians  in  a  sharp  conflict,  in  which 
their  leader  lost  ono  of  hia  eyes  by  the  wound  of  an 
arrow,  they  likewise  wore  compelled  to  ro-embark. 
('hancc  led  them  to  the  place  of  I'izarro'a  rolroal, 
whero  tlioy  found  sumo  roisolation  in  recounting  to 
each  olhor  their  adventures,  and  comparing  their  auHor- 
ingt.  As  Almagru  had  advanced  as  f.ir  as  the  rivet 
8t.  Juan  [June  24,]  in  the  province  of  Popuynn,  wherf 
both  tho  country  and  inhabilaiits  apjioared  wilh  a  mora 
promising  aspect,  that  dawn  jf  heller  fortune  waa  aul- 
liclent  to  determine  such  sanguine  projectora  not  to 
aliundnii  llieir  acheine,  iiotwillistanding  all  that  they  had 
sull'ered  in  proaccuting  it.  [I'-iO] 

|,'>36  J  Ahuagro  repaired  to  Panama  in  hopes  nf  re- 
(jrinting   their   »iatterf:d   troops.     Uut   what  ho   and 

i'izarro  hjij  sulli  rid  gave  Uin  connlrymen  auch  an  un- 
avQiahle  li|i  a  of  llic  fei  rtiii,  that  II  was  wilh  ditlicultl 
le  could  U\j  |(lllr^cure  nun  Feeble  as  tiiis  rcinfurco 
inent  waa,  Ahuagro  took  the  command  of  it,  and,  liav 
ing  Joined  Pizurro,  they  did  not  hesitate  ahi.iit  result)' 
ii'g  their  operations.  After  a  long  series  of  disa»tcri 
and  disappiiinimenta,  not  inferior  lo  those  which  they 
had  already  experienced,  part  of  tho  armament  reached 
the  Uay  of  .St.  Matthew,  on  tho  coas'.  of  Ijiiito,  and 
landing  at  Tacainez,  to  the  south  of  t'.ic  river  uf  Kme- 
raulds,  thev  beheld  a  country  moru  champaign  and  fer- 
tile than  anv  they  had  yet  discovered  in  the  Southern 
Ocean, 'the  iiotivcs  clad  in  garments  of  woollen  or  cot- 
ton slulT,  and  adorned  wilh  SDVeral  trinkets  of  gold  and 
silver. 

Uut  notwilhstanding  those  favorable  appearances 
magnified  beyond  the  truth,  both  by  the  vanity  of  the 
persons  who  brought  tho  report  from  Tacainez,  und  by 
the  fond  imagination  of  those  who  lisle, led  lo  tliciii, 
Pizarro  and  Alinagro  duyt  not  venture  lo  invade  s 
country  so  populous  wilh  a  handful  of  men  enfeebled 
hy  fatigue  anil  diseases.  Thoy  retired  lo  tho  siiial 
island  of  Rallo,  where  Pizano  remained  wilh  part  ol 
tho  troops,  and  hit  aaaociatva  returiind  to  Panama,  in 
hopct  of  bringing  tuch  a  reinforcement  aa  might  enahit 
them  to  take  poaaeasion  of  Ihe  opulent  trrrilories  whott 
existence  seemed  In  oe  no  longer  doubtful. 

But  some  of  Ihe  advciitiircrs,  leas  enle|iriaing,  or  trr 
hardy,  than  their  leaders,  having  secretly  convey-d 
lamentable  accounta  of  their  sutferingt  and  losses  t« 
their  friends  at  Panama,  Alraagro  met  with  an  unfavoia- 
ble  reception  from  Pedro  de  lot  Rios,  who  had  siM- 
coeded  Pedrariat  it  the  gavwninoot  of  that  sotlleiiMtf 


dm 

•o 

not 

•pt 

|tn 


•OOIH  AMRRICA. 


^raiicct 
'  of  til* 
J  and  by 
lo  Ihi'iii, 
Vvade  % 
Irccliled 
le  sinal 
1  part  ol 
lama,  ir. 


Aftm  «ra%liln|  *^  ■"•"*'  "''I*  "<*'  "^  •conMnkii 
ymHiim  wkien  tppctra  th«  (inl  ol  all  virtiiu  to  |Hir> 
•OM  wImm  limltvd  facullica  aru  incapable  of  canci'iv> 
ing  or  »««ciilina  great  ilrai|(na,  he  cuni'liiilvtl  en  eifie- 
dilion.  attcntliurwilh  auili  crrlain  waalu  ul  iiiiin,  to  Ihi 
M  deliimetilal  to  an  infant  and  fecblu  ruluiiy,  that  he 
not  only  pruhibilvd  lh«  r«i>in|{  of  new  levifa.  but  dc- 
•patclicil  a  veaeel  to  brmu  homo  I'liarro  and  hia  coin- 
('Sniinia  from  lliu  iilaJid  uf  (iullu.  AIniauro  and  l.nmir, 
ihouih  dt'i'ply  atlcrlcd  with  Ihoao  inraaucua,  wliii-h  lliry 
conlil  not  prrvi'iil,  and  dural  not  op|ioai',  Ibiind  iiioani 
of  coiiiiniiniraling  their  aenliiiienta  jirivaU'ly  lu  I'liarro, 
end  eihorlcd  hini  so*,  'o  r«(j""|uiah  an  i;iili'rnri»o  that 
w«*  thx  foundation  ol  all  tlioir  hopea,  ami  ll.u  only 
metna  of  ro-calahliahing  Ihrir  repulation  and  fortune, 
which  were  both  on  tlin  drcliiiu.  I'liarro'a  iniinl,  bvnt 
with  infleiible  abatinai-y  on  all  ita  pur|H>aia,  nci^dud  no 
irwcntive  to  peraiat  in  the  arheniv.  ilc  pvroinptorily 
lefuaeil  to  olray  thn  Hovernor  of  i'anania'a  ordera,  and 
employed  all  hie  widrcaa  and  «loi|iionco  m  iHrauadiiiK 
hie  men  not  to  abandon  him.  Uut  the  initrodiblu 
ctlamilica  to  which  Ihuy  had  been  vxpoacd  were  alill 
10  recent  in  Ihoir  iiicmoriea,  and  the  tlioughte  of  r«- 
«iailing  their  fannliea  and  frionila,  after  a  lon|(  abaence, 
riahed  with  auch  joy  into  Ihoir  ininda,  Intt  when 
1'  larro  drew  g  line  u|ioii  the  aand  willi  hia  aword,  per- 
m  Itinz  auch  aa  wiahed  to  return  home  to  paaa  over  it, 
only  iTiirteen  of  til  the  dtrinu  vetcrana  in  bia  aervice 
liad  reaolulion  to  remain  with  Ineir  commander. 

1  hii  amall  but  dvleimined  band,  whone  namet  the 
Spiniah  hiatoriana  record  with  diacrved  pniao,  at  the 
pcraoi.e  to  whoau  prrapvcriiiu  lortitudo  their  country  ia 
Indebted  for  the  moat  valuable  ol  all  ita  American  |>oa- 
•eaaiont,  filed  their  rraidence  in  the  iaiand  of  liorgona. 
Thit,  ta  it  waa  further  removed  from  the  coaat  than 
Qallo,  and  uninhabited,  Ihey  couaidcred  oa  a  inuru 
Mcuro  retreat,  where,  uninolealc<l,  they  micht  wait  fyr 
■uppliea  from  I'anama,  which  Ihcy  tru»lcd  that  the 
Klivity  of  their  ttaociatoa  would  bo  able  to  procure. 
Almigro  and  Lui^to  wore  not  inattentive  or  cold 
•ulicitora,  and  their  inceaaaiit  im|iortunity  waa  accondud 
by  the  general  voice  of  the  colony,  wliich  exclaimed 
liiudly  againat  the  infamy  of  eipoaiiig  brave  men,  en- 
gaged in  the  public  aervice,  and  chargeable  with  no 
error  but  what  flowed  from  an  exuest  of  teal  and 
courage,  to  periah  like  the  moat  odiona  criminalt  in  a 
deaert  iaiand.  Overcome  by  thoao  enireatiea  and  ex- 
poatulations,  the  governor  at  laat  conaonted  to  aend  a 
MiudI  T'.Mi.  (0  their  relief.  Uut  that  he  might  not 
iNm  «}  encourage  Piiarro  to  any  new  <nler)>r:ae,  ho 
wcj.d  not  permit  one  landman  to  embark  on  board 
of  it. 

By  thia  time,  Pizano  and  hia  companiona  ht'J  re- 
moined  live  inoniha  in  an  iaiand  infamona  for  the  inoet 
unhealthy  climate  in  that  region  of  America.  [137] 
Ouiing  all  this  period,  their  eyca  were  turned  t'jwtrda 
Panama,  in  hopea  of  auccour  from  tlieir  countrynicn  ; 
but  worn  out  at  length  with  fruitless  expectations,  and 
dis|.iHtcd  with  autiermg  hardships  of  which  they  saw 
no  end,  they,  in  dcapair,  came  to  a  reaolution  of  com- 
mitting themaelvca  to  llio  ocean  on  a  float,  rather  than 
continue  in  that  detestable  aliodo.  Uut,  on  the  arrival 
of  the  vessel  from  Panama,  they  were  trauHpurted  with 
•ucli  joy  that  all  their  sulleringa  were  forgotten.  Their 
hopes  revived ;  and,  with  a  rapid  tnnsitiun  not  un- 
natural among  men  uccnstoined  by  their  mode  of  lile 
to  sudden  vicii^aitudea  of  fortune,  high  conlideiice  suc- 
ceeding to  extreme  dejection,  Pizarro  easily  induced 
not  only  his  own  followers,  but  the  crew  of  the  vessel 
from  Panama,  to  resume  his  former  scheme  with  fresh 
ardur.  Instead  of  returning  to  Panama,  they  stood  to- 
wards the  siMith-cast,  and,  more  fortuiiate  in  this  than 
n  any  of  thiiir  past  eH'uris,  they,  on  the  twentieth  day 
after  their  departuro  from  Oorgona,  discovered  the 
coast  of  Peru.  After  touchin);  at  several  villages  near 
the  shore,  whii;h  they  found  to  bo  nowise  inviting,  they 
landed  at  Tuinbez,  a  place  of  some  note  about  tiiree 
degrcea  south  of  the  line,  ilistinguislied  for  its  stately 
temple,  and  a  palace  of  the  Incaa  or  sovereigns  of  the 
country.  There  the  SpaniardsTeaated  their  eyes  with 
the  first  view  of  the  opulence  and  civilization  of  the 
Penivian  empire.  They  beheld  a  country  fully  peo- 
pled, and  culliviited  with  an  apiwarance  of  regular  in- 
dustry ;  the  niitivcs  decently  clothed,  and  possessed  of 
ingenuity  so  far  surjiassin^  the  other  inhabitants  of  tlie 
Nt^w  WorM  us  to  have  the  use  of  tame  domestic  ani- 
mals. Uut  what  chiellv  attracted  their  notice  was 
■ucli  a  show  of  guld  and  silver,  not  only  in  the  orna- 
ments of  tlieir  persons  and  temples,  but  in  several  ves- 
nl3  and  utensils  for  oiinmon  use,  formed  of  those  pro- 
eioua  metals,  aa  lufl  no  room  to  doubt  that  they  aboun- 
iti  With  |)n>fuiian  in  the  country.     Pizarto  and  bia 


ewnponioni  iMnMd  now  to  Imtc  •Italned  to  tho  com- 
pletion of  their  nuMi  atngnine  lio|iea,  and  fancied  that 
all  their  wishes  and  dreams  uf  rich  dumaina,  and  inai- 
hausiibie  treasures,  would  aoun  be  roahied. 

Uut  Willi  llie  slender  force  then  under  hia  command, 
Pmarro  could  only  view  the  rich  country  of  which  he 
hoped  hereafter  to  obtain  |»asession  lie  rsnge)!' 
however,  for  some  time  along  the  coast,  nitiiitaming 
every  where  a  |iraccable  intercourse  with  the  natives, 
no  leas  astonished  at  their  new  visitants  than  the  8pa- 
niards  were  with  tho  uniform  amiearance  of  opulence 
and  cultivation  which  Ihey  beheld.  [IfiSIT  J  Having 
explored  the  country  a*  far  as  requisite  toaacertam  the 
importance  of  the  diacovery,  Pixarro  procured  from  the 
inhabitanta  aome  of  their  Uama*  or  tame  cattle,  to 
which  the  Hpaniaida  gsve  the  name  of  aheep,  aome 
vessels  of  i;old  and  silver,  as  well  as  some  specimens 
of  their  other  worka  of  ingenuity,  and  two  young  men, 
whom  he  pro|iosed  to  instruct  in  theCastilitii  laiiKuage, 
that  they  might  aerve  as  interpreters  in  the  ex|iedition 
which  he  meditated.  VN'ith  these  he  arrived  at  I'anama, 
towards  the  close  of  the  third  year  from  tho  time  uf  his 
departuro  llionce  No  adventurer  of  the  agu  sullered 
hsrdshipa  or  encountered  dangera  which  equal  those  lo 
which  he  was  ei|iosed  during  this  long  period.  Tho 
patience  with  which  he  endured  the  one,  and  the  forti- 
tude with  which  lie  surmounted  the  other,  exceed  what- 
ever it  recorded  in  tho  history  of  the  New  World, 
where  ao  many  romantic  diaplaya  nf  those  viriuea  occur. 

1S28.]    Neither  the  splendid  relation  that  Piiarro 

Kave  of  the  incredible  opub'iica  of  the  country  which 
e  had  diiicovered,  nor  hiabiltor  complainta  on  account 
of  that  unreasonable  recall  nf  his  forces,  which  had 
put  it  out  of  his  power  to  tllempt  mtking  tny  tetllo- 
mciit  there,  coultl  move  the  governor  of  Panama  to 
iwerve  from  his  former  plan  of  conduct.  He  still  con- 
tended, that  the  colony  was  not  in  a  condition  to  invade 
such  a  mighty  empire,  and  refused  to  authorize  an  ex|ie- 
dilion  which  he  foresaw  would  be  ao  alluring  that  it 
might  ruin  the  province  in  which  he  presided,  by  tn 
ellurt  beyond  its  strength.  Hit  coldness,  however,  did 
not  in  any  degree  abate  the  anior  of  the  three  asso- 
ciates ;  but  Ihey  [lercoived  that  they  could  not  carry 
their  scheme  into  execution  without  tho  countenance 
of  superior  authority,  and  mutt  lolicit  their  sovereign 
to  grant  that  permission  v,hich  they  could  not  extort 
from  his  delegate.  With  this  view,  after  adjusting 
among  themselves  that  I'lz  irro  ihould  claim  the  station 
of  governor,  Alraagro  that  of  lieutenant-governor,  and 
Lu()ue  the  dignity  of  bishop  in  tho  country  which  they 
pro|ioscd  to  conquer,  they  sent  Piiarro  as  their  agent 
to  Spain,  though  their  Ibrtuncs  were  now  so  much  ex- 
hausted by  tho  repeated  ellorts  which  they  had  made, 
that  they  found  some  dilHculty  in  borrowing  the  small 
sum  requisite  towards  equipping  him  for  tho  voyaoe. 

Pixarro  lost  no  time  in  repairing  to  court ;  aiuf  now 
as  the  scene  might  bo  to  him,  he  appeared  before  the 
eiiqieror  with  the  unembarrassed  dignity  of  a  man  con- 
scious of  what  his  services  merited  ;  and  he  conducted 
his  negotiation  with  an  inainuatiug  dexterity  of  addrett, 
which  could  not  have  been  expected  either  Irom  bis 
education  or  former  habits  of  life.  His  feeling  descrip- 
tion of  his  own  sulferings,  and  hia  pomjious  account  of 
the  country  which  ho  had  discovered,  confirmed  by  the 
specimens  of  its  productions  which  ho  exhibited,  made 
such  an  impression  both  on  Charles  and  his  ministers, 
that  they  not  only  approved  of  the  iiuended  expedition, 
but  seemed  to  lie  interested  in  the  success  of  its  leader. 
Presuming  on  these  disjiositions  in  his  favor,  Pizurro  paid 
little  attention  to  the  interest  of  his  associates.  Aa 
the  pretensions  of  Liiqiie  diil  not  interfere  with  his 
own,  ho  attained  for  him  the  ecclesiastical  dignity  to 
which  ho  aspired.  For  Alinagro  ho  claimed  only  the 
command  of  the  fortreat  which  ahould  be  erected  at 
Tuinbez.  To  himaelf  he  secured  whatever  bis  bound- 
less ambition  could  desire.  Ho  was  ap|iainted  [July 
'i(>\  governor,  captain-general,  and  adclantado  of  all  the 
country  which  he  had  discovered,  and  hoped  to  conquer, 
with  supremo  authority,  civil  as  well  as  military  ;  and 
with  full  right  lo  all  the  privileges  and  emolumonts 
usually  granted  to  adventurers  in  the  New  World.  Hia 
jurisdiction  was  declared  to  extend  two  hundred  leagues 
along  the  coast  to  the  south  of  the  river  tit.  Jago  ;  to 
be  independent  of  tho  governor  of  Panama;  and  he 
had  power  to  nominate  all  tho  ollicers  who  were  to 
servo  under  him.  In  return  for  thoKC  concessions, 
which  cost  tho  court  of  Spain  nothing,  as  the  enjoy- 
ment of  ^hem  depended  upon  the  success  of  Pizarro's 
own  elforts,  ho  engaged  to  raise  two  hundred  and  fifty 
men,  and  to  provide  the  ships,  arms,  and  warlike  stores 
requisite  towards  subjecting  to  the  crown  of  Castile 
the  country  of  which  the  government  was  allotted  him. 


Ml 

iaM.1  IncontJdonUe  it  tho  body  of  mon  wh  iikWt 
Pixarro  hid  uiidtrttken  lo  raiae,  hit  funda  and  cfoia 
were  so  low  that  he  could  hardly  complttt  htif  ll» 
number ;  and  tflar  oblaimna  hia  patenta  from  tho 
crown,  he  was  obliged  lo  ateal  privately  out  uf  ihr  port 
of  Seville,  in  order  to  elude  tho  scruliiit  of  tht  ulRcert, 
who  lisd  it  in  eliiirgn  to  ciamina  whatnti  he  had  ful 
filled  the  stipulations  of  his  contract.  Uefore  his  dn- 
partiire,  liuwevir,  he  received  soma  supply  of  money 
from  ('ortcs,  who  having  returned  to  .Spain  about  thi* 
nine,  was  willing  locontribute  his  aid  towards  enabling 
an  ancient  cuinpainon,  with  whuao  talenta  and  courago 
he  waa  well  ai'iiuaiiiteil,  to  begin  t  career  of  glory  aiini- 
lar  lo  that  which  he  himaelf  hud  finished. 

Ho  landed  at  Nuinbre  de  l)ios,  and  intrcbtd  tcroaa 
the  iathiniis  lo  Panama,  accompanied  by  hia  three  bro- 
Ihera,  I'erdinaiid,  Juan,  and  Uouzalo,  of  whom  the  Aral 
was  born  in  lawful  wedlock,  the  two  latter.  Ilka  him- 
aelf, were  of  illegilimate  birth,  and  by  Franciaco  do 
Alcantara,  hia  molher't  brother.  They  were  all  in  tho 
prime  of  life,  and  nf  such  abililiet  and  courage  at  fitlad 
them  to  take  a  distinguished  part  in  hit  tubaequant 
transactions. 

1S30.]  Un  his  arrival  tt  Ptnamt,  Piitrro  found  Al 
magro  so  much  e.«iisperated  at  the  manner  in  which  bo 
iiud  conducted  his  negotiation,  that  ho  not  only  refused 
to  act  any  longer  in  concert  with  t  man  by  whose  per- 
fidy he  had  been  excluded  from  the  |iower  and  honora 
lo  which  he  had  a  luat  claim,  but  labored  to  form  a  new 
association,  in  oriler  to  thwart  or  to  rival  hit  formal 
confederate  in  his  discoveries.  Piiarro,  however,  had 
more  wi.Nduin  und  address  tluin  lo  suffer  t  rupture  to 
falul  to  all  his  siliemea,  to  brcoino  irreparable.  My 
oll'ering  voluntarily  to  relinquish  the  oHice  of  adaltn- 
tado,  and  promising  to  concur  in  soliciting  that  tillo, 
with  an  inuepenilent  government  for  Aliiisgro,  ha  gra- 
dually mitigated  the  rage  of  an  open  lu, tried  aoldiai, 
which  had  been  violent,  but  was  nut  implacable.  Luquo, 
highly  satisfied  with  having  been  successful  in  all  bio 
own  preleiiaiona,  cordially  seconded  Piiarro's  endea- 
vors. A  reconciliation  was  elfccled,  and  the  confede- 
racy renewed  on  its  original  terms,  tliat  the  enterpriso 
should  be  carried  on  at  the  coiiiruon  ai|iena«  ol  iha 
associates,  and  the  profits  accruing  from  it  should  bo 
equally  divided  among  them. 

Even  after  their  reunion,  and  tho  utmost  eOurts  of 
their  interest,  three  siiiull  vessels,  with  a  hundred  and 
eighty  soldiers,  tliirly-six  of  whom  were  horsemen,  com- 
posed the  annamcnt  which  Ihcy  were  able  to  fit  oiil- 
liiit  the  astonishing  progress  of  the  Spaniards  in  Amo- 
rica  had  inspired  them  with  such  ideas  of  li.eii  own 
siqieriority,  that  Pi.  -  ~o  did  not  hesitate  to  tad  with 
this  contemptible  force,  [Feb.  I531,J  to  invade  a  great 
empire,  Alinagro  was  left  at  Panama,  at  formerly,  to 
follow  him  with  what  reinforcement  of  men  he  sliould 
be  able  to  muster.  As  tho  season  for  (.mbarkiiig  waa 
pro|>erly  chosen,  and  the  course  of  navigation  between 
Panama  and  Peru  was  now  better  known,  Pizarro  com- 
pleted the  voyage  in  thirteen  days ;  though  by  the  forco 
of  the  winds  and  currents  he  waa  carried  above  a  hun- 
dred leaguet  to  the  noith  of  Tuinbez,  the  place  of  liia 
destination,  and  obliged  to  land  his  troops  in  the  bay  o. 
T\.  Matthew.  Without  losing  a  moment,  he  began  to 
advance  towards  the  south,  taking  care,  however,  not 
to  depart  far  from  the  sea  shore,  bolb  that  he  migbl 
eaaily  effect  a  junction  with  tho  supplies  which  he  ex- 
pected from  Panama,  and  secure  a  retreat  in  case  ol 
any  diaaster,  by  keeping  aa  near  aa  possible  to  hia  ships. 
Uut  as  the  country  in  several  parts  on  the  coast  cf 
Peru  is  barren,  unhealthful,  and  thinly  [icopled ;  as  tha 
Spaniards  had  to  pass  all  the  rivers  near  their  moiitli, 
where  the  body  of  water  is  greatest ;  and  as  tho  impru- 
dence of  Pizarro,  in  altacKing  the  natives  when  he 
should  have  studied  to  gain  their  confidence,  had  forced 
them  to  abandon  their  habitations ;  famine,  fatigue, 
and  diseases  of  various  kinds  brought  upon  him  and  his 
followers  calamities  hardly  inferior  to  those  which  they 
had  endured  in  their  former  expedition.  What  they 
now  experienced  corresponded  so  ill  with  tho  alluring 
description  of  the  country  given  by  Pizarro,  that  many 
began  to  reproach  him,  and  every  soldier  must  havo 
become  cold  to  the  aervice,  if  even  in  thia  ootsr- 
tile  region  of  Peru,  they  bad  not  met  with  tome  ap- 
pearances of  wealth,  and  cultivation,  which  teemed  to 
justify  tho  rc|)ort  of  their  leader.  At  length  they 
reached  the  province  of  Coaque  [April  14] ;  und  hav 
ing  surprised  the  principal  settlement  of  the  nitivee, 
thoy  seized  their  vessels  and  ornaments  of  gold  and 
silver,  to  tho  amount  of  ihi'-'.y  thousand  pesos,  with 
c'.her  booty  of  such  value  as  dispelled  all  their  douhta, 
and  inspired  the  most  desponding  with  sanguine  hopea 

Pizarro  himself  was  to  much  delighted  with  this  rich 


11  'i 


■!:'ii 


V      Th« 
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k«l 

■•a,  whieh  ha  contidnrtd  u  the  Anl  fhiiti  of  »  Unil 
wwrnlini  with  Ireatura,  thil  h*  iniUnlly  dtnpatchoil 
OfM  of  hit  ihiii*  lu  I'anmna  with  *  Urns  romltlaiii'a  to 
Ahiingro  ;  and  a  lothur  to  Nit^ara^tia  with  a  ronaidrra- 
ble  Binii  loartirtil  |M-rii«MiNul'  iiiriui!iici>  in  lh.it  iirovincr, 
til  hiiprR  oraMiiriiiM  uilvriiturrra  hy  ihia  viirlv  ai«|ilay  of 
Ihr  wiahh  whii'li  liu  h»il  aniiiiri'il  Mraimhilc,  he  ('iin- 
>inii<'d  hia  match  alonn  Ihi'  roaal,  and  diadainiiiK  tn  nil- 
ploy  aii^  ini'ana  of  rrihicini;  Iho  tiativra  hut  lori'p,  hn 
••tai'lii'd  ihrm  wilh  aiiih  viuh'ni'o  in  their  acaiivrod 
haUilaiiunM,  aa  I'oinprlk'd  thrin  rilhrr  to  retire  inti.  ihir 
tntiTior  country,  or  lo  aiibniil  to  hia  yoke.  Thia  auil'lcn 
■p|iraranco  nl  invndrra,  whoao  aa|ivct  and  iiianiipra 
inrru  an  atrango.  and  wlinae  iiowir  areinril  to  Ihi  io 
incaiatihli',  made  tlio  aaiiie  ilreadful  iinproaaion  aa  in 
other  paria  of  Aiiiviica.  I'izarro  hardly  mi't  with  rraial- 
knee  until  he  atlarki'd  th«  ialaud  of  i'una  in  the  h.iy  of 
Giiaya(]uil  Aa  that  waa  Iwtter  poophul  tlmn  the  coiin- 
Ir)  thfOUKh  whiih  hn  had  piaand.  and  ita  inhaliitanta 
flercer  niid  Icua  civilixt'd  than  thoae  of  thii  continrnt, 
Uiey  drfi'iidi'd  thrmailna  with  auch  ohatinutn  valor, 
that  Piiarro  a|irnt  all  iiiiiniln  in  rrdurin;]  thi'in  tn  nuli- 
jectioii.  From  INina  he  proei-eiled  to  Tuinhex,  where 
the  diatempera  whieh  ratfetl  among  hia  men  coniiielled 
him  to  remain  for  three  inonlha. 

While  ho  W.14  tliiia  employed,  he  he^an  to  reap  ail- 
vantutfc  frnin  hia  utlentioii  to  apiead  the  fame  of  hm 
firat  aurccaa  In  ('oaijue.  Two  ditt'erent  dctaehmcnta 
(rrived  from  Nieiirugua  [lft33],  which,  thounh  neither 
iticeedcd  thirty  men,  he  ronaidered  aa  a  reniforceincnt 
of  great  conaciiiicneo  to  hia  feehle  hand,  oajicrially  aa 
Ibo  one  waa  under  the  eonimaiid  of  .Sebaalian  Ucnalca- 
lar,  and  the  other  of  Ueriundo  Soto,  olliccra  not  in- 
ferior in  merit  and  tepiituliun  lu  any  who  hud  aervrd  in 
America.  From  Tunilie*  he  proceeded  to  tho  river 
Piura  [May  lOJ,  and  in  an  advanta|{enua  atation  near 
tho  mouth  of  it  he  e.«tihliahed  the  firat  Spaniah  colony 
in  Peru  ;  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  St   Michael. 

Aa  Pi7.arrb  eoiitiiuied  to  advance  towarda  thu  centre 
of  Uio  Peruvian  empire,  ho  gradually  received  more 
full  information  eoiiccming  ita  extent  and  policy,  aa 
well  at  the  aituatiun  of  ita  aflUIra  at  that  juncture. 
Willwut  aomo  knowledge  of  tlieac,  he  could  not  have 
conducted  hia  operatiuna  with  propriety  ;  and  without 
•  auitahte  attention  to  them,  it  la  iiiijiosailile  to  account 
for  tho  progroaa  which  the  Spaniarda  had  already  iiiadi!, 
•r  to  unfold  tho  cauara  of  their  siihiiei)iiciit  aucceaa. 

At  the  time  when  tho  S|iaiiiarda  invaded  Peru,  tho 
lominiona  of  ita  auvorcigna  extended  in  length,  from 
UDTtfa  Ic  aouth,  above  lifteen  hundred  inilea  along  the 
Pb:ilie  Uccan.  Ita  lireadth,  from  caat  to  wcat,  waa 
Diu.'h  leta  conaldcrublo  ;  living  unifornily  bounded  hy 
the  vaat  ridge  of  the  Aiiilea,  atretching  from  ita  one  ex- 
tremity to  the  other.  Peru,  like  the  real  of  the  New 
^orld,  waa  originally  poaaea8(.it  by  am.  II  independent 
tiribea,  differing  from  each  other  in  mannera,  and  in 
their  forma  of  rude  (nlicy.  All,  however,  were  ao  little 
riv'lized,  that,  if  tho  traditiona  concerning  their  nude 
of  life,  prcaervcd  among  their  deacendanta,  dcacrve 
credit,  they  muat  be  claaaixl  among  the  moat  unimproved 
uvagca  of  America.  Strangeia  lo  every  apeciea  of 
cultiTation  or  regular  iiiduatry,  without  uny  (iied  rcai- 
dence,  and  unacquainted  with  those  acniimcnta  and  ob- 
ligationa  which  form  the  first  bonds  of  aocia!  union, 
thrv  arc  aaid  to  have  roamed  about  naked  in  the  forests, 
With  which  tho  country  waa  then  covered,  more  like 
wild  bcaala  than  like  men.  After  they  had  atrnjrgled 
for  aevcral  agea  with  the  hardshina  and  calamities  which 
are  inevitable  in  audi  a  state,  and  when  no  circuinitance 
teemed  to  indicate  the  approach  of  any  uncommon 
effort  towaids  improvement,  wo  are  told  that  there  ap- 
peared, on  the  banks  of  the  lake  Titiaca,  a  man  and 
woman  of  majestic  form,  clothed  in  decent  garnicnta. 
They  declared  themaclvea  to  bo  children  of  tho  Sun, 
iMt  by  their  beneficent  parent,  who  beheld  with  pity 
tho  miaerics  of  the  human  race,  to  instruct  and  to  re- 
claim them.  At  their  persuasion,  enforced  by  reve- 
nnce  for  the  divinity  in  whoso  name  they  were  sup- 
iwaed  to  speak,  several  of  the  dispersed  aava^^cs  united 
together,  and,  receiving  their  command^  at  heavenly 
injunctions,  follovied  them  to  Cuzco,  where  they  settled, 
tiid  began  to  lay  tho  foundations  of  a  city. 

Manco  Capac  and  Mania  r)collo,  for  such  were  the 
names  of  those  extraordinary  personagea,  having  thus 
colkotcd  some  wandering  tribes,  formed  that  aocial 
union  which,  by  multiplying  the  desires  and  uniting  the 
eflbrts  of  the  human  rpecies,  excites  industry  and  leads 
to  improvement.  Maiico  (>'apac  instructed  the  men  in 
agriculture,  and  other  useful  arts.  Mama  Ocollo  taught 
t£e  women  to  spin  and  to  weave.  By  the  labor  of  the 
one  sex,  aubaiatence  became  less  precarious  ;  by  thut 
gf  the  othar,  lifu  »aa  rendered  more  comfortable.     After 


KODERTflON'8   HISTORY   Of 


•muring  the  ohjeela  of  Ural  neeeaally  In  tn  infant  altle, 
hy  providing  food,  raiment,  and  hahilationa  for  the  rudt 
t^'nplr  of  whom  he  look  charge,  Maneo  Capae  turned 
Ilia  .itteniiun  towarda  introducing  audi  lawa  and  policy 
a>  iiiiiiht  pergH'tiiate  their  happineaa  Hy  hit  .natitii- 
tioiia,  which  ahall  lie  more  |mrlicularly  explained  here- 
after, ihi*  varioiia  relaliona  in  |irivati<  life  were  eatali- 
liMheil,  and  the  duties  /eaiilting  from  them  preaerihed 
with  ai.ch  propriety,  aa  gradually  'jrmrd  a  liarharoiia 
[leuple  to  ilrceiiry  of  maniiert.  In  public  tdminiatra- 
tioii,  the  fuiii'tiuiia  of  |M'raona  in  authority  were  ao  pre- 
cisely defined,  and  the  aiibordiii:ition  of  thoan  under 
their  ■iriadii'tiiin  iiiauitaiiied  wiili  aiich  a  ateady  hand, 
that  the  nociety  m  which  ho  preaideil  aonn  aaaumid  the 
aaiieet  of  a  regular  and  well  governed  state. 

I'lius,  aerordiiig  to  the  Indian  tradition,  waa  founded 
the  empire  of  the  /nriu  or  /,ori/jr  of  Peru.  At  lirat  its 
extent  was  amall  The  territory  of  Maiico  ('apae  did 
not  reach  alajve  eight  leagues  from  C'lKCO.  Uul  within 
ita  narrow  iincuuu  he  exereiaed  alianhite  and  uncoii- 
Irolhd  iintliorii.  Ilia  aiirceasora.  aa  their  doininiona 
extended,  arrogated  a  aimilar  jiiriadiciion  over  ifie  nev 
auhjecta  which  they  ici|uired  ;  the  ilv<|Kitiain  of  Aaia 
was  not  more  conipli  le  Tl.o  lnca«  were  not  only 
obeyed  as  UHinaM^hs,  but  revered  aa  d  vinitica.  Their 
lihiud  wn«  hehl  lo  be  siirred,  ni.d  by  prohibiting  inter- 
murriagea  with  the  people,  waa  never  coiitaniinatcd  by 
mixing  with  that  of  uny  other  race.  The  famdy,  thua 
aiiparuted  from  tho  real  of  tho  nation,  waa  distinguiahed 
by  [leeuliaritiea  lu  dress  and  oriiameiita,  which  it  wao 
unlawful  for  othert  to  assume.  The  monarch  himaelf 
appeared  with  eiiaigni  of  royally  roaerved  for  him  alone; 
and  received  from  hit  auhjecta  iiiarka  of  obs«ipiioua 
huinago  and  reapoct  which  approached  alinoai  to  adora- 
tion. 

Uut,  among  tho  Peruviana,  this  unbounded  (lOwer  of 
their  monarch  aeemj  to  have  been  unirormly  accomjia- 
nied  wilh  attention  to  the  good  of  their  aubjecta.  It 
waa  not  the  rage  of  conquoat,  if  we  may  believe  the 
tccounta  of  their  countrymen,  that  prompted  the  Incaa 
to  extend  their  doininioiia,  but  tho  desire  of  ditfuaing 
the  bleaain,'?;a  of  civilization,  and  the  knowledge  of  tho 
arts  which  they  poaseaaed,  among  the  barbaroua  people 
whom  they  leiluced.  During  a  auccoaaion  of  twelve 
monarcha,  it  ia  aaid  mat  not  one  deviated  from  tliia 
bcnefi.'ent  character. 

When  the  Spaniards  firat  vitiled  the  coaat  of  Peni, 
in  tho  year  one  thousand  five  hundred  and  twcnty-aix, 
Huaiia  Capac,  tho  tivelflh  monarch  from  the  founder  of 
tho  atato,  wai  senlc'l  on  the  throne  He  ia  repreaented 
aa  a  prince  distin^iuished  not  only  for  tho  pacific  virtues 

Eeculiar  to  tho  race,  but  eininer.t  for  hit  martial  talenta. 
ly  Ilia  victorious  iiima  the  kingdom  of  (juilo  waa  aub- 
jccled,  a  conquest  of  auch  extent  and  importance  aa 
alinoat  doubled  the  power  of  the  Peruvian  empire. 
He  waa  fond  of  residing  in  the  capital  of  that  valuablo 
province  which  ho  hud  added  to  nis  dominiont ;  and 
notwithatandiiig  tho  ancient  and  fundaincntiil  law  of 
the  monarchy  againat  pcUutinc  the  royal  blood  by  any 
foreign  alliance,  ho  married  the  daughter  of  the  van- 
quished monarch  of  Quito.  Sho  bore  him  a  aon  named 
Atahiialpa,  whom,  on  hia  death  at  Quito,  whieh  scoma 
to  have  happened  about  Ihft  year  one  thouaand  five 
hundred  and  twcnty-iiine,  he  appointed  his  aucceaaor  in 
that  kingdom,  leaving  iho  rest  of  hia  dominiont  to  Hu- 
ascar,  his  eldest  son  by  another  of  the  royal  race. 
Greatly  as  the  Peruvians  revered  tho  memory  of  a 
monarch  who  had  reigned  wilh  greater  reputation  and 
splendor  than  any  of  hia  predcceaaora,  the  deatination 
of  Hiiaiia  Capac  concerning  tho  succession  appeared  so 
repugnant  to  a  maxim  coeval  with  the  empire,  and 
fouiiilcd  on  authority  deemed  sacred,  that  it  waa  no 
aooner  known  at  Cuzco  than  it  excited  general  disguat. 
Encouraged  by  those  sentimenta  of  his  subjectt,  Huaa- 
car  required  his  brother  to  renounce  the  government  of 
Quito,  and  to  acknowledge  him  aa  his  lawful  superior, 
fliit  it  had  been  the  first  care  of  Atahiialpa  to  gain  a 
largo  body  of  troops  which  had  accompanied  his  father 
to  Quito.  These  were  tho  flower  of  the  Peruvian  war- 
riors, to  whose  valor  Huana  Capac  had  been  indebted 
for  all  hia  vicloriea.  Relying  on  their  supiiort,  Atahu- 
alpa  first  eluded  his  brother^a  deniand,  and  then  marched 
against  him  in  hostile  array. 

Thus  the  ambition  of  two  young  men,  the  title  of 
the  one  founded  on  ancient  usage,  and  that  of  the  other 
asserted  by  the  veteran  troops,  involved  Peru  in  a  civil 
war,  a  calamity  to  which,  under  a  succeaaion  of  vir- 
tuous princes,  it  had  hitherto  been  a  stranger.  In  auch 
a  contest  the  iaauo  was  obvious.  The  force  of  arma 
triumphed  over  the  authority  of  lawa.  Atahualpo  re- 
mained victorious,  and  made  a  cruel  uae  of  hia  victory. 
Conscious  of  the  defect  in  his  own  title  to  tho  crown, 


ho  ttlemplfd  lu  tilarmintta  the  royal  race,  br  | 

10  dta  ft  all  Ilia  children  of  the  Nun  deaetndad 

Maneo  (!ainc,  whom  he  could  seize  either  hy  force  at 
alratagein  I'Vom  a  |iolitieal  iiiolive,  ihn  lifu  of  hia  un 
fortunate  rival  lliiaacar,  who  had  been  taken  (iriauner 
in  a  baitlu  which  decided  Iho  ft'n  of  the  empire,  wa* 
prilongrd  for  aome  lime,  that  by  laauing  nrdvra  in  hia 
name,  the  uaur|Hir  might  more  easily  ealabhsh  hia  own 
authority. 

When  Plzarro  landed  in  tht  hay  of  St.  Mtllhevr, 
thia  civil  war  raged  bclwevn  tho  two  brothert  in  lit 
greatest  fury,  flail  he  msde  any  hotlile  ttlrmi  I  in  hit 
former  vitil  to  Peru,  in  the  year  one  thouaand  me  hun 
dreil  and  twenty-aoven,  ho  muat  then  hive  encou  ilerej 
the  force  of  a  powerful  atate,  united  under  a  monarch 
possesaed  of  capacity  aa  well  at  courage,  and  unetn- 
liarraaaed  with  any  caro  that  could  divart  him  from  op< 
(losing  his  progreat.  Hut  at  Ihit  time,  tho  two  compa> 
lilora,  though  they  received  early  tccounta  of  the  arri- 
val and  violent  proceedinga  of  tho  Npaniarda,  were  ro 
intent  U|ion  the  0|K<rationaof  «  war  whieh  '.hey  deemed 
more  iiilerealing,  that  they  paid  no  attention  lo  tho 
mntiona  of  an  enemy,  too  inconaidcrable  in  number  to 
excite  any  great  alarm,  and  to  whom  it  wouhl  be  oaay, 
aa  they  imagined,  lo  give  a  check  when  more  at  lei- 
sure. 

Uy  thia  fortunate  coincidence  of  cventa,  whereof 
Pizarro  could  have  no  forcaight,  tnti  of  which,  from  hia 
defectivo  mode  of  inlcrroiirae  with  tho  people  of  the 
country,  he  remained  long  ignorant,  he  waa  ponnitted 
to  carry  on  hit  0|ieratioiit  unmoletted,  tnd  advanced 
to  tho  centre  of  a  great  empire  before  one  effort  of  ita 
jiower  waa  exerted  to  atop  hia  career.  During  their 
progresa,  tho  Snaiilardt  had  acquired  tome  imperfect 
knowledge  of  tliia  atrugglo  between  tho  two  contend- 
ing  factiona.  Tho  first  complete  information  wilh 
res|iect  to  it  they  received  from  ineaaengera  whom  Hu- 
aacar  aent  lo  Pizarro  in  order  to  solicit  hia  aid  againtt 
Atahualpa,  whom  he  repreaented  aa  a  rebel  and  a  unur- 
per.  Pizarro  perceived  at  once  Iho  importance  of  tlut 
intelligencu,  and  foreaaw  ao  clearly  all  the  advanlagee 
which  might  bo  derived  from  thia  divided  alale  of  tho 
kingdom  which  ho  had  invaded,  that  without  waiting 
<br  the  rciiiforremcnt  which  ho  expected  from  Panama, 
ho  determined  to  piiah  forward,  while  inleatine  diacord 
put  it  out  of  the  power  of  the  Peruviana  to  attack  hiio 
with  I  heir  whole  force,  and  while,  by  taking  part,  aa 
circumatancea  ahould  incline  him,  with  one  of  tho  com- 
petltort,  he  might  bo  enabled  with  greater  caae  to  crutb 
both.  Enterpnting  tt  the  Spaniarua  of  that  ago  wei* 
in  all  their  opcrationa  tgainat  Americana,  and  dittin- 
gulahed  as  Pizarro  waa  among  hia  countrymen  for  dar- 
ing courage,  we  can  hardly  aunpoae  that,  after  having 
proceeded  hitherto  alowly,  and  with  much  caution,  he 
would  have  changed  at  onco  hia  ayatem  of  operation, 
and  have  ventured  upon  a  meaaure  ao  hazardout,  wil'i- 
out  aome  now  motive  or  prospect  to  justify  it. 

Aa  he  was  obliged  to  divide  hia  troopa.  in  order  to 
leave  a  garrison  in  St.  Michael,  tuflicient  to  defend 
a  ttation  of  equal  importance  at  a  place  of  retreat 
in  caae  of  any  dlsaatcr,  and  aa  a  port  for  receiving 
any  tupplics  which  should  coino  from  Panama,  he  be- 
gan his  inarch  with  a  very  aleiidnr  and  ill-accoutred 
train  of  followers.  They  conaialed  of  sixty-two  horse- 
men [1!28],  and  a  h'mdrcd  and  two  foot  aohllort,  of 
whom  twenty  were  armed  with  cross  Iwwb,  and  three 
with  inuakcta,  He  directed  his  course  towarda  Gaza 
maica,  a  amall  town  at  the  distance  of  twelve  days' 
march  from  St.  Michael,  where  Atahualpa  wat  en- 
camped with  a  considerable  body  of  troops.  Before  ho 
had  proceeded  far,  an  otlicer  despatched  by  the  Inca 
met  hlin  with  a  valuable  prcaeiil  from  that  prince,  ae 
cumpanied  with  a  proffer  of  hia  alliance,  and  aaaurancer 
of  a  friendly  reception  at  Caxainaica  Pizarro,  aceor 
ding  to  the  uaual  artifice  of  his  countrymen  in  Ame 
rica,  protended  to  come  aa  the  ambaaaador  of  a  \en 
powerful  monarch,  and  declaring  that  he  was  now  ad- 
vancing with  an  intention  to  oH'er  Atahualpa  hia  aid 
againat  those  enoinly  who  disputed  hia  title  to  the 
throne. 

As  tho  object  of  the  Spaniards  in  entering  theii 
country  was  altogether  incomprehensible  to  the  Peru- 
vians, they  had  formed  various  conjectures  concerning 
It  without  being  able  lo  decide  whether  they  ahould 
conalder  '.heir  new  gueita  aa  beingt  of  a  superior  na 
ture,  who  had  viailed  thcin  from  aome  beneficent  mo- 
tive, or  aa  formidable  avengera  of  their  Crimea,  and 
enemies  to  their  re|ioso  and  liberty.  l*ho  continua. 
profesaiona  of  tho  Spaniards,  that  they  came  to  9'r.' 
lighten  them  with  tho  knowledge  of  truth,  and  leail 
them  in  tho  way  of  happlncaa,  favored  the  former  opi- 
nion ;  the  outragca  which  they  committad,  Heir  t^- 


SOUTH  AMRRIOA. 


itcring  theil 
10  ihe  Peru- 
I  concerning 
they  ahould 
superior  na- 
neticent  mo- 
crimea,  and 
'ho  conlinua. 
:amo  to  rr- 
ilh,  arxl  leail 
former  opi- 
,  t  teir  iw»- 


gMmii»  tml  cruallT,  war*  awAil  eenArmaliom  of  ili* 
Mm.  Whil*  In  Inia  alila  of  uncertainly,  I'liarro'a 
4ntaralioi  ofhia  paiilic  inlpiiliona  ao  far  reinoveil  all 
Iha  Inca'a  (eara  that  he  iltr  eiininrd  lo  Kive  hi'n  a  rnemlly 
laraplion  In  rotiMMpKMic*  of  lliia  rouhjliori,  tlio  Spa- 
Ritfda  were  alluwnl  lu  inarch  in  lrani|Uillily  arroia 
the  Kandy  deacrt  Iwtwren  Nl  Miiliael  ond  Motupo, 
whcru  the  moat  frehlo  elhtrt  of  an  eriprnv.  addrd  lo 
thu  unavoidahio  tliRlreaaea  \«hi(-h  tliry  autl'urrd  m  paaa* 
ing  ihronijh  lliat  coinfortlcaa  ri'Dion,  niuat  have  proved 
iaul  lo  lliem.  [I'iUJ  Kiom  Molupo  lh*y  advaiti'td 
lowanla  Ihe  nmiiiilaMia  which  encoin|»i>acd  Ihe  low 
country  of  Peru,  and  paaaed  through  a  dellle  ao  narrow 
and  macceaaihle,  that  a  few  men  might  have  defended 
it  againat  a  nuineroiia  army.  Hut  here  likewise,  from 
th*  aame  inconaiderate  credulity  of  the  Ini'a,  Ihe  Mpa- 
niarda  met  wilh  no  op|K>ailian,  and  look  quiet  |ioaaea- 
aioD  of  a  fort  creeled  for  the  arcurily  of  that  iinportant 
•talion.  Aa  they  now  approached  near  to  l^aiamalea, 
Atahiialpa  renewed  hia  profcaaiona  of  fricndahip ;  and, 
ta  an  evIiloncA  of  tlioir  aincerity,  sent  them  prcaonta  of 
greater  value  Ihrni  the  foriuer. 

On  entering  ('aiainalcs,  I'iiarro  took  poaacaaion  of 
■  largo  court,  on  one  aide  of  which  waa  a  houie  which 
the  Spaniah  lii^loriana  call  a  palace  of  the  Inca,  nnd  ot\ 
Uio  other  a  temple  of  the  Sun,  the  whole  aurioiinded 
wilh  a  alrong  rampart  or  wall  of  earth.  When  he  had 
poaled  hii  troope  in  thia  advaritageoua  atation,  ho  doa- 
patched  hia  hruther  Ferdinand  and  Hernando  Holo  lo 
lh«  camp  of  Atahualpa,  which  wai  aliuut  a  league  dis- 
laiit  from  the  town.  He  inalrueted  thcni  lo  coiilirm  the 
declaration  which  ho  had  formerly  made  of  hia  pacitU: 
Hiiiioaition,  and  lo  deaire  an  interview  wiih  thu  Incu, 
that  he  might  explain  more  fully  the  inteiilion  of  the 
flpaniarda  in  viaiting  hia  country.  They  were  Ireateil 
with  nil  Ihe  reapectliil  hoapitalily  uaual  among  the  i'o- 
luviaiia  in  llio  reception  of  their  moat  curdiul  friendn, 
and  AUhuatpa  promised  loviait  tiie  .Spaniah  cotiiiimiider 
next  day  in  hia  quariera.  The  decent  deportment  of 
the  Peruvian  monarch,  the  order  of  hia  court,  and  thu 
reverence  with  which  hia  auhjccta  apprOBclud  hia  per- 
ton  and  olieyed  hia  eominanua,  aalonialied  Ihoao  spa- 
ninrda  -.vho  had  never  met  in  America  wilh  any  Ihmg 
more  diciiined  than  the  petty  caziipio  of  a  harharoua 
Iriho  llut  their  eyca  were  atill  powerfully  nitructed 
by  the  vaat  proluaion  of  wealth  which  they  obaervod  in 
the  Inca'a  camp,  'i'ho  rich  ornamenta  worn  by  him  and 
Ilia  atlendanla,  the  veaacU  of  gold  and  ailver  in  whieii 
the  repast  olfered  lo  them  was  aervcd  up,  the  multitude 
of  uicnails  of  every  kind  formed  of  those  precious 
metals,  opened  proapecta  far  exceeding  any  idea  of 
opulence  that  a  Europe  in  of  the  eijcteeiith  century  could 
fonn. 

On  their  return  to  Caxamaica,  while  their  minds 
Were  yet  warm  wilh  admiration  and  desire  of  the  wealth 
which  Ihey  had  beheld,  they  gave  such  a  dcacription  of 
It  to  their  couiiirymen  as  coiilirmed  I'izarro  in  a  reso- 
lution which  he  had  already  taken.  From  his  own  ob- 
servation of  AuH^rican  mannera  during  hia  long  service 
in  the  New  World,  as  well  aa  from  the  advanlagea 
which  Cortes  had  derived  from  acixing  Montezuma,  he 
knew  of  what  coiirequenco  it  was  to  have  the  Inca  in 
his  |K>wer.  For  this  purpose,  he  formed  a  plan  as  daring 
as  it  was  pertidious.  Notwithstanding  the  character 
that  he  had  assumed  of  an  ambassador  from  a  powerful 
inonarc'h,  who  courted  an  alliance  wilh  the  Inca.  and 
in  violation  of  thu  repealed  olfers  which  he  had  made  to 
him  of  his  own  friendship  and  assistance,  ho  determined 
t3  avail  himself  of  iho  unsuspicious  simplicity  with 
which  Alahualpa  relied  on  his  piofessions,  and  to  aei/.e 
lh«  person  oflho  Inca  during  llie  interview  lo  which  he 
had  invited  him.  He  prepared  for  the  execution  of  Lis 
scheme  with  the  same  deliberate  arrange:nent,  and  with 
as  little  eompi'.nclion  as  if  it  li.id  reflected  no  disgrace 
nn  himself  or  hia  country-  He  divided  his  cavalry  into 
thiec  small  squadrons,  under  llic  cummaiid  of  his  bro- 
ther Ferdinand,  Solo,  and  Uenalcazur ;  his  infantry 
were  forini  d  in  one  body,  except  twenty  of  most  tried 
courage,  whom  he  kept  near  hi*  own  person  lo  support 
him  in  the  dangerous  service,  which  ho  reserved  for 
.".imself ;  ilie  artillery,  consisting  of  two  lield-pirces,  and 
the  cross  bowmen,  were  placed  opposite  lo  Iho  avenue 
ny  which  Atahualpa  was  lo  ap|imi'h.  All  were  com- 
inand(!d  lo  keep  within  the  sr|uare,  and  not  to  move 
until  the  signal  fori-ction  was  ijivon. 

Tarly  in  thu  morning  [.Nov,  Ki),  the  Peruvian  camp 
was  ill  III  niolinn.  Hut  as  .^laluiulpa  was  solicitous  to 
appear  wilh  the  greatest  splcmior  and  ina<;nilicencn  in 
kis  lirst  interview  wilh  Ihe  strangers,  the  urepirations 

or  this  were  so  tedious  that  ihc  day  was  far  advanced 
before  be  began  his  march.     Kven  then,  leat  the  order 

of  '.ho  iX'MFiiatau  should  b«  deranged,  he  moved  so 


Ml 

slowly,  thai  the  Npaniards  became  iin|Mlianl,  and  ap-  |of  Ike  mwHreh  incraaaed  the  prcciptala  light  of  km 
urehrnsivs  that  sihiio  suspiciwn  of  their  inleiiliuii  iniglil    follower!.     The  Nnanisnls  pursued  them  lowsidsoveiy 

qnarlrr,  awl  with  dehlieralu  and   iiiitelenling  barhaillJT 


lie  Ihe  cause  of  lliia  d-day.  In  unUr  lu  remove  this, 
Piiario  dea|Mlchod  one  of  hiaoincers  with  fresh  aaaur- 
aiicea  of  his  friendly  diapoaitlon.  .\l  length  the  Inca 
approached.  First  ol  all  appeared  lour  hundred  men, 
uniform  dreaa,  aa  harblngera  to  clear  Ihe  way  beluru 
luin.  He  himaelf,  aitlmg  on  a  Ibruiiu  or  couch  adoiiicd 
wilh  pluniea  of  varioua  colors,  and  alinuat  covered  with 
plates  of  gold  and  ailver  enriched  wilh  precious  stjiiea, 
waa  curiei  on  the  thouliers  of  hie  principal  alloiid- 
tnls.  Uehind  him  came  eoine  chief  olHcurs  of  hia 
court,  carried  in  the  aame  manner.  Hrveral  bands  of 
singers  and  dancers  aecoinpanied  ihia  cavalcade  ;  and 
Ihe  whole  plain  was  covered  with  troops,  ainounting  to 
more  than  thirty  Ihnusand  men. 

Aa  the  Inca  drew  near  the  Hpaniah  nuartrrs.  Father 
Vincent  Valverdo,  chaplain  to  the  expruition,  sdvunrod 
with  a  crncilix  in  one  hand,  and  a  hrovinry  in  the  ulliijr, 
and  in  a  long  discourse  explained  to  hiiii  the  doctrine 
of  Iho  creation,  Ihe  fall  of  Adam,  Iho  incarnation,  the 
aulforinga  and  reaurrcction  of  Jeaiia  (Jhriat,  thpap|>oint- 
inent  of  8t.  Peter  as  Uod'e  vicegerent  on  eurili,  the 
transmission  of  his  a|H>stohc  (lOwer  by  succession  to  the 
Popes,  the  donation  made  to  thu  King  of  Castile  by 
Pu|ie  Alexander  of  all  thu  regions  of  the  Now  World. 
In  consuqiiencn  of  all  this,  Tie  required  Atahual|ia  to 
embrace  the  Christian  faith,  to  acknowledgi  Ihe  lu- 
preiiifl  jurisdiction  of  the  Pope,  and  lu  auhinit  lo  Iho 
King  of  Castile  aa  his  lawful  sovereign ',  proiiiiaing,  if 
he  complied  inataiitly  with  this  requiaitioii,  that  thu 
Cantiliun  mnnarch  would  protect  his  doiiiiyiona,  and 
permil  him  to  continue  in  the  oxeicise  of  his  royal  nu- 
tliorily  ;  but  if  he  should  impiously  refuse  to  obey  lliis 
suminuns,  he  denounced  war  ngunist  him  in  his  mas- 
ter's name,  and  threatened  him  with  the  most  ureadful 
utlecta  of  his  vengeance. 

This  strange  harangue,  unfolding  deep  inysleiies, 
and  alluding  lo  uiikiiown  facu,  of  which  no  power  of 
eloi|ueiico  could  have  conveyed  at  once  a  disunet  idui 
lo  an  American,  waa  so  lamely  translated  by  an  unskilful 
inlerpretor,  little  acquainted  with  Ihe  idiom  of  the  Spa- 
nish luiigne,  and  incapable  of  expressing  liiinself  with 
propriety  in  the  language  of  thu  Inca,  that  its  general 
leniir  was  allngolher  incomprchensihlu  to  Atahualpa. 
Some  parts  in  it,  of  more  obvious  muaning,  tilled  hiin 
wilh  astonishment  and  indignation.  His  reply,  how- 
ever, was  temperate.  He  began  with  observing,  that 
he  was  lord  of  the  duniiniuns  over  which  he  reigned  by 
hereditary  succession  ;  .iiid  added,  that  he  could  not 
conceive  how  u  foreign  priest  should  pretend  to  dispose 
of  territories  which  did  not  belong  lo  him  ;  that  if  such 
a  preiiosterous  grant  had  been  made,  ho,  who  was  the 
rightlul  possessor,  refused  to  contirni  it ;  that  he  had  no 
inclination  to  renounce  the  religious  institutions  eala- 
hlishcd  by  hia  ancesturn  ;  nor  would  he  forsake  the  ser- 
vice of  llio  Sun,  tint  immortal  divinity  whom  ho  and 
his  people  revered,  in  order  to  worship  the  (Jod  of  Iho 
Spaniards  who  was  subject  to  death  ;  that  with  respect 
to  other  matters  contained  in  his  discourse,  aa  ho  had 
never  heard  of  them  beioro,  and  did  now  understand 
their  meaning,  he  desired  to  know  where  Iho  priest  had 
learned  things  so  extraordinary.  "In  this  book," 
answered  Valverde,  reaching  out  to  him  bis  breviary. 
Thu  Inca  opened  it  eagerly,  and,  turning  over  thu 
leaves,  lifted  it  to  his  ear  :  "  This,"  says  he,  "  is  silent  i 
it  tells  mo  nothing ;"  and  threw  it  with  disdain  to  the 
ground.  The  enraged  monk,  running  towards  his  coun- 
trymen, cried  out,  "  To  arms.  Christians,  to  arms  ;  the 
word  of  Ciod  is  insulted ;  avenge  thia  profanation  on 
those  impious  dogs."  [i:)0] 

Pizarro,  who,  during  this  long  conference,  had  with 
diHiculiy  restrained  hia  aoldiera,  eager  lo  seize  l!,;,  rich 
spoils  of  which  they  had  now  so  roar  a  view,  immedi- 
ately gave  the  signal  of  afsault.  At  once  the  martial 
music  struck  up,  Ihe  cannon  and  muskets  began  to  lire, 
the  horse  sallied  out  fiercely  lo  the  cliarge,  the  infantry 
rushed  on  sword  in  hand.  The  Peruvians,  astonished 
at  the  Buddennoss  of  an  attack  which  they  did  not  ex- 
pect, and  dismayed  wilh  the  destructive  elfect  of  the 
tire-arms,  and  the  irresistiblo  impression  of  Ihe  cavalry, 
tied  wilh  universal  consternation  on  every  side,  without 
attempting  cither  lo  annoy  the  enemy,  or  to  defend 
thcin!Gl,cs.  Pizarro,  at  the  head  of  his  chosen  band, 
advanced  directly  towards  the  I'-ca;  and  though  his 
nobles  crowded  around  him  witn  ollicious  zeal,  and 
ft'U  in  numbers  at  his  feet,  while  they  vied  one  with 
another  in  sacriticiiig  their  own  lives,  that  they  luighl 
cover  the  sacred  person  of  tlieir  sovereign,  the  Spa- 
niards soon  penetrated  to  the  royal  seat ;  and  Fizatro, 
seizing  the  Inca  by  Ihe  arm,  dragged  him  lo  the  ground, 
and  carried  bim  aa  a  prisoner  to  his  quarters.    The  fato 


continued  lo  slaughter  wreiibed  fugitives,  who  iievei 
once  ollured  lu  resist  The  ciiinsge  did  nut  iisse  wi- 
ld Ihe  close  of  day  Aliove  four  ihunsund  Peruviana 
were  killed.  Nut  a  single  .'Spaniard  fell,  nor  was  ihm 
wounded  but  Pi/arru  bimaelt,  whose  hand  was  slightly 
hurt  by  one  of  l.isowii  soldiers,  while  struggling  eagerly 
to  lav  hold  on  the  Inca  [lill] 

Ths  pliiiidur  of  the  lielil  was  rich  beyond  any  iJee 
which  the  Spaniards  had  yet  funned  cuiicerinng  lta« 
wealth  of  Peru  ;  and  they  weie  so  Iransiiorted  wiui  Ibt 
value  of  Iho  acquisition,  aa  well  aa  the  gniitnees  ol 
their  auccvas,  that  Ihev  psaaed  the  night  in  Ihe  extrava- 
gant exultation  natural  lo  indigent  adventuiera  on  such 
an  extraordinary  change  of  fortune. 

At  Kr>t  the  captive  monarch  could  hardly  believe  • 
calamity  which  he  ao  little  expected  to  be  real.  Uul 
he  soon  felt  all  the  misery  of  his  fate,  and  ihe  dojoclioD 
into  which  ho  sunk  wss  in  proiiortion  to  the  height  ol 
grandeur  from  v  hich  he  had  fallen.  Pixarro,  afraid  ol 
fosing  all  the  advantages  which  ho  hoped  tu  derive  from 
the  possession  of  such  a  prisoner,  labored  to  eonsolo 
him  with  iirofcssioiiH  of  kindness  and  respect,  that  cor- 
responded ill  with  his  actions,  lly  rotidiiig  among  the 
Spaiiinrds,  the  Inca  quickly  discovered  their  ruling 
paasion,  which  indeed  ihey  were  in  nowisu  solicitous  !• 
conceal,  uiid,  by  applying  to  tlut,  made  an  attempt  to 
recover  Ins  liberty.  He  olliirca  aa  a  ransom  what  a*- 
tonisliod  the  Spaniards,  even  after  all  they  now  knew 
cuncermng  the  opulence  of  hia  kingdom.  The  apart- 
ment ill  which  he  was  conliued  waa  twenty-two  feet  in 
length  and  sixteen  in  breadth  ;  ho  undertook  to  till  it 
with  vessels  of  gold  as  high  as  ho  coiilil  reach.  Pizarra 
closed  eagerly  with  this  tempting  proposal,  and  a  lino 
was  drawn  upon  the  walls  of  the  chamber,  to  mark  iha 
stipulated  hei,jht  to  which  the  treasure  was  to  rise. 

Atah::i!pa,  mnsuor^id  with  having  obtained  soma 
pr.ispto:  >f  lioeity,  tjoal  measures  instantly  fur  fullilling 
hia  part  of  the  agreement,  by  sending  measengers  to 
Cuzco,  Ijuito,  and  other  places,  whore  gold  had  been 
amassed  in  largest  quantities,  either  for  adorning  iho 
leinples  of  thu  gods,  or  thu  houses  of  Ihe  Inca,  lo  bring 
what  was  necessary  fur  completing  his  ransom  directly 
to  Caxamnlca.  'rhougli  Atahualpa  was  n9w  in  Iho 
custody  of  his  enemies,  yet  so  much  were  Ihe  Peruviaiie 
accustomed  to  respect  every  mandate  issued  by  theil 
sovereign,  that  his  orders  were  executed  with  the  great 
est  alacrity.  Soothed  with  hopes  of  recovering  hi* 
liberty  by  this  means,  thu  subjects  of  the  Inca  wera 
afraid  of  endangering  his  life  by  forming  any  other 
scheme  for  his  relief ;  and  though  the  force  of  the  em 
piro  waa  still  entire,  no  preparations  were  made,  and 
no  army  assembled  to  avenge  their  own  wrongs  or  thoe* 
of  their  monarch.  The  .Spaniards  remained  in  Caxa 
inalca  tranquil  and  uninolesled.  Small  detachment* 
of  their  niimbei  marched  into  remote  provinces  of  the 
empire,  and,  instead  of  meetirg  with  any  opposition, 
wero  every  where  received  with  marks  of  the  mos; 
submissive  respect.  [I32J 

Inconsiderable  as  those  parlies  were,  and  desirous  as 
Pizarro  might  he  to  obtain  some  knowledge  of  the  in- 
terior state  of  ihc  country,  ho  could  not  have  ventured 
upon  any  diminution  of  his  main  body,  if  he  bad  not 
about  this  time  [Ducendier,]  received  anaeconntof 
Almagio's  having  landed  at  St.  Michae.  with  such  a 
reinforcement  as  would  almost  double  the  number  ol 
his  followers.  The  arrival  of  this  long  expected  suc- 
cour was  not  more  agreeable  to  the  Spaniards  than 
alarming  to  the  Inca.  He  saw  the  power  of  hi* 
enemies  increase  ;  and  r.s  he  knew  neither  the  source 
whence  they  derived  their  supplies,  nor  tho  means  by 
which  they  wore  conveyed  to  Peru,  he  could  not  fore* 
see  to  what  a  height  the  inundation  that  poured  in  upon 
his  dominions  might  rise  [1533J.  While  disquieted 
wilh  such  apprehensions,  ho  learned  that  some  Spa- 
niards, in  their  way  to  Cuzco,  had  visited  his  brothnr 
Huascar  in  the  place  where  ho  kept  him  conAned,  aivl 
that  the  captive  prince  had  represented  to  thcin  the 
justice  of  his  own  cause,  and,  as  an  inducement  tii 
espouse  it,  had  promised  them  a  quantity  of  treasure 
greatly  beyond  that  which  Atahuiilpa  had  engaged  to 
pay  fur  his  ransom.  If  the  Spaniards  should  listen  to 
this  proposal,  Atahualpa  perceived  his  own  destruction 
to  be  inevitable  ;  and  suspecting  that  their  insatiable 
thirst  for  gold  would  tempt  them  to  lend  a  favorable 
ear  tu  it,  he  determined  to  sacrilicc  his  brother's  life 
that  he  might  save  bis  own ;  and  his  orders  for  thu 
purpose  were  executed,  like  all  his  other  coiumaniU- 
with  scrupulous  punctuality. 
Mennwhilc,  Indians  dai|v  amved  at  Cazamalea  (am 


tm 


ROB  RICrnON'a   IIIHTORY  OP 


1 


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ptra  of  Ih*  kiniidom,  IomImI  with  Irauiini 
A  flMt  r*n  of  lh«  •ti|iuU(«l  qutnllly  «r«i  iivw 
■■MM4,  tmi  Al«hii«l|M  MiumI  Um  npanitnli  Ihtl  th* 
Wlijr  thinf  whirh  pramitni  lh«  wIkiI*  from  bring 
Vwughl  III.  WM  ih«  ri>iiiol«iUH  nf  ilm  iiroviiicrt  whrtv 
H  WM  dflxMilni.  Uiil  iiurh  vaat  |iilri  of  yolil  fn- 
MdlnJ  ronlinuiliy  to  tlix  virw  of  iwrdy  Midian,  ImiI 
M  in(*in«i  (hrir  •virirr,  lh*t  il  w»  liii|io«lblii  >iiy 
btgar  to  rralnin  ihclf  ini|«li«nrii  to  iibuin  |ioui>uioii 
•f  thii  tich  iMhUy  Oiilprs  wir*  hiviiii  for  iiiclling 
town  Ih*  Mholv,  cicriit  ■uiiin  pii>rri  of  curioiii  falwjc 
iwatvnl  ••  •  |ircMiit  lor  iIm  iiiii|)crar  After  trlliiiu 
■part  Ui«  AfUi  due  to  Iho  crown,  tnd  •  humlrcd  ihou- 
Mnd  (irMa  u  *  donatif*  to  th«  toldien  which  irrivrd 
■ith  Almtgra,  thara  rainainrd  onr  million  A«a  hundred 
and  Iwanlv-ciglit  thoiiMnd  liva  huiidmi  iiphii  Io 
Piiarm  and  Iiik  liillowera.  'I'lic  Milival  of  Ml.  J>inri 
(July  t6J,  Iha  iwlron  laint  of  Hpain,  waa  th»  day  rho- 
•an  lur  tho  partition  of  thia  rnonnoua  auin,  and  ihv 
mannar  of  condurling  It  itrongly  iiiarka  lh«  itniiga 
•Itiance  of  faniticiani  with  afanm,  which  I  liavn  niorti 
than  once  had  occnaion  Io  iiuini  out  aa  a  alriking  fca- 
Inra  in  tlui  character  of  Ihn  comiiiarora  of  the  Naw 
World.  'Chuiigh  anMinblrd  to  divide  tba  apoila  uf  an 
innocent  peo|il<i,  procurad  by  deceit,  eiloriion,  and 
trurlly,  th«  tranaaction  Iwuan  with  a  aoleinn  invociiioii 
•f  the  name  of  (iud,  aa  if  lliry  could  hare  ciprctcd  thi' 
ouidanco  of  lieavan  in  diatribiitina  ihoaa  wugca  ul 
iniiiuily.  In  Ihia  divlaion  above  eight  ihouaand  (icaoa, 
tl  ibat  time  not  inferior  in  elfcclive  value  to  aa  many 
pounda  a<crling  in  the  prcaent  century,  fell  to  the  ahare 
of  each  horacinan,  and  half  that  auin  to  each  fool 
aoldier.  i'liario  hiiiiaelf,  and  hia  oHIcera.  received 
dividonda  in  |iro|iorllon  Io  the  dignity  of  their  rank. 

Tbaro  it  no  ciaiiiule  in  hialory  of  auch  a  audilcn 
■cquiailion  of  wt'alih  by  military  aorrice.  nor  waa  ever 
•  auni  ao  great  divided  among  ao  email  a  number  of 
aoldirra.  Many  of  them  having  received  a  rcioin|iciiae 
'or  tbeir  aervicea  far  beyond  iheir  moat  aangiiinc  hopca, 
«ere  ao  im|>atient  to  retire  from  fatigue  ana  danger,  in 
mlor  lb  a|iciid  the  remainder  of  their  dava  in  their  na' 
tive  com  try  in  eaao  and  opulence,  that  they  demanded 
thrir  dJM^hargo  with  clamuroua  iiii|iorluiiity  I'narru, 
WDailile  that  from  auch  men  he  could  eipcci  neither 
Mlerpriao  in  action  nor  furtitudo  in  auHrring,  and  uer- 
Madk'l  that  whcrover  they  went  the  diaplay  of  their 
lictiea  would  allure  a>.Wciiturcr>,  leaa  opulent  but  more 
hoidy,  to  hiM  atandjrd.  ^ranlcd  their  auit  without  rehiet- 
Mcr,  and  |)prinitted  atiovc  ai>ly  of  them  to  accoiuiiany 
kia  bruther  Kerdinaiid.  wliuin  ho  aent  to  S|«in  with  an 
account  of  hia  aucceu,  and  the  preaeiil  dealined  for 
(tt*  anipcror. 

The  Spaniarda  having  divided  among  them  llie  Irca- 
nro  amaaacd  for  the  liiea'a  ranaoiii,  lie  iutialcd  wiUi 
Ihcin  to  fullil  tlieir  proiuiae  of  aelting  him  at  liberty. 
But  nothing  waa  further  from  Piiarro'a  Ihoughla. 
During  hia  long  acrvice  in  tho  New  World,  ho  hail 
imbibed  thoMC  iueaa  and  maiiina  of  hia  fellow-aoltliera, 
which  led  them  to  conaidrr  ita  inhabilani^  aa  an  in- 
fiiior  race,  neither  worthy  of  tlie  name,  nor  cntiiisil  to 
the  righia  of  men.  In  hia  compact  with  Atahualpa,  he 
had  no  other  object  than  to  amuae  hia  captive  with  auch 
■  proapect  of  recovering  hia  liberty,  aa  might  induce 
htm  to  lend  all  the  aid  ofhia  authority  towaiSa  collect- 
ing the  wealth  of  hia  kingdom.  Having  now  accom- 
pliahed  ihi*.  he  no  longer  regarded  hia  piighted  faith ; 
■nd  al  the  very  lime  when  the  creduloua  prince  hoped 
to  be  replaced  on  hia  throne,  he  had  aecrelly  reaolved 
to  bereave  him  of  life.  Many  circumatancea  aeoin  to 
have  concurred  in  prompting  him  to  thia  action,  the 
noat  criminal  and  alrocioua  thai  ataina  the  Spaniah 
name,  amidal  all  the  deeda  of  violence  committed  in 
carrying  on  the  conqucata  of  the  New  World. 

'Ilwugh  Piurro  had  aeizcd  the  Inca  in  imitation  of 
Conea'a  conduct  towarda  the  Mexican  monarch,  he  did 
■Ot  poaaeaa  talenia  for  carrying  on  tho  aame  artful  plan 
of  policy.  Deatilute  of  the  temper  and  addrcaa  re- 
qoiaite  for  gaining  the  confidence  of  hia  prianner,  he 
MTer  reapea  all  the  advantagca  which  might  have  been 
dwiTcd  from  beiii^  maaler  of  hia  pcmdfi  and  authority. 
Atahualpa  waa,  indeed,  a  prince  of  greater  aliililloi  and 
diaccmment  than  Montezuma,  and  aeeina  to  have  pene- 
Uatad  RMire  thoroughly  into  the  character  and  inlcn- 
tiona  of  the  Spaniaroa.  Mutual  auapicion  and  diatruat 
■fcordiiigly  took  place  between  tnem.  The  atrict 
attention  with  which  it  waa  necessary  to  guard  a  ca|i- 
thre  of  auch  importance,  greatly  increaseJ  tho  fatigue 
of  military  duty.  The  utility  uf  keeping  him  appeared 
iaeoiiaidersble ;  and  I'lzarro  felt  bun  aa  an  eiicuin- 
knnce,  from  which  he  wished  to  lie  delivered. 

Adaigr  >  and  hia  fullowera  had  made  a  demand  of 
■a  tfud  iliiic  in  Uu  loca'a  ranaom ;   and  thougb 


I'laarro  hail  baalowed  upon  Iho  iirivata  men  tha  large 
gratuity  which  I  have  nienlionad,  ami  tndaavoiad  to 
sooiha  their  leader  by  preaenta  of  great  value,  thay 
alill  continued  diaaatialied.  TlieT  wan  apprrhenaive, 
that  aa  lung  aa  Aiahiialpa  rrniamrJa  priaonur,  I'ltairu's 
aoldit-ra  would  apply  whatever  treaaure  ahouhl  Iw  ae- 
ipiired,  to  make  up  what  waa  wanting  ul  the  i|uaiilily 
aiipulaled  lur  hta  ranauin,  and  under  that  preteit  ei- 
I'liide  thani  from  any  |iarl  uf  it.  They  inaialed  eagerly 
on  iiutling  the  liiea  tu  dealh,  lliat  all  llin  B<lveiilurera 
III  I'erti  iniglil  lhe/uali«r  Iw  oil  an  eipiul  footing 

I'laarro  niiiiaelf  licgail  Io  be  alarmed  with  arcoiinta 
of  furcaa  asaembling  in  the  remote  provmcea  of  lha 
empire,  and  auapocted  Atahual|>a  uf  having  laaued  or- 
dera  for  llwt  purimae  'I'hrao  fuara  and  auapiritnia 
were  artfully  increaard  by  llulippillo,  urn  of  llie  In- 
diana, whom  I'liarn  had  carri  jd  off  fruin  Tumlira  m 
the  year  one  thouaaiid  liva  hundred  and  twenty- aevoii, 
and  whom  he  employed  aa  an  interpreter.  Tlic  func- 
tion whii'h  ho  |Mirfuriued  admitting  thia  man  Io  familiar 
inlenourao  with  lha  captive  monarch,  ho  prraumrd, 
nutwithatuiulmg  tlia  ineanntaa  of  hia  birth,  to  raiae  hia 
alfecliona  tu  a  Coya,  or  doacundant  of  the  Mun,  one  of 
Atahual|>a'a  wivea ;  and  acoing  no  nroapeci  of  gratify- 
ing that  iwsauiii  during  tho  hfo  of  the  monarch,  lie  en- 
deavored to  (ill  the  eara  of  tha  iS|ianJurda  with  audi 
accounia  of  tlio  Inca'a  aecret  deaigna  and  prcparationa, 
aa  might  awaken  thoir  jr.alouay,  and  eicito  Ihain  to  cut 
liiin  air. 

While  Alinagro  and  hia  followera  oiienly  demanded 
tho  life  of  the  Inca.  and  IMiilippillo  labored  to  ruin  him 
by  iirivate  niacliinationa,  lliat  uiiha|ipy  prince  inadvcrt- 
rntiy  conftibutid  In  liaaten  hia  own  falo.  Uu^iig  hia 
confinement  he  hu)  attached  himself  with  peculiar 
affection  to  Ferdinand  i'liarro  and  llrrnando  Holo, 
who,  aa  they  weie  persona  of  birth  and  education 
superior  Io  the  rough  adventurera  with  whom  they 
aerved,  were  accuatoiiicd  to  behave  with  more  decency 
and  allention  to  tin  captive  monarch.  Soothed  with 
this  reaped  from  pciaona  of  auch  high  rank,  he  de- 
lighted in  their  aociety.  Uut  in  tlie  presence  of  the 
uovoriiur  he  waa  alwaya  uneaay  and  overawed.  Thia 
dread  soon  came  tu  bo  mingled  with  contempt.  Among 
all  the  Kuro|ieaii  arts,  what  ho  admired  iiiosi  was  tliat 
of  reading  and  writing  ;  and  he  long  deliberated  with 
hiiiiaelf,  whether  ho  ahould  regard  il  aa  a  natural  or  ac- 
i|uircd  talent.  In  order  Io  tlelcnnino  this,  he  desir"'] 
one  of  the  soldiers,  who  guaided  him,  to  write  the 
name  of  God  on  tlio  nail  of  hia  thumb.  Thia  he 
ahowcd  auccesaiveljr  to  aevcral  Spa'iiarda,  asking  its 
meaning;  and  to  hia  ainaiemeent,  they  all,  witoout 
heaitation,  relumed  the  xaiiw  anawer.  At  lengtli 
I'iiarro  entered! ;  and,  on  preaentiiig  it  to  him,  he 
blushed,  and  with  aome  conl'usion  was  obliged  to  ac- 
knowledge hia  ignorance.  Kroiii  tliat  iiioincnt  Atahu- 
al|«  considcreiT  him  aa  a  mean  person  less  inatructtd 
tlian  hia  own  foldiera ;  and  be  hud  not  address  enough 
Io  conceal  the  aentimenta  with  wliirli  thia  discovery 
inapired  him.  To  be  the  object  of  a  barbarian's  acorn, 
not  cnly  mortified  tbo  pride  of  I'iiarro.  hut  excited 
such  reaoritment  in  hia  breast,  aa  added  force  to  all  the 
other  conaideratioiia  which  prompted  bim  to  put  tlie 
Inca  tu  death. 

Uut  in  order  to  give  aome  color  of  justice  to  Ihia 
violent  action,  and  that  he  himaelf  might  be  exempted 
from  atanding  aiiigly  reaponaiblo  for  Ihe  coinmiaaion  of 
it,  Pizario  reaolved  Io  try  the  Inca  with  all  tho  fonoali- 
ties  observed  in  tho  criminal  courta  of  tjpain.  Pizarro 
himself,  and  Alinagro,  with  two  aaaialanta,  were  ap- 
iwinted  judges,  with  full  power  to  acquit  or  to  con- 
demn ;  an  attorney-general  waa  named  to  carry  on  the 
proaeculion  in  the  king's  name ;  counsellors  were  cho- 
sen to  aasist  the  prisoner  in  his  defence ;  and  clerks 
were  ordained  to  record  the  proceedings  of  court 
Before  thia  strange  tribunal,  a  charge  was  eihibilej 
still  more  amazing  It  coniiistod  of  various  articlej; 
that  Atahualpa,  though  a  bastard,  had  diapoaseased  the 
rightful  owner  of  tiie  throne,  and  usurped  the  legal 
powor ;  that  he  had  put  his  brother  and  lawful  love- 
reign  to  death :  that  he  was  an  idolater,  and  hi  d  not 
only  permitted  but  commanded  the  offering  of  luiinan 
aacriticca  ;  that  he  had  a  great  number  of  coiicubinea  ; 
that  aiiice  hia  imprisonment  he  had  wasted  and  einbei- 
zled  the  royal  treaaurea,  which  now  belonged  of  right 
to  the  coiKiuerors  ;  that  ho  had  incited  his  subjects  to 
take  nrins  against  tho  SfMniarda.  Dn  tli<  se  lieudit  of 
accusation,  some  of  which  arc  so  ludicrous,  others  so 
absurd,  that  the  effrontery  of  Pizurro,  ni  iiiiiking  thciii 
the  foundaJioii  of  a  serious  procedure,  is  not  lest  !>••:■ 
prising  tliuii  his  injustice,  did  this  strange  court  ^o  on  to 
try  the  sovereign  of  a  great  empire,  over  whom  it  had 
no  jurisdiction.     With  respect  to  each  of  the  articlea, 


witiwaaea  were  •laiBintd  ,  bill  as  they  dvlivvrtd 
avidaiK'r  in  tkelt  naliva  tongue,  lliilifiiHlIu  bad  il  I 

IMWcr  to  giva  thair  words  whalavar  turn  beat  a 
lia  nialavMant  mtanliona.  To  judges  pmdalaiml— I 
ill  their  opinion,  this  evidenca  appeared  aulHaianL 
They  pninoiinerd  Atahualpa  guilty,  and  eondaaaaal 
him  to  Ih)  burnt  alive  Kriar  Valverde  proatitutixl  lt<0 
autlionly  of  hia  aacrrd  funrtion  to  confirm  Ihia  aan 
trnca,  and  by  hia  signature  warraiiled  il  to  bo  just 
Aslunishad  at  liia  fate  Atahualpa  endeavurid  to  avan 
it  by  tears,  by  nrumiscs,  and  by  enlrealira  thai  ho 
might  be  aent  Io  Spain,  where  u  niunarch  would  bo  tba 
arbiter  of  hia  lot.  Uut  nily  nsver  luuehed  tin  unfeel- 
ing heart  of  I'laarro.  Ilo  ordered  him  to  ba  led  in- 
alantly  to  eieeiitinn  ;  and  what  added  lu  llw  bittemaaa 
of  Ins  last  momenta,  the  same  monk  who  had  jual  rati- 
fied hia  duum,  offered  to  console  and  attempted  to  con- 
vert hiin.  TImi  moat  iiowerfiil  argument  Valvarda  am- 
iiloyad  to  prevail  with  him  to  embraoo  the  Chiiatiau 
faitli,  waa  a  promise  of  mitigation  in  hia  punishment. 
The  dread  o!  a  cruel  death  eatoited  Iroiii  ihe  iremblmg 
viclliii  a  ilesire  uf  receiving  baptism.  Tha  ceremony 
waa  performed ;  and  Atahualpa,  •natuad  of  being  burnt, 
waa  alrangled  al  tho  slako. 

Happily  for  Ihe  credit  of  the  Hpanish  nation,  evaa 
among  the  prolligato  adventurers  which  It  aent  forth  Io 
conijuer  and  desolate  the  New  World,  there  were  per- 
aoiia  who  retained  some  tincture  of  Ihe  Caslilian  gen*> 
roaitv  and  honor.  Though,  before  the  trial  of  Atahualpa, 
Fenfinand  I'iiarro  had  aet  out  fur  Hpain,  and  Soto  waa 
ariit  on  a  aeparato  command  at  a  diaiance  from  Caia- 
inalra.  thia  ouioua  Iranaaclion  vaa  nut  carried  on  with- 
out censure  and  opposition.  Several  oIKcera,  and 
among  those  soma  of  tho  grcateat  reputation  and  inosi 
rea|wetable  familiea  in  the  aervice,  not  only  remonatra* 
led  hut  prutesled  againat  thia  meaaure  of  llisir  general, 
aa  diagraceful  to  their  country,  aa  repugnant  to  anaty 
maxim  of  equity,  as  a  violation  of  public  faith,  and  a 
uaurpalion  of  jiiriaidiction  over  an  iiide|>eiident  monarch, 
to  which  they  had  no  title.  Uut  their  laudable  ei;dea> 
vura  were  vain.  Nunibera.  and  the  opinion  of  auch  aa 
held  every  thing  to  b<i  lawful  which  they  deemed  advaiH 
lageouB,  prevailed.  Iliatury,  however,  recorda  even 
Ihe  unaucccaaful  eiertiona  ef  virtue  with  ap|lauae;  and 
Ihe  Spaniah  wrilera,  in  relating  evonta  wheru  the  valot 
of  their  nation  is  more  conapicuuiia  than  «s  humanity, 
have  not  failed  to  preserve  the  namca  of  thoae  who 
made  Ihia  laudable  elfurt  to  save  their  country  from  ttan 
infamy  of  having  periielralcd  aueli  a  crime. 

On  the  death  of  Atahualpa,  Pixarro  invoated  one  of 
his  sons  with  the  enaigna  of  royalty,  hoping  that  a 
young  man  without  experience  inigtit  prove  a  more  paa- 
sive  instrument  in  his  hands  than  an  aii.biltuua  inuiiurch, 
who  had  been  accustomed  to  independent  command. 
The  iieople  of  Cuxco,  and  the  adjacent  country,  ac- 
knnwiudued  Manco  ('spnc,  a  brother  of  Iluaacar,  al 
liirs  iJut  iieiilier  poaacssod  the  authority  which  be- 
longed to  a  aovrrcign  of  Peru  Tho  violent  convul- 
sions into  which  tho  empire  had  been  thrown,  first  by 
the  civil  war  between  the  two  brothers,  and  then  by  tho 
invaaion  of  tho  Spaniards,  had  not  only  deranged  tba 
order  of  tho  Peruvian  governiiient,  but  alinoat  diasolveil 
its  frame.  When  they  beheld  their  monarch  a  captivo 
ill  Ihe  power  of  strangers,  and  at  last  suffering  an  igno- 
minious death,  the  people  in  several  provmcea,  aa  if 
ihoy  had  been  set  tree  from  every  reatruliit  of  law  and 
decency,  broke  out  iiiln  the  most  licentious  excesaea. 
So  many  descendants  of  tho  Sun,  after  being  treated 
with  the  utmost  indignity,  had  been  cut  off  bv  Atahu- 
alp>,  th"'  ...  :  only  their  influence  in  the  atale  diminiah- 
cd  with  iicir  number,  but  tho  accustomed  reverence 
frr  that  -.  acred  laco  sensibly  decreased,  in  consequence 
jf  this  state  of  things,  ambitious  men  in  diUcrenl  parta 
of  tho  empire  aspired  to  independent  aullioiity,  and 
usurped  jurisdii  turn  to  which  they  had  no  titlo.     Tha 

Suiieral  who  cuuiiiiandcd  for  Atahualpa  in  (^uito,  seized 
le  brother  and  children  uf  his  master,  put  them  to  a 
cruel  death,  and,  disclaiiuuig  any  connection  with  citliat 
Inca,  endeavored  to  established  a  aeparate  kingdom  foi 
himself. 

Tho  Spaniards  with  pleasure  beheld  the  spirit  of  di»> 
cord  diffusing  iiHtll,  and  the  vigor  of  government  re- 
laxing ainoni{  the  Peruviana.      I'iiey  considered  iboae 
disoruers  as  symptonis  of  a  state  hastening  towards  iia 
dissolution.     Pizarro  no  longer  hesitated  to  advance 
towards  tjuzco,  and  he  had  received  such  considerable 
'  reinforcements,  that  he  could  vcnturo,  with  tittle  dan- 
ger, to  peiielrute  so  far  into  tho  int^irior  part  iif  Uia 
country.     The  account  cf  tli«  wealth  acquired  at  Caxa- 
[  inuica  operated  us  ho  had  foreseen.     No  sooner  did  Ilia 
i  bruther  Ferdiiiind,  with  the  oiKcora  and  aoldiaia  to 
'  whom  he  had  i^lveu  their  diacbarga  after  the  i«ititioa 


I 


IhIIoImiI  Ulal 
luni  b«l 
I  prv  ildun 
Hired  luHkiML 
whI  condMaaal 
c  iirMiiiutixi  It^ 
I'unlirm  ihw  •*■> 
IrtI  II  10  Iw  juil 
limvunU  la  itvtN 
iilrralira  tliti  h* 
rt'h  wuiilil  Im  lb* 
K'licil  tin  unrvdl- 
hull  lu  b«  ImI  in- 
lu  Ilia  lim«m«M 
vlio  hill  juil  rati- 
illciii|ilml  li>  con- 
Kilt  Valvanln  am- 
ico  Ihu  Chiiatiaii 
I  hii  liuiiiahinonl. 
roll)  tna  iniiubling 
'I'ha  carainoiiy 
ul  o(  baiiig  burnt, 

niih  nation,  avts 
ch  it  aaiit  forth  ta 
I,  than  warr  pei- 
ne (y'aitilwn  gan» 
IrmI  of  Auhualpa, 
ilii,  and  Solo  wu 
itance  from  Cii*- 
>l  carried  »n  with- 
<ril  oIKcvra,  and 
|<utaliuii  and  iiioit 
>t  only  reinoiiatn- 
■  of  their  general, 
ipugnant  to  oveiy 
l>ulilic  faith,  end  • 
'prndiMit  monsrcht 
ir  liiidalile  endea- 
Dpinioii  of  auch  M 
lojr  deemed  «d«tii> 
vor,  rucorda  even 
with  api  lauae;  and 
ita  where  tho  vaiof 
than  Ha  huniinity, 
nea  of  tlioaa  wba 
ir  country  from  Ik" 
crime. 

inveated  ono  of 

ilty,  hoping  tlwt  a 

prove  a  more  paa- 

.bitloua  iiionarch, 

Mident  coininaml. 

Ill  tuuntry,  ac- 

of  Iluancar,  al 

iihuiily  which  be- 

violcnt  convul- 

thrown,  ilrat  by 

^,  and  then  by  tba 

inly  deranged  the 

alniuat  diasolved 

nonarch  a  captive 

lulfcring  an  igix^ 

proviiicca,  aa  il 

itruint  of  law  and 

unlioiii  eiceaaea. 

ter  being  treated 

ut  otr  bv  \tahu- 

lie  atale  diniiniah- 

stained  revcrcncv 

In  coiiKcqubnco 

in  dilfcrent  part* 

nt  aulhoiity,  and 

'<  110  title.     The 

in  Ijuuo,  iciied 

.cr,  put  thorn  to  a 

cclion  with  citltM 

irute  kingdom  foi 

the  apirit  of  di»- 

governinciit  r^ 
coiikidcrcd  thoae 
ening  tuwarda  ita 

ted  to  advance 
lucii  canHidt-ruble 

with  liltio  (Ian- 
orior  part  vi  Um 

cquired  at  Cau- 
Nu  sooner  did  hii 

and  aoldian  M 

Ttui  the  paililioa 


4 


I 


')r 


'A 


A 


i! 


■V" 

V- 

j;  ■ 


li! 


Non  KUTNONfl  iiinroRV  Of 


A 

M 

•I 

•I 
to 


44«l  •»Hll  ' 


►  lUI'l    in    4    (  ■ 

Mrt  ilir   lllih 

HuJ   |l»«l«   4^    I 

Ill    i-vr 
■  ami 


IJWv  V. 

••r    ■ 
nu 
til 
Um 

'^ 


.ft 


.  l,i>  ,      .  ■■.   on*-  "f  KiP   |pi- 1 
.»■:..  J  ..!|    Iroi..    I   ^ 

'  •  wtn  10  111" 


-h    h.- 


■  t*»n#*! :   twt  .  ■ 

-tl   tiM* 

'  k« 

' 

'    .;;d 

.U.I      .HlllllMl 

tl     I»W'I»4 

> 

Ulit'tl    »» 

..    ill)*    fVt\ 

;  I..  ..u  (.l«l 

Kuiml  Iw  »>»N 

'■■fiiiii.  i.,,i  tm 

'■•    HI   ■    '   ■      , 

.      ..i.llwili« 

■  .31  hia  U      1 

1 1"«+ 

,,  ..on  111  1'- 

1  111)  llf 

aliinllf  ttt  i>ir 

i'llltlliM* 

•ii  hi*  LmI  II  >i  ' 

..     |M«I  I4II- 

It  )t  III*  i(fi<'iii,  (Jill  It  ii  lii  1 1 

,   .  .1  Id  t»»- 

wrt  hHti      '1  III'  iiiiMl  fiO' 

'■    .1   tilln  rill 

1 '  -'  >  '1  lu  (irri  ,<!■  Aitii  .mil    -^ 

'    t^         '    tUMIKII 

■  tm  m  lirwKiliv   ut    riillllpillAh    i 

1         .  )>IM  1  ■'  .llltltl. 

I  US  >  Ulilt>..g  li 
>.fr.H«  llf  Ml*  N 
iit.i.  '1  I  .  ...»ni..  iiif  tpitilii  .;* 
in  I  ly  .ifftit,   I'tuir'uiii    4il 
'I  i>«^4i.  With  t  lolrmn  ii.vufitfi. 
'    jtl.  •«  ll  lll^y  iii.ikl  h««*  «l|il't  Utl  tl 
'«titH   in    ili«trtltuliiitl    Umki*   A%i't^  . 


|irf» 


J    ii.ii'.  ■      I        I' .  tl,  to  nu>u  I* 

it^'.il.  .4iti  III  Uir  .1<m,  imhkI 

m  I  Vul ...  • .  > ...  iin  iiru<|>ti't  nf  (nlJj  - 

*■'  '  ■ll^  iluit  |iii«»imi  dttnii;,'  thii  t.lb  vi  tin  (imn  irfli.  hf  fii 
tlMXirrl  III  till  llu  •111  of  'tiu  ^f«n  ariU  wuli   nui'li 

■.^.i...iB»-     •>■     t     .^     fkk.     .'^     -A«>..i     .l..^i    ._A     ^.t.l        .>■■■  .^•.•1  iJiii. 


1    <«VB  liriT  '  I     •■»     •■■!      <M«<        •■•IB       Wl         ■  IIW        •      •'>■<    ■"!'        T«I-H         •••■■     >> 


)>-MiH.iii4iit    «(Hi    twll     tiMi 
I'llaiid    htiUiifflf.    ><••)     til* 


1^' 

t  mm  »ff  fni<4i  tttviticti  «tiii'' 

MWu  r«       M<i.>  III  it..  II.  I  . 

•be 

M\ 

iWll 

livi 

ibt 

(rn 

•nl. 


•ihI  iii»  fi>lliit»«r» 
,.  »ii.l  f'!il.(,   hn  ' 


4IIIII 

tiin 


■i.. 

.jiir 


|i||H*4t   AU'ilti    ,,,  rfiuri' 

MMly.  '.>  111:.  <ii  .t  ..'I'h  :- 

r',  •lit!  ['**riiiMi  '  ■•tu.  f.1' .V  til  ti;  t  ».  ■  •t.|i.»r.f 
hi  t4liir  IVr.i  .u(i(i,  v»lMin  In'  •ml  lu  ^|Min  iniK  <ii 
(Mount  ol  hii  ^llI'rl.^1,  uiiil  lliu  |iri.'««ul  dpstmitl  for 
|b(  nniTror. 

Til"  .^|'<iii«nl«  hotinv  ilimlrd  mntmj  ihnii  Iho  tri»|. 
■W*  •iii<i><''(l  I"!  U>«  ii>C4'<  iii.auiii  nt.  iiiiMitl  wiui 

rill  cuir.l  i(hi    |.rmiii«f  tif  «:'!  1 ,;  ^lm    i  lllmriv, 
.    ■  «   fiiniiii    In- .1    I  uiini'k    llK>'ij{liit 
Dili  '  •*r»K'   in  III"  Ni!«  Wnfid,  ill.  Im.: 

bob  1*  mtl4    Itl-'n*   i(  hi*    iillt^w  ^nl.lin*. 

Whi  .iuliiUit'o  u  all  11. 

fan  .  •K»'  •ntnl.xl  III 

the  :  ■'!'    '•■'    H-i..    ..■ 

bid 


■M 

lot 

to  I 
hav. 


tlwt  . 

iieil  il.i-   ...  1...  .  . 

Hi  tiiii  veiv  unitt  v,r  ■ 


I  nil  I". 
II    ..  Ill'  lll'v         M*ll>    I'.. 
.rrr'i    in    ^olitollDif   b- 
'  .i'   amj   h(i>4i<io'iii  1.141  -I  tiiM*  ....     ' 
'I  (ill  Ji-t'ii*   ■**    \ti'U.ii:»    ( ..iiiiiti; 
.-oikji  (••[•  111  iV  .Now  Wfti-lit 
.rit,  twi  iH -Ki-.!  ilii!  !r.c»  in  iiB»4»' 
I  lu.««r.U  til**  .Mi-kicmi  inoiMirt  . 


I 
Cot 

Mt 

Of  I 
quit 
nev 
deii 
Ala 
dJK 
bit. 
lion 

MCI 

MIeii.. 

liVR    of    Sliv 

of  military  dut; 
inconaiUerttblo  ;   an.. 
tt,  fruiii  which  he  v\ 


S.Mi-i.14'1  lit.  -ta«  uintjt  uuit««y  ai'^i  ' 
ii'iid  aiion  t!aiii'i  It.  Iw  jiii.^ti .!  Mub  '  • 
I  ill'  'III  r.n  )>t-A,i  arl>.  Ahji  l)<-  adn. 
.  i>r  iL.AilihK  H'.il  .Aiitmi' ;  nml  .  t<...^ 
I  hiiii.itj|l,  Mliothfir  III'  ahbuiit  rr /aril  li  • 
.  11)1111111  lalt'iil.     Ill  iinlir  .n  .,  n.  linaitpd 

joM  III'  11.11  ittililura,  who  t"  '  "  w"'"  I'' 

nam"   ul    l"id  oii   iha  naiT  >••  ■      M .     '.o 

.ili.v.t'iil  RiirccaitiMil}  to  aiiv'.i  ..  aviii'itj  iia 

mrtiiiin^  ;  anil  to  ti  a  aiii..At  .i  ■  ill.  withoiU 

hnaiuiiun,  idIuimI'iI  tlm  aaiiM  unavar  At  luiigili 
I'uuiro  ''mrrtd;  utiil,  on  prfafiiiiint  it  i.>  liuiit  tie. 
Iiliintttiil.  ami    .killi '.iiiiu  roiil'iaioi!    <Adn  t>' .li^t  li  tu  aC' 

IKii.i.vliiit{it  hm  tuiiiifaiici'      V'roin  lltui  iiiomtiil  .X'.'iiii. 
al|«  '(ina.tlriMNr  hill  a«  a  li.eaii  wf' )ii  1.^  iiialtuctit' 
i.'itn  bin  own  Hilditn  ,  ami  La  lutl  not  a>(i'»M  «iu)ii|;ii 
(It  ruiii.cal  the    •■■'iMiaiilK  ivnli  »l.  th  thu  diaiuiii 
iiia|arcil  liim      "..   Ki  ttiu  ul>iii:l  of  >  Iwi'iurian'a  MOrii, 
I  ii...«  idi>f  inonilWul   liv  (i»iii«  11     ruiKM.  bni  eti'ititf 
lauih  icniihtnifnt  in  hia  tirnaat,  »•  iitJiled  Ukks  to  all  Ui« 
{■Mlnr  rixiaiiJantiOua  wHirh  [irumiili'tl  .  :n  to  |iul  iIm 
.  "ft  IV  ileatll. 

Hill  in  oriliT  to  ji<t"  »i>'im  ruloj   if  jn'lif « lu  il..» 

'  VII.  rill  Miioii.  a'd  that  Ltt  IiiuimII  luifhl  bo  «mn|itml 

'''I'll  «<-'r\'iiM;;  «iii«;<>  i<'.t|ioiiHibt(?  lor  ihii  GummivaiiKi  ot 

aolitd  10  tty  ilift  liUM  wilh  4II  ih.'  liinDAli-  j 

1]  in  llie  .-rir  -iioj  l''   'la  0!'  Hpain      I'u.iifu 

.  'J  .XUiajjr./,  with  two  aaaiatanta,  wtru  ap* 

t 'i  .,   vi'ti  full   |io*(f  tu  V  |uit  ur  o  cull- 

.  nttortHH-ffan^ral  wa^  imhiviI  Io  curry  uu  tbt 

ititin  !ti  lb*  kii.,('a  iui(i«  .  «in.!;»t-i;ora  wrra  cho- 

.    »**.'.^    ''.K    j'liiH.'i''l'.  ill    ii«  liali'lice  ,   aiij  cl.'rt.a 

'  .'.tl    .»  ftiropl    ill*    j.r'<;ei U.11^1  .if  fiurt 

«   «lf an4^'  tnbiinal.  a  t'hirtt.'  waa  flhibilrii 

■      '.        ■:-{.■.■■         :■'<:■     -, 


I  III  a  riil«l  liiiih  rtli'rli  1  Inuil  Hi  Inilillillll^ 
>..  iiiii  •  .|i  tin'  1 1  iL<'i'i*iii|.|  baiiiKiii  Th"  larriiiimy 
».ui  prrlornii  it  ami  Aialiiial|i«,  Inainad  ul  ln'iiig  biinil, 
i«tt«  "iiaii^j.  ll  at  tlir*aiakii 

IU|i|iilv  liii  i I ..  I  rrilii  llf  Iha  Hptni-I  ..linn  utan 
ailing  ill.  |ir<  lliiiiia  adtrniniria  wl.irh  it  arnt  Ivrih  ti« 
it>iii|uiii  niiU  ll  •iilaiu  thr  Naw  W'nitld,  Ihara  wrn  |<>r. 
>t»a»l      rulaiiu  J  auiiui  tiiiliiiiiil  ih"  Caililian  ||an^ 

-     mil  hoiiiii     Tbi'ii,;'!,  Uloir  'lii>  it  mlul  iVlahual|ia. 

111. I  I'uarrii  ha  I  '"t  ■  "It  fur  .'4|Miii,  nil  Mi'lu  *mt 

'   ..     a  arptifiit.  ni.iiiiuiMil  at  a  il'^iaiici'  .    nn  < 'aa* 

ii4lt'4.  iliia  iKlii'.ii  t|iiii*.ii'ii<>ii  waa  nui  .  .ii.ii>il  on  tsilli 

...If  ri  ii*iitk  aii'l   (iptmaitioii       ;<i>i'r:ii    ullicvia.    and 

*  '  !'        I  It. -I  n;  lUlnin  ami  iiioN 

nut  iiiilv  ri'ini(i.»Ua- 

.  -aaiifii  ut  thrir  gi'nt'ral 

!•  iliaoiaii  i  It  .'     lii'it     uiii.iii,  aa  rr|MiKii«nl  lu  t<<«rv 

.iiaiti..     f  '    tiiu   »*  a  viotmu'ii  .if  ntitili.  I'lftH.  and  4 

I  .kill  111  )ii«rvtw 

la.iiUiila  ai'l.'t- 

t  ,11111.111  <i|  aii.'h  aa 

I    . ')  .  iKiluwdti  nlutrh  IIMt)  iK-rmtid  adian* 

.  t      |liai.iry,  huwetcr,  niconU  rvan 

lu.ti.i.ia  •!  iirtiio  with  api  lautf.  tUidl 

in  fi  b''i.^  ntoiittt  wUiiio  till'  va  s'f 

.     .1011' t  iiiia|ti. 111. .iia  (h.iii  iH  liuniaiiii)'. 

havo  noi  Iniiuu  in  |.ri'ai'rvit  (hi-  nti.ni-a  tif  Ihnao  wit* 

iiiadi'  lliia  laiiiliilila  otlnrl  ti^  aava  ibeir  roiiiiiiy  iVoin  lb" 

iiifamy  of  batinit  |i*l|i>  Irati  d  aiKli  •  rriiiir. 

Vlaii  'iilpa,  Pila'Tii  inirralc'd  uiic  ut 

.ii"i.'ii  i       .    j^.V.   i.O|ill>||  llk'l    ■ 

..gm  pit'iu  a  iiiurn  |<aa 
.    ..1  an  •...liiiiuiia  iiioiiari'lkt 

i.  1  It.  I  idi |>i  iitlant  cm a.ai 

iT.-'ti,  and  111*'  .iilj  ii'i-nt  foiiiitrv,  a*'* 
I'apui:,  a  biollii'r  u(  lliiaa<;..|,  aa 


l^atiiijjHa  viliit.li  iiiift'ii  iiM. 
..uir  'if  !..«  111'r.^ii  aiid  ai 


...i.t  ' .  afiu-iun  «nil  liiwtru^l 


itall    lltu   iit.t  t.f«l..ial  aiid  !..  .^flil  at.*a- 

lal    III-    WM  ull   :.!..•..  II.  Uud  llii'j   '..it 


alwl  'nu 
M  thfl  foil 


^>ni  of  ri|{ilt 

fuliiHcta  to 

',    'It  .if 

.      I    n  an 

.:  .hi  11. 


<l-l  «Mwl 


Alintvri  and  hia  rulloi«ura  lutd  inaU*  a  doinind  of 
g  ifW  abate  iu  tlio    Inca'a  lanaom ;    and  Ihoujjh 


1.."-  ■  t'liniil'ili'i.i  ul  a  auiiMiiH  un-  '  'n',  h  iml  ii'*»  ■''; 
^  .  '.^  iji.-i.  Ilia  injiiniiiti.  dill  It.  -  .  .iigtj  L?oiirl  go  on  10 
try  Ihe  aovvroign  of  •  great  eliijiiro,  over  whom  it  had 
110  jurisdiction.     With  rosjivcl  to  cacb  of  the  ailiclua, 


(111  till  d.  mil  (if 
ni<  aoiia   with    ili< 
ytniii|^  iiianwiibo'i 
aiw  iii«l«i,rii  V  M. 
aaho  linl  '«*■■•  ^■  • 

ric   la'Djur    i>l    '   ' 

aiiowUd£«d  M.  if  I 

Irfi.     tjut  I  .  ithi  r  fioaaotiacd  thr  *'juiurity  whicii 

I  ;i.^»i.u  to  a  auviicvuiiof  }*v  >t  'Vht-  iiu.i-nt  cmiiiiI* 
•I'jna  into  which  ihn  uiiiptft'.  .taii  Iwiii  ihruAit,  ' 

ii#''  rivil  war  lictwti'i  tlif  |tvo  1  toll  ait,  tiiid  t'  fii  i..  uitt 
.  vaaioii  L.f  thti  .V|iai.iaida,  nud  nut  inily  diriintttil  Uia 
i.|d»(o(  thii  Pirutian  giirrninnnl,  bill  ii'iimal  dia<.o|iiil 
|ia  fniTi.-  Whin  liny  In'hvlJ  llii'ir  iiitniaich a  cu'iiva 
ill  ihi'  |iuwiii  ii(  atraiidi'n,  and  nt  last  auHt-nng  an  ^iny 
iiiniiuua  iti'aih,  ti.e  pci.'^ilo  in  at  tcral  |.ii*vinci'a,  aa  '( 
Ihav  hail  iii-fn  aitt  fiii  fK>ni  ti.  v  it  tttunt  of  Uiv  r'ld 

II  'i'v'icy,  t^'»ai  tn.t  iiilit  til'.  II  jt  hct.-tiliinia  ejptitBrH. 
Sn  luaiiv  dcai-riKliinla  ul  i..  .■'na.  aiUir  ht  iiij|  tl  .tlnd 
v.ith  tliit  tit.iiiitt  ii}ili)(iir),  ll  I  Imm'u  1  lit  tiir  by  \iiibu. 
iiitu,  iHiil  nut  iii*.ly  their  infiu4M..'a  in  lliir  auii  dniiii.iub 
1.J  Willi  tbuir  iinninri,  but  tho  arriidloiiind  ravt.it*nr4i 
for  thai  aai'rtid  ra.-o  .lonaihlv  iliiffcaacd    In  cor.«f>t|iit  tita 

III  1  ill  stall  tif  Oit.iiia,  auiFii..uii>  iiirn  m  dilfiii'm  j.aru 
ol  ihf  iin)iifn  »«|iir<.d  Io  iiiut'|K'nil''iit  Kuthonly.  iii.l 
iivor|ii'd  lurmdiriuiii  tit  wtnt.tt  ihnv  hail  no  tilKv  'llM 
i:i.Mr-i.tl  -.vhu  .  tl  . 111.11. .iLiil  lor  .\laluiutpa  in  t^iiito,  i.t'iir.-t 
lilt,  liiuiiior  ami  tihililnn  111  iiia  liiaator,  put  Uiain  In  t 
I'rnel  ih-ath,  fliiil,  iitiic!ai.iitn}{  .my  runm-t't.un  wiih  i-iiliai 
IlH'a,  riuloafotcd  to  aalablisliutl  •  acpamta  kipgUuii  lot 
lii.nni.il 

I'lii-  S(iat  'irda  «rh  |i|i'aan(i<  nalirlJ  llio  apint  n.^dia* 
.'ord  I'ltliiHiiifr  itAi.||,  ami  ilit-  viifoi  ..I  ,';iiv(?rnMteiit  r(i* 
iiainij;  .itni'iiu  Ititi  IVtut'iins.  'I'lii'V  ■ '  .1  i.tiitd  tiioau 
diaori'iim  as  h)  iiipliiiiiH  of  a  'ntale  haatfiiintr  luwnrtlt:  tta 
disatilntion.  ]}*i/.itro  tin  lttn;ri*r  l.t )iiliiit.'d  to  advance 
Inwarils  l.'ii;ti:o,  an.l  In)  hul  iftMicd  audi  r  ihmiI.tuIiio 
rrinf.irct  iiM'i.ls,  llmt  In-  t-oiiM  »»?,  hik'.  witn  liii]t>  dan* 
1^1*1,  III  pt'inrinif  "■!  hr  iM.i  Hit.  iiitcnur  y.jr.  ■'  \.\m 
coniiiry.  'i'hi' arcntiiit  ■."f  ll;.  wtillh  m-.i,....  .1  1 
luaka  njH^riit-d  uh  hi>  luid  foftitcvn.  ^lu  auoiierdid  hia 
brother  Furdinind,  with  tho  olllcora  and  aoldim  to 
whom  h«  had  given  their  diacharije  after  the  (lailitioi 


.1 

tnit  •HitwnKt 

.  <til«  trn 

,      .  !■.■     .<K-    Jttlil 

••flllflK      I      4|     !• 

i.l  Iw  ilm 
I  lij  III- 

'lllillltM 

M    pKi  fall' 
•  <l  I.I  ruiH 

■■  illlt  rill' 
lUMIKII 

■  '  iiieiit. 

.,,  inlMlllllll^ 

I  hi'  I  •ri'lliWiy 

I  ul  lu'iiig  l)»riili 

i<lt    I  .UlVll    uv«ll 

II  It  Mitt  Ivhli  lo 
,  th»»  w*ti'  |<'' 
>'  t'atliliaii  U*"^ 

141  ul  Awhuiilp*. 

III.  »hl\  tli'lO  VkM 
•  iKI'  •    "11  ''•»* 

iDMAil  un  A  nil 
ni  ulltMii,  4ihI 
italiim  tnil  iiioM 

I  ui.It  riin.)ir»U»- 
ul  tUcit  gviK'ni 
iii|(ilill<i  U>  pinr* 
illlllir   liltlt.  >lll4  4 

<  (Uiit  ill  ninrvlu 
I  Uiiiljiilii  •I'li'k- 

pillliMl  llf    Hlfh  «i 

n  ilvnii'd  ihI  1  *»• 
tr,  nicutil*  fvtn 
Itll  up;  Uu«c,  4Mi 
u  Wrliim  Un    V•!^■f 

h.iii  f"  huiiiaiii'V' 
i»  uf  thuM  wl  4 
rouiiujr  rroin  Uy 

niiir. 
:n»c«liU  uiH  m" 
,  '.ai'iiitf  ili'''t  > 
tiMti  t  iiiuro  I'll* 
[.hiiiiiti*  iiiuiwii'ii. 
jtiiJonl  ciHiiii'Jiui 
>nt  comilry,  »*■- 

uf    iilHW.'li  <•• 

loriiy  whwli  b** 
ii.iiil  cciimil- 

*!.ni»%n,  ''  '  '  ■ 
i.iill  l!  oil  l>Y  liw 

ill  (liruiiiieil  U>* 

. '  ii..»iUi»-ol»iil 
ii.iti'lil  cat  iiv» 

iiHrii>>K  an  '^ihv- 

||  l.>\.IH-r«,    iiB    '£ 

.lilt  uf  law  Is  i4 

llMH'H     tjm  NIIVH. 

r  hi  Hill  "'  'I**' 

olV  tiy  \tiihu- 

NLUll   iliitiiitiub 

lotac'i  f«v^rt'ni**? 

In  roMii^>|U( lA* 

III  iliiri  ii'Hi  )>«ru 

r.utliuflty.  <"■! 

no  tilUi.    'n»« 

[ill  IjllllO,  l.t'ii»ll 

',  |iiit  ihgiii  Ul  » 

ii.jii  Mitti  i-ithvt 

ilil  hlOKliu'il  tot 
|)i(i  .spirit  rif  d'ii> 

ilvlTIl'liOlil    IT' 

.  ...Ill a  Liione 

iin;;  Uiworil'  u* 

•1   to  ailvunci^ 

i  •'  tlt^ul'tilliitt 

.■iiii   l-iil.'  lUii- 

■  I    i,'..       '■    liM 

..uoiiei  did  hii 
liiil  soldint  M 
loi  the  |«itilkM 


I 


'U'rirv   .'     Iitiii'i.r      i'i:''l.''.h'!'      Mr/r'  Yni'k 


(Ml 
tl 

5r,; 


llMt 
itMl 

fram 
Umu 


•l'  Ik*  !»'•'•  wmmn.  »tr\">  «'  I'kihmw,  (ikI  <t>*|il«i 
(hMHI  italmi  l»  iIm  txw  «(  lh«it  Mimii<lir>l  <  iiiiii">  «•" 
4mm  ilwa  •■''••4  iIm  •rxiHiM  «iill  aHik  •••nT'raiMKi 
tkmM|h  all  Iho  MfCnnh  wlilonwiiia  mi  ih«  n«ii>h  *<«•, 
iiM«  iTw  ^ii«rr.nr«  of  flii<llm«l«.  I'»n«m».  *m\  Smtt 

Sim.  fMiiiil  Iwnllv  riiv'niii  ih*  |irit|>lM  •iitil"r  ili«*tr  )>iri« 
wiinHi,  friiiH  «li«mliii  f  Itwir  |»MWMWii*,  tiiH  •  '•i'»il 
Hu  M  UmI  iiwdMuMiliU  Muna  »t  oaaltK  wAivh  an  u 
«r li>  h«  aiwiMil  Ml  l*>«ii  In  •)>((•  a(  atary  rliark  a-»l 
(•liitatMn,  aui^  aiimtiaN  nwifiail  Ihllkaf,  Ihal  Itnarru 
ha|an  Kia  marrK  •!  iha  haa«l  of  Ata  hiiiwtfail  mvii,  af^ar 
laavmin  a  i;aitaMlar«l*la  Karriawii  m  Si  Mtrhaal,  iiiiil««f 
ika  mihinmimI  »I  UaiiakaMr  'Iha  I'afuvuna  kail  aa 
•awWM  aaiiM  larit'r  bmliaa  a(  inwpa  la  nmoaa  hia  |i«u 
graaa  Hwvafal  fkwvi'a  aiw'imnlara  ha|i|i*fiafl  lliif  ihay 
IvmiMi'nl  Ilka  all  Iha  aciiiHia  In  Amaru-a  .  •  IWw  t\m 
nianU  <rara  liillail  of  waiindxl  ,  ika  nallvoa  vaaia  |hiI 
la  llifhl  *ilh  MM-nHlikla  alaiiiriilar  Al  lan||ih  I'Mana 
(anail  Ilia  way  la  I'liiaa,  anil  lank  ituMI  |HWaaaal<Hi  iif 
Ikal  Miwlill  'llw  tirhaa  fouml  Ihara,  a»ii  aOio  all 
Ihal  Iha  naiitaa  had  rarriail  alf  ami  roiwaalatl,  aiiliri 
ham  *  aHiMialllKHia  urnaialiun  fni  iha  ariiamanla  <•( 
Ihaif  li>in|ilaa,  of  sill  a4  liaifMl  la  ihalf  n|McMiia  ««n- 
aiiaiufa,  aaaaati  In  tiUua  whal  liiJ  haan  ra«al«a4  la 
Alahu«l|M'a  ranauaa  IIm  aa  ihr  S|i«nlarila  want  mm 
•aaualwiMHl  la  Iha  waalili  nf  Iha  rannlry,  ami  il  raiiin 
la  ba  parvaltflHl  oul  «inaii||  •  uraal  niiiiihar  at  atlvaii- 
luran,  ihM  ilivHianil  diil  nul  airita  tha  aaiaa  i<ir|irii 


allkai  fiain  nivfallv,  «f  iha  Itnanaaa  af  Ukn  turn  Ihal 
fall  III  llw  alura  ol  aaih  inilivuTial,  (Ili3| 

Diiring  Iha  nianh  iii  I'liiii),  Ihal  tun  of  Alahiialpa 
whom  I'liarro  Irrali'il  aa  liica,  Jiail ;  ami  aa  iha  ti\ii%- 
nlanla  auhalirutaii  no  |N>raun  In  hia  plara,  Iha  lllla  of 
Manco  Capar  at^ma  In  luiva  heait  unlta«aatly  raiog- 
niaaii. 

Whila  hia  falbiW'aoMiaia  wain  ibiia  amployad,  llxnaW 
^•laf,  gairrmar  of  Ml  Mm  hai'l,  an  aliln  aiul  aniarpriaing 
ilttcar,  waa  aahainail  of  r>  iiialnini|  Inaeliva,  and  lin|w 
Ijiinl  10  ha«a  hia  naino  ili^iingiiianail  timing  Iha  diaco- 
niTiri  and  ronipiriora  .  i  iha  Nai»  World.  Tha  a"* 
iuiiililn  arrival  uf  a  fraah  )>oily  of  mrnilla  Imm  I'aiiaina 
■lid  Nii-*ra||iia  put  II  In  hia  powar  lo  gratify  Una  pa*- 
•ion  l^iatring  a  auffleirnl  forra  to  pnUuct  iha  Infaiil 
Milllamrni  liilriialsd  la  hia  care,  ha  plarad  hiinaalf  tl 
iho  h«ad  'ti  Iha  rrat,  ai;d  ant  out  In  Alfiiniipt  the  rvdiio- 
liun  of  (Jii  In,  whorv,  acronlinK  lo  llm  ri>|>orl  of  Iha  na- 
livaa,  Atahualpa  had  luft  llio  vrralral  purl  of  hia  Irra 
•urn  Nolwithataiulinir  tlia  Jialanr*  of  that  oily  fVoin 
Al.  Michaul,  Iho  dillWiiTtv  uf  iiiart'hiiif;  lhraiit(h  a  iiiouii- 
taiMoiia  country  covpri'd  willi  wooda,  and  tha  fri*qiirnt 
and  llrrcii  aitatka  of  iha  lh*ai  Iruupa  in  I'l'ru  roininamlad 
by  •  akill'iil  limdrr,  lliii  valor,  gniid  I'andiKl,  and  paraa- 
varaiiia  uf  llanalcaiar  auriiiounlrd  ovrry  ohaiacia,  and 
no  iintrrrd  Quito  with  hia  violiirioua  Iroupa  lliit  limy 
tiirl  with  a  ciiial  nuiitiHt'tllon  llmrn  'I'hn  natWaa  now 
ti'i)uaiiilad  to  thair  wirow  with  tha  prriluinjnanl  paa- 
■toii  of  thiMr  iiiv«di*ra,  and  knowing  how  to  iliaap|iaint 
II,  had  carried  ulf  all  thoan  liaaaurra,  tha  proapacl  of 
wiiich  had  pioinptrd  them  to  undortaka  ihia  ardiioua 
oipadiiion,  and  had  tiipporti'd  ihnn  under  all  Iha  dan 
gvra  and  hardahipa  whurvwiih  they  had  to  ilruggl*  In 
carrying  it  on. 

iiiinalcaiai  wta  not  tha  only  Spaniah  leader  who 
■ttickiid  Iha  kingdom  of  (juito.  llie  fame  of  ite 
rii^hea  attrui'ted  a  mure  powerful  anemy.  Podro  d 
Alvarado,  who  had  diatinguithed  hiiiiaolf  ao  eminently 
in  the  coiiqueat  of  Mntioo,  having  obtained  the  govrrn 
Ineiil  uf  Outtiiiwla  aa  a  recoinpenae  for  hia  valiir,  timn 
bocainu  diaguated  with  a  life  uf  uniform  tranquillity,  and 
longed  to  hii  again  engaged  in  Iha  buitis  of  military 
aervice.  'I'ho  gl.-iry  and  wealth  arqulrad  by  the  con- 
qberort  of  I'oru  heightened  Ihia  pjaaion,  and  gave  il 
■  deleriplned  direclion  Helieviiig,  or  pretending  to 
believe,  that  the  kingdom  of  Quito  did  not  lie  within 
the  liinita  of  the  nrovince  allottrd  to  Piitrro,  he  reaulved 
to  invada  il.  1  ho  nigh  reputation  of  the  commander 
allured  volunteera  from  every  quarter.  He  embarked 
with  Ave  hundred  men,  of  whom  ahovo  two  hundred 
were  of  auch  dialinction  aa  to  aerve  on  horaebaek.  He 
landed  at  Puerto  Viejo,  and  without  aufflcient  know- 
ledge of  the  country,  ur  proper  guidet  to  conduct  him, 
■ttcmpled  lo  march  directly  to  Quito,  by  fbUowing  the 
couraa  of  the  river  Ouayoquil,  and  croaaing  the  tidge 
r/  the  Andoa  lowarda  ita  head.  But  in  thia  route,  one 
af  the  moat  imnnclicable  in  til  America,  hji  troopa 
sndureil  auch  fatigue  in  forcing  their  way  through 
foreatt  and  mirahea  on  the  low  grounda,  and  aulfered 
N  much  from  eicetaive  cold  when  thay  began  to  ta- 
cend  the  mountaina,  that  before  they  reached  the  pliin 
of  Quito,  a  fifth  part  of  the  men  and  half  their  horaea 
di(d,  iiid  the  real  were  to  much  diapiriled  and  worn 
■Mt.  a*  W  b*  tlmoat  unfit  for  tarric*.  [134]    Then 


MOItTIf   AMKNtnA, 

il»>  nivi  niih  a  hailf,  •>«<  nl  Indiana,  Imi  af  Ntianianla. 
ilri>v„  III  hiMlila  array  aaawai  iham  I'Marro  KaviMg 
rai'ai««d  an  t«aaHnl  af  Alvarailn  a  arnMnwni,  had  da 
lai  twd  AliiMgra  wilh  awna  irrnipa  in  ii|>^>H*  ihM  Mm^ 
ilaMa  iiif  advr  >»f  liia  iMrlaili'iiii'i ,  <»d  Ihaa*  <aare  iHltwd 
l>v  lliiMli'taai  aiid  liia  «i<  iiHUma  (Mrly  Alvaradn. 
ih«in^li  •tirpria*'!  al  iSa  ai^hi  of  aiiamiaa  wham  ha 
iIhI  IMI  aliwrl,  adxnrad  IxiMlv  I"  "la  (harga  Mill, 
by  Iha  iitiar|in4itimi  <if  aiHii>>  iiifularaia  man  in  aaah 
jiariv,  an  ninM-al'lf  ai-K^i'miiwil  iiiafi  uitik  plt'-a  ,  and  tha 
faial  |i#ri«Ml  wliwn  nitaiiiaf'U  atiapwiidvd  ihair  ronquaala 
Ki  linbriio  ihalr  hamU  iii  iha  lilmal  af  Ihtii  aawnlrfinan. 
waa  paMiiaMiail  t  fow  v«aia  Alvafada  angagad  ti> 
raiiirn  la  hia  gavermnoni.  u|ain  Almagma  paying  him 
a  hiindrad  ibniiaand  pvona  tu  dalrty  Iha  et|WM»  af  kia 
arinamani  Mual  uf  hia  lallowara  rrmwinrd  in  tha 
oiiinlry  ,  tnd  an  aipadilHxi',  whu'h  thraalaiiad  I'liaint 
and  hia  aalany  wiik  luin,  eonlrihalad  u>  augmant  iia 
airangth 

IIVM  I  n«  lliia  lima  rardiiitnd  l*iaatr'>  had  lamlail 
Ml  Miiain  'I1le  itiiinenan  •|iiaiillttaa  ul  guld  aind  aiNar 
which  ha  ImiMMIi'd  |I3A|  nllad  Ilia  kingdoin  "■Ui  iia 
loaa  talnniahnHinl  than  Ihay  had  atailad  in  l'„.iiaina 
ami  Iha  td)aeenl  provlm-aa  I'laarro  waa  nteeivail  by 
iha  ainiMriM  with  Iha  allaiilion  diia  la  ih«  baarar  uf  a 
praaani  ao  rirh  aa  lu  aieard  any  nUa  which  ih«  H|i«i- 
Miahla  had  lorinvd  lunvrrnlnK  Iha  val'ia  of  their  ai'qiil 
■iliana  Ui  Ainarii:*,  even  aflai  ihvy  hid  h«»n  tan  yaara 
maalara  of  Matira  In  raeoin|Minaa  il  hia  hreiher'a 
aeiVM'ra,  hia  authorily  waa  ruiihriMmi  wiih  new  cuwara 
«iul  privilagffa,  ainl  Ilia  additiun  of  aa%rnly  li  :i^iiaa, 
ailaniling  alung  tha  coaal  to  iha  aoiilhward  of  iha 
lanilory  grtnled  in  hia  format  (wlanl  Alinagru  ra- 
rrivail  the  honora  whl^'h  ha  had  au  long  il«<aired  'I'ha 
title  of  Adalantado,  cr  gnvemor,  waa  coiifarrril  iqitHi 
hiin,  with  jtiriadirlioii  nvur  twu  Iniiidrad  Ira^uffa  ol 
I'uuiitry,  atralrliing  liayorHl  the  aouiham  liiiiiia  »l  the 
province  tllotiad  lo  riurro,  Cardinand  hiiiiaali  did 
not  go  unrewarded  He  waa  ftinillad  into  the  iiiili. 
>ary  nrder  uf  ^1  Jag*,  a  diatiiirlnn  tlwtva  airrptalil* 
w  a  Npaniali  gentlriiiah.  and  aoon  lal  out  iin  hia  return 
to  l'i>ru,  atrniiipanird  l>v  many  pf.raiitia  of  higher  rank 
than  had  yal  aorvad  m  that  cinintry. 

Hume  account  of  hia  iirgDlitUona  reached  I'rru  be- 
fore ha  arrived  there  liiiiiaulf  AIniagru  no  auoner 
learned  that  he  had  nlilained  Iha  royal  giant  iif  an  iiMle- 
neiHlent  gii«i>rniiienl.  than  pretending  Ihal  Cuaco,  the 
liiijieritl  ri'iMlenca  of  the  Incra.  lay  within  lla  lioun- 
danra.  ha  attempted  to  render  hiniarlf  inaater  of  Ihat 
important  alation  Juan  and  li-jiKiiIra  I'laarru  pra- 
|iar«d  In  nppnaa  hini.  Kach  of  the  cunleniling  iiartiea 
waa  aupported  by  powerful  odherrnta,  and  the  uiapiite 
waa  on  tiia  (mint  of  being  larinintlad  by  tlin  awurd, 
when  Krtncta  I'litrro  trrived  in  the  capital.  The  re- 
roiicilitlion  between  him  tnd  Alintgro  had  never  lieen 
eorditl.  The  treachery  of  I'lairni  in  engruaamg  to 
hiniaelf  til  the  hoiiorn  tnd  emoluinenta,  which  uiighl  to 
have  been  divided  with  hia  taaucitie,  wtt  tlwtya  pre- 
aenl  in  both  their  thoughla.  The  fiiriiivr,  conaciuua  ul 
hia  own  iH>rfidy,  did  not  etpact  furgiveneaa  )  tha  latter 
feeling,  that  ha  had  hern  deceived,  wta  iinpailent  tn 
lie  avenged  ;  and  though  avarice  and  ambiliiiii  had 
induci'il  litem  not  only  to  diaaembia  their  aenliinenia, 
but  even  im  act  in  concert  wlyla  in  purtuil  of  wetltli 
and  power,  no  aooner  did  they  obtain  noaaeaaion  of 
theta,  than  the  aama  paaaiona  which  hail  forineil  ihia 
tein|iortry  union,  gtvo  rtao  lo  Jetluuay  tnd  diacord. 
To  each  of  them  waa  ttttchcd  t  aniall  titiid  of  inte- 
reatod  dnprndtnta,  who,  with  the  iiialicioiia  art  |ieculiar 
lo  auch  men,  heightened  their  tuapiriona,  tnd  magni- 
fifd  every  appetrtnra  of  oHeiica.  Ilul  with  til  thoaa 
aeeda  of  enmity  in  their  iiiinda,  and  Ihiia  taaiduoualy 
churialied,  each  waa  ao  thoroughly  tcquainted  with  the 
tbililiei  tnd  counga  of  hit  rival,  tnil  they  equally 
dreaded  Ilia  eonteiiuenca  of  tn  open  rupture.  The 
fortuntte  anivai  of  I'iitrro  tt  Cuico,  tnd  tho  tddreai 
mingled  with  firmnett  which  he  ininifetted  in  hit  ex- 
pottultliont  with  Almtgro  uhI  hit  paitittnt,  tvertrd 
ihil  etril  for  the  pratent.  A  new  reeoncilittion  took 
pliee ;  the  chief  trticle  of  which  wtt,  thtl  Alintgro 
thould  ttlempi  the  conqueat  of  Chili ;  and  if  ha  did 
not  find  in  thtl  province  tn  etttblithment  tdequtto  to 
hia  merit  tnd  eipocttliont,  Piiarro,  by  way  of  indem- 
nification, ahould  yield  up  to  him  a  pan  of  Peru.  Thia 
now  tgiuement,  though  oonfirmed  [Juiia  IS]  with  Iha 
ttme  atcred  tolemnitiei  ta  their  fint  contnci,  wu 
obaerred  with  ta  little  fidelity. 

Soon  tfler  ho  concluded  thia  importtnl  tranatetion, 
Piurro  mtrched  back  to  tha  countriet  on  Iha  tea  cottt ; 
tnd  ta  ho  now  enjoyed  an  inlorval  of  trtnquillity  undit- 
tutbed  by  my  enemy,  either  Sptnitrd  or  Inditn,  he 
tpplied  hinuelf  with  that  panavoring  irdor,  which  dia- 


m 

lingiilakaa  hia  akanalar,  la  miradaaa  a  htm  af  Mgalli 
gnvarnmant  Mia  ika  •alanatva  praaineaa  aNbJaal  M  kM 
aiiihwilf  llwiigti  III  •inallNail  hy  kta  a4aaallai»  M 
aitlar  Mila  any  ,li««|iil.#t'imi  i.«i*i*-i>rMii,g  iha  pffmrlplaa  • 
ntil  jMlii'r  ami  liiilv  ao.iaimm-il  l,«  hia  kitmar  iMhIW 
nf  Ilia  III  4Hvi<d  la  lla  arraiigaiiiaiiia.  hia  naliiral  aag»* 
•Illy  aiipplii',1  llw  want  ^*>i*h  af  ariaiMia  and  aa*iananaa. 

Ma  diaifihiilad  Iha   i iilry  mio  varinna  Aatrli'l*  ,  h» 

a|i|iiiinird  priifwr  man  atraiaa  la  praaida  in  eaek  ,  aii4 
•auMlali>'l  iv|/<iUll<Hia  rimrtrnlMg  Ika  adiliimalrallanaV 
pialu'*.  Iha  riilloriint,  uf  Iha  loyal  ravanua,  Ika  walk, 
ing  uf  Iha  minx,  and  iha  iraaimani  af  Ika  Indiana^ 
•tiramaly  aimpla,  hut  wall  aahriilalad  >a  ptamala  Ik* 
piiMie  araapxrily  Him  thaiigh,  (U  Iha  paaaent,  kt 
•ilaplad  kia  plan  In  iha  Infant  Mala  nf  hia  rola  i  «  IM 
ii«|Miiiig  nuiid  liMikail  forward  iii  lla  rnliira  grandanr 
III  .anaidarad  himaalf  aa  laying  iha  Imindalion  af  t 
gr«ai  aiNpira,  and  dalibaraird  Intia,  and  wilh  miiak  aall 
citiHia,  III  whal  place  ha  thmild  fit  Iha  aaal  a(  g«arit> 
trHMil  I'liacii,  Iht'  tiiip«riat  rity  uf  iha  Imaa,  waa 
ailiiaiad  in  a  i-ofnai  of  the  ainiiir*,  ahova  four  huridrail 
inilaa  frmn  Ih*  aaa,  and  itmrk  furlhar  from  Qiiiio,  • 
afoylkv  of  wkoaa  valiia  ka  had  fariiiid  a  high  idea, 
No  other  aalllamanl  af  tha  I'enivlaiie  waa  ao  fnnaida- 
rable  —  lo  niriil  Iha  name  of  a  town,  nr  lo  allure  Iha 
Npaniarda  lu  Ita  Ihiir  rra.di'nra  in  ii  Ilul  in  iNarrl.iiig 
through  Ilia  cuutiiry,  I'liarru  had  liean  airuck  with  Ilia 
lieauly  and  faridily  i.|  Iha  valley  ol  Hiihai'.  mia  of  Iha 
iiiu' I  ailanaive  ami  liaal  riiliivated  in  IVni  There, 
an  Ilia  i«nktiil  a  amah  river  uf  iha  aoiiia  iiaina  wilk 
Iha  «al>  which  il  watria  and  rnrirhea,  al  ilia  diaiaiica 
uf  alt  inilea  IVoni  lallao,  the  mual  riinimudiaua  harlan 
In  Ilia  I'acilic  diran,  h«  luuMilail  a  ciiy  which  lie  dea> 
lined  lu  ha  the  capital  nf  hia  goveminent.  (Jan  IM, 
IMA  I  He  gave  it  the  name  ufriiulad  da  liia  Kayea, 
cither  fruin  the  ciicuniaiaiirv  uf  having  laid  ilia  lira' 
alone  al  Ihal  araaiin  wlien  the  church  celilratea  Iha 
fealuval  uf  iha  Three  Kinga,  or,  aa  la  inure  (trulinhle,  ir 
honor  of  Juant  ami  I'harlea,  the  jiiml  auvriiigna  ol 
Caaiilo  Thia  naiiia  it  atil!  mtina  ainuiig  llie  Npaniarda 
III  all  legal  aiul  loriiial  dreda  ;  Imt  II  la  lieiltr  known 
tu  lureigiicra  hy  ihil  of  /,im«,  t  corriiiMion  ol  the  tn 
cicnl  aiifialltlKHi  nf  the  valley  in  whicn  It  la  aiiutlcd 
l/iiiler  nia  ina|K-ctiuii.  iha  hiiiklinga  tdvawnl  with  aiirh 
rapidity,  thtl  it  aiiuii  aaaiiined  the  furinuf  t  city,  wliM-h, 
by  a  iniignincani  |ialace  that  ha  vreiMeil  fur  hiinaelf.  aid 
hy  the  atately  hoiiaca  huili  by  aevcral  uf  hia  ollli  era^ 
gave,  even  in  lla  liilaney,  tome  indicaiMin  of  ita  aubae 
i|uetil  grandeur. 

In  i'uiiaei|iiriice  of  what  had  been  agreed  will. 
Piaarro,  AIniagro  liegan  hia  inarch  lowtrda  ('bill ;  aii4 
ta  he  |HMacaaed  in  tn  I'lHinrnt  degree  tliu  virtiiet  aiual 
adinirrd  by  auldiera,  hanndleaa  librralily  tnd  fearloea 
coiimge,  Ilia  altnilaril  '^«a  lollnwed  hy  Hve  huiidnd  and 
aeteniy  men.  the  grotrat  iMKly  of  Kunipeana  ihal  hail 
hitherto  beiui  laaeiiililinl  In  I'ciu  Krjui  iiiipalience  to 
Ibiiali  the  e>|»>Jition.  or  from  Ihal  ciinreiniit  of  hardai»|i 
and  dinger  acquired  hy  ill  the  M|>aniarda  wIhi  had  aarveil 
long  in  AiiietM  a,  Alinagro,  inatead  of  advancing  along 
the  level  cminiry  on  '.he  coiat,  ciioia  to  march  tcraaa 
the  inuiiiilama  by  a  route  that  waa  ahorter  indeed,  but 
alinoat  iinpraclitable.  In  ihia  attmnpt  hia  troopa  wera 
eitmacd  tn  every  itltmily  which  men  can  aulfer,  frmn 
luligue,  from  ftinine,  and  from  Ihu  rigor  of  the  climate  n 
tliuae  elevated  reginna  uf  the  torrid  wne,  where  tha  ili~ 
grcp  of  cold  ia  hardly  inferior  to  what  la  full  within  tha 
|Hilu'  rin'le.  Many  of  ihein  iieriahcd :  tml  tho  aiirvivora 
whin  they  deacended  into  Ilia  /ertilo  pitina  uf  ( 'hill,  hail 
new  diiriculliea  to  eiicuiinler.  'Itiey  fniiiul  there  a  rtc* 
of  man  very  diHerent  from  the  people  of  Pern,  inirepid, 
htnly,  independent,  tnd  in  their  biidllv  conttilulion,  ta 
well  aa  vigor  of  tpirit,  netrly  reaembling  the  wtrlika 
Iribea  in  North  Ainerict.  Though  filled  with  wotidei 
tl  the  Aral  ap|ieartnce  of  tha  Hpaniarda,  and  aiill  mors 
taloniahcd  tt  the  o|ierttiona  of  their  cavalry  and  tha 
eflecti  of  their  fico-trmt,  ths  Chileie  toon  recovered 
to  Itr  from  their  turjirite,  ta  not  only  lo  defend  thein- 
aetvet  with  obttinicy,  but  lo  stitck  their  new  enemies 
wiih  mors  determined  Aeresnats  than  any  Amenctn 
nttion  litd  hitherto  diacovsrsd.  Th*  Spsniaidt,  how 
ever,  continued  to  penelnta  into  tha  coiintry,  tnd  col- 
lected tome  eontidartble  qutntitiea  of  gold  ;  bul  wsts 
ao  far  from  thinking  of  nwking  tny  teitlsmsnl  imidst 
tuch  formidtbla  naighbort,  that  in  epite  of  tU  ths  stp^ 
rlance  tnd  vtlor  of  their  letder,  ths  finti  iasut  of  ths 
eipedllion  ttill  remained  eitramely  dubious,  when  thay 
were  rsctlled  from  it  by  tn  unexpected  revolution  tl 
Peru.  'Ilia  etuaat  of  thit  importtnl  event  I  ahtll  sti 
deiTor  10  tncs  to  their  teures. 

So  mtny  tdvenlurera  htd  flocked  to  Peru  ftomsTwy 
Spaniah  colony  in  America,  tnd  til  with  auch  high  m^ 
psotslion  of  tccuRiultliiig  iiMls|i«iidtnl  fpiloaas  ■ 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)873-4503 


«^% 


ROBERTSON'S  HISTORY  OF 


I  llal,  io  RMn  fonmiil  with  in>i>iii  m  ralnni- 
pM,  iny  iMnlion  of  Mqiiiring  wMllk  (ndutlljr,  tnd 
«T  dcImiiici  of  iMiicnl  induiiry,  would  M«a  bocn  not 
•nljt  a  diHpnoiiiliiMnl  but  h  iimoIi.  In  oiil*r  )a  Ami 
•teuMMn  N>r  men  who  couM  not  with  Hfcljr  In  il- 
Uwnd  to  rcintin  iiwcli«t,  Piurro  encoHraaMl  tonw  of 
tlutintfiiUhtil  officon  who  had  litcljt  joined 


kim,  to  invtde  JiHitrtnt  prvvincM  of  tht  cmpira,  wliirh  lurviviid,  or  of  forcing  ih«ir  way  to  iho  Ma,  and  finding 
ilio  Hpanlanla  had  not  liithrrto  viiilail.     8««anl  li 


arn 
bodtea'  wvra  farnwl  fur  tliia  piirpoaa ;  and  aliout  tna 
limi  Ibat  Alnwgro  net  out  for  Chili,  thay  inarchrd  into 
rauiMo  dialricta  of  the  country.  No  toonar  did  Miiioo 
Ca|iM,  thu  Inca,  obaorr*  tha  iiieonaidcrata  aacurity  of 
Iha  S|ianiirdt  in  thu*  diaporaing  thair  troopa,  and  thai 
only  a  iMttdful  at  aoMiara  rainainad  in  Ouieo,  uiidar 
Juan  and  (ionuitt  Piiarto,  than  ha  thought  thai  Iha 
bappy  poriod  wat  at  lanLth  coma  for  vindicaling  hii 
•wn  righta,  for  avenging  ua  wronga  of  hie  country,  and 
aitirpuing  ila  oppraaaora.  Thau|h  atrietly  walehed 
by  IM  Spaniarda  who  allowed  him  to  reaida  in  Iha 
palaeo  of  bia  ancaalora  at  Cuico,  ha  found  meana  of 
eomoiuniealin^  hia  aehema  to  the  paraotia  who  war*  to 
bo  Inlruated  with  tha  execution  oi  it.  Among  people 
aeeuatamad  to  rarot*  their  aovereign  aa  a  divinity, 
•very  hint  of  hia  will  eairiea  the  authority  of  a  com- 
■aud ;  and  they  ihamaelvea  were  now  eonvineed,  by 
Iba  daily  increaae  in  llie  number  of  their  invadara,  thai 
Jw  Ibml  hopea  wbicb  they  had  long  entertained  of  their 
voluntaiy  uapatturo  were  altogether  vain.  All  per- 
eeived  that  a  vigoroua  aflbrl  of  the  whole  nation  waa 
M<|ui8ito  to  cxpci  them,  and  the  preparationa  for  it 
were  carried  on  with  tha  accreey  and  ailenee  peculiar  to 
Americana. 

After  iome  uniueceMful  atlompla  of  the  Inca  to 
■aka  hia  eKi|ie,  Ferdinand  Pium  bapfianing  to  aniva 
at  that  time  in  Cuico  [1536],  ha  obtained  permieeion 
bom  him  to  attend  a  great  fralival  which  waa  to  be  ce- 
lebrated a  few  leaguee  from  the  capital.  Under  pretext 
of  tliat  aolomnity,  tbo  graal  men  of  the  empire  were 
aaaembled.  Aa  aoon  aa  the  Inca  joined  thcin,  the 
etandard  of  war  waa  erected ;  and  in  a  abort  time  all 
Iha  fighting  men,  from  the  confinee  of  Quito  to  tlie 
frontier  of  Chili,  were  iu  arma.  Many  Spaniarda,  liv- 
big  aerurely  on  the  eeltlemenia  allotted  them,  were 
■aiaaered.  Several  detachmenu,  aa  they  marched 
caralcaely  tbrojoh  a  counti^  which  aeemod  to  be  lamely 
(iibmiaaive  to  tlwir  dominion,  were  cut  off  to  a  man. 
An  aimy  amounting  (if  we  mav  believe  the  Spaniih 
vrilcra)  to  two  humued  thouaand  men,  attacked  Cuxro, 
which  iha  three  htothera  endeavored  to  defend  with 
•oly  one  hundred  and  teventy  Spaniarda.  Another 
fc  I'nidablo  body  inveated  Lima,  and  kept  the  governor 
(loaely  ahul  up.  There  Wiia  no  longer  any  communi- 
ralion  between  the  two  citira ;  the  niimoroua  forcea  of 
the  Peruviana  aprcading  over  the  couiiiry,  intercepted 
every  moaaenger ;  and  aa  the  part' »  in  Cuxco  and 
Uwa  were  equally  uiucquainled  with  the  fate  of  their 
eoiintryinen,  each  boded  the  worat  concerning  the 
otli«r,  aiid  imagined  that  they  thoniaelvea  were  tho  only 
paraona  wlio  had  aurvivcd  the  general  extinction  of  the 
Spaniah  name  in  Peru . 

It  waa  at  Cuxco,  where  tho  Inca  commanded  in  per 
aoii,  that  tho  Peruviana  made  their  chief  eflbrta.  Dur- 
ing nine  month*  they  carried  on  tlie  aiego  with  incea- 
.  aant  anlor,  and  in  varioue  funna ;  and  thouoli  they  di«- 
playMl  not  the  aame  undaunted  ferocity  aa  the  Mexican 
warrion,  they  conducted  aome  of  their  operaliona  in  a 
manner  which  diacovered  greater  aagacity,  ami  a  geniua 
Bare  auaceptible  of  improvement  in  the  military  art. 
They  not  only  obierved  the  advantagoa  which  the  Spa- 
li<irda  derived  from  their  diicipline  and  their  weapon*, 
Hut  they  endeavored  to  iiniuto  the  fonnvr,  and  turned 
the  latter  a^inst  them.  They  armed  a  conaiderable 
body  of  their  braveat  warriora  with  the  aworda,  the 
apeaia,  and  biicklerv,  which  they  had  taken  from  4he 
Spaniah  aoldien  wlioin  they  had  cut  off  in  diffrrent 
paru  of  the  country.  Theae  tliey  endeavored  to  mar- 
tha!  in  that  regular  compact  order,  to  which  experience 
bad  taught  them  that  the  Spaniarda  were  indebted  for 
the'r  irreaietible  force  in  action.  Some  appeared  in  the 
field  with  Spaniih  muaketa,  and  had  acquired  akill  and 
feaolution  enough  to  uaa  them.  A  feAr  of  the  boldeat, 
among  whom  waa  tha  Inca  himaelf,  were  mounted  on 
(lie  boraea  which  they  had  taken,  and  advanced  briakly  to 
the  charge  like  Spaniah  cavaliora.with  thair  Unaea  in  the 
reat.  It  was  more  by  their  nuinbera,  however,  Oua  by  Iboao 
imperfect  eaaaya  to  imitate  European  arte  aud  to  employ 
EiODoan  arma,  that  the  Peruviana  annoyed  the  Spaniarda 
[13a].  In  apite  of  the  valor,  heightened  by  despair,  with 
which  the  three  brothers  deiendeid  Cuzco,  Manco  Capae 
neuveieii  poaaesaion  of  one  half  of  his  capital ;  ami  in 
iMi  iwiMM  (fiiru  to  drlT*  " 


loal  Juan  Piiafro,  Iha  beat  beloved  of  all  the  bfolhera, 
logalher  with  aoma  other  paraona  of  note.  Worn  out 
with  tho  bliguo  of  inceettnl  duly,  diatresaed  w  ith  want  of 
proviaiona,  and  despairing  of  being  able  any  longer  to 
resist  an  enemy  wnoee  numbera  daily  increaaad,  the 
sokHera  became  impatient  to  abandon  Cuico,  in  hopes 
either  of  joining  their  countrymen,  if  any  of  them  yet 


some  meana  of  escaping  from  a  counlrv  which  had 
been  ao  fatal  to  the  Spanish  name.  While  thev  were 
brooding  over  those  ileaponding  thoughts,  which  their 
ofHcera  Uhored  in  vain  to  dispel,  Abnagro  appeared  aud- 
denlv  in  tha  neighbotbood  of  Cuico. 

The  accounta  tranamitted  to  Alinagro  concerning 
the  general  inaurreelion  of  the  PaniviaiM,  v-cre  aoch  aa 
would  have  induced  bim,  wilfaoirt  beaiuiion  Io  relin- 
quiah  tho  eonqueal  of  Chili,  and  hMton  W  lb*  aid  of  bia 
countrymen.  But  io  Ihia  reaololion  ha  wt»  eonfirmed 
Inr  a  motive  less  generoue,  but  man  Interaaliug.  By 
tho  earn*  meeaenger  who  broogbl  kim  inlaUigeneo  of 
tha  Inea'e  revolt.  Tie  received  lEa  roval  patent  creating 
him  governor  of  Chili,  and  defining  tha  limila  of  hia 
juriadiclinn.  Upon  conaidaring  lEe  tenor  of  it,  be 
deemed  it  manileal  beyond  oontndietion,  that  Cuico 
lay  within  the  boundariee  of  hia  government,  and  he 
wae  equally  aolicitoue  to  prevent  the  Peruviana  from 
recovering  posaeaaion  of  their  capital,  and  to  wrest  it 
out  of  the  kanda  of  Iha  Piurroa.  From  impatience  to 
acoompliah  both,  ha  ventured  to  return  by  a  new  route  \ 
and  in  marching  through  tha  aandy  phiins  on  the  coaat, 
he  eufli>red  from  heat  and  drought,  calamitiea  of  a  new 
apecieo  hardly  inferior  to  thoae  in  which  bo  had  been 
involved  by  cold  and  umina  on  tbo  auinmlla  of  Iba 
Andoa. 

lUT.IHia  arrival  at  Cuico  waa  m  a  critical  mo- 
ment. Tha  Spaniarda  and  Peruviana  filed  their  eyea 
upon  bin  with  equal  aolicitude.  Tbo  former,  aa  he 
did  not  atudy  to  couceaa  hia  pretenaiona,  were  at  a  loaa 
whether  to  welcome  him  aa  a  deliverer,  or  to  take  pre- 
cautiona  againat  liim  aa  an  enem»  The  latter,  know- 
ing the  pointe  in  contest  between  tm  and  hia  country- 
man, llatteicd  themselvea  that  they  had  mora  to  hope 
than  to  dread  from  hia  operationa.  Almagro  himaelf, 
unacquainted  with  the  detail  of  tlie  evcnta  which  had 
happened  in  hia  abaence,  and  solicitous  to  learn  the  pre- 
cise poeture  of  affaire,  advanced  towards  the  capital 
slowly,  and  with  great  circumapection.  Varioue  nego- 
tistione  with  both  partiea  were  set  on  foot  The  Inca 
conducted  tliem  on  hia  part  with  much  addreaa.  At 
first  he  endeavored  to  gain  the  friendahip  of  Almagro ; 
and  after  many  fruitlesa  overtures,  deapairing  of  any 
cordial  union  with  a  Spaniaid,  he  attacked  him  by  aur- 

grise  with  a  numerous  body  of  choaen  troupe.  But  the 
ipaiiiah  discipline  and  valor  maintained  their  wonted 
supcnonty  The  Peruvians  were  lepulaej  with  aucb 
slaughter  that  a  great  part  of  thair  army  dispersed,  and 
Almagro  proceeded  to  the  galea  of  Cuxco  without 
interruption. 

The  Pixarroa,  aa  they  bad  no  longer  to  make  head 
against  tho  Peruviana,  directed  all  uieir  attention  to- 
wards their  new  enemy,  and  took  meaanraa  to  obatruct 
hia  entry  uito  the  capital.  Prudence,  however,  re- 
strained both  partiee  for  aome  time  from  turning  their 
srma  against  one  another,  while  aurrounded  by  com- 
mon eneiniea  who  would  rejoice  in  the  mutual  slaugh- 
ter. Different  schemes  of  accommodation  were  pro- 
poaed.  Each  endeavored  to  deceive  the  other,  or  to 
corrupt  hia  foUowera.  Tha  generoua,  upen,  nffable 
temper  of  Almagro  gained  many  adherenta  of  the  Pi- 
xarroa, who  wero  diagualed  with  their  harsh,  domineer- 
ing manneta.  Encouraged  by  thia  defection,  he  ad- 
vanced towaids  the  city  by  night,  surprised  the  senti- 
nels, or  waa  admitted  by  them,  and,  investing  the  house 
where  the  two  brothera  resided,  compelled  them,  after 
an  obstinate  defence,  to  aurronder  at  diacrotion  Al- 
magro'a  claim  of  jurisdiction  over  Cuxco  was  univer- 
sally acknowledged,  and  a  form  of  adininiatration  esta- 
bliahed  in  hia  lume. 

Two  or  three  persona  only  were  killed  in  thia  firat 
act  of  civil  hoatility ;  but  it  was  aoon  followed  by  scenes 
more  bloody.  Francisco  Pixarro  having  dispersed  the 
Peruviana  who  bad  inveated  Lima,  and  received  somo 
considerable  reinforcementa  from  Hiapaniola  and  Nica- 
ragua, ordered  five  bundled  men,  under  the  command 
of  Aloiixo  de  Alvarado,  to  march  to  Cuxco,  in  hopes  of 
relieving  hia  brothera,  if  they  and  their  ganisoo  were 
not  already  cut  off  by  the  Peruvians.  Thia  body, 
which  at  that  period  of  the  Spanish  power  in  America 
must  be  deemed  a  conaiderable  force,  advanced  near 
to  the  capital  before  they  knew  that  they  had  any  enemy 
more  formidable  than  Indiana  to  encounter.  It  waa 
bim  out  ofit  the  SpanianU  with  utoniahment  that  tbey  beheld  thtir  countrymen 


poMedon  tha  banka  of  thr  liver  Abanray  la 
their  progreaa  Almagro,  However,  wislied  mtlMr  M 
gain  tnan  to  conquer  them,  and  by  bribes  and  pw 
misea,  endeavored  to  seduce  their  leader.  The  Hdehiy 
of  Alvarado  remained  unshaken ;  but  hia  talenta  M 
war  were  not  equal  to  his  virtue.  AliusgTu  amused 
him  with  varwua  niovemenis,  of  which  he  did  not  torn- 
prebend  the  mesn'ng,  while  a  large  delaihment  ol 
choaen  eokliera  paa«r<t  the  river  by  night  [July  I3j,  fell 
u|ien  his  camp  by  suiTtiss,  broke  his  troopa  before  the* 
had  time  to  Torm.  ami  took  him  prisoner,  together  witk 
his  principal  olflvera. 

-..  By  the  audden  ruuta  of  thia  body,  llie  contest  bo- 
Iween  tha  two  rivala  must  have  been  decided,  if  Al- 
magro  bad  known  aa  wall  how  to  improve  aa  how  t« 
gain  a  victory.  Hodrigo  Orgiignoi,  an  oHIcar  of  graal 
abililiea,  wKo  having  aerved  under  the  ConatabIa 
Bourbon,  whan  he  leu  the  im|ierial  army  to  Koma,  bad 
been  arcuatomed  to  boM  and  deciaive  meaaurca,  ad- 
vised him  instantly  to  iaaua  orders  for  putting  to  ilaath 
Ferdinand  and  Qonialo  Piiarroe,  Alvarado,  and  a  few 
other  peraona  whom  he  could  not  hopo  Io  gain,  and  to 
march  directly  with  bia  victorious  troojia  In  Lima,  beforo 
the  governor  tied  lime  to  prepare  for  bis  defence.  But 
Abnagro,  though  he  diecerned  at  once  the  utility  of  tho 
counsel,  and  tliough  he  had  courage  to  have  carried  il 
into  execution,  suffered  himself  to  be  influenced  by 
•entimenta  unlike  thoeo  of  a  soldier  of  fortune  grown 
old  in  service,  and  by  acruplea  which  auited  not  tbt 
chief  of  a  party  who  had  drawn  hia  eword  in  civil  war. 
Feelinga  of  humanity  raatrained  him  from  shedding  tb» 
blood  of  hia  opuonania ;  and  the  dread  of  being  deemed 
a  rebel  deterred  him  Urom  entering  a  province  which 
the  king  had  allotted  to  another.  Though  ha  knew 
that  arma  must  terminate  the  dispute  between  him  and 
Piiarro,  and  resolved  not  to  shun  that  mode  of  doei- 
aion ;  yet,  with  a  timid  dalieaey,  prepoatrnua  at  aucb 
a  juncture,  he  waa  ao  aolicitoue  thai  bia  rival  should  hi 
considered  aa  the  aggreaaor,  that  ha  nwrehadquiet^ 
back  to  Cuxco,  to  wail  bia  approacL. 

Pixarro  waa  atill  unacquainted  with  all  tlio  mtetM^ 
uig  eventa  which  had  hauiened  near  Cuxoo.  Account* 
ofAlmsgra'a  return,  of  tne  loss  of  the  capital,  of  lb* 
death  of  one  brother,  of  the  imprisonment  of  the  othir 
two,  and  of  the  defeat  of  Alvarado,  were  brought  10 
him  at  once.  Such  a  tide  of  niisfortimea  alrooat  ovar> 
whelmed  a  apirit  which  had  continued  firm  and  araM 
under  tho  rudeat  ahocka  of  adversity.  But  tha  iiecao- 
sity  of  attending  to  hia  own  safety,  aa  well  aa  tlia  i»- 
sire  of  revenge,  preserved  him  from  sinkins  under  it. 
He  took  meaaurea  for  both  with  his  wontM  sagacity. 
As  be  had  the  comn.and  of  the  seacoaat,  and  expaclM 
considerable  supplies  both  of  men  and  military  stfireib 
it  waa  no  less  bia  intereat  to  gain  time,  and  to  avoid 
action,  than  it  waa  that  of  Almagro  to  precipitate  ope- 
rations, and  to  bring  the  contest  to  a  apecdy  itaue.  Ho 
had  recourse  to  aru  which  ho  had  formerly  practised  with 
aucceaa ;  and  Almagro  waa  again  weak  enough  tu  auftf 
himself  to  be  amusul  with  a  prospect  of  terminating 
their  differencee  by  uoine  amicable  accoinmudatien. 
By  varying  hia  overturea,  and  shifting  his  ground  aa 
often  aa  it  suited  his  purpose,  soinotimea  seeming  to 
yield  to  every  thing  which  his  rival  could  desire,  and 
then  retracting  all  that  he  had  granted,  Pixarro  dexter- 
ously protracted  the  negotiation  to  such  a  length,  that, 
though  every  day  waa  precious  tu  Almagro,  several 
months  elapsed  without  coining  to  any  final  agreement. 
While  the  attention  of  Almagro,  and  of  tho  officer* 
with  whom  he  consulted,  wss  occupied  in  delecting 
and  eluding  the  fraudulent  intentions  of  the  govornori 
Oonialo  Pixano  and  Alvarado  found  meana  to  corrupt 
tho  soldiers  to  »hoso  custody  they  were  committM, 
and  not  only  made  their  escape  theinaelvea,  but  per- 
suaded sixty  of  the  men  who  formerly  guarded  them  to 
sccom|«ny  their  flight.  Fortune  having  thus  delivered 
one  of  his  brothers,  the  governor  9crii|ilcd  not  at  one 
act  of  perfidy  more  to  procure  the  release  of  the  other. 
He  proposed  that  every  point  in  controversy  between 
Almagro  slid  himself  should  be  submitted  to  the  deci- 
sion of  their  sovereign  ;  thai  ntil  his  award  waa  known, 
each  ahould  retain  undiaturbcd  poueasiou  of  whatever 
part  of  the  cour.try  he  now  occu|)iod ;  that  Ferdinand 
Pixarro  ahould  ha  set  at  liberty,  and  return  instantly  to 
Spain,  together  with  the  oiiicera  whom  Almagro  pur- 
poaed  to  send  ihither  to  represent  the  justice  of  hi* 
claims.     Obvioua  aa  the  design  of  Pixarro  waa  in  tboao 

Eropoaitiona,  and  familiar  aa  hia  artificea  might  now 
ave  been  to  hia  opponent,  Almagro,  with  a  credulity 
approaching  to  infatuation,  relied  on  hia  aincority,  WM 
concluded  an  agreement  on  these  tonus. 

The  moment  that  Ferdinand  Pixarro  recovered  bi* 
I  liberty,  tlw  goverr.or,  no  longer  fettffed  in  hia  o«*n- 


■OOTH  AMERICA. 


m 


Vbancty  M 
r,  witlnd  nlliir 
by  bribM  tiid  pw 
»d«r.  'I'hs  Hdality 
but  hit  Uliinit  fof 
Abiiagro  iinuMtl 
lich  h«  did  nottoiif 
r||«  ddtu'hnwnl  oi 
niuht  [July  13],  r«U 
i>  uuotM  Man  Ihn 
HNior,  logoUMt  wiia 

ily,  tlio  conlMt  b*' 
Mon  decidiNl,  if  Al- 
iiiiprov*  u  bow  M 
,  »n  olflrtr  of  grMi 
iiltir  the  Comtcbla 
uiiiy  to  Konn,  bad 
:i«i«t  nwuurai,  mI- 
for  putting  to  dcilb 
AlTindo,  umI  ■  bw 
Mpo  10  gtin,  «ih1  to 
DO|M  to  Liini,  before 
ir  hi*  dcfonco.  Uul 
ice  ib«  iililily  of  lb* 
fe  to  bive  carried  it 
a  be  influenced  by 
»r  of  fortune  grown 
liicb  auiled  not  tbo 
iword  in  civil  wu. 
m  from  shedding  tha 
ead  of  being  deemed 
{  •  province  which 
Though  ha  knew 
ite  between  him  and 
I  that  nuide  of  daoi- 
irepoetrraui  at  iucb 
It  hie  rival  ibould  b* 
he  marched  •tuietty 
:L. 

viih  all  tin  mterea^ 

It  UuHO.   Aocounia 

I  the  capital,  of  lb* 

onment  of  the  othaf 

do,  were  brought  lo 

brtunea  alinoat  ove(> 

lusd  Arm  and  erMt 

ity.    But  the  iiece^ 

y,  aa  well  a»  tlia  d<^ 

>in  ainkins  under  it. 

ia  wonted  aagacity. 

coaat,  and  eipeotw 

and  iiiiliury  atorait 

II  time,  and  lo  avoid 

to  precipitate  opo- 

a  apevdy  iuue.  H« 

[merly  pracliaodwilb 

lak  enough  to  auSat 

ic*  of  terminating 

lie  accominudatian. 

g  hia  ground  aa 

letimea  aeeming  to 

il  could  deaire,  and 

|od,  Pizarro  dexter- 

uch  a  length,  that, 

Alinagro,  aeveral 

iny  tinal  agreement. 

lid  of  the  otiicen 

pied  in  dclentiog 

of  the  governoTi 

meana  to  corrupt 

were  committal 

inaelvea,  but  per- 

y  guarded  them  to 

inu  thua  delivered 

'U|ued  not  at  ons 

loaae  of  the  other. 

troveray  between 

liiitted  to  the  deei- 

ward  wae  knowi^ 

iaaion  of  whatever 

that  Ferdinand 

itura  inataully  t0 

im  Almagro  pur- 

juatice  of  hia 

irro  waa  in  thoea 

ificea  might  now 

I,  with  a  credulity 

hia  aincaiity,  and 


dhfaiN  wMeb  hia  emwem  for  it  had  oMIgad  Um  to 
iwiiwa  Th*  Iraaly  waa  forgotun  i  paeilM  and  con- 
•ilialini  meaeurea  were  no  more  mentioned  i  il  wta  in 
the  fleld  ha  openlv  dechired,  and  not  in  the  cabinet,— 
by  arma  and  not  by  negotiation, — that  it  muat  now  be 
determined  who  ahouhlbe  maater  of  Peru.  The  ra- 
pidity of  hia  preparations  suited  such  a  decisive  reaolu- 
lion.  Seven  hundred  men  wen  aoon  ready  to  marah 
towards  Cuseo.  The  command  of  Ihaaa  was  given  lo 
his  two  bnthars,  in  whom  ha  eoold  perfectly  oonfida 
lac  tin  aierutioo  of  his  most  violeni  sehsmee,  ss  they 
mtn  urged  on,  not  aniy  by  iha  enmity  flowing  ftom  tha 
rivalahip  betwaan  their  family  end  Almagro,  hot  ani- 
mated  widi  tha  dasln  of  vengeance,  aicTlad  by  raeal- 
leclioa  of  Iheir  own  recent  disgrace  and  siinarings. 
After  an  iineueceeeAil  attempt  la  erase  the  mounlaina 
In  Iha  dinci  road  betwaan  Lima  and  Cntco,  they 
nwrahed  lawarde  the  soulh  along  tha  coast  aa  far  as 
Naaea,  and  than  turning  lo  Iha  lelt,  nanelraled  through 
the  defilea  in  that  branch  of  Iha  Anda*  whieh  lay  ha- 
twean  them  and  Iha  capital  Almagro,  inslssd  of 
hearkening  to  aoma  of  hia  ofllean,  who  advieed  him  lo 
attempt  tha  dalanea  of  ihoaa  difficult  peases,  waited  tha 
approach  of  Iha  enemy  in  the  plain  of  Cuaeo.  Two 
roaaona  aeam  lo  have  induced  him  lo  laka  this  nsolu- 
liaa.  His  foUoweie  amounted  hardly  lo  Ave  hundred, 
and  ha  waa  alVaid  of  weakening  such  a  faable  body  b^ 
aanding  any  dotachroeni  towarda  Iha  moontaina.  Hie 
cavalry  far  aiceoded  that  of  Iha  adverae  pnly,  both  'o 
number  and  diMiipUne,  and  it  waa  only  in  aa  open  eoun- 
Iry  dial  he  could  avail  himself  of  that  advaalags. 

The  Piiarroa  advanced  withoul  any  obelnietion,  but 
what  arose  from  tha  natura  of  the  desart  snd  horrid 
rwiona  through  which  they  marched.  Aa  aoon  aa  Ihey 
rvached  the  plain,  both  factiona  wen  equally  impatient 
to  bring  thia  long  protracted  contest  lo  sn  issue. 
Though  countrymen  and  friends,  the  subjscts  of  the 
same  sovereign,  and  each  with  the  royal  elandard  dis- 
played ;  and  though  they  beheld  the  mounlaina  thai 
aurrounded  the  plain  in  which  thev  wero  drawn  vp,  co- 
vered with  a  vast  mulliludo  of  Indiana  aeeembleil  to 
•njoy  the  apeetacle  of  their  mutual  carnage,  and  pre- 
pared lo  attack  whatever  pitrty  remained  maaler  of  the 
Held  i  Bo  fell  and  iiiiplacaulr  waa  the  rancor  which  had 
taken  iioaaeaaion  ol  every  breaat,  that  not  one  paeiAc 
counacl,  not  a  ainglo  ovortura  towarda  aceommodalion 
proceeded  from  either  aide.  Unfortunately  fur  Alma- 
gro, he  waa  ao  worn  out  with  tha  fatiguee  ol  service,  to 
which  hia  advanced  age  was  unequal,  that,  at  thia  crisis 
of  hia  fate,  ho  could  not  oierl  his  wonted  activitv,  and 
he  waa  obliged  to  commit  the  leading  his  troops  to  Or- 
gognes,  who,  though  an  officer  of  great  merit,  did  not 
poeaeaa  the  same  aacendant  either  over  the  spirit  or 
sifections  of  the  soldiers,  ss  the  chief  whom  they  liad 
long  been  accustomed  to  follow  and  revere. 

'llie  conHict  waa  fierce,  and  maintained  by  each 
parly  with  equal  courage  [April  SO].  On  the  eide  of 
Almagro  were  more  veteran  aoldicra,  ai<d  a  larger  pro- 
portion of  cavalry ;  but  thoae  wore  couiiterbalanceu  by 
Pitarro'a  superiority  in  numbers,  and  by  two  coin|ia- 
nict  of  well  disciplined  muakctecra,  whieh,  on  receiving 
an  account  of  the  inaurrcction  of  the  Indiana,  the  em- 
peror had  aent  from  Spain.  Aa  the  uae  of  fire  arma 
waa  not  frequent  among  the  adventurers  in  America, 
haatily  equipped  for  acrvice,  at  their  own  cipcnae,  thia 
email  katid  of  aoldiera  regularly  trained  and  armed,  waa 
a  novelty  in  Peru,  and  decided  the  fate  of  the  day. 
Wherever  it  advanced,  the  weight  of  a  heavy  and  well 
Buauined  fire  boro  down  horae  and  foot  before  it ;  and 
Orgognex,  while  ho  endeavored  to  rallv  and  animate 
bia  troopa,  having  received  a  dangorr  ia  wound,  the 
ioute  became  general.  The  barbarity  >(  the  conquer- 
ora  atained  the  glorv  which  they  aeq^iiifrd  by  thia  com- 
plete victory.  The  violence  of  civil  rage  hurried  on 
aome  to  alaughter  their  countrymen  with  indiscriminate 
cruelty ;  the  meanneas  of  private  revenge  inatigaled 
othere  lo  aingle  out  individuals  sa  the  objecte  of  their 
vengeance.  Orgognex  and  several  officers  of  distinc- 
tion were  masaacred  in  cold  blood ;  above  a  hundred 
and  forty  aoldicra  fell  in  the  field ;  a  large  proportion, 
where  the  number  of  combatant*  waa  few,  and  the  heat 
of  the  contest  soon  over.  Almagro,  though  so  feeble 
thst  he  could  not  bear  the  motion  of  a  horse,  had  in- 
taaled  on  being  carried  in  a  litter  to  an  eminence  which 
overlooked  the  field  of  battle.  From  thence,  in  the 
Btmoat  agitation  of  mind,  he  viewed  the  varioua  move- 
■ante  of  both  parties,  and  at  last  beheld  the  total  defeat 
tf  hia  own  troops,  with  all  the  paaaionate  indignation 
of  a  veteran  leader  long  accustomed  to  victory.  He 
endeavored  to  save  himself  by  flight,  but  waa  taken 
prisoner,  and  guarded  widi  dia  alrietest  vigilance. 


Tha  Indiana,  inalaad  af  aiseuUiig  Uia  rasalnlian 
whiahlhsy  had  fermad,  rslirsd  auislly  altar  tha  balth 
waa  aver  i  and  in  Iha  hialory  of  tha  New  World,  then 
ia  not  a  moro  sirikiiig  insWnes  of  the  wonderful  ascsnd- 
snl  which  Iha  Spaniards  hsd  sequired  over  its  inhsbi- 
tsnts,  Ihsn  Ibal,  aflar  seeing  one  of  the  contending  pa^  I 
tiaa  ruined  and  diaparaad,  and  the  other  weakened  and  I 
fallgnad,  thav  had  not  courage  lo  fall  open  diair  ana- 
miss,  when  rortuno  praasntcd  sn  apporlunily  of  allaek- 
ingtham  with  auch  advantage.  | 

Cuaco  wae  pillaged  by  tha  viclorioua  troopa,  who 
inaidarabla  ' 


I  booty,  eonal 


listing  partly  of 
nd  partly  of  tha 


found  than  a  eon 

Uw  glaaoinga  of  Iha  Indian  Iraaauraa,  and 

waalUi  amassed  by  Ihsir  antagoniata  from  tna  qioila  of 

Para  and  Chili.    But  so  far  did  Ibis,  snd  whslaver  Iha 

bonnly  of  Iheir  leader  oould  add  lo  il,  fall  bak>w  iha 

high  idaas  of  iha  racompanaa  whieh  Ihay  eoneaivad  lo 

ba  due  lo  their  merit,  that  Ferdinand  Piaarra,  nnaUa  lo 

Clliy  aueh  eilravagaot  aipaelaliona,  had  racoursa  lo 
same  eipadient  which  Kia  brotbar  had  employed  on 
a  aimilar  oecaaioo,  and  endeavored  lo  And  oeeupation 
for  Ihia  lurbulonl  aaeaming  spirit,  in  otdsr  to  pnvsnl  il 
from  breaking  oal  into  open  mutiny.  With  tbie  view, 
ha  encouraged  the  moel  aetive  oflMers  lo  atlempl  the 
diaeovery  and  roduelion  of  varioua  previneea  which  hsd 
not  hiUierlo  submitted  lo  Iha  Spaniards.  To  every 
elandard  erected  by  Iha  leaders  who  undertook  any  of 
Ihoaa  new  expedilioiia,  volunleera  rseortecl  with  Iha 
ardor  and  hope  peculiar  lo  tha  age.  Several  of  Abna- 
gro'e  eoMiers  wined  Iham,  and  thus  Piaarro  had  tha 
aalisfaetion  of  being  delivered  both  from  tha  importu- 
nity of  hia  diaeonlsnied  fUands,  and  the  dread  of  hia 
aneiant  enemiee. 

Abnagra  himself  remaiaad  for  sevsral  montha  in  eua. 
tody,  tnider  all  Ihn  anguiah  of  auepenae.  For  altiiough 
hia  doom  waa  delamuned  by  the  Piiarroa  from  the  mo- 
ment that  ha  fell  into  Iheir  liande,  prudence  conatrained 
tham  la  defer  gralifving  their  vengeance,  until  the  aol- 
diars  who  had  aerved  under  him,  aa  well  as  several  of 
Iheir  own  followers  in  whom  they  eould  not  perfectly 
confide,  had  left  Ouxeo.  Aa  soon  ss  they  set  out  upon 
Iheir  different  expeditions,  Almagro  waa  impeacheo  of 
Ireaaon,  formally  tried,  and  combmned  to  die.  The 
sentence  sslonished  him;  and  though  he  had  often 
braved  death  with  undaunted  spirit  in  the  field,  its  sp- 
prosch  under  this  ignominious  form  sppalled  him  so 
much,  that  he  had  recourse  to  sbject  supplicstions  un- 
worthy of  his  forn«r  fame.  He  besought  the  Pizsrroe 
to  remember  the  snciant  friendship  between  their  bro- 
ther snd  hhn,  and  how  much  he  had  contributed  to  the 
proeperity  of  their  family ;  he  reminded  them  of  the 
humanity  with  which,  in  oppoaition  to  the  repeated  re- 
monatrancea  of  hie  own  most  attached  frienila,  he  had 
spared  Iheir  Uvea  when  he  had  them  in  his  power ;  he 
conjured  them  to  pity  hie  age  snd  infirmities,  snd  to 
sutler  him  to  psss  the  wretcTied  remsinder  ol  hie  dsys 
in bowsilinghis  crimee,  snd  in  msking  hia  pjace  with 
Heaven.  The  enlreatiea,  aaya  a  Spanish  hiatorian,  of 
a  man  so  much  beloved  touched  many  an  unfeeling 
heart,  and  drew  tears  from  many  a  aiem  eye.  But  the 
brolhera  remained  inflexible.  As  soon  ss  Almsgro 
knew  his  fate  to  be  inevitable,  he  met  il  with  the  dig- 
nity and  fortitude  of  a  veteran.  He  was  tirangird  in 
priaon,  and  afterwards  publicly  beheaded.  He  auirored 
in  the  seventy-fifth  yesr  of  his  age,  and  left  one  son  by 
an  Indian  woman  of  Panama,  whom,  though  at  that 
time  a  prisoner  in  Linu,  he  named  as  successor  to  his 
government,  pursuant  to  a  power  which  the  emperor 
had  granted  him. 

1^9.]  As,  during  the  civil  dissensions  in  Peru,  all 
intercourse  with  Spam  waa  auapendcd,  the  detail  of  the 
extraordinary  tranaactiona  t'  era  did  not  sion  reach  the 
court.  Unfortunately  for  the  victorious  faction,  the  first 
intelligence  wss  brought  thither  by  some  of  Almogro's 
officers,  who  left  the  country  upon  the  ruin  of  their 
cause  ;  and  they  related  what  had  happened,  with  every 
circumstance,  unfavorable  to  Pixarro  and  hia  brolhera. 
I'heir  ambition,  their  breach  of  the  most  solemn  engsge- 
inents,  their  violence  and  cruelly,  were  painted  wilh 
all  the  malignity  and  exaggeration  of  party  haired. 
Ferdinand  Pizarro,  who  arrived  aoon  after,  and  appeared 
in  court  wilh  extaordinaty  splendor,  endeavored  to 
efface  the  impreaaion  which  their  accuaation  had  made, 
and  to  jualify  hia  brother  and  himaelf  by  representing 
Almagro  aa  the  aggressor.  The  emperor  and  his  minis- 
tera,  though  thev  could  not  pronounce  which  of  the 
coniending  factions  was  most  criminal,  clearly  discerned 
the  fslal  tendency  of  their  dissensions.  It  wss  obvious 
that  while  the  leaden,  intrusted  with  the  conduct  of 
two  infsnt  colonies,  employed  the  srms  which  should 
havo  been  turned  againat  the  common  enemy,  in  de- 
attOYiiig  one  another,  all  attention  lo  the  public  good 


m  dnad  dM  dw 
Indian*  might  improve  die  sdvantauo  wMrh  Um  dta» 
nion  of  the  Spaniarda  presented  lo  tham,  and  aitirpata 
both  the  victors  and  vanqnishad.  Bnl  the  evd  wao 
mora  apparent  than  Uie  ramedy.  Where  tha  infamia- 
lion  which  had  bean  received  waa  ao  defoetiva  and  eua- 
pieioas,  and  tha  Kone  of  action  so  ramota,  il  wao 
almost  impossible  lo  chslk  out  the  line  of  conduct  that 
ought  to  be  followed  ;  and  kefora  any  plan  that  akoutd 
ba  approved  of  in  Spain  could  be  carried  into  axeeo- 
lion,  Iha  eiluation  of  Iha  parties,  and  the  cireumsuncsa 
of  allairs,  might  slier  so  entirely  as  to  nndsr  its  affocM 
aiUamaly  pamicioua. 

Nothing  dieraforo  nmained,  but  lo  send  a  parson  I* 
Peru,  vested  with  axiensivs  and  discretionary  powar 
who,  aflar  viewing  deliberalelv  tha  poaluia  of  aflUin 
wilh  hia  own  eyee,  and  inquiring  npon  Iha  spot  into 
Iha  conduct  of  tha  dillannl  lesdera,  should  ba  aulho- 
riiad  to  asuMish  tha  goveroment  in  that  form  which 
ha  deemad  most  conducive  to  the  interasl  of  Ike  parent 
slats,  and  Iha  welfan  of  tha  colony.  Tha  man  aa- 
lected  for  thia  important  charge  waa  Chrisloval  Vaea 
da  Castro,  a  judge  in  Iha  court  of  royal  audience  at 
Vallsdolid;  and  nia  abilities,  integrity,  and  Armneaa 
jusliAad  tlie  choice.  His  instructions,  though  smple, 
wero  not  such  ss  lo  fatter  him.  in  his  operationa.  Ac- 
cording In  the  different  aspect  of  aibirs,  he  hsd  power 
to  take  upon  him  different  characten.  If  lia  found  Iha 
governor  aiill  alive,  ha  waa  lo  aaeume  only  the  title  ol 
judge,  to  maintain  Iha  appearance  of  acting  in  concert 
with  him,  ami  to  guard  againat  giving  anj^  juat  eauao 
of  offence  lo  a  man  who  had  merited  eo  highly  of  hia 
country.  Bui  if  Piaarro  wero  dead,  he  waa  inlnislad 
wilh  r  commission  thst  ha  might  then  produce,  by  whieh 
lie  wss  appointed  hie  successor  in  tha  govammant  ol 
Pen.  This  attention  to  Pixarro,  however,  aeema  to 
have  flowed  rather  from  dread  of  his  power  than  from 
any  approbation  of  bis  messuras ;  for,  al  the  very  limo 
thai  the  court  seemed  so  solicitous  not  to  irrits*a  him, 
his  brother  Ferdinsnd  wss  smsted  al  Madrid,  and  eoib 
fined  to  a  prison,  when  ha  remained  above  twenty 
years. 

1540.]  While  Vaca  do  Castro  was  prepsring  for  hia 
voyage,  evenia  of  great  moment  hapiMnrd  in  Peru. 
The  governor,  conaidering  hiinnolf,  ufion  the  death  ol 
Almagro,  aa  the  unrivalled  posaeaaor  of  that  vaat  ein- 
(liro,  proceeded  to  parcel  out  ita  territories  among  tha 
conquerora ;  and  had  thia  diviaion  been  made  with  any 
degree  of  impartiality,  the  extent  of  country  which  ho 
had  to  bestow  wss  suliicieiil  to  have  gratified  nis  friends, 
and  to  have  gainnl  his  enemiee.  But  Pixarro  coo- 
ducted  thia  tranaaction,  not  with  the  equity  and  candor 
of  a  judge  attentive  to  discover  and  to  rewsrd  niertl, 
but  with  the  illiberal  spirit  of  a  party  leader.  Larga 
diatricta,  in  parte  of  the  country  moat  cultivated  and 
populoua,  were  act  apart  aa  hia  own  property,  or  unnted 
to  hia  brothers,  hia  adherents,  and  favuritea.  To  oth- 
ere, lota  less  valuable  snd  inviting  were  saaigned.  Ilia 
followera  of  Almagro,  amongst  whom  wore  many  ol 
!  'iie  original  advenliirere  lo  whose  valor  and  perseve- 
rance Pizsrro  wss  indebted  for  his  success,  were  li« 
tslly  excluded  from  sny  portion  in  those  landa,  towsida 
the  acquisition  of  which  Ihey  had  contributed  ao  largely. 
Aa  the  vanitjr  of  every  individual  eel  an  immoderata 
value  upon  hia  own  ae'rvicee,  and  the  idee  of  each  con- 
cerning die  recompense  due  to  them  rose  graduslly  lo 
a  mora  exorbitant  height  in  proportion  as  Iheir  con- 
quests  extended,  all  who  wero  diasppointed  in  theii 
expectations  exclaimed  loudly  against  Ihe  npacious- 
ness  snd  partiality  of  tho  governor.  The  partiaans  n 
Almagro  murmured  in  aecrel,  and  meditated  revenge. 

Rapid  as  the  progrees  of  the  Spsniarda  in  South 
America  had  been  aince  Pixarro  landed  in  Pera,  their 
avidity  of  dominion  waa  not  yet  aatiafied.  The  officere 
to  whom  Ferdinand  Pizarro  gave  the  command  of  dif 
ferant  detachmente,  penetrated  into  aeveral  new  pro- 
vincea ;  and  though  aome  of  them  wen  expoaed  to 
great  hardahip*  in  the  cold  and  barren  ragiona  of  tho 
I  .^ndea,  and  oihrn  suffered  distress  not  inferior  smidst 
i  Ihe  woods  and  marshea  of  the  plains,  tbay  made  dia- 
I  coveries  and  conquests  which  not  only  extended  theif 
knowledge  of  the  country,  but  sddod  considerably  to 
the  tcrritoriee  of  Spain  in  the  New  Worid.  Pedro  da 
Valdivia  reassumed  Almagro'a  scheme  of  invading 
Chili,  and  notwitlisunding  the  fortitude  of  the  natives 
in  defending  their  possessions,  made  auch  progreas  m 
the  conquest  of  the  country,  that  he  founded  the  city 
of  St.  Jago,  and  gave  a  beginning  to  the  eslsblishineni 
of  the  Spanish  dominion  in  that  province.  But  of  all 
the  enteipriaes  undertsken  about  thia  period,  that  ol 
Oonxoia  Pizarro  waa  the  moat  remarkable.  Ilia  g^ 
vemor,  who  aocma  lo  have  reaotvad  dial  no  | 


ROBRRTRON'S    IIIIITORY   OF 


Mm  AmU  mMM  Mqr  •IMiM  W  4Mag»mkt4  wai- 
■MM  m  MUwtiljr  bul  Umm  af  hi*  •wn  hniljr.  had 
4iyfi«a4  BanslMiar,  Um  mh^umw  a(  QtiiM,  at  ki* 
Mmmamt  in  UmI  kinfdwn,  IM  iminlcj  hi*  bratkar 
Omul*  la  Ulw  Ik*  gonwiuMnl  of  il.  Ha  imlruclad 
him  to  tiwmiit  iha  4ttonn  tml  canquaal  of  iha  coun- 
try la  Iha  ••••  af  Iha  AniMa,  wkkk,  accordinf  to  iba 
infornMlwn  of  Iha  Indiana,  thaomlad  wilh  einnamon 
•nd  oihar  ttluilib  ipiaa*.  Qoniaht,  not  infarior  to 
anjr  af  hia  kraliim  in  counga,  and  no  bu  •inbilioui 
of  Ki)uiring  dminciioni  aagarljr  anga||«d  in  Uiia  dilB- 
cuh  •ervMo.  Ha  iai  out  froai  (Juilo  al  Iha  kaad  af 
Uuaa  humiiru  and  forty  aoldien,  naar  ona  half  of  whom 
onta  honuinan ;  with  louc  Ihauaand  Indiana  lo  narry 
thaif  ptoviawna.  In  fonina  thair  wi.y  through  Iha  da- 
iiaa,  or  or ar  iba  ridgaa  of  the  Andaa,  aiccaa  of  cold 
and  faligua,  lo  naithai  of  which  Ihay  wara  Mcuatoincd, 
|KOfad  dial  lo  tha  graalar  part  of  Iheir  wratchad  al- 
laiidanla.  Tha  Spanianlf,  ihouKh  mora  nbual,  and 
imwad  to  a  varialy  of  cliiualea,  luirvml  conudarably, 
and  l«at  boom  man :  but  when  tlwy  dcacandad  into  tha 
law  counliy,  Ihair  diairaaa  increaiad.  During  two 
■onlha  it  nined  hiraaaantly,  without  any  intarval  of 
bif  waatbar  long  unuutih  lo  dry  thvir  rlolhva.  The 
imiaanaa  plaina  upon  which  ihoy  were  now  enlering, 
aithei  allogeihcr  without  inhabitinu,  or  occupied  Sy 
Iha  rwleal  and  leail  iiiduelrioue  tribes  in  the  New 
Work,  yielded  little  •ubeietence.  They  could  not  ad- 
vanra  a  ilep  but  ue  ibey  cut  a  road  through  wooda,  or 
made  it  through  mannea.  Such  inceaaant  toil,  and 
continual  Marcitv  of  food,  teem  more  than  auAlcieut 
to  have  eihauiU<d  and  diapiritad  any  Iroona.  But  tha 
fortitude  and  pencTeranee  of  tha  Snaniaroa  in  Iha  aix- 
teanlh  century  were  inauparaUe.  Allured  by  frequent 
but  falie  accounta  of  rich  countriea  babra  tnem,  they 
peniated  in  atrugsling  on,  until  they  reached  the  banka 
af  the  ViOe»  or  Napo,  one  of  the  large  rinra  whoae 
watara  pour  into  the  Maraffion,  and  contril-uta  lo  ita 
grandeur.  There,  wilh  inbnita  labor,  Ihay  buili  a 
bark,  which  they  eipecled  would  prove  of  gieat  utility 
in  conveying  them  oTer  rivera,  in  procuring  proviaiona, 
and  in  eiploring  llin  country.  Thia  waa  manned  with 
tfty  aoldicra,  under  the  command  of  Francia  Urellina, 
tha  officer  neat  in  rank  lo  Piiano.  The  etieam  ear- 
ned iham  down  with  auch  rapidity,  thai  tliav  were  aoon 
kt  ahead  of  their  couairymen,  wko  foUewed  afowly  and 
witb  difHculty  by  land. 

Al  thia  diatance  from  hia  commander,  Orellana,  i 
Mung  man  of  an  aapiring  mind,  be|nn  to  fancy  himaolf 
iadeprndani ;  and  tranaportcd  with  the  predominant 
nation  of  the  age,  he  formed  the  tcheme  of  diatinguiaii- 
mg  kinuelf  aa  a  ditcotarcr,  by  following  the  eourte  of 
the  Maragnon  uhtil  it  joined  the  ocean  and  by  aur>'ey- 
in|  tha  vaat  rrgiona  through  which  it  flowa.  Thia 
acneme  of  Orellana'a  waa  aa  bold  aa  it  waa  treacheroua. 
For,  if  he  be  chargeable  with  the  guilt  of  having  vin- 
lated  hia  duty  to  hie  commander,  and  with  having 
abandoned  kia  fellow  aoldiora  in  a  pathlcaa  detert, 
where  they  had  hardly  any  bopea  of  aucceaa,  or  even 
•f  aafety,,but  what  were  founded  on  the  aervice  which 
Ibey  expected  from  the  bark ;  kia  crime  ia  in  aonie 
■eaaure. balanced  by  the  glory  of  having  ventured  u|ion 
a  navigation  of  near  two  thounnd  leaguea,  ihrough 
anknown  nationa,  in  a  vtaaci  hattily  conatrurtcd,  with 
green  timber,  and  by  very  unakilful  haiida,  without  pro- 
viaiona,  without  a  tompaaa,  or  a  pifot.  But  hia  courage 
and  alacrity  au|ipliid  every  defect.  Committing  hiiii- 
aelf  fearleakly  to  the  guidance  of  the  ttreain,  the  Nipo 
bore  him  along  to  the  touth,  until  he  reached  the  great 
channel  of  the  Maragnon.  Turiiiiig  with  it  towarda 
the  coaii,  ho  held  on  hia  courae  in  that  direction.  Ho 
made  frequent  deKcnta  on  both  aidea  of  the  river, 
aoinelimca  aeizing  by  force  of  arma  the  provisiona  of 
the  fierce  aavaget  aeated  on  ita  banka ;  and  tometimea 
procuring  a  auuply  of  food  by  a  friendly  intercourae 
with  more  gentle  tribea.  After  a  long  aeriaa  of  dan- 
gera,  which  be  encountered  with  amaxing  fortitude, 
and  of  diftreaaet  which  he  aupported  with  no  lea* 
maitnanimity,  he  reached  the  ocean  [137,]  where  new 
perilt  awaited  him.  Theaa  he  likewiae  aurmounted, 
and  got  ufely  to  tlie  Spaniah  aettle'faienl  in  the  iiland 
of  Cubagua ;  from  thence  he  aailed  to  Spain.  The 
Tanity  natural  to  travellera  who  visit  regions  unknown 
to  tha  laat  of  mankind,  ard  the  art  of  an  <adventui«r 
aoUeitoua  to  magnifjr  hia  own  merit, 'concurred  in 
pnapttag  biro  to  eungle  an  extraoidinary  proportion 
of  the  raarrelloua  in  the  narrative  of  hia  voyage.  Ho 
pntanded  to  have  diaeovered  nationa  ao  rich  that  the 
nofa  of  their  templea  were  covered  with  platea  of  gold ; 
aad  deacntfd  a  republic  of  women  ao  warlike  and 
'  ',  af  lo  have  extended  thtir  dominion  over  a 
MM  af  tha  fertile  fUm  which  be  had 


aiallad.  EattavagaM  aa  tboaa  talaa  wan,  Iba*  gava 
riaa  to  an  aaiaiia.  thai  a  lagian  abaonUag  with  gaM, 
diatinguiabad  by  iba  naaia  of  K  Dtnia,  and  a  cam- 
munily  at  Aawaana,  ware  lo  be  found  in  thia  part  of 
Iha  world  ;  and  auch  ia  the  profianaity  of  mankind  lo 
believe  what  ia  wonderful,  liial  il  liaa  been  alowly  and 
wilh  dillleullv  that  laaaoo  and  obaaivation  have  ai- 
ploded  Ihaaa  laMaa.  Tha  voyage,  however,  avan  when 
alrippad  of  every  romanlio  embelliahmani,  ilaaarvea  to 
be  recorded  not  only  aa  ona  of  Iha  moat  mamoralile 
ocournmoaa  ia  Ihal  advanluroua  an,  but  aa  the  Aral 
event  wbiab  lad  to  any  eattain  knowladga  of  the  exten- 
aiva  eountnaa  Ibal  atiatab  aaalwaid  bom  tha  Andaa  lo 


No  worda  can  daaeriba  iba  eenatamalion  of  Piiarra, 
when  be  did  not  And  Iba  bark  al  tha  conduance  of  the 
Napo  and  Maragnon,  where  ha  bad  ordered  Orallaos 
to  wail  foi  him.  Ha  wouU  not  allow  himaelf  to  aua- 
pect  that  a  man,  whom  be  bad  intrualad  with  aueh  an 
important  command,  couM  ba  ao  baia  and  ao  uafaeliiy 
aa  to  deaart  bim  ai  aaeb  a  juncture.  But  imputing  hia 
abarnee  from  Iha  place  of  landexvoua  lo  aonie  unknown 
accident,  ha  adtancad  above  fifty  leaguea  alang  tha 
banka  of  the  Maragnon,  axpaeting  every  moment  to  aaa 
the  bark  appear  with  a  aupply  of  proviaiona  [IMI].  At 
length  lie  cama  up  with  an  officer  whom  Orallana  had 
lafk  lo  (ioriah  in  Ike  deaart,  baeauta  ha  had  tha  courage 
lo  rcmonatrale  againat  hia  parfldy.  From  him  ha  learned 
the  extent  of  Urellina'a  crime,  and  hia  folkiwara  per- 
ceived at  once  Iheir  own  deapaiate  aitualion,  whan 
deprived  of  Iheir  oidy  raaouioe.  The  spirit  of  Ibo 
:  atoulest  hearted  veteran  aunk  wilhki  him,  and  all  da- 
I  manded  to  l>e  led  back  inatantly.  Pixarro,  though  ha 
aaaumol  an  appearance  of  IranquiUity,  did  not  oppoaa 
.their  inclination.  But  he  waa  now  twelve  hundred 
milea  from  Quito ;  and  in  that  long  march  Iha  Spaniarda 
encountered  hardahipe  greater  than  ihoae  whwh  they 
had  endured  in  their  progress  outward,  without  the 
I  alluring  hopaa  which  than  aoolhed  and  aninuted  them 
]  under  their  auffaringa.  Hunger  compelled  them  lo 
I  feed  on  roola  and  barriea,  lo  eat  all  their  doga  and 
I  horses,  to  devour  Ihe  moot  loathaome  nptilea,  am  even 
to  gnaw  Ihe  leather  of  Iheir  aaddlaa  and  awordbcltt. 
Four  thouaand  Indiana,  and  two  hundred  and  ten  Spa- 
niards, perished  in  thia  wdd  diaaalroua  expedition, 
which  continued  near  two  yeara ;  and  aa  Afty  men  were 
aboard  tha  bark  with  Orelfano,  only  four  acore  got  back 
lo  Quito.  Theaa  were  naked  hke  aavacoa,  and  so 
emaciated  wilb  fomme,  or  worn  out  wilh  fatigue,  that 
ihev  had  more  the  appeanoea  of  apeelrca  than  of  men. 
But,  instead  of  reluming  to  en/oy  Ihe  repoae  which 
hia  condition  required,  Pixarro,  on  entering  Quito,  i«- 
reived  accounta  of  a  fatal  event  that  threalenad  eala- 
mitiea  more  dreadful  to  him  than  tboao  through  which 
he  had  paaaad.  From  the  time  that  hia  brother  made 
that  partial  division  of  his  conquests  which  haa  been 
mentioneti,  Ihe  adherenia  ol  Almagro,  conaideriiig 
thoinaelvea  aa  proscribed  by  Ihe  party  in  power,  no 
longer  entertained  any  hope  of  bettering  their  condition. 
Groat  numbera  in  despair  reaoriod  lo  Lima,  when  the 
houae  of  young  Almagro  waa  alwaya  open  to  them,  and 
the  slender  (wrtion  of  hia  father's  fortune,  which  the 
governor  allowed  him  to  enjoy,  waa  spent  in  affordina 
them  subsintence.  The  wsrm  attachment  wilh  which 
every  person  who  bad  aerved  under  the  elder  Almagro 
devoted  himself  to  his  interests,  waa  quickly  tranaferred 
(0  his  son,  who  was  now  grown  up  to  the  age  of  man- 
hood,  sn  J  poascMod  all  the  qualitiea  which  captivate  the 
aflV'Ctiona  of  soldiers  Of  a  graceful  appearance,  dex- 
terous at  all  martial  exercises,  bold,  open,  generous, 
ho  seemed  lo  be  formed  for  command ;  4nd  as  his 
father,  conscious  of  his  own  inferiority  from  the  total 
want  of  education,  liad  been  extremely  attentive  to  have 
him  instructed  in  eveiy  science  becoming  a  gentleman ; 
Ihe  acconipliahments  which  he  bad  acquired  heighlened 
Ihe  respect  of  hia  foUowera,  aa  they  gave  him  distinc- 
tion and  eminence  among  illiterate  adventurers.  In 
this  young  man  tha  Almagriana  found  a  point  of  union 
which  they  wanted,  and,  looking  up  to  him  aa  their 
head,  were  ready  to  undertake  any  thing  for  his  ad- 
nncenwnt.  Nor  waa  affection  for  Almagro  their  only  ui- 
citement ;  they  wen  urged  on  by  thnir  own  diatreases. 
Many  of  tlien>,  dealilute  of  common  neceaaariea,  [138] 
and  weaiy  of  loitering  away  life,  a  burden  to  their  chiei, 
or  to  such  of  their  aaaoeiatea  aa  had  uved  aome  rem- 
nant of  Iheir  brtuna  from  pillage  and  confiaeatioo, 
longed  impatiently  for  an  oeeaaion  to  exert  their  acti- 
vity and  courage,  and  began  to  deliberate  bow  they 
might  be  avenged  on  the  author  of  all  their  miaery. 
Their  frequent  cabals  did  not  pass  unobserved ;  and 
the  governor  waa  warned  to  be  on  his  guard  against 
iNB  wbo  DMdiUlcd  aama  deaiwiata  dead,  and  had  la- 


aaiuliaa  ta  eiacula  it.  But  either  from  Iba  mDIh*  Il 
trapidity  af  hia  mind,  ar  for  contempt  of  peraaua  «(m> 
poverty  aeamed  to  render  tlisir  niachinationa  of  lillk 
consequence,  he  disregsrdrd  llw  sdinonitiuna  of  bit 
friends.  ••  Bo  in  no  nam,"  said  he  carrlsiily,  "  almal 
my  life  :  it  is  prrfrclly  safa,  aa  long  aa  every  man  !• 
Peru  knows  that  I  rsn  in  a  moinent  cut  <>|T  any  head 
which  dares  lo  harlnr  a  ihuiight  against  it."  Thia 
aacurity  gave  tha  Almagritns  full  Insure  lo  digesl  snd 
ripen  every  iiart  of  lhair  fcheine  ;  and  Juan  do  flerrado^ 
an  olBcar  of  grael  abilitiea,  who  had  tha  charge  of  Al- 
aMgro'e  adueation,  took  tha  direction  of  iheir  consults 
lions  wilh  all  tbo  laal  which  thia  connection  inapitad. 
and  with  all  iba  authority  which  the  aacendani  that  ka 
waa  known  lo  kava  over  Ike  mind  of  kia  pupil  gave  hii^ 

On  Sunday  tha  twanty-aixth  of  June,  al  mi*.day,  Iba 
aaaaofl  of  IranquiUity  aiid  repoae  in  all  sultry  cbmalaa^ 
Harrada,  at  Iba  bead  of  aigblaaa  of  the  moot  data*- 
mined  eonapiratora,  sallied  out  of  Alinagro'a  houae,  tn 
complete  armor  i  and,  drawing  lhair  aworda,  aa  ihat 
advanced  haatily  towarda  tha  govamor'a  palaoa,  cried 
out,  "  I«ng  hva  the  King,  but  let  Iha  tyrant  lia !" 
Their  aaaooiatea,  warned  of  their  motioiia  by  a  signal 
wara  iu  arma  al  differknt  ataliona  ready  to  aupport 
them.  Though  Pixarro  waa  uaually  aomunded  by 
auch  a  numeioua  train  of  attondanla  aa  suited  tha  may- 
niAcanca  of  iba  moat  opulent  aubjaci  of  the  age  la 
which  he  lived ;  yet  aa  he  waa  just  riaan  from  labia, 
and  moat  of  the  doroaalica  had  retired  to  thair  owa 
apartmanta,  Iha  conapinlon  naaaed  tkrougb  Iha  Iwa 
outer  courta  of  tha  palace  unonaarvad.  Tbay  wara  il 
the  bottom  of  Iba  atair-caaa  bafora  a  page  in  wailing 
couM  give  Iha  alarm  to  hia  maatar,  wbo  waa  convaraind 
wilh  a  few  frianda  in  a  large  hall.  IV  govemar, 
wboee  ataady  mind  no  form  of  danger  could  appal, 
alarting  up,  called  for  arma,  and  commanded  Fnnciaoa 
do  Chavea  lo  make  faat  tha  door.  But  that  officat, 
who  did  not  retain  ao  much  presence  of  mind  aa  to  obey 
this  prudent  older,  running  to  the  lop  of  the  atair-caaa, 
wihily  aakad  tha  eonapiratora  what  they  meant,  and 
whither  they  wera  going  1  Inatead  of  aiiawering,  thay 
slabbed  him  lo  the  heart,  and  burst  into  the  hall  Soim 
of  Ihe  persona  who  were  there  threw  thoinselvee  front 
the  windows ;  othera  attempted  to  fly ;  and  a  few  draw- 
ing their  aworda  followed  thair  leader  into  an  inner 
apartment.  The  conspintora,  animated  with  having 
the  object  of  their  vengeance  now  in  view,  rushed  for 
ward  after  them.  Pixarro,  with  no  other  arma  llian  hia 
aword  and  buckler,  defended  the  entry  ;  and,  auiiportad 
by  hia  half  brother  Akantan,  and  hia  little  knot  nl 
frienda,  he  maintained  the  unequal  contest  with  inli» 
pidity  worthy  of  hia  past  exploits,  and  with  the  vigor  oi 
a  youthful  combatant.  ■■  Courage  "  cried  he,  "com- 
paniona !  wo  are  yet  enow  to  make  thoae  traitora  repent 
of  their  audacity."  But  the  armor  of  Ihe  eonapiratora 
protected  them,  while  every  thrust  they  msuo  took 
effect.  Alcantara  fell  dead  al  his  brother  s  fret ;  hia 
other  defenders  were  mortally  wounded.  The  goremor, 
ao  weary  that  hn  could  hardly  wield  his  aword,  and  no 
longer  able  lo  parry  the  many  weapons  furiously  aiiue4 
at  him,  received  a  deadly  thrust  full  in  his  throat,  aumt 
to  the  ground,  and  expired. 

Aa  aoon  aa  he  was  slain,  the  asussins  ran  out  iotw 
the  streets,  and,  waving  their  blootly  awards,  priH 
claimed  the  death  of  the  tyrant.  Above  two  hundred 
of  their  associates  having  joined  Ihein,  they  (onductad 
young  Almaijro  in  solemn  proccf  sion  through  the  city, 
sikI,  assembling  the  magistralea  and  principal  citixana, 
compelled  them  to  acknowledge  him  aa  hwful  aoo- 
cesaor  to  his  ftthcr  in  his  government.  The  palace  al 
Piisrro,  together  with  tbf<  houses  of  several  of  hia  ad* 
herenu,  was  pillsged  by  the  soldiers,  who  had  tha  eali*. 
faction  at  once  ofbeing  svr.nged  on  their  enemira,  and 
of  enriching  themselves  by  ibi  spoils  of  those  through 
whoso  hands  all  the  wealth  of  Peru  had  pataed. 

The  boMneaa  and  auccess  of  the  conspiracy,  aa  weN 
aa  the  name  and  popular  qualities  of  Almagro,  drew 
many  aoldien  to  his  standard.  Every  adventurer  oi 
deapente  fortune,  all  who  were  diaaatisAed  with  Pixarro 
(and  from  the  lapaeioutness  of  his  government  in  tha 
latter  yeara  of  hia  life  Ihe  number  of  malecontente  waa 
conaidenble),  declared  without  hesitation  in  favor  of 
Almagro,  and  he  waa  aoon  at  the  bead  of  eight  hundred 
of  tha  moat  gallant  vetenna  in  Peru.     Aa  hia  youth 


and  inexperience  diaoualified  him  from  taking  Ihe  c 
roand  of  them  himaelf,  he  appointed  Herrada  to  act  aa 
gaaenl.  But  though  AUna^  apeetlily  collected  auch 
a  reapeclacle  force,  the  acquiescence  in  his  sovernmaal 
waa  far  from  being  general.  Pixarro  had  left  many 
frienda  to  whom  hia  memory  was  dear ;  the  barbaisui 
aaaasaination  of  a  man  to  whom  liia  country  waaaa 
highly  indabled,  fiUod  every  iiniianial  pinaa  wilh  hm- 


ROUTH  AMEAIOA 


II  tlMMltn  li 

f  pCMMM  mIHM 

Iniliom  of  liuk 
nonitiun*  of  kit 
rrlculy,  "  •ImnI 
M  evsry  n»n  ia 
ui  nfl  ••■)>  h«*l 
tiiwl   i»"    Thi» 
ira  to  diMil  ind 
lusn  it*  il«indak 
ti«  chiryo  of  AU 
iif  ibflir  contulta* 
mction  impirad, 
Kiwlcnl  tUl  Iw 
apiipilgixkiab 
!,  »i  inil^Ti  Uw 
II  tuluy  eluMlMk 
tho  moot  iltli^ 
iimro't  bouM,  1b 
•wordt,  H  thn 
loi'i  pslaeo,  emo 
lb*  imnt  li» !" 
ttiont  bjr  •  iii|Mli 
lOMly  10  wppMl 
f  wiToumUd  by 
»  auUwi  tht  mif- 
Mt  of  Uw  ig*  la 
I  riMD  from  uU*, 
lircd  to  iboir  owa 
tbnMgh  ibf  Md 
1.    Thojr  w*r*  ■* 
■  pig*  in  wiilinf 
bo  WM  eonvoninn 
I.    Tho  go»»m«t, 
ng«  couM  tppil. 
minded  FnneiM* 
Bui  U»l  officii, 
of  mind  u  to  oboy 
l>  of  lh«  •t«ir-ciw, 
they  mnnl.  ind 
)r  iiMwering,  tboy 
ito  tbe  hall    Soaa 
«  ihomMilvei  fron 
r ;  ind  >  few  driw- 
der  into  «n  inner 
uted  with  having 
1  view,  ruahcd  for 
tther  ainia  llian  bia 
rv  i  and,  auii|iort*d 
hia  little  knot  nl 
onlett  with  intra- 
A  with  tJM)  vigor  oi 
'  cried  he,  "com- 
.„  traitora  repent 
)f  the  conapiraton 
they  uiado  took 
irother  a  fret ;  bia 
Ixd.  Tlio  govemor, 
hia  aword,  and  no 
ill  fiirioualy  aiiuf4 
in  hia  throat,  auMt 


M.  TIm  ifanmirauiM  birth  of  Alma^,  a*  will  la 
A*  imMttU  Mtio  on  which  ka  ioonded  hia  pntenaiena, 
mi  Mkai*  to  conaider  him  aa  a  uaurper.  I'h*  oHIttara 
inh*  commanded  in  aom*  provincea  refiined  to  rerog- 
niio  hia  aullwrily  uiilil  it  wia  cuiillnnrd  by  ihv  viii- 
(irar.  In  nthcra,  particularly  at  (Juico,  iIm  royal 
Mandard  wai  erected,  and  prunaralioiia  were  Iwauii  in 
Mdcr  to  revenge  the  murder  of  their  ancient  Icailer. 

IIhmo  Mieda  of  diicurd,  which  could  not  have  lain 
bag  dormant,  aci|uired  gml  vigor  and  activity  when 
Iko  arrival  of  Vaca  de  (Jaalru  waa  known.  After  a 
hag  and  diaaatmua  voyage,  he  waa  driven  liy  itrvaa  of 
Wialber  into  a  email  liarlnr  in  the  province  of  i'opayan  i 
•ad  proceeding  from  Ihenci  by  land,  after  a  journey  no 
loei  ledioue  tain  difllcuU,  ha  reached  tjuilo.  In  hia 
way  ba  received  accounta  of  Hiiarro'a  death,  and  of 
tba  avania  which  followed  upon  it.     Ha  immediataly 


produced  tba  royal  eommiaaion  appointing  him  yovamor 
pf  Peru,  with  loo  a«m*  privilegee  and  authoiily ;  and 
Ilia  juriadietion  waa  acknowlaogad  without  beailatioa 


by  Banaicaiar,  adelanlado  or  lieutananl-ganeral  for  tli* 
ompoioi  in  Paoayan,  and  by  Pedro  de  I'uellee,  who,  in 
tin  abeance  or  tionialo  Piiarro,  bad  tho  command  of 
(be  troope  lalt  in  Quito.  Vana  da  Caatro  not  only 
aaaumed  tba  aupnm*  authority,  but  ahowcd  that  be 
noaaoaaod  the  lalenia  which  lb*  eieiviac  of  it  at  that 
•unelura  requirad.  By  bia  influence  and  addreaa  ba 
apon  aaaamblad  aueb  a  body  of  troope  aa  not  only  to 
aot  him  abov*  all  fear  of  baing  eipoaed  to  any  inault 
from  tb*  adfira*  partjr,  but  enabled  him  to  advance 
bom  Quito  with  Iho  dignity  which  becama  hia  charao- 
Mr.  By  deepatcbing  peraona  of  confidence  to  the  dif- 
farant  aettlenwnta  in  Peru  with  a  formal  nolilication  of 
oia  arrival  and  of  hia  eommiaaion,  b*  communicated  to 
Bio  ooualryman  tbo  rayal  pleaaun  with  mpect  to  lb* 
gorammanl  of  tho  country.  By  privet*  emiaaariaa,  b* 
*icil*d  aueb  oflleon  aa  bad  diacorered  their  diaappro- 
bMioD  of  Alma^'a  piooeedinge,  to  manifeel  their  July 
to  Iboir  eoverei)^  by  aupportuig  Iho  paraon  honored 
with  hie  eommiaaion.  Thoae  meaauroa  war*  productive 
of  giaal  cdacla.  Encouraoed  by  tba  approach  of  tho 
aaw  governor,  or  prapared  by  hie  macninaiiona,  the 
■oyal  wara  eoofiimed  in  their  principlea,  and  avowed 
iham  with  graalar  boldoeaa;  the  timid  ventured  to 
dtcUr*  their  aMUimanta;  the  neutral  and  wavering, 
flnding  it  neeaaaary  to  ebiiae  a  aide,  began  to  lean  to 
that  wbicb  now  ap|ieared  to  be  tbe  aifaal  aa  well  aa  tho 
■aoat juaL 

Almai^ro  obMrred  the  rapid  progreta  of  ihi*  apiril  of 
diaaffeetion  tu  bia  cauie ;  and  in  order  to  give  an  effec- 
tual chock  to  it  before  tiM  arrival  of  Vaca  de  Caatio, 
ba  aal  out  at  tha  liaad  of  hia  troope  for  Ouzco,  [IMS,] 
where  the  moat  conaideraUe  body  of  opponenta  had 
erected  the  royal  atandard,  under  tlw  command  of  Pe- 
dro Alveroz  Holguin.  During  hie  march  thilher.  Her- 
rada,  the  akilful  guide  of  hia  youth  and  of  hia  counaela, 
died  ;  and  from  that  time  hia  ineaaurea  were  conapicu- 
uua  for  their  violence,  but  concerted  with  little  lagacity, 
and  eieculed  with  no  addreaa.  Holguin,  who,  with 
forcea  far  inferior  to  ihoa*  of  the  oppoaile  pirty,  waa 
deecending  towaida  the  coaat  at  the  very  time  that 
Almagro  waa  on  hia  way  to  Cuico,  deceived  hia  inex- 
perienced adveiaary  by  a  verv  aimple  atntagem,  avoided 
an  enngcment,  and  eflected  a  junction  with  Alvarrdo, 
an  oSSen  of  note,  who  had  been  lb*  firat  to  declare 
•gaioat  Alinagio  aa  a  uaurper. 

Soon  after  vaca  d*  Caatro  entared  their  camp  with 
tbo  troope  which  he  brought  from  Quito ;  and  eraciing 
tha  royal  atandard  before  nia  own  tent,  ho  declared  that, 
aa  governor,  he  wouM  diacharge  in  perion  all  the  func- 
tiona  of  general  of  their  combined  forcea.  Though 
formed  by  the  tenor  of  hia  paat  life  to  the  habiu  ofa 
aedentary  and  pacific  profeiaion,  he  at  once  aaaumed 
tho  activity  and  discovered  tho  deciaion  of  an  olficer 
long  accuatomed  to  command.  Knowing  hia.atrength 
to  be  now  far  auperior  to  that  of  the  enemy,  he  waa 
impatient  to  terminate  the  contest  by  a  buttle.  Nor 
did  tbe  followera  of  Almagro,  who  had  no  hopea  of 
obtaining  a  |«rdon  for  a  crime  so  atrocioua  aa  tho  mir- 
der  of  the  governor,  decline  that  mode  of  decision. 
They  met  at  Chupai,  [Sept.  16,]  about  two  hundred 
miles  from  Cuico,  and  fought  with  all  thn  fierce  ani- 
moaity  inapired  by  tho  violence  of  civil  rage,  the  ran- 
cor of  private  enmitv,  the  eagemesa  of  revenge,  and 
the  list  eflbrti  of  deipiir.  Victory,  after  remaining 
long  doubtful,  declared  at  last  for  Vaco  da  Caatro. 
Tb*  superior  number  of  his  troope,  his  own  intrepidity, 
and  the  martial  tileiita  of  Francisco  de  Cirvijal,  i 
valorin  officer  formed  under  the  great  ceptain  in  the 
wan  of  Italy,  and  who  on  that  day  laid  the  foundation 
of  hu  future  fame  in  Peru,  triumphed  over  the  bravery 
af  hii  opiMoaata,  though  lad  on  by  young  Almagro 


with  a  gallant  B|Hril  worthy  of  a  hollar  causa,  and  da- 
aarving  another  fate.  Tht  camag*  waa  great  in  pro- 
portion to  the  iiimiher  of  tb*  oombalanla.  Many  o<  the 
vimiiiishrd,  cBjieeially  auch  aa  war*  conacioua  that 
lliay  niiuhl  be  charged  with  baing  accessary  to  the 
aMassiimlinii  of  I'Karro,  rushing  on  tb*  swords  of  the 
eiwiny,  chus*  to  fall  like  soldiera  rather  than  wait  an 
ignuii'iiiilous  doom.  (Jf  fouruen  hundred  men,  the 
luul  amount  of  conibatanta  on  both  aidea,  live  hundred 
lay  dead  on  the  field,  and  tha  number  of  lb*  wounded 
was  s:ill  gr»slrr. 

If  the  military  lalanta  diaulayed  by  Varade  Cavtro, 
both  in  the  council  and  in  the  field,  aurprisrd  tha  ad- 
venturera  in  Peru,  thejr  were  alill  mora  astonislied  at 
hia  conduct  aftar  the  victory.  Aa  h*  waa  bjr  natur*  a 
rigid  diapenaer  of  jutliee,  and  perauaded  that  it  reouired 
aaamplee  of  eatraordinary  aevarily  to  realrain  tha  licen- 
tioue  epirit  of  aoldiera  ao  far  ramovetl  from  tha  aeal  of 
govemmeni,  h*  proceeded  dinclly  to  try  hia  prisonara 
aa  rehela.  Forty  were  condemned  to  aulTer  tbe  death 
of  Iraitora,  othera  were  banished  from  Peru.  Their 
leader,  who  made  hia  escap*  from  lb*  battle,  being 
betrayed  by  aomo  of  hia  offlcera,  wa*  publicly  beheaded 
in  Cuico  ;  and  in  him  the  name  of  Almagro,  and  lb* 
spirit  of  tlw  party,  waa  extinct. 

During  thoae  violent  eonvulaiona  in  Peru,  Ih*  *mp*- 
ror  and  ma  miniatara  ware  intently  employed  in  prepa- 
ring rMulalinna,  by  wbicb  they  hoped  not  only  to  rr- 
ealabliw  tranquillity  there,  but  to  introduce  a  mora 
p*rfecl  ayatam  of  internal  policy  into  all  their  aatti*- 
menu  in  tb*  New  World.  It  ia  manifuat  frim  all  lb* 
•venta  recorded  in  lb*  hiatory  of  America,  that,  rapid 
and  extenaiv*  aa  the  Spanish  conqueate  there  had  been, 
thejr  war*  not  carried  on  by  any  regular  exertion  of  Ih* 
national  fore*,  but  by  tho  occasional  elforta  of  private 
advenlurera.  Aftar  fitting  nut  a  few  of  lb*  firat  arma- 
mania  for  diacovering  new  regions,  the  court  of  Spain, 
during  the  busy  reigna  of  Ferdinand  and  Charlea  V., 
the  former  the  moat  intriguing  prince  »f  the  age,  and 
tho  latter  the  moat  ambilioaa,  waa  encumbered  with 
auch  a  multiplicity  of  cohemea,  and  involved  in  war 
with  so  many  nationa  of  Europe,  that  h*  had  not  lei- 
sure to  attend  to  dirlant  and  laaa  inMrealing  object*. 
The  care  nf  prosecuting  discovery,  or  of  atlompting 
conquest,  was  abandoned  to  individuals ;  and  with  auch 
ardor  did  men  purh  forward  in  Ihia  new  career,  on  which 
novelty,  Iho  apirit  of  adventun,  avarice,  ambition,  and 
the  hope  of  me'.iting  heaven,  prompted  them  with  com- 
bined influeiM'.e  to  enter,  that  in  leaa  than  half  a  eei>- 
tury  almost  the  whole  of  that  extenaive  empire  which 
Spain  now  possesses  in  tho  New  World,  waa  aubjccted 
to  ita  dominion.  Aa  the  Spaniah  court  contributed 
nothirig  tswardi  the  varioua  cxpoditioiia  undertaken  in 
America,  it  waa  not  entitled  to  claim  much  from  their 
aucer.aa.  Tbe  mveroignty  cf  the  conquered  provincea, 
with  tbe  f.M  of  the  ^d  and  ailver,  waa  roaerved  for 
lh>j  crov  . ;  every  thing  elaa  waa  aeizrd  by  the  aaao- 
ciatra  in  each  expedition  aa  iheirown  right  The  plun- 
der of  the  counthea  which  they  invaded  aerved  to  in- 
demnify them  for  what  they  had  expended  in  equipping 
themaelvea  for  the  aervice,  and  the  conquered  territory 
waa  dividxd  among  them,  according  to  rulea  which  cua- 
lom  had  introduced,  aa  perminent  eatabiishmenia  which 
their  aucceaaful  vnlor  merited.  In  the  infancy  of  thoae 
aettlemenia,  when  their  extent  aa  well  aa  Iheir  value 
wis  uidinown,  many  irregularitiea  eecaped  obaervotioD, 
and  it  waa  found  neceaaary  to  connive  at  many  exceaaea. 
The  conquered  people  w*ra  frequently  pillaged  with 
deatruclive  rapacity,  and  their  count^  parcelled  out 
among  ita  new  inaslera  in  exorbitant  aharea,  far  ex- 
ceeding the  bigbeat  recompenae  due  to  their  servirea. 
The  rude  conquerors  of  America,  incapable  of  forming 
Iheir  eatabliahments  upon  any  genoitl  or  extensive  plan 
of  policy,  attentive  only  to  private  intereat,  unwilling 
to  foreffo  present  gain  Irom  tbe  prospect  of  remote  ov 
public  benefit,  seem  to  have  had  no  object  but  to  amau 
audden  wealth,  without  ngarding  what  might  be  tho 
conaequencea  of  the  meana  by  vvhich  they  acquired  it. 
But  when  time  at  length  discovered  to  the  Spanish 
court  tho  importance  of  its  American  possessions,  the 
necessity  of  new-modelling  their  whole  frame  became 
obvioua,  and  in  place  of  tM  maxima  and  practicea  pre- 
valent among  military  adventurers,  it  waa  found  raqui- 
aite  to  aubatitute  the  inatitutiona  of  regular  govem- 
ment. 

One  «vil  in  particular  called  for  an  immediate  reme- 
dy. The  conquerors  of  Mexico  and  Peru  imitated  the 
fatal  example  of  their  countrymen  settled  in  the  islands, 
and  employed  themselves  in  searching  for  gold  and  sil- 
ver with  tho  same  iiiconsiJtrute  eagemesa.  Similar 
efl'ecta  iollowed.  The  natives  employed  in  Ihia  laljor 
by  oiaaMia,  who  in  impoaing  taska  had  no  regard  either 


to  what  lh*y  fait  or  to  what  dMy  woro  aMo  H  | 
pined  away  and  p*nah*d  ao  hat,  that  iImn  «m  nhM 
to  apprehend  thai  Spain,  Inataad  of  paa***Miifl  malttw 
peo|il*d  to  aueb  a  d*gr**  a*  to  b«  au*«*p>dila  tf  pw> 
grvMiv*  improvement,  wouki  aoon  roinain  propriotot 
only  of  a  vast  uninbabilad  rieaerl. 

'iho  empuror  and  hia  miniatara  war*  ao  aanalMo  of 
thia,  and  so  soliciloua  to  prevent  tb*  eitinelioa  of  tka 
Indian  race,  which  threatened  to  render  Iheir  leaulaa* 
tions  of  no  valua,  that  from  lime  to  lim*  varioua  lawtt 
which  t  have  mentioned,  had  bwrn  mad*  for  aaeuring 
to  that  unhappy  people  mora  ganlla  and  aquilabi*  INOl< 
nienl.  Bui  the  dietaiica  of  America  from  Iko  •*•!  (i| 
empire,  tb*  feebleneaa  of  |OV(min*nl  in  lb*  n*w  rala> 
ni*a,  th*  avarie*  and  audaeiiy  of  aoMian  aiiM«aaloaM4 
to  realmint,  prevented  ikoe*  aaluian  ngvlalion*  frWN 
operating  with  any  eonaidanbt*  lniu*iie*.  Tho  ovil 
continuM  to  grow,  and  at  Ihia  lim*  tha  *mp*rar  founl 
an  inlarval  ofleisura  flrom  the  allaira  of  Europe  t*  laka 
it  into  attoiitiv*  ean*id*niion.  H*  eonanllod  not  mJtf 
with  bia  miniatara  and  iko  mambora  of  tbo  eomwU  « 
th*  Indio*,  but  eallad  upon  several  p*r*on*  who  k*A 
reiided  long  in  Ik*  N*w  WorM  to  aid  thorn  wkk  tk» 
r*aull  of  tkeir  expariane*  and  obaarrttioa.  Fortuitololy 
for  tbe  people  of  Ameriea,  unoflf  tb***  wa*  Baithoto' 
maw  d*  laa  Caaaa,  who  happaned  to  bo  Ikon  at  MidtM 
on  a  miaaion  from  ■  Cbaplar  nf  hi*  ordor  at  Okkpa, 
Though  ainc*  lb*  mlaeerriag*  of  hi*  (bnn*r  aahaiaaa 
for  th*  rali*f  of  lb*  Indiana,  b*  had  eonlinood  ikot  iia 
in  hia  cloister,  or  ooenpied  in  raligioa*  tanetkum,  hw 
x*al  in  babalf  of  lb*  formar  obj*eU  of  hi*  pity  m*  ■• 
far  (nm  abating,  that,  flrom  an  inct****d  knowMg*  of 
Iboir  auflbringa,  ila  ardor  bad  augin*nl*d.  H*  a*iM4 
*ag*rly  Ihia  oppnrtnnily  of  revivini  hie  famfila  oaiiaM 
concerning  lb*  treatment  of  th*  Indiana.  With  llw 
moving  eloquene*  natural  to  a  man  on  wboo*  miad  Ika 
aoanaa  whicn  he  had  beheld  had  mad*  a  d**p  lapt** 
awn,  h*  d*acribed  tho  impuabl*  waal*  of  la*  kaBMM 
apeeiea  in  th*  N*w  World,  lb*  Indian  raoo  alnoM  1^ 
tally  awopt  away  in  th*  iaianda  in  lea*  than  My  yaara, 
and  baalaning  to  oxtineiion  on  tbo  eonihiOBl  wim  the 
aam*  rapid  decay.  With  th*  deeiaiv*  tan*  af  ana 
ationgly  prepoaieaaed  with  the  truth  of  bl*  own  *yal*n^ 
b*  imputad  all  Ihia  to  a  ainglo  caua*,  to  tha  oxaetiaM 
and  crualty  of  hia  countrymen,  and  contandad  that 
nothing  could  prevent  lb*  depopulation  of  Amorioa,  bi:t 
lb*  declaring  of  ita  nativea  to  be  fr*«men,  and  traalinf 
them  aa  aubjeela,  not  aa  alavaa.  Nor  did  h*  eoollda 
for  th*  racceaa  of  thia  propoaal  in  the  powora  of  hi* 
oratory  alone.  In  ordor  to  enforce  ihem,  be  compo*a4 
hia  famoua  Irealia*  concerning  the  dcalruolion  of  Am^ 
riua,  in  which  h*  relates,  with  many  horrid  eircam- 
ataneea,  hot  with  apparent  marka  of  *x*gg*ral*d  d*- 
aeriplion,  tho  devaatation  of  every  provineo  which  had 
been  viaited  by  lb*  Spaniard*. 

Th*  *mperor  waa  deeply  alRirtcd  with  tha  neittl  af 
ao  many  aetiona  ahockins  to  hnmanily.  But  a*  Ma 
viowa  axlended  far  bavnnd  tlioe*  of  Laa  Ca**a,  h*  p*r- 
eeived  that  relieving  the  Indiana  from  oppreaaion  waa 
but  one  atep  towarda  rendering  hia  poaseaaiona  in  Iha 
New  World  a  valuable  acquiailion,  and  would  b<  of 
liltl*  avail,  unlaaa  b*  ccuhl  cireumieribo  lb*  power  and 
uaurpationa  of  hia  own  aubjeela  than.  Th*  eonquerora 
of  America,  however  great  their  merit  had  bean  toward* 
their  country,  were  mostly  peraona  of  auch  niaan  birth, 
and  of  tueh  an  abject  rank  in  eoci'ty,  aa  gav*  no  di»- 
tinction  in  the  eye  of  a  monarch.  The  oxorbilaot 
wealth  with  which  aom*  of  them  relumed,  gave  uoH 
bnga  to  an  age  not  accuatomed  lo  ae*  men  in  iofeiior 
coiSilion  elevated  above  Iheir  level,  and  riainglo  emu- 
late or  to  aurpaaa  the  ancient  nobility  in  apleiMor.  titb 
territnriea  which  their  leaden  had  appropriated  lo  Ihenf 
aelvaa  were  of  auch  enormoua  extent  [1S9],  that,  if  tha 
country  ahould  ever  be  improved  in  proportion  to  tba 
fertility  of  the  aoil,  they  muat  grow  too  wealthy  and  too 
powerful  for  aubjeela.  It  appeared  to  Charlea  that  thia 
abuae  required  a  remedy  no  leaa  than  the  other,  and  that 
the  regulationa  concerning  both  muat  be  enforeed  by  a 
mode  of  sovemmenl  mora  vigoroua  than  had  yet  been 
introduced  into  America. 

With  thia  view  be  framed  a  body  of  lawa,  eontainin|| 
many  aalnlary  appointmenta  with  reapeet  to  the  conatw 
tution  and  powera  of  the  auprema  council  of  Iho  Indiea, 
concerning  the  atation  and  juriadiction  of  tbo  royal  an- 
dienccB  in  diflerent  paria  of  America  ;  the  admmiatta< 
lion  of  justice ;  the  order  of  government,  both  iccll*^ 
aatical  and  civil.  These  were  approved  of  by  all  racH 
of  men.  But  together  with  them  wore  iaaued  the  fsl> 
lowing  regulations,  which  excited  universal  alarm,  and 
occaaioned  the  most  violent  convulsions :  "  That  aa  tha 
reparlimintot  or  aharea  of  land  aeixed  by  aoTOial  per> 
aoiia  appeared  to  be  exceaaive,  tbe  royal  audianc**  mm 


r' 


1 


, J  to  Him*  fJMm  f  >  witoww  Mtont  i  Thi> 

upM  iIm  jMtk  of  ingr  ••nqiMfw  ar  pUnlar,  iha  ImmIi 
m4  MtMW  mnltd  w  him  t»M  not  dsMtnd  lo  hli 
«rU«w  w  ctMhlnn,  but  mum  w  Uh>  riown  :  'I'hM  lb* 
IimIiim  thall  hciwrfurlh  b*  rifin))!  fii'in  iMTioiial  ur- 
*!(•,  iml  thtll  lull  Iw  coniimllml  l«  i-iiry  tlin  l>aKHi>l(*> 
•r  tn««llti«,  lo  U>H>r  III  III*  niiiMi,  or  lo  tlivg  in  iha 
pMrl  KalMirita :  Thai  Iho  alalni  liihula  duo  by  Iham  to 
Ihair  auparwr  ahall  bo   aaerrtaiiiail,  anil  lh«y  aliall  bo 


Mid  H  aonania  for  any  woik  ihov  voluntarily  pcrliirm  : 
Tini  all  (Mfaona  who  ara  or  hafo  bmn  in  uiihlic  oHlcri, 
•11  ocaloaiaalioa  of  airory  ilonoiniiiolion,  all  hoapiltU  ami 


•f  laaaiwda  « 
WmMwu  ao 


•atarwa,  ahall  bo  ilapnvad  of  tho  landa  ami  liKliana 
■UMImI  M  llMm,  ami  ihoao  b*  annoiad  to  tho  crown  : 
Tbat  ovary  poiaoii  in  Poru.  who  had  any  criiniiial  con' 
•oma  i«  Iho  aanlaal  balwoon  I'lurra  and  Alinauro 
riwH  farfail  hla  Itnda  and  Indiana." 

All  dia  ■paniah  miniatara  who  had  hilhorto  boon  in- 
malad  Willi  Iba  diracuoii  of  Amarican  alfaira,  and  who 
I  baal  aaquainlad  with  iha  alala  of  Iha  country,  ra- 
•Iratad  againal  Ihoaa  rogulaliona  aa  ruinoua  to  their 
Thav  r»p«Mwniad,  that  tho  nunibar 
ho  had  hilhrnu  amiifraU'd  lo  the  Naw 
axlramaly  amall,  that  nothing  couM  be 
Atom  any  etibri  of  thaira  towarda  improving 
Ik*  vaal  Ngiooa  ovar  which  Ihay  wera  acallorad ;  thai 
Iho  aaacoia  of  avary  aehaino  for  Ihia  purpoao  mual  do4 
paod  opon  iba  Otinialry  and  aarvica  of  tha  IiHliana, 
wkaaa  aaliva  indolenca  trtd  avaraion  to  labor,  no  proa- 

Kl  of  banaAl  of  promiao  of  raward  could  aunnouni  i 
I  Iha  mooMDl  Ina  right  of  impoaing  a  laak,  and  «x- 
•aling  Iha  performanoa  of  il,  waa  taken  from  thvir  maa- 
tan^  avaiy  work  ol  induatjy  mual  oaaae,  nnd  t\i  iba 
•aanaa  ftom  which  waallh  began  lo  pour  in  upon  Mpain 
■•at  ka  alopiMd  lot  avar.  liul  Cnarlaa,  laoncioua  at 
•U  liaaaa  af  hia  own  epinioaa,  and  ao  much  iinprnaatd 
•I  ptaaaut  a^ilh  iha  view  of  tho  diaordera  which  roianed 
im  Aaariea,  Ihal  ha  waa  willing  to  havaid  Iba  ap^a- 
lion  aTan  of  a  dangaroua  remedy,  periiktod  in  hia  reao- 
lutioa  of  pabliahing  the  lawa.  Tut  they  might  be  ear 
liod  into  eiaeulion  with  iraalar  vigor  and  aulhorily,  tko 
•ulhoriiad  Franeiaeo  Telia  do  Handoval  lo  repair  to 
Moiico  aa  Kinlador,  or  auporintendeni  of  that  country, 
and  10  eo-oparata  with  Antonio  do  Mcndoio,  tha  vicc- 
lojr  in  enforcing  them.  Ha  appointed  Ulaaco  Nugnei 
Vala  10  ba  govanior  of  Peru,  with  the  title  uf  viceroy  ; 
and  in  order  to  eirengthen  hia  adiiiinatralion,  be  eatab- 
liahad  a  court  of  royal  audience  in  Lima  [1M3J,  in 
whieb  bur  lawyera  of  emineuca  wera  to  preaide  aa 

Tba  viceroy  and  auparinlendani  Bailed  at  Iha  aame 
UoM  i  and  an  i  ccouni  of  iba  lawa  which  they  were  to 
•nfirco  laaehed  America  hafora  tbem.  Ilia  entry  of 
Sandoval  into  Meaico  waa  viewed  aa  Iha  prelude  of 
laneral  ruin.  I'he  unlimited  grant  of  liberty  to  tho 
jadiana  aSeclad  every  SpanianI  in  America  without 
dialioction,  and  there  waa  hardly  one  who  might  not  on 
aaaa  pretcil  ba  included  under  the  other  rogulaliona, 
and  euH'er  by  them.  Uul  the  colony  in  New  Spain 
had  now  been  ao  long  accuatomcd  to  the  reatrainia  of 
law  and  authority  under  the  ateady  and  prudent  admin- 
iatraliaa  of  Mendota,  thai,  how  much  aoever  the  apirit 
•f  the  naw  alalulaawaa  deleated  and  dreaded,  no  it- 
lampt  waa  mada  toobatruct  the  publication  of  them  by 
any  act  of  violence  unbecoming  aubjecta.  I'he  magia- 
tralaa  and  principal  inhabitanu,  however,  preaentcd 
dutiful  iddreeaea  to  tho  viceroy  and  aujiormlendent, 
ropteaenting  the  fatal  conaequencca  of  enforcing  them. 
Happdy  for  them,  Mendoza,  by  long  reaidence  in  the 
country,  waa  ao  thoroughly  acquainted  with  ila  alate, 
that  ha  knew  what  waa  for  ila  inlKreat  aa  well  aa  what 
it  could  bear ;  and  Sandoval,  though  new  in  otiice,  dii 
played  a  degree  of  moderation  a«ldoin  poaaeaaed  by  pci 
aone  juat  entering  upon  the  ezerciae  of  power.  '1  hey 
•ngagad  to  auapend,  for  aome  time,  the  execution  of 
wlut  waa  offenaive  in  the  new  lawa,  and  not  only  COU' 
aanted  that  a  deputation  of  citizene  ahould  be  aent  to 
Europe  to  lay  before  the  emperor  the  apprehenalona  of 
hia  aubjecta  in  New  Spain  with  reaped  to  their  len- 
4eiiey  and  eflecla,  but  they  concurred  with  tbem  in 
aupparting  their  asniimenta.  Cbarlea,  moved  by  the 
oinolon  of  men  wlioao  abilitiea  and  integrity  entitled 
tham  to  decide  concsrning  what  fell  immeSiately  under 
ibair  own  view,  granted  auch  a  reloia^oia  of  the  rigor 
of  Iha  lawa  aa  re-eatabliahed  the  colony  in  ita  former 
C—Hnillity. 

In  Peru  Iha  atorm  gathered  with  an  aapect  atill  more 
tarce  and  threatening,  and  waa  not  so  aoon  diapellcd. 
Tba  eanqnerora  of  Peru,  of  a  rank  much  inferior  to 
thoaa  who  had  aubjected  Meiico  to  the  Spanish  crown, 
furtbar  removed  from  the  inspection  of  the  parent  atate, 
and  intexieatad  with  Uie  ludden  acquiaition  of  waaltbi 


fi 


\   Rnnr.RThON'fl  iitaTORv  or 

earned  on  all  llieir  oprratioiia  with  grrater  licenaa  and 
irregularity  llian  any  liody  of  advrnliirera  in  iha  Naw 
Wurld.  Amidal  the  general  auhvvrsion  of  law  and 
order,  ocraaioned  by  two  aurreaeive  rivil  ware,  when 
rai  h  iniliviiliiil  waa  at  lilierly  lo  dt'ciile  lor  hiinHh, 
withoiil  any  giiiilu  hut  hia  own  iiiIiti'dI  or  piisaioiia, 
iliia  tiirlHili'iit  •pint  rose  above  all  unsa  uf  aiilHinliiia- 
Hon.  To  men  Ihiia  corrupted  by  anarrhy,  the  intro- 
diiclion  of  rrgiilar  sovaniinent,  the  (wwcr  uf  a  vitvruy, 
iind  lh«  aiillHirily  of  a  resfieclable  court  of  jiiilu'alure, 
would  of  lIxMiiiirlvra  liava  a|i|>cartd  luriiiidalile  n'- 
■liainii,  lo  which  they  woii)d  nave  anlimillnl  Willi  rn- 
lucUnee.  Uul  Ihey  revolted  with  iiidlgiialian  agaiiiil 
tho  idea  of  cam|dying  with  lawa,  bv  which  they  were  lo 
ba  atripped  at  onto  of  all  they  kad  earned  ao  hardly 
during  many  yaara  of  arrvica  and  aulfermg.  Aa  Iha 
account  of  tha  new  lawa  apreed  auccaaaively  through 
the  diflerenl  aelllementa,  the  inhabiunta  ran  togctlier, 
tho  women  in  teara,  and  tho  men  exclaiming  againel 
Iho  injualica  and  ingraliluda  of  Ihair  aovereiun  in  de- 
priving tbem,  unheard  and  unconvicted,  of  tneir  poa- 
aaaaiona.  ••  la  Ihia,"  cried  Ihey,  "  the  recoin|ianae  dun 
to  peraoiia,  who,  without  public  aid,  al  their  own  vi- 
(lense,  and  by  their  own  valor,  have  aubjected  to  the 
crown  of  Caalile  lerriloriea  of  auch  iminenaa  aateiil 
ami  opulence  t  Are  theae  tha  rewarda  beatowod  for 
having  endured  unparallelid  dislreaa,  for  having  encoun- 
lered  every  apecioua  of  danger  in  the  service  of  Ihiur 
country!  Wlioaa  moril  ia  ao  great,  whoae  conduct 
baa  been  ao  irropraehable,  that  ha  may  not  be  con- 
demned by  aome  penal  clauaa  in  ragulationa,  lOiH^eivcd 
ill  teiins  aa  looae  and  eomprehenaive,  aa  if  it  had  been 
intended  that  all  ahould  be  entangled  in  their  anara ! 
Kvery  Spaniard  of  note  in  Peru  haa  held  acme  piibUc 
olflce,  and  all,  willwut  diatincticn,  have  been  con- 
alrainad  to  take  an  activa  part  in  the  conlest  between 
the  two  rival  chiefa.  Were  the  forinor  to  lie  roblied 
of  their  properly  becauaa  they  had  done  their  duty  I 
Were  tha  latter  to  be  puniahied  on  account  of  what 
Ihay  could  not  avoid  I  Shall  the  conquerors  of  ihia 
groat  empira,  inelead  of  receiving  marks  of  distinction, 
bo  deprived  of  the  natural  conaolation  of  providing  for 
their  widowa  and  children,  and  leave  them  to  depend 
for  aubsiatence  on  tha  acantv  aupply  they  can  exiurt 
from  unfeeling  courtiers  1  We  are  not  able  now," 
continued  Ihey,  "  to  explore  unknown  rogiona  in  quest 
of  more  aecuia  aettlcinenla ;  our  constitutions  dcbili- 
uted  with  age,  and  our  bodiaa  covered  with  wounds, 
ara  no  longer  fit  f'lr  active  aervice ;  but  stdl  wo  |ios- 
aeaa  vigor  aufiicirnt  to  aeaert  our  juat  rights,  and  we 
will  not  tamely  ai.fler  Ihem  to  be  wrested  from  ua." 

By  diacouraea  of  Ihia  aort,  uttered  wilh  vehemence, 
and  liatened  I'l  with  univeraal  approbation,  thoir  |iaa- 
aiona  wera  inf  amed  to  auch  a  pilcn  that  lliey  were  pre- 
pared for  thn  moat  violent  measures ;  and  began  lo 
bold  eoiiaullationa  in  different  placra,  how  they  might 
oppoae  the  entrance  of  the  viceroy  and  judges,  and  pre- 
vent not  only  the  execution  but  tha  promulgation  of 
the  new  lawa.  From  Ihia,  however,  they  wera  diverted 
by  the  addroaa  of  Vaca  da  Caatro,  who  flattered  tbem 
with  hopea,  that,  aa  aoon  aa  tha  viceroy  and  judgea 
ahould  arrive,  and  had  leiaura  to  examine  their  petitiona 
and  remonatrancaa,  Ihey  would  concur  wilh  them  in 
endeavoring  to  procure  icme  mitigation  in  tha  rigor  of 
lawa  wbirh  had  been  framed  without  due  allention 
either  to  the  atate  of  the  country,  or  to  the  aentimenta 
of  the  people.  A  greater  degree  of  accommodation  lo 
theae,  and  even  aome  conceaaions  on  llie  |iart  of  go- 
vernment, were  now  become  requisite  lo  compoee  the 
present  ferment,  and  to  soothe  tlie  colonists  into  aub- 
mission,  by  inspiring  them  wilh  cunlidonce  in  their 
superiors.  But  without  profound  discernment,  con- 
ciliating manners,  and  flcxibi'iiy  of  tuiiqu'r,  such  a  plan 
could  nut  be  carried  on.  ihe  viceroy  possessed 
none  of  these.  Of  all  the  qualitiea  that  fit  men  for  high 
command,  he  waa  endowed  only  with  integrity  and  cou- 
rage ;  the  former  harsh  and  uncomplying,  the  latter 
bordering  so  frequently  on  rashness  or  ubstinacy,  that, 
in  hia  aituation,  they  were  defecta  ratlinr  than  virluea. 
From  the  moment  that  ha  landed  at  Tuinbex  [March 
4],  Nugnex  Vela  aeema  to  have  considered  himself 
merely  aa  an  executive  otficor,  witliout  sny  discretiouury 
power ;  and  regardless  of  whatever  ho  observed  ur 
heard  concoriiiiig  the  state  of  the  country,  lie  adhered 
to  the  letter  of  the  rcguUtiuns  with  unrcluiitiiig  rigor. 
In  all  the  towns  through  which  he  paaaed,  llie  nativea 
were  declared  to  be  frre,  every  person  in  public  office 
waa  deprived  of  hia  landa  and  servants ,  and  aa  an  ex- 
ample of  obedience  lo  others,  he  would  not  suffer  a 
single  Indian  to  bo  employed  in  carrying  hia  own  bag- 
gage in  hia  march  towards  Lima.  Amazement  and 
cooateroatiou  went  before  him  aa  he  approached  ;  and 


so  litlU  aolieiiaua  waa  ha  lo  pfovaiM  ikaaa  fhm  aof- 
menling,  lhal,  on  entenng  the  eapilal,  ha  apaidy  ofMMtf 
Ikal  he  raine  to  obey  tha  ordsra  of  hia  aovaralffl.  Ml 
to  diapenaa  wilh  hia  laws.  'Iliis  harsh  ileelaratlafl  wat 
u-ruiiipanied  wilh  whst  rriulercd  it  still  mnm  inlaid 
rslile,  liaiiiililmeas  in  de|Kirtniei.t,  a  lone  of  arrofanc* 
ami  derision  in  disroiirHi,  and  an  inaulenee  of  ollka 
grirvoiia  lo  men  litlla  accuslmned  lo  hold  eivd  aulhu* 
Illy  in  high  rea|irrl.  Cvery  atlein|it  to  proeuro  a  aa» 
IH'Msiiin  ur  niitiitiiiiun  of  llie  new  lawa,  the  viearay  eo*> 
•idi'red  •>  Huwiiig  fruin  a  spirit  uf  disaAiHSlion  lhal 
ii'iidcd  In  ri'lH'lliun  Nevrrslpcrsonaof  rank  ware  ea» 
lined,  and  >unM'  put  lo  death,  without  any  form  of  Iriai 
Vaca  de  C'asiro  waa  arrraled  j  and  nolwilhalandiii||  llM 
dignity  of  hia  fonnar  rank,  and  hia  merit,  in  haviim 
prevented  a  general  inaurraction  in  Iha  colonyi  h* 
waa  loaded  with  chaina,  and  ahul  up  w  Iha  coaoMI 
jail. 

But  however  leneral  the  indignation  was  againal  aiwh 
nroceedmga,  ii  [a  proliable  tha  nand  of  authonly  wouU 
have  been  alrona  enough  to  aufipnaa  il,  or  lo  pravant  M 
liurating  out  with  open  violence,  if  the  maloronlanM 


had  not  been  provided  with  a  leader  of  credit  ami  ami* 
nenee  to  unit*  and  lo  direct  their  elbrta.  From  Ihl 
lime  lhal  the  purport  of  the  new  regulaliona  waa  know* 
in  Peru,  every  Spaniard  there  turned  hia  eyea  Unvanli 
Qonialo  Pizarro,  aa  Ihe  only  person  able  to  avert  Ih* 
mill  wilh  which  tliev  threatened  the  colony.  From  all 
qiiartera,  lettera  anil  addreaaea  were  aeni  lo  him,  emi> 
juring  him  in  aland  forth  aa  lhair  common  prolaelur, 
and  olTrring  lo  aujiport  him  in  Iha  altenipl  wilh  ibeir 
livea  and  lortunca.  (lunzalo,  though  inferior  in  lalanla 
lo  hia  other  brothera,  waa  equally  ambilioua,  and  ol 
courage  no  leaa  daring.  The  behavior  of  an  ungralalul 
roiiri  Inwards  Ills  liruihers  and  himself  dwell  cantinti' 
ally  on  hia  mind.  Ferdinand  a  atate  priaoner  in  Eu> 
rupe,  Iha  children  of  the  governor  in  euetody  of  t\» 
viceroy,  and  aenI  aboard  hia  Ileal,  himaalf  reduead  la 
the  condition  of  a  private  cilixan  in  a  country  for  Iha 
diacovery  and  coiiqueal  of  which  Spain  waa  indahlW 
10  hia  family — these  thoughta  prompted  him  lo  aaek  fot 
vengeance,  and  lo  aaserl  Iha  righta  of  hia  family,  tt 
which  he  now  considered  himself  aa  Iha  guardian  and 
the  heir.  Hut  aa  no  Spaniard  can  eaaily  aurmoiinl  thai 
veneration  for  hia  aovereign  which  aeema  In  be  inta^ 
woven  in  hia  frame,  the  idea  of  marching  in  arma  againal 
the  royal  standard  filled  him  wilh  horrur  He  beaitalad 
long,  and  waa  atill  unresolved,  when  the  violence  of  tha 
viceroy,  the  universal  call  of  hia  cniintrymen,  and  lb* 
certainty  of  becoming  aoon  a  victim  himself  10  tba 
severity  of  the  new  laws,  moved  him  lo  quit  his  raai- 
dcnce  at  Chuquiaaca  de  la  Plata,  and  repair  to  CuKO. 
All  the  inhabitanta  went  out  to  meet  him,  and  raceivad 
him  with  transports  of  joy  aa  the  deliverer  of  the  colony. 
In  the  fervor  of  their  zeal,  tliey  elected  him  procurator- 
general  of  the  Spaniah  nation  in  Peru,  to  aolicil  Iba 
repeal  of  the  lale  regulaliona.  They  empowered  him 
to  lay  their  remonatrancaa  before  the  loyal  audience  in 
Ijima,  and  upon  prelezi  of  danger  from  the  Indiana^ 
authorized  bim  to  march  thither  in  arma  [1S44].  Un- 
der aanction  of  Ihia  nomination  Pizarro  took  poaeeaaioa 
of  the  royal  tivaaura,  appointed  ofikera,  levied  aoldiem, 
seized  a  largo  train  of  artillery  which  Vaca  da  Caalia 
had  depoaited  in  Oumanga,  ana  ael  out  for  lima  aa  if  ka 
had  been  advancing  against  a  public  enemy.  DiaafTao 
lion  having  now  aaauined  a  regular  form,  and  being 
united  under  a  chief  of  auch  diatinguiahed  name,  maiiy 
pereons  of  note  rcaoried  lo  hia  atandard ;  and  a  c<ii.ai- 
dorable  part  of  the  Iroopa,  raiaed  by  the  viceroy  ta 
oppoae  hia  progreaa,  deaerted  lo  him  in  a  body. 

Uufore  Pizarro  reached  Ijina,  a  revohition  had  ha|^ 
pencd  there,  which  encouraged  him  to  ftocewi  wi'Ji 
almost  cendinty  of  success.  Tho  violonce  of  tha  vica- 
roy'a  udininiatration  was  not  more  fonnidabla  to  ilia 

Xniards  of  Peru  than  hia  overbearing  haughtinesa  wia 
lua  10  hia  aaao<-iatea,  the  judgea  of  the  royal  ail- 
dionce.  During  their  voyage  from  Spain,  some  aymp 
toma  of  coldneaa  lietwcon  uio  viceroy  and  thcin  begun 
to  appear.  But  aa  aoon  aa  they  entered  upon  tho  ex- 
erciae  of  thoir  reapective  olDcea,  both  parties  were  aa 
much  exasperated  by  frequent  conteats,  ariaing  front 
interference  of  jurisdiction  and  contrariety  of  opinion, 
that  their  mutual  disgust  aoon  grew  intu  open  en- 
mity. The  judgea  thwarted  Ihe  viceroy  in  every  mea* 
sure,  set  at  liberty  prisoners  whom  he  hsd  confined,  jua- 
tilled  the  insleconlents,  and  applauded  their  remon- 
strances. At  a  time  when  both  ilepartincnts  uf  govern- 
ment should  have  united  against  the  approaching  enemy, 
they  were  contending  wiui  each  other  for  auperiority. 
The  judges  at  liiigth  prevailed.  The  viceroy,  univaf* 
sally  odioua,  and  abandoned  even  by  hia  own  mmii^ 
waa  aeixed  in  hia  palace  [Sept.  18],  audcaniea  to  • 


tUVTH  AMIilOA. 


m 


■  Mivcralgm  Ml 
ilncUnUanwM 
till  ninro  intol*' 
iiM  of  urmgiiw* 
tu\*nr*  of  »flW» 
loia  eWil  lUlhu- 
u  proeiira  ■  ••^ 
t)w  viceroy  CMI* 
iliMllwilion  IImI 
»f  rtiikw«r«i!0» 
•iiy  form  of  Irak 
MItlMUINilllg  tiM 

nwril,  in  haviifl 
I  iho  eolonjri  k* 
p  tnlht  eoaoMM 

IWMtftimtllMll 

f  lulhonty  mvM 
il,  or  10  provont  K 
Iho  iiMltconlonU 
of  cmlil  ami  omi* 
idbfU.     I'rom  tl» 
ItlioiM  wu  know* 
1  hi*  tyn  lowMii* 
I  tbio  to  ivort  llM 
colony.     I'lom  til 
Mnl  to  him,  eo» 
common  protoclort 
■tlonipt  with  Ihotr 
h  inferior  in  ulonW 
•mbitiout,  tml  ol 
ior  ormungnUlnl 
iMir  dwelt  continu- 
<la  piiuntr  in  Cu* 
f  in  custody  tt  th» 
hiinMlf  icducoJ  !• 
n  %  country  for  lh« 
Spain  wat  indahta4 
pled  him  to  toiik  tM 
\X»  of  hia  family.  «J 
aa  th«  guardian  ana 
caaily  lumioiinl  thai 
I  aaema  tn  bo  inta^ 
ehing  in  arma  againit 
loinir.    He  heailatoa 
'.n  the  violence  of  th« 
ountrymen,  and  th* 
ctim  himaelf  to  Iht 
liim  to  quit  his  reii* 
and  repair  to  Cuieo. 
(ot  him,  and  rec«i»«il 
phvcrer  of  the  colony, 
cted  him  procuratof- 
Peru,  to  solicit  th* 
I'hey  empowered  biia 
ho  loyai  audience  in 
n  from  the   Indiana, 
arma[IM4].     Un- 
larro  took  poaaeaaioa 
cers,  levied  eoldiorSi 
lich  Vaca  do  CasU* 
out  for  lima  aa  if  k« 
ic  enemy.     Diaaffee- 
ilar  form,  and  beinn 
Iguished  name,  maii;^ 
Imlard;  and  ■coi.el- 
by  the  viceroy  to 
im  in  a  body, 
revolution  had  b«|H 
lim  to  frooced  wi'Jl 
violence  of  tha  vie»- 
ire  formidable  to  tli* 
ringhanghtinesawM 
[«a  of  the  royal  au- 
I  Spain,  some  aymp 
jroy  and  them  brgua 
intered  upon  Ibo  ex- 
Dth  parlies  were  s» 
lutcita,  arising  froia 
inlrariety  of  opinion, 
row   into  open  on- 
[iceroy  in  every  mea« 
he  had  confined,  ju» 
tiaudcd  their  remon- 
ipartinentr  of  govern- 
a  approaching  enemy, 
Jthor  for  auperiorily. 
[The  viceroy,  uni»«» 
by  hia  own  gnifl^ 
'  :anied  <•  • 


18],  aud  ca 


•mmi  Wm«  m  Ik*  aMai,  I*  k«  ktpt  ikon  uniil  k* 
•mM  k*  aoM  kMM  10  Htiain. 

Tko  jwlfsa,  in  ronse<|uanaa  tl  tkia,  kaving  aaauimil 
Jh  anprawa  diraetloa  of  alhtra  Into  their  own  kanda, 
MMod  a  pcoelamation  auapanding  Iho  aiaiiution  uf  the 
obno«ious  jaws,  ami  aani  a  inasaau*  lo  I'liano,  r»|uir 
lag  kirn,  aa  they  had  already  granted  whalavar  ha  eouhl 
lo^uoal,  to  diamisa  hia  troops,  and  lo  rrpsir  lo  l.iina 
witk  lUUan  or  Iwenlv  attaiidanla.  'I'hay  could  hardly 
oipoel  that  a  hun  ao  tlariiig  and  ambitious  would  taiiirly 
CMiply  wilk  thia  roquisition.  It  waa  inada,  probably, 
with  no  such  allenlion,  but  onlv  to  throw  a  deesiit 
«sil  over  then  own  conduct ;  for  l)«p«da,  tha  preaidant 
M  tha  court  of  audience,  a  pragnaiicai  and  aspiring 
lawyer,  aaama  to  have  hiald  a  sacral  eorrespondsnce 
wilk  Piurra,  and  had  already  formed  the  plan,  which 
ko  tftorwarda  eiaeulad,  of  devuting  himssll  to  nia  aer- 
«ieo.  Tho  impriaoiimanl  of  ina  viceroy,  the  usurpation 
of  Ika  judgaa,  togalhor  with  Iho  universal  eonraaion 
ud  tnarehv  conaaaueni  upon  evonia  ao  aingular  and 
Hnoipoaied,  opened  now  and  vaat  proapectalo  Piiarre. 
Ila  now  boheld  tha  supreme  power  within  his  reach. 
Nor  did  ha  want  courage  to  push  on  towarda  tha  object 
which   fortune  preaented  lo  his  view.     Oarvajal.  tho 

Cmpter  of  his  resolutions,  snd  guido  of  all  hia  aotiona, 
long  Aied  hie  ays  upon  it  as  the  only  and  at  which 
Pisarro  ought  lo  aim.  Instesd  of  the  inferior  function 
of  pracuralor  fur  tho  Spanish  ssttlemenla  in  Peru,  he 
opeidy  demanded  lo  bo  governor  aad  Captain-general 
Of  tha  whole  province,  and  required  tho  court  of  au- 
dience to  grant  him  a  commiaaion  to  that  aifeet.  At 
Iho  head  of  twelve  hundred  men,  witliin  a  milo  of 
UiM,  whoro  tharo  waa  neither  leader  nor  army  to  op- 
poao  him,  auah  a  raqueat  carried  with  it  llis  authority  of 
■  commaiid.  But  tha  judgea,  either  from  nnwilling- 
Boea  to  rslinquiah  power,  or  from  a  deaire  of  preaorving 
aoma  attention  to  appearances,  hesitated,  or  aeeined  to 
koaltalo,  about  complying  with  what  ho  demanded. 
Carvajal,  impatient  of  delaT,  and  impetuoua  in  all  hia 
Operalione,  marched  into  the  city  by  night,  aeiied  ao- 
troril  oflleera  of  distinction  obnoiioua  to  Piiarro,  and 
kangad  them  without  the  formality  of  ■  trial,  Neil 
■Miming  tho  court  of  audience  iaaued  a  commiaaion  in 
Jw  omperor'a  name,  appointing  Piiarro  governor  of 
Fkni,  wilh  full  pnwcre,  civil  aa  wall  aa  miliury,  and  he 
•rJotod  the  town  that  day  with  axinordinary  pomp,  lo 
Itko  poaaession  of  hia  new  dignity. 

Oet.  M.]  But  amidst  the  disorder  and  turbulence 
wUch  tccompenicd  this  total  dissolution  of  the  frame 
of  government,  tlie  minds  of  men,  set  loose  from  the  or- 
dinary restrsints  of  law  and  authority,  acted  with  auch 
rtpikiaua  irregularity,  that  evnnta  no  leaa  eitraordi- 
Mrr  than  unaipeclM  followed  in  rapid  succession. 
Iliarro  hsd  scarcely  begun  to  exorcise  the  now 
uowcn  with  which  he  waa  invested,  when  he  boheld 
IMmidshle  enemies  rise  up  to  oppose  him.  The  vice- 
toy  having  been  put  on  board  a  veasol  by  the  judgea  of 
Iho  audience,  in  ordor  that  ho  might  be  earned  to 
Spain  under  custody  of  Juan  Alvaroi  one  of  their  own 
■umber ;  aa  aoon  aa  they  wero  nut  at  aca,  Alvarei, 
tither  touched  with  remorae,  or  moved  by  fear,  kneeled 
down  to  hia  prisoner,  declared  him  from  tliat  moment 
lo  be  free,  and  that  he  himaelf,  and  every  peraon  in  the 
•kip,  would  obey  him  aa  the  legal  representative  of 
llisir  sovereign.  Nugnex  Vela  ordered  iho  pilot  of 
the  voaael  to  ahape  hia  courao  towards  Tumbex,  snd  ss 
aoon  as  he  landed  there,  erected  the  myal  atandatd,  and  re- 
Mimed  hia  functiona  of  viceroy.  Several  poraona  of  nolo, 
lo  whom  tha  contagion  of  the  seditious  spirit  which 
reigned  at  Cuxco  and  Lima  had  not  reached,  instsAtly 
avowed  their  reaolution  lo  aupport  hia  authority.  The 
violence  of  Piiarro's  government,  who  observed  every 
individual  with  the  jealouay  natural  to  usurpers,  snd 
who  punished  every  sppearaiico  of  diaalToction  with 
nnfo^iving  aeverity,  aoon  augmented  the  number  of 
Ike  vieeroy'a  adherents,  ss  it  forced  some  Icsding  men 
in  Iho  colony  to  fly  to  him  for  refuge.  While  he  was 
gathering  such  strength  at  Tumbex,  that  his  forces  be- 
gan to  aasuma  the  appearance  of  whit  waa  considered 
■a  tn  army  in  Ainenca,  Diego  Centeno,  a  bold  and  ac- 
livo  oQcer.  exaaperatad  by  the  cruelty  and  oppression 
of  Pixk<io'a  lieuienant-governor  in  the  province  of 
Charcaa,  formed  a  contptraey  againat  hia  life,  cut  him 
oK  and  declared  for  the  viceroy. 

1545.1  Piiarro,  though  alarmed  with  those  appear- 
aiKra  of  hoatility  in  the  opposite  extremes  of  the  em- 
pire, was  not  diaconcerted.  He  prepared  to  assort  the 
tuthority,  to  which  he  had  attained,  wilh  the  spirit  and 
rondnct  of  an  officer  accustomed  to  command,  and 
marched  directly  againaC  the  viceroy  aa  the  enemy  who 
waa  naaraat  aa  well  aa  moat  formidable.  Aa  he  waa 
■ttl^of  Iko  pubiioicventwainPeru,  anduMMtofthe 


military  men  wsre  altarhed  lo  hia  Ikmlly,  hia  troops  | 
wsrs  so  numrrmis,  that  the  viceroy,  unable  lo  face  Iham, 
ralrsatad  towards  IJiiilo.  Piisrra  follawed  him  t  and 
in  that  long  march,  ihrough  a  wiM,  mountainoua  eoon. 
iry,  siiir«rsd  hsnUhl|is,  snd  anxounlarad  rfiineulltea, 
whirhno  Ironpa  bul  those  acoiiatoined  lo  serve  in  Ama- 
rics  could  hsve  rndiired  or  siinnounled  [140]  'I1ia 
virsiny  had  scsnely  rrsi'hed  Quilo,  whsn  In*  vanguard 
of  I'lsarru's  form  spjH'srrd,  ltd  hy  ('sr«t|al,  who, 
llwugh  near  fonrsrors,  was  as  hanly  and  active  as 
siiy  young  soldier  undsr  hia  command.  Nugnei  Vela, 
inilanlly  a'<^niloncd  a  town  incs|iable  of  defence,  and, 
with  a  raiiiriiiy  mora  rvaamhling  a  (light  than  a  retreat, 
marched  into  the  iirovinoa  of  I'opayan.  Pisarro  conti- 
nued to  pursue ;  but,  finding  it  impossible  lo  overtake 
him,  returned  to  (Juito.  troro  thence  he  despatched 
f-^arvaial  lo  oppoaa  Centeno,  who  waa  growing  formi- 
dable in  Iho  aouthem  provineea  of  the  empire,  and  ha 
himaelf  remainod  thert  lo  make  head  tgtinat  tko  vice- 
roy. 

By  hia  own  activity,  and  tha  assistance  of  Benako- 
■ar,  Nugnat  Vria  aoon  assembled  four  hundred  men  in 
■■ojiayan.  Aa  ha  retained,  amidat  all  hia  disaaters,  tlio 
same  alovatioii  of  mind,  and  the  same  high  senee  of  his 
own  dignity,  he  rejected  wilh  disdain  the  advice  of  aome 
of  hia  lollowera  who  urged  him  to  make  overturee  of 
accommodation  to  Pixarro,  declaring  that  il  waa  only 
hy  tha  aword  that  a  conleat  with  rebela  could  bo  de- 
cided. With  this  intention  ha  msrchod  back  lo  Quito 
[1546.]  Piiano  relying  on  tha  auporior  number,  and 
alill  mora  on  the  discipline  and  valor  of  hia  Iroopa,  ad- 
vanced resolutely  to  meet  him  [Jan.  It].  The  baltlo 
waa  Aeree  and  bloody,  both  partiea  lighting  like  men 
who  knew  that  Ihe  poeeeaaion  of  a  great  empire,  tho 
fate  of  their  leaden,  and  their  own  future  fortune,  de- 
pended upon  Ihe  issue  of  that  day.  But  Piiarru's  vato- 
rsns  pushed  forwsnl  with  such  regulsr  and  wall  directed 
force,  that  they  soon  began  to  make  impmaaion  on  their 
enemies.  Tho  viceroy,  by  extraordinary  exerlione,  in 
which  Ihe  ahililiea  of  a  commander  and  tho  courage  of 
a  aoldiar  were  equally  displayed,  hold  victory  for  soma 
lime  in  susponso.  At  length  he  fell,  pierced  with  many 
wounds ;  and  the  route  of  his  followers  became  gene- 
ral. They  were  hotly  puraued.  Hia  head  waa  cut  off, 
and  placed  on  the  public  gibbet  in  Quito,  which  Pixarro 
entered  in  triumph.  The  Iroopa  aaaombled  hy  Centeno 
were  dispersed  soon  after  by  Carvajal,  and  he  himself 
compelled  to  fly  lo  the  mountaina,  where  he  remained 
for  aeveral  months  concealed  in  a  cave.  Every  peraon 
in  Peru,  fmin  the  frontiers  of  Popayan  to  those  of  Chili, 
submitled  lo  Pixarro  ;  and  by  hia  fleet,  under  Pedro  da 
Ilinoiosa,  ho  had  not  only  tha  urrivalled  command  of 
the  South  Sea,  but  had  taken  possession  of  Panama, 
and  plsced  a  garriaon  in  Nombre  de  Dioa,  on  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  isthmus,  which  rendered  him  maatar  of 
the  only  avenue  of  communication  between  Spain  and 
Peru,  that  waa  used  at  that  period. 

Aficr  thia  decisive  victory,  Pixarro  and  hia  follow- 
era  remained  for  aome  time  at  Quito ;  and  during  the 
first  transports  of  their  exultation,  ihoy  ran  into  every 
excess  of  licentious  indulgence,  wilh  the  riotous  spirit 
ususi  among  low  adventurers  upon  eitrsordinsr^  suc- 
cess. But  amidst  this  dissipation,  their  chief  and  hia  con- 
fidants were  obliged  to  turn  their  thoughte  aometimea 
to  what  waa  aenous,  and  deliberated  with  much  soli- 
citude concerning  Ihe  part  that  he  ought  now  to  take. 
Carvajal,  no  less  bold  snd  decisive  in  council  than  in 
the  field,  had  from  the  beginning  warned  Piiarro,  that 
in  tho  career  on  which  ho  waa  entering,  it  was  vain  to 
think  of  holding  a  middle  course ;  that  he  must  either 
boldly  aim  at  all,  or  attempt  nothing.  From  the  time 
that  Piiarro  obtained  possession  of  the  government  of 
Peru,  he  inculcated  the  same  maxim  with  greater  earn- 
estness. Upon  receiving  sn  account  of  the  victory  at 
Quito,  he  remonstrated  with  him  in  a  tone  atill  more 
peremptory.  "  You  have  uaurped,"  said  ho,  in  a  letter 
written  to  Piiarro  on  that  occasion,  "  the  aupreme 
power  in  thia  country,  in  contempt  of  the  emperor'a 
commission  to  the  viceroy.  You  have  marched  in  hoe- 
tile  array  against  the  royal  standard ;  you  have  attacked 
the  representative  of  your  sovereign  in  the  field,  have 
defeated  him,  and  cut  off  his  head.  Think  not  that 
ever  a  monarch  will  forgive  such  insults  on  his  dignity ; 
or  that  any  reconciliation  with  him  can  be  corditl  or 
aincere.  Depend  no  longer  on  the  precarioua  favor  of 
another.  Aasume  yourself  the  sovereignty  over  a 
country  lo  the  dominion  of  which  your  family  has  a 
title  founded  on  the  rights  both  of  discovery  and  con- 
queat.  It  ia  in  your  power  to  attach  every  Spaniard  in 
Peru  of  any  convequonce  inviolably  to  your  intareai, 
by  liberal  grants  of  land  and  Indians,  or  by  instituting 
nnka  of  nobility,  and  creating  titloa  of  honor  similar  to 


tkoaa  whif  k  aro  rourtad  with  so  mm  k  aigariioao  In  Cl*> 

X.  Ily  esuMishing  ordeis  of  knigklMod,  wilk  pli> 
joa  and  dialineliona  reeemMing  Ikoeo  In  Spti*,  yoa 
may  beetow  a  graliAcalion  upon  Iko  olBean  in  yow 
aanlee,  sulletl  lo  the  ideu  of  military  men.  Nor  io  It 
lo  your  countrymen  only  lh|l  you  ought  loallan^i 
endeavor  to  gain  Ihe  nalivea.  By  marrying  tha  f-'oyo 
or  daughlai  of  ilie  Nun  next  in  aueeeaaioo  lo  tha  crown, 
you  will  indues  tho  Indiana,  out  el  vaneratioa  for  Ika 
blood  of  their  aneien  prineea,  to  unite  with  tha  tlpa> 
niarda  in  aupport  of  your  aulhorily.  lliua,  at  tho  boat 
of  the  anelonl  inhabilanla  of  Peru,  aa  well  aa  of  tka 
new  aalllars  ihert,  ynu  may  aai  aldeflaaeo  tko  power  of 
Spam,  and  repel  with  ease  sny  fetble  fore*  which  it  can 
aetid  al  aueh  a  diatanao."  Cepeda,  tho  lawyer,  who  wto 
now  Pitarro'e  conlldanlial  counsellor,  warmly  eaeonJoJ 
Carvajal'a  exkortaliona,  and  employed  wbtttvof  loora- 
ing  be  poeaassfd  In  demonatraling,  ll««l  all  tko  foundoia 
Of  groat  montrekiaa  kad  bean  rtiaed  lo  uro-emhionao, 
not  by  Iko  antiquity  of  thoir  lineage,  or  Uw  validKy  of 
their  righta,  bul  by  ikoif  own  tapiring  valor  tad  pot- 
aonal  merit 

Piiarro  liatened  atlonlively  lo  bolk,  ond  could  aal 
conceal  tha  aatisfaetion  with  which  bo  eoalanpUta4 
the  ohjeel  that  they  preaenled  lo  hie  view.  Bul,  hap- 
pily for  Iho  irtnqutllily  of  Ihe  world,  few  man  noaaaii 
that  auparior  atrangth  of  mind,  and  extent  of  toililioOi 
which  tre  capable  of  forming  and  executing  auek  daring 
achemee,  as  cannot  ho  aceomplishad  witkml  ovartam> 
ing  Ihe  eataMiabed  order  of  eociety,  and  violaling  Ihooa 
maxima  of  duty  which  men  are  tceualomad  to  hoU 
aacred.  Tha  medioority  of  PiiarmS  lalania  aitcuiii* 
acribed  hia  ambition  within  moro  narrow  limilt.  Ia- 
slesd  of  aapiring  at  indepondant  power,  ko  conHntd  Mo 
viewa  to  the  oltalnhig  from  Ihe  court  of  Spain  t  eon- 
Armaiion  of  the  autkority  which  he  now  poiaasisd  \ 
and  for  that  purpoao  bo  aonl  an  officer  of  dialincUaa 
thither,  lo  give  auch  a  representttion  of  kia  eonduol, 
and  of  Ihe  alate  of  tha  country,  aa  might  induce  Un 
emperor  and  hia  miniatera,  eitlier  tmn  inelinatioa  oc 
from  neeeseily,  to  continue  him  in  his  present  atatien. 

While  Pixarro  was  delibersting  wilh  loapoel  to  Ika 

girt  which  he  ehould  lake,  conaultitiona  ware  kail  ia 
pain,  with  no  leaa  aolicitude,  concerning  tka  moaeona 
which  ought  to  be  puraued  in  order  lo  ro-ooUbliah  tha 
emperor'a  authority  in  Peru.  Though  uooequainlad 
witn  the  last  eiceaaee  of  outrage  In  wkiek  IM  ntio 
eontenia  had  proceeded  in  that  country,  tho  court  ktd 
received  an  account  of  tha  inaurreelioa  agaiaal  Ika 
viceroy,  of  hie  impriaonment,  and  tha  uaurpalion  of  tha 
government  by  Piiarro.  A  revolution  ao  alaimlM 
called  for  tn  immediata  interpoeition  of  tho  oraparort 
tbilitiea  and  authority.  But  aa  he  waa  taWj  oeaupiod 
at  that  timo  in  Qarmany,  in  conducting  tho  war  againat 


tha  famoua  laagua  of  Smalhalde,  one  of  tko  noal  into- 
reating  and  trAoua  enlcvpriaaa  in  hia  nltni,  tho  cato  of 
providing  a  remedy  for  the  disordera  ia  Peru  dovolvod 
upon  his  eon  Philip,  and  the  counatUoia  whom  Cbarloo 
had  appointed  to  aaaiat  him  in  tha  govtramoni  of  Spain 
during  hia  abaenca.  Al  lirat  view,  tka  icliona  of  Pi- 
iarro and  hia  adherenta  appeared  so  repugnant  lo  tha 
duty  of  eubjecta  towanu  their  aovaraign,  that  tha 
greater  part  of  Iho  miniatoio  inaialed  on  dvebirina  thorn 
matantly  to  bo  guilty  of  rebellion,  tnd  on  pracaoding  to 
punish  them  with  exemplary  rigor.  Bul  whan  tka  M^ 
vor  of  thoir  leal  and  indignation  began  to  tboto,  innn- 
oierable  obataclee  to  tho  execution  of  thia  meaaure  pto- 
aonled  thomaelvea.  Ilia  veteran  banda  of  inbntry,  tha 
airength  and  glory  of  Ihe  Spaniah  armiea,  were  than 
employed  in  Oiermany.  Spain,  axhanated  of  men  and 
money  by  a  long  aeriea  of  ware,  in  which  ahe  ktd  been 
involved  by  the  restlesa  ambition  tl  two  auceaaaivo 
monarchs,  could  not  eaaily  equip  ar.  aimament  of  aufB- 
cient  force  to  reduce  Pixarro.  To  tranaport  any  re- 
apectable  body  of  Iroopa  to  a  country  ao  romote  ta 
Peru,  appeared  almoat  impoaaiUe.  While  Pixarro  con- 
tinued maatar  of  the  South  Sea,  the  direct  route  hf 
Nombre  4e  Dioa  and  Ptnama  wtt  impracticable.  An 
attempt  to  march  to  Quito  by  land  through  tho  new 
kingdom  of  Oranada,  and  iKe  province  M  Popayan, 
aeroaa  regiona  of  prodigioua  oxteni,  desolato,  nnhtaltky, 
or  inhabited  by  nerce  and  boatile  tribaa,  would  bo  tl  - 
tended  with  inaurmountablo  danger  tnd  hardakipa.  Tha 
paaaage  to  the  South  Saa  by  ue  Straita  of  Magoliaa 
waa  so  tedious,  ao  uncertain,  and  ao  littla  known  in 
that  age,  that  no  confidonca  could  be  placed  in  any  eflbit 
carried  on  in  a  courao  of  navigation  ao  remote  and  pro- 
carioua.  Nothing  than  remamod  but  lo  relinquiak  tko 
ayatem  which  the  ardor  of  their  loyalty  had  mat  auv- 
geslod,  and  to  attempt  by  lenient  meaaurea  what  eonSt 
not  be  effected  by  force.  It  waa  maiiifeat  &om  Fiiir« 
lo'a  aolicitttde  to  repreaent  hia  condaot  in  t  favawMa 


Ml 


NoBr.RTiioN'ii  iiiATniir  tn^ 


IMN  m  dM  MIfMW,  UM  aM»lllMMlHlMI(  Uw  m 
•TwfeM  IM  ImJ  k«M  !«%,  IW  Mill  MMMi  MMIMMIM 

•f  Twwwltw  hi  kta  Mf •nl|ii.  Bjr  »  yiafw  •yyiM*- 
dN  I*  dMw,  lafMlMr  oHk  mrm  mmIi  (•MtiMWM  m 

ttMiiM  <il«*««i  •  •r«m  af  iM4«nlMm  tmi  rarbMim** 
la  nvtiMMiil,  ihara  wM  Mill  mom  la  hi>(Mi  that  k* 
■l«M  b*  )ril  rtchiimxi,  k(  Iha  Mi«»  of  lo)all«  iMlunI 
Ml|«iiMnli  might  HI  hr  niiio  •iim>m  hi*  lollowtn, 
IkM  Umjt  weul4  no  kM|*f  Uwl  ihoii  ul  M  uphoU  bio 
(MMpod  tiiiiiontt. 

Im  tuwoM,  Mwovar.  of  ikia  M|a«ialMNi,  no  Iom 
MitaM  Una  il  wu  impomnl,  liofoniM  •nliivly  on 
Ik*  (MIUm  *iU  tMiiM  of  tiM  ^IMM  lo  whom  il 


liMilik 
ihMof 


I— i»iHB  woai  wiw  no  wm  i 
yitrlag  •  ■mU*  tiid  ImjimwUi 
mlAk  Baik  InwMM  i  piobiy,  ■ 
yiif  •!•  blMMt ;  and  •  cauliou 


AlUi  «rol|mn||  wilk  muah  li 
toMlM  Um  tonfonlivo  iMiil  of  vinovt  poraona,  Uw 
'  k  ■inlalaw  liod  wttk  oMaMiltji  of  ahoMM  upon 
4*  I*  Omoo,  ■  prUal  in  no  Ugltn  atalion  loan 
lUof  M  ika  liMiuiauion.  Thougk  in  no 
weaaMoalljr  anqilojfM  In  fo- 
I  la  dhita  a(  Uuat  and  coaaa^uanca,  and  Km 
laafaaud  tkaai  wllk  no  laaa  akill  ikan  auecaaa  i  ilia- 
1  laainualini  lani|iar,  aatoauanlad 
'  ,  aufwriac  lo  anjr  (aalini  ol 
yiifala  iaianat ;  and  a  caulioua  aireiiniaiwalioa  in  eon- 
aaWlag  ■aaawaa,  iailowad  bjr  auch  (igoi  ia  aaaeuling 
tkrm  IB  ia  laialjr  biwd  in  allianaa  wuk  iba  otbar 
llMaa  faaiiUea  naikad  kin  out  foe  Uia  (Unclion  In 
•iikk  ka  ana  daaliiMal.  Tka  ataparaf .  lo  wkom  Uaara 
•aa  nal  ankaowa,  wanaljr  ipprairad  of  th#  ebotea,  and 
aaiwlnlad  il  lo  kim  in  a  laltai  aontaining  aiiifaa- 
•iaaa  af  gaad  will  and  ranAdanaa,  no  Ma*  kanorabla  lo 
tka  pflaaa  «ko  wiata,  Iban  lo  Iha  aubjaci  wbo  raaaivad 
il.  Qaaaa,  nalwilhaUndiiig  bia  advancad  aga  and  (—• 
Wa  aoMliluliaa,  aud  ikiiu|li,  fmm  iha  a|i|iiahanai3na 
■alMal  M  a  awn,  who,  dunng  Iho  eouraa  of  bia  lifa, 
<lid  Mf ai  aaao  out  of  kia  own  eoonlrjr,  ka  dnwdad  ika 
•IKxIa  of  a  king  rejraga,  and  of  an  unbaallhjr  elimaia, 
M  nat  kaaiUla  a  ■omanl  about  coinuljiiiig  with  Iha 
will  of  Ua  aovaniga.  But  aa  a  ptoof  Uial  il  waa  from 
Ikia  Mtnaifla  alano  ho  aelad,  ha  rafuaad  a  biahopna 
wkira  waa  offarad  lo  aim  in  ofdar  Ihal  ha  might  appoar 
jt  Pan  with  a  mora  digniflad  eharactar ;  ha  would  ac- 
•apt  nf  no  kighar  lilla  uan  Ikal  of  Prciideni  ol  Iha 
Caiilt  of  Aiidianea  in  Lima ;  and  daclarcd  Ihal  ha 
wooid  laeaiTa  no  aaiaiy  on  aooouni  of  bia  diKharging 
Ikodulioaoflhal  olllea.  All  ha  raquirad  waa,  that  the 
aipanaa  of  aupporting  bia  family  ihould  b«  dafrayml  by 
tka  piiblia  ;  ana  aa  ka  waa  to  go  lika  a  miniilar  ol  puaca 
•kk  kia  gown  and  braviary,  and  without  any  ralinue 
kal  a  faw  domaatioa,  thia  would  not  load  tho  raranua 
•Ilk  any  anonnaua  burdan. 

But  while  ha  diacoTarad  auch  ditintaraatad  modara- 
tan  w  ilk  raapeel  lo  whatuvar  nlalad  paraonally  to  hiro- 
aaU,  ho  damindad  kia  oflksial  powara  in  a  vary  ditTcrant 
laoo.  Hainaialad,aahowaatoboamployadin  aeoun- 
tfjr  ao  remola  from  the  aaat  of  govarnmant,  wharo  ho 
aooM  not  ban  recouraa  to  bia  aoveraign  for  i><iw  in- 
aliactiona  on  afory  oniargcnca  ;  and  aa  tna  who!a  aue- 
aaaa  of  bia  nagotiatioua  muat  depend  upon  thu  confi- 
daaea  wkick  Iba  pao|ila  wilk  whom  ha  had  to  treat 
aoiild  place  in  the  aitent  of  hia  powara,  Ihal  ha  ou|^l 
I*  ko  inToaled  with  unlimited  authority  ;  that  hia  June- 
dielioa  muat  reach  lo  all  panone  and  to  all  cauaee ; 
Ikat  ka  muat  ba  empuwerea  lo  pardon,  lo  puniah,  or  to 
Itwaid,  aa  eiieumataneea  and  toe  behavior  of  diflerant 
nan  might  require  )  that  in  caae  of  reeialanca  from  Iha 
maleeonlonta,  ha  might  ba  authoritod  to  reduce  them 
lo  obedience  by  force  of  arma,  tu  levy  traope  for  that 
porpoaa,  aad  to  call  for  aaaiatance  from  the  govemora 
of  all  Ika  Spaniah  aettlementa  in  America.  Theae 
Bowara,  though  maoifaally  conducive  to  the  great  ob- 
fMie  of  hia  miaaioo,  appeared  to  the  Spaniah  miniatert 
to  bo  inalienable  prerogalifea  of  royalty,  which  ought 
■at  lo  ba  delemled  lo  a  aubjecl,  and  they  rafuaad  to 
■rant  them.  But  the  emperor'a  viowa  were-  mora  en- 
■igad.  Ae,  from  the  nature  of  hia  employment,  Oaaca 
I  ba  intrualed  with  diacretionary  power  in  aoTeral 
la,  and  all  bia  aflbrta  might  pnre  ineffectual  if  he 
waa  eiieumacribed  in  any  one  particular,  Charlea  acru- 
plad  not  to  invaat  him  with  authority  to  the  full  aitont 
Ikal  ha  demanded.  HigUr  aalia6ad  with  thia  freah 
piwl  M  lua  inaatar'e  confidence,  Oaata  haatened  hia 
dapanm*!  and,  witho-jt  either  money  or  troopa,  aet  out 
to  MOU  a  formidablo  cebeliiwi. 

Oa  kia  ttrival  it  Nombre  do  Oioa  [July  ,37 1,  he 
ioanl  llenaaa  Meaia,  an  olBear  of  nou  pAtod  there, 
by  oadei  ul'I'iaanu  wHh  a  oonaiderable  body  of  men, 
IB  appaaa  Iko  —ding  of  any  haatila  foreee.  But  Oaaca 
appeaiad  m  aiMa  pacific  guiae,  with  a  train  ao  little  for- 
midaWa,  aa4  with  a  title  of  no  auch  dignity  aa  to  ex- 
cite  terror,  that  he  waa  received  with  much  reaped 
Vmai  Naiabn  da  Oioa  ka  advaucad  to  Pauaioa,  and 


mot  wllk  a  iMMlar  reaaptian  Mm  llii 
l*iaa)*a  kad  inirualod  wllk  Ike  (nvatmaoiM  of 
town,  and  tka  lommand  of  kia  Aaat  alalienad  ikere 
In  lath  plaaaa  he  hakl  Iha  aaina  Uni|u*|a,  dwUrinn 
Ikal  ha  waa  aaiil  liv  Ihair  Mi«arai|(n  ••  *  inviMiigoi  e( 
peoca,  net  aa  a  iiiiiiMli>l  ■>(  amiKnawa  ,  Ihal  hu  caina 
to  rediaea  all  ihair  griavatwaa,  lo  lavulia  ili*  lawa  whwh 
had  aicllad  alarin,  to  parduii  peat  otfcncaa,  ami  In  re- 
••laMiah  order  aiMl  (ualwa  in  iha  govarnimni  of  IVru 
Ilia  mild  daparli'tanl,  tha  aiiii|iliciiy  iil  h»  iiMiiiirra,  iha 
•aralily  of  hia  prufaaaion,  aiid  a  winiiinii  aiiiivaraiHia 
of  candor,  gainad  crediK  to  hia  dvclaralimia  'Vhm 
vanaralKMi  dua  In  a  paraon  alothad  with  lagakauthorlty, 
and  acting  In  virtue  of  a  royal  comniiaaion,  began  to 
revive  among  men  aeaualomad  fov  aoina  liino  to 
nothing  more  reepeclalde  than  a  uaurued  (uriadiation. 
Hinojoaa,  Maiia,  and  aevaral  other  utftcara  of  dialina- 
lion,  to  each  of  whom  Uaaaa  applied  aoparalaly,  ware 
gainad  over  to  hia  inlareet,  and  waited  only  (or  aoow 
decent  oreaawn  of  declaring  openly  in  hia  favor. 

Tkia  tka  vtolenaa  of  Fiaano  aoon  albrdod  them 
Aa  aoaa  aa  he  keard  of  Oaaea'a  arrival  at  Hanaina, 
Ikougk  ho  received,  at  the  aame  time,  an  account  of 
tha  nalun  of  hie  aommiaaien,  and  waa  iiifonned  of  hia 
odeie  not  only  to  render  everr  Mpeiiiard  in  Peru  eaay 
concerning  what  waa  peal,  by  an  act  of  general  oblivion, 
but  Mcure  with  reaped  to  Ihe  future,  by  repaoling  tha 
etmotMHia  lawa  i  inaiaod  of  arcapting  wiin  graiiluda 

i,  lie 


hia  aovereign'a  graeioue  conaeaaione,  I 
ftiidit 


waa  io  much 
aiaaparatairon  KiMling  that  ho  waa  not  to  ba  continued 
in  hia  atalion  aa  governor  of  the  country,  thai  he  in- 
alantly  roaolvod  lo  opooaa  the  preaident'a  entry  into 
Pani,  and  to  pravant  nia  aurciaing  any  iunadwtion 
there.  To  thia  deaparate  reaolulion  na  added  anolhaf 
highly  prapoataroua.  Ha  aent  a  new  deputation  to 
Spain  to  jualify  ihia  conduct,  and  to  inaiai,  in  name  of 
all  tho  cominunitiaa  In  Peru,  fi>r  a  confirmation  of  Ike 
govcmniani  lo  biinoalf  during  lifo,  aa  Ihe  only  meana 
of  preaerving  traiM(uillily  there.  'I1ie  peraona  intniated 
wilk  tbie  atranga  coinnuaaion,  intimated  the  intention 
of  Pitarro  lo  tna  preaident,  and  reijuired  him,  in  hia 
name,  to  depart  from  Panama  and  return  to  Spain, 
'lliay  carried  likewiae  aecret  inatruetiuna  to  Hinojoaa, 
directing  him  lo  oiTer  Uaaca  a  praaent  of  AAy  thouaand 
peaoa,  ii  he  would  comply  vuliinlarily  wilb  what  waa 
demanded  of  him ;  and  it  be  ahould  cORlinuo  obatiiiate, 
to  cut  him  otf,  cither  liy  aaaawination  or  poiion. 

Many  circuinalancea  concurred  in  pushing  on  Piiarra 
to  thoae  wild  meaaurea.  liavmg  oeen  once  accua- 
tomed  10  aupreme  command,  he  could  not  bear  tlie 
Ihoughta  deacanding  to  a  private  itation.  Coiiacioua 
of  hia  own  dement,  he  auapectad  that  Ihe  emporor 
atudiad  only  to  deceive  him,  and  would  never  pardon 
the  outragee  which  he  had  cominiti«l.  Hia  cliief  con- 
Hdanta,  no  leae  guilty,  entertained  the  aania  apprahan- 
aiona.  The  approach  of  Uaaca  without  any  military 
force  excited  no  terror.  There  wen  now  above  aii 
thouaand  S|ianiarda  aettled  in  Peru ;  and  at  the  head 
of  theae  be  doubted  not  to  maintain  hia  own  indepen- 
dence, if  Ihe  court  of  Spain  ahould  refuae  lo  grant  what 
he  required.  But  he  knew  not  that  a  aptrit  of  dcree- 
tion  bad  already  begun  lo  apread  among  thoae  whom 
be  Inieted  meet.  Hinojoeo,  amaied  at  Piiarro'a  pre- 
cipiule  raeolution  of  aetting  bimaelf  in  oppoeition  to 
the  emperor'a  commiaaion,  and  diadoining  to  be  bia  in- 
atrumeot  in  perpetrating  the  odioua  Crimea  pointed  out 
in  hia  aacrel  inatruclione,  publicly  recogniaed  the  title 
of  the  preaident  lo  the  aupreme  autlwrity  in  Peru. 
The  officera  under  hia  command  did  the  aame.  Such 
waa  Iha  contagioua  influence  of  Ihe  example,  that  it 
reached  even  Ihe  deputiea  who  ha<l  been  aent  from 
Peru ;  and  at  the  lima  when  Piiarro  ex|iected  to  hear 
either  of  Oaaea'a  return  to  Spain,  or  of  hia  doaih,  ho 
received  an  account  of  hia  being  maater  of  the  fleet,  of 
Panama,  and  of  the  Iroope  atationed  there. 

1M7.]  Irritated  almoat  to  madnoaa  by  eventa  ao 
unexpected,  he  openly  prepared  for  war ;  and  in  order 
to  give  aome  color  of  juatice  to  hia  anna,  he  appointed 
the  court  of  audience  in  Lima  to  proceed  lo  the  trial  of 
Oaica,  for  tha  arimee  of  having  aeizod  hia  ahipa, 
aeduced  hia  olUccra,  and  prevented  hia  deputiea  from 
proceeding  in  their  vojrage  to  Spain.  Cepeda,  though 
acting  aa  a  judge  in  virtue  of  the  royal  commiaaion,  did 
not  acruple  to  proalitute  the  dignity  of  kia  function  by 
finding  Oaaca  guilty  of  treaaon,  and  condemning  him 
to  death  on  tliat  account.  Wild  and  even  ridiculoua 
aa  thia  proceeding  waa,  it  impoaed  on  tho  low  illi- 
terate odvontureia,  with  whom  Peru  waa  filled,  by 
the  aemhiance  of  a  legal  aanction  warranting  Piiarro 
to  carry  on  hoatilitiee  againat  a  convicted  traitor. 
Soldiera  accordingly  reaorted  from  every  quarter  to  hie 
atandaid,  aud  bo  waa  aoon  at  the  head  ul  a  thouaand 


ring  ranged  ihemaelvaa  iiiHlar  hia  baiH 
n  Ma  emnmend  of  a  reapgclabie  bo^f 


mvn,  Ika  beat  aq«lMa4  Ikal  kad  aval  lakaa  ika  AM  II 
P»r». 

Oaoaa,  aa  kle  part,  pareetvMg  ikst  foiaa  mhI  to 
emptoyad  in  avder  to  aecamptiak  Ika  parpuos  al  Hi 
iniaaMNi,  waa  iw  I«h  aoaHliioua  in  reUoalmg  Iroopa  haa 
.Nicaragua,  l.'arthagana,  and  other  aalllemeMa  aa  Ikl 
cotiiHwnt  I  and  wilh  awh  eucraaa,  Ikal  he  waa  aoon  !■ 
a  condiiion  la  dalacb  a  aiiiiadnm  of  hia  leal,  wMk  a 
ounaidirable  hudf  o(  HikliMa,  lo  the  eaaal  al  fam 
[.\iiril|.  riH>ir  apiMaraiKa  ricilad  a  drabdful  altiw I 
•iitl  ilwugh  Ihay  iIhI  nul  ailanipi  fur  MMna  iMia  10  moba 
any  deicant,  Ihay  did  more  allarluol  aervice  liy  aotUag 
•ahore  in  dillerant  p<Mea  |Mrauna  who  diaperaed  atftoa 
of  Iha  eel  of  general  iiidainnitv,  and  the  revoealiaH  al 
Ilia  lata  ediete  j  and  wlia  made  known  every  wkaM 
the  paeilla  inuntioaa,  oa  wall  aa  miU  leinpar,  at  Uw 
preeideBl.  'Ilie  elbel  of  apreeding  tkta  intaruiallaa 
waa  wonderfiil.  All  who  were  dtaaalioflej  with  Piaol^ 
ro'a  violent  adminielntion,  all  who  reuinad  any  am 
mania  of  Adalily  to  Ikeir  aovareign,  began  to  niedit 
revolt.  Homo  opaidy  doaanad  a  aaiiae  wbieh  Ikoy  aaw 
deemed  to  bo  unjual.  Centene,  leaving  Ika  cava  M 
whick  ka  lay  aonceelad,  aaaembled  about  fifty  al  Urn 
former  adharenta,  and  with  thia  feeble  half-armed  kooi 
advanced  boldly  lo  Uuxco.  Uy  a  audden  attack  ia  iha 
night-tima,  in  whwh  he  dieplaved  no  leoa  militar*  aaiH 
than  valor,  ha  rendered  biniaelf  niaalar  si  •hat  capital. 
though  defended  by  a  gamaoii  ol  five  nundred  i 
Moat  of  theae  havin 
nera,  bo  bad  i 
of  troopa. 

Piiarro,  though  aatoiiiahed  al  behohling  ona  < 
approaching  by  aea,  and  another  by  land,  at  a  time » 
ha  traatad  to  a  union  of  all  Peru  in  hia  favor,  waa  ala 
aoiril  man  undaunted,  or  more  aceuatomed  to  Ito 
viciaaiiudaa  of  fortune,  than  to  ba  diaconcarled  of  i^ 
palled.  Ae  the  danger  from  ('emeno'e  operoliona  waa 
the  moet  urgent,  he  inetantlv  aet  out  lo  oppoeo  hiia. 
Having;  provided  horaae  for  all  hia  aoldiera,  ha  marcba4 
with  amaiing  rapidity.  But  every  morning  he  (ouat 
hia  force  diniiniabed,  bv  numbera  who  had  left  biaa 
during  tho  night ;  and  inough  ha  became  aua|Mcioiia  la 
exceaa,  and  puniahed  without  mercy  all  whom  ka  eta 
peeled,  the  rage  of  deaertion  waa  too  violent  to  aa 
checked.  Before  he  got  within  eight  of  tha  enemy  al 
Huarina,  near  the  lake  of  Titiaca,  no  coiiM  not  muetai 
more  than  four  hundred  aoldiera.  But  tlieae  he  jualiy 
conaiderod  aa  men  of  tried  altachineiit,  on  whom  lie 
might  depeiwl.  lliey  were  indeed  llie  bultlaat  and 
inoat  deaperale  of  hia  followara,  conacioua,  like  hinfr 
aelf,  of  Crimea  for  which  they  could  hardly  ei|iecl  fur 
uivoncae,  and  witliuut  any  hope  but  in  the  aiicceae  # 
Uwir  arma.  With  theae  he  did  not  heaitate  to  attack 
Oenteno'a  Iroope,  [Oct.  30,1  though  double  lo  hia  ow\ 
in  numlier.  '1  no  royaliata  did  not  decline  tha  eoiabai 
It  waa  tha  moat  obatinata  and  bloody  that  had  ht'kafia 
been  fought  in  Peru.  Al  length  tha  intrepid  viiof  al 
Piiano,  and  the  aupariority  ol  Garvajol'a  mililaiy  U> 
Ionia,  Iriumphod  over  numbera,  and  obtained  a  «W> 
plate  vietory.  The  booty  waa  immenee,  (Uljaiid  tka 
Irealinant  of  tho  vanquianed  cruel.  By  Ihia  aignal  aoa* 
ceaa  the  reputation  of  Pitarro  waa  re-eetablialiwl ;  and 
being  now  deemed  invincible  in  Iba  field,  hie  army  la- 
creaaod  daily  in  number. 

But  evente  happened  in  other  porta  of  Peru,  whiak 
mora  than  counterbalanced  tlie  aplendid  victory  at  Hua- 
rina. Pixarro  bad  acarcely  left  Lima,  when  Ihe  cili- 
xene,  weanr  of  hia  oppreaaive  dominion,  erected  Iha 
royal  atandard,  and  Aldana,  wilb  a  dataclimeni  of  ool- 
dieit  from  the  Heel,  took  poaaeaaion  of  the  town. 
About  Ihe  eaine  time,  Uaaca  landed  at  Tumbea  wilk 
five  hundred  men.  Encouraged  by  hia  preaence,  averr 
auitleineni  in  the  low  country  declarod  foe  the  king 
The  aituation  of  the  two  portiee  waa  now  porfactly 
reveraed ;  Cuxco  and  the  aujacent  provincea  were  |ioa- 
aeaaed  by  Pitarro ;  all  Ihe  roat  of  Ihe  empira,  frjm  QuilOk 
aouthwanl,  acknowledged  the  juriadicliou  of  Ihe  pteei- 
dent.  Aa  hia  numbera  augmented  foal,  Oaeea  advanced 
into  the  interior  part  of  the  country.  Hii  behavior  atill 
continued  to  be  gentle  and  unaaaumina ;  be  expreaaad 
on  every  occaaion,  hia  ardent  wiah  oT  tormioating  Iha 
conteat  without  bloodahed.  Mora  eoMloue  lo  reclaioi 
thoD  to  puniah,  he  u|ibmided  no  man  for  paal  oSencei^ 
but  received  them  aa  a  father  receivaa  penitent  chiUraa 
returning  to  a  aenae  of  their  duty.  Though  deairooa 
of  peace,  he  did  not  alacken  hia  praparaliona  for  wac 
He  appointed  the  general  randetvoue  of  hia  troopa  ia 
the  fertile  valley  of  Xauxa,  on  tho  road  to  Cutcaw 
There  he  remained  fur  aome  monlha,  not  only  that  ha 
might  have  time  to  make  another  attempt  towarda  on 
accommodation  with  Pitarro,  but  that  b*  raiglit  Iroia 
bia  new  aoMiaft  to  the  ua?  of  hum,  and  accoalmtkaa 


■  OVTH  AMimOA. 


Mi 


tIM  with  PiM» 
lainnt  mj  —Mi- 
lUMt  M  IMdlUM 

I  wbMh  iIm|  m« 
in(  Um  st«a  n 
ibiMil  AAjr  of  kit 
Iwir-irmMi  kiukl 
Ian  •liwtk  ia  ih« 
M*  milliiir*  Mill 
r  J  'iMKipilil. 
I*  kundrwi  imii 
••  iiiHlvr  hi*  btn- 
Ni|wcut>hi  bolf 


•»  Ik*  AwifilM  W  •  MMfi  Mkw  ha  M  ihtm  tislMl 
•  knh  ■/  »ttmwm  vatMww.  I'Mwr*,  Hil«iir*i«l 
«Ml  Um  mtntm  «Ih«Ii  Ih4  tuilwfta  McomiwiiiMi  hi* 
,  (ihI  (hla^  with  kMiiin  •(•in  n*»i  *  ihuuwiHt 
I  uiHl«f  hw  (whimimI.  KfuwU  la  iMtaii  lu  any  imiii*, 
I  (.'aiiwl*,  (o(*ih«r  with  *•«•»!  of  hi* otlU*!*, 
m4  *«••  C*r«IJ*l  klnwalf,  ( UIJ  (•«•  il  u  Ihaii  iil- 
fMa,  M  tlwa  wilk  Um  prMMtni'*  oir*r  uf  •  ivmnl 
Mmuuijt,  tut  Um  N*M*Mn  vf  ih*  oliiwiwii*  Uw* 
Um**.  Mfliif  UMil  m  «un  •«•»  ■tMUuinl  lo  *«ai<l 
iMkruiRg  lu*  ktmi*  m  iIm  ItbiM  ol  kM  (oiiiiii>nwn, 
kiig*ii  la  iaa«*  lew*nl*CuHa  [Um.  Ill)  *l  ik*  k»<l 
•I  MiiMn  humliMl  iiMn. 

PiUfTD,  •anttdanl  a(  vialon,  wulhni  Um  royalwi* 
ti  MM  *U  Ik*  ii«*n  whick  II*  h*lw**n  Uimhmii|(« 
■M  UuMO  wilhaul  ati|io*iii<iii,  (IMNJ  uhI  la  mI- 
*MM*  wilhin  hiif  l**)|ii**  of  ik*l  c*|i<ul,  laiuiina 
kiaiMir  UmI  •  il*f**l  Ml  HMik  ■  Mlualwn  h  r*nil*r*tl 
aMina  iin|ifwlK*lil*  woiiM  *l  oiic*  larmind*  lb*  w*r. 
H*  llwii  inarrhnl  out  lo  in**l  Ik*  •minjr,  *iMt  (;m«*j*1 
tk«M  III*  yrouml,  anil  mad*  Uw  dwpMlltan  o(  Uw  liaaa* 
Wlk  Ik*  JiM*inin||  *;*  tiMl  pralbutMl  knuwbilga  ki  wa 
•n  af  war  coiiapMuuu*  m  tU  ki*  ap*miioii*.  A*  Um 
Iwa  anaia*  iiio«*4  lorwinl  *lawly  lo  Ik*  *ktn*,  (A|inl 
•,]  Ika  *|i|i»*niic*  af  *Mk  wa*  *inful*r.  In  Ibil  af 
PiHmi,  eeiniio*««l  of  man  aniichwl  wilh  Um  aiiail*  el 
Um  omM  apulani  coiinlry  in  AiiMiic*,  *ii*iy  oAkor,  mmI 
•lna*l  (II  Ik*  pnval*  imn,  w*r*  akxknl  in  •luH*  a(  ailk, 
ar  bfWMla,  ainkroiilarwl  wiUi  goM  iimI  *il«*ii  *nil 
ttMlt  ban**,  than  anna,  tkair  ataiiilanl*,  w«i*  Hlemiid 
•iUi  (II  Um  prial*  «f  militan  pamp.  'I'bal  of  U*m*, 
UMiMk  not  *o  a|ii*mli<l,  *ikibilMl  wkal  wm  ■*  I*m 
•ttikuif.  Ha  kii'iMir,  aeeonipaniad  by  lb*  «ickbi*kap 
•f  UiM,  Ika  bialiop*  of  Quilo  ami  L'uieo,  (ikI  (  miX 
■unbat  af  *ocl**iHlk'*,  niaRhliHi  abing  ika  liii**,  bl***- 
hf  Ik*  own,  (nd  *ncauniging  Ikain  to  •  i**alut*  ill*- 
Maw*  of  Ui*i>  iluljr. 

Wkan  boik  (imi**  w*r*  ju*l  ready  lo  *ngaR*,  Ca- 

Cda  Ml  *pur*  lo  ki*  kotM,  nlla|)*<l  olf,  and  •umn- 
i*d  kinwclf  10  Uw  pre*Hrciit.  ti(rrilMM  d*  I* 
V*ga,  (nd  oUMr  oinc*r*  of  not*,  followed  ki*  riainpl*. 
Tka  rayoll  of  parwni  in  *uoh  hiKh  rank  *iruck  all  with 
■laaMnwnl.  'llM  mutual  coiilidcnc*  on  wkwk  th* 
Mion  (nd  *ir*ngtk  of  aruiic*  d*peiid,  cuHid  *l  oncft 
Ihatrual  and  conatcrndion  aproad  Iroin  rank  l>  rank. 
I  ailoDlly  *lipti*d  away,  otk*ra  lki*w  down  Uieir 

,  Um  malaat  numbar  want  o«*r  l«  tb*  loyaiitt*. 

Piaiiro,  (j*r«(j*l,  and  aoma  leador*,  «inpk>y*d  (ulha^ 
toy,  UirMl*,  and  *ntr*(ti*ii,  lo  atop  Umiu,  but  in  ¥ain. 
In  loM  Uun  kalf  an  kour,  (  body  of  men,  wkieh  miukt 
kava  dMklcd  Um  fata  of  Ika  Peruvian  ampiie,  waa 
leldly  diaparaad.  Piurro,  aceiiu  all  irratriavably  loil, 
eriad  out  in  aiiiaumenl  lo  (  hiw  officer*,  wko  anil 
laiUifully  ■dh*r*d  to  kirn,  "  Wkal  remain*  for  u*  lo 
dot" — "I^t  u*  ruak,"  replied  on*  of  them,  "upon 
Um  an*roy'*  firm**!  battalion,  and  di*  like  Itomina." 
DeJMled  witb  *uck  (  r*«*rM  of  fortuiio,  bo  had  nut 
apirtt  to  follow  ihi*  aoldierly  counMl,  and  witli  a  laiiie- 
MH  diagraceful  to  ki*  former  fame  he  *urr«iid«red  to 
MM  of  Uaaca'*  ofiic*r*.  Carvajal,  *ndMToring  to  *f 
aapa,  wu  overttkan  and  Miied. 

Qaae*,  k*ppy  in  thi*  bloodl*H  victory,  did  not  (lain 
it  with  cruelty.  Piurro,  Cu«*jal,  and  a  auiall  number 
of  tlw  mo*l  dialinguiahcd  or  noloriou*  oirendora,  were 

Cniahed  capitally.  Piurro  wa*  behoadod  the  day  after 
aurr*nder*d.  H*  aubmilted  to  bia  fate  with  a  com- 
poaed  dignity,  aiad  aMmed  deairoua  to  atone  by  repen- 
tance for  the  crinin  which  he  kad  committed.  I'he 
and  of  Carvajal  wu  auilable  to  hie  Ufo.  On  hi*  trial 
be  oflered  no  defnnoa.  When  Ika  untenoa  adjudging 
bim  to  be  banged  wu  pronounced,  ha  carelraaly  re- 
pliad,  "  One  can  die  but  onoa."  During  the  interval 
batwean  iha  Mnlance  and  aieculion,  be  diacovered  no 
aign  aithar  of  remoru  fur  the  pa*t,  or  of  aolicitude  about 
tha  future ;  Moffing  at  all  who  Tiaited  him,  in  bia  uaiial 
•arcutio  vain  of  iiiinh,  with  the  ume  quiekneu  of 
raparlM  and  grou  pleaunlry  u  at  any  other  period  of 
bi*  lifa.  Ca^*,  more  criminal  than  either,  ought  to 
have  ahared  the  uma  fata ;  but  tha  merit  of  bavins 
doMrted  hie  aaaociate*  at  *uch  (  critical  moment,  and 
with  euch  deciaiva  effect,  uved  him  from  immediate 
puniabmant.  He  wu  Mnt,  however,  u  a  priaoner  to 
Spain,  and  died  in  confinement. 

In  Ika  minula  detail*  ihkich  tha  contemporary  hiito- 
rima  have  given  of  the  citil  diaaenaiona  that  raged  in 
Pam,  with  little  interruption,  during  ten  jraar*,  many 
eiicuinatance*  occur  n  ctriking,  *M  wkick  indicate 
•ueb  an  uncommon  atate  of  maunera  u  to  merit  |iar- 
iKBlar  attention. 

Tkcugh  tka  Spaniard*  wko  lint  invadad  Peru  were 
if  the  loweat  order  in  aocietr,  and  the  greater  part  of 
I  who  aftarwarda  joined  tbttm  were  fvtm*  of  da*- 


aaial*  feftun*,  y*l  in  all  iha  kaitiM  af  Imapa  bwaakt 
inlo  Ik*  lUkl  liy  Iha  diK*r*nl  l**d*r*  who  (ant*ml*d1iM 
aiimiianly,  imH  on«  man  Mied  aa  a  kirad  mklwr,  lk*l 
Mmw*  kw  •Uiidaid  lor  pay.  t'.imn  Mlvanliirar  in  Pmii 
renndfiad  hiinwil  M  a  i!iHH|ii*r*r,  anlillad  by  kl*  Mr 
•  It'**,  la  an  aalnhliaknianl  in  Ikal  cwinliy  wkwh  kad 
Hmh  ar.iuirrd  by  hia  vakw  in  tha  *anl**l*  b*lw*«ii 
Ik*  rival  ehirfa,  carh  rhoa*  kia  aula  aa  k*  waa  diraalad 
by  bia  awn  jiKigmaiil  or  alTactiona  li*  joined  hi*  rem- 
imndar  **  a  cutKiianiun  of  hi*  furtunra,  *nd  diadainad 
to  degrad*  bituMlr  bjr  racaiving  th*  w*gH  of  *  nwrr*- 
n*ry.  It  wm  to  Ikair  aword,  not  lo  pr*-*niin*nc*  In 
olllc*,  Of  nobility  of  hitik,  iImI  moat  of  |ha  la*d*r* 
wham  Ikay  fallaw*d  war*  iiidalilad  for  ikair  eievalian  ) 
and  eark  of  iliair  •dkr'aiil*  hoiiad,  by  Iha  Mma  mean*, 
to  a|wn  a  way  fee  hlinMlf  lo  ina  po*M**Mn  of  power 
and  WMlih 

But  UMugh  Iha  lieopa  in  Paru  wrvad  wilkeut  any 
regular  pay,  Ikay  w«r*  r*i*ed  at  immanM  *ip*nM. 
Among  nwii  kaeiialoniad  lo  divide  Ih*  apoil*  of  *nopu- 
l*nl  eounlrv,  Ik*  dnir*  of  olilaimng  wraith  aei|Uirrd 
inrradibia  force  I'he  ardor  of  |iiir>uit  aiigmrntrd  In 
prot<arlion  lo  Ik*  hop*  of  *iicceaa  Where  all  were  in- 
lenl  on  th*  Mm*  ohjMt,  and  under  the  dominion  of  tlio 
Mma  paaalon,  thare  wu  but  on*  mode  of  gaining  man, 
ar  of  Mcurlng  Ibair  allMbment.  Ofllcer*  of  n*in*  *iid 
lnllu*ne*,  bnid**  Ih*  promiM  of  fulur*  *alabliahinanl*, 
receivad  In  band  large  gratujiiea  fram  Iba  chief  witk 
wkom  Ikey  engaged,  (ionaalo  Piurro,  in  order  lo 
raiB*  •  ihuuHnd  men,  *dv*nced  Ave  hundred  Umu- 
Hnd  |w*oa.  (I**e*  eipanded  in  lavying  tka  Iroopa 
whi'^h  he  Ird  againat  Piurni  nine  hundred  tkouund 
peaM.  The  dialrlbulian  of  property,  b**low«d  aa  the 
reward  of  wrvic**,  m*  alill  mora  aioiblunl.  CepeUa, 
a*  Iha  recompanw  of  bia  p*rAdy  (nd  *ddreM,  in  p«r- 
*u*ding  Ih*  court  of  royal  audiiine*  to  give  ik*  unction 
of  lla  aiilhorily  to  th*  uaurped  jiiriediellun  of  Piaarro, 
rrceived  *  grant  of  lamia  wb'ch  yIeMed  en  annual  in- 
come of  a  kundred  and  fifty  lliouaaiid  peaoa.  liinojou, 
who  by  hia  early  defuctioii  from  Piurro,  and  aurmnilor 
of  tiM  ttvX  to  (lawu,  di'i-iileil  Ike  fate  of  Peru,  obtained 
a  diatliet  of  country  alfunling  two  kundrad  thouaand 
p**a*  af  yurly  value.  While  auch  rewarda  ware  dealt 
out  I  the  principal  oincen,  wiUi  more  than  royal  mu- 
nificence, proportional  ihare*  wore  conferred  upon  thou 
of  inferior  rank. 

Such  a  rapid  change  of  fortune  prodiioed  ila  natnrd 
eflrcta  II  gavo  birth  to  new  wania  and  new  deairea. 
Veterana,  long  accualomed  to  hardahip  and  loil,  ar- 

aiiired  of  (  auildon  a  taale  for  profuH  anil  inconaiderale 
iaaipalion,  and  iiulnlgcd  in  all  the  exceaam  of  military 
lieentiouaneaa.  The  riot  of  low  debauchery  occupied 
aoine;  ( reliah  for  eipnnaive  luxuriea  apread  among  other*. 
The  mcaiiral  aoldivr  in  Pvni  would  have  thought  him- 
Mif  degraded  by  marching  on  foot ;  and  at  a  lime  when 
the  (iricca  of  horaca  in  tiiat  country  were  oiorbitanl, 
each  inalated  on  being  fi-iiivhcd  with  one  before  he 
would  lake  the  finld.  .  ."  hough  leaa  patient  under 
tiie  fatigue  and  banlahl).'  ji  'irvice.  they  wore  ready  to 
face  danger  and  death  mih  ■  much  intreDiditv  u  ever ; 
and  animated  by  Ihe  hope  oi  new  rewarda,  they  never 
failed,  on  the  day  of  battle,  to  diaplay  all  their  ancient 
valor. 

Together  with  their  courage,  they  retained  dl  the 
ferocity  by  which  they  were  originally  dialinguiahed. 
('ivil  (liacord  never  raged  wilh  a  more  fell  apirit  than 
among  the  Spaniarda  in  Peru.  To  all  the  p**aiona 
which  kiually  envenom  conteat*  among  countrymen, 
(varlce  v^aa  added,  and  rendered  their  enmity  more 
rancoroua.  GagemeH  to  eeiie  the  valuable  forfeiturca, 
•ipectcd  upon  the  death  of  every  opponent,  ahut  the  door 
againat  mercy.  To  b*  wealthy  wa*  of  itMlf  *officient 
to  einoM  a  man  lo  (ccuution,  or  to  aubiaet  him  to 
puniahment.  On  the  alighleat  auepicloM,  Piurro  con- 
demned many  of  Ihe  moat  opulent  inhabitant*  in  Peru 
to  death.  Carvajal,  wiltioul  Marching  far  any  pretext 
to  juatify  hia  cruelty,  cut  off  many  more.  Tha  number 
of  thow  who  anffered  by  Ihe  handa  of  the  eiecutioner 
waa  not  much  inferior  to  whit  fell  ip  the  fiekl ;  [143] 
and  the  greater  part  waa  condemned  without  the  forma- 
lity of  any  legal  trial. 

The  violence  witb  which  tho  contending  partioa  treat- 
ed their  opponenia  waa  not  accompanied  wilh  ila  uaual 
atlendanta,  attachment  and  fidelity  lo  ihoM  with  whom 
they  acted.  The  tiea  of  honor,  which  ought  lo  be  held 
aacred  among  aoldicra,  and  the  principle  of  integrity, 
interwoven  aa  thoroughly  in  the  Spaniah  character  aa 
in  that  of  anv  nation,  aeem  to  have  been  equally  for- 
gotten. Even  regard  for  decency,  and  the  aenao  of 
ahame  were  totally  loat.  During  their  diaaenaiona, 
there  wu  hardly  a  Spaniard  in  I'eru  who  did  not  aban- 
don the  patty  which  oe  had  origiiully  Mpouaed,  betraj 


Um  aaaMlala*  wMk wtom  ha  kai tnUMa ,  Ntl  fiatelk* 

NiianM  Vela  wm  MNMd  by  Ik*  iHMharyaf  Otpa* 
aMtih*  ether  ludgM  *f  Um  rayal  audMMia,  wha  woM 
keiind  hy  the  du 


ulw*  of  Ikalf  fiin*tMii  M  have  i  , , 
kl*  awikofily.  'Dm  akiaf  advMara  aa4  awa^aiMaiM  «l 
Manaala  Piaarra'a  ravali  wen  tka  fim  la  Maata  hiaa 
and  nibmil  to  kia  *n*nil*a.  llM  Daet  «rM  flveii  if  M 
(l*Ma  by  Ik*  nM.i  whom  ha  kad  aiaglad  ant  anaag  kl* 
oMeara  lo  inlpial  with  thai  impoftant  aaaiaiaad.  (M 
Ik*  day  Ikal  wm  m  dwida  kt*  lale,  an  amiy  af  valawaa, 
in  aiikl  of  tka  ***mv,  lkf*w  down  their  iima  wMmM 
airtkinf  a  btaw,  and  da**tt*d  a  l**d*f  wiw  kad  *Aa« 
«*mIu*i*4  Umm  !•  vlaiafv.  ln*tan(M  af  aaah  giaiiil 
and  aaawad  caalMnpl  af  Um  prinrtpiM  and  aWigMiaa* 
which  ailMk  man  lo  man,  and  Mm  Umih  laMUni  ki 
aockil  anion,  laialy  auar  hi  klalary.  Il  le  aiuy  whiM 
men  are  Mr  remavid  fraai  ina  (Ml  ai  javeviMMMi 
wker*  Ike  rulralnia  af  kw  and  aidat  aia  klUa  IMli 
wkara  tha  proaoMl  af  gain  la  aakamdid,  and  wkal* 
ImmanM  waallh  may  e*>ar  Ik*  (tkiMa  by  wWak  H  I* 
M<|uired,  lh*l  w*  can  find  any  panllei  i*  Ih*  l*Tily,  Ik* 
rapiMiouaiiaaa,  Iha  parMy,  and  aarwpllaii  piavalaal 
among  tka  Npaniarda  in  Per*. 

On  Ik*  death  of  Piaarro,  Ika  nwlaaonlaflla  hi  aeeiy 
com*r  of  I'eru  laid  down  their  aima,  and  Ifan^aillHf 
•MHMd  I*  b*  parftetiv  i*  **labil*k*d.  B«l  Iw*  veiT 
iiiler**iing  ob^la  diU  ramained  w  *N*M  Ika  naat 
dent'*  altanlMn.  Th*  ana  wm  I*  find  iwadialaly 
auch  amploymdnt  for  a  multiinde  of  turbttlant  and  da^ 
Ing  advenlurara  witk  wkiek  Ike  eoantiy  wm  Iliad,  m 
migkt  prevent  them  ftom  auillng  new  (OMmaliaBa. 
I'he  oUUr,  to  butow  pf«p*r  gratifiealiona  apon  Iku* 
lo  whoM  knally  and  vafor  be  bad  bMn  IndaMed  far  hi* 
aiKoaH.  'rka  former  of  Uicm  wm  in  aom*  Maawi* 
Kcomplithwl,  by  appolnlinf  Padr*  do  VaMivia  lo  pr^ 
aaoulaUMconqueetof  Cbibj  and  by  ammerering  Dieg* 
Cenlano  lo  undertake  Ihe  diMOvery  af  the  vaal  lagiaiM 
bordering  on  the  river  Da  la  Plata.  Tha  rapatalio*  a( 
thoM  leader*,  lo((ather  witb  Iba  hopM  oi  aeqoiilnf 
wealth,  and  of  naing  lo  conaaquanee  in  aoma  aaai* 
plorad  eauntry,  alluring  many  of  the  OMal  Indigent  and 
dHparau  aohfiara  lo  foUow  their  dandaida,  drained  af 
no  tneoMiderable  portion  of  UmI  mulinoue  apiiil  whiail 
OaMa  diaadad. 

Tha  bllar  wu  an  affair  of  grealar  diffieally  and  ta 
be  adjudad  with  a  mora  allenUve  and  dalicala  band. 
The  rtpartimunlot,  or  alhHmenta  of  landa  and  Indiana 
which  fell  to  b*  diatribulad,  in  conaaquanee  of  Iha  dMlk 
or  forfeiture  of  the  former  po«M*aor*,  «ie*«d*d  Iw* 
millioii*  of  p**o*  of  yurly  lenl.  Ooaea,  when  naw 
abMluta  maatar  of  thia  ImmanM  properly,  lelainad  Ika 
MHM  diainleraaled  Mntimenla  which  ha  had  adginaliy 
profeaaed,  and  refuaed  to  reMrva  tha  amatlad  porlla* 
of  il  for  himMlf  But  the  number  of  claimanla  wm 
great ;  and  whilal  tha  vanity  or  avarice  of  every  indi> 
vidual  filed  Ihe  value  of  hia  own  Mr.icaa,  and  aali< 
mated  Iba  rMonipcnM  which  be  thought  due  to  hi^^ 
the  pretenaiona  of  each  ware  ao  *xtravapnl  that  il  wu 
impoMible  to  utiafy  all.  UaMa  liatened  lo  them  ona 
by  one,  with  Ihe  mod  patient  attention ;  and  thai  ha 
might  have  laianre  lo  weigh  the  oompantive  inaril  of 
Iheir  Hvaral  elaima  with  Kcuracy,  be  reUred,  wilh  th* 
archbiabop  of  Lima  and  a  •■nglo  aecretery,  to  a  vUlaf* 
twelve  league*  fiom  Cuaro.    Tbor*  he  apent  M',efal 


day*  in  allotting  lo  each  a  diatriol  of  land*  and 
of  Indiana,  in  proportion  to  bia  idea  of  Ibair  pad  aer- 
vicea  and  future  importance.  But  that  he  might  gel  b*> 
yond  the  ruch  of  the  fierce  atorin  of  clamor  and  rage. 


which  he  foreuw  would  hunt  out  on  the  publication  ol 
hia  decree,  nolwithatanding  Iha  Impartial  equity  wilh 
which  ho  had  framed  it,  he  Ml  out  for  Lima,  Mavinf 


the  inatrumont  of  partition  Malad  up,  wilh  arden  mil 
to  open  it  for  aome  daya  after  hia  dopartni*. 

'Im  indignation  excited  bv  publiahina  Iha  deerae  of 
partition  f  Aug.  M]  wu  not  loM  than  Oaara  had  ai 
peeled.  Vanity,  avarice,  emulaUon,  envy,  ahuM,  raga, 
and  all  the  other  poMiona  which  moal  vahemenUv  agi- 
tate tho  mind*  of  men  whan  both  their  honor  ami  their 
intereat  are  deuply  affMted,  conapirrd  in  adding  lo  ila 
violence.  It  broke  out  wilh  all  the  fury  of  mililaiy  in- 
•olence.  Calumny,  threala,  and  euraea,  war*  poored 
out  openly  upon  the  pre:  ident.    He  wm  aceuaea  *f  w- 

Sratitude,  of  partiality,  and  of  injuatice.  Among  aol- 
iera  prompt  tu  action,  ..uch  aediliou*  diaeooiM  wouhl 
have  lieen  aoon  followed  by  deeda  no  leu  vtoleol,  and 
they  alrudy  began  to  turn  their  eyu  lowarda  aome  dkH 
contented  leadera,  expecting  them  lo  aland  forth  il. 
redroM  of  their  wrong*.  By  aome  vi'goroua  intarpoai 
tiona  of  government,  a  timely  check  wu  given  to  thi* 
mutinoua  apirit,  and  the  danger  of  aoouai  civil  Wfc 
waa  avertea  for  the  preMot. 


ROIBNTIION'I  MItTORV  <»P 


IMIll    OWM,  IMWMW,  pNMt«M|  ilM  Um  •§■• 

itm  mmmit  MMAtMy  m  mmIio  iW  iMlMiHii»ii«*t  by 

tmmtUt,  wtXH  ilwir  (•U  ••••*«,  ••  Mtof^  »mtkf  %»• 
NMtag  Mi4  IhMannfl  •!•      NhI  llM  Ik*  bhMm  mmiiM* 

fPM^HM  rwW^  WW  S  HI  WfllPH  Wftl  ^H^Ww  ^W9W  l^WW  l^WIV  B^HV 

•AMilwt.  It*  ftuktnni  (•  Mmwllim  Ik*  k*M4*  *f  U» 
I  «»tiimii  M  *•))<•,  k«  n>-Mt*MMtuiif  ih*  >*i|iiIm  t4- 
wnimfiimi «» iniw  w  •••if  pMi  •(  ik*  Muftf*  H« 
WM4iM*i  WW*'  »"i  Mmftwuir  im*  Ik*  maik  •(  <ati 
iMIWf  Ik*  f»T*l  irtMIM  lU  WMwd  KguklMM  #•» 
NriMM  Ik*  inwiiiwnl  af  Ik*  IiUwm,  mUnWHltlMl  I* 


■ilnwiw  M  Ik*  yclMti|l*»  •(  f*lt(i*«,  «rilk*irt^*|Htf 
Mg  Ik*  Hfnmnh  M  M*  k*M4ll  M*niiM  IV*n  ik*to 
|2m.  H**M(  a*w  mwwyllikiJ  •••rjr  aki**!  (f  kM 
■MMt**,  Um**,  hMpH  I*  Mara  mmh  m  t  pn*M* 

■MtMM,  HWlMllI  IIm  MtafMMM  *f  Ptn  M  Ik*  (MNl 
U*««*M*,lMlM«*«tlMafMll(r*k    I.  IMO).     A*, 

UM  Ik*  MMKkjr  mU  iMkakM*  •<  Ik*  four  Im«  ;*•!•, 
mkMl  b*Mi  M  iMaMlaiw*  iim4*  *f  ik*  r*)ril  !««•• 
■,  k*  (MrM  wMk  kim  UMMm  k«R4i«l  lk*iM*ii4 
I  •(  ywMi*  immy,  wMtk  Ik*  *««ii*my  imI  af4*f 
it  k«*  tteiniMraiMN  ***H*il  kM  I*  M**,  aA*!  r*)""fl 
•H  Ik*  «i|iiiii*»  *(  Ik*  «*r. 

M*  «M  mmWmI  la  kw  aall**  (aaaliy  wilk  aatwwal 
liailiiltia  af  kl*  tkttllla*  aiWI  af  kM  virtaa.  Ua«k 
«•!*,  Ia4ni>,  kiflkW  «*a«»l*aB«i.  Wilkoal  tnajt,  *i 
Int,  «  ynUI*  htn«  i  »tlk  a  Mia  M  itni|it*.  ikal  only 
Iki**  lk*M*aJ  iliMiM  war*  •■p*nd*4  tn  aiiuiiipiM  liim, 
W  Mt  *«•  M  *ppa**  a  foraudaM*  raballnn.  By  kt* 
■Mraaa  aad  Ulaala  ka  wppiwii  ill  Ikoa*  dafoela,  ami 
•aamari  lo  araal*  laatruuMnu  for  *(**ulinf  kM  daalgii*. 
M*  acquUMi  WMk  a  naval  foK*  *■  |i**  l»'n  llx  ■^'■i"- 
■1**4  M  iha  aaa.  H*  mwnl  •  kady  a(  in**  alila  I* 
aopa  wilk  tka  **l*i*n  band*  whiek  |*«*  law*  lo  Pint. 
Ila  *ani|HMk*<i  Ihvir  l*«4l*r.  eii  wkoi*  arm*  viclary  had 
kilkarla  allciHlad,  and  in  plaea  of  aiMrcliy  aiid  uaurpa- 
tiMi,  ka  aalabiMtwd  Ika  govrmnwnl  al  law*,  and  Ika 
•alLacily  af  Ika  rkklful  tovaralgn.  Uul  iho  pniaa  ba- 
aMwad  Ml  kM  abiCliaa  wa*  aicacdad  by  ih*l  wbMh  hu 
«jia*  HMrilad.  Aft*r  raaiding  in  a  caunuy  whara 
waailh  praaanlad  alluianianU  which  had  aaducMi  *«*ry 
p*r**M  wh»  kad  hilkano  potiamJ  paw*r  ih«n,  ba  ra- 
tanwd  haw  ikal  Iryinf  alaliaii  with  inlanily  not  only 
iMrtainlad  kat  un*uii|Mcl*d.  Aftw  dialnDuling  ameng 
ki*  MaMryMaii  |»'imaiena  of  graaUr  atlanl  and  valua 
Ikan  kad  evar  baan  in  lb*  di*po**l  of  «  *iib)*cl  in  any 
iga  ar  naliati,  ba  him**lf  lanwineil  in  hi*  originil  •uia 
m  p**any  ;  and  at  lha  vary  Uma  arhan  ha  broui(hl  aorh 
•  nrga  raaroil  lo  lha  rayal  Iraaaury,  ba  wa*  ohiignl  lo 
apply  by  palilion  for  a  aoiall  luin  lo  ditchirga  loin* 
pally  dabla  wbkb  ka  kad  contraclad  during  ih*  couim 
•f  kM  aarviaa.  Ckarlaa  waa  not  intaraiMa  lo  iuch  dia- 
lauraalad  marii.  Oaosa  waa  racaivtd  by  him  with  tha 
■oat  diMiiiEuiahing  marfca  n(  atlaam ;  and  baing  pro- 
nolad  lo  lliu  biaboprk  of  Paloncia,  ha  pa*a*d  lha  ra- 
waindar  of  hi*  day*  in  lha  iranquillily  of  lalinmanl, 
laapaclad  by  kia  counlry,  hooorfd  by  hia  aovaraign, 
anJbalovad  by  all. 

Nolwilbatanding  all  Oaaea'a  wiaa  ragulationa,  lha 
tranquillily  of  Paru  waa  not  of  long  coniinuanea.  In  a 
aounlry  wnara  Ika  aulhorily  of  gov*niincnl  had  baan 
aloMNl  forfouan  during  lha  long  pravalenc*  of  anarchy 
and  miwuM,  wh*r*  ihcr*  wara  diaappoinwd  le*d*n  ripo 
tu  ravoll,  and  aadiliou*  MiMMr*  raady  lo  follow  Iham, 
II  waa  not  diffieull  lo  raiaa  eombuttion.  Savaral  lua 
caaaiva  inaurracliom  daaolalad  lha  country  for  •am* 
jaara.  Bol  aa  lbo*a,  ikougb  Aarea,  wara  only  Innsionl 
alonna,  aicilad  ralbar  by  iba  ambition  and  turbulaiic* 
of  particular  man,  than  by  ganaral  or  publio  moiiva*. 
tha  dalail  of  tham  i*  not  lb*  objeel  of  thia  biatory. 
Thna  commolioiia  in  Para,  Uka  avary  thing  of  aurema 
vriolanca  aithcr  in  tb*  natural  or  poUlicaT  body,  wara 
MM  of  long  duration ;  and  by  canying  off  tha  comiplcd 
lianior*  whicb  had  givan  riaa  to  im  duordara,  ihay  con- 
Ifibulad  in  tha  ana  to  atrangthan  tha  aoniaty  whieh  at 
Aral  tbay  Ihreatancd  lo  dealroy.  During  their  flarca 
awilaala,  laveral  of  tha  lint  invadara  of  Paru,  and 
■any  of  thoaa  licanlioui  advenlun'ra  whom  tha  fama 
of  Ihair  luecaaa  had  illurad  Ihithar,  fell  by  aaeh  olbar'* 
hand*.  Each  of  tha  partMa,  aa  th«y  altamataly  pra- 
Tailad  in  tba  •trugcla,  gradually  cleared  tha  counlry 
of  a  number  of  lurbuleiit  ipiriia,  by  eiecuting,  pro- 
•enbing,  or  baniahing  their  opponenla.  Men  leu 
•■torvnaing,  I***  detperale,  ana  more  *ccu*loni«d 
le  n,***  in  tb*  path  of  tobcr  and  peaceable  induitiy, 
■Mllad  in  Paru ;  and  the  royal  authority  waa  gra- 
4MUy  aatabliab«d  aa  firmly  iber*  u  iu  otber  Spuiiiih 
•nUiMaa 


•OOK   VII. 

f»ii>i»««    ntiiKi-ii  •Ida*  m  mMMhwM  «•  •xkaf  kaia- 
IW4M  '||>,>«H<  «>iiii  M  Ik*  l|«>w«««   Paaw  wkwa  im>a 

lh*l»  MM^rvM  IM*  t*llt««thtn  -Vww  Mf  llUir  umIKV  ih  Iu  v»- 
ri*M««lir4iM'lMt  Mfi*)*!,  «r**  l^«ru  *ht,h  liHluau  «*n«atl 
pfngMM  In  •  lvili««ll«Hi  Wh»4  MMHiwit  •h«M4l<l  )*<■  rt,rm«<l  *m 
«mii|Mrtna  lh«)««  r-iHilr^Uth.fV  n>l«  *I«miw«  mI  iKMr  r» 
lMlt%  l*iin,,i«n  mt>it«rtltip  tw***  mh  i«hi  ii*  ihtllfy  h>(*n«l 
•il  m,  r«li«liMi  atii*itl4r  •dlfi'lt  iif  lti)«  l^tultiir  alAU  Hf 
■ri>^rlv  AtiHMia  lh«  l^wriivmi,*  TliiMr  j^ilth,  WHrki  wk 
•fli  r<MitU  hrM«»«  -Kiitlillna*  Ttiair  unw^rllk*  flplrl* 
Vla«  ul  itllHir  ilotHMM'tn*  III  »|MI>|  tr,  Jtiitpiu*  I  tniili.4  *M 
■»ntit«  -I'shhirfM*  VtH-HUH  •'(•I  Mi>nilur««  i  hiti  fiM'u- 
aMa'-kin«<Mm«f  TWrr«  |rinH«-N«w  Kma*!*")*"'  ilr«M*4». 

At  Ike  <eiM|Meel  nf  lha  two  gr*al  ampira*  of  M*lM* 
and  Paru  form*  Ik*  mo*!  •plendid  tiid  ini<r«»liflg  pa- 
riad  in  Uw  kiaiary  ef  Amafwa.  a  vww  nf  (hair  paTilMal 
MialllulMna,  and  a  d«(irrip(i*n  u(  ilimi  iialmnal  m*n- 
aafa,  wdl  aiklbM  lha  human  tfiaai**  la  lha  •unlampia- 
ttan  af  iBKUijnnl  ob**rv*r*  in  a  vary  MiiguUr  alaga  af 
Ila  Magraaa  (IM] 

n'kan  romparad  with  alkar  parte  of  llw  N*w  Warld, 
MaiM*  and  Peru  mav  be  romulertd  ••  polwhad 
ilal**  tn*l**d  iif  •111*11,  mpMlandaiil,  hoalil*  tribe*, 
•iruggling  fur  •ulwiil»nr*  amidal  wood*  and  manhn, 
•Irtiigf  r*  to  ihdualry  and  *rt*,  un*ci|uainl»l  wiih  •ub' 
ordinallon,  and  almoat  wilhoul  the  *Mwar»iM'<>  of  regu- 
lar gnvammanl,  we  And  countrlee  of  great  Kilanl  wilh 
jacled  lo  the  dominMm  of  one  Mivareiiin,  the  iiihahilani* 
•alleeled  logelher  in  cum*,  ih*  wiaJuin  aiid  bnaighl 
of  ruhra  employed  in  pravHling  for  Ihe  iiiainteiiaiii'e 
and  lacunty  of  Iho  llp<>l>le,  Ihe  empire  of  law*  in  mmii* 
NM**ur*  *Mabli*ked,  lha  autlmfily  ol  rrligion  racog- 
niied,  manv  uf  lha  art*  naaanliel  to  life  liruiighi  Iu  HHiie 
degree  uf  iiuliiiily,  and  Ihe  dawn  of  iulIi  u  ar*  wiia- 
menial  hegiiiniiig  In  appear. 

Uul  if  lha  numparieon  ba  made  wiih  lha  people  of 
Iba  ancient  continent,  Ihe  inrcrionly  of  Anirrirn  in 
iinprovanwnt  will  l>a  ronapii'uoiia,  and  iwitlier  llio  M«>- 
kaii*  nor  IVriiviana  will  lie  ■nlillvd  to  rank  wiih  llmu 
Mtiona  wiiii'h  merit  Ihe  name  of  ci«ik<ed  'Ihe  people 
of  both  the  gieat  empire*  in  America,  like  lha  ruile 
Iribei  around  Ibain,  ware  totally  untci|uaiiiiad  wilh  lha 
ueeful  mettle,  and  lha  piu^reta  which  ihey  liad  iiiaila 
in  eitanding  their  duminion  over  ihe  animal  crealiun 
waa  incontiuerabla.  'Ihe  Maiirant  had  gone  no  fur- 
ther than  lo  tame  and  rear  liirkeyt.  diultt,  a  tpeciet  of 
email  dogt,  and  rabbit*  Dy  tin*  reclile  rtaay  of  inge- 
nuity, the  iiiaana  of  ■ulniitenca  wero  rciidcri'd  tome- 
what  mora  plentiful  and  tecure  than  when  men  depend 
aolely  on  buiiting  ;  but  Ihey  had  no  idee  of  atleiiipling 
lo  aubdua  tlie  mora  robuil  aniinali,  or  of  darivmu  any 
aid  from  their  miniatry  in  cairying  on  workt  of  labor. 
Tb*  Peruviana  teem  lo  have  neglvcird  the  iiifrrior  ani- 
mala,  and  had  not  renilircd  any  uf  them  doiiivalie  ex- 
cept Ihe  duck ;  but  they  weie  more  rurtiiiiate  in  laming 
Ih*  Mama,  an  animal  peculiar  to  their  country,  of  a  form 
which  heart  tome  retenihliiice  to  a  ilcer,  and  tome  to 
a  camel,  ind  it  of  a  tiia  loinuwhal  liir||i>r  than  t  tlieep. 
Under  ihe  pruiuction  of  man,  ihii  i|w<'ii)a  iiiulliplied 

Saatly.  Ita  wool  furnithod  iha  Peiuviana  with  do- 
ing, ila  Aeth  with  food.  Il  waa  even  employed  aa  a 
beaal  of  burden,  and  carried  a  inodcnie  load  wilh 
much  patience  and  docility.  It  w»  never  uaed  for 
draught ;  tnd  the  breed  being  coiiKiied  lo  ihe  uiouii- 
tainoui  counlry,  i(a  aervice,  il  we  may  Judge  by  inci- 
danta  which  occur  in  the  early  Spanith  wriiert,  waa  nut 
very  eitcnaiva  among  tlia  Peruviana  in  their  original 
Btaie. 

In  tracing  the  line  by  which  naliont  proceed  towirda 
civilitation,  tha  diacovery  of  lha  uaeful  metal*,  and  tha 
acquiailion  of  dominion  over  Iba  animal  creation,  have 
been  marked  aa  eiepa  of  capital  importance  in  their 
prograaa.  In  our  continent,  long  after  men  bad  atlUned 
both,  Bociely  continued  in  that  alata  whieh  ie  denoini- 
naled  barbaroua.  Even  with  all  that  command  over 
nature  which  Iheae  confer,  many  agat  ela|iae  before 
induelry  becomea  ao  regular  aa  to  render  aubaialence 
aecure,  before  the  arte  which  aupply  lha  wanta  aiMl  fur- 
niak  iIm  accommodation*  of  life  are  brought  to  any 
conaiderable  degree  of  perfection,  and  before  any  idea 
ia  conceived  of  varioua  inttituliona  renuitile  in  a  well 
ordered  tociely.  The  Meiicana  and  Peruviana,  with- 
out knowledge  of  Ihe  uauti  malala,  or  Ihe  aid  of  domea- 
tic  animal*,  labored  under  diaadvkntaget  which  mutt 
have  greatly  retarded  their  progreaa,  and  in  their  bigb- 
ett  iiete  of  improvement  Iheir  power  waa  eo  limited, 
and  their  operaliona  to  feeble,  ttiat  they  can  hardly  be 
ronaidercd  aa  having  advanced  beyond  tha  infancy  of 
civil  life. 

After  thi*  general  obaarvation  concerning  the  moet 
aiiwular  and  dittinguithiiig  cireumttancet  in  iIm  atale 
uf  both  tba  gr**t  ampiraa  in  Amarica,  t  tball  endeavor 


MjlMtMlitetMi  af  *• 


•Irtw 


^W  i^W  ^^HHWv  ^WW^P*  ••  v^^M  I^W^W  vWVIV    BWBW  HW^BiV 

between  Ik*  rad*  ink**  M  Ik*  New  W*tU,  and  *• 
pthiktd  tiawa af  ik*  aaaient,  and  t*  detaiwMM  kww In 
ikey  kad  rM**  akaea  Ik*  fofDMt,  a*  w*lt  a*  kao  mmik 
ikef  1*11  kektw  Ike  laiMt 

Maiw*  wte  Nrtl  tukteelMl  M  tka  Wpinlill  tmm% 
Hwi  aiir  •«,|uainia'Hie  with  lulawa  and  iiian—W  >*Ml^ 
rrMn  Ikal  iifcunh  •>i<e,  mwe  eamplale  WkM  I  kMt 
r«mark*d  vatiearHing  tke  defoelive  and  IH*a*«rat«  Mki* 
RMiioii  en  wkwh  we  meat  rely  «Mk  r*ep*el  la  Ik*  J«» 
dilwn  and  ruatwiia  *f  Ik*  a***g*  lrik*a  m  Aa*Mtk 
may  be  applied  IlkewM*  M  *M  k**wl*dg*  *f  Ik*  M«l^ 
•an  empire     Carta*,  and  Mw  rap«tlaaa  •iv*a««Mn 

fWb  auker  eivd  ar  naluiil  kMlaiy  wl«k  M«  «*»*in 
Uwi*.  Tkey  «Mtena*k  Ikelf  *ap*dMMii  M  aiM*!  tf  ••• 
*b)eet,  and  aeamid  kardi*  I*  k*v*  l«m*d  ikMl  *yN 
Mwarda  any  *ik*r.  Ilr,  II  during  t*iM  tkan  1*1*^*1 
of  lrani|Mdlily,  wka*  Ik*  **rNpaU*M  af  war  aa***d,  n4 
Ik*  erdor  ef  plundet  waa  tiitBawdad,  Ika  laaUlaUaa* 
and  mannera  af  Ik*  piepli  wk*m  lk*y  Meadad,  diaw 
iheir  aileniMm,  lha  ini|nin*e  *f  dhleral*  aakbara  wan 


emiduatad  with  t*  little  tagaaily 
aaeaanu  given  by  them  *7  Ik* 


MlMy  and  *fd*f  •*!•• 
Miekeil  In' Ik*  MetMan  mmaiaky  an  lapeiAaMI,  «M^ 
(uaed,  and  InaiplMakI*.  Il  M  nlk*f  Inn  Maidaiil* 
wkirk  tkey  relate  a*iMl**»Uy,  ikaa  llr*n  lb*lr  aw*  do- 
duclMMi*  and  remerka,  Ikal  w*  an  aniklid  W  bm  aan* 
idea  of  lha  geniua  and  iManan  W  Ikal  ptipla,  IIm 
obeeuniv  in  wkwk  Ika  IgnMant*  af  tto  **n^u*nn  i» 
vulvad  the  annale  *f  MeiMo,  waa  augmaalad  by  Ik* 
•upeniiiNm  of  Ihue*  who  aueeeeded  Ikam.  Aa  Ik*  imh 
inory  of  pati  avenle  waa  preeerved  among  Ih*  Mai^ 
can*  by  nguree  peiiiled  on  iklne,  o«  eollMi  elatk*.  Ml 
a  kind  of  (latiebMrdi  or  mi  tha  bark  *f  iraae,  Ik*  aaflf 
mitaionariaa,  unable  lo  c*mpr*h*nd  their  meaaing,  ani 
alfuck  wiUi  Ikeir  uncoulk  forme,  conceived  ItMm  I*  ka 
inomimenli  of  idolatry,  wkMk  oiigl.t  to  ba  daetioyed  ta 
onfor  to  hciliiata  Ik*  eonvertwn  of  lb*  IndMn*.  la 
obodMnvi'  lo  an  adiei  iaaued  be  Juan  da  ifuinmaragi, 
a  Franeiacan  monk,  lb*  Aral  bMknp  of  Meiwo,  aa  awn* 
racorda  of  lha  ancMnl  Metican  alory  aa  could  b*  aa^ 
leeted  were  committed  lo  the  Aamea.  In  canee<|ueaa* 
of  Ihia  fanatical  aeel  of  the  monka  who  Aral  viatied  Now 
Hnain  (which  their  eucceaeora  toon  began  lo  Mmaid)i 
whelover  knowledge  of  remote  evenia  auck  rud*  ninmt> 
mania  contained  waa  tlinoai  antirelv  kMl,  and  n*  inlii^ 
Illation  remained  concerning  Ike  ancient  revol«li*a**ai 
policy  of  Ihe  empire,  but  whet  wee  derived  from  Iradllioai 
or  from  tome  freginenlaoflheirhietorical  painlinga  Ikal 
otcapadthebarlMrouaretetrehoeof  ifummanga.  fiam 
Ih*  aaparieiice  of  all  naliona  it  ia  inanifatl,  Ihal  tb*  ai*- 
mory  uf  peat  traiiaeeliona  can  neither  be  king  preaorvad, 
nor  be  iraiitinilled  wilh  any  Adelity,  by  Intjillon.  'I'b* 
Maiican  painlinge  which  are  tiimioted  to  have  a*rv*d 
aa  aniMla  ef  their  eiupiie,  are  few  in  number,  and  af 
ainbiguout  ineining.  'I'hut,  amidal  the  uncertainly  *l 
lha  loniMr,  and  IIm  sbaeurily  of  the  latter,  wa  miial 
glean  whal  intelligence  can  ba  collected  from  Iba  aeanly 
maleriala  tcittered  in  the  Npaiiith  writcrt.  * 


*  In  the  Drat  »liil'>(i.  I  utiMrvtd  that  In  L-onte<|uence  uflh* 
daitriictiitit  of  111*  anclvnl  Mexican  palntiiift,  occatluned  by 
Ihe  xcul  >if  '/Ufflmtraira,  wliatavtr  liuiiwIeUia  they  mlglil  bava 
riiiivu)eil  wai  tntirely  Intl.  BvarycwMlM  reaUer  mutt  have 
u*r»iv«<l  thai  the  eiprattion  wet  Inaccurate)  aa  In  a  few 
iliiet  tlteiwanlt  I  mentlun  •oinetiiclenl  pabtlliift  la  tie  till)  ex- 
laiil.  M.  Ulavlnni,  not  ttllilleii  with  Itjrliif  hvlil  of  tlUt  Inac- 
curacjr,  whfck  reorrectvil  In  Ihe  tulM*i)uenl  eiUtloiie,  labort  la 
reiMMr  II  niure  (larlnf  by  IIm  manner  In  wlUcli  he  quoWi  llie 
remalnlna  pail  of  Ilia  tanltnct.  lie  reprahcnda  wlUi  (leal 
atperlly  the  account  which  I  gave  or  lha  icanly  matarlt.*  far 
wntlAf  Ihe  tnctenl  bltlonr  of  Meilco.  Vol,  I.  Accc^tt  ef 
Wrilera,  p.  uvl.  Vol.  11.  IMi    My  wonia,  however,  an  v.i 


IlM  tame  with  Ihoae  of  Toniuemaila,  wlio  taenu  to  lia*  a  bee* 
betlar  aaiualnted  with  the  ancient  monuinenti  of  Ihe  Meal- 
cant  than  any  Inanlth  author  wheie  woiht  I  have  leen. 
Lib.  ilv.  c.  1,  M.  ClavlTero  hlmielf  elvet  a  detcrlpllon  af  the 
ilettiuctlon  of  ancient  palntlnft  In  uinoil  tha  tame  taiaw  I 
liare  uied  j  and  mentloni  at  an  additional  raaton  of  there  beM( 
•otmall  a  number  of  ancient  palntlnft  known  to  Ika  apanlarda, 
that  tiM  nallvei  have  become  ao  toltelloui  to  pieierve  ana 
conceal  them,  Ihal  It  It  "  dllkcull,  If  not  Impoatlble,  le  aiaka 
tham  part  with  one  of  them."  Vol.  1. 407. 11.  IM.  No  polnl  caa 
be  inore  aacerttlntd  than  that  few  ol  the  Mealcan  nlttorUal 

Etintlnft  havi  betn  preiervtd.  Tkoufh  teveral  IpaaUuda 
tve  carried  on  Imiulrtoa  Into  lha  anllqullMt  of  the  Meilcaa 
ampire,  naen|ravln(t  from  Meilcan  palnllntt  have  been  cent- 
muiilcaiad  to  the  public,  eicept  thote  by  Purchtt,  OeoMlU 
Utrrerl,  and  Lorennana.  II  allbrdt  ma  inm*  ttlliftctlon,  thai 
in  the  coune  of  my  retearchtt  I  have  dlicovtred  two  coUee* 
llont  of  Meiican  paUitlnai  wlUch  ware  unknown  to  feruet 
Inittlrera.  The  ':ut  which  I  publlihed  it  an  eiact  cooy  of  Ika 
onglntl,  tnd  ilvct  no  high  Idea  of  the  ptefreet  wMcl  lb* 
Meilcant  had  mtde  In  the  art  of  palming.  1  cannot  cen^eviw* 
what  could  Induce  M.  Clavlaero  toexpreaa  tuaw  ditt»4«rie* 
lion  Willi  me  for  having  pubUihed  It  without  the  aam  caMN 
It  naa  In  Ihe  orlalnaljialiittnt,  p.  ixlx.  Re  mlfht  bar  rar4 
Itcted,  thai  r.«lt>*-  Pfuckaa,  aar  OeaaUl  Carrarl,  ae  Lore* 


ROirTII  AMimoA. 


\uma  u(  ilw 

icuiuiwd  bf 

mllhl  111** 

niiul  tun 

w  tn  •  tow 

IdIwiiiUm* 

a(  Ihli  Inw- 

Utant* 

quoMi  Ilw 

wlUi  iitnA 

»url>4  tor 

Accc^'il  •! 

h»-  •  IWM 
Itn  Mul- 
hav*  !«•■, 
IpllonarUi* 
inn  toim  I 
UMrabtlm 
■pttiilaH*. 
mmm  m 
Me  mk« 
loDotnlcu 
inMitoMil 


■  bMnc* 

,  UtlMlU 
•CllOfl,  llwt 

iwucoUm* 
I  toforiMr 
cony  of  tka 
wMct   IIM 

UIH'MMII 

itf>  nrtt 
M  UrM 


W  Ika  MaiMMM  iImii»- 
Ml  ikK*  muMW  •••  Ml  •(  iMg  4«fiiMm     I'Wir 

Nry,  i<  iKay  nUto,  »M  •ftfiMlly  ■»■■■ I,  r*ih>t 

Mm  |<MyM,  Kf  mmU  lh4>l<*nM«nl  iiiiw*,  nhMw  nwiU 
•f  dk  *mI  immnH  nxniMiiil  iKum  «(  ihv  riHi»i  mi*- 
M«  wkkli  «n»  h***  4«Mf(lNiil  llui  «Ihm«i  •  fw-riiHl  rttr 
t»«fiilijiin  M  Ilw  IW|tmiing  vl  lli«  ■•nih  ••iiMiry  iii  lh« 
tlhtMMMnar*,  Mitmiiitiu  matni  in  MviiaMita  ml 
growm  (>•«  unknawn  nuMM  Uwwila  ilw  imflk  tml 
•Mlh  «lr»*l,  <ml  mKImI  In  Uilhnnl  |ifuy|m<««  al  An* 
kmtt.  Ilw  •n<i«n<  n«iM  uf  N>w  ll)i«in  '!!»••,  Mi»ri> 
tKillMil  Hun  Iha  Migiiial  iiiMnlitnU,  tM||>ii  lu  lufiii 
Uwm  Mi  Ilw  MU  •/  MTial  hto  Ai  Uiinih,  l»«*nl«  ilw 
MNMIWfHtnwM  uf  Iha  IhirlMnlh  tantun,  Ik*  Mrii- 
••«•,  •  fiti*  nMn  iwlialiml  ilwn  tnir  «<  ilw  briiwr, 
•d«MWM  nwa  Ilw  nwilii  of  ih«  (.'•libcnMn  |ulf,  tml 
laak  ymmuii  »f  ilw  pUm*  wijMcnl  l»  tlw  w>*l  Ulia 
•Ml  Ik*  (aitlra  af  Iha  ••unify  Aflat  laaHtinil  Ihara 
■Wul  AAf  yaara,  Ikajr  hntnJM  *  Umn,  alnca  ilitlin- 
guMkad  kj  Iha  mrw  of  MtMHit,  whwh,  flrwn  hnmbla 
l*(lnnliwa,  aMn  mw  Is  ba  Ilw  moat  aonaMlanMa  ailii 
tn  Itw  Naw  V/mM.  'Ilw  Maiwana,  l<»i(  aHai  Ihav 
vara  aalabliahaii  In  llwif  naw  |ioaaaaal<iiM,  tanlinuail, 
lika  Mkar  nwilial  Irlhaa  in  Ainarwa,  una«|uainla<l  with 
ItftI  rftrnilnion,  and  wata  gofarnaii  in  |iaaca,  ami  con- 
walad  In  war,  kjr  anak  aa  wara  aulilM  la  pra  ainmaiwa 
b)l  Ikail  ariajam  of  Ikaii  talar.  Uul  anianii  llwin,  aa 
Ib  atkat  alataa  wkaaa  pawar  and  lanilurwa  iMMoma  aa- 
lanatva,  Ika  aiipnma  aulhofily  raiilarail  al  laal  in  a  •!»■ 
f  la  paraan  i  and  aikan  ika  NpanianU  undo  Cortaa  in- 
Vadad  Ika  aaiiMnri  Monlaiiima  waa  Iha  ninlli  nionanh 
In  afdat  wko  had  awajrad  Iha  Matwan  laaptra,  not  by 
Wradilarjr  ilgbl,  bill  by  alarnan. 

Huak  la  Iha  Iradlliwial  ula  of  ika  Maiiaana  aonaarn- 
km  Ika  ptoiraaa  of  ilwir  own  ainpira.  Aetnrdini  la 
Itua,  lla  duralMn  waa  •ciy  ihurl.     K.uin  iha  Ural  mi- 

Clwn  af  Ihoir  (Wraul  Inlu,  iliay  can  rai'liim  llliia  niura 
n  Ihiaa  kundiad  yaan  t'rum  Iha  aala'iliahniaiil  ol 
■Mnarckwal  gotainmanl,  not  alwva  a  hundrad  aiHl 
tiurty  yaara  avcofding  la  ona  aci'oiml,  at  a  liiimlrrd 
•nd  ninaly-aairaii  accoiding  M  aiwlhai  i;aiii|>uUiio<i, 
■ad  aUpaad.  If,  on  oiia  hand,  wa  aufipoaa  Iha  Mail- 
tan  aula  to  ka«a  baan  of  hi||hai  antli|uily,  and  la  hava 
■uhaialtfd  dunnn  auch  a  laii||ih  of  lima  ai  Iha  Hpaniah 
•aoounia  of  ila  eiviliulioii  would  nalunlly  laad  ua  lu 
Mncluda,  ll  ia  dlffiruU  to  eoiioaiva  liuw,  among  a  |ico- 
■la  who  poaaaaaad  ilw  ail  of  racuidiiiu  avanla  by  pic- 
iuiaa,  and  wlio  eonaidarad  ll  aa  an  aaaanlial  part  of 
Mwit  nalional  aduealioii,  lo  laarh  Ihair  thildian  to  ro- 
|iMl  Ika  kiatorieal  aonga  wkick  calabralnd  ilia  aijilutti 
W  liwll  anaaalOfa,  iha  knowlodKa  ol  paal  Iranaactiona 
dksuU  ka  ae  alandai  and  liiniivd.  If,  on  tha  othar 
kaiid,  wa  adopt  Ikair  own  ayalam  with  rrapact  lo  ilia 
■■lii|uUica  of  lhair  nalion,  il  ia  no  laia  dillicull  lo  ac- 
•oun<  ailkar  for  ikal  improvad  atato  cf  MKiaiy,  or  for 
Ika  ailanaiva  dominion  lo  which  tliair  ain|iira  had  al- 
lainad  whan  Aral  •■aili'd  by  llui  N|ianurda.  Tko  in- 
hney  af  naiiana  ia  an  lung,  and,  a«»n  when  avary  cir- 
•umalanea  ia  favorabia  to  thair  prourvaa,  Ihay  advance 
•■  alowly  lowatda  any  nialurity  of  alrenKlh  or  policy, 
Ikil  Ika  iccant  oriiiin  of  tha  Maiieana  aaema  lo  ba  a 
Mrong  praaumplion  of  aoina  aaaggrralion  in  tha  apian- 
did  daaeriplioiia  wkick  ka*t  baan  giveii  of  ihoir  govarn- 
Bwnl  and  maniiara. 

But  il  ia  not  by  Ihaory  or  eonjacturoa  thai  hialory 
daeidaa  wilh  regard  to  the  atate  or  chancier  of  naliona. 
Il  productta  facia  aa  tlio  foundation  of  ii«ary  Judginunt 
which  il  vanturaa  lo  pronounea.  In  collecting  Ihoao 
wkick  mual  regulate  our  opinion  in  the  prawnt  ini|uiry, 
■uma  occur  llial  aiiggeat  an  idea  of  conaidvrablo  pro- 
|ieaa  in  cKiliiation  in  the  Meiican  empire,  and  olhera 
wkick  aecm  to  indicalu  that  it  ha<l  advanced  but  little 
beyond  tha  aavage  Irilwa  around  it.  Uolh  ahall  lie  ex- 
hibited lo  the  view  of  ika  reader,  that,  from  comparing 
Iham,  he  may  delarmine  on  which  aide  the  evidence 
piaponderataa. 

In  ihe  Meiican  empire,  the  right  of  private  property 
Wia  perfrrily  underatixid,  and  eauhliihad  in  ila  full 
aitant.        mong  aaveral  aavage  tribea,  wa  liava  aeen. 


thai  Ika  idM  af  »  tilta  I*  ika  mf»HM  and  aaaliwiva 
paaiaaaian  af  any  attfttt  waa  kariMy  known  i  and  Ikat 
anMMig  all  M  waa  atlranwly  limilad  ami  ill  dellnad 
Uul  in  Maiwa,  whara  a«>wiiliiira  and  imlualry  kail 
made  MMtia  prnnraaa,  iha  diaiiiwlian  haiwaan  pXHwny 
m  lam)  ai  d  iiMfiatiy  in  (wnla  ha<l  taken  |ila«a  Itatk 
might  Iw  if«na(>r»il  rrum  ana  |iari«n  ■»  antHhar  by 
aala  ar  liarlaf  i  Imih  might  daauand  by  inhafilanar 
Kiary  paixm  wha  vniilil  Im  daHoninalad  a  fyeaman  had 
pra|i«ily  In  land  i'hia,  hawatar,  lliay  held  by  varlaiia 
lanurra  Ham*  pnaaaaaad  II  m  full  fighl,  and  ll  da 
taandad  lu  Ihair  Iwira.  'IV  lilla  nf  alhara  In  ihair 
landa  waa  dailtrd  fmn  Ib*  vlkii*  inr  dignity  wkwk  llwy 
awpyad  i  and  wh*n  doprivad  nf  Iha  lailar,  tkay  kial 
nf  ih*  hHmar      lltilh  Ihaa*  mwlaa  of  nrni 


■ana,  llioughl  It  nacauary  to  color  Ilia  prinli  which  thar  hare 
publlihail,  and  Ihay  haro  navor  baan  raiiiiitcd  on  Ihnt  ac- 
eouiit.  Ha  may  real  auiiti'il,  that  Ihouiih  tlio  colon  In  the 
palnt:n(<  In  the  Imperial  Library  irn  tuinarkably  bnyht,  llicv 
•I*  laU  on  without  art,  aiiU  willmul  "any  of  thai  rovard  lo 
Kfht  and  aliada,  or  Ilia  rulii  or  urapucilvo,"  winch  M.  Ula- 
Tlcera requital.  Vol.  II.IiTH.  If  tli«  puMic  aiiiruai  any  iIb- 
air*  la  hava  the  a  wen  paliitliiia  iiill  Ui  my  puaaaneiun  rn^mvcd, 
I  am  really  lo  c  nnmimic^tu  tliam.  Tlio  itrint  [lubluliud  by 
OainelU  Uarrerl,  if  tha  route  of  ilia  aiiiliint  Molilalia  whan 
Ihay  travelled  lowarda  tli«  lake  on  wliii  li  ihcy  buili  tlie  taul- 
lal  ol  their  ampira,  (Cliurcliill,  Vol.  iV.  p.  4NI.)la  the  iiioai 


I  monument  of  art  brouilit  from  Ilw  New  World,  and 
nl  (vary  alliht  Inapactlon  ofli  will  aiilafy  every  one,  that 
tha  aaaala  of  a  nation  convavad  in  Ihla  maniwr  mual  ba  very 

ii><lai;arfaci. 


prmg  land  wara  daainad  nulila,  and  mi'iillar  la  rlliaana 
af  liw  hlHhaai  elaaa  The  lanura  by  whirk  Ika  gfeal 
bady  af  the  p*uvla  h*M  thair  p«>|i*rly,  waa  vary  dif 
fcranl.  In  every  dialrwl  *  caNaln  i|uaniity  uf  laml  waa 
Hwaaurad  mil  in  pfopnnHm  l»  lb*  nuinlwf  af  familiea 
'tSiia  waa  rultivaied  by  Ih*  juint  lalwr  of  Ika  wkotaj 
Ka  predur*  waa  de|waiti'd  in  a  rmnmon  atarekoiiaa,  ami 
divuled  among  tkain  aeranlinii  in  >l«'ir  raapacllva  aai- 
gvnriee.  'Ih*  mamhera  of  In*  <  il/mllt;  ar  aaaoria- 
Iwna,  could  nal  ali*i>ale  ikeir  ahaia  af  tha  eommon 
eetala  ;  II  waa  an  Imllvlailila  perinananl  proparly,  dea- 
lln«d  for  Ihe  aufiiion  of  their  lainillea  tn  eonaaquanre 
af  thia  diairihutmn  of  the  larrilury  af  the  alata,  every 
man  had  an  inlcreai  In  tia  wvlfar*,  and  the  happtaeaa 
•f  Iha  individual  waa  •annealed  wllk  Ika  publw  aaeu- 
Illy. 

Anoihar  alrlking  eireumaianca,  which  dialinguiahea 
Iha  Meiican  ainpir*  from  tlHiaa  naliona  In  America 
w*  hav*  already  drarrilwd,  la  Iha  niimhar  and  graal- 
naea  of  Ila  eiiiea  While  aiH'ialy  cunlinuea  in  a  rude 
aiala,  Iha  wania  of  men  are  ao  low,  and  ihey  aland  ao 
little  in  iwed  of  iniitnal  aaaialanca,  llial  Iheir  Induce- 
nienta  to  crowd  together  are  eitremely  faabl*.  Their 
Indiiairy  al  tlw  aanie  lime  la  au  iinp«rfwt,  thai  II  can- 
not aerura  aiiliaiaiaiu'e  for  any  conaulerable  number  of 
lamiliea  aalilad  in  mia  a|iai.  T'hay  liva  diaparaad,  al 
Una  (leruid,  from  clioica,  aa  well  aa  from  naeeaaity,  or 
al  the  ulmoal  aaaamble  in  email  hainlela  on  '.h*  banka 
of  tlw  river  which  anpiiliea  them  with  fowl,  or  on  the 
luinler  of  aome  plain  lell  ofieii  by  iialiiro,  or  cleared  by 
llieir  own  laliur.  The  Mpaniarda,  acrtialomed  to  Ihia 
niwlu  of  haliiialion  among  all  tha  aavage  trilwa  with 
which  they  were  hillwitn  acmiainled,  were  aaluniahed, 
on  entering  New  N|iain,  lo  lind  Ihe  nalivea  reaiding  in 
lowna  of  auch  client  aa  rcavmlilad  thoaa  of  Kiiru|H). 
In  the  Aral  fervor  of  iheir  adiniraiion,  Ihey  roiiipared 
/nmpoalla,  though  a  town  only  of  tha  aacoiid  or  ihird 
ana,  to  the  citiea  of  greateat  note  in  llieir  own  country. 
When,  aAerwarda,  ihiiy  viaittd  in  aurceaaion  TIaacala, 
(^nolula,  Taculia,  Tuaeuco,  and  Mexico  ilaalf,  their 
ainaiement  incmaaed  au  much,  that  It  led  ihein  lu  con- 
vey ideaa  of  their  magnitude  and  populoiianeaa  liordur- 
ing  on  what  ia  incredible.  Kven  when  there  la  Iciaure 
for  obaervation,  and  no  inlereal  lliat  leada  lo  deceive, 
conjuclural  ealimatea  of  Ihe  numl*er  of  people  in  citiea 
are  axiromely  looae,  and  uaually  much  eiaggeialed. 
ll  ia  not  anrpriaing,  then,  that  Cortea  and  hia  com- 
ptniona,  little  accualomed  to  auch  vomputaliona,  and 
powf  rfully  templed  lo  magnify,  in  order  to  eialt  the 
merit  of  their  own  diacowriea  and  conijueala,  ahould 
have  been  betrayed  Into  thia  common  error,  and  have 
raiacd  their  deacriptiona  conaideralily  aliuve  truth.  Kor 
thia  reaaon,  aome  conaiderable'  abatement  ought  to  be 
made  from  Iheir  calciilutiona  of  the  number  uf  iiihabi- 
tanta  in  the  Mexican  citiea,  and  we  may  Ax  the  atan- 
dard  of  Iheir  population  much  lower  than  Ihey  have 
dune  i  but  atill  they  will  appear  lo  be  ciliea  of  auch 
conanquence  aa  are  not  lo  bo  found  but  among  people 
who  have  made  aome  conaideiahle  progrvaa  in  the  arte 
of  aocial  life.  [I4A]  From  their  accounta,  we  can 
hardly  aup|ioae  Mexico,  the  capital  of  the  empire,  to 
have  contained  fewer  than  aixty  thonaand  inhabitanta. 

The  eepuration  of  profeaaiona  among  the  Mexicana  ia 
a  ayinptom  of  iiiipruvement  no  leaa  roinarkahlo.  Arte, 
in  the  early  agea  of  aocicty,  are  ao  few  and  ao  aimple, 
that  each  man  ia  auflicienlly  maaler  of  them  all,  to 
gratify  every  demand  of  hia  own  limited  deairea  The 
•avago  can  form  liia  bow,  point  hia  arrowa,  rear  hia  hut, 
and  hollow  hia  canoe,  wiilioul  calling  in  the  aid  of  any 
hand  more  akilfiil  than  hia  own.  Time  mual  hira  aug- 
mented the  wanii  of  men,  and  ripened  their  ingenuity, 
heforo  thn  pro<luctiona  of  art  became  ao  complicated  m 
their  atructure,  or  an  ciirioua  in  their  fabric,  that  a  par- 
ticular conrao  of  education  wai  requiaite  lowarda  form- 
ing the  artilicer  to  eipertneaa  in  eontrivaiKa  and  work- 
manahip.  In  proportiun  aa  refinement  apreada,  the 
diatiiwtion  of  vrofoaaion*  incretaaa,  and  tkay  bnncb 


*>il   Miia 

Amawg  Ika  M*iM«a,  iMa  mftmttm  af  I 

aery  m  bIW  had   akea  plaaa  ka  a  aMaklaftMa  etMM. 

riw  funeiMna  af  ka  wiaaw,  ika  waaear,  tkagaMaaMI^ 

Iha  aamlar,  and  af  aavaral  alkar  etaftoi  9tf  «artta<  Ml 

by  dillbrani  paraana     l',aak  waa  fagiitarty  >ialniila4  Ml 

hw  aalling      Ta  ii  ahfW  kw  iwhatry  i 


and  by  aaaidwMa  ap(dMatwii  !•  tnt  ak)**!,  MaMlwi 
Wllk  ik*  p«fa*vafing  patwnaa  paaallar  ••  AinaMataa, 
Ikair  artwana  ailain«i  ta  a  dagtaa  al  aaalaaaa  tmi  fat- 
toelMn  in  wark.  tor  fceyand  wkal  aaiiM  kata  ' 
naeiaii  from  Iha  mda  laala  wkMk 
I  h*ir  vartwi*  peaduaiwn*  wara  kraagkt  mU  rm 
•nd  by  the  aiakanga  af  ikam  m  Uw  atalad 
held  In  Ika  eiiwa,  not  aaly  wara  tkair  maliM 
aup|iltad,  in  auak  ardarly  tntaraaaraa  «a  akaraaMMa^ 
an  improved  alata  af  aaalely,  kal  Ikalt  iMtMWy  ••• 
4aily  ramlctad  paraavarmg  OM  MteaiilHw. 

'rka  dialineiian  af  ranka  aaHkllikad  kl  MM  Ml«liMI 
ampira,  w  Ika  nail  rireamaiaaea  ikal  marlla  tlMMiMl. 
In  aarraying  ika  aavaga  irikaa  of  AmMiaa,  m»  alh 
aenwl,  Ikal  ranaaiaiiaiwaa  af  a^aalHy,  oad  knfMlMH* 
af  aitbardinailmi,  era  aaiiiMiwMa  Mtaral  M  mail  Ml  MM 


infanay  af  aivd  llf*  During  naaaa,  Ika  aalkariljr  tf  • 
aniMimr  la  kardly  toll  aniorif  iMin,  and  avta  Mi  w*f  M 
la  kill  iMlla  acknowledged.     Mtrangaia  M  Iko  Ma*  •! 


proparly,  Ika  dilhranea  in  aandillan  laaallliif  I 
inai|Halily  af  il  la  anknown.  Hittk  ar  llllaa  •« 
pra-aminanaa  i  M  M  aidr  by  panoiwl  matM  Mid  HiW» 
pllaknwnta  Ikal  dwIliMlMn  aaR  ba  ta<|alrad.  '11m  Ibm 
of  aorieiy  waa  v*ry  dilbrani  iMiang  ika  MailaaM^ 
'I'ha  great  body  of  IM  paopla  waa  I*  i  aiaal  kamdtalMig 
olat*.  A  aonaiderabla  number,  knnwn  by  Ika  BtaM  M 
Maynfara,  nearly  reaambled  InaandlIMn  Ifcaaa  piiii»H 
wlw,  under  varmua  danoininalione,  were  eaiial<an4 
during  iha  pravalanaa  of  tha  feudal  ayalam,  a*  MmIN* 
mania  of  labor  aliaehad  to  Ika  aad.  Tka  AfayafiMa 
•ouU  noi  ckange  ikeir  place  af  riitdaina  wilkool  par- 
mlaalon  of  tka  au|ierior  on  whom  Ihay  dapawdad.  'nttf 
were  ranveyad,  togatkar  wllk  Ika  landa  ao  whiak  ikay 
wara  aeillad,  ftam  ona  proprwior  M  anolkar  i  and  wan 
bound  to  cultivate  the  ground,  and  lo  parltrm  aa*aral 
kinda  of  aarvila  work.  (Hbara  war*  raduead  lo  Um 
lowaal  form  of  aubjaclion,  thai  af  doinaalia  aarvlluda, 
and  fell  tka  nimaal  rigor  af  Ikal  wralekad  aula.  Thair 
eondilion  waa  kaM  lo  ba  ao  vile,  and  their  kvaa  daaaHd 
of  ao  liitia  value,  ikal  a  peraon  who  kdled  MM  af  Ihaa* 
alavea  waa  nol  aubjecled  lo  any  ponlihlini  Km« 
thoaa  eonaidarad  aa  freanwn  wara  Iraatad  bf  Ihait 
haughty  lord*  aa  beinga  of  an  infarlor  opociaa.  Th* 
nohroa,  poaaeaaed  of  ample  Urriloriaa,  wara  di«Mt4 
into  vanoiia  clataea,  lo  aach  of  which  peculiar  iHlaa  •! 
honor  belonged  Noma  of  theaa  titlaa,  Ilka  Ihoir  loodiv 
dearcndad  from  father  to  aon  in  painalual  nagaaaliiM. 
Uihera  were  annexed  to  particular  ollica*,  ar  aoii<iarri4 
during  life  aa  marka  of  paraonal  dialinrlian.  Tko 
monarch,  exalted  alwve  all,  enjoyed  ailanaiva  pewac 
and  aiipreme  dignity.  Thiia  tno  dialinclioo  of  rank* 
waa  cunipletely  eaubliahed,  in  a  lino  of  regular  aubor- 
dinatiun,  reaching  from  Iha  bigkaal  lo  Ika  lowaal  mani- 
ber  of  the  community.  Each  of  ikaaa  knew  whal  ho 
could  claim,  and  what  ha  oweil.  Tlw  people,  wh* 
were  nut  allowed  to  wear  a  dreaa  of  Iha  aama  faahiiMi, 
or  lo  dwell  in  Iwuaea  nf  a  form  aimilar  to  thoaa  of  Iho 
nolilea,  occoaled  them  wilh  Ihe  moat  aubiniaaiva  raea- 
rence.  In  Ihe  preaence  of  then  aovercign,  Ihay  duiBl 
not  lift  their  eyca  from  the  ground,  or  look  kim  in  Iho 
face.  The  iioblea  thamaelvea,  whan  admitted  lo  an 
audience  of  their  aovereign,  anurad  harefoolad,  in 
mean  garmenta,  and,  aa  hia  alavea,  paid  him  homago 
approaching  lo  adoration.  Thia  reapoct,  due  from  in- 
feriora  to  ihoaa  above  Ihem  in  rank,  waa  praovribed 
with  auch  ceremonioua  oeeuraev,  thai  il  incorporalad 
wilh  the  language,  and  inAiwncea  ila  ganiua  ami  idiiMa. 
The  Mexican  tongva  abounded  in  eipreaaiona  of  rata- 
rence  and  courtaay.  The  atyle  and  appellalioiu  uaad 
in  the  intercouraa  betwaan  eqnala  would  hava  been  ao 
unlwcoming  in  tha  mouth  of  ona  in  a  lower  aphera, 
when  he  accoaled  a  perooo  in  higher  rank,  aa  lo  bo 
deemed  an  inault.  ( 146]  Il  ia  only  in  aocieliea,  which 
time  and  the  inalitulion  of  ragufar  government  hava 
moulded  into  form,  that  we  And  auch  an  orderly  or* 
rangcment  of  men  into  diflercnt  ranka,  and  auck  nict 
attention  [uid  to  Iheir  varioua  righw. 

Th*  apiril  of  tha  Mexicana,  Ihua  familiariiad  and 
bended  lo  auboidination,  waa  prepared  for  aubmillinit 
to  monarchical  govenimeiit,  llut  Iha  deacnption  m 
Dieir  policy  and  iawa,  by  the  Spaniarda  who  overtunwd 
them,  are  ao  inaccurate  and  contradictory,  that  il  is 
ditHculi  to  delineate  the  form  of  their  conaliiution  wilh 
any  preciaion.  Somelimoa  they  repreaant  tha  moo- 
otcha  of  Mexico  aa  tbaoluU,  deciiuiig  arniifdii  !• 


Mi^  *M(  MMN  MMsHMMk  wV  VHVwvvv  HM  ipwvv  w 
MMMfW  Ift*  !•■«  •!  Il«  •••••.  (Mi  «•  «Ml  CMk 

Mmmm  H**T  Mm  mfknmt  mitmtm  wk««f««it  il^i 
w  mMm  •(  Ik*  Urn  rank,  M>mmn<  m  )Im  yak*  »Mk 

WW    MHMvMVV    IHvVf    PfMH    M''^BW*1I»W  !•  flTCNIfl  li  VW* 

ABM     ^M^^     ^^     ^^MJHIAflta^fl      h^^^^m      ■^■^lA      m^aj^m      ^^     4^M^A 

■■■■    wu^^    W9    wwmw  ( w**n^     i^^nv     *^vi*vi    ^w^r^     •■    w^ivt 

(W4MMMM  •!  kit  ^iMtMMMMi  ilM  «M  t*a  imnnt 

tMMt  WM    UM    M1|MW    Mm  M4  MMW4  M   N9lt*Mi 

pitlM.     fMM  llw  liiiii^iiwii  af  UM  MMwnky  M  Ik* 

iMt*  ttWuwii.  'l°lMi  ka4|r  W  •iIimm,  •ttwk  iM)r  Im 
<lilkniililli  I  k|r  Ik*  *•■•  ■<  iMkilMit,  Hnimil  Ik*  rhMf 
■Mi  mmt  iMpMl«kta  m^m  m  ika  MM*.    'llMy  own 

■MMMft     THm*  ■miilM>  nmtm  la  Imi*  Wm*  (tmI 

MImMm  wkM  Im  ivbtMi  riMf*  <•«•  t»  Mm  Mmwm 
•Mfin  IkMiP  W  ikM  M<i«t,  (Mk  af  «ka«  ka4  M  ht* 

WfllMfMC  B^9lM  %  MNmMNB  tnCMMMI  pwpM  \    BtM  Bill^ 


MMta  •(  t  la«r*>  iUm.  Tka  lamlanu  k«la«||t<if  lu 
Aa  iMifc  af  ToiaMa  mi  'I'Maka  wtfa  hanltjr  mfmac 
m  aiMM  la  IhoM  g(  ika  MatWMi  awfwnk.  Kafk  al 
Aaaa  yaimml  ••Ni|itata  lafmanal  jMwUlrlMn,  Mtc4 
i««lai  lau*  I'ram  lk«if  own  «mwI«.  But  ill  (ollawni 
A*  •MMUri  a<  Maiwa  in  wtr,  •MTing  wiik  •  mimbM 
•f  nan  in  |w»|i«r>ww  la  Umm  itamain,  md  mad  a(  Iham 
yMii  UibMa  h*  lU  mantnk  u  Ihau  raprlar  kifrf. 

In  mawg  Ikaaa  ami  Imaa  a(  Ika  Maiwrn  ranalilii- 
Mam  ••  tmaga  af  Madal  H*>T-  ^  ***  ■"■•'  '*■■<'  *■**<"• 
■lata  la  «ta«r,  iMt  va  tliMani  iM  ikfca  JiMMiguMtunti 
•ktiaatatMita.  a  nakdiljr  pamiaing  dmaal  iii<i*|Mn)l«nt 
mlkartly.  •  ^Mfi*  ila|iftna4  uMa  Iha  lawoat  Mala  al 
Mk^lian,  umI  •  klnf  miiaatad  with  Iha  araauiKa 
Mara*  a(  Ika  Mala.  Ila  imiM  tut  pttneipUa  itam  la 
mm  tmuniti  la  ika  Naw  Warki  in  ika  mhw  mannai 
••  In  VM  tntlanl.  Tha  JuiiaiiMUan  of  lha  crn«n  wta 
MliaaMlf  Umttad.  All  raal  imI  •HkIih  •iithontir  »*• 
maiaaj  ajr  tka  Maiiran  naUaa  in  than  e«n  ha  Mia,  anil 
Ika  ikliliw  af  II  aniy  laA  la  ika  kina.  Jfakria  lo  •■■ 
taaa  af  ikaw  awn  ngku,  Ihajr  (uanM  with  iha  movi 
Vl^iltnl  aaiMly  •(tinal  Ika  •iMiroaehmanU  of  Ihair  m»u- 
laigna.  Hjr  a  (^ndtHMnlal  law  af  iha  ampira,  ii  wm 
paiTMlad  IMI  iIm  king  •honU  not  daiirmina  •onctniing 
anjr  |iouil  af  gonaral  impertanca  withaut  lha  ap|ifoba> 
Han  af  a  caunril  compoMil  of  iha  prinw  nabtliljr,  Uii- 
laaa  ka  oblaiiiati  ihair  cnnMtil,  ha  rouU  nol  angaga  lha 
Milan  la  wir,  nor  couhl  ha  ilupoM  of  tha  moat  con- 
aUarabia  bnnck  of  iha  (hiMio  r*«*niM  (I  |ilaaaara  ;  il 
•aa  B|iyrapntUid  lo  earlain  piir|ioMt  from  whwh  il 
a«uU  n«l  ba  4i*artad  by  lha  ragil  aulhorily  (lana.  In 
ordar  la  Mcuia  full  allaet  io  ihoM  comliiuiional  ra- 
MrtinI*!  lha  Maiican  noblaa  did  not  pannil  thair  crown 
la  dbaaind  by  inbanltnc*,  bul  diapoiad  of  it  by  alec- 
Man.  Tha  right  of  alwiion  toama  lo  ha«a  baan 
Migmally  Taatad  in  lha  wbola  body  of  nohibly,  but  wh 
•Aorwaida  aomnillad  la  aii  alarlan,  of  whom  tha  chiafi 
•f  Tataaco  and  Taauba  waia  alwtya  two.  Kroto  rat- 
^1  lar  lha  family  of  ihair  monareka,  lha  chotea  fall 

r willy  upoa  aoma  parton  aiming  from  il.  But  la 
irlivily  and  *ah>r  of  ibair  princa  wara  of  gratlar 
■Mmanl  to  a  paapia  parpaiually  anoagcd  in  war,  than 
•  atrial  adhcranca  lo  lha  ordar  of  oinb,  coUilarala  of 
■Mtwa  aga  or  of  diaiinguiahad  moril  wara  oAan  pra- 
lirrad  M  Ihoaa  who  wara  naanr  tha  throna  in  diract 
daaoant  To  thia  maiim  in  thair  policy^  lha  Maiicana 
nppaar  lo  oa  iiuiabtad  for  tuch  a  auccauion  of  akla  and 
wariika  prince*,  aa  niaad  Ihair  empire  in  a  ihort  period 
la  that  aitraordinary  height  of  power  which  it  had  al- 
lained  when  Coriea  landed  in  New  Spain. 

Wbila  tha  iuriadiclion  of  lha  Maiicin  monarch  con  - 
(inu«4  la  be  liiniled,  it  ia  iirobable  that  ii  waa  eiarciaed 
with  liltia  eatentation.  liut  •■  Ihair  authority  became 
irora  aitanaitra,  lha  epiendor  of  thair  gotariimant  aug- 
mantad.  It  wta  in  Ibia  laat  ettla  that  tha  SpaniarJa 
kalMM  il ;  and  ilruek  with  tha  appaamnce  ol^  Monla- 
•uaa'a  court,  thay  daecriba  ila  pomp  at  grail  length, 
mi  ■ah  ith  nlmimiBa     Tba  wnnkai  of  hia  ttiaad- 


VhlMI  NlPy  BBBU'W  Mm  \    Mm    •wWIH  •?  HM    M^W    HM^ 

aOean,  im|  mm  *Mi>it)*«M«   wwh  alMvll  hM  gMmtaal 
waa  iliM|ay>4,  whe«a«>r  ka  parmxinl  ki*  aakiMi*  la 

ewaiant  maaawkip*  in  Ana.  r«>li«>  ik«a  ika  almpliiil; 
af  lha  mUMH  •••<«•  in  ilia  >l««  MmIiI 

Nal  M  waa  aai  M  ika  man  p«r*4a  »t  rayally  >kal 
lha  M*ai>'an  poaaMaiva  aikilHtwl  ihrir  (Mwar  ,  ika;^ 
NiaiiiAia««4  M  imira  keitpll,  tally  in  iK«  imloff  tnA  rag**- 
larHv  wMk  wkivk  lk*v  ramlxviMl  IK*  murtMl  •4iMiMW 
IfaiMM  mmI  aalw*  *f  lk«ir  ikHniiiiaaa  I  am|>la<a  (Mrla 
4l>IM«,  >l«il  aa  wall  *•  rrtmmal.  anaf  Me  man  MMne. 


MM  aaaaani  wkirh  lha  Waaniak  wnian  ai«*  af  ika  hmi- 

f^HV  BHH  ^■wB  IHHPH  wRlBH    fB»y     ^awlaWPM  IRVIf  wB'WfWIW 

WMk  raapm  la  lha  dMIrlktttMn  af  Mnpany  and  lha 
BUHtakniaxt  af  anmae,  jaaiMe  wee  aai«ini*i«f<><l  m  Ika 
Meiwan  amuMa  wMh  a  itaiiraa  af  aailnf  ami  r>|iiilir 
Maa inkling  what  lakaa  plera  in  aarMiia*  ki«hlr  oKiliaad 

I'kMf  tllaniHan  in  ptnakling  tot  lha  *ii|ip<if«  uf  MHri» 
mam  waa  mN  laaa  aayarimn  'I'aaaa  war*  lanl  Hpnn 
Umi,  upon  lha  *«i|«wiimmm  uf  mdualni,  emi  Haan  aam- 
madtnaa  af  eiary  kind  aipoead  to  aala  in  the  pitMM 
maikau      Tkaaa  daaiaa  wara  ranaalaraMa,  bul   not 

alfaiy  at  ananual.  'fkay  ware  Hnpoaatt  aacatding 
lu  eaiaMiahed  raiaa,  tnd  eaah  knaw  wkal  ahata  af  lha 
niMMnan  Imrdan  ha  had  la  kaat  Aa  Ika  mm  af  matiay 
waa  unknown,  all  lha  laiM  ware  paul  in  himl ,  ami  Ihii* 
not  aniy  ika  naiutel  paaduaiMna  of  <tll  iha  ililbrcnl  ptu- 
aiiH'ca  in  lha  amptra,  bM  atary  apariaa  »( inaiinfariura, 
and  aaary  work  of  inganuily  end  art,  wrra  tolltalrd  in 
Ifca  nuMlB  alorahouaaa.  from  Ihoaa  lha  ampfrur  aii|» 
plnid  hM  numatniia  Irain  uf  allamlaiiia  in  iMura,  aiul  hia 
armiaa  during  war,  wiih  (mid,  with  ikHhaa,  and  urna- 
mania  l*rapla  af  Inferiat  aandition,  tiaiihrr  |iiMia»a- 
iiig  land  nor  angagad  in  rnmmarra,  wrra  Imund  lu  lha 
petfbnnence  of  aatioua  ttrt»*»  lly  ihair  aUtad  laliw 
Ika  «nnan  landa  wara  ruliiaalad,  |hiMi«  wuika  war* 
earned  on,  and  Ihe  tarioua  kuiiaaa  Wluiiuing  lu  llie 
awMinit  war*  butll  and  hapl  in  repair    ( I4T| 

i'ha  im|ito«*d  tiala  af  gotemmrnl  among  lha  Mri- 
waiw  la  conapicuoua,  not  only  in  iwinla  aaaaiilial  10  the 
being  of  1  wall  otdared  aorialy,  Imii  in  aaarral  rvgHla- 
twna  af  inlbnor  eanaaijaenae  wiih  r<a|i«rl  in  |hi)ic*. 
'I'ha  inelHullon  which  I  have  alrcaily  inrnluiiicd,  of 
pnbiM  atwriara,  etalionad  al  proper  itilarvala,  lu  con- 
«ay  inlalliganaa  from  one  part  of  lha  vmpire  lo  Ihe 
Mher,  we»  a  raAnamant  in  iwlic*  not  iiiirwliu'ed  iiilo 
any  kingdom  of  Kurop*  al  inal  |irrin<l  'I'll*  alriictiir* 
of  lha  cepttol  cMy  in  a  lake,  with  artillrial  dyk**,  i  ml 
auaaware  of  gfaal  length,  whieh  aarvcd  aa  e«anu»a  lo 
It  fruin  dillaranl  quirlara,  eraclaU  in  Ihe  walar,  wllh  no 
laaa  inganuily  tlian  lahar,  aaeina  lo  ha  an  nlaa  thai 
eouM  nol  hate  occurrax  lo  any  hut  a  ci«ilii*d  priiplr. 
Tha  aam*  ohaarvalion  mat  b*  appliril  lo  lha  alriiclura 
of  ih*  aqiirduria  or  ramliilla,  by  whiih  llwy  cnnvryni 
1  atreani  of  freah  water  from  a  fonaiilrrahle  iliatinre, 
inlo  Ihe  cily,  ilong  on*  of  iha  cau*«w*ya.  (IMJ  Tha 
ippotnlinenl  of  a  number  u  (wraana  lo  clian  Ihe  alrevta, 
to  light  them  by  Arae  kindled  in  diHrrnnl  placra,  and 
la  patrol  la  watchman  during  Ilia  muht,  Jia<'u>rra  a 
degree  of  tllenliMi  which  even  polialied  iwtiona  are 
Um  in  Bci|UinMg. 

Tba  piogma  of  tha  Meiicani  in  tarloua  aria  i*  con- 
eidered  at  Ihe  moat  docitite  proof  uf  Ihcir  auperiiir  r«- 
llnemcnt.  t'oriee  and  ih*  early  N|i*niah  author*  da- 
Bcriba  thit  with  rtplui*,  and  niaintiin,  that  tha  nioci 
celenrtled  Kuropean  artiala  could  not  aurpate  or  even 
Miual  ib*m  In  ingenuity  tnd  netlnaaa  of  workmanahip. 
'titey  repreeenled  men,  tnimile,  end  other  obftcla,  by  ^ 
tueh  1  diepoeilion  of  vtnaui  eotored  fetthort,  ta  it  aakl 
to  bate  pnnlucad  ell  the  elfecta  of  light  tnd  ahada,  and 
to  have  imitated  nature  with  truth  and  delicacy.  'IlMir 
ornamante  of  gold  and  tilvarhata  bean  deeeribed  la  b* 
of  1  fab^  no  leae  curioua.  But  in  forming  tny  idet 
from  ganarti  dcacriplloni,  concerning  Inn  attta  of  ant 
tmong  ntliooa  imperfectly  poliahad,  we  tra  ailremely 
ready  la  err.  In  aumining  the  worka  of  |ieople  wboaa 
idttncaa  in  improtement  are  noarly  the  atmi<  with  our 
own,  wa  view  Iham  with  t  criticti  tnd  oflan  with  a 
jetlout  eye.  Whereat  when  contcioua  of  our  own 
Buperiurily,  wa  aunrey  tha  trta  of  natiuna  coinpantitaly 
rude,  we  are  ttloniahcd  tl  worka  eieculed  by  them 
under  auch  mamfval  diatdvtnttget,  and,  in  Ihe  wirmtb 
of  our  admiration,  era  apt  to  rapreteni  them  at  prodac- 
tiont  more  Aniahed  than  Ihey  really  ire.  To  lha  inlu- 
ence  of  thie  illution,  without  tuppoaing  tny  intenlioo 
to  deceive,  we  may  impute  the  ciagsarttion  of  eooM 
Sfwitb  wilkoit,  lu  ibiv  lacaunu  vt  Uia  Maiicu  uu. 


n  Ii  Ml  WMI  wkM#wMlfl||llM%  mM  Ik 
M|  ea*n  HMai^tana  at  inait  iMa  ta  ata  aim  i 
inaa  wa  oMiet  a**^ta  ti^*v*^nwg  waa  ^wgtaa  at  ',8*^11, 
At  tka  tktp  m  whMk  i'tmt*  aan«  i«  Ikorlaa  V  ife* 
mm*  aKtrnua  Mmlwiiana  af  Ika  Matkian  ttfiaaM^ 
wkwk  wan  aaliavud  ky  ik*  Wpaniarde  when  tkay  iMk 
IHllagail  Ih*  mmf>n.  wa*  wkan  by  a  tan*k  aarealt.  Ika 
r«iM«ma  «r  ik*i<  mgamiiir  ar<  Wee  aHMMtau*  ikaa  MM** 
•f  Ik*  ISMvMti*  Wkaiksr  tnt  af  Ikalt  watka  wNk 
kKMkara,  in  Miiiailmi  af  paiMing,  ka  aliH  aileiH  W 
tpain,  I  ka>a  xnt  l«arn*<t .  k<ii  mant  af  ikait  arnainanM 
iM  galtl  ami  AilvMr,  aa  wall  *•  vari*H,a  <il*n*4U  MMp^aya^ 
In  **mman  li^.  ar«  d«)  *a4i*d  in  ika  magnifWanI  ao* 
k«n*t  h(  naiuf*!  and  triilWial  ptadwiiana  laiely  i 
hy  Ika  king  af  Npain  i  ami  I  em  tnlWtmad  ka  pai 
an  wkaaa  jwlgmant  and  taeta  i  *an  rely,  ikal  I 
kaa*«*d  emifl*  af  Ikait  ail  at*  aaaanik  rapwaaalanowk 
af  aaminan  ak)**ia,  at  tary  toataa  imtgta  af  tka  kama* 
and  aoma  aihav  IWrna,  d*aiilM)e  af  gra**  tnd  pr>ipnaty, 
1 14V)  I'ha  |u*tn**a  af  Ihaaa  ahaaraaiNHW  la  vwiltrmad 
Ky  inapnlHig  tka  woadan  ptwia  tnd  capper  platee  al 
ihair  painiinga,  wkwk  kaa*  keen  paMiahM  by  ttrmita 
aiilhnr*  In  Ikam  atary  Agur*  af  man,  af  nnailrwpeda> 
M  btnia,  at  well  te  etary  r«|ir***ni*iia«i  af  inantmaital 
nature,  le  aiiremaly  rude  and  twkwtrd  *  Tka  Har4K 
Kgrpllan  Myla,  elilf  and  imparlbat  ta  M  wta,  M  mota 
elagam.  'IlM  tatiwla  af  ekddraN  dahiMtta  ahtaau 
alwial  ta  tacnntaly 

Hul  howetef  bnt  lha  Metlatn  pilMinga  may  k( 
nnked,  when  flawed  merely  te  wutke  of  tri,  i  ttr} 
dillbrani  alttmn  belong*  la  inem  whan  roneNlarad  ta 
ik<i  rerofdt  af  thair  taunlry,  aa  kMlarletl  maniHiMnla 
■if  Ila  |»ilirt  tnd  Innaerliaiia ;  tnd  ihey  k*«ama  r'\- 
rmtie  ta  welj  aa  inlerealing  >iti|*eia  of  aileniion  TIm 
miMaal  and  moal  hfn*AciaT  intenlKMi  uf  which  human 
ittgrniiity  ran  htiaal,  la  iImI  of  wriiing  Hul  lha  HiM 
paoAv*  itf  ihia  art.  which  haih  aa«iiribul*d  mure  ikan  dl 
uikert  In  lha  iinpruvemrni  of  liie  a|i*cifa,  were  taf¥ 
rud*,  ami  It  tdvawad  towtrd*  parfariion  ahrwiy,  an) 
hy  t  gradual  prograaalon  When  Ihe  wtrriot,  eagai 
lor  tame,  wiahwl  lu  Iranamll  aoma  knoWledge  of  M 
xapknla  lu  aurrrcdlng  age*  ;  whan  the  gralitiMt*  af  • 
|i»u|ila  lu  iheir  an«er*ign  prumpicd  them  lu  html  lawn 
an  tecuunt  of  hi*  beneliaenl  d**da  to  poalarily  ;  Ika 
Aral  nwihod  of  accompliahing  ihi*,  which  ***nia  io  hat* 
urriirred  10  Iham,  wa*  lo  d»Tiii*al*,  In  lh«  haat  iiitnnvt 
Ihay  ruiild,  Agurca  re|>ri>a«nliiig  Ih*  anion,  of  whirk 
lh«y  war*  auliciiuua  to  |ir*aar«e  Ih*  mrmury.  Uf  thi*, 
which  haa  tary  proparly  lievn  called  fultttt  wnliiig, 
we  And  Irtrc*  einong  aoma  of  the  inoei  atttga 
iribaa  of  Ainarict.  MjHin  t  letdcr  rrlurni  from  tha 
Acid,  ha  atrip*  a  tree  of  Ila  hark,  and  wiih  red  painl 
M'ralchra  ii|wn  ii  auine  um  uiiih  llgiirca  which  r*|m'aaal 

*  Aa  a  ■p*-*iiiiH,i  i,r  111*  •ptriiaitil  vitlM  in  wliiah  M.  t'lavi* 
Kvrti  Mialitti  Ilia  ilrli  lur*a  u^m  my  lltalmr  ill  Aiiwrka,  I  alMil 
|jiilill*li  III*  rniiiarlia  iitMin  IliU  p«a«aa**-  "  Tliua  lar  iMiart, 
M<ii  i  III  witiiiM  w«  aiiaABr,  Mr*i,  Ttial  ihvr*  u  iiu  riiaa«m  ta 
Im<ii»v*  ihal  ll)ti««  ruiUi  wiirha  aura  r**li)r  tiailcaii .  asiuMlly, 
TUat  iK'ilhi'r  Ui>  mm  ktvtw  wkailivr  tliin*  ^rau4ia  In  wlHwa 
jiiiltDiuiii  lia  niiiriilwa.  May  Iw  iwraiHw  Ml  lu  iiiwrii  mir  lailK.  iia- 
iniii*  wa  liavn  iilia«rv*il  Ihal  RiilM'riMiii  Iruata  rriii|m'ittljr  ta 
111*  tualiHHinr  iii  li«**,  CWraal,  lli*i|naa,  ami  tillwr  auih  aa 
ItitHa,  wlm  ara  uiilirair  umlaaartlna  uf  irmilil :  Uilnllr,  Il  M 
iiiiira  |>riili<tlilii  llml  III*  arma  uf  ci>t,a*',  1^11*****^  by  IIhhi*  in 
iMlllii-iil jii'lKr*  III  hii  curtaliily  ftiliiiital,  am  mallv  WwtN'an." 
Viil.  II.  nil.  NVIiuii  all  aullmr,  mil  nilln  ly  itoaillul*  uf  In 
I'trtty  iir  ill»iiriiiii«iil,  ami  wliu  Itaa  khiim  witlt-lluU*  aimat 
hia  uwiii-lmrat'trr,  ataarta  Ihal  II*  raitflvuil  lila  mluriiiallun 
ruiH'iTiiliia  any  tiiiiiii  iilar  |kiii)I  Iriim  |i«rk4iiia  "  uit  whiiaa 
jutlgiitaiil  luiil  ItalH  Im  citit  mly  i"  a  vury  ■lamlar  ilatra*  ttl 
cainliir,  una  Btiutilil  tliiiik,  iiilghitiiiluce  tit*  rt*ail*f  lo  Iwlteta 
ll|i||  II*  UtM4  iHii  »iMi«>avur  lu  liiipiM*  u|Hm  Ih*  ^lilli-  hji  an 
a|tti*al  lu  IralliiiiHiy  aUncalhar  tliiworlliy  uf  i-ruilll.  My  liifur- 
iiiailiin  roftcdritliia  111*  Maiu-aii  wurhi  uf  arl,  liautMitml  in  lha 
hint  uf  «|ialii'a  c«l>ln*t,  wua  raoaliraU  frum  llw  ItU  L4Mni 
UraiilhaiH,  ainli*aawl<ic  aatrawainary  from  lb*  court  uf  Lun- 
ilun  l»  that  of  Nadrlii,  ami  from  Mr.  Archdaarun  WtailUuv*, 
chat^aln  to  Ih*  *inli*aay ;  and  II  wta  upon  thair  aulhorllii  tlui 
I  pronminraU  Ih*  coal  of  trmor,  awnlHHWd  In  Ih*  nut*,  to  ba 
uronaiilal  r 


ralalc.    Aa  they  ware  hulk  at  Madrid  In  Uialr  |miI^ 
uc  cntrat:iar,  when  III*  Aral  aUlllw  of  Ik*  lllalury  uf  Amarica 
waa  puMlahed,  I  thauf  III  It  ini|in|i*r  at  thai  lima  tw  niaiilMi 
.^..tji.j — 'iiicon**min(i*a»tl*rof  !*««*, 
a  pMM  of  f*i:t,  aland  In  iwad 


ruvian  atanalla,  ttaea,  *c.  In  eeitkenwtre,  wretched  biHk  !■ 
laata  and  aiacutlon.''  IMIIon'a  Travel*  iktouik  kyala,  p.  TT. 
Aa  U*(*  cumpoaed  hla  Surirer  of  N*w  liMtn  wllh  tU  Ih*  tell 
ami  acrlimmy  of  a  new  conv*n,  I  kit*  p*ld  Ulll*  r*|ard  la 
hla  teatlnvmy  wllh  reapect  te  polnta  relallvf  te  rtllaM.  ■*! 
aa  h<  realded  In  a*v*ral  provlnc**  In  N*w  tpain,  «<hlck  Irs 
«*ll*r*  aeUloin  vlait,  tnd  ta  he  aeama  lu  ktv*  obaartad  tkell 
mannera  tnd  Itwa  with  an  lnl*IU(*nt  (ye,  I  have  t«tUe<l  ray- 
a*ir  of  hla  Infurmallon  with  r*ap*vt  to  maltara  where  rellilom 
optnlon  cuuM  hat*  Utile  InAuence.  Corratl  I  httt  aeldam 
imutnd,  and  navar  raatad  upuii  hla  *vlU*iic*  aloii*  TIm  all* 
lion  in  which  Ibafiwa  wta  ampluyad  In  Amcnea,  aa  w*U  ta 
Ihe  credit  flran  lu  hla  nraclly,  btprlnlliic  hla  ftenw  ie*» 
Itlco  tmona  Ika  Itrae  coUectki*  of  aoeumanU  puMiahaa  laa 
I  bellata  ky  aatkatlly)  al  MadiW,  A.  D.  nVl.lialMaa  M  M* 
^fptaUiw  la  kit  taltctlly 


NO0TN  AMRRIi'A 


•iImii  iksjr  (k«l 
<wH  ••KM,  ~" 


Milt    MUlM    M 

•mil*  (miilcf  •! 
HWfnilWvnl  #ti 

nh.  ilMt  llww 
f»t>fWi>l«IWIH 

{M  af  llM  kNIM* 
'•  tMl  pfUpfMlf , 

ia(i|Mr  ^*IM  •! 
•Iinl  by  tafHMM 
,  ■<  i|n*<lrii|i«4«| 

H  •(   IIMItMIMtM 

•  ThakM^Nl 

It  MM,  M  IMWI 
•iMMtU    rtjMf 

itMliifi  RMy  k« 

•  of  (rl,  1  «ir7 
%  rsiwMlvmi  M 
>l>il  nMiniinwnlf 
twy  Imwwim  r'l* 
•iltniHHt     T)w 

4  wIlMk    klllllM 

r  Hut  Uw  lifM 
mI  mora  ilian  tH 
iwwt,  wcrt  «HI 
tian  atmirlir,  tiw 

•  wtrruH,  (Mti 
Mn/Mgm  t(  M 
»  Unliiwi*  of  • 
III  lu  IwihI  lawn 
0  piMMrily ;  lh« 
!h  MinM  in  hav* 
iImi  tiMl  iii«nn«l 
til  ion,  of  Mhii'k 
•mury.  Uf  lhla« 
pitlurt  wnliHg, 

•  inOM     MVtM 

iiiriM  I'rein  IM 
•  nil  ml  point 
•hirh  r*|irtMDi 

liMh  M.  CU>I> 
Aiiwrk  •,  t  ■lull 
Tliua  tu  hiitwrt- 
iMi  rvNMtii  to 
iron :  wt'tMMtlir, 
rtMMM  In  wlMoo 
fil  iiiir  laiili,  lio- 
iiti  friHiwiitly  to 
'  iillwr  tui'h  ■« 
Miirilly,  II  H 
vwl  by  ilnwo  In 
r««lly  Mattran.** 
itoiiiiutx  (rf  m 

•IllM'IIIMlo    allOttl 

III*  inlnfmoiiun 

Ull    WhiMO 

laivlii  ilnarM  ol 
fitilar  laiMiliato 
tha  iiuiilk'  by  an 
iilil.  My  mruf 
ilatMwitiid  III  tho 

IIM  lata  Lufil 

Im  court  u(  l,un- 

an  Wa4<IUu>a, 

•Ir  authority  that 

tba  noia,tobo 
ilrhlintlialriHik 
lory  u(  Amarwa 
ima  to  niaiilMi 
■MItar  of  laala, 

lawl  In  naoa 
of  an  InlalU- 
Mnal  of  Madrrf* 
]ailcan  ami  fa- 
ratchwl  bDlk  III 
Ilk  Opain,  f.  It, 
aim  all  Ilia  aari 
llttla  ratani  !• 
larallfM.  IM 
lain,  Wklcli  tm 

obaarirml  Ikatl 
iva  avallail  iny< 
whara  rallaloHi 

I  hava  Mlilaai 
IMM     'flM  al» 

ica.aa  wall  af 

t  Raana  iaa* 
a  pubiitkMiai 


Eviwia  lio  MMoM,  III*  aaalyt  Iii4  atMlaoa  vtMnll 
•«m  aaal  awMWa  ImomoK  vhIi  iMfO  ikal  ky  ikoir 
I  ko  ikall  raaaiao  ^aiao  ftoat  Ika  waiiHMa  al  IW- 


t'owfawil  wiik  ikaoo  «*k«ar<l  aaooya of  ikoi*  aotaio 
fantiifymao,  iha  (Minimgaol  iho  IHii|i«*a«i«  may  ko  *••»•» 
•Mlaroi,'  ao  ootta  >f  '•i<n)iO'i)l>m  ami  itawnn  I  k«y 
•afo  nm  a«>|Ha<>iiait,  H  w  iruo,  «iih  any  niNar  motkMl 
•f  forofilinf  ipaKooinino  Ihan  ikat  of  italinaalmg  Iko 
•k)o«la  wklak  IHay  wiakail  to  r«|>'«wnt  Uiil  Ikay 
oomM  aikilHI  a  mora  romtilaa  aarioa  of  a*aiiia  In  ft* 
■faaaita  arJaf,  anal  4aa«iiko,  ky  a  panfof  4ia|Ma«lMm  af 
■iMoot  Ika  aaaofiowaa  of  a  kmg'a  raifn  fhMi  kia  a*- 
ttaaHn  la  kio  iloaik  i  iko  ptoffaaa  of  an  mteni'a  a<li»- 
•oIkM  Awm  lla  ktyik  ontil  it  allam  la  tko  yaon  of  mo- 
tatMf  I  tko  4llhr»nl  raii«in|nwaaa  ami  mont  of  ilwiimi- 
Man  aanlkryoil  opan  waryMto,  in  pyofnttian  la  iko 
MptMW  okiak  tkay  kad  pofkitmnl  Hnmo  amKulor 
i^kaano  of  tkM  (Nalnra  willing  ko<a  ka*n  |Miawoi«a<l. 
mIMHi  aia  )Hatly  aanalilaratl  aa  tko  imwI  ourHnia  manti- 
Maata  af  an  kraagkt  frum  tha  Naw  W'orkl  'llio  maoi 
nIaaMt  af  tkaaa  aioa  miMiakail  ky  I'lirrkaa  in  niiy  an 
kiMaa.  It  M  4l«hM  Inia  tkraa  |ioria.  Tko  Aral  •'on- 
MM*  tka  kMary  af  ika  Mailaait  amt>lfa  an4af  Ha  ton 
Wawaiikl.  Tlia  aaaami  la  •  irtkitla  fall,  laMoaonllMfl 
•ka<  aaak  aawnworoj  lawn  pal4  Into  tko  layal  tiaaoury. 
Tka  tkM  la  •  ao4o  of  ikoir  inalilHlMfia,  ihanraiHi,  fih 
litMl,  and  mllltafy  Anolhar  a|io<>lin«n  of  Mriiaan 
IMMIafl  kao  koon  pwMiakotI  in  lliirly  twii  (ilaiaa,  hy  Iha 
ktaaani  arakhtakap  of  Tiilrdo.  To  Imih  M  innoiatl  • 
mil  aiplanallan  of  wkol  ika  Ajpiroa  waia  liilamM  la 
t»|H»aaal,  wkwh  waa  nlitalnad  h«  Iha  H|iani4nla  fnmi 
iniliana  wall  a)'<|iiainiail  oilh  Innr  man  ana.  Tho 
Myh  uf  |ialnlin(  In  all  thaao  la  Ih^  aania.  I'kay  rafira- 
••nl  Iktwt,  iHii  wm4i.  '1  hay  aahiliil  Imagaa  la  tho 
»yo,  not  maaa  In  tho  uiKlmlamling.  'rkoy  may  Ikoro- 
fcia  ka  awiaiilaiail  aa  Iha  railiaal  aiid  iiraal  liii|i«irrrl 
taaay  af  man  In  Inair  imiKraaa  tuwania  iliiainriiiiH  Ilia 
tfl  M  writing  'Iha  ilt'lvria  in  ihia  niinla  ul  raronling 
limaMliano  muot  ka«a  hoan  aaily  fvlt  i'a  paint  a«aiy 
•narrama  waa  from  lit  naliira  a  yory  Io^mmio  oftn- 
llaii )  awl  aa  alhira  boranio  mora  cwiinlicatnl,  ami 
•oaMa  mulU|illa<l  In  any  awwly,  Ha  annala  mint  liair 
MaUad  la  an  anormaiia  bulk  tlaaiUaa  Ikii,  no  ulijxcta 
MaU  ko  dalinaalnl  but  Ihoao  of  aaiiao  \  Iha  roiira|i- 
liMia  af  Ika  m^ml  kail  no  rorparaal  farin  i  ami  aa  liin|| 
•a  |ii<tiirt  writing  eouM  mil  cuimay  an  ulaa  »(  Ihraa,  il 
laaM  k**a  haon  ■  «ary  Impafrm  art.  'I'ho  nrmaily 
•f  Impfevlng  II  mual  ko«a  rouaail  •ml  aliariidniil  invrii- 
•Ian  ;  and  Ino  human  mind,  holding  llw  aaino  ewirao  in 
Iko  Naw  WarM  aa  in  tho  <  IM,  inluhl  hava  advanrad  hy  tho 
■una  iiHTaaaira  atr|ia,  Arnl,  from  an  actual  |iirtiira  In 
tka  plain  hMroglyiihic  ;  nnt  lo  llw  allauorual  lyiiiliol ; 
than  la  Iha  aibilriry  rharartn ;  iintir  al  Innuih,  an 
alpkabol  of  lallara  waa  diacovarrd,  ra|ialil«  of  aipraao- 
ing  all  Iko  yarioua  comhliialiona  of  ■oiiiiil  rni|iloyrd  in 
ipaork.  Ill  Iha  |>ahitiii|{a  uf  tha  Mnirana  w«  at'conl- 
mgly  parraiva  that  Ihia  pmnrraa  waa  begun  aiiimig 
thorn.  I'lnn  an  allantiva  inipri'liun  of  tha  plalaa, 
which  I  nivo  maniioinid,  wa  may  oliaarae  lamo  ip- 
prearh  In  tho  plain  nr  aimple  hicrnglyiiliic,  wheru  aniiia 
prinei|ial  |ian  or  circuiiialaiii-a  in  tha  auli]«i'l  i«  mailii  In 
aland  for  tho  whola  In  tha  annala  of  lliair  kinita,  pub- 
liahad  by  l*urrhaa,  tho  lowiia  taiH|uari'd  hy  lacli  ara 
umromily  rapraaantad  in  Iha  timo  inannrr  hy  a  ruda 
dalinaatiofl  of  a  hoiiao  i  but  in  ordar  to  point  out  tiw 
ptnieular  Inwna  whii'h  aulimilti'd  lo  llimr  yicloriinia 
arma,  pcculiai  anihirma,  aomatiiiiva  natural  ohirria, 
and  •onialimaa  artifirial  fiiiiiraa,  ari  rmpiuyi'd.  In  lh« 
Iribula-roll  publiahad  by  the  Archhithnp  ol'  'rolriln,  tha 
koiiaa  which  waa  proiiarly  tha  picture  ol'  the  town,  ia 
amittad,  and  tho  aniblrin  aioaa  ii  amployad  lo  rapraaani 
il.  I'ho  Moiicana  Ham  avan  to  liave  inada  loiiiu  td- 
vineaa  bayond  tliia,  toward)  Ilia  uu  of  tho  mora  liuiirii- 
lito  and  fanciful  hlaroglyphie.  In  order  to  daacrilie  a 
momith  who  had  anlargrd  hit  doiiiiniooa  by  forco  of 
itrao,  they  iiainlad  a  target  amamontad  with  darta,  and 
pliood  it  natwaen  him  and  tkoao  lowna  which  he  aiib- 
doaj.  Bui  it  it  only  in  one  Inatanca,  tho  notation  of 
BDiahara,  that  wo  diaeern  any  lUampl  to  eihibil  idcaa 
«ihi(k  had  no  corporeal  form.  The  Meiicin  painlera 
kad  invanlad  artiflcial  marka,  or  $>gtu  uf  cmttnttm, 
lar  Ihia  purpoao.  Ily  mrana  of  iheaa,  they  conipuUtl 
Ibn  yaara  ai  their  kin|(a'  rrignp,  aa  wall  aa  tha  arnounl 
af  Ifibuta  to  he  paid  Into  the  royal  Ireaaury.  Tho  Bgurr 
af  %  cireia  repraaented  unit ;  and  In  ainall  numliera, 
dM  eemiHilalInn  waa  made  by  repeating  il.     I.ar|(ar 


bng  amMi 


MM  n 

la.  M  Ika  atiiiahaiay  and  »■  tf 
alpkakolai  wiiimg  'Ikair  naofiat,  «a<wilkalaMi,ng 
awna  dawn  af  auah  '-laaa  aa  migk4  hana  lad  la  a  mata 
paiiwi  atyla,  aan  no  aaaalilafad  ao  kitia  mora  lko«  a 

rfiaa  af  pieiui*  wriling,  ao  hf  N«|Ma«  *  ao  la  mark 
II  aitpaiimily  loai  ika  aovaga  Ifikoo  of  Amarwa  i  ht.i 
aiill  aw  4«l«vli<a  aa  i»  pro«a  ihal  ikay  kad  not  pfwaed 
a<l  br  Iwynnd  ika  Aral  aiaga  m  <ka«  pmgfaaa  wkwk 
mual  ka  '  •miplalail  kahtfa  any  people  van  ka  ranked 
among  pMliabvd  naiHHia  ( IIMI| 

I  hair  m>ida  of  »mp<iiiiig  lima  IMy  ka  aanaiilorad 
•a  a  Bwra  ilaniaKia  aaidanea  af  ikaif  progtaaa  In  im 
prntamant  Ikay  diolad  Ikair  yaar  inlo  aigklaan 
maiiiha,  ranaKiMig  of  twenty  daya  ,  amminling  in  all 
to  Ihraa  hiindiail  and  aiaiy  Hut  aa  ikoy  ohaartad  that 
tko  aoorao  of  llio  aun  waa  nal  aemalatad  in  ikat  limo, 
Ikay  adflad  ll«a  ilaya  la  Iho  yaar  I'haaa,  whirh  aare 
pfofiaily  mtarrtlaiy  data,  Ihoy  termed  aa/xroaawrerir 
Of  w»tf  I  and  aa  lliay  4id  mrt  haluiig  lo  any  iwiiilk,  no 
work  waa  done,  and  >m  aaafad  rile  parfarmed  on  Ikom  ■ 
lh*y  were  daaolad  wholly  la  laaliaily  ami  (laaluna  * 
Ikia  near  a|>|iraai  h  la  phtleaaphwal  aemraty  la  a  ra> 
marhahio  pruaf.  iImI  tli«  Maiiaana  had  lH>aiimi*d  aoma 
allanlian  u|»n  ln<|Hirira  and  a|ia<iilalia«a  la  wkwh  man 
In  a  «ary  nnla  aula  naaar  turn  thair  thoughta 

Nuak  are  tha  maal  atriking  aarticiilar*  in  Ika  moanara 
and  palkry  af  the  MaiWana,  wniak  aihiliit  Ikem  to  view 
aa  a  paapla  ranaideraMy  laAnod  Hut  fnnn  oikar  rir- 
ruma'an'i  one  la  apt  lo  aiiapaat  Ikat  llieir  •  liarai'lar, 
and  many  af  lliair  ineliiutimw,  did  no*  dilfar  greatly 
hom  tkoao  of  the  other  iiihakilania  of  Amerlee 

l.lka  ihe  nida  Irihea  around  Ikom,  tko  Maiirana  ware 
InrvManliy  engaged  In  war,  and  tha  niuiivaa  wlink 
liroiiiptrd  tliaiii  to  haiatility  aaem  la  hate  tiean  tha 
aaina.  They  fought  in  imler  la  gratify  their  vangaanaa 
ky  alieildiug  Iha  liluod  of  Ihoir  enanuee  In  ballla  Ihay 
were  rhii  iTy  Ihlriil  on  taking  priaonara  .  anil  it  waa  by 
Ilia  numlnr  uf  Iheaa  lliat  Ihay  aaiiinaled  Ihe  glniy  of 
VM'lury.  Nil  capline  waa  e«er  raiiawiied  or  a|aiad 
All  ware  aacrilirad  without  marcy,  and  thair  Haah 
ilavuurad  wiih  ihe  aanio  barliaroua  )oy  aa  among  (lir 
Arrreat  aavagaa.  Ihi  aoine  oriaaiima  it  aniaa  lo  aten 
wililar  aicaaaoa.  Tlieii  priiiiM|ial  warruiia  ruti'rad 
iheiiiaeUna  with  Ihe  akiiia  ul  ihu  uiihapiiy  virlinit,  and 
danced  ahwil  Iho  alraeta,  boaaiing  uf  their  own  valor, 
and  aiulling  oyer  their  enemiea  K*en  in  their  ri»il 
liiahliiliiHia  wa  diacovvr  tracra  of  lliat  liailiarnua  dia- 
(Hiaitum  whh-h  lliair  a)aletii  of  war  iiiapired  The  luiir 
I  hiel  coiinai'llara  of  the  empire  were  iliatinguialu  d  hy 
tiilea,  which  could  haaa  liaen  aaaumeil  only  hy  a  peo- 
ple vtho  delighied  In  blond.  [IAI|  Thia  ferocity  of 
chaiiirX'  lirKvailinl  aniuiig  all  the  nalimia  of  New 
!4|iaiii.  The  I  lowaltna,  the  |iaopla  of  Mmlioacan,  and 
oilier  alatea  al  tniuity  wiih  the  Maiicana,  delighlad 
ai|ually  in  war,  and  Irea'ed  then  priaonara  with  Ihe 
eanie  cruelty.  In  pro|>oiliiiii  ••  roankiinl  combine  In 
aocial  iiiiiuii,  and  live  under  tha  ii,f''>eiice  of  eipial  lawa 
and  reifultr  jiolicy,  their  niannera  aoilan,  aentiiiienta  of 
humanily  ariae,  and  the  righta  of  tho  apeciaa  come  la 
he  underatood.  The  Aerceneaa  of  war  abalea,  and 
even  Willie  engaged  In  hootilily,  men  reinenihar  what 
they  owo  onn  lo  anolhar.  'Ino  aavage  Aghta  to  ile- 
•trny,  the  ciiiiaii  lo  con<|urr.  Tha  former  iieiiliar 
pillea  nor  a|iaraa,  Iho  lalter  kaa  acquired  aanaihilily 
winch  tani|iere  hie  rage.  To  thia  tonaibikly  the  Meii- 
i  cane  acain  lo  have  been  perfect  atnngera ;  and  among 
them  war  waa  carrietl  on  with  ao  much  of  iia  original 
liarbarily,  that  we  cannot  but  auafiect  their  degree  uf 
eiviliialion  lo  have  been  vary  imperfect. 

Their  funeral  rilea  were  tiol  leaa  bloody  than  thoeo 
of  Ihe  moak  aavaga  Iriliea  On  tha  death  of  any  dia- 
tinguiahad  |ieraon4ge,  ae|iecially  of  Ihe  emperor,  a  cer- 
tain number  of  hia  aitendanu  were  choaen  to  accom- 
pany hiin  lo  the  other  worhl ;  and  tlioaa  unfortunate 
victiina  were  pul  to  death  wilhoul  maroy,  and  buried 
in  the  aame  tninb. 

Though  their  agricuUura  viu  mora  eilenaiya  than 
that  of  III*  roving  Irihea  who  iruaied  chiefly  to  thair 
bow  for  food,  it  aeeina  not  to  have  aopplied  them  with 
aiirh  auhtiatence  aa  men  require  when  engaged  in 
elTorta  of  active  induttrv.  The  Rpaniarda  appear  not 
lo  have  been  atruck  with  any  auperiority  of  Ihe  Meii- 
cane  over  tha  olhor  people  of  America  in  bodily  vigor. 
Uoth,  according  lo  their  ubaerration,  were  of  auch  a 
feeble  franin  aa  lo  ha  unable  to  endure  fatigue,  and  the 


t«MpktlmkiilHi|«MMMJMW«Miril» 

I  kire.  aHlReiaM  la  areeaiaa  Mb,  kM  aa*  !•  gl«e  tMMMt 


I  were  eiprraaod  by  a  peculiar  mark ;  and  Ihay 
M  mh  la  danotad  all  inlegnl  numbara,  from  twenty 
M  lilM  OMUMod'    Tha  (hort  duntiaa  af  thair  ampifa 


*  Tlie  Meilcan  motla  of  cntnputlni  time,  and  every  other 
particular  relating  tu  their  chronoliify,  hava  been  conilder- 
ably  elucidated  by  M.  Ulavtnro,  vol.  I.  M8;  vol.  U. «»,  Ac. 
Tha  ubaarvatlona  and  thaorlaa  of  tha  Meilcana  concamlng 
tkoao  aubjacta  dlacovar  a  fraalor  profreta  In  ppendatlTa 
aciaaee  Ikan  wa  And  aowng  aoy  people  ir  h»  Naw  WaiM. 


waMha) 


la  Ikair   naaatMNlHait      Hoak  a 

kava   keen  mada  wiik  raapoal  la  aa«  peaiile  kHaMhii 

pteflilfHlly  auk  Ika  naeeaaerioe  of  Ma      'Ike  MtltJtf 

wkiek  I  Mtea  kwMl  m  pnwaring  aakalatanaa  tN  Ma 

amall  hwly  of  >«ld>eia.  wka  wen  eAaa  aiiniiralai<  !• 

h«a  an  Ika  i 

la  'onkrm 

tlvea  tia  hi| 
laiH>an  eiitpira 
A  praeiK'e  ikat  waa  iin«|eraal  ki  New  Mfala  affaaM 
to  favor  Ihia  epmaan  'Ike  Maataan  waiaaa  yita  mmII 
la  ikeir  ekiMren  lor  aevaral  vaafa,  and  daaM^  ikM  MM 
tkey  did  na«  lukakil  witk  ikaM  kaakaada.  Thw  ft*' 
(auiimi   agamat  *  kaidaiieama  kattaaM  af 


f    wi    wnMivr*.   wiNV   wwrv  envvi  mww^rar^mt^m  wm 

I  apMoianaBHa  pradueiiana  af  Ika  earth,  aeang 
t  >ka  remark  of  ika  Hpamek  wiuera,  aarf 
high   idea  af   Ihe  etala  af  aolllvatiaa  M  llM 


ikoiigk  naeeaaary,  ae  I  kava  alnady  akiimd,  *aaa| 

aavagaa,  who  from  Ika  kardaklya  af  thalf  eaadttlaa,  tm§ 
Iha  pfaaafMHiaiieae  of  Ikoir  ewlialaMnaai  tad  M  Mtiyi 
hie  la  rear  a  nunierwia  IwMly,  aaa  kaiilly  ha  mfimtt 
la  have  ■'oniiiinad  eiaaaf  a  peafia  wka  lN«4  *i  aaia 
•ad  in  ainiialanaa 


Iha  vaat  eaiant  *f  Iko  kleikiM  waftra,  i 
keen  rmMiderafl,  and  wiih  piaiiee,  aa  tka  maal  daaMM 
proof  of  a  I'miaHlerahIa  prngraae  in  regular  gaaefiMMlM 
and  imlira,  la  raie  of  tlwea  faala  in  Ika  kMafy  af  th* 
Naw  Wurbl  wbleh  eaama  la  kava  keaa  •dwHted  «>Mll> 
wit  due  aiaininaiHin  iir  auMaloM  atidiiiaa.  Tha  llpa> 
niah  hnimi.in*.  in  order  lu  magnify  tha  valay  af  tkitf 
eiHiiilr>iiieii,  ale  accuatofflad  lu  refwi  at  tha  daaMlttaa 
of  Munteaiima  aa  aireii'klag  a«er  all  tha  Maymaaa  al 
Naw  Npein  fnua  the  Nartkarn  la  Ika  Haawafti  OaaMk 
Uiii  a  grrai  |Mri  uf  tha  niountainona  aawalry  waa  pa» 
aaaaed  liv  tlia  thimut,  a  Karra  uiwivdued  paaaia,  wh« 
aaem  10  have  lieeti  lli»  laaMliie  of  tha  aftglnai  tahakt- 
laala  iha  pruvinaea  lawanla  Ika  north  aad  weal  af 
MaiMO,  war*  maupiad  by  tka  t'AitiraMaa.,  tad  athM 
triliaa  af  huniiia  NiHia  a(  ikeao  reeogniaad  Ika  M*|> 
Wan  HMiiareh  aa  their  auiieiior  liven  m  tka  luletiat 
and  Niaia  bvel  coiinliy,  there  ware  aevaral  altiaa  tmi 
pravtneae  whwh  had  never  aubmittad  to  iha  Metkiaa 
yaka.  Tiaecala,  llimigh  only  Iwanty-uno  loaguaa  fraai 
Ihe  I  ap.lal  of  Ik*  empire,  wee  an  mdependoat  aad  kaa* 
III*  repiililw  <'4M>lula,  Ihmigh  atill  nearer,  had  haan 
aiihjpi'iad  only  a  abort  lima  hefora  tka  arrtval  af  tha 
N|ieiiiarda.  'I'apeaca,  at  tha  diaiaiice  af  thirty  laagaaa 
(nH.i  Maiiaa,  aaema  la  hava  bean  a  aaparaia  atala. 
giiiernad  hy  ila  own  lawa  Maehuacar,  lhi<  fronlief  m 
whicli  evtemled  wilhin  forly  leaguea  ol  Main  '  wai  • 
powerful  kingdom  remarkable  fur  lla  implaaalile  anaMjf 
lo  the  Meiiren  name.  Uy  Iheaa  kuatda  powtra  tka 
Meiican  anipire  waa  cireumarribed  an  every  quar'ef^ 
and  the  high  nleaa  which  wn  an  a|il  la  fofm  af  it  liaM 
the  deaeripiiun  of  the  Npanieh  klaluriana,  ihaaM  ha  aai^ 
aiderably  moderated. 

'n  coiiaaquanca  of  thia  Independanee  of  aavafai  ■ 


In  Naw  NiMin  upnn  Iha  Maiiean  empiro,  ihare  waa  Mt 
any  conaMerahle  iiitarcourao  botweea  lla  variaa*  ,'1^ 
vincea  liven  in  the  iiilenor  cmitilra  nal  fat  dwlMH 
Ironi  tha  capital,  ihere  aceina  to  hava  been  na  taadi  m 
iiwililale  the  cointiiunH?atioii  of  one  diairial  with  in^ 
Iher  t  and  whan  the  N|Hinianle  Aral  allemptad  la  paa» 
Irate  inlo  ita  aaveral  imvim'ea,  Ihey  kad  lo  aftn  Iktil 
way  through  foreala  ami  nianhaa.  Corloa,  la  kit  a^ 
vvniuroiia  march  frnm  Mciico  lo  llonduraa,  in  IMI^ 
mat  with  olwtrucliona,  and  endured  hirdahipa  liltla  Nili»> 
nor  lo  thou  with  which  he  iiiuai  hava  altuigglad  In  iIm 
moat  unciviliied  ragiona  of  America,  la  aoii  plaaaa 
ho  could  hardly  force  a  paaeaga  Ihroafk  la>|iatyiaa« 
wooda,  and  plaina  ovarflowati  with  water.  In  athaia 
he  found  ao  little  cultivation,  Ikal  kia  Iraopa  ware  h^ 
quenlly  in  danger  of  pariehing  by  famina.  Such  hala 
correaiMMid  ill  with  tha  pompoua  daaenpliaa  which  Iha 
Hpaniah  writara  give  of  Meiiean  polwa  and  iodualiy, 
and  convey  aii  idea  of  a  ceantry  nearly  ainulaf  la  Ikat 
poaaeaeed  hy  tho  Indian  Iribaa  in  North  Amariea.  Haia 
and  Ihera  a  trading  or  a  war  path,  aa  thay  era  oallad  In 
North  America,  lad  from  ona  aatllement  la  anolhac ; 
but  ganeralljf  tlvtra  appeared  no  aijpi  of  any  aatabliahad 
communication,  few  marka  of  induatiy,  and  fawat 
monumanta  of  art. 

A  proof  of  Ihia  Imparfaclion  in  thair  eommareaU 
inlercourae  no  laaa  aliiking  ia  thair  want  of  money,  or 
aoma  univeraol  eiandard  by  which  lo  ealiniala  Iha  valiia 
of  commoditlea.  Tha  diacovary  of  thia  ia  amang  Iha 
aiepa  of  greataal  eooaaquenra  in  tha  prograaa  ai  aa* 
tiona.  Until  il  kaa  been  made,  all  their  iranaaetiaM 
mutt  ba  ao  awkard,  ao  opcroae,  and  to  bmllrd,  thalwa 
may  boldly  pionounea  that  iha^  have  advanced  hot  ala- 
lia way  in  Inair  caraor.  Tha  inyantioo  of  aueh  a  aai» 
maicial  alandard  ia  af  nich  high  aniifuity  in  iw  I 


in 


■kM*k  Mid  ii*M  w  In  btjoni  Um  era  of  lulhintw  hia- 
Mny,  M  M  *fif*t  (loiMl  ewTil  with  lh«  •liitencs  of 
wcivljr.  I'm  pracKMia  imlal*  tun  lo  Imh  bcrn  rally 
•mptayad  for  thia  pur|iow ;  aiid  from  lliair  Mrmanuni 
valuo,  (hair  diviaibiliiy,  ami  many  olhar  qiialiliiv,  tliny 
HO  batlar  adaplad  lo  aarra  aa  a  coninion  iUndant  than 
M*  atb«r  auhaunco  of  whirh  nalura  haa  given  ua  iha 
ctimmanil.  Out  in  the  Naw  World,  wliarr  Iheaa  mvtala 
•bound  inoal,  tha  uaa  of  tlietn  waa  not  known.  TIki 
■ll|r«neira  of  luda  irihaa,  or  of  monaithica  iiniwrriclly 
•iviliiati,  did  nol  call  for  it.  All  llieircuinincrcial  inter- 
ceurao  waa  rarricti  on  by  barter ;  and  Ihvir  ignoranca 
at  any  common  ataiulard  by  which  to  facililalo  that 
uchanga  of  commodilirt  which  conlriliiitca  ao  niii.'h 
••waida  tho  comlbit  of  life,  may  Iw  iiiilly  ineiilionrd 
■a  an  avidanco  of  Iha  Infant  atale  of  tlwir  policy.  Uiit 
•tan  in  tho  Naw  World  tho  incoiifonionca  of  wantinu 
•omo  ganaral  inatnimani  of  commerce  brgan  to  ba  fell 
■nd  aomo  eflbrta  were  making  lowarda  aupplying  that 
dafeei.  Tha  Meiirana,  among  whom  Ihe  numhar  and 
graatnaaa  of  their  citiea  save  riao  to  a  more  attended 
commarca  than  in  any  oiner  pari  of  America,  had  bo- 
gun  10  employ  a  common  alandard  of  value  which  ren- 
nerod  amallcr  Iraniacliona  iniirh  more  eaay.  Aa  cho- 
colala  waa  the  favorite  drink  of  (leriona  in  every  rank 
•f  life,  the  nuta  or  almunda  of  cacao,  of  which  it  ic 
compoaed,  were  of  inch  niiivcraal  coiiaumptiun,  that. 
In  Ineir  ataled  markrla,  thrie  wrro  willingly  icccivod 
in  return  for  commodiliea  of  aniall  price.  I'hua  tlwy 
came  lo  be  conaidercd  aa  Ihn  iii>triinie,it  of  commarro 
■nd  Iha  value  of  what  one  wiahed  lo  dii|K>au  of  waa 
•etimatnd  by  Ihe  niimlicr  of  nuta  of  Ihe  cacao,  winch 
ho  might  oipcci  in  lurhango  for  it.  Thia  aocina  to  bo 
Ihe  ulinuat  length  wliicli  the  Americana  had  advanced 
towanla  the  diaeovery  of  any  f^ijiedienl  lor  aupplyinu 
the  uae  of  money.  And  if  the  want  of  it  ia  to  be  hold! 
en  one  hand,  at  a  proof  of  their  liarbarily,  thia  ci|i«- 
dieiit  for  aiipfilyin;;  that  want  ahould  ho  admitted,  on 
tha  other,  aa  an  evidenco  no  leaa  aalitfyiiig  of  aomo 
pragrraa  which  the  Mexicana  had  made  in  relinenieiit 
•nd  civUitation  beyond  the  aavage  tribet  around  them. 

In  auch  a  rude  atate  were  many  uf  the  Meiican  pro- 
vincaa  when  lirtt  viaited  by  their  coiiquorura.  hvcn 
their  ciliea,  rxtcnaive  and  (lupuloua  aa  they  were,  eceiii 
more  fit  to  In  tlie  habitation  of  men  jual  finerging 
from  barliaiily,  than  the  roaideiire  of  a  [Kiljihed  people. 
I'ha  deacripliun  of  I'laicala  nearly  reaeinblc*  that  of 
■n  Indian  villaK<t.  A  number  of  low  ilragijling  huta, 
•satlered  about  irregularly,  according  to  the  caprice  of 
••eh  proiirietor.  buiTt  with  lurl  and  alone,  and  thatched 
with  reeda,  wiilioul  any  liuht  hut  what  they  received  by 
•  door,  ao  low  limt  ii  could  not  lie  entered  upright.  In 
Mexico,  lliou|{li  from  llio  |H!Culiarity  of  ita  aituation,  the 
diapoaition  of  the  houaea  waa  nioru  orderly,  tho  alruc- 
ture  of  the  greater  pari  waa  equally  moan  Nor  duca 
Ihe  fabric  of  their  temples,  and  other  public  edifice*, 
•ppear  lo  have  lieen  auch  aa  entitled  thoin  tu  tlw  high 
praiae  boalowcd  upon  them  by  many  Spanish  authora, 
Aa  far  aa  one  can  gather  from  their  obacuro  and  inaccu- 
rate dcacriptiona,  the  great  temple  of  Mexico,  the  moat 
famoua  in  Now  ^<pain,  which  haa  been  reproaenlcd  aa 
t  inagnilicent  building,  raised  to  such  a  height,  that  the 
■aconi  to  it  waa  by  a  flight  of  a  hundred  and  fourteen 
•leps,  waa  a  aolid  inaaa  of  earlh  of  a  sqiiarn  form,  faced 
partly  with  atone.  Ila  baae  on  each  side  extended 
ninety  feet ;  and  decreasing  gradually  aa  it  advanced 
ill  heiglil,  il  lerminalod  in  a  quadrangle  of  about  thirty 
feet,  whore  were  placed  a  ahrine  of  tho  deity,  and  two 
•llarr  on  which  tho  victims  were  aacriliccd.  All  tho 
other  celebrated  tcmplea  of  New  .Spain  exactly  resem- 
bled that  of  Mexico.  [  I&2|  Such  alructurea  convey  no 
high  idea  of  progresa  in  an  and  ingenuity  i  and  one  can 
hirdly  conceive  that  a  form  more  rude  and  aimpio  could 
hm*  occurred  lo  a  nation  in  ita  lirat  etiorta  towcrds 
■ncling  any  great  work. 

Greater  akill  and  ingenuity  were  diaplayed,  if  we 
■■y  believe  Ihe  Spaniahhistoriana,  in  the  houaea  of  Ihe 
•mperor,  and  in  thote  of  tl :  principal  nobility.  There 
acme  elegance  of  design  was  viaiblo,  and  a  commodious 
•rrangemcnt  of  the  apartinenta  waa  attended  tn.  But 
if  buildingt  cineaponding  to  auch  descriptions  had  ever 
•liated  in  Ihe  Mexican  cities,  it  is  probable  that  aome 
ivmaina  of  them  would  still  be  viaible.  From  the  man- 
fwr  in  which  Cortea  conducted  tho  elege  of  Mexico,  wo 
can  indeed  easily  account  for  the  total  doatruction  of 
whaleverhad  any  appearance  of  splendor  in  that  capital. 
Butaa  only  two  centuries  snd  a  half  have  elapaed  aince 
tho  conquest  of  New  Spain,  it  seems  altogether  incre- 
dible that  in  a  period  ao  short,  every  vestige  of  this 
bo^alcd  elegance  and  grandeur  should  have  diaappcared; 
Mid  that  in  Ihe  other  cities,  particularly  in  tboae  which 
'  All  w(  mitttt  bT  Ihe  dea'.nicUf«  band  of  the  conijuer- 


ROBERTBON'R    IIIITOIIY  Or 


ota,lhcr(tr«nalany  ruina  which  can  b« 
monumanta  of  their  ancianl  mamiAcenc*. 

Kvan  in  a  village  of  the  riiJi'ti  Indiana,  Ihare  are 
buildinga  of  greater  extent  and  eirvatiuii  than  coininon 
dwrlhiig  houses.  Nucli  sa  are  destined  lor  holding  the 
council  of  the  tribe,  and  in  which  all  assi'mble  on  oc- 
caaioiis  of  public  festivity,  may  be  called  alatcly  rdi- 
ticet,  when  compand  with  the  rest.  A  a  among  the 
Mexicans  Ihe  diMtinrlioii  uf  ranks  was  established,  and 
property  was  iineijuiilly  divuli'd,  the  number  of  distin- 
guished structures  in  their  towns  would  of  course  bo 
greater  than  in  olher  parte  of  America.  Uut  theae 
seem  not  lo  have  been  either  so  solid  or  niagiiincent  as 
lo  merit  llio  [lomiious  rpilhels  which  some  Nfwniih  au- 
thors employ  in  desitibing  ihom.  It  is  probable  that, 
though  more  ornainenled,  and  built  on  a  larger  acalc, 
they  were  erected  with  Ihe  saino  alight  matoriala  which 
the  Indiana  employed  in  their  roniinnn  buildinga,  [1A3I 
■nd  Time,  in  •  aiiace  much  '."oa  than  two  huiidred  and 
lifty  years,  may  have  awepi  kiray  all  reinalna  of  Ihoiu 

Krom  thia  enumeration  of  facta,  it  avema,  upon  the 
whole,  lo  be  evident,  that  the  atate  of  aocioiy  in  Mexico 
waa  considerably  advanced  beyond  that  of  the  aavage 
Irilics  which  we  havo  dj^lineatcd.  Uut  il  ia  no  leaa 
manifest  that,  with  respect  to  many  particultra,  the 
S|iaiiisb  accounts  of  thuir  progress  ajipear  to  be  highly 
embellislied.  Thero  is  nol  a  more  freqiionl  or  a  more 
fertile  source  of  deception  in  describing  tho  manncra 
and  arts  of  aavsgn  naliuiis,  or  of  such  as  are  imperfectly 
civiliied,  than  that  of  applying  lo  them  the  nainea  and 
phrases  appropriated  to  the  institutions  and  rermementa 
of  iwlished  life.  When  the  leader  of  a  aiiiall  tribe,  or 
tho  head  of  a  rude  cainmunity,  is  dignified  with  tho 
nainu  of  King  or  Kinperor,  tho  place  of  hia  reaidencu 
can  receive  no  other  name  than  that  of  hia  palace  ;  anil 
whatever  hia  atle  'daiila  may  be,  tliey  must  lie  called 
Ilia  court.  Under  audi  appellations  they  acquire,  in  our 
eatlmalion,  an  iinporiance  and  dignity  which  dooa  not 
belong  lo  thoin.  Tho  illusion  apreada;  and  giving  a 
falao  color  to  every  part  of  tho  narrative,  the  imagiiia- 
lion  ia  so  much  carried  away  with  the  rcaemblance, 
that  It  becoinea  diniciilt  to  discern  objects  aa  they 
really  are.  'I'he  Spaniaida,  when  they  first  touched  on 
the  iMoxIcan  coaat,  wero  ao  much  atruck  with  tho  ap- 
pearance of  attainments  in  |iolicy  and  in  tho  aria  of  life, 
far  superior  to  those  of  the  rude  Iribea  with  which  they 
wero  hitherto  acquainted,  that  ihcy  fancied  they  had  at 
length  discovered  a  civilized  people  in  the  Now  World. 
This  comparison  botwaen  the  |ieoplo  of  Mexico  and 
thoir  uncultivated  ncighbora,  they  appear  lo  have  kept 
eonalantly  in  viuw  ;  and  observing  with  admira- 
tion many  things  which  marked  ilie  pru-emineiico 
of  the  furninr,  tlicy  employ,  in  deaciibiiig  their  iiii- 
perfoct  policy  and  infant  arte,  auch  teiina  aa  are  a|i- 
pli':uble  10  the  institutiuiia  of  men  far  beyond  them  m 
improvement.  Uoth  tlieie  circumstances  concur  in  de- 
tracting from  tho  credit  duo  to  the  deacriptiona  of  Mexi- 
can mannera  by  the  early  .Spanish  writers.  l)y  draw- 
ing a  parallel  between  ihoin  and  tliosa  of  people  ao 
iiiuoh  leaa  civilized,  they  raised  their  own  idoaa  too 
high,  liy  their  iiiude  of  describing  them,  they  conveyed 
ideas  to  olhcra  iiii  less  exalted  above  truth.  Later 
writera  have  adopted  tho  style  of  the  original  histo- 
rians, and  improved  upon  it.  The  colors  with  which 
Do  Solia  dclincatca  the  character  and  deacriliea  tho 
actiona  of  Montezuma,  the  splendor  of  hia  court,  the 
lawa  and  policy  of  hia  empire,  are  the  same  that  he 
must  have  employed  in  exhibiting  to  view  iho  monarch 
and  institutions  of  a  highly  polished  people. 

Dut  though  wo  may  admit,  that  the  warm  imagination 
of  tho  Spanish  writers  h<a  added  aomo  embelliabment 
to  their  descriptions,  this  will  not  justify  tho  decisive 
and  |icreinptory  tone  with  which  several  autlwrs  pro- 
nounce all  their  accounts  of  the  Mexicsii  |iower,  policy, 
and  lawa,  to  bo  the  lictiona  of  men  who  wiahed  lo  d«- 
ceivc,  or  who  delighted  in  Iho  inarvelloiia.  There  aro 
few  historloal  facts  that  can  bo  asoertulncil  by  evidence 
more  unrxce|itloiiabl«,  than  may  be  produced  in  support 
of  the  material  articles  in  the  description  of  the  Mexi- 
can conalilulion  and  manners.  Kye-witneasoa  relate 
what  they  beheld.  Mon  who  hod  resided  among  tho 
Mexicans,  both  before  and  after  t!io  conquest,  describe 
institutions  and  customs  which  were  fainilinr  to  them. 
Persons  of  proressions  so  dilfcrcnt  that  objects  inuut 
have  presented  themselves  to  their  view  under  every 
varioua  asjiccl ;  aoldlers,  priests,  and  lawyora,  all 
concur  in  their  testimony.  Had  (yortes  ventured 
to  impose  upon  hii  sovereign,  by  exhibiting  to  him 
a  picture  of  imaginary  manners,  thero  wanted  not 
enemies  and  rivala  who  were  qualified  lo  detect  hia 
deceit,  and  who  would  have  rejoiced  in  upoaing  it. 


Bui  ■ccwdiiig  to  Iha  jual  raimrk  of  an  luihar,  i 

iiwenuily  haa  illualraled,  and  whoaa  eloquence  kM 
adornrd,  the  hialory  of  America,  thia  auppoaition  i(  w 
itaell  aa  improluiblo  as  the  attempt  would  havo  bcanwi- 
dscious.  >\'ho,  ainuiig  the  dohlreytra  of  Ihia  great  fm 
pire,  waa  so  enlightened  by  acienee,  or  ao  attenliva  M 
the  progress  and  ojierationa  of  men  in  aocial  lifo,  ■■  !• 
frame  ■  fictitioua  ayatem  nf  |<olicy  ao  well  combinoi 
and  so  consistent,  as  that  which  they  delmeate  in  ihcil 
accounts  of  the  Mexican  gnvernmeiil  I  Wheru  tniiM 
they  have  borrowed  tho  idva  of  many  institutiona  la 
legislalion  and  iHiliee,  to  which,  at  that  period,  thar^  «■• 
nothing  |>anllrl  in  liie  nationa  with  which  Ihay  w«n 
acquainted  t  'I'lirro  waa  not,  at  the  beginning  of  Ilia 
sixteenth  century,  a  regular  estabhshnienl  of  poata  fot 
convoying  intelligence  to  tho  sovereign  of  any  Lingdam 
ill  Kurope.  The  same  obaorvation  will  apply  lo  what 
tho  Spaniarda  relate  with  roajivcl  to  tho  structure  of  Iha 
city  of  Mexico,  the  rcgulationa  concerning  ila  police, 
and  varioua  lawa  established  fur  Iho  adminiatration  of 
justice,  or  aecuring  the  happineaa  of  the  community. 
Whoever  ia  accualomed  lo  contomplale  Ihe  piogreaa  af 
nationa  will  often,  at  very  eaily  atayea  of  it,  diacovar  • 
tireinature  and  unexpected  dawfi  ol  thosu  ideaa  which 
gave  riae  lo  institutions  that  aro  Iho  pride  and  orna» 
incnl  of  ita  moat  advanced  iicriod.  Kven  in  •  atate  aa 
imperfectly  |iolialied  aa  tho  Mexican  empire,  Iha  happy 
geiiiua  of  Mine  aogaciuua  obacrver,  excited  or  aideil  by 
circumatancea  unlinown  to  iis,  may  Iwv*  inlroduaed 
inalilutiona  which  are  aoldoni  found  but  in  aociatica 
highly  refined.  Uut  it  ia  alinust  inqiosaible  thai  tha 
illiterate  conquorora  of  the  Now  World  ahould  havo 
formed  in  any  one  inatance  a  conception  of  cualoma  and 
lawa  beyond  the  alandard  of  iinprovonienl  in  their  owb 
ago  and  country.  Ur  if  Cortea  had  boon  capable  of 
this,  what  inducement  had  those  by  whom  he  waa  aupor 
aeded  to  cuiitiiiuo  the  deception  I  Why  should  Uorita^ 
or  Mnlolinea,  or  Acoata,  have  amused  their  aovcraiga 
or  their  fellow-citixoiia  with  a  talo  purely  fabuloual 

In  Olio  iMrticular,  however,  the  guidea  whom  wa 
mual  follow  have  repreaenled  the  Mexicana  10  ba  mora 
barliaroua,  (lerhapa,  than  they  really  were.  Their  rali- 
gioua  tanuta  and  llio  ritea  of  their  worship  are  daacribed 
by  Ihein  aa  wild  and  cruel  in  an  extreme  dograa.  Ha- 
ligioii,  which  occupioa  no  conaiderable  place  in  tha 
Ihoughta  of  a  savage,  whose  conceptions  of  any  au- 
peiior  power  are  obscure,  and  hit  aaered  rilea  few  ■■ 
well  aa  aiinple,  waa  formed,  among  tho  Moxicaoa,  into 
a.  regular  ayatem,  with  ita  coinplvio  train  uf  pritatt, 
tsmploa,  victima,  and  feativala.  'Hiia,  of  ilaelf,  ia  • 
clear  proof  that  Ihe  atate  of  Ihe  Mexicana  waa  vary 
ditl'erent  from  that  of  tho  ruder  American  Iribea.  But 
from  tho  extravagance  ol  tlioir  roligioua  notiona,  or  Iha 
barbarity  of  their  ritca,  no  concluaion  can  ba  drawu 
with  certainly  concerning  tho  degree  of  their  civiliaa- 
tion.  For  nations,  long  after  their  ideaa  begin  to  en- 
largo,  and  their  manners  to  refiiio,  adhere  to  ayaleiu  ol 
au|ieralition  founded  on  the  crude  concepliona  of  oarly 
ages.  From  Ihe  genius  of  Ihe  Mexican  rebgion  wa 
may,  however,  form  a  most  just  conclusion  with  raauact 
to  Ita  influence  upon  Ihn  character  of  tho  people.  I'ba 
aapect  of  aupcrstition  in  Mexico  was  gloomy  and  atrt^ 
cloua.  Ita  divinities  were  eluthed  wiili  terror,  and  de- 
lighted in  vengeance.  They  wuro  exhibited  to  Iha 
people  under  deteatablo  forms,  which  created  horror. 
The  figuroa  of  terpenlii,  of  tigers,  and  of  other  deatiuc> 
live  animala,  decorated  their  templea.  Fear  waa  tha 
only  priiicipio  that  inapircd  their  vouriea.  Faata,  mor* 
lificslions,  and  penances,  all  rigid,  and  many  of  lliem 
excruciating  to  an  extreme  degree,  wero  Ihe  lueaoa 
employed  lo  appeaae  the  wrath  of  thoir  goda,  and  tho 
Mexicana  neve  approached  their  altara  without  apriidi- 
ling  them  with  blood  drawn  from  tlieir  own  bodiea. 
Hut,  of  all  oll'erings,  human  atcrificea  wero  deemed  tho 
most  acceptable.  Thia  religioua  belief  mlnghng  with 
the  implacablo  apiiil  of  voiigeance,  and  adding  new 
force  to  it,  every  captive  taken  in  war  waa  brought  lo 
tho  tcmplo,  was  dovoled  as  a  victim  to  Ihe  deity,  anil 
sacrificed  with  riles  no  less  solemn  than  cruel.  [1&5J 
Tho  heart  and  head  were  tho  |iartion  conaccrated  la 
the  gods ;  the  warrior,  by  whoao  prowou  tho  priaooar 
had  noon  aeizcd,  carried  off  the  body  to  feaat  upon  it 
with  his  friends.  Under  Ihe  impression  of  ideaa  ao 
dreary  and  terrible,  and  accustomed  daily  to  acp.ioa  ol 
bloodshed  reiidcrei  awful  by  religion,  tho  heart  of  nun 
muat  harden  and  le  aleelrd  lo  every  acniiment  uf  hu- 
manity. The  spirit  of  tho  Mexicana  waa  accordingly 
unfeeling  ;  and  tho  gciiiua  of  their  religion  ao  far  couiv 
terbalanced  tho  influenco  of  policy  and  arta,  that  not- 
withstanding their  progreaa  in  both,  their  nunnata,  in 
atead  of  aoUening,  became  more  fierce.  To  what  cir- 
cumatancea it  waa  owing  that  ■uparatitioa  innmed 


SOUTH  AMKRIOA. 


W 


■n  luihw,  whMi 
«  cloqiMine*  kM 
I  uippMitiofl  i*  m 
iiltl  liuvo  liMn  vi' 
I  of  ihi>  gnat  tm 
91  to  DlWnliTt  la 
I  Mciil  life,  11  M 

0  well  coinblii»J 
diilliiniita  III  Ihca 
it  I  Whoru  tniiM 
ly  inilitulioiM  M 
period,  thtrt  WM 
v%hich  thty  w«n 
brginnlng  of  Um 
tiicnt  of  l>o*U  fot 
n  of  iiiv  Liiigdom 
nil  ipiily  lo  wbil 
isilruciuraoflht 
eriiing  ilt  pulict, 
idiiiinitlnlion  «( 

iho  coininunily. 
tn  the  piognM  of 
■  of  il,  diacoirw  • 
ihoie  ideu  whicb 

|irid«  and  orniF 
lOvun  in  *  •lata  ■« 
iiiipiro,  III*  happy 
iciiud  or  aiddu  by 

liavo  inlrodttoed 

1  but  in  aocioUot 
ii|ioHibla  thai  tba 
urld  ahould  hava 
Dnof  cuiloinaaiid 
iiient  in  ibeir  owa 

boon  capabia  of 
liom  ho  wai  lupci^ 
'liy  ahould  Corit^ 
Dd  ihoir  ■ovviiiiga 
ruly  fabuloua  I 
(uidoa  wlnm  wa 
ixicaiia  to  ba  inoia 
were.    Thau  rati- 
iliip  ara  daKribad 
ima  dograa.    Ha- 
able  pUca  in  tba 
iplioiia  of  any  au- 
lered  litaa  faw  aa 
|ho  Moxicaoa,  into 
train  of  priaala, 
of  itaalf,  ia  a 
eiicana  waa  vary 
ricun  tribaa.    But 
notiona,  or  tba 
can  be  drawn 
their  civiliia- 
liai  begin  to  an- 
lore  lo  ayatema  o< 
icepiiona  of  oarly 
icaii  religion  wa 
iiion  with  reauect 
the  people.    I'ha 
looiny  and  alro- 
terror,  and  da- 
exhibited  to  tha 
created  horror, 
of  other  deatruc- 
Fcar  waa  tha 
ea.    Faata,  mor- 
id  many  of  them 
were  the  iiieana 
ir  goda,  and  tho 
without  apriidi- 
eir  own  bodiea. 
were  deemed  tho 
f  mingling  with 
>nd  adding  new 
waa  brought  to 
the  deity,  and 
lan  cruel.  [l&AJ 
conaccrated  to 
laa  tho  priaoner 
feaat  upon  il 
on  of  ideaa  aa 
ily  to  acrnef  ol 
lie  heart  of  nua 
intiment  uf  hu- 
wu  accordingly 
ion  ao  far  couiv 
aru,  that  not- 
lir  mannara,  ia 
To  what  cit- 
ititioQ 


tnati  t  liaadAil  farm 


of 


glo 
h  I 


amana  tha  Maticana,  wa  have 
MM  andkiani  liiMwlad|a  of  Ihair  hialory  to  dalamiina. 
But  ila  influanea  ia  viaiMa,  and  produead  an  eflaci  that 
ia  aingular  hi  tba  hialoiy  of  tha  human  apaciaa.  Tha 
mannara  of  Iba  people  in  the  New  World,  who  had 
nada  tha  giaalaet  progreaa  in  the  aria  of  policy,  were, 
In  aaferal  laapecta,  Ina  moat  ferocinua,  and  tho  bar- 
baiily  of  ao>iia  of  their  cuatoma  exceeded  even  thoae  of 
Iha  aavaga  alala. 

Tha  empire  of  Per*  boaata  of  a  higher  antiquity  than 
that  of  Mexico  According  lo  the  traditionary  accounta 
collected  by  the  Hpaniarda,  il  had  aubaiated  four  hun- 
dred yeara,  under  twelve  aiiccriiiva  monarcha.  liul 
the  knowledge  of  their  ancient  atory,  which  tho  Peru- 
viana could  communicala  to  their  conquerora,  niual 
batre  been  both  imperfect  and  uncertain.  [IMI  Like 
Iha  olhai  Amarican  nationa,  they  were  totally  unac- 
quainted with  Iha  art  of  writing,  and  deatitute  o,'  tha 
only  meana  by  which  tha  memory  of  paat  Iranaactiona 
can  ba  preaerved  with  any  degree  of  accuracy.  Even 
among  pnopla  lo  whom  the  uia  of  lettera  ia  known, 
tba  era  where  tho  authenticity  of  hialory  commeneee 
(a  much  poaterior  to  the  introduction  of  writing.  That 
•oble  invention  continued  every  where  to  ba  long  aub- 
iervienl  lo  tha  common  hualDeaa  and  wanta  of  life,  ba- 
forr  It  waa  employed  in  recording  evenia,  with  a  view 
of  eoiivaylng  information  from  one  aga  lo  another.  Bui 
In  no  country  did  aver  tradition  alona  carry  down  hiato- 
rical  knowledge,  in  any  full  continuol  alroam,  during 
a  pcrtud  of  half  the  length  that  tho  monarchy  of  Peru 
ia  aaid  lo  have  aubaialed. 

Tha  Quipot,  or  knota  on  corda  of  diflerent  colore, 
which  are  celohraled  by  aulhora  fond  of  the  marvelloue, 
aa  if  Ihey  had  been  regular  annala  of  tho  empire,  iniper 
fectly  auppliod  the  place  of  writing.  According  to  the 
obKure  oeacription  of  thorn  by  .\coata,  which  Qarcl- 
laaao  da  la  Vega  haa  adopted  with  little  variation  and 
no  iinprovemant,  the  (^ui|>oa  aeom  to  have  been  adevice 
for  rendering  calculation  more  expcilitioua  and  accu- 
rata.  Uy  tha  varioua  colore  dinerenl  objocta  were 
denoted,  and  by  each  knot  a  diatinci  number.  Thua 
an  account  waa  taken,  and  a  kind  of  re,|iater  kept,  of 
Iha  inhabitanta  in  each  province,  or  of  the  acveral 
BTOductiona  collected  there  for  public  uae.  But  aa  tbeae 
Itnola,  however  varied  or  combined,  no  moral  or  ib- 
(Had  idea,  no  operation  or  quality  of  the  mind  could 
ba  repreaented,  they  contributed  little  lowarda  pre- 
anrving  the  memory  of  ancient  eventa  and  inatilutiona. 
By  the  Mexican  paintinga  and  aymbola,  rude  aa  they 
were,  more  knowledge  of  remote  Iranaactiona  aeema 
to  have  been  conveyed  than  the  Peruviana  could  derive 
from  their  boaated  quipoa.  Had  the  latter  been  even 
of  mora  axleiiaiva  uae,  and  better  adapted  to  aupply 
the  place  of  written  recorda,  they  periahnl  ao  generally, 
together  with  other  monumenta  of  Peruvian  ingenuity, 
in  the  wreck  occaaioned  by  the  Spaniali  coiiqueit,  and 
tha  civil  ware  aubaequenl  to  it,  that  no  acccaaioii  of 
light  or  knowledge  comea  from  them.  All  the  zeal  of 
Uatvilaaao  do  la  Vega,  for  Iha  honor  of  that  race  of 
monarcha  from  whom  he  deacended,  all  the  induatry  of 
bia  reaearchee,  and  the  auperior  advantagoa  with  which 
ha  carried  them  on,  opened  no  aource  of  information 
unknown  to  the  Spaniab  aulhora  who  wrote  before  him. 
In  hie  Kmal  Commenlariei,  he  continea  himaelf  to 
illualrate  wnal  Ihey  had  related  concerning  Iho  antiqui- 
Ilea  and  inatitutioni  of  Peru ;  and  hia  illuatrationa,  like 
loeir  accounta,  are  derived  entirely  from  Iho  tradition- 
ary ulea  current  among  hia  countrymen. 

Very  little  aredit  then  ia  due  to  the  minute  detaila 
which  nave  been  given  of  the  exploila,  Iho  battlea,  the 
conqueata,  and  private  character  of  the  early  Peruvian 
monarcha.  Wo  can  root  upon  nothing  in  their  atory  aa 
authentic,  but  a  few  facta  so  interwoven  in  the  ayalcm 
of  their  religion  and  policy,  aa  preaerved  the  inoinory 
of  them  from  being  loat ;  and  upon  the  deacription  of 
auch  cuatoma  and  inatitutions  ao  continued  in  force  at 
the  lime  of  the  conqiieal,  and  fell  under  tho  immediate 
obaervation  of  the  Spaniarda.  Uy  attending  carefully 
to  theae,  and  endeavoring  lo  aeparate  them  from  what 
appeara  to  be  fabuloua  or  of  doubtful  authority,  I  have 
labored  to  form  an  idea  of  the  Peruvian  government 
and  mannera. 

The  people  of  Peru,  aa  I  have  already  obaerved,  had 
not  advanced  beyond  the  rudest  form  of  aavage  life, 
when  Manco  Capac,  and  hia  consort  Mama  Ocollo, 
appeared  to  instruct  and  civilize  them.  Who  these 
axtraonlmary  personages  were,  whether  they  imported 
Ibeir  ayatem  of  legislation  and  knowledge  of  arte  from 
aoma  country  more  improved,  or,  if  nativea  of  Peru, 
how  Ihey  acquired  ideaa  ao  far  auparior  to  thoae  of  the 
paopia  whom  Ihev  addreaavd,  are  circumatancea  with 
Kapaet  lo  which  tba  Peruvian  tradition  convoya  no 


informalion.  Manco  Capae  and  bia  eonaoit,  taking 
advantage  of  Iba  propanaily  In  tba  Peruviana  to  aupar- 
atition,  and  particularly  of  their  veneration  for  the  Hun, 
(ireteiided  to  be  children  of  that  glorioua  luminary,  and 
to  deliver  their  inatructloiia  in  hia  name,  and  by  autbo- 
rlty  from  him.  The  multitude  tialcned  and  believed. 
What  rDforiiiatinn  in  |K)llcy  and  mannera  the  Peruviana 
aavribe  to  ihoae  foiindara  of  their  empire,  and  how,  from 
the  prtrrpta  of  tho  Inca  and  hia  conaort,  their  ancca- 
lora  graduallv  acquired  aoine  knowledge  of  thoae  arte, 
and  aoma  reliab  for  that  industrv,  which  render  aub- 
aiatence  aecuro  and  life  comfortable,  hath  been  formerly 
related.  Thoaa  bleaainga  were  originally  conAned 
within  narrow  nreoincta )  but  in  proceaa  of  time,  the 
aucceaaora  of  Manco  Capac  extended  their  dominion 
over  all  iha  regiona  thai  alreteh  to  tho  weal  of  Iha 
iXndea  from  Chili  lo  Quito,  aatabliahing  in  every  pro- 
vince their  peculiar  poliev  and  religioua  inatilutiona. 

The  moet  aingular  and  atriking  circunialance  in  the 
Peruvian  government  ia  the  inAucnce  of  religion  upon 
ila  geniua  and  lawa.  Religioua  ideaa  make  auch  a  fee- 
bla  unpreaaion  on  tbo  mimfof  a  aavage,  that  their  elTecl 
upon  hia  aonthncnta  and  mannen  la  hardly  peicepli- 
bia  Among  the  Mexicana,  religion,  reduced  into  a 
regular  ayatem,  and  holding  a  considerable  place  in 
their  public  inatilutiona,  operated  with  conapicuoua  effi- 
cacy In  forming  Iha  peculiar  character  of  that  people. 
But  in  Peru,  the  whole  ayatem  of  poliev  waa  founded 
on  religion.  The  Inca  appeared  not  only  aa  a  legisla- 
tor, hut  aa  the  mcaaenuer  of  Heaven.  Hia  piecepta 
were  received  not  morcTy  aa  the  injunctiona  of  a  aupe- 
rior, but  as  tho  inanilatra  of  the  Deity.  Hia  race  waa 
to  lie  held  sacred  :  and  in  order  to  preaervo  it  distinct, 
without  beiUj,'  polluted  by  any  mixture  of  leaa  noble 
blood,  tho  aona  of  Manco  Capac  married  their  own 
slaters,  and  no  person  was  ever  admitted  to  the  throne 
who  roiild  not  claim  It  by  such  a  pure  duaccni.  To 
those  Children  of  the  Sun,  for  that  waa  tho  appellation 
beatowcd  upon  all  the  oH'apring  of  the  firal  Inca,  tho 
jieoplo  looked  up  with  tho  reverence  due  to  beinsa  ol  a 
auperior  order.  They  were  deemed  ta  be  under  the 
immediate  protection  of  the  deity  from  whom  they 
iaaued,  and  by  him  every  crdcr  of  tho  reigning  Inca 
waa  aupposed  to  be  dictated. 

From  those  ideaa  two  conacquences  reanlled.  The 
authority  of  the  Inca  waa  unlimited  and  abaolutc  in  the 
ma>t  exienaive  meaning  of  the  worda.  Whenever  tho 
decMv^  of  a  prince  are  conaidcred  aa  the  commands  of 
the  Divlr.'ty,  it  ia  not  only  an  act  of  rebellion,  but  of 
impiety,  la  J'sputa  or  oppose  hia  will.  Obedience  be- 
coinea  a  duly  of  religion ;  and  as  it  would  be  profane 
to  control  a  monarch  who  ia  believed  to  bo  under  the 
guidance  of  Heaven,  and  prcaumptuoua  to  advise  him, 
nothing  remaiin  but  to  aubinil  with  implicit  reaped. 
Tbia  must  nereasarily  be  the  eflccl  of  every  goveni- 
inont  established  c.'i  pretensions  of  intercourse  wilh 
superior  powera.  Such  accordingly  waa  iho  blind  sub- 
mission which  the  Peruviana  yielded  to  their  aove- 
reigna.  The  peraona  of  higheat  rank  and  greateat 
power  in  their  dominiona  acknowledged  them  to  be  of 
a  more  exalted  nature ;  and  in  testimony  of  thia,  when 
admitted  into  their  presence,  they  entered  with  a  bur- 
don  upon  their  ahouldcra,  aa  an  emblem  of  their  servi- 
tude, and  willingneaa  to  bear  whatever  the  Inca  waa 
pleased  lo  impose.  Among  their  subjects,  force  waa 
not  requisite  to  second  their  commands.  Every  officer 
intrusted  with  the  execution  of  them  waa  revered,  and, 
according  to  the  account  of  an  intelligent  observer  of 
Peruvian  mannera,  he  might  proceed  alone  from  one 
extremity  of  the  empire  to  another  without  meeting 
oppoaition ;  for,  on  producing  a  fringe  from  the  royal 
horia,  an  omaineni  of  the  head  peculiar  to  the  reigning 
Inca,  the  lives  and  fortunea  of  the  people  were  at  hia 
dispoaal. 

Another  conaequence  of  eatabliahing  government  in 
Peru  on  tho  foundation  of  religion  was,  thai  all  crimes 
were  punished  capitally.  Tmy  were  not  considered 
as  transgressions  of  human  laws,  but  as  insulu  offered 
to  tho  Deity.  Each,  without  any  distinction  between 
such  aa  were  alight  and  auch  as  were  atrocious,  called 
for  vengeance,  and  could  be  expiated  only  by  tho  blood 
of  the  offender.  Consonantly  lo  tho  same  ideaa,  pun- 
ishment followed  the  trespass  with  inevitable  certainty, 
because  an  offence  against  Heaven  was  deemed  auch  a 
high  enormity  aa  could  not  be  pardoned.  Among  a 
iwoplo  of  corrupted  morals,  maxima  of  juriaprudence 
so  severe  and  unrelenting,  by  rendering  men  ferocioua 
and  desperate,  would  be  more  apt  to  multiply  Crimea 
than  to  restrain  them.  But  the  Peruviana,  of  aimple 
manners  and  unsuspicious  faith,  were  held  in  ancb  awe 
by  Ihir  rigid  discipline,  that  the  number  of  offendera 
was  axtiamoly  anull.    Veneration  for  mooaicbs  en- 


lightened  and  d'rected,  aa  Ihav  beliavad,  by  Iba  diviaMf 
wliom  thay  adored,  promplad  tbam  to  Ibair  daty )  IM 
dread  of  punii>!>ment,  which  Ihey  were  taugbl  lo  < 
aider  aa  unavoidable  vengeance  inlllclad  by  r'~^ 
Heaven,  wllhlicid  them  from  evil. 

The  ayatem  ol  aiipentition,  on  whirb  tba  Incat  |*< 
grafted  their  pretensinna  to  auch  high  authority,  waa  af 
a  geniua  very  dillerei'  from  that  oatabliahad  among  tin 
Mexicana.  Manco  Capac  turned  Iba  veneration  oT  bio 
followera  entirely  towsrda  natural  objecla.  Tha  Hun, 
aa  the  great  aource  uf  light,  of  joy,  and  fertility  in  tbn 
creation  attracted  iheir  principal  nomago.  The  Moan 
and  Stare,  aa  i.o-op<Tatlng  witn  him,  wen  antilb^  M 
aecondary  honora.  Wherever  tha  propenaily  il,  Iha 
human  mind  to  acknowledge  and  to  adore  aoiiM  aupa> 
rior  power  takoa  thia  direction,  and  ia  employed  in  aoi>> 
tamplating  the  order  and  berwAcenco  that  really  aaiata 
in  nature,  the  aiiirit  of  auprnlition  ia  mild.  Wnaravar 
imaginary  beings,  crealeo  by  Iba  fancy  and  Iba  faan  af 
men,  are  aiippoaed  to  preside  in  nalun,  ami  baconwllw 
objects  of  worship,  auperalition  alwaya  aeaumaa  a  mora 
aevere  and  atrncioiia  form.  Of  the  latter  we  have  an 
example  among  the  Mexicana,  of  the  former  among  Iba 
|H.'oplo  of  Peru  The  Peruviana  had  not,  indeed,  mada 
auch  progreaa  in  obaervation  or  inquiry,  aa  to  bava 
attained  just  roncepliona  of  the  Daily ;  nor  waa  lhai« 
in  their  lunKiiage  any  projier  name  or  appollatioo  of  tbo 
Supreme  i'owr.r.  wliieh  intimated  that  tnry  bad  IbniMd 
any  idea  of  him  aa  tho  Creator  and  Governor  of  Iba 
world. 

But  by  directing  their  veneration  to  that  glorioua  la- 
minary,  which,  by  Ha  universal  and  vivifying  energy,  ia 
tha  Ileal  emblem  of  Divine  benoAccncf ,  IM  ritaa  mi 
observancea  which  they  deemed  acceptable  to  him  woia 
innocent  and  humane.  They  nH°ored  to  tha  Sun  a  rart 
of  those  productiona  which  hia  genial  warmth  bad  called 
forth  from  the  bosom  of  the  earth,  and  reared  lo  matu- 
rity. They  aacrlAced,  as  an  oblation  of  gratitude,  soma 
of  tho  animals  which  were  indebted  to  his  influence  for 
nourishment.  They  presented  to  him  choice  apecimena 
of  thoae  wnrka  of  ingenuity  which  hia  light  bad  guidad 
the  hand  of  man  in  forming.  But  the  Ineaa  never 
stained  hia  altara  with  human  blood,  nor  could  Ihey 
conceive  that  their  beneHcent  father,  the  Sun,  would  ba 
delighted  with  auch  horrid  victims  [1&7]  Thua  tba 
Peruviana,  uiiarquainteil  with  thoae  barbaroua  ritaa 
which  exiinguiah  aenaibility,  and  auppreaa  the  feelinga 
of  nature  at  the  tight  of  human  aufl'ennga,  were  formed 
by  the  apirit  of  the  auperalition  which  they  had  adevlad, 
lo  a  national  cKaracter  more  gentle  than  that  of  any 
people  in  America. 

'i'lio  influenco  of  Ihia  auperalition  operated  in  tba 
aamo  manner  upon  Iheir  civil  inatilutiona,  and  tended 
to  correct  in  thum  whatever  waa  adverae  to  oentlaneaa 
of  char-icter.  The  dominion  of  the  Incaa,  though  tha 
moat  absolute  of  all  deapotiams,  waa  mitigaled 
by  its  alliance  with  religion.  The  mind  waa  not  hum- 
bled and  Jepresaed  by  the  idea  of  a  forced  aubjeetion 
to  the  will  of  a  auperior ;  obedience,  paid  to  one  who 
was  believed  to  be  clothed  with  Divine  authority,  was 
willingly  yielded,  and  implied  no  degradation.  The 
sovereign,  conscious  that  the  submissive  reverence  of 
hia  people  flowed  from  their  belief  of  his  heavenly 
descent,  was  continually  reminded  of  a  distinction 
which  prompted  him  to  imitate  that  bcnelieent  power 
which  he  waa  aupposed  to  represent.  In  conaequence 
of  those  impressions,  there  hardly  occura  in  the  tradi- 
tional history  of  Peru,  any  instance  of  rebellion  againat 
the  reigning  pnnce,  and  among  twelve  aucceaaiva 
monarcha  thero  waa  not  one  tyrant. 

Even  tho  wan  in  which  the  Incaa  engaged  were  car- 
ried on  with  a  spirit  very  different  from  that  of  olber 
American  nations.  They  fouglit  not,  like  aavagea,  lo 
destroy  and  to  exterminate ;  or,  like  the  Mexicana,  to 
glut  blood-thirety  divinitica  with  human  aacrificea. 
They  conquered,  in  order  lo  reclaim  and  civilize  the 
vanquished,  and  lo  difltise  the  knowledge  of  their  own 
institutions  and  arts.  Prisonera  seem  not  to  have  been 
exposed  to  the  insults  and  tortures  which  were  Ibeir  lot 
in  every  other  part  of  the  New  World.  The  Incaa  look 
the  people  whom  Ihey  aubdued  under  Iheir  protection, 
and  admitted  them  to  a  participation  of  all  the  advanta- 
goa enjoyed  by  their  original  aubjccta.  Thia  practice 
so  repugnant  to  American  ferocity,  and  roaombling  tte 
humanity  of  the  moat  pohahed  nationa,  muat  be  ascribed, 
like  other  pecniiariliea  which  we  have  observed  in  tha 
Peruvian  manners,  to  the  geniua  of  Iheir  religion.  The 
Incas,  considering  the  homage  paid  to  any  odier  object 
than  10  the  heavenlv  powrn  which  they  adored  aa  im- 
I  pioua,  were  fond  o(  gaining  proaelytea  lo  their  favorila 
I  ayatem.  The  idols  of  every  conquered  province  w 
I  canted  in  triumph  to  the  peat  temple  at  Ooieo,  i 


ROBERTHON'S   III9TORT  Of 


riMa4  liwra H  InpUn  af  Um  miparior  p*wtr  of  th* 
ihriailjr  who  wm  wo  piMoelor  of  Ibcir  •  npiin.  'Ilw 
^oplc  wrn  Imlrti  with  bnily,  umI  iiwlriicieu  in  iho 
r«li),Ki>i>  iriii'lii  of  ihoir  raw  nwalrni,  Ihtl  Ihv  caii<|ii«ror 
might  hitu  iho  iiiory  of  Imviku  mMciI  io  iho  iiumuof  ol 
itir  vourHX  nf  liii  Uilior  liw  Miin 

Thr  altla  ill'  [in>|i«rt)r  in  IVru  w»  no  Iom  (iiinuUr 
Ibon  thai  of  rrliKioii,  •»!  ronlriliultti,  IiIi«wimi,  lowtnia 

CvJiiK  •  niikl  iiirii  of  rlitraditr  Io  Iho  |ii'0|>li<.  All  ihv 
lids  rt|wbl«  of  ciillivntion  witu  diviilrtl  inin  ihrrv 
ibirai.  l>iM)  WM  ruiiierralnl  Io  ilii>  iSiiii,  •nil  tlio  |im' 
duel  of  it  WH  tpijlinl  Io  iha  nreclion  of  loiii|ilci,  iml 
fumuhing  what  <•■  reqiiiiitc  towania  rvlchnilinii  tin 
uublic  ritoo  of  religion.  Th«  nrraixl  lielnnnrd  Io  ihc 
Ineo,  »nt  wn  Ml  iiwit  h  the  |ir<iviiioii  iiuiili'  by  iIh' 
eoinmumljr  for  liy  aupiiort  of  govvrniiwiit.  'I'Im  thini 
•ltd  Itlgnl  •hira  wh  rraorvod  for  Iho  nMinicninco  of 
Dm  IMopIo,  imong  wlioin  it  wi«  parcelltHi  out.  Neither 
ndivi4iMlo  howoTor,  nor  comniiinitiri  hnd  •  right  of 
•ielM««o  iHoperty  in  the  porlwn  (ut  aiuirt  for  llwir  um. 
Tlwy  pMoetoed  il  only  for  *  ye*r,  it  the  cipinlion  of 
whteb  ■  new  ditieioti  «••  iniule  in  pronortion  Io  llie 
nnk,  lha  number,  end  oiigeneiei  uf  ri>.n  fiiniily.  All 
thooo  awi4a  were  cuiliTtird  by  the  joint  induairy  nf  tliii 
oomm'iiiily.  l'h«  people  •uniinoned  by  t  pro|ier  olllcor, 
M|«ir«l  .il  1  oody  to  the  lirldi,  •ml  performed  their 
eammoii  laek,  while  eongi  ind  muiieal  inalnimentt . 
•beered  Ihein  to  their  labor,  Uy  ihia  aingular  ilitlri- 
kution  <f  tarriloiy,  ■■  well  la  by  the  mode  of  eultivat- 
iBg  it,  the  idea  of  a  common  intereit,  and  of  mutual 
MMarrioncyi  woa  continually  incukalcd.  Kach  indi- 
vidual Ml  nia  connexion  with  thoao  around  him,  and 
knew  that  he  depended  on  their  friendly  aid  for  what 
increaae  ha  waa  lo  reap.  A  atale  thui  coimlilutod  may 
■a  conaidercd  aa  one  g>val  family,  in  which  the  union 
•f  Ike  incflib^n  waa  ao  complete,  and  th"  eiehange  of 
(ood  office!  ao  perceptible,  aa  lo  create  alronger  at- 
tachment, and  to  bind  man  lo  man  in  cinicr  mtcrcourae 
than  aub<ialod  under  any  form  of  aociety  aatabliahed  in 
America.  From  thia  roaulted  gentle  mannera  and 
mild  virluea  unknown  in  the  aavago  atate,  and  willi 
which  Iho  Meiicana  were  little  acquainted. 

Bui,  though  the  inalitutiona  of  the  Incaa  were  ao 
famed  aa  lo  atrengthen  the  bonda  of  alfection  among 
Ibair  aubiecta,  there  waa  great  inequality  in  their  con- 
dition. J'he  diatinction  of  ranka  wiia  fully  oalabliahrd 
m  Peru.  A  great  body  of  Iho  inliabilanta,  under  the 
denomination  of  Yanaeomu,  were  hi'ld  in  a  alate  of 
aerviludo.  Their  gaib  and  houaea  were  of  a  form  dif- 
laicBl  from  thoao  of  freemen.  Like  the  'famenet  of 
Meiieo,  they  were  emiiloycd  in  carrying  burdena,  and 
in  porforaiing  every  other  work  of  drud|^ery.    Noxi  to 


,  ip  rank,  were  auch  of  the  people  aa  were  free, 
but  dialiaguithed  by  no  oflicial  or  hereditary  hoiiora. 
Above  them  wore  raiaed  thoie  whom  the  Spaniard* 
call  OnjoMt,  from  the  omainenla  worn  in  their  eara. 
They  farme<2  what  may  be  denominated  the  order  of 
noblea,  and  in  peace  «a  well  aa  war  held  every  otTico  of 
power  or  triiat.  And  the  head  of  all  were  the  children 
of  the  f$un,  w)ho,  by  their  high  deaecnl  and  peculiar 
pririlegea,  were  aa  much  eialird  alxj\e  the  Orejonea, 
aa  liieaa  were  elevated  almve  the  |icople. 

Such  a  Ibrin  of  aociety,  from  the  union  of  ita  mem- 
bora,  aa  well  u  fiom  the  diatinction  in  their  ranka,  waa 
favorabia  to  piogreaa  in  the  arte.  Uut  the  Spaniarda, 
having  been  acquainted  with  the  improved  alate  of 
varioua  orta  in  Mexico  aeveral  yeara  before  tlicv  diacu- 
vared  Peru,  were  not  «o  much  atruck  with  what  they 
obaerved  in  the  latter  country,  and  dcacrihe  the  ap- 
pcarancea  of  ingenuity  there  with  Icaa  warmth  of  ad- 
miration. The  Peruviana,  nevertlieleaa,  had  advanced 
far  beyond  the  Meiicana,  botli  in  the  neceaaary  arta  of 
life,  and  in  auch  aa  have  aonie  titio  to  the  name  of  ele- 
gant. 

In  Peru,  agricnlture,  the  art  of  primary  neceoaily  in 
ooeial  life,  wea  more  exienaive,  and  cairied  on  with 
giaatet  akill  than  in  any  part  of  America.  The  Spa- 
niarda, in  their  progreaa  through  the  country,  were  ao 
fully  anpplied  with  proviaiona  of  every  kind,  that  in  the 
lelation  of  their  adventnrea  we  meet  with  few  of  thoae 
diamal  ocenea  of  diatreaa  pccaaioned  by  famine,  in 
which  the  eonquerora  of  Mexico  were  ao  often  involved. 
The  quantity  of  roil  under  cultivation  waa  not  left  to 
the  ilaaiotia*  of  individuala,  but  regulated  by  public 
•nthohty  in  proportion  to  the  exigencica  of  the  coinniu- 
oily.  Even  the  calamity  nf  an  unfruitful  aeaaon  waa 
bat  little  felt ;  for  the  product  of  the  landa  conaocrated 
to  the  Sun,  aa  well  aa  thoae  aet  apart  for  the  Incaa, 
beiag  depoaited  in  the  Tambo$,  or  public  atorchouaoa, 
it  leiaaiiiad  tbeie  aa  a  elated  proviaion  for  timea  of 
Maneitjr.  Aa  the  extent  of  « '.ligation  waa  determined 
.mikaiwhimvidont  attaulioi  to  the  domanda  of  the 


alala,  lha  invention  and  indualry  of  the  Peruviana  woro 
aallad  forth  to  extraordinary  eierliona,  by  earuin  do- 
fecta  peculiar  to  Iheir  climate  and  aoil.  All  the  vaat 
riviira  that  Hnw  frain  ihe  Aiiilva  take  their  cuune  eaal- 
ward  to  the  Allanlir  Oiean  Peru  la  walerrd  only  by 
aomo  alreania  which  ruah  down  fVoiii  the  inuunlairia 
like  torreiita.  A  great  |iart  of  the  low  country  ia  aandy 
and  liarrcn,  and  never  refreahed  with  rain.  In  order 
to  render  auch  an  iiiiproinianig  region  fertile,  the  iiige- 
niiily  of  the  Peruviana  had  rerourae  to  varioua  eipedi- 
enla.  Uy  mcana  of  artllicial  caiiala,  conducted  with 
much  patience  and  conaidcrable  art  from  the  torrenia 
thai  poured  acrnaa  their  country,  ihey  conveyed  a  regu- 
lar aiiiiply  of  moiature  to  their  tielda.  [IfiH]  They  en- 
richea  the  aoil  by  manuring  it  with  the  dung  of  aea 
fowla,  of  which  they  found  an  incihaualilile  atore  on  all 
Ihe  iaianda  acattered  aking  the  coaata.  In  daacribing 
the  euatoma  of  any  nation  thoroughly  civiliied,  aui-n 
practicea  would  hardly  draw  attention,  or  be  mentioned 
aa  in  any  degree  remarkable ;  but  in  the  hiatory  of  the 
iinproviuent  race  of  men  in  the  New  World,  they  are 
entitled  lo  notice  aa  aingular  proofa  of  indualry  and  of 
art.  The  nae  of  the  plough,  indeed,  waa  unknown  to 
the  Peruvian*.  They  turned  up  Ihe  earth  with  a  kind 
of  mattock  of  hard  wood.  Nor  waa  thia  labor  deemed 
ao  degrading  aa  lo  be  devolved  wliolly  upon  Ihe  women, 
liolh  aeica  joined  in  performing  thia  neceaaary  work. 
Kvon  the  children  of  Ihe  8un  aet  an  example  of  indua- 
lry, by  cultivating  a  Held  near  Cuxco  with  their  own 
handa,  ami  thry  dignified  thia  function  by  denominating 
it  their  triumph  over  the  earth. 

The  aiiperior  ingenuity  of  the  Peruviana  ia  obvioua, 
likewiae,  in  Ihe  cnnatruction  of  their  houaea  and  public 
building*.  In  the  extenaive  plaiiia  wlucli  atretch  along 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  where  Iho  aky  ia  perpetually  aerone, 
and  the  climate  mild,  their  houaea  were  very  properly 
of  a  fabric  extremely  alight.  But  in  the  higher  rogiona, 
where  rain  falla,  where  the  viciaaitude  of  acaaona  ia 
known,  and  their  rigor  felt,  houaea  were  conatruclod 
with  greater  aolidity.  They  were  generally  ol  a  atpiare 
form,  the  walla  aliout  oifjht  feet  high,  built  with  bricka 
hardened  in  the  aun,  without  any  windowa,  and  the 
door  low  and  atraight.  Simple  aa  theae  alruclurea 
were,  and  rude  as  the  materiala  may  aeem  to  be  of 
which  they  were  formed,  they  were  an  durable  that 
many  of  them  still  aubaist  in'diHerant  parte  of  Peru, 
long  after  every  monument  that  might  liave  conveyed 
to  ua  any  idea  of  the  doiiieatic  atato  of  the  other  Ame- 
rican nations  haa  vanished  from  the  face  of  lha  eaith. 
Uut  It  waa  in  the  tomploa  eonaecraled  to  the  Sun,  and 
in  the  buildinga  destined  for  Ihe  residence  of  their  mon- 
archs,  that  the  Peruviana  displayed  the  utmoat  extent 
of  iheir  art  and  coninvarco.  I'lie  deacriptiona  of  them 
by  auch  of  the  Spanish  writers  as  had  an  opportunity 
of  contemplating  them,  while  in  aomo  measure  entire, 
might  have  appeared  highly  eiaggcratcd,  if  the  ruina 
which  still  remain  did  not  vouch  the  truth  of  their  rela- 
tions. These  ruin*  of  sacred  or  royal  building  are 
found  in  every  province  of  Ihe  empire,  and  b)  their  fre- 
quency demonstrate  that  Ihey  are  monumenta  of  a 
powerful  |<eople,  who  muat  have  aubsiated,  during  a 
period  of  aome  extent,  in  a  alate  of  no  inconaidetoble 
improvoment.  They  appear  to  have  been  edificea 
varioua  in  their  dimenainna ;  ooma  of  a  moderate  aiie, 
many  of  immense  extent,  all  remarkable  foe  aolidity, 
and  rosemhling  each  other  in  the  atyle  of  architecture. 
The  temple  of  Pacbacamae,  togetbar  with  t  palace  of 
the  Inca,  and  a  fortreaa,  were  ao  connected  together  aa 
to  fonn  one  great  atructure  above  half  a  league  io  cir- 
cuit. In  this  prodigioua  pile,  the  aaiiie  aingular  laate 
in  building  is  conapicuoua  aa  in  other  works  of  the 
Peruviana.  Aa  they  were  unacquainted  with  Ihe  uae 
of  the  pulley,  and  other  mechanical  powers,  and  could 
not  elevate  the  large  stonea  and  bricka  whicl^  they  em- 
ployed in  building  to  any  considerable  height,  the  walls 
of  Ihia  edifice,  in  which  Ihey  aeem  to  have  made  their 
groateat  effort  towarda  magnificence,  did  not  liae  above 
twelve  feet  from  the  ground.  Though  they  had  not 
diacoverod  the  uae  of  mortar  or  of  any  other  cement  in 
building,  the  bricks  or  stones  were  joined  with  ao  much 
nicely,  that  the  seama  can  hardly  be  discerned.  [15tt] 
The  a|>artmenta,  as  far  aa  the  distribution  of  them  can 
be  traced  in  the  ruins,  were  ill  disposed,  and  affordvil 
little  accommodation.  There  was  not  a  aingle  window 
in  any  part  of  the  building ;  and  aa  no  light  could  enter 
but  by  Ihe  door,  all  the  apartments  of  largest  dimen- 
sions must  either  have  been  |ierfectly  dark,  or  illumi- 
nated by  aome  other  nieana.  Uut  with  all  theae,  and 
many  other  imperfectiona  that  might  be  mentioned  in 
tlieir  art  nf  building,  the  worka  of  the  Peruviana  which 
all'',  remain  muat  be  conaidered  aa  atupendoua  efTorta 
if  a  people  unacquainted  with  the  uaa  of  iron,  and  con- 


voy to  ua  r   liah  idaaoflhapowarpaiaaaaadbr  Ikiil 
ancient  monareka. 

Theae,  however,  war*  not  Iho  noMaal  or  moat  aaaA  I 
worka  of  the  Ineaa.  'fhe  two  grmt  roads  fram  Caaoa 
to  (Juito,  extending  in  an^nintemiplod  atretch  abotni 
Afieen  hundred  miles,  are  entitled  to  alill  higlier  proiao 
The  one  waa  coudueled  through  lha  interior  and  inouiH 
lainoua  country,  the  other  throtwh  Ihe  plaina  on  lha 
sea  cusai.  From  the  language  of  admiration  in  which 
some  of  the  esriy  writers  aipreea  their  aatoniohnenl 
when  they  fint  viewed  thoae  roada,  and  from  tha  man 
pompoua  description  of  later  writera,  who  labor  lo  an|^ 
port  soma  'ivorita  theory  concerning  Amaiiea,  on* 
might  be  led  lo  compare  thia  work  of  the  Incaa  to  liM 
famous  military  waya  which  remain  aa  monnmanla  at 
the  Koman  power ;  but  in  a  country  where  there  waa 
no  lama  animal  except  tha  llama,  which  wo*  naval 
used  for  draught,  and  but  little  as  a  beaat  of  burden, 
where  lha  high  roada  were  aeldom  trod  by  any  but  a 
human  foot,  no  great  degree  of  lalmr  or  art  waa  !•• 
qniaila  in  forming  them.  The  Peruvian  rMda  won 
only  Afkeen  feel  in  lireadth,  ami  in  many  placaa  a* 
alighlly  formed,  tlial  time  has  effaced  every  vsatiga  ol 
lha  couroo  in  which  thev  ran.  lu  tha  low  eountrf 
little  more  teems  to  have  iwen  dona  than  to  plant  treat 
or  lo  Ax  poaia  at  certain  intervals,  in  order  to  mark  tha 
projier  route  lo  travellera.  To  open  a  path  Ihrragh  tha 
mounlainoua  country  waa  a  more  ardooua  leak.  £mi- 
nencea  were  levelled,  and  hallowa  filled  up.  and  for  tho 
preservation  of  tho  road  it  waa  fenced  with  a  bank  ol 
turf  At  propr  dintancea,  Tamboa,  or  alorahouaea 
were  erected  for  the  accommodation  of  the  Inea  and 
his  allendanta,  in  their  progreaa  through  hie  dominiono. 
From  the  manner  in  which  Ihe  road  waa  originallT 
formed  in  this  higher  and  more  imperviou*  region,  k 
has  proved  more  durable ;  and  though,  from  IM  inat- 
tention of  the  Spaniarda  to  every  (Uijecl  but  that  of 
working  their  mines,  nothing  Ma  been  dona  towarda 
keeping  it  in  repair,  ita  couroe  may  atill  bo  traced 
Such  waa  Ike  celebrated  road  of  the  Incaa  ;  and  avan 
from  thia  doacription,  diveated  of  every  eircumataneo 
of  manifaat  exaggeration  or  of  auapieiooa  aapeet,  i, 
muat  le  conaidered  aa  a  atriking  proof  of  an  axtnordi' 
nary  progreaa  in  improvement  and  policy.  To  tha 
aavare  tnbea  of  America,  the  idea  of  facilitating  com* 
munication  with  places  at  a  dialanco  had  never  occured. 
To  the  Mexicans  it  waa  hardly  known.  Even  in  tha 
most  civiliied  countries  in  Europe,  nion  bad  advanced 
far  in  refineinent,  before  it  became  a  regular  object  ol 
national  jiolice  lo  form  auch  roada  aa  renaer  intanouraa 
coinniodioua.  It  waa  a  capital  object  of  Itoman  policy 
lo  open  a  communication  with  all  the  piovincaa  of  thett 
extenaive  empire  by  mean*  of  thoeo  ruada  which  aia 
justly  conaidercd  as  one  of  Ihe  nobleol  monumenta  both 
of  their  wisilom  and  their  power.  But  during  the  fong 
rcigr.  of  barbariam,  the  Roman  roada  were  neglected  or 
destroyed  ;  and  at  Ihe  time  when  the  Spaniarda  entered 
Peru,  no  kingdom  in  Europe  could  butt  of  any  work 
of  public  utility  that  could  .be  compared  with  tha  giaat 
roads  formed  by  the  Incaa. 

The  formation  of  thoae  roada  introduced  another  im- 
provement in  Peru  equally  unknown  over  all  the  real  of 
America.  In  ita  course  from  aouth  to  north,  the  roati 
of  Ihe  Incaa  waa  intenecled  by  all  the  tomnia  which 
roll  from  the  Andea  tower's  the  Wealem  Ocean. 
From  tho  rapidity  of  their  couroe,  aa  well  aa  from  tha 
frequency  and  violence  of  their  inundation,  Iheoe  wera 
not  fordtblo.  Some  expedient,  however,  was  io  bo 
found  for  paaaing  them.  The  Peruviana  fiom  their 
unacquointance  with  the  uae  of  arches,  and  their  in- 
ability lo  work  in  wood,  could  not  conatruci  bridgea 
either  of  alono  or  timber.  Uut  neceaaity,  the  parent  of 
invention,  auggested  a  device  which  supplied  that  da- 
feet.  They  formed  cablea  of  great  atrangtk,  by  twist- 
ing together  aome  of  the  pUabTe  wilha,  or  oaiera,  with 
which  their  countiy  abounda  ;  six  of  these  cablea  they 
atretched  acrcsa  llie  stream  parallel  to  one  another,  and 
made  them  faat  on  each  aide,  llieae  they  bound  firmly 
together  by  interweaving  amaller  ropea  oo  clooa  aa  to 
form  a  compact  piece  of  net-work,  which  being  covered 
with  hranchea  of  treea  and  earth,  they  paased  along  it 
with  tolerable  security.  [160]  Proper  peraoiM  wero 
appointed  to  attend  at  each  bridge,  to  keep  it  in  repair, 
and  to  aaaiat  paasengera.  In  the  level  country,  where 
the  riven  became  deep  and  broad  and  atill,  they  ara 
paased  in  balzat,  or  floats ;  in  the  conatruetion,  aa  well 
aa  navigation  of  which  the  ingenuity  of  Ihe  Peruviana 
appean  to  be  far  superior  to  that  of  any  people  in  Ame- 
rica. Theae  hod  advanced  no  further  in  naval  akill 
than  the  uaa  of  the  paddle  or  oar ;  the  Peruviana  vaa- 
tured  to  niae  a  maal,  and  apread  a  aail,  by  meana  al 
which  thaii  balzaa  aot  only  waol  nimbly  bafoia  iba 


ROUTII  AMRHIUA 


Ml  or  RMH  ttSMi  I 

rowb  ftom  Cow* 
■d  •Iraieh  ibtn 
ilill  higlmr  pniM 
manor  •ml  inoun> 
ihn  |>Uini  on  Um 
miralion  in  which 
heir  Mtonithniont 
lid  frofn  iho  mon 
who  lihor  to  mi*- 
ng  Amoiici,  on* 
if  tho  Incu  U>  Uw 
M  mononionli  ■( 
f  whoro  Ihara  «u 
which  WM  novM 
I  bout  of  burden, 
trod  by  uy  but  ■ 
Imr  or  irt  wu  ic- 
uviin  roida  war* 
•  many  plieoi  M 
id  (vonr  rMligo  ol 
tho  low  counlfjr 
thin  to  plant  traa* 
order  to  mark  th* 
a  path  thli<uirh  the 
luoua  talk.    Emi- 
leJ  up>.  and  for  tho 
ced  with  a  bank  ol 
a,  or  ilonhouaea 
in  of  the  Inoa  and 
ugh  hii  dominiona. 
Md  wu  origimlljr 
ipentioui  region,  il 
ugh,  frotn  tM  inat- 
object  but  that  of 
lieon  done  toward! 
ly  itill  be  tnced 
e Inci*  ;  ind  even 
tver^  ciKunulane* 
iipicioai  aipeet,  i. 
oof  of  in  eitnordi- 
I  policy.    To  tb* 
of  fieilititing  cum- 
hid  never  oceured. 
iwn.     Even  in  tho 
men  hid  idvinced 
1  reoulir  object  ol 
rentier  inteitouno 
t  of  Komin  policy 
provincea  of  iheit 
ruada  which  aro 
monumenta  both 
ut  during  the  long 
were  neglected  ot 
Spaniard!  entered 
boaat  of  any  work 
:ed  with  the  graat 

Juned  another  mi- 
I  over  all  the  real  of 
to  north,  the  nnd 
Ithe  torrent!  whicL 
Weatern  Ocean. 
M  well  aa  from  the 
Jation,  theae  were 
Iwever,  wu  io  bo 
.jviani  fiom  their 
Ihef,  and  their  in- 
Iconatruct  bridgea 
\aity,  the  parent  of 
[aupplied  that  da- 
Strength,  by  twitt- 
la,  or  oaiera,  with 
theae  rablea  they 
a  one  another,  and 
^they  bound  firmly 
tea  ao  cloia  la  to 
pich  being  eovered 
ey  piiiea  ilong  it 
ler  peraom  were 
keep  il  in  lepair, 
lei  country,  whera 
land  atill,  they  are 
]iilruction,  u  well 
,  of  the  PeruTiini 
[ly  people  in  Ame- 
\itt  in  niTil  akill 
Peru* iana  Tea- 
[aail,  by  mean*  ol 
Wy  ■   -       ■ 


«M,  h<.t  coiiM  veer  and  lack  wia:  gn-il  celerity.—  | 
Not  wife  Iho  inaenuily  ind  irt  of  the  I'oruviana  cun- 
Ined  loely  to  objeeli  of  eaaenliil  ulilltjr.  'I'hev  had{ 
imdi  Mime  progrri!  in  irli,  which  may  he  ciilliil  ele- 1 
gant.  They  |iuairiM>d  ihv  prrcioiit  nirlnia  in  yrtutiT 
abuMincc  ihiii  any  jicoplo  of  .\iiirrica.  'I'hnv  olititiiiril 
gold  1 1  tho  laine  iiianner  with  the  Mciirani,  hy  icarih- 
ing  in  the  channela  of  rivera,  or  waihing  ihii  cuith  in 
which  particlea  of  il  were  contained,  lliil  in  order  Io 
procure  silver,  Ihoy  ciertcd  no  inconiidvraliln  ilvxrce 
of  akill  and  in-onlion.  'Ihoy  had  nul,  inilriil,  alUiniid 
the  art  of  aiiiking  a  ihitn  into  tho  IhiwcIh  uI'  Iho  ciirtli, 
and  |ienelraling  lu  the  richaa  concealed  there ;  but  they 
holkiwed  deep  caverna  on  tho  banka  of  rivera  and  tho 
•idea  of  mountaina,  and  riiipliod  <uch  voina  aa  did  not 
dip  auddenly  beyond  their  reach.  In  other  pitcoa, 
where  the  vein  lay  near  tho  aurface,  they  dug  pita  to 
Bueh  a  depth,  iha  Ihe  nerion  who  worked  below  could 
throw  out  the  w  >,  or  nand  il  up  in  baaketa.  1'hoy  had 
diacovered  the  */t  of  amclting  ind  refining  ihia,  oiilier 
by  the  limple  ipplirition  of  fire,  nr,  whore  the  ore  wat 
more  atubbom  or  imprognaled  with  foreign  aubatancoi, 
by  placing  it  <n  small  ovena  or  furiiacea,  on  high 
grounda,  ao  artificially  comtructed  that  the  draught  of 
air  performed  the  function  of  a  bcllowa,  an  engine  with 
which  they  were  totally  unacquainted.  By  thia  liinple 
device,  the  purer  orea  were  aineUed  with  facility,  and 
tho  quantity  of  ailvei  in  Peru  waa  ao  conaidorablr,  that 
many  of  the  ulenaila  employed  in  the  functiuna  of  com- 
mon life  were  made  of  it.  Several  uf  those  vessels  and 
Irinkela  are  aaid  to  have  merited  no  small  degree  of 
ealimation,  on  account  of  Ihe  neatnesa  of  the  wuik- 
inanahip  aCwell  aa  the  iiitrinsio  value  of  the  materials, 
lliit  aa  the  conquerora  of  America  were  well  acquoiiitod 
with  the  latter,  but  had  scarcely  any  conception  of  Ihe 
fiirmer,  most  of  the  silver  vessels  and  Iriiiki'la  wore 
molted  down,  and  rated  according  to  Iho  woiuht  and 
fineness  of  the  metal  in  the  diviaioii  of  the  apoil. 

In  other  worka  of  mere  eurioaity  or  ornament,  thoir 
ingenuity  haa  been  highly  colobraleil.  Many  a|M<ciinens 
ofthoso  have  been  dug  out  of  tho  (luatat,  or  mounds 
of  earth,  with  which  Ihe  Peruviana  cotcrxd  Ihe  bodica 
of  the  dead.  Among  theae  are  mirrors  of  various  di- 
meiuions,  of  hard  shining  atones  higlily  polished  ;  vea- 
aela  of  earthen  ware  of  diH'erent  forma  ;  hatcheta,  and 
ntlier  inatrumcnts,  some  destini^  for  war,  and  othera 
for  labor.  Some  were  of  flint,  some  of  copper,  hor- 
dencd  to  such  a  degree  by  an  unknown  proccsa,  as  to 
aupply  tho  place  of  iron  on  several  occasions.  Had 
Ihe  use  of  tiiose  tools,  formed  of  copper,  licen  genenl, 
the  progress  of  tho  Pcruviins  in  the  arta  niigfit  have 
been  aiich  aa  to  emulate  that  of  iiioro  ciiltivalciTna'.iona. 
But  cither  Iho  metal  was  ao  rare,  or  tlio  operation  by 
which  il  waa  hardened  so  tedious,  that  their  instru- 
menu  of  copper  were  few,  and  ao  otremcly  email,  that 
they  aeem  to  have  been  employed  only  in  alighler 
worka.  But  even  to  aiich  a  circuinacribed  use  of  this 
imperfect  melil,  the  Peruvians  were  indebted  for  theii 
superiority  to  the  other  peoplo  of  America  in  various 
arta.  The  aamo  observation,  however,  may  be  applied 
to  them,  which  I  formerly  made  with  respect  to  the 
arta  of  Ihe  Mexieana.  From  aeveni  specimens  of  Pe- 
ruvian ulenaila  and  ornamenia,  which  are  de|ioaitcd  in 
the  rmral  cabinet  of  Madrid,  and  from  some  preserved 
in  difieren*  collections  in  other  parte  of  Europe,  I  luve 
reaaoii  to  believe  that  the  workmanship  is  more  to  be 
admired  on  account  of  Ihe  rude  tools  with  which  it  waa 
executed,  than  on  account  of  its  inlrinsiv  nritnesa  and 
clegsnce  ;  and  that  the  Peruvians,  though  the  moat 
improved  of  all  tho  Americans,  were  not  advanced  be- 
yond tho  infancy  of  arta. 

But  notwithatanding  so  many  particulars,  which 
acemcd  to  indicate  a  high  degree  of  improvement  in 
Peru,  other  circumstances  occur  that  suggest  tho  iilea 
of  a  society  atill  in  tho  first  stages  of  its  transition  from 
barbarism  to  civiliiation.  In  all  tho  dominions  of  the 
Iiicaa,  Ouico  wos  the  only  place  that  had  tho  appear- 
ance, or  was  entitled  to  tho  name,  of  a  city.  Every 
whei«  else  the  people  lived  mostly  in  detached  habiu- 
tiona,  diapersed  over  tho  country,  or,  at  the  utmost, 
aettled  together  in  small  villages.  But  until  men  ire 
brought  '.o  aasemble  in  iiuineroua  bodies,  and  incorpo- 
rated in  such  close  union  aa  to  enjoy  frequent  inter- 
eourae.  and  to  feel  mutual  dependence,  they  never  im- 
bibe perfectly  Ihe  spirit,  or  assume  the  manners  of 
social  life.  In  a  country  of  immenae  extent,  with  only 
one  city,  the  progroas  of  manners,  and  the  improvement 
either  of  the  necessary  or  more  refined  arts,  must  have 
been  so  slow,  and  carried  on  under  such  disadvantages, 
that  It  is  more  surprising  the  Peruvians  should  have 
■dvaneed  ao  far  in  .-efineaunl,  than  that  they  did  not 
pocfidiufther. 


I'<  consequence  of  Ihia  sisle  of  imperfect  union,  the 
sciuirution  of  proltssians  in  Peru  was  nut  so  comidsle 
as  among  tlie  Mriicana.  'I'lie  leaa  clusvly  men  aaao- 
riate,  the  more  siiiinle  sre  their  insiiiiera,  snd  the 
fewer  their  wants.  The  craf\a  of  ciiminon  and  nusl 
neecasaiy  use  in  life  do  not,  in  siinh  a  slale.  iHi'Oiiin  so 
complex  or  ilillicult  ss  tu  render  it  re(|iii>ite  that  iiirn 
should  bo  trained  lu  them  by  sny  particular  cuurso  of 
ediirslion.  All  tho  sris,  accordiiiHly,  whirh  were  of 
daily  and  inilmiiensihle  utility,  were  exercised  by  every 
Periivisn  indiiicrmuiiately.  None  hut  llio  artists  em- 
ployed ill  worka  of  iiieru  curioaily,  or  uriiaineiit,  con- 
atitiili'd  a  aoparate  order  of  men,  or  were  distinguished 
from  other  citixens. 

From  the  want  of  cities  in  Peru,  another  consequence 
followed.  There  waa  little  coininereial  intercourse 
among  Ihe  inhsliilants  of  that  great  eiii|iira.  'Ilie  ac- 
tivity of  commerce  ia  coeval  with  the  foutHlation  of 
cities  i  and  from  the  moment  (hat  the  membera  of  any 
community  tolilo  in  coiisiderablu  numliers  in  one  place. 
Its  operations  liccomo  vigorous.  Thociiiirn  must  do- 
penu  for  aubaiatence  on  iTielalior  of  those  who  cuUivste 
tho  ground.  They,  in  return,  must  receive  some  equi- 
valent. Thus  mutual  intercourse  ia  oatalilislird,  and 
tho  productions  of  art  are  regularly  exehanucd  lor  the 
fruits  of  agriculture.  In  tho  towns  of  tho  i>fexicaii  em- 
pire, slated  inarketa  were  hold,  and  whatever  could 
supply  any  want  or  desire  of  man  waa  an  object  of 
commrrce.  But  in  Peru,  from  the  aingiilar  mode  of 
dividing  property,  and  the  manner  in  which  tho  peoplo 
were  aettled,  tlicre  was  hardly  any  species  of  comnicree 
carried  on  between  diH'ereiit  iirovinces  and  tho  com- 
niiinity  was  less  acnuaiiited  wiln  that  active  intercourse, 
which  is  St  once  a  bond  of  union  and  an  incentive  to 
improvement. 

But  the  unwailike  spirit  of  the  Peruviana  waa  the 
most  romarkalile  aa  well  aa  Iho  most  fstal  defect  in 
their  character.  Tho  greater  part  of  the  rude  nationa 
of  America  opposed  their  invaders  with  undaunted 
ferocity,  lliough  with  little  conduit  or  success.  Tho 
Moxicana  maintained  the  atruggle  in  defence  of  their 
liliertica,  with  aiich  persoveriiig  fortitude,  that  it  waa 
with  difllculty  tho  .Spaniards  triuniphud  over  them. 
Peru  was  subdued  at  once,  and  almost  without  resist- 
ance ;  and  tho  most  favorable  on|K>rtiinities  of  regain- 
ing their  freedom,  and  of  crualimg  their  oppressors, 
were  lost  through  tho  timidity  of  tho  |M^uple.  'I'hoiigh 
the  traditional  history  of  tho  Peruvians  represents  all 
the  Incas  aa  warlike  princes,  frequently  at  tho  head  of 
armiea,  which  they  led  to  victory  and  conqutst,  few 
aymptoma  of  auch  a  martial  apiril  appeir  in  any  of  their 
operationa  subaequeni  to  the  mvaaioii  of  tho  Spaniarda. 
'1  he  influence,  perhaps,  ofthoso  institutions  wliicli  ren- 
dered their  manners  gentle,  gave  their  minds  this  un- 
manly softness ;  perhaps  tho  constant  serenity  and 
mihiness  of  the  climate  may  have  enervated  the  vigor 
of  their  frame ;  perhaps  some  principlea  in  their  go- 
vernment, unknown  to  us,  was  the  occasion  of  this 
(lolitical  debility.  Whatever  may  have  been  the  cause, 
the  fact  is  certain  ;  and  there  is  not  an  instance  in  bis- 
ter)' of  any  people  ao  little  advanced  in  refinement,  so 
totally  destitute  of  military  enterprise.  This  character 
haa  descended  to  their  posterity.  The  Indians  of  Peru 
are  now  moro  tame  and  depressed  than  any  people  of 
America.  Their  feeble  spirits,  iclaxed  in  lifeless  inac- 
tion, aeem  hardly  capable  of  any  l<ald  or  manly  ex- 
ertion. 

But,  besidea  those  capital  defect!  in  the  political 
itate  of  Peru,  aome  detached  circumstances  and  facta 
occur  in  the  Spanish  writers,  which  discover  a  conside 
rablo  remainder  of  barbarity  in  their  manners.  A  cruel 
custom,  that  prevailed  in  some  of  the  most  savage 
tribes,  aulisisted  among  the  Peruvians.  On  the  death 
of  Iho  Incas,  nnd  of  other  eminent  persons,  a  conside- 
rable number  of  their  attendants  were  put  to  death, 
and  interred  around  their  Uuacas,  that  Ihoy  might  ap- 
pear in  the  next  world  with  their  former  dignity,  and 
tie  .erved  with  the  same  respect.  On  the  death  of 
Huana  Capac,  the  most  powerful  of  their  monarchs, 
above  a  thouoand  victims  wore  doomed  to  accompany 
him  to  the  tomb.  In  one  particular  their  manners  ap- 
pear to  havo  been  more  barbaroua  than  those  of  most 
rude  tribes.  Though  acquainted  with  the  use  of  fire 
in  preparing  maize  and  other  vegetables  for  food,  they 
devoured  Iwth  flesh  and  fish  perfectly  raw,  and  aston- 
ished the  Spaniards  with  a  practice  repugnant  to  the 
ideaa  of  all  civilized  people. 

But  though  Mexico  and  Peru  are  the  possessions  of 
Spain  in  the  New  World-,  which,  on  account  both  of 
their  ancient  and  present  state,  have  attracted  Iho  great- 
eat  attention  ;  her  other  dominions  there  are  far  from 
being  inconsiderable  either  in  extent  oi  valui.    Tbi 


Srtater  part  of  them  waa  reduced  la  BubjecU«i  thMag 
le  first  part  of  Iha  aixltenih  century,  by  privit*  ntftn^ 
tureri,  who  fitted  out  their  amall  irmamsnla  eilhw  m 
llis|Miiiola  or  in  Uld  H|iain ;  and  weio  we  to  follao 
each  leader  in  his  (irotirvss,  we  should  discover  Ih* 
ssme  daring  courage,  the  >amu  iirrsevering  ardof,  th* 
same  rsparious  desire  for  wealth,  and  the  same  eapaiily 
for  enduring  snd  surmounting  every  thing  in  order  to 
sttain  it,  which  dialinguiahed  the  operations  ef  Iha  Spa- 
niards in  their  greater  American  roiiqiiesta.  Bui,  ilH 
stead  of  enieiing  into  a  detail,  whith,  from  the  aimi- 
larity  of  the  Irsiisaetions,  world  spiwiir  simost  I  re|ia- 
tition  of  what  haa  been  already  relateil,  I  shall  aatiafy 
myaelf  with  auch  a  view  of  ihoaa  provincea  of  IM 
Spaniah  empire  in  America,  which  hiva  nat  kitlwrM 
been  mentiiiiied,  aa  may  convey  Io  my  readan  an  ad» 
plate  idea  of  its  grealneaa,  fertiUly,  ind  opuleaco. 

I  begin  with  tha  eountriea  cotitiguotia  to  iba  lw« 
great  inonarchlaa  of  whose  history  and  instiiuiioni  I 
nave  given  some  account,  and  shall  then  briefly  daacriba 
tlie  other  dialricta  of  Spiniah  America.  Tha  jnriadia- 
lion  of  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain  extends  over  sevaral 
provinces  which  were  not  subject  to  the  dominion  of 
tin  Moxicana.  Tho  countries  of  Cinaloa  and  Sonon 
that  atrotch  along  the  eaal  side  of  the  Vermilion  Saa, 
or  llulf  of  Cahroriiia,  as  well  as  the  immense  king- 
doms of  New  Navarre,  and  New  Mexico,  which  bend 
towards  ihn  west  and  north,  did  not  acknowlr^lge  tha 
sovereignty  of  Monteiuma,  or  his  prrdecet sora.  Thaaa 
regions,  not  inferior  in  msgnitude  to  all  the  Moxican 
empire,  are  reduced  aome  to  a  greater,  others  to  i  leaa 
degree  of  aiihieclion  to  Iho  .Sjisnisli  yoke.  They  ex* 
tend  through  the  most  delightful  |iart  of  the  lemperata 
zone  ;  iheir  soil  is,  in  general,  remarkable  fertile  ;  and 
all  their  productions,  whether  animal  or  vegetable,  ira 
most  perfect  in  their  kind.  'I'hey  hova  ill  i  conimuni* 
cation  cither  with  the  f'acific  ocean,  or  with  '.he  Ouli 
uf  Mexico,  and  are  watered  by  rivera  which  not  only 
enrich  thoin,  hut  may  iwcome  subservient  to  commerca. 
'I'ho  numliet  of  Spaniarda  settled  in  theae  vast  countriaa 
is  indeed  extremely  small.  They  may  be  said  to  hava 
subdued  rather  than  to  have  occupied  them.  Out  il 
the  population  in  Iheir  ancient  eatalilishmenls  in  Am*- 
rica  shall  conlinui  Io  increase,  they  may  gradualljT 
spread  over  those  provincea,  of  which,  however  invH 
ting,  they  have  not  hitherto  been  able  to  take  full  |«a- 
scssion. 

One  circumstance  may  contribute  to  the  speedy  po* 
pulatiuii  of  aome  districts.  Very  rich  mines  both  >■! 
gold  and  ailvor  have  been  discovered  in  many  of  Ida 
regiona  which  I  havo  mentioned.  Wherever  theaa  af« 
opened,  and  worked  with  aiiccess,  a  multitude  of  pee- 
plt  resort.  In  order  to  supply  them  with  the  noceaaa- 
ries  of  life,  cultivation  must  be  incrcaa*  I,  artisana  ol 
varioua  kinds  must  assemble,  and  induai  ry  aa  well  aa 
wealth  will  be  gradually  diffused.  Many  oximples  oi 
this  have  oceured  in  diHorent  pirts  of  Amerci  linre  the* 
fell  under  the  dominion  of  the  Spiniirdi.  Populous  vir 
lages  and  large  towns  hive  suddenly  iriaen  imidst  unin- 
liabitable  wilds  and  mountaina;  and  the  working  oiminaa 
though  far  from  being  tho  moat  proper  object  towardi 
which  the  attention  of  an  infant  society  should  ba 
turned,  may  become  the  moana  both  of  promoting  us^ 
fill  activity,  and  of  augmenting  the  number  of  people. 
A  recent  and  singular  instance  of  this  has  happened, 
which,  as  il  is  but  little  known  in  Eurojie,  and  moy  ba 
productive  uf  groat  eti'ecta,  merits  attention.  Tha 
Spaniards  settled  in  the  provincea  of  Cinaloa  and  So- 
iiora  had  been  long  disturbed  by  tho  depredationa  ot 
some  fierce  tribes  of  Indians.  In  the  year  176S,  the 
incursions  of  those  savages  became  so  frequent  and  so 
destructive,  that  the  Spanish  inhabitants,  in  despaii, 
applied  to  the  Marquis  dc  Croix,  viceroy  of  Mexico, 
fur  such  a  body  of  troops  as  might  enable  them  to  drive 
those  formidable  invaders  from  thoir  places  of  retreat 
in  the  mountains.  But  the  treasury  of  Mexico  waa  ao 
much  exhausted  by  tho  large  auma  drawn  from  it,  in 
order  to  support  the  late  war  against  Great  Britain,  that 
Ihe  viceroy  could  allord  them  no  aid.  The  respect  dua 
to  his  virtues  accomplished  what  hia  oAicial  powei 
could  not  efiTect.  He  prevailed  with  the  merchania  ot 
Now  Spain  to  advance  about  two  hundred  thousand 
poHOS  for  defraying  the  expenses  of  the  expedition. 
The  war  was  conducted  by  an  ufllcer  of  abilitiea ;  aiid 
after  being  protracted  for  three  years  chiefly  by  tha 
difficulty  of  pursuing  the  fugitives  over  the  mounuini, 
and  throuuh  defiles  which  were  almost  impaaaable,  il 
terminatcj,  in  the  year  1771,  in  the  final  submiaaion  of 
the  tribea  which  had  been  so  long  the  object  of  terror 
to  tho  two  provincea.  In  the  course  of  this  aervica, 
the  Spaniudv  matched  through  eountriea  into  vihieb 
they  aaotu  not  Io  hive  pcneliMMi  before  that  lima,  iii4 


tM 


ROBERTSON'S    HISTORY   OF 


I  wtiiH  tf  mttk  Ttliw  M  wu  mImhIi1ii|  avin 
i^MiatMi  wiik  Uw  rkkri  (MitaiBMl  m  Um 
MMnUiiw  m  Ika  N«w  WorM.  Al  ('iiMti^ill*-  ■■>  »>• 
■Mtinr*  of  Hwiott,  lh«)p  tnlnred  •  pUm  of  iburtnii 
MtgiM*  in  tiuiil,  in  whirh,  il  Ih*  tirplh  of  only  tii- 
iMn  iikImi,  Ihojf  feuml  gokl  in  gniiu  uf  iiivh  ■  iiir, 
Umi  mnim  of  iMm  wvigncti  nin*  nuiflit,  iml  in  luch 
•utniitiM,  ibil  In  1  •borl  linn,  with  *  (»w  Uborcn, 
UM*  rolUclni  t  UwuMiid  niiik*  of  goM  in  griim,  ct«n 
wilMM  liking  limo  M  wuh  iho  uilh  Ihii  htil  bean 
d«g,  which  tfftuti  to  ha  M  rich,  ibsl  iwiMni  of  nkill 
•onpuMd  ihtt  il  night  yioU  wlul  would  ho  tqiiil  in  «■• 
W  W  •  million  of  |WMM.  Defon  iho  oml  of  lh«  «Mr 
mi, iho«*  iKro  ihauaanil  pcnont  wem  kIiIxI  in Oiiw- 
mill*,  umioi  Uw  gorariinicnl  of  impcc  uiagialMWa,  *n4 
Uw  iM|wclwa  M  Mvonl  occlMiulica.  At  Mvoni 
oihtir  uiiiiw,  not  inforioi  in  licknoM  lo  thai  of  Cino- 
Mill*,  hnv*  boon  4iKa«*rwl,  both  in  Sonora  iml  Ciiw- 
Im,  ( lai]  Il  h  pratebl*  Ihtl  Uwm  noglMlcd  inil  thinly 
liitwMMd  pioviiicto  nwv  mmii  boeonw  m  {wpuloui  *nd 
viliubi*  M  iny  put  or  th*  Spuiiih  ompin  of  Anw- 
,  riin. 

Th*  ptninwila  of  Cilifbrnii,  on  Iho  othor  tido  of  Uw 
VtnaillMn  Hot,  Menu  to  hoTO  boon  kn  known  to  Uw 
•nsitnt  Moiieim  than  Uw  nrovincoi  whieb  I  bi*o  nwn- 
tioiwd.  It  wu  diacovarad  b)r  Corlet  in  Iba  jtu  1A36. 
During  >  long  p«riod  it  conUnucd  lo  bo  n  litllo  fro- 
^iwntM,  tbot  o«fn  iu  'orm  wu  unknown,  and  in  moat 
•hafti  it  waa  nunaaiilad  u  an  iiland,  not  aa  a  panio- 
lula.  ( I6S]  Though  ibo  climato  of  ihia  country,  if  w« 
nay  judgo  from  ila  aitualion,  muat  Iw  vary  daairahln, 
Itw  tipahiaida  kava  made  amall  progroaa  in  peopling  it. 
Toward*  the  cloao  of  Iho  laat  canlury,  the  JaauKa,  who 
had  grwl  merit  in  oiploring  Ihia  neglected  prorince, 
and  in  ci«iliiin|  ila  rtida  inhabitant*,  iinperceptibly  ae- 
ouiced  a  daminwu  o«er  it  u  complete  aa  that  which 
May  poaaaaied  in  their  miaaiona  in  Paraguajt,  and  ihey 
Ub«ra<l  to  introduce  into  it  the  aaine  policy,  and  to 
gerem  the  nati«ea  bv  the  aamo  maiiina.  In  ordrr  to 
prevent  Uw  court  of  Spain  from  conceiving  any  jea- 
wuay  of  Iheil  deaigna  and  operationa,  ihcy  aoein  alu- 
dioualy  lo  have  deprecialed  the  countiv,  by  repreaent- 
iog  Uw  clinuta  aa  ao  diaagreeable  and  unwholeaome, 
iod  llw  aoil  aa  ao  barren,  uat  nothing  but  a  lealoua 
dcnire  of  converting  the  naUvea  could  have  induced 
Uwm  to  aeltio  there.  Several  public  apirited  cilitc iia 
endeavored  lo  undeceive  their  aovereigiia,  and  lo  give* 
them  a  better  view  of  California;  but  in  vain.  Ai 
length,  on  the  eipulaion  of  the  Jeauita  from  the  Sua- 
niia  dorainiona,  tiw  court  of  Madrid,  aa  prone  at  thai 
JQnctura  to  auapeci  the  purity  of  the  Order'a  inteuUona, 
ae  fomierly  to  confide  in  them  with  implicit  truti,  ap- 
pointed Dan  •Ioae|ih  Qalvn,  whoae  abilitiea  have  tinco 
laiaed  him  to  the  high  rank  of  miniater  for  Iho  Iiidiea, 
iM  viail  that  penioaula.  Hi*  accnunt  ol  the  country 
wu  favorable ;  he  found  Uw  pearl  fiahery  on  ila  coaat 
to  be  valuable,  and  he  diacovered  mine*  of  gold  of  a 
very  piomiaing  appearance.  From  ila  vicinity  lo  Oiiia- 
l*a  and  Sonora,  it  ia  probable  that,  if  the  population  of 
lliaaa  pnivineee  ahall  inrreau  in  the  manner  which  I 
iwve  auppoeed,  California  may,  by  degreea,  receive 
from  them  auch  a  recruit  of  inhabitania,  aa  to  be  no 
looger  reckoned  among  the  deaolale  and  uaeloaa  diatricta 
tt  the  Spaniah  empire. 

On  toe  eaal  of  Mexico,  Yucatan  and  Hoiiduraa 
wu  comprehended  in  the  government  of  New 
Spain,  thouofa  aneienthr  they  can  hardly  be  uid  to 
have  (hrmad  a  part  oi'^  ihe  Meiican  empire.  Thoao 
large  ptovincu,  alrotching  from  the  bay  of  Cam- 
peach  r  beyond  Cape  nracio*  a  Dioa,  do  not,  like 
the  oil  «r  terrilotiea  of  Spain  in  the  New  World,  de- 
rive their  value  either  from  the  fertility  of  their  aoil, 
or  the  richiwaa  of  Uwir  niinca ;  but  tliey  produce  in 
giealor  abundance  than  any  part  of  America,  the  log- 
wood tree,  which,  in  dyin^  aome  colore,  ia  ao  far  pre- 
ferable to  any  other  material,  that  the  conaumplion  of 
it  in  Europe  ia  ronaiderabic,  and  it  haa  become  an  arti- 
cli  in  commerce  of  ^at  value.  During  a  lonjj  pe< 
hod,  IW  European  naimn  intrwled  upon  the  Spaniarda 
in  thnaa  provincea,  or  attempted  to  obtain  any  there  in 
Ihii  branch  of  trade.  But  after  the  eonquett  of  Ji- 
naica  by  the  Engliah,  it  toon  appeared  that  a  formida- 
ble rival  wu  now  tealcd  in  lb'.'  neighboifaood  of  the  Spa- 
niah territoriea.  One  of  the  firatiNijecte  which  tempted 
the  Engliah  aellled  in  that  ialand,  wu  the  great  profit 
•liainy  from  Ihe  logwood  trade,  and  the  facility  of 
wreating  aome  portion  of  il  from  the  Spenianla.  Some 
advontumre  from  Jamaica  made  Ihe  firat  attempt  at 
Cape  Catoche,  Uie  aouth-eut  promontory  of  Yucatan, 
and  by  catting  logwood  there  carried  on  a  ^nful 
InlBe.  When  mott  of  the  treea  near  the  coaat  in  that 
.|4ae«  wan  felled,  they  loowved  to  Uw  ialaod  of  Trial, 


in  Iha  be)f  of  Cauipeachy,  and  in  Itlcr  liiiiri  Ihrir  prin- 
clpel  alatwii  hu  b«en  in  Ihe  bay  uf  llondiin.a.  'n» 
Spaniarda,  alarmed  al  thia  encroachment,  endcavorad 
by  nvgolialion,  romonttrar.crt,  and  open  force,  to  pre- 
vrni  Ihe  Kiiglinh  from  oblammg  niiy  fiwliiiji  nii  that 
part  of  Ihe  Anicricaii  runliiiriil  lint  tHcr  •iruKuliiiK 
againit  it  for  morn  than  a  century,  iha  ilittilira  uf  the 
latl  wtr  eilorleil  from  ihe  court  of  Madrid  a  reluctant 
conaent  lo  lolertle  thia  aellli'iutiil  of  forcigiiera  in  the 
heart  of  ila  torritoriet.  'Hie  |iain  which  Ihia  huiiililiiig 
conceuion  occatioiicd  arrhui  lo  hivii  pruinptcd  thu 
Spaniarda  to  davit*  a  method  of  rciiduriiig  il  of  little 
ecinae<)uence,  more  effectiml  than  all  Ihe  etTuri*  of  tie- 
gotialion  or  violence.  The  logwood  prudurrd  on  the 
well  coaat  of  Yucatan,  where  Iha  tod  it  drier,  it  in 
qualily  far  auperior  lo  Uial  which  growa  on  Iho  niatthy 
Jrounda  where  the  Engliah  are  acliled.  Ily  vncourag- 
liui  Iha  culling  of  ihia,  and  permilling  Ihe  iinportalion 
ol^il  into  Spain  wilhoul  paying  any  duty,  auch  vigor 
haa  boon  given  lo  Ihia  branch  of  commerce,  and  Ihe 
logwood  which  Ihe  Engliah  bring  to  market  haa  aunk  ao 
much  in  value,  that  Ihoir  trade  lo  the  bev  of  llonduru 
haa  gradually  declined  [  1(13]  aince  it  obtained  a  legal 
aanclion ;  and,  il  ia  probable,  will  aoon  be  finally  aban- 
doned. In  that  event,  Yucatan  and  Hondutaa  will 
lieromepoaaettioiii  of  cuntidnrtble  Importance  lo  Spain, 

Slill  further  cati  than  llonduraa  lie  the  two  pro- 
vincee  of  Cotia  Itica  and  Veragiia,  which  likewine  be- 
long lo  the  viceroyally  of  New  Spain  ;  but  both  have 
been  ao  much  neglected  by  Ihe  Spaniarda,  and  an  ap- 
parently of  auch  tinall  value,  that  Uwy  merit  no  par- 
liojlar  attention. 

The  inott  important  province  depending  on  Ihe  vice- 
royaltv  of  Peru  ia  Chili.  The  Incaa  had  eatabliahed 
their  dominion  in  aome  of  ila  northern  diilrlcta )  but  in 
the  greater  part  of  the  counlrv,  it*  gallant  and  high 
tpirilod  inhabitania  maintained  their  inde|iendcnca. 
The  Spaniarda,  allured  by  the  fame  of  ila  opulence, 
early  attempted  the  conauoal  of  it  under  Diego  Alma- 
;  and  after  hia  doatn  Pedro  de  Valdivia  rcauiiicd 
dcalgn.  Both  met  wiUi  fierce  oppoaition.  The 
former  rclinquithed  the  enlerpriae  in  Ihe  manner  I  have 
montionnd.  The  latter,  after  having  given  many  dit- 
playa  both  of  courage  and  military  akill,  waa  cut  olf, 
together  with  a  contiderable  body  of  Iroopa  under  hi* 
command.  Francitea  de  Villagra,  Valdivia'a  lieute- 
nant, by  hia  apirited  conduct  checked  the  nalivea  in 
their  career,  and  uved  the  remainder  of  the  Spaniarda 
tram  deatruction.  By  degreea  all  the  champaign  coun- 
ipf  along  the  coaal  waa  aubjeclul  lo  the  Spanish  do- 
minion. The  roountainou*  country  ia  alill  poaaeatxd 
bjr  the  Puelebea,  Araucoa,  and  olKar  tribea  of  ila  ori- 
ginal inhabitania,  formidable  neighbora  lo  the  Spa- 
niarda ;  with  whom  during  Ihe  couru  of  two  centuriea, 
Ihey  have  been  obliged  lo  maintain  an  almoal  nrrpelual 
hottilily,  luapended  only  by  a  few  iolervala  of  inaecure 
peace. 

Iliat  part  of  Chili,  then,  which  may  properly  be 
deemed  a  Spaniah  province,  ia  a  narrow  dialrict  ex- 
tended along  the  cout  from  the  detert  of  Alacainaa  to 
the  ialand  of  Chiloe,  above  nine  hundred  milea.  Ita 
climate  it  the  mott  delicioua  in  the  New  World,  and  ia 
hardly  eoualled  by  that  of  any  region  on  the  face  of  the 
earth.  Though  bordering  on  the  Torrid  Zone,  it  never 
feela  the  eatramily  of  heal,  being  acreened  on  the  eatt 
by  the  Andea,  and  refreahed  from  Ihe  weal  by  cooliiis 
aca  brcexea.  The  temperaUiro  of  the  air  i*  ao  mild  and 
equable,  that  the  Spaniarda  give  it  Ihe  preference  lo 
that  of  the  aouthern  provincea  in  their  native  country. 
The  fertility  of  the  aoil  comaponda  with  Ihe  benignity 
of  the  climate,  and  ia  wonderfully  accommodated  lo 
European  production*.  The  moat  valuable  of  theac, 
corn,  wine,  and  oil,  abound  in  Chili  aa  if  they  had  been 
native  lo  Ihe  country.  All  the  fruita  imported  from 
Europe  atuined  lo  full  maturity  there.  The  animala 
of  our  hemiaphera  not  only  multiply,  but  improve  in 
thia  delightful  region.  The  homed  cattle  are  of  larger 
aize  than  thoae  ofSpain.  lu  breed  ofhoraea  aurpaaaoa, 
both  in  beauty  and  apirit,  the  famoua  Andaluaian  race, 
from  which  they  aprang.  Nor  hu  nature  exhauated  her 
bounty  on  the  aunaee  of  the  earth ;  ahe  hu  atored  ita 
bowcit  with  richea.  Valuable  minea  of  gold,  of  ailver, 
of  copper,  and  of  lead,  have  been  diacovered  in  varioua 
parta  of  it. 

A  country  distinguiahed  by  ao  many  bleuinga,  we 
may  be  apt  to  conclude,  would  early  become  a  favorite 
elation  of  the  Spaniarda,  and  muat  have  been  cultivated 
with  peculiar  predilection  and  care.  Inatead  of  Ihia,  a 
great  part  of  it  remaina  unoccupied.  In  all  thia  extent 
of  nounlry,  then  are  not  abovo  eighty  tbouaand  white 
inhabitant*  and  about  three  timea  that  number  of  Ne- 
groea  and  pvopU  of  a  mixed  race.    The  moat  fertile 


aoil  III  Aiiierira  Ilea  uiiculiivaled,  and  tomo  of  ila  no^ 
promiting  niiiiea  remain  unwronghl.  Strange  u  iMi 
neglect  of  the  Npeniarda  to  avail  ihemaelve*  of  advan 
lagea  which  trrnied  M  couil  iheir  tcceiilti'ce  may  ap- 
|j<-ar,  the  caiiiea  uf  il  can  lie  lracr<l  The  only  Hilars 
ruurxi  ul'  Siiaiii  with  lU  cnluiiiea  in  the  Suulh  Sua  waa 
rurrirj  on  tiuniig  two  crnliiriaa  by  Ihe  annual  firxt  lo 
I'orto  Uello.  All  the  proiluce  of  theu  oulonin  wa* 
ahipiK'd  III  Iho  porta  oi  Callao  or  Arica  in  Peru,  ht 
I'dimiiio,  and  carried  from  Ihvnco  acroaa  tlio  ialhmu*. 
.Ml  Ihe  roniniodiliet  which  ihry  rei-tived  from  the  aw 
IhiT  ruuntriva  were  conveyed  from  Panama  lo  iha  aaina 
harbort.  Thua  both  Ui*  eiiwrta  and  iniporta  of  Chili 
iiaitid  through  the  handa  ol  merchanta  teltled  In  Peril, 
riivui  had  of  courae  a  profit  on  each  ;  and  in  hoik 
tnnucllona  Ibe  Chileto  fell  their  own  tubordinalion 
and  having  no  direct  inlercourae  with  the  parani  ttala, 
Ihey  depended  upon  another  province  for  the  ditpoeai 
of  Iheir  nroductiont,  u  well  u  for  the  aupuly  of  thoir 
wanla.  Under  auch  diaeouragementa,  populaiMn  coiiM 
not  inereaaa,  and  indualry  wu  dealilule  of  nne  cbM 
incitement.  But  now  that  Spain,  from  molivn  which 
I  ahall  mention  hereafker,  haa  adopted  a  new  ayilem. 
and  carrlea  on  her  commerce  with  Ihe  colouiea  in  Iha 
South  Sea  by  ahipa  which  go  round  Capo  Horn,  • 
direct  inlercoiirKe  ia  opened  between  Chili  and  Iho  mo . 
Iher  countnr.  The  gold,  Ihe  ailver,  and  lb*  other  com- 
inoditica  ol'^lhe  province,  will  be  exchanged  in  il*  rwn 
barber*  for  Ihe  manufacturea  of  Europe.  Chili  inajr 
tpecdily  riae  into  that  importance  among  Iha  Spanian 
aettleineni*  lo  which  it  ia  entitled  by  il*  natural  advan- 
tauoa.  It  may  liecome  the  granary  of  Peru,  and  tho 
other  provincea  along  the  Pacific  Cteean.  k  may  aup- 
ply  Ihem  with  wine,  with  cattle,  with  hortea,  witk 
iivinn,  and  many  other  articlea  for  which  they  now  da- 
peiiil  11(1011  Europe.  Though  Ihe  new  ayatem  hu  bitaa 
ealablliihcd  only  a  few  yeara,  thoae  elTecta  of  il  ba^D 
already  to  be  obterved.'  If  il  thall  be  adhered  to  with 
any  tieiidlnoit  for  htif  a-  century,  one  may  venture  lo 
furelell  that  population,  indualry,  and  opubnea  will  ad- 
vance in  Ihia  province  with  rapid  progrma. 

To  tlie  eaal  of  the  Andea,  the  provincea  of  Tucuman 
and  Kio  de  la  Plata  border  on  Chili,  and  like  it  wero 
de|iondenl  on  Iho  viceroyally  of  Peru.  Theaa  regiona 
of  immenae  extent  alretch  in  length  from  north  to  aouth 
above  thirteen  hundred  milea,  and  in  breadth  mora 
than  I,  thouaand.  Thia  country,  which  ia  larger  than 
moat  European  kingdom*,  naturally  forma  ilaelf  into 
two  great  divlalon*,  one  on  Ihe  north  and  Iho  other  on 
the  *oulh  of  Kio  de  la  Plata.  Tho  former  comprebenda 
Paraguay,  tho  famoua  niiaaiona  of  the  Jeaulta,  and  aa- 
veral  other  diatricta.  But  u  diapute*  have  long  aub- 
aiated  between  Ihe  courta  of  Spain  and  Portugal,  con- 
cerning ita  boundaric*,  which,  it  i*  probable,  will  be 
*oon  finilly  aacertained,  cither  amicably  or  by  Ihe  de- 
ciaion  of  the  aword,  I  cliooae  to  roaerve  my  account  o( 
Ihia  northern  divialon,  until  I  enter  upon  llw  hiatory  ol 
Portuoueao  America,  with  which  il  ia  intimately  r"n- 
necled  i  and  in  relating  it,  I  ahall  be  able,  from  '•  iien- 
lie  maleriala  aupplied  both  by  Spain  and  Portugal,  to 
give  a  full  and  accurate  deacriplion  of  Ihe  operationa 
and  viewa  of  the  Jeauit*,  in  roaring  that  aingular  fabrio 
of  policy  in  America,  which  haa  drawn  ao  much  atten- 
tion, alio  haa  been  ao  imperfectly  underalood.  Itw 
latter  diviaion  of  Ihe  province  conlaint  the  govenimenia 
of  Tucuman  and  Buenoa  Ayrea,  and  lo  theaa  I  thall  at 
preaent  confine  my  ohaertationa. 

The  Spaniard*  entered  ihia  part  of  America  by  Iha 
river  De  la  Plata ;  and  thcugh  a  auaceaaion  of  cruel 
diauter*  befell  them  in  Iheir  early  attempta  to  ettaUiab 
Ihoir  dominion  in  it,  they  were  encouraged  to  pertiat 
in  the  deai^n,  at  firat  by  the  liopca  of  diacoveriiig  roinea 
in  llie  interior  country,  and  afturwarda  by  Ibe  neceaiity 
of  occupying  it,  in  order  to  prevent  any  other  nalior 
from  aettling  there,  and  pcnelraiing  by  Una  route  into 
their  rich  poaaeniona  in  Peru.  But  except  at  Buenoa 
Ayrea,  they  have  made  no  aettlement  of  any  conae- 
queiice  in  all  the  vaat  apace  which  I  have  mentioned. 
There  are  indeed,  acatlered  over  il,  a  few  placM  or 
which  they  have  bealowed  the  name  of  towna,  and  to 
which  they  have  endeavored  to  add  aome  dignity,  by 
erecUng  them  into  bitboprica  ;  but  they  are  no  battel 
than  paltry  villagea,  eacn  with  two  or  three  hiindieo 
inhabilanta.  One  cireumalance,  however,  which  wu 
not  originally  foreaeen,  hu  contributed  lo  render  Ikia 
dialrict,  though  thinly  peopled,  of  conaiderable  impor 
lance.  The  province  of  Tucuman,  together  with  thi 
country  to  Ihe  aouth  of  Ihe  Plata,  inatead  of  beiiw  co- 
vered with  wood  like  other  parta  of  America,  form* 
one  extentive  open  plain,  almoat  wilhnuv  a  Irae.  The 
aoil  ia  a  deep  fertile  mould,  watered  by  many  ainaini 
deKonding  Icom  Ihe  Andea,  and  clolhed  io  parpewal 


NOUTH  AMRRIOA. 


nd  MOM  o(  ito  aor 
il.    Hinni*  M  ikit 
winMltm  of  uivkii 
•ccmilarc*  may  ifN 
i\     Th«  only  iniar- 
I  ih«  Huuth  H«*  wn 
th«  iniiu*!  Ilrxt  M 
tiMM  uuloniM  WM 
Ariet  in  i'tru,  fM 
•cnwa  llw  wthmiM. 
caivt'd  from  ih*  mo- 
I'aniini  M  'h*  Mm* 
lid  impurli  of  Chili 
mill  Mtilitd  in  Ptra. 
etch  ;  and  in  balk 
own  tubordiiialion 
•iih  Iho  |Mnni  tUM. 
lines  for  ih*  ditfotu 
>r  ilw  lupiilx  of  ihoit 
nU,  populttion  coiiM 
iMiluM  of  nnt  chM 
from  motiTM  whicli 
plod  ■  new  v/Mm, 
the  colaniei  in  Um 
lund  Ctpa   Horn,  • 
!on  Chili  end  the  ma ' 
r,  iiid  th«  other  com* 
ixchinged  in  il<  I'wn 
Euru|ie.     Chili  intv 
•mnng  the  SpeniM 
by  it!  iieturel  idTin- 
■ry  of  Peru,  end  the 
Ocean,     k  mty  aup- 
e,  with  horeei,  witli 
r  which  they  now  da- 
new  ayatem  hu  bvea 
«  eflecta  of  it  begin 
Jl  be  adhered  ta  with 
,  one  may  venture  to 
and  opubince  will  adi- 
progreaa. 

irovincesofTucuman 
hili,  and  like  it  wera 
Peru.    Theae  regions 
^h  from  north  to  aouth 
and  in  breadth  mora 
which  is  larger  than 
«lly  forma  itaolf  inta 
orth  and  the  other  on 
9  former  compreheiide 
'  the  Jcauits,  and  aa- 
^utea  have  long  aub- 
jin  and  I'oitiigaT,  con- 
It  ia  pnibable,  will  bo 
lirably  or  by  the  de- 
jaerve  my  account  ol 
.>r  upon  lUe  hiatory  oi 
il  ia  intimately  <••>«- 
be  able,  from''    uen- 
ain  and  Portugal,  ta 
lion  of  the  operalioiia 
ig  that  aingular  fabric 
irawn  ao  much  atten- 
ily  underatood.    Tha 
lain*  the  government* 
ind  to  theae  I  ahall  at 

|rt  of  America  by  the 
I  auareaaion  of  cruel 
I  atlempta  to  ettabliab 
nncuuragcd  to  peraiat 
I  of  diacoveriiig  minee 
Aiarda  by  the  neceaaily 
lent  any  other  nation 
ling  by  tliia  route  into 
^ut  eicept  at  Buenoa 
pment  of  any  conae- 
I  I  have  mentioned, 
il,  a  few  place*  or 
jne  of  towna,  and  la 
tdd  aome  dignity,  by 
It  they  are  no  better 
Vo  or  three  hnndieo 
[however,  which  wa* 
[buted  to  render  tkii 
conaiderable  impor 
Ian,  together  with  ihi 
I  inatead  of  being  co- 
la of  /nerica,  forma 
Iwitbnuv  I  tree.     The 
Bred  by  many  atream* 
|cliK!)td  in  perpeuul 


VNlaia.  In  Ikl*  neh  pu«ur*|*,  iha  baiaee  and  cattle 
laifaited  by  the  SMnieida  fram  Euroo*  have  multiplied 
la  •  degrta  which  alinaal  eieead*  belief.  Thie  haa 
enabled  the  inhabitanta  net  onljv  la  open  a  luersliv* 
trade  with  Peru,  by  aupplying  il  with  cattle,  horaea, 
uid  mulae,  but  lo  carry  on  a  comtneice  no  leaa  beneA- 
•iai,  by  the  eiporution  of  hide*  to  Kiiio|ie.  Kroin  Imih, 
Ika  colony  haa  derived  great  advanlagca.  Uiit  ila 
eommudioua  aituation  for  carrying  un  coiilrabarid  trade 
oaa  been  the  chief  aouice  of  iij  proaprrily.  While  the 
court  of  Madrid  ulhered  lo  it*  ancient  ayatem,  with 
leaped  lo  ila  communication  with  America,  the  river 
Da  la  Plata  lay  ao  much  out  of  tha  couraa  of  Hpaniah 
navigation,  lb*l  interloptn,  slmo*t  witlwul  any  riak  of 
btinf  *ilh*r  obaarvetl  or  oiwirueted,  could  pour  in  Eu- 


l0M*n  a»nur*elur**  in  *ueh  quanlitiea,  that  ihey  not 
only  auppliad  Iha  winia  of  the  colony,  but  were  con- 
veyed Inta  til  th*  e**lem  dietriel*  af  Peru.    ^Vhen 


the  Ponugueaa  in  Braiil  eit*nd*d  Ihair  a*ltleme.nl*  to 
tha  banh*  of  Rio  de  I*  PUtt,  •  new  channel  waa 
apaned,  by  which  piohibiled  eommodiliea  flowed  Inio 
the  Spanish  larhtoriea  with  atill  more  facility,  and  in 
greeter  abundane*.  Tbia  illegal  Irafflc,  however  detri- 
mental la  tha  parent  alate,  contributed  lo  Ihu  increaaa 
af  the  eetllsment  which  had  the  immediate  benefll  of  it, 
snd  Buenoe  Ayrea  became  gradualW  a  populoua  knti 
apulent  Iowa.  What  may  be  the  eflecl  of  Ihe  altera- 
tion l*l*lv  mads  in  ths  government  of  Ihi*  colony,  ihe 
nature  or  which  absll  bo  deacribed  in  th*  aubaequcnt 
Book,  eannot  hilheita  be  known. 

All  lbs  other  territories  of  Spain  in  the  New  World, 
lbs  island*  siespted,  of  whoae  discovery  and  reduction 
I  havs  formsrly  givsn  an  account,  are  comprehended 
under  two  great  divialons ;  the  (bnner  denominated  the 
singdom  oiTierra  Firme,  Iho  provineea  of  which  atreteh 
along  the  Atlantic,  from  the  eaalern  frontier  of  New 
Spain  to  Ihe  mouth  of  the  Orinoco ;  the  latter,  Ihe  New 
Kingdaro  of  Oranads,  aituatod  in  the  interior  country. 
With  a  abort  view  of  theae  I  ahall  does  this  psrt  of  my 
work. 

To  ths  east  of  Veragua,  Ihe  laat  province  auhiect  to 
Ihe  viceroy  of  Mexico,  liea  Iha  iilhmua  of  Darion. 
Though  it  waa  in  Ihia  part  of  tha  continent  that  tha 
Spaniarda  Drat  began  lo  plant  coloiiioa,  they  have  made 
no  conaiderable  progrea*  in  peopling  il.  Aa  Ihe  conn- 
try  ia  extremely  mounuinou*,  deluged  with  rain  during 
a  good  pert  of  Ihe  year,  remarkably  unhealthful,  and 
roiitaint  no  minea  of  great  value,  the  Spaniarda  would 
Mobably  havn  abandoned  it  altogether,  if  thev  had  not 
been  allured  to  continuo  by  the  excellence  or  the  har- 
bor of  Porto  Bello  on  the  one  aea,  and  that  of  Psnsins 
an  the  other.  Ilieae  have  been  called  tha  keya  lo  tha 
communication  between  Ihe  north  and  aouth  aea,  be- 
tween Spain  and  her  moel  valuable  coloniea.  In  con- 
sequence of  this  advantage,  Panama  hat  become  a  con- 
siderable and  thriving  town.  The  peculiar  noiiouancas 
of  its  climate  baa  prevented  Porto  Bollo  from  increas- 
ing in  the  aame  proportion.  Aa  the  intorcouraa  with 
Ihe  aetllomenla  in  tiie  Pacilie  Oeean  ia  now  carried  on 
by  another  channel,  it  is  probable  that  both  Porto  Bello 
and  Panama  will  decline,  when  no  longer  nouriahed 
and  enriched  by  that  commerce  lo  which  they  were  in- 
debted for  their  prnaperily,  and  even  thoir  exittenee. 

Th*  provineea  of  Carthagena  and  Santa  Martha 
stretch  lo  the  eaatward  of  the  iathmua  of  Daricn.  The 
country  atill  continuea  mountainous,  b'lt  its  valleya 
begin  to  expand,  are  well  watered,  and  extremely  fer- 
tile. Pedro  de  lleredia  •ubjcclcd  Ihi*  part  of  America 
to  Ihe  crown  of  Spain  about  the  year  1533.  It  ia 
thinly  peopled,  and  of  counto  ill  cultivated.  It  producca, 
however,  a  variety  of  valuable  drugs,  and  some  pre- 
eioua  atonea,  particularly  emeralda.  But  ita  chief  im- 
portance it  derived  from  the  harbor  of  Carthagena,  the 
aafott  and  beat  fortified  of  any  in  the  American  do- 
miniona  of  Spain.  In  a  aitiialion  ao  favorable,  coin- 
jierce  aoon  began  to  flouriah.  Aa  early  at  the  year 
1544.  it  teems  lo  have  been  *  town  of  some  note.  But 
when  Oarthagena  waa  ehoeeo  aa  the  port  in  which  the 

Sileona  ahould  first  begin  to  trade  on  their  arrival  from 
urope,  and  to  which  they  were  directed  to  return,  in 
Older  lo prapare  for  their  voyage  homeward,  iho  coin- 
nerce  or  ita  inhabitant*  ws*  *o  much  favored  by  this 
srrangsmont,  that  it  toon  becsme  one  of  the  moat  popu- 
loua, apulent,  and  beautiful  citiea  in  America.  There 
ia,  however,  reason  to  apprehend  that  it  haa  reached  ita 
luibeat  point  of  exaltation,  and  that  it  will  be  ao  far 
aflected  by  the  change  in  the  Spaniab  ayatem  of  trade 
with  America,  which  ha*  withdrawn  from  it  the  deaira- 
ble  viaita  of  the  galeona,  at  to  feel  at  leaat  a  temporary 
decline.  But  Ihe  wealth  now  collected  there  will  aoun 
ind  or  create  employment  for  ittelf,  and  may  ba  turned 
With  adTsntaga  into  soma  now  cbionel.    Ita  harbor  is 


to  asr*,  snd  soconvanianlly  sitntlsd  far  laerivlng  cum- 
medilias  from  Kunps,  its  msrchant*  h«v*  b*sn  aa  long 
aeeualamad  la  eanvey  thaaa  into  all  Ihs  *<lj*e*nt  pro- 
vine**,  th*l  it  ia  nrubabi*  lh*y  will  still  rslsin  this 
brsiich  of  irads,  and  Carlbagena  continu*  lo  ha  a  city 
of  grmt  iinporuiic*. 

Th*  province*  contiguous  to  Santa  Martha  on  ths 
eaat,  waa  firat  vialtcd  by  Alonao  d«  Oiedt,  in  Ihe  year 
Uro ;  snd  llie  Spanisrdt,  on  their  Isiiding  thsrs,  hsving 
observed  tome  huts  in  an  Indian  village,  built  upon 
piles,  in  order  lo  ralae  thoin  above  Ihe  ttagnatod  water 
which  covered  Ihe  plain,  were  led  to  hcilow  u|ioii  il 
Ihe  nam*  of  Vsneiuola,  or  little  Venice,  by  thoir  uaual 
propentily  to  And  a  reieinblancs  between  what  Ihey 
diacoversd  in  Ainerlot,  and  Ih*  object*  which  wera 
familiar  to  thsm  in  Europe.  Thsy  msde  some  altempls 
to  ssltia  thara,  but  with  lillla  sueecas.  The  Anal  ra- 
duclion  of  Iha  provinc*  waa  aecoinpliahed  bjr  means 
very  diflsrsnl  from  thoaa  lo  which  Spain  w*a  indeble<l 
for  ila  other  aequiaitiona  in  Iha  Now  World.  Tha 
ambition  of  Charlea  V.  often  engaged  him  in  0|ieraliona 
of  auch  variety  and  extent,  that  hia  revenuea  won  not 
auflieient  lo  defray  Ih*  *xpente  of  carrying  lliein  inta 
execution.  Among  other  eipedienta  for  aupplying  tha 
deAcieney  of  hi*  fund*,  h*  had  borrowed  larg*  auma 
from  tha  Velicra  of  .\ugaburg,  the  ino*l  opulent  m*r 
ch*nt*  *t  that  lime  in  Europe.  By  way  ol  retribution 
for  theie,  or  in  hopca,  perhapa,  of  obtaining  a  new  luan, 
h*  b*alowed  upon  them  the  province  of  Voneiuela,  lo 
b*  h*ld  aa  an  hereditary  fief  from  Ihe  crown  of  Caaiile, 
oil  condition  that  within  a  limited  time  Ihey  should  ren- 
der themteUet  maalera  of  the  country,  and  eatabliih  a 
colony  there.  Under  the  direction  of  auch  peraona,  il 
might  hsvo  been  expected  that  a  aeltlemeut  would  have 
bean  eatabliahcd  on  maxim*  very  different  from  thoaa 
of  Ihe  Spaniardu,  and  belter  calculated  to  enconraoa 
auch  uaerul  induitrv,  aa  mercantile  proprielora  mignt 
have  known  lo  bo  ine  moel  certain  aource  of  proaperity 
and  opulence.  But  unlbrtunately  they  committml  ilia 
execution  of  their  plan  to  tome  uf  thoae  aoldlera  of 
fortune  with  which  Uermany  abounded  in  the  tixleenth 
century.  Theae  advenlurera,  impatient  lo  amaaa  riehea, 
that  tlwy  might  a|ieedlly  abandon  a  elation  which  Ihey 
toon  diaco,vorod  to  be  very  uncomfortable,  inttead  of 
planting  a  colony  in  order  lo  cultivate  and  improve  the 
country,  wandered  from  dialrict  In  diatrict  in  aearch  of 
millet,  plundering  tha  nativea  with  unfeeling  rapacity, 
or  opprotaing  them  by  the  iinpoaition  of  inloleralilo 
taaka.  In  the  court*  nf  a  few  yeara,  their  avarice  and 
eiactiona,  in  compariton  with  which  tlmte  of  the  Sps- 
niarda  were  moderate,  dciolated  Ihe  province  ao  com- 
pletely, that  it  could  hardly  sITunl  them  subaiatrnce, 
and  th*  Velaera  relinquiahod  a  property  from  which  Iho 
inconaiderste  conduct  of  their  agents  left  thom  no  hope 
nf  ever  deriving  sny  sdvanlaoe.  When  the  wretched 
remainder  of  the  Uormana  ueterted  Venexuela,  Ihe 
Spanitrda  again  took  poitctaion  of  it ;  but  notwith- 
alanding  many  natural  advantagea,  it  ia  one  ol  their 
moti  Itnguiihing  and  unproductive  tettlement*. 

The  provineea  of  Caraccaa  and  Cumana  are  the  laat 
of  Ihe  Spaniab  tcnritorlet  on  this  coaat ;  hut  in  relating 
the  origin  and  operatlona  of  the  mercantile  eom|i*ny  in 
which  an  excluaive  right  of  trade  with  them  haa  been 
vetted,  I  thall  hereafter  have  occaaion  to  conaider  their 
attle  and  productiona. 

The  New  Kingdom  of  Granada  ia  entirely  an  inland 
country  of  great  extent.  Thia  important  addition  waa 
made  lo  the  dominiona  of  Spain  about  the  year  1536, 
by  Sebastian  de  Benalcaxar  and  Gonialo  Xiinenoa  do 
Quetada,  two  of  Ihe  braveat  and  moat  accomplithed 
officer!  employed  in  Ihe  conquett  of  America.  The 
former,  who  commanded  at  that  time  in  Quito,  attacked 
il  from  the  aouih ;  the  latter  made  hit  invation  from 
Santa  Martha  on  the  north.  Aa  the  original  inhabiunta 
of  thia  region  were  further  advanced  in  improvement 
than  any  people  in  America  but  the  Mexicana  and  Pe- 
ruviana, they  defended  themtelvea  with  great  rcaolution 
and  good  conduct.  The  abilitiea  and  perteverence  of 
Benalcaxar  and  Queaads  surmounted  sll  opposition, 
though  not  without  encountering  many  dangers,  snd 
reduced  the  country  into  the  form  of  s  Spanish  pro- 
vince. 

The  New  Kingdom  of  Granada  ia  ao  far  elevated 
above  the  level  of  the  aea  that,  though  it  approachea 
almoal  to  Ihe  equator,  the  climate  ia  romarkaoly  tem- 
perate. The*  fertility  of  ita  valleya  ia  not  inferior  to 
that  of  the  richeat  diatrieta  in  .\merica,  and  ita  higher 

?rounda  yield  gold  and  precious  atonea  of  various  kinda. 
t  ia  not  by  digging  into  the  bowela  of  the  earth  that 
thia  gold  ia  found  ;  it  ia  mingled  with  the  toil  near  the 
nirfaco,  and  aeparated  from  it  by  repeated  washing 
with  water.    Tliit  operation  is  csnicd  on  wholly  by 


NsgToslavaai  fcr  Ihaagh  Iha «hill  aabtawiiaMi all tm 
bMh  di*aev*i*d,  b«  axparianee,  lo  ba  ta  (klal  !•  Am^ 
that  ih*y  esnnai  ba  employed  with  advantag*  U  fkm 
deep  ailver  minaa,  lh*y  *r*  mora  cap*bla  af  p*rfaMl> 
ing  the  olhei  apsciea  of  labor  than  Indian*.  A*  llw 
nativ**  in  the  New  Kingdom  of  ()r*n*ds  an  *i*nifl 
from  that  service,  which  haa  wealed  lh*ir  ne*  ao  !•• 
pidly  in  other  fxf  of  Amarica,  th*  caunliy  i*  *iill 
remarkably  populoua.  fSome  ditlricit  yiakl  gM  with 
t  profuaion  no  Itt*  wonderful  than  that  in  In*  vsl*  c 
Cineguill*,  which  I  b*v*  fonneriy  mentioned,  and  il  it 
often  found  in  Urge  fulittu,  or  grain%  which  nunifsal 
th*  abundane*  in  whivh  il  ia  produead.  On  a  riMM 
ground  near  Pamplona,  ainglo  laborera  havs  eolls«t*€ 
in  a  day  what  waa  equal  in  value  to  *  thou**ad  piaaa. 
A  Uu  governor  of  SaiiU  Fa  brought  with  him  lo  Bpata 
a  lump  of  nun  gold,  a*lim*l*d  to  ot  worth  oaran  Mn> 
dred  and  forty  pound*  *l*rling.  This,  which  is  pa». 
hsfis  Iha  ItrgMt  snd  flnaat  *|i*einian  evar  found  in  Iha 
N*w  WorM,  i*  now  d*po*it*d  ia  tha  rayal  eabinat  af 
Madrid.  But  without  founding  any  ealeulslioii  an 
what  ia  nro  and  extraordinary,  Iha  valua  of  Iha  gohi 
uaually  eolleutsd  in  this  country,  psilioulsriy  in  (ha 
provinces  of  Popsyin  snd  Choeo,  is  nf  cnnsidsnbla 
smouiit.  Its  towns  sr*  populous  snd  flourishing.  Tha 
number  of  inhsbilania  in  almost  av*rjr  part  af  Iha  eaun- 
try  daily  increatet.  Cultivation  and  Indualry  «f  viriaiM 
kmdt  begin  lo  ba  encouraged,  end  to  proapei  A  ean 
tiderable  trade  ia  carried  on  with  Caitha^ua,  tha  fim- 
duce  of  Ihs  minet,  and  other  commodllia*,  baing  can- 
veyed  down  the  gnat  rivar  of  St.  M*gd*l*na  lo  thai 
city.  On  another  quarter,  Iho  Naw  Kingdam  of  Gra- 
nada haa  s  communiealion  with  Iha  Auaniic  by  Iha 
river  Orinoco ;  but  Iha  country  which  atnleh**  slang 
iu  bank*  low*rds  the  eaet,  it  litlla  known,  and  imgrn 
f*ctlv  occupied  by  Iha  Spsniaid*. 

BOOK   VIII. 

View  of  Ihs  Intsrior  piverninsnl,  cominercs,  Ac.  of  )h«  tfa 
nlih  eolonlss— Dapopulstlon  «  America— Utat  sIlMt*  o* 
their  lettlsinentt— nut  th*  eoiiaeiiutues  o(  any  tntsm  * 
pulley— nor  to  be  IniiHiled  to  relinion— Number  of  Indlaa 
ttlll  rtmalnlns— Fundamental  maxima  on  which  th*  la* 
nlth  nirateni  of  eolonlaatlan  la  foundsd— VomiMkm  of  dlmr 
ant  ordara  of  man  In  Ifialr  colonlaa— Vhap<itunae— Cisslaa 
—Nexroei— Indiana— EcclstiaillctI  atola  and  policy— Chs 
nictur  of  teciittr  and  regular  clsrfy— Small  progrett  o 
Olirlmltnlty  amnnf  th*  nallvea—MliHit,  chief  ob^i  of  iholi 
attention- Mode  ol  worlilni  thete— their  pruduce— Utet* 
of  encouraging  thlt  ipsclet  of  indutlry— Otlier  cem 
mfiilltloR  of  Spiuiiih  America— Pint  elTectt  of  Ihit  ii*w 
commerce  with  America  on  Spain— Whv  the  Spanfah 
catonlea  lisve  not  been  at  bensllclal  to  Iha  parent  ilale  a* 
tluM*  of  other  natloiu— Erron  In  th*  Spanlah  tytlem  of 
regulating Ihli  coinmorce— conlined  loon*  port— carried  on 
by  annual  Seata—Contniljand  trade— Decline  of  Spain  both 
In  population  and  wealth— Remettlea  propoaod— View  *f 
Ih*  wile  regulatluna  of  Ihe  Buurtton  princea— A  new  and 
more  llbenU  Myitem  introduced— twneflclal  effecta  of  this— 
prohoble  conse<|uencoa — Trmde  between  New  Sp*in  end  tiM 
PhlUpplnea— Kevenuo  of  Spain  (Tom  Amsrica— whsnc*  11 
ariiet— to  what  It  amounti. 

AfTKB  tracing  the  progrets  of  Ihe  Spaniards  in  thair 
discoveries  snd  conquettt  during  mora  Ihsn  half  a  cen- 
tury, I  have  conducted  them  lo  that  period  when  thair 
authority  wsa  eatabliahed  over  almost  sll  tha  vast  ro- 
ciona  in  the  New  World  atill  aubject  lo  their  dominion. 
The  cHect  of  Ihoir  tetlleinrntt  upon  the  counlriee  of 
which  Ihey  took  pottettion,  Ihe  maxima  which  Ihey 
adopted  in  forming  their  new  coloniee,  the  interior 
alructura  snd  policy  of  those,  together  with  th*  influ- 
ence of  their  progivaaive  improvement  upon  the  parant 
alate,  and  upon  the  commercial  intercourae  of  nation*, 
are  the  object*  to  which  we  now  turn  our  attention 

The  firat  viaible  conaequeiice  of  th*  eataUiahmonta 
made  by  the  Spaniard*  in  America,  we*  Ihe  diminution 
of  tho  ancient  inhabitanta,  lo  a  degree  equally  a*toni*h- 
ing  and  deplorable.  I  have  already,  on  difTerent  occa- 
aion*, mentioned  the  diaaslrons  influence  under  which 
the  connection  of  the  Amsriesn*  with  Iho  people  of  out 


hemia|>hera  onmrnenead.  both  in  tha  iafand*  and  in 
aeveni  part*  of  tn*  eontinant,  ind  have  touched  upon 
varioua  cauaea  of  their  rapid  etmsumplion.  Wherever 
Ihe  inhahilant*  of  America  had  leiolllion  to  tak*  (rma 
in  defence  of  their  liberty  and  right*,  many  periahcd  in 
the  unequal  conteat,  and  wen  cut  off  by  their  fierce  in- 
vadera.  But  the  greataat  desolation  followed  after  Iha 
aword  wa*  aheathed,  and  the  conquerora  wera  aettled 
in  tranquillity.  It  waa  in  Ihe  ialanda,  and  in  thoae  prt»- 
vincea  of  Ihe  continent  which  etretch  from  the  Gulf  ol 
Trinidad  to  the  confinea  of  Mexico,  that  tlie  faul  efleela 
of  the  Spaniah  dominion  wera  first  am^  moat  aenaibly 
felt.  All  thete  were  occupied  either  by  wandering 
tribea  of  hunten,  or  by  auch  ta  had  made  but  aiiiiO 
progn**  in  cultivation  and  induatrv.  When  th*y  went 
compellad  by  thair  naw  'master*  to  tika  no  a  toad  n^t 


Robkrthon'i  hihtory  or 


4mm. m4  w iniy  i*  nflitUiMwi  wkt* iMk* mm* 
■mhm4  H|wn  Umn  diiywiwrtt— ■<  t»  ikwr  Mitnilki 
Ml  »«■  tMalrd  «iOi  uiiralantinf  M*«nl]r,  ikcy  |io»- 
Miml  imM  «igor  oiilwr  of  miiid  of  sf  bsdf  lo  luaUin 
dw  uniiiiiil  ioail  of  o|i)iitwiiHi  OtjtnlMn  •ml  il«- 
•|»ir  druv*  iiwny  lo  riiii  ttwii  li«M  by  «jalcnr«,  ¥»• 
ligus  iml  hmiiM  Jtalruynl  inun.  In  all  IhoM  ■«lcn- 
M*«  nyiam.  lh«  orlgiiMJ  rat:*  of  inhaluUiili  wnnliil 
t/nity  i  III  Mmw  it  wm  lolilly  cilingiiuhcil  In  Mcii- 
(o,  whtra  •  powarful  in*!  nwitial  |h'u|iI«  iliallii||iii«lMi<t 
UMiir  0|ip<wiiwii  to  ttio  H|Mni*iil>  liy  cHorts  of  noiitago 
wonbf  of  ■  botlai  hto,  ipnt  numhon  foil  in  tho  AtlJ  j 
mm!  imiiv,  <•  woll  H  in  Peru,  (till  mtltr  numbcn 
pori*b«d  umkir  Iho  budihiM  of  iltoiidinii  Iho  8|Mniah 
umio*  is  thoir  viriouo  MpouiUono  ind  civil  wan,  worn 
MM  with  tba  liMOMoni  toil  of  etrrying  tboir  btggigo, 
|oo*lMeM,  Md  mUiiiry  itorti. 

But  noiibor  iIm  ngo  nor  erutlty  of  iho  flponiuda 
«M  M  doitriMlivo  to  tho  pooplo  ot  Moiico  iimI  Peru, 
•H  iko  iwonoidonto  peUcywilb  which  ihoy  ttuMichod 
Uwir  now  loltloinonl*.  Tho  fomor  woro  tcinponry 
cabnilioo,  Cttol  lo  iiitlirtiiuoU :  Iho  Ultar  wia  a  por- 
iMmoat  ovil,  which,  with  gradual  eonaumption,  waalml 
Iko  nalioo.  Wlion  tho  pravincaa  of  Monro  and  P«ru 
*or<  diridod  among  tho  can<|ucrora,  aach  waa  eager  lo 
«buin  a  diairici  from  which  ho  might  oipeci  an  in> 
•UatanHNia  rocoropaoae  for  all  hia  aerricta.  Soldiora, 
■ocualomed  to  Ibo  careleaaneaa  and  diaai|ialion  of  a 
Military  life,  had  neither  induaWy  lo  cuxy  on  any  plan 
of  regular  cultivation,  nor  patience  to  wait  for  ila  alow 
but  certain  relume.  Inatead  of  aellling  in  Iho  *alleya 
occupied  by  tho  nativee,  where  the  foruTity  of  Iho  aoil 
would  have  amply  rewanlcd  tho  diligence  of  the  plarter, 
Ihoy  choao  to  lii  their  ataliona  in  acme  of  the  moon- 
laiooua  regiona,  frnjuenl  both  in  New  Spain  and  in 
Peru.  To  learch  fur  minee  of  gold  and  eilver  waa  the 
thwf  object  of  their  actifitr.  Tlio  proapeela  which 
Ihie  opena,  and  Iho  alluring  nopea  which  It  continually 
prewnta,  correa|iond  wondrrAilly  with  the  apiril  of  en- 
lorpriae  and  edvenluro  that  animated  the  Aral  emigranla 
to  Annerica  in  every  part  of  their  conduct.  In  order  to 
pueh  forwaid  Ihoae  favorite  iiroleela,  ao  many  handa 
were  wanted,  that  Ibo  aarvlce  ol  the  nalivea  became 
indiaponaably  raquiaiie.  They  weio  accordingly  com- 
pelled lo  abemhm  their  ancient  habitaliona  in  llie  ptaina, 
and  driven  in  crowda  to  the  mounlaina.  Thia  auddvn 
Iranaition  from  the  aullry  climate  of  Iho  valleye  lo  tho 
rhill  penetraliiig  air  peculiar  lo  high  lande  in  the  torrid 
■one ;  eiorbilant  labor,  acanty  or  unwholeaome  nouriah- 
neot,  and  Iho  deapondency  occaaioned  by  a  apecioa  of 
opjiraaaioii  lo  which  they  were  not  accualomed,  and  of 
which  they  aaw  no  end,  aflcclcd  them  nearly  aa  much 
•a  their  leaa  indualrioua  countrymen  in  the  iaianda. 
Tkry  aunk  under  the  united  proaaure  of  thoaa  calami- 
lioe,  and  mrltcd  away  with  almoat  oi)nal  rapidity.  In 
t<*iiae<|uenco  of  thia,  together  with  tho  introduction  of 
Uw  email-poi,  a  malady  unknown  in  America,  and  ex- 
trnmely  fatal  to  the  nalivra,  the  number  of  people  both 
ki  New  Spain  ar.d  Peru  wae  ao  much  reduced,  that  in 
>  (aw  yeara  the  accounta  of  their  ancient  population 
•ppeaied  almoat  incredible.  [164] 

Such  are  tho  moat  conaiderabla  eventa  and  cauaea 
which,  by  their  combined  operation,  cunliibutcd  lo  dc- 
ptpulato  America.  Without  attending  lo  theae,  many 
•ulhons  aaloniahed  at  the  auddenneaa  of  the  deaolation, 
havo  aarribed  thia  unexampled  event  to  a  ayatem  of 
policy  no  leaa  profound  than  alrocioua.  The  Spaniarda, 
aa  they  pretend,  conacioua  of  llieir  own  iiiahilily  to  oc- 
cupy ioe  vaat  regiona  which  th»y  had  diacovered,  and 
foreaeeuig  the  inipoaalbilily  of  mainlaining  their  au- 
itioriiy  over  a  people  iulinilely  auperior  to  theniaelvca 
ia  number,  in  onler  lo  preaerve  the  poaaeaaion  of  Ante- 
■tea,  reaolved  to  exterminate  the  inhabitanta,  and,  by 
convening  a  great  part  of  the  country  into  a  deaort, 
andoavored  to  aecure  their  own  dominion  over  it.  [16,'i] 
But  nationa  aeUom  extend  their  viewa  to  objccia  ao 
raroole,  or  lay  iheir  plana  ao  deep ;  and  for  the  honor 
of  humanity  we  may  obaerve,  that  no  nation  ever  de- 
l(>ieiately  formed  auch  an  execrable  acheme.  The 
8|iaoiah  monarcha,  far  from  acting  upon  any  auch  sya- 
toii  of  deatruction,  were  uniformly  ajlieiioua  for  the 
prvaervilion  of  their  new  aiibj^ta.  With  laabclla, 
wal  for  propagating  the  Chriatian  faith,  together 
with  the  deaire  of  communicating  the  knowledge  of 
mth,  and  the  conao!alion«  of  religion,  to  people  ueali- 
luta  of  apiritual  light,  were  more  than  oateuaible  roo- 
livw  for  encouraging  Columbua  to  attempt  hia  diaco- 
varioa.  Upon  hia  aucceaa,  ahe  endeavored  to  fulfil  her 
pi—e  purpoae,  and  manifcated  the  moat  tender  concern 
to  aature  not  only  religioua  inetruction,  but  mild  treat- 
,  to  that  inoffeuaive  race  of  men  eubjected  to  har 
b(IN)   HaraaecoaaanadoiitMllbeaMMidfUi 


and,  an  aany  oceaaiana,  wkiek  I  have  MaMianad,  ikelt 
authority  waa  tnlarpoeed,  in  tho  moat  vigoroua  exer- 
tlane,  lo  protect  the  paofda  of  America  nam  Ihe  op- 

preaafon  of  their  Hpaiiiah  auhjeela,  Their  ragiilaliuiii 
tor  ihia  piir|io<a  ware  nuinrroua,  and  orieii  rniieairil 
They  wore  frainrd  with  wiMJoin,  and  diclalcd  bv  liii- 
maiiily.  Alter  ihalr  (loaaaaaiona  in  llw  Nuw  World 
berama  ao  cxianaiva  aa  inighl  have  aicilnl  auine  a|i- 
prehenaiona  of  dilHcully  in  retaining  their  dominion 
over  ihain,  the  aiiiril  of  Ihair  regulaliona  waa  aa  mild  aa 
whan  their  aallleinenta  were  coiillned  to  Ihe  iaianda 
akina.  Their  aolicituda  lo  prulecl  the  Indiana  aeenia 
rather  to  have  augmanlcd  aa  their  aequiailiona  incraaaad: 
and  from  ardor  to  aecompliah  thia,  they  enaelttd,  and 
endeavored  lo  enforre  Ihe  execution  of  lawa,  which  ax- 
iiihid  a  formidable  rebellion  in  one  of  their  cohiniea, 
and  apraad  alarm  and  diaaffeclion  through  all  the  nal. 
But  tho  avarice  of  individuala  waa  loo  violent  to  bo 
conlrollad  by  the  authority  of  lawa,  Kapacloue  and 
daring  advenlurera,  far  removed  from  Ihe  aeal  of  go- 
Vf  mmeni.  Utile  aceuelomad  to  the  loalrainta  of  military 
diaciplina  while  in  aervke,  and  alill  leaa  diapoecd  lo  re- 
aped Iho  feeble  iuriadiclion  of  civil  power  in  an  infant 
oolonv,  tleapiaed  or  eluded  every  regulatinn  that  aat 
beumla  to  Iheir  eiacliona  and  lyraniiv.  'Ilio  parent 
elate,  with  peraevering  atlenlmn,  iaaued  adicta  to  pre- 
vent Ilio  oppreaaion  of  tho  Indiana  i  the  coloniala,  n- 
gardleaa  ol  theae,  ot  iruaijng  to  Iheir  diatanc*  for  im- 
punity, continued  lo  conaider  and  treat  them  M  elavea. 
11)0  govemora  Ihemaelvea,  and  other  oHIcvra  eBi|iloyed 
in  the  cofoniea,  aeveral  of  whom  were  aa  indigent  and 
rapacioua  u  Iho  advenlurera  over  whom  ihev  preaided, 
were  too  apt  to  adopt  iheir  eonteinptuoua  idoaa  of  the 
conquered  people  ;  and,  inatead  of  checking,  encou- 
raged or  connived  at  their  exceaaee.  The  deaolation  of 
tho  New  Workl  ahouM  not  then  be  charged  on  the 
court  of  Spain,  or  be  conaidenid  aa  the  eneol  of  any 
ayatem  of  policy  adopted  there.  It  ought  to  be  im- 
puted wholly  lo  tha  indigent  and  often  unprincipled 
adveniurora,  whoao  fortune  it  waa  to  be  Ihe  con<)iierora 
and  firat  piantora  of  America,  who,  by  ineaaurea  no  leaa 
incooaidenle  than  unjuat,  counlcraclod  the  cdicta  of 
Iheir  aoveraign,  and  have  brought  diagraca  upon  ibeir 
country. 

With  alill  greater  injualice  have  many  aulhora  ra- 
preaenled  Ihe  mioleraling  apiril  of  the  Koman  Oatbolic 
religion,  aa  Ihe  cauao  of  exlerininaling  Iho  Americana, 
and  have  accuacd  the  Spaniah  eccleaiaatica  of  ani- 
mating Iheir  countrymen  to  tho  alaughter  of  that  inno- 
cent people,  aa  Mlolati'in  and  eneiniea  of  Qod.  But 
tha  nrat  iniaaionariea  who  viaited  America,  though 
weak  and  illiterate,  were  pioua  men.  They  early  ea- 
ponaeil  Ihe  defence  of  Ihe  nalivea,  and  vindicated  their 
cliaracler  from  the  aaperalona  of  their  conquerora,  who, 
deacribing  them  aa  incapable  of  being  formed  to  tho 
olBroa  of  civil  life,  or  of  coinprahendinf,  the  doclrinea 
of  relijiion,  contendad,  that  they  were  a  aubordinate 
race  otmen,  on  whom  tha  hand  of  nature  had  act  the 
mark  of  aervitudo.  From  Ihe  accounta  which  I  have 
given  of  Ihe  humane  and  peraevering  xcal  uf  the  Spa- 
niah miaaionariea,  in  protecting  the  helpleaa  Hock  com- 
mitted lo  their  charge,  tkry  appear  in  a  light  which  re- 
flccli  luatre  upon  their  function.  They  were  minialera 
of  peace,  who  endeavored  to  wreat  the  rod  from  the 
haiiila  of  oppreaaora  To  Iheir  powerful  intcrpoaition 
the  Americana  wera  indebted  for  every  regulation  tend- 
ing to  mitigate  the  rigor  of  their  fate,  llie  clergy  in 
the  Spaniah  aelllemcnla,  regular  aa  well  aa  aeeular,  are 
•till  coniidered  by  the  Indiana  aa  their  natural  guar- 
diana,  lo  whom  they  have  recourao  under  the  hard- 
ahips  and  exactiona  to  which  Ihey  an  loo  ofkun  ex- 
poaod,  [107] 

Bui,  notwithatanding  the  rapid  depopulation  of  Ame- 
rica, a  very  conaiderabfe  number  of  the  native  race  atill 
rcinaina  both  in  Mexico  and  Peru,  eapeoialiy  ii,  thcce 
parte  which  were  not  expoacd  lo  Ihe  firat  fury  of  Ihe 
Spaniah  arma,  or  deaolal«il  by  the  firat  elforta  of  thoir 
inuuatry,  alill  mon  ruinoua.  In  GualimaU,  Chiapa, 
Nicaragua,  and  tha  other  delightful  provincea  of  the 
Mexican  empiro,  which  atretch  along  the  South  Sea, 
the  race  of  Indiana  ia  atill  numeroua.  Their  aoltle- 
menta  in  aoine  placea  ara  ao  populoua  aa  lo  merit  the 
name  of  cilioa.  [168]  In  the  three  audiencoa  into 
which  New  Spain  ia  divided,  there  are  at  leaat  two  mil- 
liona  of  Indiana ;  a  pitiful  remnant,  indeed,  of  ila  an- 
cient population,  but  auch  aa  atill  iorma  a  body  of  peo- 
ple auperior  in  number  to  that  of  all  the  other  inhabi- 
tanta of  thia  extenaive  country.  ( 169]  In  Peru  aeveral 
diatricta,  particularly  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito,  are  oc- 
cupied almoat  entirely  by  Indiana.  In  other  provincea 
thejr  an  mingled  with  the  Spaniarda,  and  in  many  of 
their  aatitanwnia  aia  almMt  tha  only  paraoika  whs 


praetiaa  tha  mechanie  ana,  and  Ml  iitaal  of  Iho  MUtm 
aiaiiona  in  aoriety.  Aa  tha  inkabilanta  balk  «f  M««iN 
and  ISni  wera  aeruatomad  to  a  tied  reeidaneo,  and  M 
a  MVtian  ilrgraa  of  regular  induatry,  leaa  vjolenea  WM 
raquiiiin  in  bunging  than  lo  aoine  conformity  wilk  Ik* 
Kurupraii  inndea  of  civil  ifo  liut  wherever  tho  N|» 
mania  mtth'd  ainuiig  the  aa  age  tiilnaor  Ainoriea,  Ihaif 
alteinpta  to  imurporuta  Willi  them  have  hieii  alwaya 
rruillraa,  and  often  fatal  lo  llw  nalivea.  Inipalient  ill 
rcairaiiit,  and  diadaining  labor  aa  a  mark  of  aervility, 
Ihey  either  abandoned  Iheir  original  aeata,  and  aought 
fur  independence  in  mounlaina  and  foreata  inarceaaiTdt 
lo  Ihair  oppieaaora,  or  periahed  when  reduced  to  a  alaM 
repugnant  lo  their  ancient  ideaa  and  habita.  In  \ij» 
diatriria  adjacent  lo  Carthagriia,  lo  Panama,  and  W 
Buenoa  Ayraa,  the  daaolation  ia  mora  pnetal  Ikaa 
even  in  thoea  parte  ot  Mexico  and  Peru  of  wbiah  tha 
Spaniarda  have  ukan  moat  full  poeaaeakm. 

But  Ihe  eatabliakmanto  of  tho  Spaniarda  in  Ika  .\aw 
World,  though  faul  to  ite  ancient  inhabitanta,  wera 
made  at  a  period  whan  thai  monarchy  waa  aapabia  al 
forming  them  to  beat  advantam.  By  Ika  unioa  of  all 
iu  pally  kingdoma,  Spain  waa  become  a  powerful  aula, 
equal  to  ao  great  an  undartakinf .  lu  monarcha,  ktv 
ing  extended  Iheir  prorogativea  lar  beyond  tha  limila 
wfuch  once  cireumacribed  the  regal  power  in  every 
kingdom  of  Europe,  were  hardly  aubjecl  to  control 
either  in  conceriing  or  in  aieculitig  ihoii  meaaurea. 
In  every  wida-eitandod  empire,  the  fairm  of  govariw 
ment  inual  be  aimple,  and  the  aoveieign  lulhority  aueb, 
that  ila  raaoluliooa  may  be  taken  with  piompiiluda,  aiM 
may  pervade  the  whole  with  auHlcixnt  force.  Suck 
waa  the  cower  of  Ihe  Spaniah  monarcha  when  they 
wera  called  to  deliberato  oonoeming  the  moda  oi 
eatabliahing  Iheir  dominkma  over  the  inoet  ronwla  pro- 
vincea which  had  ever  been  aubjaclad  to  any  Euiopeaii 
alate.  In  thia  deliberation,  thay  fall  Ihamaalvaa  undai 
no  eonatitutional  raatraint,  and  that,  aa  indopandanl 
maaten  of  their  own  reeolvea,  Ihay  might  ieeua  tha 
odicta  reqiiiaito  for  modelling  the  govemmanl  of  Iho 
new  coloniea,  by  a  moio  act  of  ptarogativa, 

Thia  eariy  interpoailioii  of  Iho  Spaniah  crown,  w 
order  to  regulate  the  policfr  and  trade  of  ila  ctltaits 
ia  a  peculiarity  which  diatuiguiahea  Itieir  prograaa  from 
that  of  the  coloniee  of  any  uthai  European  nation. 
When  the  Portugueae,  the  Gngliah,  a-^d  French  took 
poaaeaaion  of  the  ragiona  in  America  which  they  now, 
occupy,  the  advaiilagee  which  theae  promiaed  to  yiold 
were  ao  remote  and  uncertain,  that  iMir  coloniee  waio 
auflered  lo  alruggle  through  a  hard  hifanry,  almoat 
without  guidance  or  protection  from  the  jwrenl  aula. 
Bui  gold  and  ailver,  the  Aral  productiona  ol  the  Spaniah 
aetllumania  in  the  Now  World,  were  mora  alluring,  and 
immediately  altraeted  the  attention  of  tlieir  monarcha. 
Though  they  had  conlribu'.ad  Utile  to  the  diacovery,  au4 
almoat  nothing  to  the  cor  queat  of  llie  New  World.  ta*v 
inatanlly  aaaumed  the  liii.t>iuii  ul  na  leguiatore ;  ard 
having  acquired  a  apecioa  of  dominion  formerly  un- 
known, they  formed  a  plan  for  oxerciaing  it,  lo  wbicb 
nothing  aimilar  oecura  in  tho  hialory  uf  human  affairo. 

Tho  fundamantal  nuiim  of  the  Spaniah  juriapcu- 
donee,  with  reapoci  lo  America,  ia  lo  conaider  what  turn 
been  acquired  then  aa  vealcd  in  the  crown,  rather  ihea 
in  Ihe  atate.  By  tbe  buU  of  Alexander  VI.,  on  whteh, 
aa  ila  great  charter,  Spain  founded  ila  right,  all  the  ro- 
giona  that  had  been  or  ahouU  bo  diacovered  wrro 
beatowed  aa  a  free  gift  upon  Ferdinand  and  laaoeiio. 
They  and  their  aucceaaora  were  unirormly  held  to  lio 
the  univeraal  propriolora  of  the  vaat  territoriea  which 
ibo  amia  of  their  aubjecle  conquered  in  the  New  World. 
From  them  all  graiile  of  land  there  flowed,  and  to  iheoi 
tliojr  finally  returned.  Tbe  leadcra  who  conducted  llio 
varioua  expeditiona,  the  govcrnore  who  preaided  ovet 
Ihe  diflerenl  coloniea,  the  oliiccra  of  jiialice,  and  tho 
miniatera  of  religion,  were  all  appointed  by  their  autho- 
rity, and  rainovsxble  at  Iheir  piraaura.  The  people 
who  rompoaed  infant  aettleineiita  were  rntilled  to  no 
privilegea  independent  of  tho  aoveraign,  or  that  aerved 
aa  a  barrier  againal  tbe  power  of  tbe  crown.  It  ia  IruC, 
that  when  towna  were  built,  and  formed  into  bodiea 
corporate,  the  cilixena  were  permitted  lo  elect  their 
own  niagiatntea,  who  governed  them  by  lawa  which 
the  community  enacted.  Even  in  the  moet  deepotie 
atatca,  thia  feeble  apark  of  liberty  ia  not  extinguiehed. 
But  in  the  citiea  of  Spaniah  America,  thia  junadictioia 
ia  merely  municipal,  and  ia  confined  to  the  rwuUtioa 
of  Iheir  own  interior  commerce  and  polite.  In  what- 
ever relalea  to  public  government,  and  Iho  general  in- 
teraat.  the  will  of  the  aoveraign  ia  law.  No  political 
power  originalea  from  the  people.  All  centree  in  tha 
crown,  and  in  the  olficen  of  ila  nomination. 

Whan  tha  cooquaala  of  Ibo  S^iatda  in  Aiwiiea 


y,  Idh  violaiw*  WM 
conformiiy  wilh  III* 
I  whrravat  tha  M|» 
«ior  AiiMiiea,  Intit 
I  h*«*  Mwn  nlwajri 
li««.  liiiiMtianl  a! 
\  mtrk  of  MKilitf, 

•I  MkU,  IIMi  MMlunI 

forMli  iiMroMtiM* 
n  railuctd  lo  ■  tltM 
tnd  iMkiti.  In  lU 
10  I'mmim,  and  M 
mora  piMial  Ihui 
it  I'tru  of  wImIi  Ik* 


lOUTII  AMBRIUA. 


•nwnb  in  lb*  Now 
I  inbtbilMil*,  won 
«eky  WM  mimUo  oI 
Bjf  Um  unkn  of  tU 
mo  •  pvwrrful  iUlo, 

iw  moiwrchi.  ho*- 
ir  bojroiHl  iho  limilo 
gil  powir  ill  ovon 

iubjNl  lo  oonlrol, 
iiig  ihoil  mriourto. 
iho  hm  of  govoriw 
roign  tulhoriiy  ouob, 
iih  pn>iii|itituao,  iiw 
Keicnt  forct.  Hucb 
wiwrciM  when  lh«y 
ning  tho  iimmIo  el 
ho  inool  nmoto  pr» 
Md  to  any  Euiopaaii 
ill  Ihomaolvoo  uiidoi 
kal,  aa  indopondonl 
My  might  iaouo  tho 

govammanl  of  lb* 
rogallfo. 

Sjianiah  eniwn,  m 
■do  of  ito  colonioit 

I  ihalr  prograao  fioM 

II  Eurofwan  nation, 
■h,  a-<d  Francb  look 
rica  which  they  no<^ 
ae  (iromiMd  to  yioM 
i  itwir  nolonioa  waio 
tnt  infancy,  tinioit 
Mn  tho  poranl  auto, 
tiona  of  tho  Spaniab 

looro  alluring,  and 

of  tlwir  nHNiaich*. 

Iho  diicotonr,  and 

Now  World.  la«f 

iv>  iHgwiaiora ;  ard 

linion  formerly  un- 

erciaing  it,  to  which 

iry  uf  human  aUaira. 

Spaniab  juriapru- 

conaider  what  Imm 

crown,  rather  Ibaa 

nder  VI.,  on  which, 

ita  right,  ell  tho  r*> 

10  diacoTared  wrrt 

inand  and  itaoeiia. 

niformly  held  to  hr 

n  tcrritorioa  whicb 

in  the  New  World. 

flowed,  and  to  Ihea 

wbu  c(iiiducli'd  tlw 

who  presided  over 

of  juatice,  and  tho 

ited  by  their  ■utbo. 

aure.    The  people 

were  entitled  to  no 

ign,  or  that  aerved 

crown.     It  ia  true, 

ormed  into  bodieo 

ted  to  elect  their 

em  by  Uwa  which 

the  moat  deapotie 

not  eitinguiabed. 

a,  ihia  juriadiclioii 

il  to  the  rtwulatioa 

police.     In  wbat> 

lid  tho  general  in* 

law.    No  political 

All  centrea  in  tho 

lination. 

liardi  in  Aiaoriea 


MM  MtnploMd,  tbeir  menaivha,  in  forming  the  plan  of 
Mornol  ^oliey  Ibc  tbeir  new  dominiuna,  Jitiiltil  lliein 
Im*  two  immenae  gu«ernnivnla,  one  aiibjecl  lo  ike 
Viceroy  of  New  M|Min,  tha  other  lo  tha  vicrroy  of 
IVru.  Tho  juriadiction  of  the  forinrr  cilrmli'il  over 
all  the  pro«iii««a  belunging  lo  N|hiiii  hi  the  nuiilurn 
dl«iaion  of  tha  American  rnnlinvnl  Ij'iidur  that  of  Ihe 
Ullrr,  waa  riiMiprihniidcd  whttrvrr  iho  cuuvtaoij  in 
Boulh  Amtriaa.  Thia  arranucimnt,  whu  h,  from  the 
beKinning,  wai  adendud  with  many  inronvenicnciea, 
•erama  intolvrable  whan  the  remola  pruviiice<  of  iiach 
fieeioyalty  began  to  iroptina  In  indualry  and  impula- 
lion.  The  pouple  complained  of  thrir  aulijei'livn  to  a 
euparior,  mhoae  place  of  midence  waa  ao  diatant,  or 
ao  inacceaailila,  aa  ainioal  cicliuind  tliem  from  any  in 
larcourao  with  Ihe  aeet  of  go«eniin»nt.  Tlw  autboiity 
at  tha  viceroy  over  diatiicla  ao  far  ramoirad  from  hia  own 
•y*  and  obeervation,  waa  unavoidably  liotb  feeble  and  ill 
diroetad.  Aa  t  remedy  for  thoao  evda,  a  third  vice- 
loyalty  baa  been  eatabliabed  in  Ihe  praaani  century,  al 
■aula  Fade  Uogola,  Iba  capital  of  the  new  kingdom  of 
Mranada,  Ihe  juriadiction  of  which  ojilenda  over  Ihe 
whole  kingdon  of  Tiarra  Firma  and  the  province  of 
Quito.  1  nnea  vieeroya  not  only  repraaent  Ihe  penwn 
•f  Iheif  eovereigo,  but  poaaeaa  hia  legal  prerogativea 
within  Iba  praeineta  of  their  own  govemmenia  in  their 
utmoal  oilenl.  Like  him,  they  eieiciao  aupreine  au- 
Iborily  in  every  depanmoni  of  govemmoni,  civil,  mili- 
tary, and  criminal,  'lliey  have  the  aole  right  of  nomi- 
nating Iba  paraonawho  bold  many  oflkea  o7  the  higheal 
Importance,  and  Iba  oceaaional  privilege  of  aup|ilying 
ihoeo  wbiob,  whoa  tbay  become  vacant  by  deeth,  are  in 
Ibo  royal  gift,  unlU  the  aueeeaaor  apiiaintod  by  the 
king  aball  arrive.  Tha  eiternal  pomp  of  their  govern- 
nienl  ia  auited  to  ite  real  dignity  and  power.  Their 
aourta  are  fonned  upon  the  model  of  that  of  Ma- 
drid, with  borao  and  loot  guaida,  a  houaehokl  regularly 
eatabliabed,  numaivua  attendania,  and  enaigna  ol  com- 
mand, diaplaying  aucb  magniAcenee  aa  budly  raltina 
tke  appearance  of  delegated  authority. 

Uul  aa  Iho  vieeroya  cannot  diachar||e  in  peraon  the 
funcliooa  of  a  auprama  niagialrala  in  every  part  of  their 
Uteneivo  juriadiction,  they  are  aided  in  their  govom- 
■lent  by  oDcera  and  Iribunala  aimilar  to  thoae  in  Spain. 
The  conduct  of  eivd  affaire  in  the  varoua  provincea  and 
diatrieta,  into  which  tha  Spaniab  dominiona  in  Ama- 
•iea  are  divided,  ia  commitlid  to  magiatratea  of  varioua 
wderaanddanominationa ;  aome  appoiatad  by  the  king, 
otbora  by  iba  viceroy,  but  all  aubject  to  the  command 
•f  tho  latter,  and  amenable  to  bia  juriadiction.  The 
adnini  lUatian  of  jualieo  ia  veetad  in  Iribunala,  known 
by  tha  name  of  Auditnea,  and  foimeil  upon  the  model 
M  the  court  of  Chancery  in  Spain.  Theae  are  eleven 
in  nanbar,  and  dia|ienie  juatice  to  aa  many  diatrieta 
into  Vilueb  the  Spanish  dominiona  in  America  are  di- 
vided (17U]  The  number  of  judgea  in  the  Court  of 
Audienca  ia  varioua,  according  to  the  extent  and  iin- 
nortanoo  of  their  juriadiction.  The  elation  ia  no  leaa 
iMMiorable  than  lucrative,  and  ia  commonly  filled  b^ 
lioraOlM  of  aucb  abiUtiea  and  merit  aa  renuer  thia  In- 
boDtl  axiremaly  reapeclable.  Both  civil  and  criminal 
eauaaa  come  under  their  eognixance,  and  for  each  pe- 
culiar judgea  are  eel  apart.  Though  it  ia  only  in  the 
moatiwtpotic  govemmenia  that  the  aovoreisn  exerciaee 
in  peraon  the  formidable  prerogative  of  aiTmiiiistering 
juatice  to  hie  aubjecta,  and,  in  abaolving  or  condemn- 
ing, conaulta  no  law  hut  what  ia  depoailed  in  hia  own 
breaat ;  though,  in  all  the  monarchiea  of  Europe,  ju- 
dicial authority  ia  committed  to  the  n.agiatratea,  whono 
deciaioiia  are  regulated  by  known  lawa  and  calabliahod 
ibima ;  Ihe  Spaniah  vieeroya  have  often  attempted  to 
intrude  Ihcmaelvea  into  the  aeat  of  juatice,  and,  with  an 
ambition  which  their  dialance  from  the  control  of  a 
auperior  rendered  bold,  have  aapirnd  at  a  power  which 
their  maater  doea  not  venture  to  aisume.  In  order  to 
check  a  uaiiri.atioii  which  muit  have  aiiiiihihtod  iiiatico 
and  accurity  in  the  Spaniah  coloniea,  in  auhjccting  tlie 
livea  and  property  of  all  lo  the  will  of  a  aingle  man,  Ihe 
viceroyv  have  oeen  prohibited  in  the  inoit  explicit 
lernu,  by  repealed  lawa,  from  interfering  in  Ihe  judicial 

Emceedinga  of  Ihe  Courta  of  Audience,  or  from  de- 
vering  an  opinion,  or  givinz  a  voice,  with  reaped  lo 
any  point  Uligatad  befoie  Uiem.  In  aome  particular 
caaea,  in  whic^  any  queation  of  civil  riglit  ia  involved, 
even  tha  political  reguiationa  of  tlie  viceroy  may  be 
orouKbt  under  Ihe  review  of  the  Court  of  Audience, 
vabiim  in  thoee  iaatancea  may  bo  deemed  an  inter- 
nwdiato  power  placed  between  him  and  Ihe  people,  aa 
a  eonatitutional  barrier  lo  circumacrilie  hia  juriadiction. 
But  aa  legal  reetrainta  on  a  peraon  wlio  repreaenta  the 
•overeign,  and  ia  clothed  wiili  bia  authority,  arc  Utile 
•uited  to  dw  genwa  of  Spanish  policy ;  the  beiitatiou 
12 


and  reaerve  with  which  II  conlera  thia  power  on  Iba 
(.'xurta  of  Audience  are  remarkable.  They  may  advise, 
they  may  reinonstrale  i  but,  in  the  event  nf  a  direct 
rolliiioii  between  tlieir  apinion  and  the  will  of  the  vwa- 
riiy,  what  h»di'ti'iiiuni'»  iniiat  be  rarni'd  iiiloaxcculioii, 
ami  iiolhiiig  rriiiaiiia  fur  them,  but  lu  lav  the  iiialtel 
Iwfiire  tlie  king  and  the  Countil  ol  the  Indica.  Uul  to 
lie  Kiitillad  10  ruiiiuiialrate,  and  mrurin  agaiiiat  a  |ieraon 
livrure  wliMin  all  others  miiat  be  silent,  and  taintily  sult- 
inil  lo  hia  drrrevs,  is  a  privilege  whuh  adila  dignilv  to 
Ihe  Courts  uf  Audienca.  'I'hia  ia  fiirilwr  auguirnled 
by  another  ciruunislatire.  IJ|ion  the  death  ol  a  vice- 
roy, without  any  provision  o(  a  aueeeaaor  by  the  king, 
IImi  ■ii|>ienic  (lOwcr  is  vasieil  in  the  l.'ourt  of  Audience 
resident  ill  the  ca|>iiiil  of  the  vicaroyalljr  i  and  tlie  aenior 
judge,  assisted  by  hia  brethren,  exvmsea  all  the  fuiie- 
liona  of  ilie  viceroy  while  tlie  oHice  cniitmiiea  vacant 
In  mallara  which  come  under  the  rogiiiiaiice  of  Ihe 
.\udieiicea,  in  Ihe  cnirae  of  their  ordinary  jurisdiction, 
aa  courta  of  juatice,  tbeir  aenteiicea  are  Anal  in  every 
litigation  concerning  property  of  lesa  value  than  aix 
thouaaiid  |M'soa  ;  but  when  tho  subject  in  dispute  ex- 
ceeds tlial  aiini,  tlwir  decisiona  arc  aulijuct  lo  review, 
and  may  be  carried  by  appeal  before  the  royal  Council 
of  the  fiidiea. 

In  thia  council,  one  ol  the  moat  conaiderahle  in  tha 
monarchy  for  dignilv  and  power,  ia  veatrd  tha  auprama 
government  of  all  the  Spanish  dominiona  in  America. 
Il  waa  first  established  by  Ferdinand  in  iha  year  Ifill, 
and  brought  into  a  more  (lerfect  form  bv  Charlea  V.  in 
the  year  I6S4.  Ita  juriadiction  extenua  to  every  d» 
parlmeni,  eccloaiaalical,  civil,  mUitary,  and  commer- 
cial. All  lawa  and  ordinancea  relative  lo  the  govern- 
ment and  inlica  of  the  coloniea  originate  there,  and 
muat  be  approved  of  by  Iwo-thirda  of  the  membera  be- 
fore they  are  iaaued  in  llie  name  of  Iha  king.  All  tha 
oHIoaa,  of  which  the  nomination  ia  reserved  to  Iha 
crown,  are  confened  in  thia  council.  To  il  each  per- 
aon employed  in  America,  from  the  viceroy  downwarda, 
ia  accountable.  It  roviewa  their  conduct,  rewarda  their 
aarvicea,  and  inAicta  the  pnniahmanta  due  to  their  mal- 
veraaliona.  Before  it  ia  Uid  whatever  inlalliganca, 
either  public  or  aecrel,  la  received  from  America ;  and 
every  acheroe  of  improving  the  admtniitration,  the  po- 
lice, or  tho  commerce  of  ihe  eoloiiiaa,  ia  aubmiited  to 
ita  conaideratioii.  From  the  Aral  inatitution  of  Ihe 
Council  of  tho  Indioe,  it  haa  been  tho  eonalant  object 
of  Ihe  Catholic  inonarcha  to  maintain  ita  authority,  and 
to  mako  auch  additions  from  time  to  time,  both  lo  ita 
power  and  ita  aplendor,  aa  niisht  render  il  fonnidable 
lo  all  their  aubjecta  in  tha  New  World.  Whatever 
degree  of  public  order  and  virtue  atill  remaina  in  that 
country,  where  ao  many  circumalancca  conapire  to  relax 
the  former,  and  lo  corrupt  the  latter,  may  be  aacribcd  in 
a  great  meaaure  to  the  wise  regulationa  and  vigilant 
inapection  of  thia  reapeclable  Irinunal. 

Aa  the  king  ia  auppoand  to  be  alwaya  preaent  in  hia 
Council  of  the  Indica,  ita  mcotinga  are  hehl  in  the  place 
where  he  reaidea.  Another  tribunal  haa  been  inatituted 
in  order  to  regulate  auch  commercial  affaire,  aa  required 
tlie  iinmediato  and  iieraonal  inapection  of  those  ap- 
pointed to  supurintcnj  them.  Thia  ia  called  f^iua  lU  la 
ConlraliuiOH,  or  the  hoiiae  of  trade,  and  waa  oatablished 
in  Seville,  the  port  to  which  commerce  with  the  New 
World  waa  confined,  at  early  aa  the  year  liWl.  It 
may  be  considered  both  aa  a  Inard  of  trade,  and  aa  a 
court  of  judicature.  In  the  former  capacity  it  takea 
eognixance  of  whaixver  rclatea  to  the  intercourse  of 
Spain  wilh  .\morii. :,  it  regulates  what  coinmoditioa 
should  be  exported  thither,  and  haa  the  ins|iection  of 
auch  aa  are  received  in  return.  Ildecidea  concerning 
the  departure  of  Ihe  fleeta  for  the  Weal  Indica,  the 
freight  and  burden  of  the  ahipa,  their  equipment  anil 
deatination.  In  the  Jatter  capacity,  it  judgea  wilh 
respect  to  every  queation,  civil,  commercial,  or  crimi- 
nal, ariaing  in  consequence  of  the  tranaactiona  of 
Spain  with  America ;  and  in  both  these  deparlmenta 
iia  deciaions  are  exempted  from  the  review  of  any  court 
but  that  of  tho  Council  of  tho  Indies. 

Such  ia  the  great  outline  of  that  ayalem  of  govern- 
ment which  S|Hiin  haa  establiahod  in  her  American 
colonies.  To  eniiineralu  the  varioua  aubordinate  hoatda 
and  officers  employed  in  tlio  administration  of  juatice, 
in  collectiiii;  tliu  public  revenud,  and  in  regulating  the 
interior  pohco  of  the  country ;  to  describe  their  differ- 
ent functiona,  and  to  inquire  into  the  mode  and  effect 
of  their  operaliona ;  would  prove  a  detaU  no  leaa  intri- 
cate than  minute  and  nnintcreating. 

The  firat  object  of  Ihe  Spaniah  monarcha  waa  to  ae- 
cure  the  productiona  of  the  colonies  to  the  parent  state, 
by  an  ahaolute  prohibition  of  any  interconrae  with 
foreign  nationa.    Tbey  took  poaaoaiion  of  America  by 


M 

rtgbt  of  eawnaaal.  and  iiniiliin  at  aniy  af  Iha  fcaM> 

naaa  of  their  inlani  aalllainaalai  bal  awaia  af  Iha  4iA 
Acuity  in  aaiabliahing  ihair  damlaian  avar  ingiaaa  m 
eaienatvc,  ot  In  rauintnf  oa  many  niaalaal  naliaM 
iiiHler  ihe  yoke,  they  dreaded  Iha  inliuaion  of  alrangera  | 
they  even  ihunneil  their  inapacllon,  and  andaavaiM  M 
keep  them  at  a  distance  Irotn  their  coaela.  llua  apirN 
of  ioalous»  and  ricluaion,  which  al  Aral  waa  natural, 
ami  |ierhapa  iieceaaary,  augmvntrd  aa  their  poaiasaiena 
III  Atnerica  rilandcd,  and  Ihe  value  of  them  eanMi  la 
be  more  fully  un'lsrstoatl.  In  eunaaquenca  of  il,  a 
ayslein  of  coloniamg  waa  introduced,  to  whieb  tbare  had 
hithrilo  Iwen  not  lung  similar  among  mankind.  In  iba 
anrient  world,  it  waa  not  uncommon  la  aand  farlb  ca- 
lonira.  Uul  tliay  ware  of  two  kimla  oaly.  'llMy  wara 
either  miurationa,  which  aarvad  lo  diabutdan  a  alala  ot 
Ita  auperflttoua  aulHaela,  whan  Ihay  multiplied  laa  faal 
for  tha  territory  wkich  tbay  occupiad  i  or  thay  wera 
mUilary  dalachmaala,  alatioiiad  aa  garriiMMia  in  a  tan> 
quared  provinca.  Tba  colaniaa  of  aoma  Qraab  lapub. 
Ilea,  and  Iha  awarma  af  northarn  barbariana  wbieb  aal* 
lied  in  different  parte  of  Europe,  wara  «f  iba  Aral  apa- 
ciea.  Tho  Homan  eolooiaa  wara  of  Iba  aacaod.  In 
the  former.  Ilia  eonnaetion  with  tba  motbar  conMry 

Juickly  ceaaed,  and  lhay  bocama  Indepandaol  alataa. 
n  Ihe  latter,  aa  Iba  diajunclioii  waa  not  cotpplala,  tha 
dependence  continued.  In  tbalr  Amarican  aalllanwala, 
Iba  Spaniah  monaicba  took  wbal  waa  paeidiaf  to  each, 
and  Btudiad  to  uiiila  tbaoi.  By  aanuing  eohmiaa  la 
regiona  ao  ramola,  by  ealabliahuif  in  aaeb  a  Ibrm  oi 
inferior  policy  and  adminiatralion,  andar  diatiiMl  g*. 
varnora,  and  with  paouUar  lawa,  tbay  diajoiuad  Ihaa 
IVom  the  mother  country.  By  rolaining  in  ihaif  awn 
handa  tha  righia  of  la|ialation,  aa  wall  aa  thai  of  b»- 
poeing  taxoa,  logalhar  with  tba  power  of  nominaliig 
Iha  pcraona  who  Allad  every  dapartmanl  of  ataeuliva 
guvemmeiii,  civil  or  military,  Uiay  aaeurad  Ibaii  da- 
pandenca  upon  tha  parent  aula.  Happily  lor  Spain, 
the  aitualion  of  bar  cokmiae  waa  aneb  aa  randaiaU  It 
poaeible  to  reduce  thia  new  idea  into  praetiea.  AlnMai 
all  Iba  oountriea  which  aha  bad  diacovared  and  oecu- 

fiiad,  lay  within  tba  tropica.  Tha  productiona  of  llial 
argo  portion  of  Iba  globa  era  diilarani  from  thaaa  af 
Europe,  even  in  ita  moal  aoulham  provineaa.  11m 
qualitiea  of  tho  climata  and  of  tba  aoil  naturally  lam 
tha  indualry  of  auch  aa  aatlla  Ihara  into  naw  channeh. 
When  tba  Spaniarda  Aral  took  poaaaaaion  of  thair 
dominiona  in  America,  tha  piacioiia  malala  which 
they  yielded  ware  Iha  only  ob^t  that  allrwtail 
their  attention.  Even  when  Ihair  affoila  began  In 
take  a  better  direction,  thay  amployad  Ibamaalvaa 
almoat  wholly  in  rearing  each  paeuliar  productiona 
of  Ihe  climate  aa,  from  their  rarity  or  valaa,  wara 
of  chief  demand  in  Iba  mother  country.  Allured 
by  vaat  proepecta  of  immadiata  wealth,  thay  liia- 
dained  ii  waate  Ihair  indualry  on  what  waa  laaa 
lucrative,  but  of  auperior  moinant.  In  onlar  to  randar 
it  impoaaible  to  correct  thia  error,  and  to  prevent  than 
from  making  any  efforte  in  indualry  which  might  inlar- 
fore  with  thoae  of  Ihe  mother  country,  Iha  aatabliah- 
menl  of  aeveral  apeciea  of  manufacturea,  and  avan  tba 
culture  of  tho  vine  or  olive,  are  prohibitiMi  in  Iba  Spa- 
niah coloniea,  [171]  under  aavere  penoltiaa.  Thay 
muat  truat  entirely  to  the  mother  country  for  Iba  oIh 
jeeta  of  primary  neceaeity.  Their  ctothea,  Iheiy  fumi- 
luro,  their  inatrumenta  of  labor,  their  luxuries,  and  avau 
a  conaiderahle  part  of  the  proviaiona  whicb  thay  coo- 
aunie  were  imported  from  Spein.  During  a  great  part 
of  tho  aixteenth  century,  Spain,  poeaeaaing  an  extanaiva 
commerce  and  flouriahing  manufacturee,  couU  aupply 
with  ease  the  growing  deinanda  of  her  coloniea  Mow 
her  own  atoroa.  The  produce  of  iheir  minea  and  plan- 
tationa  waa  given  in  exchange  for  these.  But  all  that 
tho  colnniea  received,  aa  well  aa  all  that  tbay  gava>,  w  aa 
conveyed  in  Spaniah  bottoma.  No  veaael  belonging  lo 
tho  colonies  waa  ever  permitted  to  carry  the  eommodi- 
tiea  of  America  to  Europe.  Even  the  commercial  in- 
terconrae of  one  colony  with  another  waa  either  abao- 
lutely  prohibited,  or  Umiteil  by  many  jealoua  reatric- 
tiona.  All  that  America  yielda  flowa  into  Ihe  porta  ol 
Spain ;  all  that  it  ronaumea  muat  iaaue  from  lliem.  N<t 
foreigner  can  enter  ita  coloniea  without  expreaa  par- 
miaaion ;  no  veaael  of  any  fonign  nation  ia  received 
into  their  harbora ;  and  Ilia  paina  of  death,  with  conAa- 
cation  of  moveablea,  are  denounced  acainal  every  inha- 
bitant who  presumea  to  trade  v;ith  tlicm'.  Thua  Iha 
coloniea  are  lept  in  a  atata  of  perpetual  pupilage ;  and 
by  the  introduction  of  thia  commercial  dependence,  a 
refinement  in  policy  of  which  Spain  act  the  firat  exam- 
ple to  European  nationa,  tho  aupremacy  of  Iho  parent 
aute  hath  been  maintained  over  remote  coloniea  duriaf 
two  ceaturiea  and  a  half. 


ROBRRTSON'!  HlHTORY  Of 


■!«  MMI    •  MM  MWmM  til   (MMlllg  llwlr  MW 

•  III  Ammm*.  Rut  lW«  «mW  Ml  piMil  wiih 
MfMy  IkM  llwy  M  imuafi  i  ud  hum 
•unlM  (tHW*,  itwir  pfofMM  Hm  hrvn  •■- 
bw  In  Rllinn  up  ih«  ImmviiM  «omI  which  ihaii 
iinrtilliiin  ImI  orcMtoMil.  A*  M*n  m  Uw  rag*  fur 
toiTtw  md  MlnMUM  h«g«ii  to  thai*,  iha  Hpanwitli 
l|nind  uwlr  (jtM  M  iltnftn  •mi  ^u^n—•»  which  *l 
MM  Uwjr  did  iiM  |)«ic«i««,  or  had  dnpiHid.  'I1w  iiii- 
wllk  whlck  Ih*  iMiHhan  of  luhiil 


Mhwln  k**«  la  Mniggl*,  Um  dlMtiM  af  unwhal««HiM 
•UnMM  fcUi  M  iIm  MUMUnllmi  •(  Cuia|iMM  i  tha 
MUvhjr  of  bflnglag  •  raanlry  covarad  wiib  foraau 
Im*  flakMa  I  Ik*  waM  of  kanda  aaaaaaary  fcr  labor  m 
•MM  ynvlMooi  aad  Iho  alow  raward  or  Miiairy  In 
■III  WHoaa  wkoN  Iho  acaldonlal  dlaeotary  of  minaa 
WfMwil  ■  fcw  (Mtimata  advantwarai  wara  tvila  uiu- 
wwally  M  aad  lanillid.  Diaaourajpd  b*  tha  vlaw 
•f  llMMk  Uw  fM  01  mlgiallan  waa  to  muck  damfiad, 
UM  alltr  yaon  aAoi  Iko  dncotary  of  ika  Naw  Wurbl, 
Iko  MMNir  of  SfoaiOfda  la  all  lla  provlnraa  la  com- 
yalfd  IM  M  koto  OMOodod  llftaan  ikemand  [IT*] 

Tko  Modo.ia  wWak  proporljr  waa  dialhbulad  la  iha 
SpaaWl  »oloaloo,  tad  wo  ragulalwna  atlabliahad  with 
IMnoai  lo  Iko  Inaaaiiaaloa  of  ll,  wkalbai  bjr  dcaeani 
m  y/  mia,  <»»t»  tiuamaljr  uafororaMa  lo  populailon. 
la  otdor  M  preaialB  •  rapid  ineiiiaaa  of  paojiia  In  any 

"' — nl,  propartjr  ■.-:  laad  ou^l  lo  ba  dividad  inio 

ana  Ika  i*' — ' — ''  -'— -'^"^ ' — ' 


MBoUikaraa, 
oilNawljr  ooajr 


alMnallon  of  ii  akowU  bo  randarad 
But  Ika  rapaciouanaaa  of  Iha  Hpanlak 


oaaoaoran  of  Iko  Naw  World  paid  no  rayard  la  ihia 
(kaaWBOalal  naaini  of  pollcjr ;  and,  aa  ihrj  poaaeaaed 
fwwor  wkkk  anabiad  iham  lo  grallfy  Iha  ulnwal  aura- 
nfiaco  of  Ikair  wiakaa,  many  aaliad  dialrtola  of  yraat 
oiloal,  and  kaU  ikam  aa  nKaaiMiidaa.  Ujr  dotfreaa 
Ikojr  oblainad  Iko  privllo^  of  eonvarting  a  pan  of  Uwao 
liila  Mw/atufat,  a  apaeiaa  of  Aef,  inlroducad  inIo  Ika 
Bpaalak  ayalaai  of  leiidal  Juriaprudanca,  wkkk  can 
noilkor  lo  dividad  nor  alianalad.  Tkua  a  graal  portion 
of  loaded  properl)r,  undar  tkia  rigid  fomi  of  aniail,  la 
wilkkaM  fran  circulation,  and  daacanda  from  falhrr  lo 
•oa  uaiaiprovcd,  and  of  lilUa  toIuo  eiibar  lo  Iha  pro- 
piiotor,  or  to  Ike  coiamunily.  In  iko  account  which  I 
mfo  given  of  Iho  raducllon  of  Pom.  varioui  oiamplea 
•ccnr  of  anonaoue  Iracla  of  country  occupied  by  aom* 
af  Um  eon<|uarora.  Tka  eiceaaea  In  other  province! 
lor,  aa  Iko  value  of  Iha  lande  which  the 


aaarlakad  aad  givon  vigor  to  ptoduaiivo  lakat  la  gtaw- 


Ingrc 
Dtti 


Bpaaiaida  acquired  waa  originally  eatimaled  according 
M  Iko  aamber  of  Indiana  wkick  lived  upon  them,  Aina- 
liaa  waa  In  general  ao  thinly  peopled,  thai  only  diatriela 
of  graal  aileiit  rould  aflbrd  aucn  a  number  of  laborcra 
■•  ailgkl  bo  ampluycd  in  Iha  minea  with  any  proapcci 
•f  oonaidarabla  gain  1'he  pemicioua  aHecta  of  tlioaa 
ladical  errora  in  lhi<  dialrlbulion  and  nalurr  o(  properly 
ia  Iko  Spaniak  aeltU  menia  are  fell  through  every  de- 
ptflOMnt  of  induatry,  and  may  Iw  conaidered  aa  one 
great  eauae  of  a  pcogr.  >•  in  population  ao  much  alower 
Umui  Ikal  which  baa  tuAeu  place  In  better  conaliluled 
Mlauioe.  [ITS] 

To  tkia  wo  ma^  add,  that  iha  aopport  of  Ike  enop 
laena  and  oipenaiva  fahric  of  their  eccleaiaalical  eala- 
bUaknanl  kaa  bean  a  burden  on  iho  Speniah  coloniea, 
wkick  kaa  greatly  relaided  the  prooreae  of  popuUlivn 
and  indoalry.  Tko  payment  of  liuiea  ia  a  heavy  lax 
oa  indualry  :  and  if  Ike  exaction  of  them  be  not  rogu- 
lalad  and  rireumacribed  bv  the  wiadoin  of  the  civi! 
Miaglatrala,  it  becomee  intolerable  and  niiuoua.  Uut, 
inaiead  of  any  reetraint  on  the  claima  of  ecclc^iaatica, 
Iho  Inconaiderate  xoal  of  Ike  Spaniah  legitlatora  admit- 
ted Ihem  into  America  in  thair  full  extent,  and  al  once 
impoaed  oi'  Iheir  infant  coloniea  a  burden  which  ia  in 
uu  aligkl  degree  oppreaaive  lo  aoclety,  even  in  ila  moat 
improved  atate.  Aa  early  aa  the  year  1601,  the  pay- 
Bent  of  tilhea  in  the  colouiea  waa  enjoined,  and  tho 
■ode  of  t  regulated  b^  law.  Eve:^  article  of  primary 
iwceaait/,  towarda  which  the  allenuon  of  new  aclllera 
in\iat  b'Jloraljy  ba  turned,  la  aubjecled  to  thai  grievoua 
wiaeliin.  Nor  were  Ike  demanda  of  Iha  clergy  con- 
flaed  to  afticlea  of  aimple  and  eaay  culture.  Ila  more 
■nif.cial  and  operoae  productiona,  aochva  augar,  indieo, 
aad  cochineal,  wera  aoon  declared  lo  Iw  titheabic ; 
and  Ihua  the  indualry  of  the  planter  waa  taxed  in  every 
■laga  of  ila  progreaa,  from  ila  rudoal  caaay  to  ita  high- 
•ot  improvement.  Tu  the  weight  of  tliia  legal  l!n|ioai- 
lion,  Ike  bigotry  of  the  American  Spaniarda  haa  nude 
many  voluntary  additiona.  From  Iheir  fond  delight  in 
Iko  oxleroal  pomp  and  parade  of  religion,  and  from 
■oporatiiiona  reverence  for  eccleaiaalica  of  every  deno- 
Bimation,  they  have  beatowcd  profuae  donalivea  on 
ckurehee  and  monaalarica,  and  have  unprofitably  waatcd 
a  laigo  f  ru|«ttion  of  that  wealth,  which  lutghl  have 


ll  aa  fertile  and  mviling  are  Ihe  reglona  of  Aaia- 
nca,  which  lha  Mpaniarda  hat*  orcuiiinl,  that,  iiotwilh- 
•laiHling  all  llie  rirciirnalaiHxa  wnuh  hate  rheiliail 
and  relariled  (lopuUlian,  it  haa  arMliially  InrmanI, 
aiHl  mini  the  iiilonira  of  Npain  with  riiiaaiia  of  tarioua 
onlera.  Among  ih«aa,  lha  N|ianiaida  who  arrive  frmn 
l)uro|ie,  dialinuHiahrd  l>y  lha  iiaiiie  of  ( 'km/Htimt;  are 
the  Aral  in  raiili  aiul  p<iw«r  Kniin  lha  jdaloua  alien- 
IHHi  of  lha  N|ianiah  cmiil  to  lenire  lha  depfiHleiica  uf  ihe 
rolonloe  on  Ihe  iiarenl  alale,  all  drjiarlineiila  of  ronae- 
i|uanee  are  Ailed  by  peraona  aent  from  Kiiro|>a  \  and  in 
order  lo  prevani  any  of  ilubiwia  hdelily  frMn  be  nf  em- 
ployed, each  fflual  bring  proof  of  a  rlrar  deaeeni  from 
a  family  of  Oli  Vkntlmiu,  unlaiiitwl  wilh  any  niiilure 
of  Jewiek  or  Mahometan  blued,  ami  nevar  duwiaced 
by  any  eanaure  of  Ihe  tn<)uiailion  In  anch  para  nanda 
power  la  deemed  lo  oe  aafely  iwlgail,  and  alinoel  every 
funeiion,  from  Ihe  vieeroyally  downwarda,  ia  eommillad 
lo  llirin  alone.  Kvery  peraon,  who,  bv  hia  birik  or  re- 
auience  in  America,  may  ba  auapeeled  of  any  attach- 
nieni  or  inlereal  adverae  lo  Ihe  molker  country,  le  Ika 
olijeel  of  diatrual  to  auch  a  degree,  aa  amumila  nearly 
to  an  eicluaion  from  all  olflcea  of  contidenee  vr  aulho- 
rily.  [IT4]  By  Ihie  eonapieiioua  predileciic.i  of  the 
court,  Ika  Chapelotiaa  are  raiaed  to  auch  pta-em|penc« 
In  America,  that  ihey  look  down  with  diadain  upon 
even  other  order  of  men. 

'Im  character  and  alala  of  lha  Crntti,  or  deecend- 
anla  of  Europeana  aalllad  in  America,  Ike  aecond  claae 
of  auhjeclj  in  Iko  Spaniah  coloniea,  have  enabled  the 
(■kapetonea  to  aciiuire  other  advantagee  hardly  leaa 
conaiderahle  than  Ihoeo  which  Ihey  derived  from  Ike 
partial  bvor  of  govemmenl.  Though  aoine  of  the  Cre- 
olian  race  are  deaeended  from  the  coiH|uvrora  of  the 
New  World ;  though  olhera  can  trace  up  Iheir  pedigree 
lo  Ihe  nobleai  faniiliea  in  Spain  i  though  many  are  poe- 
aeaaed  of  ample  fonunea  ;  yel,  by  Iho  enervating  iiiHu- 
ence  of  a  aultrr  climate,  by  lha  rigor  of  a  jealoua  go- 
vemmenl, and  by  their  deapaii  of  attaining  that  uia- 
linclion  lo  which  mankind  naturally  aapire,  ihe  vigor  uf 
Iheir  minda  ia  ao  entirely  bmken,  that  a  great  part  of 
Ihem  waale  life  in  luxurioua  indulucncea,  nilngM  with 
an  illiberal  auperalition  alill  more  debaaing. 

Languid  and  unenierprlaing,  the  oporationaof  an  ac- 
tive oitended  commerce  would  be  lo  liiein  <o  cuniber- 
aome  and  oppreaalvo,  that  in  almoal  every  pan  of  Ame- 
rica they  decline  engaging  in  it.  The  interioi  traffic  a! 
every  colony,  aa  well  aa  any  trade  which  ia  ptimittej 
wilh  the  neighboring  provincea,  and  with  8pain  i:self, 
ia  canied  on  chiefly  by  Ihe  Chapetonoa ;  wh>>,  aa  the 
rccoinpenae  of  their  imiuatry,  amaaa  iminenae  wealth, 
while  Ihe  ('reolea,  aunK  in  aloth,  are  aatialied  witli  the 
revenuee  of  their  paternal  ealatca. 

Prom  Ihia  atated  competition  for  power  and  wealth 
between  thoae  two  ordera  of  ciliiene,  and  Ihe  varioua 
paaaioiia  excited  by  a  rivalahip  ao  inloreating,  ihoir 
hatred  ie  violent  and  implarable.  Un  every  occaaion, 
aymploma  of  Ihia  averaion  break  out,  and  the  common 
appellationa  which  each  beitowa  nn  the  Clier  are  aa 
conlemptuoua  aa  thoae  which  flow  from  the  moat  deep- 
rooted  national  antipathy.  'Itie  cuurt  of  Hpain,  from  a 
rermeinenl  of  dialrualful  policy,  cheriahra  thoae  iceda 
o)  diacurd,  and  fomenta  Ihia  mutual  lealouay,  which  not 
on!-/  prCTrate  ibt  two  moel  powerful  claaaee  of  ila  aub- 
jecia  ill  'Le  No'.v  World  from  combining  againat  the 
pare  It  al»l«,  tiul  prompta  each,  wilh  llie  muai  vigilant 
inai,  t(>  obaeive  tha  motiona  and  to  counteract  tlio 
::l.t!ne«  of  ihe  other. 

The  I'jird  olaaa  of  inhabilanta  in  the  Spaniah  coloniea 
ia  a  mix'Ml  race,  the  ofTaprlng  either  of  a  Kuro|iean  and 
a  Negro,  or  of  a  Eurupoan  and  Indian,  the  i'urmer 
called  MuUtliMM,  the  latter  MtMlaut.  Aa  the  court  of 
Spain,  aoliciuiua  to  incorporate  Ila  new  vaaaala  with  ila 
ancient  aubjecla,  early  encouraged  the  Suaniardi  aottlod 
in  America  to  marry  the  nativea  0/  that  country, 
aeveral  ailiancea  of  tnia  kind  were  fnrincil  in  their  in- 
fant roloniea.  Out  it  haa  been  murv  uwini;  to  liccn- 
tioua  indulgence,  than  lo  compliance  with  thia  injunc- 
tion of  their  aovereigna,  that  lliia  mixed  breed  haa  multi- 
plied ao  greatly  aa  lo  coiiatiliite  a  coiiaideruhlu  part  of 
the  |)opul(ition  in  all  t^  Spaninh  atltleinunla.  The 
revcral  atagca  of  deaceiil  in  thia  race,  and  llie  gradual 
variationa  of  ahadu  until  the  African  black  or  the  cop|>er 
color  of  America  brighten  into  a  European  complexion, 
are  accurately  marked  by  the  Spaniarda,  and  each  dia- 
linguiahed  by  a  peculiar  name.  Thoae  of  the  tirat  and 
aecond  gonoratiuna  are  conaidered  and  treated  aa  mere 
Indiana  and  Ncgroea;  but  in  Ihe  third  deacent,  the 
rharacterialic  hue  of  the  former  diaappcare ;  and  in  the 
fillb,  the  deeper  linl  of  llie  latter  ia  ao  enliicly  effaced, 


IK.'." 

renal  a 
ekatakeii 


Ikal  Ikav  ean  no  kmger  ha  dwllnmlahej  fNai  IS*«M» 
ana,  ami  lierotna  enlilM  lo  all  Uiair  privdogaa.  ll  tt 
rklaAy  by  Ihia  mlard  raee,  whaea  Inmm  M  leaMikaktf 
mhtiai  ami  liantv,  Ihal  Ihe  merhanM  arte  are  aamad  •■ 
in  \\m  N|iaiiiah  •vllleiiiania,  ami  other  aelive  fuiwIMma 
in  aoririy  are  diarltargf'd,  whirh  lha  two  higher  cliaaei 
of  ciiKpna,  fiom  pride,  or  frum  indolence,  diaJaiB  I* 
aaamaa 

Tha  Negroea  hold  Ilia  fo  inh  renk  among  tka  lnkak(> 
lanla  of  the  Npaniak  loliHiiei  'Itia  introduelMa  i> 
ll  al  iiiih«|i)iy  iwrl  of  lha  hiiinan  »peciaa  i«M  America 
tOtiviher  with  their  aervicea  and  auMerlnge  Iken,  akal. 
ha  fully  eaplauied  In  anotker  place  1  kare  Ikey  aia 
mailianed  ckieAy  in  onler  In  |wni  out  a  peeulioniy  kl 
Iheir  ailualMMi  under  lha  Mpaiiiak  dominion.  In  aevera 
of  Ihaif  ealllemenia,  parlleularly  In  New  NpeiM,  Na> 
e  afe  moally  employed  In  domeelle  aervlee.  'Iliay 
pnnciiial  pan  in  the  tram  of  luxury,  and  aia 
d  and  careeeed  by  Ibeir  auperiora,  to  wlwa* 
vanity  and  pleaauree  they  are  ei|iially  auhaervianl. 
Tkaif  draee  and  a|ipaaranea  era  kardly  hna  aolandid 
tkaa  Ikal  of  ikeir  inealera,  whoae  mannare  tkey  imilata, 
and  wkoaa  paaaiona  ihey  Imbibe.  Elevated  by  Ikie  die- 
line  ion,  Ihey  have  aaauincd  auch  a  looa  of  aaperionlv 
ovei  Ika  Indiana,  and  treat  lham  with  auch  maolanea 
and  acorn,  lhal  the  antinalhy  hetwenn  Ika  two  racae  kaa 
beccma  Implaeable.  Even  In  I'eru,  wkera  Nagfoaa 
aeem  W  ba  more  numeraua,  and  are  employed  In  Aeld 
work  ea  wall  »•  domaalie  earviee,  Ihay  maintain  their 
aacendani  over  tha  Indiana,  and  ika  mutual  kalrad  ol 
one  to  the  other  anbeiele  wilh  equal  vioienca.  '11m 
lawa  have  Induatrioualy  fomenled  Ihia  averaion,  lo 
which  aceideni  gave  riea,  and,  by  moel  rigoroue  injuna- 
none,  have  endeavored  to  prevent  every  Inlaraawraa 
lhal  might  form  a  boral  of  union  between  Ike  two  raaaa 
Thua,  by  an  artful  policy,  lha  Spaniarda  derive  alraaglk 
from  lhal  cirnumalanca  in  populailon  wkick  ia  Ika  weak 
neaa  of  otiier  European  colonlee,  and  kave  eecured,  •• 
aaaocialae  and  dafendere,  ikoaa  very  pereone  who  ela^ 
where  are  objccta  of  jealouay  and  terror. 

Tha  Imliana  form  lha  Inal  and  moel  de,irraeed  nrdat 
of  men  in  tha  country  which  belonged  to  their  ancealora. 
I  have  already  traced  the  progreaa  uf  tha  Spaniah  idaea 
with  reepect  to  Ihe  condition  and  treatment  of  lhal  peo- 
ple i  ana  have  mentioned  Ihe  moel  important  of  Iheif 
mora  early  regulalione,  concerning  a  mailer  of  ao  nnnk 
conaequenea  in  Ihe  edminiatralion  of  their  naw  doini> 
niona  But  ainea  the  period  to  which  I  have  btongai 
down  lha  hialory  of  America,  Ihe  luformalion  and  ei> 
|iericnce  acquired  during  two  cenlunea  have  enabM 
the  court  of  Spain  to  make  auck  Improvamenla  k  tkia 
|iart  of  ila  Ameriaan  ayalem,  thai  a  abort  view  of  lha 
pmacnt  comliiion  of  lha  Indiana  may  prove  both  cuiioua 
and  inlercaling. 

Dy  the  famoua  regutaliona  of  Ckarlee  V.  In  I  Ml, 
which  have  been  ao  often  mentioned,  Ihe  high  pielen- 
alone  of  the  conquerore  of  the  New  Worhl,  who  con- 
aidered ila  inhabilanta  a:  aUvea  10  whoae  arrvicu  lliay 
had  acquired  a  lull  right  of  property,  were  finally  abni- 
gated.  From  lhal  period,  the  Indiana  have  lievo  •^ 
puled  freemen,  and  en'.i'.lod  10  Ine  |.rivilcgea  ol  aub- 
^ecta  When  admitted  Inio  thia  rank,  it  waa  deeme<i 
jual  inal  tlicy  ahould  contiiliule  towarda  Ihe  aunportaml 
iinpruvcment  of  the  aocicty  which  had  adopted  them  aa 
membera.  But  aa  no  conaiderablo  benefit  could  be  tx- 
peeled  from  the  voluntary  effurta  of  men  unacquainted 
with  regular  indualry,  and  averto  to  labor,  the  court  ol 
Spain  fuuiid  it  iirccsaury  lo  fix  and  accuro,  by  proper 
ri'giilatioiia,  what  it  thought  reaaonable  lu  exact  from 
them.  Wilh  Ihia  view,  an  annual  Ux  waa  Impoaed 
upon  every  male,  from  iho  age  of  eighteen  to  AAy ;  and 
at  the  atiine  time  the  nature  aa  well  aa  the  eileiil  of  lha 
aervicca,  wliieli  they  iiiiiiht  be  ie<)uired  10  |ierfirm,  wax 
aacertained  with  prcclaioii.  'I1iie  tribute  variea  in  dif- 
fereiil  provincea ;  but  if  we  lake  lhal  |>aiil  In  New 
Spain  aa  a  medium,  ila  annual  amount  ia  nearly  foul 
ahillinga  a  head  ;  no  exorbitant  auin  in  countriee  where, 
aa  al  the  aource  of  wnalili,  Ihe  value  of  money  ie  ex- 
tremely low.  [I7fi]  The  right  of  levying  lha  Iribulo 
likewiae  variea.  In  America,  every  Indian  ia  either  an 
immediate  vaaaal  of  the  crown,  or  dependa  upon  aomt 
aubject  to  whom  Iho  dialrict  in  which  he  reaidea  haa 
linen  granted  for  a  limited  lime,  under  the  denamin»< 
lion  of  an  tnmmitnda.  In  Ihe  former  caae,  about 
lliree-fourlha  of  the  tax  ia  paid  into  the  royal  treaaury  s 
in  the  latter,  the  aame  proportion  of  it  liokmga  to  UM 
holder  uf  Iho  grant.  When  Spain  Aral  took  poaeeaakm 
of  America,  the  greator  part  of  it  waa  parcelled  out 
among  ita  conquerora,  or  thoae  who  Ant  aettled  Ihera, 
and  but  a  email  portion  reaervod  f.r  llie  criwn.  Aa 
•hoae  granta,  which  wcro  made  for  twr  Uvea  onljr,  »• 
verted  aueccaairely  to  Ike  aovcreigo,  La  kad  it  ia  kla 


iOVTII  AMRRIOA. 


#4  fftMl  mMHV 

ftmlmf.  Il  li 
M  M  imMikaMf 
ru  ir*  tMiMl  M 

r  Milt*  (UIICIMHW 

•n  Ki|h«f  I'iMMt 
il«M*,  dUkUw  U 

inen(  lb*  intnk^ 

I    InlllMllMllMI   •• 

IM  uiM  Am*rk» 
niw*  Umk,  •twi 
I  Iwn  riwy  m 
I  •  pMulianijr  m 
nten.  lit  Mtin 
N«w  HiMla,  N«> 

0  MrTt**'  'rwy 
i(  luiiirjri  mi  ti* 
^rion,  10  whM* 
My  MihwrvMnl. 
illjf  hm  tiitanJid 
iMra  \h»i  imiut*, 
•«il«tb]rlhMiit*< 
SIM  «r  Miwriofil* 
lib  •uch  iraaltnM 
Iha  two  mru  hM 
,  m)mn  N*|fuM 
•mplaywi  in  tkald 
hay  iiwinMin  itwir 

1  muliMl  hiliwi  el 
il  tmUm*.  '11m 
Uu«  •Mnkm,  M 
•I  rigonHM  injuiM* 
tvaiy  inianourM 
••n  iIm  two  IMOO 
rd*  lUriv*  ilrtiiftk 
which  i*  Um  wttk 
i  hivo  Mcumi,  M 

linraoiM  who  •!■» 
tor. 

•I  il«,imMil  nrdot 
I  to  ttwir  •iicniatt. 
r  Iho  SfMiiiih  iilMO 
ilmtnl  of  ihtl  yth 
iiiiportinl  of  Ihfil 
maltoi  of  M  iiiiwh 
r  iheif  now  di>iiii< 
Lich  I  ha«o  IxoiifiM 
iforinMion  util  •!• 
inra  hov*  (Miilol 
liroramanlt  ii  'Jiio 
I  ihon  *iaw  of  tha 
pro**  both  cuiiout 

hariM  V.  In  IMS, 
I  he  high  piolon- 
WofM,  who  con- 
hoM  irrvlcti  tliiiy 
wcra  finally  abriM 
an*  baf*  liwB  >»■ 
rivilcg**  of  auk- 
1,  il  wa*  ile*ni«-i 
il*  the  •up|ioil  •nil 
adopted  them  M 
Bnefileou'dbn  ti- 
men  unacquainted 
labor,  the  court  ol 
•ecure,  by  propel 
jble  to  eiacl  from 
tax  wa*  impoacd 
Keen  to  fifty ;  and 
•  the  ealent  of  Iho 
d  to  (icrform,  wta 
buto  variea  in  dif- 
thai  paid  in  New 
lunt  la  nearly  foul 
couiilrie*  where, 
e  of  money  ia  ev 
vying  th  a  tribuW 
ndian  i*  either  an 
pend*  upon  wnnt 
cb  he  reaido*  ha* 
ler  the  denominb* 
mer  caie,  about 
le  royal  iraaaury  t 
'  it  lialonga  to  Uio 
It  look  poa*e**ion 
r**  paieelled  uht 
it  eetlled  theio, 
ihe  criwn.    A* 
i<  IWo*  onljTi  ra- 
ils had  it  in  kil 


powof  oMbor  '■»  Mhm  hi*  DiMwa  by  gfanij  to  naw  pn>- 
UMiim,  *t  ti  atMimni  Sia  own  retaniin  liy  (aliiiililr 
tMMaaijna  [lit]  IK  Iheae,  in*  lallai  haa  Iwaii  ha- 
i)uanlly  ckoaen  i  tha  ntimlirf  ol  liiilian*  nnw  daprndini 
ImiHaiiialalii  on  Iha  ciuwn  la  miiih  iffmlrr  ihaii  iii  Ihu 
llrii  Minn  afkar  the  coiH|U(ial,  and  ihi>  biaiwh  uf  llic 
IOV.ll  ravriiMa  rufiiiiiura  In  pilrnd 

'I'ha  banftni  ariaing  fnifn  iho  ■••rvii'aa  of  thn  Itiiliani 
■rrriaa  anhar  lu  iha  rrown,  or  lo  Iha  bulilir  of  iha 
(NruauraWa,  arrorditig  lo  Iho  aama  riilr  uliarivrd  m  llw 
^ynanl  nf  Irihiita.  'IVm*  ■erii<(<»,  lH>Mi'ti*r,  vliii'h 
aan  now  b*  legally  aiaclcd,  are  «rry  diHerani  fiuin  iho 
laaka  originally  impoaail  u|»n  Iha  liidiana  'I'ha  nalurs 
•f  Ibe  work  whHh  ihry  inual  parforin  la  defined,  anil 
M  oquilaMo  rarowiHiiiM  m  grained  for  their  latnir 
Tba  alatad  Mrvuua  demanded  of  Ihe  Indiana  may  b* 
Aaldad  Inio  two  branchea  'I'hey  are  aiihrr  rinployed 
ia  worka  of  priiniry  naraaaity,  wilhout  which  aoeiVly 
cannot  aubaial  I'onilarlilily,  ur  are  (Oin|i*llrd  to  laliur 
la  Ibo  aiinaa,  from  whwli  iha  Npaniah  cohmlaa  dariiro 
tbair  chief  value  and  lin|iortanca.  In  conaaqiienc*  of 
lb*  brmar,  tliey  are  obliged  to  aaalat  in  Iho  eulliiro  of 
laaiM,  aud  other  gram  of  nacaaaary  roiMuniplion  ;  in 
tana  ■■  eatll*  ;  in  ererlinff  ediAcaa  of  puUw  ulilily  ; 
In  ba.Jing  bridgaa ;  and  in  forming  high  iiiada  ;  but 
(bay  oaniHii  lie  conaliaiiird  lo  labor  in  laiaing  viiira, 
aiivaa,  and  augar-eanaa,  or  any  aiieciaa  of  ciiTlivalion 
wbicb  baa  for  Ita  object  th*  graliilcaiion  of  luiury  or 
Mmniarcial  profit.  In  cona*<|uaneo  of  th*  latter,  the 
Indiana  are  eom|irlled  lo  undertake  ihe  iiiore  unplea- 
(*nl  leak  of  aatraeling  ore  from  the  bowela  of  Iho  earlh, 
and  of  refilling  it  by  auccaaaiva  proceaaea,  no  leaa  u»- 
wholeaume  llian  operoa*.  [ITT] 

'Hwi  mod*  of  eiacling  both  Ihaa*  •*rvie**  ia  Ik*  wm*, 
and  ia  under  rrgulalinna  framad  with  a  view  of  rtnder- 
.iig  il  aa  little  oppreaaive  aa  poaaibia  to  the  Indiana. 
Tuey  are  called  out  aucreaaively  in  diviaiona,  termed 
Miliu,  and  no  peraon  aan  bo  eompelletl  to  go  but  in 
bia  turn.  In  Peru,  Iho  number  callrd  out  niiiai  nut 
•iceed  Ihe  aoventh  part  of  the  inhabilania  in  any  dia- 
<rict.  In  New  Hpain,  whor*  ih*  Indiana  are  nior*  nu- 
BMrou*,  it  i*  fiietl  at  four  iii.tho  hundred.  During 
whal  lim*  lb*  labor  of  aucb  Inoiaiia  aa  ar*  employed  in 
sgmullura  conlinuea,  I  have  not  been  able  to  learn. 
jITt]  But  in  Peru,  each  mil;  or  divlaion,  dealined 
Mf  lb*  minea,  remaina  thero  aii  montha ;  and  while 
*nga(*d  in  thia  acrvica,  a  laborer  never  receivea  leaa 
tbaii  Iwo  ahillinga  a  day,  and  often  eania  more  llian 
doubta  that  aum.  Nu  liiillan,  reaiding  at  a  greater 
dialanca  than  thirty  inilea  from  a  mine,  ia  included  in 
lb*  mita,  or  diviaion  employed  working  it ;  nor  are  the 
iiiLabilanU  of  Iha  low  country  expoacd  now  lo  certain 
doali.clion,  aa  they  wore  at  firal  when  under  Ihe  do- 
minion of  the  conqtioruri,  by  com|wllii)g  tticiii  lo  remove 
from  thai  warm  climate  lo  the  cold  ilcvati'd  rcglona 
where  ininerala  abound.  (I7tt] 

Tb«  Indiana  who  live  in  Iho  princinal  lowna  are  en- 
tirely aubjttct  lo  Iho  Spaniah  lawa  and  inagidratva  ;  but 
in  tlwir  own  villngna  lliey  are  governed  by  caiiii|uca, 
•ome  of  whom  are  the  deKeiidanla  of  ilicir  aiKicnt  lurila, 
olbara  are  named  by  the  8paiiiah  viceroy*.  Tlieae 
regulal*  Ibe  petty  aflaira  of  the  people  under  them,  ac- 
cording lo  maxima  of  jualico  Iranamitlvd  to  lliein  liy 
tradition  from  their  anceatora.  To  the  Indiana  thia 
luriadiction,  lodged  in  auch  friciMlly  handa,  anbrila  aoiiio 
conaolalion  ;  and  ao  little  formidable  la  thia  dignity  to 
their  now  maatera,  that  they  often  allow  il  to  Jracrnd 
oy  heredlury  right.  For  the  further  rclluf  of  men  ao 
much  aiiioaed  lo  oppreaaion,  the  8|ianith  court  haa 
appoinlwl  an  oliicor  in  every  dialrici  with  the  title  of 
Protector  of  the  Indiana.  It  ia  hia  function,  aa  Iho 
name  impliea,  to  aaaert  the  righta  of  the  Indiana ;  to 
appear  aa  llieir  defender  in  Ihe  couria  of  jualico ;  and, 
by  Ihe  inlerpoaitlon  of  hia  authority,  to  act  lioiinda  lo 
the  encroachinonta  and  exaclioiia  of  hia  countrymen. 
A  certain  portion  of  the  reaerved  rourlh  of  Iho  annual 
tribut*  ia  dealined  for  tha  ealary  of  th*  caxiquea  and 
protectora ;  another  ia  applied  to  the  maintenance  of 
Ibe  clergy  employed  in  the  inatruclioii  of  tlwi  Indiana. 
Another  pan  aeema  to  be  appropriated  for  the  lieiicfit 
of  Ihe  Indiana  thcmaelvea,  and  ia  applied  for  the  pay- 
ment of  Ihoir  tribute  in  year*  of  famine,  or  when  a  par- 
ticular dialrici  ia  afTeeted  by  any  exlraonlinary  local 
calamity,  llealdca  thia,  nruviaion  ia  mado  by  varioua 
UM»,  lUl  hoapitala  ahalj  be  founded  in  every  new  ael- 
tlemcnl  for  Ihe  reception  of  Indiana.  Such  honpitala 
liave  accordingly  been  erected,  both  for  the  indigent 
and  infirm,  in  I  jma,  in  Cuxco,  and  in  Mexico,  where 
tba  Indiana  are  treated  with  tendemcaa  and  huinanily. 

Such  ar*  the  leading  principlea  in  the  juriaprudence 
atid  pj'Je^  by  which  the  Indiana  are  now  governed  in 
Ik*  fMnaca*  bakmging  lo  Spain.    In  Ihoa*  regula- 


llpn*  of  the  Hpaniak  monariha,  wa  du*<i**r  na  ln**a 
I  ul  thai  cruel  ayaKin  of  ••larininaiiim,  which  they  have 
lieaii  charged  with  wlupiing  ,  and  if  wa  admit  that  th* 
nerraaily  of  aeeiiring  aiibalalenra  fur  iheir  ruloniea,  or 
llie  advanlagra  daiitxl  from  working  the  minea,  give 
Ihein  a  nuhl  lu  atail  Iliainw'Uea  ul  thv  lalmr  of  tha  In- 
I  diana,  we  iiiiial  allow,  thai  lb*  alU'nliuii  with  whwh 
Ihav  irgiilalu  and  ri'cuiiipenae  that  Uhiir  I*  pnividviil 
I  and  aagai-ioiia  In  no  i-oda  of  lawa  la  greater  aolleitiide 
dlapUyrd,  or  iireraiitiutia  iniilliitlird  with  niore  prudent 
conrrni,  lor  tli*<  prearrvatHin,  tlie  a(.ciirily,  and  the  hap.  I 
pineaa  of  ihn  auhiecl,  than  we  diarover  In  the  colleciioii 
of  Ihe  M|iaiMah  lawa  for  Ihe  Indiea.  Hut  ihoaa  laitar 
regiilalioiw,  lilie  III*  mor*  early  rdwla  which  hai*  Iweii 
alieady  inrniiunail,  have  too  often  proved  ineireetiial 
reinediea  againat  Ih*  avila  which  they  were  intruded  10 
prevent.  In  every  age,  if  the  aaiiie  cauaea  continue  lu 
Ofierate,  the  aaine  enecia  miial  follow.  Croin  the  iin- 
nicna*  dialance  lielween  the  |iower  intruateU  with  lite 
execution  of  lawa,  and  llwl  by  whoa*  authority  they 
are  enacted,  th*  vigor  *v*n  of  the  moat  abaoluta  go- 
veniineni  inual  relax,  and  Ihe  dread  of  a  au|i*riur,  too 
ramole  lo  ulwarve  with  accuracy  or  lo  puniah  with  do- 
afialcli,  niiial  inaanailily  abate.  Nulwilhalamling  ilia 
niinieroua  in|iinctiona  of  Ihe  Hpaniah  inonartili,  iIm  In- 
diana alill  aurt'er,  on  manv  occaaiona,  both  from  Iha 
avarice  of  individuala,  and  Ironi  the  exaetiona  of  the 
magialratea  who  ought  to  have  prolecled  Ihem  ;  unrea- 
aonable  laaka  are  ini|ioaed  ;  Ihe  term  of  iheir  labor  la 
prolonged  beyond  the  |>eiiod  Axed  by  law,  and  tliay 
groan  under  many  of  the  inaulla  and  wrong*  which  are 
in*  lot  of  a  dependent  people.  [IM]  Frain  aome  in- 
formation on  which  I  can  de|iend,  auch  oppreaaion 
•liounda  more  in  Peru  than  in  any  other  colony,  llul 
it  ia  not  general.  According  In  lb*  accounia  even  of 
thoae  aulhura  who  ar*  moat  diapoaeU  lo  eiaggarale  Ilia 
auHeringa  of  the  Indiana,  they,  in  aeveral  provincea, 
enjoy  iiul  only  eaae  but  alHueiice  ;  lliey  poaaeaa  large 
farnia  ;  tliry  are  inaalera  of  niiiiu'roua  henla  and  flocka; 
and,  by  the  knowledge  which  liiuy  have  acquired  of 
European  aria  and  indualry,  ar*  aupplied  not  only  with 
111*  neceaaariea  but  with  many  luxuiiea  of  lif*. 

After  einlaiiiing  Iha  form  of  civil  government  in  th* 
Spaniah  coloniea,  and  Ih*  atale  of  Ih*  varioua  oidcra  of 
peiaona  aubject  <«  it,  the  peculiariliea  in  their  aeclcai- 
aalical  conaliliilion  merit  coiiaidoralion.  Nolwilhataml- 
ing  lb*  auperatitioua  veneration  with  which  Ih*  Mpa- 
niarda  are  devoted  to  tlie  Holy  See,  tli*  vigilant  and 
jeakiua  (wlicy  of  Kvrdmand  early  prompted  him  to  take 
prucautlona  againat  the  inlroduetion  of  ih*  Pajial  domi- 
nion in  America.  With  thia  viow,  h*  aolicitod  Alox- 
aiider  VI.  for  a  grant  lo  Ihe  crown  of  the  lithe*  in  all 
III*  nawly-diacovercd  counlriea,  which  he  obtained  on 
condition  of  hia  making  pruvialon  for  the  religioua  iii- 
Btriiction  of  the  native*.  Soo.i  after  Juliiia  II.  con- 
ferred on  him  and  hia  aucceaaora,  the  right  of  patronage, 
and  Ih*  abaolulo  diapoaal  of  all  eccleaiaatical  beneficea 
Ihrnv  Dm  tlieae  I'ontilfa,  unacauainled  with  tho  value 
nf  what  he  demanded,  beatoweo  thoae  donation*  with 
an  inconalderate  lilH'rality,  which  iheir  aucceaaora  have 
often  lamented,  and  wiahed  to  recall.  In  conaequence 
of  thoae  granta,  the  Spaniah  monarcha  have  become  in 
etfoci  the  liuada  of  Ihe  American  church.  In  them  the 
•dininiatralion  of  ita  revenuoa  ia  vealed.  Their  noini- 
n.itioii  of  (icraona  to  aupplv  vacant  beneficea  ia  inatantly 
conlirmcd  by  the  I'opo.  1'hua,  in  all  Spaniah  America, 
aulliurity  of  every  apiiciua  centroa  in  the  crown.  There 
no  colliaion  ia  known  bolwcen  apiritual  and  temporal 
jiiriMllclion.  The  King  ia  tho  mily  auperior,  hia  name 
alone  ia  heard  of,  and  no  dependence  upon  any  foreign 
power  liaa  lieen  introduced.  Papal  bulla  cannot  be 
admitted  into  America,  nor  are  they  of  any  force  there 
until  they  have  been  previoualy  examined  aiul  approved 
of  by  Ihe  royal  council  of  the  Indiea ;  and  if  any  hull 
•hould  lie  Burrrptilioualy  introduced  and  circulated  in 
America  without  obtaining  that  approbation,  ecclcaiaa- 
tica  are  required  not  onVy  to  prevent  it  from  taking 
elfecl,  hut  to  aeiie  all  the  ccpica  of  it,  and  trananiil 
them  lo  the  council  of  tho  Indiea.  To  thia  limitation 
of  the  Papal  juriadiclion,  equally  aingulir,  whether  wo 
conaider  tho  nge  ond  nation  in  which  it  waa  deviaed,  or 
Iho  jeuloua  attention  with  which  Kerdinand  and  hia  auc- 
eeaaara  have  atudivd  to  inuintain  il  ill  full  furce,  Sjiain 
ia  indebted,  in  a  groat  moaauro',  for  the  uniform  tran- 
quillity which  hua  reigned  in  her  Amirican  doininiona. 
The  hiiirarcliy  ia  establisheil  in  Aiiurica  in  Ihe  aame 
form  aa  in  Sjiain,  with  ita  full  train  of  archbiahopa,  biah- 
opa,  deana,  and  other  dignalariea.  The  inferior  clergy 
arc  divided  into  thr'io  claaaca,  under  tho  detiomination 
of  Curan,  Duclrincriui,  biid  Mittiimeros.  Tho  firal  are 
pariah  prical*  in  thoae  parta  of  Ihe  country  whore  iheSpa- 
niaida  have  settled.    The  wtund  have  tb*  charge  of 


jm 

tb*  Mpaniab  gavewwwwt,  and  living  «wi*t  Ha  |MMa> 
iwn.  'Hm  Ihird  ar*  «nplay«i  in  inatriMllnfl  ami  aan 
vailing  thoae  A*r<-*f  lnh*a  wbwh  diadain  atilimMMMn  !• 
Ih*  H|i*nii>h  yoke,  and  llv*  In  renioi*  or  in*er*aaiula 
rrginna  lo  winch  ih*  Spaniah  arnia  hav*  not  |i«iwtral*<l 
No  niiineruiia  vn  llw  ■cclaaiaaiiea  of  all  IIhm*  vaiMua 
ordnra,  and  auch  th*  iirofiiae  liberality  with  whuh  inaiir 
of  ihem  are  riidowwl,  ihal  the  revenuea  of  ih*  eliiinih 
in  Ainarira  am  iiniiiena*  'Ih*  Uniniah  *iip«ratltMM| 
a|i|i*ara  with  ila  utnioai  iminp  in  th*  New  World. 
<  .hiirehea  and  I'unvenla  there  ar*  magiiiltcent,  ami  iMhlf 
adorned  ;  aiul  on  high  fealivala,  Ih*  diaplay  of  goU  ana 
ailver,  and  preeioiia  alone*,  la  tuek  a*  *u**d*  Um  «on« 
ceplion  of  a  Kiiropean.  An  eecl**iaatwal  aalabliabi 
ineni  ao  aplandid  and  extenaiva  i*  valavorsbia,  aa  ha* 
b**n  furm*rly  ob**rv*d,  to  lb*  pngr*a*  of  liaing  cola- 
niaa  i  but  in  tountnea  whar*  riahe*  abound,  and  tiM 
(leopl*  are  ao  delighted  with  parade  lhal  raligion  aiu*! 
aaauine  il  in  ordar  lo  allrarl  iImii  v*»*rslMn,  IbM  pfa> 
p*n*ity  to  oatcnisiioa  baa  been  iadulgwl,  and  b*«aiiiaa 
l*a*  |i*rniciou*. 

'I'h*  aarly  inalilulion  of  monaatoii**  in  tba  Rpaniall 
coloniea,  and  th*  inenn*id*r*l*  i**l  in  multiplying  tb*mi 
hav*  lieen  altanded  with  eonaaquence*  mar*  fatal,  lit 
avery  new  aettlemenl,  the  Aral  object  ahouki  bo  to  en> 
courage  |M)|iulaliun,  and  lo  incite  *v*ry  cilii*n  lo  coi»> 
tribui*  lowaida  augmonting  lb*  nunitnr  and  *ir*ngUi 
of  Ih*  community.  During  tba  youlb  and  vigor  af 
aociely,  while  Ihor*  ia  room  to  aiirsad,  and  auataMuea 
la  procurad  with  faoilily,  mankind  iiicreaa*  with  aa>aa> 
ing  rapidilv.  But  lb*  Spaniarda  bad  hardly  laban  pa» 
acaaion  of  Amorica,  wh*n,  wilb  a  Moat  pi*pa*l*nMM 
policy,  they  bogan  lo  erect  eonvonu,  wb*r*  p*r*o«a  ol 
Imh  aexoa  were  ahut  up,  under  a  vow  le  defeat  tba 

fiurpo**  of  naluro,  and  lo  countanet  tho  Aral  of  bat 
•wa.  Influenced  by  a  mieguided  piety,  which  aaeriba* 
Iranaeandanl  m*rii  lo  a  atal*  of  eolibacy,  or  *llur«d  hf 
th*  proapact  of  lhal  liatl***  aa*a  wbicb  in  aultry  cU> 
mala*  i*  d*«in*d  *upr*m*  f*lieily,  numbara  crewdad 
into  Iho**  manaiona  of  ah>lb  and  •up*ralilion,  and  ai* 
leal  10  aocioty.  A*  non*  but  p*r*oaa  of  Suaniah  aa> 
Irael  are  admillad  into  Iht  monaalariaa  at  tba  Naw 
Wnrkl,  lb*  avil  i*  nMia  aanaibly  fell,  and  vniy  moult 
or  nun  may  bo  eenaidored  a*  an  active  paiaeo  wilb- 
drawn  from  civil  lif*.  Tba  improprialy  of  aucb  lou.> 
dation*  in  any  ailualion  wbcr*  tb*  eit*nl  of  tomiory 
r*quirea  additional  banda  lo  improve  it,  ia  ao  obvioua, 
that  aom*  Catholic  aUl*^  have  •xpr***ly  prohibilod 
any  p*r*on  in  Ihoir  cohmi**  from  taking  tba  monaalM 
vow*.  £v*n  lb*  Spaniab  monarcha,  on  aeaM  aoca> 
•ion*,  •c*m  le  have  been  alarmed  wilb  lb*  •pr*adin|i 
of  a  apirit  ao  advaraa  le  lb*  incr*aa*  and  pnxparity  M 
their  coloniu,  that  tb*v  have  aodaavorod  to  cbaefc  il. 
But  fn*  Spaniarda  m  America,  mora  tberougbl*  nndat 
th*  influ*1ic*  of  •uporalition  than  ihair  counliynMn  ii 
Europe,  and  directed  by  occleauuliea  raore  bigatad  and 
illiterate,  have  conceived  auch  a  high  opinion  of  mooaa* 
tic  aanclily,  lhal  no  regulation*  can  r**train  Ihair  latl  i 
•lid,  by  Iho  excea*  of  Iheir  ill  judged  bounty,  religioua 
huuaea  have  multiplied  lo  ■  degro*  no  lo**  amaiiog  tbaa 
perniciou*  to  aociely.  [181.] 

In  viewing  tho  atale  of  coloniea,  wbora  not  only  tba 
number  but  influence  of  eccleaiiatica  ia  ao  great,  tba 
character  of  thia  powerful  body  i*  an  objoet  lial  OMlita 
particular  altcntion.  A  conaidcrahle  part  of  Ihe  aoeu* 
lar  clergy  in  Mexico  and  Peru  are  nativea  of  Spain 
.\a  peraona  long  acciiatoined,  by  their  oduolion,  to  Iha 
retirement  aud  indolence  of  academic  life  are  more 
ircapablo  of  active  onterpriae,  and  leaa  diapoaed  ta 
ttrike  into  new  patha  than  any  order  of  men,  the  eccle- 
aiaatical adventurora  bv  whom  the  American  ehurch  i* 
recruited,  are  commonly  auch  aa,  from  merit  or  rank  in 
life,  have  little  proapect  of  aucccu  ill  their  own  coun- 
try. Accordingly,  the  tecular  prieala  in  tlie  Naur 
Woild  are  alill  leaa  dialinguiabcd  than  Iheir  brethren  in 
Spain  for  literary  accompliahmenia  of  any  apecia*  ;  and 
though,  by  the  aiiple  proviaion  which  haa  been  made 
for  tho  American  churcn,  many  of  ita  member*  enjoy 
tho  eaae  and  independcncu  which  are  favorable  to  tba 
cultivation  of  acience,  the  body  of  aecular  cleigr  baa 
hardly,  during  Iwo  centuriea  and  a  half,  produced  ono 
author  who*e  worke  convey  (Uch  uwiful  information,  or . 
poaaeaa  auch  a  degree  of  merit,  aa  to  be  ranked  among 
thoao  which  attract  Ihe  attention  of  enligbleiiad  na- 
tion*. But  the  grealeat  part  of  the  ecdeaiaalica  in  tha 
Spaniah  aettlementa  are  regular*.  On  the  diacovery  oi 
America,  a  new  field  openc  I  lo  the  piou*  xeal  of  Uw 
monaalic  oidera ;  and,  with  t  becoming  alacrity,  thoy 
immediately  acnt  forth  iniaaionariea  lo  labor  in  it.  Tha 
firal  altempt  lo  iiiatruct  and  convert  the  Ameriein*  «*• 
made  by  monka ;  and  aa  moo  ai  tba  cenyieit  of  ng 


iiniir.Kr«oNn  hihtorv  nr 


iiMM  hfM,  tk*  l**^  mf 


mSWf 


iMt  MftMM,  ta  ••••ft  •(  yiiliwl 
Ml  AiMtM*,  M  iwrdmn  tH  ifMr  iintl  runrlinii*, 
!•••«••  Ik*  litiM*  •mi  Mbrr  •tmiluma'iila  nl  ih* 
banadMi  wliliMii  ikiMiMi  iw  wt  iha  luiiHtMiMiii  at  ilw 
kWMf  «f  Ik*  iliar***.  af  Mug  tubiatl  lu  kM  •■iwun* 
la  ■wMt^oMim  af  iKm,  •  mo  r«i«af  al  um>(uImm,  m 
«*ll  M  mm  akWi'U  of  tailMtwn,  [iwn^itwl  ihfnw'ltva 
W)waa«*t  •  •Ml  li  nvUa  hf  •  IVmIi  •ii|>|>It  •>!  hiIhiuii- 
aftaa,  ma*  af  Iba  MMt  anknl  tnii  M|»tiii(  ininil*,  ini' 
mUMt  luttu  tka  cattrainl  af  •  clauur,  Nr>«r)  •<  lt« 
batftil  aatfctwiiu,  •n4  fotupwj  wtih  Um  irikaama  lapa- 
UUmi  af  Ha  IMvalaaa  AuMtiMM,  albr  ikatr  ••»)••  with 
aagafiMW,  m4  nftit  *»  Ika  N»w  Wac Id  la  iiiimi  of 
Uktftjr  md  Jwtimtaii.  Nor  4a  Uiajr  iMtMM  dMtiM  iiaa 
Tka  klakail  a«^|iiM«*«lr«l  honan, 
kianllVa  pwhtwuaw  in  Maiwa 
tmt  Fnh,  an  a(Ua  la  tka  kaiid*  af  lagulan  i  and  ii 
la  akMb  ••  tka  waaaatla  afdan  ikat  ika  Anwf iciaa  an 
Maktaa  (n  anvwctlon  af  *cMnc«  wkHik  m  «ulli«*l«d 
MMag  Ikaa.  llMy  aia  ihnaal  ik*  onl«  MpanMk  •cel*- 
ikwltoi  IkMi  wkaiii  «a  kava  lar^ivad  aajr  wcouiiu 
aWMf  af  tka  (i«il  a?  aaiuni  ktatan  af  tka  «*naiw  |ir»- 
vtraaa  ki  Aaianaa.  Hama  at  ikam,  ikau|h  ikwtiljr 
Iklfid  wMi  Ika  Udalliata  •upanuiion  af  ikmr  pnHaa- 
■iaa,  kava  aaMMMd  bnaki  wktak  (i**  a  hfonliU  i«- 
■MMtaa  ai  Ikaif  aktUltaa.  Tka  nalunl  ami  moral  hi>- 
kiqf  al  Ika  Naw  WatM,  bj  tka  Jaatiit  AcaaU,  conlaiiM 
■MM  aaiaiala  akaarvatiaiM,  paikap«.  ami  mora  wiiiml 
Miaaaa,  riMm  ara  to  ba  feami  In  any  iWacription  of  n- 
■Ma  aa— lliai  pakliakad  In  Ika  aiitaantk  ••iilury. 

BM  Ika  aaaa  d>«gaH  wilk  mantalie  Ufa,  ta  which 
Aaafiaa  la  imlaktad  (nr  ioma  Inilfaclor*  of  worth  ami 
akllHlaa,  MM  it  wHk  atkara  of  a  nty  dillkrani  eha- 
iatlar.  Tka  iMf,  tka  proAlgaia,  Ika  ararwiou*,  to 
mkmt  dw  paraitjr  aad  rtoid  dmiplina  af  a  canraiil  arv 
hMalarakIa,  tonaidrr  a  nlwian  to  Amariea  ••  a  ralaaaa 
Nia  aMrtilcatlan  and  bondaga.  Thara  Uicjr  aoon  ob- 
m  paraakM  aharga  ;  and  far  rainormi  by  Uiwr 
I,  nrem  tka  lna|i««itlon  of  ikair  monaalM  au- 
aattara,  and  aiampt,  by  Ikair  chararlar,  ikom  Iha  jnrla- 
WBlian  af  Ikaii  dwaaaan,  Ikav  ara  haidly  aubjaclad  to 
•ny  aoMial.  Aacording  to  tka  laatimony  of  Iha  moat 
laalaai  ealkaUaa,  many  of  iha  ragular  clargy  in  Iha 
Ipaniak  aatllaiMnla  ara  not  aniy  daaiiluta  of  Uw  rinu^a 
kaeoming  Ikair  prefcaalon,  but  lagardlaaa  of  that  aalar- 
■al  dacorum  and  laapacl  for  Iha  opinion  uf  minkimi, 
wWak  praaarra  a  lamManca  of  worth  whaia  iha  ratlily 
ia  frsntiaf.  SMura  of  iinpuniiy,  tomo  ragulara,  In 
•■Maaipt  of  ihair  row  of  poratty,  angaga  apanly  In 
aammama.  and  ara  aa  rapacloaaly  aaj|ar  in  amaaaiiig 
woallk,  that  ikay  baeona  iha  mml  gnarou*  oppraiaon 
•f  Ika  Imliana  «mom  it  waa  Ibair  duly  to  hara  priMactad. 
Otkara,  wilk  no  laaa  lagranl  violation  of  ihoir  row  of 
AMiily,  indulga  with  lilMa  diagulaa  in  iha  moil  dnto- 
lata  lirantiouMiaaa.  IIMJ 

Varioua  aehanaa  nava  baan  propoacd  for  radraaaing 
anonaitiaa  ao  manifaat  and  ro  olfanaira.  Raroral  nar- 
aana,  bo  laaa  aarinanl  far  platy  than  diaeammant,  nava 
aoalandad.  that  iha  ragulara,  In  conformity  to  Iha 
aaaow  of  Iha  ckorek,  otq^t  to  ba  conAnad  within  Iha 
walla  of  dioir  elolatara,  and  ahould  no  longer  bo  par- 
Its  antoach  on  Ih*  funcilnna  of  Iha  aaculir  clergy. 
paMie-apirilad  magwiralai,  froin  conviclioii  of 
Ma  baing  nacauary  to  depriva  tha  ragulan  of  a  priri- 
laga  baalowad  al  flnl  with  good  iiilantioii,  but  of 
whieh  lime  and  aiparianca  had  ditcoYored  Iha  per- 
■loloaa  aflacia,  openly  counlananeed  Iha  eecuUr  clcroy 
ki  llwir  attempta  to  aaaert  their  own  rIghK.  The 
■finea  D'l^uil«che,  rieeror  of  Peru  under  Pliillip 
Ul.,  look  meaeuraa  ao  deciaive  and  cfTuctiial  for  cir- 
aamaeribing  Iha  ragulara  within  Ihair  proiier  tphrre  aa 
alrack  Iham  with  general  coiiitemalion.  [113]  'I'liey 
had  reeourae  lo  tneir  uaual  arta.  They  alarmed  lh« 
aaparatllioua,  by  rapraaanling  Iha  procaedinga  of  the 
vkaiOT  aa  innbrationa  fatal  to  religion.  They  em- 
ployaii  all  Iha  refinamenia  of  Intrigue  in  order  lo  gain 
•na  m  power ;  ami  aeeondad  by  the  powerful  inllu- 
I  of  the  Jeaulla,  who  claimed  and  enjoyed  all  the 
pfivilagaa  which  helongad  to  tha  Mendicant  ordera  in 
Amarii  a,  thay  made  a  deep  imprraaion  on  a  bigoted 
priaaa  and  a  weak  minialry.  The  ancient  practice  waa 
loiaralad  The  abuaca  which  it  uceaaioned  continund 
to  inereaae,  and  Ihe  comiption  uf  monka,  eienipt  from 
<fca  raatraiiila  of  diacipline,  and  the  inapection  of  any 
aoparior,  b«  mna  a  diagraca  lo  religion.  At  laal,  aa  tho 
••naratiiin  of  Iha  Spaniarda  lor  the  inonaatic  onlera  be- 

Cto  abate,  and  the  power  of  the  Joauita  waa  on  thn 
lina,   Ferdinand   VI.  rentured  to  apply  the  only 
tdbclutl  noMdy,  by  iaauixg  an  edict  [Junu'SS,  1767,J 


I  frakikittwg  layuUia  af  etery  Janmmiielian  ftam  lakmg 
Ika  (karg*  iif  anr  parwk  witn  Iha  rare  af  aaHla  ,  and 
daafanng  ikal  »n  ika  damiaa  af  ika  praaain  HMumlwiita, 
nana  but  aeoilar  prwala.  auliiMl  ta  iKa  (HfiadMiHm  o1 
iheir  dtoeaaana,  •h<tll  l>«  |iri>««>hl*d  lo  tananl  IwiwlWr* 
If  thia  rwKMUiiim  la  i-arrinl  iiilu  itai)«<Mti4Mi  willt  ai««*li' 
»••«  III  any  (Iryra*  |rr<*tNirti*Mml  lo  III*  wlailiHn  Milh 
whwh  II  la  framvil,  a  tory  riHiaHlarabla  relWinaliwi  mail 
lali*  pUt'e  in  iIm  avvlrawaliral  alata  iif  Htieniah  .\in«* 
rlr4,  awl  lh«  aeeuUr  rtvrgv  iiwy  gradually  IwriMiM  a 
nia|M'i'iaM«  Imilr  at  nwii  'Ih*  ih'inirliiwiil  ul  many 
ti*«  laaiaaiH'a,  avail  al  prvavnl,  art  nta  Itt  It*  tlicriil  and 
•umuUry  i  ulh^rwiaa  w*ran  hanlly  aiiiiWMa  IImI  iImt 
wattM  lie  haM  m  aiirh  high  •alimalian,  aiiu  inMa'aa  auah 
a  wanderfiil  aae^mUnt  v«^r  ika  miiida  m  iheir  aouit- 
irynwn  Ihroughoiii  all  ihe  M|wiiMh  a«iil»m»nla. 

Ihil  whatarer  nwril  )ha  NfianMh  ••elaaiaaiw*  In 
Amariaa  may  paaaaaa.  iha  aim^a*  of  llMir  WMlaairara  In 
rammunwaling  Iha  kmiwlnlga  af  Irua  raligHm  to  tha 
Indian*,  kaa  bmn  mar*  limierrMI  than  inighl  hare  h*»n 
aipecied,  either  from  Ihe  degtae  af  ihalr  leal,  ar  frein 
Iha  dominiwi  whwh  lh*y  hadMi|iiir«il  uvarihal  p^aide 
For  Ihia,  rarioiia  rvaaona  may  he  aaaigncd  Tha  Aral 
miaaionarMa,  in  Iheir  anlor  lo  inakii  prowilyUa,  ailiiiillwl 
Iha  people  of  Anwrira  into  thu  Cliriaiiaii  rhiirch  wiih- 
out  prarmua  liiairiirlum  in  ih*  diKiriiiea  of  leliuiuii,  and 
•nn  before  the*  lh*ina<'l«ea  had  aciiuirrd  aucli  kiww- 
li>dge  In  Iha  liMiaii  langiug*,  aa  lo  bo  abte  lo  eiplain  lo 
Iha  nalirae  Ih*  niyaleri*^  uf  failh,  or  the  pnive|ita  of 
duly  Healing  Ujion  a  aulitle  dialinelion  in  achulaaliu 
IheulogT,  balwarn  thai  dagrea  uf  ••••nt  which  ia 
luuiidad  on  a  cuinplala  knowlrdge  and  conviction  of 
duly,  and  that  which  may  be  yiiTded  when  both  Iheau 
are  imperfect,  they  adopled  lliia  alranga  prarlice,  n« 
leaa  inconaiatani  with  ihe  apiril  of  4  religion  which  ad- 
dreaaea  ilaulf  to  the  uiideralaiiding  of  men,  than  repiig- 
nam  lo  Iha  diclalaa  of  reaaun.  Aa  aoon  aa  any  iNiJy 
of  people  overawed  by  dread  of  Iha  Hpaniah  |iawer, 
moved  by  Ihe  eiample  of  Iheir  own  chiefa,  incited  by 
levity,  or  vieldiiig  from  mare  ignorance,  ei|ireaaed  the 
elighleat  ileaire  of  einhncing  Uie  religion  of  their  con- 
quarora,  they  ware  Ineianlly  napliaad.  While  thw  rage 
of  converalon  continued,  a  aingla  clergyman  hapliiod 

tone  day  above  Ave  thoueand  Maiicana,  and  dlil  not 
aiat  until  ha  waa  ao  eihaueled  by  fatigue  that  ka 
waa  unable  lo  lift  hie  handa.  In  the  couraa  of  a  (aw 
year*  after  Ihe  reduction  of  the  Meiican  empiia,  tha 
•acramanl  of  bapllam  waa  adininialered  lo  more  ihan 
fnur  milliona.  Proaelylee  adopted  with  euch  Incniiai- 
deraK  haala,  and  who  ware  neither  initruoted  In  the 
nature  of  Iha  lanala  to  which  it  waa  auppoaed  lliey  had 
given  aaaeni,  noi  laugfcl  Ihe  abanrdily  of  ihoao  which 
they  were  ra<|uired  to  reHnquiah,  retained  Iheir  venera- 
tion for  their  ancieni  auperalitione  in  full  force,  or 
mingled  an  attachment  to  ila  doclrina  and  ritae  with 
that  alender  knowledge  of  Chriatianily  which  they  had 
acquired.  Thaae  aaiitiineiile  Ihe  now  eonveria  Iraiia- 
mitled  lo  their  po«terity,  into  whoee  minda  ihey  have 
eiink  BO  deep,  that  Ihs  Hpaniah  eecleaiaalica,  with  all 
their  Induatry,  have  not  been  able  to  oradicala  them. 
Tha  raligioue  Inatilutiona  of  Iheir  ancealon,  are  atitl 
remembered  and  held  In  honor  bv  many  of  the  Indiana, 
both  In  Meiico  and  Peru  ;  ami  whenever  they  think 
ihcmaelvt]  out  of  reach  of  inapection  by  tha  Spaniarda, 
they  aaaemble  and  celebrate  their  idolatroua  rilee. 

Out  iMa  ia  not  the  moat  uiiaurmounlabki  obalaele 
lo  the  proneaa  of  Chriatianily  among  the  Indiana.  The 
nowen  of  their  uiiculllvated  underatandinga  are  ao 
iiinite<l,  their  obeervationa  and  roflecliona  reach  ao  liltio 
beyond  Ihe  mere  obiectaof  aeiiae,  that  thny  acein  hardly 
lo  have  the  ca|>ac!ty  of  forming  abatract  iduaa,  and 
poaacaa  nul  language  to  exproaa  thoin  To  aiii^h  iiwi 
the  aubliine  and  apinlual  duclrinea  of  (;iiri»lianitv  inuat 
be,  in  a  great  ineaauro,  incoinprclivnitilile.  Tne  nu- 
mcroiia  and  aplendid  cereinonioa  uf  the  Popiah  worship 
catch  Ihe  eye,  pleaao  and  inlercal  them  ;  but  when' 
their  inalnirlera  atleinpl  to  explain  the  article*  ef  Taiih 
with  which  Ihoae  enf^rnal  obaervancoa  am  coniicrled, 
though  tho  Indiana  may  lialen  with  palicnce,  ihey  ao 
little  conceive  the  meaning  of  what  thoy  hoar,  thai  lliolr 
*ci|uieaceiice  doea  not  merit  the  name  of  lieliof.  Their 
imiiflbrenco  ia  atill  greater  than  their  incapacity.  At- 
tentive only  to  llio  pruaeni  moment,  and  eiiuroaacd  by 
the  olijecta  before  ihoin,  the  Indiana  au  aeliTuin  rellect 
upon  wliat  ia  paal,  or  take  thoiiKhl  for  what  ia  in  coino, 
that  neither  the  proiniava  nor  thrvata  of  religion  niako 
much  iinpreaainn  upon  tliein ;  and  while  llicir  furcii^ht 
rarely  eitenda  ao  far  aa  the  noil  day,  it  ia  almoet  im- 
poaaible  lo  inapire  them  with  aolicitiide  about  tho  con- 
cernaof  a  futurq  world.  Aaloniahcd  ci|nally  at  tlioir 
alowncaa  of  comprohonaion,  and  at  thoir  inaenaibilily, 
aoiitu  of  the  early  loiiaioiiaiiea  pronounced  thuin  a  tacv 


af  man  aa  kfMiak  ••  M  i«  Inaafakta  af  imitaMMivIlM 
Ika  Aim  prinaiple*  ef  nligMm     A  rmtnaH  kekl  al  IdiM 


dMiraed,  Ikal,  an  a«aaHni  af  iMa  mrtfuHf,  ikay  anriN 
M  h*  aai-liHlvd  fnim  Iha  awraweiil  of  Ika  Kwakarial. 
'l1iiHi||h  Paul  III ,  liy  hi*  fanHHi* IhiII i**ii*d  mikavaM 
IM7,  lUrlarril  ih<  in  In  Iw  niional  arvaturra  entiled  W 
•II  ili«  iiriiilrni'a  ul  I'hiiaiMn*,  yel  ailer iha  lapaa  M 
two  raiiiiiiu  *.  during  whwh  ih^y  have  been  meinkata 
af  Ih*  ehank,  ao  liniwrlxl  ar*  their  all*lnmaMa  M 
kiHittlMlg*  Ihul  «>rv  'aw  |wMa»aa  aiwh  a  purlMmaf  a^i^ 

iilual   diaa'cr aiii  ••  lu  lie  il»>inad   warlkv  >f  b^ing 

wimiiinl  ta  tlw  liuly  rominumuti  FrwN  IhM  idea  M 
iheir  ine«|wrily  ami  lmp*rfe*l  knnwiadge  af  raliglMI, 
when  lk«  (cal  af  Philiu  II  aalaliliahad  ma  Imjulalliwi 
III  Amoriaa  in  Ika  year  itn,  ikr  Indiana  wera  aaampMd 
frofli  Ika  junadietian  af  ikal  aavara  inktmal,  ami  aHN 
•oHilnua  under  Ika  inapaaiional  Ikair  dta»»aawa.  Rvoa 
alter  Ihe  mael  Mrf^ri  HMlru«tlan,  Ihali  hilh  la  kaki  M 
h«  (wide  and  dulNaii*  ,  ami  ihwigk  aama  af  ikam  ka«* 
Immi  uughl  Ih*  hnmMl  htngaaaea,  ami  kava  gwM 
Ikrough  Ike  ardinary  cauraa  af  aaadamia  aakieaUan  wMk 
applauB*,  Ihalr  frailly  i*  aiill  aa  muak  aaapaatad,  Ikat 
few  Indiana  are  eiik^r  ardainad  prtaala,  ar  rtealvad  iMa 
aiiv  rehgisiia  onlrr.  (I<4| 
rrutn  Ihia  briaf  eiirvey  aa 

Tka  varlMa 


''rum  ihia  briaf  eiirvey  aama  idea  may  ka  ^rma4  •! 
the  iniarior  atale  of  Ike  H|Mniah  aolamaa.     ~' 


producliuoa  with  whiah  Ih^y  Mjiply  and  anrnh  tha  no 
llwr  country,  aiul  th«  •yal^in  af  rwnmereial  Intaramira* 
kalwemi  lliam,  came  nait  m  anier  lo  Iw  aaulalnod.  || 
Iha  ihmiiniona  of  Hpain  in  Iha  Naw  WorkI  kad  bean  •! 
aueh  mmlente  eiient  aa  bora  a  daa  propnrtmn  lo  tka 
iwreirt  atale,  Ike  progreae  af  kar  aokmiaing  migki  kava 
iieen  allemled  with  iho  aama  hanelll  aa  that  of  otliar  na- 
none.  Ilui  whan,  in  laaa  than  kalf  a  aanlury,  kar  Inaan- 
aiilerale  rapacity  had  aelaed  an  aountriaa  Uigar  Ikan  all 
Kiimpe,  lier  Inability  to  All  aoeb  vaal  raglona  wilk  ia- 
hahitanta  auMlrwnl  fnr  tha  aallivaiion  of  Ikam  waa  aa 
olivioua,  aa  In  give  a  wrong  diraclian  lo  all  Ika  alhrta 
of  the  cak>niata.  'I'hay  did  not  form  eoin|iael  aatll^ 
mania,  where  Indueiry,  cireumeerlbad  within  prnpar 
limita,  both  in  ita  viewe  airfl  Ojiaratlana,  ia  eamlualal 
with  thai  aobar  jwraavaiing  e|anl  wklak  gratktally  aan 
vena  whauvar  i*  in  lu  poe^aa^ion  la  a  prapar  uaa,  ami 
darivaa  thanea  Ika  graaleal  advanlaga.  Inalaad  af  lkit| 
Ika  Hpaniania,  aaduced  by  the  hoiindlaa*  proapael  wMak 
0(ianed  to  them,  divided  ihalr  poaaaaeion*  in  Amariaa 
into  govarnmenu  of  great  ailenl.  Ae  Ihair  muallW 
waa  loo  email  lo  atlam|ti  tha  regular  eullura  af  tka  taa- 
inanaa  provineaa  which  thay  occupied  nihtr  than  pat* 
ided,  Ihey  bent  Iheii  allenlion  lo  a  (aw  abjaata  IkM 
allured  inain  with  hopea  of  audden  and  eiarWlaal 
gain,  and  turned  away  wilk  conlampi  frmn  ika  haai- 
Mer  paiha  of  induatry,  which  laad  mora  alowly,  bat  wilk 
greater  carulnly,  10  wealth  and  ineraaaa  M  nalianat 
atraiuflh. 

Uf  all  Iha  mathode  by  which  richaa  may  ba  ac<|uira4, 
that  of  aaarehing  for  Iha  praoioua  niatala  ia  oiia  of  tka 
moat  iiiriting  to  men  wko  an  aitkor  unareueiomed  la 
iha  regular  aaalduity  with  whiek  Iha  eullura  of  Iha  earth 
and  the  nparationa  of  commerce  muat  ba  earned  on,  at 
wlio  are  ao  eiilerpriaing  and  npacioua  aa  not  to  ba  aa- 
llefind  with  the  gradual  ralunia  of  proAl  which  Ikay 
^iold.  Aecordingly,  aa  aoon  ••  Ike  aavani  eountriaa 
in  America  wen  auhjeoled  It  Iha  dominion  ol  Hpain, 
Ihia  waa  almoat  tho  only  nialhod  of  acijulring  waallk 
which  occurred  to  the  adventurara  by  whom  they  wera 
(.'oii(|U»rad  Such  proviiicea  of  Ihe  continent  aa  dnl 
nul  allure  them  lu  aettle,  by  the  proapecl  of  Iheir  alibrd- 
ing  gold  and  ailver,  were  iulally  neglected.  TIhnhi  In 
which  they  met  with  a  diaamioinlnient  of  llic  aaiigulna 
ex|i«ctatiuna  they  had  forincj,  were  alnndoncd.  Kven 
the  value  of  tliu  iaiaiida,  the  Aral  fruila  of  iheir  diaco- 
vuriea,  and  the  Ural  object  uf  iheir  alllntion,  aiink  ao 
much  in  their  eatiinalion,  when  the  minaa  which  had 
been  opened  in  them  wcro  nihaualed,  llwt  Ihey  wera 
deaerted  liy  many  of  the  plantura,  and  loft  to  ba  occu> 
iiiuj  liy  inure  inuuatrioua  poaaoaaura  All  crowded  la 
Meiicuand  Peni,  where  the  quanlitiee  of  gold  and  ail- 
ver found  among  the  nativea,  who  aearch  hI  for  Iham 
with  little  induatry  and  leaa  akill,  promirvd  an  unat- 
hauatcd  atom,  aa  the  recompanaa  of  more  intelligant 
and  peravvering  elTorta. 

During  aeverjl  yeara,  the  ardor  of  their  ravcarchaa 
waa  kept  up  by  hu|i«  rather  than  aiicceee.  At  length, 
Ihe  rich  ailver  minea  of  Potoal  in  Peru  wera  aecidenk 
ally  diacovvred  in  the  year  IMA  by  an  Indian,  aa  ha 
waa  clambering  up  the  inounlaina  in  purault  of  a  Uanm 
which  hail  atrayed  from  hie  Aock.  Soon  afkar,  tka 
miiica  of  Sacotccaa  in  New  Hpain,  little  inferior  to  tka 
other  in  value,  were  opened.  From  that  lima  anecaa> 
•ivn  diacoveriea  have  been  made  in  both  cokmiaa,  bmI 
ailver  minaa  ara  now  ao  numoro  la,  that  tha  «rsikia|  al 


t     I  Ml     rimWWrm* 

iMiicJ  in  Ik*  f  Ml 
»«(Mr>>  •n<lla4  M 
ultt  ika  I«|IM  M 
r«  bMn  wmlnw 
I  ailxinnwirtt  ■ 
i  »  puriian  •!  iy^ 
wMltif  W  toUM 
'fmn  ihM  hIm  « 

UliM  •<  MllgtMi 
mI  iIm  lNi|UMHMII 

M  w*f(  tiMiirtii 


•otrTii  AMitmnA 


)  iIm  ••fM*(  aHWiMMHHi  •(  llM  M>ianmril<,  •iid  w 
MM*  •  •y«>HI  iiw  l*H  raMi|i(li mcil  than  in- 
MIMM  '!*■  4m"iIi«  III*  ii«lun  i>(  »w  ••nulla  un«, 
Ik*  HMM  irf  •ilrwiiiii  ikain  friHH  'I  j  Iwwala  «(  iha 
Mftk,  *Mt  M  aiiilain  Um  lataral  |i«K'»a«a  lit  wklrh 
Ik*  HWMla  Mm  aapanlaj  rrom  iha  •iihaUMaa  with 
■lutk  ItMy  *!•  iMnglail,  ailhar  li^i  tha  ariiun  u(  Ara,  ar 
liM  Mlrarllta  Miman  •(  manurti,  m  ilia  |ir»«in<'a  of 
tlw  MlHttI   |iMlaM|itM>l  uf  rhymlal,  lalhar  llian  ol  iha 


ii|m«*«mm.  KmW 
•it  fciik  I*  IwM  W 
MM  at  iImm  Imm 
,  mmI  Imm  |mw 
KM  tJnxaUM  wMh 
K  MtafMMil,  Iktt 
lt,Mft«Mvt4M* 

iIm.    Th*  viiMiM 

ind  anriah  th«  «»> 
miNHil  inttramin* 
I  Ini  MuUlnwt.  II 
M^oiMMhaanal 

|ira|inftiiin  lo  Um 
MiiaiiHi  iiM(Im  h*f« 
nttnto/oUiMiM* 
iMilury,  haf  inion- 
IriM  Urgtr  than  all 
■I  r*(tona  with  hh 
an  ol?  Umin  •■■  M 
n  ta  all  Ik*  tHkfM 
in  com|iHt  atul*> 
bad  within  VlfM 
liana,  la  awidiMMd 
il«h  gmVuUj  MM 
>  •  pfopn  uaa,  mi4 
•.  lna<Mil«(tW«i 
llMa  praafMcl  wMik 
walona  in  AmafiM 
Aa  Ikair  numkM 
'  culiun  altki  im- 
'<!  ral'xr  Umi  pM* 

a  (aw  sbiMta  IkM 
an  and  tiMWlMil 
ipl  frotn  ika  kaai- 
alowly.bttlwiili 
M 


may  ba  leiiuin^ 
hala  la  ana  ol  Ika 
unaraualaflMNl  la 
juliura  o(  Iha  aaith 
\t  ba  aamni  on,  ai 
J  aa  not  M  ba  aa- 
IpraAl  which  ikajr 
aavani  eounlriaa 
minion  ol  Mpain, 
aei)iiirini  waalik 
whom  (bay  wera 
eonlinrni  aa  iIkI 
;l  of  ihtiir  aHbnI- 
laclnl.    TIhim  in 
11  of  llie  aaiimina 
Ihamlonoil.     K»an 
lita  of  Uwir  diaco- 
^ulnlion,  Hunk  aa 
minta  which  had 
|d,  thai  Ihvy  wora 
loft  lo  Im  ovcu- 
All  crowded  la 
of  gold  and  ail- 
rchid  fortham 
...ii*«d  an  unai- 
mora  inlaUiganI 

theif  rawtrchaa 

l!«aa.     AI  langib, 

|ru  were  aecidenW 

r  an  Indian,  aa  ba 

urauit  of  a  Uama 

Soon  aiUr,  ika 
Itle  inferior  la  Ika 
llhat  time  auccaa* 

olh  ooloniaa,  tni 
llhawaikiii|«l 


llM  aiiikannt  fntvmn  with  whwh  ihe  nHHiiiiaiiia 
•(  Iha  Naw  WerM  imiirrd  fnrih  ihnii  iraaaurra  ••- 
malahid  atankiml.  wnu  hail  Imn  aii'iiaHHM*!!  hiihiriii 
!•  reaei«a  a  l^nurMwa  aiiiilil*  uf  llw  inarioiia  inrlaU 
turn  Ika  laafa  aaanly  aluraa  eanuinad  m  thai  minaa  of 
Ike  laalaNl  haiilM|ik«re  Aaronllni  In  principlaa  n( 
aawiyMlaHan,  whwb  a|ifiaar  lo  tw  aitnniiily  nHM«raia, 
Iha  ^uantlly  of  |uM  ami  aiWar  Ihal  haa  Iwaii  rrgiilarly 
antarad  in  iha  |inrta  of  Niwin,  ia  a<|iial  in  value  lo  fwur, 
MlllMna  alarlinn  aniiiially,  rarkiininf  from  Ike  yaai 
UWt,  in  wkk-h  America  waa  diarutarad  I  iha  pfeaaul 
lima  llila,  in  two  hiiinlrrU  and  «l||hly-lhrae  yeara, 
tmoanle  lo  eleven  hundred  ami  ihirty-lwa  miibona 
liianaa  aa  Ikia  aum  M,  the  Npanlah  wrilare  emilend, 
Ihal  aa  araeh  aiofa  ouahl  la  ba  added  lo  il  in  conenlera- 
Mli  aif  ireaaara  wkwii  haa  keen  eilraclad  IVoin  Ihe 
■iaaa,  and  lm|)a«ted  ftauduienily  iiilo  N|win  wiihoul 
paylaf  daly  la  iha  King.  Hy  ihie  acroiini,  Npain  haa 
inmi>  Itmm  ika  New  World  a  auebly  of  wealth 
antuMlM  tl  hMal  to  two  Ihauaand  muliana  af  paunda 
Meillfla.  (IMJ 

Tha  miiiea,  whwh  have  yielded  Ihia  amaiinn  nuan- 
lily  of  ireaaure,  are  not  worked  al  Ihe  aiiieiiae  uf  iha 
«Mwn  or  of  Iha  puUie  In  order  )o  encuuraw  private 
adveMurera,  Ike  peraon  who  diacuyira  atitr wurka  a 
new  vein  laantlllad  lo  Ihe  ptoiierty  of  it.  ll|ion  lay- 
Im  hie  claim  la  aueh  ■  diarovary  before  ilie  gufvriiur 
ai  Ihe  province,  a  eailain  aileni  of  land  ia  inaaaurod 
aff,  and  a  eeruin  number  a(  Iwliana  allotted  hiin, 
under  ika  abligilion  of  kia  opening  Ihe  mine  within  a 
lioiiled  lima,  and  af  bia  paying  tba  eualomary  duly  to 
Ika  King  for  wbil  il  akall  produce.  Invitad  by  the 
tmU\lif  with  whkh  aueh  grania  ara  ohlained,  and  an- 
aaungad  by  aoma  alriking  eiamplea  of  aiicceaa  in  ihia 
Uaa  IH  tdyanlura,  no«  only  the  aanguin*  and  tha  Iwld, 
Wl  Iba  llmid  and  diflblani,  enter  upon  It  wiih  aatuniah- 
hm  ardor.  With  eaal  ohjccla  alwaya  in  view,  fed  con- 
Imuallyw.lh  hope,  and  eipeciing  every  monieni  that 
fcrluna  wiH  unveil  her  eecret  atnraa,  and  give  up  the 
waallk  wklvli  Ihay  ronuin  lo  their  wiakaa,  they  deem 
avery  sikar  cjeupalion  ineipid  and  unintareiting.  The 
charma  af  ihia  punuil,  like  the  rage  for  deep  play,  are 
M  bewitching,  and  lake  auck  full  poaaeaaion  of  Ihe 
mind,  aa  even  to  give  a  new  bent  lo  Ihe  natural  tem- 
per. Under  ila  inlluanea  the  eaulioua  heooine  nnler- 
prleing,  and  Iha  eoveloue  prolUaa.  Powerful  aa  ihia 
eharm  naturally  ia,  ila  force  la  augmenied  by  tha  arte  of 
aa  order  of  men  known  in  I'eni  by  the  cant  name  of 
•rarcAer*.  llieee  ara  commonly  peraona  of  deaperale 
fortune,  who,  availing  Ihemaelvee  of  tome  akill  in 
minenlogy,  accompanied  with  the  inalnualing  manner 
and  eanndeni  nrntenaiona  peculiar  lo  proieclora,  ad- 
dreaa  the  wealthy  and  Ihe  crediilnua.  Ily  plauaible  de- 
acriptiona  of  Uia  appearancee  which  they  have  dlaco- 
vercd  of  rich  veina  hitherto  uneiplorod  ;  by  producing, 
whan  re<)uiaite,  apecimena  of  promiaing  ore ;  by  alliriii- 
Iny,  with  an  iinpoaliig  aeeunnee,  that  aucrna  ia  cer- 
tain, and  Ihal  the  eipeiiaa  mutt  be  iriAing,  lliey  aeldom 
tail  to  panuade.  An  aaaociation  ia  formed  ;  a  email 
aum  ia  advanced  by  each  copartner ;  the  mine  ia 
opened  ;  Ihe  aearcher  la  inlruatad  with  the  tole  dirvc- 
twn  of  every  operation ;  unforeaaen  difflculliea  occur  ; 
naw  demanda  of  money  are  made ;  hut,  ainidat  a  aue- 
eeeeion  of  diaappoinlmenla  and  delaya,  hope  le  never 
ailinguiahed,  and  tha  ardor  of  eipecution  hardly 
tbataa.  Kor  it  ia  obeerved,  that  if  any  peraon  once  en- 
lan  Ihia  aeducing  path,  il  ia  alinoat  impoaaihle  to  return, 
bia  ideae  alter,  he  aeeme  to  be  poaaeaacd  wiih  another 
apirit  I  viaiona  of  imaginaiy  wealth  are  eontinually  be- 
Nra  hie  evee,  and  ha  liuiika,  and  apeaka,  and  dieama  of 
Mlbing  alee. 

Such  ie  the  apirit  Ihal  mual  be  farmed,  wherever  tha 
•elive  eierliona  of  any  aocicly  are  chiefly  employed  in 
working  minea  of  gold  and  ailver.  No  apirit  ie  more 
tdvaraa  to  aueh  improveinenta  in  agrii-ulturo  and  coin- 
■erea  la  render  a  nation  really  opulnnl.  If  the  ayelein 
af  adminialiation  in  the  Speniah  voloniea  had  been 
fxir.dad  apon  principlea  of  aound  policy,  the  power  and 
liaenaiV  of  wa  li^ialalor  would  have  been  exerted 
Muk  m  tttucii  ttdni  w  rcatniuing  ila  aubjacta  Irom  aucb 


permeHHie  iiiduairy,  ••  le  mtw  einplayed  m  alhMMt 
m  lawarda  il  "  l*MteeU  af  mining,"  aaya  a  gwail 
|wlga  af  Ihe  palilloal  vawliH'l  af  nelMHie,  "  ine*>*l  uf 
rrplaeing  llw  >  aptlel  emiikiyrd  iii  ihem,  lagelher  with 
Ihe  orilioary  |inMII  uf  aliH'!!,  runiiiMiily  alwarb  kalh  aapf- 
lal  and  pruHl  Tliey  are  tlw  |iiu|««la,  lltarekM*,  la 
whwh,  el  all  alhera,  a  prwdenl  lawgiver,  wha  deatred  Hi 
inctrcaaa  ihe  eapiial  ul  hia  naliuti,  wwikl  l«aal  akaoee  la 
gi«a  any  a  iiraimltftary  aiiruiiragemviil,  oi  lo  turit  lo< 
Mania  Ihem  a  (rvalar  aliara  ul  Ihal  fapilal  than  wuiikl 
go  to  them  uf  ita  own  arrerd  Nui'li,  in  reality,  la  the 
alwiird  aonlkleiie*  whwh  all  man  have  in  their  awn 
■PmmI  fortune,  thel  wherever  there  la  the  leeel  preka 
riiliiy  uf  aurrraa,  loo  eraal  a  ahare  uf  it  la  apt  la  go  lo 
Ihoiii  nf  Ila  uwn  aeronT"  Hut  in  Ihe  M|Hiiiiali  celonlea, 
ll»«rrniiieiil  la  atwlioua  to  rlieriah  a  auiril  whieh  It 
ahuiild  have  laleirvd  to  dejireaa,  and,  by  the  •anelHHi  uf 
Ita  ai'prulialioti,  aiignienla  thai  inrutialderala  areilulity 
whiA  haa  turiieil  the  active  iiHliialry  uf  Meiiru  and 
I'eru  into  aiirh  an  imiimiirr  fhaniiel  in  Ihia  niey  Iw 
impulad  the  alemler  pru||rraa  whirh  N|iaiiiah  Anierlea 
hae  made,  during  two  rentiiriea  ami  a  half,  either  In 
uarl^il  manufartiirca,  or  in  thuae  liKralive  branahee  of 
ruliivalHin  whirh  furniah  the  rulniiira  of  other  naliuna 
with  tlioir  alaple  eiMiiiiiudiiiea  In  coin|ierietm  with 
Ilia  piecioiie  nietala  every  bounty  of  nature  le  ao  miirh 
deapiae<l,  thel  Ihie  eitravagant  idea  of  Iheir  value  hae 
mingled  wilh  Ihe  idiom  of  language  in  America,  and 
Iha  H)ieniaida  aaltled  there,  drniMnMiate  a  country  net, 
not  Irom  the  ferldily  of  iti  noil,  the  ahuHdenee  of  ita 
cropa,  or  the  eiuberance  of  Ha  pealurea,  but  on  aeeaunt 
nf  Ine  mineiela  which  ita  mountama  coiitam  In  i|ueel 
of  thaae,  they  abandon  Iha  dcliithlful  plalna  of  I'eru  and 
Meiico,  and  reaurt  tu  barren  and  iiiH.'Oii|fortable  leglone, 
wliera  they  have  limit  auiiie  of  llie  largeal  towne  which 
Ihry  |Hiaaeaa  m  the  New  Wurld  Aa  the  acllvily  and 
eiiter|iriae  uf  the  Nnaniarda  uri|(liially  took  ihia  uirec- 
lion,  II  ia  now  ao  ililflrull  to  bend  tlwin  a  dilfarfnl  way, 
tliat  altliuiigh,  fruiti  variuiia  rauaca,  the  gam  uf  working 
mmea  ia  iiiticl,  ilrcrcaaed,  the  faacinatioii  continuea,  and 
aliiioal  every  nrrauii,  who  lakaa  any  active  perl  in  Iha 
commerce  of  New  Npain  or  I'eru,  ia  atill  engaged  ill 
aome  adventure  nf  thie  kind.  (IMI 

Hut  though  mmea  are  the  chief  object  of  tha  8pa- 
niarda,  and  the  precioue  m«lala  which  iheaa  yieM  lonu 
the  princi|Ml  article  in  their  cominerco  with  America ; 
the  fertile  cmmtriva  wliivh  they  puaaeta  tluire  abound 
with  other  mmmuditiee  of  aueh  value,  or  acarcily,  aa  lo 
attract  a  coiiKiilotablu  degree  of  atlenlion.  Corhineal 
ia  a  production  ilinoet  jieculiar  lo  New  Hpaiii,  of  aueh 
demand  in  coiiunerca  ihal  tha  aale  ia  alwaya  certain, 
and  yet  yiekia  aueh  pruht  aa  amply  rawarda  tha  labor 
and  care  eiimloyed  in  rearing  the  curioua  iiioacta  af 
which  tliia  valuable  drug  ie  compoecd,  aud  preparing  it 
for  llie  market,  Uuiiii{uiiia,  or  Jrauita'  Bi'k,  Iha  moel 
•alulary  aiinple,  |H'rha|ia,  and  of  inoal  reetoiitiva  virtue, 
that  I'ruvuleiice,  in  compaaaion  to  human  inflrmity,  haa 
made  known  unto  man,  ia  found  only  in  I'eru,  to  which 
it  alTorda  a  lucrative  branch  of  commerce.  The  Indigo 
of  Uautimala  ia  auperior  in  quality  lo  that  of  any  pro- 
vince in  America,  and  cultivated  to  a  conaiderabia  ei- 
tent.  Cacao,  though  not  peculiar  lo  tha  Hpaniah  cak>- 
niea,  attaina  to  ita  higlieal  elate  of  perfection  then,  and, 
from  the  great  comaumption  of  chixolaie  in  tluiope,  aa 
well  aa  in  America,  ia  a  valuable  commodity.  'Phe 
Tolwreo  of  C'ulia,  of  more  exi|uiaiie  flavor  than  any 
brought  from  the  New  World ;  the  Mugar  raiavd  in 
that  laland.  in  llitpaiiiolu,  and  in  Now  Hpain,  logelhor 
with  druga  of  varioua  kiiida,  may  be  mentioned  among 
Ihe  natural  projuctiona  of  America  which  enrich  Ihe 
Hpaniah  commerce.  To  theau  muat  be  added  an 
articlu  of  no  inconaidorahlc  accotint,  the  ex|Kirtation  of 
hidea ;  for  which,  aa  well  aa  for  many  of  thoae  which  I 
have  enuineralcd,  Ihe  Spaniards  are  more  indebted  lo 
Ihe  wonderful  fertility  of  the  country,  than  to  Iheir  own 
fonaighl  and  iiiduatry.  The  doiiieatic  animala  of 
Kuroiie,  (tarlicularly  horned  cattle,  have  multiplied  in 
the  Now  World  with  a  rapidity  which  almoat  excceda 
belief.  A  few  yeara  after  the  Spaniaida  aellled  there, 
the  horde  of  lame  cattle  became  an  numeroiia  that  their 
proprietora  reckoned  them  by  thouaanda.  Ijcae  atten- 
tion being  paid  to  them  aa  Incv  continued  to  increaaa, 
they  were  aulfcrcd  to  run  wild ;  and  apreading  over  a 
country  of  boundjoiia  extent,  under  a  mild  climate  and 
I  covered  with  rich  paaturo,  their  number  became  iin- 
menae.  They  range  over  the  vaat  plaina  which  eitend 
from  UucnoM  Ayrou  towarda  the  Andea,  in  hcrda  of 
thirty  or  forty  Ihauaand  ;  and  the  unlucky  traveller  who 
once  falla  in  among  them,  may  proceed  aevcral  daya 
before  he  can  diaentangle  hiinaelf  from  among  the 
crowd  that  covera  tlie  face  of  the  earth,  and  aeeina  lo 
have  DO  and.    Tbey  ara  hardly  leaa  numaioua  in  New 


I  M 
ly  for  Ika  aaka  af  thair  kalaa  i  and  I 
ai  aerlain  laaaana  M  aa  great,  ikal  II 
•anraaaaa,  wkwk  ara  bit  In  tka  MaM,  waaM  Mifoat  tha 
air,  if  large  paaka  of  wlkl  daga,  awl  vaal  taaka  ai 
f  W/ie«<«e,  ar  Amariean  velieree,  Ika  aiaM  vara* Haa 
of  ell  the  Ibaihcred  kind,  del  nal  inataMl*  daeaaf 
them  11m  number  ef  ihaaa  kniae  eapafla/ hi  aear* 
fleet  la  Kuropa,  la  vary  great,  aad  M  a  laarallva  bnan 
uf  cofVHHarva 

Alinoat  all  iheea  aiay  ka  eawaklarad  «e  aM^  *•» 
modiliea  |ieeiilier  to  Amerlaa,  aad  diAbreal,  if  era  I 
thai  leal  menlMMMd,  (nm  ika  praduailaaa  af  Iha  i 
country. 

When  Ika  ImpaMMkM  kiia  flpalu  af  ikaaa  vtrlWM 
artirlea  ftaki  kat  aalawiaallrel  baeaiM  aetlva  ud  »m^ 
•iderable,  her  Intariar  Imlualry  ami  manalkataMa  iraM 
in  a  alaie  ea  proaparaue,  Ikal  wilk  Ika  pradaal  af  Ihaaa 
ahe  waa  able  balk  w  parakaaa  Ika  eaaimidlllaa  af  Iiw 
New  WorM,  and  la  anawer  Ha  grow  ma  daamnda.  If*- 
■ler  tha  reigne  of  I'enlinand  and  laaballi,  aad  C'kaitN 
V  ,  M|iain  waa  ona  of  ika  aiaal  mdualriaae  eaaalrlaa  im 
Kuropa  Her  manafheturaa  m  waal,  aad  lai.  aa4 
ailk,  were  ao  ealenaive,  aa  nal  aniy  lo  fiimiak  wkal  waa 
aulltt'ieiit  for  her  own  eaneumpllaa,  kal  la  aflbrd  a  far 
plua  for  aiportaiion.  Wkan  a  maifcal  for  than,  for- 
Hierly  unknown,  and  la  wkiak  iha  alana  kad  aaiaaa> 
opened  in  Ameriea,  aha  kad  raaaaraa  la  kar  daawaUa 
atara,  and  found  there  an  abundant  eappiy.  (ItTJ 
'line  new  einidoymenl  muel  nalunlly  bava  ad«M  «!«•■ 
city  10  Ihe  apiril  of  Indualry.  Nounakad  mi  liniig*- 
ratetl  hy  II,  the  manufaclurae,  tha  popahMlan,  and 
wralih  of  H|iain,  might  have  gone  on  inereaaing  ia  ika 
aame  proportion  with  tha  growth  of  kar  eaianlae.  Nat 
waa  ihe  atale  of  Ihe  M|ianMh  marina  al  ikia  pariad  Iaaa 
Huuriahing  than  that  ol  Ha  manufaaturae.  In  Ika  ba« 
ginning  of  the  aiateenth  century,  Mpain  ia  aaki  la  kav* 
poaeeaeed  aliove  a  thnuaand  merakant  ahlpa,  i  numkar 
probably  far  auiierior  lo  that  of  any  aaliwi  In  Earopa 
in  that  age.  Hy  Iha  awl  which  foreign  tra4a  and  dainaa 
lie  induelry  give  reciprocally  la  earh  alkar  la  Ikair  pr*- 
graaa,  Ika  augmentation  of  both  nwal  kaea  ka«  raftd 
and  eilenaive,  and  Hpain  might  have  raeelvad  the  aama 
accaeeion  of  o|HiletMa  and  vigor  fram  her  aei|uiaitiaiia 
in  Iha  New  World  Ihal  other  powen  bava  Jerived  from 
their  cofoniea  thara. 

Uul  varioue  cauaaa  prevented  Ihia.  Tha  aama  thing 
happane  to  nationa  aa  to  individuala.  Wealth,  whick 
flowa  in  gradually,  and  with  modania  inereaav,  feeda 
and  muriahea  that  activity  wkick  ia  friemlly  lo  com- 
merce, and  calla  il  forlk  into  vigaaaua  and  well  can- 
ducted  eiertione ;  bul  when  opulence  poiin  in  auddanly, 
and  with  loo  full  a  alraam,  il  overturne  all  aobar  plaaa 
of  iiuluatry,  and  bringa  along  wilh  il  a  laala  for  wkal  la 
wikl  and  eatiavagant  and  daring  in  iHiaineee  ar  ki  aa- 
lion.  Such  waa  Iha  great  and  audden  augmanlallaa  ol 
power  and  nvanue  ihal  tha  poeaaaaion  af  AoMriea 
brought  into  Hpain ;  and  aoma  aymploma  of  ila  par- 
nicioua  influence  upon  Ihe  political  opentiona  of  tbat 
monarchy  anon  began  lo  appear.  For  a  conaiderabia 
lima,  however,  Iha  aupply  of  traeaora  from  tha  Naw 
Warld  waa  aeanly  and  imearioua  ;  and  tka  ganiua  of 
Charlee  V.  conducted  puMie  meaaurea  with  aueh  pit^ 
dance,  that  tha  oHeela  of  ihia  influence  wera  liltla  per- 
ceived. Hut  when  I>hilip  II.  aacended  tha  Spaniah 
throne,  with  lalenta  far  inferior  lo  thoM  of  hie  lalbari 
and  ramiltaiMee  from  llie  coloniea  becaina  a  regular 
and  conaidenble  branch  of  ravenue,  Ihe  fatal  operation 
of  thia  rapid  change  in  Iha  alala  of  Iba  kingdom,  hoik 
on  Ihe  monarch  and  hia  people,  waa  al  once  conapieu- 
oua.  Philip,  poaaeaaing  that  apirit  of  undaunted  aaei- 
duity  which  often  charaaleriiea  Ihe  ambition  of  men  of 
muili'rale  lalenta,  entertained  aueh  a  high  opinion  of  bia 
own  reaourcea  that  he  thought  nothing  too  arduoua  fat 
him  lo  undertake.  Shut  up  himaelf  in  tno  aoliluda  of  Iha 
Kacurial,  lie  troubled  and  annoyed  all  Iha  nationa  iround 
liiin.  He  wanhl  open  war  with  Ihe  Dutch  and  Engliah ; 
he  encoungeU  and  aided  a  rebellioua  faction  in  Franca  j 
he  coiMiuered  Portugal,  and  maintained  armiae  and  gar- 
riaona  in  Italy,  Africa,  ami  both  the  Indiea.  By  aueh 
a  multiplicity  of  great  and  complicated  operalioiia,  pur 
•ued  with  ardor  during  the  cuuna  of  a  long  raigo 
Spain  waa  drained  both  of  men  and  money  Undai 
the  weak  adminialration  of  hia  aucceaaor,  Philip  HI. 
[A.  D.  101 1,]  llie  vigor  of  Ihe  nation  continued  lo  de- 
creaao,  and  aunk  into  the  loweat  decline,  when  tha 
inconaidcralo  bi)fatry  of  that  monarch  eiiwlled  at  onca 
near  a  million  ol  hia  moat  induatrioua  aubjecia,  M  tha 
very  time  wlien  the  exhauated  alala  of  Iha  kingdooi 
required  aome  extraordinary  exertion  of  palitiearw» 
dom  lo  augment  ita  numbera,  and  to  nviea  ita  aUaMfc 
Early  in  ino  loventeantt  laalurv,  Spaia  foil  •■•■  • 


RoiRRTanN't  iiiaToiir  nf 


km  *fNMMM  H«f  (bMMMM  miwhutiKM  «raf* 
Wm  Ma  4m«t  IIm  Ami*.  »Mik  M  Wan  Mw  !■» 
Mt  •(  (H   KiMaf*!  mf*  tiiimJ.     Mm  •ilaMin  •»- 

till  BMfM    9ff   nM    MVft    ■MVMMHM  WM    HlMWM|pMllf    AfM 

tlM  liMf*  wkMli  •iiMiif««4  ••  «Miir  It  Ml  «»n  lakiH 

MM  BMMMMV  Wy  •••IIMP#  •www  Sn#  #IM#  flMywVfl 
IStM    (ffMoIlM*,    *%»    IMtMMrV    ak)**!    ■!  twilMlljr    M 

ttmy  ^xiyimii  li*!*,  «m  MgUatdi,  mm(  •««  m  iI 


liHll*  (MMnM  m  KMa|w  kMiU|t  r»Mml  «kM  «u 
(MM  liM  ilw  tupyil  •!  Md  •«n  mImImimm 
I*  ywpniliiii  M  IM  Mi|wl«lMm  tMl  MM)iHh«i»r*t  •( 
*lM  fMtut  (MM  iiMl«M4,  Ik*  iltiiniMti  »l  kcr  talMMia 
<MMHMm4  !•  MWtMM  TiM  IH'*i*M'<'<>>  l>k*  Ik*"  m» 
MNIm,  MltMM*M4  aMk  IIm  onlUl  olUrh  (MWlnl  In 
•mmmNv  iifMi  llMm,  4M«ft«l  ilM  p«iIm  •>'  imluau*  I* 
wiMtk  IMf  kol  liMn  tmutitmml,  ami  nfwimi  wuk 
mitmw  la  iImm  r*f«MM  Itwit  wkMh  iKm  ■pwlaiw* 
),  lit  ikM  !■(•  «r  •mifliatwn  *iwtk*r  inm  mm 
J,  iiid  Ik*  atniiigtk  at  IM  >oIwmm  aiMnwiilnl  t>y 
•aktiMtlim  lliat  ol  itM  NMtkar  raunln      AlTihuM  ■iiii 

8 KM*,  M  mil  ■«  Ik*  t4mM»nn  oka  k«<l  u  Rnl  mi- 
•4  In  AuMiM*.  <«yw<»J  akMlittaly  ii|Mm  H|niiii  M 
■iaMM  ttafy  Mtwk  •(  ammiy  •a)wt«i|i«w«  l^n- 
MMi  w  aiar*  tUaiMa  mi4  liMnii**  punuiu,  m  pm- 
faiitW  ky  mtnMK  atkMk  gatMNiiMnt  Hn|im«i,  ih«)i 
Wnbi  RM  iHni  Ihatr  •«*  ilMatMti  ktwani*  »ulili>)iin|| 
kka  RMaafcalara*  r«<|itM«M  Cm  tambflcMa  MibaMtcnra. 
nay  N«mr»4  (■•  I  k*«a  akaartaj  ia  *na«ha>  |>la<a) 
Ikair  alalktaf ,  Ihali  fuiniliira,  aihalairti  aiiniatara  M  Iha 


M 


r»—  or  laiiitT  af  lifc>  ami  airan  Ikaif  iHaWiimanla  n( 
Uh»t,  fmm  Curufa.  H|iain,  ihuinail  af  |»<>|>la  and  ita- 
aiaaaing  In  iiHluairVi  waa  unaMa  lu  auiijiljt  ilwir  |m«r- 
lni|  daatanda  Mha  ka<l  racouna  lo  har  nai||hbura. 
Tba  maiiofacliir'a  u(  Iha  l«i»  rounliiaa,  af  KngUiul, 
a(  Frawa,  and  of  Italy,  wliKb  har  waiila  rallaj  iiila 
aiwianca  im  atiiiiMlad  «iih  naw  vivaaily,  fitriiMhad  in 
■k<iMlaiica  «hala>ar  iha  n^uirad  In  vain  ilui  Iha 
fanaUaianial  law,  concarnin^  iha  aarluiioii  of  (uramu- 
(fi  IVofli  trada  with  Antarir*,  n|>|HiMi  Ijiia  iniM»ali4Mi. 
Naaaaailjr,  aiafa  powrtriil  llian  mi  atalula,  ileroaiml  lia 
■faiatiaa,  tad  canatmnrd  iha  .*4|Mnianla  ihtmaflvaa  la 
•oncnr  ia  aiuding  il  'I'ha  Knaliah,  ih«  >'ran«h,  and 
Dulob,  laljrlng  on  iho  llilrlily  ami  and  Imiinr  of  Niwniah 
litrhiala,  who  land  Ihcir  namaa  lo  cixar  Iha  ilaicil, 
aand  aul  Ikair  manuracliiraa  ■■>  Ainviita.  and  r*iiM«a 
Ika  aiarbilanl  (icica  foi  which  lliay  ara  aold  ihara,  iiihar 
In  apacia,  of  in  ika  rich  caiauiodiliaa  of  iha  Naw  World. 
Nailkar  Uw  draail  of  dannor,  nor  Iha  alluroinaiii  of 
BiatI  atar  induced  a  Hpaniah  hcliir  la  Iwlray  or  da- 
■sud  Iha  panon  who  conlldad  in  hint  \  and  Ihal  pruhiiy, 
which  M  Ika  iKMla  and  diaiiiwlion  of  Iha  iiatuMt,  con- 
liibulaa  la  ila  ruin.  In  t  ahort  lima,  not  alioya  a  Iwan- 
Ualh  pari  af  iba  ramnradiljaa  a<|iortad  to  Anianea  waa 
•f  Bpauiak  arawlh  or  fahnc.  All  iha  raat  waa  Iha 
yia|iany  of  joraian  laarchanta,  ikmigh  antorad  in  '.ha 
MOM  of  Hfwniaida  Tha  Iraaaiira  of  Iha  Naw  World 
May  ba  aaid  hancaforward  not  lo  hata  lielon(«d  to 
Mpaia.  liabra  il  raachad  Kuropa  *  waa  anncipalrd  aa 
Ika  prica  of  (ooda  purchaaad  from  -aigiiara  '1'ImI 
waallli  which  by  an  inlarnal  cireul«ion,  would  have 
ipiaad  Ihrough  aach  vein  of  induairy,  awl  ha«a  eon- 
Ttyad  Ilia  tnd  moyamanl  lo  every  branch  ol  manufae- 
lura,  flowed  out  of  the  kingdoiii  with  auch  a  rapid 
ceuraa  aa  ni-ilhar  enriched  nor  animated  il  On  the 
iHhar  hand,  tha  artiaana  of  rival  naliuiia,  ancoura||i'd 
by  Ibia  quick  eala  of  Ihair  comaiodiliea,  improved  ao 
much  in  akill  and  induairy  la  lo  tia  abia  lo  aRurd  lliem 
■I  a  rata  ao  low,  thai  tba  manufacluraa  of  Hpain,  which 
could  nol  via  with  Ihcira  ailber  ^  ^iMhly  or  chaapiieaa 
•f  work, were  alill  furthar  drpraaaad.  'Inia daalrucliva 
(oromarca  drained  off  Iho  ricbaa  of  Ihe  iialion  faator 
and  mora  complelaly  than  even  Iha  eilravagant  achamea 
•f  ambilioii  carried  on  by  ita  inonarcha.  Spain  waa 
•a  much  aatoniahod  and  dialraaaad  al  Iwholding  her 
Amarican  traaauraa  vaniah  almoal  aa  aoon  aa  Ihoy  were 
inporlad,  ihat  iliilip  III.,  unabia  to  aupply  what  waa 
laquiaila  in  circulation,  iaauad  an  edict,  by  which  ba 
andaavarad  lo  raiae  copper  monay  lo  a  value  in  cur- 
lancy  nearly  equal  lo  thai  of  ailvar  ;  and  Ibu  lord  of  the 
Peruvian  and  Meiican  minea  waa  reduced  lo  a  wrelclied 
•Ipadieni,  whwk  ia  tba  laai  raaource  of  pally  iuipo- 
miahad  alalaa. 

Thua  Iha  poaacaaiona  of  Spain  in  America  have  not 
|>rovvd  a  aource  of  populalion  and  of  wealth  lo  her  in 
Ilia  aama  manner  aa  Ihoae  of  other  nationa.  In  the 
auuntrwia  of  Kuropa,  where  Ihe  apiril  of  induairy  aub- 
Mala  lu  full  vigor,  every  peraon  aelllad  in  auch  coluniea 
W  Ma  ainiilar  in  Ihair  ailualion  lo  liioaa  of  Spain,  ia 
mnamiil  ta  |i*«  MB^mcnt  lo  tbraa  of  fo'u  at  Iwomi 


ka  jaaiiikirad  aa  a  vMHiaN  kiat  la  ika  i 
airongara  ni>m<  reap  aN  Ika  kaneM  a 


"    ■  "  "  aiat 

iiHy,  and 

aaawaiMg  kla 

Hiirk  kaa  kaan  Ike  InMfnal  Male  af  MMin  Awm  ika 
•  Inaa  of  Iha  aialaenlk  »n<Hiy,  and  atwh  her  iiiaMlly 
la  auMily  Ike  (Mwinn  oaiHa  af  kar  aahiwua  Tha 
(atol  eNki'la  of  Una  dia|fiipii|ilaw  halwaon  Ikeir  deoMiHlat 
and  her  faftaeiiy  mt  aMwrrintf  iS^.n,  h«i*a  hw^n  miwH 
inaraaaad  kv  iha  tiHula  in  wKivn  M^iain  h««  »ti*l«-««iifad 
la  regulala  the  Iniarrnuraa  lieiwaan  iNe  moihi'r  rminlry 
and  kar  aalanlaa  II  w  fram  bar  idcii  af  nMHm|ialwuig 
Um  Iraila  wMk  Amarva,  and  del>an  nf  bar  aiili|*»ia 
Maia  IVwn  any  aaiainwniealluw  wnN  lamiinera,  llwl  all 
kaf  |aak«w  and  •lalamalw  arrai')i«nw'il>  have  ariwn 
'lllaaa  ara  aa  amntilar  in  lbe»  nalur*  ami  lunaeiiuenm 
aa  la  merit  a  parlwalar  eaplanalHHi  In  >.  rder  la  aeeure 
Ika  mawapMly  al  whirk  aha  aimed,  H|miii  iIhI  nal  veal 
Ik*  trade  wilt)  her  rolumM  in  an  •«rliiai«e  •nnitiatiy,  a 
plan  whto-h  haa  lieim  a«t  tni»d  by  n<iiiiHta  huh*  •'tHiiiiier 
rial,  and  al  a  (leriml  when  mereanlile  ptili»'y  waa  an 
ili|e«l  af  grvaier  alUnlMn,  and  '"inM  la  have  *e*n 
heller  underalond  'IlM  Iktivk  m>i*  "n  i' •  alida 
trade  wllh  ikeir  eubmiea,  balk  In  wa  l',a«l  %><i  Wial 
Indiaa,  la  eaeliwive  rumpanlva  I'ha  I,'  tt'iih,  Iha 
f'reneh,  ika  Danea,  hate  iinilaled  their  elan  |  la  WHh 
rea|iacl  la  iha  Heel  Imlian  rommaria  ;  am.  Ika  laa 
fiirmar  have  laid  a  aiinilar  realraml  U|Mtn  a*Htta  braiwhea 
of  il,*ir  trade  wilh  Iha  New  WnrM  Tlie  wii  of  man 
rannot,  perliapa,  ilaviee  a  metbad  fat  rhathiiHl  Ihe  pro- 
gaaea  uf  mdiialry  and  pufiulalMm  In  a  new  rolatiy  mare 
eflbelual  than  ihia  'Ihe  Inlcrcal  u(  tha  etilanv.  and  ol 
Iha  aialuaive  company,  tnual  in  every  |miiiI  Im  dianie. 
trirally  a(i)Maita  i  ami  aa  Ilia  lalirr  poaeeaaee  aut'h  id- 
vanlaifea  In  il  >«  una<|'Ml  ronleal,  thai  II  ran  preacribe 
al  piraaura  the  ferma  nf  iiilerrourae,  Ihe  former  inii^l 
IH>I  Miily  hiiy  dxer  ami  aell  rheap,  but  miial  aiilf«r  the 
morliArallaii  nf  liaviiig  the  inrioaaa  of  ila  aiirpliia  almk 
diaruuraged  by  thuaa  very  peraona  la  whom  akma  II 
ran  diapuan  of  Ila  produeliana. 

Hpaiii,  Il  la  prulwhle,  waa  (ireaervnl  fVnin  falling  inlu 
Ibia  errrir  nf  (mlicy  by  the  high  idaaa  whirh  ahe  early 
formed  conrerning  the  rirhea  of  the  N«w  Wurhl  (Inltl 
and  ailver  ware  cmnmodiliee  of  Uio  high  a  value  lo  Veal 
a  monopoly  of  ihem  In  private  bamla  'I'ha  er'i'vn 
wiahml  In  retain  iha  direction  of  a  roniineree  au  invi|. 
lug  i  ami,  m  ordir  lo  aeeure  tbul,  ordaiiird  Ihe  raii|U 
nf  every  ahip  Alletl  mil  for  America  to  lie  iiiaiir«'U-d  liy 
Iha  oincera  of  Iha  C'aea  da  f 'an/ra/arion  in  Hovilla  Iw- 
fora  II  rould  racetva  a  Iwanaa  lo  maha  Iha  voyage  \ 
ami  ibali  on  ila  return,  a  report  of  Ihn  romimMiitiea 
which  II  brought  ahoiild  ba  made  lo  the  aaine  Ixiard 
before  il  could  lie  periniltetl  lo  lami  them  In  ruiiae- 
luanra  of  Ihia  regulaluin,  all  Ihe  trade  of  Spain  with 
Ilia  New  Wnrkl  eaiiired  originally  in  the  (wrl  of  Neville, 
and  WW  gradually  brought  inlo  a  form,  in  whu'li  it  haa 
caMlnuro,  with  lililr  variation,  from  tlix  inidUle  «f  the 
aiitaaalk  cenmry  almoal  lu  our  own  tiinra  For  the 
graalar  aiaurily  of  ilui  valuaMa  cargoea  aani  lo  Ame- 
rica, aa  wa't  aa  fur  tli«  mora  eaay  prevention  of  fraud, 
the  commMee  of  Cpam  with  ila  ruluniea  la  tarrii>d  on 
by  llaala  which  aail  under  atroag  troiivu^a  'I'lieae 
lleeU,  cmiiiilim^  of  two  ai|uadroiia,  one  dialinguuhed 


by  the  '••iia  of  Ilia  litltma,  Iha  oilier  by  that  of  the 
their  .'r|'«r  J'e  Item  Srvilla,  uul  aa  the  port  of  ('adia 


t1u.A,  •tt  n;ji||ied   annually.     Konnarly  they    look 


haa  he^ti  Innd  inoio  coiniiiodioua,  they  have  aailvd 
from  It  uu'.i  tba-  year  ITSO. 

The  Dal  tone  Jtaiined  lo  aupply  Tleini  Firma,  and 
Iha  kingdoiia  of  I'xni  and  Chili,  wilh  almoat  every 
article  of  li  lury  or  neceaaary  conauinplion,  lhal  an 
opulent  |ieoLln  can  doinjiid,  touch  Aral  at  Carlhagena, 
and  than  al  I'lrto  Hallo.  To  Iha  former, Iha  inerchania 
of  Santa  Martha,  Caraccaa,  tha  New  Kingdom  of  (Jra- 
nada,  and  aevi  ral  other  provincee,  reaurl.  'I'be  latter 
ia  Iba  great  mail  for  Iha  rich  commerce  of  Peru  and 
('bili.  Al  the  ataaoii  when  the  (laleona  are  eapecled, 
the  product  of  all  Iba  ininea  in  Iheae  Iwii  kingdoma,  lo- 
gethnr  wilh  Ihair  other  valuable  coinmoililiea,  ia  trana- 
porlid  by  a«a  lo  Panama.  Prum  Ihonre,  aa  aoon  aa 
the  appoaranca  of  Iha  fleet  from  Kuropa  ia  announced, 
lliev  are  conveyed  acruaa  Ihe  iaihinua,  partly  on  niulea 
aiw  t/.rtly  down  the  river  Chagra  to  I'orlo  Uelln.  'lliia 
paltry  village,  Ihe  climate  of  vvnich,  from  the  pcrnicioiia 
union  of  eiceaaive  heal,  continual  niuialure ;  and  Ihe 
putrid  pilialationa  ariaing  from  a  rank  auil,  ia  more  fatal 
tu  lifu  than  any  perhapa  in  the  knuwn  world,  la  iinmc- 
dialcly  tilled  with  people.  Prom  being  the  reaidenco 
of  a  few  Nagroea  and  Mulattoca,  and  of  a  miaerable 
garriaon  relieved  every  three  montha,  Porto  U<illo  aa- 
auoiea  auddeuly  a  vary  j^lfarant  aapecl,  and  ila  aliaaU 


M  IV«  and  Ika  adfaaeM  yaamwaa     A  bw  la'a . 

Ika  wealtk  af  Aawtwa  la  eaekanged  M  iha  inaniilkaa 
Iwree  af  ICnea|M  ,  and,  dniMg  Ma  peeaerUwd  lam  ii 
kwiy  daye,  Iha  nrkeal  iralfle  en  ika  laee  af  iha  earik  M 
hagttn  and  gMeked  aiih  ikai  ainiflieiiy  »t  innaaiHiMI, 
and  Ikal  ankaandad  >millden««,  wkiak  arrwHipany  etp 
leneive  I'aainierea  I  IM|  I'ka  Phta  knWa  i«a  aawn* 
la  Vera  I  mm  iVa  Ireaanraa  and  aamwadiliea  al 
Maw  >l(iain,  and  iha  depending  pravmeaa,  wkwk  *»m 
depMaiiad  al  Puel  la  da  kia  ^ngalea.  In  eipealatlan  af 
Ita  arrival,  are  rariied  ihiiker ,  ami  Iha  i  MfMneteial 
eparaiMna  af  Vera  i'raa,  aandueled  In  Ika  aama  man- 
Her  wiik  i^aaa  af  Pnrla  Helka,  are  mferiar  la  ikam  aMy 
m  imparanea  and  valaa  Nalk  llaele,  a«  aaan  aa  tkay 
haia  f  mitiUied  ikeif  aargaea  fnmi  Amerwa,  reiidea- 
vatte  al  the  Havana,  and  reinrn  In  aampany  la  Unraaa. 

''  he  inde  nf  Npain  wiik  her  rnkimee,  wlitla  Ibue  M- 
I"  red  and  realrieled,  vame  neeeaaardy  la  ka  aoadMOIad 
aiih  Ihe  aama  afiril,  and  upon  Iha  aama  prmeiplaa  aa 
lhal  of  an  aarliiaive  «tim|iany  llemg  rwiAned  la  a 
•ingle  |Mtfi,  11  waa  wf  auwrae  ihrawn  mio  a  bw  kanda, 
and  alnuiel  Ihe  whale  of  II  waa  gradually  angriiaaed  by 
a  email  nnmher  of  wealthy  hauaea,  formerly  m  Nevdla, 
and  now  m  I'adii  fkeaa  by  rambtnalMna,  whiek 
they  can  eaeily  form,  may  aliugelker  prevent  Ikal  aaw»- 
IwiiiHm  which  |ir»aervea  eommuditiea  al  Ikair  nMnrni 
priea  ,  and  by  aeling  in  eoaeoit,  to  wkwk  ikay  ara 
iirmnpteil  by  their  mutual  Intareal,  Ikay  may  raiaa  h 
lower  Ilia  value  of  ihein  al  plaaawra  fit  aonaiHiuenea 
»f  thie,  Ihe  |ifice  af  Funtpean  gaada  In  Amerwa  la 
alwaya  high,  and  often  eiorbilanl.  A  hundred,  Iwa 
humtrrd,  and  even  three  hundred  per  rem  ,  ara  prnMia 
not  uiH'wnmon  in  the  rommeree  af  Spain  with  ker  rolo- 

a  Kriim  ihe  aama  engrueaing  afiiiil  i|  freqiienlly 
Iwppena  ilial  trwlera  u|  the  aerund  nnler,  whaaa  ware* 
huiiaea  ilii  not  rmiiain  a  rutnplele  aaatiflmani  af  iaai> 
iiivdiliea  liir  tha  American  market,  rantiul  puirbaaa 
from  the  mure  opulent  merehanta  auch  gnoila  ae  they 
want  al  a  lover  price  than  lhal  for  whn h  they  ara 
aoU  in  tha  roltmiee  Wllh  the  aama  vigilani  )eawiiay 
thel  an  earluaiva  campany  guarda  againai  the  intruaMm 
of  Iha  free  trader,  Ihuae  overgrown  monopoliala  emtaa- 
vor  la  rheck  Ihe  |irogree«  ul  rvery  one  whaaa  an- 
rroacbmriila  they  dread  Thia  realrainl  of  Iha  Amt* 
iiran  cominerre  lo  ona  jwrl  not  only  alTacia  He  domaa> 
lie  alate,  but  limila  Ita  furrign  operalimie  A  ii 
lial  may  aci|iiire  iiHire,  ami  certainly  will  haaard 
by  a  rwiliiird  trade  whirli  yiekia  aaoflHIanI  profit,  Iboil 
by  an  eatanaive  rommeree  in  whirb  he  rereivea  ai,ly  • 
mmlervie  return  of  gain  II  ta  often  hia  intenal  mil  !• 
I'ularge,  Ihii  lo  rircuinacrilie  tha  aiihrre  uf  hia  aeliviiy  i 
ami  iiirlead  ^  calling  lurtli  more  vigormia  rsertuma  M 
rominerrial  induairy,  il  imy  he  the  olijeal  of  hia  allan- 
lloii  lo  rlnich  and  ael  boumie  lo  Ihem  lly  auma  auck 
maiim  Iha  mercantile  polwy  of  Spam  aeeine  to  bava 
regulated  ila  interrourae  will  America  Inatead  M 
furniahing  Ihe  rnluiiiea  with  Kurujican  gotnla  in  auck 
qiianlily  aa  mighi  render  lioth  Ihe  price  ami  llie  pralU 
moderele,  the  inerchania  of  Seville  ami  I'ailht  aeein  la 
have  aiipplied  them  with  a  aparmg  haml,  that  Iba  eaga^ 
iieaa  nf  rom|M>lilion,  among  ciialomera  obliged  to  pul>> 
rhaae  in  a  acaiity  market,  might enalde  the  SJianialifae- 
tora  lo  dia|ioae  of  Itieir  cargoea  with  eiorlNlvi.l  gair. 
Aliout  Ihe  mttblle  of  ilia  laai  century,  when  Itic  eiclu- 
aive  Irada  lo  America  from  Sevdia  waa  in  Ha  iimal 
llouriabing  elate,  Iha  bunlen  of  the  two  united  aqua* 
drone  of  ine  (iaieona  and  Klola  did  nol  eieenl  Iwenly- 
aeven  IhouHnd  Ave  bumlred  lima.  'Itia  au|>|ily  which 
aut'h  a  fleet  could  carry  mual  have  bean  vary  ,nade<|uaM 
to  Iba  detnanda  of  iboaa  populoue  and  eitanaiva  colo- 
nice,  which  depen'led  u|ion  il  for  all  Iha  luiuriaa  and 
many  of  tba  nacaaaanaa  of  life. 

Spain  early  becama  unailila  of  har  daclaneion  from 
her  former  proaperily  ;  and  many  raapcetabia  and  vir- 
luoua  ciliiana  employed  llieir  Ibougble  in  deviaiug  ma- 
Ihoda  for  raviving  Ihe  decaying  induairy  and  commeKn 
of  Ihair  country.  Prom  tfw  vialanca  of  the  reincdiea 
proooaed,  wa  may  judge  how  dee)iarate  and  falal  iha 
malady  appeared.  Soma,  confounding  a  virlaiian  ol 
polica  with  criminality  againat  Iha  alala,  contended 
that,  in  order  lo  ebaek  illieil  cominaroa,  ovary  p«iaon 
convieltd  of  carrying  il  on  abould  ba  puniahrd  wilt 
death,  and  conflacalion  of  all  hia  aflacu.  Uihan,  fa^ 
getting  Ihe  dialinction  between  civil  olfencea  ai'd  acta 
of  impiety,  inaialed  llial  contraband  Iraila  ahonki  >M 
ranked  among  Ihe  Crimea  reaerved  fur  Ihe  rogniianca 
iif  tli«  liH|iiiaition  1  llivl  aurh  aa  were  guilty  uf^it  miglil 
be  tried  and  puniabed  according  to  the  accrot  and  aula- 
inary  form  in  which  thai  draadlul  tribunal  eierriaaa  IM 
juritdiclion.  Utbera,  uninalrucled  by  ohaeiving  iha 
penUGiO'U  eflecU  of  laonopsliea  in  aveiy  c  MMty  'ebon 


nnirTii  ANimitT^ 


AkttMi,      _ 

MWItlwl    *•»■•    «t 

fMi  «(  iha  Mrtk  w 

III*  id   IHIIKIill— , 

«K  f»mfn<i  »^ 
>4  NmW«  II*  ¥w^fm 

t     •■MIMIHMlltW*  III 

iMu,  •kwk  »••• 
.  W  f  iiwalMMn  •! 
I  Ih*  hiiiiiiiwkI 

HI  iIm  Mm*    KM*- 

htmt  M  ilMim  Milt 

'»,  M  awm  M  llMf 

Anwfw*,  niHiM' 

<«|Mnii  la  llHrM*. 

*«,  VkKlb  iKiM  Hli- 
f  l»  h*  mMxItwlMl 
•HW  |HIIWI^«*  «« 
Htf    •UtlAlWll    M    • 

iitM  •  bo  Imm(«i 
mIIh  (iif  riwaml  hv 
fDwrly  in  H**ill», 
mlHiMitaM*,  mttuk 
|if«««nt  ilwl  ••!«■ 
H  M  lh«ti  nMunI 
u  whMti  Ihay  an 
Ikay  MMii  num  ut 

In  Mmmmwy 
U  In  AnwrM'*  w 
A  kMMinrf.  twa 
r  r>nl ,  an  proAl* 
Mtn  wilk  Iwi  roll*- 
|iiril  II  lnt\amni\y 
tiUr,  «Imm*  «>«ni> 
Minnwnl  af  iM»i 
»iina(  (iuicImmi 
•h  giwiU  •■  Ihajr 
•r  whitli  iIm«  an 
irigiUm  )MMii*y 
unu  ih«  iniiiMNin 
«na|i<>lwlt  niiiM- 
t  all*  MihaM  •!»• 
mil  of  iha  Aiiia> 
•Hwu  It*  ilamaa- 
nn*  A  in<MMi|i» 
will  kaianl  laaa, 
iHtani  proAl,  Uian 
III  r«'ai«m  aijji  t 
tiia  inlanat  MM  M 

ufhM  aeimif  i 
iraua  •■rftHMia  oi 
ta«t  af  hia  alien- 

lljr  MMlia    IIKJI 

Main*  la  hat* 

rica      Inalrail  M 

KawU  in  itwii 

a  ami  ilia  |iraAl 

kI  I'atlhi  iwain  la 

ii  Ihal  Iha  aagar- 

oUiifail  to  pill- 

Iha  Njwiiiali  r*c* 

•  imwMr.l  gair. 

whan  Uio  mclu' 

waa  in  It  a  iimat 

unilati  aqua- 

aiecml  Iwcnly- 

•U|i|il)r  which 

vary  inad*<|uala 

*ilanai«a  coliv 

ha  Imurwa  and 

daclanaian  IVam 

lahla  and  «ir- 

in  de«laiiig  ma- 

f  and  caaimarcti 

of  Iha  rrnwdiaa 

la  and  fatal  Iha 

a  viplaiion  of 

ila,  conleiidod 

ii  a«a^  uaraon 

punialtrd   witt 

a.    Ohara,  lot- 

Tancaa  ard  acta 

rada  ahonk*  *M 

Iha  cogmsanda 

uilty  orit  migiil 

ml  and  aim- 

I  aiaK!iaat  iu 

obaaifing  'k* 

ycNiaiiyvhan 


MM>f*Hi«>.  wkwk  M 
ll>i«r>)Mi«  •(  ilw 
Hi  al  Ika 


■Ma  «i«h  ^iMtiva 

larrtl  «hmM  f»*«l«f  Iha 
ll|IIMi4l    rNMHtWRia    »f^tm< 

iniiitlM|i*ra 
|l>>iil>a  ilMw  wthi  |)fM|><'<>    iOMi*  whaiMi*  kaMa« 

|t,|»'«l«l   •iimI   mMf«    l.phfit*  I'll,    »f•f^    •uy^aHVf       ftll 
4M»I  Itli*  (•villa  lmMi4rrli«  milU  wlMM^^  l^«  Vlriya  «f  9Hi 

AMtriaH  liii«  m  K^Htrn  '  ■'•^•X,  imtfuunii  tnd  li#MiaMii 
Ira  r*«M«|iii  Ma*i«  mii>«ii>      '"ar-^uani  af  §i$fmnmn<^ 

lualaail  "I  UJUMtf  hn  ll»  ii  'i-^  aclllra  uint'^"^ 

liNM  Ml  I  Im»I*^«  V  ,  tk*t  <*ll*'  '••!  >      ir:  ^^a  Ika  «aut:aiia 
arw r*4iiiia*iHg  wimJmw  >if  l*iiit'|i  ii    ^  #iJ  ilraiiiiita  (4 

Ma  UlaaU,  Ikay  •lalllwralnl  livriMliiitliy,  hul   I     ir.rd 

aalkiitg  Su  ramaily  waa  «|ifilwi4  Iu  iti^  h  ■■*  'tnlcr 
wHink  III*  ii<*iainal  iiDiiMirfta,  iltmiwaiii'  44  tt-l  4* 
tmptgn  laiMiiwIiad  'IttaM*  pvila  fiiiiitnitMl  ii*  in 
«rwa*a  .  aii4  H|t4in,  wiiti  itiHiimNma  mma  Miianaiv* 
a»i(|  intifa  «|MilaiM  than  «hy  lliirwfiaaA  alalu,  fm*mmmmfti 
Hailltar  tigiif,  mif  mmivy,  (IMI)  nm  Imliiairy  Al 
l*ii||lh,  lh«*  »i<ilaiua  uf  *  graal  naiiiHiat  ttMiviil«t*in 
rauvril  ih*'  «l<imtHirm||  ifviiiwa  tif  M|miii  '\')w  vtktrt*  iil 
Iha  larv  cmiivtHiiMg  |iarh*«  111  iK«  tivil  ««v  h>iHU«-*l  li| 
Ika  tlia|iulii  (-imffriimg  ilia  ■Micaaaiuti  iii  Iha  iruapii  «l 
Ika  haainiiiiin  a(  ikia  I'aiiliiry,  rallnl  fofik,  in  mmr  dv 
|na,  iTw  awianl  aiHfil  aiKl  niiliif  ol  ih*  iialxin  \A  liila 
ftian  wara  tkiia  foriiiintfi  f4|MtMa  uf  a«lii|ilin||  aaniiinanta 
nwfr  litiaral  Uian  Ihiwa  whiili  had  iiirtianriil  Iha  I'liiiii' 
ailaaf  Ika  mnnarahy  dnrinn  ika  rmirw  uf  a  raniury, 
M|iam  darifad  frmn  an  uiiai|imiladaiMin'a  iha  inaana  nl 
ttailiiig  iImK  u(  Ikair  lalanla.  'fha  tariuna  (wwi'ra 
wliit  lavurad  Iha  ptviaitaimia  wMkar  uf  ihr  Atiatrun  or 
Iknittiuii  candidala  fur  Iha  Mfjaiilah  Ihrtitia.  ami  fiirini' 
dalila  llaaia  and  ariniaa  Iu  Ihaif  aii|i|Mrl ,  Kraiii'a,  Kiitf 
laial,  and  llulland  lainilind  iinmaiiaa  aiiiiia  10  N|miii 
1'haaa  waia  a|ianl  in  iha  jiruirliiara  whi>'h  lia>'aiii«  llic 
thaaiia  af  war  I'arl  ef  iha  Aniarnaii  Irraaiira,  of 
•huh  larai^  ara  had  draiiiad  iha  kiiigduin,  lluwail  liarh 
Ikilkar  Kram  tkta  ara  una  uf  Iha  nwal  iiilt>lli|.-i'iil  N|ia' 
Riali  auihura  daiaaiha  radval  of  iha  monarrliy .  and. 
kawavar  hiiuiiliainin  Ilw  Irnlh  inay  ha,  ha  aakiHiwUilKva, 
Ikal  II  la  la  har  anamiaa  liia  cininlty  la  imlalilrd  for  Iha 
•r<|uiaiilun  ul  a  fuiul  ul  «in'iilalin|(  aiiaeia  in  •uiiia  luaa- 
iura  ada>|iiala  10  iha  aiiganriaa  ul  IIm  |nil>lii! 

Aa  Mun  aa  Iha  lluiirlaina  uhlainrd  <f iiirl  |HHaaaaiim  of 
Iha  Ihrana,  lliay  diararnad  Ihia  rhan||a  in  Iha  a|nril  uf 
tha  paitpla  anu  in  iha  alala  uf  ilia  iialain,  and  Iwik  ad- 
Tanlaua  uf  il ;  fur  •llhuii||h  thai  family  haa  iinl  gitan 
maiiarcha  Iu  Hiwin  raniarkalili*  fur  au|Hirtiiritv  of  gitniiia. 
Ilwy  liaira  all  (wan  banallranl  prinrra,  attaiitlvr  lo  thii 
kapjiliiaaa  uf  than  luliiacla,  an<l  aiilirilaiia  Iu  (iraiiMXa 
II  II  waa,  accordingly,  lhallraluli)rrl  uf  l>hili|i  V  In 
aup^aa  an  innooatHHi  which  had  rrapl  in  during  Ihr 
aoiiraa  uf  Iha  war.  and  hail  iivartiiriiad  tha  whiila  ayaluin 
a(  Iha  Nfianiali  rmnini'rt'ti  with  Ainrrk'a.  'I'lir  Ciigliali 
and  Ihiich,  b«  ihuir  au|wriurily  in  naval  (lowar,  hat  mil 
tciliiirad  aaa'h  cuininand  of  Ina  aaa  aa  Iu  cm  olf  all 
intarcuuraa  iM'iwncn  H|iain  and  hrr  rulonira,  Njiaiii,  in 
aidar  to  furnial.tii  anlijai-ta  in  Anirnca  Ihnaa  iipci'aaa- 
riaa  uf  life  willanil  winch  thiiy  I'uiild  not  rtial,  and  aa 
Iha  only  inaaiia  uf  rrcuiving  Iroin  Ihnnca  any  |iarl  af 
Ibair  iraaaiira,  de|iailad  ao  far  from  Iha  iiaiial  rigor  uf 
ila  niaiiina  aa  ton|ian  tha  iradu  with  I'aru  lo  har  allica 
Ilia  Kranch.  'i'lw  niarrhanla  uf  Nl  Malo,  Iu  whuiii 
I^uia  XIV.  grinlrd  Ilia  iiri*llrgii  of  ihia  liirratiya  cum- 
marca,  engaged  in  il  with  vigor,  and  carried  11  on  U|M)n 
princi|iloa  very  diirereni  from  Ihoao  of  Iha  N|ianiarda. 
lliey  aii|i|ilu'i|  |»«rii  with  Kuro|iean  rnininuditica  al  a 
iniMlvrate  iirico,  and  not  in  atlnlpd  i|ii*iitity  The 
giNida  which  llicy   ini|iarlni|  were  conveyed  to  every 

tirovinea  of  H|Mniali  America  in  aiich  ahundanra  aa 
lad  never  liaeii  known  in  any  former  iieriod.  If  Ihia 
iniercoiirae  had  la-an  cuntiniied,  the  etnortalinn  of 
European  roininadilioa  from  Npain  niuat  liave  ceaaed. 
■nd  the  depemlunca  uf  the  cnlonica  on  the  niothrr 
tounlry  have  Uen  at  an  end.  'i'he  nuwl  |iereinplory 
injuncliona  ware  tharvfure  iaaiiad  [1713,]  prohihiting 
Um  adiniaajon  of  furngn  veaacla  inlu  any  |jorl  of  IVru 
•r  Chili,  and  a  H|Hiniah  aipiailron  wua  cni|iliiyi'il  to 
alaar  tha  Nouth  Hea  of  iiitruden  wlwae  aid  waa  no 
iMigcr  neceaaary. 

Out  thougli,  on  Iha  vraaalion  of  the  war  which  waa 
tonninalrd  liy  llie  irdity  a '  t'tnclit,  Spain  ohtaiiied 
Mlief  from  one  enrroachninn..  on  her  cuininerciul  aya> 
tarn,  eke  wsa  eipoard  to  another  which  ahe  deemed 
Mrdly  leaa  pernicioui.  Aa  an  inducement  thai  might 
Mavail  with  (jiieen  Anna  lo  conclude  a  peace,  which 
rranct  and  Npain  dcairrd  with  eijual  ardor,  I'hilip  V., 
not  or'y  lonveyeil  to  (Jreat  Uritaiii  the  AtticiUo,  or 
Wulnt,.  for  aupplying  the  Spaniah  colonira  with  Ne- 
,  whi*:h  ha<i  formerly  been  enjoyed  hy  France,  but 
'  It  Ilia  moia  axifwmliuw/  privilaga  of  aandtng 


1  Ika  latf  nl  INfiM  Mklka  a  am«i  al  tea  hiMk' 
dred  liana.  latlaH  tank  9',tttn^«n  miwinailii*—  In  tm^- 
aa,|>4an(<*i  h4  iIu«,  llfiiMh  Ul  lnft»'a  <aara  aalaNiakad  al 
t  arthatft"!*  I'»m4ih4,  V>ra  <  r»a  UMaiMa  Ayrea,  aM4 
atk«(  NiMhiah  atlllawaHta  Ik*  aall  Wltk  •k4ak  Ufa  Hi 
h  '  liitharia  •tavoratl  tha  alala  and  Iraiiaaa I iMHa  af  kai 
cv,.  .i,i»a  waa  ri  iti>iv»«t  I  l,a  a^aoia  af  a  rival  nahim. 
Ii}  'iut*  m  iKa  i„'*i,4  ill  iiMial  aiiK(i«i*a  irada,  and  •tf 
'hM^  ^mn  IM'I  Iha  Iwal  ntitnifliiriilH-a  af  kavwHing 
•"imamidl  jkiili  ika  munuf  •undnoin  •(  ih*  Anwriaan 
Kaaaaaaat  •(  aMarviig  iliair  aiai'd  and  mvaaiaHal 
itttiH  Mil  af  kaawing  •hai  vmiumaliiiaa  iniglil  lia  uh 
iwalaa  MlVb  %#*  '""h  ika  graairal  atlvaniaaa  In  run 
aa,|>ianra  of  inttWHti^llia  ■*  anikantic  and  aiiMidiiiwHa, 
Iha  marvhama  at  Jamaict  nM  miwt  lingliali  «ul>mi*a 
»h«  irailad  lu  ik*  N|ianiali  main  *i'f  •■■••aiilad  1*  aaami 
i<M  |irut'*i"n*n  ikair  largaaa  au  aiMJtIy  tti  th"  di-niaiala 
ill  0,*  fnarkvl.  Ikal  Ika  ranlralHiHl  i',HniltancM  Mia  1^4' 
n*'d  im  with  it  P4'-dity  aial  Iu  an  aalanl  unknown  in  any 
fiiriNwr  parnal  iiij.4.  S^iwrvrr.  waa  nwi  Ilia  ntuai  falal 
«nna«-t)n«m'«  nf  iha  .\a*ii'iiiii  ni  ilu<  irada  nf  Mpain 
'III*  agaiiia  Mi  ihr  llniiaii  MtHHk  Sfit  I  innjianv,  nmlar 
cMvrr  Ml  tha  iiitjMiriaiiiiM  whii  h  Ik*  y  war*  amkiHiaad  tu 
niaka  liy  lk«  ahlli  aanl  altiMlrtlly  In  INirlu  llallu,  {anirad 
•II  tlivir  aumiiifaliliaa  un  Iha  M|Hiiitak  ruiiiinani  wiikiHil 
liniiuiiiin  or  raairainl  Inaiaaal  of  a  ahip  uf  Itva  knn- 
drad  iiina,  aa  aii|Hilali'd  in  <ka  Irvaty,  ikay  Hanalt*  ant- 
ptnya,!  una  whit'll  airaadail  nina  knmlrvd  tuna  in  knr- 
duii  Nha  waa  axuuiniianie'l  tiy  Iwn  ur  Ihraa  anMllvf 
vaaaala.  which,  nwHtring  III  aatna  nnghhorlng  araak, 
aii|i|,lird  hrr  clanilaaiincly  wiih  frcth  tialaa  uf  giaala  Iu 
rv|(fa(-ii  aMch  aa  ware  aold  I'ita  ln«|)aclMra  u(  Ilia  fair, 
ami  ulHcvra  nf  Ilia  ratanna,  giincd  liy  aiurhilanl  pra- 
aaiiia,  cininivrd  al  the  fraial  |IVII|  'I kua,  |iartly  hy 
tha  u|H'ratiiiiia  uf  tha  aomiMiiy,  and  partly  by  Iha 
acliyiiy  nf  privala  Intarlufwra,  ahnual  the  whole  trade 
nf  Npatiiah  ,\inari,-a  waa  aiigrnaard  liy  furaignara.  'I'ha 
ininicnaii  ruiiiincrcii  nf  tha  tlalvuna,  fnrmarly  Ik*  prida 
nf  N|Min,  and  Iha  envy  ol  other  naliona,  aiiiili  Iu 
unlhiiig  |IT!I7|  ,  and  tha  ai|uadruii  itaelf,  rrdiicad  from 
llflaan  thunaanil  In  Iwu  Ihuuaaml  inna,  aarvad  baldly 
any  piir|M)aa  but  lu  fetch  huine  the  ruyal  ravaiiu* 
•  riaing  frmn  tli*  lllth  mi  ailytr 

Whil*  Npain  uliacrvad  thoa*  enrrachinanta,  and  fall 
ao  aaiiaibly  their  parniciiiiia  atlWta,  it  waa  Innauailila 
nul  lu  make  auma  alfurt  lu  reatrain  tham  liar  Ural 
eipadiani  waa  to  atatiun  ahi(ia  nf  I'urca,  under  the  apfial- 
latinn  of  gunrila  rimltn,  »\tm\  tha  cuaata  of  lima*  pro- 
vineea  to  which  inlrrlu|ivra  inuat  fraipiently  rraurtad 
Aa  private  intareat  concurred  wilh  Ilia  duly  which  thry 
owed  lu  the  public,  in  rcwliring  Ilw  otlkara  who  coin- 
inandeil  ihoae  vaaaala  vigilant  and  wtive,  aiiiiia  check 


waa   givan   to  tint  prngreaa  nf  the   conlrahand  trade, 

ihuuiin  III  duniiniuna  au  eatrnaive  and  ao  acceaaitile  by 

,  hardly    any   number  uf  cruiaera  waa  aiilHcient  lo 


giiani  againal  iia  inrnada  in  every  nuarter 
lupliun  uf  an  inlercuiiroe  which  had  baen  earned  on 
with  a<i  much  facility,  that  the  iiien-hanta  in  Ihn  Uritiah 
culuiuca  were  acciiaiuuird  lo  ronaidrr  it  aliiuiat  aa  an 
alluwcd  branch  uf  cmnmarce,  eiciled  miirmura  and 
coinplaiiita.  i'heoe,  aiithoriied  in  aoma  meaaure,  and 
rendered  mora  inlerealing  by  aaveral  unjuatiliabla  acta 
uf  violence  cuinmiltrd  by  the  crptaina  uf  Iha  Npaniah 
gnarila  cuataa,  precipitated  Ureal  llritain  into  a  war 
with  Spam  I I7UUJ ;  in  conaeiiuenca  of  which  the  latter 
ubiaineil  a  linal  relaaa*  from  Ine  Aoaiento,  and  wai  left 
at  lilierty  to  regulate  the  cominerco  of  her  coloniaa 
wiihnul  lining  reatraitied  by  any  ongagamani  with  * 
foreign  jiowcr 

Aa  the  fnrmidahle  oiicroachmeiita  of  the  Gngliah  nn 
their  American  trade,  had  dioi'overeil  lo  the  N|Mniarda 
the  vaet  conaumplion  nf  Kiiropean  gooda  in  their  colo- 
niei,  and  taught  them  the  advantage  of  accommodating 
their  iin|iortfltiona  lo  the  wcaaiunal  demand  of  the 
varioiia  provincea,  they  perceived  the  neceaaily  of  ile- 
viaing  ooine  method  nf  aiippljriMi;  thair  colnniea,  dif- 
ferent from  Iheir  aiiciani  one  ol  aeiiding  thillier  periodi- 
cal llceta.  That  mode  of  cuuimiiiiication  had  been 
fuiind  not  only  to  be  uncertain,  aa  the  deiKirtiire  of  tha 
Ualcona  and  Klota  waa  aomolimoa  relanled  by  variuiia 
accidcnta,  and  oilan  prevented  by  the  ware  which 
raged  in  Knropo ;  but  long  eiperience  had  ahown  it  lo 
lie  ill  adapted  to  tUunl  America  a  regular  and  timely 
Bupply  of  what  it  wanted.  'I'lio  acarcity  uf  Kurupean 
gooda  in  the  Spaniah  aeltlementa  fr*<|Uontly  became 
eiceaaive ;  tlieir  price  roao  lo  an  enormoua  height  i 
tlw  vigilant  eye  of  mercantile  attention  did  not  fail  lo 
oliaervu  thia  favoralilo  opportunity  :  an  ample  aupply 
waa  poured  in  by  interlopera  friim  the  Kngliah,  the 
French,  and  Dutch  iaianda  ;  and  when  the  lialeona  at 
length  arrived,  they  found  the  markcta  ao  glutted  hy 
•hi*  iUicil  caminarca,  that  lltaro  waa  no  damaud  for  iba 


la  fmmtf  tkta,  »^f»m  kaa 
af  k*r  aiiumwra*  wtth  kmn»»  M  ta  *a»naii  aii  ky 
raaiafta  «4<^  Ikaaa  aa*  IHiad  »m«  dMina  Mm  m'wt' 
aala  k*iw**«  ika  a(*Md  naaaaa  «k*n  UM  llakiaa*  aa4 
I'kM*  aad,  ky  aMrakawa  m  Nayilla  *f  I  adta,  Hftm 
atrtaimng  a  liaanoa  TtMin  ilw  t»»m  il  af  ikai  ladMai  kM 
wkk  k  Ilwy  |>ay  a  vary  kigk  ffmwm,  and  aaa  daaiwia^ 
Km  Ikaaa  |Mfla  in  AaMrw*  wk*f*  *«f  aaliaardtaafy 
demand  M  Haaaaaan  af  atfwalad  lly  >kM  eipiadnaJa 
a>H<k  a  lagnlar  au^ij.ly  nf  Ika  aamnanliliaa  kw  wkwl 
ikara  w  Ik*  grraiaai  danMiid  la  aunvayad  M  Mia  A««>> 
n*au  markai.  Umi  ika  intarla^r  w  *•  langaf  alhaiad  kf 
Ih*  aaiM  yraaiiaat  af  aiaeaatia  gam,  at  Mia  IMMfta  III 
Ika  i.HlHflwa  nrifad  ky  Ik*  aa«M  aaaaaaMy  I*  eaf^p  Nl 
Iha  kaaarduiia  a^  "M»Hr*a  uf  aawltakand  Ma4a 

In  iHii|imlHin  aa  «<),t.(>en*a  nwntfaalad  ika  advmla 
gaa  uf  aartying  un  '»>!»'  ir  Una  iwrufcr.  tk»  aawkaf  «< 
r>  giaiar  diui*  inareaanl ;  (m4  n  im^k  m  Iha  yaat 
114*.  th*  Oabuna,  aAar  havmg  iW«»  aiaiylayaul  it|^ 
waida  uf  IWU  raniuriaa,  ware  llnally  li->i  aaiit'*  ('runt 
Ikal  (lariud  Ikera  haa  bean  nn  uiiareuura*  willi  <  hili  aiai 
I'aru  lint  hy  aiiigia  alupa,  daa^irkad  frwm  tiivw  ui  Hiai* 
aa  oceaaioii  raiiiiiraa,  and  wNan  Mm  Marakania  aapaai  a 
MuAlaM*  luarkal  will  a|wn  ilMoa  akl|w  aad  ra«M4 
ra|w  Hutu  and  annvay  dirariiy  la  tha  |WCla  M  Um 
NiniikMaa  Iha  pfutliirlinna  ami  fnanufaalanii af  Kafaaa, 
lur  wklch  Iha  u*u|il*  aaiilcd  in  UK>a*  aaiininaa  yvera  w«> 
marly  abligad  ta  r*|ia»  la  l>uriu  Italia  a*  Canaaia. 
Ihaaa  luwna,  aa  kaa  keen  tariiwrly  abaarvnt,  aiaal 
gnwiiially  daciina,  wkaii  drprivad  of  tk*>  atmmwK*  l« 
wku'k  Ihay  uwril  Ikair  proaprrity  'I'hw  dlaadvafllaga, 
kuwavar.  la  inura  than  euinpi  'M/.ciI  l>y  Iha  lienakaaH 
elfacia  uf  Ihia  nt  w  arrangeniani,  aa  liif'  ■'  '^d*  canlinaal 
of  Nuntk  Ainrrii  I  '  vciaaa  iww  auppliro  uf  Kura|waa 
commoditiaa  with  ati  imwrll  regularity,  and  in  aaah 
abuiHlanca,  aa  muai  not  only  ctffl^llt'iia  graaily  la  th* 
ha|i|iliiaaa,  bul  iiH'reaaa  tlw  puuulalMni  ul  all  ilia  cnkn 
niea  aallled  Ibar*  Hut  aa  all  tlw  regwlrra  atH|ia  daa- 
liiwd  fur  tlw  Nuulh  Haaa  niual  alill  lake  thair  d*||*riuMI 
Irwn  t'adii,  and  are  nMigad  t»  ralurn  ihithar,  Ihia 
branch  uf  tha  Amariean  cunimarea,  even  in  ila  new 
and  iin|>rovad  furin,  cuntinuaa  aubjael  lu  Iba  raalrainu 
uf  a  a|waiaa  of  niana|wly,  and  faala  Ikaaa  |wrnMriaua 
alfeeta  of  it  wbH-h  I  hava  alrraily  dvaeiikad 

.Nor  haa  tha  allaiilion  of  H|iain  bean  conlinad  la  ragu- 
laling  Iha  Irada  with  iia  mora  Hourialung  culoniea ,  il 
haa  edrmled  likewiaa  to  iha  ravitmg  cunimaraa  m 
Ihuae  aellleinania  where  it  waa  neglacla<l,  ar  ha4 
decayeil  Ainuiig  tha  naw  laalaa  wh«:h  tha  paapla  af 
Kuriipa  have  aai|uir*d  in  carw«|uanca  uf  iiii|a>fliii(  Iha 
prudiicilona  of  tftoaa  rountnea  wlueh  Ikay  *aa<|uafod  m 
America,  that  fur  ckacolaie  la  otw  uf  "km  aoal  aur 
veraal  'I'ha  iia*  of  inia  iHiiior,  iiwd*  aiib  a  poaM 
formed  of  the  nut  or  aliiuMid  uf  tha  eaeao  Iraa  aaia- 
pounded  with  varioua  ingraalienla,  tha  MfMiMania  Aial 
laarnet.'  from  tha  Mencana.  ami  tl  kaa  ifi^iad  I* 
iliaiii,  and  lo  tlw  oikar  Kuru|Man  naliona.  *•  palauhla, 
au  noiiriahiiig,  and  ao  wholaaaiiw,  thai  il  haa  baaeaw  • 
cominamial  article  of  conaiderahl*  imftMtanaa.  Tha 
cacao  tree  growa  apontanaoualy  in  oavaral  pafta  of  Mm 
torrid  iofla  ;  bul  Ina  nula  of  tha  baal  4iialily,  nail  la 
llioa*  of  (lutliniala  on  Iha  Mouth  Haa,  ara  |iiaduc«4  ia 
tha  nch  plama  of  Canecaa,  a  province  of  Twm  FtraM. 
In  coiiaauuaiKa  of  thia  acknowladgad  auparMNliy  in  tha 
quality  of  cacao  in  Ihal  province,  and  ita  vominunicaliail 
with  Iha  Atlantic,  whu'k  facililataa  Iha  ronvayanca  10 
Kiirope,  Iha  culture  uf  Ilw  eaeao  Ihaia  ia  mar*  *iltn> 
aive  than  m  any  dialrwi  of  America.  Uut  the  Dutch, 
by  the  vicimty  of  their  a«ltlemenla  in  Iha  Muall  iaianda 
of  Curaioa  and  Uuenoa  Ayrea,  10  ih*  coaal  of  Cane- 
caa, gradually  angroaaed  the  grealaat  part  of  the  caea* 
trade.  Tha  iralHc  tiath  the  mother  country  foe  Ihia 
vahiable  comniudily  ceaacd  almoat  enliraU  i  and  aueh 
waa  the  aupinu  negligence  of  Iha  8panianla,  or  tha  da* 
facta  of  Iheir  rominercial  arrangeinenla,  that  Ihay  wara 
obliged  to  receive  from  Iha  hanoa  of  foreignara  Uiia  pro- 
duction of  their  own  coloniaa  at  an  eiorhitant  price. 
In  iirder  to  remedy  an  evil  no  leaa  diagracaful  than  par- 
nicioua  to  hi*  aubjai:ta,  Fhilip  V.,  in  tlw  year  17W, 

K anted  to  a  body  of  inerchanta  an  auluaiva  nght  ta 
e  commerce  with  Caraccaa  and  Cumaiia,  on  condilioa 
of  their  einployinii.  at  thair  own  ei|ienae,  a  aulilcieiit 
number  of  ariuad  veaoata  to  clear  the  coaat  of  inlarlo- 
|Mra.  ThI*  aoeiely,  dialinguialied  aoinelinMe  by  tha 
name  of  tha  Company  of  (iuipuaco*.  from  tha  proviiica 
of  Spain  in  which  il  ia  ealabliahvd,  and  ooinetimea  by 
that  of  tha  Company  of  Caraucaa,  from  ihe  diatricl  ol 
America  lo  which  it  trodea,  haa  carriwl  on  ita  operaliooa 
wilh  auch  vigor  and  aucceaa,  that  Hpain  baa  racovaratf 
an  imporuni  branch  of  commaica  which  ah*  had  nif- 
farad  to  ba  wraalad  fren  Ur,  auit  ia  fiaalilUiy  lUfpM 


RODRRTflON'S   HISTORY  Of 


«Ml  m  titkl*  o(  •iKiwIv*  eonMinpilMi  il  ■  modtnla 
■h*.  Not  only  tlw  pircnl  lUt*,  but  iha  colon;  of 
Ommcm,  hu  dcriircd  ftnt  •il«tnU||«>  from  Ihia  inall- 
Inlion )  for  •llhouih,  •!  lh«  Hnt  ••(iri'l,  il  iii>y  ii|>|K»r 
U  bo  ono  of  ihoM  nionupulivi  whow  li'iHlmir;  la  lo 
clwck  Iho  ipinl  of  imliialiy  milead  of  calling  it  fuilli  lo 
Mw  •Miliona,  il  h«a  Iwrn  prevciiliil  from  oprrelini  in 
Ihia  iiMnncr  by  aovsral  ailulary  rriiuUliona  franicil  ii|i«n 
Ibrcaighl  of  aivh  Iwil  ntriirta,  inil  on  pur|ioa«  to  obvitio 
Umid.  Tha  iiUntcn  in  llie  (^arwcaa  ut  iiol  left  lo 
ile|Mnd  tntiroly  on  Ihr  com|Hiny,riih«r  for  ihs  importa- 
tion of  Europccn  coininoditira  or  lli«  a*lo  of  Ihvir  own 
ClJuctioni.  'I'hc  inh«liiuiiti  of  tlio  Canary  iaUnila 
V*  Iha  pritilrge  of  arniling  thither  annually  i  rpgiitor 
ahip  of  conaiilrrabia  burilnn  ;  aixl  from  Vera  Cnii,  in 
New  Hpain,  •  free  irulo  ia  |iarniiltpil  in  every  port  coin- 
^hamlod  in  the  charter  of  ihe  com|Niny  In  conae- 
quaiica  of  thia,  there  la  auch  *  com|ietilian,  that  both 
with  reipaci  to  what  the  coloiiioa  nurchaaa  and  what 
itMiy  aall,  tha  price  aeema  In  be  AioU  at  ila  natural  and 
•i^uilible  rato.  The  company  haa  not  the  |iowor  of 
niaing  the  furiiier,  or  of  ilegrading  the  latter,  at  plea- 
Bure ;  and  accordmglv,  aince  it  waa  eatalilishcd,  the 
ineratao  of  culture,  of  |iopuUtion,  and  of  litre  aluck,  in 
•ha  prottinca  of  Cinccaa,  bt*  been  «ery  coiiaidoiablu. 

Bui  ■•  it  ia  alowiy  that  nitiona  rclinquiah  any  ayntem 
which  lima  haa  rendered  venerable,  and  aa  il  ia  alill 
mora  alowly  that  commerce  can  b«  diverted  from  the 
(hannal  in  which  it  haa  long  been  tccnatonied  to  How, 
Philip  v.,  in  hie  new  regulationa  concerning  tlui  Anio- 
ikin  trade,  paid  auch  deference  lo  the  annoiit  mniiin 
of  Spain,  concerning  tha  limitation  of  importation  from 
the  New  World  to  one  harbor,  aa  to  oblige  both  tha 
lagialer  thipa  which  rcturr.ed  from  Peru,  and  Ihoaa  of 
lb'  Ouipuacoan  Company  from  Caraccaa,  to  deliver 
their  cargoea  in  the  port  of  Cadii.  Since  hit  ruian, 
««"timanta  more  liberal  and  enlarged  begin  to  apreaflin 
Spain.  Tlie  apirit  of  philoaophical  ini|uiry,  which  it  ia 
IM  glory  of  the  prcaent  age  to  have  turned  from  frivo- 
•oua  or  abalruao  apcculotiona  to  the  buainuas  and  atTaira 
of  men,  haa  eitcnded  ita  influence  beyond  the  i'yre- 
naaa.  In  the  reaearchea  of  iiisenioua  auiliora  conccni- 
mg  the  police  or  commerce  of  nationa,  the  crrora  and 
dafacta  of  tha  Spaniah  ayateni  with  reaped  to  lioth  met 
•T*ry  eye,  and  have  not  only  been  eipoied  with  aeve- 
lily,  but  are  held  up  aa  a  warning  to  other  atatea.  The 
Spaniarda,  atung  with  the  reproachca  of  thcae  authora, 
•r  convinced  by  their  argumenta,  and  adinoniahcd  by 
Mveral  enlightened  writera  of  their  own  country,  aocin 
M  length  to  have  diacovcred  Ihe  dealructive  tendency 
of  IbtMe  narrow  maiima,  which,  by  cramping  coin- 
meica  in  all  i)a  operationa,  have  ao  long  retarded  ila 
MO^aa.  It  ia  to  the  monarch  now  on  the  throne  that 
Spain  ia  indebted  for  the  Aral  public  regulation  formed 
in  ronaaqueiice  of  auch  enlarged  idcaa. 

While  Spain  adhered  with  nsor  to  her  ancient  maiim 
eoncamin|  her  commerce  wiui  America,  ahe  waa  ao 
nuch  afraid  of  opening  any  channel  by  which  an  illicit 
trade  might  find  adiniaaion  into  the  coloniea,  that  ahe 
■Imoal  ahul  heraelf  out  from  any  intercourae  with  them 
but  that  which  waa  carried  on  by  her  annual  fleeta. 
There  waa  no  eatabliahment,  for  a  regular  communica- 
tion of  cither  public  or  private  inlciliffcnce,  between 
Ihe  mother  country  and  ila  American  aetllemcnla.  From 
Ihe  want  of  thia  neceaaary  inatilution,  the  operations  of 
the  atatc,  aa  well  as  the  buaineaa  of  indiviiluala,  were 
retarded  orcondncied  unskilfully,  and  Spain  often  ro- 
taivrd  from  forcigncis  her  Arat  inforination  with  respect 
to  very  interrsting  events  in  her  own  colonies.  Hut 
(tDUgh  this  defect  in  police  was  sensibly  felt,  and  the 
ramnly  for  it  was  obvious,  that  jealous  spirit  with  which 
Ihe  Spanish  monsrchs  guarded*  the  eiclusive  trade, 
reatrained  ihem  from  applying  it.  At  length  Charles 
III.  aurmounted  those  considerations  which  hod  de- 
terred his  piedecessora,  and  in  the  year  1704  ap|K)inted 
packet  boata  to  be  despatched  on  the  first  day  of  each 
month  from  Corugna  to  the  Havana  oi  Porto  Kico. 
f^om  thence  lettcra  ore  conveyed  in  smaller  vessels  lo 
Vera  Cruz  and  Porto  IJcllo,  and  transmitlcd  by  post 
through  the  kingdoms  of  Tierra  Firme,  Granada,  Peru, 
and  New  Spain.  With  no  leas  regularity  packet  boats 
aail  once  in  two  months  lo  Kio  de  la  Plata,  for  the 
aecommodation  of  the  provincea  to  the  cast  of  the 
Andi's.  Thus  provision  is  made  for  a  speedy  and  cer- 
tain circulsiinn  nf  intelligence  througnout  the  vast 
dominions  of  Spain,  from  which  equal  advantages  must 
redound  to  the  political  and  mercantile  intcreat  of 
Ihe  kingdom.  W  ith  this  new  arrangement  a  scheme 
ut  extending  commerce  has  been  more  immediately 
coiuMcted.  Each  of  the  packet  boata,  which  are  ves- 
«U*  ot  Man*  eowidanUa  boideo,  ia  allowei  to  lake 


in  half  a  loading  of  auch  commoditiea  aa  ar*  tha  pro- 
duct of  Siiain,  ami  most  in  demand  in  tha  porta  whither 
they  are  lioumi  In  return  for  these,  they  may  bring 
hoinu  10  Corugna  an  eipiiil  ipmntitv  nf  Ainrncan  pru- 
diiclioiie.  This  may  lie  ciinsideri'ii  as  ihe  first  reins- 
lion  of  those  riui<l  laws,  which  confined  the  trade  with 
ihc  New  WorliT  lo  a  single  |iorl,  and  the  first  attempt 
to  admit  the  real  of  the  kingduiii  to  aumo  ahure  in  il. 

It  waa  soon  follow«d  by  one  more  d'jciaive.  In  tlio 
year  1705,  l^'lisrles  III.  Isid  open  Ihe  trsde  In  tha  wind- 
wani  lalsniU,  I'nba,  Ilisjianioia,  Portn  Hico,  Margarils, 
snd  Triniilnil,  lo  his  subjects  in  every  province  of  Npsin 
He  perinitleil  them  to  sail  from  certain  |K)rts  in  esch 
province,  which  are  apecifird  In  the  edict,  at  any  aea- 
aon,  and  with  whatever  cargo  they  deemed  moat  proper, 
without  any  other  warrant  than  a  a  mpio  clearance  fruni 
the  cuatom-hoiiao  of  the  place  wliDiice  they  look  their 
de|iarture.  He  rcleaaed  tnein  from  Ihe  niiineroua  and 
oppreaaive  dutiea  imposed  on  guoda  eiporled  to  Ame- 
rica, and  in  place  of  the  whole  siibsliliilvd  a  moderate 
lai  of  si>  in  Ihe  hundred  on  Ihe  coinmudilii's  sent  from 
8|Hiln.  He  alluwi'd  ihcin  lo  return  cither  lo  Ihe  same 
|Hirt,  or  to  sny  other  where  thoy  mi,|ht  hope  for  a  more 
advantageous  market,  and  there  to  inter  the  homeward 
cargo  on  iwymont  of  the  ususi  diitlea.  Thia  ample 
privilege,  which  at  once  lirnkn  throiiijh  all  Iho  fences 
which  lliii  jcsloiis  iHiliny  nf  Spain  hail  licen  Ulmriiig  fur 
two  rentiiriei  and  a  half  to  throw  round  its  coiniiierrial 
iatercourse  with  the  New  World,  was  soon  aUer  ex- 
tended lo  Iiouiaiana,  and  to  tha  prciincna  of  Yucatan 
and  (^smpciichy. 

The  proprirty  of  this  innovation,  which  may  bo  con- 
sidered aa  the  most  liberal  eflbrt  of  Spanish  legislation, 
haa  appeared  from  ita  cATecta.  Prior  t  tie  edict  in 
favor  of  Iho  free  trade,  Spain  derived  hardly  any  benefit 
from  ita  neglected  colonies  in  Hispsniola,  Porto  Kico, 
Margarita,  ar.d  Tr'nidKd.  Ila  coininrrco  with  Cuba 
was  incoiiaiderr''\i,  and  that  of  Yucilan  and  Cam- 

Kiachy  was  engroased  almost  entirely  by  iiilerlnpera 
ut  as  soon  as  a  general  liberty  of  trsde  waa  permitted, 
the  intercourse  with  Ihoae  provinces  n  vived,  and  has 
gone  on  with  a  rapidity  of  progression  of  whii-h  there 
ore  few  examples  in  the  history  of  nalions.  In  less 
than  ten  years,  tha  trade  of  Cuba  has  Ixtn  more  than 
tripled.  Even  in  those  settlements  where,  from  the 
languishing  state  of  industry,  greater  efforts  were  le- 

auisita  to  restore  ita  activity,  their  commerce  has  boon 
oublod,  It  is  computed  that  such  a  number  of  ships 
is  already  employed  in  the  free  traile,  tlut  tba  tonnage 
of  them  far  exceeds  that  of  tho  Cialeona  and  Flota  at 
the  moat  flourishing  era  of  their  comnurcii.  The 
benclits  of  this  arrsngcincnt  are  not  catilini  d  to  a  few 
merchants  eatablished  in  a  favorite  port.  'Itiey  are 
ditfuacd  through  every  province  of  Ihe  kingdom  ;  and, 
by  opening  a  new  market  for  their  various  iiroductions 
and  manufacturoa,  must  encourage  and  add  vivacity  to 
the  industry  of  the  farmer  and  arlificor.  Nor  docs  the 
kingdom  profit  only  by  what  it  eiporia  ;  il  dciivea  ad- 
vantage likewise  from  what  it  receives  in  return,  and 
has  the  prospect  of  being  soon  able  to  supply  itself 
with  several  cnminoditiaa  of  extensive  consumption, 
for  which  it  formerly  depended  on  forriijncrs.  Tho 
consumption  of  sugar  in  Spain  is  perhaps  as  great,  in 
proportion  to  the  number  of  its  inhubilunis,  as  that  of 
any  European  kingdom.  Put  tliniigh  iHisscssed  of 
countries  in  the  New  World  whose  suil  and  climate 
are  most  proper  for  rearing  the  sugar-cmiG ;  though  tho 
domestic  culture  of  that  v.iluahle  plant  in  the  kingdom 
of  Ciranada  was  once  coii'ililoraiile  ;  such  has  been  the 
fatal  tendency  of  ill  judg'jd  institutions  in  America,  and 
sui'  <ho  pressure  of  improper  taxes  in  Europe,  that 
Spain  has  lost  almost  entirely  this  branch  of  industry, 
wnich  has  enriched  other  nations.  This  comriiodily, 
which  has  now  becoino  sn  article  nf  primary  necessity 
in  Europe,  the  Spaniarda  were  obliged  to  purchase  of 
foreigners,  and  had  the  murtilication  to  see  their  coun- 
try (Iroined  annually  of  groat  sums  on  that  account. 
But,  if  that  spirit  which  the  permission  of  free  trade 
lias  put  in  motion  shall  persevere  in  its  elforts  with  the 
same  vigor,  the  cultivation  of  sugar  in  (Julia  and  Porto 
Kico  may  increase  so  much,  that  in  a  few  years  it  is 
probable  that  their  growth  of  augan  may  bo  ciiual  to 
the  demand  of  the  kingdom. 

Spain  has  been  induced,  by  her  experience  of  tho 
beneficial  consequences  resulting  from  having  relaxed 
somewhat  of  the  rigor  of  her  ancient  laws,  with  respect 
to  tho  commerce  of  the  mother  country  with  the  colo- 
nies, 10  permit  a  more  liberal  intetcourse  of  one  colony 
with  another.  By  one  of  the  jealous  maxims  of  tho 
old  system,  all  the  provinces  situated  on  the  South  seas 
wore  prohibited,  under  the  most  severe  penalties,  from 
holding  any  communication  with  one  anotlier.   Though 


•aeh  of  ihaat  yieMa  peculiar  produetlona,  til*  iwif  loili 
exchange  of  which  inight  have  added  lo  tha  happl.iMt 
of  their  res|iecliva  inhabitants,  or  have  fiwilitated  theli 
progress  in  industry,  so  solicitous  wss  Ihe  (.'ouncU  ol 
the  Indies  to  prevent  their  receiving  sny  supply  of  thell 
wants  but  by  the  |ieri<Hlical  fleets  from  Euroiw,  that,  in 
order  to  guard  against  this,  it  cruelly  debsrrc<l  the  S|w 
niards  in  I'eru,  in  the  southern  provinces  of  New  Spsin, 
III  flustimala,  and  Ihe  new  k  ngdom  of  (Iranada,  from 
aui'h  a  correB|iaiidence  with  tneir  fellow  aubjecia  aa 
tendi'd  msiiilestly  to  their  mutual  pmiperity.  Of  all 
tho  numerous  restrictions  dcvlaed  by  Npain  for  seeming 
the  exclusive  trade  with  her  American  settlemenia, 
none  perhapa  waa  more  illiberal,  none  aeema  tu  havo 
lieen  more  aenaiblv  felt,  or  to  have  produced  mor* 
hurtful  I'lfecta.  Thia  grievance,  cooval  with  the  aettle> 
mmla  of  Spain  in  Ihe  eounlriea  Bitiialeil  on  the  PaciAe 
Ocean,  ia  at  last  redressed.  In  the  year  1774,  fJharlea 
HI.  published  sn  edict,  granting  to  tho  four  groat  pro- 
V  cs  which  I  have  mentioneir  the  privilege  of  a  frea 
tr^uu  with  each  other.  [lUSj  What  may  lie  tha  efliMta 
of  oiicning  this  communication  lietween  eounlriea  das- 
tilled  by  their  aitiiatlon  for  reciprocal  intercourae,  can- 
not y,'t  Ih'  determined  by  expenunce.  Thay  can  hardly 
fad  of  being  beneficial  and  extenaive.  The  inotivea  for 
granting  this  |iermission  an  manifeativ  no  leaa  laudabla 
than  the  principle  on  which  it  ia  Ibunilad  ia  liberal ;  ami 
both  discover  the  progress  of  a  apirit  in  Spain,  far  ele- 
vated alMivv  the  narrow  prejudicea  and  maxima  on 
which  hor  a)slem  for  regulating  tha  trade  and  con<luet- 
ing  the  gutemmeni  of  her  coloniea  waa  originally 
founded. 

At  tha  same  time  that  Spam  haa  been  Intent  on  in- 
troducing regulations,  suggested  by  mora  enlarged 
viewa  of  iHiiicy,  into  her  system  of  American  commerce, 
she  has  not  liccn  inattentive  to  the  interior  government 
nf  her  colonics.  Here,  luo,  there  was  much  room  for 
reformation  and  improvement ;  and  Don  Joseph  Galveii 
who  haa  now  the  diroction  of  the  department  of  Indian 
alTaira  in  Spain,  has  enjoyed  Iho  beat  opporluniliea,  not 
only  of  observing  the  defects  and  corruntion  in  Iha  po- 
litical frame  of  the  colonies,  but  of  aiscovaring  tlia 
sources  of  those  eviU.  After  being  employed  sevan 
years  in  the  Now  World  on  an  extraordinary  miaaioii, 
and  with  very  extenaive  |iowcra,  aa  ins|)ector-general 
of  Now  Spsin  ;  after  visiting  in  person  Ihe  remote  pro- 
vinces of  I'inaloa,  Sonora,  and  California,  and  making 
several  important  alterations  in  Ihe  state  of  the  poHca 
and  revenue ;  he  began  his  ministry  with  a  general 
reformation  of  tho  tribunals  of  justico  in  America.  In 
consequence  of  tho  progress  or  population  and  wealth 
in  tho  colonies,  the  business  of  the  Courts  of  Audienca 
hss  increased  so  much  that  the  nnmlwr  of  jiidgoa  ol 
which  they  were  originally  compoaod  has  been  fonnd 
inadequate  to  the  growing  libon  and  dniiea  of  tho 
oHlce,  and  the  salaries  settled  upon  them  have  been 
deemed  inferior  to  tho  dignity  of  Ihe  atatibn.  Aa  ■ 
remedy  for  both,  ho  obtained  a  royal  edict,  establishing 
an  adtlillonal  number  of  judges  in  each  ('ourt  of  Au- 
dience, with  higher  titles,  and  more  ample  appoint- 
ments. 

To  the  same  intelligent  minister  Spain  ia  indebted  for 
a  new  distribution  of  government  in  its  American  pro- 
vinces. Even  since  the  establishment  of  a  third  vice- 
royalty  in  the  now  kingdom  of  Ciranada,  sogicat  is  tho 
ctieiit  of  the  S|>aiiish  dominions  in  the  New  World, 
that  several  places  aiibject  lo  Ihe  jurisdiction  of  each 
viceroy  wore  at  such  an  enormous  distance  from  tho 
capltala  in  which  they  resided,  that  neither  their  atten- 
tion nor  aiilhorlty  could  reach  so  far.  Some  provincea 
subordinate  lo  tho  viceroy  of  New  Spain  lay  above  two 
thousand  miles  from  Mexico.  There  wore  eounlriea 
subject  to  tho  viceroy  of  Peru  still  further  from  Lima. 
The  (lenple  in  those  remote  districts  could  hardly  b« 
said  to  enjoy  the  Itcnefit  of  civil  government.  The 
oppression  and  insolence  of  its  inferior  ininisten  they 
often  feel,  and  rather  submit  to  these  in  ailence  than 
involve  themselves  in  tho  ex|ienso  and  trouble  of  re- 
sorting to  the  distant  capital,  where  alone  Ihey  can  And 
redress.  As  a  remedy  for  this,  a  fourth  viceroynlty  haa 
been  erected,  [Aug.  1776]  lo  tho  jiiriadiction  of  which 
are  subjected  the  provinces  of  Kio  de  la  Plata.  Diienca 
Ayres,  Paraguay,  Tucuman.  Potoai.  St.  (yiix  de  U 
Sierra  Chircas,  and  the  towns  of  Mendoia  and  Si. 
Juan.  By  this  well  judged  arrangement  two  adxiii. 
lages  are  gained.  All  the  inconveniencies  occasioned 
by  the  remote  situation  of  those  provinces,  which  hud 
been  long  felt,  and  long  comjilained  of,  are  in  a  groat 
measure  removed.  The  countries  most  distant  from 
Lima  are  separated  from  the  vicoioyalty  of  Peru,  and 
united  under  a  au|>erior,  whose  seat  of  government  hi 
Buenoa  Ayraa  will  bu  couunodioiu  and  acceaaiUe- 


uniTTn  AMERIUA. 


•.ibtlMlfWll 

lo  th*  lMpp.',M« 
hejiililml  Ihoil 
I  (ha  ('ouncil  ol 
y  •iipply  of  ihvil 
Euro|ic,  thai,  in 
ibimxl  the  Hpi- 
•  of  New  Hpiin, 

(Iraniili,  from 
ow  •ubjacli  •« 
iparity.  Of  itll 
Mill  for  Kcuiing 
•n  Mlllemantt, 
>  wi'iiit  lu  ht** 
uriMliicixl  mor* 
i  with  tho  Mitllit- 
<l  on  the  I'aclAe 
ir  1774,  ChariM 
four  groil  fn- 
vilegc  of  •  fra* 
jr  In  tht  eHiieli 
n  couiilriiw  det- 
nlnrcoumi,  can- 
liny  can  hardly 
Theinollveafor 
no  Icia  laiidabia 
id  it  lilwral ;  and 
n  Spain,  far  ala- 
and  muiuia  on 
do  and  coikIucI- 

waa  origiiully 

an  Intent  on  in> 

mora   enlarged 

ricon  commerce, 

irior  Bovernment 

iniicli  room  foi 

<\  Joieph  Galvei, 

rtinent  of  Indian 

pportunitiaa,  not 

uplion  in  the  po- 

discovering  llw 

employed  aaven 

irdinary  niitaioii, 

napector-gencrti 

I  the  remote  pro- 

|nia,  and  making 

te  uf  the  police 

with  a  general 

Anioricu.     In 

ion  and  wealth 

rtt  of  Audienca 

of  judgea  ol 

haa  been  found 

duliea  of  th* 

lem  have  been 

atalibn.     Aa  a 

ict,  eetabliahing 

Court  of  Au- 

ample  appoint- 

ia  indebted  foi 

American  pro- 

'  a  third  vice- 

ao  K'cat  ia  tlio 

New  World, 

liclion  of  each 

ance  from  tlio 

cr  tlioir  attcii- 

Dine  provincea 

lay  above  two 

ere  countriea 

from  Lima. 

lid   hardly  b« 

intent.     'I1ie 

niniatera  they 

ailanee  than 

rouble  of  re- 

they  can  And 

iceroynlty  haa 

tion  of  wliit'b 

'lata,  Diienoa 

C»t  do  U 

doia  and  Si, 

two  ail\an. 

18  occanioiiod 

which  hud 

re  in  a  groal 

distant  from 

if  Peru,  and 

ivernmont  hk 

acceaaiUe. 


Hm  eanMhand  Inda  with  the  PoitugtHa*,  which  waal  monarcha  of  the  Auatrlan  line,  ila  progreaa  mual  appear 


t. 


Weoma  ao  ailanalva  aa  muat  have  put  a  final  atop  to 
Ilia  atportatlon  of  commoditlea  from  Npain  to  her 
Mutharn  roloniaa,  may  be  checked  mora  tliuruuKhly, 
and  with  greater  facility,  when  tlia  aupraiiiu  inaKi><ra<e, 
ky  hia  vicinity  to  iha  placea  in  which  it  wia  rarricil  un, 
aan  view  ita  progrcaa  and  ell'ecta  with  hia  nwn  ryi'i 
Don  I'adro  Zcvalloa,  who  hia  been  raiacd  to  Ihia  now 
dignittr,  with  appointinenla  equal  to  thnio  of  the  otlirr 
«i:aiaya,  ia  well  acquainted  both  with  the  ilatv  and  tliu 
Intereata  of  the  countriea  over  which  lie  it  to  prutiilu, 
haviiig  aervad  in  them  long,  and  with  diatinctioii.  Uy 
Ibia  dumeinberinant,  aucceeding  that  which  took  place 
it  the  erection  at  th*  viceroyaliy  of  the  new  hiiiudom 
of  Uranada,  alinoat  two-third  |iarta  of  the  tiirritoriua  ori- 
ginally aulijacl  lo  the  viroroya  of  i'eru,  are  now  lopped 
off  from  thair  juriadiction. 

Th*  limila  of  the  vicoroyalty  of  New  Spain  have 
likawiao  bean  comiderably  circunitcrilird,  and  with  no 
lean  nropriaty  and  ditccrnmciit  .  Four  uf  itt  moat  remote 
provincea,  Bonora,  (Jintloa,  ('alifornia,  anil  New  Na- 
varro, have  been  funned  iiitu  a  teparate  Kuverninnnt. 
The  Chevalier  de  Cruii,  who  ia  intruatcil  with  thia 
rominand,  ia  not  dignillvd  with  the  title  of  viceroy,  nor 
doea  ho  enjoy  the  appoiiitmcntt  belonging  to  that  rank  ; 
but  hia  iuriadiclion  ia  altogether  iiiuupcndent  on  tliu 
viceroyaity  of  New  >Si>ain.  The  erection  ol  thia  laat 
Mvernment  aaama  to  have  Iwon  auggoatcd  not  only  by 
In*  eon*id*fllion  of  the  remote  ailuatioii  of  tlioae  pro- 
Tine**  from  Meiieo,  but  by  attention  tu  ihii  lulu  diaco- 
veri**  mad*  there  which  I  have  mentioned.  (Juunlrioa 
containing  the  richeat  minrt  uf  guKI  that  have  liitlirrtn 
been  diacovercd  in  thu  New  World,  and  which  proba- 
bly may  riao  into  greater  iin|iurtance,  required  the  iin- 
miidiato  inapcction  of  a  guveriior  to  wliuin  they  ahould 
b*  apecially  cunimittcd  Aa  every  cuiitidcratiuii  of 
duty,  uf  inierett,  and  of  vanity,  muat  concur  in  prompt- 
ing  thoae  new  governora  to  encourage  auch  osurtiuna 
*a  tend  to  dilfuae  opulence  and  proapcrity  through  the 
provincea  committed  to  their  charge,  the  beneficial 
cflccta  of  thia  arrangement  may  lie  coiiaidcrable.  Many 
diatricta  in  America,  lunir  dcprcaaed  by  the  laiiguurand 
feelileneaa  natural  tu  provincea  which  coinpoae  the  ei- 
Iremitica  of  an  overgrown  empire,  may  bo  aniiiiatid 
•>'th  vigor  and  activity  when  brought  ao  near  the  aeat 
cf  power  aa  to  feel  itt  inviguraliiig  influence. 

such,  aince  the  accoaaion  of  the  princca  of  thehouao 
al  llourbon  to  th*  throne  of  Spain,  haa  been  the  pro- 
grcaa of  their  rcgulaiiont,  and  inc  gradual  oxptnaion  of 
their  views  wiili  roKfiect  tu  tlie  cninincrcu  and  guvcrn- 
ment  of  their  American  coloiiiea.  Nor  haa  Ihcir  atteii- 
lion  Wen  ao  entirely  engroaaed  by  what  related  to  the 
more  remote  narta  of  their  deininions,  at  lu  render 
them  neglectful  of  what  waa  atill  more  iiii|K)rtant,  the 
reformation  of  duincttic  rrrora  and  defects  in  pulicy. 
Fully  acnaible  uf  thu  cautes  lu  which  the  dccli'nsiun  of 
S|iain  from  her  fnriner  proapcrity  ought  tu  bo  imputed, 
they  have  made  it  a  great  ubjcct  of  their  (lolicy  lo  re- 
vive a  spirit  uf  industry  among  their  auli|ecls,  anil  to 
give  such  Client  and  pcrfcctiun  In  their  inuiiufacturcs 
aa  may  enable  them  to  aupply  the  demands  of  America 
from  their  own  alock,  and  tu  exclude  fnruignera  frnm  a 
branch  of  cumincrco  which  liiis  been  so  fatal  to  the 
kingdom.  Tliia  they  have  endeavored  to  accnniplirli 
by  a  variety  uf  edicts  issued  slnco  the  peace  of  I'trcclit. 
'Ihey  have  granted  bounties  fur  the  eiicuuragctiieiit  of 
aoinu  branches  of  industry  ;  they  have  luweriil  tlin 
taxes  on  ollicrs  ;  they  have  ciilirily  pruhiliited,  or  have 
loaded  witli  addilioniil  duties,  such  foreign  inaniifuctiircs 
as  cuine  in  cuiiipctition  with  their  own ;  they  have 
inatituted  aocietiea  for  the  iinprovcinent  of  trade  and 
agriculture ;  they  have  planted  cnloniea  uf  husband- 
men in  sumo  uncultivated  districts  uf  .Spain,  and  divided 
aiiiung  them  the  waste  lirlils  ;  they  have  had  recourse 
to  every  expedient  devised  by  cumnicrcial  wisduui  ur 
commercial  jealousy,  fur  reviving  their  own  industry, 
and  discuuiitcnancing  that  uf  uther  iiatiuns.  Tiiose, 
huwcver,  it  is  not  m)  nruviiiuo  tu  explain,  or  to  inquire 
into  their  propriety  and  elfecls.  Tiiero  is  no  cllbrt  uf 
legislation  inuro  arduuus,  nu  experiment  in  pulicy  inure 
uncerta  II  than  an  altciniit  tu  revive  the  spirit  uf  indus- 
try where  it  has  declincil,  or  lu  introduce  it  where  it  is 
unknown.  Nations,  already  inssesscd  of  extenaive 
commi  rce,  enter  into  coinpetitiun  with  such  advantages, 
deriv<!<i  from  the  largo  capitals  and  extensive  credit  of 
their  merchants,  the  dexteritv  of  their  inanufacturcrt, 
and  tho  alertness  acquired  by  habit  in  every  depart- 
ment of  business,  that  the  state  which  aims  at  rivalling 
or  aunuitntiiig  them,  must  expect  to  struggle  with  many 
difficuitica,  and  bo  content  to  advance  slowly.  If  the 
quantity  of  productive  induilry,  now  in  S|Hiin,  bo  com- 
juad  with  tliat  of  the  kiiigdum  under  iho  laat  littleaa 


cunsiderable,  and  ia  aiiltlcienl  toslarm  theiealouay,  and 
to  call  forth  the  must  vigorous  elfurta  uf  tin  nations 
now  in  |iuasession  of  the  lucratvu  trade  which  the  Spa. 
niirds  aim  at  wreating  from  them.  One  circuinalance 
may  render  thoae  exertions  of  Spain  an  objert  of  more 
seriuus  atlentiun  lu  the  uther  Kuru|iean  |iowera.  They 
are  nut  lu  be  ascribed  wliully  tu  the  inlluenc*  of  tho 
cruwii  and  ita  ministers.  The  sentiments  and  spirit  rf 
the  piiople  seem  lo  second  the  provident  care  of  their 
niunarchs,  and  In  give  it  greater  elfect.  The  nation 
haa  adopted  more  lilmral  iiTeaa,  not  only  with  reaped  to 
commerce,  but  domestic  |)o!icy.  In  all  the  later  Sfw- 
niah  wrilera,  defect*  in  the  arrangement  of  their  country 
concerning  both  alk  acknowledged,  and  remadiea  pro- 
posed, wImcIi  ignorance  rendered  their  anccsiurs  Inca- 
pable uf  discerning,  and  pride  would  not  have  allowed 
them  tu  ounfesa  [  lUil]  liut  after  all  that  the  Spaniarda 
have  dune,  much  reinaina  lodo.  Many  pernicioua  inali- 
tutiona  and  ahuaea,  deeply  incorporat)  d  with  Iho  ayatem 
of  internal  |ioliey  and  toxatiun,  which  haa  been  long  es- 
taliliahr'l  in  Spain,  muat  bo  aliolislied  before  industry 
and  manufactures  can  recover  an  extensive  activity. 

Still,  however,  the  cuinmercial  rei^ulatiuns  of  ,Spain 
with  respect  to  her  colonies  are  too  rigid  and  syatoma- 
tical  10  be  carried  inlu  complete  execution.  The  legis- 
lature that  loads  trade  with  impositions  loo  heavy,  or 
fetters  it  by  restrictions  too  severe,  defeats  its  own 
intention,  and  ia  only  multiplying  the  inducemenla  lu 
viulato  itt  atatutes,  and  pro|x>siiig  a  high  premium  lo 
encourage  illicit  tralHc.  The  S|ianiards,  both  in  Ku- 
rupe  and  .\merica,  being  circumacrilicd  in  their  mutual 
inlcrcoiirsr,  by  the  jealouay  uf  the  cruwn,  or  oppreaacil 
by  ila  exiictiuna,  have  their  invenliun  continually  on  tho 
alrelch  how  lo  elude  ita  edieta,  Tho  vigilance  and  in- 
genuity of  private  intereat  discover  mcana  uf  etfecting 
this,  which  public  wisduin  cannut  foreaeo  nor  public 
authority  provom.  Thia  apirit,  counteracting  that  of 
tho  laws,  pervades  tho  commerce  of  Spain  with  Ame- 
rica in  all  its  branches ;  and  from  tho  highott  depart- 
ments in  government  descends  tu  the  luwest.  The 
very  ulllcors  aiipointed  lo  check  contraband  trade  arc 
often  empluyed  aa  iiiatrumenta  in  carrying  it  on ;  and  the 
iioarda  insliiuted  to  restrain  and  punish  it  arc  tho  chan- 
nels through  which  it  fluwa.  Tho  king  is  auppused,  by 
the  must  intelligent  Spanish  writers,  tu  bo  defrauded, 
by  variuuB  artiticeti  of  mure  than  une  half  of  the  revenue 
which  he  ought  to  receive  from  America  ;  and  oa  long 
as  it  ia  the  inierett  of  to  many  persona  to  screen  thoco 
artifices  from  detection,  the  knowledge  of  them  will 
never  reach  tho  throne.  "  How  many  ordinuncos,"  saya 
Curita,  "  how  many  inatructions,  how  many  lottera  from 
our  sovereign,  are  tent  in  order  tu  correct  abutct !  and 
how  little  are  they  observed,  and  what  tinall  advantage 
is  derived  from  them  !  To  me  tho  ulil  observation  a|>- 
|iears  just,  that  whero  there  are  many  phyiiciana  and 
many  inodicinot,  there  ia  a  want  of  healln ;  where  there 
are  many  laws  and  many  judges,  there  is  want  of  jus- 
tice. We  have  viceroys,  presidents,  governurs,  oydors, 
currigidurs,  alcaldes  ;  and  ihuusandsui'alguazils  abound 
every  whero ;  but  nutwithstanding  all  these,  public 
abuses  cuntinue  tu  multiply."  Time  has  increased  tho 
evils  which  ho  lamented  as  early  as  tho  reign  uf  Philip 
11.  A  spirit  uf  cnrruptiun  haa  infected  all  the  culnnies 
uf  tSpaiii  in  America.  Men  far  removed  from  the  seat 
uf  guverninent ;  iinputient  to  acquire  wealth,  that  they 
iiiny  return  speedily  from  what  they  are  apt  tu  cunsider 
as  a  stale  of  exile  in  a  rcinute  unhcalthful  cuuntry  ;  al- 
lured liy  oppurtunities  luo  tempting  to  be  resisted,  and 
sRilused  by  tho  example  of  those  around  them ;  find 
their  sentniients  of  lionur  and  uf  duty  gradually  relax. 
In  private  life  they  give  themselves  up  to  a  dissolute 
luxury,  while  in  their  public  conduct  they  become  un- 
mindful of  what  they  owe  lo  their  sovereign  and  to 
their  cuuntry. 

Ilcfure  I  close  this  account  uf  Iho  Spanish  trade  in 
America  there  remains  one  detached  but  important 
liraiich  of  it  to  lie  inoiitioncd.  Soon  after  his  accession 
to  the  throne,  Philip  II.  forined  a  sohemc  of  planting  a 
colony  in  thu  Philippine  islands  whith  had  been  ne- 
glected since  llic  time  of  their  discover)' ;  and  ho  ac- 
complished it  by  means  of  an  armameul  titled  out  from 
New  Spain  [15114].  Manila,  in  the  island  of  Lucoiiia, 
waa  tho  station  cliusen  for  the  capita!  uf  this  new  esta- 
blishment. From  it  an  active  cnininercial  intercourse 
began  with  the  Chinese,  and  a  cuiisidcrablo  niiinbcr  of 
that  industrious  peopio,  allured  by  ihcpruspoct  of  gain, 
settled  in  tlio  Philippine  islands  under  the  Spanish  pro- 
tcclion.  They  supplied  tho  colony  au  amply  with  all 
the  valuable  pruductious  and  manufactures  of  the  East 
as  enabled  it  to  open  a  Irado  with  America,  by  a  course 
of  navigation  tlio  lungcst  from  land  to  laud  ou  our 


Mt 

glob*.  In  th*  '.nfansjr  of  thia  liad*,  h  waa  cnrM  M 
with  Callao,  on  tha  coaal  of  Pani ;  Uul  tiparlanri  kw^ 
ing  discovered  the  impropriety  of  Axing  u|>on  tlal  M 
the  port  of  communication  with  Manila,  llw  atapl*  ol 
Iha  commerce  lietween  the  Eaat  and  Weal  waa  ranMv«4 
from  Callao  to  Acapuico,  on  the  cuast  of  New  Spain. 

After  various  arrangemenla  it  haa  been  brought  into 
a  regular  form.  One  ur  twu  ahina  depart  annually  froai 
Acapulcu,  which  aro  perinilteil  to  carry  out  ailvar  to 
the  amount  of  Ave  hundred  thousand  pesos;  but  thay  have 
hardly  any  thing  else  of  value  on  lioard ;  in  ratum  fat 
which  they  bring  back  spices,  drugs,  china,  and  japan 
war«s,calicaeB,  chiiili,  muslins,  silks,  and  every  praciou* 
article  with  which  lira  iMinigiiily  of  tha  climita,  or  th* 
ingenuity  of  ila  (leoiilo  haa  enabled  the  Eaal  lo  aupply 
the  rest  of  the  world.  For  some  time  the  marehani* 
of  Peru  were  admitted  to  participate  in  thia  Irafflc,  and 
might  send  annually  a  ahip  to  Acapnlco,  lo  wait  lb* 
arrival  of  tho  vessels  from  Manila,  and  roceiva  a  pro- 
portional share  of  tho  coininoditiea  which  thay  im- 
|ierled.  At  length  the  Peruvians  were  eicluded  from 
Ibis  trade  by  most  rignrur.  i  edicts,  and  all  tha  cummo- 
ditii's  from  the  East  reserved  aulvly  for  tho  conaumptioa 
uf  New  Spain. 

Iiiconscqnenco  of  thia  indulgence,  4ha  inhabittnia  ol 
that  country  enjuy  advantagea  unknown  in  Iha  other 
Spanish  cclonios.  Tho  iiianufacturcs  of  tha  East  ar* 
not  unly  iiioro  suited  to  a  warm  cliiiMia,  aiid  mora 
showy  than  those  of  Europe,  but  can  In  sold  at  a  lower 
price ;  while,  at  Ihe  tame  time,  the  profile  upon  theni 
are  ao  coiitidcrable  aa  lo  enrich  all  thoae  who  aro  em- 
ployed either  in  bringing  them  from  Manila  or  vending 
thi'in  in  New  Spain.  Aa  tho  intereat  both  of  the  buyer 
and  seller  cnncurred  in  favoring  thia  branch  of  com- 
merce, it  has  continued  to  extendin  spile  of  regulation* 
concerted  with  tho  must  anxious  jcaluuay  to  circum- 
scribe it.  Under  cover  of  what  tho  lawa  permit  to  b« 
imported,  great  qnantities  of  India  gooda  aro  poured 
into  tho  inarkett  of  New  Spain ;  [IIM]  and  when  tha 
Flota  arrivoa  at  Vera  Crux,  from  Europ*,  it  often  finda 
Iho  wants  of  the  people  already  aupplied  by  cheaper  and 
more  acceptable  commoditioa. 

Thoro  ia  not,  in  the  commercial  arrangamenta  of 
Spain,  any  circuinalance  more  inexplicable  than  tha 
permiaaion  of  thia  trade  lietween  New  Spain  and  th* 
Philippinea,  or  mjro  repugnant  to  ita  fundamental 
maxim  of  holding  the  culuniea  in  per|ietual  dependeno 
on  the  mother  cuuntry,  by  pruhibiliiig  any  commercial 
intercourse  that  might  suggest  to  them  the  idea  of  re 
ceiving  a  aupply  oftheir  wanta  from  any  other  quarter. 
This  permission  must  appear  atill  more  extraordinary, 
from  considering  that  Spain  herself  carriea  on  no  direU 
trade  with  hir  settlementa  in  the  Philippines,  and  grant* 
a  privilege  to  ono  uf  her  American  culunios  which  sli* 
denies  to  her  subjects  in  Euru|>e.  It  it  probable  that 
tho  colunista,  who  originally  took  poaaotaion  of  th* 
Philippinea,  having  boon  aent  out  from  New  Spain, 
began  this  intercourse  with  a  country  which  they  con- 
sidered, in  some  measure,  as  rile  parent  state,  before  th* 
court  of  Madrid  was  aware  of  its  contcquencea,  or 
could  establish  regulatiuna  in  onlor  tu  prevent  it.  Many 
romunstrancea  have  been  presented  agaiiitt  this  trad*, 
as  detrimental  lo  Spain,  by  diverting  intoanatlicr>.Jiaii- 
nel  a  larue  |iortiun  uf  that  treasure  which  Ln^hl  to  flow 
into  the  kiugduni,  as  tending  to  give  rise  tu  a  spirit  of 
inde)}endeiicc  in  the  colonies,  and  to  encourago  innu- 
merable frauds,  against  which  it  ia  impossible  to  guard, 
in  transactions  so  far 'removed  frum  the  inapecliun  of 

f;uvcrninciil.  Hut  as  it  requires  nu  slight  elibrt  of  po- 
itical  wisdom  and  vigor  to  abolish  any  practice  which 
numbers  aro  interested  in  supporting,  and  to  which 
lime  has  added  the  sanction  of  its  authority,  the  com- 
merce between  New  S|>aiii  and  Manila  seems  to  be  aa 
considerable  as  ever,  and  may  bo  considered  aa  ar* 
chief  cause  of  the  elegance  and  splendor  conapicuoua 
in  this  part  of  the  Spanish  dominions. 

Uut  notwithstanding  thia  general  corruption  in  th* 
culuniea  of  Spain,  and  the  diminution  of  the  income  bo- 
lunging  lo  Iho  public,  occasioned  by  the  illicit  importa- 
tions made  by  foreigners,  aa  well  as  by  ihn  various 
frauds  of  which  the  colonista  thomseWos  aro  guilty  in 
their  commerce  with  the  parent  slate,  the  Spanish  mo- 
narcha receive  a  very  considerable  revenue  from  their 
.\mcrican  dominions.  This  arises  from  taxes  of  varioua 
kind.H,  which  may  be  divided,  into  three  capital  branches. 
Tho  lirst  contains  what  is  paid  tu  the  king,  as  wvereign, 
or  superior  lord  uf  the  New  World ;  to  this  class  bcluiiga 
the  duty  nn  the  guld  and  silver  raised  from  the  mines, 
and  the  tribute  exacted  from  the  Indians;  tlie  former 
is  termed  by  Ihe  Spaniards  the  right  of  ni(iuoru,  tho 
latter  is  the  duly  of  vassalage.  The  second  branch 
coinpichcnda  the  iiuineroua  duliea  ufiki  comnonx 


ITC 

wklsk  tucomiMnv  tiid  opf  nu  it  in  cvrn  ■ii'|i  of  ili 
yagWM,  fiom  IM  gmlMl  iritiHrlioni  of  Ihn  wliolr- 
mIc  iBerchinl  lo  thn  |>ntiy  Inlllc  of  ihr  vrniirr  hy  rr- 
Uil.  IIm  Ihiid  includoi  whal  •rerun  lo  llio  kiiiK.  •> 
Wad  of  iho  church,  ind  •Jiiiliiiiirator  of  f  cclmiulii-il 
funda  in  lh«  Ntw  World.  In  riMiiri|ii<<nrp  o(  ihii  lie 
iMcivu  the  lirtl  fruiti,  •niiilo,  aimilii,  •ml  ulhvr  npi- 
ritual  rt*onu«a,  Icvind  liy  llic  u|m»|uIic  ilmiiilii r  iii 
Europe  ;  and  ja  entitled  likowian  to  iIh<  iirolil  aritini; 
fiwn  in*  aal*  of  Ihe  bull  of  Cruiadu.  'I'hia  hull,  hIikTi 
ia  piihliihcd  every  two  ymn,  ci)ntalii>  an  •IkuIuiioii 
from  |Hut  ulTencra  by  llie  I'upr,  niid,  ainonK  other  iin- 
•lun  li»,  apernnHloii  lo  oat  acvvral  kiiida  of  iiruliiliitcil 
fond  dunng  I^inl,  and  on  niuaiiri-  daya  'lliu  nmnka 
•niplovml  in  diaperaiiig  thoav  bulla  cilul  their  virtiiea 
with  all  the  fervor  of  itilcrealed  e!oi|U('iicu  ;  the  (H'nple, 
igncrant  and  rrednluiia,  liatnn  with  ini|>hcil  aaaenl ;  anil 
•very  pcraon  in  iho  Spaniah  coluiiiea,  of  Kuropeaii,  or 
Cmolian,  or  miied  race,  piirchaaea  a  hull,  which  ia 
deemed  eaaential  to  hia  aalvalion,  al  llio  ralu  aet  u|ioii 
U  by  government.  [195] 

What  may  bo  tlw  amount  of  thnvn  rarioua  fundi,  it 
!■  almoat  iuifioaaibla  lo  determine  wilh  (vuciaion.  Tl,n 
•itent  of  the  Sjianiah  doininiona  in  America,  llio  jea- 
lou^y  of  governincnl,  which  rnndcra  ihcm  iimcccaaihio 
to  foreignora,  the  myaterioiia  ailoiico  which  the  Spaniarda 
tn  leruatonied  to  ohaorve  with  rca|iect  lo  Iho  interior 
Mate  of  their  ciiloniea,  combine  in  rovcriii);  Ihia  aubjoct 
wilh  a  veil  which  it  ia  not  caay  to  remove.  But  an 
account,  apparently  no  leaa  accurate  than  it  ia  cu- 
rioua,  liaa  lately  liccn  publiahed  of  the  royal  revenue  in 
New  Spain,  from  whirh  we  may  form  aome  iJea  with 
(capecl  lo  what  ia  collected  ill  the  other  province*. 
According  to  that  account  Ihe  crown  dora  not  receive 
from  «!l  the  deparlincnta  of  taialion  in  New  ,Spain 
ibov*  a  million  of  our  iT.oncy,  from  which  one  half 
■nn^t  lie  deducted  aa  the  exponae  of  the  provincial  ca- 
(abliihment.  [196]  }Vcu,  it  ia  probable,  yieldx  a  aiim 
not  inferior  to  Ihia  ;  and  if  wo  auppoao  that  all  the  other 
regiona  of  America,  including  the  lalanda,  furnishu  third 
■bare  of  equal  value,  w*  ahiil  not  porhapa  be  far  wide 
from  the  truth  if  we  conclude  that  the  not  public  reve- 
nue of  •Spain,  raiaed  in  America,  doea  not  exceed  a  mil- 
lion and  a  half  aterling.  Thia  falls  far  abort  of  the  im- 
meiiM  auma  lo  which  «unpoailions,  founded  upon  con- 
'eclure,  have  raiaed  the  Sptniah  revenue  in  Ainorica. 
[197]  It  ia  remarkable,  however,  upon  one  account. 
Spain  and  Portugal  are  the  only  Eurofican  |)Owcra  who 
derive  a  direct  revenue  from  their  coloiiiea.  All  tho 
advantage  that  accruealo  other  naliona  from  their  Ame- 
rican dominiona  ariaea  from  tho  oicluaive  enjoyment  of 
their  trade :  but  beaidoa  Ihia,  Spain  haa  brought  her 
coloniea  towarda  increaaing  the  power  of  tho  atate,  and, 
in  return  for  protection,  to  boar  a  proportional  aliare  of 
Ih*  common  burden. 

Accordingly, -the  aum  which  I  have  computed  to  be 
lb*  amount  of  the  Spaniah  revenue  from  America  ariaea 
wholly  from  the  taxea  collected  there,  and  ia  far  from 
being  the  whole  of  what  accruoa  lo  the  king  from  hia 
dominion*  in  the  New  World.  Tho  heavy  diitica  iin- 
|>o*ed  on  the  commodities  exported  from  Spain  to 
America  [198],  aa  well  aa  what  la  |>aid  by  Ihoac  which 
ahe  renda  home  rnlurn ;  the  tax  upon  the  Negro 
•lavea  with  which  Africa  aupplies  the  New  World,  to- 
uether  wilh  aevcral  smaller  branches'  of  finance,  bring 
large  auma  into  the  Ireaaury,  tho  precise  oxtonl  of 
which  I  cannot  pretend  to  ascertain. 

But  if  the  revenue  which  Spain  draws  from  America 
ho  great,  tho  expciiso  of  administration  in  her  colonies 
bears  proportion  to  it.  In  every  department,  even  of 
her  doiucalic  police  and  fiiiancea,  Spain  has  adopted  a 
system  more  complex,  and  more  enriimlicred  with  a 
variety  of  tribunals  and  a  multitude  of  officers,  than 
that  of  any  European  nation  in  which  the  aovereign 
posaesea  such  extensive  power.  From  tho  jealous  spirit 
wilh  which  Spain  watches  over  her  American  settle- 
ments, and  her  endeavors  to  guard  against  fraud  in  pro- 
vince* so  leinote  from  inspection,  boards  and  olficers 
bare  been  multiplied  there  with  atill  more  anxious  at- 
lentinn.  In  a  country  where  tho  expense  of  living  is 
great,  tho  salaries  allotted  to  every  pcraon  in  |iublic 
office  must  be  high,  and  must  load  the  revenue  with  an 
immense  burden.  The  parade  of  government  gicatly 
augments  the  weight  of  it.  The  viceroys  of  Mexico, 
Peru,  and  Ihe  new  kingdom  of  Granada,  as  representa- 
tive* of  the  king's  person,  among  people  fond  of  osten- 
tation, maintain  all  the  state  and  dignity  of  royalty. 
Their  court*  are  formed  upon  the  model  of  that  at  Ma- 
drid, with  horse  and  foot  guards,  a  household  regularly 
eatablishrd,  numerous  atteiidantr,  and  cnsiirns  of  |iower, 
displaying  such  pomp  aa  hardly  retains  the  appearance 
tt»  delegated  i"iui>«ity.    All  the  expense  incurred  bjr 


RonFIRTSON'S   HISTOIIY   OF 


aup|H)rtinu  the  exlcrnaland  |«rinan«it  unler  of  govern- 
ment la  tiefrayrd  by  the  crown.  'I'hr  viceroys  have, 
iH'MHtea,  periiliiir  npfiointineiila  aliiletl  lo  their  exalted 
alalion.  Tlie  silarii  •  luid  by  law  are  indeed  ealrenirly 
moderate ;  iliui  of  the  viceroy  of  I'eru  is  only  thirty 
thoiiMund  duci'H  ;  uriil  lliut  of  the  viceroy  of  Mexico 
Iwehly  thniumid  ducuts.  Uf  lale  they  have  been  raiaiMl 
to  tony  tlionaiind. 

'I'heru  siiiiiriea,  however,  conatilnte  but  a  amnll  part 
of  Ihe  revenue  eiiju)eil  by  the  viceroya.  The  exerciaa 
of  an  jbanhite  uutliority  extendint;  to  every  drpHrliiient 
of  govcrnnieiit.  and  tile  power  of  di«|.o,t)iig  of  many  lu- 
crative oll'icea,  allurd  them  many  ni>|iurliiinlira  of  accu- 
miila'li'g  wealth  To  theae,  wfilcn  limy  be  conaidored 
aa  lejral  and  allowed  emoliimenla,  lar^e  aiiina  are  often 
addeil  by  oiactiona,  which,  hi  cuuiitnea  an  far  removMl 
from  Ihp  seat  uf  government,  it  ia  not  eiiay  lo  diacover, 
and  iiii{)OHaibte  to  reatrain.  Uy  niniiopoliaing  ■oilM 
braiirliea  of  commerce,  by  a  hicrativo  concern  in  other*, 
by  conniving  at  the  frauda  of  nierchaiita,  a  viceroy  may 
raiae  such  an  annual  revenue  aa  no  subject  of  any  £u- 
mpeuii  monarch  enjoys.  [19!)J  I'miii  the  alngle  artlcta 
of  presciita  made  to  him  on  the  anniversary  of  hia  XiiM*- 
•lay  (which  ia  alwaya  obaerved  aa  a  high  fcativnl),  I  am 
inl'oniied  that  a  viceroy  haa  been  known  to  receive  aizty 
thoiiaand  |>eaoa.  According  lo  a  Spanish  aayliig,  tba 
legal  rovcmieaof  a  viceroy  are  unknown,  his  real  profit* 
de|iend  upon  hisopporlunilies  and  his conncience.  S*n- 
silile  of  this,  tho  kings  of  Spain,  as  I  have  formerly 
observed,  grant  a  commission  lo  their  viceroys  only  fur 
a  few  ycara.  I'his  circumstance,  however,  render* 
ihein  often  more  rapacioua,  and  adda  to  Iho  ingenuity 
and  ardor  wherewith  they  lal>or  lo  improve  every  mo- 
ineiit  of  a  power  which  ihoy  know  is  Imalenlng  fuat  lo  a 
period  )  and  short  aa  its  duration  is,  it  usually  alforda 
Butilcicnt  lime  for  repairing  a  shattered  fortune,  or  for 
creating  a  new  one.  But  even  in  situations  so  trying 
lo  human  frailly,  there  are  instances  of  virtue  that  re- 
mains unscduced.  In  the  ^ear  1773,  the  Marquis  da 
Croix  finished  the  term  of  his  viceruyully  in  New  Spain 
with  unsuspected  integrity ;  and,  instead  of  bringing 
home  exorbitant  woaltn,  returned  with  the  admiration 
and  aiiplauso  of  a  sratoful  people,  wlioin  hia  govrni- 
incnt  had  tendered  nappy. 

BOOK  IX. 

Daellne  of  Hpain  and  fnllnr*  of  her  colonUallon.— Sepa- 
ration of  Hrnzii  and  Indepondonce  of  the  aovoral  Slaiea 
of  South  America. 

Wk  now  enter  upon  a  period  where  an  entirely 
new  iihnsu  of  elreunistanceg  is  presented,  n  nerloa 
which  dilTer.4  from  all  oUiers  In  the  world's  history, 
and  which  marks  n  now  era  not  only  tn  tho  polity 
and  limits  of  the  nations,  but  In  tho  active  element? 
of  liunmn  progress.  To  unilcrataiid  the  imturo  of 
tiic  cliungeii  III  urgiinlzatioii  ami  giivemmont  ainuiig 
the  various  dlvi:<liiiis  of  the  South  American  con- 
tinent, wlilcli  we  nliiill  Imvu  to  follow,  it  is  necessary 
lo  take  a  geiuTttl  but  aoincwliat  eomprclicnslve  vii^w 
of  tho  conilitlons  that  woiv  now  surrounilin);  tliu 
nations  of  Europe,  and  also  of  tho  policy  eliosoii  by 
Spain  as  a  Kulduncc  in  tho  management  of  bnr 
coloniea.  \V  o  liavu  seen  in  the  previiius  chapter,  as 
through  a  cloud  of  other  liistorieal  facts,  the  gradual 
weakeiiiiig  of  giianisli  power.  Tho  brillliint  lustre 
that  surrounded  tlie  throne  of  Ferdinand  and  Ina- 
bella,  and  which  sIkido  with  undiminished  aplundor 
throughout  the  long  reign  of  Charles  V.,  waned 
rapidly  during  tho  rule  of  his  bigoted  and  despotic 
■on.  rhillp  II.,  on  tho  resignation  of  CImrlos,  en- 
tered upon  be  grandest  heritage  which  the  worid 
had  aceu  sine:  the  downfall  of  tho  lioinan  enipiro — 
one  wlileli  has  bad  no  parallel,  save  in  tho  Imperial 
■way  of  Great  Britain  nt  the  present  day. 

The  Biiverelgiity  of  Simln  was  ueknowlcdgcd  not 
only  In  Mexico  and  throughout  the  larger  portion 
of  Boutli  Aiiiericu,  but  in  almost  all  the  Islands  of  the 
Atlantic,  In  tho  Low  Countries,  and  in  Italy,  in  tho 
northern  portion  of  Africa,  and  thn)ughout  many  of 
the  richcHt  Islands  of  Asia.  Ucr  armies  were  tlio 
ilnest  in  Europe,  and  her  navies  carried  tho  flag  of 
Castile  into  every  known  portion  of  the  seas.  No 
prince  ever  assumed  tho  regal  authority  witii  better 
prospects,  none  ever  had  hud  n  grander  dominion  or 
a  finer  o|>portuiiltr  to  enlmnco  the  glory  of  his 
country,  and  none  fell  into  u  lower  degradation. 

Arrogant  and  tyraniiicnl  In  the  lilgbe!>t  degree, 
Philip  II.  added  to  the  worst  qualities  of  tho  human 
heart  a  blind  infatuation  tor  the  Church.  Tho  ter- 
rors that  signalized  the  reign  of  his  English  wife, 
Queen  Mury,  were  as  nothing  coiiinnred  with  tho 
studied  cruelties  whereby  he  delighted  to  torturu 
those  of  his  subjects  who  refused  to  nccupt  tho  cx- 
tremesl  doctrines  of  the  Papacy.  To  his  iietjured 
coii.xclenee  the  violation  of  solemn  obligations  wit* 
no  crime,  but  a  virtue.    lie  ruled  with  the  rcUnc- 


■enl  of  Infkmy,  To  Mm  the  honor  of  Bpala  wm  • 
Uu||liiHr-eto<%,  He  flnnf  treatlva  in  abreda  lo  tho 
winds,  that  he  might  deluge  the  atreeta  with  blood, 
till  at  length  rcdwllion  M*e  out  of  (Hipolar  deapera* 
tlon,  and  tbo  atar  of  Hpaulali  power  began  lo  eel  for 
over. 

It  waa  not  In  the  dismal  halla  of  tba  InqolalUos 
only  that  tho  ahadow  first  liegan  to  fall.  The  atro- 
cities which  Philip  atU'inpled  to  justify  aa  "Acta  of 
Faith"  would  alone  have  sulilced  lo  brand  him  aa 
iiru-uinlnent  In  cruelty  and  rellgliiiia  bigotry.  But 
theau  liavo  not  been  always  liicoiiipatibia  with  tta« 
higher  powers  of  guvernuient.  There  waa,  bowcTor, 
InPhlllp's  character,  no  aunielent  redeeming  quality, 
lie  was  the  foe  to  liberty  in  every  fonn,  aa  ne  waa 
also  the  enemy  of  tuleratlon.  He  atfaetad  to  deapiao 
Ills  peoiile,  and  doing  so  he  forbade  them  Ihe  righta 
to  wlilen  they  were  entitled,  and  atrove  by  every  de- 
vice within  Ills  reach  to  deprive  them  of  the  few  that 
they  already  bail.  Ho  ai't  lawa  at  defiance,  wmnir 
oppressive  taxes  from  both  rich  and  poor,  trampled 
upon  ancient  privileges,  set  violent  rvstrictiona  upon 
trade  and  Ind'intry,  and,  In  abort,  reduced  the  whula 
of  the  initlcii  til  u  state  of  terror  and  degradation. 
Hilt  be  did  nut  crush  out  the  spirit  of  independence 
that  even  In  those  days  could  make  itoelf  felt,  HI* 
MiiorlKli  subjects  In  tbo  southern  provlncoa  broke 
out  Into  o[>en  rebellion.  Tho  Flemlnga  tn  the  north, 
under  tho  guidance  of  the  Prince  of  Orange,  con- 
spired to  free  themselves  from  a  foreign  yoke  wbicli 
had  become  Intcderablo,  and  a  almllar  wi*b  spread 
tbMtigb  the  Italian  provliieea  of  the  kingdom.  Tho 
severvxt  lueuaurcs  were  taken  against  tboae  who  bad 
rebelled.  The  public  executioner  waa  a  functionary 
uttaelied  to  all  Ihu  annlos  of  Philip  which  were  sent 
t<i  control  his  aubjects.  But  towaa  laid  waste,  whole 
regions  desolateil,  and  men,  women,  and  cnlldrcn 
sliiiighti'red  as  victims  to  the  mockery  of  jnstloe, 
did  not  iirevont  the  Dutch  Republic,  the  ropudlatlou 
of  the  Papacy  In  the  Low  Countric*,  the  election  of 
a  Stadtbiilder  in  the  person  of  Prince  William,  and 
tbcrcliy  the  first  and  greatest  blow  that  wai  atmck 
at  the  tyrannical  supremacy  of  Spain. 

Hut  tliesu  rebellion*  were  not  tbe  only  fruit*  of 
cruelty  and  fanatlclstii.  Tho  vaat  wealth  that  had 
begun  to  pour  Into  Spain  from  ber  American  depen- 
deiiele*  waa  absorbed  in  their  aupprcaalon.  Men, 
and  money  too,  were  lavished  in  warlike  expedition* 
in  France  and  Portugal,  and  in  the  great  armada 
that  dissolved  so  miserably  when  burled  againit  tba 
homes  of  England.  The  Indnstriea  of  the  conntiy 
were  paralyzed.  Monopoliea  eitabliabed  to  fore* 
the  colonies  into  trade  with  Spain  foiled.  Foreign- 
ers, and  especially  the  Engllab,  supplied  the  colo- 
nlsla  with  articles  which  tbey  could  not  procure  in 
tbo  parent  country,  and  thua  began  to  imdcnntna 
the  whole  fabric  of  Spanish  commerce.  The  cur- 
rents of  gold  and  silver  which  liad  been  flowing  from 
Mexico  and  tbe  south  were  turned  away  from  tboaa 

fiorts  in  Spain  whither  tho  government  had  so  uae- 
essly  ordered  that  that  they  should  bo  directed,  and 
henceforth  tbey  went  to  enrich  the  treasurlea  of  Lon- 
don and  Amsterdam.  >or  trade  then  aa  now  waa 
governed  by  enterprise,  and  could  not  be  created 
lougli  It  might  bo  ruined  by  Imperial  decrees. 
Tbe  evil  Inlluenco  of  tills  decline  in  the  nationat 
vigor  was  oiiido  nioro  evident  after  tlio  death,  with- 
out Issue,  of  Charles  II.  The  treaty  of  Utrecbt, 
wbicli  closed  the  contest  that  had  been  raging  be- 
tween tbo  Arcliduko  Charles  and  Philip  of  Anjou 
■Inco  tbo  demise  of  that  prince,  further  advanced 
the  disruption  of  the  euintre.  Tbe  balance  of  power 
had  already  become  a  tfctlon  in  European  politics. 
To  maintain  it,  Philip,  when  secured  on  the  throne, 
was  obliged  to  renounce  all  claim  to  the  Frencli 
crown ;  and  a  similar  renunciation  wa*  taken  from 
his  brothers  for  the  kingdom  of  Spain.  But  this 
was  not  dccmc'l  suHielent,  and  accordingly,  Minorca 
and  (iibraltar  passed  into  tbe  possession  of  England, 
Sardinia  became  an  appanage  of  tho  house  of  Bavoy, 
and  Austria  took  a  part  of  t .  o  Low  Countries,  Milau. 
Naples,  and  Sicily.  Independent  of  these  direct 
losses  of  territory,  tbe  war  of  succession  further 
crippled  tbo  internal  resources  of  the  country,  which 
has  at  ail  times  been  remarkable  for  a  lack  of  that 
vitality  and  power  of  resuscitation  which  is  a  char- 
acteristic of  more  rigorous  people.  The  provinces 
which  had  advocated  the  cause  of  Charles  were 
never  forgiven  by  Philip,  who  deprived  them  of  what 
privileges  they  possessed,  treated  them  In  all  re- 
siicuts  us  conquered  and  rebellious,  and  thua  mnln- 
tulncd  a  constant  drawback  to  tbo  permanent 
strength  of  his  kingdom.  Tho  saprcmacy  of  tbe 
houf'e  of  Bourbon  was  hi  many  respects  an  advan- 
tage. Tho  princes  of  that  house,  or  their  ministers, 
were  shrewd,  politic,  and  capable  of  perceiving  tbo 
several  directions  In  which  It  waa  necessary  to  work 
in  order  to  check,  if  not  to  atop,  tbo  downward  career 
of  the  national  influence.  And  it  cannot  bo  denied 
i  that  they  did  chuck  It  in  some  measure.  Native  In- 
dustries revived,  and  with  them  a  new  impulse  waa 
given  to  foreign  trade.  But  it  is  doubtful  whether 
the  advantage*  were  not  fully  counter!  a' wcad  by 


BOI'TH  AMERICA. 


m 


Mil  Ktnttt  avIU.  Tba  (■nnnlr)  beoama  InrolvAii 
la  lUncerou*  and  nxhauntlna  wi.ra  whiah  It  roiilil 
■ot  aSonl,  and  th«tn  nut  miljr  Hlirnati'd  tho  iiiontl 
•jrra|>ath]r  n(  natlont  which  nhnCil  liuvci  liiM'n  ncruniil 
aafneiida,  hut  It  liniirlliMl  thu  iiiurltlmt!  powom  to 
lako  Mvery  ncciMldii  fur  wi'iikmiliiK  Hpiilii  Ht  tim,  ami 
tharaby  •trIkliiK  tlin  hruvli'«t  hlnwiKina  |>lii('»  whcrv 
'■luy  would  b«  luoat  ulTiHauiil,  An  attunipt  wiia 
made  to  rapudlutu  thn  triMity  of  IFtn'clit,  Hut  hiinlly 
bad  It  hiH'onid  known,  when  a  Urltinh  miuiidron  miidu 
It*  appcaranco In  tho  MnilltiTrauiiin,  and  by  iloatroy- 
biK  a  HpiiiiUh  fleot  that  lay  oil  the  coaat  of  Hli-lly 
allowed  thut  ihe  ImHui'Ikui  of  tb'i  lunplre  bad  alruudy 
>u  far  ubati'd,  that  ('onc<>»aloii  to  thu  dictalea  ot 
othi'r  Kuro|ieun  powiira  had  now  bcooniii  a  neceaalty. 
Bpabi  wa«  no  luni{ar  tbu  autocrat  of  Europe,  hut,  lui 
the  contrary,  niuat  yield  auhinhsloii  to  iiuthorlllea 
which  a  few  Keurrutlona  hefoni  alio  wouhl  huvo 
Hlldcted  to  dcApiae.  It  need  not  hii  auppoaeil  that 
Ui«  downfall  waa  accepted  without  many  lleree 
atrUiq(l«B,  Couiinerelul  ilviilrlea  loivo  thu  cxcuau  for 
cunltiating  tiio  aupertorlty  of  KuKhind,  and  Invariably 
with  roaulta  that  wuro  mom  'or  loaa  rulnoiu  tu 
Hpaln. 

In  tba  war  between  Eneland  and  France,  whtoh 
broke  tba  abort  |>eucu  of  Alxla-Cbapullo  and  aiip- 
pllod  oppnrtunltlea  (or  \Va/<hlnKt»n  to  dianluy  bla 

Senlu*  in  the  North  American  Cohudea,  tho  dlaaatera 
lat  befall  Uie  great  amile*  of  Loula  XV.  apread  a 
•enao  of  terror  and  I'onnternution  throuKli'>ut  tbu 
I'eidnaula.  It  waa  fuiirod  that  tbu  HUcevBaiul  Kon- 
erala  ofUeoritu  II,  would  not  atuy  their  proOTcaa  at 
Uie  French  (roiilier,  anil  ao  uroau  thu  "fiinilly  com- 

gact"  of  the  princes  of  Hoiirlion,  wiilch  dr»i;KO.I 
pain  Into  a  war  that  waa  of  ull  othurK  the  moat  dla- 
aatroua  Into  wliicii  France  had  over  cnti're<l.  Her 
uuvlea  were  wull-nlith  deatroyeil,  and  KiiKliali  au- 

Iiroinucy  aevured  not  only  over  thu  ocuuii,  but  in 
ndia  and  Ainuriea.  The  very  menna  taken  to  ile- 
tauil  thn  atningth  of  tliu  nation  pruvi.'d  tho  cauaea  of 
kta  doatructiou.  The  Bourlion  compact  waa  mot  by 
tho  Immudlatu  doclarulioa  of  war  l>y  KiiKland  aicalnat 
Siialn,  and  tbo  aneedv  lorta  of  the  lalunda  i>(  Marli- 
nl(|uo,  (ironada,  St.  Vincent,  and  St.  Lucio  were  the 
flrat  and  very  early  eonaequeucua  of  It  ilavanna 
(ollowud  aftur  a  reaUtunce  of  two  montlia,  and  aoon 
the  I'btilpplnea  aurrundured  In  like  manner  to  u 
firitUb  comnmndor.  Tbcae,  and  other  colonial  con- 
qucata  from  France  aa  well  ua  Spain,  led  to  a  pcaco 
wbleb  left  the  latter  power  curtailed  materially  in 
her  American  poaaeaaiona,  Impoverlaiied  In  her 
treoaury,  and  demoralized  In  all  thut  la  re((ulalto  to 
•  atrong  and  liilluoutial  people.     But  it  did  not 

Srevent  new  olTorta  to  retrain  a  portion,  at  loaat,  of 
leir  fonner  aaceiidancy,  and  It  waa  with  more  acul 
tlian  diacnjtton  thut  thu  Spunlah  Court  at  length 
yielded  to  the  ropreaentationa  of  her  old  ally,  to  talcu 
np  arms  and  Join  In  the  confoderation  a^ainat  En);- 
land  during  ber  atruKKin  with  tho  thirteen  eolonioa 
of  Amorica.  The  doclarution  of  war  by  (Jreat  Uritain 
BKulnat  Holland,  aa  a  conaeipiencu  of  thu  Dutob 
treaty  with  tlie  confederacy  funned  by  the  Empreoa 
of  Kitaala  for  an  armeil  neutrality,  atrenKthonod  the 
liopca  of  Suain  in  lunkinK  thia  conceaaion  to  the  de- 
mands ot  Franco,  and  abu  entered  upon  a  eampai)n> 
oil  the  bordcra  of  Mexico  with  mure  than  uauul  en- 
cri^y.  Florida,  which  at  tbo  prevloua  peace  ahe  bad 
exchanged  for  Ilavanna,  waa  recovered,  and  In  the 
apace  of  a  fuw  niontba  tho  Spanish  tiu);  wavod  ovur 
many  of  tbo  Etifiilali  forta  down  the  course  ot  thi< 
Miaaiaalpjil.  Biit  the  tcmia  which  weru  ultimately 
made  for  tho  transfer  of  these  poAsesalnna  to  the 
United  Statea  f^ovemmuiit  were  no  coin|>ciiantl(>ii  for 
tliu  utter  ruin  whicli  this  war  had  caused  to  llie 
Sponlsii  power.  The  Kuncriil  peace  of  17.SH  found 
ber  with  the  loai  of  tlic  Uuhaiiia  lalunds,  ami  a  atlll 
more  linpoverlaheil  eondltiiin  In  reipird  to  Internal 
resources  than  had  over  boon  exiiericiiccd  in  ull  ber 
diiwiiwurd  career  since  tlio  timu  ot  Charles  V. 
Every  cllort  had  been  alralned,  every  Hvailahie  man, 
and  iiiuiu  than  all  available  money,  had  been  used 
to  aiiatiiin  a  stniBulo  which  not  ouly  left  tho  nation 
enfeebled  and  Irretrievably  poor,  but  witiiout  tbo 
means  of  recovorini;  Its  former  life.  The  ahock 
which  had  deprived  the  Sp.inlsh  crown  from  time  to 
timo  ot  ita  West  Indian  po^a^^siiions  bad  also  ruined 
tbo  trade  of  Spanish  subjects  upon  the  seaa. 

It  la  remarkable  that  thnniKhoiit  the  unuqual  con- 
tent wlilcli  EiiKlimd  waned  durliift  tho  stniuiglo  of 
the  North  American  coionlca  for  Indepundencc,  the 
enorulea  ot  her  mercliants  never  relaxed.  Tlii'ir 
oper-itions  widened.  Every  new  con(iueat  was  In- 
•lantly  taken  odvantaRO  ot.  And  thus,  when  peace 
waa  declared,  the  cominorco  of  Euf^land  was  sud- 
denly found  to  bo  more  proaperous  than  even  tbo 
most  aanguhio  could  bare  anticipated.  This  was 
duo  to  Bovend  eausca.  Tlie  acpnnition  of  the 
colonics  and  the  stimulus  which  tliey  received  from 
independence  woa  one  of  tlieni.  increase  of  territor)- 
In  all  quarters  of  tiio  world  was  aiiotlier.  Hut  very 
inucli  of  the  aeeosslon  was  due  to  losses  suatalncd 
by  Francs  and  Spahi.  Tlie  imvlea  of  these  two  pow- 
tn  were  tor  all  practical  purposes  annihilated,  and 


Ibralgn  trtMl*  roold  nol  In  thoM  dan  ba  malnlalned 
where  all  maritime  snpremaiiy  waa  loak  Moroovar, 
the  roatrktinns  which  Bpatn  had  lonK  perslaloiitly 
Inipoavd  upon  her  Mnutli  American  eolunlsa  ware 
iiuit4irlally  bioaene<l.  In  the  Wvat  liidlea,  they  were 
virtually  iluatroyed.  It  there  had  bten  no  iiatiim 
ready  at  thn  nimnunt  to  take  advantauu  of  thcao 
e'  ".'uiiiatiiticea,  aatuady,  peaeeful  coinpetltion  would 
liavu  )(radually  reaiisi'ltateil  fornlKn  tradi',  but  oven 
then  Spain,  wrecked  and  hnmlilated  as  ahu  wna, 
could  not  have  ki'pt  pace  with  natkina  of  eiicnn'  "nd 
enterprlau.  Aa  It  waa,  tbu  occaaloii  woa  nol  altordnd. 
Kimland  lial  not  fiirKotten  her  material  Intereata 
whllu  envptKed  In  thu  overthrow  of  her  enuniles.  and 
with  new  llulila  laid  o|>ou,  with  coniiiaratlvely  largu 
reaourc4'a  of  both  iiieii  and  money  atlll  lott,  nnii  with 
noinpluto  contnd  of  the  aeaa,  Hbci  found  no  dllHeulty 
in  monupollxiiiK  the  larger  aharu  of  that  cominorco 
which  woa  now  In  Ita  infancy,  but  which  owed  Its 
duvulopmaiit  very  InrKuly  to  the  overthrow  of 
Hpanlah  tradltlona.  Thua  the  iiandyala  of  S|ialn  waa 
rundere<l  -.lot  only  coinidute,  but  jinrmanent.  The 
roBiitry,  ata  tlino  when  tier  lioat  elliirti  wore  needud 
to  Mfomi  the  colonial  aystom,  lay  proatruto  and 
humiliated,  unable  to  keep  pace  with  thu  nuw  aon- 
timunta  ahu  had  aaalated  to  advance,  uiul  utterly  In- 
competent to  meet  tiio  conaci|uoueus  of  tliuui  with 
either  vigor  or  atatcainanahlp. 

Thu  policy  which  Spain  had  (him  the  first  adopted 
iowurda  bur  eolonlua  waa  not  calculated  to  be  per- 
manent. It  thu  parent  country  hod  retained  uii- 
dimlniahod  the  power  lutt  to  the  crown  of  Spain  by 
Ferdinand  and  laulHdla,  the  reault  iiiuat  have  lH>eii 
tho  aaine,  and  thu  eolniilua  wtmid  atlll  have  aiicceaa- 
fully  reslstud  every  olTort  to  hold  them  In  thu  reatrie- 
tiiiiia  lli:it  they  iiad  had  Iniposuii  upon  thuni.  But  In 
thu  condition  to  which  It  wna  now  reduceil  It  waa 
biipiisslliio  tliat  tho  inilependencu  of  thu  far  diataiit 
provlncea  of  South  America  could  be  much  longer 
dulaye<l.  Tho  experience  of  tho  Brltlah  North 
American  coloniea  teatlflea  aulDclontly  to  tlila,  uvuii 
It  the  conciuaion  were  not  one  to  which  our  pruscnt 
iiuquaint'jnce  with  political  and  aoclal  science  muat 
Inevitably  lead,  as  thu  only  iiosslhlo  Issue  to  deHned 
cuuso.s.  A  vast  colonial  eiiipiru  cannot  bo  governed, 
even  though  the  aysteiii  bu  founded  on  a  boata  of 
the  utmost  liberality,  from  one  groat  centre,  how- 
ever atroiig  It  nii^  bo.  England  tried  In  the  oight- 
eonth  ccntiiry  to  do  so,  andfalled.  But  tho  British 
poopio  prollted  by  tho  lesaon  tbcii  given  them;  and 
adopting  a  aystcni  of  (ieceiitralizatlon,  a  form  in  fact 
of  the  grandest  dcveiopment  ot  municipal  govern- 
luont,  they  now  control  their  bnmenso  colonial 
empire  with  sueceas,  Spain  refused  the  less<m.  Her 
system  In  itself  woa  one  far  moru  dcapotic  than  any 
ever  ndoptud  by  England,  but  Itwua  adhered  to  with 
stubbuni  pertinacity,  and  ended,  as  waa  to  be  ex- 
pected. In  the  secesalDn  of  the  provinces  trom  the 
parent  abite. 

Some  Spanlah  wrltera  have  aonght  to  defend  the 
cidonial  policy  ot  their  country  on  tho  ground  that 
it  had  for  Ita  model  the  customa  of  the  most  success- 
ful  colonizing  nation  of  antiquity.  But  the  ollort 
lacks  tho  Unit  clement  of  strength.  If  tho  Spaniarda 
who  Urst  croaacd  tho  Atlantic,  or  tlio  monarcha  they 
left  behind,  erer  thought  of  thu  coloiiios  that  once 
had  (ringud  the  Heditun'aucan,  their  imitation  of 
them  was  very  poor.  In  their  relations  to  tho 
luirent  country,  the  South  American  suttleuionta 
bore  no  resemblance,  or  at  the  beat  a  very  remote 
one,  to  oitlier  the  K?,7ii>nv,x'tai  or  tho  'awoixiat  of  the 
(Ireeks.  There  was  not  the  dependence  enjoyed  by 
thu  Former,  nor  tlin  iiidependeucu  wlilch  sigiiallied 
thn  luttiT.  The  colmilsts  wnru  scarcely  citizens  of 
Spain,  and  assuredly  they  were  not  In'dulgeil  with 
anything  like  the  political  privileges  tii.it  constantly 
were  uecurdcd  by  tlie  Cirueks  to  their  migrating 
countrymen.  The  compariaon.  In  fact,  nowlK're 
holds  'good.  Spanish  colonization  was  not  an 
organized  ayatcm.  it  was  no  avstom  at  all,  only 
the  rude  but  natural  result  of  the  discovery,  in  an 
age  of  adventure,  ot  a  rich,  new  land,  t\i\l  of  mineral 
resources.  Tho  Spanish  colonies  were  not  military 
settlomenta  like  thu  modern  French,  nor  were  they 
free  additions  to  the  parent  community  like  must 
of  tho  modern  English.  Men  went  into  the  newly- 
found  land  as  adventurers,  they  staid  as  tyrants,  and 
they  wero  treated  by  Spain  as  little  hotter  than 
slaves.  Spain  lookrid  npon  her  sons  as  soon  as  thoy 
had  crossed  tho  Atlantic  aa  merely  so  many  agents 
whereby  tho  coffers  of  the  public  treasury  could  Ixi 
Ullod  with  gold  and  sliver;  and  as  ao  many  fools 
who  hud  risked  their  llvos  gmtnltousiy  to  make 
the  native  populations  submissive  to  ber  yok  i.  We 
have  seen  the  Immense  sources  from  which  money 
was  ni'.ido  to  How  from  them  Into  the  Spanish 
treasury.  Tho  king  took  the  lion's  share  always. 
Ills  dues  brought  him  immense  rovonuca.  They 
were  derived  from  duties  imposed  upon  commorce, 
fees  paid  to  liini  us  tlie  Head  of  the  Church,  the 
Indian  tribute  or  duty  of  Tussniagc,  and  a  duty  im- 
posed upon  the  precious  metals,  or  tho  "  rights  of 
elgoory,"  besides  numberless   smollur  sources  ot 


amolamant,  which  wera  ap«:llad  with  bawMlM 
oaf*  Md  auoraed  with  arenr  uaciaiMy  rifor,  TkJB 
•xtandad  method  of  laxaUon  tnrlelMd  tba  rojrti 
onlTers  at  boms,  bat  It  drained  Iha  wealth  anl 
bnnleiieil  tho  Indnstir  of  the  coloolsia  and  natlTi 
IMipulstlun,  and  waa  attoodad  by  no  aqulvalent  ad 
vantages.  The  Hpanlah  colonlaa  deilvad  abaolDlel) 
no  lifliiullt  fnim  their  connsctloD  with  Spain.  Ihaj 
did  not  need  niiiltanr  protection ;  and  whan  aomo'cd 
them  ifid  need  It,  they  did  not  get  It  Thay  wera 
not  advanced  In  their  commercial  Interaata ;  for 
tlieao  were  ahacklod  by  Spanlah  ordhiancas,  and  • 
full  development  waa  forbidden  to  them.  Thejr 
exiatod  not  aa  comnmnltlea  that  had  an  ImiiMdlala 
Intureat  In  their  own  lite,  bat  merely  as  toola  for  tba 
enrlehinent  of  their  Bp^nlah  maatera.  It  la  aome< 
what  anrpriBlng  that  from  tba  time  when  Cortea 
barharoDsljr  pal  to  the  tortara  tba  bmya  amperur 
Ouatlmoiln  of  Mexico,  and  when  Toledo  murdeTed 
thu  laat  of  Uio  Incas  at  Caaco,  down  to  the  period 
within  which  we  are  now  moat  Imroadlately  ln> 
lurestud,  thu  Spanlah  coloniea  snbmlltad  with  ap< 
puront  equanimity  to  their  oppieaaora.  For  mora 
than  threu  conturles  they  anllend  the  bardeat  yoka 
that  boa  ovur  been  b<ime  by  people  with  similar 
relations  to  a  distant  power.  Tba  caosea  which 
wuru  allegnd  for  tbu  robelllon  of  the  North  American 
colonies  were  aa  nothing,  either  In  degree  or  In  dura- 
tion, when  compared  with  tbe  tyranny  which  th« 
Hpanlah  eoloiilats  ao  long  and  ao  patlentlT  endared. 
It  la  dWHeult  Ui  account  for  thia.  We  ahaU  presently 
eonie  to  see  the  Influence  which  the  American  do- 
duration  of  independenoe  had,  but  the  apathy  u( 
the  Southern  people  cannot  ba  accounted  for  by 
aiippoaliig  the  want  of  example.  History  la  (hll  ot 
noricids,  and  ucts,  ond  aystema,  ot  oppresaion.  Bat 
It  Is  also  full  of  tlio  struggles  ot  people  of  varloua 
nalioiiailllea  to  attain  freedom,  or  at  ieaat  to  liberate 
tlieinaeivea  from  the  galling  burdena  Impoaud  by 
tyninnicul  rulers.  It  the  Spanlah  colonials  wanted 
history  to  supply  thum  with  counsel,  thoy  need  not 
ba'- <  goiiu  far  (or  liistraetiona  how  to  act  They 
who  allecteil  to  have  studied  the  Institutions  ot 
(Ireoco  iiilght  have  seen  in  the  contest  between 
Corcyra  and  Corinth,  and  eapeclally  If  they  ex- 
amined tlio  cauaea  o(  it  with  aufflclant  care,  an 
example  which  it  ought  to  have  been  quite  within 
tiiulr  power  to  imitate.  Nor  could  they  have  fol- 
lowed any  portion  of  hiatory,  ancient  or  modem, 
national  or  colonial,  and  failed  to  And  tbe  leaaon 
which  without  doubt  they  needed.  Their  placid 
aubmlsaion  must  be  attributed  to  another  caoae, 
and  tho  moat  likely  one  that  suggests  itself  Is  thai 
Uie  people  In  the  coloniea  ahared  in  the  enfeeble- 
menl  which  destroyed  the  old  national  aplrit  of  the 
parent  country.  Certain  It  must  bo  that  the  men 
who  flrat  curried  tiie  Spanlah  flag  victoriously 
through  Mexico  and  South  America,  would  not  b*v« 
brooked  the  insults  that  wore  heaped  upon  tia 
generations  that  succeeded  them,  Tnis  degeniiocy 
was  another  ot  tbe  results  of  Spanish  policy.  Tba 
native  racos  were  not  savagea.  They  wera  people 
of  a  high  degree  of  civilization,  vastly  dUIeront  from 
tbe  Indian  tribes  ot  North  America,  and  capable, 
under  a  wise  administration,  of  having  been  made  • 
source  of  strengtii  insluad  of  weakneaa  to  tho 
Spanish  settlers.  But  Spain  has  never  been  golded 
by  humanity  or  by  statesmanship.  The  prosperity 
she  once  enjoyed  was  not  a  proidnet  of  tlie  latter, 
and  nothing  In  her  history  ever  resulted  from  the 
former;  for  It  bus  no  existence.  Hor  policy  fn.>m 
the  first  was  not  to  concUlatu  tho  natives,  but  to 
!  destroy  them.  Extermination  was  the  rule  ot  con- 
duct from  Cortcz  down  to  tho  meanest  S|ianiurd 
that  ever  set  foot  In  America.  The  French  rule  in 
Ilaytl  was  noted  for  treachery  and  cruoltv,  but  the 
number  ot  natives  who  had  provioualy  fallen  under 
the  murderous  hands  of  the  Spaniards  in  that  Island 
1  alone  has  been  comimted  variously  at  from  a  million 
I  to  fourteen  hundred  tiinusand  persons  of  all  ages 
[  and  botii  sexes.  The  visit  of  Diego  do  Velasquez  to 
I  Cuba,  and  tlie  conquests  that  immedUtely  followed 
it,  were  signalized  by  burning  at  the  stake  all  the 
native  chiefs,  and  some  Ave  tliouaand  of  thoir  prin- 
cipal adherents.  In  Forto  Klco,  the  inhabltanta 
wore  recklessly  murdered  under  no  pretence  what- 
ever, except  to  satiate  tlie  Spanish  greed  for  native 
blood.  Ill  Juraaieu,  during  tho  time  that  the 
Spaniards  held  control  there,  the  same  thing  occur- 
red. It  is  said  of  John  do  Esquimel  and  his  follow- 
ers that  tliuy  never  sheathed  their  sworda  as  long  as 
a  native  Inhabitant  remained  within  reacli  of  their 
arms.  Trinidad  also  witnessed  a  aimilar  system  ot 
extermination  ;  so  too  did  Mexico  and  all  the  South 
American  colonies.  These  murders  were  not  unue- 
coniuanicd  by  other  outrages  of  the  vilest  kind.  The 
whole  Spanish  domination  was  a  rule  of  tiends, 
Men  wore  subjected  to  torture,  mutilation,  and  hor 
riblu  deaths ;  womun  and  young  glrla  were  fnreed 
to  submit  Urst  to  the  most  shoeking  outrages,  and 
then  to  the  criiul  deaths  which  only  the  minds  ut 
monsters  could  conceive.  And  this  was  not  tba 
merely  tcmporaty   condition   that  signallxed  tlui 


BIITORT  or 


I      ij 


mttJtH  tlw  •pMlardi  apoa  th*  toad  of  iIm  N*w 
«wM.  It  WM  ■  ■•?■»■••-.  kawra  ol  iMr  aulo- 
MmUim.  TIm  ImI  Ibr  Mood,  Um  landnaeir  to  bar- 
bwl*  iBhwmaalty,  hM  •tw  bMii  aad  itlll  \t  %  pwt 
uf  Ika  SlMiiM  wUuoal  ehitraiiMr.    It  hM  MilanMl 


WM  tevnmbia  lo  Um  mom  M  IndapowtoM*.    D«^ 
ini  Ik*  liiua  thai  taUrvwiad  b«Am  Um  oppartraHy 

iiiM,  tb*  urlDclpIn  Uiat  had  bMO  lo  laeoMifalljr 

■InialDau  In  Um  w  ~    '  """    " 


iMu  avary  aat  ol  Um  aaUunal  Ilia,  and  it  hM  bonM 

Iha  IhUla  at  C 

•afninc  lor  U.  , 

•Mowil  o(  loaUiInf  aad  eoattmpt  on  the  nart  o( 


rs^ssk' 


•van  of  to^iy  a  eartaln 


MflllMd  BaUOM,     Man 


gananUon  to| 
ioiaauarwh 


who  wara  Mlualad  fram 
to  nnanllon  by  prinalplai  lueh  m  thaia, 
f baUMr  Ihay  raalih'l  In  tha  parant  noun- 
I17  or  la  Um  pioTlnoM  of  tha  Wm«,  eonld  nut  (nil 
In  iihik  In  ■aalhuH  and  vlannr.  ttaah  a  noa  maat 
bainaiB  aflMahnla  |  and  It  old,  la  avarjr  plwa  whar- 
•f«r  It  had  fonnd  a  fuotlnf.  Mo  nation  In  Knropa 
•fw  Mall  M  Inw  M  BiMun,  and  tha  degradation 
whlah  la  MiflMad  In  tha  Pcinimula  la  and  arcr  hM 
•Man  iharad  In  by  tha  MtUan  In  avary  HpanUh 
•niony  Ibraaclionl  tha  worid.  Hnch  b«lng  tha  «on- 
dNIon  Is  wMab  thoM  panpla  foand  theniielTM  n- 
dnead  at  Iha  ehMa  of  the  alghlaonth  century,  It  ie 
IM>t  too  maeh  to  eay  that  the  dUinlaanUon  of  the 
•mptia  fnnowed  alinoet  m  a  mattifr  of oounM. 

For  Dpaln  wm  not  only  weak  In  heiMlf,  both 
morally  aad  phyrically,  a4  well  at  home  H  In  the 
•nionlea,  baltheeirenniitanaN  with  which  ebe  had 
lo  eontand  waia  •Irana.  We  muit  briefly  glance  at 
Ihaea.  Tha  event  whleh  more  than  any  other  af- 
IkaMd  the  eoaiM  of  polltira  all  over  the  world,  dur^ 

a  MM  latter  half  of  Um  iMt  aentary  and  t^  flrat 
of  Um  piaeant,  wm  the  McoMion  of  the  North 
Amatlaaa  enloalM  from  BrIUeh  mla  and  their  dec- 
laraMw  at  tadepandeiiea.  But  the  eCectit  of  that 
Mcemiaa  ware  not  foreeeen  by  the  ruling  powera  of 
Um  Uhm  whaa  It  took  placa.  if  KnglandcouM  hiTe 
Bredletad  the  ImmenM  bonalltii  thiit  eha  hM  derived 
nom  tha  cetabihhDitint  of  tho  great  North  Amertetn 
MeMbUa,  Iha  colonl^te  would  have  been  eneouni{;<id 


rvf 


'  than  wamxl  againet  in  thflr  allorte  to  attain 
•  Moarala  ■atlonality.    Nor  Is  It  llkuly  that  Loals 

Vl.  would  have  aflbrded  the  Hilitanca  that  he 
■red  to  the  ceoiie  of  tho  colonlita.  If  ho  had 
nble  lo  foreihedow  the  ipiead  of  republican 
tdeM  wbiok  ha  thua  hel|)ed  to  low,  and  wbhih  ulU- 
mntaly  led  him  to  the  ecaHold  and  flooded  hie  conn- 
toy  wtlh  the  blood  of  Ito  noblcel  citlaent.  The 
^lley  adoptad  by  the  French  leadere  In  tho«e  tlmen, 
M  well  u  during  the  languid  war  of  18U,  wm  that 
Which  Memed  lo  them  fo  be  tha  bret  adapted  to 
tamiliata  the  nal'.on  that  had  tot  many  centuries 
kean  their  IradlUonal  Ibe.  Tet,  in  reality,  it  wm  Uie 
policy  that  wm  most  beneAcial  to  Oreat  Britain  and 
her  eolonlca,  and  the  most  dangcroua  that  could 
poHibly  liava  btwn  devised  for  the  peace  and  in- 
itrests  of  both  France  and  Hpaln.  Ten  years  after 
tiM  Independence  of  the  United  States  bad  been 
fbrmally  acknowledged,  the  hoad  of  the  French 
ktaigtell  nt  the  command  of  the  NaUonal  ConveoUon. 
The  germs  of  discontent  had  grown  Into  revoluUon, 
and  with  altamaUng  tenns  of  violence  and  external 
InaqaUlty,  It  hM  eonUnned  to  Imperil  the  socbil 
■aewity  01  the  people,  and  even  more  than  once  to 
•■dMger  Iha  political  existence  of  the  nation,  to  the 
priMPt  Ume. 

Through  the  military  supremacy  of  Napoleon,  the 
■paaionH  were  a  few  years  later  compelled  to  cede 
the  whole  of  their  extensive  possewiona  in  the  val- 
tay  of  the  Bf  iHlMlppI,  which  In  turn  were  transferred 
Iqr  Bonaparte  to  the  United  Btatee,  In  order  to 
WiMken  Sngland,  a  result  which  the  transfer  utterly 
tilled  to  accompUah.  The  ultimate  exhaiiaUnK  wan 
Whleh  Spain  snifered  at  the  hands  of  the  French 
emperor,  and  whleh  tnereaaed  the  hopea  of  inde- 
pendence In  her  colonies,  wm  another  of  the  fruits 
of  the  American  revolution,  which  she  had  so  eager- 
ly  abetted.  Indeed,  every  hope  which  Spain  and 
France  had  founded  on  the  action  of  the  thirteen 
eolonlm  wm  diaappointed.  Mot  a  single  anticipa- 
tion WM  realiaed :  but,  on  the  contrair,  the  utmost 
peril  resulted  to  the  people  of  both  natloas.  France 
lost  internal  peace,  and  Hpain  wh  soon  deprived  of 
the  gTMlMl  and  most  valuable  porUon  of  her  once 
■agnUcent  colonial  empire. 

No  event  in  history  ever  exercised  so  worid-wlde 
■n  Inllnenee  m  that  acUon  of  the  American  colonies. 
The  few  events  we  hsve  selected  for  mention  were 
the  direct  and  immediate  conseqnencos  of  it.  But 
the  acknowledgment  and  recognition  of  the  United 
States,  more  than  their  own  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence, prodneed  an  effect  which  wm  felt  far  and 
wide  among  the  nations.  If  it  stimulated  the  eanaittt 
of  Farls,  and  produced  a  Marat  and  a  Robespierre, 
It  also  vibrated  a  chord  in  the  hearts  of  every  op- 
presoed  people,  from  the  extreme  limits  of  Chill  to 
the  aorthem  frontier  of  Mexico.  The  British  colo- 
nists of  North  America  had  shown  to  all  colonists 
everywhere  that  it  was  possible  to  wage  a  war  of 
freedom  ogoinat  a  distant  power,  and,  under  favonr- 
able  condulons,  with  success.  ThoBe  conditions  did 
not  occur  In  the  ease  of  Spain  d'urin);  the  eighteenth 
eentuiy,  bat  they  did  In  the  early  part  of  the  nlne- 
tMoth,  and  wbeneTer  taken  Alvantsgo  oi;  the  end 


war  of  Um  KsvuluUon  atrenath 
ene<l.  and  tha  lovs  tor  Iheiu  grew  more  mature.  The 
pe«|ile  of  South  Amuriea  lost  nothing  by  delay.  It 
wiM  better  that  tbeydid  not  act  js  the  French  In 
France  had  dono,  upon  the  Imnnlse  of  the  moment. 
Time  served  to  more  deeply  Ingrain  the  desire  fur 
fntedom  Into  the  hearts  of  the  mss»es ;  and  when  the 
bluw  at  lut  WM  struck,  It  csms  with  muUliilioii 
fnroe,  and  wm  driven  home  with  incroasad  dtter- 
mination— the  determinaUon  thst  did  not  oompre- 
bend  defeat  The  pradenee  thns  Implied  must  not, 
however,  be  attributed  wholly,  or  perhaps  in  large 
port,  to  tha  colonlsta.  It  wm  necoMltaled  by  clr- 
enmstanoee.  Spain,  during  the  Anmrloan  rovolu- 
lionary  war,  wm  not  strong.  At  no  time  during  the 
great  wars  with  Napoleon  wm  she  strung.  But  so 
long  M  an  allfauwe  with  Franco  cuntlnued,  the 
eolonlM  oould  not  safelv  have  entered  upon  Ibe 
stmggls  for  fteedom.  Moreover,  even  so  Ula  M 
tha  last  eentury,  moral  influences  did  not  exerclM 
the  same  force,  nor  did  they  move  with  tho  wme 
speed,  that  they  do  now.  The  full  effect  of  the 
declaraUon  of  American  Independence  wm  not  isit 
In  the  South  br  many  years  after  It  had  been  made. 
II  WM  long  before  the  knowledge  of  Its  existence 
rMched  Feru,  still  longer  before  its  fuU  mnning 
was  appreciated,  and  longer  again  before  the  Spanish 
eoionlsts  fully  undentood  that  the  cause  which  had 
been  so  successfully  maintained  in  the  North,  otm 
theirs  to  win  also,  If  only  they  were  willing  to  bMe 
their  opportnnitv  and  act  with  unity  and  declaion. 
NevortuelcH,  a  nieling  of  impatience  at  the  rule  of 
Spain  WM  Mriy  peroepUble,  But  It  aMumed  for 
some  years  a  pawlve  form.  It  was,  however,  the 
flrst  munition  uf  ftituro  convulsion.  It  arose  simul- 
taneously In  all  the  colonies,  and  wu  probably  kept 
in  aboynnce  for  a  time  by  a  native  Inaurrocuon  In 
Peru,  which,  aithnuitb  It  wm  suatained  with  vari- 
able success  for  two'  yean,  was  at  iMt  brought  an- 
Htely  under  subjection  by  the  Spanish  troops,  who, 
OS  WM  their  custom,  barbarously  put  to  desih  the 
chief  men  of  the  party  in  rebellion,  and  their  families. 
This  began  six  ycsrs  after  the  "  DccUrtUon  of  Inde- 
pendence," and  WH  the  result  of  Spanish  oppression. 
It  WM  purely  a  naUvo  rising.  The  descendant.>i  of 
the  Incu,  from  the  Ume  when  lluana  Capao  had 
been  murdered  by  Piiarro,  had  never  ceased  to  de- 
msnd  ftiom  their  conquerora  certsin  nominal  privi- 
leges, In  consideration  of  their  rank  and  former  regal 
power.  Tbmngh  a  Mrira  of  gonrratlons  this  wm 
penlstenUy  rara«ed,  end  the  refnssi  wm  in  some 
Instances  accompanied  with  acts  of  barbarona 
cruelty,  m  a  warning  that  the  demand  should  nut  lie 
repeated.  But  It  wm  reiieated,  and  with  auch  eam- 
estnaM  and  pertinacity  that  the  concession  wm  at 
length  granted,  and  the  Spaniards  consented  lo  ao- 
knowledge  a  tlUe  which  they  had  three  centuriee 
before  tnod  to  effete  by  tbe  execution  of  the  iMt 
inea  at  Cuxco.  Hesrcefy  had  the  cnnccuion  been 
mode  era  tbe  SiianUb  authoritlua  nnented  of  their 
generosity,  and  raealled  tha  act  Bayu  Tupac,  In 
whose  person  thia  insult  wm  offered,  inimedlateiy 
raised  the  standard  of  revolt  and,  declaring  that  the 
moment  had  come  when  his  countnmen  should  free 
themselves  from  the  tyrannical  yoke  of  the  fonlgn- 
ers,  soon  gathered  around  htm  a  powerful  and 
aplrited  army  of  naUve  worrion.  For  the  spsce  of 
two  yein  the  contest  waa  nulntolned.  Daring  the 
earlier  part  of  Uiat  period  success  attended  upon 
tbe  native  troops,  hut  tbe  Spaniards,  increasing  tnehr 
efforts  and  their  furces,  ut  lenuth  gained  a  decisive 
victory.  Condorcunqul,  the  bead  of  tho  rebel  move- 
ment and  commander  of  tho  armies  of  tbe  Femvians, 
WM  taken  prisoner  and  executed.  Ills  family,  in- 
cluding his  wife  and  children,  shared  a  aimilar  bte ; 
and  were  soon  after  followed  to  the  scaffold  by  a 
large  number  of  their  adherents. 

By  these  means  Spanish  supremacy  wm  once  mora 
maintained.  But  it  was  not  to  be  of  long  duration. 
At  that  time  tho  district  known  u  Peru  extended 
o\'er  the  Rocky  Houutains,  and  comprised  a  vast 
area  of  territory.  The  insurrection  of  the  natives 
bad  ahown  the  expediency  of  effecting  a  closer  con- 
centration of  authority ;  and  to  that  oiid  the  province 
WM  divided.  Potoal,  La  Plata,  CluurcM,  Paraguay, 
and  Chlqnitos  were  formed  into  the  province  of 
Buenos  Ayres,  under  a  new  viceroyslty ;  and  Vene- 
xueht,  CaracM,  Qnatemala,  Cumana,  and  Chili  were 
set  apart  under  another  administration,  but  whose 
southern  limits  wcf*  left  very  undefined.  This  ap- 
peared to  be  a  mouure  of  aound  policy,  but  It  hod 
not  all  tbe  effect  tliat  wu  intended.  It  strengthened 
the  InJuencc  of  Spain  for  a  brief  period,  but  It  did 
not  reconcile  the  people  to  her  rule,  nor  did  It  pre- 
vent their  ultimate  Independence.  For  a  few  yearn, 
nothing  uf  importance  transpired,  but  the  feeling  In 
favour  of  freeduni  was  gradually  growing  stronger, 
and  the  condlUon  of  the  parent  countnr  was  be- 
coming more  suitable  for  the  purposus  of  the  eoio- 
nlsts. 


Wa  must  here  return  Int  a  momant  to  Um  wofk 
that  WM  being  prnseantad  by  Napoleon,  fur  It  now 
began  to  exereMe  a  irealar  and  a  mora  direct  tn« 
fluence  upon  the  ilesllny  of  South  America,  Tha 
NailunsI  Convention  of  France  having  daolaiad  Iha 
Intuntltin  to  pnipagate  npnblloan  Mcm  thrtmchoul 
the  nionarchlrs  orRurope,  by  eneoanging  all  dlo- 
affi't'l«(i  subjects  of  thcM  nsUons,  oniT  supporting 
them  In  any  revolt  Uist  they  might  undertake,  tha 
British  irnvemintnt  demanded  an  explanation,  which 
being  refused,  the  amhasMdor  of  tiM  lata  king  n- 
ceived  noUea  lo  oolt  the  kingdom,  and  In  consa* 
quenee  wsr  was  declared.  Eventful  m  this  war 
wu,  it  concerns  us  only  In  ao  fsr  m  it  placed  Bpsin 
at  the  merey  of  the  French.  A  part  of  mom  armlea 
of  the  repu^llo  whleh  overran  (he  west  uf  Knrepa, 
found  an  sMy  oonquMl  In  the  Peninsula,  and  it  wm 
with  comnaraUvely  small  effort  that  the  government 
at  Madrid  wm  bningbl  to  tha  fstt  of  Mspoleou.  It 
would  have  been  wall  If  the  hurallfaiUon  had  "nded 
there,  but  preMnUy  we  flnd  the  Bpanlah  government 

i'leldlng  lo  the  solleltaUnna  of  the  onoqaemr.  and 
ohilug  in  the  wsr  against  Inghuid.  One  of  tha 
Inl  oventa  that  fallowed  this  nub  enterpriM  wm 
tho  destruetton  of  the  Spanish  fleet  off  Ca|ia  St  Vin- 
cent Thia  was  at  the  moment  a  grievone  Ion  to 
France,  but  it  wm  far  more  serious  to  Snahi,  and  it 
left  her  mora  thsn  ever  at  Um  merey  of  llie  man  who 
then  ruled  the  desUnlee  of  her  powerfU  ally.  Na- 
poleon WM  not  slow  to  avaU  hImMll  of  tka  fkcl,  and 
nia  policy  soon  struck  the  flnal  blow  at  Bpaidsh  so- 
pramacy  eveirwhere,  even  while  he  wm  using  tha 
effeminate  mien  at  Madrid  to  Mrve  hie  own  ends. 


Ing  nneonquured,  seemed  Ukely  to  offer  any  acUve  re- 
slstance  to  bis  unlimited  oontrol  over  the  afloln  of 
the  ConUnent  In  thU  scheme  he  again  compelled 
Spain  to  Join  him,  and  to  devote  her  enUra  efforta 
with  his  to  destroy  British  supramaoy  on  tha 
soss.  By  that  means  he  hoped  net  only  to  elAict 
the  destruction  of  British  commerce,  bnt  also  to 
remove  the  only  obstacle  that  preMuted  Itself  to 
the  full  play  of  his  own  ambtUon.  But  the  victory 
of  Trafalgar  deatroyed  all  hia  hopes,  snd  shatteroa 
the  mariume  power  of  Spain  lo  a  dejiree  which  ren- 
dered it  helpless.  It  wh  the  ImI  ellort  of  a  fallea 
state,  and  It  faUed.  The  once  mighty  fbree  which 
had  been  wielded  by  Ferdinand  and  iMbella  wm 
now  completely  gone,  and  the  reslstanoe  which  tho 
Spanish  Uovemment  at  that  moment  eonld  hav* 
offered  agaluat  any  insurrecUon  in  her  colonies 
would  have  been  comparatively  futile,  Bnt  still  tha 
spatheUc  people  of  South  America  wen  slow  to 
avail  themMlvM  of  the  opportunity  that  now  had 
coma  lo  them.  They  seemed  sUU  to  bck  a  stimulua 
to  aoUon.  An  attack  made  by  a  small  British  foroa 
In  1007,  upon  Buenoe  Ayres,  might  have  been  made 
available,  but  It  wm  not  Tbe  native  Inhabitanta 
wen  paosive,  or  they  opposed  the  ssMllonts,  and  it 
remained  for  other  causM  at  length  to  rouse  them 
into  a  movement  for  Ihiedom. 

Since  tbe  evaciutlon  of  Braiil  by  the  Dnteh,  tLil 
rich  country  bad  remained  in  the  peaceful  posses- 
sion of  the  Porlugnen.  It  had  partaken  of  many  of 
the  rMtrictlons  which  had  Impeded  the  progreH  o( 
the  Spanish  colonies.  The  Houm  of  Bragonxa  hue 
shown,  In  succeHlve  gcneniUons,  a  marked  genius 
for  government  but  In  the  early  days  of  south 
American  setUement,  there  wu  no  higher  vslue  at- 
tached to  colonies  than  the  wealth  that  They  might  ha 
made  to  bring  to  tho  Imperial  treuury.  Any  pro- 
gress whleh  Breall  had  made  wu  due  to  its  own 
raagnitlcent  rooourecs,  for  their  development  wh 
rastrtcted  and  Imund  duwn  by  the  most  vexaUoos 
decreea  from  the  parent  state.  But  again,  Napoleon 
unlntenUonally  contributed  to  change  all  this.  When 
Spain  WM  no  longer  of  any  use  to  him,  he  sought 
new  expedients  to  demolish  the  trade  of  England. 
His  Berlin  decree  declaring  tlie  British  ports  to  be  in 
a  atate  of  blockade,  wm  one  of  these.  But  tha 
friendly  cnmmeraial  relations  that  had  existed  be- 
tween Portugal  and  England  were  an  Impediment  to 
its  operaUon.  He  therefore  sent  u  spoeial  embassy 
to  Lislwn  with  a  request  that  the  Government  should 
at  once  close  Its  ports  against  Oreat  Britain,  and 
that  every  Englishman  then  in  the  country  should  be 
arrested  and  ms  projierty  confiscated.  The  request 
wu  backed  by  a  threat  that  wnr  would  be  the  con- 
sequence of  refusal.  Bnt  tbe  reply  was  not  waited 
for,  though,  if  It  had  been,  the  nature  of  It  may  very 
readily  be  anUclpatod.  Portugal  could  not  taava 
•omplied  with  euch  an  order.  Her  hononr  stood  in 
the  way  In  one  direction,  and  treaties  which  she  had 
made  with  England  would  also  hsve  precluded  aub- 
mission.  Nevertheless,  tho  Prince  Regent,  to  avoid 
war,  attempted  a  compromiso ;  he  did  consent  lo  the 
flnt  part  of  the  demand,  and  tho  ports  were  doaed. 
Meanwhile  Portuguese  vessels  in  French  ports  had 
been  seized,  and  in  a  tew  weeke  a  large  Franck  army 
wu  on  tbe  niarab  for  Portugal,  ^nder  the  command 
of  Hanhal  Jtiuot,  comriug  with  him  a  formal  dee 


■OUTH  AMIRIOA. 


ffi 


kMltoa  koa  NmoIm«  UmI  tb«  booM  of  BnfMM 
WM  dapoMd,  DmUbIm  •  mhImI  oo  tonM  o(  in- 
MiumT  whMi  iudM«4  dafwt  iMvttabU,  lk«  ■•• 
Mi  raliNd  Ika  whol*  ol  Um  mUomI  troop*  to  tha 
•M  vuMt,  tod  with  bto  Ikmlljr  Md  •  braa  body  of 
•UlMmla  UA  tha  ooantry  tot  Braall  wban  Juoot 
WM  oroMlag  Um  tnmttor.  Tb*  noaptlon  wbloh  hi 
Nctlvcd  In  tha  Amitiloan  eoloajr  wit  of  tba  moit 
tiitbiutaatlo  daaoiiptloD,  and  the  policy  lmiD«dlal«ly 
loauBmnltid  bad  a  mariud  eflaoi  upon  tba  wrallb 
and  uaTelopmant  of  tba  oountry.  HaitrlctloD*  wara 
niiiovad  from  trada,  tba  porta  wara  upanad  to  cum- 
m«rc«,  laxaa  wara  adjuilad,  prlTlU>g««  aitandod  to 
Iha  paopla,  prlollac-pr«iMaa  wara  Intruduoad,  aduca- 
tloo  waa  promotau,  aod  In  a  very  brhif  apaoa  tba 
provluoa  Md  anturad  npun  •  naw  ara  of  oslatanca, 
wbkb  tarrad  not  a  llttla  to  KlTa  tba  nalgbborlm 
•panlab  oolonlaa  tba  loipnlaa  that  tbay  aaawed  to 
laoalra. 

Tba  atragRla  for  iDdapandaooa  now  broka  ont  with 
mat  Tlolaiioa  In  botb  Oblll  and  Buanoa  Ayrat.  In 
tna  lattar  provlnoa  tha  paopla  anddaoly  roaa  with  a 
datermlnalion  that  was  In  markad  oootraat  witb  tba 
•ppaiant  Indlffaranoa  that  bad  ao  long  obaraoturliad 
tuani.  Tbay  wera  mtaaaorad  with  unnilantInK  fury, 
and  tba  ntmoat  ernalUaa  wara  pat  Into  operaUoD  to 
iuppraia  them.  But  tboaa  maaauraa  bad  thair  ao- 
cualomad  oltaot.  Tba  tplril  that  longad  for  fnia- 
dom  had  now  grown  Into  i  roaoluta  datarmlnatlon  to 
aaoura  It.  Baiora  a  yoar  bad  paaied  away,  the  poo- 
plu  radoublad  tbair  afforti,  and  this  Uma  with  Dioro 
aosoaaa.  Tbay  d«po«)d  tha  VIoaroy,  droTa  hliu 
from  tba  oounvy,  abolUbad  all  emblenu  of  Spanlah 
authority,  and  appubitad  a  provlilunal  govamment 
(pim  among  thamtelvea. 

A  aUatlar  ttragglo  waa  baing  cnaotod  olroont 
almnltanaoutly  In  t'blll,  although  at  one  tlino  a 
Hpaulab  army  from  tba  nalghburlng  provluva  of 
Para  tbreatanad  to  obllteratv  The  hopva  of  the  poo- 

i|o.    Tha  oolony  bad  boon  dlTldad  Into  thlrtuun  UIh- 

.  jcla,  the  wbola.  baIng  at  tbut  lime  under  th«  gov- 
arnorahlu  of  tianaral  Carraivu.  fur  tuinu  Uiiia  atrlct 
unanimity  could  nut  bo  bruuubt  about  among  Uiu 
tnhabllania  In  thcia  lavural  dutrlcta,  but  ut  luiiglh 
au  luiurnwtlou  waa  auccaaatully  Initiated,  aiid  Car- 
rawo  waa  depuMd.  The  coulaat  waa  waged  wlUi 
unpracedanted  vlulenou  ou  botb  •Idea.  Tbo  great 
aquare  of  Santiago  became  the  avona  of  tome  or  tha 
moat  daaparate  uuiidlcta  between  tbo  peoplo  and  the 
Spanlah  troopa.  The  atrccta  flowed  with  bloud. 
Women  aud  children  fell  beforv  the  muiket  abut* 
and  bayonet  cbargai  of  the  Infuriated  aoldlera.  But 
deiplto  repeated  rovaraoa,  and  the  neceatlty  for  a 
peraUtunt  aud  tung-ouutiuuout  effort  on  the  part  of 
tba  patriots  (he  current  of  aucauM  for  four  long 
yeara  ran  In  their  favour.  Diving  tke  whole  of  thC 
period  the  country  remained  lu  t  jo  lianda  of  a  pro- 
viflonal  government,  all  attempta  by  the  Bpanlab 
authorttlea  to  remove  It  being  nmiuccetaful.  One  of 
th?  ablcat  leaden  of  the  people — Don  Juan  Carrera 
—waa  at  the  head  of  the  popular  foroea,  and  the 
encncy  and  aklU  with  which  be  defended  the  oauae 
lell  uTtle  room  for  failure.  Finding  it,  at  Uat,  Im- 
poatibio  to  regain  the  lupremacv  by  meona  at  their 
oiapoaol  in  the  province*,  the  SpanUrda  uontnotad 
tbemislvea  witb  a  dofenalve  atrategy,  but  made  ez- 
artlona  at  the  tome  time  to  ruiao  au  army  iu  Peru, 
widch  ttill  remained  loyal  to  the  old  flag.  With 
theae  treah  troopa  Chill  waa  Invaded  by  the  Spanlah 
Oeneral  Taroja.  Ue  waa  mot  a  abort  way  acroaa  the 
frontier  t)y  Carrera  and  twice  defeatt'd.  Ou  the 
tecundoccaalon  be  waa  forced  to  retreat  tuwarda  the 
boundary  line  of  the  province,  but  being  met  on  lilt 
way  by  atrong  relnforcemeuta,  ho  again  gavo  battle 
to  the  puraulng  colomna  of  the  enemy,  and  thia  time 
with  mure  aucc  'aa.  Cnrrortt  waa  defeutod,  bis  troopa 

Eut  to  flight,  and  the  great  cauM)  lor  which  they  had 
iken  up  arma  fell  panilyzed— but  nut  dead.  I'arojA 
overran  the  country  and  laid  it  waate.  Vlliagos  and 
towna  were  ruthleaaiy  piiiaged,  women  and  cliiidron 
Inaulted  and  butohorod  at  the  ploavuru  of  the  pro- 
fligate Spanlah  troopa ;  and,  thut  struck  down,  tlio 
country  had  uuco  mure  tu  own  alle^aneu  to  the 
tyrannical  rnlo  of  ik>  former  maators.  The  aubmla- 
aluu  wua  nut  for  lung,  however.  The  iiweuta  of 
liberty  once  taatad,  fere  not  tu  be  thus  oai>i!y  put 
away  furovcr;  and  in  the  ni'Xt  struggle  Chili  not 
rnly  vin  Heated  herself,  butuidod,  with  aomefotvign 
aaalttauce,  to  tecuro  the  iudepondouce  of  her  neigh- 
bour. 

The  aplrit  of  iniurrection  thut  dominant  In  the 
South,  wat  no  leta  active  in  the  North.  While  Chill 
Wat  atrikiug  her  flrat  blowt  for  freedom,  the  peuple 
of  Ecuador  made  aoveral  attempta  to  free  thcmaclvc* 
fruiii  Spanlah  rule  at  Quito,  and  the  movement  receiv- 
ed the  tympatliy  of  the  pupuUtlon  throughout  Vcnu- 
luela     Sevonif  hotly  cunCeetud  battlea  were  (ought. 


In  which  tbe  popular  troops  iralnod  alnial  succossoa. 
Tbe  fortreta  of  Puerto  Cabeuo,  one  of  the  moat  kU' 
purtant  In  the  province,  fell  Into  their  handt,  and 
waa  placed  soon  aflar  under  the  keeping  of  tlie 
(uinoua  Bolivar,  whoae  name,  with  that  of  Miranda, 
hit  superior  lu  command  at  thai  time,  on  among 


Iha  BiMl  aoMDleaoae  la  the  hiatory  of  Booth  Ame^ 
laea  Independanea.  BattbUfbrtbadbaannMtdelbe 
nce^hula  for  Bpentoh  prtaoMra,  whow  lahhw  •  flk> 
Towable  opportunity,  roae  to  Iha  namber  of  Hflaaa 
huBdred  aaunal  tba  garrlaon,  killed  Iha  guarda,  and 
took  tha  citadel )  upon  whish  evaul,  tha  place  wia 
evacuated  by  the  Inanrganta,  who,  being  oompelled 
to  accept  tha  terma  of  paaoa  offered  than  by  Hon- 
tavarda,  once  more  daelarad  alleghuioe  to  Bpalo. 
Miranda  waa  made  priaoner  and  acul  to  Oadli.  where, 
after  aeveral  yaara'  oonflnament,  loaded  with  Irona, 
In  a  dungeon  of  a  tmall  fortreaa,  be  died  mlae^ 
ably. 

The  IU  fkU  of  hU  oblaftoln  atlmulatad  BoUvar  to 
renewed  exertluna  In  tha  cauaa  of  liberty.  Tha 
parent  oountry  Uy  prottrat*  at  tba  feet  of  Napoleon, 
and  ha  jrltely  cooolnded  that  the  opportunity  waa 
one  thM  abould  not  be  luat.  Aeoompanlad  by  a 
tmall  band  of  Itaa  than  a  thonaand  tdhoronta,  ha 
tueceaalvely  drove  tba  Bptnlth  troopa  from  ttaUon 
to  lUtloo,  tUI  ha  arrived  at  Bogota,  at  that  time  tbe 
centre  of  government  of  Nuw  Oranada.  Hare  be 
waa  duly  honored  by  the  Confrcee  of  that  province, 
which  bappaned  to  be  In  aettloo  at  tbe  tbne ;  aod, 
after  having  been  formally  placed  in  topreme  com- 
mand of  tbe  force*  of  tbo  liiaurgenia,  be  eonllnned 
bit  tuceettfui  march  to  Oaricaa,  raoelvlng  dally  new 
acnulaltloni  to  bla  atrengtli  a*  he  proceedM.  Several 
tklrmUhei  took  pla'-e  with  (mall  banda  of  the 
enemy,  In  which,  bei",  uniformly  ancoctaful,  tbe 
troopa  took  frcah  courage  to  make  an  attack 
upon  the  Bpanlth  general  himaelf.  In  thIa  Monta- 
verde  waa  tlgnoUy  defeated,  and  anch  waa  tbe 
rupldlty  with  which  tbe  native  army  now  advanced, 
that  the  Bpanlarda  wrra  glad  to  come  to  term*. 
C'aricaa  toon  after  capitulated,  and  Bolivar  entered 
the  place  In  triumph,  proclaiming  bimtelf  dictator 
and  liberator  of  the  woatem  pruvluce*. 

But,  unhappily,  the  aucceta  waa  not  of  long  dura- 
tion. The  man  who  had  thua  carried  tbe  popular 
canto  to  ao  glorluua  a  retult,  blled  to  retain  tbe 
conUdonce  he  had  gained.  The  title  of  "  dictator," 
whU'li  ho  had  aaaumo<l,  wti  not  to  be  In  hit  mind  an 
amptj  name.  Not  content  with  tbo  honoura  be  bad 
won,  lie  lio.(an  to  abow  an  Inclination  for  aeouring 
to  himacll  un  almott  dfltpoUo  power.  At  leut,  be 
wot  tuapectcd  by  the  people  of  tbit  dotire,  and  the 
tuiploion  wut  probably  nut  without  very  good  cauae. 
Dittenclona,  accordingly,  aroie,  and  although  a  Junta 
of  the  ieudliig  Inhabluntt  prevailed  upon  BoUvar  to 
retain  the  aupremu  authority,  the  Bpanlarda  were 
quick  to  take  advantage  of  the  tone  of  diaaltcctlon 
which  thoy  noticed.  On  one  occaaion,  ahortly  after 
a  aeaalon  of  tiie  Junta,  at  which  tbe  general  had  ax- 
preaaed  bis  decision  to  accede  to  tbe  wlahea  expieaaed 
to  bim,  the  newa  came  tliat  a  Bpanlab  force  wa* 
marching  u|ion  La  Puerta.  Bolivar  haatenod  to  try 
and  fonn  a  Junction  witb  tlie  amall  army  under 
Mai'ino,  and  aueccedod;  but  the  combined  forcea 
were  Immediately  attacked,  and  defeated  with  great 
alaugbter.  Caraca*  waa  retaken,  and  BoUvar  fled  to 
Tunja,  In  New  Granada,  wiiera  Congiau  gave  htm 
Increased  power*,  making  blm  commander-in-chief 
of  the  army,  and  entruating  to  blm  an  Important 
mlaalon  agalnat  the  only  remaining  Spaniib  atrong- 
hold  In  that  province.  Thto  waa  not  carried  out,  but 
he  took  Santa  Fo,  forced  Bogota  to  capitidate,  and 
defeated  the  Spanlah  troop*  In  aeveral  minor  engage- 
ment*. In  the  midat  of  theae  «ucce*ae8,  new*  wa* 
brought  blm  of  tbe  expected  arrival  of  airong  reln- 
forcementa  for  the  enemy  from  Spain,  whereupon 
he  aomewhat  haatlly  left  the  couut^,  and  aalled  for 
Jamaica. 

Ills  cunduct)  In  thu*,  a*  it  were,  deaerting  tbe 
cauae  at  a  critical  moment,  whan  bla  proacnce  wa* 
moat  llkoly  to  bo  needed,  ho*  been  greatly  con- 
demned. But,  much  aa  an  unfavourable  crftlclam 
may  apparently  be  Juatltled,  mure  light  than  we  at 
proaent  possess,  or  perhaps  ever  can  puaae**,  to 
show  the  ulterior  niutlves  tliat  he  had,  shiiuld  be 
required  before  ho  Is  unequivocally  blamed.  The 
sincerity  of  Bolivur  should  be  Judged  by  the  great 
work  woich  be  accompUshcd.  Thoro  la  no  reason 
tu  question  cither  hi*  courage  or  his  patriotism. 
Personal  ainbitiun  aometimos  swayed  his  Judgment; 
but  the  dinicnltlos  that  he  had  to  encounter  were 
exceedingly  great,  and  although  at  tlmea  tbe  roeana 
be  took  to  anrmount  Uiem  wore  of  a  character  dlf- 
forent  from  what  might  bo  expoctod,  oa  we  review 
them  at  the  preacnt  diatance,  and  through  the  miat 
of  only  partial  knowledge,  they  were  gecerally  at- 
tended by  Bucceas. 

Ho  romalnod  aovctal  months  at  Kingston,  dorlng 
the  whole  of  which  time  the  Spanish  general,  Morillo, 
WHS  devastating  New  Grenada  almoat  unimpeded, 
and  punishing  the  native  population  with  the  cruel- 
ties Inherent  In  bla  rac<<.  But  Bolivar  was  not  Idle. 
At  tbo  comrooncemont  of  the  Revolution,  he  had 
Tlalted  England,  to  jpurcbaae  anna  and  to  enllat  tbe 
aympatbie*  of  the  British  people.  Tbe  frienda  be 
made  on  that  occasion  now  aloud  by  him.  llicy 
fitted  out  a  vessel  of  war,  fully  equipped,  and 
stored  with  arma  and 'ammunition  for  nve  thouaand 


■Ma,an  ol  whieb  to  <ity  ier«lM«  wkaa  Mlar  MM 
nofielloa  of  Um  Mttefe  Jw.  Hi  iIm  aoDMtil 
Mvtnl  Mgra  NftoeMle  tat  ^k,  ttNOy  MIM  Mi 


with  It  be  at  length 
the  efforU  of  theltpa 


nadar  varv  fkir  fiaelpUne.    the  oigaalMtloa  of  iMa 
fbree  reeelved  hi*  eoMtaal  peiio«ai  atlcnltoB .  m  4 
th  ael  aafl  tor  Vaneneta.    liar* 
ipMhtrd*  had  not  been  ytrj  ener* 

direo'ed.  liorUlo  nnwieel/  eoalented  him 

**lf  wlw  overranninf  Grenada,  and  Iha  llaulaaaala 
whom  BoUvar  had  left  bahlod  him,  takhig  advanteM 
of  tbe  error,  had  ooneentmted  tliev  attention  ebtanr 
upon  tha  nelghboarlng  piovlnee,  witlch  leaalnea 
Arm  hi  the  pojinlar  eanaa.    For  a  long  time,  bow^ 


ever,  personal  Jaalonaiea  and  rlvalrlae  among  lh*a« 
leaden  wa*  a  mUehlavoua  aqd  almoat  fklal  Unpadi* 
ment  to  the  allbri*  of  Um  eommaodarln-cblef,  who 
anfftred  aavarai  detaata  before  to  reeelved  Ito 
aoknowledgmaot  Ital  waa  daa  bla  from  Me  own 
party,  Traiiebery  In  Ito  pomdar  laata  aiao  added 
to  Uie  difllculUee  Itol  to  tod  to  eoalend  wiUi,  and 
notwittotanding  aU  hi*  effort*,  Ito  ■paalarda  in  • 
few  montha  obtained  Doaaeaaloa  of  •  vael  lerrtlorj 
whieh  bad  long  danlea  their  aalhorllj. 

But  at  tliladarti  atage of  affUra,  mnjot  tone amd> 
denly  gleamed  upon  Ito  Inanrganla.  Tto  tngUik 
eapUIn  who  bad  lieen  entraated  with  tto  vteetriant 
out  to  Bolivar  In  tha  Weal  Indlee,  had  ahortty  before 
appeared  off  tha  coaat  of  GuUna,  where,  In  eoneert 
with  a  native  chieftain,  a  tneceaaful  attack  vae 
made  upon  tba  Bpanlab  fort*,  and  In  a  tew  week* 
the  entire  province  waa  freed  from  foreign  yoke. 

ThIa  aodden  good  fortune  Inaptared  new  hopea  into 
tbe  people ;  and  almoat  timnltaneonaly  with  an  In- 
tended expedition  into  Grenada  ttore  appeared  npon 
the  coeat  a  flotUla  from  England  with  ttrong  rein- 
forcementa  In  men,  money,  ansa,  and  amnnluon  for 
tha  popular  cauae.  BoUvar  now  acted  with  deter- 
mined reaolntlun.  CoUectlng  all  the  foroea  at  bla 
command,  be  c  itted  tto  Andea,  and  teignlilg  • 
march  througli  \  onexuebk,  he,  with  a  few  reglmenia 
of  Kngllahmen,  marched  direet  npun  Bogota,  driving 
tbe  few  Spaolth  troopt  Itot  ha  met  with  before  him, 
and  without  much  delay  entering  Uie  oltv  In  triumph. 
Here  be  re-eatabllabed  the  Congreaa  and  organlatd  m 
government,  placing  General  Santander  In  chief 
command  of  the  foroea,  and  deflnlog  (be  autliorlty 
of  variona  aubordlnate  departmenia.  From  Ihte 
time  tbe  alar  of  Spain  did  not  recover  tie  aacendaney. 
MorUlo  gradiuUy  rvUred  before  the  victorloaa  armlae 
of  the  people,  aud  soon  after  concluded  a  tlz  montto' 
trace. 

But  all  dUBcnlUee  had  not  ceaaed.  BoUvar  had 
learcely  recognlied  bla  triumph  tofoie  the  newa 
wu  brought  blm  that  Arltmondl,  one  of  bla  mnet 
trutty  generalt,  tod  permitted  bimtelf  to  to  choaen 
vlce-pretldont  by  the  Congreai  of  Angoatuia,  over 
an  officer  who  bad  been  pbced  In  ttot  potlUon  by 
the  Commander-in-Chief.  An  Immedbte  advance 
waa  made  npon  the  place,  Arlamendl  waa  taton 
pritonar  and  ezUed,  the  former  vlce-pretldent  waa 
replaced,  and  In  a  few  montha  tbe  (wo  Congraaaea 
of  New  Grenada  and  Veneiuela  were  caUad  to- 
gether, and  the  province*  were  at  once  united  into 
one  lepnbUc  under  the  Ulle  ut  Colombia,  with 
Bolivar  na  Prealdent 

Although  In  one  aenaa  the  conqneat  waa  now  com- 
plete, the  Speniurda  oonUnued  for  aome  (hne  to  give 
trouble.  Seven  of  the  provincea  of  New  Grenade 
etui  remained  aubjeot  to  them,  aa  aiao  did  two  of 
the  provincea  in  Veneiuela.  They  llkewlae  held 
Cartagena  and  Panama.  A*  *oon  aa  MortUo  bad 
completed  tbe  amuigement  for  the  tlz  month** 
truce,  he  returned  ta  Spain ;  leaving  General  Miguel 
de  la  Torro  lu  chief  command.  Uu  departure  waa 
regarded  with  tome  auspicion  by  BoUvar,  who 
feared  that  reinforccmenta  might  poaaibly  to  aent 
out  In  reaponte  to  tbe  ropreeentiitlon*  of  the  general. 
He  neveitheles*  falthfiuly  adhered  to  the  term* 
under  which  he  bad  agreed  to  suipend  hoatUiUia 
But  directly  after  tbe  expiration  of  tbe  period 
agreed  upon,  determined  to  allow  the  enemy  no 
further  opportunity  of  regaining  atrength,  Bolivar 
made  a  deapcrate  attack  upon  tto  army  imder  La 
Turre  at  Carabobo,  before  which  the  royaUtt  troopa 
gave  way  on  all  aldea.  The  energy  and  rapidity 
with  which  the  movement  waa  effected  panuyiad 
retistance.  The  native  troopa  cat  down  tbelr  oppo- 
nents In  every  direction,  thowlng  lltUe  mercy ;  but 
rather  a  retolve  to  avenge  tbe  tyranny  ander  which 
they  tod  so  long  anflerra.  Tbelr  loaaea  in  thIa  abort 
but  impoitont  conflict,  havo  been  aet  by  aome  aa 
high  at  8,000  man,  but  whUe  thla  U  protably  tai 
-Ueeat,  the  actoal  amonnt  waa  certainly  very  great 
The  whole  of  tbelr  taggage  and  fleld  artlUery  fdl 
Into  the  posaettlon  ol  the  patrlota,  who  thua  gave 
the  final  blow  to  Spanlah  rnlo  In  Veneiuela.  It  waa 
the  decisive  action  of  tha  revolntlon.  Cartagena 
toon  after  capitulated,  and  the  Bpanlarda  wera 
driven  auccetalvely  out  of  Puerto  Catollo  and  tto 
province*  of  Genlto,  OnayaquU  and  Pasto,  aU  ot 
which  wore  at  once  incorporated  Into  the  Repnbllo 
of  ColombU. 
Shnultaneoutly  vrlth  the  riihig  of  the  people  fea 


HISTOBT  or 


ijrrM,  ol  whkb  lamUaa  kai  Imm  mtit,  or 
M  MM  MUr  M  Um  fom  of  Um  movmiMnt  oouM  b* 
imNmnI.  Um  ftngvajraiM  tlio  look  mIIob  Id  Ika 
WHM  III  InilapradoiKi*.  Out  thtlr  tttbrUi  won  (oom 
«liHililwi,  Milt  Ui*  hUtonr  of  Uiuin  uruMiiU  IIIU*  llul 
I*  of  liiltirMt.    Than  dlMlhaUuD  luuk  Um  funn,  ta 


•n-w«r«  traaUi 


0,  or 
III  b* 


TlMla«i- 


1  br  Um  iwouw,  mm!  •  Jiintit  eun- 
I  i  tluii  1  uDiDbcr  uf  Um  principal  fcibiblUnta  wm  ■! 
onui  RimMil,  At  loon  u  Ibb  banam*  kiiowa,  tb« 
Mpanbh  nutlioriUiM  lltlad  out  an  army  4n  Buanoa 
Ayr**  uadwr  (ianrrai  Belgtaou,  but  It  wia  dufeatad 
whb  ouiMhlorabl*  luat ;  and  f  rmu  that  tlma  no  Im- 

Kortaut  allurta  wara  luida  by  Hpain  to  ilnngthan 
ar  potlUoii  In  tbit  raiflon.  Wa  tiiall  hava  to  raour 
lo  Um  uTaal4  In  ranguay,  wblcb  waa  not  fully 
aiikiMwladj(ud  a*  an  IndauoadanI  atata  till  a  raoant 
data,  bnt  In  the  nioaairhUa  wo  muat  ralurn  to  tba 
ntora  atrtklog  oecurraneaa  thai  wara  takbig  pUc*  on 
Jk*  oppoaitu  tMa  uf  tha  eooUnant. 

Tba  vleturW*  galnad  by  I'aroja  oTar  Cansra,  the 
Uadar  of  tha  paMot  forcM  la  Chill,  lad  to  tha  tub- 
JavUuu  of  that  provluea  for  a  apaca  uf  abont  thraa 
yaart.  Tha  work  waa,  during  Uiat  Intarral,  adrauoad 
i|Ulvtly  In  La  Plata,  wbara  nutmonta  of  annad  man 
wan  baing  cUndo<llnaly  but  vary  •fl'aotaaUy  drlilad 
mder  tba  auaplcaa  of  UanertI  8tu  MarUn,  a  leader 
nnly  aacond  to  bollrtr  In  pttrioUc  laal  and  military 

Senlnt.    Mutbing  could  evinco  the  apathy  of  tha 
panith  oominandara  In  America  it  tbu  time,  mora 


coraplalaly  than  the  mltlaka  of  allowing  IhU  irmy 

■     -^  ■•  .  terrl- 

b  they  at  luatt  aflavtod  to  buld 
voulroL     Bat  no    meanly  certainly   no  effeotual 


to  b4  rdlaad,  txiulppad,  and  dUolpllned  within 
tory  ovur  wlilca  they  at  luatt  aflevtod  to  buld  toma 


wuuwa  vBa  AV^V       MV        MavwtiH*       VVI  laiUIT       UW      OUWklMU 

inauua,  wero  taken  to  lolvrtere  with  tha  proccedlngt 
uf  Han  MarUn,  wbu,  when  all  waa  In  rvadlnew, 
croitud  the  fronUtir,  marched  Intu  Chill,  garo  liatUa 
to  the  SpauUrda  at  Chacabucu,  and  dufeatad  them 
with  Kreat  biat.  The  tide  of  furtuoe  waa  changed 
lo  a  rabaequcnt  engagement,  but  aucceaa  waa  at 
onarvaUng  to  the  HpanUrdt  at  defeat  In  thlt  In- 
atance  more  to,  tor,  while  retUng  In  oomulaoeucy 
over  tba  reault  of  a  victory  gained  agalnat  the  In- 
auigonU  at  Chanoharayadt,  tlio  Chilian  general  tud- 
danly  tell  noun  them  with  a  atrung  force  and  ruutod 
thum  ruiupleUily,  pulUug  all,  except  a  yvry  amall 
iiomber,  to  the  awnrd.  Thlt  victory  waa  decltlve, 
Uiougb  out  Hnal,  tinea  the  BpanUb  tn>opa  kept  up  a 
detuTtory  ivttem  of  warfare,  clinging  ixirtlnacloutly 
lo  a  tew  minor  poata  In  the  eountn,  trum  whonca 
Ihay  had  tu  bo  dliiplacad  by  tuccetalTe  tttocki:  It 
tooK  pUoe  In  the  year  18:1^  but  a  conttltuUoii  wat 
■ot  Unalljr  completed  till  Artorn  yeara  after.  During 
the  greater  part  of  the  Interval,  the  affolra  of  the 
provTuoa  wera  In  the  bandi  of  a  dictator,  and  It  It 
worthy  of  note  that  after  the  framing  ot  the  ContU- 
tutluu  nearly  llvu  yoara  wen  occupied  In  ounalder 
log  and  amending  the  draft,  bisfora  it  wat  promiil- 
gaoid.  But  although  thlt  delay  U  ttrangely  olUbrcnt 
Irom  what  a  more  enorgotle  pcuple  would  be  likely 
to  tolerate.  It  wo;*  probably  In  great  muature  duo  tu 
tiM  eventt  that  woro  enacting  In  the  ai^acent  prov- 
ince of  Peru. 

Thlt  wat  the  Ittt  of  the  colonlci  to  give  up  al- 
legiance t»  Spain.  It  h'lt  been  a  queatlun  whether 
the  Ulvltlon  of  the  aoutbem  pMvincea  Into  tbrae 
teparata  lurladlcUona,  to  which  allutlon  baa  already 
been  maoo,  dckiycd  or  battened  the  expultlou  of  the 
Bpanlardt.  Un  the  one  tide,  it  it  nimd  that  If  the 
divlilon  had  not  taken  place,  the  loyalty  that  to 
long  marked  the  Peruvlann  would  have  lieen  ahtrod 
In  By  the  whole  ot  the  provhicci.  Un  tlio  utbrr.  It 
la  trguod  that  If  the  dlvialun  bail  not  tukcn  pluco, 
Peru  would  have  been  carried  ulong  In  the  current 
Uiat  rolled  over  La  Plata  and  Chili,  und  that  iU  in- 
depondeuco  would  have  been  ueciiiiiplisbed  curlier 
than  It  WOK.  It  iiiattera  little  whieh  view  bo  hiken, 
but  the  tacond  accma  tu  bo  tbu  more  reiinonablo,  and 
tu  be  the  betler  warranted.  Y«t  it  only  delayed  the  la- 
luo  a  veiy  abort  time.  The  oventa  taking  place  lu  Chill 
were  not  wiUiuut  their  efleet  umin  Uio  Peruvtanii, 
who  began  to  dc!<lre  for  tlieinaoivea  a  Hharo  of  the 
tncdoui  which  tlioir  nelgbbuura  had  won,  Twu 
yeora  ebtpavd,  during  wiiicli  the  alrength  nf  the 
popular  party  daily  Increased,  till,  at  the  end  of  that 
umo,  Han  MarUn  marched  with  an  urniy  out  uf  Chill, 
and  auucecdod,  without  much  dlOlculty,  In  gaining 
poatcttlun  of  the  caplttL  Remaining  long  enough 
M  recmit  tbo  cncrglet  and  nnmbera  of  hit  troopa, 
ha  then  attacked  the  Spaniarda  Jntbc  fleld,  and 
drove  them,  after  a  auecedaion  of  rlctorioa.  Into  the 
iolerlor.  The  independence  of  tha  provinee  woe 
forthwith  proclaimed,  and  San  Martin  named  pro- 
tector. But  the  enemy  wero  not  yet  llually  defeated. 
Tba  Chilian  general  bad  been  unable  to  fnlluw  up 
ht»  incceaaei,  partly  from  luck  of  men,  and  partly 
from  a  want  ot  teal  among  the  people,  who,  whilo 
heartily  tympathizlng  In  the  canto  and  hating  tbe 
Spanlardt,  nevertbeleM  aoemod  to  veir  much  prefer 
that  the  work  of  liberation  ahonld  bo  done  for  ihom, 
Uian  tiiat  they  ahonld  be  put  to  too  mneli  trouble 
themavlvet.  The  Spanith  cuniniiinder  kept  up  for 
•vHoa  Ume  a  haratting  warfare,  which  San  llartiu 


ftiMd  hbnaalf  anabia  to  atop,  and  under  tbuae  elr- 
eunialaneaa  ha  aanl  maaeangera  to  Bolivar  aaking 
(or  aatlatanea.  Tbia  waa  raadUy  granlad  |  bnt  the 
companUva  lallan  whieb  had  rMMlarad  tha  demand 
neeeaaary,  combined  with  objeetlona  that  bad  been 


taken  to  other  parla  of  bla  policy,  had  randarad  San 
Martin  nnpopular,  During  a  leniu'irary  abieur*  of 
tha  gananil,  aoroo  Bpanlahforcaa  nail  again  aniarad 


Lima,  and  ralaod  one*  mon  the  atandard  of  i|ialn, 
Bolivar,  tharefora,  marched  dIraoUy  apon  th*  oaultaL 
tha  enemy  dotcrUng  It  on  hia  approaoh.  He  did  not 
d«lay,  but  Immadlalaly  tat  about  croaaing  tha  Audea, 
determined  to  follow  tba  Bpaulab  troopa  Ull  Ihay 
wen  vllliar  defaatad  or  driven  oul  of  tha  ci>antry. 

At  th*  h*ad  of  abont  laa  thonaand  men,  ha  overlook 
them  on  th*  plalna  of  Janin,  and  galnad  a  great  vic- 
tory, th*  enamy  b*lng,  to  all  appaarance,  ullcrly  d*- 
morallwd.  BoAvar  ralumed  toUma,  laavlng  Uaneral 
Bnen,  a  ColombUn  olBcrr  of  much  rvpala,  to  corn- 
plat*  the  work,  h*  himaalf  undartaklnv  lo  raorganUa 
and  aatabllah  tha  goTammebt,  which,  nbder  Ban 
Martin,  had  ainady  grown  much  In  need  of  nforro, 
But  the  lanaolty  with  whteh  th*  Bpanfairda  clung  to 
their  eauaa  ami  to  their  po***a*lona  *ic««dad  bla 
antlcipaUooa.  They  eoncentntad  at  Ayacncho,  a 
town  and  departiii'  nt  on  tha  aaatem  akipo  of  th* 
Ande*,  where  they  look  up  a  atrong  pfialtlon,  and 
prepand  tor  what  they  could  not  fall  to  ae*  would 
be  a  flnal  ttmggle,  In  the  event  of  an  untivounbl* 
ninlt.  It  waa  their  but  ttand ;  but,  like  an  animal 
at  bay,  they  did  not  thrink  from  tha  attack.  Their 
ntimbera  at  tbIa  time  wen  abont  nine  thouaand,  and 
tba  native  army  that  waa  approaching  them  under 
Boaro  did  not  amount  to  alx  thouaand,  but  they  wen 
well  diaelpllned  though  rough  troopa,  and  fluabad 
with  many  pnvlona  vTctorlea,  They  wen  lighting, 
too,  tot  liberty  and  naUonallty. 

No  Ume  waa  loat  In  prvllmlnarle*.  Ai  aoon  ta 
Oeaaral  Bucn  had  brought  hia  troopa  wall  up,  he 
gave  the  order,  and  they  ruahed  upon  tha  enemy 
with  each  Impetnoalty  tnat  the  Bpaniah  llnaa  gave 
way  at  tha  Bnt  onaet.  Bnt,  urged  on  by  the  unUr- 
Ing  efforts  ot  their  ofllcun,  they  rallied,  and  fbr 
three  honn  the  ll|rtit  waa  waged  with  nnAincldng 
determination  by  Dotb  aldea.  Oenenl  Sacra  tei 
an  admlnble  example  at  the  head  of  hia  men,  and 
hU  panonal  courage  In  grtiat  meaanra  det«mib«cd 
the  day ;  for  within  tha  Ume  mentioned  Uie  S|ian- 
larda  wen  Irretrievably  beaten.  Their  commander, 
Latoma,  who  wat  alto  viceruy  of  the  province, 
waa  taken  priaoncr,  and  their  loaaea  amounted 
to  nearly  8,000  In  killed,  wounded,  und  priaonara. 
Th*  loasea  of  tbe  naUve  army  did  not  exceed  a 
thouaand. 

Laaema  at  once  agreed  to  a  capitulation.  He 
anrreodered  the  net  of  the  army  on  the  fleiri,  and 
agreed  to  give  up  all  the  fortllled  J)I»ci'k,  tnHipa,  and 
munltlona  of  war,  that  then  remained  In  Peru— thua 
virtually  algning  away  all  eliilni  which  Spain  had 
ever  bad  to  her  South  American  pu»Bea«lona,  und 
ending  tor  ever  her  dominion  on  the  continent  of 
South  America.  T'llt  occurred  on  the  ninth  ot  De- 
cember, 18'M. 

The  tubaeqnent  hiatory  of  the  aovcral  American 
republica  la,  lur  the  moat  part,  mode  up  of  n  long 
aeries  of  Internal  diaaenalona,  IntcmiKirsod  orcaaion- 
ally  wlUi  IntemaUonal  dbiputea.  While  It  la  not 
our  purpose  to  tbeoriao  on  tbe  cauaea  which  have 
probably  led  to  very  much  ot  the  civil  diacord.  It  Is 
not  out  of  place  to  refer  them  very  proboblv  to  tbe 
doUcioney  in  atatcsniandbip  which  was,  for  the  moat 

tiurt,  displayed  by  the  men  who  guided  the  colnniua 
11  iiiilependencR.  Motivea  of  |)ersona1  Intercut  too 
often  liiHuenced  these  men,  who  also  siiowod  a  wiint 
of  attention  to  details  which,  nltbough  apparently 
unimportant  at  the  moinont,  have  proved  of  |Li;reut 
ciinseqnonco  since.  At  this  day,  innny  of  the 
boundaries  of  these  ro|iublk'S  nre  undellnnd,  und, 
consequently,  are  a  conrtant  source  of  Irritation. 
Tlie  (IflHcuity  of  arranging  these  would  not  bo  greut, 
especially  while  the  populatiim  in  comparatively 
Binull.  But  intenial  jealousies  present  a  gi  eater 
obstacle  than  any  Inherent  In  the  matter  under  dis- 

tiuto ;  and  the  development  ot  the  republica  hat 
leen  proportionally  retarded. 
Tbo  policy  followed  by  Bolivar  hlmaalf,  after  the 
tattleof  Ayacucho,  waa  In  aome  reapecta  Inexplic- 
able. By  the  conatltuUona  he  prepared,  alavety  waa 
abollthed,  but  tbe  abolition  waa  only  on  paper, 
BUvery  contlnned  to  be  practically  a  Peruvian  tnitl- 
tntlon  till  It  wat  formilly  put  down  by  proclama- 
tion in  IKiS,  no  one  having  previously  attempted  to 
tbilow  out  the  law  at  ongfnally  framed.  During 
BoUvor'a  dlctatonhip,  be  conceived  the  plan  ot 
loparottng  tbe  soutb-eattem  part  of  the  province, 
and  formUig  It  into  a  republic  by  Itaelf.  Thla  wat 
effected,  and  Bolivia  came  Into  exittence  according- 
ly In  18^},  with  General  Hncre  it  President,  and 
Bolivar  at  contUtntlon  maker.  Bnt  tranquility  did 
not  long  endure.  General  Gamum  aspired  to  the 
chief  maglatracy,  and  Sucre  was  Vanished,  and  very 
speedily  afi^T  that  assasslnated-the  respective  In- 
fluencea  ot  Bolivia  and  Fern  blng  the  ciiuie  tor 


aaverel  yean  of  a  taftot  of  nrataMoM.  ami  Un  ftf 
I  Mtnalbm  of  ananhy  aiM  wltwU*.  Manhal  Baa>> 
!  Orua  bald  tba  praaldaaey  (or  Ian  vaan,  and  wm  *•» 

aaaafnl  la  k**ptng  tha  eoantry  la  a  alata  of  «na> 

KMtiva  nposa.  nut  he  did  ao  mainly  thrmigh  tha 
si  that  be  united  in  hia  fnnatlona  the  two  itppoalla 
(aeUona  nisnd  up  in  tha  lint  inalanca  by  Bolivar, 
lie  waa  at  the  aame  lima  PreaMent  of  Pern.  Till* 
oeettlwUon  of  th*  ehiof  olllc*  in  both  Blalna,  whIeh 
might  hava  baen  tnrni'd  to  good  areoaut  If  than 
had  bean  the  man  to  taka  advantage  of  It,  aarvad 
only  for  a  tlma  to  aatUfy  thoaa  oppnaing  and  tar> 
bulent  Inlenala.  A  nvoliitionary  movaroar.l  at 
langth  anceeaded  In  tha  ovurthmw  of  HanlaC'rii% 
notwithstanding  a  popnUr  demonalraUon  In  bk 
favour  that  aoon  aflrrwunla  oecorrad.  The  land  waa 
now  laid  waste  by  civil  war,  lo  carry  on  which  tba 
beat  nsourrea  of  the  people  became  varv  **v*raly 
taxad  I  and  a  country  whIeh  began  lla  Ufa  andar 
auaplcea  th*  moat  favunnble,  ha*  b*«n  euned  with 
poverty  and  much  mlaery,  through  th*  InptaraUa 
animoaltv  of  Individual*  who  aaplred  to  th*  aupnnw 
eommana  of  the  govemroanl.  Ilr.  Linana,  wno,  hi 
1MS8,  became  dictator,  thongh  nominally  prcaidml, 
had  been  tbe  leader  In  nlnennane*e*afniaM*mpla 
lo  upaet  the  dt  /Mo  chief :  and  he  had  fkw  aym* 

Cathlian,  when,  after  a  brief  exereh*  of  anthortty, 
p  wat  catt  Into  priton  by  tome  nf  hia  own  tabor- 
dinttei.  A  new  pretldent,  named  by  Congnwa,  wta 
next  depoaed  by  mean*  of  an  inaurrectlon  raised  by 
OeneraTMelgaraJo,  who,  by  aheer  force  of  anna  ana 
aome  military  genlni,  retained  bit  poaltlon  at  the  Iwad 
of  the  rapablle  till  he  aaw  It  unltad  In  an  alllanoa  with 
Pern,  Ecuador,  and  Chili,  agalnat  Snaln.  Whethar 
alurere  or  not  In  tha  wlah  expreaaad,  ne  now  declared 
that  he  would  not  continue  In  the  prealdency  |  and 
he  went  ao  hr  ai  In  order  an  election,  at  tha  lam* 
Ume  proclaiming  that  he  would  not  become  a  can* 
didate.  But  when  tha  popular  voice  tumad  In  favour 
ot  hia  pradeceaaor,  who  had  been  duly  appointed  by 
Congreaa,  but  whom  he  now  held  In  cloae  conHna- 
ment,  hia  reaolve  melted  away,  and  In  support  at 
hi*  own  elalma,  he  kept  the  country  In  a  iiata  ot 
civil  war  fur  aeven  yean,  at  the  end  of  which  Umo 
the  leaden  of  the  oppoalte  faction  were  forced  to 
escape  within  tha  limlu  of  the  ArgenUna  confedera- 
tion. Ila  now  boldly  aaaumed  the  position  of  die- 
lator,  foreed  the  Congreaa  lo  acknowtedga  him  In 
that  capacity,  and  went  through  the  farce  of  pro- 
claiming anew  the  eonatltaUo&  and  promlaing  to 
reatore  to  the  people  the  righia  which  had  beca 
nominally  accurod  to  them  by  that  inatrumimt.  For 
It  waa  only  a  fare*.  Helgarejo  conUnued  to  exer- 
clao  aupreme  control  tin  after  two  nnaucceaaful 
attempt*  bad  been  made  to  aupplant  htm  t>y  General 
Monies.  The  third— which  occurred  In  fSTl— waa 
successful,  and  the  dictator  fled  Into  Peru,  when  ha 
waa  aoon  after  mnrdend.  Bolivia  la  no  excepUun 
to  the  other  South  Americin  republics.  In  having 
thua  branded  her  early  hiatory  with  aasaaalnatlon, 
civil  war,  anarchy,  <ind  diacord ;  but  If  tbe  people 
have  siiiTered,  not  only  In  tbe  lives  of  their  betier 
eltlaens,  but  also  in  the  detriment  that  baa  thereby 
fallen  upon  the  material  Interest*  of  their  own  com- 
munity, the  litnlt  liei  enUraly  at  their  own  doon. 
Although  the  Spanlib  rule  wan  bad,  the  deacendania 
of  the  Spantah  colonlat*  have  certainly  failed,  aa  a 
gi'ucral  rule,  to  prove  to  the  world  theb-  capacity  lut 
aelf-govemment. 

The  intimate  relationa  between  Pern  and  Bolivia 
following  nitunlly  from  their  poaitinn  and  former 
niiion  ted  to  inelilcnta  more  closely  interwoven  than 
have  yet  been  fully  developed.  One  of  the  moat  Im- 
portant events  in  the  lung  presidency  of  Santa  Cmi, 
to  wlilch  reference  has  iK'en  made,  was  tbe  Invaalon 
at  Peru  by  that  general  at  tbe  bead  of  a  Bollviin 
army,  Katlioreil  toeetlier  nt  tho  invitaliou  of  tlie 
Peruvians,  und  which  resulted  In  tho  teniporery 
destruction  uf  tholr  autonomy.  As  in  the  i-tute  we 
hive  JUKt  been  con>lderiiig,  there  foiioweil  to  the 
doeluration  of  Imlepondeiiee  a  aense  of  popular  dla- 
affoetton  and  the  developn.eiitof  personal  jeaiouale* 
amoiiK  wbulil-bo  leadem  in  the  republic  ot  Peru.  It 
was  one  of  the  factions  thus  formed,  tiiat  with  more 
zeal  than  patriotism,  invitoil  uunta  t'rui  tu  come  to 
their  aid.  lie  did  so,  and  fought  inuny  Heree  buttioa 
witli  the  opposing;  >.  '^-a  ,  but  be  then  forgot  tha 
chrcumstancea  -  <i'l">  v  i.ich  hia  presence  had  been 
aolicltcd,  and  foi  ii.  "".Ii  taking  advantage  of  bla  sae 
cesses,  bo  overran  the  whole  country,  placed  the  In 
habitants  under  contribution,  and  had  himself  pro- 
claimed protector  of  the  united  republics.  Tbe  con- 
federeUon  thua  formed  laated  till  the  overthrow  at 
Santa  Cmi  In  Bolivia  at  thr  Insurrection  of  \SSt, 
headed  by  Velazco,  The  miatnrtunee  of  the  Pnal- 
dent  In  bla  own  state,  encouraged  the  opponent  fac- 
tions In  Brazil  to  a  new  revoliillon,  and  It  wa*  tbui 
that  the  confederaUon  wi*  brought  to  i  clo*e  ilmul- 
taneooaly  with  Telazco't  gucceti  In  Bollvflu  Gene- 
ral Gamarra  succeeded  to  the  Presidency  of  tha 
Peruvian  republic  thus  soparattxl  once  niDce  from  Ita 
neighbour,  and  probably  wouUl  have  etleclei  soma 
useful  works.    But  hit  death  In  tbe  bal«'3  at  Ingavl 


■OVTI  AMIRtOA. 


It,  and  «•«•••• 
I  iMM  of  ««•• 
ily  Ihrough  tk* 
>•  Iwn  impwtM 
an  by  Ifcrtltw. 
of  Para.  This 
h  ■•*!«•,  whick 
iwonut  If  Umn 
(•  or  It,  Mrrwi 
mmIok  ■ihI  !•*■ 

miivamart  ■! 
of  HmtoC'riii, 
itrallun  In  hk 
I.  Tha  land  WM 
ra  on  wbteh  lb* 
u  T«rj  MWW 
I  111  Of*  andw 
•on  nirawl  wllh 
Um  InplarabI* 
I  to  tha  ■upraiM 
Llnkrca,  who,  la 
Inallr  prtalilaiil, 
gvaa/nlattampU 
le  bad  faw  ajriii* 
IM  of  anthoiitr, 

hit  own  •ab<l^ 
ty  Vomcnaa,  w«a 
rccllon  ralMd  by 
jrva  of  arm*  ■m 
•lllonattbahaad 
I  an  alUanea  wllh 
Spain.    WbatbW 
ba  now  daclartd 
pnildaney  s  ana 
lion.  It  tha  Mma 
Dt  baeoma  a  eaa- 
I  turoad  In  tavoar 
nly  ippolotad  by 
In  cloaa  conflna- 
id  In  •uppurt  of 
ntry  In  a  ttata  of 
d  ut  which  tlma 
in  were  ft>rced  to 
^tlna  coofedara- 
f  position  of  die- 
nowlcdKe  him  In 
tba  farott  of  pro* 
uid  promlilnf  to 
which  had  ^ 
Initnimimt.    ror 
inUnuad  to  exar- 
wo  aniuccatninl 
ithlmbyOanenl 
rrad  In  »7l— waa 
lo  Peru,  where  b« 
la  la  no  exception 
nbllca.  Id  having 
Ith  aaaualnatlon, 
mt  If  the  people 
M  of  thoir  bettor 

that  baa  thereby 
>f  Iholr  own  com- 

their  own  dooia. 
I,  the  dvacendanta 

tatnly  failed,  a»  a 

their  oapAvlty  hit 

Pera  and  Bolivia 
iltliin  and  former 

I  Interwoven  than 
a  of  the  moat  Im- 
icy  of  Haiita  Cnu, 

waa  Ihe  Invaalon 
till  of  a  Bolivian 
invlUtlou  of  tlie 

II  the  teaiporary 
■  In  the  ftute  we 

followed  to  the 
d  of  populurdla- 
—■rional  Jealoualea 
ubllc  of  Peru.    11 
d,  that  with  moi« 
I  Crui  to  coniu  to 
nttny  llerce  bnttlo* 
B  then  forRot  tha 
reaence  had  been 
antatte  of  his  aoe 
try,  placed  the  la 
had  himself  pro- 
publlca.   The  con- 
the  overthrow  ol 
irrectlon  of  VIM, 
jnea  of  the  Preal- 
the  opponent  fac- 
and  ft  waa  thua 
to  a  cloae  almul- 
_a  Bollvtk.    Uane- 
tosldency  of  tha 
ince  muie  from  lU 
ITS  eliecl«i    aoma 
bat^'jatlngavt 


sssr 


, •  vaaaMjr,  wkiali  «kla  Mm*  M 

idUU^tata    for aavarat  yaaiB IM 
I  llM  laaM  of  alftt  ware,  aoaduetad  mi 


mtmt^i 

in  waa  tha  taaaa^of  alflf  ware,  eoadiMtad  nMiall/ 

I  ptinalplaa  of  Iha  nlBoat  barbartly  and  alunal- 

with  atla  of  naaiiarlBi  eroalty.  aueh  aa  oonid 

Mly  have  baan  paraUalad  udar  Ua  uM  Mpanlab 


rnla.  It  waa  not  until  IMS,  whan  Oanaral  Uaatllla, 
■flar  a  aarlaa  of  auaeaaafal  ciintlota,  waa  ehoaan  to 
tha  uraaMaaay  undar  tha  Uooatltutlon,  that  any- 
Ihbig  Uka  paaaa  waa  rtalorad.  CaatUla  had  baan 
orlfuiaUy  an  oAoar  la  tha  Bpaolah  aarvlea.  Bat  he 
tolnud  laa  amn  of  Indauaadanea  aooM  Uma  after 
Iha  Ubarallo*  ol  OdomMa,  and  waa  atlaabad  to  Um 
atoff  of  Uaaafal  Uwaann,  AfUr  aeUof  a*  Mlnlater 
of  War  for  a  abort  apaoa  la  tha  Parmvlan  rnmblla, 
ba  baaaaia  aaoood  la  oonaaad  of  tiia  anay  Owl  In- 
vaded Bolivia,  oad  hi*  ooaUaaMoa  to  tha  praaldaoay 
aruaa  oat  of  tha  rapatalkm  ha  had  oaqolrid  la  thaia 
nHiTtmaatai  Tka  **l«otlaa,  vlawad  bom  a  PaniTlaa 
alaodpolol,  waa  amply  JoalUlad.  Cxeaot  that  hi* 
pulley  waa  BMrkad  by  axtitma  rallirion*  bigotry,  h* 
adiulnl*t«rad  tha  govammeat  with  aooatdarabla 
ability.  At  Iha  ana  of  hia  term  of  onee,  h*  waa 
aueoeadad  by  Uaaaral  Bahlalqaa,  bnt  availing  blm- 
eelf  of  tha  oapopolarlty  of  thia  man,  h*  Inatlgated  aa 
liiaunactloa,  and  at  length,  aflar  aavaral  Important 
■klrmlahaa,  h*  gained  a  oompta'a  vtotoiy  over  tha 
Praaldaat'*  army  la  Iha  neighborhood  of  Uma.  ThI* 
uov*  mora  placed  blm  In  anpraoM  authority,  and  ha 
at  one*  aifeelad  aavaral  neeaaaarr  raforma.  To  him 
muat  b*  given  tba  oradtt  of  aboUablng  alavary,  and 
of  ealablbblng  a  Conalltutlon  that  Mvt  tha  Para- 
Ttana  Um  prIvUmia  of  unlvaraal  anffrtga.  But  ha 
alao  prohibited  the  axaralaa  of  all  religion*  except 
the  HoaMn  Catholle,  and  Impoaad  heavy  panalUea 
upon  any  paraoa  Uifringlng  agalnat  tha  deorae  laauad 
In  tha  mattar.  A  meaaura  of  IhU  kind  waa  lUlotly 
In  acourdanoe  with  tha  aptrit  of  tha  people,  and  ft 
wa*  looked  on  mther  aa  an  act  of  moral  juatloa  than 
a*  one  of  Inlolamnee  and  bigotry.  It  waa  JuatUod 
by  tba  aurroundlnga,  and  uerefore  moat  not  ba 
Judged  by  tha  mure  llbaml  aplrlt  of  the  preaent 
day  and  amid  olronmatancea  which  are  dflfarent 
I'rualdent  C'aalllla,  whu  although  at  llrat  hi  tba 
gpanlah  aervlce,  waa  a  Peruvian  by  birth,  aervad  bla 
euunfary  well,  both  In  the  fluid  and  In  the  executive. 
But  ho  did  not  eacape  tha  ordinary  fata  of  South 
American  rulera.  An  InanrreoUon  of  a  formidable 
character  waa  raiaed  agalnat  him ;  one  too,  that  wat 
then  novel  In  aume  aauocta.  Thla  waa  Inittgatad  by 
one  Vlvaneo,  a  man  of  much  peraunal  ambtuou  and 
liowor  of  intrigue,  but  far  tnlbrtor  to  CnatUla  In  the 
lUalUlcatluna  for  guvemment,  Vitanoo  worked 
auun  a  plan  that  had  not  hitherto  bean  attempted. 
'Ilia  veeeel  which  had  been  oeut  out  to  Bolivar 
from  Kngland  with  atorea  and  ammunlt<i>n  to  aid 
bl*  canaa,  had  now  grown  Into  a  very  oonalderable 
navy.  VIvanou  ahrawdlv  Judged  tliat  to  gain  thla 
wuuld  be  to  place  bimaalf  In  a  posltlun  bnvond  thu 
reach  of  CaatUla.  lie  thereforu  proceeded  to  win 
over  to  bla  Intereata  the  commanoara  of  one  veaa.'l 
after  another,  tUl,  with  the  exception  of  two  email 
■teamera,  one  of  which  wua  then  on  a  dlataut  orulae, 
he  had  the  whole  Peruvian  Beet  at  hi*  diapoaal. 
Wllh  thh  ho  attempted  to  Uke  C'alUn.  PreniUlng 
bit  Intentlona,  CaatlUa  had  pnivloualy  garrlaoueu 
that  place  with  a  force  of  four  hundred  and  forty 
men,  moetly  KnglUhmen,  under  the  command  of  a 
forulgn  artulery  ofllcor.  Tlie  attack  bexan  from  the 
Sect  In  early  morning,  Vlvaneo  not  doubting  that 
the  fort*  would  be  onuble  to  make  any  aarlouH  repiv 
tu  bla  artUlan.  But  in  tlila  he  waa  dUapimlnted. 
The  oainonaoe  waa  ao  vigoruua  and  ao  well  aua- 
^ncd  that  Vlvaneo  waa  obliged  to  gtvo  np  the  at- 
tack and  to  haul  off  bla  ablpa,  but  not  until  he  had 
aufferad  oonalderable  luaa,  both  In  men  and  material. 
He  contented  htnisolf  now  with  taking  poaiiasiluii  at 
aume  of  the  laland*  belonging  to  Peru,  and  a  part  ut 
the  coaat  of  the  province  of  Arequlpo,  and  tlierul>y 
Bucceaded  ultimately  In  bringing  about  a  diplomatic 
difference  between  Cho  goveruiuunta  of  CaatlUa  and 
the  United  HUtea.  , 

Many  portlona  of  the  mainland  are  rich  In  dcpoalta 
of  guano,  but  the  Peruvian  lawa  gave  perminalon  to 
foreign  natlona  tu  ooUact  that  produce  only  from  the 
Cblncha  laUnds.  In  oppoaltlon  to  that  law,  but 
armed  with  a  letter  of  autliorlty  from  the  Insurgent 

([eneral,  aeveral  United  Statea  captalna  undertuuK  to 
uod  thalr  ahlp*  from  the  coaat  nf  Arequlpo.  The 
Kuvernment  of  CaatlUa  reacnted  thla  lUegal  luter- 
lerance,  denying  Vlvanco'a  right  to  exercise  any 
authority  In  the  matter,  and  they  aolxed  the  ship* 
aud  Imprlaoned  the  captalna  of  two  of  thcui.  The 
men  were  liberated  a  day  or  two  afterward*,  but 
the  Waahington  government  demanded  the  payment 
of  an  Indamnlty,  and  upon  the  demand  being  re- 
fnted,  they  withdrew  their  ropreaontatlve  from 
Lima.  The  refusal,  however,  waa  atubbondy  main- 
tained, and  public  opinion  baa  generally  conceded 
thut  the  action  of  the  United  Slatea  wna  somewhat 
hasty,  Vlvanco'a  poaltion  never  having  been  other 
thau  tbat  Ufa  rebul  agalnat  the  esUibllsbed  govem- 
moiit  of  the  couutiy.    The  occurrcuco  suryed,  how- 


avMN  to  aaoaa  Oailllla  to  dapilva  TlTaaeo  of  wkat 

higl*  aa  asjpaAlMiwaa  aent  agotaal  Araqalpa  al- 
mual  ImOMdMlal/  after  tha  arraal  of  tha  toralga  cap- 
talna. Tha  rtbala  offered  a  vtguroua  realatanea,  bnt 
the  plooa  waa  lakaa  by  atofm,  aod  many  of  Iha  gar 
riaon  wevo  ma**aerad* 

CaatlUa  oow  graw  ombHIooa  of  BMra  tafrltoi7, 
Ha  aant  a  •Hong  for**  Into  Kovador,  aod  la  a  ahort 
(paeaaoooaadad  ao  fhr  a*  lo  veatar*  apoa  Iha  aoml- 
nalloD  of  on*  of  hIa  own  ofllaen  lo  laa  praatdaaay 
of  that  alala.  Bat  ba  tellad  to  OMlatabi  Mm  there, 
aad  Iharaby  lacraaaad  tba  aombar  of  bl*  own  oaa- 
mlea  at  koma,  who,  oot  •Iraog  anoogk  lo  raaUl  llM 
energy  wllh  wklak  ha  datoadad  tha  govammant, 
lougiit  to  aMawlnal*  hiak  Ola  popolorlty  with  Iha 
army  aarad  hha  mora  tliaa  opoo,  and  aseept  for  hla 
aaauoaaaifnl  aflbrta  lo  aaaax  tha  territory  of 
Bolivia,  b*  might  pvibap*  have  raowlaad  aooM  Uma 
hmgar  la  power.  Ua  waa  aoaoeedad  to  tha  Praal- 
deney,  hi  itM,  by  Uaaaral  tea  Baauin,  but  In  Iha 
fuUuwlng  year  wa  tnd  him  la  tarn  taking  nart  In  aa 
Inanrraouoaary  miwamanl,  and  In  tbia  kma  of  aeon- 
palloa  ha  eontinned,  at  Interval*,  till  hi*  death  ta 
lavr.  Althougb  Imbued  with  tha  roatleaa  and  revo- 
lutionary aplrlt  of  hla  eonnlrymaa,  Cattllhi  w**  a 
aagaclooa  ruler,  an  able  aoldler,  and  a  man  of  much 
energy  and  personal  InBuenee  over  hla  fallow-maa 
Peru  owaa  much  lo  him,  but  tha  oontrol  that  he 
exerdaad  during  bla  praaldaney  waa  the  atrongeat 
taatlmuny  thev  gave  to  hla  marlla. 

A  common  danger  la  often  one  of  tha  beat  meana 
of  raeoDolUng  dUpnlanla ;  and  a  foreign  war  baa 
oflan  allayad  olvU  dlaeontaot.  at  anv  rata  for  a  time. 
Thla  kind  of  ramaay  wa*  offered  to  Peru,  and  la  a 
meaenra  It  waa  *aeoe**fliL  but  not  aa  eompletely  aa 
the  Intareata  of  the  people  required.  The  eironro- 
stanoa  baa  already  received  a  paaaing  mention,  but 
It  miut  now  be  treated  at  aoma  length  In  order  to 
throw  a  true  Ugbt  upon  the  eondiUona  tbat  anr- 
rounded  It,  and  to  aet  forth  In  proper  coloura  the 
perfectly  nnJustUlabla  policy  tu  which  the  Bpanlah 
government  appeara  lobe  ever  ready  to  lower  Itaelf 
for  tha  purpoa*  of  gratifying  evU  paaalons. 

Soma  loniil-ownen  In  lUambo  had  procurad  a  few 
•eoloalata  from  tha  Baaqua  provlnee*  of  Spain  to 
work  on  their  plantation  i.  A  dlaputo  having  arlaan 
between  aoma  of  them,  the  exollemenl  apread 
mpldly  among  all,  and  they  aought  to  auttle  the  dif- 
feranca  by  reoouraa  to  violence.  In  the  atruggle 
two  paraou*  ware  killed  aud  three  or  funr  were 
wounded.  Tba  Peruvian  ouurta  Immodtately  touk 
cognlianca  of  the  aOkir.  The  olToiidera  were 
speedily  brougbt  totrfal,  and  judgment  prunuuuced. 
The  daclalon  of  the  lower  court  waa  appealed  agalnat 
In  tha  ordinary  way,  and  the  flual  uulnlon  uf  the 
superior  bench  waa  about  to  bo  rendered ;  which 
•honid  have  ended  tha  caao  logaUr,  and  therofure 
aatlahctorlly.  But  befure  thla  could  bu  reached,  an 
envoy  fTum  Spain  made  bis  apiwaranco  un  tlie 
acene,  In  the  peraun  of  one  Hcnor  Huiarredu,  with, 
at  hla  bovk,  tbe  Spanish  Admiral  Pinmn,  aod  a  fluet. 
Maiarrodo  made  a  requeat  of  the  Peruvian  goveni- 
meut  that  ha  ahoold  at  oneo  bo  recoguTiod  In 
the  character  uf  cummlasioner,  with  whtcn  be  bad 
been  liiveated  for  tlie  pnipuae  uf  arranging  Ihe  quaa- 
Uon  of  Indemnity  for  alleged  lixlury  austained  by 
Bpanlah  aubjecta.  But  thla  would  have  b'  en  equiva- 
lent to  admitting  that  Peru  waa  atUI  a  dependency 
uf  tfpotn,  more  especially  aa  the  latter  puwer  had 
never  onlcially  acknowledged  tbe  Independence  of 
her  former  colonv.  The  Peruvian  government 
tbcreforo  replied,  onering  to  faciUtat«  thu  mission  of 
Senor  Maxorredo  In  every  way  pubsibia ;  but  oa  the 
term  "  coininlaaloncr "  cuuld  not  be  defined  under 
any  intomatlcnal  law,  and  aa  they  wore  desirous  to 
enter  into  friendly  relations  witli  Hcnur  Maxarredo, 
tliey  preferred  to  rvcognixe  him  ua  cuuHdeutlal 
agent,  a  deaignatlun  that  waa  well  undoratnud, 

Thua  far  tharo  are  throe  points  to  be  noted -the 
view  acted  upon  by  Spain  that  the  dlatnrbaneoa  at 
Tabmbo  came  within  her  powers  of  Intervention 
becauae  ahe  had  never  recognlxed  the  autonomy  of 
the  Republic ;  next,  tbe  fact  tbat  the  Hpanlah  govern- 
meat  Interfered  when  the  whole  matter  was  In  tha 
Pomvlan  cuurta,  and  there  awaiting  Judgment ;  and 
thirdly,  the  evident  intention  of  Spain  u>  make  the 
inattor  a  pretext  for  war.  Tbla  last  point  Is  at  once 
made  plain.  Tlie  reception  of  Senor  Maxarredo  by 
the  Peruvian  government  waa  oU  thatany  reaaunabia 

Sower,  acting  buth  buneatly  and  honourably,  could 
cslro.  There  was  no  nocesaity  to  admit  the  right 
of  the  Spanish  coturt  to  interfere  at  that  Juncture. 
But,  OS  an  act  uf  cunrteay,  and  to  show  tbe  wUUng- 
neea  of  the  Republic  tu  treat  the  whole  qneatlon 
upon  an  amicable  baala,  Senor  Maxarredo  waa  offered 
recognition,  not  In  the  way  that  he  demanded  It, 
whicn  waa  Impossible,  but  lo  tbe  only  way  that  waa 

Iiosaible,  and  which,  wbilc  It  altered  the  fonnaUtles, 
eft  tlio  practical  nature  of  the  mlaslon  untouched. 

Tbe  Spanish  envoy  at  once  refused  to  accolo 
to  any  modification  of  bis  demand,  and  forth- 
with fed  Lima,  taking  the  bclUcoae  precaution  of 


powara,  la  whiA  ha  awaoMd  ap  Mm  riataa  of  MM 
Makial  r»ra,aadgafal*iow>a*oaataf  yaioaam 
Hon  at  Uma,  andlha  aatoia  of  bl*  aomaianlaalMii 
with  Iha  ParnvhM  govoraaMai  Ba  want  to  Cti- 
lao,  aad  Ibence,  with  Adarfial  PtMoa,  aallad  to  Um 
Ohinaba  lalonda,  wharo,  aoniaoliaMag  Ike  Bpaalak 
Beet,  ihay  loet  mi  UaM  to  omvUm  to  talareMt  th« 
Pamvlaa  aqnadnm  at  Oallao.  nia,  agata,  waa  am 
aet  that  waa  parlheUy  aaworraatod  by  aay  ial*rpr«> 
lalloa  of  lotenillaaal  law  or  eoatuoi.  Bat  Ipala 
*bow*  UltU  ragard  for  tha  omaalU**  of  dvtIMkM 
to  iMr  dealtag  wllh  wivkar  powera,  Tba  aet  waa 
coa  of  fbrea,  not  of  right  It  fbUod,  aavarikalaa^ 
The  Far«Tlan  Baal,  beiag  aoahla  lo  oompata  with 
aay  ehaaea  of  laaim  agalnat  II*  OMira  powartid 
aoamy,  look  lotag*  aadar  Iha  tola  of  Iha  ally,  aod 
Ptoioa,  rathar  Ihoa  raa  the  riak  of  aUaektog  Ihoai 
•ader  Iboaa  aondlMoaa.  wIMidraw  Iha  Beat  oad  {•• 
tomod  to  Um  Chlaaha  lalaada.  Ran  a  fonaal  d*> 
maad,  la  tka  name  of  both  Ptoioa  and  Maaarradok 
wa*  aont  lo  Iha  eommandar  of  a  Bpanlah  traoapori 
tbat  happanad  to  ba  to  harbour,  aad  alao  to  Um 
govamor  of  Iha  lalaada,  for  tbair  ImoMdlala  torron- 
oar)  flflaaa  mlnulaa  only  batog  aUowad  for  Ihv 
reply  lo  b*  delarmlnad  on.  Tnla  reply  waa  not  a 
refuaal,  bat  a  prole  at  \  Iha  Bpaaloh  lorca  being  oa 
overwhelming  one  compared  wllh  that  at  Iha  dla> 
poaal  of  Maaarredo.    It  waa  mat  by  the  taadlng  of 


.      .        priuclpalo 
alao  arreatod  and  placed  nnder  cloaa  goara. 

Aa  aooo  aa  tbea*  proeaadlaga  beeama  known  at 
Uma  tha  ntmoat  axoitemeni  prevailed,  and  a  dsgra* 
of  patriotism  waa  exhibited  aueb  ae  had  never  beoa 
dlaplxyed  under  the  Intemeetoa  dvll  quaml*  that 
had  marked  the  prevloua  blalory  of  thacounliT.  All 
cfaisaea  nnlted  to  one  ollkir  of  (heir  aarvlcea  la  do> 
hnco  of  tha  national  honour,  and  both  men  aad 
money,  lo  tha  full  extent  of  the  poople'a  ability, 
were  Immadtalely  placed  at  Ihe  diapoeal  of  laa 
government.  Tbe  foreign  realdanta  alao  mat  and 
proffered  their  aaaiatanee  and  aympathy.  Several 
companlea  of  Uermana  and  Itallana  ware  at  oneo 
orginixed  fur  actual  aervlce;  tha  eltlaeac  of  Iha 
United  Blatoa  paaaed  rraolnUona  of  condolenm, 
drawn  up  maybe  with  more  aeal  than  dlacreUon,  but 
fully  expree*ive  of  firm  aympathy ;  the  Bngllah  aent 
home  un  appeal  for  Bntlan  IntervrnUon  agalnat 
H|iul!i ;  and  even  the  Bpanlah  reald.int*  tbem*elv*a 
entered  their  proleat.  They  elected  a  depalatloa  lo 
wait  upon  Admiral  Pinxon  lor  tbe  purpoaeof  raqueatr 
Ing  of  blm  the  dellveranoa  uf  the  Peruvian  pro- 
vince*; they  alao  paaaed  reaolntlun*  expraaalng 
their  gratitude  In  the  Peruvian  aathurltica  and  tho 
Peruvian  peuple  for  their  noble  conduct  loweida 
them  during  tbe  excitement;  and  they  adoplod 
roaulutloaa  to  aend  at  once  a  commlaalou  to  Spain  to 
lay  before  Queen  Isabelhi  a  statement  declaring  tbat 
all  Spantorda  reaident  in  Peru  enjoyed  the  moat 
ample  guarantees,  and  needed  no  addiUonal  protao- 
lion  from  the  home  government 

The  feeling  which  thua  for  a  moment  bacama 
dominant  In  Peru,  waa  hardly  leaa  Intanae  In  tha 
other  South  American  repnbllea.  In  Chill  It  was 
developed  moat  atrongly,  and  led  lo  aoma  changaa 
In  tbe  minlatry.  Slgnor  Tocomal,  tha  Mlnlater  et 
the  Interior,  aud  Slgnor  Baotarria,  Ihe  MInlalar  ot 
Finance,  reatgned  In  favour  of  Alvaro,  Covarrubla*, 
and  Alexander  Reyea,  who  wore  thought  mora 
nearly  to  repreaent  tbe  popular  aentlment;  and 
Congrew  at  once  decreed  that  Spanish  war-veaaal* 
should  be  forbidden  to  use  any  Chilian  port  either  to 
coal  ur  refit  Two  mUllon  dollara  were  llkewt''' 
voted  for  the  purpose  of  Increasing  thu  navy  by  tha 
addition  uf  two  steam  frigates  from  England,  and 
rcaoluUona  were  come  to,  with  great  unanimity,  to 
favour  of  making  common  cauae  with  Peru  In  caao  of 
open  huatlUUea  foUowIng  tbe  acta  of  war  committed 
by  Pinxon  and  Maxarredo. 

Strange  aa  It  may  seem,  the  spirit  of  diaaenalon 
among  themaelves,  which  we  have  had  occaalon 
often  to  note  aa  characterlatio  of  Ihe  peuple  of  theao 
countriea,  waa  not  allayed  by  the  danger  that  threat- 
ened to  Peru.  An  appeal  waa  made  to  Congresa  by 
tbe  government  for  a  grant  of  ten  mllllona,  and  for 
pcrmiasion  to  Increaae  the  army  and  navy,  the  for- 
mer to  any  required  extent,  the  latter  to  thirty 
tboiiaand  men.  Tbia,  and  more,  waa  immediately 
CDQccded,  the  money  grant  being  raiaed  to  fifty  mll- 
llona,  with  the  conaiUon  only  that  the  manner  of 
oxpenditure  ehould  be  fully  reported  lo  Congreae. 
Offjra  of  aid  came  In  from  Chill,  Bolivia,  Ecuador, 
Colombia,  Venexncla,and  the  AigantlnaBopablie; 
and  the  pulley  of  an  Immediate  cwclaratlon  of  war 
by  Peru  agatoat  Spain  waa  recommended.  But  tha 
Femvlana  could  not  make  up  their  mtoda.  In  other 
words,  they  could  not  agree  among  them  telvea  what 
ahonld  be  done.  Congress  met  and  ahowed  anything 
except  unanimity.  It  waa  only  after  a  twenty  itf 
dlaciuslon,  of  very  alormy  chaiMter,  that  they  lo^ 


■itTOMf  or 


I 


M«r«M  W  MSTkgr  fim  Ito  M«itl^  a<  Um  m- 
■mmI  iMttlun.    lallMMMw4,llMMMMI*«wMlit 

■Mlw««fl|Mriia|Mto.M*Mli«rw«MMtk«OklMbi 
lihnl'  w*M  Ml  nikwtt  mMI  Im  tif  MiaMd  i  to 

•iuta  VDM  Wl4  it  WM  NinOWMMl  lo  MBuhii,  to 
m<*t»m»f  *Ml  ito  •oMltto&aaal  ^TttogMr**«r7 
■MM  tllow«4  fey  Ik*  bw  al  mUmm  tor  ratoriM 
tou  uMitil  wtolfcit  wiw  Um  •mbM  (utiraaMmC 
flw  iMk  id  dMiitoii  IMM  ilUplivad  «M  follitwad, 
Mrjr  Mlanil/,  tor  4toMUilMMod  «l  lit*  to««»«r  to 
•afafe  Ik*  •■•Willi?*  dlMlMirg«4  Ikair  mw  faa*  Uom, 
•Ml  HM  wtolrtf*  kad  to  iwin.  Mgnor  Oaldoroa, 
«ka  M»  M«w*il  Ik*  oAm  lir  runli*  MtaMar.  u 
U  tolHr  toMMttptoMB*  bodr  wkWl 
«of  Mltof  wUk  M* 

W%m  wm  •iiklrito.  iw  ik*M  k*d  SMii/Mai  mhI 
■■Bi»|H<  lfc*>t  wgwl  >llk*i«***rtowki*k  ftoana 
«■>  WMimiii  iSl  ftutotoil  Ik*  tow  of  tuitoM  hf 
HMif  ••toaf  k**IUMr.  Ill  k*  WWII  wlWtkarUMii 
M* M«i****Mn  kMldow,  Mid  OuMNM  IkM  bagaa 
to  lasogato*  Ik*  *«p«ill»»<y  of  tMbkg  wllk  man 
t»«oltlua.  Mil  lk*lr  ■draa**  w*a  u(  ■  vwy  k**lto> 
Uf*  akrHMlir.  Tk*]r  •(iwd  opon  otrtola  r«*ulii- 
ItoM,  awl.  wk*t  w*»  Ik*  yrai*  rvmtriuM*,  Ik*  *oM 
mm  TifMii— 1*  Tk««*  latolailiNM  mm  to  Ik* 
«t<Kl  t&il  llM  <M*aliv*  «kaaU  |rtv«  Ik*  ummmtf 
MM*  nt  *iinll»g  Ik*  rvMuval  of  Ik*  •paolifc 
'    llk•CllB•k•l•lMld^Mla•kaaid  MiMirl 


■wand  aa  latoaltoaaa  I 
atowpiyatafa  kr.lk* 


tanm  tnm  Ik*  Ckla*k»  btoad*,  mmI  (koaid  i*|Mirl 
4u  OuMtoi*  wllkto  atokl  i»f*  \  *l*d  Ikal  Ik*  *«*ea- 
tlratkoald  alup*a lay  aigpttolliiai  wllk  Ik*  rot- 
•faaMsl  at  MadiUmailk*  mtanllua  ol  Ik*  Waada 


■aftlbMwatitiUwiatad.  Aa  alUawlai  a**oTd- 
kMlv  KMokad  Ltom  Itaai  Ik*  aalkarMI**  *l  Madrid, 
MuIm  aajrlklac  k*d  k**a  4oa*  to  vladtoato  Ika  aa> 
HaiMi koaoari  and  ll*pp«an to kav* Maklcaadlk* 
^f«iT<«ai  eua*M*Nb|]r.  Tk*  itoaabk  £>T*niaMel 
aow  daauwdcd  ■  Ml  aad  kaoMdbto  MiStuiUuu  (ur 
ail  Ik*  allntiid  grtoTMM**,  aad  la  daftull  u(  Ikalr  r*- 
u4*ii«  II,  la*  Mivoy,  flaa.  Panjtk  wm  to  pruoaad  al 
oae*  wlUi  Ik*  boaiWiaMal  of  all  Ik*  aMrilIro* 
puitoaadUwdaalraalloaof  Ik*  Paruvlaa  Iwl.  In 
Ul*  dlliaawa  a  aoa«*allua  of  Ih*  alx  mimbllc*  waa 
aallrd  to  aiNl  *l  LtaM  fur  ooaaaltalloa  and  advio*. 
Ilwaa IkM* d*eld*d  UmI to Uw  aranl uf  loy  fartbar 
iMwHUll**  oa  Ik*  part  of  Spain  lk«  a*v«a  alatoa 
wuaid  •*!  to  aeoord,  aad  a  aoilleatlon  lii  Ikat  aflaci 
waa  liaaaariltod  to  FaraK  Bal  k*  rcfuaad  to  aa- 
kauwbdaa  lb*  eoavwillua,  aad  dwUaad  to  kuld  any 
waaaiaiilwlloa  wkatoror  aicapt  with  Uw  INirovlaB 
govanuaaal.  Mor*  toaipuiialiiK  hiUowcd  Ihia  i» 
■u)**,  aad  a  eommlaaluncr  In  tbo  |M.-noii  of  VIvaaoo 
waa  aaal,  wtib  fall  powan,  to  tb*  Cblofba  laloMla 
to  Iraal  wtik  Ik*  Bpaabb  admlial.  Tb«  baala  npoa 
wkkk  k*  waa  to  act  wa*  a  nnvnl  ronrcaMon  to  Ik* 
d*niaadi  of  Spato,  oa  coadlUun  that  Bpato  would 

'  owladl*  la*  ladapvadanco  of  l>«ru,  and  rallf* 

I  toa  Wwida.    At  oa*  Urn*  tkb  aUaalon  tookad 

to  b*  aoocaaafttl,  kat  a  complato 


..laaidarwMakaiad,  Vwala  ant*ad  at  Talpa- 
ntoo  la  Ik*  VW*  JHIaMd,  aadMal  a  daapatokTt 
IkaMlaM**  tJlWatoaASdM,  to  wktali  li*  aiatod 
"  akl**l  of  kla  aSatoa,  Md  Um  irtovan***  of 
Tk**a  wafi  uf  Ik* 


wbl*ki*kadto , 

paatfl*  lUad.  Uaa^la*  Ikal  aoato  (JbUtaa  *llla*a* 
wko  kad  altoiad  mmm  art**  to  Ik*  atraat  oppoalto 
••kw  Moal  OaUtolto  M^Mj''*  Lagallon,'*  iSdiiul 
ba*n  aaMataally  aaaialMi  aaolKar  wa*  that  a 

EM  aawapapar  tad  pabltakMl  aoaMlklM  aaalaat 
aad  a#iia*l  Ika  1klB«i  ikal  w*Md8aM*l  to 
•nl*  I  aad  lb«r*  war*  olk*fa  Miu*«llag  Ika 
rtfaaal  «(  Ik*  CkNIaa  aalkoilUaa  to  allow  ipiaiaii 
aMa-ofrwar  to  anal  bt  Oblilaa  porta  For  Ikaaa 
lrt»Taaaaalk*adifcal  aow  d«iaaad»d  aallafaaltoa, 
aad gaw> toar day*  tor  eoaald»nittoa.  Itaaaaawar 
wa*  aol  MtanMd  Iqr  Ik*  •aplrattaa  of  Ikal  partod, 
dipioaull*  ndaiioa*  b*tw**a  Ipala  aad  OMI  w*n 
to  a****,  aad  Ik*  daauad  waa  to  b*  *nfoni*il  If 


,  Bat  lb*  spirit  •Tto**d  by  Ik*  CkniM 
||oT*niai*nl  la  la  atoriud  aoalraat  to  Ik*  tomporii- 
&«  paalltoalailto  of  Ik*  fafartaaa.  Tb*  Mliiktar 
or  raral«a  Afldr*.  ■•aor  Alvaro  Uovamiblaa,  In  a 
daapateb  dated  oa  lb*  Ibarib  day  after  Ik*  d«aaad 
bad  b**a  auMl*.  i««Uw*d  ••cb  aactton  of  Faiola'a 
latter  wllb  conaidanbto  akllL  Ila  a**rr«l  that  Um 
allaffad  dIalurbMM**,  If  ao  Ihay  can  b*  aallad,  wbkb 
bad laban  plan*  bafor*  tha  Bpanlab  bigallou,  lavobad 


no  taanlt  wbaterar  to  tha  HpaoUb  laK,  aad  tiwl  Ikal 
fMI  kad  alraady  b**a  aokno«lMl||*d liy  lb*  IpanMi 
govammaal,  and  by  Admiral  Paraja  aInMall;    Tb< 


rnnal 


BMnI  acaadng  altarwanfa  ImprobabI*,'  Parela  ap- 
paarad  wllb  bto  aqaadroa  bofot*  Callao,  and  npoa 


UMt  alraa^of 


^of  paaMi 


apaadlly  arrirad  at  By 
Um  lanaa  aRnad  apoa,  Spain  waa  to  rMton  Ih* 
Chlaeb*  lalaada,  aad  ma  waa  to  aearedlt*  nlnUtor 
to  Iba  goTafBBMal  at  Madrid ;  toravdralbeSpaalah 
•nfoyM  a'*Sp«elal  CommlMloaer"  hi  tb*  maltar 
of  Ik*  TakMbo  itoto  (  to  aonelvda  a  Inaty  of  p*ae«, 
aialtf ,  aarlnUon  aad  commerce ;  to  liquidate  all 
tha  otoima  of  Hpanlab  aabjacte :  aad  hirthor  to  pay 
au  ladMnnUeallaa  of  Ihraa  mOUoa  paaoa  to  covsr 
Uw  azpaaaca  hiourrad  by  Huain  atoca  Iba  rafuaal  of 
Para   to  toK "    "' 

p«MC. 

The 


liMt  wBk  bar  about  tb*  conelualon  uf 


h*  traato  waa  duly  alcned  and  concluded,  and 
a  mutual  lotiNrobang*  of  adulca  fuUawad.  But  It  I* 
banlly  to  ba  aappoavd  that  an  amngsoianl  ao  hu- 
n^Hidaf  eoald  laaalT*  toe  unanlmona  approral  of 
the  peopla.  It  fav*  riaa  to  much  excitement  and 
InillKnalHin,  and  to  aome  daanrona  enoonoton  be- 
tween FacuTlana  and  SpanlanU,  both  In  Lima  and 
Callao.  Culonal  Piadt).  tha  ajTemor  of  Arequlpa, 
beaded  lb*  auleaoteatJk  and  openly  declared  thai 


lb*  riaaldant  bad  Insu 


the   Bepublte  by  the 


IMaee  ba  bad  ooaeladad.    In  tbla  b*  waa  •natolned 
the  aalin 

Uon of  weateto dadared for  Prado  and  war.    fhla 


ay  the  aalira  popnlatton  of  Areonlpa,  Cnaco,  Puao 
qa* ;  aad  the  whole  or  th»aoalhern£pr- 


and  Mo 


leal  lor  the  aattooal  caaae  In  that  particolar  locality 
aras  probably  da*  largely  to  the  •tato  of  feeling  to 
ChOL  where,  ^t>m  a  aympatby  for  Peru,  the  people 
kad  D**B  drtrea  tato  a  perMmal  AMlinc  to  the  matter 
to  dtuMt*,  aad  Ihna  one  repobUe  urcad  on  the  other. 
Baatabadproleatedanlaatthe  port  taken  I^ChlU 
,  the  beginning  of  tha  year,  but  mutual  esptona- 


Itoaa  foUowed,  aad  the  proapect  of  any  tartber  dit- 
leally  for  a  time  dlaappeared.  Tbo  Spaoiiib  goTem- 
iMWavar,  aabaa^uantly  repudiated  the  acte  «( 


MibUcaltoa  of  lb*  article*  eomphOned  of  In  lb*  Bmi 
arlln  aawipapar,  bad  b*an  alraady  dealt  wliki 
and  with  i*faraaoa  to  Ih*  aon-eoaliag  of  Bpaalab  vaa- 
Mh  to  Obilton  porta,  the  MInUter  Inabtad  that  that 
daera*  had  baea  bauad  whan  thar*  appvarad  to  ba 
a  atato  of  actual  koalUltlae  la  axbtonce.  Umlar  the 
eireumataneea  Ih*  Chilian  itOTemmenl  rvfuaed  to 
admit  any  dagrae  of  eulpablllly  to  the  premlaea ; 
and  Banor  Covarrabtaa  aadad  bta  dbpatch  by  "  po- 
MaplorUy  aad  Irariy  rafaalu  tha  bamlltaUng  and 
dbgraoaful  prupoaal  that  tbe  Ihianbh  flag  abould  ba 
aalalad  by  tbe  guaa  of  tbe  RapubUo. " 

Tbb  waa  notlhe  kind  uf  anawar  that  tbe  Biwnlard 
bad  tooked  lt>r.  II*  Ikerefur*  oflared  to  giT*  the 
government  a  further  ra*plto  of  two  daya  during 
wbloh  to  reeonaldor  Uia  detormlnatton.  But  tbe  guv- 
•niBMnI  atuod  trm,  aad  In  tha  ooutm  of  a  raply  t4i 
a  aecood  ulllnwtum  Ih*  Voreign  Mlnbtor  uaed  tbe*; 
wcnl*:— 

"  Tha  govemraent  of  tb*  Republic  henceforth  r«- 
fnaea,  whatever  future  oontlngencba  may  arlae,  all 
damanda  Ibr  todamnUoatlon  arlatog  (torn  the  vm- 
pU^ymenl  of  Um  foroee  at  thu  command  of  tha  BpiMi- 
bb  Admiral.  The  entlra  and  eioluaivo  rcapunal- 
bllily  uf  the  IncalcuUbIa  evtb  which  the  oumiug 
coudlot  will  bring  to  Chill  and  bar  people,  fomlgii 
•a  wall  aa  iwUve,  must  ml  upon  tbe  oppreiaor, 
npoa  the  guvemmont  of  Spain  and  Ito  agente,  who 
wbb  to  anbmlt  the  Republle  to  the  moat  dblreaaing 
and  iaJurtouB  proooedlnga,  wllbout  a  abadow  of 
Joatlea,  witboal  even  a  plaualUe  pretext  Cunae- 
quently,  Ihb  government  will  reclaim  from  that  of 
Suain  the  ampleal  and  moat  oompleto  r»p*r*tlun  fir 
an  damagea  that  may  bo  inatelnad  by  Chtil  irruwii  g 
uul  of  tbe  urceeni  dUBculUca." 

The  mual  energette  meaanrea  now  foUowed.  T'M 
entire  diplomatic  corpa  mat  In  Valparalao,  and  a>  nt 
a  atrongly  worded  proteat  to  the  Bpanbh  adml  «l. 
But  Ihb  by  unheeded.  Cunmaa  waa  convooed.  and 
a  deebratiun  of  war  aaainat  Spain  agreed  to  u  lani- 
moualy.  Ttra  executive  waa  anthorUed  to  rriao  a 
loan  of  twenty  uiillloiu  fur  toe  purpoaea  of  the  war, 
and  unlimited  powers  were  further  coulterred  ui'on  it 
to  Increaae  botji  the  army  and  navy  to  any  atmagth 
that  might  be  neoesfary  m  defence  of  the  connuy. 
An  embargo  waa  laid  Ujpon  the  property  of  Spai  <larda 
within  the  Republic,  fipaiibh  aubjccu  were  placed 
under  clowe  vlgUance  of  the  civil  sutboritiea  Cna- 
tonu  dutlea  were  relaxed.  Meana  of  commuiilcattun 
between  many  placea  to  the  toterior  were  opined  up. 
Telegrapha  were  conatnicted;  and  the  :iitnbtiy, 
cordially  aided  by  Congreaa,  auiioeeded  to  maiutaiu- 
iOK  perfect  conflaence  In  the  national  credit 

Hcanwhib  tha  Bpanbh  admiral,  with  charactorb- 
tb  bravado,  undertook  more  thai,  be  found  he  could 
acGomplbb.  Tbe  force  at  his  cuinmand  consbted  of 
atx  frigntea— tbe  VBta  do  Madrid,  Rraolucion,  Nn- 
mancu,  Blanca,  Berenguela,  aud  Marqnax  de  to 
Vtetorto ;  beeidea  two  gunboats.  He  therewith  de- 
clared the  blockade  of  forty  porte ;  but  waa  gtod 
almoat  immediately  after  to  reduce  the  number  to 
alx.  Rven  tbb  bo  found  himself  unable  to  main- 
tain, and  agato  be  reilucod  the  number  to  four ;  a 
■ad  failing  oC  from  hto  Aral  pretenalona,  and  ono 
which  tovolved  a  mbtoke  of  very  considerable  im- 
portance In  caae  It  abould  be  avdled  of.  But  not- 
wtthataadlng  tbb,  some  Chilbn  veeaela  of  war— tbe 
Esmeralda,  corvette,  and  the  ataamei*  Independencto 


and  broagbl  bar  to  wlik  a  l 
rortf  atea   Imutedbtely  aflar 
Maaaiar  aad  eMoMtJ  k«r  aa  a  priaa. 


ror  tkb  action,  wkbk  produced  a  great  moml  aiaal 
OB  oolk  aldea.  iba  commander  of  tbe  KaMaralda.  Umi 
J  nan  to  Robolbdo,  waa  ptumoled,  aad  laaaivad  tha 


aaiMMaa  gal 

lasniaatoa 
lag,  oIUm  . 
aaauaa  k*r  bow*. 

buardad  Ika  slaaai ,  _  . _. 

Bat  b*r  oMaara  aad  *f*«rurulaalad  agalaat  tkb  Hum- 

tfcaai  la  boavUklag  Ik*  laaaak  to  tow,  aad  SS^ 
tag  up  Ik*  wkob  oTNMnita  tk*  purtof  Matua.  Tbi* 
flrti  s««***a  waa  aoon  after  klluwad  by  aauthar  of 
mora  Imuorlaaca.  Tb*  Kaaiaralda,  wbU*  ernblM 
oK  Pspiido,  d***rted  lb*  Spanbk  ganbiial  Covadua- 
to  ami  al  una*  aav*  ahaa*.  Sb*  rapidly  aama  us 
Wllk  kar,  and,  jalUMi  tato  atoaa  quartora,  maaagaa 
to  poar  akol  NHf  rtqt  tato  kar  wllk  toUlag  alSvi 
Tk*  fpaabM  rwIM  vtenioasly.  aad  Um  voatoal 
wa*  aanM  oa  by  boUl  Odea  wllb  gnal  aplril  tot 
aboal  bait  sn.koar,  wkaa  Ika  BiMutak  eaptota 
haabd  «owa  kb  lag.  kavtag  two  nMi  kUbTaiiii 
foartaaa  woaadad.  lib  gaa  pnMli**  kad  buaa  to 
wUd,  Umi  BolwllkalaMlfiig  tl*  kad  aipMMtod  m 
maav  luaad  akol  a*  ha  walT  eoald  wlUda  Ika  Ubm, 
Ik*  Kamatalda  was  aaaolately  aakart  Tka  Cuva- 
doida,  allbnagh  aaadlna  rapaira,  was  a  usalbl  vaaaal 
to  lb*  Cblllaa  aavy.  Tbe  priaoaata  aacared  to  her 
war*  laven  oMeera  aad  a  hundred  and  flfteun  RMa. 

For  tbb  action, 

OB  oolb  aldea.  I 

Jaan  to  Robolh^  .  —  , ^ 

bighaal  honon  from  tha  p*opb  i  but  Admini  Parola, 
on  baaring  of  the  oecurrsnca,  committed  aablda. 
Tbe  command  uf  lb*  Bpanbh  squadroa  thu*  davolvud 
upon  Oommodora  Manas,  wfcoa*  Brat  asl  waa  a 
further  ackaowladgmeni  of  weekneea-lbe  rabtag 
tha  blockade  of  every  CblUsa  port  asa«pl  Valuaiaiao 
and  Caldara. 

Except  for  tha  braaeb  of  faith  of  wbbh  8p*ta 
waa  guilty  In  disavowing  Iba  aettoa  of  kar  Cham  d' 
Altalraa  in  Chili,  and  DMking  n«w  damanda  apuu  Ika 
CliUlan  govemmaut,  II  b  qalte  poaalbto  Ikal  Ik*  db- 
•SucUon  shown  In  Puru  over  tna  treaty  mada  wllk 
Pareja  might  have  dbd  away  without  pruductag  aay 
very  aertoua  cuoaaquencea.  Bat  Iba  toaa  IM  waa 
adopted  by  Covsmiuba  vary  muck  atr*ngthaMd  Iba 
Dolfoy  taken  by  Colonel  Prado  In  Arcqulpa,  who 
bund  bb  adherente  rapidly  Ineraastag  tNm  day  to 
day,  not  to  bb  own  dbtrtol  only,  but  Ikroaghoul  tha 
northern  provlncea,  Ue  now  decbred  opeuu  Malnsl 
IbeguvemnMnt  Colunel  Noya  waa  appotoWd  euro- 
mandar  of  tbe  revolutionary  furo**  In  w*  aorlb,  aud 
ausUlncd  at  Aral  a  few  laverses.  But  Prado  mai«h*d 
with  ton  thonaaud  men  upon  Lima,  being  reinforced 
upon  bb  way  by  a  number  of  Noya's  Iroopa,  wbo 
bad  mUn<dfMm  the  coast  for  that  purpoae.  Arrived 
about  alx  miles  from  the  oaplbl,  (leneral  Prado  va- 
coiwtered  a  force  uf  about  half  tbe  number  oftib 
uwn  anny,  and  a  furious  battle  waa  the  raault  Tha 
ravoluUonbk  anllbrvd  aavcrely,  buliiwbitatoad  Ibatr 
ground,  and  on  the  following  day  entered  Lima  wllk 
but  little  oppoaltton.  They  marcboil  direct  to  Ika 
principal  ptatx,  totending  to  selau  pueaeaaion  of  VL» 
paboe  and  the  Prraldent  In  this  attempt  Ikey  ml 
with  a  determined  reabtsuce  from  a  band  of  gov 
emment  trooua  under  Celadurea,  evrry  one  of  wbnai 

Kirbhed  In  the  conOict  In  the  mhbt  of  tha  tumult 
e  Preeldent  eacaped  to  an  Engllah  man-of-war  Ihal 
waa  lying  In  the  olBng,  and  two  days  afterwards  tb* 
MInbter  of  War  aurrandered  both  bimaelf  and  tha 
fort  of  Santa  CataUna  to  Ura  rovoluUunary  general. 
The  preetdeney  waa  now  conferred  upon  Ileueral 
Caiiaiico,  and  the  whole  populaUon  apeedily  con- 
acnlml  to  acknowledge  the  new  guvemmeol.  FwmI 
waa  oiBcblly  declared  to  be  a  traitor  and  an  awaaaln. 
and  an  attempt  waa  mada,  but  unsuccessfully,  to 
nave  him  given  up  from  under  the  prutocUun  or  the 
British  Ibg  fur  trial  and  condemnation.  lib  fricnda 
and  adherente  were  removed  from  ofllce,  and  aoma 
of  them  ordered  to  leave  the  country.  Tct  tlib  ar- 
rangement waa  but  temporaiy.  The  elevation  of 
Cunseoo  %u  perbspa  amiateke,  except  ao  far  aa  It 
proved  to  bimaelf  thai  he  waa  not  the  man  for  the 

fieople  at  Ihb  criab.  In  a  few  months  another  revo- 
uUon  waa  accomplbhed,  tbla  tluio  without  any 
aheddlng  of  blood.  Canseco  wsa  removed  and 
Qeniiral  rrado  elevated  to  Uie  Dlcfatorsbi|t  by  tha 
unanimoua  voice  of  the  nation.  Tbla  choice  waa 
fully  j  uaUHed  by  evente.    General  Prado  had  already 


shown  bimaeir  a  man  of  aingular  energy,  and  ona 
quite  competent  to  ace  the  atato  of  pabib  onto 
and  to  feel  tbe  pnbe  of  the  nation.    Tbe  randa- 


mental  baab  of  bb  pnlicy  waa  atlll  the  aame— a  mora 
dignlfled  atUtude  towarda  Spain.  But  h*  aaw  tha 
neceaaily  of  preparing  the  wn  for  what  h*  foreaaw 
must  bo  the  conaequcncaa  of  such  a  pollcj.  Jte- 
coidin^,  tha  atato  of  the  public  treaauiy  receivua 
hb  ilril  attonUon.  H*  Insisted  on  the  exercise  of 
an  increased  economy  to  every  department  Several 
olBcea  were  abolbhed,  and  tbe  admlnlstraUonof  tbe 
law  waa  mada  more  aimple  «nd  apecdy.  Taxaa 
were  levied  upon  many  arnclea  of  exportation,  aad 


■  OUrn    AMRRIOA. 


m 


••Ha.  •  I ..  - 
>  mwk  •  tlMt 
NtiaUljr  altm 

t  M  •  prtMi 

iliinlik  uImiIihi 
r,  MM  lMI»t^ 
tWawia.  Tbl* 
b;  (auilMr  nf 
rblU  •niMiig 
MNri  UofaaitMf 
Ml>  «•■■•  IW 

tMI,aMMgM 

toUwc  aiSvi 
d  Um  fUMtort 
nwlt|iirH  lot 

Mitob  oMUto 
M  kUl^awl 


minimImI  m 
1    Tm  Vu«»> 

•  HMltol  VtMM 

Meurwt  tat  bw 
d  tfUtnt  man. 
•I  Miml  aCMl 
;MMnMa,l>Mi 
draMlvA  Um 
kdmlnUruvla, 
■IUmI  MkMa. 
■  Ihutdtvolvud 
nl  Ml  «M  • 
M— Um  ntklDit 
MptViUiwraiw 

t  KhWt  ■pain 
lb«rUlwrg«d* 
naiidt  upon  IM 
liUUialUMdl*- 
Mty  DMd*  wlUi 
I  pfudttotng  My 

WM 


▲ft^ulp*.  wbo 
u  that  day  to 

ifenHlglMUtUM 

1  opauu  Maliwt 
aiiiMiiaMdouiii- 
n  \ba  Boiib,  aud 
thfwioiiiaiobad 
wlug  lebifarcad 
•'•  Iruupa,  who 
ir|MM«.  Arrlvad 
ii«n)  Fraditfn- 
uumbar  oflUa 
jerMHiL    Tba 
iiabitolnod  Uwlr 
radUinawttk 
il  dtresi  to  tka 
aoiakm  ol  VCM 
iiiipl  Umi  nrt 
band  of  goT- 
ona  ol  wEiMB 
^i  ol  Um  tumult 
i-«r-war  I  hat 
altarwarrtu  tha 
Iroaelt  and  Um 
Uunary  nnenL 
upon  Uauaral 
apaadlljr  con- 
inianL    Paial 
id  an  awaaalB, 
InoceattuUy,  to 
itocUun  of  tha 
lUi  Menda 
Ice.  and  lonM 
Tut  thU  ar- 
ia elevation  ol 
gpt  ao  tar  aa  It 
M  man  for  tha 
another  ravo- 
without  an; 
.remored  and 
Ltonblp  bj  tha 
la  oholea  waa 
lo  had  already 
■ercy,  and  ona 
Ipoblle  opiolon 
The  hindaF 
laame — a  mora 
Bt  ha  aaw  tha 
tat  be  foraaaw 
policy.  Jto- 
auiy  reeaiTod 
he  exerciae  ol 
nent    Several 
latraUonor  tha 
beody.    Taxaa 
■portation,  and 


HKttaM  awl  moiMfntlaa,  Mntad  by  pravln«ar>*- 
•rmMMMi  and  wMrh  ytaMatTNotklM iiilMi rvrimumi, 
vara  ilnf  pod.  MaanatMla,  nMoMMlona  'wam  belna 
•aUnljP  nirrtad  on  arltll  Ika  likllbn  (iirvriimaiil,  and 
■a  If  ataHrMi  nl  Ihalr  •aai'Kufal  Imu«.  «  niiinlwr  nf 
raaavla  warn  wlmil  anil  iImIhIiikiI  In  iiii<  li.irliuiir  nf 
Callao,  HMlrr  w\>WU»i  nf  lln'lr  IwIiih  uiiKa|(i'il  In 
aarryhif  aa|i|illin  Ui  Ihx  MiianluriU,  A  ilifi'imrtK  ami 
uffnttalva  tmi't*  tH'twiwii  lii*  Iwn  rriiiilillu"  WDarnn. 
•lH<l*<l  on  Ibii  Atb  lit  Ik'iti'nilwr,  liai\  riitlUi-<l  im  Um 
IMIi  nf  lb«  Mm*  mnnlli,  ami  war  aynliial  M|ialii  ilu 
alaml  iiH  Ihii  llth  nf  Iha  InlliiwIUK  Janiiar) . 

I'hK  aoUvlljr  Ihua  ilUplayint  » l  allnwnil  tii 

ahalH.  TbiidafUraUDnof  war  waarni'vlvnillhniUKb- 
iml  iHtih  niuMltlla*  with  Uia  iinialiwl  ■iilhuilaaiii  aail 
«v«n  r«)«lvm|,  aa  an  av|i|«iii'»  that  tha  nallmial 
biiHimr  wimbl  now  Ihi  vlndlmlnil.  Tbi<  ramrlan 
aiiiMilnin  aliniMt  Imiiinillali'ly  ant  wll  ti>  Jnlii  Ilia  Naiit 
III  tha  alllaii,  but  anffi'mil  anv«r«  Inaa  In  tha  fDUiidur- 
ln|  III  una  lil  their  laniKal  ahl|M,  tha  Ainaannaa,  nl 
41  iptna.  Tha  enmMmid  Inrra  tHmafailad  of  aarun 
vaaaula,  with  IHT  rlHml  Kuiia  iif  haav*  ralllire,  lli'im- 
twnlratad  Nrat  near  tha  lalanil  of  l.'bnim,  and  bar*,  on 
tha  Tib  of  rubruary,  alilnd  tha  laiiil  liatliirlaii  In  Iha 
|M>rt  uf  Nan  l.'arliw  In  raalaUiiji  au  atlack  fnim  a  |iart 
nf  Ihavnamy'a  aquailmii.  Tlie  affair  laaUid  naorly 
two  honra,  at  tha  and  nf  which  lima  Ibv  Hpanlanla 
mllrail  wltbnut  batlnaallbar  racrlYad  nrKlvi'nniurh 
ilaiuaKe.  ami  ratunittir  III  Val|iaralaii,  Iba  nnlr  pnrt 
unilar  hliH'kada,  whuni  thay  |ira|iar«il  In  cninnilt  niia 
nf  lh«  niiMl  daalardly  acta  that  haa  b««n  mmnlail  In 
tb«  blalnry  nl  elvlllaail  warlare— tha  bomliardinaut 
nf  an  uiidalandad  rlly, 

Tha  lima  that  Intiirvanml  bafnrv  thia  wan  taken  ad- 
vanlaga  nf  by  the  dllilnnialli'  pnr|ia  ami  fonilKii 
•■niiiiiiaiiilvra  to  attumM  tii  ulfvi'l  aniiiii  kind  n|  an 
arratiKeniant  aa  a  pri'ltniinary  tn  inai'e.  Hut  Admi- 
ral Nunai  wnuhl  nnt  cnnMnl  In  liii'luiln  Paril  nr  any 
nf  tha  alaliir  rtipublira  In  Iha  Icrma,  and  tlin  Uhlllan 
lulnlatar  vary  hnnnurahly  rcfiiuiil,  thanifnrii,  In 
llatoii  tn  Ihuiu.  Ilvnaral  Kllpatrink  anil  t.'niiiiiiiHliini 
ItiMlKi'ra,  nf  the  Unlltnl  Mtali>a  Hai-lflc  Itiii't,  «a|Hi- 
clally  Diartvil  Ihi'iiiaulvna  In  the  Intiirnata  »f  pnui'ii, 
auil  with  a  rh'W  In  Ihii  iinitiii'tlnn  nf  lliii  llvna  ami 

i>m|Ntrty  nf  llnlti'd  Mlauia  vUUniia  In  Val|iaral«i, 
lut  thtilr  effnrta  were  n'iidiin>d  iiuxalnry  by  the  iil>- 
•tluiii-y  nf  till)  MiwnUli  ailinlral.  'I'lie  arrival  nl 
C'niiiniiHlurti  lie  Uuurcy,  nf  tho  llrlllah  I'aclllir  aiinad- 
n>n,  bruttght  about  a  imvtlnK  nl  lliu  (ll|ilniiiiiUc 
rur|ia,  and  lurther  eltnrta  tn  arraiiKn  tiirina  that 
wuulil  tave  the  city.  Hut  thuy,  In  i,  wore  naelaan, 
and  wan  lollnwad  lur  a  nianllealn  Imiii  tho  Hpanlah 
admiral,  which,  fat  falaHluatlnn  nf  tlm  lUrciimatancca 
•nd  Krand'liMiuent  luttlllvaUnn  nf  liU  nwn  unmlui't, 
ciiuluacarouly  kiive been aurpanatiil,  Tlila  wniit forth 
nn  the  '/>th  nl  the  niniith,  anil  with  It  a  nntlru  tliut 
the  bnnihardinent  wniiM  onmiuoiii'C  nn  the  illat  A 
mei'tInK  nl  lorulKii  roaliluiiU  waa  hulil,  and  tha  pni- 
tiii'llun  ol  thuir  rn«|u>rtlvD  Kuvoriinii'iita  waa 
aulli-ltud.  Hut  at  thIa  Jinirliiru  a  illirvmnce  of 
<i|iinlnii  a'fwe  amnnu  tlii' ri<iiri'«niitutlMia  nf  (nrolKO 
iinwura.  (Iiincml  Kllpiilrlvk  Invited  the  KiikIIiiIi, 
r'niiich,  Italian  and  I'liruvlaii  nilnlatum  tn  nieot  lilin. 
Hut  the  Iwn  Aral  namiil,  very  niMniiably,  and  In  aiv 
conlaiiie  with  Intematlnniii  law,  dm'lliii«l,  nn  tlin 
Kmuiid  that  furcu  vnuld  nut  bo  iiauil,  uii<l  thatuxi'iipt 
Willi  that  nuthliiK  cuulil  bo  ilnno  In  the  illrvi'tlnii 
wlili'h  all  had  at  huarl  Two  atmiiK-wurilcd  uruleati 
wi<ro  now  proparud,  and  fnrwanliid  to  Adiiilral 
Nuiiei,  the  iine  alKiied  by  tho  cnnnula  nl  Kranci!, 
KnKlmiil,  and  tho  Ariroiitliio  He|iul<llo  ;  tho  nthvr  by 
tliu  I'liiMula  uf  tlio  IJnllvil  t^tiitca,  l'iirtut(>>li  I'oii- 
iiiark,  Auatrte,  llaimvur,  Pniaalii,  Broiniiii,  Hwltm-r- 
laiiil,  Oldi'nburir,  Hraall,  It.tl>',  Cnlunibia,  HwimIrii 
and  Norway,  llamburiic,  Han  Halvidur,  and  tho 
Houdwlch  lalanda.  The  fulluwlnK  la  tho  coui'luilbi); 
iiaruirraph  of  theao  proteata,  which  wore  nearly 
iilenUcal  In  form  :— 

"  lllatiiry  will  celtalnly  nut  present  tn  Iti  annala 
any  ovont  which  can  rival  In  bnrmr  thu  putiiro 
wlili'li  will  be  preaontod  by  Uio  boniliardinent  uf  thIa 
rlly.  II  will  Iw  an  ai't  of  vcnKciinco  an  terrible  that 
tliii  vivlliicd  world  will  ahudiU'r  with  hurmr  In  cun- 
toniiilatlng  It,  and  tho  ropribatlun  of  tho  entiM 
wiirUl  wIlTfull  upon  tlio  power  wlileb  may  have  car- 
rlud  It  nut.  Tho  bumliiK  and  deatructlon  nf  Vulpa- 
ruUu  will  be  the  certain  ruin  and  deatructlon  nr  a 
tIniirishluK  city  ;  but  bo  yuur  excellency  well  licr 
•uudod  that  It  will  alau  bo  an  eternal  blot  upon 
ttpaln.  Valparalao  will  riae  from  her  aahea,  but 
never  will  the  ataln  be  wiped  out  which  aulllca  the 
llu^  of  Spain  II  your  excellency  persltta  In  carrying 
out  tn  cruel  an  attempt  If,  notwithatandlng  all, 
youro.tcellency  carrlea  It  out,  we  ahall  Bndouraelvea 
under  the  Inevitable  noceaitlty  of  prutcsUnK  tn  the 
niuet  aulomn  manner,  as,  In  ettect,  wedu  now  pmtrat 
ni^atnst  audi  iiroccodtiiK,  on  BKaluat  thu  Intcroata  of 
our  cnnstitucnta,  reserving  tn  nur  |^)vernmenta  tho 
rh;lit  tu  reclaim  fruin  tho  icnvcmmcnt  uf  lior  Catholic 
M  ijeaty  tlio  eiinnnnua  tnjurli-a  which  these  cItUena 
will  sillier.  We  prntOKt  In  tho  face  uf  tho  clvllUed 
world,  ajjulnat  the  unnauinmatlnn  uf  an  act  which  In 
hi  oontradlotlon  to  the  clvUtauttou  uf  the  age." 

18 


Mrmig  and  tnitkM  oa  tkia  hingw^  waa,  H  waa 
raaatvatlmily  In  enntawptamM  allniaa.  U  raapnnaa 
tn  anntkar  appeal  Irima  tha  Malgn  raaldaata,  Itiim- 
HHidnra  HiHlgara  •ipraaawl  kla  InaMllly  In  liilarvaaa 
nn  tha  |>art  iil  tk«  rnltrd  Mlatna  ^lrthar  tkan  ha  hail 
•Irvnily  ilnne  i  and  a  iirnrlamallnn  hMUi'd  hy  Iba 
riilllan  iiilnlati-r  uriflng  Iha  imnpla  In  have  imhiH' 
ilniii'ii,  thai,  I'oniu  what  inl|{hl,  nnthliig  dlahnnuur- 
aliln  wnuhl  b«  wpi'iliiil  In  hy  the  Ki'v^'miiiKiit,  rn 
alKniiil  thi'iH  ap|Hireiilly  In  Iha  titii  wbli'h  Ihii  hriital 
NuiM'a  hod  (imnilaeit  tlii'in.  I:e  waafnr  niii'*  true  In 
hia  wnnl,  rvi'ii  thnugh  II  won  fnr  hbn  and  fur  the 
whMlaM|Ninlakaatlnnlhi<Jiiat*aiianthia  nl  tha  civil- 
laail  wnrhl. 

On  Uia  miimliiK  nl  ihn  HIat  of  March,  the  Hrlllah 
man-nf-war  HutlrJ  and  Leaiider,  Uia  yrxmh  Irtgnte 
Rgarla,  and  the  united  Miitaa  fleet,  anebomd  at  tka 
aiilranee  nf  Ihu  pnri,  and  aiMm  sllarwarda  thu  Mpan- 
Uh  aiinailnin,  cnnslallnf  ol  tha  Reaiduchin,  Numan- 
phL  Villa  da  Madrid,  RIanea,  Vencednna,  l*a<|aeta 
da  liaula,  and  tha  Harenguela,  appniachad  Uie  rlly, 
Tha  Haaidanlon  UMik  up  bar  •lathin  oiiiMMlta  tfia 
railway  de|Mil,  the  Villa  da  Madrid  and  Rlunea  ware 
•bout  Mil)  yarda  from  tha  C'nstnm  llouao,  and  tha 
Vencednna  biy  oloaa  In  ahoni  and  gave  her  alti<nlkm 
chiefly  tn  hnapllala  and  private  kiittsi>a.  Hhnrtly 
alter  nine  n'rinrk  two  guna  were  flred  fmni  tho 
Namanela,  aa  a  algnal  In  bagln.  and  at  eight  mlii- 
utea  (laat,  tlie  flrst  ahnt  waa  flreil  fmm  the  Blanea, 
amid  ahnnia  of  "  Viva  nl  Heliia  "  fmtn  the  ai-amen  nl 
the  fleet,  Nnt  a  hand  wua  ralai'il,  iinr  a  gun  flrvd  to 
raalat  thta  mnal  daalanlly  attack,  Tho  city  wua.  In 
laet,  un|irutocteil.  UiidiT  Iheae  clreuiiialancca,  fnr 
three  lung  hirara  tka  H|ianlartla  want  bravely  nn,  at 
the  end  nf  which  tlino  Ibcy  hail  flred  anina  BJIUU 
ahot  Intn  the  city,  cbiclly  Ml  and  tM-punndera,  Twu 
daya  lirevlnusly,  Nunaa  had  oent  a  re<|uaat  that  the 
biMUltala,  and  niher  bulldlnga  nl  a  Ilka  kind,  abould 
be  dlatlngulahnd  with  a  whUa  flag,  Tbia  was  dime, 
bill  It  waa  nnt  heeiled  by  Ika  Hpanlah  gunners,  whn 
paid  nu  rcKard  to  the  naluni  ol  the  plaiwa  they  were 
ilmtrnyliitf.  Mnapltals,  chun'hca  and  private  hnuaea 
aiiircrnil  llin  saiiin  futii  aa  the  1,'ustnm  lliiuse,  Bnume 
liiU'iiitiimla,  and  nthcr  publli!  edIRcoa.  Red  hot 
shut  worn  iisi-d  In  larK"  nuiiibera  with  the  nbjectuf 
aettlnK  Are  In  the  city  ;  and  thny  were  aucecaalul. 
A  large  iinrlhin  nl  It  waa  dentmyed  by  Nre,  and 
every  bnlidlnir  alnng  the  ahnre  utterly  demnlbihod. 

At  elitht  nilnules  alter  twelve  u'clock.  a  algnal 
appcarud  Irnni  tho  Nuinancla  to  coaaa  fliing.  The 
fleet  then  gut  under  way,  and  came  to  their  old 
anchorage,  thua  bringing  to  an  end  the  act  whiek 
wia  lurover  tn  redimnd  to  tta«  Ignominy  ol  tha  Span- 
lab  charactar.  The  value  uf  property  destmyad  waa 
eaUmated  at  over  Ian  nillllnna  nf  dollars,  ol  which  by 
lar  the  greater  poitlim  belmigeil  to  Inrelgnera. 

In  tho  nuinlfoato  prepared  by  tho  diplnmatio  body 
for  tho  Inlnrmatinn  of  their  ruapeotlve  govemmenta, 
the  nature  nf  the  bninbardment  wua  boldly  de- 
wrlbed,  and  the  dncumont  slanda  aa  an  ofllclal  record 
ul  the  Inhumanity  with  which  tho  Hpanlarda  acted 
nn  the  uccasbin,  Kor  that  reaaon,  II  tor  nn  olhor,  It 
ohnulil  bo  retained.  It  wna  signed  In  order  by  the 
cnnsula  uf  I'urtugal,  Franco,  Kngland,  llambnrg, 
I'nissia,  Denmark,  Belgium,  Netnerlanda,  United 
Htulea,  nandwirh  Islands,  Bremen,  Oldenburg,  Han- 
nver,  Braill,  Haxnny,  Argentine  ContedemUun,  Italy, 
Hwedvn  ami  Norway,  Austria,  Halvadnr,  Swltxor- 
IuihI,  4lu,itiiiiiala,  Lubuck,  and  (Julumbia ;  and  It 
oniind  In  the  fnllnwtng  tcrina  :— 

"  It  Is  a  nutnilnus  fact,  witnessed  by  the  wbnio 

^l«pulatlnn,  that  nne  nf  tho  frigates  statlnncd  In 
rout  of  I'lniii'haila  atroet,  nioatly  u<:cu|ili'd  by  French 
I'oinimiriv,  llrod  directly  nn  that  part  uf  tho  city,  and 
at  a  dUt^ini'o  nf  about  nne  hundred  and  flity  metrea 
friiin  tlin  (invcriinr's  hoiiHo,  at  which  building  an- 
other vi'sael  was  illrt'i'thiK  her  sbntit.    It  la  equally 
nntorloua  that  anollirr  frlvatc,  iwcupled  In  flrfug  at 
the  rollwiiy  atutloii  tituuti'd  at  the  eitreme  eniT  ol 
Val|mmlan,  Hrcil  her  whole  bmaileide,  on  two  sapar* 
ate  iM-cosluiis,  nn  the  contni  nf  tho  jiart  called  Al- 
nicndml,  distant  about  half  a  kllonietni  from  the 
rallwiiy  bnlldlngs,  which  purt  of  tho  city  Included 
no  gnvoninicnt  iirniiorty,  hut  contains  tho  hospitals 
and  charitable  inatitutluns  which  wore  under  the 
satoguiird  of  the  wonl  of  the  commander  of  her 
Catholic  Majesty's  aquailmn.     It  la  not  lawtul  to 
presume   that    the    abovo-menttoned    commander 
wlahed  tn  linmk  his  word  ;  but  aa  the  Are  ol  her 
Catholic  Majesty's  ahlps  waa  not  returned  from 
ahore,  and  tho  commanaer  ol  each  one  ol  tha  veaaela 
I  could  toko  up  bbi  poaltlon  at  will,  and  without  re- 
I  aervc  or  fear  of  being  attacked,  there  la  no  reaaon  to 
I  auppoae  tbat  tho  abnve-menttoned  facta  could  have 
I  urlginateil  tn  a  false  movement,  or  have  had  auch 
!  fatal  consequences.    In  support  of  this  exposition. 
It  is  thu  duty  of  tho  undersigned  to  mention  that 
I  varioua  projectiles  atruck  the  Civil  Hospital.   Among 
them  a  grenade,  which  happily  did  not  explode,  IcU 
In  tho  room  wbero  tho  Slaters  of  Mon-y  were  col- 
lected, together  with  tho  );irls  fnini  tho  Asylum  of 
I  Salvador ;  that  the  fla:;  hnlntcil  by  the  Argentine 
I Conaulate-Ueoeral  baa  been  traversed  by  a  ball; 


that  vartiiM  ahnta  hava  | 


SI  when  Iha 
a( 


iota  hava  imaad  Um  ».la  ol  MM  kiM 
Franek  prWto  afe  sHHaM  i  IkaMM 
,  aarvbig  oa  MMI  day  m  hi  Mmmi*. 
naa  arnianm  eimalilarMila  4amaga  amnt  by  vaHaM 
pnijei'illus,  ami  that  all  Ika  alMive  kalMlaga  ■!• 
alluals  far  fmin  any  stala  property. " 

Hnrh  was  Iha  iiAchil  httm  In  whicb  thIa  aatln* 
on  Iha  |airt  of  the  HiiMilak  gnvvmrnont  waa  4»> 
•I'rtlml  I  and  so  II  will  evarsUnd  aa  a  tmtblul  rkerM 
nf  bartiartam,  I'liwantlcn  and  Inkumanlly  agalnat  IM 

KKupla  nf  ItiMln.  The  Immadiata  allecl  Ikroughuul 
iiMpe  and  America,  and  all  alaa  witkin  tka  spksra 
nf  clvlllsatbin,  waa  a  biad  and  nnlvaraal  cry  of 
•bame.  Tha  aanae  uvarywhara  aipafianaod  waa  an* 
ol  horror  and  ataerathin  |  and  the  wofM  aefcanw* 
ledgail,  and  will  aver  avow  with  anMiMOM  vutea, 
Ute  deep  telkny  laiu  wktek  Spata  to  km  kaaiUtty 
kad  lallan. 

Rvan  Nunai  kimaall  oaoaiad  al  hat,  wkaa  k«  Ml 
tha  ouraaa  ol  kla  hllow-man,  lo  raoogaiaa  Ika  bMa- 
naaa  nl  kla  erlma,  Fnr  altar  kmrtaaa  daya  k«  da- 
clarod  tha  bhwkada  ol  Valparalao  at  aa  and,  tad  ka 
drew  off  kla  latt  aa  tkoogk  rogalaant  ol  ika  dia- 
graea  tkal  ka  kod  broubt  U|N«  kla  flag.  Bat  H,  oat  of 
rvigard  to  tha  pciaalblllty  of  any  sanaa  nl  kaaMnlty 
remaining  kis,  wa  ersdit  kini  with  thIa  dograa  ol 


panltenoa  kir  bla  Inbiultona  act.  It  did  not  hmg  an 
Ha  sailed  with  tha  a<iuadnm  dlrai't  Iniai  Val 


dure, 


imralao  to  Callao,  where  ka  arrived  on  tka  IMi  ol 
April.  He  Immedbtely  loaiiad  a  manllsato,  announe- 
ing  the  bfaiehaila  ol  tha  port  Irinn  tka  IITtk,  and  glvlif 
all  daya  lor  tka  departure  ol  aaulial  vaaaala.  ani 
fuur  days  fur  tha  removal  ol  women  aad  vhlulrea 
and  private  pmperif  Irom  tka  dty.  Ha  elated  kla 
Intention  In  bombard  tha  place  im  tka  let  al  May, 
and  no  time  waa  loat,  aa  It  kad  haan  al  Valparalao, 
In  Bttem|da  at  iiaclflcathm,  A  Ing  only  delayed  Ika 
fUlflllment  nl  the  threat  to  tha  second  ol  tlia  aama 
month.  But  the  Interval  that  kad  already  paaaad 
aince  the  declanUon  of  war,  had  nut  been  waatod  by 
tbe  Pernvlana.  Seeing  that  the  SpanUrda  vera  n<4 
olvlllaoil  annugh  to  spare  an  uapniteeted  city,  tkey 
had  been  doing  their  utmoal  to  place  thaira  In  a 
state  ul  defence,  Thuy  kad  ereetod  nine  lurmklahla 
batterlea  i  six  on  the  weal  and  three  on  the  nnrik 
aide  ol  the  town.  They  kad  alao  two  Irun-cUda  and 
three  small  gunboata  In  tho  harbour,  Tha  guna 
monntad  In  the  battertea  eonalatod  ol  Ave  M-ponnd- 
era,  twanlyalx  Vi-poundera,  lour  mo-nounder  Arm- 
atnmg  rllfea,  and  Ave  4B0-pounder  Btakely  rUea  | 
and  every  prepamtlun  waa  made  t«>  give  tka  anamy 
a  ineriled  rereptinn. 

At  oleveu  In  the  morning  he  gut  under  way,  la 
reaponaa  to  a  signal  Irom  the  flag  ship,  and  Unnrnd 
In  two  llnea  opnoalte  the  opuaclnic  lorta.  The  ahlpa 
on  the  north  alda  were  the  'Villa  da  Madrid,  Alman- 
aa,  and  Berunguela;  while  tbe  Numanela,  Blanco,  and 
Keaulucinn  tiMik  up  poaltbins  opuoalta  the  woatam 
lorta :  tha  gunboat  Vencedona  lylBg  oflf  between  tha 
two,  to  renaer  aaalalance  lo  either  aa  occaatoa  might 
require.  The  flrat  shot  waa  flred  fmm  tho  hind,  and 
struck  the  skle  ol  the  Numanela.  TbIa  waa  the  alg- 
nal lur  both  shipa  and  batterlea  Oil  round  to  opoo 
flrc,  and  In  a  very  lew  minntea  the  action  waa  gana- 
ral.  At  flrst  the  firing  waa  wild  and  uncertain,  bat 
when  the  Peruvian  gunnera  got  tha  range  of  tha 
vesarls,  their  shots  nigan  to  tell  with  giHid  elfeci 
In  twenty  minutes  the  Villa  da  Madrid  mada  algnala 
ol  dlatreaa,  and  waa  towoil  out  of  range,  witk  h« 
i^KKloK  badly  damagod  and  her  iiiacblnery  disab'ed, 
Tho  BorrugucU  soon  followed  ault,  having  received 
a  ahot  near  tho  water  Hoe  that  went  cumplalely 
Uirough  the  hull  and  placed  her  In  an  ahnoat  alnklng 
condition.  Tha  other  ahlps,  with  a  short  Interval  In 
the  caae  of  two  uf  them,  malntalno.1  the  ttght  daring 
the  whnle  aftemonn,  but  wlthnmt  in  any  degree 
aUckenIng  the  Are  from  the  luiM.  Il  waa  not  Ull 
paat  Ave  u'clock,  when  the  Hpanish  admiral,  aaetn( 
oU  bla  efforta  futile,  gave  the  algnal  to  c<a*e  Aring, 
and  took  bla  ships  away.  One  liattcry  ul  two  gnno 
waa  blown  up  at  the  beginning  ol  tho  engu^mcnt, 
and  two  guna  were  diamounted  ;  bat,  wlththoaa  ex- 
ccptlona,  there  waa  a  contlnuoua  Ar«  maintained 
*rom  every  Kun  on  the  land  aide. 
In  killed  and 
projectile  tltat   went 


throuphbnt  the  dajr  from  every  gun  on  the  land  aide, 
through  the  itaom-plpe  oi  Uie 'Villa  de   Madrid 


The  Spaniards  antigred  heavy 
wounded.     An    Armstronfr 

through  the  itaom-pIpe  oi  _„_  _     

killed  eighteen  men  and  wounded  twenty-ona  otbera. 
The  admiral  himself  received  aeveral  wounda,  but 
none  that  were  fktal,  and  all  the  ahlps  except  tha 
Vencedona  were  ao  materially  damaged  aa  to  be  ol- 
moat  diaabled  lor  ftuther  oSenaive  opentloni. 

The  leason  tkua  rendered  waa  snfflclent  fcf  th«  - 
Spanlarda,  who  mnch  pnlaned  bombarding  do- 
fenoeleaa  dtiea  to  facing  an  enemy's  battery,  and 
they  declined  to  Interlere  with  either  Chili  nr  Pent 
lor  aome  Ume  to  come.  In  fact,  they  have  never 
interlered  with  ao  mnch  energy  aince.  But  their  at- 
tempt had  thus  far  had  one  good  result.  Fearing  a 
combination  of  all  tbe  American  provinces  against 
them,  the  authurittes  at  Madrid,  an  soon  aa  war 
against  ChUI  waa  determined  on,  smght  to  gain  tha 
good-wUl  ol  tbe  Cent  nl  rapubUcs  by  aekna  whrigliig 


■  IITIRT  OF 


1* 
i| 

P\ 


11 


tB<IIB»MlltlH>  I    •  MmMWtiHI   WkMt  ll»«]P  ImU 

.«  MUMrtiN  wlln  Miirli  tbii*  •>(  (IrUnntmilUHi, 

wl>Mi<  la  Mall*.  T»  till*  •'•»••  MotulurM,  tiiMU- 
,  NlMi/«a<M,  ••Ivadiir,  mmI  CimU  RIim  owa 
rMHMnllhiii, 
HmI  whila  H|Hiln  ramiilnaiil  Imu'lUs  lh>  I'vnitlKii* 
•imlliiuuil,  ollh  iiiU4'li  |i*ra»t>'rHiii'i>,  llin  ilwhiii*l«« 
wittk*  llMt  iltay  li*<l  Iwiiiiii.  Thutr  n«>'t  dim  |>I*>'<iiI 
Hiiiiar  lh«  I'lHiiinMiil  III  Ailiiilriil  John  H.  t'luliiir,  f<ir- 
narljt  Ml  iirtb'i'r  tii  III*  luiey  <il  tli«  I'lnhxlurtla  Huii'« 
ot  Viirtli  Aiiwrli'*  ;  4ml  iii'iM'ral  I'railn,  in  wImiui  nil' 
llrtni  xiirtliHM  ilurliiK  lhi<  lHiiiili«riliiiiiit<i(  dilUn 
Nmrk  »l  Um  •urfM*  iif  llm  I'lruvUiu  waa  i|iii\  ili' 
Vut«l  hllUMlf  ki  lh«  dtiwu'lal  liilnrxaU  ii(  llm 
tottnlrjr,  Md  h>  Um  imvllvrluiti  liniimtviiianl  nf  ilia 
tMHipl*.  TiM  wkiila  iiaUm  ut  ktiaUnn  rmi'ltnl  ■ 
lkuff»a||k  r»lun»«lt<m,  ■ii4  Um  viuUhim  iIuIIm  »•■» 
miHmM  m  Umjt  M*«r  had  baan  iMfiira.  ik>  aalla- 
nolunr  lo  Um  aaUna  waa  Um  ■uranimani  u(  IhU 
Ma«,  (Ml  M  Ika  aaaalnc  tlaatlaa  tif  l^aaklvnl,  whiak 
tiMtk  plaa*  M  Um  aipwaUoa  u(  Um  larui  i>f  lila  illn' 
MuTMlp,  IM  waa  HnanlmiMMl/  cliiiaan  by  Uia  iwoiila 
Ikruockoal  Um  rajpahlla  lo  Uial  |>»aliliiii.  Yvi  iha 
ravolilUoaai;  aplm  wuolit  braak  nak  Caalllla  Hnt 
ialaa4  Um  mk  uI  iMurraetlon  bi  Ui«  uiiitli,  hut  >lla>l 
aaddaaljr  ara  any  mlaeklat  miulil  ha  ilntia  hy  hlin. 
(taaaral  Uananats  wbo  bail  nnra  bvfnrti  hoi'ii  «l<'>'- 
uraatdanl,  auon  aflar  liwk  up  Iha  work  »hi'n>  Ciu 
MU  laA  II,  and  aflar  aavanl  auoraaaaa  aKiitnat  n<i\- 
araaMal  Irunpa,  ba  A>re«il  Pmin  In  nalga  Iba  iihal- 
■ad  la«  laltor  ftirtbwUb  r«Un><r  liili>  l.hlll. 


fkairv'i 


)  waa  no  raaaoa  fw  Uila,  ••«••  Ihr  rvatlvM  auil 
nvoluUoBary  apirll  Ibal  aaaiua  In  b«  liihrnnil  hi  Ut>< 
Hpanlak  Amarkan  ckaivtar,  and,  w  w*  ahall  avo,  11 
waa  B<i  IndkMiUuB  nf  Uia  |i«nuaii«iit  will  ii(  tho  iw- 
Uoa.  Tka  qaaalloii  (hat  now  ttcltiiti'il  iImiii  waa  niin 
ul  rallglou*  lolanUon.  Hy  Ihn  Aral  C'lilllan  loiiatl- 
luUim Ilia  Riiman  CaUiolhi  rallKlun  wiu  natablUhtd 
In  thai  rvpublbi  tu  the  exclualon  of  all  ntlion  ;  but 
In  Uia  yaar  IMA  an  lm|Hirt«iil  anieiidiiiout  waa 
afTMHl  upon.  Tka  biw  Umn  iiutda  |H<rinlla  wnnblp 
wlltaln  privala  bulldlnn  l4ipKra<ina  «li»d<i  not  pnifcia* 
K<Huan  Catbollo  dovtniica,  and  It  ab»  iwrinlta  aiich 

twnuna  to  oatabllab  and  auataln  prlvalu  acbuolo  for 
ha  InlUaUon  of  thidr  own  rblMniii  In  tli«  tuarhliiKa 
ut  thair  rsllKlon.  But  wblla  Cblll  waa  thiia  adraiw 
iiiK  In  Ika  way  to  rallgloua  tuUratlon,  I'eni  waa  ru- 
nadlnK,  and  In  Iha  IwKlniiliiv  nt  th«  year  IHIIT  Con- 

Sraait  paaaad  the  thnie  foiniwhiK  raaolutlnua— Uw 
nl  unanlmoualy,  th«  aa'roinl  with  tlinw  dlanuiitleuta, 
and  Uia  Iblrd  by  a  inajurlly  of  forty  Ibnsa  ayalual 
forty:— 

I.  That  tka  Roman  Catbollo  rallslon  la  to  ba  Uia 
lallgton  of  tha  Stale,  and  a<  auvh  to  bo  (irotvcU'd 
uamalnlalurd  by  the  Htate. 

It.  Tbat  Iba  Btala  caunol  and  will  not  rocoipilM 
•nir  other  rellglun. 

III.  That  public  worahip  by  any  olhvr  inct  or  do- 
BomlnsUon  will  not  ba  aalowod  or  pmclUeU  In  the 
mpabllc. 

In  InaUca  In  tha  Peruvian  CnnKreaa,  II  muat  bo 
alalaa  Uiat  thcae  rvaolutlona  wore  iiaaainl  only  after 
a  loiift  anil  vloloiit  illacuaalnn ;  hut,  iiuvt'rthcli'aa, 
the*  won  a  placo  In  tin'  autiitia  of  the  eoiiiitry— an 
erldvnva  of  the  lutolcramn  of  the  |>uo|ilu,  and  ua  a 
wanluK  to  pcrtout  of  uiiy  but  the  Komau  Cutlxdlc 
rallaloD  who  may  cbuuco  tu  coiituinpUtu  a  rualduuvo 
wItKia  the  republic. 

Cloaar  ralauona  wera  now  aoughl  betwevn  the  ro- 

KbUe  and  thoaa  of  Chili,  EcuadTir,  and  Hullvla,  and 
atlea  of  frlendihlp,  ciinmii'rve,  and  navlKatlun, 
Idantlcal  In  li<mia,  wera  cuncluded  with  uavh.  The 
principal  fealurea  of  thia  treaty,  which  pruauuta 
many  poinu  ut  Interuat,  are  thu  fullowliiK :—  | 

Abt.  L— There  ahall  exiat  Invlolahlo  |>eaco  and 
perpetnal  IMendablp  between  the  niuubllua  ot  I'eru 
andCblll. 

Abt.  II.— The  citlivna  nf  earh  of  the  contracUng 
^aniea  will  onjny  reapft'tlvuly  In  thu  Icrritnry  of  the 
other  the  aamo  jienxinal  KinrunU'ca  mid  civil  rlKhto 
that  are  enjoyoii  hy  their  own  ilUzciia  wltliimtlliuit- 
aUon,  and  all  the  rlxhta  cmircrri'il  liy  tlio  cniutltu-  j 
tiuu  and  lawa  to  iicreona,  proiiorty,  corrcapniiiluuco,  i 
and  commercial  Imirty  to  iiiako  i'ontracta and  navl- 
nte,  und  In  one  word,  to  cxcrciae  any  Icgul  calling; ; 
to  aciiuire  property,  and  transfer  the  aumc,  either  by 
vendue  or  by  will.  In  rfinfomilty  with  Inteniiitloiiul 
rlt**!!,  private  and  mndom,  and  in  compliance  with 
*!'  <peclal  lawa  of  other  of  the  rt^publlea.  It  la  nut 
ixoblblted  tu  the  ritlsena  of  cither  of  tho  cuntract- 
ing  parUe*  to  navigate  coatitwiae,  or  upon  the  rivera  ot 
each,  or  to  porta  nut  deilurcil  porta  of  entry  to  i 
general  commerce,  In  veaaela  of  uny  aizo  or  turnu^re, 
alwaya  aahmlllltiK  llieina(*lvc«  to  tho  rulca,  rcKUlii- 
tlona,  lawa  und  unlinuucea,  Hpeclal  or  utiierwiac,  of 
the  port  or  porta. 

Akt.  III.— The  principle  of  equiility  of  flui(8  In  ac- 
cepted In  Ita  fnlleat  aeiiac,  ami  to  thia  end  ve>-iH'la  lie- 
loiixInK  to  each  country  ore  to  he  coiwlilend  ua  if 
they  went  n^latcrcd  uudcrlhu  hiwauf  ouch  cuuulry. 


Aaf.  IV.-Coaimorra  belween  llM  kl«h  »<MilnM>«> 
ln(  pMtlaa  will  ba  Irvalnl  hy  tlo'  riilu  of  I'lHiiiilvIa 
liberty  and raclpriHlly.  In ronawiiioiM'*.  'k*  iialaral 
or  Maiiufai'lurxl  priMlurl  ut  e«><a  will  ba  admlltvtl 
Into  thK  torrlliiry  of  the  olhir  frex  of  iliily,  io<  al  or 
olhf>rwla*,  ri'lrulxl  only  ti  llM  tlinllall.iiia  aiid 
iiio4lin<'>tlloiia  that  ar*  atpraaaeil  lu  Iha  two  artlclaa 

ihiii  r>iiow. 

,\nT.  V.  M'llh  rufurenca  lo  whaul  ami  lloiir  thIa 
•■■aclal  riila  la  oaiiilillahvil.  1  h»  Itnt  ynar  of  Ihia 
tnatylhu  duty  on  wheat  ami  Hour  will  Im  only  ra 
iliio'il  III  I'erii  iiim  fiMirlh  of  tha  pri<->nl  duly,  Ilia 
reiiialiiliiK  three- rmirtha  aru  lo  ha  pttlil  i  on  Iha  foi- 
lowing  yoirllie oilier  foiirtlia  urn  to  Ih*  re.liiead  one- 
liitif,  and  tha  null  teitr  am  to  he  true,  tlila,  how- 
ever, la  not  to  pnijiiillea  nmra  lilM<ral  lilapaMlUona 
Ihal.  IhmuKb  aiweUI  eireuinatanoaa,  may  ba  ado|itail 
by  tna  I'eruvlau  uatliiii  Willi  rvapatit  to  Uiaaa  two 
arllrlaa  of  Chilian  proilnelhin. 

Abt.  VI— In  Ibraa  yaara,  to  be  eonntad  Irimt  Iha 

day  In  whieh  Ihia  Irraly  eiiinaa  In  force,  Ilia    to- 

Iwero  of  I'eru  ahall   l>a  admiltvd  free,  hoUi  hi  Ita 

InlMduullon  and  aala  lu  tha  Hapuhlle  of  chili-     It  la 

aiao  illiiuialed  Ihal  In  Iha  future  iiellber  one  of  thu 

roiitra4'tlng  partita  shall  hond  tha  produila,  natural 

I  or  niiuiufnctnri'd,  nf  tha  oilier, 

j     Ant.  VII.  — Iliereare  niitlaeal  dutlea,  Ii  «n  diillaa, 

I  or  any  olhar  kind  of  linpoata,  to  ha  idaeetl  upon  the 

!  produi'ta,  niilnml  or  nianufactumil,  thul  ara  to  !»■ 

^  v«|Hirl'  d  for  tha  couauinptloii  uf  either  of  the  |iartU'a 

i  to  thia  eiinlract. 

I     Aht.  VIII. —The  hl||h  eontrai'tliiii  partiea  reaarvu 
!  eipreaaly  the  ritfht  to  auapand,  durliitf  the  period  of 
Uie  preaaiit  treaiy,  by  mutual  aureuuuiut,  any  ut  ihe 
I  preaioil  arllvlea. 

Amt.  I.\.— Tha  preaent thaly  will  lie  obaarrod and 

In  full  vltfuur,  for  llm  term  of  twelve  yean,  to  coin- 

.  ineiiee  and  run  all  nmntha  from  Ihe  utiiianite  of  tha 

I  rmllleaUoiia,  hul  will  coiiUnue  ohllniilory  upon  both 

I  partiea  althouirii  Iha  tliiia  liaa  uxp'.roil,  nir  lliu  apaou 

of  thirty  niontlia  after  elttier  iiiiu  of  the  iiiirtlea  hoa 

notlllud  tho  olIiiT  of  bia  Inleiitloii  to  end  It.     Tliia 

dla|HMlUon  doea  nutalfacl  In  the  Inaat  tho  clauaaa  uf 

peace  and  frluudahtp,  which  are  perputual. 

It  may  ba  lm»Klued  liiat  an  enKai(«inent  in  cloaaly 

nnitInK  the  Interu^ta  ot  the  ai'Veraf  repuhllea  would 

be  hul  a  Ural  atep  towanla  confeih'ralloii,  and  thia 

waa  Iha  view  taken  iiy  tho  reruvlaii  Kuvernment, 

who  had  at  the  aiiiiin  time  iiuil  that  propoaltluu  under 

cunaideraUuii.  and   had  forwarduil  u  moniuraiiduiu 

,  upun  the  auhji'ctto  Chill  and  Uulivlii.     Uotwoon  the 

'  two  latter  atatea  thorn  hail  lonif  remained  a  aoureo  of 

IrrltuUun  In  dllferencea  in  rcKurd  to  the  iKiiindary  lliiu. 

I  Hut  thaae  wore  now  entirely  ■cIUikI,  and  while  I'oru 

I  waa  Iruaty-maklnK  and  contA^inpialitiK  confcilcratlon, 

Chill   wiia  i|uletly  altendlii|{  to  liittu'iial  altolra.     A 

lioatal  lr>aly  waa  iicKotiiited  witii  llrciit  llrltain,  3 

largo  loan  waa  aUo  raiaed  lu  Luiidon,  ami  throiiKli 

the  meillalion  uf  Fninve,  an  exchaiiKu  of  prtiutiura 

I  Wiia  agreed  upon  with  Hiiain ;  hut  tliv  chief  elforta  ot 

tho  ihnipio  were  direelvu  to  iiiternni  ImpnivemoMta, 

]  to  reuiedying  tlio  evila  hrouKlil  about  liy  tho  war, 

I  to  tlie  fortlncalion  of  Valpanilao  und  a  few  otiiei 

piacoa  on  thu  couat,  andto  the  promotion  of  Imiiil- 

ifrution.    Olferit  of  medlutlon  liy  tlio  United  HluUia 

to  ctTect  a  tnaty  of  peace  bclwecii  thu  allUa  und 

Hpain  proved  inenectiial,  but  the  repiililica  .verecuii- 

I  tent,  wisolv,  tu  rcnialn  on  the  defeiiaive,  und  it  wua 

I  pnibahiy  tlie  neceaally  for  Ihia  pniceeilliig  tiiut  aiig- 

gcated  tu  Menur  Uarrunechea  the  prulect  uf  runfuile- 

ruliiin.    Thu  fiilluwlng  la  thu  plan  be  aketched  fur 

'  thia  deaign :  — 

I     "  Kvery  yeur,  auccreding  the  lat  ot  March,  ItMM, 
I  there  ahull  bo  an  anaumhly  ut  plenlpulentiarlea  frum 
I  tbo  repuhllea  uf  thu  Union,  that  ahall  deliberutu  on 
the  lURuaurua  to  eatuhllah  and  inulntuin  the  fuderal 
Ilea,  <H'cn|iylng  theinaelvca  in  iireferenro  with  thu 
fulliiwliig  :  Tuievlae  the  treaty  of  ullluiice  of  Juiiuury 
I'J,  IHtItt,  apoeltlcullv  atlpulatlngall  the  conillUona  rela- 
tive to  the  atato  of  war  with  Hpuln,  und  all  tliut  hu« 
reiutlon   to  the  uiljiir^tinent  of  p^ace  ;  uxuniliiu  and 
dcclilu  the  i|Ui'iitloim  Unit  niiiy  arlav  betweun  any  ot 
the  ulliea,  whutlur  It  hiia  relulhin  to  thu  cxocullon 
j  and  obiervunco  of  exlating  Ireullea,  ur  any  other 
I  mutlve ;  tu  give  unlforinlty,  ao  furaa  puaalhle,  to  the 
leglalaturea,  political,  civil,  otiiuluul,  coininorclal  and 
pulillu    liiatrnctlun  ;   aUo    cuatoin-houaea,  type  of 
money,  vxtruilitlon,  etc.,  etc..  In  tho  four  repiililica  ; 
t4>  eatuhllah   In  cuiuinon,  rouda,  poat  bouaea,  tele- 
graphs among  theniKelvca  and  In  connection  with 
utiier  nutioiia  ;  to  iiiliipt  UQ  Intemutlutml  plan  uf  Im- 
inlgmUun  fnmi    F.nrupo    and  thu    United  Stiitcs; 
to  exainlnu  exlHtlll^'  truntlus  Willi  fori'l|;n  powera, 
I  wbulhcr  political,  coininerclal,  or  for  nuvlmtlon,  or 

Iioatul,  ur  fur  uny  pnriioHU  whiitcvnr ;  and  tlx  tho 
nulla  upon  whieh  amh  Ireullea  cuii  he  niiiiic,  eahih- 
:  ilahing  the  prlnilphithut  no  tnily  iiiii  lie  auncthinud 
j  wllliout  prevhuia  c\aniiiiutlon  und  ciHiinion  uppro- 
vul ;  to  write  und  allpulite  with  foreign  govenimente 
for  treulles  tliut  wouhl  he  of  ]inietlcul  utility  to  the 
union  and  likely  to  promote  u  piod  unilcrHtundlng 
with  ull  ullHir  uuUuua;    lu  uveurd    thu  uuucaaurr 


I  maaawfva  lo  draw  aliNW  Ika  hnnala  and  RMka  MMM 
mora  |irai'lleai  and  inora  |iarmaii»nl  l»  Iha  Bkion  u| 
tka  alllM,  ailiH<llntf  mor<i  >la«nMaly  tka  Vadaial 
l^wlo  and  Uia  alilad  aonamnUon. 

I  "Thu  Ural  Vsaeiiililv  will  meal  al  Iha  lilaea  whara 
Ihe  aillaa  ahitll  ihalunaiu.  W  lien  i  loslnii  flia  aaaxlona. 
Iha  Aaaaiiiiily  will  ovaUnale  the  iilw  a  of  nealing  ol 

Ihe  folhiwlnif  aaaalon.  lukliiit  Inli naldaralhiii  Iha 

nutura  of  tha  iiiieallona  llial  ll  haa  lo  treat  upon,  Ika 
|iiln<lpla  of  amnilly,  and  all  olhar  eireuinslaaraa 
Ihal  iiierll  lo  be  lakau  Into  eoiiahlaralhiii  hy  Iha 
plenlpoti  nllarlea.  Ihe  ea|ieli«aa  Ihal  art  allendaiil 
upon  tha  •Itlliig  of  I'oiii^reaa  ali.iil  Im  iiald  hy  Iba 
go\erniiieiil  III  whoaa  territory  they  ahall  ho|i|  thair 
aifalou.  The  priiielpia  of  I'oiiiinou  eillaanablli  anil 
Ilia  orgaiilaalloii  of  t  fi  d>  rai  a>  rvlea  illuloiiialli'  and 
ronauiar,  would  proliably  he  tha  raauU  of  llM  ITadaral 
Unhin." 

While  II  la  neraaaar/  lo  ramemhar  Ihal  Ihia  pm- 
p<Mal  of  Iha  Haruvian  Minlalar  waa,  probably,  meant 
III  Im  only  tantallva,  II  la,  naTertbalaaa,  of  vslua  lii 
thu  polltleiil  hialurlaii.  In  Ihe  nom|ianaon  ha  will 
iiiaka  iH'twarn  It  ami  Iha  ConatltuUon  of  Ihe  Unllail 
HluUa  of  North  Aniarlcit.  The  lin|Hirtanl  rea|iacU 
in  whh'h  II  differed  In  prinrlple  from  the  dwumanl 
that  hound  together  the  thirteen  volonlra  ara  ruriuiia, 
and  II  wiiuld  have  linen  Int'irpaUnH  to  oliaarva  Ilia 
oiH'raUnn  of  Uk  |diin  In  aiiiinlity.  But  thn  lima  had 
not  come  for  any  aiieh  hitliiiule  unhm  aa  II  iinpllad. 
All  event  aoon  oceurreil  which  went  lo  ahow  Ihal 
the  tha  between  Iha  repuliilea  were  not  aa  strong 
aa  the  iiaat  had  aeeiiieil  to  Indlcain,  The  pnilnihlllty 
■if  H|ailii  eiigitging  In  further  hivlliitlea  hail  liaeoma 
exceedingly  tiiiall.  The  mvolutloii  that  baa  left 
that  inlaeruhle  country  In  a  state  wellnlgli  approach- 
ing aniirchy,  and  which  liua  prevailed  down  lo  Iha 
preaent  lliiio,  bail  begun,  and  sihui  IJueeu  laabaila 
waa  to  Ih<  an  exile  In  a  fu.i  Ign  land.  With  dlalrae- 
tion  pervuillng  ovary  t  t  ii  und  hamlet  al  homo, 
there  could  l>u  no  thouV'U  for  waging  an  Inghirloua 
wnrahrottd.  lUit  iirld'  ho-iIiI  not  aaiirthin  a  iwaca 
which  nilafortune  had  a!reu  ly  virtually  pnielalmmt, 
and  Ihua  tho  turnial  sUta  uf  war  waa  allowed  to 
eoMlliiue. 
To  atrenglhrn  her  marlllme  resoiircaa,  Uie  Chillaa 

f;ov«rnuient  had  Inid  twoeorvetttis  built  In  Knglanii, 
lul  Ihe  ri'lallona  ranialning  the  aame  with  Hiwln,  tlia 
Brithih  government  hail  rufuaed  to  pomilt  them  lu 
iail  for  their  deatlnallon.  NegoUathina  were  tlierv 
uiHin  entarad  Into  wlUi  LonI  ntanley,  (hen  llrltiali 
Minister  for  I'urcigii  Alftira,  for  sucurliig  the  du< 
parture  of  the  twu  veasela,  on  tho  luala  ut  a  ainiilar 

firlvliego  being  granted  to  Hpoln,  whoaa  guveniment 
lad  aiao  hail  two  iMnclada  reiTUlly  hiillt  in  Kngiand, 
and  which  were  ainillarly  detained,  I'or  aiinie  rea- 
Bii' ,  n  ilch  haa  never  ln<en  verv  clearly  explalued. 
Ul  I  tuvl'in  Charge  d'Affalrea  in  l<iiiiiU>n  proteateu 
ngU'iial  the  tenns  ot  tlie  iigreeinrnt.  I'roleata  wera 
alau  made  hy  foreign  realdenta  In  tho  npiihlie ;  hul 
theao  natvd  on  the  helluf  that  Uio  a.illliig  of  the  four 
vessels  would  lead  lo  fresh  acta  of  hoatlllty,  which 
would  bo  prejudicial  to  commerce.  Tho  aamu  view 
may  have  actuated  thu  Peruvian  repreauntallve,  and 
so  It  waa  reitanled  hy  thu  ChllUn  i;ongrvs«,  wliura 
etrorta  were  ul  onen  inudo  lo  ahow  tliat  the  arrange- 
ment propoaed  would,  iinilur  my  clrvunialaiicea,Mi« 
moat  udvantaguoiia  to  thu  repiinllca.  But  the  cir- 
cuniatancn  caiued  a  snillcient  auiount  of  ciHiliicsa 
hcln  ecu  Peru  and  Chill  to  st  once  act  tlie  project  u( 
confederuUoii  In  the  hackground,  and  It  gave  ilae, 
pMbahly  unjuatly,  to  tho  Iniprvasiuii  abruad  that 
tha  relatlona  between  them  had  never  bven  aa  cordkil 
aa  thoy  had  uppear.d  tu  be. 

Uolli  repuLllcs,  In  coinmun  with  Uioae  In  tha 
Nurlh,  have  aliive  devuted  themaolvca  nctlvely  tii 
tho  dovelupineiit  uf  internal  rcauurcea,  tji  atreiigtlf 
cnhig  thu  aodul  and  |Hilltlcal  uuudlUon  of  the 
|>i'u|ilo,  and  tu  promoting  thu  general  adruiiceuienl 
of  thu  natluna.  In  i'liilT,  a  piirtv  of  progreaa  kiia 
rlHcn  into  activity,  pledging  itaelf  to  promote  thn 
oijuallty  of  all  cltlzena  hefoni  the  law,  thu  securlnit 
of  indlvhiuul  liherty,  and  Ihe  fuliesl  excrciao  ot 
inunli'lpnl  goveminunt.  But  II  has  heeii  Impeded  li> 
lit  ui'llou,  chlelly  tliMiigh  liio  liilliieneo  if  liic 
clergy,  and  next  through  tho  wunl  of  deelaluj  and 
ununlniity  that  Inia  chiiructcrlxoil  Ita  leuilera.  In 
i^V>,  tho  piipliluthin  of  Chili  was  not  leaa  tliaii  two 
inllllona,  hut  the  niiinhor  of  viitea  did  not  cxc.'od 
thirty  thonaand.  Tho  president,  too,  was  loss  Ihe 
head  nf  a  rcptihllc  thun  a  ilictutor  and  dispenser  ot 
putronuf^e.  Tlicse  anoiuallca  m  eru  fully  recngnlxi  d, 
i  hough  they  huve  never  been  fully  ri'medled  ;  but, 
making  due  alhiwancu  for  the  spirit  of  illaHatiafac- 
tion  with  every  ruling  power,  which  wc  hove  aeeii  to 
he  a  feutiiru  of  the  Hpunlsh-Ainerlciui  churncter,  II 
muat  he  allowed  thai  tor  aoinu  timu  nller  the  dn- 
pnrtiire  of  the  Hpunlah  fleet,  there  wua  left  liehlnd  a 
very  fair  umounl  of  conk'ntincnt  with  the  priH'eoiN 
inga  of  thu  goveminent.  Nor  Is  It  without  cause. 
Tho  8outli  Amorlcun  repuhllea  havo  all  been  mnk- 
Iiig  rnpiil  strides  In  prosperity  and  the  urbi  ut  pence 
diuliig  the  luat  llvu  or  aix  yeiirs.  ('hill,  after  long 
refusing,  ut  luat  cuiuuntcd  lu  a  prupuaol  of  medbk* 


■I  Ik*  wkiit  ui 
f  Ik*  rMUni 

to  |i|«4'«  wh*f« 
III  fl<«  ••«l<iii*, 
iif  III'  rlliic  III 
iialiUf  Hill  III  kh« 
>ri'*l  U|ii>ii,  th« 

■  III  iiiii>l>iil<'*4 

■  ritlli'ii  l>y  III* 
I  art  *li>'ii<UHl 
M  IMtlll  li>  tM 
litir  liiilil  Uivir 
rlllihiMlil|i  •ml 
illulnmalk'  •n4 

I  ut  III*  ir«a«mt 

thai  thto  pm> 

flllMllly,  nKKMl 
««,  III  V*|U«   111 

iMiwHi  h*  will 
I  lit  Uifl  UnlUil 
iirUnt  ntt|i«<'t« 

I  Ihn  iliiriinianl 
iln  »n  rurliiui, 

111  iilMiiry*  tiM 
III  lliii  tliii'  liail 

II  M  It  llll|llll'll, 

t  III  uliiiw  Ihal 
I  mil  M  (IriiiiM 
riiK  iinilmlillliy 
li'i  liiwl  livi'iiin* 
I  Hint  liiw  I'fl 
iiIkIi  ii|i|iri>iii'll- 
il  iliiwii  III  Ilia 
Uiii'i'ii  Iwliclbl 
With  illntrae. 
iiiili't  *X  homo, 
IK  an  Iniclorliiua 
laiii'lliin  a  iwai'* 
illy  |iriH'lalnii>ii, 
waj  alliiwi'il  U 

'roa,  ttm  ClilllMI 

ulll  In  Knitlaiiil, 

'  with  H|wln,  til* 

iwrnill  tliKiii  lu 

liilia  wt'rn  tlivru* 

ay,  Ihi'li  Hritlali 

DcuriiiR  tlia  ilu> 

ula  lit  a  aliiillar 

iiM«  KKVi'niini'nt 

[iiilUln  Kiigland, 

for  aiiiiia  tr»f 

larljr  i'i|iUliiiiil. 

milon  priilMUiu 

I'riiteata  wi'ni 

_  niiiilillc ;  hut 

llliiK  iif  tliii  fiiur 

lioatillty.  whlvli 

Tim  aaiiiu  vli'W 

raa<iiitallvi>,  and 

;unKrvi>a>  wliura 

lal  tlin  arraiiKH- 

:uin«laiii'va,  li« 

But  tliu  I'Ir- 

int  <>f  ciMiliivaa 

I  Ihii  iinijni't »( 

111  It  gvit  iIm<. 

Liii  abriiail  thai 

bviiii  aa  conllal 

.  Uioao  In  til* 
vea  nctlvcly  tii 
i>K,  U>  atri'iiKtli- 
iiillUiin  of  the 
il  ailvuni'vuii'iil 
priiK^'aa  hiia 
|irtiniiitii  till! 
',  tliii  ai'eurlii(t 
jl  ««iri'l»«  lit 

Vl'.ll  llll|l*llu(l  II* 

luriu'o  <  f  liic 
i|  (Ipi'laiu.)  ami 

li-uili'm.  In 
.  Ii-aa  tlittii  two 
llil  nut  i'Xc?oil 
I,  wa»  Inaa  llio 
1(1  (llapenaer  of 
lly  rtc'i>Kiil»<>li 
t-nu-'Ui'il ;  but, 
,  of  illnnatliifuc- 
te  kavu  act'ii  to 
n  cliarnptvr,  It 
B  iifUT  Ih6  dn- 
a  Irlt  hi'liliiil  a 
Il  th«  priK'i'Bil- 
Vlthnut  rniiae. 
all  been  niiik- 

urtu  of  pi^iice 
IJilll,  afti'r  liMiK 
luattl  o(  mudUk* 


re 


r 


.^^ 


^!.r> 


nilTORT   Of 


i 

I 


h 


MWVM  MV 

Vkmtmma 
Mm  •Mb 

•  llttlltlMHl, 

itn>l«r  ih«  ■• 
■Ml It  *«  »l 
al  ls:.Hrth  A 
IMiM  ■••rl 
m*>K  ot  III 
Tuta4  ktM 
(•MMtrjr,  M 

IkuAwgfer 

VfUtMlM  • 

ncton  lu 
mMi.iMl»' 


«*• 


imJitaA 


»l,xn 


••Mill  ktMt 
totufAlp,! 

Ikrwiiakovi 
i*viiiiiUMi 


dIUMIIi 

Ut»J,  Ml 

Than  WM 
r«*ol«llaM 
MpMtok  Al 
WM  ■•>  Im 
Uu«.  TIM 
tit  rtllftim 
luUimllM 
l«thMr>t* 
In    III*   /•  > 

■  VTMli  Up<l 

wiUilii|irl« 
H<HiMn  Cai 

(wrUHM  III 
h*  InlllaU 
III  thair  ni 
ill!  In  Um 
r«diBK,  MM 
ItrMM  (WM 
Ural  NMOll 
mnd  Um  U 
forty  1— 


t.  Thai  ' 

r»ll|lf)n  uf 
MuTiiwInla 

II.  That 
■nr  nlliar  r 

III.  Tlui>  iiiiblta)  Wur  '  '  tiT  'iiiv 
BomliMlkM  '<.U  II 't  Iw  alloiicil  I. 
rapabUe. 


'•  •<       Kill   I*   *»tH  Ul   h- 
I.   'I  •'  KUI*. 
-Ijiia  Laiini  t  anil  will  mil 


In  IvaU' 
alad 


.<   In  Iha   l*»riiv!.ti 


aUi 

•  liniK  ai 

tba*  WMii 

arldunca  «  '  tlm  (Mi.i|'U .  mi.! 

wanilugb  '  Uin  Hifiiaii  ^  .^o, 

railgtuo  If  ">t<  iiiiiiaia  a  matii 

wItSialki 

Cloaarl  ;.il  Momil  Ul  ' 

EBbUeaiH' '  '  ''      o:  aiiru. 

vatlaa  or  ' 
Mantkai  I       <'<      > 

prloeiiMU  I.  ...i.n ,    .    t.ii.  

■any  poti  >..«  ul  Intnrvil,  tru  •)•«  full 


»Vun    *.vf«t    lDvliiU.-4-     f"   » 

>  iKtwraa  ihii  /DpaMtt-i    ' 


H 


Abt.  I  Thrff 
yrnwtaal  i'  >u  . 
aadtblll 

Ait.  II 
panics  w 
otbar Iha 
thai  ant 
alhiu,  an 
tluuanillu  , 

iOd  I'OIIII  lU  rly  f< 

Cut,  and  'ril. 
acquir 
ytnduo  < 
right,  pr 
Uieapeci 
iwohlDlU 
bff  parll 
Moii,  oi 
gcnendi 
■Iwaya  i 

tiona,  U  ■»,  .1U.4UI 

the  port 

AUT.  111.— llie  tiiiiii..,,..  „,  i%(ii"lii,.  .f  •'n,-«  I      ■ 
ci'pttMl  In  III  fiilli<at  ni'iiiii',  nnil  to  tliU'i'ml  vivsi'U  liv- 
IiihKliiR  to  cai'li  ciiuiitry  uri'  to  liii  ■■iiialili'nil  im  If 
thvr  wan  n!((iatcrcd  uudurlhu  lawiuf  uiiiU  vouiilry. 


Ill"- .!  foi'iiMila  mill  1I.4-I 

.t!iii<ii  any  lugal  ruUI'j;/  , 

rty,  anil  li^imftr  th*  auiii:,  riUii'r  bt 

«.ir,  III  (onf.rmlly  witli  liitiiiinllriii,il 

1  ui'iATii   lunl  111  iiontiluiK'i' with 

■rot  till'  f.|mWi';4.     It  U  lint 

w  I'f  -Hlirr  .rf  iho  roiilmvt- 


sf»,  -jji.. 


•>l<i(i«il  aHffiiMMI,  ai';  ii 


.1      I    11 


ttniair  ba  lli.ac«li«d  il> 


"tain 


Cuntrnuw,  II  miMI  Im> 

vDta  |iii«mh1  iiaij  aflKr 

•'     bo^  Mvartlii  l''M, 

il  U>«  •iianlrv  -  mi 


I'"     III"  If      »     I     '         1       Lri       ,     II.    .«r>l    •!> 

|i|»ix«v<i  Mil'  I'.ai't,  mill  111  Ihii  pii 

IfmU'iii.     KITir'  •  '  1  -"ifiiK  111   r 


IT    'illlill    ll.      '.    I 

|{i>i.  ilti.'<i<iii<r  II. 

1  .ii..„.    Ttui  r.iii , 


i«r.  •iii-i'iu.lln«  tb->  Ul  iif  Uarcb.  DWi, 

..,1  1...  ■       .1,   ,.f   ..I.  <.i,,.  t       t|i,ri..-  1'    Ml 


.i.kiiiu  mill 
^11  mi*  "' 
Vii.    intiru' 
or  IIIV  .1 
..,    iiili',  |.   I 
rutal  mill 
Ivt..-     ll 
I  i"llilil  I* ; 


■'  liii/irtial  ri 


.1   < 


la  '.iv>.  '  ,t,. ....*.  Ill,  vU:,  ''!••  . 

*i\   rstdUIUli    til    ''tiliiriinn,  r>>«ilK,    f'"^'    li'if'tM^  l«l>' 
^  r*f>i(:»  nil'  ti'^  •.•iriu"**'*'"*'  n*"*  '"  .'.innf.  lnm  with  i 
Ub'r  (wtl-Mirt  ,1. 


i't     I    Xilinflttl     lhl'>th.;       I 

ll   ■  pfHU:-aI.  I    lu 
it,   or  uT  «wi>    |iiin 

<1(M*|I   Hit"  ll  -ll     ti   1 

. .  itiii  prtiK   , 


>'ia 
•»■♦ 


.1  u.v  Iiv4*ii»i 

ll.i.:      >:     I.     (.rn. 

lit! 

'11 

mil 

'»i| 

>• 

nl 


■I 
A 

'••I 
"« 

my 

"■a 
(I 
I.- 

ilin 
till 


i-ii  a 

'l   ll:'  ■  Uillirl, 

i«   <|iiiwi'il  M 

I  lilt 
•'. 

't  • 

I  h  Mill  Irt 

1  ila'ft^ 
•'.ll 

'ii« 

Ut 

III 

ml, 


,.   ,       ll 

I  till- (our 
.     .  i.ii-i, 


.  ii« 

111'    liii    lif 

I    ll    lif     I'lKlllll  C4 

■     III  ■   I   (H.Ji.t  111 

•  li 

■       I  ; lUl 

wlHi  thnas   In  Iha 

..;■..  I       .      >  .  1  !■  Im 

lie 

III* 
"» 


i..:l.ii  Ml"  i.r    1^.-, 

.mil  "f  'li>i  laioii  nnd 

•••I   lu  IrnilurK.      Ill 

1-  mil  li-iij  "  1  •  t"i> 

Ion  illil  ml',    (iiHil 

I     •...      ■.,.,.    ,nM   lljfl 

II.  nuiT  u( 

.  -lllMt. 

'     '  '  *. 

IIV 


■  '  ;iilui*.ii'i-ii  fur  till*  ■ 
■      rr  rulliiK  iiiiwiT  '■    ■  '■' 

.1.:  il  till'  fl|wii:  '    t  ■• 

I  Hlli.WI-ll    111         fl 

■.f  III.'  Hpttiiinii  n- 

.1   lOiii'llilL  if  I   ■!,•  ^ .    .  '.1.  ;- 

r  IHp  tfiiMiri'.  '  —  lb  .  '  '     'It  1 -iii** 

I  '  Hill   '  ..1  roputilica  havo  all  buuu  iu...« 

liir  trfuuin  111.11,  .1    a...    .        ,  ..1.1  liloa  In  (iroiipiirll)' ami  the  arln  of  pc'ire 

iiiiluii  mill  llki-ly  111  priiiiiiiti'  ii  Kuml  iiiiilirKtiiiiilliiK ;  iiitriiiK  Um  liiit  llvii  or  nix  yi'ara.    Clilll,  ufti'r  lung 
wilU  ull  iillivr  U'Jlluua;    lu  uvriirU    lliu  uuui'aaurT  1  rcfiialiii;,  at  loat  cuiiacntcU  to  a  propuaut  of  niudUi< 


/ 


•I» 


!•« 


M 

•   11 

•I 

'• 
lit 

.., 

il.K 

I 

*  ,1  iiiitiU''4. 

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'liliw  trl- 


ull  tieiii  ■■••• 
I  Brill  I  if  iw«'« 
illl    ttftiT  Inng 

Kill  of  DloliK)- 


Ronrn  amriik^a. 


m 


Moa,  mtiln  lijr  Ihn  Unlli'il  HImIch,  for  n  i'ihii'IikIihi  ut 
|h«  ill<Tiiii>ni'«ii  vrllli  Himlti,  miil  tliu  uniatnal  Iriiuliln 
lliit  liM  •Ini'ii  iH'ciirn'il  liim  hi'i'ii  •  mirlKi)  iif  iipurii- 
Uiiti*  HKitliial  till'  Aruiii'iiiiliui  liiiUmM,  In  wlilcli  tli« 
||iivi>riiiiii<iil  Ulnpliiyi'il  riiiii'li  xiicrKy  iiml  tiii't.  AkfI- 
tmUiini  mill  liidiiKtrlitl  I'di'liltlmia,  Iho  miKlniotloii 
iif  ritllwitjra,  Urn  i>|hiiiIiik  nf  iiuw  iiilmm  nt  riipiHT 
mill  nllviir,  thu  I'nlublliiliiiiiiiit  nf  nrrlliiiullifiialiiii 
iiiuluUi't,  til*  ili<viil<i|iliiiilit  n(  Kurli'illtiirii,  itliil  tlin 

IiMiniitliiii  lit  iMliii'aUiiM,  uni  tliii  wurk*  to  wlili'li 
Jlilll  liM  liniMi  now  for  »oiiiii  tliim  ili'Votliiu  lii>riiiilf ; 
4111I  tlin  friilU  of  tlila  iiolli'y  urn  itlri'iiily  viiry  ii|>- 
|Mrvut,  not  only  In  tli«  liivniiai'il  kiuiIIIi,  Imliialry, 
ii'iil  Imuiiliinaa  of  llm  |hio|iIii,  Imt  lu  tlio  oiilii4ni3uil 

■UililUly  of  tholr  |iolltluul  liiatltiill 

Nor  can  luaa  lAi  mIiI  of  Imr  alaUir  ruiiulillva,  In 
IHIIU,  I'oru  tuiik  a  alup  lu  n'furoiii'«  l<>  Ui"  nihulllon 
with  wlik'li  Hpahi  WM  «ontunilliit(  In  ('iilw;  but 
uthurwlaa  h«r  polli'V,  too,  liiu  bii»n  ilirectiiU  to  tliii 
ripliiniUiin  of  imw  lurrltory,  tlin  IntatunliiK  uf  roiii- 
tiliimliil  pniKmaa,  tlin  Ki'voinpllaliuiunt  ut  troktloi  uf 
unity  anil  voinniunMi  with  fomlffii  nutluna,  mid  liii- 
prov<iin«nt  In  tlio  art*  of  iwhvu,  llur  roiiininlininuu 
of  tint  trvai'liiiry  of  Hpain  waa  almwii  In  a  nianni<r 
illlTiimnt  from  tliiit  uliiwvn  liy  C'lilll.  anil  It  iiiiiat  bo 
atlrltMiUiil  to  tliu  lioiiibariliiuiiit  of  (.'iilliui  thut  Ibn 
InaiirKenU  of  (.'ulia  nM'nlvi'il  rviuiKiillloii  from  lUu 
Kovi'rninviit  ut  l.lnia.  Aa  iin  uxuniplu  of  u  aniiiuwliut 
vitKiiii  nnil  iHHMillurly  wonlril  olllvliil  iloi'iiiiiinit,  tlm 
ilui'nw  of  tliii  I'liruvlan  I'rt'alilnnt  la  not  wlliioul 
Vttluu,  liiiliiiwiuluntly  of  a  vi<rlaln  kliiil  of  imrloally 
Viul  It  (HMauaava  fMin  all  Hltc'iiUunt  viruuiuatuuuua. 
jit  ran  tliua  i— 

LmA,  JUau  in,  imo. 

JorA  Balta, 
(iiiutUutiiMiil  I'rtBkhnl  t\ftWit: 

Whontoa  tlin  Inaurmotinn  In  (!iib«  hua  for  Ita  nil- 

Joi't  tlii<  liiiliipnnilKiii'it  of  lliu  laliiiiil,  niiil  that  thn 
lonila  am  hroknn  that  liouml  (!uliii  to  thi'  K'>vi'rfi- 
invut  of  Htiain,  tlii'm  am  two  iiurlli'a  that  rnrry  on 
tint  wiir  with  a  polltli'al  ohJ«i>t,  anil  ahoiilil  li«  m- 

f;nnli"l  l>y  othiT  iiatloiia  In  aaplrll  cniiHonant  with 
iitiirnntliinat  rlftht : 

Ami  11*  tliii  Kovnniincnt  ami  thn  piionin  of  Piirii 
urnipnthlMi  wltli  tho  whole  I'liiianjirovliiininil  by  thn 
Culnina ;  anil  a*  thu  ciiiniiiiiiiiliir  of  thn  nivoliitloiiary 
forcna  of  Culm  hua  aakcd  thn  rocoipiltlun  ut  thu 
tiarly  aa  bulllgiirnnli) ; 

And  aa  IVru  nhonid  raeii|nilto  thn  polttlial  atiitiia 
of  thu  InaurKonta,  not  conaliliTlnu  tliuni  an  anbjuct't 
nf  a  Kiivnniniont  nctnally  ut  wiir  with  IVrii,  and 
without  prtijuillcn  to  thn  inuiilfimtaMoiia  that  I'oru 
may  hnnrnftiir  iiiuku  In  tlinir  liuhiilf,  I  ilnrruu  :— 

1.  That  tho  Kiivnnimi'nt  of  I'nrii  rui'o|{nllna  aa 
buliiinirvnta  tho  pollllcul  party  tliat  la  iiuw  airuKKlIng 
(or  Cnlian  ludopnnileiK'o, 

U.  Thn  I'ltlacna,  ahlpa,  ami  nthnr  nppurtnnnnnea 
of  (!uliii,  anrvliiK  thn  I'unan  of  liidnpnniluiicn,  ahull 
l>?  ronalilnmil  aa  frinnda  of  l*nni, 

Thn  Miiilatur  of  Fomliin  AITalra  la  charKnil  with 
Uio  oxunutluu  and  circulation  uf  thia  ilncnw. 


(Signed) 
A.  BARiiaNEoniA. 


JU8E  UALTA. 


No  practlnul  maiilt  haa  laauod  from  tlila  inanlfnnto, 
which  In  no  rvHpcct,  aa  a  luattitr  of  public  policy, 
liiid  anythhiK  to  Juatliy  It.  Tim  act  tuiidcd  nithur 
to  ilDiiiuiiatmtii  a  anntlnicnt  unworthy  of  a  nation 
than  tu  diaplay  tho  augaclty  ur  wladum  of  thu  Presi- 
dent. 

In  the  eag^meaa  of  the  govommont  to  develop  the 
Induatilul  runourcea  of  tho  country,  and  llndlii);  tho 
clliirta  to  attract  Eun>poan  Inimltn^itlon  nnauccoaa- 
(ul,  aa  from  their  nature  tliey  muat  hu,  an  attumpt 
waa  made  In  INTO  tu  Intmduco  ciiulle  labor,  on  a 
mora  ayatematlo  acolo  than  had  hitherto  been 
adopted.  Money  waa  aubaorlbed  and  un  aaaoi'lutlon 
of  tno  wenlthleai  plantcra  waa  formed  fur  the  pur- 
iioae  uf  iatroductng  Into  the  country  a  better  cluaa  of 
Ohlneae.  But  the  movomont  received  a  aorloua 
chock.  For  a  lung  timo  tlio  coollca  hail  been  aub- 
Jected  to  harah  treatment  from  native  labnurcra,  and 
tlila  hud  boon  ruauntnd  by  freiiuuiit  rlKliif^a  that  In 
Bome  Inatancca  were  attended  with  fulul  conae- 
quencea.  Theac  were  generally  put  down  without 
much  dllBculty,  and  auon  came,  in  fuct,  to  l>c  re- 
fpirded  aa  an  eaaentlal  concomitant  of  the  HyiiU'ni 
which  had  to  bo  endured.  In  tlila  way  pi'oplu  were 
placed  olf  their  guard,  until,  at  an  o|>purtuno 
moment,  a  larm'  number  of  Chinoao  on  aomu  planta- 
tlona  north  of  Llina  roac  auddoidy  and  uiiirderod 
the  ovnrteerii  and  all  other  oincera,  except  one, 
about  the  place ;  having  flrat  aubjected  tho  womuii 
and  chlldmii  to  the  gmsaerit  abu»ea.  The  iiisurrec- 
ton  waa  woll  planned,  and  the  men,  to  the  number 
o  *  aume  1,900,  acted  under  the  leadcrablp  of  one  of  thn 
pnpol|ial  head  men.  But  thev  received  u  cheek  In 
■D  unexpected  inoraenU  Fliinfii'd  with  their  siui'lvs 
on  tlin  pluntattona,  they  procei'dod  tu  tlie  usHuult  of 
•  amall  vUlago,  whici^  Uiiu'  ronsuckud,  and  theucu 


plantiitlon  aiUoinlng.  Thn  owner  of 
tlila  plai'o,  havlMuj  liuanl  of  thnlr  approach,  phraail 
hl>  wife  and  ehlMn'ii  for  aufnty  In  u  amall  chapel, 
and,  ciillectlni(  all  thn  llrnurma  and  ainiiinnlllon  at 
liaiiil,  he  ami  u  frlenil  then  alao  entiTcil  the  plai'o 
and  barrli'atlud  tlin  il.iiira,  ileluriiiliiiMl  to  defi'iid  It 
to  tho  lii»l.  A  viKouroiia  attack  wiia  nindn  by  thn 
riolnra,  hilt  lu  a  aliort  apuie  alxly  of  thnlr  ntimlinr 
hail  fullen  rroiii  thn  rlllnbullcta  of  lliti  llltlii  uar- 
rlaoii,  and  a  rvtreut  upon  tho  viUugn  waa  iloterMiliind 
on,  The  liihaliltuuln  tlmrn  had  omi'tnd  a  barricade 
III  the  iiieaiitliiiK,  niid  a  amall  armed  band  of  forty 
men  weni  eiitriiateil  With  thn  defeiiee.  Thn  Ohliieau 
atiiiek  upiiii  Ihi'iii  waa  fiirloiia  to  iluapenitlon,  and  a 
hilt  hand  to-huiid  conllli't  enaui'd,  lu  which  the 
ciiiillea  iiaod  their  long-bluded  kiilvoa  with  fearful 
oOuct.  At  thIa  Juuoture,  tlie  two  dufendura  of  the 
eha|>i)l,  having  flrat  placed  thu  women  and  chlldmn 
In  aafuty,  aiiiTgathafxl  up  a  few  rucrulta,  attacked 
tlio  luaurgonta  on  the  rear,  and,  after  a  abort  contcat, 
put  them  tu  flight.  The  luaa  tu  thn  white  |Hipulatlon 
waa  forty  |Miraiina,  kllloil,  while  more  than  tlireo  hun- 
dred of  tho  Chlneaa  perliihod.  ( )n  tho  following  day, 
two  compunlea  of  military  appeared  on  tho  acciie, 
but  the  lUHillea  hud  lied  Into  tlie  mouiitalna,  whom 
they  forinud  a  dangoroua  feature  In  thu  border 
poiinlutloii, 

llurdly  had  the  excitement  cnuanil  by  thIa  illana- 
tMiia  fullnru  of  thn  pluiitera  tu  obtain  labor  fairly 
auhddud,  linrnin  a  wide-aprimd  conaplrai'y  to  upait 
tliu  govnrniiieiit  wua  diaeovnred,  luvulving  a  acliuiue 
tir  obtMliiiiig  poaHOHalon  of  the  Iron-eliid  tleet. 
ThniiiKli  thu  iiilnlatry  receiving  timely  nntli'ii  of  tlin 
Intentluna  of  Iho  ciinaplrutora,  tho  plan  fulled,  and 
tho  loiidnra  were  arruatcd.  A  new  aetiHatlon  next 
iiroae  In  a  twofold  direction.  Tlio  etforta  uf  the 
U  iilUid  Htatnu  to  annex  Hun  Diiniiiigo  gnvo  rlae  to 
atroiig  oppoKltlun  In  ull  the  Houth  Aiiiurlean  repub- 
llcai  when)  It  waa  regarded  u*  a  blow  directed  at 
tholr  own  Inilepniideiice.  (.'hill  formuliy  jiruteMtnd 
utcaiiiat  It.  liut  III  I'eru  It  yiehled  In  grunt  degree  to 
uiiothnr  cxolt«muiit,  |iriidiieuil  by  thu  declarmrinten- 
thin  of  tlin  Ituiiuii  renlibinta  In  r.iinu  to  celelirntn  tlie 
annlvnraurv  of  Itulliui  unity.  ThIa  ralaed  n  rellgluua 
tumult,  Tho  Itoiiiuii  C'uthiillc  clnrKy  dunuuncod  It 
aa  an  Inmilt  to  the  church  ;  niiil  to  avoid  diaturb- 
uncea,  widch  otherwUu  would  have  been  Inevitable, 
tho  goveniinent  laaiied  a  decree  furblddlng  tho 
demonatrutlon.  Tho  Incident,  novcrtlioleaa,  la  prog- 
uuiilwlth  llluatratiuu  oftiio  aunaltlvo  character  of 
the  people  under  tho  tnlliienco  uf  an  equally  ional- 
tlvu  eccleiilaatleiil  ilomlnutioii. 

It  wuuld  bo  dillluult,  (Hirhiipa  impoaaible,  to  trace 
atop  by  atep  thu  devnlopmoiil  to  which  thIa  |iocu- 
llartty  of  natloiiul  cliaruetnr  leada  In  the  varloua 
forma  uf  local  diaalfuctlon,  or  popular  Inanrrectlon 
iia  they  aiipear  In  theau  rt^publica,  and  notnbly  In 
that  of  I'eru.  The  coolie  tnide  waa  a  conatunt 
aourco  of  Irritation.  Tho  pulley  of  tlie  Prealdent 
wiia  alao  not  by  any  nieuiia  calculuted  to  allay  the 
imturiil  nreillaiiiwlliiin  to  iingoveniabln  excitement ; 
but  while  all  thia  iiiiiHt  bo  admlttud,  the  (act  atlll  ru- 
malna  thut  of  nil  tlie  liiouth  Ainiirlcanrepublica  none 
liuvo  mado  aucii  riipid  udvancea  In  every  direction  aa 
I'eru.  It  waa,  tiierefure,  nut  wltliout  u  feeling  even 
of  umazement,  that  the  wurld  in  \HTi  heanl  uf  an- 
other, and  thu  moat  cruel  ruvulutluii  that  had  yet 
dlagrnced  tho  mjiublle.  In  the  ahurt  apace  of  Nve 
daya  tho  city  of  liliiia  wltneaacd  a  aerloa  of  uventa, 
which  la  moru  remarkable  than  any  that  can  be 
found  In  tlie  history  of  Houth  America.  The  two 
candidates  for  the  preaideucy  that  year.  Dr.  Arenas 
and  Don  Manuel  i'ruilo,  rcpnwont<Hl  ruHpectlvcly 
tliu  party  of  tiie  udininlKtratloii  and  tlie  (iuiiiucracy. 
C'uiigrnaa  hud  been  sitting  in  aecret  seaHloii  aince 
the  thirteenth  of  iluly,  but  it  was  generally  under- 
deratuoii  tliut  I'rudii  would  bu  elected.  Tu  prevent 
tills,  Oeiienil  Gutierrez,  tlio  Minister  uf  War,  who 
uxerciaed  an  undue  and  dangeroiu  Influence  over 
President  lla!ta,  had  been  atrlviiig  to  Induce  him  to 
annul  the  iiroceedinga.  IIow  far  be  succeeded  la 
not  cloiitly  Known,  but  us  auon  as  llalta  diacovcrod 
thut  the  auceeas  of  Pradu  was  well-nigh  secured,  ho 
withdrew  frum  the  scheme,  or  pronounced  hia  de- 
termination to  have  notliiiig  to  do  with  it.  Iiiiine- 
dlatuly  upon  thU  becoming  known  to  tho  Minister 
of  War,  Gutierrez  filled  thu  Government  square  with 
troops,  diaperaed  thu  Congreas  at  the  point  of  the 
bayonet,  took  Balta  prisoner,  placed  him  under 
close  military  guard,  and  declared  the  city  under 
martial  law,  and  bimaelf  Prealdent  of  tho  KepubUc. 
At  this  unoxiiocted  and  despotic  proceeding,  the 
people  were  for  tho  muincnt  utterly  struck  down 
with  ustoniahinont  and  aurprhio.  Hut  tiie  feeling 
did  not  lost  long.  Gutierrez  attempted  Immodlntcly 
to  fonii  a  cabinet,  but  nobody  would  Join  him,  and 
hu  had  to  witne>is  one  uf  the  most  remarkable  pro- 
tests that  has  probably  ever  fallen  to  any  one  at  the 
moment  of  winning,  us  ho  thought,  the  supreme 
power.  Placoa  of  Business  were  suddenly  closed, 
us  If  by  one  tacit  but  uiianiinnua  consent  of  the 
nwnci's.  Tiie  fleet  act  sail  and  stood  out  to  sea. 
The  soldiers  drupped  uut  uf  thu  ranks  and  openly 


Tha  dlplunintle  ouriai  fonualljr  nifusad  lo 
raoognlia  Ouliami  In  any  way.  The  nawapapera 
wtira  not  publlaha<l ;  and  In  all  dlraotlima  III*  entlra 
social  niaehlnery  if  tha  city  aluppad,  and  refuaad  la 
proenvd  for  a  short  tlinn  In  any  direetlon,  Tha  iirulesl, 
utthn  tliiiii,  waa  abaolulalv  paaalvu  and  nagatlvn,  but 
none  tlin  leas  strong.  II  waa,  tou,  only  tho  lull 
whoae  very  deiidnnaa  prtdlcta  the  fury  of  tna  onmlng 


tou,  only  tho  lull 
nry  ileiidnnaa  prtdlcta  the  fury  of  tna  1 
atomi.     Nor  wua  It  long  ere  thIa  waa  heanl.    Hllvas 


tni  Gntlerrni,  brother  of  tho  dlel«l<ir,  bnliig  hout«4 
by  thn  popuiano  at  a  railway  alatlon  In  Lima,  draw 
a  mvolvnr  and  llrud  n|Hin  tliu  |ieople,  whereupon  ba 
waa  Inatantly  shot  down,  mid  thu  next  uioment  ha 
lay  doud  In  tlin  alreut.  Tha  mob  fell  upon  Ilia  body, 
atrlppail  It  of  Ita  clulhaa,  mangled  It  witti  thair 
kulvua  and  drugged  It  tbruugh  Ilia  public  thorough- 
(ores,  Outlorrei,  hearing  uflha  death  o(  hia  bnitlier 
and  chief  aupiHirtur,  Iniwailhttaly  dtapatohed  a  guard 
from  the  bnrrucka,  with  ordara  to  pnMiead  to  the  Im- 
priaoned  Proaldent  Balta  and  aoaaaalnata  bim  with- 
out a  moment'a  delay.  Tha  order  waa  ai'-atited. 
Malta  slok,  and  In  bed,  waa  ahnt  aa  he  lay,  by  thrao 
of  tha  murdonirs,  and  bM  body  waa  draggaa  down 
and  ploroad  with  the  bayonet*  uf  the  aoknera.  Thla 
outrage  rouaed  the  iienple  t«  fury,  and  ahonta  a( 
"  Down  with  Uutlerrei,''  '■  Death  to  Uio  murdoran," 
roaou.-ided  throughout  the  city  and  reached  the  eara 
of  tho  dictator  In  the  gubeniaturlal  polaoc.  Prado, 
and  tho  ieuilera  of  thu  popular  |Mrty,  had,  at  tha 
flrat  aitaault  made  by  Uutlerrex  on  Congreaa,  Had, 
eltliur  to  the  foniign  logatlun*  or  tu  ahlpa  In  the  har- 
bour for  aafety ;  but  Culonnl  Herencia  iSavallua  now 
came  forward  and  ula<nnl  himaalf  at  thu  bead  ut  tha 
leoplo,  amid  tlio  wildest  dtmunatratlun*  of  applouaa. 
lullerrea,  anuliig  that  hla  own  (al«  could  nut  luo( 
remain  undeolded,  took  cunimand  u(  tha  (ew  truopa 
that  ruinalnnd  true  to  him,  and  marched  at  their 
hood,  platol  In  hand,  to  the  (urt  o(  Santa  Ualollna, 
where  ho  dotemilned  to  dofend  hlmaelf.  Upon  thla, 
Zuvalloa  took  iiuaaeaalon  uf  tho  Uuvemmeot  build- 
ing, aaaumed  illrtHaion  of  statn  affhin,  appointed  a 
Cuulnot  and  pnieuoded  t<i  ruH'atabllah  oraer,  which 
hu  found  no  diniculty  In  doing.  He  waa  aaved  tha 
trouble  of  attacking  tlie  usurper.  By  degreea  almoat 
all  the  troop*  whom  Uutlerrex  had  taken  with  hlin 
loft  tbo  fort.  Fhiding  then  that  to  attempt  a  da* 
fonco  «[ould  be  impoaalble,  ha  had  reoonrao  to  • 
diagulae,  with  the  Intention  o(  escaping  by  flifbt. 
Hu  liad  anccueded  In  paaaing  through  a  grant  part 
of  tho  city,  when  auddenly  a  poaaer-by  racognlied 
him.  The  alann  was  ImniedUtely  given,  and  Un- 
tierrei  fled  for  rofugo  Into  a  dmgglat'a  shop ;  but 
only  to  bo  drawn  out  an  Instant  uter  plercnl  with 
Innumerable  wounda.  The  body  waa  well-nlgb  torn 
to  pleeea,  and  beutun  beyond  recognition,  it  waa 
dragged  to  the  public  aquare  and  there  bung ;  and 
on  the  folluwliig  day,  tugother  with  tha  bodlea  of 
Hllveatro  Gutierrez  and  another  bnither,  it  waa  sua- 
ponded  frum  tho  high  towera  of  the  cathedral ;  and 
afterward  all  throe  were  burned  to  diut  In  tha  pub- 
lic place. 

There  1*  something  exceptional  and  tbera(ora 
oxtroordlnaiy  in  the  scone  thoa  preaantad  of  a 
popular  rlalng  in  favour  of  the  logltimate  govern- 
ment, and  tu  destroy  a  uaurpcr.  And  the  order 
wltii  which  It  waa  conducted  Is  noteworthy.  Tha 
people  undertook  of  their  own  accord  the  protee- 
lion  uf  the  public  bulldinga,  and  only  one  InatOLcn 
of  anything  like  violence  agalnat  either  public  or 


private  property  was  recorded ;  and  that  was  com- 
iratlvely  unimportant 
The  oatabllshment  in  this  way  of  Bignor  Prado  in 


tho  Prealdoncy,  ha*  been  an  event  of  the  utmoat  im- 
portance In  the  future  welfare  of  the  Republic.  Ita 
foreign  policy  ha*  preaented  little  of  moment.  It 
may  he  summed  up  almost  entirely  In  commercial 
treaties,  protestationa  against  the  settlement  of  tha 
United  States  Company  at  Samana,  and  co-operativa 
nogotUtions  In  the  matter  of  an  Interoceonlc  canal 
In  Central  America.  The  Prealdent  took  care  to 
surround  himself  with  the  ableat  men  In  the  Repnb- 
lie,  and  bis  administration,  devoted  to  the  Intonal 
IntiToats  of  tho  state,  and  guided  by  a  wfaM  and 
temjiorate  policy,  did  much  not  only  to  allay  the 
feverish  excitement  of  the  people  which  bod  oo  long 
prevailed,  but  to  raise  Peru  to  tba  position  It  now 
occupies  aa  the  flrst  and  the  most  proaperona  of  tbo 
Sooth  American  republlca. 

Since  her  flrst  attainment  of  independence,  Chill 
haa  been  peiplexed  with  boimdair  dlfflcnltles.  In 
the  south,  theaa  atiU  continue,  the  limits  of  tha 
state  there  being  Teir  Imperfectly  defined,  and  qnaa- 
tlona  of  Inrisdlcllon  between  ChUl  and  the  Argentina 
Republic  are  constantly  arising.  But  in  1813  a  treaty 
was  concluded  with  Bolivia,  by  which  further  tronbM 
In  that  direction  will.  It  Is  hoped,  be  prevented. 
In  this  tho  eastern  llmtta  of  Chill  are  decuurcd  to  ba 
tho  highest  simimlts  of  the  Andes,  and  the  twentv- 
fonrth  degree  of  soath  latitude  the  dividing  line. 
As  In  Peru,  the  attention  of  the  government  naa  of 
lute  been  more  steadily  devoted  to  Internal  develop- 
ment, to  tho  education  of  thu  people,  the  promotion 
of  trade,  tl:c  com tructlon  of  rulwayaand  IclegtaDba, 


I 


IM 


BISTORT   or 


th*  MMOonnrntnt  of  miDtnfjind  •grlealtnrv,  Md 
MMadnmti  of  tha  Uw*.  Tha  moat  notlcaabia 
iMlirt  in  til  thli  la  tbe  aromumoea  of  a  mora  tnlar- 
■nl  Milne  In  mattcra  of  ralMnn,  wblcb  bida  fair  to 
davafop  tkr  bejond  tbe  Ilm1u  of  tba  Cblllan  Ra- 
pnblla,  and  to  rcmore  ere  long  one  of  tbe  Krcateat 
'obataeiaa  to  the  aettlement  of  ProUatant  ImmlgnoU 
ia  that  part  of  tbe  worliL 

Tba  neceaalty  for  auob  eitenalon  of  liberal  opln- 
lona  kaa  at  no  time  been  more  evident  than  It  la  In 
Peru  M  the  preaent  moment,  wbere  Nllirlona  bigotry 
ia  Impeding  the  prognaa  of  education,  fettering  the 
kandi  of  the  government,  erMtlng  local  dlaaffee- 
Uona  Maong  tbe  people,  and  covering  with  •  cloud 
of  dMUaea  the  moat  promlaing  tiat*  upon  tba  coa- 
tbMDt,  Wbatavar  na*  ba  tha  pollUcal  poalUon  of  a 
natloa,  tta  people  an  not  ft«e  when  their  fuUeat 
UbaHlM  an  oontiaetad  by  tha  Intatvantlon  of  a  r*- 
Ugiow  pilaatcnil. 

Whll*  tha  avanta  hera  raeorded  ware  paaahif  on 
tba  WMlani  alda  of  tha  ■onth  American  Continent, 
othan  MMcalT  leaa  Important  were  attracting  atten- 
tion o«  tha  aaak  Tbe  Immediate  reanlU  of  tha 
aaeap*  of  Jobn  VI.  of  Portncil  to  hto  BraaUian  poa- 
aawloDtpaTa  been  aintdy  aoan,  and  Uwould  have 
praTaattd  aome  fntore  tfoublea.  In  all  probabUlty,  If 
fea  had  raaolved  at  once  to  aeparata  the  eolonv  from 
the  pwmt  couatrr.  But  after  the  battle  of  Water- 
loo aad  the  removal  of  Napoleon  to  Bt  Helena,  tbe 
ktaig  bfcame  anzloua  to  return,  and  be  aought  to 
aatfit*  nta  BnaUlaa  aab<ecta  by  asauming  tbe  title 
of  Eag  of  Portugal,  Algarve  and  BrailL  Bnt  tha 
PortoAeae  Cortea  were  anxlona  to  r«xluce  Braill  to 
ita  tonaer  poaltlon  aa  a  colonial  dependency,  and 
their  wtloa  waa  atrongly  roaentcd.  An  order  that 
the  prlace  ngent  ahonid  return  to  BrasU  for  bla 
adacation  completed  the  Indignation  of  tbe  peoDle, 
and  an  inaorrectlon  being  openly  declared,  Don 
Pedro  placed  blmaolf  at  the  bead  of  It,  and  toon  after 
the  laaependenee  of  the  emphre  waa  proclaimed, 
with  ttia  regent  aa  Urat  emperor.  Ul*  coronation 
Viok  inace  aU  weeka  afterwarda,  on  tbe  let  of  D«- 
eomlMT,  1839.  Tbe  act  waa  not  acknowlodKcd  by  tbe 
PortOfuean  government  till  three  years  later,  and  In 
18U  tne  Bmperor  of  BnurtI  became,  by  the  death  of 
kit  f»tber.  Kins  of  Portugal,  le  at  once  reaiirned 
lb*  orown  in  favour  of  nia  Jant  duunhter,  Dona 
lUlto,  and  thna  for  a  tima  allayed  the  feara  of  hia 
•aUecta,  who  began  to  think  that  they  were  once 
man  to  be  dependent  on  the  parent  atate.  A  dls- 
aate  which  led  to  •  declaration  of  war  asHlnat  tbe 
]tn|cntine  Bepublle  waa  aoon  after  aettlea  through 
tta  intervention  of  Great  Britain,  but  disaffection 
■tm  continued  thronghont  the  northern  part  of  tbe 
•mpire,  and  after  a  succession  of  Insurrectionary 
•lovementa  tha  emperor  abdicated  In  18S1  In  fkvonr 
of  hia  aon.  He  now  returned  to  Portugal,  and  with  the 
aaaiatance  of  liBgllsh  and  French  vessols,  espoused  the 
causa  of  bla  daughter  against  Don  HIgaol,  who  hod 
oaorped  the  throne,  and  be  ultimately  succeeded  in 
vindicating  tha  rlgdita  of  the  queen,  and  sending  the 
pretender  mto  exile.  But  his  Induence  was  no  more 
zelt  In  BrasIL  where  a  regency  continued  tlU  IMl,  In 
wUeh  year  the  heir  to  the  throne  was  declared  to  be 
of  age,  and  he  waa  crowned  on  the  18th  of  July. 

Bnudl  bad  for  many  yean  loolced  with  alarm  on 
the  Btrengthenlng  of  the  provlncea  that  lay  on  her 


aonthem  Doandi^.    Tbla  appean  to  have  bee 
aentlment,  founded  in  1816,  if  not  c 


been  an 
hereditary  aentlment,  founded  in  1816,  if  not  ozlat- 

ag  before,  when  the  Portuguese  took  poaseaslon  of 
ante  Tloao,  under  the  pretence  of  destroying  tbe 
rerolntlonaiy  taodanclea  of  Artigaa.  Accordingly, 
when  tha  provinces  on  the  Parana  and  Uruguay 
nnltsd  themselves  with  Buenos  Ayres,  the  BraxUlan 
covemniaat  was  dismayed,  and,  aoon  after  forcing  a 
deelaiation  of  war,  blockaded  the  city  of  Buenoa 
Ayrea ;  buL  as  we  have  already  said,  peace  was  ulti- 
mately made  through  British  Intervention.  It  was 
during  this  time  that  a  popular  leader  amonK  the 
people  of  Buenoa  Ayrea  arose  In  the  person  of  Juan 
Manuel  de  Roaas,  a  descendant  of  an  ancient 
Spanish  tamll;,  and  a  man  foil  of  ambition,  daring, 
•ndadventure :  bntwbo,  fromalife  of  rongh  cultnie 
among  the  herdsmen  andworklng  classet  gunemlly  of 
the  Interior,  had  grown  Into  a  spirit  of  antipathy  to 
the  reHnement  of  the  aristocratio  claasea  of  tbe  sea- 
board. The  people  were  thoa  divided:  Bosaa  heading 
a  party  which  supported  a  federal  form  of  govemmeiu 
for  the  severalprovineea,  in  oppoattlnn  to  the  con- 
aUtntlon  of  18%.  Tbla  bad  been  frMned  on  the 
baaia  of  a  small  but  powerful  aristocracy,  who  now, 
In  eontmdlstlnctlon  to  the  parte  of  Rosas,  styled 
themaelv^  Uoltarios.  Koaaa  guned  a  lai^  number 
of  adherents  from  tbe  provinces,  and  Kradnally  so 
increaaed  bis  Influence  that  In  1887  be  formally  pro- 
tected againatthe  conatltuUan,  and  In  a  bri^  time 
wielded  aaffldent  power  to  place  the  nominee  of  his 
party,  Dorrego,  in  the  position  of  governor  of 
Buenoa  Ayres.  The  treaty  of  peace  which  Dorrego 
made  with  BraxU  through  the  ministry  at  London 
aecured  the  recognition  of  Uruguay  as  an  iudepen- 
daat  atate ;  but  three  years  after  a  confedemtlon  was 


formed  between  the  provinces  of  Buenoa  Ayrea, 
Santa  Vi,  tiorriratea,  and  Bntra  Bins ;  and  wUhIn 
another  year  it  embraced  tho  whole  of  the  remaining 
pruvlnoea.  Thus  was  fnlllllod,  with  a  trilling  excep- 
tion, tha  programme  lint  marked  down  by  Itiissa 
and  his  friends,  and  BmslI  tnKaii  to  look  with  dis- 
trust upon  the  rising  power  of  the  ounfiHiemUon, 
Meanwhile,  however,  siisplelons  anwe  among  tlie 
people  aa  to  tho  sincerity  uf  Kosas,  anil  si'veral  in- 
surrections were  started  to  effect  a  change  In  the 
government.  These  were  readily  put  down,  till  the 
feeling  took  root  in  the  ranks  of  the  army,  when, 
under  the  leadership  of  Ueneral  Lavalle,  the  govern- 
ment waa  attacked,  and  Dorrego  being  taken 
priaoner,  be  was  shot  without  a  triaL  The  suooeaa 
waa  of  snort  duration.  Kosaa  waa  not  tha  man  (o 
submit  to  defeat  He  immediataly  organised  a  new 
force,  and  with  tha  active  co-operation  of  Lopea  of 
Baala  ti  completely  overthrew  Lavalle  and  all  hia 
hopea,  Rooas  ocoupylng  tha  poaltlon  to  which  be 
had  aspired,  and  having  the  may  completely  under 
his  cob.rol,  ready  to  obey  hia  bebesta  at  any  mo- 
ment An  opportunity  preaenUy  occurred,  through 
tha  mjdd  ohangea  of  revolntionaiy  action,  by  which 
the  supreme  authority  In  Buenoa  Ayrea  waa  at  his 
disposal,  and  he  waa  not  slow  In  avauing  himself  of 
It  Ha  waa  elected  governor  of  Buenos  Ayres  in 
IHSS,  and  held  the  ofllce  with  advantage  to  tbe 
conntiT  till  the  expiration  of  hia  term  in  18HS.  Five 
tiraea  be  refused  to  be  nominated  for  re-election ; 
but  when  the  terma  were  altered  and  the  word 
governor  waa  changed  for  dictator,  he  eageriy  ac. 
cepted  the  proposal,  and  held  it>  wiih  the  aanctlon 
of  the  people,  till  INM.  During  the  Intervening 
period  he  ruled  with  stem  despotism.  Records  of 
the  time  deacrilie  him  generally  aa  a  ty  ant  of  the 
worst  kind,  a  bloodthirsty  and  unscrupulous  ruler, 
who  nevar  hesitated  to  commit  the  roost  flagrant 
liOustice  when  selMuterast  or  the  fulttllment  at  his 

SBrsonol  wlsbca  demanded  It  But  a  future  genera, 
on  will  probably  Judge  him  less  harshly.  He  held 
supreme  power  during  a  period  of  considerable  mo- 
ment In  tbe  future  tnteresta  of  the  country  be 
loved,  and  It  Is  very  doubtful  whether  any  man  of 
less  character  would  have  borne  It  as  well  through 
the  dangera  that  beset  It.  He  devoted  himself 
with  all  bla  energlea  to  extend  the  torriton, 
or  at  least  the  suthority,  of  Buenoa  Ayrea  to  the 
provlncea  of  Paraguay  and  Uruguay,  and  he  haa 
been  condemned  for  a  policy  of  aggrandisement 
But  any  condemnation  thtt  pertains  to  him  for  that 
policy  belongs  with  equal  justice  to  BraxU.  The 
government  of  the  emperor  had  always  seen  the 
vslue  of  the  proylnces  that  lay  to  the  BraxUlan  side 
of  the  Parai  a,  both  on  account  of  theh-  Intrinalc 
value,  and  also  as  thereby  making  the  river  the 
boundary  line  against  a  republic  which  they 
never  liked.  Rosas  saw  in  like  manner  the  oxpe- 
dlency  of  adding  those  provlncea  to  Buenoa  Ayres, 
as  well  on  account  of  their  wealth  In  resources  and 
their  breadth  of  seaboard,  as  from  the  check  that 
would  thereby  be  given  to  the  ambition,  pcrbapa  to 
tbe  propacandism,  of  the  Brazlliana.  Paraguay  had 
the  good  fortune  at  this  Juncture  to  be  under  the  ex- 
ecuuve  control  of  Francis,  a  man  hardly  loss  nota- 
ble than  Rosaa  hlmaelf,  and  who  proved  btmaeU 
?[Ulte  competent  to  keep  the  territory  he  (rovemed 
ree  fh>m  any  serious  danger  on  either  side.  Moreover 
the  BraxUlan  government,  much  as  It  feared  Rosaa 
and  his  policy,  cared  not  to  risk  a  war  for  the  con- 
quest ofboth  Paraguay  and  Uruguay  at  the  aame  time. 
They  contented  themselves  for  aome  time  with  dl- 
rectmg  theb-  attention  upon  the  latterprovlnce  only, 
and  agents  of  both  the  empire  and  Rosas  were  ai 


partlea  bad  arisen  in  Uruguay,  and  BraxU  gave  open 
aupport  to  the  one  hmded  by  Rivera,  which  declared 
itself  In  open  opposition  to  the  poUoy  of  Rosas,  and 
which  presently  had  the  active  aupport  of  the 
French.  The  faction  favourable  to  tho  confederation 
was  under  the  guidance  of  Oribe,  a  direct  agent  of 
Rosas,  and  working  entirely  under  bis  dhrectlon.  A 
condition  of  war  soon  followed  tiie  active  interven- 
tion of  Rosas,  but  It  was  Uttle  more.  The  Interven- 
tion of  the  French  was  unwarranted,  and  was  soon 
ended ;  and  the  authorities  at  Monto  video  then  saw 
the  expediency  of  coming  to  an  agreement  with 
their  opposite  neighbours.  Bat  the  peace  thus  con- 
cluded did  not  lost  long.  BrazU  persisted  In  looking 
with  a  Jealous  oyo  upon  the  rule  of  Rosas,  and  under 
the  pretext  that  treaties  made  In  1828  and  1840  had 
been  broken,  tho  emperor's  government  sppUed  for 
Bssistance  to  England  and  France.  Rosas  had 
raeanwhUe  closed  the  Parana  to  vessels  belonging  to 
Paraguay,  and  had  threatened  restrictions  upon  the 
Btate  of  Uruguay  except  upon  speclfled  conditions. 
The  sppeal  from  the  BraxU'  .n  court  was  speodUy 
followed  by  the  appearance  of  a  combined  French 
and  Engtlsn  squadron  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  de  la 
Plata.  Buenos  Ayres  was  blockaded  and  the  Argon- 
tine  fleet  taken  pussesslon  ot    The  aUlcs  also  seued 


tho  Island  of  Martin  Uarela,  and  declared  the  Painaa 
open  to  the  navigation  of  Paraguay.  Rosas  offered 
a  determined  resistance  to  these  proceedings,  but 
with  lltlls  sdfbct  except  to  himself.  The  contest 
lasted  for  three  years,  during  tho  whole  of  which 
time  the  confederutlon  suffered  gnrut  liwsvs,  snd  tha 
reputation  of  Riiaas  in  his  own  country  wus  uiuck 
weakened.  Noticing  this,  the  governor  of  Entro 
Kins,  who  had  always  sympathixeu  with  the  Braxlllaa 
side  of  tlic  question,  placed  himself  st  the  head  of 
tlie  party  opposed  to  Kosas,  and  co-operating  with 
his  oiieinli's,  gave  battle  to  the  Argentine  dli'tator 
at  Monte  Caselos,  and  utterly  defeated  him.  Rosaa 
managed  to  escape  to  England,  and  with  character* 
Istic  Ingratitude,  the  (leopie  whom  he  bad  advanetd 
greatly  In  material  prosperity,  and  whom,  In  fact,  ha 
bad  been  the  chief  nieana  of  converting  hito  a 
nation,  haUed  his  dsparture  with  expressions  of  de> 
light  Lopea  now  thought  to  teoure  tbe  dictatorship  t 
but  the  oonqueror  of  Rosaa,  with  a  triumphant 
army  behind  him,  waa  not  to  ba  denied,  and  in  leaa 
than  alx  montna  Urqulsa  becama  dictator,  and  at 
once  published  a  decree  acknowledging  tha  indepen- 
dence of  Paraguay,  and  opening  tbe  tributaries  of 
the  La  Plata  to  free  navigation. 

But  It  la  not  to  be  expecte<l  that  a  ruler  from 
Entro  Rioa  would  long  be  tolerated.  Having  1» 
vlalt  Santa  Vi,  bis  absence  was  turned  to  an  oppor* 
tunity  for  indulging  once  more  In  revolution.  Ur- 
qulsa waa  aummariiy  deposed,  and  Alalna  choaen 
governor  of  Buenos  Ayrea,  indepoodent  of  the  con- 
federation. This  led  to  dvU  war.  Alalna  wss,  In 
turn,  removed,  and  the  confederation  In  the  nililst 
of  the  turmoil  framed  the  constitution  that  waa 
destined  to  endure  for  some  time,  and  Into  which  It 
was  hopeil  tlist  Buenos  Ayros  would  ere  long  ba 
drawn.  This  constitution  wss  framed  upon  tlia 
model  of  that  of  the  United  Btatea  of  North  America. 
It  wont  into  operation  m  IHM,  the  aeat  of  govern- 
ment being  flxed  at  Bajada  del  Parana,  In  Entra 
Rios.  It  did  not  have  the  Immediate  effect  desired. 
Buenos  Ayres  formed  a  now  constitution  for  herself ; 
but  at  the  some  time  a  treaty  was  concluded  with 
the  confederation,  which  brought  It  and  Buenoa 
Ayres  bito  much  closer  relations.  The  favourable 
prospect  tlius  formed  waa  destined  soon  to  be  de- 
stroyed. Borne  refugees  under  Ueneral  Flores  at- 
tempted the  Invasion  of  Buenos  Ayres  from  Btnta 
Vi,  but  were  repulsed  by  Genenl  HItre,  and  pur< 
sued  Into  tbe  province  whence  they  liad  escaped. 
Thia  led  to  expostulattona,  but  tlie  conduct  of  Floret 
waa  upheld  by  hia  government,  and  tbe  confedora- 
Uon  annulled  the  treaties  of  18A4  und  185S  forthwith. 
Urquixa  at  once  began  to  levy  dntiea  on  vessels  from 
Buenos  Ayres  bound  up  the  tributaries  of  Uic  La 
Plata,  and  bostUltles  ensued  which  lasted  four  yeara, 
and  ended  In  the  union  of  Buenoa  Ayres  with  the 
ooofederatlon.  But  national  sentiment  was  not 
saUsfled,  and  when.  In  18tlO,  ',lie  deputies  from 
Buenos  Ayres  were  refused  seats  In  the  Congress, 
on  tbe  ground  of  Irregularitiea  In  their  elecUon,  tha 
occasion  waa  taken  to  renew  tho  civil  war.  General 
Mitre,  to  whom  the  command  of  the  army  of  Buenoa 
Ayrea  was  entrusted,  having  gained  a  complete  vio* 
tory  over  the  Argentine  troops,  waa  ilected  provls. 
lonoUy  to  the  prealdency  pending  certain  amend* 
menta  to  the  conatltutlon.  In  thoae  Buenos  Ayrea 
waa  made  provisional  capital  of  the  confederation, 
and  In  1863  Mitre  was  choaen  President  of  tbe  Argon* 
tine  Republic.  Entre  Rlos  was  Included  in  the  con* 
federation,  but  not  with  tbe  approbation  of  Urquixa, 
who,  nevertheless,  soon  after  accepted  the  Kovemoi^ 
ship  of  that  province,  and  guve  In  bis  aUeglance. 

Hatters  being  thus  apparently  settled  in  the  con- 
federation, disturbances  of  a  more  prominent  char- 
acter broke  out  In  Uruguay.  A*  the  election  In 
1864,  Agnlrre,  the  representative  of  the  reactionary 

8 arty,  waa  elected  President;  upon  which  Flores, 
le  defeated  candidate  and  representaUve  of  tha 
liberals,  plaiwd  himself  at  the  bend  of  on  Insurrec* 
tlon,  and  at  once  received  the  aid  of  BnudL  An 
imperial  force  even  Invaded  tho  province  against  tha 
elected  president  of  the  people,  tlins  committing 
tho  government  at  Rio  to  a  monstrous  interference 
with  the  constitutional  righta  of  a  nelghbonring 
nation.  War  against  Braxll  was  Immediately  de- 
clared. Flores  laid  siege  to  the  town  of  Payssnda, 
and  a  BraxUlan  fleet  blockaded  It  on  the  side  of  tba 
sea.  It  was  nobly  defended  by  a  garrison  of  loyalists, 
less  than  seven  hundred  strong,  which  held  out  long 
after  the  city  itself  bad  been  laid  in  ashes,  and  n 
last  feU  Tictlma  to  treachery.  The  garrison  wera 
treated  by  the  BroxUlons  with  much  cruelty,  and 
their  commander,  Genenl  Gomes,  was  shot— for  the 
crime,  we  presume,  of  being  faithfbl  to  his  govern- 
ment and  country.  The  Inaurgenta  and  their 
BraxUlan  allies  thence  marcbod  on  to  the  capital, 
and  Monto  Video  was  decbured  In  a  atate  of  block 
ado.  Upon  this,  Agulrre  resigned  the  presidency, 
and  being  succeeded  provlslonaUy  by  VUlslba,  a 
member  of  the  Senate,  negothitlons  were  opened 
with  the  enemy,  and  a  treaty  of  peace  wos  soon 
agreed  upon.    General  Flores  shortly  after  entered 


iOUTH   AMKniCA. 


toMioSerM 
Mdlngt,  bal 
Tho  conUtI 
lU  of  wlitch 
MW,  ind  tlia 
'v  wu  uiuoh 
or  n(  Entr* 
til*  BrailHiia 

thi  liuiil  of 
p«nUnE  witli 
tine  dii'Utor 

blm.  R»*M 
itti  cbintctxr- 
lad  Mlvtnetd 
m,  in  fuel,  h« 
erilDR  Into  • 
9i«loDi  of  da- 
dloUlonhlp] 
k  trlumpbMt 
d,  lod  in  laM 
etator,  ind  tt 
itiMlndepan- 

trlbatarto*  of 


a  rnler  from 
.     HkTlnR  t* 
1  to  an  oppor* 
rolutloo.    ur> 
Alilna  choaan 
nt  of  the  Clin- 
Alelna  w»,  In 
1  In  the  mliUl 
tlon  that  WM 
1  Into  wblch  It 
d  era  long  lie 
ncd   upon  tlia 
Sortli  Amork-a. 
leat  of  govern- 
irani,  in  Kntre 
B  elTwl  dctimd. 
Ion  for  benolf ; 
sonoluded  wltli 
It  and  Bucnoa 
Tbe  favouralilo 
■oon  to  be  de- 
leral  Florei  at- 
'rea  from  iUnta 
Mitra,  and  pur- 
y  had  eacaped. 
induct  of  Fforea 
1  tbo  Gonfedonir 
18S5  torthwitb. 
on  veuele  from 
ariea  of  tlic  La 
«tod  four  jeaia, 
AyreH  with  the 
linent  wna   not 
depuUoa  from 
^  the  Congrcaa, 
Dir  election,  the 
1  war.    Qencral 
nnn;  of  Uueuoa 
a  complete  lie- 
(.levied  proTla- 
certain  amend* 
Buvnoa  Ayrea 
confederation, 
^t  of  tbe  Argen* 
ded  in  the  con* 
ion  of  Crqniia, 
d  the  Kovemor- 
I  aUegiance. 
lied  In  the  con- 
)rominent  cbar- 
_the  election  In 
the  reactionary 
which  Florea, 
■ntatlTe  of  tbo 
of  an  insurrec- 
of  Braxll.     An 
nee  agolnil  Iha 
UB  committing 
UB  interference 
I  neiehbonrlng 
aroedlately  de- 
a  of  Faysanda, 
the  aide  of  the 
ion  of  loyaliata, 
I  bald  oul  long 
J  ashea,  and  m 
garriion  were 
S  crueltT,  and 
J  ahot— for  the 
1  to  hia  govem- 
Jita   and   their 
Ito  the  capital, 
latate  of  block 
Ihe  preaidency, 
■  by  Vlllolba,  a 
f  were  opened 
^ace  waa  noon 
r  after  entered 


Monte  Video  la  (riamph,  inpnorled  by  a  brigade  of 
BraoiUon  tiuopa,  and  aaaumed  the  jiraaldrney— Ihoa 
awtling  at  dalance  the  princlplea  of  the  conallluUon 
which  Ite  awora  to  uiolntaln,  and  by  Itio  aid  of 
furi-Ign  bayonaU  •ubnirtlng  the  will  of  the  people, 
and  replacing  the  I'rcildant  whom  they  had  choaon. 
Much  u*a  baun  aald  for  the  purpou  of  Juitlfvliia  the 
conduct  of  tbe  Urailliaii  govi'rniiiciit  In  tlila  niter- 
Teotlon,  but  niuoh  niorv  imint  he  aald  before  any 
aueb  JuiUnoatlon  aa  the  frimidi)  of  the  empire  ticaire 
can  bKoumu  poaaible.  The  facta  apeak  for  tlieni- 
aelTiia.  Nothing  can  alter  them,  and  unleaa  they 
were  altered  nothing  but  the  utter  condemnation  of 
Bnull  for  an  uqJuiatUlabIn  and  cruel  war  would  be 
poaalble. 

Lupea,  tbo  I'realdent  of  Paraguay,  had  not  failed 
to  aund  the  prottat  of  hia  State  agalnat  the  action  of 
Bmili  in  thia  matter.  But  hia  proteata  were  recelTPd 
at  Klo  de  Janeiro  with  inoolence,  and  he  retaliated 
apeedlly  by  oelxlng  a  Brailllan  reaael  which  he 
found  on  her  way  up  tlie  Parana,  and  detaining  her 
eniw  and  paoaengera  oa  priaonara  of  war.  On  the 
next  diiy  the  ,reproaent«tive  of  Braail  at  Aaannclon 
waa  forinnliy  notlUvd  that  aa  hia  goremm^nt  had 
refuaed  attention  to  the  prott-at*  of  the  Prcaldont, 
tbo  river  would  henceforth  he  cloavd  to  Bnulllun 
v<iaela,  and  the  imiierial  Hug  treated  v  that  of  an 
aanniy.  The  BraxUUn  Minlatar  thereupon  demanded 
aud  received  bla  paaaporta,  and  in  leaa  than  a  month 
a   Paraguayan   army   had    entered    tbe   Braallian 

EioTlnee  of  Matto  (Inwao,  from  which  communlca- 
«n  witli  the  capital  wua  now  completely  cut  off. 
After  bombarding  and  carrying  by  a»aaull  the  fort 
of  Novo  Colmbra,  tlie  moat  important  In  the 
tii-ovlnoc,  all  the  principal  citlea.  Including  at  luat 
the  capital,  fell  Into  the  handa  of  the  Inviidera, 

The  treaty  of  peace  which  the  traitor  Floiea  en- 
tered Into  with  Braiil  did  not  contain  any  reference 
to  Paraguay,  whoae  Prcalduul  had  thus  nobly  de- 
fendod  the  vanae  of  liberty,  lu  behalf  of  the  Uru- 
guiyuua.  It  wus  followed  by  an  otfc-naive  alliance 
agulnat  Loi>ca  on  the  pnrt  of  Brazil,  U  ruguay,  and 
^e  Argentine  Kepubllc,  effected  through  a  treaty 
whoae  political  importance  Is  t<H)  gn'at  to  Juatify  ltd 
not  receiving  a  place  hero.  For  a  long  time  it  woe 
kept  secret,  and  it  was  not  till  the  war  bud  been 
continued  several  months  that  It  gained  publicity, 
much  to  the  annoyance  of  the  aignatoriea.  It  waa 
aa  follows : — 

"The  goTemmenta  of  the  Oriental  Rnpnbllo  of 
t'  ■nguay,  of  Hia  M^|eaty  the  Em|<eror  of  Braxll,  and 
cf  It:  &;gentlne  Republic  (against  the  last  two  of 
Uicae  ira,'  haa  been  declared  ny  tlie  government  of 
l*uraguay,  and  the  flnt  Is  In  a  state  of  hoatllltlea,  haV' 
tug  its  internal  aecurit'-  threatened  by  the  same  goV' 
ernment  of  Paraguay,  hich,  after  having  dUtnrbed 
its  reUittons  with  the  utttghbourlng  governments  by 
the  moat  abuaive  as  well  as  aggressive  acts,  has 
violated  its  territory,  broken  solemn  treaties,  aud 
disregarded  the  International  law  of  civillxcd  na- 
tions by  committing  the  most  unjustiflable  acts), 
persuaded  that  the  peace,  security,  and  well-being 
of  thehr  respective  nations  are  impossible  while  the 
actual  govomment  of  Paragnay  exists,  and  that 
the  greatest  Interests  demand  as  of  imperious 
necessity  that  said  government  bo  set  aside,  with' 
out,  however,  any  oB'ence  to  tlie  sovereignty,  IndC' 
peudcuce,  and  integrity  of  said  republic  and  Ita 
territory,  have  resolved  to  enter  Into  a  treaty  of 
alliance,  offensive  and  defensive.  In  order  to  obtain 
the  object  set  forth  above,  and  to  this  end  they  have 
appointed  aa  their  plenipotentiaries,  to  wit :  Ills 
Excellency  the  Provisional  Governor  of  tbo  Oriental 
Republic  of  Uruguay  bos  appointed  D.  Don  Carlos 
de  Castro,  Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs : 
His  Majeaty  the  Emperor  of  Braxll  boa  appointed 
IIU  Excellency,  D,  Don  Octavlano  do  Almeida  Rosa, 
of  his  Co»ucn,  Deputy  to  the  Geniial  Legislative 
Assembly  and  Ofllclul  of  the  Imperial  Order  of  the 
Rose ;  Ills  Excellency  the  President  of  the  Argen- 
tine Confederation  has  appointed  Dr.  Dos  Ruflno  de 
Elixaldo,  Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs. 
After  having  exchanged  their  respective  credentials 
and  found  tbem  in  good  and  due  form,  these  pleni- 
uotentlarioa  have  agreed  upon  aud  entered  Into  the 
following  treaty  of  aUlance  :— 

"AbticlsI.  The  Oriental  Republic  of  Uruguay, 
Hia  Maleaty  tfca  Smperor  of  Braxll,  and  tbo  Argentine 
Republic,  contract  an  oSenalve  and  defensive  alliance 
in  the  war  which  haa  been  provoked  by  the  govern- 
ment of  Paraguay. 

"Art.  II.  The  allies  ahall  use  all  the  means  at 
their  dlspoaal  by  land  or  on  the  rivers,  according  as 
may  necomo  neccsasiy. 

"  Abt.  XII.  Aa  hostilities  will  have  to  begin  on  the 
aoil  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  or  on  tlie  adioining 
border  of  tbe  Paraguayan  territory,  the  command-in- 
vhWf  and  direcUon  of  the  allied  armies  shall  fall  to 
the  charge  of  Brigadier-General  Don  Bartolome 
Mitre,  President  of  the  Argentine  Republic  and 
Oeacral-ln-Cltief  of  ita  army.    The  naval  forces  of 


the  alliea  ahall  be  under  the  Immediate  ordera  of 
Viee- Admiral  the  Viaeonnt  da  Tamandar<,  Command- 
ing-In -Chief  the  Squadron  of  Hia  Majesty  the 
Emperor  of  Braail.  The  land  forces  of  the  Oriental 
Rapubllo  of  Uruguay,  one  division  of  the  Argeutlna 
truopa,  and  another  of  Braallian,  to  be  designated  by 
their  resiiectlve  superior  offloera,  shall  form  an  army 
to  be  under  the  Immediate  command  of  Brigadier- 
(letieral  Don  Vanancio  Florea,  Provialonal  Governor 
of  the  Oriental  Repubilo  of  Uruguay.  The  land 
forces  of  Ills  Mitl<»ty  the  Emperor  or  Braail  ahall 
form  an  array  under  the  Immediate  command  of 
BrIgadlerGeneral  Dun  Manuel  Lius  Osorlo,  Ita  Oan- 
erarin-Chief.  Although  the  high  contracting  partlea 
are  agreed  in  not  changing  the  theatre  of  toe  war'a 
operations,  nevertheless.  In  order  to  preserve  the 
sovereign  rights  of  tbe  three  nationa,  they  now 
agree  to  follow  the  principle  of  reoiproclty  aa  re- 
garda  the  chief  command  of  the  ailied  army,  so  aa 
to  provide  for  any  eaae  which  might  require  the 
war*a  operationa  to  be  jansferred  to  Oriental  or 
BiaiUlan  territory. 

"  AUTS.  IV.  and  V.  refer  to  the  Internal  order  and 
regulation,  aa  well  aa  pay,  etc.,  of  the  troona,  and 
the  mutual  aettlement  of  acconnta  occaaloned  there- 
by. 

"Art,  VI.  The  alliea  solemnly  bind  themselves 
not  to  lay  down  their  arms  unless  by  common  con- 
sent, nor  until  they  hove  overturned  the  actual 
government  of  Paraguay;  neither  ahall  they  separ- 
ately treat  of  or  aign  any  treaty  of  peace,  truce, 
armiatico,  or  agreement  whatever,  to  end  or  siupend 
tl'e  war,  except  It  be  mutually  agreed  to. 

"  Abt.  VII.  Aa  the  war  Is  notwaged  against  the 
people  of  Paraguay,  hut  asabist  Ita  government,  the 
allies  may  admit  Into  a  Paraguayan  legion  all  the 
citlxens  of  that  nation  who  may  with  to  aid  In  the 
overthrow  of  aaid  envemmenl,  and  wiU  fttmlsh 
them  with  whatever  they  may  need.  In  the  form  and 
under  the  conditions  that  shoill  Ijo  agreed  upon. 

"  Art.  VIII.  Tlic  allies  bind  themselves  to  respeet 
the  liidenendeiu'e,  sovereignty,  and  territorial  in- 
tegrity of  the  Republic  of  Paraguay.  In  conaeqnenee, 
the  iivople  of  Paraguay  shall  be  enabled  to  choose 
whatever  government  and  Instltutlona  may  suit 
them,  without  havhig  to  submit,  aa  a  result  of  the 
war,  to  Incorporation  with  any  of  the  aUlea,  or  hav- 
ing to  accept  the  protectorate  of  any  of  them. 

"Art.  IjC.  The  Independence,  aoverelgnty,  and 
territorial  Integrity  of  the  Repubilo  of  Paragnay 
ahall.  In  occordance  with  the  preceding  Article,  be 
guaranteed  collectively  by  the  high  contracting 
parties  for  the  term  of  five  years. 

"Art.  X.  It  la  agreed  between  the  high  contract- 
ing parties  that  the  exemptiona,  prlvilegea,  or  con- 
cessions  which  they  may  obtain  from  the  government 
of  Paraguay  ahall  bo  common  to  them  all— gratuit- 
ously should  they  l>e  so  obtained,  and  upon  common 
conditions,  it  they  should  be  obtained  condition- 
ally. 

"Art.  XT.  After  the  present  government  of  Para- 
guay shall  have  been  overthrown,  the  alliea  ahall 
proceed  to  make  amngementa  with  the  newly  con- 
atituted  authority,  lu  order  to  secure  the  free  navl- 

Sitlon  of  the  riven  Parana  and  Paraguay,  so  that 
le  laws  or  regtilatlons  of  aald  Republic  may  not 
obstruct,  impede,  or  tax  the  tnnalt  across  or  navi- 
gation along  said  riven  by  the  merchanta  or  war 
vesHeis  of  tlie  allied  States,  bound  to  points  vrlthln 
their  respective  territories,  or  within  territory  which 
may  not  oelong  to  Fara)(uay ;  and  they  ahall  require 
proper  guarantees  to  secure  the  eflectiveness  ofsald 
arrangements,  bat  on  condition  that  said  amnge- 
menta concemiug  river  policy— whether  as  regnnls 
the  aforenicntlouod  riven  or  the  Uruguay  as  well- 
shall  be  drawu  up  in  common  accord  between  the 
allies,  and  whatever  other  littoral  Statca  may,  within 
tlie  period  agreed  upon  by  the  allies,  accept  the  in- 
vitation that  may  be  extended  to  them. 

"  Art.  XII.  The  allies  reservo  to  themselves  the 
right  of  concerting  the  most  suitable  measures  to 

guarantee  peace  with  the  Republic  of  Paraguay  after 
le  overthrow  of  Ita  preacnl  govemmenL 
"Art.  Xin.  The  allies  will,  at  the  proper  time, 
name  the  plenlpotentbiries  who  shall  represent  them 
in  conference  to  make  whatever  agreements,  conven- 
tiona,  or  treaties  may  be  necessary  with  the  new 
government  that  shall  be  established  in  Paraguay. 

"Art.  XIV.  The  allies  shall  exact  from  said 
government  payment  for  the  expenses  caused  by 
this  war^-a  war  which  has  been  forced  upon  them ; 
and  also  reparation  and  hidemnlflcation  for  the 
li^uriea  and  wrong  done  to  their  private  aa  well  as 
public  property,  and  to  the  ponona  of  their  ciUxena, 
previoua  to  any  expreas  declaration  of  war ;  likewise 
tar  the  injurlea  and  wronga  caused  subsequently,  In 
violation  of  the  principles  that  govern  in  the  laws  of 
war.  The  Oriental  Republic  of  Uruguay  ahaU, 
moreover,  exact  en  Indemnity  proportionate  to  the 
injuries  and  wrongs  which  the  government  of  Para- 
guay has  done  her  lu  tbo  war,  into  which  it  com- 
pelled her  to  enter  for  the  defence  of  her  rights, 
threatened  by  said  government 


by  I 
slop 


ipes  of  which  belong  to  Brad,  and  the  weelem  to 
Paragnay,  between  the  two  pohits  at  whleh  the 
ahortaat  atralght  llnea  eaa  be  drawn  reapeetlvelv 
from  tbe  lala  range  to  the  aonreea  of  the  Apa  ana 


Art.  XV.  Provtda*  for  tb*  mwinii  and  torn  of 
the  satUemanU  to  be  made,  nder  the  pneading 
Artlciaa.  ^ 

"Art.  XVI.  In  order  to  avoid  the  dlaewdona 
and  wan  that  arise  oat  of  qaealloaa  ralattrg  to  ter- 
ritorial boundariea,  it  la  agreed  that  the  adiaa  shaU 
reqnira  of  the  government  of  Paragnay  to  make  • 
specUl  treaty  with  each  one  to  daHna  their  respective 
boundariea,  on  the  followfaig  basis  :— 

"  The  Argentine  RepnbUo  shall  be  separated  from 
the  RepabUo  of  Paraguay  by  the  riven  Parana  and 
Paianay  op  to  the  poinu  where  said  riven  touch 
BraaUUn  aoil,  aoeh  point  In  the  ease  of  the  Para- 
nay  River  beinff  on  Hs  right  hank  at  the  Bahl* 

■^The  Xmpire  of  Braiffl  shall  be  separated  fMm 
le  Bepabllo  of  Paragoay,  on  the  aide  of  tha 
Parana  tiy  tbe  Ont  river  above  tbe  lUls  called  the 
Seven  Oataracta,  tbe  line  mnnlng  from  tbn  mouth  o( 
said  river  along  lu  whole  eoarse  to  Ita  aoaree ;  ae 
cording  to  the  new  map  of  Moaohes,  aald  river  la  th* 
Tgnrey.  On  the  left  bank  of  the  River  Paragnay,  It 
ahall  be  separated  by  the  Blvsr  ApiL  from  Ita  mouth 
to  Ita  aonrce.  In  the  Interior,  they  ahoU  be  separated 
by  the  Maracayn  range  of  monnfalna,  tha  eastam 
>eaof  "■^'  "^  ""-■ — '    ~ — "  —'"^ ' —  ■ 

n  the 
Ygurey. 

"Art.  XVII.  The  allies  rantoallT  gnarantae  to 
each  other  the  fslthfnl  fullUlment  of  the  agreements, 
eonventlons,  and  treatlea  that  may  be  neceaaaiv  to 
make  with  the  government  that  la  to  be  eatabUshed 
in  Paraguay,  In  accordanee  with  the  stlpolatloas  of 
the  present  treaty  of  alllanee,  which  abaU  remain  la 
fnU  force  and  vigour  until  those  stipnlaUons  shall 
be  respected  and  fulOlied  by  the  Republie  of  Para- 
guay. In  order  to  obtain  this  result,  they  agree  that 
m  eaae  one  of  the  high  contracting  partlea  fail  to 
obtain  ftom  tbe  government  of  Paraguay  the  IbUII- 
ment  of  ita  agreement,  or  that  the  latter  govemmsnt 
attempt  to  annnl  the  stipulatlona  agreed  to  with  the 
alliea,  the  othen  ahall  actively  nae  all  their  ellbrts 
to  obtain  their  fuliUlment  If  theae  are  useless,  tha 
alliea  ahall  Join  together  aU  their  meana  to  render 
effective  the  atlpulMlona  made  with  them. 

"Art.  XVIIl.  This  treaty  ahall  remain  In  secret 
until  the  principal  object  of  the  alliance  be  ob- 
tained. 

"  Art.  XIX.  Bach  stipulatlona  of  this  treaty  as  do 
not  need  legislative  ntlflcation  ahall  begin  to  have 
effect  aa  soon  aa  they  shall  be  approved  bythebr 
respective  govemmenia,  and  tha  remainder  imme- 
diately after  tbe  exchange  of  ntlScatlona,  which 
shall  take  place  within  tiie  period  of  forty  days 
from  the  date  of  this  treaty,  or  before,  U  poa- 
alble. 

"  In  testimony  whoraof,  we,  etc.,  etc,  have  at- 
tached our  namea  and  seals.  In  the  city  of  Buenos 
Ayres,  this  Ont  day  of  Hay,  In  the  yeai  of  our 
Ldtd,  1865. 
"(Signed) 

"  C.  Di  Caitro, 

"  J.  OoTAviAxo  Dr  AufRiDa  Bom, 

"  Buvnfo  Dr  Eusalor, 


"PROTOCOL, 

"  Their  excellendea  the  Plenipotentiaries  of  At 
Argentine  Republic,  of  the  Oriental  Republie  »t 
Uruguay,  and  of  His  Hijeaty  the  Emperor  of  Brasil, 
have  agraed : — 

"  I.  That,  In  execution  of  the  treaty  of  alllanee  of 
thia  date,  the  fortifications  of  Hamaita  ahall  be  de- 
molished ;  and  it  shall  not  be  permitted  to  erect 
othen  of  a  like  nature,  that  might  impede  the  faith- 
ful execution  of  aald  treaty. 

"  n.  That,  It  being  one  of  the  neceaaary  meaaurea 
to  guarantee  a  peace  with  tbe  government  that  ahaU 
be  eatabllshed  in  Paraguay,  there  be  left  In  Paragnay 
neither  arms  nor  munitions  of  war ;  such  aa  may  be 
found  there  ahall  be  divided  in  equal  parts  among 
tbe  atliea, 

"  III.  That  the  trophies  or  booty  which  may  be 
taken  from  the  enemy  shoU  be  divided  among  tha 
aUlea  capturing  the  aame, 

"  That  the  commander  of  the  allied  armiea  ahall 
concert  the  measorea  neceaaary  to  cany  into  effect 
what  la  herein  stipulated. 

"And  they algned  this  protocol  In  Bnenca Ayrea 
on  the  flnt  day  of  May,  ISU. 

"(Signed) 

"  Carlos  Db  Castro, 

"  il.  Ootaviano  Db  AunniA  Rou, 

"  Rcrnio  Db  Elizaldr." 

Brazil  having  been  the  moving  power  in  thia  pro- 
ceeding, the  disgrace  of  it  roost  fall  upon  the  em- 
pire.   Consl('iring  the  siicumstauces  under  whiM 


in 


nisTonv  op 


llM  liiMlgr  wu  iiMdo,  Mid  that  th«  JuitlflciiUon  or  It 
IMUd  upon  Ml  untniUi,  thu  iinly  prvillt  that  cnii  bv 
funnd  tor  Braill  -vu  In  th*  fnct  thiit  hcrKoviTimipnt 
WM  MlMtncd  n(  what  II  bail  ilniio.  They  won'  vastly 
dUtnrbt'il,  or  urvt>'iiilf<l  t<i  Ixi  an,  wlirii  lliu  ai;n'ti- 
BMnt  that  hail  liunii  ralUltiil  with  th«  aDUllivrii  rii- 
pablloa  iK'camu  known  to  tho  worlil,  luiii  whun  tlioy 
iound  public  opinion  ilaiiiiuni'iiiK  tliniu  for  tlioir 
Iraanbtirv,  Thu  wbolo  iinicwilliiK  la  v«ry  altnplo 
■nil  vary  bad,  and  It  cannot  Iw  niuilu  bt'ttcr  by  any 
xllurt   to    Ki'H    It    an    ap|H.'ar»nrfl    of    voniplli'lty. 


^'l 


Kulm  waa  thu  loKally  «lci'.ttid  prvaldi-nt  of  Uruj(uay 

..  .      ■!ermK  in  UruKuayan  affaira,  aniTaup- 

portlnK  lh«  Inauritant  Floraa  In  nia  rubelllun  aaaluit 
Agulrre,  commlttod  a  work  which  no  arKumenl  oau 
luatlfjr,  and  on«  which  BnuUdare  nothava  attempted 
b  the  affaira  ut  an;  power  aqual  to  hernoK  In 
■trengtb.  Lopeadldap«rf«oUTluatlHabl«  act  Inpro- 
taatlnai  aipilnat  thia  unwamintable  Intcrforuncti,  uud 
bi  takiiiK  tbe  part  of  hia  rapubUoan  iii'ii{liliuiir  a^alnat 
tmperlu  linpertlnanca  'Ilio  union  of  tho  rjpubllca 
aipUnat  Mm  at  the  dictation  of  Braall  vim  tliurufuru 
an  act  of  treacberv  to  tbe  princlplea  tlicv  tliuina«lvca 
profeaaed,  and  of  ingnitltude  to  t!io  nation  that  had 
voluntarily  atood  by  una  of  thoni  In  defence  of 
liberty  and  conatltutional  rluhtti.  Brazil  waa  tho 
Srat  oBunder,  and  altboucb  by  force  of  anna  and 
auperlor  reaourcea  aha  at  laat  deatroywl  the  i'rcal- 
dent  of  I'araipiay  and  placed  hIa  country  at  her 
uaroy,  the  name  ct  Lopea  will  ever  Ims  coupled  with 
tta  fame  that  bcioutca  to  valour  and  patrlotUin, 
Wblla  tliat  of  the  empliv  muat  perforce  dc  content 
With  tbe  dlaorace  Uiat  attwboit  to  an  abuac  of  power. 

Lopai  had  bad  ruaaon  to  dialruat  the  loyalty  of 
the  Ai;gentlnei  for  aoraa  time,  and  without  waltliiB 
(or  any  formal  decluratlun  on  their  part,  he  fol- 
lowed tbe  aame  courau  tbat  be  had  pursued  agnlnat 
Bnifli,  lint  aeliing  an  Argentine  veasd  on  tlie  river, 
and  anerwarda  aendinK  an  army  of  Invaalon  Into 
ArKentln*  territory.  Hutual  duclarutlona  of  war 
notv  took  place,  the  republic  leadliiK  off  on  tbe  Itlth 
of  April  and  the  CouKroaa  of  Paruguay  foUowIng 
•nit  two  days  later. 

Tbeaa  noUcva  were  followed  by  active  exertion*  on 
botb  aldea  tu  prepare  for  a  vigorous  cimpitlKn. 
Tarasnay  having  on  bar  part  to  rcnUt  thu  coin- 
ilnud  force  of  Unixil  ami  her  ■urruunilliiK  ncl);h- 
ioura,  found  It  nucoaaury  to  put  forth  thu  full 
power  of  lipr  people.  The  poaltion  Hhu  bad  friiluud 
at  tbe  outset  wa*,  nevert.  ■lesa,  lost.  An  AiKuntlno 
army  under  (leneral  Harmoro,  aided  by  a  Bnullian 
doet,  recaptured  the  city  of  C'orleiitoa,  where  Lourk 
had  eJtabllahed  a  provisional  govcrnmunt,  but  bdn/; 
unable  to  hold  the  place,  It  waa  abandoned  on  the 
(ullowbig  day.  Tbe  victory,  nevorthelca-i,  bulongid 
to  the  oluea,  who  took  tbree  guna,  a  alamlard,  and  a 
eonaldurable  quantity  of  orina  and  aniinunltlun,  and 

ulned  thereby  a  moral  advniitiigi.  of  which  aonio  of 

lem  wsra  much  In  need.  The  effect  wu.-),  however, 
auon  to  be  dcatroyod.  A  few  days  aflerwurda  aii 
•rmy  of  Poragoayana  under  General  LaKrlmu,  to  the 
number  of  eight  thouaand  men,  forced  tho  puaaagc 
of  the  Uruguay  at  San  Borja  by  niuuna  of  a  number 
of  flat-bottomed  boata  which  tbcv  had  with  them. 
Before  noon,  under  cover  of  a  few  plocoa  of  ar- 
tillery and  In  face  of  a  flro  obatlnately  maintained  by 
•  Braxtllan  force  on  the  other  aide,  they  had  nearly 
ail  the  troopa  lauded  on  tbe  ciieniy'a  territory,  and 
tbe  force  ho  bad  aeut  to  reaUt  tnoiu  waa  driven 
back  u)>on  the  town.  Here  the  Urazillana,  reinforced 
t)y  a  battalion  of  Infantry  and  twoiiuiidred  und  llfty 
cavah7,  prepared  to  make  a  atand.  But  tliey  fell  buck 
at  the  llrat  attack,  and  the  Pnraguayani*  entered  the 

Slace,  Keating  there  one  day,  Ijigrtma  led  hia  army 
>  Itaquy,  and  aoon  after  occupied  the  important 
town  of  Urugnvana.  The  impulley  of  thIa  move- 
ment, aucconaful  though  It  waa,  aoon  became  mani- 
fest. The  alliea  concentrated  their  forces  between 
the  Uruguay  and  Parana,  where,  nt  a  review  of  the 
allied  armlea.  It  waa  found  they  mustered  30,000  men, 
of  whom  8,000  were  cavali7,  and  tblrty-two  pieces  of 
cannon.  Vlorea,  a  few  daya  after,  effected  a  junc- 
tion with  Parmero^hereby  increaalng  the  men  at 
hia  command  to  U,uOO,  bcatdea  forty  pleoea  of  artil- 
lery. With  thIa  conjoined  force  he  attacked  a  part 
of  the  nnny  of  Lagrlma,  consisting  of  H,000  men, 
which  had  been  In  communication  with  the  town  of 
XJruguyana,  but  from  which  it  wi  la  now  cut  off  by  a 
■muU  I/razlltan  siiuadron  In  tbe  Klo  Grande.  The 
battle  took  place  cloee  to  the  town  Keatauraclon,  and 
waa  furiously  contested  by  both  sides.    * 

But  the  Paraguayans,  overpowered  by  numbers,  at 
laat  had  to  yield,  though  not  till  more  than  a 
fourth  of  their  number  had  been  killed.  Tbe  allies, 
whoso  loss  did  not  exceed  250,  took  1,000  prisoners, 
including  their  commander,  and  by  thoir  victory  not 
only  cleared  the  way  for  the  rol|ef  of  Uruguyaiiu,  but 
cut  off  all  meana  of  retreat  from  the  army  then  In 
poatcsslon  of  tbe  city. 

While  thoaa  thtnga  were  going  on  on  land,  tlio 
mnl  forcea  of  tho  opposing  nations  were  not  Idle, 
llui  Pantguayan  fleet,  constating  of  eight  steamers, 
'Wd  ait  raft*  armed  with  heavy  nuns,  deaceudod  tbe 


Parana,  nmie  In  view  of  th  i  Hnulllan  aiinndron  of 
nine  ahlus  on  tbe  11th  of  i)uiii>,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Klachuelo,  and  without  stopping,  at  once  gave  linltle, 
8eidoni  hint  a  naval  roiitest  hern  fought  ivltb  more 
desperate  ililirnilniitiiin  on  both  ildis.  At  thu  Hrst 
onset  a  Uruzlllaii  veasrl  wua  iHiariliil,  and  bcr  Itag 
hauled  down  hy  men  from  the  ramguayiin  vessels, 
but  she  waa  lininedlatoly  ufterwarda  luiaided  from 
another  of  the  Imperial  minadron,   the  crew  over- 

Kiwerud,  and  her  llait  rcphiei'il,  Coinmandcra  on 
)tb  viiles  strove  to  place  their  aiilpa  alongside  the 
enemy,  and  tlirou;{hout  tliu  day  a  nuries  of  handti)- 
hand  conflicts,  In  one  of  which  tho  I'unitfuayan  ad- 
miral wail  wouniled,  ehuriwaeriand  the  IIkIi),,  A  mure 
blootly  stniggle  has  seldom  hcen  reconluil.  It  lasted, 
without  Intermliialon,  from  half  past  nine  in  the 
morning  till  six  In  thu  evening,  nor  illtl  the  Paraguay- 
ana  then  retire  till  three  of  their  slilps  had  gone 
aground  and  Ih'uii  di'itriiyeil,  unotlier  aunk,  aix  nt 
their  rnfta  loat,  and  INUI)  men  had  been  killed  or 
wounded.  The  Urazillana  stated  their  loaa  at  three 
butiiired  In  kllli'd  und  wounded,  and  serious  damage 
done  to  every  veaai'l  In  thu  fleet. 
This,  and  the  aurronder  of  tho  garrison  In  Uru- 

Kiiyano,  which  apeoiiliy  followed  the  victory  at 
estauraeion,  led  to  tliu  evacuation  of  tho  province 
of  Corrieutea  by  tho  Paraguayan  general,  who  re- 
treated unmoloated  and  In  giHxl  onler  into  his  own 
territory.  The  alliea  thorcunon,  without  seeking  to 
follow  him  through  the  llooifs  and  miiri'liea  tliat  iiad 
l>ecii  awelied  by  llio  lieavy  riiina,  planneil  an  Invaalon 
of  tlio  provlnee  liy  the  Parana,  The  Brazilian  Heel, 
of  sixteen  ships  and  seventy-seven  guns,  acconllngiy 
asseniblcd  at  thu  mouth  of  the  I'anigiiuy  to  carry  Uio 
allied  forces  up  the  river.  It  being  the  Intention  of 
tbe  coininundera  to  concentrate  tiiem  at  Puso  de  la 
Patria  on  the  frontier,  and  t<i  make  an  attack  upon 
the  fortri'SH  of  Ilmnalta,  where  the  Paruguayuna  took 
extraorilliiary  meusurck  of  defence. 

Utill  determined  as  long  aa  possible  to  act  on  the 
offennlve,  a  force  of  I'arugiiuyans  about  IMX)  strong 
croased  over  to  the  Aritentlnu  siile  of  tho  river,  near 
the  frontlur,  und  being  reinforced  hy  4,000  troops, 
that  croaseil  innncdiately  otter,  gave  battle  tu  an 
army  of  about  tlio  same  atrangth  under  Ocuond 
llurnoH,  but  after  a  resolute  struggle,  which  was 
continued  wpli  varying  fortuiiu  throughout  the 
greater  part  of  tho  day,  the  Paraguayans  were  at  last 
forced  to  rocross  the  river,  leaving  tlielr  duad  and 
wounded  on  tlio  field.  Kevursea  of  llila  kind  did 
nut  abate  their  energies  or  rcaulutlon.  For  two 
inontlia  they  contlnui'il  to  baraas  the  enemy.  Invad- 
ing ills  territory  and  Inflicting  heavy  Iohh,  every  con- 
test being  accompanied  with  great  slimghtcr.  By 
that  tlino  the  Uruziiian  fleet  bad  taken  up  position, 
one  division  being  oppoalti!  the  Puao  de  la  rutrlu,  and 
tlie  other  at  tbe  junction  of  the  I'ar.iguay  and 
Parana  rivers.  The  uliios  soon  possessed  tliemselvea 
of  a  amall  island  .'n  front  of  Itaiilcu,  which  waa  re- 
garded of  much  sti  iitcglc  Importance ;  und  In  an  ef- 
fort to  recover  pnaaesuliin  of  it,  a  Parai;nayan  fore* 
under  Uuiitain  itonioru  lo»t  nearly  a  thousand  men, 
besides  8U0  muiikcts  and  thirty  cannons,  the  cum- 
maiidor  himself  being  taken  prisoner. 

Tho  alliea  now  entered  the  territory  of   tho  re- 
public.   On  the  10th  of  April,  ISUI,  they  puahed 
foiwurd  an  army  of  l.\U00  men  nnder  the  Driulllan 
general,  Usorio,  lauding  them,  without  opposition, 
on  tbe  Paraguayan  side,  and  at  the  junctloii  of  the  ' 
two  rivers.     They  advanced  cautiously  from  this,  I 
under  cover  of  tho  fleet,  defeating  at  intervals  vari-  i 
oua  dctacbmcni-i  of  the  enemy — never  more  than 
3,000  strong — till  thoy  becamo  cotnpleto  niustors  of 
tbe  Paso  de  la  Patria  and  the  fortress  of  Itupicu, 
which  tlicy  destroyed.    In  thIa  advance  the  allies 
took  several   prlHunora,  a  atandaid,  und  two  Uno 

Iilcces  of  artillery.  But  Lopes  hastened  to  remedy 
be  dlaoetor,  and  the  effect  It  had  hud  upon  Iii3 
troops.  On  tbo  2d  of  May,  at  the  head  of  8,000  men, 
he  advanced  upon  the  punltlon  of  General  Flores, 
and  In  a  short  tlmo  put  the  wbolo  army  to  flight,  not, 
however,  till  tlie  allies  bad  loat  nearly  seventeen 
hundred  in  killed  and  wounded,  among  whom  waa 
a  largo  number  of  ulBccrs.  Flores  Tost  all  bis 
artillery  und  a  great  quantity  of  b  iggage.  At  thIa 
moment,  when  tho  utter  destruction  of  his  army 
aeemed  Imminent,  ho  was  suddenly  and  'nexpcctcu- 
ly  reinforced  by  a  picked  body  of  Brazilian  troops, 
under  the  command  of  Osorio,  and  by  these  th« 
fortune  of  the  day  was  turned.  They  charged  upon 
tho  enemy,  under  a  heavy  tiro  of  urtiUor}',  and  suc- 
ceeded In  cutting  completely  through  bis  lines, 
compelling  him  to  fall  back  and.  Anally,  to  retreat 
from  the  ground  ho  had  gained  In  the  morning  from 
Floros.  The  Brazilians  acknowledged  that  the 
regiment  under  Osorio,  which  aceonipllshod  this, 
and  which  had  gone  Into  tbe  conflict  nearly  seven 
hundred  strong,  mustered  only  forty-ono  men  at  the 
■■'oso  of  tho  day. 

.'he  name  ilcnpcnito  indifference  to  evcrytlilng 
save  victory  cbaruet«rt/.ed  tho  whole  of  this  devas- 
tating and  unjustiilabie  war  — tho  Paraguayans, 
llghtuig  aa  Uicy  were  against  ci^rmoua  odds,  capc- 


I'ially  algnallzlng  themtalre*  for  daring  and  Intrepid- 
Ity,  Three  weeks  after  th*  event  Just  reearoad, 
llipy  anseiiilili'd  nn  uniiy  o(  111,000  Infantry  and  8,0011 
cavalry  at  Tugiiltz,  wlierethny  atta><ked  a  cumblnad 
mill  striniger  force  of  tiie  alilua,  hnt  were  every  wher* 
nMiulsed,  after  Hve  liuurs'  flghtlng.  Thair  luaaes  on 
this  oceiisloii  were  iilacud  at  4,671),  killed, and  wound- 
ed, four  pieces  ot  .irtillery,  Hve  atandarils,  Ibm* 
regimen'  al  colora,  and  a  large  quantity  o(  amia  and 
ammunition.  The  alliea  also  aiill'ered  considerably, 
lonlng  II,!I17  In  killed  and  wounded,  and  they  appear 
to  have  suffered  atill  more  in  rnoniii',  for  they  did 
not  follow  up  their  aurccaa,  but  nllowtd  Lopea  to 
occupy  the  same  gronnil  he  had  h  M  before,  and,  In 


a  nieasuni,  gave  rraaon  to  juntlfy  a  niimrt  whe^'ln 
ho  afterwards  claimed  the  victory,  it  la  doubtful 
whether,  If  he  had  acted  vigouruualy  on  the  offenalva 


>*«iVi*>ivi|  aa   Mu   aaaata  ■ai.wui*   *  iKiiiaairuaij    >/■■  iiiiv   (raavifviiv 

the  next  day,  ho  might  not  have  Inflicted  a  mora 
decisive  blow  upon  toe  enemy,  but  this  he  could  not 
at  that  time  do.  Having  a  few  days  after  r<  ccivail 
aoinu  hanvy  guns,  he  resolved  then  u|M>n  the  at- 
tempt, und  on  the  t4th  of  June,  throe  wccka  again 
after  the  battle  of  Tugiilta,  be  began  a  vigok  oua 
flro  with  OH  and  ItO-pound  shot  upon  the  camp  nt 
tho  allies,  who  also  bad  remain  d  Inuctlve  during  the 
Interval.  The  cannonade  waa  treniendoiia.  it  waa 
eatlmated  that  more  than  three  thouaand  heavy  abut 
fell  Into  the  nilJst  ut  tho  enemy,  who  had  no 
artillery  with  which  to  t«tnm  tho  Are,  and  who 
aullerod  the  entire  losa  ot  their  baggage,  camp 
material,  and  tenia. 

Tho  allies  now  began  to  aco  that  tho  work  they 
had  undertaken  was  hot  tu  bo  accomplished  without 
much  dIOIculty  and  manv  aacrifleca.  A  confcrenco 
of  the  aoveral  commanaers  was  thereupon  sum- 
moned, and,  after  a  long  dlacu^elon.  It  was  ri'soivcd 
to  makn  a  almultaneoua  attack  upon  the  enemy  with 
ail  their  forces,  Tho  fleet,  led  by  the  Irimclud  Itlo 
de  Janeiro,  and  carrying  seven  thousand  tmor  a, 
ateamed  up  the  river  on  tho  2d  of  Meptuinbi'r,  but 
their  prngrcsH  was  cliecked  by  a  masked  battery 
near  Curupaiti,  from  which  a  heavy  flre  waa  o|iened 
as  they  advanced.  The  Paraguayans  here  Urat 
availed  themsclvca  of  the  uao  of  torpedoes,  and  one 
of  tho  first  ri'Bulta  was  the  destruction  of  tho  Klo  du 
Janeiro  by  that  nuuns.  The  commander  of  thu 
forces,  Baron  Porto  Alegrc,  then  landed  tlircc  thou- 
aand men  at  a  spot  a  little  lower  down  tho  river,  tiis 
Admiral  ineanwhllu  keeping  up  a  sharp  t'.'s  upon 
the  forts.  The  troops  uilvaneed  unfllneliingly,  undof 
a  storm  ut  grape,  until  they  came  within  thne  hun- 
dred yards,  when,  wltli  lunii  vlvua,  they  stormed  tha 
place,  Umvo  out  the  garrison,  and  in  a  few  iniiiutca 
hod  tbo  Paraguayan  flag  hauled  down.  Their  loaa 
in  this  affair  was  not  less  than  l,ilOO  men,  besides 
tlie  frigate,  for  which  thoy  took  nine  guua,  three 
flags,  and  suuic  ammuullinn. 

An  attempt  was  soon  afterwards  made  to  arrange 
tcri.is  for  |ieJco.  Presldonbi  Lojiez  and  .Mitre  met 
for  this  purpose,  but  noUiIng  was  uccoinpllsbed ; 
and  the  allies  saw  iio  course  open  tu  them  but  tu 
renew  their  energy.  They  therefore  determined  to 
attack  thu  fortress  of  C'lirupultl,  two  inllca  further 
up  tho  river,  and  one  of  tho  strongest  in  tbo  re- 
public. It  waa  garrisoned  by  15,000  men,  and  de- 
fended by  Ufty-sTx  heavy  guna.  On  the  land  sldo 
the  nature  of  the  country  materially  added  to  Ita 
strength,  being  xurrouuded  on  tho  lower  sides  with 
deep  mai'sbcs,  which  the  Paraguayans  bad  further  d«- 
feiKled  with  works  of  cunalderabio  Ingenuity.  The 
fort  was  bombarded  on  the  22d  of  Hepteinbcr  by  all 
the  vessels  of  tho  fleet  with  very  little  effect,  al- 
though tho  firing  was  continued  without  iutenrila- 
slon  for  more  than  four  hours.  Threu  of  the  lar/ont 
Irun-clads  tlien  closed  In  to  within  a  hundred  ind 
flty  yards  of  tho  walls,  and  opt^ned  a  rajiid  iiuJI  con- 
tinuous flre.  But  It  was  returned  with  equal  /Iguur, 
and  the  vessels  received  so  much  damagt  that  It 
became  evident  that  auccesa  could  not  be  secured 
from  tho  river  aide.  General  Mitre,  who,  ■(  the  be- 
ginning of  tbo  attack,  bad  advanced  fruia  C'uruzu, 
had  by  this  time  earned  the  first  Hue  of  entronch- 
mcnta,  tho  enemy  retiring  befure  bim,  with  their 
guns,  Intu  Curupaiti.  But  tbo  allies  r<  und  that  thu 
movement  waa  tu  them  no  gain.  Thoy  hud  now  to 
advance  through  tbe  wide  awanip  that  surrounded 
the  furt,  and  that,  too,  under  a  merclleas  flre  from  tha 
enemy'a  artillery,  and  In  about  four  feet  of  watiir. 
With  ranch  determination  and  a  bravery  worthy  ot 
a  bettor  cauae,  they  penievered  in  the  attempt  (or 
nearly  two  hours,  but  found  that  they  could  neither 
advance  before  tbo  pltlieas  storm  of  grape  and 
ruund-shot  that  mowed  through  them,  iieltbet 
could  they  make  any  Impression  upon  the  enemy. 
Under  tbeao  circnroatunces  they  retreated,  leaving 
flvo  thouBand  uf  their  number  dead  behind  them, 
and  giving  up  all  hope  uf  making  any  turthci 
progress  lu  the  war  tor  tliat  year. 

Curupaiti  was  meanwhile  further  strengthened. 
Gi^neral  Flores  rested  witli  his  troops  at  uoine  In 
Montu  Video.  I>resident  Mltro  retired  tu  Tugnltz. 
and  active  excrtluna  for  a  renewal  of  the  uampaign 
lu  the  following  year  waa  reverted  by  the  allfoa  to 


■Dii  lntr«pld> 
uiit  rccordcit, 
nlry  unit  8,000 
il  *  I'oiiibliiH 
reovurywhor* 
hair  liM«>'i  on 
ij.and  wnund- 
iidiirilt,  tbrn* 

I  of  Hmi<  nnd 
ruiialilnrobly, 
il  thoy  niipoar 
,  fur  they  did 
wid  Lu|iei  to 
jofora,  lod,  In 
uiKiit  whert'ln 
It  In  dnubUul 

II  ttiu  iilTuiiilv* 
lllctiid  a  mora 
H  liu  rnuld  nnl 
after  ^  celvail 
u|M>n  the  at- 

0  wceki  aKSln 
n  a  vlgok  oils 

1  the  camp  of 
Ive  durtnit  thu 
idoua.  It  won 
ind  heavy  ahul 

who  had  no 
Arc,  and  who 
aggage.  camp 

the  work  they 
Uahcd  without 

A  confcri'uco 
icreupon  niim- 
t  was  rt'Holvcd 
:ho  oiipmy  with 
1!  Inmclud  Hlo 
luaand  tnMi[  a, 
iieptcmlKT,  but 
miked  buttvry 
Ira  was  opened 
uim  hero  llrst 
uiloei,  nnd  one 
n  at  the  Klo  da 
inandiT  of  tha 
lud  three  thnu- 
n  the  rivur,  the 
harp  K't  upon 
U'lil»a;ly,  under 
Ithin  thri  o  liun- 
lev  utormed  tlia 
[1  a  few  nihiulea 

n.  Thi'lr  loaa 
0  men,  bosiden 
uo  K»<">  three 

lado  tn  arrange 
and  Mltro  met 
uceoiiiplliihed ; 

0  them  but  to 
determined  to 

mllea  further 
OBt  In  the  re- 
men,  and  de- 
the  land  aide 

1  added  to  iUt 
wcr  atJea  with 
bad  further  >!«- 
igcnulty.  The 
ptcmbcr  by  all 
ttle  effect,  al- 
liout  Inti'nrils- 

of  thelar^'ji't 
hundred  ind 
ipid  nuJI  ron- 
oqual  figuur, 
|aniag<  that  It 
lot  be  tccurod 
ho,  It  the  be- 
froiA  Curuzo, 
D  of  entrench- 
m,  with  their 
|fi  and  that  the 
/  had  now  to 
it  surrounded 
a  flro  from  the 
jfeet  of  walor. 
ery  worthy  ol 
le  attempt  for 
could  neither 
it  grape  and 
lem,  neithet 
in  the  enemy, 
jated,  leavlug 
behind  them, 
any  furthci 

Istrcngthencd. 

)b  at  borne  In 

to  Tugnltz. 

he  campaign 

)  the  aluea  to 


IMr  rMpcetlTH  guremmenta.  By  thrax  the  pnii|. 
Hon  n(  allain  waa  conalderral  with  e»niilderiil)l(' 
•nxli>t.v,  hut  no  altunittmi  wax  mnrin  In  tlio  |iUii», 
and  al  tha  iNiglimhiK  uf  the  fiillnwliiK  yi'ur  a  further 

•  Ifnrt  ti>  vain  p»iixi'uliin  of  ('uru|ii>lil  waa  mail« 
l/llh  all  tlia  atrehirtli  of  the  ulllea.     Thu  mciiln  cif 

Iinicmlum  dllTirud  lllllu  or  nothliit;  fMm  tliiit  tried 
lufori',  anil  It  met  with  a  KlnilUr  rvaull.  Thi' 
UnKlllan  lri>n-clailn  were  almnat  dUahloil  liy  the 
Hre  from  lliu  fort  and  the  tnxipa  of  the  alllea  who 
tried  to  e^irry  the  pluce  by  aaaault  on  the  land  slilii 
were  more  than  deiiniuted.  To  >'X  plain  tlieir  defeat, 
lh«  Hniillluns  Kent  out  a  report  that  their  com- 
inauder,  the  Murqula  do  C'axlan,  had  been  negiitlat- 
ln|(  with  Ueneral  Dial,  who,  fur  a  sum  of  three 
hunilri'd  thoiuiinil  dollars,  hail  ai^rred  to  a<lmlt  tlie 
Bnuillun  triio|ia  to  that  jiiirt  of  the  fortreaa  whleh 
waa  entruated  to  hia  kreplng.  There  did  not  appear 
to  be  any  truth  In  this,  or  If  there  was,  Ulai  ran 
hardly  bo  acruwil  of  treachery,  lie  allowed  tliu 
P-ailliuna  to  come  almoat  up  to  the  fortllleatloii 
when  auddenlv  a  withering  artllleiry  lira  was  oiiened 
upon  them  from  every  aide.  Dismay  Inslantly 
•elied  all  ranks,  and  while  every  diacharge  ft-oin  the 
fortress  cut  them  down,  those  who  were  able  sought 
safety  In  a  precipitous  ratreat  This  mUfortuiie 
very  much  cooled  th«  aniour  of  the  allies,  whicli 
waa  further  lessened  by  an  Insurrection  that  had 
Just  previously  broken  out  in  some  provinces  of  the 
Argentine  Confederation,  and  which  called  for  the 
presence  of  President  Mltro  and  a  large  force  of  the 
Arguulioo  army.  Thu  allies  suffered  also  excrcil- 
Ingly  from  cholera  and  fever,  acquired  In  the  niar/tiy 
dlatrlcta,  where  their  operations  had  recently  been 
much  ennlliied.  Bo  that  It  waa  not  till  towards  the 
end  of  August  tbat  active  work  waa  recommenced. 
It  waa  then  determined  to  pass  by  Curupultl,  wlilrh 
had  so  successfully  witlistood  thu  liest  elfortu  of  the 
allies,  and  forcing  the  pussiige  of  the  riven*,  to  ad- 
vance to  Humalta,  a  plaou  of  abimt  equal  Htrongth, 
but  which  bad  now  been  rendered,  as  It  was  thouglit, 
luacceaslble  by  land  butterlea  and  torpedoca.  Tliu 
piiaaags  by  Ourupaltl  wua  upcompllshcd  without 
serloua  loss,  notwithstiiiiding  that  many  of  the  ships 
were  struck,  at  point-blank  iTlstancu,  with  prnjoetlles 
varying  from  HO  to  UAU  pounds  weight.  Thus  en- 
couraged, renewed  ndvitnees  were  made  by  land,  and 

•  series  of  encounters,  waged  with  varying  success, 
luark  the  history  of  the  next  few  month*.  The 
losaea  on  both  aliiea  continued  to  bo  enormous ;  and 
Uie  heroic  nature  of  thu  defense,  especially  when 
one  ramemliera  that  the  forces  at  thu  disposal  of 
Lopei  were  not  more  than  one-h:ilf  the  number  of 
thoao  placed  In  the  tield  by  the  allies,  Is  worthy 
of  all  admiration.  For  every  roverae  suffered  by 
tbumselvcB,  the  Paraguayans  managed  to  obtain 
compensation  by  an  equivalent  damage  Inflicted 
upon  the  enemy,  and  again  the  year  closed  with 
llula  or  no  variation  In  the  poiltlon,  beyond  the  In- 
vestment of  Humalta  by  the  allies,  the  destruction 
of  several  ships  of  the  enemy's  squadron  by  the 
Paragiuyans,  and  the  loss  of  scverul  thousands  of 
lives  on  both  sides.  The  resources  of  Lo|>ex,  who 
had  entered  upon  the  struggle  with  full  preparation, 
appeared  to  bo  bonndless ;  and  only  equalled  by  his 
own  and  bis  people's  determination  to  defend  their 
country  to  the  last  extremity.  Ills  position,  too, 
was  stronger  In  every  respect  than  that  of  the 
enemy,  who  surpas.>ied  him  only  In  numbora.  This 
condition,  however,  is  sometimes  too  much  under- 
rated. The  allies  would,  except  for  the  bonds  with 
which  they  had  bound  tliemselvoii  In  the  remarkable 
treaty  given  above,  have  gladly  brought  the  war  to 
a  close.  Yet  so  long  as  they  hod  the  world  open  to 
them  behind,  and  the  dotormlnatlon  to  be  absolutely 
reckless  of  thu  lives  of  tlieir  citizens  as  an  Incentive 
In  the  conduct  of  thu  war,  It  must  have  been  evident, 
at  this  stage  even,  tbat  success  of  some  kind  would 
ultimately  bo  theirs. 

Brazil  suffered  least  from  this  war.  It  was  re- 
moved a  sofflclent  distance  from  the  Immediate 
scene  of  the  conflict  to  feel  It  but  little,  except  In  an 
Increase  of  taxation.  But  the  war  was  not  popular. 
Many  of  the  sublocta  of  Don  Pedro  openly  avowed 
the  ti\jUBtlce  of  ft,  and  more  especially  when  It  now 
became  evident  that  the  burden  of  It  all  must  fall 
chiefly  upon  the  Brazilian  people.  The  Argentine 
Kepubllo  and  Uruguay  having  been  compelled  to 
relax  their  efforts,  new  responsibilities  were  thrown 
upon  tha  government  of  the  Emperor,  and  they 
found  it  no  eaay  matter  to  raise  monev  to  meet  the 
increased  demand  that  was  being  maae  upon  them. 
Thu  despatch  of  a  large  body  of  the  National  Uuanl 
to  tbe  seat  of  the  war  w:  .s  strongly  condemned,  and 
pr^jducod  a  feeling  of  general  discontent  throughont 
the  country.  Nevertheless  the  Emperor  would  not 
desist  from  the  undertaking,  and  with  more  obsti- 
nacy than  wisdom,  he  repeatedly  refused  oS'cn  of 
mediation  from  foreign  governments.  In  his  speech 
to  the  Brazlllau  parliament,  delivered  at  this  period, 
oecure  the  followhig  passage  :— 

"  lu  all  the  provlncea  the  public  tranquility  has 
lunalnednndlsturbed,  and  tbe  quletncsa  with  wulcb, 


POIITIl    AMEIIIfA. 

in  gimer.ll,  the  iiitn  eleet  on*  were  eiindiietnil  Is  an- 
oihi'r  |ir>Kif  of  thi<  love  whieii  the  llrasillan  peiplo 
fei  I  fur  the  nntlonsi  Inslltiitlon'i.  Thanks  to  Divine 
priivldeiii'i',  it'  thu  gr.uter  part  of  the  Kiiipire  the 
statu  of  puhlli'  heilili  Is  sutlsfaetory.  The  ni'iiurgu 
of  I'hiilera  nrirlMU,  whieh  appeared  In  thu  city  and  In 
siiine  loeulllles  of  Hlo  Janeiro,  M.  Pedro  do  Klo 
(Iraniln  do  Hul  anil  Hanta  C'atliartna,  rapidly  du- 
eroiiscd,  and  was  les'  deadly  than  on  Its  flnt  appear- 
ance. The  giivuriiment  took  all  posalbia  preeau- 
tlon4.  The  war  pMN'kod  by  the  President  of  Para- 
guay has  not  yet  (ffivnil  at  tha  dealred  result ;  but 
Brazil  and  the  >fgontlnu  and  Oriental  npnbllea— 
fultlitul  to  the  alliance  contracted  batwa'in  than— 
will  shortly  obtain  It.  In  the  discharge  of  so  aacrad 
a  duty  thu  government  haa  derived  the  most  valu- 
slile  osilxtaiieo  from  the  Indefktlgabla  efforta  of  all 
Brualllana,  and  ronfldes  entirely  In  tbe  valour  of  the 
uriny,  navy,  natlimal  guard,  and  the  vnlunleen,  to 
whom  U  iluo  the  deepes'  gratitude  of  the  nation. 
Thu  cholera  niorbus  v.'.ich  unhappily  Invaded  the 
HIver  Platte,  has  n  .nlo  considerable  ravage*  among 
the  allied  forces  li  front  of  the  enemy.  I  deeply 
lament  the  death  if  ao  many  brave  ones  who  longed 
so  aiduntly  to  rsk  their  lives  lu  buttle  for  tliulr 
country,  "rhe  go  ^u:  .iment  of  Peru  offered  Its  good 
oHIccs  to Brazllaiid  the  allied  republics,  aa  prelim- 
inary to  the  mediations  of  the  same  republic  and 
tboite  of  Chill,  Hnllvi'  ■•'  "cuador  for  thu  re-eaUb- 
llshmunt  of  iieiicB  wlt!i  Paraguay.  Uoeently  the 
govenimeiit  nf  thu  United  Stiles  ofTernI  Its  kliiilly 
mediation  f  ir  thu  same  pnrposu.  Tliu  allies,  gritu- 
fui  for  llii'su  offers,  could  not,  however,  accept 
them,  uH  tlii'y  were  not  consistent  with  the  national 
honour.  I  have  the  pleasure  to  communicate  to  you 
that  Brazil  l.<  on  peaceful  terms  with  all  other  foreign 
powers  whose  friendly  relatione  thu  government 
seeks  to  cultivate.  A  decree  explanatory  of  Article 
Vll.  of  the  Consular  convention  celebrated  with 
Krance  ban  been  signed  la  Paris,  and  Is  now  In  force, 
thus  putting  an  end  to  the  disiigreemont  which  was 
evinced  through  the  fracture  of  that  convention  on 
the  aublect  of  inlierltiineos,  and  the  government 
untlclpaioB  ntitiiining  u  similar  result  with  rtapectto 
other  conventions  of  n  like  nature.  I  am  bappy  to 
announce  to  you  that  by  decree  of  Dec.  7th,  In  last 
year,  the  navigation  of  the  Amazon,  of  sumo  of  lt4 
atUuenta,  and  of  the  rivers  Tocantliis  and  San  Fran- 
cisco, Is  ft-om  tliu  Tth  of  8eptomber  next,  freu  to 
the  merehant  vessel.-i  of  all  iiutlons.  This  meas- 
ure, which  culiirlded  with  the  oxpoctatloni  of  Bra- 
zilians and  foreigners,  promises  tno  most  Important 
bencflta  to  the  empire.  The  public  revenue  con- 
tinues to  Increase,  but  the  expenditure,  especlallv 
what  the  requirements  of  the  war  have  occasioned, 
has  Increased  to  such  an  extent  as  to  produce  a  do- 
flclt  In  the  State  budget  which  It  Is  of  the  utmost 
importanco  to  provide  for,  by  means  whkh  Judgment 
and  patriotism  will  auggcat  to  you.  The  servile 
element  In  the  empire  cannot  but  merit  opportunely 
your  consideration,  providing  In  such  a  manner  that, 
respecting  actual  property,  and  without  •  severe 
blow  to  our  chief  Industry— agriculture— tbe  grand 
Interests  which  belong  to  emancipation  may  be  at- 
tended to.  To  promoti)  colonization  ought  to  bo  tho 
object  of  your  particular  solicitude.  Public  Instruc- 
thm  U  a  subject  worthy  of  not  less  care.  Among 
the  measures  called  for  by  the  service  of  the  army, 
tho  most  Important  are  those  of  a  law  for  recruiting, 
of  a  penal  code,  and  of  military  law.  Experience 
shows  that  an  alteration  of  tho  rank  of  naval  oflScers 
Is  absolutely  necessary.  Likewise  tho  conveulence 
has  been  recognized,  ny  practice,  of  modifying  thu 
organization  of  the  National  Guard,  principally  for 
the  purpose  of  greater  mobilization  In  extraordinary 
clreumstances." 

Tho  stress  which  the  Einbcror  here  lays  upon  the 
allegation  that  President  Lopez  had  provoked  the 
war  liad  no  effect  outside  of  the  empire,  and  very 
little,  if  any.  In  it.  Tbe  fact  was  too  glaring  that 
Lopez  had  not  provoked  the  war,  and  the  contradic- 
tion of  It  in  an  imperial  speech  does  not  alter  It. 
Nor  la  one  much  advanced  in  appreciation  of  what 
tho  Emperor  chose  to  consider  to  be  In  vccordance 
with  Brazilian  honour,  when  he  refused  to  accept  an 
honouroble  termination  to  a  dishonourable  war  on  the 
ground  that  tho  "honour"  of  the  empire  stood  in 
the  way.  This  speech  is,  indeed,  a  well-marked 
instance  of  Imperial  subterfuge  and  dlslngenuous- 
ncBS  on  the  one  hand,  and  of  an  ill-concealed  at- 
tempt to  mislead  his  people  Into  mistaking  a  dis- 
graceful treaty  for  a  compact  of  necessity,  on  tbe 
other.  It  Is  one  of  those  Instances  which  young 
natlona  so  often  give,  of  mistaking  violence  for 
power,  and  noisy  rioting  for  display  of  national 
dignity.  But  tho  world  is  not  deceived  by  soob 
deinonatratlona. 

At  the  end  of  tho  year  an  effort  was  made  by  the 
British  government,  through  their  Secretary  of 
Legation  at  Buenos  Ayres,  to  mediate  for  tho  pro- 
motion of  peace.  And  again  it  was  unsuccessful. 
Neither  side  would  yield  anythlni;,  nor  accept  any 
compromlno,  upon  |rblch  aluno  the  basis  of  peace 


eoiild  ritt.  Nothing  atayed  th«  work  at  tb«  balH- 
gpionU.  Tho  heginnlnc  of  IW  foood  tb«  BimII- 
laiis  still  investing  tha  rortna*  of  HnmalU,  and  on 
thu  Ititli  of  Feliruary,  six  Irun-elad*  saeeeodud,  though 
nut  without  heavy  dumaat,  In  forelng  tha  paaaoM 
of  the  river  at  thatplaoe  Uiroogh  •  poiat-blMik  Or* 
from  IHi)  pieces  of  heavy  oninanoa.  An  outlying 
work,  armed  witb  twenty  gana,  waa  at  tba  lam 
time  taken  by  aturm  by  toe  Braaillaot  andar  th« 
Marquis  de  Caxia*. 

Tho  passage  uf  the  rivar  beyond  Hoinaila  b*lB> 
tbni  attained,  Aaunclun  lay  almoat  at  tba  nMroy  of 
tha  enemy,  and  Oeneral  Lupei  i«w  tha  naeasalty  for 
at  once  adopting  new  tactloa.  II*  withdraw  to 
Tebienarl.  %  atrong  inland  poaition,  whither  h«  r** 
moved  all  hIa  material,  and  proceeded  M  one*  to 
Btrongthen  the  place  by  a  lln*  of  earthworks.  H« 
abandoned  Uurupaltl,  which  wo*  entered  Vjy  th« 
allies  OS  soon  a*  th*  Paracnayaa  gtrrbon  l«ft  In- 
deed, a  portion  *tlU  remained  when  th*  odvanc* 
guard  of  the  enemy  approoebad,  ind  a  alight  akir- 
mlsh  ensued,  in  wniob  aboat  TOO  men  ware  •lth*r 
killed  or  wounded  on  both  sId**.  M**nwhU*,  thr*« 
Imn-clada,  after  temporarily  npalring  damage*  r*< 
celved  at  Humalta,  iteamed  up  to  th*  eapitSi,  and 
commenced  a  bombardmmt  wbioh  w*«  r.onHnaed  fur 
three  boun :  tbe  •r*enal,  ouitom-hoos*  and  a*v*nl 
private  bulldinga  being  eon*M*nbiy  injorad.  Th* 
only  rasistanoe  oflhred  wa*  from  %  amalf  fort  ormad 
w  1th  aizty-eight-poonden.  altuoUd  at  tha  approach  to 
tho  town,  but  tneoa  jsrodnced  UttI*  Impreaaion  on 
the  iron  aldea  of  tbe  BraiUbui  Teasel*.  In  attempt, 
well  dovlaed  but  not  well  executed,  waa  mod*  by  • 
atrong  foree  of  Paragaayon*  to  captor*  th*  eight 
Iron-clod*  wh|cb  were  atatloned  between  Ilnmalta 


and  Uurupaltl,  but  it  did  not  auecaad,  utd  th*  re- 
publicans anltered  severely.  "Two  of  th*  T*saeU 
were  boarded,  but  tbe  other  abip*  dh«eted  their  llr* 
upon  them  and  awept  the  deck*,  killing  friend  and 
foe  with  unrelenting  IndlHkranee.  A  aarl**  of 
aimilar  reveraea  next  awaited  tba  rapnbltcon  arm*. 
Several  of  their  *blpa  were  annk,  and  b>  a  number 
of  aklrmlstae*  on  land  they  anitered  mnob  loaa.  Bat 
tbe  result  of  an  attempt  npon  Huk  lalta  gave  them 
ft«sh  courage.  Oeneral  Oaorio,  laetng  tbe  aeo***lty 
of  capturing  tbla  plaee,  a*  th*  only  remaining  Im- 
pediment to  the  freedom  of  th*  riv*r,  attacked  on* 
of  the  outlying  work*  on  th*  letb  of  July  witb  » 
foree  of  10,000  picked  troop*.  Having  carried  on* 
of  tbe  redoubt*  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet,  be  lent 
for  relnforeoment*  to  tiie  Marqni*  de  Caxiaa,  having 
hi  the  meantime  tbe  greateat  dllBcuUy  to  retain  tba 
ground  be  bad  gained.  But  tbe  general,  Inatead  of 
complying  witb  the  reqneat,  ordered  a  retreat  The 
order  wa*  complied  with ;  but  the  aonnd  of  tbe 
bugle  became  a  algnal  for  Inatant  conJtaalon.  A 
p*nio  aeized  tbe  troopa,  and  neither  Oaorio  nor  bla 
ofllcere  could  reatrain  them  firom  precipitate  flight. 
Aa  they  emerged  from  tbe  redoubt,  the  garrbon 
opened  npon  them  a  tramendona  Are  of  gnp*  from 
every  gun  that  could  be  brought  to  bear,  and  thua 
mowed  them  down  from  all  aQo*.  Oaorio  bad  two 
honea  killed  nnder  bim.  In  abont  half  an  honr,  all 
of  his  staff  were  abot  down  except  two,  and  two 
entire  battallona  were  annihilated.  The  losa  to  th* 
Brazlllana  waa  acknowledged  by  tbemielvea  to  be  a 
thonaand  men ;  but  it  wm  actUlly  much  greater, 

firobably  not  less  than  iS,B00.  A  repnlio  acansely 
ess  Important  waa  alao  auffered  by  the  alUea,  two 
daya  later.  In  an  attempt  to  capture  a  battery  that 
had  been  recently  conatmcted  by  the  republicans  to 
harass  the  allied  poaition:  but  notwlthatonding 
thesu  events  Lopox  reaolved  to  abandon  tbe  river 
line,  and  to  stand  upon  the  defensive  In  tbe  interior. 
The  evacuation  of  Hnmalta  waa  accordingly  begun 
on  the  17th  or  18th  of  July,  and  wa*  continued  for  a 
week  without  tbe  Braxillans  gaining  any  knowledge 
of  what  woB  going  on.  VSsn,  the  famule*  were  re- 
moved, about  a  nundred  boat*  baving  been  pro- 
vided for  the  purpose.  Then  followed  the  aick,  tbe 
prisonen,  munitions  of  war,  Ibod,  and  Anally  th* 
giirriaon,  the  ontposta  being  maintained  all  the  while 
to  deceive  the  enemy.  It  waa  not  till  lome  of  thuse 
had  to  be  withdrawn,  that  the  alUea  awoke  to  tba 
knowledge  tbat  tbe  great  work  before  them  which 
they  had  suffered  so  much  to  secure,  was  compan- 
tlvcly  empty.  Then  the  most  vlgorona  meaanroa 
were  taken  to  deatroy  what  there  waa  left  of  the 
garrison,  and  of  tbe  people.  In  doing  tbla  tbe 
allies  allot  down  aeveral  women  and  children,  but 
their  efforta  resulted  In  nothing  mora  profltable  than 
the  loss  of  life.  If  thoy  bad  permitted  th*  evacua- 
tion it  would  have  been  effected,  and  the  aUlea 
might  have  marched  Into  tbe  place  without  blood- 
shed. But  It  was  a  craving  for  Pangnayan  blood 
that  chiefly  influenced  tbe  troops  of  the  aUles,  if  t* 
may  judge  from  thoir  acts,  and,  In  this  Inatance, 
they  could  not  resist  tho  temptation  to  slay,  any 
more  than  thoy  had  over  been  able  to  resist  It  before. 
Goaded  to  resistance  by  the  brutal  conduct  of  the 
allies,  the  small  fraction  of  the  garrison  which  itlll 
remained,  determined  not  to  yield  tlie  place.  Two 
olflcon  aont  to  demand  tbe  aiurrander  weni  ahoti 


IM  _    __________  ___ 

At  iMt,  Um  •MpMMl  Ml  JPI^MWM  llMjr  b«d 
Nnraad  wm  im  Mtf^m  nMl  m  •  ipaady  a«eu- 
biiMiin  of  lb*  foilrmn,  coaMnlad  to  •  propoMl  mult 
MDin  lij  •  RiNiiM  CkUiolle  prtfti,  ooa  Inavlu 
lUmeniU,  who  iiffvrad  to  tflwl  ■  communleiUou 
with  tha  nuuMli'aiM  ind  to  *mog»  (or  •  rapltiite- 
Mon,  III  thU  he  »m  •aeoMaful ;  th«  (puTioui  oh- 
tihilng  hiinonniblii  tamu.  <>ti  tlia  dfUi  of  Auguati 
W  offlrcn  anil  l.M)  mull,  with  Cuionol  MartTnvi, 
thair  criiiiiiMili'r,  at  thrlr  haail,  iiiarchad  out  o(  tha 
plava  aa  baat  thov  coulil ;  (ur  tbay  had  bmiu  thnw 
Say*  without  fiMiif,  and  Ufa  hniidrra  o(  tha  numbar 
wnra  althar  tick,  woundad,  or  pniatratod  by  atarra- 
tlon.  Tbu  offlrara  ratalnatl  toair  aworda  and  ra- 
i-olrad  parmlaalon  to  nialda  In  any  of  tha  rapublloa 
that  thi'y  mlkht  aelecL  Tha  fortraaa  waa  a  (aw 
da/a  later  raiad  to  tha  RTonnd. 

fiopui  had  tak«n  np  a  poaltlon  on  tha  Una  of  tha 
Tablcnarl,  but  with  tha  Intention,  aa  It  appaarad,  of 
uainf  It  to  raaUt  tha  adTanco  of  tha  auaniy  upon 
tha  Inlorlor.  Cmaaliig  tha  JacanS  a  atniain  that 
flowad  Into  the  Tcbiouarl,  the  linemy  took  poaaeaalou 
of  aoma  radoubta  along  tha  banka  ol  the  rlvor  and 
routed  tha  Paragoayan  troopa  In  two  or  three 
•kirmlahca,  Tour  amall  monltora  now  proceeded  up 
the  Tebleiurt  a  diatance  of  len  nilloa,  and  with  the 
■laiatanoa  rendered  bv  Iheao,  the  rauublloana  wc-re 
drlTan  back  tmm  their  whole  line  of  defence,  leav- 
ing behind  them  aovaral  gana  andalarga  quaatltyof 
JiDvlalona  and  mkultlona  o(  war.  At  every  point, 
,.«ever,  the  pnigri«a  o(  tha  alllee  waa  oppuned,  al- 
vayr  with  loaa  t4i  both  and  often  with  very  c|uua- 
tlonable  (rain  to  either,  although  the  general  reault 
waa  almUtedly  favourable  to  tlie  alllea.  Ou  tha  Uth 
of  Nuveniber  they  had  advanced,  undur  General 
Cazlaa,  to  VUleta,  occapiad  at  the  time  by  Prealdant 
Lopoi.  An  attempt  waa  mode  tn  take  the  place  by 
atorin,  and  aftorwanlii  to  effect  tt«  reduction  by 
meaiia  of  the  Imn-oUiU  on  the  ilvor,  but  In  both  the 
%\\Im  worn  ropiilj<(Ml  with  conalderable  loaa.  In  the 
full  iwing  nioutli  Lupei  voluntarily  abaiiduneil  the 
pualtlon.  111  I'onaequeiiro  of  a  •even)  di'feat  aiilluruil 
ny  a  Purannuvan  fiirce  of  4,0Ull  men  under  tleneral 
Ciihnlli'm,  H  U  >  were  atticked  In  roar  by  an  over- 
wlielmliiK  irmj  ot  Unulliina  under  Caxia*,  and  after 
•  auvuru  and  loiiK  flght  completely  routi'd, 

Tlio  Bniiliiana,  having  occiipleil  Vllleta  In  forre, 
proceeded  to  dltloUifo  the  enemy  from  a  line  of 
■trongbolda  at  Angoatnra,  Loniaa  ValanMnM,  and 
thoir  communlcatlona.  Theaa  worka  mounted  about 
alxty  guna  and  were  defended  by  7,000  Paraguayana. 
The  attacking  force  was  double  that  nuuiber,  not- 
withntandlng  the  louoa  they  had  auittiiied.  The 
flrat  aanault  waa  made  upon  the  centre  of  the  com- 
munlcatlona, which  tlie  alllea  auccceded  In  takini;, 
thereby  cutting  olT  Angnntura  from  LomuAVaiontlna  >, 
and  capturing  at  the  aaine  time  twenty-two  giina 
«nd  aome  ammunition.  A  column  of  cavalry  being 
aent  to  tlie  roar  of  the  latter  place,  a  vli{iiuroiiii  edort 
waa  made  to  obtain  poaaoiiaion  from  tlie  front  of  the 
outer  line  of  entrenchment*,  and  at  the  aame  time  to 
prevent  any  eaoane  of  the  garriaon.  At  auiiaet  they 
nad  aeonred  the  nrat  line  o7  defence,  taking  alxtaen 
iruna  and  a  large  qnantltv  of  iirovlaiona,  and  they 
held  their  poaltlon  Ihniugnout  the  night.  Reinforce- 
raciiti«  being  hurried  to  the  front  from  Palmaa,  on 
the  sjlth  of  December  Lopei  waa  aummonad  to 
aurronder.  But  tlie  pmpnnal  waa  indignantly  re- 
fuaed,  the  President  declaring  it  to  bo  the  Intention 
of  Iilinaclf  anil  hia  pouplo  to  defend  the  cauao  of 
Paraguay  to  tlie  laat  extremity.  Proparatloiis  were 
conoequentiy  made  for  an  attack  by  tne  whole  allied 
force.  Batterica  were  conatrnctecl  from  which  the 
Are  of  all  the  guna  at  the  diaposal  of  the  enemy 
could  be  concentrated  on  Lomaa  Valentlnaa,  and  on 
the  niomlng  of  the  'JTth  a  furloua  cannonade  waa 
directed  agalnat  the  phu:e.  A  force  of  0,000  men 
under  Marahal  Caxhia  marched  at  daybreak  to  at- 
tack the  rear,  while  a  almllar  force  under  Oencrala 
Obo9  and  Caatro  made  a  almllar  attempt  upon  the 
front  Marshal  Ciixtaa  carried  the  flrat  redoubt  at 
the  point  of  the  bayonet,  capturing  therewith  four- 
teen guna  and  large  auppllea  of  food  and  ammuni- 
tion, together  with  all  the  baggage  and  much  of  tha 
curreaimndence  of  the  Freiident  Umaelt  Lopa 
eacapod  to  Cerro  Leon. 

On  the  following  day  a  anmmoua  to  aurrender  waa 
tout  to  Angostura,  but  tho  flag  waa  flred  upon,  and 
preparations  were  in  consequence  made  to  carry  that 
place  also  by  assault  But  at  night  a  measage  ar- 
rived Informing  the  garrison  of  the  defeat  and  de- 
parture of  Lopex  from  Lomaa  Valentlnaa,  upon  hear- 
ing which  a  iHg  of  truce  waa  sent  oat  with  a  request 
thitt  permission  miglit  be  granted  to  verify  the  re- 
port This  wa^  acceded  to,  and  the  Paraguayan  ofll- 
cen  were  escorted  tliruugh  the  linos  of  tlie  alllea  to 
Lomna  Valentlnaa.  As  noon  as  they  realized  the 
•ctuni  condition  of  aCtuIrs  there,  an  offer  of  capitu- 
lation waj  sent  to  the  allies,  who  granted  the  terms 
ukcd  for ;  and  six  hoiim  after,  on  tho  ilOtli  of  Oe- 
reinuer,  the  garrison  marched  out  witli  the  honours 
of  war  to  tl;a  number  of  l.iMO  men.  The  allies  dc- 
•tr.yvd  tho  worka  and  advanced  to  Asuncion,  which 


HISTORY   or 


Um*  aniarad,  bal  found  daacrted.  Thay  titan  hur 
riaa  on  to  C'arro  I.aon,  where  thav  ai|ieote4  t»  cap- 
tare  tha  Preaident,  but  ha  waa  tlirn  iialthar  to  ba 
iiwn  nor  heard  of,  although  It  liHcaina  a<N>n  aftar 
knowu  that  ba  waa  ocunpying  a  alrong  iKMltlon  ttfly 
mllaa  from  tha  capital,  with  a  force  of  Ska  of  six 
tbonaand  men. 

Much  of  the  aymiMthy  which  had  at  >nl  been  ra- 
reived  by  the  Prealdant  frtim  foreign  raaidonla  In 
l>aragaay  waa  loat  to  him  in  theae  revuraaa  through  a 
aplrltof  violent  oppoalUon  which  ha  had  dIspUyad, 
for  aaveral  montha  paat,  to  tliam  and  to  tha  rapra- 
•eotatlvaa  of  their  reaiwetlva  govemmanla.  In  tka 
beginning  of  tiie  year  a  conspiracy  against  tha  Ufa  of 
tha  Preaident  waa  aald  to  have  baau  diaooverati,  and 
hia  aunpielona  of  treachery  were  further  Inoraaaad 
whan  the  alllea  forcetl  the  poasage  of  llumalla  and 
appeared  before  Aaunclun.  In  this  affair  tha  namaa 
of  aevcral  foreign  conaula  bei 
mixed  up,  and  Couaa  took  violent  nieana  to  accom' 


aevcral  foreign  conaula  began  presently  to   ba 

p,  and  Couaa  took  violent  nieana  to  accom- 

pllah  their  reiuoval,    Hubaequeiit  eventa  vauacd  him 


to  direct  hi*  aiiimoalty  chlelly  against  Mr.  Waah- 
burn,  the  repreaeutatlve  of  tha  Uiiitetl  Htates,  whom 
he  accused  of  iiartlclpatiiig  In  the  conspiracy,  and 
who  ultimately  bad  to  t«ki'  refuge  on  a  United  Btatea 
ahlp  o(  war,  whence  ho  sent  an  liiillgnint  protuat 
ana  denial  of  tho  accusations  agalnat  hint  t<>  the 
Preaident  A  new  miniater  in  the  person  of  (leiie- 
nl  McMahon  waa  soon  after  aeiit  from  Washington 
in  the  ship  of  Hear- Admiral  Devia,  and  accompanieil 
by  aoveraf  vesavis  of  the  United  Htiites  squadron  then 
In  Paraguayan  waters,  lie  waa  well  received  by  Preai- 
dent l^iiex,  who  at  oiiee  conaented  to  renew  the 
moat  friendly  ruUtlona  with  the  United  States,  niid 
to  comply  with  any  reqneat  emanating  fTum  the 
government  at  Waanlngton.  But  amicably  as  tho 
matter  had  ended,  Lope*  had  materially  weakened 
tlic  sympathy  that  the  Justice  ol  his  cause  hitherto 
hail  aroused,  and  therewith  the  strong  iiiorot  asalst- 
anco  that  ho  liud  enjoyed.  Hut  he  did  not  despair 
of  the  ultlniato  suoce:<s  of  his  cause,  or  relax  his  v(- 
forta  to  sustain  it  Having  ratreatcj  to  Aaeurru,  he 
there  racrultcd  hia  ahattered  forcea  to  nearly  U.UIIU 
nioii,  and  prepared  ouco  more  to  ralao  about  blin  a 
new  stmughold  of  defence.  In  this  he  was  aided  by 
the  laxity  of  the  allies,  who  through  tho  liinoss, 
feigned  or  real,  of  Marshal  Coxlu*.  were  now  under 
the  command  of  the  Marahal  UuUherme  do  Houxa. 
Their  advance  through  the  country  differed  little 
from  prevloua  oxperlences,  except  tliat  it  wa*  ac- 
companied by  greater  losses  on  the  part  of  the  allies 
than  they  had  ex|)crienced  In  tho  preceding  year. 
Tho  first  attack  upon  Aacurra  signuily  failed,  and, 
changing  their  tactics,  the  allies  sought  to  make 
thomsolvos  niasU-ra  of  Perebobny,  an  outlying 
work,  which  waa  in  fact  tho  key  to  Ancurro.  In  this 
they  were  successful  after  a  stubborn  coiiteat,  when 
more  tluiu  a  thousand  men  were  put  Aurs  tie  eoHibal. 
Lo|H'x  at  once  abandoned  Ascurra,  ond  being  forced 
to  accept  a  battio  under  most  uiifavourabro  condi- 
tions, waa  defeated  with  a  loaa  of  1,2U0  men  aud 
twenty-three  gun*. 

He  now  retreated  alowly  and  In  good  order  to 
St  Estanlalaa,  obatlnately  cnntcating  every  mile  of 
ground  where  the  enemy  attempted  to  chuck  his 
movoineuU;  and  finding  that  the  latter  were  not 
disposed  t<i  follow  him  with  tlio  same  vigour,  he 
further  retired  to  San  iIiukiuIii,  and  thoiico  to  I'ana- 
doro,  carrying  on  a  gaerilb  war,  for  which  the  nature 
o(  the  country  waa  excoilenlly  adapted.  But  Ills 
supplies  were  now  scanty,  and  his  trxips  diil  not 
number  more  than  1,6U0  men.  Ho  was  coinpclfbd  In 
conaoquonce  to  leave  behind  him  all  hia  heavy  guns 
and  a  number  of  women,  and  to  take  refuge  in  the 
mountains  of  Marocayun,  whence,  as  wa*  expected 
by  tho  enemy,  ho  Intended  once  more  to  obtulu  sup- 

8 Ilea  from  the  Brazilian  {•roviiice  of  Matto  Urosso. 
runeral  Cumaro,  acting  upon  this  suspicion, 
hastened  to  defeat  any  pmjcct  of  the  kind,  and  to 
pursue  the  President  to  his  last  stronghold.  By  a 
weU  devised  plan,  in  which  the  forces  under  his  com- 
mand acted  with  unwonted  energy,  the  Paraguayan 
outpoat*  won  aacured,  and  the  camp  In  which  the 
small  band  of  half-atarved  republicans  bravely  re- 
mained to  defend  their  belovad  general  to  tho  laat,  wo* 
completely  Invested.  Lopei  was  now  secure  In  the 
hands  of  his  enemloa,  but  they  were  not  content 
with  the  prize  they  had  sacriflced  ao  much  to  win, 
but  would  have  also  the  Uvea  of  aa  many  Paraguay- 
ans aa  could  be  had.  Acting  nuder  tho  Immodlata 
ordera  of  General  Camara,  a  murderous  Are  waa 
opened  by  his  troop*  upon  tho  now  wcll-ntgh  de- 
fenseless enemy.  The  alaugbter  wa*  terrible,  the 
republican*  being  cut  down  without  offering  any  re- 
sistance, untU  the  whole  of  them  were  either  slain  or 
wounded.  Lopez  himself,  with  a  few  of  his  brave 
companions,  attempted  to  oscopc  Into  tho  bush,  but 
lie  presently  fell  on  a  grassy  bank,  fnint  from 
loss  of  blood  and  fatigue.  Them  General  Camara 
rode  up  to  him,  and  aeeounta  differ  us  to  what  fol- 
lowed. On  the  one  linnd  it  la  alleged  that  Camara 
siiiiiinoned  him  to  surrender,  and  then  struck  lilm 
with  tho  flat  aide  of  hi*  awori^  whoreason  the 


front  Mt 


I   Tha  oihar  I*  tkal  Camara  l« 

through  tha  boily.      At  thi*  tOn*  It  I*  lni|io**lb*« 


kmw,  and  ran  tha  pmatrata   Prasli 


SIMM 


to  verify  the  truth  of  •'llher  of  Ihes*  stalviiienia. 
Probably  It  will  ever  remain  imposslhls  to  ilo  so  \ 
In  that  raaa  we  ahaU  have  only  to  accept  what  aeema 
to  ba  tha  more  probable  one,  and  then  there  ran  ba 
lltUa  doubt  but  that  tha  refintatlon  of  tianarai 
Camera  muat  suffer.  The  war,  uiiluslly  began  b* 
the  Brazlilatia,  had  been  conducted  IhMughout  wIlB 
the  graattial  tiarliarity  by  the  allied  armTra,  acting 
donhtleaa    under    iiistruetlnna  of  their   res|iertlvt 

Rivrmments;  and  everything  Indliatsa  that  the 
eling  with  which  thav  foUowed  up  Prosidenl 
Lopez  waa  one  of  hatred  and  reaentmenl,  and  mil 
auoh  aa  ahould  have  InAuancvd  tha  action  o(  a 
ganeroua  foe.  Cruelly  waa  a  pnimlnani  trait  In  tha 
allied  genarak,  and  hence  there  la  every  reaaon  in 
favoDT  of  the  tnith  of  the  alatament  that  Lopez  waa 
In  fact  marriered  by  Camara,  and  none  whatever  in 
support  of  the  aliauni  theory  that  ha  died  through  a 
blow  received  from  the  Hal  aide  of  a  aword.  Brazil 
and  tha  alllea  were  In  abort  dlagroeed  at  the  b<'gtn- 
uing  of  the  war,  and  dlshonnurad  at  the  end  of  It 

Late  In  the  precading  year  the  alllea  had  establlahail 
a  governmaut  at  Aaniiclon,  and  by  meana  of  Ibia  a 
provisional  treaty  waa  in  tarn  concluded  with  tha 
alllea  immcdiatvly  aiVr  the  death  nf  Lopez.  Peace 
waa  declared  to  b«  restored,  and  the  rivera  Parana 
and  Paraguay  were  o|Mned  tn  commerce.  Arrange- 
ment* were  alao  effected  for  tha  organization  of  a 
permanent  government,  and  the  framing  of  a  conatl- 
luthin  granting  perfect  rellgloua  liberty,  a  full  auf- 
frage,  and  aiipplying  meana  for  promoting  Iminlgra- 
tliin,  protecting  property,  and  guarding  against  any 
monop4ily  of  power  by  a  self-elected  dictator.  Thia 
wa*  not  ilone  without  many  threatened  diaturhancea 
on  tho  part  of  the  |ieoplc,  who,  while  galled  by  tlia 
tyrannical  niio  uf  the  Hraxlllana  and  their  allies,  s»w 
nil  the  foreign  n'sidenta,  and  with  them  much  wealth 
of  the  country,  being  driven  away.  Hut  these  dla- 
tnrtiuiiees  were  promptly  put  down  by  the  Brazilian 
troops,  who  on  miirc  than  one  occasion  Hrcd  upon 
the  people  liiillserlmlnutcly,  causing  unnuceasary 
lilooiisbod,  and  llieroby  Increasing  tha  hatred  that 
was  felt  towards  them. 

The  Kni|>onir  of  HrazU,  referring  tn  the  termina- 
tion of  tliu  war  in  his  addiesa  to  the  Braxlibin  Parlia- 
ment, said  :— 

"  I  CO'  gratulate  myself  and  you  on  the  happy  and 

Slorio  termination  of  the  war  we  have  sii.itaiiied 
uring  flvo  yearn,  always  with  honour  to  our  arms, 
agaimittho  ox-President  of  the  repulilleof  Piini|^>iay. 
uiu  well-gninnded  hopes  which  i  manifested  .il  tha 
opening  of  tho  last  legtnlallve  susslon  brii'e  lieon 
realized  of  seeing  our  vulliiiit  soiiliers  !rd  to  a  Hnal 
victor^-,  under  the  eonimuml  of  my  much  loved  and 
valued  soii-ln-law.  Army  Mamlial  the  Cointo  d'Gu, 
The  trust  wlileli  I  reposed  in  Uruzlliaii  HriniiesA  and 
uatriotlsin  bus  been  amply  Justltied,  and  hhlory  will 
bear  wltnesii  tn  nil  time  that  the  present  generation 
showed  itself  constjint  and  unshaken  in  tlie  unanl- 
moiu  lutciit  to  avenge  the  hniiour  of  llraxll.  The 
rejoicing  of  the  whole  po|iuiittl<in  of  tho  empire 
over  tho  glorious  events  which  have  placed  an  cm! 
to  sacrlHco*  so  noble,  the  enthusiasm  with  which  II 
bus  shown  Its  gratitude  to  the  volunteers,  tho  na- 
tional guard,  tlio  army,  and  the  navy,  ore  It*  duo 
homage  to  heroism,  and  tbu  merited  rvwani  of  their 

E roved  devotion  to  tho  national  cuusu.  Tliu  valuu- 
lu  uiid  legal  co-nperatlon  of  our  brave  uUles  assisted 
greatly  to  tho  results  obtained  in  the  long,  stubborn 
struggle  in  wliieli  wo  were  engaged. 

"  If  Brazil  laments  iiio  loss  of  many  of  her  gal- 
lant children,  there  remains  to  tlio  memory  of 
their  deeds  iilnstrious  example*  of  patriotism  and 
bmvory." 

Such  were  the  word*  by  which  tho  Emperor  at- 
t(<mpted  to  gloia  over  tho  war  of  whieli  ho  bad  been 
guilty,  to  brand  with  legality  an  Interference  with  a 
nation's  Uberty,  and  to  parade  before  the  world 
Brazilian  virtues  which  the  world  had  obathiataly 
lef  uoed  to  see. 

It  Is  a  relief  to  turn  for  a  moment  from  thi*  tn 
notice  a  movement  that  was  now  coming  into  promi- 
nence In  the  Interior  of  the  empire,  wd  which  na- 
fleet*  hononr  In  place  of  discredit  upon  the  national 
reputation.  For  aome  yean  there  had  been  growing 
up  a  Ubanl  party  bent  upon  the  abolition  of  aUvery. 
It  had  hitherto  made  but  alow  progresa,  partly  on 
account  of  the  firm  oppoaltlon  of  the  principal  alave- 
holdera,  and  partly  from  purely  political  Intluoncc*. 
But  It  had  now  become  recognized  on  aU  aldea  that 
the  time  had  arrived  when  something  miut  ba  dona 
towards  emancipation  ;  and  many  ownera  of  alavea 
accepted  the  fact  so  fur  as  to  free  their  own  slavoa 
on  condition  of  sorvlng  for  a  flx'd  term.  The 
Emperor  had  also  done  tho  same  with  many  under 
bis  control  by  paying  their  value  into  the  pu'dlo 
treasury.  But  tlie  views  he  entertained  were  not 
fully  participated  In  by  hia  ministry,  and  aome  aobiy 
accordingly  aroac  In  the  Introduction  of  a  mvaaar* 
Into  Parliament 


■OUTR   AMIRTOA. 


IN 


nSSSi 


..om  thto  to 

I  into  pronil- 

A  which  i«- 

he  nittloniil 

jan  growing 

i  of  iilnvery. 

it,  partly  on 

nclpttl  ■wve- 

*  InHuonce*. 

,  sidei  tliat 

itt  b«  ilonn 

«  of  tluvo* 

lown  slavcii 

arm.     Tlio 

juany  undor 

I  the  pu'ilic 

b  wcrr  not 

Iwmf  aelay 

1  a  lucwart 


!■  llM  y«p  IXAT  IliK  fDlliiwInR  ii|>UMni  in  Inve  txwn 
Um  kMla  hi  ■  M'hainii  whieh  nint  with  luiNit  ippnih*- 
tloa  uiiong uortiklii  nminlKin  of  tli*  fiorutlT*  :— 

I.  Hl«*(>ry  til  cMiiM  tiiUlly  In  tli«  yi'»r  lUIIU.  II, 
Tlia  tbttx  tu  liiiltiiiiiiify  Ukim  iltliuiia  who  iiiny  •till 
own  nUviit  *t  Unit  ihtIchI.  !II.  Kriiiii  thiMliitii  of 
yniiiiiilKiitliin  of  till*  ilacrea,  *ll  ihltilrcii  tinni  of 
•Uvoa  am  lo  bo  frua.  IV.  Tlioaa  ('hliclniii  who  iiiiky 
IM  xduoti'il  III  tliii  hniiiva  of  thuir  iMfiMita'  iiiiiatrra 
•hitll  aarvo  Itirm  till  thoy  rniicli  tlinlr  twantloth 
jour,-  ■nil  will  tlirn  ha  naloraii  to  fnwiiom.  V, 
a'Uuri)  ut  Ui  Ik  aitahllaliail  iMiiirta  of  iMimiiclpatlon 
in  all  Ilia  tuwiia  tu  i<iiforiii>  thl>  law  anil  iiaa  to  lla 
prouor  tiavittioii.  VI.  A  llinil  aiiiouiit  will  Im  aat 
uliiv  for  the  oinaiirliHitloii  of  the  aUvaa  of  Hi* 
nation,  and  thn  aaiiia  iiTiiia  will  linaKraail  uu<m  to 
•Ifact  iha  llbcraliou  of  tlm  ulavva  owmol  bv  rtligloua 
nnlara  ■•  may  b«  niailx  to  imrrbaaa  the  fnadoin  nt 
tltnaa  hald  by  the  uooiTniiiaiit.  VII.  Them  •bouiit 
be  ap|<ro|irtal«d  a  niiid  for  the  annual  iiuruhaao  of  a 
certain  iiuiiilwr  of  alavva,  ao  that  but  fuw  may  bo  lu 
b<iiiila||u  when  the  hour  ut  general  emauuipatluu 
la  at  hand. 

The  genoral  fuatnrea  nf  thia  plan  were  ultimately 
tulopteil,  but  at  pruaoiit  the  auhject  had  nut  adranoaa 
•ulllclantly  In  the  public  nlnd,  although  it  hail  been 
under  conalderatlon  fur  awroral  yearn,  A  conaerra- 
tire  mlniitry,  arvrae  to  aboiiUnn,  wan  aiao  In  power. 
The  Kniiiomr,  however,  remained  Arm  In  hla  raaolu- 
tlon,  and  after  flnding  that,  with  hla  proaaut  oabhiet, 
Congniaa  would  du  nothing  mora  (n  the  rotiuireu 
direvtioii,  ha  conanntiMl  aomawhat  abruptly,  after  a 
■hurt  (ilacuiialon  with  hla  nilnlatera,  tu  aocopt  their 
resignation  ratlior  than  furegu  the  principle  for 
Tihlc'h  he  coiiteiwlod. 

The  ilinitcd  emanvlpatinn  which  had  bren  tliut 
far  eSecltd  had  lievii  ntttiniicd  liy  the  mont  fuvour- 
abU  cuiia«<|Uoncca,  unci  tlio  Kiii|i<'ror  liiaiitud  that  a 
further  advance  In  tliu  goixl  work  imiat  liu  iiiaile. 
Aa  a  pruliinlnary  atup,  and  tu  aviilil  uiiuuci'ii»ar)' 
cuuipllcatioiia,  a  comproiiilnu  wii-i  at  luat  agiuud 
upon,  and  the  minlatry  lutrudacod  a  nicaaiiro  wtiluh 
provided  that  the  Eiiipi<ror  miKbt  he  rclluvuil  from 
any  payment  fur  the  alavvn  frued  by  hliii,  but  proiiiia- 
lug  DoUihig  more  except  anulHclul  ri>Kliitratlon  of  all 
the  ilavea  n  the  empire  ■■  a  prvlliiiliiary  ati'p  to 
action  In  the  future.  The  guveniiiii'nt  acciired  u 
niutorlty  In  tlio  liouae  u|iun  tliia  bill,  but  It  did  not 
■atlaty  the  £mp"ror,  and  during  the  next  luuntk 
there  waa  a  chantcu  of  minlatry,  the  Viacnunt  de 
Bao  Vicente,  a  atroni;  ahulltlimlat  and  able  atalaaman, 
being  at  the  head  of  the  new  cabinet. 

I'^irllament  did  not  meet  a^ain  till  tlio  following 
May,  but  lucaiiwhllu  tbo  ciiuau  uf  eniaiiulpation  huu 
made  ntendy  and  inoru  rapid  proKrvKa.  A  bill  waa 
Introduced  in  Juini  after  a  Toto  tiiknn  upon  the  ab- 
■tract  pni|ioiiltluii  found  In  tlio  Einpcror'a  apoccli  ut 
the  opening,  and  In  Hi^ptumbur  It  puaaud  the  SL'uate 
■mid  general  rejoicing,  by  a  majority  of  <U  agaiuat 
811. 

The  provialnni  of  thIa  meaaura  redound  to  the 

8:o<id  aonao  of  the  Bniiiltan  people  no  lexa  than  tu 
Uo  Btutoamanahlp  of  their  rulvrit.  Although  pro- 
foaMdly  baaed  upun  the  action  luiif{  before  taken  by 
the  Bntlah  Rovcriinu'nt,  they,  ncvuiibt'lciiai,  differ 
much  in  detail,  and  •' von  In  jirlni'lplu,  npproachlng 
more  nearly  the  plan  of  1W7  Chililnni  bom  of 
■lavc^  after  the  date  of  the  af-t  were  to  be  con- 
■Idered  free.  While  mlnon  they  remain  in  the 
contrul  of  the  m>uter,4  of  their  moihora  till  c[gbX 
yeura  of  a^,  the  maxtera  bnlni;  rcaponalble  for  tliclr 
care  during  that  period.  At  thla  ui;o  the  mothcr'a 
nioatvr  baa  the  option  either  tu  rrccivo  from  the 
goTornnioiit  a  cunipunsatlun  of  001)  milroU,  or  to 
avail  himaelf  of  the  minor's  sorvicea  up  to  the  full 
age  of  twonty-one  yeara.  In  the  former  cnao  the 
government  tiikea  (Omrge  of  the  minor  nnd  of  his 
education.  Every  minor  may  free  himaelf  by  u 
cnmiienaatlnn  In  money  to  Ida  mothrr'a  master,  the 
■mount  being  regulated  by  eatlmating  the  balance 
of  hU  term  of  aervlce,  unleaa  any  apeclal  agrcemont 
■hould  exist.  The  matter  Is  obliged  to  feed  and 
educate  the  children  bum  of  the  uaughtors  of  his 
female  aluvos,  as  long  us  the  ninthcrs'  servicos  con- 
tinue ;  but  If  the  female  bcrnmes  free  her  children 
under  eight  yenrs  of  age  are  to  bb  delivered  tu  her 
without  any  cumpensatron,  unless  they  remain  with 
the  master  by  mutual  consent  of  both  mother  and 
uiastor.  In  case  she  is  sold,  her  children  under 
twelve  years  of  iige  follow  li«r,  the  new  maater  as- 
aumiog  the  rlghtit  and  obligations  of  his  predecessdr. 
The  aurvlres  of  the  children  of  female  slavea  cease 
In  case  it  Is  decided  by  a  court  that  the  mastera  of 
tliclr  mothers  have  111  trented  or  beyond  measure 

{luulibed  them,  or  neglected  their  support  and  educa- 
Inn.  The  government  may  deliver  thuw  children 
bum  of  female  r^luves  after  the  date  of  the  law, 
when  they  are  given  up  by  or  taken  away  from  their 
masters  to  privileged  SDcietles.  Thcae  societies  lie 
then  entitled  to  the  services  of  snch  minors  through- 
out the  terms  of  their  minority.  They  may  hire 
them  out,  but  they  are  obliged  to  feed  and  educate 
Ibsm  ;  to  reserve  a  portion  of  their  wages  for  their 


own  use,  and  In  pruTlda  thwn  MitUhto  •m^ojrmeat 
when  they  beromo  nl  agn,  It  the  mlnon  ar«  plaMd 
In  pnhllc  InslllnUona,  M  thay  may  be  at  lb*  option 
of  the  government,  tlie  sUt*  thou  aaaiiinoa  ail  obli- 
gallniii. 

In  eTcry  province  of  the  empire  ■  rcrtnln  number 

nf  alaves  are  to  be  aet  free  annually,  tl iinber  da- 

lending  upon  the  funda  at  diaposal  fr.r  th«  nurpo^. 
rhla  •manelpatlon  fund  la  fonned  out  of  the  alave 
tax,  a  tax  ndil  on  tranaf»irin|r  aiavea,  the  pniceeda 
nf  all  yearly  hittarle*  ■nd  ■  titha  of  all  other  anthor- 
lied  lollerlea,  ■  apcciil  lax  lm|HMed  by  the  bill,  an 
amount  devnled  from  the  liniwrlal  and  manicl|ial 
trvaaurlea,  and  from  eollectlona,  donaliuns  and  Isga- 
cie^  devoletl  tu  the  puriiosa.  Slavea  hare  a  elalm  lu 
mannmlaaion  at  any  time  when  they  can  pay  tho 
ransom  Axed  upon  eNher  by  agri'eroent  or  eatlmate. 
The  compem^tlnn  aay  also  conalat  in  a  oontrart 
for  aervicea,  nrorlded  the  term  doea  not  exefeil 
aei  on  year*.  In  all  caaea  of  aelling  or  tranaferrlng 
aluTea,  the  aepnration  nf  huahand  from  wife  or  chil- 
dren under  twelve  years  of  age  from  their  parents  la 
entirely  pnihlblte<(  Beiidee  theae  proviaU)na  ftir 
the  gradual  manumlaainn  of  the  ■lavea,  tho  follow- 
ing were  declared  free  by  the  act :  I.  The  aiavea  nf 
the  natinn  i  the  gnvemmenl  being  responsible  for 
their  proper  ompinymenk  II.  Those  ilvan  to  the 
crown  In  usufruct  III.  The  slaves  of  tho  various 
religiona  aocletles  within  seven  years.  IV,  Blares 
belonging  to  varant  Inheritance.  V.  Biavre  who 
save  the  lives  nf  their  masters,  or  the  parents  or 
chlidn-n  of  their  masters.  VI.  Slaves  given  up  by 
their  mastera  on  account  of  physicsl  inflmiiliee ; 
the  respnnslhllity  of  feeding  tosm  still  remaining, 
however,  with  the  maatora. 

The  operation  of  thia  measure  has  tally  realliod 
the  expectations  of  Its  promoters.  It  has  satisfled 
the  slave  uwnirs,  and,  ax  a  rule,  no  dissatisfaction 
bus  liiM  II  felt  among  tbclr  slavei*.  Only  In  ono  or 
two  Instances  have  anything  like  dllHcuUk's  occurred, 
and  these  liiive  been  promptly  met  by  the  vigilance 
of  the  autlKirllli's.  Ilurliig  the  twenty-four  years 
since  the  Draslllans  Urst  began  to  entertain  the  idea 
of  ahMlltlon,  tho  ii-imlM-rof  slaves  has  fallen,  accord- 
hig  to  latest  returns,  from  2,000,000  to  l,O10,«Ui,  and 
the  priHluctlons  of  the  cimntry  have  been  propor- 
tionately Increasing.  When  tills  act  was  passed  In 
1M7I,  fuar.t  were  entertained  by  many  that  tho  same 
degree  of  prosperity  cuuld  not  be  maintained  under 
lis  operations,  but  these  foarr  also  proved  ground- 
less, and  Braill  Is  at  tills  mon.ent  more  prosper 
oas  than  at  any  timo  undor  tho  system  of  slave  la- 
bour. 

KatlAcations  of  the  treaty  of  peace  between  Braill 
and  I'araguav  took  place  in  March,  1871.  The 
amount  uf  indemnity  to  be  paid  to  the  government 
of  the  Emperor  was  then  fixed  at  f.iaO,«)0,000,  and 
provlalon  was  arranged,  through  a  Joint  commiaalon, 
for  tta  payment  and  the  settlement  of  losses  caused 
to  public  property.  The  rlvcra  Parana,  I'araguav 
onn  Uruguay  were  opened  to  tho  commerce  of  all 
nation^,  this  liberty  not  being  extended,  however, 
to  traders  from  port  to  port  of  the  same  nation. 
The  same  privilege  was  granted  to  sh|ps  of  war  be- 
longing tu  the  rtvoraln  states,  as  to  meruhant  vesaela ; 
and  they  are  also  declared  ttta  from  all  dues  and 
formalities.  On*  uticio  especially  pronounces  the 
adherence  of  both  pnwcra  to  tho  declaration  of  the 
Paris  Congress  of  18n0 ;  and  while  the  Emperor 
binds  himself  to  respect  the  independence  of  the 
Hepubllc  of  Paraguay  in  perpetuity,  and  to  Kuaran- 
tee  It  for  flvo  years,  provision  is  also  made  for  the 
submission  of  any  International  disputes  that  may 
In  future  arise,  to  tho  gooil  offices  of  a  friendly 
nation,  before  having  recourse  to  hostilities.  Care 
is  taken,  however,  to  hnld  security  for  tho  due  fulfil- 
ment nf  the  terms  of  the  treaty,  and  the  govern- 
ment of  tho  Emperor  Is  allowed  u>  keep  In  the  terri- 
tory of  the  Republic  such  an  army  as  bo  might  con- 
sider nocessaiy  to  ensure  the  proper  execution  of 
the  agreement  entered  Into.  An  extradition  treaty, 
and  another  of  amity,  cummerce  and  navigation, 
were  signed  at  the  same  time. 

The  buundaries  between  the  two  states  were  thus 
defined  :  "  The  bed  of  the  Parana,  from  tho  mouth 
of  the  Igusssu  to  the  Salto  Onndo  das  Sete  Qncdas. 
From  those  falls  tho  line  runs  along  the  highest 
divide  of  the  Sierra  de  Maracaju  to  its  termination, 
thence,  as  nearly  as  possible.  In  a  straight  line  along 
the  highest  ground  to  the  Sierra  Amainbahy,  follow- 
ing the  highest  divide  of  the  Siena  to  the  principal 
source  of  the  Apa,  and  down  the  river  to  Its  Junc- 
tion with  the  Paraguay.  All  the  streams  flowing  to 
the  north  and  east  belong  to  BraxU,  and  those  to 
the  south  and  west  to  Paraguay.  The  Island  ol 
Fecho  dos  Horros,  in  the  Upper  Paraguay,  was  as- 
signed to  Bnxil. 

The  completion  of  this  treaty  by  Brazil  without 
reference  to  her  allies,  created  a  feeling  of  consider- 
able annoyance  in  the  Argentine  Confederation, 
whieh,  at  one  time,  seemed  to  render  another  war 
immliunL  It  was  cleariy  a  breach  of  the  spirit.  If  not 
the  leder,  of  the  original  treaty  between  the  allies, 


ami  llMgnvenimvnl  of  IheOoalMafMlna  strongl}  pm- 
laalej  updnst  II.  Ho  strong  waa  the  letter  sent  to 
Rio  de  Jiineirn  by  Ur,  TeJs<ir>r,  the  Argsntlm  Minis- 
ter of  furalgn  Allali*,  that  lb*  Brastllan  govemmmil 
vonaidered  tlie  queatlon  of  nMenting  It  by  anolber 
■piieui  to  anna.  But  •s|danaliuna  ulUnialely  allaveil 
the  ■'xi'llenii'iit,  and  frli'iHllv  nauollatlona  a4wn  alter 
Uirinlnaled  In  the  muluiil  ili'clalnn  that  Iha  Argen- 
tine l.'unfi'derstlun  shonlcl  prvpare  a  asparate  treaty, 
wherein  tu  aellle  the  lioundariea  between  the  two 
alalea.  A  b.iundary  dlapule  between  Ikdlvla  aiul 
the  Clnnfederatinn  was  alau  left  to  be  decided  In  a 
almlkir  manner,  and  another  between  Uhlll  and  the 
(Jonfederation  remains  allll  a  aouree  of  mueb  Irrita- 
llun.  Thla  involves  the  pusseaalon  of  Pala(|unla, 
which  Is  clalrasd  by  the  Arirenllnas,  and  their  righta 
are  disputed  by  the  Chilians,  who,  ■mMUoos  of 
maritime  supremacy,  dasira  to  saeura  the  command 
of  Iha  Straits  of  Magellan.  The  Andean  chain  cer- 
tainly never  was  admitted  by  Chill  as  her  boundary 
in  Patiigimia.  A  treaty  belwsan  the  two  eooDtrte* 
in  IHtM  provided  that  each  should  roaueot  the  aM 
potrtMU  uf  iltIO,  when  the  flnt  blow  for  Indapan- 
oence  was  atniek.  At  that  time  Patafonla  was  In- 
cludrni  in  the  lurritory  known  os  the  Atao  de  ChlU. 
But  If  any  dispute  ahould  subseqaently  arise,  tha 
treaty  further  providsd  that  the  question  batween 
the  two  countries  should  be  submitted  to.  Iha  ma- 
dlallnn  of  a  friendly  power.  Chill  has  long  dealrad 
a  settlement  In  this  way,  and  the  Argsntlna  govern- 
meni  Is  now  showing  a  alspusilion  abo  to  bring  tha 
matter  to  an  end  by  arbliratlon.  Whatever  might 
be  the  result,  the  feeling  Is  guncnily  prevalent 
throughout  the  republics,  thoiuh  Insllgaled  bv  tha 
ArgeiiUna  guvsroment,  that  the  stnlia  should  ba 
reganied  as  neutral  territory,  and  this  view  Is  equally 
atnmgly  entertained  bv  uie  maritime  powen  of 
Europe.  In  his  last  address  to  the  Argentine  C'on- 
greaa,  referring  to  a  currant  rumour  of  nrther  dllll- 
culties  liaving  arisen  upon  the  boundary  question 
between  that  rapublio  and  Braill,  Preahient  Sar- 
mlentoaald :  "There  Is  no  dispute  with  Bratii  which 
could  lead  to  a  war,  and  we  are  bound  to  adhere  to 
the  honourable  engsgement  we  have  made  with 
Chill,  mutually  tu  spare  uurselves  sn  nnneoessary 
expenditure  uf  money,  blood,  and  time,  and  not  to 
submit  to  the  caprice  uf  the  wbid  and  waves,  or  tha 
inciip.icity  of  a  geueral,  mlsundentaniUiin  which 
may  be  peucefully  settled  by  an  honourable  arbi- 
trator." 

Although  none  nf  tho  republics  have  been  entirely 
free  from  attempted  Insurrectlimary  movements  dur- 
ing the  Intervsl  that  baa  elapsed  since  the  tcrmlnatton 
of  the  war,  the  vigilance  and  energy  uf  the  respective 
goveraments  have,  In  every  caao,  sufllced  to  put 
down  all  active  demuiiatratlons  o(  dlscontoit,  ind 
the  energies  of  tho  people,  there,  as  well  as  t<  !ha 
empire  oi  RraxU,  have  been  mainly  devoted  to  Jia 
arts  uf  peace.  Attempts  to  create  a  current  of  Eu- 
ropean emigratlun  to  South  America  failed  through 
the  inefllclency  of  tho  organisation  adopVid  for  ua 
purpose,  and  aubsequsntry  from  a  breach  of  faith  in 
non-fullllmont  of  the  engagements  entered  Into  by 
the  goveraments  or  their  representatives.  The  un- 
favourable otfect  of  this  mistake  still  remains,  and 
time  and  honest  administration  of  pubiio  aflaira 
aluns  will  remove  it. 

A  difference  which  for  some  time  existed  between 
the  Chilian  Uoveramont  and  that  of  the  United  Stalf*, 
with  refcro4:ce  to  tho  detention  of  a  ship  called  the 
Omd  Jtetum,  was  ultimately  proposed  for  settlement 
by  arbilratiun.  The  Good  /Munt  wss  a  whalUig 
shin,  but  on  a  suit  instituted  against  her  on  sua- 
picluii  uf  being  engaged  in  smuggUug,  an  embargOL 
under  Judicial  decree,  was  made  b)  the  govemmeui 
of  Chili.  This  occurred  in  1883,  and  the  question 
having  been  mado  a  cauao  of  remonatrance  by  the 
authorities  at  Washington,  it  long  remained  In  abey- 
ance. Arrangements  wore  at  length  completed  be- 
tween tho  Minister  for  Foreign  ARaIn  at  Santiago, 
and  the  Minister  Plenipotentiary  of  the  United  SUtea 
of  North  America,  for  submitting  It  to  the  arbitra- 
tion of  the  Italian  Charge  d' Affaires.  This  proposal 
having  been  brought  before  the  Committee  of  Guv- 
omment  and  Foreign  Affairs,  a  favourable  recom- 
mendation was  sent  to  Congress.  In  this  the  Com- 
mittee expressed  the  opinion  that  the  submission 
of  such  questions  to  the  Impartial  and  strict  Judg- 
ment of  sn  arbitrator,  who  will  decide  them  under 
the  Inspiration  of  the  highest  Justice,  Is  the  only 
rational  method  of  bringing  them  to  a  satlafactory 
conclusion.    But  the  Committee  added  a  curious  ex- 

firesslon  of  sentiment  as  to  the  Judgment  which  the 
tallan  arbitrator,  acting  under  the  inspiration  of  tha 
highest  Jostlce,  should  give.  They  pronounced  thst 
tha  republic  is  not  fairly  under  any  obligation  to 

Say  any  sum,  or  rather,  that  It  ought  not  to  be  con- 
emned  in  any  of  tho  damages  clsimed  by  the  United 
Stetes  Onvernment,  becanse,  taking  Into  considera- 
tion tho  time  when  the  Good  Jietum  was  detained, 
the  motive  that  caused  her  detention,  the  authori- 
ty that  leeued  the  order,  and  the  impossibility,  at 
that  time,  of  admiulsterlng  quick  and  speedy  Juatlcs^ 


ROBRRTROIf'l    HliTORT  OV 


MHkxf  Um  gowrnixwt  nf  Um  r*p«Mla  Bor  Um 
MlhiifHiM  ir«*nil*  (iMMild  IM  biMiwd  kir  mi;  uI 
liifnlvlNic  ^•■|Mln■llllllllv.  lUvlnjc  Ihun,  nllh  tniir* 
iri'l  III  in  illatrfllon,  riliTDd  lli«  r.vmliiiii  c>(  lh«  Mill- 
Iral'ir,  tlin  I  iHiiiiilllv*  i'«|<r<'U«<l  III*  Hi'MikIi*.  tlml, 
u  It  w»»,  of  nil  iMi\itt,  liniHirtmit  to  icW«  •niiia  Irru- 
fr.ivnlilv  li'itliiiiiiiy  III  iillivr  imlloiw  that  Um  rriiul>lli' 
)•  •iilni.itK^I  li.y  «'<nllm«iibi  nf  kihiiI  will  miiI  Ja>U<'« 
111  fiirvlirii  p.i'ir«n,  II  Ih'i'i«iii«  •iItUhIiIc,  nntwllli 
•UiKllnii  llirlr  ilmiliil  ii(  iraiHinillillllr,  to  oni|Hi««r 
thii  Pratlilmil  III  •■III*  III*  quvtlliiu  In  lb*  iiwniinr 

SmiKMrii,  Mill  1  lilll  for  III*  (luriNM*  wu  lh«raii|Hiii 
ninol,  and  nouiuntutliKl  tu  lit*  lluuM  ot  tUpn- 
MntoUvr*. 

TW  priKwaillnc  ttiui  lo  (kr  MlT»n«i>ii  iihlhlU  th* 
•ttoniwn  o(  Ike  prtnulpl*  of  MtUInc  •  pvrUlii  oIh* 
of  IntonMllunai  olsput**  hj  •ulimllOnf  Ui*m  b>  lh« 
•rbMfaliun  ol  •  •unpoawl  liniM-rtlal  lflbm*l,  b«l  II 
•Miaol  b«  (iMalaM  with  cmni  Id  all  lu  duUlU,  wlUi- 
mil  ««iMMtag  tba  conplkalad  fcimi*  wbleh  twii 
nadw  lira  m«,  aail  la  •nmc  rvapacla  •Impli',  ciintU- 
latliMi  of  tiM  ikniUi  Anwrivin  npubllri,  maltan  of 
Ikit  klad  havii  lo  ko  tbroDKh. 

Tka  prsjadlw*  which  IIm  |i*o|iI«  of  Chill  mifiiain 

■I  Molipisni  *ra  dolM  much  lo  Imped*  lh« 

pmRnM  of  ib*  oounlry.    ror«'/nm  an>  Uion>by 


■ffalaal 


pnTanltd  finn  MtlllnR  la  Ih*  rvpublls,  mm!  fiii«l(ii 
■aplUI  Mid  •aterprit*  in  In  llko  nMDB*r  suiludwi. 
la  all  Irad**  and  prohwilunt  lb*  nallvvi  ant  pnittwtuil 
■galailailaalaauTatlona,  aiid  ImmlKnnla  Uad  It  dllH- 
Mil,  If  aot  lian<Malbhi,  iiol«lihi>UiMllng  aiMclal  abll- 
lUaa  and  qnalUvatlniia  poaanaaed  by  lli«ni,  to  •ulrr  In- 
to Iha  partalt  of  Ihalr  apaclal  oallliiK.  A  ainiw  lllwral 
pullcjp  la  Ihl*  raaiHirt  would  bavo  pl*<!«<l  thu  rapubllF, 
lonK  an  thla,  la  atlrauev  of  lla  pn-a«nt  piialllon,  but 
it  la  laaa  dn*  to  tlra  condavl  of  lhi<  aulnoritiM  than 
it  I*  to  Um  IIUlM>ral  Inndrnrlsa  of  Ilia  national  phar- 
■ctrr.  A  ramedy  will  lliBrvrom  not  very  niailily  bo 
fUuiid  aatll  lliii*  haa  h«l|M>d  to  rnUu  up  a  morn  coa- 
nopoUtan  fMllnir  atnonc  Iho  iMipulatlon.  Thla  may 
ba  aaalalad  by  the  r>r«nim«nt,  which  exhIblU  at 
tha  praaant  tlino,  In  varloua  waya,  a  k""<I  liilontlon 
to  promol*  tlie  matarlal  Intun-ata  of  the  couiitiy. 
With  that  vlaw,  a  aecond  Intcnwtlonnl  vxhibltlun  of 
tha  prudncta  of  aifrlrultura  ami  Indualry  of  t'hill 
■ad  all  fOraIgn  eountrln  la  h<iln|{  pn'iiami  for  the 
■ntama  of  th*  cumiit  y«>ir,  and  liulidliiifa  for  the 
Mrpoaa  hara  bavn  •nifUil  at  HuntiuKo,  wlili-li  nru 
Bignly  aradlubl*  to  th»  arclilti-ctiirul  tantu  mid  ntlll- 
tanaii  cbanu-tiT  of  tliv  Kuviriiinonl.  Tim  torolKn 
trade  ot  tha  coontry,  which  tlila  li  KXiioctiMl  to  atlin- 
«lat*,  arooanti-d,  In  W,i,  to  about  MI.UIID.IKIU ;  In 
Vm  It  waa  (TI.THU.H.'M,  of  whirli  tliu  liiijHirti  wurc 
ValiMd  at  •iM.flST.W.'N,  and  tlio  «x|Hirla  at  til7, l'J.',«i<l. 
And,  aa  evidenca  <if  Uiu  rapid  advance*  tliat  arc  IwIiik 
nadn,  It  la  worthy  of  iiotlc*  that  tlivae  lli(urra  very 
largoly  exceeded  iboao  of  1M7I.  Aitrlculturu  la  In 
an  advanced  atute.  licmp,  llax,  allk,  and  whuatj  of 
tha  Imt  qoallty,  an  prmluccd  In  atiundanco.  Tlic 
Mining  Intenwt,  too,  haa  ari(ulrrd  a  Krcat  dovelo|i- 
nent.  It  bn*  be«n  clalnuul  tlin*  the  co|i|H'r  iini- 
ducad  In  the  republic  la  two-tlilrda  of  the  totu<  pro- 
duce of  tlia  world,  but  tlila  claim  la  not  ■nalalncd: 
the  amount  la,  however,  larxe.  The  allvor  minea  of 
VoplapA,  iiaaacis  Florida,  and  othora,  are  remark- 
•Idu  fortlieir  richneaa ;  and  void.  In  aulHclont  quan- 
tity to  bu  rcmunenitivc,  Ik  toiiiid  In  many  parte  of 
tba  country.  Coal  depoKlta,  both  lieru  and  In  I'eru, 
•n  foaaii  along  the  coaat.  Many  of  tlieau  are 
worked  on  a  large  acale,  and  have,  to  a  certain  ox- 
tent,  affected  the  trade  with  the  niinoa  of  Nuwcaatlo, 
and  othcn  lu  Auatralia,  Iron  ore  la  found  varioualy 
throughout  the  greater  pan  ot  the  aouthem  ru- 
.  publloa. 

A  mon  Juat  pidley  than  baa  hitherto  been  adopt- 
ed tbWarda  furalgnan,  would  bo  more  adTantagooiia 
than  an)'  artlSelal,  and  too  often  dvlUKive,  incarurca 
<i>r  promoting  emigTatlon,  and  It  would  aerve,  beyond 
■ngat  elae,  to  effect  th<i  development  of  tbeae  Krcnt 
natural  resourcea,  which  equally  abound  in  the  Euat- 

Sa  and  Weatem  ropabllva,  as  well  aa  thruughout 
a  entire  ampli*  of  BnulL  The  apirlt  ot  old  Hpun- 
lab  ezclnalvaneaa  baa  done,  and  la  dolni;— for  it  haa 
not  yet  died  oat— much  to  retard  the  material  pru- 
grea*  of  the  whole  of  Soatb  America,  oven  aa  thu 
■ame  Spanioh  tpirit  of  dUafleetlon  haa  kept  tha  re- 
publicaa  portion  of  the  oonUnent  in  a  permanent 
oondlUon  of  (lollUcal  and  aocbd  dlaquletude.  Thai, 
thla  la  atill  mlacblevoualy  at  work  U  apparent  in  an 
Iccldent  which,  while  we  write,  la  recorded  in  the 
Argrntlna  RepabUc,  where.  In  the  darkni'ta  and  al- 
ienee ot  the  night,  twenty  human  balnipi  have  been 
•aaaaalnatad,  by  tha  anthorlty  ot  the  frovemment,  in 
tha  province  of  Eatre  Rioa,  for  having  formerly  taken 
nart  with  Lopez.  The  goTomment  having  offered 
an  amneaty  on  condition  that  theao  mon  would  give 
theinaelvca  np  from  their  hiding-places  in  the  toreat 
vf  Jala,  they  truatcd  In  thi;  aanctity  ut  the  gnariiii- 
tee  thus  given,  and  presented  themaclvee  before  thu 
BUthoritlea.  But  their  truKt  wns  ill  iilacoii.  They 
were  arreated,  thiown  into  lail,  and  in  ie«s  than  tlin'e 
nl^U  all  bad  oaaaad  to  exist  They  w«ro  ruthlessly 
Murdered  bf  tba  ordera  ut  that  same  government 


whlak,  oaljr  a  few  daya  bafttra,  kad  praalaad  IkMI 
iMaianlly  from  puBlabaMal,  It  la  anaMa  Uka  Imm 
that  now  raoal  diagraaa  tka  •uuth  Amartaau  *» 
publhts. 

Hellvlou*  frPAilom  la  another  naeaaslly,  bafofa 
rompliil*  nallnaai  uriM|Hirlly  can  be  allalnad.  In 
Ibn  Wiiat*rii  rapiilillca,  I'lpaclallv,  parly  tielliig  on 
th*  qii*alioii  of  rnllicloua  illaatilllil**  haa  run  nigh. 


cat*rn  npulillca,  I'ipaclallv 

Malioii  of  rnllicloua  illaatilllil**  haa  run  higl  . 
and  riean  a  A'rtll*  tuple  of  dIaciiMlou.  In  tlie  l^hilVali 
Congrcaa  It  la  now  undurvolng  ilalial*,  and  allbougb 
th*  oppoaltion  |i*rty  ar*  vlolunl  in  lnv*i-llv«,  tli*  aup- 
portar*  of  tha  eauan  raat  n|Hia  logic  aad  the  eaperl- 
anea  ot  blalury,  and  af«  oontdani  of  uncveaa.  Tha 
proiMwai  lo  nnova,  or  at  laaal  lo  laaaen,  Ibali'  dia- 
abUltlaa,  baa  raealvad  tha  aanellon  of  auina  ot  Uia 
elargy,  aad  II  baa  been  statatt  by  a  high  olHolal  In 
Iba  npabilo,  thai  In  ■oulb  America,  aa  In  Kurupa, 
tka  tlaia  la  at  kand  whan  no  acrlsalaatlcal  authority 
wUI  ha  allowed  l<i  aoataln  alleged  righu  of  the  I'ope, 
aontrary  both  to  Iba  lawa  of  ua  country  and  to  the 
righta  of  a  ft«a  paopla,    —         - 

pnuelpli 

eltu  ■ 

tha 

eommeroe 

coiMtruct      -  _    ,  -  ,        ,    -- 

mlaaral  and  agrioultuni  raaourcaa  of  the  tevciul  eecurrcil  lo  M.  Adanaon,  on  ih*  aani*  coast,  may  ti- 
counlilaa,  and  by  all  means  lo  advance  Ilia  Intervata  plain  tins  :   '•  As  soon,"  says  lie,  '•  aa  th*  sun  diupnl 


Mia.  f  ram  >lita  ha  advanrad  lo  s'wtliat  pmrnoRlatyi 
«(M*n  h*  naniail  Tht  MmM  lliirn,  and  whivh  'a  inaa^ 
fcallv  <'a|i*  lie  I'm  I'liiilas,  aiNHil  Ave  deKrrra  iierlk 
af  liie  line  All  ilie  riri'iititaiaiires  roiiiaiitril  in  tha 
alnrl  alwlmrl  ul  liia  |oiiriial,  which  la  liaiiili'd  iliiwn  M 
iia,  riiiicrriiiiiK  ilic  aiiiirariiiiia  anil  •Ista  of  the  cuiini 
liira  on  iha  iiwai  ul  Al'rua,  are  ciinlirnird  ami  illua* 
Irali'il  liv  a  ninipuriaoii  with  Ih*  aiicoiinla  ol  iiiiMlvm 
naviKaluia  Kmi  tliuae  ririiiMiaianrrs  wlmh.  from 
llirir  acriiiiiiK  iiii|.ful,alM|ii«,  luto  liem  proiliiredau  Mf 
Validate  the  rriililiilil;  of  his  iclslion,  land  lu  cuArm  II. 
He  nliaervea,  iImi  m  ih*  roiiniry  lo  llie  auuili  of  Cerna, 
a  proruiiiid  sileiire  rci|{iH-il  lliriiiiuh  Ihr  lUy  ,  but  diiiing 
tha  ni||hl  iiiniiiiicrslilu  Urea  wcrg  kimlfed  alniii|  Iha 
hanks  of  ihn  rivcra,  and  lh«  air  raaoiinded  wnh  tha 
■  of  iiqiea  and  driiina  and  criea  of  jojr  'Ih*  asnM 
liliiiii,  as  lUiniiaiu  iilieervca,  aliil  Islira  jilae*.  'I'li*  •«• 
c*ssi««  hral  iilihuis  the  NrKnies  lu  uka  shallcr  in  Iha 


Ilea,  Ihay  have  advanced  lo  a  high  degree  In  matarlal 


proim'ss  I  and  they  Airin  alraaily  a  uobla  vindication 
of  flia  atragiiclea  for  ladspendencu,  aa  well  aa  an- 
other great  trlbats  to  the  virtuua  of  poUtleal  ami' 
cIvU  Uberty, 


NOTES   AND    rLLU8TRATI0N8. 

Nora  [I].  Paiik  70. — Tyro  waa  situated  at  aiich  a 
dUlance  from  the  .Arabian  Uiilf,  or  Kcd  Sea,  as  made 
it  linpraclicalile  lo  convey  coininoditlea  from  Ihciice  lo 
that  city  by  land  carriaue.  Tliis  iiidnc'l  the  I'lwiii- 
eians  to  render  llieni..erv«s  inssttrs  of  Htimcrurit  or 
Hkimxiilitru.  the  neareal  uort  in  the  iMediietrsiiean  lo 
the  Ited  Nea.  'I'liey  laiiuud  llic  cari^oes  which  Ihey 
purchased  in  Araliia,  Klhioiiia,  and  India,  at  tiath,  the 
Bifust  harbor  in  the  Ilea  Set  towards  the  North 
iTheiico  they  were  carried  by  land  to  Khiiiocolura,  tlie 
distance  not  being  very  conaidcralilo ;  and,  being  re- 
|ahip|icd  in  that  |iort  were  trans|iorted  to  Tyro,  and  dis- 
;iribuied  over  die  world.  SiraUon.  Ueogr.  edit.  Caaanb. 
lib.  xvi.  p.  llSd  Uio-Jor.  Micul.  UiUiolh.  Iliator.  adit. 
jWeaseJingii,  lib.  i.  p.  TO. 

I  NoTs  [8).  p.  70. — The  Perlplus  Hannonie  is  the 
only  aulhontio  inonumeiit  of  the  Carthaginian  akill  in 
naval  airaira,  and  one  of  the  moat  ciiriuiia  fragmenta 
transmitted  to  iis  by  antiquity.  Tlie  learned  snd  indus- 
trious Mr.  Dudwell,  in  a  dissertalioii  nretiicd  lo  the 
Pcriplus  of  llanno,  in  the  edition  or  the  Minor  (loogra- 
phcrs  pulilialied  at  Oxford,  endeavors  lo  prove  that  this 
la  a  spurious  work,  the  compoaition  of  aomo  Greek, 
who  assumed  Haiinu'a  name.  Out  M.  de  Mniileaquieu, 
in  liix  i  Esprit  des  Ijoix,  lib.  xii.  c.  fl.  and  M.  de  Bon- 

Giinviilo,  in  a  dissertation  publiahcd  torn.  xivi.  of  the 
emoiros  de  I'Academie  oea  Inacriptiona,  Vi;.  have 
eatablished  its  authenticity  by  argninenta  which  to  me 
appear  unanawerable.     Kamusio  haa  accompanied  hia 

I  translation  of  this  curious  voyage  with  a  diaaertation 
tending  to  illustrale  it.     Kacolte  iFi  Viaggi,  vol.  i.  p. 

I I  IS.  M.  de  Bougainville  has,  with  great Itaroing  and 
ability,  treated  the  same  auhject.  It  appears  thai  Msn- 
no,  according  to  the  mode  of  ancient  navigation,  under- 
took thia  voyage  in  ainall  veaaela  ao  constructed  that 
he  could  keep  close  in  with  the  coaat.  lie  sailed  from 
Ocdcs  lo  the  island  of  Come  in  twelve  daya.  Thia  is 
prohalily  what  ia  known  lo  Uie  modems  by  the  nsine  of 
the  Ule  of  Arguiin.  It  became  (lie  chief  station  of  the 
Carthaginians  on  that  coaat ;  and  M.  de  Bougainville 
contends,  that  the  ciatorna  found  there  are  moiiuinenta 
of  the  Carthaginian  power  and  ingenuity.  Proceeding 
from  Ceriie,  and  aiill  following  the  winding  of  the 
coaat,  he  arrived  in  aeventeen  days,  at  a  promontorv 
which  ne  called  TU  Wat  Horn,  probably  Cilpe  Pali- 


luminoiia  inrluaiire,  which  surrounded  us  like  a  large 
circle  of  rays,  from  whence  dsrted  In  th*  wake  of  iIm 
ship  a  long  stream  of  a  light."  Vny.  to  NenM|sl,  p. 
ITfl.  This  a|i|ii'arance  of  the  sea,  oliat  rvcd  by  llunier, 
kaa  liecn  inriiliniicd  as  sn  arginneiit  againal  the  autheii- 
lleily  of  the  I'eriplua.  ll  is,  however,  a  |ih*iinincnnn 
vary  common  in  warm  cliinalva  Captain  Cook'a 
aecond  voyage,  viil.  i.  p.  lA.  The  Prriplua  of  llanno 
hu  lieeii  Iraiialaleil,  and  evrrv  point  with  resjiccl  lo  it 
llM  been  illuatrateil  with  niiicfi  learning  and  ingeiiiiily, 
in  a  work  pnhliahed  liy  Don  IVdr.  Rudrig.  L'ani|io- 
manea,  rnlillcil,  Aiiliguedad  inaritlina  de  Cartage,  cor. 
al  P  riplo  do  su  (loiiaral  llannon  Iraducido  a  illiiairado. 
Mad.  I7M,  4lo. 

Note.  (3J  ji.  70.— I,oiig  after  Ihe  navigaliuii  of 
Iha  Poomicisns  am!  of  Kuduxua  round  Arrica,1'olybius, 
the  most  iiitelliueiit  and  beat  infornifd  historian  ol 
antiquity,  ami  iiarliciilarly  diaiingniahed  by  hia  atten- 
tion to  geogra|ihical  reaearches,  allirina,  that  it  waa  not 
known,  in  liia  lime,  whether  Africa  waa  a  continued 
continent  atretcliing  lo  the  toulh,  or  whether  it  was 
eiicom|Msaed  liy  Ihe  aea.  Polybii  lliat.  lib.  iii  Pliny 
tlie  naturalist  asserts,  that  there  can  be  no  coininunica- 
lion  between  Ihe  soullierii  snd  northern  tvmporatf 
tones.  Plinli  Hist.  Nslur.  edit,  in  usuin.  I)elph.  4lc. 
lib.  ii.  c.  68.  If  they  hsd  given  full  credit  lo  In* 
sccDunts  of  those  voysges,  the  former  could  not  have 
entertained  such  a  douTit,  the  latter  could  not  liava 
delivered  auch  an  opinion.  Nirabo  mentioiia  Ihe  voy- 
ago  of  Kudoxua,  liiit  Iroata  it  aa  a  fabuloua  tale,  lib.  ii. 
p.  ISA  i  and,  according  lo  his  account  of  it,  no  otiiei 
judgment  can  lie  formed  with  nw|iert  to  it.  Straba 
aeenia  not  lo  have  known  any  Ihinu  with  certainty  con 
corning  the  form  and  stale  of  the  soiiihern  parte  ol 
Africa.  Geogr.  lib.  xvii.  p.  1 180.  Ptolemy,  the  moa* 
inquisitive  and  learned  of  all  Ihe  ancient  gCMiraphe'  •, 
waa  equally  unacquainted  with  ai.y  parts  of  Africa  situ- 
alcd  a  few  degrees  beyond  the  ci|uinoclial  lino  ;  for  lie 
Buppiisea  that  this  great  coiiliiient  waa  not  surrounded 
by  the  sea.  but  that  it  atrolched,  without  interruption, 
lowarda  the  aoiith  pole ;  and  ho  so  far  miatakea  ita  tiu* 
figure  tbal  he  deacribcs  the  continent  aa  becoming 
broader  a'ld  broader  aa  it  advanced  lowarda  Ihe  couth. 
Ptolemni  Geogr.  lib.  iv.  c.  8.  Urietii  Parallela  Geogr. 
veleria  a'  nova,  p.  80. 

Nora  [4].  p  71.— A  fact  recorded  by  Straba 
aflbrda  •  very  strong  and  aingular  proof  of  the  igno- 
rance of  the  ancients  with  reaiiect  to  the  situation  of  tha 
varioua  parts  of  the  earth.  When  Alexander  marched 
along  le  banks  of  the  llydaapes  and  Aceaine,  two  o( 
the  rivara  which  fall  into  the  Iiidiia,  he  obaerved  that 
there  were  many  crocodllea  in  thoae  rivera,  and  that  tha 
country  produced  beana  of  tlie  aaine  apeciea  wilh  thoaa 
which  were  cominun  in  Egypt.  From  tlieso  circuin- 
alancaa  he  concluded  that  he  had  diacovercd  the  source 
of  tha  Nile,  and  prepaiid  a  fleet  lo  sail  liown  the  ily. 
daspea  to  Egypt.  Strab.  Oengr.  lib.  xv.  p.  1020. 
Thia  amazing  error  did  rot  arise  from  any  ignorance  of 
geography  peculiar  to  that  monarch ;  for  we  are  lu- 
tormadby  Siralio,  thai  Aleiandei  applied  with  particu- 
lar attention  in  order  lo  ac  piire  the  knowledge  of  thia 
acienco,  and  bad  B>.ciira'    iiiapa  or  description*  of  llw 


■I  prmnmiMtyi 
whwh  ••  inM^ 
lixKrrra  noMfe 
iilDliiril  in  ih* 
Hdtlffl  ihtwn  ut 
Is  ot  lli«  raiin> 
iiiril  •ml  illut* 

Hill  111  IIHXlvftl 

I  whirh,  ftimi 
)roiliirril4u  lie 
ml  III  rullrin  II. 

lUUlll  III  ('(III*, 

••  ;  bill  ituitnf 
IIihI  •Ioiiii  Iha 
nilml  wilh  Um 
ly  'I'h*  unia 
Jul*.  'I'Im  m> 
•  •halld  in  tit* 
I.  At  unn  U 
ihllht  Kiijoy  llM 
lliry  •|>iHiU  iIm 
hlii'ii,  lin  nMif 
uf  lir*.     Wh^ll 

COMl.  IKM    f  «• 

llw  lun  ul|)|ml 
ri3»il  Ik*  mnh 
yliU.il.  Whil* 
niiiig  ■urvi'*,  II 

■  WV  Mlllid  HI  ■ 

ii>  Ilk*  I  Urut 
In  will*  of  UM 
.  lo  NciMfal,  p. 
rvrd  by  lluiiteri 

Hill  IM  •UltHHI- 

•  iiliciioiiirium 
;>|itiiiii  i;<H>k'« 
i|ilui  of  lltniia 
nil  rri|N)ct  to  it 
F  4ii>l  iiitfoiiiillyi 
(iMlri((.  Ciiiii|i4i« 
In  t'arlaKo,  cur. 
iiilo  •  illiiitriilu. 


I   Mulntluii  u( 

^rrlui.l'olybiui, 

I'll  hiiioriin  of 

liy  hi*  iittKii- 

that  it  waa  not 

a  ■  continued 

wliethor  it  waa 

t.  lib.  iii  Pliny 

no  coiiiniunick- 

licrn   ti'in|i<iral* 

in.  l.lcl|ih.  4lc. 

1  cnillt  to  tM 

could  not  hava 

:oul<l  not  hav* 

iiliuna  Iha  voy- 

oua  Ula,  lib.  ii. 

lof  it,  no  ulhri 

|t  to  it.    Stroba 

cprtainty  con 

•iiihcrn  parta  ol 

iiloiny,  the  inua* 

lit  geuara|ih«' <i 

I  of  Africa  aitu- 

|ial  line ;  for  ha 

not  aurruundcil 

|ul  interruption, 

iiialakea  ita  ITua 

I  aa  becoming 

larda  the  couth. 

'aralleU  Uaogr. 

|ed    by  Stnba 

jf  of  the  iono- 

laltuatiun  of  Iha 

lander  marchMl 

^ceaine,  two  ol 

I  obaerveil  that 

|ra,  and  that  tha 

ciea  with  thoaa 

I  theao  cireuut- 

bred  the  aource 

luowii  the  Hy- 

XV.  p.  1020. 

hy  ignorance  ol 

I  fur  w*  are  in- 

I  wilh  paiticu- 

» ledge  of  thia 

Lriptiuiia  of  ll« 


NOirTH  AMRRICA 


SlMMltoa  lhfa<i|fc  wktek  ka  iMKkad.     lilt.  II.  p.  ItO. 
at  In  Ma  aae  iha  knawladga  of  tha  (Iraaka  did  not 
ailand  hayoiid  Iha  liniila  uf  in*  Medilarranaan. 

NoTi  'A].  I .  Tl  — Aa  llin  Oua  and  rrllui  uf  llm  »«• 
ia  rainarkalily  great  at  ihe  ininiih  ol  ihn  rivnr  Imlua, 
thia  would  ri'iiji'i  ilix  phi'iinniriioii  morn  luriiiiiiahlii  lu 
Ihvtirveka      Varan  Uvogr  «iil  i   |>   VAI. 


Nora  rfl|  p  Tl 
I  avluoi 


ll  la  priiliahin  that  th*  ancienia 
wrra  ••idoin  indurrd  ip  advanr*  ao  lur  aa  Ih*  moiilh  uf 
III*  (langiia,  viihrr  by  inotikva  uf  iMirioaity  or  viewa  of 
rominercial  advanlago  In  <'oiiMi|iii<ni'n  of  lliia,  thrir 
idea  concarniiig  ihn  |hiiiIi<>ii  nf  Ihal  grr  it  rivrr  waa  very 
crroneoua.  I'lolciny  plana  llwt  branch  of  lb*  (laiigca, 
which  h*  dlalinguiahea  by  ihii  name  of  ihadreat  Muulh, 
In  Iha  hundred  and  furly-ililh  drgrer  uf  Iniigiliidv  fiiiin 
bia  Ant  niriidiaii  in  lli«  Kurluiiaie  lilaiiifi  Hut  Ita 
tru*  longitude,  rninpiiud  from  that  meridian,  la  now 
dalarinined.  by  aatronoinical  obaervalioiia,  tu  lie  only  a 
hundred  and  Aire  degrcca.  A  geographer  ao  aininenl 
mual  ba«a  been  betrayed  inlii  an  error  uf  lhi>  magiii- 
lud*  by  Iha  iiniwrfecliun  uf  tli*  iiilunnaliuii  wliicli  hu 
had  i*c*i«*d  concerning  Ihoa*  dialant  rogiuna  i  and 
thia  alTorda  a  alriking  proof  of  tha  inlercoura*  wilh  them 
being  eilramaly  ran.  With  reaped  lo  the  countnna 
of  India  bejfoiid  tha  Oangea,  hia  inlelllgcnco  waa  anil 
mora  dcfecli**,  and  hie  errora  more  enonnoiia.  I  abnil 
ha**  oeeaeioii  lo  ohaerve,  in  another  place,  that  he  baa 
placed  Iha  country  of  the  Herea,  or  China,  no  leia  than 
aiily  degreea  furlhei  eaat  than  ita  true  poailion.  M 
d'Anirille,  one  of  ilia  moat  learned  and  inluliigeiil  of  the 
modern  niographara,  baa  ael  thia  matter  in  a  clear  light, 
in  two  Jiaaarlalion*  publiahad  in  Mem  du  rAcaduni. 
i»»  Inacript.  tu.  torn,  iiiii.  p.  S79.  604. 

NoTi  [7].  p.  71.— It  I*  remarkable,  that  the  dia- 
coveriea  of  the  ancienta  were  made  chiclly  by  land  ; 
Ihoaa  of  tha  modama  ara  carried  on  chicNy  by  aea. 
Tha  progToaa  of  coni)uaal  led  to  the  former,  that  of 
eoinmerna  to  Iha  latter.  It  ia  a  iudicioua  obavrration 
of  Miraho,  that  tha  oonqueala  ol  Aleaandcr  the  Orcat 
mad*  known  Iha  Kaat,  thoaa  of  the  Itomana  opmii'd  llio 
Weal,  and  thoaa  of  Mithridatoa  King  of  Ponlua  the 
North.  Lib.  i.  p.  ffl.  When  diacovery  ia  carried  on 
Dy  land  alono,  ita  progreaa  mual  be  alow  and  ita  ojiera- 
liona  conlined.  When  it  ia  carried  on  only  by  aoa,  ila 
(pher*  may  be  more  eitenaive,  and  ita  advancoa  more 
lapid ;  bui  it  labora  under  peculiar  dufecta.  Though 
It  may  make  known  the  poaition  of  dilTurent  coimtriea, 
and  aaeerlain  their  boundariea  aa  far  aa  theae  ara  deter- 
mined  by  the  ocean,  it  leavua  ua  in  ignorancu  wilh  re- 
aped lo  ll.jir  iiiturior  alate.  Above  two  centurica  and 
•  half  have  elapacd  aince  the  Kuro|Hiaiia  aailcd  round 
Iba  aouthern  promontory  of  Africa,  and  have  traded  in 
mnal  of  ila  porta ;  but,  in  a  conaiderablo  part  uf  that 
great  coniinoni,  they  have  done  little  more  than  ajrvey 
Ila  coaati,  and  mark  ita  capea  and  harbora.  Ila  interior 
regiona  are  in  a  great  inoaauie  unknown.  The  an- 
cienta, who  had  a  very  imperfect  knowledgo  of  ila 
coaata,  except  where  thuy  are  waahcd  by  Ino  Medi- 
terranean or  Ked  Mea,  were  accuatomed  to  iwnotrate 
into  ita  inltrd  provincea.  and,  if  »/o  may  rely  on  the 
tealiinoi.y  of  llerodulut  and  Uiodorua  SicuIud,  had  ex- 
plf-iic  many  parte  of  it  now  al'ogeilier  unknowr..  Un- 
ll*  both  inudea  of  diacovery  lie  united,  the  geogrnplii- 
cal  knowledge  of  the  earth  inuat  remain  incoiiipiele  and 
iiiaccurale. 

Nora  [81.  p.  78.— The  noliona  of  the  ancienta  con- 
evrniiig  aucn  an  excoaalvo  degree  of  heat  in  the  torrid 
lone  aa  rendered  it  uninhabitable,  and  their  peralating 
in  thia  error  lung  after  they  began  to  have  aoino  coni- 
inorcial  inlercourae  with  aeveral  parta  of  India  lylnn 
within  the  tropica,  mual  appear  ao  aingular  and  abauril, 
that  it  may  not  be  unaccepiablo  to  aoino  of  my  readcra 
to  produce  evidence  of  ihrir  holding  thia  opinion,  and 
10  account  for  the  apparent  inronaiatcnce  of  their 
theory  with  their  eiperieiice.  Cicero,  who  had  be- 
atowcd  attention  upon  every  part  of  philoaoiihy  known 
lo  the  ancienta,  aeoma  to  havo  believed  ihat  .he  torrid 
aone  waa  uninhabitable,  and,  of  conaequence,  that  there 
conid  be  no  intvrcourae  between  the  northern  and 
aouthern  tcm|>eratu  zonea.  Me  introduce*  Africanua 
thua  addictaing  the  younger  Scipio :  "  You  aeii  thia 
earth  encompassed,  and  as  it  were  bound  in  hy  certain 
lonea,  of  which  two,  at  the  greatest  distance  from  cdch 
other,  and  aualoining  the  opposite  poles  of  heaven,  are 
frozen  with  pcr|ietual  cold ;  the  midille  one,  and  the 
largest  of  all,  ia  burnt  wilh  the  beat  of  the  sun ;  two 
ara  habitable ;  the  people  in  the  aouthern  ono  are  anli- 
|oda*  to  ua,  with  whom  we  hava  no  connection." 


AiaiMniM  tiiftmil,  a.  •.  (lemlnua,  *  <  lr**k  philaaaliar, 
ceiil*m|ior*ry  with  (.'Icero,  dalivai*  lb*  tain*  dostrina, 
full  iria  |>u|iuUr  work,  but  m  liia  l-'t'f'«)>Hiyit  m  *P>tiK*iH*'it 
*  liialitK  purely  Miriilillo.  "  V\  lum  wu  iprak,"  aaya 
be,  "  uf  ihu  Miullirrn  Icinprral*  aoiin  and  lis  liiliabilania, 
and  rnnrnrtiing  llioae  who  are  rallid  anli|HHlaa,  it  iiiuat 
III!  alwaya  iiridi<riliHHl,  Ihal  we  have  no  irrlain  know- 
bilge  iir  inriirinalionrumrriiiiigllitiauiillivrn  li'iiiperale 
iiiiw,  whrllirr  ll  be  inliabiU'iT  or  ikiI.  Hut  I'luiii  lliu 
•pliiriral  llgur*  of  lb*  •arlli,  and  the  ruurae  »hich  ihi' 
»iii  hiilda  lialween  ihe  tropica,  we  runclude  lliat  there 
i<  arinihrr  son*  ailiialed  lo  ih*  aiiulh,  which  enjuya  ilie 
■aniii  drgrea  of  teiniieralur*  wilh  Ih*  noillirin  one 
whii'h  w*  inhabit."  (.ap.  xiii.  p.  ill.  ap.  I'vlavii  l))iua 
da  lloelr.  Tamper.  In  quo  llranulogium  aiva  Hyaleinala 
var.  Auclorum.  Amai.  170ft.  vul.  3.  Tha  o|iinion  nf 
I'liny  Ih*  naturahal,  wilh  r*a|Mict  In  both  Ihea*  |ialiila, 
waa  Ih*  aaiiie  :  "  There  are  live  diviaiona  uf  llm  rarlh, 
which  am  called  tonea.  All  Ihat  |Hiriii>n  whii'h  Ilia 
near  to  the  two  oppoaite  pole*  ia  npprvaard  with  velw- 
menl  cold  and  eternal  froal.  Thrra,  iiiible>a«d  wilh 
Ihv  aa|i«ct  of  milder  aliira,  perpetual  darkneaa  reigns,  or 
at  the  ulmoal,  a  feeble  light  ri'lleetcd  Iruiii  aurruiiiidiiig 
anowa.  The  middle  of  tliu  earth,  in  wliii  b  la  Ihe  orbit 
of  Ih*  aun,  ia  acorched  and  burnt  up  with  Haniea  and 
Aery  va|ior.  Iliilween  theae  torrid  and  frozen  diairida 
he  two  other  portHiiia  uf  the  earth,  which  are  iriniMirale  ; 
hut,  nu  arcuiiiit  uf  the  buriiiiig  region  iiiUtr|Hiaeil,  iheie 
can  he  no  comniiinlcalion  between  ibcin.  Thua  Hea- 
ven haa  deprived  ua  of  three  iiarta  of  the  earth."  Lib. 
ii.  c.  ON.  Hirabo  dnlivera  iiia  opinion  lo  Iha  Hina 
rfli'cl,  ill  terina  no  lea*  explicit :  "  The  portion  of  the 
earlh  which  Ilea  near  Ihu  rqnalor,  in  the  torrid  aune,  is 
reiidiirril  uninhabitable  by  heal."  Lib.  ii.  p.  164.  To 
these  I  iiiighl  add  the  authority  of  many  other  rea|iecta- 
blu  pliiliiao|ihera  and  historians  ofantiiiuily. 

In  order  to  explain  the  aenae  in  which  thia  doctrine 
waa  giinerally  received,  we  may  obaerve,  that  I'arinc- 
nidea,  aa  we  are  informed  by  Htrabo,  waa  Ihe  Aral  who 
divided  the  earth  into  Ava  lonea,  and  exiciidrd  Ihu 
limila  of  the  zone  which  ha  aun;iosed  lo  be  uninhabila- 
ble  on  account  nf  heat  lieyond  the  tropica.  Arialollo, 
aa  wo  learn  likewiae  from  Hirabo,  Axed  the  boundariea 
of  the  dilfercnt  lonea  in  the  aaine  manner  aa  they  are 
dellned  hy  modern  grographera.  Uut  the  progreaa  of 
diacovery  having  gradually  demonatrated  that  aeveral 
legions  of  the  earth  which  lay  within  tha  tropica  were 
not  only  habitable,  but  |iopuloua  and  fertile,  ihia  induced 
later  geograpbera  to  circuinacribe  the  liinita  of  the  torrid 
zone.  It  ia  not  eaay  lo  ascertain  with  preciaion  Ihe 
Imiindariea  which  they  allotted  it.  From  a  paaaage  in 
Htrabo,  wlio,  a*  far  aa  I  know,  ia  the  only  author  of 
antiquity  from  whom  wo  receive  any  hint  concerning 
Ihia  a^ibject,  I  ahould  conjecture,  Ihal  Ihoao  who  calcu- 
lated according  Iq  tha  meaauremrnl  of  Ihe  earth  hy 
Kraloaihenea,  auppoaed  Iha  torrid  zone  to  comprehend 
near  aiiteen  degreea,  about  eight  on  each  aide  of  llie 
equator ;  whereaa  auch  aa  followed  the  compulation  of 
I'ualdoniua  allotted  about  twenty-four  degreea,  or  aome- 
what  more  than  twelve  degreea  on  etch  aide  of  the 
equator  to  the  torrid  zone.  Stnbo,  lib.  ii.  p.  ISl.  Ac- 
cording to  tha  former  opinion,  about  two-thirda  of  that 
por'inn  of  tha  earth  which  lie*  between  the  tropica  waa 
conalilercd  aa  habitable  ;  according  to  tlie  latter,  alioul 
nne-hair  of  it.  With  thia  rcatriction,  Ihe  doctrine  of 
the  ancienta  concerning  the  torrid  tone  appear*  less 
absurd ;  and  wo  can  conceive  the  reaaon  of  their  aa- 
anrting  thia  zone  to  be  uninhabitable,  even  after  they 
had  opened  a  communication  with  eeveral  placea  within 
the  troiilca.  When  men  uf  acience  apoke  of  the  torrid 
zona,  tlioy  conaidered  it  aa  it  was  limited  by  the  defi- 
nition of  gcogiaphera  to  aiiteoii,  or  at  the  ulmoat  to 
twenty-four  degreea  ;  and  aa  ihey  knew  alinoat  nothing 
of  the  countries  nearer  to  the  equator  they  might  still  su|i- 
pose  liicin  to  lie  uninhabitable.  In  looae  and  popular  dia- 
cnurso,  thu  name  of  Ihe  torrid  zone  continncd  lo  be  given 
to  all  Ihat  poition  of  the  earth  which  Ilea  within  the  tro- 
pica. Cicero  aeeina  to  havo  been  unacouainted  with  those 
ideaa  of  the  later  geographers ;  and,  adhering  to  thu 
division  of  I'armunidet,  ileacribea  Ihe  torrid  zone  as 
the  largest  of  the  Ave.  Some  of  the  ancienta  rejected 
the  notion  concerning  tbo  intolerable  haal  of  the  torrid 
zone  aa  a  popular  error.  Thia  wo  are  told  by  Plutarch 
was  Ihe  aentiment  of  Pythagoraa ;  and  we  learn  from 
Strabo,  that  Kraloaihenea  and  Polvbiua  had  adopted 
Ihe  aame  opinion,  lib.  ii.  p.  IM.  I'tolemy  aeama  lo 
have  paid  no  regard  to  the  ancient  doctrine  and  opinions 
concerning  the  torrid  zone. 

NoTH  [9].  p.  74. — ^The  court  of  Inquiailion,  vhich 
elTectually  checks  a  spirit  of  liberal  inquiry,  and  of  lite- 
rary improvoinenl,  wncrevot  it  ia  oatabliswd,  wia  un' 


knawn  in  I'atluf  al  In  tha  AAaanlh  eaniufy,  wkaa  llM 
aaa^  of  that  caunliy  ba|an  lliaiiv*y*fleaMdl**a*«fy. 
Mu>*  ihan  a  century  alaiiaed  hi'(nt«  il  waa  liilrodiMaii 
by  Joliii  III  ,  whoaa  rvign  cmnuieiKed  A    U   lAII. 

Not*  [10).  p  7A  —An  inalanca  of  ihia  ia  ralatad  by 
llakl'iyl,  uiMin  lh**ulh«rily  of  ili«  I'onugu***  hiaiuriun 
(lareia  de  lit-aendo.  home  tjigliah  inarelwnia  having 
reaiilsid  1,1  o|H'n  a  irsilu  wiib  lliu  roasi  of  Guinea,  Jolia 
II.  uf  I'urliigal  diaiMlelied  ainlwsaadurs lo  Ddwsid  IV  , 
III  ordir  lo  lay  b«iorrbiin  Ih*  right  which  ha  had  ar- 
i|uiri  d  by  the  I'o|mi's  bull  lu  the  WMnliiion  of  tlwl  cauii' 
liy,  and  lo  rei|uesl  uf  bun  lu  pr-ilnbil  his  subjacia  la  pi» 
aecuie  their  intended  voyage  Kilward  waa  ao  muek 
aallaAnl  with  the  eacliiaivv  lillaof  ilie  I'urtugueaa,  thai 
hu  issued  hia  order*  in  the  l*rm*  which  they  d**ire4. 
Ilakluyl,  Navigationa,  Voyagea,  and  Tralika  of  lk« 
Kiigliah,  vol  11.  |Hirl.  II  p  ii. 

Not*  [W].  p.  7A— Tha  lirne  of  (.'nlumbua'adaatk 
may  lia  nearly  aacartaiiied  by  Iha  follownig  circum* 
aiancps  ll  sppesrs  from  the  fraginciit  of  a lellar  ad> 
dreaaed  by  bun  lu  h'erdiiiand  and  Isalwlla,  A  U.  (Ml, 
Ihal  be  hail  at  that  lime  Iweii  siigagsd  forty  yeara  in  • 
aeafaring  life.  In  another  letter  ha  infornia  iham  tkal 
he  went  to  aea  at  Ihe  age  of  fuuileen  t  from  Uwae  faell 
il  fullowa,  Ihal  ho  was  Iwrn  A  I).  1447.  lafa  ol 
Cbrista  rnlumbUB,  by  hiaaon  Don  Ktrdinawi.  Ckuie* 
hill's  Collecllun  of  Voyagea,  vol.  il.  p.  4114,  4U. 

Nora  [IS],  p.  77.— Tha  apherical  Agiira  of  Iha  earth 
waa  kiiiiwu  to  llie  ancient  geographers  They  iiivrnlMi 
tliii  luetliud,  slill  ill  use,  uf  coiiipuling  the  lungiludu  sihI 
latitude  of  diU'ereiit  places.  Accurding  to  their  doe- 
Irine,  the  inpiator,  or  imaginary  line  which  eneuiii- 
pasaea  the  earlh,  coiilainvd  three  hundred  and  aizly 
degreea  ;  theae  they  divided  intu  twenty-four  perls,  or 
hours,  each  eqiiul  lo  Alteen  degreea.  The  country  ol 
the  Htm  or  Simr,  being  ihu  furtheal  part  of  India 
known  lo  the  ancienta,  waa  au|>paaed  by  Mariiiua  Ty« 
riua,  the  moat  eminent  of  ihv  ancient  geographera  be- 
fore Ptolemy,  lo  be  Aftecn  houra,  or  two  hundred  and 
twenty-live  degreea  lo  Ihn  eaat  of  Ihe  Aral  meridian, 
twaaiiig  througli  tha  Fortunate  lalanda.  Ptolemal 
Ueogr.  lib.  i.  c.  II.  If  Ihia  aiip|iotilion  waa  well 
founded,  the  country  of  the  Serea,  or  China,  waa  only 
nine  houra,  or  one  hundred  and  Ihlrty-Ave  degreea  w«al 
from  the  Fortunate  or  Canary  Island  ;  and  tha  naviga- 
tion in  that  direction  was  much  ahurter  than  by  Om 
courae  which  Ihe  Portuguese  were  pursuing.  Marco 
Polo^  in  his  travela,  had  duacrilied  countiiea,  paiticu- 
larly  the  iaiand  of  Ci|Hingo  or  Zipangri,  auppoaad  to  ba 
Japan,  conaiderably  to  the  eaat  of  any  pail  of  Aaia 
known  lo  Ihe  ancianta.  Marcu*  Paulna  da  Uagion. 
Oriental,  lib.  ii.  c.  70.  lib.  iii.  c.  S.  Of  ceuraa,  thia 
country,  *a  it  extended  further  to  Ihe  eaat,  wi*  atiU 
nearer  to  the  Canary  lalanda.  The  concluaiotia  of  Co- 
lumbua,  though  drawn  I'rom  inaccurate  obaervationa, 
were  jual.  If  the  auppoaitlon*  of  Marinu*  bid  baeo 
well  founded,  and  if  the  countriea  whiiih  Marco  Polo 
viaitiid,  had  been  ailuated  la  the  eaat  of  thoaa  whoaa 
longitude  Marinua  had  aacertained,  the  proper  and  near- 
est couraa  to  the  tiaat  Indiea  mual  hava  been  to  alear 
directly  weal,  llorrera,  dec.  1.  lib.  i.  c.  3.  A  more  ax- 
tenaivo  knowledge  of  the  globe  has  now  discovered 
Ihe  great  error  of  Marinua,  m  auppoaing  China  to  lieAf. 
lean  houra,  or  two  hundred  and  twenty-five  degreea 
eaat  from  Ihe  Canary  lalanda ;  and  that  even  Plmemy 
was  mistaken,  when  he  reduced  the  longitude  of  China 
lo  twelve  hours,  or  oiiu  hundred  and  eighty  degreea. 
The  loiigitudu  of  the  wrstcrn  frontier  of  Ihat  vaai  em- 
pire is  seven  hours,  or  one  hundred  and  fifteen  degrtes 
from  Ihe  meridian  of  the  Canary  lalanda.  But  Cmum- 
bua  followed  ihe  light  which  hia  age  alToided,  ant  relied 
upon  the  uiilhoriiy  of  writera,  who  were  at  that  lime 
rcganlvd  aa  thu  instructors  and  guides  of  mankind  in 
Ihe  science  of  geography, 

NoTK  [13].  p.  70. — As  the  Portuguese,  in  making 
thnir  discoveries,  did  not  depart  far  from  the  coaal  et 
Africa,  they  concluded  that  birds,  whose  flight  they  ob- 
served with  great  attention,  did  not  venture  to  any  con- 
diderable  dista^icu  from  land.  In  Iha  infancy  of  navi- 
gation it  waa  not  known  Ihal  birda  often  atrolchad  their 
Highl  to  an  immenaa  diatance  from  any  ahora.  In  aail- 
ing  towarda  tha  Weal  Indian  lalanda,  bird*  are  often 
*een  *t  the  di*tance  of  two  hundred  leaguea  from  th* 
neareal  coaat.  Sloane'a  Nat.  Hist,  of  Jamaica,  vol.  i. 
p.  30.  Catesby  saw  an  o'xl  at  sea  when  the  ahip  waa 
aix  hundred  leaguea  dialant  from  land.  Nat.  Hiat.  ol 
Carolina,  prcf.  p.  7.  Hial.  Natnrelle  de  M.  Buffon, 
loin.  xvi.  f.  33.    From  which  it  a(i|iaan  that  tliia  indi 


liniRRT«nN'l   IIIITORT  OF 


««Hk  HUM  (williliiM*,  OM  »nnm»ij  MiManain 
•  •bMfttIMn  la  «enllrm«ii  by  I 'apt  ('auk,  ih*  nHMl 
•  llantif*  «iul  ••|Mrirm>«l  iiaviK«iiH  a(  (iiy  iK*  or  IM 
IMM  "  Nil  una  yai  kiMwa^My*  h«)  la  wtial  diaUiifa 
mj  at  \h»  MMiiM  k4(il«  |a  M  •*•  i  An  my  ««n  |Mrt,  I 
4»  Ml  iMilw«*  l)i*t  ilwn  M  DM  In  Iha  whel*  Irilw  lh«l 
•M  IM  nliml  an  in  p»inlin|i*iil  iha  ficniihi  af  Uiul  " 
V*|f(|*  (•wtni*  Ik*  Huulh  l"!!!!,  «al   i  p  t7i 

NoTi  rU)  p  tl  —III  (  lotiar  of  Ih*  Ailminl'a  la 
frnllMiM  «IM  IwbvlU,  Im  i|p«-rilm  otiii  of  ili«  har- 
kan  in  <'ub«  «ilh  til  lli*  •iiikuaiMiie  •ilmiralion  of  • 
4ut<n*nt  "  I  iliara>anMl  *  ri«*r  whuh  •  (*Mry 
Mniil  •••ll]r  tnlM  lh«  Iwtiity  of  il  imiIucmI  mx  lo 
Wiiml,  (iHi  I  (oiiiiil  from  A««  lu  righl  ftihoini  nf  wtlsr 
llt«in|i  proranlfil  •  ronauiarahla  way  tin  Ih*  rivrr, 
•••rjr  tiling  iii«ila<i  iiw  lu  a«lil«  Ikara  'I  m  liMiily  of 
Um  n<nt,  Um  clMFMaa  of  ilw  walvr  lhrau|<h  whwn  I 
••uU  a«a  th*  aaiitly  hotluiii,  Iha  miilliliida  of  palm 
UfM  of  diiri'cani  Itiiida,  ll.a  lallral  and  Hiiail  I  hwl 
Man,  ami  an  inlliiita  niiiiilHir  uf  ulhcr  [u\i<i  anil  Aim- 
riahing  Iraaa,  Iha  birJi,  anil  lh»  «i>nlur«  of  iha  plaina 
•r*  ao  wondarfully  baauliful,  Ihal  ihia  loiinlry  varria 


■il  atkan  u  far  aa  iha  ilay  aurpaatoa  Ih*  nighl  in 
kr'|hln*aa  and  ijilriMlor,  aa  lhal  I  ofian  aaid  Ihai  ,1 
•  inhl  h*  in  nam  far  niu  la  aiiainni  lo  f\»  your  Hi||h 


1 1  full  acaaiinl  of  il,  for  nriihar  my  loiitfii*  nor  my 
fan  eauld  com*  up  lo  lh«  tnilh  ;  and  indi'nl  I  am  au 
•  arh  amaud  al  Ilw  aii|hl  of  aiirh  Iwauly,  thai  I  know 
tlclhaw  lodaacrlba  il.''     I<if*af  l^ulumb.  «  SO. 

Nora  [ISI.  p.  tl— Th*  arfonnl  whk-h  (\iliir-hut 

«i«*a  of  lh«  humanity  and  orderly  Iwhatiiir  of  Iho  im- 
•a*  en  tkia  ocraiion  ia  tiry  •irihinK  "ihakii.j 
laaya  ha  in  a  lallar  to  Kridinaixl  ami  laaJN  lla)  hatir;( 
Wan  iubnacd  of  our  ini'foriiinv,  aii.raaaoil  nraal  grirf 
IW  our  loa*.  and  iniinodiataly  a*nt  aboard  all  Iha  pac- 
ala  in  Ik*  plaira  in  many  lar|ii  caiiova :  wa  Boon  un- 
laadtd  ika  akip  of  vMry  lliing  that  waa  upon  daek.  a* 
Ika  king  g*>*  iia  great  aaaialanco  :  ho  hlinaalf,  wilh  hia 
krolkara  and  rnlaliana,  look  all  poaaibl*  tara  thai  avary 
thing  ahould  ba  properly  dona,  both  aboard  aiiU  jn  thnra. 
Ami,  from  lima  to  lima,  ha  aani  aoni*  of  hi*  ralation* 
tii**ping,  U>  b*g  of  m«  not  la  b«  di'jcetvd,  for  ha 
troiild  gi<a  ro*  all  lhal  ha  hail.  I  ran  aaaur*  your 
Highnraana,  lhal  ao  much  rara  enuld  not  h*«a  ttaan 
lakan  in  aaeuring  our  *ir*cta  in  any  part  uf  Apain,  aa 
•II  our  pro|nrly  waa  put  lo^lhnr  in  on*  placa  iifar  hia 
palaca,  until  iho  houaaa  which  ha  wanted  to  prfparo  for 
Iha  cualad*  of  it  wor«  •inpiird  lie  iinnediately  placed 
■  guard  of  arinad  men,  who  watched  during  the  whole 
night,  and  thuaa  on  ahore  lamenliid  aa  if  ihey  had  Iwen 
much  inlerealed  in  our  loaa.  Tlia  people  are  ao  alTce- 
tionat*.  ao  tractable,  and  ao  pvacealile,  that  I  awear  tn 
jrour  llighncaaea,  that  there  ia  not  a  heller  race  of 
men,  nor  a  heller  rnunlry  in  the  world.  Thiiy  Ioto 
their  neighbor  aa  Ihemaelirea  ;  their  converaalian  i*  the 
aweataal  and  mildeal  in  the  world,  cheerful  and  alwaya 
■ceoiMpanied  with  a  amila.  And  although  il  ia  Irua 
lhal  Ihay  go  naked,  y*l  your  lllghnoaae*  may  be  aa- 
aercd  that  Ihey  ha>a  many  very  coiiiinrndable  cuilonia  ; 
Ilia  king  <a  aerved  with  great  atate,  and  hia  behavior  la 
ao  decent  that  it  ia  pleaaant  to  aee  him,  aa  it  ia  likvwiaL 
to  obaerre  the  wonderful  memory  which  thrae  proiiln 
have,  and  their  dcair*  of  knowing  every  thing,  which 
leade  Ihom  to  immire  into  ila  cauao  and  elTeclf ."  I,if» 
of  Columbua,  c  33.  Il  ia  probable  lhal  the  Sjianlanla 
ware  indebted  for  Ihia  offlcioua  attention  to  the  opinion 
which  Iha  Indian*  enlerlaiiiod  of  tham  aa  a  au|iariur 
onlar  of  being*. 

NoTi  [16].  p.  S3. — Every  monument  of  auch  a 
man  aa  Columbua  i*  valuable.  A  latter  which  ho  wrote 
lo  Ferdinand  and  laabella,  deacribing  what  paaaeil  on 
Ibia  oceaaion,  eihiblla  a  moat  atriking  uicturo  of  hi* 
intrepidity,  hi*  humanity,  hia  priidenca,  hi*  public  api- 
ril,  and  courtly  addreaa.  "  I  would  have  liccn  loaa 
concerned  for  thia  miafortnne  had  I  alono  been  in  daii- 

Kr,  both  becBuae  my  life  ia  a  debt  that  I  owe  to  Iho 
preme  Creator,  ana  becauae  I  have  It  other  time* 
hran  expoaed  to  the  moat  immlnant  haiard.     Uul  what 

Co  ma  intinile  grief  and  vaiation  waa,  that  alter  it 
ploaaed  our  Ixird  to  give  ma  faith  lo  undertako  thi* 
■ntaipriaet  in  which  I  hwl  now  been  ao  auceaaaful,  that 
my  opponent*  would  have  been  convinced,  and  Iha 
glory  of  your  HlKhncaara,  and  the  cxtont  of  your  tnr- 
ntory,  increased  hv  iiic  ;  it  ahould  pleaao  the  Divine 
Majeaty  lo  atop  all  bv  in^  death.  All  Ihia  would  have 
been  more  tolerable  had  it  not  been  attended  with  the 
baa  of  ihoae  men  whom  I  had  carried  with  mo,  upon 
°ii  of  the  glMWM  protporily,  who,  aeeing  Ibeut- 


•elvo*  In  (uak  dtalraaa,  •aned  eel  only  lh*i«  aamlng 
along  wiih  ■«*,  kill  thai  f**r  and  awe  af  me  wkwk 
pravanlad  Ihrni  I'toin  relurhuig,  oa  Ihey  alien  kail 
r«awt>»d  10  ha**  dmia.  Mm  hatiilna  all  Ihta,  my 
aitrruw  waa  grvally  iiwraaood  by  rnulU'lliig  lhal  I  hiul 
1*11  my  Iwu  aiina  al  «'huul  al  I  urduva,  aaaliiiil*  uf 
frianda,  in  a  lorfftgn  I'liiinlry,  wlivn  it  ruiilil  nni  in  all 
priilMlMlily  Im  kniii*n  that  I  had  dona  aurh  •ervir**  aa 
iiiighl  inijui'if  yuiir  llighneawa  In  ramanilwr  ihem 
Ami  ihuuuh  I  lunilariau  inyixlf  with  iii*  laiih  that  uur 
liAtd  wiiuid  nut  mrniil  that  which  Irmlril  lu  itiurh  lu 
Ih*  gk>ry  ol  hu  I  hiirrh,  (ml  whuh  I  Iwd  limiiyhl  almut 
with  a4»  miirh  Iroubl*,  to  remain  nH|i«'rU'«t,  y«i  I  can- 
aulaiwl,  thai,  on  arcuiiiil  uf  my  aina,  it  waa  lua  will  In 
dapfiva  HM  of  that  gktry  whii'h  I  mighl  h*«*  tllain«d  In 
Ihia  witrkt  Whiln  iii  Ihia  ruiifuwd  aialv,  I  Ihuiighl  an 
Ih*  good  forluii*  which  arronipaHiea  yimr  llighnvaaaa. 
and  imogiiird  that  alihwigh  I  ahould  |H<ruh,  aiiJlh*  vr*- 
aal  l>*  Toal,  it  waa  iioaailila  lhal  you  niiuhl  aoinnhuw 
roina  to  th*  knowl**lg»  uf  my  voyaga,  aiul  th*  aui'ci  aa 
with  which  It  waa  atlrndod  Kor  lliat  r«aaaii  I  wrulii 
upon  parrhiiMOil  wilh  the  brevity  which  Iha  aituaiiun 
rai|Mirrd,  lhal  I  had  diaruvrrrd  the  laiida  whwh  I  pro- 
mia*d,  in  how  many  daya  I  liad  dona  il,  ami  what  courae 
I  had  follnwad.  I  manlioiwd  th*  goodn**a  of  th*  eniin' 
try,  th*  charactar  of  the  inhabiunia,  ami  thai  your 
llighneaae*'  auhjael*  were  Ivft  in  pmaraaiun  of  all  lhal 
I  had  diaeov*r*d.  Having  aeaird  tbia  writing,  I  ad- 
dreaani  il  to  your  lllghnoaaea,  and  unimiard  a  thou- 
aaiul  Jiirala  lo  any  (HirBon  who  ahould  deliver  il  aoalad, 
au  iImI  if  any  furvignar  found  it,  the  promiard  raward 
mi|;)ii  prevail  mi  them  not  lo  give  iha  infonnallon  lu 
another.  I  than  eauaad  a  greet  caak  tn  be  brought  to 
me,  and  wrauping  up  the  ijarchinanl  in  an  oiled  clulh, 
ami  afiarwarda  in  a  cak*  of^wai,  I  put  it  into  the  caak, 
and  having  olofiiad  it  wall,  I  ccal  it  into  tha  aea.  All 
Iha  man  bolievaki  thai  il  waa  aoma  act  of  devolioii 
Inivjiiunf  lhal  Ikia  naigkl  never  chance  to  b*  taken  up, 
a*  die  thiDaaoaraackKj  nearer  to  Mpain,  I  made  another 
|iackal  Ilka  the  Urol,  and  placed  it  al  the  lo|i  of  the 
(loop,  ao  thai,  if  die  ah.p  aiink,  Iha  caak  ri'iiuining 
above  water  m%bl  b*  saoimiltad  lo  tha  guidaiic*  of 
fortune." 


NoTi  (IT]  f.  n  — fliMM  apaKiah  aelhoia,  with  tha 
meanneaa  of  naliaaal  jeahnay,  nava  ofMbavervd  lo  de- 
tract from  Iha  glory  M  Uulumbua,  by  intinuaiing  llwl 
ha  waa  led  lothe  diacevery  ol  ine  New  Wurkl,  not  by 
hia  own  inventive  or  enlerprioing  geniue,  hut  by  infor- 
mation which  ha  hod  received  Aceufriiiig  Wi  their  ac- 
count a  vaaaal  having  licon  driven  from  lie  e»ur*e  by 
aaaterly  winda,  waa  earned  b«for*  them  far  lo  the 
weal,  ami  landoil  un  Ihe  coaal  of  an  unknown  country, 
from  which  it  relumed  with  dilDculiy  i  Iha  pilot  and 
throe  aailor*  being  th*  only  ptrarna  who  auivived  the 
diatrcaaea  which  the  crew  aulfured  from  want  of  pro- 
viaiona  and  fatigue  In  Ihia  lon^  voyaga.  In  a  few  daya 
after  their  arrival,  all  the  four  died  ;  but  the  pilot  liav- 
ing  been  received  into  the  hona*  of  Columbua,  hia  in- 
timalo  friend  diicloved  to  him  before  hia  death,  the 
aerret  of  tha  diKOvery  which  he  had  accidentally  made, 
and  left  him  hia  papera  containing  a  journal  of  ttie  voy- 
age, which  (erved  aaa  guide  to  (!oluinbua  in  hia  un- 
torlaking.  Uoinara,  aa  far  aa  I  know,  ia  llie  Aral  au- 
thor wim  publiahej  Ihia  alary.  HIal.  e.  19.  Every 
circumatitnce  ia  deatituta  of  evidence  to  Bup|iorl  it. 
Neither  the  name  of  the  veaaci  nor  il*  daatination  ia 
known.  Some  pretend  that  it  belonged  to  one  of  tlie 
aea|iort  towna  in  Andaliiaia,  and  wa*  aailing  either  to 
Iho  Canarie*  or  to  Madeira ;  other*,  lhal  it  waa  a  Bia- 
cayiier  in  ita  way  lo  England  ;  othara,  a  Portugueao 
ahip  trading  on  the  coaat  of  Guinea.  The  name  of  Ihe 
pilot  ia  alike  unknown,  aa  well  aa  that  of  tha  port  in 
which  he  landed  on  hia  return.  According  to  aome,  il 
waa  in  PorlunI ;  according  to  othera,  in  Madeira,  or 
Ihe  Aiorea.  The  year  in  which  thi*  voyage  waa  made 
ia  no  loaa  uncertain.  Monaon'a  Nav.  Tracta.  Churchill 
iii.  371.  No  mention  i*  made  of  thia  pilot,  or  hia  dia- 
coveriaa,  by  And.  Bemakloa,  or  Pet.  Martvr,  tlie  con- 
temporarica  of  Columbua.  Hcrrora,  with  hia  uaual 
judgmcnl,  paaae*  over  il  in  eilonco.  Oviedo  takaa  no- 
tice of  thia  report,  but  eonaider*  it  a»a  tale  Al  only  to 
amiiae  the  vulgar.  Hiat.  lib.  ii.  c.  3.  A*  Coluinbui 
hold  hia  courae  dirr«tly  weal  from  the  Canarie*,  etid 
never  varied  it,  aome  later  author*  have  auppooed  that 
ihia  uniformity  ia  a  proof  of  hia  being  guidcu  by  aoma 
previou*  information.  But  they  do  not  recollect  Ihe 
jiriiiciplea  on  which  ho  fouiidc.  all  hia  hopeaof  aue- 
ceu,  that  by  holding  a  woatorly  courae  he  rauat  cer- 
tainly arrivo  at  thoao  regiona  of  the  eaat  doaeribed  by  Ihe 
ancient*.  Hi*  firm  belief  of  hi*  own  ayatem  led  him  to 
take  lhal  courae,  aud  lo  punue  it  witlwut  dovhtion. 


The  Hpanianta  are  ael  Ike  eidy  paofila  wka  kkM 
aatlatl  In  i|u**iia«  I'olwmbu*'*  alami  la  Ike  keaw  a 
hating  rfiai'ovarni  ,\iii*rira  Hum*  llarman  aullMI 
aat'rihfil  ihi*  honor  to  Martin  llcltaitii  their  •'uiiiitrymMla 
Ma  *a*  of  Ilw  iHilit*  lamily  u(  ih«  llrhaiiiM  ef  Hchwafl^ 
twch,  ritiaen*  nf  Ihe  Ural  rank  in  lh«  Inipvflal  lewH  «l 
Nureinbvrg.  Having  aludird  under  Ih*  ralahraled  Jaka 
Muller.  Iielier  known  by  iha  name  uf  liegtimionlanuak 
I.e  ariiuired  am  h  kiiuwbilge  uf  riianiugraiiny  aa  e(i'ii*4 
a  deaire  uf  *a|ilariiig  thiia*  regiuna.  III*  aiiualUHi  ail4 
■(ualiiiea  uf  which  h*  had  Iweii  ariuaioinad,  under  tk*t 
able  inaaler,  lu  iiivvaligal*  and  daairib*      I'lular  th* 

tMiriiiiag*  of  Ih*  Dotcheaa  of  lliirguiidy  h*  repaired  M 
.lalxni,  whilher  Ih*  liim*  of  th*  l'uriugu*a*  dia*av*ria« 
intileil  all  Ih*  ailtanluruiia  amrila  of  th*  ag*  'I1i*rei 
aa  we  learn  from  Heriiiaii  Hcliadel,  of  whoa*  CKfmmmt 
.Waadi,  a  llerinan  Iraiialatwn  waa  prinli'd  al  Nurem* 
bi'rg,  A  II  UttU,  hia  nieril  aa  a  eu*nHigva|iker  raiaall 
him.  In  ciinjunrliun  with  Ikego  ('ana,  lu  Iha  rummaii4 
of  a  aipiailrun  lltlvd  out  fur  diaeuvery  in  tha  year  IMS. 
In  that  vuvage  he  la  aaid  ii>  have  diaioverad  Ik*  king- 
duni  of  (.'uiign  He  aaltUil  in  th*  kingdmn  of  ■''aval, 
one  uf  th*  .\iore*,  and  waa  a  parlMulal  friend  af  V^ 
luinhua.  Ilarrara,  d*a  I.  lib.  I.  e  t.  Magellae  M 
a  lerrealrial  glob*  huhI*  by  Uehaim,  on  whwh  he  4» 
niiinatraled  lh«  loiira*  that  he  propoaed  to  hold  la 
aeanh  uf  the  coininiiiiiialiun  wilh  Ilw  Noulk  Hea,  wkiak 
Iw  afterward*  diaeovered  (lomara  llial.  e.  19.  liar* 
rera,  dec.  II.  lib.  il.  *.  19  In  ih*  y**r  1493,  UabaiM 
viailed  hia  relatluna  in  Nuremberg,  and  left  with  llwm 
a  map  drawn  wilh  hia  iivn  hand,  which  la  atill  preaarvail 
amimg  ilw  ari'hivea  uf  the  family.  'I'hua  fir  Ika  atery 
uf  Martin  llvhaim  aeem*  to  lie  well  authenticattd ;  but 
Ihe  acpoiinl  of  hia  having  diaeuvered  any  pall  of  Ika 
New  VVurld  appeara  to  Iw  iiwrely  conjectural. 

Ill  lliii  hrat  eiliiiuii,  aa  I  had  at  that  lime  Iwrdly  any 
kiiowliidge  uf  Uehaim  but  what  I  derived  from  a  fHv^ 
liHia  diaaertatiun  ■  Da  vero  Novl  Uihi*  Inventore,'  pub> 
liahed  at  Frankfoit,  A.  1).  ITU,  by  Jo.  Kiid.  Iltuve- 
niua,  I  waa  imiuced,  by  Ihe  autliurily  uf  Harrara,  M 
aup|iaao  lhal  Uehaim  waa  not  a  native  uf  llerinany  | 
but  from  more  full  and  accurate  inlorinatHm,  communk- 
caled  to  me  by  Ih*  Uamad  Ur.  John  llalnhold  Koralar, 
I  am  new  aatiallad  lhal  I  wa*  miilakan.  I)r.  Ferilat 
haa  bean  likewia*  ao  good  aa  to  favor  ina  wilh  a  copy 
of  Uehaim'a  man.  a*  publiahad  by  Uupf,*lma«er  in  kia 
account  of  the  M^'heinalKian*  and  Ariiata  ol  Nurein* 
berg.  From  thia  nap  the  imparfvcliun  of  CMiiwgra- 
pbical  knowlodg*  at  lhal  period  I*  manifeal.  hardly 
one  place  ia  laid  down  in  Ha  true  aiiuation.  Nor  can 
I  diaeovar  from  il  any  laaaon  lo  auppoae  thai  UebaiiB 
bad  Iha  laaal  kuewlatlge  of  any  region  in  Amerlct.  11* 
delineate*,  indeed,  an  eland  to  whicb  ha  give*  th*  nam* 
of  Hi.  Brandon.  Tlua,  II  i*  imaginad,  may  b*  aonw 
|ian  of  (luiana,  *up|ioecd  al  Aral  lo  be  an  lelaiid.  lU 
jilacea  it  in  ilw  aame  latitude  with  Iha  Cape  Vard  iaiee, 
and  I  auapcct  it  to  be  an  imaginary  ialai.d  which  baa 
lieen  admitted  into  aome  ancient  ma|M  on  no  heller 
authority  than  the  legend  of  the  Iriah  Hi.  Brandon,  or 
Brendan,  whuaa  atory  la  au  cluldiahly  fabuloua  aa  to  b« 
unworthy  of  any  iioliru.  Uirald.  Cambrenaia  ip.  Mia- 
aingham  Florilegium  ,*4anctoniin,  p  48T. 

The  pretenaiuna  of  the  WrIeh  lo  the  diacovary  af 
America  •eein  not  to  real  on  *  foundation  much  more 
oolid.  In  the  twelfth  century,  according  to  Powell,  a 
diaputa  having  ariacn  among  the  auna  of  Uwen  Uuy- 
netn.  King  ofNorth  Walea,  concerning  the  aucc***ian 
10  hia  crown,  Madoc,  one  of  ilwlr  nuinbor,  weary  of 
thia  contention,  lititaok  liimaelf  to  oca  in  queJt  of  a 
more  iiuiel  aettlemanl.  II*  aleered  due  weal,  leaving 
Ireland  to  the  North,  and  arrived  in  an  unknown  coun- 
try, which  annearcd  to  him  ao  doairable,  thai  ha  re 
turned  lo  VValva  and  carried  thither  aevcral  of  hia 
adherenta  and  companiona.  Thia  i*  taid  lo  have  hap- 
pened about  the  year  1170,  and  after  thai,  be  and  bia 
colony  were  heard  of  nu  more.  But  it  ia  lo  be  obaerveii, 
that  Powell,  on  whoae  toatimony  Iho  aullienticity  of 
thia  atory  roata,  publiahed  hi*  hiatory  above  (uur  centu- 
rioa  from  the  date  of  tlio  event  which  he  relate*.  Among 
a  peoiile  aa  rude  and  aa  illilarata  a*  the  WeUh  at  that 

Girioil,  ho  memory  of  a  tranaaction  ao  remote  mu*l 
ivc  baen  very  imperfectly  preaerved,  and  wouU  ie< 
quire  lo  be  confirmed  by  eome  author  of  greater  credit, 
and  nearer  to  the  era  of  Madou'a  voyage  than  Powell. 
I.ater  antiijuarie*  have  indeed  appealed  lo  the  teati- 
mony  of  Meredith  ap  Keea,  a  Walah  hard,  who  died 
A.  1).  U7T.  But  he  too  lived  at  auch  a  tliatanc*  ol 
lime  from  the  event,  that  he  cannot  bo  conaidered  aa  • 
witneaa  of  much  mure  credit  than  Powell.  Baaicea, 
hia  vcraea,  publi..hed  by  Hakluyt,  vol.  iii.  p.  I.,  convey 
no  iiiforinalion,  but  that  Maduc,  diaaatianed  with  hi* 
domeatic  aiiuation,  employed  bimaoir  in  aeaicbiug  th* 


r  WW  juiuhIiii*  But  ' «■«  it  ••  •Anil  ih*  | 
•wUi*MWii|r  M  l'»««ir«  >iwnt,  >iil<>*>  lit  lullii«  iK«i 
Mm  «iikiMwu  ««uniry  vthii  h  Muliv  ilian  i«>rnl  hjr  tumi 
liiy  <•••',  m  xiah  •  «aiirM  ••  l*  !•*>•  IraUiHl  in  Iha 
M«th,  <•••  •iiy  iwrl  n(  ,\m¥tw»  'I'h*  m\»\  •kill  ut 
tha  \V>Uh  III  Iha  Iwrllili  rsiilury  WM  harilly  •■ihiiI  in 
wmIi  •  >uy»|{«  II  h*  ni«il«  •ny  ili«  nviry  »l  all.  il  i* 
inni*  pfutMhIa  thai  il  w»a  Mailxira,  or  «iiiir  iiiliar  iil 
Iha  waalarn  wlna  Tha  •lltiiily  of  iha  \V>Uh  l4ti||iiaga 
wilh  Mina  ilialaria  iiiuliaii  In  Aninrii*,  liaa  Inrii  iiioii- 
iMnaO  M  •  rirvuiiivUiti'M  whuh  lunllrnta  ihfr  Iriitli  uf 
Mxliw'a  «uy»^  tlnl  ihal  ainMily  haa  In-aii  uliafitatl 
In  w  (aw  inalaiwaa,  tiul  In  auina  ul  ihaaa  la  ao  ulwunra, 
•r  M  fanriful,  Ihal  mi  I'UiH-lnaiun  r*n  ha  drawn  (ruin 
Um  faaiial  raaamhlanca  uf  a  aiiiall  niiiiiliar  of  wonia 
'lliara  la  a  hirU,  whirh,  ••  fil  aa  la  yal  kiiuwn,  la  fuunil 
•nly  on  Iha  cuaala  ul  Nuulh  Amalira,  from  I'nrI  IVaira 
to  Iha  Niraila  of  Mavallan  II  la  iliatiiuiuiahati  hy  Iha 
nama  of  I'tnguin  I'hia  woiU  in  iha  Walah  Unnuago 
amniiha  WkiHStml.  Ahnoal  all  iha  anihura  who  favor 
Iha  imilanaiana  uf  iha  Walah  lu  iha  iliacovary  of  Ania- 
rioa,  manlion  Ihia  aa  an  irrafranabla  |iru<>f  of  Iha  alfl- 
liilji  •(  Iha  Walah  lantfiiaiia  wilh  ihal  a|jakan  in  ihia 
raamu  of  Amarica  iTui  Mr.  I'ananI,  who  haa  giyaii 
1  ilaarri|iliun  of  iIm  l'an||iiin,  oliaama  Ihal  all  iha  Mnla 
•f  Ihli  ganua  ha«a  hlack  haaila,  "  ao  ihal  wa  niual  ra- 
•wn  airary  lio|ia  (>d>la  ha)  foun<l«>l  on  Ihia  hynilhaaia 
M  rairia«itig  iho  ('ainUian  rata  in  iha  Naw  World  " 
l^iloa  'I ranaacl.  «ol.  Iviil  p.  VI,  Ao.  Haanlaa  Ihia, 
if  Iha  Walah,  luwania  Iha  cloaa  of  Iha  Iwalflh  caiilurjr, 
kad  aalllad  in  anjr  |>arl  of  Ainaru'a,  aonw  lamaina  uf 
Ika  Chrialian  doclrina  and  riiaa  iniiai  have  hecn  found 
among  Ihair  doacundaiila,  whan  Ihay  wara  diacovarad 
■haul  Ihraa  humlrail  yaara  |>aalsriur  lu  Ihair  inigralioii ; 
•  parlod  ao  ahorl  Ihal,  r,  iha  couraa  of  il.  wa  raniuii 
wall  aiimioaa  thai  a'i  KMropaaii  Hiaaa  and  aria  would 
ba  lolally  lorgollvn  l,urd  l.yllleioii,  in  hia  nolaa  to 
Iha  linh  Imik  uf  hia  ;i|«lury  of  Manry  II  ,  l>  371,  haa 
aiainiiivd  what  I'owall  ralatiia  concvrning  Ilia  dia<:ova- 
naa  niada  hy  Madoc,  and  invalidalaa  Iha  Ifulh  of  hia 
aloiy  by  olhar  argunivnia  of  groai  woighl. 

'llM  pralanauina  of  iha  Nufwigiana  lo  iha  dlaeoyrry 
of  Ainarica  arcin  lu  ba  IwlU'r  foundvd  than  Ihoaa  of  Iho 
Garniaiia  ur  Wtilah  'i'hu  iiihabiunia  of  Hcandiiiavia 
wara  rKinaikahIa  in  tha  iniddia  agra  for  Iha  boldiiaaa 
•nd  ailani  of  Ihair  inaraliine  riciiraiona.  In  874,  iha 
Nurwcgiaiia  diat-ovcrml  and  plantvd  a  colony  m  IvaUnd. 
In  M'J,  Ihoy  diacuvvrcd  Uraanlaiid,  and  oalabliahad 
aalllcinunta  tht'ro.  Kroni  llial,  aoma  of  Ihair  naviga- 
lora  prormdi'd  towarda  Iha  weal,  and  diacovarwl  a 
country  mora  inviting  than  ihoaa  horrid  rcgiona  with 
which  lhay  wars  aoi|uamlad.  According  tu  ihaii  ro- 
praacnlalion,  Ihia  country  waa  aaiidy  on  tha  cnaata,  but 
in  Iha  inlariur  |iarti  level  and  covered  with  wood,  on 
which  account  they  aava  il  the  naina  uf  Helli-UnU, 
and  Muk-tnnd,  anu  having  afliirwania  found  aoiiia 
iilania  of  the  vina  which  bore  grapca,  lhay  called  il 
Wn-Uni.  The  credit  of  thia  atory  raala,  aa  far  aa  I 
know,  on  the  authority  of  the  taga,  or  chronicle  nf  King 
Olaua,  roiniMMttd  by  Miiorro  Mlurlonidea,  or  SturUiaiu, 
publiahad  by  Perinakiold,  at  Stockholm,  A.  D.  1697. 
Aa  8norro  waa  born  in  the  year  117B,  hia  chronicle 
might  be  compiled  about  two  conlurioa  after  the  event 
which  he  rrlatea.  Ilia  account  of  the  navigation  and 
diaooveriea  of  Biorn,  and  hia  comfianion  Lief,  ia  a  very 
rude  cunfuaed  tale,  p.  104.  I  ID.  3M.  It  ia  iinpoaaiblu 
to  diacover  from  him  what  |>art  of  America  it  waa  in 
which  the  Norwouiana  landed.  Accurdingj  to  hia  ac- 
couni  of  the  loiii|lli  of  the  duya  and  nighia,  it  :nual  have 
been  aa  far  north  aa  the  hfly-eighlh  degree  nf  latitude, 
on  Bome  part  of  the  coaal  of  Labradore,  approaching 
near  to  the  entry  of  lludaoira  Siraita.  Ura|Hia  cer- 
tainly are  not  the  production  of  that  country.  Torfoue 
aup|>Mca  Ihal  there  la  an  error  in  the  ten,  by  rectify- 
ing of  which  the  place  where  the  Norwegiana  landed 
may  be  auppoaed  lo  be  aitualed  in  latitude  49".  Uul 
neither  ia  that  Iha  rogiun  of  the  vina  In  America. 
From  peruaing  Snorro  a  tale,  t  ahould  think  that  the 
aitualion  of  Newfoundland  correaponda  beat  with  that 
of  Ih"  country  diacuvered  by  the  Norwegiana.  tirapea, 
howavert  are  not  the  production  uf  that  barren  iMand. 
Other  coniecturea  are  mentioned  by  M.  Mallei,  Inlrod. 
■  I'Hial.  de  Uannem.  175,  dec.  I  am  not  aulflciently 
acquainted  with  the  literature  of  tha  north  lo  examine 
them.  Il  aeema  inanifeal,  that  if  tha  Norwegiana  did 
diacoaar  anv  |«rt  of  America  at  that  period,  their  at- 
lompt  In  plant  colonica  proved  unaucceaaf  il,  and  all 
knowledge  of  it  .vaa  aoon  loat. 

NoTi  [18].  p.  83.— Peter  Martyr,  ab  Angleria,  a 
Milanrie  gentleman,  raiiding  at  that  lime  in  the  court 
fti  Spaio,  whosa  Icttcn  t  sutaia  an  iscount  of  tbo  tiaoa- 


MtloM  A  tiMI  pirtad,  hi  ifct  imtar  wkaratn  lhay  aa- 1 
t'urrad,  daarrihva  Iha  •anliniahia  wtlh  whi'h  h«  hintaalf 
and  hia  laarnwd  t-ufrai|HHidanla  wi^vm  allrriad  In  vary  : 
alfHlIng  Urma  "  I'ra  katilia  pruailuiaaa  la,  vi«,|iia  a 
Ui'liryiiiia  pr«  gaudio  lain|i«ra««>t,  •|Ma(iil*)  lilaraa  aila- 
|i«iiali  iMvaa  i)iiinM»,  da  aiiti(H>ilitHt  itrlw  Uianii  hac-ia- 
iiiia,  la  f'vrliurain  fat'i,  nti  a(i4«i«aiiiia  t'»iii|riii)i,  inaitui. 
aati  l)l  hila  i|iaa  lilaria  I'tilligti,  i|iMd  ■«tiaerla  Han 
•  lati  aiitain,  laiitii|iia  ram  Ivnait,  ,|imnii  viruiti  aiimina 
tliM'trma  Itialgnlluill  ilai-tiil  (Jtila  naiii,|iln  (.'lliila  atilill- 
iiiilMia  ^ir»alari  |H»ti<«i  iM||ritiiB,  lattt  auatuir  '  ))iiihI  riiii 
tltiiiriiitiin  gratiua  '  A  inv  fai'i*!  I'lMiiaciurani  llaaii 
aanlwi  apirilua  inaaa,  tpiatida  aceitua  altuifnor  priidahlaa 
aliqiMM  aa  hw  i)Ui  ah  aa  radauni  pruvim'ia  litiplii'rnl 
animoa  paviiniarum  aiiinulia  augandia  inlaari  avari,  litii- 
ilihihua  uttatiani  ,  nualraa  ihm  iiiaiitea,  |HMli|iiain  lH>u 
pleni  alhpiaittlo  fuariiniia,  ronlaiiiplaiidu,  hiiiiiaramuili 
raruia  nouiia  damukiawua."  lipial.  IM,  I'uiiipuniu 
l,ato. 

Nora  (19)  p  84 — No  (Irmly  wara  man  ofaeianra. 
in  Iha'.  age,  |wr><iadad  Ihal  Ilia  ruunlriaa  whuh  I 'oluin- 
hua  had  diaeoviirpd  wara  conneclad  with  Ilia  Kaal  In- 
diea,  Ihal  Uanahlaa,  Iha  ('iira  da  loa  I'alacMa,  who 
aaaina  lo  have  liaen  no  ineonaidaralile  pfoOcirul  in  tha 
knowladga  of  roamography.  cunlanda  that  I'ulw  waa 
not  an  laTaml,  buta  |iarl  of  Iha  conlinanl,  and  united  lu 
the  domnilona  of  the  Ureal  Khan  'Ihia  ha  delivered 
aa  hie  opinion  lo  I'olumbua  himaall,  who  waa  hie  giiaal 
for  aoina  lima  on  hia  return  from  hie  aarond  voyaga  \ 
and  ha  aupporla  it  by  aavaral  argumania,  iiioaily  fouiidiii 
on  Iha  aiiihorily  of  ,Sir  John  Mandavilla  MH.  ftiut  mr. 
Anioniii  Uallo,  who  waa  aacralary  to  the  iiiagialraey  of 
llanoa  luwarde  the  cloaa  of  tha  (iftranlh  century,  pul>- 
liahad  a  ahorl  accotinl  a(  the  navigaiiona  and  diacuverive 
of  hia  countryman  I'oluiiibua,  aniiaxed  to  hia  OpiiMMila 
llialorica  da  Keliua  I'opull  (lenuenaia  :  in  wimh  ha 
infurma  ua,  fruiii  lellere  uf  Columbua  which  lie  hlinaelf 
had  aeeii,  Ihal  it  waa  hia  opinion,  fouiidi  d  iiuon  nautical 
obaervaliona,  Ihal  one  of  the  lalaiida  he  hail  diacuvered 
waa  dialaiil  only  two  houra  or  thirty  degraaa  from  (lal- 
ligara,  which,  in  the  charta  of  Iha  gcograpliara  of  Ihal 
age,  wai  laid  down,  upon  the  aulhurily  uf  I'tnlemy,  lib 
VII.  e.  U,  aa  Iha  moat  caaieriy  place  ill  Aaia.  Kruin  tlila 
ha  concluded,  that  if  aonio  unknown  conlmeni  did  not 
ubalruci  Iha  navigaliuii,  there  iiiuil  lie  a  ahurt  and  aaay 
acccea,  by  holding  a  weaterly  couraa,  to  ihia  eitrenie 
region  ol  the  Eaal.  Muialori  Hcriploraa  Uer.  Ilalica- 
ruin,  vol.  iiiU.  p.  1104. 

NoTi  {10]  p.  84.— Darnaldea,  tha  Cura  or  Hector 
da  loa  I'alacioa,  a  conieiii|iorary  writer,  aajia,  Ihal  Hvh 
hundred  of  theae  caplivea  were  aeni  lo  Nuaiii,  and  aold 
publicly  iu  Haville  aa  alavea  ;  but  ihal,  liy  the  cliaiine 
uf  climate  and  their  inability  to  bear  Iho  laligiie  of  lalwr, 
they  all  died  in  a  ahurt  tune.     MS.  ^caca  ma. 

NoTi  [St],  p.  88. — (^lumbua  aeema  lo  have  formed 
aomo  vary  aingular  opiniona  concerning  the  coiiiitiiea 
which  ha  liad  now  diacuvered.  The  violent  awell  and 
agitation  of  tha  walon  on  the  coaal  of  Trinidad  led  him 
lo  conclude  ihia  lo  be  the  highoal  part  uf  the  lerraipie- 
oua  globe,  and  he  iinaginid  that  varioiia  circumalancca 
concurred  in  proving  that  the  aea  waa  here  viaibly  ele- 
vated. Having  adopted  thia  errnneoua  principle,  the 
apparent  beauty  of  Ine  country  induced  him  lo  fall  in 
with  a  notion  of  Sir  John  Maiuleville,  c.  lOS,  that  the 
lorreatrial  paradiae  waa  the  higlieal  land  in  the  caith  ; 
and  he  lielieved  thai  he  had  lieun  au  lurlunate  aa  lu  dia- 
cover Ihia  happy  abode.     Nur  uughl  wo  to  think  il 


atrange  that  a  ueraon  of  oo  much  aagacily  ahould  be 

"  by  the      ' 
author  aa  Mandevillo.     Columbua  and  the  other  diacu- 


influenced  by  the  opinion  or  reporia  of  audi  a  fabuluua 


Vetera  were  obliged  to  follow  auch  guidua  aa  tley  could 
And  ;  and  il  appvara  from  aeveral  |iaa«agoa  in  the  inaiiii- 
acript  of  Andr.  Bernaldea,  the  friend  of  Columbua,  that 
no  iiiconaiderable  degree  of  credit  waa  given  to  the  lea- 
timony  of  Mandavilla  in  that  ago.  Oonialdea  rrei)uantly 
quotaa  him,  and  alwaya  wilh  reapact. 

Nora  [331.  p.  87.— It  ia  remarkable  that  neither 
Oomar*  nor  Oviedo,  the  moat  ancient  Spaniah  hiato- 
riana  of  America,  nor  Herrara,  conaider  Ojeda,  or  hie 
comiiaiiiun  Voapurci,  aa  the  firat  diocoveren  of  the  con- 
tinent of  America.  They  uniformly  aocribo  thia  honor 
to  Columbua.  Some  have  auppoaed  that  national  ra- 
aenlment  againat  Veapueci,  for  deserting  the  aervice  of 
Spain,  and  entering  into  that  of  Portugal,  may  have 
prompted  Ihcae  writera  to  conceal  the  actiona  which  he 
performed.  Uul  Martyr  and  Bonioni,  lioth  Italiina, 
could  not  be  warped  by  the  aaine  prejudice.  Martyr 
waa  a  contemporary  author )  ba  laaideu  iu  the  court  o( 


Rpaln,  aait  M  tka  baoi  apfWHiialty  H  b*  aiaiii  t% 

(utiMcd  wiib  rpa|w>!l  10  all  umMhi  iranaaalMna  ,  ami  lal 
iwiilhar  in  Ilia  Ihraila,  iha  llrai  ginaral  hial  ity  puMiaha4 
uf  llta  Nrw  U  ufid,  ixir  In  hia  f'piaila,  whitn  t«nlal8 
an  ai't'ftuMl  uf  all  ih*  ramarkahlu  I'tfuia  ul  liia  iMna^ 
Unaaha  a««  rilia  1)1  Viapu*'i'i  tha  hitnuf  it(  li.iving  Aral 
dla,'uvi<ratl  Iha  rntililiaKt  ll»tiaiMti  wrnl  ita  an  a«lveii 
turar  .u  .\iitrrir>a  in  ilia  yrar  Ift-ll.  and  raatd^d  liwra  a 
L'tMiaidvraMa  inna  Ha  appaara  lo  haw  Iwrn  animalaj 
with  a  warm  laal  fur  iliu  iHiiior  uf  Italy,  hia  naliva 
rtiMiiir),  and  yri  dwa  mil  inaniuiit  ilu*  avploita  and  di» 
luvarira  u(  V'aajiiit'i-i  Hrrri'ra,  whn  euiiipikd  hia 
general  hiaiory  of  .\inarira  from  the  imial  aulheiilia  ra- 
rurle,  not  only  lulluwa  Ihoaa  early  writara,  hut  vi*it»99 
Vaapiirri  of  ralaifylng  iha  ilalae  u(  Imlh  Iha  voyagsa 
which  ha  made  tu  tha  ,N»w  World,  aiul  of  aunfuunding 
Iha  una  wilh  Iha  uihar,  in  urdar  ihit  lia  might  arragata 
lo  himaalftha  glury  of  having  dia<  ovarad  Iha  cantlnanl. 
Her  dec.  I.  hn  iv  e  3  lla  aaaarta,  thai  In  a  judiaial 
Impiiry  into  Ihia  mallaf  by  Ihr  royal  Itai  al.  It  waa 
prnvrd  by  Iha  taaliinony  of  l)|ada  hlinaelf,  ihal  ha 
Iniiched  at  llia|Miiiola  wlian  rehirningloNpain  friHnhia 
Hral  voyage  \  wheraaa  Vaapurci  gave  mil  Ihal  lhay  ra> 
lurnrd  diraclly  toCadia  Irwii  ihaceaatof  I'aria,  and 
touched  al  Hiapaniola  only  m  ihcir  aarond  voyage  ;  an4 
Ihal  ha  had  llniahrd  ilia  voyage  In  Ave  niimlha  ;  wharaa^ 
accurding  tu  Veapiircra  aa'iounl,  ha  had  aniployea 
aavaiitaaii  innnlhe  in  parfomiing  II.  Viagglo  primoda 
Am  Veapueci,  p.  38,  Viag.  oarnndn,  p.  46.  Ilarrera 
giiraainnre  full  arcoiinl  of  thia  liHiiieat  In  aimthaf 
pari  uf  hia  Deetda,  and  to  Ih*  aaine  aira"!.  Her.  dec. 
I.  lib  VII.  r.  S.  Culuinlnie  wae  in  Hiapaniola  whs* 
Ojeda  arrived  there,  and  had  by  that  lime  ruiiie  to  an 
agrueineni  wilh  Kuldaii,  whouppoeail  Itjada'a  allamiil 
tu  einle  a  new  iiiatirrprtiun,  and,  uf  ruiiavipienca,  hia 
voyage  inuat  have  bean  pualariur  tu  that  uf  the  aik 
miraf  Life  of  Columbua,  u  84.  .\iTurdiiig  lo  Vra> 
piirci'a  account,  ha  act  ihiI  on  hia  Ural  voyage  May 
lOth,  1497.  Viag.  priino,  p  8  At  thai  nine  C» 
luinbua  waa  in  the  cuuriuf  N|wiii  prejMring  for  hia  vuy> 
age,  and  oeenia  to  have  enjuyed  a  cnnaitlrrahla  ilegraa 
ol  favor.  The  alfaira  of  the  .New  World  wire  al  lliia 
juncture  under  the  direction  of  A  niuniuTurrea,  africnrf 
of  (,'oluiiibua.  Il  ia  not  prolwhie  llwl,  at  ihiil  period,  a 
cominiaainii  would  lie  granted  tu  anulhir  |H'raoii  10  ao* 
ticipale  Iho  adinital  hy  uiiderlaking  a  toyagn  which  ka 
liiinaelf  iiilendeil  lo  |i«rfi>riu  Fonaeca.  who  jwir'niiad 
Ojeda,  and  granted  Ilia  licMiae  fur  hii  vuyaue,  waa  rwtt 
li'culli'd  lu  ruurl,  and  reinatated  in  the  JinciiMI  al 
Indian  alfaiK,  until  the  deulh  uf  Print  a  John,  wkiik 
ha|>penrd  Nepleinlwr,  1497,  (P.  Martyr,  Kn.  188,1 
aeveral  monlha  |ioateiior  lo  llie  time  al  which  Vrapuecl 
preli'iida  lu  have  art  out  U|jun  hia  vuya|(e  A  life  nl 
V'ea|MK-ci  HHa  piibliahed  at  Klorrnce  by  the  Abate  llai»> 
dini,  A.  |l  I74A,  4lu.  Il  ia  a  wurk  uf  nu  nieril,  writ- 
tan  wilh  little  judgment  and  leaa  candur.  He  cuntcnda 
fur  hia  cuunlryinan'a  liile  to  the  diaruvtry  of  the  con* 
linvnl  with  all  the  blind  leal  uf  national  partiality,  hut 
prodiicea  no  new  evuUiico  tu  aiipport  it.  We  learn 
i'ruin  hiin  thai  Veapiicci'a  accuuiii  uf  hia  voyage  waa 
publiahad  aa  early  aa  the  year  IBIO,  and  probably 
aoonc;.  Vila  di  Am.  Viap  u.  A3.  At  what  lime  tha 
name  of  AMiRit.'A  came  to  be  Hrat  jiyen  to  tha  Naw 
World  ia  not  certain. 

Nora  [33]  p.  93.— The  furm  rinployed  on  Ikia 
occnaion  served  aa  a  model  lo  the  M|Mniarda  in  all  then 
Hubaeqiiniit  cuiKiueala  in  .America.  Il  ia  ao  extraordi- 
nary in  its  nature,  piid  ijivrs  us  sii  .k  an  idea  of  thH  pn>- 
cerdinga  of  the  Miuiniards,  mid  the  principlea  u|inp 
which  Ihey  fuiinded  their  right  t«i  ihe  eilenaiva  doin^ 
iiioiia  which  they  aci|iiired  in  Iha  New  World,  Ihal  il 
will  merits  the  altcnlion  uf  the  laadnr.  "  I  Alirfiao  da 
I  )j«da,  aervant  of  the  inuet  high  and  |ioweifiil  Vinf  of 
Caatile  and  licuii,  the  conc|iiernra  of  barharoua  nationa, 
llioir  meaaeiiger  and  captain,  notify  tu  you,  ami  dcclara 
in  aa  ample  form  aa  I  am  capable,  that  (iod  oar  Lord, 
who  ia  one  and  eiemal,  created  Iho  heavmt  and  Iha 
earth,  and  one  man  and  one  woman,  of  whuni  you  and 
we,  and  all  the  men  who  have  been  or  ahall  lie  in  the 
world,  are  deacended.  Dut  aa  it  haa  came  to  paaa 
through  the  number  of  generationa  during  mnrs  tliau 
live  thousand  years,  Ihal  they  havo  been  diajirned  iiila 
ditTorent  parta  of  the  world,  and  are  divided  into  vaiioua 
kingdoma  and  provincea,  becauae  one  country  waa  no 
ablo  to  contain  them,  nor  could  they  have  found  in  ona 
the  meana  of  aubaiatonce  and  prcaerration  :  therefora 
Ood  our  Iiord  gave  the  charge  of  all  those  |>eopla  to  ona 
man  named  St.  Peter,  whom  he  conatilutud  the  lord  and 
head  of  all  the  human  race,  tlial  all  men,  in  whatrvai 
place  they  aro  born,  or  in  whatever  faith  or  place  tbaf 
are  aducalod,  might  yiaUl  obadieaca  unto  W     lia 


mit>  MktMinl  Ik*  whul*  «iirb|  M  Km  |iiii*ili«latn,  «»l 
•MmiMAiMMt  htm  u*  ••i4M)«lt  Ki«  f»ii4*nw«  iti  H««fi«.  m 

llr  lik»«l*«*  |tn«4iti««ij  4tuJ  ^4**'  ItHM  jtw*i>f  In  i>«ul>li«h 

|U«     tiMltrflfltV     in    l>«VfV     MltiVf    |Mfl   Ml  lh«   WtffUl,   AtMl   Irt 

(•itlu*  •ihI  't»^*'»  «tl  f 'Kfi«ll»M«,  Mini**,  Jhw*.  lUiiliUa, 
«im1  til  iithtr  |i«-ii|i|p  uf  vttwtfvtr  ttvi  »i  Uiin  ih«v  nMi 
b«>  Id  httii  t*  Kitvn  IIm*  ikiim*  wf  f*<fi,  wliuh  •ighl 
t««  Ml'tt^ntiU,  M'*4t  Uihir  «(t4  HtMrUiiiM.  li««'«itMi  h«  i« 
Ilia  UtK«r  «tMl  ||t)*«fiMif  t(f  all  Hi«it  l)t»M«  «hM  l(v»U 
M  fK«  riui'  ul  lh(«  hMly  f-i(li«f  iilwyvil  «miI  •tkimttliiJifvil 
kiMi  M  ihrir  t<*irtl  «h«l  K(H||,  4tt«l  ilif  •ii|i»rM>r'ul  th« 
HHlkflM        I  itr  ■•ttw  Im*  ti««  >i  iitM«rvv*t  Aiiti  fr«(i»i^l  Ml 

lh*(N  mIm,  •IllrH  hl«  illlU*,  lt<*V«  li««ll  t'hwwil  Itt  Ul«  ^MHI- 

ItltraW  I  till*  It  imw  yuiiiiniw*!  •n>l  will  «ihi>hiiw  la 
Ika  f  hJ  •!  lh«  wMltl 

"Dim  uf  iUm  I'unlilh,  ••  kinl  uf  lh«  m«M.  k«lk 
hm4«  •  fnni  ttl  ih«w  i>Uml>,  tixi  hI  iIi«  Tivrr*  I'lims 
•I  tlw  •a-rAM  ««»,  lu  Ihr  rAltftlH!  Klll||t  uf  r*a*lU,  l>»n 
I'vniiiwmi  aiHt  IIihim  IwIwIU,  af  glufiuM*  nfimfl,  •ml 
iWir  mravuaifa,  mir  M«*nii||iia,  wiih  all  lk«y  rmiUin, 
••  w  IMH*  fulln  >a|irraai'<l  III  I  arum  Uaaila  iwa'ol  u|ian 
lh«l  aaraamti,  whirN  titii  may  *rt  il  yitii  Jaaira  ii 
'I'hua  Mm  Mtjaaiy  la  Kiit||  ami  ItiftI  uf  (tirw  laUmU,  aiwt 
at  Ik*  riMilinrnt.  lit  virlita  uf  ilila  iluttaliuit ;  awl,  M 
Kttt(  tml  kml  afuffaaiil,  nival  itf  Ihii  i«!araia  la  whirh 
kia  III!*  h«lh  Iwrii  ihiIiIWiI,  h«>«  rmugniavtl  Ilia  Ma- 
ivaiy,  antl  ihiw  )ii'IiI  iilwtlit'iii-*  aiitl  atilijaelnHt  In  hint 
••  ihair  loni,  <uluiiiaiil)r  aiul  wmImuI  riaiaiam.'*  ;  •ml 
kiataitlly,  aa  HMHt  ••  Ihay  rarritpil  iitrufiiialian,  thvy 
•bvjiail  llw  rrlinMiia  nt>it  arpl  lijr  Ihu  King  In  in^arh  lo 
Ihaiii,  •iitl  lu  iiialriii'l  Ih-  III  III  uiir  holy  lailli  i  aiul  all 
Ihaaai,  ul  Ihrir  uwit  lira  will,  oiiIhiiiI  aii|i  iKram|iana« 
H  graliiily,  Iwcaiim  rhrialiana,  ami  ruiitiiMia  lu  Uw  mj  ^ 
MM  llw  M<|«aly  UtuiK  maiinl  ihKiit  ||rwiuu>ly 
Wtiiar  Ilia  imtlrfliun,  haa  riiiitttiaiHlnl  ihal  Ihay  •huukl 
ba  IrrataiA  in  lli«i  aainv  ntaiiiirr  aa  hia  uthar  auliji'i'ia  wmI 
vaaaala.  Yun  art*  latiifi'l  ami  iililiui'il  lu  a<'i  in  tlia  aaiiia 
maniwr  'I'livnifur*  I  now  anlnai  ami  rni|uira  yau  la 
O'liaHlar  illantivaly  lyltal  I  liava  ilat'larril  lo  you  ;  and 
thai  )fuu  inay  inuni  |«rf*clly  raiii|it«lM<'iil  il,  that  ymi 
laliK  aiii'h  lima  aa  la  rraauiiaUa  in  unlar  that  yuii  may 
•cliiiuwiiiliiii  tin  I'himh  (.<  tha  anrn'ru'r  ami  inula  iti 
Iha  iiiiivrrMi  ami  liktmiaa  ihii  huly  fallirr  rallatl  lh« 
INilia,  III  hia  own  ri|[hl,  ami  hia  Majiiaty,  Iiy  liia  apiKMiil- 
■mm,  aa  King  anil  au«rm|(ii  lurtl  uf  llwaii  laUiu'a,  anil 
III  Iha  'I'lfrra  Kiriiii> ;  ami  llwl  yiiii  onariii  ihal  Iha 
■liifaaaiil  huly  fathi'ra  ahall  tlixlarc  ami  prnach  tu  you 
Ika  iliK'iniM'a  aliuyn  iiHntiunail  If  yuu  Uu  tliia,  you  ail 
wall,  ami  |irrfnrin  ihat  lu  whirh  yun  arn  IwiiihI  and 
•Wiilttl ;  ami  Ilia  Majvaly,  and  I  in  hit  naina.  Mill  in- 
Caiva  you  with  luvr  and  kindiivaa,  ami  will  Ivata  yon, 
your  wiyi'a  and  cliililrcii,  frvr  and  f>ani|>t  front  arrvi- 
ttidu,  and  in  Iha  ■'tijiiyinrni  itf  all  yun  iHtaavaa,  In  iha 
•aiiia  iitannar  aa  ihi'  inhahilania  uf  ilia  lalanda.  llv 
•idtia  lliia.  Ilia  Majaaly  will  Iwiluw  iifuit  you  niaii* 
|lfty||a||i'a,  rariniilluna,  and  rt'Wanla.  Ifiil  if  you  will 
MM  ronifily,  ur  nialwiuiialy  delay  tu  tihtiv  >iiy  injimcliun, 
than,  wilh  Iha  hrlp  uf  (lud,  I  will  riila>r  your  roiiiilry  liy 
f>rca,  I  will  carry  on  war  againat  yuu  w.lh  Ihu  ulinual 
VMiianra,  I  will  aulijacl  yon  tu  iha  yuko  of  ulwJiunce  lo 
Iha  Church  and  Kitta,  I  will  lalia  yiM  wivaa  and 
•btldron,  and  will  liialia  Ihein  alayca,  ami  asll  or  dia- 
|waa  of  Ihcin  arronlinii  lu  Ilia  Majrat)'a  ploaaura  ;  I 
will  ariaa  your  giKHla,  anil  ilu  yuu  all  lliv  iiiiachiDf  in 
llty  (Kiwi't, aa  rt'lM'lliuua  aulijvila,  who  tiitl  imiI ai'linow- 
Mgo  or  auliiitil  to  ihair  lawful  aovrri'i||n.  And  I  i>rn- 
laat,  thai  all  iha  kloodahad  and  caUinititia  whirh  ahall 
follow  ara  lo  Iw  iinuuird  lu  yuu,  ami  not  lo  Ilia  Ma- 
|(aty,  or  lu  iiiv,  or  lni<  Kt'tHlt'oirtt  who  aviva  uiidrr  nia ; 
•ltd  aa  I  liava  now  nudo  ilna  daclaralioii  and  rri|uiai- 
tiun  unto  yuu,  I  raquira  Iha  notary  hrra  praaanl  lo 

Eaiil   ma  a  carltlk-ala  uf  thia,  aubarri)iad  in  {irofiar 
rut."     Harrara,  dec.  1.  lib.  yii.  c.  14. 

NoTi  (34].  p.  04.— Ilallioa,  In  hia  latter  to  tha  king, 
ibaarvva  Ihat  of  Iha  humlrail  and  ninety  men,  whom  hu 
Isok  wilh  him,  llwra  w«r«  nvvvr  aliui  e  I'luhty  fit  for 
Nrvka  at  ona  lima.  !to  much  did  limy  auHtir  from 
kangar,  fatigua,  and  aicknaaa.  Ilcrrera,  dec.  1.  hk.  i. 
«.  li.     P.  Mart,  dacad.  3M. 

NoTi  [3A].  p.  95  — Fonaeca,  Diahnp  of  Palaacia,  tha 
■rinciMl  director  of  American  Aflaira,  had  eight  hun- 
•red  Indiana  in  property  ;  tha  coinmendalor  T^upe  da 
Coiichilkw,  hia  chief  aaauciata  in  that  diipirtinriit, 
•lavan  kundfed ;  and  other  favoritaa  had  eonaiderable 
They  aaitl  oyaraeera  lo  tlie  iaianda,  and 
out  Iboee  alavea  to  tha  planteia.  Herrera,  dec. 
I.  lib.  ix  e.  14.  p.  321. 

NoTi  [Ml.  p.  M.-~ Though  America  ia  more  pleati- 
IbQ)'  Miiijlicd  wilb  waM  tltiii  iIm  aihar  ngiona  of  tha 


RniirHTllON'll    MIMTORV    Of 

■MM,  ihata  w  aa  i,'  at  ay  aataam  a(  wataa  m  V»<ata<i 
■  >»  paiiinaiila  ftuft  ta  linmi  Ika  vnalinani  a  huiMlod 
laafilaa,  kttt,  whar,*  '  ra*«l«ral,  itiMa  n«(  aal- rwl  «l,«*a 
twrtily  tt»»  liagtl**  Il  l«  «tl  flltHaltx  |il4Mi,  nut  Hitly 
wiiU'mI  tiiwtttitaiiia,  kill  alwiual  wtilMti'l  afiy  i„«(|Haitif 
nf  grutiml       'Ika   itikakitaxla  ara  gMttt'l'til  laiili  W4Ur 

Iriliii  pita,  a>>*l.  whtifatar  )lwy  ititf  ll> 'Iiitl  H   in  4l*.iit 

iliitrf*  It  la  pfwkaMa,  IriHit  4II  iii,'-,  •  n  ..it.«f.iiii  < « 
ilitti  inia  KMuiilrv  waa  iNittiarty  ,,it«ittj  ly  th,  •* ., 
IUrrar<«  |t*a«'ri|itiM  liwlim  t k  wi^whiatia,  p  14  IIm 
tuira  .Naliiralla,  par  M   tla  llultun,  turn   1   p   bM 

Natl  Iff),  p  M>-M  t'lattgam  aananraa  ma  bf 
kHtl-ig  laptaaanlad  tha  N|ianiarda  who  aaiUU  with  I  ay 
ilaya  ami  Urijalta,  aa  faiwying  in  Ika  ware  'Sul  Ikair 
HnaginaiHHi,  llial  ihay  aaw  aiiipa  an  ik«  *Hial  al 
Vuoalan  atktrnad  wilh  lawara  and  (apnfaa,  I  know  mh 
what  iranaUiitm  uf  my  hiaiiKy  ka  tiaa  aattaultad  (kw 
hia  ■iMataiiwn  f runt  it  la  not  takrn  frun' Iha  atiifiiial. ) 
kill  I  navar  imagiiiad  Ihal  any  kiiikliitg  aratuil  ky 
tka  Amavirana  i-tttild  iiiggaal  tlia  ulaa  ui  a  «ii|Mila  tty 
diima,  a  atiuKlura  wkirk  liwir  ulmaat  ahlll  In  atvkilae 
lura  waa  maapakla  of  raariii||  My  wofda  ara,  Ikat 
that  ftnrird  Ihv  tillai^a  whirh  way  aaw  fnmt  Ih>'ir4hi|ia 

lu  >Ni  i-iliaa  4<k>fiHMl  with  litwrra  and  pinnafka  " 
lly  /nanat/aa  I  niaatil  aiima  alayalhttt  alttya  Ika  rrat  uf 
Ika  kiikliitfl  ,  and  tha  |iaaaaga  la  Iranalalad  ainiaal  lite- 
rally from  Tlarrara,  daa  •  Ilk  III  a.  I.  In  alnwat  all 
Iha  arcoiinla  al  itaw  ri»unlrira  givan  ky  tha  ll|Niiiialt 
diaifoyarara  in  ihat  aga,  Ihia  warmth  uf  adiniraliuM  la 
(onapiauaiia  1  and  laiT  Ihain  inilaatrilMi  Ikaaa  new  o(>. 

taela  in  tka  tnoal  a|ilen<lid  tariita  Whan  ('ardaya  ami 
iia  ram|iantona  Aral  bahaki  an  Indian  yillaga  of  greater 
niajiniluda  than  any  tk«y  hail  kahaki  In  tha  lalanda, 
Ihay  digniAad  it  ky  tka  naitta  of  iir»n4  ( 'aim  II 
Ihaa,  t  I  From  Iha  tame  caiiaa  lirijaUa  and  kia 
aaanKiataa  thfliiuhl  tha  ruuniry,  aleng  tha  eoaat  of 
wlitrh  Ikay  hakTlkair  aauraa,  entitled  W  Iba  nama  af 
New  N|Min. 

Not!  \W\  p.  H— Tha  hrlghl  of  tha  moat  alayatrd 
|iOiiil  HI  Ilia  I'yrenraa  la,  ari-unliiig  lu  M  Oaaaiiii,  aia 
ItHiuaand  •>■  numlred  and  furtyaia  feat  'Ike  height 
of  the  iiiii'iinlaiii  Heinini.  in  the  raiiton  of  Uertia.  la 
Irn  thouM.iiil  una  niiintred  ana  ten  leal  I'he  heigni  of 
Iha  Peak  uf  Tenenlfe,  acrarriiug  lu  the  nicaaiirenii'iit 
of  P.  I'ruille,  la  Ihtrtren  Ihniiaand  one  hiiiidieil  and 
anyiinty  right  fret.  1'he  laight  uf  (^hinikuraao,  Ike 
ntoal  I'li'yalrd  puint  of  tl"  Andre,  ia  twenty  tlwnaand 
two  hundred  and  eighty  feet ;  no  Ivaa  than  aayen  thuu- 
•amt  one  hiindri'd  and  twirfvrt  tboye  Ike  hiuhral  inoiin. 
Uiii  HI  Iha  ani'KUit  cunliiit<tit.  Voyage  uo  l>.  Juan 
I'lloa,  Dlwrvationa  Aainin  vt  Chyaii).  mm.  11.  p.  114. 
'Iha  lina  of  rengelalion  on(.'hiiiiliuraio,  or  Ihat  |>arl  ol 
the  niouiitain  which  ia  coverrd  prrueliially  with  anow,  ia 
no  Icaa  than  two  thouaand  four  huiiured  levl  from  tie  aittn- 
mil.     I'rvyut  llial.  Ognur.  due  Vay^gi«,  yul.  111.  p.  Q3C. 

NoTii[39].  p.  BO  —  Aa  a  particiilM  drarriplion  inaliaa 
a  alrungrr  impraaiiun  than  general  a>a<irtiona,  I  ahall 
give  one  of  Hio  ilo  la  I'lala  by  an  eye-wilneee,  P.  ('at- 
lanco,  a  Mmlenrate  Jeauil,  who  landed  al  liueiioa 
.\yrra  in  1740,  and  Ihiia  repreaenia  what  he  fell  when 
aut'h  new  okjrcta  were  Drat  preai'nicd  lo  hia  >iew. 
"  While  I  reaaird  in  Kurojie,  and  read  in  houka  of  hia- 
lory  or  geography,  Ihal  the  muutli  of  lliv  riirr  da  la 
Plata  waa  a  hundred  and  Af\y  niilua  in  brcailllt,  I  con- 
aidercd  it  aa  an  ciuggrratlon,  lierauaa  in  Ihia  hnmia- 
iihera  we  have  no  example  of  aiirh  vait  rivcra  Wlitni 
I  approached  ita  mouth,  I  had  the  moat  vch«iiii.nl  dvairu 
lu  aacertain  the  truth  wilh  my  own  eyea ;  and  I  found 
the  matter  to  be  aiaclly  aa  it  waa  repreaented.  Thia  I 
deduce  pariiciilarly  from  una  circumatanco  :  When  we 
look  our  di'iiiirlurn  from  Montu  Video,  a  fort  ailualnd 
more  than  a  hundred  niilta  from  the  mouth  uf  the  river, 
and  where  ila  breadth  ia  coiiaidf  rably  dimiiiiahitl,  we 
aailed  a  complete  day  before  we  diacovered  iIa  land  on 
tha  opjiuiile  a.de  of  ihe  river ;  and  when  we  were  in 
tha  middle  of  the  channel,  we  could  not  diacern  land 
on  either  aide  and  aaw  nothing  but  the  aky  and  watei 
H  if  wo  had  been  in  aoma  great  ocean.  Indeed  wa 
ahould  have  taken  it  to  lie  aca,  if  the  frrah  water  of  the 
river,  which  waa  luihid  tike  the  I'o,  had  not  aaliafied 
iia  llial  it  waa  a  river.  Moreover,  at  Iluenoa  Ayroa, 
aitotlior  hundred  milea  up  the  river,  and  where  il  ia  elilj 
much  narrower,  it  ia  not  only  impoaaible  lo  diacarn  Ihe 
oppoaita  coaat,  which  ia  indeed  very  low,  but  perceive 
the  houaea  or  tha  to|ia  of  the  ateeplea  in  the  Portugueae 
aettlemcnt  at  (Ndnnu  on  the  other  aidn  of  tha  nver." 
Latlera  prima,  publiahcd  by  Muntori,  U  Ubrialiua- 
iimo  Fcbca,  6u.  i.  p.  UT. 


Nail  |W|  p  M  \awiiMntt«iat,  «N  tl  N«l« 
Haatw,  and  I  *n»A*,  tn  tka  >»H«iyiaa  wlu»k  ha  Ml  tiM 
aama  imalM  ul  laliimlr  aiih  tka  kiinilwH  uf  Ff»awi| 
4Md  iii<>>>.|>  |4rlfcl  llltm  lh«  wal,  f  iH  Ilia  ri»«f»  10 
l»M«i<  il^iiMg  wiHiai  la  Ika  ihtakmaa  af  aa>»Hill  (aalt 
ili«  •  4>iti  la  aMvatail  «Hk  amtw  aa  tbiap  t  altmaat  all  l||( 
>  .nU  Ml  iliitiiig  ikoi  •a4«Hi  fiiMH  «  >  Iiin4ia  »i||Hya  tbat 

>'l  >>"i  k>>       \\\f  xiHiii,)  „|  ili«'  takiinaiui,  paff  H 

I  4l'f>(*l,ir.  4im1  tka  rtMi,tnv4  on  lit*  ■umiIi  ,if  ||,,i|alM|'i 
Ikiy,  aia  in  tka  aama  parallal  wiik  ilri.al  Utuain  ,  ami 
yai  in  all  Ikaaa  tka  tM  la  m  mitiiaf  ilhiti  xcm  Ika  111 
dualry  ul  llurafivana  liaa  nut  aiiviiipl'iii  culittatiuii 

,Nura[;il|  p  IM  A>nala  la  ilii:  liiai  |ili«wia«|ih«r, 
»*  Ul  aa  I  kmiw.  wku  «i«ilaayt*riil  u,  vi<fOi*vti  kH  lk# 
dilfaraiil  dagipaa  «f  kaal  m  Ilia  uld  and  iia«  1  oMlinatiiai 
ky  Ika  «gi*m>y  ul  ika  wtmla  wkii'k  Miiw  lu  ai'k  Ilia 
lutia  Mural  At  Ilk  11  and  mi  M  ita  llulluii  adopt* 
Ikia  Ikaury,  and  kaa  nut  viily  iiiifpiuvad  II  ky  new  ab- 
aarvalMHia,  kul  kaa  aniphiyad  III"'  aniaaing  pawert  al 
drarripliya  akK|u«nra  in  •mkalll>Uiiiig  II  aiM  plaring  M 
in  tha  mtial  alrikiiig  light  Soiii*  lamarlla  may  k* 
a«kl*d,  whivh  laml  lu  tlluairaia  iiiiirv  fully  a  doviriiia  til 
inH'hiiii|wrtaiii'a  in  awry  iiiipiiry  i-unaariung  tha  lam* 
pafalura  uf  vaiuMtaalintalaa 

Whtiii  4  ^iild  wind  bluwa  aver  land,  II  mutt  In  Iw 
paaaagii  n  Im  luilara  uf  a<HH«  uf  Ha  heat  llv  ineattt 
uf  thia  III!  ..Iiliiiaa  ul  lk«  Wind  la  abated  llut  if  II 
cunliiKirtn  i,luw  III  Ilia  ■atiiii  'lirpi'litin,  it  willi'unta.kf 
tli'greaa,  1,1  paaa  avar  a  aurfaea  already  rooleil,  and  wiU 
auiftr  iiu  lunger  any  altalainani  uf  Ha  a«>n  itaeiitieaa, 
Ikua,  aa  it  advam  aauvrr  a  large  tract  uf  Un ',  tl  *ifuig( 
my  all  Ika  aayarity  uf  iiileiiar  Itiial 

l,«l  Ilia  aume  wind  blew  over  anailfiialva  ami  daay 
aaa  i  Iha  auparAaial  water  mital  lie  Inimedialely  roulail 
M  a  rertatn  dagrae,  and  tha  wiml  prupoitiunalljf 
wartnad.  llut  tka  auiwrtieial  ami  I'uklar  wali-r,  Ihm 
I'Oinnig  aiiaiilk'ally  haiavier  titan  Iha  warmer  walpl 
baluw  II,  ilracenda  i  wkal  la  wartit«r  aiipplma  l^>  placa, 
whu'h,  aa  it  ciMnea  In  lie  I'uulvd  in  Ila  turn,  oaii:iiiiuea 
la  warm  the  tir  which  (uaaea  uvar  It,  ur  to  diniiiiiah  tig 
cold  'Ihia  change  uf  llie  aii|iarAcial  water  «nd  au«< 
caaatva  aaaenl  uf  that  whnh  la  wanner,  ami  tlva  coiiaa> 
i|Uriil  aucceaaive  abalainriit  uf  cuhltieaa  in  the  air,  M 
tided  kv  il«>  %(ilalian  laiiai;!)  in  tka  aea  ky  Ika  maclia> 
tiU'al  actiun  of  the  wiiiil,  and  alau  ky  Ike  niolionul  th* 
lltlca  'I'hia  will  go  uii,  and  iku  rigur  uf  Ihe  wuid  wiU 
eunlinue  lu  diniiniali  until  Ike  wnuln  water  la  ao  faff 
cuuk'd,  Ihat  tha  waiir  uti  the  aiirface  ia  no  kinger  ra- 
movtd  from  ihe  acliun  of  the  wind  faat  enuiigh  tu  hin- 
der il  from  Iwiiig  arreatt'd  ky  frual  VMienever  th* 
aurfare  ficiiaa,  iTia  wind  la  no  lunger  wanned  by  lit* 
water  from  below,  and  it  guta  on  wiih  undiiiiuiialui4 
cold. 

Fiom  llioae  priiiciplra  may  be  ei|ilamed  Iha  aer  'My 
uf  winUr  froala  Ml  ealctiaive  runllninia  ;  their mildnraa 
III  amalt  lalanda ;  and  the  a.ipeniir  rigur  uf  winter  in 
tluiaa  parte  uf  Nurtit  Aini'rica  with  wTiii'h  we  are  liaa' 
aC'pialtiteil  In  iha  nnrth-wnai  |wrta  of  Muru|i«,  th* 
arvxrity  ul  winter  ia  intligaiKHl  Ixy  iha  weal  win4l*, 
which  uaually  blow  in  the  inuuiiha  uf  November,  Ua> 
ca.nber,  and  pan  uf  January 

On  tlia  nther  hand,  when  a  warm  wind  blowa  aval 
land,  il  heala  the  aiirfare,  wkuli  tin  it  llierefure  ceaa* 
lo  allele  the  fervor  of  the  wind  llut  Ilia  aamu  wind 
bluwtng  over  water,  agilalii'a  11.  kriiiga  up  Ikii  culdei 
water  fruin  baluw,  and  lliuia  u  uiiliiiually  luaing  aoma- 
what  of  Ita  own  heat. 

Ilul  Ihe  great  ptiwer  nf  llio  aea  lo  iniligale  the  lieal 
of  the  wiiul  or  air  paaaing  uver  it,  prweeda  fruiit  tku  fuU 
lowing  circutnalaiK'e  :  that  uii  acruiiiil  uf  itio  iritiia|Hi* 
rency  uf  Ihe  aca,  ita  aurku^u  cat.iiul  lie  heated  In  a  grvHl 
degree  ky  Iha  aun'a  raya ;  wliervaa  the  gruund,  aub- 
U'Clad  10  their  influenre,  very  anon  ucipiirea  gre,it  kval. 
n'lien,  llierefore.  the  wind  bluwa  uver  a  tiirrid  cniill* 
nenl,  il  ia  won  ralard  tu  a  lieil  alitioat  iiiiulerablu  ;  kul 
during  Ila  paaaage  over  an  eatetiaivn  ocean,  it  la  gra- 
dually eoohid  i  ao  that  on  ila  arrival  at  tha  furilHMl 
lihurn  il  ia  again  At  for  reapirallon. 

Tlioao  prineiplea  will  ari'oiinl  fur  ibo  aultry  haata  n| 
larga  cntilinenia  in  lk>^  torriil  anne  ;  fur  the  .iiil'l  eli> 
niaia  of  lalanda  in  the  aaine  laiituda  ;  ami  lor  the  aup*- 
rior  warmth  in  auminer  which  large  continotita,  aitualud 
in  the  tem|ientle  or  ciilder  lunin  uf  tli«  earth,  enjuy 
when  compared  wilh  tlial  of  iaianda  The  beat  of  ■ 
climate  depeiida  not  only  upon  the  inimrdiaie  elfuct  ol 
the  aun'a  raya,  but  on  their  continued  u|icralion,  on  th* 
elfeet  which  they  have  fiirtncrly  produceil,  and  whieh 
ruinaina  fur  anmc  lime  in  iho  groiiml.  'I'liia  ia  ili«  raa> 
aon  why  the  tlay  ia  wiirincal  nkuiit  two  in  Ike  allernooiii 
tita  Bummor  warmcat  aliout  Ike  middle  of  Jul/,  ■ml 
lb*  winUl  culdeal  about  Ihu  iiudtUa  of  Jauuarj. 


ROItril   AMKHIUA. 


I  lh«  Mir  '■.!/ 
Ilii-ir  iiiililncM 
u(  wiiiKi  in 

Kuru|i«,  th* 

wuai  wimli, 

unt'tiilMri  !)•• 

Muwi  ovH 
iimrure  coim 

•uino  wind 
lip  (ho  ruldvi 
liMinif  aoiii** 

i||ais  the  liMl 

frutii  tliu  ful- 

Ills  triiii>|>«- 

tti-tl  tt>  a  Kruul 

^roiitttl,  «<ib> 

Krt'al  livit. 

lutriil  ciiiili- 

tulrralilii ;  hul 

mil,  It  la  ur*- 

Ih*  ruillMnt 

ullrjp  hadt  nl 
Ihr  '.iiiM  cIh 
Cur  lliB  auiM- 
Olila,  aitualud 
rarti),  onjoy 
[he  beat  of  ■ 
liit«  elFucl  ol 
rttioii,  on  Ih* 
(I,  iiitl  whick 
Ilia  la  ilw  m- 
lir  alienioon, 
of  Juljr,  ■mi 
luuary. 


Tlw  toaaw  «iH«l»  ■>»•>  .^mafia*,  awl  tWMkf  ih« 
•niiWama  tittm  liv4iiM|f  lti«  ytwitiMl,  ara  a  ^vr4i  raxat* 
lif  iha  l«tHf«ral«  vltHMtn  in  imi  »«(Maiuti4l  p«ria  I  >w 
g*HMtM4,  M*»(  >'»ittf  liaalail,  #ftnm*(  h«<«l  kho  air  ,   aii<l  ilii* 

Vatva,    wiiiiti    frt-Pitfa   iKti    r^x    liitMt>|(*ril     linni    IU*i 

CimiimI,  have  liMl  4  iMa«a  ttl  iH4tli-r  •  ilti*  iti<l  i<i  piIimmiI* 
at  rtMMnli  liif  lltia  ^Mr|NM*  Ili-tiiUa.  il  i«  a  khnwu 
Ih'I,  itiak  liw  k#gal4iita  |Niw»'«  ol  a  I'Umi  «h  •  ««t«iMa  • 
Ifrv^lMIUMt  Iniiii  lh«  (••ataa  in  l'rii|<iiriiiiM  Ui  llir  tttiil 
Im  tthtt'li   ■!»■¥  ara  aaiMiavij     aiitl.    IriiMi  lti«*   iiatiirw  iil 

atapmaiitm,   (h<«  ^r»tMr»tMiii   iiriHliKf*  .i  i  .iM  i 

(•af  |ifii|4<»ftMHMl  III  lh«  tj«>ra|Hrafi(tH  lli<i«il>'  » iti  •  i 
«l  III*  Iwal  III  hfaliMg  tUm  air  iii  •  uniai'i  wiili  ii  i«  |>itHli 
■iiMi^ty  ilimitiiah«tl  ^'iir  ttt«w«  wliaarkalMiia,  wliuh 
lnro«  miiuh  a4ili(Mn«l  li||hl  nti  lltia  viiriiMia  aiiit)»i'l,  I 
tnt    in<i«bla4   W   my   iiiKiiiMnM  rnaiHl,   Mr     KulHaun, 

Cwtaaaur   nl   Mtiafial   |ihilua«yk)f   m  Iha   iiint  ■tally  al 
JlHilU(||k. 

Nvri  IM).  f.  n  — Th*  aliiMi*  nf  tlraiil  h<M  k»n 
rfawikwl   hy  >*■>  •mimni  iwturaliala,  I'lau  ami  Mar' 

»\nt»,  whu  otiwrvMl  ii  wiih  •  (iliikMutihii'al  wauraatii 
ur  wItK'h  Ml*  acariih  in  «aln  In  Iho  ariuiinia  ilf  niaiiy 
mlHir  prtiviiiraa  in  AiMoiica  lluiit  r«|fr«*i<nl  II  aa  lam- 
ft'»f  (ihI  niibl  whi'ii  viiin|>«r»l  with  Ik*  ■  liiiiaia  ul 
All'*.  Thay  Mcritia  lliia  (hi'Xy  >•  IM  raliaaAing 
•  iihI  whl«li  hinwa  aunliniially  fruin  iha  aoa  TIm  air 
N  niM  iHtly  riwl,  liiil  i hilly  lluiMinh  Iha  ni||h(,  inaoiiiiiih 
llial  ilw  naH«i<a  kimlla  llr«a  aniiry  inraiiinH  in  llivir  liiila. 
I'lHt  il«  Mrilirin*  llrt'ilianai.  III)  I  |i  I  Ac  Mai- 
gratiiM  lliMM   lUrwrn  Naliinl   llraailiai,  lili  «lii  a  U. 

II  W4  Ni«uha<r,  whu  rpaulml  buM  in  llraail,  run- 
Inn*  ihvir  iUai!ri|Hiun.  l.'huriiliiU'al.ulli'iiiiuM,  vol  ii. 
|i  M.  (iiimilU,  who  waa  •  iiiiaaiiinaiy  many  y«ara 
•iiiiiiiK  iha  liMlMni  uiwii  Iha  nv«r  Diuimku,  ki>««  • 
•iiniUr  luai^riulion  of  iha  l«in|i«ralura  u(  Ilia  iUiiwIa 
Ihira  llial.  ilari)rwMR|iia, loin  I.  |>  M  I'.  AmuiM 
k'll  a  nary  eiiiMularalilti  dauraa  ai  cultl  in  ihu  nmiilriaa 
on  the  liaiiha  u(  Iha  rivar  Ainaauna  Itilal  «ui  ii.  |i. 
M  M  Dial,  wlw  litati  •  cunaitluralilu  lima  in  Cay' 
aiiiia,  (i«va  u  aiinilaf  •acuiint  ol  Iha  liiiii|ianliira  of  lh*l 
cliiiiaUi,  aiHl  ■acribaa  il  In  iha  aania  caiiaa.  Viiyaifa  lia 
la  Kranca,  lrf|iiin<ia,  p.  itSM).  Nuthiii||  can  Im  inura 
dirtarii.-n  from  Ihaaa  iluacri)ilioiia  Ihaii  llial  iif  Ilia  biirn- 
lii||  haal  nf  Iha  Africaii  cuaat  givuii  by  M.  AiUiiaun. 
Vvyaga  to  Naiiagal,  paaaim. 

'  NuTi  [XI).  p.  MU  — Two  I'ranch  rrigalaa  wiara  aani 
jpon  a  «oyaga  of  ilmovaiy  in  tho  yaar  I7UU.  In  tall- 
luHa  U '  aoiilh,  lliay  iMiuan  lo  faal  a  lonaiilanbln  ila- 
graa  if  cold.  In  Uliliiila  4H',  Ihiiy  irnil  wilh  laUixIa 
of  Hoaling  ira.  Ilialoira  ilaa  N««i|(aliuna  aui  Tarraa 
Aiialraira,  loin.  li.  ii.  ilM,  \e.  iJr.  Iltllajr  fall  in 
•ilh  iL'a  Ml  Uliliiila  SU".  111.  lorn.  i.  p.  47.  f'oimiio- 
4uia  llyron,  whan  on  tha  coaal  of  l*ala||oni»,  Ulltiiil* 
A«l'  3:t'  aoiilh,  un  iha  liftaanlh  of  Daroniliar,  which  la 
miilauniniir  in  Ihal  part  of  Ilia  glulm,  ihu  Iwanly-Arat 
af  Uiicainlwr  kaing  the  loiigaal  Jay  lliam,  cuniuaraa  iha 
cliiiiala  lu  thai  or  Knglanil  in  Ilia  initlilla  ol  wiiilar. 
Vayagna  by  llawkaaworthi  i.  8A.  Mr.  Ilanka  having 
Untlt'U  un  Tarra  il«l  Kiiago,  in  Iha  Uay  of  Uuoil  Hue- 
(■■a,  latiliiila  M",  in  lliu  •iiloanlh  of  January,  which 
cnrraanonila  to  Iha  inoiilh  of  July  in  our  hmniaphara, 
two  of  hia  atmnilanlailiail  In  ana  night  ol  cilraino  cold, 
and  all  iha  (uirly  woro  in  the  inoal  iinininant  dangtr  of 
pariahing.  Id.  ii.  ai,a!|.  Uy  iha  fuiicli't'iilh  of  March, 
forrcapunding  lo  Hrptvtnlier  in  our  hi'iniaplii'ra,  winirr 
waa  aal  in  with  rigor,  and  Ilia  inounlaiiia  ware  cuverad 
wjlh  aiiow.  Ihid.  73.  Captain  (.'ook,  in  hia  vuyagu 
lowania  the  Nuuih  I'oln,  furniahra  new  and  airiking 
lliitancaa  of  tha  vilranrdiiiary  iirvdinniiiiincn  of  «uUI  in 
iJiia  rvuion  of  iIhi  glulia.  '•  Wlw  would  have  lliuiight 
(asya  he)  Ihal  an  iaiand  of  no  greater  eileni  tlian 
aavenly  Ivagiiaa  In  cirriiil,  ailuatad  Iwlweon  the  Iklilude 
of  M"  and  66",  ahniild  in  llio  very  height  of  aummiir 
be,  in  a  manner,  wholly  cuvervd,  niaiiy  lailmiiia  dvi'p, 
with  froien  anow  ;  but  mora  capi>cially  ihe  H.  W.  coaal  I 
Ilia  very  auniinila  of  the  lofty  inounlaina  wcra  oaaed 
wilh  anow  and  ice ;  but  Ihe  quantity  that  lay  in  the 
f  alleyi  ia  incredible ;  and  at  Iha  bottom  of  tha  baya,  iha 
coaal  waa  lerininatad  by  t  wall  of  ica  of  conaiuarabi* 
"eight."     Vol.  il  p.  817. 

In  aoina  placea  of  iho  inelent  rontinent,  in  ailraor- 
dinarv  degivo  of  cold  preraila  in  very  low  laliiudaa. 
Mr.  Uogia,  in  hia  emiiaaay  lo  Iha  court  of  Ihe  Ihilai 
Luiiia,  paaaed  the  wiiiirr  of  tha  year  1774,  at  (Jhaiii- 
liminlng,  in  latitude  31"  3tt' \.  He  often  found  the 
Ihannometer  in  hia  room  twenty-nine  dosreca  under  the 
freeaing  point  by  Kahrcnhoil'a  acale  i  and  in  the  middle 
uf  ,\pril  thr  alandiiiu  watrra  wi'rn  all  frox<*ii,  and  heavy 
•howera  of  anow  friMiueiitly  fell.  The  eitaortiiiiary 
•hmieu  of  tho  country  aceiua  tu  be  Iha  cauao  o(  lUu 


ataaaalva  vtibl      In  Iraolling  iy«m  liHlnaraa  M  TltiiM,  I 
ih«  aawael  lu  iKa  aummii  »t  tlia  llMitian  Mwiiilama  M  . 
vary  great,  iml  tha  tlvatfani  mi  ilia  Miliar  aula  m  imt  in  ; 
•••|il'tJ  pfittiMrlKHi        I  h«<   kiiiijiUHtt    >H     I  liilrat   la  an   alw 
»4lf,l    rtgiiiM    ctifiiH**!*  l-alf   atitl   lUntUla        \   I'wuni 
III    Ihiliii,  liy  Ml    iiii«»ari.  ri-ail  m  ilu   lliiyal  niHimy. 
|i    I         I  tut  •■•lr«*Milirii«ry  I'uM  ifi  Im<«  UiiIiuI*i4  hi  .\lHa 
iii«4  I  aiitiiil  lia  4*  I  iiiiiiinil  liif  liy  iti*i  *iiiH*i  •'III**       I  twiaa 
ri  iltiilia  4rii  Mill  M  iiiirit  il.lv  luf  i  Iwvalitili    Mtinta  al  tliaiM 
411*  I  iiiiiiltira  ilppri  ■«•  il  ariil  laval 

ihr  I,, 11*1  iiltviiiiia  ami  pnilNilila  vauaa  tif  Ihtt  «Mpa 
Mill  ili.^riiiiil  t  iilil  iiiwanU  Ilw  «iniiliarn  •'■irt'iiiiiy  al 
\iM*'rii4,  ■«aiii4  III  lia  Uia  liiriii  ul  llta  I'miliiitiiil  Ittrra 
lia  liraaillh  grailiially  ili'iri-aana  aa  it  alrali'lira  Irmit 
Nl  ,\iiiiiiiia  aiiiithwarda,  aiul  (rum  itia  Ii4y  at  Nl  lulian 
III  iha  Tirana  ul  Magellan  ila  diiiiaiiamiia  ara  iii<i«h 
aimiraalad  IM  Iha  aaal  an4  weal  aidaa  II  M  waatunl 
hy  Iha  Ailanlla  aiul  I'ariha  I  hiaana  I'nini  ila  aonlhrrii 
(imni  II  la  prulwhla  that  a  great  ••IrnI  uf  aaa  wilhiiul 
any  «unaiilrraMa  Irafl  of  land,  raaiihaa  lu  Iha  AiiiarriMi 
pul*.  In  whiwhavar  uf  Ihaaa  dirai-tiona  Iha  wind  tiluwa, 
It  la  ronlad  hafiwa  II  aiifiruaiihaa  ih*  .Magrllanio  irgiuiia, 
hy  |M4aitig  ovvr  a  vaal  hialr  ul  waiar  ,  nor  la  ih*  land 
lliara  uf  aiM'li  aiiaiil,  thai  II  I'aii  rarnvar  any  vuiiaidcra' 
Ilia  dagrra  ul  heal  III  Ila  priigrnaa  uvar  II  Tliaaa  air- 
atiinaiaiifaa  i-uiiriir  in  miularing  Iha  tMin|iaralura  of 
Ilia  air  In  Ihia  diairii'l  uf  Aiiiaru'a  mora  aiiniUr  lo  iImI 
uf  an  iiiaiiUr,  than  lu  ihal  uf  a  ruiiliiiaitial  vliinata,  and 
liindrr  II  Iriiirt  ai'i|iiiring  Ihn  aaiiia  dcgraa  ul  aiiininar 
liaal  with  |iUi*i-4  III  ^;iirii|i«  ami  A^ia  in  ai-urrrapuiiitiiit 
imrlhrrii  laliluda.  'f'liti  norili  wind  la  tha  only  una  Ihal 
rrarh'ia  thia  imrl  of  .\iiiarira,  afu<r  hhiwing  uvir  a  graal 
•'UMlinent.  ilut  fruin  an  Atuittiva  aurvay  ut  ila  |H)ai' 
ttun,  thia  will  lie  Ittittid  lu  h4va  a  Iriidiuicy  ratliar  lo 
iliininiah  than  aiigniani  Ihn  degree  ul  Ileal.  I'll**  aoiilli- 
arn  aalremily  of  Ainaruia  la  prn|iarly  Iha  turuiiiiaiiuii 
of  tha  iinnii'nae  r'dge  uf  Ihe  Amlra,  whlih  alri'liliva 
iiaarly  in  a  direct  line  fruin  north  tu  aou'li,  thruii^li  tliu 
whole  eilrnt  uf  the  rmitintnil.  The  inuai  aiiliry  ru 
giuiia  in  ■South  .\iiierica,  lluiaiia,  llraiil,  I'aiagiiay,  aiiJ 
I'ucciiinaii,  lie  many  degreea  lu  the  raal  uf  iliu  .\i4gv|. 
lame  regiuna  Tha  level  cuiiniry  uf  I'eni,  whiih  mi' 
)uya  the  irupical  hrata,  la  aituiilod  ''unauluraltly  lo  the 
weal  uf  them.  The  north  wiml  then,  tliuiigh  it  blowa 
over  liiid,  doea  not  bring  to  ihu  aiiiilhi'rn  eairumity  uf 
America  an  inrreaao  of  heat  cullei'lvil  m  ita  |Maaagu 
over  torrid  regiuna ,  liul  before  il  arrivaa  lliare,  it  iiiiiat 
have  awept  aluiig  Ihe  aiiniinlta  uf  llie  Atiilea,  and  be- 
t'oinea  iinpregnateil  with  the  cold  ofih.it  I'roten  ri-gioii. 
Though  It  be  now  dumoiialnited  that  ihrra  la  no 
auuiherii  iiinlineiil  in  ihal  region  of  Iha  glolie  whitli  it 
Aaa  aii|iti'»ed  10  occupy,  it  a|>fM<ara  lu  be  certain  trout 
i';iiita.i.  t.fMta'a  diaeuveriaa,  that  there  la  a  hr^^e  Iraet 
ol  lam'  rear  Ih*  aoulh  pule,  winch  la  the  auurce  uf  moat 
ul  llie  ICO  ajiread  over  tli)  vaal  auuthrm  ncran.  Vol. 
li.  p.  %M,  339,  Ac.  Whether  Ilia  Inlliiencu  uf  Ihia 
rainole  froion  rontinent  may  reach  tha  auulhurn  oatre- 
inily  of  Amariea,  and  alfacl  ita  climate,  la  an  inquiry 
not  unworthy  of  altenlion. 

NuTi  [34).  p.  100. — M.  Condamiiia  la  on*  of  Uwi 
lateat  and  moat  accurate  obaervera  of  the  inlerior  aiaiu 
of  Nnuth  America.  "  Alter  deacending  from  tha  Aiidea 
(aaya  he,)  one  heholda  a  vaal  and  nnilorm  proapect  of 
wdlcr  and  verdure,  and  nothing  more.  One  Iroada 
ti|iori  the  earth,  but  doea  not  aee  it ;  aa  it  la  tto  entirely 
covered  with  luiuriant  planta.  weed',  ami  aliruha,  Ihal 
il  would  reijiiira  a  cuiiaideralilu  degree  of  lalmr  to  clear 
it  for  the  aiHica  of  a  foot."  Kvlalion  abregeu  d'uii 
Voyage,  dtc.  p.  M.  One  of  tliu  aiiigiilaritlea  in  Ihu 
I'uruBta  la  a  aort  of  oaiera,  ur  withea,  called  lirjunn  by 
the  Mpanlarda,  Imnti  by  iK  French,  and  nilihti  hy  the 
Indiana,  which  ar*  uaually  employed  aa  ro|iea  in  Ame- 
rica. Thia  ia  one  of  the  paraaitieal  iilanta,  which  twiata 
alioiit  the  Iroea  it  mucta  Willi,  aiul  riaiiig  uliovu  their 
higlicat  liraiu'hea,  ita  tiiidrila  deacuiid  |H<r|Hiiiiliciiliirly, 
atrikv  into  the  ground,  tike  root,  riae  up  aruiind  aiioihur 
Ire*,  and  thua  mount  ami  deacond  alternately.  Uthtr 
lendrila  are  carried  oMiuiiely  hy  Ihe  wind,  or  aome  ac- 
cident, and  form  a  coniuaion  of  liiterwovon  cordage, 
which  reaeinlilia  the  rigging  of  a  ahip.  liancrult,  .Nat 
llial.  of  Uuiana,  UU.      I'hcBj  witlna  i 


arc  oiion  aa  thick 
aa  tho  arm  of  *  man.  Id.  p.  7ft.  M.  lioguer'a  account 
of  th*  foreata  in  I'eru  peifertly  reMinlde*  ihia  dea«ri|>- 
lion.  Voyagea  UU  Peru,  p.  ID.  Otkdo  giveaaaiinilar 
deacriplion  of  the  foreata  in  other  (larla  of  America. 
Hial.  lib.  ix.  p.  144.  D.  The  country  of  tho  Mntoa  la 
ao  much  overdowed,  ihal  they  are  obliged  to  reaido  on 
Ihe  auniini*.  of  aome  riaing  ground  during  aoine  part  nf 
the  year,  and  have  no  conimuiiiraiiuii  with  their  coun- 
tryman at  any  dintance.  I<ettrea  Kdiliantea,  torn.  i.  p. 
181^     Uaici*  uivca  a  full  and  jual  duactiption  of  lb* 


Wv*v^  HM**,  amw*!  *wt  ivavaaBae  w  iwiaa  a*iw4rw#  V* 
.\m*fi>-a  wkiah  Im  lwi«»n  IK*  iruaiea  llfigeH  itikH 
liuliw,  liK  »  a  »  M,  »  lli>  li.«ra>liMa  twd.liiyi 
III  wliuli  UiHwaUa  I'lrarra  W44  pi|tiM*il  in  aiiampliiif 
III  iiiarvli  iitiii  Iha  auiitilry  lu  ilia  aa«l  ul  Iha  AmtoOk 
rmivey  a  vary  airikiiig  ulaa  uf  iImI  uaii  ul  \mmii¥»  m 
Ila  uri||inal  uiwuliivaied  alaia  Uanil  da  U  Vagt, 
tiuyal  IVnmani,  iil  IVru,  part  II   ImiuIi  hi   a   V-    A. 


Mivr*  |4A|  p  lim  I hn  aiiimala  *f  Aniane*  i 
lull  lu  h'tva  bran  alaiaya  ul  a  aiaa  lelarluf  lo  tliaaa  m 
Hilifir  <|itarlarBuf  itia  gtuiie  Krmn  antlara  of  Iha  nuiaaoi 
ilacr  Mhuh  hatr  li*»ii  hiiinil  in  .Xiuarua,  it  appaara  ttf 
hate  haaii  un  aiiiuiil  of  gfi'4t  «itfa  .Saar  ilta  It4iika  ol 
Ilut  I  Hum,  a  ruiiauh  r4lila  nuMilier  of  iMHiaa  M  an  lit^ 
maiiaa  magiiiiiida  liava  Itaan  Iihiu*!  J'tie  ^*$9  whey* 
ikia  diaesvary  kaa  lauin  madu  liaa  aluHil  una  kandNNl 
ami  ninety  milaa  haluw  Iha  jtiiu'iuni  uf  iha  rivar  Ne,*l« 
•  Ilh  Iha  I  Hun  |i  la  aluml  'wir  inilaa  diaiaiil  Irtan  Iha 
liarika  of  Iha  liilar,  un  Ilia  aide  uf  tha  uiaralt  valUd  th* 
Malt  llek  'I  ha  himaa  lie  in  vaal  ifiiaiftilia*  ahmii  Hva 
or  el<  hel  ninlar  ariMiml,  and  Iha  airatnm  la  viaibia  in 
Iha  bank  un  iha  adg*  el  iha  l.irk  Jtmn*4l  »/  (WiMal 
llmif  I'mghi;  Sis  fthi»  aw  Ihia  afiut  aaaina  I* 
lie  aiiuraifly  laul  ilowii  hy  ^.•*na  in  hia  map  Ihaaa 
hiNiaa  inual  liavii  Iwhiiigid  lo  anintala  of  aiiuriWHia  bulk| 
but  iialiiraliala  iNiitig  at'i)ii«iiiied  with  iw  living  rraalura 
uf  aii'h  alia,  ware  al  lir<i  iiiiliiud  I*  think  iMf  aiara 
mineral  aulnlancaa      I  piui  nriiuiig  a  graalai  nuinliat 

uf  aiiei'iiiiKiia,  and  after  iii4| iiiitf  them  inure  narrowly, 

they  are  now  allowml  In  lie  iha  iHiiiaa  of  ai,  animal.  A* 
ilia  ehitili'tiit  la  the  lirgral  kiiuwn  i|ii4drii|i«'i|,  and  Iha 
liiaka  wtiii'h  were  liMiml,  nearly  reai'iiilileil.  IhiiIi  in  furtn 
and  <|ii4lily.  the  inaka  uf  an  elefth  tnt,  it  waa  eiuH-lmletl 
that  the  careaaaea  ile|Nwiieil  i»\  Iha  f  Ntiu  were  ul  thai 
B|uieira  hul  |lr  lliiiiler,  unu  of  ih«  (iwraiMia  uf  uiil 
aifa  Ileal  t|ll4llllrd  lu  ilei'ida  Wlltl  re4|iael  ,  •  'hia  |H>llll, 
having  aieiiraielv  riainiiu'il  aeveral  |iarerla  ul  luaka, 
and  grindera,  and  )4W.lNiiiea,  aeiil  Ir'tm  llwi  IHiio  to 
liuiidun,  gtvea  II  a*  liia  uptniun  ttial  lliey  ilitl  nut  baluitg 
lu  an  tlejilianl,  but  tu  auiua  huge  carnivurtnia  animal  ul 
an  unknown  B|ieciea.  Itnl  Truiaatl  vid.  Iviii.  p.  34. 
Iluuea  of  Ihe  aaiiM  kind,  and  aa  remarkable  fur  lliel* 
aiiu,  liiivii  hern  luiiiiil  near  the  inuiitlia  uf  the  greal 
rivera  Ohy,  Jeniaeia,  and  l^'tia  m  Milieria.  StrMhm 
litriiJtfrnfl.  nf  Surlh  and  H»tl  l'»rl»  of  Kurnft  »iU 
,1>  II,  p  lll'J,  kVc  The  I  h  |iluiiil  ■■  I'ina  lu  Iki  coiillnwl 
III  Ilia  raiigo  lo  the  turrii!  lune,  and  iii^ver  iniilliplie* 
iM'yuiid  It.  In  audi  cohl  regiuna  aa  tlmae  bordering  on 
the  Iroivii  aea,  he  could  not  live.  The  eaiattnc*  ol 
aiieh  large  aiilinala  m  Anieriea  iniglil  ofien  a  wide  hubl 
for  ronjecliire.  The  more  we  ronleiiiplale  tlie  face  ul 
iMliire,  end  conaider  th*  variety  of  liar  pruducliona,  lb* 
mora  w*  miiat  he  aatialied  that  aatoiiiahing  change* 
h*ve  been  mode  in  Iha  lerrai|ueuiia  glolm  by  cuiivul- 
aiona  and  ravolutiona,  of  wliicb  no  account  i*  prea*rve4 
in  hialory. 

Nirri  [36].  p.  100. — Thia  degenenry  of  the  dom*a> 
lie  Kiiniiiean  animala  in  America  may  h*  im|iuleil  to 
aome  of  theve  caiiaea.  In  the  MfMiiiah  Beltlemenla, 
which  am  aitiiatcd  either  within  the  liirrid  >ona,  0(  in 
cunntriea  liortlering  ii|>on  it,  Ihe  increaa*  of  heat  and 
diveraily  of  food  prevent  eheep  and  horned  rattl*  from 
attaining  tha  aanie  aire  aa  in  l!uro|i*.  Tliey  aeldoia 
liecoin*  ao  fat,  and  their  Heah  i.*  not  ao  iiiicy,  orof  auch 
driical*  Havor.  lu  North  America,  where  the  climaia 
ia  mure  favorable,  and  aiinilar  lo  that  of  K'uro|ie,  Ih* 
qnality  of  th*  graaaca  which  apring  up  naturally  in  their 
paaluie  grounila  ia  nut  !;u<al.  Mitchell,  p.  lAI.  Agri- 
culliire  la  aiill  au  much  in  ila  infancy,  that  artlAcial 
fiiiMl  fur  cuttl*  14  not  raiaed  in  any  uiiantily.  During  * 
winter,  long  in  many  provincoa,  anil  niiofou*  in  all,  no 
proper  caruj^a  taken  of  iheir  cattle.  'Im  general  lr**t- 
mviil  uf  their  horaea  and  liornail  cattle  la  injiidiciou* 
and  liarali  in  all  Ihu  Kngliah  coloinea.  Theae  circuin 
atancea  cni..rihiile  more,  |ierha|i*,  than  any  thing  pecu- 
liar in  Ih*  quality  of  th*  cliinala,  to  tho  d*gen*r*oy  of 
breed  in  the  horaea,  cowa,  •nd  •h**p  of  many  of  tha 
North  Amorican  provincta. 

Nirri  [37].  p  100.— In  tho  year  1519,  Iha  iaiand  el 
lliapaniula  waa  atHiclcd  with  *  dreadful  viaiUliua  ol 
Ihoae  dealrilctlv*  inacrle,  the  perticniar*  of  which  Hsf> 
rera  deacriboa,  and  inentiona  a  aingiilar  inatanco  of  tha 
au|ier>tition  of  the  Spaiuah  planter*,  .\fier  trying  vari' 
oua  nuithoda  of  oturniinating  tho  aula,  ihuy  r*aoly*k 
to  Implore  nroleclion  of  the  aainla  ;  but  aa  the  calamity 
waa  new,  Iliey  were  at  ■  loaa  to  find  out  the  taint  who 
conUI  give  them  the  moat  eirertiiiil  aid.  They  caal 
lota  in  order  to  diacover  the  patron  whom  they  ahould 
invok*.    I'b*  loudoctJwl  in  favor  of  Hi.  Saturniaaa. 


IM 


ROBERTSON'S   HI8TORV    Of 


ill: 


Tlwy  ralrlirilol  hit  ftiititiil  wilh  Kraal  lolcninity,  •nii 
innictliiU'ly,  aiKIa  lliv  hinliirian,  lli«  calaiiiily  iMiiian  to 
■Imp.     lUrnira.  ilvc   S.  Iiu.  ill.  c.  IS.  p.  IU7. 

NoTr|n**1  p.  100.— Tliraiilhuror  Urrhrrrhca  I'hi 
OMii  h  <|iii'>  aur  \n  Aiiirriiaiiia  iiiiiiHwca  lliiaUilliri  nro 
in  ht'il  l»  Im-  riiiial  In  Iwt'lve  ilr|;ni('a,  aiil  that  a  |il<i'u 
#i.riv  lii'uri-fa  fruiii  Ihu  r.t)uau>r  iii  tlm  ulil  roiiliiu-iit  la 
•H  Harm  tin  iiiiu  buimU'iI  i)iuIiIi:i'ii  ili'iiri'*  a  I'runi  it  in 
Aiwrira,  loiii.  i.  p.  II.  l)r.  .Mitoliiil  alli-r  ol>frrva- 
limia  f  arrii'd  uii  diintiLf  ihirty  yvara,  conlrnUa  Mi.il  llio 
(lull ri'iiic  la  v<|ual  lu  loiitlt'Oii  ur  liltrvii  druri'ia  ul  lali- 
lu^.     I'mai'iil  aialr,  &c.  p.  anV. 

NviifSO].  p.  100- January 3<l,  ITBTi.Mr  llertram, 
■rtr  Ilia  Iwail  of  Nl.  John'a  rivur,  iii  Kaat  Kloriila,  iili- 
niiriMl  (  froat  ao  iiitonao  thai  in  ona  iii)|lil  tlio  K"'""*' 
waa  friMoii  an  inch  ihick  u|iai'  Ihe  liaiika  of  the  ii«er. 
Thw  hinoa,  cilioiia,  aiitl  baiiaiii  Irsca,  al  8t.  Aiiuualin, 
wore  ileatroynl.  Uvrlrain'a  Journal,  p.  ilO.  Oifiarin- 
alaiicot  of  thr  vxlnonlinary  o|i«ntliona  of  cold  in  iho 
nnlhnrn  proviiicra  uf  Noilh  America  arc  cullrctcd  by 
Vt.  MitclMill.  I'reat'iil  Nlile,  p.  900,  die.  Keliruary 
7lh,  1747,  Ihii  froai  at  Charlotton  waa  ao  iiitciiav,  thai 
I  poraoii  havin)!  cairivd  Iwo  quart  holtlita  ol  hot  water 
to  bed,  in  iho  morniiiK  tliuy  were  p;ilil  to  piecca,  and 
tOf  water  cMivvrled  iiilu  aolid  lunipa  of  ice.  In  • 
Kitchen  wherr  ilivra  waa  •  tiro,  the  water  in  a  jar  in 
which  tlirro  waa  a  live  lariiR  eu!,  wia  Iroacn  to  the  bot- 
tom. Alinnat  all  the  ora.i|(v  and  olive  ireea  were  de- 
•truycd.  Uoacriplion  of  Uoulh  Carolina,  8vo.  Lond. 
1781. 

1  P   " 

accura  in  Uutcn  Ciuiana,  a  country  every  where  level, 
and  to  low,  that  during  the  rainy  aeaaona  it  ia  uaually 
:ovenid  with  water  near  two  feet  in  heluht.  Thia  ren- 
dera  ihe  aoil  ao  rich,  thai  on  Ihe  aurfaco,  for  twelve 
liichea  in  depth,  it  ia  a  alratuin  of  iierfcct  inaiiure,  and 
aa  aiich  haa  Ih«ii  traMa|iorlod  la  Uarbadooa.  Un  the 
banka  of  the  Kaaeipiibo,  thirty  crapa  of  ratan  canea 
have  tweii  raiaed  aucccaaively  ;  wheroaa  in  the  Weal 
Indian  ialanda  not  more  than  Iwo  ia  ever  expected  from 
the  riitlieat  land.  The  cxp<'diunta  liy  which  the  plaiitera 
endeavor  to  dinilniah  thia  exceaaive  fertility  of  aoil  are 
various.     Bancroft,  Nat.   Hiat.  of  Uuiana,  p.  10,  dtc. 

No-ri  [41  ].  p.  lOS. — Mullcr  aeoma  to  have  iHilievod, 
without  aullicivnt  evidence,  that  ihe  Ca|K)  had  been 
dciiblcd.  toin.  i.  p  II,  dec. ;  and  the  iin|Mirial  academy 
of  .Mt  I'diTaburuh  i;ive  aonie  countenance  to  it  by  the 
niiinner  in  whicn  Ttthtikulskm-mtti  ia  laid  down  in 
tlii'ir  chart*.  Uut  I  am  aaaurcd,  from  undoubted 
authority,  that  no  Iluaaian  «caael  haa  ever  aailed  round 
that  cape  ;  and  ua  the  country  of  Tshutkt  ia  not  aubject 
lo  Iho  Kusaian  empire,  it  ia  very  imperfectly  known. 

NoTi  [43]  p.  103. — Were  Ihia  the  plire  for  rnlcr- 
init  into  a  liini;  iiiul  nitricato  xeogruphical  diujuii'lion, 
iiiaiiy  cuniMi>t  tibacrvaliona  nii^ht  uriae  from  comparing 
the  Hci-ounta  of  the  two  Jlitf  aiun  voyagea  and  llic  charla 
of  their  rea|H!Ctivn  navigaliona.  One  remark  ia  appli- 
collie  lo  lioth.  We  cannot  rely  wilh  absolute  cGnainty 
un  llio  iwaition  which  lliey  aaaign  lo  aeveral  of  the  pU- 
cea  which  they  viaitcd.  Die  weather  waa  ao  extreini^ly 
fo^uy.  liiai  they  aeUlnm  saw  the  aun  ur  atura ;  anil  the 
(Maition  of  ihe  lalanda  and  aup|HM(;d  continents  waa 
commonly  determined  by  reckoninir,  nut  by  oinerva- 
Imn.  UehriiiK  and  'rachirikow  proceeded  much  fur- 
ther towards  the  east  than  Kreniuin.  The  land  dia- 
eovcrid  by  Ilehrinui.  which  he  iniaeuied  to  be  part  of 
the  American  continent,  ia  in  the  %UM\  di'iiree  of  Ion- 
ffilude  from  the  tirat  meridian  in  the  ihle  of  Kerro,  and 
lu  M"  2H'  of  laliludc.  'I'achiriliow  cnno^  upon  the 
aaiiic  co.i8t  in  loni^itude  341",  lalitiidi:  •W.  Miiller.  i. 
24*i,  34U.  The  furiner  must  have  mlvanccd  60  degriea 
from  the  port  of  I'etriipawlowski,  from  which  ho  took 
hia  departure,  and  the  latter  05  dcgreea.  Uut  from  Ihe 
<  ba.t  of  Krcniuon'a  voyage,  it  appears  that  he  did  not 
•ail  further  towards  the  cast  than  to  Ihe  308th  degree, 
•nd  only  33  decrees  from  Petrnpawluwaki.  In  1711, 
Uehring  and  Tschlrikow,  both  in  going  itnd  returning, 
held  a  course  which  was  mostly  to  the  south  of  that 
chain  of  islanda,  which  they  discovered ;  and  observing 
Iho  mountains  and  rugged  aapect  of  the  headlands 
«hich  they  descried  towards  Iho  north,  they  supposed 
tbcm  to  be  promontories  belonging  to  some  part  of  the 
A.nerican  continent,  which,  aa  they  fancied,  stretched 
H  far  south  aa  the  latitude  SO.  In  Ihia  inannKr  they 
■re  laid  down  in  the  chart  published  by  Muller,  anil 
iikewiae  in  a  manuscript  chart  drawn  by  a  mate  of 
Biihring'a  ahip,  communicated  to  mo  by  Mr.  I'rofeaaor 


Hobioon.  But  in  17R9,  Kreniiaiii,  after  wintering  in 
the  laland  .Maxa,  alood  ao  far  liiwanU  the  north  in  liia 
return,  ihal  hia  rourae  lay  through  the  middle  of  what 
llrliiing  and  'IVhirikow  had  suppuaed  to  he  a  cimli- 
mill,  which  he  found  in  be  un  open  ar:i.  and  that  lliey 
had  nnalakch  rocky  laln^  fur  Ihe  h<'»>llands  ul  a  loiiii- 
nenl.  It  it  probable,  that  the  cuunlrn^s  iliaciiMriil  in 
I  Ml,  lowarda  the  eaat,  do  nut  biluiig  to  the  Aniiriiiin 
cuiiliiieiil,  bill  are  only  a  •'unliinniliun  of  the  cliiiin  iif 
lalmiila.  The  niitnber  of  vulcanoa  in  thia  region  ut*  tiie 
uIuIm)  la  remarkable.  There  are  several  in  K»in|. 
I'hulka,  and  nut  one  of  ihe  lalaiida,  grrni  ur  aninll,  iia  far 
aa  Iho  K'lasian  natigation  exlenda,  la  withnut  them. 
Many  are  actually  burning,  and  the  inonnlains  in  all 
iH'ar  marks  of  having  lieen  onro  in  a  slate  of  eruption. 
Were  I  dit|ioaod  lo  admit  audi  conjiclnrra  aa  have 
found  place  in  other  inquiriea  conrernnig  the  jieophng 
of  America,  I  inighl  aumiaae  that  thia  part  of  the  earili, 
Iwving  manifeatly  aiilferrd  violent  convulaiona  from 
earlhqiiakca  and  volcanoa,  an  iathinut,  which  may  have 
formerly  united  Aaia  to  Arnciica,  hat  been  broken,  and 
formed  into  ■  cluater  of  iaianda  by  the  ahock. 

It  la  aingular,  that  at  Ihe  very  lime  the  Iluaaian  navi- 
gaiora  were  allr4npting  lo  make  diacnverirs  in  the 
north-west  of  .\nierica,  Ihe  .Spaniania  were  pruaetuling 
the  lama  deaign  from  another  quarter.  In  1700,  Iwo 
ainall  vtaaela  aailed  from  I,aretlo  in  ('alifornia  lo  ex- 
plore the  coaata  of  the  country  lo  the  north  of  Ihal 
iieninaula.  They  advanced  no  further  than  the  port  of 
Monle-Uey,  in  latitude  38.  Uut,  in  several  aucceaaivo 
ex|iedilions  lilted  out  from  the  port  of  St.  Ulaa  in  New 
Ualicia,  the  S|>aniarda  have  advanced  aa  far  as  the  lati- 
tude A8.  (i'.irrM  lie  Miulnit,  March  10,  and  .Moy  14, 
1770.  Uut  as  the  joiirnula  of  those  voyages  have  noi 
yet  been  published,  I  cannot  compare  their  progreaa 
with  that  of  the  Uuaaiana,  or  ahow  how  near  llie  navi- 
gatora  of  Ihe  two  natmna  have  approached  lo  each 
other.  It  ia  to  be  hoped  that  the  enli;jhtened  ininister 
who  has  now  the  direction  of  American  aifairs  in  Hpain, 
will  not  withhold  thia  information  from  the  public. 

NoTC  [43].  p.  103. — Our  knowledge  of  the  vicinity 
of  the  two  continenta  of  Aaia  and  America,  which  waa 
very  ini|ietfect  when  I  published  the  History  of  Ainei<<'a 
in  the  ycur  1777,  is  now  complete.  Mr.  Coie'a 
account  of  tho  Ruasian  Uiscoveries  between  Asia  and 
America,  printed  in  Ihe  year  1780,  containa  many  curi- 
oua  and  important  facta  with  respect  to  tho  varioua 
attempts  of  the  Kussiana  to  open  a  communication  with 
Ihe  New  World.  The  history  of  tho  great  voyage  of 
Discovery,  begun  by  Captain  (!!ook  in  1776,  and  com- 
pleted by  (^aplaina  ()lerk  and  Uore,  publiahed  in  the 
year  1780,  coininunicatcs  all  tho  information  that  tho 
curioaity  of  mankind  could  deairo  with  tcgani  to  thia 
subject. 

At  my  request,  my  friend,  Mr.  Playfair,  Profetsor  i)f 
Mathcinatick  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  has  coin- 
[lared  the  narrative  and  charts  of  those  illustrious  navi- 
gators with  Ihe  inure  imperfect  relations  and  maps  of 
the  Russians.  Tho  result  of  this  comparison  I  com- 
municate in  hia  own  words,  with  much  greater  conti- 
dence  in  hia  acienlitic  accuracy,  than  I  could  have  ven- 1 
ttircd  to  place  in  any  ohservationa  which  I  niyaelf  might  i 
iiave  inaiio  ii|>on  tho  subject.  I 

■■  The  discoveries  of  Captain  L.rak  in  hia  last  voyage ! 
hiivo  confirmed  tho  concbisinns  which  Ur.  Kiiliertson  ! 
had  drawn,  and  have  connected  together  the  facta  from  I 
which  they  were  deduced.  They  hjvc  now  rendercil  | 
it  certain  that  Uehring  and  Tschirikow  touched  on  the  > 
coast  of  America  in  1741.  Tho  furmir  discovered  | 
hind  in  latitudo  .^>8'^,  3S',  and  aliout  3311°  east  from  I 
Kerro.  Ho  has  given  such  a  description  of  tho  Uuy  in  I 
which  he  anchored,  and  the  high  mnuntain  to  the  west-  \ 
ward  of  it  which  he  calla  til.  Klias,  that  though  the  < 
account  o.'  hia  voyage  is  much  abridged  in  the  Knjjliah  { 
translation.  Captain  Cook  recognised  the  place  as  hu  | 
sailed  along  Iho  western  coaat  of  America  in  the  year 
1T7H.  The  isle  of  St.  Ilermogenes,  near  tho  mouth  uf 
Cook's  river,  Schuinsi^ins  isles  on  tho  coast  of  Alashka, 
and  Foggy  Isle,  retain  in  Captain  Cook's  chart  the 
namea  which  they  had  received  from  the  Iluaaian  navi- 
gator.    Cook's  Voy.  vol.  ii.  p.  347. 

"  Tschirikow  came  upon  tho  same  coast  abonl  2" 
30'  farther  south  than  Uehring,  near  tho  Mount  K  Ige- 
cuinbe  of  Captain  Cook. 

"  With  regard  to  Krenitzin,  we  loam  from  Coxc's 
Account  of  Iho  Russian  Discoveries,  that  he  sailed 
from  the  month  of  tho  Kamtcliatka  river  with  two  ships 
in  the  yesr  1768.  With  his  own  ship  he  reached  the 
island  of  Oonolashka,  in  which  there  had  been  a  Rus- 
•ian  aettlement  aince  the  year  1763,  whore  he  wintered 
probably  in  the  aamo  naibor  or  bay  where  Captain 


Cutili  aflerwania  anchored.  The  other  ship  winleiH 
at  Alashka,  whuli  was  aiipposed  lo  lie  an  island,  tlH)il||tt 
il  be  in  flirt  a  part  of  the  .\nierir,in  riinlinenl.  Kr* 
niuin  a''fnrdint,'ly  rftiirned  withunt  knowing  that  eittieff 
of  Ilia  ships  had  brcii  on  the  niaat  ul  .Vnirru-a  ;  uiid 
tliia  ia  Ihe  more  surprising.  Iiecuuse  Cajiiiiin  I'tink  liai 
inturnicil  ua  (hut  Aliisiiks  is  utiilrraluutl  to  lie  a  gieat 
i'on!iiif-nt,  both  by  thu  llussiuna  and  the  nativea  ol 
Uonoliishka 

"  Acrnrding  lo  Krenitaln,  the  ship  which  had  wiiH 
iiri'd  St  .XKiahha  hud  hardly  sailed  30'  lu  the  eastwanl 
of  the  hurlnir  ul  Nl.  I'eler  and  .Si  I'anl  in  Kainlihatka  ) 
but,  according  lu  the  more  accurate  charts  of  Csptsin 
Cook,  it  had  sailed  no  lesa  than  37"  17' lothe  eaalward 
of  Ihal  harbor.  There  ia  nearly  the  same  niislake  uf  ft° 
in  Ihe  Inngitiide  which  Krenitiin  assigns  to  Ounolashke. 
Il  is  remarkable  enuiigh,  that  In  the  chart  of  llioae  aeaa, 
put  iiitu  the  hand  of  Captain  ('ouk  by  the  Ruaaiunaan 
Ibnt  iahnil,  ihero  waa  an  error  uf  tho  same  kind,  and 
very  nearly  of  the  aamo  extent. 

"  But  what  ia  of  most  cunacquence  to  b«  remarked 
on  Iho  aubject  ia,  that  Ihe  discoveries  of  Captain  C'oolt 
have  fully  verilied  Dr  RolM'rtaun'a  cnnjecture  '  that  it 
ia  probable  that  fiitiiro  navigatoni  in  those  seaa,  by 
steering  farther  lo  tho  north  than  Uehring  ami  Tschiri- 
kow or  Krenilxiii  had  done,  may  find  that  the  continent 
of  America  approacheaatill  nearer  lo  that  of  Asia.  >See 
p.  103.  Il  has  accordingly  bi  en  found  ihat  these  two 
continents,  which  in  Ihe  juirullel  uf  5.')",  or  that  of  the 
aonlhern  eitroinity  of  Alashka,  are  alwiit  four  hundred 
leagiica  asunder,  approach  continually  to  one  anolhei 
aa  ihcy  atretch  together  toward  the  north,  until,  within 
less  than  a  degree  from  the  polar  circle,  they  am  te'- 
ininated  by  two  capes  only  thirteen  leagues  distan*. 
The  east  ca|i<i  of  Asia  is  in  laliluile  66°  6'  and  in  lon- 
gitude IBO"  33'  eaat  from  Cireenwich :  Iho  woalorn 
extremity  of  America,  or  I'riiico  of  Walea'  Cane,  ia  in 
latitude  OS"  46',  and  in  longitude  101"  4S'.  Nearly  in 
tlui  middle  of  the  narrow  strait  (llehring's  Strait)  which 
aeparates  these  capes,  are  the  two  islands  of  ,St.  Dio- 
niede,  from  which  both  continenta  may  lie  seen.  Ca|>- 
lain  King  inforina  ua,  that  aa  he  waa  aailing  thrinigh  thit 
atrail,  July  S,  1770,  tho  fog  having  cleared  away,  he 
enjoyed  the  pleaaiire  of  seeing  from  tlie  ahip  the  ronti 
iieiila  uf  Asia  and  America  at  the  same  inoment,  to 
gcther  wilh  iho  islands  of  St  Dioincdo  lying  botwcen 
them    Cook's  Voy.  vol  iii.  p.  34-1. 

"  Ueyond  thia  point  Ihe  strait  o|iena  lowarda  lli* ' 
Arctic  Sea,  and  the  coasts  of  Aaia  and  .\inerica  diverg* 
ao  fast  from  one  another,  that  in  Ihe  parallel  of  69° 
they  are  more  than  one  hundred  leagues  aaundcr.  lb. 
p.  377.  To  the  mouth  of  the  atrait  ihcro  arc  a  iiuin- 
lierof  Islanda,  Clerk's,  King's,  Anderson's,  dre.  wh.'cn, 
aa  well  as  those  of  St.  Diomede,  may  hive  facilitated 
Ihe  migrationa  of  tho  nativea  from  the  one  continent  to 
the  otTier.  ('aptain  Cook,  however,  on  Iho  kiithority 
of  the  Ilustinns  at  Oonuliishka,  and  for  other  good  rea- 
sons haa  diminished  the  number  of  islands  which  had 
been  inserted  in  formerchartsof  the  northern  .\rchipclugo> 
Ho  has  also  pUced  Alaahka,  or  the  promontory  which 
stretches  from  tho  coniinenl  of  America  S.  W.  tuwurds 
Kamichatki,  at  the  distance  of  five  degrees  of  longi- 
tude farther  from  the  coast  of  Asia  than  it  waa  reckoned 
by  the  Russian  navigators. 

"  The  geography  of  tho  Old  ond  New  World  la 
therefore  eipiully  indebted  to  the  discoveries  made  in 
this  memorable  voyage  ;  and  as  many  errors  have 
been  corrected,  ond  many  deliciencies  supplied,  h* 
means  of  these  dis':overies,  so  the  accuracy  of  some 
former  observations  hoK  Iwen  established.  The  basis  of 
the  map  of  the  Russian  empire,  as  far  os  regarded 
Kamtcliatka,  and  tho  country  of  tho  Tschutzki,  was  the 
position  of  four  places,  Vakiitsh,  Ocholz,  Uolcheresk, 
and  Pctropiiwlowski,  which  Iwid  been  determined  by 
tho  asirunomer  Kraasihiicow  in  tho  year  1744.  Nov. 
Coniment.  Petrop.  vol.  iii.  p.  46.'!,  iVc.  Uut  the  accu- 
racy of  his  observaliona  was  contested  by  M,  Kngel, 
and  M.  Robert  do  Vangondy  ;  Coxe,  Append,  i.  No.  3 
p.  307.  373.  and  tho  furiner  of  these  geugniphora  von 
lured  to  tako  away  no  less  than  38  degrees  from  the 
longitude,  which  on  tho  faith  of  Krisailnicow'a  ohsorva- 
tions,  was  assigned  to  tho  eastern  boundary  of  tho  Rus- 
sian oinpiro.  iVith  how  littlo  reason  this  waa  dune, 
will  appear  from  considering  that  our  Uritish  naviga- 
tors, having  dotcrminod  the  position  of  Petropawlowski 
by  a  great  numlicr  of  very  accurate  ohservatione,  found 
the  longitude  of  that  |H>rt  138"  43'  E.  from  Grnonwicht 
and  its  latitude  RH"  V  ;  agreeing,  the  first  to  less  than 
sevon  minutes,  and  the  second  to  less  than  half  a  mi- 
nute, with  tho  calculations  of  the  Russian  ostrnnomer 
0  coincidence  which,  in  the  situation  ol  ao  miiiote  • 
place,  does  not  leave  on  uncertainty  uf  more  than  (am 


T  thlp   Willi* 

in  inUitil,  lb 
oiiiiiii'iit.  Krt 
iwihK  iliil  riihiit 
I  AiiiiT'iM  ;  itild 
^[iiiiin  ( 'link  lull 
li  to  III'  I  Kivat 
lilt,'   iialivut  of 

whii'h  lixl  will- 
Ill  till)  imNtwanl 
III  Kaiiitrliiitki  i 
ImriM  of  (-aptnin 
'  ID  th«  caalward 
im  iiiinlakv  uf  ft^ 
a  lo  ( Miiolaahk*. 
>rt  of  llioae  aru, 
III!)  Kuaalunaon 
aaiiie  kiiHl,  and 

to  be  mnarkrd 
a(  Ca|ilaiii  <'uuk 
iiijrcluru  '  thai  it 

lhoa«  afaa,  by 
mm  uihI  Tachiri* 
lint  tlit>  roiitiiiiMit 
hat  of  Aais.  K«a 
(1  timt  tlwao  two 
",  or  that  of  tbo 
lilt  four  hunilriKl 
y  to  our  anothrr 
rth,  until,  williia 
:\v,  thoy  am  tii'- 
leuKiica  illatan'. 
8°  6'  anil  in  lon- 
■h :  tho  woatcrn 
alea'  Cum,  ia  in 
"  W.  Nearly  in 
ill'a  Strait)  which 
anila  of  8l.  Dio- 
y  lie  aeen.  Ca|K 
ilini;  through  thia 
Icari'd  uway,  he 
10  ahip  the  ronti 
Miu  moment,  to 
lu  lyiiiK  botwcM 

na  towanla  Ilia' 

Amrrira  divcrg* 

pnralli'l  of  89° 

Ilia  aaiinilcr.     lb. 

leru  arc  n  nuin- 

on'a,  die  whlciit 

li^ivo  facilitated 

|uiie  continent  to 

n  tho  kiithoriljr 

other  good  rea- 

|landa  which  had 

iernArchipeliii{0> 

niiiuntory  which 

S.  W.  lowarda 

grrea  of  loiigi- 

it  wua  reckoned 

I  New  World   la 

jvcrica  made  in 

Iny  errors   havo 

l'«  aiiiiplird,  h' 

Iciirr.cy  of  BoiiH* 

Tho  baais  of 

Ifar  Da   regarded 

jhiitiki,  wiia  tlia 

lilx,  Uuk'hereah, 

1  determined  bv 

|ear  1744.  Nov. 

Uut  the  accii- 

by  M,  Kiigel, 

lipcnd.  i.  No.  3 

eogrsphora  von 

ireea  from  llic 

hcow'a  ohaorva* 

|ary  of  the  llua- 

ihia  waa  done, 

IBritish  naviga- 

Jetiopawlowaki 

|rvalion«,  found 

>m  Groenwicht 

Irat  10  leaa  than 

Ihan  hiilf  a  mi- 

an  aatrnnainer 

lot  80  ruiiioto  a 

Imore  thin  bw 


SOCTH  AMERICA. 


M 


milaa,  and  which,  for  tha  credit  of  aclrnen, 
Taa  10  ba  particularly  remarked.  The  chief  error 
Ir  Ibu  lliuwian  inapi  haa  lieen  in  not  eatoiiding  the 
koiinoariea  ot  thai  empire  aiifllciantly  lowarda  the  «aal. 
For  aa  them  waa  nothing  to  connect  tho  land  of  the 
Tachiiliki  and  the  nortli-eaal  |ioint  of  Aaia  with  thiMo 
plai'c*  whereof  ihn  (lomtion  liiid  hccn  carcrullv  aacer* 
Uiiiod,  eiciipt  the  imperl'ecl  accoiinta  of  llrhring'a  and 
Hynd'a  toyagea,  conaiderable  errora  could  not  fail  to 
be  introduced,  and  that  iioint  waa  laid  down  aa  not 
inure  llian  'W  9'  eaat  of  iho  meridian  of  I'etropaw- 
lowaki.  Cuae,  Apii.  i.  No  3.  iiy  the  olianrvationa  of 
i'apiain  King,  the  uilferencn  of  longitude  Iwtweeii  i'e- 
tfopawlowaki  and  the  llaat  Capo  ia  31"  V;  that  ia, 
4'  V  greater  lhan  it  waa  aiipiwaod  to  ho  by  the  Kua- 
aian  geographera."  It  apjieara  from  ('ook'a  and  King'a 
Voy.  iii  p.  378,  that  the  coiitinoiita  of  Aaia  and  Aiiie- 
riet  are  iiaually  joined  logelhor  by  ica  during  winter. 
Mr.  Mtmwell  oonArma  thia  account  of  hia  aupcrior nlllcer. 
"  Al  thia  place,  via.  near  tho  latitude  of  06°  N.  the 
two  eoaata  are  only  thirteen  leaguea  aaunder,  and  about 
midway  between  them  lie  two  iahinda,  the  diatance 
from  each  to  either  alioru  ia  aliort  of  twenty  inilea.  At 
thia  place  the  nativea  of  Aaia  could  find  no  dilHculty  in 
paaaing  over  to  Iho  oppoaite  cjaat,  which  ia  in  eight  of 
Iheir  own.  'I'hrt  in  a  courae  of  yoara  auch  an  event 
would  hapjien,  either  through  doaign  cr  accident,  cannot 
admit  of  a  doubt.  The  caiioea  which  wn  aaw  among 
the  Tachutiki  were  capable  of  performing  a  mucn 
longer  voyage;  and,  however  rude  Ihey  may  have 
been  at  aoiiie  diaiant  period,  we  can  acarcely  auppoae 
Ihein  unequal  lo  a  paaaage  of  aix  or  aeven  leaguea. 
l'eo|ile  might  have  been  carried  over  by  accident  on 
floating  piecca  of  ice.  They  might  alao  nave  travelled 
acroaa  on  alodgea  or  on  foot ;  for  we  have  reaaoii  to  be- 
lieve that  the  airait  ia  entirely  froten  over  in  the  winter ; 
ao  that,  during  thai  aeaaon,  the  continenta,  with  reaped 
lo  ihu  coinmiinication  between  them,  may  be  coiiai- 
dered  aa  one  land."  I,ettor  from  .Mr.  8ainwoll,  Scot'a 
Magaiine  fur  17M8,  p.  604.  It  ia  probable  that  thia  in- 
tereatlng  ixirtion  of  geographical  knowledge  will,  in  the 
courae  of^  a  few  yeaia,  receive  farther  improvement. 
HiKtn  after  the  publication  of  Captain  Coo|'a  laat  vo- 
yage, tho  great  and  enlightened  .Suvcieign  of  lluaaia, 
attentive  to  every  thing  that  may  contribute  lo  extend 
the  bounda  of  acience,  or  to  render  it  more  accurate, 
furineil  the  plan  of  a  new  voyage  of  diacovery,  in  order 
to  explore  tlioae  paria  of  the  ocean  Iving  between  Aaia 
and  .\murica,  which  Captain  Cook  did  not  viait,  to  ex- 
ain'ne  more  accurately  the  iaianda  which  atrelch  from 
one  continent  almoat  to  the  other,  lo  aiirvey  the  north- 
eaat  coaat  of  the  Russian  empire,  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Kuvyina,  or  Kolyma,  to  tho  North  Cape,  and  In  aellle, 
by  aatroiioinlcal  obaervationa,  tho  poaition  of  each  place 
worth  notice.  The  conduct  of  thia  important  enter- 
priio  ia  committed  to  Captain  Billiiiga,  an  Engliah  ofB- 
cer  in  the  Riiaaian  aervice,  of  whoae  abilitiea  for  that 
atation  it  will  lio  deemed  the  boat  evidence,  llial  he 
accompanied  Captain  Cook  in  hia  laat  voyage.  To 
render  the  expedition  more  c^tonaively  useful,  an  emi- 
nent naturalist  ia  appointed  to  attend  Captain  Billinga. 
Sixyeara  will  be  requisite  fur  accomplishing  tho  purpoaoa 
of  the  voyage,  Coxo'a  Supplement  to  Iluasian  Diaco- 
veriea,  p.  37,  &.c. 

Note  [44].  p.  103.— Few  Iravollcra  havo  had  auch 
opportunity  of  obaerving  the  nativea  of  America,  in  ita 
varioua  districta  aa  Don  Antonio  Ulkia.  In  a  work 
lately  published  by  him,  he  thus  doacribcs  the  charau- 
teriatical  foaturea  of  the  race  :  "  .\  very  ainall  fore- 
head, covered  with  hair  lowarda  ita  extremities,  aa  far 
as  the  middle  of  the  eye-lirowa;  little  eyes;  a  thin 
nose,  small  and  bending  towards  the  upper  lip ;  the 
countenance  broad;  the  ears  large;  tho  hair  very 
black,  lank,  and  coarse  ;  the  limba  well  turncij,  the  feet 
email,  the  body  of  just  proportion  ;  and  altogether 
emoolh  and  free  from  hair,  until  old  age.  when  they 
acquiro  some  beaid,  but  never  on  the  cheeka."  No- 
liciaa  Americanaa,  4c.  p.  307.  M.  le  Chevalier  de 
I'inio,  who  resided  several  ycara  in  a  part  of  America 
which  IJIloa  never  viaited,  givea  a  sketch  of  the  gene- 
ral aspect  of  the  Indians  there.  "  They  are  all  copper 
color  with  >ioiiie  divoraity  of  ahade,  not  in  proportion  to 
their  distaiiofl  Irom  the  equator,  but  according  to  the 
dei;ree  of  elevation  of  the  territory  which  they  inhabit. 
Those  who  livu  in  a  high  country  arc  fairer  than  thoae 
m  the  marahy  low  lands,  on  the  coast.  Their  face  ia 
found,  further  removed  perhaps,  than  that  of  any  peo- 
ple from  an  oval  ahape.  Their  forehead  is  amall,  tho 
extremity  of  their  ears  far  frnm  the  face,  their  lips  thick, 
•^-■^^  noae  flat,  their  eyes  bUck,  or  of  a  chesnut  color, 
',  but  capable  of  iliaceming  objecia  at  a  great  dia- 


tance. Their  hair  is  alwaya  thick  and  alack,  and  with- 
out ar.v  landenev  to  curl.  They  have  no  hair  on  any 
part  o(  their  body  but  Ihn  head  Al  the  Aral  aajiecl  a 
aoiilhern  American  apfieara  lo  ba  mild  and  innocent, 
but  on  a  more  attentive  view,  one  discovera  in  his 
I'Oiintnnance  aoniuthing  wild,  dislruatfiil,  and  aiillen  " 
.Vt.S.  ;irnra  me.  'I'lio  two  portrnils  drawn  by  hands 
very  ditforent  from  those  of  coiiimon  travellera,  have  a 
near  ruaeintilanco. 

NoTi  [4n|  p.  104.  Amaiiiig  accounia  are  given 
of  the  pcrsevrriiig  s)f0ed  of  the  Americana.  Adair 
relates  the  adventurea  of  a  Chii-kkasah  warrior  who 
ran  through  wooda  and  over  mountaina,  three  hundred 
compute^  iniica,  in  a  day  and  a  half  and  two  nighta. 
llial  of  Ainer.  Ind.  306. 


NoTK  [4fl].  p.  104.  M.  Uodin  Le  Jeune,  who  ro- 
aldcd  fiflcdn  years  among  the  Indiana  of  Peru  and 
Uullo,  and  twenty  yeara  in  the  French  colony  of  Cay- 
enne, in  which  there  ia  a  conatanl  intercouraa  with  the 
Ualihia  and  other  tribes  on  the  Oronoco,  oliaervoa,  that 
the  vigor  of  constitution  among  tho  Americana  ia  ex- 
%kX\i  \n  proportion  lo  their  habita  of  labor.  The  Indiana 
in  warm  climatoa,  auch  aa  those  on  Ilia  coasts  of  tho 
South  Sea,  on  the  river  of  Amaiona,  and  the  river  Ori- 
noco, are  not  to  be  compared  for  strength  with  thoae 
in  cold  countries  ;  and  yet,  aaya  he,  boats  daily  act  out 
from  Para,  a  Portugueao  seltlemont  on  tho  river  of 
Amaions,  lo  ascend  that  river  againat  the  rapidity  of 
the  stream,  and  with  the  eame  crew  they  proceed  to 
San  Pablo,  which  ia  eight  hundred  leaguea  distant.  No 
crew  of  white  people,  or  even  of  Negroes,  would  be 
found  equal  to  a  task  of  such  peraovering  fatigue,  aa 
the  Portuguese  have  experienced  ;  and  yet  the  Indians 
being  accustomed  to  thia  labor  from  their  infancy,  per 
form  it.    MS.  pciuM  me. 


u 


NoTK  [47].  p.  105,  Don  Antonio  Ulloa,  who  viaited 
a  great  part  of  Peru  and  Chili,  tho  kingdom  of  Now 
Uranado,  and  several  of  the  provinces  bordering  on  the 
Mexican  Uiilf,  while  employed  in  the  aame  aorvice  with 
the  French  Mathematiciana  during  the  space  of  ten 
years,  and  who  afterwarda  had  an  opportunity  of  view- 
ing the  North  Americana  aaaerta  "  that  if  we  have  aeen 
one  American,  we  may  be  aaid  to  havo  seen  them  all, 
their  color  and  make  are  so  nearly  tho  aame."  Notic. 
Americanaa,  p.  328.  A  more  early  observer,  Pedro 
de  Cieca  do  l.con,  one  of  the  conquerors  of  Peru,  who 
had  likowiae  Iravcraed  many  provinces  of  America,  af- 
tirma  that  the  people,  men  and  women,  although  there 
ia  auch  a  inultiluiio  of  tribea  or  nations  a$  lo  be  almoat 
innumerable,  and  such  diversity  of  climates,  apiMsar 
nnvertholeas  like  the  children  of  one  father  and  mother. 
Chronica  del'  Peru,  parto  i.  c.  19.  There  ia,  no  doubt, 
a  certain  combination  of  features,  and  peculiarity  of 
as|ient,  which  forms  what  may  bo  called  a  Guropean  or 
Asiatic  countenance.  There  must  likewise  be  one 
that  may  bo  denominated  American,  common  to  the 
whole  race.  Thia  may  be  auppoaed  to  atrike  the  tra- 
veller at  first  sight,  while  not  only  the  varioua  shades, 
which  distinguish  people  of  diircrent  regions,  but  the 
peculiar  features  which  discriminate  individuals,  escape 
the  notice  of  a  tranaieiit  observer.  But  when  persons 
who  had  resided  so  long  among  the  Americans  concur 
in  bearing  testimony  to  the  similarity  of  their  appear- 
ance in  every  climate,  we  may  conclude  that  it  is  more 
remarkable  than  that  of  any  othe.*  raco.  See  likewise 
Garcia  Origen  de  los  Indiea,  p.  64.  843.  Torquemada 
Monarch.  Indiana,  ii.  671. 

NoTK.  [48]  p.  105. — M.  le  Chevalier  de  Pinto  ob- 
serves,  that  in  the  interior  parts  of  Brazil,  he  had  been 
informed  that  some  persons  resembling  the  white  peo- 
ple of  Darien  had  been  found ;  but  that  the  breed  did 
not  continue,  and  their  children  became  like  other  .\me- 
ricans.  Thia  raco,  however,  ia  very  imperfectly  known. 
MS.  penes  dm. 

NoTc  [49].  p.  105. — The  tcatimonies  of  different 
travellera  concerning  tho  Patagonians,  have  been  col 
lected  and  stated  with  a  considerable  degree  of  accu- 
racy by  tho  author  of  Kechcrches  Philoaophiques,  dec 
tom.  i.  381,  &c  iii.  181,  dec.  Since  the  publication 
of  his  work,  several  navigators  have  visited  tho  Magel- 
lanic regions,  and  like  ttieir  predecesaors,  dllTer  very 
widely  in  their  accounta  of  its  inhabitanta  By  Com- 
modore Byron  and  his  crew,  who  sailed  through  the 
Straits  in  1704,  the  common  size  of  tho  Patagoniana 
waa  eatimated  to  be  eight  feet,  and  many  of  them  much 
taller.  Phil.  Transact,  vol.  Ivii.  p.  78.  By  Captain 
Wallia  and  Carteret,  who  actually  measured  them  in 
1766,  they  were  found  to  be  from  six  feet  to  aix  foot 


Ave  and  aeven  inchra  in  height.  Phil.  Trana.  vol.  h, 
p.  33.  These,  however,  aeem  to  have  been  the  veiy 
|ienple  whose  sue  had  been  rated  ao  high  in  the  year 
1764  ;  for  aeveral  of  them  had  beads  and  red  baiio  of 
the  aame  kind  with  what  had  been  put  on  board  Cap> 
lain  Wallis'a  shl|iTanil  he  naturally  concluded  that  ther 
had  got  theac  from  Mr.  Byrnii.  Ilawkcsw  i.  In  1767 
they  were  again  ineamircd  by  M.  Uuiigalnville,  whoa* 
account  dlHera  little  from  that  of  Captain  Wallia.  Voy. 
139.  To  these  I  shsll  add  a  leatimony  of  great  weight. 
In  tho  year  1703,  Dun  Ueriiardo  Ibegiiri  de  KchavarrI 
arcoinpaiiied  the  Marquis  de  Valilelirios  to  Buciioa 
.Ayres,  and  resided  there  several  yeara.  He  ia  a  very 
intelligent  author,  and  hia  reputation  for  veracity  uninf 
peached  among  hia  countrymen.  In  apeaking  of  lb* 
country  towards  the  suulhern  extremity  of  America. 
"  lly  what  Indiana,"  aaya  he,  "  ia  it  possessed  !  Not 
certainly  by  the  fsbiilniia  Patagoniana  who  are  auppoaed 
to  occupy  this  diatrict.  I  have  from  many  bye-wil- 
neaaea,  wn"  have  lived  among  thoae  Indiana,  and  traded 
much  with  them,  a  true  and  accurate  description  o> 
their  persona.  They  are  of  the  aame  atature  with  tho 
S|iBniarda.  I  never  saw  one  who  rose  in  height  two 
eirojiand  two  or  three  inches,"  i. «.  about  80  or  81'!I3S 
inches  English,  if  Eehavarri  makea  his  computation 
according  to  the  vara  of  Madrid.  Thia  agroea  nrarljr 
with  the  meaauremont  of  Captain  Wallia.  Keynn  Je- 
auitico,  838.  Mr.  Falkner,  who  reaided  aa  a  miasion- 
ary  forty  years  in  the  aouthem  parts  of  America,  aaya 
thol  the  Patagoniana,  or  Puelches,  are  a  large  bodied 
people ;  but  Inever  heard  of  that  gigantic  race  which 
others  have  mentioned,  though  I  have  aeen  persons  of 
all  the  different  tribea  of  aouthrrn  Indiana."  Introd. 
p.  SB.  M .  Dobrixhoffer,  a  Jesuit,  who  resided  eighteen 
years  in  Paraguay,  and  who  had  seen  great  numbera  of 
the  varioua  tribes  which  inhabit  Iho  countriea  situated 
upon  the  Straila  of  Magellan,  coiiArma  in  every  point, 
the  testimony  of  hia  brother  missionary  Falkner.  Do- 
brixhoffer enten  into  some  detail  with  reaped  to  tha 
opiniona  of  aevoral  aiithora  concerning  the  alatnrr  ot 
the  Patagoniana.  Having  mentioneiT  the  report*  of 
some  early  travellera  with  regard  lo  the  extraordinary 
site  of  some  bonea  found  nn  that  coast  which  were 
supposed  to  be  human ;  and  having  endeavored  to  ahovr 
that  theae  bonea  belonged  lo  aomo  large  marine  or 
land  animal,  he  concludes,  "de  hiace  oaaibua  credo 


quicquid  libuerit,  dummodo,  me  suasore,  Palagones  pro 
gigantibuB  deainaa  habere."  Hiat.  do  Abiaaoniliua, 
vol.  ii.  p.  19,  dec. 

Note  [50].  p.  106.  Antonio  Sanchea  Riboiro,  a 
learned  and  ingcnioua  physician,  publiahod  a  diaaecta- 
lion  in  tho  year  1765,  in  which  ho  endeavora  to  prove 
that  this  diaeaae  waa  not  introduced  from  America,  but 
took  ita  riae  in  Europe,  and  was  brought  on  by  an  epi- 
demical and  malignant  disorder.  Did  I  choae  to  enter 
into  a  diaquiaition  on  thia  auhject,  which  I  should  not 
have  mentioned  if  it  had  not  been  intimately  connertetl 
with  thia  part  of  my  inquiries,  it  would  not  be  difficult 
to  point  out  aome  miatakes  with  reaped  to  the  facta 
upon  which  he  founda,  aa  well  aa  some  errora  in  the 
conaequencei  which  he  draws  from  them.  The  rapid 
communication  of  thia  diaeaae  from  Spain  over  Ea> 
rope,  aeoina  however  to  roaemblo  the  progrena  of  an 
epidemic,  rather  than  that  of  a  diaeaae  tranamitted  by 
infection.  The  firat  mention  of  it  is  in  the  year  1493, 
and  before  the  year  1497,  it  had  made  ita  appearance 
in  most  countriea  6f  Europe,  with  auch  alarming  Bym]>- 
loma  as  rendered  it  neceasary  for  the  civil  magistratee 
to  interpose,  in  order  to  check  its  career.  Since  the 
publication  of  thia  work,  a  second  edition  of  Dr.  San- 
chez's Dissertation  has  been  communicated  to  me.  It 
containa  aeveral  additional  facta  in  confirmation  of  hi* 
opinion,  which  ia  aupported  with  auch  plauaible  argu- 
menta,  aa  render  it  a  subject  of  inquiry  well  deserving 
the  attention  of  learned  physicians. 

Note  [51].  p.  106. — ^The  people  of  Otahcile  have  na 
denomination  for  any  number  above  two  hundred,  which 
ia  suflicient  for  their  transactions.  Voyages  by  Hawkea- 

worth,  ii.  338. 

• 

Note  [53].  p  107. — Aa  the  view  which  1  have  given 
of  rude  natioiia  ia  extremely  different  from  that  exhi- 
bited by  very  respecuble  authora,  it  may  be  proper  to 
produce  aome  of  the  many  anthoritiea  on  which  I  found 
my  descripticn.  The  manneia  of  the  aavage  tribea  in 
America  have  never  been  viewed  by  persona  mora  ca 
pable  of  obaerving  them  with  diacemment,  than  tha 
philosophera  employed  by  France  and  Spun,  in  tha 
year  1735,  to  determine  tho  figure  of  the  earth.  M. 
Bouguer,  D.  Antonio  dUlloa,  and  D   Jorge  Joan,  m- 


IN 


ROBERTSON'S   HISTORY  nT 


J  Ika  ntlivM  of  the  l«ul  civiliuil  pro- 
«IMM  iirP*ru.  M.  d*  U  Condtmin*  bad  not  only  iho 
•f  iM  ■dvtnugn  with  dwm  for  obMrvMlon,  but,  in  bi> 
'/ojrip  down  iho  Mtragnon,  ho  h<d  in  oiiporiunity  nf 
iiwpoaling  iho  autr  of  IM  vtrioui  naliont  ititlctl  on  ili 
hoiikt,  in  ila  vaal  courw  uron  the  ctnlinoni  of  MmuiIi 
Amoric*.  Thera  it  ■  womlorful  nMinblanee  in  thmr 
rcprtMnUiion  of  the  ch«nclei  of  the  Americaiit. 
*'  They  era  til  eitremely  indolent,"  uyi  M.  Uougiier, 
"  they  are  tlupid ,  they  paae  whole  driya  aillina  in  ihe 
•tnit  place,  without  moving,  or  aprakinK  a  Kinuln  word. 
It  ii  not  etay  to  deacribe  the  degree  of  their  iniTitrerence 
for  wtilth,  uhI  all  im  advantagea.  One  dova  not  well 
know  what  motivo  topropote  to  ihein,  when  one  would 
IMnuulo  Ihtm  to  perform  any  aervice.  It  ia  vain  to 
offal  thMH  money ;  they  anawcr,  that  they  are  not  hun- 
ny."  Voyag*  au  Perou,  p.  103  "  If  one  cnnaiden 
tMoiwnMn,  iIm  nanowneae  of  their  underatanding 
MOOM  10  ba  incompatible  with  the  eicollonce  of  the 
Mol.  Theii  imboeiliiy  ia  ao  viaibla  thai  one  can  hardly 
form  IB  idea  of  tham  different  fiom  what  one  hat  of  the 
hnitaa.  Nothing  dieturba  Ihe  tran()uillily  of  their  loula, 
mimiUt  inaanaibia  to  diaaaten  and  to  protperily. 
Tnoogh  half  Diked,  they  are  aa  contented  aa  a  monarch 
in  hii  moat  aplendid  array.  Iliclica  do  not  attract  tlicm 
in  tha  aaillaat  degree,  ind  the  authority  uf  dignitioa  to 
which  Ihay  may  aapire  ira  ao  little  Ihe  objocta  of  their 
•mbitioD,  thai  an  Indian  will  receive  with  the  aame  in- 
diffarioce  tha  oflica  of  i  judge  (Alcado)  or  that  of  i 
hingman.  if  deprived  of  the  former  and  appointed  to  the 
latter.  Nothing  can  move  or  change  Ihcin.  Inleretl 
haa  no  power  over  tbem,  and  they  often  refuao  lo  per- 
form a  email  aervice,  though  certain  of  a  sreat  rccnin- 
penaa.  Fear  maket  no  iropreation  upon  tnem,  and  ro- 
apact  M  little,  llieir  diapoeition  ia  ao  aingular  that 
there  ia  no  method  of  influencing  them,  no  meana  of 
louaing  them  from  that  indifference  which  ia  proof 
againat  ill  tha  endeavora  of  the  wiaeal  penona ;  no  ex- 
pedient which  can  induce  them  lo  abandon  that  groaa 
upionnce,  or  liy  aiide  ibil  cireleat  negligence  which 
diiconccrt  Ibo  prudence  and  diaappoint  the  care  of  auch 
aa  are  itlenlive  to  their  welfare."  Voyage  d'Ulloa, 
torn.  i.  S3fi.  3M.  Of  thoae  aingular  qualitiea  be  pro- 
ducei  many  extraordinary  inatancea,  p.  336.  347.  "In- 
aanaibility,  aaya  M.  de  la  Oondamine,  "  ia  the  baaia  of 
the  American  character.  I  leave  othera  to  determine, 
wbather  Ihie  ahouM  be  dignified  with  the  name  of 
apathy,  or  diagraced  with  that  of  etupidity.  It  ariica, 
without  doubt,  from  the  f  •nail  number  uf  their  ideaa, 
which  do  not  extend  beyond  iheir  wanta.  Gluttona 
•ven  to  voracity,  when  tlicy  have  wherewithal  lo  aatiafy 
their  appetite.  Temperate,  when  neccaaity  obligea 
them,  to  auch  a  degree,  that  ihey  can  endure  want 
without  aeeming  todoaire  any  thing.  Puaillanimoua 
and  cowardly  to  excoat,  unlcea  when  they  are  rendered 
deaperale  by  drunkenneaa.  Avvrae  to  labor,  indifferent 
lo  every  motive  of  glory,  honor,  or  gratilu'lo  ;  occupied 
entirely  by  the  object  thai  ia  preaent,  and  alwaya  do- 
larmined  liy  it  alone,  without  any  aolicitude  about  fu- 
turity ;  incapable  of  foreaieht  or  of  reflection  ;  abandon- 
ing themaelvea  when  under  no  reatraint,  to  a  puerile 
joy,  which  Ihey  expreia  by  friaking  about  and  immode- 
lata  file  of  laughter ;  without  object  or  design,  Ihey 
piai  their  life  without  thinking,  and  grow  old  without 
advancing  beyond  childhood,  of  which  they  retain  all 
the  defecta.  If  thia  deacription  were  applicable  only 
to  tha  Indiana  in  aome  provincoa  of  Peru,  who  .ire 
alavea  in  every  reapect  but  the  name,  one  might  be- 
lieve, that  thia  dezrce  of  degeneracy  waa  occaaioncd  by 
the  aervile  dependence  lo  which  they  arc  reduced ;  the 
example  of  the  modern  Greeks  being  proof  liow  far  ser- 
vitude may  degrade  the  human  apeciea.  But  the  In- 
diana in  Itie  miaaiona  of  Ihe  Jesuits,  and  the  savages 
who  atill  enjoy  unimpaired  liberty,  being  as  limited  in 
their  faculties,  not  lo  aay  aa  stupid,  as  the  other,  one 
cannot  obeerve  without  humiliation,  that  man,  when 
abandoned  lo  simple  nature,  and  deprived  of  the  advan- 
tagei  reaulting  from  education  and  aociety,  differa  but 
little  from  Ihe  bruto  creation."  Voyage  do  la  Iliv.  de 
Aroaz.  fi2«  53.  M.  de  Chanvalon,  an  intelligent  and 
philoaophical  obeerrer,  who  visited  Martinlco  in  1751, 
and  resided  there  six  yean,  ^ivea  the  following  de- 
acription of  the  Caraiba :  "  It  is  not  the  red  color  of 
Iheir  complexion,  it  ia  not  the  singularity  of  their  fea- 
ture!, which  constitutes  the  chief  dilferenco  between 
ihem  and  ua.  It  ia  their  cxcesaiire  simplicity :  it  is  the 
limited  degree  of  their  faculliea.  Their  reaaon  ia  not 
mora  anli^lened  or  more  provident  than  the  instinct  of 
bmlea.  The  reason  of  tne  moat  gross  peasants,  that 
af  the  negroes  brought  up  in  Iho  parte  of  Africa  most 
Moota  from  intarcourae  with  Europeans,  is  auch,  that 
«a  ^iacovar  appesiances  of  intefiigeiico,  which,  though 


iinperfaci,  ia  capable  of  increase.  Uiil  nf  thia  the  un- 
deratanding of  Ihe  Caraiba  seems  to  be  hantly  aiiacep- 
tibia.  If  sound  philosophy  and  religion  did  not  afford 
ua  Iheir  light,  if  we  were  to  decide  according  lo  the 
finl  impression  which  'he  v\'W  nf  that  people  makes 
U|H>ii  the  niitid.  wo  should  ho  ilis|Ki*ed  lo  bi'lieve  that 
they  do  not  belong  to  the  same  speeins  with  us.  'I'heir 
stupid  ryes  are  tha  true  minor  nf  their  soula  ;  It  ap- 
pears to  bo  without  functions.  Their  inilnlence  is  ex- 
treme I  they  have  never  the  least  soliciliido  about  the 
moment  which  ia  la  aucceed  that  wbieh  in  present." 
Voyage  a  It  Martinique,  p.  44,  4S.  51.  M.  de  la 
Uorde,  Terire,  and  Kocheforl,  confirm  thia  deacription 
"The  characteristics  of  the  Califnmisns,"  says  P. 
Venei.'ss,  "  aa  well  aa  of  all  other  Imlians,  aro«liipi>lity 
and  insensibility  ;  want  of  kiiowlcilgo  and  reflection  ; 
inconstancy,  impelnnaity,  and  blindness  of  appetito ;  an 
excessive  sloth,  and  abhorrence  of  all  labor  and  fatigue ; 
an  excessive  love  of  pleasure  and  amusement  of  every 
kind,  however  trifling  or  brutal ;  puaillanimity  ;  and,  in 
fine,  a  most  wretched  want  of  every  thing  which  coti- 
alilutet  Ihe  real  man,  and  renders  him  rational,  inven- 
tive, tnctablo,  and  useful  to  himself  and  aociety.  It  ia 
not  eaay  for  Euro|ieana,  who  never  were  out  of  their 
own  country,  lo  conceive  an  adequate  idea  of  those 
people ;  for,  even  in  Ihe  leaat  frequented  comers  of  the 
globe,  there  is  not  a  nation  sii  stupid,  of  Sich  contracted 
ideaa,  and  so  wrnk  both  in  bixly  and  mind,  aa  the  un- 
happy Califomiana.  Their  understanding  comprehends 
little  mora  than  what  they  tee ;  abitract  ideaa,  and 
much  leas  i  chain  of  reaaoning,  being  far  beyond  their 
power;  ao  that  they  ecarce  ever  imprnve  their  first 
ideaa,  and  thcae'  are  in  general  false,  or  at  least  inade- 
quate. It  ia  ill  vain  to  represent  to  them  any  luture 
advantages  which  will  result  lo  them  from  doing  or 
abstaining  from  this  or  that  particular  immediately  pre- 
aent ;  Ihe  relation  of  means  and  ends  being  beyond  the 
atretch  of  their  faculties.  Nor  have  Ihey  the  least  no- 
lion  of  pursuing  such  intentions  as  will  procure  them- 
selves some  future  good,  or  guard  them  againat  future 
evils.  Theirwill  ia  proportional  to  their  faculties,  and 
all  their  pasaiona  move  in  a  very  narrow  sphere.  Am- 
bition thev  have  none,  and  are  mnro  desirous  ol  being 
accounted  atrong  than  valiant.  The  objecta  of  ambi-< 
lion  with  ua,  honor,  fame,  reputation,  titlea,  posts,  and 
dialincliona  of  auperiority,  are  unknown  among  them  ; 
so  that  this  powerful  spring  of  action,  Ihe  cauae  of  so 
much  seeming  good  and  real  evil  in  the  world,  has  no 
power  hero.  This  disposition  of  mind,  aa  it  givea  them 
up  to  an  amaiing  languor  and  laasitudo,  their  lives  fleet- 
ing away  in  a  perpetual  inactivity  and  doteetation  of 
labor,  ao  it  likewine  inducee  them  to  be  attracted  by  Ihe 
first  object  which  their  own  fancy,  or  Ihe  persuasion  of 
another,  placca  before  them ;  and  at  the  same  lime  ren- 
dera  Ihem  as  prone  to  alter  their  reaolutiona  with  Ihe 
same  facility.  They  look  with  indifference  u|)on  any 
kindncaa  done  them ;  nor  ia  even  the  bare  remembrance 
of  it  to  be  expected  from  Ihem.  In  a  word,  the  un- 
happy mortala  may  be  compared  to  children,  in  whom 
the  dcvolopcment  of  reason  ia  not  completed,  lliey 
may  indeed  bo  called  a  nation  who  never  arrive  at 
manhood."  Hiat.  of  California,  English  Tranal.  i. 
64.  07.  Mr.  Ellia  givea  a  aimilar  account  of  the  want 
of  foreaight  and  inconsiderate  disposition  of  the  people 
adjacent  to  Hudson's  Day.     Voyage,  p.  194,  I9.V 

The  incapacity  of  the  Americana  ia  so  remarkable, 
that  negroes  from  all  the  different  provinces  of  Africa 
are  obaorved  to  be  more  capable  of  improving  by  in- 
struction. They  acquire  Ihe  knowledge  of  aeveral  par- 
ticulars which  the  Americans  cannot  comprehend. 
Hence  the  negroes,  though  slaves,  value  themselves  as 
a  aupcrior  order  of  beinga,  and  look  down  u|)on  the 
Americana  with  contempt,  aa  void  of  capacity  and 
of  rational  discenimenl.  Ulloa  Notic.  Aineric.  332, 
323. 

NoTB  [53].  p.  107.— Dobrixhoffcr,  the  last  traveller 
I  know  who  haa  resided  among  any  tribe  of  Ihe  ruder 
Americana,  has  explained  so  fully  the  various  reasons 
which  have  induced  their  women  to  suckle  their  child- 
ren long,  and  never  to  undertake  rearing  such  as  were 
feeble  or  distorted,  and  even  to  destroy  a  considcrablo 
number  of  their  offspring,  as  to  throw  great  light  on 
the  observations  I  have  mode,  p.  144.  154.  Hist,  do 
Abissonibus,  vol.  ii.  p.  107.  281.  So  deeply  wore 
these  ideas  imprinted  in  the  minds  of  the  Americans, 
that  the  Peruvians,  a  civilized  |ieople  when  compared 
with  Ihe  barbarous  trihea  whoso  manners  I  am  descri- 
bing, retained  them ;  and  even  their  intercourse  with 
the  Spaniards  has  not  been  able  lo  root  them  out. 
When  twins  are  born  in  any  family,  it  ia  still  considered 
at  an  omiuout  event,  and  the  poreutt  have  recourse  t« 


rigorout  tell  of  niortiActlion,  in  order  to  tvofi  Uw  t^ 
liiniliet  with  which  Ihey  tro  tbreatsiiMt.  Whan  • 
child  It  born  with  iny  deformity,  they  will  not,  if  Ihljr 
can  pntsihly  ivuid  il,  bring  il  to  be  baptised,  ind  i*.  )• 
Willi  dilficully  they  can  be  brought  to  rear  it.  Airitfi 
Kxtirpuc.  du  U  Idolat.  del  Peru,  p.  32,  33. 

NoTR  [54].  p.  108.— 'I'he  numlier  of  the  Aih  in  iU 
livers  of  Mouin  America  is  su  extraordinary  aa  lomaril 
partieiilai  notlco.  ■■  In  the  Maragnon  (says  P.  Acugna) 
fish  are  so  plentiful,  that,  without  any  ait,  ihey  may 
lake  ihom  with  the  hands."  p.  13^.  "  In  the  f)iinoc« 
(aaya  P.  Uuinilla,)  boaidea  an  inflnita  variety  of  olhai 
Ash,  tortoise  or  turtio  alioiind  in  auch  numbcra,  that  I 
cannot  find  words  to  express  it.  I  doubt  not  but  that 
auch  aa  read  my  account  will  accuta  me  of  exiggera* 
lion :  but  I  ctn  iffirm  that  it  ia  aa  dilHcull  lo  coup'. 
Ihem  aa  lo  count  the  aanda  on  the  banka  of  that  rival. 
Una  may  judge  of  their  number  by  the  ainaxing  cob 
aun-p  Jon  of  them ;  for  all  Ihe  nations  conliguout  !• 
tho  river,  ind  even  miny  who  ire  it  i  ditttnce,  flock 
thither  it  the  leiton  of  breeding,  ind  not  only  Anl 
lustunince  during  thit  time,  but  ctrry  nlf  greet  iiiiin- 
hen  both  of  the  turllet  iiid  of  their  eggs."  Hist,  da 
I'Urcnoquo,  li.  c.  S3,  p.  59.  M.  Da  la  Condtmina  con* 
firmi  their  iccounts,  p.  169. 

Note  [55],  p.  108.— Piso  describes  two  nf  tliesa 
pisnts,  the  Vururuapt  ind  Ihe  (Juajttna-Timhu.  It  is 
remarkable,  that  though  Ihey  hive  thia  fatal  effect  upon 
fishea,  they  are  ao  far  from  being  iioxioua  to  Ihe  human 
tiivcios,  tlial  they  are  used  in  nicdii  ine  with  sutcesa. 
I'lso,  lib.  iv.  c.  88.  Bancroft  nienliona  another,  tha 
lliarree,  a  ainall  quantity  of  which  ia  suHiciei  I  lo  ina> 
briate  all  the  fish  to  a  considerable  distance,  so  that  in 
a  few  minulea  they  float  inotionlota  on  Ihe  aurfuce  of 
the  water,  and  are  taken  with  eaao.  Nat.  liitt.  of 
Uuiana,  p.  106. 

NoTi  [56].  p.  108. — Remarkable  instances  occur  of 
the  calamities  which  rude  naliona  suffer  by  famine. 
Alvar  Nugnex  Cabeca  de  Vaca,  one  of  Ihe  inoat  gal- 
lant  and  vittuous  of  Ihe  Spanish  advenlurera,  resided 
almost  nine  yean  among  the  savagea  of  Florida.  They 
were  unacquainted  with  every  species  of  agricultiiro. 
Their  aubsistciice  waa  poor  and  jireearious.  "They 
live  chiefly  (saya  he)  upon  roota  of  different  plants, 
which  they  procure  with  great  difficulty,  wandering 
from  place  to  place  in  aearch  of  them.  Sometimes 
Ihey  kill  game,  sometimes  ihey  catch  fish,  but  in  such 
ainall  quanlitiea,  that  Iheir  hunger  is  ao  extreme  aa  com- 
iiela  them  lo  eat  apiders,  the  egga  of  ante,  worm*, 
lixarda,  serpents,  a  kind  of  unctuous  earth,  and,  I  am 
penuadcd,  tluit  if  in  thia  country  there  were  atones, 
they  would  swallow  these.  They  preserve  Iho  b<inva 
of  fishes  and  serpenla,  which  Ihey  grind  into  powder 
and  eat."  The  only  acason  when  ihey  do  not  suUiir 
much  from  famine,  ia,  when  a  certain  fruit,  which  ha 
calla  Tuniu,  ia  ripe.  This  is  the  same  with  the  Optin- 
lia,  or  prickly  pear,  of  a  reddish  and  yellow  color,  with 
a  aweet  insipid  taste.  They  are  aometimet  obliged  to 
travel  far  from  their  uaual  place  of  residence  in  ordef 
lo  find  them.  Naufragios,  c.  xviii.  p.  SO,  31,  S3.  In 
another  place  he  obacrves,  that  they  are  frequently 
reduced  lo  pats  two  or  three  daya  without  food,  c.  xxiv. 
p.  37. 

NoTi  [57].  p.  108. — M.  Fermin  haa  given  an  accu- 
rate descriution  of  the  two  apeciea  of  manioc,  with  an 
account  of  its  culture,  lo  which  he  haa  added  aoma 
experiments,  in  order  to  ascertain  the  poisonous  quali- 
ties of  the  juice  extracted  from  that  s|iecies  which  Im 
calls  the  bitter  cassava.  Among  the  Spaniards  it  is 
known  by  tho  iiamo  of  I'uca  brata.  Doscr.  do  Surin. 
torn.  i.  p.  06. 

NoTH  [58].  p.  108. — The  plantain  ia  found  in  Asia 
and  Africa,  aa  well  as  in  America.  Oviedo  contends, 
that  it  is  not  an  indigennua  plant  of  Ihe  New  World, 
but  was  introduced  into  tho  Island  of  Ilispaniola,  in 
Ihe  year  1016,  by  Father  Thomaa  de  Berlanga,  and  that 
he  transplanted  it  from  the  Canary  Islands,  whither  tha 
original  slipa  had  been  brought  from  tho  East  Indies. 
Oviedo,  lib.  viii.  c.  1.  But  the  opinion  of  Acosta  an4 
other  naturalists,  who  reckon  it  an  American  plaolt 
aeeina  lo  be  belter  founded.  Acosta  Hist.  Nat.  lib.  it. 
21.  It  was  cultivated  by  rude  trihea  in  America,  who 
had  little  intercourse  with  the  Spaniards,  and  wliowcra 
destitute  of  that  ingenuity  which  disposes  men  to  boi^ 
row  what  is  useful  from  foreign  nations.  GuntiL  SL 
:86.    Wafer's  Voyage,  p  87. 


^ 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


IN 


to  «t«n  Uw  t»f 

iitxt.  Wbin  • 
will  not,  if  thiy 
lilmrd,  mil  i*.  M 
ear  it.  Airiift 
,33. 

f  Ihf  fljh  In  Ito 
nary  ta  lonwfil 
•aya  I*.  Acugm) 
r  ail,  Ihfjr  iiwy 
'  In  the  Oiinoe* 
«anrly  of  olhai 
numlicra,  tliat  I 
ibt  not  but  that 
me  of  uaggcn> 
iinciiU  to  coup'« 
ka  of  that  rivM. 
10  ainaiing  COB 
a  cunliguoua  t4 
•  dialanve,  Hook 
id  not  only  finl 
■y  nif  groat  iiiiiif 
gga."  Hiat.  d« 
Condainina  coi>< 


ea  two  of  Iticit* 
'ia-7'iniAu.  It  ii 
fatal  etfi'ct  ufion 
ma  to  the  human 
no  with  aucuoat. 
ona  another,  lb* 
auHlcl«r  t  to  Ino- 
ttaiice,  ao  that  in 
n  thu  aiirfuco  of 
Nat.  liikt.  of 


latancea  occur  of 

ulfer  by  fainiii*. 

>f  the  moat  uul- 

mturera,  reaidud 

if  Florida.    'I'hojr 

a  of  agricultiiro. 

L-urioua.     "  'I'hujr 

ditfuri'iit  plant*, 

tulty,  wandering 

>m.     Soiniitiino* 

Hah,  but  in  auch 

extroiiio  aa  coiii- 

anta,  worina, 

earth,  and,  I  am 

were  atoiiua, 

rve  tho  bono* 

into  powder 

do  not  auUef 

fruit,  which  h* 

with  the  Up»n- 

How  color,  wim 

tiinoa  obliged  to 

lidcnce  in  order 

80,  SI,  33.     In 

are  frequently 

ut  food,  G.  xuv> 


nd 

y 


given  an  iccu- 
nniiiuc,  with  an 
added  aoni* 
loiaonoua  quali* 
ecica  which  Imi 
Spaniiirda  it  ii 
oacr.  do  Surin. 


found  in  Aai> 
iedo  contenda, 
e  New  World. 
Hispaniola,  in 
langa,  and  that 
la,  whither  tht 
0  Kaat  Indien, 
of  Aeoala  aii4 
ncrican  plult 
>t.  Nat.  hb.  IT. 
America,  who 
and  who  w«r« 
a  men  to  bof^ 
GiiiuiL  HL 


Novi  [AtJ.  p.  lUH.— It  ia  reinarkalilo  that  Acnita,  I 
MM  of  the  moat  accurate  and  beat   inloriiicd  wriii^ra  \ 
oenctrning  the  Weat  liidiea,  alHriiia  timt  insi/r,  iliflii;(h 
eultuatud   in   the  continent,  waa   not  known  in   tlio  ; 
liidnd*,  *he  inlmbitaiita  uf  which  liu<l  none  Imi  rusnudu  I 
briad.     Ilial.  Nat.  lib.  iv.  c.  III.     Hut  i'.  Muri^r,  "> ' 
Uku  lirat  Utuk  ul  lim  lirat  Di'i-ail,  wliu  ti  was  writU'ti  in  i 
•liu  year  Mb.!,  U|ion  the  ri'iurn  ol  (  uIuiiiI'uk  Irinii  hm  I 
tirat  voya^f,  exprt'SRly  inr-iitiuim  iiiiiixr  hh  u  pl.tiil  wh'i-h 
(III'  lalmidira  cultivuliil,  and  of  wliiili  tliuy  niuilu  lirtud, 
|i.  7.     Uoniara  likowiie  uiaurtu  ilial  ihvy  ucru  uc- ' 
juninted  wilh  the  i:ulluio  ut  iiiai'xe.     Uiiitur.     (-ieiirr.  I 
'U|i.  3H.     Dviedo  deacrilwa  ir.uizo  williuut  any  inliiim-  | 
■luii  uf  ila  being  a  plant  tliat  waa  not  natural  to  Ilia- 
painol*.     Lib.  «ii.  e.  1. 

Nora  [60]  p.  109.— New  Holland,  ■  country  which 
formerly  waa  only  known,  haa  lately  been  viailrd  by 
iiilelligenl  obaervcra.  It  Ilea  in  a  region  of  thu  gluliu 
where  it  muat  enjoy  a  very  fuvorable  climate,  aa  it 
•iretchea  from  the  lOth  to  the  3Hili  degree  of  aoutherii 
latitude.  It  ia  of  great  oitent,  and  Iroin  ila  aqiiare 
form  liiiiat  bo  much  morn  than  ei|uul  to  all  Kiito|>u. 
'i'lie  |Mople  who  inhabit  tho  varioua  parte  of  ii  appcur 
to  be  of  Olio  race.  'I'liey  are  evidently  ruder  than  moat 
of  the  Americana,  and  have  made  atill  leaa  progroaa  in 
iiiiprovumunt  and  the  arta  of  life.  There  ii  not  thu 
leaat  appearance  of  LuUivatlon  in  any  part  of  thia  vaal 
region.  The  iiihabitanta  are  citreinely  lew,  ao  that  tho 
country  appeara  ainiuat  deaulale.  '''  mr  Iribea  arc  atill 
more  incoi.aiderablu  than  Ihoae  of  America.  They 
depend  furaubaiatence  almoat  entirely  on  Hailing.  'I'lioy 
do  not  acttle  in  one  place,  but  roam  about  in  queat 
of  food,  lloth  aexea  go  atark  naked.  Their  habi- 
tationa,  ulenaila,  dtc.  are  more  aimple  and  rude  than 
thodo  of  tho  Americana.  Voyauoa  by  Huwkoawortli, 
iii.  033,  Slc.  Thia,  porhapa,  ia  tlie  country  where  man 
baa  been  diacovered  in  the  carlieat  atagu  of  hia  pro- 
grew,  and  oxhibita  a  miaerable  apccimeii  of  hia  cundi- 
lion  and  powera  in  that  uncultivated  atate.  If  thia 
country  ahall  be  more  fully  explored  by  future  iiavi- 
gHtora,  the  compariaon  uf  the  iiiaiincra  of  ita  inliabi- 
tania  with  thoae  of  the  Amcricnna  will  prove  nn  in- 
itructivo  article  in  the  hiatory  of  the  human  apcciea. 

NoTK  [61].  p.  100. — P.  OabricI  Marcat,  who  tra- 
velled from  liir  alalion  among  tho  lllinuia  to  Micliili- 
inackinac,  thua  dcacrihea  tho  fnce  of  the  country  : — 
"  We  have  marclicd  twelve  daya  without  meeting  a 
■ingle  human  creature.  Soinotiniea  we  found  ouraclvea 
111  vaat  meadowa,  of  which  wo  could  not  aco  liound- 
arioa,  through  which  there  flowed  many  brooka  and 
rivera,  but  without  any  path  to  conduct  ua.  Some- 
tiinca  we  wore  obliged  to  open  a  passage  acroaa  thick 
fureala,  through  buahca,  and  underwood  tilled  with  briara 
and  thorna.  Soinotiinea  we  had  to  paaa  through  deep 
marabea,  in  which  wo  aunk  up  to  the  middle.  After 
being  fatigued  through  the  day,  wo  had  the  earth  for  our 
lied,  or  a  few  leaves,  exposed  to  tho  wind,  tho  rain,  and 
til  the  injuriea  of  the  air."  ]..eltr.  Ediliantes,  ii.  3U0. 
Dr.  Uicknell,  in  an  excursion  from  North  Carolina  lo- 
warda  the  mountains,  .\.  U.  1730,  travelled  tiftceii  days 
without  meeting  with  a  human  creature.  Nat.  Hiat.  of 
North  Carolina,  38U.  Uiego  dc  Urdus,  in  atlonipling 
to  make  a  aettlcintnt  in  South  America,  A.  U.  1533, 
inaTched  fifty  daya  through  a  country  without  one  iii- 
luUiUnt.     Herrera,  dec.6.  lib.  i.  c.  11. 

NoTi  [63].  p.  109. — T  alrongly  suspect  that  a  com- 
munity of  goods, and  an  undivided  store,  are  known  only 
among  the  rudest  tribes  of  hunters  :  and  that  as  soon 
■a  aiiy  species  of  agriculture  or  regular  industry  is 
knuwn,  the  idea  of  an  exclusive  right  of  property  to  the 
fruits  of  them  is  introdiiccd.  I  am  confirineil  in  this 
opinion  by  accounts  which  I  have  received  concerning 
the  state  of  property  among  the  Indiana  in  very  dil- 
ferent  regions  of  America.  "The  idea  of  (lie  natives 
of  Brazil  concerning  property  is,  that  if  any  person  cul- 
tivate a  held,  he  alone  ought  to  enjoy  tho  produce  of 
It,  and  no  other  has  a  title  to  pretend  to  it.  If  an  indi- 
vidual or  family  go  a  hunting  or  fishing,  what  is  caught 
belongs  to  the  individual  or  to  tho  family,  and  they 
communicate  no  part  of  it  to  any  but  to  their  cazii|ue, 
or  to  auch  of  their  kindred  as  happen  to  be  indispoiied. 
If  any  person  in  the  village  come  to  their  hut,  ho  may 
■it  down  freely,  and  eat  without  asking  liberty.  But 
thia  ia  the  consequence  of  their  general  principle  of  hos- 
pitality ;  for  I  never  observed  any  partition  of  the  in- 
crease of  their  fields,  or  tho  produce  of  the  chase, 
which  I  could  consider  as  the  result  of  any  idea  con- 
cerning a  community  of  goods.  On  the  contrary,  they 
m  (0  much  attached  to  what  they  deem  to  be  tbeii 


property,  that  it  would  be  exitomely  dangcroiia  to  en- 
croach u|ion  it.  As  far  as  I  can  see  or  can  learn,  there 
ia  not  one  triho  of  Indiana  in  Routh  America  among 
whom  ihc  communiiy  of  goods  which  has  been  ao  highly 
exlulli'd  ia  known.  The  rircumstance  in  the  uuverii- 
niriit  ul  thu  .lesuila,  most  irksoiiiu  to  thu  liiiTiiiiia  of 
i'ningiiay,  uiis  the  roininiinily  uf  giHxIa  which  liaise 
liillicrs  inlrodiiced.  'I'liis  was  rcpiigiiant  la  thu  original 
iiU'iiH  of  (lie  liidiuiis.  Tliey  were  acquninlcd  witli  llin 
rights  of  private  eacliiiivu  pro|ierty,  and  they  suhiiiit- 
tcd  Willi  iiiipaiicnce  to  ret'iilntioiis  which  destroyed 
lliem."  M  lu  Clieval,  du  I'liilo,  M.S.  pnici  me. 
"  Actual  p^^p^SI«i(lll  (siivs  a  niiisionary  ivfio  resided 
several  years  urtinng  the  Indians  of  the  live  nations) 
gives  a  right  In  thu  soil  ;  Imt,  whenever  a  jiossessor 
sees  fit  10  quit  it,  anoiiier  has  ns  good  right  to  take  it 
aa  he  who  Ml  it.  Thia  law,  or  custom,  respects  not 
only  the  particiilnr  spot  on  which  he  ereria  hia  house, 
hut  aUu  his  pluiiliiig'^'rniind.  If  a  man  has  prcpaied  a 
particular  apat  of  ground  on  whii-h  ho  designs  in  future 
to  build  or  plant,  no  man  has  a  right  to  incoinniode 
him,  much  less  to  tho  fruit  of  his  luhnra,  until  it  appears 
that  he  voluntarily  gives  up  hia  views.  But  I  iievur 
hcsrd  of  any  formal  conveyance  from  oiio  Indian  to 
another  in  thmr  natural  statu.  The  limit  of  every  canton 
is  circumscribed ;  that  i«,  they  are  allowed  to  hunt  as  fat 
as  such  a  river  on  tins  hand,  and  such  a  niounlain  on  tho 
other,  'i'hia  area  la  occupied  and  impruvcd  by  iiidividuala 
and  their  families :  nidividuals,  not  the  cunneunity,  have 
the  use  and  profit  uf  their  own  labors,  or  success  in 
hunting."     MS.  of  .Mr.  (iidcoii  llawley,  {iciicm  uu. 

Note  [03].  p.  100. — Thia  dilTeroncc  of  temper  be- 
tween tho  Americans  and  Negroes  ia  ao  ruinarkablu, 
that  it  ia  a  proverbial  aaying  in  the  Freiicli  islands, 
"  Kegarder  un  aauvage  tie  travera,  c'oal  le  battre ;  le 
battre,  c'oat  le  tuer ;  battre  un  Negro,  c'eal  le  nourrir." 
'I'erire,  ii.  490. 

Nnm  [64].  p.  100. — The  description  of  the  political 
atate  uf  the  people  of  Cinatoa  perfectly  reaembles  that 
of  the  iiilialiitunts  of  North  America.  "They  have 
neither  laws  nor  kings  (says  a  missionary  who  resided 
long  ainoiig  them)  to  punish  any  crime.  Nor  is  there 
among  them  any  species  of  authority,  or  political  go- 
vernment, to  restrain  thorn  in  any  part  of  their  conduct. 
It  is  true  that  they  acknowledge  certain  caziqucs,  who 
are  heads  of  their  families  or  villages ;  but  their 
authority  appeara  chiefly  in  war  and  iho  expeditiona 
against  their  enemies.  This  authority  thu  caziquoa 
obtain  not  by  hereditary  right,  but  by  their  valor  in 
war,  or  by  tho  power  and  number  of  their  families  and 
relations.  Sometimes  they  owe  their  pre-eminence  to 
their  eloquence  in  displaying  their  own  exploits." 
Ribas  Histor.  de  las  Triumph,  ice.  p.  11.  The  statn 
of  the  Ohiquitos  in  South  America  is  nearly  the  aaine. 
"  They  have  no  regular  form  of  government  or  civil 
life,  but  in  matters  of  public  concern  they  listen  to  the 
O'ivico  of  their  old  men,  and  usually  fallow  it.  The 
dignity  of  Caziquo  is  not  hereditary,  but  coiifortcd  ac- 
cording to  merit,  as  the  reward  of  valor  in  war.  Tho 
union  among  themis  imperfect.  Their  society  rcscin- 
bloa  a  republic  without  any  head,  in  which  every  man 
is  master  of  himself,  and,  upon  the  least  disgust,  sepa- 
rates from  those  with  whom  he  aecined  to  be  con- 
nected." Uelucion  Historical  de  las  Missionea  do  loa 
Chiqnitos,  por  P.  Juan,  Pair.  Fernandez,  p.  33,  33. 
Thus,  under  very  difl'ereiit  climates,  when  nations  are 
in  a  similar  atate  of  society,  their  institutions  and  civil 
government  assume  tho  same  form. 

NoTR  [65].  p.  111. — "I  have  known  the  Indians 
(says  a  person  well  acquainted  with  their  mode  of  life) 
to  go  a  thousand  miles  for  the  purpose  of  revenge,  in 
pathless  woods,  over  lulls  and  mountains,  through  huge 
cane  swainps,  exposed  to  the  extremities  of  heat  and 
cold,  the  vicissitude  of  seasons,  to  hunger  and  thirst. 
Such  is  their  overboiling  revengeful  temper,  that  they 
utterly  contemn  all  those  things  aa  imaginary  trifles,  if 
they  are  so  happy  as  to  get  the  scalp  of  tho  murderer, 
or  enemy,  to  satisfy  the  craving  ghosts  of  their  de- 
ceased relations."  Adair's  Hist,  of  Amer.  Indiana, 
p.  150. 

I  NoTK  [06].  n.  11 1. — In  the  account  of  tho  great 
war  between  tlie  Algonquins  and  Iroquois,  the  achieve- 
ments of  Piskaret,  a  famous  chief  of  the  Algonquins, 
performed  mostly  by  himself  alone,  or  with  one  or  two 
companions,  make  a  capital  figure.  De  la  Potherie,  i. 
397,  ice.     Colden'a  Hist,  of  Five  Nations,  135,  ice. 

NoTK  [67].  p.  Ul. — ^Tho  life  of  an  unfortunate 
leader  ia  often  in  danger,  and  he  is  alwaya  degraded 


from  the  rank  which  he  had  acquired  by  hia  tonmt 
aiploita.     Adair,  p.  388. 

NoTR  [68].  p.  111.— Aa  the  idraa  of  tho  NoKk 
Americans,  with  respect  to  the  mode  of  carrying  oa 
war.  are  generally  known,  I  have  founded  my  obatrrao 
lions  chielly  ujion  the  teatimnny  of  the  authors  who  do- 
■crilio  them.  Hut  the  same  maiinis  took  place  among 
other  nations  in  the  New  World.  A  judicious  miaaion* 
ary  haa  given  ii  view  of  the  military  operations  of  tlw 
people  III  Oran  Chaco,  ic  South  America,  perfcutiv 
ainiilar  lu  ihoae  of  the  Iroquois.  "Tlioy  are  much  a»- 
dieted  to  war  (saya  he),  which  they  carry  on  frequently 
among  ihemsalvea,  but  jierpetually  agaliial  the  8po- 
iiiards.  ilut  they  may  rather  be  called  thiovea  than 
aoldiera,  fur  they  never  make  head  againal  tho  Spa- 
niards, unleaa  when  they  can  asaaull  them  by  ateallh, 
or  have  guarded  againat  any  mischance  by  aptea,  who 
may  be  called  indefatigable  ;  they  will  watch  the  a«t> 
tieinenta  of  the  Spaniarda  for  one,  two,  or  thret  yfitra, 
observing  by  night  every  thing  that  paaaoa  with  tot  ut> 
most  aolicitude,  whether  they  may  expect  raaistaucaot 
nut,  and  until  they  are  perfectly  aecure  of  tho  tvent^ 
they  will  not  venture  upon  an  attack ;  ao  that,  wbea 
they  do  give  the  aaiault,  they  are  certain  of  aucceaii 
anil  free  from  all  danger.  'I  heao  apies,  in  order  that 
Ihey  may  not  bo  obaerved,  will  creep  on  all  four  liko 
cata  in  the  night ;  hut  if  they  are  diacovered,  inako 
their  escape  with  much  dexterity.  But,  altlioagh  thay 
never  cliooae  to  face  the  Spaniards,  if  th*y  oe  aur- 
rounded  in  any  place  whence  they  cannot  eacape,  thay 
will  fight  with  dcanerate  valor,  and  acll  their  Uvea  vary 
dear.'°   Lozano  Uescript.  del  Citan  Chaco,  p.  78. 

NoTi  [69].  p.  111. — I,eryi  who  waa  an  eyo-tvitneao 
of  the  proceedinga  of  the  Tm/nnamboB,  a  Braailian  Itibi^ 
in  a  war  acainst  a  powerful  nation  of  their  anemiea, 
doacribea  their  courage  and  ferocity  in  very  alriking 
tcrma.  Ego  cum  Oallo  altero.  paulo  curioaina,  magno 
noatro  periculo  (ai  eiiim  ab  hoatiuua  capti  aut  loai  luit- 
aeinua,  devorationi  fuissemua  dovoli,)  htrbaroa  noatroo 
in  miliiiam  euntea  comitari  voliii.  Hi,  numero  4000 
capita,  cum  hoetibua  ad  liltua  decertarunt,  tanta  feroci- 
lata,  ut  vol  rabidoa  et  furioaoa  quoaque  auperarent 
Cum  priinum  hoatea  conapezere,  in  magno*  atque  edi- 
tos  ululatua  pcrreperunt.  Hisc  gena  adeo  fera  est  el 
truculenta,  ut  tantiapor  dum  virium  vel  tantillum  realat, 
contiiiuo  diinicent,  fiigamque  niiiiquam  capeaaanl. 
Quod  a  natura  illis  indiium  eaae  re«r.  Teator  intere* 
mo,  qui  non  semol,  turn  peditum  f  im  cquitum  copiaa 
ingontea,  in  aciem  instructaa  hie  cona|iexi,  tanta  nun- 
quam  voluptate  vidondia  peditum  legionibu*  *rmi*  ful- 

?;ontibu*,  quanta  turn  pugnantibua  iati*  percuaeum 
niase.  I«rv  Hiat.  Navigat.  in  Braad.  ap  do  Bry,  iii, 
307,  308,  31)9. 

NoTi  [70].  p.  111.— It  wa*  originally  the  praetio* 
of  the  Americana,  aa  well  aa  of  other  savage  nations,  to 
cut  olT  the  heada  of  the  enemio*  whom  they  slew,  and 
to  carry  them  away  as  trophies.  But,  as  they  found 
these  cumbersome  in  their  retreat,  which  they  alwaya 
make  very  rapidly,  and  often  through  a  vaat  extent  of 
country,  they  became  aatiafied  with  tearing  off  their 
acalps.  Thia  cuatoin,  though  moat  prevalent  in  North 
America,  waa  not  unknown  among  toe  Southern  tribe*. 
Lozano,  p.  79. 

Note  [71].  p.  113.— The  terma  of  the  war  aong 
seem  to  be  dictated  by  the  same  fierce  apirit  of  revenge. 
"  I  go  to  war  to  revenge  the  death  of  my  brothera ;  I 
sholl  kill ;  I  shall  extermiiiato ;  I  shall  burn  my  enemies; 
I  shall  bring  away  slavea ;  I  shall  devour  their  heart, 
dry  their  flesh,  drink  their  blood ;  I  ahall  tear  off  their 
scalps,  and  make  cupa  of  their  akulla."  Bosau'a  Tra- 
vels through  lA>ui8iana,  vol.  i.  p.  103.  I  am  informed, 
by  poisons  on  whose  testimony  I  can  rely,  that  aa  tho 
number  of  people  in  the  Indian  tribea  has  decreased 
so  much,  almost  none  of  their  prisoners  ar^  now  put  to 
death.  It  is  considered  as  better  policy  to  spare  and 
to  adopt  them.  Those  dreadful  ecer.is  which  I  bavo 
described  occur  now  so  rarely,  that  misaionariea  and 
tradora  who  have  reaided  long  among  the  Indiana,  nevac 
were  witnoasea  to  them. 

Note  [73]  p.  113.— All  the  traveller*  who  hav* 
visited  the  most  uncivilized  of  the  American  tribes, 
agree  in  this.  It  is  confirmed  by  two  remarkable  ciiw 
cumstances,  which  occurred  in  the  conquest  of  difTertni 
provinces.  In  the  expedition  of  Narvaez  into  Florida 
III  tho  year  1638,  the  Spaniarda  were  reduced  to  aiich 
extreme  distrea*  by  famine,  that,  in  order  to  pre*tlt« 
their  own  Uve*,  they  ate  such  uf  their  compaiiiof»  w 


AOBERTRON'8   HISTORY   OT 


iHfMiMd  !•  4i».  TUt  tffnnd  w  •Iwcliini  to  Ibe 
MlWMi  who  w«n  Mcuilonimi  lo  d«Tour  none  hut  pri- 
MMN,  IhM  it  Ailed  b^•^l  with  horroi  and  indiuntiion 
•gtlwt  Um  Spaniordi.  Tonjuomidi  Monuvh.  Ind.  il. 
p.  MM.  S'luliiigim  da  Alv.  Nugnaa  Calicca  ila  Vara, 
•.  liv.  P'  lA.  During  the  airve  of  Mvijro,  llioiiuh  lh« 
MtiMwna  dcriurad  with  ((neJineaa  the  Npanlarda  and 
Tltartlana  whom  they  lotik  piiaonera,  the  ulnioat  rJKor 
of  tbo  famine  which  tliov  auHered  could  not  Induce 
Ihem  to  touch  the  dead  hmliaa  of  their  own  countrymen. 
Bam.  Dili  del  Uaatdio  Conquiat.  de  la  N.  ttpagna,  p. 
IM. 

NoTB  [7S1.  p.  I  It  Manjr  aingnlar  circnmatancea 
WtMoming  IM  Irtatment  of  priaonera  among  the  moplo 
•f  BruU,  era  contained  in  the  narratife  o'  Htadiua,  a 
flonna  oAeei  in  Iho  aorvica  of  the  Portugucae,  pub- 
Nahod  in  iIm  jiati  IBM.  He  waa  taken  priaonei  by  the 
Tm^aoiiifof,  and  lemainad  in  eaptiTiiy  nine  ^eara. 
Ho  WM  often  preaeiit  at  thoa*  horrid  faatif  ale  which  he 
4aaciibaa,  and  waa  deatined  himaelf  to  the  aame  crurl 
(klo  with  other  priaonera.  But  he  aaved  hia  life  by  hia 
oiliMrilinary  anorta  of  courage  and  addreai.  De  Ury, 
iii.  B.  M,  tie.  M  do  licry,  who  accompanied  M.  de 
Vilbfignon  in  hia  eipedition  to  Braail  in  the  year 
ISM,  and  who  raaidra  aoine  lime  in  that  country, 
•gnat  with  Stadiua  m  e-'ery  circumatance  uf  import- 
taeo.  He  waa  frequen  ijr  an  eye-witneae  of  the  man- 
ner in  which  tho  Braailian*  treated  their  priaonera.  De 
DljTi  iii.  tlO.  Several  airiking  particulara  omitted  by 
Ikam,  us  mentioned  by  a  Poitugueao  author.  Purch. 
Pllgr.  iT.  1«M,  dec. 

NoTi  [T4].  p.  113.— Though  I  hare  followed  that 
•pinion  concerning  Iho  apatln  of  the  Americana,  which 
•ppaand  lo  me  moat  rational,  and  aupporlnl  by  the  au- 
timitf  of  Iho  moat  reapectable  autliora,  other  Ihoorica 
Invo  bean  formed  with  regard  lo  it,  by  writera  of  great 
•minanca.  D.  Ant.  Ulloa,  in  a  lalo  work,  contenda 
Ikal  Iho  Isilnre  of  the  akin  and  bodily  habit  of  the  Ame- 
ntana  ia  auch,  that  they  are  leea  aenaible  of  pain  than 
Iba  real  of  mankind.  Mo  producea  aevoral  proofa  of 
Ikia,  from  the  manner  in  which  they  endure  the  moat 
cnol  ehirorgical  operationa,  dec.  Noticiaa  American- 
■a,  p.  Sia,  814.  The  aame  obeervation  haa  been  made 
bjr  aur^^na  in  Biaail.  An  Indian,  Ihoy  aay,  nover 
complaiua  under  fiain,  and  will  bear  the  amputation  of 
■  lag  or  an  arm  without  uttering  a  aiiigla  groan.    MS. 

NoTi  [7S].  p.  llS~Thia  ia  an  idea  natural  lo  all 
Ml*  nationa.  Among  the  Komana,  in  the  early  perioda 
of  their  commonwealth,  it  waa  a  maiiin  that  a  priaoner 
**tum  doeeaaiaae  ridetur  cum  captua  eat."  Digeat. 
lib.  ilii.  tit.  IS.  c.  18.  And  aftcrwarda,  when  the  pro- 
I  of  refinement  rendered  them  more  indulgent  with 

^  let  to  thia  article,  ihey  were  obliged  to  employ  two 
ietiona  of  law  to  arcure  the  property,  and  pennit  the 
latum  of  a  captiTe ;  the  one  by  the  Lei  Cornelia,  and 
Mm  other  by  the  Jua  Poatlimtnii.  Heinec.  Elem.  Jur. 
Civ.  aec.  erd.  Pand.  ii.  p.  394.  Among  the  Negroea 
Iba  aame  ideaa  preTail.  No  ranaom  waa  erer  accepted 
for  a  priaoner.  Aa  aoon  aa  one  ia  taken  in  war,  he  ia 
nputed  to  b«  dead  ;  and  he  ia  ao  m  effect  to  hia  coun- 
In  and  hia  family.  Voy.  du  Chevnl.  dea  Marchaia,  i. 
p.  MB. 

Note  [78].  p.  1 13.— The  people  of  Chili,  the  moat 
gallant  and  high-apirited  of  all  the  Americana,  are  the 
only  eieeptioo  to  thia  obaerTation.  They  attack  their 
cnemiea  in  the  open  field ;  their  troops  are  ranged  in 
tegular  order ;  their  battaliona  adirance  to  the  charge 
not  only  with  courage,  but  with  diacipline.  The  North 
Americana,  though  many  of  them  have  aubaliiuted  the 
European  fire-arms  in  place  of  their  own  bowa  and 
urowa,  alill  adhere  lo  their  ancient  maxims  of  war, 
wid  carry  it  on  according  to  their  own  peculiar  syatem. 
But  the  Chilese  nearly  reaemble  the  warlike  nationa  of 
£arope  and  Aaia  in  their  military  operationa.  Ovalle'a 
Relation  of  Chili.  Church.  Cull.  iii.  p.  71.  Lozano's 
Hiat.  Parag.  i.  144,  145. 

NoTB  [77].  p.  113.— Herrera  givoa  a  remarkable 
inoof  of  Ihia.  In  Yucatan,  the  men  are  so  solictioua 
•bout  Iheir  dress,  that  they  carry  about  with  them  mir- 
ton,  probably  made  of  stone,  like  those  of  tho  Mcxi- 
ctna.  Doc.  iv.  lib.  iii.  c.  8,  in  which  they  delight  to 
VMW  themaelTea ;  but  the  women  never  uae  them 
llec.  iv.  lib.  x.  c.  3.  He  takea  notice  that  among  the 
Snrea  tribe  of  the  PaneluM,  in  the  new  kingdom  of 
Ofanada,  none  but  distinguished  warriors  were  per- 
■MMd  oitkor  to  pieico  their  Upa  and  to  wear  gteon 


Blonoa  in  them,  or  to  adorn  their  heads  wilh  plumea  of 
feathers.  Dec.  vii.  lib.  ii.  c.  4.  In  some  provinces 
of  Peru,  though  thai  empire  had  made  considerable 
progress  In  civiliaalion,  the  alate  of  women  was  little 
iin|iruvrd.  All  the  lull  of  cullivstiou  siitl  domt'stic 
work  was  dcvoUrd  upon  tlirni,  siul  thiy  wcri'  not  iirr- 
miMed  lo  wi'ir  bracelets,  or  oilier  ornsmcnts,  with  which 
the  iiiaii  were  fond  of  decking  tliemaelvet,  Zarate 
Mist,  de  Peru,  i  p.  IS,  IS. 

Not*  [78].  p.  1)3.— I  have  ventured  lo  call  Ihia 
mode  of  annointiiig  and  painting  their  liodiea,  the  drtii 
of  the  Americana.  This  is  agrcrablo  to  Iheir  own 
idiom.  As  they  never  slit  abrosd  if  Ihry  are  nut  com- 
pletely annoinled ;  they  eicuse  theinsi'lves  when  in 
this  ailualion,  by  asying  that  they  cannot  appear  be- 
cauae  they  art  naked.  Uumllla,  Hiat.  de  rOranoqua, 
i.  IBl. 

NoTi  [79].  p.  113.— Soma  Irihea  in  the  province  of 
Cinaloa,  on  the  gulf  of  California,  aeim  lo  bo  among 
the  rudcat  people  of  America  united  in  the  social  slate. 
Thry  neither  cultivate  nor  sow  ;  Ihey  hsve  no  houses 
in  which  they  reside.  Those  in  tho  Inlsiid  country  sub- 
sist by  hunting ;  those  on  the  sescoast  chicHy  by  lish- 
iii^.  Both  depend  iinon  the  sponlaneoua  productiuna 
of  the  earth,  fruila,  planta,  and  roota  of  various  kinds. 
In  the  rainy  season,  ss  they  have  no  hahilstinna  lo  af- 
ford them  ahellcr,  they  gather  bundloa  of  rccds,  or 
strong  grasa ;  and  binding  'hem  together  at  one  end, 
they  open  them  at  tho  other,  and  fitting  them  lo  Iheir 
heada,  they  are  covered  aa  wilh  a  large  cap,  which,  like 
a  penthouse,  throws  off  the  rain,  and  will  keep  Ihein 
dry  lor  several  hours  During  the  wnrm  scsson,  they 
form  a  shed  with  the  branchea  of  treea,  which  pro- 
tecta  them  from  the  aultry  rays  of  the  sun.  When 
exposed  to  cold  Ihey  make  large  firea,  round  which  Ihey 
sleep  In  the  open  air.  Historia  de  loa  Triumphoa  do 
Nuestra  .Santa  Ke  cntre  Uentrca  laa  maa  Barbaras,  die. 
por.  1*.  And.  Peroi  de  Kibaa,  p.  7,  &c. 

Note  [80].  p.  113. — Theae  houses  resemble  barna. 
"  We  have  measured  some  which  were  a  hundred  end 
fifty  paces  long,  and  twenty  paces  broad.  Above  a 
hundred  persons  resided  in  some  of  them."  Wilson's 
Account  of  Guiana.  Purch.  Pilgr.  vol.  iv.  p.  1S63. 
Ibid.  1391.  "The  Indian  houacs,"  aaya  Mr.  Barrure, 
"have  a  most  wretched  appearance,  and  are  a  atrikiiig 
image  of  the  rudeness  of  early  limes.  Their  huts  are 
cominoiily  built  on  »ome  rising  ground,  or  on  Iho  baiika 
of  a  river,  huddled  aoinetinioa  together,  aomctiines 
straggling,  and  alwaya  without  any  order.  Their  aspect 
ia  melancholy  and  disagreeable.  One  aees  iiothinu  but 
what  is  hideous  and  savage.  The  uncultivated  ticlda 
have  no  gayely.  The  ailence  which  reigna  there, 
unleaa  when  intorrtiptcd  by  the  disagreeable  notea  of 
birds,  or  cries  of  wild  beasts,  is  extremely  diamal." 
Uelat.  de  la  France  Equin.  p.  146. 

Note  [81].  p.  113. — Some  tribea  in  South  America 
ran  aend  iheir  arrowa  to  a  great  distance,  and  with  con- 
aiderable  force,  without  ine  aid  of  the  bow.  They 
make  uoe  of  a  hollow  reed,  about  nine  feel  long  and 
an  inch  thick,  which  ia  called  a  Sarbacane.  In  it  they 
lodge  a  amall  arrow,  with  aome  unspun  cotton  wound 
about  its  great  end ;  thia  confines  the  air,  so  that  they 
can  blow  it  with  astoniahing  rapidity,  and  a  aure  aim, 
to  the  disunce  of  above  a  hundred  pacea.  These  small 
arrowa  are  always  poisoned.  Fermin.  Desc.  de  Surin.  i. 
65.  Bancroft'sHist.  of  Guiana,p.281,  (he,  Tho  Sar- 
bacane ia  much  uacd  in  aome  parts  of  tho  Eaat  Indiea. 

Note  [88].  p.  113. — I  might  produce  many  instances 
of  this,  but  shall  aatisfy  mywif  with  one  taken  from 
the  Eskimaux.  "Their  grcalcat  ingenuity  (says  Mr. 
£IUs)  is  shown  in  tho  structure  of  thuir  bows,  made 
commonly  of  three  pieces  of  wood,  each  making  part 
of  the  aame  arch,  very  nicely  and  exactly  joined  to- 
gether. They  are  coir.moidy  of  fir  or  larch  ;  and  aa 
thia  wanta  strength  and  elasticiiy,  they  supply  botli  by 
bracing  the  back  of  the  bow  with  a  kind  of  thread,  or 
line,  made  of  tho  sinewa  of  their  deer,  and  the  bow- 
string of  tbo  same  materials.  To  niako  thorn  draw 
mora  slitHy,  they  dip  them  into  water,  which  causes 
both  tho  back  of  tho  bow  and  tho  string  to  contract,  and 
consequently  gives  it  the  greater  force  ;  and  as  they 
practice  from  ihoir  youth,  ihey  shoot  witli  very  great 
dexterity."     Voyage  lo  Hudson's  Bay.  p.  134. 

Note  [83].  p.  113. — Necessity  is  the  great  prompter 
and  guide  of  mankind  in  thoir  inventions,  'rheie  ia, 
however,  auch  inequality  in  aomo  patta  of  tfaeii  pro- 


gress, and  soma  nationa  get  so  far  the  start  of  i 
in  cirrumatancpa  nearly  similar,  that  we  must  iatttbo 
Ihia  to  some  events  in  Iheir  slorv,  or  to  some  (eculi 
amy  in  thoir  silustinn,  with  which  we  are  iinsi'i|uuiiit«d. 
The  people  in  the  lalniul  of  Dtnhiitn,  lairly  (lmcovere4 
in  the  .South  Mrs,  fur  rxrel  iiiUAt  of  the  Aiiicricara  111 
the  knowlidgo  and  |>nictii'e  ul'  the  arts  of  ingenuityi 
and  yet  they  had  nut  invniilcd  any  inelhiid  of  liuiling 
water ;  and  having  no  vrsael  tl»t  rould  bear  the  fira. 
they  had  no  more  idea  that  water  could  be  made  hoi, 
than  that  il  could  he  inadu  aolid.  Vuyagea  by  llawktt- 
worth,  I.  4M.  4H4. 

Norc  [84].  p.  Its.— One  of  these  boata,  which 
would  carry  nine  men,  weighed  onlv  siily  iiounda. 
Closnol.  Kelal.  dee  Voy.  a  U  Virgin.  Uec.  dig  Voy.  an 
Nord,  torn.  v.  p.  403. 

Note  [8A].  u.  118.— A  rtmarkahia  proof  of  thit  lO 
produced  by  Ulloa  In  weaving  hammocks,  coveilela, 
Slid  other  coarse  cloths  which  iTiey  sre  arciistoined  to 
nianiifarture,  their  indualry  has  discovered  nn  mora 
expeditious  method  than  lo  lake  up  thread  alter  thread, 
and,  alter  counting  and  sorting  them  each  time,  to  naso 
the  woof  lietween  them,  so  ihst  in  finishing  a  small 
piece  of  those  slulTs  they  frequently  spend  more  than 
two  ycara.  Voyage,  i.  336.  Bancroft  givea  the  sama 
description  of  the  Indiana  of  tluiana,  p.  3A3  Accord- 
ing lo  Adair,  Iho  ingenuity  and  despatch  uf  the  North 
American  Indians  are  not  greater,  p.  4'.i3.  From  ono 
of  the  engravings  of  the  Mexican  paintings  in  I'uriliaa, 
vol.  iii.  p.  1 106,  I  think  il  probable  that  the  people  of 
Mexico  were  unacquainted  wilh  any  belter  or  mora 
expedilioua  mo<le  of  weaving.  A  loom  waa  an  inven- 
tion beyond  the  ingenuity  of  the  moat  improved  Ame- 
ricana. In  all  their  worka  Ihey  advance  ao  slowly,  thai 
one  of  their  artists  is  two  inontha  at  a  tobacco-nipa 
with  his  kni.^o  before  he  finishoa  it.    Adair,  p.  438' 

Note  [86].  p.  114. — ^The  article  of  religion  in  P. 
I^afiuu'a  Moura  dea  Sauvagea  exlonda  to  347  rfxiiou* 
pagea  in  quarto. 

Note  [87].  p.  114. — I  have  referred  Iho  reader  to 
several  of  the  authora  whndeacribetha  most  uncivilixcd 
nationa  in  America.  Their  teatimony  ia  uniform,  'fhal 
of  P.  Kibaa  cunceining  the  people  of  Cinaloa  coin- 
cides with  the  rest.  "  I  was  extremely  attentive  (aayt 
he),  durl!is  the  yeara  I  reaided  among  them,  to  aacsr- 
lam  whether  they  were  to  bo  considered  as  idolaters ; 
and  it  may  be  alHrnied  wilh  the  most  perfect  exactneaa, 
that  though  among  sunie  of  tliein  thcro  may  be  tracas 
of  idolstry,  yet  others  have  not  tho  least  knowledge  oi 
Uod,  or  even  of  any  false  deity,  nor  pay  any  furinal  adora- 
tion to  the  Supreme  Being  who  exercises  dominion  ovci 
ll.o  world ;  nor  have  they  any  conception  of  tho  provi- 
dence of  a  Creator,  or  Governor,  from  whom  they  expect 
in  the  next  life  the  toward  of  iheir  good  or  tho  punish- 
ment of  their  evil  deeds.  Neither  do  they  publicly  join 
in  any  act  of  divine  worship."  Kibaa  'I'tiumphua,  dio. 
p.  16. 

Note  [88].  p.  114.— The  people  of  Braail  were  a* 
much  alfrighiea  by  thunder,  which  ia  frequent  and  aw- 
I'ul  in  thoir  country,  aa  well  aa  in  other  parts  of  tho 
torrid  zone,  that  it  was  not  only  the  object  of  religioua 
reverence,  but  the  most  expressive  name  in  their  lan- 
guage for  their  Deity  was  7'»ui>an,'  the  same  by  wbica 
they  diatinguished  thunder.  Piso  de  Mvdbc.  Bruil, 
p.  8.    Nieuhotf.  Church.  Cull.  ii.  p.  133. 

Note  [89].  p.  US.— By  the  account  which  M.  Ou- 
mont,  an  eye-wilnpsss,  givea  of  tho  funeral  of  the  great 
chief  of  the  Natchez,  it  appears  that  the  feelings  of  Iho 
persons  who  suffered  nn  that  occasion  were  very  differ- 
ent. Some  solicited  the  honor  with  esgemcsa ;  otheta 
labored  to  avoid  Iheir  doom,  and  aeveral  aaved  their 
lives  by  flying  lo  the  woods.     As  the  Indian  Brahmina 

&ive  sn  intoxicating  draught  to  the  women  who  are  to 
e  burned  together  with  the  bodies  of  iheir  husbands, 
which  rendera  them  insensible  of  their  appraching  fate, 
the  Natcliei  obliged  their  victims  to  awallow  several 
largo  pilla  of  tobacco,  which  producea  a  aiinilar  effect. 
Mem.  de  Louia.  i.  3!t7. 

Note  [90].  p.  US. — On  aome  occasions,  particularly 
in  dances  instituted  for  Iho  recovery  of  persons  whe 
are  indiaiiosed,  they  are  extremely  licentious  and  inde 
cent.  De  la  Potherie  Hiat.  &c,  ii.  p.  43.  Oharlev.  M 
Ft.  iii.  p.  319.  But  the  natiito  of  tbeii  dance*  If  COB- 
monlr  such  u  I  bavo  dMciibiiL 


i   i 


SOUTH   AMKRIOA. 


•lilt  of  I 

0   IDIIHt  I 

0  HNUt  I'rcull 

iit'ly  (liKovrn4 
D  Aini'ticur  'a 
ti  o(  in||cnjit>t 
iiIjdiI  of  iHiiting 
Id  hear  the  An, 
U  bn  made  ha<> 
get  by  lUwkn- 


a  bmU,  whiok 
I  liitv  iioiindi. 
lac.  oa  Voy.  au 


proof  of  Ihia  M 
locki,  covarlota, 
I  arciiatointd  to 
>var«d  no  mora 
cad  altor  thraad, 
ich  liinr,  to  rata 
iriiihing  a  tinaU 
ipfiid  mora  than 
t  givai  ll>e  MiTi* 
I.  SA5  At'curd- 
Icli  of  the  North 
43S.  From  on* 
lingi  in  l'uri'lia«i 
ut  the  p«o|)la  of 

bettor  or  mora 
in  was  an  in«on- 
l  improved  Ama- 
ce  ao  alowly,  thai 
t  a  tobacco-nip* 
Vdair,  p.  483 

>f  religion  in  P. 
la  to  347  ^ioua 


ed  the  reader  to 

I  moat  uiiciviliinl 

ia  uniform,  'llul 

of  Oinaloa  eoii> 

attoiilive(iayt 

thrin,  to  aacat- 

red  a»  idolat«ra  i 

irrfi'ct  f  xaclneaai 

inny  be  Intcaa 

aat  kiiuwled|{e  oi 

any  funnil  adura- 

ea  dominion  ovcl 

ion  of  the  pro«t> 

hoin  they  cipeot 

•d  or  the  piiniah- 

they  piibhcly  join 

Tiiumphoa,  Slo. 


Braail  were  m 
rcqiicnt  and  aw- 
her  pan  a  of  tho 
ject  of  rejigioua 
ne  in  their  Ian- 
>  aanie  by  wbir* 

Mudbc.  Braail, 
IS. 

which  M.  Du- 
criil  nf  the  great 
)  feelings  of  the 
lero  very  diifer- 
{emeaa;  other* 
ral  aaved  their 
■idian  Brahmint 
Inen  who  are  to 
Itheir  liuabanda, 
lippraching  fate, 
Iwallow  aeveral 
I  aimilar  elfect. 


Ins,  particularly 
If  peraona  whe 
(lioua  and  indo 
.  Oharlev.  N 
IdaiiCM  If  COB- 


Nora  [01].  p.  lift.— Tha  Olkomvim;  a  Iribo 
■Mtaal  on  Ih*  banka  of  tha  Orinoco,  empluy  for  lh« 
aania  purpoait  a  romtioiilion  which  they  rail  rii^.  Il 
ia  futmad  of  the  aecds  of  an  unknown  plant  radiicrd  to 
|iowd«r,  and  rerlain  ■hell>  burned  and  jiiilvcriied.  The 
elfii'li  of  lhi>  when  drawn  up  into  the  noetrils  are  ao 
vii>li'nl  that  they  reacmlile  inadneaa  rather  than  Intoii- 
catiuii.     Juniilla,  i.  8M. 

NuT»  (99].  p.  118. — ThoiiRh  Ihia  obarrvatinn  holda 
true  Hinuiig  llie  greater  part  of  the  aoiithern  tnhea,  there 
are  aonie  in  which  the  inle«peiaiica  of  the  women  iaaa 
•iceasive  aa  that  of  tha  man.  Dancroft'a  Nil.  Hial.  of 
Ouiaua,  p.  S7S. 

NoTi  [Sn].  p.  118.— Rvan  in  tha  moat  inlalllgeni 
writers  concerning  the  manners  of  the  Americans,  one 
meets  with  inconsistent  and  ineipliciblecircumslsncea. 
The  Jesuit  Charlevoii,  who,  in  consequence  of  a 
controversy  between  his  order  and  that  of  the  Francis- 
cans, with  rea|iect  to  the  talents  and  abililiaa  of  the 
North  Americans,  is  diapored  to  repreaent  their  intel- 
lectual as  well  aa  moral  qualities  in  the  moat  favorable 
light,  asserts,  that  they  are  engaged  in  continual  ne^o- 
tialiona  with  their  npighbora,  and  conduct  theae  with 
tlie  moat  rrlincd  aildreaa.  At  the  aame  time  he  adda, 
"  that  it  bchoovea  their  cnvoya  or  plenipotentiatiea  to 
aiert  their  abilities  and  elo(|uence,  for,  if  the  terma 
which  they  offer  ir*  not  accepted,  they  had  need  to 
atand  on  their  guard.  It  freoucntly  hapgians  that  a 
blow  with  the  hatchet  ia  the  only  reiurii  git  en  to  their 
propositions.  The  envoy  ia  not  out  of  danger,  even  if 
ho  IB  ao  fortunate  aa  to  avoid  the  atrol'e  ;  he  may  ei- 
pact  to  be  puraucd,  and,  if  taken,  to  be  burnt."  Hiat. 
N.  Fr.  iii.  SSI.  What  occura,  p.  147,  concerning  the 
manner  in  which  the  TIascalsns  trested  the  sinliaass- 
dora  from  iCempoalla,  corresponds  with  the  fact  related 
by  Charlevoix.  Men  ranablo  of  such  acta  of  violence 
aeem  to  be  iinacqiiaintc>i  with  the  first  principlea  upon 
which  the  intercourse  between  nationa  ia  founded  ;  and 
uiatcad  of  the  perpetual  negntiationa  which  Ciiarlnvoix 
mentions,  it  seems  almost  iin|ioaaililo  that  there  ahould 
bo  any  correapondcncu  whatever  imong  them. 

Note  [04].  p.  117. — It  ia  a  remark  of  Tacitua  con- 
cerning Ino  Qermans,  "  Gaudent  munoribua,  aed  nee 
data  iinputant,  nee  acceptia  ohligantur."  0.31.  An 
author  who  had  a  good  op|>ortunity  of  observing  the 
principle  which  leads  savases  neither  to  express  grali- 
tule  fur  favora  which  they  nad  received,  nor  to  exiiect 
any  return  for  auch  aa  they  bestowed,  thus  ezplaiiia 
their  ideaa  r  •■  If  (uy  thny)  you  give  mo  this,  il  is  be- 
cause you  have  no  iieea  of  it  yourself ;  and  aa  for  me, 
I  never  part  with  that  which  I  think  necessary  to  me." 
Memoiro  aur  lo  Ualibia;  Hist,  dcs  Plantoa  do  la 
Ouiane  Francoiso  par  M.  Aublot,  torn  ii.  p.  1 10. 

NoTK  [OS],  n.  119. — And  Bemaldes,  the  contcm|iO' 
rary  and  friunil  of  Columbus,  haa  preserved  some  cir 
euinatances  concerning  the  bravery  of  the  Cariblieea, 
which  are  not  mentioned  by  Don  Ferdinand  Columbus, 
or  the  other  hiatoriana  of  that  period  whose  works  ha' 
lM!en  published.  A  Csrihhean  canoe,  with  four  men, 
two  women,  and  a  bov,  fell  in  uneipectedly  with  the 
fleet  of  Columhua  in  hia  second  voyage,  aa  it  was  steer- 
ing through  their  islands.  At  first  they  were  struck 
almost  stupid  wiih  satonlahmcnt  at  auch  a  strange 
apoctacle,  and  hardly  moved  from  the  spot  fur  aWovo  jii 
h»ur.  A  Spanish  bark,  with  twcntv-fivo  men,  ad  ranced 
towatda  them,  and  the  fleet  gradually  surrounded  them, 
HO  as  to  cut  olT  their  communication  with  their  shore. 
"  When  they  saw  that  it  waa  impossible  to  escape 
(aays  the  historian),  they  aeizcd  their  anna  with  un- 
dauiiled  resolution,  and  began  the  attack.  I  uae  the 
vipressinn  trilh  undaunled  retoluliim,  for  they  were 
few,  and  beheld  a  vaat  number  ready  to  aasault  them. 
Tlicy  woniided  several  of  the  Spaniards,  slthough  thoy 
hail  targets,  aa  well  as  other  defensive  armour ;  and 
even  after  tiicir  canoe  waa  overset,  it  was  with  no  iittlo 
diiliculty  and  danger  that  part  of  them  were  taken,  as 
they  cuntinuod  to  defend  theinaelvea,  and  to  uae  their 
howa  with  great  dexterity  while  awimming  in  the  aea." 
Hist,  de  D.  Fern,  y  Ysab.  MS.  c.  110. 

Note  [90].  p.  118. — A  probable  conjecture  may  be 
formed  with  respect  to  the  cause  of  the  diatinctien  in 
character  between  the  Caribbees  and  the  inhabitants  of 
the  larger  islands.  The  former  appear  manifcatly  to 
he  a  separate  race.  Their  language  is  totally  diflTerent 
firom  that  of  their  neighbors  in  iho  large  islanda.  They 
themselvea  have  a  tradition,  that  their  ancestors  came 
siiginally  from  aome  part  of  the  continent,  and,  having 


coni|uered  and  eitarminatsd  the  ancient  inhabitanta, 
took  posseaaiun  of  their  landa,  and  of  their  woman. 
Kochefert,  3X4.  Tertro,  ,110.  Hence  thoy  call  them- 
selves lUiHurer,  which  sigiiiiAes  a  man  come  from 
beyond  aea.  I,abal,  vi.  131.  Accordingly,  tha  Carib- 
beea  atlll  uae  two  distinct  languages,  oiio  (leculiar  to 
the  men,  and  the  other  to  tho  women.  Tertre,  301. 
The  language  of  the  men  haa  nothing  common  with 
that  apnlien  in  the  largo  islanda.  Tha  dialect  of  tha 
women  ronaidersbly  reseinliles  il.  I,ahat,  130.  This 
strongly  ronllrins  tho  tniditiuii  which  I  hsve  mentioned. 
The  Caiibbeea  tlicinselvrs  iinaginr  that  Ihe^  were  a 
colony  from  tho  Unlalii;  a  |iowerful  nation  of  Ouiana, 
in  South  America.  Tertre,  361.  Kochefort,  348. 
But  as  Iheir  fierce  maiiiiera  approach  nearer  to  those  of 
the  people  in  the  northciii  cuntincnl,  than  to  Ihoae  of 
the  natives  of  South  America ;  and  oa  ihoir  language 
haa  likewiao  aoino  affliiily  to  that  spoken  in  Florida, 
their  origin  ahould  ho  deduced  rather  from  the  former 
than  from  the  latter.     I<abat,  138,  die.     Herrera,  dec. 

lib.  ii.  c.  4.  In  their  wara,  they  atill  observe  their 
ancient  iiractice  of  dsalroying  all  the  males,  and  pro- 
aerving  tho  women  either  for  aorvitude  or  for  breeding. 

Nom  [07].  p.  197. — Our  knowledge  of  tho  ovonia 
which  happened  in  the  conquest  or  New  Spain,  is 
derived  from  sources  of  information  more  original  and 
•ulhantio  than  that  of  any  iranaaction  in  the  hiaiory  of 
America.  Tho  letters  of  Cortoa  to  the  l^mperor 
Charles  V.  are  an  hiatorical  monument,  ne :  oidy  lirat 
in  order  of  time,  but  of  tho  greatest  authenticity  and 
value.  As  Carles  early  ss^iiiiicd  a  command  indepen- 
dent of  Velisquex,  it  became  ncceiisary  lo  convey  such 
an  account  of  hia  operationa  to  Madnd,  aa  might  pro- 
cure him  the  approbation  of  his  aovereign. 

Tlie  first  ot  his  despatrhca  has  never  boon  made 
public.  Il  waa  sent  from  Vera  (Jruz,  July  16th,  1510. 
Aa  I  imagined  that  it  might  nol  reach  the  Kmperor 
until  ho  arrived  in  Uormany,  for  which  he  set  out  early 
ill  tho  year  1530,  in  order  In  receive  tho  Imperial 
crown  1  I  made  diligent  aearch  for  a  copy  of  this 
despatch,  botli  in  Spain  and  in  Ciormany,  but  without 
auvceas.  This,  however,  is  of  less  consequence,  aa  it 
could  not  contain  any  thing  very  material,  lieing  writ- 
ton  ao  soon  after  Cortea  arrived  in  New  Spain.  But, 
in  aearchiiig  for  tho  letter  from  Cortea,  a  copy  of  one 
from  the  colony  of  Vera  Cruz  to  Iho  Emperor  haa  been 
discovereil  in  the  Imperial  library  at  Vienna.  Of  thia 
I  have  given  aome  account  in  ita  proper  place,  aee  p. 
133.  The  Bccond  despatch,  dalol  October  3Ulh,  163U, 
was  published  at  Seville  A.  D.  1633,  and  tho  third  and 
fourth  aoon  after  they  were  received.  A  Latin  trana- 
latiun  of  them  appeared  in  Germany  A.  D.  1533.  Ra- 
musio  soon  after  made  them  more  generally  known,  by 
inserting  them  in  his  valuable  collection  They  con- 
tain a  regular  and  minute  hiaiory  of  Iho  expedition, 
with  many  curioua  parliculara  concerning  Iho  policy 
and  manners  of  the  Mexicans.  The  work  doea  honor 
to  Cortes ;  the  style  is  .simple  and  perspicuous ;  but  as 
it  was  manifestly  his  interestto  represent  hia  own  ac- 
liona  in  tho  faireat  light,  hia  victoriea  are  probably  ex- 
aggerated, hia  loaaea  diminished,  and  hia  acts  of  rigor 
and  violence  softened. 

The  next  in  order  ia  the  Chronica  de  la  Ntieva 
Eapagna,  by  Franciaco  Lopez  de  Goinara,  publiahcd 
A.  D.  1034.  Gomara'a  hiatorical  merit  ia  conaidera- 
ble.  Hia  n^do  of  narration  ia  clear,  flowing,  always 
agreeable,  and  sometimes  elegant.  But  ho  is  frc- 
(luontly  inaccurate  and  i:reduloua  ;  and  as  he  waa  the 
domestic  chaplain  of  Cortes  after  hia  return  from  New 
Spain,  and  probably  compoaed  hia  work  at  his  diiairo, 
it  is  manifest  that  ho  labors  lo  magnify  the  merit  of  hia 
hero,  and  to  conceal  or  extenuate  auch  transactions  as 
were  unfavorable  to  his  character.  Of  thia,  Herrera 
accusca  him  in  one  instance,  Dec.  ii.  lib.  iii.  c.  3,  and 
il  ia  not  once  only  that  thia  ia  conspicuous.  He  writes, 
however,  with  ao  much  freedom  concerning  aeveral 
measurea  of  tho  Spanish  Court,  that  the  copiea  both  of 
his  Historia  do  las  Indias,  and  of  his  Clironica,  were 
called  in  by  a  decree  of  the  Council  of  the  Indies,  and 
they  were  !cug  considered  aa  prohibited  booka  in 
Spain  ;  it  is  only  of  late  that  license  to  print  them  haa 
been  gnintet.     Pinelo  Biblioth.  589. 

The  Chionicle  of  Goinara  induced  Bemal  Diaz  del 
Castillo  to  compose  his  Historia  Verdadera  de  la  Con- 
quista  de  la  Nueva  Eapagna.  Ho  had  been  an  adven- 
turer in  each  of  the  expeditions  lo  New  Spain,  and  waa 
tho  companion  of  Cortes  in  all  hia  battles  and  perils 
When  he  found  that  neither  he  himself,  nor  many  of  his 
fellow  aoldiera,  were  once  mentioned  by  Gomara,  but 
that  the  fame  of  all  their  exploita  waa  ascribed  to  Cor- 
toa, the  gallant  veteran  laid  hold  of  hia  pen  with  indig- 
nation, and  composed  hia  true  hiaiory.    It  containa  a 


prolix,  minula,  eonfuaeal  namli*a  of  all  Coitaa'a  Ofiafk 
liona,  in  aiieh  a  nid*  vulgar  alf  la  a*  might  ba  aipailai 
from  an  illiterate  aoldiar.  Bui  aa  ha  relates  lranaaf> 
liona  nf  which  ha  waa  wilneaa,  and  in  which  ha  par- 
formed  a  conaiderable  part,  hia  aocouiil  tiear*  *U  Iko 
marks  of  authanticity,  and  ia  accompanied  with  auch  a 
pleasant  iwsw/s,  with  such  interealing  detail*,  with  auah 
amusing  vinity,  and  yet  ao  panlonabVe  in  an  old  aotdler 
who  had  been  (aa  he  boaata)  In  a  hundred  ami  ninalaan 
battles,  aa  rendera  hia  book  one  of  the  nioel  singular 
thai  ia  to  be  found  in  any  language. 

Pel.  Martyr  ab  Anglerie,  in  a  treatise  Da  InauU* 
nuper  invenlia,  added  to  hia  Decadca  de  Kehua  Oeeani* 
cia  el  Novo  Orhe,  givea  aome  account  of  Coria*'*  ex- 
pedition. But  he  proceeda  no  further  than  lo  ralala 
what  happened  alter  hia  firat  landing.  Thia  work, 
which  ia  brief  and  alight,  aoems  lo  contain  Iha  infonnv 
lion  Iranamitted  by  Cortea  in  hia  Aral  daapalchea,  em- 
bellished with  aeveral  particular*  cofflmunwated  to  tha 
author  by  the  oHirera  who  brought  tho  letter*  fioa 
t'nrtes. 

But  the  bonk  to  which  the  greater  part  of  modeia 
hiatoriana  have  had  recourse  for  information  concerning 
the  conquest  of  New  Spam,  ia  Hiatoria  de  I*  Conquiata 
do  Mexico,  por  D.  Antonio  da  Solia,  Aral  publiahed  A. 
U.  1084.  I  know  nu  author  in  any  language  whoa* 
literary  fame  liaa  riaen  ao  far  beyond  hia  real  merit. 
De  Solia  ia  reckoned  by  his  countryman  one  of  tha 
pureat  wrilera  in  Iha  Caatillian  tongue;  anil  if  a 
foreigner  majr  venture  lo  give  hia  opinion  coiieaming  a 
matter  of  which  Spaniard'  alone  are  qualified  lo  judge, 
ao  ia  entitled  to  that  praiae.  Bu|  though  hia  languaga 
be  correct,  hia  taate  in  compoaitioii  is  far  from  being 
juat.  Hia  perioda  are  so  much  labored  aa  to  be  often 
sliflT,  and  sometimes  luniid ;  the  figures  which  he  em 
ploya  by  way  nf  ornament  are  frequently  trite  or  im- 
proper, and  hia  observstiona  auperficial.  Theae  ble- 
mishes, however,  might  essily  be  overiooked,  if  he  wei* 
not  defective  with  respect  to  sll  the  great  qualiliea  of 
an  historian.  Deatitule  of  that  patient  induatry  in  la- 
aearch  which  cunducia  to  the  knowledge  of  truth ;  a 
stranger  to  that  impartiality  which  weigha  evidence  with 
cool  attention ;  and  ever  eager  lo  establish  his  favorite 
system  of  exalting  tho  character  of  Cortea  into  that  of 
a  perfect  hero,  exempt  from  error,  and  adorned  with 
every  virtue ;  ha  ia  leaa  aoliciloua  to  discover  what  waa 
true  than  to  relate  what  might  appear  splendid.  When 
he  altempta  any  critical  discuaaion,  hia  rcaaoninga  ara 
fallaciouB,  and  founded  upon  an  imperfect  view  of  facta. 
Though  he  aometimea  quolea  tho  deipatchti  of  Corte*, 
he  aeema  not  to  have  conaultod  them ;  and  though  ha 
acta  out  with  aome  conaure  on  Goinara,  he  frequently 
prefers  his  authority,  the  most  doubtful  nf  any,  lo  that 
of  tho  other  contemporary  hiatoriana. 

But  of  all  the  Spaniah  writers,  Herrera  fumiahea  tha 
fulleat  and  moat  accurate  information  concerning  Iha 
conquest  of  Mexico,  aa  well  aa  every  other  Iranaaction 
of  America.  Tho  induatry  and  attention  with  which 
he  consulted  not  only  the  booka,  hut  the  original  paper* 
and  public  records,  which  tended  to  throw  any  light 
upon  the  aubject  of  hia  inquiries,  were  so  great,  and  M 
usually  judges  of  the  evidence  before  him  with  so  murh 
impartiality  and  candor,  that  hia  Decads  xsy  be  ranked 
among  the  most  judicious  and  uaeful  hiatorical  collec- 
tiona.  If,  by  attempting  to  relate  tho  varioua  occur- 
rencoa  in  the  New  World  in  a  atrict  chronological 
order,  tho  arrangement  of  events  in  his  work  had  not 
been  rendered  so  perplexed,  disconnected,  and  obacure, 
that  it  ia  an  unpleasant  task  to  collect  from  diflTerent 
parte  of  hia  book,  and  piece  together  the  detached 
shreds  of  a  atory,  he  might  justly  have  been  ranked 
among  tho  most  eminent  historiana  of  hia  country. 
He  gives  an  account  of  the  materiala  from  which  ba 
compoaed  hia  work,  Dec.  vi.  lib.  iii.  c.  10. 

Note  [08].  p.  110. — Cortea  purposed  to  have  gonp 
in  the  train  of  Ovando  when  he  act  out  for  hia  govern- 
ment in  the  year  1 503,  but  waa  detained  by  an  accident. 
As  ho  waa  attempting  in  a  dark  night  to  acramble  up 
to  the  window  of  a  lady'a  bed-chamber,  with  whom  ha 
carried  on  an  intrigue,  an  old  wall,  on  the  top  of  which 
he  had  mounted,  gave  way,  and  ho  waa  ao  much  bruiaed 
by  tho  fall  aa  to  be  until  for  the  voyage.  Qomaia, 
Cionica  de  la  Nueva  Eapagna,  cap.  I. 

Note  [09].  p.  119. — Cortes  had  two  theuaand  peaoa 
in  tho  handa  of  Andrew  Diiero,  and  he  br.nowed  four 
thousand.  Thoae  anms  are  about  equal  in  value  la 
fifteen  hundred  pounda  sterling ;  but  aa  the  price  of 
every  thing  waa  extremely  high  in  America,  (bty  mad* 
but  a  acanly  atock  when  applie<l  towarda  tlie  equipaairt 
of  a  military  expedition.  Herrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  UI,r.  t. 
B.  Diaz,  c.  SO. 


IN 


roberthon'h  Hii^TniiT  or 


Nvra  CIW)  P>  lit.— Tk«  MMM  of  Umm  idUnl 
Iwra,  whiuh  will  uAwi  owur  In  lh«  MbMUMni  ilorj, 


wtra  7u*n  Vi>laH|ii«a  ih  liton,  AbmM  ^(nMnil*! 
i'o(laa«rn>ro,  rniwUeo  ik  Mantojo,  ChriMo«»l  ■!•  UIUI. 
JuMi  lb  KmwIuii*,  r»milMo  ib  Morl^  PmIio  ii«  AU 
firado,  fniwiKti)  da  HaleatU,  Jiwn  il«  EMubMi  UIiim 
<!•  Nart«i.  ('nrtm  hliaMlf  eoiiuiMmlnl  Ih*  Caplluia, 
Of  Atlniini.  I'ranclMO  il*  Omxo,  an  oQmr  lurnMil 
In  lb*  wan  of  Italy,  haj  tho  eooinMnil  of  llio  artUb>r]r. 
TIm  (iiwrloneoil  AlamiiuM  aatad  *«  ehlof  pilot. 

NoTi  [101.1  p.  119.— In  IhoM  dlHitrfnt  conAirta, 
Iho  Hponlanla  lual  only  two  man,  but  had  a  eonaidnrnlila 
nunbor  wouihIxI.  Thouf  h  than  bo  no  ooeaaion  fur 
r^ouno  lu  any  aupornatural  cwao  to  aeoouni  rlthor 
nir  I  ho  gnalncaoof  Ihoir  Tteloriaa,  of  Iho  amallnaaa  of 
Ihalr  loao,  tho  Mpanlah  hialofian*  hll  not  to  aaerlbe 
hnth  to  Iho  itatrunago  of  8t.  Jafo,  tho  tulolaf  aalnt  of 
Iholf  eounlfyi  who,  aa  Ihoy  nialo,  fought  tl  Iho  hoad  of 
Ihalr  oouninrroon,  and,  bv  hia  prowoao,  n*o  >  turn  to 
tho  flMo  of  iFm  battlo.  doroara  la  tho  iTnl  who  roon' 
liono  thU  apparition  of  8t.  Jamaa.  It  la  amualng  to 
obaorto  tho  ainbarraaamonl  of  B.  DUa  dol  Oaatlllo,  oo- 
eaalonod  by  tho  atrugglo  botwoon  hIa  auporatlllon  and 
hIa  vtraelty.  Th«  Turmnr  diapoami  hlin  to  boliovo  thia 
minolo,  the  lallar  raalniiiad  hUn  ftam  atlmling  it.  "  I 
•eknowMgo,"  aaya  ho,  "thai  all  our  oiploila  and  tIc- 
lurioo  ara  owing  to  our  Lord  Jaaua  Ohriat,  and  that  in 
'.hia  battlo  thoro  waa  au«t  a  numbor  of  Indiana  to  overv 
Mio  of  ua,  that  if  oaeh  had  thrown  a  handldl  of  tarth 
they  might  havo  burlod  ua,  if  by  Iho  groat  marey  of 
Qud  wo  had  not  boon  protootod.  Il  may  bo  that  tho 
poraon  whom  Doroara  roonliona  aa  having  appearod  on 
a  motllad  gray  hurao,  waa  Iha  glorioua  apoatla  SIgnor 
Han  Jagis  or.  Hignor  Han  Pitdro,  and  that  I,  aa  holng  a 
aiiinar,  waa  not  worthy  to  ac«  hint.  Thia  I  know,  that 
I  aaw  Kranclaeo  do  Moria,  <iii  aueh  %  hora«,  but  aa  an 
unworthy  traiia|{r«aaori  diil  nol  daaarvo  to  avo  any  of 
the  holy  apuatloa.  It  may  havo  boon  the  will  of  Uod, 
<bat  it  waa  ao  aa  Ooinara  rolatea,  but  until  I  rviid  hia 
i''hruniclr,  t  imvor  heard  among  any  of  the  eonquerora 
lb  it  aucli  A  thing  had  happened."    Uap.  34. 

NoTi  [lot.]  p.  I«0.— Several Hpaniah  hiatnriana re- 
ate  thia  oeeurrviico  In  auch  terma  aa  if  they  wiahed  il 
ihuiild  Imi  believed  that  tho  Indiana,  loaded  with  the 
I  reaenia,  had  carried  them  fW>m  the  capital,  in  tho  aame 
aburt  apoeo  of  lime  that  the  couiiera  porfomied  that 
JtMimey.  Thia  ia  incredible,  and  Qotnara  mentlona  a 
olreuiiialaneo  which  ahowa  that  nothing  extraordinary 
happened  on  thia  ooeaaion.  Thia  rich  urcaont  had  been 
prepared  for  Urijalya,  when  be  touched  at  lb«  name 
uiuce  aomo  montlie  beforo,  and  waa  now  ready  lu  be 
Jellvered,  ae  aoun  aa  Monteiuma  oent  ordere  for  that 
purpoae.    Oomara  Uron.  c.  xxvii.  p.  38. 

According  to  B.  Oios  del  Oaatlllo,  tho  value  of  the 
ailver  plate  repreaenting  the  moon  waa  alone  above 
twenty  thouoand  poooa,  above  five  thouoand  pounda 
•Uriing. 

Nora  [103.]  p.  131.— Thia  private  traffic  waa  di- 
nell^  contrary  to  the  inetruetiona  of  Velaoquei,  who 
enjoined,  that  whatever  waa  acquired  by  trade  ahould 
bo  thrown  into  the  c<mmon  atoek.  But  it  aupeara 
that  the  aoMiera  hail  each  a  private  aoaortment  of  toya 
and  othor  yooda  proper  for  the  Indian  trade,  and  Curtee 
ained  their  favor  by  encouraging  thia  underliand  barter. 
B.  Dial,  c.  41. 

NoTB  [104].  p.  133. — Gomara  haa  puhliahed  a  cata- 
logue of  the  varioua  articlee  of  which  thia  preoent  con- 
aiated.  Oron.  c.  49.  P.  Martyr  ab  Angleria,  who 
aaw  them  after  they  were  brought  to  Spain,  and  who 
aeema  to  have  eiainliied  them  with  great  attention, 
givea  a  doocription  of  each,  which  ia  ourioua,  aa  it  con- 
Toya  aomo  idea  of  the  progreoa  which  the  Meiicana 
had  miidr  in  aeveral  arte  of  elogance.  Do  Inaulua  nu- 
per  inventia  Liber,  p.  3S4,  dec. 

NoTi  [105]  p.  133. — ^Thare  ia  no  cireumotance  in 
the  hia'ory  of  the  conqueat  of  America  which  ia  more 
bueationable  than  the  account  of  the  numeroua  armiea 
biaoght  into  the  field  agoinat  the  Spaniorda.  Aa  the 
war  with  the  republic  of  Tbucala,  though  of  abort  du- 
ration, waa  one  of  the  moat  coniideraolo  which  the 
8paniarda  waged  in  America,  the  account  given  of  the 
TIaaealan  armiea  merita  Mine  attention.  The  only 
authentic  information  conMrning  thia  ia  derived  from 
(tree  iiuthora.  Cortea  in  hia  aecond  deapatoh  to  the 
iSinparor,  dated  at  Segura  de  la  Frontera,  Oct.  90, 
1 690.  thua  eatimatea  the  number  of  their  troope ;  in 
Ui*  Aral  battle  iiOnO;  in  the  aecond  baule  1.00,000;  in 


Iha  Ihlld  ballto  100,000  KaUl  ap.  Koinua  III.  3W. 
Bttnal  Diaa  del  Oaatlllo,  who  waa  an  eye  wilneaa,  ami 
engageil  in  all  the  octlnna  of  thia  war,  Ihua  rerknna 
th^r  nunibera  I  In  the  Ural  hiilllr,  :liNNI,  p  43 1  in  the 
aecond  battle  6000,  IliM )  in  lhi>  lliinl  ballle  AO,OOI), 
p.  4A.  Oomara,  who  waa  <'ori»a'a  chnplain  after  hia 
return  to  Mpaln,  and  publiihed  hie  f'raiiwa  In  lfiA3, 
fulluwa  the  compulation  nf  Curtea,  eicept  In  the  ae- 
eoml  battle,  where  he  reokona  Ibe  Tlaacalann  at  1)0,000, 
p.  49.  It  waa  manlleatly  the  Intoreal  of  (Curtea  to 
inagniiy  hia  own  lUngera  and  eipluita.  Kor  it  waa 
only  by  the  merit  of  eitraoidinary  aervin^  that  heeuuld 
hope  to  atone  for  hia  Irregular  eonluct  i  aoauniing  an 
iiMlependent  oummand.  Uem.  Dim,  though  ahun- 
dantly  diapoaed  to  place  hia  own  pmweaa,  and  that  of 
hia  felluw-eonquerora,  in  the  moot  advanlageoua  point 
uf  light,  had  not  the  aame  leroptaliun  to  eiaggarole  i 
and  It  la  probable  that  hia  account  of  Iha  nunuiera  ap- 
proachea  nearer  to  the  truth.  The  aaoenibling  of  an 
army  uf  1AO,OM  man,  roqulrea  many  prevloua  arraiige- 
menta,  and  auch  provlaiiina  for  their  aubalatenee  ae 
aeema  to  be  beyond  the  forealght  of  A  .nerleana.  The 
degree  of  ci-ltivation  In  TIaaeala  duea  not  aaem  to  have 
been  ao  great  ae  to  have  lUmlahed  auch  a  voal  army 
with  proviaioiia.  Though  tliia  province  wna  ao  muen 
better  culllvaleii  than  other  regiona  of  New  Spain  that 
it  woo  called  the  counlry  of  Sriai,  vet  the  Npaniarde 
in  their  march  eulTerrd  auch  want,  that  they  wore  obli- 
ged to  aubalat  upon  Tuna;  a  apeclea  nf  (Vuit  which 
gmwa  wild  in  the  flehla.  Uerrera,  dee.  il.  lib,  vl.  e.  S. 
p.  183. 

NoTB  [100].  p.  133. — Theae  unhappy  victima  are 
aold  to  bo  peraona  nf  dialinetlon.  It  aeema  inipruhahle 
that  ao  great  a  number  aa  Ally  ahould  lie  employed  aa 
apiea.  Bo  many  priaonera  had  been  taken  and  dia- 
mlaaed,  and  the  Tiaaealana  had  aent  au  inniiy  mruagea 
to  the  Spaniah  quartera,  that  there  appoara  tu  b«  nu 
reaaun  fur  haianling  the  Uvea  of  ao  many  conalilernlile 
people  in  order  to  procure  infuniiatiun  about  the  pual- 
lion  and  atato  of  their  camp.  The  barbaroua  in.iimor 
which  Cortea  treated  a  people  unacouainlvd  with  ih« 
Uwa  of  w.ir  eaUbliabvd  among  puliahed  nationa,Rii|iviira 
ao  ahorking  to  the  later  Spaniah  wrilera,  that  they  di- 
luiiilah  the  number  of  thoee  whom  he  puniahed  ao  cru- 
elly. Herren  aaya,  that  he  cut  olf  the  handa  of  aaven, 
and  the  thumbe  of  aome  mure.  Drc.  ii.  lib.  ii.  c.  H. 
De  Solia  relatee,  that  the  handa  of  fuurteen  or  fifteen 
were  cut  olT,  and  tho  thumbe  of  all  tliu  reat.  Ub.  ii. 
e.  80.  But  Cortea  himaeli;  Kelat.  p.  338.  b.  and  after 
him  Oomara,  c.  48,  affirm,  that  the  handa  of  all  the 
fifty  were  cut  off. 

NoTi  [107].  p.  134. — The  homea  were  objeeta  of 
the  greateat  aatoniahment  to  all  the  people  uf  New 
Spain.  At  flret  they  imagined  the  hurae  and  the  rider, 
like  the  Centaura  of  the  ancienta,  to  be  aome  monalroua 
animal  of  a  terrible-form ;  and  auppoaing  that  their  food 
waa  Ibe  aame  aa  that  of  men,  brought  Aeah  and  blood 
to  nouriah  them.  Even  after  they  diwuvered  their 
miatake,  they  believed  the  horaea  ilevoumi  men  in  bat- 
tle, and,  when  they  neluheil,  thought  that  they  were 
demanding  their  prejr.  It  wu  not  the  intoreat  of  thn 
Spaniatda  to  undeceive  them.  Herrero,  dec.  il.  Ub.  vi. 
c.  II. 

• 

Nora  [108].  p,  134. — According  to  Bart,  de  laa 
Caaaa,  there  waa  no  reaaon  for  thia  maaaacre,  and  it 
waa  an  act  of  wanton  cruelty,  perpetrated  merely  to 
atrike  terror  into  the  people  of  New  Spain.  I<cl»c.  de 
la  deatruyc.  p.  17,  tu.  But  the  leal  of  I<aa  Caaua 
often  leada  mm  to  exaggerate.  In  oppoeition  to  him. 
Bom.  Dlax,  c.  83,  aaaerta,  that  the  nrat  miaaiunariea 
aent  into  New  Spain  by  the  Emperor,  made  a  judicial 
inquiry  into  thia  tranaaction ;  and,  having  examined  the 
private  and  eldera  of  Cholula,  found  that  there  wna  a 
real  conepirocy  to  cut  off  the  Spnniarda,  and  that  the 
account  given  by  Cortea  waa  exactly  true.  Aa  it  waa 
the  abject  of  Cortoa  at  that  time,  and  manifeatly  hia 
intereat,  to  gain  the  good  will  of  Monteiuma,  it  ia  im. 
probable  that  he  ahould  have  taken  a  atep  which  tended 
ao  viaibly  to  alienate  him  from  the  Spaiiiarda,  if  be  had 
not  believed  it  to  be  neceaaary  for  hia  own  urcaervation. 
At  the  aame  time,  the  Spanianla  who  aerved  in  America, 
had  auch  contempt  for  the  nalivea,  and  thought  them 
ao  little  entitled  to  the  common  righta  of  men,  that 
Cortea  might  hold  the  Chotulana  to  lie  guilty  upon 
alight  and  imperfect  evidence.  The  aeverity  of  the 
puniahment  waa  certainly  exceaaive  and  atrocioua. 

NoTi  [109].  p.  134. — Thia  deacription  ia  taken  al- 
moat  literally  from  Bemal  Diai  del  Uaatillo,  who  waa 


Mt  uiincquainted  with  the  art  of  enmpoatllon  aa  to  bt 
lni<a|iabla  of  enilMlllablng  hia  narratlvo.  lie  relatee  In 
a  aiiiiplo  and  rude  alyle  what  poaaed  In  blaown  minil 
and  llmt  of  hia  felluw  aniillrra  on  that  ucooalitn  i  "ami 
let  II  not  lie  Ihuughl  atrange,"  aaya  he,  "that  I  ahimid 
write  In  thia  manner  of  what  then  hauprnod,  kir  it 
ought  lu  be  oonaldered,  that  It  la  one  tning  to  relati^ 
another  to  have  beheld  Ihlnga  that  were  never  bafora 
•een,  or  heard,  or  apoken  of  among  man."  Cap.  IW, 
p.  #4.  b. 

Nora  [110].  p.  130— D  DIai del  Caatllln,  alvea  ua 
aome  Idea  of  the  fnllgu*  and  hanlahipa  they  underwent 
In  perfuniilng  thia  and  other  |>ana  uf  duty.  During  the 
nine  muntha  that  they  remained  in  Meiieo,  every  man, 
without  any  diallncliun  between  offloera  and  auldlera, 
alept  on  hia  arma  lu  hia  quilted  jacket  and  gorget.  They 
lay  on  mota,  or  otraw  aprood  on  the  flour,  aiM  each  waa 
obliged  to  hold  lilmaolf  oa  alert  aa  If  ha  had  bem  on 
guard.  ••  Thia."  odda  he,  "  becoma  ao  habitual  to  m^ 
that  even  now,  in  my  advanoad  age,  I  alwaye  aleep  in 
my  elothee,  and  never  In  any  bed.  When  I  vlalt  my 
KiKomMaWa,  I  reckon  It  aultaMa  to  my  rank  to  have  a 


bod  carried  along  with  my  other  baggage,  but  I  nevei 
go  into  II  I  but,  accoriling  to  ouatom.  I  Ua  In  my  elotbra, 
and  walk  frequently  during  the  night  Into  the  o,  t<n  all 


to  view  the  otara,  aa  I  waa  woni  whan  In  aervlea 
Cap.  108. 

NoTi  [1 11  J.  p.  136.— Coitea  himoeli;  In  hia  aeeond 
deapaloh  to  Ibe  Emperor,  doea  not  explain  the  mollvea 
which  induced  him  either  to  condemn  tjualpopoca  to  the 
llamea,  or  to  put  Monteiuma  In  imne.  Koinua.  III.  336. 
B.  Diaa  ia  allent  with  rea|iect  to  hia  reaaoiia  for  tlia 
furmer ;  ami  the  only  cauae  he  aaaigna  fur  the  laller 
waa,  that  he  niigbi  meet  with  no  interruption  In  exo 
culing  Ibe  aenfeice  pronouncvil  agalnat  tjualpopuca, 
c.  icv.  p.  7S.  at  aa  Monteiuma  waa  hie  priaonvr,  and 
abaoluleljr  in  hia  power,  he  bad  no  reaaun  to  dread  him, 
and  the  inault  oAercd  to  that  monaroh  could  have  no 
eirect  but  to  Irritate  him  unneneaaarily.  Oomara  aup. 
poiea  llml  I'urtea  hod  no  other  object  than  tu  occupy 
Moiiti'iunia  with  hia  own  diatreaa  ami  aufTerlnge,  thai 
he  might  give  leaa  allentlon  to  what  befel  (junlpopuca. 
Cron.  tf.  89.  Herrera  ailopta  the  anme  opinion.  Dec. 
il.  lib.  vili.  e.  9.  But  it  eeenia  an  odd  expedient.  In 
order  In  make  a  person  bear  one  injury,  to  load  biin  with 
another  that  ia  greater.  De  Holla  Imaiilnea,  that  C'ortia 
had  nothing  else  in  view  than  to  intimidate  Monleiiiinit, 
ao  that  ho  might  make  no  atlem|il  lu  reacue  the  victima 
firom  their  late ;  but  the  apirit  of  that  monarch  waa  ao 
aubiniaalve,  and  be  hail  ao  tamely  given  up  the  priaonera 
to  Ibe  dlipoaul  uf  (?ortea,  that  he  had  no  cauae  to  a|v 
prehend  any  oppoaillon  from  him.  If  the  explanallun 
which  I  have  attempted  to  (five  of  Oortea'a  proceedinga 
on  thia  nccaiiun  he  nut  odniitied,  it  np|ieara  to  nii',  that 
they  inuat  be  reckuned  aiming  the  wanton  and  barba. 
ruua  acts  uf  oppreaaiun  which  occur  loo  often  in  the  hia. 
tory  of  Iho  conqueat  of  America. 

Nora  [113].  p.  ISO.- De  Solia  aaaerta,  lib.  iv,  e.  3, 
that  the  propoailion  of  doing  homaiie  to  the  king  oi 
S|>ain  came  from  Monteiuma  himavir,  and  waa  niailo  in 
order  to  induce  the  Spaniarda  lo  depart  out  of  hia  doiiii- 
niona.  He  doacribea  hia  conduct  on  Ihia  occasion  as  i. 
it  had  been  founded  upon  a  achcme  of  profound  jHilicy 
and  executed  with  auch  refined  addreaa  aa  lo  deceive 
Cortea  himaelf.  But  there  ia  no  hint  or  c^reumslnnce 
in  the  contemporary  historians,  Cortea,  Dial,  or  Oo- 
mara, to  juatify  thia  theory.  Monteiuma,  on  other  iicca- 
aiona,  discovered  no  auch  e';teiit  of  art  and  abilities. 

he  angiiiah  which  he  felt  in  performing  lliia  humbliiiji 
ceremony  ia  natural,  if  we  a-jppoae  It  to  have  been  in- 
voluntary. But,  according  to  the  theory  of  De  Niilia, 
which  suppoaea  that  Monteiuma  waa  executing  what 
he  himaelf  had  propoaed,  to  have  oasumed  an  ap|iear- 
ance  of  sorrow  would  have  been  prepoaleroua,  and 
inconaiatent  with  hia  own  deaign  of  doeeiving  tha  Spa- 
niarda. 

Nora  [113].  p.  137. — In  aevemi  of  the  provineea, 
the  Spaniarda,  with  all  their  indualry  and  influener, 
could  collect  no  gold.  In  othera,  they  procured  only  a 
few  Irinketa  of  email  value.  Monteiuma  aasufed 
Cortea,  that  the  preaent  which  he  offered  to  the  kinj;  uf 
Caalile,  after  doin^  homage,  conaialed  of  all  the  Irfa- 
aure  ainaasod  by  hia  father ;  and  told  him,  that  he  had 
already  distributed  the  reat  of  hia  gold  and  jewola  ainnii g 
the  Spaniards.  B  Dial.  c.  104.  Goiiiaru  relatra, 
that  all  the  ailver  collected  amounted  to  BOO  marka. 
Cron.  c.  83.  Thia  agreea  with  the  account  given  by 
Cortea,  that  the  royal  fifth  of  ailvar  waa  100  ouutka. 


■OUTH  AMBRIOA. 


in 


r  nMnpaallUm  m  lak« 
tmU«.  IU  mkiM  In 
■•«l  tn  hUown  miiMi 
I  llial  iKwuioni  "mhI 
jra  ho,  "thai  I  •himld 
lh«n  haunrncii,  t>r  ii 
U  on*  ihlnii  lo  ratals 
hal  war*  n«rtr  k*fi>n 
long  mm."    Otfk  IW, 


I  d*l  OmIUIo,  ilfM  M 
ilahi|M  ihajr  unii«rw«nl 
•  urilulv.  Ourinflh* 
tn  Meiwo,  »ittj  man, 
I  ulfloan  mmI  (uldiora, 
ki<t  mhI  gorgtt.  Th«]F 
b«  Ikiur,  iml  Mwh  wm 
I  M  If  h*  hail  bMn  on 
■OM  M  habilud  to  ni«i 
ig«,  I  alwata  timp  In 
J.  Whan  I  iMt  m; 
I  lo  mj  rank  lo  h»«  ■ 
bwf af*,  but  I  naval 
901.1  lUln  myelothva, 
lighl  Inio  Iha  o,  .-n  ail 
ml  whan  In  aarrlea" 


hiraaall^  In  hia  aacoml 
ol  aiplain  Iha  molUca 
amn  Qualpopoea  lo  Iha 
nna.  Kainua,  ill,  S3A. 
,0  hia  naaoiii  for  ilia 
aaiigna  fur  Ilia  latin 
m  inlamiplion  In  cio 
I  agaiiial  Ijualpoiiuca, 
a  waa  hia  priionvr,  anil 

0  naaun  lo  tlroad  him, 
lonorah  could  ha«a  no 
warily.  Uomara  aup' 
object  Ihaii  lo  oeeiip; 
M  ami  autrvringa,  Ihal 
hat  b«rcl  tjunlpopoea. 
>  anmc  opinion.    I)ce. 

an  oiM  eipmllani.  In 
nJury,lo  load  him  with 

1  iriinuinaa,  Ihal  C'orlia 
iliiniilale  Monleiiiinu, 

lu  raaeuc  Iha  viclima 

Ihal  monarch  waa  to 

(ivnn  up  Iha  priannera 

hud  no  cauae  lu  a|>- 

ir  Iha  eiplanaliuii 

Oorlca'a  procaedinya 

ap|i««ra  ti>  niP,  Ihal 

wanluii  and  barba- 

loo  often  inihe  hia- 


naaerta,  lib.  It,  e.  3, 
nana  lo  Ihn  king  ol 
elC,  and  wiia  miulo  in 
part  out  of  hia  doiiii. 
in  Ihia  occaaion  aa  i. 
of  profound  iKilicy 
Jdraaa  aa  lo  doccive 
hint  orc^reumalonca 
arlea,  Oiax,  or  do- 
luma,  on  olhar  iicca- 
f  art  and  abilitira. 
iiig  Ihia  humbling 
it  lo  have  b««n  in- 
heory  of  Da  8i>lia, 
raa  executing  what 
■aumed  an  ap|iear- 
piepoaleroua,  and 
uaceivi.ng  the  Spa- 


I  of  the  proviiieea, 

^Tilry  and  inlluener, 

hey  procured  only  a 

lonlexuma  aaaurvd 

|tred  to  the  king  ut 

1  of  all  the  Iri-a- 

him,  that  he  hiul 

I  and  jawela  aiiinng 

Qoiiiara  rolatea, 

'  to  SOO  marka. 

I  account  given  by 

waa  100  nwika. 


lUiM.  Ml.  B.  !•  Ihal  Um  *mi  lalal  af  ailvar  waa 
••It  4W0  ouKaa,  at  Ika  lala  of  alghl  oiiiwaa  a  mark, 
WMtk  danHHWiralae  Iha  propoflwi:  uf  ailvai  tc  gold  lu 
feav*  bean  aiaaatlwgly  ainall. 

Nmi  [UAl  p.  117.— Da  flolia,  lib.  iv.  c.  5.  ealla  In 
fuaalioii  Ika  liuln  of  ihia  Iranaaclion,  frmn  no  lieUnr 
•aaooii  than  Ihal  il  waa  mciiiiiiatant  with  Ihal  pruileiirn 
wlucb  diaunguiahaa  Iha  character  of  Cotlaa.  Uul  ha 
aught  to  have  racollactad  ilia  impetuoaity  of  hia  laal  at 
Tiaaaala,  whwh  waa  no  laaa  iniprudmit.  Mo  aiHrta, 
dial  Iha  avulvnea  fur  it  rvaia  upun  the  Iviliinuiiy  uf  II. 
Ol«i  del  Caatilto,  of  (luiiiara,  and  of  llerrera.  'I'hcy 
•II  concur,  indeed,  in  inenlioniiig  thia  inconaidcrala  tlep 
which  Cortaa  looli  \  and  they  hod  good  reaaun  lo  do 
W,  for  Cortaa  himoalf  relatea  thia  niploii  in  bia  iccoiid 
daapaich  to  Iha  Kmpeior,  and  aeeiiia  to  glory  in  il 
Corl.  Halal.  Kamua.  in.  14U.  1).  'I'hia  la  one  In- 
atanea,  among  many,  of  Da  Holia'a  having  coiiaullod 
with  hula  attonlion  the  latlan  of  Cortaa  lo  Charlea  V. 
from  which  the  moal  aulhantir  infornialion  with  raa|iacl 
tt  bia  oparaliona  mual  be  deiivrd 

NoTi  [114].  p.  ItT. — llerrera  and  da  Solia  auppoaa 
Ihal  VelaM)uei  waa  encouraged  lo  equip  Ihia  arniauieiit 
Mairal  Cortaa  by  the  account  which  ha  received  fruin 
llpain  concerning  the  reception  of  the  agrnia  aent  by  the 
calony  of  Vera  Crui,  and  the  warmth  with  which  run- 
••ca  Biahop  of  Burgoe  had  eapouaed  bia  intereal,  and 
condemned  Ike  praoeedinga  of^Curtea.  llerrera,  dec. 
U.  Iih.  ii.  0.  18.  Ue  Solla,  lib.  iv.  c.  S.  But  the  clin>- 
nological  order  of  avenia  refulea  thia  auppoaitiuii.  I'or- 
loearrero  and  Monlejo  Bailed  from  Vera  (.'rui,  July  Si6, 
I61t.  llerrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  v.  c.  4.  Thay  landed  at 
8l.  Lucar  in  Uctober,  according  lo  llerrera.  Ibid.  Uul 
P.  Martyr,  who  attended  the  court  at  that  lime,  and 
foininunicaled  every  occurrence  of  inoinent  to  hia  cor- 
reapondenta  day  by  day,  meniiona  the  arrival  of  theae 
•genta  for  the  liral  lima  in  December,  and  apeaka  of  it 
aa  a  recant  event.  Kpiat.  6S0  All  the  hiatoriana 
agree  that  the  agenta  of  Corlea  had  Ihoir  firal  audience 
•7  the  Kinporor  at  Tordeaillaa,  when  ho  weiil  to  that 
town  lo  viail  hia  inAther  in  hia  way  to  St.  Jago  de  Coni- 
poalaila.  llerrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  v.  o.  4.  Do  Sulia,  lib. 
IV.  c.  8.  Bui  Iha  Emueror  oet  out  from  Valladolid  tor 
Tordeaillaa  on  Iha  llth  of  March,  l&SO;  and  P.  Mar- 
tyr meniiona  hia  having  aeen  at  that  lime  the  proaonia 
■ode  lo  Charle*.  Kpiat.  1605.  The  armoineni  under 
Narvaei  eailed  from  Cuba  in  April  1530.  It  ' .  inani- 
faal  then  that  Valaaijnei  could  not  receive  an<  account 
•f  what  paaaed  in  thia  Interview  at  Tordeaillaa  previoua 
lo  hia  ualile  preperutiona  againal  Corlea.  Hia  real 
nolivea  aaem  to  be  ihoae  which  I  have  mentioned. 
Tha  patent  appointing  him  AdtlaiUaJo  of  New  Spain, 
with  auch  extenaivo  powcra.  heaca  data  November  13, 
IMS.  Henera.  dec.  ii.  lib.  iii.  e.  11  He  might  lo- 
eeivo  it  about  tha  beginning  of  January.  Uomara  lakca 
nolici),  thai  aa  ooon  aa  thia  patent  waa  delivered  lo  him, 
he  began  to  e<iuip  a  fleet  and  levy  forcoa.    Cron.  c.  Ott. 

Nora  [116].  p.  137.— De  Solia  ..untenda,  that  aa 
Narvaei  had  no  interpretera,  he  could  hold  no  inter- 
couroe  with  the  people  of  the  provincoa,  nor  convcrae 
with  them  in  any  way  but  by  aigna,  that  it  waa  equally 
impoaaible  for  him  to  carry  on  any  communication  with 
Montexuma.  I.iv.  iv.  c.  7.  But  it  ia  upon  the  au- 
thority of  Cortea  himaelf  that  I  relate  all  the  paKiculara 
of  Narvaea'acorreapondonro  both  with  Monleiuina  and 
with  hia  aubjocta  in  the  maritime  provincca.  Kelat. 
Ramua.  iii.  344.  A.  0.  Cortea  aflirina  that  there  waa 
•  mode  of  intcrcoun.L<  between  Narvaex  and  the  Mexi- 
eana,  but  doea  not  explain  how  it  waa  carried  on.  Der- 
nal  Diax  auppliea  thia  defect,  and  infornia  ua  that  Uie 
three  deaorlera  who  joined  Narvaex  acted  aa  inlerpre- 
tare,  having  acquired  a  competent  knowledge  of  the 
languase,  c.  1 10.  With  hia  uaual  niiimteneaa  he  men- 
iiona their  nainea  and  chiractera,  and  relatea,  in  chapter 
IS3,  how  they  were  puniahed  for  their  perfidy.  The 
Spaniarda  had  now  roaidod  above  a  year  among  the 
Mexicana  ;  and  it  ia  not  aurpriaing  that  aoveral  among 
them  ahould  have  made  aunie  proficiency  in  apeaking 
their  language.  Thia  aeema  to  have  been  the  caao. 
llerrera,  dec.  3.  lib.  x.  e.  1.  Both  B.  Dinx,  who  waa 
preeenl,  and  Herrora,  the  moat  accurate  and  boat  in 
farmed  uf  all  Iho  Spaniah  writera,  agree  with  Cortea  in 
Ua  account  of  the  aecret  correapondunce  carried  on  with 
Montexuma  Dec.  3.  lib.  x.  c.  18,  10.  Do  Solia 
Mcma  lo  consider  it  aa  a  diacredit  lo  Cortes,  his  hero, 
Ihal  Montexuma  ahnuld  have  been  ready  to  engage  in 
a  oorreapondence  with  Narvaex.  He  auppoaea  that 
■onareh  to  have  contracted  auch  a  wonderful  affection 
Ik  Iho  SptniMda,  thni  ho  wta  not  ooUcitou*  lo  bo  deli- 


"ered  from  them.  Altar  the  indignity  wlih  which  he  |  But  the  qtMMIily  of  pwvlaliMi  ■oaaaaan  ht  dw  anlati^ 
had  iMwn  treated,  auch  an  aHaction  ia  ineredibl*  ;  and  I  enee  of  aneh  vaal  niMllW»<*l  aaaembM  In  ono  ilm», 
a«tn  Da  Nulla  la  ohligad  lo  acknowledge,  that  it  mini  dunnf  three  moiiihe,  la  io  |loal,  Ihal  II  require*  iO 
Ihi  looked  u|Hin  aa  uiia  ol  llw  iniraclea  which  (iod  had  '  much  foreaighl  and  atuwgamant  lo  collacl  Iheee,  u4 
wrought  lo  lat'ilitate  tlie  conquaat,  lib.  iv.  e.  7.  The  '  lay  them  up  in  niagaiinaa,  lO  aa  lo  be  certain  of  a  rcgii> 
truth  la,  Munieiuina,  howe«rr  much  overawed  by  hia  { lai  aupply,  thai  one  ran  kaidly  believe  thel  iliia  rouM 


dreail  nC  llu'  .Spaniatda,  waa  •atreiiiely  iin|iali*ul  to  ra- 
cuver  hiahlieity. 

NoTi  [117].  p.  IU.-  'Vae  worda  I  have  borrowed 
from  the  aiiuiiyiiioua  Arc  jiit  uf  the  Kuro|iean  Nellie- 
Mieiiia  III  Aniirica,  piiblialiad  by  Dudaley,  in  two  vu. 
Iiiinea  H«u. ;  a  work  uf  ao  much  iiicril,  that  I  alwuld 
think  there  la  hardly  aiiv  writer  in  tha  age  whu  ought  to 
be  aahamed  uf  acknowledging  bunaelf  to  be  the  author 
of  It. 

NoTi  [III],  p.  ISO.— The  eonlamporary  hiatoriana 
diH'er  conaulerably  with  rea|iact  to  the  luaa  of  the  Npa- 
niarda  un  thia  uccaaiun.  Curioa  in  hia  aecund  deapatch 
to  the  Kiiiiwrnr,  makea  tha  number  unly  lAO.  llelai. 
ap.  Ilaiiiua.  ui.  p.  S4S.  A.  But  it  waa  inanifeatly  hia 
nitereat,  at  that  juncture,  lu  conceal  Iruin  the  court  of 
Npaiii  the  I  ill  eiteiil  of  tllu  lou  which  he  had  auataiiied 
Do  .Sulia,  always  atudiuua  lu  dimiiiiah  every  niiaforlune 
tliat  bef  ,1  hia  countrymen,  ratea  their  loea  at  about  two 
hundred  men.  Lib.  iv  c.  IU.  B  Dial  allbrma  that 
they  luat  870  men,  and  Ihal  only  440  eacaped  from 
Mexico,  c.  188.  p.  108.  B.  Palafox,  Biabop  of  Los 
Angclua,  whu  aeema  luhave  inquired  into  the  early  Iran- 
aacliona  of  hia  countrymen  in  New  Siiain  with  great 
attention,  cunlirnia  the  accouiil  of  B.  Diaa  with  reaped 
lu  the  exieiil  uf  their  luaa.  VIrludoa  del  Iiidio,  p.  33. 
Uomara  atatea  their  loaa  at  4IM)  men.  Crun.  e.  lOV. 
Nome  inonlha  afterwarda,  when  Cortea  had  received 
aeveral  rvinfurcuinenla,  ho  inuaterrd  hia  lruo|ia,  and 
found  them  to  bo  only  500.  Uelal.  ap.  lUuiua.  in. 
p.  85A.  K.  Nuw,  aa  Narvaex  brought  tMO  men  inlu 
New  Spain,  and  about  100  ul  I'orlea'a  aiildiera  were 
then  alive,  it  ia  evident  tliat  hia  losa,  in  the  retreat  fruin 
Mexico,  must  luve  been  much  more  conaiderahlo  than 
what  he  meniiona.  B.  Dial,  oolicilcua  to  magnify  the 
dangura  and  auHiirinita  to  which  he  and  hia  fellow  coii- 
querura  wore  e.i|]uscd,  may  have  exaggerated  their  Inea; 
but,  in  my  opinion,  it  canr.ol  well  be  oaliinalad  at  leaa 
than  600  men. 

NoTK  [110].  p.  133. — Some  remaina  of  Ihia  great 
work  -..  ^lill  visiblu,  and  the  apot  where  the  brigaii- 
linoa  were  Suilt  and  launched  la  atill  pointed  out  lo 
atrangera.  >'  irqueiiuda  viewed  them.  Monarq.  In- 
diana, vol.  i.  p.  .'41. 

Nora  [130].  p.  .13.— The  atation  of  Alvarado  on 
the  cauaoway  of  Tai  iba  waa  the  iiearoat  In  the  city. 
Cortea  ubaervea,  that  hero  thi—  -  "  '  .lii,-;^  onaerve 
what  paaaed  whan  their  counlnrmen  were  aacrificed. 
Kelat.  ap.  Kainua.  iii.  p.  373.  E.  B.  Diax,  who  be- 
longed to  Alvamdu'a  diviaiun,  relatea  what  he  beheld 
with  hia  o-'-n  eyea.  C.  151.  p.  148.  b.  140.  a.  Like  a 
man  whoau  courage  waa  ao  clear  aa  to  be  above  auapi- 
cioii,  ho  doacribes  with  hia  uaual  aimphcity  llie  imprea- 
aiun  which  this  a|ieclacle  mode  upon  him.  "  Before 
(says  ho)  I  saw  tlio  brcaaia  of  my  cumpaniona  opened, 
their  hearts  yet  llutlering,  allured  to  an  accuraod  idol, 
and  their  lluah  devuured  by  their  exulting  enemiea  ;  I 
waa  accuatoincd  to  enter  a  battle  not  only  without  fear, 
but  with  hi^h  spirit.  But  from  that  time  I  never  ad- 
vanced to  tight  with  the  Moxicona  without  a  aecret  hor- 
ror and  anxiety  ;  my  heart  trembled  at  the  thoughta  of 
tlie  death  which  I  had  aeen  them  aufl'er."  He  takoa 
care  to  add,  that  aa  auon  aa  the  combat  bogan,  hia  ter- 
ror went  otf ;  and  indeed,  hia  adventuroua  bravery  on 
every  occaaion  ia  full  evidenco  of  thia.  B.  Dial,  c. 
156.  p.  157.  a. 

Nora  [131].  p.  133. — One  circumstance  in  thia  aiege 
merita  particular  notice.  Tlio  accur.nt  which  the  Spa- 
niah writera  give  of  the  nuineroua  armies  employed  in 
the  attack  or  defence  of  Mexico  aeema  to  bo  incredible. 
According  to  Cortea  himaelf,  he  had  at  one  time 
150,000  of  auxiliary  Indiana  in  hia  aervice.  Relat. 
Kumus.  iii.  375.  £.  Goinara  aaaerta  that  they  were 
above  300,000.  Cron.  c.  136.  llerrera.  an  author  of 
higher  authority,  aajra  they  wore  about  300,000.  Dec. 
iii.  lib.  i.  c.  10.  None  of  the  contemporary  writers 
ascertain  explicitly  the  number  of  persona  in  Mexico 
during  the  srige.  But  Cortea  on  several  occaaiona 
meniiona  the  number  of  Mexicana  who  were  alain,  or 
who  perished  for  want  of  food ;  and,  if  wo  may  rely  on 
Ihoae  circumatances,  it  ia  probable  that  above  two  hun- 
diod  Ihoitaaud  must  have  beva  abut  up  iu  Ihe  town. 


be  acrompliabail  in  a  aooMrjr  where  agriauluro  waa  ao 
Imperfeol  aa  in  tha  Meiieaa  ampire,  wheio  ihero  waro 
no  lame  animala,  ami  by  a  people  naturally  ao  improvi* 
dani,  and  oo  incapable  of  eaeauling  a  eoinpliealetl  pha, 
aa  Iha  most  unproved  Americana  Tho  Spanlaida. 
with  all  their  rate  and  attantion,  fared  very  poorly,  ana 
wero  often  reduced  lo  extreme  dialreaa  for  want  of  pi^ 
riaiuna.  B.  Dial,  p.  US.  Cortea  Kalal.  S7I.  1). 
Curtea  on  one  ceeasion  meniiona  alightly  the  euheiel* 
enee  uf  hia  anny  ;  and,  after  acknowledging  Ihal  Ihay 
were  often  in  gn  ^t  want,  adda,  Ihal  Ibey  received  aup- 
pliee  from  the  peotde  of  Ihe  counliy,  of  lleh,  and  ol 
aomc  fruit,  which  be  calla  Ike  eherriea  of  the  countiy. 
Ibid.  D.  Dial  saya  that  they  had  cakca  of  maiia,  aM 
serasaa  de  la  liarra  i  and  when  ihe  aeaeon  of  ibaao  wio 
over,  another  fruil,  which  ho  ealla  T»nui  hot  ihair 
moat  comfortable  aubaiataiiee  waa  a  raot  which  ibo 
Indiana  uae  aa  food,  to  which  ho  givaa  the  namo  ol 
V»i<i«*,  p.  14S.  Tha  Indian  auxiliariea  bad  ono 
ineana  of  aubaiatenca  mole  than  Iha  Speniarda.  Tkajr 
fed  upon  Ihe  liodiea  of  Ihe  Mexicana  whom  iboy  klUail 
hi  battle.  Cortea  Kelat.  176.  C.  B.  Dial  (.onlrmo 
his  relation,  an.1  adds,  that  when  Iha  Iwliana  latumed 
Irom  Mexico  to  their  own  country,  they  carriad  with 
them  hrge  quantitiae  of  Reah  of  Ihe  MexMana  aaltod  or 
dried,  aa  a  niuat  acceptable  proaeni  to  their  frieiide,  ikal 
they  might  have  the  pleaaure  of  feeding  upon  Iho  bodieo 
of  their  enemiea  in  their  felivala,  p.  157.  Do  Holla, 
who  aeema  to  conaider  il  aa  an  imputation  of  diacradil 
lo  hia  countrymen,  iliat  they  ahuuld  act  in  concert  with 
auxiliariea  who  fed  upon  human  flesh,  is  aoliciloua  10 
prove  that  Ihe  Npaniarda  endeavored  to  prevent  their 
aaauciatea  frum  eating  Ihe  hudice  of  the  Mexicana,  lib. 
v.  c.  34.  But  he  liaa  no  authority  for  Ihia  from  iho 
original  hiatoriana.  Neither  Cortes  himaelf  nor  U. 
Dial  aeema  to  have  had  any  auch  acruple ;  and  on 
many  ot;caaiona  they  mention  the  Indian  repaata,  which 
were  become  fanuliar  to  them,  without  any  mark  of 
abhorrence.  Even  with  thia  additional  atuck  of  food 
for  the  Indiana,  il  waa  hardly  poesible  to  procure  aub- 
aiatence  for  armiea  amounting  to  auch  nimbera  aa  wo 
find  in  Iha  Spaniah  writera.  Perhapa  the  beat  aolulion 
of  Ihe  difficulty  ia,  lo  adopt  the  opinion  of  B.  Dial  del 
Caatilto,  the  moat  arlleaa  of  all  Ihe  Hiitoriilora  yrimt- 
Um.  "  When  Uomara  (laya  he)  on  aome  occaaiono 
ralatct,  that  there  were  oo  many  ihoi-aand  Indiana  our 
auxiliariea,  and  on  oUien,  that  there  were  ao  many 
Ihouaand  houaea  in  this  or  that  town,  no  regard  ia  lo  bo 
(laid  to  bia  enumeration,  aa  ha  haa  no  aathority  for  it, 
tho  numbora  not  being  in  reality  Ihe  fifth  of  what  ho 
relatea.  If  we  add  together  the  different  uumben 
which  he  mentions,  that  country  would  contain  moro 
milliona  than  there  are  in  Coatilr."  C.  139.  But 
though  some  conaiderahlo  deduction  ahould  ceruinly  bo 
made  from  Ihe  Spaniah  accounta  of  Ihe  Mexican  forcea, 
they  mual  havo  men  very  numeroua;  for  nothing  but 
an  immonae  aupcriorily  in  number  could  have  enabled 
them  lo  withatand  a  body  of  nine  hundred  Spaniaida, 
conducted  by  a  leader  of  auch  abiUliea  aa  Cortaa. 

NoTC  [133].  p.  135.— In  relating  the  oupreoaiTO  ami 
cruel  proceedings  of  tho  conquerora  of  Now  Spain,  I 
have  not  followed  B.  do  laa  Caaaa  aa  my  guide.  Hia 
account  of  them,  Kelat.  de  la  Deatruyc.  p.  18,  die.  io 
inanifeatly  exaggerated.  Il  ie  from  the  tealimony  of 
Cortea  lumaelC  and  of  Gomara  who  wrote  under  bia 
eye,  that  I  have  token  my  account  of  Ihe  puniahment 
of  tho  Panueana,  and  they  relate  it  without  any  die- 
approbation.  B.  Diax,  contrary  to  hia  usual  cuatom, 
meniiona  it  only  in  general  terms,  c.  163.  Henera, 
aoliciloua  lo  eitenoate  thia  barbaroua  action  of  hia 
countrymen,  though  he  montiona  63  caxiquea,  and  400 
men  of  note,  aa  being  coiidemried  to  the  flames,  aaaerta 
that  30  only  were  burnt,  and  the  rest  pardoned.  Dec. 
3.  lib.  V.  c.  7.  But  thia  ia  contrary  lu  Ihe  tealimony 
of  Iho  original  hiatoriana,  particularly  of  Gomara,  whom 
it  ap|ieara  he  had  consulted,  as  he  adopts  several  of  hia 
eipresaiona  in  Ihia  paaaago.  The  punishment  of  Gua- 
timoxin  ia  related  by  the  moat  authentic  of  the  Spaniah 
writera.  Torqueniada  haa  extracted  from  a  hialory  ol 
Tezeuco,  compused  in  the  Mexican  tongue,  an  account 
of  thia  transaction,  more  favorable  to  (iautimoxin  than 
that  of  the  Spaniah  aulhora.  Mon.  Indiana,  i.  5Tt. 
According  lo  the  Mexican  account,  Cortea  had  acarealy 
a  akadow  of  ardenoa  to  jualify  auch  a  wanton  aet  Ml 
vnieliy.    B.  Diu  affinnai  Uitt  GautiiBoaia  loi  iia 


ftoiBRTioN'i  HisTonr  or 


■MM  W    liW 

MmI  m^m^  p.  Mta,  b.  Ml.  •. 

N*ri  (IM].  f.  IM—TIm  imUv«  tn  imibitaklafl 
•U*  uftdlUM  WW,  ••  pMkk  CkrwMttl  4*  UM.  mm 
tt  hi*  •(■(•n  «Im  Im4  i««atl«l  aiuiMt  km,  aiU  tioMrf 

M  MtablHtMIt    ■*    IwkpMMiaill   JMudMIMM.      llMlM 

NgMdwi  Uu*  inMnMlioii  m  of  mck  daimamui  auM- 
■M,  «Mi  dti'«M  M  MiMk  Um  (biiiltM  Hid  pofitlwiiy  of 
{to  Mikof.  Umi  m  (Minn  Im  M  Uw  body  of  iroo|w 
ioMlDMi  lu  luppw—  II.  Ho  noraM,  teaording  to 
Uomm,  Uwoo  ktMuoonil  ■iiUo,  Uuoii|li  o  toooirjr 
•kouwhof  wlik  ihiok  fmni,  raawt  hhmiiuiiio,  diop 
•i«on,  ikniv  ioholNml,  lad  siillivttod  ooljr  in  *  fow 

CMW.  WlM  ho  niHoitd  fioM  CuMoo,  boa  Uw  koo- 
Mjr  of  Iko  MIKM,  boa  tho  aUMOlo,  and  fran  kaid- 
■kiM  o(  orarjr  a|M«ioo.  kta  notkutf  m  kiaiofy  poralM 
to  II,  hM  wktl  oaaun  In  Iko  advtniuraa  of  iko  oikor 
4Uaao«aNn  and  comuaron  of  Iko  Now  World.  Uit- 
laa  wao  amplorad  in  Ikia  diotdful.*or«lao  abovo  l«o 
jroorai  and  ikotigk  it  wao  not  diaUnfoiakod  by  anjp 
Ofilondid  avont,  ho  aikiMtod,  dunng  iba  cooiio  o(  it, 
fnaiN  panoool  (oorago,  mon  rortitudo  of  mind,  man 
{NraOTonnM  and  paiianro  Ikon  in  anv  oUior  |Miiod  w 
wono  In  kM  lilb.  lUirait,  doe.  8.  lib.  li.  tii.  (lii.  ia. 
Uoman,  Cron.  r.  I«S-ITT.  U.  IXu,  IT«— IW. 
Cortao,  MB.  ftni*  km.  Won  ono  lo  wrilo  a  Ilia  at 
CorUM,  Iko  aroouni  of  Ihia  aipodilion  ahould  occupy  a 
aplondid  placo  in  ll.  In  a  itiianl  hialory  of  Amoiiea, 
no  Iba  «i|wdition  waa  pcodiMUvo  of  no  graal  avoni, 
Iho  inantioii  of  il  ia  aiUftcKnl. 

Nwra  (Itl].  p.  l8A^Aceofdln«  to  Honan,  iha 
MnaMo  which  OuiWa  broui^tl  with  him,  eotiaiaiad  of 
lAoon  hundrad  nwika  of  wroughl  plato,  two  hunUiad 
tkaunnd  ptaoa  of  Una  gold,  and  Ion  ihoUHnd  of  in- 
hnor  •laiHliiil,  iimiiv  rich  jawaU,  ono  in  particulai 
worlh  foitjr  tliouunil  |>«m»,  ami  »«rnl  Irinkcta  and 
oniamcnia  of  value.  Ut'C.  4.  lib.  lii.  e.  H.  lib.  i*.  e.  1. 
Ilo  afturwarda  engaged  lo  givo  a  porlion  with  hia 
dwghlar  of  a  hundred  ihouaand  pcaoa.  Uoroara  Uron. 
t.  07.  Tho  fertuno  which  ho  left  hia  aona  waa  vary 
Mnaidarabla.  Uul,  aa  wa  ka«o  baforo  ralalad,  Iba  aura 
divided  among  tho  oon<)uaiera,  on  Iho  Aral  reduction  of 
Maiico,  waa  *ary  email.  There  a|ipeara,  then,  to  be 
tamo  reaaon  for  auepecting  that  the  accuealiona  of  Cor- 
loa'a  anemiee  were  not  altugethor  deetiluto  of  ibundn- 
lioa.  They  charged  bim  with  having  a|ipliod  to  kia 
•wn  uae  a  diaproportionaM  tkaro  of  ihe  Meiiran  uioda 
•Hh  bavins  concealed  tho  royal  troaaurat  of  Monlo- 
MBM  and  uuallnosin ;  with  defrauding  the  king  of  hia 
(Ah ;  and  robbina  hie  followera  of  «hai  waa  due  to 
Ikain.  ticrrera,  dec.  3.  lib.  viii.  e.  16.  dec.  4.  lib.  in. 
r.  S.  Some  of  tho  conquerora  tbemaclvca  enUrtainad 
auapieiona  of  Iho  aama  kind  with  reaped  to  ikia  part  of 
Ida  conduct.    B.  Diet,  c.  167. 

Noil  [lU].  p.  IM. — In  tracing  tho  progtaaa  of  the 
Spaniah  anna  in  New  Spaiu,  we  have  fc'..  wad  Cortoa 
kiniaelf  aa  our  moat  certain  guide.  Hi*  dnpatchoa  lo 
the  Emperor  contain  a  minute  account  of  hia  uperationi. 
But  the  unlettered  conqueror  of  Peru  waa  iiiripable  of 
Iclaling  hit  own  aiploita.  Our  information  with  reipect 
W  them,  and  other  trtniaclione  in  Peru,  ia  dunved, 
Iwwever,  from  contemporary  and  reapactable  authora. 

The  muat  early  account  of  Piiarro'a  trantactiona  in 
Peru  waa  puMiahed  by  Franciaco  do  Xerei,  hia  tecre- 
lafy.  It  ia  a  tiinple,  unadorned  narrative,  carried  down 
BO  further  than  the  death  of  Alahualpa,  in  1693  ;  for 
Uw  author  returned  to  Snain  in  1634,  and,  aoon  after 
Wa  landrd,  printed  at  Savilla  hie  abort  Hialory  of  the 
Conqueat  of  Peru,  addreaaed  lo  Ihe  Emperor. 

Don  Pedro  Sancho.  an  officer  who  aerved  under  Pi- 
urro,  drew  up  an  account  of  hia  eipcdition,  which  waa 
Iranaialed  into  Italian  by  Ramuaio;  and  inaerted  in  hie 
ealaable  collection,  but  haa  never  been  publiabed  in  ita 
wiginal  language.  Sancho  relumed  lo  Spain  at  the 
aame  lima  with  Xeres.  Great  credit  la  due  to  what 
both  Iheae  authora  relate  concerning  Ihe  progreaa  and 
•parationa  of  Piurro :  liut  the  reaidenee  of  the  Spa- 
Biatda  in  Peru  had  been  to  abort,  at  the  time  when  they 
left  il,  and  their  intcrcounc  with  the  nativea  ««a  ao 
■lender,  Uial  their  knowledge  of  lha  Peruvian  mannera 
and  cualomi  ia  very  imperfect. 

The  neat  coiilcniporary  hlatorian  ia  Pedro  Cieia  d« 
L«oii,  who  puliIi>hL'd  liia  Cronica  del  Peru  at  Seville  in 
1663.  If  he  had  finiahed  all  that  he  purpoiea  in  tho 
gentiial  diviaion  of  hia  work,  it  would  have  been  the 
■kwI  complete  liiatory  which  had  been  publiahad  of  any 
Kgiou  ill  tht  New  World,     lie  wta  well  qualified  lo 


tiootM*  M.  bittog  aarrad  dnftaf  aovaniaon  yean  ki 
AmoflM,  mt  hatiag  vtatliid  In  paiaon  maal  of  Uw  pi»- 
trtnooo  unaawUng  wkhk  ka  had  onaaatMi  to  wnia. 
Bal  aaly  Uw  Ural  pan  af  kla  ehmniala  kaa  bam  prtnlod 
Il  aenlaina  a  daarrlptlan  af  Per*,  and  aaveral  of  Uw 
adjaeanl  prortneea,  wilh  an  aeeounl  of  Uia  intlllutiona 
and  cualoma  of  the  nalivea,  and  la  wniten  wilh  m  little 
art,  and  aurh  an  ap|Mii<iil  regard  lur  truth,  that  nna 
mutt  regret  the  loae  of  the  other  uerti  iif  hit  work. 

Thia  ioaa  la  amply  au|iplted  by  iVon  Aii||iiiiiiie  /.arale, 
who  puMiahed,  in  IMA,  kie  Hltiof la  del  l)*tuH>iriinHiiile 
y  (/'mqueala  do  la  Pravinaia  del  Peru,  /ante  wat  a 
man  of  rank  and  education,  and  eniployrd  in  Peru  at 
comptrvllergeneral  of  the  public  revenue  Hie  hittory, 
wketker  we  altond  lo  ita  mailer  or  rompoailion,  it  a 
book  of  eontiderabia  merit :  at  he  had  tii  o|i|«rtunity 
to  be  well  infurmeil,  and  aeama  In  have  licen  iiM|Uitiliva 
with  reapaet  la  Uw  nwnntra  and  traniaciiuna  of  lha 
Peruviane,  grrol  eradit  le  dua  to  hia  tetiimony. 

Don  Oiego  Penwndei  puhliahad  hia  lliitoria  del 
Peru  in  1671.  Hia  aela  objai'i  ia  to  relile  Ihe  dieaen- 
aiona  and  eivU  ware  of  Um  Spaniard*  in  thai  empire. 
Aa  ho  aerved  In  a  public  elation  in  Peru,  and  waa  well 
acquainted  both  with  the  country  and  with  Ihe  pnnci|ial 
actora  in  thoaa  aingular  accnea  which  he  detcribee,  aa 
ha  paeeaeeed  aound  undeiatandingand  great  impaniality, 
hia  work  may  ba  ranked  among  thoaa  of  lha  niatoriana 
diitinguiabeJ  for  their  iiiduatry  in  raaearch,  or 
ihair  aapaeity  in  judging  with  retpaci  to  tho  evente 
which  tbey  rmala. 

Tha  laat  authar  «ba  aan  ba  larkaned  among  Uw 
conlamporary  hietotiaiia  of  tho  eoni|u*el  of  l>aru  ia  Uar- 
cilaaao  de  la  Vega,  Inea.  Kor  though  the  Aral  part  af 
hia  wark,  enlitlea  ComnwnianiM  lUiui  M  Ongw  4t 
lot  l»€u  Htiu  i$l  I'tra,  waa  not  publlthed  aoonei 
than  tho  veer  IMW,  aavanly-aii  yeara  after  tha  deaUi 
uf  Alahualpa  the  laal  Emperor,  yet  aa  ha  waa  born  in 
Peru,  and  wa*  tha  eon  of  an  officer  of  diaiinelion 
among  lha  Hpaniah  conqiierora,  by  a  f.'oya,  or  lady  of 
lha  royal  race,  on  account  of  which  ha  alwaya  took  Ihe 
name  of  Inca ;  aa  ho  wa*  maatar  of  the  language  tpoken 
by  tho  Incaa,  and  acquainted  wilh  the  Irailitione  of  hia 
countrymen,  hia  authority  ia  rated  very  high,  ami  often 
placed  above  that  of  all  the  other  hitiorian*.  Hia 
work,  however,  ia  litllo  more  than  a  commeniary  upon 
llie  M|iani>h  wrilcra  of  the  Peruvian  atory,  and  coinpueed 
of  i|iiotation*  taken  from  Ihe  auilior*  whom  I  have 
inenlioned.  Thit  ie  Ihe  idea  which  h*  himaelf  give*  of 
It,  lib.  i.  e.  10.  Nor  ia  it  in  the  account  of  ftrt*  only 
that  ba  fellowa  them  aervilely.  Even  in  eiplaining  the 
inttitutiona  and  rilaa  of  hi*  anceatora,  hi*  information 
•ermi  not  to  he  more  perron  than  their*.  Ilia  ei- 
pltnation  of  the  Quipoa  i*  alinoit  the  taina  wilh  that  of 
Acoala.  He  producee  no  •peciinon  of  Peruvian  |K>elry, 
but  thai  wretched  one  which  he  boirowa  from  Ulaa 
Valera,  an  earlv  miaaioiiary,  who*e  memoir*  have  never 
haen  puMiahed.  Lib.  ii.  e.  16.  Aa  for  comnoaition, 
arrangement,  or  a  capacity  of  diatinguiahing  Mlween 
what  ie  hbuloua,  what  ia  probable,  and  what  ia  true, 
one  aearchea  for  them  in  vain  in  the  coinmonlariea  of 
tha  Inca.  Hi*  work,  however,  notwithittnding  it* 
great  dufecia,  i*  not  altogether  dcttiluto  ol  iiie.  ^jolne 
Iraditiona  which  he  received  from  hia  coimtrymun  are 
preaerved  in  il.     Hia  knowledge  of  the  Peruvian  lan- 

Suago  haa  enabled  him  to  correct  lome  error*  of  Ihe 
paniah  writer*,  and  he  ha*  inaerted  in  il  *ome  curiou* 
facta  taken  from  author*  whoau  worka  were  never  pub- 
li*hod,  and  are  now  loau 

NoTi  [1S6].  p.  136. — Olio  may  form  in  idea  both 
of  the  hardahipa  which  Uiey  endured,  and  of  the  un- 
healthy climate  in  tho  rogiona  whirh  lliey  viailed,  from 
the  eilraordinary  mortality  that  prevailed  among  them. 
Piiarro  carried  out  113  men,  Almagro  70.  In  leaa 
than  nine  montha  130  of  Iheac  died.  Few  fell  by  Iho 
aword ;  moat  of  tham  were  cut  off  by  diietaaa.  Xeraa, 
p.  180. 

Norn  [137].  p.  137.  lliia  Itland,  aava  Herrera,  ia 
rendered  ao  uncomfortable  by  the  unwhofcMuneneaa  of 
ita  climate,  ita  imnenetrable  wooda,  ita  rugged  moun- 
taina,  and  the  multitude  of  inaecte  and  replilea,  that  it 
ia  aeldoin  any  aofter  epithet  than  that  of  iufenuU  i*  em- 
ployed in  deicribing  it.  The  aun  ia  almoat  never  aeen 
there,  and  throuj^hout  the  year  it  hardly  over  ccatca  lo 
rain.  Dec.  iii.  Im.  x.  c.  8.  Dampier  touched  at  thi* 
isUnd  in  the  year  1686 ;  an'J  hia  account  of  the  cliniato 
ia  not  mure  favorable.  Vol.  i.  p.  173.  He,  diirins  hia 
cruiae  on  the  coaat,  vjtited  moat  of  the  placea  woere 
Piuno  landed,  and  hia  deecription  of  Uwm  throwa  light 
on  lha  namtiona  uf  iba  aarly  Spaniah  hiatoiian*. 


Mara  (IM).  p,  IM.-t*  Uiit  llMohMMMiiiS 
llpilad  (Nally  in  Uw  Spanltk  aatUanwr  w  an  Um  a*» 
inwnt.  When  Oaitee  began  hia  aipedlllan  In  tba  |WI 
1618,  ihoujih  kw  armainani  waa  mora  ranaidenM* 
than  that  of  Pii 
In  rank  lu  Ihua*  who  invadeil 
no  mate  than  aiilaen  hof*«*. 


I'laarro,  an-l  roniiMMed  of  peraon*  *up 

*d  Peru,  ka  couM  pmaiira 


NoTina9]  p    138 -In  Uio  year  1740,  D.  A*k 

nioa  and  I)  (lenrga  Jut;,  tiavelled  from  Cluayaqiiil  to 
Matn|ie  hy  ih*  aain*  ruul*  whu'h  Piatrro  look.  Vraai 
lha  dctrriiiiiim  of  ihti.-jflurnry,  one  may  form  an  idea 


tween  Hi  Michael  ile  Pwura  and  Molupa  eiUnd  M 
milea,  withaul  wattr,  without  a  tree,  a  plant,  a(  anf 
green  thiiiu,  on  a  dreary  atratch  of  burning  aand.  Vap> 
age,  torn.  (.  p.  888,  dia. 

NoTi  [180].  p.  ISO.— ThIa  enlnvaganl  an4  «naab> 
*nn*hle  di*riiur*e  of  Vdverde  haa  bean  canaurad  ^ 
all  hiatorian*,  and  with  juatic*.  Dul  though  ha  aaenw 
to  have  been  an  illiterate  and  biKotted  monk,  iiowiaa 
rvteinbling  the  good  Dlnirdo,  wIhi  irrompenied  (^'orteei 
lha  abaurJity  ef  hia  addreta  to  Alahualpa  mual  not  ha 
charged  wholly  upon  him.  Hia  harangue  ia  evidently 
a  iranalalion  or  paraphraaa  of  thai  form,  concerted  by* 
junto  of  Hpanlth  divtnae  and  lawyera  in  Ihe  year  1AM, 
for  eiplaining  the  right  of  their  king  to  tha  aovaraignly 
of  the  New  World,  and  for  diractiiig  tho  oflteera  em- 
ployed in  America  how  they  thould  take  poeaeuion  at 
any  now  country.  See  Note  89.  The  aentiinenta 
rontalned  in  Vilvaide'a  harangue  inual  not  then  ba  im- 
puted lo  lha  bigolted  iinhecilily  <if  a  |iarticular  man, 
hut  to  that  of  tha  aga.  But  (lomani  and  Ueninni  lelaM 
one  circuinttinca  concerning  Valverde,  which,  if  ai»> 
thenlic,  lendcra  him  an  object  not  of  contempt  only 
but  of  hotror.  They  aaatri,  that  iluring  Iho  wlmle  ac- 
tion Valvrrde  continued  lo  incite  llie  toldivta  to  alaugb- 
lir,  railing  lo  Ihem  to  alriko  the  ctiriny  not  with  UM 

dg«  but  wilh  the  |)uiiita  of  their  awonl*.     lloni.  Cron. 

.113.  lleni.  lti*tor.  Nov,  Orbia,  lib.  ill.  c.  3  Much 
behavior  waa  very  dllferent  from  that  of  the  Koinan 
(^atholic  clergy  in  other  part*  of  America,  where  thay 
unironnlv  eierled  their  inAuencii  to  proiact  lha  In- 
<lian>,  and  to  inoderata  lha  ferocity  of  Uiuir  couiitr)» 
men. 

NoTi  [131].  p.  130. — Two  ilimtrcnl  avalema  havt 
liern  formed  concerning  the  ronduct  of  Atahual|ia, 
The  Spaniah  writer*,  in  oriler  to  jntlify  the  violence  ol 
their  rounlryinen,  contend  that  all  iho  Inca'a  prufea- 
tlon*  of  fricndihip  wore  foignol ;  and  that  hi*  inlrntinn 
in  •grcoing  to  an  Interview  wlih  Piiarro  at  Caiamalca, 
waa  to  rut  olT  him  and  hia  folluwer*  at  ono  blow  ;  that 
fnr  thia  purpuae  he  advanced  with  auch  a  niiineroua 
liody  of  attondanta,  who  had  arm*  concealed  undet' 
their  garmenia  to  eieciile  thi*  •chenie.  Thi*  i*  tha 
accoii"!  given  by  Xerra  and  Zeiate,  and  adopted  by 
Herrera.  But  if  it  liad  been  the  plan  of  Ihe  Inca  to 
dealroy  the  Spaniard*,  one  c*n  hardly  inugine  th*t  ba 
would  have  pi'rinlUcd  thcin  to  inarch  tbraii||li  the  deaert 
of  Motupc,  ur  have  ni'UlecU-d  to  defend  the  peaaea  in 
the  mountain*,  whore  they  might  hivo  been  attacked 
with  ao  much  advantage.  If  Ihe  Peruviana  marched 
to  Caiamaica  wilh  an  intention  to  fall  u|ion  the  Spn» 
niarda,  it  ia  inconceivable  that  of  to  great  a  biHly  of 
men,  prepared  for  action,  not  one  ahunid  atliinpl  to 
make  reaiatance,  but  all  tamely  aulfer  Iheinaelve*  lo  ba 
butchered  by  an  t  lOiny  whom  they  were  armed  to  at- 
tack. Alahualpa'a  mode  of  advancing  to  the  interview 
haa  Ihe  aapect  of  a  pcaceabia  proceaaiun,  not  of  a  mili- 
tary rnterprite.  Ho  himaelf  and  hia  followera  were  in 
their  hablta  of  eereinony,  preceded,  aa  on  daya  of  a<w 
lomnity,  by  unarmed  harbinger*.  Though  rude  nationa 
are  fre<|uenlly  cunning  and  falae  ;  yet  if  a  achcnie  of 
deception  ami  treachery  muat  bo  imputed  either  to  a 
monarch  that  had  no  grnat  reaaon  lo  ba  alurmed  at  a 
viait  from  alrangera  who  jolicitod  admiaaion  into  hia 
preaence  aa  friertlt,  or  lo  an  adventurer  ao  daring  and 
ao  litUe  iicrupnluui<  aa  Piiarro,  one  cannot  heaitale  in 
determining  where  to  Ax  the  preaumption  of  guilt. 
Even  amidat  the  endeavor*  of  the  Spaniah  wrilcra  to 
palliate  tha  proeeadingaof  Pizano,  one  plainly  percaive* 
that  it  waa  hia  intention,  a*  well  aa  hi*  intcreat,  la 
aeiie  tho  Inca,  and  that  he  had  taken  meaaare*  foi 
that  purpoao  previous  to  any  autpicion  of  that  ii>» 
narch  *  deaign*. 

Qarcllaaao  do  la  Vega,  eitremoly  aolicitoua  to  viiidi- 
eato  hia  countryman  tbo  Peruviana,  from  tha  ciima  of 
having  coneertiMl  the  doalruction  of  Piiarro  and  hia 
followem,  and  no  leaa  afraid  to  charge  the  Spanianla 
wiUi  impiopar  conduct  towtidi  Uw  Inca,  bn  fn.-aad' 


•  OUTN  AMBRIUA. 


■Icrnn  hii«« 
Aliiliuiil|ia. 
I  violeiica  o4 
;•'•  pruref 
hii  intcntmn 
Cdtiiiaira, 
blow ;  IhHl 
niiinerou* 
:ralcil  iiiHlct' 
'I'liit  ii  Ih* 
•iloptMl  by 
the  Inca  to 
|iiii<  thit  h* 
li  Ihe  (ivHrt 
ihe  paiM*  in 
ten  attacked 
ana  marchiid 
|ion  the  8p». 
at  a  b<Hl)f  «| 
il  attempt  to 
naolvoa  to  b« 
anneil  to  al- 
ihe  interview 
lot  of  ■  inili- 
werawerv  in 
daya  of  an- 
ru<le  nation* 
acheme  ol 
either  to  a 
urmcd  *l  • 
ion  into  hi* 
daring  and 
heailate  in 
m  of  guilt, 
writcra  to 
|jr  p«rc*ivea 
inlcreat,  t« 
laaarea  foi 
Ir  that  in» 

|a  to  viiitli- 

I  criin*  of 

to  and  hi*' 

]  Sjuoiud* 


mgtm  *y*M«.  M*  n>*i**,  rtM  •  MMi  af  a^vMl* 
^M^  wMl  •  !••(  k**id,  Mtd  |*nM(il*  i*a«Mi  f  Ik* 
yMHM,  iMtiiig  ayf*«rad  In  *  tItimi  ••  Vmcaak*.  Ik* 
•IglMll  iMt,  «mi  daelarMi  thai  b*  wm  »  cluU  •>  III* 
■m,  iImI  hmmnIi  built  •  temple  in  k*n*>  *(  llita  p*^ 
•Pn,  (ltd  fiecled  an  uneue  u(  him,  reaemhlmg  aa  iiaailjr 
tifMiilil*  Ik*  atngular  htrm  In  which  he  had  •ahibited 
MMCil  to  bia  VH'W  In  thie  tempi*  divin*  hoiiura  w*f* 
ftkt  M  bun  bjr  lh«  nam*  nf  Viracueha.  I>  i.  lib.  iv 
•.  I'l.  lib.  T,  e.  n.  When  ih*  Spaniaida  hiit  ap(ieared 
In  I'ciu,  Ik*  length  at  ilivir  lieanla,  and  Ihe  dreae  theji 
•or*,  elriKk  ever*  peraoii  an  niurh  with  Ikeir  likenea* 
kl  Ik*  imag*  al  Viracuvha,  thai  they  auppoaed  Ihem  to 
k*  (kiMran  of  Ik*  Hun,  who  lied  dewrnili'd  rium  hea- 
««|  I*  **r(k.  All  rxiicluded  that  ihu  lalal  ptiiiid  of 
Ik*  Peiunian  empir  «aa  now  approarhing,  and  thai 
Ik*  tkion*  wsiiU  h  .  cupied  hy  new  poaaeaaoia.  Ala- 
kMlf*  bimealf,  ooM  ijering  the  Npaniarde  aa  maaaen- 
lata  from  haaten.  waa  ao  Tar  hum  entertaining  any 
Biovgkia  of  laaieling  them,  Ihiil  he  determined  to  yield 
baplwll  obedience  to  Iheir  roinmande.  From  iheaa 
aantimania  towed  hie  profeaemna  of  luva  and  rcapocl. 
I'o  tkoa*  war*  owing  the  conlial  reception  of  Holo  and 
Vanimand  I'lurr*  in  bia  camp,  and  the  aubiniaaiva  ra- 
Mfane*  wilk  whick  k*  hiinaelf  advanced  to  viail  th* 
Bfianiak  gaiMral  In  hie  nuartera )  bul  from  the  groee 

Slicnne*  of  I'hiUpillo,  ih*  inlerpreler,  Ilia  declaration 
Ik*  Npaniarde,  and  hie  anawer  to  it,  were  ao  ill  ei- 
plailiad,  Ikal,  by  ikair  mutual  inability  to  comprehend 
*^k  otk*r'*  inl*nll*na,  tha  fatal  reniiinlr*  al  Caiaiiial- 
ta,  wllk  all  lie  dreadful  conaei|iiiini  ee  waeg^aaiioned. 
Il  la  remarkable,  that  no  tracea  of  Ihia  auparelilHHia 
vananlion  of  Ik*  Peruviana  for  the  N|ianiarda  are  to  b« 
found  et'.her  in  Xerea,  ur  Haiicho,  or  Zatale,  previuua 
I*  th*  interview  at  Caiainaica  )  and  yet  the  two  fur- 
■at  aervad  under  Piiarro  kl  that  lime,  and  the  latter 
eleilad  Peru  aoon  after  Ilia  euiii|ueal.  If  cillier  tlm 
!**•  kimaolf,  or  hie  mi^aaengeie,  had  addreaaed  the 
tfaniatda  in  the  worde  which  (Jarcileeao  puta  in  llieir 
Mtutha,  they  mual  have  been  atruik  with  auch  aubinia- 
ait*  daclantionai  ami  they  would  certainly  hav* 
•vailad  (k*maalvee  of  tliem  to  accompli>h  their  own 
daeigne  with  greater  facility.  (Jarcilaaao  himaelf, 
Ikaugh  ki*  narrative  of  the  inlercoura*  between  Ihe 
Ilea  and  Ui*  Spaniarde,  preceding  the  rencontre  al  Caia- 
■alea,  ia  founded  on  tka  auppueilioii  of  hie  believing 
ikem  to  b«  Viraeoohaa,  ur  diviiia  heinge,  p.  ii.  lib.  i.  o. 
W,  die.,  y*t,  wilk  hie  uanal  inattention  and  inaccuracy, 
ha  admita  in  another  place  that  iha  Peruviana  did  not 
iwollecl  lb*  reaeinblanc*  between  thain  and  tha  god 
Viracocka,  until  th*  fatal  diaaatera  aubaeqiieni  to  the 
defeat  al  Caiamaica,  and  then  only  began  to  call  lliuin 
Viracochaa.  P.  i.  lib,  v.  e.  ill.  Thia  la  conllrined  by 
Herrara,  doe.  v.  lib.  ii.  e.  IS.  In  many  dilferenl  paru 
sf  Amenea,  if  wa  may  believe  the  a|)aniah  writere, 
llieir  countrymen  were  conaidered  aa  divine  lieinga  who 
had  deacended  from  heaven.  But  in  tliia  inalaiico,  aa 
ill  many  which  occur  <n  tha  intercoura*  between  iia- 
liona  wlioaa  progreaa  in  reAnomcnt  ia  very  unequal,  Ihe 
ideaa  of  Ihoa*  who  uaed  the  eipreaaion  were  diHiirent 
from  tluM*  who  heard  it.  Kor  auch  la  the  idiom  of  the 
Indian  languagea,  or  auch  ia  the  aiinplicity  of  tliuao 
wlw  apeak  Ihnin,  that  when  they  aee  any  thing  with 
which  Ihey  were  formally  unacquainted,  and  of  which 
they  do  not  know  ihe  origin,  they  aay  that  il  cam* 
down  from  heaven.     Nugnei.  Kuin.  iii.  337.  C. 

The  account  which  I  have  given  of  the  aenlimenta 
•nd  procaedinga  of  the  Peruviana,  appvara  to  be  more 
Mtural  and  conaialeni  than  either  of  the  two  preceding, 
■nd  ia  better  aupported  by  the  facU  related  by  Iha  con- 
lamporary  hiatoriana. 

According  to  Xerea,  p.  800,  two  thouaand  Peruviana 
were  killed.  Hancho  makea  the  number  of  the  alain 
ail  or  aeven  thouaand.  .Ham.  iii.  874.  D.  By  Uar- 
cilaaao'a  account,  five  thouaand  were  inaaaacred.  P.  ii. 
lib.  i.  e.  36.  Th*  number  which  I  hav*  mentioned, 
t*ing  the  m*dium  betwaan  tha  extremea,  may  probably 
b*  neareat  lb*  truth. 

NoTi[I33].  p.  139.— Nothing  ean  b*  a  mot*  atri- 
king  proof  of  thia,  than  that  three  Spaniarde  travelled 
horn  Oazamalca  In  Cuico.  Tha  diaUnc*  between 
Ihem  ia  aiz  hundred  milea.  In  every  place  throuaboul 
Ihia  great  extent  of  country,  they  were  treated  with  all 
Ik*  Mnora  which  the  Peruviana  iiaid  to  Iheir  aovereigna, 
tno  even  to  their  diviniliea.  Uiidor  pretoil  of  amaaa- 
ing  what  waa  wanting  for  the  ranaoin  of  the  Inca,  they 
dainandad  tlia  niatea  of  gold  with  which  Ihe  walla  of 
Ih*  Tempi*  of  the  Sun  in  Cuico  were  adorned ;  and 
though  the  prieala  were  unwilling  to  alienate  Ihoa*  aa- 
*Md  omanuinia,  and  Ih*  people  refuecd  to  violate  lb* 
I  of  their  God,  tht  Ihre*  Spaoiaida,  with  tkaii  own 


*  TkMfli  af  ^  af  iW*  VI 
aw«  I  and  *«*k  «w*  Ik*  laiaiiiia*  af  tka  aailva*  fot 
ikeir  peteaa*,  lk*l  tkaagk  Ikejt  k*k*M  ibl*  a«l  nf  a**iV 
Wg*  Wllk  aatoMakmenl,  lk*y  did  nal  (Meaiiil  la  Bia«aM 
«r  dieiurk  Ik*  r**iinl**ian  *f  il.  Zant*.  Uk.  k.  *.  •. 
Haneka  ap.  Hamu*.  Ill  •?•.  D. 

ttm*  MM],  f.   141.— AtaaadlRf  la  Hamn,  tka 

apoil  of  l.'uae*   aAer  ealling  apart  tka  King'a  /AA, 
waa  divided  among  4MMraMia.     |^h  riceivad  4(100 


wkiek  diailngnlafc**  ha  aaa  a*i,  mMaM  wMkaka  MW 
atklbiyand  lendaneM  p**«li*f  M  tha  aiha*. 
da  M.  UadM  a  M.  da  I*  CaNdata-na. 


■  (IM).»l4a— ilairefa  givee  •  alrdliag  aiai 

Ikali  IndiMMa.     Twelve  ganilaaian,  wmImI 

•enra  af  dwtlaeliaii  undaf  Almagia,  Mm4  M 


among 
iieaoa.  Thie  ainuunta  U  l.nO.OOO  peeoa.  lie*,  v. 
lib.  vl.  a.  •.  But  aa  the  general  emi  uiner  offieeia  war* 
entitled  to  a  abate  ler  giealer  than  that  of  the  pnvat* 
mt'ii,  lb*  auin  lalal  niuel  have  naen  much  b*y*Mwh*l 

I  have  mentioned.     (ioiMra,  *.  IM,  and  Zarala,  lib. 

II  c  N,  aaliafy  ihemeelve*  wilk  aaaening  ih  general,  tkal 
the  pliifidar  of  the  (,'ii<co  waa  of  grealai  value  than 
Ike  renaom  of  Atakualpa. 

Nora  [184].  p,  141  —Ni>  aipadilbm  in  ike  New 
WorM  waa  conducted  with  mare  peraavering  rourag* 
then  thai  of  Alvarudo,  and  in  none  were  greatrr  hara- 
ahipa  endured.  Many  of  the  peraona  engaged  in  II 
were,  like  their  leader,  veterana  who  bad  aervad  under 
(.'orira,  inured  to  all  th*  rigor  nf  American  war.  Hurh 
of  my  rradera  aa  have  tint  an  op|ioriiinily  ol  peniaiiig 
the  alriking  daacription  of  Ihrir  auHrnnga  by  /arale, 
or  llerrera,  may  form  aoina  idea  of  tha  nature  of  their 
march  from  Iha  aea-coael  to  (Juilo,  by  coneulting  th* 
anroiint  which  I).  Ant.  Ulloa  givea  of  bia  own  journey 
ill  1796,  nearly  in  tha  eania  route.  Voy.  loin.  i.  p. 
170,  die.,  or  that  of  M.  Bouguer,  who  proceeded  from 
Puerto  Vii'jo  to  IJiillo  by  th*  aame  roed  which  Alva- 
redo  took.  Ilecoinperee  hie  own  journey  with  that  ol 
tlie  Hfienieh  leader,  and  by  tli*  compeneon  givea  a  moat 
alrikiiig  idea  of  the  Mdneae  and  paiwnce  of  Alvarado 

III  fiireiiig  hie  way  through  ao  many  obelaclaa.  Voyaga 
da  i'crou,  p.  80,  die, 

NoTi  [ISA],  p.  141.— Aeeoiding  lo  Harran,  than 
waa  entered  on  account  of  th*  king  in  gold,  IM,tOO 
peaoa,  and  5,400  mark*  (each  •  mine**)  al  ailvar,  b*- 
aidea  aeveral  veaevia  and  ornamanta,  aum*  of  guM  and 
olhere  of  ailver  s    on  account  of  privet*  p*raon*,  in 

gold  4M,000  peaoa,  and  54,000  marka  of  ailver.    Vac. 
.  lib.  vi.  u.  lb. 

NoTi  [130].  p.  I4t,— Th*  Peiuviana  not  only  imi- 
tated th*  military  aria  of  th*  B|ianiarde,  Imt  liad  re- 
roiirae  lo  devicaa  of  iheir  own.  Ae  the  cavalry  were 
the  chief  objecta  of  their  terror,  Ihey  endeavored  lo 
render  lliiin  incapable  of  aeting  by  ineana of  a  long 
thong  with  a  atone  faatened  to  each  end.  Thia,  when 
thrown  by  a  ekilful  hand,  Iwialed  aliout  Iha  bora*  and 
ita  rider,  and  entangled  tbom  ao  aa  lo  ubatruct  Iheir 
molione.  Herrera  mention*  thie  aa  an  invention  of  their 
own.  Dee.  5.  lib.  viii.  c.  4.  Butaa  I  haveobaervcd,  p. 
113,  Ihia  weapon  ia  common  among  aeveral  barba- 
roua  tribee  lowarda  Ihe  extremity  of  South  America  ; 
and  il  ia  mora  probable  that  Ih*  Peruviana  had  obaerved 
the  deiterity  with  which  tliey  uaed  it  in  hunting,  and 
on  thia  occaaion  adopted  it  tbemaelvra.  The  Spaniarde 
were  conaiderably  annoyed  by  it.  Herrera,  ibid.  Ano- 
ther inalaiica  of  the  ingenuity  of  the  Peruviana  deeervee 
mention.  By  turning  a  river  out  of  ita  channel,  they 
overflowed  a  valley,  in  which  a  body  of  tha  eiiriny 
waa  poati'd,  ao  auddonly,  that  it  waa  with  the  utinoat 
dirticultv  tha  S|>aniarda  mad*  Ikeir  eacap*.  Herrera, 
dec.  4.  lib.  viii.  e.  5. 

NoTi  [137]  p.  148.— Herreri'a  account  of  Orrlla- 
na'a  voyag*  ia  the  moat  minute  and  apparently  Ihe  moat 
accurate.  It  wa*  probably  taken  from  the  journal  of 
Orellana  himaelf.  But  tha  datea  are  not  diatinctly 
marked.  Hie  navigation  down  th*  Coca,  or  Napo, 
began  early  in  February,  1541 ;  and  he  arrived  at  the 
moulh  of  the  river  on  tha  86th  of  Auouat,  having  apcnt 
near  aeven  moiilha  in  tha  voyage.  M.  d*  1*  Coiida- 
mine  in  the  year  1743,  aailed  from  Cuenca  lo  Para,  a 
aetllemeni  of  Ihe  Portuguee*  at  the  mouth  of  the  river, 
a  navigation  much  longer  than  that  of  Orellana,  ia  leaa 
than  four  month*.  Voyage,  p.  179.  But  th*  two  ad- 
venturera  wen  very  differently  provided  for  tha  voy- 
age. Thie  haxardoua  undertaliing  lo  which  ambition 
prompted  Orellana,  and  to  which  Ih*  love  of  aciane* 


tiwntU 
tni*  *f  lk*u 

been  aAeer*  *f  dwllii*li*«  under  Almagia,  Mg(4  I 
Ilia  aaaia  ka«e*,  end  having  bul  ana  claek  laiaag  i.  iMi 
It  waa  worn  alieinataly  byliim  who  had  a«***ia«  M  t^ 
pear  in  public,  while  th*  real,  from  lb*  want  al  a  diaaal 
dreee  wer*  obliged  I*  keep  viifcin  door*.  I'keir  Maaf 
rnenda  and  cwnpanlMie  wer*  a*  muek  *fr*id  *f  givwg 
offene*  I*  Piuira,  tkal  lk*y  dural  nal  enlanain,  at 
even  (onvrra*  wllk  lb*m.  On*  me*  *mm*i**  wkil 
waa  ik*  cenditlaii.  and  wkal  lii*  inaignMia*  al  aiaa 
one*  aeevrtomed  la  |iewer  and  •putonaa,  wkaa  ikay 
felt  theniaeltee  poor  and  deepleed,  wtlkaal  a  raaf  undw 
which  to  akelter  their  heede,  while  Ikajr  k*k*M  alkM% 
whoe*  merile  and  aarvicee  wer*  nm  cquel  la  Ikalait 
living  in  eidender  in  aump'uaua  adiiaaa.  l>aa.  •.  U*. 
viii.  a.  •. 

Nora  [in*],  p.  146— H*fr*ta,  wkaa*  aMaiaay  am- 
titlee  hiin  to  great  creilil,  aeeeite,  thai  (ieniala  PlMiN 
|«eaeaaed  doinaina  in  llie  neighherkoad  of  Ckuqueeaa* 
do  la  Plate,  whiili  yielded  liim  an  annual  revenna 
greater  then  that  of  the  Arcbbiahop  of  Toledo,  Iht 
beat  endowed  aee  Kufopa.     U*c.  T.  Ilk.  *i  *.  >■ 

NoTi  [140].  p.  147.— All  Ik*  Bptniek  wtil*fa  d* 
aeriba  hia  march,  and  th*  diatreeeee  nf  both  peitl**, 
very  minutely,  '/arale  obaeivee,  Ibet  hardly  any  paraUai 
to  It  occura  in  hialory,  aitlirr  with  reaped  to  the  length 
of  the  retreat,  nr  the  ardur  of  the  purauil.  PiianiH 
according  lO  hia  compulalinn,  followed  the  viceroy  tf 
wanla  ol  three  tliouaand  inilaa.     Lib.  y.  e.  16.  16 

NoTi  [M?].  p.  146.— It  amounted,  according  M 
Fernandea,  the  beat  informed  biatorian  of  llial  mm4 
lo  one  niiUioti  four  hundred  ihouianil  paaea.  lUk.  il, 
e.  79 

No'ra  [141].  p.  14».— Carvajal.  from  Ih*  Iwgikaint. 
had  been  an  ad\(<cala  for  en  accommodatioo  wiik  (<a*> 
c*.  Finding  Piaarro  incapable  of  holding  thai  bohl 
couraa  which  he  originally  aiiggealrd,  ha  revoininvnilMl 
to  him  a  timely  aubniiaaion  lo  hia  aovereign  a*  tht 
eafeat  nieaimi*.  When  the  prraidciit'a  oHere  wcm  ftial 
communicated  to  Carvajal,  "  By  nui  I.*dy,  (aava  he  hi 
that  alrain  of  buiroonvry  which  waa  familier  'o  kiai.) 
the  prieat  iaauea  gracioua  bulle.  He  givea  Ihem  bedl 
:ood  and  cheap  ;  let   iia  not  only  accept  Ihtw,  bill 


wear  them  aa  rvliquca  about  our  nacka." 
lib.  ii.  0.  63> 


Farm 


Nora  [143].  p.  140.— During  th*  rebellion  of  Oon* 
lalo  Piiarro,  acvtn  hiiiidri'd  men  wei*  kilU'd  in  kalll*, 
and  three  hundred  and  eighty  were  hanged  or  bcbaadad. 
Herrera,  dee.  B.  lib.  iv.  c.  4.  Above  three  kundrad  01 
Iheae  were  cut  off  by  Carvajal.  Fernandea,  lib.  ii  a. 
91.  Zarale  makea  ine  number  of  Ihoa*  put  lo  a  vh>i 
lent  death  live  hundred.     Lib.  vii.  a  I 

Not*  [144].  p.  ISO — In  my  inquiri'v  concerning 
the  nianneia  anil  policy  of  the  Mexican*,  I  have  la- 
ccived  much  information  from  a  large  manuacript  ol 
Uon  Aluiiao  do  Corila,  one  of  the  jiidgta  in  the  CoMit 
of  Audience  at  Mexico.  In  the  year  1663,  Philip  II., 
in  order  to  diacover  Ihe  mode  of  levying  liibute  from 
hia  Indian  aubjecta,  that  would  be  moet  beneficial  ta 
the  crown,  and  leaat  oppreaaive  to  them,  addreaaed  a 
mandate  lo  all  the  Couite  of  Audieii-'e  m  America,  en- 
joining Ihem  to  anawer  certain  queriei  which  he  propnead 
to  Ihrin  concerning  Ihe  ancient  form  of  govemmeni 
eaUbliahcd  among  tha  varioua  nationa  of  Indiana,  and  tha 
mode  in  which  Ihey  had  been  accuatomed  lo  pay  uia* 
to  their  king*  or  chiofa.  In  obedience  to  thia  mandat*, 
Corita,  who  had  reaidcd  nineteen  year*  in  America, 
fourteen  of  which  he  paaaed  in  New  Spain,  compoaed 
Ihe  work  of  which  I  nave  a  copy.  He  acquainia  hit 
aovereign,  that  h*  mad*  it  an  object,  during  hia  real- 
denee  in  America,  and  in  all  ita  proviucea  which  ha  had 
viaited,  to  inquir*  diligently  into  tha  mannora  aiul  cu*- 
loma  of  th*  nativea ;  that  he  had  convcraed  for  thia  pur- 
poae  with  many  aged  and  intelligent  Indiana,  and  coo- 
aulted  aeveral  of  the  Spaniah  Eci'lcaiaetica,  who  uodtr- 


ied  M.  de  la  Condamine,  waa  undertaken  in  tha  yeu 

1769,  by  Madame  Godin  dee  Odonaia  from  conjugal  i  atood  the  Iiidian  language  moat  perfectly,  particularly 
affection.  The  narmtivo  of  the  haidahipa  which  Ma  aome  of  tboae  who  landed  iu  New  Spain  aoun  after  Ihi* 
auffered,  of  th*  dangera  to  which  ah*  waa  aiooaed,  and  conqueat  Coiiu  appeara  to  b*  a  man  of  eom*  le*n> 
of  th*  diaaaura  which  befell  her,  u  one  o(  th*  moal  ing,  and  to  have  carried  on  hi*  inquiriea  with  lh*^ll 
aingular  and  affectin|  atoriea  in  any  lansuaga,  axhibit-  genca  and  accuracy  t*  which  ha  pratead*.  OlaaM 
ii^  in  her  conduct  a  tttikii^  piclur*  o7  im  fortiluda  crtdit  i*  due  lo  hia  Uatimany  bam  aaa  ciitoaMaiatk 


ROSIRTSONI  NISTORV  llf 


Hri)  nU 


TlMiifti   lUmft  rfoM  M«  Mwniian  him 

raill•  Mihdf*  wtHMn  ha  kwi  Mt««*l  h  gsulM  lit 

I*  iakM  MtiM,  M  WW  M  Imm  m«m*1  •■imMHHM 
I  ka  iHM,  tlM  ikM  MMMfMi  af  (lanu  «•««  not 


ffHth 

» thti 


|l«r«  (lU).  •.  Ul— Ttai  M(lr  tpdikOi  wriun 
Mm  M  Immh  mm  iniMuntai  in  tMiiiMiiiw  ilw  minilwrt 
if  y»«yl«  In  llw  pWfNWM  •ml  inwna  In  AiiHirw«,  !)>'. 
k  M  im|WMlliU  M  MMItliil  Ikal  at  Mxiro  iImiII  Kith 
Mjr  da^nw  of  ftmitntn.  Cart**  ii«M(ih«  Iha  naivnl 
alaumma  af  Maiiaa  in  ganrr*)  tcriiw,  wkiah 
•I  tl  traa  nat  Mn\»t  la  itia  |n«l»>l  tilUM  in 

Oannw  ta  laafa  tipliau,  mkI  •iHrmai  Umi 

llMM'wafaM^MakaaaaaatfemilMt  in  Maaica.  Uian. 
a.  n.  Hafian  »<ay>i  hui  a|Niunn,  Um..  1.  lib.  *ii.  a. 
It  I  and  Ida  gananUiljr  a(  wriitn  fuiiiii*  ihant  implwilU 
•rltkoMl  inquiry  m  Mnipla.  Aiconlinj  lo  ihia  aeeaunl, 
Ika  litkalNlanuaf  MaiM*  iiM«l  kara  haan  thaul  SM.MW. 
Tat^uaiaaii*,  milk  kia  ii*'i*l  piapanMly  to  tlia  mtrral- 
latia,  aaaait*.  Ikal  ihtra  wara  iao,liOO  kouMt  of  hmi- 
Naa  tn  Maiwa,  and  ewMMiiiantly  abaui  MO.IMM  inha- 
Mlanta.  I<ib.  iii.  a,  O.  Um  in  a  im  jiiiIwiihi*  ■•;• 
aauni  af  ika  M«ticM  ainpira,  t>«  itna  of  Coitea't  uritmn, 
liia  pafuUiMm  n  MimI  at  OII.WW  |iau|il».  lUrnutiu, 
U.  tot.  A.  E«an  hy  iKi*  arco'inl,  wliirh  pruliabl^r  la 
Maali  naam  Iha  iruik  Iban  aiiy  at  Uia  liH*^n$, 
Matia*  «raa  a  (taat  tily. 

N»T«  tIM].  p.  Itl  — II  la  la  P.  Turribio  da  B«na- 
*ania  thai  1  am  imUbtwl  for  ihia  aiiiloiia  oliMnratiaii 
Palafof.  Ui«Ik>i>  of  (!iiida>l  I'a  la  I'uabia  IiUa  Ani|«l>a, 
aMiiinw  ami  illiiairatva  it  inura  fully  i'hii  Mriican 
laaya  ka)  la  Iha  enly  languaga  in  whuh  a  larininaiion 
MMalinK  rmiiaal,  ulttat  nMrtHluUii  y  if«  rorletut, 
■av  baanUad  la  arary  word.  11*  adding  ilia  filial  ayl- 
Wila  iia  or  ana  la  aiiv  wnni,  It  (hh-oiiii'^  a  |irn|Mi  «.t- 
BiaaaioB  of  yanarallun  In  iha  mouili  iif  an  iiilrrior  If, 
Ui  «|iaaktna  la  an  a^al  iha  word  Kallirr  la  to  ba  uaad, 
tt  ia  Tai/rbttI  an  Mihirior  aaya  '/'«<tm.  Oiio  (iriaai 
apaaking  la  anolbar,  eallahim  Ttofwiur;  a  |i*miii  of 
Infenar  tank  calla  him  TtoftMiiliin.  I'ha  naina  of  the 
•mparor  who  raigiwd  whoii  ('orlea  Invaded  Maiico, 
«aa  MmUttnma ;  but  liia  vaa>  U,  frnin  rnvrrMicA,  pro- 
MliiKad  it  Jfim/caniasia.  Turribio,  MH  i'alar. 
Viltudoa  dal  Indio,  p.  M.  Tha  Maticaiia  had  not  only 
Ktmatitial  iiouna,  IihI  ravarantial  *arba.  'I'ha  maniiar 
■  ohleh  ihaaa  ara  forinod  from  iIm  varba  m  cominon 
•aa  la  ai|iiainad  by  U.  Joa.  Auk.  Aklaina  y  Ouavara  in 
biiMaiiean  Orammar,  No.  IHs. 

Nan.  \\VI\  p.  lAt. — From  comparing  aaTeral  paa- 
aagaa  in  (lorila  and  Hairara,  wa  may  collaci.  with  aoina 
^graa  ol  accuracy,  iha  Tarioua  modoa  in  which  tha  Ma- 
lieana  euntribuiaa  lowarda  Iha  aupport  of  govtrnmanl. 
Soma  paraona  of  tha  flrat  onlef  aaain  to  htva  baan  ai> 
ompiaa  from  Iha  payincnl  of  any  tributa,  and  aa  Ibair 
•nly  duly  lo  tha  iiuMie,  wara  bound  lo  peraonal  aervica 
in  war,  and  to  follow  the  banner  of  their  auTereinn  with 
Uwil  Taaaala.  3.  Tha  immadiata  vaaaala  of  th«  crown 
wara  bound  nol  only  lo  peraonal  militi'ry  aar«ica,  but 

Ciid  a  certain  proportion  of  the  produce  of  Iheir  land*  in 
nd.  3.  Thoaa  who  hold  ofllcea  of  honor  or  Iruat 
|Mid  a  certain  ahara  of  what  they  receiyad  in  conaci^ucnca 
of  holding  theaa,  4.  Each  Cajmlla,  or  aaaociaiion, 
cullivatrd  aome  part  of  the  field  allotted  lo  it,  for  the 
baboof  of  Iha  crown,  and  depoaited  iha  produce  in  the 
loyal  gianariaa.  ft.  Soma  part  of  whatever  waa  bronghi 
to  Um  public  marketa,  whether  fruita  of  the  earth,  or  the 
trarkwa  producliona  of  Iheir  artiata  and  manufaclurera, 
waa  demanded  for  Iha  publio  uaa,  and  Iha  merchanta 
who  paid  Ihia  were  eiemptad  from  every  other  ux. 
•.  Tha  Mm/tnui  or  tdseripti  gUha,  were  hound  to 
cultivala  certain  diatrkia  in  avary  urovint'b,  which  may 
ba  eonaidered  aa  croini  Undi,  and  brought  the  increaae 
islo  public  atnrehouaaa.  Thua  tha  aovereign  received 
I  part  of  whalavat  waa  uaefnl  or  valuable  in  the 
liy,  whether  it  waa  tho  natural  production  of  the 
•mL  or  acquired  by  Ika  induatry  of  tha  peo|y|e.  What 
MM  contributed  lowarda  the  aupport  of  governmoiit 
iMaa  M  have  been  inconaiderable.  Corita,  in  anawer 
I*  Mta  of  Iha  queriea  put  to  tho  Audience  of  Mexico  by 
MBip  II.,  endeavora  lo  eatiinate  in  money  tho  value  of 
Mkatearh  ciliten  might  be  annpoaed  to  pay,  and  dooa 
Mt  reckon  it  at  more  than  throe  or  four  retlt,  about 
•if^aan  panea  or  two  abilliiiga  a  head. 

Ifm  [1481.  p.  153.— Conea,  who  aaema  la  kava 
kiM  M  wwh  uloniahad  at  Ihia,  aa  with  aoy  inataoea 


•f  Maataan  imaaaiiy.  glvaa  •  pawkialat  daaaitp Uon  af 
H.  Alang  ana  of  wa  aaaaawaya,  aaya  ka,  by  wMak 
Ihay  aniar  ika  ally,  ara  aimdaatad  Iwa  aotidiiMa,  aona- 

Cad  af  aUf  lam^fiNi  wilh  aiartaf,  akaul  two  paaaa  In 
adih,  ami  raiaad  ahoul  ail  hat.  in  ana  of  ikam  la 
fttiioiml  a  •irvain  af  aictllanl  water,  aa  Mn  aa  Ika 
buily  of  a  m*n,  iiiiii  lh«  (•nlm  of  Iba  aily,  ana  aopplwa 
all  Ihn  InnabiianiapiaiuifuHv.  'I'ha  athaf  la  empty,  that 
wlian  It  M  iiweaaary  la  ekan  a(  repair  the  foriiwr,  Iha 
eiraaiii  of  walar  may  ba  lurnad  inia  It  Aa  tkia  aomhil 
paaaaa  abnig  Iwaof  Iha  brtdgea,  whara  Ihara  ara  braark>a 
In  Iha  rauMway,  ihraiigh  wluili  Ih«  aall  walar  nf  Iho 
takaa  Hutaa,  it  la  runvayod  ovar  Iham  iii  pipaa  aa  large 
aa  Iha  bmly  of  an  ua,  Inan  eariwd  from  Iha  ronduil  lo 
Iha  raimoa  i|uariera  ol  Uia  ally  in  aanura,  and  aoid  la 
Iba  inhabiiauta.     Haial.  ap.  Hawaa.  S4I.  A. 

NotaMM]  p.  Ift3.—tn  Ika  armoury  af  tha  royal  pa- 
lata  of  Madrid  ara  ahown  auila  of  arinoiir,  whieh  ara 
called  Miiiitvauma'a.  They  ara  aompuaad  of  thin  laa- 
quarad  cu|ipar|ilaua.  In  Ilia  a|iinMMi  of  vary  iiilalliganl 
jadgaa,  they  ara  avitlanlly  aaalarn.  'I'ha  fonna  of  iha 
ailvar  omamanla  upon  tbam,  rapreaanling  dragona,  die 
may  ba  eonaidarad  a  aaullrmaliaii  of  ihia.  I'hay  ara 
iniinilrly  aapanor,  In  point  uf  wurhinanahip,  lo  any  allurt 
of  American  art.  Tha  Hpaniarda  proliably  racaivml  frimi 
lliam  ilio  I'hiliiipina  lalanda.  Tha  a«ly  uni|uaaiio<iabla 
a|iociinen  of  .Maiican  art,  that  I  know  of  in  (iraal  Un- 
tain,  la  a  euii  of  very  ftna  gold,  which  la  aaid  to  have 
balungrd  to  Munlaauma.  Ii  weigha  Aua.  llMwi.  'I'hrea 
drawinga  of  it  wara  aahibilnl  to  tha  Hociety  of  Ami- 
((uariea,  June  10,  IT8A.  A  inan'a  head  la  rapreaanled 
on  Ihia  Clip.  (Jn  one  aide  the  full  lata,  on  Iha  other 
ihii  priirtia,  (HI  tha  third  the  back  parte  of  tha  bead. 
The  relievo  la  aaid  lo  have  been  prudticed  by  punching 
Iha  iiiaide  of  the  cup,  ao  aa  to  make  Ihe  repraaentation 
uf  a  face  on  Iha  ouiaide.  Tha  faaliiraa  ara  groaa,  but 
repraai'iitiMl  with  Anie  degree  of  art,  and  curtain  ly  luo 
rude  fur  Niianiah  wutkiiwna^ip.  Thia  cup  waa  pur- 
ohaard  by  Ldward  Karl  of  Oxford,  while  ha  lay  in  Iha 
Iwrbof  of  Cadii  with  tha  Aeal  under  bia  command,  and 
I*  now  In  iha  poaaaaaion  of  hie  graiidaon,  l.ord  Archfr 
'  am  Indablau  for  Ihia  infurination  to  my  r«a|icrlabla 
and  mganioua  Iroiid  Mr.  Uarrington.  In  tha  aiith  vo- 
liiineuTihe  Arrkaolugia,  p  107,  la  publiahrd  an  account 
ol  auinii  inaika  uf  Trrra  Ootta,  brought  from  tha  bury- 
iiiu  ground  on  Iha  American  conlinent,  alioul  aevoniy 
milaa  from  the  Uriliah  aettlaniani  on  tha  Moa<|uito  ahorv. 
They  ara  aaid  la  ba  Ukeneaaaa  of  chiafa,  or  other  ami- 
neiit  paraona.  From  Iha  daacriptiona  and  engravinga 
of  tbam,  we  have  an  additional  proof  of  tha  imparfacl 
aula  of  aria  amoig  Iba  Aiuarieana. 


aoffat-plalaa     TlM  llfal  l»l  M*f^«fipMMMMlM4 

»^  M^gt^^  ^  M^  eipiM^  Re^awana  aw  maw  aMa  v> 
itval  Hi  Iha  (oantry,  ami  of  ika  varloiM  Maiiaaa  !•  wMA 
liMy  eauM,  hafim  ikav  kMmM  tha  aepiial  of  tlMi 
amptia  \m  Ika  laha  af  ktaiiaa.  Tka  iiaami  la  a  iHm 
ral  Wkaal,  ar  (Jirala,  raafaaaMlnl  Iha  MOMMt  Ii 
lhay  aamputad  and  marked  Ikalf  i  yala  tl  Mt> 
Iwa  yeara.     Ha  received  laMh  from  lltit  Uaitta  4l  1^ 

tiianaa  y  Caagnrra,  a  diligail  aollaaW  of  inalwl 
lealean  Ihiaumania.     Hut  aa  t  laaim  Mw  M  ba  i 


NoTi  [ISO],  p  IAS. -Tha  leamaa  raadar  will  par- 
ceive  how  much  1  have  been  indublad,  in  thia  part  of 
my  work,  lo  tha  guidance  of  Iha  Uiahop  of  Ciloucaaler, 
who  baa  traced  the  euoceaaiva  elepe  by  which  tha  hu- 
man mind  advanced  in  ihia  Una  of  ila  iirogrraa,  wilh 
much  erudition,  and  greater  ingenuity.  He  la  the  Ural, 
•a  far  aa  I  know,  who  formed  a  ralmoal  and  conaiatcnt 
theory  concer  ling  Ihe  vanoua  modaa  of  writing  prac- 
liaed  by  natioiia,  according  lo  tha  varioua  dcgrece  of 
tlieir  improvement.  l)iv.  Legation  of  Moaea,  iii.  00, 
tie.  Noma  importaiil  obaervationa  have  been  added 
hy  M.  le  i'reaident  de  Ilroaaea,  Iba  learned  and  intelli- 

Stnl  author  of  tho  Traita  da  la  Formatioo  Mecaniqua 
ae  Languaa,  loin.  i.  tSA,  die. 

Aa  the  Mexican  painlinga  ara  Iha  moat  corioua 
inonumcnta  extant  of  Ihe  eailieat  mode  of  writing,  it 
will  not  be  iinpro|icr  to  give  aonic  account  of  Ihe  ineana 
by  which  they  were  preaerved  from  the  general  wreck 
of  every  work  of  art  in  America,  |nd  cnniinunicated  to 
the  public.  For  the  moat  early  and  complete  collec- 
tion of  Iheae  publiahed  by  I'urcliaa,  we  are  indebted  to 
Ihe  altenlion  of  tliat  curioua  inquirer,  Hakluyt.  Don 
Antonio  Mendoia,  viceroy  of  New  Spain,  having 
deemed  thoaa  painlinga  a  proper  preaent  for  Charlea 
v.,  the  ahip  in  which  they  were  a*nt  lo  i<pain  waa 
taken  by  a  French  cruiaer,  and  they  came  intu  Ihe  poa- 
aaaaion of  Thevel,  the  King'a  gcngraiiher,  whu,  having 
travelled  himaelf  into  tho  New  World,  and  deacribea 
one  of  ila  provincce,  waa  a  curioua  ohaerver  of  whatever 
tended  lo  illuatrate  Ihe  manncra  of  Ihe  Americana.  Un 
hie  death,  they  were  pnrchaaed  by  Hakluyt,  at  that  time 
chaplain  of  Iha  Engliah  ambaaaador  to  the  French 
court ;  and  being  left  by  him  lo  Purchaa,  were  pub- 
liahed at  Iho  deaire  of  the  learned  antiquary,  Sir  Henry 
Spulman.  Purchaa,  iii.  1005.  They  wrrc  Iranalaled 
from  Engliah  into  Fiencb  by  Molchiicdcck  Thevenot, 
andpubliahed  in  hie  collection  of  voyagea,  A.  D.  1683. 


Mr  M  k*  • 
reecived  a(iinion  (foamM,  aa  Ik-  aa  I  know,  0*  ■•  (M 
avMlane a),  that  I'arrarl  waa  natar  aul  af  llaiy,  aod  IkM 
hia  ramaua  tiira  M  Mumk  la  an  aaaauM  of  a  talMtOM 
voyage,  I  have  nat  manlionad  Ihaaa  palMMfa  ki  tka 
tail,  Tlwy  kava,  however,  iwanlfcatly  tka  tppaafMia* 
af  halM  Mealaan  BtadMellona,  and  aia  attoarad  !•  k* 
aaky  Itotarini,  wko  waa  wall  naalllad  la  daWiMlM 
wkalhaf  thav  wara  gaimina  ar  aapyaaillltoaa.  M.  Ola> 
vlgeio  hkawiaa  admiu  Iham  la  ka  yaiiabw  paiMkiga  ol 
Iha  anewnl  MailaaHa.  To  rm  ibay  alwaya  appaiiaj 
la  ba  CO,  though  fram  iry  daaira  la  Nat  *a  part  af  «y 
narrative  uuon  quaelmnibia  aalkoftly,  I  did  not  loM 
la  Ihem.  'I1m  aMila  af  pa.nling  in  Iha  fwiMr  la  ranai- 
darably  mora  peiwel  thaa  any  athar  apaalman  af  Ma«l> 
can  deaign  ;  bill  aa  tha  original  ia  aaM  la  kava  kaaa 
much  dafacad  by  lima,  I  anapacl  that  it  haa  baan  nw 
proved  by  aoma  loucbaa  from  tha  hand  af  a  EuiOfaait 
artial.  Carrari,  (^hurohlll,  iv  p.  487.  Tka  CbiOMa 
logiaal  Wheal  le  e  Jual  dehnaailon  of  Iha  Maiicaa  mttt 
of  com,iulkHI  "■"*•  **  liaeeribatl  b*  Aeaala,  Uk.  al.  «. 
8.  It  aa^li  to  reaeinbia  ana  wkick  Ikal  iaaiiMd  Ja* 
,auil  kad  aaon ;  and  If  it  ka  admitted  aa  a  gannkM  naiiit- 
meni,  II  yfovaa  that  iha  Maiieane  had  artiffrlal  ar  arbl< 
irary  rhafaetara,  which  rapreaenied  eavaral  Ikinga  k» 
aidea  numbara.  Each  moiiih  ia  there  repraaenlod  by  • 
ayinbol  eipraaaive  of  aonie  work  or  rite  paaullaf  lo  U. 

'I'ha  thini  anocinian  of  Mexican  painling  waa  diaao* 
vrriid  hy  another  Italian.  In  ITM,  I,aranio  Batuiint 
llaiiaduri  aal  out  for  Naw  Hpain,  and  waa  lad  by  ao* 
vrral  inridania  lo  atudy  tho  languaga  of  tka  Maiieaii^ 
and  lo  collect  the  reniaina  of  their  hialorieal  manaiMnta. 
Ila  paraiatad  nine  yeara  in  hia  rnaealchaa,  wilh  tha  as* 
thuaiaam  of  a  nroiecior,  and  the  oatiar.ca  af  an  anti- 
quary. In  1T4A,  lie  puhliehad  at  Madrid,  fdaa  da  um 
S»n»  Hulona  OrMnI  tt  U  AmiTHa  8tf4iilhtmal, 
containing  an  account  of  tha  raault  of  bia  iniuiiriaa  | 
and  he  added  to  it  a  aatalugueol  hia  Anwvican  Hiatoii> 
cal  Muaaum,  arranged  unuer  thirty-ail  dilTaranl  haada. 
Ilia  idea  of  a  Naw  Hiatory  appaara  to  ma  tha  wath  of 
a  whiniaitral  eradukua  man.  Uul  hia  ealah)giM  of 
Mexican  mapa,  painlinga,  iributa-rolle,  calendara,  &a. 
ia  much  larger  tlian  ana  could  have  aipactad.  l/nlor- 
tunttely  a  ahip,  in  which  ha  had  aani  a  conaidanbta 
part  of  them  lo  F,uiope,  waa  taken  by  an  £ngliah  pri- 
vateer during  the  war  balwaan  Great  Britain  and  Bpaia. 
which  commaiicail  in  iha  year  IT38 ;  and  it  ia  probabia 
that  they  peiiahed  by  falling  into  tha  handaof  IgiMfaal 
eaplora.  Bolurini  himerif  incurred  Iha  diaplaaaara  af 
the  Bpaniah  court,  and  died  in  an  hoapilal  at  Madrid. 
The  hiatory  of  which  the  /dco,  die.  waa  only  a  BratM«> 
/ua,  waa  never  publiahed.  The  remainder  af  hia  Mu> 
aeum  aeema  lo  have  been  diaparaed.  tloraa  part  of  it 
came  into  Iha  poeaeaaion  of  the  preaant  Archbiebop  of 
Toii'do,  when  ha  waa  primate  of  New  Hpaiu  ;  ana  ha 
publiahed  from  it  that  curioua  tribolo-roU  whkk  I  haaa 
mentioned. 

Tha  only  other  collection  of  Mexican  painlin|a,  aa 
far  aa  I  can  learn,  ia  in  the  Imperial  Library  at  VMnna. 
By  order  nf  iheir  Imperial  Majeatiaa  I  have  obtainad 
auch  a  apccimen  of  theaa  aa  I  deairrd,  in  eight  painl- 
inga made  with  ao  much  fidelity,  thai  I  am  infonnad 
the  copiee  could  hardly  br  dialinguiahed  from  Iha  origi- 
nala.     Acroiding  to  a  note  in  thie  Ctdex  Mttitatnii,  it 


10  aecond  apecimen  of  Mexican  piclura-wriling   of  templea,  nearly  reaambling  thoaa  in  Purcbaaa,  jk 
waa  publiabad  by  Dr  Fitncia  Oamalli  Carrari,  io  two  1 1108  and  lUUt  and  in  Loiroxana.     Plata  11    O, 


appeara  to  have  been  a  prcarni  from  Kmmanual,  King 
of  Portugal,  to  Pope  Clement  VII.  who  died  A.  V. 
1S33.  After  paaaing  through  the  handa  of  aeveral  il- 
luatrioua  prnpnelora,  it  fell  into  thoaa  of  tha  Cardinal 
rf  Saxp-Giacnach,  wlio  prcaonled  it  to  tha  Emparof 
/,eopold.  Theaa  painlinga  are  nianileatly  Mexican, 
but  they  ara  in  a  elyle  very  different  from  any  of  lh« 
former.  An  engraving  haa  been  made  of  one  of  them, 
in  order  to  gratify  auch  of  my  rcadera  aa  may  deea 
thia  an  object  worthy  of  their  attention.  Were  it  la 
object  of  aulficieni  imfiortance,  it  might  perhapa  ba 
poaaible,  by  recourae  to  Iha  plalea  of  Purchaa,  and  tha 
Arrbbialiop  of  Toledo,  aa  a  key,  to  form  plauaibia  e<M- 
jorliirea  concerning  the  meaning  of  thia  picture.  Many 
of  the  figurea  are  evidently  aimnar.  A.  A.  ara  targeta 
and  darta,  almoat  in  the  aama  form  with  thoaa  publialwd 
b^  Purchaa,  p.  1070,  1071,  die.  B.  B.  ara  fignrat 
reaambling  thoaa  in  Purcbaaa, 


•iptwl  W  liMi 
M  OtrtM  4i  m' 

•  M«  M  W  • 

!•«,  MMMM 

M  •(  •  falMlMM 

tilawtd  to  k« 

MlbM,  M.  Oil- 
^  pttelhigt  it 
liwtjtt  »|iynw4 
I  M  Mil  »l  m/f 
i,  MM  MM  nM 

feriMt  k  r«M^ 
MtlMII  •(  Mm1> 

lU  ••  ktvt  tota 
I  Im«  k«Mi  im- 

of  *   KuMftMl 

Tk*  ChmWi 

•  MnkM  aM^s 
itmUt,  Uk.  «i.  t. 

Iwl   llHMd  J*- 

•  (minliM  MMiiH 
•rtinrlal  m  iiM* 
(•nl  tktnft  b» 
ivprtMntM  bjr  • 

•  ptculltr  to  U. 
iling  wt*  4iM»- 
aranio  BMufinl 
i  WM  Iwl  bjr  ■•• 

Df  Ik*  M«IM*II% 

icil  HMaaiMnU. 
we,  wilk  Uw  i» 
ir.ct  of  M  tnlW 
IritI,  Mm  ^  aiw 

•  StfinlriHul, 
tt  hit  iiMiiMo*  t 
morlcMi  Hittoft* 
1  dilbroM  kooiio. 

mo  ibo  woik  of 
eiUk)f«o  ol 

cilcmUn,  Ao. 

poelwl.     Unfi^ 

eoMUonbia 

Engliih  pri> 

tin  ■nd  flptia. 

itiii       ■■ 

ndii 


it* 


I  !•  piolwbto 

of  i|iional 

ditploMuio  of 

■ilil  (I  MidiU. 

onljr  twniftt- 

lor  of  Ail  Mii> 

loffio  port  of  In 

Arckbiibop  at 

Hpoiii :  iiM  ho 

"^-  which  1  ho«a 

ptlnlln|f,  M 
irjr  It  Vmrm. 
hoTo  obuinod 
in  oighl  point- 

■m  infonnod 
fiom  Iho  origi- 

JfcXMOttOf,  it 

inaniiol,  King 
>  diod  A.  d! 
of  tOTenil  il- 
tho  CirdiMl 
tho  Emporot 
■tijr  Mciicin, 
im  injr  of  iha 
ono  of  Ibcn, 
*•  nujr  d«ea 
Wera  it  «a 
It  perhapi  bo 
^hit,  *nd  Iho 
jiUuiible  e'j|>- 
lictuio.  Miny 
.  on  tirgotn 
I  publiih«4 
tio  fifumi 
iPurchtM, 
TUta  U 


•  OHTH  AMIRIUA. 


•KmIo  m  Ml  M  (llltd  With  Kgum  'I'Imv  umn 
il||iM  of  Uailioo,  omi  in»|po  of  *arla<it  uiilccli. 
conlina  to  ihM  (^aliiultr  in  tho  KmuiioI,  Iho  Ma 


I 


li  •  Ma  af  aNaihM,  of  aoiioN  thNho,  iko  ttaaa  of 
la  «kwoa>  atary  plaia  of  Punkoo  omI 
K  V.  I!  —m  lo  ho  Maawan  aaii- 
IMao  la  Iho't  war  droaa,  Iko  htiUaiM  Ofnai-wnli  wf 
•kwh  rooomtil>  iho  Itguraa  In  I'linliaa.  p  1119,  1 1 1 1, 
II  It,  I  ahuiiM  aii|ifitM«  Ihia  iiirtiira  lo  ho  a  Irihiila' 
tail,  *o Iholr  inoilo  of  iHtiing  nuinmira  wun  fr«i|iiaH)lf 
I).  I)  it.  A*.  Acionliiig  10  lloliJiini,  Iha  mmU  ol 
•iHnpMUIMn  hy  Iho  niiinlM'i  of  linata  waa  known  lo  Iho 
MaiMona  aa  wall  aa  lo  iho  ISiriiviatia,  |i  MA,  and  iho 
manoor  in  which  Iho  niinihor  of  uniia  la  lapraaanlad  in 
Iho  Maikan  painlinga  in  my  pnuaailtn  anaina  In  ran- 
Irm  ikM  opinion  IVy  plainly  raaombU  a  airing  of 
knota  on  a  aord  ur  alandi>r  rofip 

Hinao  I  ouhlialwit  iha  lorMiri  .  iliikm,  Mr.  WaiMilooo, 
wka  M  atlll  plroaad  lo  euiiliiina  hia  (riandly  ailaniion  lu 
praauio  mo  informalion,  haa  iliK-ovarnl,  in  Iha  Lihrary 
of  Iho  Kaourial,  a  viiluinx  lii  luliu,  runaialing  of  forty 
itioola  of  0  kind  of  paalulioaid,  aarli  Iha  aiaa  of  a  roin- 
moa  akoot  of  writing  jiapor,  with  oraal  yarlaiy  of  un- 
loalk  and  wktiaaioal  Mguraa  of  Mailran  painting,  In 
vary  Itoah  aolora,  and  with  an  aaplanainm  in  Npaniah 
to  moot  of  thorn.  'Dm  Aral  Iwanly-lwo  ahoola  ara  tho 
•Igno  of  Uio  mantha,  daya,  Aa  About  Iho  miiMlo  of 
aach  ahoot  aro  two  or  moro  larm  Mgiiraa  for  iha  nwnih, 
aurroandod  by  tho  aigna  uf  iha  uaya.    'I'lifi  laai  rit[hlrrn 

' ""        aaain  lo  ho 

Ac- 
cording lo  Ihia  (^alaiidar  in  tho  Kacurial,  tho  Maiican 
yaar  aoniainnd  SM  daya,  iliynlad  into  (3  moniha  of  in 
4<ya.  Kach  day  la  rapraaaniml  by  a  ihirrrci,!  aigii, 
takan  from  aoino  natural  olijrnl,  a  a«r|Hinl,  a  ilu||,  a 
liiard,  a  raad,  a  hoiiaa,  Ac.  'I'lui  aiiina  of  ilaya  in  iho 
(lalandar  of  Iho  Kaeiirial  are  prrciaoly  tho  aamo  with 
Ihoao  manlionod  by  llotiirini,  liira,  Ac  p  4ft.  Iliil, 
If  wa  may  gifo  crailil  lo  that  aiillior,  Iha  Maiicin  yaar 
'ontainni  MO  daya,  divulml  ihlo  IM  iiiiiiiilia  itl  31)  il^ya 
Tho  order  of  daya  in  nrrry  niniilli  waa  t'ori|iiUrd,  ac- 
cording to  him,  Aral  by  what  ha  calla  a  IriJirtitMri/ 
pmgraaaton  of  daya  from  oiia  to  lliirlnon,  in  llw  aamo 
mannof  lo  In  tho  Calendar  of  iho  Kaoiirial,  and  Ihuii  by 
t  tifUntrif  pngnaaion  of  daya  from  ono  lo  aoron, 
making  in  all  twenty  In  ihia  (calendar,  not  only  tho 
algna  which  dialipgiiiah  each  day,  hut  Iha  qtialiliva  an|i- 
prned  to  bo  peculiar  to  each  month  aro  marked  Thara 
•ra  carltiii  weakneaara  which  aeein  lo  accompany  Iha 
Human  mind  thraiiKli  arery  alaite  of  ita  pro||ri<aa  in  ob- 
aerralion  and  acience.  niandvr  aa  waa  llio  knowledge 
of  Iho  Moiicaiia  in  aaironoiny,  it  apprara  to  have  been 
already  connoclod  with  jiialicia^  aatnilouy.  Tho  fortune 
and  charaeltr  of  peraona  horn  in  each  inon'li  aro  au|i- 
poeed  10  bo  decided  by  aome  au|M'rior  inAuence  pre- 
dominant at  the  lime  of  nativity.  Ilaiica  it  ia  forrlold 
in  the  OalaiKlar,  that  all  who  aro  liorn  in  ono  month 
will  bo  rich,  in  another  warlike,  in  a  Ihird  luiurioua,  Ac 
'Ilio  paaleboard,  or  whatever  aubalance  il  may  be  on 
which  Iho  I  Calendar  in  iho  Eacunal  la  painted,  aecina, 
oy  Mr.  Waddilowi'a  dcacriplion  uf  il,  lo  roaeinble  nearly 
that  iu  'Im  lirpvrial  l,il>rary  at  Vienna.  In  aevcral 
partieiilara  Iho  h|(urea  liear  aoine  likencaa  to  tlioae  in 
the  plate  which  I  have  publialied.  Tho  li|{urpa  marked 
D,  which  induced  me  lo  conieeture  thai  Ihia  )>aiiiiiii|r 
miiihl  Ini  a  trihute-roll  aimiiar  lo  Ihoao  pnlilialinl  by 
Purchaa  and  the  Archhialinp  of  Tolciln,  Mr  WudJilove 
auppoaca  to  bo  aigna  of  daya  :  and  I  have  audi  coiill- 
donco  in  tho  accuracy  of  hia  ohaurvatinna,  aa  to  con- 
clude hia  opinion  lo  be  well  fuondi'd.  It  apficara,  from 
Iho  charaelara  in  which  Iho  ei|ilaiialiuna  of  the  tiuurra 
are  written,  that  thia  curioua  monument  of  Moicun 
art  haa  bean  obtained  aoon  after  >hu  conqueat  of  tliu 
F.mpiro.  It  ia  aingiilar  that  it  ahoiild  never  havo  been 
mentioned  by  any  Spaniih  author. 

NoTi  riBl]  p.  Ifta. — Tho  fira',  waa  ollod  the  Prince 
af  the  Doathful  l,ancn  \  tho  aecunil  tho  Oividor  of 
Man  ;  the  third  thu  .Shoddor  of  Uluod ;  llio  fourth  Iho 
Iiord  of  tlie  Dark-houae.     Acorta,  lib.  vi.  c.  39. 

Nora  (IB3J.  p.  IM  — Tho  leinplo  of  Choluta,  which 
wa.i  deemed  moro  holy  than  any  in  Now  Spain,  waa 
llknwiae  tho  moat  conalilcraMo.  I)ut  it  waa  nolhiii|{ 
mora  than  a  mount  of  aolid  earth.  According  to  Tor- 
quomada,  it  waa  above  a  quarter  of  a  league  in  circuit 
at  the  Inae,  ami  roae  to  the  lioii(ht  of  lurty  fiiihnuw. 
Mon.  Iiid  lib.  iii.  c.  II).  Even  M.  Oliivl|{ora  ackiiow- 
ledgea  that  all  Iha  Meiican  teinplca  were  KoliJ  alruc- 
lurea,  or  earthen  moim*a,  and  of  cortacqurucu  cannnt 
bo  eonaidorcd  na  any  r  'idcnce  of  their  haviii)(  inado 
any  eoi.aiderahlo  progreaa  iu  the  art  of  building.  Clavig. 

nom  tnapecling  varloua  flguroa  of  tompica  In  tho 
IWltinga  angravrd  by  Purchaa,  there  aeema  lo  be  aoiiio 
IMMn  Mr  aiupcctin^  that  all  their  temploa  wore  con- 


MrMla4  In  I 

UIO,  Ilia. 


atofiMf.    laa  t«L  M.  D.  IIM^ 


Nofi  ( IM)  |>  IM  —Not  only  m  'tlaa^ala  and  To- 
poaaa,  hot  even  i  Mallcn  ilaelf,  Iho  houaaa  of  Iha  pe» 
llio  wara  m«r«  i.  cila  buili  with  turf  or  nnnl,  or  iko 
bramlwa  of  Iraea  They  wara  ailremely  low  and 
•lighl,  and  without  any  furnlluia  but  a  few  aarlh.'n  vaa- 
aaU.  |,ika  Iho  rndeal  Indiana,  aavaral  ramiliaa  reaklad 
uiHlar  Iha  aamo  roof,  wilhuul  having  any  aiiiarale  apail- 
inania  llerrara,  da*  %  lih,  vii  a  It  lib  i,  a,  tt 
dac.  3  lib  iv.  a.  IT.     Tari|uaiu.  lib.  IU.  a  M. 

Nota  {MAX  p.  IS4 — I  am  infiirmod  by  a  peraen 
who  laaidad  long  in  New  Hpain,  and  viailad  alinoal 
avarv  priivinaa  uf  il,  that  ihara  la  not,  in  all  iha  aiianl 
of  ihal  vaat  empire,  any  munuinrni  or  vaaliga  of  any 
building  mora  ancient  llian  the  cuni|uaal,  nor  of  any 
bridge  or  highway,  aicapl  aonia  raniaina  of  Ilia  rauao- 
way  from  (luadaloupo  to  that  gala  of  Maiu-o  by  which 
(!ortea  entered  the  my.  MM.  )M«r<  ow  'Hut  author 
of  anoilirr  acrouul  in  manuacnpi  obaervra.  That  at 
line  day  ihero  doea  nut  rainain  avaii  llio  aiualliial  vaa- 
liga of  Iho  aiialenea  of  anv  aneiant  Indian  building, 
public  or  private,  either  In  Maiico  or  in  any  proviiica 
of  Niiw  Npain  I  havo  travailed,  aata  he,  thiou||li  all 
iha  counlrira  ailjacant  to  tliein,  vii.  Naw  tiatlcia,  Nuw 
Uiacay,  New  .Maiico,  Nonora,  I'inaloa,  llie  Naw  King- 
dom of  l,oon,  and  New  Hanlaiidaro,  wilhuut  having 
obiervad  any  nionumani  worth  nuilce,  ticeul  loino 
ru.iia  mar  an  ancivnl  village  in  iIhi  valley  ifa  f 'aaiu 
tlraiulr;  in  lat  N  3*.  4«'.  long  3M'.  W  I'lom  the 
laland  of  TciieririTa,  or  490  leiguca  N.  N.  W  fnnn 
Meilco."  He  dnacriliea  theao  ruina  minutely,  and  ihoy 
apfivar  lo  be  the  remama  of  a  paltry  building  uf  lurl 
and  atiiiic,  pluaicrrd  over  with  while  earth  or  Tune  A 
niiaaioiiarv  inlorineil  llial  ganllamaii,  that  ho  had  dia- 
cuvirril  tlia  riiina  of  another  cdiricoNiniilar  to  tho  for- 
iner,  almui  a  hundred  hiaguea  towarda  N.  W,  on  tho 
liaiika  of  the  river  Nl.  I'adro.     MM.  ;mii<«  ma. 

Thcae  teaiiinonica  derive  great  credit  fruin  one  tit- 
eiinialaiHie,  lhal  they  were  not  given  in  aup|iart  uf  any 
particular  ayatein  or  theory,  but  aa  aiinple  aiiawara  to 
qucriea  which  I  had  pro)ioaod.  Il  ia  probable,  how- 
ever, that  whan  ihaae  gcnllamon  aaaerl  tnal  no  luina  or 
monumcnia  of  any  ancient  work  whatever  aro  now  to 
be  diarovarad  in  Ihn  Me.vican  empire,  they  meant  that 
there  were  no  auch  ruina  or  moiiiiinenta  aa  coiivayad 
any  idxa  of  grandjui  or  magiiiHcani'e  in  tho  woika  of 
lie  ancient  innabilanta.  For  il  apiwara  Arom  tho  taali- 
niony  of  aeveral  Mpaniah  auihora,  that  in  Oiuniba,  TUa- 
cala,  (Jholula,  die.  aorna  vealigca  of  aiiciant  buihiinga 
aro  atlll  viailile.  Villa  Hegnor  Thcatro  Ainer.  p.  I4il. 
308.  399,  l>.  Pran.  Ant.  l,oreniana,  formerly  Arch- 
hialiop  of  Meiicn,  and  now  of  Toledo,  in  hia  introiluc- 
lion  10  that  edition  of  Iho  (.'arlaa  do  Itelacion  of  Cor- 
tea,  which  he  nubliahed  at  Meiico,  inanliona  aome  ruina 
which  aro  atill  viaible  in  aevcral  of  the  lowna  through 
which  Curtoa  paaaed  in  liia  way  lo  the  capital,  p.  4,  Ac. 
Hut  iTutthor  of  Iheao  authora  givea  any  deacription  of 
llirin,  and  thny  aoem  lo  bo  ao  very  inconaiderable,  aa 
lo  ahow  only  that  aome  buildinga  had  once  Iwen  there. 
The  large  mount  of  earth  at  Cholula,  which  the  Npa- 
niarda  digiiilled  with  the  name  of  leinple,  atill  roinaina, 
but  williout  any  atefiaby  which  to  aaceiid,  or  any  lacing 
of  atone.  Il  appoara  now  like  a  natural  mount,  covered 
with  graaa  and  ahruha,  and  poaaibly  it  waa  never  any 
tiling  morn.  Tonjuein.  lib.  iii.  c.  19  I  have  recoived 
a  ■ninute  deacription  of  Iho  remaina  of  a  temple  near 
(^ucniavaca,  on  the  road  from  Meiico  to  Acapi  Ico. 
It  ia  coin|ioapd  of  large  alonca,  Atted  lo  each  otnor  aa 
nicely  aa  ihoao  in  tho^buildinga  of  the  Peruviana,  which 
aro  hcrvuftor  mentioned.  At  tin  foundation  it  forma  a 
ai|uare  of  Iweiity-llvo  yarda  ;  but  aa  it  riava  m  Imighl  it 
dimiiiiahca  in  eitent,  not  gradually,  but  by  being  con- 
tracted auddcniy  at  rugular  diatancea,  ao  that  it  muat 
have  reaemlilod  Iho  Agure  1).  io  the  plato.  It  termina- 
ted, it  ia  aaid,  in  a  epiro. 

NoTR  [IU.]  p.  154 — TIm  exaggeration  of  Iho  Spa- 
niah  hiitonana,  with  reaped  lo  the  iiuinlwr  of  human 
victiina  aacrilicrd  in  iMexico,  appcara  to  Ito  very  great. 
.Vvcurding  to  Ooinara,  there  waa  no  year  in  which 
twenty  ihouaand  human  victiina  woro  net  oirorcd  to  tho 
.Mexican  Ulvinitioa,  and  in  aamo  yoara  they  amounted 
to  Ally  thouaand.  Cron.  c.  339.  Thn  akulla  of  Ihoao 
unhappy  |icraona  wore  ranged  in  order  in  a  building 
erected  for  that  piirpo^o,  and  two  of  Cortca'a  olficora, 
who  had  counted  them,  inl'ormcj  Uonuira  that  thvir 
number  waa  a  hundred  and  thirty-aix  thouaand.  Ibid, 
c.  83.  Hortcra'a  account  ia  atill  more  incrodiblo,  thai 
the  uuinbci  if  viclima  waa  ao  great,  that  liva  thouaand 


liagrta  af  iiopuUnianaaa  for  whiak  II  waa  remarkabia 
wlieii  Iha  N|iaii'anla  llrit  landed  there.     Tbia  laaaaalng 


\%  Tat>|iiamada  gooa  koyoad  kalk  hi  aaM 
ganra  |  IW  ha  aoaerta  thai  Iweatf  Ikoaaaad  aklM...^ 
•11  luaive  wf  otker  vwilma,  ware  aloogfctotad  aaaaaHf, 
Mon  Ind  lib  vu  e.  (I  Tho  moat  reipaalakia  t« 
liMrily  in  haer  nf  auah  high  numhora  lo  ikal  af  %% 
III  iraga,  Iho  Aral  Miatiop  uf  Maaiait,  who,  la  a  laltof  W 
III*  rliapiar  ganaral  of  hia  order,  A  1)  IMI,  aaaoil^ 
inai  Iha  Meikana  aariiAaad  annuallv  twenty  thoaaaaa 
vviima  Ihivila.  Teairo  >:a«laa,  IN.  In  ippiilllail 
Ki  all  Ihoao  aeanunia  U.  da  laa  ('aaaa  okaoivaa,  thai  If 
IIh  t»  Iwd  baan  aiiih  an  annual  waata  of  tho  kuaaM 
aiwrwa,  itio  ruoiilry  lould  never  have  arrived  at  Ikal 
'  impul 
N))aira 
la  jiiai.  Il  the  iiiiiiiliar  of  vwliina  la  all  Iko  | 
ui  Naw  M|ialn  liad  bean  oo  graot,  not  only  aiual  papa- 
latlun  have  boon  preyanlad  frwa  Inereaaing,  bal  Ik* 
human  rare  n'Ual  liava  been  aitorminalad  in  a  akat 
lima,  K»r  beaidea  the  waalo  of  Iho  ipaaiaa  ky  aaak 
niimernua  aaciillrea,  il  la  ohaoivablo  ikal  wkoNvaf  tka 
fate  of  eapiivaa  takan  in  war  la  ailkar  eaitaln  daalk  M 
par|MPlual  alavery,  aa  men  can  gain  noahing  by  aubaiil* 
ting  apeadily  to  aa  enemy,  ihay  alwava  raaial  to  iha 
iiiirrinoat,  anil  war  baromaa  bloody  ana  dealrurllvo  to 
Ihr  lual  di-yrre.  Ua  i/'aaaa  paaiiivoly  aaaana,  that  tka 
Miiicaiia  iiavir  aaoriAead  mora  than  Afty  Of  «  kandrad 
poraiHia  in  a  year  Nee  hia  diapula  wilk  0*tiu(vada, 
aiili|iiiurd  to  hia  llraviaaima  lUlacion,  p.  IM.  Coflo* 
d<H<a  not  ^iMi'ify  what  nuinliar  of  vwlima  waa aaariAaod 
iniiually  i  but  II  Ibai  del  Caaiillo  ralalaa  thai,  aa  la- 
iiiiiry  having  been  niaile  wilh  raapocl  to  ikio  ky  tka 
r'ranciacan  inonka  who  were  aant  into  Naw  Hpam  iia- 
inadiati'ly  after  ilia  coni|Uaat,  it  waa  found  that  about 
two  lliuuaaiid  Ave  hundred  wara  aaorittitad  ovary  youi 
in  Moiicu,  Vj.  SOT. 

Not!  {lAA).  p.  Iftfl — It  ia  hardly  naeoaaary  tooth 
aerva,  lhal  tho  IVruvian  Dlironology  la  not  only  ob- 
a4'nre,  but  repugnant  to  cuiicluaioiia  deduced  frtnn  tho 
iiHMl  accurato  and  eitenaive  oiNwrvatlona,  cuncoriiing 
tho  time  that  alapaoa  during  each  reign,  in  any  given 
auoiieaaion  of  I'nncaa.  Tho  madiiiia  haa  lioon  iound 
not  to  eaceed  twenty  yean.  According  to  Acoala  an4 
(iarcilaaau  da  la  Vega,  Huana  <)a|iac  who  died  alwul 
the  year  IftST,  waa  tho  twelfth  Inra.  According  to 
Ihia  rule  of  cumpoting,  tho  duration  of  tho  Peruvian 
monarchy  oiigb'  not  lo  have  been  reckoned  alwva  two 
hundred  and  li.->y  vearai  bul  thoy  alflim  lhal  It  hod 
aiiliaiated  four  hundrod  yoara.  Aooala,  lib.  vi.  o.  19. 
Veua,  lib.  i.  o.  9.  Uy  Ihia  account  each  laign  ia  oi> 
leiideil  at  a  medium  to  thirty- three  yeara,  inatoad  of 
twenty,  tho  number  aarartained  by  Mir  iaoae  Nawlon'i 
obaervationa )  bill  ao  imperfect  were  tho  Peruvian  tra> 
diiiuna,  that  though  tho  total  la  lioldly  niarkod,  Iha 
number  of  yoara  in  each  raign  la  uidinown, 

NoTi  [IftT].  p.  IBS— Many  of  tht  aarliael  Spaniah 
writera  aaaerl  Inal  tho  Peruviana  oiTored  human  aacri- 
Acea.  Xarea,  p.  190.  Zarate,  lib.  i.  e.  II,  Acoala,  lib. 
v.  c.  19.  Ilut  Uarcilaaao  do  la  Vaga  conianda,  lhal 
though  Ihia  Itarbaroua  practice  prevailed  among  thoir 
unciviliicd  ancualota,  it  waa  totally  aboliahedliy  tho 
Incaa,  and  lhal  no  human  victim  waa  ever  olTered  in 
any  temple  of  the  Sun.  'Hiia  aaaartion,  and  Iho  plauai' 
ble  reaaoiia  with  which  he  coiiArma  il,  ate  aiirttciont  to 
r<.rute  the  Spaniah  writera,  whoae  accounia  aeoin  to  bo 
fuuiulcd  eiiiiiely  upon  report,  nol  upon  what  thoy  them- 
aelvea  h,ul  obaervod.  Vega,  lib.  ii.  c.  4.  In  ono  01 
thoir  feaiivala,  the  Peruviana  oHertd  cakea  of  broad 
moiaioned  with  blood  drawn  from  Iha  anna,  tka  ay*> 
hrowa,  and  iiuaea  of  their  children.  Id  lib.  vii.  e.  9. 
Thia  riio  may  have  lieen  derived  from  their  ancient 
practice,  in  their  unciviliiud  alale,  of  aaciiAcing  buuMD 
victiina. 

NoTi  riAS]  P  IM— Tho  Spaniaila  ha*a  idoutml 
both  iho^ia  cuatoma  of  the  ancient  Peruviana,  'rhey 
havo  proacrvcd  aome  of  tho  aquedueU  or  canala,  mada 
in  tho  daya  of  the  Incaa,  and  hava  mada  now  oiioe,  byi 
which  they  wator  every  Aeld  that  thov  eullivato.  Ulhw 
Voyage,  torn.  i.  433  4T7.  They  liiiowiao  eontinuo  la 
u>o  gHiiiin,  or  tho  (*ung  of  aea-fowla,  aa  manure.  Ulloa 
givoa  a  doacriptijn  of  Iho  alinoat  incredible  quantity  ol 
II  ill  Iho  amall  klano'a  near  tho  coaat.     Ibid.  481. 

NoTK  [IftOJ.  p.  IflO.— Thn  temple  of  Cayainbo,  tka 
|ialaco  of  llio  Inca  at  Callo  in  tho  plain  of  t«iralungai 
and  that  of  Atun-Cannar,  ore  deaerilwd  by  ll'lua,  toni 
i.  380,  Ac.  who  inapected  them  wilh  great  care.  M. 
do  CoiidaiDine  jiubliahnd  a  curioai  mcinoi/  soucainiiig 


RnPiRTiflN'*  NIITORV  OF 


Mk  it 


A.  D.  iM*.  r  m. 


lA   •).  « 


U^MMHiMk  M  MV  •••••I  •Jff*»  (••••  |P*W^IWI*  ••• 

w4  <miipiioi«lw»»»»lw>p>iii*4olw«t«i^ 


Wl>W«>Hlll»   Oltk   IMyMI  ••  ••••Ml  HHMMMIHIIIM  tl  tia 

MWtWM    t^NNTMM.  wkMlt  iMn  Ml  Wmi  —»I»I>»iI  l»f 

MH  ^•••f  aw  Af«t*Hl»  ■•  I'Hm4*- 
•<  Mm  MWiwit  ISfiitMn  IWfti(W«i)>MM, 
wIimIi  «nf«  ItkawM*  oafk*  •(  irr*i  •iwiit  xi-i  an^klitf . 
Tmh  I  Ml  'tkmm  •«M»iiiM<n(N  Mnxk  til  iImm 
tlwiiun  I  Ik*  imt  ttm  •!  ih*  (kmn*  whwli  ik«  httw- 

VMM  MI|ll«)tMi  M  (MM  •(  IkWf  iMtMllHT*  AcMl* 
UMi  vlMII  wm  Nlinv  fc««  lung,  •ifhtmn 
n4  M  kl  llMkMM  I  ml  yt,  ka  «U«,  ilwl  in 
MM  M  UiiMa  iksM  «af«  (MMa  ••MMHianbly 
ll  w  <m»iil»  M  •Mratra  Imk*  iK«  l'«fH«iaM 
M»M  ■■•«•  iImMi  m4  i*M«  IMm  In  Ik*  k*i|lit  r>>n  vf 
MmI**  IkM.  Tm  miinil  •invmatttwo  w,  ika  hopM- 
fcnin  nf  tka  ISfuftM  t«t,  •km  (^il'-l  i"  owkH.g  in 
Umkaf.  Mr  Ik*  (mIwihi*  •«!  fpr«<>tnnr«  ntiunj  ui 
AiMfMiiw,  ttan—  Hwv  !<■  Iwniwi  ihId  »»y  akafn, 
■wnlf  ky  nthkniil  «»  •(•inal  MHHlwr.  w  by  iIm  uaa 
•f  kM*k«M  w  mW  MiMniniMii*  miil*  u(  •tun*  ^  but 
«Mk  iwk  rii4*  umI*  kttla  fra«r*M  ••»  Iw  nw<l«  in 
Mrpntry.  Tkn  H*ni«i«n*  rimM  no*  ntMtiia  iwit 
kllWH  ld|Mk»r,  «•  ()«•  wiy  <l»||n*  o(  unwn  uf  tukilily 
•■  imf  inwk  •■iii|i«i»<  ot  liiimvi  Ai  ih«ii  mukl  not 
(krm  •  ••Ml*,  riwT  ofm  la<«IW  iiiw 'iimintoil  wiik  iIm 
Mn  0(  afrkn  in  kuikllng  ;  not  ««ii  iha  M|wnuh  •iilkora 
•awi»i«»  h»w  Ikay  «••'■  •M*  m  fNi««  •  iwf  l<M  Umm 
•nwil*  Mniriure*  wkirk  thtfy  faiMnt. 

i'lm  ikiril  «iri<iiin«i«n«»  la  a  ilriliinf  pnmf,  wkirh  all 
IIm  inuhuiiiriila  of  Ihw  I'rriifiana  fiiriiiah,  u(  ihoii  waiil 
9f  iiigiMMMly  aiMl  invDiitHHi,  a<'i'tHii|i«nip«l  wiih  itatirtH^n 
■•  Im  aaliMiwhiiiil      Nihm  »•  the  alunaa  ainiMynl  in 


nHMka  warv  fafiiiMi  inui  an*  panwwlai  at  uiiilbnn 

ik«|ia,  okink  aiHikl  ramlur  Ihmn  III  lot  baing  «ii«i|iMU4 
•■(•Uwf  in  huiMlnK.  Tk*  Indiana  iiiok  warn  aa  ikny 
%ll  ham  Iha  iiwumaina,  ur  wan  raiaaii  aiil  of  tka  ijiiar- 
Haa.  Mama  laara  a>|iMra,  aoina  Inantnilar.  aoma  «••> 
*•■,  aoma  ■••naava.  iliair  art  ami  inJualry  «ara  aw 
fioyti  m  )«lnki|  ikam  lofaihar,  by  running  auch  ho)- 
WW*  I*  tka  ana  aa  iwrfarlly  aofraapaniliiil  la  Ilia  pnjaa- 
linna  ar  namfa  in  lb*  Mhar.  'I'hla  ladwiM  oparatmn, 
wklck  nii(kl  nan  h««n  aa  aMily  anfniuMS  t)  aJ*|ilin|| 
Iha  aurfaca  a/  tha  atanaa  la  aaik  othar,  riihar  by  ruk> 
king,  or  by  ihair  hau-kvU  a(  rnfiMr,  anraU  ba  liaamarf 
imrwlifcl*,  if  ll  wara  nat  pal  bayand  4oukl  by  initMal- 
1*11  Ika  laiiMina  of  thaaa  buikling*.  It  givaa  iham  • 
vary  atnguUr  *p|iaaran«a  t»  a  Kurapaan  aya.  Thaia 
h  na  ragular  layn  ar  atralum  af  buiUwig,  and  na  ona 
Mana  iMamUaa  anathar  in  ilimanaiona  or  fonn.  At 
Ika  MHM  liiM.  by  Ika  paraavaring  but  ill-dinclad  imlua- 
Ify  af  thp  Indiana,  lk«y  an  all  loiiwd  wilb  thai  minuta 
lianaj. 


nicaiy  wkick  I  ban  ntanlianaj.  tllkta  nuda  tkiaoli 
•aryaliM  coiicarning  Iha  farm  of  iha  alonaa  in  Iha  lur- 
Maaa  af  Alun-Cannar.     Vot  i  p.  WT.     I'anilo  gi<aa 

•  aimda*  daaeriptian  af  iha  larlraaa  of  CuMo,  ilia  inoai 
paifail  af  all  Ika  Fsru«ian  woflia.  !2apala  MH.  fiut 
■M.  Amarding  la  M  dal'andaniina,  than  iiwn  nga- 
lar  ainia  of  building  in  aoma  parla  uf  Alun-Cannar, 
which  ka  nmarka  aa  aingular,  and  aa  a  proof  of  aoaia 
IKOgnaa  in  Improvamaul. 

Nan  IIM]  p.  IM. — Tha  appaannea  of  Ihoaa 
WUlKoa  which  band  wilh  lhair  own  walghl,  wa«a  with 
Iha  wind,  and  an  rooaidaraMy  agitated  by  the  mulion 
af  amy  panoii  who  paaaaa  along  them,  la  very  lri||ht- 
ful  at  Aral.  Uul  tha  Mpaniarda  hiife  found  thain  lo  ba 
Um  aaaiaal  mode  of  paaaing  tha  lornnla  in  I'eru,  over 
whirh  11  would  ha  dilHeuU  lo  throw  mon  aolid  atruc- 
tuna  either  of  ttona  or  limber.  They  form  thoa* 
banginK  bridKea  ao  atrung  and  broad,  Inal  loadad  mulct 
■aaa  alaiig  ihaia.  All  Ikia  trad*  of  Cuico  ia  raniad  on 
mr  maana  of  each  t  bfidga  oyer  tha  nvar  Apurimao. 
UUoa,  torn.  i.  p  WW.  A  man  aimpla  conlnvanea  waa 
^■[ilayad  in  paaaing  aawllef  atnama:  A  baakol,  in 
whwh  Iha  traveller  waa  placed,  being  auapandad  from 

•  aliang  ropo  ainlchad  acroea  Iha  atraam,  il  waa 
fnikti  ar  drawn  from  ona  aide  to  tka  othar.     Ibid. 

Nora  flSI]'  P'  IM.— My  information  with  rcepact 
!•  Ibnaa  eventa  la  lalien  from  Xuliei*  trtt4  de  la  eipe- 
^ion  mililar  de  Hinora  y  (^inaioa,  au  eiito  felii,  y 
tmlojoeo  eatadu,  tn  i|iir  por  conaecurnlia  de  eilo,  aa 
hu  puealo  anibaa  provinciaa,  publiabed  at  Mexico, 
Jiiiw  17th,  ITTl,  in  order  to  aatiafy  Iha  curioeily  af  Die 
■Hchuti,  whr  bad  futuiiliad  ihn  ticaiojr  with  oMHajr 


Ibt  dB*MM  Ika  aapaMa  al  Ika  MaMiM«4     Tha 
laplii  a<  Ikia  H0<»i»  aaa  vary  naa  M  Ma4fld  i  kal  I 

eau  ikMa  annaaa  laaie  la  ika  pnMv.     Aavutding  la 


.„.,„^  m  gretn  af  gakl  af  twenty  iwa  aarata,  wkirk 
weighed  aiaiaon  nwrka  tanr  auneaa  Itmt  uekavaa  i  ikta 
waa  aani  la  NpalH  aa  a  pwaaiil  tt  tar  Ika  king,  awl  la 
na«  dapaailad  M  Ik*  royal  aakinat  al  Madrid. 

Nan  IIM|  p.  IM  — Tk*  uneaHainiy  af  fff*- 
phera  «Mk  r«>|M<il  M  Ikie  pami  la  ranMrkaMa,  br  i:ar< 
tea  taama  In  Kava  aMfveyrd  lit  t^oa^la  with  great  aaau- 
raey.  Tka  An  kbiahop  of  i'nl«da  haa  pabliikad  Amm 
ika  arlgiiMl  in  ihe  mMaeawuK  of  Ike  Nar<)iNe  del  Valta, 
tka  ihaeendani  u>  I'ariea,  •  maa  drawn  In  IMI.ky  Ika 
pilul  IkmMnga  Caalilkh  in  whMk  ralifurni*  la  lent 
•lawn  aa  a  paninaula,  aintaliing  out  nearly  m  Iko  aama 
direelion  wki«k  le  now  given  la  it  m  Iko  boel  maae  i 
and  iha  pmnt  when  HIa  llokKad*  amen  tha  gulf  la 
marked  wHk  praaielon,     Hiet.  do  Nuova  l^pagno,  MT. 

N»fillM,|p,  IM— I  am  kidaktad  br  iMalhalla 
M  l/Ahfca  Haynal,  inm.  lit,  IM  i  and  upon  canealllnf 
an  inleiiigenl  iierwMi,  long  aeilled  an  Iha  Maei|ulla 
ahuve,  aiul  who  haa  been  niigaged  m  the  logwood  Irada, 
I  Uml  lint  ing«nw<ta  aiiiiiurlMa  been  well  Intarined 
Thu  IngwatHl  aiil  near  Iha  town  of  Hi  franeiaof  ('am 
peaehy  la  of  iniieh  heller  iiiiality  than  that  on  the  otk  >r 
aida  uf  Viiraian'  and  iho  Kngltak  Irade  in  the  llav  of 
liondiiraa  i<  almoat  al  an  eii>l. 

Nova  ( IM  ]  p.  IM— P,  TarribIa  da    lUnovante, 

ar  Molalinaa,  kaa  aniwnented  len  cauaea  of  Ika 
rapid  dapopulatian  «f  Mrttro,  to  »hich  ho  givea 
Iko  name  of  tha  Tan  (■taguea.  Man*  of  ihoae  an  not 
pK'iilier  to  tJMt  pnivinea.  I.  'I'he  iiilimluelian  of  the 
email  |aii.  'Hiia  duaaea  aaa  Aral  Imxiglit  lulo  Nvw 
Niiain  m  Iha  yaarlMU,  by  a  Negro-alave,  who  ailaiided 
Narvaea  in  rue  eapoilitmn  ogainvt  (.'ortea,  Turrihw 
alllriiia,  Ikal  ona  half  of  Iho  noupla  in  Iho  pruvinraa 
vieiied  with  Ihie  diaumper  died.  To  thie  inonali*/, 
orraaMNied  by  Ihe  amell  pal,  Toti|iiemad*  ad>la  Ike  de- 
airurllvo  elbcte  of  two  conlagMxie  diatempera  wkifli 
ngad  in  tka  year  IMA  and  lATR.  In  the  furim* 
MU,INW,  in  Iha  latter,  above  two  milliona  periahetl,  ac- 
laiding  lo  ••  eia«t  acfounl  taken  by  order  of  tka  vwr 
mf  Man.  Ind.  I  Ml  'fht  amall  poi  waa  noi 
inlrodiiead  into  I'vrii  for  eeveral  yeara  alter  iho  inveeimi 
vf  Uie  Mpaniarde ',  but,  than,  loo,  that  diatemparjiroard 
ver,  Sul  I J  tka  ntlivaa.  Uarcia  Origin,  |k  m.  1.  'IIm 
nuiiiiiera  wno  were  allied  or  diea  oi  lamina  In  Ikeii  war 
with  the  N|iaiiiarda,  particularly  during  Iha  alage  of 
Meiieo.  >.  The  gnat  faniiiio  that  rallowed  after  Iha 
leduction  of  Mxawo,  aa  all  iha  pruple  engaged,  either 
on  one  aula  or  other,  had  negleclad  Ihe  riilllvation  of 
Ikeir  laiida.  Houtetbing  ainiHar  to  ihia  haiipeiwil  in  all 
tha  other  eouiilnea  eo<K|Uered  by  tliu  Mpeniarda. 
4.  The  erievnua  laaka  iinpoeed  by  Ine  Sjieniarda  upon 
tlia  people  helunging  to  their  Hepartimienlua  A.  i'ha 
oppreaaive  burden  ill  laiee  which  they  wera  unabia  lo 

r,  and  from  which  they  could  hope  for  no  aiemplion. 
The  nuinben  employed  in  colhKling  the  gold  carried 
down  by  Iha  tamnta  from  tha  inouiiuina,  who  wen 
farced  from  their  own  habiutiiiia,  without  any  pro- 
viaion  made  fur  Iheir  eubeiatence,  and  aubjected  to  all 
tlie  rtgor  of  cold  in  tlioao  elevated  ragwix.  7.  The 
iinmeiiao  labor  uf  rebuilding  Meiicu,  which  Oortee 
urged  on  with  auch  prri'ipilaie  eidor  aa  doelroyrd  an 
iiwredibia  number  ol  p<ia|ila  I.  Tha  nunilier  of 
|ie Jide  condemned  lo  atrvituda,  under  varioua  pnleiu, 
and  employed  in  working  Ihe  ailvrr  minea.  Tlieie, 
marked  by  each  propriatur  with  a  hot  nun,  like  kia 
cattle,  wera  driven  in  lirrda  to  Ihe  mounlaina,  9,  Tha 
nalura  of  ili«  labor  to  whK^it  tliay  were  auiijected  there, 
llie  iioiioua  vapoura  nf  tha  minea,  the  culdneaa  of  Iha 
climate,   and    aoareity  wen   ao    fatal,  that  Torribio 


alBrma  tha  country  round  aaverel  of  thoaa  minaa,  jiar- 

iiago 
Ihe  air  corrupted  with  Iheir  ati'iich,  and  au  many  vul- 


licularly  near  (Jiiaiago,  waa  co*er<Hl  with  dead 


n,  liar- 
bndiaa. 


tuna  and  othar  *oracioua  birda  hovered  about  for  their 
pny  liiat  tha  aun  waa  darkened  with  their  flight. 
10,  Tha  Hpanitrda,  in  Iha  diHerent  ri|HNliticiia  which 
the*  undertook,  and  by  Iha  eivd  ware  which  they  car- 
ried on,  dealroyad  many  of  Iha  nativee  whom  Ihey 
compollod  lo  aorva  them  aa  Tamrmti,  or  camera  of 
burdeiia,  Thia  lul  nwle  of  oppiva<ian  waa  particu- 
larly ruiiioua  lo  ib<i  Peraviana.  From  lli*  nuinliar  of 
I'idiana  who  poriahad  in  Oonialo  Piiam'a  eipedition 
into  Iha  couiilriaa  to  tha  aaat  of  tha  Andea,  ona  may 
form  aoma  idea  of  what  Ihey  auHbred  in  aimiUr  ear- 
vicea,  and  how  faal  they  wera  waated  by  tham.  Tor- 
ribio, MS.    Cocita,  in  hi*  Brara  y  thimiiuri*  Ralieioa, 


•apaeHy  la  rakna,  k« 
oveiluak  ok'.iaua  a«4 


Nat*  ( IM|  •  IM  —  A  atiMff  proof  af  ll 
lit  Iha  leetameaf  af  laakella,  ahere  aha  dieritvere  Ika 
nioet  lender  aoneern  tar  Ik*  humane  and  rndd  eaaga  «l 
tka  Indiana  'IVaa  laodaWo  rentlmenia  af  iko  i|Naaii 
kava  kaan  adopted  m  Ika  pakke  law  af  Hpain,  and  aarva 
•a  Ika  mtrodiMtlaii  ta  tka  ngalatlane  cMtaiMd  »«|N 
Ike  iiihi  fJ/iAe  food  rrearawal  axilla  Mmo*.  Naa* 
pd.  Ilk,  VI.  UI.  I. 

N*ri|l«Tl  p.  IM— U  Ika  aavMMk  Ti4U  M  *• 
Aral  kaak  af  Ika  Woepiiaaiea,  wkleh  aaMUM  Ika  l»«N 
Mnaammg  tko  pawara  *nd  fWaaiMM  af  (rakktakap* 
and  klahaiii.  almad  a  ikird  part  af  iliem  letiia*  la  wM 
%  tnaiimkawl  epon  Ihem  aa  gitardtana  of  iha  IndioMt 
ind  pamla  aut  ike  vanotie  nwihtnle  in  whirh  ll  le  IMW 
duly  la  inlarpaea,  in  nnlar  to  defend  ikain  rram  appn* 
awn  ellkar  wiik  raepeel  I*  ikeir  pareune  nt  propert*. 
Not  oidy  M  Iho  lawa  aammit  lo  ikem  thia  haaankw 
and  kiimano  oMWe,  kul  tka  aaalaala«tiaa  af  AwatlM 
aetiially  eierrlee  it 

IniienMnMe  proofa  af  ikle  migkl  bo  prodiiaad  floM 
Npanlah  awlhora.  Mut  I  rather  lefer  i»  Uaga,  aa  ka 
waa  nal  dlafmaed  la  aerrilie  any  incril  la  llw  papwb 
alervy  la  wktek  ihey  wen  mi  l\illy  eiililled.  Murvey, 
p.  UI.  IM,  Ae.  Henry  llawka,  an  tingliak  mf 
rhani,  who  naideil  Ave  yean  in  New  Npain  pnvNme  ta 
Ihe  year  Ift7l,  givee  Ike  eemo  hvunlde  aceoant  af  tha 

rnak  akrp.  Ilaklayl,  ill  4M.  Ilv  a  law  af  Ckaria* 
not  only  kialwpa,  hut  other  eecleaiaaliea,  are  *m> 
pawartd  ta  inform  and  adimmiah  Ihe  civil  aiMietrala% 
if  an*  Indian  la  daprlted  of  hia  piat  lilierly  ami  rigkla 
H'r.,,iiiae.  Ilk.  VI.  III.  VI,  li'v  14  and  thua  wen  eai»i 
elitiiled  legal  proiectora  nf  ihi<  Indian^.  Noma  of  tk« 
Njiaiiiah  aeelaataaiwa  refuaeil  In  uranl  abwihiliail  to  auek 
of  iheir  eaunlrvinen  aa  immu -m',!  HnnimithiiM,  uti 
"onaidered  the  ImlMna  aa  alavi  •,  ur  mipluod  tham  la 
working  tkair  miaea.  Uona.  Uevil.  Teatru.  Kcelaa,  k 
157. 

Nnri  [IM).  p,  IM.— According  to  (lag*,  Vtmfm 
doa  Indue  eanlaina  4000  familiee  ;  and  ha  mantloiia  M 
ofily  ae  ona  of  Uw  laigeel  Indian  towiia  in  Aiaanaa,  p> 

Nut*  (IM.)  p.  IM— ll  la  verv  ililllrult  la  ablain  f 
accurate  nrcuuiil  of  the  elate  ol  iMi|julaiiiw  in  ikaa* 
kliiKdunia  of  Kiimiie  wliere  th<i  police  le  iiioei  parla*l| 
aiid  where  acieiice  haa  made  Iho  iireateat  prngreaa.  Is 
Npaniah  Amarw*,  when  knuwliilge  i*  aiill  in  It*  in- 
fancy, and   few  men  have   Iriaiira  lo  engage  in  ra« 

irchea  meri'lv  apeculalive,  liiile  ailenlion  haa  liaei 
mmI  to  llue  curiuiia  iiupiiry,  Uut  in  tha  year  1741, 
lliilip  V,  enjoined  ihe  viceroya  ami  govarnora  of  th* 
aeveriJ  proviiicee  in  America,  to  make  an  acliial  aurvey 
uf  Ihe  iM'ople  under  Iheir  jurialiotion,  and  lu  iranMBM 
a  report  coiiceriiiiii^  llieir  nuiiilnir  and  uccupalioiia.  In 
ciinwi^umico  uf  Ihia  order,  the  (-'cmile  de  Kuen-t'lara, 
Vicerov  uf  .New  .S|miii,  ap|ioinled  1)  Joe  Antonio  da 
Villa  Hrgnnr  y  Naiiche*  to  eiceuie  that  cummiaaieii  la 
New  Spam.  Kruiii  ih*  raporte  of  tha  magiatrataa  in 
the  aeveral  diatricta,  aa  well  aa  from  hia  uwii  obear**- 
lioiia  and  lung  aci|uaiiit*nca  wilh  moat  of  tha  pro- 
viiici<i,  Villa  Nrgiiur  puhliatind  the  leaull  uf  hia  in- 
i]iiiriva  ill  hie  Trulrn  AmtrHano.  Ilia  raport,  however, 
(•imperfect.  Of  the  nine  iliueoaaea,  into  which  tha 
Mciican  cmniia  haa  been  divided,  he  haa  publiabed  aa 
accoiiiil  of  Ave  only,  *ii.  ilia  archbithop  uf  Meiico, 
Iha  hiahoprica  of  l>uebla  d*  loa  Angelee,  Mcchoaean, 
Oaaaca  and  Nova  (lalicia.  Tha  btahopriaa  of  Yu- 
catan, Verapai,  Cliiapa,  and  aualimala,  an  eiitinly 
omitted,  though  the  two  latter  conipnhend  countnaa 
in  which  the  Indian  race  ia  mora  numeroua  than  in  *uy 
part  of  New  Spain.  In  hia  aurvey  uf  iho  eileneiva 
dioceaa  of  Nov*  (iaiicia,  the  aitualioii  of  tlie  dillcraat 
Indian  villagea  ia  deacribed,  but  he  •|ieciliea  the  num- 
ber of  peopTa  only  in  *  email  p*rt  of  ii.  Tha  IndioM 
of  that  •>'.*na  iva  province,  in  which  Iha  Spaniah  domi- 
nion ia  imperfectly  eatabliahed,  an  not  ngiatared  with 
the  aamo  accuracy  aa  In  other  parte  of  New  ,Spam.  Ae 
cording  to  Villa  hogtior,  tha  actual  atata  of  populallM 
in  the  nva  diaea**a*  *bo**  mentioned  ia  of  Hpaniuri^ 
oegroaa,  ■alaitoa*,  tod  maatiso*,  in  Um  dioc»***«  u£ 


L 


•nOTN  ANftmrv 


Ik  Ti4h  M  ik» 
iMMM  lit*  km» 

I  wtaiM  w  «lMl 
•(  Ita  llhlMMt 
ohlirll  It  M  UMM 
■IN  rroM  I 


i|>l<i«ail  Itwm  ia 
mUs.  ICoalw.  k 


ItaaMiA 

UA«9itM 


Al  Um  r*M  •(  *••  I*  •  temily,  lU  Mitl 
U'f  M 


Ewn  MiilMt 


ilw4MMM*IMMI«n 


MM* 
T,«M 

IM.rM 


IIMII 
M,IM 

44,  m 


4,MI 


Al  ika  MM  •/  **•  la  »  hmlly,  lU  l<i<*l  MmbM  M 
|,4TI,tM  Wa  in*y  nly  »ilh  iirMt  ••ftaiiit;  u«  IhM 
MWfMtelWn  lif  iha  niimlMf  •(  ImImm,  ••  i>  M  l*k*M 
turn  Itm  tl»lrnul»,  or  rMMt>f,  •rturrfinf  M  «kl«h 
IIm  Olkulp  fMat  hy  'k>iii  !■  >«ll««l*4,  A»  lout  iufmmt 
•(  MM  *n  iM»Uy  ttiniiiMl,  »wl  M  tiMI  •(  Nov*  IttiMM 
Mto  iMHnlMf*  •»  iiii|i«tlMily  nMnM,  «••  in»1  '•hi- 
•MsUmi  iIw  numlMi  ul  MwM  MUMM«SM*n*M|Hni 
•um4*  )«•  intllMiw 

'riM  tnnxmt  •>  Uw  niimlMf  at  H|MiilMit*,  *«  —VM 
■•t  M  b*  niutlly  •'•mpM*  <)(  iMity  pluw,  VitU 
■•gnaf  atwafiM  in  (•iwial  l«nn*,  that  aanni  Hp». 
IMnia,  MgtiiM,  and  iiaat>la  of  mlixl  rwa,  malrfa  ikara, 
«mImu«  f*itimt  iMii  iMtmtMr  If,  liMifalW*,  wa 
■ak*  alloaaiwa  Uh  Itiaa*,  anri  tot  all  wha  raanlad  In 
IIm  Iimi  iliwaaaaa  umiilatl,  Um  nvnika?  of  HpanMrda, 
•Ml  af  Ihaaa  at  a  miiail  m;  nMy  imhaMy  anMMnt  Ut 
•  millwn  ami  >  "M  l>>  wma  (ttaaaa  Villa  NafnM  dia 
lin|iilahaa  bataiMn  N|ianMnla  ami  Ih*  lima  iiilaniN 
•Haa  af  nrfraaa,  miilalluaa,  ami  maatMaa,  ami  niailia 
Ikatt  KUtiitixf  aa|ianlal«  lliil  ha  ganaially  liUmla  Ihaiii 
taHaOwr.  Uiil  ttam  liw  (watiailian  aUarvalila  in  iImm* 
|4itraa,  wkart  Iha  numbar  af  aaah  M  nMrkad,  ••  w*ll 
•a  iMm  Iha  aavtHini  al  Iha  lUla  W  pa|iMlaiMm  in  Naw 
•aain  ky  alkaf  aattiafa,  II  M  Mtaiwill  Ikal  Iha  numbar 
ai  nagtaaa  anil  paraona  af  a  mUa4  raaa  far  aiaaaili 
tlial  al  Htianiania  l^rhaf*  llM  laDar  uit||hl  mil  lo  ba 
rvckeiiMl  abava  MIO,(M0  la  a  Millienaf  Iha  forinar 

ttafaalifa  ••  ihia  accauni  may  ba,  I  Uia  nol  baan 
■bla  la  pHMiira  aueh  Inlalllyaiica  (ancantini  Iha  num- 
bar uf  |MNi|ila  in  I'aru,  aa  mighl  anabl*  ma  lo  fumi  any 
•anjrcluia  «.|ually  aalMfylna  with  raafiarl  lo  Uw  d«||r»a 
a(  ila  ui|mUlMMi  I  ha«a  baan  iiilurini'd  llwl  in  lh« 
jraar  IT0I,  lh«  imilrclar  of  iha  Indiana  Intha  nicaroTtlt; 
a(  l*aru  romtiiilal  Ihal  •It.TM  paid  tribtiM  la  Ilia  illii|| 
Aa  all  faniaka,  and  iiatMna  umlar  ana  ara  aaainiitad 
fram  thia  lai  in  I'aru,  Iha  total  iiuiabar  ef  Indiana 
•uakl  l>;  Ikal  ■rrouiil  tu  Im  1,44U, IVO.  MM.  f«M«  mi. 
I  ahall  niantion  amMhar  mud*  by  which  ana  inay 
tampulii,  or  V  laaal  fonn  a  |uaaa  roncaiiiinf  Um  aUla 
at  pu|nilalwn  in  Naw  H|iain  and  Fnru.  Acoardin(|  lo 
til  accouiil  which  I  hara  naaan  to  conaidar  M  aceu- 
lata,  Iho  numbar  of  copiaa  of  Iha  bull  of  Crutada  at- 
porlMl  lo  Heru  on  carh  naw  |iub(iealian,  it,  1,171,003; 
In  Naw  Npain,  S,ll4tt,  3M.  I  am  inrorincd  thai  but 
law  Indiana  |iun'hiiii«  bulla,  ami  lhal  Uiay  arc  aaU 
chially  lo  thn  N|ianiah  Inliahilania,  and  Ikoao  ol  inilxl 
Itca  ,  ao  lhal  Iha  iiuinhar  of  Npaniardi,  and  |>*0|4a  of 
a  initad  nci>,  will  aiiioiinl,  by  Ihla  iiiada  a(  cuniputt- 
liuii,  la  at  laait  thra*  miliiont. 

The  nuiiilwr  uf  inhabiltnia  in  many  of  thn  lowna  in 
Hiianith  Aiuarict  may  ||i«i>  ut  toiiia  idea  of  iha  aitvnt 
ol  pnpulatiun,  and  correct  iha  inaccurate  but  papular 
noliuii  antarttincd  in  Ureal  llritain  eunccrniiiK  tlie 
wrtk  ami  tli'toltte  itata  of  llmir  culuniea.  The  city  of 
Meiieu  conlaiiia  at  trail  lAU.IMM)  iM-iuile.  It  it  reintrk- 
ihle  lhal  Torc|ucinaila,who  wrote  hia  Imimar^ma  litdtatu 
tboul  the  year  1013,  rrckona  the  inabilanti  of  Maiico 
tl  that  lime  to  be  onl*  TOOO  Npanwrda  and  8000  In- 
diana. Lib.  iii.  e.  M.  Tuebit  d«  loa  Anaelea  con- 
Itin*  above  611,1)00  Npanitrda,  and  people  of  t  miiod 
net.  Villa  N«Knor,  p.  MT.  lluadilaitra  eontaina 
tbava  90,000  eiclutive  of  Indiana.  Ibid.  ii.  S06.  Uiiia 
roiilaina  64,000.  I)e  Coaina  Bueno  Ueaer.  de  Peru, 
1784.  Ctrllit|[en«  cuiittina  86,000.  I'oloai  conUina 
16,000.  Hueiio,  1707.  Poiiaytn  eontaina  tbofe 
10,000.  Ulloa,  i  M7.  Towna  of  a  aecond  claa*  are 
Mill  mora  nuinaroua.  The  cilie*  in  Iha  moat  thriving 
••tllamanta  of  other  Kuro|iean  iiationa  in  America  ctii- 
Ml  bacompared  with  Ihvte, 

•imIi  ara  the  detached  aecounta  of  the  number  of 
feafta  ic  imni  towna,  wbiob  I  feuod  tttuand  ii> 


•MlM««lM»lllM«MtMMeK>Ta(emtil      ll<i«  I  Wea 
•kiainad  aa  amwwMiiaa  a(  ik*  ii,k*k.i«Ma  •(  ika  mwim 
m   Mm  MfMwa  •«  t^na,  an  Ike   arnxraei  at  whi.k 
I  aaa  rMy  ,  tad  I  •ammiileai*  H  i"  >ka  pihlH'    kMh  lu 
^niify  »iip«*My,   and  la  ra*'**  liw  muMk^n  ri««i«ti 
•  liiih  I  kaw  iMMifWad      ••<    »'«ii*n»H  4a  tJiiM«»an 
laina  halwxn  M  <n>l  HO  iMNI  ,,r»fila  nf  all  Ik*  ililAinni 
ra««a.     H«>i<l>aik«  ii>ii,>hi*r«  am  in  ika  I  Wrrf (moMa 
Iwanlv  <iin«  <«r«4  or  paii'liaa  aalaklxhad  In  ike  p<ln 
mpal  •illafea,  aa>k  »(  wliirh  haa  tnMllar  kamlaia  da- 
iNiii,lin(  u)ii,n  il      Tlia  iiihahiUnte  ai  Ikaaa  ara  iniMilv 
Ihilxna  ami  iineiiina      m.  loan  da  Paaln  h«al>»i»»«ii 
4  and  IWOil  inkalHlanIa,  ka*(4aa  Iweatireaian  depawi- 
eat  viUaiae,     Ml    Miguel  da  Ihana,  TWO  atttaena  ami 
Ian  Tllla«ee      1'ka  diairlal  at  Naealla,  katweaa  14  ami 
10.000  Mapla      Tka  dtaWat  at  Taeaaa,  balweaa  10 
and  11,400     llw  dwirirl  al  Amkala,  katwean  4  and 
to  400,  baatdae  aillaan  depawlin*  tlllagae      Tba  a Ity 
a(  NMhainka,  between  14  and  fl>,4nO  liikabilania,  and 
nine  deiienilina  villafee      Tka   dialrwi  of  I'kifflha,  be- 
Iween  A  tnd  MlOO      Die  >liy  of  ll>iaT*<|'iil,   from  14 
In  10,000  InkatHlanIt,  tnd  hmrtean  ileneiuliiM  vilhi(*e 
The  dMlrirl  uf  Aliiael,  Ulwean  6  and  4000  inhakiiania, 
and  four  ilaiiendiiic  tllla^aa      The  iily  of  ritenta,  be 
tweeii  46  ami   40,000  inkaktiania,  and  nine  pupuhma 
dependmn   villanae     itie  inwn  of   l,«ia,  frmn  4  to 
10,000   Inktiiilaiita,  anal  ftxirleen   deii*ndiii||  villa^^a 
Tkia  degrae  of  (nipulalinn,  Ihnugh  •leinlar  if  we  ran- 
t,Je*  the  vaal  eilanl  at  the  eatiniry,  le  far  beymHl  what 
la  cemmmilv  au|i|ineed      I  have  amlllad  tu  ntenlHm,  In 
Ila  pm|ier  piaie.  thai  IJiiitii  la  Ike  anly  imviitre  in  N|« 
man  Anirnra  ihal  ran  lie  ilenninina'ed  a  inannrti'liitiiig 
caunlry  i  kale,  vutlim  tliilfa,  and  euarae  wmillan  rlmhe 
are  mtda  Iher*  in  aiirh  ((uantltMa  aa  la  be  aufllrienl  not 
only  for  the  rananniplion  of  Ih*  provlnre,  hut  lo  nirniah 
a  rniiaiderahl*  ailiiila  for  aipnMtlian  In'i  other  fiarta  iif 
N|Hini«k  Ainefiia      I  linaw  not  whether  Ih*  unrnininiHi 
iiidualry  of  Out  protini*  thaiihl  bMeiMiaidenil  aa  iha 
rtiiae  or  the  elTerl  of  ita  populotianeaa.     Hut  among 
Ihi'    n«lrntali»ua    Inhahltaiila  of  Iha  New   World,  the 
|iaui<in   lor  every  thing  lhal  rninea  finni  l)iiru|ia  la  to 
vluleni,  that  I  am  informrd  iha  manufai'turea  of  (4uilo 
are  ao  much  undervalued  at  to  ba  on  Iha  decline. 


p.  141  — Theaa  tr*  etithlithed  ti  the 
-Mt   lk>miM||o  in  the  iiltml  ol  llit- 


followiiiL  , 

naiiiola,  Maairo  in  Naw  Npain,  l.iiiia  in  IVru,  Panama 

!-  T-  -■  -■  


Nvri  (I7t)  a 
>ru  tnd  Chill  Irm 


Peru 


N<rr«  (170) 

iiig  plai' 

a.  Mam 
In  'i'lerra  Kirine,  Xantitgn  in  (luailintla,  (luadalaiara 
in  New  (laliria.  Mania  V*  in  lb*  New  Kingdom  of 
firanada,  I,a  Plata  in  tha  roiintry  of  I^m  Chtreaa,  Hi 
Kranritco  d*  (Juiio,  Nt.  Jtgo  ile  Thill,  lliienoa  Ayret 
To  each  of  ihrt*  are  aubjerlrd  trveral  large  praviiwri, 
tnd  •oiiiK  to  far  removed  from  Ihe  ciiiea  where  the 
■'niirta  ara  Aied,  that  they  can  derive  lillle  benefit  from 
their  )uriadielion  Tlie  N|ianiah  writera  rominoiily 
reckon  up  twelve  Couttt  of  AudieiMia,  bul  they  include 
thai  of  Mtniltt,  in  tha  Philippine  ialtnda. 

161 — Ontecounl  of  the  diateneeof 
'mm  Rpain,  tnd  tha  dilAcultv  of  carry- 
ing commodltiet  al  tuck  bulk  ta  wine  and  oil  arruaa 
thn  itthmua  of  Ptnamt,  the  N|ianiardt  in  Ihoae  proviiicea 
hive  been  permitted  lo  plant  vinea  and  olivra  :  bul 
they  are  tlnclly  (Mruhihiird  from  ri|iortiiig  wine  or  oil 
10  any  of  the  provincra  on  iho  Parilic  Oi'ean,  which 
art  in  aiich  t  ailuttion  aa  to  receiv*  them  from  8|iam 
Keen.  lib.  i.  tit.  ivii    I.  16—14. 

NoTi  [173].  p.  163. — Thia  com|Mitatinn  wit  made 
by  llentoni,  A  U.  1660,  flny-eight  yeara  after  the  dia- 
cuvrry  of  America  llial  NoviOrbia,  lib  iii.o.  31.  Hut 
aa  llenioni  wrote  with  ihn  apirit  of  t  nialvconlant,  dit- 
iiflied  lo  drtrtcl  from  Iha  Niiiiiitnia  in  every  |iarticular. 
It  it  probtble  thtt  hit  ctlnuUtion  la  conaidenbly  too 
low. 

NoTi  [178]  p.  168. — My  information  with  rrtpecl 
to  Ihe  diviiioii  tnd  Irtnainiation  o(  property  in  Ihe  Spi. 
niah  coloniea  ia  imperfect.  'I'he  Spaiiith  authori  do 
not  eipltin  thia  fully,  tnd  htve  not  (lerhtpa  attended 
tufllciently  to  tha  enecta  of  their  own  iiiatilutiona  and 
lawa.  Solomno  da  Jure  Ind.  (vol.  ii.  lib.  ii.  I.  16,) 
eipliina  in  tome  metture  the  inlrodu'-lion  of  the  tenure 
of  MayyiiangOf  and  meiilloiit  tome  if  lit  ctrectt.  Villa 
Segnor  takea  notice  of  a  tinijular  canaiM|iionre  of  it. 
He  obaervea,  that  in  aom*  of  Ihe  beat  aituationt  in  Iha 
city  of  Meiico,  t  good  deal  of  around  it  unoccupied, 
or  covered  only  with  Ihe  mine  ol  the  houtrt  onco  erec- 
ted upon  it ;  kihI  arfila,  thai  aa  Ihit  ground  it  held  hy 
right  of  Mtiycraago,  and  caiiiiol  bo  alienated,  that  de- 
tolaiion  and  thma  ruioi  bacomo  parpatual,  Tatlr. 
Aiatr.  ToL  i.  p.  S4, 


flaw  I  f  rOp  9.  l^^^"^lafo  •  oAnw  mm  i 
('maiat  fi'im  HlK>*a  ai>ke(  >iad  »•  Mtlaalaaii*  Iki  A* 
aMiirary,  ikara  «««  many  f'ade'aa.  wkivk  ita amiwew4 
iK*  «Mibirrt,tg  pla«ee  al  Iruti  MMlia»niHiHat»ly  »w  IkO 
aalivaa  at  Mpam  and  Anwriaa  ll«ianrKiil  y  rig',*NO 
IWrvrha,  A«    |,   4,  4.      H*il,  ntttwiihaiaeiting  aaah  r* 

r .rated  r*vm««matHlaiiM«i«,  pnt*imm»i  in  t'mMal  every 
ina  It  **Hif,-rr*d  wi  native  *lpaniard«  A  ramaika^'O 
aniaf  at  ihia  la  |ifi«|ii«td  ky  Ih*  a<ilk«f  Ual  iiualajL 
V'wn  III*  dwavary  al  America  la  Iha  year  laOr,  ikreO 
htiivlrail  and  aiiiynit,*  hitlMpe,  iif  arf kbiahHp*,  kavo 
tieen  ajii'iiiMid  iM  Ik*  diltarant  dtiifetea  In  lUat  vaiiiaa 
Ivy,  and  uf  all  tkal  numtier  eiijy  twelve  war*  rreulea 
p.  40,  'fkia  pvadilMlioii  kif  tlmajMana  teeNH  tidl  !• 
vaniinNa.  Ily  a  ruyal  mandate,  laened  M  IT7<k,  iko 
ikapier  af  Ik*  eatkeditl  af  Metiea  M  direeied  la  mrnita 
nail  ^liinmaian  eeeleetaetia*  at  kmtWM  men'  fd  akill- 
Ilea,  ikti  Ik*  Niaf  may  tpptiat  tham  la  •up), )  ita  nA 

Nari  (i7a|.  p.  143.— Madenia  ta  Ikl*  IHbal*  imy 
appear,  eiiek  la  Ihe  eiireme  |iavvflv  iif  the  Indian*  in 
many  pfiwiiH-aa  of  America,  thai  111*  eiaeilitg  ef  il  10 
Hilitieialily  iMiMaaetve.  Pegna  llMai.  par  Paiuek*a  4* 
liidiu*,  p,  IN, 

Nirra  1 174).  p.  140.-  In  Naw  Npain,  oa  aernuni  <4 
ika  viiraurdinary  metil  and  tervieee  uf  the  hrai  cnm 
i|uer»re,  aa  well  aa  the  tmall  revenue  ariaing  from  iho 
auiintry  prevwiie  ta  lb*  diaeuvery  ef  Ihe  minca  "I  )**• 
rateiaa.  III*  rwiautadaa  were  grantwl  ht  Ikrea,  an4 
atHnaliinea  lar  (am  livee.  Keeopil  lib,  vi,  IH.  M.  c, 
14,  Aa. 

NiTTl  (I77|.  p,  14a.— D,  Am,  rUo*  ronlemla,  iM 

working  in  minea  la  not  noiioiia,  tnd  aa  a  prwil  "f  UiiO 
infurma  iia,  Ikal  ntany  Meaiiioa  and  liuliatia.  wkii  da 
not  belong  In  tny  Urpartiitiienlu,  viiluiiiarily  hirr  Oii'in- 
aelvea  aa  ininera  ;  ami  tevfial  at  Ihe  Inditnt,  when  11.0 
legal  term  of  their  tervic*  vipiret,  euiitmue  In  work 
Ml  Ihe  ininea  uf  chuire.  Knittlta,  p.  ',146.  Uul  hia 
opinimi  i-unreriiMig  Ihe  wliolvaoiiiviieee  uf  thieiM-'rupa- 
lion  le  I'onlrary  tu  the  eiperienee  of  all  agea ,  ami 
wherever  men  are  illurad  by  high  wagee,  they  will  eiy 
gai^e  in  any  apeeiea  of  lalwr,  however  laiigmng  a,  pal- 
nieluiia  It  may  be,  Il  Hern,  f'arillu  Alttmiianoralalaa 
t  eiiriiiut  fart  inrom|ialihle  wiih  Ihla  iipiiinHi  Whara 
vi'r  ininea  ara  wniiigbt,  aaya  lie,  Ihe  niiinbtr  ul  IimImim 
ilecreaacei  but  In  llia  pruvinee  of  ('am|ieachy.  wliofo 
there  are  no  ininee,  Ih*  niini'iei  uf  Imlitiit  haa  ira.'raaaail 
iiiiire  than  a  third  tinea  Ih*  roiiipieal  of  Anieriia,  Ihuugb 
heiihnr  ih*  toil  nor  clinitia  he  to  (atorabia  aa  in  Peru 
or  Meiico.  Cullierl  Cullrri  In  enollier  memorial 
prrtentail  lo  Philip  III.  In  the  year  I4UU,  (.'aptam  Juan 
llonialae  da  Aievedo  aaaerta,  lhal  in  every  diainci  ol 
Peru  where  tlie  Indiana  are  ruiii|a'llrd  lo  falMjr  in  Iho 
miiiea,  iheir  nuniliera  were  rrduitd  lo  Ihe  half,  and  in 
aome  placea  to  the  third,  of  what  it  wti  umler  Ihe  vii'O* 
roytlty  of  Don  Kftn.  Toledo  in  IMI.     Colb.  (Called. 


Not!  [174]  p  Ita — At  labor  nf  thia  kind  eaiimM 
lie  pretcrihed  with  legil  accuracy,  the  laaka  aeeui  to  bo 
III  a  great  nieaiiire  arbitrary,  and,  Ilka  Ih*  teiviceaoi- 
tcted  by  feudtl  iu|v'(iora  i«  einra  fralo,  aut  a\nta, 
from  Iheir  vattala,  ire  eilreiiiely  hurdenaoiiie,  indolten 
winlonly  oppreetiv*.  Ptgnt  Inner,  fat  Ptrochee  do 
Indioe. 

NoTi  1 170].  p.  163  —The  tuni  of  tervic*  known  m 
Peru  by  the  iiaiii*  of  .Wi/a  it  rtllad  1'anda  in  New 
Npain.  There  it  conliniiea  no  lunger  than  t  week  at  a 
tune.  No  |>eraaii  ia  called  to  terv*  al  t  grctler  dit- 
lance  from  hia  lithiltiion  than  34  inilea.  Tnia  arranga- 
meiit  It  leaa  op|iretBive  to  the  Inilitna  than  that  etta- 
bliihed  in  Peru.  .Mrmorial  of  Hern.  Carillu  Altinii 
rtno.    Colbert  Collect. 

NoTi  tiaO].  p.  169.— Tha  tirongett  proof  aT  tkli 
mty  It  deduced  from  tho  lawa  themaelvat.  Oy  IIM 
multitudt  tnd  vtricty  of  regultliuni  to  prevent  tbuaaa, 
wu  may  form  tn  idea  of  the  number  uf  tbueee  ihtl  pra^ 
vtil.  rhough  Iha  Itwa  have  witely  provided  that  no 
tnditn  ahall  na  obliged  to  aervt  in  any  mine  at  t  greiltr 
dialtnca  from  hit  piece  of  retidt>"-r  than  thirty  milet ; 
we  era  informed,  in  t  nir.  ul  oi  '  Hcrntn  Ctrillo 
Alltininno  preienltd  I  the  \m};,  Uta.  iha  Indiana  al 
Peru  ara  often  comptl'.'l  :,  '^.rve  ifi  m,  ea  tt  the  dia- 
tance  of  a  huiidrrd,  .  fi.  nclr'ii  una  liii ,  and  even  two 
hundred  leaguua  fro.'.  'a<ii.'  li<ibil).iion.  Colbeil  Col- 
lect. Many  minea  i"  ukJ  in  pan t  of  ilie  caunlf)r 
ao  barren  tod  to  diti«u'  iii'i.i  itu'  '^.dintry  htbililioM 
U  Iha  ImUaoi,  Ibat  dw  na«tiai>y  at  praauiiog  I  ' 


RODERTBON'S   HlflTORY  Of 


f 


m 


10  work  than  hu  obliged  tk*  Spiniih  inoaarcbi  to 
AMDonM  with  thoir  own  ra|(uUiion>  in  Mvaral  iiiat:inc», 
•no  to  |»0rtnit  tho  %icoroyi  to  uoinfwl  th«  |wo|)l«  of  iham 
rviiioto  |ir<>>iiii'ii«  10  rotort  tu  iIiom  iniiux.  Kicalon* 
Uttopliyl.  Piirub.  lib.  i.  e.  It.  Uut,  in  juttic*  to  lh«iii, 
U  ilMuui  b«  obMrvnl  tint  ihoy  havo  Miin  •tiiilioiia  to 
tiltviiitt  thii  uppraMJon  *•  much  ••  potiilila,  by  aiijoiii- 
iou  llw  «icaioy(  to  employ  <«cry  metiiotl  In  orilcr  to 
iMucv  th*  liiiliant  to  Mttln  m  toiiia  ptrt  of  Ihs  country 
tdjMWii  to  iIm  nuu«.     Id.  ibid. 

NoTi  [lai].  p.  103.— TorqiMmtdi,  (ftor  a  long 
•nuiiwrilioii  which  haa  tliu  aiipaaraiice  of  a<^ciir«cy, 
cuiicluiiaa  Iha  number  of  inoiiaalariaa  in  Now  Spam  to 
U  four  buiHiml.  Mon.  Ind  lib.  lia.  e.  33.  'I'he 
numborof  Monaatariaa  in  Iha  city  of  Mexico  alone  waa, 
in  tha  year  1746,  Afty-fiva.  Villa  Segiinr  Thcat.  Amor, 
i.  S4.  Itlloa  rackona  up  fort*  conventa  m  Lima  ;  and 
OMintioning  Ihoaa  fni  nuna.  lie  aaya  that  a  amall  town 
might  ba  peopled  out  of  tham,  the  number  of  poraona 
ahut  up  tbtre  la  ao  great.  Voy.  i.  4)U.  Philiii  III.  in 
•  letter  to  the  Viceroy  of  Peru,  A.  U.  103U,  uliaorvea, 
(hat  the  number  of  conventa  in  Mma  waa  ao  gruit,  timt 
they  covanid  mure  ground  than  all  the  rcat  of  the  city. 
Solon,  lib.  iii  e.  3».  n.  ST.  Lib.  iii.  c.  16.  Tor- 
qufin.  lib.  XV.  c.  3.  The  firat  inonaatery  in  New 
Spain  waa  founded  A.  D.  153S,  four  yeara  only  after 
iba  coiii|ii«al.     Tura.  lib.  iv.  o.  16. 

According  to  (III  Ooiiialoi  Davila,  the  complete 
aalabliahinuiit  of  the  Ameilcan  church  in  all  thu  Spa- 
niah  •ettlvmeiita  waa,  in  Ihn  year  1010,  1  patria:  ,;!i,  0 
•rchbiduipa,  33  bialiopa,  31U  prulienda,  3  alibota,  fi 
royil  cliuulaina,  840  conventa.  Tealro  Eccleaiaatico 
de  laa  Ind.  Ucuidunt.  Vol.  i.  Prof.  WIkmi  tho  order 
of  JoauiU  wta  ainelM  from  all  the  Spaniah  dominiona, 
Ihu  colleiiea,  profftd  houaoa,  and  reaidencea  which  it 
noaaeaaed  in  the  province  of  New  Spain  were  thirty,  in 
Quito  aixtoon,  in  the  New  Kingdnm  of  Oranuda  thir- 
teen, in  Peru  aevcnteen,  in  Chili  eighleon,  in  Paraguay 
miinioan  i  in  all,  a  hundred  and  twelve.  Colloctioii 
Uaiieral  da  Providenciaa  haata  aqui  lomadaa  aobre 
•atranamento,  tie.  de  la  Cumpagnia,  part  i.  p.  19. 
The  number  of  Jeauita,  piicati,  and  novicea  in  all  theao 
iu.ounled  to  SS4S.     Ma.  pena  iiu. 

In  the  year  1644  thu  city  of  Mexico  preaentod  a  peti- 
tion 10  the  king,  praying  that  no  now  monaatory  might 
lia  founded,  and  that  the  revenuea  of  thoae  already 
aatabliahed  might  be  circumacribed,  olhurwiao  the  rcli- 
gioua  houaoa  would  aonn  acquire  the  property  of  the 
whole  country.  The  petitiunnrs  roiucst  likewise,  that 
the  bialiopa  might  bo  laid  under  reatrictiona  in  confer- 
ring r.ily  ordora,  aa  there  were  at  that  time  in  New 
Spain  above  aix  thouaand  clergymen  without  any  living. 
Ibid.  p.  16.  Theao  abuaca  inuat  have  been  enormoua 
iiiileod,  when  the  aupenliiion  of  Amnrican  Spanlarda 
waa  abocked,  and  induced  to  xoinonatrate  againat  ihuin. 

NoTi  [183].  p.  166. — Thia  deanrlption  of  the  mnn- 
nara  of  the  Spanith  clergy  I  should  not  have  ventured 
to  give  upon  tho  tcsliinony  of  ProlcsUnt  authors  alone, 
M  they  may  be  auapected  of  prejudice  or  exaggeration. 
Qaga,  in  particular,  who  had  a  better  opoortunlly  than 
any  Proteatant  to  view  the  interior  atato  of  Spanish 
America,  deaciibea  the  corruptiun  of  the  church  which 
he  had  forsaken  with  so  much  of  tho  acriinuny  of  a  new 
convert,  that  I  ahould  have  distrusted  his  evidence, 
though  it  communicatoa  aome  very  curious  and  striking 
facta.  But  Benioni  inentinna  the  prafl'|;acy  of  occle- 
alastina  in  America  at  a  yety  early  period  after  tlieir 
aottleraent  there.  Hist.  lib.  ii.  c.  i9.  2U.  M.  FrczlMr, 
an  intelligent  obaerver,  and  zealous  fur  his  own  rvlijjion, 
pai.lta  the  dlaaolute  mannera  of  Iho  Spanish  eccleslaa- 
tica  in  Peru,  |>articularly  the  regulars,  in  stronger  colors 
than  I  have  employed.  Voy.  p.  81.  31.'>,  <Stc.  M. 
Qentil  confirms  this  account.  Voy.  i.  34.  Correal 
coneura  with  both,  and  adds  many  rninarkable  clrcum- 
ata.icea.  Voy.  i.  01. 15.^.  IGl.  I  have  Kood  reason  to 
baliave  that  the  mannera  of  tho  regular  clergy,  particu- 
larly in  Peru,  are  atill  extremely  indecent.  Acosta 
himacif  acknowledges  that  great  corruption  of  mannera 
bad  been  the  conaequence  of  permitting  monka  to 
*  furaake  the  retirement  and  discipline  of  t|ie  clolater,  and 
to  mingle  again  with  the  world,  by  undertaking  the 
ehilge  of  thefndian  parishca.  De  Procur.  Ind.  Salute, 
lib.  IV.  c.  13,  &c.  Ho  mentiona  particularly  those 
vicaa  of  which  I  have  taken  notice  and  considers  the 
tamplationa  to  them  aa  so  formidable,  that  he  Icana  to 
the  ooinion  of  those  who  hold  that  the  regular  clergy 
ahbold  not  bo  employed  as  pariah  priests.  Lib.  v.  c. 
to.  Even  the  advocates  of  the  regulars  admit,  that 
miuiT  and  great  enormities  aoounded  among  tho  monks 
tt  difliiroat  orders,  when  act  free  from  the  reitraiiit  of 


monaatio  diaci|itina )  and  from  the  tone  of  their  dabnca, 
one  may  conclude  that  the  charge  brought  againat  them 
waa  nut  dastiiutv  of  truth.  In  the  Kri'iirh  coloniea  ihfl 
slate  of  the  regular  clergy  ia  nearly  the  same  aa  in  Ihu 
8|iaiiish  aatllttinnnta,  and  the  saina  consaiiiioncea  have 
followed.  M.  Diet,  anperior  of  the  a<<cuiar  priasta  in 
Cayenne,  iiii|uiroa,  with  no  leaa  an|Miarance  of  piety 
than  of  candor,  into  Iho  causes  of  this  corruption,  and 
imputes  it  chielly  to  the  oxcnipliun  of  regulars  from  the 
Jur>s<liction  and  censures  of  their  dlotesaana ;  lo  the 
tiiinptaliona  In  which  thev  are  exposed ;  and  lo  their 
engs^iiig  in  commerce.  Vny.p.  U3i).  It  is  remarkable, 
lii.it  all  lliu  aullinis  who  censure  tliu  liccnlliiiianuas  ol 
the  .Spanish  regulara  with  the  greaiest  seventy,  concur 
in  vindicating  tha  conduct  of  the  Jianita.  Kotmed 
under  a  diaeinllna  mora  perfect  than  that  of  tho  other 
monsslic  orders,  or  animated  by  that  concern  for  the 
honor  of  the  aocicty  whi<'h  taltos  suL-h  full  |)oaaaaaion  of 
every  member  of  the  order,  the  Jesuits,  both  in  Mexico 
and  Peru,  it  ia  allowed,  maintain  a  moat  iiToproachable 
decency  of  inaniieri.  Kreiier,  333.  Oentil.  i,  3t 
The  aaino  praise  is  likewise  due  to  the  bishops  and 
moat  of  the  dignifind  clergy.     Krei   Ibid. 

A  volume  of  the  Uaieito  de  Mexico  for  tha  years 
1739,  1739,  1730,  having  bean  commiinicatMl  to  me, 
I  And  thera  a  atrikiiig  conlirmalion  of  what  I  have 
advanced  concerning  tlie  apirit  of  low  Illiberal  auperali- 
tlon  prevalent  in  Spanish  America.  Krom  the  iiewa- 
pspara  of  any  nation  one  may  learn  what  are  the  ob- 
jecta  which  chiefly  engroaa  its  attention,  and  which 
appear  to  it  most  interesting.  The  Uaxolte  of  Mexico 
ia  Ailed  almost  entirely  with  accountn  of  roligioua  func- 
tions, with  descriptions  of  procesii.i-i*,  consecrationa 
of  churchea,  buatlAcations  of  aaiiits,  Icativals,  autos  de 
fe,  dec.  Civil  or  commercial  alTaira,  and  ave<i  tho 
tranaacliona  of  Europe,  occupy  but  a  amall  corner  in 
this  magaxine  of  monthly  intelligence.  From  the  titica 
of  now  booka,  vbich  are  regularly  inserted  in  this 
Oaietle,  it  appoara  that  two  thirds  of  them  ara  treatlaei 
of  acholaatic  theology  or  of  monkiah  devotion, 

Nora  [183].  p.  104. — Soloraano,  alter  mentMnmg 
the  corrupt  morala  of  aome  of  the  regular  clergy,  Vki'H 
that  caulioua  roaerve  which  Iwcamo  a  Spaniah  layman 
in  touching  on  a  aubjoct  ao  delicate,  givea  his  opinion 
very  explicitly,  and  with  much  firmness,  against  com- 
mitting parochial  chargea  to  monka.  He  jimducca  the 
lestiinony  of  aeveral  respectable  authors  of  his  country, 
boih  divines  and  lawyora,  in  confirmation  of  hia  opinion. 
De  Jura  Ind.  ii.  lib.  iii,  c.  10.  A  alrihing  proof  of  the 
alarm  excited  by  the  attempt  of  tho  Prince  d'Eaijullachc 
to  exclude  the  regulara  from  parochial  cures,  ia  con- 
tained in  the  Colbert  collection  of  papera.  Several 
memorials  were  presented  to  the  king  by  tho  procura- 
tors for  thu  moiiaalic  ordera,  and  ropliea  were  made  to 
Iheae  in  name  of  the  aecular  clergy.  An  oagor  and 
even  rancorous  spirit  ia  manifest  on  botti  aides  in  tho 
conduct  of  this  dispute. 

Note  [184]  p.  164— Not  only  tho  native  Indiana, 
but  the  Mettizoi,  orehildren  of  a  Spaniard  and  Indian, 
were  originally  excluded  from  tho  prieathood,  and  re- 
fused adinlsslon  in'.o  any  religious  order.  But  by  a 
law  issued  Sept,  38th,  1588,  Philip  II.  required  tho 

firelatea  of  America  to  ordain  auch  moatlzoa  burn  in 
awful  wedlock,  aa  they  should  find  to  bo  prupurly 
qualiliud,  and  to  permit  them  to  take  the  vowa  in  any 
monaslory  where  thoy  hid  gone  through  a  regular 
noviciate.  ICecopil.  lib.  i.  tit.  vii.  I,  7.  •Some  regard 
seems  to  have  been  paid  to  thia  law  in  Now  Spiin; 
but  none  ir,  Peru.  Upon  a  representation  of  tlii.'  to 
Charles  II,  in  thu  year  1U97,  he  issued  a  now  edict, 
enforcing  tho  observation  of  it,  and  professing  his 
desire  to  have  all  his  subjects,  Indians  and  mestizos, 
as  well  as  Spaniards,  admitted  to  tho  enjoynienl  of  the 
same  privilegos.  Such,  however,  was  the  aversion 
of  thu  Spaniards  in  America  lo  the  Indiana  and  their 
race,  that  this  eeoms  to  have  produced  little  ctfect ; 
fur  in  tho  year  1705  Philip  V.  waa  obliged  to  renew 
the  injunction  in  a  moro  peremptory  tone.  But  ao  un- 
surmounlablo  are  hatrod  and  contempt  of  the  Indians 
among  tho  Peruvian  Spanlarda,  that  the  present  king 
haa  been  conatraincd  to  enforce  the  former  edicts 
anew,  by  a  law  pubtlskod  September  11,  1774.  Keal 
Cedula,  MS.  penes  me. 

M  Clavigcro  has  contradicted  what  I  have  related 
concerning  tho  ecclesiastical  atato  of  the  Indians,  par- 
ticularly their  exclusion  from  the  eacrament  of  tho  eu. 
charist,  and  from  holy  ordera,  either  as  aoculara  or  ro' 
gulars,  in  auch  a  manner  aa  cannot  fall  to  make  a  deep 
impresaion.  He,  from  h'.s  own  knowledge,  asserts, 
"  that  in  New  8{iain  not  only  ore  Indiana  permitted  to 


partake  of  the  sa^rainant  of  Iha  altar,  but  that  InJiaa 
jiriesta  ara  so  nuineroiis  tliat  they  may  ba  counted  t> 
nundrada  ;  and  ann'H^  theao  have  hren  many  hundradi 
of  roeu)rs.  riirinini.  .mil  doviora,  anil,  aa  re|iort  goaa, 
even  a  very  learned  bishup.  At  preaent  there  ara  many 
priest  1,  and  not  a  few  reclora,  among  whom  tliare  haw 
been  three  or  four  our  own  pupila"  Vol  II.  848,dia. 
I  owe  it,  thorelure,  as  a  duty  to  the  piililic  as  well  aa 
to  myself,  to  ronsidrr  each  ol  these  |ioiiila  with  cara, 
and  lo  explain  the  rraaona  which  induced  mo  to  adopt 
tha  opinion  whirh  I  have  puhllahed' 

I  Knew  tliat  in  the  Christian  church  there  ia  no  dia 
tinctinn  ul  persons,  but  that  men  of  every  nation,  who 
embrace  the  religion  of  Jesiia,  are  equally  enlilled  to 
overjr  Chiisiian  privilege  which  they  ara  qualified  10 
racaiva.  I  knew  likawiea  that  an  opinion  prevailed, 
not  only  among  inoal  of  Iha  S|ianish  laity  aettled  ia 
Ami-rica,  hut  among  "many  ecclesiailics  (I  use  Iht 
words  ol  llerrera,  dee.  ii.  lib.  ii.  c.  15),  that  the  In 
diana  were  not  perfect  or  rational  men,  and  ware  not 
posaaaaed  of  aucli  capacity  aa  qualified  them  to  partake 
of  the  aacrainent  of  the  alta.'.  or  of  any  other  beneAi  at 
our  religion."  It  waa  againat  thia  opinion  that  Laa 
Caaaa  contended  with  Iho  laudable  xeal  which  I  hava 
deacribed  in  Booka  III.  and  VI.  But  aa  the  Biahopol 
Uarian,  Doctor  Sepulvida,  and  other  reapoctabia  accia* 
aiaatlcs,  vigorously  sup|K>rtod  the  common  opinion  con> 
ccrnlng  the  incapacity  of  the  Indians,  it  became  necra> 
aary,  in  order  to  determine  the  point,  that  tha  authority 
of  Iho  Holy  Sea  ahould  bo  interposed  ;  and  accordingk 
Paul  III.  iaauod  a  bull,  A.  D,  1637,  in  which,  afia'i 
condemning  the  opinion  of  those  who  held  that  the  In, 
diana.  aa  being  on  a  level  with  brute  beaata,  aliould  bo 
reduced  to  aervitudo,  he  declarea  that  they  were  rrafty 
men,  and  aa  such  were  capable  of  embracing  the  Cbria* 
tian  religion,  and  participating  of  all  ita  bleaainga.  M« 
account  of  thia  bull,  notwithstanding  tho  cavila  of  M 
Clavigoru,  must  appear  jiiat  to  every  peraon  who  takoi 
tha  trouble  of  poruaing  it ;  and  my  account  ia  tha  aama 
with  Ihat  adopted  by  Tornuemada,  lib.  xvi.  c,  39,  and 
byOarcia,  Orig.  p.  311.  But  even  after  thia  declaioo, 
ao  low  did  the  Spanlarda  reaiding  in  America  rata  tho 
eapacitjr  of  the  nativea,  that  the  Arat  council  of  Lima 
(I  call  It  by  that  name  on  the  authority  of  the  beat  Spa- 
niaii  authora)  discountenanced  tho  admiaaion  of  Indiana 
to  the  holy  communion  Toniuom.  lib.  xvi.  e.  30.  In 
New  Spain  tho  exclusion  of  Inuiana  from  the  sacrament 
was  atill  ii;oip  nxplliit.  Ibid.  After  two  ccnturiea 
have  elapsed,  am!  notwiih«taiiding  all  the  iinpruvemenl 
that  tho  Indiana  may  bo  suppused  to  have  derived  from 
their  intercourse  with  the  Spaniards  during  that  |)orioJ, 
we  are  informed  by  D.  Ant.  Ulloa,  that  in  Peru,  whara, 
aa  will  appear  in  the  aequci  of  thia  note,  they  aro  aup- 
posed  to  bo  better  instructed  than  in  New  .Spain,  their 
Ignorance  ia  ao  prodigious  that  very  few  aro  periiiittod 
to  communicate,  aa  being  altogolher  destitute  of  the 
requisite  capacity.  Voy.  i.  341,  dui.  Solora.  Polil. 
Ind.  i,  303. 

With  r6spect  to  the  exclusion  of  Indiana  from  tho 
prloathowl,  either  as  aoculara  or  regularr,  wo  may  ol>> 
aervo  that  while  it  continued  to  be  the  common  opinivn 
that  tho  nativea  of  America,  on  account  of  their  incapa- 
city, ahould  not  be  permitted  to  partake  of  the  lioly 
aaciamoiit,  wo  cannot  auppose  that  they  would  ha 
clothed  with  that  rnereil  character  which  entitled  them 
to  consecrate  and  to  dispenro  it.  When  Torqiiemada 
composed  hia  Monart/uia  Indiana  it  waa  almost  a  cen- 
tury after  the  conquest  of  Now  Spain ;  and  yet  in  hia 
tiiiio  it  waa  atill  tho  genoral  practice  loeicludH  Indiana 
from  holy  oulcrs.  Ot  this  we  have  thu  most  satisfying 
evidence,  Torquoinada  having  celolirHled  the  virtuea 
and  gracea  of  the  Indians  at  great  length,  aad  with  all 
the  complacency  of  a  miasionary,  ho  aiaita  as  an  oblec- 
tlon  to  what  he  had  asserted,  "  If  tho  Indiana  really 
possess  all  tho  excellent  qualities  which  you  have  de- 
acribed, why  ure  they  not  permitted  to  assume  the  reli 
glous  habit  I  Why  aro  they  not  ordained  piieata  and 
bishops,  as  the  Jewish  and  Gentile  convorta  were  in 
tho  primitive  church,  especially  aa  they  might  be  em- 
ployed with  such  superior  advantage  to  other  peraona 
in  the  instruction  of  their  countrymen!"    Lib.  xvii.  c.  13. 

In  anawer  to  thia  objection,  which  ratablishes,  in  tho 
most  unequivocal  manner,  what  waa  the  general  prac- 
tice at  that  period,  Torquemada  observes,  that  although 
by  their  natural  dispositions  the  Indiana  aro  well  fitted 
for  a  aubordinato  situation,  they  are  destitute  of  all  tho 
qualities  requisite  in  any  atation  of  dignity  and  autho- 
rity ;  and  that  they  are  in  general  ao  addicted  lo 
drunkenness,  that  upon  tho  slightest  temptation  oos 
cannot  promise  on  their  behaving  with  the  decency  aui- 
table  to  the  clerical  character.  The  propriety  of  ex- 
I  eluding  thum  from  it,  in  tbcae  arrou-.ia,  wta,  be  oU 


SOUTH  AMBRIOA. 


lilt    ihll    IlkliN 

b«  counMd  •> 
ii»ny  huiHlra^ 
H  ri!|iarl  goM, 
I  thori)  (I*  nitnjf 
rliuiii  llwra  Iwvt 
al  II  S«8,dM. 
iiblic  ••  woll  1* 
oiiiU  with  em, 
ceil  1110  la  I 


Ihcrn  U  no  dit 
cry  nution.  who 
iidly  cnliiliNl  to 
•re  quililiml  lo 
(linion  prcviiltd, 
I  Imty  Mitllsd  ia 
lltlCt  (I  UM  lh« 
IS),  that  the  In 
m,  ind  were  nol 
I  them  to  peruke 
y  other  benefit  M 
ipinion  thet  Lie 
ie«l  which  I  hero 
;  te  the  Uiehop  ol 
eepecuble  eccle* 
iinon  opinion  con- 
it  beceine  nece »• 
that  the  authority 
;  and  accordinfflr 
17,  in  which,  alMl 
held  that  the  III' 
beaati,  ahould  b* 
1  they  were  rcaby 
bracing  the  Chria- 
la  bletainga.     M( 
tlio  cavita  of  M 
peraon  who  takoi 
!caunt  ie  the  aami 
lb.  xvi.  c.  35,  in4 
tflor  thia  dcciaion, 
America  rate  th* 
t  council  of  Liine 
ly  of  the  beat  Sp«- 
liniaaionof  Indiana 
lib.  xvi.  c.  30.    In 
rroin  the  aacrainent 
ler  two  ccnturit'a 
I  the  iinpruveiiioiil 
havu  durivod  from 
iiiriiiK  that  |ioriod, 
^al  ill  I'eru,  where, 
)l«,  Ihey  aro  aup|- 
New  Spain,  their 
few  are  perinittod 
deitilute  of  ths 
Solon.    PoUl. 

Indiana  from  th* 
jilarr,  wo  inajf  ob> 
I  cuininun  opinira 
Int  of  thoir  inuapa- 
^ake  of  the  holy 
they   would  ha 
|lnh  entitlei!  ihem 
I'licn  Torquemadt 
vaa  alinont  a  cen- 
,  and  yet  in  hie 
loexcluilH  Indiana 
lu  moat  aatmfying 
araled  llio  virtuea 
ki^jtli,  aad  with  all 
Ituttsua  aiiobiec- 
Indians  really 
lich  you  have  de- 
1  aaauinu  the  reli 
lined  piieata  and 
convcrla  were  in 
ley  might  be  em* 
Ito  other  peraona 
J   Lib.  xvii.  c.  111. 
latabliahea,  in  tka 
Ihe  general  prac- 
Vea,  that  although 
Vi  are  well  Atled 
(stitute  of  all  tba 
jnity  and  autho* 
ao  addicted  to 
temptation  ana 
■the  decency  lui- 
1  propriety  of  ei» 
kia,  wi»,  ba  ab> 


mnitt  ••  wali  Juetiflad  by  aiperianoe,  that  whan  a  fo- 1 
ntgnr  of  great  erudition,  who  came  from  Npain,  con- 1 
4aiMtad  the  practice  of  the  Mexiran  churcn,  he  waa  | 
aoovineed  of  hia  inialake  in  a  public  diipulation  with 
the  leariit'd  and  inuat  rrligioua  Father  M.  Juan  dn  (ianiia, 
■nd  hia  ruiractiun  la  alill  rilant.  Toniueinada  indeed 
•.'knuwli'dgea,  aa  M.  C'lavigero  obaervea  wiih  adet,'ree 
of  aiiiltation,  that  in  liia  own  time  auine  Indiana  had 
been  admitted  into  inonaateriea  ;  hut,  with  the  art  uf  a 
diapiitanl,  he  forgo'a  lo  mention  thai 'riiri|U(>rnaila  ajic- 
Glhea  only  two  eiainplea  of  tliia,  and  takva  iiutiou  tliiit 
in  liotli  iiialancra  thoie  Indiana  had  been  admitted  tiy 
inialake.  Helying  ujion  the  authority  of  Tori)iieniii'la 
with  regard  to  iNew  .^ipaln,  and  of  IMIoa  with  regard  to 
Peru,  and  conaid  <ring  the  humdialing  depreaaioiiof  the 
Indiana  in  all  the  Mpaniahaettlementa,  I  concluded  that 
Ihey  were  not  adiiiilied  into  the  eccleaiaalical  order, 
which  ia  held  in  the  higliaat  veneration  all  over  the  Now 
World. 

Uut  when  M.  Clavigero,  upon  hia  own  knowledge 
aiaerted  facta  ao  rviiugnant  to  the  conclualon  I  had 
formed,  I  began  to  liialruat  it,  and  to  wiah  for  further 
inforiiiation.  In  order  to  obtain  thia,  I  applied  to  a 
8paniah  nobleman,  high  in  oHice,  and  eminent  for  hia 
ibilitioa,  who,  on  dilfurent  occaaiona,  haa  permitted  me 
to  have  the  honor  and  benolit  of  correnponding  with 
him.  I  have  been  favored  with  the  falluwing  answer: 
*'  What  you  have  written  concerning  the  adinisiion  of 
Indiana  into  holy  ordera,  or  into  inonaateriea,  in  Uouk 
VIII.,  ospecialty  la  it  ia  explained  and  limited  in  Note 
LXXXVIII.  of  the  quarto  edition,  la  in  general  accu- 
nte,  and  oonfurinable  to  the  auilioriliea  which  you 
quote.  And  although  Ihe  congregation  of  the  council 
leaolved  and  declared,  Feb.  13,  A.  D.  1083,  that  the 
(ircumatanre  of  being  an  Indian,  or  mulatto,  or  ines- 
tixo,  did  not  diaqiialify  any  peraon  from  being  admitted 
into  holy  ordera,  if  he  wua  poaaesaod  of  what  waa  re- 
quired by  the  canona  to  entitle  him  to  that  privilege  ; 
Uiia  only  provea  auch  onlinationa  to  be  legal  and  valid 
(of  which  Moloriaiio  ami  the  Spaniab  lawyora  and  hia- 
loriana  quoted  by  him,  Pul.  Ind.  lib.  ii.  c.  39,  were  pcr- 
euaded),  but  it  neither  provea  the  propriety  of  admitting 
Indinna  into  holy  ordera,  nur  what  waa  then  the  coin- 
moii  practice  with  ret|iect  lo  thia ;  but,  on  the  contrary, 
it  ahowa  that  there  waa  aome  doubt  r.oncorniiig  the  or- 
daining uf  Indiana,  and  aome  repugnance  toil. 

"  8mce  that  time  there  liavo  been  aomo  oxainplos  of 
admitting  Indiana  into  holy  ordera.  We  Jiavo  now  at 
Madrid  an  aged  prieai,  a  native  of  TIaacala.  Ilia  name 
ia  D.  Juan  Cerilo  do  Caatilla  Aqiiihual  Cattehuttio, 
deaceniled  of  a  caxiqiie  converted  to  Christianity  toon 
after  the  conquest,  lie  studied  the  ecclosiasticid  aci- 
ancea  in  a  auinlnary  of  I'uebia  do  loa  Angeles.  Ho 
waa  a  candidate,  nevortheleaa,  for  ten  yeara,  and  it  re- 
quired murh  interoal  before  Diahop  Abren  would  con- 
aent  to  ordain  him.  Thia  eccloaiastic  waa  n  man  of 
anexceptionablo  character,  modest,  self-denied,  and 
with  a  competent  knowledge  of  what  rolatiis  to  his 
clerical  functions.  He  came  to  Madrid  above  thirty- 
four  yeara  ago  with  the  cole  view  of  aoliciting  admia- 
lian  for  tho  Indiana  into  the  collegea  and  seminaries  in 
New  Spain,  that  if,  after  being  well  instructed  and  tried, 
they  anould  lliul  an  inclination  to  enter  into  the  ecclesi- 
astical state,  they  might  embrace  it,  and  perform  its 
functions  with  the  greateat  benefit  to  their  countrymen, 
wnom  they  could  address  in  their  native  tongue.  Ho 
baa  obtained  various  regulations  favorable  to  his  scheme, 
particularly  that  tho  firat  college  which  became  vacant 
in  conaequence  of  Ihe  cxcluaion  of  tho  Jcauits  ahnuld 
be  set  apart  for  thia  purpose.  Uut  neither  theao  rci;u- 
latioTis,  nor  any  similar  ones  inserted  in  the  laws  of  the 
Indies,  have  produced  any  elfect,  on  account  of  objec- 
tiona  and  representations  from  the  greater  part  of  per- 
aona of  chief  consideration  employed  in  New  Spain. 
Whether  their  opposition  be  well  founded  or  not  is  a 
problem  dillicult  to  resolve,  and  towards  tho  aolution 
of  which  aeveral  diatinctiona  trA  modificationa  are 
lequiaite. 

"According  to  the  accounta  of  this  ecclesiastic,  and 
the  information  of  other  peraons  who  have  resided  in 
Ihe  Sgunish  dominions  in  America,  you  may  rest  as- 
eurcd,  that  in  the  kingdom  of  Tierra  Firmo  no  auch 
thir^  ia  known  aa  either  an  Indian  aecular  priest  or 
raon<  ;  and  that  in  Now  Spain  there  are  very  few  eccle- 
aiaatica  of  Indian  race.  In  Peru,  perhaps,  the  number 
nuy  lie  greater,  aa  in  that  country  there  are  more  In- 
diana who  possess  the  meana  of  acquiring  auch  a 
Warned  education  aa  is  necessary  for  persona  who 
1 10  tho  clerical  character." 


Nen  [186).  p.  165. — Uzlari?.,  an  accurate  and  cau- 
tiona  calculator,  aceina  to  admit,  that  the  quantity  of 


eilver  which  doea  not  nay  duly,  may  ba  atalad  Ihua 
high.  According  to  llvrrera  there  waa  nol  above  a 
third  of  what  waa  eilractad  from  Poloai  thai  paid  the 
king'a  Aflh.  Uee.  8.  lib,  ii.  e.  IA.  Hnloraaiio  asserts 
likewise,  that  the  quantity  of  silver  which  is  fraudulently 
eirciilaied,  ia  far  greater  than  that  which  is  regularly 
■lamped,  after  paying  the  hfth.  Ue  Ind.  Jure,  vol.  n. 
lib.  V.  p.  848. 

NoTX  [IHR].  p.  I8S.— When  the  minea  of  Poloai 
were  discovered  in  the  year  IMS,  ti.e  veina  were  so 
near  the  surface,  that  ihe  ore  waa  easily  extracted,  and 
so  rich  that  it  was  reAned  with  little  Iroiililo  and  al  a 
ainall  expense,  merely  by  the  anlion  of  lire.  The  aim- 
pie  mode  of  roAiiing  by  fusion  slono  continued  until  the 
year  1A74,  when  the  uae  of  mercutji  in  refining  ailver, 
aa  well  aa  gold,  waa  diacoverod.  1  lioae  minea  having 
been  wrought  without  interruption  for  two  centuries, 
the  veins  are  now  sunk  ao  deep,  that  the  expenae  of 
extracting  the  ore  ia  greatly  increased,  lieaidua  thia, 
the  richneaa  of  the  ore,  contrary  to  what  happena  in 
inoal  oiher  minea,  haa  beeoino  leaa  as  the  vein  continued 
to  dip.  The  vein  haa  likewiae  diminished  lo  such  a 
degree,  that  one  ia  ainaied  that  the  Spanlarda  ahould 
poraial  in  working  it.  Other  rich  minea  have  been  aiic- 
cessivoly  discovered,  but  in  general  the  value  of  the 
orea  haa  decreased  ao  much,  while  the  eigienae  of  ex- 
Uacting  them  haa  augmented,  that  the  court  of  Spain 
in  Ihe  year  1738  reduced  the  duty  payable  In  the  king 
from  tfiiflh  lo  a  IciUk,  All  tho  ^uickailver  uacd  in 
Peru  ia  extrsctod  from  Ihe  famoua  mine  of  Guaiica- 
belica,  discovered  in  Ihe  year  IS03.  The  crown  haa 
reserved  the  property  of  thia  mine  lo  ilaelf ;  and  the 
peraona  who  piirchaae  the  quiekailver  pay  not  only  the 
price  of  it,  but  likewise  » fifth,  as  a  duty  lo  the  king. 
But  in  the  year  1761  thia  duty  on  quiekailver  waa  abo- 
lished, on  account  of  the  increase  of  expense  in  work- 
ing mines.  Ulloa,  Entrotenimientoa,  xii— xv.  Voy- 
age, i.  p.  SOS.  S33.  In  consequence  of  thia  abolition 
of  the  fifth,  and  some  subsequent  abatementa  of  price, 
which  became  necessary  on  account  uf  tho  increasing 
oxponso  of  working  mines,  quicksilver  which  was  for- 
merly sulil  at  eighty  pesoa  the  quiiital,  iaiiow  delivered 
by  the  king  at  the  rate  of  aixty  poaOH.  Cainpomanea, 
LduP.  Popul.  ii.  133,  note.  The  duty  on  gold  ia  re- 
duced 10  a  twentieth,  or  five  per  cent.  Any  of  my 
loadera  who  are  desirous  of  being  ucqu:iinled  with  the 
mode  in  which  the  Spaniards  conduct  the  working  of 
their  mines,  and  the  refinement  of  tho  ore,  will  fiiiil  an 
accurate  description  of  tho  ancient  method  by  Acosta, 
lib.  iv.  c.  1 — 13,  and  of  their  more  recent  iinprove- 
mcnla  in  the  metallurific  art,  by  Uaiiiboa  Cominent.  a 
laa  ordenanz.  do  Minas,  c.  23. 

NoTR  [187]  p.  I6S. — Man^  remarkable  proofs  oc- 
cur of  tho  advanced  state  of  industry  in  Spain  at  tho 
bertinning  of  tho  sixteenth  century.  The  number  of 
cities  in  Spain  was  considerable,  and  they  were  peopled 
far  beyond  tho  proportion  that  waa  common  in  other 
parts  of  Europe.  Tho  causes  of  thia  I  have  explained. 
Hist,  of  Oha.  V.  p.  68.  Wherever  cities  are  populoua 
that  apccica  of  industry  which  is  peculiar  to  Ihein  in- 
creaaes :  artificera  and  mnnufacturera  abound.  The 
ciroct  of  the  Amcncan  trade  in  giving  activity  to  these 
is  manifest  from  a  aingular  fact.  In  the  year  1545, 
while  Spain  continued  to  depend  on  ita  own  industry 
for  the  supply  of  its  own  colonies,  so  much  work  was 
besjHiko  from  the  manufacturera.  that  it  was  supposed 
Ihey  could  hardly  finish  it  in  less  than  six  years.  Cam- 
pom,  i.  406.  Such  a  demand  must  have  put  much  in- 
dustry in  motion,  and  have  excited  extraordinary  ef- 
forts. Accordingly,  wo  aro  informed,  that  in  tho  begin- 
ning of  Philip  11. 'a  reign,  Ihe  city  of  Seville  alone, 
whore  the  trade  with  America  centered,  gave  employ- 
ment to  no  fewer  than  16.000  looms  in  silk  or  woolen 
work,  and  that  above  130,000  persons  had  occupation 
in  carrying  on  these  manufactures.  Campnm.  ii.  473. 
Uut  80  rapid  and  pernicious  was  the  operation  of  tho 
causes  which  I  shall  enumerate,  thatbcforo  Philip  HI. 
ended  his  reign  the  looms  in  Seville  were  reduced  to 
400.     Uztarix,  c.  7. 

Since  tho  publication  of  tho  first  edition,  I  have  the 
satisfaction  to  find  my  ideas  concerning  thii  early  com- 
mercial intercourse  between  Spain  and  her  colonies 
confirmed  and  illustrated  by  D.  Bernardo  Ward,  of  tho 
Junto  de  Cometcio  at  Madrid,  in  his  Prui/icio  Ecano- 
mico,  part  ii.  c.  i.  "  Under  tho  reigns  of  Charles  V. 
and  Philip  II."  aaya  he,  "  tho  manufactures  of  Spain 
and  of  the  Low  Countries  subject  to  her  dominion 
were  in  a  most  nourishing  state.  Those  of  France  and 
England  were  in  their  infancy.  The  republic  of  tho 
United  Provincea  did  not  then  oxial.     No  European 


power  but  Spain  had  colonlaa  of  an/  value  in  Iha  Naw 
World.  Spai.i  rould  aupply  her  aetilamenia  there  wiik 
Ihe  proiliicliona  uf  her  own  aoil,  Ihe  fabrica  wrought  by 
the  hands  of  her  own  artiaina,  anil  all  aha  received  ill 
return  for  Iheau  belonged  lo  herself  alone.  Tlien  lb* 
exclusion  uf  foreign  manufacturea  waa  proper,  liecauaa 
it  might  bo  rendend  elTerliial.  Than  Spain  might  lar 
heavy  dutiea  upon  goods  eiported  to  America,  or  im- 
ported from  it,  aiurmighl  inipuse  what  realraiiila  aba 
deemed  nio|ier  U|)on  a  cummcrce  entirely  in  her  own 
haiida.  llut  when  time  and  aucceaaive  revolutiona  had 
occasioned  an  alteration  in  all  Ihoae  circiimstancaa. 
when  Ihe  manufacturea  of  Spain  began  to  decline,  ani 
the  demands  of  America  were  aupplicd  by  foreign  fa 
brica,  Ihe  original  maxima  and  regulationa  of  Spain 
ahould  have  been  accommodated  to  tho  change  in  bM 
situation.  The  policy  that  waa  wisa  at  one  period  be- 
came abaurd  in  the  other." 

NoTB  [188].  p.  166.— No  bale  of  gooda  ia  araf 
opened,  no  cheat  of  Ireaaura  ia  examined.  Both  ar« 
received  on  Ihe  credit  of  the  persona  lo  whom  they  be* 
long ;  and  only  one  inatance  of  fraud  ie  recorded,  dur- 
ing tho  long  period  in  which  trade  wa*  carried  on  with 
thia  liberal  confidence.  All  the  coined  ailver  that  waa 
brought  from  Peru  to  Porto-hello  in  Ihe  year  1654  waa 
found  lo  be  adulterated,  and  to  be  mingled  with  a  fifth 
parlof  baae  metal.  The  Spanish  mercnanta,  with  sen- 
timenta  auitable  lo  their  nausi  integrity,  auatained  tha 
whole  loea,  and  indemnified  Ihe  foreigners  by  whom 
they  were  employed.  The  fraud  waa  detected,  and 
the  treaaurer  of  the  revenue  in  Peru,  llio  author  of  il, 
was  publicly  burnt.  B.  Ulloa.  Iletablia.  do  Manuf.( 
dec.  hv.  ii.  p.  ion. 

Note  [189.]  p.  167 — Many  atriking  proofs  occur  ol 
the  scarcity  of  money  in  Spain.  Of  all  iho  immonsa 
sums  which  have  been  imported  from  America,  Iha 
amount  of  which  I  ahall  aftorwarda  have  occasion  to 
mention,  Moncada  aaacrts,  that  there  did  not  niinain  in 
Spain,  in  1619,  above  two  hundred  milliona  of  petal, 
one  half  in  coined  money,  the  other  in  plate  and 
jewela.  Kestaiir  de  Espagna,  diae.  lii.  c.  1.  Ux- 
tariz,  who  published  his  valuable  work  in  1734,  con> 
tenda,  that  in  money,  plate,  and  jewela,  there  did  not 
remain  a  hundred  million.  Theor.  &c.  c.  3.  Cam- 
pomanes,  on  the  authority  of  ■  remonslranne  from  tha 
cnnimunity  of  merchanta  in  Toledo  lo  Philip  HI ,  re- 
lates, aa  a  certain  proof  how  acarce  cash  had  becima, 
that  peraona  who  lent  money  received  a  third  of  Iho 
sum  which  they  advanced  aa  intereat  and  premiui« 
Eilue.  Popul.  i.  417. 

Nora  [100.]  p.  IA7 — The  account  of  Ihe  mode  in 
which  tho  factors  of  the  South  .Sea  company  conducted 
Ihe  trade  in  the  fair  of  Porto-hello,  which  was  opened 
10  them  by  the  Assiento,  t  have  taken  from  Don  U'on. 
Alccdo  y  Herrera,  preaideni  of  tho  court  of  .-Vudienc* 
in  Quito,  and  governor  of  that  province.  Don  Oiony- 
sio  waa  a  peraon  of  auch  respectable  character  foi 
probity  and  diacemmeni,  that  hia  testimony  in  any 
point  would  be  of  much  weight ;  but  greater  credit  ia 
due  to  it  in  this  case,  aa  he  was  an  eye-witness  of  Iha 
transactions  which  he  relatoa,  and  waa  often  employed 
in  delecting  and  authenticating  tho  frauda  which  he  dn- 
scribea.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  hia  represen- 
tation, being  composed  at  the  cominenccment  of  the 
war  which  broke  out  between  Great  Britain  and  iSpain, 
in  the  year  1739,  may,  in  some  inslancea.  diacover  a 
portion  of  the  acrimonioua  apirit  natural  al  that  junc- 
ture. His  detail  of  facta  is  curioua ;  and  even 
English  authors  confirm  it  in  some  degree,  by  admit- 
ting both  that  various  frauds  were  practised  in  Iha 
transactions  of  the  annual  ahip,  and  that  the  contra- 
band trado  from  Jamaica,  and  other  British  colonies, 
was  become  enormously  great.  But  for  Ihe  credit  of 
Iho  English  nation  it  may  be  observed,  that  those  frau- 
dulent operations  are  not  to  he  considered  as  deeds  of 
the  company,  but  as  tho  dishonorable  arte  of  Iheir 
factora  and  agents.  The  company  itself  sustained  a 
considerable  loss  by  the  Aasiento  trade.  Many  of  its 
aciranta  acquired  immense  fortunes.  Anderson  Chiu  * 
nol.  deduct,  ii.  388. 

NoTK  [191].  p.  168. — Several  facta  with  respect  to 
tho  institution,  the  progress,  and  the  effects  of  thia 
company,  are  cunoua,  and  but  little  known  to  Engliak 
readers.  Though  tho  province  of  Venoznola,  or  Ca 
raccas,  extends  four-hundred  miles  along  the  coast,  and 
ia  one  of  tho  most  fertile  in  America,  it  waa  ao  muck 
neglected  by  Ihe  Spaniards,  that  during  Ihe  twenty 
years  prior  to  the  cstabliahmont  of  the  com^iiy,  ooW  fi«* 


ROBERTSON'S  HISTORY   OF 


t   ; 


Mil«d  (roin  Spiin  to  Uiit  UDtinc*  j  mi,  iatiuf 
•iltMn  ^nn.  from  ITM  lo  1713,  not  ■  linfl*  ibip 
*rri««i  Iron)  'ha  Ctnceu  in  Suoin.  NoMwa  iU  RmI 
CainiKiiJ*  ii»  Ctraccu,  p.  tS.  During  (hit  porioil 
M|Min  miiit  Im««  b«iin  •iiiiplwd  •IiimmI  onlinily  with  • 
largo  nuanlitjr  of  ciirto,  which  it  comumn,  by  foioigii- 
«ni.  liofuro  the  oroclion  of  tlin  compiny  ncithor  to- 
bacco nor  bidaa  war*  imfiortatl  from  Caiaecaa  into 
SfMiii  Ilild.  p.  I  IT.  Sine*  the  coinnMrcial  o,Mra- 
twna  of  the  company,  bogun  in  the  year  1731,  the  im- 
portation of  cacao  into  H|iain  haa  iiicreaaed  amaiiiigly, 
l)iiriiia  thirty  yaara  auMaquont  to  1701,  the  num- 
ber of  fanrgti  o(  cacao  (each  a  hundred  and  Ian 
(Mundi)  impurtod  from  Caraccaa  waa  643,816.  Dii- 
•ing  eightaan  jiMM  iubaoquani  to  1731,  tha  number 
of  ftnign  ImpMMd  wta  MV,M7 ;  and  if  wo  aup- 
pnao  tiM  iinpartttioa  lo  bo  continued  in  the  aama  pro- 
portion during  tho  ivmaindar  of  thirty  yaara,  it  will 
■mount  to  I ,  iM,746  ftntgu,  which  ii  an  increaH  of 
■0S,&31  fuuft.  lu.  p.  IM.  During  eight  ytara 
•ubaoauanl  10  1786,  itiaro  hava  been  imported  into 
Spain  bjp  lb*  company  M,W1  arriiiaj  (each  twenty-fire 
nounda)  of  tobacco;  and  bidra  lo  tbo  number  of 
177,3M.  Id.  101.  Since  the  publication  of  tha  No- 
liciaa  da  Compania,  in  1718,  iu  trade  aeema  lo  be  on 
the  increaaa.  During  li«a  yaara  aubaequent  lo  1769, 
it  baa  imported  179,186,  ftMtgu  of  cacao  into  Spain, 
SA,308  ttriA—  of  tobacco,  78,496  hidoa,  and  331,433 
peaoa  in  aptxia.  Cainpoinanaa,  ii.  163.  "Wie  lait  ar- 
ticle ia  a  proof  of  the  growing  wealth  of  tho  colony.  It 
roceirea  cash  from  Metico  in  return  for  tha  cacao,  with 
which  it  auppliea  that  proiriiica,  and  thia  it  romita  to 
Spain,  or  laya  out  in  purchaair^  European  gooda.  Bui, 
30>idea  thia,  the  nioal  eiplicit  CTideuce  la  produced, 
that  the  quantity  of  cacoa  raiacd  in  the  province  ia 
double  what  it  yielded  iu  1731  ;  the  number  of  ita  live 
•lock  ia  mora  Ihin  treble,  and  ita  inhabilanta  much  aug- 
mented. Tha  levenuo  of  the  biahop,  which  ariaea 
wliolly  from  tithea,  baa  increaaed  from  eight  lo  twenty 
Uiuiiaaiid  paaoa.  Notic.  p.  60.  In  coneequence  of 
tlio  augmuntalion  of  tha  quantity  of  cacao  imported  into 
Spain,  ita  prico  haa  decrraaod  from  eighty  peaoa  for 
the /anrira  W  forty.  Ibid.  61.  Sin«e  the  publication 
of  tho  firat  edition,  I  have  loamad  that  Ouyana,  includ- 
ing all  the  utanaive  provincaa  aituated  on  tha  bunka  of 
Uniioeo,  the  laUiida  ol  Trinidad  and  Margarita  are 
added  to  the  countrioa  with  which  the  company  of  Ca- 
raccaa had  liberty  of  trade  by  their  former  chartera 
Ileal  Cedula,  Nov.  19, 1776.  But  I  have  likewiaa  been 
uifurmed,  that  the  inalitution  of  thia  conipany  haa  not 
been  attended  with  all  tha  beneficial  ellocta  which  I 
have  aacribed  to  it.  In  many  of  ita  operationa  the  illi- 
beral aud  oppreaaive  apirit  of  monopoly  ia  atill  contpi- 
•uoua.  But  io  order  to  explain  thia,  it  would  be  necoo- 
■ary  to  enter  into  minute  details,  which  are  not  auited 
IO  tho  uaturo  of  thia  work. 

NoTi  [193].  p.  168.— Thia  fiiat  experiment  mado 
h^  Spain  of  opening  a  free  trade  with  any  of  her  colo- 
liiea,  baa  producea  effecta  ao  reipirkable,  aa  to  mcri*. 
aoma  further  Uluatration.  The  towna  to  which  thia 
liberty  haa  been  oranlad,  are  Oadii  and  Seville,  for  the 
province  of  Andaluaia ;  Alicant  and  Carthagena,  for 
Valencia  and  Murcia;  Barcelona,  for  Catalonia  and 
Aragon :  Ssntandor,  for  Caatilo ;  Corugna,  fur  Galicia ; 
and  Gijoo,  for  Aaluriaa.  Append,  ii.  a  la  Eiluc. 
Popul.  p.  41.  Thete  are  either  tho  porta  of  chief  trade 
!•  ibeur  reipective  diatricte,  or  thoeo  most  conveniently 
aituated  for  the  exportation  of  their  reapective  produc- 
tiona.  The  following  facta  give  a  view  of  the  increaaa 
of  trade  in  the  aoltlementa  lo  which  the  new  regulatiuna 
extend.  Prior  to  the  allowance  of  free  trade,  tho 
dutiea  collected  in  the  cuatom  houae  at  the  Havanna 
were  computed  to  be  104,308  iieaoa  annually.  During 
the  five  yeara  preceeding  1774,  they  roao  at  a  medium 
«  303,000  peaoa  a  year.  In  Yucatan  the  dutiea  have 
ariaan  from  8000  to  18,000.  In  Hiapaiiiola,  from 
S800  to  8000.  In  Porto  Rico,  from  1300  to  7000. 
Hie  '.otal  value  of  gooda  imported  from  Cuba  into 
Spaic  waa  reckoned,  in  1774,  to  be  1,800,000  peaoa. 
Educ.  Popul.  i.  480,  dec. 

NoTK  [193].  p.  169.— Tha  two  treatiaea  of  Don 
Pedro  Rodriguex  Camponunea,  Fitcal  itl  real  Contejo 
y  Supremo  (an  officer  in  rank  and  power  nearlyaimilar 
to  that  of  AttomeT-General  in  England),  and  Director 
of  tho '  Roval  Academy  of  Hiatory,  the  one  entitled 
Diecurao  aobre  el  Fomento  de  la  Induatria  Popular ; 
the  other  Diacurao  lobre  la  Education  Popular  do  loa 
Arteaanoa  y  au  Fomento ;  the  former  publiahed  in 
I7T4,  tod  the  latter  in  1778,  afford  a  striking  proof  of 
Mo     AliBOat  avaiy  point  of  importance  with  reapoct 


lo  interior  pnli«a,  taxation,  agricullura,  nwnuftaluraa, 
and  trade,  dameetM  H  well  aa  foreign,  ia  aumined  in 
tho  coura*  of  ihaao  worka ;  and  Inera  era  not  many 
aulhora,  even  in  tha  nationa  moat  amineni  for  commer- 
cial knowledge,  who  have  carried  on  their  iiiquiriei 
with  a  more  thcrough  knowledge  of  thoaa  virioua  lub- 
jecta,  and  a  more  perfect  Ir  doin  from  vuluar  and 
nilional  prejudice!,  or  who  have  united  more  ht|i|iily 
the  calm  roirarrhea  of  philoaoiiliy  with  the  ardent  leal 
of  a  public  apiritcd  citiion.  Thaao  hooka  are  in  high 
aatinution  among  the  Spaniaida  ;  anil  it  ia  a  deriaive 
evidence  of  the  proiireaa  of  their  own  ideaa,  that  tliey 
are  eapabia  of  leliahing  an  author  whoae  aantiinania 
are  ao  liberal. 

Nora  [194].  p.  109.— Tka  galeon  employed  in  that 
trade,  ioatead  of  tho  aii  hundred  tone  to  which  it  ia 
limited  by  kiw,  Kecop.  lib.  xlv.  1. 18,  ia  ccminonly  from 
twelve  hundred  lo  two  Ihouund  tone  burden.  'I'lin 
ahip  from  Acapulcu,  taken  bv  Lord  Anaon.  inatead  of 
the  800,000  peaoa  permitted  bjr  law,  had  on  board 
1,313,843  peaoa,  baaidea  uncoined  ailver  equal  in 
valuo  to  43,611  paaoa  ooro.    Anaon'a  Voy.  884. 

Nora  [198].  p.  169.— Tbo  price  paid  for  the  bull 
variea  according  to  tha  rank  of  aiflerent  peraona. 
Thoae  in  the  lowaal  order  who  ate  eervania  or  alavoa, 
pay  two  reala  of  plate,  or  one  ahilling ;  other  Sparl  inla 
pay  eight  reala,  and  thoae  in  public  office,  or  who  liold 
encomiendaa,  eiiteen  reala.  Solon,  de  Jure  Iml.  vol. 
ii.  lib.  iii.  c.  38.  Accordiiig  to  Chilton,  an  Englith 
merchant  who  reaklad  long  in  the  Spaniab  aalllementa, 
Ihe  bull  of  Cruiado  bore  a  higher  otira  in  the  year 
1870,  being  then  aoldfor  four  reala  at  the  loweai. 
Hakluyt,  lii.  401 .  The  price  aeema  lo  have  varied  at 
ditterenlperioda.  That  exacted  for  tho  bulla  itiued  in 
the  laat  rrtdieaeioH  will  appear  from  the  aniuing  table, 
which  will  give  aome  idea  of  the  proportional  iiuinben 
of  tha  different  claaaaa  of  oitixona  m  New  Spain  and 
Para. 

There  were  iaaned  for  Now  Spain— 


Bulla  at  10  peaoe  each    ... 
at  9  peaoa  eaoh          ... 
at  1  peao  each       ... 
at  8  raala  each           ... 

4 

98,601 

104,330 

8,408,800 

8,649,835 

FarFkn— 

at  16  peaoa  4|  roala  each 

al  3  peaoa  8  reala  aaeh 

at  1  peao  61  loala  aaeh 

at  4  reala  each            ... 

■1  3  reala  each       ... 

8 

14,303 

78,833 

410,336 

.      068,601 

1,171,963 

NoTl.  [196]  p.  109. — ^Aa  Villa  Segnor,  to  whom  we 
are  indebted  for  thia  information  contained  in  hia  Thea- 
tro  Americano,  publiahed  in  Mexico  A.  D.  1746,  waa 
accompant-general  in  one  of  the  moat  conaidcrabie 
doparlmenta  of  Ihe  royal  revenue,  and  by  that  mcani 
had  acceaa  lo  proper  information,  hia  teatimony  with 
respect  lo  thia  point  merita  great  credit.  No  auch 
accurate  detail  of  Ihe  Spauiah  revenuea  in  any  part  of 
America  haa  hitherto  been  publiahed  in  the  English 
language ;  and  the  particulara  ol  it  may  appear  eurioua 
anainterasting  to  aome  of  my  rudera. 


From  Ihe  bull  of  Cruxado,  published  every 
two  yeara,  thete  ariaea  an  annual  revenue 
in  peaoa       ...... 

From  the  duty  on  ailver        ... 

From  the  duty  on  gold      .... 

From  tax  on  carda       .... 

From  tax  on  pulque,  a  drink  uaed  by  tha 
Indiana         ...... 

From  tax  on  alamped  paper 

From  ditto  on  ice     . 

From  ditto  on  leather  ... 

From  ditto  on  gunpowder  ... 

From  ditto  on  aalt        .... 

From  ditto  on  copper  of  Mochoacban 

From  ditto  on  alum      ... 

From  ditto  on  Juego  de  loa  galloa 

From  the  half  of  eccleaiastical  anuata 


160,000 

700,000 

60,000 

70,000 

161,000 

41,000 

16,833 

3,600 

71,680 

33,000 

1,000 

6,600 

31,100 

49,000 


1,381,178 


From  ntyal  nlnlka  of  bishopries,  lt«. 
From  the  Iriliuta  of  Indiana 
From  AUavala,  or  duty  on  aale  of  gooda 
From  the  Alinajorifaago,  cuaium  house  - 
From  iht  mint         .... 


t,8il,ITI 

■  08,8N 

0A0,00« 

•    781,876 
873,.138 

■  U.'i7,&00 

8,668,080 


Thia  sum  amounia  lo  819,101  aterling. ;  and  if  wa 
add  lo  it  the  profit  accruing  from  the  sale  of  MM** 
uuintala  of  qiiickailver,  imported  from  the  ininea  ol 
Almadan,  in  Spain,  on  the  King's  account,  and  what 
accruea  from  the  i4Mn'a,  and  aome  other  taxes  which 
Villa  Segnor  doea  not  ealiniala,  the  public  revenue  la 
new  Spain  may  well  be  reckone<l  above  a  millioa 
pounds  sterling  money.  Theat.  Max.  vol.  i.  p.  88,  dee. 
According  lo  Villa  Segnor,  the  toul  produce  of  tha 
Mexican  mince  amounts  al  a  medium  to  eight  milliona 
of  Paaoa  in  silver  annually,  and  to  6913  marka  of  gold. 
Ibid.  p.  44.  Several  branchee  of  tha  revenue  liavo 
been  explained  in  Ihe  course  of  the  history  )  some  o( 
which  there  waa  no  occasion  of  mentioning,  require  t 
particular  illustration.  The  right  to  Ihe  hlhet  in  the 
New  World  ia  vested  in  the  crown  of  Spain,  by  a  bull 
of  Alexander  VI.  Charlea  V.  appointed  them  to  ba 
applied  in  the  following  manner :  One  fourth  ia  allotted 
to  the  biahop  of  the  dioceas,  another  fourth  to  the  deaa 
and  chapter,  and  other  oHlcera  of  Ihe  cathedral.  Tha 
remaining  half  ia  divided  into  nine  equal  parte.  Two 
of  these,  under  the  denomination  of  /o<  dot  tfmenoi 
reale;  are  paid  to  Ihe  crown,  and  constitute  a  branch 
of  the  royal  revenue.  The  other  aeven  iwrta  aTO 
applied  to  the  maintenance  of  the  parochial  clergy,  thig 
building  and  aupport  of  chunhea,  and  other  pioua 
usee.  Recopil.  lib.  i.  tit.  ivi.  I.ey,  33,  dec,  Avon 
dano  Thesaur.  Indie,  vol.  i.  p.  184. 

Tho  Alcatala  ia  a  duty  levied  by  an  exciae  on  Ilia 
<ale  of  goods.  In  Spain  it  amounta  to  ten  per  cent. 
In  America  lo  four  per  cent.  Salonano,  Polit.  Inili- 
ana,  Ub.  vi.  c.  8.    Avendano,  vol.  i.  180. 

Tbo  Almt}ori/a»eo,  or  cuatom  paid  in  America  on 
gooda  imported  and  exported,  ma^  amount  on  au 
average  lo  fifteen  p«r  cent.  Recopil.  lib.  viii.  tit.  xiT. 
I.ey,  1.    Avendano,  vol.  i.  p.  188. 

The  Aterio,  or  tax  paid  on  account  of  convoya  lo 
guard  the  ahipa  aailing  to  and  from  America,  waa  Aral 
impoaed  when  Sir  Franeia  Diake  filled  the  New  World 
with  terror  by  hia  expedition  to  the  South  Sea.  It 
ainonnta  lo  two  per  cent,  on  the  value  of  gooda. 
Avendano,  vol.  i.  p.  189.  Racopil.  hb.  ix.  tit.  is. 
Uy,  43,  44. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  procure  any  accurate  delaU 
of  the  aeveral  branches  of  revenue  in  Peru  later  than 
the  year  1014.  From  a  eurioua  manuscript  containing 
a  state  of  that  viceroyalty  in  all  its  deparlinents,  pre- 
sented to  Ihe  Marquis  of  Moiitcs-Ctaros  by  Fran. 
Ijopex  Caravnntca,  accomptant-goncral  in  the  tribunal 
of  Lima,  it  appeara  that  the  public  rovemio,  aa  nearly 
aa  I  can  compute  the  value  of  the  money  in  which 
Canvantea  atatea  hia  accounta,  amounted  in  ducala  at 
4(.  Ud.  10 3,373.7118 

Expenaes  of  govammeni .        -  1,343,903 

Net  frea  revenue    1,189,7711 


-  £883,308 
806,668 


The  total  in  sterling  money 
Kiponaea  of  government 

Net  free  tcranue     377,736 

Bui  acveral  articles  appear  to  bo  omitted  in  thia 
coiiiputation,  such  aa  the  duty  on  atamped  paper,  lea. 
ther,  ecclesiastical  annats,  &c.  so  that  the  revenue  ol 
Pent  may  be  well  supposed  equal  to  that  of  Mexico. 

In  computing  the  expense  of  government  in  New 
Spain,  I  mar  take  that  of  Peru  aa  a  atandard.  Thero 
the  annual  oatablishment  for  defraying  tho  charge  of 
adminiatration  exeeeda  one  half  of  the  revenue  col- 
lected, and  there  ia  no  reason  for  auppoaing  it  to  be  lesa 
in  New  Spain. 

I  have  obtained  a  calculation  of  Ihe  total  amount  of 
the  public  revenue  of  Spain  from  .Vmerica  and  the  Phi- 
lippinoa,  which,  aa  tine  reader  will  pereeive  from  tha 
two  last  articlea,  ia  more  recent  than  any  of  Ihe  former. 


Alcavalaa  (Excise)  and  Aduanas  (Customs). 

dec.  in  pesos  fuertes 
Duties  on  gold  and  silver 


8,600,000 
3.000,00» 

5,60^0(M 


M 


idf 


•  M,NI 

aM,OM 

•  Tfl.STS 

87:i,Hua 

•  »A7,000 
8.fii»,)UI0 


rtlnff.  i  tnd  if  wa 
!he  ula  of  MM*I 
)in  iha  ininci  ol 
ccoiint,  and  what 
Mlinr  laua  which 
public  rtteiiu*  is 
above  a  millioa 
vol.  i.  p.  M,  &e. 
■I  proHuco  of  Iha 
1 10  tight  millionf 
13  marka  of  goM. 
he  ravanuo  Tnv* 
hiaior;  I  aoma  ol 
tloiiinff,  raquira  • 
Iha  hl^ei  in  tha 
'  Spain,  bjr  a  bull 
linted  iham  to  ba 
I  fourth  ia  allottad 
bunh  to  the  deaa 
I  cathedral.  'I'ba 
lual  parte.  Two 
r  lot  dot  Nntno* 
matituie  a  bnneh 
eaven  nerta  an 
ochial  clergjr,  tin 
and  other  pioua 
t3,  &c,     Aven 

'  an  etciaa  on  Ilia 

la  to  ten  per  cent. 

uno,  Pout.  Imli- 

186. 

lid  in  America  on 

p   amount  on  au 

I.  lib.  «iii.  tit.  xiT. 


unt  of  convoya  to 

\incrica,  waa  lirat 

d  tho  Now  World 

Houth  Sea.     It 

value  of  gooda. 

lib.  ix.  tit.  ix. 


accurate  detail 

Peru  later  than 

lacripl  containing 

ilopanmenta,  pre- 

aroa  by  Fran. 

in  the  tribunal 

venno,  aa  nearly 

money  in  which 

nted  in  dncata  at 

S,a78,7tl«l 

1,248,9U3 


enua    1,1S9,77I> 


.  i:&83,aoa 

805,M8 


venue     877,735 

omitted  in  thia 
inpcd  paper,  lea- 

the  revenue  ol 
hat  of  Mexico, 
mment  in  New 
itandard.     Thero 
g  tho  charge  at 

)e  revenue  col- 
laing  it  to  be  leaa 

I  total  amount  of 
rica  and  the  Phi- 
irceive  from  tha 
ny  of  the  former. 


imaV 


i,SOO,OM 
3.000,00* 

6,604000 


'JamM  OrthaoM's  Colonial  Hiitory  of  our  Republic  It  regarded  bjr  Kholara  n  one  of  the  best  and  moat  complete." 

Benson  J.  Lossino,  LLDi 


THE   HISTORY 


or 


NORTH    AMERICA, 

From  the  Piscoyei\y,  izj^a, 

AND    PLANTATION    OF   THE    ENGLISH    COLONIES    DOWN    TO    JULY   4,   1776,  COVERING   A 
PERIOD  OF  NEARLY  300  YEARS,  FORMING  A  DETAILED  NARRATIVE 


OF  THE 


SETTLEMENT,   RISE,    AND   PROGRESS 


or  THK 


ORIGINAL    THIRTEEN    STATES, 


FROM   WHICH   SPRUNG  WHAT   IS   NOW   THE   LEADING   NATION   OF   THE   WORLD. 


THE  WUOLE  ILLUSTRATED  WITH  COPIOUS  EXPLANATORY  NOTES,  ETC.,  ETC. 


B^r  J  A  TV/TBS   Q- J^  A  TT  A  TVnn. 


NEW  YORK: 

Ar#.   17  MURRAY  STREET. 

SAN  FRANCISCO:    A.  L.  BANCROFT  &  CO. 

1881. 


a 


whicl 


Ti 
II  the 

cmf 
o/ATi 

(hnlo, 
Myn 
of  N( 
■ndl 
•ra  0 
ITniu 
iion  I 

'n 

mlir 
withi 
Britii 
tillth 

Mine 
the  i 


TMb  HIRronv  «iP  :«nRTU  AKCRtOA. 


Crui*^        .... 
Tnhult  of  ihn  InditiM    .        .        •        ■ 
U;  mI*  of  qiiirkiilvn 
PaiMir  tiporiril  on  th*  king'*  lecount,  tml 

•old  in  lh«  royil  wtnihuuu* 
Rumpmi  |i«|Mri  lotwcco,  *iul  olhor  •mill 

diHMI 

Duljr  on  eointf*  of,  tl  Ih*  nl*  of  on*  roil 

4*  I*  I'Ul*  for  rich  mark   • 
ftam  ih*  tndn  uf  Ari)iulc'o,  and  thn  cout- 

inK  inde  from  |iroTinc«  to  provinc* 
AwMnto  of  NrgriM*      .... 
Fiem  lh«  trad*  of  Mlht,  or  harb  of  Pan- 

giiijr,  foiinorijr  mo-wpoliwd  by  th«  Jo- 

■uil« 

■tam  olkor  ravonuM  formirly  btlonging 

Wlktl  seder 


5.MNMNW 
I.OOO,UUU 

*,«io.oon 

fUO.UUO 

8(H),U00 

1,000,000 

300,000 

AUO.dOO 
S00,0UO 

soo.ooo 

400,000 


ToUl    1«,000,000 


ToUi  In  atsriing  moMy  X«,700,00» 


Uoduci  half,  u  tb«  •iponao  of  ttlminitm. 
liun.tnd  thoro  riinuina  not  frao  rovanuo  XI,3M,000 

NoTifl07).  p.  KID. — An  (iilhoi  long  eonnnant 
In  coniinrrrial  •|inrnl>lliin  haa  cuinpiitml,  thai  Iroin  Ihn 
minra  of  Nuw  Hpain  alono  tho  kinji  rocnivoa  annually, 
aa  hia  Afth,  tho  aiim  of  two  niilliona  nf  our  monoy. 
Ilarria,  ('ollacl.  of  Voy.  II.  p.  104.  Ancordii<g  to  thia 
calculatiun,  thu  total  prodiica  of  tho  minva  inuat  lio  ton 
milliona  aliirlini{ ;  a  aiiiii  lo  cxirliltant,  and  an  liltlu  cor- 
roa|iondinK  with  all  aecmuita  of  tho  annual  ini|Hmalion 
from  Ainarica,  llwt  tha  information  on  which  il  la 
fnuiidad  inual  avidenlty  ba  erronooua.  According  to 
Camnomanaa,  tbo  total  product  of  tho  Amarlcan  maw 
may  bo  eumputad  at  thirty  milliona  of  paaoa,  which,  at 
at  four  ahillinga  and  aiipaneo  ■  pcao,  amounta  lo 
7,4SA.O0W.  alatling,  iha  king'a  AlU  of  which  (if  thai 
waro  regularly  paid)  would  ba  l,48a,000(.  But  from 
Ibia  auni  muat  ba  deducted  what  ia  loat  by  a  fraudulent 
«r<ihkoldlng  of  the  flfth  due  to  the  crown,  ae  well  aa 
til*  aum  nersaaary  for  defraying  the  aipeme  of  kdinlni' 
atration.  Kduc.  Popular,  vol.  U.  p.  ISI.  not*.  Both 
tbeao  auma  are  oonaMeiabla. 


Natl  [IN;,  p.  I«i.— Areaiding  ••  ll*m.  do  Ullw, 
all  foreign  gouda  aiported  (kom  Siiain  lo  Arierlca  pay 
duliea  01  varioiia  kiiida,  amounting  In  all  lo  man  tOM 
IS  |Kr  cent.  Aa  moat  of  iho  goMa  with  which  Hpaia 
aupniira  her  coloiilea  are  foreign,  euch  a  lea  upon  • 
Iraiie  ao  eatcnaiva  muat  jiiahl  a  coiiaHlerelile  rovoiiuo, 
Hetablia.  de  Manuf.  el  uu  Coiiiinare  d'Kap.  p.  IA|, 
lie  eoni|)Ulea  tb«  value  of  gooda  oipurted  eiuiuallf 
fioin  Hpain  uf  America  to  bo  aboul  two  niillioiie  and  • 
helf  aterlmg.  p.  91. 

NoTi  [I**],  p.  IM.— Tho  Marnuia  de  flMialea^ 
eecordlng  to  (iega,  by  a  meaiopoly  of  eall,  an4  bjr  om* 
barking  deeply  in  the  manilla  Irada,  aa  wall  aa  In  tkH 
to  Npaiii,  gained  annvally  a  million  of  ducala.  In  oiw 
year  he  remitted  a  million  of  dueata  to  Spain,  in  ntdaf 
to  purehaao  from  the  Conda  Olivarae,  ami  kia  eN*a 
luroa,  a  prolon^tion  of  hia  goveinmant,  p.  •!.  Ha 
waa  auceoealUI  in  hia  auil,  and  conliuiMd  la  •Man  ftia 
I6t4  la  lOaS,  duable  iba  uaual  lino. 


THE 


HISTORY   OP    NORTH  AMERICA. 

BY  JAMES  GRAHAME,  ESQ. 


EDITOR'S  PREFACE. 
lU«im  pivaentod  to  our  readaia  two  tnteieating  worlis,  "  Belknap'i  BlognphiM  of  Iha  Early  Diacoverera  of  America,"  and  "  Robertaon'n  Iliatorr  ofSouth  / 
teaika  which  will  bold  a  high  rank  in  the  eatimatlon  of  many  genorationa  yet  Ufibonii  in  ahall  now  begin  in  good  earneat,  upon  the  Hiatory  of  Ibe  North  Amarieaa  Cato« 
aiou  which  in  little  more  than  two  eenturiea  have  grown  up  into  a  (rreat  nation,  whoia  hiafory  will  horeaftar  be  aonght  for,  not  only  by  Americana,  but  by  fmy  eifiliMt 
lulkM  under  the  aun,  aa  moat  uf  the  reform  going  on  in  the  world  aprung  from  the  influence  of  our  ioatitutiona.  Several  writera  of  diatinctioa  hare  made  great  nMtieia* 
auiMg  tha  worm-eaten  pagea  of  manuacripta,  pamphlota,  and  partitl  hialoriea  to  obtain  a  knowledge  of  the  riee  i,nd  progieaa  of  thia  nation  ftom  ita  beginning  up  lo  iM 
paaent  growth.  Forelgnera  have  taken  a  deep  inte'  oat  in  the  aubject.  and  aereral  of  them  have  written  on  il  with  great  candor  and  ability.  Among  theae  hiatoriana  iw 
ucw  atanda  higher,  in  the  satlmatioii  of  tha  judieioue  and  discriminating,  than  Jamee  (irahime,  £aq.  He  writee  without  pre}adiee,  ia  •  alyla  of  neatneea  and  perapieui^ 
which  often  riaea  to  eloquence.  Every  history  adds  something  to  enlighten  the  public.  Like  atara  in  the  mi'My  teay  although  of  different  magnitude  and  brigbtneaa 
tbeae  woilta  abed  a  luatre  on  each  other  and  iiicreaae  the  glory  of  tho  hemisphere  of  knowledge. 


PREFACE. 

Tna  composition  which  I  now  deliver  to  the  public, 
is  tho  first  of  a  throofnld  serios  of  works,  which,  when 
cimploted,  will  form  Tke  Hitlory  nf  the  United  Slalct 
of  North  Amerita,  from  tkr.  Plantation  of  the  English 
Colonics  to  the  Establishment  of  their  Independence. 
My  plan  i>  testrictod  lo  the  history  of  those  provinces 
of  North  America  (originating  all  encept  New  York 
and  Uolaware,  from  Uriiish  colonizatinn,)  which,  at  thn 
era  of  thn  American  Revolution,  were  included  in  the 
United  Suites  ',  the  illuslrilion  of  the  rise  and  forma- 
tion of  this  great  republic,  being  the  end  of  my  labors. 

The  present  work,  the  first  of  the  projected  series, 
amiiraces  the  rise  of  aiich  of  those  Slates,  comprehended 
within  my  general  plan,  as  were  founded  prior  to  the 
British  Revolution  in  1688,  and  traces  their  projjress 
till  that  epoch.  In  some  instances  I  have  found  It  no* 
cessary  to  carry  forward  the  history  of  pa^ liculsr  autes, 
Mmewhat  beyond  this  precise  boundir>  ;  partly  because 
Uw  influrice  of  the  British  Kevolution  did  not  imrne- 
dialely  eilend  to  them,  and  partly  in  order  to  exhibit  a 
Mk^alo  view  of  certain  iotereating  Iranaactiona,  of 
15 


which  the  account  would  othcrwiae  be  broken  and  de- 
fective. A  second  performance,  for  which  I  have 
already  collected  a  considerable  mass  of  materials,  will 
embrace  the  further  history  of  these  earlier  atatea, 
together  v.ith  tho  riac  and  progress  of  those  which  were 
suDscqucntly  farmed,  till  tho  commencement  of  the 
American  Revolution.  This  second  work,  which  like 
tho  present,  will  occupy,  I  believe,  two  volumes,  I  con- 
sider the  moat  diflicult  and  important  portion  of  my 
labors.  Two  additional  volumes,  I  trust,  will  enable 
me  to  complete  my  general  plan,  and  embrace  the  his- 
tory of  the  revolutionary  war,  and  tho  establiahment 
and  consoliilation  of  the  North  American  Kepublic. 

In  tho  collection  of  materials  for  the  composition  of 
this  work,  I  have  been  obliged  to  incur  a  degree  of 
labor  and  expense,  which,  had  I  originally  foreseen,  I 
doubt  1  I  could  have  ventured  to  encounter.  Conai- 
dering  tho  connection  that  so  long  subsisted  between 
Qreat  Dritain  and  the  Amerieun  States,  the  information 
concerning  the  tarly  history  of  many  of  these  provinces, 
which  the  public  libraries  of  Qreat  Britain  are  capable 
of  supplying,  is  amazingly  scanty.  Many  valuable 
works  illustrative  of  the  history  and  statistics  both  of 
particular  atatea  and  of  the  whole  North  American 


commonwealth  ;*  a  defect  the  more  discreditable,  ae 
theae  worka  have  long  enjoyed  a  high  repolo  at  the  aeata 
of  learning  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  and  aa  the 
greater  part  of  them  might  be  procureil  without  diffi- 
culty in  London  or  from  America. 

Alter  borrowing  all  the  materia!*  that  I  could  ao  nro« 
cure,  and  purchasiiig  aa  many  more  aa  I  could  find  ia 
Britain,  my  collectinn  proved  atill  ao  defective  in  many 
respects,  that  in  the  hope  of  enlarging  it,  I  undertook  • 
juurn<)y  to  Gottingen  ;  and  in  the  library  of  thia  place, 
a*  I  had  been  taught  lo  eipeet,  I  found  an  ampler  cot. 


*  In  the  AdvocaMs'  Library  of  EcUnbnrih,  for  examplei 
there  is  not  a  tingle  separate  history  of  Rhode  Island,  iSoe 
nectlcut.  New  Hampshtn,  Maine,  Maryland,  New  Jersey,  ne 
Pennsylvania ;  there  is  not  one  of  the  statistical  worka  of 
Pitkin  or  Seyliert :  and  althoufh  there  are  the  lint  volnme^ 
respectively,  of  Ilutchlnaon'a  Uiatory  of  Maisachuaaetta. 
and  of  Haiainl'a  nistorical  CoUactions,  none  of  the  posterk* 
volumes  of  these  interastins  works  have  ever  been  procored. 
But  the  negative  catalogue  of  the  Advocates  Ubrary,  tat  IkM 
department,  is  too  copious  for  further  quotation. 

To  the  British  Museum  I  am  toidelited  for  the  pereaal  of 
aeveral  works  of  very  great  rarity;  particularly  Deaten^ 
deacription  of  New  York,  and  Archdale's  Description  of  Case* 
Una.  But  thia  collecticn  though  much  richer  than  the  M 
vocatea'  Library,  la  jet  aiseediiff  ieCscUve  In  Amukm 
hlatory 


THi!  MiiiTORr  or 


I 


Im«1m  af  NMh  AiMfitM  liimiuia,  Umh  tnjr  w  ImUm 
■■  Um  liknriM  of  BrilMn  ro«M  wip^.  I'mm  tha 
•f  Um  0««uiia«n  IJbnty,  udcd  by  th* 
,r  with  wMeh  lU  HbunuUMora  ira  tlwtjrt  wil- 
Uog  M  rtmirr  II  lubMiTwril  to  ih«  purpowt  of  litcnry 
U^uiry,  I  h»ia  ilciiceii  tlw  gmlnl  xiranUK*  tiHl 
•nitUnra.  V«l  •»■!  thlt  adinirabi*  rapodlory  of  hi>- 
•ory  M  not  onluvly  ftl»ct ,  iiitl  I  bti»  iiil!  lo  Itimtii 
■)  iiwbilily  10  proeuro  miim  wotki  niuiiraiiva  of 
my  •ubjact,  wliirh,  wb»l«««c  may  In  Ihair  valua.  II 
would  iia««  baan  aaliiraelory  lo  ha«r  had  an  o|i|iarlii' 
■ily  of  paruaiiig.  Ho|illin'a  liittory  of  I'rovidaiica  in 
(Uticulaf,  ViMardoncli'a  llialofy  of  Naw  Nalharlandi, 
■ad  Holm'a  Hlatory  of  Bwadaland  in  Aiiiatica,  aro 
kooki  whicb  I  bava  boon  hilhario  unaUa  lo  pivcura. 
Tba  laarood  Eboling  baa  ahanclanicd  Iha  lira!  of  llwaa 
u  •  book  not  •aaUy  mot  with ;  and  ihat  1  am  iioi 
•JurgooMo  Milk  noglimnt  inquiry,  inay  ba  iiireiiiid,  I 
IhinC,  !>'»■  Ibo  fist,  tCal  I  hava  auccaadad  in  proGU^ 
ing  and  eonadJng  varioiia  worka  wkioh  Kbaliiig  con- 
faaata  hia  inability  lo  obtain,  haaidea  many  of  whona 
aiiatanco  ha  wama  not  lo  ha«a  baan  awara  *  Kvan 
Ihoto  which  far  tba  praasot  I  am  obligad  to  diiponaa 
with,  aa  wall  aa  vaiioua  othaf  worka  of  infraquont  oc- 
currance  and  applicabia  lo  a  later  portion  of  tiina,  I 
MiU  bopa  10  procure  for  Iha  elucidation  of  th«  *tat  and 
Ttriod  aubjcci  of  my  Hcond  cuinpomlion. 

Iliilory  addraaaea  her  leiaona  In  all  mankind :  but 
whon  aba  raaorda  tho  fortunea  of  an  eiiiling  people, 
it  ia  to  them  that  har  admonitiona  are  etpecially  di- 
Mcled.  There  hu  never  been  a  people  on  wImh 
ebartelar  their  own  hiatorical  recollecliona  were  calcu- 
Utad  to  aiaroiao  a  more  iniinaiinK  or  ululary  inllu- 
•ova,  than  the  nation  whoaa  hialory  I  have  underuken 
to  relate. 

In  national  aoeietiea  ealabU«hed  tthtr  the  manner  of 
Ibe  United  Sliloa  of  North  Amorira,  hiotory  doea  not 
be^iii  with  obacure  or  fabuloua  Irgcnda.  'I'he  ori|;in 
of  the  nation,  and  the  riae  and  pro|{rpiia  of  all  ita  in- 
•tituliona,  may  be  dittinctly  known.  Thu  people  may 
•btain  an  accurate  and  familiar  acquaintance  with  the 
character  of  their  etilieit  national  ancoatora,  and  of 
•Tety  auecceding  generation  through  which  the  inheri- 
tance of  the  national  name  and  fortunea  liaa  devolved 
lo  them«-lv('a.  When  thia  inlercaling  knowledge  la 
Uanded  with  the  information  Ihat  their  exialence  aa  a 
people  originated  in  the  nobleat  elforta  of  wiadom, 
lortilude,  and  magnanimity,  and  thul  every  iiicceaaive 
•cquiaition  by  which  thoir  liberty  and  hg;<pine«a  have 
been  extended  and  •ociirod,  his  arisen  r.oin  the  exer- 
ciae  of  the  aame  qiialiliet,  and  evincrd  their  faithful 
preaervalion  and  unimpaired  elficacy, — reaped  for  an- 
tiquity becomea  the  motive  anil  the  pledge  of  virtue  ; 
the  whole  nation  feela  itsiOl'  ennobled  by  anceatora 
whoae  renown  will  continue  to  the  end  of  lime  the 
honor  or  reproach  of  their  aueceaaora  ;  and  the  love 
of  virtue  ia  ao  interwoven  with  patriotiam  and  with 
aalional  glory,  aa  to  prevent  the  one  from  becoming  t 
aalfiih  principle,  and  the  oihcr  a  aplcndid  or  mia- 
ebievoua  illution.  If  an  inapired  apoatio  mighl  with 
complacency  proclaim  himacif  a  eitisen  of  no  nuan 
«(y,  a  North  American  may  feel  grateful  exultation  in 
kvowina  hima*' '  Ihe  native  of  no  ignoble  land, — but  of 
1  land  that  h»i  yielded  aa  great  an  increaso  uf  glory  to 
Chid  and  of  happinean  to  man,  an  any  other  portion  uf 
Ihe  world,  aince  the  firat  ayllable  of  recorded  time,  haa 
ever  had  the  honor  of  producing.  A  nobler  model  of 
human  ebaractei  could  hardly  lie  proiwaed  lo  the  inha- 
Unta  of  New  England,  Pennsylvania,  and  olhera  of  the 
North  American  States,  than  that  which  their  own  early 
hiatory  auppliea.  It  ia  at  once  their  intereit  and  their 
honor  to  preaerve  with  eacred  care  a  model  io  richly 
fraught  with  the  inalructiona  of  wiadom  and  the  incite- 
menla  of  duty.  The  memory  of  the  aainta  and  heroea 
whom  they  claim  aa  their  natural  or  national  anceatora 
wUI  bleaa  all  thoae  who  account  it  hieasrd ;  and  the 
tahea  of  their  fathora  will  give  forth  a  nobler  influence 
Ihan  the  bonea  of  the  prophet  of  lanirl,  in  reviving 
piety  and  invigorating  rirtue.  So  much,  at  tho  eame 
lime,  of  human  weakneaa  and  imperfection  is  discerni- 
ble in  Ihe  conduct,  or  ia  attested  by  the  avowals  of 
theaa  eminent  men,  and  ao  ateady  and  explicit  was 
thoii  reference  lo  heavenly  aid,  for  all  the  good  thuy 
wera  enabled  lo  perform  or  attain,  Ihat  the  admiration 
Ihey  io  strongly  claim  never  exceeds  a  just  aubordina- 
tion  to  the  glory  of  the  Most  High,  and  enforcea  Ihe 


*  I  am  IndsbteG  io  llie  private  rollectiona  of  various  Indivi- 
doals  for  the  perusal  of  some  very  rare  and  not  Iosm  inti  rent- 
hie  worlis  ;  and  in  partlriilar  I  lie;  li'ave  to  acknowlndiie  tho 
Hadnesa  with  which  the  valuable  library  of  the  late  Ucorge 
Chslmera  waa  submitted  to  niy  eiamination,  by  Ills  nephew 
tki  executor,  Mr.  Joiues  Chaluieri  uf  London. 


scripiuial  laatiniony  lo  the  riehsa  of  diviiis  grass,  ami 
ihs  rsAsetsd  lustra  of  human  virluo 

'itie  moat  impoilani  rs<|uisila  of  historical  eompoai- 
liona,  and  that  m  which,  I  auapoet,  Ihay  are  commonly 
moat  defective,  ia  Inilh — a  requisite,  of  t<hirh  even 
tlw  Jimaniy  of  Ihehislurisn  is  insuinrirnl  In  sssiira  us 
111  Irariiig  sscrrisined  and  im|H>rl«nl  farts,  viihrr  hark- 
wsnl  in'o  their  original,  ur  lurwaril  inlu  llipir  a|Hir«lion, 
Iha  hisionan  frsquriitly  enroimlers,  on  either  hsnd,  a 
perpleiing  vsriely  of  uissiinilar  caiiars  and  diverging 
elfectai  among  which  it  la  no  Issa  dilRcult  than  im- 
portant to  diacriininate  the  (leculiar  aurings  of  action, 
and  to  prsservs  ths  moral  strsain  or  events.  Indis- 
criminate detail  would  produce  inlolerable  fatigue  and 
confuawn  i  while  selection  inevitably  iiifera  the  risk  of 
error.  The  sacred  hislnrisns  often  rrcuni  events  with 
Uttio  or  no  refersiKe  lo  their  hisloncal  peiligree  i  and 
have  thiia  given  lo  some  parte  jf  tlw  only  history  ihat 
ia  infallibly  authentic,  an  apjioaranrv  uf  iinprohaDilily, 
which  the  mors  reasoning  productions  of  uninspireil 
iisrratora  have  richangod,  at  least  aa  frequently,  for 
subslantial  inisrepressntation.  It  may  be  thought  an 
imprudent  avowal,  and  yet  I  have  no  daaire  to  conceal, 
Ihat,  in  eiainining  and  comparing  hislorirsi  records,  I 
have  often  bean  forcibly  reminded  of  .Sir  Koberl  VVal- 
pole's  assurance  to  hia  son,  Ihat  "  //ij/»ry  i*u</  U 
faltf."'  ilafipily,  ihia  apophthegm  appliee,  if  not  ex- 
cluaively,  at  leaat  most  forcibly  lo  thst  which  Wal|Hils 
probably  regarded  aa  the  main  trunk  of  historv,  but 
which  IS  really  the  moat  insignilicant  branch  of  it, — 
Ihe  mlriguss  o(  cabinsts,  ths  secrst  machinationa  and 
doaigna  of  miniatsrs,  and  the  conlesia  of  trading  poli- 
ticians. 

In  survsying  the  contests  of  humsn  beings,  it  is  dif- 
ficult, nr  rather  it  is  impossible,  for  a  man  of  like  feel- 
ings with  ihemselTes,  to  escape  entirely  Ihe  contagion 
of  those  passiona  which  Ihe  contests  arose  from  nr 
engendere<l.  Thus  partialities  are  apcretly  inaiiiiiated 
into  tho  mind  ;  and  in  balancing  o|)poaile  Icstifnony, 
these  partislitiea  find  a  sure,  lliough  secret  moans  iif 
exerting  Iheir  influence.  I  am  not  desirous  of  con- 
cealing that  I  feel  auch  partiolitiea  within  myeelf ;  and 
if  my  conociouaneaa  of  their  existence  should  not  ex- 
empt me  from  iheir  influence.  I  lio|ie  the  avowal,  at 
least,  will  prevent  thu  error  from  extending  lo  my 
raidera.  1  am  aenaible  of  a  atrong  predilection  in 
favor  of  America,  and  the  colimial  niU  in  Ihe  great 
controversies  between  her  people  and  the  Ilritiaii  go- 
vernment, which  must  occupy  hU  pruininent  a  place  in 
Ihe  ensuing  pagea.  Against  the  influence  of  this  pre- 
dilection, Ihope  I  am  aufliciently  on  my  guard  ;  and 
my  apprehensions  of  it  aro  moderated  by  the  recollcc- 
llon  that  there  ia  a  wisdom  which  is  divinely  declared 
to  be  wilhoul  Mrtia/i/y,  and  vnlkout  Ayiwcnsy,  and 
attainable  by  ail  who  seek  it  in  sincerity  from  its  hea- 
venly source. 

I  am  fsr  from  thinking  or  from  drsidng  it  should  h« 
thought,  that  every  part  of  the  conduct  of  America 
throughout  these  controveraiea  to  which  I  have  alluded, 
waa  pure  and  blameless.  Much  guile,  much  evil  pas- 
sion, violence,  and  injustice,  dishonored  many  of  the 
councila  and  proceedmga  of  the  leaders  and  soaeinbliea 
of  Amsrics  ;  and  it  waa  the  conduct  of  one  of  the 
Stalca,  the  most  renowned  for  piety  and  virtue,  that 
BUggested  to  her  hiatorian  the  melancholy  observation, 
'■  thai  in  all  agea  and  countrioa  coininunitiea  of  men 
have  done  that,  of  which  most  of  the  individusis  of 
whom  they  consisted  would,  acting  sepsralaly,  have 
been  ashamed,  "t  But  mingled  masses  are  justly 
denominated  from  the  elomeiils  and  qualities  that  pre- 
|ionderato  in  their  composition ;  and  sages  and  patriots 
wdl  be  equally  voted  out  of  the  world  if  we  can  never 
recogniie  Ihe  lineamsnta  of  worth  and  wiadom  under 
tlie  rags  of  mortal  imperfeclion.  There  exiata  in 
some  romantic  apeculaliva  minds,  a  platonic  love  of 
liberty,  aa  well  aa  virtue,  that  consists  with  a  cordial 
disgust  for  every  visible  and  actual  incarnation  of  either 


*  Horace  Waljiole's  works.^A  curious  illustration  of  his- 
torical inaccuracy  was  related  by  Die  late  Fresldel.t  JefTftrsoii 
In  an  irilollifteiit  HiikIIxIi  Irnvoller.  Tlie  Ablw  Raynal,  ill  hl.i 
lllttUiryor  tlio  llnliah  Sottleiiieiita  in  America,  haa  lecoiiitted 
a  remarltnhle  story  wiilch  implica  tlio  exlalenrc  of  a  particu- 
lar law  in  New  England.  Some  AineriranM  lieinif  in  conii>atiy 
With  tho  At>hi  at  Paris,  <iucati(inod  thu  truth  of  the  atury,  al- 
IflglllS  tlut  n)  auch  law  had  ever  fllialod  in  New  England. 
The  Abbe  maintained  the  autlienlicity  of  hia  history,  nil  ho 
waa  Interrupted  by  Ur.  Franklin,  who  waa  preaeiil,  and  after 
listening  for  aoine  time  in  silence  to  thu  Uiuputo,  aatd,  '*  I  can 
account  for  all  this :  you  took  the  aiiucdoto  from  a  newspo))er, 
of  which  1  was  at  that  time  editor,  and,  happening  to  be  very 
short  of  news,  I  composed  and  insertud  tliu  whole  story.*' 
Hall's  Travels  in  Canada  and  tho  United  Slatoa.  p.  383, 3tl3. 

t  llutiiUnson'a  Hiatory  uf  Masitacliuiietta,  vol.  I.  p.  IM. 
This  obsurvatiun  referred  to  the  dispute  l«lween  Maaaachu- 
setta  and  tlie  confederated  States  of  New  Gnglaiid  in  IMD. 


nf  Ikoso  pnnriplsa ;  snd  which,  whan  na(  eafaMi4  If 
sense  and  ai|i«rianre,  conducts  to  andlsse  sfrot  of  |» 
eursbia  nussnihnipy. 

Whosvsr  sisiiiines  Ike  histories  of  individua's  m 
cominunilies,  iniisl  eipecl  lo  lie  Uisap|iMiiil«d  and  por> 
plesetl  by  nunilierlsss  incimsistsncies.  Much  sftoi 
IS  priidurrd  snd  rniiliniied  m  Ihe  world  by  unwdliag 
ness  or  insbility  lo  inalie  caiulid  roneraaiuns,  ni  iiijssil 
lu  distinguish  esndur  from  sincerity — to  sdnilt  in  M 
sdveraary  Ihe  pirilleiu'e  Ihsl  condemns  our  vehanwal 
hale  :  in  a   fri<HMl  iir  hem,  Ihe  dniscia  Ihat  sully  Iht 

fileaaing  Image  nf  virtue,  Ihat  diiiiiniah  our  eaiil.alioa, 
lid  ua  ciut  Irnm  nMn,  anil  shew  ua  Ih*  tnd  of  tU 
perftrlum  With  |iarlial  views,  ws  snroiinler  the  af 
posile  parlislitiss  of  sntagonisls,  and  by  mutual  com- 
mission  snd  |iercapliiiii  of  injustice,  render  sack  other'* 
misspiirrhensions  ineiiralile.  It  should  ba  tho  great 
end  of  his  liistoiy  to  rurrvcl  Ihe  errors  by  which  aipa« 
rience  ia  thua  rendered  useless ;  and  this  end  I  hata 
pro|H)a«l,  in  humble  reliance  on  Uivino  Uuidan**,  M 
pursue. 
HssiUifS,  January,  IMT. 

iTuUK   I. 

VimilNIA. 

CIIAPTEU  I 

CtiaTdespalrhsd  by  Henry  Ihs  Isvenlh— vMIs  Ihe  Coast  t( 
North  Aiiierlia— Ni'iilt'i'i  of  llrory  to  prom  by  i:slial'a  Ula 
rovrry— and  of  hia  iiiimedlsle  Mun-ps«>r«— iteitfii  of  Klua> 
beth— favorable  to  maritime  Ailveiitiires—Hlsu  uf  Ihe  Hlavs 
Trade— 8ir  Walter  Haleiih— prujeits  a  eiduny  In  Nortk 
Amerli^a—tiriit  Kl|>fillliott  falU-Klllabeth  ttainsa  llio 
(Country  Virginia— (Iruenvllle  dn«iiatt-iiud  Hy  Raleigh— 
eatabliHhes  a  I'olony  st  Koanosk— Mlafurluiws  of  tlis  t.'a> 
loiilata— their  Hetuni—llae  of  Toliaci-u  liilrodureil  In 
Knsland— Farther  Klfortaol  llahVah -terminate  unaut'i'eas- 
fiiiry— ArruHMloii  of  Jaiiuis  tolhe  RhKlixh  frown— 11osriold*a 
Voyage— Its  Kiri'i-la-Jaiiirsdi vidua  North  America  but wusn 
two  I !onuiiiiuiia  — Tenor  of  their  lliarters -Hnyal  <  lalo  of 
Laws— Thu  lira*  Iknly  of  rolonlata  emliarkud  by  ihe  l.on 
diiii  t'limimny— arnvu  lu  thu  ll.iy  of  riiexaiieak  — found 
James  Town— lliaouiitlons  of  the  rolonlsta -lliMtlhty  of 
the  IllilialiM— UlHlruHH  Slid  t'onfimloii'if  Iho  Colony- Survl 
cus  of  Captain  Hitilth— tie  Is  taken  Pnaonnr  by  tlis  Indiana— 
Ida  Lllierullon— he  preserves  the  Colony— Tlio  Colonials  de* 
celved  by  A)iuesranrua  of  (lold— Mmllh  Surveys  ths  llay 
of  ('liuNapeaK— elected  Fruaidunl  of  tlie  Colony— New 
I'harter— Lord  Ih'laware  appoliiled  Uovemor— Newport, 
Uatua,  and  Suniera  sent  out  to  preaiiht  till  l,orii  Dtdaware'a 
Arrival— are  wrecked  on  tlio  Coaat  of  Uennudaa-Caytats 
Smith  Keturna  to  KitglHiid. 

It  waa  on  the  third  of  .\ugusl,  U93,  a  little  btfora 
sun-iioo,  that  f^hristopher  C'uliimbus,  uiidorlaking  th* 
most  inomoralile  enterprise  thai  human  geiiiua  evi<r 
planned  or  human  skill  and  courage  ever  performed, 
set  sail  from  Spain  for  the  discovery  of  the  wesierrf 
world.  Un  the  13th  of  October,  alioiil  two  hours 
Iwforo  midnight,  a  light  in  the  island  of  San  Salvador 
was  descried  by  Columbus  from  the  dock  of  his  vessel, 
and  America  for  tho  first  lime  beheld  by  European 
eyea.*  Of  the  vast  and  important  conoequuncea  thai 
depended  on  thia  spectacle,  perhapa  not  even  the  com- 
prehensive mind  of  Culuiiibua  waa  fully  aensiblo  ;  bti> 
lo  the  end  of  time,  the  heart  of  every  human  being 
Aho  reads  the  story  will  confess  the  interest  of  that 
eventful  moment,  and  paruko  the  feelings  of  tho  .» 
trious  man.  On  the  following  day,  tlw  adveniuiers^ 
preceded  by  their  comnionder,  took  posaeasirn  of  thu 
soil ;  and  a  connexion  that  was  to  subsist  fur  ever  was 
estsblisnod  twtween  Euro|Mi  and  Anienca.  The  cross 
wos  planted  on  tho  slioies  of  the  western  world  ,  and 
ill  tho  hour  that  wilncssed  this  great  re-union  of  man- 
kind, the  knou  was  bowed  to  that  Ueing  who  has  pr» 
claimed  himself  tho  brother  of  the  whole  human  ncs, 
and  the  author  uf  a  common  aalvition  to  al|  Ihe  eiulj 
of  Ihe  earth. 

The  intelligence  of  ihia  auccessful  voyaga  waa  re- 
ceived in  Euro|i«  with  the  utmnst  surprise  and  admire 
lion.  In  Englani',  more  especially,  it  was  calculated 
10  produce  a  very  |K>werfnl  imprcss'on,  und  to  awaken 
at  once  emulation  and  regret.  While  Columbus  waa 
proposing  hia  schemea  with  littlo  prospect  of  success 
at  the  court  of  Spain,  he  had  despatched  hia  brother 


*  Dr.Robertaon  Isof  opinion  that  the  Ancients  had  no  notion 
ofthe  existence  of  the  woateni  world,  snd  boa  collected  frun 
aiu'lurit  writers  msny  pruol's,notoiilyof  ignoranee,  butof  most 
liaibarouM  u.-ror  ruNpuctiiig  tho  territorial  resources  of  tlie 
earth:  llist.  of  America,  II.  I.  Vet  a  Roman  writer,  lo  whose 
sentiments  he  has  not  adverted,  is  supposed  to  hsve  prophe- 
sied the  discovery  of  America  IMO  years  liefore  this  event 
twik  place     The  passage  occurs  in  one  of  Seneca's  trsf  siisa. 

—  •'  Venlent  annis 

Seculs  serls,  qulbus  oceanua 

Vincula  rerum  laxet,  et  ingens 

Patoat  tciiua,  Tiphysiipie  iiovtia 

Detegat  orbea ;  nee  sit  terris 

Ultima  Thule." 

Msova.  Act  a. 


NORTH  AMKKIUA. 


iyiga  wu  re- 
s  ami  ■dmin- 
ciUculaui4 
Jid  to  awaken 
lolumbui  waa 
\l  of  aucceee 
|d  his  brotbei 

I  hari  no  notion 
Icnllecleil  fro* 
lice,  but  of  moat 
Lourcoa  of  tiM 
rritor,towlMwe 
lahaveproiikc- 
■bie  thl»  avrni 
Ica'a  iraf  eiMa. 


ta« 


BmiMmmw  lo  the  court  »t  Henry  Um  Vlllk  hi  Bi«- 

'mni,  Ibere  to  aali«il  peirotiage  and  offer  Iho  Ikuiia  of 
Aeeoverjr.  Uarthalumev  wea  taken  priaoner  hjf  piratee, 
•IMi  altera  lonn  ilvtentiun  waa  rr<liicMl  lo  aurli  |M»ertjr 
that  01)  his  arrival  in  l.oiiiloii  he  was  i'oiii|miIIiuI,  liy  the 
Ishoruf  hia  hanja,  to  prorure  llio  meaiia  of  artayiii|[ 
blinaelf  in  hahihiiienta  suited  lu  his  inlrrtiuw  with  a 
monarch  On  sunh  ahuhl  ciroiimataiiiM'S  the  fstis  ol 
nalioiia,  al  liinra,  ai'ein  lo  depriid  ;  whihi  in  leahly, 
Ihey  are  over  riiird,  nul  by  nrcuiiialaiirpa,  hut  tiy 
Ihal  lleinii  who  airan||ea  and  diapoaiia  nii'iinialam^ea 
In  harmony  with  the  piiidetvriiiiiittioiia  ot  kis  own 
will.  ThA  uroposiliona  of  Uarllioloinew  were  fayora- 
biy  recviv  itl  by  lleniy  :  but  Iwfoie  a  di<riiiiti*e  arraime- 
mcnl  waa  lourludid,  llarllioluiiii'W  was  rvcsllitd  l>y  ilia 
Intelligeiira  lhal  liia  brollier'e  plana  had  al  lrii||lh  liecii 
eenctioned  and  adopted  by  Kerdiiiand  and  laebella  of 
Spain, 


Hi 

lingly  hate  reeiiined  hie  myffn  In  iha  eomire  of  Rnf-    tor  imiijr  yoers  aheorhei.'  •>«  •»  j  ware  end  Inlftfiwo  al 
Uiid,  hut  ho  found  that  in  hia  abaenre  Iho  kind's  ardor   iho  conlineni ;  and  iho  iiino«allana  In  rallgioua  4*^ 


for  disrnvary  had  ureatW  alieled.  Healed  on  a  throne 
which  he  had  (ainrd  by  canqurat  in  •  roiinlry  pt- 
hiiiiilrd  by  rivil  wars,  inyulvrd  in  hnatilities  with  McnI- 
land,  and  harassed  by  the  inaiirrertinnH  of  hia  aulijrrta 
and  Iha  mscbiiialiona  of  prelendera  in  his  crown, 
Henry  hail  little  Ivisnte  for  the  eirculinn  of  distant  pro- 
jpcta  ;  and  hia  sordul  di«|Hisitian  lourid  little  atlrarlion 
III  the  prospect  of  a  colunia*  acttlenient,  which  waa  not 
likely  to  Ite  prmluctive  of  itninrdiate  |>ecilniarv  ifsin 
lie  waa  enKancd,  lim,  at  thia  tune,  in  netntiatinu  the  mar 
risae  of  his  son  with  the  daughter  of  KerdinaiuTof  Npain, 
andmuat,  llioralore,  have  frit  himself  additionally  clisin- 
cliiird  lo  pursue  a  project  that  could  nol  fall  to  give 
uinbrifie  to  this  jealoua  prince,  who  claimed  the  wnole 
continent  of  America,  in  yirlua  of  a  donation  from  Iha 
Po|>e.     Nor  were  the  aubjecte  of  Henry  in  a  condition 


If  Iha  cauliniia  tamper  and  fruial  diapoellioii  of  i  in  avail  themselves  of  the  ample  Aeld  that  Cabot's  die- 
HenrjF  contributed  to  diininiah  hia  rrgrcla  fur  the  I  cnvery  had  u|ieiied  to  their  enterpnae  and  activity. 
abandonment  of  a  liaiardoua  am  tii|>anaiva  underlak- 1  The  civil  wars  had  diaaiiieted  wealth,  repreaaed  com- 
ing, the  aatoniahing  auceeae  with  which  ita  actual  pro-  {  merce,  and  even  eicluded  the  Kngliah  (leople  from 
aacution  by  othera  had  been  attended,  revived  the  fur- 1  aharing  in  the  general  improvement  which  the  naliona 
mer  projccla  of  hia  mind,  and  whetted  ii  lo  a  degree  of  |  of  Kurope  had  now  begun  to  ciporieiice.     All  the  ad- 


anlerpriae  that  showed  him  both  inatruiacd  and  pro- 
eoketl  hy  hia  disapiiointmenl.  In  Ihia  diagioBition  he 
listened  readily  to  the  pro|ioeala  of  one  Ualialo  or  Ca- 
bal, a  Venetian,  reaiding  in  Uristol ;  who,  from  consi- 
dering the  diacovcriiia  of  Oulumbua  towards  thu  south- 
west, had  (orined  tlin  opinion  lhal  laiida  might  like- 
wiae  b«  discovered  towarda  the  north-weal,  and  now 
ofTered  the  king  lo  conduel  an  eipedilion  in  Ihia  direc- 
tion. Henry,  prompted  by  hia  avarice  and  atung  by 
bia  diaappoinlinent,  eagerly  embraced  the  propoaaTa  of 
Uabol,  and  not  only  granted  him  a  commission  of  dis- 
covery, but,  on  two  subaequuol  occaaions,  iaaucd  aiini- 
lar  comniiaaiona  for  Iha  diacovary  and  appropriation  of 
juknown  lerritoriea. 

The  coniinisaion  to  Cabot,  the  only  one  which  waa 
productive   of  inti'icaling  conaei|iiencua,  waa  granted 


vsnlagea,  then,  thai  Kiigland,  for  the  preaeiit,  derived 
from  the  voyage  of  Cabot  waa,  that  right  of  property 
which  ia  aiippoaed  lo  arise  from  priority  of  diacovary— 
a  right  which,  from  the  eileni  of  the  territory,  the  mild- 
neaa  of  ita  climate,  and  the  fertility  of  lie  aoil,  aflorded 
an  ample  proapoct  of  advantagcoua  colonitetion.  Uut 
from  tliecir^umalancea  in  which  the  nation  waa  placed, 
or  rather  from  the  deaigna  of  that  Providence  which 
gov, ma  circumalancea,  and  rendera  them  aubaervieni  lo 
the  deatiniea  of  naliona  and  individuals,  waa  (England 
prevented  from  occupying  Ihie  im|iarlant  field,  till  the 
moral  and  religioue  advancement  which  her  |ienple 
waro  aoon  to  undergo,  had  qualilied  her  lo  become  the 
parent  of  North  Amarica,  Cabot  Hnding  that  Henry 
had  abandoned  hia  colonial  projecla,  aoon  after  Irana- 
ferred   hia  vervicee  to  the  Spaniarda  ;  and  the  Kngliah 


on  the  6th  of  Marcli,  14U6,  (about  two  yeara  after  the  I  aeeincd  conlentrd  lo  aurrender  their  diacoveriea  and 


ralurn  of  Columbua  from  America,)  and  empowered 
thia  adventurer  and  hia  aoha  lo  aail  under  the  flag  of 
England  in  queat  of  counlriea  yet  unuixiipied  by  any 
chnatian  elate  ;  to  take  poaaeaaion  of  thoin  in  the  name 
of  Henry,  and  plant  the  English  banner  on  the  walla 
of  their  caallea  and  ciliea,  and  lo  maintain  with  the  in- 
habitanla  a  traffic  eicluaive  of  all  coinmililora,  and 
•irmpted  from  cuatoma  ;  under  the  condition  of  pay- 
ing a  fifth  part  of  the  free  profit  on  every  voyage  to 
Iho  crown.  Aliout  two  ycara  after  the  date  of  hia  com- 
miaeion,  [1497,]  Cabot,  with  hia  accoiid  eon,  Sobaa- 
tian.  embarked  al  Briatol,  in  a  ahip  furnished  by  the 
king,  and  waa  attended  by  four  email  vcaaela  equipped 
by  Iho  nieichania  of  tlial  city.  8cbaatian  Cabot  ap- 
pcara  to  have  greatly  oicelled  hia  father  in  geniua  and 
nautical  acionce  ;  and  it  ia  to  him  alone  lhal  hiatoiiaiia 
bave  aacribed  all  the  diacoveriea  with  which  the  name 
of  Cabot  ia  asaociatcd. 

The  navigalora  of  that  age  were  not  leas  influenced 
by  the  opiniona  than  incited  by  the  ciample  of  Co- 
lumbua, who  erroneoualy  auppoaed  that  the  lalaiida  ha 
bad  diacovered  in  hia  lirat  voyage  were  outakirta  or 
dependenciea  of  India,  and  not  far  remote  from  the 
Indian  continent.  Influenced  by  thia  notion,  Scbaatian 
Cabut  conceived  the  hope  that  by  steering  lo  the  north- 
west be  might  fulfil  the  design,  and  even  improve  the 
performance  of  Columbua,  and  roach  India  by  a  ahorter 
courae  than  his  predecessor  had  taken.  Purauing  Ihia 
track,  he  diacovered  the  islaiida  of  Newfoundland  and 
St.  John ;  and  alill  continuing  lo  hold  a  wcalerly 
course,  aoon  reached  the  continent  of  North  America, 
and  sailed  along  it  from  the  confinea  of  I^brador  lo 
the  coaal  of  Virjjinia.  Thua  conducted  by  Cabut,  who 
was  himaeir  guided  by  Iho  geniua  of  Columbua,  did 
the  Engliah  achieve  the  honor  of  being  the  accond  na- 
tion that  had  viaited  the  weaiern  world,  and  the  firat 
that  had  diacovered  that  vaat  continent  that  alrelchea 
from  the  Gulf  of  Meiico  towarda  the  North  Pole.  For 
it  waa  nol  till  the  following  year  [1408]  that  Columbua, 
in  hia  aecond  voyage,  waa  onablad  lo  complete  hia  own 
discovery,  and  proceed  beyond  Iho  ialanda  he  had  first 
viaited,  to  the  continent  of  America. 

Cabot,  disappointed  in  hia  main  object  of  finding  a 
western  paesage  to  India  returned  to  England  to  relale 
tlie  diacoveriea  ho  had  already  cfTecteu,  without  at- 
tempting either  by  settlement  or  conqueat  to  gain  a 
footing  on  the  American  continent.*     He  wouhl  wil- 


the  diacoverer  to  the  au|>erior  fortune  of  lhal  aucceaafiil 
people.  The  only  immi»tiate  fruit  that  England  de- 
rived from  hia  enterpriae  la  aaid  to  have  been  the  iin- 
porlBliun  from  America  of  tha  flfat  lurkeya*  that  had 
ever  been  aeen  in  Europe. 

It  ia  remarkable,  that  of  Iheao  Aral  eipeditiona  lo  the 
weetern  world,  by  Spain  and  England,  not  one  waa 
either  projected  or  commanded  by  a  citiien  of  the  atale 
which  aupplicd  the  aubordinale  adveiiturera,  defrayed 
the  eipense  of  the  equipment,  and  reaped  the  beneht 
of  the  enter)>riao.  The  honor  of  the  achievement  waa 
thua  more  widely  dialrihuted.  The  Spanish  adveniui- 
era  were  conducted  by  Columbua,  a  native  of  Oenoa  ; 
the  English,  by  John  Cabnt,  a  citiien  of  Venice  :  and 
though  Sebastian  ('abot,  wlioae  auperior  geniua  aoon 
aaaiiined  the  chief  direction  of  the  enterpriao,  had  him- 
aelf  Iwen  born  in  England,  it  waa  by  the  eiperience 
and  inatructiona  of  hia  father  iliat  hia  geniua  had  been 
trained  to  naval  aflaira,  and  it  was  to  the  father  that 
the  projection  of  the  voyage  w'aa  due,  and  the  chief 
command  inlruated.  Happily  for  the  honor  of  the 
Engliah  nation,  the  parallel  eilenda  no  farther ;  and 
the  treatment  which  the  two  diacoverera  eiperienned 
from  Iho  countrica  that  had  employed  them,  differed  aa 
widely  aa  the  liistoriea  of  the  two  empires  which  they 
respectively  contributed  to  found.  Columbua  waa 
loaded  with  chaina  in  the  country  which  he  had  the 
glory  of  diacovoring,  and  died  the  victim  of  ingratitude 
and  disappointment  among  Iho  people  whom  he  had 
conducted  lo  ao  much  wealth  and  renown.  Cabot, 
after  spending  some  yeara  in  the  aervice  of  Spain,  alao 
oiperienced  her  ingratitude  :  and  returning,  in  hia  old 
age,  10  England,  ho  obtained  a  kind  and  honorable  re- 
ception from  Iho  nation  which  had,  aa  yet,  derived  only 
barren  hopes,  and  a  seemingly  relinquished  title  from 
his  expedition.  He  received  the  digiiity  of  knighthood, 
the  appointment  of  lirand  Pilot  of  England,  and  a  pen- 
sion that  enabled  him  to  a|iend  hia  old  age  in  circum- 
alancea of  honor  and  comfort. 

From  this  period  till  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  no  gene- 
ral or  delil><.'.tlo  design  was  formed  in  England  for  the 
acquiaition  i  f  territory,  or  the  establishment  of  colo- 
niea  in  Anicri.^a.  During  the  reign  of  Henry  the  Vllllh, 
the  vigor  and  .ittontion  of  the  English  government  were 


Churchill's  Collection  ufVoyafica,  III.  911.  lie  composed, 
•n  his  return,  a  chart  of  the  whole  North  Amrrican  continent. 
fkla  Interesting  document  (attached  to  which  waa  a  portrait 
•f  (ba  NarlgBlori  and  a  brief  account  of  hia  voyage)  waa  long 


suspended  in  the  Privy  Gallery  at  Wliitchatl,  and  la  auppoaed 
to  have  perishea  by  the  llr;)  winch  di>Htroyed  that  tiallery,  in 

the  reign  of  Willlar., „.....- i 

War,  vol.  i.  p.  ins. 


:,o  illd.    Eiilicli->  Con.  Hint,  of  the  Late 


ry.i 

Lai 


inio) 


has  never  lieen  satisfactorily  eiplalnod.  By  the  French  it 
waacolled  "cnqd'lnde,"on  account  of  ita  American  original; 
America  being  then  generally  termed  Western  India. 


rallfia 
trina  and  eeclaaiaalieal  conalilulion  lhal  attended  !•• 
close,  found  ample  employment  si  home  for  the  mirdc 
of  the  king,  snd  ofllic  uresi  hulk  of  the  |>eflple      ll  waa 
during  ihia  iiign  lhal  the  full  light  of  the   Kefonnalinn 
broke  fuith  in  (iennany,  and  waa  rapidly  ililfused  ovat 
Kurnpe,  Henry,  st  first,  resolutely  op|ioneil  himself  14 
the  adversariss  of  the  church  of  Hume,  and  even  al> 
lrii>|ili'd,  by  his  pen,  III  stem  the  progress  of  the  innO" 
vations       llut    his   subseqiietit  controversy  with  the 
Papal  Nee  riciled  and  aanctioned  a  spirit  of  inmiiry 
among  his  own  subjects,  which  spread  far  beyona  hi* 
eipertaliona  and  deairea,  and  eliiiled  all  hia  attemptat* 
cniilnil  anil  reatrain  it.     A  discussion  of  lh«  preton* 
aiona  of  the  church  of  Home  naturally  begot  inquliv 
into  her  doctrines ;  for  her  grand  preienaioiia  lo  infal* 
libilily  formed  the  only  aulhorily  to  which  manvoftheao 
doctrinea  were  indebted  for  their  reception.     Ilia  very 
art  that  had  been  employed  (saya  an  ingenioua  philoa*^ 
jiher)  to  weave  Iha  whole  of  the  popiah  inalilutioM 
into  one  coherent  ayatem,  and  lu  make  every  aupcN 
atilioiis  device  repose  on  the  authonty  and  conduca  M 
the  aggrandisement  of  the  church  of  Home,  now  con> 
tribulM  lo  accelerate  and  complete  her  downfall,     la 
a  ayatem  ao  overgrown  with  ahueea,  Iha  aniril  of  ln> 
iiuiry,  wherever  it  olilained  admiaaion,  coulu  ndl  fail  to 
detect  error ;  and  even  a  aingla  inalance  of  auch  da> 
lection,  by  looeening  the  comer-atone  of  infallibility, 
ahook  the  wliola  edihce  to  ita  foundation.     Tho  pro- 
gresa  of  ihia  apiril  of  inquiry  eierciaed  a  powerful  and 
aaliitary  influence  on  the  character  and  fortune  of  avary 
iiaiion  in  which  it  gained  admiaaion.     A  aubjert  of  in- 
tellectual eierciae  had  al  length  been  found,  that  could 
interest  the  dullest,  and    ongroaa  the   moat   vigoroui 
facultiea ;  the  contagion   of  fervent  leal  and  eameal 
inquiry  waa  rapidly  propagated  ;  a  univeraal  promotion 
of  mind  attenoed  the  apread  of  the  reformed  doctrinea, 
and  every  nation  into  which  they  flowed  waa  elevated 
in  the  acale  of  moral  and  intellectual  being.     Intro- 
duced  into  England  by  the  power  of  a  haughty,  ea- 
piicious,  and  barbarous  tyrant,  whose  object  was  not 
the  emancipation  of  hia  aubjecta,  but  tha  daliveranco 
of  himaelf  from  a  power  which  he  wreated  from  th* 
Popo  only  to  eierciae  with  hia  own  handa ;  it  was  aom* 
time  before  those  doctrines  worked  their  way  into  tho 
ininda  of  the  people,  and,  eipelling  the  corrupliona  and 
adulterations  of  the  royal  teacher,  attained  their  full 
maturity  of    influence  and  vigor.     Beaidea  laavoning 
the  national  creed  with  much  of  tho  ancient  super- 
alition,  Henry  encumbered  the  national  worahip  with 
many  of  tha  popiah  inatitutions :  retaining  wutevat 
waa  calculatcil  to  prove  a  useful  auiiliary  lo  royal  au- 
thority, or  10  gratify  the  pomp  and  pride  of  hie  own 
acnsual  imagination.     In  the  compoeition  of  the  ee- 
cleaiaatical  body,  be  preaorved  the  powerful  hierarchy, 
and  in  the  aolemnitiea  of  worahip  the  gorgeoua  cent- 
monial  of  the  church  of  Rome.     But  he  found  it 
eaaier  to  eauhlith  eeclesiaalical  conalituliona,  than  lo 
limit  tho  atream  if  human  opinion,  or  atay  the  heavenly 
ahower  by  which  'I  waa  slowly  but  gradually  reinforcea 
and  enlarged ;    and  in  an  after  age,  the   repugnanca 
that  manileatcd  it>«lf  between  th*  conatitulion  of  Iha 
English   church  and  the  religious  aentwnenta  of  th* 
English  people,  produced  consoquencea  of  very  great 
importance  in  the  hiatoiy  of  England  and  tho  aettle- 
monl  of  America. 

The  rupture  between  Henry  Iho  Vllllh  and  the  Ko- 
maii  see  removed  whatever  obalacle  the  popiah  dona- 
tive to  Spain  might  have  inlerpoaed  to  the  appropriation 
of  American  territory  by  the  Engliah  crown  :  but  of 
the  two  immediate  aucceaaors  of  that  monarch,  the  one 
neglected  this  advantage,  and  the  other  renounced  it. 
During  the  reign  of  Edward  the  Vllh,  the  court  of  tho 
royal  minor  waa  diatracted  hy  faction,  or  occnpied  by 
the  war  with  Scotland  ;  and  the  attei)tion  of  the  king 
and  people  waa  ongroaacd  by  the  can  of  citending  ana 
confirming  tho  eatabliahment  of  the  prolestant  doc- 
trinea. Introduced  by  Henry,  and  patroniied  by  Ed- 
ward, these  doctrinea  multiplied  their  convene  with  a 
facility  that  savored  aoinewhat  of  the  weight  of  human 
authority,  and  the  influence  of  secular  interoata  ;  till, 
under  the  direction  of  Providence,  the  aame  earthly 
power  that  had  been  employed  to  facilitate  the  intro- 
duction of  truth,  was  permitled  lo  attempt  its  suppres- 
sion. The  royal  aulnorily,  which  Henry  had  blindly 
made  aubaervient  to  the  eatabliahment  of  the  protea- 
tant  doclri'i:LB,  waa  now  employed  by  Maiy  with  equal 
blindnesa  aa  an  instrament  to  sift  and  purify  the  pro- 
lestant body,  to  separate  the  genuine  from  the  uuaounil, 
and  to  enable  the  true  beliovera,  by  more  than  iiuwtal 
foittude,  faithfulnesa,  and  patience,  t>  make  full  pioul 


THB  RttTORT  Of 


J    i 


I    I 


I  itMiMlM  *ttt  4tTlM  (KM  Tu*  pmm 
rwMwiMit  UiwMR  Kimhntl  mmI  Um 
ikiNk  il  Rmm,  m4  kmknI  in  m»ni»(f^  M  Plulip  of 
I|N1b,  «m  Wiimt  b)i  (laubW  liM  la  ralrun  frwn  rwi- 
ItMmg  iIm  H|»iu«h  I'Idiiia  iMi  AiiKfia*  l>  MM  nut 
■U  Um  nitpi  ul  liliaahcih,  >lwl  llw  uImIm'Im  cn*i»i  liy 
Ik*  ipnUiMMHit  of  M)Miii  war*  llii«lly  (niiiiitiHi,  •iiil  llw 
HMMCI  ol  coIImiihi  wilh  llw  tlxaigiia  ul  IImI  pooor,  «i 
lif  Iruin  tpiiMring  ati|«'liuii*M*,  prvHiiiml  Uw  atiuim- 
••I  altrM'lHnw  lu  llw  ihiii<1>  ol  thit  lliiKlith 

UmIi  tUlmii^  liuniig  Ihi*  king  iwiiwl  iIm  acru|Hiliiin 
W  AuMfMi  Mil  bnn  ulluljr  utglMWd,  llw  n»>l  n- 
mtnt*  MU|>t«i  I*  lb*  (unnalion  •ml  iiwiiiiaiwnu*  ul 
nl»Hlia  ««ra  tliligtntly  mUmlail  in  liimUiMl.  aiMl  * 
V§m\»  im|Mla*  wm  (Mnmuiiicaiaii  u>  llw  a|iitit  nf 
•MWaMrul  MlMBdM.  \luitt  Ik*  iliraeliona  ol  Caliut, 
la  tiM  nl(B  of  Hmijr  ih*  Vlllib,  ilw  tinaliah  um- 
ttmalM  liMlW  th«  aowl  af  Braiil,  imi  UmM  witk  llw 
tlllh««iin  af  Ik*  l*ocMgiMM.  In  lh«  nmn  uf  M- 
«Mnt  tk*  VlUt,  Um  UMrtM  •«  ilw  Iwnlia  of  Naw- 
htiaMaiNi,  »Wk  httl  kaan  pnnoualy  ralablMlwd,  wara 
rnHmiti  tmt  «M*uitg*ii  ■  uid  an  MMMituon  ol  wl- 
TCHMnn  far  Um  ^Meoamjr  of  mm  counlrMa  wu  incnr- 
iwnltl  bjr  loyil  (turtw.  Earn  Miiy  eimlnbuiaa  u> 
■wwnH  Uiit  tliiMUon  at  Um  imuwuI  apiril  i  aha 
twn<a4  Ik*  C«f|wntHm  of  Manlunu  la  HuaaM,  ami 
•nd**voi*ii  la  praMd  ikair  liaHk,  hjr  aalabliahing  a 
ftMMlljr  raUlien  wilk  Ik*  aawraian  of  lliai  country. 
During  bar  raign,  an  *iiain|ii  hi||liT;  ciadiiahla  lo  iha 
Mtianal  anargjr,  and  not  whollx  unauccnaarul,  waa  mada 
M  r***k  India  by  land  ;  ami  a  coininarciai  lularcouraa 
wa*  •alabliahad  wilh  ihi)  caaal  ol'  Africa.  Many  ayiiip- 
liHW  ca<ia|Mr«d  lo  indKala  with  what  alaady  vigor  and 
panarering  aidor  tba  poopla  of  t^nglaiid  inighi  Iw  on- 
yaand  la  iinprvva  avary  opportunily  of  aiarciaing  and 
talawling  Uwir  rvaourcaa,  and  huw  high  a  rank  llwy 
wara  daalinad  la  bald  in  iha  acala  'if  nalioiia,  whan  ihv 
••f*Mih  *f  Ibair  charaeiar  aliouM  ba  thoroughly  davii- 
l*|il*  hjT  Um  prograaa  of  Ibair  raceni  iiiiprovaiiianl,  and 
tha  pruKiplaa  and  policy  of  tbair  govvrninant  ahould 
mara  happily  concur  wuk  Iha  ganiua  and  ianliinania  of 
ItMjiaopla. 

Tba  Hpiniarda  in  tha  maanlima  had  ailandad  thair 
MNMOMMa  a«ar  Iha  continani  of  Houth  America,  and 
aahiavad  an  aitani  of  coni|ueal  and  aceaaaim  of  traa- 
•ura  Ikal  daulad  Iha  ayaa  and  aicilad  lb*  amulation  of 
■il  Kuropa.  Tha  mar*  active  apiriia  among  the  Mpa- 
aiah  peaple,  reatrained  at  home  uy  the  llliheral  giiiuua 
rt  Ibair  government,  eiigarly  ruahed  into  the  outlet  of 
antarpriaa  ureacntad  lo  Ihein  on  the  vmi  theatre  of 
Maiiro  and  I'eru.  Tha  paganiam  of  the  naiivei  uf 
UMea  lagione  allured  ibe  invaawn  of  bigota  luii|)  wed- 
tut  la  a  failh  Ihal  rerogniecd  compiiUion  aa  an  inalru- 
■anl  of  convaraion  i  and  Uwir  wealth  and  eHeininacy 
■at  laea  powerfully  lem|iled  the  cupidity  of  men  in 
■kaw  pno*  inHanied  the  deaire  of  rivhea,  while  il  in- 
■fif*d  eo«lani|it  of  induairy.  Thua  every  proapcct  lliat 
■•uld  addreae  ilaelf  prevailing  lo  human  dcairea,  or 
!•  lb*  poeuliariliee  of  Mpenieb  cbaracier,  conlnbuted  to 
paanala  thai  aeriee  of  rapid  and  vigoroua  invaaiona,  by 
whieb  Um  Hpaoiaida  overran  ao  Urge  a  partion  of  llie 
coolinaal  of  Sontb  America.  The  real  and  Uating 
aCMt  of  Ikair  acquiaiiiona  baa  eorreapondad  in  a  man- 
uar  vary  aaliabelory  to  the  mural  eye,  with  the  charac- 
ter (od  OMril  of  tba  achieveinenla  by  which  they  were 
oamad.  The  bialory  of  the  i-iprdiuuna  which  termi- 
nated in  the  conuueat  of  Mumco  arul  I'eru  dinplaya, 
perhaaa,  more  atrikiiigly  iban  any  othor  portion  of  the 
racoroa  ef  tha  human  race,  what  ainaaing  eierliona  the 
mind  of  man  can  prompt  hiin  to  attempt,  and  aiialam 
htm  la  enduro— 4iow  aienally  he  la  capable  of  niiadi- 
rauting  the  anergiee  with  which  hti  Creator  haa  endow ud 
hia— and  bow  fatally  diapoacd  to  exerciae  them  more 
vigoioualy  in  tba  commiaaion  of  wickedneaa  Uian  the 
praetica  of  virtue.  Wholly  revolted  from  Uod,  m  the 
darkiwaa  of  a  diaprdercd  nature,  and  never  whnlly  ro- 
liuning  in  thia  lila  to  an  entire  aubordinaiion,  men  acein 
to  ba  capable  of  obtaining  a  more  perfect  co-opnration 
of  thair  active  facultiea,  and  more  eitenaive  cuntnbu- 
lian  of  tba  reaourcoa  of  Ibeir  nature  to  the  production 
of  a*il  Ihan  to  the  proaecution  of  good.  *  '  'iV>  conaider 
Um  counge,  the  patience,  the  vigor,  the  fortitude, 
avinead  by  the  coiii|uerora  of  8outb  America,  in  con- 
juneuon  with  (he  aordid,  unjuat,  and  barbaroua  eiida  to 
which  Ihay  were  nude  aubaervient,  might  degrade  theae 
vinuaa  for  ever  in  our  catci^m,  if  we  did  not  rocollect 
Ihal  energy  ia  the  gift  of  Und,  and  the  abuae  of  it  the 
iiiveotinn  of  man  ;  and  that  geaiua  and  valor,  even 
when  eiBployad  to  dobaas  and  oppreaa  mankind,  are 


*  If  «mie  evamplea  in  the  hl«tory  ol  the  world,  and  even  In 
Um enlaiMaalton  of  (Ntrthem)  Aiiierira,  uem  lo  dinpuie  thU 
paalUaa,  Ihay  can  only  turn  a  univeiaal  iatoa  faneial  mailm. 


not  mora  jually  otiioitoiw  la  rrpniarfc,  than  tha  wina 
whii  h  nllan  wa>l>a  the  iirvnglh  it  waa  given  la  realore, 
Of  th*  luod  whirh  a«iHi»liinea  abrHlgea  iKe  life  it  waa 
meant  to  prolong  'Iha  iiilti*itl>le  |trulr  ami  ilrliHcrai* 
Ivraniiy  of  lhr«e  ailvrnliirrri,  Ihi'ir  arrt>K«hl  ili«ri*g4rd 
uf  the  MKhia  III  human  naiiiri',  and  ralm  aiirvry  ul  ihx 
(IvMilaliun  III  •iii|iirea  and  tltiiru«'tiuii  ul  h«|>|Miit<«a  ami 
lilr,  la  ri'i.ili'rail  Itin  iiiiifa  airiltiiig  ami  iimlriH'livr  by 
llw  huiiiilily  uf  ilwir  own  oriKiiial  i*irLMiMitia(t«-*t,  whirri 
•rallied  lu  level  and  unjl*  llwin  by  luhil  and  •viii|Killiy 
wilh  Ih*  iiiaaa  ul  mankind  W  fienre  we  ria«>iialily 
runclud*.  that  the  ilbmuiia  of  royally  are  tml  indiafteii- 
■ably  rripiiaiie  lu  dialled  Ihe  heart  with  pride  and  lo 
harden  it  with  crui  lly,  and  that  ("yrrhua  and  .Vleiamler 
wrre  com|iuaed  of  the  aania  inateriala  wilh  I'urira  and 
I'laarru.  The  coni^iirala  of  the  MiMiiianU  were  ar- 
compliahid  with  aiich  rapidity,  and  lulluwrd  wilh  aiii'h 
harboroua  oppreaaion,  ihal  a  very  few  yean  aiillloed  mil 
only  entirely  to  aiibjiigate,  but  aliiiuat  wholly  to  atlir- 
pale,  Iha  alothful  and  elK'minala  nlnlalera  whom  it  waa 
llw  will  of  Uod  to  drairay  by  their  handa  The  ael- 
llemenla  that  wrre  founded  in  the  caiii|urr*d  rniiiilrira 
imiduced,  from  the  nature  of  Ihe  aoil,  a  laal  inllui  uf 
gold  and  ailver  into  Mpain,  and  flnalljr  eii-rriaed  a  iiiuat 
IwriiKiona  inAuenee  on  the  lilwrly,  indiiatry,  and  priia- 
(lerity  of  her  |ieii|ile.  Hut  it  waa  long  lielore  the  hit- 
ler harveal  of  lliia  golden  ihower  waa  rrafwd  ;  and  in 
an  aga  ao  ignorant  uf  polilical  acienre,  il  roiild  nut  be 
foreaaen  ihrough  the  iioinpand  renown  wiili  which  Ihe 
aei|uiailian  of  ao  much  empire,  and  Ihe  adniiiiialraiwn 
uf  ao  much  troaaure,  acaiiwd  in  inveal  the  Npaniah 
moiutrcky  The  achieveinenla  of  the  urigip  0  adveii- 
lurera,  embelliahed  by  the  romantic  geniiia  u|  Spain, 
•ltd  aoftened  by  national  partiality,*  had  now  orciipiml 
Iha  pane  of  Npaniah  hialnriana,  and  eiciled  a  thirat  fur 
•miliar  proji'Cta,  and  hoiiea  of  aiinilar  enrii'hmi'nl  in 
livery  nation  where  th*  tiiiingi  were  miidii  kiiuwn  The 
■tiiily  of  the  Njianiah  language,  and  llie  ai'i|iiaintaiice 
with  Hjianiah  lileratiira  wliicli  tba  marriage  of  I'hilip 
and  Mary  inlroiluced  into  Kngland,  awakened  the  mure 
active  apirila  in  tlua  cniiiilry  lo  aiinilar  viewa  and  pro- 
jecta,  and  gave  to  the  riiing  •pint  uf  adventure  a 
atroiig  dalerminatiun  luwaida  the  continent  of  Ame- 
rica. 

Tha  raign  of  Elitaheth  waa  pmdnctiva  of  Iha  Aral 
altempta  thai  the  Kiitfliah  had  ever  made  lo  ealabllah 
a  permanent  aeillmnent  in  Amrrira.  Hut  many  vaiiaea 
cuntriliuled  lo  onlerblu  tli(*ir  i-xertiuna  fur  tliia  piir|Hjae, 
and  to  retard  tha  accomjiliahment  of  ibia  grrit  dcaign. 
Tha  civil  government  of  tliialiclh  in  the  commriice- 
inenl  of  her  reign  waa  hlKhly  accepiahle  to  hrr  aub- 
jecta ;  and  her  ruminnrcial  (lujiey,  Ihuiigh  fn>i|iii'iilly 
(lerverted  by  the  intereaia  of  arbitrary  {wwrr,  and  the 
principlea  of  a  narrow  and  erroiieoiia  ayatem,  waa  in 
tha  inai'„  perhapa,  not  Ivaa  laudably  deaigned  tluin  Jii- 
dicioualy  airrrird  to  the  cullivation  of  their  reaoiirrca 
and  the  pruinouoii  of  their  proaperity.  Uy  |ierinittinK 
a  free  ejpuriation  uf  corn,  ahe  promoted  at  once  Ibe 
agriculture  and  the  commerce  of  Kngland  ;  end  by 
trealiea  with  foreign  powora,  aha  endeavored  lo  eala- 
bliah  commercial  rnlationa  betwenn  their  aiibjerta  and 
her  own.t  Senaiblu  how  much  llie  atreiigth  and  aafety 
of  the  atale  and  ihe  proa|i<>rily  of  the  people  niuat  de- 
pend on  <  naval  force,  ahe  took  every  moaiia  lo  encou- 
rage navigiition ;  and  ao  much  Increaaed  the  ahipping 
uf  the  kingdom  both  by  building  large  veearia  horaelf, 
and  by  pruinuting  ahiit-biiilding  among  the  niercbanta, 
that  ahe  waa  aiyled  by  her  aubjecta  the  Keatorer  of 
naval  glor^,  and  the  (jiinen  of  the  northern  aeaa.  Ki- 
gidly  jual  in  diachargiiig  the  ancient  debia  of  the  crown, 
aa  well  aa  in  fuliilling  all  her  own  engagemonta,  yet 
forliearing  toward*  her  (wople  in  the  iinpoaition  of 
laioa  ;  frugal  in  the  expenditure  of  her  reaoiircea,  and 
yet  evincing  a  atoady  vigor  in  the  proaecution  of  well 
directed  projecta  ;  the  policy  ol  her  civil  government 
at  once  convoyed  the  wiaoat   leaaona  to  hor   aiilijecta, 

*  Truth  la  prnvorhially  the  dauKliler  of  Time  ;  and  Ihe  pni- 
verb  haa  been  remarkably  vortflDd  by  tlie  iiroKtit^a  nr  human 
upjnion  with  reafwct  to  the  conduct  oflhu  Spaiilnh  ronfiuor- 
ura  or  South  America.  Some  apecimena  ol  tho  Ifnorancp  Ihst 
provollrd  at  a  pretty  lato  period  in  England  en  llua  aubjett 
will  lie  found  m  Nolo  II. 

t  She  obtained  Irom  John  Raalhdca,  tho  rr.nr  of  Miiarnyy,  a 
patent  which  conferred  tho  whole  trade  of  lihdomtiilona  on 
ttiu  EnirllHb.  With  tliia  rrnnt  tlio  lyriint,  who  lived  In  con- 
tlnll.il  dread  of  a  rovolt  or  hia  Aubjocla,  piin'tioaed  from  Eliza- 
beth the  Manraiice  of  an  aayliini  from  Ihclr  fury  in  KTii<luiid. 
But  hia  aim  Thnodore  revoked  II,  und  nnaworod  to  tliii  Qiiecira 
mmonatrancea,  that  ho  waa  dotcrTiilnod  to  rob  neither  liia  own 
aubjucta  nor  foreinnera  by  aubjectinff  lo  momipoliua  what 
abuuld  lie  free  to  all  mankind,  riimden,  p.  4tf3,  Ho  anpenur 
waa  tho  commercial  iMitlcy  which  niitiiral  juatlce  tanirhl  tlila 
barbarian,  to  the  ayittem  which  Kli-/iihelli  derived  from  hor 
iMiaatod  learniiiif  and  renowned  ability,  and  winch  loaded  the 
I  fraedum  and  induairy  of  her  people  withpatenta,uionopoUea, 
•Dd  axclualva  compaiiiaa 


•ihI  happily  fonrnrml  with  Iha  genaral  tnm§  at  iftM 
aanllnienla  and  characlvr  IVrhap*  there  never  wa*  i 
hiiinau  lieing  (aaaiiredly  never  a  wuiiwn)  au  little  aiOW* 
hie,  who,  aa  a  aotiireign,  waa  au  popular  and  au  iniiall 
reajiei'ted 

lluritig  a  reign  ao  fivnraMe  lu  ronimrrrlal  antar- 
priae,  llie  a|iirit  Ihal  h,td  lu'rit  Unig  growing  up  in  tho 
miiida  uf  Ihe  Kiigliah  waa  cilli  d  lurih  iniu  yiguruiM 
•nd  (wiaevering  rieriinii  1  iiiler  the  pairuiiaue  0* 
Ihiillry,  Karl  uf  Warwick,  and  cuuiliicleil  by  Marllu 
Krubiaher,  au  ei|iediliiMi  wh«  drapatched  lor  the  di^ 
envrry  of  a  nurtb-wrat  paaaage  lu  India;  Init  after  aa* 
pinring  Ibernaalauf  l.abradur  and  (IrveiilamI,  KrubiahM 
waa  rniniHlled  lu  rrliirn  with  th*  tidinga  uf  diaaii|Huiil- 
meni.  [IftTH  I  Iftlieanlui  uf  th*  I'.iiglwh  waadanip*4 
by  th*  raault  of  thia  rntrrpriae,  it  waa  iiuirkly  raviva4 
by  the  aurcaaafiil  eifirdilinn  of  Nir  Irancia  llyaka, 
who,  with  a  feeble  ai|uadrun,  undrrtuok  and  accum« 
iiliahed  th*  aame  anierpriaa  ihal  for  aiity  yeara  ha4 
inrtn  d  the  peculiar  ginry  of  Ihe  I'ortiigiieaa  iiavigalof 
Magellan,  and  ubtaiiinl  fur  Knglaiiil  the  honor  of  Iwintf 
Ihe  ■ei'uitd  nation  that  hail  roiiiptrtely  cireuninavigat** 
the  glulK.  A  general  eiilhiiaiaaiii  waa  eiciltd  by  ihll 
•pleiHlul  achievement,  anil  a  (laaaion  for  naval  aiploil* 
laid  liold  of  the  apirita  of  almoat  all  Ih*  einineni  leaden 
of  lb*  age 

Hut  atill  nn  project  of  •IliR'ting  a  permanent  arttla- 
inrnl  abroad  had  Iwen  •ntertaimd  ur  attanipleil  la 
KngI  id.  'IV  happlneaa  that  waa  enjuyrd  by  Ih* 
•uhiecla  of  Kliialirln  enfnrced  lima*  attracliona  thol 
bind  Ihe  hearta  of  men  lo  their  native  land,  and  whick 
ire  rarely  aurmouiited  but  by  the  riprriiiKe  uf  in- 
lulrrable  liarilalii|>a  at  lioine,  ur  the  prua|H'ct  ufauilde* 
enrichment  abroad  *  Hut  the  trrritory  of  North  Ania- 
rira  held  mil  none  of  the  allureiiwiita  that  had  invilMt 
ami  rvwanlril  the  N|Hiniah  adveiitiirera  ;  il  preai'nte4 
no  hopea  but  of  dialaiit  gain,  and  iiiiitrd  no  eacrtiona 
but  of  palieiil  induairy.  Th*  prevalence  ol  the  pr» 
leatant  doctrinea  in  Kngland,  and  the  increaaing  in 
riiienre  of  a  aenae  of  religiun  on  the  mimla  uf  the  pao> 
pie,  diaiiicliiii'd  many  tu  abandon  the  uiily  cuiinirf 
where  the  Itefunnatinn  appeared  tu  lie  aecurely  eata- 
bliahed  ;  engrnaaid  the  ininila  of  utiiera  with  aiheiiia* 
for  the  imprnveineiit  of  tho  coiiatitution  and  ritual  *l 
Iheir  national  church  ;  and  prulwhly  repreaaed  in  aoiM 
ardent  apirita  the  e|'uleinical  thirat  of  adventiira,  aii4 
ri'i-unciled  them  to  that  inmlirale  coinpeteiwy  wnicl 
Ihe  elate  of  aorirlv  in  Kngliiiid  rendered  eaaily  atlairj* 
ble,  and  the  aimplicity  of  inannara  preaerved  from  cot 
tamiil. 

Iliil  if  th*  Immediate  infl'irnce  of  rellgloua  printlph 
waa  uiifavurnbin  lo  prujecta  nf  iiiiigration,  it  mu la iIm 
further  ilevrlupinriit  uf  tliia  iiublo  principl*  that  Kn^ 
land  waa  aoon  to  bo  indebted  for  her  greateat  »m 
moat  illualrmua  colonial  eatabliahment.  I'h*  (cct**^ 
aaiical  policy  of  Kliaaliclh  waa  far  from  giving  th* 
aame  general  aatitfaclion  that  her  civil  governiuaill 
aifordod  tu  her  aubjecta.     Inheriting  the  arrogant  tela- 

Sier,  the  lofty  pretenaiona,  and  ambitioua  laato  of  bet 
ather,  with  little  of  hia  loal  and  none  of  hia  bigotry, 
religiuua  cunfiileratioiia  oHen  iningled  with  her  policy  ; 
but  reli^ioiia  aontimenla  hid  but  little,  if  any,  iiiHuenc* 
nn  her  heart.  Like  him,  ahe  wiahcd  to  adapt  the  ea- 
tabliahmenta  of  rhriatianity  to  Ihe  |x>iiip  and  vanity  ol 
royaliaed  human  iiatur*  ;  and  by  a  apleiidid  hierarchy 
•nd  gnrgenua  cereiiioiiial,  mediate  an  agreeinant  b»> 
tween  the  loltineaa  of  her  heart  and  the  humility  of  th* 
giiapel.  Hut  the  peraecutiuii  that  the  Kiiu1i<*li  piotea> 
tanta  had  undergone  from  Mary  liad  not  oiily  deepeiieii 
and  purified  the  rrligioiia  aontimenla  of  a  great  body  ol 
Ihe  |ieonle,  but  akaiM'ialed  with  nucy  nf  the  cereiiionla* 
retained  in  the  national  church  llie  idea  of  |io)Miry  and 
the  recullectiun  uf  porucution.  Tina  ropiignanco  bo- 
tween  the  aontimcnta  of  tha  men  who  now  began  to 
he  termed  piirilaiia,  and  the  ecclealaatical  policy  of  th* 
Kiigliah  government,  continued  to  increaae  during  th* 
whule  rrign  of  Kliialieth  :  but  aa  the  iiiHiience  which 
it  exorclacd  on  tiio  coloniution  of  America  did  not 
apiwnr  till  ilio  folluwing  reign,  I  thall  defer  the  further 
account  of  it  till  we  come  to  trace  ita  cfTecta  in  III* 
riae  and  progrcaa  of  tho  coloniea  of  Now  Kngland. 

During  thia  reign,  there  waa  introduced  into  Eng- 
land a  branch  uf  that  inhuman  traffic  in  negro  alavea, 
which  afiarwarda  engroaaod  ao  largo  a  portion  of  h(( 
cnmiT,ercial  wealth  and  adventure,  and  coiivertcd  a  nu- 
innruiia  budy  nf  hor  nierchanta  into  a  confederacy  ul 
rublwra,  and  much  of  what  ahe  termed  her  trade  ml* 

*  Who  ia  ho  that  hnthjuilifment,  couraire,  and  any  Induairy 
or  quality,  wilh  underauiidmir,  will  leave  hia  country,  hlfl 
liupoa  at  homo,  liia  cortnin  eatale,  hia  frlenda,  pleoaurea,  Ubaity^ 
and  the  prvfernwnt  that  Ennlaml  doth  afford  to  all  ili|ia*a 
wure  I*,  not  to  advance  hia  fortunea  by  aiyaylng  hM  dMaaita P 
■mlth  i  Ulat.  u(  Vufinia,  *c.  B.  vt. 


NORTH   AMminA. 


Ml*  af  daliharMa  fr*iMi  and  •irMHMM  twtnM*  'IIhi 
Cm  I'nilMlMwn  who  bntuatil  Ikw  (tiill  u|ian  Iimm«I( 
Ml4  tki*  rtHMtlrv  W4M  Htr  ItitiM  lUwIitii*,  wKu  NUvr 
••rda  •luiiird  mi  hi  uh  iiauliitl  I'tUbiiiy,  aiiil  «••• 
•raalnl  an  ailmiral  aiiil  Irfaaiirsr  ol  ih*  Hriii>h  navy 
Ilia  falhvr,  an  aipvrl  Kiigluh  ■rainaii,  having  nia'l** 
M«*ral  voyaKM  la  iha  laaal  iif  liiiinra.  (ihI  riiMU 
liMma  I*  llraail  aiul  iIm  Wi-ai  Imlita,  hail  ai'i|Uln"l 
MnMiUirabl*  IhiiiwImIk*  nf  thru  riiiinlriia,  whMh  \,r 
Inuiaiiiiltail  lu  hia  aiMi  III  Ihn  rii|iM»ia  |<Mirnala  uf  Itia 
«  >y»4*»  ami  ntiaarvaliuna,  wlmli  hi<  lalt  tirhiiHl  hiiii  al 
kla  iTi'ath.  Ill  th«ia«  riHn^Miaiiiiina  ha  ilpw-riMiil  lhi> 
HmI  of  AiHrrw*  (ml  IJM  Waal  liolwa  aa  amliwaU  wiili 
MtiMnlinarir  rkkiiaaa  (mi  fcrliliif,  bill  uilarly  nan- 
|a<:lMl  Innn  Iha  waiii  of  aiillitalnn  'Iha  nalitaa  of 
teutium  wan  laimarniaj  aa  iiiiiK|iial  lo  Ihn  tuil  o(  a||ri- 
(ullura  III  ao  aiillrir  •  islimala  \  liul  ihuaa  a(  Africa  aa 
{MHiiilMrly  wall  adafilail  tn  ihia  rmplnymaiil.  ^'iirrilily 
■truck  ymth  ihaaa  ramarka,  Mawiiina  ilailiiiail  frimi 
lk*m  th*  pfawal  of  lnna|ioftin||  Afrwaiia  inlo  iIhi 
waalarn  wiirlil ;  awl  having  ilrawn  mi  ■  |ilan  Air  iho 
•laruIMm  af  ihia  ikiaiipi,  h«  laid  il  Iwlora  auim  iif  hia 
•(•ulanl  IwiuhtMra,  and  aalirilnl  llmr  a|iiiriihali<m  ami 
tancurronca.  A  auharripliDn  waa  a|Niiiaii  and  aiirrdily 
•nmulatad  h*  Hir  LiuimiI  Duikal,  Mir  'Ihiiinaa  I/mIi|«, 
Rir  William  Winli|r,  ami  oihrra,  who  |ilaiiily  parmvad 
Um  aial  anMluimnl  thai  miKhl  Im  ilrritrd  fmiii  aiirh  a 
lltAc.  Uy  Ihair  aaaialanra  liawkina  waa  anahjad  lu 
••I  aail  fof  Africa  in  iha  yaar  IMS,  ami,  haying  rrarhad 
Sirrra  l,mina,*  ha  Itrifan  kia  eominarca  wiih  tha  iiai(roaa. 
U'hila  ha  Iraffiekad  with  Uiain  in  iha  uaual  artii'laa  uf 
baitar,  ba  look  oecaaion  la  ||i>a  Ihrin  an  iiiviiinii  da- 
•eriplion  af  Iha  coiinlry  to  wkwh  ha  waa  hound,  ron- 
Irullnv  Iha  fartilily  o(  lla  anil  and  iha  rninyinania  of 
lla  inhabilania  with  Iha  harraniiaaa  uf  Afrira  and  iha 
povarly  of  ika  Afnran  Irihaa.  Kindiiiv  that  Iha  nntiia- 
|iacljng  nayrMa  lialaiird  lo  him  wiln  lni|ilirit  lirlivf, 
■ml  wera  iraally  daliiihlod  wilh  llMa  Kumfiaan  liiaii- 
naa  and  oniamanla  whirh  ha  diaplaginl  lo  ihatn,  ha 
MTarad,  if  any  of  Iham  wara  wdlinii  lo  aichani^a  ihair 
4a«lllula  circumalancaa  for  a  hafinii'i  rondilion,  lo 
Iranaport  Ihain  lo  Ihia  mora  hoiinlifiil  raffion,  whvra  ha 
■aaurad  Iham  of  a  kind  raraiilion,  and  of  an  ampla  par- 
licipalion  of  tha  liiiuriaa  with  which  ha  had  inailn  Ihnm 
•a<)uamlad,  la  Iha  certain  racoinpanaa  of  aaay  labor 
Tha  nagiiaa  wera  enanarad  liy  hia  Aattarinii  pmmiaca, 
■nd  Ihiaa  hiiiidrad  of  Ihriii,  aceeplina  hia  olTer,  con- 
Nnlad  to  eniliark  alonii  with  hiin  for  Hia|Niniola.  On 
Uw  night  liefora  ihuir  amiiarkalian,  Ihay  ware  altarkrd 
by  a  hoalila  Iriba  ;  and  llawkina  haalaning  with  hia 
craw  to  Ihair  aaaiatanca,  repulacd  tha  laaailtnla,  and 
cairiad  •  number  of  Iham  aa  priaonara  on  lioard  hia 
Tiiaaala.  Tha  neil  day  ha  aal  aail  with  hia  iniied 
cargo  of  buinan  erealiiraa,  and  during  Iha  pnaaaga 
treirfad  tha  nagroaa  who  had  voliinlarily  arroiiipaiiii'd 
klni  in  a  dilTaranl  mannf  r  from  hia  pria«iiera  of  war 
''  arrival  al  Hiapaiiiola  he  diapoaad  of  Iha  whole 

4rga  lo  great  advantage,  and  endeavored  lo  inriilcata 
on  the  Npaiiiarda  who  Ixiiight  tha  nafimaa,  iha  aamo 
4ialinction  in  llio  IroatinenI  uf  lliem  which  lie  hiinacif 
had  uliarrvud.  Uiil  having  now  put  the  fiillllinrnt  of 
kia  proiniaea  out  of  hia  own  power,  it  waa  nol  permit- 
lad  lo  him  ao  lo  liinil  the  evil  conaeniianrea  of  hia  per- 
fidy ;  and  the  ^4|laniarda  having  niirchaaod  all  the  Afri- 
cana  at  the  aaine  rata,  cnnaidoma  thoin  aa  alavea  of  the 
•tme  condiliou,  and  cunaaqucntly  traatad  thom  all 
alike. 

Whan  Hawkina  relumed  lo  England  wilh  a  rich 
freight  of  iiaaria,  augar,  and  ginger,  which  he  had  ra- 
crived  in  eicluiige  for  hia  alavea,  the  auccraa  of  hia 
voyage  oicited  univeraal  inlereat  and  curioaily  rcapecl- 
iiig  ihta  novel  and  ailranritinary  deacriptioii  of  trade. 
A I  firat  Ihn  nation  waa  ahocked  with  tha  barliaroua  aa- 
y.  t  ofa  traffic  in  the  peraona  of  men  ;  and  the  public 
weling  having  penetrated  into  tha  court,  the  queen 
■ant  for  Huwkina  to  inquire  in  what  manner  Ihia  new 
branch  of  con-.merco  waa  conducted  ;  declaring  to  him 
dMI  "  if  any  uf  tha  Africaiia  were  carried  away  with' 
■ul  thair  own  conaent,  il  would  be  doloatable,  and  call 
down  the  vengeance  of  Heaven  u|>on  the  undnrtakara." 
Hawkioa,  in  reply,  aaaiired  her  that  no  ojipcdilion  where 
ka  haS  tha  command  ahould  any  of  the  nalivea  of 
Africa  D«  carried  away  without  their  own  free  will  and 
eonaant,  except  auch  captivea  aa  might  ha  lakoii  in  war ; 
■nd  ha  declaicl  thai  ao  far  from  feeling  any  acruple 
concerning  Iha  juatice  of  hia  undertaking,  he  considered 
it  an  act  of  humanity  to  carry  men  from  a  worse  con- 
dition to  a  better ;  from  a  atate  of  heathen  barbarism 


*  It  ia  remarkable  tliat  tltii  flhoultl  be  tho  very  iitiot  wliere, 
Iwocanturtet  alter,  the  most  <llitln(ulshoU  alTortiof  tho  Riik' 
Hah  hare  bean  aiada  to  pronwle  the  liberty  and  happlneaa  of 
Iba  Atocana. 


•(  abanng  iba  blaaalnga  uf  alvil 
aneiatv  ami  liw  etmaiian  raligwn.  Il  la  haliavad,  in- 
dai'il,  ami  M>nn«  i  iMi>'iti,Mil  wilh  paidiahilily,  1I14I  Haw 
kitia,  ail  tar  IriMii  inirniltftg  thai  Oia  nagroaa  whiim  he 
aolil  ahuiiM  be  rmwigiiail  lo  a  alala  uf  iMir|i«iiial  alavary, 
•■iwrlrd  ihal  Ihay  wiiiibl  Iw  advanraii  tu  Iha  riHidilimi 
a(  Iraa  aarvaiila  whaiiavar  ihair  labiira  hail  yii'Ideil  In 
r  inaalara  an  aqiiivalani  fur  iha  ri|iaii«a  uf  their 
purrhaaa  Tlia  i|iia«ii  a|qiearad  In  Im  aalialled  wilh  hia 
ruuiil,  aud  >l>aMiiaa<,i|  hlin  with  Iha  aa>uranra  lhal, 
while  n«  am'  li<a  aaaii.'ialaa  ai'led  wilh  hiiiiianily  ami 
jualica,  lliair  >  uj'  Id  aiijuy  bar  cuiinlaname  ami  prulec 

I  HMI 

'I'ha  vary  neat  vayaga  ihai  Hawhina  iindartook, 
dainunalralad  alill  mure  rlnarly  llie  ilecriifiilnraa  of 
Uial  nncllun  which  ha  hail  applied  10  his  roiiarivncr, 
and  tha  fiililily  even  uf  Ihuaa  iiilenliniia  of  whirh  the 
fulrtlinenl  aaaiiiad  tu  da|M'nil  aiilirrlv  un  hiinaalf  In 
hia  paaaaga  Im  mat  wilh  an  (jigliah  ship  of  war,  which 
juniml  ilaalf  tn  Iha  aipaililion,  ami  acriiinpaniml  hini 
lo  Ilia  coa>l  of  Afrira.  On  hia  arrival,  ha  Iwgan  aa 
foriiirrly  lo  tralllc  with  ihn  negriiea,  and  andaavnreil, 
by  raileratluii  of  hia  former  lupira  of  perauaaioii.  In 
iiidiici:  thiin  tu  smliark  In  hia  veaaria  lliil  Ihay  had 
iiuw  lieciinia  rraervrd  and  jaaloiia  uf  hia  dvaigna,  ami 
aa  none  of  iliair  nnighliora  hail  relumed,  Ihay  ware 
apprahenaiva  tlwl  Ilia  Kiiglish  had  killed  and  ilavourad 
lliiiiii  )  a  aiipiKMilion  whirh,  hiiwiwer  on'aiiaiva  In  Iha 
Kngliali,  did  grrally  and  erroneuualy  eitenuala  tha  in- 
humanity uf  which  they  had  iH'en  acliially  gnilly.  The 
crew  of  tha  abip  uf  war,  olMerviiig  tha  Alrirana  hack- 
ward  and  aiiaiiiriuiia,  begai,  lo  liaride  Iha  gentle  and 
dilalury  inellimla  of  priicrediiig  lo  which  Hawkina  con- 
Ancd  hiinaelf,  aial  prnpnaed  having  immediate  reeoiiraa 
tu  violence  and  rompulaiun.  The  aailura  belonging  lo 
hia  own  Heel  loitied  wilh  the  cruw  of  tha  man  of  war, 
and,  applauding  Iha  propoatl,  Iwgan  to  iiiaka  paapara- 
liona  lur  carrying  it  intu  alfrct.  Hawkina  proiaated 
againal  auch  unwarrantable  rrudlly,  and  vainly  andaa- 
vured  tu  prevail  on  tliein  lo  daaiai  from  their  purpoaa  ; 
the  inalriicliona  uf  tho  ipieen  and  tha  diclatea  of  con- 
acirnce  ware  liielliirliially  cilad  lii  men  whom  he  had 
initialed  in  piiary  and  iiijuaiiro,  ard  who  ware  not  able 
tod  acover  tha  mural  aupenurity  of  calm  treachery  over 
uiid  sguiard  viulvnca  I'hey  puraued  their  deaign,  and 
after  aeveral  unaucceaaful  atlacka,  in  which  many  of 
them  lual  their  livea,  the  cargo  waa  at  length  coinpletad 
by  furce  and  barliarily.  Murh  waa  the  origin  of  the 
hngliah  branch  uf  Ilia  alave  trade,  which  I  have  related 
Iha  inure  iiiinulrly,  not  only  on  account  of  Iha  remarka- 
ble ami  inatructive  circumalanca  that  attended  Iha 
commeiicaineiit  of  Iha  practice,  (Sea  Note  I]  but  on 
account  of  the  influence  which  it  aubacquently  exer- 
oiard  on  the  coloiiiiatiuii  and  condition  of  aoma  of  Iba 
pruviiwea  of  Ninth  Ann  rica. 

Tha  apirit  uf  adventure  which  had  been  aiciled  in 
England  found  a  more  invitinf(  acuiw  for  ita  eiartion  in 
the  aoulhern  than  in  the  norlhorn  regiona  of  America : 
and  when,  after  twenty  yeara  of  peace,  tliiabeth  waa 
involved  in  hnatiltiea  wilh  i'liilip,  Iha  proauert  of 
eiirichiiicnt  and  renown  by  the  iilunder  of  the  npaniah 
culuniea  oiicned  a  now  career,  which  waa  aargerly  am- 
braced  anil  aucceaafullv  proaecutcd  by  the  entcrpriaing 
Bpirit  of  advriiturira  of  ull  ranka  in  England.  Accord- 
ingly, fur  many  yeara,  tho  niuat  cminrni  and  popular 
eiploita  of  the  Engliah  were  perfurincd  in  the  iircdatnry 
ware  which  they  waged  with  the  coloniea  and  colonial 
commerce  of  Spain.  Kvon  in  accnea  ao  unfavorable  /  OnaotthemoiittorMUdablacliarjiaalawlucljlhacbaiacler 
..  I     ,  ■^  I      ,        J.  ^1.     ,    ..  I.'         r   of  Rolalifb  baa  been  expoacd  la  ilarivad  from  tlia  monatruua 

to  tha  pruduclion  or  duplay  of  the  baiter  qiialitioa  of  ftmoaaillh  wbldi  hi. ^iri-ount  of  Oulana  la  raplota.  Hut 
human  iiaturo,  the  manly  character  and  moral  aupe- 
riority  of  the  Engliah  wore  frequently  and  aignally 
evinced.  Drako  and  many  othera  of  the  advcnturora 
in  the  aame  career  were  men  equally  au|ierior  to  ava- 
rice and  fear,  and  who,  liow  willing  aoever  lo  encoun- 
ter danger  in  qucat  of  wealth,  thought  it  not  valuable 
enough  to  be  obtained  by  ciuolty  or  fraud. 

And  yet  it  waa  to  thia  aiiirit,  ao  unfavorable  to  in- 
dualrioua  colonixation,  anil  ao  atrongly  attracted  lo  a 
more  congenial  s(ihoro  in  the  aoulh,  that  North  America 
waa  indrhled  for  the  firat  attempt  to  coloniio  her  ter- 
r.toiy.  Thua  irregular  and  incalculable  (to  created 
wiMlom)  ia  tha  influence  of  human  paaaioiia  on  the 
alream  of  human  alTaira. 

The  most  illiistrioua  adventurer  in  England  waa  Sir 
Walter  Kaloigh,  a  man  endowed  with  brilliant  gcniua, 
unbounded  anibiliun,  and  unconquerable  activity ; 
wlioao  capacioua  mind,  atrongly  impregnated  with  tiia 
enthuiiaani,  credulity,  and  aaiigiiinc  expectation  pC' 
culmr  to  the  age,  no  ain^jlu  project,  however  vaal, 
could  fill,  and  wlioaa  ardent  spirit  iioainglo  enterpriaa. 


•wwwiH^w  F*wpaiPi  aiaa  aiiw^^  mviwv^^iaHav  wnn  wa^^ 
altiar  Ha  waa,  ■•  anaa,  Iha  moat  IvMaalriaiw  aab^t 
and  Iha  iimmI  aei  iimpllahad  rmirllar  of  hia  age  1  ■  Mi 
AhiihI  and  imlafaligablr  projealor,  yet  a  gatlanl  aalaiat 
aorufllamplihla  (aaya  an  old  writer)  lhal  ha  mlgl  •  ka«« 
lierii  jiiilgi  il  iinni  bir  siiiiin  ;  an  aaliva  lhal  ha  aaaiiia4 
In  have  mi  laiaiira  lof  apariilatian  Whatavaf  waa  auiN 
lima  ami  brilliaiil,  loiirhad  hia  klirflMlaoul  |  and  what« 
rvrr  ha  umlrrliMik,  ha  aaaiiiatl  In  have  baan  bum  far. 
Ilnrunimlli'd  by  alraily  prlnripla  ami  aohar  ralaalalion, 
hia  fanry  and  hia  |Maainna  ao  far  prevailed  mar  hi* 
mural  aanlimeiila,  aa  aoinaliinaa  lo  aully  hia  ahaiaalar,* 
ami  aomalbing  uf  Iha  boumllaa'  ami  IranaramiaM  •• 
mingled  with  hia  dealgna,  aa  rraipienlly  l«  mar  Ma  tarn- 
dun,  and  diarnmKi  hia  undartakinga  Hut,  thaagll 
advrraily  might  cluud  hia  fortunaa,  il  (OuM  aavar  ■•• 
Maaa  hia  apiril,  or  ainn  hia  guniua  of  ■  ainab  ttf, 
I'ha  fnialralion  of  hia  ajfnrla  and  tha  wrack  of  li.a  pr*> 
jaria  afrveil  only  lo  dlaplay  Ika  eihaiialleaa  apulana* 
•nd  imlaalnirtibla  vigur  of  thai  mind,  of  wklab  na  aa> 
eumulaliim  of  diaaalar  nar  variely  af  diacaoragamaal 
could  aithar  rrpreaa  Iha  ardor  or  narrow  Iha  rang*, 
Amldil  dlaa|>potnlmanl  and  iinpovariahmani,  purauad 
by  nival  halrrd,  and  foraakan  by  nia  pupularily,  na  ean- 
tinned  lu  nrnjiil  and  allein|il  tha  foumlalmn  af  am- 
piraa ;  ana  in  old  aga  and  a  priaon  ha  ruinpoaail  lb* 
Hialory  of  iha  World.  I'arhapa  there  never  waa  • 
dialinguiahed  rapulalioii  ao  much  indablad  la  aaniiMk 
and  ao  liiila  to  aiiceaaa.  Ho  pawarful  indaao  ia  Iha 
aaauriation  that  connacta  maril  with  auecaaa,  mmI  yal  m 
atrniig  iha  riaiin  uf  Haleiyh  to  avada  tha  ccnauia  thai 
Ihia  rula  impllea,  thai  it  la  wilh  lh«  graalaal  dilReuky 
lhal,  avan  amldat  unintamipled  diaaalar,  wa  ran  brin( 
oiiraalvea  la  conaidar  kiiii  an  unaucceaaful  man.  Ha 
had  uiifortoMlaly  adopted  Iha  maxim  lhal  "  whatavar 
ia  nol  extraordinary,  ia  nothing  ;"t  and  kia  mind  (liU 
tha  laal  acene  of  hia  life)  waa  not  aulllcianlly  panada^ 
by  religion  10  rerogniia  that  noliilily  of  |iurpoac  which 
annoblea  tha  commonaai  actiona,  and  diracta  la  Iba 
Btlainmcnl  of  a  dignity  that  roniiat  laaa  in  parfarming 
thinga  great  in  thamaalvaa,  than  in  doing  ordinary 
thiiiga  with  an  ealnordinary  elevation  of  aaul.  What- 
ever judgment  may  ba  formed  of  hia  rharactar,  wa  muat 
ackiHiwIedga  that  in  ganiua  he  waa  worthy  of  tha  honor 
which  ha  may  perhapa  b*  conaidarad  lo  iiava  ■ttalnaj, 
of  origlnaling  Iha  aaltlamanla  lhal  grew  up  into  tha 
North  American  republic. 

In  conjunction  wilh  hia  half-brotbar  and  kindrad 
apiril,  Hir  Humphry  (lilbert,  Halaigh  projaclcd  lb* 
aalabiiahmcnt  of  a  colony  in  lhal  quarter  of  Amarica 
which  Cabot  bad  viaitail ;  and  a  patent  for  thia  purpoaa 
waa  proriired  without  difficnily  in  favor  uf  (lilbart,  from 
Eliiabeth.  [IftTS]  Thia  patent  authonied  him  to  di»- 
cover  and  appropriate  all  remote  and  barbaruua  landa 
unoccupied  by  chriatian  powara,  and  lo  hold  Iham  af 
tha  crown  of  England,  with  the  obligation  of  paying 
tha  fifth  pari  of  the  produce  of  all  gold  or  ailvar  minea; 
il  permitted  tha  aubjecta  of  Elixabeth  lo  accompany 
llie  ex|icditioii,t  and  guaranlaed  to  Iham  a  continuanea 
of  the  enjoyment  of  all  Iha  riyhta  of  fiaa  daniiana  af 
England  ;  it  inveatad  Uilbart  with  Iha  powara  of  civil 
and  criminal  lagialation  over  all  Iha  inhabiunta  of  tha 
lerntory  ho  might  occupy  1  but  wilh  Ihia  pruviaion, 
thai  hia  lawa  ahould  lie  framed  wilh  aa  much  ronforinity 
aa  poaaiblo  to  the  atatutea  and  policy  of  Eiiglaml,  and 
ahould  not  derogate  from  the  aupraine  allegiance  dua 


Hume  anil  the  other  writer*  wtiu  have  luadeit  him  Willi  Ilia 
xuilt  of  thmo  tlcllnnii  have  vary  unfairly  omitted  tu  notice 
that  not  nno  of  them  la  rrliited  on  bla  own  autliorlty.  He  baa 
mvruly  repeated  (no  ijoubt  In  a  manner  vary  Uttla  credltabia 
to  liu  own  judirnionDthe  faLlea  that  ware  related  tu  hlin  by 
tliii  nutiiTH  with  whom  he  cnnvoraed.  Savagaa  and  borba- 
rlaim  are  very  i>rono  to  prartiae  tiiicb  dereita  t:iNin  travellara. 
The  Uarhary  Mooriinot<inlyde«rrlt>i>da  pi'tnlteu  city  lo  Bruce* 
but  pcrilitad  In  their  itory  till  tliey  came  near  to  tha  place. 

t  Lhiyd.  071.  This  will  remind  the  daaaU-al  reader  of  Ilia 
vlRlon  of  alliiuM  immenaum  lnl1nitum<iiie,  that  wanned  tha 
fanrv  of  Cli-oro,  t,ut  rould  not  artuata  tila  dlapotltlon  or  Ingu- 
eili'o  Ills  cundurt  wiltl  the  Maine  power  which  It  exerted  over 
ttio  conceptioni,  Itie  unilrrtakliiKH,  und  the  fortunaa  of  Ra 
lolith.  To  the  Knallilinmn  may,  witnni|ual  justice,  be  applied 
that  iwautfil  apoHtrophe  to  ttio  mar.ii'ry  of  the  Roman— 
*'  adinlrulii;«  poatons  vivrhls  Infrnlum ;  et  uno  proacrlptua 
Biernio,  proscribra  tyrannum  omnihus,** 

t  Strange  aa  It  may  appear,  thit  pro\'.st)n  waa  abaolutely 
nccftaary  to  evadr  the  obRtructlon  of  tte  existing  law  of 
Enitland.  Oy  the  ancient  law,  aa  declared  In  the  Great  Char- 
ter of  Kins  John,  all  men  might  go  fVealy  out  of  the  kingdom, 
aavlng  tlieir  falih  due  lo  the  lilng.  But  no  auch  claaaa  ap> 
pears  tn  the  charter  of  hia  aucressor ;  and  dtulng  the  reign  <r 
Ehii'icth  II  was  enacted,  that  any  aubject  departing  tha 
reiilm  without  a  hccnsc  under  the  ureal  Seal  aliould  fortail 
Ills  iMirHoiml  esinie,  and  lose  the  proits  of  hia  lands  for  lifli. 
9.1  Ehs.caf.  ill.    Evan  now  a  king  of  England  may  eitlomaar 


however  arduoiia,  could  abaorb.     Tho  extent  df  hia 

...  ,  I        I  V«   •■■n   BUUIVIVtia   iiua   iw   svaTV   *aav   ■aaiiguutaaf  ■•■    aa«'a> 

capacity  combined  acquireinenta  that  MC  commonly  I  return,  and  enforce  bla  lj\iuiKtlon  by  the  aavarai 


|a«i   cut  i«i  a  SSI' I   aaai        ajivsaaa*>n    sBKasvBws  B^saB  ■*■"**  «■•■*/    va^v  ^ 
of  Ilia  aubjecta  nol  lo  leave  the  kingdom,  or  bavbig  left  It,  t* 
..... jcwiaa 


M4 


THR   HISTORV  or 


I*  A*  KagMi  f iw»»     Tm  MNlufWM*  •(  ikt*  ^udi, 

fel  M  kf  M  Mbtwl   M   Ik*  t|MMMtlM  tl 


i: 


II 


U,  •!•  «Mn.  MM  all  iwnMw  aan  p«t>^ 
_  I  ftam  MiitMiatuiic  ilMmtwivM  w.ihin  i««  kwi 
4m4  bMHM  af  *M|  •)!«•  wkMk  ika  •dtiMMtn  aMgfcl 

'IIm  ratrtoi^intry  |i««*t(  >'iii»  MNnmlltoil  In  iIm 
tM<l>ruf  IN*  •ipoliiian  ilhl  nu«  iirxrni  lh«  •>'r(ui«i 
•(  •  niinorini*  Iwlji  i>(  •ulxwlinala  •4>«niur«r>  (III 
Wft  kwl  ntnol  dMHwiiun  li;  Km  Mrnirn  twih  iti 
Vfw  tun  IkUimI  I  (nii  Ik*  ••i^kl  ul  k'l  fkanfior 
tmrmoiiUit  «Mk  lk«  •|Hra  «l  llw  iim**,  tml  (nwrffull) 
•hImI  by  iIm  ■<••)  ■>'   H*l*i||k,  wIhm*  wtmiiihl*  ganiiii 


ff*u\»t\y  tHU4  him  l«  iibltin  wi  aai'aiMUni  u>i>i  Ik* 
■MmI*  m  mrn,  tMi  to  tpnaj  ik*  ra«U|iimi  nt  kia  uwa 
tfilkuaWMH.  MUM  rulUciad  t  Mlllri«iil  nwly  nf  kwHWi- 


(l*«,  aiHl  (Ifarlwl  Ika  a<|iM|i«M>nl  u(  iha  Ural  aa|>«liiHHi 
•/  Hfiiiak  amifranla  la  Amatiaa  Hm  in  ik«  rom- 
paaMmn  irf  Ikia  hwly  Ikan  watt  aknwnla  vary  ill  kiiail 
W  aalabliak  an  inhnt  aaawly  on  «  aalni  m  raafiarubla 
baala  t  Iha  nlllrara  aiafa  iliauniiaj,  ika  rraar  liranluHia 
ami  ungmtarnabla ,  ami  kamily  (<n  ika  rradil  of  Kn(- 
UimI.  II  waa  nal  Ika  will  »t  I'roiHianra  thai  Um  ad«*n> 
lurara  akaukl  (am  a  Iimiiiii  in  any  naw  raiion  (lil- 
ban  appfiiaahini  tha  ronllnani  loo  far  lawtnla  Ika 
Hwtk,  waa  ilii«iaya4  by  Ika  inkoapiuMa  aajMCI  of  Ika 
coaal  of  ( 'apa  Union ;  kia  lafgaal  vaaaal  waa  aliip- 
wrackad,  |IMO|  ami  Iwo  toyataa,  in  Ika  laal  of 
winch  k«  kimaalf  pariak><l.  Anally  larminalad  m  Ika 
fruamtmn  of  Ik*  aniaipna*  aiU  iliafarawa  of  ik* 
•rfvanlurar*  * 

Hut  Ika  anlof  of  Ralai^  nallkar  diunlad  by  <lllll' 
•ulliaa  nnf  ilam|i«f|  by  miacamaoc,  and  centinuaiU 
lafraaktd  by  iIm  •ii||gaaiMnia  of  •  fartil*  and  un«urb*d 
Imaffinaiinn,  waa  inrapabla  of  abandoning  a  prnjacl 
Ihat  had  laiiicd  hia  favnr  and  aiarriaml  nia  ganiiia 
A|t'  lying  10  Iha  i)iia«*n,  lu  wImib«  *airani  ha  Ih4*n  hrld 
a  iliaiinguialM*d  |ilai')v  h«  aaaily  prrvaiird  with  har  lo 
■niii  him  a  imlanl,  iii  all  rraiwiria  aiinilar  lu  thai  whirh 
nati  Iwrn  pravioualy  ininialail  tollillwrt  [IM4  |  Not 
li>u  prumfil  in  a faculing  than  inlrapid  in  ptojacting  hia 
arhamra.  HalniKh  i|Uirlily  daapalchail  twit  amall  «*a- 
a*la  roininandad  hv  Aniailaa  and  llarluw,  to  «iail  Ih* 
dialriria  ha  intandrd  lo  occupy,  and  to  aiainiiw  tha 
trroninixlationa  of  ihair  coaata,  tha  nrodiiciiona  of  Iha 
toil,  and  thai  rirciimalaneaa  of  ika  inkaliiiaiila  Thoaa 
oiriirra,  a«oi.ling  tha  arror  of  Oilbart  in  kokling  lot  far 
north,  alrarrd  Ihrir  roiiraa  by  Iha  f'aninaa,  and 
aiiproarhmg  lb*  North  Amancan  eontinant  -jy  tha 
Uiilf  of  Klonda,  anckorod  in  Koanoak  hay,  wliirli  now 
makaa  a  part  of  Carolina.  Worthy  of  tha  ln:at  raroaad 
In  thrm,  thay  bahavad  wiik  groal  roiiitr-iy  lo  ilio  in- 
haliitaiita,  wham  thay  found  hiring  ir  ali  tha  ruda  in- 
dapandiinca  and  laborlaaa,  but  hardy,  aiinplirity  of  aa«- 
kgo  lifa,  and  of  whoa*  boapitalily,  aa  wall  aa  of  tha 
■lildnaaa  of  tha  climala  and  fartilily  of  tha  aojl,  ihay 
piibliakcd  Iha  moal  llallaring  acroiinta  on  thair  raiiim 
lo  England.  Th*  intalllgawa  dilfiiani  gmrral  aatia- 
faction,  and  waa  ao  agraaabU  lo  Kliialialli,  Ihat,  in 
aiareia*  of  Ik*  parantag*  aka  propoaad  lo  aaaiiina  over 
lh«  country,  and  aa  a  mamorial  thai  Ihia  acquiaition 
nriginalad  with  a  virgin  iiuaan,  ah*  ihoiighl  proprr  to 
boatow  on  It  lh«  nam*  of  Virginia. 

Thia  ancoiiraging  proapaci  nol  only  qiiickanrd  Iha 
diliganca  of  Ktlaigh,  lull,  by  ila  inAuenca  on  the  public 
mind,  enabled  him  the  mora  rapidly  lo  rompicte  hia 
|irr|iaraiiima  for  a  perinanani  aettieinent ;  and  he  waa 
aoun  enabli-J  lo  equip  end  deapalch  a  aquadmii  of 
aoven  ahipa  under  tlia  command  of  Hir  Hirhard  flren- 
aille,  one  of  the  moat  generoiia  apirita  of  tha  time,  and 
eminent  for  valor  in  tha  aga  ot  the  bnvn.  !lut  thia 
gallant  leader  unfortunately  waa  more  infeclrd  with 
Iha  apiril  of  predatory  enierpriae  then  ao  prevalent 
among  the  Rngliah,  than  endued  with  the  ipialitiea 
which  hia  peculiar  duty  reipiired  :  and  commencing  hia 
eipi'dition  by  rriiiaing  among  the  Wcat  India  iaianda 
and  capliiritig  Ihe  veaaela  of  .Spain,  he  familiariied  hia 
Mowera  to  haWila  and  viewa  very  remote  from  pacific 
induatry,  patience,  and  moderation.  At  length  he 
Itmiol  a  hundred  and  eight  mant  [Aug   1585]  at  Roa- 


llakluyt  li»»  proarrveUfp.  II)  •  very 
i[mi 


•  Haliluyt,  ill  ,  ^._ _ ..., 

ma«lerly  wrfonniinir  (juni  Iha  |»ii  of  iiir  iiuin|iiire'y 'oTlh«rt, 
aniltlail  '*  A  l)t«ciiurHe  to  |iri>ve  a  paiiane  hy  Ihe  nortl)v.«it, 
lo  Iha  Eaal  Imlioa,"  *r.  Tlie  atyle  of  thia  Iraatme  plama 
Ibis  author  on  a  lave!  witli  the  moiit  iliallii(ul>lii><l  wrlliiri  of 
bla  ctife.  Ill  llio  llou»H  of  r,»ii,iiiotii  ho  waa  hivlily  ailinirfil 
for  hia  vlo<|iirn<'e,  and  nol  Iraa  I'ateriiieil  for  hl»  iiHliiotinni  and 
IntoKntv.  The  inoal  ailmlrable  fi-aliire  In  hia  cliaracUr  wu 
hia  «tron»  and  Irrrnnl  |i(ftv.  In  llii)  iiilreinllv  of  dancer  ul 
aaa,  ha  waa  oharrved  aittinx  unmoviid  in  the  atcrn  of  hli  atiip 
with  a  nible  ill  hia  hand,  and  oftvn  lizard  li>  aav,  "Couraga, 
Hqr  lada  1  we  are  aa  near  hnavi  n  at  a«»  aa  at  land." 

t  •■Utk,  B.  1.  Rolmrtanii  haa  arroneoualy  alalad  lb*  nam- 
k«  It » kwidred  and  alfkl) .  r  »•  n>in 


noak,  and   M  ikam  Ikafii  I*  am 
roiibl,  Iha  ardiiaua  i«*k  of  AmmtNif  anal  maMilainlnf  a 
aaaial   aauMiakmana      Tha   riM<tiiuin4  *f  Ikia   faabi* 
body   waa  rwnmillail   I*   I'e^ain    |<an«,  aaaiated   by 
aam*  |i*raa«a  at  nnta  ,   •>!  wkum  ik*  m«*l  aminani  ware 
Ai«M<Ua,   who  bad  mndiicled  llw  fomiar  voyage,  arul 
t'butiiaa  Hariui,  Iba  ralrlirainl  improver  of  algabvairel 
valeuUlion,  a  man  wUMa  aenaa  and  virtue  might  h»\» 
aavail  Iba  rolany,  if  ibev  kail  haan  ahaf»l  liy  lt>a  t**n- 
riaiea,  and  whnaa  itHraiMIIrd  endeavnra  i*  inatriiei  the 
aavagaa,   and   diligani   imjiiirtea  inio  ikair  habiia  and 
<k*ia«laf,  l>t  adding  to  tha  aiutb  nf  kniawn  hmiwladge, 
and  hy  eil»nding  in»  eaainpl*  uf  virliie,  rrmlerad  ina 
aa|iadiliaii  not  wnnlli  Hiiprwliiviiva  uf  iMiielii  id  man 
kud.  and   konw  lu   ikair  ('raalor      The  eelartimi  uf 
a>Hh  a  man  in  (eeompaiiv   and  partake  tha  anler|ifia« 
raKacta   adilitMinal   baiioir  un  hia  (rieiMl  ami  nainin  Ka 
leigk      lirriut  eiMleevitred  lu  avail  biniarll  ni  Ih*  adini' 
raIMn  aapraaaed  by  Ih*  aavagaa  lur  ilia  gtina,  lb*  e ba-k, 
Ika  lalaaropaa,  and  ulk*r  im|il*ni*nia  thai  aitaatad  ika 
auparHarity  u(  ika  roluniata,  in  nnlar  in  lead  their  miiida 
lo  ik*  great   Noure*  of  all  aenaa  ami  aa'ieiice      Hut 
while   ikay   li*ark"n*d  to  kla  inatriiiliiMia,  Ihey  accimi 
modatad  Ikair  imnitl  t*  ikair  own  depraved  nulione  of 
Ikvin*  .Naturae  inay  acknowledged  Ikal  Ihallwl  nf  tha 
atrangar*  waa  mora  jmwerful  and  mora  banellcent  lo 
kla  pMpla  iban  Iha  dailiae  they  aeried,  and  diarovareil 
a  great  aniinty  to  touch   and  embrace  the  llible,  ami 
ap|>ly  II   to  Iheir  breaala  and  keaila  •      In  ih*  handa  of 
an  artful  or  •uparatiliuua  peieat,  auch  praclirea,  and  dia- 
paaitiona  would   probably   have   produced  a  plentiful 
crop  of  prentendwl  mirtrlaaand  imaginary  ciiraa,  and 
lemiinaied  in  an  eichaiioa  of  au|irratiiii>n.  iii>leail  uf  a 
ranuvalion  of  naiur*.      Bui    llariul  waa    inrapalila    of 
rialtaiing  or  deceiving  the  aavagaa  by  encouraging  their 
idolatry  and  merely  changing  Ma  diracliun  :  he  lalured 
lu  convince   Ihaiu  ilia'  aalvaiiun  waa  to  Iw  altainrd  by 
aci|iiaintaiica  wiih  the  conlinta  uf  the  llilile.  and  not  by 
an  ignoranl  veneration  of  Ihe  eaterior  of  the  iMwk      Hy 
theae   laliora,   which   ware  loo  aoon    interrupted,  and 
wbuh  have  obtained  but  litll*  nolle*  f>am  th*  hialoriana 
of  III*  viaibl*  kingdom*  of  Ihia  world,  he  aucrreded  in 
makin*  auch  iinpraaaion  nn  th*  inimla  of  Ihe   Indiana, 
that  Winfina,  Ik*  king,  when  alUcked  by  a  aevern  die- 
order,  rajactad   Iba  aeeialance  of  hia  own  priraia,  and 
aeni  lo  bag  Iba  allandanea  and  prayera  of  the  Kngliah  ; 
and  hia  aiainple  waa  fullowad  by  many  of  hia  aiilijecta 
Uul  unlorlunalely  lur  th*  alability  of  the  arllliiiieiit, 
Ik*  majority  of  Iha  coloniata  were  much  Iraa  diaiin- 
guiahad  by  pwtjr  or  prut'enc*  than  l«  a  vehement  im- 
palienca  to  acuuira  aiiddan  wealth  :  Iheir  Hral  puranil 
waa  gold  ;  and  ainiUan  wilk  >he  purauaaioii  that  every 
part   uf  America  waa  pervade.!  Iiy  the  nimea  that  en- 
riched  ih*  Npaniah   coloniea,  th.'ir  chief  rlTurta  wrr* 
directed  to  III*  diacovary  and  atla.nmenl  of  tieaauraa 
thai  happdy  had  no  aiiatence.     1'ha  i.ilivee  aoon  die- 
covering   tlia  obiact   winch   they   auiight   with  auch 
avHliiy,  amiiaed  them  with  lalea  of  a  neiglilioring  eoiiii- 
try  ahoiinding  in  miiiea,  end  where  pearl  waa  ao  pl*nli- 
All,  111*1  even  lb*  walla  of  Ih*  hoiiaea  glittered  with  i«. 
Eagerly  lialaning  to  thee*  agreeable  Itclioiia,  ika  adven- 
lurera  conaume<r  their  time  and  endiirvd  auiaiing  hanl- 
ahipa  in   purauil  of  a  phantom,  to  the  utter  neglect  of 
the  meaiia   of  ;;raviding  for  their  future  aiihaialenca. 
Tha  detection  of  the  impoatura  produced  mutual  aua- 

Sic  ion  and  diagiial  between  them  and  the  aavagea,  and 
nally  lud  to  open  enmity  and  acta  of  lilnmlahed.  Tli* 
atock  of  pro-iaiona  brnuglil  from  Lngland  waa  el- 
ktuated  ;  thu  additiunal  auppliea  they  had  been  tauuhl 
to  ai|iact  did  nol  arrive  ;  and  Ihe  hoetilily  of  tbe  In- 
diana lafl  them  no  other  dependence  than  on  Ihe  pre- 
cariiiua  reauurcea  of  the  wooda  and  nveia.  Ihiia 
atrailencd  fur  proviaiona  and  aurroundcd  by  enciniee, 
Ihe  coloniata  wore  reduced  lo  Ihe  eilremity  of  dialreaa 
and  danger,  when  a  proapect  of  deliverance  waa  nnei- 
pectedly  preaented  to  Ihem  liy  tha  arrival  of  Sir  !•  rancia 
Drake  with  a  Heel  which  he  waa  conducting  home  from 
a  aiicceaaful  oi|ieilition  againat  the  .Spaniarda  in  the 
Weal  Indiea.  Drake  agreed  lo  furniah  them  with  a 
reinforcement  to  iheir  numliera,  and  a  lilieral  aupply  of 
nroviaioiia ;  and  if  Ihia  had  been  eflected,  it  acenia  pm- 
bable  that,  from  the  am)  e  lid  aoon  af>er  Iranamitled 
by  lUlcigh,  the  colontaia  might  have  born  able  to 
maintain  ihrir  footing  in  America.  Hut  Drake'a  inlan- 
tiona  were  fruatnitcd  by  a  violent  atorm  which  curried 
out  to  BC*  the  very  ahip  which  lie  had  freighted  with 
theae  iieceeaary  auppliee.  And  aa  he  could  not  afford 
to  weaken  hia  fleet  by  a  further  contributinn  for  their 

*  Uerlol,  apud  Smith,  B.  I.  p.  II  lleriot  haa  nut  eacaped 
Ihe  linputallun  of  dcUin.  Bui  from  thia  charite  h«  waa  de- 
fended by  Hiahop  Corbet,  who  duclaruil  ijmt  "  Jloriol'a  deep 
ulna  waa  witkoia  gnaa,*    NUlb,  g-  W. 


daAm**  *t  awkaialaM*,  Ik*  *dv*(4i(**f»,  Maa*  r 
aik*aat«4  and  dnewtrafad,  umanlNwuaiy  dalannM^  M 
akandwi  ih*  ••iinlry  In  eiHtiplieiir*  wiik  ihatt  unilial 
i*<|oeai,  llraka  arconling'v  rar.n.d  il»m  nn  baard  kt« 
vaaael*,  and  rerumlueied  Ihem  In  >;ngland  (IMS.! 
Niuh  waa  ik«  ak*fiiiva  'aeu*  af  ib*  Ural  a*l*«|  planni 
ky  Ike  (Ingliak  in  .\inerwa 

IH  Iha  poliucal  •iinae,|ii«m'«a  Ikal  r*auli*d  timm  ftm 
aipadiiiun,  the  caiakMue,  tliuugk  not  very  eapMu*,  I* 
hv  nu  meana  ilavuid  of  iiilaieat  An  imiwclanl  a*e«». 
aum  waa  made  I*  Ik*  aaanly  aiaek  «(  knowladg*  r^ 
apwiing  Nurik  Ainartr*i  Ika  apini  of  mining  advai»i 
lure  received  a  aignal  vhaek  i  and  Ib*  iia*  of  l*b***% 
aire  idy  InlriMlucad  In  lb*  N|i*niarda  ami  I'aituguaao 
into  alkar  parte  of  rlurnp*,  ww  now  imponad  INM 
tlngUnd  1  hie  herb  Ib*  liuliana  eeleemed  Iheir  priM^ 
pal  medirine,  and  aacriliwl  ila  virliiaa  lo  the  iiikabtl*- 
lioii  III  una  «f  Ihna*  a|>iiiliMl  being*  which  Ihey  au|h 
poaed  >o  reaiile  in  all  Iha  ailraonliiiary  pradurtiuna  •! 
naliire  \Mnm  ami  kia  aaaarialaa.  aaquirmg  a  ralnk  tot 
lie  urupartiaa,  broiighl  a  quanllly  uf  lohaee*  with  lkt« 
lo  >:iigleiHl,  and  laiigkl  iha  iiaa  of  II  IM  their  ao<inlry> 
man  kalaigk  eagiiTv  adopted,  and  wiik  th*  k*lp  ol 
aoni*  young  men  ol  laahinn,  encuuragcd  lb*  praelice, 
which  aoon  aeiablialinl  and  apiead  itaelf  wilk  a  vigor 
Ihat  iHilran  Ik*  help  uf  couriiere,  and  deAed  the  hliuler- 
anc*  ol  kinga,  and,  creating  a  naw  and  almoal  unlvereal 
ap|ieliia  in  human  nature,  rwinati  an  imporUnI  aoiire* 
of  revenue  lo  Kngland  ami  multlpliad  Ih*  IMa  ibat 
united  Europe  with  AiiMfw*,* 

Uul  th*  dia*al*r*  Ikal  allanded  Ikia  unaneeaaaful  un 
daruliing  did  not  lerminala  wilk  ik*  ralum  of  Una  ami 
hia  lullunrre  lu  England  A  lew  daya  altar  Ikair  d*i 
parlura  Irum  Koanoak,  a  veeael,  deapalaked  ky  Kal*lgl^ 
reached  th*  evacuated  e*lllem*nl  wilk  t  pl*nllful  »uf 
ply  of  whatever  they  could  rai|uir* ;  and  only  a  fort- 
night after  Ihia  balk  ael  aail  lo  rvliirii  from  ila  friiitlea* 
vuyage,  a  alill  alronger  riiiifurceinrht  of  inrii  eml  pr» 
viaiuna  arrived  in  three  ahi|M  ei|uip|iml  by  Ualeigh,  an4 
■'uninianded  l>y  Hir  Kiehard  llranvilla.  l)iaappoinla4 
of  iiieeting  the  vaeeel  that  had  preceded  him,  aed  un- 
able to  obtein  any  liilinga  uf  the  voluny,  yet  unwilling 
to  ahanduii  Ihe  imaaeaaiuii  of  Ihe  toiinlry,  lirenvillo 
landid  blt^  men  at  Kuanoali,  ami  leaving  them  in  pna- 
aeaaion  ol  an  ample  aupply  of  pruviaiiina,  returniid  10 
England  lo  rommunicata  tha  aUla  of  aHair*  aiul  ohiam 
luitlier  directione. 

'I'hia  aucceaaion  of  diaaalara  eieited  much  gloomji 
apeculation  and  auiwratiiioua  aurmia*  in  England,  but 
could  neillier  vanquiak  lb*  ho|iea  nor  aibauai  llio 
reauurcea  of  iUlaigh.  In  Ihe  following  year  [  lANT]  k* 
tlltid  out  and  daapalchcd  three  aliipa  under  the  com- 
mand of  1,'aiitaMi  While,  with  ilirnlinna  In  join  tha 
email  body  that  )ireiivi|le  liad  eataliliahed  at  Huanoah, 
and  lliencn  lo  tranafrr  lb*  aalllemenl  to  the  bay  ol 
Cheaapeak,  of  winch  Ihe  aiiperior  advantagea  hail  lieoii 
diacuvered  in  the  proceeding  year  liy  l,ana  A  rharlef 
of  incuriHiralion  waa  granted  to  W  bite  and  twelve  ol 
hia  inure  einineni  aaatwiataa,  a*  lluvernur  and  Aaaial- 
tania  of  the  ciiy  of  lUleijih,  in  V::ginia.  :..aimcieil 
by  ib«  cilainitiea  inai  bad  befallen  llw  former  e«|i*di- 
tiiina,  mure  elllcacioiia  meana  were  adopted  in  ih* 
equipment  of  thia  uiiiadrun  lur  preaerving  and  cuiitinio 
iiig  the  colony.  The  etuck  of  proviaiuiia  waa  mora 
abumiani ;  the  numlier  of  men  greater,  and  the  meana 
of  recruiting  their  numliera  allordcd  by  a  coin|i«teiil 
intcriniitiire  uf  women.  Uul  tha  full  etteni  uf  tho 
pmceeiling  calaniitiea  had  yet  to  lie  learned  :  and  on 
landing  at  Koanoak  in  quaat  of  Iha  detachment  Ihal 
(ifinvilla  had  placed  there,  Whil*  and  hie  coiii|ianion* 
could  liiul  no  other  trace  of  them  than  llie  aignilicani 
meinuiial  preaented  by  a  riiinad  furl  and  a  parcel  ot 
acallered  bonea.  The  appiehenaiima  eicilcd  by  thia 
inelaiH'hnly  apectacle  were  coiiHrnird  by  lb*  intelli- 
gence of  a  friendly  native,  who  informed  Ihem  Ihat  their 
countryman  had  fallen  victiina  to  Ihe  enmilv  of  tho 
Indiana.  Inetructed  rather  than  diai'ouraged  by  Ihia 
calamity,  thay  endravorcd  to  effect  a  recoiicilMtum 
with  the  aavagea ;  and,  delermining  to  remain  at  Koa- 
noak, thay  proceeded  to  repair  th*  houaea  and  revive 
the  colony.  Una  of  Iho  nalivaa  waa  bapliacd  into  th* 
chriatian  faith,  and,  retaining  an  unahakun  altachinani 
to  the  Engliah,  contributed  hia  ellurta  to  pacily  and 
conciliate  hia  countrymen.  Uul  finding  lliemaelvea 
deatituin  of  many  aniclea  which  they  judged  eaaeniiel 
lo  tbeir  coiufoit  and  pieaervalion  in  a  country  covered 


*  In  llie  year  In9i,  lliat  la,  thirly-ali  yeara  afler  ila  Oral 
introduclliHi  Into  Kniilund,  and  aeven  yeara  afler  Ila  Arat 
cultivation  In  an  Knuliih  colony,  Ihe  annual  Import  ol  Inhaer* 
into  Eneland  amounted  to  an  hundiedand  forty-' wo  Ihooaand 
and  el|hty-Ave  pounda  walfhl.  milb,  pM(.  t  "t  thia  iiw*» 
llty  appeara  i|ulie  Inalgnlllcant  whan  camparau  wilk  Ib*  mo 
tent  coMUBf  l:an  uf  tubacca  in  Brilala 


NORTH   AMItmOA. 


tt  •¥•(••>  Uw  •»luiM(M»  il<i)iHli4  >l<ai(  mtyfitmt  M 
Mlvll  tar  tk«in  itw  r«<|iii4ii>  aii^m  ,  •lurvMiiU'  |,<« 
bUmUU  f*>fl  Iht4  ^itr|N*aii  u»  lingUtHl  Mm  kt*  twytgii 
lliUliK'    h*   lutu'h**!  41  4  {•»»*    »i  Ir%l4iiil.  «h4r«  li«  14 

MttI     to    h4*4     l«ll    *Mmii   «|**-<  MMI<fl«  t<(  III*   (MtUlim   (lUhl 

wKirh  U*  htiJ  Itriitighl  wiih  Ii>'m  {Vmim  ■ViiMiri*'4  IImi 
•li#llii-r  ih<«  mfHMr«ltl«  iHt|jtirt4ti»M  ^44  <lii«  im  htin. 
•r*  ^4  tftnf  ttril«r4  li«va  m4iHiiMi4'l.  lu  «»fUin  itf  Oi*' 
•tllwr  M4»'<4ir«  »r  Il4liii||(i  4  <ili«'iiiiir«4,  II  IIIII4I  \m 
wbiw««l«il||«>l  iImi  lu  (h<-  4nur^i4«  nl  l(4lai|(ti  tml  ili« 
i#il  uf  Aiiirrt«-4  (irvu^   MriiiuM  14  iittl»btt>«l  lur  h«r  4*' 

^II4I<  Uuril  Allh  lK«  fH>l4flMt,  4tfHl  Mtlh  lobaiHd,  lh«  4(4 
fl»    4>ll>l*    u(     l|l«l.    4H>I  llw  inWI  rhrfl4;.wl  44  a>ll  44 

NHM  iiiiwiraiii  liu^iy  wf  •  (ml  pru|xir<wn  of  Imi 
p*«il« 

n  Kii*  MfKiHi  al  *  jiinrtun  iha  rhmI  unhTU(4hl<i  fix 
iIm  MtM^vvs*  a(  h(4  IIII44IUII  Ml  KngUmI  W44  imw  «ii 
|[fM44ti4l  With  lh«  itwirii  imtiii)(Ji4lH  I'uiiitarn  of  ■vU-prv- 
nifttHin  ill*  rurinuUlilii  •rin4iU  af  HiMin  »**  y\»- 
ring  lu  in«4ilii  Krt,  4i»l  iIm  whul*  n*«4l  4Mtl  niiliurr 
r«4(Mirr44  nl  lll^  i>tli|iir(i  mmt*  Ulliltil  rvtfiiiiltttiii  fur  IIm 
Mir|iiMff«  uf  n4iiufi4l  tli'liMir*  Tku  h«Mir  uf  hl4  roim- 
Iry't  >l«ng*r  cuulil  ihM  lul  tx  Anil  *m|*li>  •ni|ilu|inii<ir,i 
br  Ih*  (•u«ruu4  4|iiril  uf  KhIhimIi  :  yai  ha  miii|l«j  wirh 
hi4  ili4liiinui4li««l  vlfuiU  lu  futmi  iliii  vtimiiv  44Hti«  atar 
iMsiii  fur  ill**  pr«'44rv4liuM  uf  Ilia  I'uUmy  lia  I141I  plantail 
t  >ir  Ihia  (lur^Ma,  li«  h**l  wiili  I114  ii4ual  pruiiipUliHl* 
aifUluiail  •  ainall  4<iu*iliuii  whk'h  h*  euiiiinillail  lu  Ilia 
••nuurl  af  Hir  HirMnl  llranmlla,  whan  th*  iiuaan  in- 
lar|waail  tu  ilaUiii  iIm  4liiiia  u(  lima,  aiiil  lu  uruhiliil 
(Irativilla  fruin  laaviiig  Kitglaiul  4I  4ui'h  4  i*r(«i4  { lAfM  ] 
Wbila,  huwBvar,  1*44  aiialilvil  lu  rauiilHiili  lur  Aiiixru'* 
Wllh  Iwu  vaaaala  1  but  (iwkliim  lu  Uia  limiiiiUliun  uf 
trying  hia  furtun*  b«  Iha  wait,  in  t  criiiati  •||4iii4l  iha 
N|iaiiitnl4,  ha  «»i  lirtlaii  by  »  4ii|i«riur  fun^a,  ami  m 
tally  ili4aliliil  Iruiii  (mr4iiiiij|  I114  tiiy4Ka  'I'll*  vuloii* 
(I  lloaiiuali  waa  llii-d'lurii  IkII  id  i1c|j«iiiJ  uii  ila  uwii 
''•villa  rraoufi'aa,  ttliiili  |irul)4l)ly  lliu  Itupa  ul  Ut- 
nidti  BUi'i-uur  cuiitriliiilatl  lu  raiijar  lh«  In44  arailablt' 
Wmi  Ila  fala  waa  may  In  aiaily  |urB4<il,  liiil  navvr 
••a  kiHiwii  [IMV  )  An  ai|i«liliuii  iiiikIucI^  by 
Wli'iv  III  Ilia  rulliivning  yaar  Cuunil  Iha  larriiury  v>acu- 
•tail  uf  Ilia  ruluiiiaia ,  ami  no  rmllicr  tiiiinga  u(  Ihiir 
iaaliny  warn  avur  ulila  nail, 

'l°hia  Ual  iTipailiiiun  waa  nul  ilnafMlrhad  by  K«I«IkIi. 
km  by  Ilia  aiictaaania  in  ihu  Aini'nian  |iaii)iil.  Aiul 
Mr  hialory  ia  nuw  10  Uka  laavo  ul  Ibal  illuairioua  nan, 
Willi  wliuaa  achamaa  anii  aiilart>riaaa  11  eaaaca  lu  lia>« 
•ny  furlliar  connaiiun.  'I'ha  afiliM  of  hia  mi>i<l  waa 
■M  aihaiialril,  but  ilivartril  by  a  niulli|ilii:ily  u(  naw 
tlai  not  laaa  aniuuiia  uiidailaking*.  Intent  on  (wo- 
|rfing  anil  iiii|'ra«inH  •  larua  duiricl  in  Irrlaiul  which  iha 
^uaan  bail  confairi'il  un  nun  ;  invulvail  in  the  I'umluci 
•r  a  41'hiMiiF,  aiiii  i>a|Min4a  of  an  arinamanl  fur  aatab- 
lialiing  IJun  Anlunui  un  iha  Ibruna  of  rorluKal ;  anil 
already  ravuUing  hia  laal  ami  wilileal  pruiael  uf  an  «■■ 
pailitiun  fur  Ihi'  iliaruvnnr  of  minea  In  (luiana  ;  it  lie- 
Cain*  iiu|W44ililu  fur  hiiii  to  runtiniia  tb*  allenlion  and 
l>roleng  ih*  arfiirla  ba  iiad  iluvuird  to  liia  Virginia 
culuiiy,  l)i'4iruiia,  al  lb*  aama  lime,  that  a  project 
wliii'l)  lie  had  I'artird  ao  far  ahoiild  not  be  eiilirely 
■bundunnl,  and  bo|iing  that  Iha  apint  of  coiniiierc* 
wuiilil  preeervii  an  iiilercnurae  with  V  iriiiiiia  that  inii|hl 
111,  h*  !• 


Isriniiiale  in  a  colunial  etlaliliahiiienl, 


runaented  to 


aaaigii  III*  |iatent  tu  Nir  'I'hoinaa  Niniili,  and  a  coinuany 
«f  ineri'lianla  in  lAiiidon,  who  undvrtuok  to  ealaliliah 
and  mainiaiii  a  tralfiu  lielween  KiiKlaml  and  Virginia. 
The  iMlunt  which  be  ihua  tranafiirrnd  liad  almady  coal 
liiin  tliu  enorinuiia  aiiin  of  40,U0U/.,  willioiit  allurding 
bun  the  alighlaal  return  of  (lecuniarv  proHl :  yet  the 
only  peraonal  conaideralioii  for  which  he  4lipulaled  wilh 
Ihn  aaaigiieea  waa  a  ainall  ahare  of  whatever  gold  or 
ailver  ore  lliey  niighl  eventually  diarovcr.  It  la  iin|>oa- 
•ihlo  to  cuiiaider  the  fate  t>l  Ihia  bia  earlieat  and  moat 
illuairioua  project — the  unrivalled  genlua  10  which  it 
owed  ila  coiicpplioii — the  ateady  vigor  wilb  which  it 
waa  piiraiied — the  inaurtnounlable  patience  with  which 
it  waa  revived  Iruiii  diaaaler  and  uiaap|Hiiiitineiit — and 
(he  aurpriaiiig  tram  o(  incidunta  by  which  the  deaign 
waa  ao  often  batlled,  and  auccoa*  only  lirought  ao  near, 
llial  It  might  leem  aa  if  by  aome  futalily  to  elude  hia 
|n>p,  withuiil  acknuwicdgiiig  tlial  the  courao  of  tbia 
world  ia  overruled  by  a  higher  Power  than  the  wladuin 
of  mail,  and  llial  human  eiertion  baa,  in  ilaelf,  i|o  elH' 
caey  to  accoinpliah  ita  deaign*.  The  aame  Almighty 
Ueing  thai  enablea  created  agency  to  advance  a  certain 
'ungtn,  enjoina  that  it  prevail'  no  farther  1  and  ia  glori- 
Am  alike  by  the  inagiiiludo  of  huioan  eirorta,  and  the 
(itllur*  of  human  diaigna. 

U  appeared  v  '17  aoon  Ihst  Kaleigh  had  tranaforred 
kit  ptttnt  10  tuniu  nn  dilbfoat  fi  jm  hi*  ewu     Tbo 


laal  nMMMtiail  *ip*<iitMn,  whwli  waa  pM^wlito  of 
mHhtng  bu>  iidiiig*  •(  Ik*  deal rua ■>■•••  •<  ilMaa  *4- 
voiiiMr>ra  wIi«hh  WKit*  ha*l  vimduvtad.  W44  tl^  waai 
*«<i»Hl*>»l>la  •flufl  Ibal  III*  lAtiihaii  •Hinpany  (MHlwinad 
H«M4||»>,|  wtih  4  |>«lirv  Ifalh*'  •  arria4  an  l>v  •  f*w  awail 
v»i«4la,  ihay  inadM  no  aiii'uipl  In  inkv  ti«t«4a44Wfl  af 
Ilia  •uiintry  4ttd  41  ilta  fwrudd  ul  l,lii4lHilh'4  tiaaih, 
itui  4  «mi||Ih  Ijigliahinaii  M44  4aiil#d  III  Aiii»ri»-a  Th* 
*a«rlitii<4  ul  Ktlaigk.  Ku<*avar,  iitad  tinii'd  'he  vww* 
4ihI  Ii«^4  uf  ht4  vtMiiiirvman,  by  a  4iruug  444*1*1* nun, 
with  4«iil«iuv(it4  Ml  \  irgini*.  aiiU  givpti  a  Imaa  lu  lb* 
ii4t.fMt4l  mind  whii'h  unly  iba  aiif  uiiragrmaiat  uf  mtir*: 
f4vur4bla  rirriiui4i4iii'«a  waa  W4iiiing  In  ilavalup,  Dili 
Iha  war  wiih  N|>*iii.  Ibal  awliiraj  lilU  llM  •bn*  of 
(iliialwlh'a  raign,  alhir>d  man  af  aniarpri**  4nd  aallvily 
into  'ha  ,'4raar  ul  iirt-tlalnry  advvniitra,  aiivi  ub«lrut;iad 
Iba  furwaiiun  ul  paa*  a«l>la  itiul  iMiiiiinen'ml  •ii«llainaiii4. 

[KHKI)  I'lia  axaaaiwi  ul  J4iiiaa  lu  lb*  (ingluh 
iniwn,  waa  by  a  aiiiguUt  ruinaulanaa,  an  avani  wt  laaa 
favorable  10  iIm  euluniiaiwii  nl  Antari'*,  than  fatal  M  Ik* 
illti4lriuu4  |iru)ri-iur  uf  thja  da4ign  l'a*r*  waa  iinan*- 
dwli'ly  I'umliHli'd  Willi  S|>im  ,  4ihI  DiigUml,  in  llu>  kii 
juyinanl  uf  uninlarru|>ia,|  lr*n<)iiilliiy,  wa*  analiied  lu 
dirtcl  la  mura  bluwlli  44  purauila  Iha  enargie*  malur*<l 
in  *  war  whiih  had  4lriiiigly  aiailad  iha  apiril  of  Iha 
naliun  wiibuut  iin|wiring  114  alrenglll'  Kniin  lb*  In*' 
bilily  lit  guvariiinaiK  III  ihil  age  lu  I'utlai'i  and  H|«ii,j  *l| 
Ihu  li>a«iiirri'>  «lid  wiald  Willi  Ila  own  balal  all  ibv  Hi*- 
pu4able  furceof  iha  einpira,  war  W4a  chiefly  prudiieiive 
of  a  a*ri**  uf  pamial  alfuna  and  privalaaring  aap*- 
diliuna,  wbKh  wiilwjv  ditlii*>d  the  alluramanla  uf  am 
iMtiiifi.  and  miiUi|jli*<u  iha  u|i|j>jriunitir4  uf  advanceiikviit 
riii4  had  lievii  it'iii4rkalily  i'i>>ii|>lilWd  in  Ihe  war  wi'h 
Npain  ;  and  many  ardent  afiirila  11  whirh  II  had  aupplii'il 
0fi|iurliiiiiiia4  of  aniinailiig  aaarttun  and  flalteniig  aa- 
crtidancy  liecaina  iinpalleni  uf  llie  raatiainl  •U'd  iiiac- 
lifily  luwhirb  llir  pea«'a  Roiiaigiieil  *hem,  ami  began  10 
luuk  abriiad  fur  a  icw  apliefii  nl  riiti'rpriae  tiul  eirrlion. 

TIh-  |irt<vtil*Hii-t'  \il  Ibi4  tliMfiuKiiiun  naturally  Ird  to  a 
reviwl  uf  Ilia  pi'ifcrla  fur  colviiaing  Nurlh  Aiii'tica, 
and  waa  tiw  initra  readily  guidi-d  iiiiu  thai  directi,,(i  by 
the  aucci-M-*  id  a  vuyagu  llial  bad  liean  iiiulrrukon  In 
tha  laal  yaar  ul  Kliialielh'a  reigii  llarthiiluinaw  llo* 
IHild,  whu  pUniieil  and  perfuriii*d  Ihia  voyage  in  a  amall 
veaael  conlaniing  unly  thirty  men,  waa  led  by  hia  eipe- 
Hence  hi  navigation  lu  aua|i*cl  that  the  riglil  track  had 
not  yet  Iwuii  diaroverid,  and  Ih4t  in  alaaring  by  the 
(Canary  lalamla  and  ibe  liulf  uf  Klurida,  a  riniuit  uf 
al  luaat  a  ttiuuaand  l*4gue*  waa  unn*cea**rily  mad*. 
In  proaeculiun  of  ihia  cunjeclur*,  h*  abandonril  lb* 
aouiheru  track,  ami,  aiearing  iiior*  to  the  we*iwanl, 
waa  III*  hrat  whu  rr  rolled  Aineric*  by  lliia  dir*cl*r 
courau.  II*  found  hmiaalf  further  north  than  aoy  uf 
KaU'igh'a  coluniala  had  gone,  and  landing  in  the  regiun 
which  nuw  forma  thu  |iruvinca  of  Maaaachuaaella*  bay, 
ha  carried  un  an  advaniageuun  m  1  !ii  with  the  nalivta, 
4nd  freighted  hia  veaael  with  abundance  uf  rich  peltry 
lie  viaited  iwoadjui  I  III  lalanda,  oni'  uf  which  he  named 
Martlia'a  Vineyard,  the  other  Kliiabuth'a  laland  Th* 
aapecl  of  tho  country  app*ar*d  lui  inviting,  and  Ih* 
rliiiial*  ao  aaluhriuua,  that  Iwi  i  of  the  craw  al  Aral 
delerniined  to  reinaiii  there :  but  reAecting  on  the 
iiiclancholy  fate  uf  tli>  culonial*  al  Koanoak,  lliair  reao- 
luliun  fiiihd  ;  and  llir  whole  party  ruluclantly  quitting 
liiia  agreeable  quarter,  relumed  to  Kngland  after  an  ab- 
acriicu  uf  leaa  than  fuur  montlia 

'I'h  I  refiurt  of  ttiia  voyage  produced  a  atrong  imprea- 
aion  on  the  iiiibllc  mind,  and  led  to  important  conae- 
quencea.  tiuanuhl  had  diacovered  a  route  that  greatly 
iliortomd  the  voyage  lo  .North  AiiM'ri>.a,  and  found  a 
healthy  climate,  a  fertile  aoil,  and  a  c&aat  abounding 
with  etcellent  harbour*.  He  had  aeen  many  fruila  ra 
ter-ined  in  Kurope  growing  plentifully  in  Ihn  wooda ; 
and  having  aown  auine  l^urofiriin  gr::M,  had  found  it 
grow  with  rapidity  and  vigor  Kncouraged  by  hia  auc- 
ceaa,  and  perhapa  not  inaenaible  to  the  ho{H)  uf  Aiiding 
gold  and  ailver  ur  aom*  new  and  lucrative  aiihjecl  of 
coininerco  in  the  uneijiliired  iiileriur  nf  an  Ana  a 
country,  he  endeavored  to  priii  ure  aaaocintca  in  an  un* 
dertaking  10  trinapurl  a  colony  to  America.  Himilar 
plana  Iwgan  to  lie  lorined  in  variuiia  parla  of  the  king- 
dom ;  but  the  apirit  of  adventure  w^is  conlrallid  by  a 
aaliitary  caution  awakened  by  the  rirullcclion  of  past 
diaapiHiintnienta. 

'Iheae  projecta  were  |iowerfuIty  aided  by  the  judici- 
oiia  counael   and  lealoua  encouragement  of  Kichard 


*  llo  apiieara  to  linvo  liern  the  nrciiml  KnaliHlimaii  wlio 
liiiitli',1  III  Niiw  KiiaUnil.  The  ItrAl  win*  ^'Ir  fruiii-i^  llrnki*. 
Willi  rtiinalniiil  tlirio  u  few  il^ivv  ami  Innluil  Willi  Ihn  iiiuivcii 
hi  lilM  rrliini  I'roiii  Itiu  Wiml  lllilicn  III  IMd.  It  U  even  aalii 
thai  llrakii  pumuailHil  one  nf  llle  lllillan  ctiler4  ot  Itiat  rcKIoii 
to  declare  hia  temtiirrina  aiiiiji>ct  lu  i|ueen  Elualielh.  Old* 
imiuii'a  ttrll.  Buw.  In  Aim:  1.  U- 


Hal^Vl,  pwfcon^Wf  9t  Wo 

aliaimaHinlfl   1 

painm  awl  ^owumHm  af  naany  ul  Iko  Knghak 

Iwna  uf  diaauyary,   lb*   «Wf**|aami*nl  af  iko 

wbw  ••wliieiMl  ik*ni,  ami  lb*  bMMeian  •(  th*  *ipliMo 
Ihay  (4va  ri4a  M  [  IMM  |  hy  bla  |>«r*u**lnn  l»«  va»< 
4>'U  wata  ailarf  mil  by  Iha  marahania  «f  M>i4lul,  aw 
d*4p«ivhaii  l»  aiannn*  Iha  diaaavariaa  uf  (iuanold,  and 
«>rily  kia  alalameni  I'hay  ralurnail  wIlH  an  Omplo 
nunniinalHMi  uf  hia  varacii*  {liMA  I  A  almilar  aip*- 
diliofl  waa  aqiiipfiad  and  ilea|i«li  li«il  by  t^ird  ArumlMl 
of  WarilHiir,  wbirh  nul  Anly  prukhwad  a*IUiii*n«l  UatI 
>i*iimy  to  lb*  a*ma  alhi»l,  but  raimriad  *i*  many  addv* 
tMHial  |Nirti*itl*r*  ><t  Hivuf  af  lb*  rmintry,  thai  all  doublo 
war*  ranmvad  ,  and  en  aaaoaianum  aNlRaivnily  imnta- 
ruiia,  waallby,  and  pnwarAil,  allam|M  a  aalllmimt 
being  a4Min  furinad,  a  fi*llll,,r,  waa  p««a*nl*ii  to  tho 
hnu|  lur  bia  aanriitm  uf  Ik*  plan  and  Ih*  iiii*r|i«Mtloit 
«f  Km  aulhoriiy  lawarda  lie  *i*euil«n 

'I'h*  aitaniion  »t  Jam**  kad  b**n  alnaily  dtr««n4 
to  Ih*  adt'iiilagaa  that  migkl  h*  darlvnl  fhim  colonM*! 
al  Ih*  linii'  whrn  ba  a>l*mp*d  lu  rivilii*  ik*  mar*  '■*(■ 
baruiia  vlana  uf  hia  aneiani  auhjaela  by  jdaiiting  .^. 
la'hmanl*  uf  i< -liKirioua  Iradan  in  th*  llighUiM*  •! 
NcuiUnd.  Wall  pl**a*d  lu  r**uifi*  a  Cavofil*  ajiMvb- 
liiMi.  '"<<  willing  III  enriiurag*  a  arbam*  Ibal  iMi*n*d  a 
a«l'a  di.tl  j,d,acalul  career  ui  iIm  aeliva  ganiua  ef  riia  new 
aniiji-ria,  lia  liairnad  raadlly  lu  Iha  application,  and, 
highly  cumnii'i  ling  lb*  plan,  a<'r*d*d  to  Ih*  wialw* 
ol  Ila  projaeiura  l,*li*r«  pal*nl  war*  i**iMd  MWM,I 
to  Mir  Tbuina*  dale*,  Nir  Ueurg*  NonMr*,  Hichaiil 
liakluyl.  and  their  aaawiataa,  granling  tu  ihem  lima* 
territuriaa  in  AiniT^a  lying  un  the  aeacuaal  li«lw**n 
the  thirty  fuurlhaiul  forty  AllhilagKe*  iit  north  lallludo, 
lugether  wnh  all  lalaiHla  aitualed  wilhui  a  hundred  mil** 
of  Iheir  >l><>fn*  I'lui  ikaign  of  th*  |i*leiila**  1*  da- 
rlar*d  to  Im  "  lo  malt"  halniatiun,  planlalion,  and  lu 
deduce  a  eulr/ny  uf  aiinlliy  uf  uiir  |M-u|>lv  llilu  lliat  |Nirt 
ul  America  riMiiinunly  called  Virginia  ,"  and,  aa  Iha 
main  recuniinenilatiun  nf  th*  deaign,  it  a*l  lurlh,  th*l 
"  au  nuble  a  wurk  in*y,  by  th*  pruvulenc*  uf  Almighly 
(<ihI,  hrraaftar  lend  lu  the  glury  af  bla  Uivin*  Majeaiy, 
in  prii|i'>gaiing  of  chriaiian  rel^iun  lo  jueh  paupl*  a* 
y*t  lite  in  darkmiaa  and  niiafrabl*  iguorani*  ol  IIm 
irii*  knuwladg*  and  wnrahip  ol  (lixl,  and  limy  in  limo 
bung  III*  inndula  and  aavagea  living  in  tliuaa  parte  to 
human  civihly,  and  10  a  aelired  and  quiet  guveriiiiienl." 
'I'be  natenteee  were  required  lo  divide  Ihemaelvea  into 
two  uiatincl  coinpanna,  the  imie  cniiaiaiing  ol  l^wloa 
advenlurera,  termed  lb*  Ural  or  auuthi  rn  culeny  Iho 
aecoiid  iH  northarn  colony  eonn|ioaad  of  merchant*  Ini- 
longing  tu  I'lymoulh  and  llriatol.  Tha  t*rriiury  *!>• 
proprialed  to  th*  Aral  or  aoulbern  culoiiy  waa  generalljr 
called  Virginia,  ami  ratained  thai  ap|iellaiinn  after  ilio 
aecond  or  northarn  colony  obtained,  in  IAI4,  lb*  nania 
of  Naw  Kngland  Thu  adventurer*  were  aulboriied 
to  tranaporl  to  their  reapeetiv*  temlorie*  aa  manjr 
l^iigliah  aubjecl*  a*  aliuuld  bo  willing  to  accompany 
ihain,  and  to  make  ahipinenta  of  anna  and  proviaiona 
for  their  uae,  with  ciampliun  from  cualoma  for  Iho 
apacd  of  aeven  yeara.  The  coloniata  and  Iheir  children 
w*r*  lo  enjoy  in*  aame  hbertie*  and  privilege*  in  tho 
American  aettleinenla  *a  if  ib*y  had  ramaineu  01  war* 
burn  in  Kngland.*  'I'he  adminialraiion  of  aach  of  tbo 
coloniea  waa  committed  to  two  buarda  of  council ;  tho 
aupreme  government  being  veated  in  a  board  reaidani 
in  Knglaiid,  to  be  noniinuied  hy  the  king,  and  directnl 
by  aiich  ordinancea  aa  lie  might  enact  fur  their  na*  ;  and 
Ihn  aiiliurdinatu  jiiriadictiun  dovulving  on  a  colonial 
council  equally  indehied  lo  the  ap|iointment  and  aul» 
i  lectrd  10  the  Inalriiciiona  of  Iho  king.  Liberty  to 
I  aoarch  for  and  open  niinea  (which,  under  all  Iha  feudal 
governnienta,  were  aiipfioaed  lo  bay*  been  originalljr 
j  reaerved  by  the  aovereign),  waa  conferred  on  th*  colon 
'  lata,  with  an  appropriatiiiii  nf  purl  of  th*  produc*  lo 
.  ih*  crown  ;  and  the  more  valuable  privilege  cf  uMO- 
atrained  lilierty  of  trade  with  other  naliona  waa  alao 
eitrniliiil  to  liiem.  'Die  |ireaid*iit  and  council  within 
thu  culnniea  were  aiilliun.id  to  levy  dntiea  on  foreign 
roniniiHlitiea,  which,  for  twenty-one  yeara,  were  ton* 
applied  lo  the  uae  of  the  advenlurera,  and  aflerwarda 
to  bo  |iaid  Into  the  riiy'il  eacheqner. 

*  Tlili  ftruvuiDii  (whether  aiigge^ted  hy  the  eaullon  uf  th* 
filltii  e  or  the  aiipreheli4loii  af  llir  coloiilata)  oceura  III  alimiat 
lib  I  lie  colonial  chartera.  It  la,  however,  oimuuil  in  the  iiio«l 
aceurdta  nf  ihein  all,  Ihe  rharler  of  l'emi.iylvttiiitt,  which  waa 
ttltuiilively  tetlMMl  and  aihualait  hy  Ih-u  einitiant  lawyer  Iha 
Loiil  Keeper  (JuUdlonl.  When  Kiiih  Wlltlaiii  waa  ilioul  to 
leiiew  the  ebarterol  .Maaaachiuullii,  niter  the  Kavohilion,  hu 
wiia  adviaed  by  tbe  ahlail  lawyvra  111  t^niihiiid  that  4Uib  a 
pruvlakHl  waa  nuaatory;  the  It  w  nuerHiarily  interring  llial 
the  culuiUKlH  were  Eiialiahinvl.  and  hulli  eiililled  lo  tOO 
riflila  uiid  burdened  wiui  the  die  ,ea  aiueliad  to  llial  chara» 
lai.    CluUimra'a  Aiuai*.  1  U. . 


I 


n 


t^ 


<M  «  >m»m  it  HM  ■niwfc  ah*  mx-^  m4  Mm 
<i«H»>  •<  ika  piwiin  wka  i^wiiml  it  N*uka«  W 
IbHa  fMtw*  Mwa  tm  k*«*  mwiiiir't  iif  Mmnm  tlw 
liiii>rl«ll«ii  W  •  |n*<  whI  «|wbHl  ••■«•«  Ika  Mt>» 
u%n  f»M  •(  Ika   Mt*i  tnMm  n  4M«*fii«Mn  m  Umi 

wutvli  ih«f  «t»r«  IM4  ri>|#«*Mfii«4,  aiHl  uvar  wtM**  4«> 
lil*«f»iMMt«  thay  h«4  fw  ••*f«i(fit4  'I  hhar*  t«  likt-wtait  « 
iMiMlMf   imr«M«MMii»y  Imiwmh  IIw  rt>«i<r«4lti*fi  •*«  Ui« 

•44uiii|ilMlit  »*<  W||i«UitvM  |Hiw«f  kf  tK«  hmtf,  kh«  KtNi 
wmI  wf  wItiM*  tpi|l«4«M»M  luholtwna  fi«Mi*((li*lia  lh«  iti«>«t 
««|i««lll«  |iulHu'«r^l>llaM>  IIUI  Dn^liatlnMlt  M<|«T  I^MI 
••  lM>«  mt  rMMHI  !•   WIIIWM  iImi  lh«  ihMKI  «•••  UW 

•••*|iuMa  lu  Ika  |Mi«Hl«M,  im  ih*  fMnmry,  M*  MmM 
•tlt««*t(Mi«liW  |ifi*vw<m«  %tm  iMil  mt*f«  KimgstitW  lit  lh« 
•hiir«tfl«f  *<  llM  liKvg  iKaii  i>iHi(*ffin«ttl»  III  Mm  vir««« 
Mltiiill  lb*  IcxIlMi  iiwiHb«»*<  Mwl  hixlr  )>l*tnl|l  •|i|wM 
I*  kan  mIuiiIm  Ttwii  itb)Mi  (iw<iiriitM<MMlM(|  iha 
■Mn  Itkanl  ■(■•i(M  y«»f*MMl  M  llw  olMrlir)  wm 
MIImi  I«  •tplum  llw  <imUiwiil  '  J  »\ifjiK<fit\»i»  ii> 
lr*«4*ifvt  by  Um  4^iwy  of  •  kmj)  >  Mlv«iiii»4«ff«  tt«i*» 
•ham  Ik*;  rai*wi«il  •  «ui«>|>lala  i:uiMrol,  iImh  M  ••- 
lablMk  •  parawMut  *nil  •«l«nM«*  Mtllainaul  'I'k* 
liMriMllMW  In  Um  oiltmul  |«>mm««  wktak  •r««tti- 
|MnHMl  Uwi  MciMi*!  aliiiMiianl  •aitl  uul  by  ika  t^iitaliiii 
Mfttpaiiir  ttaiiiimatitlail  (tafy  ijiaa|(r«aablv  ui  Iha  wtaaf 
•iHitfnnit,  tw)  i»rf  injurkHialf  lu  tba  r>«<)t  thai  ika 
•kiM  uliiMla  <A  Uwii  aunaain  «a«a  mm  |>*tMnl  imliM- 
•  /  »mI  rutOfliHtiun,  but  lainiwi*!  UiMmaiy  aiMt  in- 
■latliaM  gam  In  (uriharanaa  at  )k«av  maaia  Ibay 
Iwik  ctca,  by  midiigiio  woman  vtilh  Iha  KiM  amigrama, 
lu  rclam  the  roluny  in  •la^hJaiica  u|iun  liiiglami  luf 
Ma  aufiitliaa  irf  mam  ami  U>  |l«a   (laa  tau|i«  In  ika  •  it- 

Cdily  will  Iha  rii«in(  a|iifll  «(  minJa  uwlitHlaii  by  Ika 
i^Hia  iinil  uiiAiatl  by  ih«  cuiiifiifla  anil  allauihrncnia  of 
AMnaitit.  bfa. 

I.ighlly  ta  «a  miitl  aalaam  iha  MiHliiin  aiul  hliaraliiy 
tt  Jamaa'a  lii«lil>ilHHia,  ll  will  aiihaiwa  our  aaliiiwla  of 
tka  dillanlly  iif  hia  laak,  anil  abala  ou>  anntun  tf  hia 
parfuriiwMca.  if  wa  roiii|iaia  him  a«  a  inakDr  of  «i>nali- 
buitoiia  wilh  tha  iikinI  viniiiaiil  ptnloa4i|ihrr  ibal  liit|[taiHl 
uaa  proOucail,  aulail  loo  by  iha  kiiowlailna  aii'l  a«|ian 
•ii<>*  u(  in  adililional  canliiry  'I'ha  niaiariala  loi  ihia 
iMldnianl  will  ha  lUMiliati  whan  iha  pfogrria  of  oui 
kialury  ihall  kata  raai'liail  ika  ••IllamanI  uf  l.'aiuliii* 
kui  I  will  taalura  to  anliiiiiaia  ii  by  •tltrmiiin,  thai, 
uufuiUnalaly  bf  tha  rrailii  of  (ihikMnphy.  tba  prtHlua- 
Uoti  of  Jainaa  will  rilhar  gam  ihan  loaa  by  coutpariaan 
Mrilh  Iha  iwifiHmaiica  o'  Lmk* 

'llw  king  •(lyaara  lo  bata  baan  mora  honaally  ovi-u- 
Ma.4  wilh  ganiiiiia  culoiiiiiiig  itlraa  than  ilia  |<aU'iitaai. 
Wlul*  thair  Ivaitara  waro  aiii|iluyril  in  iiiakiiiii  prafMra- 
Uaaa  lu  aacuii  Iha  hatialita  of  iha  graiil.  Jama*  waa 
■aaiiiiioualy  ungigail  in  lh<i  laik,  whu'h  hia  ttiiily  rrn- 
4arr(l  «  rirh  aiijoyiiiriil,  anil  llw  wall  guarilail  Utuirliaa 
af  Kiiglaiiil  a  rata  una,  uf  iligailiiig  a  cu<la  uf  lawa  lot 
Iha  coloiiiva  llwl  waia  alioul  lu  b»  |j|tnlvil  'I'hia  tu>la 
banig  tl  langll.  |ini|iarc>l,  wia  laiiiaii  uiiilat  Iha  aign 
nwaual  an<i  |<ri«y  asal  o(  ('nglanit  [  IIMM. ]  ll  tiijuiiwti 
Iha  iiraacl.ing  ul  Iha  guafwl  anil  Iha  ulwarvanca  uf  ill- 
vino  worahip,  in  cniiJurinily  willi  thai  iluclrima  anil  rilaa 
tt  iha  church  uf  r,ngl«iiil.  Tha  laKialalita  and  aiaoii- 
tiva  pawara  within l>iaculania«  wcia  yaalnl  in  tlia  colo- 
nial rouiicila ;  bul  wilh  Ihia  lin|jorUiil  pcoviiiuii,  llial 
kw<  orii|iiiaiiii|i  tlirrt  aliuiilil  in  •iibalaiicu  ln<  roniuiiaiil 
la  Iha  LiiKliihTawa,  thai  ibay  ahuulil  conlniuu  in  furca 
only  nil  iiiwlilludur  rr|Mtlcil  by  llw  king  uf  Iha  •iipiiniie 
council  in  Kiiglaiiil,  and  ihal  tlitir  penal  iiiAiciiona 
ihauki  not  aitaml  lo  daalh  or  Jflinainbralion.  I'araoiia 
•tlantpling  lo  wjilidrtw  Uia  peuple  from  tlwir  illrgiaiico 
la  iha  Kngliali  crown  wer«  to  ba  iinpnaunad ;  ur,  m 
aHii  highly  aggnvalail,  lo  ha  rainitlid  fur  Irial  lo 
Cnglaiid      Tuinulu,  iniilin 

incvil,  wrra  lo  ba  piiiiithcil  wilh  daalh  \  and  for  llwaa 
Uw  criminal  waa  lo  ba  Iriad  by  •  jury.  Inlcrior  crimca 
«ara  lo  ba  puniahcd  in  a  auininary  way  tl  tha  ditcra- 
lion  of  Iha  iirealdani  and  council.  I,tnda  were  lo  lia 
boldan  by  Ihe  •tnia  lanurea  ihtl  wars'  nalablialmU  in 
England ;  bul  for  live  yetra  after  iha  ai'iileiiwnl  of  ewh 
colony,  t  cuininiiniiy  uf  Itbor  tnd  gaint  wta  lo  have 
place  tmong  the  colani«lt.  Kindneaa  to  llw  bstihun, 
■lid  Iha  vomiiiunu'ttion  of  raligiout  mtiruction  lo  ihrni, 
ware  enjoined.  And  fintlly,  t  (lowFr  wta  letervi'd  lo 
Iha  king  tnd  hit  iiirceaaura  to  ninct  further  Uwt,  pro- 
Tided  Inay  ebo'jld  be  conaialeni  with  the  juriapruduiice 
of  England. 

Theae  rcaiilttiona  in  the  main  ire  crrflittble  lo  the 
antKfiiign  who  cnacliid  them.  No  tiloinpl  wta  inailu 
nac  righl  pratvnded  lo  legialale  for  Ihii  Imlitn  trilH'a  ; 
•at  Ii  tha  aneianl  Itiritonat  which  thay  rather  cltiiiiad 


TIIR   HISTORT  Of 

•m<  any  lagaM  M  Ikatf  fealawtame,  tl  Met,  *•  |«fia^ 
dirtiim  waa  aaaaiwail  avp*  ikair  a^iiMfia,  and,  iH  iimiihi 
M  i^ratNMl  bharty,  ibay  *ara  r»g«r*l«nt  %t  an  nulafa«i4 
eM  paa^  TkM  waa  an  <4>awa  m  a^Hily  keyami 
Ike  latalwa   of  uka  Mpanianki,  am)   Ika  iitaaa  of 


Mitw'ialht  wkHaa  |Mlaiila  aaaerlad   iba    |iirlMli«lt*Mi  af 
ti«H    vriKaii  4n4  mI  iba   «Ml«*i>ial  Uwa   Mfcf  tba 


tnbabitania  M  liai   pruia»l«>4 
ul  lh>a  •■iji 


iba  I 

»l.|   <•   W'll 

«u4*miRa  In  Ika  fiimnt^il  (fgialaiiHti  ul  lb>a  minIv.  wa 
may  u«Maf«a  a  4>aii<i«ii»n  wkwb  irial  liy  |>i>y  kaa  ana- 
bla4  itt  |i^*ail  ever  ikai  intiaHiima  tnU  |i»rlM|ta  navaa 
«alv  )ifiM*  ((ila  III  «ii#iaiii  ciibiniat  (Miltfy.  whit  h  mirualad 
Iba  p**M  tHtatilar  |fi*»ptiM*r«  -atib  ilta  ^i<aaf  n(  mill*  ling 
4aatk,  b«i  raalrtinad  ibvin  ''•um  awanling  laaa  kwmide 
Ma  peMalliaa,  ae  mara  liki'ly  la  giva  arniHi  la  ika  oy<a- 
raftiiMi  vl  iniavaai  ay  r4|,yiwa  If  Ika  I  barivr  aviiti.4'il  t 
uilal  iliay**)|4fil  III  |Mililii  al  IlkeMy,  Iba  ''"^it,  by  miro 
ivMg  iiwl  by  jury,  mlarwiKa  with  ibv  «rfy  iirigin  al 
aui  ia«y  t  babit  ami  pyaaliaa  well  *«lapud  la  kaap  tliye 
Ike  •piril  ami  |ivin«iplaa  af  fraedma 

I  ha  Irfimliin  iiMiipany,  lo  wbisb  iha  iilaiilaiimi  af  Iba 
«uiiibarn  iiiltiiiv  wa«  ouiniiiiitwd  4|i|>lia«l  iiH<ii«iiUaa  im- 
HHHlialaly  lu  ib<,  Iwmaiiiin  iil  a  MlilamaMi  Hil  IhuMgb 
meity  partwia  al  •iMUnaimn  ware  meliMlad  aiwNig  Ike 
pfupyMlaea,  Ibair  fumla  al  Drai  ware  avanly,  tml  ikeii 
ftlal  alforta  pnuairiiwiMibly  faabia  'rbrte  tmall  vaaaala, 
u<  wkub  Iha  laiKanl  dul  iivi  airaiil  a  buiiilrad  luna 
burlbaii,  under  ibe  fominand  uf  raplaiii  NawpnrI, 
Maiai4  the  krai  aifMadrwi  ibal  W4a  la  aii'viile  wbal  bad 
keen  e«  Wag  tnd  aa  vtiiily  tllemiila<l,  tnd  tailed  ( I  laa  | 
wilh  t  kundrad  tml  Ate  man  Jaaiinad  lu  remain  in 
.\imirM'a  Haviral  ul  ibaae  taaie  el  diBimgiHibril  la 
miliaa,  iiariirularly  llaarge  IVrcy,  a  brulbar  ul  Ihe  V,u\ 
■If  iNoriiiuniharlaiHl  i  tiij  eeverti  were  uttlaart  uf  rapii- 
laiiun,  id  whom  wa  may  noiiee  llartbolumaw  lluaiMbI 
Iha  na«i|(tlur,  tnd  I  'aplain  Jtibn  Mmiih,  mi*<  uf  iba  maal 
reiiiarkabla  p< 
mviaiila  man. 


reiiiarkabla  p*<riuiia  ef  au  agu  that  waa  prulilW  ul  ma- 


Ihut  tl  length,  tiler  a  reeetrih  frtiighl  with  per- 
pleiily  end  diatp|Hiinlmenl,  kul  I  hojia  no!  deyuid  ul 
iiiteraal,  iniu  the  auiirt-aa  ai  iba  gfaat  iraiiaatlantir 
i'uiniiwiiiwaalllb  we  have  rvarhed  Ihe  rtral  uii'iiiiaidt-rt- 
ble  a|iring,  whoea  pnigreee,  leably  nppuaid  ii>  ninuina. 
rabU  ubairui'lione,  tnu  iieirly  divrrieil  <ii  nt  yery  out- 

•el,  yel  tlwtyt  cunlinuuue,  aipanila  lar  the  pye  of 

(lalienl  imjuiry  inlu  the  iimjxIic  •tiaam  of  .\inriirtn 
popultium  Alter  the  lefwa  ul  a  hiimlred  and  ten 
yeart  Irum  Ika  diaeovery  of  llii  unlmeni  liy  I  abol, 
and  Iweiil)  two  yutrt  titer  lit  hral  ueriiMlinn  by  lit- 
leigh,  were  the  iiiiinhar  of  iha  t;n||liah  ruliiritla  limited 
lo  a  hundred  tnd  byt  \  end  Ihit  htndliil  ol  man  pro- 
ceeded lu  eiecuta  the  ardiioua  taik  of  prnpliiig  t  rr- 
iiiota  and  uiicultivtlrd  land,  cuvarfd  with  wimnU  tml 
inaiahea,  aiul  inhabited  unly  by  Iribea  of  •intgea  tnd 
beaala  af  pray  I  iidar  Ihe  aanctiiin  of  a  rharlar  whirh 
lieratoed  tjigliahinen  of  tlieir  mual  valuable  righia, 
tnd  banialiril  Tiiiin  Iha  American  conaliliiliun  the  Hral 
prinriplea  ul  liberty,  wure  tha  foiiiidaliona  laid  uf  the 
cukiiiul  |>realneaa  of  Kngland,  tnd  ul  ibn  frinloni  tnd 
protperity  ul  Aiiieiict  Kroin  Ihit  period,  or  tl  Iraat 
very  aliorlly  altar,  t  rrifiilar  and  cuiinn-ird  hiitury 
triaea  out  uf  Iho  priigrvaa  uf  Vtrgiiiia  tnd  New  Kiig- 
Itiid,  ihr  two  eldi'al  burn  culunii-a,  by  wImmc  I'laiiipTe 
all  ihe  olhvrt  were  viigendervil,  and  uiidrr  whuae  abet- 
ter thuy  wure  aiici-caaivi'ly  pltiitcd  tnd  reared  * 

Newjiorl  tnd  hit  ti|uadruii,  purtuing  lur  tuine  un- 
known reiton  th<3  tiicieni  circuitoua  track  to  Ainerict, 
did  not  at'cuiiiiiliali  iheir  voytgu  in  t  thorltr  iieriud  tliaii 
I'uur  motitlit ;  but  itt  teriniiiAlion  wit  rrnuered  |>rrii- 
liarly  lurtiinate  by  the  eltecl  of  t  atumi  wliirli  over- 
ruled their  daatinatiun  lo  Kotnoik,  and  ctrrird  tli*'in 
nito  Ihe  hay  of  Chettpetk.  (April,  1007  ]  .\i  they 
advtiH.'ed  nun  the  bay  Ihal  termed  to  invite  their  t|>- 
uroach,  llwy  iH'hvId  til  the  tdvtiiltgct  uf  lhi>  tptcioua 
Iwven,  repleniahed  by  the  wttera  of  to  nunjr  Kreti 
rivera  that  lertiliie  Iha  mil  of  Ihtl  etienaive  dialricl  of 
Anwrict,  tnd  tHbrdnig  cominodioui  iiiliit  into  the  in- 
leriur  )iart«,  ftnlitile  llivir  luroign  coininerrn  and  mu- 
tual cuiniiniiiication.  Ncw|Hirt  brat  Untli'd  un  t  pru- 
inonttry  turming  thi  toiithern  liuiiiiiltry  of  the  liay, 
wtiick  in  honor  of  tha  I'rince  of  Wtlea,  be  ntineil 
Ctpt'  Henry.  'I'hence  roaaliiig  the  •uiithern  ahore,  he 
enliircd  t  river  which  the  imtivva  celled  I'owhiltn, 
tnd  oipk>re<l  He  banktfor  iha  tptco  ol  forty  iiiilea  from 


*  It  I*  only,  ur  al  luoat  Kutioraily,  iLuir  aci-uiii|ilialinianli 
whkh  (jriHluL'ua  the  lilaturii'Ml  prviliriruna  nl  iMMilry.  The 
aubm-iiiiutit  ^lotiroaaul  Aiiii-rxH  liitn  i-iiiMt'l  •me  ul  hur  ■i:Uo- 
lira  to  thri-i't  liur  tltunllun  lu  tliu  atajie  ul  hi-r  blalury  in  llw 
lulluwiiltf  lliiaa  :  — 

"  lilKVlllulll,  pivtaa,  artea  tc  helluva  virtua, 
lliiL-  pruliiiiie  vaiiieni,  itt  reiiim  illuatria  I'ninlanlt 
Ll  duiiiiiut  liU  Vutua  erit,  el  ruiiuiit  inUdttn." 


vtMagaa  a(  Ika  aaaal  WM  ragia*  la  »kwk 
keaii  rli<ia    kaftfiily    rimdiirled,  Ike    adoeMliitei't 

ily  d«len«ined  >••  make  ikta  iba  ^laea  M  IIIMI 
Tliey  gave  la  ikeii  wteel  eelilemeal,  ea  waM 
»*  la  Ika  neighbMing  rivar.  dia  name  af  ikaif  kNM  i 
and  tamaaiMwn  raiama  Ihe  dietinfiiun  af  being  IM 
eklaat  w«i«*t(,|  h^liiultfrn  of  iha  lingliab  in  AmefWa. 

IImi  ibe  tliaaeiiaitma  ibai  briike  mi*  tmmtg  ibe  *t/t^ 
mala  aaiHi  Ikfealaiied  tu  deprive  Ikem  af  alt  ike  titvut 
Itgea  al  Ikaif  wall  aelealvd  •ItlWil  Ikeif  tmmaalliaa 
Ware  ptiwarfiilty  Inflamed  ky  tn  arvangemcHi  whii<n,  ll 
ll  di-1  mil  fifiginale  with  iba  king,  al  laaai  avinnae  a 
•Ining  alUniiy  m  ibal  aaienlaliaaa  inyalery  »ni  driflleaa 
trtillee  wkwh  ka  tllkeled  tt  Ike  eerfWaiMtt  af  palllieal 
deilerily  'I  ke  iiamee  uf  ika  awbHiial  •mined  were  mat 
•iimmuiiiealed  la  the  yilvenlnrera  when  Ikey  depafleil 
Otnn  lingland  .  bat  iba  rummiaamn  wbirb  Kenltinarf 
Ikem  waa  mrlaaed  in  a  aaehid  pavke),  wkiek  wet  dy 
reeled  la  be  u|wned  wllkin  Iwanly  brnt  kmtte  tfler  iliaM 
tnivtl  mi  Ika  anaai  of  Virginia,  wkeit  Ika  eamwellafa 
were  lo  be  Inalalled  in  ilieir  ufflre,  and  tu  aleri  ihelf 
uwn  preaidenl  Iha  iliaeenaimia  im'Hieiil  tu  a  bnig 
twyago  tnd  t  bady  uf  tdvenlurert  rtiher  ■  mi|mned  than 
uniia),  kad  free  aeapa  tmang  awn  aaawtra  af  Iha  rehk- 
iwat  ihey  were  la  aeeupy  lowtrda  eaek  mker,  tnd  M 
iha  •ubiirdinaiNin  whirk  Ibeir  rvialive  alaluma  migkl 
Imply  ,  ami  whan  the  iiamea  of  ike  fcinril  ware  pn^ 
riaiined,  they  were  hr  from  giving  geiieni  aaiialWetmn. 
I'tpltm  Nmiih,  whnae  au|wrwr  lalenia  tnd  riHirige  bad 
aimed  the  envy  tnd  jealauay  af  hie  rnlhiagiiaa,  wta 
eieliideil  from  llw  aeal  in  rauneil  whieh  Ihe  ruminle- 
atun  rmilcrri.d  un  him,  end  even  tci-iiaed  ul  traitnmut 
deaigna  aa  unpraved  tml  improliahle,  that  none  leet 
Iwlieved  Ihe  rharge  than  the  perilee  who  preferred  It. 
Ihe  imvalion  of  Tiia  roiinael  tnd  aervieei  in  the  dlN^ 
I'liltiaa  of  tbair  oiilael  wee  t  tevioiia  luaa  lo  the  ral^ 
mala,  and  inijfbl  have  lieen  tllended  with  ruin  la  tho 
aaiilviiienl,  if  bit  merit  tnd  generunly  had  mil  beoa 
•M|ieriar  to  llieir  mean  injueiira  'Iha  jaabiue  iut|M' 
rioiM  of  Ibe  |ieraan  who  hrd  keen  elactad  preaidenl 
realrained  Iha  iiae  of  ariiw,  tnd  diaeuuraged  ihe  tan 
alriiriiun  of  hirlilWtiwnt ,  and  t  niiaiiiMlrraiandtng 
having  arwan  Wtlh  tin  ',id,ane,  the  coloniaia,  unpre- 
pared lur  bualililiee,  auilered  tavaraly  frmn  una  o(  Iho 
aiiilden  attackt  ckaitcitrwlia  of  tha  wtilara  al  that* 
atvagee 

NewrKirl  had  been  ordered  lo  reliim  with  Ihe  thitia 
to  tlngland  \  and  aa  Iha  lima  of  hie  departure  a|>- 
prueched,  the  arciitart  of  Kniith,  tlfei  ling  t  hunwiiiiy 
llwy  did  not  feel,  pro|ieeed  thai  he  ahoiikr  return  wiin 
,\ew|iori,  inttead  ol  Iwiiig  proaeciiied  in  Virginia  Uul, 
happily  fur  the  mibiny,  be  aiorned  au  lo  cuiiiproniita 
hie  inlegrily  ;  and  demtiuling  •  trtil,  wta  hoiioribly  te* 
<|Uitlvd,  tnd  look  hit  tetl  tn  Ihe  couneil 

TIhi  Heel  had  Iwan  Iwlter  vn  liitlled  lhan  the  tlorea 
uf  Ika  colony  ;  iiid  while  it  reinaim'd  with  them,  llw 
relimiaia  were  perinillrd  lo  ahare  the  tbiiiidanct  en- 
toyed  by  the  aaibira.  Iliil  when  Newjiorl  eel  aail  hM 
llnglaiid,  [June, I  they  lound  Iheineelvea  Uinlled  tiv 
•canty  auppliea  uf  unwhnleaomn  pruviaiona  ;  and  Iha 
aiillry  beat  of  the  cliintto,  tnd  nioitture  uf  t  ciiiintry 
overgrown  with  wood,  cmicurriiig  wiih  Ihe  defecta  al 
then  diet,  kroiighl  on  dia>-aaet  Ihal  raged  with  fatti 
viulence.  Helucu  iha  nionlh  ul  ,Septeinlwr  une  hall 
of  their  iiiiinher  had  iieritlied,  tml  tniong  them  wta 
Utrtliuluinew  lluenuld,  wlio  had  planned  llw  eifiedl- 
tiun,  tnd  eiiiiiienily  cuniributed  to  lit  tceoiiipliahnii'iit. 
'Ihit  tcana  of  diatreai  wtt  heighlenrd  by  intenitl  die- 
Minaione.  The  I'reaident  wtt  accuaeil  of  einlieiiliiig 
Ihe  alorra,  nnd  lintlly  detertwl  in  in  allcnipl  lo  aeiia  t 
pinnti:a  tnd  etctpe  from  the  colony  tnd  itt  ctltniitiet. 
.\t  length,  in  the iitreinily of  their  dialiiita,  when  ruin 
aecmetTalika  to  imiwnd  from  fimine,  tnd  the  fury  of 
Ihe  aaviKi't,  the  colony  wtt  delivered  from  dtiiger  bjr 
t  aujiply  which  the  piety  of  Hinilh  it  nut  tahtnicd  tu 
ttrrtba  to  tha  influence  of  Uod  in  tuapeiiding  tha  uaa- 
tiont  tnd  controlling  tha  lanliinentt  uf  men  I'ha 
aaviget.  tirluiicd  by  i  tiiddeii  chinge  of  feeling,  plr- 
aeiiicd  thim  with  t  tiipply  of  proviaiunt  ao  tbiinJant  ta 
tt  once  10  dittiptia  their  tpprchentione  of  faiiiiua  and 
hoelility. 

lietuining  iheir  tpiril,  Iha  colonitia  now  proved  them- 
lelvet  not  entirely  unintlructcd  by  their  niitforlunee. 
tn  aetaoiia  of  eiigciiry  iiiertt  ia  illiiitialed,  and  llw 
envy  ihtl  purtuci  it  ibaiirbad  by  iiiteretl  and  alarni. 
Their  aenao  of  common  and  ineviltbhi  dtngir  eug- 
geated  tnd  enforced  lubniiuuon  to  the  mtu  whuae  la- 
lenia wcru  nioai  likely  to  extrictic  them  Irurii  the  dilR- 
ciiliira  with  which  they  were  turrouiided.  t^vary  aya 
wit  now  turned  on  Minith,  tnd  til  willingly  ilatolv«<d 
ou  bun  llw  ■ulhoniy  vihieli  Ihay  bad  for  immIji  otiMtd 


NORTN  AMiilOA, 


Ivil  *f  •  »i>«y»»*MMtt  ftntlU  tH  i.MW*HM«tM«»,  4ml 
Imm  M  •  •  MifMiM  HI  MliiM  Al  •  «f  f  f  aArlv  tif*  Ki« 
i«4»Ht  (niial  kIhI  1)«»h   ••rwM^ty  HHtiiait  <*i»h  >K«  •!<"'* 

i$  aUt'KtMra  >H4l  ^r»«<ttl«»|  m*  |M*M»ffritllv  lit  thifUiul 
f|tiwiiH«i«.  K«1m*I^«w*I  lUrwtigh  «  M*!  «(rt»)T  •*'  itii 

UlAff   MffVH'P,    Wllh   lillla||>«Mt,   tltll  ||f«il»    r*)>M>4iiiMt    «ltll 

•till  till  «« •(iii*i()'*n  *•!  4n  *>«^ri»tt»a  ilt«    Mi**r»  »>it)i4 

^  \K\%  (I  M4«  M(>U(ti«l|  NtltWXtl  ■•h4>t«IIM||  t<t4  «rtl<»f 
•V  Utitimn  lli«  moritU.  I  K«t  **y*i«  •*!  Hi«  »wu4tMiiii*«ii 
bail  (»f»«if«iitl  Kl«  K«4Ult  Hitim^HirKil  4itmM  (H«*  ||vit«Ml 

MMkWM  I  lM4  HfMbMtUil  l«>)M)«»f  r«UMt«i|  U(4  •|Hrila 
•lttiri«%Mt|,   •oil   Kt4   IMtltl^***'*'*   ■'***  l**tHl«<*l.   4tHl<Ul   Itl*  ||W 

ll»«»l  mi«>rv  «n4  •f>)*'rh«iti  ,  4ml  lit*  v*\***  ul  Ki«  <ti« 
pMtiMn,  wmrN  tfnv*  «Mli|«»iril  Kmi  lu  itw*  rcitfiNii'li  of 
•ii«r«i««>niM^  4mlHtiim,  «««  tiiiw  lull  im  iltftii«"  4h  4mi 
NMitiig  j|Ih#  «I  K«tH(  4M(|  fiMtrftfiM  4m*Mig  4II  «riiiiml 
hitM       A  •irtHig  4<iita*«  of  (*hgi>in  iirtil'MiMtHtol  Ml  ili« 

IMMhI  »f    ihl4     4ltltf>rillf   M14M,   ('•HIllMlil'tl     4fMl   iIkIv    «<lltMt 

4(ii«im1  All  hi4  UcmHim*,  rwrriiahKtl  Kn  tMiilWUMi  p,  »^i 
|«ihI««I  4tHl  y»l  rvgiiUivU  ht4  >i«w4,  4mi  g«v«  .linnity 
I*  Km  «h«f4«l«rt  aimI  triMt«(*U()*'ir  i«i  hi4  <  umlurl  A* 
turning  III*  iltr*4lMH  uf  ttia  «H4ir4  uf  tli«  Miluniat*,  lt« 

llMl4M(ly  4llU(t(»*J     III*    only    |tl4PI     IK4I     t  iHlUl   Mt«    lltftfl 

frwH  ili'4irufiittn  l.'iuUf  hi*  Uirffiiuita  j4iMi*4tii<A(i 
•M  («flin«il  hy  turli  >liif»tiir««  M  w»>r«  «iirttrMiil  lu 
r«u«l  ih«  •M4«'h4  uf  ih«  44«4|(*«i  4ml,  l»y  Uitii  al  grvAi 
UiNtr.  «Kuh  Im  w44  4lA«y«  iiiii  furviiitMl  lu  thiir*.  ih« 
«olutM4i4  w«r»  protiiluil  miiIi  i)Mi*llhit(4  lh4l  4tti>ri|i^4 
•linUff  rrum  III*  M<«4tlirr,  4ml  i-iniirilittiril  lu  rvaiurw  4hil 
|»f44*rv*  ih*ir  h*«lih  ^imling  iK«  ■m|>|>I(«4  uf  iti«<  ■« 
Vtgr4  ijiivunliiiiivil,  li«  (ttil  Itiiiui'K  4l  III*  litinl  til  4 
^vUfhiMtihl  itf  hl4  (•rnttli*.  4111I  |tvM«lr4t*«l  iiilii  tlif 
a«uinifV  .  4ni|  Ity  rii<irtP4y  4m*I  lilwriliiy  lit  \\w  irilira 
whmi  b*  luttfiii  well  i|i»|iii«*il,  ami  vigurutialy  iv 
ptIliMg  iIm  li(Mlilifi*a  III  4(14  li  4a  Mivrit  uiliirMia* 
Niiiiil*)!.  Im  oIiUhmiJ  lur  ili*  vulotiy  iK«  iihmI  4l*untj4Ml 

t.|»|'lt*4 

III  Ih*  m  lUl  of  Ilia  aiirrvaava  h*  wa4  4iir|tria*i|  on  4ri 
•l)t*>Jitit.n  l>y  •  hoaiit*  iHHiy  »f  aavagra,  whu,  Imtinii 
•ULT«*tl*tl  III  linking  hiiii  |irM<Mi*r,  4li*r  4  uhIIniiI  and 
IMarly  4iu'r*4afiil  i|i<li-iH'f' ,  |iri'|mrvt|  lu  innirl  on  Imn 
Ih*  iiaiial  I4I*  111  llivir  ■'4|ih»r4  Mia  rMiiiiaiit  Itt'iihii-a 
did  nut  ilta*rt  litiii  on  ihia  trying  iH'i-4«Min  lli*  ilrairnl 
lo  ■IM14I1  Willi  lti4'  arfctiiMii  or  t'linf,  aiitl,  |trrai>nling  hini 
Willi  4  iM4rin*r'4  rmn|i4«4,  rt|tili4tr«l  on  llin  womlrrliil 
4l4rov«riP4  to  whtrh  it  hail  Iml,  ill  at'riltrij  lli*  •\u\m  of 
Ih*  r4rth,  tho  V4«liir44  i^  ita  Uriila  inil  mi'itna,  ih* 
•^nr44<  of  lb*  anil,  lh«  V4ni*ti**4  0l  n4luina.  aiul  lli*  ■in- 
gitlarity  ol  lli*ir  rcUiiv*  |MNition4,  wliifh  niNili<  Hiini> 
ol  ih*m  aiilifMHl«4  to  thi'oihrra  With  ruiirtl  |iriulrni'fi 
•imI  rn4gn4nimity  h*  rvlrMinnl  from  4II  atilii'ilaliona  lur 
bt4  III*,  Mhirh  woulil  only  h4Vtt  wmkinnl  llir  ini|iri'«- 
Mun  whirh  h*  liotM'd  lu  priHlnii*.  'I'li«  R4V4Uf4  luit  nnl 
With  amtiivmifiil  4im1  athniralion  '1  hi^y  hail  tisi  illril 
the  riHnp4*4,  4ml  virwing  with  anriiriao  th*  pUy  uf  th>f 
nvrdli',  whii'h  ihry  |il4inlv  a4w,  lint  lotiml  il  iin|H)aMililr 
to  lui.ili,  Iroin  thtt  inli-rviniXMi  of  ihr  gUaa,  lliia  nur- 
velloiia  ohji'i-l  prr|iarri|  llicir  iiiiimU  lor  lli*  rii-t-|i(iiMi 
of  tlioact  vaat  un|tr('fia)ona  liy  whn-h  lhi>ir  rM|iiivt>  i>iuli'<i- 
vort'il  10  gam  aai'miUncv  ovrr  tht'in  Kor  an  Imiir 
■ftrr  \\f  hail  t^nialictl  hia  hrtrNnifii*  thry  arfiii  to  hitvr* 
rtMiiMimil  nniJi'i'Mlril  ;  till  thrir  hahitiml  OMdtiiiiiitta  rtt 
viving,  llii'y  riooinrtl  ihnr  anapiMulrtl  |>iir|ioai',  ami, 
hiivmg  iHMiiitt  Imn  to  4  lri-<>.  pri'txirril  lit  ilniiniih  hiin 
with  (heir  arrowa.  lint  u  MironL{rnni|iri'i'«ioii  huillir^n 
limil**  on  tlirir  rhirf;  4nil  hia  mdiiI,  rnlargi'tl  for  a  «rj- 
oun  lijr  thn  ailiniaaion  of  knowlftlgi',  or  anhrlni'il  by  thi' 
InriiMiir*  of  wundiT,  ruvoltml  Iruin  ihi*  doininioit  of  ha- 
bilual  forocity.  'A'hia  I'hiof  ^aa  nitiunl  ( I)i(<r|innf4- 
tmngh,  tiul  ilritinnl  at  a  Ininro  prrioil  to  invcai  liia  Imr- 
baroiia  nuinrt  with  horror  anil  rrli'lirily  Mnliling  up 
lb*  rninpaa*  m  hia  Itaiul,  he  g4Vt<  th*  ai^niil  of  rrprirvr, 
iiiil  Sniilli,  tliouiih  aiill  ({uanlod  aaa  priwoitcr,  W4«  con* 
durlril  to  a  (Iwillitig  whrrt*  ho  wai  kimlly  tri'Htftl  ami 
piviitifiilly  Piitprtiinpii.*     lint  the  iirungpat  imprmaiontt 

*  Hmitli)  II.  III.  p.  47.  Htilli,  |i.  3l.-Tltlia<liiiiriililt<iMiiin|il( 
•f  kni>wlu<lii«ait(l  tftfiiiu*  uvvr  iMili'iriiy  ami  fi-nhity  tiHN  in  i>ii 
OWt'iirvtl  hy  lliu  iiiiiii'iirrirv  of  Dr.  KnU'rlKnn,  whu  has  ti*- 
trltHhl  Hinitira  <t(<livi-raiit'i<  f>n  tttiM  iK*i-a»luii  to  In*  artiDrn  in 
Mfiialliil  lliti  Kavaai^N  wiUi  wuntlurfiil  lu'i  iiiiiitii  41I  thn  virtuui 
•f  Ijiii  i-oiM()atR.  Murttliall,  \\\o  biuKrutilirr  nf  WuNlilnitttm. 
tea  trauNrt'rrv'l  Ihi^  ini4-»l'itiMiic<iit  into  ihu  pitaca  of  tiln 
Matory  aUn.  HadHmttti  r4-«i)rir<l  tn  Hrtllti-t>,  hi*  woiihl  imiy 
kavo  HVHiii'il  htui«iMf  III  II  ruMijiin'ti  wlnrh  t'liliiiiibita  Iiri4l  prn- 
vldURly  fliiipliivuil,  wlii'ii  III!  I'Mtittl  III*  ailvHiitatftt  hi  iinpUBiiiic 
oit  a  auvatftt  trilHt  ttic  (iri'ilicii'Hi  l»r  Urn  |iroilu<-l|i>ii  of  im 
tf  hiwH.  nut  Hiiiiiirii  nitt'iiiiii  wai  ill  i)iii-o  iiiori}  itrltfiiiiij  mitt 
■wro  hnn«ral>le.  Thi*  iliivii-t*  ul  I'oluinhiiH  ti44l  beitii  atiiTtiJii- 
IWllv  practiHiiil  l»y  a  Roniun  iKitenl,  and  la  ri«ltitml  hy  |.|vy, 
flMltht  unaaaUiml  liy  |iri'4'i<ili*rit,  ami  icuhli-tl  only  by  Uint  "Im 

'~~"  n  ul  tiM  AliiUKhly  which  Ktveth  uiularitaoiUii^,"  a|h 


^•aoawtf.  wbilo  *bo  inAHwn**  of  hobH  ramoiwo  A^l 
«4mly  aiiil^atwoMg  M  |»r«»*d  tm  iWm  ««y4H«  ii»  Itairtf  | 
»h*  ingliffh  •'••Iwwy  (***»  iliKir  h4*- !«,  iH*y  r*Nifr»i*  hi* 
M*  M   iVwiMtan,  ih*  kM'i  'ir   |m  m.  .|m|  •44'h*m  i»f  ihn 

•  NWMlrv.  ^#  whwa*  |»f*a»<'       -••>  y  invfA  Mm  m  u\ 

mplui  |«fti«t>a4i*m        I  It*  It  I  Mu  fi>»vi«*U  hon  wiilimii»h 
^vramHiiy,  HHlvrvtl   4   ^(ii^hIiM  r«<piMl  f«  b*  a*l   iHiturv 

KmH,   4M||  tItvM    4*lpl4tj>il    lt*fn   lo     «Mftl-l>  4v*4fi  h|   h4«tMg 

Ki*  li*44  Ut*l  'Ml  4  aiiiii*  411*1  Imal  It*  |t(***a  «mK  flnha 
Al  III*  pUcw  a^it'Oinivd  U*t  ihia  Wttrli4ri«*4a •««*i4ti«m,  ho 
waa  4g4iM  raaii.vtl  lioot  inipotMliHj  t4<i*  hy  ih*  inivfjw 
•itut4i  o(  iWalHitiUa.  )h*  Utii'ii*  tl4>it|hii^^r  uf  Hi*  hitig, 
Mho,  Ahtluig  Itii  niai  vriifaaliK*  'liafaifaltl**!,  ilifnw  h*f 
4riM«  4rtMiiiil  iUm  |)fi4Hn#r,  4n4  dv^lar^d  har  4*i*'i*4iit« 
iitHt  0  ant*  hifo  iiff  4t*  wiih  him  lUr  g*n*r*Mia  4t 
In  hoii  pr»^»4iU4  Mvpf  Ih*  ffofflly  M  h*f  irilw,  4ml  lh« 
hiiig  II4II  'ifdy  yata  Ninilh  hi*  III*,  *hi|  atrnn  4ll*>r  4*nl 
Imn  lia<  k  10  T4m**iwwn,  wh*P*  ih«  lwn*ftv»n**  *4 
|*iN  >tlMiiii4a  i'Mtilinii*'t|  lo  hillow  hnn  wilh  aMp|ili*4  ol 
priiviaiiMia  ih<il  tUtiVMr«4  ih*  ywlony  Irmn  l4Miin* 

AMor  an  4lt«*n«'*  uf  apf«n  wrska  Inoih  r«>iiirii*4  tw 
l4oi*aiii«iii,  harKJy  in  lim*  to  pt4  tanl  ili*  il*a*rlion  ol 
111*  *(it4Miy  Mia  a««iM>iai*4,  r*ilo*'»*l  in  ih*  niimlivr  ul 
thirty  tighi,  impiiinni  uf  fafiliaff  aiay  in  4  vmlnlry  wlt*r* 
iIh  y  h44  in«l  with  vo  m4hy  ili4i  •itiP4g*ni*ni4,  ami  wli*f« 
ilMy  «*iiiii*il  l4i*4  In  r*  *<n4*  I  ih*  ili«4«ifra  ol  KoAiuhik, 
<**ra  |ifi>|Mir>hg  ui  4limiihm  iIm  atfillainwhi  ,  ami  il  waa 
iiol  wiihwnl  til*  nimoai  ilittli  oliy.  4n>|  ulu  Mi4ti'ly  «ni 
ploying  jwraiiaaiun,  rfmonairant'*,  ami  atvn  «iul«>il 
intfrlvram*.  thai  Nnnih  |>r*»ail*«l  with  lh*iii  m  ralin 
■push  llti'ir  ilt'a<gn  Ih*  pruviaiona  llial  I'malwnUa 
had  4«ini  10  him  rv-li*  v>d  llo'ir  pr»a«ni  )4iani4  ,  hi4  41- 
I'UOHi  ol  Ih*  pivnty  hi<  Uad  Milnaaaad  anion||  th«  aavaK** 
ratriwd  thoir  hufw-a  ,  nml  li*  vmUafur^d,  hy  a  dihg*ni 
iniproviJiiiwni  ol  tli*  lavt»rahl*  nnpraaatuna  h«  h4d  mad* 
n|nin  tlii<  aavag***,  and  hy  a  judit'ioua  rrgnlalioti  ul  ih* 
inlrrt'iiiir«f  iwtwinii  iIkmi  4nd  ill*  rulmu4t«,  lo  alUul  4 
miimi  ul  mifraala  and  muiiiiil  |Hirtirip4liuna  uf  advan* 
taifca  li«'lwv*n  Ih*  Iwu  rarva  of  paopi*       Mia  ||»n*iuoa 


*ll«iria   W4'r*   aiirt'paatiil  ,  h*   pr***rv«d   pUntv  aiiHinn 
"iigliah,   and  «|i*iidi'd   hia   tnll'iaiu'*   4nu 

aniong  ui* 


th*    Y.w 


Mm  lHalWIIKilt*  Of  MlbWlOTyt   MfN**!    M 
^WN  l;ngla'4.     f  uiMfaol  |Of  wao  »fl*>l*4  I 

tttium^X*  fay  ilu«  «a«,a««l««ft  *(#  dlwir  4-tllli^f(i-4  ami 
(•■••'  e  \i'i\,  AnfMpMly,  ^%»  f#.tluu4ik«  whwhd^'Hf*'  I)i4 
ri  '  f  i  MMik^f  th*H  ^intigHiatuiii.  ffapptaprif  ^K  lM« 
fiv  '  ,.  frMWa^tOT  ;  th*  inlkMlw:*  *f  )^«p«40l  SoMlb 
-•iih  ■;.*-  Iif,ili»n^  vivil«(4!  lh»  h-H**  «f  **lf  »P»>  ^t*m\% 
v\fr"  ..  '..*.'•  It  'i»»j  ffttm-r^vA.  ami  bwa  airth***!!^  »*»•  oO- 
gri.1  ,..%M\  ti>  tIfcUMfr  S»m  W4tf  '^  Mag  i^mf  lb* 
»*aaah<i<M  4^  Til*  irt*i*mN.  «i.^<(lni(  JiUh  »*»«  .ikfr■^t»  rft 
,M«v<ff  the  »■>      '"•*ity  ttl  *irt«'|iHn(4    |4V*  ria* 


Ih*  . 
•  '•  Ih 


liah,  and  «ii*iidi'd  hia  tnH'iaiu'*  4nd  raput* 
Indian*,  wito  h*gan  lo  rvapvct  and  cunaiili 
llirir  li)rin«r  raptiv*  aa  a  «npi<rior  hmig  11  Miiurh  bad 
aonght  unly  tu  inagnily  hia  own  rapnl*  and  *atahli*b  hit 
iliMimiion,  h*  miKht  i>aa,|y  hav*  |Hiaa«d  wilh  lh«  aavogaa 
hir  4  drini  ^ml  ,  fur  they  wrrn  not  niitfe  avcia*  to  yH<ld 
lh«  iill<gl4iii'*  whii'h  h*  1  Imnird  lor  th*ir  t'rp4luri  than 
lorward  to  rmidiir  it  lu  hioMvll,  4i)d  lu  roilir4c«  atary 
prpfi'fiaioii  ha  inigh*  4dv4ttc«  in  hi4  own  li*hall  Uoi 
1141  4lliiriMg  proaprrt  of  domintan  uvrr  invn  rmtid  Icnipl 
him  to  turgoi  th4t  h*  wm  tbo  afifV4nl  oMIud,  ur  4ipir« 
II*  lir  rrgardrd  in  any  olhrr  light  hy  hia  Irlhiw  i>rt<*lur«a 
Mr  rinployrd  hia  Inial  •ndfatora  lo  divert  th*  aavagaa 
truni  Ihrir  idohiiroiia  aupvratilioii,  and  inadu  lhi*m  all 
awar*  that  th*  man  whuao  ati|H«riorily  limy  aikiiow- 
|i*dgi'i|  iliMpiai'd  lli»>ir  f<ila*d*iliffa.  adorril  III*  iru*  Uud, 
and  uhtaiiod  Ironi  Mnn,  hy  prayrr,  ih*  wiaduoi  lliay 
ao  highly  rontntfiidt-d  Th«  allvil  of  hia  piuu4  vmlva* 
vor4  waa  ohatnittrd  hy  iinprrfcft  acipiMinlaiii:*)  with 
thi'ir  laiiguagn,  and  vtry  ill  vm'ondi-d  hy  ih*  rondiict  n| 
hi4  aa*iM'i4ti-a,  whirh  eontributrd  to  jirriiuil*  the  In- 
diana that  hia  rrligion waa  aointithinu  pi'iuliar  to  him* 
at-if  'I'hi'  iiiriiiPiiro.  Im>,  of  hninan  anprriorily,  how- 
i-vcr  calriiUlud  lo  imiirrM,  la  by  no  nivaiia  furmod  to 
eonvi-rt  tlio  miml  It  la  ao  apt  lo  givti  a  wrung  dirri' 
tion  to  Ibo  impreaatnna  which  it  itrmhii'ra.  and  14  40 
rinioto  from  thi*  ihnnni'l  in  whu-h  i^hriaiianiiy  Irotn  th* 
brginniiig  hiia  hi-f  n  nppninlrd  to  How,  ttut  thct  tirat  and 
moat  aiMTi  aal'iil  iHorta  to  convert  mankind  w*rn  iiiadi' 
hy  mm  who  |MMBpaard  litllr  of  it,  and  wh't  rrnuiini'fd 
tho  liltli)  thry  iKiaaraifld.  Hinilh,  partly  from  th*  diHI 
rnltu'aof  hia  aitualion.  partly  from  thi<  dulVctivrnpaa  ol 
hia  iriNtrni'tiim,  and,  dnohllma,  in  no  amill  di*gr*( ,  from 
ihn  atiihhorn  hlindnraa  irid  wilful  lunoram*  uf  lbi< 
prraona  he  atti'tniiril  to  iiiatrticl,  aurri>fdi>d  iiu  farther 
than  HrriM  hud  lormnrly  doiii*.  The  aavagi'a  rxtrndml 
Ihi'ir  rfopcf t  fur  tho  mnn  to  a  lleing  whom  thry  trrm«d 
*•  the  f  iml  of  ('apLiin  Nmith,"  and  aurn*  of  th*iii  4r- 
knuwNdtiml  Ihut  thia  living  riritlrd  thinr  own  diMll*a 
in  the  aunie  proportion  that  arlilh'ry  rvii'llid  irowa  and 
orruwa,  and  aiMit  to  Jaiiiuituwn  tu  ontri'nt  thai  Niiiith 
wuiild  pray  fur  ram  when  their  idula  aaemeU  lo  refuae 
«  aupply. 

[IQUri  ]  Whilo  iho  alfaira  of  tho  colony  w«r«  thua 
pro4|wring  umlor  the  direction  of  ''aptain  Smith,  i  re- 
inforcement of  a  hundred  and  twenty  men,  wilh  tin 
abundant  atock  uf  piuviaiuna,   and   a  aupply  of  aeuda 


ii*iMi  •priU' 
iraiHi*  of  di*vi|itoi*  Mrr> 
mili»4  wiiK  Ih*  IM'     ' 

fraudoUnI  nftd 
anfifnl   amm^aiiv        '■ 
hahiia  i»f    hr*   *r*  ""^t 
4iiihorily  Ka*  y**         '" 

!**4  III*  *«ii""\; 


l>earN  not  tu  have  ulti<r»<l  a  mtiKln  word  to  tlm  navnffia  thnt 
waa  Dot  Klnrtly  trui'.  Tim  Iriuinph  wiii  vi*ry  irrrut ;  for  tt 
wna  olitalited  ovar  ti'mrity  Inruliiiti'il  liy  eduralinn  and  lun- 
ftrnird  by  lialiit,Nml  rrvrniio  mritiMl  liy  ilii<  denlh  nf  loiiw  uf 
tiM  Mvagaa  wUuinbehadkuUid  .»  dutvii4lliig  luiuaelf 


-•'•  '"  Vl\t.  AoFwjy      Ih*  *••■ 

tii(4.j'  tH**  *  f*^'*  »r**«  p*f' 

^  M    ««MMr  \»¥%%f*    Irt  rampiiHi 

,    4»>-*H*««g    ft»ul  u)  f*'.»^m•  iK*ir 

*n  <x\\  ««lllKMli4nl,  whvm 
uslnioal  anhttoaaimt  to 
Mf»*«l.  th*  w*n  h*Mig,  4'»4  l»> 
MMcHMy  4r«  mo«h  mwa  d*p*n4- 
nl  iHi  ihti  -riannt-r*  *nd  moral  r)k^r4t*t»r  of  tmlivuluala, 
ilian  im  ih*  mfhith  d  l>>A4  ISut  tu  rv  roilir«g  ihft 
piipiiUiitoi  of  ihia  I  ulimy.  10^  hltlk  c'wv«iil*r4t*^'<'i  waa 
•liuwii  t'lr  iltfiaa  IttflMla  4n4  pntauir*  wbl*H  >ltb*i  *v*ry 
wh*f»  form  lit*  tiaaia  of  n4lioM4l  pfi»a|Mrily  Tbi*  uo«e, 
44  wvh  from  Ih*  iwciihar  VMwa  uf  Ih*  prH|itit*l(  ;^,  «§ 
IriHii  th*  I  iniiiiuunfra  uf  iIm  I!ngh4h  p*uplt,  whoao 
rkii)|/  •  !.!•-•  4  Mhar*  hy  no  mii«n4  uvari  riiwd*d.  and 
4nuMtg  whiHii,  ( iiii«w(pi*Mily,  lli*  ^M>ra<>M4  whuao  imiua- 
iry  «nd  iniMliratiutt  Wat  Kiiad  ih*iM  lu  form  I  not*  a«l* 
llwinanl  wvr*  U4a|  dtapuaad  to  •»h4ndmi  iboir  IMIIVO 
ifutititry  *)f  III*  rri'rmia  who  bad  laifly  arrlwd  in  tbo 
'■"hiiiy,  a  Uryp  pmpiirtrmi  affa  Hi-ntlrmfm^  4  ftw  w«ro 
/.lAorMf,  and  »4Mn*  wi>rH  )p*frU*r$  ami  frjla/r«  */  gnUi, 
I  hdirtmmli'ly,  aiiin*  of  ihia  latlar  dearriplion  »(  trliaia 
■iMHi  hiiHMl  an  ofipuftnnily  uf  ainrt  lamg  lb*ir  |i*<'uhai 
dapirinii'Mi*  n|  indoatry,  and  of  dvmunai rating  (Iml  liM 
tail')  111!  ir  Mill  r  iiit«killiilM»fla  I'van  in  iIm  wuril^l«**<|ti*- 
lifit  iiiKMi*  ilttv  |iroli>aa«d. 

\  ■mall  •'M.itii  of  W4i*r  whit-h  laaoad  from  a  bonb 
id  aanil  iimr  Janiratown  waa  fuiiiul  to  ilopoail  m  ila 
4  haniit  I  a  glittvring  ■rdimviit  whi«h  rra*inbl*d  goWan 
or*,  and  waa  fundly  miatalian  hip  that  prci'iooa  malrnol 
tiy  ihfr  i-tdon.ata  Only  Ihia  diarovary  waa  wanting  lo 
ii<-riril*  th*  pa4aiona  wbii'h  Am*rira  had  to  fatally 
kinillid  III  Ih*  boauma  of  her  flnti  invad*r4  TIm  d» 
pitaitatiun  of  th*  i>r«  waa  aiiitpoaed  *n  •ndu'al*  the  ri*i||l^ 
rMtrhiiiid  ul  a  mine  ;  vvfry  Mtid  waa  ragrr  10  aiplum  \ 
anil  t-imaidrraht*  ipianlitiva  uf  lb*  doal  war*  ama**«4| 
4iid  aiili|iiird  lo  ill*  ai  roliny  of  ignur4nre  pr*(Mtaaaato4 
liy  rh*  atrungfit  and  inuai  di*f»piiva  of  human  pav^iooa, 
and  mialid  by  lb*  hlundvring  guidam'*  ot  Nii|t«r^.-u| 
jirrtriHlrra  tu  auperior  abdl  (.'apiain  Nmitbvaerlod 
hiiiiarlf  lu  diaahiiao  hia  countrymen,  ami  vainly  atrovo 
to  Jirm  th*  torrrni  ibal  Ihn-atenrd  to  devaalat*  all 
tlirir  prua|i*iMa,  amldirrcl  lo  the  piirauit  of  ■  plMiilutii, 
ihe  indnatry  on  which  their  aiibaialen'**  tnual  apeedily 
di'jH-nd  The  v«nrlhli'«a  doal  having  undergone  tho  iiu- 
■kilful  iiiaay  uf  th*  nrtnera  who  had  rrrenily  bvrn  iinlled 
10  Ih*  rulony,  waa  nronuiiiicrd  to  hr  ore  of  a  very  ricb 
ipiahly,  and  from  Inal  niommt  the  thiral  of  gold  waa 
iiiflamrd  into  a  ra^e  that  rcprodurrd  ihoaa  eairavaganl 
rirranra,  hut.  biippity,  wilhuul  conducting  lo  the  aaino 
prudigatt' enormilica  for  which  lb*  futlnwrra  uf  f  *urU'0 
and  I'liiirru  had  lircn  di«tingiii»hed.  All  prwluctivo 
iiidnairv  Will  aii<i|H'n4lrd,  and  tlif  upcratiuiia  uf  mining 
iH'CMpird  all  the  cunvrraatmn,  cngruaacd  every  thought, 
iind  nliMorhcd  fvi-ry  ert'ort  oi  th*  culoniata.  'I'ho  Iwo 
vraNcIa  that  hiid  liruM^ht  their  late  aiippllra  returning  10 
Knulund,  tht>  one  ladtn  with  ihla  vuliirlraa  drp**,  and 
iht*  other  with  rrtliir  wuotl,  carrti-d  itio  llrat  reitf  ;unf t 
that  an  KmuIikIi  ruli>riy  ever  nude  from  Amerie  .  They 
carried  hack  with  them  alao  aome  peraoiia  *  Yo  haa 
lieen  invratcd  and  aent  out  to  the  i-oluny  witb  Ibo  at^ 
turd  jppoinlmentM  ofadmirila,  recordera,  chrooologerai 
and  juatici'f  of  thn  pooco — %  4upply  aa  uaeleai  lo  Am» 
rica  aa  the  ri'initlaiire  nt  dual  waa  to  Kiiropo. 

Forearoing  rhe  diaaalroua  laatte  to  whicb  *ho  detll 
■ion  of  tir  coloniata  ineviuhly  tended,  Capt^n  Hmill^ 
in  the  hope  of  preventing  aonie  of  iia  moal  filal  conao- 
ipiencea,  adopted  the  reauhittoii  of  eitendmg  hia  ro- 
irarchra  far  beyond  the  range  thry  bad  hilnerto  al 
laiiied,  and  nf  eiploring  the  whule  of  the  grtal  ba^  of 
('hcaa)>«Ak,  fur  the  p'irpuae  of  aaceriaining  the  cuaiilieo 
and  rraourcea  \h  ,Xn  territunea,  and  proiimtiiig  a  liene- 
fteml  intercourae  with  the  remoter  inbea  of  ita  inhabl- 
tanla.  Thia  arduoua  derigii  he  eirciited  wilh  bio  uaual 
rraulution  and  aurreaa  ;  and  while  hia  fellow  colonials 
were  actively  engaued  in  diaaipiitmg  the  hopoa  uf  Kng- 
land,  and  riviilhng  the  aordid  exceiaea  thiitliad  chnrar* 
toriird  tlio  adventurera  of  Mpain,  ho  ungly  tuaUinoJ 
the  honor  of  hia  country,  and,  warmed  witb  ft  oohlw 
aiuulatiuri,  Bchiovad  an  tnlt r|ihao  ihal  o<(uak  mo  mil 


•M 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


s* 


I  If 


••(•bnlcd  ciploiu  of  ih*  SfMiiiik  ditcaveran.  Whan 
»•  compara  iha  ilandenMH  of  iha  •uiilitrjr  in<«nt 
•bkh  h«  potMucd,  with  lh«  magniludr  of  the  erula 

which  Ik  aci'orii|<li>lird,  ilii'  lianl>lii|ii  h«  I'niliiriil,  nnd 
Iha  dilHitiliii'a  h«  ovorcaina,  we  rvcugniiii  iii  tint 
•chiavmnant  •  iiioiiuincnt  of  liiiniaii  poAvr  no  Ikm  ciiii- 
ncnt  than  hoiioralilv,  and  willingly  Iraiitinit  a  inudil  ao 
will  I'ulcnUtvd  10  warm  the  gt'iiiiia,  to  ainiiiato  tliv 
Anlitiidi.',  and  aiiatain  lh»  palicncu  ol  mankind.  With 
bia  Irmnd,  Dr.  Itiiaaill,  and  a  aiiiall  t'Uin|iany  of  ful- 
lowfra,  whuaa  rourago  and  prrai^viiranvc  lia  waa  fru- 
fuailly  obliged  to  rrauacitatv,  and  ovrr  whom  ho  |iaa- 
•aaani  no  other  authority  than  lli«  aai'Giidant  of  a  tigor- 
0U8  cbaraL'ter  and  au|if'rior  inind,  he  pcrfornii'd,  iii  an 
open  IhmI,  two  voyagea  of  diirovrry  that  ac-cii|iii:d 
nnro  than  four  moiitha,  and  emhrari'd  a  navigation  of 
above  three  thoiiaand  inilea.  With  iinineuac  lalmr  and 
danger  he  vlaitod  uvory  inliit  and  hay  on  lu)lh  aiitim  of 
IIhi  L'hraapcak,  from  Ca|Mi  I'harira  to  the  river  Hiitiiiie- 
hannail ;  ho  aailed  up  many  of  the  great  riveri  to  tiieir 
falla,  and  diligently  eiamined  the  aucceaaive  territuriet 
into  which  lie  penatraird,  and  the  varioua  triboa  that 
poaauaaed  lliein.  Ho  brought  luck  with  him  an  a>;- 
count  ao  ain|il«,  and  a  plan  >o  accurate,  of  that  groat 
uortioii  of  tho  AnieticaTi  continenl  now  compreheniled 
III  thu  pmvincra  of  Virginia  and  Maryland,  that  all  the 
■ubaei|uenl  rrararchra  wliiih  it  Ima  undergono  have 
only  eipanded  hia  uriginal  view  ;  and  hia  map  hat  been 
Uluile  the  groundwork  uf  all  |ioalcrior  diliiieatioria,  with 
little  other  divcraily  than  what  tho  varietlea  of  appro- 
prlalion  and  the  prof^reaa  of  aettlcinenta  have  necetao- 
rily  elfected,  liul  to  coniu  and  to  a«o  were  not  hia 
only  objcctt ;  to  ovcrcoinu  wat  alao  the  purpoae  of  liia 
(tilerpnto,  and  the  attainment  of  hit  exertiont.  In  hit 
inlercourto  with  tho  vtnoua  trilwa  which  he  vitilcd,  he 
diaplayed  the  geniut  of  n  cominander  in  a  htppy  iier- 
cito  of  all  thoae  lalrnta  that  ovurcoinu  tho  antipalhiet 
of  a  rude  {icnplc,  and  enforce  the  rcapcrt,  and  even 
good  will,  of  mankind.  Uy  the  wirdoin  and  li'joralily 
with  whicli  ho  negotiated  and  traded  with  the  friendly, 
and  by  the  courage  anil  )i<(or  with  which  he  repelled 
ftnil  overcame  the  hoat.U',  he  'lever  failed  to  inapiro  the 
■avagea  with  the  moat  c«alt,'d  opinion  of  hiinaelf  and 
bia  nation,  and  laid  tho  foun>laliun  of  an  intorcuuran 
Ihat  proiinaed  tho  moat  beneliciul  reaulla  to  the  Virgi- 
nian colony.  'I'liit  waa  indeed  thj  heroic  age  uf  North 
America :  and  auch  were  the  men,  and  audi  tho  labora, 
by  which  the  firat  foundationt  of  her  grcatneta  and 
I  roaperity  were  appointed  to  be  laid. 

While  ihia  expedition  wat  in  progreaa,  the  golden 
dreaina  of  It'o  coloniata  were  at  length  dia|>elled  ;  and 
ihey  had  awaked  to  all  the  mwerica  of  aickiieaa, 
scarcity,  diaapiioiiitincnt,  and  diacnnteiil,  when  Smith 
once  moie  returned  to  them,  to  revive  their  apirita  with 
bia  aiicceaaea,  and  relieve  their  wanta  by  the  leiourcea 
be  had  created.  In^inediatt  ly  after  hia  return  he  waa 
[10th  Sept]  choaen  preaideiit  by  tho  council ;  and. 
accepting  the  oHire,  he  employed  hia  influence  ao  aiic- 
ecaafully  with  the  aavagea,  that  preaent  acarcity  waa 
baniahed,  and  exerted  liia  authority  ao  vignroiifly  and 
■udieioualy  in  the  colony,  that  a  spirit  of  industry  and 
good  order  began  generally  to  prevtil.  and  gave  pro- 
iniae  of  laaling  plenty  and  ateady  prosperity.  If  wc 
compare  the  actioiit  of  Smith,  during  the  |icriod  of  hit 
preaidcncy,  with  the  entdrpriae  that  immediately  pro- 
ceeded hit  election,  it  may  appear,  at  Artt  tight,  that 
tho  tphere  of  hit  ciertiont  waa  both  narrowed  and 
degraded  by  thia  event,  and  we  might  almost  be 
tein|.:nd  to  regret  the  returning  reaaonableneat  of  the 
coloniatt,  which,  by  confining  thii  active  apirit  to  tho 
petty  delaili  of  their  government,  withdr^^w  it  from  a 
range  more  congenial  to  it*  cxcuislve  vigor,  and  more 
advanlageoua  to  mankind.  Yet,  reflection  might  pcr- 
luade  ua  that  a  truly  great  mind,  capecially  when 
united  with  an  ardent  temper,  will  never  bo  contracted 
by  the  seeming  realriction  of  itt  tphere ;  it  will  always 
be  nobly,  aa  well  at  usefully  employed,  and  not  the  leat 
nobly  when  it  dignifies  what  it  nntinary,  and  improves 
the  modela  that  invite  the  widest  imitation,  and  are 
most  level  with  tho  opportunities  of  Mankind.  Ac- 
corilingl),  when  wo  examine  tho  hittory  of  that  year 
over  which  the  ofHcial  supremacy  of  Captain  Smith 
wat  extended,  and  consider  tho  resulta  of  tho  multifa- 
liout  detailt  which  it  embraces,  we  discern  a  dignity  as 
teal,  though  lets  glaring  than  that  which  invests  Ids 
celebrated  voyage  of  discovery,  and  are  senaiblo  of  con- 
•aqucncet  even  inoro  interesting  to  human  nature  than 
any  which  that  expedition  produced,  l'  n  ainall 
oociety,  where  the  circumstances  of  all  ih,  '<>mbers 
frore  nearly  equal,  where  power  derived  i      aid  from 

rap  and  ci'cumatance,  and  where  ho  owed  his  office 
lb*  appuiniibont  mi'  hia  aaaociatea,  and  held  it  by  the 


tenure  of  their  good  will,*  ho  preserved  order  and  en- 
forced morality  among  a  crew  of  dissolute  and  diacon- 
teiiled  men  ;  and  so  aucreasfiilly  oppoaoil  hia  authority 
to  the  temptation.'  to  nululonee  triiing  from  their  pre- 
viuua  hahila  and  di>|io»iliuna.  and  lortiliid  by  iho  cain- 
munity  of  game  that  then  prevaib  d,  sa  to  introduce  ind 
maintain  a  rea|K>clablu  degree  of  laliorioua,  and  i  en 
contented  itidiiatry.  What  one  goveriior  aftcrwarda 
elfi'cted  in  tliia  r>'a|i«ct  by  the  w>'ight  of  an  iin|ioaing 
rank,  and  oihera  by  the  atroiig  engine  uf  martial  law. 
Smith,  witliout  thoae  advantages,  and  with  greater  auc- 
ceas,  tceumpllahed  by  tho  continual  appliciitiim  of  hi> 
own  vigor  and  activity.  Some  plota  were  formed 
againat  Tiiin  ;  but  theau  he  detected  and  defeated  with- 
out eiilier  alraining  or  coinpronn<ing  hit  authority. 
The  caprice  and  auapicion  of  thu  Indiana  aatailed  him 
with  numlM'rloit  triala  of  hia  tein|ier  and  cajiacity 
Kven  I'owhattn,  tiotwithttanding  the  friendly  lira  that 
united  him  tn  hit  ancient  giieat,  wat  induced,  by  the 
Ireacheroiii  irtillcet  of  certain  Dutchmen,  who  de- 
serted to  him  from  Janivttown,  Ant  to  lorni  a  leciot 
conipirtcy,  and  then  to  excite  and  prepare  open  hot- 
lility  againat  tho  coloniata.  [IRU9.]  Some  of  the  frtud- 
ful  deaiuns  uf  the  rovul  aavago  were  revealed  by  tho 
unabated  kindliest  of  t'ucahiiHlUM,  others  wero  detected 
by  Captain  Smith,  and  from  them  all  ho  contrived  to 
extrii^ate  the  colony  with  honor  and  success,  and  yet 
with  little,  and  only  defensive,  bloodshed  ',  displaying 
to  tho  Indiana  a  vigor  and  dexterity  they  could  neither 
overcome  nor  overreach — a  courage  that  commanded 
their  reaped,  and  a  goneroaitv  that  carried  hia  victory 
into  their  minds,  and  reconciled  aubmiaaion  with  their 
pride.  In  thua  deinoiiatrating  (to  use  hia  own  words) 
"  what  small  causn  there  is  that  men  should  starve  or 
1)0  murdered  by  the  savages,  that  have  discretion  to 
manago  Ihciii  with  courage  and  iiwlustry,"  he  b«- 
<iueathed  a  valuable  lesson  to  hit  tuccessors  in  tho 
Ainoriean  colonies,  and  to  all  tiiccceding  settlers  in 
tho  vicinity  of  savage  tribes  ;  and  in  exemplifying  tho 
power  of  a  siipurior  people  to  anticipate  tho  cruel  and 
vulgar  issue  of  battle,  and  to  prevail  over  an  inferior 
race  without  either  extirpating  or  enslaving  them,  ho 
obtained  a  victory  which  Cciar,  with  all  his  lioasted 
superiority  to  tho  rest  of  i  mankind  was  too  ungenerous 
to  appreciate,  or  was  incompetent  to  achieve. 

Uut  Smith  waa  nut  portnitted  to  complete  the  work 
ho  had  so  honorably  begun.  His  admmiatration  was 
unacceptable  to  the  coinpany  in  England,  for  the  aamo 
reasons  that  rendered  it  benolicial  to  tho  settlors  in 
Ainerica.  The  patentees,  very  little  concerned  about 
the  eatabliahment  of  a  happ)  and  respectable  society, 
had  eagerly  counted  on  the  accumulation  of  audden 
wealth  by  tho  diacovcry  uf  a  shorter  passage  to  the 
South  Sea,  or  thu  aci|uisition  of  territory  replete  with 
mines  of  thu  precious  metals.  In  these  liojies  they 
had  been  hithurto  disap|ioirtcd  ;  snd  tho  slatn  of  all'airs 
II'  :liu  coiuny  was  far  from  betokening  even  the  retri- 
bution of  their  heavy  ex;  .ndituie.  'i  he  prospect  of 
a  settled  and  improving  aiate  of  tociety  at  Jameatown, 
ao  far  from  meoting  their  wishes,  threatened  to  promote 
the  growth  of  habits  and  interesta  perfectly  incom- 
patible with  thciii.  Still  hoping,  tlinrofore,  to  realize 
thi.ir  avaricious  dreaino,  they  conceived  it  necettary 
for  thii  purpiso  to  remove  all  authority  into  their  own 
hands,  and  to  abolith  all  juritdiction  originating  in 
America.  In  order  to  cnf'/rco  their  pretensions,  as 
well  as  to  increase  their  'unds,  they  now  courted  the 
acquisition  of  additioi's:  members ;  and  having  streng- 
thened their  intercut  by  the  accession  of  some  per- 
sons of  iho  highest  rank  and  influeuco  in  tho  nation, 
tliey  applied  for  and  obtained  a  new  charter. 

[23d  May.]  If  the  now  charter  thua  arbitrarily  in- 
troduced showed  an  utter  disregard  of  the  rightt  of  tho 
colonists  who  had  emigrated  on  tho  faith  of  the  original 
one  its  provisions  equally  demonstrated  tho  intention 
of  restricting  their  privileges  and  increaaiug  their  du- 
pondonce  on  tho  Enghsh  patentees.  The  new  charter 
was  granted  to  twenty-one  pecri,  ninety-eight  knightt, 
and  a  great  multitude  of  doctors,  esquires,  gentlemen, 
tncrchanlt,  and  citizcnt,  and  tuiidry  of  the  cor[K>rationt 

*  It  wit  the  testimony  of  his  soldiers  and  fellow  adven- 
turerii,  says  Stith,  "  that  lie  was  ever  fruitful  iii  expedients 
'.u  provide  fur  the  pcnpto  unt'er  IiIh  i:oiiimHiid,  whuin  lie  would 
-levcr  suiter  to  want  uiiyiliinKho  cither  tiod  or  could  procure; 
hat  ho  rather  rhoosr  to  lead  than  Hcnd  hia  soldiers  intudati- 

f:er;'*  that  hi  all  their  cipeditiona  he  pjrtiKik  the  common 
are,  and  never  gave  a  romiiiund  that  ho  wiiii  not  ready  to  ex- 
ecute ;  "that  he  would  autfer  want  rather  than  Imrrow,  and 
amrve  sooiior  tliaii  not  p.--,y ;  that  ho  had  nothing  in  him  coun- 
terfeit or  shy,  but  was  open,  htmest,  and  siiirere."  Stith  adds, 
rc(tperliiii{  this  founder  of  clv'ili<:ed  sotiety  in  North  America, 
what  the  Non  of  Columbus  lias,  with  a  noble  elation,  recorded 
of  his  father,  that  thouith  holjit  jated  to  naval  manners,  and 
to  the  caminand  of  foctiuui  and  licentiuut  men,  he  wat  never 
heard  to  utter  an  oatta. 


of  lAiidun,  in  addition  to  the  former  advenliiran ;  int 
tho  whole  liody  wat  incorporrtud  by  tho  title  of  "  Tb* 
1'reiturvr  and  Onniptny  uf  Advenliirert  of  the  (^ty  tf 
lAindun  fur  tho  first  euluiiy  >ii  Virginia."  Tho  IwuimU- 
ries  of  the  eoliiny  and  thu  power  of  Iho  cor|>oratira 
wrro  enlarged  ;  the  orficea  ol  proaident  and  council  in 
Virginia  wero  abolished  ;  a  new  council  wat  lata- 
blialicd  in  Kngland,  and  the  euinpany  ompowereii  to 
till  all  fiitiite  vacanciea  in  it  by  election  ;  and  to  Ihi* 
council  waa  committed  the  power  of  new  .-»adelliiig  tb* 
inagiatracy  of  tho  colony,  of  enacting  all  iho  laws  ihtl 
wero  to  havo  place  hi  it,  and  noininaiing  all  tliv  olHcira 
by  whom  ihcao  lawt  wero  to  ho  carried  into  execution 
>evertheleaa,  waa  it  atill  provided  that  the  coloinat* 
and  thoir  poaterity  should  ri'lain  all  the  rights  of  Kng- 
liahmon.  To  prevent  tho  doctrines  of  the  church  ol 
Koine  from  gaining  odmittion  into  tho  planlatloni,  ll  wai 
declared  that  no  persons  should  |iass  into  Virginia  but 
such  at  thoiilil  lint  havn  taken  the  oath  of  auprcmscy, 

Tho  new  council  apiiointcd  l.ord  Delaware  governor 
and  captain-general  of  Iho  colony  ;  and  tho  h(i|Hit  in 
tuired  by  the  diitinguished  rank,  and  not  lost  ciniiiciit 
character  of  this  nobleman,  contrihiitcd  to  strengthen 
the  company  by  a  considerable  accession  ol  funds  and 
Bssocialet.  Availing  tlicmselvet  of  Iho  ftvourablo 
dis|iosition  of  the  public,  thoy  quickly  rquip|icd  t 
t<|uadron  of  nine  ahipa,  and  tent  Ihcin  out  with  fiya 
hundred  emi||ranta,  under  tho  command  of  Captain 
New|iorl,  who  'vat  authorized  lo  tU|iortnde  ihu  oxitl- 
ing  adminittratten,  and  to  govern  the  colony  till  tho 
arrival  of  I^ird  Delaware  with  the  remainder  of  tho 
rocruitt  and  tuppliet.  Uut  by  an  unlucky  combination 
of  caution  and  inditcralion.  tho  tamo  powert  wero 
teverally  intrutled  lo  Sir  Thomit  (iatot  and  Sir 
Ueorge  Somen,  without  any  idjuttment  of  precodonca 
botweon  these  gentlnmun  ;  and  they  finding  themtolvea 
uimblu  lo  tottle  thit  |ioint  among  iheintelvct,  agreed 
to  embark  on  board  the  tamo  veaael,  and  to  lie  com- 
paniona  during  the  voyage — thus  dclitiorately  haxard- 
ing  and  eventually  eli'ecting  Ihu  diaappointment  of  tho 
mam  ohjeot  whinh  'heir  association  in  authority  was  in- 
tended to  aecuro.  The  vessel  that  contained  tho  tri- 
uinveralo  was  seporated  from  the  fleet  by  a  ttorin,  and 
atrandcdon  tho  coast  of  Uorinudat.*  Tho  retiduo  of 
the  t()uadrun  arrived  tafely  at  Jtmutown,  but 
to  ittlo  wero  Ihey  expected,  that  when  they  wore 
firtt  dotrribed  at  tea  they  were  mistaken  for  enemies ; 
and  thit  rumor  gave  occation  to  a  very  tatitfaclory 
proof  of  the  friendly  ditposition  of  the  Indiana,  who 
camo  forward  with  the  utinoat  alacrity,  and  ofTored 
to  light  in  defence  of  tho  colony. 

'I'heto  apprehensions,  which  were  distipated  by  lb* 
nearer  approach  of  the  iloct,  gave  place  to  more  eul>- 
ataiitlal  and  more  formidable  ovila  arising  from  tbo 
coinposilion  of  the  remforccinont  which  it  brought 
10  the  colonial  body.  A  gieot  prii|iartion  of  theoa 
new  einigrantt  consisted  of  profligatu  and  licentioua 
youths,  tent  out  by  thoir  friendt  with  the  bo|ie  of 
chaiiuing  their  dcttiniet,  or  for  the  purpose  of  tcrecn- 
ing  tnem  from  tho  justice  or  tontoinpt  of  their  country  ; 
of  indigent  gentlemen  too  proud  too  beg,  and  too  laxy 
to  work ;  Iradusinen  of  brukeii  lurtunct  and  broken 
apirit ;  idle  rctamera  whom  the  groat  were  eager  to 
get  rid  of;  and  dc|)eiidcnts  too  mfamout  to  bo  de- 
cently protected  at  hon.u ;  with  otiH-rt,  like  theto, 
more  fitted  to  waste  and  corrupt  a  commonwealth  than 
to  found  or  maintain  one.  Tho  leadert  of  thit  perni- 
cious crew,  thoiiuh  totally  unprovided  with  legal  docu- 
inentt  entitling  tnem  either  lo  atsumo  or  tufierteda 
authority  proclain'cd  tho  changot  which  the  conttitu 
tion  of  tho  colony  had  undergone,  and  proceeded  to 
execute  that  part  uf  the  innovation  which  contittcd 
in  Iho  overthrow  of  tho  colonial  presidency  and  coun- 
cil. 'I'heir  conduct  toon  demonstrated  that  their  title 
to  attuine  authority  wta  not  more  dofoctivo  than  their 
capacity  to  oxereite  it.  Investing  themselves  with  the 
powers,  they  wore  unablo  to  devise  any  frame  of  go- 
vernment, or  otttblith  even  among  thcinaclvea  any 
fixed  auhordination ;  tometimea  the  old  committioii 
waa  retorted  to,  aomctimes  a  new  model  attempted , 
and  tho  chief  direction  pasaod  from  hand  to  hand  in 
one  uninterrupted  tuccctsion  of  presumption  and  in- 
capacity. Tho  whole  colony  wat  involved  in  dittrett 
and  ditorder  uy  this  revolutionary  ttatn  of  itt  now  go 
vernmnnt,  and  the  Indian  tribes  won*  alienated  and  ex. 
•apcrated  by  tho  turbulence,  injuttice,  and  intolcnce  of 
the  new  aettlera 

*  It  was  this  disaster,  no  doubt,  which  produced  the  onit 
alluHion  which  Shakespeare  ever  makes  to  the  regions  of 
America.  In  Tho  Tempest,  which  was  composed  about  Ihraa 
years  alter  this  period,  Ariel  celcbratss  tbt  tluriBy  coaat  ef 
"  tka  stiU  vei'd  Bcrmudaa." 


NORTH  AMKRIOA. 


Tkii  •mcrggncjr  ttrongljr  eillad  on  the  nun  who  hid 
w  olUin  rcKuwl  ih«  Htlwintnl  from  ruin,  ■giln  to  at- 
••mpt  lt>  Jt  livrrtnct ;  Iht  ctll  wu  Kconjcd  hy  the 
»i«h«  of  the  beat  and  wiaeit  of  the  coluiiiala ;  and, 
tilled  aa  much  l)y  the  tigorof  hia  own  charactur,  a<i  by 
the  cooperation  of  theie  nidividu'ila,  Ninith  uncn  more 
■aaunii'd  hia  natural  aacciidant  and  ulficial  auproinacy, 
and  doclarrd  hia  intention  of  retaining  the  aiilhoriiy 
created  by  the  old  cominiiaion  till  •  rrgal  rnvotalian 
of  it  and  legitimate  autceaiora  to  hiinteirahoiilil  arrive. 
He  boldly  iinpriaoned  the  chief  proinotcra  of  tumult ; 
tnd  having  reat<-.red  regularity  and  obedience,  be  en- 
deavored to  prevent  a  recurrence  of  the  former  mia- 
chiefa  by  detaching  from  Jaineatown  a  portiun  of  the 
new  coloniata  to  form  aauliordinato  aetllement  at  aoine 
diatance.  'Iliia  waa  an  unrurliiiiate  atop ;  and  it  ia  re- 
markable that  the  only  aignal  failure  In  the  policy  of 
Ihia  eminent  man  aee ma  to  have  ariaen  from  the  only 
inalance  in  which  ho  ahowed  a  diatruat  of  hia  own 
vigor  tnd  capacity.  The  dotachmenta  which  he  re- 
moved from  Jameatown  conducted  thomaelvea  ao  im- 
prudently aa  to  convert  all  the  neiihboring  Indiana 
into  eneiniea,  tnd  to  involve  thcmaelvca  in  continual 
diHlciilty  and  danger.  The  Indiana  taaailed  him  with 
coinplainta,  the  detached  aettlera  with  rcquiaitiont  of 
(ountel  tnd  aaiiatance ;  and  Ninilh,  who  never  apent 
in  lamenting  miafortiinea  the  time  that  might  be  em- 
ployed in  repairing  them,  wia  eierting  hiinaelf  with 
hia  uaual  vigor  and  goo<l  acnae  in  redroaaing  theae  dia- 
ordera,  when  ho  received  a  dangcroun  wound  from  the 
tccidentti  eiploaioii  of  a  quantity  of  gunpowder. 
Completely  diatblcd  by  tliia  iniafortune,  and  deatituio 
of  aurgical  aid  in  the  colnny,  ho  waa  caininlled  to 
reaign  nia  command,  and  lake  hia  departure  for  lOiig- 
land.  He  never  returned  to  Virginia  again.  It  waa 
natural  that  he  ahould  abandon  with  regret  the  aocicly 
he  had  ao  often  iiretcrvcd,  the  aottluinont  he  hud  con- 
ducted through  liiffirultiea  aa  farinidahio  aa  the  infancy 
of  Carthage  or  Kome  had  to  encounter,  and  the  accnea 
ho  had  digniAed  by  ao  much  wiadom  and  virtue.  Uut 
our  aympalhy  with  hia  regret  ia  abated  by  the  ri'llt'ctioii 
that  t  lunger  rcaidonce  in  the  colony  would  ttpcrdity 
bave  conaigncd  him  to  very  aubordinate  otUce,  and 
might  havo  deprived  the  world  of  that  atock  of  valu. 
able  knowledge,  tnd  hia  own  character  of  that  acuea. 
aion  of  fame,*  which  the  publication  of  hia  travcla  ha< 
been  the  moana  of  pvrpetiialing.  Such  rcHecliona  are 
nnt  foreign  to  the  piirnoiie,  nor  inconiiatcnt  with  the 
dijjnity  of  hiatoiy,  which  may  well  be  allowed  to  hnger 
with  intereat  on  th«  fortunea  of  thia  excellent  pcraon, 
tnd  ia  well  employed  in  teaching  by  ritmple  how 
powerfully  an  enlargement  of  our  view  contributca  to 
purify  the  moral  aapect  of  eventa. 

CHAPTER    II. 

Tie  Colony  a  Prey  to  Anarctiy— and  Famine— Oatea  and 
9:  neri  arrlvo  fruni  lli>riiiuilai— AbHiidoiiinuntor  thu  Cntuiiy 
d  terinlned— prnvciilRd  t>>-  ttiu  Arrival  of  Lord  Deluware— 
Ilia  wine  Admjiiistration^tiiN  Return  to  England— Sir 
Tiiomai  Uale'H  AdiiiliuBtrution— Martial  Law  eittultiiHiiad— 
Indian  CtilurM  DuuxtiliT  Hi-i/ud  by  Captain  Arijnl— iittirrii'd 
to  Mr.  Itiilfu— RiKtit  jf  tirlvatu  Prnpurty  in  Land  liitrodiicvd 
Into  the  Colony— Ei|H)ditionii  of  ArKaf  aKBinxt  Port  Roytil 
and  New  Yorit— Tutiacco  ciiitivatvd  by  tiiu  CoioiiiiitH— First 
Aaaembly  of  Ht^prtjiK-'iitativM  luiivuiiud  ill  VirKinlu— Nfw 
Coniititutiitn  of  tiio  Colony—ltitroducii'iti  of  Negro  Slavery — 
Migration  of  younir  Woinuii  fioni  Gniiland  to  Vlrifinia— 
Dlipulo  Itetwoon  tiio  Klliir  mid  the  Coloiiv— ColmpirAry 
of  the  Indiaiik-  Mamiacru  of  tlic  ColoniHtN— UlHsuntionH  of 
tho  l.oiidon  Company— Tiiu  Coriipiiiiy  tlinsolved— tlin  Kiiiff 
aisumes  tlio  Govenirnont  of  tlie  Colony— hlfi  Doatli— 
Cliarlea  I.  puraiica  hia  fatlinr'a  artjitrary  Viewa— Tyrannical 
Uoveriimeiit  of  Mir  Joliri  llarvi-.y— Sir  Wilimin  Uu^l«3l(^y 
aupointfld  Ooveriior— The  popular  Asscnibly  ri-Htored— 
Viraiiiia  oApfiiisoH  tho  Royal  Cuuho— Hu>Hlued  by  the  LonK 
Parllameitt— HRatraintfl  imposed  on  thn  Trade  of  Iho 
Colony- Revolt  of  lliu  C'oioiiy— .Sir  William  Dorkuloy  ro- 
aumoa  the  Uovoriiniiiiit— Restoration  of  Charles  II. 

[1609.]  Smith  left  the  culony  inhabited  by  fire 
hundred  peraona,  and  amply  proviiled  with  all  neccsaa- 
ry  atorea  of  anna,  proviaioiia,  cattle,  and  implementa  of 
tgriculture  :  but  the  acnae  to  improve  ita  opnortunitir 
waa  wanting,  and  ita  fortune  departed  with  him.  For 
t  abort  time  tho  command  waa  intiuated  to  Mr.  Percy, 
t  man  of  worth  but  devoid  of  the  vigor  that  givea  elli- 
cicy  to  virtue  ;  tnd  tho  direction  of  alfaira  aoon  fell  into 
(he  handa  of  peraona  whom  their  native  coui^try  had 
etat  from  it  aa  t  uaeleaa  burden  or  intolerable  nuiaance. 
Tho  colony  waa  delivered  up  to  the  wildcat  exceaaee  of 
t  aeditiou*  tnd  diatracted  rabble,  and  preaented  a  acene 
of  riot,  follv,  tnd  profligacy,  atron^-'  invoking  vindic- 
tive retributien,  and  apeedily  overtaken  by  it.  [1610] 
The  pruviaioiia  were  quiiikly  cxhtuatcd ;  and  the  In- 


*  Ha  bacan  a  ao  famoua  in  England  before  Ida  death,  that 
Hia  adventurea  were  dramatlied  and  repreaaoted  un  tlw  alaxa, 
la  hiaowu  (real  tiwoyance.    Slltli,  p.  II*. 


ditna,  Incinted  by  repeated  injuriet,  tnd  twtre  thtt  tho 
mtn  whom  they  ao  much  reapeeted  htd  cetaed  to  go- 
vern the  coloniata,  not  only  refuaed  them  all  aaaiattiicc, 
hut  haraaaed  them  with  cuiiliiiual  altut  ka.  Kainine  en- 
aiii'd,  and  compliiled  Ihoir  miarry  and  degradation  hy 
tranafurining  tlicm  into  cannihila,  and  I'orcinu  Ihcin  to 
auhaiat  on  the  bodiea  of  the  Indiana  they  had  killed,  tnd 
of  their  own  cuiiipaniona  who  [icriahod  of  hunger  or 
discaae.  .Six  inoiiiha  after  tlie  departure  of  Miiiiili  there 
remained  no  more  than  aixty  peraona  alive  at  Jamea- 
town, atill  prolonging  their  wrelcbcdneaa  by  t  vile  and 
precarioua  diet,  but  daily  expecting  iti  flnal  and  fatal 
cloae. 

In  thia  calamitona  atato  waa  the  colony  found  by  .Sir 
ThomaaOalea,  Sir  (icorgo  Somcra,  and  t'aptain  New- 
(wrt,  who  at  length  arrived  from  Ucrmudaa,  where  the 
ahipwreck  they  had  encountered  had  detained  them  tnd 
their  crew  fur  ten  inontha.  The  bounty  of  Nature  in 
that  delightful  region  maintained  them  in  comfort  while 
they  built  the  veaaela  that  were  to  trunaport  Ihem  to 
Jameatown,  and  might  have  aupplied  them  with  ample 
atorea  for  the  uae  of  the  culony  ;  out  they  had  neglected 
theae .  rcaourcea,  and  arrived  almoal  empty-hanaed,  in 
the  expectation  of  receiving  from  the  magaxinea  of  t 
thriving  aetllement  the  relief  that  waa  now  vainly  im- 
plored from  thcmaelvca  by  the  famiahing  rcinnaiit  ut 
their  countrymen.  Their  diaappointinent  waa  equalled 
only  by  the  ditflculty  of  comprehending  the  cauaea  of 
the  dcaolttinn  they  beheld,  amidat  tho  mutual  and  con- 
tradictory acenaationa  of  the  aurviving  coloniata.  Uut 
thorn  waa  no  time  for  deliberate  inquiry,  or  adjuatinrnt 
of  coinplainta.  It  »aa  immediately  determined  to 
abandon  the  actllemeiii,  and  with  thia  view  they  all  em- 
barked in  tho  vcsaela  that  had  juat  arrived  from  Ucrmu- 
daa, and  act  aail  for  Eiii.''  Their  atorea  were  in- 
auflicient  for  ao  longn  \'  .<  ;  but  they  hojicd  to  ob- 
tain an  additional  aupply  at  tlio  Engliah  hahing  atation 
on  tho  coaat  of  Newfoundland  Such  a  horror  had 
iniiiiy  of  thcin  conceived  fur  the  acene  of  their  misery, 
that  they  were  importunate  with  tho  commandera  fur 
leave  to  burn  the  fort  and  houana  in  Jameatown.  Uut 
Sir  Thoniai^  Galea  could  not  liiid  in  their  or  hiv  diatrraaea 
any  reason  for  dcmoliahing  the  buildings,  that  might 
aflord  aliclter  to  future  aettlera ;  and  hi^ipily,  by  hia 
inter|)Odition,  they  were  preserved  from  destruction,  and 
the  coloniata  prevented  from  wreaking  additional  ven- 
geance on  theinaelvea. 

Kor  it  waa  not  the  will  of  Providence  that  thia  aet- 
llement ahould  periah ;  the  ctlamitiea  with  which  it  had 
been  viaited  worn  commiasioned  to  punish  merely,  but 
not  utterly  to  deatroy  ;  i^ml  the  more  worthless  mein- 
bera  being  now  cut  off,  and  a  memorable  lesson  allurdcd 
both  to  tlie  governora  who  collect,*  and  tho  meinbin 
who  compoae  auch  communitiea,  a  deliverance  no  lesa 
aignal  waa  vouchsafed  by  the  Diapoaer  of  all  events, 
juat  when  hope  waa  over,  and  the  colony  advanced  to 
the  very  brink  of  annihilation.  Before  the  fugitives  had 
reached  the  mouth  of  Jainea  river  they  wore  met  by 
Lord  Delaware,  who  arrived  with  three  shipa,  contain- 
ing a  large  aiipply  of  proviaiona,  a  considerable  number 
of  new  aettlera,  and  an  ample  stock  of  every  thing  re- 
q.ilsite  for  defence  or  cultivation. 

This  nobloman,  who  now  presented  himself  as  ca|i- 
tain-gencral  of  the  colony,  waa  eminently  well  fitted  for 
the  exigency  of  the  aituation  in  which  he  was  thua  un- 
expectedly involved.  To  exalted  rank,  in  an  ago  when 
auch  distinctions  were  regarded  with  much  veneration, 
he  joined  t  noble  demeanor,  a  disii.tereated  character, 
and  a  manly  underatanding.  The  hope  of  rendering  an 
important  service  to  Lit  country,  and  the  generoua 
iileaanre  of  cooperating  in  a  great  deaign,  had  induced 
him  to  exchange  nia  ease  and  splendor  at  home  for  a 
situation  of  tho  diHicultiea  of  which  he  waa  perfectly 
aware  :  and  the  aaine  firmnesa  and  elevation  of  purpose 
preserved  him  undaunted  and  unperplcxed  by  the  acene 
of  calamity  he  encountered  on  his  arrival  in  Virginia. 
Stemming  tho  torrent  of  evil  fortune,  he  carried  back 
tho  fugitives  to  Jamestown,  and  began  hia  administra- 
tion by  attendance  on  Divine  worahip  ;  and  having  held 
a  abort  consultation  on  the  atfaira  of  tho  arttlcinent,  ho 
aummoned  all  the  coloniata  together,  and  addreaaed 
tnein  in  a  abort  but  forcible  and  dignified  harangue. 
He  juatly  rebuked  the  pride,  and  sloth,  and  immorality 
that  had  produced  auch  disasters,  and  earnestly  recom- 
mended t  return  to  the  virtues  most  likely  to  repair 
tht..i :    he   declared  hia  determination  not  to  hold  the 


*  The  fate  of  this  settlement  probably  suggested  to  Lord 
Dacon  the  following  pa-tsago  in  his  e^isay  on  IMantationa. 
*'  It  is  a  shameful  and  unblesiied  thing  to  tuko  lliu  soum  of  the 
people,  and  wicked  coiiduinned  men,  to  be  the  people  with 
whom  we  plant ;  and  not  only  so,  but  it  spoiletb  Uio  planta- 
tion ;  for  they  will  ever  Uvo  like  rogues,  ami  not  fi;ll  to  work, 
but  be  lazy,  and  do  mischief,  and  apiand  victuala." 


tword  ol  juaiirc  In  vtin,  but  to  paniih  tht  Am  i 
rtnc*  of  uitorder  by  thedding  the  blood  of  lb*  i 
quentt,  though  ha  would  inHiiiiely  rather  ahed  hit  i 
to  protect  the  colonv  from  injury,  II*  nominttei  pi» 
per  niflccra  for  iivrry  departimiil,  and  allotted  to  evMT 
man  his  particular  place  and  husiiiesa.  Thia  addrwt 
waa  received  with  general  tppluuae  tnd  aatiaftclion  | 
and  tho  idle  factioua  huniuura  of  a  divided  mulliliid* 
aoon  appeared  to  lie  atibatuntially  healed  hy  the  aplefi- 
dor,  unity,  and  aiilhorily  of  l.urd  Delaware'a  adiiiiiu- 
ttratiun.  [1011  J  Uy  an  aaaiduous  attention  to  hia  duty, 
and  a  happy  union  of  qualitiea  titled  equtlly  to  intpin 
esteem  and  enforce  aubmiaaion,  he  ancceeded  m  main- 
laining  peace  and  good  order  in  thn  aettlomenl,  in  di^ 
fiiaing  a  apirit  of  industry  and  alacrity  among  the  col» 
niata,  and  in  again  im|ireaaing  the  dread  and  rovereiicA 
of  the  Knglian  name  on  the  minda  of  the  Indiaiii, 
Thia  promising  beginning  waa  all  he  waa  |i«rmitted  to 
elfect.  Oppresaed  by  diseaaea  occaaioncd  by  the  cli- 
mate, he  waa  roinpelled  to  ijuit  the  country ;  having 
Aral  commiltcd  the  adminiatratioii  to  Mr.  Percy  [3]. 

The  restoration  of  ihia  gentleman  to  tho  tuprem* 
command  seems  to  htvu  lieen  attended  with  tho  ttnio 
relaxation  of  discipline,  and  would  probably  have  led 
to  a  repi'liiiim  of  the  aanie  diaorders,  thtt  had  ao  fatally 
dintinguislii'd  hia  former  government.  Uut  happily 
fur  the  colony,  a  s(|uadron  that  had  been  deapatclied 
from  England  before  Lord  Delavtaroa  return  with  t 
supply  of  men  and  proviaiona,  brought  alao  with  il 
Sir  '1  liomaa  Dale,  whose  camiiiiiaion  anihoriaod  him, 
in  the  absence  of  that  nobleman,  to  aaaume  the  tdmin- 
istration.  Thia  now  governor  found  tho  coloniata  faal 
relapsing  into  idloncaa  and  penury ;  tnd  though  hi 
exerted  hiinacH'  atrenuoualy,  and  not  unauccetafully, 
to  reatoro  better  habita,  yet  the  loss  of  Lord  Delawtro't 
impoaing  rank  and  authoritative  character  was  sensibly 
felt.  What  he  could  not  accomplish  by  milder  mean*, 
he  w<a  soon  rnabled,  and  compelled  to  ellect  by  t  ayi- 
trm  of  notable  rigor  and  severity.  A  code  of  rule* 
and  articles  had  been  compiled  by  Sir  Thoinaa  Smith, 
the  treasurer  of  the  coin|>any  of  patenieea,  from  tha 
martial  law  of  the  I,ow  ('ounlries,  the  most  severe  and 
arbitrary  frame  of  diaciplme  that  then  caiated  in  the 
world ;  and  having  been  printed  by  tho  compiler  fm 
tho  use  of  the  colony,  but  without  the  sanction  or  tii- 
thority  of  the  council,  was  transmitted  to  him  by  tin 
governor.*  [4]  This  code  did  not  long  remain  inope- 
rative. Sir  Thomas  Dale  caused  it  to  be  proclaimed 
as  the  aottlcd  law  of  the  colony  ;  and  aoine  conapira- 
cies  having  broken  out,  be  enforced  its  provisions  with 
greit  rigor,  but  not  greater  than  waa  judged  by  all  who 
wilni^sscd  il  to  have  clfecled  the  preservation  of  tho 
settlement.  Tho  wisdom  and  honor  of  the  governor, 
who  thus  became  the  tirst  depositary  of  theae  foimida- 
hlo  powcra,  and  the  salutary  conseqiiencea  that  reaulted 
from  the  first  exercise  of  them,  seem  to  have  prevented 
the  alarm  which  the  introduction  of  a  system  ao  de- 
atmctive  to  lilwrty  was  calculated  to  provoke.  Dal> 
wus  succeeded  in  tho  supreme  con.maiul  hy  Sir  I'ho- 
mas  Gates,  who  arrived  with  six  vcssetn,  containing  t 
powerful  rcinforceincnt  to  the  numhcra  and  resource* 
uf  the  colonists.  The  late  and  tho  present  governor* 
were  united  by  mutual  friendship  and  similarity  of  cha- 
racter. Gates  approved  and  pursued  tho  system  cl 
strict  discipline  and  steady  hut  moderate  enforcement 
of  the  martial  code,  that  had  been  introduced  by  Dale; 
and  under  the  directions  of  Dale,  who  continued  in  the 
country  and  willingly  occupied  a  aubordinate  atation, 
various  bodiea  of  the  colonists  began  to  form  additional 
aettlements  on  the  banks  of  Jamea  river  and  at  aoine 
distance  from  Jamestown. 

[1612]  .\n  application  waa  now  made  by  the  com- 
pany of  patentees  to  the  king,  for  an  enlargement  of 
their  charter.  The  accounts  they  had  received  from 
tho  persons  who  were  shipwrecked  on  Bormudas,  ol 
thn  fertility  and  agreeableness  of  that  territory  im- 
pressed them  with  the  desire  of  obtaining  posseaaion 
of  ita  resources  for  the  aupply  of  Virginia,  t  Their  in 
creasing  influence  enforced  their  requeat ;  and  a  new 
charter  was  issued,  investing  them  with  all  the  islanJa 
situated  within  three  hundred  leagues  of  the  coaat  ol 
Virginia.  Some  innovaliona  were  made  in  the  atruc 
ture  and  forma  of  the  corporation ;  the  term  of  ez- 


*  StUli,p.  129.  Nothing  can  bu  more  fanciful  or  erroneoua 
than  Dr.  Robertson's  account  of  the  introduction  of'  thia 
system,  which  witliout  tlie  s>i,thlest  reason  he  tacnbcs  to 
the  advice  of  Lord  Us"-j.,,  and,  in  opposition  to  all  evi- 
dence, represKi,;.. ....  the  act  of  tho  company. 

t  Stith,  p.  1116.  About  thia  time  tlio  patentees  promotod  a 
subsi!riptioii  amontt  devout  persona  in  London  mr  buildir.|f 
churches  in  tho  colony;  but  the  money  was  diverted  toother 
purposes,  and  it  was  not  till  some  years  aAer  that  elmrcltee 
were  built  in  Virginia  Oldmixloa't  Ibit.  Emp.  In  Amti.  t 
Ml.  SUO. 


THE  HISTORV  Or 


ll 

hi 


I  frum  pjriiwiit  of  Julia*  on  coiainodilin  ei- 
pMtad  by  Ihuin  wm  proloiigiiil ;  iha  coiiipuiy  wu 
•in|<uw«r«l  !■>  apiiri'lHind  •ii>l  riniaiiil  iMinona  ii'lurniiiH 
by  tUnlili  front  thn  MitlmiMiiili  in  viulntiuii  ul'  (limr 
rni|t^oiii«iiU  ;  *n<l,  Tor  lliu  '•vuo  I'lfixluiil  iilviiiiciiiiiiMu 
of  ih«  nuluijy  mill  iihJiiiiiiiiIiciiIioii  ul  tlio  Uruo  •uiii» 
Ititt  hxl  Iwva  i'i|>rii«liHl  on  it,  luciinu  wa<  given  In 
opiii  lutii^cioa  III  any  part  ol  Uii||laii(l.  'I'he  lol'jry 
whick  waa  avi  ou  fool  in  virtua  of  Ihia  liconao,  vim  ih« 
itat  talalitialinicnl  of  Ihu  kind  thai  hail  ovur  reci'ivvU 
politic  cuiinlt'iiannn  in  Knglaiiil  :  It  brought  twenty 
mi'a  thuuaaiul  iwunila  inlu  lliu  Iroaaury  of  llio  company, 
Iwi  lo«<lu<l  ll  with  tiM  roproacli  of  dclraiiiling  tho  (hju- 
pit,  by  alluring  Iboin  lo  play  a  gauio  ni  which  they  iiiuat 
c  ruinly  ba  Iha  loaara.  'I'Ihi  lloiiae  of  Ciininioiia, 
whwhlMn  ra|>rtta<iiitoil  tha  aaiiae  and  guarded  tho  ino- 
nliiy  of  Knglaud,  raioonalralad  aganiat  thia  odioua 
concaaaion  o(  l>Mir  igiiublo  aovcreign,  aa  a  nioaauru 
•quaily  unconatitulional  and  iniiiolitic  i  and  tlia  licaiiiu 
Ma  wioii  after  rvcallad.  Happy  if  their  eiaiiiplu  had 
knen  copiad  liy  later  tniiea,  and  tho  rulera  of  mankind 
(wairaMieil  Ipiiu  |iulluling  their  Knancial  adniiniiitralion 
bf  a  «yatain  of  eliicane,  and  proniotinii  in  their  aub- 
jtwu  KMt  gainbling  habit  of  iiinid  which  diaaolvca  in- 
ituiatrv  and  virtue,  and  ia  generally  the  parent  even  of 
llw  miaat  atirocio  la  Crimea  !  Nulwilhatanding  Uiu 
eagarmaa  uf  the  company  tu  acquire  tho  Uerinuda  ial- 
■oda,  Miay  did  not  rouln  them  luii;j,  but  aold  lliem  to 
eertaiiii  uf  their  own  ineinbora,  who  wero  erected  into 
•  aaiwNatu  corporation  by  tliu  naiiiu  of  iho  iioinor  lal- 
•&4I  irmpany.* 

The  colony  of  Virginia  hail  once  been  an'  ,»,  in  the 

Cnon  of  lU  own  deliverer  Captain  ',' ..ith,  by  I .  ca- 
iitaa  the  daughter  of  the  Indian  king  I'owhala.i. 
8lia  had  evitr  aiiice  niuintalneil  u  Iriiindly  intercourse 
with  the  Ungliaii,  and  alio  wis  (Icslincd  now  to  render 
tiiain  a  aervice  of  thn  highest  iinpurtance.  A  acarcily 
prevailing  at  Jaineatowii,  and  auppliea  being  obuiiied 
«ut  icaniily  and  irregularly  from  'nu  neighlioriiig  In- 
diana, wilh  whom  lliii  colomata  were  ulteii  embruilod, 
Caplain  Argal  waa  deapalchcd  lo  llin  I'otoinac  foi  a 
targo  of  corn,  Hero  he  leiriied  lliat  i'ocahunlaa  waa 
lit ing  III  rtitirciiioiit  at  no  great  distanco  from  hini ;  and 
hoping,  by  poaaeiaion  ol'  her  pcmon,  to  attain  siicii  an 
laeeiidant  over  Powhatnn  as  wuiitil  ciiforrr  an  ample 
sontributioii  of  provisions,  he  prevailed  on  Iwt  liy  »ai  'e 
irtilice,  lo  come  on  hoard  Ins  vessel,  and  then  set  sail 
with  her  lo  Jamestown,  where  alio  waa  detaimJ  in  a 
•lata  of  lionarabia  captivity.  Uut  I'owha'an,  more  in- 
digiunl  at  auch  treachery  than  overcome  by  his  misfor- 
tune, rejected  with  scorn  the  demand  of  a  rlinsum  ;  lie 
even  refused  lo  hold  any  coininunicjlinn  Willi  the  rob- 
Iwra  who  still  kept  Ins  daughiir  a  prjsonnr,  hul  de- 
clared that  if  she  were  ritslorcd  to  liun  he  would  liirgei 
Ihc  injury,  and,  feeling  himsilf at  hlicriy  to  mgard  iheiu 
•a  friends,  would  gratify  all  their  wishes  IJul  tlie 
colonisli  wera  loo  conscious  of  not  deserving  llie  por- 
fornunce  of  auch  promises,  lo  bo  able  lo  give  credit 
10  thein  ;  and  the  most  iiijur.oui  i:uiisei|iieMci}s  sumii'il 
likely  to  arno  from  the  unJ||^t  dolcnlion.  which  lliey 
could  no  longer  coniinue  with  iidvaniage  nur  reliihpiisli 
with  safety,  when  all  at  once  the  aspeff  of  ullairs  un- 
derwent a  surprising  and  bciieririal  chaiiuc.  IJuriii;,' 
her  residence  in  the  colony.  l'i)Ciihoula,t,  wlio  is  rcprc- 
•enled  aa  a  woman  disliiijjuisliiMl  by  her  |i(,r»jiuil  ui- 
Inclions,  made  auch  impression  on  .Mr.  Rolle.  a  yuiii;^ 
■nan  of  rank  and  cslimalion  iiiiung  the  sellletH.  ihul  he 
otfercd  her  his  hand,  and,  w:th  her  approlwliuii  and  llii' 
warm  eiicoiiragi'iiiiMit  of  the  giivi^nnir,  aolicilud  l\u: 
consent  of  Powhaian  to  their  iiiiirtiaj,>o  :  this  tin;  old 
prince  readily  graiiled.  and  sent  some  of  his  ri'laliuns 
tj  attend  the  ceremonial,  which  w.is  performed  willi 
jjtranrdliiary  pomp,  and  laid  the  loiiiidjiiuii  of  a  lirm 
and  sincere  friendship  belwecn  his  tribe  ami  ihc  Kiig- 
lish  Tina  happy  event  also  eiialilril  the  ijjjiiul  go- 
veriimcnl  to  conclude  a  Irua'y  with  the  l.'iiircuhiHni 
nics.  a  brave  and  martial  tribe,  who  consented  lo  ac 
knowledge  Ihemselvct  s>ilip;cts  ol  the  Uritish  monarch, 
tilil  style  thoinjolvca  henccfurward  Kiiijlishineii.  tu 
Msiat  llie  colonista  with  their  urms'iii  war,  and  to  pay 
an  tiir.ual  tributo  of  Indian  corn. 

[1813]  Uut  a  material  chanuo  which  now  took  place 
ia  Iha  interior  arrangements  of  tho  culoiiy  coiitrilinUil 

•  stiili.  p.  u;,  II  IS  siilJ  that  Wulliil  Mill  iilirl  »i|li»ii'|ii"iiil) 
bocainaii  parluoruMlus  company.  uiiJ  llMl  Juilllll  hliliaiinii- 
moiil  iTOil  Ei?lancl  he  resided  some  lliiie  iii  Ueriiiild.is :  a 
■tateinent  thai  sooint  lo  derive  some  ronttrin  ilioii.  frmii  niii 
mlMille  dpiiTiptiiin  ol  IliB  Hioni  ry  and  priidiir-.f  ol  llif  iils.ii 
in  lii<  p<iein.  ••  TlKf  llitiio  of  llii'  Sooni  himli  li  h  i> 
aitv  tint  tlio  iilosH  if  W.iller  iiiid  of  M  mi'l,  *lii' li  "-iu'llrd 
aa  far  across  Hill  AllioML-as  lIunillUliH,  slioiild  not  liavu  ox- 
iailded  her  range  to  llial  liliistnuus  conlinent  vvliosu  aspi-cl 
was  abia  to  uansruiin  lUsliop  Berkeley  from  a  inetaphysiciuii 
kitst  |oal. 


lo  eatibliah  ita  pruspanly  on  foundations  mora  lolid 
and  reapcctaUo  than  the  alliance  or  drpandanca  of  tha 
Indian  Iriliea  The  iiidiiatrr  which  had  been  barely 
ktipl  alive  by  tho  sevi  ri*  discipline  of  martial  law,  Ian- 
giiishrd  iinuer  the  discoiiragrnieiit  of  that  coininuntty 
oi  property  and  labor  wtiicb  had  been  introduced,  aa 
WL  have  sveii,  by  the  nruvisioiia  of  the  original  charter 
.\a  a  teninnrorv  expi'dient,  thia  ayatein  could  not  have 
Ihtii  easily  avoided  ;  and  the  ceiisiiie  which  historians 
have  so  lilterally  bestuwed  on  its  iiitrotluction  seems  to 
ho  quite  misplaced.  The  iinpoluy  ninsisled  in  pro- 
longing Its  duration  iHiyoiid  the  timu  when  the  colony 
acuinred  stability,  when  inoiles  of  life  ciiine  to  be  haeu, 
and  when  the  resources  of  the  place  and  lh«  pra<liictive 
jiowera  of  labor  being  fully  undersluud,  ilio  govrrninenl 
might  aafely  anil  ailvsiitagroiisly  renin  every  individual 
to  tho  slniiuluua  of  his  own  interest  and  de|(endonce  on 
hia  own  industry.  Uul  at  first  it  waa  unavoidable  that 
the  government  ahould  charge  itself  with  the  support 
of  ita  subjects  and  the  regulation  of  their  industry  , 
and  that  their  Ural  etperimenial  encrtions  should  lie 
referred  to  llio  principle  and  adapted  to  the  riilea  uf  a 
systoin  of  partnerahip.  How  long  audi  a  aystuin  may 
endure,  when  originated  and  inamtained  by  a  strong 
and  general  impulse  of  that  Christian  spirit  which 
teaches  every  man  to  regard  his  ollire  on  earth  aa  that 
of  a  atewanl,  his  life  as  a  stewardship,  and  tho  iu|ie- 
riority  of  hia  juwers  as  designating,  not  tho  eitent  of 
his  interest,  but  tho  increase  uf  his  responsibility,  is  a 
problem  to  be  solved  by  the  future  history  of  mankind, 
liul  as  n  perinanent  arrangeiiiciit,  nup[>orted  only  by 
municipal  law,  it  attempts  un  iin|iossibility,  and  cum- 
mill  tho  enforcement  of  its  observances  to  an  influence 
destructive  of  its  own  principles.  As  soon  aa  the 
tense  of  indivhiual  intereat  and  security  begina  to  dis- 
solve the  bond  of  common  haiaril,  dinger,  and  difli- 
culty,  the  law  is  felt  to  bo  an  intolerable  restriction  , 
hut  as  in  theory  it  rclHins  a  generous  aspect,  and  its 
inconvenieiico  is  at  tirst  evinced  by  the  idleness  and 
immoralily  which  its  secret  suggestions  give  scope  tu 
It  is  nut  tu  he  w.nidered  at  th;it  rulura  sliniild  seek  to 
remove  the  elfcct  while  they  preserve  the  cause,  and 
even  by  sdditiuiml  securities  uf  regulation  exlinouish 
every  remains  of  the  virtua  they  vainly  attempt  lo 
revive. 

Sir  Thi'iniia  IXile,  i>y  his  descent  from  the  supreme 
direction  of  alVaira  tu  a  more  active  participaliuii  in 
thu  conduct  of  them,  was  enabled  tu  oliservo  with  an 
accurate  and  unprejudiced  eye  the  operation  of  the 
colonial  laws  on  the  dispositions  uf  the  eolonists,  and 
111  pitticular  the  utter  incumpatibihly  uf  this  regulation 
Willi  uU  the  ordinary  inulives  by  which  human  industry 
IS  maintain' d.  lie  saw  that  every  uno  was  eager  to 
evade  ur  b.jridire  his  own  sliare  of  labor ;  that  the  uni- 
versal reliance  on  the  coiiiiiiun  .■ilock  imunircd,  in  every 
individual,  llie  efliirts  iiij  winch  its  re|>leni8hiiieiit  de 


peiidct 
the  ilii 
lil 


;  thai  Ihc  slollihil  repuseil 
Htriuiis.  while  thn  iiiduslnons  ' 


dc|K:ndence  un 
re  deprived  uf 


Sir  Thomas  Dala  waa  inlrusliNl,  did  nol  taki 
territory  which  he  now  presumed  to  Invade,  t 
thu  Kruiich  lud  peacashly  possessed  for  iieariT  Wn 
years,  in  viriue  of  clwrtrrs  from  their  sovereign  HaalV 
the  IVlh.  Argal  easily  succeeded  in  surpriaing  aiil 
plundering  a  cuminumiy  that  were  totally  uiisusuicii 


lUlt 

lea 


r  a  acrilv  iiy  iiiipalieiire  uf  snpputliiig  ami  coulirni- 
liig  the  sliildrul  ill  iheir  idleness  :  .iiill  that  llie  most 
iiunorable  would  hjrdly  lake  as  much  pains  for  tho  cuin- 
iniinily  in  a  week  as  lie  would  do  for  himself  in  a  day. 
Duller  his  direciioii,  the  cvd  was  redressed  by  a  radi- 
cal and  elli'i  tiial  remedy  :  a  siiiricient  portion  of  land 
was  divided  iiilo  lots,  and  one  of  llieiii  was  assigned 
in  full  pronerly  to  every  selller.  From  ihat  inoinent, 
iiiiliKirv,  Ireeci  from  the  olialrurtion  thai  had  relaxed 
il.s  iiii  iieincnla  and  intercepted  its  rccoinpense,  took 
viiforous  toot  in  Virginia,  and  the  prosperity  of  the 
colony  evinced  a  steady  and  rapid  advancement.  [  lOU  ] 
(iales'  ritiiniing  lo  England,  the  !ii|iremc  direction 
again  diMilied  on  Sir  Thomas  Dale,  whose  virluo 
seems  iievit  lo  have  enlarged  with  tho  enlargement  of 
his  aiilhorily.  lie  coiiliiiiied  for  Iwn  years  longer  in 
the  eolniiv  1  ami  in  his  domestic  administration  con- 
liiiiied  III  I  niinote  its  real  welfare  ;  bul  ho  launched 
into  foreioii  operations  little  produclivo  of  advantage, 
and  SI  ill  less  of  honor.  In  (Captain  Argal,  the  author 
of  llie  fiiflunale  seizure  of  Pucahnnlas.  he  found  u  fit 
insiriliinilit,  and  perhaps  a  cuunscllnr.  of  designs  of  a 
simMar  ciiaraeler  and  temleiicy.  The  French  sclllera 
in  Acadic  had,  in  the  year  1605,  built  Port  Royal  in 
tho  Hay  nf  Fundy,  and  had  over  since  retained  ijuiet 
pussession  of  the  country,  and  successfully  cultivated 
a  friendly  intercourse  with  tho  neighboring  Indians. 
Tinder  the  pretext  that  the  French,  by  settling  in  Acu- 
diu.  had  invaded  tlie  rights  derived  by  the  Knglisli  from 
ihe  first  discovery  of  Ihe  euntincnl,  waa  Argal  de- 
spatched 111  a  lime  of  profound  peace,  to  make  a  hos- 
tile attack  on  this  settlement.  Nothing  could  be  mote 
unjust  or  unwarranteil  than  this  enterprise  The  Vir- 
ginian chartera,  with  tha  onforceineiit  of  which  alone 


of  hustiliiy,  and  unprepared  for  defenco ;  but  leaving 
i,u garrison  in  the  place,  the  ■''riiieh  snun  resumed  ibalf 
staliun,  and  iho  e>|iediti'  <duccd  no  uthei  pernio 

iieiit  etiect  than  the  recu.  ,jiis  ii  left  in  the  niinda  al 
the  French,  and  the  impri.  ii  It  produced  un  Iho  aaa- 
tiinenls  uf  the  Indians.  Uut  a  few  years  elapsed  ba- 
fore  an  attack  on  themselvoa,  by  their  own  Indian 
neighbors,  equally  iniuuituusand  far  mora  fatal  avongod 
the  outrage  on  i'urt  llaysl,  and  taught  the  government 
uf  Virginia  to  detest  the  pulicy  whir'-  it  Itad  thus  sane- 
Honed  by  its  eiample  Uelurniug  from  this  riuadi- 
tiun,  Argal  aiocuted  a  similar  enterprise  against  New 
Vork,  which  waa  then  in  possession  of  Ihe  Uutcbi 
whose  claim  was  derived  from  Caplain  lludson'a  di^ 
covery  or  visit  to  the  lerritury  in  1A09,  when  he  com 
mandcd  one  of  their  vessels,  ar.d  was  einploved  ir 
their  service,  Ilut  Argal  niaintaincd,  that  liudaon 
being  an  Knglishman,  there  accrued  from  hia  ucuuiai- 
siliuii  an  indefeasible  right  to  hia  country  ;  and  tha 
Dutch  governor  being  unpicpared  for  resistance,  waa 
coinpelled  to  subniil  anil  declare  tho  colony  to  be  • 
dependency  of  Kiigland,  and  tributary  to  Virginia. 
Uut  aiiothar  govornur  arriving  aoun  after,  with  belter 
iiioana  uf  asaerting  the  title  of  his  countrymen,  111* 
cunceaaiun  was  retracted,  and  the  English  claim  auc- 
cessfully  defied. 

[  lOlft.J  Une  of  the  firat  objects  to  which  the  Increaa- 
iiig  industry  of  the  colonists  waa  direcled,  waa  the  cul 
tivation  of  tobacco,  which  waa  now  for  the  first  lima 
introduced  into  Virginia.  King  James  liad  conceived 
a  stroiig  antipathy  lo  the  uae  uf  this  weed,  ond  in  hia 
celobraled  t'vuiUtiUaat  iiguintt  Tobacco,  had  eiidea- 
vorud  to  prevail  over  one  of  thu  airongest  tastes  ol 
human  nature  by  tho  furce  uf  fualian  and  pedanlrjr. 
Thu  issue  uf  tho  contest  correaponded  better  wilh  hia 
intercala  than  his  wishes  ;  his  teatiinony,  though  pressed 
with  all  tho  vehemence  of  exalted  folly,  could  not  pre- 
vail with  his  subjects  over  the  evidence  of  their  own 
senses;  and  ihuugll  he  summoned  his  prerogative  to 
Ihu  aid  of  his  logic,  and  prohibited  Ihe  pollution  ol 
Kiiglish  ground  by  the  cultivation  of  tobacco,*  ho  found 
It  iinpossihlu  to  withstaini  its  iinuortr.liun  from  abruod  • 
thu  demand  for  it  rapidly  cilonded,  and  its  value  and 
conaumpliun  daily  increased  in  Knglaud.  Incited  by 
the  hupes  of  sliariiig  a  trade  so  piclitable,  tho  colonisia 
of  Virginia  devoted  their  fields  and  labor  almost  exclu- 
sively to  the  culiurn  of  tobacco.  Sir  Thomaa  Uala 
ubaetviiig  their  incunsiderate  ardor,  and  sensible  of  the 
danger  of  neglecting  the  cultivation  of  the  humblcl 
but  more  necessary  productions,  un  which  tho  subsist- 
ence uf  the  colony  depended,  inter|iosed  Ilia  authority 
lo  check  tho  excesses  of  tho  planters  j  and  adjusted 
by  law  tho  proportion  between  the  cum  crop  and  the 
tubacco  crop  if  every  pruprietor  of  land.  Uut  after 
his  departure,  11816,1  hia  wiao  policy  waa  neglected 
and  his  laws  furgottcn  ;  and  llio  culture  of  tobacco  so 
exclusively  occupied  tho  attention  of  the  aelllera  tliat 
oven  tho  streela  of  Jamestown  were  planted  with  it, 
and  a  scarcity  of  provisions  very  aooii  resulted.  In 
this  extremity  they  were  compelled  to  renew  their  ex- 
actions upon  the  Indians,  and  involved  themselves  in 
disputes  ond  lioslilities,  which  gradually  alienated  the 
regard  uf  these  savages,  and  jiaved  the  way  to  one  of 
those  schemes  of  vengeance  which  llicy  are  noted  for 
luriiiing  with  the  most  impenetrable  secrecy,  maturing 
With  cunsuminate  artifice  and  cxccutingwith  unrelenting 
rancor.t  This  fatal  consequence  was  not  fully  expe- 
rienced till  alier  tho  lapse  of  one  of  lliUBO  interval* 
which  lo  careless  eyes  appear  to  disconnect  tho  inia- 
coiiduct  fruin  the  sullerl.lgs  uf  nations,  but  impresa 
retlective  minds  with  an  awful  sense  of  that  strong  un- 
broken chain  which  aubaiala  undisturbed  by  tune  or 


Tlio  followliiif  preamble  to  one  of  liis  proclamations  on 
this  suliject  IS  InaTiiy  cliaraclonslic  ; -"  Whereas  we,  out  of 
the  dislike  we  had  of  Iho  use  of  tobacco,  tending  to  a  general 
and  now  corru|itlon  both  of  uien's  bodies  and  manners,  anil 
ncvcrtlielcss  lioldiiig  It  of  the  two  more  honorable  Ihat  the 
same  should  be  imiKWIed  among  other  vanilies  and  super- 
lluitlos  winch  come  Irom  beyond  the  seas  Inaii  be  peinutteJ 
to  be  plaiiled  here  within  tiie  realm,  wlitreby  lo  abuse  aiid 
msomiiioy  tho  soil  of  this  fruitful  kingdoin,  did  prohibit  the 
nianling  of  it  m  England,"  *c.    Kywor,  vol.  xvii.  p.  S3J 

'Ysmi'llu  ll'.  iv.  ."1:111,  P-  140.  147,  lot,  188.  Purrhas,  iv 
1TH7.  In  tlie  year  1«15  was  published  ut  I.ondon.  "  A  trll* 
Uiscourje  of  Ibe  present  Slate  of  Virginia,"  by  Kalpli  Hainar 
secretary  to  tlia  colony ;  a  tract  which  has  no  oll:or  uieril  bul 
us  scarcity 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


m 


Iclamatloiw  on 

,  wu,  uut  (II 

_gto  a  HeituraL 

Iinanneri,  anil 

■able  that  tha 

\,K  and  auiwr- 

]  Lie  p«innitei 

III  abtitte  uii 

I  prohlliit  lli« 

|.  xvii.  p.  lit* 

Purrhaa*  Iv 
■don,  ••  A  trim 
lllulpliHainar 
lll'or  uwilt  >">• 


Hfimea,  tnd  both  prrrartM  tnd  KXtanils  tha  moral 
iiaiiM<)HiincBi  of  hnuMn  action*. 

Hut  t  nohlnr  plant  than  lubacco  waa  prefiaring  In 
rtar  in  Vlrginin  \  and  .vn  arc  now  tn  coiitrin|iliilii  tlio 
Iral  indiration  of  that  activn  princi|il«  of  lilurly  which 
waa  doiliiind  to  brroino  tho  moat  cunaidrrahio  aiiipio 
■nd  appropriuln  moral  produco  of  Amrrica.  Wnvn 
Hit  Thomaa  Dalo  rotiirnvd  lu  England,  hn  had  coiii- 
mittod  thu  gnrurninrnt  to  Mr.  (!i.'ori;u  Vcaidloy,  whoao 
lax  ailminiatraliuii,  If  It  roniovt'd  a  iiai'TuI  re^riiint  un 
lh«  iinproviduiil  cupidity  of  the  plantcra,  unahlcd  tham 
to  taals,  and  praparad  tham  to  valiio,  tha  dignity  of 
Indapandanca  and  the  blaaainga  of  liberty,  llo  waa 
auccaaded  [I617J*  by  ('aiitain  Argal,  a  man  of  con- 
iidenble  taloiita  and  rcaolution,  but  avltiah,  haughty, 
and  tyrannical.  Argal  prnviilcd  with  ability  fur  tho 
wanta  of  tho  coloiiv,  and  nitroducod  aome  uacful  rcgu- 
lationa  of  tha  tramc  and  Inlarcourao  with  tho  Indiana  ; 
but  ha  ancumhnrad  poraonal  liberty  with  needleaa  and 
minute  raatrictiona,  and  onforcid  ihoir  obicrvanco  by 
a  harah  and  conatant  exorciie  of  martial  law.  While 
ha  pralanded  to  promote  piety  in  olhera  by  puniahing 
abience  from  church  with  a  temporary  alavery,  he  poat- 
poiiad  in  hi*  own  practice  every  other  coiiaidvratioii  to 
the  acqiiiaition  of  wpalth,  whii:)i  ha  aHectod  by  a  pro- 
fligate abuao  of  the  opportuniliea  of  hia  olHce,  and  do- 
fended  by  tho  termra  of  doapotic  authority.  Univeraal 
discontent  was  eicited  by  his  administration,  and  tha 
complainta  of  tho  coluniata  at  length  reached  tho  oars 
of  tha  company  in  England.  In  Lord  Delaware  their 
inleraata  had  alwaya  found  a  zoaloua  friend  and  pow- 
erful advocate  :  and  he  now  consented,  for  their  deli- 
verance, to  resume  his  former  office,  and  again  to  un- 
dertake the  direction  of  thoir  afTain.  He  embarked  for 
Virginia  with  a  splendid  train,  but  died  on  the  voyage. 
[1618.  Jt  Hia  loss  waa  deeply  lamented  by  tho  rolo- 
nists ;  but  It  waa  in  the  main,  perhapa,  an  idvantagcoua 
circumstance  for  them  that  an  adrninistrat'on  of  such 
pomp  and  dignity  was  thus  liineously  intercepted,  and 
the  tmprovemont  of  their  alTairs  committed  to  men  and 
manners  nearer  tho  level  of  thoir  own  condition  ;  and 
it  waa  no  loaa  advanlageoua  to  tho  memory  of  Lord 
Uelaware,  that  he  died  in  the  domonatration  of  a  seno- 
roua  willingnoaa  to  attempt  what  it  waa  very  unlikely 
ho  could  have  aurceedod  in  elfecting.  Tho  tidings  of 
hia  death  wore  followed  to  England  by  incn^asing  com- 
plainta of  thu  odious  and  tyrannical  proceedings  of  Ar- 
gal ;  and  tho  company  having  conferred  the  olfice  of 
captain-gonoral  on  Mr.  Yeardloy,  the  new  governor 
received  the  honor  of  knighthood,  and  proceeded  to 
the  arone  of  hia  administration.  [I6I9.J 

Sir  Oeorgn  Yeardley,  on  his  arrival  in  Virginia,  to  the 
ineipressible  joy  of  the  inhabitants,  declared  hH  in- 
tention of  reinstating  them  in  full  possession  of  the 
privileges  of  Englishmen,  by  convokmg  a  colonial  as- 
sembly. This  firat  legislative  body  that  America  ever 
K reduced,  consisted  of  the  governor,  the  council,  and 
urgesiea  elected  by  the  seven  existing  boroughs,  who, 
■aaembling  at  Jamestown,  in  one  apartment,  conducted 
their  deliberations  "vith  good  sense  and  harmony,  and 
debated  all  aflaira  that  involved  the  general  welfare. 
The  law*  which  they  enacted   were  transmitted   to 


Kngland  for  the  approbation  of  ihc  Ircaaurer  and  com- 
pany, and  are  no  longer  extant ;  but  thay  are  declared 
by  rompctent  judges  to  have  hern  in  the  main  wisrly 
and  judiciously  framed,  though  (a»  might  reasonably  bo 
oxpecliid)  sniiicwiiat  intricate  onil  unsysteinalicsl.* 
i'ho  company  sometime  after  pussod  an  orilinancn  by 
wliith  they  aiibstanlwlly  approvcil  and  rstablishi'd  this 
couatilullun  of  tho  Virginian  legislature.  'I'ln'y  re- 
served, however,  to  themselves  the  creation  of  a  coun- 
cil of  stste,  which  should  assin  the  governor  with  od- 
vicu  ill  the  executive  sdminislration,  and  should  also 
form  a  part  of  tho  colonial  aaseinlily  ;  and  they  provid- 
ed, on  the  one  hand,  tliat  the  enactments  of  (he  assem- 
bly shoulil  not  have  the  forro  of  law  till  ratified  by  the 
court  of  proprietors  in  Kiiglsnil ;  and  conceded,  on  the 
other  hand,  that  the  orders  of  this  court  should  have 
no  force  in  Virginia  till  ratified  by  the  colonial  assem- 
bly. Thua  early  waa  planted  in  America  that  repre- 
sentative aystam  that  forms  the  soundest  political  frame 
in  which  liberty  woa  ever  embodied,  and  at  once  tho 
aafest  and  moat  eflirient  organ  by  which  ita  energies 
are  exorcised  and  developed.  So  strongly  embued 
were  the  minds  of  Englishmen  in  this  age  with  the  vi- 
gorou*  apirit  of  thit  nberty  which  waa  rapidly  advan- 
cing to  a  first  manhood  in  tlieir  country,  that  wherever 
they  settled  themselves,  the  institulions  of  freedom 
took  root  and  grow  up  along  with  them. 

It  had  been  liappy  for  the  morals  and  tho  proaperity 
of  Virginia,  if  her  inhabitants,  like  their  brethren  in 
Massachusetts,  had  oftcner  elevated  their  eye  from  sub- 
ordinalo  agency  to  the  great  First  Cauce,  and  had  re- 
ferred, in  particular,  the  aignal  blessing  that  waa  now 
beatowcd  on  them  to  the  will  and  gift  of  Qod.  Li- 
berty so  derived  acqiiirea  at  once  its  firmest  and  no- 
blest baaio — it  beconiea  reapectcd  as  well  aa  beloved  ; 
the  digi(ity  of  tho  origin  to  which  it  is  referred,  influ- 
cncea  the  enda  to  which  it  ia  made  subservient ;  and 
all  are  taught  to  fool  that  it  can  neither  bo  violated  nor 
abused  without  provoking  tho  Divine  displeasure.  It 
13  this  preservative  principle  alone  that  preventa  the 
choiueat  blessings  and  most  estimable  qualities  from 
cherishing  in  human  hcorts  an  ungrateful  and  rounter- 
acting  spirit  of  insolence  and  priilo — ^  snirit  which  led 
tho  Virginiana  too  soon  to  plant  tho  rankest  weeds  of 
tyranny  in  that  field  wlicru  tho  seeda  of  liberty  had 
been  so  happily  sown. 

Tko  company  had  received  orders  from  the  king  to 
transport  to  Virginia  a  hundred  idle  dissolute  persons 
who  wore  in  custody  for  various  misdemeanours  in 
London,  t  I'hese  men  were  dispersed  through  (he  cnlo. 
ny  as  servants  to  the  planters ;  and  the  degradation 


*  This  year  died  Pocahontas.  Slie  had  accompanied  her 
husband  on  a  vl«it  to  Enffland,  wliere  lier  history  excited  uni- 
versal interest,  and  Die  grace  and  iliKitily  of  her  manner  no 
less  respect  and  admiration.  Captain  Sinitli  Introdurcd  her  to 
the  t|UL>en,  and  tier  society  waa  courted  by  the  moat  oiiinient 
of  the  nobility.  Uut  the  moan  soul  of  ttie  king  regarded  her 
with  jealousy,  and  expressed  alternate  murmurs  at  Ilolfe'u 
presumption  in  marryiiiK  a  priiioess,  ami  alarm  at  tliu  title 
that  his  posterity  might  srnuiretothe  sovereignty  of  Virginia. 
Pocahontas  dim  iii  tlio  laltn,  and  with  tlic  sentiments  and  de- 
meanor of  a  Christian.  Slie  left  a  son  by  Mr.  Itolfe,  whose 
descendants  in  Virginia  unite  the  blood  of  the  old  aiiil  new 
races  of  ttie  inhabitants  of  Amorii:a,  Smith,  II.  Iv.  Stith, 
p.  1411-«. 

t  Tins  year  was  productive  of  an  event  n)oro  interesting 
totlie  feelings  than  to  the  fortiiiios  of  the  people  of  Aiiierii-a— 
the  ileath  of  Sir  Walter  Ralfigli.  After  a  cnrcer  of  dazzling 
brilliancy,  but  not  of  unstaineil  viituo,  ur  iinctoudod  popularity, 
hu  found  in  tlie  severe  allhclinn  of  his  closing  sceno  a  reniedy 
for  tho  errors  of  his  own  character,  and  the  envy  and  odium 
tn'which  they  had  involved  Inm  :  and  the  sunsut  of  Ills  life, 
Bilded  by  the  pure  and  gontle  light  of  religion,  added  the 
teiidnr  respixt  and  compassion  of  mankind  to  the  various 
sentiments  wliich  his  history  had  excited.  On  the  niglit  be- 
fore his  execution  ho  composed  some  beautiful  linos  on  his 
approaching  tate.  Perhaps  calmer  contemplation  of  death 
was  never  evinced  than  in  tlie  passage  where  he  prays  that 
lloaven  would 

*  Just  at  the  stroke— when  my  veins  start  and  spread- 
Set  on  my  soul  ab  everlasting  head,'* 

It  Is  pleasing  to  observe  how  the  earlier  historians  of  Ame- 
rica claim  kindred  between  him  and  their  country,  and  blend 
With  Uii'ir  narrative  nrrasional  reference  to  his  fortunes  and 
hte.  When  we  consider  the  jealousy  with  which  tho  king 
Qwaued  luni.  it  seems  fortunate  for  America  that  hia  interests 
■ad  so  long  boim  sepaiated  froiii  hers. 


rross  the  Atlantic  ;  and  tho  English  being  rMllwiiil 
by  the  pride  and  rigidity  of  their  charaetar  from  tkrt 
iiirorpnratioii    with  the  native  Ainfricans  which  ih* 
French  and  I'ortugiicso  have  found  so  conducive  to 
their  interests,  and  so  accordant  wilh  tho  pliancy  of 
their  manners  and  disjioBiiioii.  weri;  generally  deslitnttt 
of  the  comforts  and  connexions  of  inarnetl  iife.     M^Q 
an  situated  could  not  regard  Virginia  as  a  pennvittit 
reaidenee,  but  proposed  to  theniselvet,  after  amaisil.g 
a  eoin[>etenry  of  wealth  as  expeditiously  a*  (Hissihl  s  'S 
return  to  their  native  country.     Siicn  view*  are  inc  >:> 
sisteiit  wilh  patient  industry,  fd  with  those  cxiendtw' 
interests  that  produce  or  support  pairiotism ;  and  undel 
the  mora  liber.-l  system  wfiich  lic  company  had  now 
begun  to  piirauo  tovinis  tho  er.|.iny,  it  waa  propuse<l 
to  send  nil  a  hundred  young  women  of  agreeable  per- 
son* and  respeclable  rharacters,  as  wives  for  the  set- 
tier*.     Ninety  were  accordingly  sent,  and  the  spacu* 
lalion  proved  so  profitable  to  tho  company,  ihst  a  repe* 
tition  of  it  ws*  suggested  to  the  empiines*  of  thair  ex 
chequer  in  the  following  year,  flOKI,]  and  aixly  mora 
were  collected  and  aent  over.     They  were  inimediatelt 
disposed  of  to  the  young  plantcra,  and  produced  aucn 
an   accession  of  happiness   to   tho  colony,   that   th« 
second  consignment  fetched  a  better  price  than  Ilia 
firat.     The  price  of  a  wife  wa*  catimated  firat  at  a  huii* 
dred  and  twenty,  and  afterward*  at  a  hundred  and  fiftjf 
pouiida  of  tobacco,  of  which  the  selling  price  was  than 
three  shillings  per  pouiul ;  and  the  subject  of  tho  lran*> 
action  waa  held  to  impart  its  own  dignity  to  tho  debt, 
which  accordingly  was  allowed  to  tako  precedence  ol 
all  other  engagementa.*     Tho  young  women  were  not 
only  bought  with  avidity,  but  received  with  auch  fond- 
ness, and  so  comfortably  established,  that  olhera  weia 
invited  to  follow  their  example,  and  virtuoiia  sentimeiiti 
and  provident  liahits  spreading  daily  among  the  plan- 
tera,  enlarged    the   happiness   and  pros|)enty  ot  IIh* 
colony,     'lo  tho  blessinga  of  marriage  naturally  auo 
ceeded  aome   provision  for  tl     lioncltts  of  education 
A  aum  of  money  had  been  collected  by  tho  Engliah 
bishop*  by  direction  of  the  king,  for  tlie  maintenance 
of  an  inatitulion  in  Virginia  for  tho  chriatian  education 
of  Indian  children  ;  and  in  emulation  of  thia  good  ex- 
ample, varioiia  slop*  were  taken  by  tho  company  lu* 
wards  the  foundation  of  a  colonial  college,  which  wit 
afterwards  completed  by  William  and  Nlary. 

it  ia  remarkable  that  the  rise  of  liberty  in  America 
waa  nearly  coeval  with  her  firat  dispute  with  the  go- 
vernment of  the  inotlicr  country,  and  that  the  earlicat 
of  those  dissensions,  which  in  a  succeeding  gcneratioa 
were  destined  to  wrest  America  from  1  ngland,  nc- 


the  colonial  character  and  manners,  produced  by  such  <="'"«>  *"•>  •  provmco  long  distinguished  (or  the  ardoi 
an  intermixture,  was  overlooked,  in  consideration  of  tho  »'  ""  'oy»''y  «o  'ho  bnglish  crown.  With  the  incroaa- 
assiatanco  that  was  derived  from  them  in  executing  the    '"g  .mdiistry  of  the  colony,  tho  proiluce  of  it*  tobacco. 


plan*  of  industry  that  were  daily  extending  themselves. 
[16S0.]  Having  once  associated  felons  with  their  la- 
bors, and  committed  tho  cultivation  of  their  fields  tn 
servile  hands,  the  colonists  were  prepared  to  yield  to 
the  temptation  which  speedily  proacnted  itself,  and  to 
blond  in  barbaroua  combination  the  character  of  opprea- 
sor*  with  the  claim*  and  condition  of  freemen.  A 
Dutch  ship,  from  the  coast  of  Guinea,  having  sailed  up 
Jainca  river,  aold  a  part  of  her  cargo  of  Negroca  to 
tho  planters  :  and  a*  that  hardy  raco  was  found  more 
capable  of  enduring  fatigue  in  a  sultry  climate  than 
Europeans,  the  number  was  increased  by  contiiiiial 
importation,  till  a  large  proportion  of  the  inliabitanta  of 
Virginia  were  reduced  to  a  state  of  slavery  by  the  sel- 
fish ingratitude  of  men  who  turned  into  a  prison  for 
others  tho  territory  that  had  proved  a  seat  of  liberty 
and  happiness  to  themselves. 

But,  about  this  time,  another  addition,  more  pro- 
ductive of  virtue  and  felicity,  was  mado  to  the  number 
of  thu  colonists.     Few  women  had  as  yet  ventured  to 


'  Holfe,  apud  Smith,  II.  iv.  stith,  p.  lOO— The  Assembly, 
when  they  transmitted  their  own  enactments  to  England,  re- 
quested tra  general  court  to  prepare  a  digest  fur  Virginia  of 
the  laws  of  England  and  to  procure  for  it  tho  sanction  of  the 
king's  approbation,  adding, "  that  it  was  not  fit  that  his  sub- 
jects should  be  governed  by  any  other  rules  than  sucli  as  re- 
ceived their  inllueiico  from  him." — Chalmers,  p.  44. 

t  i^titii,  p  167— Captain  Smilli  observes,  that  since  his  de- 
parture from  the  colony,  the  number  of  felons  and  vagabonds 
transported  tn  Virginia  brought  such  evil  report  on  the  place 
"  ttiat  some  did  choose  to  be  hangod  ore  they  would  go  thither, 
and  wore."  Not  long  after  tho  massacre  in  1033,  however,  he 
remarks,  that  "  there  are  more  lionest  men  now  suitors  to  go, 
than  ever  have  boon  constrained  knaves,"  Many  persons 
have  been  transported  as  felons  to  America  whom  no  com- 
munity would  be  ashamed  to  recognize  as  fellow  citizens. 
The  crews  of  the  hrst  sipiiidron  conducted  by  Columbus  to 
America  wore  partly  composed  of  convicts,  pardoned  on  con- 
dition of  undertaking  the  voyage.  In  the'  reieli  of  Charles  II, 
before  tho  voluntary  emigration  of  the  tjuokers,  a  consider- 
aiile  number  of  these  sectaries  were  tranajiortetl  as  faluns  to 
Ainunca. 


fields  became  more  than  autficicnt  for  the  consumption 
of  England,  where  it*  disiiosal,  lao,  wa*  severely 
hampered  by  the  weak  ami  unsteady  counsels  of  Ih* 
king,  in  granting  inonopolioa  for  the  sale  of  it,  in  limit- 
ing the  quantities  to  be  imported,  in  appointing  com- 
misaioiiera  "for  garbling  the  drug  called  tobacco,'' 
with  arbitrary  powera  to  seize  whatever  |)orliona  of  it 
they  might  consider  of  inferior  quality,  in  loading  tha 
importation  with  a  heavy  duty,  and,  at  the  same  time, 
encouraging  the  import  of  Spaniah  tobacco.  Tho  com- 
pany, harassed  by  these  vexatious  regulations,  had 
opened  a  trade  with  Holland,  and  cslahlished  ware- 
housea  there,  lo  which  they  aent  their  tobacco  directly 
from  Virginia ;  but  tho  king  intcqioscd  to  prohibit  such 
evasion  of  his  revenue,  and  directed  that  all  the  Vir- 
ginia tobacco  should  be  brought  in  the  first  instance  lo 
England.  A  lengthened  and  arrimonions  dispute  arose 
between  this  feeble  prince  and  the  colonists  and  colo- 
nial company.  Against  the  monopoly  established  in 
England,  they  petitioned  the  House  of  Commoha; 
and  in  support  of  thoir  right  to  trade  directly  with  Hol- 
land, they  both  contended  for  tho  general  privilege  ol 
Englishmen  to  carry  their  commodities  to  tho  best 
market,  and  pleaded  the  particular  concessions  of  their 
charter,  which  expreasly  conferred  on  ihem  unlimited 
liberty  of  commerce.  At  length,  the  dispute  was 
adjuated  by  a  compromise,  by  which  the  company 
obtained,  on  the  one  hand,  the  exclusive  right  of  im- 

*  stith,  p.  IflO,  Itf7— A  very  different  sccount  has  been 
transmitted  to  us  of  the  first  female  emigration  to  Canada. 
About  the  middle  of  the  seventei.nth  century  the  French  Go- 
vemtiienl  sent  out  several  ship  loads  of  prostitutes  to  this  pro- 
vince, as  wives  to  the  settlers.  Though  the  iemaiid  was 
so  pressing  that  they  were  all  disposed  of  in  less  than  tiHeen 
days,  the  colonists  showed  more  regard  to  virtue  in  selecting 
their  mates  than  their  government  had  done  in  assorting  the 
cargo.  The  fattest,  we  are  told,  were  in  most  reiiiiesl,  beinc 
judged  least  active  and  volatile  (consequently,  it  was  hopeOf 
most  faithful,)  and  best  able  to  endure  the  cold.— Nouv*Mtf 
Voyages  de  La  Uontan,  Vol.  t.  Lettre  ii. 


.1 


THE    HISTORY   OF 


!l 


4 


)i  .1 


I  \     i 
''     1 


fli«()  lobani  into  ih*  kinKilom,  inii  «nK*g«ii  on  Iho 
•UNr,  to  pa/  til  iin|M»i  duty  of  iiiiivpciice  (xir  |hiiiiuI, 
■od  lo  Mild  all  the  urwlucc  of  Vin{iiii«  lu  Knglmul. 

Uul  •  cluiid  had  Men  fur  aoina  tiiii)i  gilheiiiig  ov«r 
Uw  colony,  11111  nvcn  Ihc  circuinalanfri  that  iiiiMt  for- 
cibly iiHiirjimI  Iho  growinu  proapi'iily  of  th*  |ilaiilt'ra 
tttra  litit  inviiing  and  cnahViiin  tli«  atorin  10  buiat  wiili 
■wro  dtalriicline  violynco  nil  ihrir  lit^ada.  Kiternally 
•I  iMiai'D  Mtli  the  Indiana,  nnappraliciiiivo  of  ilaii|;«r, 
■nii  wiwlly  ongroaavd  with  tin  piolilahlo  nultivalion  of 
Ihi'ir  firiilu  lorrilorv,  their  iiicruaaliiit  nuiiiliera  had 
tiiinad  ao  eilenaivoiy  over  the  (iroviiica,  ihal  no  Icaa 
than  t'luhty  aotlUinunta  had  already  hcun  foinied ;  and 
pvcry  planlvr  b«iiii|  guidml  only  by  hia  own  coiivsiuviico 
or  caprico  in  the  choice  of  hia  ilwrlliiiK.  and  more  diijio- 
■ed  lo  thiin  than  lu  court  llio  neigliborhuod  of  hia  eoun- 
tryincn,  the  atilllrinentawereiiiiivcraaiiy  alrafigliiig  and 
unconipacl.  'I'be  ^kripturca,  which  ilic  cuioiiiaia  rr- 
eeuod  aa  their  rule  of  faith,  Imrc  ampli'  ifaliinony  to 
the  cruelty  and  treachery  of  muiiltinil  m  lln  ir  natural 
alato  ;  and  tliiir  paat  eipuricnce  might  have  convinced 
thi.'in  that  Iho  a«vage<  by  whom  they  were  •urroiindcd 
couki  claim  no  nieinption  from  tliia  toatiniony  of  Divine 
wiailom  and  truth.  Vol  the  pioiia  lahnra  l-y  which  the 
evil  diapnaiitoiia  of  the  Indiana  might  have  been  over- 
came, and  the  military  eierriira  and  precauiioiia  by 
which  their  boatilily  might  have  been  overawed  or  re- 
pelled, were  equally  neglected  by  the  i:oloni*ta,  while, 
■t  the  haine  tune,  they  contributed  to  fortify  the  martial 
habila  ufihe  Indiana  by  employing  theniaa  Imntcra,  and 
enlarged  ilieir  reaourcea  of  deatructiuii  by  furiiiahing 
Ihciii  with  tiru-arma,  which  Ihoy  quickiv  learned  lo  uae 
with  dritrriiy.  The  marriage  of  Mr.  ilolfe  and  i'oca- 
hontaa  had  not  produciid  aa  laating  a  good  underatand- 
iiig  between  the  Kngliah  and  the  Indiana  aa  it  had  at 
lirat  aecnied  to  betoken.  The  Indiana  cigerly  courted 
a  repetition  of  auch  intermarriagea,  and  were  deeply 
olliindcd  with  the  prids  with  which  the  Kngliah  roceiled 
from  their  advancea,  and  declined  to  become  the  hua- 
banda  of  Indian  women  The  coloniata  forgot  that 
they  had  inlticted  ihia  mortification  ;  but  it  wui  remem- 
bered by  Iho  Indiana,  who  never  forgot  or  forgave  an 
affront.  Numberleaa  earnoal  rccommendatiuna  '"id 
been  tranainiticd  from  England  to  ailompt  the  conver- 
eion  of  the  aavagoa  ;  but  ihcae  rccommendationa  had 
not  been  enforced  by  *  autliciciit  attention  to  the 
ineana  reqiiiaiio  for  their  eaerution.  Yet  they  were 
not  wholly  neglected  by  the  coloniata.  Some  atlumpta 
at  roiiveraion  were  made  by  a  few  pioiia  individuala, 
and  the  aiirceaa  of  one  of  them  undoubtedly  mitigated 
the  dreadful  calamity  that  wae  inipcndm<t ;  but  those 
elfnrta  were  feoblo  ond  partial,  and  the  majority  of  the 
coloniata  hnd  contented  thcmaclvca  with  cultivating  a 
friendly  intcrcourao  and  intimate  acquaintance  with  the 
Indinna,  who  wcie  admitted  at  all  timea  into  their  habi- 
tation*, and  encouraged  to  conaider  ihemaelvea  aa 
familiar  gueata  *  It  waa  in  the  niidat  of  thia  free  and 
unguarded  inlercourau  that  the  Indiana  formed,  with 
eold  and  unrelenting  deliberation,  the  plan  for  a  gene- 
ral inaaaacre  of  the  Engliah,  which  ahould  involve 
every  man,  woman,  and  child  in  the  colony  in  India- 
criminate  alaiiglitcr.  The  death  of  Powhatan,  in 
1618,  devolved  the  (lOwer  of  executing  a  acheme  ao 
dctcatable  into  the  handa  of  a  man  fully  capable  of 
roniriving  and  maturing  it.  Opechancanough,  who 
auccecded,  not  only  to  the  aupremacy  uver  Powhataii'a 
tribe,  but  to  hia  inllucnce  over  all  the  neif;hboriiig 
Iriliea  of  Indiana,  waa  dislinguiahcd  liy  hia  fearleaa 
courage,  hia  profound  diaaimulution,  and  a  rancoroua 
Hatred  and  jealouay  of  the  new  inhabitanta  of  America. 
He  renewed  the  pacific  treaty  t  which  Powhatan  had 
.made,  nnd  faithfully  kept,  with  the  EngliHh  after  the 
marriage  of  Pocahonlaa  to  Mr.  Kolfe :  and  he  availed 
hiinaeir  of  the  tranquillity  it  produced  to  prepare, 
during  the  four  cnauing  yeara,  hia  fricnda  and  followera 
for  the  several  parta  they  were  to  act  in  the  tragedy  he 
iirojected.  'The  tribea  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
Kng'iak,  except  Ihoac  on  the  caatern  shore,  whom,  on 
■cceunt  of  their  jieculiat  friendship  fur  the  colonists- 


*  Stlth,  p.  SIO  — To  the  remonstrnnros  n(  snme  persons  in 
the  colony  Bi^iiinat  ttietr  worntiip  or  demons,  some  of  the  In- 
dians of  Virginia  answeicd  ttiat  tlicy  believed  in  two  jfreat 
apirits,  a  good  and  an  evil  one ;  ttiat  tile  first  wns  a  being 
sunli  in  the  enjoyment  of  everlasting  ind'ilcnze  and  ease,  who 
ahowfired  down  b]e.isiiigs  indiacriininstely  from  ttic  skies, 
leavinf  men  to  scramble  for  them  as  thoy  chose,  and  totally 
Indifferent  to  their  concerns ;  i>ut  that  the  second  was  an 
Active  jealous  spirit,  whom  they  were  obliged  to  propitiate 
that  he  might  not  de.^iiroy  them — Olthidxton,  1.  283. 

t  Slith,  p.  la — l)pr  cliitncanoiigh,  in  imitstion  of  the  English, 
had  built  himself  ii  hoUNe.  and  wns  so  delighted  witti  the 
contrivance  of  a  lock  and  key,  that  he  used  to  spend  whole 
koiini  in  the  reueiltion  of  the  eiparlmeiit  of  lvckin|  and  unlack- 
U'4  lui  doo(— Uldvutou,  .  tm 


ha  did  not  venture  lo  intrust  with  the  plan,  were  aue- 
eeaaively  gained  over ;  and  all  ro-o|ierated  with  tlial 
•ingle-inindedneaa  and  inlenaity  of  piirpoae  cliaractet- 
iatic  of  a  project  of  Indian  revenge.  In  a  IrilHt  of 
aavage  idolutera,  the  iiasaiona  of  men  are  left  iinnuri- 
Avd  by  the  iiiHiience  of  religion,  and  unrealraliied  by  t 
■ound  or  elevated  morality  ;  and  human  character  ie 
not  subjected  to  that  variety  of  impulao  and  iinpresaion 
which  il  undergoes  in  cilviliied  aociety  The  aenll- 
inenta  inculcated,  and  the  diapositiona  contracted,  in 
the  family  and  in  Iho  tribe,  in  domestic  educalion  and 
in  public  life,  in  all  the  accnea  through  which  the 
aavage  paaaea  from  hia  cradle  lo  hia  grave,  are  the 
aame ;  there  ia  no  corneal  of  op|iuaite  princinles  or 
eontlicting  habile  10  diaaipate  hia  mind  or  weaken  ita 
detormiiiationa ;  and  the  aystem  of  morale  (if  il  may 
be  ao  called)  which  he  cmbracea,  being  the  olfapring 
of  wiadoin  and  diapoailiona  congenial  to  hia  own,  a 
•ceming  dignity  arisca  from  the  vigor  and  conaiatency 
of  thai  conduct  which  hia  moral  aentimcnta  never  dia- 
lurb  or  reproach  The  undoratanding,  unoccupied  by 
ob|ei'lB  Huiialile  lo  ita  dignity,  and  unemployed  by  va- 
riety ol  kiitm  ledge,  inatead  of  moderating  the  paaaiona, 
becomes  the  inatrument  of  their  deaigna,  and  the  abet- 
tor ol  their  violence.  Men  in  malice,  but  children  in 
understanding  ;  it  la  in  the  direction  of  cunning  and 
diaaimiilatiuii  that  the  intellectual  facultiea  of  aavagea 
are  chioHy  eieri:is«d  ;  and  aucliia  ihe  perfect  harmony 
between  their  passions  and  iheir  reflective  powera,  thai 
Ihe  aame  delay  which  would  cool  tho  cruoltjr  of  more 
cultivated  men,  aervea  but  to  confirm  their  ferocity, 
and  mature  iho  devicea  for  ita  gratificati<,n.  Not- 
withatanding  the  long  interval  thai  elapsed  between 
tiie  formation  and  the  execution  of  their  present  enter- 
priae,  and  the  perpetual  intercoiirae  that  aubaiatcd  be- 
tween them  and  the  white  people,  the  most  im|>enctra- 
blo  eecrocy  waa  preserved  i  and  ao  consummate  and 
fearless  waa  their  diaaimulstion,  that  they  wcro  accus- 
tomed lo  burrow  boats  from  the  English  10  crosa  Ihe 
river,  in  order  lo  concert  and  coininuiiicate  the  pro- 
gresa  of  Iheir  dcaign. 

An  incident  which,  though  minute.  Is  too  curloiia  to 
bo  omitted,  contributed  to  sharpen  the  ferocity  of  tho 
Indiana  by  the  aeiisn  of  recent  provocation.  There  waa 
a  man,  belonging  to  one  of  the  neighboring  tribea, 
named  Nemattanow,  who.  by  hia  courage,  craft,  and 
good  fortune,  had  attained  the  higheat  repute  among 
hia  countrymen.  In  Ihe  aklrmiahea  and  engagements 
which  their  former  wars  with  the  English  produced, 
ho  had  exposed  his  jiersoii  with  a  bravery  that  com- 
manded their  ntecmt  and  an  impnnily  that  excited 
their  astonishintnt.  They  judged  him  invulnerablo, 
whom  ao  many  wounda  seemed  to  havo  ajiproached  in 
vain  ;  and  the  object  of  their  admiration  partook,  or  at 
leaal  encouraged,  the  delusion  which  seemed  to  invest 
him  with  a  character  of  sanctity.  Opechancaiioiiijh, 
tho  king,  whether  iealoua  of  this  man's  reputation,  or 
desirous  of  embroiling  the  Engliah  with  the  Indiana, 
aent  a  meaoage  to  the  governor  of  the  colony,  to  ac- 
quaint him  that  he  waa  welcome  to  cut  Nemattannw'a 
threat.  Such  a  reprerenlation  of  Indian  character  as 
thia  ineeaage  convoyed,  one  would  think,  ought  to  have 
excited  the  stron^cat  suspicion  and  diatruat  in  the 
minda  of  Ihe  English.  Though  Ihc  offer  of  t''0  king 
waa  disregarded,  hia  wishea  were  not  disappointeiT 
Ncinattunow,  having  murdered  a  planter,  was  ahnt  by 
one  of  hia  acrvanta  in  an  attempt  to  apprehend  him. 
Finding  tho  pangs  of  death  coming  alruiig  u|>on  him, 
the  priiTe,  but  not  the  vanity,  of  the  aavoge  was  aulxlucd, 
and  he  entreated  hia  captora  to  grant  his  two  laat 
requests,  one  of  which  was  that  they  would  never  re- 
veal that  he  had  bejn  alain  by  a  bullet,  and  the  other, 
that  they  would  bury  him  among  the  Engliah,  that  the 
aecrel  of  hia  mortality  might  never  be  known  to  his 
countrymen.  The  request  seems  10  infer  the  possibility 
of  ita  being  complied  with,  and  tho  disclosure  of  the 
fatal  event  waa  no  leaa  imprudent  than  disadvantageous. 
The  Indiana  were  filled  with  grief  and  indignation  ; 
and  Opechancanough  inflamed  taeir  anger  by  pretend- 
ing lo  share  il.  Having  counterfeited  displeasure  for 
the  satisfaction  of  hia  subjects,  ho  proceeded  with 
equal  success  to  counterfeit  placability  for  the  del'ision 
of  hia  enemies,  and  aaaured  tho  English  that  tho  aky 
ahould  Booncr  fall  than  the  jieace  ue  broken  by  him. 
Uut  the  plot  now  advanced  rapidly  to  its  maturity,  and, 
at  length,  the  day  was  fixed  on  which  all  the  English 
tpttlemeata  were  at  the  aame  inatant  to  be  attacked 
The  reapective  atations  of  the  varioua  troops  of  aasas- 
sins  were  assigned  to  them ;  ai,d  that  they  might  bo 
enabled  to  occupy  thcni  without  exciting  suspicion, 
some  carried  presents  of  fish  and  game  into  the  interior 
of   the  colony,  and   others  pteaented  Ihemaelvea  aa 


gueata  aoliciling  lb*  hoapilalily  of  iheir  Eiigli^h  friMi^ 
on  the  evening  before  the  massacre.  AslTie  falsi  koul 
drew  iiigli,  the  rest,  under  vsrioiis  preieiires,  and  with 
ev.TV  tieiiiotistration  of  kindness,  aaaenibled  around  the 
detached  and  uiigiuirdeil  si-ltleini-iils  uf  ihe  euloiiista; 
Slid  not  a  seniiiiieni  of  ruinpiinctioii,  iini  a  rjah  at- 
pressinii  of  hale,  nor  an  uii|juariled  look  of  exultaliun, 
fiud  occurred  to  diacnncert  ur  disclose  the  desigiia  of 
Iheir  well  disciplined  feroi'ily. 

The  universal  deatruclion  of  the  colonials  aeemeil 
unavoidable,  and  waa  prevented  only  by  the  can(» 
qtiencea  uf  an  event  which  perhaps  appeared  but  ol  lutto 
coiiaequence  in  tho  colony  al  llii  lime  wl.ei  it  liy)k 
place— the  converaion  of  an  Indian  lo  the  C!|iriatiaD 
faiih.  On  Ihe  nighl  before  the  inasaacre,  thia  man  waa 
made  privy  to  it  by  hia  own  brother,  wliucuiiimunicaled 
10  him  the  command  of  hia  king  and  Ins  countrymen  ki 
share  in  the  exploit  thai  wouliT  enrich  their  race  wilb 
ajxiil,  revenge,  and  glury  The  exhorlallon  waa  pow- 
erfully calculated  to  impreaa  a  aavage  mind ;  but  a  new 
mind  had  been  given  lo  thia  convert,  and  aa  aoon  ae 
hia  brother  left  nun  be  revealed  the  alarming  intelli- 
gence to  an  Engliah  gentleman  111  wlioao  houae  he  waa 
residing.  Thia  planter  immediately  earned  the  tidiiigy 
to  Jamealowii,  from  whence  the  alarm  was  conimuni- 
catcd  to  the  neareat  aottlera,  barely  in  time  lo  prevent 
the  laat  hour  of  the  petfidioua  truce  fruiii  being  the  laal 
hour  of  their  lives. 

Uut  the  intelligence  came  loo  late  to  be  more  gene- 
rally available.  At  midday,  the  moment  they  haiT  pre- 
viously fixed  for  this  execrable  deed,  the  Indions,  rais- 
ing a  universal  yell,  rushed  at  once  on  the  English  in 
all  their  acatlcred  aeltleinciits,  and  butchered  nun, 
women,  and  children  with  undiatinguiahing  fury,  and 
every  ag<;ravation  of  brutal  outrage  and  enorniniia  cru- 
elty, ni  one  hour,  three  hundred  and  forty-seven  per- 
sons were  cut  off,  almost  without  knowing  by  whosa 
hands  they  fell.  Tba  slaughter  would  hate  been  still 
greater  il  'he  £ng!.'ah  ovee  in  terra  of  those  diatricti 
where  the  warning  that  aaved  otheradid  nut  reach,  had 
iiol  flown  lo  their  anna  with  the  ener^'y  uf  ue«pu,r,  and 
defended  Ihemaelvea  ao  bravely  aa  to  ripulse  llio  aa- 
sailanta,  who  alinoat  univeraally  disjilayed  a  cowardice 
proportioned  to  their  cruelly,  and  fled  at  the  oiglit  of 
anna  in  tho  hands  even  of  the  women  and  boys,  whom, 
unarmed,  they  were  willing  lo  attack  and  destroy.  II 
ill  thia  foul  and  rovulting  exiiilution  of  huniuiiily,  aonie 
circumstances  apiieartube  referable  to  the  peciiliaritiea 
of  savage  life  and  education,  wo  shall  greatly  err  if  w* 
overlooK,  in  its  mure  general  and  important  features, 
the  testimony  it  has  given  to  the  deep  depravity  of  fallen 
nature.  The  jirovious  massacre  of  the  French  prutes- 
tants  on  the  day  of  St.  Uartliuluiiiiw,  and  tho  subse- 
quent massacre  of  the  Irish  pruteataiits  in  1U4I,  pre- 
sent, not  only  a  barbaroua  people,  but  a  civilized  nation 
and  accomplished  court,  as  the  rivala  of  those  American 
aavagea  in  perfidy,  fury,  and  cruelty. 

The  colony  had  received  a  wound  no  lesa  deep  and 
dangeroua,  than  painful  and  alarming.  Six  of  tho  mem- 
bers of  council,  and  many  of  tho  moat  eminent  and  re- 
spectable inhabitants,  were  among  the  slain  ;  at  suineol 
the  setllcineiits  the  whole  of  their  population  had  been 
exterminated  ;  at  othera  a  remiiant  had  escujied  the  ge- 
neral destruction  by  the  eflurts  uf  dcsjiair ;  and  the  sur- 
vivors were  impoverished,  terrilied,  and  confounded  by 
a  stroke  that  at  unco  ben:aved  'hem  of  friends  and  for- 
tune, and  showed  that  they  were  aiirroundid  by  legions 
of  enemies,  whose  existence  they  had  never  dreamt  of, 
and  whoao  brutality  and  ferocity  aeenied  lo  pruelaiin 
them  a  race  uf  ficntia  rather  llian  men.*  To  iho  insa 
sncro  auccecded  a  vindictive  and  exlcnni^ating  war  be- 
tween tho  English  and  th«  Indians ;  and  the  colunisle 
were  at  last  provoked  to  retaliate,  in  some  degree,  on 
their  savage  adversaries,  the  evila  uf  which  they  had  sei 
so  bloody  an  example,  and  which  seemed  UJ  lie  the  only 
weapons  capable  of  waging  etTectiial  war  ujion  them. 
Yet  though  a  direful  necessity  might  seem  to  justify  or 
palliate  tho  measures  which  it  taiignt  jhe  colonists  to 
apprehend  and  provide  for,  their  warfare  was  never 
wholly  divested  of  i-onor  and  ■nagnaniinity.  Diirinj 
this  disastrous  period,  the  design  for  erecting  a  colonial 
college,  and  many  other  public  institutions,  was  aban- 
doned ;  the  number  of  'he  acttlements  was  reduced 
from  eighty  to  six  i  and  the  atflictioii  of  scarcity  v/ae 
added  to  the  horrora  of  war  t 


*  It  waa  long  bcfbre  any  of  the  British  colonies  were  pro- 
pcrly  on  their  guard  agaip^l  the  characlera  of  men  capable 
of  such  consumniato  lr9u.iico',  and  who  "  in  anger  were  not, 
like  the  Englian,  talkative  and  boisterous,  out  sullen  and  re- 
vengeful."   TrninbuU'a  (Connecticut,  i.  44.  , 

t  blith,  p.  alf,  Hi,  23tl.  Aa  far  as  1  bm  able  to  discover, 
the  retaliatorv  deceit  practised  by  th«  colonists  in  VbeU  boe- 
tilliies  ivitt.  the  Indisiu  has  bean  (laaM;  u vernted.    Tbroofi 


NORTH  AMEniOA. 


e«  ««r*  pro> 
men  capabl* 
jor  wore  iHrti 
uUtiii  util  re* 

p  tu  diKOver, 
in  UmU  bo«- 
iil.    Tbrouga 


Wlwn  inl*lllg«neo  of  Ihii  cdiinily  trriTnl  in  Kng- 
\w»t,  it  eicilml,  wiih  much  liiMpprolwiion  of  iha  cluri'C- 
IMO  podejr  •nd  ineflli-jcnl  preciiitioni  of  th*  roinpenjr, 
(  pnwerfiil  •ymralhjr  with  ih*  ilangor  ^nit  diitreie  of 
Iht  roloiiiale.  liy  order  o(  tha  \t\ng,  »  iiipply  uf  anna 
tnm  Iho  Tower  waa  driiverrd  to  the  Irnaaurer  anil 
eo-npany  ;  and  veatela  were  deapalched  with  carunoa 
of  aurh  articlea  aa  tha  atigeiicy  ol  th*  time  aeerneil  to 
render  moat  preaaiiiKly  roi|iiiaita.  (.'apltin  Nmilh  aula- 
milted  to  the  company  a  project,  whJch  h«  nlToind  to 
conduct,  for  eir*ciin|{  the  r«aloratn)n  of  (wace  hy  thn 
aipulaioii  or  aubjiiaation  of  the  a««agea ;  hut,  though 
fwierallv  apprOTad,  It  waa  not  adopted.  Uy  dint  of 
tlto  eiertlona  thay  made  in  their  own  behalf,  with  the 
aaaiatanca  of  the  auppliea  that  were  actually  aont  to 
them  from  England,  the  cnloniata  were  barely  aaved 
fnm  periahing  with  hunger  ;  and  it  waa  not  till  after 
■  long  airugalo  with  their  calamitiea,  that  thoy  were  at 
tangtn  enabled  again  to  reauma  their  proapecta  and 
Mtand  their  aettlementi.* 

More  ample  auppliea,  and  more  aetiTa  aaaiatanca, 
would  have  been  rendered  to  the  coloniata  from  Eng- 
land, but  for  tha  diaaeiiaiona  among  tha  patontoca, 
nhich  had  been  apraidiiig  for  a  conalderablo  period, 
end  had  at  thia  juncturo  attained  a  height  thit  mani- 
featly  tended  to  tha  diaaolution  of  the  corporation. 
The  company  waa  now  a  niimrroua  body,  and  being 
eom|ioaed  of  able  and  entvrprialng  men  drawn  from 
•very  claaa  in  aocinty,  it  reprearntnd  rery  faithfully 
the  alato  of  party  feeling  in  the  nation  ;  while  Ita 
frequent  courta  atfordod  a  cunvenient  arena  in  which 
tha  partioa  tried  their  atronglh,  and  a  powerful  organ 
by  which  the  prevailing  aentimenta  were  publicly 
•iproaaed.  At  every  mcetinji,  the  proceedinga  wore 
impeded  by  the  intriguca  of  rival  factiona,  and  the 
debatea  InAamcd  and  lengthened  by  their  vehement 
»llercationa.  At  every  election,  the  ulHcea  of  the 
company  wore  courted  and  cnntcatcd  hy  the  moat 
eminent  peraona  in  the  atale.  The  distinction  be- 
tween tho  court  party  and  tha  country  party  that  waa 
apreading  through  tho  nation,  waa  the  more  readily 
ifiainuated  Into  tlie  counaela  of  the  company  [  1633]  from 
the  iiifrequeiicy  and  irregularity  of  ita  more  legitimate 
theatre,  the  parliament ;  and  varioiia  circumatancca 
in  the  hiatory  of  the  compony  (ended  to  fortify  and 
maintain  thia  diatinclion.  Many  of  the  proprielora, 
diaaatmHed  with  the  aloiider  return*  that  the  colony 
had  yielded,  were  dia|iosed  to  lilaino  Iho  exiatiiiK 
olflcera  and  adminiatration  for  tho  diaappointment  ol 
their  honea :  not  a  few  rcaeiited  tho  procurement  of 
tho  third  chatter,  tho  cacluaion  of  Captain  Smith  from 
the  dirociion  wliigh  ho  had  ahown  hiinsolf  ao  well 
^ualitied  to  cierciae,  and  tho  insignilicanco  to  which 
they  were  themaelvea  condoiniied  by  the  arbitrary  en- 
largement of  the  aaaociatioii ;  and  a  email  but  active 
and  intriguing  party,  who  had  labored  with  earneat  hut 
unaucceaaful  rapacity,  to  engroaa  tho  ollicca  of  ilio 
company,  to  uaurji  the  dirrction  of  ita  alTaira,  and  to 
convert  tho  trade  of  tlie  colony  into  iheir  own  private 
patrimony  by  moiiopoliea  whicli  they  bought  from 
needy  eourtiera,  naturally  ranged  themaelvea  on  the 
aide  of  the  court,  and  hy  their  coinplainla  and  miare- 
preaenta:lona  to  the  king  and  jirivy  council,  sought  to 
Intercat  them  in  the  ipiarrela,  and  infect  them  with  aus- 
piciona  of  tho  corporation  At  tho  head  of  this  leaat 
numerous  but  moat  diin;;erous  faction,  was  tiie  nolorl- 
oua  Captain  Argal,  who  coiilinind  lo  display  a  ran- 
corous enmity  lo  the  liberty  of  tho  colony,  and  hoped 
tocoinpaas  by  intrigue  and  servility  at  home  the  same 
ohjecla  whicli  he  hnd  pursued  hy  tyraiiiiy  end  violence 
abroad.  Sir  Thomas  Sinilh  too,  the  treasurer,  wliosc 
Mediloclion  for  arbilrory  government  we  have  already 
had  nccaaion  to  notice,  encouraged  every  coinplaiiit 
and  prtiposition  that  loiided  to  abrid^jo  tho  privileges  of 
the  colony,  and  givo  to  lia  administration  a  less  popii- 

llu!  rmuil  of  iiasaiiiii  ami  aaliinUiiiijeiit  that  tliu  niassucro 
B^oltocl,  tlie  truth  wiw  not  easily  iltsi'ernecl.  .Stilli  si'i'ins  lo 
have  mistaken  oipressliiiis  uf  Indiiinallon  for  delilicrato  d«- 
eigns ;  anil  Df.  Roliertson  has  inaKniAea  tho  error  by  mistak- 
ing tho  iiurpo«cs  fur  the  execution  tlicy  never  atlairiod  suth 
has,  Willi  siirprisinB  iiiarturncy,  charged  Cajjliiln  Smith  with 
declarlnit.  that  the  masnarro  was  a  forluiiute  clrciiinslaiieo 
•oasmui'li  a»  it  enlillud  Iho  colonists  to  treat  the  liiihans  a> 
alave.s  ..r  lllterly  lo  olllrpalo  them.  Stilli,  p.  233.  Whereas 
Bmltli  rentes  this  harliaroiia  undervalue  of  'hti  massacre  onlv 
to  condemn  it.  Smith.  H.  iv.  Sen  note  II  Tlio  coiilomnlalion 
and  e4|),.>,iallylho  endurance  of  cniohi-,  lendi  in  iiiaLe  men 
crilol;  yet.  In  the  lioiinr  of  the  col'iiiinis  boil  ri'memberod 
that  even  duriiii?  the  prevalence  of  these  liii.<ii|iiio,  a  de- 
l,berate  altempt  to  cnien  ami  subjuifato  a  body  of  I'luhans 
was  prosecuted  as  a.i  offence  nualnsi  the  law  of  Uod  an  1  tim 
Hws  of  nature  and  nations.    Slitli,  | .  tjo  ".  »"  i  mo 

*  Even  In  Deiwmli.jr.  1083,  the  t   ..city  was  su 

Ifll.  "*'-' — .-.-II. —  . .-- 

for 

nL  It  p  INB 


lar  form.  Tha  iibltrary  alterationa  uf  tha  r.haftei 
taught  all  tho  inalcontrnta  to  luuk  up  tn  ihv  crown  for 
auch  further  chanyaa  a*  might  roinovu  thn  eaialing  ob* 
etrnctinna  to  their  wlahea;  and  ihe  roinplVle  aaceii- 
doiicy  which  the  country  party  ac>|iiircd  in  the  company, 
strongly  diapoaed  the  king  to  siipprest  or  inudiry  an 
inalitulion  that  served  to  cherish  public  apirit  and 
diaaemmata  liberal  opiniona.  Tho  a|iiril  wnich  the 
company  had  displayed  in  their  late  ilispulu  with  hiin 
concerning  tho  reatricliona  of  their  tobacco  trade,  the 
freeduin  with  which  hia  policy  had  been  canvaaaed  in 
their  delibaratiuiiB,  tha  nrmiiaaa  wilh  which  hia  inca- 
aurea  had  bean  reaiated,  and  tha  contempt  they  had 
ahown  for  tha  auprainacy  alike  uf  his  wiaduni  and  bis 
prerogative  in  coniplaiiiin||  to  Ihe  lluuse  of  Cominona, 
eradicated  from  the  ininir  of  Jainea  all  that  partiality 
to  an  inatltution  of  hia  own  creation,  ihjt  might  have 
aheltered  It  from  tha  dialike  ami  auapicioii  with  which 
be  regarded  tha  influence  of  a  (lopular  assembly.  Uut 
the  same  Influence  that  reiulered  them  udiuiia,  caused 
them  also  to  appear  somewhat  forinidable,  and  unforced 
ooma  attention  to  equitable  appnarancea,  and  defer- 
anca  to  public  opinion  in  wreaking  hia  diapleaaure 
upon  them.  The  murmurs  and  discuntenta  that  were 
eicited  by  the  intelligence  of  tho  massacre,  furnished 
bun  with  an  op|)ortuiiily  which  ho  did  nut  fail  to  im- 
prove. Having  aignaliied  hia  own  concern  fur  tho 
mlafortunea  of  the  colony  by  Bonding  thither  a  aupply 
of  anna  fur  defence  against  tho  Indiana,  and  by  isauing 
hia  otdora  to  the  cunipany  tu  deapatch  an  ample  aupply 
of  provisions,  ho  proceeued  to  inalitute  an  inquiry  into 
the  cause  uf  tho  diaaster,  and  the  conduct  of  ihu  com- 
pany. A  comiiiisaion  waa  dirurted  to  certain  of  the 
English  jiidgoa  and  other  persons  of  distinction,  ra- 
quiring  tlieiii  tu  oxamiiie  the  transactiona  of  the  com- 
pany aince  ita  lirst  establishniont,  and  to  report  to  tho 
iirivy  council  tho  cauaes  that  might  aeein  to  them  tu 
havu  occaaioned  tho  niialbrtunea  of  tho  colony,  and 
the  meaaurua  moat  likely  to  prevent  their  reiiurrencu. 
To  obatruct  the  elturla  which  the  company  inighl  have 
made  in  their  own  vindication,  and  to  diacover,  if  poo- 
aible,  additional  matter  uf  accusatiuii  against  them, 
ineaautes  still  more  violent  and  arbitrary  wore  resorted 
10.  All  their  charters,  books,  and  papers,  woru  seized, 
two  of  their  principal  otiicers  wore  arrested,  and  all 
lottera  from  tha  culuiiy  intercepted  oiid  carried  to  thu 
privy  council.  Among  the  witnessea  whom  the  com- 
miaaionora  oxumiiied  waa  Captain  8inilh,  who  might 
roaaonably  be  aup|>oaed  to  eutertain  little  favor  for  the 
existing  constitution  of  Iho  company,  by  which  hia 
career  of  honor  and  uaerulneaa  had  been  abridged,  and 
who  had  recently  iuataiiiod  tho  inortilicatiun  ui  aueiiig 
hia  oiler  to  unJerluke  the  defence  uf  Ihe  colony  and 
aubjugation  of  the  Indiana  diaregardod  by  the  eoin|jany, 
notwiih«tanding  tho  approbation  of  a  numeroiia  parly 
of  the  pruprielura,  Smith  ascribed  the  inlslortunes  ul 
tho  colony,  and  tha  alendcrness  of  tho  income  that  lud 
been  derived  from  It,  to  tho  negloct  of  military  precau- 
liuna ;  tho  rapid  auccossion  of  governors,  which  in- 
flamed the  rapacity  of  their  dopondonia;  the  inulli- 
plicity  uf  olliuea,  by  which  industry  waa  loaded  and 
omulument  absorbed  ;  and,  in  general,  to  the  inability 
of  a  numeroua  company  to  conduct  an  entcrpriae  so 
complex  and  arduoua.  He  recoininended  the  aiitiexa- 
lion  of  the  colony  to  tho  crown,  tho  iiilrod;.>ctiun  of 
greater  aimpliclty  and  economy  Inlu  thu  frainu  of  ita 
govuriinieiil,  and  an  ahaiiduninent  uf  thu  practice  of 
tiansporling  criminals  to  its  shorea*. 

Thu  eommissionera  did  not  communlcato  any  of 
their  proceedinga  tn  the  company,  wlio  were  lirst  ap- 
priseii  uf  tho  terms  of  tho  trpon  by  an  order  of  the 
king  and  privy  council,  signifying  to  ilieni  thai  he  mis- 
fortunes of  Virginia  hau  iiriaen  from  their  ini^overn- 
iiioiit,  and  that,  for  the  purpose  of  rupairiiig  tliuin,  hia 
majesty  had  resolved  lo  revoke  the  old  charier  and 
is.iue  a  new  one,  which  should  coininit  tho  powers  of 
gnveriimimt  lo  fewer  hands.  In  order  to  quiet  tho 
minds  uf  tho  colonists,  It  waa  doclareil  that  private  pro- 
perty should  be  respected,  and  all  just  graiila  of  land 
remain  Inviolate.  An  instant  surrender  of  their  privi- 
leges waa  required  from  tho  company  ;  and,  in  default 
of  their  voluntary  subinisalon,  they  were  aasured  that 
the  king  had  resolved  to  enforce  hia  purpose  by  proceoa 
of  law.t 


leat,  Ihal 


I.  sterling  vvns  jtald  lor  a  hogslimi.  of  iiioal,  niid  3l.  sKirllinr 
'»k»n«Si.«l»htcUitkena  la  Virginia.  Pu^haa'a  Wsri,  I's*. 
*i  IT  p  IHB.  • 


*  Smit..,  Jl.  iv,  Smilli's  answers  to  the  comiiiisniuners  de- 
monstrate  his  usual  {food  sense,  moderation  and  humanity* 
llu  warmly  comiiiulids  the  active  and  disinterested  ctrorts  of 
many  of  tho  leading  members  of  the  cuiiipnny  for  the  advan- 
tage of  Ihu  colony.  Ureal  errors,  he  observes,  had  been 
committed  in  the  adrninistration  of  us  uirairs ;  but  lie  dechnea 
to  particuliiri.su  thu  faults  of  any  one  individual— adding,  "  1 
havu  so  iiiiich  udo  lo  amend  my  own,  1  Imvu  no  leisure  to 
took  into  any  othur  man's  particiilnr  failings." 

'  Slilta,  |i.  303,  304.    It  wa<  in  the  uiidsl  of  those  dialrac- 


'I'bia  arbitrary  proeaedinf  auilad  av;h  ijiptiaa  mt 
coiiBiernatioii  in  tha  aaaeixblod  court  of  propilatMl, 
thai  a  lung  and  deep  allenaa  followed  tha  reading  ol 
the  order  uf  cuuncil.  Ilul  reauiiiing  their  spirit,  thfv 
prujiosed  to  defend  their  ngbts  wi:h  a  resulutiun  which, 
if  It  could  not  avert  their  fate,  at  Iriiat  redeemed  thair 
character.  Ttiey  indignantly  rrlused  to  aaivuion  th« 
atigma  affixed  lo  their  conduct  by  tha  order  of  cuuncil, 
to  aurrender  tho  franchises  wbien  they  had  legally  ob- 
tained, and  on  the  faith  of  which  lliry  bad  expended 
large  auins  uf  iiiuiiey,  ur  to  consent  lo  tho  abolilion  ol 
a  pupular  guvernnient,  and  deliver  up  their  countrymen 
in  Virginia  tu  the  dominion  of  a  narrow  junto  ilepand- 
enl  un  the  gileaaure  of  Ihe  king,  ki  these  BeiMiinenla 
they  peraiaied  in  spite  of  all  the  threats  and  promiaea 
hy  winch  their  firmiiesa  wbb  aaaailedi  and  uy  a  vote, 
which  only  tha  diasent  of  Captain  Argal  and  aoven  of 
hia  adherents  rendered  not  quite  unaniinoua,  they  finally 
rejected  the  king's  projiosal,  and  declared  their  Jelenni 
nation  to  defend  theinselvea  againat  any  prtKcaa  ha  iniohl 
inalitute.  [  IH34.]  Iiicenaed  at  tlioir  preauiiiptlon  intTif 
puling  hia  will,  Jamea  directed  a  writ  of  f  uo  UMnanlo 
to  he  iasued  agiinat  the  com|iany,  in  order  lo  try  tha 
V'llidity  of  their  charter  in  the  King'a  Uench.  In  llw 
ho|ie  of  collecting  additional  proufa  of  their  malodmin- 
istration,  he  deapatehed  coniniisaioncra  lo  Virginia  to 
lna|iect  tho  atata  of  the  colony,  and  to  endeavor  to  form 
a  parly  theie  opposed  lo  the  pretenaiona  of  the  com- 
pany. The  cominiaaioiiera  rinding  the  colonial  aaacm- 
Illy  embodied,  endeavored  with  great  artiHca  ami  mag- 
niHcenl  promlaea  uf  military  aid,  and  other  inarka  ol 
royal  favor,  to  detach  them  from  their  cunnexion  with 
Ihe  company,  and  to  jirocuru  an  addteaa  to  Ihe  king, 
expreaaive  of  "  their  willingneaa  to  auhmil  themaelvea 
toliia  princely  pleaaure  In  revoking  tho  ancient  patenta." 
Uut  their  eutleavora  were  uiiBUCceaaful.  Thu  aaaeiit- 
bly  tranainilted  a  petition  to  the  king,  acknowledging 
their  aut4afaction  lo  find  iheinaelves  the  objects  ol  iiia 
eapccial  caru,  beseeching  hiin  to  continue  the  exiatiiig 
furin  of  goveriiinent,  and  soliciting,  thai  if  the  promiaeu 
military  force  aliuuld  bo  granted  tu  them,  it  might  b« 
subjected  tu  tho  control  uf  their  own  uovurnur  and 
bouso  of  repreaontaiives.  This  waa  the  Taal  aaaenibly 
that  Virginia  waa  to  enjoy  for  a  conaiderable  period. 
Its  doiiieslic  legislation  was  marked  by  Iho  oaina  good 
aonso  and  pdtrioliaiit  that  appeared  in  the  reception 
which  it  gave  to  tlio  proposiiiuns  of  ilia  royal  coininis- 
sioners.  The  guvernor  waa  deprived  of  an  arbitrary 
aullioriiy  which  ho  had  hitherto  exerciaed.  It  waa 
enacted  that  ho  should  no  longer  have  power  lo  with- 
draw the  liihabilania  fioni  their  privatu  lalwra  to  hia 
own  Bcrvlce,  and  aboulil  levy  no  tuxea  on  tho  colony 
but  such  aa  the  general  asaembly  aliould  impoae  anil 
nppropriato.  Varioua  other  wlao  and  judiciuua  lawa 
were  enacted,  fur  the  reforinalluii  uf  inannerB,  the  sup- 
[Hiri  of  divine  wurahip,  the  seourily  of  civil  and  politi- 
cal freedom,  tho  regulation  uf  tralfic  wilh  the  IndMiia, 
and  ino  observance  uf  precautiuns  conducive  to  the 
general  safety. 

Whether  the  suit  between  the  king  and  the  company 
was  prosecuted  to  an  iasuo  or  not,  is  a  |ioint  invulveu 
In  aome  unceitainty,  and  truly  of  very  little  importance, 
for  tho  laaue  of  a  sui;  between  the  king  and  the  buIh 
jecl  In  that  age,  could  never  be  duiibtful  fur  a  nioment. 
\Vell  aware  of  this,  the  company  looked  to  protection 
more  elHcient  than  the  law  could  nUord  them,  and  (ire- 
aented  a  petition  to  tho  House  of  (;omiiiuna,  eiiuins- 
rating  their  grievances,  and  soliciting  redress.  Their 
apjilication  was  entcrtdined  by  the  House  ao  cordially, 
that  had  it  been  preaenled  at  an  earlier  period  it  might 
have  saved  tlie  corporation ;  but  they  had  deferred  thia 
last  resuurce  till  so  late  a  periud  of  the  aesaiuii,  that 
there  was  not  lima  to  enter  on  ao  wide  an  inquiry  ; 
and  fearing  to  exasperate  tho  king  by  preferring  odioua 
charges  which  they  cuuld  not  hope  lo  subBlantiate,  they 
cuiiHued  their  pleading  before  the  House  lo  the  dis- 
couragement of  their  tobacco  trade,  which  the  Com- 
mons accordingly  voted  lo  be  a  grievance,  i'hey 
gained  no  other  advantage  from  their  complaint,  noi 
from  their  limitation  of  It.  The  king  enraged  at  their 
preaumption,  and  encouraged  by  their  timidity,  ieaurd 
a  proclamation,  auppressing  the  courta  of  tha  com- 
pany, and  committing  tha  lemporaray  adminiatration 
of  the  colonial  alfaira  lo  certain  of  his  privy  couiisel- 


tlons,  says  Stith,  that  the  Muses  for  the  first  lime  upeiieil 
Iheir  lti>s  m  North  America.  One  of  the  earhuHt  hterary  pro- 
ductions of  the  ICnglish  colonists  was  a  translatiun  uf  Ovid's 
Metainorphosos,  composed  in  1633  by  (ieorgc  Sandys,  treasu- 
rer of  thu  Vlrfimia  company.  It  was  allcrwartls  published  Ul 
England,  and  dudicaled  to  Cliarles  Ihe  First.  Stilli  terms  it 
"a  laud.-ible  pflrformaiice  lor  the  tiine<i ;"  and  Urydeu  men 
lions  tha  author  with  respect  in  tile  preface  tu  bis  own  mm 
latifllAs  from  Ovid. 


TllR  iiiaroRT  or 


I 


I 


hi  ■ 

t.  ^ 

t.  ' 

I  '.I  ■• 

1 II  . 

h  ■  •• 

I .  .. 
I 


im»  Im  Miiiunctieii  wilk  Hii  TIimm«  Hmilb  •mi  khiik 
•Uat  pallamiia.  'Dw  Mnnmiy  <•»•  lliui  iliaanlvnl, 
tlU  lU  ii|{lila  Ukl  pnviUgta  ■■■aliwrliiil  hy  tliv 
cruAii,  * 

Jiini-t  iliil  mil  tiiircr  lh«  nnwiira  ho  htil  rrauinrd  lo 
rriiuiii  luiiK  uiiiniiri'iMil.  Il«  i»ii«tl,  wry  ihurlly  al- 
••rwarila,  •  a|mi'ial  roniiiuaaiuri,  a|ip<)intiii;{  a  uovrrnor 
aitil  iwvlvtt  i'uiifia«llora,  tu  \%hoiii  thi<  riiliru  uirtctiuii 
ttl  ilw  atlaira  of  tlw  culaiiy  waa  iiilriiali'cl.  Nu  iiiPii 
liuii  waa  iitaile  ul'  ■  houio  tt  rrprvattiituiivva  ;  nor  had 
Uii'  klll^  lh<'  ahifhUal  iiiti'Mtioji  lu  iirriiiii  Ihfi  ruiiliiiii- 
aiK'i*  ol  ariv  atlcU  liody.  'i\w  ri)iiiiillH«iuii  aarriliu]i  thu 
iliauali'rn  ul'  ihn  ai>tllt'iiit*nl  to  ihn  popuUr  ahajw  of  lliv 
laii'  ayawiii,  which  hail  iiil<'rrr|it«il  and  wuiikiniud  thii 
twiwlichilinriuriice  uf  thr  kmy'a  >ii|itTiur  uiidiraUiidinii, 
tnd,  III  aUaiiia  of  lh«  moat  vul)(ar  and  lim'ioiia  arh- 
cninplaccncy,  anlicipatva  th«  pniapi^niy  which  thu  lolu- 
tiy  iiiuat  rapidly  attain  when  hhiaacd  with  thu  dirwlrr 
nya  of  royal  wiadoiu.  With  Ihia  anlivuraion  of  lihvrty, 
Mwrr  waa  inin|{l«l,  howcvvr.  aoiiid  alti'iilion  to  thu 
IntercaU  of  th«  coloniata  :  for,  in  conavqucncr  of  thv 
(■nionalranc*  of  Iho  Kiitfliah  parlnunvnt,  ho  laaued  • 
|iro>'laMiatiiin  rtmowina  nia  I'orinir  pruhihitiun  of  the 
callnri'  uf  tnbarrn  in  Knglaiid,  and  riatnctinu  tho  iiii- 
(NtnalHin  of  it  to  Virijinia  and  ihn  ISoinor  lalca,  and  to 
naaelit  lirlonKing  lo  liritiah  auhiscta.  'I'hia  waa  hit 
Ital  public  tt'l  in  rrlation  to  Iho  colony  ;  (16'iAJ  for  hia 
intentioMM  of  coiii|ioainK  a  code  of  lawa  lor  Itrt  doinpi- 
tie  adiinniairaiiiin  wur«  Iniatratrd  l>y  hia  death,  lie 
tiled  the  Hiat  Hriti^h  aovrrrijjn  of  an  ealahliahed  em- 
pire in  America,  and  cloaod  a  reiKn  of  which  the  only 
llliietriout  fcaluro  waa  the  coloniialion  which  he  iin- 
pelM  or  pminoled.  To  ihia  favorite  object,  both  tb« 
virtuea  and  the  Ticea  of  hia  character  proved  aubaer- 
vienl.     If  the  merit  he  ml||hl  claim  from  hia  oriamal 

tatroMge  of  the  Vir||iniaii  coloniata,  be  cancelled  by 
la  anhaequent  utlbrla  to  bereave  them  of  their  libertiea, 
■mi  if  hia  proaecution  of  the  iiiiritaiia  in  their  iiativs 
country  he  hut  feebly  counterhalanci'd  li^  hia  willing- 
neaa  lo  grant  them  an  layluni  in  New  England  ; — liia 
tttnmpla  to  civiliM  Ireland  by  coloniialion,  coniiocl 
bun  more  honorably  with  the  great  eventa  of  hia  reign. 
Ilaraaaod  by  the  turbulent  aud  diatractod  atate  of  Iru- 
lind,  and  averae  to  rcaort  to  'military  operalioua,  he 
fndiiavured  to  infuae  t  new  chancier  into  ita  popula- 
tion by  planting  eoloniea  of  the  Enghah  in  the  aix 
northern  couutiea  of  that  kingdom.  He  prosecuted 
Ihia  plan  with  ao  much  wiadom  and  aleadmcaa,  that  in 
the  apace  of  nine  yeara  he  made  greater  advancua 
lowarda  the  reformation  of  thai  kingdom  than  had  been 
made  in  the  four  hundred  and  forty  jroara  that  had 
•la|iaeil  aiiice  the  conqueat  of  it  waa  lirat  attempted, 
mil  laid  tho  foundation  of  whatever  alHuence  and  accu- 
tity  it  haa  aliice  hern  enabled  to  atiain.  it  ia  diliicult 
•o  recognine  the  dogtnatical  opproaaor  of  the  puritana 
(ml  the  weak  ami  arrogant  tyrant  of  Virginia,  in  the 
«iae  and  humane  leijislator  of  Ireland.  'I'ho  expe- 
rience of  aui:h  incoiiaialenciea  of  character,  aiiggekta 
the  likelihood  of  their  cxialing  more  fruqucnlly  and 
•ileiimvely  than  they  are  diapiaycd  :  onforcea  candor 
and  indulgence  ;  and  abatva  the  fervor  both  of  inordi- 
nate dialiko  and  extreme  admiration. 

'Hhi  fall  of  the  Virginia  company  had  excited  tho 
lea*  avmpathy.  and  the  arbitrary  proctidiiigs  of  the 
lung  the  len  odium  in  England,  from  tlio  diaappoint- 
nenta  and  calamilica  of  which  the  aktllenieiit  had  been 
produi'live.  .More  than  a  hundred  and  llliy  thousiind 
pounds  had  been  expended  on  the  colony,  and  tipwjriU 
af  nine  thon^aiid  iuhahitaiila  liud  been  »ent  to  it  t/om 
liie  mother  country.  Yet  at  the  dissoluiiun  of  the  com- 
|funv,  the  value  of  the  annual  im|H)ru  from  Virginia 
did  not  exceed  twenty  thousand  pounds,  and  ita  pupu- 
laliuii  wart  reduced  lo  about  uiglitceii  hundrud  persons 
The  eHi'ct  of  this  un)tros|ierous  issue  in  fucihtiiting 
the  oveithrow  uf  this  corporation,  may  lie  regarded  as 
a  fortunate  circiiiiiatanoe  for  .■^iiienca  ;  for  huwc-xer 
unjust  anil  tyrannical  were  the  designs  and  proceedings 
of  the  king,  they  were  overruled  lo  the  production  of 


*  It  is  stated  by  Clialtiiera,  and  repi-.-tten  liy  lionloii,  Rohirrt- 
aon.  Olid  Marsliiilt,  tliat  lit  iUe  itruci-s.-  iif  t(uo  warratito,  jiiii^- 
Ktntwaa  prdhoiiiicedai^aliist  lilt' (.ninpany  In  June,  \'iH.  R»- 
imi^'''u rfjfvrt  t» thu cuniiiilNaKii)  111  AiiKiisl  l(itf4,w)ilrh  no doulit 
contains  ai'Uu«e  >t>lllng  furtti  tliul  tin;  qui,  warranto  had  tivmi 
laaued,  and  addinif ,  that  tin;  rharti^r  wan  nuw  lut^allv  annulled. 
"nin  same  form  ol  words  occurs  in  the  prior  pria-laiiiatton  in 
July,  WH  ;  hill  no  jiid^nieiit  uf  tlic  Coiir*  ol  limit's  Itench  is 
olthor  expressly  muntloniil  or  refnrrpd  lo.  Captain  Sniilli,  on 
fee  other  hand,  alter  mentionina  ttie  writ  of  quo  warranto, 
relersnot  to  any  judirment  upon  it,  hut  lo  ttii:  pruiiainatlon  in 
iiiiy,  as  havlnir  dissolved  the  company.  11.  iv.  p.  IfiH.  Slilh 
Nkewine  asDfrts  expressly,  IhattliiH  prlx'laniatioii  was  issued 
while  the  i^no  warranto  was  dejicniltii^.  and  that  no  nidgnient 
en  Utti  quo  warranto  vjah  ever  |iTono>inced,  p.  3311,  330.  It  is 
v«ry  immaterial  whuilier  the  liinii  aocomplistied  his  arbitrary 
yw*Vefio  by  mipersediiii;  or  peivciuny  the  funiu  of  law. 


a  inoal  imjwrlant  lH>n«l)l  to  Iho  rolonv,  in  the  minoval 
of  an  inalitiilinn  that  would  have  dangtronsly  loaded 
and  ri'Blrained  ila  growing  frerdom  and  prosjirrily.  It 
la  an  oliservutinn  of  the  iiiosi  ennnrnt  Irnt-tirr  iil  poll- 
Ileal  arieiice,  that  of  all  the  eii|H'ilit'ntN  iliat  ciinlit  jnis- 
•  ilily  he  cimtrivi'd  to  Blunt  the  initiiral  gniwlli  ul  a  new 
ciilony.  the  inatiiiilion  of  an  eirlnsive  i'iiiii|iaiiy  la  tho 
most  eHrctual  ;  and  thr  ohaervution  is  anijily  i-oiilirnii-d 
liy  the  eijierieiire  of  liisiory.  In  anrvrviiig  ihe  consti. 
tiilioiia  and  trucnig  the  progress  oi  the  varimis  colonial 
I's'ahliahincnls  winch  the  nationa  of  Kiirupe  iiave  aiic- 
ceisivcly  lonned,  we  tind  a  cinao  and  invartaliln  cuit- 
nrxion  between  the  decline  and  the  revival  of  Iheir 
pros|ierity,  and  the  aacendaiicy  and  overthrow  of  sove- 
reign inercar^lile  coniorationa.  'i'he  adiiiin  ilratioii  ol 
the  Dutch  and  the  Knglish  Kast  India  coniiiaiiiea  haa 
deinonatrali'd  on  a  larger  and  distinctrr  acaio  how  iii- 
conaiatont  llie  geiinia  of  an  eichiaivc  company  will 
alwaya  prove  with  the  lilierty  and  happineaa  of  ita  aiih- 
jecla  and  what  powerful  lemptalioiia,  and  not  leaa 
iwwerfiil  meant,  it  poaaeaaea  of  aacriHcing  their  laating 
advantage  to  ila  nwn  immediate  profit.  A  aovereign 
company  of  merchantt  iiiiial  everconaider  their  power 
but  aa  an  ajicndage  to  their  trade,  and  aa  deriving  ila 
chief  value  from  the  meant  it  givei  tiieni  to  repress 
eompelilion,  to  huy  cheaply  tho  coinmoditioa  they  ob- 
tain (roin  their  auhject  cuatoinen,  aiui  tu  tell  aa  dearly 
ta  poaaihic  the  articlea  with  which  they  aiinply  them — 
that  ia,  lo  diininiah  the  incitement  and  the  reward  of 
indbtlry  to  their  aiibjecta,  by  rcalric'ing  their  facility  of 
acquiring  wluit  they  need,  and  dispoaing  of  what  they 
htva.  Their  mtrcanliic  htbilt  prevail  over  their  into- 
ml  It  tovertignt,  ind  letd  tlicm  not  only  lo  prefer 
Irantilory  proAl  to  permanent  revenue,  but  to  tdtpt 
iheir  adminiilralion  to  Ihit  preference,  and  lo  render 
Bovommcnt  aubicrvient  lo  the  inlcrett  uf  monopoly, 
"'hey  are  almoat  necotatrlly  led  to  devole  a  large  dit- 
cretionary  power  on  iheir  colonial  olllccrt,  over  whom 
they  retain  at  tlie  time  lime  but  i  very  fijehle  control. 
Whether  wo  regard  the  introduction  of  martial  law 
into  Virginiii  it  the  act  of  the  company,  or  (aa  it  really 
leemt  lo  htra  been)  the  tct  of  the  trciturer  ind  the 
colnniti  governora,  the  prevalence  it  obtained  diaplaya, 
in  either  caae,  the  un  itt  and  arbitrary  policy  of  an  ex- 
clusive company,  or  the  inability  of  auch  a  aovereign 
body  to  protect  ita  aubjecta  '  ,<tinat  the  oppreaaion  of 
ila  otncora.  How  incapable  a  biKly  of  ihia  description 
must  bo  to  conduct  a  plan  of  civil  (lolicy  on  permanent 
principle!,  and  how  itronely  ita  ayiicm  of  government 
must  lend  lo  i>er|)eluil  fluctuation,  la  evinced  by  the 
fact,  that,  in  the  courae  of  eighteen  yeara,  no  fowei 
than  len  aucccasive  governora  had  been  ap|ioinlrd  to 
preside  over  the  province.  Even  after  the  vigoroua 
apirit  of  uherty,  which  waa  au  rapidly  gaining  ground 
in  that  ago,  had  enabled  tho  colonisla  to  extort  frnin 
tho'comjianv  tho  right  of  enacting  hwa  for  tho  regula- 
tion of  Iheir  own  community,  atill,  aa  Iho  company °t 
aanclion  waa  rcquisiio  to  give  legal  calablisliminl  lo 
tho  cnactmcnia  of  the  provincial  Teuislatiiro,  Iho  para- 
mount authority  resided  with  men  wTio  had  but  a  tem- 
porary intrrctt  in  the  fate  of  their  aiibjcctt  ond  the 
resources  of  their  tcrrilorios.  While,  therefore,  wo 
ayinpaihize  with  the  gcncriius  indignation  which  tho 
hittoriana  of  America  nave  exprcased  at  the  tyrannical 
proceedings  by  which  the  company  was  dissolved,  wo 
must  congratulate  their  country  on  an  event  which,  by 
the  means  that  led  to  it,  inculcated  an  abhorrence  of 
nrliilrary  power,  and  by  its  0|H^ratioii  overthrow  a  aya- 
tem  under  which  no  colony  haa  ever  grown  up  to  a 
vigorous  maturity. 

rharles  tho  i-'irst  inherited,  with  his  father's  throne, 
[iViarcbJ  all  ihc  maxims  that  hid  latterly  regulated  his 
colonial  policy.  Of  this  he  hastened  to  give  assur- 
ance to  his  subjects,  by  a  terietof  proclamations  which 
he  issued  soon  alter  his  accession  tu  the  crown,  and 
which  distinctly  unfoldod  tho  arbitrary  principles  ho 
eiucrtaiiicd,  and  the  tyrannical  adniinisiralion  lie  had 
determined  lo  pursue.  Me  declared,  that,  after  ma- 
ture deliberation,  he  had  adopted  his  father's  opinion, 
that  the  misfortunes  of  the  colony  had  arisen  entirely 
from  the  popular  shape  of  ila  late  administration,  and 
the  incapacity  of  a  mercantile  company  to  conduct 
even  the  moat  insignificant  atfairs  of  state ;  that  ho 
held  himself  in  honor  engaged  to  accomplish  the  work 
that  James  had  begun  ;  that  ho  considered  the  Ameri- 
can colonies  to  be  a  part  of  the  royal  empire  devolved 
to  him  with  the  other  dominions  ul  the  crown  ;  that  he 
was  fully  resolved  to  establish  a  i.iiiform  course  of  go- 
vernment through  tho  whole  liritish  inonanthy  ;  and 
that  henceforward  the  govcrnineni  of  the  colony  uf 
Virginia  should  iiniiirdiatcly  depend  upon  liiiiaelf. 
But,  unlets  wc  should  auppote  that  he  meditated  even 


tlH>n  I  violent  innorilion  of  iha  whola  liril.akl 
liiliun,  wu  must  cunrlude,  from  ilw  pruvitiwia  i 
hilliiw  Ihia  prcambh'.  dial  he  conaulend  the  rnluniea  M 
sliiiid  III  a  very  dillcrt-nl  rclsinm  to  hiiii  Iroin  iImI 
wlhcli  ilic  lerntory  ol  tircat  llriiam  eiij>iyid,  and  Itt 
li.ivc  drsccndi'd  lo  him  as  a  iicrsniial  iisUle  indcpeii* 
(lent  of  Ins  crown  or  |inhtical  capacity  Fur  he  pra 
ci'cdcd  lo  iliiclaru,  Ihal  ilin  whnle  ailininislraliuii  ul  ih* 
Virginian  goveriimrnl  should  be  vested  in  n  couii.^il, 
nuiniiiali'd  and  dirccled  by  liimsclf,  and  retponsibic  Ic 
liiin  slone.  \\  lulu  be  vspri'ssed  the  ntniust  scorn  n 
ilui  cHpatMly  of  a  mircanlih*  cor)Hir«tiun,  he  did  wA 
disilain  lo  assume  Ita  illitH-ral  spirit,  and  copy  its  in- 
leiesicd  policy.  Aaa  sjM'cinicnof  the  rxtrnt  of  legiala* 
live  aiilliurity  which  lie  intended  loexrrl,  and  uf  the  piir* 
jHisia  lo  which  lie  mraiil  lu  render  it  aubserviiiit,  lie  pro 
inbitedthu  Virginians,  under  tlw  most  ahaurd  iiid  frivo- 
lous prelriicra,  from  telling  their  luhai^co  lo  any  jieraona 
but  curtain  commiaiioiiers  ap|H»iiiled  by  himself  to  pur- 
chose  It  on  hit  own  accoiinl.  Thua  the  coloniata  lound 
themaelvia  aubjecltd  to  all  tdmmitlralioii  that  coin- 
binod  Ilia  vicoa  of  both  ila  predeceaaora — the  uiiliinilail 
prerogative  of  an  arbitrary  prii.ce,  wiih  the  iiarrowttt 
maxima  of  a  mercantile  corroratioii ;  and  aaw  their  la* 
ijialaturo  aii|ieraeded,  their  lawa  abolitlied,  all  iha  pri^ 
Ilia  of  Iheir  induatry  engroaaed,  and  Iheir  only  valuabla 
commodity  iiiana|ioliicO,  hy  Iho  aovereign  who  prttend- 
ed  lo  have  ri-tumed  the  government  uf  Iha  colony  only 
III  order  to  blend  It  moiu  perfectly  with  the  rait  of  tba 
Uritiah  empire. 

Charlir  conferred  the  office  of  governor  of  Virginia 
on  Nir  Ueorge  Yoardley,  and  empowered  him,  in  con- 
junction wiln  a  council  of  twelve,  lo  exerciae  iu|ireiM 
luthurity  there  ;  to  mike  tnd  execute  liwt ;  la  iinpoaa 
and  levy  lixet ;  lo  telle  the  property  ol  the  Itia  com- 
piny,  ind  ipply  it  lo  public  uaea ;  and  lo  irtnapon  tlw 
colonials  lo  England,  lu  be  tried  there  for  oll'encta 
committed  in  Virginia.  Tho  governor  ant!  council 
were  apecially  directed  to  exact  the  oatha  of  allngianc* 
and  supremacy  from  every  inhabitant  of  the  colony, 
and  to  conlorm  in  every  point  lo  the  inalrucliona  whicli 
from  time  to  tune  Ilia  king  might  tranamil  lo  Iham 
[1HS7.]  Yeardley'a  early  death  prevented  the  full 
weight  of  hia  aulhorily  from  being  experienced  by  tha 
coloniata  during  hia  ahurl  adininiatration.  He  diwl  in 
the  begiiiiiiiig  of  Iho  year  IR27,  and,  two  yenra  after, 
waa  aucceedod  by  Sir  John  Harvey.  During  Ihii  pe- 
riod, iiid  for  ininy  yoirt  after,  tho  king,  who  teemi  lo 
hive  inherited  hit  falher'a  prejudicua  reapectmg  to- 
bacco, contmued  lo  harata  the  iinportatloii  and  aalo  of 
il  by  a  teriea  of  regulationa  to  veiitiout,  uppretsive, 
and  unsleidy,  that  it  it  diliicult  to  tay  '.sheiiier  Ihey 
oxcitii  greater  contempt  for  the  tlucfflationa  and  caprice 
of  Ilia  counsels,  or  indignant  pity  for  the  waated  proa- 
pcnty  and  insulted  patience  of  hia  jieople. 

[l6iiU  J  Sir  Juliii  ilarvey,  the  i  ew  governor,  provetl 
a  lit  instrument  in  Virginia  to  carry  tho  kinu'a  syalum 
of  arbitrary 'rule  into  complete  jxecutiur  llaiiglity, 
rapacioiia,  and  cruel,  he  exerc-sed  an  'dioua  autlii». 
riiy  with  the  most  oirensivo  inadence,  and  aggravated 
every  legislative  seventy  by  tie  rigor  of  hia  executive 
euergy.  iSo  congenial  waa  nis  ilis|iosilion  with  Ilia 
lyatain  he  condiinted,  ind  so  thoroughly  did  ho  perso- 
nify, 11  well  at  adiniiiister,  I  raiiny,  at  not  only  to  at- 
*,iact,  but  to  engruss,  iti  his  iwn  "erson,  the  udnini  of 
which  a  large  share  waa  undcubledly  duo  to  thu  prince 
who  cmpluyed  him.  Of  the  cngtli  to  which  ho  carried 
Ins  arbitrary  oaactiona  am'  fotleilures,  aome  notion 
iiiay  be  formed  from  a  letter  of  instructions  by  which 
the  royal  coinniittee  of  council  for  the  cnluniea  in 
England  at  length  tliuiight  it  jirudcnt  to  check  his  ex- 
cesses [July,  ItiiU.J  it  signilied,  that  the  king,  of  hie 
royal  favor,  and  for  the  encoaragemcnl  of  thu  jilaiileri. 
desired  that  the  interesis  which  had  been  acquired 
iimler  the  corpniutinn  should  he  exeinptid  Iruiii  for- 
feiture, and  that  ihe  colonists,  "fur  the  present,  might 
enjoy  their  eslatus  with  the  saiiio  Ireedoiii  and  privilego 
as  ihcy  did  befuro  ihu  recalling  of  itie  pitciil."  VVe 
iniglit  tuppur.i.  this  to  be  the  inandalc  of  an  eastern 
sultan  to  Olio  of  his  bashaws  ;  and  indeed  tho  rapaci- 
ous tyranny  of  the  governor  seems  hardly  iiinro  odioua 
than  the  cruel  mercy  of  the  prince,  who  interiiatcd  to 
mitigate  oppression  only  when  it  had  reached  an  ei- 
treme  which  la  proveriiittlly  liable  to  iiillaine  the  wiie 
wilik  madness,  and  drive  the  patient  to  despair.  'I'he 
most  signilicant  comment  on  tlic  Iclti^r  is,  timt  Ilarvey 
was  neither  censured  noi  displaced  for  the  cxceaaea 
which  it  communilcd  him  to  restrain.  The  effect,  loo, 
which  it  was  calculaind  to  produce,  in  ascertaining  tho 
rights  and  quieting  the  upprehcnsiuns  of  the  colonists, 
was  counterbalanced  by  large  and  vague  granta  of  tor 
rilory  within  thu  province,  which  Churlei  incvnaidcp 


NORTH   AMCniOA. 


m 


or,  proved 

'«  nyiilunk 
llmiljhty. 
lui  tulliv 

vxiiculive 
Willi  tlia 
lio  pCMO- 
,iily  10  at- 
^  uUiiiin  of 
ihu  prince 
111)  curried 
DO  notion 
by  which 
nioniei   in 
_     Ilia  cx- 
[ing.  of  hi* 
pUnlere. 
ucquircd 
troiii  lor- 
eiu,  might 

(1  II'iviluUB 
!llt."      Wi. 

in  eastern 
llie  raiiaci- 
nro  ooiou* 
x'riiofled  to 
ed  an  ei- 
10  the  wiea 
pair.  'I'h* 
dt  llarvejr 
;  cxcesae* 
effect,  too, 
•taiiiing  tlio 
|c  colonisla, 
inla  of  tcr 
iconndcp 


Mdy  Iwetoiied  on  ki*  rouiliera,  and  which  gi««  ri»  In 
■umaniiia  enrroachinenta  on  ralalilialiiul  pUMrimiin, 
tnd  aaciled  iinittrul  diatiiiai  of  lh«  talitiiiy  oC  tiilcs, 
and  the  •tahiliiy  of  iimpvrly  The  ellrci  of  one  of 
ihcM  ifranla  waa  the  fnrinaliun  ol  tlin  alain  uf  Mary- 
lanil,  liy  diaini'mlirinn  a  larn«  piirlion  of  lurnlury  ihat 
had  bvi'n  prrvioualy  aiineitil  lo  Virninia  Knr  many 
yeara  llita  nvnnt  provrd  a  aunrt'u  uf  iiiih'h  ilikcoiilrnl 
ftiid  acnoiia  inroii\rniiinco  tu  the  Viruiinan  rnluiiiala, 
wn>i  hail  ciiijeavorril  to  iinprovo  Ihrir  iiadii  liy  riatnrt- 
Ing  thoinai'lvoa  to  tlm  cafHiriatinri  unlv  uf  tutiaci-o  uf 
•upcriur  iiuality,  and  now  luuiid  IlicinacUeailiiprivi'd  uf 
•  II  thii  aiUantauu  uf  thia  aairilkii  l>y  lliu  Iraimltriiii'D 
•f  a  (lortiuii  uf  tlivir  own  trrnlury  lo  iii'i||liliura  who 
Nfuaod  lu  iinilu  in  Ihair  rvKulatioiia. 

The  reatrirluna  pruuiriliid  liy  the  letter  of  the  royal 
COinniilliKi,  left  Harvey  atill  In  |ioaa«aaioii  of  ample 
•cnpo  In  hia  tyranny  ;  and  the  roloniall  reapecliiiti,  ur 
OTtrawrd  by,  the  aulliorily  with  which  he  waa  iiivviled, 
lor  a  long  liino  ciidiiriid  it  without  ri'aiatunco.  Kuuavd, 
(t  length,  by  reituraird  provocation,  [IH36,]  and  iin- 
paliviit  of  farther  auirenng,  the  Virginiaiii,  in  a  Irana- 
pott  of  grnvral  rige,  seiied  the  piraun  of  llarvoy,  and 
•eiil  linn  a  priaoncr  lu  Kngland,  along  with  two  dcpii- 
Ilea  from  thoir  own  biHly,  who  were  charged  with  the 
duly  of  rrptcaeiitmg  the  griiivancea  of  the  coluiiy  and 
llin  iiiiacondiirt  of  the  goviiriior.  Uut  iheir  reliance  on 
thr  jiiaticu  uf  thu  king  proved  lo  b'l  very  ill  louniled. 
I'hailea  waa  filed  lu  ttuch  hia  aulijccta,  thai  if  Ihey 
iMoaiil  lo  retain  their  liberlica,  they  iiiuat  prepare  to 
drfviiil  them ;  that  neither  enduring  iMiiei'CO  nor  re- 
ipcciful  reniunatraiico  ruuld  avail  lu  rilds  ur  ,livrrt  hia 
arbitrary  purjioae  ;  and  that  if  tliey  wuiild  obtain  jua- 
tice  lu  thuinielvva,  they  iiiuat  deprive  h<ni  of  the  (Hiwar 
lu  witliliuld  It.  The  nihibitanta  of  Vir)i<nia  had  never 
irrililed  the  king  by  diipiiling,  like  their  lellow-aubjecta 
in  Kngland,  the  validity  of  hia  civil  or  ercleaiasllcal 
•dicia ;  thuy  had  entered  into  no  conteit  with  him,  and 
lieillivr  |H>a>eaaed  forcca  nor  pretended  to  iirivilegoa 
which  cuuld  alarm  hia  lualonay.  They  had  burne  ex- 
treme oppreaaiuii  (uf  which  h  '  hud  already  evinced  hia 
runnciuiianvaa)  with  long  patience,  and  even  when 
driven  to  despair,  had  sliowii  tliiit  they  ncitlier  imjiuted 
their  wrongs  tu  liini  nur  duubtcd  hia  justice.  Uufenco- 
loaa  and  oiipressed,  they  appeali  d  lu  him  aa  their  pru- 
Uclur ;  anil  their  appeal  was  onfutced  by  every  cir- 
cuinstanco  that  could  iinprcaa  a  just,  or  inuve  a  grne- 
loua  mind.  Vet  so  lar  from  coiniiiiscrating  iheir  suH'er- 
iaiff,  orreillcaaing  their  wronga,  Charles  regarded  their 
conduct  aa  an  act  of  prcsumptuuus  ajilicity  little  short 
of  rebelliun  ;  and  all  the  applications  of  their  ilepuiiea 
were  rejected  with'cahii  injustice  and  inlleaiblc  disdain. 
Me  refiiaed  even  tn  admit  them  to  hia  presence,  or  to 
hear  a  siiiglo  article  of  their  rhargca  against  Harvey  ; 
and,  having  reinstated  lhat  obnoiioiit  guvcriiur  in  hia 
olllce,  [I6:l7,]  ho  aent  hmi  back  to  Virginia,  with  an 
•inpio  renewal  of  the  powera,  which  he  had  so  groasly 
■bused,  'i'liero,  elated  with  hie  triumph,  and  inflamed 
with  rage,  Harvey  rusuinod  and  ■g;,-ravaled  •  tyran- 
nical away  lhat  haa  entailed  infamy  on  himself  and  dia- 
uracn  on  hia  aovereigii,  and  provoked  complainta  so 
Kiud  and  vehement  that  ihey  began  to  |ienetrale  into 
England,  and  produce  an  iiiipre».l<<n  on  the  ininda  of 
the  people  which  could  not  bo  safely  tharegardcd. 
It  ia  in  tlioae  acenea  and  circuiiistiiiiT't  in  which  men 
feel  Ihemaelvos  entirely  delivered  Hum  realraint,  lhat 
their  natural  character  moat  distinctly  betrays  itaelf. 
Enjoying  absolute  power  over  Virginia,  Charles  haa 
inscribed  hia  character  inoro  legibly  on  the  hialory  of 
that  province,  than  of  any  o:her  |iortion  of  hia  do- 
niiniona. 

11638.]  Had  the  government  of  Sir  John  Harvey  been 
continued  much  longer,  it  must  have  ended  in  the  revolt 
or  the  ruin  of  the  colony.  Ho  great  waa  the  diatress  it 
occasioned,  as  to  exnite  the  attention  of  the  Indians, 
and  awaken  Iheir  alumbering  enmity  by  auggesting  the 
hojie  of  revenge.  Opechancanough,  the  ancient  enemy 
of  the  coloniata,  was  now  far  advanced  in  yeara ;  but 
age  hud  not  dimmed  his  discernment,  nor  extinguished 
hia  animusity.  Seizing  the  favorable  occasion  presented 
by  the  distracted  aiate  of  the  province,  he  again  lud  hia 
ararnora  to  a  auddon  and  furioua  attack,  wliich  the  co- 
loniata did  not  repel  without  the  loas  of  five  hundred 
men.  A  general  war  ensued  between  them  ami  all  the 
Indian  ttihoa  under  the  influence  uf  (Jpechuiicannugh. 

f  1 639.  ]  But  •  great  change  waa  now  at  hand,which  waa 
lo  reward  the  patience  of  the  Virginians  with  a  bloodless 
redress  uf  their  grievances.  The  public  disconlenta 
whicli  had  for  many  years  been  multiplying  in  England, 
were  nuw  advancing  with  rapiil  strides  to  a  full  maturi- 
ty, and  threatened  the  kingdom  with  aome  great  con- 
vulsion. After  a  long  intetniiasioD,  Cbailea  was  forced 
10 


to  canlrniplata  Ihr  ra-aaeainbling  of  a  |iarli«iilunl ,  tnd< 
well  aware  uf  thu  ill  hiininr  which  his  govnrnmenl  at 
lioniu  had  ranted,  ha  hail  tha  atrongrat  reaxin  to  draad 
lhat  Ihe  displeasure  uf  Ihe  lonimuiia  wuiilil  be  InAiinsd, 
Slid  ilii'ir  wur»l  siiapiiiiiiis  runlliinid,  by  iiiiiipUnils  slid 
desenpliuiis  uf  thu  di'S|i<iiiaiii  that  had  been  uxereiaed 
III  Virginia.  'Iheru  was  yet  tiiiiu  lo  aiiolbe  the  irrita- 
tiun,  and  even  secure  the  adhereiicu  of  a  |ienple  who, 
ill  spiui  uf  every  wrung,  retained  a  generuiis  allarh- 
iiii'tit  tu  tliu  priiiev  whuae  auvereignly  waa  fell  still  lo 
iiiiilc  them  wilh  the  panml  aisle  :  and,  from  the  pro- 
piiguliun  uf  the  euin|ilailits  uf  culunial  urievaiieea  in 
lingiand,  llieru  waa  every  reaaon  lu  apprtliend  ihal  the 
redreaa  uf  iheiii,  if  longer  wilhheld  by  ihn  king,  would 
lie  granted,  tu  the  great  detriment  of  his  credit  and  in- 
Hiiriiie,  by  ihe  pailiameiil.  'I'o that  Imdy  thu  Virginians 
had  applied  on  a  former  occaaiuii,  and  the  rncourage- 
mi  III  they  had  met  with  increased  Ihe  probability  both 
uf  a  ripelilion  of  their  application  and  of  a  auccaaaful 
isaue  to  II.  'Ihesa ronaiderationa  alone  aceiii  to  accouiil 
for  the  sudden  and  total  change  which  the  euluiiial  |io- 
licy  uf  the  king  now  evinieir  Harvey  waa  recalled, 
and  Ihe  government  of  Virginia  cuininilied  tu  Sir  SVil- 
liaiii  Ilerkeley,  a  |ierson  not  only  of  ■nperiur  rank  and 
Hbililies  tu  his  prndrcessor,  but  dialiiiguiihed  by  every 
popular  virtue  uf  which  Ha.vcy  was  deflcianl— -of  op- 
riglit  and  huiiorable  character,  mild  and  prudent  temper, 
and  manners  at  unce  dignilied  and  engaging.  A  change, 
not  leas  grallfying,  waa  inlruduced  iiilu  .he  eyatein  ol 
guveriinieiit.  The  new  guvernor  waa  uiatructed  lu  re- 
slure  thul'ulonial  Aaseiiilily,  and  to  invite  it  tn  enact  a 
buily  of  laws  for  Ihe  province,  and  lo  impruve  Ihe  ad- 
ininisiriiliun  of  justice  by  intruduciion  of  the  Ibrnis  of 
English  judicial  procedure.  Thua,  all  at  once,  and  when 
Ihey  least  expected  it,  was  realored  lo  Ihe  ruluniata  the 
system  uf  freedum  which  they  had  originally  derived 
Irum  the  Virginia  company ',  which  had  been  involved 
III  llio  same  ruin  wilh  Ihiii  eorjiuralion,  and  the  recol- 
lection of  which  had  been  addilioiially  aiideared  to  them 
by  Ihe  oppreasion  lhat  had  aiiccreded  ila  overthrow.— 
ifiiiversnl  jiiy  and  graliliide  waa  excited  thronghuiit  the 
culuny  by  this  signal  and  happy  change  ;  and  the  king, 
whu,  ainidnl  the  huatility  thai  was  gathering  around  him 
III  every  ulher  quarter,  wja  addressed  in  the  language 
uf  allecliun  and  allachinoiit  by  thia  ptiuple,  acems  lo 
have  been  somewhat  struck  and  softened  by  Ihe  gene- 
rous scntimeiils  which  he  had  so  lilllo  deserved ;  and 
which  forcibly  proved  to  him  how  cheap  and  easy  were 
the  means  by  which  princes  may  render  their  tubjecls 
grateful  and  happy.  And  yet  so  slrong  were  the  illu- 
sions of  his  self-love,  or  ao  deliberate  hia  artilice,  that 
III  hia  anawer  to  an  address  of  the  colonists,  he  eagerly 
approjiriated  the  praise  for  which  ho  was  indebted  to 
their  generosity  aluno,  and  endeavored  to  extend  the 
appliralion  of  thoir  grateful  exprcssioni  even  to  the  ad- 
minialration  which  he  had  abandoned  in  order  lu  pro- 
euro  them. 

[104U.]  While  Charlea  thua  again  introduced  the 
principlua  of  lh«  Uriliah  constitution  into  tho  internal 
guvernment  of  Virginia,  he  did  not  neglect  to  tako  pre- 
cautiona  fur  preserving  ita  connexion  wilh  the  inotlier 
country,  and  securing  to  England  an  exclusive  pnsiea- 
aion  of  the  colonial  trade.  Kor  thia  purpose  Sir  Wil- 
liam Ilerkeley  waa  inatructed  to  prohibit  all  (.oinmerce 
with  other  notiona,  and  to  lake  a  bond  from  Ihe  luaaler 
of  every  vessel  that  sailed  from  Virginia,  obliging  him  to 
land  hia  cargo  in  aome  part  ,if  the  king's  domminna  in 
Europe.  \  et  the  pressure  of  this  rcatraint  waa  more 
than  counler'jalaiiced  by  the  liberality  of  ihe  other  in- 
atrucliona ;  and  with  a  free  aii.l  mild  government,  which 
ofl'ercd  a  peaceful  asylum,  and  distributed  ample  tracts 
of  land  to  all  who  soughi  ila  |  rolection,  the  colony  ad- 
vanced so  rapidly  in  prosperilx  and  population,  lhat  at 
the  beginning  of  the  Civil  \Vara  it  contained  upwarda 
of  twenty  thousand  inhabitants.  [  1641.]  liy  tho  vigor 
and  conduct  of  Sir  WUIiain  Berkeley,  the  Indian  war, 
after  a  few  expeditions,  was  brought  to  a  successful 
close:  Opechancanough  waa  taken  prisoner i*  and  a 
peace  concluded  with  the  aavages,  which  endured  for 
many  yeara. 

It  waa  happy  for  Virginia  that  tho  restoration  of  ila 


•  Beverley,  p.  M,  S3.  It  was  the  intention  of  Sir  William 
Borheloy,  tu  have  sent  this  reuiarkahlo  pcraonngu  In  KnglOiiU ; 
but  lie  woi,  ahot  alter  being  taken  jmaoiior  by  a  aojdlor.  In  re- 
aunlinont  of  the  cnlamitlos  ho  hiJ  lufliclodon  Iho  luovinco. 
lie  lingered  under  tlio  wound  for  aoveral  days,  and  died  wilh 
the  pride  and  lirnincis  of  au  old  Roman,  bidignant  at  tlie 
crowds  who  cainu  to  gale  at  him  on  bis  doatli-bed,  ho  ox- 
claimed,  "  If  I  liad  taken  Sir  William  Uorkoloy  prisoner,  I 
would  not  have  exposed  liiin  as  a  show  to  tho  neoplc."  Per- 
haps ho  ruiiicinbered  tint  he  had  saved  tlio  hfo  uf  Captain 
Siuilh,  and  I'urgol  tlio  numborless  Instances  ii,  which  h...  had 
oipuscd  other  prlsonera  to  public  derision  and  hngerlng  tur- 
lure. 


doiMatle  ronalitiitien  waa  arcempiiihrd  in  ikw  maiinWi 
and  nol  defatted  lill  a  laltr  paiiod,  whan  II  would  pf^ 
liably  have  b«an  aemmpaniad  by  a  reatoralion  of  tht 
eieluatve  eoin|iany  To  thia  ronautniiisliuii  soma  of  llM 
members  of  that  hotly  hail  been  eagerly  IfKiking  for* 
ward  :  and  nutwilhataiiding  the  di*appuinlineiil  thai 
tlii'ir  h<i|H-a  had  aiisiainid  by  the  redreaa  uf  thoaa  gri*t> 
allies  which  wiiuld  have  forced  their  prolanaiona,  thev 
endeavored  tu  avail  Iheinarlvra  uf  tha  avidity  witn 
which  every  cumplaint  againal  tho  king  waa  rrcaivail  by 
thu  l,ung  I'sr, lament,  by  presenting  a  petitiun  in  ill* 
name  uf  iho  assembly  of  Virginia,  praying  fur  a  reainraa 
lion  of  the  aiieient  patents  siid  governiiienl.  Thia  prtl> 
tion,  though  Bupfiurted  by  suiiiu  of  Iho  colonists,  who 
weru  justly  dissatiallrd  with  iha  diaeuuragemenl  whick 
the  puritan  ductrines  and  the  prrachera  uf  iheni,  whom 
they  had  invited  from  Maasachusaits,*  had  ei|i«ricnca4 
frniii  tho  government  uf  Virginia,  was,  unduubtadly,  not 
lha  net  of  Ihe  ssaenihly,  nor  Iho  expression  of  Iha  pre 
vailing  sentiment  In  the  colony.  Tha  aaaambly  hail 
lasleir  Ihe  swrria  of  unrestricted  freedom,  and  war* 
not  diapoaed  to  haiani  or  encumber  their  ayatani  ol 
liberly,  by  reattaching  it  to  lha  inercantila  'corpora* 
Hull  from  which  it  had  been  originally  derived.  N* 
sooner  were  ihey  apprised  of  the  petition  lo  Iha  Houia 
ol  ( Commons  than  they  tranamilted  an  explicit  diaavowal 
uf  It ;  and  at  the  same  same  lime  presented  an  aditresa 
to  Ihe  king,  acknowledging  hia  bounty  and  favor  to 
them,  and  deairiiig  to  continue  under  hia  iininadisM 
proieetion.  In  the  fervor  uf  iheir  loyalty,  thay  anaelad 
a  decliiratiun  [IH43J  '■  lhat  they  war*  born  under  ini^ 
narchy,  and  would  never  degenerate  frum  Iho  condition 
uf  llioir  biriha  by  being  subject  to  any  other  govern- 
ment." The  only  misi'ortuiie  atlaiiding  the  manner  m 
which  the  Virginians  had  regained  their  liberties,  waa 
Ihal  it  Ihua  allied  their  partial  regarda  to  an  authority 
winch  was  deatinrd  to  ho  uverthniwn  in  the  approach- 
ing civil  war,  and  which  could  no  more  reward  than  it 
deserved  their  adherence.  During  tha  wholo  of  tho 
struggle  between  the  king  and  parliament  in  England, 
they  remained  unalterably  attached  to  the  royal  cauae  ; 
and  after  Charles  the  First  had  been  beheaded,  and  hia 
son  driven  out  of  th^  kingdom,  ackimwlcdged  Iho 
fiigilivo  prince  aa  their  sovereign,  and  conducted  their 
guvcriimont  under  a  commission  which  ho  Iranamittad 
to  Sir  William  Berkeley  from  Ureda.t  Tha  royal 
family,  though  they  had  little  opportunity,  during  their 
exile,  [June,  16fiO,]  of  cultivating  their  interest  in 
Virginia,  were  not  wholly  regardless  of  it.  Hinrietlt 
Maria,  tho  queen  mother,  obtained  tho  aaaiatr.nco  of 
tho  French  government  lo  the  execution  of  a  ichem* 
projected  by  Sir  William  Uavcnant,  tha  poet,  ol  e,iii- 
griiting  in  company  with  a  largo  body  of  nrtiKcera,  whom 
III:  collected  in  Franca,  and  founding  with  them  a  new 
plantalion  In  Virginia.  The  eijiedition  waa  inter- 
cepted by  the  Engliah  fleet ;  and  llavcnant,  who  waa 
taken  prisoner,  owed  hia  safety  to  the  friendship  of 
Mlltun  t 

But  the  parliament  having  prevailed  over  iill  opjiosi- 
lion  in  England,  waa  not  disposed  lo  suH'.'  its  mi- 
tiinrity  to  b«  quoslioned  in  Virginia.  Incensed  at  lint 
open  defiance  of  ita  power,  il  issued  an  nrt'.inanco, 
[Uclohor,]  declaring  that  the  aetllement  of  Virgini* 
having  been  fuiiniicd  by  Engliahmen  and  Engliah 
money,  and  by  the  aythority  of  Ihe  nation,  ought  to  be 
subordinate  to  and  dependent  upon  ihe  English  com- 
monwealth, and  auhject  to  tho  legislation  of  parlia- 
ment i  that  Ihe  colonists,  instead  of  rendering  thia 
dutiful  aubmiasion,  had  audaciously  disclaimed  lln 
aupremacy  of  thu  atate.  and  rebelled  against  it ;  and 
that  Ihoy  were  now  thernfoie  denounced  aa  iiotorioua 
rubbers  and  traitors.  Not  only  waa  all  connexion  pro- 
hibited with  these  refractory  coloniata,  and  the  council 
of  state  empowered  to  send  out  a  fleet  and  army  tn 
enforce  their  ubediciice  to  the  authority  of  parliament, 
but  all  foreign  elates  were  expressly  inlerilicted  from 
trading  with  any  of  Ihe  English  settlements  in  Ainerios 
Il  might  reasonably  bo  supposed  that  this  latter  restric 
tion  would  havo  created  a  common  feeling  throughout 
all  the  British  colonies  of  opposition  to  thu  English 
guvernment.  Out  the  colonists  uf  Massachusetts  wera 
much  more  cordially  united  by  aimilarity  of  political 
aentimenta  and   roligioua  opiiiiona  with  the  leadera  of 


*  This  transaction  will  form  a  part  of  tho  History  of  New 
England. 

fHumo'sEngland,vol.  vll  p.  sns.  Chalmera.p.  IW.  This 
year  a  tract  was  published  at  1-uiidiin  by  one  Edward  WiUiaina, 
recommending  llio  i-ultureof  ailk  in  V'lrgiiiia. 

t  Johnson's    l.iie  of     Millon.    EiirytlDp.i^.lui    Drilannica, 
V.  m».    DavonaiU  repaid  Mlltiui'a  kindness  'illcr  the  Reatora 
tion.    Cowley,  in  a  pooin  addrusaed  lo  IMveiianl,  says, 
Sure  'twas  the  nublo  buldnossol'  the  muse 
Old  thy  desire  to  seek  new  worlds  hifusa  " 


ill 


THB  HISTORY  Of 


I 


•m  (oainMHtwMllb,  ihM  by  Mkntilf  af  comnMRJal 
laurao  with  ih«  inlMhiunia  of  VininM.     Tha  nliguHi* 
tMWi  llwl  had   roiiiHlxi  lh*ir  colnnwl  «l*bli*hiniinl, 
Imi|  ngultlixl  all  lU  pulirir.  tml  |ir««<il>ii  uvti  avtry 
oUwr  ronililiiMiiuii.     Aiiil  nu  •wiiKr  war*  Ihu  |irii|il>i 
tt  MmmwIiiimiU  aiipriMil   ii(  Ih*  |wrll«iii>iit*ry  uriii   | 
MMVi  lh«ii  thajr  haslonrd  (u  rnfurc*  it«  |irohiliitimi  ol  ; 
IDUnoiirM  Willi   VlrKinm,   tif   •  corrna^iiiliiig  •uiti^l-  i 
iiMiii  ul  ilK'ir  own  IrnialAiiin . 

'I'h*  tlfuiu  iif  lliii  |wrli«ni>'iuar]f  iiilf  ra  of  l!i>iiltiMl  { 
W«r«  ••  pruif>)i)  •nil  tiguruiia  u  ihtir  duclaiiWiuni 
TiMjr  i|iiickly  dM|Mli:hv<l  *  |Kmri(iil  tinitiiiciil  uiiili'r  i 
(Im  cuiniMiiil  of  Nir  (inorg*  Ayicu*  lu  r«lu<'r  ill  Ihair 
Miantiaa  lo  ■iiIhiiimium  'I'hti  i*uiiiiiii««ioiirr«  whuiii 
tkav  tp|ioiiii«d  to  iccuminny  ih*  riiitMiilioii  w«ra  fur- 
fuaoad  wilh  inalruclioiit  whirh,  ifili'  '  mriacl  crrilil  i>ii 
lita  nigor  of  Iha  |i*rliamanl,  coiki'v  t  fiy  uiira«at»hla 
impraHion  of  llivir  iiiodaraliuii  and  humaiiilv.  Thraa 
funclionariaa  wera  ain|iow(ra<l  lo  Irr,  i:i  ina  Aril  ill' 
atani;a,  Iha  affiocji  of  parduna  iiid  olhar  iMacaful 
pivpoillioiia  in  bringiiiii  iho  coloiiula  to  ohmliiiH:*  ; 
DUl  if  lha>a  abould  (iiove  iiiatfi'cliial,  thay  wsra  than 
M  amploy  rvary  wl  of  hoililiiy  to  mi  Iraa  the  wr- 
aaola  iml  alanaa  of  all  tha  |ilanl«ri  who  coMlinuad  ra- 
fraelory,  and  furniih  tham  with  armi  to  awiil  in  tha 
anl^lugBtion  of  lliair  nwatirt.  Much  •  |>laii  of  hoa- 
liiuy  raactnhlaa  laaa  a  war  than  a  iiiaiaai-ra,  and  aug- 
|{«ala  Iha  painful  rtSactinn  that  an  aaaaiiililv,  |Mwoai«d 
of  abaoluta  powar,  an>I  »rofaaaing  tha  n\uty  iif  IiimI 
ami  tha  libarty  of  ininllinil  lo  ba  tha  ciiiof  I'lida  for 
which  thay  held  it,  na«ar  once  piujuctcil  th«  libiratiuii 
iif  Iha  nagro  alavaa  in  their  own  diMiiiiiona,  emcpt  lur 
Iha  purpoaa  of  converting  tham  into  an  iniuument  of 
bloodthiril  anil  i  oiupKai. 

The  biigltah  aqiiadrun,  arivr  reducing  the  culonioa  in 
Barbadoea  and  the  olhei  lalanda  to  auliinil  lo  thu  eiim- 
muiiwaallli,  entered  tha  bay  uf  ('heaapuak.  jifl&l  J 
Ucrkelay,  apprited  of  tha  inviaion,  made  haate  lu  hire 
Ilia  aaaiatanci'.  of  a  few  Dutch  ahipa  which  wiirn  then 
trading  to  Virginia,  contrary  liotli  to  the  royal  and  the 
parliamentary  injiiiietiona,  and  with  mure  courago  than 


jirudenco  prepared  to  ou|K)a«  thia  furiiiidablo  arniaiiK'nt 

irJially  aupooi 
who  formed   Ilia  great  iiiajority%f  the  iiilialiitanta,  be 


but  tlwugh  he  waa  cordially  aupnirled  by  the  loyaliala, 


could  not  long  maintain  ao  uneipjil  a  contcat.  Vet 
hia  gallant  roaiatiiice,  though  untviiliiiK  to  r('|>t'l  thu 
invadera,  enabled  him  lo  procure  favorablu  terina  uf 
aubiniaaion  to  llie  colony.  Uy  thu  irticlra  of  aurriui- 
dar,  a  coinplele  indemnity  waa  atipulated  fur  all  puat 
olTencea )  and  the  coloniala,  while  llicy  recogniaed  the 
authority,  were  admitted  iiilo  the  liosorn  of  the  cnni* 
roonwaillh,  and  eiprcaaly  aaaurrd  of  an  eipial  partici- 

iiatioii  in  all  Ihu  privilegea  of  the  free  people  of  Kiig' 
and.  Ill  particular  it  waa  provided  tnit  the  general 
aaaembly  ihoiild  transact  aa  furmiirly  the  alfaira  of  the 
aattleinenl,  and  eniny  the  ricliiaive  riglit  of  taiatiun  ; 
and  that  "  the  people  uf  Virginia  ahull  have  a  free  trade, 
aa  the  people  of  Kiiiilind,  lo  all  placea  and  with  all 
fiationa. '  Uerkiley  diadaincd  to  make  any  almiilation 
foi  himaelf  with  thoae  whom  hia  princiiilea  ol^  loyalty 
taught  him  to  conaider  aa  uaiir|>era.  Without  leaving 
Virginia,  he  withdrew  to  a  retired  aitualion,  wheru  ho 
continued  to  reaido  aa  a  private  individual,  univcnially 
beloved  and  reapccted,  till  a  new  revolulion  waa  again 
lo  call  bim  to  preaide  once  mure  over  the  colony. 

But  it  waa  the  dependeni:«  and  'not  the  alliance  of 
Iha  coloiiiea,  that  thu  rulcn  of  the  Kngliah  cominon- 
wnlth  were  concerned  lu  uhtain  ;  and  in  their  ahMne- 
laaa  diarefiard  of  the  treaty  concluded  by  their  coir.mia- 
aionara,  they  aignally  proved  with  how  litllo  equity 
abaolule  [inwer  la  exorciaed  even  by  thoae  who  have 
ahown  thuiiiaelvea  moat  pruinpt  to  rodent  and  iiiost 
vigorous  lo  reaial  the  endurance  of  ita  eicoiaea.  Iliiv* 
iiig  Bucceeded  in  ubtaining  from  the  colunics  a  recu^;- 
nition  of  llie  authority  which  they  adminiatered,  they 
aroceeded  to  the  adoption  of  iiieaaiireti  calciHated  to 
cnlvrco  their  depeiidcnce  on  Kii;>land,  and  to  aecurc 
the  rxcluaivo  poaaeiaion  of  their  increasing  commerce. 
Wi'Ji  thia  view,  a<  well  as  for  the  purpose  of  provok- 
ing hoatilities  with  the  Dutch,  by  aiming  a  blow  at 
their  carrying  trade,  the  parliament  not  only  forbore  to 
repeal  the  oidinance  of  the  preceding  year,  which  pro 
bibited  commercial  intercourse  between  the  .colonics 
and  foreign  states,  hut  framed  ainother  law  which  was 
to  introduce  a  new  eera  of  conuncicial  jiiris{)ru,Ienc(i, 
and  lo  found  the  celcbnitdd  iiavignliuii  system  of  Rw^- 
Uiid.  Thia  leinarkublu  law  luiarted  that  no  firodtic- 
tlon  of  Asia,  Africa,  or  America,  should  be  imported 
into  the  dominions  of  the  commoiiweallh,  liut  in  ves- 
aula  belonuinf;  to  English  owner*  or  the  iiihaliitanta  of 
the  Englian  colonics,  and  navigated  by  crcwH  of  which 
Uli<  captain  and  the  majority  of  the  ssilurs  should  be 


Knglishmsn  *  Willing  al  Iha  same  lima  lo  Siieoiirai|a 
thaeullivitiiia  of  tha  alsula  rommmliiy  of  Virginia,  ilia 
parliamsnl  aiiun  after  (1MII,|  jiaasad  an  an  runftriiiing 
all  Iha  loyal  proclainalinns  againal  planting  loliacco  in 
Kntflsnd 

Thn  uiipial  and  in{iiiio<is  Irraliiient  kept  alive  in 
Virginia  llif*  aliachmenl  lo  the  rtival  ratise,  which  waa 
lartner  inaiiiUintd  by  ihe  iMiiigrstions  of  llie  dutrrs^eil 
csvulirrs,  wliii  ri'sorird  in  so,  h  huniln'ra  lo  \  iruinu, 
Itial  thu  fMipiilalinn  uf  thii  colony  amoiinird  to  iliiriv 
lliuuMnd  persona  at  the  r|HH'h  ol  the  resloratiun  Hot 
t.'riMiiwclHiad  iiuw  pre vsi led  (in,VI,]  over  the  parlisiiieidi 
and  held  lliv  >«ina  of  the  commuiiweallh  in  hia  viynxivi 
handa  ,  and  though  the  diliontriila  uf  ,iia  I  irgiiiiana 
wera  serrstly  inllamed  by  the  severily  uf  hia  |iuliry  and 
tha  invidious  disi.nctions  which  it  evinced,  their  ei- 
prsssion  waa  reprrsard  by  ihc  terror  of  hia  name,  and 
tha  energy  which  ha  infuai'd  into  every  department  uf 
hia  admiiiistrstiun  ;  and  under  the  sii|H'riiilpiHleiire  ol 
governors  sppuinlcd  by  him,  the  eatcrior,  at  least,  uf 
tran<|Uillily  was  maintained  m  Virginia  till  tha  period 
ul  his  death  Warmly  attached  by  similarity  nf  reli- 
giuua  and  |Kilitiral  aentimcnta  to  tha  luluiiiats  uf  Mss- 
sachusetta,  (,>oinwn)l  indulged  them  with  a  disjiensa- 
liun  frum  tha  coi.iiiiercial  laws  of  thn  I,uiig  Psrlisment^ 
while  he  rigorously  eaacled  their  oliaervancu  in  Virgi- 
nia Tha  enforcement  of  these  reatrutiuua  on  Ihe 
obnoiioua  colonials,  al  a  limn  when  Kngland  could 
neiiher  alfurd  a  suincient  market  to  their  prmluce  nor 
an  sdeqiiate  supply  to  their  wanta,  and  while  MisuS' 
i'liiisells  ciijoveii  a  munupuly  uf  Iho  ailviinlagea  uf  which 
they  wire  deprived,  strongly  iiiipeaihcil  thu  iiisuiia 
miiilty  uf  Ihe  prulrclur  and  Ihe  fr.irh  aa  justice  by 
winch  he  prufeaseil  to  dignify  Ins  usurped  doininiun, 
and  pruveJ  nu  less  burlhi'iiauinu  than  irrilaliiig  lu  the 
Viruiniaiia  Much  |>arti<l  and  illiberal  pulicy  siilivirls 
III  iTiu  ininila  uf  aubjecis  tlio^o  sentimeiila  winch  fjcili- 
lata  the  adminialrslion  of  hiimin  ulbirs  and  assure 
the  stability  uf  government,  and  hubitustes  them  tu 
ascrihu  every  burden  and  realriclion  which  views  of 
public  eiiieiiiency  may  impose,  to  cauacs  that  provoke 
enmity  and  redo'ible  impatience.  In  Ihe  minds  of  the 
Virginians  it  produced  not  only  this  evil  liahil,  hut  jthnr 
no  lesa  uiifortiinatu  cunaeipiences  ;  for  retorting  the 
dislike  with  which  they  found  themselves  treated,  anil 
encountering  the  pariislily  of  their  advcrsariea  wilh 
prejudices  cipiallv  iinjuat,  they  concrivcd  a  viulenl  an- 
tipathy sgainal  all  the  ductrines,  sunliinents,  and  prac- 
tices that  seemed  peculiar  In  tho  puritans,  and  rejevted 
all  communicalion  of  the  knowleduo  that  flourished  in 
Msssschusetts,  from  hatred  of  thu  authority  under 
whoau  aliulter  it  grew,  and  of  thn  priiicipica  lo  whose 
aupjiort  It  aecined  to  administer. t  ■\t  length  thu  dis- 
guat  and  inipatieneo  of  the  iiihahilants  of  Virginia  coiilil 
no  longer  bo  leslrained.  [IB.Vi  J  iVIalthews,  the  bst 
governor  sppuinted  by  Cromwell,  died  nearly  al  the 
same  period  with  the  prulector :  and  thn  Virginians, 
though  not  yet  ajiprixed  of  tho  full  extent  of  their  de- 
liverance, took  advantage  of  .the  suspension  of  autho- 
rity caused  by  the  governor's  demise  ;  and  having 
forced  Sir  William  Ucrkeley  frum  hia  relireincni,  unani- 
mously elected  him  lo  preside  over  the  colony.) — 
Uerkeley  refusing  to  act  under  usurped  authority,  the 
colonists  boldly  erected  the  royal  ataiidar'!,  ^,'>u  pro- 
cUiincd  Charles  the  8erond  to  be  their  lawful  sove- 
reign ;  lima   venturoualy  adopting  ii  meaaure  which. 


*  Scobera  Acts,  IMl,  csp.  33.  The  (fenn  of  this  fsmouv  iiys- 
tem  of  ixtllcy  occurs  in  Eiii<liah  LcirislaiifHi  lu  enrlv  as  the 
year  Wsl,  when  It  wss  ennrteil  hy  Ihe  statute  of  ft  Itich.  II. 
cap.  S,  *'  thsl  to  Increase  the  navy  of  KniflniKl,  no  huikIs  or 
niorchonililel  shall  lie  either  eiported  or  iinportiiil  hut  oiry  in 
ships  helon.Tliiirtu  Ihe  kliifi's  siilijccts."  Tins  enactment  iviis 
piemature,  sim  s(Mjn  fell  into  iliHiiiie.  An  act  lo  rsvive  ii.  tu 
a  limiu-<l  t.xteut  In  1400,  was  rcjccteU  by  Henry  the  lilxtli. 

tThe  proj  (llcea  ul  an  clil  cnvaliur  who  hatl  aci|tiir,Ml  the 
hshil.  HO  general  an«l  invctcmte  in  seasons  of  violent  party 
conloiitlunv,  o.'  hlinpln.^  his  iipinioiis  anil  Inkiiitf  them  III  llie 
iffoits,  wholiiei  hy  asnciit  to  his  frienili  nr  op[>uKilioii  lu  his 
ndviTsiinrs,  arf.  tlisplayetl  hy  r.ir  William  ilcikclev  In  a  Idler 
('(-.icripuve  of  fie  stale  ol'  VtrKiniA,  soinii  jcara  after  lie 
hcdluratiun.  "  1  thaiiS  QimI,"  he  snv.,.  "there  are  no  fr.'S 
tic'iooU  nur  prinlhii^ ;  nnil  I  li  >p„  we  shall  not  have  them  thetie 
h<li«lr'  I  vu!c.'l.  P  ir  teaniiriK  hr.N  hiouifht  hcnmy  and  illsoh.l- 
iluut''!-'  iind  sects  .nto  the  wurl.l,  snd  printiiiK  has  divulired 
them,  (iiid  hhelH  Hi;,dnst  the  l«st  Kuveriimunt;  Qoti  keep  us 
from  W)lh  !"     Chahrers,  p.  331*. 

t  Th.it  Ornmwell  h'ld  niitdilsied  *ome  Important  chaniji^s  la 
VifKinia.  which  death  prevented  him  from  ntldinptlnir  to  re- 
nUif,  insybe  Infurrcd  tromlhrt  piililii-iitiDii  of  ii  siii.ill  ircalis  i 
III  London,  in  the  yiu  lfi.l7,  pnlith-il  "  Piihlu:  ro<hl  without 
pnvHte  iiit.^rehl."  wrilli  n  hy  Dr.  liiifor,!  and  dei!icnt,t-d  to  ihe 
Protcr'lnr.  In  thin  htlle  work  Hlft  Protector  is  advlsci  lo  rc- 
Ixrm  Iho  iiui'MTOus  ahiHe.i  ext.-inl  in  Viririnia-lhc  ,llsrnKJird 
of  lullition— tho  neifliicl  of  Kdui  alion— and  tho  frunduleiit 
dealiliKH  of  Ihc  planters  wilh  the  Indians  :  on  all  which  topics 

''e  author  descnntH  very  forcibly  of  this  trenliie,  as  well 
a%  of  the  tracts  hy  llainer,  and  Wllllaiiis,  and  some  othurs, 
\\hich  I  have  hsd  oi-i  asluli  to  noliroi-lHowhere,  I  luund  copies 
in  the  library  ot  tin;  Utu  Uuoritu  CluiUiieis. 


arconling  lo  all   ap|iaaranraa,  involvu4  a  esniaal  wMft 

Iha   anna  of  I  'roiiiwell   and   tha    whula   rsouiirraa  ol 

England      llippily  lut  ilia  roluiiy,  Ihe  disirsclnwa  iImI 

eiisitrd   in  ^Inijlsnd  deferred  ihe    vrn^eaiic*  which  i\i0 

I  I'  luig  ptiwrrs  hsdiipMl  ability  soil  in,  liiislion  lu  iik 

tirt  ii|iuii  II,  till  llie  siidilvii  sL.d  iiiH't|ti.i'Ud  leslurslius 

I  ul  lliarh's  lu  the  throne  ol  his  siicestois,  |  IllltU,  |  con 

f  virU'it  their  iinpriuUnl  li-iiiiritv  inlu   nieriiongua  sar 

j  Vice,  and  enshUil  ttiion  vslclv  lueaoltiii  llie  suig-ilaritf 

I  which  they   luiiif  niriilioiivd  with  Iriuiiipli,  llisl  liiey  ImJ 

bi'i'ii  ihe  last  ul  the  llriiish  siihiects  wliu  had  renuiintcd 

and  lliu  liral  who  Iwd  resumed  their  abegiaiuie  Ul  lUa 

cruwii. 

OIIAI'TrU    III. 

Tha  Naviaslhm  Acl-lls  iiMpnllcy-<  lliscoiitelit  ami   Dislrssa 

ol  Ihe  I  oloitists  --NHtursllistioit  i,|  Aliens  -~Prosre«s  ol  laa 
ctdoiiisl  thKoiiMiit     Inilliui  hoalililies— llsciiM'*  H«lH'ihoi»^ 

Ih'slh  of  Hs sii'l  Hi'ilorslion  "f  TTsii,|mllil«  -  Hill  of 

Altsliulsr  pssaetl  hy  llie  lohiltlsl  A"svllll,l>  air  Wllllsia 
lliiiS,-le>  sniif'rsvilKii  hy  rotoiisl  Jeltlsvs-  ParllHlllytd  Ilia 
nt«w   Uovtrnor      lllauols  \silli  lbs    Anaioiibtv    -itsiiewsl  of 

Ihai  ontini*.  l.or,l  I  ut|M'|ii.r  sp|N)iiiii>d  littvi-riioi  -  ai.vi'iiiy 
sod  Hapot'lly  ol  Ins  Ailnilnialialloli  An  loniirri'itlon - 
I'uoishinsiit  of  Ihs  insiirxt-nin  Arinlrsrv  Mi-usiires  td  Ilia 
t'lowit  -Jsoivs  thu  Not  oihI- siianisota  Ihs  Uiiruriis  id  ilia 
roliiiiiaU  Ctornpt  loiil  opjDoui,  iJovt'iioMioit  of  Loid 
Klhoshsni  -Ksvohitlon  in  Hlit'ioi  — l'>>ni|>l.iinl«  of  tho  i  ,». 
hiMM-s  assiiist  lliii  lonniir  llovrronrs  ,lii*iiiiiiaMc,l  by  Kliiif 
Wllllsiu-Kiri'ctol  Ihi'  Kil(h<h  Hevolulioo  mi  ihu  AiiMoltsa 
roloiiK'H -Aisle  of  Viiylnia  st  litis  I'ciiod-  Pi,|<iils'.loii— 
l.iiws    -.Maiiovrs, 

TiiR  inielligenen  uf  tho  restoruliun  soon  reacheil 
Ami  rici,  and  excited  in  the  UiH'erent  coluniea  very  dif- 
ferent eiiioli'^ns.  in  Virginia,  whose  hisiury  wu  must  , 
siill  sepsrsltly  piii»::«,  it  was  received  like  iho  surpri- 
sing fullilini  111  of  all  agrerihle  dieam,  and  haded  wilh 
accfaiiialioiiii  of  unfeigned  and  uni»otindetl  joy.  Tlieaa 
nentiinenls,  coiillrined  by  the  gracious  eipiussiuns  ul 
esteem  and  guml-will*  which  the  king  vaiy  ri'adiijf 
vuiichaafed,  excited  Iiu|wb  of  siibstanliarfavur  and  !»• 
conipeiisu  which  it  was  not  easy  to  gralify,  and  which 
were  fate  I  tu  undergu  a  speedy  and  severe  disap|ioilit- 
menl,  ^'ur  a  short  lime,  liowcver,  Ihe  Virginisns  weiv 
perniiltud  lo  indulge  their  satisfaction,  and  some  uf  Iha 
pruccedii  ga  uf  the  liral  colonial  assembly  that  was  held 
alter  the  resturatiun  demonsliatu  that  this  event  was 
by  no  iiieaiis  nnproducllve  of  iinpurlunt  benelita  lu 
them  Trial  hy  jury,  which  had  hein  discniiiinucd 
during  the  usurpation,  waa  now  again  resiured,  and 
jiiilicul  pruceedinga  wore  diseiicuinbered  uf  variuiia 
abuses  and  cunsiderably  imprnved.  Il  was  enacted 
that  no  loiinty  should  send  more  than  two  lurgessea 
10  the  issemhly  ;  and  lliut  every  dislricl  which  should 
"  peoplii  an  hundred  acres  uf  land  wilh  as  iiniiiy  tillie- 
ilile  persona,"  ahnuld  ucipiire  the  piivilegu  ul  I.eiiig 
lepreaentcd  in  that  buily.  The  tliureh  uf  hnglainl  wua 
establiihed  by  law  :  pruvisiun  was  iiinilo  hir  its  iniiiis- 
tera  ;  iiid  iiuiie  but  thoae  who  hud  rieeivid  Iheir  oiili* 
nation  from  sumu  bistiop  in  Knglund,  and  who  should 
suba'-'ibc  an  engageiiient  nf  eonfurinity  to  the  ordera 
and  coiisiiiutiuns  of  the  established  eliiircb.  wire  per- 
mitted lo  preach  cither  publicly  or  privately  wilhiii  the 
colony.  A  law  was  sliurlly  after  passed  aKainsI  tha 
iin|Mirt  ition  of  niiukera  under  tho  penally  of  live  lliou- 
aand  couiida  of  tobacco  on  the  iinpurlcra  of  them 
but  with  a  apei'ial  cxceplion  of  aiich  iiudkers  oa  iniglil 
bo  Iraisjiorled  from  England  lor  breach  uf  the  laws. 

The  same  principlea  »f  gnvemment  winch  prevailed 
in  Kn^land  during  thia  reign  constaiilly  entended  lliuir 
iiitluei|.'.e,  whether  salutary  or  banefii),  across  iliu  Al 
lantic  ;  and  the  colonies,  nu  lunger  deenieil  by  tha 
court  tlio  mere  properly  of  tho  prince,  were  recognised 
us  exteiisioiia  ol  t'lo  Hntiah  lerrilory,  utiii  cuiisidrred 
as  Hiiliji  ct  to  p,irliameiitary  legisliitiun.  Ttie  htiung 
declarul  ons  of  the  Long  I'arliameiil  introducrd  princi- 
plea which  received  the  sanction  o(  the  courts  ul  West- 
minster Hill,  and  wi>re  thus  interwoven  with  the  fabric 
of  Kngli  ih  law.  In  a  variety  of  cases  which  involved 
thia  greai  constitutional  point,  thn  jud;;es  ilccUrcd  lliul 
by  virtue  of  those  principlea  of  the  cominuii  law  which 
bind  the  icrritones  to  the  stale,  the  pUniutions  wera 
III  all  roa|ecla  like  tho  other  subordinate  (loiiiinions  of 
the  crown,  and  like  them  eijually  bnuiid  hy  ucts  ul  pur 
Itament  v  hen  specially  named,  or  when  necessarily 
supposed  within  tho  contein|iUtioti  of  the  legialatiiro. 
The   dechrationa   of  tho  courts  of  jiiatico  weru  cuii 

*  Sir  Willinrn  Uerkeley,  who  made  a  jottrncv  to  Knifland  to 

couKralulati'lIu'  ktniron  his  reNtoralion,  was  received  sLccuit 

With  diutniKUishcd  reijsrd  ;  snd  Dhailcs,  in  honor  of  his  loyal 

Vlririiiiaiis,  wore  at  his  coroiistion  a  rubcmnnulactureduf  Vir- 

'  ginian  silk.    Oldmlxon. 

This  was  not  the  first  royal  rube  that   America  supplied. 
Queen  Klizaheth  wop-  axown  made  of  Ibuv^llk'^raHs,  of  which 
1  HalelKli's  coloniHis  lent  a  (luaiilily  tu  Knglani     Cuxu's  Da- 
■  acilyllon  of  Caruluta,  j..  tli. 


NO  n  Til  AMKItlCA, 


J  Kiigland  to 

llureclorVii- 

li«,  of  whifk 
lUolu'a  D«- 


ttMw<l  aixi  Milun'nl  b)r  ilw  wnifofm  iwmt  n<  ih*  par  I 
hwuvnlar;  |MiM'r»iliii|i> ,  ami  lh>  I'liliMiiala  a«<>n  (wr- 
NiMd  thai  alOiaiiiih  ilm  Uinn  failianipnl  waa  iiuiiwrr, 
II  had  laiUifnlly  Iwipivalhril  lu  Ma  ancrraanrii  ll.r  ■liinl 
Iktili'h  liirtil»ni'i-«l  lla  intltllirrciill  (li  tltM-rtiliiina  I  lii> 
MiMia*  III  rniiiiniiiia  ili'irniilMiil  itiit  iiiily  in  riiaiii  llir 
.•niiiiiiarrial  avalvm  wliiili  ilm  I,ihi|I  l^iliaiiirnl  ImiI 
lilriHliii-ril,  bul  III  liialliiK  ami  rilinil  il,  lii  m mlil  Ihr 
IrailK  1)1  ilip  rotiHiii'a  i-uin|ili>ii-ly  ■iili|ff-t  In  |tMrliMin('ii- 
Ury  U-i|ialaiiir«.  ami  kh  luaitrly  auhm  r>ii  iii  in  (inuliah 
riimiiiarL'«  anil  itaviUNtiiiii  Nii  aiiiMti  r  waa  ( 'liarlra 
a«ali'il  uii  Itw  lliruiiv,  Ihaii  iliry  vuiiil  a  iliily  ul  liia 
|H't  ri  III  UII  all  iiiirrliiiiHlKi'  i'i|>iirli  il  Irniii,  iii  iiii|Hirlr(l 
liila,  any  uf  ilia  ilniniiiiuiia  U'lnn^iiiK  'i'  >'■■'  i^'uwii  : 
■nil  >li«  (iiiia  a«aainn  |iriHliMiil  lliu  i  aTaliialml  A'amir*- 
(iini  Aft,  llin  iiioat  int'iiinialiln  alalnlu  ni  ilia  ^liinliah 
riiiiiiiH'iaial  rmli'  lly  lliia  aialiilv  (in  ailililion  In  many 
ulhor  iin|i<irlanl  prnviainna  whirh  am  (utnun  to  imr  |ir«- 
ami  ronaiilnialinn),  II  waa  rniirliil  ilirl  no  riMiiiiii»li- 
lira  alioiild  ha  imimrli'il  niln  any  llrili^i  aatllntii  nl  in 
Aaia.  Afriia,  nr  Aimm  i.  or  riiinilntl  fniin  llii'in,  liiil 
in  vraai'la  Innit  in  Knulaml  ortliu  |M.iniiilii>i>a,  ami  ihivi- 
lalril  by  riiiv«i  nl  wliiili  ihr  niaalcia  anil  ilin r  rmitiha 
of  lli«  niarinira  ahnnlil  hn  Kntthah  anlijoria,  iinilur  llin 
(innaltv  n!  Inrfi'iinri'  of  '\\'f  himI  i  arun  ;  lliai  none  liul 
iiainrul-lmrn  •iili|ii  •,,  ^.i  am  li  na  haii  Iwfn  iialnraliaril 
ahniild  i'i|i  Ti  HiMliii  nct'npatinn  of  ninrrhtint  nr  lac  tor 
m  any  ViiiMliah  ■cttli-ini-nt  iniiler  tlin  pcniilly  uf  for* 
lattiirn  ol  ^onda  and  rliattula  ;  ifial  no  an^ar,  tolmrro, 
cotlon,  wnni,  iiuri^ti,  uinui'r,  or  wonda  uaril  in  dyinu, 
prndni'i'd  or  iimnitlai  tiiri'd  in  llin  rnlnnira,  ahiintd  tio 
alii|ipi'd  Irniii  lluin  Ui  any  ollirr  rnunlry  than  Knulaiiil ; 
and  In  nfLMirt:  Itiii  oli"i'rvanri«  of  Una  if^nlalinn,  Urn 
owni-ra  Mi*rii  mpitrtd  liiYori*  aailiiiK  to  ^ivo  liotiila  with 
anri'ly  fnr  ainna  prn)Mirlionrd  to  tliu  rate  of  llirir  Vfa-  I 
aria  'I'hu  rralncii'd  artiiira  havti  liri  n  Irrinid  rnu- 
wrralfil  ftinimmtitifM  t  and  whrii  iirw  ardrira  ol  colii' 
Ilia!  (trodnrii,  aa  tliti  riri'  of  ('arnlinn,  nr  llin  foppri  nrn 
uf  tliii  nnrllirrii  I'olonira,  wrro  raiard  into  iin)iiirUncn 
and  hronuht  nilo  roniinrrrn  hy  On-  inrri-aaiii^  indiiairy 
of  Ihn  I'liininala,  llii'Y  wrrn  anrri'aaivrly  adilrd  to  iliu 
liat,  Aiiil  Miiliii'i'lrd  to  thn  aninn  ri'^nliiltoim.  Aa  ailiiu' 
ronijii'tiartlion  In  lln*  rnlonira  lor  iIil'no  roinniiTcial  rn* 
itrainiii,  tin*  pnrliaini'iit  at  llir  Harni-  unit*  i-onfi-rrpd  nii 
Ihimi  Ihti  rxctiiaivn  annf>ly  of  tolmrrn,  hy  prohilnfniK 
.la  t'liltiviilinn  in  Knifliitid,  In-luiid,  (ini^iiiai-y,  nr  Jrr- 
My  TIki  niivt|{»lii>n  itri  wiia  aonii  uru>ri<nLr|{ril.  and 
•ddiliuiiiil  rPHlrmnla  ini|ioHi'd  hy  ^  tirw  law,  [11103, J 
whii'li  proliihiird  lliit  inipiiriiilinn  of  l-^nruix'tn  roinino' 
dltli-«  Into  tlin  rnlnnira,  I'lcrpt  in  vraMt'la  fudrli  III  Mli|{' 
Itiid,  and  iitivi^ali-d  and  in:inn«d  accnTilmu  to  ihi<  pro- 
\iaioiin  of  tlin  oritfiinil  aiiiiiilc.  Miiru  rlViTtniil  prnvi- 
aioii  waa  niuiln  hy  linn  luw  lor  inllictiiif;  tlio  prndltira 
tttarhril  to  thn  IriinMuroaainii  of  tlin  tiavigatioit  act ; 
•lid  the  priiiciplca  nf  coniincrriiil  jHilicy  nri  which  llio 
wliolit  ayntrin  if  rounded  wcrn  opi'iily  avowed  in  a  dv- 
elaralion  tlial,  aa  it  wan  thii  iian|(ii  of  olhcr  iialiona  lo 
Wm>p  llie  Irado  nl  llinr  planlntiona  to  ihiinailM'a,  ao 
III*  colonioa  thdt  wt-rn  fniindi  il  and  pi'opliil  liy  Dn^hah 
•iihjocia  ont{ht  lo  ho  rntalnrd  in  linn  dc|HMidi'nco  ti|)on 
Knglund,  and  inudn  to  contnhiilp  to  Iht  udvanUi^n  in 
tliv  iniiphiynn'nt  of  tiiiKliah  aliippiii);,  ihn  vent  of  Kiik- 
liah  roiniiiodilii'a  and  niannfuctnrea,  and  Ihn  rriidirini; 
of  Knifland  t  alaple,  nnl  only  of  Ihn  productlona  of 
hvt  I'oionioa,  hut  ulfo  of  aiich  coinnioihtica  of  other 
roiintriea  aa  the  coluniea  t)ioin»etvea  ini|;ht  roi|uiro  to 
lie  aupplied  witli.  Advancing  a  atep  further  in  the 
pi'oaecution  of  ila  rneroueliiii};  policy,  thn  parlinineiit 
priHri-edcd  lo  tii>  the  Irado  uf  the  aoveral  colniiiea  with 
each  other;  and  an  lliu  act  of  navi|!atian  hud  left  all 
Iho  colninaiit  at  hhorty  lo  r  ipiirl  thn  enumerated  eom- 
inodilien  rrniii  nne  arltteinent  to  aiiotlier  wtthoiit  pay- 
iiiK  any  duty,  thia  exemption  waa  auliMeiiuently  wilii- 
dr«w~,  and  ihey  were  aiihjecled  lo  a  Ian  ciiuivulenl  lo 
v'.ra*,  wa.t  levied  on  Ihu  conauniptioii  of  thcac  couiiiio- 
ditiea  in  KiiKtund. 

'Iho  ayslem  puraiied  and  eatabhahcd  hy  thcae  reg«. 
Utiniia,  of  aecurini;  lo  tjigland  a  nionopoly  of  tho  trade 
of  her  colonira  hy  ahutling  up  every  olhcr  channel 
which  eompi'tilion  ml);ht  have  formed  for  it,  and  into 
which  internal  miKht  have  canard  it  preferahly  lo  How, 
eicited  the  utnioal  diaguat  and  indignation  in  ihn  ininda 
of  Iho  inlialiitanla  of  the  coloniea,  and  waa  jiiatly  dc- 
lioimcu'l  hy  them  aa  n  manifent  violation  of  Iho  moat 
Hcred  and  uiidnuhird  ri){hta  vf  mankind.  In  lOiiKhind 
it  waa  long  applauded  aa  a  maatcr-pifcu  of  polilien! 
ugacily,  enforced  and  cheriahed  aa  a  main  source  of 
opulence  and  power,  and  defended  on  the  plea  of  that 
eipedioiicy  which  its  auppoaed  udvnntagea  wore  held 
•o  rhuudantly  to  demonstrate.  Hut  tlie  plnlonuphy  of 
political  t  eienee  han  amply  refuted  thia  illiheral  doc- 
^ttiuc,  aud  would  loujj  a|;c  have  conccted  Iht  views  and 


•mtmlml  iha  inaiiiuliona  whirh  II  waa  lhou|li<  MMnr- 
loin,  hill  mat,  linni  Ih*  prayalrnr*  of  ••rionajaalunaii'a, 
and  nf  Ihiiaa  ahaiinala  and  paaaionata  pra|MMarHiona 
thai  ronallliita  wilful  l||iioranc«,  Iha  rlfttrla  nf  pInlnaO' 
phy  havil  nun  h  mora  Impii-iiily  l*<riitina<i*d  ni  ihr  prn- 
ilni'tinn  of  knowli'difn  nierrly  ■prculalivr,  than  pier' 
I'laid  any  vitihlii  npt  raiiiin  ni  llin  iinpruvrinrnt  of  hu- 
man I'liniliii'i,  ut  llifi  increaan  ol  liuiiun  happniriN. 
.Naliona,  luaaard  liy  enmiliia  to  llirir  nriuhlinra,  aa  wiill 
«■  nartiahitea  lo  ihrmaelyaa,  have  aullerrd  an  illdwral 
ji'iilnu»y  ol  nihrr  alalra  In  ennllai'l  the  viewa  ihry  hiivii 
lonneil  ol  ilii-ir  own  inlereati,  and  to  induia  a  line  nl 
|Mflicy  of  wlui'li  Ihii  optiatinn  la  to  prni-iira  a  aniallrr 
fiuriion  ol  airliiaiy*  gaina,'ni  preriranr*  lu  a  largrr 
coiilmgunl  III  Ihn  pariu  i|wlnin  of  »  ganaral  adyantaga 
'loo  grnaa  aigliixd  lo  uar,  or  Inn  |i«aaninali  lo  fevl,  th" 
Iwiida  that  ennnael  Ihn  intrrrala  of  all  thn  invinhria  of 
Ihn  grral  family  of  inanlliiid,  lliny  h*«v  acroniiD-d  Ih* 
iiaduainn  of  llieir  rivals  •ipiivaUnt  to  an  tiitniioii  ol 
Ihn  aiUanlagea  rravrvad  to  ihainatdyaa  i  coiniiillling 
heii'in  iIm'  aaina  arror  thai  |iervadra  lliti  pnlny  jf  alavn 
nwnria,  and  IraiU  llieiii  lo  anppoao  that,  In  inlhct  dn- 
pfpaaioii  and  privation  nti  nlliera,  la,  hy  iiecemary  eon- 
aeipiiMiee,  lo  rnhani  n  thru  own  olvvalion  and  nnrieh- 
ment  lu  aiirh  iniatalirn  iiuliey  nainina  are  apt  lo  lie 
1  onhrmed  hy  Ihn  inleieatt'd  rrpreaenlatioiia  uf  the  few 
who  eoiitiive  In  ritrai  I  a  temporary  and  pailial  advaii- 
lagii  Ironi  cviry  ahnae,  hnweyer  geneially  pirnicioua  ; 
and  if,  in  «|illii  uf  thn  dileola  uf  ita  |Hiiicy,  the  linia- 
perity  of  the  cuiinlry  ahoiild  Ihi  inereaavd  hy  llie  lorcn 
ul  ii>  natural  adtantagra,  ihia  ellecl  will  ho  eagerly 
aarrilnd  lo  the  very  cauaea  that  ahridge,  though  they 
may  ho  inaullicirni  lo  prevent  It.  'llie  iliacu\eriea, 
hnwever,  which  the  culllvalion  of  political  acieiiro  haa 
yielilid,  have  in  thia  reaped  runliriiieil  the  diclalea  ol 
religinii.  ai  d  dainonalraled  that,  in  every  tranaactinii 
hetweeii  nationa  and  iiidividiinla,  the  inter. nurae  moat 
■nliilly  and  lastingly  hcnehcial  lo  hulh  and  each  uf  the  par- 
Ilea,  la  thai  which  la  founded  on  the  prmcijilea  uf  a  fall 
reriprocily  and  mutual  auhaervience  ;  that  an  indiapo- 
Hition  lu  regard  Iho  inlereata  uf  uthera,  iinpliea  a  nar- 
row and  perverted  view  of  our  own  ;  and  that  to  do  aa 
we  would  he  ilniie  hy,  la  not  Icaa  the  iiiaxiin  of  pru- 
dence than  the  precept  of  piety.  Mo  cnliereiit  tiiiiat 
Irnii  philuKophy  ever  lie  wiih  the  diclalea  ol  Uivinn 
wiadom  iltit  unfurtnnately  lliia  coherence  hua  not 
alwaya  heeii  rccogniaed  even  hv  llioae  iilul.uaphers 
whoiie  apeculationa  have  tended  to  ita  diapluy  ;  and 
conllmng  themaelvea  lo  rcaannmga,  anllicienlly  clear 
and  convincing,  no  douhl,  lo  perautia  conleinplating 
human  allaira  iii  the  aimplicity  and  diainlereiled  al>- 
atraclion  of  Iheoreticut  aiirvey,  they  imve  neglected  to 
enforce  the  acceptance  of  iinjKirlant  trntha  hy  relVrencu 
to  thoHO  iiriucipli'N  that  derive  them  from  iJivine  wia- 
dom, and  connect  them  with  the  atroiigeal  aaiictiuiia  of 
human  duty. 

'I'lii  y  have  demonatrited*  that  •  parent  atate  hy  re- 
Ntranung  thn  commerce  of  her  coloniea  with  other  na- 
lioiia,  tttptearci  the  induatry  and  productiveiitaa  both 
of  the  coloniia  aud  nf  foreign  nationa  ;  and  hence,  hy 
enfechling  the  demand  of  foreign  purcharera,  which 
iniiiit  he  prupurtioned  lo  their  ahiuty,  and  leaaening  the 
ipnintity  of  colonial  coiiiinoditica  actually  pruduceJ,  en- 
lianrca  the  price  of  thu  enlonial  nroduce  to  heraelf  aa 
well  ua  to  the  real  of  the  world,  ami  ao  far  diininiat,  a  ita 
power  to  increaau  thu  enjoyiiienta  and  •ngnieiil  the  in- 
duatry of  her  own  citiiiiia  aa  well  aa  of  other  atatca 
UcaiJea,  the  monopoly  uf  tho  colony  trade  producea  ac 
high  a  rule  uf  protit  to  the  merchuula  who  carry  It  on, 
aa  to  ittract  into  thia  channel  a  great  deal  of  tlie  capi- 
tal that  would,  in  the  natural  courao  of  thinga,  ho 
directed  to  other  brancliea  of  trade :  and  in  theae 
hruiichea,  the  prolita  iiiuat  conaei|uently  bo  augmented 
in  pro|iurtion  to  the  diiiiiiiiahi«l  competition  of  the  ca- 
pitdla  employed  in  them.  Uul  whatever  raiaea  in  any 
country  thu  ordinary  rate  of  prolit  higher  than  it  olher- 
wiao  would  bo,  iieceaaanly  vuhjecta  that  country  to 
great  diaadvantage  in  every  branch  of  trade  of  which 
•he  hua  not  the  mniiopoly.  Her  inerchanta  cannot  ob- 
tain thia  higher  prolit  without  aelliiig  dearer  than  they 


•  Smllli'a  Wealtliof  Natiiina,  U.  Iv.  cap.  7.  The  einilient 
|ililluHn|ilirr  nt  wlioKU  reanuninK  I  linvv  enm'avoreU  to  pruaont 
a ciiiiituiitied  view  In  .hlH|iarai;mi)li  olthe  lext,  Ik  particularly 
olinoxiiMiKlu  Itiu  cliin!;col  nuliiu'icl)  iii>k1ci-iimi;,  t>iit  wilf-ilty 
HupprcH'  :llir,  the  recoKlullon  nf  tliat  ruiilirnial  lun  whicl)  Ulvlim 
lufitiiiiuiiy  ilerlvpA  rniiii  an  »iila..'(,'eU  view  ul  human  Inlereiitii, 
iicnlnnont!!,  and  actions.  In  the  lirst  edition  uf  his  "  Theory 
of  Moral  8uiilliiionts,"  ha  could  not  refrum  from  avowlnii  tlie 
colieriinco  winch  he  |iluinly  observed  tielween  the  doctrines  of 
dlvini  ruveliitinn,  and  tlic  sentnucnts  of  men  Ui  all  ngos  and 
nations  on  tho  autiject  ol  sacrilic)  and  tbrctgn  InterreHiUon. 
Purl  ll.4S.ad  tliiein.  Ilul, milled  liysclencefalHcly  socalted, 
lio  cxpuniied  this  iiassai{e  from  tlie  sutistt<iuunt  ediiluus  uf  the 
work 


nr 

MhafwlM  wouM  da,  bmli  ih«  (ommoililln  al  twlgw 
rnunlriaa  which  ihey  import  mm  tlwir  own,  and  tM 
giMHia  of  thvir  own  roiiniry  which  Ihay  rarry  ahroa4. 
The  riinnlrv  thus  hnda  hxrarlf  litipienily  uiulriauM  la 
Inrcign  maiai'la  ,  and  the  mora  so.  heeaua*  in  foraiga 
•Islia  inncli  lapilal  haa  ham  forced  inta  llies* 
hrnnche*  by  her  rai  Inaion  of  lori*iuiiera  from  her  luli^ 
nial  trade,  wliiih  wiintd  have  simurned  a  ptirt  of  lh«m 
I  hua,  hy  the  iiprralion  of  a  monopoly  ul  Ihe  rnhunal 
trade,  th«  narriit  state  uhlama  an  ovargruwiK  ul  on* 
Iminrh  nf  ilisUnt  Iralllc,  at  the  ripi  ns*  ol  dimiiiisliin|{ 
the  advantagea  which  her  own  ciliicna  might  deriv* 
Irom  the  priidocr  nf  the  culumea,  and  uf  impaning  ah 
ihoso  uihrr  lirwnchia  ol  ne'irnr  trade  which,  hy  tlM 
greater  Ireipirncy  of  their  relurna,  alford  Iha  laigval 
and  moat  tieni  licial  aicitainenl  to  Iha  liidnalry  uf  tha 
cniinlry.  Ilir  coiniiierce,  Instead  of  llnwing  III  • 
grral  tinmhar  of  aiiiall  rhanuela,  la  taught  to  run  prtn* 
ci|Hilly  ill  one  great  conduit ;  and  heiira  Ih*  whol* 
aysient  uf  her  trad*  and  indiialry  la  landarid  !*•• 
atriira 

lliil  Iho  Injurioiia  runanpieneea  nf  ihia  •(cluaiv* 
aystein  are  not  cniitnrd  lo  Ua  Inimrdial*  oparallon 
upon  trade  The  progress  of  jiir  history  will  abun- 
dantly ahnw  that  the  conneiion  which  a  parent  alal* 
seeks  lu  maintain  with  Ua  eohintcs  by  Ih*  aid  of  sueh 

lysieni,  carrisa  witliin  Itself  Ih*  pri  leiplea  of  Us 
own  'lisaolutioii  lluring  the  infancy  of  the  rolonie*, 
a  |H'rp*iiial  and  veaalioua  raettion  la  reipiirad  from 
the  parent  atate  In  enlorcn  and  nileiid  her  realrsiif 
iiig  lawa,  and  rndcavora  no  less  nnremittiiig  are  inada 
by  the  cnlomea  to  obairurt  nr  elude  their  operation, 
hvery  riamg  brunch  of  trade  which  ia  Irli  for  a  Inn*, 
or  Inr  ever,  Itee  to  the  colnnista,  ssrvoa  by  lb*  etfert 
ol  contrast,  to  render  more  visihi  ihe  lisadvantagea  of 
their  aitimtioii  in  the  regnlaf  .1  branchea  ;  and  every 
eitensinn  of  Ihe  realricliona  atliirda  an  nccaaion  of  r*- 
iiewed  diacnntent.  Aa  Ihu  coloniea  increaae  their  in- 
ternal alrength,  and  mak*  advancea  in  tho  |ioaaaaaiim 
and  apjiruciation  of  nalional  eonseipienoe,  the  dia|0»i- 
lion  ol  Iheir  mhahitanta  to  emancipate  theinarlvsa  Irom 
aiieh  reatrainta,  la  ruinbmed  with  ability  to  etfect  th*ir 
deliverance,  by  the  vary  cirrumslancea,  and  at  iht 
very  pei.od,  which  wiWinvulve  the  trade  of  iho  uareni 
slate  in  the  greutrat  loaa  and  diaorder.  And  In*  sd- 
vantagea  which  the  cornmerco  of  other  nationa  must 
expect  from  the  deairiictinii  of  the  monopoly,  unites  Iha 
wiahea  of  the  whole  world  with  th*  revolt  of  the  eolo- 
•liea,  and  givea  aaaursiice  of  the  moat  powerful  saai** 
tdtice  lo  effect  it. 

\  better  apology  for  the  aystem  which  Khgland 
iiilopled  lowarda  her  coloniea,  than  Ihe  hoaatud  ei- 
prdiency  of  her  ineaauiea  woufd  thiia  apiicar  tu  aupply, 
may  bo  derived  from  Ihn  admitted  fact,  that  hei 
(lolicy  on  the  whole  waa  miicli  leaa  illilieral  and  op- 
pressive than  that  which  any  other  nation  of  l^iirop* 
hua  ever  been  known  to  puraiie.  While  the  furrtgii 
trade  ol  ihe  coloniea  was  reairained,  for  the  aupposed 
advantage  of  the  parent  ststo,  whose  proapertiv  they 
partook,  and  by  whoso  power  they  were  defendetl,  their 
internal  liberty  waa  auirered  lo  grow  up  under  th* 
alicltrr  of  wiau  and  llhersi  institutions ,  snd  even  Iht 
commercial  realricliona  imiioacd  on  them  wore  iiinch 
leaa  rigorous  and  injurioiia  than  the  coloniea  of  Frstic*, 
Spain,  Portugal,  and  Urnmark,  were  compelled  to 
undergo  from  their  rrajicctivo  parent  counlriea.  Tho 
trade  of  the  Uritiah  acttlementa  waa  nut  committed, 
according  lo  the  practice  of  some  of  these  states,  to 
exclusive  cnmnanies,  nor  restricted,  srcordiug  to  th* 

firactice  of  otnera,  to  •  particular  iiort ;  but,  being 
eft  free  to  all  the  aubjecta,  and  silmitted  to  all  thu 
harhora  of  Kngland,  employed  *  body  of  Urilinh 
tradere  too  nunieroiia  snd  diaperaed  to  admit  of  their 
aiiperaeding  mutual  competition,  and  uniting  in  • 
general  confederacy  to  oppress  tho  colonies  and  ei- 
tort  eihorbitanl  proliia  to  themselves.  'I'hia  apology 
is  obviously  very  unsstifcractory,  aa  every  attempt  to 
palliate  injustice  must  iieceaaanly  be.  It  waa  urged 
with  a  very  had  graco  by  the  people  of  Kngland,  unit 
utterly  disregarded  by  the  inhabitants  of  America. 

In  none  of  the  American  coloniea  did  thia  oppres- 
sive system  excite  greater  indignation  than  in  Vir- 
ginia where  the  larger  coininercu  and  pre-eminent 
loyolty  of  the  pcop^  rendered  Ihi.  presaiiro  of  Hi* 
burden  more  aovrre,  and  tho  intliction  of  it  mora 
exasperating*.      No  aooner   wus   the   navigation  act 

■  It  was  to  Virginia  alone  that  Montesquieu's  juitilic-itory 
principle  of  the  system  of  restricted  trade  could  tie  considered 
as  Inuiiy  deirreoapplicalile.  *'  Il  iih.h  been  oMlnldihlicd,"  says 
tins  wnlur,  "tliut  tlie  iiiolher  country  aliirie  mIihII  trsileilitiio 
colonies,  and  that  from  very  xooil  reason,  liecauso  tlie  tlosivn 
of  tho  settlement  waa  tho  extension  ol  nuinnerco,  and  nut  tbo 
foaudatluu  of  s  city,  or  of  a  ne  w  en)>4ie. "    KtilTlt  of  Law, 


TIIR    MIHTORY    or 


i^  mIwi)  «iiMtf  niMnMrai«l  •^inM  11  ••  *  |tui>' 
ana*,  *»>i  iKiiiiianHHt  wiMMlf  fu«  ral  Hill,  •! 

tfMiilh  Iha  Kfigltvti  iiiiHiAfrKs  war*  •««u*aiiimhI  •!  ihM 
■MiuU  lu  •••»<•••  ili'i'i'xiiii  )Mw«r  'i<>>  lh«  !*«•, 
^n  ••  mut'h  I'oi  «h«ii  >"•  •»iiri  tl  •  Ui«r  iwiurI 
vtnlund  l»   wl"|<>    •  P'*"   "'    •''"■'•'T    |»»iiiriHiiil. 

•  •■»  lh«  «.l   ■>)    IM<IK>I|U1I    llsxir,    Ml   ||f>*l    •    (<ivn(ll« 

•  iih  III*  n«iiui>.  «M  •iia|»'n<lMl  liir  *  »hil«  >•*  an 
■(viiiMi  a<  ihi*  •irmcli  iil  )ii>ru||«ii>ii ,  t'l,  <liiriii|| 
tin  Mil*  paiiuil  ul  liM  ii>mii.  <  li*rlii>,  uiiaa>iiiMl  nl 
lb*  •uIhIiIji  u(  hit  ilixitw,  »m{  •mtuiiiKli'il  liy  iiiiiii*' 
Ura  ut  ruiialiiiitWMi*!  |iriiH'i|'liia,  ««•  riiin|i«llvil  ix 
•Im«i««  Ih*  ImimU  u(  »  l«y<l  atliiiiiMaliatiiiii,  •ml  lu 
MilarpfiM  kia  •ulliufUr  Im  Iha  «iilurcaiiwiil  ataii  iif 
UwM  Uoa  thai  ««r«  inual  i«pii|iiMiil  10  hia  pfinui|il«a 
•ml  wialwa'.  Hii  111  (luiii  I*ii4lii||  •  laiuralil*  «i 
la  llM  |Mliliiiia«cf  Vir||iiii«,  I  harlaa  umI  tua  iiiiiiialaia 
•>lu|i««il  NMMUiM  (tti  rairyiiig  ih«  mi  iiiId  airii'l  ao- 
■  iiiiun  liilalli^iMia  iMniiig  lM«n  lacaitfil  lli*l  lit 
|ira«iaiuiM  war*  tlinual  ••  ||aii«rtll¥  iliaiaganUti  aa 
itvl»MMl,  iiHl  Ihal  iIm  ruluiiul  •ultHHIIwa  war*  mil 
p(am|i«  lu  aiirura*  wImI  i)»i  t*w  waa  a<i  iliaagratalil* 
la  Iha  (MiaoiM  a(  wlwin  llwy  praiulatl,  iiialruiliuiia 
m*n  laauad  la  iha  guiatnuraof  Iha  aalllaiiiania,  i«|iii- 
iim.hIii.s  Ukiii  lur  llw  "  iiaKlwila,  ur  railiar  ton- 
l*m|ila,  wliwll  llio  law  IuhI  aiiauiiiail,  anil  aiiiuiiiiiiii 
Ihail  fulurv  alUiiiiun  10  iia  rigul  niiliinaiiwiii ,  anil 
in  Vir|iiu*,  in  MiilruUr,  ilaiiiunainiiuii  waa  iiiadu 
•I  IIm  ilclailiiiM  iiiiriHMa  ul  ilia  Ijiyliah  Kiitaiiiiiicnl 
Ic  ovarcuiiia  all  raaialaiwu  to  llw  ai'l,  liy  Ilia  arai'tiun 
•(  liMla  ail  Iha  baiika  u(  Ilia  |iciih'I|mI  (ixira,  anil  iha 
•ppoinimaal  ul  vaaaaU  to  vriiiaa  on  ilia  cu«al  Uut. 
iHMwiilMltmlinK  llw  lhraalanini|  iiiaaaiura  vinuluiail 
la  ataraoa  llHiin,  anil  llw  •igiUiiiia  wiili  wliuh  tliry 
war*  watt'lii'il,  lhi<  ViryiniaiM  coiitriirail  to  ataila  Ilia 
Uw,  (ml  la  olilain  auiiw  vanl  10  ilia  ariiiiuulaliiig 
•laraa  a(  llwif  ilrpiaaialvil  iiriHlni'a  by  a  lUnilaaliiia 
Irada  wilh  iha  aalllaiiianl  uf  thu  UuUili  on  lliiilaun'a 
imar.  'I'ho  trliuf,  liuwa«ar,  waa  ini:uiiai<lifialil<>,  aiiii 
Um  iliacuiilrnla,  iiillaineil  b«  Ilia  liuaiililiiit  winch  th« 
ftanlim  Imliaiia  iww  raainiiad,  lw||«ii  lu  apiaail  au  wiila- 
tj  aa  10  iii«|iira  aoin*  valvran  auiUiara  ul  Cruiiiwrll, 
«bo  had  baen  liaiiiahail  to  Nirflnia,  Willi  tlia  liu^ia  u( 
fanilannd  Ihuinai'lvua  nualara  uf  lliu  culuiiv,  anil  ilu- 
jvaring  II  Iruin  lliv  yuka  ul  l:iii||l»iitl.  A  iuna|Hiai'y, 
which  haa  racuivad  Iliu  naiiia  ul  HirkinkiMii't  I'lul, 
wu  furiiii'il  fur  Una  |iur|Maa  ,  but,  liaviiiK  Imaii  da- 
iMIod  bafuiu  Iha  daaigii  waa  ri|i«,  II  waa  I'aaily  au)!- 
|icaaa«d  by  Ilia  uruduiicu  uf  Mir  William  Uuikclay, 
•imI  with  no  farilmr  bluudaliiid  than  llw  viaculiun  ul 
four  of  Iha  cotia|iiralura 

Th*  dialraaa  uf  ihu  oniony  continuing  to  incraata 
with  Iha  inciataiiig  dii|>r*cmtiun  uf  lulwcco,  now  cun- 
ftiiod  alinoal  anllfly  lu  una  iiiukal,  and  Ilia  augiiianla- 
liun  of  llitt  prica  uf  all  furvign  coiiiinudilaa,  now 
darifabla  uiily  fiuiii  Ilia  au|i|ili«a  which  una  cuunlry 
could  fiirniah,  variuua  chiiila  war*  iiiada  liuiii  lima  lu 
tam*  by  llni  culunial  aaaaiiibly  lur  Ilia  rvlial  uf  tliau 
sonaliluanla.  lUulmling  lu  Mine  ciU'iil  tlia  iniualica 
with  which  thay  were  Inatad,  it  waa  giiaclvu  by  • 
.•oloniil  law,  thai  m  the  |iayiii«iit  ul  dclila,  country 
eiedilora  ahould  have  Iha  |iriurily,  and  lliat  all  courta 
of  juatica  ahould  gi«u  prvcuduiica  in  judgnieiil  10 
conlncta  made  within  the  culiiny.  Acta  were  puaavd 
for  riialraining  the  growth  ul  lobaccu ;  and  aiicmpia 
wait  made  tu  iiiirudnco  *  now  alaplc,  by  ciicouniging 
Uw  planlalion  of  iiiulbeiry  treea  and  llie  iiiaiiulactur* 
•f  ailk ;  but  neither  of  iheao  deaigna  waa  aucceaalul. 
(IIMMI]  Numcruua  French  prolualant  rcfugi'ea  being 
(liraclad  to  Maryland  by  the  n.ituraliialiun  ict  which 
that  aetllemeni  piiaaed  III  their  iavor  in  Ihu  yiar  lOIMI, 
the  Virginian  aaaainbW  enduavured  to  recruit  the 
wealth  and  population  ol'^ila  territoriea  from  Una  aource, 
by  frtining,  in  like  manner,  a  aerica  uf  lawa  winch  em- 
powered the  governor  to  confer  on  alieiia  taking  the 
oath  of  allegiance  all  the  privilegea  of  iialuraliMlion  ;t 


III.  cap  17  Thia  wb4  In  aoma  niaaiure  true  ai  lu  Virifiiila, 
th'Hiah  llB  Aral  cliarler  proivMea  mora  untari^oti  iln«lgna;  but 
II  waa  nut  Irua  aa  to  New  EnRland,  Marylatnl,  or  tlia  uUiur 
ponlanur  aettliirnenU  ut  ttio  EriKliMli. 

*  Whan  Ilia  parllsiiiuni,  in  IIMII,  iiitrixluced  the  umiitt  anil 
Tlulantact  a^tainil  ttin  ImpiirUtlon  ulirlKhcattk-  into  Knglanil, 
•ha  kln(  waa  rni  inurli  mrurli  wiili  the  nsinuiiitramra  uf  tlia 
Iriah  people  aiainit  Una  iniiiuure,  tlial  be  nut  uiily  uiud  all  liii 
Inteieat  to  ui^i^Ke  llio  bill,  but  uucnly  ueclaroU  lliat  he  cuuld 
not  «ive  lil>  a>»ent  to  It  witli  a  lale  c  niicmncti.  Out  the  rom- 
inoMt'  were  reiolute,  and  tint  kmy  wti«  comwlled  to  aubmit. 
•"ri.t  apirit  of  tyranny,"  tayn  lluniu,  "  ol  wliicli  nationa  are 
aa  auicepllble  u  liidlviduiUi,  liiul  eilreuiely  animated  llw 
Biigli:  h  lu  aiett  their  authority  over  ilieir  deueiidunt  atate." 
♦U.  4*1.  "^ 

t  It  waa  not  till  after  the  Revolution  of  1088  that  the  popula- 
Iton  ot VIrfinia roreivud aiiy iiciimaion  from iliu iiiUui of  thune 
•f  ottw  lorMpan.    In  IRl,  Nit  WiUlam  Uerkelef  Uiua  de- 


kat  II  waa  iiruvwanally  4<ili|nma<l,  iImI  iI  la  <'a«e*»<«m 
atiaiiM  n'lt  im  aai>airui>J  lu  «>ai  tlirnt  with  Iha  pimX 
of  •aeri'iaing  anv  luneliun  whuh  ihay  wvr*  ill*',  .vtl 
TrtHn  iwrrnrinnif  liv  ilie  ai'ia  of  il)«  Kngliah  paflhi  'id 
ri^lalive  10  ih«  itiloima  'I  hM  |  riiiUiii  r>ltr*>M, .  nt 
a  ri<airii<tioii  wtitt  h  the  ruliMiKl  l>  iivra  of  naiiifAli/a 
iioii  ipiial  iiwvilalilv  h4VM  rfi'i'ivnl  Irom  llw  roinniun 
1,1-*,  ,*aa  Miinulvtl  to  yiiard  a^ai'ial  iha  liwa»a  ami 
diapMlfa  will,  h  niiglit  III4IIK  truin  'he  «llrni|>ia  ol  tlip 
nahiraliAed  alit'ita  10  inlringu  lhi>  navigaiuiii  at  I 
Hut  ihe  |)ret  a*iiiiHt  W4a  unavailing  ,  and  al  an  4fl*<r 
|)«ria<l  inany  Ifiilwiiurea  ul  piotiwrtv  were  nu'iirrril, 
ami  iniii'h  Vflwiiiiinl  iliapiila  i-raate-l,  by  Ilia  irafthi 
wliii'li  alietia  III  iIm  roloniaa  carriad  uii  iindtr  the 
authority  u4  general  lallara  uf  tl*  i<i««lnin  granlfd  lu 
them  by  Iha  'giinrance  ur  inn'  •  '  >i"it  ol  lit*  royal 
giivernara  Tiwir  prrlanaiuna,  ikookI,  lUily  uti|Hiaeil 
lu  Iha  aria  uf  navyalion,  were  tu|i|Hi(iril  by  ihr 
Aiiwriraii  ruuria  ul  )iiilica,  bul  iinifurinlv  diatallownl 
by  Iha  lingtiali  guvernoiitMl,  which,  altar  rr|Miaii-illv 
enfurcing  Iha  principle  that  Iha  acta  u(  a  provint  1*1 
laglalatura  caninil  uparata  againai  Iha  general  inria 
prudant'a  uf  the  empire,  at  length  priiliilnied  Ihe 
granting  uf  lariher  deniaatiuna 

'Ilia  diarunten'a  in  Virginit,  an  far  fium  Iwing  ahaird 
by  Iha  lapaa  uf  lime,  ware  inainiainrd  by  the  lunaUiil 
prraaure  uf  the  f-'Minmerciat  raatrictiona,  anil  the  ri'|M<al- 
I'd  altempla  to  j^uiiile  tnura  rifvclually  (ur  their  an- 
(tircvinenl.  Varimia  a'lditmiml  rauaeacunriiriril  to  n>- 
llatiie  Iha  angry  fevlinga  ol  the  I'oloniala  ,  and  a  conaiile- 
rable  native  |Nipulaliuii  having  now  grnwii  up  in  \'irui- 
nia,  (ha  iliai'ontenta  of  Iheao  prrvmia  ware  no  way 
almied  by  Ihe  haliitiial  regard  ami  fond  renii'inl'Mni'a 
whuh  eniigrania  ri-lam  for  llw  pjri'iil  aHle  which  n  alao 
the  land  uf  iheir  iniliviiliul  nativity  The  ilttri'tiveneaa 
uf  their  inatruction,*  pruvenletl  ihe  inlliiein-e  ol  I'tlina* 
lion  fruni  atrinig  in  ihia  rra|iecl  aa  a  aubaiiliite  to  ei|ie- 
ttriice  ;  and  Ihcy  knew  little  of  England  heronil  the 
wruiigR  wliii-h  lliev  heard  tUity  impiiteil  to  her  injiialit-e 
The  Indian  hoal.litiva,  alter  infraling  the  Irunticra,  be- 
gan III  nenetraUi  nitii  the  niteriur  uf  Ihe  pruvince  ,  and 
while  llw  cnloniala  were  thua  rcdure'l  la  daleiid  llieir 
pruiierty  al  the  haiard  of  their  livea,  the  itioat  aUrinnig 
appri'henaiona  nf  the  aeciinly  uf  thai  pro|K<rty  wete 
created  liy  the  large  and  iinpriident  grania  wlinh  the 
king,  afler  the  et<iii|ilu  of  liia  lather,  lely  livialily  ac- 
corilid  tutlieiulicitalionaul  hia  lavurilev  [IA7!I  J  The 
fate  uf  that  parent  had  warned  liiiii  to  avoid,  in  genrral, 
rather  the  arrogance  that  pruvnked,  limn  the  injiivlice 
that  deaerved  it  i  and,  in  graiilmg  liieie  applicationa, 
w,ihoiit  rmharraaaing  himaelf  by  any  niipiiry  iiitu  their 
inerila,  hu  al  unce  indulged  the  iiitlulenue  ul  liia  iliaiiu- 
•ition,  and  eiorted  a  lilierahty  thai  covt  liim  iintlnnu  lliat 
he  cared  fur.  'I'heae  granta  wi  ru  not  unly  of  auili  ci- 
uriiilant  extent  aa  to  be  uiifuvorulile  lu  t'lu  progreaa  uf 
cullivatiuii,  but,  fruni  ignurance  ur  inarruracy  in  the  de- 
liiiitiuiiof  their  liuiindjrica,  were  lrei|ueiitly  made  tu  in- 
elude  tracta  uf  'and  that  hail  ulready  been  plantrd  and 
apprupriatcd.  Much  a  cuniplicaiiun  uf  e«aa|ieratiiig 
circumntaiicea  broiighl  the  diic  intrnta  of  the  culuny  lu 
a  criaia.  In  the  beginning  nt  the  year  l))7tt,  twu  aliu'it 
inaurr»ctiona,  which  were  rather  enpluaiuiia  uf  iHipular 
iin|>aliciica  than  the  coiiaci|ueiico  uf  inalured  ueaigna, 
were  oaaily  auppreaaed  by  the  prudence  and  vigor  01  Iha 
govcrnur,  bul  gave  aiginlicani  intnnatiun  uf  Ihe  elate 
und  the  tendency  uf  public  feeling  ill  Virginia.  In  the 
liO|i€  uf  averting  Ihe  crima,  and  uliUiniiig  redreaa  of  Ihu 
niuro  recent  grievancoa  which  were  provoking  and  ma- 
turing It,  Ihe  aaaeinbly  deajiatched  damiliet  to  England, 

•cnbea  the  iiata  of  na  pti(inlallnn.— "  net  e  are  in  Viraiiila 
alxive  M.MIU  iwiauna,  men,  women,  and  chllilran;  af  winch 
ilitiTH  are  %wn  black  aiavea,  O.ouu  ihrutian  aorranta  (ur  a 
■titirt  time,  and  the  rcKl  hnve  iicuii  iHirii  in  tiie  rountry,  ur 
have  come  in  10  Nrille,  or  aervo,  in  hopti  of  bauorlnf  their 
condition  In  a  growinii  ruuntrv.  Yearly,  we  aup^aa,  tilara 
come  In  of  aerviuiU  alNiut  1,MNI,  of  winch  mualaf»  Knfllah, 
lew  Scotch,  and  fewer  lri»li ;  and  not  aljuve  two  ur  tluaa 
■hlpa  uf  nrgroea  In  aoven  yeiim."  Aniwcrt  to  the  l.imla>'r 
tliel.'nniinltteeorrolunlea,  apudl'halinera.k  MT.  The  nu 
meruua  Importatl'tln  of  aorvanta  montlomtd  by  Hlr  WilliaiB 
Uerkeley  wore  jiroliubly  cllrrkfil  by  the  Iroubica  that  preceded 
and  ntteniled  llHron'a  Ri'liflhon.  The  litter  Iniporliitlona 
were  more  available  than  the  earlier  onf  a  ;  the  dlaeaaoa  of 
Hie  country  liaviiiK  diinniliilieil  in  freitueiicy  and  violence  aa 
the  wooda  were  prntireHMively  cut  down.  The  mortality 
amonir  the  now  coinera,  wu  leurn  Irum  tiir  William  Uerkeley, 
was  at  Qral  cnoruioua,  but  had  become  very  triAing  prior  to 

*  Wo  have  teen  Sir  Wlllinm  Dnrkeley,  with  the  prejudice 
of  a  cavalier,  bnimt  uf  the  ahiiencn  of  the  Heilitluua  influence  uf 
learninir,  but  a  few  yeura  prior  to  tlinite  violent  diitlurliancua 
by  which  Virifiiiia  woj  pecubiirly  dtatinguulird.  The  cum- 
nionwealth  piirty,Kiid  eitpf.i-iully  tliuiu  who  were  termed  l*u. 
rltaiu,  though  repniaclied  aa  the  enemiea  of  literature,  were 
in  reality  Us  most  surceKHful  cuUlviilora,  and  moat  zealuua 
patronii.  The  reproarh  Ima  been  clearly  refuted,  and  thuir 
claiiiii  ablv  and  aurcennfully  vindicated  by  Ilia  Hev.  Mr.  Uruie, 
miiiaUfu  olln  JuluiUwen. 


•Im,  afler  *  ivilmua  iwgtillalitm  wiili  Iha  king  (at  lk( 
ininiaiara,  ha<l  hruughl  niaiivfa  10  ilw  ptHni  til  a  hafipy 
ailpuimeni,  wl.i  >i  ilieir  etpeeuiitm^  ware  Ifiivtraird  eiaft 
llie  ^.rie  »tiliiiyn  •<,*|ifntli'il  liv  inli  liijem  1  ol  a  (ttriliitlia' 
li|e  r»>iell"Ml  III  llie  lolotiy  IHIiH  ]  .V  u%  Wi»>ih  Im4 
III  en  iniptMtil  l,y  the  a«««iiililv  lu<li'l<4V  Hie  •  l^,«'iM«  M 
ll.e  dt  |iiiUli>Hi.  li'itl  irriLlliil  Ihe  tlia*  tiiiltiiU  wlueli  1^9 
•li  t'ltiiiltiKi  iv««  leltntlid  III  i-tnti|itM»  ,  aiitl  wliei*  llM 
iliUi'TV  I'M',  i,,l  hga  III  ihe  l.iigliali  govt  iiiinenl,  wllg 
ibail  II' , -I ',, 'i'  w  Ihe  inlr|li||viit  f  ol  jiital  iiiAiiriaetltMl^ 
ur  ihi  ':|ii  >  i-itina  of  liiliire  fel>*l)ion,  Iti  ,|<ilt  ke% 
tiU'ii  ililiji  I '  I ,  >i  t'Mittl  10  I'liiilirni  Ihe  aaaiiraiii-ea  ul  tiM 
(ariiiiiiN  U^tlifk  .1  the  eoliiniaia,  thai  even  iliair  laM 
•  it-riflt-e  hail  lieen  ilirown  away,  the  tide  u(  rage  aiMl 
iliaalleelitMi  began  again  to  awell  10  the  |itiinl  ul  reliant 
bun.  Il  did  nut  Utng  wall  lur  aililiiiunal  provuealiMii  !• 
eteite,  ur  an  able  leailer  lu  impel.  Ha  luiy  t'at,  !• 
ciuwn  III*  luluuial  diaireaa,  the  war  wiih  iha  Nua<|ii^ 
liannah  Iniliana,  whieli  hetl  twnlinued  lu  prevail  ihjW 
wiihalanding  all  llw  govt  rnur'a  atleinpla  lu  auppreaa  il| 
now  liiiral  lurth  wilh  rrtlinibled  rage,  and  ibrealrned  • 
lomiiUble  addiiion  u(  ilanger,  haidahni,  and  ei|Hinea 
^ivaii  the  pti|iiiUrilv  u(  ileur  lung  Irieil  aiitl  niegnaiiH 
inoua  frienil,  1ir  V\  illiaw  llerkiley,  waa  uvereaal  Itjp 
the  bUekiwta  til  ilna  tluutl  til  ealamitiea.  Ihe  aiiint 
•lid  Kdelilv  with  wlin  li  ha  ImiI  aiHit  rid  10  llw  rulon* 
ihruiigh  eviry  variety  of  lortiine,  h.e  larneatneaa  wii^ 
wliH-li  he  ha  I  remunairaieil  wiih  llw  kiiigliah  govern* 
iiirni  againat  the  cuinmereial  realrainia,  and  the  diainix 
reateiliieaa  he  had  aliown  In  ileclining,  diiiing  the  iiih 
[iruapertiiia  at  iie  of  tlw  colonial  liiiancee,  to  at  cepi  tlit 
aihlllioii  whuh  ihe  aaaeinbly  had  inatle  In  hia  eiiiill»t 
inenia,  were  diaiegatded,  denied,  or  (urgulteii.  I'lihi* 
age  and  lie  apacity  were  altiibuud  thu  biirdent  uf  iha 
neoiile,  and  the  dialracliona  ul  iImi  limea  .  and  he  was 
louilly  HI  1  iiaed  u(  wanling  alike  boiiealy  tu  reaiat  im 
ii|iprea^iiina  ul  Ihe  inuiher  cinintry,  and  cuuraga  !• 
re|iel  Iha  luialihiy  uf  the  aavagea  hi.ch  ungralelul 
iniiialieu  la  rarely,  if  ever,  evinced  iiy  the  people,  bill 
When  the  inaiilioiia  acta  ui  lai-liuiia  leailera  have  itiw 
jiowd  on  their  erediiliiy  and  niHained  inair  paaaiuna, 
Ihe  |Hipulaco  uf  llullind,  when,  a  lew  yeara  lielurt 
tliia  period,  they  l«>re  in  piece*  Iheir  benelaclur  John 
Ha  Will,  were  nnl  only  lerritled  by  the  priigreaa  ol 
their  natiunal  ealanntiea,  nut  deliiiUul  by  the  prulligaia 
relainera  uf  Iha  llrjiige  parly  To  annilar  inlliienit 
(and  III  annilar  circiiinetaiieea)  were  the  Virginians 
iiuw  eiiioaed  Iruiii  Ihe  aililka  and  ambiiiuii  uf  Nu* 
thaniel  tiacon. 

I  Ilia  iiiaii  had  been  trained  to  Ilia  priifeaaiun  uf  llis 
law  III  Kiigland,  and,  only  three  yeara  lielure  thia  )ieriu<L 
had  emii|raled  In  Virfiniu.  ihia  ahurt  interval  Iwil 
•ullh'ed  to  Hilvance  linn  10  a  eiiiia|iieuuiiii  ailualiiin  in 
Ihu  euloiiy,  and  lu  iiidicutu  the  diainiaiiion  and  lalenll 
uf  a  [lopiilar  leaili>r.  'Ihe  eunaiileraliun  he  denied 
Irum  hia  legal  uilainmenla,  ami  the  eaieein  lie  aciiuireu 
by  an  maiiniating  addreaa  had  ijincklv  pruinircd  liim  • 
aeat  m  the  cuiincil,  jnd  Ihe  rank  ul  eulunel  in  Iha 
inilitia.  Uut  hia  tcmiier  waa  nnl  uciuininodaled  10 
aiiburdinala  ulflce,  ami,  iinfurlnniitei",  the  iliacoiitenW 
uf  Ihe  culoiiy  anon  preaented  liiiii  with  a  apheru  of 
aoliuii  mora  cuiigenial  to  ,  •  character  and  capacity, 
Vonng,  aangniiiu,  elut|iivnl,  and  daring,  he  iiiiud  with 
Ihe  III  ''unlenla,  and,  by  hia  vnbeinent  liurangiiea  un 
the  grievancea  under  which  they  labored,  he  inllaineil 
their  paaaiuna  a*iil  utiracted  iheir  Iavor.  lie  wee  iiii* 
plli:aled  III  Ihe  uiaurrection  uf  thu  preceding  year,  anil 
lud  lieun  taken  priatinur,  bill  parduiieil  by  the  guvernor  , 
bul  leaa  aH'ected  by  the  clemency,  than  encuuruged  bjr 
Iha  inipunily  which  he  had  e>|H'rieiired,  and  aenaiuto 
thai  the  avenue  tu  legitiiiialu  proniutioii  waa  lur  aval 
cloned  againat  hliii,  he  dnterinmed  tu  caat  in  hia  lot 
with  '.ho  inuleonteiil  party,  and,  taking  adiantagu  ol 
their  preaeiii  eacitaiiun,  he  iiuw  again  came  lurward, 
and  aililreawd  llieiii  with  arlilicu  which  their  iiiiin* 
atrucled  uiideralandinga  weio  niiabln  to  detect,  nnil 
elotjuenc*  which  iheir  untamed  |iaiaioiiB  rendered 
utterly  irreaialible.  Finding  that  the  aenliinenia  mual 
pmvaianl  wiih  hia  auditory  were  the  alarm  and  imligii*- 
lion  MCitod  by  the  Indian  ravage*,  he  boldly  cliarg«>l 
the  gnvernni  wiln  neglect  01  incapacity  tu  e«cri  tho 
vigor  that  waa  n<i|uiaile  fur  Iho  general  auiety  ;  ani« 
having  expalialad  un  the  facility  with  which  the  whola 
Indian  raca  migbl  be  exterininaled,  he  ohurted  Iham 
to  take  ariiiH  hi  Iheir  own  defence,  and  accompliah  Um 
deliverance  they  mual  nu  longer  ufpect  front  any  olhst 
quarter.  80  accoplabla  waa  Ihia  addreaa  and  ita  authiit 
to  Iho  diapoaiiioD  cl  (hu  popular  luind,  that  hia  exhorts* 
tlon  waa  tnilanlly  complied  with,  and  hia  inam  objeet 
no  leaa  aucceaafully  ellectad  A  grout  multitude  pitl> 
cecded  tu  eiuliody  thunianlvoB  for  an  expedition  against 
the  Indians,  and,  sl«<tin|{  Usron  to  be  ibeir  gausisl^ 


mil**!  ltM>in««lv*4  lu  hm  4tr»«tMMi      llx  4««Mri>i| 
M  rvltirit,  iIm*  K«  wmiM  Mfwr  It*  •<it'«M  hi«*fiM4 
lUI  h«  K41I  •••ni|»tl  (h*tt  «ulfr»(tig«  ■ntd  r»i|r««Mil  ili«-tr 

||fl»V*n<'*«.        lit    gl«P    M*I|M*    volilf  III    /MgllllM4i'V   ''*  I'l** 

•NihMfily  h«  k«4l  •#t|Hini*l,  tMit.  p«fh«|«,  P4|«t-I(tig  in 
pfpi'i|Mfiilii  m«lli<r*  III  lltp  ■llri'm'lv  <*lii«  h  hi4  nilrrpal 
hi<|iiifpil  lh4t  llipy  44iimI(I  iiipvility  r#«i  It.  tiP  4t>tilipil  III 
111*  |f*i*prh*i«  III!  %n  nItW'Ml  rtHtUriii4iiihi  mI  Hip  (io|i«tUr 


«K4MI< 


iii4rvli 

I'.  I1114    I.  <   I'  1;   <lt> 

It|»in4l<.       11.1       l<  )      Mm 
llMl     ll»     I141)    l<l     <!•    ll    All    '     I    Mllii 

I  lit  I  ||ii4rit   «uitiii«l  lltp 


i4|Nir4«    Itll' 


flltlHI,    4n*l    MlfpiPlI    ttl4t4llllv 

Mmtiimt   piftnf       l|pfl|p|»iv, 

•itfiiMi  llMtttKltl  II    |iriti|ptii   III  t 

•(Aiiil  ut  itP|f«ii«iiiitt 

tikhiMP  iiwii  ««linKP  l|p|tl  hiiti  11' 

•ii«rp4  lit  iMlipfv,  4itil  «ltu  W44  <4ip1I  awMfp  iliai  |i#itiitfi< 

liitltt  tiitil  rMitlitip  |M<r4iiTPr4tii'p  «liiit»  t'uuM  i<ilrti:«ln 

hull  Milh  ••1%'tv  Iff  i-rpiltl  liMiii  lltp  lUiiifPift  «l  Itta  attii«- 

tliHI         l*l«4NPtl     luf     411    4lt4«li«r.    *llll     llliiltlltf    Ilt4l    lltP 
•ft|llll'4HU    tAarP    twit    It*  !■•    MHtdtPll  by   I1I4  trfMtl'l;t4till^ 

lUiiipptiiir,   lUlkpliiy  t44i|pil  4  jifutfUiitptt'iit,  rimiiit4tiil 

111(1   III*'   IlllltllltllPi   III   tItP    kltlH  4     1141114,   III  t||4| 

iit4Ut4iplv  utiiUrilM  |i4iti4  III  rplmlliitit 

lUi'iitt,  nu  iiiork  ili4«-iiitM  rt*«l  by  ih*  vtunr  of  1I114 
(it4fP44  1I1411  h«  IimI  liorii  dii(M<il  It*  IJip  iH'unltalinn  Ihti 
prprpilril  ll,  iit4t4itUy  nt4rt'ltril  ii>  .l4ttt«4iowtt,  41 
Utn  Iir4il  uf  III  Itiiiiilrpil  of  tii4  li)lliiMi<r4.  4iitl  4itr 
hiiituliittf  III*  Ititu4p  Mhern  tItp  Kuvurtttir  «t)i|  444Piiililv 
wpip  i-iii/i.^i-il  III  llmr  ilrlil)rr4iii>i,i|  hr  ilii|ii4ntlpit 
tliP  i'uiiiin.44iiiii  mIiii'Ii  Iii4  |iiiit;vpiliiitf4  Hid  rvltiitiM 
aliawi'd  Ikjo  IiiiIi'  Im  aiilwr  npntliil  111  reuanlpil 
llrrkulwY.  iiiMli4iii4yvtl  liy  llir  il4ii||i'r4  1I14I  Pit«iriini>il 
hull,  rlitiflv  (tprcMivi  ll  Ut4  iii4lttliiv  to  rp4i4i  tli«  fori'ti 
•(  thfl  iti4iirKBitl4,  iiiil  ypl  i|i4*liiiriril  lu  yii-lil  to  lltntr 
prpt4ii4ioii4.  roulrotttiiig  Wllh  lltvltltilllU  C0(ir4t^P 
Ui«  iiirii  vyim  I141I  i'lt4r||p*l  litiii  yilili  iIpIih  I  of  tlwl 
viritini  hit  |ipri*iii|tiitrtly  i'uiiiiii4ntliitj  tliptii  10  ili<|i4rti 
Bfiil,  wlirti  ilipy  rp|it4i'il,  lir  (irpirtitiMl  I114  liri'ii*!  In 
llirir  wiiH|iuui,  atiil  i*4liiily  4t«4iii'tl  lliu  U4I  riiritinity  itf 
lliiiir  ra||«  llul  Ihn  Miiittiil,  iiiuri-  (aii4iiliir'itii  ol 
llti'ir  uwti  a4lii(y,  4iiii  Iti^rlul  of  drivtiit(  lh«  iitulifliult' 
lu  i|p4|t4ir,  h4iitily  |)ri'|i4ri-il  4  i:otiiiiti4»iott,  tty  wltii'li 
ll4i-ott  'V44  4|i|Hiiiil«il  r4|il4iri-|(Pii«r4l  uf  4II  lltti  fiirci<4 
of  V'iriEiiiii,  miili  Ity  liiiti  of  lli«  miMt  e4riir4t  fttiiM'4lv. 
Bt  l(iii|f'ili  |irfty4ili)ii  vvitti  tliii  Koviirtiiir  to  4tih4i'rilti^  il. 
Tint  in4iir|{f'iit4  li4Viiit(  ri)W4riliHl  tlii>ir  iriiiiiPieittife 
Willi  iii4iiltiii|{  4<'i  I4111411U111,  ri'iirt'tl  III  iriiiiii|ih ,  ihl 
tliii  444Piiility  nu  looiiitr  fell  thuiii4t<l\f4  lUlivi-fuil  frniii 
Ihn  iiiiiiM'iltatn  |iri'tii'iir«  of  il4it||iir,  tliuM,  |i4»<imi{  from 
lh«  italri'iitii  uf  litntility  tu  lliu  liriuhl  uf  pcit4iitii|iltoii, 
lh«y  vol  ltd  4  n)4ultiliun  tniiiilliiiK  lh«  rittiirni44ioii 
I'lry  hiiil  Mr4iit«d,  44  «xtoruttl  liy  fume,  doiiotnifiitK 
ll4i'uit  44  4  ri'littl,  coinrii4iHlitt|f  Iu4  followrra  luilrlivrr 
liiiii  lip,  iiid  4timiiiOhiiiK  lliit  inililii  lu  •tiu4  in  de- 
Ipiii'h  uf  lilt'  i'on4iiltiiiiiii  Thty  found  Inu  litllit  dilH' 
r.tili)  in  |tii'V4iliii||  with  the  gDVurnur  tocotiflrm.  by 
hi4  44111:11011,  Ihi4  inili4crt«t  444iiniptiun  nf  t  viutir 
yyliicli  ihity  wt'rr  luully  inciptblv  uf  nMintt'iiiMn  Thit 
con4<t,|u«ncp4  iiniihl  hav*  Immii  ••4ily  fonicrn.  Iltrun 
•  ltd  liw  ttiny,  Htiibod  wllh  ibrir  rtcriit  iriiimpb,  and 
liicaiM4>l  *l  II114  iiuiMMciil  nienaftu,  which  llirv  iln- 
liuiiiirvd  44  Ihfl  liit|||ht  of  Itnattnoaa  tnd  lre4t'h*'ry, 
Itliirnrd  iinm<tdiut«ly  10  J4int'ali>tvri.  (id  tlm  unvornur, 
uitiiip|iurliid  by  any  ririrtlvu  Ion  p  that  cuuld  co|i<t 
with  Ihit  iiianr||i'nt4,  ritlirrd  ni'ru44  Ihn  bay  lo  Acntnirk, 
on  lint  ii44titrn  aliont  Noin«t  uf  Ihu  euiincillrr4  ir- 
cutiipaniitd  hjni  tliitlifr ;  thit  r'i<  riittri'd  tu  Ibeir  own 
pl4itt4liiiii4  I  tint  fr4iiir  of  Iho  colonial  adniiiiiatr4tion 
aviinird  to  bit  di44olvi<il,  iiid  llaroii  louk  unrii4iBtitd 
jtuiMitiiiun  of  tlif  vacunt  {jovitrntiii'iit. 

'I'liu  aiilliority  winch  hn  had  1I1U4  acqiiiri'il  by  thr 
vi|iur  of  Ilia  pruciti*dni|(4,  U4cun  ciiipluycd  with  ifrKal 
tddrr44  tu  aijtl  alreiiKlh  and  rnpiilalion  lo  hi*  |>aily. 
'I'u  Hive  tu  ihia  uaiirpcd  jnriadictiun  tint  app<'araiica  of 
■  leii'il  natabliahimtnl,  liv  C4llt'd  arunventiuii  uf  tlip  gpi\- 
llcini'u  uf  tlic  cotintrv,  «iid  prrvailcd  with  a  nuiiu'runa 
body  of  thttiii  lo  pledijit  lhi!iii>rlvi<4  by  oath  lo  aupport 
hi'  nulliuiity  and  ruaial  hia  eiiaiuin.  A  dccluralion 
waa  piibli'hrd,  in  tlio  name,  uf  thia  bwly,  aettiiiH  furtli 
llial  Sir  WilliBiii  llatrknU'y  had  wickmlly  fooicnled  a 
civit  wir  anioiiK  ihii  peoiilo,  and  that,  alter  lliua  violat- 
iiiK  Ilia  tniat,  he  bad  abdicatud  iho  Kovoniinenl,  to  the 

Kru4l  aatonmbnijnl  of  the  country  ;  that  the  f'nitr*! 
ad  raiae-l  an  army  for  the  uiiblic  aervice,  and  with  Ihit 
piiblir.  approbalion  ;  that  iho  late  i(Overnor  having,  aa 
wai  reitortrd,  I'aUi'ly  infurmrd  ihn  kin);  that  thii  ({iinural 
«nd  hli  fulluwitra  were  rehela,  and  advlaed  hia  niajoaty 
10  lond  I'uritea  tu  aiiltdiio  them,  Iho  welfare  of  the  culony 
ind  llii'lr  true  allouiaiice  to  hia  moat  aacred  inajnatv 
equally  rttqtiiritd  tliiit  thoy  oppoio  and  4upprc44  ail 
fctrcea  wliatauever,  till  the  ki;.){  bo  fully  inform  d  of  the 
true  itaie  of  the  ca4u  by  4uch  peraoiia  aa  ahould  be  aent 
to  him  by  Nathaniel  Uacon,  to  whom  in  the  interim 
•U  lb*  inlikbiUutii  weio  reijuired  to  lake  an  oath  of  die- 


NoRrtl   AMr.  HM'A 

fi»m»  ll  »44  tPiiMikptl  liy  >hm  oiap,  ih4i  1K14  itMla 
niiam  wkiph  mifbi  hat*  bppn  44|ip<l»d  Iui4i4|tl«y  Ik" 
tftiniiimt  «'4ii4p  u^    llif    rpiiilt     mpttlimtPil    limi«  wf  tkai 

•»il||ili4l  4tllt)Pirla  »lt  tll*<  <tiilpiil       4lttl,   llPMrP,  lhP«    |l*4lly 

•tiaiippud  Ih4i  ihp  l44iUr  ol  iltp  iiiaiir||pfii4  ha'l  t|i,4«gii4 
of  Ki4  iiiiaii,  iM  wKhIi  iIip  ilia*  iiittpnta  ol  Kia  i..l|t#wpra 
wt-rp  intrtlv  anhapfkipiil,  valnrb  (itittplpd  Itpyoiial  llie 
l«ib|iMr4ry  pr*«'4tiii**ii  itf  lio4iitiiip4  Wllh  lh«  In4t4ii4, 
4M<t  h4il  4li>4ily  atifgaatad  lu  linn  4  a|,«^>  loua  |il«*.  on 
wFiii  ti  tip  |,ri,|Hia«i'l  III  iiivoivM  iltp  itttliHiy  in  a  war  wllh 
till'  liin  1  a  III  tlip  iinilltrf  •'uiiiiiry  V><l,  anrh  W44  ihe 
•|iiiil  III  ihii  IIMIV4,  4iltl  Ittp  4yitip4lhy  with  r«4t4l4lia'H  10 
•  tpry  liratn  It  ol  an  4tlill»ttlall4lnin  wlmli  I  I,«fla4  W44 
d4tly  rphil*'riii|{  nuirp  4111I  mot*  iHtioii4  4itit  4ii4p««latl, 
lh«i,  wlipii  1I114  •|p«'l4r4iniii  vv44  trtailp  known  in  ling 
Uiitl,  II  liipl  Willi  oi4ity  4ilvoc4lP4  4iinntg  Itlai  (i4toplp, 
4itd  pypti  wiiltiu  ilip  walla  nl  1I14I  pailtatiwnl  wli»4«  in 
|n4iirp  luriiml  Iha  wily  (fiaianaa  Uial  V  IfglliM  hail  yal 
lo  t-ninpl4tii  III 

Hir  \ViUi4ni  Wnkpl**,  in  Iha  mP4n  Innp,  ha«ln||  f"i 
Iprlad  4  ftirLP  Iruiiji  lavipa  4nnMiK  ihp  pUnlvra  who  ra- 
tn4inpi|  wril  alUinnl  lo  liwn,  4hd  tioni  Ilia  •'ratBi4  uf  Itia 
Kit||ti4h  4liipptnK  on  Iha  i'044la  loiiiiopiiriid  4  4«rifta 
of  4II4I  k4  nil  Dip  fnrt-4a  of  tItp  iipuriwri  4int  4pvpral 
aliarp  «iii-oiiiiipr4  piiawnd  hctwppn  ihp  p4ritt'4  with 
141111114  am  rfaa  All  itta  litatr'ffa  iif  Kivil  W4r  hp)|4rt  10 
ilvai  rnil  nil  ill*  culali-|t  j4nn<alowti  W44  railtliird  lo 
4aliK4  by  Ibp  llir<tr||aula  ,  lbs  >'4l4lp4  nl  ih*  I>iy4ll4l4 
warp  ptlUued,  ttwiir  IriainU  4tMl  nl4iir44  M<i<ad  aa 
lioaiagra.  ainl  Iha  ru'liaal  pl4nt4tiun4  in  ili«  proviin'p 
warn  l4id  W44l«  'I'lia  ^otiiniof  W4a  i*oni}i<t|leil.  by 
liip  r4gp  Itf  Iii4  own  parti«4ita,  to  rrtaliata  thviv  »l- 
inniiitnta,  and  uyvii  to  1  lei-iitu  auiita  of  tlip  inauripinca 
tiy  111411141  law  ,  4nil  iIim  4iiinioaity  ol  both  p4rliP4  W44 
ripiilly  iniitiniiiit{  lo  a  ittii^fci  lliat  thraalenad  a  war  nl 
niiilu4l  I'llcrniiMiilinii  I'lip  4ii|ittrtiirily  of  lh»  ni4iir- 
gilil  Inn  11  had  hlllnrlo  innlilnil  llni  l<lluit4  ol  lilt' 
Inyaliata  In  tint  iluld  in  nntri'  akirnitahnig  en|{4giniiiint4  , 
lull  ttiai  tidinga  ul  411  apitroai  liitiij  4rin4iii«nii,  winrli  tbp 
kinil  liid  di'apaiilnil  titnn  llnuUiKl  iind«r  Nir  Jnliii 
llerry,  to  Ihn  laaiaiiiiii  it  ol  tint  irovvrnor,  |{4vh  proiiii4p 
ol  4  wnli'r  r4ii|tt<  nl  C4rn4gn  inn  dpaoUnnn.  rh4rlu4 
b4d  uaui'il  a  |triH'l4iii4liun  darUrnig  llarnti,  a  traitnr 
and  tint  aulo  pritinnti  r  uf  tha  inanrrrrtiun  ;  graiiUnil 
parilon  to  all  hta  fnllnwitra  who  annnld  Itn^itku  hnii, 
4rid  olfitniig  frvmloni  to  4II  aUvita  who  \\uiilil  44414I  in 
anppri'aaii  g  the  iiiyult  llnwitviir  iilaiidtha  loyaliata 
iiii)i(lil  ha  wiihlhit  iiiti'lhgftiicu  ul  tin*  4ppru4t'tiirtg  4UC' 
cur,  Ihn  trailer  uf  tlir  inatir^ciita  W44  nu  way  di4' 
inavi'd  Ity  it;  and  t|ta  infltienii'  over  bi4  fulluwfi4  W44 
tiitltonndrd.  Lunai'iuua  now  thai  I114  power  4nd  hia 
lilti  ware  tndiaaolnbly  corimtctctl.,  he  dalcnttiiii<d  tu 
iMti'uuiiti'r  wliutt'ior  biri'M  might  be  aint  4gaii,ac  liiin. 
He  W44  awarit,  al  llic  aaino  iinie.  of  ll.<  iiiipurlaiKO  uf 
atr,king  a  dcciaive  blow  while  lint  advantage  of  riuiii- 
ban  rainaniod  with  bini ;  and  wiili  thia  vinw  having  en- 
largpi)  hia  ruauiircua  by  prucUiiiiing  a  gcnnral  furfuilure 
uf  the  property  of  all  whu  cilhitr  opiKjaed  hi4  picteii- 
aioni  or  avitii  atrcctvil  nuntraliiy,  tie  waa  prttnanng  tu 
ltk«  the  liitld,  whi'ii  hia  c  iritur  waa  arri*ati'ii  by  that 
i'uwcr  winch  riilnmt  thi  r^maimt,i  uf  Aunuii  urulk, 
and  can  wither  in  an  iiiataml  the  uplifted  ami  m{  the 
duatinycr.  Happily  lor  hia  r  ounlry,  and  tu  the  mam- 
fuat  •uvantagii  iim  lt;44  of  lii>  lulluwera  than  hii  advcr- 
iarie4,  llacun  un>!>)t«ciedly  ji.  kfiicd  and  died.  ( 1077  ] 

lluw  entirely  thia  eilraurdinary  m4n  had  been  the 
loiil  uf  hie  paity,  wi4  atrikiiigly  evinced  by  the  eirccl 
uf  hii  dnath  un  their  acntnnenta  and  pruceediiiga. 
The  buiiila  uf  thitir  cunfcdoracy  aeenied  10  ou  cut  ai'in- 
dcrliy  the  loaa  uf  tlioir  general,  end  no  auccea4ur  even 
altitiiiiitcd  to  ro-unile  them.  To  their  languin*  hupea 
and  reaulnlo  adherence  to  Uacon,  atirceeded  mutual 
diatrnat  and  uiiivcraal  dcapunduncy  ;  oagerneaa  for 
balllit,  and  dreaina  of  coni|Ucai,  gave  place  to  an 
eariieat  concern  to  aecuru  thitir  own  4afety,  and  ulTuct 
an  accuiniiiuilatian  with  the  anciunt  guveriimoiil ;  and, 
after  a  ahurt  treaty  they  laid  down  their  ariiia,  and 
aubinittitd  to  Sir  William  Uerkuley,  on  condition  of 
receiving  a  grncral  pardon.  'I'hua  iiiddenly  and  provi- 
dentially waa  diaaipatcd  a  tuinpnat  that  aeeined  to  |iur- 
lend  llie  inevitable  ruin  of  Virginia.  Kroin  the  man 
wlioae  uvil  geniua  eicilcd  and  im|iclled  ita  fury,  thia 
inauriiictioii  baa  been  diatingniahcd  by  the  name  of 
UatoixM  RcliilliuH.  (1  placed  the  colony  for  aeven 
inontha  in  the  (lowor  of  that  daring  iiitiriier,  involved 
the  inhabitaiita  during  all  that  [leiiod  in  bloodihed  and 
confuaion,  and  wna  productive  of  a  devaatatiun  of  pro- 
perly to  tbii  eatent  of  at  loaat  a  hundred  thouaand 
IHiuiida.*     Tu  the  mother  ijountry  it  cunvu)'Dd  a  lea- 

•  Beverley,  70-70.  OlUmlimi,  i.  UO-937.  Mwloiii  Uiu- 
veraat  lllatory,  ill.  IM.  Ilr  Wllllani  Kelth'a  lllatury  of  Vir- 
|lm4,  p.  IW— iOI.    Clialnieri,  Hi— Hi.  IM.    An  accouul  bt 


4un  whH'h  aha  aMwara  never  m  )mi*  undti  ••wwl  Ii4 
Iha  hiaa  ■(  kpf  <aM«iP*  illnalrat*4  ila  meaiiHig.  anil  thai 
■)nn«pifitpiipa  nl  illat«g4r4lng  tl  tof,  anaf  aveff 
allifwanap  l«f  Um  ahilily  anil  arliMp*  •!  H«<'Wi.  II  Mi*4 
nia,.itp4l  lh«l  Kla  inlliiPttt  >t  I144  liaen  wiglnally  dallveai 
frniii  ihp  gpnar4t  ili4«-oni4tii  4«td  ir'^-taiHin  m  •  44ioneii 
by  ilip  »i*inmpr*i4l  rpvirn  imna  ,  411..I  11  |pipiif«d  biiln 
4ag4<  iiy  In  Iura4pp  iha.  tlinan  MnlnH«nl4  wetiM  Im  ran- 
dxpil  niura  111*4141414  4ii>l  miita  h)nnHl4k|p  ky  Um 
growth  III  Iha  provnn'p,  4t*'l  hy  that  iniir*44«4  I'lm- 
ueinnt  4nd  4yni|iaihy  wtih  iha  lOhar  itolnnial  4pII|*- 
mpni4,  whntit  lh«  I»|t4p  ol  inna  4imI  ihp  h4hiinal  aon- 
4rionam'44  of  rnntinon  inlpiit4U  4tul  grip«4n«aa  wouM 
ntlallilily  prnniwu  Haal  IkaiHi  Impii  4  more  ImhmM 
anil  ili4inlarp4lad  lp4dpr,  ihia  Ia44mi  would  fi\svf» 
have  kapii  iiuira  1  laaily  aiur«44pd,  4nd  llw  rplmlliM, 
II  14  prultaltla,  winiM  mil  nata  andpd  with  linnaell 
lltil,  inalaad  ii(  iinrarply  amliratctiig  that  aaua*  of  hM 
444iwi4la4,  Iw  eonlrivad  lo  render  Ihaiir  p*44iofM  4uh 
4PrviPiil  10  hi4  own  4inbiilon4  por|iu4P4  I'lia  444«rMVB 
ul  Ilia  inlirciU  uf  Virgint4  w«»  Ihn4  runyarlad  tnlo 
ih«  |t«iliaan4  of  411  indi*idti4l ,  4i"l  whan  hia  praaom* 
4nd  iitlltipniii  warp  wilhdr4wn,  ibay  parraivaj  al  •Dp* 
iliii  ihpy  WHIP  ainhaikad  in  a  rmiiaai  wbiah  1*  lh)ia»- 
44'lva4  hiid  iniiihar  Inlpr44l  iinr  uhjpri. 

i\o  40>tn4r  war*  llw  nuurgvnu  di4lHiiidp<i,  ami  ika 
Irgiiiin4l«  guyrrntneiii  r»4ioreil  ili4n  Mir  Williaaa 
llpikpley  i'uii*en«il  Ilia  coloiiial  aaaptnbly.  to  aaaiat,  lijr 
Ita  d*hiipr4liun4,  in  tha  raealaliliahiiMinl  of  iiuMm 
iwdpr  That  acta  of  Ihia  aaaanibly  have  reraivaii  Imm 
lomu  wrilpra  the  prataa  of  inotlfhilniti,  which,  no 
ilinibl,  they  niiiat  Int  4dinilti'il  lo  ayinca  in  a  degree  um 
leaa  honnriiblp  than  aiirpriaing,  if  wa  coiiltna  mn 
ailontnm  lo  the  rirtuinatance  of  ita  having  mat  but  t 
lew  wpaka  4llitr  H4('nn'4  dp4lh,  whpo  thn  inuinury  ot 
in4uli4  4tnl  in|nri>4  W44  ritcani,  wIipii  ibn  |taatiana  ol 
the  p4riiP4  wire  yet  W4rrn.  4nd  ilip  4||il4tiun4  ul  Iho 
roniiiat  had  barrly  anbuilid  lly  olliiir4.  thay  haf« 
bovii  loaded  Wllh  a  repruiach  which  they  plaiijy  apiifai 
to  deaitrvc,  whan  wn  racnllai'i  tliat  lliuy  werv  inlia.'* 
tinna  ol  the  treaty  with  thu  inanrgnnta  Ntill.  wiih  all 
thrir  iin|Htrf«i:tion4,  they  will  Im  adinitteil  by  every  oiM 
who  la  acipiaintid  with  ilie  hialory  of  otvil  coininolione, 
lo  hiriu  a  fairer  iiindi'l  than  Iho  recorda  ul  any  othai 
people  have  ever  tr4nanillliril  uf  the  inixleration  uf  1 

aitci'iiaafnl  party  in  a  itiyil  war      Il4<' 4iid  a  few  of 

hia  priin-ipal  olfii'pra,  who  bad  intriahttl  in  the  ronteal, 
wire  4lt4inU'd  i  iionn  of  lint  4nryiyor4  ol  the  (lartji 
went  pnniahid  capitally,  but  4  few  uf  the  nnire  lulled  ol 
Iheiu  were  enltjerted  tu  Ilnc4  4iid  ilia«lnliii«a  ;  ami 
with  Ibcatt  eiccptiuna,  thu  pruiniar  of  grua  ral  indeiimiiy 
W44  cnnllrmed  by  Uw  ,\ii  atlainiltr  of  Iln  d«ui 
lecnia  on  arrogant  altenipl  uf  human  power  lo  aateiid 
114  arm  Iwyond  the  bnniida  of  ble,  tu  inv4de  with  Hi 
vungianre  ihn  invHiUliln  ituniinnni  of  the  grave,  and 
10  rerlaim  lo  the  juriadicliun  of  Uilrgated  anihorily  and 
fallible  nnl,|ineiil  the  oil  inler,  who  haa  already  liean 
removed  by  the  art  nf  Muveriign  Power  to  abide  ih* 
decree  of  Ha  infalliblii  jnalif*.  ll  waa  probably  reaortad 
to  on  thia  oi'caaiini  in  oriler  to  aaaurt  the  viiidlftivo 
power  of  the  law.  wiiImuI  tnfiintjing  iKi  indeninity  thai 
bad  been  atipulatrd  I'  the  Iiiaurgenl4  liut,  in  tng- 
land.  It  waa  rcgaitlcd  ai  an  act  of  auvereignly  beyond 
thu  cumfictence  uf  a  auliordiiiato  hgulature.  and  held 
tu  be  vuid  from  defect  uf  power ;  and  all  the  other  act* 
of  the  aaaenibly  in  reletii'fi  to  thu  ini  irgenla  were  di»' 
allowed  by  thu  king  aa  doroKatory  lo  the  lernia  of  hi* 
proclamation.  Th<^  attainditr,  however,  waa  aflerward* 
reenariitd.  by  paating  a  bill  to  that  eHecl,  which  wa* 
franiitd  in  Onglainl.  and  traiiamitted  undar  th*  gr**l 
aeal  tu  the  colonial  aiattmbly. 

The  tardy  aid  .vliich  had  lieen  detached  from  Eng- 
land to  the  defence  of  thn  colonial  governiiieiit.  did 
not  reach  Virginia  till  aftei  the  complete  reeatabliah- 
inont  of  trani|uillity.  With  the  Heel  arrived  Colonel 
Jitireryi.  ap|)oiiited  by  the  king  to  aigiiify  the  recal  and 
auccocd  to  the  olficc  of  Sir  William  rierkelcv,  who  now 
cloacd  in  iiraci'  an  adniiniatration  of  nearly  I'orty  yeara ; 
and  ihortly  after,  cluaing  hia  life,  may  be  aaid  lu  hat* 
died  in  the  aervice  of  Virginia.  Thia  gallant  and 
hoiiorahlc  tnin  waa  tliua  a|i*rud  the  moriiricalion  of  be- 
holding thu  injuitico  with  which  the  royal  authority  wa* 
aooii  alUr  employed  to  blacken  hia  fame,  and  10  weaken 
all  thoac  leiitiincnia  of  loyalty  in  the  colony  which  il 

thu  cuuHua  anil  clrruniatancaa  uf  thia  rcltalli.ni.  ililforlnT  ma- 
lunally  Iruin  that  which  1  have  atlitpteii.  veiy  liiacreilltaitle  to 
8ir  Williain  Uitrkcloy,  aiitl  prtipurtiunably  fuver4tj|e  la  BacoOt 
orriira  111  the  Amiinitlix  tu  the  Ih'at  vulutnu  of  WllllliniOii'a 
IllaUiry  lit  iNinlii  Ciunhtta.  Hut  It  la  utiiinieil  by  all  eliatinf 
eviiluncu,  Huii^irti'il  liy  ntiiiu,uiiil  atrutigly  imueachad  by  it* 
own  ntitiiilt'at  ntiprntinliilitv.  WilliainHun'a  dialik*  uf  Sir  Wii> 
Umii  Ui'tkt-lt'y  wiiM  iirnliiilay  uccobiuiihiI  hy  the  very  unlavor. 
ablit  opiiiinn  whicli  Ucrkf  liiy  tiad  oiitrciaad  of  the  uiaaMil 
uf  Murili  I'oiulina  at  llUa  ^rioii. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


//^.**^^ 


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1.0     Sfl^  tii 

^S    *^  Uii   12.2 

11.25  im  |L6 


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THB  HI8T0RT  OF 


W  kMa  Um  JIM  aMMt  tff  Ui  wiikM,  ud  la  M  mmU 
*IIM  Ik*  •4M  W  kM  ataMMnikm  M  tflHlnw  m4 
MUtaiik  HiMin|tUllMpriMMM«rM«tdnfiUM| 
MdMcW  Willi  •  akuMiw  wall  hm»i  la  ncMMMad 
hi*  piiiiai|iiM  I  mi  pwriJiH  *"  •  ••'•"r  "km  ik« 
ptraiUag  MMiiiMiil*  of  ik*  yiipli  ««■  eoaganiti  nilk 
Ui  own;  ka  hid  ka|nd  M  RMlia  VinioM  in  Mjrlom 
«kw*  Uw  knilljr  ikM  wh  UnfuUhuii  in  Euiop* 
■igkl  b*  nnoimUd  by  lniiMai|nUiM  inlo  •  yeuDg  tnd 
ffowil^  body  iwlilie,  and  aipand  M  ■  naw  and  mora 
vifOfwia  maturity.  But  Ihia  waa  not  Ika  daatinatioii 
afiba  pfOTineaa  of  Amariea.  Strouriy  infealad  with 
Ika  prajudlcaa  ot  kia  aga  and  parly,  Barkalay  waa  al- 
waya  PMwa  willing  lo  maka  Ika  moal  ganaroua  aaar- 
liaaa  kt  a  paopla  wko  eommitlad  ihaii  inlaiaala  lo  ki< 
■maation,  ihau  lo  aniiaklan  thaaa  wilk  Ika  knowladga 
Ikat  would  kava  anablad  than  mera  juatlv  lo  appraciala 
and  mora  aiUnaiTaly  to  adminiaUr  Ihoaa  iaWiaata 
ikamaaUaa.  Tka  nakad  rapublican  prineipla  Ikal  aub- 
alllutaa  ik*  raapaal  and  appiokalion  of  ciinaoa  lo  Ibair 
nagiairal*,  in  placa  of  Ika  ravtianca  and  altackmani  of 
aul^U  to  tkair  Mnraraign,  waa  kald  by  all  tka  cavaliara 
in  Hilar  abborranca  s  and  a  mora  faforabla  i^iuan  of 
tka  opooaila  prineipla  which  ikay  maintainad,  and  of 
Ikal  muad  ayatam  of  opinioo  and  aantimanl  wkick  it 
landad  to  prodaaa  will  not  aaiily  bo  found  than  in  Ika 
•  Jiunialraijon  of  kit  William  Barkalay.  Tka  caurago- 
aaa  rmid  ka  daoMoalralad  for  iko  paopla,  not  only 
otcilcd  tkair  gralaful  admiration,  but  racommandcd  to 
Ibair  aalaam  tba  ganaroua  loyally  lo  hia  king  wilk  wkick 
h  waa  in  kia  laoguaga  ami  derotanor  inaoparably 
blandad  i  and  wbila  ka  elaimad  Ikair  aympatky  wilk  kia 
byalty  lo  tkair  common  aovaraign,  ha  naturally  aaaertad 
kw  own  akara  in  Ika  aantimanl  aa  the  dalacala  of  Iha 
crowA.  Tka  tixallad  diatinction  which  bo  thought  due 
to  lank  and  odlea,  ha  employad  lo  give  efficacy  to  pru- 
danea,  modaration,  and  banavolaiKa ;  and  tampaiiiig 
Ika  dignity  of  ariatocratical  alaration  with  thn  kiiidneia 
•f  a  patriarch  and  the  mihl  courteay  of  a  gentleman, 
kia  adminiatralion  realiicd  that  elegant  raaamblanca 
wkick  many  ka*a  preferred  to  more  real  and  aubalanual 
Ofualily :  aa  there  era  many  who  confeea  that  Ikay  find 
politanaaa  mora  aralifying  than  aolid  banafaction.  Ha 
waa  a  wiaa  legialator,  aa  wall  aa  a  benevolent  and  up- 
right magiatrala ;  and  wa  are  informed  by  the  r  Jilor 
or  iha  lawa  of  Virginia,  that  Iha  moat  judicloiia  and 
moit  popular  of  them  ware  frunad  by  Sir  William 
Berkeley,  When  kia  daatk  waa  made  known,  and  ka 
waa  no  longer  an  object  of  flalleiy  or  of  fear,  the 
aaiamhly  recorded  the  aantimenta  wkick  the  cokmy 
•inlaruined  of  hia  eon-lunt  in  the  grateful  declaration 
•■that  be  had  been  an  excellent  and  well  dewrriug  go- 
vernor ;"  and  eameatly  recommended  hia  widow  lo  the 
juatica  and  generoaity  of  tba  king.*  Happily  perhapa 
for  thamaeUea,  the  boaom  of  the  king  waa  (;uit«  a 
itranger  to  any  auch  aentimenta ;  and  bia  adminiatra- 
lion waa  calculated  to  diapal  inatead  of  confiriniiiii  the 
impieaaiona  of  caraliur  loyalty,  and  to  teach  the  Vir- 
ginian coloniata  that  the  object  of  their  late  gorernor'a 
bomage  waa  a  very  worthleaa  idol,  and  the  animating 
principle  of  hia  political  creed  a  mare  illuaioo  of  hia 
own  generoua  imagination. 

The  moat  i»marfcablr  event  that  dialinguiahed  the 
fovcinment  of  Colonel  JeRerya  waa  the  concluaion  of 
tne  Indian  war,  which  had  raged  ao  long,  and  conlri- 
luted,  with  other  cauaca,  10  the  production  of  the  lata 
rebellion,  by  a  treaty  which  gave  univeraal  aatiafaclion. 
Thia  too  waa  the  only  act  of  kia  adminialiatioo  that 
waa  attended  with  conaequencea  ao  agreeable.  Jef- 
fcrya,  logethar  with  Sir  John  Berry  and  Colonel  Mory- 
aon,  had  been  appointed  commiiaionera  lo  inquire  into, 
and  report  on,  the  cauaea  of  Bacon'a  rebellion.  They 
eominonced  their  inquiriea  with  an  avowed  prepoaaea- 
aion  in  favor  of  the  inaorgaata,  and  conducted  them 
with  the  moat  indecent  pertiality.  The  tamptationa 
which  their  office  preientM  to  magnify  the  imporunee 
of  their  labora,  by  naw  and  atrikuis  diacoveriea,  and 
to  prove,  by  cenatre  of  the  lata  adminiatralion,  that 
they  had  not  been  appointed  ita  atbitera  in  vain,  co- 
operated, no  doubt,  to  produce  the  maliguity  and  iniua- 
tice  which  they  diaplayed  in  a  degree  IMt  wouM  otner- 
wiae  aeem  quite  unaccountable.  Inatead  of  indemni- 
ffing,  or  even  applauding, .  they  di«countenanced  the 


*  Chalnwr«,p.  339,  7.  Preface  to  Momon'H  Edition  of  the 
I,awii  of  Virginia.  Life  of  Sir  WilUun  Berlicli'y.  Tho  vory 
great  portion  of  this  eminent  person**  life  which  was  identlflea 
with  the  hiatory  of  the  colony  will  leem  to  excuse,  I  hope,  the 
,enitth  of  this  allusion  to  his  intarasting  character.  The  only 
reference  I  have  obaerved  In  his  expreaalona  to  the  ataie  of 
mliglon  In  the  colony,  or  to  hia  own  aentimenta  thereupon, 
aecun  In  hia  anawei*  to  the  Lorda  of  the  Committee  of  Colo- 
aias,  where  he  aaya,  ■•  Our  mlnlaters  are  well  pald,and  by  my 
ceaaent  ahould  be  better  If  they  would  pray  oftener  and  preach 
Mae."   Chalmera,p.W. 


loyiUala  wk*  kid  MlUad  la  Ike  liaa  of  dwgar  iwmmI 
Uw  paiMn  of  Ik*  gwara**  i  lad,  kavinf  wvilad  all 
Ik*  paraona  wk*  kad  b**a  engaged  In  ik*  laanrraetlaa 
M  eooM  forward  aad  aUM  tkmr  gitiavan**a  wilkool  foar, 
and  unaquivoeally  daaaaoalraled  Ika  lavoiaM*  aeaepl- 
ance  whwh  auck  repraaanlaliooe  migkl  oipoel,  Ikay 
ravivad  in  tba  colony  all  th*  angry  paaaioiM  that  had 
been  ao  happily  eompooad,  and  coUaclad  a  maaa  of 
aanaaleea  and  mconaialrni  eomplalnU  which  had  never 
bean  uttered  bef  <re,  and  whirk  they  compiled  into  a 
body  of  ehargae  againal  Sir  WiUiam  Berkeley  and  hia 
council.*  while  their  folly  or  malignity^  thua  landed 
lo  rekindle  lb*  diaeenaiona  of  tba  cokmiata,  their  in- 
lamperanca  involved  them  in  a  diaput*  thai  united  all 
parliea  againal  ihamaalvee.  Having  vwfonlly  taken 
Ike  racorda  nf  the  aaaembly  oul  «f  Ik*  kanda  «f  iu 
elaik,  Ika  kouao,  ineenaad  at  tkia  ineull,  demanded  a*- 
tiafactioo  from  Jaffarya  ;  and  wken  ka  appealed  to  Ika 
aulkorily  of  tka  great  aeal  of  England,  under  wkich 
lb*  eomaiiaaionera  acted,  they  declared  to  him,  in  Ian- 

r|a  worthy  of  the  drecendanta  of  Engliahmen,  and 
paranta  of  Americana,  "  that  auch  a  oreaeh  of  pri- 
vilaga  eouM  not  b*  commanded  under  th*  great  aeal, 
bacauaa  Ikay  could  not  find  that  any  king  of  England 
kad  aver  dona  ao  in  former  timoi."  riie  apiril  ol  the 
aaaambly  will  appear  Iha  mor*  commendable  if  we  con- 
eider  that  a  kody  of  regular  troopa,  the  Aral  that  had 
aver  been  a*nl  lo  Virginia,  war*  now  atalioued  in  Ik* 
cbkmy  under  Ika  rommaad  of  Sir  Jokn  Barry.  In- 
formed of  tkia  proceeding,  tka  king,  in  atraine  tkal  rival 
Ike  arroganea  of  kia  liilhar  and  grandfatker,  commanded 
Ike  governor  "  lo  aignify  tk*  ro^al  indignation  at  tkia 
aadilioua  declaration,  and  to  give  the  leadere  marka 
of  Iha  royal  dia|ilaaaur*."  Bairy  and  Moryaon  aoon' 
after  returned  to  England,  leaving  the  colony  in  a 
atata  of  ferment,  and  all  partiea  diagualed  aiid  dia- 
appoinled. 

To  the  other  cauaea  of  diaeonlent,  waa  added  the 
burden  of  aupporting  tho  eoldiery,  who  receiving  no 
lamittancea  ai  pav  Aom  England,  lived  at  free  quar 
IM*  upon  th*  inoabitanta.  Tkeir  impalianee,  however, 
waa  mitigalad  by  Ika  ftiandly  and  prudent  demeanor  of 
an  aged  officer,  and  vanaraki*  man.  Sir  Honrv  Chicbe- 
l*y,  to  ivhnn,  aa  lieutenant  governor,  the  adminiatra- 
lion devolved  on  the  death  of  Jaffitrya  :  [1678,]  and 
aa,  during  hia  praaidency,  the  large  and  improridont 
granta  of  the  crown  that  nad  beer,  ao  much  complained 
of  were  recalled,  and  aome  other  grievancea  corrected, 
a  abort  gleam  of  proaperity  waa  ahed  on  the  colonv, 
and  an  interval  of  comparative  repoaa  gave  the  people 
time  to  breath*  bafot*  the  reaumption  of  tyranny  with 
a  violence  which  w*  to  endure  tdl  the  era  of  the  revo- 
lution. 

It  waa  not  lo  lb*  inlenlione  of  the  king  that  the  eolo- 
niala  ware  indebted  for  th*  miM  adminiatralion  of  Sir 
Henri  Cbicheley.  Charlea  Jiad  aometime  before  con- 
fair**  th*  govamment  on  Lord  Culpepper,  who  though 
v*nr  willing  to  accept  the  impoilant  oHicc,  ahowe-l  ao 
Utti*  readineaa  lo  perform  th*  dutiea  of  it,  that  it  waa 
oat  till  he  had  bean  reprimanded  by  tho  king  for  bia 
neglect,  that  he  at  length  made  hia  voyage  to  Viruinia. 
'ISSO.]  Hia  adminiatralion  waa  .conducted  wiiK  the 
aam*  arbitrary  apirit  jut  th*  royal  government  had 
now  begun  to  exereia*  without  control  in  the  mother 
country.  Having  wrealed  from  the  aaaembly  the  nomi- 
nation of  ila  own  moat  confidential  officer,  the  aecrntai^ 
who  kept  ila  journala  ;  having  aboliahed  the  power  it 
had  hitherto  vxerciaed  of  arbitrating  appeala  from  the 
deciaiona  of  Iha  provincial  judicaloriea ;  and  having 
endeavored  to  ailence  all  complaint  of  hia  tyranny  by 
aatabliabing  a  law  that  prohibited,  under  the  aevereat 
penaltiea,  all  diareapectful  apeechea  againal  the  gover- 
nor or  hia  adminiatralion,  he  returned,  after  a  very 
abort  atay  in  Viriinia,  to  enjoy  in  England  the  money 
h*  had  contrived  lo  divert  from  the  ravenuee  of  the 
colonial  Government.  Vet  on  thia  ignoble  lord  did  the 
king  confer  the  commiaaion  nf  gorenior  for  life,  and  a 
aalary  twico  aa  large  aa  the  omolumenta  of  Sir  William 
Berkeley.  Th*  irritation  which  hia  nrocaedinga  had 
created,  tharpenad  iha  aenae  of  the  .bardahiua  which 
the  coloniata  wen  now  enduring  from  the  aepnaaed 
price  of  tobacco ;  and  at  length  the  public  impatience 
exploded  in  a  tumultuary  attempt  to  deatroy  all  the  new 
tobacco  plantationa  that  threatened  to  incraaae  the  de- 
pruaaion  of  price  by  mullipiyiiig  atill  farther  the  qnau- 
titioa  of  produce.  [1683.]  The  inaurrection  might 
have  proceeded  to  very  aerioua  extremitiea,  if  the  pru- 
dence and  vigor  of  Sir  Henry  Cbicheley  had  not  again 


b**a*i*M*dl« 


Mwmd  la  litatii  Ik*  pukllc  di*a*Bt*M,  ami  m*- 
Ik*  p**(«  af  Ik*  (otany.    Ta  •  mind  InAuaaiai 


a*lT*  tk*  n**(*  a 
b*  libwal  ^lie*, 
IkiaakMt  aad  h 


*  The  memory  of  Sir  William  Berkeley  waa  defended  againal 
the  mixrepreaentationa  of  the  commissionera,  by  hia  brDthar 
Lord  Berkeley  (Chalnwra,  p.  ISO),  fad  hia  fame  auOkrad  no 
dluiinuUon  fruni  thau  report. 


*i  auaeapliM*  af  kaai«n*  impmilwwt 
fe*M*  inaumetian  waa  paaraifuUy  1»> 
eomawndwl  lo  an  Indulgent  eonaidaraliwi.  Il  wa*  bal 
a  momanlary  aipraaaion  of  popular  impatianca  rraatal 
by  ondoubtad  aullaring ;  and  lb*  eameal,  Ikoogk  inaf- 
factual  addraaeae  hv  which  th*  aaaambly  had  racantlr 
aoliciled  from  th*  king  a  prohibition  of  lb*  itier****  •! 
tobacco  pkinlatwna,  had  both  auggealed  and  a**m*d  la 
aanciion  th*  abject  to  which  th*  violence  of  the  rloton 
waa  directed.  But  to  th*  king  it  anpearad  in  Ik*  ligkl 
of  an  outrage  wliiek  hia  dignity  could  not  aoflkr  la  na* 
wilbaul  a  a*v*r*  vindietiv*  r*tribuiion  ;  and  Lord  Cul< 
p*p|i*r,  again  obaying  tk*  rof  al  oMndat*  ta  proeaed  la 
Virginia,  eanaed  a  numbar  *r  lb*  inanrianla  to  b*  IrM 
for  high  treaaon  :  and  by  •  aariaa  of  bloody  axaeutioM 
difluaed  that  terror  wkick  lyranu  denominat*  irenqull> 
lily.  Having  Ikua  anforvad  a  aubnia||on,  no  laaa  un> 
propilioua  to  th*  colony  than  th*  formml  which  b*4 
ittend*d  hia  former  dajartur*.  Lord  CnlpooMi  agaia 
a*l  aail  for  England,  whan  k*  waa  immediately  ordered 
into  confin*m*nl  for  relundng  witkoul  leave ;  and  oa 
•  charm  of  miaappropriating  th*  cofonial  r*v*nn** 
waa  abortly  aftar  arraigned  before  ■  jury,  and  la 
cona*,,u*oc*  of  tboir  vatdiet,  deprived  of  bia  eomoda- 
akm. 

In  diaplacing  tkia  nabtanan,  it  wa*  tk*  injury  dnna 
ta  kimaelf,  aitd  not  tk*  wrong*  of  th*  colonT,  Ikat 
Charlae  inlendeil  lo  radreaa.  The  laal  act  of  hia  royal 
authority,  of  which  Virginia  waa  aanaibi*,  waa  the  a|H 
pointment  of  a  aueeaaeor  lo  Culpepper,  in  Lord  EffiaVi 
him,  [1688.1  wkoee  chiraetar  waa  vary  tint*,  if  at  all, 
auperior,  and  whom,  amom  other  inatractiona,  he  *»• 
preaaly  commanded  lo  auffer  no  peraon  within  the  co- 
lony to  make  use  of  a  printing  preea  on  any  oceaaron 
or  pretence  whalaoever.  Along  with  the  naw  govemot 
waa  aent.a  (tim\»,  which  waa  appointed  to  be  atalioned 
on  the  coaat  for  the  porpoe*  of  enforcing  a  atricter  exe- 
cution of  the  navigation  act  than  that  obnoxioua  mea* 
euro  had  yet  been  able  to  obtain. 

[llW.'i.]  On  the  death  of  Charira  lb*  Second,  hi*, 
aucceaaor,  Jamee,  waa  proclaimed  in  Virginia  with  do- 
monatnlione  of  joy,  eipreaaiv*  tea*  of  the  ecquaint- 
ance  of  the  coloniata  with  th*  character  of  their  new 
aovareiffn,  than  of  that  impatient  hope  with  which  men, 
under  tho  preaaure  of  extreme  diaeonlent,  are  Mady  la 
hail  any  chaiwe  aa  deairaUe.  .\cclamatioi.a  much  mor* 
expreaaiveoi  hope  and  joy  had  attended  the  commenc*> 
m*nl  of  the  preceding  reign :  and  if  the  hopea  that 
were  entertained  on  the  preaeni  occaaion  wen  moia 
moderate,  thry  were  no!  on  that  account  the  leaa  falla- 
cioua.  The  coloniata  aoon  learned  with  regret,  tlwt  in 
hia  firtt  parliament  Jamra  had  procured  Ihn  impoailion 
of  a  lax  on  the  conaumption  of  lobacco  in  Ekgionil ; 
and  in  imploring  the  auapenaion  of  thia  tax,  which 
threatened  atill  farther  lo  depreciate  their  only  commo- 
dity, they  drtcended  lo  an  abjectneaa  of  onlriaty  which 
produced  no  other  effect  than  lo  embitter  their  diaguel 
with  the  eonacionaneaa  of  unavailing  degndalion. 
Though  the  aaaembly  waa  compelled  to  preaent  an  ad* 
dreaa  of  folicitation  to  the  king  on  the  defeat  of  Mon- 
mouth's invaaion  of  England,  the  coloniata  found  an 
opportunitjr  of  imluloing  very  diflerant  aentimenta  on 
that  occaaion  in  the  kindneaa  with  which  they  traaird 
thoae  of  the  inaurgenta  whom  Jamea,  from  a  aaliely  ol 
bloodahed,  which  h*  termed  th*  plenitude  of  loyel 
mercy,  ap|iointed  lo  be  tranaported  to  th*  plantationa ; 
and  even  th*  aaaembly  paid  no  regard  to  the  aignifiea* 
tion  of  the  royal  deaire  that  they  ahould  frame  a  law 
lo  prevent  Ihea*  unfortunat*  paraona  from  redeeming 
themaelvea  from  Iha  aervitud*  to  which  they  hod  been 
conaisned.  Thia  conduct,  however,  of  the  cotoniaia 
and  their  aaaembly,  in  ao  far  aa  il  waa  not  prompted 
by  aimple  humanity,  indicated  merely  their  diaaaliafac- 
Uon  with  the  king'a  treatment  of  themaelvea,  and  pro- 
ceeded from  no  parlicipalion  of  Iheir  wiahea  or  opiniona 
in  the  deaigna  of  Monmouth.  The  general  diaeonlent 
waa  incioaaed  by  the  pereonat  character  of  the  gove^ 
nor,  thiouofa  whom  tk*  nya  of  royal  influence  were 
Innamitted.  Lord  Effingham,  like  kia  picdeeeaaor, 
engrafted  tk*  vie**  of  a  aoidid  diapoailion  on  the  arbi- 
trary adminiatralion  which  ha  waa  appointed  to  conduct. 
He  inalituted  a  court  of  chancery,  in  which  he  himaell 

Kreaidcd  aa  judge ;  and,  beaidea  multiplying  and  en- 
ancing  the  foea  attached  to  hie  own  peculiar  functions, 
he  condcaconded  to  ahare  with  the  rierka  the  meaner 
perqniaitae  of  miniatorial  officea.  For  aome  time  h* 
contrived  to  alifle  the  ramonetnncea  which  hia  exior- 
tiona  produced,  by  aibilnry  impriaonment  and  other  ae- 
variti** ;  but  at  langth,  th*  public  diapleaauro  became  ao 
general  and  unconttoUabl*,  that  h*  found  il  iropoaaiMa 


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I*<s 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


goTcr- 
•  well) 
ecMtor, 
he  tibi- 
ionduct. 
himieU 
and  bit- 
nctioiia, 
meanm 
iine  ha 
■  exior- 
th«r  t» 
■meao 


I*  HMMM  Um  wflrirti  af  Uw  raianjr  horn  baing 
•mM  M  Enfliai  fn  wkieh  noanlfy  kt  in  wnm*- 
^MOM  HMlf  wl  MmMir  to  MibMk,  111  oidM  lo  b*  pra- 
WM 11  kiaowii imifiiRMml.  [I*MJ  HawuMcoM- 
^niad  hr  Oalanal  Lodwall.  wbM  Um  aaMmhly  had 
•rpainlad  Ikair  agaiit  to  advoeila  Uw  eompUinU  of  bia 
CMil'Ml  and  nna  hia  ramoval. 

Bui  hafeia  Ibo  Mtantor  and  hia  aaeoiar  anivad  in 
Cnriaiid,  Uia  laToTutioa  whieh  Uw  tjrfanar  of  Janwa 
M  langlh  prarakM  in  Uwt  eouiilTjp,  had  tramfanad  Uw 
•llagianra  of  all  aartiaa  to  naw  aovaiaigna.  Tba  Vir- 
liniana,  though  thajr  laadiljr  aoquiaacad  in  tha  changa, 
arpaaf  to  hava  aarvajrad  with  tranr  lltUa  amotion,  an 
•tent  whirh  eoinajdad  wiUi  nona  of  Uwir  aniielpationa. 
and  to  Uw  pradiwtioa  of  whieh  Uwir  aoncviranea  had 
Maferhaandamiiidad.  WhataTarnight  ba  ila  ramour 
eonaaquaneaa,  iu  imnwdiala  alTaet  waa  tMtMy  to  lo- 
inind  IMni  of  Uwir  own  iiiaigniAcanca,  aa  Uw  ap|ian- 
dagaa  of  a  diauni  ampiia,  whoaa  |wlilical  ahaapa  Uwv 
w«ra  falad  to  follow,  but  uiiahia  to  WiBlroL  Tiw  moat 
daap-aaatad  and  laaling  griataneaa  oadai  whiok  Uwjr 
laborad  having  pmeaadadfiom  tha  iwttan  and  Uw  par- 
liainanl,  wara  auoh  aa  Uw  praaant  a»ant  gata  no  pro- 
iniaa  of  mitigating.  Thair  immadiaU  compbinta  wara 
to  ha  aubmiltad  to  aovaraigna  of  whom  Ihay  knaw  ab- 
iolutaly  nothing )  and  Uwir  lata  aiparianca  had  abalad 
Ihair  truat  in  prineaa,  and  thair  hopa  from  ehanyaa  of 
iMalty.  Thaeoolnaaa,Uwn,wiUiwhMhUwVirginiana 
are  aaid  to  have  lamrdad  Uw  great  event  of  Uw  Eng- 
liah  ravolution,  ao  far  liom  implying  Uut  their  minda 
ware  not  touched  with  a  aenaa  of  Iraedoin,  may.  wiUi 
much  greater  piobability,  ba  raferrrd  to  the  ardor  with 
which  thm  ehariahed  a  regard  for  liberty,  and  tha  deti- 
barau  relUetion  wiUi  which  they  combined  it.  In  aoma 
roapacta,  loo,  the  acu  of  Uw  new  go'eminenl  were  very 
liltle  calculated  to  convey  to  Uwm  more  aatiat'actory  iin- 
preaaiona  of  Uw  changa  that  had  taken  piece,  or  to  excite 
Uwir  aympaUiy  wiUi  tha  feelinga  of  Uwt  nortion  of  their 
fellow-aubjer.t'a  by  whoee  exertiona  it  had  been  eflVcled. 
MotwithaUiidiiig  tha  repreaenutiooa  of  Colonel  Lud- 
weil  (who  himaeir  waa  gratiAed  with  Uw  appointment 
of  goramor  of  Caralina.)  King  William,  unwilling, 
•wrpethape  unaMa,  to  diapoaaeea  auch  of  the  officeia 
•f  Uw  okl  goTemmanI  u  ware  willing  to  tranafar  their 

Eiraoiial  and  o6>cial  aatvica  to  the  new,  continued  Lord 
ffiiigham  in  tha  government  of  Virginia ;  but  ha  never 
feturned  thither  again,  and  aa  long  a*  hie  commiaaion 
waa  aulTered  to  endure,  tiw  adminiatnUon  waa  con- 
ducted by  a  deputy  govenwr.  He  waa  removed  in  tha 
year  lOilS,  and  replaced  by  a  aucceeaor  etill  more  ob- 
Koxioua  tu  the  coloniala.  Sir  Edmund  Andioa,  whoaa 
tyrannical  pioeeedinga  under  the  late  reigna,  in  the 
govininient  of  other  American  provincee,  more  juatly 
merited  a  capital  puniahment  than  continuance  in 
vAico.  If  auch  appoiiitmeiile  remind  ua  that  tiw  Eng- 
liah  iniiiiatrv  wia  atill  eoinpoaed  of  many  of  the  ocr- 
•ona  who  had  diauenaed  patronage  m  the  preceding 
Migiia,  they  may  alao  in  part  be  accounte<l  fur  by  oUier 
taaaidarationa.  Of  the  officera  who  were  tkue  unde- 
Mtvedly  retained,  aome  pretended  to  great  local  expo- 
fiance  and  official  ability.  Thia  waa  particularly  the 
•aaa  with  Sir  Edmund  Androa,  whoar  adminiatralinn 
■roved  highly  beneficial  to  Virginia.  And  they  excuaeU 
the  arbitraiy  proceedinge  Uwy  had  conducted  in  the 
former  reigna,  by  pleading  Uw  auUMrity  of  tha  aove- 
°  reign  whoae  command  Uiey  had  obeyed— a  plea  which 
alwaya  6uda  favor  with  a  king,  when  not  oppoaed  tu 
wroiiga  which  he  deema  peraonal  to  himaelf.  Beaidee, 
the  complainw  of  Uw  cotoniau  ware  not  alwaya  ancu- 
rata ;  for  anger  ia  a  more  copioue  Uun  diacriminating 
accuaer.  Juatice  auffered,  aa  uaual,  from  the  paaaion 
and  partiality  with  which  it  waa  contended  for ;  and 
the  guilty  artfully  availed  themaelvea  of  Uw  undiacom- 
mg  rage  they  had  provoked  in  their  accuaera,  to  defeat 
or  enfeeble  the  chargea  they  preferred.  The  inaolonce 
and  aeverity,  for  example,  that  had  pervaded  thr  whole 
of  I<onl  Effingham'a  jgovemment,  bad  produced  many 
ropteaentationa  of  onevancae  iu  which  the  accuaera 
liad  either  neglected  or  been  unable  to  diacriminate  be- 
tween the  legality  of  official  acta,  and  the  tyrannical 
deii.eanor  or  malignant  molivee  of  the  party  by  whom 
they  had  been  performed.  Accordingly,  while  aome  of 
the  remonatnncea  which  the  Virginiana  tnnamiued  to 
England  by  Colonel  Ludwell  were  complied  witk,  Uwre 
were  othen  that  produced  only  eiplanationa,  by  which 
the  Aaaainbly  waa  given  lo  underatand  that  it  had  mia- 
taken  certain  poinla  of  Engliah  conatitutional  law.* 

~*BAveiley,p.(IO,«I.M.M.  Chalmcra,  S47,  8.  SM.  Oneof 
tlie  nie  vancra  cninplaliMd  of  b;  tlia  aanmbljr  of  Virginia  wai, 
Uiat  Lord  Klllngliam  having,  hy  a  proclamation,  declared  ilie 
loval  rilBMnt  to  an  act  of  aaaambly  wliich  repealed  a  fbrmer 
law,  gave  notice  that  the  abrogated  law  waa  now  in  force.  Thia 
•raa  arrooe  lualy  deemed  by  the  aaaenbly  an  act  of  legtilation. 


In  tha  infancy  of  a  fraa  elate,  eolliaiofw  and  diapataa 
not  unlVcqneMly  ariaa  from  tiw  diaeordanl  elaina  of 
tha  dillbrenl  hnnehee  of  ila  eonetitolion,  bafeia  tiaw 
kaa  given  cnnaialence  lo  Uw  whole,  and  thaee  limiu 
wUen  reeaon  Rnde  it  difficult  to  aaeign  to  Uw  laapeel- 
iva  paila,  have  been  determined  by  Uw  entfaownea 
of  praelice  and  ika  authority  of  uracadenl. 

Th»  revolution  of  Uw  Briliah  govaiMBanl,  both  in 
ila  Immediate  and  iu  remote  operation,  waa  atlandad 
iUi  conaaonencaa  highly  beneficial  to  Virginia,  in 
MBmoa  with  all  Uw  exiating  atatea  of  America.  Un- 
der the  patronage,  and  by  the  pecuniary  aki,  of  Wil- 
liam and  Mary,  iha  collage  which  had  been  projeeted 
in  the  raiyn  of  Jamea  Uw  Firat  waa  aelabliahad.  Tha 
political  inatitutiona  under  which  llw  manly  character 
of  Engliahman  ia  (brmad,  had  already  been  planted  in 
Iha  aoil  lo  which  ao  laiga  a  portkw  of  Uwir  race  h^d 
migrated:  tha  literary  and  religknia  inatitutiona,  by 
which  that  character  ia  refined  and  improved,  were 
now,  in  like  manner,  Innaported  to  Virginia  -,  and  a 
fountain  opened  within  her  own  territory  which  pto- 
miaed  to  diapeiiae  lo  her  children  Uw  alraama  of  aeiance 
and  tha  water  of  life. 

But  the  moat  certain  and  deeiaiva  influence  which 
the  Briliah  revolution  axerciaed  on  the  condition  of  the 
cokiniea,  eoneialad  in  the  abrklgment  and  almoet  total 
overthrow  of  their  dependenea  on  tha  peraonal  charae- 
ler  of  tha  aoveraign.  A  eonaervativa  prineipla  waa 
infuaed  by  thia  great  event  into  Uw  Briliah  ronatitation 
at  home,  and  into  all  tha  ahoola  from  tha  parent  atom 
that  had  been  planted  in  Uw  aettleroenM  abroad.  Tha 
permanence  and  Iha  aupromaey  which  tha  parliament 
acquired  in  Britain,  extended  the  conatitutional  auparin- 
tendence  of  thia  body  lo  every  aubordinate  organ  of 
popular  privileg^a;  and  if  in  the  oppreaaion  of  their 
trade,  tka  pravincea  of  America  atill  continned  to  feel 
the  liarah  dominion,  in  the  aecurity  of  their  legialative 
conatitutiona  they  now  began  to  experience  the  power- 
ful protection  of  llie  atrong.  Tha  kins  atill  continued 
to  appoint  the  govenwra  of  Viivinia  and  of  aome  of  the 
other  aettlemenu ;  and  men  of  aordid  diapoaitiona  and 
of  weak  or  profligate  character  were  firaquently  tha 
objecle  of  Ihi*  branch  of  the  royal  patronage.  But  the 
powera  of  theae  rlTiccra  were  abridged  and  defined  ; 
and  the  influence  of  the  colonial  aaaombliea  waa  able  to 
realnin,  and  even  overawe,  the  moat  vigoroua  admini- 
atntion  of  the  execniive  func>ianarioa.  Whatever 
evil  influence  a  wicked  nr  artful  governor  might  exert 
on  the  harmony  of  the  people  among  themaelvea,  or 
their  good  will  towarda  the  authority  which  ho  ropre- 
aenteu,  ho  could  commit  no  aerioua  inroad  on  the  con- 
atilutlon  of  the  province  over  wliich  ho  preaidcd.  From 
thia  period  an  equal  and  impartial  |>olicy  diatiiiguiahod 
the  British  dominion  over  tlie  American  provincea :  the 
diminution  of  the  peraonal  influence  of  the  aoveroign 
put  an  end  to  the  incqualitiea  of  treatment  that  were 
produced  by  the  diflcreiit  dcgreea  of  favor  with  which 
he  regarded  the  leligioua  or  political  aeiitimenta  of  the 
people  of  the  rcajieclivu  autea,  arid  conaequently  ex- 
tiiiguiahed,  or  at  leaat  p«atly  abated,  the  jealouaiea 
they  had  hitherto  entertainwl  of  each  other.  A  farther 
abatement  of  the  mutual  jealouaiea  of  the  alatea  waa 
produced  by  the  teligioua  toleration  which  the  provin- 
cial goTeminenta  were  henceforward  compelled  to  ob- 
eerve.  Even  when  intolerant  atatutee  were  permitted 
to  aubaiat,  their  enforcement  waa  diaallowed ;  and  the 
pniiciplea  cheriahed  in  one  atate  could  no  longer  be 
peraecuted  in  another. 

We  have  now  to  tnnafer  our  inquiriea  to  the  riae  of 
the  other  colonlaa  in  North  America  which  were  founded 
antecedently  to  the  Britiah  KevoluUon,  and  to  trace 
their  aeparate  progreaa  till  that  en.  But  before  with- 
drawing our  undivided  attention  from  thia,  the  earlieal 
of  the  aettlementa,  I  ahall  aubjoin  a  few  particulan  of 
iu  civil  and  domeatic  condition  at  the  period  at  which 
wa  have  now  anived. 

Notwithatanding  the  unfavorable  circumauncea  to 
which  the  colony  liad  been  expoaed  in  a  greater  or  leaa 
degree  ever  aince  the  Reatuntion,  the  number  of  ita 
inhabiUuta  had  continued  to  increaae.  The  deputiea 
that  were  aent  to  Charlea  the  Second  in  167S,  repre- 
aented  the  population  to  amount,  at  that  time,  lo  fiO,aOO 

riraona.  If  their  aUtement  were  not  exaggerated  (aa 
think  it  probably  waa)  we  muat  auppoae  that  Bacou'a 
rebellion,  and  Uie  aubaeauent  (ynnny,  gave  a  very 
aevere  chock  to  thia  rapid  increaae;  for  1  think  there 
ia  no  reaaon  to  auppoae  that  the  colony  contained  a 
much  greater  number  than  50,000  at  the  Revolution  of 
168S.*     From  a  Ubie  appended  to  the  firat  edition  of 


Bavariay'a  Hiatafy,  U  appaaia,  tkal,  in  ITOt.  Uw  mmh 
btion  of  VMnia  (axalaaiT*  af  NO  TnuJk  nAmm 
aani  over  by  Ring  WUIka)  awouiitad  to  M,«M  aMia. 


Of  thia  number,  ttfilt  wara  tilktiMu  (a  daiwaiMlloa 
ambraaing  all  while  man  abova  Uw  ago  of  aiilaan,  aa4 
all  nam  abvaa,  mala  and  fciaala,  ahora  that  agai  and 
38,MchiUran  of  both  racaa,  and  white  woman.  Many 
cimumataneae  coniribolad  lo  give  fraa  aa«pa  to  tk*  hi- 
eraaaa  of  the  colonial  papolaUon,  and  M  aounleibalane* 
tha  influenea  o<  commercial  rtatnint  and  daapolia  ad 
miniatnlion.  Tha  haalUtfobwaa  of  Uw  BMUanwnl  had 
diminution  of  dii 


greatly  ineraaaad ;  and  Uw  dit 
only  ahul  up  Uw  drain  Uwt  had  bean  ofiginaUly  eiaatad 
by  a  fhtquani  moitaUty,  but  randaiad  Iha  ganaial  aliangUi 
mora  availabla  lo  Uw  ganaral  auppoit.    Tba  aaa  ol 


tobacco  now  pravaUad  axlanahraly  m  Eutop* ;  and  Uw 
diminution  of  ila  price  waa  in  aonw  dagiao  aempan 
aalad  by  Uw  ineraaaad  damand  far  it.  In  1*71  it  waa 
compulad,  Uwt,  on  ao  avaraga,  SO  vaaaala  eama  ann*- 
ally  from  England  and  Irahmd  lo  Virginia  far  tobacco 
In  lfl76  than  wara  aiportad  from  Virpnk  abora  n,O0t 
hogahaada  of  tobaeao,  and  in  Uw  following  year  upwaida 
of  SOOO  more.  In  thia  latter  year  tba  euatoow  on  to- 
bacco from  Virginia  and  Maryland,  eoUaelad  in  En^ 
land,  amounted  lo  tSS,OOM.  Sir  William  Baikalqr 
rataa  the  number  of  llw  miliUa,  in  Uw  yaai  1681,  at 
nearly  8000,  and  adda,  that  Uw  painle  war*  too  paof  to 
aflbro  an  aqulpnwnl  of  cavalry.  In  Uw  yaai  1680  Um 
militia  amounted  to  GS88,  or  whom  IWO  aarrad  aa 
eavalry.  Our  ealimata,  however,  of  Uw  ineraued 
wealth  which  the  eavaliy  aalabliahiiwiil  aaama  to  hidi- 
eale,  muat  ba  abated  hj  tha  eonaidenlion  of  tha  in- 
creaaed  exertiona  which  the  Indian  war  and  Bacan'a 
rebellion  had  rendered,  neeaaaary.  In  tha  year  1708, 
we  leain  from  Beverley,  that  Iha  militia  amounted  to 
Mn,  of  whom  SS08  were  li|riit  horae,  and  tha  remaiit- 
der  foot  and  drayoona  ;  and  uwl,  aa  few  of  the  planlara 
wen  then  deatitute  of  horaoa,  it  waa  conaiderad  that 
the  greater  part  of  them  might,  if  neceaaary,  ba  eon- 
verted  into  diraaoona.  In  17n  ba  ealculataa  Uw  nuiit- 
bera  of  the  militia  at  18,000  men.  Every  fraaman  (a 
denomination  embracing  aU  tha  inhabitanta  except  Iho 
alavea  and  the  indented  aervania)  from  aixteen  to  aixty 
yeara  of  age,  waa  enrolled  in  the  militia ;  and  aa  the 
people  were  accuatonied  all  their  Uvea  M  aboot  in  tha 
wooda,  ihey  were  univeraally  expert  in  the  uaa  of  fiia- 
arma.  The  militia  waa  commanded  by  the  governor, 
whoae  aalary  waa  lOOOf.  a  year,  till  tiia  appointment  ol 
I^rd  Culpepper,  who,  on  the  plea  of  peerage,  proeured 
it  to  be  doubled. 

The  twelve  couneillon,  aa  well  aa  Uw  govomoc,  war* 
appointed  by  the  king  ;  and  a  aalary  orSMW.  waa  aa- 
aigned  to  the  whole  Midy,  which  they  divided  fai  propor- 
tion to  the  public  aervicea  which  each  performed.  In 
all  mattera  of  importance  the  concurrence  of  Iha  coun- 
cil with  the  governor  waa  iiidiapenaably  requiaita.  Tba 
Cohinial  Aaaambly  waa  eoinpoaed  of  the  couneillon, 


who  termed  themaelvea  the  Upper  Houae,  and  exer- 
ciaed  the  privilege  of  the  Engliah  Houae  of  Lorda,  and 
the  burgeaaea,  ivlio  wen  elected  !iy  the  freemen  of  ih« 


reepective  countiea,  and  performed  the  funcUona  of  tho 
Houae  of  Commona,  raceiving  wagea  proportiooed  lo 
their  aervicea,  and  derived,  like  all  the  other  colonial 
aalariea,  from  Uie  colonial  taxee.  Until  the  year  1680. 
the  aevenl  bnnchea  of  the  aaaambly  had  formed  ono 
deliberative  body ;  but  in  that  year  the  couneillon  aa- 
panted  themaelvee  from  the  burgeaaea,  and  formed  a 
diatinct  houae.  In  conjunction  with  the  sovemor,  Iha 
couneillon  formed  the  auprome  tribunal  of  the  province , 
from  whoae  judgmenu,  however,  in  all  caaea  involving 
mora  Uwn  300{.,  an  appeal  lay  to  to  the  king  and  privy 
coui.^il  of  England.  In  1681  Uie  province  oonuinad 
twenty  countiea  ;  in  170A  it  contained  twenty-flve.  A 
quit  rent  of  two  ahillinga  for  every  hundred  aeraa  of 
land  waa  paid  by  the  planten  to  the  crown. 

In  the  year  1088,  too  piovince  conuined  forty-eig^t 
pariahea,  embracing  upwarda  of  it00,000  acree  of  ap- 
propriated land.  A  eburcb  waa  built  in  every  pariah, 
and  a  houae  and  glebe  aaaigned  to  the  clergyman,  along 


«  Dr.  Robertion,  Indeed,  autes  the  population  of  Virginia 
at  the  Revolution  to  have  exceeded  IIO,KIO  peraona,  and  pin- 
feaaea  to  derive  Ua  atatamenl  from  Chalinera.    But  the  nler- 


ence  ia  erroneouai  and  that  tha  atatement  itaelfUno  ieaaao,  ' 
aeenu  to  follow,  by  vary  atroiur  Inference,  from  Boverley'a 
table,  mentioned  In  the  text.  There  li  no  reaaon  to  doubt  tha 
accuracy  of  that  table ;  and  coniiatently  with  it,  we  cannot 
admit  the  accuracy  of  Rnbertaon'a  eatimaU,  without  believ- 
ing that  the  colony  had  added  «0,0(IOto  Ita  numben  In  the 
courae  of  aaventeen  yeara,  notwithitandbig  the  ravagea  of 
civil  war  and  tha  diatraaa  occaaloned  by  tyrannical  lovern- 
ment,  and  only  about  MO  lo  IU  iiumbera  during  Mteea  aokae- 

quent  yeara  of  increaaed  freedom  and  proaperity: 

The  Abbe  Raynal  haa  to  careleaaly  contlderad  Beverley^ 
table.aa  to  have  added  MOO  to  luretuma,  and  to  have  auppoaed 
thia  the  amount  of  the  wiute  population  alone.  TWa  error  haa 
led  him  to  waate  hia  ingenuity  In  conjecturing  the  cwneewny 
the  population  of  Virgiiiia  never  allerwarda  lauaaaat  aa  M- 
pldly. 


THE  HI8T0RT  OF 


«Wi  •  «i|NMl,  whMi  «M  liMl  by  lM>  M IMM  PmA 


Wmkt M ■<?•  •  MaolM MM  W Um  UbMrf tkafNtor tl 
«k*  ■kittan,  mmI  m  talMfl*  Uwa  with  mm«m  !•• 
■MU  turn  Uwit  ipiiteiMi  wufcn.  Tlw  •foaiiiMiaa 
wtoli it pwpom  to  ttmH ta aiMU  faUMloMi  Ibadif- 
fMMt  4«i|raM  of  fertility  af  dilbmnl  fuiAf  rtndcr 
lug  lb*  bunlm  hm<|MI  la  the  ptapl*.  rad  iIm  twjp  4if- 
faraot  quality  of  Iha  tobtcM  praduetd  in  diAmnl  Mill, 
UMkiag  tlw  nnaiMrtiina  himk|mI  to  tht  cIm0.    Tk* 

KtMiilttion  to  Iha  liviogi,  priot  to  Iha  EoflSi  Ravo- 
tim,  balongad  to  tha  geramf  >  k«l  mm  nnanlljr 
OMirpatl  Of  contrallid  by  Iha  pariabiaaan.  AAm  im 
Ka«alMtHW  it  da«alf td  into  Iha  hand*  af  paraahiil  *•» 
Una,  wkwh,  though  arigiatUy  alaelad  by  tha  piapla, 
aama,  in  procaaa  al  tim,  la  aMrciaa  Iha  pawai  af  tuit- 
liiying  VManaia*  in  ihair  auaibaia  by  ihaii  own  amioiiil- 
Mam.  Tha  hiihop  af  Loodoa  waa  •ooooolad  Iha  dio- 
•aaaa  at  tha  pfovinia  i  and  a  niidaol  eemmiMiiy 
gaaanlly  a  awbat  af  tha  aovnail)  i|i|iaiBtad  by  Ihii 
•niala,  pmidad  ovor  tha  elifgy,  ariih  tha  powar  of 
aoavakiag,  ctnaaiingi  and  afan  auHanding  thani  in 
aaaaa  af  aaglaot  or  imaoialily.  Tm  docirioaa  and 
ritaa  af  tha  ebuich  of  England  wara  aataUiahad  by  law ; 
atlaadinea  ondiTina  aronhlpal  the  paniebial  chuichaa, 
and  tha  ahiananar  of  iha  •aaranaow  of  tha  chureh, 
•ajoinad  undar  haavy  iMwIliaa ;  tha  pnachiug  of  dia- 
aaaura,  and  tha  particijialiaa  in  tha  oidioincaa  of  dia- 
lantin^  coi^iogatiooa,  wara  prohibtlad,  and  lubtactad 
10  vanou*  dignaa  of  puniwinanl.  Thifa  waa  ona 
bloody  law,  which  aobiaclad  quakara  ratumiog  from 
haniatmaBl  to  tha  puoubmaol  of  daath  ;  but  no  ata- 
ention  a*ar  took  pnea  in  coiwai|uenca  of  ihia  aoaot- 
BMnt,  and  it  waa  rapaited  loan  aftar  the  lavolultiin  of 
16a*.  Tha  othar  lawt  wara  not  than  npealad,  but 
Ihay  wara  no  longar  cnlbiced ;  and  though  Iha  alatuta- 
buok  eoalinued  to  ptohiUl  tha  preaching  and  practical 
of  diiianlari,  tha  prohibitioo  wai  utlirly  diirngirdeil, 
and  libiity  ofcoiiicianca  pncticilly  rHiiiini.  In  1088, 
alinMl  Iha  wliola  body  at  the  people  belonged  to  the 
aiuiiliihid  church.  Olber  opinioiM  ami  ptaclwea,  how- 
aver,  began  to  ariaa,  and  wera  aided  probably  by  ihe 
jidueoca  of  tha  liraa  icboala,  of  which  a  conaidcrsUa 
number  wen  founded  and  endowed  aoon  after  that  pa- 
ried ;  lod  the  govoromeut  being  reilriined  from  en- 
biciog  Iha  inlMennI  lawi,  andaaTorcd  to  cheriih  ill 
own  cburrh  eilibliihineot  by  helping  fempotal  idvan- 
lagoe  upon  iti  minicera.  Thii  policy  produced  iu 
oiuil  fruiti,  and  intiuJucid  lo  much  indolence  ind 
worthlauDeia  into  the  uider  of  Iha  itale  clergy,  that 
•t  tba  era  of  the  Anurieao  nTolution  two-ibinia  of  the 
iubabitanti  of  Virginia  bad  become  diaaonlere,  and 
were  •ubiect,  on  that  account,  to  the  bin  of  their  own 
nunicipil  liw. 

Uf  ivery  juil  md  hnmine  lyilam  of  lawi,  ona  main 
objaet  abouM  ba  to  pratiet  the  weak  igainil  Ihe  alrong, 
and  la  correct  inatead  of  confirming  and  perpetuating 
Iha  inei(ualiiiea  of  condition  that  from  tiioe  to  timi 
iriae  from  inequilitiei  of  ilreiigth,  ekill,  luccon  or  vir- 
lua.  Thii  wiao  ind  bcnew>lent  principle  mual  ba  u- 
crifiead,  to  i  eoniidorabla  eitcnt,  in  the  coda  of  every 
country  where  liaven  ia  admitted.  By  the  lawa  of 
Virginii,  all  perioni  bcuughi  into  the  colony  by  tei 
or  und,  not  hiving  been  chriiliiiii  in  their  native 
country,  were  aubjecled  to  alavery,  even  though  they 
might  be  converted  to  cbriitianity  after  their  arrival. 
A  ilivo  committing  ■  cipilil  crime  wii  ippoiulad  lo 
be  tried  by  conimiuionen  mmed  by  the  governor, 
without  the  intervention  of  i  jury  ;  ind  if  the  punieb- 
ment  of  deilh  were  inflicted,  iodemnificitiou  to  the 
Mteut  of  tha  value  o(  the  alava  wai  iwirdad  from  the 
public  revenue  to  the  muter.  In  the  yeir  1669,  it 
wii  aoicted  thit  the  death  of  a  tbve  occiiioned  by 
the  correction  of  i  maiter,  ihould  not  be  iccounted 
felony  ;  "  iince  it  cannot  be  preiumed,"  iiya  tha  act, 
"  that  prepenaed  malice,  which  aioiia  makee  murder 
felony,  ibouM  induce  inv  mm  to  deUroy  bii  own  ei- 
lala."  But  experience  baa  amply  relbtad  thie  pemi- 
cioua  wphialry,  which  aicribei  to  ibwlola  power  i 
tendency  to  rouroia  human  iraicibility,  and  accounia 
avarice  and  aelnabneia  aufficient  inotivea  and  auretiee 
af  juatiea,  humanity,  and  Uberality.  Neither  infidela 
nor  nogroea,  mulatloea  nor  Indiana,  were  allowed  to 
purchaM  chrialian  white  aervanta ;  and  if  any  peraon 
Davingehrii  ian  white  eervanti  ahould  marry  an  mfidel, 
or  a  negro,  mulatto,  or  Indian,*  all  anch  aervanta  were 
niiJe  free.     Any  free  white  peraon  intermarrying  with 

*  It  would  not  hm  betn  sujr  to  induce  Uis  framera  of  Ihii 
law  to  believe  that  a  lime  ml|tit  come  whun  the  lifiilatan 
af  Tawoia  would  acilouily  eniettaln  a  propoulor  pramotini, 
Ira  kaaalir,  the  auntaiee  of  tba  white  lnt.iUtaiJa  and  tha 
ret  a  bUl  for  thla  puipoie  waa  lotuallr  Introdacad 


a  MWfw  Off  nalallab  and  any  ninvaiaff  aavaanlNig  aiMn 
niain^i  waa  pwMMd  wUh  Ina  and  hB|«iainniMt,  ll 
will  amiu  Iha  ■airimanl  af  a  aatirial,  tha  aarnilaa  af 
a  philoaaphar,  and  Iha  indignant  eaoeem  af  a  ehiiatian. 
In  lM,eaMhinad  with  eu«h  inbumon  and  Inialtwt  lawa, 
Iha  attialaal  injnneliona  af  the  watahip  of  thai  gttal 
pallam  of  tova  ind  humility  who  conmindid  hia  war- 
ahiMara  M  da  good  lo  and  honor  all  man  i  tagalher 
wka  many  ao!ani»denttneiatiena  and  penal  emetiaanti 
■giinel  trnMng  on  Amday,  ftnfim  mrtmg  or  pn- 
fimtlrf  giUif  Irunt.  But  thoe  mankind  iltempl  lo 
nnilr  whil  raligion  baa  luwirred,  Iha  larvica  of  Uod 
and  tha  aarvica  of  mammao :  and  to  aundet  what  rtli- 
giao  haa  anilad,  tha  rendarln|>  of  glory  to  Ood  and  the 
damonatnlioo  of  good  will  to  men.  Juilieea  of  Ihe 
paaca  were  rammandad  lo  hear  and  determine  the  root- 
plainta  nf  all  aorta  of  aervanta  acffi  tint;  agiinat 
their  maetoia ;  variooa  regulatione  wera  niada  Mr  aa- 
curing  mild  and  equitable  traatnent  lo  indented  ear- 
Tenia  ;  al  tha  eloaa  of  their  period  W  lerviee  thmr  ra- 
eeivad  (Itom  their  maaun  each  a  muikat,  a  email  aum 
of  monay,  and  ■  qnantit*  af  com ;  but  if  during  Iha 
cumncy  of  tlieir  term  el  larvica  they  abanld  praeuma 
lo  marry  witboot  the  eoneani  of  thair  maaler  or  mia- 
Iraaa,  they  wero  puniebed  with  an  additional  year  of 
aorvilnda.  All  penooe  riolouely  aaaemMing  to  tha 
nurohar  of  eight  ar  mora,  for  tha  purpaaa  of  daeUoying 
tobacco,  wara  enbjaclad  lo  Ihe  paina  of  traaaoo.  Eveiv 
pareoo,  not  being  a  aarrani  or  alava,  committing  adul- 
laiT  or  fornication,  waa,  for  tha  greater  oOance,  fined 
tote,  for  tha  laiear  600  paonda  of  tobacco.  Woman 
convicted  of  alandar  wen  ordered  lo  ha  duekad,  in 
dafanit  of  their  huabanda'  ronaenung  lo  ladaam  them 
from  immeraion  by  payment  of  a  tine,  'lliaia  being 
no  inna  in  the  country,  etnngera  wera  entertained  at 
Ibo  bouaea  of  the  inhabilania,  and  were  frequently  in- 
volved in  law-auile  by  the  exoibirani  clainia  of  their 
hoala  for  indemnifieition  of  the  eipeniea  of  their  enter- 
tainmeiit ;  for  nmedy  whereof  it  waa  euacied,  that  an 
inbahilant  neglocling  in  auch  circumatanoea  lo  fore- 
warn hie  gueit,  and  lo  make  an  axpraaa  paction  with 
him,  ahould  be  reputed  to  hive  antertiined  him  from 
man  eourteiy.  All  Iheao  lawa  conlmoad  u  force  hmg 
after  tha  Britiih  Ravolutioo. 

It  wouM  appear,  from  tha  fint  of  the  atatulee,  that 
even  their  Indian  naighbon  coming  into  the  tetritoriee 
lUe  to  be 


tha  Difina  immv  In  iha  mmma 
UranmM  af  eMIlMlhHi,  iha  ptaiihlnt  nf  iba 


Aaa» 


will  avaf  ha  hand  M  diaappaini  aM  Ihaaa  wha  kava  ■• 
higbcr  at  ullariaff  viawa.  In  i  eivUiiad  and  ebrieliaa 
land,  tha  grail  balk  of  the  people  era  ehileliine  merilv 
in  name  i  rapulilion,  convenience,  end  hibil,  in  ttw 
lourcae  of  their  prufoaeion ;  vieee  are  lo  dlagniia^ 
thai  the  leetimonMi  of  chrialian  priachara  agiinel  Umm 
often  miae  their  aim :  and  a  aeeming  eerviee  af  Oad  ■ 
eaaily  raeoncilad  with,  and  ealeanMNTi  daeeni  Uvety  •£ 
the  rael  aervice  of  mammon.     But  among  healhena  aai 


of  Iba  elite  win  liable  to  be  made  elivea  by  thr  rnlo- 
nieta ;  and  we  an  informed  by  Mr.  Jefferaon,  that  the 
practiea  of  analiving  thaea  people  did  at  one  time  ic- 
tuiUy  prevail.  But  with  Ina  Indian  tribea  ailualcd  in 
their  immediate  vicinity,  ind  comprabended  in  the  pi- 
cification  effected  by  Colonel  Jeffeiye,  the  coloniila 
maintained  nlaliona  mora  approachins  to  frinndihip 
and  equality.  The  Indiana  paid,  indeed,  in  conformity 
with  the  treaty  of  peace,  an  annual  tribute  of  beaver 
ekine  lo  Ihe  colonial  aovernment.  But  their  territonoa 
wera  aacertained  hy  tiie  treaty,  and  guaranteed  to  them 
ao  aecuraly  by  kw,  that  all  btrgiina  and  aalea  by  which 
the  coloniata  might  acquira  or  pratend  riuht  lo  inv  por- 
tion of  tlicm,  wera  diaellowed  ind  declared  null  and 
void ;  and  every  wrong  they  might  luali'u  at  the  handa 
of  any  of  the  coloniata  waa  puniahed  in  the  aame  man- 
ner 11  if  it  hid  been  done  lo  an  Engliahman.  Uy  the 
aid  of  a  danation  from  that  Ulualrioua  philoaopher  and 
chrialian  philanlhropiel,  the  honorable  Kobert  Doylo, 
an  attempt  waa  made  to  rander  the  inalilution,  which, 
from  iu  foundera,  haa  been  called  William  and  Mary 
College,  aubaervieni  to  the  inatruclion  of  the  liuliana. 
Some  young  peraona  belonging  to  ihe  I'riendly  tribea 
received  in  thia  manner  *.he  elementa  of  civU  and  leli- 
gioui  educition ;  ind  tha  cohmiiti,  lenaible  of  the  ad- 
vinUgoa  they  derived  from  the  poaaeaaioii  of  thoee  who 
might  ba  conaiderad  hoilagee  for  the  pacific  demraiior 
of  ibeir  paranta,  prevailed  with  eome  uf  the  more  re- 
mote nationa  of  iha  Iiidiini  to  lend  a  few  of  their 
children  to  drink  of  the  awne  fountaui  of  knowledge. 
But  aa  the  pupila  wan  reatored  to  their  reapective 
tribee  when  they  attained  Ihe  age  that  fitted  Ihoin  for 
hunting  and  oilier  warlike  eierciaea,  it  ia  not  likely  that 
thia  inalilution  produced  any  general  or  permanent  im- 
preeaion  on  the  chiiicler  of  Uie  Indiina,  or  made  any 
adequate  eompenaalion  for  Ihe  deatruclive  vicee  and 
diaeaaee  which  tba  Europeani  were  unhappily  much 
mora  aucceieful  in  imparting.  Atteinpu  to  convert 
barberiina  very  freqnently  diaappoint  their  promotera  ; 
•ind  not  those  only  who  have  aaaiatnl  the  undertaking 
from  aecular  euda,  but  thoae  alao  who  truly  regarding 
th«  Divine  glory  in  the  end,  diaregard,  at  leaat  in  aome 


aivagee,  a  convert  meet  rhan|a  hia  way  of  life,  ovai> 
coma  hia  hibiti,  and  forfeit  hia  rapiitaiion  i  awl  non% 
or  at  loaal  ve^  fow,  beeome  ptofeeeon  unlace  fram  tba 
hifluanre  of  raal  conviction,  mora  oi  Ioh  laaling  and 

Kifound.  Thoaa  who  raauhi  unranvailad,  if  they  ba 
neatly  iddnaaed  hy  Ihair  mlaaianariae,  ira  iiieaoaad 
It  tha  taetimony  againal  their  evd  deadi  ind  avd  na- 
inra  i  and  tha  canduci  of  many  profening  ehiiMiana 
among  thair  civiliiad  naighbon  too  often  caneun  to 
mielead  and  confirm  Ibam  in  error.  But  thia  lapic  wiU 
derive  an  ampler  illnalnllon  ftom  oeenmneee  Ihal  fa- 
lala  to  othan  of  Ihe  North  Americtn  Suiaa,  than  tha 
early  hiiiory  of  Viiginia  ia  filled  lo  aupply. 

Lilanlun  waa  nol  much  cnlliTalM  in  Virginia, 
Than  waa  not  al  thia  period,  nor  for  many  yean  aftar, 
a  aingia  hookaeller'a  chop  in  the  calony.*  Yal  a  bia> 
lory  of  Virginia  waa  written  aiima  yean  after  by  Ba- 
variay,  a  native  of  tbaurovhwa.  wbo  bed  taken  an  aa- 
live jMil  in  public  allain  priar  lo  tha  Revolution  al 
I68>:  The  fint  edition  of  thia  work  in  ITOS,  and  • 
later  edition  in  17S1,  wen  poMiahed  in  England. 
Beverley  ia  i  brief  end  nther  ignaihla  iniliat,  and  hia 
ippendod  lo  hia  namliva  af  evente  an  ample  acceani 
of  the  initituliona  of  the  province,  and  of  the  mannan 
of  Ihe  colonial  and  aboriginal  inhabilanta.  Hi  ia 
chirgeible  with  greet  ignorance  and  incomclneee  ta 
ihoae  parte  of  hia  narrative  that  embrace  eventa  oci'ur- 
ing  in  England  or  etaewhera  beyond  Ihe  iminediala 
precincta  of  Virginia.  Only  the  initial  lelten  of  hie 
name  appear  on  the  tillt-page  of  hia  book,  whence 
OMinixon  waa  led  into  Ihe  miatike  of  auppoaing  hia 
name  lo  have  heen  Bulloek ;  and  in  aome  or  the  criti- 
cal cataloguea  of  Qennanv  he  haa  received  Ihe  erro- 
neoua  appellation  of  Bird.f  A  much  mora  enlarged 
and  elaborate  hialoiy  of  Virginia  (but  unfortunately 
carried  no  further  down  than  the  year  16S4)  waa  writ- 
tan  at  1  later  period  by  Slith,  alao  a  native  of  Ihe  pro- 
vince, and  one  of  the  governnn  of  William  and  Mary 
College.  Slith  ia  a  candid,  accurate  and  accompliaheil 
writer ;  ledioiialy  minute  in  ralaling  Iha  debatea  in  Iba 
Court  of  Proprietora  of  the  Virginia  Company,  and 
their  diaputea  with  the  king,  bul  generally  jinpreaaiva 
and  interaatinff.  A  manly  and  gencroua  apiril  urrvadoa 
every  page  of  hia  work,  which  waa  firat  publiahed  al 
Williimiburg  in  1747. 

Beverley  wirmly  exiola  Ihe  boapilality  of  hia  coun> 
tryinen ;  a  commendation  which  the  peculiar  circuin- 
alancee  of  their  condition  rnndcra  very  generally  cre- 
dible, though  Iha  preamble  of  one  of  their  lawa,  which 
we  have  already  noticed,  deinonatntea  that  ita  applica- 
tion waa  by  no'miana  univeraal.  He  reproachea  them 
with  iuilolunce,  which  he  aacribea  lo  tlieir  rcaidenre  in 
aca'.tered  dwcllinge,  and  their  deaiitution  of  that  col- 
lected life  which  invigoratea  induatry,  excitea  active 
thought,  and  generatea  adventurous  apeculation.  It 
may  lie  aacribnl  alao  to  the  infiuence  of  alavery  in  aug- 
menting pride  and  degrading  laljor.  A  lib  like  that  ol 
the  firat  Virginian  coloniata,  remote  from  public  haunt, 
unoccupied  bv  a  cowd  of  buay  purpoaee,  and  arquea- 
terad  irom  Ihe  intelligence  of  paaaing  eventa,  ia  tha 
life  of  thoae  lo  whom  the  company  of  atrangen  ia  pe- 
culiarly acceptable.  All  Ihe  other  cireumstancea  of 
auch  a  lot  contrihule  to  the  promotion  of  hospitable 
habile.  Aa  for  many  of  their  houn  they  can  hnd  no 
auch  inteieating  occupation,  aoformiich  of  their  au|ier 
fluoiia  produce  they  can  find  no  more  profitable  uan 
than  the  entertainment  of  viaiton.t   The  interaal  which 


into  the  aaiambly  during  the  ravolutionary  war ;  and  after 
havinfbeen  twice  read,  was  loat  at  tha  third  rasdinf  hi  con- 
aequence  of  the  absence  of  the  member  wlio  had  introduced 
it.    Wirt's  Ufa  or  Oevernoc  Henry,  p.  Ml. 


•  The  Uteratuie  of  North  Amanca  waa  at  this  time  mono- 
IwUied  almost  entirely  by  New  England.  In  the  beginning  ol 
Ihe  elghteonth  century,  when  Boston  contained  Ave  iirinthig 
offices  and  many  booksallen*  shops,  tliera  was  but  one  book- 


sellfir'a  shop  In  New  York,  and  not  one  In  Virginia,  Maryland, 
or  Carolina.  Nsal's  Illatory  of  New  England,  II.  M7.  Frurn 
lbs  Memoirs  of  Ur.  Franklin  It  appears  tnst  even  at  so  late  a 


period  aa  the  year  1(70,  there  waa  nol  one  good  bookseller's 
shop  In  Pennsylvania. 

t  Wanhin,  a  lata  American  writer,  haa  repealed  this  error, 
and  descrll>od  as  the  production  of  Bird,  what  In  ruaUty  waa 
the  first  edition  of  Beverley's  worii. 

t  "  Mr.  JelTerson  told  me  tluit  in  his  father's  time  it  was  na 
uncominan  thing  for  ger.tlumen  lo  post  their  servants  on  the 
main  road  for  tha  purpaaa  of  amicably  wayiaying  and  ciJ^hM 
to  their  Iwuaea  any  tnvellera  who  might  cnaaea  to  aaaa* 
HaU'«  Travela  hi  Canada  and  tb>  United  «elua,  4M. 


NORTH  AMIRIOA. 


coun- 
cifcuin- 
illy  er«- 
hich 
ipplien- 
iheui 
nre  in 
■•t  col- 
•diva 
on.    It 
in  >ug- 
(luitoi 
haunt, 
•equet- 
it  Iha 
i*  pe- 
nce* of 
titabis 
nd  no 
•u|l•^ 
ble  uan 
which 

_  mono- 
nning  ol 

ifl  book- 
iryloiid, 
Frurn 
)  lale  a 
oUur's 


was  no 

on  tha 

■■■aHM 


•H  ■«•  frai  in  iW  tattaanw  af  Ikalf  fallom,  la  raAMd 
tai  nlMtM  kf  ai*wiM  aad  ylialwJ  aaaM*  i  in  ra- 
■MM  ^taw ieta,  Mpaaialljr  if  IMy  ha  inkabilad  ij  nan 
nfeMo  ariiin  ar  racoUaetiana  rannact  iham  with  a  dia- 
laiM  ..aiuitiy,  it  aaaumaa  tha  ahapa  af  an  inlanaa  and 
iaiaawhat  indiaeriminala  cuiioailf — a  na»\iij  far  which 
tkf  Aaariaana  ha«a  baan  alwaya  diatingtiiahad. 

;'t  waa  lha  ramarhabia  and  advantagaoua  paculiarily 
if  Ihair  I jcal  •ituatian,  that  pravanlad  a  paoula  ao  aarljf 
tlavotad  U  aamowrca  aa  the  Virginiana  hava  baan, 
Itam  fnngraamting  in  larga  low  m,  and  forming  eiowdad 
aaria  of  liada.  Fha  aama  paouliariljr  balaniia  to  thai 
partian  af  thaif  original  tamtory  that  now  forma  lha 
pMvinaa  af  Maryland,  and  haa  ibara  baan  altandad 
with  lha  aana  aflael.  Tha  whola  of  that  vaat  oauntry 
la  parradad  by  numaioua  alraaina,  thai  imparl  (anility 
to  lha  land,  and  carry  tha  produce  that  hava  naari«had 
to  the  graal  highway  af  nationa.  I  ram  the  bay  of 
Chaaapaw,  where  all  tbaae  atraama  unite,  the  greater 
nnmbei  of  Ihem  aflbfd  an  ailenaira  narigalion  into  the 
interior  of  the  eountrv ;  and  the  coloniata,  perceiving 
Ihel  in  order  to  emben  their  produce  they  noedrd  not 
10  quit  their  plantaliona,  but  might  load  the  merchant 
•hipa  at  the  doora  of  iheir  country  warahouaca,  dia- 
peraad  ihameelvee  along  the  banha  of  lha  rivvra,  and 
united  the  aweete  of  rural  life  with  the  advantasaa  of 
camaMrea.  Eicept  the  email  town  of  Williamaburgh, 
whioh  awceeded  Jamealown  aa  the  capital  of  Virginia, 
end  Aniiapolia,  the  capital  of  Maryland,  no  eiliea  grew 
up  for  a  very  long  period  in  either  of  theae  Mttlcinenta. 
Tbie  elate  af  life  haa  proved  highly  favorable  to  thoae 
two  greet  aouicee  of  national  happineaa,  good  morala, 
and  toe  facility  of  gaining  by  induatry  a  modorate  com- 
petence and  a  rea|ieclable  aiake  in  aoeiety.  'Hie  con- 
victk  who  were  iranipoitad  to  the  colony,  Anding  none 
of  the  npportunitiea  of  confederacy,  vice,  and  ahellar, 
that  large  towna  afford,  either  quitted  the  aatllonient  at 
lha  eipiration  of  their  perioda  of  aervire ;  or,  im- 
preaaed  with  the  advanlagea  which  the  country  ao  libr- 
rally  held  furlh  to  induatry  and  morality  ihey  melted 
into  the  maaa  of  humble  and  roaiiectahla  free  laborera. 
To  tbie  important  claaa  of  aoeiety  the  virtuea  of  indua- 
try and  economy  were  rerommended  by  priiee  both 
greater  and  nearer  than  any  other  couninr  haa  ever  prr- 
aanted.     Labor  waa  ao  valuable,  and  land  ao  cheap, 


MpaiU  II  kaaavaf  held  iraa,  II 
enatavad  aa  lha  alavae  af  ika  liaa.  Human  ehataetar 
ie  aa  inneh  earmpled  and  depraved  by  the  apiril  of  do- 
minian  aa  by  the  yoke  of  aarviluda  t  and  alavary  ia  a 
alala  wherein  eiw  mail  ntltlh  ant  analhtr  to  kit  twn 
Ikurt.  Tif  eaine  wiadnm  whkh  aaaigned  la  man  hi* 
duliea,  adapted  Ihem  te  the  develapaaMnt  of  hie  ullde^ 
•landing  and  the  reAnement  of  hia  aenaihililv.  Thia 
adaptalien  if  particularly  viaihie  in  the  duliea  tnat  regu- 
lata  the  mutual  intarenurae  af  man.  Ta  violate  therein 
the  law  of  kindneaa  end  the  principlee  of  equity,  ia  to 
warp  the  underatanding*  aa  well  aa  to  conupt  lha  heart ; 
to  lower  the  dignilv  of  rational,  and  tha  happineaa  of 
aenaible  being.  There  ia  a  continual  lerinrocation  of 
evil  between  a  maalar  and  hia  alavea.  Hit  injuatice 
eonaigna  Iham  to  their  preNnt  atate ;  and  the  evil  qua- 
liliae  that  tbie  alate  engendeie  lend  coiiiinually  to 
provoke  hia  iraacibility.  Hia  power  effecU  their  degra- 
dation i  and  their  degradation  al  once  temple  and  laci- 
Uuiaa  the  eiceaaea  of  hia  power.  Hence  the  com- 
merce beiwean  mailer  and  ilava  eiereiaei  and  eihibila 
all  that  ia  hateful  in  human  paaaion  and  contemplible 
in  human  conduct.  Tha  delicate  eueceplibility  of  wo- 
men ia  eipueed  to  lha  improaaion  of  thia  apeetaele,  and 
the  imitative  character  of  children  formed  amidal  ila 
continual  diaplay.  'Che  female  alavea  loae  alike  the 
virtuee  and  ine  righia  of  women,  and  introduce  into 
rural  life  the  worel  vicea  and  moat  dangaroiia  tatnpu- 
tione  of  profligate  citiea.  Every  deacrijitian  of  work 
that  ia  committed  to  the  alavae  le  performed  wilh  aa 
much  neglect  and  indolence  ae  they  dare  to  indulge, 
and  ia  ao  degraded  in  common  eatimation,  that  the  poor- 
eat  freeman  diidaina  to  perform  it  except  when  he  ia 
working  for  himaalf.  At  the  numbere  of  the  alavea  are 
multiplied,  the  induatry  of  the  free  ie  Ihua  depreeaed 
by  the  eatenaion  of  alave  labor,  and  the  aafely  of  the 
•late  ia  endangered  by  the  atrenglh  of  a  body  of  inter- 
nal eneniiee  ready  to  oonapira  tgainal  ila  Iranquillity  or 
join  ita  Aral  invader,  t  The  number  of  the  •lavea  and 
glailiatora  conlribuled  lo  tha  downfall  of  Koma  :  md 
indeed,  every  body  politic,  compounded  of  parte  ao  he- 
triogancoua  aa  freemen  and  alavea,  plainly  eontaina 
within  itaelf  a  principle  of  deatruelion.  Such  a  mix- 
ture lenda  abio  to  pervert  and  confound  the  moral  aen- 
timenla  of  all  mankind,  and  to  degrade  the  value  of 


X 


that  a  vary  few  yeara  of  induatry  could  promote  me   thoae  free  inatilutiona  which  are  aeen  to  fonn  a  canopy 


bbarerlo'lhe  rank  of  a  proprietor  ;*  none  needtd  in 
deepair  of  a  competence  ;  and  none  found  it  practica- 
bla  to  amaaa  enormoua  wealth.    Toil,  no  longer  the 


badge  t(  hopeleaa  poverty,  waa  reepected  aa  the  ear- 
'ain  paaapon  to  inaependence ;  nor  waa  there  among 
I'm  free  papulatim  any  diatinetion  of  rank  which  indua- 


try and  virtue  were  unable  to  aurmount.  A  coiialant 
ai^i  general  piogreaaion,  effected  without  acramhle  or 
peril  I  gave  a  quiet  alacrity  to  life ;  and  fejlow-fee!- 
irg  waa  not  obatrucled,  nor  inaolence  and  aervility 
engendered,  by  numeroui  inatancea  of  a  wide  inequality 
af  condition ;  they  were  and  are  undoubtedly  a  happy 
people.  But  how  happy  had  thoy  been,  had  they 
rightly  known  their  happineaa ;  had  Ihoy  iinhlhcd  with 
the  aweelneaa  of  their  lot,  the  apirit  of  ila  author,  and 
in  the  abundance  of  hia  goodneaa  recogniaed  the  extent 
of  hia  claima ! 

Two  rauaea  have  contributed  in  thia  and  othera  of 
the  American  province!,  to  impede  the  0|ieration  and 
abridge  the  influence  of  circuinatancea  u  favorable  lo 
happineaa  and  virtue.  Of  theae,  by  far  the  moat  im- 
portant ia  the  inatitution  of  domeitic  alavery  ;  an  inati- 
lution  fraught  wilh  incalculable  evil  to  the  morals,  man- 
nere,  and  felicity  of  every  country  into  which  it  has 
gained  admiaaion.  The  alavea  are  leduced  to  a  state 
of  misery  and  degradation  ;  to  a  state  which  haa  al- 
waya been  found  ao  destructive  to  virtue,  thai  in  many 
languagoa  a  alave  and  a  thief  are  expressed  by  the 
same  word.  The  masters  are  jiially  loaded  wiln  the 
guilt  of  all  the  wietchednesa  and  worthleaanca*  which 
uial  atate  inevitably  infera  ;  evenr  mind  is  tainted  wilh 
the  evil  which  it  engeiiden  and  diaplaya,  and  auataina 
ail  abatement  either  of  happineaa  or  virtue.  Every 
inaater  of  a  slave,  whether  no  term  himself  ciliieii  or 
auhjrct,  ia  a  monarch  endowed  wilh  more  uncontrolled 
a'lthurily  than  any  a.ivereign  in  Europe  eiijoya  ;  and 
every  rraniry  where  slavery  ia  admitted,  whether  it 
calls  itae.i'  kir>gii,im  or  republic,  is  a  country  subject  to 
Ihe  dominion  of  'yranls.  Nay,  the  more  liberal  its 
pelilieal  constilu'.ion,  the  more  severe  in  general  is  its 
nystem  of   domestic  tyranny ;  for  from  the  days  of 


for  Ihe  shelter  nf  domestic  tyranny,  to  mock  one  por- 
tion of  the  people  with  such  liberty  and  dignity  aa  jail- 
wa  enjoy,  ami  to  load  all  the  real  wilh  such  fallen  aa 
only  felona  should  wear. 

avch  long  consequeneea  have  guilt  and  injuatice ! 
Tlie  firat  intmduction  of  slaverer  into  a  country  plant* 
an  evil  of  which  the  full  mischief  ia  not  felt  till  in  an 
after  age,  when  it  haa  attained  auch  an  extent  that  ita 
extirpation  bccoinoa  almoat  impoaaible.  Thia  conside- 
ratian,  while  it  increases  our  abhorrence  of  a  aystem 
so  baught  with  evil  and  danger,  abates  the  severity  of 
cur  cenanto  on  thoae  to  whom  the  system  already  itta- 
lurod  by  Ijng  endurance  has  unfortunately  deacended 
And  even  with  regard  to  the  nee  who  Ant  introduced 
it,  wo  atull  not  fulAI  Ihe  duty  of  fellow-men,  if  we 
omil  to  coDsider  Ihe  apologiea  which  probably  mialed 
their  underilamlinga,  and  veiled  from  their  view  the 
wickedneaa  they  committed  and  the  miaery  they  intro- 
duced. Thfl  negnea  that  wen  Ant  brought  lo  Virgi- 
nia were  emIavM  before  ihey  came  there,  and  by  the 


•  An  illuslraUon  of  this  remark  may,  pertupa,  be  derived 
Din  tlie  aiia|.>|etlc  theory  which  plulosophicar slave  owiwra 
ive  Introdureil  into  the  world,  that  tha  negroei  are  a  rapa- 


froin 

have  Int 

rate  and  inferior  race  of  men— a  notion  by 

tiun  lliit  men  inllici  on  tlieir  fellowa  by  reUucinx  Ihem  to  the 

level  of  the  brute  creation,  ii  charged  on  Him  wbo  made  man 


negroe: 
which 


I  Aepa< 
Ihe  degrada- 


*  **  I  remember  the  time  wlieii  five  pound  wat  l«n  by  a  chari- 
table testator  to  the  |K>orortlicpait!ili  ho  lived  in;  and  it  lay  nine 
years  before  the  eiecutora  cnii*  1  flndorii'  poor  enough  to  be  enti- 
tled to  any  part  of  this  legaey ;  and  at  last  It  waa  all  given  to 
•■eaM  woman.  So  that  thia  n  ay  In  troth  be  termed  lha  beat 
|oor  man'acountrylnlha  world  '    Beverley, B. Iv.  p.  K, 


inthe  imago  of  the  Oodliead,  and  whoae  word  aaaures  us  that 
he  fashioned  all  aouls  alike.  Interest  and  prida  hsrdsn  the 
heart ;  the  deceilfulneaa  of  the  heart  perverts  the  understand- 
ing ;  and  men  Hnd  II  atreeabis  to  conaidsr  those  aa  brutes 
whom  they  think  It  convenient  to  treat  as  such.  The  heal 
refutation  of  tliis  theory  that  I  have  ever  seen  Is  the  produc- 
tion of  an  Amencan  writer.  It  occurs  In  Dr. ».  Smith's  Inter- 
esting "  Bsasy  on  Ihe  cBuaaa  of  tha  variety  of  Agurs  and  com- 
pleiion  in  the  human  species."  .      ._  .    .^,     ^ 

t  "  I  tremble  for  my  counlty,"  saya  Mr.  Jefferaon,  hi  hia  cb- 
aervations  on  the  slave  population  of  thia  province,  "when  I 
reflect  that  Ood  is  juat ;  that  his  justice  cannot  sleep  for  ever; 
that  considering  numbers,  nature,  and  natural  meana  only,  a 
revolution  of  the  wheel  of  fortune,  an  exchange  of  situation  Is 
among  poailble  aventa ;  that  It  may  become  probable  by  super- 
natural interference '  The  Almighty  haa  no  attribute  which 
can  talie  side  with  ut  In  such  a  contest.**  Notes  on  Virginia, 
p.  173.  Seneca  rolatea  that  it  was  once  proposod  al  Rome  to 
discriminate  the  slaves  by  a  peculiar  hal>it ;  but  it  was  justly 
•ppreliended  Ihat  there  might  be  some  danger  in  aoiuaintlng 
them  with  their  own  numbers.  Tlila  infonnatlon  Is  conveyed  to 
the  negroes  by  their  color ;  and  this  color  being  alwaya  a  mark 
of  contempt,  even  thoao  negroes  who  become  free  In  coun- 
tries where  their  race  is  generally  enslaved,  continns  allied 
both  by  the  moat  irritating  feeUngs  and  by  the  aympathy  they 
must  entertain  for  men  ofthe  aame  complexion,  with  all  thoae 
who  nmam  m  a  state  of  bondage. 


paifhaea  af  iba  ralaniela  wrra  dalirarad  (kiMitelNJi 
of  a  alava  ahip  and  lha  rraaliy  af  lha  Duiek.  WImi 
aiavee  were  aeiiher  numeroae  noi  formidable,  liiay  t^ 
pear  lo  have  beer,  kindly  treated  ;*  and  iheii  maataia 
perhapa  intended  lo  emancipate  Ihrm  al  thai  eanv^ 
nient  seaeon  for  adjualing  lha  aecounia  of  inlereat 
and  conaeience,  which  every  added  year  and  every 
addition  to  iheir  numben  tended  etill  hither  la  pnei- 
pane.  Bo  graal  ia  the  deeeivableuaaa  of  ttnrigblMMi» 
nese. 

Negro  slavery  lingered  lang  in  lha  aelllemania  af 
Ihe  pununa  in  New  England,  and  of  the  quekel*  in 
Pennaylvanit,;  I^a*  Caata,  ao  dialingulshed  hf  hw 
conipasaiAn  fur  the  unfoitunite,  Aral  euggeated  Ha  In- 
troduction into  Mexico  and  Peru ;  Qeorga  Kai,  tha 
most  intrepid  and  enlbiiaiasiic  of  rafarman,  demanM 
no  more  of  his  followen  than  a  mitigation  of  ila  aa«^ 
rity  in  Barhadaea ;  and  John  I<ocke,  the  glury  af  ■«•• 
dern  philo*0|ihy,  and  lha  champion  of  ralinoua  and  poli- 
tical freedom,  introduced  it  into  the  faiMamenlal  eao- 
stiluiloiis  of  Caiolin*.  Cnnsidentiona  auch  aa  Iheea 
are  ealeiilaird  to  increaaa  al  unce  our  charily  for  man- 
kind, and  our  alihorrenre  of  Ihat  inaidioua  and  formi 
dable  evil  which  has  so  signally  baflled  the  penelnlMn 
of  the  wiee,  and  triumphed  over  Iba  bcnaAceiica  M 
Ihe  humane. 

It  is  in  thoae  colonial  plantations  where  lha  reeidanea 
of  the  free  inhabitanta  ia  inertly  lemponiy,  that  slavaiy 
exhibiia  ita  wont  fealuree,  and  prMiica*  ila  moel  da- 
basing  effects.  Wherever  a  reapeelabla  stalianaiy  po- 
pulation of  fraemen  exiat%  a  laalraining  principle  aiieaa 
lo  control  and  qualify  Ihoao  evil  consequeneea.  Tha 
harsher  alave  laws  have  been  long  ainca  repealed  in 
Virginia,  and  the  irealmeni  of  lha  alavea  in  thia  pro- 
vince Iws  long  been  noted  for  comparative  mildneaa. 
.^n  Knglishman  who  ahould  auppoae  Ihat  humanity  and 
delicacy  could  not  exist  in  a  province  when  ebvary 
prevailed,  would  commit  aa  ynat  a  praelical  emr  aa 
an  American  who  ahould  maintain  the  incampatibillty 
of  the  aame  quilities  with  those  speclacles  of  vice  and 
misery  exhibited  in  the  great  tnwna  and  public  plaeaa 
of  England.  In  both  countriea,  doubtleaa,  human  cha- 
racter is  evil  affected  by  Ihe  contemplation  of  evil ; 
hut  in  both,  Ihe  taint  ia  obalructed  by  deluaiona  that 
disguise,  by  humanity  thai  deplorea,  or  by  virtue  tliat 
labora  to  mitigate  and  Anally  efface  Ihe  evil. 

The  other  cause  to  which  I  have  alluded,  aa  having 
exercised  an  unfavorable  influence  on  the  proaperily  M 
Virginia,  ia  the  inordinate  cultivation  of  tobacco.  Aa 
long  aa  Virginia  and  Maryland  were  Ihe  only  provincaa 
of  North  America  where  thi*  commodity  w**  produced, 
Iheir  inhabitanta  devoted  themselvea  almoal  excluaively 
to  a  cultura  which  is  attended  with  much  inconvenienea 
to  those  engaged  in  it,  and  no  small  disadvantage  to 
their  country  even  when  moderately  puraucd.  It  re- 
quirea  unusually  fatiguing  labor  from  the  cultivalora, 
and  exhausta  the  fertility  of  Ihe  soil :  and  aa  little 
food  of  any  kind  ia  niaed  on  the  tobecco  plantaliona, 
the  men  and  cattle  employed  on  Ihem  an  badly  fed, 
and  the  soil  gradually  impoverished.  Thia  evil  con- 
tinuerl  long  to  be  felt  in  Virginia ;  but  haa  been  di- 
minished by  the  introduction  into  the  marketa  of  Eu- 
rope of  the  tobacco  produce  of  lerritorioe  mora  recent^ 
cultivated. 

BOOK  II. 

TUB  NEW  ENGLAND  STATES: 

CHAPTER  I. 

Attempts  of  the  PlynMuth  Company  to  colonize  Ihe  Nortnem 
I^MSta  of  America— Popham  establishes  a  colony  al  Fort 
Saint  George— Sufferings  and  Return  of  the  Ortonlata— 


Captain  Smlth*a  Voyage  and  Survey  ofthe  Countrv— which 


Is  named  New  England— His  inellbctual  AttempI  to  con- 
duct a  Colony  thither— The  Company  relinquish  the  Deslga 
of  colonising  New  England— HIalory  and  Chaiactar  of  lie 


duct  a  Colony  thither— The  Company  relinquish  the  Deslga 
of  colonising  New  England— HIalory  and  Chaiactar  of  lie 
Puritans— Rise  of  Ihe  Brownlsta  or  Independents— A  l>aa- 


gregatlon  of  Independents  rettra  lo  Hollsnd— they  rasolva 
to  saltis  In  America— their  negotiation  with  King  Jamos— 
Ihey  arrive  in  MaasachiuelU— and  found  New  nymouth— 


Haidahlpa— and  Virtue  of  the  Oilonlatt— Tlieir  civil  Inatli. 
tutlons- C^ommunlty  of  Property— Increase  of  civil  and 
ecrlesiastlcal  Tyranny  In  England— Project  of  a  new  Colony 
In  Matsachuaetts— Salem  built— Charter  of  Maaaikthuaetta 
Bay  obtained  lh>m  Charlea  the  Fftat  bv  an  Aisoclatioo  ol 
Puritans— Embarkation  of  the  Emigrantii— Arrival  al  Salem 
—Their  Oinatltution  in  Church  and  State— Two  Persona 
baniahed  Urom  tha  Colony  for  Schlam— intolerance  of  soma 
of  the  Puntans. 

[1606.]  Whkn  Jamee  Ihe  Firal  gave  hi*  •anclion 
lo  Ihe  project  of  colonizing  the  vaat  dialrici  of  North 
America  which  waa  comprehended  al  that  time  un- 
der the  name  of  Virijinia.  he  made  a  partition  of  tha 

•  The  tmtraent  of  alavea  at  Rome,  latterly  distingulahad 
by  tlie  mosi  onormous  cruelty,  waa  originally  kind  and  Ml. 
Plutarch.    Life  of  Corialanus* 


THE  HISTORT  Of 


hifimy  kMwtM  lira  ira4liig  ■owptiiUi,  mm!  ■•••• 
MMm4  iIm  imUmm*  of  iiMMMiil.omlii«,Mid«r  itw 
Mtwr  tl  Pljrmoulli.  U  llw  oti|wl  of  iM*  panlibn  «m 
lo  diminiib  lb*  jiwMinnwnc*  of  monotxily,  *nd  dif- 
AtM  Um  ImmIIi  of  colonitl  rvUllon*  mora  •lUnuvtly 
In  KimUnd,  Iha  iii«*na  win  vary  ill  ulaptwl  lo  ih* 
Md.  Bnawniwntly.  lb*  (irMl  wu  lir  rrmn  corrH|ion<i- 
ing  wilb  IM  itMinn.  Th«  raMureat  of  iha  tdvcnlu- 
lara  who  kwt  alraMv  pmptrad  lo  umlaruka  eolnaial 
IKOjacta  won  di»i<i«u  ao  iina<)ually,  and  jrat  lo  much  lo 
Um  dwod'anlin  of  all  poiliaa,  IMI  tba  mora  iwwtrfiil 
eofmian*  fauM  ila  *igM  tiid  aiMtaaa  cotwiilanbljr 
abMgad,  whilo  Iho  waakar,  wilhoul  aliilitjr  lo  alfvcl 
Iba  Wifpoaa  of  iu  laaocialion,  raulnad  bnlji  llw  pnvi- 
laga  of  dabaning  Olbara  froin  *ltain|illng  il.  Wa  have 
aoan  Ihol  Iho  aouibcm  colony,  ihough  iiminaled  by  a 
company  wbicb  rackoned  among  iu  nMmhara  aomo  of 
tba  ricbaal  and  moal  powarful  inan  in  Iha  alalo,  and 
onjoyod  iho  tdvanlaga  of  boing  ailualad  in  tho  placo 
wbicb  than  abaoibod  atmoal  alllho  comniaicial  waallb 
and  aelivily  of  England,  waa  yat  analilcd,  with  all  ibaae 
■dvanugoa,  lo  nwMa  bul  akiw  and  Ulwrioita  advaiwaa 
I*  a  aaeure  aaUbliahnMinu  Hm  I'lymonlb  company 
poaaoMing  much  narrower  naourcaa,  and  i  vary  iDf»' 
lior  ailulHHi,  iu  aflbru  waio  praporlioiiilly  fcoblo  and 
unaitailing. 
Tbo  motl  amimnt  mombora  of  ibo  Plymouth  com- 

Eny  were  Sir  Jobn  Po|ih«m,  Cbiof  Jualice  of  England, 
r  Ferdiiiaiido  Uorgra,  the  Uoiramorof  I'lymouln  fort, 
■nd  Sir  Jobn  Qilbart,  ibe  iicphow  of  Iba  Aral  palantee, 
•nd  leader  of  emigranU  to  Ameriea.  Animated  by 
Ibo  teal  of  Ibcaa  men.  and  eapecially  of  Popbam,  who 
aaaiiined  the  principal  dircclioa  of  their  procerdinga, 
Ibv  Plynioulb  company  very  early  deapatcbeU  i  ainell 
feaaol  U>  innfiect  Ihcir  tcrriloriea;  but  bad  aoon  Ibe 
mortification  of  learning  ibal  it  hail  been  aliacked  and 
captured  by  Ibe  Spaniard*,  who  atill  pretended  a  right 
lo  eiclude  every  other  people  from  iIm  navigation  of 
the  American  iraa.  The  chief  jualice  and  hia  friends, 
however,  ware  loo  much  bent  on  Iho  proaecution  of 
thoii  purpoaa  lo  be  diacouraged  liy  thia  diaaalcr.  At 
hia  own  eipeniaa,  Popbam  quickly  deapatcbad  another 
veaaol  lo  reaumo  Ibo  aurvay ;  and  having  received  a 
favorable  report  6f  the  appearancea  of  Ibe  country,  he 
availed  himaelf  of  the  intelligence  to  raiee  a  aufficieni 
•u|iply  of  men  and  money  lor  the  formation  of  a  colo- 
ny [I0U7.]  Under  Ibe  command  of  hia  brother,  Henry 
Pupliain,  and  of  Ilaleigb  Gilbert,  brother  of  Sir  John, 
two  Tcaaela  freighted  wilii  a  hundred  emigranla  pro 
eecdrd  to  ihe  territory  of  what  waa  alill  callmi  Nonbeni 
Virginia,  and  landing  in  autumn,  they  Uiok  noaaeaaion 
•f  a  pw  ro  .if  ground  near  tho  river  SagabaJoc,  whera 
Ibry  built  Fort  Saint  George.  Tba  diatrict  where  they 
aaudiliMiad  lliemaelvea  wa*  rocky  and  barren,  and  their 
proviaiona  ao  acanty,  that  ih^y  were  obliged,  toon  after 
tbeir  arrival,  lo  tend  back  all  but  forty-five  of  iheirown 
number.  The  winter  proved  eilreinely  aevere,  and 
eonlinad  thia  tinall  remnant  lo  tbeir  nii*«rable  dwelling, 
Bud  a  belplesa  xmteinplatioo  of  Ibo  dreary  waale  that 
aurro'iiided  tbe.n.  I>iaca*e.  the  olfapring  of  famine  and 
bardabip,  auBmct'trd  iba  general  gloom ;  and,  before 
Ihe  return  m  Spring,  tevvral  of  their  number,  and 
■moog  ethcra  Uieir  preaident,  Henry  I'ophain,  had  aunk 
into  Uie  grave,  with  the  apring  arrivrd  a  veaael  with 
aupolie*  fiom  England,  but  the  iiitelligcnce  that  accom- 
panied thcae  tupplie*  more  than  counterbalanced  the 
aalitfaction  they  aHbrdcd ;  for  the  coloniita  were  now 
informed  uf  Ihe  dcatha  of  Chief  Jualice  Pophain  and 
Sir  Jobn  Gillirrt,  the  moat  |ioworful  of  their  patrona. 
■ud  moat  active  of  tbeir  benefactora.  Their  reaolulion 
waa  completely  vanquiahed  by  ao  many  miafxrtunea  ; 
and  ail  oclaimiiig  againal  longer  conlinuance  in  acenet 
ao  diamal,  they  fonook  the  aotilement  and  relumed  lo 
England,  [1608.]  which  they;  filled  with  Ihe  moat  dit- 
heartening  areounia  of  the  aoil  and  climate  of  Northcni 
Virginia.  The  American  hiatoriaiw  are  careful  lo  note 
Ifaat  thia  Hiaaatroua  expedition  originated  with  the 
judge  who  three  yeara  before  had  preaided,  with  the 
moat  aeandalnua  injutticc,  at  tba  trial  of  Raleigh, 
and  condemned  to  an  infamoua  death,  Ihe  man  to 
whom  England  and  America  had  been  ao  highly  iu- 
debled.* 

The  fniatratior.  of  thia  ei.lerpriac.  and  Ihe  evil  report 


*  One  American  writer,  liowever,  tiaa  been  betrayed  bv 
eareleitlM^H*  into  an  observation  to  very  diOernnt,  that  lie  re- 
neaents  Italaifiti  aa  one  of  the  cuuiinindura  of  thia  unaucceiit- 
lul  eipcdillon.  Mnrftiiairi  I.ifo  of  Wuhington,  vol.  i.  p.  73. 
Thin  writor  haH  niinlakcn  Raleif;li  Otllwrt  rnrtwopcrNoriR.  Sir 
Waller  wan  at  IhiR  time  a  prixoiier  Iti  the  Tower,  under  noit- 
tence  of  death.  Ihave  moretniti  once  had  orcaviun  tunutlce 
Suvcuraciot  orcurrinK  in  Ihe  lirMt  volume  of  Marthall'a  Life 
af  Waahiuiiton ;  a  volume  whirh  all  who  Iwve  read  the  othon 
Mi«l  refretthat  he  ever  publlahtfd,  Itbaafieaily  olMtructed 
Ika  r  valaiityof  a  meal  ezccUent  and  Imeraallaf  worli. 


thai  waa  raiatd  againal  iha  land,  dolemd  Iho  company 
fof  aomo  liiM  from  any  further  allompi  lo  atecl  •  aolll*- 
mem  l:i  Noitharn  Virginia,  and  produced  an  impraaaion 
on  Um  iniiida  of  ihr  people  very  unfavorable  lo  ami- 
graiion  lo  thai  lerriiory.  For  aoveral  yeara,  tho  adven- 
luroa  of  Iba  company  war*  conAnod  lo  a  few  flahing 
voyagaa  10  Capo  Cod,  ami  a  IralDo  in  paltry  and  oil 
with  Iho  naiivaa.  At  length  their  priMpeela  wera 
cheered  by  a  gleam  of  Ullar  fortune  ;  and  Iha  inlro- 
duciion  of  Ca|ilain  Nmilh  into  tbair  aervica  aeamad  lo 
betoken  mom  vignroua  and  aucceaafiil  enlerpriao.  Sir 
Fanlinamlo  (iorgea.  and  aoine  other  leading  membara 
of  Iha  Plymoulh  Company,  jutily  appreciating  Ibe 
inaril  of  lliia  ealraonlinary  man.  made  naate  to  aniro- 
pnata  hia  valuable  aervicea,  which  Ihu  Virginia  Com- 
pany had  ao  unworthily  neglected.  [ISI4  ]  Sia  yeara 
after  Iha  ralurn  of  Iha  avitlara  at  Hagabadoe,  two  vea- 
aela  wero  deapalebed,  under  Iha  command  of  Captain 
Smilb  and  Captain  Hunt,  on  a  voyage  of  trade  and 
d'acovory  lo  Iha  rnmpany'a  larrilorina.  Nmilh,  having 
concluded  hia  Iralfle  Willi  llie  nallvoa,  left  hia  crew  en- 
gaged in  liahing  on  the  eoaal,  aiul,  arcninpanied  by  only 
eignl  men,  travailed  into  llic  iiilerior  of  tlie  country, 
aurvayad  ita  condition,  ciplnreil  wiili  great  care  ami 
diligence  iha  whole  ccaat,  frnm  ('apo  C»l  lo  Ponoh- 
aciM,  and  compoaed  a  nmp.  in  which  Ila  appearance 
waa  accuraUily  delineated.  On  hia  return  lo  Englanal, 
h*  proacnied  hia  map,  with  an  account  of  hia  travela 
and  obaeivationa,  lo  Prince  Charica,  who  waa  ao 
much  pleaaed  with  Iha  country,  that  be  baalowad  on 
il  Iha  name  of  New  England,  which  il  haa  aval  ainea 
retained. 

'l°ha  aoeceaa  of  Captain  Smilh'a  voyage,  and  Ike 
favorable  accounta  that  he  gave  of  the  ruiinlry,  Ihough 
they  conlribuled  not  a  little  lo  aliinulaie  the  vigor  of 
commercial  adventure,  eouU  not  overcome  the  general 
averaion  lo  a  perinananl  eetllemeni  in  the  territory, 
which  the  miafortunca  of  Ihe  Aral  colnniata  had  created 
in  England,  and  which  waa  appointed  to  preecrvo  that 
Otrner  of  tlie  Almighly'a  creation  for  Iho  inhat  talion 
of  Ihe  moal  faithful  and  o|ipreaaed  of  hia  people.  The 
impedimenta  to  a  colonial  ealabliahmani  in  New  Eng- 
land wera  greatly  inereaaed  by  the  conduct  of  Hunt, 
who  bad  been  aatocialcd  with  Smith  in  Ihe  late  voyage. 
Thia  aordid  and  profligate  man,  unwiUing  that  the  bene< 
At  of  Ihe  eiialing  narrow  Irafilc  with  lb*  company'a 
lerritonea,  which  waa  eieliiaively  ahared  by  hiniaelf  and 
a  few  othera  who  were  aware  of  ila  advanlagea,  ahouU 
be  more  generally  diffuacd  by  Ihe  formation  of  a  colony, 
rcaolved  to  defeat  the  deaign  by  embroiling  hia  eouii- 
Irymrn  with  Ibe  nalivea ;  and  for  thia  purpoae,  having 
enlict  J  a  number  of  theao  neople  on  board  hia  ahip,  be 
eel  aail  with  them  for  Malaga,  whore  ha  had  been 
ordered  to  touch  on  hia  homeward  voyage,  and  aold 
Ihem  for  alavea  to  tlie  Spanlarda.  The  company,  in- 
dignant at  hia  wickcdneaa,  inalatitly  diamiaani  him  from 
their  actvice ;  but  the  miachicf  waa  done,  and  ihe  neit 
vaaaci  that  relumed  fioin  New  England  brought  intelli' 
gence  of  the  vindictive  hoatilitica  of  Ihe  aavagea.  Uo' 
diamayrd  by  all  tlieaa  dilficulliea  and  dangcra.  Smith 
determined  to  make  an  eSorl  for  Iho  colonitation  of  the 
northern  territory  ;  and  having  inftiaad  hia  own  reaolule 
hope  and  courage  into  aome  of  Ihe  leading  patenteea. 
he  wa*  enabled,  by  their  auialaiice,  to  equip  a  email 
aquadron,  [1615,]  and  act  aail  at  Ihe  head  of  a  body  of 
einigraiila  for  New  England.  Thua  far  could  energy 
prevail ;  but  in  a  atruggle  with  fate,  farther  advance' 
mcnt  waa  impracticable ;  and  Captain  Smith,  bavins 
now  accoinpliabed  all  that  man  could  do,  waa  dealined 
to  cx|ieriencc  that  all  waa  unavaiUng.  The  voyage 
\Hn  one  uBinlemiptcd  accno  of  diaaaler.  After  en- 
countering a  violent  lempeat,  by  which  the  vcaaela  had 
nearly  periabed.  Smith  found  hia  authority  invaded  by 
the  mutinoua  diapoaition  of  hia  crow  ;  and  in  thia  aitua- 
lion  he  fell  an  eaay  prey  to  a  aquadron  of  French 

fiiratea,  who  confiaeated  hia  ahipa,  and  detained  him 
oiig  in  captivity.  It  waa  happy  for  himtelf  and  for 
mankind  that  he  lived  to  return  to  hia  country,  and 
write  the  hialory  of  hia  Iravela,  i'nalead  of  reaching  New 
England ;  where  hia  blood  would  probably  have  alained 
Ihe  land  which  hia  talent  and  virtue  had  contributed  to 
illuatrato.  [1619.]  Several  yeara  aflerwaida,  the  com- 
pany having  diacovered  that  an  Indian  named  S^uanlo, 
one  of  the  peraoiia  whom  Hunt  had  kidnapped,  had 
eacapcd  from  the  Spaniarda,  and  found  ha  way  lo 
Britain,  acquitted  themaelvea  to  hia  aatiafaction  of  the 
injury  he  had  autTered,  loaded  him  with  kinrlneaa,  and 
aunt  him  back  to  New  England,  along  with  a  email 
expedition  commanded  by  one  IMriner,  who  waa  in 
atructed  lo  avail  bimaelf  of  .Sqnanto'a  aaaiatance  in  rO' 
gaining  tba  friondahip  of  the  Indiana.  But  although 
Squanlo  earnottly  endeavored  In  conciliato  the  minaa 


of  hia  countryman,  ulid  aaanrad  tham  thai  llialll 
traaekery  had  liaan  loprotwied  and  puniahad  Y  Ellf> 
land.  Ihay  refuaed  lo  be  pariArd.  and  watching  a  fil««f> 
able  np|iortuiiily,  aHarked  and  daiigeroualy  wmindail 
Itormar  and  many  of  hia  parly,  who,  eacapiiif  « «b  dlf 
Acuity  from  the  hoalile  region,  left  Hquanio  lialiind  In 
anfiirca  at  more  laiaiiro  and  with  heller  aiiceeaa  hi* 
topica  of  apology  ami  cunciliatioii  Diagutlail  liy  au 
many  diaamwinlinenla.  ihe  com|iany  laid  aaida  all  far- 
ther thoughle  of  eaubliahing  rnloniva  in  New  England. 
An  inaigniAcani  irallle  bonndrd  their  own  advanluraa ) 
and  lh«y  made  no  other  aianiaa  of  Iheir  dominion 
over  Ibe  lemlory  than  by  dtapoaing  of  ainall  porliona  ot 
Iha  norihern  quarter  ol'^it  to  private  advenlurara,  who 
oaeupiad  Ihem  in  auininer  aa  marcanlile  faeloriaa  of 
virlualling  auiiona  for  Iho  uaaa  of  vaaaala  laaorting 
thara  for  trade. 

We  have  aulBcianl  aaauranca  thai  Ihe  couraa  of  Ihia 
work!  ia  nol  govemod  by  ehanca  ;  and  lh<l  the  aariaa 
of  evenia  ia  regulated  by  divine  ordinance,  and  adaplad 
to  wiaa  Ihongh  often  inecrntaMo  purpoae*.  Aa  il  cotrid 
not  then  be  without  doaign,  ao  il  aeema  In  have  bean 
for  no  common  object  that  diacomAlur*  waa  thua  an- 
tailed  on  Iha  roiinaela  of  nrincra,  Iha  achamea  of  Ih* 
wiae,  and  Ihe  elforta  of  Ihe  Nave.  Il  waa  lor  no  ordi- 
nary peonle  thai  the  land  waa  reaerved,  and  of  no  eom- 
mon  qualiliea  or  vulgar  auperiorily  that  il  waa  oidainod 
to  bo  Iha  priin.  Naw  England  waa  lb*  dealined 
aaylum  of  oppreaaed  piety  and  liberty  of  conacianca  j 
and  iu  colonixation,  denied  to  the  pralenaiona  of  great- 
naaa  ami  llw  alfoila  of  might,  waa  reaerved  for  men 
whom  Ihe  mat  and  mighty  deapiaed  for  iheir  lillleneao, 
overcome  from  Iheir  weakneaa,  aud  (leraaculad  for  thoir 
inli'grity.  'Hie  recent  growth  of  the  Virginian  eokmy, 
and  Ihe  repealed  atlempla  lo  form  a  aellleinani  in  New 
England,  naturally  turned  lo  ihia  quarter  Iho  eyea  of 
men  who  fell  little  reluctance  lo  Ibraaka  a  eouniry 
where;  for  conacience'a  aake,  they  hail  already  incurred 
Ihe  loaa  of  all  Ihinga ;  whom  peraeculion  had  fortified 
10  Ihe  endurance  of  hardahip,  and  piety  had  taught  to 
dtapiae  il.  Il  waa  al  thia  jiinclur*  accordingly,  thai 
Ihe  project  c  f  coloniiing  Naw  Engbuid  waa  undoriakan 
by  the  purilana  ;  a  iKidy  of  man  of  whoa*  riaa,  arnti- 
nieiila,  and  previoua  hialory,  il  ia  proper  that  wa  her* 
aubioin  aoine  account. 

Of  all  Ibe  national  churehea  of  Europe,  which  al  Ih* 
era  of  the  Ueformaliun  renounced  the  dnctriiie  and  re- 
volted from  the  dominion  of  Iha  ace  of  Home,  th*i« 
waa  none  in  which  the  origin  of  the  reform  bad  been  ao 
di*cr*diuble,  or  the  immediate  proeeediiiga  lo  which 
il  gave  rie*  ao  unreaaonabia  aiid  inequitable  aa  Iho 
church  of  England.  Thia  aruae  partly  fmin  tlie  cir- 
cumetance  of  tba  reform  in  thia  church  having  origi- 
nated eieluaively  with  the  temporal  magiatnte,*  and 
\<*niy  from  Ihe  character  of  Ihe  individual  by  whom 
thia  interpoaiiioii  of  magiateoal  authority  waa  employed. 
In  Iho  Palatinate,  in  Brandonburgh,  Holland,  Uonova, 
and  Scotland,  where  lb*  reform  proceeded  from  tba 
general  conviction,  the  doctrine  and  conalilulion  of  tho 
national  church  correaponded  with  Ihe  religioue  acnli- 
menta  of  the  people.  Tho  biblical  chriatianlly  laughl 
by  Calvin  and  hulher  (with  varielice  oeraaioned  by 
variety  of  human  weakneaa  and  inequality  of  attain- 
ment) auperaeded  the  traditional  dogmaa  ol  Ihe  chun/i 
of  Home ;  and  ihe  primitive  ainiplicity  of  the  preabyte- 
rian  adminiairation  (with  aiiniliar  vnrietica  of  ainiilai 
origin)  auperaeiled  the  poinpoua  pageantry  of  her  ecclo- 
aiaatical  conatitulioii.  In  England,  lb*  reformation 
originating  from  a  very  ditferent  aourcc,  ila  inatituliona 
received  a  alrong  tincture  fruin  qualitica  proportionally 
dilfcrent.  The  aaine  haughiy  and  iiupcrioua  diapnai 
lion  that  had  pioniiiliJ  Henry  the  Eighth  lo  abolian  tho 
aulhorily  of  the  ch  r('!>  of  Koine  in  hia  dominiona,  regu- 
lated all  hia  procccdinga  in  conatructing  a  aubatiluta 
for  the  ayateni  hu  had  taken  away.  Abetted  by  a  crew 
of  aervile  dependaiita  uml  aordid  noblea,  whnni  he  en- 
riched with  the  apoila  of  the  plundered  monaateriea, 
and  by  a  compliant  Houao  of  Coinmona,  whoao  pro- 


•  It  has  been  aiiartcd  by  a  lioit  of  Engllth  writera  thai, 

ving  to  thia  interLNiHiilon  uf  the  magintrate,  the  Uiraaion  ol 

auppoted  righia  and  osta>)li«hed  poMeii»iunk  that  enkucd  on 


the  Reformation  wan  conducted  with  mucli^realer  aohrlely 
and  equity  in  Kiiglaiid  than  in  Hcoiland.  Tlia  very  rBver»e, 
appaaralome  aju<iar  propoiltlon.  llenry'a  robhaiiea  of  Ihe 
accla«laallcal  ordeia  were  Ihe  inoro  inequitable  in  pro|iortloo 
lo  thaU*  deliberation.  The  Scotch  populace  ntae  In  tuiiiultuoua 
Indignation  agalnit  their  oppreiaora.  Henry  trampled  on  Ihe 
defenceleaa,  and  arruyed  his  rapine  In  the  solemn  apparel  ol 
me  acta  of  state,  liie  oxplutions  of  popular  justice  are 
atlanded  with  a  marked  violence,  and  have  but  a  shoit-lived 
duration.  Aa  palpable  deviations  fniin  the  ordinary  line  of 
human  action,  their  influfincedoea  not  affect  general  morality. 
Tlie  actings  of  despotism  cover  iheir  violence  with  a  arav* 
disguise  i  and  associating  them  with  princlplea  and  ptaceaanll^ 
tender  Iheir  evil  fatality  perinananl 


NORTH  AMRRIOA. 


ptM  M  iMfMt  whatarar,  In  dw  ladl- 
•  MMMMtTcljr  MMbiiahtd,  lo  Ui«  mrM- 


I  ^  fciik  mmmwmA 

kt  , 
taiiam  wkidi  h* 

■Mtt  of  lb*  bodjr  of  Um  pooplo — ■  porlion  of  hia  •uh- 
ImM  10  MihoM  MlilHNw  M  one*  intwind,  by  •  |iublie 

Cwttmallon,  tM<  thoy  w*ra  "  but  briitaa  aiid  iiiaipari 
k,"  and  aa  unAl  lo  adviao  him  aa  blind  man  war*  lo 
Jadgo  of  colon.  Ilia  objarl  wat  lo  auhalilula  himaalf 
MM  hia  aiMcaaaora  aa  haada  of  lh«  church  m  plaaa  of 
Ibo  popo  j  and  fot  Iho  maintcnanca  of  Ihia  uaur|wd  do- 
minion, ho  raulnad,  both  in  Iha  caranioniaa  of  wonhi|i 
ami  Iho  cohailiuiiun  of  lha  niinialry,  a  gnal  daal  of  ibo 
machinary  which  bia  |iradacoaaor  In  lha  auHomtoy  had 
fcnnd  uacful.  'I'ha  vahamaiira  of  bia  chartelar  do- 
Inslad  aomtwhal  from  iho  policgr  of  hia  davicaa,  and 
*«f]r  mueh  abatad  Iheir  (lolilie  appaaranea  by  thai  ahow 
•f  food  faith  and  aincaritjr  which  accompania<l  all  hia 
•alMna,  and  which  waa  bul  lha  natural  raaiill  of  aiiieara 
•nd  Mbanianl  aalAahnaaa,  and  an  undoublinf  convic- 
tion of  the  aupariority  of  hia  nndai alanding  and  Iho  in- 
Mlibility  of  hia  jud^m^nt.*  Whilo  ho  rigidly  doniad 
Iho  righl  of  privala  judgmant  lo  hia  aubjacia,  hia  own 


nually  tain 
amait  lo  al 


to  parlaka  lha  aatiafacllon  it  aaomaif  to  afford 
him  i  ana  lha  frequent  «arialiona  of  lha  creada  ha  im> 
poaad,  at  onea  auilad  a  apirit  of  apoeulation  akin  to 
nia  own,  and  practically  rafulad  lha  onl^  pratanca  that 
could  aniilla  hia  judRnwnl  lo  lha  implicit  Kaaenl  of  fal> 
liblo  man.  Tba  popa,  aipraaaly  mainuining  ihal  ha 
could  noTor  ba  in  the  wronc,  waa  diaablad  from  correct- 
ing both  hia  own  arrora  amTllioaa  baquealhed  lo  him  by 
hia  predacoaaora.  Henry,  merely  pretending  lo  the 
privilega  of  being  alwaya  in  the  righl,  dcfealetflhia  pre- 
teneion  b*  Ihe  variety  and  ineonaiaiancy  of  the  cn^a 
to  which  ha  applied  it.  While  he  inaialad  on  retaining 
muck  of  lha  peculiar  doelrina  of  the  church  of  Home, 
ha  allarked,  in  ila  iiifallibilily,  a  doctrine  not  only  highly 
important  in  ilarif,  bul  the  aole  aaiiclion  and  fuuiidalion 
•f  a  groat  many  olhera.  NotwilhatandinB  all  hia  eier- 
liono,  and  aided  indeed  by  aomo  part  of  nia  own  ron- 
dnet,  a  apirit  of  religioua  inquiry  began  lo  ariao  among 
lha  multitude  of  profeaaora  who  blindly  or  inlerealedly 
tMd  followed  the  rortunea  and  llie  variationa  of  the  royal 
eiaad :  and  lha  knowledge  of  divine  Inilh,  combined 
arith  an  ardent  legard  for  aimplieily  of  divine  worahip 
ariaing  Aral  in  the  higher  ulaaaea,  apread  downwarda 
through  the  aureeaaivo  gradee  of  aooiety  in  Ihia  and  the 
MIowing  reigna.  The  adminialralion  of  iiiquiaiiorial 
•alba,  and  the  infliction  in  varioua  inalancee  of  decapi- 
tation, torture,  and  burning,  for  Ihe  crime  of  hereay 
luring  Henry'a  reign,  demonalraie  how  fully  he  bad 
mbfaced  the  character  aa  well  aa  the  prelenaiona  of 
ttM  Komieh  eee,t  and  how  inefleclually  he  had  labored 
to  impoaa  bia  own  helerogeneoua  creed  on  Ihe  under- 
Wandinga  of  hia  aubjecla.     Gvon  in  hia  lifetime,  Ihe 

Elettant  dncuinea  had  apread  far  be^yond  Ihe  limile  of 
own  cr««d ;  and  in  Iheir  illegilimale  ezleiit  had 
made  nunieroua  proaelylea  in  hia  court  and  kingdom. 
The  propagalion  of  them  waa  aided  by  the  Imiialalion 
and  ditriiaion  of  Ihe  Seriplurea,  which  he  vainly  en- 
deavored to  prevent,  and  which  enabled  bia  people  lo 
draw  truth  for  Ihemaelvee  unalinled  and  unadulleraled 
from  ila  everlaaling  wolla.  The  open  profeaaion  of 
theaa  illicit  upiniona  waa  in  many  inauncea  reproaaed 
by  the  terror  of  hia  infleiible  cruelly,  and  by  the  influ- 
ence over  hia  ineaaurea  which  hia  lay  and  cwrical  cour- 
tiora  found  it  eaay  lo  obtain  by  feigning  implicit  eubmia- 
aion  lo  hia  capricioua  and  imperioua  temper.  The 
temptationa  which  iheae  men  were  eipoeed  lo  proved 
fatal  in  aome  inilancca  lo  their  virtue ;  and  aeveral  of 
Iheni  (even  Ihe  vinuoua  Cranmer)  thought  Ihemaelvea 
obliged  though  reluctantly  lo  concur  in  puniabing  by 
Ire  and  faggui  the  open  profeaaion  of  tlie  aenlimenia 
which  they  aecretly  cherinhed  in  their  own  breaata. 
They  were  aflorwarda  compelled  ihemaelvea  lo  driilk 
of  Ihe  eaine  cup ;  and  enabled  lo  make  aomo  atone- 
ment to  the  cauae  of  truth  by  Ihe  heroiam  with  which, 
hi  Mary'a  bloody  reign,  they  aulfered  for  Ihe  doelrinea 
whiek  they  had  peraccuted  before. 

By  the  denth  of  Hunry  Ihe  Eighth,  hia  protealant  aub- 
iecta  were  eiempled  from  Ihe  neeeaaily  of  farther  diaai- 
mnlation.  In  the  reign  of  Edward  the  Siith,  the  ca- 
tholic doelrinea  were  expunged  from  the  national  creed, 
■  The  public  diapiilatinn  which  ho  hold  with  one  of  hia  aub. 
jacti,  the  nnble-mlixled  thoufli  unfortunate  Lambert,  who 
Oenlad  the  doctrine  of  the  real  |>raience,  wui,iierbapa  rcfmrd- 
ad  at  the  tiina  u  an  act  of  adinlmbla  leal  and  rami  g'meroua 
condeacoiiston.  It  mitrlit  have  merited  thia  praise  if  uie  horrtd 
d«tli  by  which  he  roveniod  the  impotence  of  hu  logic,  did 
not  prove  it  to  have  been  an  overflowlnf  of  arrogance  and 
vain  glory. 

t  One  of  hia  lawa  (II  Henry  VIII.  capi.  I«.|  beara  the  pre 
tamptuoua  title  of  "  An  act  for  abollahlng  divanity  of  op(- 
■lou  In  certain  artlclea  concarninf  the  Chnalian  rel 


AmdamoMal  ailialaa  of  lha  pnteotant  Ikitk 
■d  aatabhahed  by  law.  Aa  anang  lha 
otkor  pneticea  of  lha  preceding  reign,  Ihe  weak  and 
wicked  policy  of  enforcing  uiulormily  of  fiilh  ami  wor- 
ahip by  uaraaculion  waa  alill  retained,  Ihe  inlluenee  of 
temporal  fear  and  favor  contributed,  no  doubt,  to  en- 
caniber  the  prolaalant  ehuroh  with  many  ralueuni  oihI 
hypocritical  profeaaora.  In  Iho  hopo  of  reconcding  Iho 
niinde  of  men  aa  aileneivrly  aa  poaeible  to  Iho  ayalein 
which  Ihey  hod  ealabliahed,  the  miniatera  of  Edward  ore- 
aarved  not  only  the  eccleaiaalical  conatilulion  which 
Henry  had  retained,  but  aa  much  of  the  ancient  cere- 
monial of  worahip  aa  ibey  thought  wonU  gratifV  the 
laala  and  predilacliona  of  minda  thai  alill  hankeied  after 
catholic  pageantry.  Tbay  rather  yieUod  to  lha  noeao- 
ally  of  Iho  timae,  than  indulged  Iheir  own  aanlimanta  or 
MIowed  out  Iheir  prineiplaa  i  and  pretty  plainly  inei- 
nualed  their  opinion,  thai  whenever  the  limea  eoubi 
bear  it,  a  fbnhar  laformalion  ahouM  ba  introduced  into 
Iho  eataUiahnent,  by  inaarting  a  prayer  lo  that  purpoaa 
in  lha  Uturgy.  But  iu  Ihia  allaropt,  the  rulera  of  the 
Englioh  roformed  church  ancountared  a  apiril  of  roaiat- 
an«a,  originating  in  the  prolaalant  body,  of  whii'h  tliay 
eonaidered  theinaalvaa  the  haada.  During  the  lata 
nign  lha  dieairection  lhal  had  been  ehariahad  in  aocrat 
towarda  Ihe  national  ehuroh  had  not  confined  ilaelf  to 
lha  doelrinea  of  the  eatabliahmeni,  which  many  protee- 
taota  connected  in  their  opinion  and  ealeein  with  the 
ceremonial  rilee  and  clerRal  habile  that  had  for  agee 
been  their  invelerato  aaaociala  and  dialiiictive  livery. 
With  their,  enmity  lo  popieh  doctrine,  they  combined  an 
avaraion  to  thoae  caremoiiiee  which  hod  proved  ao  aub- 
aervieiit  to  popiali  impoalun ;  which  aeemed  lo  owe 
their  eurvivance  in  lha  national  ayalaro  lo  the  eamo 
error  that  had  retained  ao  much  catholic  haraay  i  and 
which  diverted  Ihe  mind  from  that  apiritual  worehip 
claimed  by  Him  who  iea  apirit,  and  baa  commanded  all 
men  to  worahip  him  in  apiril  and  in  truth.  Theaa  aen- 
limenia, which  were  eubaequenlly  matured  inlo^he 
doelrinea  of  the  puiilana,  had  already  taken  poaaaaaion 
of  the  minda  of  aoma  of  tho  Engliah  prMealanta :  but 
their  operation  waa  aa  yet  neither  veiv  powerful  nor 
exienaiva.  Oua  of  the  moat  powerful  indieationa  of 
llieir  influence  lhal  hoa  been  lianamitled  to  ua  waa 
evinced  by  Uiabop  Hooper,  who,  in  the  reign  of  Edward, 
rafuaed  to  be  conaecraled  to  hia  office  in  wTiat  he  deemed 
the  aupcralitioua  habile  appropriated  by  Ihe  church  In 
the  epiecopal  order.  Hia  protealant  opiiiiona  had  nu- 
derea  him  an  exile  from  EnaUnd  during  the  latter  part 
of  lha  preceding  roign,  and  nia  puritan  aenlimenia  had 
been  confirmed  by  the  converaalion  of  lha  preahyierian 
teachore,  with  whom  he  aaaociated  during  hia  reaidenco 
abroad.  Cranmer  and  Ridley,  who  were  afterwarda 
hia  fellow  marlyra  under  the  peraecution  of  Mary,  re- 
aorted  to  argumenla,  ihreata,  entraatiea,  and  iinpriaon- 
ment,  to  overcome  Hoopor'a  obiectioiie ;  and  it  waa 
not  without  very  great  difficulty  that  hie  inflexible  tpirit 
coiHtoacended  lo  terminato  the  diapute  by  a  compro- 
iniae.  The  aenlimenia  which  had  Ihua  received  the 
aancUon  of  a  man  oo  diatinguiahed  by  the  excellence  of 
hia  character  aa  well  aa  Ihe  eminence  of  hia  elation  in 
the  church,  continued  to  nianifeat  Ihemaelvea  through- 
out tho  abort  reian  of  Edward  ;  and  then  waa  acircoly 
a  rite  of  the  ealabliahed  worahip,  or  habit  of  the  clergy, 
that  eacaped  objection  and  conlonlion.  The  defondere 
of  the  practicea  that  wero  thue  aaaailed  did  not  contend 
that  they  were  of  divine  appointment,  or  in  Ihemaelvea 
of  easential  importance.  They  maintained  that  they 
were  in  thomaelvee  inoflenaive,  and  that  by  long  muh- 
liahmentand  inveterate  aaaocialion  Ihev  had  taken  poe- 
aeaaion  of  the  reverenca  of  the  people,  and  altavbed 
their  affeetiona  to  Ihe  national  worahip.  They  admitted 
that,  aa  uaeleaa  apiwndagea,  it  waa  deairable  that  lime 
and  reaaon  ahoulc  obhterate  theea  practicea  :  but  in- 
aialed  that  it  would  be  both  unwioe  and  illiberal  to  abo- 
liah  them  forcibly,  and  at  the  riak  of  uidiinging  Ihe  im- 
portant aenlimenia  with  which  Ihey  had  accideutally 
connected  Ihemaelvea.  Thia  raaaoniiig  waa  very  uii- 
ntiafactor^  lo  the  puriuna,  who  rajeclMl  euch  tempo- 
rixiiig  policy  aa  the  counaci  of  lukewarm  piety  and 
worldly  wiadom,  and  regarded  with  abhorrence  the 
mixlun  of  aupcralitioua  allractiona  with  the  motivea  lo 
that  which  ahould  be  entirely  a  reaaonable  aervice,  and. 
whatever  weiuht  the  argumenla  of  the  prevailing  parly 
may  be  eonaidered  to  poaaeaa,  they  certainly  cannot  be 
allowed  lo  juatify  Iheir  violent  impoailion  of  obaervan- 
cea,  which  al  heal  Ihey  regarded  aa  inolTenaive,  on  per- 
aona  who  eonaidered  them  aa  ainful  and  pernicioua. 
Bul  the  doclnnea  of  the  piiritana,  whether  aupported  or 
not  by  auperior  weight  of  reaaon,  wera  overborne  by 
lha  weight  of  auperior  numbera ;  and  their  aentimenU 
might  perbapa  have  gradually  died  away  if  the  reign  of 


CdwanI  had  bean  aaofc  fenkor  ptolangad,  or  Ma  ataytM 
bean  iranamUlad  l«  •  ■w«aatan»  anaeaaew ,  Dm  Um 
reign  of  Mary  waa  aypglnlad  *•!  aniy  t*  puri^  lha  pia 
laalanl  body,  by  aeparating  the  Iruo  from  Ihe  folao  m 
formal  profeaaora,  bul  lo  rajicala  every  prmeaunl  aa«- 
liment  by  eipoeing  il  10  the  flary  teal  of  oapol  i^t 
and  naroocution. 

The  adninialnlioa  if  Queen  Manr  waa  produtln* 
of  evrnte  lhal  tended  to  revive  and  dieaeminale  lha 
puritan  aenti'nenle,  and  at  Ihe  aamo  tuna  to  eanflfai 
lha  oppbaiiion  of  aomo  of  Iheir  adveraarwe.  Uunng 
Ihe  heat  of  bet  bloody  peraecution,  meny  of  the  pi*- 
lealanla  foreootr  Iheir  country  and  took  refuge  in  tha 
prolaalant  alatee  rf  Uermany  and  8w  itierland,  Tharo, 
in  regulating  for  ihemaelvee  Ihe  forme  and  ordinaiwaa 
of  divine  worahip,  tSeir  ancient  diaputea  naturally  la- 
vived,  and  wera  aiiiiriiad  bv  lha  approach  of  lha  Iwa 
partiee  lo  an  equaUly  of  numnan  that  had  navar  kolara 
aubaiiled  between  then,  and  pratraetod  by  tho  ullof 
want  of  a  epiril  of  mutual  forboannco,  and  lha  aboonra 
of  any  tribunal  from  whiah  an  auihoritaliva  daelaioa 
couki  ho  obtained.  'I'ha  pur'tana  boheld  with  pleaaura 
in  Ihe  conlinenlal  churchee  ihi  eetabliahmaiil  of  a  con< 
elilulion  and  rilual  which  had  been  ibo  ab)ael  of  thoit 
warm  approbation  and  earneat  ^eaira ;  end  Ihey  aithot 
compoard  for  Ihemaelvea  a  fonrula  of  religioua  aaao- 
cialion on  a  aimilar  model,  or  emend  into  communioa 
with  Ihe  ehurehea  eaubliahed  in  Iho  p'aoaa  where  Ihay 
reaided.  Their  opponenta,  on  the  a*har  hand,  clung 
more  firmly  than  ever  lo  their  aneiani  ptacticea :  Ihay 
refuted  to  aurrendcr  any  one  of  tho  inotftnlioaa  af  lha 
failh,  fur  the  aake  of  which  they  had  foiaakan  thoir 
country ;  and  they  plumed  Ihemaelvea  na  reviving, 
amidat  Ihe  miefortunea  of  their  cburab  al  hams,  an  ait- 
tire  and  accuntc  model  of  her  oidinaneea  in  Ihr  eeona 
of  Iheir  haniahmenl.  llolh  partiee  wero  wilUng  to  k%w* 
united  in  church  fellowahip  with  each  other,  if  eilhi» 
could  have  yielded  in  lha  diapute  concerning  forme  • 
office,  habilt,  and  caremoniee.  Bul  though  each  con 
eidered  ilaelf  eirongeal  in  faith,  neither  fell  diapoaed  oa 
that  account  to  bear  lha  infirmitiee  of  the  other ;  and 
ihouah  united  in  the  groat  fundamental  pointa  of  chria- 
lain  belief,  and  aaaociated  by  the  common  calkmily  that 
rendered  them  fellow-exilee  in  a  foreign  land,  Iheu 
fruiileaa  conlroveraiee  aepanled  them  more  widely 
than  Ihey  had  ever  been  before,  and  inflamed  them  with 
mutual  dialike  and  aniinoeilv.  Ou  the  death  of  Mary 
both  partiee  returned  lo  England :  the  one  joyfully  ea- 
pecling  lo  eee  Iheir  ancient  wonhip  realiiied :  Ihe  olhar 
mora  firmly  wedded  lo  iheir  puritan  aenlimenle  by  th 
opportunity  they  had  obtained  of  freely  indulging  iiien 


and  entertaining  (in  common  with  many  wb 
mained  at  home)  an  incraaaed  antipathy  lo  the  habiu 
and  coromoniea  which  the  recent  aacendanoy  and  pro- 
cerdinga  of  Ihe  calbolica  had  atrongly  aaeociated  with 
the  odioua  featurea  of  popiah  Inud,  daluaiun,  and 
cruelly. 

The  hopee  which  the  purilane  derived  from  the  ac- 
ceaaion  of  Eliiabetb  were  aeconded  by  lha  diapoailioo 
of  many,  even  of  their  opponenta  among  the  leading 
protealant  churchmen,  who  liad  weathered  the  atorin  at 
home.  Several  of  the  rouet  diatinguiabed  peraoua  ol 
thia  elaaa  eipreaaed  Ihe  alrongeat  reTuclance,  in  naloi- 
ing  the  protealant  conatilulion,  lo  interweave  wilh  ila 
fundamental  caiiona,  any  aubordinate  rogulationa  thai 
might  be  iiijurioua  to  men  endeared  to  Ihero  by  iheii 
common  calamity,  and  ao  recently  aaaociated  with  them 
aa  confcaaora  for  the  aubataiico,  not  the  mere  forma  of 
religion.  Some  of  the  purilana,  no  doiibl,  wera  bent 
on  reducing  the  model  of  the  ehuroh  lo  a  conformity 
with  their  own  eentimenta ;  and  aoma  of  their  oppo- 
nenta wera  aa  eager  lo  prohibit  and  aupureaa  ever* 
trace  of  puritan  practice.  The  majority,  however,  aa 
well  aa  the  leading  memben  of  both'  paitiea  wera 
earneally  doairoue  lo  eflTeet  an  accommouation  on  the 
prineiplaa  of  mutual  forbearance,  and  willingly  agreed 
that  the  dioputed  habile  and  ceramoniee  ahould  ba  ro- 
tained  in  Iho  ohureh,  aa  obaervahcea  of  a  diacrelioi.aiy 
and  indifibnnt  oatura,  nut  to  be  controverted  by  lha 
one  nor  enforced  by  Ihe  other,  but  left  lo  be  confirmed 
or  aboliahed  by  llie  ailent  progreaa  of  aenliment  and 
opinion.  But  the  hopea  of  the  zealoue  and  the  concea- 
aiona  of  tho  oandid  wero  froelraled  by  the  chancier  ol 
the  queen ;  whoae  atrong  hand  and  imperioue  tempo, 
aoon  defaced  the  fair  proapect  of  concord  and  happi 
neee,  and  involved  Ihe  people  committed  lo  her  care  in 
a  lung  and  widening  acene  of  alrife,  malignity,  and 
miaeiy.  Elixabelh  inherited  Ihe  haughty  chancier  ol 
her  father  and  hia  taate  for  aplendid  pajjeantry.  And 
tttougb  aho  bad  been  educated  with  her  brother  Edward, 
and  her  underatanding  had  received  a  alrong  tinctun  oi 
proleaunt  opiniona,  her  aontimentf  powciniUy  I 


THE  HiiToRY  or 


•I   W0   •••■^•■•^•f   9900f  WMfi  Ml 

kM  M  im|M*tiif  Myart  M  Iw  iiUtltiliwiiH  tK  wkwli 
ilM  KM  iha  M|miM  hM4,  m4  Imimm  Ik*  •uittiwM 
«f  Ik*  ^MiitiuM  •Med  liMi  «M  rttalvtd  M  nwtiittin 
<«*rtlM(l*fnr.    Mm  imMmIjt  iktnlKid  MM  of  bw  ciMf- 
Uiiu  lof  prawhinf  in  dahncv  of  tha  raal  |ifMmM«,  (mI 
icbukwl  anMhar  fef  iiMniiuniii||  wiih  lull*  rrvannr* 
Ik*  iHi|>Mh  mHum  of  an  iiitwranl  irinu*  In  Iha  aymhol 
•f  Ika  enaa.     Hha  daaircd  u>  malia  iha  alarir  piiada, 
»v4  na<   |ifaa«lim ;  diafouragaj  Ihair  taniHwa  ;  imi 
wauld  hava  l*)ar4Kia4  Ikain  fiwii  marriaga  had  aha 
MM  baa*  raatnini>4  hjr  Um  ramonalnncaa  ol  haf  mi- 
■ittaf  liSiil  Butlalik.     Ui*ra|*nlin(  Iha  withaa  ami 
MiliatMa  bMk  •(  akuickmen  and  puriuna,  aha  raMefad 
Kiaf  Kd«*M4'i  tWMlilulMna  with  no  olhtr  altanlion 
Ikan  Ika  awtaatow  of  a  faw  panMiva  in  iha  hlurn 
•kk'k  «Mfa  afcniiw  ••  Um  ealholwa  i  and  eauaada 
law  ••  ba  fiaiMd  tor  iha  anfereamanl,  bjr  Mna,  impri- 
■aiwiMnl,  and  da|m«aliaii,  af  a  alrici  uninniutjr  of  n- 
ligiaa*  warahip.    Thia  vn  Iha  Aral  alap  in  a  Una  of 
pahajr  wfcMk  ika  ehMch  of  England  haa  had  daap  and 
ia«lia(  aaaaa  M  daplara,  and  which,  by  totnpallinf 
Ikaaaand*  af  kat  baal  and  thiaii  minialara  rvlucunlly 
la  Ikraaka  bar  eommunion.  alllM-ttd  bar  with  a  dacay 
af  kilanwl  piair,  fiom  whwh,  ahac  Iha  lapta  of  manir 
ganafallana,  aha  iMa  a«an  now  bul  imparfactly  ravirad. 
Bm  iMa  Uw  wa*  Ah  aam*  lima  «ary  faabty  and  iin- 
IMtfeMhr  anfaraad.    Tha  qnaan  eouM  nM  al  onca  And 
•  aaflkMM  naaibor  of  man  AiimI  Io  aualain  lh«  dignity 
•f  ipiitapal  atofaiion,  and  yal  wilhng  Io  baronia  iho 
kialnMMaU  af  bar  aibiuary  daaigna ;  nor  eouM  all  bar 
ofbtla  far  aama  lima  ateil*  ganaral  alrifn  and  ill-will 
imoag  man  af  wham  ao  many,  ihoiigh  dilfaring  from 
aack  elfcar  an  aabatdlnala  poinia,  baa  but  laialy  bacn 
miMd  by  rammmlly  of  aanliinani  and  aulfariiig  in  iha 
noMaal  eavaa  Ihal  can   inlarcal  human  baarta.     Har 
(M  hanck  af  Wahapa  wata  nol  only  ngcr  Io  claar  ibem- 
aalraa  af  Iha  raproach  of  hating  eoinnoavd  or  approvad 
Ika  aiiadng  law*,*  hul  by  a  gi>n«ral  ibrbrarancc  to  an- 
laiea  Iham,  anaMad  tha  puritan  minitivrt  ami  praclicaa 
ta  ablain  •  eonaidarabia  fooling  in  the  church.    And 
Ibough  aha  ranrimandad  iha  primaia  Parkar  for  bia 
Mgliganaa,  aaa  al  lanyth  alimalated  him  to  Iha  aIa^ 
lion  M  aoma  aarr riiim  in  Iba  anibrcameiii  of  iha  act  of 
uniformily,  ll  waa  far  from  raceif  ing  Rtinaral  ai>«uiion ; 
and  liy  varioua  acta  of  coOniranca  on  tlw  one  aida,  and 
prudani  raaarra  on  Iha  other,  the  punlana  war*  enabled 
U  enjoy  a«no  aemManee  of  peace.    Their  IniM^uilliiy 
wia  hingihanad  and  inereaaad  by  Ihe  Buc<«a.:'on  of 
Oiifidall  10  ih*  primacy.    The  liiieral  priwi^laa  ard 
bainana  diapoailion  af  Ihia  msn  ni"*<^  «f  tiiiat  iha 
tyrannical  injualiea  which  be  waa  r*i]nire<l  to  enforce  ; 
and  al  iba  aipeiiaa  of  bia  own  im|irtaaniiienl  and  the 
diafavor  of  hia  lainporal  aovereign,  he  prolongetl  Ihe 
duration  of  lenienl  policy,  and  the  peace  ft  the  church. 
At  length,  on  the  death  of  Qrindall,  Iks  primacy  waa 
baalowad  on  Whilgift,  a  man  of  larare  temper,  a  rigid 
TOIary  of  Ihe  diaciptine  and  policy  of  Iho  church,  and 
•n  implaeable  adveraary  of  Ihe  purilana,  againal  whom 
be  baa  rapaatedly  directed  Ihe  hualilily  of  liia  pen,  and 
waa  eager  to  ba  intniatad  with  the  cierciae  of  a  more 
formidable  weapon.     From  Ihia  period  all  tha  force  of 
the  law  waa  apent  in  uninterrupted  eHbrtB  to  nn  the 
peraMia,  or  a iolala  the  eonaciencea  of  the  purilana.    A 
numeroua  body  of  puritan  minialara  were  dcpiived  of 
their  liringa;  and  many  of  their  parithionera  were 
puniabad  1^  line  and  impriaonmenl  for  following  Iheir 
miniatry  into  Ihe  fielda  and  wooda,  where  they  con- 
tinoad  to  eiereiaa  it.    Great  endeavora  were  uaed  by 
Ike  wiaa  and  good  to  mo«e  Ihe  queen,  era  yet  it  waa 
too  lata,  to  alay  the  walera  of  atrife  abe  waa  letting  out 
upon  the  land.    Borleigfa  and  Walaingham  earneally 
inlereedad  for  Ihe  auapended  minialara,  and  preaaed 
ereiy  conaidaralion  of  Ihe  indulgence  due  Io  their  eon- 
acienlioua  aemplea,  the  humane  concern  to  which  Iheir 
familiee  were  eutilledj  and  the  reaped  which  policy  de- 
manded for  Ihe  aenlimenta  of  ao  great  a  body  of  Iba 
people  by  whom  they  were  eateemed  and  belored. 
Tb»  Houaa  of  Commona  loo  abowed  a  deaira  to  pro- 
relief  for  the  oppreiaed  purilana.     But 


*  I*  Ikair  lalttri  l>  tliair  fiiendi  at  home  and  abnad,  tlwr 
■el  only  raptobate  ttie  obnoiiou*  tiutttutioni,  but  prumlsa  to 
artthitaiKl  thain  "till  they  be  untbiKkto  hell,  from  whence 
Ikiy  came,"  to  mw  dlicoid,  coafuaion,  and  vain  formalily  In 
Ika  ehweb.  Bumel,  pan  iii.  p.  III.  Neal,  I.  4*.  There 
■eama  to  ba  very  tittle  diflereiice  between  theie  expreii- 
alMU  of  Enifllih  bliihbpe  and  the  laiiiru«Re  ofa  Scotch  preiby- 
laflan  minlater  about  the  aame  ttrne,  who  pronounced.  In  a 
aamuHi,  that  the  Queen  of  Bntland  waa  no  better  than  an 
'  at,  and  "  all  kinia  were  the  devll'a  children."  Spotlla- 
la'a  Hlatory  of  tlie  Church  of  Srotland.  The  dllTerenca 
,  that  the  conduct  and  language  oriha  one  waie  more  con- 
■I  than  tboaa  of  the  olliar. 


WMtgifl  llaag  Mmaelf  an  kle  kneee  katoia  ika  ^aaan 
and  Implawd  her  la  upkaid  Ika  aMnnf  ekank,  and  M 
aaflbr  na  abaraliMi  ikM  would  gir*  m*n  !**•*  la  aay 
<IU<  **<  iUd  mamMiaad  a*  rrrar.     Ilia  kamtlwiian, 
meat  probably,  waa  prompted  rather  by  (allery  Ikan 
fear  i  for  Kliialwtb  had  alwwn  no  imbnalion  whateaai 
to  mitigate  an  iiniieruHia  poliay  aa  eonganial  Io  har  own 
eharaelar      The  enlbmng  of  impluit  daforriwa  to  her 
judgment,  and  of  rigkl  rniilunniiy  to  iho  model  aha  had 
enacted,  waa   the  raault  of  har  early  and   alubhorn 
ehatea,  and  malniained  with  her  uaual  figor  and  rdha- 
meiica  of  detarminalioo.     Mie  oyerliora  all  i>|ipoailwn  ; 
aiHl  the  primate  and  hia  aaaociatea  bring  eiiruuraged  to 
proceed  in  the  couraa  ihay  bad  begnn,  iTwir  leal  enlarg- 
ing aa  M  Mowed,  aoon  Iranaportad  Iham   beyond  all 
bounda  of  drceney  and  humanily.     1'hay  were  allowed 
to  eelaMtah  a  court  of  commiaaionera  for  the  delealmn 
af  non-ronfuimily,  which  aren  ihe  prtyy  council  remon- 
atratad  againal  *e  a  copy  of  Iha  Hpanwh  inquiaiiiAn. 
By  Ihe  aaaiatanea  of  ihia  tyrannical  angina,  they  made 
freer  couraa  for  the  aareriliea  of  tha  law  )  and  baring 
rendered  integnly  baurdoue,  they  made  prudence  un- 
aTiiling  to  the  purilana.     In  vain  ware  they  reminded 
of  the  maiim  of  the  Aral  rhrialian  council,  which  rerom- 
mended  Iha  impaeilian  of  na  greater  burthen  on  the 
peo|da  than  the  obaervalion  of  neceaaary  thing*.     Fur 
the  purpoaa  of  imuoaing  a  h>ad  of  eereiiioniea,  which 
without  Iho  actual   |irafe*aian  of  popery  they  couki 
never  repreaent  aa  obaervanea*  eaaential  to  ealvation, 
they  committed  auch  oppreaaion  aa  rrnderad  the  cere- 
moniea  Iheinaelvea  lenfuld  more  obiHiiioua  Io  tlioae  to 
whom  even  indulgent  treatnirnt  woukl  have  failed  Io 
recommend  iham,  and  rouaed  the  oppoailion  of  othen 
who  woubt  willingly  have  eoinplicd  with  the  caraiiionlal 
oidinancee  if  Ihey  had  been  propoaed  to  them  merely 
aa  maltera  of  convenient  obeeivance,  but  revolted  from 
Ibem,  aa  fraught  wilh  danger  and  iniacliief,  when  it  waa 
aitempted  Io  bind  tiMm  on  Ih*  conacience,  and  place 
Ikam  on  a  level  with   the   moat  aatrcd   obligationa. 
The  moel  aignal  fruit  of  thia  incraaacd  aeveriiy  wa*  tlie 
enkindling  of  great  additional  laal  and  fervor  in  the 
minda  of  the  purilana  s  a  ranid  niulliplicaliun  of  their 
numbera  by  ationif  aymiwthy  with  llMir  courag*,  and 
compaaaion  for  Ibeir  aulforing* ;  and  a  growing  alihor- 
renre  in  Iheir  budy  to  the  order  of  biahopa  and  Ihe 
whole  frame  of  a  church  whioli  to  them  waa  an  organ 
of  injiiatice  and  tyranny.     It  i*  certain  that  the  puritan* 
of  tho*e  time*  were  eiceedingly  iverae  to  aopente  from 
the  church  of  EngUnd  ;  *iid  their  inlniatan  w*re  elill 
more  reluctant  to  abet  a  achiain  and  renuiiiice  their  pre- 
ferment*.    They  willingly   allowed  her  to  be  a  true 
church,  and  meraly  claimed  indulgence  in  the  inatirr 
of  a  few  eerenioniea  which  did  nol  •Ifecl  her  conaiilii- 
tion.     But  the  injuriou*  treatment  they  received,  hekl 
out  a  premium  to  vury  dlir»rent  cuiialdcratloiia,  and  nol 
only  inAueiiced  their  pnaeioiia,  but  allinuhtcd  their  in- 
quiriea  aiid  eitende<l  tlieir  objcciiun*.     Ca*l  out  ol  the 
natioral  church,  they  were  forced  to  inquire  if  they 
couM  not  do  wiihoiil  that  which  they  fouiid  ihoy  could 
not  kave ;   and  were  eaaily  led  to  queatlon  If  llio  fea- 
luiea  af  a  true  church  could  be  dIacerneU  In  that  body, 
which  not  only  rejected  but  peraeculed  them  for  a  con- 
anicntioaa  adherence,  in  a  inatlor  of  ceremonial  obaerv- 
anea, to  what  thoy  believed  Io  be  the  will  of  Chrl*t. 
Aa  Ihe  puritan  principle*  apread  through  the  maaa  of 
eociety,  and  encountered  in  their  progre*a  a  greater 
variety  of  chancier  in  llieir  volarie*,  and  of  treatment 
from  Ibeir  adveraariea,  conaiderable  differencea  and  in- 
rqualitie*  of  aentimenl  and  eondiiet  appeared  in  dif- 
ferent portibna  of  the  puritan  body.    Some  of  them 
caught  the  aplrit  of  their  oppreaaora,  and,  in  word*  at 
le**t,  retaliated  the  unchrialian  uaage  they  underwent. 
They  combined  the  doctrinea  of  the  New  wilh  the 
practice*  of  the  Old  Tetlament,  in  a  manner  which  will 
not  eicile  Ihe  wonder  of  tho*e  who  recollect  Ihal  the 
very  Aral  little  flock  of  Chriatiana  who  were  collected 
in  the  world  committed  the  aame  error ;  and  ao  far  for- 
got the  apirit  they  had  received,  a*  even  in  the  praaence 
of  Iheir  Divine  Head  to  propoae  the  inyoeation  of  Are 
from  heaven  on  the  men  who  bid  intuited  them.    But 
the  inettneea  of  Ihia  apirit  were  eiceedingly  ran ;  and 
it  waa  not  till  Ihe  following  raigna  that  it  pravailed 
either  atrongly  or  widely.     In  general  the  oppreaaed 
purilana  conducted  Ihemaelvea  with  Ihe  fortitude  of 
neroea  and  the  patience  of  aaint* ;  and,  what  ia  aur- 
pri«lng,  they  m*de  more  lealon*  and  aucceaeful  effcrts 
to  maintain   Iheir  loyally,  than  the  queen  and  Iho 
biahop*  did  to  eitinguian  it.*    M*iiy,  in  deritnce  of 


aonvenliel**. 


ympaiby. 
af  tkair  aaarat  p*rli*ana  wilbin  IlM  rh 
mn  praaarved  from   deiaallon      Many  nluai 
bided  In  the  national  (butch,  unwaariedly  pttf 


*  Nuinberleaa  Inatancea  might  be  adduced  of  the  patience 
Willi  which  they  endured  the  aeveritlea  of  occleaiaatlcal  ven- 
geance. Nor  wu  tiieir  patience  and  magn^iiiinitv  leaa  con- 
apicwiua  In  the  endurance  of  civil  tyranny.    A  puritan  having 


tnlly  al 

auing  Ibeir  inelfertual  aiiainpla  Io  pmniol*  pari 
mentary  inleifereiwe  in  bebaif  uf  the  purilana,  and  aa 
ing  a  wiaitui  eye  on  the  preaum|ilive  Mec***ion  af  • 

Rrinre  who  had  Iwin  *ducjtrd  in  •  pr**hyi«ri*n  aaalely. 
am*  *t  Uiigib  op*nl«  diMlaimed  Iba  nalmnal  eela> 
Uithinent,  and  wet*  W,  by  Ilia  cruel  eaccaaea  af 
human  aiitliorily,  la  ibe  eonviclwn,  that  human  *•■ 
thoiiiy  bad  ii«  picpar  plaaa  in  the  adminiatralwii  of  Ika 
kuiodom  uf  rhrial. 

The  proceedinga  of  Iba  queen  were,  doublleee,  *a»- 
dially  abetted  by  Iha  angry  leal  of  Iboaa  cburebmen 
who  had  partafcan  af  the  aontrovtny  Ihal  bad  raged 
between  Ino  two  paniee  during  tkeir  eiil*  on  lb*  ea»- 
linvnt  in  Ika  praceeding  raian.  But  Iha  whole  eivil 
and  eclileaiaalKal  polley  uf  Ihia  raign  wa*  mainly  and 
eaaeutially  the  ofltpring  of  Kliiabalh't  own  ehaiaalar. 
The  i'uritan  wrilan,  baelowing  an  undue  proportian  af 
their  reaantmanl  on  Iba  partona  whoaa  funelMMia  n»> 
dered  Ibem  iha  inairument*  aa  well  aa  Iha  apobigiala 
of  Ihe  queen'a  acolvalaatieal  aytlam,  have  been  diapaaad 
10  liiipule  ibe  tyrannical  fe*lur**  of  ihi*  *y*tem  aula 
*lv*ly  la  ih*  Di*bopa,  and  particularly  la  WbilgtA, 
whoa*  Influence  with  EliiahMh  llwy  aaeriba  la  bia  eaa- 
alanl  babil  of  addraaaing  her  on  bia  knaea.     But  Wbit> 

Rift,  in  abattina  har  enmity  to  Ihe  l*urlUn*,  manly  p*i4 
la  couii  to  a  diapoailion  whIcK  abe  had  already  avinead 
in  Ihe  atrongeet  manner,  and  awam  with  tha  tide  af 
Ihal  raaulule  detennioatlon  which  ha  aaw  muat  pre* 
vail.  'I'ha  abject  homage  which  he  paid  her  waa  n» 
thing  mora  than  ah*  w**  unlv*r**lly  acrualomad  to  la- 
ceive ;  and  Ihe  obaervalion  which  it  baa  aaeined  la  da- 
aerve  from  the  I'urliana,  denote*  nth*r  a  peculiarity 
in  their  own  manner*,  llian  any  thing  ramarkabia  in  Iba 
conduct  of  their  advcnMry.  Nat  on*  of  her  aubjaela 
ever  *ddr***ed  Ibe  queen  witbaul  kneeUng  i  wbenyer 
ah*  turii*d  h*r  ry*,  every  one  fell  on  hi*  kn***  i  and 
even  in  her  abarnce,  tlie  nobility,  who  wen  ahma 
thuughl  worthy  to  cover  her  l*bl«,  made  three  genu- 
Heiiona  every  time  iliey  approached  or  retired  from  it 
In  the  performance  of  iheir  menial  duly.*  Tbi*  w*a 
•n  eaact  counterpert  of  the  homage  rendered  by  tha 
cathollca  to  Ihe  Heal  I'reaence,  which  they  balievad  to 
reaide  in  llie  Hoet ;  and  Ibe  aentimenl*  which  it  landed 
to  farm  both  in  Ihe  parly  receiving,  end  Iba  parliea  wka 
rendered  it,  were  conArmed  by  ill*  Unguag*  of  Parlia- 
iiient,  in  which  Ihe  queen  waa  continually  HalWred  wilh 
praiaea  and  atlribiitaa  apjiropriatad  tu  the  SupraiiM 
Being.  Nor  waa  thi*  *eivile  eyalem  of  m*niien  peca- 
liar  Io  the  reign  of  Ellulietb.  On  the  contiary,  it  bad 
been  carried  aren  to  a  graater  extent  under  the  govern- 
ment of  her  prodece**ara ;  and  har  ininiat*n  fraquentlf 
nuled  and  deplored  the  decay  of  that  fearfulneaa  and 
reverence  of  ibeir  auperlnra  which  bad  formerly  cha* 
raetvrlaed  the  inferior  eatatee  of  the  realm.  Sanaa 
and  reaaon  parliclpatrd  in  Ibe  ignominy  and  degrad* 
lion  of  mannera ;  arrogance  diaordered  the  underatand- 
Ing  of  Ibe  prince,  while  **rvility  delormed  the  aenli- 
inenlt  of  the  people ;  and  if  Henry  the  Eighth,  by  a 
royal  proclamation,  ataurad  the  populace  that  Ihey  weia 
tntiM,  Iha  aam*  populace,  in  tbiiir  palitiona  againal 
bia  meaauraa,  repreaenled  the  promotion  of  feie-Aom 
ptrtmtt  to  public  lru*l  and  lienor,  aa  one  of  Ihe  moel 
aerioua  and  intolerable  grievancea  that  Ihey  bad  to  com- 
plain of. 

The  aentimenl*  which  euch  practic**  and  mannera 
tended  to  form  in  Ihe  mind  of  the  queen,  enbiineed  Iha 
di*ple**ure  with  which  ahe  ngarded  the  Purilana,  who 
were  fated  to  oflend  her  by  Ibeir  political  conduct,  a* 
well  ta  their  religioua  opiniona.  Many  of  tlie  mora 
eminent  peraona  among  Iham  obtained  aetta  in  Parlia- 
ment, where  they  endeavored  to  ravive  a  apirit  of  liberty 
and  direct  it*  energy  to  Iho  pruleclion  of  their  oppracaed 
brethren.     Impelled  by  the  aeveriiy  of  Ihe  reatrainM 

written  a  book  againal  the  danger  which  might  attend  tha 
marriage  of  the  queen  with  a  popiahprince,  waa  condemned  to 
luB*  hia  right  hand  *a  a  lib«ll*r.  The  inatant  tha  blow  wa* 
alruck,  he  took  off  hia  hat  with  hia  other  hand,  and,  waving  II 
In  tha  air,  cried  "  God  aave  the  quean."  The  purilana  were 
much  mora  alTaidof  tha  revival  of  popery  in  Englard,  than 
of  the  levertty  of  thoae  ccclaaiaatlcal  lawa  under  whici  aapiaia 
and  purilana  were  equally  liable  to  oppreaaion.  To  .Ala  aa- 
tant  th*y  concurred  v;llh  the  *ccl*alaatical  polley  ol  BUiari 
oeth. 

*  ilenliner'a  Journey  into  England  In  ISW  (Strawbeny  Hll 
edition),  a.  90,  91.  Thin  abject  ceremonial  waa  aboliahed  by 
King  Jam**,  who,  though  highly  pleaeed  with  adulation,  foiind 
himaeif  embamaaed  by  a  mod*  of  dtaplaying  II  ao  iU  aulud  la 
hu  awkward  nunnert  and  ungainly  *pp<araaca 


RORTH   AMimOA. 


■tlaiKl  th* 


IkM  *lfirtMW«4,  !•  !•*•••*(■••  tha  to<m>«fw  af  th*!   T* 
Wllwrily  lh(Ri  wkMh  tlt*T  artctiMMrf,  Mi4  r*(«l«iing   U 
Ikaif  MMlniniM  nilwr  by  Ik*  ••nMniMnan  iMy  fan-  j 
WW  llMN  by  Mm  prtvMlantt  mm  •.unrnmlMl  llt*in,  ihry 

rtMHwt  Um  hmmI  invcUrM*  (huM*.  tmi  ohtMnMl 
MnMknc*  af  lh«  p«apl«  hy  •howmi  ikaniMlvt* 
Itia  liMiahll(»Ma  mi4  (aatlaM  ilahndan  of  ihaa|i|)nM«l 
la  Iha  tniMla  of  Ihaaa  liiiw«i  w*  NiiJ  Ihaiii  eunlinually 
lii|i|iartiiig  polMiww  in  pariiaimnl  •(•init  inaii«|iali«>, 
tnii  MitaatMng  iihMhmm  far  nfofaMlian  of  KalaiKMi- 
•al  •k<iM*.  AUrMliiif  papuUi  h«af,  tmi  willing  lo 
HRiiarin  iha  biir4an  af  pariMnwnlary  ailandiiw*,  Ihaji 
■fattitalljr  Hiulliplwd  Ihair  numkara  m  Ilia  llavaa  of 
Caminana,  anal  KqainMl  in  aMtmltnl  a«ar  Ua  dallba- 
mwna.  'I'ka  i|ua«n,  atiaar«in(  thai  iha  PMrlUna  wart 
Iba  aala  iballar*  ef  maaauiaa  ralawlalad  lo  laairial  kar 
praragalifa,  «aa  nwlgr  lad  lo  laanba  ika  paculiarlly  •' 
llwir  laligiooa  ami  poliiicil  aunlom  lo  iha  Mma  Murea 
— •  MalifnaM  anrtion  lo  dIgtiUiaa,  and  Impallanra  of 
Mhofdinallon.  Thair  ralualanca  lo  randar  lo  iha  Daily 
Ikal  tanmonlaua  homaga  which  Iha  moal  lllualrinaa 
innona  tnlho  land  landarad  hi  haraalf,  and  Ihaitaagar- 
IMH  lo  conirat  har  praiogillva,  whiah  nowhera  alia 
aipanancrd  raaiiianea,  a|ipaarad  lo  hat  Iha  indiealioiit 
•f  an  inaolani  diaraaird,  no  laia  of  ilia  fluprama  liaing 
Ikan  of  haraalf — Ilia  acknowladtad  vieagarani  and 
Nffaaanlaliia  ;  a  pfaaumpliioua  Inanrraciion  of  apiril 
againal  Iho  ravaranca  dua  lo  Qod,  and  iba  loyally  dua 
Iha  pfinca.*  Nothing  couM  ho  mora  unjual  and^^falla- 
cioua  than  Ibia  royal  raiaoning.  Tba  ralurion,  aa  wall 
i<  Iha  loyally,  of  tho  Purilana,  wta  Iha  T«aa  earanio- 
iiioua,  only  kaeauaa  li  waa  Ika  mora  lallaclin,  pro- 
found, and  aobalanlial.  To  praaarra  a  good  conaclanea. 
Ikay  ancounlarad  Iha  aiuamiliaa  of  ccclaaiaallcal  rigor. 
In  iiill*  of  anry  wrong,  thay  avincad  a  raaolula  con- 
atamry  uf  ranrd  lo  Ikair  ae««raign.  And  naiihar  in- 
limidalad  by  dangar  nor  dikpirimfby  dafaal,  Ihay  main- 
lilnad  a  conlinual  alfort  lo  chock  iha  aicoaaaa  of  doa- 
polio  aulborily,  and  lo  raar  and  cherlah  Iha  public  libcr 
liaa  of  ihcir  country,  Thay  haira  baan  charged  with  a 
iour  and  eauatie  apiril,  by  ihoaa  who  forcad  Ihain  lo 
aal  Ihair  braad  in  biltamaaa  and  carry  thair  livaa  in 
Ibair  handa ;  of  an  anmity  lo  lllaralnra,  and  an  aielu- 
aiva  rafaranca  lo  Iha  Bibla,  by  Ihoaa  who  doatroyad 
Ihair  writinga,  cominJlod  liio  preaa  to  rpiaconal  lican- 
aara,  and  drpnved  Iham  of  vnry  lonrca  of  comfort 
and  diraelioii  but  what  the  Bible  could  aupply  ;  of  an 
oxaggeratad  aalimala  of  lifl*  tiiinga,  by  Uioaa  who 
mada  auch  thinga  the  cauw  ot  rnia!  inlDiring  and 
onorinoua  wrong ;  of  a  itern  jealouay  of  civil  power, 
by  thoae  who  mada  it  continually  their  inlaival  U)i|ua»- 
lion  and  aliridga  iha  authority  by  which  Ihay  were  op- 
praaaed  Ii  ia  acknowladged  by  an  aininani  philoao- 
phie  hialorlan,  who  will  not  bo  auapcclad  of  any  umlua 
partiality  for  ihaae  people,  thai  Iha  purilana  were  Iks 
preaervara  of  civil  and  raligioua  liberty  in  England.! 
It  waa  a  acion  of  Iha  aama  atock  that  waa  daatined  lo 
propagate  Iheao  bleating  in  America. 

'rha  minda  of  a  eonaidorablo  party  among  the  Puii- 
Una  had  been  gradually  prepared  lo  iliicjaim  the  aulho- 
rily  of  the  national  church,  and  to  dviiy  the  lawfulnaaa 
of  holding  communion  with  il ;  inaomuch,  that  whan 
Iheao  opiniona  ware  firal  publicly  preached  by  Robert 
Drown  in  IftSS,  Ihey  rapidly  obuincd  the  aaaent  and 
open  profeaalon  of  niuUiluJea.  Drown,  who  gained 
Iha  diatinction  of  bellowing  hia  name  on  a  acci  which 
derined  very  Utile  crwlit  from  the  appellation,  waa  a 


•  In  a  •ptwh  Ooin  ilu  ihruni,  •!»  InrciciiHnI  ih«  roniinoii*  (tUct 
a  Aindlil  CfinfsMinn  ilini  iha  liitvw  nohiNljr  who  hail  r«aU  or 
rallocied  aa  much  aa  horaall )  ihai  whmxar  aiiaciinl  Iha  cnn. 
alliuiioiia  of  Iha  church,  alaiularad  kar  aa  lu  aupraina 
kaad,  illvlnaly  an|iolnia<l  i  andihni.lf  tha  paplaia  vara  liivau. 
rata  anamlea  to  har  {Mraon,  tha  inouarii  Mciarlaa  were  no  laaa 


and  prncllcally  appmprlalinf  iha  powar  «(  thai  Baliia  wkiMa 
bnoor  aha  praiandad  l»  •linlicaia,  D'Ewaa'  Account  of  Ituaan 
Blliahaih'a  rarllamanla,  p.  MS.    Tha  erual  U»  that  waa 


wbanr  Hll 
abollaheil  by 
ilallon,  found 

lUaaltadM 


I  hi  Iha  ihlitjr-tfth  jrrar  of  tha  quaan'a  ralfn,  afalnM  all 
racttaama  lo  iiiand  tha  niilonal  church,  la  aniMlail  "  An  act  to 
rauin  har  majaaiy'a  aubjacta  in  ihalrilua  obadlanm,"  and  waa 
liiiaiidad,  aa  iha  praainbia  daclarad,  to  rapraw  iha  avil  praa. 
ttcaa  ut  **  aailUloua  aaclariaa  and  dialoyal  paratina,"— oynony- 
moua  df^acripllona  of  aulll  In  Iha  aaUmallon  ofEllxabath. 

t  "loabaolute  Indeed  wia  tha  authority  oftliecmwn.  that 
Iha  procloua  apark  of  liberty  had  baun  kindled  and  wna  pia- 
aarvad  by  Ike  purilana  alone;  and  il  waa  to  tli.a  aect,  whoae 
princlplea  appear  ao  frivoloua  and  halilla  nu  rlitlciiloua,  that 
Iha  Eiif  llah  owe  Uw  whole  ftmdnm  of  ihi>tr  cnnalltution." 
H iinia*a  England,  vol.  v.  p.  183.  Akhiii,  '*  It  waa  only  d'onna 
the  next  generation  that  Iha  noble  principlea  of  liberty  took 
root,  and,  ipreadlng  IhemKolvea  under  the  ahalter  of  puritaiU- 
eal  abaurdlllea,  became  fuhlonahle  among  the  people.**  Ibid, 
p.  4W.  The  only  fault  that  thia  lilatorlan  can  And  with  Iha 
partana  l«,  that  ihay  ware  ambued  wlih  ihe  only  princlpli 
trhlah  can  Inapl.'a  iMa  with  a  csuraga  Inattmwuntabla  by  any 
milra. 


aung  alargyinan.  af  gaud  feiwly,  endowed  with  a  real- 
aa,  daring  (Haraatar,  a  Aery  tamper,  and  a  haatl  af 
eaniroraray  Knaoiinlaring  lh»  wralh  af  iha  aacleaii*- 
Ilea  with  Aarrar  wralh,  and  ir«in|4iiig  on  ihair  armganea 
wi'k  mora  than  elariaal  prula,'  ha  loained  ahwii  the 
country  inveighing  agaiiwl  hiahupa,  avilraiaalical  eimrla. 
aatamoniaa,  and  ardination  of  iiiiniatrra,  and  eiiiliing, 
above  all.  In  Iho  boaal  that  ho  had  baoii  eominiued  lo 
thirtV'two  pfiaana,  in  aoiiie  of  which  ho  aould  imH  aea 
hta  hand  at  noon-day  Mia  impoluoua  and  illiharal  api- 
ril aeaalaralad  Iha  ■aalaralioii  uf  opiniuna  which  ware 
not  yet  matured  in  Iha  puriian  >>udy.  aiHl  which,  lint  fur 
hIa  unaaaaonaMa  intarpiMllMMi  and  perverting  iiiAuance, 
migfcl  aootiar  have  been  ripanod  into  Ilia  aya'am  of  tha 
indapomlaola.  Tha  queen  and  Iha  knhopa  applied  Iha 
uauM  lamadv  of  paraeaulion  lo  tkla  innovatiofl,  with 
avan  mnfo  than  Iha  uaual  avidanea  of  Iho  unlllnoaa  af 
Ikair  poliay  to  allbel  ita  objael.  Huuporiod  by  power- 
All  argamonta,  maintained  with  laal  and  courage,  and 
oppoaad  by  onialtlea  thai  iliagraaad  Iha  name  of  religion, 
Iho  prinoiplaa  of  tho  Browniaia  aprtad  widely  through 
iha  land.  Brown  hiinaalf  and  a  evngragation  mora 
immadiatalv  attached  to  him,  eipatrialeiT  to  Middla- 
biirgh,  in  Zealand,  where  thay  ware  ponnilted  to  aaii- 
Miah  thamaalvaa  unmolaatad.  But  Brown  had  collaried 
around  hiin  apirila  too  eonganial  lo  hia  own,  lo  praaerva 
Ikair  union  whan  tha  alrong  hand  of  oppraaaion  waa 
withdrawn.  Tha  congregalion  crumbled  into  partiea, 
and  waa  aoon  diaaolvadi  and  Brown,  returning  to 
Kngland,  ioiiiad  tin  national  church,  and,  conlracting 
diaaoluU  habile,  ended  hia  daya  in  Indulaiice  and  eon- 
larapl.  Bill  Iho  dootrinea  which  ho  had  bean  the 
maina  of  inlrodiicing  lo  public  notice  had  lirinly  rooled 
thamaalvaa  iii  iho  puritan  boily,  and  received  daily 
aeeaaaiona  lo  Ika  numbara  and  raapaclabilily  of  Iha 
volarlea. 

The  Browniaia  did  not  differ  from  the  church  of  Kng- 
land in  any  of  har  aniclaa  of  faith,  hut  ihey  luoked  ii|iuii 
kar  diaeiplina  aa  popiah  and  anii-chriatian.  and  all  hrr  aa- 
eramanta  and  onlinancoa  aa  invalid ;  and  they  renounced 
aommunion,  not  only  with  her,  but  with  every  olht<r 
proleauni  church  that  waa  not  eonatructed  on  tlw  eime 
model  aa  Ihair  own.  Their  model  waa  ilerived  from 
Iho  ckiaaal  imitation  of  the  priiiiiliTo  Inallluliona,  aa 
dalinaatad  in  acriplura.  Whan  a  church  waa  lo  be 
gathered,  all  who  deaired  lo  bo  mambera  of  il,  made  a 
confaeaion  of  their  faiih  before  one  another,  and  aignrd 
a  covenant  by  which  Ihay  obliged  Iheinaelvea  lu  walk 
together  in  Iho  order  of  Ihe  goapel.  Kach  congrega- 
lion formed  an  independent  church,  and  Ihe  adinia. 
aion  or  aicluaion  of  ineinb<ira  reaidml  wilK  Ihe  brethren 
compoaing  it.  Their  church  olflcpra  were  elertpil  from 
among  thamaalvaa,  and  aeparaled  lo  their  several  of- 
Aeea  of  preaching  the  word,  adminialeriiig  their  oidi- 
nancea,  and  taking  caro  of  Ihe  lioor.  by  faating  and 

Crayer  and  the  ii.inaeillon  of  tha  handa  of  aome  uf  Ihe 
rethran.  They  did  not  allow  Iha  priealhood  tu  be  a 
diatinel  order,  or  to  inveai  a  man  with  an  iinli'lilile  cha- 
racter ;  but,  aa  Iha  appointment  of  the  church  conferred 
hia  function  (which  in  ita  eiereiao,  too,  waa  limited  lo 
the  apeciil  body  lo  which  ho  waa  alUched),  ao  Ihe  aaine 
aulhorlw  waa  aulflcient  lo  deprive  him  of  it.  It  waa 
lawful  for  anyone  of  Ihe  brethren  toegerciao  the  liberty 
of  prophaavino,  aa  il  waa  called,  which  meant  Iho  giv- 
ing a  word  of  eihortalion  to  tho  people ;  and  it  waa 
uaual  for  aomo  of  them,  after  aermon,  to  lak  queationa, 
and  reaeon  upon  tho  doctriiiea  that  had  been  preached. 
'Itm  condition  lo  which  the  purilana  were  reduced  by 
their  oppraaaora,  favored  the  accoplanee  of  all  that  waa 
acparating  and  unaocial  in  llie  principlea  of  Iha  Drown- 
iet  teachera ;  for,  while  every  congregation  had  to  aa- 
aemblo  by  ataalth,  il  waa  iinpoaaihle  to  inaliitain  any 
inlereourae  between  their  churcheelkir  to  aacertain  how 
far  Ihe^  mutually  agreed  in  doctrine  and  diaeipline. 

Againal  Iheao  man,  in  whoae  characien  wnre  united 
more  piety,  virtue,  courage,  and  luvalty  than  any  other 
portion  of  har  people  dIapUyed,  did  tfliiahelh  and  her 
ei'.claaiaalieal  eounaellora  direct  the  whole  fury  of  the 
law.  John  Udall,  ono  of  lliair  miniatera,  waa  tried  in 
the  year  IIWI,  for  having  publiahed  a  defence  of  their 
tanata,  which  bo  antitled  A  Dtmoiutration  of  Ihe  Ihtei- 
pime  vkick  Ckrul  Ulk  frtuhttd  in  hit  Wordfnr  Ikt 
Gatvrnmtnt  of  tkt  Ckunk  in  «U  Ttmit  and  PItea 
untU  the  World't  End.  lliia,  cooaiMonllv  with  Eliia- 
beth'a  declaration,  that  whoever  atlieked  the  church, 
alanderad  Iha  queen,  waa  toguded  aa  a  acandaloua 


likol,  and  Udall  waa  amimad  for  •  aapUal  ktrwf. 
Whan  ka  waa  loM  by  one  of  Ike  judgae  Ikil  •  beak  M> 
iileia  with  aanllmanla  ae  ineonatalani  wilk  the  aale> 
iiliahail  inalilulhHia,  landed  to  the  ovarthrawirg  of  Ik* 
•lata  and  tha  rouaing  •!  rvbellion,  ha  rviilieil,  ■•  My 
ktnia,  llwl  lie  far  from  ma,  fnr  we  laarh  iImi,  r>fu(i» 
ing  thinga  ainiaa,  if  the  prince  will  niH  coiiaoiil,  Ik* 
weapona  thai  anh]aata  are  to  Kght  with  all,  ar*  repent- 
an«a  and  prayera,  patience  and  trara  "  Tha  ludge 
olfrrad  him  hia  life  if  ha  would  rn-anl ;  and  atldi  I.  thai 
ha  waa  now  ready  to  prmioiinre  aantanra  nf  .leath 
"  And  I  am  ready  to  receive  it."  criad  thia  iiiagnanl- 
mane  man  i  "  for  I  proleal  bafure  flad  (not  knewiiig 
tkal  I  am  to  live  an  Mur)  ikal  tho  eanaa  la  good,  an« 
I  am  cenlanled  le  receive  aentenee,  ae  thai  I  ma* 
have  II  le  paalaflly  how  I  have  aulferail  tin  the  aaaae." 
He  waa  condemned  lo  dw ;  and  bring  aitll  urged  I* 
aubmit  lo  the  quean,  he  willingly  aipreaard  hie  aerrew 
that  any  of  hia  writinga  ahouklhava  given  har  oAbnci^ 
and  diaolaimod  any  lock  wiah  or  inlanlion,  bul  raao- 
luiely  lafuaad  la  diaown  what  ha  believed  lo  he  Ihe 
eauae  of  truth  and  of  liberty  of  eonaeienee.  By  Ike 
inlereal  of  aome  uowerfiil  friemla,  a  comliiiimal  pardor 
waa  ohiainad  for  hiin  ;  bul  before  tha  terma  of  it  could 
bo  adjualad,  or  tha  queen  prevailed  on  lo  aign  il,  ha 
died  In  priaon.  Panry,  (IreenwiMxl,  Barrow,*  and 
Uennia.  of  whom  Ihe  Aral  two  were  clrrgvinen,  and  the 
mhcra  hymen,  were  aoon  after  tried  on  aiiiiilarehargee, 
and  |ieriah«d  by  Ilia  hamla  of  tha  eiatutioncr.  'Iliaaa 
man  ware  offered  a  panlun  if  Ihey  wuiihl  retract  theii 
profeaalon  ;  bul,  inapired  by  a  courage  whwh  no  earthly 
nioliva  could  overcome,  they  clung  to  iheir  pnnciplea, 
and  cnminitled  their  life  tu  Ita  author.  Home  oihera 
were  hanged  for  diaparaing  the  wnlinga.  and  aeveral 
for  attending  tba  diacuiitaea.  of  the  llruvtinaie.  Many 
more  endured  the  torture  of  arvcre  impriaonineni,  and 
niimaroua  familiea  ware  reduced  In  Indigence  by  heavy 
Anee.  Aa  Ihe  moat  virtiioiia  and  huiiiirnliln  are  aver, 
uii  auch  oecaaiona,  moat  egpoard  tu  d.inger,  every 
atroke  of  tha  oMiroaaor'a  arm  ia  aimed  at  tlioae  very 

S|iialiliea  in  hia  adveraariea  thai  conatlliiie  hia  own  de- 
anca  and  aecurily  ;  and,  hente.  aeveriliea  ao  odioua  la 
mankind,  and  to  calculated  to  unite  by  ihe  etrongeal 
aympalliy  the  minda  of  the  aprctalora  and  auHerera  to- 
gether, are  inoro  likely  lo  diinlnlah  llie  virtue  than  the 
numbeta  of  a  |iarty.  By  dint  of  long  continuance,  and 
uf  Ihe  eiertion  uf  their  InAurncn  on  a  greater  variety 
uf  character,  they  liiially  diveated  a  girat  many  ol  the 
puritaiia  of  the  apirit  of  iiicekiieia  anil  nuii-riiaiatanca 
foi  which  Iha  fatnera  uf  Iho  |>arty  had  been  ao  conepi- 
cuoua.  But  thia  fruit  waa  not  gathered  till  a  auba» 
ipicni  reign  ;  and  their  Aral  elfort  waa  nut  only  to  mul- 
tiply tin  iiuinbcra.  but  to  conliiin  the  virtue  of  Ihe  purl- 
tana.  When  |ieracculiun  had  aa  yet  hut  Invigorated 
their  fortitude  withuul  inipiring  feruclty,  a  portiun  ol 
thia  people  waa  happily  conducted  to  the  retreat  ol 
America,  l!  ere  to  plant  and  cxlend  the  prliiriplca  ol 
iheir  no!'''i  caiiae,  while  their  lircihren  in  Kngland 
remaine-:  .,'  i  id  to  avenge  ita  acciimnlalcd  wronga. 

Wliaii  .  '. ,  teen  wia  informed,  by  Dr.  Iteynolda,  ol 
tha  calm  pit"  vhich  Iheae  inartyra  had  diaplayed.  how 
they  had  hlea«i.d  Iheir  peraecuting  aovemlgn.  and  turned 
the  aeafluld  to  which  ahe  had  cnnalgnnllhein  Into  an 
altar,  whence  they  bad  prayed  for  her  long  and  happy 
reign,  her  heart  waa  touched  with  a  eenllmcnt  of  re- 
inorae,  and  aha  expreaacd  regret  that  ahe  had  taken 
Iheir  Uvea  away.  But  repentance  with  all  mankind  ia 
loo  often  but  a  barren  aiiguiah  ;  and  princea  have  been 
known  to  bewail,  even  with  teare,  the  iiiortalllv  of  niul- 
liludca  whom  they  were  conducting  to  alaughler.  and 
the  abortneaa  of  that  life  which  they  were  contrlhiitiiig 
atill  farther  to  abridge.  Elitabi'th,  ao  far  from  abating, 
increaaed  the  leglalalive  arverltlea  whoae  eflticta  anc 
had  deplored ;  and  wia  fated  never  lo  tee  her  crmra 
till  it  waa  too  late  lo  repvir  them.  In  the  year  I  SOS, 
a  few  moniha  after  Iho  eiecutiona  which  we  have  allu- 
ded to,  a  new  and  aeverer  law  waa  enacted  againil  the 
purilana.  Thia  body  waa  not  only  eitendmg  iiaell 
ever^  day,  but  ao  rapidly  adopting  the  independent 
opiniona,  that,  in  Ihe  dabalo  which  took  place  in  Ihr 
llouae  of  Commona  on  tho  introducliun  nf  thia  law, 
Sir  Waller  Raleigh  elated,  that  the  iiuiiibep  of  pn>- 
reaoed  Browniaia  alone  then  amounted  lo  twenty  thou- 
oand.     The  hn,r.aiie   argumenta,  however,  which  be 


'"■  grandfaiher  hail  a  cbaner  IVum  Haiiry  the  KIghih, 
cnnflrmad  by  aci  of  Parllameni,  "  giving  him  laara  to  put  on 
hia  cap  In  Iha  preaanca  of  Iha  king,  or  hl>  haira,  iir  any  lord 
anirliual  or  lamporal  In  the  laml.  and  not  lo  pui  ii  off  bui  fur 
hia  own  eaae  or nlaaaura."  Tlid  cap  laaina  in  huts  iranamillad 
ha  pr<.peni»a  wtih  Ita  privilagaa  lu  iha  graiidavn  of  klui  whvaa 
arrogaaia  could  •ullcU  auch  a  diotiiictlou. 


a  Thia  man,  while  llngaring  In  Ihe  dungaon,  where  ka 
awaited  hia  faia,  uraar.ilad  a  auppllcalk>n  lo  narliamanl,  which 
conulna  a  fVlffhiAil  picture  of  iha  hormra  or  imprla'mmf ni  In 
ihai  age.  ■•  Wa  crave  Ibr  all  of  ua,"  he  aaya,  "  bul  iha  llhany 
eKher  lo  diaopanly  or  e>  live  openly  in  tha  land  of  our  nativity. 
If  we  deiterve  ileuth,  Il  beaeemeth  the  mujoaly  of  jumice  not  to 
itee  ua  cliwely  niurdered,  y,<a,  alurved  lu  death  with  huiifor 
and  cold,  and  aimed  in  loalbM>nie  dunreona,"  lie-  Neal,  1.  e^ 
But  tha  parliamani  waa  conipallad  tu  laava  Barrow  and  hti 
fallow  auAutra  iv  the  uarcv  of  die  quaen  and  tha  blahoga. 


MSI 


TNI  NitTORT  or 


I  Um  pMilm  W  •  hw,  wkMh  *nM)«4,  tkM  »nt  |M^ 
M*  ika**  MiiMH  tMn  •(  (f*  «tM  •kMiMi«l|r  oniifrfi 
ilHrmg  Ik*  (ii^'ii  itl  »  iiwnih,  I*  •lifnU  iniblu'  mmiIiiii, 
•Ku'ilil  1m  ruinmiiiril  lu  |iri««n ;  thai,  il  h*  |i*r'i*i«ii 
thriv  rnitMlh*  in  hi*  rrfiiMl.  h«  mtial  ftliiiir*  ih«  r»-«lm 
•fwl  1K4I.  Il  Ur  viitwr  r»tiiii*tl  ittia  rmuliiiun,  or  rwlunivil 
lliit  ImiikIiiuviiI,  Im  ihaull  wilfrr  ilraih  aa  a  laluii  II 
lliia  art  la.ia  not  imtra  liiriiiiiai"  iliait  Ma  iirvilvraaama 
In  arrniniilialiiiiii  Hi*  mam  i>>  111 1  iil  rliarkiiiy  Iha 
yriiMrili  wl  (Mirttaii  priitripUa,  it  aliai'iatl  at  Ivaal  iba  aHt^ 
unliiiair  |MM|aMa  ill  ilii«ini|  a  i|r«*l  many  ufiha  (ifulaa 
•Ufa  at  iiiilf|i«tid«ii<'V  uiil  III  DnglaiHi  Una  lioily  of 
Itwac  rii|ili»ra  waa  rullKalnl  atiuul  lh<<  rliiaa  uf  lh«  ai(' 
Irrinn  atiiiiir)!,  M  AinaliTilam,  ohara  iliay  lluuriahail 
In  (Hiara  aiirt  piaty  fur  ii|i«anla  of  •  liuiHltwl  j»*n. 
Ihlwr*  nlirvil  ht  liilbcanl  iiruiaalaitl  auiaa  en  iIm  ran- 
tiMnl,  wiMmc*  wilh  fomi  ii*luai«»  h»|Hi,  llHiy  aiiMCUii 
!•  Iw  raralM  to  Ihair  nalita  lanti  liy  Iha  arrraaion  of 
KlualMlh't  aueraaaiM,  'I1ia  rainaimlar  conliiiuad  In 
KiiKlaml  M  flucluaia  hal<a««ii  Iha  avMiun  and  lb*  «iu- 
Ullun  uf  iha  law,  rlHiiialiin||  wilh  iImii  |iriiwi|i(ra  •  alarn 
lNi|Niiwnr«  triaiiid  from  iha  galling  raalmiiia  iliil  im- 
■Miail  Ihair  ai(iii<aaM<n  ;  and  l*t  raUlnvil  in  aubinlaaiun 
if  lb«  ha|ai  oliirli  in  ruininun  wilb  Iha  aiilaa  ihajr  in- 
4ulga<l  of  •  HniigalWfl  sf  Uwir  aulforinga  oii  iha  ilainia* 
of  Iha  qiirrii.  Hunw  hialuriaiia  hat*  aipraaaail  no 
Hiwll  wuiiilrr  tl  Ih*  ungralaful  impollanca  fur  •  now 
rai||ii  thai  Waa  nitnifaalxl  in  Iha  cloao  uf  Uwobalh'* 
.Ifa,  aiMl  al  Iha  vary  audilan  diagual  which  Iha  goaorn- 
inrni  of  bar  aureaaaor  aiiicriaiicod.  Uul  Ihaao  aaam- 
Ing  liicniiiialanciaa  aroaa  Iroin  iha  aoma  cauaa.  Klin- 
halh  had  ailiaualaii  Iha  (wlianca  ami  loyally  of  ■  gnat 
Iwdy  of  har  auhjrcla ;  ami  llw  adhannca  lu  har  iiolicy 
whMh  har  aiirraaaor  ao  unai|iacti'dly  manifaalaa,  dia- 
«|ipointad  all  Iha  bupoa  by  which  lliaao  viiluaa  had 
baaii  auataiiwd. 

Tha  ho|)m  of  Ilia  purtuna  wore  dartvad  from  Iha 
oducaliun  uf  the  Scolllah  king,  and  aupportail  by  many 
•f  hia  daclaraliaiia,  vhiali  ware  eagrrly  repeated  in 
England  Jainaa  had  been  bred  •  |ireabylenan ;  be 
had  puhllrly  derlarad  thai  the  kirk  of  Hcolland  wia 
Ibo  pureal  rhurrh  in  Ilia  wurld,  and  tlial  Iha  Kngliali 
liiturg)  auiiiidaU  in  bia  eara  like  aa  itl-mHmtUd  mtui. 
On  hia  a  .rraaiun  lu  the  Kiigliah  cruwn,  lie  waa  eagerly 
Maailod  liy  peliliuna  from  llw  purilaiie  ;  and  al  Aral  he 
ibowtid  hiniaelf  ao  far  diapoaed  to  attend  lo  their  wiahra 
ia  lo  aiiMHiit  a  aulainn  confvreiice  Iwtwarn  thi'in  and 
the  heada  of  the  church  party  at  llani|iiQn  l!oiirt.  Uul 
llie  Iwpea  inapired  by  ihia  conference  ware  roiiiplelely 
diaa|>poinled  by  ila  reault  [Jan.  I0U4].  If  Janioa  ha<l 
over  uecn  aincrre  in  iirelerring  a  preabytariaii  lu  an 
opiacopal  ivlibliabmetit,  hia  opininn  waa  entirely  re- 
yeraed  by  tha  o|i|iortunity  he  now  enjoyed  of  cnin|iaring 
Ihrni  wilh  each  other,  and  by  the  very  dillerent  Irval- 
HU'iii  hu  ei|wrlenci'd  from  the  niiniatera  uf  Inlh.  In 
Ncullaiid  iia  bad  been  involved  in  p> rjieliiul  lunloiiliona 
with  tha  cirrgy,  who  ilid  nut  recogiiiati  in  bia  regal  of- 
tico  any  auprrinacy  uvrr  thrir  church,  and  who  dtlfered 
from  hiin  eic»«diii||ly  111  their  ealiinate  of  hia  piety,  ca- 
nocity,  and  attaininenia,  l'rcclii|)rd  by  bia  (wvcrty 
from  a  diaplay  of  royal  pomp  thai  might  have  daiilcd 
'.heir  eyea  ami  hid  the  man  liebiml  Ihu  king,  he  atood 
plainly  revealed  lo  their  keen  glance,  an  awkward  pur- 
aonilicalion  uf  runceit  and  pedantry,  obalinato  but  un- 
•teady,  fraught  with  learning,  vuid  of  knowledge.  They 
have  becnaccuaed  ofdiaturliing  hia  guvcrnment  by  ex- 
arciaing  a  I'enaorul  power  over  il  ;  but  it  waa  bimaelf 
(bat  lirat  taught  them  thua  lo  overalep  their  fuiictiuna. 
extending  bia  adininiatration  into  their  peculiar  pre- 
viiicr,  where  it  had  no  right  lu  pciit'tralo,  he  acemvd  to 
tegitimiie  aa  well  aa  provoke  their  ceiiaorial  atricliirra 
•n  hia  inlruaion.  Mingling  ivligion  with  hia  politica, 
ha  attempted  to  remodel  the  church ;  and  the  clergy, 
mingling  (wiitica  with  their  divinity,  Ibmplaincd  of  nia 
hilerfercnru  and  cenaurc^d  hia  government.  Defending 
inalilutHina  not  leaa  reapecteil  than  beloved  by  iho  |iei>- 
ple,  Ihey  eaaily  oblainca  Ihe  victoiy ;  and  Jamea  met 
with  the  aame  aueceaa  in  allemptiiig  lo  contiol  Ibo 
MiDlimenla  of  me  Scotch,  that  in  hie  lobiceo  contro- 
TOiay  be  afterwarda  eiperienced  in  altempling  lo  pro- 
mil  Mar  the  aenaea  of  the  Kngliah.  One  of  the  mi- 
•ialtra  bad  gone  Ihe  length  of  declaring  thai  "  all 
Uoga  were  lS»  devil'a  thiliuon ;"  and  the  king  relortnd 
Uw  diacourtaey  when  ho  found  liimaeireafe  in  England, 
by  I  thainently  proleating  thai "  •  Hcolliah  preabytery 
tsTMa  H  well  with  monarchy  ••  Ood  and  the  deyil.'' 
Ao  aentimaata  that  naturally  raaulted  from  offended 
■irogance  and  mortified  preaumption,  were  expanded 
la  their  ampleat  plenitude  by  the  blain  of  Aallery  and 
adulation  wilh  which  the  dignitariea  of  the  Engliah 
•biuch  fwm««d  him.    By  Ifaam  *«•  wi*  readily  hailed 


Um  aaprama  kaad  of  ihair  aataMiahMani,  Ike  p»o«ea>o» 
»t  lie  privilagaa,  Iha  amirra  af  lie  a|damlMr,  iha  patfwi 
af  lie  dignitiaa  .  and  >^  hiiain  went  ao  far  aa  M  da- 
•lare,  in  the  Mnfcrama  al  Mam|t«nn  <'aufl,  Ihal  an- 
iliHibtriily  bia  lnair«ly  afiaha  by  lb*  a|Mirial  aivlalatira 
uf  I liid'a  a|Hril       I'hia  waa  iba  Ual  iinpnUa  that  M  bit- 

JriA  waa  able  lo  IpihI  (n  ruyal  prida  arid  fully  I'mi. 
iiiiiidail  al  Iba  iinivrraal  aiplnaiun  uf  puritan  aenli- 
inaiila,  wbirh  be  bad  rtailari<il  biinarlf  wilb  the  hniia  nf 
liaviiig  aliniial  rmnpleialy  atliiigiiiahod,  bia  grial  an<l 
ronrarn  ao  vinlriiily  atfrtitad  bia  aged  IhmIv  aatu  raiiae 
hia  ilaalh  very  alnirily  alirr  Hut  b*  bad  airaaily  rnn- 
tiiliiilid  to  revive  Iha  anlaaiaaliral  apiril  uf  tlbaalieth 
m  the  inifMl  of  her  aurrraaor  ,  and  Jamae,  inflainad 
with  adiniraiiun  u^  a  ahiirrh  whirh,  like  a  faitblul  mir- 
ror, ao  fairly  rellarled  and  illualraled  hia  myal  perfae- 
tunia,  baeama  henrefurward  Iha  determined  netrun  of 
tha  aalaMiahnianl,  and  iha  peraerulur  of  all  who  np- 
poaad  tie  inalilMliana  Ilia  natural  arrogance,  fortified 
ny  aueh  iinaireplionabla  teatiinony,  aoarad  to  a  height 
whieh  nothing  but  royally  or  a  diaorderrd  umlrratand- 
ing  haa  ever  attained  1  and  ha  who  In  Hrullaral  had 
found  himaalf  ciirtied  in  every  alteinpl  to  intetfare  wilh 
Iha  raliglona  Inalitiitiuna  of  hia  nwn  narrow  realm,  now 
thought  himarlf  aniilled  to  dictate  the  eerleaiaatieal 
polwy  of  foreign  nalione.  Having  en'ored  iiilu  a  dla- 
pula  wilb  Vuraiiua,  profaaaor  of  Ihaulogy  In  a  Ihitrh 
uniyereily,  and  fliuling  hia  adveraary  inaenaibia  lo  tha 
weigh!  of  hia  argumenia,  ha  raaolvrd  lo  make  htm  feci 
•I  leaat  tha  weight  ami  length  of  hia  ann  1  and  rotiaad 
10  a  degree  of  energy  ana  ha<ighltneaa  to  which  no 
other  foreign  enncemment  waaeter  aMe  to  aicite  hint, 
ha  remonalratad  ao  vigoroualy  with  tha  atalea  of  Hol- 
land, thai  lo  put  an  and  to  hia  clamor,  they  aiibmitted 
to  tha  mean  injualiee  of  depoaing  and  baniahmg  the 

Jrofaaaor.  With  Ihia  aactillee  to  hia  inaullad  login, 
amaa  waa  forced  lo  be  contanled,  though  he  had  en- 
deavored lo  roiiea  hia  republican  alliea  to  more  myal 
revenge,  by  informing  Ihem  "  that  aa  to  the  iMrniMg 
of  Voratiua  for  hia  blaaphemica  and  atbeiiin,  ha  left 
Iham  to  their  own  chnatian  wiadom  :  but  aurely  never 
heretic  better  deaerved  the  Aamaa  "  Ha  did  nol  fail 
In  reinforce  tbia  charitable  counael  by  hia  uwn  cxainpin  ; 
and  in  the  courae  of  hia  reign  bnrnrd  at  the  atake  two 
peraona  who  were  ao  unhappy  aa  to  enlrrlain  the 
Arian  hereay,  ami  an  unfortunate  lunatic  wlio  mialook 
himaelf  for  Iha  Deity,*  and  whnae  frrnxy  waa  thua  cru- 
elly treated  by  a  much  more  dangeroua  anil  driibvrate 
Invader  of  the  divine  altribulea  If  Jainra  bad  not 
lieon  rratraincd  by  the  growing  political  •■ccndancy  uf 
the  purilana,  thrre  would  probebly  have  been  more 
of  aiich  eiecutinna  in  Kngland.  lie  did,  however,  •• 
much  aa  he  dared  ;  and  niiding  in  liancrnlk  a  lit  aiie- 
ceaaor  to  Whilgifl,  he  made  with  hia  aaaiatanca  ao  vi- 
goroua  a  coininencrniont,  that  in  the  aecoiid  year  of  hii 
reign  three  hundred  puritan  niiniatera  were  deprived, 
linpriaunrd  or  banianrd.  To  prevent  the  coniinuni- 
calion  of  light  from  abroad,  the  iinporlalion  of  any 
hooka  haiatile  In  the  rcatrainta  impoaed  by  tha  lawa  nf 
tha  realm  or  Ihe  king'a  prnclainationa,  waa  forbidden 
under  the  aevareal  penaltiei ;  to  prevent  ila  rue  and 
reprcae  ita  aprrad  al  h<iine,  no  booka  were  aulfcreil  to 
bo  printed  in  England  without  Ihe  cunaeni  of  a  com- 
mittee of  biahope  or  their  deputiea ;  and  arbitrary  ju- 
riadtcllona  for  the  trial  nf  eccleaiiatical  oAeiicea  wore 
inultlpliod  and  cxieniled.  I'craoiia  auaprclrU  of  en- 
tertaining puritan  aenliincnta,  oven  though  ti.ey  adhered 
III  tha  church,  were  aubjectod  lo  line  and  impriaonineiit 
for  barely  repeating  to  their  familira,  in  the  evrning, 
the  aubaianca  of  Iha  diai;ouraaa  they  had  heard  at 
church  during  Iho  day,  under  the  prclrnce  that  ibia 
cunatituted  Ihe  cnme  of  irregular  preaching.  Soineof 
tha  purilana  havin^onceivcd  the  deaign  of  withdraw- 
ing to  Virginia,  where  they  hoped  that  dialanca  would 
al  leaat  mitigate  Ibo  violence  of  opnieaiion,  a  ainall 
number  of  them  proceeded  to  carry  tneir  purpoaa  into 
rflecl :  and  a  larger  body  wrra  preparing  10  follow, 
when  Dancroft,  appriaed  of  Iheir  intention,  obtained  a 
proclamation  from  tha  king,  commandin(>  that  none  of 
hia  aubjocta  ahould  aaltla  in  Virginia  without  an  ax- 
preM  licence  under  Ihe  great  aeal.  'i'hua  haraaaed 
and  oppreaaed  in  England,  and  deprived  of  a  refuge  in 
Virginia,  Ihe  purilana  begin  lo  retire  in  conaiderable 
numbera  to  the  proleatant  alatea  of  the  continent ;  and 
the  liopea  of  the  alill  greater  and  increaaing  numbera 
who  remained  at  home  were  fixed  on  the  Houae  of 
Commona.    In  thia  aaaembly  tha  puritan  aacendiney 


•  One  of  ihaaa  vicilma  la  larmad  h^  Fuller,  In  hia  Church 
Hliiorr  (B.  I.  i  4),  "  Our  Enfllih  Vnrailua."  Tha  hina ,  In 
llnilallon  of  Hanry  Iha  CIgluh'i  genaruaUy  to  Lambcit,  hvlil  a 
peraooal  dlapuia  wKh  hini.  and  concluded  W  by  dallvarlng  hini 
l«  the  handa  eflba  axecutlunur. 


aiifra 

r 


•I  tangtk  kaaaaia  a*  manifcal,  Umi  mapMaaflkaklag^ 
priwIamatMM  Am  enrouraging  minhfitl  gamaa  an  Bm 
day,  a  bill  waa  Inlrwtueed  ler  rnntiwlliiic  a  aiara  imM 
and  aolemn  obaervanca  nf  the  day,  to  wbirh  11  |ave  !!• 
drnoniinaiiun  uf  llw  •nbbiili  1  mul  when  una  Inainbaf 
objeritd  lu  ihiaaa  a  pttriun  apjwIUiiaii,  and  vrninrial 
t'l  piaiify  danring  by  a  gay  inMaiipUation  iif  MiiiHi  fiaa- 
II  a«-riplMra,  b«  waa,  uii  the  anggratiun  nl  Mr 
ym,  ai|M>llril  ilia  Ihmi**  fur  hia  profanity.  Hut  we 
bava  now  raarlia'l  the  |ieriiNl  at  whirh  we  inual  furaaka 
li>  main  alraain  nf  the  biauiry  ul  the  pnruana,  lu  hilUw 
Ilia  birliinea  ttt  that  illnatrnnia  branrh  wbirb  waa  dra- 
linvd  lu  viait  and  annuble  Iba  daarria  »l  Ainrrira.  In 
ravii>wiiii|  the  alraiige  aurraaawii  uf  avrnia  wbieh  wa 
have  beliakl,  and  Ina  varioua  nnprraaiuna  th<  y  bate 
prinlured  on  our  minda.  It  may  iiwrlMi|ia  ora*ir  lo  aoma 
aa  a  buiniiialing  runaideration,  thai  the  ariinaa  and  foi- 
baa,  Ihe  eruelliea  and  waakneaaea  whirh  wiHild  airiia 
no  other  aeiilnnanla  bill  llwaa  of  hnrrur,  grief,  or  pity, 
in  an  angelic  lieboldar,  are  ra|iableaf  prraanting  them 
aalvaa  In  aiich  an  aaparl  lo  leaa  puriArd  eyaa,  aa  to  ai> 
cite  Ilia  aplaneiie  mirth  even  of  iImmo  whoaa  nature  I* 
danailad  by  the  adioua  or  abaurd  diaplay . 

In  llie  year  lAlO,  a  congregation  of  llrowniata,  drifWt 
by  royal  and  arclaaiaatlcal  tyranny  from  Ihair  naliv* 
lami,  liad  reinuved  to  I,eyilrn,  wliere  Ihay  were  prrinil* 
lad  lo  eatabliah  Ibeinaelvea  in  peace  under  tha  viniatiy 
of  their  paalor,  John  Hobmaun  *  'I'hia  aacelUnt  pa/- 
aon  waa  tha  fatlier  of  tha  lnde|iendenta,  having  been 
the  Aral  wlio  rvaltiad  a  iiilddle  rourao  between  iha  pal  !l 
of  Urowiiiani  and  tha  Preabyiarian  ayalem  1  lo  one  of 
other  of  which  tha  yiawa  aiid  deairea  of  the  I'urtlana 
ware  ih>w  generally  lending.  Tha  aantimanla  whicb 
he  entertained  whan  ha  Aral  iiuillad  hia  country,  bora 
tha  iinpreae  of  the  (leraeeution  under  which  tbay  had 
been  formed  ;  and  when  ho  began  hie  miniairy  al  Lay- 
den  he  waa  a  rigid  lirownial :  btil  altar  ha  nad  aaan 
more  of  the  world,  and  been  aiiahlad  to  eonaaraa  in  a 
Iriandly  manner  with  learned  and  good  men  of  dilTor- 
eiit  accleaiaatical  denmr.maliona,  ha  began  lo  entertain 
a  more  charilahia  opinion  of  tlioea  miiior  dilTetancea, 
whirh  lie  plainly  perceived  tniglil  aubaiat,  wiiImhiI  in* 
jury  lu  the  eaaentiala  of  religion,  and  wilbout  viulating 
charily,  or  inciting  poraacuuon.  'Ilwugli  he  alwaya 
inmitaiiied  the  lawiulneaa  and  expediency  of  ae|iaraliii| 
from  ihoaa  aatabltalied  proleatant  cliurchea  among 
which  be  lived,  be  willingly  allowed  them  thecharacler 
of  true  ehurchca ;  eateeiiicd  it  lawful  to  roinmunioala 
with  them  in  preacbing  and  prayer,  tliuugli  nut  in  tlw 
aacrainenta  and  diacipline ;  and  freely  aJiiiiltrd  than 
mambera  to  partake  tha  aacrainani  with  hia  ruiigrrga- 
lion.  He  maintained  that  each  particular  church,  or 
aociely  of  Chrlatlana,  waa  veated  with  the  |iower  of 
rhoueing  ita  own  oineera,  adininialering  tbe  gua)iol  or- 
dinancea,  and  exerciaing  over  ita  own  nieiiilirra  every 
noceaaary  act  of  diacipline  and  authority  ;  and  coiiae- 
qiienlly,  that  It  waa  coinpietaly  inde|ieiideiil  of  all 
claaara,  aynoda,  convucaliuna  and  councila.  He  ad- 
initled  the  extiediency  of  ayiiuda  and  councila  for  tba 
reronriliiig  of  diirerennea  among  churchaa,  and  llio 
Hindering  of  Irtendly  advice  lo  them  1  but  denied  their 
cnnipetence  lo  exerciae  any  act  of  juriadtcllon,  or  au« 
lliontatlvely  lo  impoaa  any  arliclea  or  caiiona  of  doe- 
trine.  Tlieaa  aentimenia  Mr.  Uubinaon  rrcunimeiulad 
lo  ealrem  by  exemplifying,  in  hia  life  and  drineanoi, 
the  fniita  of  that  apirit  by  whoae  teaching  Ihey  waru 
communicated ;  by  a  character,  in  wliicn  tin  moal 
eminent  faculliea,  and  the  biglieal  attaininenia,  were 
abaorbcd  by  the  pradoininiling  power  of  a  aolainn,  af- 
fectionate piety 

Enjoying  the  counael  and  dirertiuii  of  auch  1  paalor, 
and  bleaaed  with  an  adei|uale  aenae  of  hia  value,  Iba 
Kngliah  congregation  remained  fur  ten  yuara  at  l<ey- 
den,  ill  birmony  wilh  each  other,  and  at  peace  with 
their  neighbora.  But,  at  the  end  of  thai  period,  Iha 
aaine  pioua  vieva  that  had  prompted  llieir  uri^inal  de- 
parture from  England  incited  them  to  undertake  a 
mora  diatant  migration.  They  beheld  with  deep  con- 
cern Iho  looae  profane  mannera  thai  prevaiiea  very 
generally  arounil  them,  and,  in  particular,  the  ultei 
neglect  among  the  Dutch  of  a  reverential  obaervance 
of  Sunday  ;  and  they  rcAecled  with  apprehension  on 
Iha  danger  lo  which  their  children  were  eipoard  front 
tha  natural  contagion  mannera  ao  unfavorable  lo  aerioua 
piety ;  their  country  loo,  atill  retained  a  huld  on 
their  aflectiona ;  and  Ihoy  were  loth  to  are  their  poate- 
rily  malted  into  Ihe  Dutch  popnlation.  Tbe  fewneaa 
of  Iheir  numbera,  and  the  dill'erenco  of  language,  for- 
bade tbe  hope  of  propagating,  in  Holland,  the  principlaa 

•  Carilinal  Bpiitivegtio,  In  bin  Arroutil  i>r  the  Uiilleil  try 
vbicm,  ilaicrilH-a  thciii  ai«  a  bt.Jy  uf  ICiiifHflh  )iurllttna,  who  had 
raaurtad  tci  Hulland  for  purpoact  ufcuiuuierca. 


i 


I 


« 


•HaWlkakl^ 


ina  t  Mara  I 

oliu'h  II  |>>slte 

livll  IMM  ImiHlMf 
t*)l,  «ll«l  VrMliirt<4 

llllll    fif  RllltMl  |MI«- 

illllraliuil   rif    Mr 

il«iiily.  Ilnl  «>• 
Wlli  MIIIAl  ftir««li« 
Mirtt«(i*i  1"  fiillow 
I)  whidi  wu*  dr** 
of  Ain'rir*.     Ill 

■  •riiia  wliuih  »• 

MHIIM  llUf  IM«* 
|M  IH'a'ir    lU  MIH« 

w  •riinn  tnJ  tei- 
Kirh  winiM  •iriM 
rof,  iiivf,  M  ptifi 
|irrMiitinn  llwia 
ril  *y««,  u  lo  •!• 

■  whoM  nulura  I* 

IliuwnUlt,  ditfM 
from  ihfir  n>ii«« 
ih«y  win  prrinil* 
umlnr  ih«  lunMliy 
hii  iiiciilliiii  |i«f- 
iiila,  Iwtinf  bMII 
I  twIwMii  Ina  path 
lyilain  \  to  dim  of 
I*  or  Iti*  I'unuiw 
•■nliintnl*  which 
hii  eountry,  bof* 
r  which  Ihojr  ho4 

•  minidlv  •!  \*1- 
•ri*f  ho  iMii  •••)> 
I  to  conttrM  in  • 
^mmI  man  of  iltlTar- 
bagaii  to  ciilartain 
niiiHii  ililTafaw.ta, 
ibiMl,  willwul  ill- 
1  wilhuul  «iulallil( 
lliouih  ha  ilwiy* 
lancy  ort*|wr>tiii( 

c!iurch«t  among 
tham  iha  character 
il  lo  coinmuiiiciila 
thuutili  nut  ill  ilia 
riy  ailiiiilli'ti  thnir 
with  hit  ruiiiirrga- 
rticuUr  church,  or 
«ith  Iha  iHiwvr  of 
iiiiK  ihii  KiM)wl  or- 

•  11  iiMiiilii'ra  evary 
lority  ;  tiid  coiiaa- 
iHlc|iciiileiil  of  all 
eoiiiu'ili.  Ila  ail- 
111  council!  fur  tlia 
churchii,  tiid  Ilia 
I ;  but  ilonird  their 
luriMltclion,  or  au* 
or  caiioiii  of  doe- 
iiKoii  rrcuiiiiiiaiidad 
iifu  and  diMiiMnai, 
Hcliiii|i  they  warv 
I  whicn  Ilia  moat 
attaiiiinrnli,  war* 
ler  of  a  lolainn,  af- 

III  of  luch  a  paalor, 
•a  of  bia  vtliia,  llw 
r  Ian  yuan  at  l<ey- 
and  at  jieacB  with 
of  that  iicriod,  tha 
id  their  original  d«- 
sin  to  undcrtaka  a 
leld  wilh  deeii  con- 
Ihat  prevailed  «rry 
larticular,  the  utter 
eronlial  Dhaer«anca 
ith  apiirelien^ion  on 
were  eipoard  froiA 
ifavuruhle  to  aerioua 
■laincd  a  hold  oo 
1  to  are  their  poate- 
lon.  The  fewneaa 
:o  of  language,  for- 
Hand,  the  prmciplm 

Hit  iiF  <li«  Viiiud  fr» 
linh  puriuiia,  wlio  liaid 
uierca. 


I 


"^ 


t 
I 

I 


t 
I 


TUB  HI«ToilT  Of 


««M  dto  imiim  at  *  km,  alMk  •M*i«l,  MM  •*«  |Mr- 
■M  (kM*  •mwH  (MM  •(  (fc  olM  nlwilinltly  MftM*4. 

lHt»«  iHMiifh4  Ml  kit  rffii««l.  K«  rHM«i  AliiufB  ih«  f»lm  , 
IH«I  iK4t  ti  hp  »tiK»f  r»(H««i|  tht«  yimiliittm,  af  r*lMfn«4 
•Mrr  lMMt«Ji*n«int,  N«  ahAtitf  itdhr  ilii«ih  «•  «  f*l>Mi  t^ 
|Im«    ***    M4a    IMH  Hlwf«  (*»vi>*H4|ii  -'.  t  '  «  fr*i1i.»^ 

tit     •Cf  lMH|tlt»'«"' H     t  tl«       •    *.  .      .  t.^.  K.      , 

gri*«*)t<  •  •  •       r''-  -  -,.-,-       •■ 

mi  •*    ,    . 

•••■  I  '    I        ' 

ttHI«»    I     , ■'■.•!    «      , 

Imiii'ii    ■•""•ii»,  »l    <  '         .  ■( 

In  frntim    <".i   I  •  ^ 


•f  It*  ^l>il«tii«t  Ota  Mm«««  •<  M  fl»>»tm,  tk*  |Ml*wt 
•I  M*  4i«mtw«  I  *m4   WlM)(in  •■III  M  tM  M  k>  4* 
«  «l    fl*ni|i«mi    (*Niir*,  1K4I  i«h 


•  l«»,  in  th* 
ilrtuMcUly   III* 
•Klwl't  tfHril 
|in  m*»  •" 


«j»«ly  C!**!!*   Iiv  ItM  *ti*^)«t  •«*t«uit*'« 
'||,„  ...  >h«  l.al    ......    I.,  .K.I  «l  I.  > 


,t  <«.i(».|  t**  th>«  «•  «  mtfii  i)i  4ttf»»lUt<mt,  4tt4  **-Mturt<4 


,•    ^,ii. 


I.|M*'»IH»< 

Hiigl  W  - 
Uiiii« 

p:: 

b*  III 
4iil|<« 
•(    DK 

Miwll   «     •^"r 
NiHit  k  x   <*•• 
.Id,  (IMI  al  llw 
niriil  ol  ii*' 
Mi|  liwm  ■  >   • 
Iwlh  h*>'         4 
My  1 

«k>. 

Hill 


•lfc.|    M    Ui*   * 
imIiI*.     4  •If' 

•  •VI     IT     ]■•  IW-M  C^ 

*       1^  •Oij*  *'  hh  ik« 
•.lalMi  .1  •  ^IMHri    aiMl 
u..)!'  It  .    •ihI  iM»  Vff^ 

MiitrM<il   ••  «<W«{|*     , 

iMn   W-aUiaMi 

TIM    IiKVO  nf  IM    MtrfW*.. 

W«««i." 

r«  . 

M  ■ 

llw 
I.III 
On  H«  . 


t|w»     '         . 

H  10   ..  ,1'     .-ilHli    • 

Ik*  h-a.  '    "I  ilwriiitfi-A  ^wn/  •    lUwiHwh  <'i>'i«|, 
III*  Imi|)4«  ii'>iMifiJ  I',  lilt*  voiifcn  iic#  «*r*  r. 
4lMM.<>iiiir.l  U  iitrMult  (Jm  imvi;     tl  I 
•Wrwi'ii   •'mil*  ill  |r.|ifinn(«   |.r.  .IIVitriMi 
t|H«)o;ail  i.«nii,.^i. .   1,  «,...  >.).,. ...Ml  »•■'  •' 
Vtnaril'v  III.'    I'l.'ii:.  nulv  k*  *»«  n^iiMikt  n<  . 
Ul*m  will    •  ..11  ■>!  I'       ll.ll  I"  tkr   l^  I    llHiJi. 
MMIIII  k>  ..'  'Hliicll     llili.  •    •         .1 

Ml-OtkNMl  IM'  t   -.1  'i.^H  llt^..l 

wiik  Ik*  1 1'   .     » 
Arn  »  '.I  >    . 

(bmii  k  •  •    .•<i!i. ... 
mciiy,   fH-l  •i»«' .  iin.i. 
ffmii  ■  I  \,iUil  »(  roxl  |.<. . 
'.fc*ir  ajr  >  1    '         >'-  -. 
|i|*iiily  1  . 

Wllllli'lll    >.i    . 
•tf«l*.   4<    ..  . 

b***  m")!*' , 

(rcMiiiii  •  n^  •. ,'.     • 

iImi  ArM  u.i|i«ii  ife*Mi  'iiu*  1.1  ■>..    iii>, 
Eilditliiiri  Ilia  arfiBlttia'. •!.«•■  '   /.t 

vilicn,  VtlWra  it  h*tl  mi  ri;^Ut«>    /iiti.i. 
Ia||ilifr<'    *»  wiirt  •■  ;.itivi.i»*  /»!»  ^'■ii-  ■'. 
•n  hit  .i.lriiwuu      .Miii^:        ,<'!ikkhi   >  i<. 
h*  ■llui'.f  'U  lu  niluMJi.*    '   I  rUi.  a      i.^. 

iniiiiil'k..  imtiiii  <  H>ili  itv  iliviiiay  mtnuiinmil  it 
Inwrfi-wmc  ai"!  i-i't.^ui  ,lii«  i;'.vuiiii.<'iii  l>*fn'l.i(i 
imllli.i<-'n<  HOI  IA4  i<  ,im-int  limn  Ulovxl  I17  th«  p.  x 
pla,  IM-«  riail)  iilm'.  <•!  ih*  oi-iiirv  ,  ^ihI  Jan.i.a  mrl 
Wllh  '.  >*ai*  tm  ^M»  iiw  a'ii''ii)iimK  t.'  .  intiul  Ifali 
■dUliri'lila  .1    UW    .V -1.  |,.    .",1  ,„  1,15  1,.',  „  ,  9    .,.,..«- 


*«fktM  IMohMM.  M 


ti«  iiiirtk  *f*« 


.   .«  lit*  •utafi.'ti 
.l*-|iiail«.tl  liy  <^*' 

lit  llwi  .   4>  mio,  •«. 


l»V  mi  •!  anil   ..  ■  I 
Ihi.'.  Kail  r*tMMtr 

..•I  ...  .  iu:.li>li  <i<  . 


f  (!•«  .    |.4»l*rt. 


I, 

•  kk.   .aili 
*lin  *••' 


•»...]   .iW      •     •'      a 

*.«  lit  I.  ■  immik»4  - 
tafi\t,ixi,  tiwagti  k»  '- 

"^       'i'r»k*,.)Hii»  1 


1*1 1,  al  1 1 

•   I  ..».!•  II.  *•!  ..lav  .•• 

.  '' .         |««. "  iiii.Uf  r  .  .. 

It 'll!!.'..!...!. 

'    'H.    '    ^ ,    ,1.1 ,  k..aH.| 

I k*t»'«ii 

t  ).i«i.fiifriaii  aaaMii.i  .  i*  *ii»  <if 

«a4>ul  il.airaa  uf  Ik*  I'Hiita"* 

•   >  :    >4        rha    ■mtliiiiai.i4iatH.il 

I...  tml  .(miIImI  ki*  rmmtt;,  kw« 

.   "ri  linn  HiMlal    »l.i<  l|    Ik*)    \  tA 


H.f   MM 


|..t  tw.. 


kn  «♦. 


Ill  «..•■ 

a  au  *l 


«M«I 

vtil 

•lit 

llM 

•nr 
An ' 


'  .-•.•4  «    1  aiiar!«M'«tl  III  atlcin)'*iiitl  Ui  pf*- 

.  a<^na  01  111'  l:)ui;liah.     Ona  uf  inu  iiii- 

A  »,*•    'W   Uiigth  ti(  JeiUriiin  iln:    "  .il! 

'.     '.  I    ■      iililiup  ;"  aiiilth*  kinKreiurlinl 

.<    ...iii'l  lunar  liaafi- In  i.nvlaix), 

.  *     '  n  Sntluh  imabvlt-rv 


.  ti./lt    U1I.I 


tmi 


ilftll.' 


ulh-.i  : 


)'n 


atfriulcj  I 


■I* 


»«|a    .u    liilkatiti*    w 
rfc«r»>f.  Wn'  «'■  Mil*' 

i|Ml  |w  a  !»...'»    .         1'.^.     .. 
11'  '.1.      H  .  Na,         ■ 

lWI»«"<tl;  •'.f*«.W«' 

M  riWi'  '""*  "  '•''  I- '*■#  **^  "" 

flwAW  |H<  4«nii  Ml  ■>*•§*■  ItwiaM*  • 

WMM*  Wki^  U  m»X-i  ^  Vm  *Mt*ui 

kMi«.  ..  .1  iiU"  «•.«■''     ■'•.■ 

<'.'    W  tlMaUlt.       TupnaiMi    ')<>     ■'•• 
•1    1^  ftaw    akMad.   (iia  uiiv"'*Mi*' 
Uir  M<  <k*  tl  ■  Kiiiia  iW|iM*'l  I  r  <*», 
ilai  iif   *kt  liM'a  t«ai<lBiii**k»»*.     >• 
dlr  a»i  !'Mt^J|taltiai.   i-  f^Vut*  f    1 
ik^NM  «•  a^M  a)  k*«u>  '    ^MW*  woM  •uirvnnt  tu 
tt  ynaUrf   in  liaii'^l^  <>.4t.<nrt  u,a  •Mkti^nl  uf  4  cuni 
HUttMs/  MPB****  ''kM'  ■*',     IM^   '^^'    WlHItar*  |.i 
riai  »f  wrlaMaat.'al   •Ram  na  »•>•' 
lliyni  ni  tdanilM       tV(*.J'X  •« 'I    •  >ni  of  •>•«- 
MftaMiim  |..'rt«ah  •«MiiBMiito(>'  '•  wwHfk  il  •••  »ill...r«l 
lA  A*  (lii«|i!lli  WWwk^  twi  tntio.  aihl  M«(irixHiinaii| 
(w  Ii4M|/ (•f'ttaW  I*    IIm"<   ^n>    •%  HI  thi' i'»i  .linn, 
ika  a"lMiaa««  tf  ?.«  ili«aiKir<.i»    ih  ■    kail  liiaiil    ai 
fj.   h  .  itamaalk*  Ak^,  nni^i  ii.«   |r*i..|K<>  Ikai   .Uia 
r. .    .1      vl  tl. '  <  ILM  M  Hn'gi.Ur  pnacliin*      SnnKof 
■ta  pi'niaiia  hav iiia^i'v<K«i>i'il  Ikr  i|iai#t  ul  laiilidraw 
WV  I*  ViTiruu*.  ••*•*  tk>:>  buy««  <Ha>  ■l.uiM'a  *i»iltl 
•t   .i.«tt  wUgitr   ^i>l»l>n->   u.  •imuaa.mn,  a  aiiiall 

4knMt  M  thM*  pMNMiAal  If    wf  ni«w  pivpo**  mio 
■Am,  a...:  a  laifar  liat))  vai>«   ;.a«r»ii'4  In  Inline 
•atu  n  itaiH  ">A.  t;!^!)**^  an  >»«>'  >h»ii'  -vin.  nflUimal   .. 
p«M i, litaiWii  f.rianik*  klMf,  r»inii>  .i<l>  t'''hal  Kit  .*  ui 

|tf«H  Imnna  >i  >Wr  Am  fxa^  anal  'Iliii*  h»r*a**d 
aiMl  fi|ipr*w»*.4l  ,r  * .-  ''at..i  jimI  ilr<T.ni.nii  m  a  ri^jiij^a  in 
\'iit|tnia,  th«  fi-M«;.a  iNtfliA  to  ii'ti'-  III  i.'maKirnhtf] 
iuiiiih«raiu  ih*.  ^.'.m  .:.....  •  ».'  #  11)  Ihi.  im.iti  ■■i;t  ;  anil 
(ha  liup*  9  III  l.*>i.  a'l  *  .  t.i  anil  'irf*faaj*ir^*  i>  kii!  -  ra 
wUi  ii-iiiaiiiMl  al  aiittia  •wfi'  lUad  .hi  Ik*  Hniia*  uf 
Cotniniina.      lii  ibif  .*i>«atiilitt  thi*  ruirtan  aarei.'laney 


'wk 


■tan        '.>V 


•Ml  1.1 

^S  Wi 
•  »  . 


'«>*•  III*  imniaU)  at  L** 

...•4    •( 
,i.laj  I 


aiaui  at 
•IWt  tl*  M 


lak  • 


aiu.    li 


NMraim>ii|4  ami   .|.>i^iii(u 
...  mlwia  III  (lariklii!  ih* 


aa*».| 

•ihi  WMfM  •!  il'l^* 
•i^Ml  fH  ll«il«ft#  '• 

,    .'   nKl>«i<|,    v^«W,..  ,      tit 
•II,  iihI   i«MlH»Uk   *H*Ul  M|{ 

I       nii»«i«nt   iSuri  >' •       'ntM.if 
>i||iv  •!..«    tnl  il  '  ><■  >lii<  t  ti^rATtri 

ikii    it    UriUll     iU     t'lMIIMIMIIti'ltM 

prr  i*ttmir  •(t«l  t>ra|(^'  Ummi^i  imh  Ih  tN*> 


.  4i    ■ 

,..,.>.t 

MUl 

,    .1  ..  , 

ft     ,,  ,    ■  ., 

to  II  ("I  «ir,|,:i  • 

■dl:>"iOII    vail 
tkttri-il  urrni- 


4a*ii.  a<|  ani 


Urd 


a  Om  «r  lh«a  aktln*  la  urmad  if  >  itUi,  i..  hU  rhiinrk 


,1  I  Tllaior)  (B.  «.  i  4),  "Our  Kn, 


..rilaiirf   tka  ICn[ltlU'a||4.. 


iti*  l.aiujj  3f  itii;  a^iccuu,..'.- 


Tlia  kiii«.  In 


•aoaniKiit  i«ii)i  Ilia  I'   "jtrag* 
Ha   I  .ii>-i«i«4  tti*taa>b  |>trli«.iU>     l<'ittli    >r 
t.K  irf*  <  I-      ,    .  »  .'    ■  *»wi.44  lakb  III*   pti.iii'f  III 
I r imuatkf  iia  atan..^"'*  i^w '"l*>*ii)i^  «ii*  Knapcl  v 
aail  Ma  i.i*ril4  Aaa.  Ma  ^•a'l  naamliara  mwttf 
.  vi  U'afiif'l.ii*  anil  atiUHirita  .  ami  vuiia*. 
It  II    taaa   MinivlaiaU  iikI*!  .'mlxiil   ul    all 

...►i«    .  .ii«Da*i I  r.iuiuila       lla  u.l 

..aiMfiliitiii'y  III  ay.MMla  aiiil   .  04iii«ila  for  Ih* 
.   uf  illllaiaiir**  aiming   rlinnii'.t,  aiitl   Ih* 

iif  Iniinijly  ailaira  lo  llwiii ;  I Iniiii.4i  ihair 

(iMnf.*.!.  ..r*  In  *i*f.-i«-  any  art  uf  |ijri«ilicuiMi.  uf  au- 
tk.inuuval)  'n  ini^a  any  •  rtH-Ira  ur  itaiiuiia  of  tliir* 
trii.a.  't  huaaatii'linaiiia  Mr  Ituhiiiauii  rrauiiiliiaiHM 
I  I  aarvfin  ha  rtaintikrvi^g,  in  liia  liT' ami  iliiniaanat. 
il.v  rniila  .t  that  >|arii  I  '•I'.ia*  ia*<lilii|r  th*y  iir*|i 
.  immiinHiaiul .  !>•    a  .^araaiai,  ..1   mliicli  iIm   inuai 

a.iuiii-nl   (araitiM,  »iW  ik*  Mgkaat  at'a iriila,   «*r* 

•Ha  m!>.  I  > '  Jk«  paxli.  iiwii'i.if  famn  of  a  auUxnn,  af 
It.  UMlal*  |M.'it 

rnjndiif  Ik*  ««i«  kl  anil  ill»arii.jfl  nr"»M<-li  %  paaMr, 
■ml  Iilra<n4l  wiiM  »n  aHaijiwI*  annaa  of  hia  laliii',  llM 
liimliaf.  .  ..<^.*K4'.iui^r*maii.«il  fur  lun  ).'ara  at  laf. 
'ten.  in  t'  i.|.iby  «llb  t*i:li  'ithar,  aiHl  al  |i4Mi!*  wi:k 
iV..  , ,  .,f  :><>'•.  r»l,  at  Ih*  «hu  iif  Ikal  I'rrioii,  Ik* 
aau.*   ri'.i.ia   »i*v  a  Iha^  had  pni'iiiiril  tlitir  uriiiinal  <i»- 

par. nn   Kiiiflanil   iiicite<l  ihi'in  lo  uuili-rlak*  a 

nui.  Jwtpi  inifTalion.  Tiii-y  limiild  wnii  ilaau  cin- 
cm  >h*  luoa*  iiroiinn  mannrra  Ihal  prnaailaj  rriy 
({umrally  aronmi  'linn.  ainI,  >ii  iwrticular.  Ih*  iitiM 
nanlart  amoni*  th*  Dutrh  uf  a  rrvaran'ial  okaMrvamn 
"i  ^Miifllai'  ,  ami  i1i*.v  ri'll..i-ipil  witU  afi|,rv'lH'n*iuii  1*11 
liia  .lALi^i-r  to  wtui  11  ihtir  ''hil'lran  lanr*  fxpnapd  frtiiQ 
It'll  iiiMiral  contatfioii  inannnraa4i  Mifav.j.aUta  loirnuu* 
pi*i»  •  tliair  rr.'iriir>  i....  tiiU  miMm*  a  ii.iUt  ou 
iU.it  •rtai'Uii.a  .  ami  lliey  Mi  .a  inili  ii.  w«  thru  pual*- 
rtly  iiiriiail  iiitu  '^'  l>ul<li  wat"<l»*"^  Thv  fewncaa 
of  Ihrir  nunibcn.  .'.J  iii<  il.ila/imca  of  UutjUBujc,  liir- 
bade  Itui  liip*  iif  ;-nita|;iittng,  ■■„  iln'ltnil,  iht  )i[iiiCI|>tM 


.  {..wmaan,  lu'lir  a  I      •  1  ar.Ilnat   Pi.i  iltaflli',  '..  Ii'a  .t.-c*tUf.|  «(  till  Viiilaii  tf» 
•■wal  iliaiLJU.  with  'il.'.:' an^  aoai  u."**  u  jjl  4*ll?aflrij  lilni  I  "I"  -■    laai-liKa  llir  11  •    ii'«,l)  ,.i  Mnidi.h  |.utiuin,  »)*•  k*d 

( laaMia.!  w  lt«ta«J  lur  )«.fti*«<  tfr»i.iB.nw. 


I        i 


y  ii»»l»>^^ 


llinf  *  I 


■•.::  V 


<  bnrcKMM,  M** 
li.Hd  Iwit  i>«<»( 
ilMlf  ••I"  iirtM.  1 
i(i«<»f  •»■•  ■»«'■     "» 

l1lM'Hlk4hlrt  !.•/ 

UiiK,   K"«i>'f  MK 

>>l  Hv(<A  Ul.  IM  (t  ''l 
««4l»it|  ,  !•  flnt  <l« 
M    uf    Ik*   l*Mllt»'>* 

I  hi«  riiMMrji,  kaw 
«*Wf  It*  B«il  •«"n 

III  lu         iltVIM    til  « 
ki<l  litwii  4f  lll4^l 

'lyni  ">  niil^rt^  11 
»  Mil'iMl  ilif'Wi^n'  •  •, 

Mlliil^l,    ««»li.,  .      m- 
»l   MUlHHIt   tlll<>l  I't     ' 
'I'luMlgll  }»•    •!■••«• 

ilifmir  iif  tfrnAii  g 
I  iSm.  "  •       n'H.u 

I  ll'i  III  lh*i.luilMtl» 

til  lu  I'oinniuiiKil* 

'  llwMirli  itM  M  il"> 
••It  •'.iillril    llHiil 

•||l)|   IhI  r     "gr>g* 

■riMuWr     l"irtli   'if 

ivMl  itw   piitir  «( 

»fiiig  Um  i(>»i<»I  'M- 

iM«iiit>*ir>  «v«rv 

iiirti*  ;  anil   I'uiiav* 

iitilri  ••imIi-iiI   III    all 

ruuiM'iU       lU  >i<t 

lul  1  iHiiwiia  fot  Iha 

rtiuri'ti*!,  kimI   lb* 

hiif  iln|iir4  ihcir 

KillCtliin,  ul   •!»■ 

ur  raiiuttn   pf  U>W- 

itKOii  rroi>iiilll»)ia«l 

if'-  •ml   il'm>4n«t. 

•••Iiiii|r  thvy  wtn 

nliii-li  llm   mud 

U  ii'iirliO,    »m 

vt  clf  •  aollMllfl,  «f 

HI  or~Mirl|  1  (MMor, 
M  of  hia  talut,  III* 

liiri  M-aca  at  I  at* 
•ihI  at  |JM«*  wilk 
>'(  il»i  iirrioii,  Uw 
il  tlirir  utiiiinal  dr- 
'in  to  uiiitirtaka  a 
uld  wlUl  ilaau  r'Mi- 
hat  ||r«»il*4  "T 
•riicuUi,  ihi  litlM 

im'ul  iil»<T»»M  • 

Ul  jf.j.f.  hi  Il-<ii;i  .'.. 

^rri*  i>i(i'»«rd  iri.iA 
'..iliUi  to  irnuus 
<  '  a  Imkl  on 
^it  tliftf  fioat** 
Thi'  ftwficaa 

t  of  lAit^uaj^f.  fof- 

Kml,  Uic  lidiitl^lM 

11  III  ihn  ITitiimi  rr» 
"h  punuria,  *liu  iMd 
i>aite. 


5 


I 


\ 


i 


THE   HIBTOIIY   Of 


lAkk.  wiik  to  rmmIi  Mffirini  »ni  ImukI,  itity  hail 
MmtM  nMinulMd  I  »nt  iha  tut*  of  Ik*  EngllM  (o- 
TMwiMMit  ntlnftiMMd  trmj  bop*  of  lohntlon  In  llwlr 
Mli**  Uiid.  In  thoM  cireunMMncM,  itoneiirrail  lo 
ihim  ihcl  ihoy  miglit  eonibin*  iha  indulgonc*  of  tholr 
polriolia  iiuchnwnl  with  Iht  propofolioo  of  ikoir  rail- 

Siouo  ^rineiplM,  by  otublithing  IMmMlTH  In  nmo 
ioUnt  quul«t  0*  ibo  Knulinh  dominiora  i  iml,  ifttr 
many  doit  ol  m  noil  rappTictllon  for  tho  couiimI  tmi 
dirtolion  of  h  <v*n,  Ihcy  uniiiiinoutly  dttarminod  lu 
litntpon  I|m«m*I«m  and  ikair  hmilMi  lo  Um  Uirri'ory 
of  Ainoriea.  Il  waa  raaolvad  Ihal  a  part  of  tko  con- 
gmation  ihould  |o  otit  bafor*  iha  rati,  to  prapara  a 
aattWBMtil  far  Ih*  wholo ;  and  that  tha  main  body  ahouM 
till  than,  nmnln  bohlnd  at  Lqrdan  with  tbair  paator. 
In  ohooainf  itM  partieolar  wana  of  ihair  aalabllMmanl, 
IhoT  baaitalad,  for  aom*  tiraa,  balwaon  Iha  Itrrltoiy  of 


Oukna,  of  which  Sir  Wallar  RaMih  had  pal 

t  danling  ami  faneilkil  daaariptlon,  and  IIm  prarinea 


•f  Virginia,  to  which  Ihav  lattaitjr  fav*  tho  prelii- 
itnc* )  but  tho  hand  of  Provldrnc*  waa  aiartad  no 
laaa  iii  tha  Hnaial  diractlon  of  Ihalr  ooaiiaola,  than  in 
tho  contiaT  of  lhair  political  pracoodinn,  and  thair 
itaidanc*  waa  ordalnod  lo  bo  aalablithad  In  Naw  En>- 
land. 

Tbrovgh  Ih*  madium  of  aganta,  whom  thay  dapotad 
lo  tolicil  tho  intaipoaition  of  tha  prapar  anihorltiaa, 
thay  rapraaantad  to  tho  Engliah  ■ovammant,  "thai 
they  waro  welt  weinod  from  Ih*  dalkata  milk  of  their 
mother  country,  and  inured  lo  tho  dUHcultlee  of  a 
alrange  land :  that  Ibe^  wan  knit  together  in  a  alrict 
and  aacred  bond,  by  virtue  of  which  Ihey  hekl  Ihem- 
aelvea  bound  lo  lake  care  of  the  good  of  aaoh  other, 
and  of  Ih*  whole ;  that  It  waa  not  with  them  aa  with 
ether  men,  whom  amaU  Ihlnp  could  dlacourage,  or 
email  diaoontant  caua*  to  with  Ihemaalvee  at  Bomo 
again."  Tha  king,  waTaring  between  hit  detiie  to 
proroota  the  coloniiallon  of  America,  and  hit  reluc- 
unce  10  tulTar  ihe  eonaciencee  of  any  portioa  of  hia 
aubjecta  to  be  emancipated  from  hIa  control,  refhaod 
to  grant  them  a  charter  ateuring  tha  free  eiereite  of 
their  relioion,  but  promited  to  conniTO  at  their  prae- 
ticca,  and  on  no  aeco'.ml  to  moleet  them.  They  were 
forced  lo  accept  ihia  praeariout  aeeurity ;  but  relied 
with  mora  retann  on  their  ditltnce  from  the  Spiritual 
Courta  of  England,  and  from  *J.t  aye  and  arm  of  their 
peraecuting  torerelgn.  Having  prooured  horn  the  Vir- 
ginia Company  a  grant  of  r  Met  cf  land,  lying,  aa 
waa  tuppotod,  within  tha  |!mlta  of  lie  patent,  teveral 
of  tho  congregation  aold  I  heir  eatalea,  and  with  Ilia 
money  equipped  two  Tetwilt,  in  which  a  hundred  and 
twenty  of  their  number  ware  appointed  to  embark  fitom 
an  Englith  port  for  America. 

All  thinga  being  ready  for  the  depertum  of  Ihia  da- 
laehment  of  tha  congragation  from  Delft  haran,  wker* 
thejr  look  leaTe  of  their  friends,  for  the  Engliah  port  of 
emberfcallon,  Mr.  Robinaon  held  a  day  of  tolemn  wor- 
ahip  with  hia  people,  to  implore  a  Uetaing  upon  Iha 
haiardoua  eiilerpnaa.  Ha  preached  a  termon  to  them 
from  Eara,  viii.  SI :— /  mcUimtd  a  fast  Ihin  «l  tk* 
rivtr  Aktva,  lk»t  IM  tmgkt  afflict  our  tmdt  itfar»  Oad, 
(0  atat  of  kim  a  right  vrnf  for  hi,  ani  for  oar  liula 
onrr,  «im  for  all  our  tutalanct.  He  concluded  hie 
diacoara*  with  tha  following  noble  eihortalion,  to 
which,  with  all  lie  Intrlntic  maiitt,  our  tentlmente  will 
fail  to  do  juatlce,  if  we  neglect  to  remember,  thil  luch 
a  npirit  of  Chritlian  liberty  aa  il  broalhea  waa  then 
hanily  known  in  the  world.  "  Brethren,  taid  he,  "  we 
are  now  quickly  to  part  from  one  another,  and  whether 
I  may  ever  live  lo  tee  your  facet  on  earth  any  more, 
the  Ood  of  Heaven  only  knowt ;  but  wheilier  Ihe 
Iiord  hat  appolnled  that  or  no,  I  charge  you,  liefore 
Ood  and  hia  blaaaed  angelt,  that  you  follow  ine  no 
farther  than  you  have  aeon  me  follow  the  Lord  Jeaua 
Chriat. 

•■  If  Ood  reveal  any  thing  to  you,  by  any  other  in- 
•trument  of  hit,  be  aa  ready  lo  receive  it  aa  ever  you 
were  to  receive  any  Inilh  by  my  minlalnr ;  for  I  am 
verily  pertuided,  I  am  very  conAdent,  the  Lord  haa 
more  truth  yet  to  oieak  forth  out  of  hia  holy  word.  For 
my  part,  I  cannot  autBclenlly  bewail  Ihe  condition  of 
the  reformed  churchea,  who  are  come  to  a  period  in 
religion,  and  will  go  atpretent  no  farther  than  Ihe 
initrumoiita  of  their  reformalinu. '  The  Lutherana 
nnnot  be  drawn  lo  go  beyond  what  Luther  aaw; 
whatever  part  of  hia  will  our  good  Ood  hat  revealed 
Is  Calvfn,  Ihey  will  rather  die  than  embrace  it ;  and 
tlw  Calviniala.  you  aeo,  aiick  fact  where  they  were 
left  by  that  great  man  of  Ood,  who  yet  taw  not  all 
Ihinm, 

"  Thia  la  a  miiery  much  lo  be  lamented  ;  fur  though 
Ibey  war*  bamiog  and  ahiniog  light*  in  lh»ir  timet. 


CI  Ibejr  penelraled  not  Inla  Ih*  whol*oauneeluf  Uodi 
I,  wet*  thay  now  living,  wouM  b*  a*  willing  to 
•mbn**  (irth*r  llglM,  •■  tlwl  which  the*  flrtt  reeeived. 
[lew.]  I  heeeeeh  you  rememhet  It,  11*  an  artiel*  of 
yourehttreh  onvcnant,  thai  ye*  t«  naijf  lo  nttn$  what- 
attr  truth  ahall  ha  mita  kmi»a  lopou  ftom  iha  writtan 
'  ofOe4.  lUmenbet  that,  and  every  other  article 
•f  yonr  aa*r*deov*mnl.  But  I  muat  Mr*wllhal  aa- 
hart  yuu  to  lake  heed  what  you  reeeiv*  ae  truth.  Ei- 
amine  II,  eonalder  il,  and  eompar*  il  with  olh*r  terip- 
Inrea  of  IrWh  htfoi*  too  r*eetve  II  i  for  'lit  not  pneel- 
M*  Ih*  ehriellan  work!  ehouki  come  ao  lately  out  of  an- 
llehrlellaii  darknaee,  and  that  porfoetloa  of  knowlwlgo 
thotiM  break  forth  al  onek. 

"  I  mual  alao  advia*  yoa  lo  abandon,  avoid,  and 
ahak*  ofTlh*  mm*  of  Brownial  i  'tit  a  mar*  nleknam*, 
and  a  brand  tor  lb*  nMking  rellglan,  and  Ihe  proto*- 
eon  of  to,  adioaa  letb*  Ohrletlan  workl."  HavlngtaM 
Ihua  mueh,  k*  *iefa*ng*d  with  Ihem  mibra***  ami  af- 
foetlonaU  for*w*ll*i  and  kneeling  down  with  then  all 
on  the  eea  abor*,  eomnandad  lhem,in  a  A,«enl  prayer, 
lo  Ihe  bkMaing  and  pralaallon  of  II**v*fi.  Sueli  wer* 
Ih*  BMn,  nobler  than  all  hia  tribe,  whom  tha  Englhib 
monareb  eaal  oat  of  bladomlnlona;  and  each  were  lb* 
•e*n**  of  niadom  and  plaly,  which  th*  oontrol  of  Pro- 
vkbne*  *lielt(d  ftam  Ih*  folly,  Ineolenco,  and  bigotry, 
of  a  tyrant 

Tha  emigrantt,  after  having  been  one*  driven  bach 
by  a  alorm,  and  loel  on*  of  their  vtaatit,  6nally  em- 
barked ftom  Plymoulb,  In  the  other,  on  Ihe  aUlh  of 
September,  and,  after  a  long  and  dangeroua  voyage, 
reaebod  the  coatl  of  America.  Hudaon't  river  had 
been  the  place  of  their  deatlnalion,  and  lie  banka  tha 
eeen*  of  thair  intended  eetllemeni ;  but  Ihe  Duleh,who 
eoneelved  that  a  preforable  right  lo  thia  territory  a.- 
erued  to  them  IVom  ita  dlaeovary  by  Captain  Hudaon, 
had  maintained  there,  for  tome  yeare,  a  email  com- 
mercial ottablithmenl,  and  were  actually  projecting  a 
tcheme  of  more  eilenelve  occupation,  which  tW  were 
neither  diapoeed  to  forego,  nor  yet  prepared  to  defend. 
In  order  to  uelMi  toe  oeeign  ot  tne  Englith  eaiigrania, 
they  bribed  Ih*  captain  of  their  vcttal,  who  waa  a 
Uulohman,  lo  carry  tiiem  ao  for  towarda  the  north, 
that  the  Aral  land  which  they  made  waa  Cape  Cod,  a 
region,  not  only  beyond  tha  nrecincta  of  their  grant, 
but  beyond  Iha  larritorlea  of  the  company  from  which 
Ihe  grant  waa  derived.  But  Ihe  laleneat  nf  Ihe  teaton, 
and  th*  aicklineee  oeeaaioned  by  the  hardthipeofa 
long  voyage,  compelled  the  advenlurera  lo  tetlle  on 
Ihe  toil  lo  which  their  dealiny  had  conducted  them, 
and  which  teemed  to  have  lieen  expreatly  prepared  and 
evacuated  for  their  reception  by  a  petlilential  dii 


whkih,  in  the  former  year,  had  awept  away  ninelentha 
of  lit  aavag*  and  ldoIa>ra<ia  population.  After  explo- 
ring the  ooaat,  thay  cboe*  for  their  ttatlon  a  place  now 
belonging  to  the  province  of  Mattachutetle  bay,  lu 
which  thay  gave  ina  nam*  of  New  Plymoolh,  either 
aa  a  lettlmony  of  reepect  to  the  company  within  whote 
Juritdicllon  they  found  Ihemielvci  tlluated,  or  in  com- 
memoration of  Ihe  city  with  which  their  latt  recol- 
leotioni  of  England  were  attociated.  To  remedy  in 
wmemeaaure,  their  defect  of  formal  title,  they  com- 
poeed  and  aabacribed  an  inatnimeni  declaratory  of  Ihe 
purpoe*  with  which  they  had  come  lo  America,  re- 
cogniaingthe  authority  of  Ike  Englith  crown,  and  ex- 
|iretaing  their  own  combination  inlo  a  civil  body  poli- 
tic, amltheir  determination  lo  enact  all  juitand  ne- 
ceiiary  lawa,  and  honour  them  by  a  due  obedience-* 
Here,  then,  remote  from  the  aoenea  and  patht  of  hu- 
man grandeur,  Iheee  men  embarkeii  on  a  career  of 
life,  wliich,  if  the  true  dignity  of  actiona  be  derived 
from  the  molivee  that  prompt  them,  Ihe  principlee  they 
expreta,  and  Ihe  endi  Ihey  cuntemplhte,  I  cannot  term 
olherwiae  than  elevated  and  adniirable. 

The  tpeedy  approach  and  inleiite  eeverity  of  their 
firti  winter  in  America  painfully  convinced  the  tetllera 
that  a  more  unfavourable  aeaton  of  the  year  could  not 
have  been  aelected  for  the  formation  of  their  colony ; 
and  that  Ihe  ilendcr  itoret  with  which  they  were  pro- 
vidfld  were  far  ihort  of  what  wat  requiiite  to  com- 
fortable tnbelttence,  and  cuntlituled  a  very  inade- 
quate preparation  lo  meet  the  rigour  of  the  climate. 
Their  exertiona  to  provide  Ihemielvet  with  tuilable 
dwellinge  were  obttructed,  for  tome  time,  bv  the  hoe- 
tile  attackt  of  tome  of  the  neighbouring  Imliiint,  who 
hud  not  forgotten  the  provocation  they  bad  received 


ttom  Captain  Hunt  i  and  Ih*  wlewleta  bad  i 
aueeeeded  In  repaleing  tlwni,  when  dieaae*  **• 
by  teareity  of  proviaiona,  ami  Iha  inereating  huiiai* 
of  Ih*  aaaaon  eflietod  th*m  with  a  calamity,  parhap* 
laee  dangeroue  lo  lhair  virtue,  but  more  dealruetlve  M 
their  etrength  and  numbera  than  Ihe  perile  of  war- 
More  than  one  half  of  their  number,  inchidiiig  John 
Carver,  their  Hrel  governor  p*rithed  of  hunger  ordli^ 
*ate  before  Ih*  return  of  epringi  and,  daring  the  wboii 
•f  the  winter,  hot  few  w*r*  ctpaM*  nf  providing  fet 
th*maelv*e,  or  rendering  ataiilanca  to  the  real )  bal 
bop*  and  virtu*  aurvived,  and  riting  into  greater  eft 
gour  h*n*atb  th*  preeture  of  areumulaled  euflbring, 
■urmounled  and  ennobled  every  cakmity.  [1611.] 
Thoe*  who  i*talned  Ibeir  atiengtb  beeam*  th*  aai^ 
vanlaef  lb*  weak,  lb*  *M,  and  th*  dying  (  and  nana 
dhrtlnfulabod  bbsaalf  imn  bi  thia  bonourabla  datf 
than  Mr.  Carwr,  lb*  gowrwr.  H*  waa  «  gantleamB 
af  brg*  octal*,  but  l«rg*T  beartt  b*  had  *p«nl  hi* 
whol*  fertanaon  IM*  pR>|*ett  *ml  now,  willingly 
flonlributing  hi*  life  lo  lu  aoe*mpll*hiiMnl,  h*  ei* 
baatled  a  fo*bl*  body  In  laborioutly  diaebarging  lb* 
meaneel  oflleee  of  kindneae  and  tervie*  lo  the  tick- 
When  tho  dietreee  of  th*  colony  waa  at  lU  height,  lb* 
appioaeh  of  a  powarftil  Indian  chief  aaemed  to  poi^ 
Und  Ihe  ulUr  deelnictlon  of  Ihe  eettlere ;  but,  happily, 
In  the  Inin  of  Ihit  peraonage,  waa  Ih*  ancient  guert 
widfriemi  of  Ihe  Engliah,  Squanio,  who  eagerly  ami 
aueeeaeftillv  lalwured  to  mediate  a  good  underatanding 
between  them  and  hia  countrymen.  He  atterwaida 
aancelted  Ihe  merit  of  thia  uaeftil  aerviee,  and  end**- 
vour*d  to  maghiiy  hia  own  importance  by  fabricating 
ohargee  of  plota  and  eonaplraciee  agalnal  tome  of  th* 
neighboring  tribe*,  while  at  the  tama  lima  h*  kept 
thee*  Iribee  in  terror,  by  eecrel  information  that  IM 
Engliah  wer*  in  poteeeaion  of  a  caik  Allrd  with  th« 
plague,  which  only  hia  Influence  prevented  them  fntm 
aelllng  abroach  for  the  dctlruction  of  Ihe  Indiana. 
But,  before  he  reeorted  to  thia  mitchievout  policy,  th* 
colonitU  bad  beeome  independent  of  hie  terviet*. 
Some  of  thie  neighbouring  tribet,  from  lime,  lo  liroev 
made  alarming  demonttrationt  of  hoilillly  ;  but  Ibey 
were  at  kngtb  completely  overawed  b^  Ihe  oouiag* 
and  retolutiun  of  Captain  Mllee  Slundiah,  a  gallant 
and  tkilftil  officer,  wno,  with  a  hamlAil  of  men,  waa 
nlwaya  ready  lo  encounter  their  grealett  fore*,  and 
anticipate  their  moat  rapid  movementa.* 

With  the  arrival  of  tummer  Ihe  health  of  th*  eola> 
nltli  were  rettored,  and  their  numbera  continued  lo 
be  reinforced  from  time  to  time,  by  tuccrtaive  emt- 
grationa  of  their  frienda  from  Europe.  But  three  ad- 
diliona  fell  far  abort  of  their  cxpactationa ;  and  of  th* 
iiutin  reinforcement  which  Ihey  had  looked  for  from 
the  aceeation  of  Ihe  rematmler  of  Ihe  Cfngrrgiilion  at 
Ijcyden,  they  were  utterly  ditappointrd  The  unex- 
pected death  of  Mr.  Koliintan  deprived  hit  people  at 
Leyden  of  th*  only  leader  whoee  animating  cnuntela 
could  have  overcome  the  timidity  intpired  by  the  ao- 
eounli  of  Ihe  dlttreitei  tutlained  by  Ihrir  friende  in 
New  England ;  and,  accordingly,  upon  thai  event  tho 
greater  part  of  Ihoae  who  had  remained  behind  at 
Leyden  now  retired  to  Join  the  ether  EngKabexileet* 
Amaterdam,  and  very  few  had  Ihe  cotftage  O  proceed 
lo  New  Plymouth.  Thia  email  tvUmj,  howjver,  had 
evinced  a  hardy  virtue  that  ahoweil  It  waa  foimed  for 
endurance ;  and  haying  aunnounted  lit  firat  piltfor- 
lunea,  continued  to  thrive  in  tho  cultivation  oi'  plel;r. 
and  the  enjoyment  of  liberty  of  conwience  and  politi- 
cal fVeedom.  A  noble  atlachinenl  waa  formed  to  the 
toil  which  had  been  earned  with  to  much  virtue,  and 
to  the  aociely  whote  continuance  aUrtted  to  manly  a 
conleit  and  to  tignal  n  victory  over  every  variety  ol 
ill.  While  Ihey  deroonatrated  a  proper  reaped  for  tUb 
claima  of  Ihe  original  iiihabilaiiti  of  the  country,  by 
purcbaiing  from  them  the  lerrilorv  ovi-r  which  the 
tettlement  extended,  they  nrglecled  no  prrparalion  to 
defend  by  force  what  they  had  acquired  with  juilice; 
and,  alarmed  by  Ihe  tidinga  of  the  mattavre  of  their 
countrymen  in  Virainia,they  erected  a  timber  fort,  ami 
adopted  other  pruJent  prccautlont  for  their  defence. 
Tliit  purchaie  from  tavatfca,  who  rather  occitionally 
traverted  than  continually  occupied  the  leriilory,  ia 
perbapa  Ihe  fint  inttance  on  record  of  ihe  full  prava- 
(ence  of  the  principleaof  jutlice  in  a  treaty  between  a 
civilixed  and  a  barbaroua  people.  [I6S1— 4].  Thecon- 
etiiution  of  their  church  waa  the  lame  with  tliat 


•  Milher.  b.  I.  Cap.  U.  {  S— *.  N«al,  1. 90— M.  87.  OMmlxDn, 
1. 99.  Iluunlnion,  fl.  Apiwnd.  491.  Tha  fraiid,  by  which  Ihe 
Dutch  had  contrlvtd  Co  divert  ihesa  eml^anu  from  Hudaon*! 
rtvar,  wai  dlacoTored  and  aciuad  In  a  inemorlaJ,  which  waa 
publiahad  In  Enj^land  iMfnre  the  cloie  of  thia  yaar  (1090). 
rrinct'i  New  England  Chronologj,  p.  81. 


•  Malhar,  Seal.  ?etar  Martyr  dadarea  that  Ihe  hardahipe 
endured  by  the  gpanlarda  in  South  Amnfc  l  were  auch  aa  nana 
but  gptnitrda  could  have  aupponed.  But  the  hardahipe  aue. 
ulnedb;  Ihe  drat  colonlaia  of  Plymouih  appear  to  hare  ex- 
ceeded them  both  in  duration  and  inienaity.  Baa  Hu«cW"->-- 
U.  Append.  477. 


TUB  HItTORT  Or 


If, 


«r*«  MMnia^MMfMMMVMlBWU 


MlaMtlllMMMlWlkl 


;ali«]r,MlM|llM  wtortlNiaf 


^lA kAkitttSisA  I^^V  ^^A^A.       :lwAa^ 

«M  •wnpNtd  af  all  IIm  Own 

_  MS  af  Um  •kM«K  Mid  >t  WM 

Ugl  Mgyll  Ills  VMI  IMS  lkA4  tllMf  MteUlabMl  ft  Immm* 

mm>  ThsMMMMraMwwwMMa. 


kultifmtmm  mm  Inmtii  m  iIm  kwaaf  Ra^lud, 
whk  ••«•  tUfMiilf ,  hm«««»,  b  lb*  Mak  af  mmMi> 

wIliAk  VMA  MAM  >MHV  ABMiulMAtM  Ia  tkA 


r^5baiii,wS»a>         ■s^™— 

^Mlttlfi^  i^Mi^lS    AMMMtistt  Jt  I^S  SSlMlkl^ 

^^M  mmmmIv  flf  llMit  iiliiAlfaNi  MliiniHv  ImI  UmMIm 
yka  &aVtr5«aiMk<M  aaaM  ltaM,la  Umw  ail  llMir 
ptaM*  iaia  a  aaauaaa  atoaki  t»4,  Wi«  ■—tin 
aCaaa  tmHf,  la  aani  an  avtnr  •atk  af  farfaatif  by 
iMrialallakadWlbarabUaMiMC  BimAmm- 
tlm»  laal  which  wluiiMd  Ihla  adMaiitlas  aalie* 
«M  aaaUa la a*«Ma«a iIm diflMliaa  WMbiMN 


««f  ihairw 
raikaflM; 


piMwa  a  aalaail  ftaa 
afUr  hwg  )al«]r,  a  gf 

BtaJfciJ,  llw  a«fa<kg 

H  MMlwnFMl   WMV   U 


Ba  apfaan  Mito  Imv* 

il  ftaai  Ika  mvn,  kat  .  _ 
,p,  a  paal  af  bad  awl  (hartMr  uf 
aaaoail.    Il  waa  aHnalad  la  Wi 


baMiaMala 
aiawa,  tat  fca  ablalai< 


iiUaai 


aMUhaimaniailiw 


I  araia  aiiaiaariilai  la  kiai,  Ma  Iwlfi, 
aa4  ndmmi,  kal  Mr.  BiaaUM  wit- 


aaUMM 
aj  aij  Um 


Uaglf  ■afiiaiiii<  all  Ikat  »aa 
■Ma  la  allllM BfiittaMa It saaftm 


pariaaal  b  Iha 
aaartaflhf  &■•• 


alwaya  aMawl  iLaad  arUak  an  aaaibaally  lativad 

•ad  aamaatad  M  a  laabljr  dwivbg  Ha  baiaaaa  aal 

ftam  it*  awa  blenwl  mwUi  aa  ftam  Um 

I  af  aliaaiwa.    Abaat  tbraa  /aaia  aflM 


•adaamai 
aa  aHMli  fi 


lha  bwMbtba  af  Naar  nmfMrtb,  i<  waa  ^HlgMl  piw 

Cto  bifadaaa  aayaiaUaa  af  paaaaaabat)  iMaih 
Ml  lighl  af  aapaiata  jnopatly  waa  aal  adwlHaJ 
Ml  a  awMk  iMar  patiadT i  m4  avaa  iImI  ebaafa  b 
lapraaaatad  aa  lw*b|  aiaabaad  a  giaat  tai  aSaai- 
ml  baraaaa  af  Ika  Tattwliy  af  Iha  paapla.  Tha 
ab»  iawaaaa  whiab,  Ibr  a  aaaaidarabla  paried  af 
IbMk  Um  aaaibafa  af  laa  eaiaaMa  Avbead,  naa  baan 
aaamad  la  tha  arabafMl  apaialba  af  Uib  ayalaai 
af  aqaaMvi  bat  it  aaaaM  aMia  likalj  UmI  Um  alaw- 
■aaa  af  UM  bana*a  (aecaabaad  by  ibe  pavarty  af 
I|m  aaU  and  Um  Uiian  af  tha  budiUpa  attaadba  a 
.  aalUaaMal  b  Haw  Baibad)  vm  Um  eaaaa  af  Hm 
aaiaidalba  af  Iba  eabphu  aaniillabweat  af  Um 
lialaaaia^afaMa 


I  MtaaiplaMda 
la'abaliab  bdTvidaal  ptaaaityt  and,  ftaoi  Um  apaa- 
laUa  diiaalbii  that  M  mm  MM  a*(  wrft  altall  atl 
ml,  wa  any  aaaalada  that  Iba  diiadvaalan  whbb 
Um  opaiatwa  af  Ihb  priaabb  b  aipaaaJ  to  b  a 
aaeiMy  datitbg  Ua  boNaaa  nmalkaeealbaal  eoa- 
•aaaaa  af  aliaagara  of  dbabiUat  aharaateia,  waa 
ffatty  aariy  aipariaacad.  la  Paiagaar,  Um  Jaaaita 
""a  paealbr 


tanaad  a  latlliBMat  wbaia  Ibb 


^■advaa- 


toga  waa  aal  aiparieaaad,  aad  whldi  allbfda  Iba  oaly 
batoaaa  af  Um  biradaetba  aad  pralongad  aabaiit- 
aoaa  af  a  atoto  af  aqaaUty  b  a  nonaraaa  aaeiMy. 
Bat  Ibaia  Iba  gp«at  IbadaqMatal  dUBeally  was  ralhor 
avadad  lba»  aaoaaalaiad  by  a  ayatam  of  tuilioa 
lidaplad,  with  wuiiiito  ikill,  to  eonimiad  all  divetii- 
Uaa  af  talaal  aad  diipoailioa  among  Iba  aaUvea,  in 
aa  aaboaadad  aad  oagrading  depcndaoce  on  their 
laaailieal  iaatnwtora. 

(UBii]  AAar  bavbg^  cooUnaad  fitr  aooM  yaara 
wiiboal  a  pateat  Ibr  Ibatr  aceapatioa,  Iba  colofiifta, 
whoaa  aaabara  new  ataonBlad  to  a  baedrad  and 
eighty,  aaipbyed  oaa  Fbree  aa  their  agent  in  Eng- 
land to  aolieit  a  grant  of  Ihia  natafe  ftom  tM 
Englieb  govatament  and  the  grand  conaeil  of 
Plynenlb— a  new  eorporation  by  which  Jamee,  in 
tha  year  ISM,  bed  euparMdod  Um  oii|^al  Ply- 
BMHith  eom|iany,  and  to  which  be  bad  granted  all 
the  territory  lying  within  tha  fortialb  and  forty- 
asblh  degreea  of  northern  lalitada.  TUa.eorporato 
body  oonlmatd  to  eabeiet  for  a  eonaideiabb  linM, 
notwitbetaadbg  a  vote  of  the  Houae  c^Cominona, 
la  the'  year  altor  ito  eraalioB,  deelaring  ita  priri- 
hgea  a  giievaaoe,  aad  ito  patent  void.  Pierca  pro- 
anrad  a  ebartor  from  the  eouneit,  and  eanaad  ft  to 
IM  ftaowd  in  hb  oarn  name,  with  the  approprbbon 
of  large  torritoriea  and  priTilegea  to  bimaelf  and  bb 
ihnilyi  bat,  having  ambaihed  with  i  'jmerone 
baaf  af  aeeaciatea,  whom  ha  had  collected  in  Bag- 
iaaa,  to  aeeoapany  him,  and  aiaiet  in  the  enforca- 
n««t  af  bb  deaione,  hie  veeeel  wae  ahipwracked, 
•md  IHeren  UmatH  ao  diemayed  with  the  dieaabooa 
haaa  af  hb  bjaadee,  that  he  confeeied  what  he  had 

feaad  laaigned  hie  patent    The  eolonieta.  in- 
af  bb  traaahary,  aeat  over  Mr.  Winalow, 


.  pfbUaMattaaalbmd.  Bylhl^giant 
af  Um  grwd  aaaaril  af  Plywaalb,  Iba  aalaalita 
awa  amhiiiiid  to  abaaaa  a  gavamar,  aaaaatt,  aad 
gaaaral  aaarl,  tn  Um  aaaettag  aad  aaaeaUag  aU 
bwa  wMah  ihaaM  ba  bdfad  Maaaaary  fcr  the  pab- 
lb  gaad  Tba  aab>ilal  IbtaibM  ka*a  aUalakaii 
Uib  giaai  tm  a  palaat  ftaai  Um  aiawa.  Bat  aa 
aaeh  palwl  waa  aaat  laaMdi  aad  Um  aaUbaMal 
<r  Xaw  PtymaaUi  waa  aavar  baaipaialad  bla  a 
badly  palWa,  bat  loambad  a  aidbidbato  aad  vataa- 
laiy  laaiilaUaa  aaUl  il  waa  aaUad  to  tto  mara 
•avaiAil  aaighbar  Um  ealany  af  Maaaaabaaatto 
B^y.  BaU  bafera  aad  alUr  tha  raeapUaa  af  Uda 
ahailar.UMeaiaaiato  waia  awara  afiba  doabto  UmI 
aright  ba  aalaMaiaad  af  Um  fabdlty  af  Um  aato  af 
gaaawmaat  wMeL  thai  aaaieiaad.  Parbapa  Uda 
iafeel  waa  not  altogetber  anlbvorabla  to  tha  b- 
laiaato  aad  happiaaaa  afiba  aalUera,  aad  may  hava 
aaatribalad  to  tha  maderato  piiatiiplea  aMi  eaaaUia- 
toif  amb  by  wbbh  their  adarinietiaUaa  waa  haaa- 
rably  dlitl^giiliheri  turn  UmI  wbbh  aftarwarda  aa- 
fcrtaartaly  pravaibd  aMMg  Ibaif  aaijhbora  b 
Maw  Bagbad.  Bat  Iha  aSl  aroaad  flaw  Ply- 
■aalh  waa  aa  maagWb  aad  tba  aappliaa  thayra- 
aaivad  Aaai  Barapa  aa  aaaaly  aad  iaftaaaaal.  UmI 
la  Um  toaUi  yaai  af  Ihab  aaloabl  edatoaaa  their 
aambara  did  aal  anaad  Uuaa  baadrad.  Bat  UmIt 
avarUaaa  weia  aal  daaUlato  of  gnal  aad  Impaitaat 

Tbmr  bald  ap  to  Um  »law  of  Uki 

baa  b  tba  paiaal  atala^  a  aaaaa 

id  virtaa  mighl  laUra  to,  aad  whaia 

aaly  Iba  bard*  virlaa  UmI  eoald  wiUMtoad  paiaaea- 


to  abtoia  a  parwMwaat  ealablieb 
It  At  Um  aapaaaa  afiba  aablaM  aaeriflaea  aad 
aMal  nadanatod  aAn^  Ihb  baadfbl  af  BMB  laid  tba 
feaadaUoaa  of  New  Bagbad.  A  Ibw  yaara  after 
Ihair  firal  aatabliahmaal  at  Plymoath,  a  maaaenger 
anivad  at  Ibb  aalUemenI  (ram  Ibe  governor  of  tbe 
Oateb  pbatotiea  oo  Hadaon'a  river,  wiUi  letlera 
ooagraMatbg  Um  Eagliah  on  UMir  proaparoaa  aad 
ooauaandabla  aatarpibe^  tondaring  tba  good  will 
and  Meadlv  aarvieea  of  the  Dateh,  aad  propoaing  a 
aoauaareial  iatarooarae  belwaaa  tba  two  aatlle- 
■MBla.  Tba  governor  aad  oaaaeil  of  Plymouth 
letaroad  a  cortooua  aaawer  to  Ihia  commanloatioB, 
axpraaeing  a  IbaakM  aaaaa  of  tha  kindnaea  which 
tbav  had  received  in  Ibe  native  counliy  of  Um  Dateh, 
aad  a  frateAil  acoeplaaea  of  the  proBbrod  (Head- 


aflWMyaldiMbliaawlaaalaabellealdlgiitt^  Qt 
Ut^nSBMraia.  aaaM  latead  to  VligbiMM  alkaia 
latacMd  to  BaghMl.*  Al  abtorpaibdaiiiiiUMr 
andartahbg,  eaadaalad  by  Captoia  Wolbatoa,  waa 
allaadad  wtth  a  repaUUaa  of  Um  aama  dlaaatniaa 
— e.  Yet,  all  Ihaaa  aaaaaaaaelU  pbntaUuna  wera 
mplad  aa  bad  BMra  IbitUa,  and  %t  a  ailiitiioa 
a  aaaiaiodiaaa.  UMa  Um  wrtllera  al  New  Ply^ 
lib  aliased.  Tha  iitaalbii  wbbh  UMy  pUdied 
apaa  waa  thai  af  Maaaaahaaatta  Bay,  whert,  a  fSiw 
yaara  allar,  a  eabai,  wbbh  waa  foroMd  aa  Iha  aaaM 
priaeipba  UmI  had  baadad  New  PlymoaUn  aad 
whaao  arigb  I  aow  piaaaad  to  rebla.  aBbtdad  Um 
aaaaad  aaamala  af  a  aaaimflU  eatabUaboMat  ia 

ThanSpafOhariaa  dtoPint  waa  deaUaad  to  p» 
daaa  Um  aaaaaaiantiaa  aad  Iha  Nlitbaiiaa  a(  nyal 
aad  icaliriaaUaal  VraMgr.  OhatbaeaaiMHied  UMg^ 
vataaMat  af  tha  ahaiah  to  aM»  wha  apaab  piaftaaed 
Um  moalarbiliary  priaaipba^aadirbafa  laeHaalbai 
aanbdUtoai  awMh  aMra  aliaagly  b  aafbraa  aa  ap> 
praiiawUaa  to  tha  ahareb  of  BaaMb  Ihaa  to  promoW 
agyiimiBl  aiMag  Um  arafcaaara  al  the  anlaataal 
Mlh.  Abbot,  Iha  AitKbiabep  of  Oaatofh{n,bab| 
raaiiainad  by  Iha  maderaUoa  of  bb  prtaaipba  aM 
Iha  arildaaea  af  bb  lampar  IVoaa  badbg  hie  iaalni- 
aMMality  to  tha  daaigaa  afUto  aaarl,  waaliaalad 
wiUi  hanbaMMb  '"f^**  baglh,  aaapaadad  ftam  bb 

"  '  Iha  ibiclbBa  wata  < 


J  [inn  of  wbbh  ( 

lad  to  a  board  af  piabtoa,  af  wham  Iba  aMal  ami- 
aaal  waa  lAad,  who  Dftarwarda  aaeeoadad  to  tba 
priabay.  Fram  Uda  period,  haUi  b  Um  eivU  aad 
aeelaelaariial  adminiatralioa  af  Iha  raaha,  a  ayatom 
af  dalibarato  aad  baolaat  iavaaioa  of  wbalavar  waa 
moal  valaad  by  ftaanMa,  or  maal  ravarad  by  proteal- 
aata,  wa  .paraaad  with  atabbara  prida  aad  Mty, 
aad  aafaroad  b«  aiaalUaa  that  al  laagUi  aabaaaled 
Iha  palianaa  araMaklad.  Ta  the  biatoiba  of  Bag. 
bad,  Um  poUUcal  abaaaa  UmI  dbUagabbad  Il3a 
aaiiod  will  probably  appear  tha  moeT  btereatbg 
raataraa  in  ita  hiatory  |  aad,  doobUaae,  ihay  eoalri- 
bated  at  leaat  aa  powarMlly  aa  any  other  aaaaa  to 
tha  predaetion  of  Iha  neat  eoavabiaaa  that  enaned. 
Bat,  aa  it  waa  Iha  aeaaeiaalbal  adminiatraUoa  Uwl 


flolhbg  briber  eaeaH  i»  have  eoaaad  fbm 
Ihb  overture  Ihaa  a  eeiiea  of  aoiall  ooounereial  deal- 
bgi,  and  aa  ooeaawnal  iaterohaaga  of  aimibr  eivili- 
liaa,  wUeb,  bat  a  few  yaara  after,  gave  pbco  to  Iha 
moat  mvateiato  Jealooay,  and  a  coatinau  redpr  ica- 
Ibn  of  oompbbto  balwaan  the  Dutch  aad  the  Eag- 
liah oobnbla. 

Varioaa  attampto  bad  haaa  BMda  during  tbie  in- 
terval to  emalata  the  aueeeeeful  eatobliahnHsnt  oT 
New  Plymouth;  but  thoy  had  all  biled  ftom  in- 
abilitv  to  emulate  the  virtuea  ftom  which  tba  aucceae 
of  tUa  coloay  waa  derived.  In  the  year  16(9,  a 
rival  ooboy  waa  planted  ia  New  Engbad  by  one 
Wealon  and  a  troop  of  diaorderly  adventurer^  who, 
in  epiw  of  the  ftieiidly  aeaiatanca  of  the  eettlere  at 
New  Plymouth,  quicklv  aunh  into  eueh  belpleaaneae 
that  aome  of  them  eoadeacended  to  become  earvanto 
to  the  Indiaae,  eome  periahed  of  hunger,  otbera 
turned  robberj,  and  by  their  depredaliona  involved 
both  themaolvea  and  the  colonia to  of  New  Plymouth 
in  boelililiea  with  the  nativee,  and  the  reel  were 
glad  to  6nd  their  way  baak  to  Engbnd.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  an  atlonpl  of  greater  importance  waa 
made  aadar  tba  palronMe  of  tba  grand  council  of 
Plymouthj  wUeb  Boatowed  on  Caplab  Oorgea,  the 

vernor^general 
endowment  of 


Plymouth,  wUeb  beetowed  on  Caplab 
leader  of  the  expaditioa,  tha  UUe  ofgovei 
of  the  whob  country,  with  an  ample  ea 
arbitrary  power,  aad  on  a  clanvman  whom  be  bad 
brougbl  with  him,  tho  oflica  ofbiehop  and  euperin. 
tendent  of  all  the  ohurehea.  But  New  England  wai 
not  in  each  a  condition  that  an  eetabliahmentof  lliie 
deecrialMB  could  take  root  in  it  i  aad  tho  governor 
and  Ma  biahop,  deeeiting  their  charge,  made  haito 
to  reton  to  a  climate  mora  cooganiarto  the  growth 


Hot  oaly  war*  tbe  aac&nt  oaraaMaiea,  which 
bag  oppreaeiea  had  raadarod  ao  abaaaioaat  aaforced 
with  addilioaal  rigor  on  the  iaereaeing  aumbera  d 
tho  puritaaik  bat  new  aad  more  oBenaba  rilaa  were 
introduced  into  tba  church.  A  daaign  aeema  to 
hava  baea  fanned  of  eaabliag  tba  church  of  Eng- 
bad to  vb  wiUi  Um  Boadah  f  in  the  apbndor  ol 
ito  pagaaaliy,  the  euperatilbua  eeremoabl  of  ite 
worablis  and  Iha  power  of  ito  bbiarehy.  Laud, 
iadead,  boaalad  llbt  be  bad  refliaod  tha  oAr  of  a 
aardbal'a  hat  from  BonM  |  but  Ibe  oftr  waa  jually 
'a  maeh  amra  aignifleant  circuaMtaoea 


than  the  refbeal ;  and*  having  already  aaaumed  to 
bimaelf  Um  papal  tiUa  of  Hb  JlUinaia,  which  he 
aubaUtuted  in  place  of  Hie  Grace,  hia  atyle  would 
hava  been  bwered  inelead  of  elevated  by  the  Ri^ 
mieb  promotbn  wbbh  he  rejected.  The  cominu- 
nion  toble  waa  converted  bto  an  altor,  and  all  per- 


•  Tto  HMM  hapiifUiH  *a  oT  Captain  Oorm'  tdmtaialiwtoa 
Ikat  hu  bm  uaoaurincd  ir  ui,  li  mm  wkkli  aifcrita  an  npUf 


Mdoa  of  •  |IMU(*  la  OiMl'lirM,  wkw*  ih*  Nmr  Eii{liuid*ii 
■n  MCMM  r.riiMgln|  m  Innonnt,  but  bxIfM,  wmtw,  Io 
•wad  of  a  tuillT,  b«  uaaAil,  oibblar— 

■'  That  •Innma  majr  aupplyiha  plaa* 

OraaOnlnt  iaiMa,  la  a  ptaki  caaa. 

Oar  brathran  of  Raw  Englaiid  um 

Cholea  maMkMora  w  axcnaa, 

iBd  banc  Ika  rauaae  In  dialr  auad, 

ur  wliom  Iha  ehuKbaa  hava  Iaaa  Dead— 

Aa  laialy  happanad.    In  a  lown 

Than  Hvad  a  eobWar,"  kaRadlbraa,  CaMo  li 
■oma  ofOoriaa'  paopla  had  eoumkiad  daptadadmia  on  iha  In- 
dtana,  who  hwMad  thai  iha  ringlaadai  ahooM  ba  p«  to  daaih. 
Ooriaa  aaiialad  aad  daealTad  iham  b/  hanihia  up  akhara 
djrlnfmaaoradaadbodi.  HuKhlnaon.Lp.*:  luUar'aKkiy 
nwllea,  iiudknia  lo  daAina  iha  pnrkaaa,  baa  raacoad  ftvai 
aUiiia*  an  a<l  of  whlekikawkolaaMriiardaaMrkl*<wl«. 
il?alir  daa  u  kto  own  patn. 

.  t  tka  imiasi  eoniDionljr  aaalnad  Dir  AbbM*a  dlafne*  la, 
lhal,lnaheollagu»dear«hh*cniaa-bow,  ka  had  ac«M<m. 
ally  kllM  a  man.  Bat  ha  had  baon  aotannly  acqnhiad  of 
Ihla  charfa,  tod  daclarad  axanu  Ihna  aU  Ma  Maaaqaaiicaa, 
lou  balbra  ha  waa aaquaalandtlmm  aealaaiaaical  nuwdoMi 
ana  iho  nal  caiiaaa  of  hb  lanportl  diagrata  aaaan  to  hara  baan, 
thai  ba  oppoaad  Iha  paiaaeaiion  of  the  pivkana,  IhM  ha  refuaad 
M  Uoanaa  a  aamon  that  had  baan  pra^chad  In  aupfiait  of  Um 
kln(V  rigkl  lo  ux  ika  panpla  willuiul  iha  ImanraMloo  ofpM* 
Ilamanl,  and  thai  ha  couhl  not  be  preTtilad  wkk  lo  eo«ii» 
nanea  iha  inlkmoua  proeeadlnfa  Ibr  the  dlroiea  ofiha  eacala« 
of  BaMi.  WaMonb  Cean  aad  Ckaraaiar  of  ElMt  lkaa» 
raUir*aW<!iihlai. 


U 

« 
« 
•I 


Wl 

I* 


n 


Ito 
•aal 

bb 
whai 
aaal 

hava 

ibai 

■MBJ 


ainti 


UMir 

don 
aaier 

eias 
•111 

Imla  I 


gancoi 
aiHith) 
morcy, 
mMiik 
Tlw  III 
mibUi 
of  kiaai 
aonldW 
alwnya 


kllorl) 


dHunbi 


•If 

,  roll' 
♦  Noa 

fcMwn 

"eibiir 
vUMeC 
PWONM 

aadwM 


NOftTM  AMBRIOA. 


iiCniloiL 
mllMln- 
itodMUh. 
im  (lilMra 
nbr'iKlar 
:iMd  ftoa 
t  U  «]iclii- 

lfCrM«lfi 

dloMi 

ihtnftiMii 

;  oTllM 

ilonoffar- 


Sm taMlMMMMMb"  WiM  WMtkW wMtMMl- 


«M  Ml  MHNto.  aUM  llM  I*  MMfb  «Mk  il  ••  M. 
te  ftte  cT  mmmI  HMMMiMt"  CbiriM  M  liMa^ 
»MiW  ihM  Im  o««4  Um  MM  no  rimkt  br  Biviag  Ma 

Si,_ i..-„.  ,  ,      _    .»^  *»i  b«  •  Mmm  W  Om  Umw  tlVmmtM 

jTutiTTfTrrTr rT" '- n^-^'"r^"-  ■—'-■  Mb««l Um Jmmwm, ilw timtkm mm faife- 

ll»SMflMywM|WfcllllWOHI»|ill>irWllW    MAnprilfc.     AifMMrfM*dMwiMUM«MI> 


WiM  WMtkWWMt         ' 

,  •••.   _ 

■imfiiMimMiitwiiiittt 


Kwikk 


lkk«Bl«lto«M*k 


Mil«lMMMnkMltMMtolMtMl*WtWMBlM|*MM 

MMMMMtMOwtnifiaaC  MNiMlMt  0( 
aMMK  Mt«UM<  to  MMH,  wMkMIIMdl 

SLtr " 


fS,wtMam^»mmam*Mmtimtttmt<*»hm 

vttte  ItoMtoiMH  ■■'*««■' '•M  •  vMWiiv*  MtttoiiM  Ilw  MM  to  ta 


aCMNiMl«t«)M«tow  •ri^JMyMbMH^ 
"  "  ■* faw  iW  WHIM  W 


MMMMCMMte 


NKlfiiArerWaort 
■owlwtoltltoi.  WorwMathM* 
ttMlwtn  •riMbtoa  to  imR*  4to- 


Oll*toM^ 

antoillk* 


Thlw«MMM  oC  «IN  imihk  <Um»  « 
toMlm<Mittt*NitoffVNMMMH 

UlMll  MMtoMHMtolMlMM<  „ 

.  >itoito  iwHiMi  ftrtwJatt 
mmS  wtpewt  tha  prwAw  to 
••  ptfM  «  MirtoMl  or  Ik*  ktotf*!  Mthoitty. 

la  «*  Niga  tf  StUrtMk,  ttodNmhmwi  l«d  bMB 
•apt  to  ahM  Amu  ifciWwtlTn  apaa  ilw  coofto  of  coan 
«aa  ho  ••  aMMh  at  poMiUo  of  Iho  odiuai  oraafMaiag 
toa  witoHiiihar  «lMai«f .  Bai  Uad*  tad  Ua  %Na- 
■iam.  iawciMlbU  >a  fcar.  laawwa,  or  ihaaw,  «eai>a< 
IN  aflko  of  aaiaacaiiaa,  tad  ia  Iho  eaoit  of  eooaii- 
riaaaianiMd  tack  aiMtniy  pawn,  tad  caawiliadMMk 
I  oiaolqr,  a*  piotHad  to  Iku  odiaaa  uiboail 
I  af  M(  fnAuam  mftuiilitm.  Fima,  iaipri- 
,  baaktoaaat,  iko  pOionr,  ««ia  tanaa  ika  BMM 
bakai  af  Ika  paaUbawnto  iatioMd  bj  Am  hibeail. 
Iia  viatoaa  wtia  ftatooady  ceadtmaad  lo  hato  ibwr 
iaak  urn  ftom  Iboir  badioi  In  Iha  Uih  of  iba  oiaca- 
Itoaar,  iMr  noalrib  ilit,  and  amir  tin  eat  oC  aad  ia 
iWa  oaadhiaa  aakiUiod  la  Ika  jiaopia  ta  anaaaMau  af 
«kat  «rtt  lanaad  Ika  Jaatiao  of  ikur  «0T«nip  aad  iki 
aaal  af  ika  piahHa.    Of  iha  aiMat  la  woU  aa  ika 

^  la  otiMl  lUi  tiWutn  qratam  ma  poriwd, 

lakjr  ba  fcnaid  flam  iht 


Uaf  ihal  Ma  MQiau'a  ikapto  lav^ilaa  af  «aaay 
Am  Ma  taHaola, aU^H  >kaai  to aaavlir  «Mk  il» M> 

■i>ii«Mai 
daai  bal  a  aaaawo  af  ika  Uaaaa  af  Uaaaiaaaa 


I  MM  a  Tiadiaiiva  lattikaiiaa  Ika  Maa  M 
bwa  Ika  paliaaaa  «ilk  ««ak  Ika  kaa«f  aa 
kadkaaaaadaiadapjaaawalaiad.    lai 

giawiaa  dhaaaiaalt,  aad  to  piadaaa  aaiiwaMaa  aa 
paiilaaa  to  Ika  viilaa  af  aU  arka  aia  eallad  laakUa 
IkM.  k  «aa  daaiiaad  la  «i«a  aaaaaiaa  to  afeia  af 
Mkiar  aaam  aad  paw  viitoai  aad  aaiak faad  aw* 
valiabadadMad  aoiaf  aO  lUaaaaaaaf  a«il,aad|Nal 


Mwpy  aaaaiyaataa  aaia  yat  la  ka  ifcaiad,  bf  ika 
Maa  af  Piavidaaaa  a*ar  Ika  pnajaaa  af 


Mad  br  Ika 


stta 


W  ntftf 


BlNHIi  IVMB  m  JHSMVw 


91  ft  HWNi  VNM 

iiaaailkat 


t» 


latol  kMkUkf  la  I 

aa  aniaalti  Mniwii,  wkkaal  Iko  dd  *(  u„_  ., 

caadtoiaw.  Of  ikaaa.  bf  ika  totaaaaa  aad  aaiMM  al 
iir.  Wkkat  ifcay  ailatoad  a  wgiiial  aaalkat  ki  hm- 
daa,  aaMig  Ika  aaaaaaariai  awa  aka  apNto  piatiaaad, 
araaamlyhwwdikaiaaaiaaf  ikafiiiiiiiiiV  IInm 
apattaitoi  hiaagbfi  aaaacaaiiaaafpndaaiaNaaaiiai^ 
aa  waH  aa  of  aaiaaiaiy  laiiaiaaa,  to  ika  aaiidaii  af  Ika 
daaifai  aad.toait|rdaaklla|ikaiiai<liiii|afiwadb^ 
aawNwaa  ftakaalaaf  aiaaainM  a  prtiala  aaa- 

pMHf  •■  pMlMM%  •■•  WIM  9991999  9  llBH  ••  M^ 

Ika  piWIaia  ofjititakig  Ika  aarialjr  «wk  kawa  pra- 
paaed  to  ailak8i^  Ika*  pawMdad  Ikak  aaaaaiaiaa  to 


kava  baaa  ttaaaaUltad  lo  oa  oflka  pracaadiata  wkkia 
Ika  diaata*  af  Narwiek  aloaa.  In^kautidaa atio- 
aaaekaMai  aftatwaida  atUbiud  agafaM  Biabop  Wian, 
It  la  aiatod,  ikai  dtoJag  hk  pamaaaiaa  af  that  <*<««aaa, 
«kMi  hawd  aaly  for  two  yoaia  aad  a  half,  1  aioi- 
alaia  wan  dapiHad  br  not  (oapljriaa  wbk  iko  Mata- 
liaaa,  aad  iMoa  tkaaaod  of  Iko  luljr  coaapaUad  la 
afcaadra  ifca  Un|deai.t  In  paiAci  baiaioo*  with  ika 
■tcclaaiirtitil,  wia  ihr  cItO  poUejr  of  Ukailaa'a  adouai- 
'ttMtiaa  AiMtfary  impoailMHM  aonanadad  Ika  fuae- 
liaaa  af  paiUaaiani :  Iba  palanu  of  indicial  edko  tod 
tbahr  laauia  altaiad  flam  Ika  good  babavior  of  ika 
ipdiiaa  10  Iko  goodplaaaoioofQiokiivi  avaiyoinn 
af  Bbany  Wu  aoapendad  <ir  parrartad ;  aad  Ika  kjat- 
daai  at  laagUi  Mbjaelad  ta  Iba  axeluaira  dooUaiaa  af 
a  Mam  aad  aneontrollad  piaiagaliTf .  loai ' 
pleyad,  aa  If  purpoaely  lo  Muaulalo  ika 


•  |t  U  UniwMMa  loraadUMipMchatar  IkH  Mlalaaa' 
Irwto  M  tto  MiUaiw  wIUmm  awonlihiinai  •{  i|w  Mm 

loiNtlayorwIitelikiaailnawuer 

nnca  w  twiaihaa  wttk  *al|w 

•mi  Ilw  nwtl  knailM  OtUnnUi 

Dwrcy,  wUk  Uw  fnfvtum  ar  ■piirtilluii  M  vMHaUva 

niMiiM*  Uwt  we&ld  kair*  dlimcaa  ■■  Aawiicta  ••»i|o. 

Tha  llahl  wlikw  Mm  waa  aailiwn;  aiM  Mi  - 


itbalitaTj 


MinjuoaiJ.    Laamafudal*- 
ir  fdhwMM  ataeaaa  itbab 
^•aa  af  OnlMian  aMMniH 
or  ■mrtilluii  M  vM 
■aiaeaa  aa  Aawiicta  m 
Alt*  ii^N*  wiM*««  ^Mn  wH*  ««fuwaa:  aiM  Ut  iniiwiii 
with  Uw  Uwwr  af  nllgwa  inawJ  aaqrla  lira  Mw  ana 
of  kwnCtty  nt  lostiwdain  (lacUnltar  tkntumatlt. 
•animim  ptopoMd  bf  Ika  Uihopi  In  Iba  (tar  Clwatai 


I  ptopoMd  bf  Ika  bUkoM  In 
alwar*  Mvwtr  than  Iha  aanamiMa  of  Uw 


ilarJiid|a«.   Tka 

iratad  bjr  Iha  tar- 

Mi  trial,  wfolaa 

fittaaca  bam  tka  ar- 

ilm  In  rriMit,  and  eonctadlng 


I  «f  Ibdr  victiaw.    Baitwtek.  kali 

lattario  Laud  huaihly  patllloaliw  ibr  a 
aMaflaeaiNl  Inuun,  lo  HMon  tin  In  I 
Ikaa  »-*<  Haw  thM  tbIiaM  k  Iky  nteea,  damandtlk,  hi 
Mlnuh  John  ■■Mwlek.''  Oaaal  thaler  Jadfaa  ta  tha  Mar 
Chaaihor.an  ono  occuionk  idiiniiad  a  puritan  m.  Wo  trial 
Wttk  a  tad  of  which  tha  bMMH  pruhaUrdld  not  adnlra  tha 
aavHeaUan-"  Ha  not  rifhtaon  oror  mnehi  nolthor  niika 
SnaUararwiaai  whTobouMotthoadaatnjrtkrialfl"  Saa 
BiwaU'i  atata  TriaU,  Vol.  Ul.  Noo.  1*1,  Wt  l«^  !«>.  *o. 

tNaal,I.IIT-in.    ThaM  Mthoiio,  Mid  a  mowbarof  tha 
Laap  nriiaawm,  "  placad  tha  atcallaacy  of  pitwthood  In 
wanairpaaiB  and  gwainau,  aad  gava  tha  gloiy  of  tha  ln> 
...   ^  „       gleturao,  imifao,  and  altara;  thoiabia  Sod 
>  tUa  aflKOoao,  to  ba  implacaUa,  unnwiciAil, 

' IB."  ■awaU%Malanalt,l*.W. 

17 


I  duu  and  ad*aata|a  of  eeaaiai^ 
I  by  Ilia  pioeagaUoa  oflko  aaapd 
M  world.    Tkay  obaamd  ikat  aU 


dSTb 
pl»otl|Baia|>lo 


Tka  aaaMtiaa  aiaiekadaa  ika  paiilaaa  la  Eaekad, 
aad  Ika  gndaal  asiiaatiaa  af  Ika  kaaaa  ikay  bad  aa 
iMHt  aalaitaiaad  af  a  MkliMiaa  af  aaalaaiaMiial  liaar, 
kadbr  awaa  liaw  dkaelad  ikair  IkaagkM  to  Ikat  dk- 
laat  laiiilary  la  wbkk  Ibaii  bralkiaa  at  now  FlyaMolk 
kad  arblarad  a  aaoaia  aatablkkaMal  aad  aUakad  Ika 
aqjajnaaal  af  airil  aad  nligiaai  Ukaito.  la  tka  laM 
yaar  af  Jaana'a  lalga,  a  law  aaa  aaatttMkl  fcMlHai 

kad  laaavad  to  Naw  Doflaad  aad  takoa  p Iia  af 

a  eaiaar  of  Maaaachnaatte  Bay »  katbaiagdkappaiotad 
b  tha  bapa  Ikay  bad  anioitaiaad  af  Ika  aaeaaaiaa  af 
nuatboia  aoflaiaat  lo  baad  a  paiMaaaai  aaaiMy,  Ikay 
waia  oa  tka  paiat  af  ratoiafaif  ta  Fo^aad,  wkaalkay 
raaairad  Ika  anaaaMa  JBtalliaaaca  of  tbo  aapiaaak  of 
a  aaaMiooa  aad  pawarfal  lainwieoaMat  Mi.  WMlo, 
a  aan-aoofonaiM  mioiaiaral  DorchaMar,had  pH|iMlad  a 
aaw  aaltlaaiaBt  at  MaataehuaotlM  Bay,  aad  by  aia  laal 
aad  aelirily  ha  aaeeaadad  ia  ibiailaa  aa  aaM<iiitiaa  af 
a  Boatbat  of  Iko  gantry  ia  hia  aoi^ibaibood  wko  kad 
faabibod  Ika  aorilao.aaaliaMola,  Ibr  tho  purpooa  of  eoa- 
daotiiig  a  aolaey  to  that  laooa.  Tha  riawa  aad  bal- 
inga  tbal  aetaalad  Iba  Iradaraof  Ikia  aolarpriao  wno 
eoataillad  to  writiiy,  and  elravUtad  anoag  ibair  ftiaada 
aadac  ika  titia  of  Omcra<  Ca«iidiva<i«at/ar  Ito  Aaa- 
Miam^NimBngUiti.  Tha  ftaaMraoflbiaiaaaiha- 
blo  and  ckaiaeianatie  dosnoiaol,  bogaa  by  adraitiag  lo 
Iko  progiaaa  af  ike  Jaaoit  aalabiiakaiaala  ia  "  '' 
Aawrica.  aad  lo  iko  '  "  -' 

Klfay  Ibair  iadaanaa 
in  that  faailar  of  tho 

iho  oikar  ehoiekaa  of  Curapo  bad  boon  broaghl  aadar 
daaohlioaai  that  iha  aaiaa  hlo  laaaad  ta iMpaad  orar 
Iha  chaiah  af  Enriaad;  aad  Ihal  it  aijghl  raaaaaaMy 
bo  aappoaad  that  l3od  bad  piaridad  tkia  aaaoaopiad 
lorritoiy  aa  a  kad  of  rafiigo  te  aMiqr  wkaaa  ka  pai> 

Sad  la  aaaa  ftaoi  tka  gaaual  daatraelioo.  Eaglaad, 
yaDagad.|iaw«raaiyaf  kariakabilairia;  laaaiBaab 
t  Bi^B,  wUeb  k  Um  bmm  praeiaaa  of  all  eiaalaiaa. 
«raa  Ikara  aoia  vila  aad  baaa  Ikaa  Iha  aarth  ba  trad 
apoB ;  and  ebildian  and  liiaoda  (if  aawaakhy)  araia 
aecouotad  a  burdanaona  ineuatbraaeat  iaataad  af  baing 
hailod  aa  tha  eheieoat  aaithly  bloaainga.  A  laMa  br 
aiponaira  liring,  Ikay  addr  Vnarailad  ao  alrowiy,  aad 
Iha  aaaaaa  of  indulgine  i'  ^  bocoaio  ao  OMlaaiaaiy 
the  objeet  of  aiaa'a  oaaii,  that  all  aria  aad  Uadaa 
wara  taialad  by  aoidid  aaiima  and  iaeailful  ptactieaa ; 
and  tha  arminariaa  of  baniog  aboandad  with  ao  nuay 
apaelaolaa  and  tamptatioua  of  diaaoluta  inagularil|r,  Ihal 
vka  waa  ihaia  mora  allwlually  coniniunicalad  by  a«- 
aniple,  than  knowladgo  or  viitna  wara  impaitad  by  pia- 
eapl.  '*Tba  wbola  aarth,"  ihay  proclauaad,  "la  iha 
Loid'a  ga.'dan,  and  be  hath  nran  it  lo-lbo  aooa  of 
Adam  to  ba  lillad  and  improvad  by  ikam :  '<Vby,  than, 
aboald  any  aland  alarriog  hare  br  placaa  of  habitation, 
and,  in  tbia  mean  lima,  awar  whole  coanUiea,  aa  pio- 
fiuhlo  for  the  oae  of  nan,  to  lie  waita,  witbeat  any 
impiovamenti"  They  coneloded  by  advening  W  the 
aitoation  of  the  colony  of  New  Plyinooth,  and  alron^r 
enforced  the  duty  of  anppotting  the  inbm  aboMh  wbm 
had  there  been  ao  happuy  planted.  Actoalad  by  eaeh 
riewa,  Ibaaa  nugnanunoua  projaoloia  pnrrbeaed  fiom 
the  eooocil  of  Plymmilh  all  the  terriloiy  exlrndina  in 
length  bom  three  milea  north  of  the  river  Marrimaek  to 
three  mUea  touth  of  Charlae  river,  and,  in  biaadth, 
from  the  Allanlio  to  the  Soulhem  Oeaaa.  Their  aeU 
wen-  aa  vigoiooa  aa  their  daaignr  were  elevatad.  Aa 
Iha  preeonon  of  the  main  body  of  emigranta  whom  it 
waa  intandad  to  tranaport,  a  tmall  body  of  plantaia  and 


aaito  wiik  Ikaai  to  aa  applliailaa  to  ika  aaaarabra 
layal  okaiMt.  Tka  laailaiia  whk  wMak  ikk  aapUea- 
liaat  araa  giaalai,  aad  Ika  tanaa  to  wbkk  Ika  aHuMi 
waa  ftaaMd,  tia  abealalaiy  aaaaaaaaiaMa,  aaa  apt  aa 
tka  aappaaitiak  tkatOkailaa  aadhkatebaMaliaatoaaa* 
aaliaia  wera  wiOkw,  at  Ikktea,  ta  dkaaewakat  tka 

lag  apaaalika  la  Ibiii  miiaaaai  Mtokl  bo  aipaaiad }  a 


ikaa^  at 


Ika  apaoadaad 
ilea.    ItaaaaM 
toaoeaael  brlka 
ifaaa  wkaatkk 
tkaiiiyhtoiko 


aatoklb 
^aaiftatly  arailMa;  al- 
yanad^UNy  aBdaaaaaad  ta 
an  aaaaMaaf  tkaiaiaaliva 
paiiiaa  kajly  M  A^ad  ky 


It,  whaa  Ikay  w 

larakad  aa  ika . 

pvadaadaaaaa  af  tkaiv  laaaia  la  i 
iiapaiaibh,  oa  aayaikar  aappaal 
Ika  WMMkabli  beta  ikat,  m  ika 


ktuadaakig  daapoak  ati- 

l-"T'-'-"-a ..-tvt^-t-j^  rriadidia 

a  cobay  of  paihaaa  a  aanaHtaliaa  eoaialalMi  all  tka 
kHBoaiUaa  of  wkkdi  tka  Vifglakae  bakaUiSaMalvaa 
aa  aajaally  doprirdd ;  aad  Ikal,  wall  aaraio  af  iIm  pat> 
poao  of  tko  appHcaala  to  aaeapa  Aaa  Ike  coaatitaliaaa 
of  Ikoekaiekef  Eaglaad,  kagtaalad  Ikaaa  okaitac 
eoataialng  aapb  aawawadatiaa  af  tka  laUgboe  oada 
ikay  kad  m  view,  whkaat  Ika  impaailiaB  af  a  aiagb  or^ 


napeciing  Iko  ooaatitalioa  af  ikair  akaick  go> 
■I,  or  ika  biaaoaad  aaiaawalaa  of  ikair  vrofk 
akip  I  aay,  aa  eaatplMal*  to  Ikk  kMaata.  did  ka  aa^ 
raadorikoaaiiawaf  kkeabaialpaUaviatka  wMiia 
af  ika  piajaetata  of  a  pariiaa  ooiaay.  Ikat,  ahkaadi  ka 
had  raaaatly  dackiad,  to  a  paUk  ptaalaaialiaa,  AM  a 
iMreaBiib  caapaay  waa  aitaiiy  aagi  la  aMakiat  Ika 
aJbiraaf  a  lamaia  aalaay  i  ya<.aB  iktpwaaal  iiaailaa, 
ha  aeraplad  aai.  to  cawplkaBa  with  tka  wlikia  af  Ika 


pmno  diiaetioB 


paiteflkoMToi 
MioBof  Ikoaoloi 


aotoay  la  ba-plaalad  to  Ika  pa^ 


TJiini  rf  Mir-TiihiiTTit"  ffijr  iir  i  iiimtiihtiaa  laaakilag 
ekiadyof  laaiabaaia  laaidant  to  Leadea.  Tka  aaw 
advaalaiaia  waae  toeaiparalad  aa  a  kody  palWe ;  aad 
their  light  to  tho  tairltory  wbkk  Ikay  tod  pai«iiaaad 
fram  Ika  cooneil  of  FlyiBoaik  fcatog  iiaiignaad  h*  Ike 
kniK  they  arete  eaipoaoied  to  diaaaao  af  Ika  bade, 
andio govtra ika peoob wko atoald eeitb  apaa tkaak 
Tka  tret  governor  of  iko  aoetpeay  aad  kk  eaaaeil  vtoaa 


aamad  bytkecrowa;  IkoiigM  of  abaliagikalr  aw 
RaaaMB  waa  reeled  to  tko  meaboia  oflko  eaipanlbii. 
The  oaaeotira  poww  vraa  cumiBiuad  la  tko  gwanai 
and  a  eooaoil  of  aaaktaata ;  Iko  lagiabtifo,  ta  ika  kady 
of  propriotaia,  who  aUato  maka  aad  aabiaa  ataialee 
ana  oMare  br  the  good  of  the  ooauaaaily,  aM  toeoa- 
autant  wilk  Ike  bwe  of  Eaghnd.  Tkey  otoabod  iko 
nme  tampoiaiy.  enapiba  ikM  kad  koea  gaatad  ta 
Ike  Viigimen  eoapeay  (torn  iatarqal  taaaa,  aad  fiam 
dutiee  on  gopde  eaponed  or  kaporiod  t  aad  aetwiw- 
alaading  Ibair  nugiatiaa  to  AaMiwa,  tto^aadlkairda- 
econdenia  arera  decbred  to  bo  entidad  la  all  Ike  ligkla 
ol  natniaVboro  anbjaete. 

Tko  aMamagef  ihk  ehanar,  with  leapaet  to  Ibaia- 
ligiooa  righia  of  Ike  eobaiato  of  Maaaaekuaalte  BaVt 
kia  given  riee  lo  a  gieat  deal  of  dkeaaaba.  By  ika 
porilana,  aad.  Ika  poiilae  aniMre  of  Ikat  age,  it  waa 
nniveiaaUly  rvjpided  aa  baetewhig  eit  tkaoi  Itiaaa^toM 
Ubeity  to  legolata  Ibair  ararahip  Ey  liia  dklatea  of  their 
own  eooaeiaeee.  Aad  thie,  I  think,  k  aMnifeetly,  ite 
import.  Tbegiaalore  were  fidlyaararai  tad  Iko  graa- 
teeebad  nailbar  Iha  wiakaor  tha  power  to  eoaceaC  ihal 
their  okjeet  waa  to  maka  a  peaeeaUa  eeeoaaion  fioa  % 
ehnieh  which  they  could  no  toegar  eoaaokatioaaly  adk 
bare  to,  and  lo  aatabliah  for  IhemaelvM,  at  Maiiika 
wtb  Bay,  an  occlaakatkal  coaatjtatioa  i ' 


m  imlL  *r  In '*  Km  tmM  imwiwf  —  m- 

NMM  «,iM  lwf«  wMfrf  Km  tiwilw  (f  (Mm 
HtSili  imiilii  Willi  •Mh •  mUf  dtfuiait  ftaa  tU 

flHHflVV  Hi  V«WT  wWW  ^w^HMi  w  h^v  ^^^^^^^p^^  ^^^v  ^^^^^ 

•M  itaWMMlMli  0  MMM  hiftMiM*  M  4Mb(  llM 
CImIn  «M  M  Ihto  ilM  Ml  WmHMm  M  MllM  •  M«- 

ftmit  wwWw  «>.**'*«'»>.  I*  i^»»  *!.  l^-rf,  f^ 

VMM   MMMM   ■•HlliBilli  ••■  mM  ■■•  ImiipWlMliil 

wty»> tHr  iw t» «lw<T ittHww— fwfcwly  t«ii»«t 

iUM  JWt  WIlHW  Ht^  BB*  BMS  WSMMKi  WM0W  w9^Kf 

■iMW  Miillf  iipii^iM  **  rww  wli  IhgAmmd- 
iMimmMMIm.  lli«tMiiM«nMr.ta<llw  «•■ 
M*  M—mmm  mm*  m<  Mlvtmlataliy. Umi,  la  tO 

•MM  V  dMMU  CMMllMliM,  lb*   HMMfllM    Um 

•fihMl  ihM  My  wImm  (Am  k  WW  M  ipMk,  •a' "k* 
lM4llM|MNrMthM«wfTMMgakTt««y.  I«d^ 
itaMi/dii«  Nia,  llMM  wffian  btt*  MMM  Uwl  Ik* 
<Mmn  •(  llw  ekMtw  iH^MtiM  Ik*  MclMlMlinl  ewi- 
MhaliMarUM«dMy.ta»liMlSiliiipeiM*iionlk*eol«- 
■Maaf  ■VMT  iiniaalir  tr  ih*  cMMlitatioii  or  Um  ehnrch 
•fEn^^.*  TkamoMMiiiiMlwriMroriliiiMnyku 
nkm  M«MiM  Asm  kme*  M  nomek  Um  eotoniMf  of 
MiwMkmHtt  Bm  wiUi  iMTinf  hid  Um  fMndilMiw  of 
llMirekwcktMbMMMntinrnad.  "WiUiwilitiinl," 
n]r«Uri««tlin|aiAtdtuUtar,  "mUm  MntiiMauorilMl 
■MMvli,  Mi4w  dw  MMilen  of  wkoM  taUwril*  Umjt 
MHltd  in  AiMfiea,  •ml  fioni  wkom  Umjt  derived  right 
to  Ml  M  •  bodf  Millie,  end  in  eMtampt  of  Ike  law*  of 
Enctand,  wiUi  whieb  Um  ckiiMr  reqaired  that  aoM  at 
UmUt  aew  or  otdimnen  riMvId  bo  ineoa*i*l*ol,  Um* 
edapled  hiUMif  infant  ekai«kth*l  fem  arpaliej  wUeh 
Ih«  *iM«  b*M  di*liag«i*h*d  b*  Um  maa*  of  iudopen- 
dnrt."  He  aeoMM*  far  Ibe  eileite*  of  Um  ehaitar  on 
a  poiM  wbicb  ww  aaqvaMioneblT  muMrma*!  in  Um 
■iad*  of  batb  paitiae,  by  NaaiUng,  UmI  "Um  king 
I  not  10  btTO  fotoiaan,  not  lo  ba*a  lupoetod,  Um 


■enol  intoniioM  of  ihoM  «bo  ptoieel 

and  be  oiplaiM  Um  conduct  of  tba  coloniel*,  by  (lo- 


THl  WHTOKT  or 

IN*  waaai 

•MMflMi    MR  nslNy  MWWwIOTBWi 

wbMfc  Umt  faBawad  m  rigidlr  la  Caglaad  waa  a» 
eMad  by  paaiUw  ^mmmm  Ami '" 


Har  Um  pawar  af  Ike  ad*Mtuiata  la  aelabMab 

kad  baM  rindiial  iimplKa  by  Um  layal 

r.'UMy  amiMad  and  deinaubed  Iw  •blpa  fat 

BMhadiMiiCMiW  dmaVaadiad  aad  lAy  ami* 

^  Ml  na»«*afaMdel  lUniaMi*.  Tba  laftaia ' 
AaMinal  faiawaRMUMk  MUralaad  w*a«al*< 
la  MMpw^  tna  diatiaaaMig  ln*MfanianM  al  a  miw  *ay* 
aaa  (•  aaiaana  ana««MlMiad  la  Um  **a,  aad  Iba  far- 
inMaUa  laaM  af  tail  and  daager  UmI  cMAantad  Umm 
in  Uw  hmbaiMe  land  wbeia  •*  OMny  paeadiaf  advan- 
latMB  bad  faaad  an  natianbr  jTata.  **•■  la  bafa 

VMMMMS  MNlMly  nVHI   wS  MMMi   01  IMM  RMHi  MM" 

taiaad  b*  Um  waitb  and  dignity  aflba  paipaia  wbicb 
UMy  bad  canMwd  m  pntana.  Tbeir  heeila  waia  bnil 
la  wab  albar  b*  eammanity  of  ganawu*  deeign ;  and 
Um*  aiparionied  non*  of  iboeo  jeelM*iM  whieb  iMvi- 
labqr  apiing  "P  I"  **nfed*iaei**  far  emta  nMr*ly  lelleh, 
anwag  hmh  anequeUy  aneUM  I*  oMain  Um  abj*ct  af 
Uiair  aMMialian.  dafaind  UMm,  indeed,  wee  the  land 
af  Ukair  bUMta  i  hot  il  had  long  caned  to  weer  an  a*> 
poet  of  pennlal  khidneo*  Mwaide  them,  and,  in  far- 
•aking  il,  Um*  tad  ftam  the  priwna  and  tMll 
whir b  iM  ninta  and  patriot*  were  daily  eon 


patriot*  war*  daily 
Befar*  them  lay  a  *aat  and  dreary  wild*rn*** ;  baribey 
hoped  to  irrtdiete  ila  gloom  b*  Undling  and  praeerring 
tbai*  Um  laertd  tiaa  of  religton  and  liberty,  which  n 
■Mn*  ofltane  wei*  mad*  la  •itingaiib  in  the  •hrinee  of 
England,  whence  UMy  carried  their  ember*.  Th*^ 
donldontiv  hoped  UmI  Um  laligioue  aad  political  icnti- 
■wnte  whick  bed  lai^iahia  under  euch  pratiaclad 
pcraaeutian  in  Eaio|M  wouM  now,  at  length,  •hiao  fanh 
m  UMir  full  Ineira  in  Anarica.  EataMiiMng  an  aaylom 
wbai*  tba  pi*f***ac*  of  tb*ir  **ntini*nt*  might  at  aU 
linMa  (nd  •h*llar,  thay  jnaUy  aipoetod  to  danva  con- 
linnal  eeeeeelon*  la  im  rigor  of  their  own  virtoa  Aom 
iba  raeolttto  cbaraelar  of  uMn  who  mi^l  haiaefter  be 
10  faratka  their  natiia  habitation*,  and  ba 


I  ibal  they  woia  ■*  animated  with  a  apiril  of  hi- 
M*aliM  in  ciril  policy  aa  well  a*  in  raUgiM."  Bu^ 
truly,  it  aaeaae  nal  a  litUa  anmionabia  la  maka  il  mat 
ler  af  rapraacb  M  Um  poritaaa,  wha  were  dri*an  by 
■pprnriiB  Aam  UMir  naUra  land.  Umi  ibey  did  nat 
area*  Iba  AUanlic  and  aatUa  in  a  *a*aga  d***rt  Ibr  tk* 
paipa**  af  euHiraling  a  BMia  perfect  cMfarawty  to  Um 
eenrimenta  af  dMir  appta**or.  Tba  prariiiM  in  UnIt 
abaitar,  Uwl  lb*  larra  !•  ba  anaelad  by  ibtm  abMld  nal 
ba  lepagnaM  !•  Um  Jiiriyiliaii  af  Eagland,  eauM 
■arar  ba  andaMMad  la  taiply  aay  UUng  firUwr  Uma  a 
ganaiBl  aanfarwil*  M  tba  iimmin  law  of  England, 
anilabia  to  tbo  iiibnawladMd  dependence  of  Um  colony 
M  tka  nmin  bady  af  Um  BriUeb  daaUniaM,  Tba  un- 
ignatanca,  lao,  UnI  iaiaipated  ta  thebing 
appear*  paifactly  fawradibia,  wbM 


af 
faiaiSi 


.     iladvai  

macaafaril.    Tba* engaged, laaAN^ 
ta  all  wba  A*aU  M  **i  o*ar  Iham  ia 


abarab  at  tammanwnllb,  ta  aniMiag*  thaa  ta  • 
faiihM  porfatmaaca  af  their  duly  i  ead  Um*  aapren»d 
tbait  rrealMtiM  la  *ppto»*  lb*mi*l***  bi  tkaii  aartio 
let  caBhiga,  the  atawarda  aad  t****!^  af  Ora,  ibu^ 
niag  idlaniie  *e  Un  baM  af  a*aiy  lammnai^,  mI 
•^     ■    "  '  bahamaa 


Tka  farm  af  pablfa  wwiHp  wkiak  tkay  JMtJiaia^ 

Vi|WHNl  ft  InfU^ff  MM  OVOfy  MlpOMWMM  OOTMMSMFf  BN| 

waa  adapted  la  Um  atriaieei  Maadaid  af  Oalrtifatit 
•iaipUeii*.  Thay  abMtad  a  padar,  a  laaakar,  aad  *■ 
alaat,  wnata  ibey  eel  epaii  Nt  tbeir  laapaaU**  aflMM 
byhapaaitlMaf  UMbandaaf  Um  braUHM.  All  wba 
war*  Umi  day  admitted  mambat*  af  Um  chaitb  lignlM 
Bl  ta  a  *eaf»**lM  af  faiUl  dwwn  up  ly  ibeit 
.  and  ga*a  aa  aceauni  af  tba  faaadaUM  of 
Ibair  awn  bapee  aa  chrietiane  i  ii4  il  waa  daclaNd 
Uwl  M  parHn  tbanld  ikaieaAai  ba  pataUllad  la  *ub> 
*eiiba  the  corenani,  or  bo  receirad  into  caaMBMiaa  . 
wilb  Um  chuieh,  aniil  ba  bad  given  eaUahetlM  ta  iba 
elder*  wiUi  r**poel  lo  Um  purity  af  bia  failb  aad  Iba 
eon*i*t*ney  of  hi*  conduct 

Tbo  comiiiution  of  wMch  wa  hira  now  bakaM  aa 
abelraci,  and  eapecially  tba  covenant  «i  aMial  ii^p 
ment  *o  ftaugbt  with  aonliaMnta  af  ganuiM  piety  aad 
enlarged  bcMvalanca,  baa  oMitad  tba  derieiM  af  aaaM 
writer*,  who  refa**  to  eoneider  Um  epacalaliva  libaial* 
ity  which  it  imiical**  in  any  Mbar  point  of  vi*w  Uwa 
I*  cantr**t*d  wiUi  Um  practical  intolaranca  which  dja 
colonieu  *oon  *Aar  di*pi«y*d.  But  bewaver  ■gf*aabla 
thi*  *iipact  ma^  be  to  eyee  Uwl  witab  far  the  AailliM 
af  Um  good  *nd  the  weehneeeee  of  Um  alrang,  UU*  ia 
not  Um  onlv  light  in  which  it  will  pratoni  it**If  to  hif 
moM  and  liberal  minda.    Philaaaphy  admila  Uiat  Um 


*mI  ia  aniargad  by  the  aMiapaipoea  afaieeUaaMi 


wa  raniidir  ikal  tba  aiaaipleaf  New  PlymooUi,  where 

atemaliM  from  eipiaee  r**lrieaana  had  haw 

■d  by  the  ailibliibmwit  of  tbo  independent  laa- 


a  bare 


del,  waa  Aadi  bi  UMir  lacaUaetian ;  that  il  wa*  *vowod 
and  BOIoilnBa  aarilaM  who  now  appliod  far  p*rmi*»inB 
la  araeaad  tollM  land  where  U«t  cooetitaticn  waa  aa- 
ttbMMd ;  and,  abora  aB,  UmI,  in  dMir  applicalien  to 
Um  king,  tkey  oaprwrty  d**ir*d  lioTa  to  wiUidraw  ia 
peace  Aom  the  boeom  of  a  chuicb  to  whoae  oidinancae 
thay  CMld  not  ean*ciantiao*ly  eonfarm.  Whether  the 
king  and  Laud  ware,  or  ware  not,  aware  of  the  inMu- 
tion*  of  the  puritane.  they  meal  aaraly  b*  allowed  la  b* 
the  boat  judge*  of  wbel  UMy  tbooMelve*  bad  intended 
la  eanvey ;  and  their  acnnia*e*nea  in  Iba  canatiloliM 
which  tha  ceieniata  of  Maaeaebuaatu  Baj 
fcfdiwidi  to  eeubli»b.  domooetrato*,  in  t 
aMnnet,  Ibal  UMy  were  aware  Uiay  had  m  nolalion  of 
Um  eharur  to  eompbin  of.  AVhen  thoy  aAarwsida  he- 
laiUa  IMI  the  ptogiea*  of  po: 


lav  proceodod 
UM  •tronoeet 


pnriian  aatabliah- 
ita  bl  New  England  incieaatd  the  ferment  which 


•  MenteUtian  by  rttlBf 
Umb  Um  ckeiMr  the  Mtawiit  claeMr-^TInt  th*  ealli  of 
BHMcaMCT  tball  ke  tilwhriifieg  lo  every  on*  wke  ilwll  peu 
IS  lb*  eeigaytoWkaUt  UMra."  Aaaali,  p.  Ml.  Dr.  Koteit- 
•■BcHe*  the  maw  ward*  far  Ih*  MUM  poipo**.  BMllianit 
n*  HCh  rHuM  1*  Um  charter.  Hmt*  Ii  a  claare,  not  r*- 
ViMnf,  kal  Cfirewwinbtke  fevemor,  IT  h*  Iblak  ptspar,  te 
admnlaler  tlw  o«lh    or  aileiliaee  aat  •amiun.    Chel- 


iMoMelr  euaedtaglynwrfy  wttktiMmthaiium 
e(  Um  raitteae,  who  "  camMirad  the  ehutor  u  ncrad, 
keeaaM  tkay  •N|Mw4  It  to  b*  denvol  Itsm  Uw  pcovMone*  or 
be*von,''p.  lit.  Dr.  KotattMO  U  Ion  chaiitiblo.  Ho  tup- 
eeeeelbepiiritaM' 
takfelMWaualf 


wUlii^,  like  Uiam,  to  laeogniie  their  country  wherever 
Uiey  could  faid  IIm  lineament*  of  IruUi  and  liherly. 
Thay  did  ant  peetpoiM  tha  piastire  of  piety  till  the 
cooelaaion  of  theif  Voyega  s  mil,  occupied  continually 
with  the  oaaieiea*  of  devotion,  thay  eauaad  the  ocean 
which  Ibey  tnvaned  to  reeound  with  nnwMlod  acclaim 
af  praiaa  aad  UMnbagiving  lo  ite  gnat  Creelar.  Tha 
aaaman,  partakfaig  Umw  epirit,  leadily  ioinad  in  all  UMir 
miigiom  *i*ici***  and  ordmaneee,  and  e«pr*n»d  tbeir 
belief  Umi  ibev  had  prMU**d  Um  dial  UM-fiul*  UmI 
bad  ever  haw  lapl  in  tba  world.  After  a  praepetoue 
voyega,  Iba  amigtania  bad  Um  happineee  of  re-uniting 
tbaBMoleaa  la  Iboir  JHondo  abeedy  eelabli*b*d  at  Balam, 
under  Mr.  Endiem,  wba  had  boon  appointed  deputy- 
govomot  of  the  colony. 

To  the  body  ol  man  Umm  cellaeled  IHgetber,  Um 
bMlilBtioB  of  a  church  appeeied  the  mo*l  inlefaating  of 
■II  tbeir  conceme,  aad  it  accapied,  aceardingly,  tbeir 
eatlieel  aad  mael  aafamn  ddiberaUon.  They  bed  boei 
advieod  bofare  they  quittod  Englaad  lo  agree  amon 
thamaelTia  an  the  farm  of  chunb  government  whici 
waa  to  bo  e«labli*b*d  in  tba  colony ;  but,  neglecUng 
thie  advioa,  Ibey  had  goM  no  farther  than  lo  tiprae* 
their  general  cancuiranea  ia  the  principle  that  Ikt  rtfar- 
marien  of  tht  ehtnh  teat  to  if  *ndn»ond  aecoriing  to 
lk$  writton  leord  ^  Oad.  They  now  applied  lo  tbeir 
bietiiren  at  Plymouth,  and  deeired  to  bo  lequainted 
with  tbo  aroniMl*  of  rbe  coo*lituuon  which  had  there 
bcenoeMbliabed;  and,  beving  heerd  theae  fully  nplain- 
ed,  and  davwcd  eema  lima  to  a  diligent  eampvinon  of 
Iba  modal  with  the  wenanle  of  acnptor*  which  were 
cited  in  ite  vindiealion,  and  cameeUy  beeought  the 
eniighloaiag  *id  of  Him  who  aloM  can  teach  hia  ciaa- 
tnree  how  to  wonhip  him  with  acceptance,  they  decUrHi 
their  enliia  apprabation  of  Ibe  *i*tcr  church,  ind  pio- 
eeeded  lo  eopv  her  vtructure  in  the  eelabliahmcnt  of 
th*ir  own.  TMy  unitad  together  in  religion*  (oeiety 
by  a  coTanant,  in  which,  altar  a  aolemn  dedication  of 
Ikemeelvee  to  live  in  the  fear  of  QnJ,  and  lo  wtik  in 
bia  waye,  ao  far  u  ba  ahooM  bo  pleated  to  rave<l  liim- 
eelf  to  them,  they  eiwagad  to  each  olher  to  eulUvila 
watcUoln***  and  lendaiiieea  in  their  mutual  intareoune ; 
to  avhid  jaalouai**,  *u«pieion*,  and  aeciat  riainB*  of 
*piril ;  aiM  in  all  caoa*  M  oflence  to  beer  and  forbear, 
gna  and  forgive,  after  tha  example  of  their  Divine 
pattern.    Thay  promiMd,  in  the  congre^lion,  to  repron 


and  labgian  M*  pronooaeod 
which  men  are  not  dMmad  worthy  lo  paifena,  il  mif 
ba  well  far  UMm  te  bava  wtarlahMd  ia  UMir  nundab 
Tha  error  of  Um  inbabilania  af  Salem  wm  tba  univatMl 
error  of  tbeir  ago ;  tba  viitua*  UMy  damonalialed  waia 
peculiar  to  ihemeelvea  and  Uwir  puritan  brathrM.  Ia 
Um  accleeiaelical  cooatilution  which  thay  aelabliahad 
far  ibonNolvae,  and  tba  aaniimenta  which  tkay  in'a^ 
•  wilb  it,  Ibey  rendered  a  eineera  aad  kiidabla 


homage  to  the  rigbta  of  conaeianca  and  Um  laqaiM* 
meat*  of  piety ;  and  ibaM  ptineiplee,  no  dmbl,  oi*^ 
cieed  a  highly  btMtcial  indoaace  on  tbo  practice  which 
aabappttv  Uiay  did  not  ontiialy  central.  The  iwlueaca 
af  pnMiplae  that  land  te  tba  raelraini  of  huaMa  fata- 
city  and  latoleiBnca  ia  AequmUv  iaviaibia  la  aMital 
eyee,  beeauee  it  ia  pcodMUva  chiefly  of  n<gali*a  tarn- 

aaancaa :  aad  whan  giMi  preveealiM  or  alarm  bat 
tba  prefeaiora  of  thoao  anncialae  to  violate  Um  ra- 
alraint*  Uiey  uapaea,  UMy  wdl  ba  judged  wiUi  litlta  jua- 
lice,  if  charity  neglect  te  anpply  the  bapetfaetiM  of 
that  knowledge  lo  wbicb  we  an  limited  while  wa  mo 
but  in  put,  and  lo  auggoel  the  aacrat  and  haaarahle 
farbaaianc* which  maynava  praeadod  tbo  vieible actioa 
which  wo  condemn  or  deplore.  In  tbo  very  llrM  in- 
atanca  of  intolannl  proeeeding  wilb  which  ike  advar- 
•eriee  of  the  poriiana  have  tepraacbed  Ihia  American 
colonjr,  it  appaaia  te  me  that  IIm  influence  of  genuine 
piety  in  mitigating  human  impatianea  ia  vary  aliUungh 
epperent.  It  i*  a  nolabia  fact  that,  allbougb  thaeo  emh 
ginnt*  ware  collaclad  fram  a  body  embracing  euch  di- 
v*i*ity  of  opinioo  r**p*cting  church  govommonl  ind 
the  right*  or  wonhip  a*  ibai,  prevailed  amang  tba  ouri 


inlaieourae,  wli*tb*r  with  *i*ler  ebb  eh**  or  with  th* 


tana  of  England,  and  tbeugb  thay  had  landed  in  i 
rica  without  having  previoualy  ■aecrtained  bow  far  ibey 
were  likely  lo  agrta  on  ihia  vaiy  point,  for  the  cako  e* 
which  Ibey  bad  incurred  baniehnMnl  from  England,  the 
cenalitation  which  wa*  copiad  Aom  the  cbuieb  of  New 
Plymouth  giv*  •atiafiction  to  almoat  every  individual 
among  them.  Two  brolbera,  however,  of  Ibe  name  U 
Browne,  one  a  lawyer,  and  the  other  a  marchanl,  both 
of  them  men  of  note  and  among  the  number  at  im 
original  patenleoa,  duwentad  from  thi*  cenatitution,  and 
arguing  vrith  v*h*ment  abanrdity  that  all  who  adkeiad 
lo  it  wouM  infallibly  become  anabaptiata,  andeavoiad 
to  obtain  eonvarta  to  tbeir  opinion,  and  to  aalaWiab  a 
aeparata  congregation  on  a  model  mora  approiimalad 
lo  Um  forma  of  the  chnich  of  England.  The  defec. 
ivenee*  of  their  irgument  Ihey  •ndetvored  lo  tupply 
by  the  vehemence  of  tbeir  clamor ;  and  they  ohtiined 
I  favorable  audience  from  a  few  who  regarded  with 
unfriendly  eye  the  diacipline  wliieh  th*  coMoial  ehutgb 
waa  diapoaed  to  exerciaa  upon  cffeud'ta  aftel  Iba 


ta 
aaai 


NORTH  AMIRIOA. 


kMff  wmnktf.  Mr.  IMUaU,  Um  rmfnw,  uiM 
Kmm  MMk  MgMlMt  wtik  Um  MMilMcn,  btfon  ik*  p«» 
|4(;  wIm.  (fur  bnrinf  both  p*nin,  t*|wiMd  itwir 
lyyMkMiMi  af  l)w  ■)iiMm  th*^  M  conMiiiMi  in  i  wid, 
M IJM  M*  kw'lwn  Mill  ftnmii  In  Uiair  MKmpti  la 
tmii  ■  MliiMi  M  Um  t'burck,  ami  tran  tmiMvurad  la 
auila  a  mulin;  againat  ilia  lotaninMiit,  Umjt  warn 
judgad  unNl  lo  lamaln  In  Iha  eoloiiy,  and  mm  bick  bjr 
Ika  taaaala  in  wktah  ikajr  bail  aaaain|ianlail  iho  oihar 
■inigranu  In  ika  vajraga  Ii9m  Lnglaml.*  Thair  ab- 
iiaiad  aniljp  alaanilinanl m Um aalonlala,  whs 
laaJing  M  aawylaia  UmIt  aatUataanl  and  ai- 
r  oaaaiialian  af  Um  eoaniry.  wban  ikajr  waia 
iManM|Md  h*  Um  a^fMaak  af  motar,  and  Um  raf agaa 
•f  duMaa,  wMali  ^wkljr  dayiivad  Ikimi  of  naarijr  ana 
katf  af  ibair  nuMbar,  hiil  piadaaad  n*  alkat  akanga  on 
UmIt  nUnda  Umh  la  aanaa  Ika  lanliaMnta  af  ho|M  And 
(mi  M  aanTafga  aara  alaadll*  M  Um  A»Umi  m  Ikaii 


»aanTaf|a 
aalwanaa. 

NotwiUMtaading  Ika  aaiaaaUa  aaaaMnia  wkiaii  Um 
baniilWMni  of  tha  two  Indifldaala  wkaaa  aaaa  I  ka«a 
|iM  lalatad  haa  laeaivad  ftam  aaaa  amiaanl  wiilaia, 
Um  juatiea  of  Um  pneaading  aasuot  fail.  I  UUnk,  M 
1  ilaair  M  Um  aanUnMMa  af  all  iMpaitki  RMB ! 


(ml  I  alwiUdhardljr  kaf»  Ikai^t  it  naaa«iaty  ( 
Um  akafga  af  Iniolaranea  lo  wkicb  Um  ealaaiau  ha*a 
haaa  aubjaalad,  if  ikair  aondaat  kad  nat  ar  gi«an  giaaMr 
••uaaaion  in  ii.  Uni  Mifortanaialy  a  ginal  imponiaa 
•f  Um  fwiUM  ai  Uua  |iaiiad  ann  atiaagl*  InfMlad 
aiitit  Um  pravalani  amn  of  UmIt  aga,t  and  lagaidad 
Um  paaaaabli  ao^iialanea  af  ddfciant  aaela  la  iha 

to  Buat  ba  eenfiwad,  Um  UaaiaMM  Umjt  lacaivad  fioa 
UmIi  advaiaaiiaa  landad  ittj  alrangly  to  anforea.  If 
it  «raa  ligkl  Ual  Umv  wko  kad  aufland  from  panaou* 
tian,  akMlid  tkaiialfaa  abaiain  Aam  wkal  ikiif  own 
aipananaa  kad  laaliMly  •boan  lo  ba  ao  kataful  and 
adtaoa,  il  waanaWial  wat  tjring  lo  daaarta  IwUm  aaka 
af  paitiaiilar  apiiiiono,  Ikajr  akavld  aipaat  lo  aaa  Ikaaa 
afiinMna  floiirak  vonolaalad  and  aodiipntad.  Tka 
anWaiinga  Umjt  kad  ndiuad  ftom  ikaii  advanitiaa,  Ikajr 
lagaidad  aa  ono  of  Um  lagiUiaala  eai>aa<iuanea»  of  Ika 
patniaiain  anoia  that  Ikaaa  adaaiaariaa  kad  imbibad ) 
and  ikay  aailawarily  ngaidad  Ikair  oppooanu  aa  Um 
■■iiniai  af  ibair  pataona  aa  wall  aa  paraMuioca  of  Ibair 
aaiilana.  'IIm  activiijr  of  gorammoot  in  iiipport  of 
UM  jaiiooal  apiuion,  tbajt  waia  far  ftom  eondamning  in 
Um  abaiiact.  Tkajr  admiUad  Um  lagiUniaejr  af  auak 
hMorpaaiiieu,  and  aoodoinnad  it  aoljr  wkan  it  laaaad  lo 
tea  arionaoualjr  diraclad.  Evan  wkan  apptaaiad 
♦■kaMaalraa,  Um;  aiclaiaad  againai  indiaarininala  tola- 
Mlia*.    'llwjr  caoiradiaiad  io  far  UmIc  own  prineiploa ) 


nad  Unt  kunMn  kaii^  nUgkt  and  aoAt  la 
pooiili  wkat  Qad  alaoa  aaiiM  conacl  and  altar.)  Saaa 
gf  dMo^  00  daiiki,  bad  aliaadjr  aalieipalad  tka  aaoii- 
manii  wkr*  ^alaior  panadaaaMMbannaiallyaka* 
iaeMriali.i  «if  Um  indapandaola,  and  wUck  induaad 
Iham  10  iojact  ail  eonaaiioo  baiwaao  ekureh  and  Kala, 
and  diaallow  tba  eainpatanoa  af  Ika  intaipaailiao  of 
I  aoihariljr  lo  aoalain  aua  ckaieh  or  lo  aappnaa 
ir.    Uniiinunaialy  iooM  af  iba  aail;  Toiafiaa  af 


tnUwti 
taMraUa 


•UallMr, ■.!.»*. 4.  MclS.  Naal,l.lll.  On tkdr ratal* 
la  Imiliwi  tlwy  prafanad  ■  hnry  eoiapl«lat  ankwl  tha 
uloaiat*  111  epimuiva  daaMMMc  to  ihaaHaln*  and  anailtr 
to  III*  eluiicli  or  Knf  land.  Tha  tglal  dlwafarl  which  thalr 
coauilalnl  aiMritncad  (Vhtlnwn,  f.  Mt)  MnailJr  eanirnw 
Iht  oaWan  I  han  aiMaMad  af  tha  uadaMtMitaiarall  ranUs 
with  nganl  lolka  laal  lapoct  ol  Iht  chanat. 

tTha  ilchMl •mtownant  of  raaaon  cottldaetaiaBialtha 
naatattaf  phUuHtlMnfraai  Malanncai  nw  oouM  tha  ax- 
Mrtmcf  o{ panacutMn  fuUr  eirlnea  lu  lafintlca  ^nn  toll* 
own  rlclliiip.  Lont  ■aom  thought  that  unlfonnllT  hi  raUfloui 
•oailnnal  aad  wonhip  wu  OHanllal  to  tha  •uypon  of  govam- 
aMM.aai  Ihat  no  loiarativo  could  with  ufoljr  bo  gnnlad  la 
wcianoo.  Btcon,  Do  iMllala  accloiiw.  Diulnf  tho  odmlnlo- 
utUon  of  CromwolL  an  ominont  pnahjrtaiiaa  mtailotor,  who 
aadMmaolffiUlhoiiaodaf  ponomtloo,  niMMMd  «  traatlaa 
I  what  ha  wu  ploaMd  to  tana  "  thla  cutiad  latolonMo 
ion,"   Oraa'iUraorOwan. 

To  tho  ol^octlon  that  ponocutlon  aorm  to  mika  man 
hyjMciitm,  an  ominont  mlnitlor  In  New  Bnglud  answorad 
"  lattar  tolonla  hyponiMoi  and  lam,  than  bctan  and  Ihono." 
Another,  In  *  wwh  puMlohod  In  MIS,  thtto  ozpraiMo  hlnoolf . 
*■  It  w  Mid  that  mon  ought  to  han  llboity  of  coiitctonco,  and 
that  It  Is  nanacatlon  to  dobar  thorn  of  It.  I  can  rather  atand 
aauiad  than  lofdyto  tWs.  It  li  aa  astooMinioat  that  tha 
Mm  of  awn  ihauld  bo  partioUed  In  tveh  tauloue  IcnonncOc 
Mknap'o  Ulilarx  of  Now  Hampahlra,  rol.  I.  cap.  1. 

t  Mono  have  condamnad  thorn  owra  •Innglir  thin  tha 
pooMi  thaolagUnt,  who  hare  liuulilnflir  urged  thai  pane- 
cuUoa,  however  coflgonial  to  tho  Boniau  catholic  prlnclplai 
of  auhoUUIng  all  prlraio  judgowni  to  the  rat uUtlon  of  an  In- 
ftUMe  chnrch,  was  totally  rapugnant  to  the  fundamental 
HineMa  ot  pratestaalsm,  which  asserta  tho  tupramaey  of 

Crala  Jadgmoni  and  Individual  oDlnldo.  But  then  Is  a  fal- 
f  Lwa :  tor  sllhough  the  nartlcuUr  dogniia  of  uthoUe  faith 
■ar  bo  dailrad,  nat  unmedlsloly  from  pnrata  Judgment,  but 
ftaai  tha  canons  af  tha  church.  It  muu  be  to  tho  prtvatejudf 
Maal  a(  a*ary  catholic  that  this  chureh  la  Indabtad  for  tha  ra- 
""7  M  aaiBt  snah  canans. 


ariUi  Umm  a  aal  of 

paliUcal  opiniona  wkiab  it  would  not  bo  aaajr  to  loaliio 
wiikoat  subraning  aiait  aoaiatjr.  Of  Ulia,  a  lanMlka- 
Ua  inalanaa  will  tarjr  akortljr  oaaur  in  Iko  ptogiaaa  of 
our  nairaliea.  Bui  taijr  oppoaiM  aontinMnla  proTaitad 
lOMng  Um  bulk  af  Um  eoloniau  nl  Maeaaahuaalia,  wbo 
aaaM  to  AnMrica  fraak  ftom  tka  infloanea  of  paraaau- 
lion,  and  bad  not,  like  thalr  braUiran  at  Naw  PfyaMuUi. 
tba  adeanuga  of  an  inlarmadlala  laaidanoo  lo  a  land 
wkata  a  peaceful  eo-aaialanca  of  difla rant  aaela  waa 
damooalmiad  lo  bo  not  ouljr  ptacUaabio,  bul  aaiaanlljr 


•  aiealMnl  giiaoa 
lilj,  and  a  apbil  of 
and  will  doobtlaaa 


aoodualTa  to  Um  promoiioa  of  Umoo  aieallaol 

af  akrialian  akaiaatar,  palianao,  akai ' 

faibaaraoM.    Mook  nlgkl  bo  Mgad 

tvggaal  ilaolf.  in  aitanoaUoa  of  UUa  rnor,  wkiok  long 

inod  a  tool  of  bilUmaaa  lo  diataib  UmIt  paoeo 

lUioily.  Bal  Um  aonaidaraUooa  wkiah  Majr  ba 
allowod  lo  aUUgaM  oar  aanaoia  of  Ika  inloloiani  apirit 
wkiek  UMao  paapla  dkolayod,  can  aavar  bo  paraMlod 
10  liaaafam  il  iolo  a  Tirtoa.  Il  waa  ahaipoiiad  bjr  Um 
aopiouo  infuaiona  wbirb  Iha  colon*  lacairad  of  Um  faol- 
Inga  aieilad  in  England  bjr  Um  Ineiaaaad  aavaiily  of 
poiaoaalion,  from  uMiieh  tko  TielioM  began  lo  fly  in  iit- 
•aaing  nambara  to  AnMiica. 
ThaBiiliak  dominion  in  Amaiiea  andarwani,  akotil 
la  period,  enma  vieiaaitudaa  whiek  in  after  jraari  a^ 
foelad  maUrialljr  Um  proeperiljr  boUt  of  Naw  England 
and  of  Um  olbar  eolaioial  aalabliabmaiila  in  Um  aaao 
qoanar  of  Ibo  world.  Tho  war  which  Um  king  ao  wan- 
looljr  doakrad  againat  Fnnaa  io  16ST,  and  waieh  pro- 
duaad  only  diagraao  and  diaaalar  lo  tho  Biiliah  arma  in 
Euiooa,  waa  auandad  wiUi  avanu  of  a  raiy  dilfaionl 
eomplaiion  in  Amarica-  Sir  David  Kirk  hariu  ob- 
tainod  a  commiaaian  to  altaak  the  American  domiuiooo 
of  Franca,  invaded  Canada  in  Um  aumniar  of  16M ; 
and  ao  aoeaoaafal  waa  tha  aa|iadilioo,  UmI  in  Joly, 
ICn,  Qnebaa  waa  radocad  lo  aumndar  lo  tha  arma  of 
Engfand.  Thoa  area  iba  eapilal  of  Naw  Fiance  aalH 
duad  by  ika  Engliah,  about  one  hundred  and  ihiny 
yaara  before  UMy  achieved  ila  flnal  conquael  by  the 
award  of  Wotfa.  Thia  aignal  event  area  unknown  in 
Europe  wkan  peaaa  waa  ra-aelabliehad  hrlwaan  Franca 
and  EMland  t  and  Chailae,  by  the  aubaaquaiil  traaljr 
of  St.  Qormain,  not  only  raalorad  Uiia  valuabla  acq ui- 
aition  lo  Franca,  but  aipraaeed  the  eoeeion  ho  made  in 
larma  of  aoeh  aitanaiva  application,  ae  undeniably  in- 
farrad  a  raeogaition  of  Iha  French,  and  a  aurrauder  of 
Um  Briliah  claiina  lo  Um  province  of  Nova  Scotia. 
Thia  anaiwanMnt  manilaeUy  ihrealened  no  email  uro- 
jodieo  to  IIm  aetUemenu  of  iho  EngUeh ;  and  wo  Mali 
apaadily  flad  Uial  what  it  Uuaalanad,  it  did  not  fail  lo 


CHAPTER   II. 


IraaailsfTed  from  laataBl  la  Maa- 

sachessetis  Huawioaa  Imlaratton  Feaadetlon  af  ■ao- 
toa  HardsMps  af  tha  New  •otUeia— DisOanchlaaaioM  of 
nssenten  I*  the  Colony— Intuonce  of  the  colonial  rlorgy— 
Joha  Cotton  and  his  CoUoofUos  and  ■uccesiors— Wlllhuna' 
■chism— ba  feonds  Pmvldenca— Sapfeoentatlve  / 
oitibllohed  tat  Maaaachnaeetio— Arrive!  of  Hagh 
and  Hoary  Vane,  wbo  la  olocted  Oovenior— rounlatloa  of 
Connaetkut— and  New  Haven— War  with  the  Fsqaod 
Indiana— ■evorllloa  oierelsod  by  the  vletofloaa  Vnloalsla— 
DMaibaneoa  cnatad  hjr  Mrs.  Hatchlnaoo— Colonlaarion  of 


Khode  laland-and  of  New  Hamnhin  and  Malno-^oa- 

'    tuatlne  Condnct  of  ihe  King— Measara« 

;  Iho  Lthoitles  of  Msssaehuiaelts-lmor- 


loiuy,  and  luctuatli 

edoatod  aaalnst  Iho 

npiod  by  the  Civil  Waia-Mala  of  Now  Kagiand-ropu- 

hnwn    Lawa— Manners. 

Tai  diiaclon  of  Iho  Maaaaohnaatla  Bay  eompany 
in  England  maanwhila  alerted  their  atmocl  andaavora 
to  lainforea  tha  cohmy  with  a  numanma  body  of  addi- 
tional aattlan.  Their  deaigna  «ren  promoted  by  the 
rigor  and  intolaianea  of  Liaud'a  adminiatntion,  wnieh, 
dai^  multiplying  tha  haidahipe  impoeed  on  all  who 
acroplad  enlirn  coolbrmiljp  lo  tba  eeclasiastieal  ordi- 
naneae,  propanionably  diminiahed,  in  their  aeUmalion. 
tha  danger  and  bardahipe  attending  a  ralraal  to  Ama- 
rica. Many  paiaona  began  to  treat  wilb  'ha  eompany 
liar  a  aattlameni  in  New  England,  and  aeveni  of  lhaee 
mtn  pcopla  of  diatingiiiriiaa  family  and  fwrtuna.  But 
fetaaeeing  Iha  misrule  ineaparabla  from  tha  lasidenea 
of  the  legiakUva  power  in  Briuin,  they  demanded,  aa 
a  previoue  condition  of  their  emigration.  Ihat  the 
charter  and  all  the  powera  of  government  ahould  ba 
tranafarred  lo  Now  England,  and  aierciaed  within  Iha 
lairitory  of  the  colony.  The  compeny,  who  bad  incur- 
red a  eonaiderabia  ezpeusa  with  litUe  pioapaet  of 
apeedy  remuneration,  were  very  well  diapoaed  to  obtain 
such  imnorunt  aid  by  embracini^  tha  maaanra  that  waa 
Ipiopoaed  to  Uiem:.but  doubling  iu  legality,  they 
thought  proper  lo  conault  lawyen  of  eminence  on  the 
laahjaat.     Uaaacountabie  aa  il  mual  appear  to  oaoiy 


paiaon  In  Um  allgMiit  l  ,       ^ 

MMM#ntlM9|  iMy  IMMVM  Ml  MMM  ikWIiNS  M 

Um  wiakee  of  Um  amigiwMa  :•  tad  aaaonliagiy  il  wm 
dalarmined,  by  ganatal  aonaaal,  "Uku  Um    ' 
ahould  bo  tranafairad  and  Um  gOTanwaail  bo  ai 


Naw  Engkad."    To  Um  ■aakiia  of  lao  larpiaiilM 
wbo  chonaa  lo  lawaiii  at  kooM.  waa  raatraadTa  thaw 


in  the  trading,  aioek,  and  proflla  of  Um  aompaay,  fei 

neofdad  hi  Um  kiaiary  of  • 
aivUiaad  poopto,  Um  UkaMiao  af  Um  Now  Eiighnd 
aomMonilioa  waio  pitead  oa  •  aoM  tad  napaouUo 
.-  ,       .~  by  wklallAia 

^ , , ..     w__„ w,— «aHioaatd  wHh 

doubUtaddUBeuhiaa,tr  wkiak  Um  only  aolnUta  ikti 
tUo  to  diaaovofia  Um  opiahw  I  hart  aliaady 


I,  UmI  Um  kii^  traa  at  UUa  Uao  of  aatd 
10  rid  Um  raaba  of  Um  poiilaaa,  tad  ktd 
ooivarally  aigntfad  lo  Omt,  Uwl  if  dMy  would  ka 


daiiiooa  lot 

ooivorally  aigntfad  lo  Omt,  Uwi  if  dMy  i 
uair  pnaoneo  on  tnolho*  port  of  kia  di 
employ  ikair  aoargiaa  in  ponpUng  Um  deaaila  of  Aai^ 
flea,  Inataad  of  diataibinc  kla  openliono  oa  Um  ekoreb 
of  England,  Ikay  wtio  nao  lo  anaogo  lliair  ntarnkl 
eoaatilaUoa,  wkMkar  eiril  or  aealaeliitlcti,  teaoidhig 
lo  dMir  own  diaeratioa.  An  Eagliatt  corporalioa. 
appointed  by  ila  akailor  la  weido  hi  London,  raaolrtd 
iieeir,  by  lie  own  ael^alo  an  Anaridaa  eorpoitUoa 
tad  lianafamd  ila  ittUaoao  lo  Miaaackoaalla  i  mm 
UUa  waa  openly  Iraaaeelod  by  bmb  wkoeo  piinclplto 
rendered  Um*  paculiaily  obnoiiooa  to  UmIt  ndaa,  and 
•adar  Um  oyee  of  a  priaeo  no  loaa  vigilaal  lo  obaorro, 
Ikaa  rigoTiMw  lo  rapnao  ovary  aaeroaekaMnt  oa  Iht 
lioUla  of  hie  prarogaUTa.  So  far  waa  Charlaa  ftoti 
enlartainbig  Um  alighlaal  diaeaUafaeUon  tl  UUa  pM> 
carding,  or  from  deelring,  at  thia  period  of  hie  reign,  la 
obatraet  Um  lamoral  of  Um  purilana  to  Naw  Engkaad, 
that  about  two  yean  aAor  Uua  change  kad  bean  carried 
info  oCm«,  when  a  complaint  of  tiMlraiy  and  illegal 
proeeedinga  wu  preferred  aaainal  the  colony  by  • 
papial  who  had  been  baniahaa  from  il,  and  aino  wit 
aappoftad  by  Sir  Feidinando  Oorgae,  Um  king,  after  a 
fuu  baarinf  of  Um  caaa  m  the  prnry  couneil,  isaaad  t 
pioclamelioo  not  only  jnatifying  bul  commanding  Um 
whole  conduct  nf  Um  colonial  government,  raprobeting 
Um  pravalant  roporta  Umi  he  "  had  lo  gind  opinion  M 
thai  nlanltlion,"  and  engaging  not  only  lo  maintain  Iho 
privilagaa  of  ila  inhabilania,  bul  to  aopply  whauvar 
alee  might  conlnbolo  lo  UMir  further  comfort  and 
proaparity.t  From  Iha  midm  of  Uiia  docomant  M 
which  no  notieo  ia  taken  by  tho  wfitara  bUoueal  lo  Um 
puiilana,)  and  Ana  Um  whnio  comnlaiioo  of  Iha  Uog*! 
conduet  towtrda  Um  foondore  or  Uiia  aaltlaaaol,  il 
mold  appear  that,  whaiavar  doeigno  ha  aiaht  aacrally 
chiriah  of  adding  Iha  anbpwaUoa  of  Near  Ei^iad,ll 
t  fnlura  period,  lo  UmI  of  hia  BiiUah  aad  Thgiaia* 
domuioae,  hia  policy  at  thia  Uaaa  waa  lo  poraoado  tba 
leadare  of  Iho  poiitana,  that  if  they  woold  paadably 
abandon  iho  eooteet  for  UMir  righu  in  Engiaad,  ihay 
were  at  liberty  to  ambodr  and  an}oy  them  io  whatarac 
ioatituUona  they  might  think  At  lo  eataldiah  in  Aaariet 
And  yet  aoaM  wtiMra.  whoa  it  ia  impowibia  lo  tak 


with  ignoraiKe,  aa  they  had  aeoaa  lo  ell  iho  eiieUag 
materiala  of  infoimatioo,  whom  il  arouM  juaUy  be  heU 
preaomptooiu  to  chatgt  with  defect  of  diaeammeul, 
and  wlmm  il  may  paiEapa  anpoar  nncharitabia  to  re- 
proach wiUi  matigiuly  lowanu  the  puritane,  ham  iMt 
aerupladioeeeaaa  Um  foandereof  Uua  colony  of  affMt' 
ing  their  enda  by  a  poiiey  not  lea  impodeot  ihaa 
fnudful,  and  by  acta  of  oiaobedienea  Utile  abort  ol 
rebellion.  The  coloniala  UwmMlvee,  notwithalanding 
all  Iba  faciliUee  which  tho  king  presented  lo  them,  and 


•  Thara  Is  not  tho  sMghtost  raeson  far  sappoalag  that  Ike 
u  or  that  U  pracaadad  oa  anaaaou  In- 


oplnluo  wos  dlihoooit,  or  that 
lomaUon.  Kvoa  at  a  sabsafuant  poiiod,  tha  atlomay-eono. 
nl,  tawyor,  gave  It  w  his  oflclal  oiinioo,  ••  that  tha  aalahl 
having  erMtad  tba  giaatoss  and  thalr  aastgna,  a  baqr  est- 
ponle,  Ihoy  niIgM  tiaasfor  thoir  charter,  aad  act  tat  Naw 
■agland.!*  Chalawis,  a.  17*.  Ha  had  not  norusad  tha 
charter  with  suflelant  aiiantloo.  It  convoysd  the  sill  to  the 
corporation  aad  Its  asslgaa ;  bat  contnrad  tha  pewan  cf 

CramaMul  on  the  corpocatloa  aad  IM  ■aroorasra.   Hia  mla- 
0,  howoTor,  nay  wall  sssm  to  amuit  tha  pataataea  of  la- 
tanllnnal  deviation  Inm  tha  taims  or  thalr  giant. 

t  Noal  I,  ItT,  8.  This  proclamation  Is  voiyaitftaUy  waidod, 
and  contains  Indications  of  deeper  designs,  which  wera  kept 
InrossrvstUI  tho  piaaant  policy  had  praducad  the  otbct  Uiat 
was  upoctod  ftam  It.  Tha  ampla  taualry  that  ancadad  the 
proclamation,  auuthava  taidncadihe  paraaa*  lB^aUave,lhat 
Iho  wtaols  proceedings  of  the  colonMs  had  lauilvsd  tha  nyal 
approbotlon;  and  yet  tha  pladgi of  asotoctiaa  and  security  le 
dsstaroutly  qualUod  with  Iha  condition  of  lu  sppearinc  ta  tho 
satlsfketlon  of  the  king  that  tho  chsitsr  had  boon  In  all  tHaga 
onBctuatod  according  to  lu  true  mosnlng— an  Indta-atlon  tha 
a  day  might  coino  wiisn  It  would  bo  mora  coovonloiit  foe  Ua 
to  look  m  a  causs  of  quarrel  with  tho  colony.  HsJ  he  sno> 
'  In  extinguishing  liberty  In  England,  the 
arouid  not  Iob(  have  survlvadlt. 


TMi  NiiTORr  or 


^^Ml^^  ••  M^W  pfMHI|4Mk 


IBil  WW^P  V^MM^H^^^V  ^P  l^^^^^OTT^Wf  ■mV  IHCV   IHv* 

•In  kM  ilw  tpMkl  IMmmmMm  tT  *M  Mm  «*• 


ii|^  af  iIm  mmmuf.    WMi  tatk  imI  u4  mUtIi; 
«taa  •«•  m«mI  wMkkgpMrf  Ut^^tan  ^MMi,  kadi 


•TllNwwU 


iM*  MMUdiUt  MOM.  h  Mtk  af  Umm  •  chank 
waa  aHaUUMd  aa  *a  MiM  rmM  wkkikM  af  Slim, 
nil,  MfUkM  iiilk  Ika  aaMaf  —fciM  waflaiaafcr 
I  taJni  wilHar.  aecapM  IM«  aaliialjr 

ki.    naai 


A  h« 

jiiaf  tkM  aaaa  ikaaU  kMaaftar  ka 

araranaf  nrrlagMjairaMii,  kat  ■aakwkMlkaaaar 
•kaaU  kaiaalUr  ••  laaatwd  taMa  ika  ekank  m  aMai- 
kaii^    Tktoliwalaaaa  JivMMi  avaijr  aanaawkaM 

aafy  aa  ll 


liag  aalaliai.  nat  aaly  a«  ika  |taal 
niaia  afiiiiilai,  kat  «m  »a«|MMi  la  ika  iMtm*  af 
ika  aftaRk  aa4  ika  aanaMuiai  aT  wanhip,  af  ill  ika 
afaaMiaa.  A«  aaraalralM  pawar  af  if* 
I  tlalMM  af  ikaM  uka  imM 
wMk  ikaekafrkkaiM 


C^StlLIJ^Sj?' 


flPtfMiani  Ika  iniI  vtiaaMa  nril  i%JMa  waft  Maaa  la 
pMabaaaMaaliaaL    Evaa M a laiar pariah,  «kaa Ika 

CWMMilS   WW9    CMWMMIi    Wf    UmI    fMMUMfMMM  #f 


Okailaa  tha  laaaad,  m  Maka  mmm  ahaniian  af  iMa 
law,  Ikajr  ahaitrf  it  aaly  h  apyaaiinca,  md  anaatad 
Ikat  arafjr  taalkUta  ki  ika  pritila|a  af  a  fiaaaMn, 
ikoM  itadaaa  a  canilaau  ftaai  laaia  laiaiiM  af  ika 
•atoMUMekant 


Ikajr  arara  panana  af  atlkadai 
pfiaaiflaa,  aad  af  kaaaat  liM  and  eaaTamliaa— a  car- 
lileaia  wkiak  tk«r  wka  did  nat  balang  la  iba  tMibliiiMd 
ckarck  aaaaaiarfly  aalkilad  wiik  |iaal  diiad*aBlaM. 
Tka  tamnaaaca  af  aark  bwa  waa  la  alaTila  Iba 


•f  wialw  wa    a^ 


M^ 


«riik  a  wpiiMw  af  Ikaaa  iiiah  and  dlatian. 

I A0  avaaal  af  wkMi  avaiy  kady  af  aalllafa  ki 

laacfclidwraaa.    Atftlad  wMi 

■h  all  Ika  gaaataaa  aaaiiibatlaea  af 

ki  Ika  ara?  iaca  wata  lUa  kat 


la^aiaea  af  kaagar,  aaU,  aad  ika  paaaUaitttoaaf 

^aad  lid|id  firdw  Man  pan  in  baatka  aad 
Ikal  aflMad  kat  ia»aiftat  piataatiaa  Ikaai  iba 
Baal  MHakin  at  ihaaa  araaa  aanM  la  iba 
iai  Ika  aakla  ditanwaailaa  af  laMi  wkidi 
a,  uiiiinid  iB  Ha  (bfaa; 
caWaiitiaa  arttk  aaMiaa 
lada ;  aad  iba  djpbif  aiaiaaiid  a  giataM  amli»> 
at  kaviaaal  laaM  kikiH  ariik  ibak  ajraa  iba  |a- 
lia|afaa«MbafCbriatkilbaaa  daaahta  aadaaf 


liMI 

Ibaf 

Ibaaarlb.    Tka  eaathwaaea  af 


iia 

Iba*  laaagaiaad  aa  Iba  aaamr  la  Ihair  fcajraia,  ateiiad 
Ibairdaraliaaal  jiatilada.    Tbia  calaahy  wa«  baldly 
I  mj  waaa  ahnaad  bjr  Iba  lidta|i  af  a 


inaififMf  af  Aa  aai|bkBriiia  Indiuia  lar 
ibairdaanaetiaD.    Tba  calaaiau,  ioMaad  af  laljrfaig  an 


m,  bad,  aa  Ihair  im  anival,  itiriy  naiabaaad 
ladiaaa  iB  Iba  mail  af  iaod  wbieb  ibay  aftar> 
aaaaaad^  aad  in  iba  baar  af  Ibaii  |iant,  balb 
I  Iba  fcahlaii  vandota  wba  nwnaead  tbam. 


Ibajr  aad 

laapad  iba  frail  af  ihiar  ceaeawanea  ar  ealliiiaa  wilb 
*a  daaigoa  af  Etaiaal  Joiliea.  Tha  baatiliqr  af  tbaaa 
aangaa  waa  iMamptad  by  a  paaiUanlial  diaardar  that 
ktaka  aat  aaMng  UiaaiaalTaa,  aad  with  wpid  daanlilinw 
af  ibaai  away.    Thia  diaardar  waa 


Aa  ■aatl-pai,  wUeb  baa  alwiya  pcorad  a>m'acb  mra 
finaiaabU  auMy  la  Indian  thaa  la  Eorapain  eanilita- 
liaaa.  laipilaaf  ihaawalebaiilablaasarlianaanlbr 
pan  af  tba  telaaiata  la  afiait  iba  praaiaaa  af  iba  dia- 

,  laapif  by  Ibair  npaiiar  aiaJicil  akill,  aina-laalba  af 
tha  ual|bbaiiB|  langaa  warn  eat  tS,  and  anat  of  iha 

''jftiyttan  flyint  fton  tba  iafceliaD,  lamorad  tlwir  ha- 
Wliliaaa  t^aiara  dialaat  ta^jena. 


IMI.]  Whaa  iha  laataralian  of  pianly,  by  iba  anriral 
aaajUia  tram  KnaUnd.  and  iha  abalaawnt  af  iba  aa- 


Mfi^afiiialar.  panaiuadlha  ealaniau  loiaaana  ibair 
'"  ■  Ihriha iiaaiaeiiaa  of  pablia  bniiaata,  thair 


aery  dm  praeaadlngi  drmonalratad  that  a  |raat  ma 
lanty  af  ihani  iraia  coniidenbly  laarenad  wilh  a  spirit 
af  aMkraarOi  aad  wara  dataimniad  in  ibair  pitcucal 
to  aaampiiQr  a  thaioogfa  intanaistora, 


riain  la  a  vary  W||h  daaiaa  af  indaaaaa  aad  aalbaiilyi* 
aad,  aappily  ftr  Iba  aabay.  ika  waa  lan|  blaaaad  wllb 
a  miiinlan  af  aitoiaiara  arbaaa  admiiaMa  virtaaa  waia 
aatanlalad  la  aaaalanot  tba  miasbiaf  of  thia  inatdinau 
Ipdaaaaa,  aad  avan  10  ruann  it  iaio  aa  hMlraaianI  af 
gaad.  Tkaagk  diaiaatara  fiom  Ika  calaniil  ebureb 
irata  ikna  dapfivad  af  paliliaal  pririlagaa,  it  daaa  nat 

Slkai  ihay  waia  auMaclad  to  any  aUMr  incanra- 
aieapl  whna  than  lanala  waia  eaoaidaiad  aa 
iplMaMa%  av  wbaa  Ibay  aaaaararad  av  iha  prapana" 
I  af  Ihaai  la  dalaeb  alhara  Aaa  tba  aaUhOahad 
ahniah,  ar  by  tba  praalieal  laaHtalian  af  Ibam  to  di» 
Inib  Iha  pnMia  paaca.  Tba  aicloiiaB  from  palilietl 
pririlagaa  la  whiah  ihay  waia  latijaclad,  aaam*  nat  at 
Inl  la  bava  giraa  tbani  aay  annavanaa ;  bat  la  bira 
baan  Ml  H  ha  iha  aaaaaaaiy  eanaaqoanca  af  that  in- 
Mrtaslaia  af  ebnrah  and  aaaiiaanwaallh  b  which  Iha 
nadn  and  af  paliliaal  inatitaliaaa  waa  Iba  nraiarration  of 
Iba  abaicb  aaiaia,  aad  iba  ehiaf  ralaa  af  palilioal  pri- 
rilagaa caaaidaiad  10  ariaa  ftooi  thaii  aobaarrianea  la 
lUaaad.  Vaiiaaa  naiaaaa  laaidad  fai  paaca  wilhia  iba 
calaay,  tbaaab  aaehidad  ftaa  palllieal  fraaahiaaa :  and 
ana  aplarapal  mbiiitar  ia  pailiealariy  aalad  lor  hari^ 
•aid,  wbaa  ha  aignidad  bw  rahaal  to  jaia  any  af  Iba 
ealanial  canm|iliona,  that  as  ha  had  laft  England  ba- 
causa  ba  did  nat  liba  iba  lord  bishops,  so  Ihay  might 
laat  aaaoiad  ha  bad  aataama  la  Ansfica  10  lira  ondsc 

ISSa.]  Tha  diadanliaa  af  Ihair  aiWaal  anmbara,  which 
Iha  aalaMU  bad  aoflimd  ftaai  baidabip  aad  disaaia,  waa 
aaaa  amah  aMia  ibaa  caaipaaaatad  by  iba  ampla  ra- 


ipaaaatad  by  1 
caia 
l]Aa 


>pl. 
■ 
Ibaaaw 


I  a  cangisga- 
balors3,ftr. 


tbaraallaadbiaeairad  Aamlbair 
panacaiad  braUma  fat  England.  riM]  Among  Iba  M 
aalllara  wba  anivad  aat  mw  aftar  tba  tiansMrsnea  of 
taa  saat  al  gararasaaat  la  Hassachaaatta,  waia  sanm 
amfaMnt  paiitaa  mbiialaia.  af  wham  Iha  amst  lamaika- 
bla  waia  Elliot  and  Mayaaw,  iha  fiat  pioiaslant  mis- 
sianaiiaa  la  Iha  ladiaaa,  aad  Jaba  Cation,  a  man  whosa 
afaigalar  woitb  pracarsd,  and  long  pnaarrad,  10  Urn  a 
pauiaicbal  lepola  and  aalbarity  m  Iha  colony.  Aftar 
miaislaiing  for  iwant*  jaara  in  England  to  a 
tian  br  whom  ba  was  nigbl*  laspactad  and  be 
Ooilaii  bad  baan  anauaoaed  bafbia  iba  Conn  of  High 
Commission  on  a  charge  of  ns|^iing  to  baeel  at  Iha 
saeiamaat.  Laid  Dorset  and  ether  peieana  nf  dielioe- 
tien  by  whom  be  waa  hnown  and  nload.  ampleyed  the 
atieugest  inleicsssian  ia  bb  behalf  wilb  Laud:  bat 
Ihair  aieitieaa  pioriag  Bnarailiag,  Oaiaot  sent  to  in- 
form him,  "ihal  if  it  bad  been  aidy  dmnhenncse  or 
adohaiy  he  bad  cammillad,  be  might  hero  fsund  bror, 
bat  Ihe  sin  of  poritsnism  wse  unnardonabla."  Mr. 
CaUon.  ia  canseqnenea,  raliied  to  Now  England,  and 
fwnd  there  a  scene  peeoliaily  sileulslad  to  daralope 
and  givaeflkecy  to  hie  piety  sndrirtue.  Toanaamest 
coocain  for  rahgieo  ba  anited  a  Jeep  and  atet  prersil- 


*  MsktIiuIsmss  of  thstr  Inlusnes  In  mMlsnoT  impoit- 
sncr  wiuacturlallMfttrUisrpratrauofoiuiisfratlvs.  An 
ImUBca  of  tbalr  camralovsr  pubue  oplnloa  ooapolnl  wluch, 
bolsa  qaU*  ktytut  lbs  pmvlaes  of  rasson,  wu  Ifas  nora  Uksly 
to  ImsmI  the  most  obtlinsM  and  unsMiUtbIs  prajudless,  Is 
■wile— d  ky  Bvtehliwon,  p.  IM.  Tobseee  was  st  Inl  pro- 
hlUtsa  andsr  a  psnalty ;  snd  in  soiim  wrMiiga  Ihsi  w«t«  po- 
polir  in  iho  colaiiy.UM  smoko  of  It  b,  tvtth  mnu  audscisua 
al»anHI]r,  compsrao  to  Iho  funm  oftha  bottomlau  pit.  But 
soma  of  tiia  clarty  hstlnf  fsllan  into  the  praeiios  of  amaklng, 
lotaeca  was  loslsaUy,  sjr  sa  act  of  geiranuDSDi,  "  aal  st 


hie  hrtaiaaaiaa  wiih  atbaia,  la  diXiaa  the  mloaaaa  at 
hie  plal*  aa  kisa  laniibly  than  agreeably  ibieagb  Ibt 
aaiaaafMaaaairafBaliaa.  TbaMBaeeeallheslaadati 
wblah  ha  had  caailaaaltf  hi  hie  view,  aad  iha  mk^ 
lathig  faidaaaea  af  ibal  suaag  admiialiaa  whisb  ba  a» 
leitamed  Ibr  It,  (aaaaaatiaiM  la  Ma  aberaatar  aa  ahM» 


aaaea  ai  ma  aapaaaaaoa  aa  airma  aw,  ana  ai  aia  tnaft 
samhsf  la  hie  giaal  pauaiat  gftaad  hie  aianaaia  wMi  a 
hami%  Ibal  SinacMd  1^  and  diaanaad  iha  taaiaa 
llotM  apaaaillaa  ai  aatiuaaaa  ana  aaay.  11  la  laaaiwaa 
ar  BUa,  mat  baring  aaaa  aaaa  mllawaa  warn  taa  saarca 
•bsfs  be  bad  bean  piaasblBg  ta  biabaaea,  by  an  igna- 
rant  dispalaliaas  merbaaia,  who  laM  him  wHh  a  newa 
that  Ma  ministn  bad  baeama  daib  and  del,  ha  replied, 
"BWI.Iratlfr,  Mai«rl(MI|  MaMJUaapmrpraytra 


Bceaalad 


Ob  aaMhar  oeeaeian,  being 


by  a  pragaialiaal  caieamb,  wha 
inaelanlly  laid  Mm  that  ha  waa  an  <iM  feol.  Mr.  Calloa, 
with  a  mddnaie  that  showed  be  tofgara  Me  tBdeaesst 
and  a  aalamnily  Ihsl  avinesd  be  waa  raiy  br  flam  dia> 
lagaMIng  the  sfinian  af  Ma  brMhren,  inewaiad,  ■•  /««• 
/tu  /  am  sa  (  Its  Vtri  mati  Ikn  aad  m*  tsurr  (baa 
Iff  VI,  Mtn  wit  mm  mhttim."  Tha  charaalar  al 
thia  eneUent  eleMyman,  and  af  many  af  bis  catam* 
paiaiiae  bi  Iba  ealanial  minieliy,  eeeme  la  have  baaa 
fcnipad  by  Pioridenae  tor  Ihe  aapiaee  paipaaa  af  raun> 
isnellng,  by  aliang  indiridaal  inflnMee,  Ihe  rialent, 
diviaive,  and  eaalanliooa  spirit  ibal  lang  eanlinaad  la 
fcrmant  among  a  eammnnily  of  men  whoa  paraacaiiaa 
bad  randaiad  rigid  and  inlleiMile  in  feHawing  oat  iheii 
apinians,  whesa  aenliaMBia  bad  nel  been  haiaianiied 
by  previavs  baMla  of  anhm,  wba  were  daily  laeelving 
faito  their  bady  a  flash  faifosien  of  disshailar  ehanetsia 
and  anapeiated  feeling,  aad  amang  wham  aeeh  nata- 
rally  eansldeiad  tba  apinlbna  Ibr  which  he  bed  indirldo- 
ally  saflbiad,  aa  iba  nMat  napanaiil  fcalam  ia  tha 
cemmon  eraaa.  Mitan  we  issaticl  tba  piaeaBaa  af 
soeh  elemenu  of  diseord,  and  Iha  sereia  and  lengthaned 
eparalioa  that  bad  baea  giran  «e  that  inflnanea  wbieh 
tande  la  diire  even  the  wisa  10  ftamr,  wa  shall  ba  issa 
diipaeed  to  manel  at  dM  rabemant  haale  and  aarfana- 
niaaa  eonlantiona  thai  fat  snma  instances  brake  ferlb  M 
disiaib  the  peace  af  the  ealany,  liian  that  fai  Iha  midii 
af  soeh  thraelenfaig  symptoms  so  much  eahaiaata  aad 


lUs  eminent  individnl  Jahn  Caltan,  Themaa  Haakar, 
a  ana  Tanr  little  farfbiiar  to  Mm  hi  warlh,  and,  a«  a 
later  periad.  Dr.  Inneisa  Msthar,  who  aoeeaadad  la 
Iha  astfanation  wMcb  Mr.  Coiioo  bad  aniayad,  and 
whaee  faarily  eopphad  no  lass  than  ten  of  the  most 
popnlar  niniiMeia  af  Ihair  age  to  tha  church  af  Maasa- 
ebaaetia,  and  pndocad  the  eclebratad  anthor  af  (ha 
ecclesiastical  hisloiy  af  New  England.  Had  tba  col  >• 
nisi  minielry  been  ccmpassd  eniiiely  of  such  or  soeh- 
like  men,  the  agilalad  miada  af  Ika  inbabilanis  might 
have  mach  aooaar  atiainad  a  salllad  compeeore ;  bnt, 
UBflatoBslely,  Ihe  wild  and  hapaluoaa  spirit  that  was 
worUng  in  many  af  dnm  did  aat  lai^  wait  ibr  leedera 
to  eieito  aad  dar  alopa  ila  powsia. 

Tha  drat  ralmioas  dissension  Ibal  areaa  in  the  celaoy 
waspiamated  ij  Roger  Williams,  [IdSd,]  who  bad 
come  orer  to  New  England  in  I6W,  and  praecbed  lot 
eame  yeare  to  the  inhaUUnla  of  New  Plymoalb ;  but, 
aat  ladtBg  Ibei*  an  aadianca  aailsUa  to  hie  puipeaas, 
be  bed  soUeiled  bis  dismission,  snd  bed  leeeBi^  been 
sppointad  miBialai  of  Salem.  This  man  waa  a  li^ 
Browaial,  pieciee,  iUibenI,  unfeibeariBg,  and  passion- 
to  :  be  began  to  rent  ban  Ihe  palpil  which  he  had 
lined  by  Ms  snbslaatial  piety  snd  Tsrvid  seal,  a  singu- 
I  madly  of  notions ;  soma  wiUly  spacalalire,  sama 
boldly  onosed  to  the  coiielitatioos  of  civil  eociety,  snd 
some  which,  if  onezceptionsUe  in  theory,  weie  bigMy 
ottsoitabla  to  Iha  pfaKa  fram  which  ihay  waia  daUvned, 
and  tba  aieiciaee  and  senlimania  with  which  ba  en- 
dcsvorsd  to  aseaeisia  them.  Ha  msinlained  that  it 
was  not  lawful  for  an  uniegensraW  man  lo  pray,  aai 
for  chiisliaiis  to  join  in  fswily  pn)>sr  with  those  wham 
they  judged  uniegenento ;  Ihit  it  waa  nat  lawfel  W 
uka  an  nath  to  the  civil  msgisirato,  not  even  the  estfc 
of  sUegJsnee,  which  he  bad  declinsU  himsslf  lit  take, 
and  sdvissd  bis  congraastion  equally  to  refuse ;  thai 
King  Charles  bsd  no  i^t  to  usuip  the  powsr  of  dis- 
posing of  the  Mniloiy  of  tha  Indians,  and  baoiea  Ihe 


NORTH   AMIRIOA. 


MlnWpMMlWMtMMllylaftMl  IkM  dw  MilMnw 
M  M  iMm  M  mmln  m  dliMi  Um  cmimmmm  af 
■M I  tiMllwl  my  iMnf  akort  •<  •nNi»ii*4  loltniioii 
fu(  ill  rcligMM  •!•  liaMMtbU  {MrMcuiion.     'IImm 


ml  unMipiM 

itgM    IIM    M| 


of  lolarilNm  h*  romlHM4  with  ■  •piril 

Mptnllnil,  iImI  h*  not  mtly  itfuttd  ill 

witk  Mjr  WM  4U  KM  pntaM  ••■ry  on*  of 


n|  opialoM,  bul  ftrhad*  Ih*  iiMinlMra  of  iba 
(koNk  it  SaMia  w  eommunlcil*  wlik  injr  of  iho  olhcf 
ckiHthM  tn  Uw  •olony ;  and,  whon  Iboy  {tfuwd  to  oboy 
|W«  ^nkiMiinn,  fco  withdrtw  from  Ihnin,  ind  tot  up  ■ 
Mptnio  mooiini  hi  bii  own  kouto.  Hon  ko  wm  it- 
ImM  kf  •  MiMl  Mnombiy  of  Mohioi  MlmiNn,  com- 
Mod  of  mon,  in  whnno  nindo  an  impoluout  lonipor, 
MUiiMil  Iqr  ponoculloa,  kad  grant*  im|Mirml  Ibo  Mnia 
of  nMwil  pori(NMlit«  I  wbo  miorUMMl  diii|irwottion«4 
Mmo  of  UtoM  bnnahoo  or  iko  trunk  of  fMlunoot,  for 
Iko  Mko  of  «Mck  ikoy  kW  ondond  frack  migbty  u»S»- 
tan,  tnd  bod  mo«  worth  tnd  pioiy  m  foaHy  wrongod ; 
Mid  «ko  obkomd  o«ary  tymbol,  bodgo,  tad  prtalico, 
Ikil  wta  aaaoeiatad  «ritk  iha  rowawbranaa,  ttid  nottad, 
at  ikar  roneoivad,  wilb  ibo  lni<|aity  of  ibalr  idalaiioua 
appwuaata.  Oiia  of  Uo  MIowara,  Mr.  EndirnI,  a 
■agiitnia  of  ibo  pkaa,  and  hnmAi  dapuly-gatamor 
of  Iko  aoloay,  in  a  irantpon  of  laal  afainat  tapantl- 
iHin,  aul  Iha  rad  aroaa  out  of  ibo  bing  a  colon )  and 
■any  of  tho  lnin*d  handa,  who  had  kltkarto  Mlowod 
Ikaaa  aatora  wiUioot  objaclion,  caught  Iha  cimUgiow  of 
Endieot'a  aaal,  and  |iraiaal«d  thai  Ibay  woaM  follow 
Ibrm  no  longar,  if  ih»  iiroaa  wata  parmillad  lo  romain. 
Tba  notoua  and  tiolent  rondual  of  Endicol  wta  ani- 
varMUr  diaappravcd,  and  tba  cohmlal  aulhoriliaa  pun- 
Miad  bia  miadamaanar  by  ropriaiand  and  iliaabilily  of 
o  fnr  ooa  yaar ;  but  Ibay  wan  abligad  to 
Iha  diapuia  with  tba  proiaalan  among  ibo 
la,  tnd  comply,  le  a  eartain  aitanl,  with 


aompfafluao 
UakMid  banda, 

lamenalrancaa. 


rbay  wara 


iring  10  call 


Williama  lo  a  judicial  rackoning,  wkan  Mr.  UoUon  tod 
Mkar  minialara  iniarpoaod  tnd  daairad  to  ba  tllowad  lo 
naaoa  with  Um,  aliaging  that  bia  violaaco  wu  prompt- 
od  rtlhar  by  a  miaguidad  conadaaca,  than  aaditiooa 
Brinciplaa)  and  ihtt  ihara  waa  hava  thay  migbt  gain, 
hmaad  of  loaing,  ihcir  brolhar.  Vaa  art  daentad  wi 
Mai  mm,  if  y««  Ikink  ht  will  tmdunU  f  turn  ff 
any  tfymi,  waa  tba  pradialion  of  ibo  gevomor,  and  iba 
laa  :U  af  Ibo  eonfannea  profiag  «ha  juatica  of  it,* 
aantxBca  of  baniabmant  from  tba  roloay  waa  forthwith 
provouncad  upon  Williama.  Tbia  aaManea  aiaitad  a 
graal  apaoar  lO  Salam,  and  waa  ao  auecaaafully  da- 
■nam  ad  aa  paraaealion  by  tba  adbaranU  of  WiUiama, 
that  dm  balk  of  tka  inhabiunu  of  Uia  plaaa  wara  pra- 
paring  lo  follow  kim  into  uilo ;  whan  an  aamtat  and 
piaua  adinoiiition,  ttanamillad  to  thorn  by  Mr.  Cotton 
and  tba  olhor  minialara  of  Boaton,  induced  Ibam  to  ro- 
lin^ui•h  tbair  purpoaa,  to  aabnowladgo  Ibo  juatica  af 
tka  pracaading,  and  abandon  WiUiama  lo  bia  fonanaa. 
Ha  waa  not,  bowovar,  tUndonad  by  hia  mara  aalaet 
adbaranla,  wbaaa  cMcrm  and  aOaetioa  bo  bad  gainod 
to  aueh  a  dograa,  that  they  raaoltrad  to  incur  a*ary 
kaurd,  in  Ofdar  to  li*a  tnd  dia  with  him.  Accompany- 
ing him  in  bia  aiilr,  ibay  diractad  ihair  march  lowaida 
tba  aoalh,  and  aatlling  at  a  placa  bayond  tba  ioriadic- 
lion  of  MaaaaebuaatU,  UicT  bought  a  conaidarahia  tract 
of  land  from  tba  Indiana,  and  bcalowad  on  Ihair  aallk- 
manttbanamaofPruvidanea.  Had  thia  man  ancoun- 
lared  Iba  irealmcnl  lo  which  Iha  publicalion  of  hia 
peculiar  opinioiia  would  have  upoaad  him  in  Englaod, 
be  would  probably  have  been  driven  to  madneaa:  the 
wiacr  and  kinder  treatment  he  experienced  from  the 
Maaaachuaetu  aulhoriliaa  waa  productive  of  happier 
ctfaeu;  and  Mr.  Cotton  and  hia  aaaociataa  were  not 
deceived,  in  auppoaing  that  they  would  gain  their 
brother.  Tbey  gained  him  in  t  mtnoer,  indeed,  ieae 
laltering  lo  ihemaelvea  than  a  triumnhant  iaaua  of  the 
eoiifanneo  would  have  been,  but  much  mon  benefioitl 
>o  Iho  intereeU  of  Ameriet.  He  concuned,  ta  we 
ehall  aeo,  at  a  later  period,  in  founding  the  aute  of 
Rhode  laland,  and  waa  one  of  iu  moat  eminent  bene- 
feetora.  He  lived  to  an  advanced  age ;  tnd  toon 
throwing  off  tho  wild  and  aeptrtliiig  apiiit  with  which 
kit  aeniimenU  had  been  leavened,  he  regained  the 
friondahip  tnd  eeteem  of  hia  ancient  fellow  coloniata, 


tad  pattofved  t  IViendly  canatpaadaMO  with  Mr.  Cat- 
Ian  and  athara  af  ikam  till  kia  daatk.  The  ptlneiplaa 
of  teleralioo,  wkicb  he  ked  formorlv  dlecfadited,  by  dio 
rigiiln»aa  witk  which  he  diaaltowed  Iko  alkktoet  diAr- 
enca  uf  omniona  between  Ihe  memhera  of  hie  own 
miiniun,  be  now  enforced  by  eiaraieii^  thet  foi 
ance  by  which  the  dilbrancea  that  diainguiak  akrio- 
litna  tie  pravented  fram  dividbig  ikam,  and  bv  aulli- 
vatiiig  that  charily,  by  which  even  Ihe  tenaa  af  Ihaao 
dillerancaa  ie  olUn  mailed  down.  Tho  grool  fuado- 
menial  prinaiplaa  of  chnalitnity  daily  tequiriog  t  mara 
ewluaive  and  tbaorbing  induaaae  aver  hia  mind,  ko 
began  lo  labor  for  Ike  eoataraion  of  Iha  Indiaaa)  aad, 
In  addition  M  Ike  banadu  of  whiek  kia  minitln  tMong 
them  waa  pioducUva  lo  thomaelvaa,  ha  arfaM  over 
Iham  aa  inguance  which  ho  rondeiad  highly  tdvtaia- 
geoiia  lo  kia  old  tatoaiiloo  in  Mtaaaahaaatia,  wham  ho 
wtt  tntbtod  Atasuanlly  lo  wan  of  eoaapiiaaiaa  farmed 
tgtinal  Iham  b«  Iho  atngae  hi  their  viaMiiy,  tnd  co» 
mnnietlo)!  lo  lilm  ky  lEa  Irihae  wilb  wham  ha  mafai- 
lained  relatione  of  niendahip.  The  vehemoneo  that 
Endicol  had  diaplayad.  wte  not  lete  mellowed  by  lima 
and  the  aacandaaey  af  aound  wiadom  and  piety.  He 
ramtiaed  in  Mttatehutelle,  end,  tl  t  leter  pofiod,  baU 

la  In  ita  govoinmenl  with 

teapact. 


Ibr  many  yeara  Ike  ckief  oAae 
gnat  tdvtnligo^tnd  general  te< 


*  Tluufli  ke  wouM  not  ratract  bis  doimaa,  it  Mania  that 
eauw  ef  the  arguiuants  ihat  ware  employad  with  him  tank 
Into  hia  mind,  and  at  laaM  raduced  hlratodlance.  Mr.  Hooker, 
eneorilH  mlnlaten  whowaaaant  to  deal  with  hlm,un|ed, 
aniaM  other  ranioMnp,— >•  ir  It  be  unlawrui  rer  an  unre^e- 
aerata  panon  to  pray,  li  U  unlawful  for  grour  unr«i,-anerata 
cliUdteaakaUaulnionhla  meat;  aiidtfao,lt  la  unlawful  for 
baa  to  eat,  ainee  food  h  sancllted  by  prayar,  and  without 
'  MBl-ar  •UMaaatUed  (I  Tin.  Iv.  4,  ») ;  and  It  nuat  be  a4uallr 
SaltwfflfKTeatalavltahlmtoaat,  alnceTOUoniht  not  to 
•eaattim  la  att."  TO  lUa be  decUaad matinf  any  aaawer. 


Tka  colony  of  Maaaaekoaelle  had  eonllnaad  mean- 
while 10  tiuin  tiebilil*  tnd  proapeiity,  tod  to  etiend 
ite  aellleinenta ;  and  thia  yeer  an  important  and  bena- 
lleiel  change  took  place  In  ita  internal  eonatilation. 
Tho  moruHly  that  bad  prevailed  among  Iho  Inditnt, 
ktd  vtetted  t  groil  mtny  of  Ike  alttiona  wkick  Ikeif 
iribea  kad  occupied,  tnd  ti  mtny  of  Ikaao  ware  wall 
ehoaen,  the  coloniala  look  paaaeaaion  of  Ihom  widl  tn 
eegemeee  that  dianaraed  their  aatllamanu  widely  over 
the  province.  Tkie  noceaaorily  led  lo  Iko  inlraduation 
of  rapreeentotive  government,  and,  aecordinglv,  at  iko 
period  of  aaeembbng  Iho  general  court,  tho  fraanan, 
mataad  of  attending  It  in  pcraon.  according  to  Iho 
preecriptioii  of  the  charwr,  elected  repreaenltlivee  ia 
their  aoveni  dietiieta,  whom  they  authorlaod  to  appeal 
in  Ihaif  name  and  act  in  Ihair  behalf.  The  npreeeou- 
tlvee  waro  tdmitlad,  tnd  henceforward  cooaidorad 
Ihemaelvea,  ia  eonjunctioa  with  tho  governor  tnd 
taaiattnia,  ti  the  eupreme  legielttive  taaomUy  of  Iho 
eoloay.  The  abelnct  wiadom  of  thia  innovtiion  conid 
not  admit  of  duubl,  tnd,  hi  defence  of  their  light  to 
efleot  it,  it  wte  forcibly  urged  ihtl  Ihe  eolonieU  wara 
only  making  a  new  wiy  to  iho  enjoynMot  of  t  right 
tlretdy  eilondod  lo  them,  tnd  provealing  thoii  taeam- 
bliea  from  becoming  eithii  too  noBMiaoe  to  tranaact 
buaineaa,  M  too  thin  and  partial  to  ni|iiaeenl  the  intar- 
eau  which  they  were  intended  to  tdmiiiitler,  tad  top- 
poeed  to  embrtco.  The  numbei  of  freemen  htd  grtttly 
ineretaed  ahwe  ihe  chtrtet  wta  gftnttd  j  mtny  reeided 
tl  t  dialtnce  from  Ihe  pitcct  when  the  aupnme  couru 
wen  bcM ;  ponontl  titandtnco  had  become  incoovo- 
nieni ;  tnd,  in  auch  clrenmaUneoe,  it  will  not  be  etay 
to  blame  them  foi  meking  wilb  ihaii  own  kande  the 
improvement  that  wit  neeeaaary  lo  pnaerve  Iheir 
ciuting  ridtu,  inalead  of  tpnlving  lo  the  government 
of  England;  which  wai  netdiljr  puiauing  Ihe  pltn  of 
aobverting  Ihe  orgtna  of  liberty  in  the  mother  country, 
tnd  htd  tlteedy  begun  lo  eitiibit  tn  tllered  counto- 
ntnee  lowtidt  the  colony.*  In  eonaequence  of  thia 
imporUnt  roeteure  Ihe  colony  tdvtnced  beyond  the 
aUle  of  t  corporation,  tnd  tcquind  by  ita  own  act  the 
condition  of  a  aociety  which  waa  endowed  with  political 
liberty,  tnd  which  htd  framed  for  itaelf  t  goveniment 
derived  from  the  model  of  tho  Engliah  conatitulion. 
The  rapnaenUlivea  having  oettUitbed  Ihemaelvea  in 
their  oiBce,  proceeded  to  teeort  the  righta  which  no- 
eeaaarily  ittaehed  to  it,  by  entctina  thtt  no  Itw  ahould 
be  ptaaed,  no  tax  impoeed,  end  no  public  offir— 
iprainted  but  by  the  general  taaembly. 

The  increaains  violence  tnd  injuatiee  of  thenqral 
government  in  Engbnd  meanwhile  co-opented  ao 
powerfully  with  the  tidinga  that  were  circulated  of  the 
proaperity  of  Maaaaehuaetle ;  and  the  aimple  frame  of 
ecrleaiaalical  policy  lhat  had  been  eettUiehed  in  Ihe 
colony  praeented  a  pioapect  ao  deeinble,  and  randeied 
the  gorgeoua  hierarchy  and  recent  inpetetitioua  mno- 
vitiona  in  the  ceremoniea  of  the  Englieh  church  ao 
additionally  odioua,  that  the  flow  of  emigration  acemed 


Ineod  lo  dM  eahala  af  PMate'i 

hi  New  tn^Ui  liU  Iko  yeai 

qaoel  of  Iho  eoloaiala,  ha  weal  la  utaaaal  i 

aaea  for  Iham  in  iha  mother  eeuatiy,  feott  whii  k  ka 

wee  fated  aovar  lo  latarn.*    Vtae,  aftorwaada  Mr 

Henry  Vtna  Ika  voongar,  kad  been  for  aaaM  liaM 

ratiralned  Arom  ladnlgiM  kia  wiah  lo  piaaaad  la  New 


eaiaiaa  ihta  ikiida,  tad  waadi  «>  aaw  f» 
tleiataailnaadta  leak  la  Na«  KnglMd.  t IMS)  Amh 

laM  pAMMIfVfS|  Ml  I  BMN  99  IWMMJP  WSMW  UHV  I^RWS 

in  Um  follawing  yeer,  warn  iwa  ptrtam  mtm  aAttatrd* 
awda  I  dittingaitkad  Ignaa  oa  a  amra  aaaaaiaaaaa 
Ikaaira.  Oaa  of  tkaae  waa  Haak  Patera,  Um  iiflkuMd 
af  (mm  OwaiwaM,  aad  iha 
aikai  WM  Vena,  wkaee  Iklhar,  Mr  Haar*  vtae  Ika 
tad  kigk  ia  a«ra  tad 

•  miad  aaaiaalh  aatlva  aad 


elder,  wte  i  ariey  eouneiHar, 
witk  iha  kkig.    fata 


arilb 


ftiihig,  ha  nat  aaly  diaakanad  hia  laaiad  foaaiiaat 

■aal  ai^   adoMilaee.  baa  mmt^^  i^a  mltm^tm  ia 

laaiatt  af  aatM  mdatiry.  tad  taaaaragad  Imm 


iliih^ai*id.  kaea  iaaa 
I'aadalaiiy.  HaiaarnhMd 
ir  IMI,  whaa,  at  tka  n- 


rati^  imI  Hborty,  thai,  rattnf  uiakhi|  all  Ma  kt|Ma  m 


wkick  to  Ikon  ktvo  aaaMarad  watlk- 
;  and  witk  kypaaiiay  by  alkaia  wka 
ikoalranglh  aad  etretekof  kie  tatila 


•  In  the  pracedlni  yaar  the  prirjr  councU,  atapned  by  Ibe 
atroni  aanaatlon  which  waa  aiclted  tn  Inf  land  by  tlw  Intall  ■ 
laiica  of  the  happlnaas  anjoyad  by  the  puritana  under  thair 
•cclaalaatlcal  attabllahoMnU  In   HaaaachuMtta,  laauad  an 


England,  ka  ekaee  lo  letlla  ia  an  i 
aa  yet  aJbrdad  Ullla  amta  Ikaa  a  kare  taktiniaii  M 
iu  inhaWunia,  waa  laeeirad  in  Now  lagliad  arilh  tka 
fondeet  regard  aad  aJmiiailoa,  Ha  waa  Ikaa  liiiia 
Ikta  laraMy-faw  yeara  af  ago.  Hia  yaalhi 
tatmtd  la  BMdiy  tka  aaaiiira  ka  kad  amda, 
ioaiaaaed  aa  leea  Ika  mipratalia  wkick  kia  wtaaan  tad 
tppaenneo  were  ealenlalad  la  pradaao.  Tka  awfol 
eoaipoearo  of  kie  aapeat  aad  damaeaar  daayed  a  iinaua 
graea  and  graadear  aa  Ika  Moam  af  awakuadi  kia 
eounteaauea  appaaiad  Ika  euifkaa  af  a  ahaiaalar  not 
Iaaa  laaalnla  ikaa  prafoead,  aad  wkaee  anaigy  waa  aot 
oilingniaktd,  kal  coaceatiatad  lata  a  aakiiiaa  and  a» 
'imaeaba.  Ha  baa  bean  ckaigad  wilb  anlkaaiaaat  by 
oaM  who  have  laaiaiked  Iha  iatoaaiiy  witk  "  '  ' 
naiaaed  porpaaeo  \"  '  ' 
leeo  aad  IgnaMa } 
kava  eantnaled  tka  alranflk  i 
tian  wilk  the  calnuMaa  of  kia  mannare.  Bat  a  jnaUt 
eaneideraliea,  paihepa,  may  aiiggtti  dut  it  waa  the  ka- 
bitaal  energy  af  hie  dotermiaalSn  that  lapritaad  avaty 
aymptem  of  vehement  impatnaaity,  and  indaaed  m 
equality  af  manaar  dMt  acaiealy  appeared  le  axaaN 
Iha  pitch  af  a  giava  campaema  aad  eaaetaaey.  Il  it 
tka  diaprapailiaB  ao  fiaoaanlly  avbwad  botwooa  Ika 
genioe  and  Iho  chtracter  rf  eaunom  men,  that  oceaaiaaa 
UMir  inamdti  conduct  tnd  impotooae  demeeaor.  Bat 
Vtno,  fuilyeit 
wilb  eU  die  I 

ho  undertook,  end  devoted  Umeelf  lo  il  with  eoch  a 
diligence  tnd  concenlrttion  of  hia  foicee  at  to  the  idle, 
tho  earaleae,  end  tho  apocnialiva  part  of  mankind,  ap- 
poaia  like  biaanity.  Somuabdidbiemindpndomiaaia 
over  Maaeneecand  Iba  nobler  eoatrol  dw  moroignoMo 
pert  of  hie  bliiim,  that,  Umogh  cooatilatieoally  timid 
and  aoKeptible,  in  no  common  degree,  of  iropraaawaa 
of  pain,  yet  hie  whole  lilo  wae  one  coothrood  rouree  of 
great  tnd  daring  enteipriaa  ;  and  when  amidet  the 
wreck  of  hie  fortunee  tnd  tho  treeebeiy  of  hie  tato- 
eittee,  detth  wte  preaented  to  himaelf  in  Iho  appelUng 
form  oft  hkwdy  oxeeutioo,  he  piepered  for  it  with  aa 
animated  and  even  ehoerful  inlrenidity,  and  encoun- 
tered it  with  dignifiod  compoonn.  The  man  who  could 
to  aubdua  bimanU;  waa  formed  to  exereiae  a  alrong  in- 
aaooeo  00  the  minde  of  oibere.  He  wae  inaUnlu 
complimented  with  the  freedom  of  die  colony ;  end  en- 
foning  hie  elaima  to  leepecl,  by  tho  tddrcee  tnd  ibilily 
wbicblio  akowed  iu  conducting  bnameea,  ho  wtt  elected 
governor  in  the  year  tubiequent  to  hit  tirival,  ky  Uta 

•  BiahopBumethaa  lefuiedttoaiantjmj"*"!"^ 
foon,"  and  reproached  Mm.Wlft  «"?•«««•  «  Wa  exicmlon. 
But  Ua  Me  (atalntd,  a    '-'-'  " 
avIneadapHlT^lrttWJ 


f  embracing  the  IoIUbm  projecle  of  hie  geahw 
10  bcoltioe  of  hie  bomg,  waa  deeply  ha- 
rith  die  veal  aod  aiduooo  lalun  of  the  eraik 


I,  wttn  hitntal  Imparrectlon) 

if  WieW,  md  Ma  death  waa 

aViainlabed  Mm  even  amonr  the 

lofliier  ODeb  kad  b*n  ouartarad 

■    ■•■    ,an<f,  rul 


'g^:y^sssr,'ssssk'^7^^       \^^^^ 


m 


TNK  NIITORT  Of 


MmMmImm  W  ■  tafff  md  UiMMgun  ttmUmnf 
Hw.  (IMSl  llwM  MJ^  Iwwtwf.  oiw  timffimti 
Vmw.  lM  Mhw  iW  mIWmI  iMitn  af  Uw  tatontoM  t 
•y*  WMMgh  l*U  IW  Ilia  aMttN^  if  Ma  MtiTt  ifiril, 

liaa  M«Mir  «i«k  *  jwiy 


•iw  M  niwaiTiil  itMgateri*  )iM  u4  fMhtmi  «l 
af  IllUhi.  MH  Miatlitwl  thaia  wMi  Maadaaiai 

wraVfc  ■■■  ■■■■fl^H*^^  im*1l  wT  MB    WWW*  »W|^PiPW»» 

#MI  MMMMi  M  Wfjf  MVft  WNMMm  IM  tMMI|MMM 

hibrthMin  af  aaaia  af  ika lawaaMb^  ikaMwIta* 
aiiaiiaM4  fat  laavi  taMaa>i<  ika  fanaailan  af  a4- 
ikiaaai  aaiiMlitwiali  A  aiaiiai  M  Il»«n41a(  a  aaw 
m  Ika  mmIw  aC  wa  liitt  Caaaaaliaal  ' 


HaMaa,  aa4  a  kwrfiad  af  Ika  Maaibm  af  kiaaaagiaga- 
liaa.  Mm  laJaihif  aiUaaa  kaiMiia,  a«4  aiMava- 
Mfii^  Ika  aaaal  MvaWaa  ikai  ittaaM  ika  lbaa4a- 
•  M  af  a  aaaiau  t«  Ikia  aaariar  af  Aaiafiaa,  »iib  ika 
naaal  iluikf  ar  aariiaa  MiHvdt  m4  laaalaitaa,  ika« 

M' — -^^  ^utamma^  in  MtakU^laa  a  nhalalUn  wkkk 
■aiMiy  iahiti4  krta  Ika  laaiOilaf  mm  af  Ca»- 
•aailtat.  laaw  DaMk  laulafa  ftaai  Naw  Yaik,  wko 
ka4  ynf iaatiy  aaaaaM  a  paal  la  ika  taamry, 
acMMlM  la  aanasM  tl  la  UMia  I  ia4  ikay  taai 
aUahail  Awa  Lm4  Bnaka  ana  Lad  ■»«  aiil  Sala,  in 
aai%iiilla<  la  a  Oawtel  wMak  ikaaa  waMtiaii  ka4  aa- 
■aM  to  ikto  liglaa,  arilk  Ika  Ulanliaa  at  lytog  (taai 
Ika  mat  Ijnaaqp  la  AaMiiaa.*  Tkm  kad  at  Inl  aar- 
liad  ariik  Ikui  a  lawaiiiitaw  Aa*  Ika  |a»tniiaaal  af 
■Ml— ikaaaiia  Bay,  fat  ika  aMaiainiia*  af  jaaiiaa  in 
Ikair  aaw  lalllaital  i  kal,  aAaraarta  tiimlag  Ikal 


itMir  lanilafy  waa  kayairi  ika  iaiiatialiaa  af  Ika  aalka- 
liliaa  Aaai  arkam  Ikia  lawwli  Wa  waa  4aiitM4,  lk»]r 
awblaiJ  ikaaiialtaa  kr  a  fahaiaqr  aaaaaialiaa  tola  a 
koij  aaliiia.  aaaaliaaM  aa  ika  mmi  bmM  wilk  Ika 
tiala  Aaai  wkirk  Ika*  ki4  aapaiUal.  Tkajr  oaaltoaaa 
to  lki«  aaadiliaa  lUI  ika  RaaiaiaHan,  wkaa  Ikay  ak- 
laiaa4  a  akailar  far  ikaaiiiltaa  tnm  Ktog  Ckariaa  Ika 
>naa<.  Tkal  ikia  laaaaaiaa  ftaa  Ika  aalaay  tt  Mat- 
aaakaasMa  Bay  waa  anaalaaa<  kjr  laak  af  laam  to  a 
Brofinaa  aa  yalaa  iayaifaally  aaapliJ,  kaa  appaaia4  m 
Iwyiakikh  la  aaaM  wfiura,  UM  Ikar  kara  ikaMkI  it 
■aaaaniy  la  aiaiga  awalkar  aaaaa,  aa<  fcata  faaaiaaai 
■a  taliifaaMfy  aa  ika  jaalaaay  wkiak  Ikajr  aaaala^a  Mr. 
Haakir  aiaal  iaatilaMy  ka*t  aalamiaaa  lawarda  Mr 
Oauaa,  wkaaa  ioflaaaaa  kad  baiaaii  aa  (laalto  Maa- 
«a«kMaaWa  ikal  araa  a  fanaidaMa  palilieal  Jliaaaaian 
araa^aalfad  by  eaaaf  ktopaaileiliMaatifa.  Bulaary 
jaa  aat  a  ymion  ikat  aauM  datll  to  Ika  bumMa  aud 
Iwiy  btaait  af  Haakar,  at  ba  ganatalad  by  locb  iado- 
aMa  at  Ika  ekaraalat  tt  Catloa  waa  fetiaad  la  aiait. 


rka  Maaa  af  a  ladaadaM  papulaliaa  waa  ika  oMia 

I  Iraia  Ika  aaariUingaaaa 
Ika  Millan  la  tamata  fttiala  ika  tolatiatof  ikacat 


aaiatMl  akaaga,  aad  wkiak  t  akily  ai|ad  a  IkiAar  par- 
anil  af  Ikal  •jfia|  af  MmWMaMnl  wkMb  aiaal  riia  wf 
to  Ika  aiiad  a<  kiia  wha  wanid  anjay  ll. 

la  Ika  iaaaadiala  aaighkaikaad  a(  iMa  aaw  HlUa. 
RMM,  analkat  plaauitoa  waa  fatiaad  abaal  iwa  yaara 
aAat,  by  a  aaaiaraai  bady  af  aatigraMa  wka  itfi*ad 
kaai  Englaad  undat  Ika  gatdaaaa  a?  Thaaakdaa  EaMa, 


Englaad 

a  laalltMaa  af  hnaaa,  and  Jaka  Ih«amiat«,  aa  aail- 
aaai  parilan  aitoMar.  Manuka lalla  Iby  afifaarlag 
la  Ikna  ataralaakad,  and  baiaf  tofaraiid  af  a  lai|a 


•aadily  aipariaaead  at  Ikal  i 


uy  aad  daptiva  ikaiaiilTaa  af  aa  aaay  caouaaaicaliaa 
wilk  liw  aaaal.    Analkat  raaaaa,  indaad,  appaara  ta 


ka*a  aafawad  ika  fetiaation  af  ibi*  naw  MtltoaMnl 
kal  ii  waa  a  laataa  ikal  aiguad  aat  diaaanaiaa,  bat 
aaaaaaaity  af  faaiiiui  and  daaign  balwaan  ilia  latllan 
wba  maaiaad  to  Maaaaebaaaiu  ud  ihoaa  wka  ra> 
aMvad  la  Canaaaiicat.  By  tba  tflabUabmaat  af  ibia 
adtaacad  alalian,  a  batriar,  it  wu  hapad,  arauM  ba 
anctad  agaiaat  Ika  Ireablnama  ineuwieaa  af  iba 
Paqaad  Iiidiani.f  Nar  ia  it  nltariv  iaprobaUa  ibal 
aama  af  ika  aaeadata  la  Ikia  naw  aalUamant  wan  aclu- 
atad  by  a  laalleaa  ipiril  wbicb  bad  bopad  Ino  mueb  Aam 


•  Lm4  RnolM  anl  Lsnl  taj  and  (•!•  hid  proeaxM  to  fkr 
Ml  IMr  dMlf*  M  ta  Mnd  ortr  an  laaiil  la  uka  ■mmilon  of 
HwlrMrrlon,  aaakaUtatot.  lhp|ill)rftHrAm«ilea,ilwMn- 
MuwiiU  and  aiWi  Uwt  rtadiiad  tlwm  an*  awbatt  oT  a  ■»■ 
any  whatt  eawalta  cl*U  ftaadoa  and  farfacl  •ImaUclty  of 
.  BaMwn  wtft  aitaaawd  raquMla  to  tlw  |*n«nl  btpflnaH, 


pcnrmwd  Uww  naMiawa  tram  canjrtnf  Ikatr  aralaat  Mo 

.—    -^ ^  ^  aalaait*  anatdaaof  ad 

7  in  Amanca  t  and  comaoM 

nMWk  Una  la  arrilaii  Iklo  ImaofUnt  point  wMh  tha  olhar  aat> 


aaacailoa.         .  .    . 
'  aad  koradttaif  aagliirar] 


naMUtf 


Haiawbawara  laba  aiaorUtad  with  thwn,  Ikal  atlanithllwlr 
aidortor  amimtlon  akatad,  uid  nniar  aad  mora  Inlaiaallnf 
Hwajela  opaaad  to  ihalr  actlrltjr  la  Bnflaad.    Chaliaari 

(  Malhar,  B.  I.  cap.  t.  i«ct.  t,  t.  Ilatchliuon,  I.  41—45. 
ItaaAoU'a  nialarjr  of  Comiaetteat,  n\.  I.  cap.  4.  It  appeara 
•am  Malliar'a  Livaa  of  Cotlon  and  Hookar,  ttiat  thaw  mrn 
wtta  knit  taaathar  In  tha  Irmait  bondi  of  chrttlian  ftiandihip 
and  eotdlal  aataom.  Paul  and  Bamahai  (donbtltia  for  wing 
parpoaaa)  wart  aaparslad  tnm  aach  otkar.  to  wtra  Cotton 
aad  Waokar,  tlwaah  ky  laaa  anpleaainf  Imtramanlallty.  Thaw 
BMa  wka  foiaaok  koaaaa,  landa,  and  country  for  tke  lako  of 
tha  foaptl,  am  dtaerlkad  by  Dr.  Robartwa  aa  » rlral  eompo- 
Mara  tatkaeaalaatfnihma  and  powar!'  HiIj  I*  Ika  only 
Hlbl  to  wUah  maay  aminant  and  ana  ranraad  wiilara  ara 
aapaMa  af  ngafdliw  tha  labaia  of  tha  paliM,  tha  aiial,  and 


M  ba*  to  ika  aaalk-waal  af  f '■aaaanlaat 
lirar,  Ikay  parakaaad  tiaai  Ika  aaltvaa  ail  ika  laad  Ikal 
liaa  kaiwaae  Ikal  aiiaaai  aad  Hadaaa'a  itoar,  wkiak  dl- 
*ldaa  Ika  aaalkata  patia  af  Naw  Baahad  ttaai  Naw 
Yark.  SaaiiH  lktmiil*aa  la  iMa  bay,  ikay  apraad 
alang  ika  aaaal.  wkaia  ikay  baill  tial  Ika  Mwa  af 
Nawkavaa,  wkkk  kaa  |l*an  ila  aama  la  Ika  talUamaal. 
aad  Ikan  dw  lawaa  af  OaiUtNd,  MMfard,  ■laaUbai,  aad 
Bratoflifd.  AAar  tama  lima  Ikay  araaaad  Ika  kay,  and 
planlad  aa*aral  latitanMaia  to  Laaa  lalaad  i  to  all 
piaaaa  whara  ikay  aaiaa,  ttaaltog  wawkaa  aa  ika 
madal  af  iha  indapandanla.  MTkaa  wa  pariaiva  ika  la- 
toaliaa  and  anially  aiaiaiaad  by  Ika  gaaaramanl  af 
Brliaia,  Ikna  tanli<bulin|  la  aarar  Ika  tank  wilk  aUtoa 
and  la  plan!  rallginn  ana  libarty  to  ika  aaaafa  daaaru 
af  Amarlaa,  wa  raaagnlaa  Iba  a*aimliaf  ptavldaaaa  af 
dwt  iraat  Baing  wba  can  raiidar  a*an  Ika  kaiaaaata  af 
man  candiici*a  la  bia  ptawa.  Hating  aa  palani,  aar 
any  alkar  lltto  la  ikait  landa  Ikaa  ika  tanditiaa  af  Ika 
aalltaa,  and  na«  baing  inelndad  wllkin  Ika  baundariaa 
af  any  aaiaaial  juriadklian,  ikaaa  lalllaia  anlaiad  tola 
a  yaianlary  aiaeaiaiian  af  Iba  aama  nalura  and  far  Ika 
aama  anda  wlik  tkal  whiak  ika  aalllara  to  Caaaaaliaal 
kad  farmad  far  Ikamaaltaa :  and  In  Ihia  •  andllton  Ikay 
ramalwad  tin  Ika  Raalatallan,  wkaa  Nawbaran  and 
Coanaelisnl  waia  anilad  lagalkar  by  a  ebailar  af  Ktog 
Ckariaa  Iba  Saaand.* 

Whan  Ika  aalilamant  af  Cnnnaallaal  waa  ptnjaelad, 
it  waa  hapad  tkal  it  migbl  eendaaa  to  avaiawa  iba  kaa- 
lillly  af  Ika  Indtona  i  but  ll  ptaducad  a  patfaatly  appa- 
aila  aflbcl.  Tba  irtbaa  af  Indiana  ia  Iha  Immadiata 
ficiailT  af  Maaaaaknaalta  Bay  waia  aamparatlvaly  faa- 
bto  and  unwarlika ;  but  iha  calaniaa  af  Proaidanaa  and 
Canaaaiicat  wara  planlad  In  Ika  midal  af  pawarAil  and 
amillal  boidaa.  Aaiaag  Ikaaa,  tka  maal  caaaidatabto 
waia  Ika  Naiaganaata,  wka  inhahilad  Ika  akaiaa  af  ika 
bay  ahieb  baar  Ibair  nama,  aad  Ika  ^nada,  wka  ao- 
anpiad  tha  larriiory  which  alralehaa  ftaai  tha  tivar  Pa- 
quad  lo  tha  banka  af  Iba  Oonnaetieul.  Tha  Pa^aada 
araia  a  rormidahla  paopla,  wba  conld  bring  lata  Ika  laid 
a  IknoMnd  oarTinra  nat  infaiiar  In  caniaga  In  an*  to 
Ika  naw  world.  Thay  kad  early  antaflainad  a  Jauaoa 
kalrad  af  thn  Eiiiapaan  enloniala,  aud  far  aonia  lima 
paat  had  harasiad  Iham  with  unptotakad  aitacka, 
and  aieilad  thnr  abhenanca  and  indignalian  by  tiia 
manatraoa  oulrat'oa  In  which  they  had  aubjaalad  Ihair 
aaplitaa.  ITnaHi  iding  man,  woman,  and  ehildran,  wba 
had  tha  miafortunc  to  Tall  into  Ihitir  handa,  wara  aealpad 
aial  aant  back  lo  their  iVianda,  or  put  lo  daalk  wilk 
a*aiy  circumatance  of  lorlnra  and  Indignily,  wUto  Iba 
aiaaaaina  with  diabolical  joy  callad  aloud  la  Iham  lo 
tonika  Iha  Qad  of  iho  cbriallana,  and  pal  lo  tho  praef 
bia  powar  lo  ia*a  iham.  Tha  ailanaioa  of  Iha  Eng- 
liah  aalllanMOla  aieiiad  lhair  fuiy  anaw,  and  producad 
a  rapatilian  of  allacka,  which  Mr.  Vaaa  Iha  gatamor 
of  Maaaaehaaalla,  daiarminad  at  langlh  la  ancoanlar 
and  puniak  ky  oflanaira  opanUona.    Kacaiving  inlalli- 

?inea  of  a  aariooa  attack  that  had  bean  made  by  Iha 
aquoda  on  Iho  Coanaclienl  aalllara,  [1M7,]  ka  aam- 
mooed  all  iba  Naw  England  communiliea  lo  embody 
Iho  aUwigaal  Ibreo  that  coaM  apata,  and  march  lo  da- 
fand  lhair  brathien  ard  vindicata  liw  common  eauaa. 
Tha  Paqooda,  awata  of  the  impending  danger, 

and  n 


not  wanting  in  andaaTora  lo  eucooolar  and  repel  it 
For  Ihia  piiipoaa,  Ihay  aonght  a  raeonrilialion  with  llie 
Naragaoaela,  llMir  haredilaiy  anamiea  and  ritala  to 
powar,  and  raquaalad  Ihraa  people  lo  forget  their  an- 
cient animoaitiaa,  and  for  once  to  eo-operala  cordially 
with  them  againal  a  common  foe,  whoaa  pngraaaiya 


w^W     v^^n^Wifl     WBVrWllS^, 


aMll 


Bal  ibe  NangaaaaM  Ml 
[  (bailakad  a  •etiomani  haired  againat  tha  Pa^aadl ' 
laaa  mavad  by  a  diauni  piaapaai  af  danger  ta  ikaak 


aelrea,  than  ky  Iha  kiHia  af  an  inaiant  giaTldaaiiaa 
•     '■  laXtha 


ikair  imptaaiMa  taranaa,  ihay  rejeaM ,    ,      .. 

af  aecammadallaa,  ana  datarmlntd  M  aaeiat  ika  tay 
llak  to  the  praaaawliaa  af  ika  waa. 
Tka  Pa^nada  iaraaaad,  kal  aat  dwaMTad,  by  diM 
war  af' Ikair  apata- 
Ika  alUad  aatonlal 


aaHmant,  aniiidid  ky  ito  tigat 
a  aalitipaia  Ika  jaaallaa  af  ika 
I  and  Ika  Caaaaaliaal  tmatia,  • 
■aivad  kal  a  aaaM  nan  af  iha 


at  tmatia,  wkda  aa  yat  ikay 
pan  af  Ihi 


ia  amta  piapariag  la  aand  llMai,  toand 
ad*aaaa  laamda  tha  enemy.    Tka  Pai 


^oada,  iiataiiadii  by  ■aaliana.  Ikair  ptinaiaai  aaakan^ 
aeavptod  Iwa  iMided  Maitoaa,  againat  ana  af  whiak 
Capuia  Maaaa  aad  Ika  Oaaaaattoai  militia,  itlandad 
by  a  bady  af  ladtoa  ailiaa,  diraatad  ikair  aliaak.  Tkait 
appraaek  waa  f aiakaaad  by  iha  infarmaitoa  thay  <A- 
lainad,  dMI  iba  aaaaay,  deaaived  by  a  aeaming  ial» 
grade  motamant  af  Ika  aaiaaial  faroaa,  kad  abaadaaad 
ikemaalrae  la  ika  roatialton  dial  Ika  Eagtiak  dated  nal 
aneaaalar  dMa^  aad  arete  eelebtallng  in  perfael  aeta- 
rily  Iha  aappaaad  ataaMliaa  af  ikair  aaanlry.  Abaal 
daybreak,  whito  ta  deep  alambat  and  anpina  i 
Ikay  warn  ipptaaakad  by  dw  Ei^iak  i  and  Ika 
a  haaa  aamplila,  if  ikay  kad  aat 


*  Naal,  I.  IH,  IIm  colonlata  of  MaaaachuwIU  wara  vary 
daalroua  that  Mr.  Dnvcnpoit  and  hia  aaaocjiiaa  ihould  nttle 
amonf  thorn.  But  "  It  had  bun  an  obiervallnn  of  Mr.  In- 
Tanport**,  that  whonavrr  aroforniatlo<i  had  beenen«i-tpd  in 
any  part  of  tha  world.  It  had  restad  whara  It  hod  haen  Ivit  by 
tha  rcformera.  It  could  not  b«  advancad  anothar  ilep.  Ho 
waa  now  amharkad  in  a  doilgn  of  forming  a  civil  uid  rellgloui 
coiutllutlon  aa  near  aa  poatlbla  to  icrlptura  pracapt  and  oxain- 
pla.  Tha  principal  gentlemen  who  had  followed  him  lo  Ame* 
rica  had  tha  lama  vtawa.  In  laying  tha  foundatljna  of  a  new 
colony,  than  wb>  a  fan  probability  that  they  might  accommo- 
data  all  mattan  of  church  and  commonwealth  to  tlioir  own 
feellnga  and  eantlmanta.  But  In  Maaaschuiatta  tba  principal 
nan  war*  lud  In  the  chief  aeate  of  fovaronent,  which  thay 
were  likely  to  kaap,  and  lhair  eWU  aad  lallcleaB  puUly  waa 
already  formed.  ■Tlumbull,  I,  (7 


aurptiaa 
baaa  atonaad 


waald  ba*a  Uaa  aamplila,  i 
b*  tka  barking  af  a  dag.  Tbawarwhaapi 
diataiy  aaanded,  aad  ibay  law  la  ihtir  arma.  Tba 
Engliak  raeked  an  la  iha  illack ;  aad  wkito  aoam  af 
Ikam  tied  en  ika  ladiana  ihiougk  Ika  paliaadaa,  aikara 
fataad  Ikair  way  by  Ika  aalraaaea  tola  dw  Ikrt,  and  eat- 
liag  (ra  la  Iha  hale  whiah  wara  eavared  wiib  raada, 
iavalfed  dwir  anamiae  in  ih*  caaAiaian  and  lanat  af  a 
canlagralian.  AlUr  a  maol*  ind  daaparala 
le,  Iha  Paquada  ware  lotall*  Mfaaiad  with  dw 
alaughwr  af  at  laaal  Are  kundrad  of  Uwir  Irilw.  Many 
'  "Idren  perlalwd  in  the  damaa  i  and 
w*ofinn  lo  aeeapa,  wara  aitkat 
ilato  by  the  Englieh,  ar,  falling  into  Ow  haada  of  iha 
Indwn  ailiaa,  wba  aarraandad  iha  fan  al  a  dialanra, 
wara  raaerted  fat  a  laaia  etuat  fata.  Saan  aAar  ihia 
aetiooi  Captain  Slaiu|hloa  hating  artited  with  tha  aua- 
ilwiy  lioopa  from  Maaaaehaaeita,  it  waa  laaolved  la 
puraua  Uw  ticlaty.  Sartni  angaganwala  look  plica 
wkick  larminalad  nafaronbly  for  liw  Paqvada  ;  and  ia 
a  akan  lima  Uiay  aaalainad  anothar  general  dafaal 
wktoh  pal  an  and  to  Iha  war.  A  few  aiiiy  of  ikw  anaa 
pawarnil  nalian  aar*i**d,  wka,  abandoning  Ikair  coun- 
try to  tba  EiMliah,  diapaned  tkamaelraa  among  ikr 
naighbnting  IriEia,  and  loat  lhair  aiialence  aa  a  dialiiwl 
flimflfiu  had  ^ 


bean  aa  abiael  af  auparatitioue 
terror  la  tha  Naragaapala,  who  had  ande«*orod  to  dia- 
euada  dw  Engliak  fram  riaking  a  paraanal  anaaunlat 
wilk  kim.  by  Iba  aaeuranca  thai  hia  paraon  waa  diaina 
and  inauliwnhia.  After  Iha  daaltueiiaa  af  hia  paofila, 
whoa  be  Aed  fat  rafoga  la  a  dialani  Iriba,  the  Naragan- 
aala,  aiehanain^  lhair  leiior  far  cruelly,  aoUcitad  and 
pratailad  wilk  hw  hoaU  lo  cul  off  hia  heed.  Tboa  tar 
minaled  a  altuggto  mere  imuonanl  in  ita  canaaauancea, 
than  bum  the  nunbara  of  liw  combalanta,  at  iba  cele- 
brity of  Iboir  nauiae.  On  ila  iaeu*  Uwta  bad  baaa 
auked  nn  leae  diaa  tka  i|uaalion,  whethei  chriatianily 
and  ci*iliutinn,  at  pagamam  and  barbarity  ahaiiU  pi» 
*ail  in  Naw  Eiigtond. 

Thia  Sial  muilaiy  anurpriae  of  Ike  calaniala  waa 
eandueiad  with  *igor  and  abilitv,  and  imprmaad  on  iIm 
aboriginee  i  high  opinion  of  their  invincible  courage 
and  aupariar  akill.  Thnir  vwlory,  howarar,  il  muat  ba 
confaiied,  wia  lulliad  by  cruallie*  which  il  ia  aaay  lo 
account  for  aad  axtanuala,  but  painful  lo  racoltect 
Tba  Maaaiehuietia'  militia  had  been  eiceedingly  dili- 
gent bafora  their  BMrrh  in  paiging  lhair  ranka  of  all 
whuea  teligioua  aanliinanla  were  thought  to  aigua  wani 
ar  waaknaaaof  foilh.*  Il  had  bean  well  if  Ibey  couW 
have  puried  their  own  bneonw  of  tba  nndiclira  faal- 
ingi  whicB  the  oulraoaa  of  tha  aaragea  wara  but  loa 
powerfully  ctlculalaJ  lo  inapire.  Home  of  the  priaon- 
era  were  toi  lured  by  Iha  Indian  allioa,  wlioae  crupliiet 
wa  can  hardly  doubt  that  the  Engliah  might  have  pre- 
vented :  I  coiialderable  number  wore  aoid  aa  alavaa  in 
Bermudaa.t  and  tha  real  wara  reduced  to  aer*iluda  ir 
the  colonial  aettlemanta.     In  iggravatlor  af  tha  *in 


*  Regimental  chaplalna  accompanlod  Iha  Naw  Bngland 
force!  in  their  campalgna ;  and  In  clrcuinttaflcea  of  douit  oi 
danger,  thi.*  cheplein  waa  In-ited  to  pray  for  dlvio*  direction 
and  aiiliitanre.  Trumbull,  >.ai.N.  Wlien  acommandar-ln 
chlaf  W4a  appdnted,  hi j  military  aul  waa  dellvetad  le  ktaa  b* 
one  of  tha  elargv.    lb.  •>. 

t  A  almllar  ponikkmanl  waa  InOeiad  awny  yaai*  aMar  to 
Eiifland  en  aona  af  the  reyallaia  who  had  kaaa  unlinmd  to 
FaDnddack'aUuiinectlaa   Ruaaa  ttt-SM 


NORTH  ANI1II04. 


TiM 


iMtjr  M 

ilWl 


I  pnmn- 
^rurliiei 
•ve  pn- 
ttivu  in 
lilude  ir 
1  lb*  Tin 


iiHtr  hi 


(Mr  ngkM  Mi  UmM  ftawtom 
ftmit  wM*  Um  «)a«wM>«  in 

wrf  MirMiM  af  utoniiinntK 


AmIm  ifM  itifti^  til  Umm  ^imm4iii^,  it  Im«  Immi  i 
wpi,  IM  «M  VW7  Hill*  MMM,  ikM  ik*  P*^Mi« 
MM  mMM  M  Um  mtlKMnl  nf  in  iMi*|i«mbnl  |M»- 
lb  m>ttn  •  nlbm  clteft  M  4*fin4  ik«if  pnipariy, 
'  I  m2  Umm  lnt4om.  Bm  m  iniih,  ilw  Pa- 
rt in  t  (wiwItM  i)ii*fnil,  and 
I  itt|i^l  nf  baibnrau*  Mlitgn 
ftufttat  tt  •itarmiiwiKHi.     Th*  ««WnlM>  M 

itMtW  UlMMaifM  Wtlh  MMiatilllNg  JUItM*.  Illlllly 

m4  pMljr  Mwnnia  liw  iMtian*.  Thay  U  kmtid  bill; 
•lUl  Mmm  In  UnM  MilMttM  I  uihtMl  Umm  by  imii- 
Mi  »nt  htly  Wi  iMl  <tm«M  MMt  Umw  igiMullun,  imi 
biMiwI  M  f  MMWMlktM  M  dMm  Uw  MtM«n|(  •(  itlt|ian. 
Tlwjr  lUiBiwri  M  m^uIwiImm  af  MihiMy  Itwm  Um 
Ihmm  km  Mtk  M  iImiiM  uiMi*r|»  Um  iirviiny  af  Um 
Umjt  aWitai  I  piiUatpailim  »t  all 
fMf  !•  tntn  Intmn  «ba  waaU 
iknaliaa  aiM  Iha  laannar*  af  « 
la  lalara  ht  llMaa  diiaw 
•waiiawi  af  gaai-wMirihajr  »ara  iraalf4  wiili  aulnga 
ani  kaikarily,  Jiiaaiail  ((MimI  all  UmI  Umjp  lavaiaaaai 
•r  Imnt  i  awl  waia  (biaiMjr  iii|imaa4  wiUi  Um  aa» 
VMiMn  UmI  Umt  maal  ailinaM  tkaaa  langiiiaaii  Mi^ 
Ian,  at  laa*a  ibair  Mlaw-aMaliaaa,  Umit  wl*aa,  ibUd- 
laa,  and  Iwallwa.  aiyaiiil  la  a  iMca  hanM  daaliW' 
Uau  Ikaai  Ihalr  kaibaraua  kaad*.*    G«vn  in  Um  laarai 


•anarai 
UMlf  Df<'lb|aa  tui  ftafMiy  i 
aMM  Um  •aUglaii «(  a  aknai 
ai*iUaa4  hwaaii  baing.    la 


wuaikly  WW nim»  i<»  r»|iaai  iba  iiriaam  wl  Um  fttti- 
ii(|  Hunday  ',  la  liabala  Um  daawinaa  Um)|  bad  baaid  i 
10  ra«i«a  Ika  iMffttttaaa  Umi  bad  baa*  pMiaaad  bji 
iImii  ■abbaiwal  iMiaMaa  i  ami  tiMMl  iIm  tmni  l» 
tiwiica  o(  iIm  HobhaUi  Uuougbwil  Um  Mab.  Mr*. 
Iluitrliinaun,  Um  wife  u(  am  of  Um  umM  latfaalabia  ln> 
kalMUnU  of  Iba  rolany,  a  laity  af  nMaaaUna  ifiirit  (ltd 
grooi  oabtbly  inti  «l»Mily  af  ippiabiailaa,  aabmillvd 
•tub  iin|ialianta  la  Um  ifgulalMd  by  wbiab  waNMa  al 
ibaaa  iHoalliiga  warn  lUbMmi  fraai  Iba  ^(Uaga  af 
jaMng  In  Um  dalialm :  and  al  laaMk,  ty»iabiiidla| 
Ibal  tna  wio  •Mlhoflaad  la  oianiaa  tar  aaaMaaUawa 
by  Um  pntaala  af  lkri|iluM  obMb  ai^ana  m  M*f  it» 
aim  fa  Uuik  (JU  yaai^rn',  iba  ailibliibad  aapama 
aMalinp  af  Um  abfioliana  af  hai  awa  aa«,  whaia  bat 
iaal  and  lilaul  MMnptncarai  bat  a  naaMtaai  aad  a^ 
mlfiBH  audMixa.  Thoaa  waman.  wba  bwl  aatlaban 
iba  •wufglaa  and  ptriti  of  Um  aMM  aataniiu,  \m\  alia 
aaM|bl  na  Mnall  |ienM«  af  Iba  vaiiaiw  buta  af  tbair 
ufUiX  \  and  a*  many  af  ibani  bad  boon  MiuaDNnad  la 
a  lifa  inoia  M|iiaia  willi  aalanal  aiaganta  and  varialy 
of  inlomi  and  ompltninonl  Iban  Iba  ilala  af  iba  cabiny 
aaald  aupply,  Ibay  loiind  a  li«llao«  rn? Ing  for  aoino- 
Ihing  10  aniaMi*  and  aniaga  tlMir  baulliao,  and  judgad 


M  Um  «rar,  Um;  nado  prayaaiUana  af  koiiy  la  Um 
aaragaa  a*  Ika  aanditioa  of  ikairdallraring  up  ika  nlv^ 
darara  af  Um  Engliah  \  kul  ihair  aflara  ware  nnilbrmir 
lajaalad  i  and  Um  p«>>)ila  wbo  adofilad  iba  muniara  aa 
■alieaal  lala,  lavitoii  Um  arangart  of  blood  lo  riail 
ikam  wiUi  aallaoal  (MniakmaiiU.  Tba  wuiual  haaiUi' 
liaa  af  alrUiaad  aaitana,  aondMalad  by  diapaaaioiiaia 
■aiaaaatiaa,  and  diraauij  by  kwdan  inoro  aagar  for 
(aaaa  diaa  aramplad  by  angar  at  aaraenal  aHirahaniion. 
aaay  ba  adininiaiarad  on  Um  ptlnaiplaa  af  a  apltndid 

EBal  aueh  baalilillaa  aa  UMaa  wbieb  Um  Naw 
id  ealaaiau  waia  campallad  lo  vrga  wiUi  Um 
af  aavaga  aaaaaaiua  wbo  allarkid  iham,  will 
llanya  diaplay  human  paiaiona  in  UMir  oabad  borror 
and  farociiy.  Tbo  punaiaaion  (for  I  aup|ioaa  UMy 
MuM  bava  iMaranlad  ii)  of  Um  bailiariiy  of  i^Mir  aavaga 
tUiaa,  appaara  tha  laaai  ticuaalila  fvalara  In  ihait  eon- 
loel.  And  yol,  in  coiuHlariiitt  ii,  wa  inuil  add  to  our 
tllowanaa  far  paaaian  iutUmad  by  anormoua  provoea- 
lien,  Um  laeallaelion  of  ibo  daiigar  and  inaipcdiancy 
■f  ebasUng  ihal  mutual  bealilily  uf  Iha  aaragaa  wkivn 

Cartfitad  a  eombioalion  Ibat  migbl  hava  prorad  fatai 
iha  Eurapaaa  nauM.  'I'ba  muunkiou  of  IbaIr  cap- 
lliaa  la  aatfitada  waa  unquaalionably  a  gnial  avU ;  ku: 
eoa  for  whicb  it  wouU  noi  hara  baan  aaay  lo  augga^t 
■  aubaUlula  lo  man  too  juatly  alarmad  to  panuil  tba 
anemiaa  wbom,  otarcoming  I  y  furca,  Ihry  liad  but  lulf 
aubduad,  lo  g<>  fraa,  and  loo  poor  lo  auppoti  ihcin  in 
idia  aapUviiy.  'I'ba  eaplira  Paiiuoda  wtira  iraaled  wiUi 
Iba  ulniaal  peaaibia  bindiMaa,  and  itgaidad  ralhar  aa 
indonlad  aairanta  Iban  abraa.  It  mual  ba  aekuow- 
ladgad  al  laaal  UmI  Um  colouiala  oliaarvad  a  magnani- 
laoua  eonaialaney  in  tbair  iiiltriMtioiial  policy,  and  gara 
•ha  Indiana  Iha  proiaelion  of  Iho  aaiua  uotn  principlaa 
of  jualiea  of  which  Ihay  had  uuglit  tham  to  feal  itia 
viiidielira  aiiargy.  lluy  not  only  olTarod  a  parlwipa- 
lion  of  thair  own  privilagaa  and  territory  to  all  civiliacU 
and  eon>arlad  Indiana;  but  having  aacartainsd  tha 
alationa  which  Iha  aavaiiaa  moat  bigUy  valiiad,  and  tba 
ranga  of  larrilory  lhal  aaamcd  naraaaary  lo  ihcir  com- 
fun  and  baniinaaa,  way  ^lubibiiad  and  annulled  errry 
titnaaoUon  by  which  ihcae  domaiiia  might  ba  added  to 
Umi  Guropaan  acquiailiona,  A  abort  time  alter  tbo 
Ictmination  of  tba  Paquod  war,  an  Indian  having  been 
wantonly  killed  by  aoine  vagabond  Engliahinan,  tha 
mufderara  ware  aolemiily  triad  and  aaecutad  Tot  Iba 
eriina  ;  and  tha  Indiana  beheld  with  aaioiilahmeat  the 
blood  of  three  men  deliberately  ahcd  for  ihe  alaughtci 
•f  one.  The  aanaa  of  jiiatice  co-operating  with  the 
lapute  of  valor,  aeourad  a  king  tranquillity  to  Iha  £iig' 
Uah  aettlementa. 

While  the  loililary  force  of  Maaaachuaetta  waa  thut 
amuloyad  in  the  Held,  the  rommonwoalth  waa  ahiken 
ana  torn  by  inteatinc  diapulea,  which  bad  been  eiciiad 
Iqr  Ihaologieal  diaeuaaiona,  and  inflamed  by  the  gall  of 
onrulj  longuea  and  tho  bitlerneea  of  railing  acouaallon. 
It  waa  the  cuatom  al  that  time  in  Doatoo,  that  tho 
aambera  of  every  congregation  ahould  aaaeinble  in 


nalMng  Alter  for  Uiie  pnrpaae  Um*  an  haiutian 
aiaraiaaa  fot  Um  ptooiolMa  of  the  great  eaoimon  aauae 
which  aaemed  lo  minialar  a'leh  comfort  and  aiipporl- 
■Mnl  to  Um  aplHu  of  Um  rmr.  The  iaeua  of  their 
deeiga  iltuairalad  vary  aigaally  aama  of  Um  laaal  aali- 
HMbla  paeuliarilice  of  femala  rbaracMr,  and  enuly  da- 
nMiialralad  Unl  iu  defeeu  are  not  cured  but  fortltad 
by  aueh  IrraguUi  congreptioii.  Mra.  liulabinaon. 
inair  leader,  had  by  bar  eamaat  leal  pined  Um  coidiei 
of  Mr.  Uollon,  wkaaa  akatily  aevei  failed  la 


raeogniea  in  evarv  baman  baina  tba  aU|riNaet  trace  af 
Iboaa  gracea  whicb  ba  eontinuaily  kMkad  for  i  and  la- 
warde  him  aho  anlartainad  and  ntofeaeed  bf  aoma  time 
a  vary  high  veneration.  Tha  mandekip  af  Mr.  Vane 
and  eono  oihera  had  a  baa  bvorabb  iMuaoea  ^n  bar 
mind  i  and  Um  admiialion  Umj  aipraaead  af  Iba  daplk 
and  vigor  of  her  ralioainalbn,  aaama  la  have  abvatad 
in  bar  apprahenaioa  tha  gifta  of  inlallcfl  abeva  Iba 
mcee  of  ckarraaMr.  Ska  aei)uired  Um  liUa  of  Tkt 
ATenjiicA,  wkich  Iho  admiration  of  her  bUowata  ha'l 
eagerly  derived  from  an  anagrammalical  tranapaailien 
of  Ihe  lelMra  of  her  name  \  and  gave  lo  bar  femab 
aaaemldiea  Iha  lilb  o(g»Mifingi  s  a  term  at  lhal  Uma 
of  rtapaciable  import.  Gut  whicn  tha  aeandabue  loputa 
of  fumale  conventiona  and  debalee  baa  ainca  eonaigiied 
to  conlampi  and  ridicule.  Doing  %mm  what  Iba 
Seripluree  plainly  forbade  bar  lo  do  al  all,  aba  eonali- 
luted  horaelt  a  leaebar  of  orthodoijr,  and  a  cooeor  of 
the  faith  of  all  Iha  miniatera  ami  inhahitanta  of  iba 
colony.  Her  eanona  of  docliina  ware  received  by  her 
aaaociaiee  aa  Iha  unerring  atandard  of  troth,  and  a  de- 
famatory peraacution  waa  iiidualriouely  waged  againal 
all  wlw  rejected  or  profeaerd  ihoineolvea  unable  to  iin- 
deraland  them.  A  acrntiny  waa  inaliluleil  into  tha 
charaetera  of  all  the  cbrgy  and  biiy  of  Ihe  province ; 
and  of  Uwae  who  lefuaed  to  receive  tba  doctrinal  laeti- 
mony  of  the  concbve,  bw  bund  it  aaay  to  alaod  the 
leal  of  a  eanaorioue  gaae,  quickened  ky  feoHb  petu- 
laiico  and  controveraialraDcor.  Women,  naitker  fitted 
by  the  coiiaiiiution  of  their  natuia,  nor  prepared  by  tiMir 

MIeela  and  i 


*  Tba  cobmlau  conaidarMl  ihtmnlTn  In  Mim  dafraa  a«. 


iry  III  iln  crlmai  whkh  ihtjr  inlfhi  Ail  lo  pravani  by 

glaei  urary  uCilia  laaant  wamniad  bjr  Mnei  JiuUet.    Belknap 
caaa  iha  Ijllowint  aiHrjr  in  a  MS.  Journal  oT  aranu  In  New. 


Janil,  •iMiM  yaara  piMtrlcr  In  ihli  period,  ••  Tha  houaa  of 

John  KanlaiaB  waa  kurnad  and  ha  killed  al  Otatnland.    Tha 

Thoae  three  we  had 
Tha  feed  Latdpaideo  ua." 


paaiaai  eta  llaMa,i 


kava 


LMJ 


education  and  habile,  fnr  the  rough  cooleela  and  colli- 
tiona  of  Iho  world,  deinonalrato,  in  gaiMial,  great  pe^ 
tinacity,  aevarlly,  and  impatience,  when  llMy  eceuma 
Ihe  dircctiun  of  affaire,  or  arrogate  a  juiiadietion  over 
ihoaa  who  conduct  them.  Loeing  Iha  gtolb  giaeaa  of 
their  own  aci  when  they  etep  beyond  lEa  apbeia  of  iu 
duUee,  without  acquiring  the  hardy  virtuaa  of  Iho  other 
aex,  whoae  province  thay  invade,  tbm  abow  tbemielvee 
keenly  auaceptible  and  ultarlv  unforbeariog,  awilt  to 
apeak  and  alow  lo  hoar,  headlong  in  conduct,  prompt 
to  accuae,  intolerant  of  contradiction,  acrimonioue  in 
reproach.  In  Iheaa  femala  aaaembliee,  ibera  wai 
mined  end  eirrciaed  a  keen  nugnaoioue  epirit  and  un 
bridled  licenM  of  tongue,  of  vvbicb  the  actinga  were 
quickly  foil  in  Ihe  aarioue  dialurbanea,  firit  of  domea- 
tic  happinaM,  and  then  of  Iba  public  peace.  The  ma- 
trona  of  Ouiioii  were  tranaformad  into  a  aynod  af 
latltrM  and  busy  bndit§,  whoae  bold  daeraee  and  elan- 
deroiia  dclilierdiinna  aent  thair  influence  into  the  inner- 
moat  receaaci  of  aociety :  and  the  eoiriu  of  men  being 
in  that  combuatilile  aiate  which  the  application  of  a 

.    / Kl.    4 I.    _:ii   i.:-ji.  :_> £ ^Aj-li.   « 


aaM^maueea  aa  a  gaae^aiMn  ar  aneanMiaw 
kebbaa  kaadabvaa  M  a  aaveaaat  af  watla. 

Tba  leaew  wkbk  UMa  balb*,  and  a  b«t  I 
wka  uHiied  wUh  tl,  adapted  and  laaabaiad,  w*Mi  4» 
naunaed  ky  UMit  advataanea  aa  tanalMalbg  Um  tmmf 
af  aaUnaaUantaiii  a  ckarga  wkbb.  whaa  atabliti  kt 
Um  watU  al  hrga,  indiealea  m  aMta  tkaa  tha  Mfaaatk 

Iblad  la  aaelain,  and  whan  advanaw  by  abtieUana 
againal  awmbera  af  UMit  awa  body,  Mr^rally  Imaiiee 

eattata  «ia«a  tl  daaliiaa,  bat  wkiah  Um  kaHata  af 
UMaa  etawa  altatljr  lajaal  and  diealhw  Naibiag  eaa 
ka  NMta  patfkaily  aaiiaiMJaa  Umm  Um  a/awa  ai  Um 
Mipai  I  aat  an*  UUiig  aMta  pawarfkUy  apetaliva  Um« 
9m  lafcaMi  wkbb  It  b  lued  la  aaatt.    Mra.  HaleiN 

IRMII  MM  Mff  BMMfWHfe  IWIIMMMS  NMM  MfllMlly  999 

Ika  fbadaia,  UMM  br  Um  eanetraiiikig  bluaaea  of 
M  graae  I  and  with  Um  a^niaae  aad  bapaluoeity 
laaaM  fbaUng,  waia  aat  abw  la  kraad  wtUi  MraM  of 
katalteal  and  eamamplaaaa  daeignatian,  atary  iahibi- 
lanl  af  Um  talony,  and  pattbuWiy  every  minicMr, 
whoea  vbwa  did  aol  eaiaeida  leiUi  Umu  awa.  Tha 
ducirinaa  wbbb  ibay  gave  huh,  and  Iba  aaneaiaa 
whieb  ibey  ptapagaiad.  ware  laaalvad  wiUi  equal  tagar- 
neee  by  a  caMwarabb  pailjr  i  aad  aqaally  Btavaking 
the  dieplaaauia  of  athara,  aMilai  ika  iMal  vMant  die- 
MneMoe  thtou^wal  Um  whab  aakmy.  Mr.  Cotton 
endeavored  to  raaaiMib  at  aMdarala  iha  heala  lhal 
aroaa,  bjr  repraaanting  la  iba  peniaa  Hat  thair  eirtb 
waa  prejudical  la  that  wkkk  ha  (mly  believed  lo  ba 
Iha  great  abiael  af  bath,  Um  aiallinf  and  konating  of 
diviaa  |taea  i  lA«  an*  faaid  ka)  t«abi|r  I*  rnhtmu  <W 
fraee  tf  Old  mikm  itttitik*  wart  tf  tmltfttlmit,  Ik* 
aihtr  Miking  It  mlmitct  Ikt  mi*  if  Qit  wUkmU  ue, 
ia  fib  warl  ^  fuili/hlim.  Bui  Ika  attib  waa  not  to 
ka  atoppad  j  aad  kla  andaavara  lo  aneel  it  aitracled 
"ika  fulminaliaa  af  a  eaneura  af  limoroua 
ineapaaily  ftam  Um  aaaamkly  af  ika  w» 
even  Uib  eautd  aol  laduaa  Mm  lo  laka  • 
etrong  pari  agakMl  tham,  ka  incurred  a  lempuran 
akalemtni  of  be  papubrity  wiUi  Um  kalk  af  Um  inkakfr 
lanla.  Ha  couki  not  eooaant  lo  eaodaain  Iha  form  at 
aound  warda  h«  wbkh  aooM  af  Um  lanau  af  Um  aocta- 
riaa  arara  paeulbtly  diaibguiabad  i  but  ba  viawad  wiUi 
grbf  and  aMaaaManl  the  Barca  and  eanlamplaaaa 
apiril  wiUi  wbbb  Ibay  were  auintaiBad,  ami  Um  wibi 
and  dangetoue  errora  with  wbieb  Ibay  very  aaaa  eaaM 
10  ba  aaeocialad.  The  contiovrray  raged  wiUl  a  vlo* 
lance  very  unfavorabb  to  the  diKcrnnMnt  and  racay 
Uon  of  truth.  Mra.  Hulebineon  and  bat  adkaaaWat 
boUt  mala  and  baHla,  panuadad  (aad  jucUy  ao,  I  tkbk, 
on  aema  poinu)  of  iha  euperior  cbamaee,  irulk,  aa4 
eimplwily  af  tkair  ayatem  of  doelriBoa,  btgot  Isadti- 
ekbr  kow  bt  Um  oppaailion  wbieb  it  easounletad  might 
ba  traced  to  Um  oMCurily  and  imparfaeliaa  wiUi  wbieh 
ibey  ibamaalvea  received  and  enbteed  il— a  eanaider^ 
lion  which  no  human  iMing  ia  enlitbd  to  dieragard, 
and  which  b  eminently  fltlealo  render  aupariat  auaiit- 
inenta  mora  ambMo  and  aflbaeioue,  b^  rombriog  Umoi 
more  pradiictiva  of  candor  and  humUitjr.  The  priaci- 
pba  Ibey  diacarded  from  UMir  creed  laid  bokl  upon 
their  apiril ;  and  whib  they  cootended  for  the  eovo- 
raigniy  of  divine  gnce  in  coininunlcating  truth,  they 
atlaeked  Ika  acniiinania  af  Ikrir  edveraariea  with  an 


wpan  fcimaelf  Um  I 
and  puiklbd  inca| 
meni  aod,aaaTea 


very  feeble  llaah  will  kindle  into  a  brmi 
gralion,  the  whole  colony  waa  »t  on  are  by  tba  ineoo- 
lineiice  of  frioale  epieen  and  verboeity.  A  line  of  de- 
marcation waa  drawn  between  Ihoeo  whoa  Mra. 
Hulebineon  ealeemod  Iha  aoand,  and  Uioaa  mh^  alM 
danaminalad  Um  anaoond ;  and  all  wka  warp  faialadad 
inihb  bitat  daaeiipibB  iM«i4  dNowthrta  MotinaaUy 


acrimony  and  invective  Ikat  might  have  been  tboiighl 
to  unply  Umi  truUi  waa  aaaily  amTexclueively  altainabia 
Iqr  tiM  oMre  will  and  endeavor  of  men.  'Im  moet  en- 
lightened and  eonabteni  chriatian  will  ever  be  tho  moM 
ready  lo  acknowbdga  that  k<  tnui*  nalUmg  yil  t»  k* 
CHgil  It  httu,  and  may  have  mora  eauaa  than  ha  can 
yet  diacover,  lo  bluah  lor  the  defoetivaneee  of  a  leeli> 
mony,  which,  eihibited  with  more  cbeniaae  and  aim> 
iilicity,  might  have  found  greater  aeeeplance  wiUi  man- 
kind. But  no  euck  eoneideratiooa  euggeated  theiu- 
aelvea  lo  mitiga:(i  tha  vehemeoca,  or  eoltan  the  aapa- 
rilv,  of  theee  buay,  bold,  and  praaumpluoue  apirila ;  iior 
did  it  aver  oeeur  to  tham  that  Iba  truiha  Ibey  held  forth 
wouU  be  liable  to  ba  evil  apukeii  of,  from  aatocialioii 
with  the  deadly  poiaon  of  that  wnrM  of  iniquity,  an  un- 
tamed, lieaMiooa  tongue.  It  n  aaaartad  that  the  heat 
of  their  tampan  giaduallv  communicated  iteelf  to  the 
underalandiii^a  of  Mn.  Hutrhinaoo  and  her  party,  ai\J 
that  in  additioo  to  their  original  tcnaia,  thft  hciiovvfa 
are  pereonally  united  with  the  apirit  of  Qod.  that  coin- 
manda  to  work  out  aalvaliqn  witll  fear  and  tmmbling 
bebng  only  tu  thoaa  *rbo  an  under  a  eovantnt  of  worfcf, 
and  that  aauetilipalion  b  not  the  proper  evidence  of 
ahiMtian  aenditinii,  thay  raeaived  thai  unkappy  error  of 
Um  Quakata,  Umi  Um  apiril  af  Qad  cpmmuaicataa  wi^ 
Um  oinda  af  baUarata  iadapaniaqtly  or  Iba  wriiiyt 


I 


Tiir  Hi^toKV  or 


■r  MMk  lhMlag«Ni  itMMMtMM  Matlivv*  akMitfrf  ky 
Ilt9    •WH>    ••    #0 > !•  tV^MMj    MMMHt    ^'•I'l'il***    WK 

In  MHmmm  mmImmm  I  tM  ilM«MMM*«f  ikti**- 

In*  W  •  Miw  ImM  m  m  iIw  iIiii<m<  Iw  vhwk  Um 
•Ml  iMtf  Mv  kMty  to  ifM.* 

^^^^^^  Aju    ^tf^^MMA  A^^^^A   ^k^^ft   ft^Uft     ^^^A^^A   ^iA^   A^MA    ttA^^b 
■^■■n  ^»   •■^•■WW  WW  WWW!  N^V    ^^^V^  WIWl  vWII    TWl^^ 

■MM  lutMiivai  igtiiM  iM  by  rnVmrn  Mwy  wtn  r*)w»- 
•4,  M  M  lMi|lk  bfM|M  Ik*  4l««MtcM  M  •  iniia  i 

MIfl   ^Vv'    VSHS    OTvHH  w^MMVBMMI   niV   WHMWHSIV  ■Mi 


IMIMaI  liMtlM  U|4  MMillMk  IImiI  IIm 


I  MtltowkMi  (to  pMlM  wtn  M  uy  aMi 

■•  MMk  M  taM  tint  M  |«n  mnI  littuia 

r  iIm  pmi^  wi4  M  MtmvlM*  itom  to 

iltti  Um  MflMM  f4bfM  tf 

iMivljr  ynvwM  )to  <i«v  M 

Um  tmtimm  W  VtM't  ptMlMM  liiM  to  akul*  M« 
to  wffAvmux  I  •«<,  ky  ■  |NM  iMJsrMy  af  fMM,  ito 

BBVOTMMMN    wlS  AMMMfM   Ml  Mr*   *▼  HMHPBB«       t  tHS 

to  MTV*  Ito  tWM*  •<  CM  M  Um  ■hiimii  ■WmII*  i 
mk  Um  Mtowtw  M  Mr*.  HM«y«iM,  Nffudung  m* 
d*|Wi«MtM  af  aflM  M  •  4«iiHntM  Maw  to  UmiiimItm, 
aaiaaU  aal  to  Mar  Ito  Ma  laMwMMMani  wlik  m  miMb 


Mial  wffmk  af  Um  tkankaa  a(  Um  faienjr  ktflag  baan 

MBMHwMSf  WP  IMMV  9MMMIS  W#f9  40WMMIMV  M  MfO* 


baaai  awl  koiailtai.  Aa  UUa  yaaaaaJlag  laimaJ  aaljr 
to  pfataka  ikMr  yralmaw  to  aaaaM  Umm  wiUi  giMlat 
•akamaiMa  Um*  arar,  Ito  lii<aw  fH  Um  vaiif  wata 
anl  M/m%,  Mn.  HalabliMaa 
Uiair  wlikad  panasaUon  af 


Mitaa  and  aN  UmIt  paaWfiljr.t  Ta  UUa  punUkiaaal, 
■ataiUwIaaa,  ato  waa  «a«<a«»aJ,  lagaihar  with  kai 
■nitor  Wtoalwitokl,  iriw  waa  a  pttaator,  ind  bwl 
kaaa  Um  mal  aalpit  atoaiptoii  af  tor  daetrinaa ;  and 
^mtt  tt  ika  Mtoiiar  Mantoia  a(  ito  twilon,  |iaitl*  on 


wata  Ma*  aad  tMtaiMhiaad.  IneanaaqaancaflrUiata 
■raaaad'tta,  Vaaa  ^artlad  Um  aaianr  and  Niumad  la 
Engtokl,  "iaavinf  a  caraal,"  aayaMaUMr,  ••  Umi  all 


gaad  Man  aia  aat  ll  (br  govamoMnl. 

Pima  Um  aaplaaaim  eonlamplitiana  af  Uiaaa  la- 
Ikiaaa  dinaaiii>i,  wa  now  lura  to  ito  mora  agraa- 
abia  aartay  of  aama  af  Um  conaa^oansaa  of  which  tbair 
iaana  waa  |irad«eU«a.    A  eooaidanMa  nnnbar  of  ft- 


•  TkaiMaMfUtaMMM,bMmMr,ilil««inr  hadenn  In 
MMHia Nmw,  m*m* aUumktf  mutlAit \— it kki naiarkaM* 
IhH  ih*  iMion  akkh  «iiM«l  ilwai  «Ml  ika  fanihawiim  umi 
or  Ika  qaaktn  •koulil  kttt  Inaad  rroM  •  mcIm/  wkkk,  wlik 
IkniMr  rawmMtan  m  ib«qiMk*n,  adiaHMd  iki  •Ml-wrinu- 
nl  knialukf  tt  hawto  waekkw.  GajMln  Uadtrklll,  <mm  of 
Mn.  Huumiiwn<«  hMtmm,  canitd  ikd  nrar  w  a  ■wiimwm 
toniik,  tnd  mmWiMd  wkk  M  Ik*  fmtMM  ImiMrallM  af  na- 
aun.  Hi  fMa  (IMI  oAriC*  ky  paMleljr  mlMalnlnf  IhM  ka 
ka<l  raaalf aa  a  ifaclal  aoiMiaiiMailoa  af  MaararlaalM  Hikti 
•kila  ka  waa  Mwlila(  a  pipa.  Ma  «aa  kanMaa  aloaf  with 
Mi  iwniaaia  1  and,  a  la«  taan  altar,  muniad  lo  ttmkm, 
•ban  ka  naiia  a  |mMIc  canlkaaliMi  of  kTpoerlar,  aduUanr,  anj 
Maalaa.  ■alknaa'a  HIM.  af  Haw  Haaipaiilra,  ted.  i.  can.  H. 
Aniakar  af  M»  Huuklaauii'a  Mlowan  waa  a  »aawii  naai 


Marr  Orar,  wku  mind  lo  Rkoda  lalaad,  arhan  aka  auka*. 
awml »  faaaw  a  qaakar .    WlMkiop'aHIHafyCSarafa'aadl. 

»  Har  BtaMapUaa  waa  *»ry  alfnally  pwdakad.  "rta  nin 
dw  undfaad  aa  Ika  aaoiaqaanca  of  kar  aiila  Ml  an  kanair 
aad  bar  Iharilr.  fka»aMioRkadaUUi«l,buiii«likln(ikai 
-^"Mkia,  wawrad  u  iiaa  af  fka  Dwck  MttlaaMiHi,  wkara  aha 
all  kar  IhaiUf  vara  aardaiad  kjr  ika  ladlana.  W«  laar 
•  lbailtoarrw<,  k>  whiak  aba  darkanad  aiid  dlacndMad 


& 


.  by  whlik  aba  darkanad  aial  dlacradMad 

Mlfc,  arara  aceaalonad  tf  a  kaad  arar-haaiad  wkh  conin. 

~  udnadaradfMdrk/aninidiiaalafiiilun.    Balbraaba 

I  MawabawMa,  aba  algaad  a  ■acaMatlnn  of  aama  afika 

atw  Haaia  aka  bad  pnifuundad  I  but  auinuliiad,  la  Ika 

Ikca  ofika  claaia*  arldaaaa  lo  iba  eomrarj,  ikai  aha  kad  narar 

Tbbwaai — 


I  waa  aonaUarad  a  pnxifor  dlaafmul*' 

. -H  ailBto  mbarkan  ararraoMdika  Inhnnca 

te  Um  rMMMfir  aad  iMaat  aflrt  vbkb  bad  laid  kold  of  kar 

fr^?ysr^i'!yfft[rt/r— **'*''**-''''** "  ""■ 

IMMHdUMaMitiaaM  ' 


iMlhreubh*  Midlaai  bad  Ibnaarly 


Ihin 
aMaA 


•MMt  kl(M;  dtaaalMlM  WMk  *•  piilidlagi  af  Um 
atnad  and  Um  ganafai  a«nN  af  NaaaaakHialia,  rManto 

>M  IU|ar  WiNiiw*  and  kla  fhanda  at  rraridanaa  i 
and,  bainf  aooit  alUr  abandanad  by  Mm  llatokina— , 
Itoy  Ml  iindaf  ih«  gaidanaa  af  IMI  nMlMiaiad  afMH 
wkwk  WilllaaM  bad  now  bagu*  lo  diayhy.  By  a  Irana- 
Mlwn  wiUl  Iba  Indiana,  Ibaaa  aaaoclaiad  Milaa  aktalnad 
a  riihl  In  a  Ibrlila  taland  in  .Naraganaal  Day,  wkirk  aa- 
^akad  Ito  nam*  of  Hbada  laland.*  WrilianM 
awaof  Ikam  aywaid*  af  hny  yaaia,  toayaalad  aa 
Ibibar  and  dtraalar  af  Ito  aolany  wUak  to  bad  yian 
and  af  wbMh  to  wa*  aa«ar*l  imiaa  aiaalad  |o*arMr 
In  Ito  yaat  lilt,  to  mada  a joainay  to  Bnglalid,  and, 
by  Ito  Iniaraat  af  Hir  Hanry  Vina,  abulnad  and  kraagkl 
kaik  lo  Ikam  a  |iarliamaniary  atoiMi,  by  wMak  PbaVv 
danaa  and  Rbada  laland  ramalnad  aailad  Ull  Um  Raalo- 
raiioii.  Olton  nf  ito  aillaa,  andar  Um  mbiaiMa  af 
Wk*alwii(bt,  tolaok  itomaaltaa  la  Um  narw-atat  yaito 
af  N*w  Rnalind  i  and,  toln|  jolnad  by  aaaaaialaa  wto 
wara  allarad  by  iba  proapaila  af  nak  latoriaa  and  a* 
adranlafaodi  toartt  Iraoa,  Um«  (radnally  faimad  and 
aaiylid  Um  ymtinaaa  af  Naw  Hampahlia  aad  Maiao. 
Iliaaa  prarincaa  kad  baan  laayaaUtajr  nirakaaad  ky 
Maaan  and  Oaryaa  Itoni  Um  taanail  of  nfaMMk,  aad 
many  lnalla«lMr*lMmpto  wara  mada  ky  Itoaa  iwo  ad- 
ranlurara  to  aolenlaa  itoir  aaauialiiwia  wilk  adraiilaga 
to  Ihamaalra*.  Maaon  and  (iargva  waia  aawalad  ^ 
vary  dilbranl  tiawi  flrom  Uw«  whiak  aranilad  In 
naral  imang  ito  aoloniau  af  Naw  England  i 
wiakad  to  baaama  Ito  yraprlaiaiiaa  ar  tofadilafy 
af  taal  aMnori and  aaignlariaa,  and  toaaiabiiak  in  Aaw- 
rica  ito  InailliiUona  wkiak  ilia  •mifraau  to  AaMtiaa 
wara  ganarally  acaking  lo  aaai|)a  IVam.  Thay  Ibond  it 
totally  ImpraallaaMa  to  obuin  a  ravanna  ham  Um  aat- 
Uara  in  Saw  llamp«hlra  and  Maina,  ar  to  aataMiab 
anMng  Umm  a  farm  af  gorammanl  railad  to  itoir  own 
riawa.  'Piaaa  lalllaia,  aowooaad  partly  of  adraoluiara 
Ao«  England,  and  yaitly  af  aiilaa  and  ruluntary  ami- 
gianU  iMin  Miaaaakuaaita,  frimad  far  itomaalraa  ao- 
yarato  goranimanla,  andar  which  UMy  eonUaoad  to 
aubalal,  nil,  araaiiad  wilk  inlainal  dlapolaa  and  diriaioaa, 
UMy  poiilionad  ito  ganaral  court  of  Maaaacbuaalto  to 
to  lakan  undar  ila  prolooiion,  and  wara  again  aaaoclaiad 
wilk  ito  colonr  tnm  wkick  ihay  tod  dvpiwtad. 

A  ickiam,  aimilar  to  itot  which  Mra.  Holchincou  had 
craatad,  waa  femanlad  at  riyraoulk  ky  ona  Samuai 
Oartan  t  but  kla  ciraar  in  ihia  plaea  waa  cut  akan  1^ 
a  conviction  for  awindUng.  Ttoneo  to  want  to  Htodo 
laland,  wtora  to  craatad  inch  dlaturkaaea,  Umi  aran  la 
Ihia  cnmnunily,  wton  unlimilad  tolamlion  wu  nto- 
foaaad,  ha  waa  Mnlancad  la  to  floggad  and  toaiahad. 
Proeaading  lo  Providcnra,  to  kad  naaily  involvad  Ito 
paopla  of  Ihia  aalllomanl  in  a  war  with  tto  Indiana ) 
nil,  al  length,  on  Iha  anlraaiy  of  Hogar  Williama,  tto 

GivammanI  of  Maaaaehuaall*  aani  a  party  lo  approtond 
m,  and,  altar  impnaoiiing  him  and  aomo  of  hia  adto- 
ranu  in  ito  workhouaa,  oMigad  Umoi  lo  dapan  tto 
cooniry.t  [IMI] 

Tto  loaaaa,  wkick  Um  population  of  Maaaacl  ■  .aaatto 
aaalainad  by  Ito  virioua  amigraliona  which  wa  tora 
wlinaaaad,  wara  wnpliad,  in  Ika  following  yaar,  by  tto 
airival  of  a  taal  or  iwanlv  aUpa,  with  IMaa  Uiouaand 
aaukt*  Itom  England.  11m  aama  yaar  witnaaaad  ito 
aataMiakmani  of  aa  inalilulion  ralculalad  to  improve 
tto  moral  condition  of  ito  paopla.  TM*  waa  Harvard 
Callaga,  al  Camkridga,  in  Maaaackuaaatta,  Um  Brat 
aaminary  of  learning  areelad  in  Nortk  America.  So 
kighly jiriiad  ware  tto  advinlagaa  of  knowledge  and 
Ito  inlTaanee  of  odvealion  hy  Itoaa  ganaroua  colnniala, 
Umi,  aa  aeily  aa  ito  cloaa  of  Ito  yaar  ISM,  and  while 
yet  almggliiig  with  ito  llrai  dilBcuUiee  and  diotraaaai 
of  Itoir  arrival,  Ito  general  court  at  Boetoo  bad  ippr» 
prialed  four  hundred  pound*  to  Ito  erecUoo  of  a 
aamhury  of  learning.  Tto  toquaat  of  a  colonial  aii- 
nlatar,  wto  (Vtirwl  hia  whole  Ibrluno  M  to  appliail4o 
Ito  aama  daaign,  tnabkd  Itom  now  to  enrich  thoir 
eoonlry  with  an  aalibliabment  whoea  operalion  haa 
proved  aa  Mnatcial  lo  Uiair  poalerily,  aa  iia  inalilulion, 
al  ao  early  a  peiiod  of  ttoir  hiitory,  ia  hooorakla  to 
tkamaelvea.t 


•  Th*  rrica  paid  Is  ika  Indiana  waa  tftir  fluhonia  of  wkHa 
kaada,  lati  coua,  and  iwanijr  akaaa.    Chalaan.tTI. 

t  Uoraaa  imarlaa  palmad  lo  ik*  Lllb,  fart  U.  Cap.  (4. 
Natl  I.  IT),  lao  Ouruw  want  lo  Bngland,  and,  durliit  Ilia 
civil  wan,  Inirolaad  Iha  colony  In  iiu  amali  irouM*  by  hia 
aoaiiilalma  oftka  panaeiHloa  ka  had  nndaraona. 

I  Haikar,  ■.  I*,  aan.  I.  Naal,  I.  lil,  fee.  nuitklnaonl.  la. 
ror  aDma  lima  ika  eollafa  iaborad  undar  iha  dabcl  ofa  library. 
Tka  rVnna  or  ika  man*|an  M  aecuniulaia  on*,  wara  aUad  by 
MHiiUarabla  donailona  of  kooka  mada  w  ihan  by  Ihal  areal 
aad >ou*  aeclaalawk  ArekMakop  Lahar,  Ika  c*Mniiad  non- 
aaoermla  mlolaar  Bkkaid  ■•■«,  aad  ikai  diailafulakad 
wanlwraadpbUoaofbarHrKaaalabliti.    It  ta  aa  iMataat- 


kad  toaw  lamaiaaMilad  to  M  bt  Um  *l  ja»  af  w$»^ 


Ibaa  paat,  ito  piilley  of  Um  Kngliak  g»v*»  pant  i* 
warda  UM  aalany  bad  been  aingularly  una  ..ii*  and 
anataadv  :  maay  deaaaaMmiame  bed  bran  a«h>  al 
jeahMM dialito  aad  lymaaieal  doatgn ,  bui,  na«a>  iwmi 
aamad  lato  eaeeatMa.  Uwy  bad  aerved  Hwnl/  m  kaai 
Um  aeloaWM  aanad  by  a  aaaaa  of  aaawaan  danger,  ••«# 
to  andaar  Um  bianiatiaai  af  hbarty  ky  Um  d»*truriwn 
aiik  wkMk  UMy  wata  Miiiaiaally  naaatti.  'fto 
king  appaara  to  tovo  daakud  praNy  early  Um  can 
gaalalHy  af  kla  IM  iraaaadlaia  lawM  M  Um  aaMr aaw 
wUkUMgaaaiM  paihiy  af  Ma  idwlaiiirallaa  i  ika  ei. 
Mflaaao  of  ovary  yaal  kid  aaitrwid  kMdaakta,e*d 
to  had  wavered  to  IriiiilaM  aarpiaaMy  tolwaen  kl« 
arigiaal  wMk  to  avaaaato  Kngliad  af  Um  pamana.  an  i 
kla  ipyiakiiialia  af  Um  iiagiiaaa  aad  iaaiaaawg  m- 
laaaaa  wkick  Utoir  iriamptoM  lUibkikwiiil  hi  Ama 
rlia  waa  viaiMy  aaartiag.  Tto  aaaoaea  af  Me  paliiu 
deviaeekad  appeared  al  Im  to  aaawar  aM  Ma  oapea- 
toilaaa,  aad  to  aaimad  likely  w  aravaU  a«ar  Ito  pari- 
tone  ky  Ito  diMaaaiiailaa  af  a  kallaM  goad  all  ar 
lanily  aaapaadad  aa  Um  aandiUaa  af  UmIt  itoadaalaa 
Um  laalm.    A  aaaaidarakia  ■aniaa  $1  Um  amkata  al 

Eirllaa  aad  pauiatM  Itoliag  Wt  kaaa  Nmaaed  ftaai 
ngland,  and  aeamingly  aaal  away  ia  daima,  wtora 
aa  val  aa  eolony  kad  Sean  able  to  aarvlva.  Dal  UMy 
bed  neiUMT  Uagaiaked  aar  perlaked  i  and.  an  Uw  aaa- 
irary,  kad  Mi/Mii  ia  AaMrtaa  a  laaligraiiaa  aa  pawa^ 
All  aad  eileneive  UmI  all  Eaglaad  waa  waimad  and 
aallgkunad  by  Um  blaao.  Tto  Jialiaa  ailanlMa  af 
Laud  waa  aoan  awakened  to  Um  dliaalwaa  laaaa  af 
Uiiebrannknf  Um  layal  paltay.  aad  wkUa  to  madltotad 
U«  maana  ky  wkiak  lie  oDtoW  aUgkl  to  aouManMWd, 
to  maintained  aaiee  In  New  Ei^land,  whaao  wiol. 
ligence  eonllrmed  kia  aUagiviaga,  aad  wto  raurtad  Iim 
fever  ky  iraduamg  Um  ablaala  W  kia  dialito.  Tto  do 
leclian  af  Uiia  carraapaadeaee  aerved  to  aaiawl*  ito 
reaanlmani  aad  anfoiaa  Ito  aaaUon  and  tto  nnloii  of 
Um  colooiato.  Ma  early  aa  Um  year  lUM,  Um  Gngliak 
govamment,  vieMiiM  lo  Ito  drat  alerm,  made  a  kaaiy 
and  lU-conaidored  aUeaMi  to  repair  iu  error  <if  iaeuint 
a  pfoelamalion  rcproballng  Um  daeigno  Umi  proinptad 
emigration  w  Naw  England,  aad  ordering  all  abipa 
Ikat  ware  aboul  to  pracaad  UUlber  wlUi  peaeengen  In 
to  detained.  It  waafuiakly  Ibh  Umi  tkia  laeaanre  waa 
praamlara,  and  Ikal  il  canid  aarve  na  aUior  and  iton  to 
Itnlato  Um  intpaUeaeo  of  tto  poriuna  to  obtain  alitor 
at  koaM  or  abroaal  Um  iaeUwiiana  which  itoy  had 
made  ptaparalioo  to.reeliae  and  enjoy.  Not  only  wie 
Um  preelaKalian  auflaied  lo  remaia  unenlbnvd,  tot 
even,  al  a  lalar  period,  Ukatlaa  laverled  ao  far  to  hia 
ariglnal  peluy  aaia  praawto,  by  hia  own  imerpoaiiion. 
Um  eipatrialiau  of  yoong  Vane,  af  wkoae  paliiiral 
and  laligioua  aenlimenia  ha  waa  perfectly  aware. 
After  an  Inwrval  of  heaitatioo,  inaaauree  mum  da- 
btorato  were  edopted  for  eubverting  Um  colonial  llba^ 
Ilea.  In  tto  yaar  IMA,  a  aommiaeton  waa  granted  M 
Um  giaal  olllcera  of  atale  and  aoine  of  ito  nutnliiy  Cm 
Ito  rtguUlioa  and  gavamoMnt  of  Ito  planutiuna. 
By  thia  commiaaion  Um  a»cbbiaho«>  of  I'aniatbury 
(Laud,)  and  a  f«w  oUmio,  were  eulkoriaad  lo  make 
Mwa  and  conatitulion  for  Um  colony  ;  to  (•labliab  an 
order  of  ckigy,  and  aaaign  ttoin  a  nMintaiianra  ;  and 
to  paniak  iiapilally,  or  oltorwiae,  all  wto  ahoiild  tio- 
lata  UMir  otdinaiM-ee.  Tto  gentral  body  of  Um  coin- 
miaaionara  ware  directed  lo  eiaiuina  all  axiaiing  co- 
lonial paleuta  and  etonara,  and  1/  llt4ji  fvund  tUl  aay 
tod  ken  anda/y  attatacd,  ar  llM  Uti  hkerlui  Ikr'f 
con/rrrcd  tteri  hurtful  la  Ikt  frtngaliat  riyul,  lo  cauai 
(/Um  I*  it  rreatad  aad  yaaaAad.*  Tto  tiiidliah  grand 
council  of  Plymoulk  were  eaaUy  penuaded  w  give  Um 
fint  eiample  of  eubmieeioa  to  Uiie  arbitrary  auitonly  ; 
and,  aeeonlingly,  tto  aame  year  Uuy  aurrendercd  UmIt 
ueeleaa  palent  10  Um  king,  under  raaorvalion  of  Umit 
chiima  aa  individnala  10  tto  property  of  Um  eoU. 
Theae  reaerred  claiaM  gave  aecaaioo  at  an  after  period 
to  much  diapule,  perpleiity,  and  inconvenience.  'Hie 
only  proceeding,  towever,  which  immediately  enauod 

Tinal  Ito  New  England  eoloniala,  wa*  Ito  iiialituliaa 
a  proceaa  of  fua  teamuUa  agaiaal  itoir  etorter  ia 
tto  Court  of  King'*  Bench,  of  which  no  InUiuiiioa 


ln(  (kct,  and  which  aaama  to  airvngihan  and  dlcniry  ikt  nU 
ihioahlp  baiwaau  ika  two  eouiiirlaa,  Ikal  many  oflka  nMiai  Ulna 
irioua  man  thai  Kofland  kaa*f*r  iinidue*il,  cunirHiaud  ic  lay 
IhafagulailunitrcltlllBadaoelaty  la  Anwrles.  Tba  anumata- 
Uoo  oflka  paltwaaa  In  iha  VlrfMan  cbaiMn,  taieluda*  1 
dInEafll 


•  TbI*  HroMly  camaar*( 
Ik*  rail  awialH,  uadatwu 
Ik*  purliia  amlaraaia  u  Um 


1  Eaa  land 


avan  dlHliifulahad  ladltMualli  

•  Tbia  Hroof ly  cambania*  iha  aptalaa  I  kiv*  aipnaaedal 
dtaf,  lad  hMaadan  af  Um  Una  aad 
Ume  wkeaUMllew  tdttaSaM* 


lUwy 


rp«rM 

IWIMd 

miuiiea 
rtMia 


iwM't  IWiUWiy.    In  Mm  iTMf  IWf  ka  gwwn<  •  «•«• 
i  al  N«i  Kngiiiii,  uduiiti •  pf^ 


Mw  tiMiNik  W  KnfliMl.  Hul  llw  MMkit  mm  af 
i)i(MiM  M  gt«*  ttmt  M  Unrgw'  •mmmmmm  i 

^fiixlMm  «i«ii  WM.  »»iiri<  Ik*  nMnciMMM  li»|nn< 
M  ihMr  atM|rMiM  nMntj  wMttUinf .  Wa  lM?a  «aa«i 
ilni,  t«  IIm  yaaf  IMI>  •  Miaiiai  inMfanauan  af 
>«iiiaail  iail|iiali  aw*  aflbaiad.  Mat.  M  ika  ra««M 
•(  IkM  jraai,  tka  ktaf  •«  laaftk  m—  lOMad  la  a 
•iaar  mmk  aaw  aluna  waa  »*NtiM  la  HMiuia  mmI  la- 
•abfaia  kta  nm  \  uA,  aAar  ikta  bng  aaana  al  Man- 
ilarmg,  waTafMg,  tail  htiwa.  ka  iiiaptwi  ■  aimuca 
O'bwh,  unfanuiMlaly  Ui  kumatf,  wi i  allMliMl.  Ilnr- 
Inf  Umi  amMkar  Maat  waa  tt>  wl  l«  m.I  IW  fUj*  tiigltixl 
»iik  a  k-^j  W  anii|tar.la,  aiiMMg  wham  «mt  mhim  af 
Ika  Mija)  atMnaM  Iaa4afa  a(  ika  |iatnaia  ami  paniaiw, 
is  muni  an  aniar  af  aaanail  m  ka  iaaaail  faf  Uw» 
datanllan  i  awl  Ika  aidai  baiMf  pfaNi|Ml)r  anbiacd,  tka 
ta)ri|a  aia  yta»aiin<.  U«  kaard  inw  0aal  than  ap- 
Mar  M  hava  baaa.  aiaaag  atkai  amiiHinl  imiKMiual*, 
lluiaitg.  Haaipilan,  Vjm,  and  Utitaf  Cramwtllt— 
Man  la  whaai,  kvi  a  M«  )aara  aAar,  ha  waa  bin  m 
(awiar  ika  Ufkaal  aMaaa  in  hK  taalm,  and  wkaw  kia 
lii|«a«iaa  ■■•«  lia'iinril  la  atanaa  ika  lymnny  by  wkMk 
•a  many  af  Uiair  bfathmi  kad  aaau  diiraii  away.  Va- 
naua  fraeiaaiationa  waia  laaaad  Ika  aaaia  yaar  in  ra- 
airainl  af  aiaignlian  la  Naw  Cngland,  wktck,  fr  in  ikia 
liiaa,  accardingly,  apjiaar*  lo  ka«a  baan  diMonluiaad.  I 
lliia  praaaadiug  aaMially  ialainad  Ika  publM  mind  la 
Ika  bighaal  ptiah  a(  diaaciilanl.  Kuan  iba  kaapiialiiy 
of  nufa  daaaria,  il  m*»  aielaiintd,  waa  daniad  la  Iha 
Ofipraaaad  inkaUUnla  of  Knglaiid ;  and  aian  wara  (on- 
atrainad  le  ini|gira  if  iba  atila  whiak  could  not  ba 
avadad  inlghl  iiol  ha  rapallad,  and  tinaa  lalraal  waa  Im- 
praciicaMa,  if  raMilaiwa  nilgkl  not  ba  unavailing.  By 
frwiMMing  amignilon  al  Aral.  Iba  king  bad  apanad  a 
vain  wktck  il  waa  ammanlly  kaiaidoua  lo  cIom  i  and 
Iba  ineraaiad  aavanly  of  hi*  adiHinltlialion  augmcnlad 
Iha  Now  af  a«d  kuinaiin  il  Ilia  vary  liina  whan  ka  iku« 
iinprudanily  dcprivtid  ibain  of  Ibair  aeeualomad  vanl. 
'Mm  piavioua  ainignliun  bad  tlraady  draltiad  Ika  puri- 
Ian  body  of  a  graal  numbar  of  dioaa  of  ila  inaiobara 
whoH  inildar  lainpara  and  mora  •iibmiaaiva  picly  ran- 
darad  Ikam  inora  willing  ibau  Uiaii  braibran  lo  daclina 


•  Chalaitra  aaMcia  ikM  JiMlfnMni  »u  |l>m  aiilim  ika 
aalonjr  i  kai  Ih*  ntmm  tffitn  IViim  llw  •atkorHlaa  w  wkick 
ba  nan, and  lUU amni cl«rty  rtuailka rtcacd i>( iba |incaad> 


b(|a  MflMrvad  lii  Haiafd,  p.  4M. 
Illw  Hr 


I  Hampilaii  ■ml  CrumwaU  wn  on  board  Ihla  llaai,  or 
thai  thay  avai*  hiiaiwlail  lu  procaad  lo  AnMrwti  baa  baan 
aiiubiad,  but  I  ikliik  wakoai  any  laaaun.  Hmia  kaa  raikar 
tfouacmad  ikau  raHxivad  ika  ilouM  by  ika  msmiaf  in  «Uik  ka 
hoa  lalairadio  a  paaaafa  In  UuwkliiMin,  Ika  naaainf  oCwkiak 
ha  hu  avlilaiuiy  mlaundaraiood.    liH  Vt-  Va>har,  wka  pta- 


catlad  llmchlnaoa,  aiuraaily  namaa  all  Iha  Indlvklyala  maa' 
il'Oiail  la  Iha  la»  aa  hat  inf  praparad  far  ihal-  voyaca,  ud 
bMii  arraMad  by  iha  oidar  ur  cuumII.  Uldailion  racMai  ih< 
iram  uf  land  bi  Aiiiarlca  In  favor  of  Baaipdan  and  mkara, 


wbKli  Iha  ainlf  raiua  aara  pcocaadlnf  |i>  oMiipy.    MaUwr'a 
atnh'Biaia  wcaidbrmad  by  naal,  Clarandoa,  ■ataa,  and  Bf 
—       roniMliid  ofC^Hn»allBppaaralaatlahavara■ 
a  H  had  onca  racalvad  aiwaida  aailfraUon,  and 
opinloii  of  Iha  aaiitara  of  Haw  Bnf  land  tnm 
u  had  baan  partly  darlvad.    AAar  ina  RanMm' 


dala.    Tba  nroiii  Mind  of  Crvmaall  appaara  loaf  la  hava  ra 

lalaad  Iha  Maa  "  "■  -" '"' ' ' — '-   —' 

Iba  IWvorabla 

arhlch  Ihai  Maa  had  baan  partly 

■wanca  waa  viiad  In  iha  Loiif  ParllaaiaMi  he  lold  Lord  Palk- 

huid  thai  If  Ih  I  4«aaiion  had  baan  loal.ha  waa  praparad  nail 

day  to  ham  convartad  bla  allbcta  Into  ready  aMmay  and  lall 

Iha  kinidoin.    Wlian  ha  waa  Invaatad  wllh  Iha  Prolaflorala 

ha  irvatad  MaaaachUMilawlibilialln(<ilahadpanwlliy.  Huma 

ranaKlrrad  Muiaalf  aa  lavalUna  a  nioal  aareaalle  ralactlon 

a^ainal  Uaai|idan  and  Uromwall,  whan  ha  daMrthad  tham  aa 

wilU'tlocniaa  Iba  AlUnllcocaanfMIha  aakaof  iayUif  Ihalr 

aayant  Sunw  wrllara,  wlio  pattaka  lbi>  poUilcal,  but  not 
a  iali(*<Hia,  aanllmanta  of  lliaia  anilrani  paraooa,  hava  baan 
vary  wllUna  la  dafand  iham  from  au  acandaloua  an  ImpulaUim. 
t  Malhar,  B.  I.  cap.  ».  Naal,  1. 148, 14*.  191.  Hulchliiion, 
LM.41M.andAppand.Nu.lv.  Oldnlion,  I. «,  and  In  Pnf. 
a.  It.  Chalmara,  l»l,  IM,  IM,  161.  Uaiard,  Ml,  4H,4H, 
IW.  an,  4M.  Tba  Aiaarlcan  hialorlana  of  Ihia  parlnd  ara  ai- 
aaadii«<ycaralaaa,andoioalMrplaaln(lTdlaeordanl  in  Ihalr 
•alalioa  af  dalaa,  aa  I  hava  ikaiiaaiiUv  aipartancad,  lboii(h 
■•vtrwIUi  aa  anck  taKunvanlaaca  aam'" 


M|S* 


AMIRIOA. 


*  laniiai  wMt  Um 

iralaad  hi  Mng  babMa  af  amaily  M  iiki  paraan  and  af 
paallaM  w  bla  waaaarai  •  Ha  had  miw  al  lan^ih  awa* 
aaadad  In  ainpaing  bla  aabtaaia  af  avary  MaiaaiMn 
Ibal  Ika  law  aoaU  ciiand  M  lIMif  rigbia  i  and  waa  da*- 
unad  mmt  M  atparwnaa  kow  aawplalaly  ka  had  di- 
•aalad  IhaM  af  avary  raalraMM  ikai  iba  law  aaaM  iiMiaaa 
an  Ika  vlndlallva  ralnbtHnm  af  ibaM  wranip  rram 
dMa  partad  lili  ika  aaaawbling  af  Iba  brag  parliamoM, 
'  a  rilart  and  baadtang  caraar  af  diagraaa 
vrbda  Iba  alMd  af  aatamaiiaa  In  wbwb 
ba  bad  Mvolvad  MmaaW  waand  M  vati  kta  ayaa  I  OM 
Ika  daamalMn  M  whiab  ba  waa  InMltMy  advanalng. 
In  paraaania  af  ika  patiay  wblab  ika  king  al  langik 

a  ra^alaiMM  waa  IranatalUad  by  Ma  prlvr  aaanail 

maiMmg  ikaw  M  dalivar  «■  ibair  faiani  and  aand  H 
baak  by  Iko  Ikal  akip  Ibai  aiiaiiM  aad  bf  Knglaini,  Ibai 
M  mlgm  ahldo  Ibo  laaaa  af  iha  praaaaa  of  aaa  iMrraara 
Ihal  waa  dapanding  againal  Iba  aalany.  Ta  Ibia  rai|ui- 
aiiion  Ika  ganafal  aaun  ralumad  tm  anawar,  a  bnmMo 
and  aamaal  patiiion  ikal  iha  aalaniaia  aalgkl  ka  baaid 
hafara  Ihay  wara  aondamnad.  llMy  diaalarad  thai 
Uiaa  kad  Iranapawad  ihair  hmiliaa  la  Amanaa,  and  »m- 
barllad  Ibair  (aManaa  In  iha  aalnny,  in  ralianea  an  kta 
majaaiy' 
navar  wi 
kurnMi 

wllh  liialf  'palanl  in  Ihair  kanda.  If  il  wara  wraalad 
horn  Ikam,  ihay  muai  aluiar  raiura  la  Kngtaad  ai  aaak 
Iba  baaotialtiy  af  mara  dialanl  ragtmia.  Uul  ibar 
prayad  Ibal  ibay  migkl  "  ka  aalfciaJlo  lira  In  ika  «il- 
darnaaa,"  wbara  Ihay  bad  aa  yal  ioond  a  laaling-piaca, 
and  miahl  aiparianca  in  ihair  aula  auma  of  llial  favor 
from  Iba  rular  af  ihair  naiiva  land  wbwb  ihay  bad 
largfily  aiparianaad  fram  Iba  l,nrd  and  Jutlga  af  all  Ika 
aarib.  'Inry  ralainad  paaaaaiian  af  ibair  palanl  wbila 
Ibay  wtllad  an  anawar  U  ibia  paiilian,  wbwb,  in  Iba 
akapa  wbarain  ihay  laakad  (or  il,  Ibay  wara  happily  i—- 
Unad  navar  lo  racaiva.  'I'b*  inaurraclwiia  wiuch  aoon 
aAar  braka  om  in  Heolland,  diraaiad  iba  wbola  allanlMii 
af  Iba  king  lo  iMllara  wkwh  moro  naarly  conaamad  kirn  i 
and  Ika  long  galbaring  alarm  which  waa  now  viaibly 
prapanng  lokuial  apon  bim  from  avary  cornar  of  kia  do- 
miniona,  forcibly  induetd  bim  lo  coniraci  aa  far  aa  paa- 
aiUa  Iba  apkara  of  hoalilily  in  wbieb  ha  found  himaalf 
mvolvad.  t  Tba  banadi  of  bia  aliarad  viawa  waa  ai- 
pananaad  by  iba  Virginlana,  [I6M,]  in  iha  abalilion  of 
Ibo  daapMiom  lo  whkb  ha  bad  biibailo  aiihjaclad  lham, 
and  by  iba  inkabilania  of  Naw  England,  in  iba  caaaa- 
lioii  of  hia  atlam|>la  lo  auparaada  oy  a  aimilar  daa|io- 
liam  Iha  bharal  inatiiuliona  which  ihay  bad  hilharlo 
anjoyad.  Ila  would  dnubilaca  now  biva  aoidially  con- 
aanlad  lo  diaanaumbar  himaalf  of  hia  advaraariea  by 
promoling  Ibo  amigrilwn  wbwb  ha  bad  ao  imprudanlly 
ohalnMlad :  but  <>i<h  a  lavoluiion  of  aanlimani  bad 
now  taken  placa  In  Fngland,  and  aucb  iiilaraaliag 
nMopa*  lo  Iba  paliiola  and 


y'a  bcaiira  and  anaaiiragamani  i  Ihal  ihav  bad 
wdbngly  ar  knowingly  klfcndad  kim,  and  now 

iMv  dapfoaalad  kia  wraia,  and  aaliaiiad  lo  ka  kaard 

I  Ikaif  palanl  bi  ibair  kanda. 


puniana 
at  boma,  Ibartho  aioiivaa  which  kad  formarly  induaad 
lham  10  migrata  w  tba  naw  world  eaaaad  any  longar  lo 
pravail. 

1640.1  Whan  ihe  inlaraoono  which  had  lorlwanty 
yaara  aubaiilad  balweeii  iha  colony  and  Iba  paranlalala 
undaiwani  ihia  modiRcatian.  iha  numbar  aiif  Iha  inba- 
Mlaiiu  of  Now  England  appaara  lo  hava  amoiinlaU  lo 
•beat  Iwanty-ono  Ihouaami  paraona.t  ar  four  Ibouaand 


*  Tba  coniBiaiKanianI  of  raalatanca  In  kolland  orlitnaiaa 
wUb  aoaM  Indlvldaala  of  thai  rnunlry  who  had  purtliaiad  an 
allot atam  af  larrlUHT  In  Naw  Bniland,  •n'l  nitda  praparallan 
laalvaa  IhlUiar,  but  wara  praranlaa  III  doca 


la  uaaaport  ihamaaM 


appear  how)  from  earrylni  Ihalr  aealin  inioaiaruUon. 
Tbay  bad  oMainad  from  Iha  colonial  aaaaniMy  aa  aaaaraaca 
of  Iba  fitaa  aiaralaa  of  Ihalr  praakyiarlan  farm  af  church  |o- 
vammaM.    Malhar,  B.  I.  rap.  t.  aac.  T.  , 

t  HulcMnion,!.  tr.andApuandli,No.  V.  Chalmara.p,  IM. 
Thia  yaw  (I6M)  waa  dlallnculahad  by  an  aartbiaaha  In  Naw 
- -  lihroiiib  ail    ' 


Riifland,  which  aitandod  I 


Iha  aoiilaniama,  and 


ahdbh  Iha  ihlsa  hi  Boaton  kaibarandiha  nokihbarbit' lalanda. 

of  It  ramlndod  aoma  of  Iha  culoMMa  oflha  ralllliii 

Winlhrop'a  JoarnaT, 


TlM  anand  of  It  ramlndod  aoma  of  Iha  culoMaia  oflha  ralllliii 
of  coochoa  la  Iha  alraala  of  London. 
IM.    Trumball,  I.  tl. 

ThIa  work  had  baan  tor  vxtm  llnw  In  Iha  praaa,  whan  an 
irtunlly  waa  aRbidad  ma  (by  Iha  kindnaaa  of  mr  frlanl  Mr. 
Ihal)  of  aiamlnlnt  a  raeani  American  publication  antlilad 

.  10  llUlory  of  Naw  Bnfland  from  laMla  1*4*,"  by  Ouvar- 
nor  Wliilhrop,  of  which  a  copy  had  bean  aani  aa  a  proaanl  lo 
Iha  Boyal  lorlaly  of  London.  Ilia  a  rapablksalkm  of  Wtai- 
Ihrop'a  Journal  (whkh  I  had  already  conaullad  at  Ooltlncan), 
with  Iha  hualy  diaeavared  conllnuallon  of  II  till  laCPi  Mr 
■avaff ,  Iha  editor,  baa  beatnwed  much  labor  and  laamlni 
on  Iha  illuatiallon  of  a  work  widch  1  Ihuik  hardly  daaarvad 
Buch  rare. 

tJoenlyn>a  Voyaie  in  Naw  Enaland,  p.  tH.  Iliilchlnann, 
tW.  Ileal*a error.  In  cnmpailni  ihe  rumbar  of  Iha  aanlera 
M  only  tttt,  aeema  lo  hava  baan  acraalenea  by  ihe  mlwaba 
•  Mawaiacy  af  Pi  IMm  hi  ■Natlccbig  ibM  namlw  cf 


la  iiaaity  Iwa  liundied  Ibauea—I  pO'ioila  a  pi 
earn  iii  thai  aga,  ami  whian  nothing  but  Iha  noMowM 
unaon>)iMraMa  prinaipla  that  aaimalad  UM  potMOM 
aaiiM  hava  pariitadail  mow  la  aipand  an  dM  pniapoal 

•if  WrWiHlf  Mr*  ' •••pWmWIM'MM  IW  •  rBWiBWr  lfWMlMM"B(BW 
WWMwfff  WBHIW   V^wVMi    IV  m  HlMIBHvMW    ^Hn9  9   MB^V 

friidam  and  diAault  iiikitatanaa.     Wkan  ika  clad  wiM 

^^^^A^^^^^    A^yi     ImAM^^AAB     ^^M^^AB   I     M^u§    ^^^^^^^^^^m   ^^^m 

ikoir  pre  panda  raimg  mgaid  M  tka  aonaarno  of  NN^Mk 
a  diligent  and  judiawua  rowdual  af  Ikair  lomfaPH  il> 
(alra,  ikay  kad  improved  ikair  (daiitaiwna  to  a  ht)^  Jr 
gno  af  eoliiTalMm    for  iba  liral  aavan  yaan  alta*  llM 

^PWmIMPMV  Vf    IRV   BVvllMNMM  Invi    wM    MMM    Nl  IV^Wi 

»mt  aobalelanca  waa  pmaurad  wnk  diAaully,  ata 
irada  waa  not  ganarally  aliemplad  t*  b«M  aooo  aWoi 
ikal  partad,  Ikay  kagan  la  aiieiid  Iheir  Bekaiy  and  lo 
apan  a  lintia  in  lamker,  wMcb  aubaa^uanily  pfovat*  iho 
atai4i  anialo  of  Ika  ealonial  ewnineiee.  In  IM  yaM 
IBBT  Ihara  waro  but  llurty  plougba  in  iba  wbola  aoiimy 
af  Maaaaiboaalla  i  and  l*«a  ihan  tba  third  of  mat  miub- 
her  in  l.'annaalirul.  Tka  ruliura  af  ilia  aaiib  waa 
generally  parfarmed  with  boaa,  and  waa  ranaamiantty 
very  akiw  and  labonoua.  K«ery  rummadily  bora  ■ 
high  prwa.  Valuable  ae  money  waa  ai  Ihal  pariad  lb* 
prwa  uf  a  |aad  cow  waa  iliirly  pvaiula  i  liidian  aora 
coal  kva  abilliiiga  a  buahel ;  lahur  *»i  every  athar  *•!«• 
cb  uf  uea  waa  prupanienably  dear.  Nevaaaily  al  Bret 
mirodueed  what  Iha  juiiaurudaMee  nf  Iha  eoluniela  af- 
lerwarda  ranHrmad;  ami  daeiiing  lu  perpaiuala  Iha 
habile  Ihal  bad  pruvtid  ioamiduaive  loptely  andvittao, 
Ihay  eudaavoreti  by  legialaliva  anaalmaiiia  lo  aiahida 
luiury  and  (inwiota  Niduairy.     Whan  tba  aaaambkiig 


of  Iba  bmg  parlwmanl  apanad  a  praapaat  of  aalalj, 
ind  even  of  inumpk  and  aupramacy  la  Iha  punlaaa  M 
Knglawl,  a  number  af  ihoaa  who  bad  laka*  lafuga  w 
Amariea  raluinad  ip liieir  neliva caunlry  :  bat  tfcograol 
majonly  of  iba  aeitlara  bati  eipariauced  eo  mocb  al 
Ibo  Ilia  and  happinaaa  af  religion  in  llw  aoctolwa  Ihal 
had  aprung  up  and  Iha  watia  af  living  Ikal  kad  baaa 
fnrmad  in  iha  aolony,  ibal  they  bli  ibemaaUaa  oailait 
lo  New  Kngland  l>y  ationger  llae  then  any  that  pallia 
olie  lacollaciHma  eouhl  aupjily,  and  laeelved  10  raaMIB 
m  Iba  ragnm  whiab  Ihair  vinua  bad  ronvanad  haai  a 
wiMamaaa  into  a  garden.  In  an  inbnl  aolony,  wliata 
all  baarla  wara  tirungly  uiilled  by  cainniunily  af  ba^ 
ing  on  eubjacie  iha  iiioel  imentaliiig  and  impailaat, 
wbara  Iba  iidwbiianla  wara  in  generarvary  aaarly  aa  a 
bval  in  pmnt  of  lampoval  aoiidiimn,  aiM  whato  ika 
eonnaiiana  of  noighborhood  wara  but  aalandad  btiuly 
liaa,  Iha  nunda  of  man  wm  warwMl  ami  mvigoraiail 
by  a  ftaatlom  and  aiinpliaily  of  mutual  camiaooiaaiioa 
unrapraaaad  by  the  raairaini*  of  ceremony,  oc  Iba  witk- 
aring  inluaoco  of  that  rpiiil  of  oarcaam,  and  ikatdiaad 
of  ndiaula,  which  oparala  ao  powerfully  in  aruwdad 
and  hlglily  poliahad  aocieliaa.  And  yet  aoma  indwa- 
lioiia  of  an  arialocralical  diepoeilion,  aiiaing,  not  uiuiv 
lurally,  out  of  omua  of  Iha  peculiar  circumatancea  la 
Iha  formaiioii  i>f  iho  colony,  did  orcaaionally  maiiireai 
ihamaalvea,  Haveral  of  IM  Bret  plaiiiera,  uarliculaily 
Dudlav,  Winelow,  WInlhrop,  Uiadbrd,  balUi^ham, 
and  Bradalraal,  wara  ganlleman  of  coneidaraMa  bt> 
tuna,  and  baatdea  Iha  Iraoaiioilaiioa  of  ihair  own  hmi- 
Ilea,  they  had  incurred  Iba  eipenae  af  Iranepofimt 
many  poor  fainilice  who  muel  otheiwieo  have  ramainad 
in  Knglaiid.  Ulhara  wara  inambrra  of  iba  ongiiial 
body  of  palanlaaa,  and  had  incurred  ai|ianaaa  in  tba 
procuramenl  of  iha  charter,  Iha  fonnalion  of  iho  com- 
pany, and  Iha  equipment  of  Iho  Aral  btidy  of  advaulu- 
rare,  of  which  Ibay  had  now  no  proapaci  of  obtaining 
indamniAralion  It  waa  probably  owing  toiho  pnv» 
lanco  of  tba  paooliar  aanlimania  wkick  tbaaa  paiaoM 
amy  very  wall  ba  auppoaad  to  hava  anMitainad.  that  ia 
Iha  Aral  general  court  that  waa  hald  in  tba  coteny,  tka 
election  of  the  govamor,  Iha  appoinlmani  of  aU  Ika 
othor  offlcera,  ana  avan  tba  power  of  lagialalion,  waro 


■lantera  or  haada  of  fantllloa  hi  iiKh  Uima  at  aaem  ta  rum 
hendtha  whole  body  of  the  Inhabltanta.  It  U  amply  rafulad 
hia  own  and  ILe  etiier  accounla  of  Ihe  paitlauiaie  of  tha 

aaveralemliralkma.    la  Ihe  ^  Ulatoiy  a4^New  Bi^laad  iiena 


Inr  bla  own  and  ILe  etiier  accounla  of  Ihe  partial 
leveralemlaralkma.    la  Ihe  ••  lluiory  of  Now  BngloM  Iram 
Mi  tUI  ItM,"  (pubUthad  tat  London  in  IM4)tt  la  ataiad  Ibal 
prior  to  Iha  year  I6tl  there  had  (ailed  br  New  liiilaiM  Ml 
■hipe  andll,MO  emiprante  p.  II. 

/uaaelyn,  r.'he  vlaltad  Naw  Bnatand  mare  Ihaa  once,  area 
Inlrualad  by  tiuailea  Ihe  poet  Willi  aoma  of  bla  matrtcal  ver 
aiotw  of  tcriplure  lobe  aountttad  lo  Ihe  peraaal  and  conaUa- 
ration  uf  Mr.  UHlen.    Joaaelyn,  p.  (•. 

•  Yet  In  Ihe  year  IMt  a  ahip  af  IM  laae  waa  halltallta> 
bleheadbyihapaeplaafaalam    GeUaeUeneadbal 
■atia>lital.Secvl.aB. 


MMtNra  MMMI  M  Mm   r*M  IMi      flMI  IIm*  Imim 
■Mai  «M  mwmI  ••Nti,  liH  liM  ycM  l(M4.  •(kiN  M 


iv  IMMM  •t  wyw •nmitt».     Kill  thill  ■  «m»  mm^ 

•mImmw. 

#M»H  MtftiM  In  ftm  uikm  fmrnomim  *t  Htm 
kaplMrf.  «MM  piifw  M  iNiMnM  Mm  iMM  •(  MMMy 

MM  MMIMIfV  MVillg  Urn  ^^^VMT  ^w^m^      my  •tw^w^ 
MMMtt  bW  af  MtHMtMMMM  M  WM  MMtM^,    "  IkM  til 


ri* 


•M*  Um  •■••«•••  •!  Mmm  4i4bitil  4iMy  {  taA  m»i4 

MJ«f. 


IMA  ##IIMM  kul 


iftMM  W IM4  M  Mm  •««  af  Uai  • 


MMMteaf 


4m*.      TkM   pM*MN)M|| 

«•  raMwNM  M  Mm  fMlwn  \  tnt  iH 

■MMM  ••••  fclttliill.  WmImiIM  WWWH  |«MiltM,  M 

b|MN  wir  W  x  ihM  cMfwii  iMl,"  w  af  Mmf  •riiwt^ 
iiiM  ito  MiMy.  Rt  «>m<  iifwwMMM  Um  y**^**  *> 
tktk  futmt  (Mtl*)!  ilMM  •••Mtiw*.  m  iImII  Mm  m 
•MnwMr  af  nimJtmn  hcfMlMi  Ttww  iwnaaa- 
IMg  wtwia  M  IM  irfiaa  m  Mhwia  l*U«<l,  wkaia  9^i» 
•af*  MkfiatMi  M  a>«l>a  aMiMUIwn  fef  laltfHMt  afi- 
•Mat.  aad  at  anfa  arfaMlwi  la  Mm  Ml  rl(hM  a(  (itt- 
■WMMf  aara|M  HaaMa  ('atkaita*.  11m  m«mI  mri*I»' 
Maau  af  (faal  tiMnaa  »af*  4MA*a«liMaaMM.  kaiiMh- 
Maal  and  wnilaMa  :  bal  ahfaiy  vaa  aal  |M«MiUa<i  u 
ka  MIWmM  afaa  tajt  aiaa^pt  (ipUtaa  lawruMjr  wktn  in 
Mm  arafa  i  aaM  IImm  aiata  m  ka  UaaMtl  with  Iha  gaa> 
llaaa«  tt  ahnaUan  aiaaaafi,  m4  M  to  aaliiM  M  all 
Ika  nMlMMNa  af  MMif  M  aaiataaM  by  Mm  law  af  M» 
aaa.  Uiaaiaiaitai  all  tot  4afea*i«a  war,  ito  cataniaia 
liiiiKiwI  itoaMaltaa  aiMNM  mU  c«aaUaiaa4  In  *al(- 
iafcaia  ladafnta  Mwtr  aaaiiliala  af  a  lih»f«)p  wktah 
Itojr  ka4  atoiaM  mi  nwitiU  iMaaMataai  wiMt  Mm 
MiNt  af  MmW  aaigkkata.  Tto  |MaU«a,  kawavar,  wia 
ftithhr  iaiHiMa,  aaM  laraad  la  pa«a  tto  way,  at  a  laiai 
■hmM,  iar  Ito  iair«i<MtM«  tl  aagn  tUfaiy  MM  Naw 
Swlaarf. 

AMaHaty  waa  iiiMikiJ  ky  daalli  i  airf  fatnlaaliaa  by 
aa«|«llMg  Mm  altotfaf  paiMaa  la  Marry  (aa  ahaani 
4v«wa,  wMak  aarvarf  M  4am4a  Ito  toiitlauun  af  aM^ 
(••p-t,  ar  by  taa  aad  topifiaaanwt.  Danlan  a*  ralfc 
t<vfT  Maa  yaaiitoM.  tor  ito  Inl  afltora  by  liraadiag^ 
fiK  Ito  aMiHid  wilb  MuanAlilMM  af  a  tarara  laoiag, 

I  h>f  Ito  ikiH  wiih  Hrnih :  htii  if  aiikar  afUwaa 
arimaa,  wMa  irat  aat  liifarrint  •  aifM  pMMfMM. 
naia  aamwiuarf  aa  Suarfar.  aa  aar  waa  la  to  aal  «■ 
la  wMiiMM  M  Mm  aitor  InAatiaaa.  Wa  naal  towaw 
•f  KiiifMMHg  Itol  ikua  |Maai  •nanlaMnU  Mkala  Iki 
aiwMuaa,  aiurb  laaa  ito  riaquaacy,  af  ito  anaiaa  W 
wluck  MMy  rafar.  In  MMaa  caaMauailiaa  wtora  aitllt- 
aalM«  toa  baan  a  iiaalual  alMlnnMnt,  |iaiwl  U«*  4a> 
MM  Mm  ^ralanca  af  ito  cnaMa  Itoy  camlama.  Hal 
in  Mm  aabmial  aaiaUiahnMnM  af  a  civiliud  |iaapia. 
Many  af  ito  lawa  Muat  to  latardad  naialy  m  ito  ai- 
(irrwwit  af  Ito  afNitiaN  af  Ito  lagialalara,  aa4  by  na 
BiMiit  M  NMiMaunf  Ito  aalual  aandilian  af  anaiaty. 
Wuiilviay  and  Malalry  wara  punMMbla  wiik  daalh; 
awl  ikougk  il  was  acknawladtaii  in  ito  |*aawMa  la  ana 
af  Iht  lawa,  **MmI  na  toman  pawar  w  lanl  aiar  Mm 
faiih  and  (aiwriancaa  af  maa,"  yal  toraay,  by  ikia  vary 
law,  waa  aanMhad  widi  baniatoMnt  riam  ikt  pfariaaa. 
Wtictoiaft,  and  |>ai)ury  diiaelad  a|ainal  kuaaa  KM, 
wan  caprtaDy  puautod.  NaaapiialcbaiaawatdaaaMd 
aaiMbla  af  bam(  prarad  by  aridanaa  laaa  wai||bly  Mna 
Mm  aaito  af  iwa  wilaaaaaa  a  rrgulatiaii  MmI  Oaaarraa 
to  to  ualvaiaaUy  arlabllatod,  aa  wall  an  aeeaaot  af  it* 
•wa  imrinaic  aavndaraa,  aa  af  iu  origiaat  dariralian 
knm  Ito  wwdam  af  ikt  Craaiar  aad  aaaiabar  af  tonan 
toaria. 

AU  laminf  waa  proliibilad ;  eania  and  dlea  wara 
fcrkiddaa  mm  importad,  aad  dancing  iu  erdioariaa 
waa  unMcritod.  By  a  law  anaclad  in  IMS,  kiwing  a 
««MMn  in  Ito  alraat,  a<ran  in  Iha  way  af  eiril  aaliiW, 
ana  panidMd  by  Honing.  This  Uw  waa  aiacuiad 
•boat  a  aantaiy  aharwaida,  an  ito  captain  of  an  En- 
riittt  aaa  of  war,  for  aalutiog  bia  wifa,  wbnm  to  mat, 
■KatalaMaaaaniian,inMMatiaalaafDaalan.  Flog- 
'  ^  aa  iafaaMua  poniahaMut  by 
■Mat  and  aaaa  aa  laU  aa  Ito 


l)aa  af  Mm  aanaa^aawM  tl  ihM  palMy  toa  baaa, 
Ml  awi|i>«yiaat  vary  iHita  ra<|w«iMl  in  aikar  aaai»IHaa> 
kaa  a<*r  [^»n  indttakla  M  Mm  kigkaat  dagraa  M  Naw 
Bagtaad,  ana  aal  aafta^naatly  paraaad  by  Man  wto 

IMW  rVllMV    (VMM  NM    HMM    RCVVfttW    SISHVHV  M  NM 

airii  ar  aMiMary  aaraHa  af  Mm  ataia. 

>aailiM|  appaial  wktak  Mm  grand  jary 
aaaaaal  anaawakfc  M  lka( 


Idbnaaa,  lyMg,  twaanag,  and  di 

waiad  M  ranaaa  panabiaa  and  aiarto  af  dligraaa.t 


I  dtaatonnaaa,  wara  aa^ 


aary  waa  hikiddia  \  and  ito  praktkliMw  waa  nat  aa*' 
Md  la  Ito  inlaraat  af  nMncy,  km  aiHadad  M  Mm 
Mraaf  labaring  aallla  aad  Mnptamanlaaf  biiibaadry. 
ISraana  daaartnig  Ito  Engtob  aalllanMnla,  and  btMig 
m  toaibcn  rmdwn  and  prafamiy,  wata  paniakad  by 
«m  ami  imprMMMnant.  A  mala  rktld  atwtc  Hilaan 
year*  af  aga,  aaauaad  ky  kM  MtauW  af  latoUian  agamat 
and  Mkar  naMhaaa  aflkaaaai  waa  (la  tnatonMy 
Mm  Maaala  cadat  anbjaalad  la  aapilal  piiniik 
)  aad  any  paiann  coiming  a  aiaid  wMhani  Mm 
•anailan  tt  tor  paranu,  <%«•  Rnad  and  iMpriaaaad. 
Vat  Ito  paranul  iuilioiii*  ••*•  nat  hA  wwagalaiad. 
All  pawnU  wcro  rumnundwl  lo  imiriKl  and  calaaktaa 
itoir  chiMnn  imi  Hiirania,  wh«n  ito  aalaal  man  ar 
afntn  wrra  iliractad  lo  ramora  fram  itoir  auikorlly 
•nd  commit  M  Altai  kanda,  if  Mloy  waia  found  dotcMnt 
in  Ikw  duly  it  and  ckiMran  wara  allawad  lo  taak  i» 
draca  Aram  ito  ma|iatraM  if  Miay  wcia  drniad  aaa- 
raniani  marriaga.  Tto  aalabranan  af  Ito  caramaar 
af  mamagt  waa  conduad  to  tto  magiatmla  ar  aacb 
altor  aaraona  aa  Ito  ganaral  aaait  ilMald  aalkartaa. 
Ttoir  law  of  Mnuraa  wa<  af  aaadinirly  llmpM  aad  aaa- 
eiaa.  Tto  rtorlai  kad  caarayad  Ito  ganaral  tarrttary 
la  Mm  aampany  and  iw  aaaigaa  i  and  M  waa  «arv  aaily 
aaaaMd,  "  ikal  Ma  yaara'  auial  pananian  akaH  to 
daamad  a  auAaiaal  Ite."    Inataad  af  aaaaMag  af  b»- 


W  paaita  af  Uad.    

avaalag,  aad  af  aaaanaMag  aaary  araatag  <tm  mm 
tMa  for  JawMd  aaaiaaw  lagai,  ar  M  laait  pmaMiadk 

aad  PMy.    Tkia  aaalaai  taaaM  I*  toaa  pr» 

««a4,    Cnalaal,    Kadaal,    yaMaaaa,  TkaakM, 


laaaaa  M  CkariM  i 


•  I'M  ni««uii"« 
Miaitc  Mllaa  M  tof 
(TapiMlaaiatlaa,  aw 
•hllMWdattka^aK'aaf 


«  «»aarai  waa  aaaaMarad  a  M  aaUaat  at 
laaaHtoa aa  Ito lajna af  ataa'iatirwto 
imlataa  waukai  arirara  alllaiai  n  to 
yafUiMia  Mwdarlotwaaanatiaa  wall 


MIL 

aUlto  raft  •(  faaaaaaara  wu  aaM 
Maw.Uiroa.tW.    Bituiact 


tllrtnMb  y* w  o<  Mm  mm  cwrMcIf  at  rtHa,  kau  wen  c«» 
■Hlcna  a«  » Imuir  I  "»•  aU  porMM  unaar  a  aariain  ua  cwn- 
nwwM  lo  waw  wcolloa  ea|W.  In  Ilia  chunkwwaMM'  •«• 
DMiilt  »t  Uw  paiMl  o*  rulkaa  U  llui  iMn  i  '*  MTI,  Hid  lor 
dlKluria  at  Ito  »wM  kii  wouin*  l»u,  conlrair  la  Ua  ila- 

t  'riiit  tiioro  laws  war*  not  allwaaa  lo  to  a  aaaal  lallar, 
auaoan  rmm  tto  fulliiwlni  ailiacia  rma  ito  aarlwai  racsnla 
irfUia  colaMal  court.  ••  Juhn'Wailiawaaa,  (or  baliif  In  Iha 
cnoiMnr  ar  ibunkuaa,  la  ba  aal  In  Ika  itocka.  LtUtailna,  Um 
wIfaallllaliaraDafitlafc.wa*  found  »»»|>«lo«a«i»lwoiilliianry, 
ana  aanaual*  ■amoniakoa  to  laka  haa4.  Tlionwa  Fatll,  Iter 
anaakWa  ol  alan4ar,  Mlauaaa,  ana  alukbamnoaa,  la  canaurod 
•ait aavaralr  wbiuiad.  Uatiuin  Loral  aduuNUalioa  to lika 
Mol  a(  liflil  cariMca.  Jualaa  rialalowa,  for  ilatliiif  ftwr 
kaHialaafaan>toaiUiabiaiaaa,laaiaatidMiatarnUMnnal|lil 
boakau.lo  bo  amd  a«a  puuoda,  and  haiaaRar  lo  ba  callad  by 
M  JoalM,  and  not  Mr.,  aa  fonnacly  to  aaad  lo  bo." 

Hawaii  "'     ~       '  '' " 

looyi  I-- 

wara  Iko  camman  apaallaUona. 

lathar  Iton  waatUt.  thai  Ito  dlalliwllira  ■pwllalloni  wara 

llvon.    IbU.    Tto  •inclnoaa  and  BcnijUfc|aIw  of  BMaaara 

waltlu,  and  waoiinf  of  loof  koir 
Iha  ruraaaaa 

udanmWd 


HatoarO,  Maldlbat,  aad  athara  af  a  ilmilir  tharaala«k 

CHAPTER  III. 

Naw  Kaalaal  iMkiaiii  ito  faaaa  of  Ma  rmifial  ridipl 
llnliMi  baioioa  Mm  Na*  kitf  land  maiaa  rraakwlal  aoBh 
aaa  «r  «»ii,ay— DWyatag  iinailagad  kyito  WanaoaBMoaMnl 

of  Dlaa«i>Hia  M  M kaiwii    toamliaiial  and  irlai  at 

liwrarii..'  Wlalkrap  aiklwaty  ptiiMiiikiai  Matol  MM 
l»iaa»m»i.^-aiiaaii«a  *•  iao>aM  and  •liUba  na  k  Jtiaa 
-  Ckaraft^  imI  Mara  of  ■Itol  awl  Marhaw— tndlaa 
•IMa  priatwl  In  l|iiaa»kaaaai^  %fum  *lOtt  JBtoki  ary 

iMBflBlMMIi  MM  IR#  tiSWl  » Sf IWHI#Pi^~*BJ  %tttH^W 

rarHaawM  and  la  ktafad  ky  Craanwlt-tto  tra. 

tolaWraa «  baiiadalal  a> Ifaw  >a«lan*-Na •«» 

aaara  aaadia    Mia  arapaaMana  H  Ito  lakikiiaaH  of  Ma* 

MillVMII^oalMllBMl  bv  llMfl^**rMMMMlMI  nf  MM  AlMkAMMB 

HI  iWVB0Bvlill0vVv^*^wHSlN9  BB^  ^B^Wnw^^  w9  HM  ^JBBBWt^^ 

Tto  BmaiaiiaM    >«!«■  at  MiMiikaaar'  — -•- 

oomplM  KKk— layal  akanor  of  lainipaiiiwa  ai  Bkaaa 
Ma  ad  airf  Prorlilaaaa,  and  M  Cuaialiai  and  Naakataa 

Taa  cainaidanaa  I 
aiata  and  Ito  praraill 
waa  aamanlad  ky  tto  a"aiitilanaaaia.  Ik 
aaaa  af  Miki  bady  waa  IdinlHid  Mm  dafcaaa  af  Uw  *al» 
■ial  IttoiMaa  (torn  Mm  daagaia  Itol  kad  aa  raaanily 
■MaaaadUMM.  [IMI.]  Aa  aaaa  aa  Mm  atlaaitii  wara 
tahrwad  af  tto  coarataliaa  af  MmI  limaat  aaaamMy, 
Ihay  daapatetod  Hugk  Paiata  aad  twa  aikar  pannna 
!•  ptamtia  Mm  calaaial  IntaraaU  In  England,  'IIm 
■iiMa  laraMaalad  NMta  forlaaalaly  for  ito  colony 
ikiB  fer  ka  Mitoiildtri.  Hy  a  «aia  af  Mm  lluuaa  ul 
OMtaNnat  ia  tk  <  MlmiM  laar,  (IMI  J  ito  udMbi. 
iMla  af  all  Um  rariaw  pJanUliMH  af  Kaw  EiigUiol 
Mtia  aiaaiptad  fram  paymaal  af  any  dnUaa,  aiikai 
•yaa  gaada  aiporiad  tbittor,  ar  upon  ihuao  whwii  ttoy 
importad  inia  ito  BMtkai  caunliy,  "  aiiiil  Ito  lluuaa 
atoll  lato  further  atdat  Itormn  la  Ito  contrary."  'Ito 
rolonialB,  ia  raiurn,  caidially  ambiacad  tto  ka.iw  af 
Itoir  tonafaelora  i  and  wkan  Ito  cir il  wara  hrokr  aul 
in  England,  Ibay  paoaad  an  onlinanca  aipraaaiva  af 
ttoir  appratotian  of  Mm  maaauiaa  uf  parlianMnt,  and 
dnnauncing  capiul  Duniobmanl  agamat  any  wto  atouM 
diaiurb  Ito  paaca  of  Ito  camnwnwaalth  by  andaaronng 
lo  raiaa  a  parly  for  ito  King  of  England,  at  by  di» 
criminaliiig  toiwcan  Mm  king  and  Mm  parlMaiant,  wbi> 


•a  batwaaa  Mm  prUalplaa  af  Mm  (ala> 
railing  party  la  tto  Laag  FailiaaMnl, 


liigama  aot 
••■•tattaf 


gaaplt  af  Maaaacbuaaatla  t 


icklnaoa.  a.  4M.  faw  oMalood  Ito  llUa  of  Mr.  In  ito  co- 
r  I  aimnwar  Ikal  of  Bai|ulra,  Ooodnian  and  coodwlfo 
m  tko  coMman  apaallaUona.  Il  waa  la  morll  UHraaivlcaa 
lar  Iton  waatUt.  thai  Ito  dlalliwllira  ■awllallona  wara 
...an.  Ibid.  Tto  •inclnaaa  and  acnwlMhy  of  BMaaara 
a«bciad  by  many  of  Iha  liilnUlanIa  awaodod  Um  alandord  of 
Iho  lawa :  and  aaaoclatloaa  afpaar  to  kava  aoon  Rirmad  for 
toBonaalntlhadilnkliiaaf  toa 
an7o(  parlwlfc.    IUd.UI.    In 


nf  tkaao  aaaoclallona  wara  aAarwarda  , 
by  Iha  lawa.  Il  H.  iala'-«d  of  aiano  ol  Ika  aarllar  aalllari,  ihal 
with  a  nwal  abauid  aiaHanlton  of  nc Idlly,  ttoy  ralralnad 
fnm  brawliifooiUoiday,  bacaaao  Iha  Ea«  would  wotb  iiiam 
aunday.  Douilaa,  iunuuuy  of  tto  liMlab  aalUonwhla  In 
Amorlca,  1.  171.  ^  .-...«• 

<  auch  rofulatloua  wia  not  unknown  In  Icollind.  lo 
lata  aa  Iha  yaar  ItJt,  a  law  waa  anaclad  by  Iha  coi)ioratk>n 
of  Iha  town  of  RolhaFilaB^anini«>dlni  all  wranla  lo  aand  Itoir 
ckUdran  to  ackool,  and  adjadtlac  Itol  Ua  Kkoolinaawr  ahould 
ba  aataioa  to  kla  «aaa  fat  ararr  ekUd  In  Ito  partah^wkalkar 
aaatuMatdkaataiaat.  Pra'a  Hlotaiy  of  fcaltotilaa,  ^  It. 


•  AbrMamont  of  iho  Ordinancoa  of  Now  Infland,  aaaa 
Naal,  11.  A»»ato.l».a.tt»,*c.  Tr«n*oil.l.iaJ.  Jxaaalyih 
IT*,  ■umaby'a  Trarala  In  Amorlca.  It*.  Ukalowra,  MT,  a 
ira.  W.'rtkroo'aHial.iaarata'aodiiMnl.l.n.  Tkatnnllira 
rlaldlly  dUcaniiMo  In  aonw  uf  tkoao  lawa  waa  lomaaiad  Sy  a 
anularchlil  bonovolanco  of  idniMlalrallan.  :4any  Inrtancaa 
oTlMa  occur  In  Mathar'a  Uraa  of  tko  Uovomora,  (tno  I  may 
ba  ncrmllUd  lo  nollca  aa  a  ayoclnwn.  Ooraraor  Wlmhmt 
boloa  uriad  lo  pioaacuM  and  aunlah  a  nm  who  nUa«ad  Kia 
mafUhM  of  (rownod  In  wNite. ,  doelarod  ko  would  anon  cuia 
Mm  of  that  rnal-pracilea  i  and.  aocordlnily,  oondMa  to  tiM 
doUnaaont,  ho  lofa  kin,  -  Ifw  to«o  n  larn  feaiAy,  ato  I 
koroV  lano  mafUlno  af  woodi  coma  aaoAon  M  H  aa  yoa 
plana*,  and  laka  aa  much  of  H  aa  you  Mod  W  inaha  yaw 
SwolUnf  comfbftabla.-And  now."  to  aMid,  landaf  M  Ma 
frlanda,  "  I  daf/  hbn  "••••'"'l' "•■*":?•  •fjJiL  „. 

I  The  raaaona  aoaifnad  ky  ito  Hoaao  *w  Ikft roaalulkm,  aro, 
IkMlha  plamallooauf  N.n  Bnglond  ora  kkoly  •»  aonJuaa  M 
llM  nnninilon  of  Ito  rw|wl>  'V  *i***f  '  *"*  to  ito 
MaaMniorika  Alnl|hiy  kad  food  and  pcaoparoua  auooaaa 
wMkouf  any  public  ekarfa  M  'Ha  ■wa."  Vat,  a  h«  yaara 
afUr, itoparllanH^ aipraaoad  a dltorant optoMo of  Mw okH 
(oiloaa oTVIrflnla M tt.a aadoWMM afibo  Hottof  aaaawy 
nwaak,  laMdaroopaal,  tto  ikaartaa af  Uwtwa  aalaatM  aat 
iraciaaly*ataM 


NOMTN  All 


HgMMw  iU«  pnMi 


Kuan  %t 


M  wPl   ^WIHWi  t    •HB^  '•(•W  V  •!••  flptPt  !•  •■•♦•  tfVfW* 


tot  WW  Jj^**  »?••  MifflVM 

Ik*  iMg     TSiT  M  l*MMi  Mm  |m4 


MfviiMMa 

FVly   Mils  99  IMI  (INMlMlff#  M  ffWIfMfIt 


•MtoMMMtftl  Mftwiiiiaii  In  iTngHiii.    A  mf*mtm 

MvMT  flSiM  IV  VVM9H  Iv  fwVfvMIWl  IRMV  VMvMWMiW  Vf  B 

s^hmI  HteuMn  H^t  ^mAmh  b  SMiMilv  flf  HUiii#4ftH  Afma 
HW  nfW  HMfIMM  MWfnMv-      IN  VvlM|HIMMtf  wNR  IwA 

••^tMM,  llWM  tlwiniMii  w*n  mImm^  m  ^wmimI  m 
VlfgM*,  m4  ferMHMrf  oHli  nwiiiww^tiwy  biitn 
fram  Ik*  gafwiDW  •(  MtMMkuMiM  m  Ntr  WiUtMii 
Rwkitnr.  Un  (Mr  Mftvtl  In  Vir(«HM,  ikajr  Im(m  m 
WM«k  w  Mvtiti  fMW  af  Um  M<MWy,  •»(  Ik*  Hfl* 
tmkti  H  Imm  iIm**  wmIi  m  MfMaawlkal  aig^  hitt 

VWR   B^BBIMIITV  W   MWOTVBN*  VSWWW|#IMV9.        iRM  MS 

fmttm  piNmMm,  m  Um  ikt*  ilw  |mIim«I  mwUimhu 
•f  Ik*  MlMMto  •/  Nt«  CiMhwIi  w*n  tM  imHk  Uw 
•Mmm  tl  ivMitM  M  Sir  WiUImi  Rdkalinr  ••  tJaril 

m  nk«lM«l  M  ffaMf*)*  imlf  Mmm*  mmm  Sm 
•WK  yiiyta.  ■•  tu  mm  tamplylnf  wtik  ika  Mi*  •( 
kit  krMMr  gaMfiMr,  k*  MWHMt  m  M4«t  kf  wkiak  all 
^W**!  wk*  w*mU  Ml  *«*fani>  t*  Ida  t*fi  >**>»*  *( 
Ik*  tkank  *f  EaflamI  i**f*  (oiaiMmlwl  la  4*p*il  ftai* 
Vint*!*  ky  •  cvimIm  diy.  Th*  yw««k«ii  nrtainwl  la 
liMM  awa  MtllaNMBi  i  tnl  Ikn*  wm  UM  tka  IbuiMbUan 
if  •  j/nktuj  wblck  Ian*  wlMiMad  k*t»*aa  ika  iwa 
IM*M  falaaia*  af  Nafta  AMaftva. 

Tka  Maia  af  ihU  aMiaaTaf  la  aaltMMi  a  IMaadly 
wlanaMiaa  wilk  iha  liatci  calan*  af  Vir|i«te,  waa  aoi- 
|riy  aampaiwalaJ  ta  th*  Naw  ifnfbHd  tatllaBMala  Wf 


*a  liapartant  *««nl  in  ihair  klMafy,  wMak  aaaanai 
diirinf  Ika  Mtawing  ynr )  lltM,]  ika  (maaltaaaf  • 
laifua  bjr  okkh  ibajr  «r*r»  knil  logMkor  la  ika  btaia 
af  ■  (anfailtnrjr  iImi  imailjr  Incnaiail  ikatt  waariiy 
and  pawar.  'Ilw  NarHinaal  InditM  kad  hf  iMa  liaM 
iMd  ampb  laiwia  la  niarl  an  iha  ftttj  af  Ikalt  aaa- 
dual  looted*  Ik*  Paijuad..  \  and  ika  ktliad  wkkk  liwy 
kad  fcnaarl*  ckarukad  againal  ikal  Ifika  balaf  aula- 
|iiwkad  la  Ika  daMruciian  af  Hi  ak^M^  kai  kaaa  aaa- 
t««l*d  kjr  an  anfrv  jaakraijr  of  ikaaa  MaoMa  »ka  hid 
okniaady  dariitad  ika  ekiaf  and  aaly  atfMlaf*  af 
*^'*k  tktt  a*ani  ««■  piadu*li*a.  Tkay  mm  Ika  lani- 
lar.^'t  af  ikalr  analani  rival*  aaaapiad  k*  a  aHicli  tm» 
poaraifiil  naigkkat  s  and,  miaukiag  Ikaw  avm  ImkillW 
to  imprava  Ikair  adtrtaUaaa  hi  Ika  aAal  af  Aaad  tad 
kijuMwa  an  ika  pan  af  Ika  talaniali,  wM  «raia  ta 
lapidljr  Mirpaaaing  Ikam  in  numkar,  waallk,  and  pawtr, 
Iktf  kagtn  la  cmapltin  ikal  Ika  plundar  af  ika  Paqaadt 
kta  nal  kaan  ftirijr  di«idad,  awl  piacaadad  w  caneait 
Mataaiaa  wiib  ika  n*i|hkacin)|  Uibt*  for  an  aniTtntl 
iMarrtalian  af  ika  Indiana  a(tin*l  Ika  Eii|liib.  Tkair 
daaifiM  ktd  tdvancnl  bul  a  lilUa  wtjr  towird*  mtlu- 
nljr,  wlian  Ikajr  war*  dtlaetad  in  canaaquanea  af  a  tud> 
dan  (tMt  af  ibtl  inardintia  ptnion  of  privtia  r*«*nft 
arkicu  ttamaal  I'ated  10  parvarl  tnd  dcfml  tktir  polilKil 
Tha  aolanitu,  froin  Ika  gmundlata  murniun 


Ihajr  found  ihanMtlvta  aipoaad  lo,  tnd  wbicli  provad 
aoi*  Ika  laolad  ditlika  of  lliii  Mrtgoi,  wara  Mntibia  of 
Ihtil  ■mn  dangar  wilhoul  jral  baing  twtra  of  lU  at- 
laal,  ar  foaling  tbamntvt*  anlltlnd  to  anilclpala  tama 
■ifa  eaiuin  indieilian  of  il ;  whan,  kappily,  ibay  wara 
atUad  upan  la  icl  at  umpiiaa  balwran  Iwn  eanlanding 
'-^—     Tka  Nartgtoaau  having  toneairad  aaaa  dit> 


MM  iMkM  a  aaighbering  tkiaf,  amplayad  an  tattttta 
to  kill  HMi  aad  nilin|  in  Udt  aiiaapi,  plugad  lata  a 


•atagaai 


•kala  al  kai  Wka  'rw«  '"•«,  wka ' 
*•  Biiakikt  ttai  ihM  r^><i  I*  >»if(»n  Mm  aaaittiaia 
af  Ika  iliitaikmant  -  utwaiait,  »\'lw  jrmamd  ikaw  l» 
larpnaWWH  M  Ma  IwMr  It*  ?»«Hq(f»<waM,  tpf"^ 
af  IkM  prantding,  (•f.^llnoiwg  iNa  hl«  of  »t*  )>>t  <*•, 
tad  a«*M  kwa  «««  •Iwr  ifiMannl  la  <k*r«  i<  W>«f* 
Mraak  widl  Mff*'-  M<4  ilirawtng  ^«»  >^mi  unm,  utttf 
*p*w*di. . .•*"*"*  >>uH«V«tlE<(gHat>  WkMt 
MNid  Ik*  d*M^.i  o'.MK  Ntn.  itinr  pM<  ••  UtI* 
Mlaa  t»  Ik*  mtimmJ-  f  •(  iImw  pttimn,  IftM  >* 
aal  uN  Ik*  njanixt  isntil  mm^*  •  4mm«*w*mm  af 
laadMaai  M  twipkiy  tofNi  iMf  >k«T  ''INntr  fot 
I  tl.    Akwwad  hy  taak  ixdivatfv'if  at  iakkwaaat 

J^^M.  M^  Atfl^Ma  ^i^i^^  1^  ■■■■■  iiiiMiiil  W  IA*Mte 

tkaitlli  dtawad  M  pmdtal  M  pratida  ky  a  atitltMi  ta*- 
fart  af  ika  talaiMaa)  kw  ika  *amaMn  dangar  wkt>h  Ikay 

wiairatlad  ky  atpariaaaa,  wavki  laanlJaa  ikMt 

»  annaaftMa  jaattaty.     Ilaviag  lanaalfad,  for 
ikto  MMBssSa  ft  fttftn  WiMffll  wftft  Amnm^  Mi  MRMMMNI  9t 

VKftMMWM  WlW  HftV  fBBMW^  wMR  NM  VpWMM  wVn||Vv* 

aallhairnM af  Hyaalk.  Ua>iaaalMai|Md  Nawkartn, 
ky  wl,«k  U  waa  tardiall*  rwkiatad.    Tkaaa  b««  tal* 

Mvft  flvMNSWfllT  •BiSmi  MW  ft  WftBwB  ftf  ^•P^WwWftl  B^W 

lllftl      HftP      wftB^B^WPw'Ww      ffm^lHP      9nmW^Wf^nV$      ^W     W^W^W 

giiMkad  ky  ika  lilfo  af  ika  IJnMad  falaala*  af  Naw 
tnglaad  i  ikal  aaak  tatany  ikaald  rawaln  taiMrala  and 
dtatinal,  and  ka*a  aiahiatra  )*ntdt*iMn  wHkia  lit  a«a 
larrllary  i  ikal  In  a«tr«  wil,  albnaira  ar  dtfonwra, 
aa  'i  af  Ika  tanhdartitt  ikaald  famwk  wt  qal*  af  waa. 
manay,  and  pra«itiant,  il  t  rata  la  ka  titd  fram  uai* 
M  Mm  M  praaartiaa  w  Ika  namkar  af  aaaala  in  talk 
taUlaaMM  i  Ikal  aa  iiiiaikly  laiaaaiiil  af  Iwn  taiw- 
wmiantrt  IVaai  aaik  tahmy  ikaiild  ka  kakt  tMiitlly, 
wMfc  pawn  w  daltkartia  tnd  datnta  m  tU  pamit  af 
taauMn  ttMam  la  Ika  tanhdaraay  i  aad  atary  dala^ 
BMMllaa  ttMlMMd  k«  Ika  taMarraMa  af  til  af  Umw 
aawkar,  tkMid  ka  kwidiag  an  tka  wkafo.  Tkatlaiaaf 
Rkada  litaad,  wkiak  wit  na«  HMliidad  In  Ikia  aanfo- 
dartay,  kaving  palMianad  t  faw  ytart  tflar  la  ka  tdaiil* 
lad  una  il,  kar  la^aaal  wtt  rtfotad,  tttapl  a*  iha  taa- 
dtuan,  wkitk  tka  daalinad,  af  aiarging  kar  taaaraia 
aaialaMa  In  an  incaraartlMii  wlik  iha  Mala  at  Plr- 
aHMUk.  Tkna  tuludid  fiam  Ik*  aralttlian  af  Ika 
laagua  ar  anian,  tha  inhakManU  af  Hhada  lilaad  aad 
l*raf  idtMa  tadaaiartd  la  prarida  for  tkair  aMurily  ky 
taMdiallng  Ika  Maadikip  af  tka  laditM  t  aad  ki  ika 
praaaautian  af  ikair  kamaM  and  taailaaua  paiiay  Ibay 
wara  anMiiantly  atwtattfol. 

Yha  tolanitia  ha«a  kaan  rtpraatkid  wilk  tnagaling 
tka  nghia  af  tavaraigiily  In  ihta  litMatilan,  whitfi  Wuly 
may  ka  lagtldad  ta  t  tantidartklt  tlap  ta  indfjiaa- 
daiMTt.  Yti  II  wta  t  mattara  Ikal  tauM  kanlly  ka 
tioMltd  by  a  ptapia  tuiraumltd  with  tiiamiaa,  tnd 
tbtmianad  In  Ihair  awn  itauurct*  in  t  larnUMy  many 
Ibauttnd  aulaa  ramoTtd  from  ika  laal  af  lb*  g*<rai*- 
mani  that  (Itinwd  toitraign  damiiiNm  a«tr  Ihtm 
Citry  tite  ikal  a  ptapla  w  tilutlad  mtdt  In  tiiltrging 
Ikalr  Bumbait,  tambining  ibiir  rttouictt,  or  oihatwita 
Bramallng  ikaw  laciiniy,  wtt  t  ilrp  lowtnla  indtptn- 
MMa.  Nalking  kat  toma  polilir  tyiltm,  ar  a  ttnat 
af  avanit  ikal  might  hara  ktpt  iba  itruMit  talllamanU 
canlinutUy  dituniltd  in  inututi  jatlouty  tnd  watknatt, 
aauU  kaia  ttaarad  ikair  ptrpatnal  aiitltMa  ta  a  d» 
pandani  pragany  of  England.  Bul  wkatavar  aflacU  ika 
irtntttlkm  wkwk  wa  kaia  toMidarad  may  kava  tacrtlly 
praducad  on  iha  count  of  Anwriatn  ttnlimanl  tud 
aainioa,  tnd  bowtrtr  liktiy  it  mty  now  tppaar  la  ban 
punlad  Iba  laminti  idtt  of  indtptndtnct  m  Iba  mindt 
of  Iba  celooMU,  it  wtt  rtgtidtd  Mitbtr  by  tbamtalitt 
nor  ky  Ihair  Eogliah  rultrt  tt  indwtilng  pralcniion* 
untuilabit  lo  ihair  eondilion.  Eitii  tftti  Iba  Kailort- 
lum,  Iba  commiMMmtrt  of  Iha  unian  wira  rapatltdly 
nolieid  tnd  rvcognitad  in  iha  lalltn  tiid  olBcial  iiwlru- 
uwnli  of  Cbttlci  I  V  Ntconil ;  tnd  tba  union  iliclf  with 
JRm  tlltrtlinnt  iibtiittd  till  iIm  ycti  lUM,  whan  tit 
Iha  ehorttrt  wtrt  in  elftct  vactttd  by  t  commitaion 
from  King  Jtmta.  A  frw  yttr*  tfitr  iu  ttltblwhmcal, 
Iha  principal  conetm  la  which  ili  tflbitt  tnd  dtlibtif 
lioot  wtrt  dtrolad  wtt  Iba  Konvtnion  of  tha  Inditnt, 
in  eo-epartlum  with  tha  tacitly  iiiililuttd  by  ptrlia- 
manl  in  Britaio  far  yrepagaling  lb*  gnapal  iu  Naw 
Eiuriand. 

Whila  tha  calaoiata  wara  lh«a  am(ilo)rad  in  maatuia* 
aalaulttad  lo tacuw and Bfoiaclikau  lattiuiMot,  Ik* 


la|wwaa  I*  lk*>f  rlgfcla  It  ipyalaitd  Ika  Kail  a>  1w» 
owk  ga«>fnai  m  ihlaf  tarf  laid  ktgk  tdmilal  af  Ita 
itkitm,  wHk  %  f»m<»4  M  kia  paan  tnd  twalit  «aN^ 

^fT  **^P    W^^Mfvv  I    W    P^WB     BfP  WMI^Tw    ftHB    WPP^P^Wft  I    ^w 

nnonr**  gavtu^.M  tml  tUbtrt,  tad  la  ippmM  tiaatl 
tat  thwir  pfota,  tad  dtkmiia  ta  iham  t*  m<wdl  *f  Ik* 

Hf^^p  ^^^^^^'  ram  tppamimaait  wnam  iiaaian  an  aa* 
jkaiiM  ^Mi  atiaJti  bava  Mw>maMll*i|  tN  tka  talmaal 
fa«tinm*iiu.  M  i>'H»itd  tN  ihali  tkaiMitk  wM  aat 
•alkiad  »  itnwii.  iNCflMy  ma<>*win*.  Ta  m>m  tt 
Ika  tauhMMMa  dw  pariiwwniafy  <wm*4  atiiadid  p«» 
laallMi,  tad  ttaii  granitd  iiaw  pailNl*  Hipfity  hi 
JHtftaakataiia,  tiikar  Ika  biai  wkwb  it  wit  ikangkl 
ta  d*a*m:  .«•  *ka  tbitibtiig  iwttrto  af  ika  giaai  •*» 
I  Ikat  wat  c4«ramg  aw  m  Kngland.  pntiMad  ikt 
MMri  Ikam  muifciMig  wiik  M*  mMHiiiian*  Mil  t  'p'''^ 

VPftvfll  Ms  (MlPill"ftl  ftwSWMftty  wftPft  SnWi  W  ••  SHftH    P^Bj 


taikaMy. 

kManit  af  Naw  KMttad  tad  Ika  frtntb  laiiltit  la 
Aitdia.  (IM4)  ifata  wara  al  langik  tdjiinad  ky  a 
Waaly  katwta*  a  ttmmiwiainr  for  tha  kmg  af  Praaaa 
an  IM  aM  pan,  tnd  Jukn  KndMai,  l!ti|  gaitrnm  «f  Ntw 
EnglMd,  Did  Ik*  rati  af  iba  magtatno*  ihara,  an  iha 
r  •  Th*  I 


ittaiilalt  k«l  tlnttdy  dabarnd  Ibimaalvta 
fram  fttaanittng  ika  king  tt  dMinvl  fram  iha  aaib*> 
manl  \  tad  tlity  piakaMy  found  H  dtHbah  la  atpitM  M 
Ika  atkar  lantraiUng  ptnit*  la  wkal  dtiiamlattiiii  af 
tiMbartly  ikmr  tantNltiad  tbamaalit*  la  awa  allagitM* . 
'rbit  tttla  af  Ihmga,  tt  it  ltd  la  pratuaaa.  ta  M  aMy 
ban  itarally  htlarad  ttMUmaala,  ikal  lavaufad  af  m- 
•danaa.  A  ptaail**  i«r**gly  (raagM  wHh  Ika  ak»i 
I  af  tarartig*  aulkanty  waa  tdapltd  a  foai  iiMr* 
wkta  tha  iMWttkig  irada  af  tba  tatany  wilk  lb* 
\  Indlvt,  tnd  th*  faaMlty  af  Hptaltk  kuUtan  ikal 
kraagkt  tkra«gk  tkia  tktimal  MMa  Naw  Ba^nd^ 
ttd  ika  lakmtal  aaikaritiaa,  for  tka  paryaaa  af  pM- 
Ing  fftada  w  tka  trnplayawM  al  Ika  tlraalauaa 


taming  (ftada  w  tka  •mptaymaM  al  Ika  tliaalaiMf 
■adiam  In  ikia  intaavaaiaal  ikaaa,  la  anal  a  bMmi  M 
tk*  raiiiing  *f  ttlitr  aMMy  tl  Haaian.  Tha  tkm  waa 
Mtmpad  wMk  lU  aama  af  N*w  Englaad  an  tka  aM 


aida.'af  Mttaaikatalta,  tt  ika  pnnalpal  latilamaM,  iM 
Ika  atkar,  tnd  witk  t  tiaa  ta  aa  apt  tyadial  af  tka  p«»> 

trattiit  iigar  wkMk  tk*  ttfony  ktdtilMtd.  Mtiy> 
ind  wt*  til*  *«ly  mktr  lalaiiy  ikal  arar  prit— td  la 
«am  aay  awul  Ml*  aMMy  t  aad  mdtad  tkIa  piaiagf 
iiva  kta  kaaa  tlwayt  rtgtrdtd  ta  ika  paaultor  aunkat* 
af  tartrtignly.  "  Uul  il  mual  ka  taataltiad"  t*y* 
AM  *f  Ih*  lalaniti  kiMiirlan*,  "  ikai  tl  iMa  uim  Ikaia 
waa  M  king  Ir  ItrttI  "  In  Ika  dituattad  aUla  al 
EngUnd  it  migkl  wall  ur  nidgad  unatfo  la  trad  ikatt 
bullion  iktra  I*  ka  ta<Md  ;  tiid  (ram  ikt  UMtrUlnly 
rtapactiim  th*  farm  af  guirtninicirt  whith  latabl  foiaUy 
ariaa  out  of  ihv  >.l«il  wtrt,  II  niighl  lataanaUy  ba  ap- 
prtlwndad  thai  tn  iiiipma  lattitad  during  Ika.r  taMt 
nuanea  wauM  imM  fong  raltin  lit  ftvor  tad  aarranty. 
Tha  prttlMt  gt«t  no  umhrtgt  wbtMvrr  lath*  EimIm 
gavarnmanl.  Ii  ravaiiad  ina  lacil  tllawMwa  af  Iha 
ptrliaaMiil,  of  Crumwrll,  titd  tvtn  gf  Cbtria*  tba 
Saaand  during  iwtiiiy  yttri  ui  bit  rtign. 

TIm  taparaiion  of  IM  Iwu  bf4iKh»t  ul  Iht  hrgltlttar* 
of  Mtattchuattlt  iitlunlly  gt«a  riit  to  mhm  ilwputrt 
rtaparling  iba  baumlaritt  of juriidiciien  in  t  twiMilu- 
iwn  not  ytt  mtiurtd  by  pnciict.  Uui  whti  prtctdiiil 
touU  not  aupply.lht  inlutiict  tnd  tatimtiiwi  of  iha  cler- 
gy of  Ih*  provineo  wtt  aMa  to  afltet.  ( Ik'IkJ  Uy  lammua 
contani,  til  iht  minitltit  wtra  tumnHHwd  tattltnd  ibt 
attilan  of  ih*  ttttnbly.tnd  lb*  painit  al  Ittua  baing  *u^ 
aillad  la  Ihtm,  Ikair  judgmani  wM  wUliagly  ainbractd 
tad  ttwmitd  to.  t    Dal  la  Ika  bttxwing  yat*  [  IMk)  a 


•  Joumtli  of  Ilw  lloaia  t<  Urda,  *■!.  Tl.  p- Ml . 

I  ariiun  of  M»nSi«:il  In  IMI.  7l***«l.  Ma. 

t  lluU'liiiiMii,  lll,«.  <•"•"•  111*  c"iMiio««»laa  Ikal  ktil 
eccutftd  al  Ikia  U*m  iMlwaan  Iha  Iws  kuiiwa  analaalail  la  * 
HiaiWf  i»l  nwra  iHu.lrloui,  llwii  •  dlffaraiira  of  Mnllmtal 
raaparlliit  Iha  Wanlllr  of  a  aow,  wkkh  waa  vlatmad  (tooi  Ik* 
haiUolt  rkliai  nalahbM  hy  a  pMf  woinwi,  wko  pratanM 
Iktt  U  liad  iirayca  from  har  aoma  yaaia  barora.    Baliold  how 

SwVrkol*  eounuy  wta  «»Waa  ky  Ihia  qutaltan,  wiacfi,  p» 
vartr  omcuinni  wllh  faaanlnwnt  af  hnp**MlMiMi  Ik*  on* 
awl,  and  ImUim*  Itn  al  t  ckwi*  ifcti  tgacM  klaikiraalar  aa 
bw  Mk*r,  Il  Jm.*  Ik*  pamaal)  conlaal  wilk  Ik*  ataMwl  nga 
^^SrtUcily.  Tk.liaaun.tf  M«rtki  O-n*  wtt  ntt 
awra^Malr  ttatroviila*  w  >i*a«a-  C*l*»tlta  .*■  Iba 
Jw  WMIB  inrilM  Witt  IM  patrat  tlaMif  latili  atti 


THE  iiisTORr  or 


I  mMk  mw*  vMant  In  ito  mimv,  •mI  niwli 

hm  riMliitM*  ind  HlMfMlorjr  In  il*  la<'i«,  «■•  wca- 

•mdmI   in  Ihn  Mai*  t>f  Iha  iniolvnnr*  mrhMti  «•  hi«* 

•lr*uii)f  iwietl   in  lit  oriKin*!  inilituliOM.     Wiih  llic 

inrn'Minii  pnM|irniv  tna  infiontncn  of  lh«  ruloiiv, 

iKr  vtttiin  of  ■■•  |n>Ii1wnI   fraiirhiMiB  Imd  brtm  propur* 

liiMiably  tiifinrniwi  )  iihI  iIw  I  >:i*<iiiig  0|iglrnr«  •ml 

iv«|iMlihilit)t  of  llMoliuvnicrt  Mcimii  lu  •|iHr*«al*  lliu 

lanlihip  of  iha  tli»rraiH'hia*in«nl  la  whirh  ihoy  oarr 

nilijm  iMi.     Hmw  of  tkaan  lM«mg  VHilanily  au<iiii«l 

ihv  |<nvil*|»a  from  which  ihoir  wara  •irluilMl  by  law, 

and  ilwlurtird  an  rIoeiiMi  hf  Ihair  inlarfarancv,  Mara 

liiinwhaii  by  Mr.  Winihrap,  Iha  dapiily-govrrner,  who 

viiiofmwiy  raaiatfd    and  lirfoalad    ihoir  |inlcnaiona. 

Itwy  Doiniilainwl  of  thia  InaliMni  lo  Iha  ganaral  court 

by  a  |iMilioii  cjuahcd  in  *«ry  alrong  languaga,  ilamaml- 

till  Im*»  10  imfioarh  tho  <iopuly-go«»nior  baforo  Iha 

whoto  hwly  of  hia  Mlow-ciliuna,  and  to  aiibmii  lo  iho 

Miiiv  iribttnal  ihf  runaidaraliun  of  ihair  ganaral  gria- 

««iirio,  a*  wall  aaof  Ihe  particular  aavamiva  ihny  had 

atlirrirncad   rroin  Wiiilhrnp,     Tho  friairancM  iindor 

K  hirh  Ihoy  lalnrad  wero  anonwralM  in  the  (Mililion, 

whH  h  coiilaiiMid  a   forciblo  ranwniinnra  againil  lh« 

injiiaiie*  of  dpfiriting  Ihein  o(  ihfir  righla  aa  frramcn, 

and  of  ihrtr  pnvilrgra  aa  rhristiana,  becatiM  ijiry  coiilU 

not  join  aa  mciiih* ra  with  iha  eonjircgaliaiial  chiirclir*. 

M  wiMn  ihry  m>IiciimI  admiaaion  inio  ihcm  warn  arbi- 

irarily  rajrciird  hy  iha  miniaiara      'I'hcy  iivlilionml  inat, 

tilhrr  Ihc  full  righla  of  rilnrnihi|i  mighl  Iw  ronimuni- 

!«trd  M  than,  or  thai  ih«y  inighl  no  longer  ha  ro<|Uircd 

^  ohpy  Uwa  lo  whirh  ihrr  had  not  gifvn  aawnt.— to 

TOnlribule  lo  Iha  mainlananca  of  iniiiialora  who  dniiint 

Ihcin  Ih*  bcni'Al  i>f  Ihrir  inmiKlry.  ami  lo  pay  la«aa  iin- 

poMd  bjr  ail  aaarmhly  in  whwli  llioy  wrra  not  rtipm- 

aaiilcd.     Tlia  court  wcro  ao  far  nw«M  by  the  iietiiion, 

or  hy  tho  raaiwclabihly  of  lU  proinoleia,  that  Mr.  Win- 

thiop  WM  Cttinmandca  lo  defend  himaelf  publicly  fiom 

Ihr  chargao  which  it  advanemi  againal  him. 

On  Iha  day  appoinlad  (or  hia  Inal  Iw  deacemled  from 
Iha  inbonai,  and  piaeinf  himaolf  at  the  bar  in  pniciiee 
af  a  numeroua  aaaombiafo  of  ihe  inhabiunta,  he  |>ro- 
Had  ad  lo  tindicale  hia  eondoci  lo  hia  jiidgea  and  fallow 
«itiieiM.  Having  cleariy  pcofed  thai  hn  pioceedinga 
had  been  warranted  hy  law,  and  had  no  other  end  than 
to  mainuia  tho  eiiating  inatiiuliona,  by  Ihe  eiereiao  of 
Ike  authority  which  had  been  rominilled  lo  him  for  ihil 
■urpaee,  be  condudad  an  aieellenl  karanirna  in  Ihn  fol- 
Uwinf  manner*.  •'  Though  I  be  juatilM  before  men, 
yrl  it  may  be  tho  Lord  hath  aovn  ao  much  tmiaa  in  my 
■dminiainlian  aa  calla  me  to  be  humbled  :  and  indeed 
far  no  to  hare  been  thua  charged  by  men  la  a  matter 
of  humilialion,  whereof  I  deaire  lo  make  a  right  uae 
behM*  the  Lord.  U  Minum'a  father  apil  in  her  face, 
rfia  ie  ta  ho  aahamed."  Then  proceeding  to  enforce 
aama  canaideratiotta  calculaU'd,  he  laid.  to  recufy  the 
opiiiioiia  of  ihe  people  on  Ihe  iwluie  of  gofemmcnt : 
"  The  queationa,*'  he  obaenred,  ■■  thai  hare  troubled  the 
rounlry  haTe  been  about  iho  authority  of  the  magi- 
•iracy  and  Ihe  liberty  of  the  people.  Ii  ie  you  who  have 
called  ua  unio  thia  office ;  but  biaing  thua  calM  »e  havs 
our  authority  from  Uod.  Magiatrary  ia  the  ordinance 
of  Uod,  and  il  hath  the  image  of  (Sod  atamf^d  upon  it ; 
and  Ihe  ctmlempi  of  ii  haa  been  tindicalod  by  Uod  with 
lerriMe  eiampira  of  his  vengeance.  I  entreat  you  lo 
ronaider  ihal  when  you  rhoone  magiatntei.  you  take 
them  liom  among  yoiiraelvca,  men  aiibject  unio  like 
paaaione  with  yourwlvea  If  you  aee  our  infirmitica, 
rrflcct  on  your  own,  and  vun  will  not  be  ao  aevcre  cen- 
aurcra  of  oun.  The  covena  t  between  ua  and  you  ia 
Ihe  oiih  you  have  exacted  ol  ua,  which  ia  to  Una  piir- 
|»te,  ■  Tkal  irr  < W/  fvtrm  jfoo  and  }iulgt  ymr  coiuca 
trfoning  lo  (led'*  Imp*  ond  tlu  tmrlicultr  lUhtUt  of 
Ikr  Und,  mtcoritnf  M  mr  te»t  thil.'  Aa  for  our  akili, 
ynn  muat  run  the  haiaM  of  il :  and  if  there  be  an  error 
only  therein,  and  not  in  the  will,  it  bccoinea  you  lo  bear 
il.  Nor  wouM  I  have  you  lo  miatake  in  Uiu  point  of 
>oiir  own  liheriT.  There  ia  a  liberty  of  corrupt  natnie, 
which  ia  affecied  both  by  men  and  bcaila,  to  do  what 
they  iiat.  I'hia  lilieity  ia  inconaislent  wiih  authority  ; 
iinpitieni  ?f  al.  Tnirainl  (by  thia  liberty  Murnn*  omnet 
ittcnirtM  :)  'tia  the  grand  enemy  of  truth  and  peace, 
if,'\  a!l  ih^  oidinancra  of  God  are  bent  against  it.  But 
Ifccrc  la  a  civil,  a  moral,  a  federal  liberlv,  which  ia  the 
(rofier  end  and  objecl  of  authorty :  it  ia  a  liberty  for 


all  acnve  of  equity:  ami.  at  Ienirth,even  those  msaistratea 
wb4>  corwiJciB,!  the  defendant  in  the  nitlit,  concurrca  in  per- 
sualni^r  bmi  lo  »urren<lrr  Uieotiject  of  dispute,  and  tufurbear 
'n  .^rk  lua  own  at  the  eipanie  of  the  trawiutllity  of  the 
caltw. 

•  Tarlnoa  adilliaia  eT  thii  apeack  have  been  pubUihed.    It 
awaara  bow,  fraoi  Iha  coatinnatinn  of  Wlnthrop'a  own  Joot- 
■al  todlMd  by  MctavMe),  tfeataU  thaaa  ware  abrUxmanta. 
iwUchIhiv«laUowed.lathabeat. 


IlkM  only  which  la  jiiat  and  good.  I'or  Ikia  liberty  yon 
an  lo  atind  wiih  tho  haaanl  of  your  vary  livea  i  and 
whataoovar  rroaaea  il  ia  not  aiilhorily  bul  a  durtomper 
Ihereof.  'Iliia  liberty  la  maiiilaiiicd  in  a  way  of  aub- 
|ecli»ii  10  aulliiMlly  i  ami  ilia  aiilhuiily  icl  over  you 
will.  III  all  ntlitiniislraliuna  for  your  goud,  Ite  ()iiietly 
•ubiniltcd  untu  by  all  but  mich  aa  have  a  di<|Miailiun  lo 
■liake  iiir  Iha  yoke,  and  loae  llirir  true  liberly  by  Ihair 
niurniuiiiig  al  Iha  koiiur  and  |iower  of  authority." 

'I'ha  eirvuinatancea  in  which  thia  addraaa  waa  deliv- 
ered, rciniiid  ua  of  aceiiea  In  llrerk  and  Hoinaii  liialury  \ 
while  Ihe  wiadoin,  worth,  and  digiiily  thai  it  hraalhea, 
rvaeinbla  Ihe  magiianimoua  vinJicalioii  of  a  Judge  of 
laraal.  Mr.  Winthiop  waa  nol  only  honorably  acquitlett 
by  Iha  aentenea  of  the  court  and  iha  voice  of  Ihe  pubiie, 
bul  recommended  ao  powerfully  lo  li.e  aateam  of  hia 
frilow  eiliiena  by  Ihia  and  all  Iho  utiicr  iiidicalioiia  of 
hia  character,  that  ho  waa  clioaen  governor  of  iIm  pro- 
vince avoiy  year  al^er  aa  long  aa  ho  livvil  *  Hia 
accuaera  incurred  a  prnporlional  degree  of  piilillc  dia- 
pletaura  :  their  peliliun  waa  diamiaaed,  and  aeveral  of 
Ihe  chief  premolera  of  il  aeverelv  repriinaiidad,  and  ad- 
|udga<l  to  make  confeaaion  of  ifivir  fault  in  aeeking  lo 
aubi  ort  the  fundamanlal  lawt  of  the  coloiiy.  Uafuaing 
lo  acknowledge  that  lliev  had  done  wrong,  and  anil  uer- 
•iming  in  Iheir  dcinaiidii  of  an  allvralioii  of  the  law, 
with  vary  imliacrect  thirala  of  ruKiplaliiing  lo  Ihe  par- 
Iwment,  they  wera  pniiiihnd  with  Aiir  or  iiiipriaunnienl. 
.Aa  aeveral  of  Uiese  |ierauna  were  known  lo  lie  inclined 
lo  the  form  of  prcabytery,  and  aa  that  coiialilulinn  waa 
alao  alfecled  hy  the  prevailing  |<arty  in  the  Kngliah 
lloiiae  of  (^oinmona,  the  menace  of  a  complaini  to  par- 
liament eicitrd  general  alarm  and  iiidignallun  ;  and 
aeveral  of  ihe  petilionera  having  made  prenaraliuna  lo 
aail  for  England,  with  im  aignificani  hinia  of  Ihe 
changea  they  hoped  lo  ellrcl  hy  their  machinatioiia 
there,  aome  of  them  were  placed  under  arreal,  and  their 
papera  were  violently  taken  fitini  tliein.  Among  tliran 
papera  were  found  petitiona  lo  I«rd  Warwick,  urging 
a  forfeiture  of  the  colonial  charier,  the  introductiuii 
of  a  preahylerian  eatabliahmrnt,  and  of  the  wliole  codo 
of  Engliah  juriaprudence,  into  the  colonial  inatiiuliona, 
with  varioua  other  innovalioiia,  which  were  repreaenled 
aa  no  Icaa  accordant  with  Irgialalive  wiadoin  and  jua- 
lice,  than  adaiiled  lo  the  important  end  of  aecuring  and 
edeclnating  Inc  aupreme  dominion  of  tho  parliament 
over  the  colony.  The  diacovcry  of  the  intolerance 
meditated  by  theae  |)eranna  aerved  lo  eiaapcralo  Ihe 
intoloraiice  which  tlu-mavlvea  were  eiperioncing  from 
the  iociely  of  which  they  formed  hut  an  iiiiigiiilicant 
fraction.  The  conlenta  of  Iheir  papera  eiciled  ao  much 
reaentment  that  not  a  voice  waa  raiaed  againil  llie  arbi- 
trary meaaun  by  which  they  had  boon  iiitercapted ; 
and  Ihe  alarm  waa  increaacil  by  iha  conviction  uf  the 
uller  impoaaihilily  of  preventing  deaigna  ao  dangeroiia 
from  lieing  ilill  allcinplcd.  The  warmth  of  the  public 
aentiment.  aa  well  aa  the  peculiar  nature  of  the  auhjcci 
that  had  excited  it,  introduced  tliia  all-prevalent  loptc 
into  the  pulpit ;  and  even  Mr.  Cotton  waa  ao  far  over- 
taken with  inllimily,  aa  lo  declare,  in  a  sermon,  "That 
if  any  one  ahoutd  carry  writinga  or  complainta  against 
the  people  of  God  in  tliia  country  lo  England,  ho  would 
find  himaelf  in  Ihe  case  of  Joiiaa  in  the  veaacl."  Thia 
was  a  piediclioii  which  a  long  vuvsge  waa  very  likely 
to  realixe.  In  elfect,  a  abort  limu  after,  ccnain  depu- 
ties fiom  the  petitionera  having  enibarked  fur  England, 
wen  overtaken  by  a  violent  storm,  and  the  aailora 
recollecting  the  prediction  that  had  gone  abroad,  and, 
happily,  considering  tho  papers,  and  not  the  bearcra  nf 
them,  as  the  guilty  |iariiea,  insisicil  so  vcheinontly  ,  - 
caaling  all  obnoxioua  wntings  overboard,  that  the  depu- 
liea  wen  compelled  to  commit  their  credentials  lo  the 
wsvea.  When  they  arrived  in  EiigUnd,  however,  they 
did  not  fail  to  prosecute  iheir  application ;  but  the  at- 
tention of  the  iiarliamcntary  Icajsm  al  lhal  time  being 
deeply  engaged  with  more  important  mailers,  and  Wins- 
low  and  Hugh  Petera,  on  behalf  of  the  colony,  actively 
labouring  to  co'inleract  their  purposea,  they  obtained 
little  attention  and  no  redress. 

From  the  painful  coniemplalioii  of  the  intolerance  of 
Iho  coloniata,  and  their  inordinate  contentions  about 
the  forma  of  religion,  it  ia  pleasing  lo  turn  to  the  aub- 
atantial  fruits  of  christian  character  evinced  bv  Ihme 


*  This  crcellent  niagistrato  (says  Tuttun  .Mather)  conti- 
nually exemphtied  the  inaanii  of  Theodiwius,  that  **  If  any 
man  speak  evil  oftlie  ruler,  ll  it  be  tlirttugli  lightness,  'tis  to 
lie  condemned  ;  lilt  be  Uiruugli  madnoes,  'lis  to  be  pilled ;  if 
through  malice,  'us  to .  -«  fur^lven,*'  One  of  the  colonists  who 
had  tonif  manifested  much  ill  will  towards  his  person,  at 
length  wrote  to  him.  **  Sir,  your  overcoming  of  yourself  hath 
overcome  me."  Ills  death,  in  10411,  waa  deeply  and  univer- 
aally  bewailed ;  and  all  declared  that  be  had  been  the  father 
of  the  colony,  and  the  trst  no  less  In  virtu*  than  In  place. 
Matbar,  &  Ir. 


■obi*  tMriiMw  lot  Um  eMVonlM  af  Uw  !•  _    

ariginalad  la  Iha  aame  ywir  lhal  Iwd  wUnawad  M  aath 
dwaenaian  and  violanco.  Ilia  clieumaiineaa  ikal  M 
promoted  tho  einigraliona  lo  New  England,  bad  opora* 
lad  wilh  iwrlicular  force  on  ih*  miniatara  of  Ihe  puri- 
laiia  i  and  ao  many  of  them  had  accompanied  Ihe  oiliei 
aatllara,  lhal  among  a  (leople  who  derived  lasa  enjov- 
maul  IVaro  Iha  aierciaea  of  piety,  Iha  nuinliera  ot  tha 
clargf  would  have  been  llwuglil  aiceedingly  biirileii- 
annia  and  very  much  diapro|iarlion*d  lo  lb*  wants  ol 
Ih*  laity.  Thia  eireumataiice  wtt  highly  favorable  la 
Iha  prouiolion  of  raligioua  habits  among  tin  colonlatOi 
aa  well  aa  lo  the  *ilenaion  of  '.heir  aellTeinenta,  in  Iha 
pUnlalion  af  whirh  Ih*  eo-oueralion  of  a  miniaier  waa 
conaidarad  indiapenaahl*.  It  contribuMd  alao  la  a«i| 
geal  and  facilitate  miaaiotiary  lalwr  among  Ih*  b**lh*na, 
to  whom  Ih*  roluniaia  had  aacociaied  ihetnaalv**  by 
auperaddiiig  Ilia  Ilea  of  a  common  country  la  thoaa  al 
a  common  naiiira.  While  tha  poopla  al  largo  wni 
daily  eiiaiidiiig  their  iiidualiv,  and  overcoming  by  c 
livation  the  rudeness  of  ilaaeit  nalura,  Ih*  clergy 
eagerly  looked  around  fur  aome  addition  to  Ihair  pecu- 
liar aphere  of  uaefulneaa,  and  al  ■  very  *arly  p*riMi 
eiilerlainod  deaigna  of  redeeming  lo  ih*  dominion  of 
piely  and  civility,  Ihe  neglected  waalea  of  human 
rlwraoler  thai  lay  alrelchvJ  in  aavago  Ignorance  and 
idolatry  around  them.  John  Elliot,  one  ollh*  miniatara 
of  Koibury,  a  iiisn  wliose  Urge  auul  glowed  with  Iha 
inlenseal  llame  uf  aral  and  charily,  waa  alruiigly  peiie- 
inileil  with  a  sensti  nf  this  duly,  and  for  aome  liinn  had 
lieen  diligenlly  laboring  to  overcome  Ihe  praliminar* 
dilllculiy  by  which  ila  performance  waa  obairuclej. 
lie  had  now  al  length  attained  auch  acquaintance  wilh 
Ihe  Indian  language  aa  enabled  him  not  only  himaelf  in 
a|ieak  It  wilh  iTuency,  but  lo  faciliui*  th*  acquiailion  of 
It  10  olhan,  by  (he'conalruclion  and  publication  of  • 
ayatein  of  IiuImh  grammar.  Having  completed  htf 
preparatory  iniiiiiriua,  ho  began,  in  th*  clus*  of  lliia 
year,  a  acetic  of  labor  winch  haa  been  traced  wilh  graal 
liilcreal  and  ancuraey  by  the  eccleaiaatical  hialorlana  of 
New  England,  and  aliirmoi*  minulaly,  I  douhl  nol,  in 
that  awrtial  record  wliera  alone  the  actioiia  of  men  it> 
lam  thair  just,  their  final,  and  averlasling  proporiiona 
Il  ia  a  remarkable  fuatura  in  hia  long  and  arduoua  ea- 
nor,  that  the  energy  by  which  he  waa  lelualed  nevai 
auatained  th*  aligheal  abatement,  bul,  on  the  coiilr«l)r 
evinced  a  ateady  and  vigoroua  incnaae.  H*  appaara 
never  lo  have  doubled  ila  continuanco ;  bul,  conatanlly 
referring  il  to  God,  he  felt  aaaiired  of  ila  denvNl  un 
from  a  aourco  incapable  of  lieliig  waalwl  by  the  uioal 
liberal  cominunicalion.  He  deliglitod  lo  maiiilain  ihia 
communication  by  inceaaaiii  prayer,  and  brfure  hie  inia 
aionary  lalwra  commenced,  lie  had  lieeii  known  ni  the 
colony  by  the  name  of  "  praying Klliol"— t  iiolilo diai^ 
nation,  if  ihe  iiobleal  employiiieiil  of  a  ratioiiiil  viealur* 
be  Ihe  cullivaiiou  of  access  lo  Ihe  Aulluir  uf  lua  liciig. 
Katoly,  veiy  rarely,  I  believe,  haa  liuinan  iiiliira  lieen 
ao  coniplcioly  einbiied,  rrtined,  and  elevateil  by  rail- 
gion.  Every  thing  he  aaw  or  knew  occurred  lo  liim  in 
a  rcligioua  as|H!Cl :  aveiy  faculty,  and  every  aci|uia'lion 
thai  be  derived  from  llie  eiiiployinent  of  his  facultiea, 
was  received  by  him  aa  a  ray  let  iiilo  hia  aoul  from  that 
Eieriiity  for  which  he  continually  panted.  As  ho  waa 
one  of  Ihe  holiest,  so  was  he  also  one  of  Iho  happical 
of  men  \  and  hia  life  lor  many  ycara  waa  a  continual 
oulfiouring  nf  hia  whole  being  in  devotion  to  God  ami 
charity  to  inankitid.* 

The  kindneaa  of  Mr.  Elliot'a  manner  aoon  gained 
him  a  favorable  hearing  from  many  of  the  Indiana ;  [7J 
ami  both  parliea  being  aenaiblo  of  the  expediency  of 
altering  Ihe  civil  and  diiinestic  habits  that  counteracted 
the  impressions  which  he  allcinplcd  to  produce,  he  ob- 
tained from  llio  general  court  an  allotment  of  land  m 
the  iirighborliood  of  tho  setlleinenl  of  Concord,  in 
Maaaacliiiseits,  upon  which  a  iiuinlKrof  Indian  lainiliea 
proceciltid,  bv  lua  directions,  lo  build  riiid  habilatioiia, 
and  where  they  eagerly  received  hia  inalriicliona  both 
apiritual  and  secular.  It  was  nol  long  before  a  violent 
opjioaitioii  to  theae  innovalioiia  <vas  excited  by  th* 
powawv,  or  Indian  priests,  who  threatened  death  and 
other  iidlicli'ins  of  lliu  vengeance  of  the  r  idols  on  tU 
who  ahoiild  embrace  Christianity.     The  meiiacea  and 


•  III!  died  in  tho  year  IIHM.  As  tils  bodily  strangth  daeaynd, 
the  energy  of  his  lH-iii)f  .toeiiied  lo  retreat  into  his  soul,  ana  at 
length  all  his  furulties  (he  said)  sccuied  absorbcdin  liolylova. 
Ueiiig  asked,  shortly  before  his  departure,  how  he  did,  he  to- 
plied,  "I  have  losi  every  thing:  my  understandlnf  laavaa 
ine,  my  memory  fails  mo,  my  utterance  fails  me ;  but  I  tbaak 
Ood  my  chsrity  holds  out  st.ll,  I  hnd  that  rather  grows  titan 
fsils."  Richard  Baxter  declared  that  thas*  worda  bad  alvan 
him  Ineiprsssible  comfort,  and  lhal  tha  account  of  BUlet^ 
life,  which  ha  read  when  ha  himself  waa  laboring  under  adaa* 
ceroua  lllnasa,  had  recalled  bin  from  th*  totak  eftb*  gnva, 
luuier  B.  Ul.    Neal  11.4m 


IfORTH  AMERICA. 


■lUUw  •(  Umm  p*nMM  ciuMil  wvtnl  of  Dm  Mumint 
tmtmtM  In  dnw  biek,  biil  Induced  nihari  In  Mptrat* 
MriMrUM  mon  •nliraly  from  llw  nocicty  tnil  rniivrrH 
•t  Uiair  soiinlryiMn,  iihI  •mli  Ih*  h<mi)tit  mid  |iroiiic- 
Um  ai  *  clowr  uiaei«linii  wnh  Ihul  •ii{Hitiur  racn  nf 
Man  who  •howpd  UiiiinMlvi'i  m>  griu'roiialy  willing  lu 
dilTuH  ind  coininuiiictl*  all  liic  iiivaiia  and  liimatlla  of 
tltrir  au|Miriunl)r.  A  cunaidfrabln  iHHiy  n(  Iniliana  r»- 
•orlad  la  iIm  land  alloltad  UMin  tiy  ilie  iniluiiial  govern- 
mini,  and  nachangcd  llwir  wild  and  hurliiiuua  haliila 
far  ih*  modra  of  elviliatd  living  and  induairy.  Mr. 
Klliol  wu  roiiliiiualljr  among  ihoni,  iiiatrunling,  ani' 
■Mlingi  ind  diniiiting  llwin.  'I'liry  felt  liia  au|wrior 
wiadom,  and  aaw  him  conlin  lally  happy ;  and  llMiro 
waa  noihing  in  hia  circiiinaiaiiriia  or  apiMaraiice  that 
Indicalrd  aourcaa  of  enjoyment  from  wnich  Ihev  warn 
deharrtil ;  on  Uw  contrary,  it  waa  olivioua  that  of  every 
trticle  of  anihih  coiiirori  ha  waa  willing  lo  diveal  hiiii- 
aelf  in  order  to  coiniiiiinii:ate  lo  ihem  wnal  he  ealremrd 
the  only  true  riohea  of  an  iiniiiurlal  being.  He  who 
give  him  Ihia  apirit,  gavu  him  favor  in  the  eyea  of  the 
tHiOfda  among  wliom  lie  ininietenxl :  and  their  atfectlon 
lor  hiin  r«iiiinda  iia  of  llionn  priinitivo  aKoa  when  llie 
cniiveria  wore  williiiK.  aa  it  were,  lo  pluck  oiil  llioir 
e|ea  if  they  could  have  given  llioin  lo  ihcir  paalor. 
'1  he  women  in  Ihe  new  aelllenieni  learned  lo  apin,  the 
men  to  dig  and  till  the  ground,  and  Ihe  children  were 
inalrucled  in  the  KiiKli>li  language,  and  taught  to  read 
'lull  wrilo.  Aa  tlin  nnniliera  nf  iloniptiiialcil  Imllana 
increawd  they  buill  a  town  hy  Ihe  aide  uf  (y'harlea  river, 
which  ihey  called  Naiiek  i  and  lliey  deaired  Mr.  Elliot 
to  frame  a  ayalem  of  internal  government  for  them. 
He  directed  Iheir  alleiilioii  lo  the  coiinael  ihal  Jelliro 

Jtave  lo  Moaea ;  and,  In  cunrurinily  wiih  il,  they  eleiUod 
or  theinaelvea  rulera  of  linndrcda,  of  lll'iiea,  and  of 
Mine.  'I'ho  colonial  government  alao  appointed  a  court 
which,  without  aaauininx  juriadlnllon  over  them,  olfereil 
III'  iMialance  of  ila  judicial  wiatlom  to  all  who  ahouhl 
be  willing  to  refer  to  it  llio  dnterinination  of  iheir  more 
ditneull  or  iin|Hirtant  aubjvrta  of  controverey.  In  en- 
deavoring to  eilend  iheir  miaaionary  influence  among 
Ihe  aurrounding  tnhea,  Mr.  Klliot  and  hia  aaaoeiatea 
cnrouniercd  a  variety  of  aiicceaa  correa|Mnding  lo  Ihe 
>iaiMe  varietiea  of  human  character  and  the  inviaihle 
|in-delerniinallana  of  the  Divine  will.  Many  expreaaed 
Uie  utinoat  abhorrence  and  contempt  of  enrialunity : 
aome  made  a  hollow  profeaaion  of  willingneaa  to  hear, 
ind  even  of  conviction,  with  Ihe  view,  aa  it  ufterwarda 
appeared,  of  obtaining  Ihe  toola  and  other  artielea  of 
value  Ihat  were  furniahed  lo  thoae  who  propoeed  lo 
embrace  Ihe  niodea  of  civiliieil  living.  In  apile  of 
every  diacourtgeinenl  the  miaaionarlea  peraiated  i  ami 
Ihe  difficultiae  thai  al  Aral  mocked  their  elforla  aeem- 
ing  tl  length  to  vaniah  under  an  inviaible  touch,  their 
lahora  were  bleaaed  with  aalonlahing  aucceaa.  The 
character  and  habita  of  the  lay  eoloniila  imdud  lo  pro- 
mote the  efficacy  of  Iheae  pioua  labora,  in  a  manner 
which  will  be  forcibly  appreciated  by  all  who  have  ei< 
■mined  the  hiatory  and  progreaa  of  iniaaiona.  Simple 
in  their  nunnera,  devout,  moral,  and  indualrioua  in 
Iheir  Uvea,  ihey  enforced  the  leaaona  of  the  miaaiona' 
riea  by  domonalrating  their  practice bilily  and  beneficial 
effecta,  and  preacnted  a  model  which,  in  point  of  refine 
meni,  waa  iiol  too  elevated  for  Indian  imilition. 

While  Mr.  Elliot  and  an  increaaing  body  of  aaaoei- 
atea were  thua  employed  in  the  I'rovince  of  Maaaachu- 
•ellB,  Thomaa  Miyhew,  a  man  who  eninhincd  in  a  won- 
derful degree  an  alfectionate  mildneaa  lhat  nothing  could 
diaturb  with  an  ardor  and  activity  that  nothing  could 
overcome,  togrlhcr  with  a  few  roiiljulora,  not  leaa  dili- 
gently ind  aucceaafully  prniiecnicd  the  aanio  deaign  in 
Mirlha'a  Vineyard,  Naiilucknt  and  Eliiabelb  Ialea,and 
within  the  terrilory  comprehended  in  tho  Plymouth 
patent.  Abaaing  ihcmarlvea  that  they  might  elevate 
their  apvciea  and  prninute  the  Divine  glory,  ihey  wrought 
with  Incir  cwn  haiida  among  ihoao  Indiana  whom  ihcy 
|ierauaded  to  foraake  aavagn  habile;  and  lealoualy 
employing  all  the  influence  they  acquired  to  the  com- 
niunicalion  of  moral  and  apiritual  iinprnvemcnt,  their 
taliora  were  eminently  bleaaed  by  the  aame  Power 
which  had  given  them  ihe  grace  ao  fully  to  devote  thein- 
aelvea lo  hia  acrvice.  [1047.]  Tho  character  and  mni- 
nera  of  Mayhew  appear  lo  have  been  aingularly  calcu- 
lated 10  excila  Ihe  tendcrnoaa  no  leaa  than  tho  venera- 
tion of  the  objccia  of  hia  benevolence,  and  to  make  them 
(laol  at  once  how  amiable  and  how  awful  true  goodneaa 
ia.  Hia  addroaa  derived  a  captivating  internal  from 
Ihal  earneat  concern,  and  high  and  holy  value,  which  lie 
manifcatly  entertained  for  every  member  of  the  family 
of  mankind.  Many  yeara  after  hia  death  the  Indiana 
could  not  bear  hia  name  mentioned  without  abedding 
toare  and  expreaainf^  tianapoito  of  grateful  emotion. 


Both  Elliol  ana  Mayhew  found  great  advanltga  In  tho 
piaetiee  ol  ei  leeling  the  moat  docile  and  ingenloiia  of 
Iheir  Indian  piiplla,  and  hy  eaiiecial  attention  In  their 
inalruelion,  ipialifyiiig  Ihmn  lo  act  aa  at^lioolinaatera 
among  their  brethren.  To  a  leal  that  aermed  lo  increaae 
hy  eiarciae,  they  addid  Inaurmounlablu  (lalienee  and 
admirable  prudence  ;  and,  atradily  fining  Iheir  view  on 
Ihe  glurv  nf  the  Mo'l  High,  ami  declaring  Ihal,  whether 
oiilwanlly  euceoeaftil  or  not  in  promoting  it,  they  fell 
Ihamaelvea  hieaaed  and  happv  in  puraulDg  It,  IMjr  found 
Ita  inlluenea  aufTcieiit  to  tigfil  Ihem  through  ererv  p•^ 
pleiity  and  peril,  and  finally  eondiicl  them  to  a  degrea 
of  aucceaa  and  viclonr  unparalleled,  pcrhapa,  alnea  Ihal 
era  when  llie  miraenfoua  ondowmonta  of  tho  apoatolie 
minialry  caiiaed  a  nation  lo  be  born  in  a  day.  They 
were  alow  lo  puati  the  Indiana  upon  improved  inalitu- 
tiona ;  Ihey  deaireil  rather  to  lead  Ihem  inaenaihiy  for- 
ward, more  ea|iecially  In  the  ailoptlon  of  leligioua  ordi- 
iiancea.  Thoae  pncllcea,  indeed,  which  they  conaklered 
likely  lo  commend  theinaelvea  hy  their  IteneflcialeRbela 
lo  the  natural  undrralaiiding  of  men,  Ihey  were  iiol 
reatrained  from  recommending  In  their  early  adoption ; 
and  trial  bjr  jury  very  aoon  auperwdrd  the  aavage  modea 
nf  determining  right  or  aacertaininu  iiuill,  and  conlri- 
hulrd  lo  improve  and  refine  Ihe  acniie  of  equilv.  In 
the  dreaa  and  mode  vfcnhabtlaliun  of  ilin  aavagea,  they 
alto  inlrodured  al  an  early  porimi,  alii'nillona  calculated 
to  form  and  developo  a  aonio  of  modimty,  in  which  the 
Indiana  wore  found  lo  be  groaalv  and  iiniveraally  defec- 
tive. Dut  all  thoae  praclicea  which  arc.  nr  oudiil  lu  be, 
eacluaively  Ihe  friiila  of  renewed  nalurc  uiid  Divine 
Hllhl,  Ihey  deaired  lo  teach  entirely  by  et>iiii|ile,  and  by 
diligently  radicating  and  cultivating  in  lli«  niinda  of 
their  Aocka  Ihe  principlea  out  of  which  alone  auoh  prac- 
licea can  laatinglv  and  beneficially  grow.  Il  waa  nut 
till  Ihe  year  l6fMI  that  the  fini  Indian  cliurch  waa  founded 
by  Mr.  ICIIiol  and  hia  follow-laborera  in  Maaaachuaelte. 
'liiere  wero  al  lhat  time  no  fewer  than  ten  aelllementa 
within  tho  province,  occupied  by  Indiana  comparatively 
civillied. 

Mr.  Elliol  had  from  lime  lo  lima  tranalated  and 
printed  varioua  approved  religioua  worka  for  the  naa  of 
the  Indiana,  and,  at  length,  in  tho  year  ISfU,  the  Dible 
waa  printed,  for  the  Aral  limn  in  the  linguage  of  the 
new  world,  al  Cambridge  in  Maaaachukelta.*  Thia 
great  achlavemenl  waa  not  efTocted  without  the  aaaiat- 
anea  of  pecuniary  cnntrihutiona  from  the  mother  coun- 
try. Tlie  colonleu  had  lealoualy  ud  gladly  co-operated 
wilh  their  miniatera,  and  aaaiatedlo  defray  the  coat  of 
their  charitable  underlakinga ;  but  Ihe  increaaing  ex- 
penaea  threatened  at  laat  to  exceed  what  their  meana 
wera  able  to  aupply.  Happily,  the  tidinga  of  thia 
greal  work  excited  a  kindred  apiril  in  the  parent 
Stale,  and  in  the  year  1640  waa  fonned  there,  liy  acl 
of  parliament,  a  Socitly  far  Propagatinf  Ihe  Ootpel 
in  New  Enflani,  whoao  co-operation  proved  of  ea- 
aential  aervice  to  tho  miaaionary  cauae.  Tlila  ao- 
eiety,  having  been  diasnlvcd  al  tda  Reatoration,  waa 
aflerwarda  re-ereclcd  by  a  charter  from  Charlea  tho 
Second,  obtained  by  the  exertiona  of  the  pioua  Richard 
Baxter  and  the  influence  of  the  great  Robert  Boyle,  who 
waa  thua  the  benefactor  of  New  England  aa  well  aa  of 
Virginia.  Supported  by  ita  ample  endowmenta,  and 
Iho  no  leaa  lilieral  coiitribuliona  of  Iheir  own  fellnw- 
coloniata,  the  American  miaalonarioa  exerted  themnolvea 
with  auch  energy  and  aucceaa  in  Ihe  work  of  converting 
and  civilixing  the  aavagea,  that,  before  the  eloae  nf  the 
aeventeenih  century,  there  wero  in  the  province  of  Maa- 
aachuaella  moro  than  thirty  congregaliona  rf  Indiana, 
compriaing  upwarda  of  three  thouaand  peraona  reclaimed 
from  a  groaa  degrading  barbariam,  and  advanced  lo  the 
comfort  and  reapeclability  of  civilixed  life,  and  the  dig- 
nily  and  happineaa  of  worahippera  of  Ihe  trie  Ood, 
through  the  mediation  of  Ihe  only  name  by  which  men 
can  know  or  approach  him.  There  were  nearly  aa  many 
converta  to  religion  and  civditr  in  the  iaianda  of  Maa- 
aachuaetta  Bay  ;  there  wera  Miveml  Indian  congrega- 
liona in  the  Plymouth  terriloriea  and  among  aome  of 
Ihe  tribea  Ihal  alill  adhered  to  their  roving  barbaroua 
mode  of  life,  there  waa  introduced  a  coneiderable  im- 
provement ill  their  civil  and  moral  habita.  When  we 
rff eet  on  the  toila  that  thoae  miaaionariea  encountered, 
on  the  vaat  and  varied  difficulties  Ihcy  were  enabled  to 
overcome,  and  aurvoy  the  magnificent  expanaa  of  hap- 
pineaa and  virtue  thai  aroaa  from  their  exertiona  ;  and. 


*  I  have  uen  acopv  nfihla  edition  of  the  Bible  in  the  library 
orthfl  laiaOaorfe  Cnalmera.    Ilia  a  beautiful  piece  of  typo. 

Many  earlier  publieallona  had  already  Untied  from  the  ferttle 
prraa  of  New  England.  One  nf  the  flr><t  wae  a  new  metrical 
tranatailon  of  the  PMalme— vnry  liierat,  and  very  unpoMlral. 
To  thia  lent  Imputation  the  New  Knirlaiidera  anRWtred,  *<ihat 
Oed'a  allara  neeila  not  our  jnlishinfii."    Oldnilion  1. 100,  1 10. 


whan  looking  backward*,  wa  tneo  Uw  *M«mi  af  •vnt> 
to  ita  Aral  a|irtng  in  the  prido  and  eroelly  ikal  ana  M 
Inoae  lo  fortify  the  leal  of  the  puritan*,  and  Anally,  •« 
drive  Ihem  from  Iheir  native  land  lo  the  arena  appommi 
for  Ihia  great  and  happy  achievement ; — wa  acku>i«^ 
ledge  the  unaeen  but  eternal  control  of  Ihal  Being  who 
projecu  the  end  from  Iha  beginning,  who  alona  'Mr*  tb* 
good  that  la  dona  In  the  earth,  anabaneath  whoaa  irre- 
•iaiibia  will,  Iho  de|iravity  ihal  oppoaaa,  no  leaa  than 
Um  virtu*  thai  eoineidea  with  It,  are  but  ttia  inairuinrnw 
Ihal  blindly  ar  knowingly  affeel  ita  fulAlinent. 

AnMng  Iha  varioua  diflleultlaa  ihal  obalnieU'd  tl* 
ehangaa  which  the  miaaionarlea  altamplad  to  introduce 
into  lb*  bsbila  of  the  Indiana,  il  waa  fimnd  tliat  Ih* 
human  conalitution  hid  b«*n  daeply  dtlarioralad  by 
agae  of  aavag*  Ufa.  Habile  of  altemalo  incrgy  and 
aioth,  iiiduIgM  from  ganeralion  lo  gantralion,  aaamed 
al  length  lo  have  given  a  charaetar  or  biaa  lo  iha  ani- 
mal faeullira  almoal  aa  deeply  ingrained  aa  Iha  dapraved 
hue  of  Ih*  negro  body,  and  to  hava  aerioualy  impaired 
the  capacity  of  continuoua  exertioa.  In  (very  amploy- 
mrnt  that  demanded  aleady  lalior,  iho  Indiana  wera 
found  decidedly  inferior  lo'lha  EuropaaiM.  Th*  Aral 
miaaionariee,  and  Iheir  immediaia  aooe***ori,  nialained 
thia  diaeouragemani  without  ahrinking,  and  anir.  iled 
llieir  converta  lo  reaial  or  andnr*  ii.  Bui.  at  a  later 
period,  when  it  waa  found  ihal  lb*  laini  which  Iha 
Indian  conalitution  had  rae eived  eoiitinn*d  to  b*  propa- 

Sated  among  deecenilanta  adueated  in  habita  widely 
ifferent  from  thoea  of  Ihair  forofather*,  many  p*raon* 
began  too  haatily  lo  apprehend  Ihal  lb*  imperfeclioa 
waa  incurable  I  and  miaaionaiy  ardor  waa  abated  by 
Ih*  T*ry  cireumalanca  ihal  moat  alrongly  demanded  it* 
revival  and  anlargemenl.  In  concurrene*  wilh  Ibi* 
oaiiau  of  decline  In  lb*  piogm*  of  Ih*  greal  work 
which  w*  hava  eonlampUled,  Iha  *n*rg*lie  gratiiud* 
of  Iho  Aral  convart*  from  darfcnaaa  lo  light  had  aub. 
aided  ;  and  the  eoneequence  unhappily  waa,  lhat  a  con- 
aideraUa  abalament  anaued  of  the  piely,  morality,  and 
indualry,  nf  Ihe  Indian  communilioa  that  had  b*en  la- 
claimed  from  aavage  life.  But  lb*  work  baa  not  baen 
loet ;  ita  viaibi*  traee*  wera  never  eulbrtd  lo  p*nah : 
anitdat  oecaaional  doelin*  and  revival,  il  liaa  alway*  bam 
raanifeat,  and  the  people  gatheied  to  Uod  from  thia 
barbaroua  and  deeply-ravolled  kindred  have  never  bcca 
pennilled  lo  diaappear. 

1  have  been  iiiuuced  to  ovaralsp  very  conaidorahly 
Ihe  march  of  tinie,  in  order  lo  exhibit  a  brief  but  un 
broken  view  of  ihie  greal  aceiie  of  miaaionary  lalior 
W*  now  return  to  fallow  moro  leiaurely  ilie  ganeca 
atream  of  Ihe  affair*  of  ilie  colony. 

Shortly  after  llin  diaaenaioiia  that  had  prevailed  inllw 
yaar  1846,  Ihe  generil  court  recoinmetided  ibe  a***i» 
HIing  of  a  general  eynod  of  the  churchea  in  unler  t* 
frame  an  uniform  acliame  of  churcif  diaciplina  for  all  Iht 
colonial  congregaliona.  'I'ho  propoeal  waa  reaulcd  by 
aeveral  of  Iha  churchea,  which  expreaaed  great  appic- 
henaion  of  Ihe  arbiiniy  puipoaea  and  aupeiautioua  <lo- 
vicea  which  might  be  promoted  by  the  daiigetoua  prac- 
liceofconvoealingaynoda.  [1648.]  liul,  at  length,  Ih* 
parauaaion  generally  prevailing  that  an  aaaamhly  of  thiii 
deacriplion  poaaeaaed  no  inhereul  atilhority,  and  that  tie 
functiona  were  eimlined  to  iba  tendering  of  counaal, , 
the  aecond  eynod  of  New  England  waa  called  togullu'r 
at  Cambridge.  The  confeaaiun  of  faith  that  had  cucvn'  ly 
been  pubhahed  by  the  Aaaembly  of  Divmva  al  Weai- 
minaier,  waa  thoroughly  examined  and  unaniiiuHuly 
approved.  Three  of  the  moat  eminent  miniatera  of  Iho 
colony.  Cotton,  Partridge,  and  Mather,  wera  then  ap- 
pointed 10  prepare  a  model  ol'  ducipline  for  tbe  iiiatruc- 
lion  of  Ihe  colonial  churcliea.  The  Platform  of  Church 
Ditcipline,  which  they  coiii|ioaed  accordingly,  and  pre- 
aented  to  ihe  ayno<l,  after  many  long  debalea,  leceived 
tho  general  approbation  and  univeraal  acijuieacence 

1649.]  A  (iiapute  had  fur  aome  lime  aubaiattid  be- 
tween Maaaachuaelte  and  Connecticut  reapeeting  a  tea 
which  the  latter  elate  had  impoeed,  and  which  Maaaa- 
chuaelte conaidend  witli  good  reaaon  to  operate  un- 
fairly on  a  portion  of  her  people.  Having  complained 
to  the  confederacy,  and  not  obtaininiiig  redreaa  aa  apee- 
dily  aa  they  conaidered  themaelvea  entitled  to  expect, 
the  legialative  autlMritiee  of  Mateacbuaatta  paia«d  an 
act  impoaiiig  a  retaliatory  duty  not  only  <m  mode  from 
Connecticut,  but  on  imporlationa  from  alftba  other 
atate*  of  the  confederation.  Tbi*  unjuel  pn>ceadin( 
could  be  eupported  only  by  an  appeal  to  the  phvdegt 
of  the  alrongeel ;  a  privilege  which  Maaaacbiuelta  waa 
ao  well  able  to  enforce,  that  tbe  other  confodaralea  had 
nothing  to  oppoee  but  the  uaual,  though  often  ineflae- 
tual,  expedient  of  the  weak.  Haopiiy  for  Ihem  and 
for  horaelf,  their  ally,  though  lia'jla  to  be  beUayad  iota 
error  by  reaeotment  and  paitiality  waa  not  intmiturf 


THE  HISTORT  OF 


i! 


W  MM  ftMftl  «Mrt  *t  MiMMliaMiM,  dMiring  It  ••  ■•• 
iImh'*  I*  tmMtt  whaltMr  nieb  pfMMding*  igiM 
mkk  UW  ttw  »f  lovo,  ami  (Iw  tenor  of  Um  ■rtiein  of 
•oaMonlion.'*  On  iMoiving  Ihia  ivniontlnne*.  Iho 
■MofiuMni  of  MtMwhuMlia,  •uporior  to  iho  laoto 
MtiMO  >4  MkMwMgiiif  ■  wrong,  eoiiMnlod  to  M» 
fouO  Iho  ab.ioiioao  orJimneo.*  flUO.] 

Bui  MttMchooMM,  in  iho  Mlowing  Toor,  [1661,] 
VM.  "Hodliiidupulo  wilhtpowor  iliUnMinlbniii- 
4iBk  lntr  ihon  <ho  WM  to  hot  MflfMloniio*,  Mid  much 
jrm  omcopliMo  of  ooMiiaoMi  of  laodonlioa  tod  lor- 
Uoimoo.  Tbo  Loag  Piriioaoal  kiTing  new  nu- 
UUhrd  ita  •Mhothy  ii  Hmm,  wm  doloiminod  lo  »u» 
•n  imirfieit  mromiiioa  of  il  fram  tU  iIn  do|Mnd«neioo 
of  Iho  (Ilia,  Ml)  OToa  lo  inlioduM  tuah  n»-o;(nilion 
into  «n  ibt  dMrtoM  lod  oAleial  (meoodingi  of  lubor- 
dlnolo  •omnMbilwo.  A  nqubilioa  wm  •ccordingly 
innmiiiiod  lo  iko  manrnot  Mid  iwombljr  of  Muw- 
chooolU,  In  lond  iboTr  chailor  le  liondmi,  to  lik*  ool 
o  now  polom  from  iho  koopon  of  iho  libeilioi  of  Eng- 
Und,  ind  lo  hold  tU  eourU,  ind  iatuo  oU  write,  in  ifio 
aoHM  of  Ihio  dowriplion  of  lulhorilr.  Thii  com- 
nund  onilod  iho  nlioooi  itirm  in  iho  eelenjr ;  oor 
eould  in  Iho  tUai*iRiral  of  iho  poopio  lo  iho  eooto  of 
Iho  poriiomonlt  raconrilo  thorn  to  ■  iorrondor  of  iho 
tillo  nndor  which  thiir  tolllonMnte  Mid  inolilatiooo  hid 
boon  fomwd,  tnd  which  bod  nortr  obttnwtod  Ihoir  tub- 
eidiniUon  to  iho  ouihoriiioo  thil  now  pwpoood  le  lo- 
«oko  il.  The  porliomonl  hid  no  mofo  right  to  npw- 
■fdo  tho  ori^ntl  potent  of  Iho  eolonri  Iktif  lo  raquiio 
Iho  ciijr  of  London,  or  my  of  Iho  oUwr  eeipention*  of 
Entflind,  M  tubmil  Ihoir  ehHton  to  oimiUr  diMolulion 
■na  lonOTtiien.  Bui  ibo  eoloniiu  wore  well  twMO 
ihil  the  onthoritio*  which  hid  inuod  ihii  uhilniy 
mndote  bid  Ibo  power  lo  cnlnrco  it ;  ind,  ucofd- 
insly.  drclining  •  dirMi  colliiien,  ihejr  reverted  lo  the 
polieT,  which  ihojr  bid  once  lucceiefulljr  oiaplojred  le 
ceunimcl  iho  tjriinnicil  intenlioni  of  the  king,  iiid 
Moeocded  in  completely  Ibillng  Ihie  inombly,  M  ra- 
nowned  for  ilt  Miccen,  lenlutioa,  ind  eipieity.  Tho 
gencml  court,  imteid  of  lunendering  the  peleni,  tnn» 
milled  1  MliUon  to  the  pcrliiment  igiiiMl  the  onforee- 
ment  of  Utit  mandiw.  leuin^  forth,  ihit  "  tbeee  ibingi 
not  being  done  in  the  lite  kmg'i  lime  or  eince,  il  wu 
act  atila  lo  iliaeem  die  need  of  lucb  in  injunction." 
It  repreaenliid  ibe  condition  ind  lulhoritT  on  which  the 
letilera  hid  originilly  come  to  New  Englind,  their 
Melfwl  idberoneo  to  tbo  eiuie  of  ibo  pirliimcnl 
ikronghoiit  the  eirU  wire,  ind  their  preient  eiplicil 
recounition  of  ill  lupromioy ;  ind  pnyed  ibil  the  peo- 
lie  iniiihl  not  now  bo  wcno  deiU  with  than  in  Ibe  lime 
'  df  the  kill!.  Hid  injteod  of  e  goremor  ind  migiitnln 
tnnuilly  cnOMn  br  IhemieWM,  bo  raquired  lo  lubmil 
to  othrn  impmed  on  ibein  igiinit  Iheir  will*.  The 
geneni  court  it  the  ume  lime  Mdraiied  i  letter  to  *<  the 


•  MnuMnMn  I.  IM.  Cbalnm,  IM,  t.  Anxther  dUpuu, 
which  oMurrtd  ilmw  thrM  jnn  iftn  bMwnn  Mtwuhu- 
tMM  iihI  ih«  i4h«r  conMeruid  aatw.  It  ralaud  wkh  irui 
raianMiMM,  lod  I  ihliik  wlih  no  inull  InJuMlei  ind  bu- 
ililltf ,  b^  UM  rMpMMbIt  hlWNrlin  of  CmnanleiK.  In  INii,  a 
dlMonrjr  »w  •appnaad  to  have  bian  mada  of  a  eonanlruir 
bitvMn  Siunnanl,  tha  fntamor  oT  iha  Dutch  colony,  and 
Ih*  Indiana,  ilir  Iha  anarmlnirtlon  of  iha  Ei>(liah.  Tha  a^l. 
lane*  of  ihia  aanralnary  pra(a«  ( which  Sinjrf  tiant  indltnaul  j 
llxlaimad)  araahald  ivmciani,  and  iha  raaolutloa  oraianaral 
war  ambracad,  b>  all  Iha  cnmnUaalooari  of  um  union  aiean 
IhoM  of  Mawacheaioa.  Tha  (anaral  eaun  of  thia  proTlnea 
Judiad  Iha  prooT  ineondetlia,  and  wara  fiinilad  In  ihia  npi. 
ninn  bf  Iha  lodfnMM  of  tkair  clarf r,  which  Ihajr  conienied  lo 
abide  bf.  To  all  tha  ranMnanneaa  of  Ihalr  alllat,  ihejr  an- 
awarad,  ihai  no  aniclaa orconlMarailnn  ahonid Induce thamio 
uiidanaka  an  olbnaifa  war  which  ihagr  c«nildara<l  uaJuM,  and 
on  which  Ihajr  oiuM  one  aak  or  axpact  iha  blaaiinf  of  Ood. 
Tha  hiMnrian  of  CoonacUcU,  not  coMeM  wkh  raprnbailnc 
lhl>  breach  of  tha  aniclaa  of  anion,  raheniintlT  malnulni  thai 
int  MTiiplae  of  Maaaaehuieaa  wara  Inaincate.  Trumbull,  rol. 
I.  cap.  t.  But,  Inirmh.  Iha  aTldanceortha  Dutch  piM  labored 
•I  del  mr  eerioua  defecu,  which  were  much  mora  coolly 
walfhfd  by  the  panpla  nf  Maea.ichueaiia,  than  b/  tha  inhabi' 
Una  of  i^:nncctMut  and  Nawhaeen,  eiuparalad  bjr  nwioeni 
dlipoue  wkh  the  Cuuh,  and,  by  iheir  proiimky,  azpoaed  to 
Ihegraaiaetdanfer  frcm  Dutch  honillilea.  In  (he  b^lnnlna 
eriharollawlni  century,  the  eituallon  of  Iha  proriniaawaa  ao 
flv  raranad,  that  Mafeachuaaita  waa  compelled  to  aolkslt  Con. 
oaoieui  Ibr  aid  In  a  (eneral  war  with  the  Indiana ;  and,  on  thla 
aeeaatnn,  Connartlcui  remote  Trnm  the  ecene  oractlim,  at  trai 


i  her  aid  upon  acruiilet,whk:h  eha  aftarwarda  aaceruined 
le  se  froundlaai,  raipaconf  tha  lawrplnaaa  ol  the  war.  Trum- 
ksil,  aol.  il.  cap.  f. 

t  Though  attached  lo  the  cauM  of  iha  parllaraant,  the  peo. 
pianrNew  Rnflandhad  ao  Ikr  forgoaen  Iheir  own  wronn, 
udCMiprd  the  lonniinn  of  the  neailona  an^ndarad  in  Ihe 
HrH  war,  thai  the  iraileal  fate  or  the  klnc  appaart  to  have 
eitckad  fenerti  frlefand  cnncem.  The  pablla  atpreaaion  of 
euch  aamlinenu  would  have  b«en  equally  Inetpadlent  and  un> 
aralllnr :  bat  thai  they  w«re  entenaliied  la  very  manlfea. 
ST'  Hiiiehinioii.  I.  137  In  ihi«  Ihe  piirltani  o'  Amarka  were 
notdnriiUr  So  maa  in  Eiiflanil  niaite  jrreaieralfona  to  cava 
t;  ifVa'  I'O  ihan  WiiliaiK  Prirnn  Ilia  puritan,  than  whom  no 
■•■  had  aiiiiaroij  mora  aaverriy  rrom  lili  tyranny 


hni  Oonnril  Cromwell,"  for  Ibo  porpoie  of  intereiling 
hie  powerful  mediation  in  their  hehilf,  ii  well  u  of 
dliiuiding  him  from  iho  proaeeullon  of  ceruin  imi- 
•uree  which  he  hlinicir  bid  projected  for  Iheir  idrin- 
tago.  The  nmuliar  character  which  Ihe  New  England 
coToniMa  had  diaiilartd,  the  inatilutioni  they  hid  eate- 
bllabed,  iml  ibair  predilection  for  the  independent 
model  orchiiroh  gorirninrnt  which  he  himielf  m  highly 
idiniied,  hid  reeommeiHled  ihim  in  Ibe  meet  powerful 
minner  to  the  oateem  of  Ihie  eitnordimry  nun :  ind 
hii  fiTonblo  tegardi  were  onhMiced  by  Iho  foeolleelioii 
of  Iho  idin  he  hid  formed,  lod  m  neeily  reillied,  of 
uniting  bli  deuioy  with  Ibein  In  Aowiim.  Nor  weio 
they  It  ill  ibited  by  the  eompmion  ind  bonovolence 
with  which  the  colonieti  received  ■  couiidonble  body 
of  unfonunite  Seoli  whom  OiomwiU  hid  eiuied  lo  bo 
tnnaponed  to  Mimcbuiotw  ifter  Iho  bottle  of  Dun- 
bor,  ind  of  which  he  wii  informed  by  ■  ktler  from  Mr. 
Cotton.*  He  leomed  to  conaider  ihit  ho  bid  been 
deteined  in  Kiiglind  for  tboir  inwioate  u  well  ii  bii 
own,  ind  never  ceiied  to  deeire  ibil  they  ahoiild  bo 
more  neuly  laaociited  w'ilh  bii  fortunei,  ind  cheered 
with  the  nyi  ol  hia  grandeur.  He  bid  conceived  in 
iideni  deeire  lo  be  Ihe  luthor  of  in  enterpriie  lo  illua- 
irioui  u  Iho  reroeilion  of  tbeee  men  lo  Ihe  country 
Aom  whieb  they  bid  beep  m  unworthily  eipollod ;  ind 
II  in  Id  of  hononMe  juilico  to  tbemielvoi,  ii  well  ii 
for  Iho  idranMge  of  Irelind,  bo  hod  leeenlly  broicbid 
Iho  propOHl  of  Irmiporting  Ihem  from  Americi,  ind 
eelibliihing  them  in  i  diatrict  of  ihii  iilind,  which  wii 
10  bo  ericuiled  for  their  reception,  In  Ihoir  letter  to 
him,  the  genenl  court,  which  hid  been  ippriiod  of  ihia 
Mheme,  eeknowlidged,  with  griwrul  eiproeaioni,  Ihe 
kind  coniidention  which  it  indieited ;  but  declined  to 
•TiU  IhenueWee  of  it,  or  ibondon  i  lind  where  they 
had  experieoced  en  much  of  tho  firoi  of  Ood,  ind  were 
bleiiiii  with  luch  proipeete  of  eonrertihg  the  beiihen. 
They  it  Iho  umo  limo  recommended  their  pelilion 
igiimt  the  puliimenteiy  nieiium  to  bii  uiendly 
counlenince,  ind  beieeehed  "hia  Eicellonco  lo  be 
pleoeed  lo  ahow  whilaoerer  Ood  ihall  direct  him  unto, 
on  tbo  bebilf  of  Iho  colony,  lo  tbo  moit  hononMe  per* 
liimonl."  Il  miy  bo  preeumod,  thot  Cromwell'i  medi- 
ition  wia  nicceeifully  employed,  ii  lb*  requiiitioo 
Ihit  hid  been  innimitted  to  the  genenl  court  wii  not 
further  praaccutod.f 

The  mcceeiee  of  tho  Long  Pirliiment  bid  begotten 
in  ite  loiding  roemben  i  growing  ipirit  of  dominion, 
of  which  the  coionioi  did  not  ful  to  eiperieoce  Ihe 
operation.  In  tho  biliary  of  Virginii  we  hire  beheld 
the  liwi'by  which  the  Inffic  of  ill  Iho  colooiei  with 
fonign  niliona  wii  prohibited,  ind  Ihe  ordinincm  ind 
proceeding!  by  wbich  the  lubjugition  of  Ihit  rafnetery 
Mltlement  wii  enicled  ind  enforced.  The  ilkte  of 
Mimchuiette,  which  wia  deiiroui,  ii  fir  ii  poiuble, 
to  Ml  in  eoncumince  with  the  pirliiment,  ind  wu  per- 
fectly lincen  in  recogniiing  ite  lupmnicy,  co-opemted 
with  ite  oidinince  igainil  Viiginii,  Ly  prohibiting  ill 
iutercoune  with  thit  colony  till  it  hid  been  reduced  by 
tho  pirliiinentiiy  foreei.  But  it  wu  not  over  thou 
aettlemente  alone,  which  oppoaed  ite  lupnmioy,  thil 
the  pirliiment  wu  diapoaed  to  indulge  Ihe  epihl  of 
dominion ;  ind  though  MuuchuMlte  wu  protected 
from  ite  deaigna  by  ibe  interference  of  Cromwell,  Mi- 
ryliod,   wbich  hid   received   ite  eatibliahment   from 


•  CtomwoU  wu  far  from  balng  incapable  o(  ippraciatlni 
tha  aMfitortolaritinf  the  praiu  ofafoe;  and  Iha  llneat  tri- 
bute that  waa  ever  paid  to  tha  dlgnUM  couraia  with  which 
Charlaa  the  Firit  enciiuntared  hia  fate.  It  contained  Ui  an  ode 
by  Iha  patriot  and  pool,  Andrew  Marvall,  addreated  to  the 
protector. 

t  Unlchinwa  1.  IT*,  and  Append.  SI6.  IM.  Ilutchlntsn't 
CsUactlxn  of  papera,  tU.  Chalmert,  184,  t.  Tha  conioilt- 
tlonara  for  New  England,  who  waia  tent  thither  by  Charlat 
Iha  Second,  aueited,  in  tlieir  nariatire,  that  tha  colony  tali- 
cited  Cromwell  to  be  declared  a  free  ttata.  HulclUnion'i 
CollacUon  of  papart,  p.  4M.  Thli  It  hlghl)  unlikely,  and  waa 
tuggeiled  perhape  by  mitrapretenlatlon  or  mItapprehaMion 
of  tiM  clrcumitancea  mlatad  In  tha  tan.  Tha  publication  of 
Oovamor  Winthnp'a  Journal  haa  now  clearly  proved  tlial 
tha  laadlug  men  in  MaitachuaalU  entertained  frjm  tha  be- 
linning  a  conaldarable  jealouay  of  parliamtntary  juritdlcUon. 
'■  In  INI,"  tan  Winthrop,  "aoma  of  our  frienda  In  England 
wrote  to  ut  advice  to  tend  ovor  toma  to  loliclt  for  ua  in  tha 
parhamnnt,  giving  ua  hopet  that  wa  might  obtain  much :  but, 
eoiiautting  about  It,  waibclinadtha  motion  for  Ihia  contldera- 
tion :  titat  if  wa  thould  put  ouraalvaa  under  tha  protacli^  of 
pari  ameni,  we  muat  than  bo  lubjact  to  all  luch  lawa  u  thay 
ahould  make,  or,  at  ieait,  auch  a«  they  miglit  impona  upon  ua ; 
In  wtiich  courta,  though  they  thould  Intend  our  good,  yet  it 
might  prove  very  prejudirial  to  ut."  Winlhrop't  Journal, 
>  Ua.  Henre  it  is  ohviout  that  the  people  of  New  England, 
n  acknowledging  the  tupremacy  of  parliament,  had  raipect 
lo  it  not  aa  a  legiilative  body,  but  at  adminlitering  tha  func- 
liona  nf  royally.  They  never  wUlingly  admitted  that  Ihe  roo- 
Iher  country  patie«ted  a  legitlativa  eoiitiol  over  them ;  or 
that.  III  fonaUng  her  tlioret,  thay  bad  left  behind  thom  an 
luthoriiy  capable  of  aendlof  attar  them  Ike  evUa  Iron  which 


Chuloi  Um  Pim,  «ui  eompolM  I*  vmoIto  Um  oImm- 
lione  ol  lie  oAciirMyto  whiek  MmoehuolM  kal 
ovidid  i  [  I66t]'  iihI  Rhode  IrjMid  beheld  Uw  very  fan* 
of  government  which  il  bad  received  horn  Um  puliemew 
iluir  in  I64S,  euipeiided  by  in  ordei  of  Ihe  council  o< 
into.  Wbil  might  hire  eneued  upon  Ihii  order,  end 
wbii  limilir  or  fuitho  proceeding!  might  hive  bee* 
idoptod  by  Um  puliimoni  leliUve  lo  Iho  other  «» 
loniu,  won  intenepled  by  ite  own  diaaoluiion,  end 
Ihe  eonvergonce  of  Um  whole  power  of  the  EngM 
commonwoilth  in  Um  uiong  bind!  of  Oliver  Cromwell. 
1661.]  The  ueendiney  of  the  protector  proved 
hiyhhr  benoAeiil  to  ill  the  Americin  eolonioo,  ommI 
Virglnii,  which,  on  ueounl  of  Um  polilieil  'inotiof  m 
inbibilMite,  bo  nginied  oven  with  meter  djfdeiwi* 
U»n  the  cilholio  eeuUiibmenl  of  Miiybtnd.  Rhod* 
Iiliiid,  immediitely  lAor  hie  eleviiion,  niumed  Ibo 
form  of  govemmeni  wbich  the  pirliimoiil  hid  i» 
cenilv  iu!|wnded  ;  end,  by  the  deciiive  vigor  of  bio 
inlerfennce,  Ihe  people  of  Conneciicut  end  Newhiven 
were  nlieved  from  tn<  ipprahDiiiiuni  they  hid  hmg 
eiiteitiiiied  of  the  boatile  deaigna  of  Ihe  Uulch  colo- 
niat!  of  New  York.  All  Ihe  New  England  ilite!  wen 
thencebrwird  eiempled  from  the  0|ieratioii  of  the  per- 
liimentery  erdinince  igiinit  tnde  with  foreign  natioiiet 
end  both  Iheir  commerce  end  lecurily  derived  i  greel 
incniu  from  the  K0iH)uval  which  the  prolarlor'e  irtno 
Mbieved,  of  the  province  of  Acadii  from  tin  Fiench. 
Bui  it  wu  Miiucbuwtl!  Ihit  occupied  the  higkeei 
plue  in  hie  oateem  ;  iiid  to  the  inhibiunta  of  thii  ul> 
Uiment  he  eirneally  longed  to  impen  ■  dignity  of  os* 
lerml  condiliun  proportioned  lo  Ihe  etevition  wbich  ho 
believed  them  lo  etijoy  in  the  favor  of  Iho  greet  Sov» 
raign  of  ill  mankind.  The  raeaotw  for  wbich  they  hid 
declined  hie  oifer  of  i  Mltlement  in  Iralind,  howevot 
likely  lo  commend  themaelvea  to  hia  ipprohetitm,  woM 
elill  mora  cilrulated  to  draw  forth  hii  rcgird  for  e  po^ 
pie  who  felt  the  force  of  auch  aeneroua  conaidentione, 
When  hia  irmi  hid  elTficted  the  cunqucal  of  Jaineici, 
ho  conceived  the  project  of  tnnaplinlitig  tho  coloniite 
of  MuHchuulti  to  Ibil  beiutiful  iaiand ;  [leSA,]  ind< 
with  Ihil  view,  he  itiongly  rapreunled  lo  them,  ibit, 
bv  eaubliibing  themielvee  end  Iheir  pritiripln  in  tho 
Wmi  Indiu,  Iney  would  cirry  tbo  aword  ol  the  goapcl 
into  Ihe  veiy  hurt  of  the  temioriea  of  popery,  and  tint 
eonie<|uenlly  they  ought  to  deem  themaelvea  aa  eiroiiglv 
called  to  Ihie  ulterior  ramovil,  u  Umv  bid  been  in  their 
originil  mignlion.  He  onduvored  to  incite  ikein  to 
embrace  thii  project  by  promiace  of  hia  impleit  coun- 
tenince  md  lupport,  ind  of  hiving  the  wiwle  powera 
nf  government  vuted  entirely  in  their  own  hinda,  end 
by  expitiiling  on  the  rich  pujactioni  of  tlw  toriid 
tone,  with  wlucb  their  induMiy  wouM  bo  rawirded  in 
Ibil  new  ultlement :  ind  wilk  ihleo  coniidentione  ho 
blended  in  ippeil  lo  Ihoir  conieioiKe,  in  prening  them 
to  fulfil,  in  their  own  fivog,  Ihe  promiie  which,  he  uid, 
the  Almighty  hid  given  tt  «iaj«  kit  ptopU  Ikt  lull,  onl 
lux  tht  lit.  He  not  only  urged  iheu  viewi  upon  Um 
igente  end  cnrreipoudente  of  the  coloniite  in  England, 
but  deipitchcd  one  of  hii  own  officen  lo  wlicil  on  iIm 
ipot  Iheir  compliince  with  bii  propowl.  But  Iho  col» 
null  were  eiceedingly  iveno  lo  ibindon  i  ciranlry 
when  tbey  found  iMmaelve*  liippy  ind  in  poiMuioa 
of  1  aphen  of  incraiaing  utefulneaa  ;  and  Ihe  propoul 
wu  the  mora  unaccepublv  lo  Ihem  from  the  iccounli 
tbey  bid  nceived  of  the  etkliiieu  of  Jamiici.  [ftUW] 
The  genenl  court  icconlingly  ralumed  in  idilreea, 
declinuig,  in  the  name  of  their  fellow-ciiiiena,  to  em- 
brace the  prolector'a  offer,  and  withal  beaeeching  hie 
Highnew  not  to  impute  their  refuail  to  indilfcrance  lo 
hit  acrvice,  or  to  in  ungrateful  diaregaid  of  hia  concern 
for  their  welfira.t  'lliua,  by  the  overruling  iofluenco 
of  that  Power  by  which  their  atepa  had  been  lo  aignally 
directed,  wera  the  coloniata  prevented,  on  two  occa- 
lioni,  from  iviiling  themielvee  of  Ihe  injudicioui  pro- 
motion  which  Cromwell  wu  ao  user  lo  beatow.  Had 
they  removed  to  Iralind,  they  would  themaelvea  ihorlly 
aiier  have  been   lubjected  to  alivery  :  hid  thoy  pro- 


*  Tliit  year  MaHachueatIt  iott  lit  einlnant  preacher,  pa- 
triarch, and  paaca-makcr,  Jolin  Cotton.  Finding  hiniaelf  dy- 
ing, he  aant  for  the  maglitralaa  and  minlitera  of  Ihe  colony, 
and,  with  •olamnilyandtcndamatt,  bade  llMm  faiewall  (or  i 
while.  Paw  man  have  ever  occupied  ao  large  isom  u  ll>il 
man  pottaaaad  In  tha  hoartt  of  hia  countryman. 

t  Hutchinton,  I.  180.  l«0-in.  Chalmaia,  M.  lH.  IK 
Uaxard,  UI.  A  almilar  anawar  wu  raturnaa  by  Nawlukvea 
to  a  timllir  application  from  tha  protector.  Trumbull,  I.  Ml 
There  ware  not  wanting  tome  wild  aplritt  among  tha  cole- 
nitia,  who  rellihad  tha  protoctor'apropotalt.  Tlienotonou 
Vannar,  who  headed  the  Inturrection  of  tlie  Fifth  Monarchy 
men  In  Bngland  after  the  Reiloration,  war  for  toma  time  an 
inhabitant  of  Kalem,  and  prevailed  with  a  party  of  laalota  thaie 
to  unite  in  a  tchame  of  emigration  to  tha  Watt  Indlaa.  But 
the  dulgn  wu  diacouragad  by  the  clergy,  and  InMNeiMd 
by  the  ngMntea.    OfdndioB.i.  4T 


NORTH   AMrRIOA: 


upon  Um 
EngUal, 

ilkit  on  Um 
thaeol^ 
eountiy 

poiMMioa 
pro|M>Ml 
iceounli 

.[nuw] 

■dilran, 
M,  to  am- 
hing  hia 
flbrcnce  lo 
lit  concern 
ia6uenea 
•ignilljr 
two  occa- 
iciout  pro- 
ow.  Had 
«■  thoilly 
thoy  pro- 


Newliavaa 

bull,  I.  tm. 

I  Iha  cal» 
•  notonoaa 
Monarcky 
tlmaaii 
laloiD  UiDia 
idlai.  Bat 
nui«tfM4 


1 1*  Jamalaa,  Ihay  wouM  bava  baan  aipoaad  to  a 
atrang  ami  daiigoreua  lamptalion  of  inlietiiig  that  iii- 
juallni  aaon  oihan.  In  lha  mind  a(  Cioinwail,  a  vaha- 
laant  anior  waa  aingularly  conibiiipil  with  ilw  iiioat  pro- 
^mi  and  delibaiata  M||>oil]r ;  tiid  cnihuaiattig  aanli- 
mtinla  warn  not  uiifrai^uanlly  liloiiilud  with  polilio  con- 
aidaraliona,  in  pAipariioni  winch  it  i*  liule  likuly  thai 
ha  hiinMir  waa  awara  of.  or  lliat  auy  iiHicliior  of  hia 
acliuna  can  hup«  lo  adjiial,  It  in  ithvioiia,  on  (be  ona 
hand,  that  hia  prii|iuaUiOii>  tu  Ilia  cnloniila,  on  both 
ucraaiona.  Mora  cunneclcd  with  lha  at'curvr  eilahluh- 
laant  of  bia  own  iluminion  in  Inland,  and  (ha  praaarva-, 
iMMi  of  hia  coiK|iiaal  in  tha  Wait  Imlioa.  Uut  it  ia' 
ffuallv  oartain,  on  tha  oibar,  that  tha  roloniala  iii' 
cuirati  naithar  diaplaaaura,  nor  cvati  abatement  of  hit 
ttordial  friandahip,  by  rcluiinu  lo  proniom  the  achaniva 
on  which  be  waa  ao  alrunnly  bant :  nay,  ao  |iowvrfully 
had  they  capnvaled  hm  rugged  heart,  that  they  wpra 
able  lo  niaintiin  hia  favor,  ava'i  while  their  inioleraiice 
diaeratlilad  tha  independent  priiiciploa  which  ha  and 
Ihay  e«ncuri«d  in  profaaaing ;  and  none  of  lha  coin- 
plainte  with  which  ha  waa  Tang  haraaiod  on  ihalr  ac- 
count by  the  anabapliala  and  quakora,  whoaa  proceed- 
inga  and  Iroaimeni  in  ihe  colony  we  are  now  to  con- 
aider,  we r»  aver  aide  to  deprive  the  people  of  tha  place 
the*  bad  gained  in  the  proleclor'a  eateein. 

The  coloniala  had  been  of  lale  yeara  involved  occa- 
C'anall*  in  hoatilitiaa  with  aoina  of  the  Indian  iribea, 
and  in  diapuiea  with  the  Uulcb,  by  wlioee  inachinationa 
it  waa  auapected  that  theae  aavagea  wero  more  tlian 
onca  inatigatud  to  eonapiro  againal  thoin.  Uut  thcaa 
evanta  bad  been  productive  of  greater  alarm  than  in- 
jury :  and  by  far  tha  moat  aerioua  Iroublaa  wilb  which 
the  coloniata  were  infeateil  were  thoao  which  aroao  from 
laligioua  diaaenaiona.  Uf  all  lha  inelancra  of  peraccu- 
lion  that  occur  in  tb«  hiatory  of  New  England,  the  moat 
canauraUa  in  ila  principle,  though  happily  alao  tha  leait 
vahainanl  in  the  aoveritioa  which  it  produced,  waa  the 
troatmanl  indicted  on  lha  anabapliala  by  Ihe  govern- 
ment of  Maaaachuaelta  Tha  liral  appearance  of  Ihcaa 
ai'ciariaa  in  thia  province  waa  in  the  year  16SI,  when, 
10  Ihe  great  taloniahment  and  concern  of  the  commu- 
nity, aeven  or  eight  pcraona,  of  whom  Ihe  loader  waa 
one  Obadiah  Holmea,  all  at  onca  profaaaed  tha  baptiat 
tcnela,  and  aeparaied  from  the  cungrogalion  In  which 
they  had  bi«loiiged,  declaring  that  Ihny  could  no  longer 
take  cuunaii,  or  partake  divine  ordinancea,  with  unbap- 
liaad  men,  aa  they  pronounced  all  iho  other  inhabiianta 
•T  lha  province  to  ba.  The  crroncoua  doclriiie  which 
Ihua  uneipeclcdiy  aprung  up  waa  at  thia  time  regarded 
wilb  peculiar  dreaa  anu  jcalouay,  on  account  of  the 
horrible  enormitiea  of  Mnliincnl  and  practice  with  which 
liia  firat  profeaaora  of  it  in  Ciorinany  had  aaaocialcd  ita 
repute ;  and  no  auoncr  did  Holinca  and  hia  fricnda  eel 
up  a  bapliat  conventicle  for  tlieinaelvtif ,  than  complainta 
of  their  proceedinga,  aa  an  intolerable  nuitance,  came 
pouring  into  Ihe  general  court  from  all  quarlera  of  Ihe 
colony.  Fruin  Ihe  tenor  of  Iheae  complainta,  it  app«ara, 
that  the  influence  of  that  iiifainoua  aaaocialion,  by  which 
Ihe  wretched  Boccold  and  hia  frantic  followera  at  Mun- 
alar  had  alained  and  degraded  the  baptiat  tenela,  alill 
preaerved  ita  force  in  the  minda  of  men,  and  that  the 
profeaaion  of  ihcae  tenela  was  calculated  tu  awaken  ana- 
piciona  of  the  grossest  immorality  of  conduct.  Holmea 
was  accused  of  liaving  dishonored  Iho  Almighty,  not 
only  by  acattoring  his  pcojilo  and  denying  his  o.'dinanca, 
but  by  the  commission  of  prolligato  iiiipuritice,  and  Ihe 
shameful  indecency  with  which  it  was  alleged  Ihal  his 
distinctive  rile  waa  sdiniiiistercd.  It  is  admilted  by 
the  culunial  historians,  that  the  evidence  that  waa  ad* 
dured  in  sup|iort  of  theae  jailer  charges  was  insutSclent 
to  eiiUbliah  ihom.  The  court  at  rirst  proceeded  no 
farther  than  lo  adjudge  Holmes  and  hia  frienda  to  desist 
from  ibeir  unchrialian  separation :  and  they  wero  per- 
niiilrd  10  retire,  having  first,  however,  publicly  declared 
lhal  they  would  follow  out  Ihe  leadings  of  their  con- 
aciencea,  and  obey  Gnd  rather  than  man.  Some  lime 
after,  they  were  apprehended  on  a  Sunday,  while  attend- 
ing llie  preaching  of  one  Clark,  a  baptiat,  from  Rhode 
lalaiid.  who  had  come  to  propagate  his  Icnets  in  Maa- 
iacliuaetla.  The  constables  who  took  them  into  cua- 
taij  carried  them  to  church,  aa  a  mora  proper  place  of 
•bnatian  worabip ;  where  Clark  put  on  his  hat  the  mo- 
moat  that  the  minister  began  lo  pray.  Clark,  Holmes, 
urf  another,  were  aenlenrod  to  pay  small  fines,  or  he 
logg*d :  and  thirty  Issbea  were  actually  inflicted  on 
HowMa,  who  raaolulely  peraiated  in  choosing  a  puniah- 
ment  that  would  enable  him  to  ahow  with  what  con- 
alaney  ho  could  aufler  for  what  he  believed  lo  be  the 
Iratb.  A  law  waa  at  Ihe  aama  time  passed,  subjecting 
to  banishment  from  the  colony  every  person  who  ahould 
•paoly  eondemn  or  oppoae  the  baptiim  of  infanta,  who 


acramani  among  inani.  ■  ai,  even  wiin  lammm 
ir  aitciiualing  cunaularatioM,  it  ia  iaaoaaibi* 
I  the  government  i|f  MaaaaebMnlts  M  ImvIm 
in  thia  iiiaiaiica  the  riahu  oi  eomcifBMi  MM 


ahooU  attempt  lo  aeduca  oihera  ''rem  Iho  uaa  or  appr» 
hatioii  Iherrof,  or  purposely  dr|Mrl  from  ihs  congrega- 
tion when  lhal  rue  waa  adniiiiistrred,  "or  deny  UM 
ordinance  of  tlie  magistraev,  or  iheir  lawful  right  or 
authority  lo  make  war."  V'rom  Iheac  Ual  words  It 
wouM  appear,  that  tha  haptiala  either  held,  or  were  re- 
ported to  hold,  along  with  Ihe  proper  leiiela  fro  i 
whence  they  have  derived  their  denomination,  princi- 
plaa  that  might  well  Im  deemed  adverse  lo  the  slabilily 
of  govarniuent  and  lha  saralv  of  aocialy.  In  addilMHi 
lo  this,  we  are  aaaurad  by  Cotton  Mather,  lhal  it  waa 
the  practice  of  the  anabaptisu,  in  order  lo  strengthen 
Iheir  party  and  manifaal  their  contempt  for  the  clerical 
eongragationa,  lo  receive  at  onca  into  their  body  every 
person  whom  the  established  church  liad  auajiandad 
iroin  ecclesiastical  privilegea  for  liccntiouanaaa  of  con- 
duct, and  even  to  apfioiiil  ihsaa  persona  adminiatralora 
of  the  aacrament  among  them.  Vet,  even  with  Ibeao 
and  other 
to  acquit 

violated  in  thia  iiiaiaiica  the  righi 
made  man  oHenders  for  Iho  idabiy  with  wbicb  thoy 
sdhered  to  what  they  tirmly,  IhoogD  tnonloaaiy,  b^ 
lieved  10  he  Ihe  will  of  Uod,  in  relalioo  of  •  oMller 
purely  eccleaiaalicaL*  Tha  aagermwa  wlthwhkh  avery 
collateral  charge  againal  the  Iwptuu  wiacftdilad  in 
the  colony,  and  Ihe  vohamant  inpatirr.ui  wilb  wbkb 
Iheir  claim  of  toleration  waa  raJMlad,  foreibly  iodwat* 
Ihe  illiberality  and  doluaion  by  wbicb  iheir  jieiaaeaum 
wera  governed ;  and  may  auggaat  to  Ihe  chrialian  pbilo- 
aopher  a  train  of  refleclioua  do  laaa  inatrucliva  than 
intereeling  on  Ihe  aelf-deceil  by  which  iiiiii  ao  com- 
monly inter  Ihe  honotly  of  Iheir  conviciiuiii,  and  tha 
reciiiude  of  their  procoodiiigs,  from  that  n  seniful  per 
lurbaliou  which  far  mora  truly  indicatea  a  aeerat  coii- 
aciouBiieaa  of  injualice  and  iucoDaialency.  Than  ia 
not  a  mora  common  nor  more  uernicious  error  in  tba 
world  than  that  ore  virtue  may  be  practiaed  at  the  ai> 
pense  of  anotlier.  Whore  sincerity  without  cbantv  ia 
proAeaod,  llien  ia  alwaya  laaaoa  to  auafiact  lb*  pwha 
aor  of  a  dishonest  disregard  of  the  aecral  surnuaea  of 

I  owu  apirit. 

It  ia  mortifying  lo  behold  aoch  larea  growing  up  in 
lha  field  lhal  waa  alraady  ao  richly  productive  of  uia- 
sionary  eierlion  and  other  fruiu  of  genuine  and  exalted 
piety.  Tba  aeveriliea  that  were  employed  proved  in 
lha  end  toully  iiieflectual  lo  realrain  the  giowib  of  the 
bapliala'  leneu ;  though  for  the  present  the  profeaaora 
of  theae  doctrinea  appear  to  have  either  desuled  from 
holding  aeparate  assembliea,  or  to  have  retired  from 
Maaaachuaelta.  Some  of  them  proceeded  lo  England, 
and  complained  lo  Cromwell  of  the  persecution  they 
had  undergone ;  but  he  rejected  their  complaint,  and 
applauded  the  conduct  of  Ihe  colonial  auihontiea. 

The  treatment  which  the  quakera  experienced  in 
Masaachusella  waa  much  mora  severe,  but,  at  Ihe  same 
lime,  undoubtedly  much  more  juaily  provoked.  It  ia 
diificull  lor  us,  m  ihe  calm  and  rauunal  demeanor  ot 
the  quakera  of  Iho  present  age,  lo  recogni>u  Ihe  suc- 
ceeaora  of  Ihoaa  wild  enthusiasta  who  lirat  appeared  m 
the  north  of  England,  about  Ihe  year  1644,  and  began 
a  few  yeara  after  to  be  dialinguiahed  by  Ihe  name  of 
quakera.  In  the  mind  of  Ueorgo  Fox,  the  collector  of 
Ibia  aectarian  body  and  the  founder  of  Ibeir  system  of 
doctruie,  there  existed  a  amgular  mixture  of  chrialian 
aenlimeni  and  gospel  truth,  with  a  deep  abade  of  error 
and  deluaion.  Ptolouniily  pioua  and  contemplative, 
but  conslilulionally  visionary  and  bypoclioudriacal,t  be 
appears  at  lirsl  to  have  auapected  that  the  peculiariliea 
ul  hia  menul  impressions  might  have  srisiin  from  some 
malsuy  wluch  advico  could  remove ;  and  an  old  clergy- 
man, to  whom  he  applied  for  counsel,  advised  hini  lo 
seek  a  cure  of  what  was  spiritual  in  his  disorder  by 


*  Tha  baptlsia  who  were  eiUed  from  Maaaachuaaetta  were 
allowed  to  aettle  In  the  colony  of  Plymouth  (Hutchinson,  11. 
478),  whence  It  may  be  slron|iy  Inferred,  that  they  did  not  in 
reality  profess  (aa  they  were  suppoaed  by  the  people  of  Maa- 
aacliuaetta  to  do)  pnnclplea  adveise  to  the  aaiety  of  aocieiy. 
The  charge  probably  orijiinated  in  tha  euravagaoce  of  a  few 
of  their  own  number,  and  lha  Impatience  and  InJuslIca  of 
Ibcir  adversatias. 

t  deveral  sminsnl  christian  Isachera  have  been  alllicled  wkh 
hypochonilrlaeal aAecilons,  and  In  aarsauror  lea' degree  de- 
luded by  Ihs  siranga  impresalona  or  which  ihey  render  Ihe 
mind  auacspllble.  Thsl  great  and  good  man,  David  firainerd. 
in  panicular,  labored  under  this  diaeaae  all  hia  life;  ana 
though  it  did  iiM  affect  hia  viewa  of  doculne,  li  rierclaed  a 
moat  unhappy  Inlluenca  on  hia  aentimenta,  and  produced 
much  uf  what  ia  gloomy  and  vislonery  in  ihe  account  which  he 
composed  of  his  own  experience.  This  Is  expressly  avowed 
by  his  biofraphsr,  Prealdent  Edwsrda,  who  was  Intimately 
aequalnle>rwiih  him.  So  delusive  is  thia  insldiaua  malady, 
that  perhaps  none  of  Its  victiina  haa  evrr  been  aware  how  lar 
he  waa  aubject  to  Ila  inlluance.  Bralnerd*f  partial  conacious- 
neaa  oflt,  prevented  h  fn>D>  euanding  iu  iiiflueoce  from  his 
helhilB  to  Bis  ttiKlsrslanding. 


ainging  paalma,  and  of  what  waa  bodily  liy 
tobacco.  Fox  rejected  both  pane  of  iho  pteeeriMb'i 
aa  unsiiitabla  lo  hia  eondilion,  oecauaa  disagreeslM  la 
hia  taste ;  and  being  now  convinced  that  olhnra  wata 
iiicapaUa  of  uiideraianding  hia  caa*,  ha  look  it  entirel* 
into  bia  own  handa,  and  resolved  lo  chanah,  aludv,  anOi 
if  poaaibia,  cultivate  inio  dialinclne sa  lb*  uninielligibl* 
moliona  ol  his  spirit ;  in  short,  to  follow  lha  leadinga  of 
hia  fancy  aa  far  aa  they  would  carry  him.  Dnanspi- 
riuue  of  morbid  influence,  or  of  the  deceiifulnesa  ul  bia 
own  imagination,  ba  yielded  implieil  crtdeiice  u>  every 
auggeation  of  bia  miinl,  and  waa  given  up  in  an  anisiiiit 
degree  to  lha  deluaioiia  which,  by  pnyer  lo  lha  Al- 
mighty, ha  might  bava  baan  enebled  lo  oveirmna  ani 
dispel.  Yet  lha  povtetful  hold  which  tba  Scnpturaa 
had  already  taken  M  hia  mind,  and  the  alrong  deMrmi- 
nation  lowarda  aolid  and  genuine  piety  which  his  ••lihl 
bad  ibenea  derived,  prevented  him  from  wandering  inlo 
lha  aame  manalroua  extravagance  which  lh«  eondoct  ol 
many  of  hia  aaaoeialea  and  followan  very  speedily 
avinoed.  In  bia  journal,  which  ia  one  of  tbe  most  ro- 
markabia  and  interaaling  producliona  of  the  human 
mind,  ha  haa  faithfully  ralated  the  influanco  which  Ms 
tenela  produced  on  lha  aaulimenle  and  conduct  both  ol 
bimsell  and  hia  followeie.  It  diaplaya  in  many  |iarta  ■ 
wonderful  inaigbt  into  apiritual  things,  toaetfier  wilb 
mimberleaa  inalancea  of  thai  deluaion  by  wnich  he  mia> 
took  a  alrong  paraeption  of  wrong  and  diaorder  in  bo- 
man  naluro  and  civil  soeiely,  for  a  aopamatural  power 
lo  rectify  what  ha  saw  amiss.  He  ralalea  with  perfect 
approbation  many  inatancea  of  contempt  of  decrncv  and 
order  in  hia  own  conduct;  and  of  moat  inaane  and  die- 
gusting  outrage  in  lhal  of  his  followera ;  and  though  ho 
rrprobalea  Ihe  extravaganeiea  of  some  whom  ha  danomi- 
nalea  Ranlir;  it  is  not  easy  lo  diseriminala  between 
the  extravagance  which  ba  aanctiona  and  tliat  which  ha 
eondemne.  Amidat  much  darkness,  then  glimaieia  • 
bright  and  beautiful  ray  of  truth:  many  paasagaa  oi 
Scripture  are  powerfully  illualiated ;  and  labora  of  leai 
and  piety,  of  courage  and  integrity,  are  recoi>lad,  that 
would  do  honor  to  the  minialry  of  an  inspired  apoaila. 
That  hia  pcraonal  character  waa  elevated  and  excellenl 
in  an  unuaual  degree,  appean  from  the  impresaion  it 
produced  on  the  minda  of  all  who  approached  him. 
I'enn  and  Barclay  in  particular,  who  to  Ihe  moat  ami- 
neni  virtue  added  lalcnia  of  the  Irsl  order,  regarded 
Fox  with  the  nlmoat  fondness  and  vcneiation. 

It  was  this  man  who  firat  embraced  and  promulgatad 
Ibnaa  leneu  which  bava  aver  ainca  nma).ied  lha  dia- 
liiictive  prineiplea  of  quaker  doclrine^tbat  lha  ho|y 
Spirit,  instead  of  operating  (aa  tho  generality  of  chria- 
nans  believe  it  in  all  ordinary  eaaea  to  do)  by  insenaibia 
control  of  the  ordinary  mouona  of  llw  mind,  acts  by 
direct  and  acnaibla  impulse  <m  the  apint  of  man  ;  thai 
ita  influence,  inetaad  of  being  obtained  by  prayer  lo 
Him  who  haa  promiaad  lo  bestow  it  on  those  who  aak 
it,  ia  piucuicd  by  an  inlravaraion  of  Ihe  intallettual  eya 
upon  the  mind  where  it  already  reaidea,  and  in  the  aiill- 
neaa  and  wutchful  attention  of  which,  the  bidden  apark 
will  blaie  into  a  clear  inward  light  and  aenaible  flame  ; 
and  that  Ihe  Spirit,  inatead  ol  idmply  opening  tha 
minda  of  men  to  nnderatand  Ihe  Scripturea  siid  i«- 
ceiva  their  lealimony,  can  and  does  convey  instruclioa 
independently  of  the  written  wotd,  and  eommunicaia 
knowledge  which  ia  not  lo  be  found  in  the  Scripturea. 
Theae  dangerous  errors  have  never  been  renounced  by 
the  quakers,  lhoM){h  their  praclai«l  influence  haa  Ions 
since  abated,  and  indeed  had  considerably  dtclined 
before  Ihe  end  of  lhal  century,  about  Ihe  middle  of 
which  they  arose.  In  proportion  aa  thoy  have  been 
cultivated  and  realiied,  haa  been  tbe  progniM  of  tiie 
sect  into  heresy  of  opinion  or  wild  delusion  of  fancy 
and  irregularity  of  conduct :  in  proportion  aa  they  have 
aubaided,  haa  been  the  ascendency  which  real  piety  or 
rational  and  philoaopbical  p/inciple  haa  obtained  over 
Ihe  minds  of  tha  quakera.  Even  in  tbe  preaent  day, 
we  behold  the  evil  influence  of  these  aironeous  doc- 
trines, in  the  fn^juently  silent  meetings  of  the  quakera, 
in  tho  licence  which  Ihey  give  to  woman  lo  aaauma  Iho 
office  of  tuachera  in  Ibe  church,  and  in  the  abobtion  of 
the  aacnmenta  ao  diatinetly  inaliiuted  and  enjoined  in 
Scripture.  But  when  ihaae  doctrinea  wero  nnt  pub- 
lished, Ihe  efi°ecta  which  they  produced  on  many  of 
their  votaries,  far  exceeded  the  infloenea  to  which 
modem  history  restricta  them,  or  which  the  experienea 
of  thia  cool  and  rational  age  finda  it  ruy  to  conceive. 
In  England,  at  that  time,  the  minds  of  mon  wore  in  an 
agitated  uiisettled  elate,  inflamed  with  tba  raya  of 
apeculation,  strongly  endued  with  religioua  aeotuiHiol, 
and  yet  auroiigly  averse  lo  raaliaiut.  The  banda  Ibat 
had  so  long  restrained  liberty  of  apeacb  being  aaddaah 
biuken,  many  crud*  ibouyhta  wMa  aagaily  biaaalML 


Tiie  iiiiioRT  or 


I  liniMnl- 


■i  MNqr  VM«Uw  aatiaiw  thai  h»i  Iom  btm 
lag  ia  Ml  MwMMam  HlmK*  of  lotM  up 
••M  bfaofkl  fertli ;  ind  ill  iIwm  wtr*  pNMnlod  lo 

ndMb 


i 


I  whallMi  bjf  civil  wu,  kiixllMi  bjp  grnt 
■iaroM  w  bjp  tiM  tmi  imldfrmiMl*  dnignt,  iihI  m  m- 
•uMoiMd  Mr  •  bingih  of  lima  lo  •Ami  or  MnMn|iUl« 
IIm  BWd  winriuBg  thtngo*,  that  Uw  diiiincuon  lia- 
Iwaan  apocalalion  and  canaioljr  «raa  gtaally  affaced 
Tho  HaaHytariaoa  alona,  or  nearly  alona,  appear  lo 
ha*a  Mta  ganarally  wdling  to  aubmil  w,  aa  wall  aa  lo 
kapoaa.  raaUainl  on  Um  lawlaaa  Iwaoca  of  apaculalion  ; 
MM  10  Ikon  iha  oualwra,  froni  iba  baglnning,  vara 
■tijoata  of  uomiiad  diaappnbalien  andavan  abhomnea. 
Bol  10  uuHj  oUmi  paraooa,  Ibia  Mw  aahama,  oponing 
•  wUo  Mold  of  anthuaioalie  apaculaiion,  and  praaanling 
itaolf  wiUnul  ibo  roatrieiiveaccompanimani  of  a  craodj 
cihibilod  imaiaiibla  atiraellona,  and  rapidly  abaorbad 
■  giaat  Tarialy  of  boman  cbaraelar  and  faallng.  Uafora 
■any  yeaia  bad  alapaod,  Iha  ranka  of  ibo  quakara  wara 
loeruiladi  and  Ibair  doelriiMia,  witboul  being  aubalan- 
tially  allorad.  waro  mouldtd  Into  a  mora  ayaiamalio 
abapo,  by  aneh  an  aceaiaion  of  pbiloeuphical  volanoa, 
•a,  10  iba  aarly  agea  of  Iha  chnr«h,  chriaiia^ty  iiaalf 
4airiirad  from  ibe  pralandad  adopiion  and  raal  adullar- 
alioa  of  ita  doelrinaa,  by  iha  diiciplea  of  iho  Plalonie 
phUuaophy.  But  it  waa  iha  wildaat  and  moat  ablhuai> 
aalie  dioamara  in  Iba  country,  that  tha  quakar  lonala 
eouulad  among  thnir  aarliaat  «olariaa.  and  to  wbon 
ihoy  alibidad  a  aanction  and  aliinulua  lo  tha  holdoal  ai- 
curaiana  of  lawlaaa  and  uncertain  thought,  and  a  pria- 
'ipio  ibal  «raa  thought  to  couaacrala  tha  moat  imgular 
and  diaordarly  coouucl.  And  accordingly  iheaa  aac- 
uriana,  who  bava  alwaya  profaaaod  and  ineulcalad  tha 
maiima  of  inriolabia  poaca,  who  not  many  yaata  aftar 
wcra  ancounled  a  data  of  phllowphical  daiala  aoeking 
lo  pafa  tha  way  to  a  acheiue  of  natural  religioo,  by 
ahf^riiing  tbe  diatingui^huig  aniclaa  of  the  cbfiatian 
faith,  and  who  are  now  in  general  remarkable  far  a 
ealin  bene'olence  and  a  (Mcuhar  rauioteneaa  from  ovary 
active  ellurt  to  make  proaelytea  to  tbaii  iiwtinrliva 
tenela,  were,  in  the  infancy  of  their  body,  tbo  moat  im- 
petuoua  lealola  and  invoterale  diapulera ;  and  in  their 
eagrmcta  to  proaelytlie  the  world,  and  lo  bear  witneaa 
bum  tlie  iuunlain  of  oracular  lediinony,  which  tbey 
auppoaed  lo  raaide  within  them,  agaiual  a  regular 
miniairy  which  they  called  a  priesthood  of  Baal,  and 
aniiiai  thii  aacranienta  which  ihay  termed  carnal  and 


wapUeawbaiico  Ibay  cam*,  by  ibo  atiM  «aea«la  ibal 
had  brought  them,  and  pioiub'iad  with  Uweata  of  the 
aavereat  penal  mHictiona  Iroin  ever  again  returning  lo 
Iha  colony.  A  law  wm  paaaed  at  Iha  aama  lime  aub- 
jerliiig  every  ahip-inaalar  iinporling  quakera  or  quakcr 
wrilinat  lo  a  heavy  line ;  adjudging  all  quakara  who 
ahoukf  inlrucia  into  the  colony  lo  tiripea  and  labor  in 
the  liuuaa  ol  corracliun,  and  all  defeiHlvra  uf  their  Ivnela 
loAne,  hn|iriaunnianiareiile.  'I'lie fuur aaaociatad  itataa 
concurred  in  Ihia  law,  ami  urgud  the  aulhonlwa  of  Rhode 
lalaiid  to  coKiperale  wiili  tlieiu  in  etommini|  tbe  pro- 
groee  of  quakar  opinieiia ;  but  tha  aaaembly  of  that 
laland  raiunicd  for  anawer,  that  they  could  not  puniaR 
any  man  for  declaring  hie  mind  with  tagard  to  religion ) 
tbat  they  were  much  dialurbed  by  tha  ouakara,  and  by 
tbo  tendency  uf  their  doclrinea  to  diaaolva  all  the  rela- 
liana  of  aociely  ;  but  that  they  found  tbat  Iha  quakara 
dalightad  to  aucountar  peraaeutioOi  quickly  aickened  of 
a  patient  audience,  and  had  already  begun  lo  loalha 
Kbode  laland  aa  a  place  ,wliera  Ihair  talent  nf  patient 
auffartog  waa  compleiely  buried.*  It  ia  much  lo  be 
lainanlad  that  tha  advica  conuined  in  tbia  good-humoied 
latkor  waa  not  adopted.  The  penal  enactmenle  raaorted 
to  by  tha  other  aeitlooMnta,  aerved  only  to  inflame  the 
impaliaoee  of  the  quakar  laatola  to  canv  ibair  leaching 
into  placaa  that  aeenaad  to  them  ao  much  in  need  of  it ; 
and  Iba  paraonat  wbo  bad  bean  diaaupoinlad  in  their 
Aral  attampt  relumad  abnoat  immaaulaly,  and,  di» 
poraing  tbamaalvaa  tbrouyb  tha  cokiny,  began  lo  an- 
nounca  their  myatarioaa  impreaaiona,  and  auccaedad 
in  communicating  Ibain  to  aome  of  tlie  inhabilanta  of 
Salam.  Tliey  wara  aoon  joined  by  Marr  Clarke,  tha 
wife  of  a  tailor  in  I«udoo,  who  announced  that  aba  had 
laA  her  buaband  and  ail  children,  in  order  to  earn  a 
moaeaga  Irom  bnavan,  which  eho  waa  commiaaionad  to 
deliver  lo  New  England.  Inataad  of  joining  with  the 
colonial  miaaionariaa  in  attampta  to  reclaim  the  aavagea 
from  their  batbaroua  auperatiiion  and  profligate  immo- 
ralitiea,  or  tbamaelTaa  proeeouting  aeporate  miaeiona  of 
tbo  aama  daecription,  tbaaa  paopla  raieed  lhair  voicea 
againat  aTary  thing  tbat  waa  moal  highly  approved  and 
revered  in  the  doctrine  and  practice  of  the  colonial 
churchea.  Havin|(  boon  aaiiad  and  flogged,  they  were 
again  diamiaaed  witb  eaverer  thraata  from  tha  colonv, 
and  again  tbay  returned  by  Ibe  llret  veaacla  they  could 
procure.  The  government  and  the  great  body  of  the 
coloniau  ware  incenaad  at  their  pertiuacilv,  and  ahocked 


ioolatroua  obtervancea,  man^  of  them  committed  the  |  ,|  i\^  impreuion  tbey  had  already  produced  on  aome 

,.:__  Li  _L —    .^j __j  j:  _  j__i..   ijVjjjg^j  ^iiij^  jhreatenad  to  corrupt  and  aubvert  a 

ayatem  of  piety  wbote  eelabliabment  and  perpetuation 
eupplied  their  fondoat  raeoUKtiooa,  their  notdaat  anwy- 
mant,  and  moat  enorgetie  deeirea.  [IM7.]  New 
puniabmenta  wara  introduced  into  the  legialatire  enacl- 
menu  apinai  tbe  intmaion  of  <iuakara  and  the  piofea- 
eion  of  quakariem ;  and  in  particular  tha  abaciaaion  of 
an  ear  waa  added  to  tha  former  inefliaetual  aeveritiea. 
[1668.]  Thiee  male  qiiaker  preacbera  endured  the 
rigor  of  thia  oniel  law. 

But  all  the  exertione  of  the  colonial  anihoritiea 
proved  utterly  unavailing,  and  aeemed  rather  to  etimu- 
iat«  the  teal  of  the  obiioiioua  aectariee  lo  encounter  the 
danger  and  court  the  glory  of  peraacuiion.  Clouda  of 
quakera  deacended  upon  the  colouy  ;  and,  violent  and 
impetuoua  in  provoking  peraacuiion,  calm,  reaolute,  and 
inflexihle  in  auauining  it,  they  oppoaad  their  pnwert 
of  endurance  to  their  adveraariea'  power  of  infliction, 
and  not  only  multiplied  their  converta,  but  eieitad  a 
conaidaraUe  degree  of  favor  and  pity  in  the  minda  of 
men  whoae  own  experience  had  Uught  them  to  reaped 
and  eympathiae  with  the  virtue  of  auflering  well  t 


ino«l  revolting  blaapbcmy,  mdecency,  and  diaordarly 
oiiirage.'  The  unfavorable  iapreaaion  tlwt  theae  aetiona 
tieait  d,  long  nurvived  the  axtinetion  of  tbe  freniy  and 
'  itlv  that  produced  them. 

While  HI  purauance  of  their  iiitantiona  to  make 
proaalytea  of  tha  wbolo  world,  eoma  of  tbe  quakera 
pmcecded  lo  Koine,  in  order  to  convert  tho  pope,  and 
othf re  III  Coiiataiitioople,  for  the  purpoae  of  inatructiiig 
i)  e  Oraiid  Turk  ;  a  party  of  them  proceeded  to  Ame- 
rica and  eitabliahed  themaelvea  in  Kbode  laland,  when 
peraona  of  every  religioua  deiiomination  wen  per- 
iniited  lo  e,  ttic  in  peace,  and  none  gave  heed  to  the 
•eniinioute  c  practicaa  of  hie  ncighboira.  From  hence 
they  a,Mn  ma^*  their  way  into  the  Plymouth  territory, 
ivhure  they  a..:cecdad  in  peraoading  aome  of  the 
fieople  to  embrace  the  myatical  diapenaation  of  an  in' 
warl  light  aa  cninpriaing  the  whole  of  religion,  and  to 
O|i|>oac  all  order,  both  civil  and  eccleaiaatieal,  aa  a  vain 
anil  ludailins  aubatitatiOa  of  Ibe  kingitom  of  the  fleah 
for  the  kingcom  of  the  apirit.  On  their  firat  appearance 
in  Maaeaehnteelta,  where  two  male  and  aix  female 
quakera  anived  from  Kbode  Inland  and  Barbadoea, 
tbey  found  that  the  nproach  which  tboir  aect  bad  in- 
curred by  the  inaane  axtnvacance  of  aome  of  ita  mem- 
hera  in  England,  had  praceded  their  arrival,  and  that 
they  wera  cbjecta  of  the  uimoat  teiror  and  dialike  to 
tna  great  bojy  of  tbe  people.  They  were  inalantly  ap- 
■rebended  hy  the  government,  and  diligently  examined 
fir  what  wera  coneidered  bodily  marka  of  witchcraft. 
None  auch  having  been  found,  they  wera  aent  back  to 

•  Tha  (mtj  thai  poaHMed  rnanjr  ofilw  quikitrii  had  reachad 
ka  half  hi  In  iha  yaar  lUS,  tha  rarjr  jnt  In  which  Iha  quakara 
flial  nteacofad  thamaalvaa  in  Maaaachuaeiu.  8aa  tha  procaad- 
lacamiba  HaaaaofConimonaanlnai JamaaNaylor,  aqua. 
kar,  for  blaapliamy.  Huwala  Suia  Triala,  vol.  v.  p.  901. 
Tt'«  anhappy  parann  rapraaanied  himaalfaa  tha  radaamar  of 
Iha  human  nica.    Soma  pankulara  ofhia  franij  ara  ralatad  in 

ZVute  IX.  He  lived  to  recant  hta  anora,  and  avcn  write  ae». 
elbly  In  liafanca  i>r  the  quakar  bodjr,  who  wara  b;  thi.i  lima  in- 
craaalnr  i*  ra<par.iablliir,  and  wata  yet  ao  ma^nanlmoua  aa  to 
acknowiedfaaaafrlandthanian  aho  had  dona  inch  dlaaarvice 
lothalrcauae.  Iilia  raraarkablaaodHirnlHani  fact,  ihai  at 
tbi  very  time  whan  tha  aeparata  laachfns  of  the  apirit  was 
■Mat  eiroiifiT  Inaiaiad  on  hy  tha  quakara,  and  iha  office  and 
■aak  af  die  saviour  or  mankind  or  conaaquenca  laait  alluded 
Mb  aavevalof  thait  awn  maaUxm  (mora  or  laaa  Insane,  no 
4artA  baHevad  iMf  olBca  to  ba  vaaied  in  ihemaelvaa. 


a  Oordon  and  other  writara  have  repreaemed  tha  letter  from 
Rhode  Uiand  lo  Maaaachuneiu  aa  conveying  a  digiiilled  re- 
buke of  intolerance,  and  have  quoted  a  paaaage  to  ihia  elTect, 
which  they  have  iuund  aomawbara  alaa  than  In  the  letter 

"liLr  Wi.,i«n.,  who  c,ntrihu.«l  u.  found  tha  a..,,  of 
Rhoda  bland,  endeavored,  aome  jreara  afler  thIa  period,  to  ex- 
tirpate tha  quakar  hareay,  by  challentinf  aome  of  tha  leadera 
of  tbe  aect,  who  bad  come  out  on  a  nlaaioii  to  their  brethren 
from  England,  to  hold  a  public  dlapiitailon  with  him  on  lhair 
leneta.  They  accepted  hia  challenge,  and  their  historlana  aa- 
aura  ua  that  tha  diaputation,  which  iaatad  for  aaverat  days, 
ended  "  In  a  clear  conviction  of  the  envy  and  prejudice  of  the 
old  man."  Oough  and  Sewel,  ii.  1S4.  It  la  more  probable 
that,  Ilka  olher  public  disputationa.  It  ended  aa  It  began. 

(  Except  one  oflho  women,  Mary  Flaher,  who  travailed  to 
Adrianople,  and  had  an  iniorvlaw  with  the  Orand  Vliier,  hy 
whom  ahe  waa  received  with  couneoua  reapecL  Bishop,  liia 
quaker,  in  his"  New  Enijland  Judged."  obaervea  that  ahe 
fared  lieller  among  healhenx  tiLin  her  aasociates  did  among 
prnfeising  ClirNliana.  He  Wat  perhaps  not  aware  ihal  ihe 
Ttirki)  regard  insane  persons  as  inspired.  But  whether  insane 
or  not,  she  was  not  alloirflher  divested  of  a  prudential  concern 
f<»r  her  own  safety  ;  for  "  when  they  asked  her  what  ahe 
thought  of  their  prophet  Mahomet,  ahe  made  a  cauiloua  reply, 
that  aha  knew  him  not." 

t  A  atory  ia  told  by  Whitelocka,  p.  i9S,  atronsly  Ulualradve 


anal 
correction,  they  refuaed  to  work  i  when  ibav  «t«M  eal» 
jeeted  10  Hnee,  tliey  nfuard  to  pey  ihem.     In  Iho  h^w 
of  enforcing  compliance,  Ihe  court  edjiidgad  twn  ol 
Iheen  contumacluua  |ieraona  to  be  aold  aa  alavee  in  lb* 
Weal  Indiee  ;  but  aa  even  Ihia  appalling  priiapert  eouM 
not  move  their  atublwrn  reeolitlion,  the  louri,  inalead 
of  axeeuling  ita  inhuman  llireat,  tvcartrd  to  iha  una- 
vailing device  of  baniahing  Ihein  beyond  ila  juriadiclton 
It  waa  by  no  alighl  nroviKaliiina,  that  the  tiuakera  at- 
tracted theae  ana  adilitional  aeveritiea  upon  iheniaelvra, 
Men  trembled  for  the  feith  and  morale  nf  their  familioa 
and  their  (kieiida,  whan  they  heard  llie  blaaphenioiia 
denunciallona    that   wera    uttered    againal  "a  carnal 
Chrial  i"  and  when  Ihey  beheld  the  Iranlie  and  inde- 
cent outragea  that  were  prompted  by  ihe  myatlual  im- 
Eraeelona  vrtiich  tha  quakera  inculcated  and  profrard  to 
a  guided  by.    In  pubUe  aaeamMiaa,  and  in  crowded 
atieeta,  it  waa  tho  practica  of  aome  of  the  i|iiakeni  to 
denounce  the  meet  iremendoue  manifealalioni  of  divine 
wralh  on  the  peopio,  unleee  ihey  foraook  their  carnal  aya- 
tem. Otheie  iiilerrupled  divine  eervict  of  the  churchea, 
hy  calling  aloud  that  thaea  wen  nut  the  eaoriAcea 
that  God  would  accept ;  and  one  of  them  enfaicnl  this 
aaaunnce  by  hraakin^  two  botllaa  in  ihe  face  of  the 
congregation,  exclaiming,  "  Thua  will  the  l«rd  |ireak 
yoo  in  piecea."    lliey  declared  that  Iha  Kiipturca 
wen  nplete  with  allegory,  that  tha  inward  liKhl  waa 
Ibo  onlv  InfalliUa  guide  to  religioua  truth,  and  that  all 
wara  VuU  ttuU  and  liart  who  denied  it.     Thi  female 
praaehara  far  exceeded  their  male  aaaociatea  in  (oily, 
freniy,  and  indataney.    One  of  ibam  praeontod  benall 
to  •  congragalion  with  her  fere  begrimed  with  coal 
duet,  announcing  it  aa  an  emMem  of  Iki  Mart  pox, 
which  heaven  had  commiaaioned  her  to  thraalen  a«  an 
approacbingjudgment  on  all  carnal  worahi|ipen.    Soma 
of  Ihem  in  rueful  atlin  panmhulaled  the  alreeta,  de- 
claring the  immadiato  coming  of  an  angel  with  a  drawn 
awortTto  plead  with  tha  peopn    'One  woman  anterad 
atarli  naked  into  a  chunh  in  iho  middle  of  divine  eer- 
vice,  and  deeiied  tho  people  to  take  heed  lo  her  aa  a 
aign  of  the  limea ;  and  her  aaaociatea  hiuhly  exiulled 
her  enbmiaaion  lo  the  inward  light,  that  had  ravealed  to 
her  the  duty  of  axpoeing  Iba  naliedneaa  of  olhera  hy  tho 
indecent  oxhibilion  of  ner  own  |ieraon.     Another.wat 
artoatod  aa  ahe  waa  making  a  aimilar  diaplay  in  the 
aimete  of  Salem.     Tbo  horror  that  theae  inaane  enor- 
mitiee  wera  fitted  to  inapira,  waa  inflamed  into  tlie  moat 
vehement  indignation,  bv  tbe  deliberate  manner  in 
whieb  they  were  defended,  and  the  diagualing  profanity 
witb  which  Scriptura  waa  linked  in  impura  aaaociatiou 
with  every  thing  that  wee  odioua,  ridieuloua,  and  con- 
temptible.    Among  their  other  aingulariiiea,  the  qua- 
kera exemplified  and   inculcated  toe  forbearance  ol 
evory  mark  of  laapect  to  courta  and  magiatralea :  ihny 
declared  that  govemore,  judgea,  lawyera,  and  conata- 
blea  wera  treee  that  muat  be  cut  down  ihal  the  tru* 
light  might  have  leave  toahine  and  apace  to  rule  ahine ; 
arid,  forgetting  to  what  diabolical  enda  quotation  of 
Scriptura  haa  Been  made  auhaervient  they  freely  indul- 
ged every  contumacioua  whimeey,  which  they  could 
connect,  however  abaurdly,  with  the  language  of  iha 
Bible.    One  woman  wbo  waa  aommonea  before  tho 
court  lo  anawer  for  aome  extravagance,  being  deaired 
to  tell  where  ahe  lived,  rafuaed  to  give  any  other  an- 
awer than  that  ehe  lived  in  God,  "  for  in  him  we  live, 
and  move,  and  have  our  being."     I/Cltcra  replete  with 
coarae  and  virulent  railing  were  addreaacd  by  other'  to 
the  magiatntea  of  Boaton  and  Plymouth.     Such  waa 
the  inauapiciotia  outaet  of  the  quakera  in  America  ;  a 
country  where,  a  few  yeara  after,  under  the  guidanco 
nf  better  judgment  and  feeling,  thev  were  dvatined  ti 
extend  the  empire  of  piety  and  lieiicvol»nce,  and  to 
found  eatabliahmenta  that  have  been  largely  productive 
of  happineaa  and  virtue. 

It  haa  been  auerted  by  aome  of  the  modem  apo 
loiiala  of  the  quakera,  that  theao  frantic  imgularitiea, 
which  excited  oo  much  indignation,  and  produced  auch 
tragical  conaaqueneea,  wera  committed,  not  by  genuine 
quakera,  but  by  the  nnlen  or  wild  eepantiaU  Irom  tbo 


of  the  ainguiarily  with  wiiich  the  quakera  of  thaoa  timaa  com 
bined  all  that  was  frantic  in  action  with  all  that  waadifulllul 
and  allectinc  In  suffering.  Some  nuakara  at  Haainfton  in 
Nonhuniberland,  having  inierrnpied  a  minister  employed  it; 
divine  aervico,  were  aeverely  beaten  by  Ihe  people.  Inataail 
of  realatlng,  thav  went  out  of  the  church,  and  falling  on  their 
knecB,  besought  Ood  to  panloo  their  neraeculora,  who  knew 
not  what  ihey  did  ;  and  allerwards  addressing  the  people,  so 
convinced  them  of  the  cruelty  of  their  violence,  thai  thair  au- 
ditors fell  a  quarralilng  among  thamsalvea,  and  beat  one  ano- 
ther more  than  thoy  hail  formerly  beaian  tha  quakara.  Theae 
snrtariana  would  saem,  inilaetl,  to  have  Imltaiod  Iha  prephata 
of  tha  Old  Teaument  In  pvoveklns  their  ttm,  and  Um  eblMai'J 
apootlaa  and  martrra  In  endurlai  It. 


f" 

nf 

in 

am 

froi 

est 

tain 

tna 

qua 

aiDi 

writ 

com 

cipli 

aiiffi 

Ihe 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


'genuine 
•tt  tram  tbo 

I  timci  com 
waa  difliiflej 
Hailngtan  In 
•mploytd  In 

fila.  InnleAil 
lln(  on  IkBic 
H,  who  knew 
»  pmpit,  M 
hai  Ihalr  (u- 
icatona  ano- 
kara.  Theaa 
Iha  imphaia 
IUMChriM>'J 


^mIM  bacjr.  Of  llMia*  nntara,  inilMd,  ■  vary  larK^ 
piopertlnn  iitpearlo  have  beukan  ihi>iii>«lvi>n  ici  Ania- 
rira ;  ttlncled  chlaHy  l>y  th«  ||lory  o(  |ii'r>«niiion,  liiil 
In  aoma  inatancaa,  |Mrlia|i«  by  Ihe  ho|i«  of  allaininii 
•ninng  their  hrelhreii  in  Ihal  coiiiilrv  a  ihaiinutioii 
rroin  which  Ihey  were  ex^liiili-d  in  Krijilainl  by  the 
ettabliahail  pre-oininence  nf  (Josrur  Foi  *  li  i«  cnr- 
lam,  howrvfr,  that  theae  f)i*r«ona  aaNiiinDd  ihn  narni*  of 
iiiakara.  and  Iracrd  all  tlmir  freiiiy  to  tiie  |iruiiliar 
qiiaker  priii«i|ila  of  aeekinji  wilhin  Iheinaelvaa  Tor  leii- 
■loia  BilinonllillMM  nf  the  a|>iril,  indepenilonl  of  Ihe 
written  word.  And  many  acaiidalaiia  outraKea  were 
eonintMtnd  by  iieiaona  whoae  profcaaion  of  iinakcr  nrin- 
eiptaa  waa  revogniiad  by  Ihe  qiiakor  body,  and  whoae 
aiifleringe  are  nrliled.  and  their  frenajr  applauded,  by 
Ihe jwna  of  qiiaker  writera, 

Eiaaperatnl  by  the  r«|ietitifln  and  inereaaa  of  Iheie 
enofmitiea,  and  ihe  eitriit  lo  which  the  coniaiiian  of 
the  principle  whence  thuy  aeeincd  to  ariae  waa  pro- 
paiatinn  '"<'''  '"  ''"'  <-°olany,  Ihe  uiaiiialriitea  of  Mae- 
lachiiaaetla  at  ienglh,  in  Ihe  clnie  of  thia  year,  iiitro- 
•liii-cd  a  law,  denoiinrJnK  iho  piiiiialiinent  of  death  upon 
■II  qiia'iera  rotiiriiinu  from  baniahinoiil.  Tliia  liw  innt 
with  iniich  oppoaition ;  and  inany  peraona,  who  would 
have  haiirded  their  own  livoa  lo  eitirpale  the  opiniona 
of  the  qiiakera,  aolrmnly  proieated  a)tainal  the  cruelly 
of  ahnddini;  their  blood,  tt  waa  at  lirat  rejertod  by 
the  depiitit-a,  and  finally  carried  by  the  narrow  majority 
of  a  ainiiln  voice.  In  the  courae  of  the  two  following 
yoara,  [IDAU,  lASO,]  thia  law  waa  carried  inio  elocu- 
tion on  three  aeparala  occaaiona,  when  four  nuakora, 
three  men  and  a  woman,  were  piil  lo  death  al  Boatoii. 
It  doea  not  appear  that  any  of  Iheae  unfortunate  per- 
aona had  been  guilty  of  Ihe  outragea  which  the  conduct 
of  many  of  their  brethren  had  aaaociated  with  Ihe  pro- 
feaaion  of  quakeriain.  Oppreaaed  by  the  prejudice 
which  had  been  created  by  the  frantic  conduct  of  oihora, 
Ihey  wete  adjudged  to  die  for  returning  from  bainth- 
(lent  and  continuing  to  preach  the  quakcr  doclrinea. 
In  rain  the  court  entreated  them  to  accept  ■  pardon  on 
condition  of  abandoning  for  ever  Iho  colony  from 
which  they  had  been  rc|ieatcdly  baniahed.  They  an- 
awered  by  reciting  Ihe  heavenly  call  to  continue  there, 
which  on  varioua  occaaiona,  they  aaid,  had  aounded  in 
their  eare,  in  the  Aalda,  and  in  their  dwellings  diatinclly, 
ayllabliiig  their  namea,  and  whiipering  their  prophetic 
offlee  and  'be  acene  of  ila  eiercise.t  When  they 
were  roiiduited  lo  the  acaflbld,  their  demeanour  evinced 
the  moat  iiiHesiblo  leal  and  courage,  and  their  dying 
dcclaratinna  breathed  in  general  Ihe  most  aublime  and 
alTecting  piety.  Theae  eaeculiona  excited  a  great 
clamor  againat  the  government,  many  (loraona  were 
offended  by  Ihe  repreaentation  of  aeveritiee  againat 
which  the  eatabliahiiicnt  of  the  colony  itacif  aeemed 
intended  lo  bear  a  iicrpetual  teatimony  ;  and  many 
were  lou-hcd  with  an  indignant  compaaaion  for  Ihe 
■ufferinga  of  the  quakcra,  that  effaced  all  recollection 
i>f  the  indignant  alaguat  that  their  principlea  had  here 
lofore  iniipired.  The  ppoplv  began  to  flock  in  ctowda 
lo  the  priione,  and  loud  the  uiirortunate  quakera  with 
diMnnnatratinn  nf  kiiidiicaa  and  pity.  The  magiatralea 
published  a  very  atrung  vindication  of  their  proeeedlnga, 
for  the  aatiafaclion  of  their  fcllow-cilizena  and  of  iheir 
ftienda  in  other  counlriea,  who  unil'id  in  blaming  them ; 
but  at  lixigth  the  riaing  aentimeiita  of  humanity  and 

*  One  or  the  moMniifflil  nrthrae  KptiraitiiM  waa  John  Perrol, 
who,  ill  order  to  convon  ili«  Poiw,  had  made  a  jutirney  to 
Italy,  where  he  wan  cnnllnod  Tit  some  time  aii  a  luitaiic.    This 

frreerulion  prcally  enilr.arpd  him  to  the  quakera,  atid  exahed 
ini  10  much  ill  hia  own  e»te(*ni  that  he  b«ea:i  to  roimifler  him- 
aeir  more  eiili^hteml  thnii  Ueorite  Fox.  He  prevniird  with  a 
CODHJderatilft  party  in  the  vcct  to  wear  Ion;  beanU,  and  t;i  re* 
feci  the  practice  oriincovri-ln;  Iheir  heads  in  time  of  prayer  na 
a  mm  l^innallty.  Fox  having  aticrredeil,  hy  dint  of  fireal  ex- 
ertions, ill  stenimtiiK  these  innovations,  PerrfX  betook  himself 
lo  America,  where  he  apiwarn  to  have  multiplied  hia  ausurdl* 
liee,  and  yet  propai-nted  them  among  Ihe  quakera  to  an 
amating  extent.  Varioua  missions  were  undertaken  by 
Oeoifo  Fox  and  other  Enellsh  quakera  to  reclaim  their 
brethren  in  America  from  the  errors  of  Perrol,  who  flnnlly 
abandoned  every  pretence  to  quakerism,  and  became  a 
atrenaous  aa^ertorof  the  oheervances  against  which  he  had 
formerly  borne  testimony.  Ooufh  and  Sewell's  Hlat.  of  the 
Quakers,  (adli.  1193.)  i.  161—10)  ;  H.  lil.  lit,  lie. 

t  The  firat  quakera,  instead  of  following  the  apostolic  in- 
)unct|.m  to  Chnstians,  that  when  persecuted  In  one  city  they 
ahottld  flee  tu  another,  seem  to  have  found  stroiig  attractions 
In  the  eroapect  of  persecution.  One  of  those  who  were  put 
«o  death  declared,  that  as  he  was  holding  the  plough  in  York 
ablra,  he  waa  tjirected  by  a  heavenly  voice  to  leave  his  wife 
and  onldren,  and  proceed  to  Batbadoes ;  but  hearing  of  the 
banlabmanl  ef  the  quakera  from  New  England,  and  of  the 
aeveir  puniahments  Inflicted  on  persons  retiirnmg  there  ancr 
eaniah'nent,  he  began  to  ponder  on  the  probaliilily  of  his  re- 
eelvinK  a  spiritual  direction  to  proceed  iliithcr,  and  very  soon 
alter  received  it  accoidingly.  Tomkinv' and  Kendal'a  Lives, 
■ervlcea,  and  dying  Sayings  of  liie  QuHkeri,,  vol.  I. 

n*  woman  who  was  executed  waa  Mary  Dyer,  who  twenty 
TCWJ  kefore,  had  been  a  follower  of  lira.  Hulcbinion,  and  a 
iMMtat  MNow  IniUiia. 

18 


juatice  illained  aitch  general  ami  forcible  pievilane*  ;  from  :h«l  euetom  which  ill  rihtn  «m  tc 

aa  lo  overpower  all  opiKiaiiiim.  Un  the  trial  of  Jjidilra,  pay  Uy  the  favor  of  Creinwell,  M,  Iha 
the  laal  of  the  aull'erera,  anolhci  quaker  nainid  Wen-  .  urdinancea  of  Ihe  l,nng  Parliament,  of  whkh  the  Mbi^ 
lock  (^bristison,  wliu  bad  bi en  banisbid  ii|i«n  pain  of  |  plantationa  had  reaaon  lo  complain,  were  nM  tiifgit«4 
deiih,  caiiiv  boldly  into  court  with  hia  ha*  on,  and  le-  !  auainat  Iham,  and  Ihey  continued  lo  Irad*  whomnr 
protchi'd  the  niagisiratca  fur  ihedding  innocent  blood  I  they  pleased.  Theaa  pellicular  cansea,  which  had  coin- 
lie  waa  taken  Iniu  custody,  and  aooii  after  put  U|ion  { bined  lo  promote  the  |.roapcrity  which  New  England 


his  iriul.  Uring  called  to  plead  lo  hia  indictment,  he 
iluairnd  to  know  by  what  law  lliey  tried  bun.  When 
the  laal  enaclinnnt  againat  the  quakere  waa  eited  lo 
him,  he  asked,  Who  •iii|MWered  them  to  make  that  law, 
and  wliellier  il  were  nol  repugnant  lo  the  juriaprudence 
of  England  I  The  goveruor  very  inapiioailivcly  an- 
awerud,  that  there  waa  a  law  in  Kngland  that  appointed 
Jeeuita  to  be  hanged.  Bui  Chrialiaon  replied,  lhal  they 
did  not  even  accuao  him  of  being  a  Jeaiiit,  but  ao- 
kiiowladged  him  to  he  a  quaker,  and  that  there  waa  no 
law  in  Ungland  that  made  quaketiam  a  capital  oirunce. 
The  court,  however,  overruled  hia  plea,  and  the  jury 
found  him  guilty.  When  aentence  of  death  waa  pro- 
nounced upon  him,  he  doeired  hie  judgee  to  coneider 
what  they  liad  gained  by  iheir  cruel  proeeedlnga  againat 
Ihe  quakera.  "  For  the  last  man  thai  was  put  todvath," 
aaid  he,  "  here  are  live  come  in  bia  room  ;  and  if  you 
have  power  to  take  my  life  from  me,  Oud  can  raiae  up 
Ihe  aaine  principle  of  life  in  ten  of  hia  aervanta,  and 
aend  them  among  you  in  mv  roum,  that  you  may  have 
torment  u|)on  torment."  The  talent  and  energy  die- 
played  by  thia  man,  who  aeema  to  have  been  greatly 
auporior  in  mind  lo  iho  bulk  of  hia  aectarian  aaaoei- 
atea,  produced  an  inipreaaion  which  conid  nnt  he  with- 
atood.  The  law  now  plainly  api>earcd  to  be  unsup- 
ported by  public  coiiBont,  and  the  magistratia  hastened 
to  interpoae  between  the  aentence  and  ita  eicculion. 
Chiiatiaon,  and  all  the  other  quakera  who  were  in  cua- 
lody,  were  forthwith  reloaaed  and  sent  beyond  the  pre- 
cinclB  of  the  colony  ;  and  aa  il  waa  impoaaible  lo 
prevent  them  from  returning,  only  the  minor  puniah- 
menla  of  flogging  and  reiterated  exile  were  employed. 
Even  theae  were  gradually  rclaieil  aa  Ihe  quakcra  be- 
came gradually  a  more  orderly  people :  and  in  the  firat 
year  after  the  reatoratioii  of  '^harlea  Ihe  Second,  even 
thia  degree  of  peraeciitlon  waa  auipended  by  a  letter 
from  the  king  to  Mr.  Endicol,'  and  the  other  govemora 
of  lha  New  England  acttlementa,  requiring  that  no 
quakera  ahould  thenceforward  undergo  ^nv  corporal 
puniahment  in  America,  but  if  charged  with,  olfencea 
that  might  aeem  lo  deaerve  eiirh  inlliclion,  they  ahould 
bo  remitted  for  trial  to  England.  Happily  the  moder- 
ation of  the  colonial  governmenia  waa  more  perma- 
ment  than  the  policy  of  the  king,  who  letractcd  hia  in- 
lerpoeilion  in  ImImU  of  the  quakera  in  tha  courae  of 
the  following  year. 

The  peraecution  which  waa  thua  put  an  and  to  waa 
not  equally  aevere  in  all  the  New  England  atatea :  tha 
quakere  aufTercd  moat  in  Maaaachuantta  and  Plymouth, 
and  cotnparativelv  little  in  Connecticut  and  Nawhaven. 
it  waa  only  in  Maaaachuaelta  that  tha  law  inflicting 
capital  puntahmcnt  upon  them  waa  enacted.  At  a  lale 
period,  Ihe  lawa  relating  to  vagabond  ijuaktrt  were  ao 
far  revived,  that  quakera  dialurbing  public  aaaembliea, 
or  violating  public  decency,  were  aubjected  to  corporal 
chaatiaement.  But  little  oceaaion  ever  again  occurred 
of  enforcing  these  sevcritiea  ;  the  wild  ezcureioiia  of 
the  quaker  apirit  having  general'y  ceaacd,  and  Ihe 
quakera  gradually  aubaiding  into  a  decent  and  orderly 
aubmiaainn  to  all  the  lawa  cicept  auch  aa  related  10  the 
militia  and  the  aupport  of  the  ministry  ;  in  their  acru- 
plea  aa  to  which,  the  legialature,  with  correaponding 
modcniion,  consented  to  indulge  theni.t 

During  the  lung  period  that  had  clapaed  aince  the 
cointncncemeni  of  the  Engliah  civil  ware,  lha  atatea  of 
Now  England  had  coniiniied  etcadily  and  rapidly  to  ad- 
vance ill  Ihe  iticrcaae  of  their  numbers,  and  the  enlarge- 
ment of  their  territoriea.  They  were  aiirrounded  with 
abundance  of  cheap  and  fertile  land,  and  aecured  in  the 
poaaesaion  of  iheir  religioue  pnvilcgea,  and  of  civil  and 
IMilitical  freedom.  'I'he  people  were  exempted  from 
the  payment  of  all  taxea  except  for  ihe  aupport  of  their 
internal  government,  which  waa  adminietcred  with 
great  economy  ;  and  they  enjoyed  the  extraordinary 
privilege  of  importing  commoditica  into  England  free 


*  Endicot  was  In  an  especial  degree  the  object  of  dlalike  to 
Charles  Ihe  8eco;id.  Hntciun^on  relates  that  be  had  seen  a 
toller  from  the  Secretary  of  state  soinetiino  after  this  period, 
containine  an  intimation,  that  **  tiie  king  would  take  it  well  If 
the  pcoplu  would  leave  out  Mr.  Endicot  from  the  place  of  go- 
vernor,*    Ittiti'hinson.  vol.  I.  p.  17. 

t  Mather,  II.  vii,  Cap.  iv.  Neal,  I.  SOI— S«7.  303—339.  Hut- 
chinson, I.  le9-oOJ.  ond  Append,  p.  6211.  Chalmers,  HU. 
Hazard.  11.  563.  .^68.  5t10.  An  explosion  of  Ihe  ancient  frenzy 
occurred  aniona  some  professing  quakers  In  ConneL-ticut  in 
the  beginning  oi  the  eighteenth  ceittury :  but  it  waa  partial  and 
abort  Uved. 


had  attained  al  tha  Keaioration,  contrihuled  propanien- 
ally  lo  overcaal  lha  proapeela  which  lhal  avani 
awakenml.  There  waa  tha  alrongeat  reaaon  M  axpaet 
an  abridgameni  ol  eommereial  advanlaaee,  and  lo  trem- 
ble for  the  aacurily  of  raligioua  and  poTilieal  ptivilegaa. 
Varioua  other  cirenmalancea  con'ributad  to  retard  lha 
recognition  of  lha  royal  aulhority.  On  tha  death  n( 
Cromwell,  tha  roloniala  had  bean  urged  to  recogniaa, 
firat  hie  eon  Richard  aa  pralecior,  afterwarda  tha  Long 
Parliament,  which  for  ■  ahorl  lima  raaumad  ita  iulh»- 
rity,  and  aubaequenlly  lha  Coniroittea  of  Safely,  aa  tha 
■overaign  authoritv  of  Ensland.  But,  doubtful  of  Iho 
alability  of  any  of  theaa  forma  of  adminialralion,  they 
had  prudently  declined  to  commit  Ihemaelvea  by  any 
declaration.  In  the  month  of  July,  tha  arrival  of  it 
veaael,  on  board  nf  which  were  flenerala  Whaley  und 
Clolfe,  Iffo  of  the  lale  king'a  judges,  announced  tha 
reatoration  of  Charlee  the  Second  :  but  no  authoriiativa 
or  ulTicial  coinmunication  of  thia  event  waa  received, 
and  England  waa  reprr tented  aa  being  in  a  very  unaot- 
tlcd  and  distracted  conililion.  'I'he  colony  hail  no  in- 
ducement lo  imitale  Virginia  in  a  premature  Jeelara- 
lion  for  Ihe  king:  and  while  farther  intelligeii.e  waa 
anxiously  expected,  Whaley  and  OoHe  were  freely  per- 
mitted lo  travel  through  tlio  alatea,  and  to  accept  tha 
friendly  atieiilioiia  which  many  persona  tendered  lo 
them,  and  with  which  Charica  afterwarda  bitterly  la- 
prnachcd  the  colony. 

Al  length  ducialve  intelligence  waa  received  that  lha 
rnyal  authority  waa  firmly  eatablishcd  in  England,  and 
that  cumplainta  againat  the  colony  nf  Maaaachuaetle 
had  been  preaentril  by  varioua  royalista,  quakera,  and 
other  adveraariea  of  ila  inalilntiona  or  admiiiiatralinn,  to 
the  privy  council  and  the  houaea  of  parliament.     A 

Seneral  court  waa  immediately  convened,  and  an  ad- 
reaa  voted  to  the  king,  in  which,  with  conaiderabia 
ability,  and  with  that  confoinilty  which  they  aludied 
lo  the  language  of  Scripture,  tliry  justified  their  whole 
conduct,  iiroleaaed  a  dutiful  attachment  tu  iheir  aove- 
reign,  and  entreated  hia  protection  and  favor,  which 
ihey  declared  ihemaelvea  Ino  more  willing  In  hope  from 
one   who,  having  been  himaelf  a  wanderer,  waa  no 
atranger  to  the  lot  and  the  feelinga  of  exilea.     Having 
defended  their  proeeedlnga  againat  the  quakera,  by  a 
auinmary  of  lha  heretical  doclrinea  and  aeditiona  and 
indecent  axceaaea  which  theae  aeclariea  bad  introduced 
into  lha  colony,  Ihey  daairad  penniaaion  to  ha  heard  in 
their  own  vindication  againat  every  other  charge  that 
might  ba  preferred  againat  them.    *■  IjOI  nol  tno  king 
hear  men'a  worda,"  iKey  aaid  ;  "  your  aervanta  ara  tiua 
men,  fearera  of  God  end  the  king,  and  not  given  to 
change,  lealoua  of  govemment  and  order,  orthodox  and 
peaceable  in  laraef     We  are  not  ardilioua  aa  to  tha 
mtereal  of  Cnaar,  nor  achiamatica  aa  to  mattere  of  re- 
ligion.    We  dialinguiah  between  churchea  and  tbeii 
imuuritiea ;  between  a  living  man,  though  not  withont 
aickneaa  and  infirmity,  and  no  man,    Irrcgularitiea 
either  in  ouraelves  or  othcra  wo  desire  may  be  amended. 
We  could  not  live  without  the  worship  of  God  :  wa 
ware  not  permitted  the  uae  of  public  worahip  without 
auch  a  yoke  of  aubacription  and  conformity  aa  wa  could 
not  conaent  unto  wilhmit  sin.     That  we  might,  there- 
fore, enjoy  divine  worahip  without  human  mixturea, 
without  ulTence  either  to  God  or  man,  or  our  con- 
sciencea,  we,  with  leave,  but  not  without  teira,  de- 
parted from  our  country,  kindred,  and  fathera'  houaea, 
into  thia  Patinoa."    They  aaaimilated  Iheir  aeceaaion 
from  England  lo  that  of  "  the  good  old  nonconformiat 
Jacob,"  from  Syria ;  but  declared  that  "  the  providen- 
tial exception  of  ua  thereby  from  the  late  ware  and 
temptation  of  either  party,  we  account  aa  a  favor  from 
Gotl."    They  aolicited  the  king  to  protect  their  aecle- 
aiaatiral  and  civil  inatituiiona,  declaring  that  they  con- 
aidered  the  chief  value  of  the  latlej  to  conaiat  tii  tbeil 
subservience  to  the  enjoyment  of  religimia  liberty.     A 
similar  addrcaa  waa  made  to  parliament ;  and  letten 
were  written  lo  Lord  Manchoater,  Lord  Say  and  Sale, 
and  other  peraona  of  dialinction,  who  were  known  to 
be  frienda  of  the  colony,  aoliciting  their  inleipoaitton  in 
ita  behalf.     I,everel,  the  agent  for  the  colony,  waa  in- 
atructed,  at  the  aame  time,  lo  uae  every  effort  to  pro- 
cure a  continuance  of  the  exomptiou  from  cuatoma 
which  it  had  hitherto  enjoyed.     But  before  he  had  timt 
to  make  any  auch  vain  attempt,  tha  pailiamaot  bad  a)> 
taady  Mtablithed  lha  dutica  of  tonnage  and  pwndaga 


TRI  HIITORT  Of 


ftrMt 


•fllMtNoii.    TvailM  MMndt 


II 


•4  ^liwkiM,  (IMI.]  MIMI- 

fftiU  ifj*  lim  Im  >lw  iwiilimriii  «f  yrktky  ud 


Mb.    TMt  fMmH  JMv  af  tiMr  tMlM  |Mml 

jTM  ikMk«i*la|  wi 
to  mIwmM|*  Ik*  hfw  af  Hm*mi  in  mof  ing  ik* 


4  ^fMMl  ( 
MM  tMjr 


WM  tpfiilllW, 


kMrt  tf  Ik*  kiM  I*  T*«*if*  uti  ImUd*  i*  Um  4Mii«t 
•rik*pMpU.  Wiik i*|m4  M  Wktitjf  in4  0*flb, ih* 
•aUnkl  aMkaflli**  wan  fNMh  p««fl*n4  kMw***  ik* 
p*rfacim  af  •  4M]r  wMtk  M  wm  (wywiIkU  I*  d*- 
alia*,  u4  laiuaiaaa*  to  kalny  to  a  kamki*  fato  Iw* 

MMI  WkO  Ml  tolMy  DMM  MMSDMV  W   ft  flftTftfWnMfll 

maaalii*  !•  aU  Ika  BrMak  ilaaiiMat,  «k*  kad  a«t 
to  Naw  Eaglaad  a*  aa  iavMaki*  aaaoluaijr  (torn  reyil 
Tianawta,  aa4  k«4  k**a  t*ia«BH»4»<  w  ikair  klnd- 
MM  kjr  iMlan  Aaai  Ika  mm  aaiiMM  of  Ik*  En|luk 
iBdipiadart  niiiUan.  It  k  laoatalljr  Mip|iaM4,  ind 
k  kigklir  pwk«kla,  Ikal  intiiMlton  wu  aonveycd  lo 
ttaaa  MifMaabaf  ika  ardan  ikat  kad  k*«n  raeairtd ; 
•lid,  rilkaagk  wtnaM*  br  ikair  appwkanwow  war* 
iMuad,  aad^jr  ika  indutujr  of  ika  rajrillM  •  diliganl 
•nick  (k  lk*ir  panona  wia  inaliwtod,  Ikay  vara  ana- 
Mad,  ky  Ika  aMiaUnca  of  ikair  friandi,  ky  oiilarou* 
anaioo  from  alata  l*  Mala,  and  ky  alriel  aaeli.aion,  lo 
m^  ikeir  dajrt  in  Naw  En|Und.* 

Bai  ii,«  ipjwakanaimia  wkick  Ik*  eokmiala  kad  ori- 
(inallT  *iilinaiiiad  cf  dangar  to  ikair  inatiluliona  in 
•kttick  and  alala  »ai*  nritdiljr  ravit cd  hj  inlalliganca 
Ikal  raaaliod  Ikam  fiam  Ennland  of  Ika  lapraaantationa 
*Hal  ivara  daily  and*  to  Ikair  prajudiaa,  ai  the  eounte- 
•anea  Ikal  ihaaa  rapraaanlatioiia  viaiUy  rae«iTad  from 
Ika  king,  and  of  ika  rannidabla  daaigna  Ihal  war*  be- 
Uatad  to  ka  antartainad  againal  them.  It  w»  ttrongljr 
nmorad  tbal  Ihair  coinmareial  inlareouraa  wiik  Vir- 
ginia  and  Ika  Waal  India  Iilanda  waa  lo  ka  cut  off; 
>kal  Ikia*  frigalaa  war*  pnparing  to  aail  fiam  England, 
ik  *id*r  to  Mifon*  arkiinijr  aulkiwiijr ;  and  ikal  tka  ai^ 
HnnMM  waa  to  b*  aeeompaniad  by  a  govamor-ganaral, 
wkoaa  jariadialiaa  waa  to  attend  over  all  Ika  Nortk 
Amarican  pUalaliona.  Appc*k*n«ioii*  of  Ikaaa  and 
alkar  ekangM  at  langlk  pianilad  ao  alrongly  in  Maa- 
•aekaaatia,  aa  to  pniduca  a  puUia  maaaura  of  a  vary 
ronurkaMa  rkaraeter.  Tka  ganaral  court,  kaving  do- 
clarad  ika  ntaaaaity  of  promoung  unity  among  tko  in- 
kakttanla  in  Ika  aaaaition  of  Ikair  ju»l  pri*ilagaa,  and 
Ika  obaomuw*  *f  du*  fld*liiy  to  tk*  anikority  of  Eng- 
land, appoinlad  a  eommitiaa  of  aigkl  of  tka  moat  ami- 
■Mit  paraooa  in  Ika  atoto  to  pnpai*  a  report,  aaeartain- 
'u§  IB*  aitant  of  ikair  riaku  and  tka  natui*  of  ikair 
obadiaiiao ;  and,  akonljr  altar,  tka  court,  in  conformity 
wiik  Ika  raparl  ef  ikair  committao,  framed  and  puk- 
liakad  a  aatiaaof  raaoluliona  aipieeeiTa  of  ikeir  aolemn 
and  dalikMBto  *pioioa  oo  lk*a*  impoiunt  aukjacu.  It 
waa  i*ao>f*d  Ikat  tka  patont  (under  Ood)  ia  the  firat  and 
nain  foondaliaa  of  lb*  civil  policT  of  Ike  colony ;  Ibat 
lb*  goramor  and  company  are,  bv  ike  patent,  a  kody 
polilw  inveatod  wiik  power  to  make  freemen,  and  ikat 
Unm  ftaeoea  kave  aulkority  to  elect  annuallv  ibair 


kave  aulkority  to  elect  annuallv  ikair 
goTonwr,  aaeiaianta,  r*pr*aauMliTee,  and  all  oikar  of- 
ncara ;  that  tka  gOTemment  Ikua  eonaliluted  kitb  full 
power,  kolk  legiaUtiTa  and  eieculire,  for  Ika  govern- 
laeat  of  all  iko  paapio,  wkelkar  iokakiunte  or  alrangara, 
witkoot  appeal,  cava  only  in  Ibe  eaae  of  lawa  repugnant 
to  Iboaa  of  Englaod ;  ikat  tka  government  ia  pnvilegad 
by  all  maana,  even  ky  force  u?  anaa,  to  defend  ileelf 


bbtk  by  land  and  aaa  againal  all  wbn  abouM  attempt 
iajurv  to  tka  plantolion  or  iu  inkakitente  ;  and  Ikat  any 
UapoMtioD,  prejudicial  to  Ike  country,  and  contrary  to 
IM  jnat  lawa,  would  k*  an  infringaiaenl  of  Ike  funda- 
nental  rigfcte  of  Ika  poepi*  of  Now  England.  Tkeae 
atrong  and  ekaractenatic  teaoluliona  ware  accompanied 
wiik  a  recognition  of  Ike  dutiaa  to  wkick  Ike  people 
were  angagnd  by  ibair  allegiance,  and  wbieb  wore  d*- 
clared  to  eonaiai  m  upbolding  the  colony  aa  belonging 
of  tight  to  hie  majaaty,  and  pteventing  ite  aubjaclion  to 
■ny  foreign  prince ;  in  preoerving,  to  the  uuoott  of 


•  Malhar,  B.  Ui.  Cap.  II.  «  «0.  Naal,  U.  tit-  HulchinMO, 
I.  n  I,  III.  Chalimn,  Ml.  IM,  *c.  SmaU  an  wu  tha  num- 
tor  of  lanllMa  In  MaaaackaaalM,  It  wa*  toe  itaal  to  anabia 
Ike  paofb  lo  •halter  (Mfc  and  Whaler,  ai  thajr  couM  hare 
wWwd  to  do.  Bui  In  Nawhavan  there  ware  no  roralUti  it 
all  I  and  even  thota  whodlupfrorad  or  the  fraat  ution  of  tha 
ngknlaa  raginM  It  (with  more  of  adnliailon  thin  hatred) 
•atbaemrofnoMaandianareainlndi.  Leal,  tha  to'amor 
ef  Nawhann,  and  hli  cuuncll,  whan  lammonad  by  ihe  pur- 
auaia  af  Oa*l>  and  Whilar  to  auM  In  tha  apprahaiulon  of 
•hamtint  comumad  abnndanca  of  Uoia  Indallbanllnton  tha' 
aittat  of  Ikair  powen,  and  than  aniwarad,  that,  In  •  matter 
e(  such  ImpBTtanca,  Ihey  could  not  icI  withoul  the  orden  of 
aaaneniMy.  Tha  njraliit  panuen,liicenead  at  IhU  aii»wer, 
daalrid  tha  lovenwr  to  iir  at  once  whether  he  owned  aiid 
b—riii  tha  tint;  to  which  ha  ripllad,  •<  Wa  do  honor  hie 
— mly;  hut  we  kara  tender  coneciKncaa,  and  wiih  Int  lo 
»»»w  wtalkii  kewlU  ewm  aa  '  nBab«l,I.MI-M>. 


Ikeir  power,  ika  klng'a  peiaati  and  daaaintaaa ;  end  In 
meiMaiaing  Ika  peaea  and  preaparity  af  tka  king  and 
nellam  ky  paaiakkig  atlmee,  and  by  ptopagaliag  Ike 

'  'fkaee  preeeedkige  indleata  vary  plainly  ih*  tlarming 
apprakenalone  ikel  Ike  eetoniate  entertained  of  the  de- 
algna  *t  Ibair  new  aovaraign,  and  Ihe  raaolulioii  with 
wLck  Ikey  clung  lo  ike  Joarboughl  righia  of  which 
Ikay  auapeeled  hie  intention  to  bereave  Iham.  How 
hr  ikey  are  w  ke  aonaidetod  *•  indicating  a  aalilad  dc' 
•ign  to  reaial  tyranninal  oppreaaion  ky  force,  ia  a  mat- 
ter of  uncertain  apeaulatian.  It  ie  not  Improbable,  tbel 
Iho  Uramara  of  tkam  hoped,  by  alrongly  ripreaaing  Ikeir 
rigkia,  and  indiaaling  tno  eilremiliee  wkick  an  attempt 
to  violala  Ikem  weald  legally  warrant,  and  might  even- 
lually  provoke,  to  itaulion  ibe  king  from  awakening,  in 
Iko  commencement  of  kia  reign,  UW  recollection  of  a 
•onleM  wkick  kad  proved  blal  to  kia  father ;  and  which, 
if  onee  lokindled,  even  to  an  aiteni  ae  lillle  formidable 
aa  a  eonlrovany  wilb  an  infant  colony  mutt  appear, 
migkt  aoon  become  leae  unequal,  by  praaenling  an  oe- 
eaaioa  of  revival  and  aiareiae  to  paaeiona  hardly  yet 
eitinguiakad  in  England.  If  tuch  ware  the  tiewa  of 
the  colonial  leaden,  the  aoiindnaae  of  them  would  aaam 
10  have  been  approved  ky  iha  event.  Dul,  in  ihe  mean 
lima,  Ibe  colonial  aulhoriliae,  in  order  lo  menifaat  ihnir 
willingnaee  lo  render  a  jiiei  obedience,  iaauad  Ihe  elriet- 
eal  injunelioiia  to  rauaa  aaarch  to  be  made  for  Uoffo 
and  Wkaley,  and  inlinialed,  by  fiulilln  raaolnliona,  that 
noperaone  obnoiloua  lo  tha  lawa  of  EnglaiHl,  iiij  llyinx 
from  bar  trihunala,  would  receive  ehalwr  In  a  colony 
that  racogniaed  her  aovaraign  auihority.  Ilaving  now 
declared  Ihe  terroa  on  which  they  recognleed  the  do- 
minion of  the  Engliah  crown,  Iha  ganaral  court  cauaed 
lha  king  lo  he  aolainnly  proclaimed  aa  llieir  undoubted 
prince  and  aovaraign  lord.  They  iaauad,  at  Ihe  lama 
lime,  an  order  of  court,  prohibiiing  all  dieorderly  be- 
havior on  Ike  oecaaion,  and  in  particular  cominaiHling 
ikal  none  akould  preeume  to  drink  hia  niajaiiy'a  health, 
*■  wkick,"  it  waa  added,  "  ke  kalk,  in  an  eapaclal  men- 
ner,  forbidden"— «n  iniunclioo  verjr  remote  from  Ibe 
ikoughte  and  kabila  of  tne  king,  and  imputed  lo  kini  on 
no  kelter  grounde,  than  that  drinking  of  koallha  waa 
prokikited  oy  tka  ordinancea  of  Maaaaekuaalta.  Tkia 
meaningleea  practice,  on  account  of  ite  healhen  original, 
kad  keen  owoaiv*  I*  tk*  mot*  aerupuloua  of  Ike  puri- 
un  aettlara,  wko  war*  deeiroua  in  all  thinga  to  aiudy 
conformity  to  Ihe  will  of  Ood,  and  aceounling  nothing 
unimportant  that  aflbrded  oecaaion  lo  eierciaa  aucB 
conformity,  kad  at  leogtk  prevailed  to  kave  Ike  practice 
of  drinking  keallka  iiitordieled  ky  Uw  ;  and  all  were 
now  deeiroue  ikal  Ike  revival  of  royal  aulkority  akooU 
not  b*  aigualiied  by  a  triumpk  over  any,  even  wkat 
aomomignl  oateem  Ike  leeat  important,  of  ika  colonial 
inatitnliona.  Intelligence  kaving  arrived  aoon  alter  of 
tka  progreaa  of  Ike  complainte  ikat  ware  coatinnally 
eikikiled  to  Ike  privy  council  againat  the  colony,  and 
an  order  at  Ihe  aame  lime  being  received  from  Ibe 
king,  Ikat  deputiee  akould  ke  aant  fonkwiik  to  Eng- 
land 10  make  anawer  to  ibeae  complainla,  lha  cnurt 
committed  tkia  important  duty  to  Simon  Bradetreel, 
one  of  Ihe  magialralee,  and  John  Norton,  one  of  ike 
miniatera,  of  Melon.  Theee  aoabte  were  inalrucied  to 
maintain  Ike  loyally  and  defend  the  conduct  of  Ihe  co- 
lonjr ;  to  diecover,  if  poeeible,  what  were  the  deaigna 
whwk  Ibe  king  meditated,  or  the  apprehonaiona  that  he 
entertained ;  and  neither  lo  do  nor  agree  to  any  thing 
prejudicial  to  the  chartar.  They  undertook  their  thank- 
leaa  office  with  great  reluctance,  aud  obtained  before 
their  departure  a  public  aaauraneo,  tliat  whatever  danger 
ibay  might  aualain  by  detention  of  their  peraona  or 
otMrwiie,  in  England,  ahould  bo  made  giMd  by  the 
general  court. 

Wketker  from  Ihe  vigor  and  raaolution  that  the  re. 
cent  procredinga  of  the  colony  bad  dlaplayed,  or  from 
Ihe  moderatiuii  of  Jhe  wiae  counaellora  by  whom  Ihe 
king  waa  then  aurroundad,  enforced  by  the  influence 
wluch  Lord  Sa^  and  aoiiM  oUier  eminent  periona  em- 
ployed in  behalf  of  tha  colony,  Ihe  agenta  were  received 
with  uneipacled  favor,  and  ware  aoon  enabled  u  return 
to  Boiton  with  a  letter  from  tha  king,  [1663]  confirm- 
ing lha  colonial  charier,  and  promiiing  lo  renew  it  un- 
der tlie  great  aaal  whenever  Ihia  formality  ehould  he 
deaired.  The  royal  latter  likewiae  announced  an  am- 
neaty  for  whalavar  Ireaaona  mig'it  have  been  commit- 
ted during  Ihe  late  Iroublea,  to  all  periona  but  thoie 
who  were  attainted  by  act  of  pirliiinent,  and  might 
kave  fled  to  New  England.  But  it  contained  other 
raaltera  by  no  meiiia  acceptable  to  the  colony ;  it  re- 
quired that  lha  general  court  ahould  hold  all  tlie  ordi- 
nancea it  had  onaeied  during  ihc  abeyance  of  royally 
aa   innlid,  and  fottkwitb  proceed  to  renew  them,  aiMl 


to  repeal  every  an*  ikal  migkt  ar*iii  r*p*gnaM  to  Iki 
royal  aulkwity  Ihal  tk*  oiih  of  alleglan«e  ahould  )■* 
duly  adminialered  to  every  pennn  ;  thii  luiiiri  <^aiild 
k*  dialribuled  in  Ihe  king'*  name  ;  lhal  all  wU  deairni 
it  akould  h*  permitted  lo  uee  the  hook  of  rrmmor 
lirayer,  and  to  perform  Iheir  devull«M  aaaordmg  to 
the  ceremonial  of  tha  church  of  Ei^ni ;  that,  in  tlw 
choice  of  the  governor  and  iitiitaiite  af  Ika  colonv.  lli* 
only  quitillcationa  to  ha  regarded  ahould  b*  wiiidmn, 
virtue  and  inlegrily,  withoul  any  tifcraiica  to  ik*  peeii- 
liariliaa  of  religloua  faith  and  prnraiaion  ;  and  lhal  al* 
fieaholden  of  rnmpeiani  eiiiiaa,  and  not  vieioua  ia 
Ikair  Uvea,  ihould  be  admitlad  lo  vole  in  the  eleeliaii  ol 
oAkcra,  civd  and  military,  whalawr  might  b*  lh*ir  *pi- 
nion  with  reapaci  to  church-government.  ■•  W*  can. 
nol  he  underatood,"  it  waa  added,  "  hereby  to  diroal  of 
wiak  Ikal  anv  indulgence  ahoald  ke  granted  to  quakara. 
whoae  principlea,  being  inconaiileni  with  any  kind  af 
govemmeni,  we  have  round  il  nnoaieary  with  the  ad- 
vice  of  our  parliament  here,  lo  malia  a  aharp  law  agiiMl 
them,  and  are  well  coiilent  you  do  the  like  inere." 
However  reoonilile  aoine  of  then  requiaitiona  may 
now  appear,  the  greater  number  of  them  were  highly 
•liugrueahle  lo  the  culoniili.  They  coniiderad  them- 
lelvai  entitled  In  iniintain  Ihe  form  of  policy  in  chaNk 
and  itita,  which  they  had  fled  to  a  daicrt  in  order  to 
culliviie,  withoul  the  iiitruiion  and  miilura  of  difleram 
principlea ;  and  Ihey  regarded  with  Ihe  uloMel  i*alMM 
the  precedeiil  of  an  interference  with  their  funuamaiilal 
conililutiona  by  a  prince  who,  ibey  wer*  lirmly  p*f 
luaded,  dvaired  nothing  ao  much  aa  to  enfeeble  Ih* 
■yatain  which  he  only  waited  a  mora  convenient  aeaaoa 
to  duelroy.  To  comply  with  lb*  royal  iiiiuiictlona 
would  be  to  introduce  among  their  children  the  epee- 
taclea  and  corrupllona  which  Ihey  had  incurred  auak 
lacriHcei  in  order  lo  withdraw  from  llteir  ayee,  and  to 
throw  open  every  office  in  Ih*  ttate  to  papiata,  Soci- 
niina,  and  every  unbeliever  who  might  think  power 
worth  Ihe  purchaaa  of  a  general  deelaralion,  lhal  b* 
waa  (according  lo  hia  own  uneiamined  interpatralioa 
of  the  term)  a  believer  in  Uhriilianily.  'no  king, 
never  obaerving,  waa  never  able  to  obuin  credit  wilfe 
kit  aubjeela  for  good  faitb  or  moderation  i  be  waa  (raia 
the  beginning  auipeclod  of  a  predileelion  for  papery ; 
and  the  varioua  eHbrta  which  be  laada  to  procure  a  i*> 
laialion  of  Ike  penal  lawa  againal  the  diaaontera  m 
England,  wer*  viewed  with  jealouiy  and  diaappiokaliaa 
by  all  Iheae  diaeenlen  ihemielvea,  eicept  tk*  qnakara, 
who  regarded  the  other  protealania  and  ih*  papiata  aa 
very  much  on  a  level  with  each  alkar,  and  wer*  mad* 
cmnpletely  tk*  dupee  of  Ike  artifleee  by  which  Ckiile* 
and  kia  aucceaaor  endeavored  to  introduce  all  tti*  into- 
lerance of  popery  under  Ik*  apacioua  diiguia*  of  ani- 
veraal  toleration.  * 

Of  all  Iko  requiailiona  in  Ih*  royal  laaaaag*,  lb*  aoly 
one  that  waa  complied  with  waa  thai  wkitk  dMatoi 
lha  judicial  prace«dinga  to  be  carried  on  in  Ike  king'* 
name.  The  letter  had  commanded  lhal  ite  i  entente 
ahould  be  publiehed  in  the  colony,  which  wae  accord- 
ingly done,  with  an  intimation,  kowaver,  Ikal  Ike  requi- 
ailiona relative  lo  church  and  atato  wer*  r***ryed  for 
the  deliberation  which  would  be  neceeeuy  to  adjual 
them  to  Ibe  exieting  eoaaliluliona.  Tko  trealmeni 
which  Ihe  colonial  agenta  eiperienced  from  Ikeir  eouti- 
tryinen,  il  ie  painful  hut  neceearry  to  lelal*.  Tka  iU 
humor  which  aome  of  Ike  raquiaitiona  ei^eadarad  area 
unjuiily  extended  lo  theee  rorn;  and  Ibclt  Oleriu, 
though  at  Aral  eagerty  acknowledges,  war*  quickly  far- 
gotten.  Strongly  impreaaad  with  tko  daiwor  from 
which  Iho  colony  had  obtained  a  nroaeni  d*liveranee, 
bill  which  atill  impended  over  il  from  Ih*  daeigne  of  a 
prince  who  viaibly  abetted  every  eomplaiat  of  ita  an*- 
mioa,  Ihe  ageiite  increaaed  their  unpopulaiiiy  \tf  alrongly 
urging,  that  all  the  reqbiailioila  abould  b*  iotUnlly 
eompried  with.  Mr.  Norton,  who,  oo  Ike  Srat  inofficial 
intelligence  that  had  been  received  of  tko  king'e  realo- 
ration,  had  iiiefTectually  urged  hia  falUw-cilixena  to 
proclaim  the  royal  authority,  in  now  agait.  Bteaaiogopon 
them  a  proceeding  lo  which  they  wet*  abll  awr*  averae, 
went  the  length  of  declaring  to  Ibe  goeeni  eaurl,  that 
if  they  complied  not  with  the  king'e  latter,  Ikay  muit 
blame  themielvea  for  the  bloodehed  Ikal  wouM  enaue. 
Such  doclirationi  were  ill  calculated  to  loolhe  Ihe  popu- 
lar diiquiet,  or  recommend  an  ungraciooa  cauaa ;  and 
the  deputies,  who  had  bean  actuated  by  Ik*  ni*et  ditin- 
tereatcd  xeal  to  aerva  rather  than  flaltar  Ikeir  fellow- 
citixena,  now  found  themielvea  opprobrioualy  identified 
with  the  grievancea  of  the  colony,  and  Ih*  *viU,  wbiiik 
il  wai  not  in  their  power  to  prevent,  aaeribod  to  Iheil 
neglect  or  unneceauiy  conceiaiona.  Biadalr**!,  wko 
waa  endowed  with  a  diipoaition  aomewkal  atoical,  vna 
Ihe  leaa  aenaibly  touehad  with  tkia  limliBiii  i  kal 


bul 


afl 

liol 

•?l 

thai 

autl 

af  r 


NORTH  AMCRIOA. 


i: 


Wmoil.  wlw  !•  IN*!  m«rlin«M  iimI  pitly  unilMi  kMn 
■MMiMliljTi  reiilirnni  hrhulil  ilir  •« «•  of  hii  rsunlryinrn 
iMMd  U|ian  hiiii  willi  iliM[>prolHiiioii,  Milhoiit  IIik  niual 

EnAil  rniolion.  Whrn  n«  limril  many  uy  of  hiin, 
t  "  h»  hail  Uitl  ill*  ruiinildioii  fur  llin  ruin  uf  niir 
Mlwnira,"  hr  ri|irrMril  no  riarnliiitiil. Iml  iiiiili  into  • 
prafoiimi  inflaiichaly  ;  •nil  ulnln  ■Iriitiiliiiit  Miih  hia 
grt«r,  and  anilravoring  lo  ilu  hia  iliily  la  llm  la>i,  hr 
■Md  aoon  afmr  of  a  Imilirn  hoarl  Urrii  ami  ti-lieininil 
wtrt  Ihen  th*  rrurrli  uf  iltf  ^icopln  ;  anil  tlii>  iinuvraal 
IMurninK  thai  over>|iirail  ihn  |ifoviiirr  raiiri  ••r<l  a  laie 
bill  laalina  miicinhraiii'O  nf  hia  viriur.  anil  hcwailcil  an 
■ngralvfuf  (nor  which  onlji  rr|Minlaiic*  uaa  now  por- 
■ilWtl  10  nipiit 

Th*  colony  nf  nhodc  talind  hail  racitlvfil  ihe  liilinffa 
if  Ik*  rtilnralion  with  miirh  real  or  apparcnl  aaliafac- 
lion.  It  waa  honed  thai  Iho  aua|M>nalon  of  ila  charier 
liy  th*  IjonK  PariiamanI  would  more  than  roinpcnaal* 
IM  domcril  of  having  arr<>|ilrd  a  charter  from  aurh 
•ulhoril*  ;  and  thai  Ita  rarluaiiin  from  th«  confrdrracy, 
•f  which  Maaaachuaalla  waa  iho  head,  would  0|>cral« 
■■  t  rocammcndalion  lo  royal  fa«or.  'I'lia  king  waa 
rarly  iiru'lainiiil ;  and  one  Clarke  waa  anon  afker  aeni 
■a  de|Miiy  from  the  culniiy  lo  Kngland,  in  ordnr  lo  carry 
Iha  diitiliil  rea|Micla  of  the  inhahiltnta  to  the  foot  of  Ihe 
throne,  and  lo  aolicll  a  new  charier  in  their  favor. 
Clarke  conducted  hia  nesotlalion  with  a  hancneaa  thkl 
rendered  Ihe  aiirceaa  of  it  dearly  bought,  lie  nut  only 
Taunted  the  loyalty  of  the  inhabilania  of  Rhrale  laland, 
while  Ihe  only  proof  he  could  gi««  of  it  waa,  that  ihey 
had  healowed  Ihe  name  of  Kinjf't  I'rotinre  on  a  trrri- 
lory  which  they  had  acquired  from  Ihe  Indiana ;  but 
meeting  Ihia  year  the  depuliea  ol  Maaaachuaelta  at  tho 
court,  he  publicly  challengrd  them  lo  mention  any  one 
Ml  of  duly  or  loyally  ahown  by  Ihrir  coiialilucnla  to  ih^ 
projani  kins  or  hia  father,  from  their  firat  catahliahinent 
in  New  England.  Yet  the  inhabilania  of  llhode  laland 
kad  taken  i  patent  firoin  the  Ijong  Parliament  in  ihe 
(ommeneement  of  ita  alrugnle  with  Charlea  Ihe  Firal ; 
«hii«  Miaatcbaaelta  had  declined  to  do  ao  when  lb* 
nrliimeni  wae  at  the  heiaht  of  ile  power  and  aucceaa.* 
Clarke  nieeecded  in  uDlaining  thia  yeart  a  charier 
which  aaeured  the  inhabilania  or  Rhode  laland  and  Pro- 
vidence of  th*  ainpleet  enjoyment  of  religioua  liberty, 
•od  moat  emenaitj  jrivilegea  with  regard  lo  juriadic- 
lion.  Th*  patente**  tiid  auch  aa  ahould  be  admilled 
frt*  of  III*  aoeiety  were  incorporated  by  the  liile  of  ih* 
Oo«emor  tnd  Company  of  Ihe  Rngliah  Colony  of 
Mhod*  laland  and  Proviilence.  The  aunreine  or  legia- 
'ttive  power  waa  inToated  in  an  aaaembly  conaiating  of 
the  gOTemo:.  laaiatanta,  and  repreaentativea,  elected 
fnMti  among  th*  freemen.  Thia  aaaombly  waa  cm- 
powered  lo  nuk*  ordinaneea  and  forma  of  government 
ind  magiitraey,  with  (a  much  conformity  to  the  law* 
of  England  ca  lb*  nature  nf  the  place  and  condition  of 
Ihe  penjile  would  allow  ;  to  erect  court*  uf  juatico  ;  10 
legulale  Ihe  manner  of  election  to  all  placea  of  truat ; 
to  inflict  all  lawful  puniahmenia ;  and  tu  eiereia*  th* 
prerogative  of  (wrdon.  A  governor,  deputy  governor, 
and  ten  aaaiaunta  were  appointed  to  b*  annually  cho- 
aen  by  the  aaaombly ;  and  the  firat  board  of  thee* 
oincera,  nominated  by  the  charier,  on  (he  auggeation 
of  their  agent,  were  authoriaed  lo  carry  ita  proviaioii* 
into  eieeutiun.  The  governor  and  company  were  em- 
liowerrd  lo  Iranaport  auch  mcrchandiae  and  peraona  a* 
wer*  not  prohibited  by  any  alalute  of  Ihe  kingdom,  pay- 
jng  auch  euatoina  aa  are,  or  ought  to  he,  paid  for  th* 
nme  ;  to  eiercia*  martial  law  when  ncceaaary  ;  and 
upon  jual  cauaca  to  invade  and  doatroy  ihe  native  In- 
diana or  other  eiiemiee.  The  territory  granted  to  th* 
governor  and  company,  and  their  aucceaaora,  waa  d*- 
icrib*d  aa  that  part  of  the  doroiniona  of  Ihe  crown  in 
N'w  England,  containing  the  i»landa  in  Narraganael 
Lay.  and  the  coiintriea  and  parte  adjacent,  which  wer* 
daclared  to  be  holden  of  the  manor  of  Eaat  Gieerwich 
in  common  aocrage.  Tlie  inhabiunta  and  ihoir  rhildien 
wen  declared  to  b*  antitleil  to  the  aame  iinmuuitiea  aa 
if  they  had  leeided  or  been  bom  wiihln  the  realm. 
Thia,  I  believe,  ia  the  firat  inatance  of  Ihe  creation,  hy 
■  Britiah  patent,  of  an  authority  of  that  peculiar  ileacrip- 
lion  which  waa  then  eatabliahed  in  Rhode  Iilanil. 
Coporationa  had  been  formerly  created  within  the 
walni,  for  the  government  of  colonial  plantaliona. 
But  now  a  body  politic  waa  created  with  apecific 
powera  for  adminietering^ll  the  affaire  of  the  colony 

*  Tlie  Rhode  lalandera  had  alio  preicnted  an  addraiH  to 
the  Kulera  of  England  In  IWV,  Iwaeeching  favui  to  ihi  in- 
aelvee,aa**a  poor  c  leny,  an  oulcail  people,  rurinurly  from 
our  mother  naUon  I-  Ihe  l>lahop*'  daya,  and  ilnce  from  the 
Mew  biUak  ovei  -Maloua  coloniea."    l)<iu|laa'  8eininaiy, 

kiiitL 

tAttheofk  the  charter  wiafranMd  In  im,  yet,  income- 
■MM*  ef  •  dIaMU*  between  l^annecticat  and  Rhode  bland, 

ft  WW  BM  OHiif  pM  ciau  tvtf,  m. 


wiihin  th*  colonial  terril*ry.  Tk*  eh*rl*t  w**  received 
with  gn»i  aaliafaciion  by  Ih*  c*lofliala,  who  entered 
iininedialelv  into  |io*MB*ion  of  th*  democraliral  con- 
eiiiiiiion  which  It  apjiaintrd  for  tliem,  and  continued  to 
piiraiie  the  aame  ■vairin  at  civil  and  eccleeieatical 
policy  that  limy  h<d  hcmlufure  obaerved. 

'Ihoiiiih  the  inhabitania  of  ('nnnrclicut  neither  fell 
nor  allt'i'lcd  the  aane  trjoiciiig  llial  Khod*  laland  had 
riiimard  at  the  rraliiratiuii  of  the  kingi  ihey  did  not 
fail  lu  arnd  a  di'puly  lo  Kniiland  lo  riprraa  their  rrrng- 
niiiun  ul  Ihe  royal  aullioriiy.  and  to  •olicita  new  char- 
ier *  They  were  hanpy  in  Ihe  choice  of  ihe  man  lo 
whom  Ihey  coinniiUru  ihia  inifiorlaiit  duly,  John  Win- 
llirop,  Ihe  aoii  of  llir  rniincnt  prrauii  of  thr  aaiiie  name 
who  had  prraiilid  with  ao  much  honor  and  virtue  over 
the  province  of  Maaaachuaelta.  Thia  gentleman  deriv- 
ing a  hereditary  claim  on  the  kindneaa  of  the  king,  from 
a  friendahip  that  had  auhaiaird  between  hia  graiidfathrr 
and  Charlea  the  Kiral.t  rinploycd  it  ao  aucceaafully  aa 
lo  ohuin  for  hia  conititurnta  a  charier  in  almoal  every 
rrapect  the  eame  with  that  which  had  lircn  granted  lo 
Hhode  laland.  1'he  moat  conalderahl*  dilfervncee  were, 
that  by  the  Connecticut  charier  the  novernor  waa  re- 
quirril  lo  adminitlrr  the  oatha  nf  allegiance  and  aupre- 
macy  lo  ihe  inhaliitanla ;  a  formality  which  waa  not 
required  hy  the  iliarlcr  of  Rhode  laland,  where  many 
of  Ihe  people  aciuplcd  to  take  an  oath ;  and  that,  hy  Ihe 
lantinentioned  charter,  lilirrly  of  conacience  waa  ei- 
prrnly  conceded  in  Ila  lullval  citeiit,  while  the  other 
made  no  cipreaa  mention  of  the  rnncerna  of  religion, 
and  no  other  alluaion  lo  them,  than  what  might  aecni  to 
lie  implied  in  the  lequiailion  of  the  oath  of  aunrnnacy. 
Dy  ihia  charter,  Ncwhaven  waa  united  wiih  (Connecti- 
cut 1  an  arrangement  which  fur  noine  time  did  not  ob- 
tain Ihe  iinaniinoua  approbatinn  of  the  |H'uple  of  »w- 
haven,  alihuugh  Ihey  afterwatda  heartily  concurred  in 
It ;  and  the  dearriptiun  of  the  provincial  territory  waa 
indefiiiile  and  incorrect.  Uul  on  the  whole  it  gave  ao 
much  aaliafaciion,  that  Winthrop,  on  hia  return,  waa 
received  with  the  grateful  approbation  of  hia  fellow 
cititena,  and  annually  choaen  governor  of  the  united 
colnny  aa  long  aa  he  lived. 

There  waa  Ihua  eatabliahed  by  royal  charleia,  both 
in  Connecticut  and  Rhode  laland,  a  perfect  model  of 
democratic  government ;  and  'ho  aingular  a|ieclacle  of 
aiibordinat*  political  cor)iarationa  almoal  wholly  diacon- 
nected  by  any  efficient  lio  wilh  Ihe  organ  of  anvcrcign 
authority.  Every  power,  aa  well  deliberative  aa  active, 
waa  invcaled  in  Ihe  freemen  of  the  corporation  nr  thrir 
dniegatoa ;  and  the  auprcme  executive  magiatrate  of 
Ihe  empire  waa  excluded  from  every  conatituiional 
ineana  of  inlcrpoailion  or  control.  A  conformity  to  the 
lawa  of  England,  no  doubt,  waa  enjoined  on  the  colo- 
nial Icgialuurce ;  and  thia  conformity  waa  conditioned 
aa  th*  tenure  by  which  their  privilegca  wera  enjoyed  ; 
but  no  method  of  aacertaining  or  enforcing  ita  obaerv- 
ance  waa  eatabliahed.  At  a  later  period,  the  crown 
lawyera  of  England  were  aenaible  of  Ihe  overaight  which 
their  predeceaaora  had  committed,  and  prapoaM  that  an 
act  01  parliament  ahould  b*  obtained  for  obliging  ihcae 
coloniea  to  tnnamit  their  lawa  for  the  inapcction  and 
approbation  of  the  king.  But  thia  auggeation  waa  never 
carried  into  effect. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

Emigration  of  ejected  Mlnliten  to  New  England— Royal 
Commiiilonera  aent  to  the  Province— Addreaa  of  the  Aa- 
aombly of  MaaiachUMctta  to  Ihe  KIna— rejected— Policy 
Euraued  by  the  Commliktonera— Their  l)ltputaa  with  the 
lovernment  of  Maiiachuiaetta — and  Retnrn  to  Eiialand 
—Policy  of  the  ColoiilitM  to  conciliate  the  King— bflacta 
of  It— Ceaaion  of  Acadia  to  the  French— Proaperoua 
State  of  New  England— Conipiracy  of  the  Indiana- 
Phlllp'i  War— The  King  reiuiiiea  hli  designi  againit 
Maaxarhukvttfl—  Cuntrov«r»y  respecting  the  I'jtnt  to 
Maine  and  New  Uainptihire— i'lugrcti  of  the  Dlapute 
between  the  King  and  lli«  Colony- titato  of  Partlea  In 
Maiiachuietta— Stbla  of  Religion  and  Murali— Surrender 
of  Ihe  Charter  of  Maaaachuaelta  demanded  by  the  King— 
refuaed  by  the  Coloniata— Writ  of  Ijuu  Warrinto  laaued 
againat  the  Oolmiy— Firmneav  of  the  People— Tiieir  Charter 
ailUudfed  to  be  forfeited. 

SiTTLiD  originally  by  people  of  the  aame  nation 
and  whom  the  aame  mutivca  had  conducted  to  Am*- 


■  At  Nnwhaven  the  reuulilican  ipirlt  wai  m  itrong,  that 
neverai  of  tlie  principal  inhabitanta  declined  to  act  ai  magia- 
tmtea  under  the  king.  Trumbull,  1.  941.  It  waa  here  that 
RolTe  and  Whaley  found  the  lecurevt  ai ylum,  and  ended  their 
dayn.  When  a  party  of  royal  officem  were  coming  In  punuit 
of  Ihoni  to  Newhaven,  Duvennort,  the  milliliter  of  the  peace, 
preuclied  put>licly  in  favor  of  tlie  regicides,  from  the  text 
(Uainli  XVI,  3,  4.)  "Ti.ke  counsel,  exei:ute  Judgment ;  make 
thy  stiadow  as  the  nlglit  in  tho  midst  of  Ihe  ncunUoy ;  hide  the 
outcasti;  bewray  not  lilm  that  wandereth.  Let  mine  outcasta 
dwell  with  thee,  Moab :  be  thou  a  covert  lo  them  from  the 
face  of  the  spoiler."    Holmes*  American  Annals,  i.  343. 

t  Cotton  Maiherrelatea,  that  when  Winthrop  presented  the 
king  with  a  ring  which  Charles  Ilia  First  had  riven  to  hja 
grandfather,  "  the  Una  net  only  accepted  hia  preaent,  but  alao 


rie*.  (16M,]  tiid  icdmlUMd  by  Ikdr  nNfiMM  MMlii 
their  govarninenl,  lawa,  and  mcner*,  ■  etailtar  ytln 
|iaiurally  pervaded  all  th*  eolo.^wa  af  N*w  Enghiai. 
The  cuniniercial  ayalem  which  lb*  Engliah  fMlMawnl 
thuuglit  fit  to  pureue  tended  elill  further  lo  eonflrm  dM 
idenlily  of  inteieal  and  purpoe*  m  Ih*  calomel.  IIm 
navigation  acta  whwh  It  framed,  and  whwh  w*  h*v« 
conaidered  at  much  length  in  the  hiaiory  of  Virginia, 
created  for  a  time  more  iliaconlent  than  inconvenitnc*, 
and  served  rather  to  annuuiice  than  lo  piifurce  Ih*  re* 
airicliona  with  which  It  waa  intended  lo  letter  the  colo- 
nial Ira'te.  Thee*  reetriclione  were  a  cnpioua  anurc* 
of  displeaaui*  and  conlraversy  between  the  two  eoun- 
iriea.  The  culoniee  had  been  accusiuined  in  then  in- 
fancy lo  a  (reo  trade,  and  ita  aurrendrr  wait  exacted 
with  ihe  more  injuaiice  and  yiehled  with  the  great*! 
reluctance,  becaua*  England  waa  nel  then  a  mart  ia 
which  all  Ihe  piodoce  of  th*  colonioa  could  b*  vnided, 
nr  from  which  all  the  wanta  of  their  inhabitanta  could 
be  aupplied.  Even  in  the  aouthem  coluniea.  whui* 
aimilar  realrainia  had  been  enforced  by  Cromwell,  Ih* 
act  of  navigation  waa  executed  very  imperfectly  i  and 
in  New  England,  where  the  governora  wer*  alecled  by 
the  fieople,  it  appeara,  for  •  coiiaideraMe  lime,  U  hav* 
been  entirely  diaiegarded. 

If  the  coinniereial  policy  of  th*  Engliah  perliameni 
ihua  atrongly  tended  lo  unite  the  coloniea  by  commu- 
nity of  inlrreel  and  oppoaiiion  lo  Ihe  parent  elate,  tli* 
cccleaialaical  policy  which  now  prevailed  in  England 
waa  calculated  in  no  alight  degree  tu  promote  Ih*  re- 
membrance nf  the  original  caiiaee  of  aeceaaion  from  hci 
territory,  and  at  once  lo  revive  their  influence,  and  en* 
fore*  the  virtue  of  toleration  by  aynipatby  with  th*  vie 
Ulna  of  an  opposite  policy.  In  conarqucnce  of  Ih* 
rigid  enforcement  of  the  act  of  uniformity  in  th*  clo*« 
ul  Ihe  preceding  year,  about  two  lliouaand  of  the  Engliah 
clergy,  the  moat  eminent  of  the  order  for  piety,  virtu*, 
and  knowledge,  were  ejected  from  the  church  ;  and,  lo 
th*  aatuniahinent  of  the  prevailing  party,  ncriflccd 
their  intereata  to  their  conacienca.  They  wer*  afwr- 
warda  baniahed  lo  th*  dialanc*  of  live  milee  from  cvcrv 
corporation  in  England,  and  many  ol  them  died  in  pn- 
aon  for  privately  exerciaing  their  miniatry  contnn  in 
law.  While  Ih*  majority  of  them  remained  in  Eng- 
land lo  preaerv*  liy  their  teaching  and  t-heir  auffaring* 
th*  decaying  piety  of  lh*ir  native  land,  ■  conaidcrabU 
number  wen  conducted  to  New  EngUnd,  there  lo  ia- 
vi|forate  th*  national  virtue  by  t  frcah  example  of  can- 
acicntioua  aacrifice,  and  10  form  ■  living  and  loiiehin| 
memorial  of  Ih*  cruelty  and  injuaiice  of  iutolcnnc*.* 
The  m*rita  and  th*  aufferinga  of  thee*  men  mad*  • 
aliong  improaaion  on  th*  p*apl*  of  New  England ;  tod 
thia  year  an  invitation  waa  d**p*tch*d  to  th*  cekhfaicd 
Dr.  John  Owen,  on*  of  th*  grutcat  acholare  and  divine* 
that  th*  worM  h**  ever  produced,  to  accept  in  ecclo- 
aiaalical  appointment  in  Maaaachuaetta,  and  th*  dcaign* 
which  he  bad  rcaaon  to  believe  would  be  aoon  unwr- 
taken  fur  th*  aubjugation  of  it*  civil  and  religioua  lib*f> 
tie*.  Other  counlriea  beaidcc  America  contended  tot 
the  honor  of  abclt*ring  thi*  illuatrinua  man  from  tha 
peraecutiona  of  th*  church  of  England,  and  th*  hcpai* 
nee*  and  advantage  that  might  lie  oxpccted  from  pi* 
aojoum.  But  he  praferred  auffering  in  a  country  wh*M 
hia  language  waa  undeiatood,  to  enjoyment  and  hunw 
among  a  people  with  whom  hia  communication  muat 
neceaaarily  have  been  more  reatricted,  Al  *  Ittcg 
period,  when  the  prcaidcncy  of  Harvard  cellcg*  waa 
offered  to  him,  h*  conaeiited  lo  embrace  thia  aphcr*  ol 
uaeful  and  important  duty ;  and  having  ahippod  hii 
effccta  far  N*w  England,  waa  preparing  lo  cccompiny 
them,  when  hie  atepe  were  trtcaled  by  an  order  from 
Charlea,  exprcaaly  commanding  him  nut  to  depart  frooi 
the  kingdom. 

The  apprahonaion  which  th*  inhabitanta  of  Maa*a> 
chuaeliahad  entertained  *U  along  of  lb*  hoatil*  deaigna 
uf  the  Engliah  government,  and  which  had  been  con 
firmed  by  tlie  reaauna  aaaigiied  by  Dr.  Owen  for  refug- 
ing the  Aral  invitation  which  they  bad  tendered  to  him, 
were  atrengthcoed  by  all  the  intelligence  they  received 
from  EngUnd.  A  great  number  of  the  ejectad  noB- 
conformiat  miniatera  who  had  taken  meaaurca  for  pro- 
ceeding to  Maaaachuaetta,  now  declined  to  embark  (at 
a  country  on  which  tho  extnmity  of  royal  vengcinca 
waa  da'Y  expected  to  deacend ;  and  at  length  th*  moat 
Ueclvred  tiiat  he  accounted  It  one  of  hia  rloheat jewels,  which 
indeed  was  the  opinion  that  New  England  had  of  the  hand 
tiiat carried  it,"    R.il. Cap. ii.  IS.    See  Note  XI. 

•  When  the  proceedlnga  againat  Ihe  congregationalMta  M 
England  were  complalnedc  ,  these  distentars  wera  loW b*  aa 
eminent  English  prelate  (StilUngleet)  that  the  aeveiitle* 
which  th*y  ao  nucli  resented  weaa  juatiAed  by  the  proceed- 
lnga of  their  own  brethren  in  New  England  against  dlasentera 
from  tlie  eatabliahed  wo-aUp  there.  StilUnileet'e  IfiacUeik 
ef  ■eparatioa 


■  I  i 


t  i  I 


THI  HISTORY  Of 


pntaf*  lafciwilln  wm  iw*lf«4  UmiUm  kinf  M  U- 
•Im4  dwt.  thkMgk  IM  WM  •tUinfl  M  prtwrt*  ih* 
I  •liliwr,  M  WM  4*MrmlM<l  W  Mtid  oiil  roin- 


i 


■immint  lo  InquiN  tnJ  rapMt  how  hr  ih«  umtiiiiiiw 
•(  Ih*  alMrtar  m»n  lt(*lt)f  eomplini  wiih  'riiiiii||>  no 
In*  iiidiiklUhU  •rriTid  mmmi  (fter  of  ih«  riipliira  Im- 
Iwrnn  (lr«il  Brium  *nil  IIoIUihI,  of  ih«  d<i*rniinaiion 
■f  iho  king  to  ili«|Mirh  in  •xufiliiinn  for  lh«  niliietinn 
W  Uw  Uulch  Mtilrimnt  uf  Ntw  York,  inii  lo  Mmi 
•lanf  with  il  •  hoiljt  of  coinmiMioiien  who  wrrr  iini- 
powomi  la  htir  iimI  liilrrinin*  (Kconlinii  lo  ihtor  omd 
•iMrolion)  all  coinpliinl*  in  c>iim<  civil  or  mililary 
Iktl  inighl  oiwi  wiihin  Now  Kngltiid,  ami  to  lako  avrry 
Map  thai  ihajr  mi|hl  jiidgo  noevaaary  for  aaiiling  Ih* 
poaco  and  aoeunijr  of  lb*  eounlrji  on  a  aolid  founda- 
•l*a  Thia  infonnalien  waa  conaci ;  and  a  romiliii- 
itwi  for  Ihoa*  purpotaa,  a*  wall  aa  for  Ilia  rrdiK'lion  ol 
N*«  York,  had  haan  laauad  by  Iha  king  to  Nir  Hobarl 
Carr.  Colonal  Nichola,  Oeorg*  Cartwnghl,  and  Hainual 
Ma««rii-k.  Thau  lidinga,  in  couriirrrnca  with  iliv 
rtporia  Ihal  had  long  praviiird  of  llir  daaiijna  anlrr- 
taincU  hy  Ih*  courl  of  Kngland  agmnit  lh«  litwrlira  of 
Ih*  eoloniala,  wara  cah-ulalinl  lo  alrika  Ihriu  wilh  dia> 
nay  'I'hry  knaw  that  plauailda  pii'irila  wrra  iioi 
wanting  to  jnaiifv  an  inquiry  into  llii-ir  prmH>rilingt ; 
bill  thay  wrrr  aUu  awara  thai  tha  diklilia  and  itiNpinun 
with  wliK.h  ll'xy  wrrp  raganlrd  l>y  Iho  kiiigroulil  iirvcr 
b«  aatiatied  by  any  inraaure  abort  of  tha  iitirr  aubvpr- 
alon  of  tlicr  inatitiiiiona.  Varioua  controvmiaa  had 
■riaan  brlwr^-n  ihc  dilfrranl  aatll«niaiita  conrtriilnit 
,  Iho  boiindiiruia  of  tlinir  rvaiwctiva  trrnioriaa  ;  anil  Iniul 
roniplainta  ware  prt-fcrieti  by  tlia  rrpraartilativat  of 
Maaoii,  and  by  (lorura,  and  other  maiiihara  of  ibf>  aid 
fonnnl  of  I'lymoiith.  of  tho  orriipaliona  of  dialrirla  anil 
aovarrigiitira  to  whit  li  thry  i^laitnrd  a  prfifcrablp  ri^ht 
Iho  claim  of  Maaon  to  N«w  llainpahirt'.  derived  fruin 
Iho  aaaignincnl  of  tha  I'lyinouth  lOiiiicil,  had  never 
bean  oapreaaly  aiirreiidcrcd ;  and  (ior^ai*  titia  to 
Maine  had  been  coiilirinad  and  enlarged  by  a  grant 
front  the  late  king  in  the  year  10311.  Aa  liorgca  had 
idhered  to  the  royal  caiaa  in  tho  civil  wara,  the  death 
of  tho  king  proved  the  tein|>brary  death  of  hia  patent : 
•lid  he  aa  well  aa  Maaon'a  heira  had  long  abandoned 
their  projeeia  in  drapair  of  evrr  proarculing  them  to  a 
tiiwoaaful  laau*.  Uul  now  the  revival  of  royally  In  I'ng- 
hwl  preaontod  them  with  an  opportunity  of  vinuicating 
their  claiina  ;  and  the  eatabliahiiient  of  inhalitanta  in 
die  leiriloriea  promiMd  adviiitage  from  aiich  vindication. 
Thoy  had  aa  yel  got  no  return  lor  the  money  they  had 
•ii|i«mlod  on  iheir  acqulaitiona :  but  they  now  embraced 
tho  priMpeii  and  claimed  tho  right  of  entering  ii|K>n  the 
Ubor*  01  olhera,  who  in  ignorance  of  their  prctenalona 
kid  occupied  and  coloniied  a  vacant  aoil,  and  held  it 
by  Iho  litl*  of  fair  purchaae  from  ita  native  proprieiora. 
Id  addition  lo  thia  fonnidable  controveray,  many  coin- 
plainla  had  bean  preferred  by  the  royaliata,  qiiakora, 
and  opianopaliana,  of  abuaoa  in  the  ulv,l  and  eccleaiaa- 
lical  adininiatration  of  Maaaachuaetta.  The  adjuatinent 
•f  Ihea*  eontroToraiea  and  invealigation  of  theae  com- 
phinta  wor*  Itio  principal  rcaaona  aaaigned  for  the  com- 
■liaaion.*  Dul,  doubtleaa,  Iho  main  object  of  concern 
lo  Iho  Engliah  court  waa  tho  auppreaaion  or  eaaenlial 
■KNlilieatioD  of  inatitutioiia  founded  and  adiiiinialered 
•n  principloa  that  had  ao  long  waged  war  with  moiiar- 
fhy,  and  ao  lately  prevailed  over  il.  Tlie  eoloniala 
TCi^  readily  believed  Iho  accounu  they  received  from 
llMir  frienda  in  England  of  thia  hnatile  diapoaition  of 
ibeir  aovereign :  and  the  public  ordera  by  which  they 
had  eautioiivd  th*  enemiea  of  hia  govcmment  not  lo 
■xpect  ahelter  in  Maaaachuaetta,  had  been  intended  to 
remove  or  appeaae  il.  When  intelligence  waa  received 
of  the  vieiiaiion  that  muat  aonn  ho  expected  from  Eng- 
gUml,  the  general  court  of  Maaaachuaetta  appointed  a 
day  of  faaling  and  prayer  to  be  obaerved  throughout  ita 
juriadiction,  in  aider  lo  implore  the  mercy  of  Uud  under 
iheir  many  diatracliona  and  troublea :  and  apprehend- 
ing it  to  tie  of  the  greateal  concernment  Ihal  the  patent 
or  charier  ahould  be  kept  ■>  aafe  and  aecrel,'^  Ihey  or- 
dered their  aecretary  to  bring  it  iiiio  court,  and  to  deli- 
ver II  to  four  of  the  members  of  court,  who  were  di- 
iccled  to  diapoae  of  it  in  aurh  manner  aa  they  ahould 
jqdgo  .nnat  vonaiatenl  with  tho  aafely  of  ihe  country. 
Awar*  of  the  uaual  licenliouaneaa  of  aailora  and  ao'l- 


a  In  addition  to  thcie  reaanni.  tha  conmilniiinn  netii  forLh 
that  complaints  have  baen  made  to  liii  inmeiiy  of  arti  of 
violence  and  Injuitlcahyihe  ciilmiUI  auihoritlea  against  ttie 
•atlvaa  of  Anwrica,  ••  whercliy  not  only  our  aovernment  is 
Itaduced,  out  Ihe  re|iutatii>n  and  rrcJit  of  chrlatiaii  ri.'h|!ii>n 
la  ttrouglit  Into  rapruach  and  prejudice  with  the  Koiiiiles  and 
MiaMlanli  of  thoaa  countriei  who  kn  w  nut  Uud  ;  the  rniuc- 
Ua*  of  whom  to  the  true  knowledne  of  Ood  U  iha  end  of  these 
•MaUaaa,"  Ac.—*  alataraant  uf  malcblaaa  falaehood  and 


diora.  (nd  raeollvcling  th*  peeuliu  ainein***  «/  lb* 
eolunial  lawa,  tho  eoiirl  adopted  al  Ih*  aamo  lim*  Ih* 
moal  priideni  prseaiitiona  fur  prtvanling  th*  neeeoaily 
of  either  a  haaarduua  rnfnrreinaiit  or  a  diahonral  anti 
puaillanimnua  rolavatinn  of  Ha  inunictnal  ordinanrea. 

Ill*  royal  *l|iedition  having  iriivril  at  lloalon  in  Ih* 
following  year,  tlia  eomintaaionara  presented  iheir  era- 
'lenliala  lo  the  guvarnor  and  rnnni'il,  and  deinaiidrd  in 
th*  Aral  inaUnea,  that  a  body  of  iroopa  ahould  b*  raiaed 
to  aerompany  tha  Mngliah  forraa  in  the  invaaiun  of 
New  York  [IM4|  The  governor  not  being  ain|inwpred 
by  th*  fuiina  of  tha  ronalitulion  in  raia*  forrea  withnul 
the  euna*nl  of  Ihe  general  roiirt,  proceeded  lo  convoke 
Ihal  body  ;  but  Iha  commiaaionara  not  having  leiaiir*  to 
wall  Ita  delibcrationa,  uro'-eeiled  with  th*  Heel  againat 
New  ^'ork,  deairiiig  tiie  eoloniiil  atiiiliarioa  to  liilluw 
aa  quickly  aa  |H>aailil*,  and  aignifying  to  the  governor 
and  council  thai  they  had  many  iin|Kiriant  eninmiiniet- 
tione  lo  make  lo  them  on  Iheir  return  from  New  York, 
and  thai  in  ihe  mean  time  the  general  court  would  do 
well  to  give  a  fuller  ronaideralion  than  they  aeenied  yet 
lo  hav*  don*  lo  the  letter  which  the  king  had  aihlfssril 
10  lh*m  two  yeara  liefore.  The  vague  iiiyalerious  terms 
of  thia  cominnniralion  were  jiowerfully  ealrnlaled,  and 
would  aeem  to  have  l>een  deliberately  itilendnl,  to  in- 
I'riMse  the  diatpiiet  and  apprehensions  uf  the  rntonisis 
That  they  produced  this  inipressjon  in  a  very  strong 
degree  la  manifest  from  the  prnreedings  that  wrro 
adopted  by  the  penernl  c^i'i".  <>n  the  a^seinhling  of 
that  Iwdy  it  was  declared  by  an  tinnieiliale  and  iinani- 
moiia  vote  ihil  ihey  wjie  "  rcaolvcl  In  bear  true  allc' 
Kianre  to  hia  majesty,  and  tu  adhere  In  a  patent  ao 
dearly  obtained  and  so  long  enjoyeil  by  undonhled 
rijiht."  Tn.-y  proceeded  to  rindcr  a  prompt  olicdience 
to  therequiaition  of  the  commiasioners,  ond  had  rjiaed 
a  regnnent  of  two  hnndn'd  men,  v^linwere  prepiiring  lo 

firoceed  for  New  York,  wlien  inielliciiici)  was  received 
roni  the  rommiaaioiiera  that  the  place  hail  already  sur- 
rendered, and  that  the  junction  uf  tho  l')ni(li>h  and  co- 
lonial forcea  waa  no  loii)ier  iioeetsiiry.  Tliu  ossenibly 
next  reaiimed  the  consideralinii  of  the  lilng'a  letter,  which 
had  teen  ao  emnhalically  eomineiided  to  their  delibera- 
tion, and  paaaeil  a  law  eilending  the  elective  franchiae 
to  all  the  inhabitanta  of  Enitlish  or  colonial  birih.  nay- 
inf(  public  rates  lo  a  certain  amount,  and  certilled  ny  a 
mtnialer  aa  orthodox  in  their  prinniplea  and  not  immoral 
in  their  lives,  whether  within  or  without  the  pale  of  tho 
ealablished  church.  They  iie«t  proceeded  to  frame  and 
tranauiit  to  tho  king  an  addrcaa  alroiij(ly  expresaive  of 
their  preaenl  apprehenaioiia  and  their  habitual  aetiti- 
■neiila.  They  act  forth  at  conaiderablo  length  the  diit- 
gera  ond  dilllculliea  they  had  encountered  in  founding 
and  rearing  their  aettlui'ier.l ;  tho  explicit  coiitirmstioii 
which  then  privilegea  had  received  lioih  from  the  pre- 
aenl king  and  hia  predeceaaor ;  and  Iheir  own  aubjec- 
lion  to  the  royal  authority,  and  williiigneaa  lo  teatify 
their  duty  In  any  rigliteoua  way.  They  exprevsed  their 
concern  al  the  appointment  of  four  coininiaaiuncra,  one 
of  whom,  Maverick,  waa  their  known  and  profcaaed 
rnemy,  who  were  inveated  wilh  an  indefinite  authority, 
in  tho  oxerciae  of  which  they  were  to  proceed,  not  in 
conformity  with  any  ealablished  law,  but  according  to 
their  own  discretion  ;  and  they  declared,  that  although 
aa  yet  they  had  but  taated  the  worda  and  actiona  of 
ihcae  persona,  they  had  enough  lo  aatisfy  them  that  the 
powera  derived  from  the  commiaainn  would  bo  i;nprovcd 
10  the  complete  aubvcraiun  of  the  provincial  goveiii- 
meiit.  If  any  protit  waa  expected  to  lie  gained  l>y  the 
impoaition  of  new  rulca  and  the  beroavcnient  of  their 
hbertiea,  the  deaign,  they  protested,  would  produce  only 
diaangiolntmenl ;  lor  tho  country  waa  ao  |ioor  that  it 
produced  little  more  than  a  bare  aubalstence  to  ita  in- 
babi'anta,  and  the  people  wore  ao  much  attached  to 
their  inatitutiona  that,  if  deprived  of  thorn  in  America, 
thoy  would  acek  them  in  new  and  more  distant  habitn- 
tioiia  i  and,  if  they  were  driven  out  of  the  country,  it 
would  not  be  eaay  to  find  another  race  of  inhabitanta  who 
would  be  willing  to  aojourn  in  it.*  They  appealed  to 
Ood,  that  they  camo  not  into  thia  wildcrnean  to  seek 
great  tliinga  for  theinselvea,  l>ut  for  the  salio  of  a  quiet 
life,  and  concluded  in  the  following  atraiiis  of  earnest 
anxiety  :  "  Irf!t  our  government  live,  our  patent  live, 
our  migis:;atea  live,  our  lawa  and  iibcriiea  live,  uur  re- 


*  II  is  curious  lo  observe  tho  exprevslon  of  a  siniHsr  senli- 
tnont  by  the  inlialillants  of  the  pruvince  of  Armffuti  in  tlie 
days  of  thofr  freedom.  It  is  declared  In  the  preamble  tu  one 
of  the  laws  i>f  Arragon,  that  such  was  Ihe  bHrrenriess  of  tlie 
ruiintry  rind  the  poverty  uf  the  inhabitants,  that  if  it  were  nut 
I'ur  the  sake  of  the  liberties  by  whk-li  they  were  UlsliiiguisbiMl 
frumothor  nations,  the  people  would  nbandon  itandKu  :ii  ipiost 
ot  a  settlement  to  suine  mure  Iruitful  reaion.  Holerlitjn's 
View  of  the  litata  of  Europe,  aecl,  i,  Uiatorx  of  t^bailea 
IhaPUUi. 


lifioua  enioymenla  lite  :  a*  eholl  w*  iR  y*t  ban  fet 
lh*r  raua*  tu  aay  from  our  heart*,  l,*l  Ik*  king  Uf!  In 
*v*r  "  l,*ti*ra  auing  for  favor  and  friendly  maiMillw 
were  transmitted  al  lb*  a«in*  tun*  to  several  of  th* 
Engliah  nubility,  aiul  particularly  to  th*  cbaneellof, 
l,onl  Claiandon.  lint  thes*  a|i|>licatioiia  war*  nn 
longer  attended  with  anrcaaj,  |,<ird  I  'latendon  waa  n* 
friend  to  piiriun  ealablishinenia  i  ha  had  Inatigaled  lb* 
peraeciiiion  thai  waa  than  carrying  on  againai  the  a*«- 
lariea  of  every  denomination  in  England  ;  and  h*  war 
at  preaenl  tmi  painfully  aensible  of  hia  daclininf  ere. Ill 
with  Ihe  king,  to  rixk  the  farther  pnivoeaiion  ofhia  di» 
pleaaur*  by  oppoaing  a  favoril*  Mhain*  of  royal  poliejr. 
In  a  latter  tu  ifie  governor,  he  defended  th*  cominlsainn 
•e  a  cnnstiiutional*  airrciaa  of  royal  power  and  wi*- 
doin,  and  airongly  iiidieativa  nf  his  inajealy'a  (race  ami 
goodness  ;  and  recommended  lo  III*  eoloniala,  by  « 
prompt  aiibiniaaion,  lo  ileprerale  the  indignation  which 
Iheir  ungrateful  clamor  niual  already  have  excited  in 
Ihe  breast  of  the  king  The  siiawer  of  I'harlea,  which 
waa  tranainilted  by  •Hecrelary  Morrico,  lo  Ih*  adilrest 
of  the  general  court,  excited  lesa  aiirpria*.  Il  r*« 
proacliedlhat  assembly  with  making  unreaaontblo  aiij 
gruuii'llesa  rnmiilaiiita  ;  justified  the  cominiaaion  aa  th* 
only  projH'r  melhiHl  of  reclifyini/  the  colonial  disordera  ( 
and  ullecli'd  to  cunsidcr  the  sildresa  aa  "  the  cnnlriv* 
ance  of  a  few  persons  who  infuse  jealouaiea  into  ihell 
fellow  auhjecta  ga  if  iheir  charter  were  in  danger  " 

Having  elfi'cled  the  conquest  of  New  York,  Ihe  com* 
niissiunrrs  prcH-erdud  lo  the  exercise  uf  their  civil  func- 
tinna  in  New  England  riBIISJ  Oim  of  Ihc  first  olilcial 
acts  thai  they  were  calli  d  on  to  perform,  waa  lb*  adj>ial< 
nieni  of  a  dispute  respecting  boiiiidarica,  Ihal  aroa*  out 
uf  the  orciipatiun  iif  the  New  York  lerrttory.  A  patent 
h«d  been  granted  to  the  Diiku  of  York  of  all  tho  lerri- 
lory  I.,  ciiiiieil  by  the  Dutch,  including  large  diatricl* 
that  hail  licen  already  cuinprebended  in  the  charter  »l 
(^>nneclicut.  A  controveray  concerning  limita  lull 
Ihiia  been  created  by  the  delilierato  act  of  the  crown, 
between  the  stato  of  Ounnecticul  and  the  new  pnivinc* 
erected  by  the  patent  to  tho  Duke  of  York.  Theil 
iHiundariea  woro  now  adjiiated  by  the  commisaionera  in 
s  maimer  which  sp|ieara  to  have  been  highly  aatiafaclory 
to  Iho  people  of  Connecticut,  but  which  eiiUiled  a  great 
deal  of  subacqiienl  dispiiie.  Another  controveray,  in 
which  I'oiinoclleiit  waa  involved,  aroae  out  of  a  claim 
to  pari  of  Ita  terrilorv  preferred  by  the  Duke  of  Hsniil< 
ton  and  othera,  in  virtue  of  tho  iighta  hil  had  tcer  "it 
lo  Ihemaclvea  or  their  aiiceatora  aa  meinbcra  of  Ih* 
grand  council  of  Plymouth.  1'he  commiaaioners  d*> 
airoua  of  giving  aatlafaclion  lo  lioth  |>artiea,  adjudgetl 
the  projierly  of  Ihe  disputed  aoil  to  theio  individual 
claiinanta,  but  declared  tho  right  of  government  lo  per* 
lain  to  Connociicut.  Il  appeara  manifeatly  lo  hav* 
been  their  policy  lo  detach  th*  otiier  New  England 
atatea  from  the  obnoxious  province  of  Mtaaachuactia, 
and  lo  procure  Iheir  co-0|i«ratiaii  by  the  example  ol 
implicit  aubniiasioii  on  iheir  own  part,  and  the  accumu- 
lation of  complainta  against  thai  province,  in  Ihe  deaigK 
of  abridging  her  hbertiea  and  altering  lirr  inatilulinns. 
In  the  proaeciitioii  uf  thia  (Hilicy  they  were  but  partially 
aucceaaful.  The  peoiilo  of  Connecticut  reeeivei!  'Il* 
coiniiiisaioiiera  with  the  utinoat  coldness,  and  plauily 
ahowcd  thai  they  regaiilcd  Iheir  preceedinga  with  ar«|w 
alon,  and  conaidered  the  cauau  of  Maaaachuaells  a* 
their  own.  So  airongly  iniprcsaed  were  tho  inhabitaiils 
of  thia  atato  with  tho  danger  to  their  hbertiea  from  th* 
iiiterjiosilion  uf  such  arhitrarv  authority,  that  aonie  die- 
agreements,  which  had  subsisted  between  (v'onnecticul 
and  Ncwhaven,  and  which  had  hitherto  prevented  theit 
union  under  the  late  charter  by  which  they  bad  been 
asaociateil,  were  entirely  composed  by  the  vfry  tiding* 
uf  the  visitation  of  the  coniiniasioncra  At  Plymouth 
the  coiiiniiasionera  met  with  little  oppoaitioii,  tho  iiih*- 
bitanla  being  deterred  from  Ihe  rxpreaaionof  their  a«n- 
tiinenta  by  a  cuneciouaneaa  of  iheir  weakneaa,  and 
being  exempted  from  the  apprchcnaiona  that  prevailed 
'  in  the  more  jiowcrful  atatea  by  e  aenae  of  their  inalgni- 
ficaiicD.  Ill  Uhodo  laland  alone  waa  their  inaidKNII 
policy  attended  with  auccesa.  There,  tlie  people  ra- 
ceived  them  wilh  every  mark  of  deference  and  ilMw 
tiuii ;  their  iiiquiriea  were  answered,  and  their  mandat** 

*  Even  Chatniers,  llioiiKh  Ihe  panegyriat  of  Charles  aa* 
his  policy,  and  aiiiinated  w.tk  the  strongest  dUhke  and  con 
tempt  ul  the  coluhuts,  expibsses  Ins  surprise  that  Clarendns 
should  delend  the  cutiiniidsiun  as  a  constitutional  act;  ob 
serving,  that"  an  act  uf  parhameiitwas  assuredly  necessara 
in  order  to  cut  up  elfcctualiy  llione  pnnciplf  s  of  Initepeiidenca 
llial  liHd  ruultfd  with  the  i^tfltlenient  uf  NewKn^isnu,"  p.  SMI 
One  uf  Hie  nrlicles  of  inipcmliinent  against  Lord  Ularendo* 
wa<4,  "  Ttiut  he  iitti-ittluced  an  arbitrary  goveninient  mill*  m*- 
jcsty's  planiations,"  But  this  charge  seems  tc  have  reiat*4 
to  some  proceedinia  in  BarliadMa  Uowel'a  tial*  Tr'Mi 
I  VIA.  vi.  f  m,  *c.  ^ 


NORTH  AMBRIOA. 


I  and  con 
Ciarendna 
I  act;  Ob 
naceiaarf 

i,"  p.  IW 

Clarendot 
In  ItU  m«* 
»  nltt*l 


•tnlad  I*  wilhmi  tnf  dutniii  lo  iht  «uiti*- 
kNjr  ftam  okleh  ihay  pfar««il*d  ;  aiwl  durinn  ih«ir  lUy 
la  UUl  •rllUiMiil  lh>>]r  M«ra  riialili'it  lO  aiii|ilily  ihrir 
ivpufll  wiihniimlHirl«aaciiinpUiiiUa||aliitl  Ihu  injualir* 
•Il4  inia||o««min«iil  alliur'!  lo  havn  hnii  Mniiimliil  in 
MaaMt  hiiHilta  'I'hia  |i<-i>|ili>,  aa  wr  ha«ii  •ri>ii,  hitl  iialnril 
Ihrir  laM  rliartar  liy  a  (li>iilitv  uf  •nliai'iiii'tirr  arnl  ilnvii 
lion  lo  iIm  crown  i  anil  Ina  iihoul  in<liliiliuna  wliiih  II 
Inlruiliirxl  hail  not  yal  hail  llina  •»  furni  •  •|iinl  lli'l  ilia- 
•lainril  lu  IhiIiI  lh«  anjojnnnnl  of  lihart*  liy  ao  lunuliU  a 
Miiiirit  'I'liK  rrri'iliiiii  Ihna  a|iiiriou>ly  V«||utu<n  wna 
'.ainlinl  in  lla  hirlh  hy  prliiciplra  thai  liinK  riiiilrri'il  lla 
tiia  *ne*  iirrcarioni )  anil  «••  ahall  Anil  ihn  iiihuhilanla 
al  IIImmIii  I>laiiil,  ■  frw  yuara  afltr,  alijcrily  niri'nn)(  lo 
■iriu  llianiulvca  nf  lh«  pri«lli'g*a  wlilili  ihry  liail  yaiiiiil 
m  III.  anil  of  wliirli  llioy  nuw  ihowi  il  Ihcniarlvra  uii 
worihy  hy  thair  williiiKnvaa  lo  alrciigihtn  Ihi  hamU  lli>> 
«•»  prfJMriiig  lo  a|i|ir«aa  llw  libtriipa  of  Maaanrhil' 
M'lU.  n'n  inuil  iinl.  howuvtr  illacatil  ream  our  rorul- 
Uelion  thai  Ithmln  lalanil  waa  yet  hut  a  fiDliIi'  ■■oininii- 
nily.  mil  that  llm  unfaturalilo  •riiliin«nta  with  whii  li 
IMny  nf  ila  inliahilania  niianlril  Maa>arhii>i'Ila,  anxr 
from  iha  |H>raiii'iiiloii  wlinh  llnir  rrlljinua  Iciiula  liuil 
ii|Hiriiinrr(|  m  iIhI  prciviiirr  Tlirjr  riiniluit  lo  Ihn 
'oniniiaaiontrt  rccvivcil  Ihr  wartnial  a|i|irulMlion  from 
Oliarlva,  wlio  aaaurail  llii'ni  lliul  hi>  woiilil  nrvrr  ho  iiii' 
niimlfiil  of  the  riaiina  ihov  Iniil  ai'i|iiiri'J  »ii  lii«  nooil' 
n«aa  hy  a  iltnii'annr  to  ri'|iltt«  with  iliily  ami  hiiiiiiliiy. 
In  jiiativii  to  tlip  king,  whonu  wnril  waa  |iruvrrbially  thu 
olijKCl  of  very  lililo  rKliiinr.  wo  nuy  uhitrvi'  ihnt  he 
do«'a  not  ipiiear  nvcr  after  lo  jiavo  wiiniliitwii  lila  favor 
fnnn  Kliada  l^iantl ;  and  in  Jualiro  lo  •  iiioral  Icaaon 
lliat  would  bo  olhorwiao  iiic'oin|ili'le,  »r  may  hero  ao 
far  anlici|i<l«  the  ludir  of  tiiiio  aa  lo  ri'intrk,  that 
whan  Charlo'a  auc:«<tor  procrodid  lo  olriid  to 
Khodt  laland  Iha  ilealructinn  in  which  Ihu  lihi'rtiiij  of 
the  oilior  Now  Kni|l«nd  provincea  had  hirn  involved, 
liid  when  llw  uaople  eiidoitvofed  lo  avert  ihe  blow  by  a 
rejielition  of  inn  alijccliirna  that  had  forniirly  availed 
Ihein,  Iheir  proslraliun  wa>  iliarrijardcd.  and  their  com- 
plelo  iiibjectioii  puraiied  ami  efliicted  with  an  Intolenc* 
Ihal  feelinjily  Uuglil  iImiu  to  detoal  oppreaiion  and  duo- 
piao  aerviiiiy. 

It  waa  in  Miaaichiiaolta  lhal  Ihe  main  objorl  of  th* 
comniiaaion  waa  to  be  piiraued  ;  tnd  from  iho  dilTrr- 
•nee  lietwatn  iha  pimiaaea  aa  well  aa  the  oiiiniona  en- 
la  tiined  by  the  (.ngliah  KO'ernmcnt  and  the  cnloiiiti 
■iilhoriiiea,  it  waa  undoubiodly  forcieen  that  the  pro- 
crediiiga  of  the  comniiaaionera  would  \w^tt  Itie  moat 
•aaolulii  oppotilion.  AmonK  othvr  coininuiiicationa 
which  the  i-ommiaaionera  were  charged  by  the  king  to 
iiiipreaa  on  the  coioniala,  waa,  that  he  conaidercd  them 
to  aland  in  jireciacly  ihe  tame  rela'.inn  In  him  aa  the  in- 
habiltnlt  of  Kent  or  Yorkuhirn  in  F.iiultiid  Very  dif- 
fiircnl  waa  Ihe  opinion  that  prevailed  among  Ihe  colo- 
nmta.     They  coiitidered  that,  having  been  forced  by 

Iieraeciition  to  depirt  from  Ihe  realm  of  Kngland,  and 
laving  ealabliahed  lliemMJvca  by  llieir  own  untaiialed 
ciruria  in  lerriioriea  whicli  ihey  had  purchaard  from  the 
uriginil  proprietora,  ihoy  rrlaiiicd  no  other  political  con* 
nrmon  with  their  aovrreign  than  what  wiia  created  by 
Iheir  charter,  which  they  rigurded  at  the  toli>  dialing 
coiiipact  between  the  parent  aimo  and  theniM'lvea,  ond 
•a  apecifving  al'  '^e  parliculart  and  liinila  of  tlieir  olie< 
dienre.  'I'licy  tcLnowlcdged  dilTcreiice  of  aeiiliment  ill 
religion  and  |ioliti>'a  botwein  ihomaelvet  and  their  an- 
cient rulera  in  which  ihcir  aellleineiit  had  originuted, 
■nd  Ihe  hihita  of  ai'lf-governmi-iU  that  llicy  liail  long 
been  enabled  to  indulgr,  lonlirineil  their  prepoaaeaaiona, 
tnd  had  tended  generally  and  deeply  lo  iiiipre»a  the 
conviction  that  their  origiiiil  allegiiinco  ta  nativci  oi 
Kngland  and  aubjecta  of  Ihe  crown  waa  entirely  dia- 
tolved,  and  aiipomeded  by  ihe  atipulaliona  which  they 
had  voluntarily  contracted  by  accepting  their  charter. 
Thete  opinioiia,  however  airungly  chcrialied,  it  waa  not 
prudent  diatinclly  lo  profeaa ;  but  their  prevalence  la 
aMegcd  by  t  reepectablo  colonial  hialnrian,  on  tlia 
authority  of  certain  iiitnutcripi  conipotitioiia  of  the 
leading  peraona  in  Maaaachuaelta  al  Ihia  period,  which 
he  had  an  nppoitunity  of  eiamining.  The  coloninla 
were  not  the  leaa  atlaclicil  lo  these  opiniona,  from  tlio 
(pprehenaian  tlidt  tliey  would  liiid  aa  lillle  favor  in  Ihe 
cyea  of  the  Knglit'i  govcrninenl  ua  those  which  hud  led 
t;  ll.o  persecution  and  emigration  of  tlieir  anceaiora  : 
Ihey  were  indeed  lotally  ri^pugnaiit  to  the  prineiplet  of 
Ihe  lOngliah  law,  wliicli  iiolJs  tiio  allegiance  of  iiilijects 
ID  their  aovnreign,  not  aa  a  local  or  provitional,  but  aa 
•  perpetual  and  indiaaoluble  tie,  whii'li  distance  of  place 
doaa  not  Buuder,  nor  Upse  of  time  relax.  Forcibly 
•vsm  of  Ihaaa  diflerencat  of  opinion,  of  the  dangeroua 

whiih  thay  might  begel,  and  ol  ihn  diaidvin- 

witk  which  thay  muat  conduct  i  dlifcuNioa  wilh 


parMfli  who  ioiiglil  nothing  •«  miiah  ••  M  DihI  a?  iitalla 

them  nfremlrra,  ihe  rnhniitlt  twaiirtl,  wiili  inuvhanaia^, 
the  priN'riHiMi^t  of  ihe  I'lHiiniisauinera. 

'Ilio  Irinprr  and  ili«po«iiioii  nf  ilie«e  eoinmiaaionera 
Inrrraied  Iho  prubatHlliv  ol  tii  iiiilririiilly  isaiie  lo  their 
dm  iiMiont  wiih  the  «  ilfinial  aiilhuriiDa  Ifroniiiia- 
imii  was,  aa  the  king  pruli'iavd,  Ihe  uhjerl  which  he 
litii  m  view  in  issuing  the  niminiitiun,  he  waa  tingu- 
Uily  iinlnrtiinale  in  Ihe  aeleclion  nf  tha  intlruinrnta  lo 
whom  the  diai'harge  of  its  mipnrtant  diilles  wtarontl. 
iliii.  Nii'liolaa  was  a  man  ol  aense  ami  niodrraliun  : 
bill  II  waa  fur  the  radutlinii  tnd  aiibaeiiiieiil  aellleineni 
of  the  ert'aira  of  New  York,  that  he  had  hevii  mainly 
a|>|Hiinled  i  he  remaii.ed  tl  lhal  place  after  lit  rapituU- 
'iiiii ;  anil  when  he  afterwards  rejoined  hia  enllesgues, 
he  fiiunil  himsrir  nnuhhi  lo  control  their  proceedings,  or 
repair  ihe  breaih  they  had  already  crealeil.  The  olher 
ciiminiationers  (p|iesr  to  have  been  remtrktbie  for  no 
oilier  i|utliliea  than  intolence,  pratumpiiun,  tnd  ineapa- 
cily,*  10  which  Maverirk  farther  added  tii  invelerato 
hosiiliiy  lo  ilio  colony  which  had  induced  him  fur  years 
lo  sniii'il  Ihe  cnminissiun  which  be  now  esgerly  has- 
leneil  to  eieciite.  On  llirir  return  lo  Musloii,  the  very 
Ural  ii'i|iiuilioii  which  Ihey  made  lu  ihe  guveriinr  ile- 
inan:ilr,ilid  how  liltlu  they  were  diapu<i'd  to  rriiiufnise 

Ihe  rnlii I   aiilburiliea  ;  for  Ihey  reipiirrd  that  all  Ibu 

iiihsbilanis  of  Iha  pruvince  should  be  assriiibli>il  lu  re- 
ceive and  reply  lo  tlitir  cominunuatiun  ;  and  when  Ihe 
governor  ilesired  to  know  ihe  reaaon  lor  aii'h  a  proriieil- 
ing,  lliry  anawcred,  "  tliat  llie  inution  waa  so  reiisumi- 
bb<,  that  he  who  would  not  allemi  lo  it  waa  a  Iruilnr  " 
Ihey  afierwarda  ihouulit  pruper  lu  make  IimI  of  a  mure 
cuncilialnig  tone,  and  ml'orined  the  general  court  that 
they  had  properly  repretenled  lo  Ihe  king  Iho  prompt- 
neat  w>th  wliirh  Ilia  cuiiiniands  had  been  obeyed  in  Ihe 
raising  of  t  colonial  regiment ;  but  il  afterwards  ap- 
peariu  that  they  had  actually  mailn  a  rcpreaenlation  of 
a  |ierlectly  op|iOBiie  import  lo  tlio  aecreltry  of  atate. 
'I'hu  auspiciuns  which  the  coniinissionert  tnd  Iho  gene- 
ral court  reciprocally  entertained  of  each  olher,  eHeclu- 
ally  prevented  any  cordial  co-operation  between  ihain. 
Tile  cnmniiinicaliont  of  the  cunimiftionert  ditplay  tha 
most  lofly  ideaa  of  lliair  own  authoriiy  as  repieaeiita- 
livoa  of  Iha  crown,  with  i  preconceived  opinion  that 
there  waa  an  indis|iosition  on  iho  purl  of  ihe  ginerul 
court  to  pay  due  reswct  In  thai  tiiihoriiy,  ta  wall  ta  to 
Ihe  aoiirco  from  which  it  waa  derived.  The  inawera 
<d'  the  general  court  munifeal  an  aiiiloua  deaire  lu  avoid 
a  conleat  with  Ihe  crown,  and  lu  gratify  his  Majcaty  by 
prol'easiuna  of  loyally  and  aubmission,  and  by  every 
ilitnge  thtl  teemed  likely  to  meet  hia  wiahea,  without 
I  oinpromiamg  the  fundumentil  principles  of  their  iiiati- 
luliona.  'I'liey  eipreased,  at  tliu  asmu  time,  a  detibo- 
rtlo  conviction  of  having  done  nolhing  ihil  merited  dit- 
plcuture  or  reijuired  a|iulogy,  tnd  a  sleidy  delerininu- 
lion  lo  ihidu  by  the  chtrler.  Under  tuch  circuin- 
ittncet,  ihu  corratpondence  toon  degenerated  into  an 
sllercilion.  'I'ho  coinmiasiunera  it  Tengih  demanded 
from  the  court  an  explicit  t'ltwer  to  llie  i)uealion,  if 
tliey  tcknowledged  the  authority  of  hit  Majeaiy'a  com- 
iniaaion  I  but  Ihe  court  deaired  lo  be  eicused  from 
giving  any  olher  anawei,  than  llial  they  acknowledged 
llie  aiiihorily  of  his  Majesty's  charter,  with  which  tliey 
were  a  greul  deal  belter  acquainled.  Finding  Ihul 
their  object  wua  not  to  lio  atlaiiied  by  thruatt  or  etpos- 
Inluliona,  the  commisaioncra  allemp'ed  >  practical  aa- 
>ertiuii  of  their  powers  :  they  grained  leltera  of  prolcc- 
iion  lo  pnrlica  under  proaeculioii  before  the  colonial 
court ;  and  m  a  civil  auit,  which  had  been  already  du- 
terininiKl  by  the  colonial  judgea,  they  promoted  an  ap- 
peal to  iheinaclvea  from  the  unaiiccoasful  party,  and 
■iimmoneil  him  tnd  hit  udveriary  to  plead  their  cauae 
before  lliem.  I'lio  general  court  perceived  that  Ihey 
miiat  now  or  never  ninko  a  aland  in  defence  of  their 
authority  ;  and,  with  a  dcciaiou  which  showed  the  high 
value  Ihey  eiiterlaiiied  fur  their  privileges,  and  the  vigor 
with  which  they  were  prepared  lo  protect  them,  they 
pjoclaimed,  by  sound  of  Irunipol,  their  disapprobation 
of  thia  nicaaure,  and  declared  that,  in  discharge  of  iheir 


*  The  Runsoiusanehs  ul  thuir  (jntcceUiii^ii  ap|«art  verymm- 
nifeiitly  rr<iin  a  case  retaletl  at  cuiisiiIltuIjIu  ItMigltl  by  Ihu 
rohiiiml  lii.ititriaii)i.  Tlifiy  liail  buuii  lirinliiiiti  una  Ssturiluy 
iitKlit  111  a  luvuni  ul'Ier  the  hours  when,  by  the  cubinisl  taws, 
all  luverns  were  ouluruil  to  be  shut.  A  cu'trtlable,  who 
wiu'iieii  tlieiii  nut  lu  inl'fiiiiie  llie  law,  was  beulen  by  tlioni. 
lluunii);  that  MuHun,  unutl.er  cuiixtuble,  haU  declared  that  he 
wuutd  nul  have  Injoii  deleiredby  tlieir  vlult-nce  liuinduing  Ills 
duty,  they  aoiil  fur  liiiii,  uiid  eKturled  I'rtiin  liiiil  an  sdiiiiHsiun 
that  lie  would  tiave  arrested  the  lunif  liiniNelf  if  liu  liail  found 
hlin  d^lllkl^^  in  a  puhlic-huuitu  alter  lawful  hours.  They  iii- 
sliited  lhal  lio  should  bo  iriud  fur  high  treason,  and  tcluslly 
prevailed  lo  have  this  injustice  coininitled.  The  jury  re- 
tumiid  a  special  verdict;  tnd  the  court,  conkldenny  the 
words  olTensiva  tnd  insolent,  but  not  treosonablt,  tnflictad 
only  a  tUght  punishment.    Hutchinson,  1.  U4,  U>. 


iiiif  lo  na4  and  tha  hinf.  in*  if  tha  tf»4  I 

them  hy  Iha  king's  fi>"<  anh)oela  m  ih*  t« 
could  nol  runae nl  la  aiich  proeaedinga,  nor  » 
Ihuta  who  would  rnnduci  or  ahrl  ihrm.  llMy  i 
pitnieil  Ihia  vignrnna  al*p  wllh  an  olfar  to  aompaMilM 
Ihe  mailer  hy  hearing  Ihe  raiisa  ihoinselvvt  In  pwaaw 
of  lb*  coninnssioners  ;  hut  this  pro|>«silinn  was  seam- 
fully  reircled,  tnd  every  alluil  lo  reiinila  ihsta  car.lww 
lug  autliuriliet  proved  utterly  unavtllmg 

Huspendmg  for  a  lime  Ihalr  prnreeirngt  tl  Doalofl, 
llw  cominitaiunara  nroeerdtd  lo  New  llain|whira  ana 
,Malne,  tnd  inslsnily  giving  judgmeni  in  favor  of  Iha 
clainit  of  Mtson  and  (lorget  sgiiiisi  tha  |avernnMnl 
of  Mataaehiisallt,  Ihay  tuppretied  iha  aiisling  BU- 
Ihoriliaa,  tnd  artelad  a  royal  governmani  in  etch  ol  lhaaa 
provinrua.  On  iheir  return  lu  lloston,  the  general  court 
declared  lhal  ihete  procaedinga  tended  lo  Ihe  disliiilianca 
of  Iha  public  jieaea,  and  demanded  a  eonlerenea  wilh 
Iha  conimisaionert,  which  wts  refuted  with  a  hiiiarnata 
of  aii|irassion  lhal  nul  an  end  to  all  further  eommunica 
lion  Mir  Itolwrl  I'trr  even  went  the  length  of  aetur> 
iiig  the  general  court  lhal  the  king'a  pardon  for  Ihali 
niaiiifuld  treasons  during  ihe  late  reliellion  had  bean  an 
lirrly  romliliuiuil,  and  waa  forfeiled  hy  their  avil  beha 
vinr ;  and  that  Ihn  cnnlrivers  of  ilieir  lale  measure* 
wuutd  speedily  experii'iire  Ih,^  piinishinent  which  Iheir 
sssociali's  in  rebellion  hud  lately  met  wilh  in  Kngland. 

The  king  having  bein  appriaoti  of  llieae  proceei*ingt, 
Slid  asturid  hy  the  commisshniera  lhal  it  waa  fruillata 
fur  them  lo  coniiitue  t  treaty  with  persont  who  war* 
delerinined  to  inisrnnslrue  til  iheir  words  tnd  aelioiia, 
nailed  lettert,  recalling  Ihe  commiasionert  10  KnglamI, 
[Minn,]  eipresBing  hit  BttiBfaction  wllh  all  Ihe  eoToniaa 
eicapl  Maaaachiiselta,  and  eomintuding  the  genaral 
cniirt  of  thia  province  to  aend  depniira  lo  plead  their 
cauae  before  hiinaelf.  liul  Iha  inbabilanit  of  Mtaaa- 
chutellt  were  well  twara  lhal  in  auch  a  conlroveray 
they  could  not  have  Ihr  mnti  remote  chance  of  tncceaa, 
and  lhal  il  waa  nol  by  the  cogency  of  arguincnl  Ihey 
could  hope  In  parify  the  displeaaure  of  Iheir  sovereign. 
Instead  of  coniplying  with  Ihia  injunction,  Iha  general 
court  addresaeu  a  teller  lo  Ihe  secretary  of  title,  in 
which  Ihey  hinted  real  or  pretended  doubti  of  Iho  au- 
thoriiy of  the  roytl  letter,  tnd  declirad  lhal  Iha  ctta 
hid  already  been  to  fully  plrtiled  lhal  ihaahletl  among 
Ihein  would  bo  utterly  unthia  to  render  II  any  claarar. 
Ai  Iha  aame  lime  ihey  endeavored  to  appcaaa  hia  ma* 
jesiy  hy  hiimhlo  addresses  ciiirestiva  of^  ihair  loyally ; 
and  111  order  to  demoiisiraie  llie  tenta  thay  allachad  la 
their  profestions,  Ihey  piirchtted  a  ahip-load  of  maata, 
which  thay  nreaanteil  lo  Iha  king ;  and  haarin^  lhal  hia 
Ileal  in  Ihe  Weal  Indies  waa  In  want  of  proviaiona.  ihajr 
promoted  a  contribution  among  Ihamsalvea,  and  victu- 
alled it  at  Iheir  own  ei|ioiiae.  Tha  king  accepted  Iheir 
prcsonta  very  gracioualy  ;  and  a  latter  under  tha  alga 
manual  having  baan  Iransmillad  lo  Ihe  general  court, 
declaring  lhal  Iheir  loti  for  Iho  royal  aarvica  waa  •<  lakan 
well  by  hia  majeaiy,"  the  cloud  that  had  gathered  over 
Ihe  rolony  in  this  quarter  seemed  for  the  present  lo  ba 
dispersed.  Neverihelesa,  the  design  thai  had  baan 
prosecuted  to  auch  a  length,  of  ramiKlelling  Iba  initilu- 
liont  of  New  England,  wtt  by  no  incana  abandoned. 
The  rejiort  of  tha  coininissioners  had  furnished  Charlea 
Wllh  Ihe  very  prutcita  that  were  wanting  lo  ihe  accom- 
plishment of  his  plans  :  and  the  proceedings  which  al 
a  later  period  ho  adopted,  evinced  lhal  it  wtt  not  tha 
dutiful  profestions  or  liberalities  of  tho  colonii^lt  thai 
would  deter  him  from  availing  hiinaelf  of  iiretents  wiiich 
ho  had  made  auch  olfoita  to  obtain.  But  Iha  great 
plague  which  broko  out  with  such  violenca  aa  in  ona 
vear  lo  destroy  ninety  thousand  of  Ihe  inhabilanta  of 
ixindon,  and  to  banish  for  a  time  Iho  aeat  of  govern- 
ment lo  Oiford— tho  great  lire  of  London,*  tha  wara 
and  iniriguct  on  the  continent,  and  the  riting  diicon- 
lentt  of  the  people  of  England,  occupied  to  enlirelv  tho 
attention  of  the  king,  aa  to  tutpeiid  thu  elocution  of 
hia  detignt  againtt  the  government  of  Mtaatchutetlt. 

After  the  departure  of  the  royal  committionera,  Iha 
provinces  of  New  England  enjoyed  for  tome  yeara  a 
quiet  tnd  protpcrout  condition.  Tha  only  distuibtiica 
which  llicir  iiilcriial  iranquillily  auttainod,  arose  from 
the  persecutions  which  in  all  the  ttatea,  aicepl  Khoda 
Island,  continued  to  be  waged  againal  the  anabaptiata, 
as  these  aectariea  from  lime  to  time  titeinpled  to  propa- 
gate their  lonelt  and  eatablish  their  ordinancea.     Lot- 

•  A  liberal  contribution  wtt  made  by  the  people  of  Ma^ 
s8chu.>otts,  and  transinlued  to  Loadon  for  relief  of  the  sulTar- 
Uutihin«iii,l.  M7.    The  peo|.le  of  New  Bnf 
ily  dlsllniulshed  by  their  chart- 


f,r»  by  the  Ru 

land  bavu  always  heun  lioiiorably .. 

table  partlcipsiion  of  tlis  misfortunes  of  other  canimunlUaa 

I  ytar  ITOa,  thay  contributed  WOW  for  the  raUff  eftka 

Inhtbliaiits  of  Navlt  and  St.  ChrUtoghara,  which  M  ka^ 


in  Ihe'  year  )70a^  thay  contributed  I 
Inhthltaiits  of  NavU  and  St.  ChrU        .. 
tavagad  by  tha  rraoch.   aolmaa,  U.  M 


THE   Mill  OR  V   Of 


UM  ••  M  vniltn  III  lh*l*  Iwtwif  M  Itw  •■•4wii«l  iiMgit- 
MMM  bf  Ih*  nMMl  •minanl  iliMcniihg  miiuaivri  in 
Emtowl .  hoi  itowgll  It  WM  Mfwifly  Hrfnl  kt  ih« 
mtu»n  at  llww  Inicn,  iImi  th*  Mv»n  |i«r<>riiiiun 
whwh  lh«  iittlMptisu  w*r«  Itwn  •ttiliiriiiii  iti  ^InnUntl 
•iMMtltl  rvi*ttiiiiiti>h<l  lh#m  lu  iK«  ■viiifMihy  of  ih»  i-olo 
n»Mt,*  (ml  ihai  ihiir  ■••locnHin  wm  mura  likrly  iii  Iw 
»|Iki«I  !•«  huUlinf  fofth  I*  IhaiH  iha  |i*Mtibla  (riiili 
»t  ii|hifaiian»M  than  b*  punuiiii  ihcir  nrrura  tiKl  in 
Ittiiiilita  mill  imikI  iiillH'limi*,  wliuh  laiilil  h*>*  iiu 
•llMr  Klbi'l  llian  la  *n(iitr«  or  atififsM  ihvir  runartriif-ai, 
Ih*  iiilar|»<iiian  of  lh«M  |MrMiiia,  lli«U||h  iM|i»rllully 
rM»i«cil,  wa*  iillarlir  iliangtni«i  Tk*  rokinial  an- 
IhariliM  iwraialaj  in  b*>Mi*in(  inal  iWif  «•»  ilnin« 
(iail  ai'i>H'*  hy  amploying  lh«  ri«il  pooar  wiih  whu  li 
lUy  wara  iiivialatl,  la  jfuanl  ihair  larrilonaa  Iruin  Ilia 
liilruaitiii  of  liaraaji,  tiHTla  nwinuin  lh«  |i>ifilir  of  llioan 
raligiuua  piiiMinloa  for  Iha  praaartalioii  of  whn'h  ihair 
aalllaiiianla  kail  l<«*n  orifinally  furinail  A  ranaulaia' 
kla  iiiimlMr  uf  anihapliala  wara  riiiail,  liii|»iMnail,  anal 
luniatiaii  :  aivl  ^nrciilioii  |iroil>i(ril  ila  uaiial  altrrl  of 
CMiHriniiiil  ami  pra|>ai|aliri||  Iha  lanala  whirh  II  al- 
Uinplail  lu  ailirpala,  hjr  cauaiiiK  Iha  |iiafaaaan  of  Ihain 
la  coniiacl  Ihani  in  lliair  own  ininUa,  and  lo  aihilnl  Ihain 
to  otliara  in  roniwimn  wilh  aiillarinK  foe  eanacianca 
••k*.  Thra*  pnM  aailinn,  huwavar,  (imirihiilrtl  mora 
(A  •liia  llw  chvMMr  ol  Iha  rolnnlaa  than  lu  ilialiirk 
llMir  innqiiilliljr.  Miirh  grraiar  ilm)iiwi  waa  I'raalail 
by  lh«  inl«lli|ianea  of  Iha  raaaion  of  Arailia,  or  aa  ii 
bail  coma  IuIm  larniail  A'oaa  Stott»,  lo  iha  Kranih  at 
th*  Irtiljr  of  Urrda  (1007.  J  Nolliing  hail  conlrihuiad 
maia  lo  promala  iha  roininarce  and  aarnriK  uf  Niiw 
Knaland  than  Iha  roiii|uaal  of  ihal  pm*ir>ra  hy  C'roin- 
•  til;  ami  tha  inkakilania  of  MaatarhiiaalU,  appriard 
of  Iha  ailrama  aolivilada  of  ihu  Kranch  lo  ra||aiii  il, 
and  jualljr  ragarding  auch  an  iaaua  aa  pia||iianl  with 
danyar  to  thamaaUoa,  aaiil  agrnla  to  Kngland  lo  ra> 
monairala  ayainat  II,  llul  tha  iiiltuanra  ul  Iha  Kraiicli 
|iiu«rd  too  pnwrrful  for  iha  inlaraal  uf  tha  paupin  \  and 
Ilia  cunducl  of  Charlaa  on  ihia  orcaaion  amiirrd  aa  hi- 
Ila  cuncain  for  llw  calarnal  aacurily  of  tha  coloiiiaa,  aa 
hiaprav.iua  procaadinga  had  ahown  raijirci  fur  ihvir 
inlriiial  lllirilita.  The  Knuich  ragainad  iioaaraajun  ul 
Uirir  aiicianl  aalahliahinanl  :  and  liolh  Naw  England 
and  Iha  inolhar  country  had  altarwaida  akiiiidani  rauaa 
to  ragral  tha  adniiaajon  of  a  raatlaaa  and  litigioiia  iiaigh- 
hor,  who  for  yeara  aiarltd  har  paculiar  ana  of  intriguo 
Ul  intarrii|il  Ilia  purauila  and  dialuib  Iha  rapoaa  of  tha 
Kligliahculoniala 

Tha  go«arnmant  of  Maaaachuaallt  waa  highly  aecap- 
labia  lo  Iha  graal  body  of  tha  paopla  ;  and  afaii  ihoaa 
acM  of  ila  adminralrtlion  Ihal  impoaad  raairainia  on 
CI'  .ibarly  wara  raapcctrd  on  acrouni  of  ihair  inani- 
feal  daaign,  and  Ihair  aupooaad  afllclancy  to  proniota 
•u  objael  which  Iho  paopla  hald  daarar  than  libarty 
ilaair.  A  prinlinf  praaa  had  baan  aalabliihad  al  Cam- 
Widga  for  upwarda  of  Iwanly  yaara  ;  and  tha  grnaral 
aourl  had  racantly  appoinlad  two  pcraona  lu  Iw  licanaara 
tf  Uio  praaa,  and  prohibilad  Iha  publication  of  any  hooka 
•r  papera  Ihal  had  nol  undcrgona  Ihair  au|iarviaion. 
Ilia  licanaara  ka«ing  gi«an  ihair  aanclion  lo  Iha  publi- 
cation of  'Ihomaa  a  Kamnia'  adiniraUla  treaiiia  ( lOM  ] 
lit  ImiMioHt  Ckruh,  tha  court  miarpoaad,  and,  da- 
daring  Ihal  "  Iba  book  waa  written  by  a  (lopiah  ininia- 
lar,  and  conlainad  aoma  Ihinga  leaa  aafa  to  ba  infuaad 
among  tha  paa|ile."  Ibay  riH.aniinitndc'd  a  more  diligrnt 
laviaal  lo  Iha  licantera,  and  in  tha  ineanliina  auipanJrd 
lb*  publicatiun.  In  a  cuiiatituliun  leaa  papular,  auch 
■n  acl  would  h,tva  baan  aalaenuHl  an  inii|iiiloua  alirulg- 
manl  of  tha  liharly  of  Iha  aubjacl.  Uul  Iha  goram- 
Baiit  of  Mtaaachuaalta  ripraiuid,  and  waa  aupfwrtad 
by,  Iha  aeiitiiuania  am'  opiniona  uf  tha  |irople  ;  and  ao 
•craplabla  waa  ita  adininialralioii.  that  the  inhabitania 
of  Naw  Hampahira  and  .Maine  rejarimg  the  conalilu- 
lion  Ihay  had  raceiirad  from  the  ruyal  eoinmiaaionera, 
again  aolicitcd  and  were  received  into  liic  rink  of 
dcpandenciea  on  iu  juriadiclion.  All  liacea  of  the 
viaiUlion  of  Ihcaa  coininiaaionrra  having  btjoii  Ihua 
aflaeed,  and  ihe  apprchenaiona  that  Iheir  ineaaurea  hi'l 
aiciled  rorgotten,  Ihe  alTaira  of  the  colonica  roiiiirnr  ' 
Ibi  aaveral  yeara  to  glide  Oh  n  n  rouiae  of  ailciu  b..i 
chaofful  proaperity.t     Tha  na^maticn  act  not  being 

•  Tha  eolonlala  mlfht  have  pondered,  with  advantaaa,  an 
obaerrallan  of  Ihair  ancient  friend.  Dial  iiinineiil  and  Kreaily 
Blireptaaanlrd  man  Hugh  Pi'iiri,  while  ho  wai  awiuina  lii> 
aiecullon  In  Nawaale.  Some  in  llii;  ^rlmin  ■|»<aliiii||  ul  llii' 
dUTerancaa  In  religion,  Mr.  Puleri  K;iid,  "  Pray  talk  not  uf  i-uti- 
tnvaiaiaa  now;  wk.  Iiava  buta  httle  time  to  live,  and  cannui 
It   In  auch  dlacouraea."    Triala  and  Deatlia  of  tlio 


wnltirfatl  Liv  ilt«  aalaubalinMinl  of  a  ruaimii  Im  t««.  and 
dapaitdiMg  lur  iia  aiaaiillun  upon  ollU'iira  aniiMally 
aUi'ifil  liv  ihair  fvlliiw  riiiiaMa,  waa  eniiraly  diara 
ganlad  |  IHM  -1071  |  Tha  naopla  aii|««ad  «  aam- 
■aii'fra  aa  aiicnaiva  aa  thay  i-ouul  ilaaira  .  a  amiaaf)Uftni 
incrraaa  of  waalth  waa  iiaililH  amang  Iha  martfliatila 
and  |ilaiitara  ,  and  a  a|Hril  of  induairy  ami  aroiiainy 
prevailing  nu  laaa  gaiiarally,  iha  planlaliana  wara  dih- 
gently  liiijtruvrd,  and  tha  aalilrmrnla  eonahlerably  eg- 
tended  ft'riim  a  ilut'iimaul  praarrved  in  tha  arentvae 
of  tha  ruiunifl  iillit'a  uf  ^Ingland,  an  I  pnhliehod  by 
I'haliiiara,  ii  apjiaara,  thai  In  tha  year  lOTJ  New  Kng- 
land  waa  eaiiuMlrd  lu  ronlain  ana  hundred  and  Iwanly 
ihouaaiid  auiila,  uf  whnin  aliotil  aiilaen  ihouaand  ware 
atil*  lu  bear  anna  \  and  uf  tha  inarrhania  and  |<lanlera 
ihere  were  nil  fewer  than  live  tliaiiaand  (larauna,  aaak 
ul  wtwin  waa  wurih  auiNN  •  Three  fouriha  of  iha 
wealth  and  impulaiiun  uf  iIm  ruunlry  aenlfed  In  Iha 
territory  uf  .Maaaarliuaetla  and  ila  de)iendenelea.  Tha 
luwii  uf  llualon  alune  runlaiiiad  liflaeii  humlrad  fanii 
Ilea  Tlirrt  waa  rare,  and  liaggary  unknown  In  New 
lliHlland.  Juaaalyn,  who  raturntd  almul  two  yaara 
lialuia  thia  iwriud  fruin  liia  aeiond  viail  to  America, 
I'Uinniai.di  highly  the  Iwauty  and  agreeablaneaa  of  Iha 
tuwna  and  villagea  uf  Maaaarhiirella  and  ('onnarlwut, 
and  Ihe  anbalanlial  atrurliire  and  runifurl  of  all  Iha  pri 
vale  dwellinga  t  During  ihia  interval  of  tramjuil 
nroaiiarily,  many  uf  the  inoal  aged  inhabilania  of  >ew 
r!iiglaiid  rluarU  the  career  uf  a  long  and  inlarealing 
Ilia,  and  Ilia  urigiiul  rai'a  of  aattlara  w«.'  now  ainioel 
entirely  eitin||uiaheil.  The  annala  of  ihia  period  are 
lilli'd  with  a<  riiunla  uf  Ihrir  dratha,  uf  tha  yirtuaa  by 
whirh  tliry  had  runliiliuleil  to  the  ruiindition  of  the 
new  cuinniiinwealth,  and  ul  the  rondiieae  with  which 
their  rluaing  ayea  lingered  uptiii  ila  pmaiierily.  To 
mir  view,  enlarged  by  Ihe  ari|namlanca  which  hialory 
aupplieeof  the  approarhing  ralainiliea  from  which  Ihaaa 
perauna  were  Ihua  happily  removed,  nut  the  leaal  eiivi 
ahia  circumaunca  uf  llirir  lul  appeara  lu  have  b«en 
Ihal  they  died  in  aceiiea  ao  Iraughl  with  aerana  anioy- 
meiil  and  agrerabia  prumiae,  airti  bai|uealkad  lo  Ihair 
deaceiidania  not  only  Iha  eiample  of  their  virlua,  but 
the  fruita  uf  it,  in  a  pruaprrity  aa  rminani  aaany  paopla 
waa  aver  bleaacd  with.  Vet,  ao  ahorl-aighlad  and  nil' 
perlecl  are  the  viewa  of  man,  ao  alrongly  era  they  led 
liy  an  inatinctiva  and  unquenchable  pro|ianaily  lo  figura 
and  deairo  aninelliing  bctiei  than  they  behold,  and  ao 
apt  to  reatrirt  to  the  prcaenl  Heeling  and  diaordarad 
acena  Iha  auggeaiioiia  of  ilua  aacral  long ing  alUr  ori* 
ginal  ami  immortal  narfeclion,  that  many  of  iha  falhara 
of  tha  colony  could  nol  refrain  from  lamanling  thai 
tlwy  had  bctn  linrii  loo  aoon  lo  aaa  mora  man  Iba  Ural 
laint  dawn  of   .New   Knglamra  glory.     Othara,  with 

Sreaier  enlargement  of  wiadoin  and  piety,  conaidarad 
lal  Iki  eyt  II  nol  latithU  mih  iintif,  nor  tha  con- 
ceptioiia  of  an  iminorlal  apiril  capable  of  being  ada- 
iiiialvly  Ailed  by  any  thing  abort  of  tha  viaion  of  ita 
Divine  Author,  for  wlioae  contemplation  il  waa  era- 
ati'd  1  and  were  contented  lo  drop  Ilka  laavaa  Into  Iha 
biiauin  of  their  adopted  country,  in  Ika  confidanra  of 
lieing  gathered  into  nobler  and  mora  laatiiig  habilaliona. 
11174  J  The  atate  of  proaparoua  repoea  which  Naw 
Kiiglaiid  had  enjo^iy]  fur  aeveral  yeara  waa  interrupted 
liy  a  rormidahle  cuiiibination  of  trie  Iiulian  tribee,  that 
produced  a  war  ao  general  and  bloody  aa  lo  Ihraalan 
lur  aoiiic  time  the  utter  deatruction  of  tha  planlatione. 
Tliia  lioatile  cunibination  waa  promoted  by  a  young 
cliiL'f  wiiuae  character  and  hialory  reminda  ua  of  iha 
enlorpriaea  of  Opechancanough  iii  \'irginia.  ila  waa 
the  aecomi  eon  of  Maaaaaaoiet,  a  prince  who  had  ruled 
a  powerful  tribo  iiiliabiimglerriloriea  adjacent  to  the 
aetlleinenl  of  Plyniouth  al  tha  time  when  tha  Engliah 
liral  aellled  in  the  country.  Tha  father  had  entered 
into  an  alliance  with  the  culoniata,  and,  after  hia  death, 
hie  two  aona  demonatrati'd  an  earnrat  deaire  lo  retain 
and  cultivate  their  fiiondaliiu.  They  even  repaired  to 
the  court  of  I'lymouih,  and  rcqueaiod,  aa  a  mark  of 


aniiligSMMi**"  •"•M.  Ibol  KnglMll mim* mtltk 
I  givaa  Haat  tarfi  in  aamattane a  wiih  ikaW  4r*ti% 


SS^Id 


t  la  tha  year  Wl%,  Ihe  lawa  «  Connecticut  (till  then  prn. 
oarad  ta  OHiiiiacitpt,  and  promuU  >ted  by  puljlic  proclamatlun 
■  Ma  laapacllra  tawna)  were  collected  into  a  code,  printed, 
WtlnMlBbad.   Tha  frafKe,  wnitoa  with  a  aelemnlly  Ibal 


might  aerve  to  introduce  a  Unly  of  divinity,  commancea  In 
thi4  manner ;—"  To  oiir  ticluvud  lirethien  and  nfiifhhuufa, 
tlie  lahaltilanta  uf  Conni-'Ctloit,  Ilia  general  rourt  of  that 
colony  wiah  grace  and  peace  in  uul  Lord  Jeaui."  It  waa 
urilared  Ihal  every  houaeliulder  mould  have  a  cup)  of  Ihe 
code,  and  that  Ihe  capital  lawa  ahuuld  be  read  weakly  in  every 
family     Trumlmil,  I.  WO.  393. 

In  Cunncctlcul,  by  a  Uw  of  IIKI7  (atill  eilallng.)  three 
)eari  voluntary  Hupariitiun  uf  iitarried  peraona  la  held  to  dla- 
aulve  their  niatrltnuiual  onituvenieiit. 

*  John  DijiUun,  who  viKited  Naw  F.ngland  almut  twelve 
yeara iftur  Ilua  perlutl,  ntentinna  a  mercliunt  In  Salem  worth 
SO.WHII.     Uuntuii'a  Mfa  and  Errora,  p.  171. 

t  J.naelyn'a  Smmd  Vuyage.  Even  al  Ihla  early  period 
Joaaclvn  liaa  reiiiMrked  tlie  previiteiicu  uf  thnt  Inveteraie  but 
uneaplaiued  peculiarity  uf  the  prniiialure  decay  i>f  the  teeth 
°'  ,£,'''"'  P*'*<>i»>  xu'  aapacialiy  women,  In  North  America, 
ip.  at. 


iha  alder  had  raaalvad  iha  naina  of  Alaiandey,  and  Mk« 
younger  at  llnlip  Hul  il  very  eonn  apiraarad  dial 
Ihoaa  dainunatralKHia  of  (whI  will  were  hm  the  ariiNoo 
Ihal  entered  uilu  their  aihaiiiea  uf  hiialility  ,  and  Ihof 
were  twlh  ah<irily  after  ileleete'l  in  an  Uielfevliial  ailein^ 
la  ineolva  tin  .Naraganaela  in  naMiililiee  wiUi  ilia  .  j|«- 
mala.  The  dtappainiinenl  of  ikai  aliemiit  averwhalmoj 
Um  |WMi  anirii  of  iho  aklar  bforhar  wiik  auek  luialara> 
Ma  11(0  and  moftiHaalion,  Ihal,  in  afiia  af,  and  pa^ 
koy*  atiU  man  daoply  woundad  by,  iha  aanedwiina  '*■ 
wiaMMi  of  tha  eolomele,  U  waa  unable  long  to  aof- 
•lea  Ika  delaeiion  at  kla  vlllany  and  diaeumUluia  M 
iMa  daaigne.  ntili|>,  after  ika  daalh  M  kie  bfatkor,  r*- 
nawad  Iho  alllanea  baiwaan  hla  liibo  and  iko  Ciwlialt, 
kui  intended  natkin|  laoa  ikan  ika  obeervanea  of  kw 
angagameiiie.  Daring,  anal,  and  perlldiaua,  ka  modi- 
Uled  a  univeraal  (anayiraey  af  Ika  Indiana  foe  ika  al- 
lirpalioii  uf  Iha  ruloiiiala,  and  lor  aavarel  ytara  rarfM4 
on  hie  deeigna  aa  aarreiiy  and  eHeelually  aa  Ik*  nu«» 
roua  diltlruliiea  that  aurrounded  him  'vauld  ponM. 
Neil  10  the  growing  power  of  ihr  lolenial  aalllomaMla, 
nothing  aeemed  lu  eiejle  hia  indignatiuii  mora  alioi^ljl 
than  ttie  prngreea  of  their  niiaaiunary  lebura  i  end,  M 
reality,  it  waa  to  iheae  lahora,  and  aunie  uf  the  coM^ 
miencee  ihey  had  produced,  ihel  Iha  culoniata  were  in- 
ilehltd  for  their  preeervalion  Irom  iha  rum  that  woukl 
have  attended  Iha  aueceaa  of  lliilip'a  niarhinationa. 
•Some  nf  the  Iribaa  lo  whom  he  applied  revealed  kia  pr» 
iwailiona  lu  ihe  inieaionariea  ;  and  aoine  who  had  aiv 
tared  into  hia  draigna  were  perauaded  by  their  convarlail 
brethren  to  renounce  them  Kroni  time  lo  lima  lk« 
court  of  I'lymouih  had  renioneirated  with  him  on  Um 
deeigna  of  which  ihey  olitained  intelli|enca ;  and  liy 
renewed  end  mora  aolemn  cngagenienia  than  bafo.'Ot 
ha  had  endeavored  to  diearin  their  vigilance  ami  ramof* 
iheir  auapiciona  I'or  two  or  three  yeara  bafora  Ihio 
period  he  had  puraued  hia  trcarheroua  hoetilily  yyiik  a« 
much  aucceaa  ihal  hie  proceedinga  appear  lo  have  baaM 
wliolly  unauajiacled  ;  and  he  had  aucceeded  in  unilinf 
aoma  of  Iha  llercaal  and  nioal  warlika  irihaa  in  a  rai^ 
federacy  lo  maka  war  on  Iba  coloniala  lo  Ika  pomi  at 
eiterinination. 

A  converted  Indian,  who  waa  laboring  aa  a  miaaio*- 
ary  among  the  Iribee  of  hia  coiinlrynian,  having  al  lengili 
diacovered  tha  plot,  revealed  il  lo  Iha  goiarnor  of  Fly- 
inoulh,  and  waa  aoon  after  found  dead  in  a  Hakl,  will^ 
appearancea  lliat  alrongly  indiealad  aaaaaeiiialion  8u»- 
pinona  having  fallen  on  aoma  naighbonng  Indiana,  lhay 
were  apprehended,  and  eoleinnly  IrieiT  hefora  a  jury 
conaiating  half  of  Kngliah  and  half  of  Imliana,  who  re- 
lumed a  verdict  ol  guilty.  Al  Ihair  eiccniion  ona  of 
them  confeaacd  iha  murder,  and  declared  thai  Ihay  had 
been  tnaligalcd  by  Philip  to  commit  it.  lliia  crally 
chief,  inconaed  at  iha  eierulion  of  hie  friande,  and  ap- 
prcheniliug  the  vengeance  of  tha  colnniala,  now  threw  oH 
the  iiiaak,  and  aummoiied  hie  lunfederatea  lo  hie  aid 
The  atatea  nf  Maaaachuaelli,  Plymouth,  and  Conneck 
cut  proceeded  to  arm  fnr  their  roiiiinon  defence,  hat in( 
Aral  employed  every  meana  to  induce  I  hil'p  lo  aecotra 
mndale  the  quarrel  by  a  friendly  treaty  Hul  a  friendly 
laaue  waa  not  what  rhibp  dealred  ;  f  I67AJ  and  being 
now  fully  aaaured  thai  Iho  aeaaon  of  aecrel  conapiracr 
waa  over,  he  reiected  all  ne|(alialion,  and  commenced  a 
general  war,  which  waacairied  on  with  great  vigr.r  and 
varioua  aucceaa.  Though  I'hilip'e  own  trilia  aiipplicd 
no  mora  tliaii  five  hundred  warriora,  he  had  >o  increaacd 
hia  furca  by  alliancea  Ihal  ha  waa  able  lu  bring  tliraa 
Ihouaand  men  into  Iha  field.  Thie  fonnidabia  body, 
conducted  by  a  chief  who  bel'vad  Ihal  Ihe  war  iiiual 
terminate  i:i  the  total  ruin  of  ona  or  other  of  ihe  con 
Hiding  perliea,  made  exertione  of  which  the  Indiana 
had  been  hitherto  auppuaed  incapable.  Savcral  batllea 
were  fought,  and  all  tha  fury,  havoc,  and  cruelty  w  hich 
diaiinguiah  Indian  warfare  were  aipaitanced  in  theil 
fiilleal  eilenl.  Wherever  iho  enemy  marched  ibait 
routa  waa  marked  with  murder,  fire,  and  daeolalion. 
Maaaarhuaetta  and  Plymouth  wera  tho  atatea  Ihal  eiif- 
fcred  principelly  from  the  conteal.  Iliera,  eepaclally, 
tha  Indiana  wera  ao  inlereparaed  among  tha  Eiuropaan 
coloniala  that  there  wae  erarcely  a  pan  of  tha  country 
in  perfect  aecurity,  or  a  family  which  had  not  u>  bewail 
the  loaa  of  a  relative  or  friend.  Il  ia  a  truth  Ihal  liaa 
nol  been  aiilTicionlly  adverted  lo,  that  in  all  tha  Indian 
ware  of  thia  period  the  aavagea,  from  Ihe  condition  ol 
tho  country,  their  own  aupenor  aeqnaintanco  with  i:, 
and  their  peculiar  habile  of  life,  enjoyed  odvantagaa 
which  ini||ht  aeein  well  nigh  to  countarbalanca  Iba  aii> 
periority  uf  Kuropcan  ekill.  Changing  their  own  aaU 
tiemanle  with  facility,  and  advancing  tipon  Ihoaa  of  iha 
coloniau  with  Iba  datlaroua  aociacy  of^baatta  of  fg«y  \ 


■naani 
lench 
tael^i 
laanar 

lEiiiii 


NORTH  AMimOAi 


•hMf «  liM  tftftl  •Mt  (Hit*- 

uif  WtMwk,  Md  oM  llMif  •HnrMrHi*  ika  4i<t4>*ii 
MfM  af  4*(iM*  (mi  Ih*  ••naKrnaiwn  pftMliifol  ky 
•wyMMI  RMtnuUI  Iha  ralpMWU  nlium  lh«  m«4M<  •( 
MIMkliif  III  llMir  liiin  oilhoiil  rulluwiiig  iha  m>«||m 
law  fMMla  (imI  •«*ni|M,  wMn  tha  h<ii«Al  of  ih«ir  lu 
^iHir  diMipliM  MM  n»«rly  luai,  tml  ika  p««uliariiiM 
tl  KurafMn  wtrfara  dinml  uniirariuthU,  'I'h*  •«• 
ftfM  iMd  Una  kMn  •■'i|iiaiiii«il  wuh  An  *rnt(,  tn4 
««f*  rtuMrkaM*  ■•|hiii  in  ih*  hm  of  ilmn 

far  MflM  liiiM  Iha  liwunlai  •  of  ika  mHimf  rmilil  not 
ia  iKatriina'l,  ami  a«»>y  tuffauAil  tnUrpriMi  ar  (kir- 
I  Ikal  Ikajr  aMtnMliMii  iMnaMiJ  lh«  nuinlMf  tl  ihalr 
Tha  Mfaga  iriiAaa,  huwcvar,  whwit  I1iili|i 
wtw\*i  m  aiia  iiMtanct  (m  lh«  puriMaa  at  faeruiling 
iMa  maaa,  i«uil«<  wiih  \n\»rf  an  himaalf     Hoina  ra- 

BiNil  wiik  Mm*  of  \it»  •4h«r«nu  \o  ika  larrliarjr  ei  iha 
adaaiki,  ha  cauMil  tarn*  of  ihaif  |Ma)>U  lo  bo  aiir 
CWaii  aixl  ••aaMiiiilinl ;  aiiil  than  uroraailiiiii  lo  iha 
ad  ^aarlara  of  in*  iriha,  ha  darltraa  ilial  ha  hail  Man 
Ika  muidar  cammillril  hv  a  p«rt)r  of  iha  I'lyinoiilh 
latJiaia  Tha  Iriba  in  •  llaina  of  paaaiuti  ilai'Urail  war 
•n  Iha  aalaniala:  bul  Ihait  laga  •a<tn  look  tnoihar 
diraciMn  I  far  ana  af  iha  vaiindatl  man  having  ra- 
aa«arad  hia  aanaaa,  inada  a  ahifl  la  crawl  lu  iKa  habila- 
liam  nf  kla  eaunlryinan,  anil,  ihniigh  morull)r  Injiirad, 
«aa  abia  la  diarloaa  iha  real  aiiihor  iif  lh«  inunlar  b«- 
Iwa  ha  diad  Tha  Muhawka  inaunlljr  daclarad  war  oii 
l*hilipi  and  ihamaaUaa  Iha  alliaa  af  hia  viiamiaa  llaa> 
llliliaa  wara  |irolracird  nil  mar  iha  cloaa  of  Iha  rolluw- 
i\f  tair,  whan,  al  Iriiuih,  ilia  •Icaily  ulforta  anil  iiivinei- 
Ma  bravarjr  of  Iha  niTuiiiaia  |iruvailail ;  ami  aflar  a  aa- 
tiaa  af  dafaila,  and  iha  luaa  ul  all  hia  family  and  rhiaf 
ioiinaallara,  I'hilip  himaalf  waa  killed  by  ona  ef  hia  awii 
Ittha  yrhom  ha  had  alTandod.  Daprivrd  of  ila  chief 
■bnllOf,  tha  war  waa  aoin  larinliiaU'd  by  Iha  aohniia- 
•ion  «f  Iha  anainy.  From  aoina  of  Iha  Iribaa,  how- 
avar,  tha  aoloniala  rafuaad  la  accapl  any  aubniiaaiona, 
and  wainad  Iham  bafora  ihair  aurraiidar  thai  Ihair 
traiichary  had  baan  aa  groaa  and  uiiprnyakad,  and  ihair 
;uiragaa  a*  alroeiaua  and  unpardonabla,  thai  Ihay  muat 
tliida  Iha  iaaua  of  criminal  jnalica.  In  purauaiivo  of 
Ikaaa  daaUraliana,  aama  of  Iha  chiafa  wara  triad  and 
tiaculad  for  murdar  i  and  a  numbar  of  ihr.r  followara 
wara  iranaporlad  to  tha  Waal  Indiaa,  and  aald  for  alavaa. 
Nayar  had  tha  poopla  nl  Naw  England  b««n  angagad 
In  ao  Harca,  ao  bloody,  or  lO  daaolaling  a  conflicl  aa 
thia  Many  houan  and  floiiriahing  (illagaa  wara  radurad 
lk<  iahoa  I  and  in  Iha  cnuraa  of  Iha  war  ail  hundrad  par- 
•MW,  aompoaing  tha  flower  and  alranglh  of  aa«aral  of 
Hit  diauicia,  wara  ailbar  killad  in  ballla  or  murdarad 
kjr  Ika  aovagaa,  Tha  military  alTotta  of  iha  coloniata 
w  Ihaaa  campaigna  wara  thoucht,  and  iuaily  parhap*. 
U  a«inea  laaa  of  loalical  akilt  than  had  baan  diaplaycd 
in  Iha  Paquod  war.  Thay  wara  indaad  no  longer  com- 
mandad  by  Iha  aiparlanced  ofllcara  who  had  aecoinpa- 
nled  Ihair  aneoalora  from  Eiiropa ;  and  they  wara  op- 
poaad  to  an  enemy  much  more  formidable  Ihan  the  I'e- 
■luoda.  Bul  the  heroic  courage  and  calm  contempt  of 
danger  that  ihay  diaplaycd,  waa  worthy  of  men  whoae 
cheraclrra  were  formed  under  inaliiuliona  no  leaa  favor- 
able 10  freedom  ihan  virtue,  end  who  fought  in  defence 
of  every  thing  that  waa  dear  and  valuable  lo  mankind. 
In  Iha  commencement  of  the  war,  the  aurpriting 
treachery  that  the  Indiana  Jiaplaved,  oirilcd  alrong 
apprahenaiona  of  the  defection  of  the  Indian  coiigroga- 
Uona  which  the  miaaionariea  had  collected  and  partly 
civiliied.  Uut  not  one  of  theae  people  proved  unfaitlt- 
fal  to  their  benefaclora. 

Tha  tni^ian  warfare  in  which  New  England  had  been 
thua  inrolvad,  waa  not  bounded  by  il>e  Tmatililiea  with 
Philip  and  hi.-,  eonfederatca.  An  attack  wea  made  al 
Iha  aame  time  on  New  lUmpahire  and  Maine,  by  the 
Iribea  that  vtere  aituated  in  the  vipinily  of  theae  aeltle- 
nenta.  The  Indiana  eninplainad  thai  ihey  had  lieen 
defrauded  and  inaiiltrd  by  aunie  of  the  Engliih  tradora 
io  that  quarter:*  but  auapiciona  were  atrongly  enter- 
tained that  their  hoi  tilitiea  were  promoted  hy  the  French 

*  One  or  thaia  complainta  waa  occuloned  by  the  brutal  act 
ef  anme  Rnf  liah  lallura  In  evarluriiiuf  an  iMlao  canoe  In 
wiUch  Ihay  uMerved  an  Infant  child.  In  order  to  Mceilaln  the 
truth  of  •  tiary  Ihey  had  heard  that  awimmlnf  waa  aa  mlurel 
kD  a  young  Indian  aa  lo  a  yount  duck.  Tlie  thlld  died  in  ,'un- 
eequence  u(  tlie  immertiun  it  auitalned;  and  lu  faiiier,  who 
vaa  higtily  rea|)<ctadai  a  necromancer  by  the  Indlani,  itecanie 
Um  Invatente  enemy  of  the  Bnfllib.  Belknap,  I.  in.  An 
•ctlon  that  eiclled  •nil  iraatai  reaentment  wai  commiiled 
k'  Muor  Waldroii  of  Naw  Hanipahire  duiini  the  war.  He 
k*d  made  ■  treaty  ul  friendililp  with  a  body  of  400  Indiana ; 
kat  on  diaco/anni  that  aoina  of  ihem  had  aerved  in  Phlllp'a 
aioiy,  he  laid  hold  of  theae,  by  a  atrataiein  and  aeni  them  ai 

neooera  t»  ■oaten.  Their  aaaoclataa  never  foriave  thia 
joackanua  act  i  and  thirteen  yeara  after,  a  party  of  them 
kiftac  a«racl<e4  the  majac  in  kla  kouae  by  a  alratafem  ailll 


now  re  aelaMiakaii  in  Aeadia.  Thamva' 
aiwi  ul  llleaa  terntonee  waa  diaiingiiMhad  by  tha  uoaal 
(bfoaily  and  erualty  uf  iha  aavagaa  Many  af  tha  Irt* 
hehiieiila  ware  inaaa.Kiril.  and  uinara  rerriad  inlo  rap- 
livily  l'riMii|il  araiaiama  waa  raiidarvd  ky  Maaaaehii- 
aalla  ;  and  afiar  a  variety  uf  aavara  engagamania  tha 
Indiana  aiiatemad  a  eonaiilarahle  defkat  ihay  wara 
alill  knwever  Iwili  alila  niid  willing  In  eonllnue  iha 
war,  and  iHtih  lh«ir  nuinlHira  ami  their  aninuteiiy  were 
Ineraeaad  hy  a  ineaaiira  which  the  ealunul  government 
adopted  ageinat  Ihvin  It  waa  |>rapaead  to  the  ganarat 
raurt  of  Maaaaahuaatta  lu  mvile  the  Mohawk  Iriba, 
who,  from  tune  iininaniorial,  had  k*an  tha  anamwa  af 
the  eaatam  Indiana,  lu  make  a  daeeenl  on  Ihair  lenrit*- 
rwa  at  Ihta  )UHatura  Tha  lewfulnaoe  af  uaing  auch 
auailieriee  wee  i|ueationad  by  aoma  ;  bul  it  waa  Inatighl 
a  aaiiafaclory  anawar,  that  Abraham  had  eenfederated 
wiih  tha  Amoriiaa  fur  tha  recovery  of  hie  kinaman  I,al 
from  tha  handa  of  a  eoinmon  anamy  ;  and  nieaaangera 
wara  accordingly  d*a|ialched  to  the  Mohawka.  I.ilile 
parauaaiun  waa  necaaaery  to  Induca  tham  lo  comply 
with  tha  pm|Mwal,  and  a  body  of  Mohawk  warriora 
(iiickly  inarched  againat  their  heredilory  foea  The 
eipadition,  huwavar,  ao  far  from  prualueing  the  eliyhaai 
benaAt,  waa  etlaiided  with  aarloua  diaadvanlaga  to  the 
oaiiae  of  the  eoloniala  The  Indiana  who  wara  their 
|>ru|ier  eneniiea,  aulfered  very  liilla  from  the  Mohawk 
iiivaaion  ;  and  aoma  imwerful  iriliaa  wlio  had  been 
hilheilo  al  (wace  wilh  tham,  eiaapartted  by  injuriee  or 
alTronla  which  Ihey  received  from  Iheaa  invadara,  now 
declared  war  both  againal  them  ami  their  Englwh  alliee 
Al  length,  the  intelligence  of  Iha  defeat  of  Philip,  end 
■be  proDahilily  of  atronger  foreee  being  thua  enabled  to 
march  againat  them,  inclined  the  eeatarn  Indiana  to 
hearken  to  propooala  of  paoea.  Tha  war  in  thia  iiuaitar 
waa  terminated  by  a  treaty  highly  favorable  to  tha  In- 
diana, to  whom  tha  aattlara  bacama  bound  to  pay  a 
certain  quanlily  af  corn  yearly  aa  a  kind  of  quil-reni  for 
their  lande.* 

Although  tha  province  of  New  York  waa  now  a 
Dritieh  aattlamant,  no  aaaiaUnce  waa  obtained  from  il 
hy  tha  New  England  elataa  in  thia  long  and  obalinata 
conteal  wiih  the  Indiana.  On  Iha  contrary,  a  hoatile 
demonalration  from  thie  quarter  had  baan  added  to  tha 
dangrn  of  tha  Indian  war.  Androe,  who  wae  then 
governor  of  thia  newly  acquired  Unlioh  province,  hav- 
ing claimed  for  the  Duke  of  York  a  eonaidorbia  part  of 
the  Connecticut  territnry,  proeeadad  lo  enforce  thie 
pretention  by  advancing  with  an  armamanl  againat  tha 
town  and  fort  of  Haybrook,  which  ha  eummoiiad  to  aur- 
render.  'I'he  inhebitanta,  though  al  Aral  alarmed  lo 
liehold  the  Engliah  flag  unfurlatT  againat  them,  quickly 
riii'overed  from  their  aurpriae  ;  and  hoiating  Iha  aamo 
flag  on  Ihair  walla,  prepared  lo  dcfand  thamaalvaa 
againat  ibo  aaaailtntt.  Androa,  unprepered  for  euch 
reanlute  oppoeilion,  heaitatad  to  Are  upon  Iha  Englieh 
flag )  and  learning  thai  Captain  Bull,  an  officer  oldie' 
tinuuiahed  bravery  and  determination,  had  marched 
with  a  party  of  the  Connecticut  mililia  for  Iha  defence 
of  the  place,  judged  it  ciucdienl  to  abandon  the  anwr 
priao  and  return  to  New  York. 

Tho  ceeaaiion  of  the  Indian  hoatilitiaa  waa  nol  at- 
tended with  a  reatoralion  ol  the  happineae  and  iranquil- 
lily  which  had  preceded  them.  The  king  hid  now 
malured  the  acheine  of  arbitrary  govarnmeni  which  ha 
•teadily  puraiied  during  the  remainder  of  hie  inglorioua 
reign  ;  and  tlio  colonietv,  whila  yel  amarting  with  tha 
a«ii«e  of  their  recent  calamiliea,  were  auminonad  lo 
abida  a  repetilion  of  Iheir  ancient  corneal  with  the 
crown,  which  they  had  vainly  ho|ied  waa  forgotten  or 
abandoned  by  the  Engliah  government.  Inateod  of 
approbation  for  the  bravery  and  vigoroua  reliance  on 
their  own  reiourcea  with  which  they  had  conducted 
their  military  opentiona,  without  involving  the  mother 
country  in  ex|ienaea,  and  repelled  hnalililiea  which  were 

Cirlly  owing  to  the  diaregard  which  the  mother  country 
ad  ahown  Tor  their  intereeta  in  rattoring  Acodu  to  tho 
French,  thay  found  Ihomaclvaa  overwhelmed  with  re- 
proachee  for  a  ecditioua  obatinacy  in  refueing  to  aolicit 
aaaiatancc  from  Iha  king,  and  a  aordid  paraimony  in  the 
equipment  of  Iheir  laviea,  which  (they  were  told)  had 
caiiaed  the  war  to  be  oo  greatly  protracted,  and  ren- 
dered them  utterly  unlit  to  be  longer  intruated  with  the 
government  of  a  country  in  which  their  aovorcign  poe- 
aeated  ao  deep  a  aUke.     Indioatione  of  thia  revival  of 


fcieow 

inackr 

kaelnc  oaranaaa  ma  maior  ii 

■Mta  aitfaltkaa  kla  ewa,  aal  kim  to  death' by  the  moal  torri- 

iaMMleuefanetty.  ttM. 


myal  dialika  and  ol  tha  raamnplwn  af  Ika  king  t  InmM 
daaigna  had  aaeaerad  hefara  the  eawlwMn  nl  Iha  M' 
wiih  I'hilip  While  koaldilMe  ware  aldl  raging  m  ih> 
pfiivinra,  Iha  guvarnment  ef  Meaaaakaaaita  Munrf  ii 
iiamaary  to  direrl  a  part  of  ita  altanlwn  !•  Iha  alaina 
nf  Maaan  and  llurgaa  with  raanaet  lo  Now  Hampahlra 
and  Mama  In  Iha  euminar  al  KT*  Raiidalpil  a  MO^ 
aangar  daapalahad  ky  tha  king,  annaanaed  M  Ika  ganai 
rtl  roiiri  thai  a  (udgmanl  wouM  bo  pronaunaaj  by  kw 
majeaty  In  eounail  againal  ika  pralanaiona  af  iko  fl^ 
vinea,  wnleee  depuliee  were  ooM  M  piaad  Ila  taaa* 
wiUMn  all  inantka  i  and  aa  leiiafe  ware  laeaived  al  tha 
aama  Itma  IVom  Ika  fklande  af  tha  aalana  In  Cn|laa«l, 
giving  oeetiianea  Ikal  thia  raaatyllMi  wavld  ka  ankaiM 
la,  and  thai  any  inalanaa  af  aanlamaay  ao  iha  poM  al 
the  general  caMfl  wauM  kal  aaealaraia  tha  eieauiMM  W 
tha  mora  hrmklakta  daaigna  thai  ware  undoukladly  I* 
agiiaiion  at  tha  Knglioh  ronrt,  tha  reyal  aiaaaapa  r*- 
eeivad  immediete  attention,  and  Hioughtan  and  Bulko< 
lay  ware  daepalched  ae  depuuaa  to  rapraoart  aad  a«p> 
|Mrt  Iha  aalonial  Inlaraala 

Tha  raaparllva  llilaa  and  alalma  of  Iha  partlaa  ka^ 
ing  bean  aubiaitlad  la  the  eeneideration  of  ika  Iwa 
chief  jueiieee  nf  Knglend,  ll(T7)  the  legal  mania  af 
the  qyeelian  were  al  laiiglk  ealracled  hy  Iheli  eipa- 
rieneed  eyaa  f^om  tha  ronfuaad  ataae  nf  ineonaialani 
grama  in  which  thay  wara  involved.  Il  wae  adjudged 
liial  tha  jiiriadielioii  of  Naw  llampahire  waa  ineapoola 
of  being  validlii  conveyed  by  tha  council  of  l*tynMHilk, 
and  had  Iharafora  lavartad  lolha  erewn  on  ihodiaaalw- 
lion  of  tho  eauneil,  wilh  reeervalion,  knwavar,  nf  Ma* 
oon'  a  claima  npon  Iha  proparly  of  Iha  aoil— a  reoarva- 
lion  which  for  more  tlian  a  century  rendered  all  iha 
properly  In  New  llampaliira  inoaaurr,  and  involved  ika 
inhahitanta  in  continual  unaaainaea,  diaputa,  and  litiga- 
tion Aa  Oorgaa,  in  addition  to  hia  original  grant  from 
tha  Ptymauth  aouneil,  had  procured  a  royal  patent  for 
Iha  province  of  Maine,  Iha  full  right  balk  af  oaignorial 
and  temlorial  of  tkia  province  waa  adjudged  la  ha 
vealed  in  hiin.  In  eonaaqiianee  af  Ihie  derietoo,  Iha 
juriadiction  of  Maaiaehuaaile  aver  Near  Hanwehira 
ceiaed  ;  bul  il  waa  preearred  in  iha  provineo  af  Mama 
by  an  arrangement  wiib  tha  auccaaelul  elaiiaanl.  Tha 
king  had  baan  for  ooina  lima  in  treaty  for  tha  purahaaa 
of  Maine,  which  ha  daaignad  lo  unite  wilh  New  Hamp> 
ahira,  and  lo  baatow  on  hia  favoriM  eon  Iho  Duko  of 
Monmouth ;  but  atraiMnod  for  monay,  and  aipaalirg 
no  competitor  in  tha  puithata,  be  bad  deferred  tha 
completion  of  the  contract.  Thia  waa  nol  unknown  la 
Maaoachuaolla ;  and  Ikal  colony  being  atrongly  ur>a4 
by  Iha  inkabiunU  of  Maine  lo  prayani  Ibair  larrtlorlaa 
from  being  diamambarad  from  lie  jiiriadicllon,  diroc m4 
ila  agent  to  purchaoa  tho  litlo  of  (lorgoa,  which  ho  rory 
willingly  aold  lo  tham  for  iwalvo  hundrad  pounda. 
Thia  iranaaclion  gave  great  olTenee  lo  the  king,  who 
paremplorilv  ineieled  that  tha  authoritiaa  of  Maaaathu- 
aelle  ahould  wave  Iheir  riglil  and  ralinquioh  Ihair  aoii- 
tract  to  him  ;  bul  Ihay,  blending  aa  a  aufflciani  apology 
for  what  they  had  dona,  that  it  bad  been  in  complianca 
with  Iha  wiehea  of  the  people,  retained  tho  purchaoa  and 
governed  Ike  country  aa  a  auboidinala  province  Tha 
poopla  of  Now  Hampahiro  wara  no  laoa  roluctani  It  ba 
oepirated  from  Maaaachuiolta ;  bul  Ihey  were  corn- 
palled  lo  aubmit  and  to  receive  a  royal  governor.* 
One  nf  the  Aral  acta  of  their  legialature  waa  to  vola 
an  affectionate  addroaa  lo  Maaaacnuaalta,  acknowledg- 
ing the  former  kindneae  of  that  colony,  and  declaring 
il  to  hava  been  their  general  wiah  lo  ratain  their  former 
conneiion,  had  auch  been  the  pleaaure  of  their  common 
eovereign.  I'he  government  thai  had  boon  forcad  upon 
'.hem  proved  utterly  ineapabia  of  proaarving  Iranquilliiv 
or  eominanding  reaped.  The  allempta  that  were  roado 
to  enforce  Meaon'a  title  lo  tho  property  of  tho  aoil,  and 
10  render  tho  inhabilantt  tributary  lo  him  for  the  pot- 
acaaiona  which  thflv  had  purchatwd  from  otben  and  im- 
proved into  value  by  their  own  labor,  aieiicd  the  moet 
violent  fermania,  and  raaultad  in  a  train  of  veiatioua 
bul  indociaiva  logal  warfaia.t  CranAald,  iKa  governor, 
after  involving  bimaalf  in  caolantiona  and  altercationa 
with  tha  oaltlora  and  Ihaif  lagialativa  body,  in  which  ho 


.MI.I4»-I«I. 


•  Neal,  II.  400— 400.  Ilulchlniun,  I.  WT,  108.  Belknap,  I. 
cap.  9.  Hutclilnaon'a  HliUry  of  Maiaurliuialta,  and  Ballinap  a 
Hiiliiry  of  New  liampihlra.  are  the  bait  uf  the  modern  hit- 
toncal  pioductiona  of  Nanh  Ainanca.  TruinbuM'a  lliatory  uf 
ConnactlCttt  would  hava  baan  etteimud  auperior  to  them 
both,  If  the  author  (i  clarr/mtn)  hod  not  batlowed  a  moti 
dliproponloned  attantlon  on  the  blo|raphy  of  the  f  ler|r  and 
'  the  preceedliige  ef  accleilaillcal  ayiiqaa. 


•  In  Iha  Irti  conmMon  thai  wae  leeoed  kir  tke  |overi.  inani 
of  ihit  pravinca,  the  king  eafagad  te  ceoUnue  to  ikt  p>  >ple 
their  ancient  prlvUaia  eTon  aaaaahly  "  ualeaa  ky  liiioi.<e- 
nleiice  trialni  therefton.  ke  or  kla  kolre  tkeuld  aaa  cauat  'o 
alter  the  tame."    Belknap,  I.  ITl 

(  The  people  were  eonaUmta  penvokid  to  oppota  club  lew 
to  panhmenl  law.  *n  wrtfalof  iudgment  havlni  been  pro- 
nounced In  favor  of  llaton  afalnti  tome  paraont  vrhonfuaad 
lo  aubmit  to  It,  Cranlleld  tarn  a  pony  ofaharUTa  offlctn  la 
aerva  a  aril  on  Iktm  while  they  were  In  church.  Tha  confre. 
launn  waa  Incenaad  at  av:k  a  procaedlni  s  a  youiie  womaa 
Inockad tewa a akeilS'a •iCctr wkh her Mbla i  end ihe aaaek 


TUB   IIHTORr  Of 


laM4  U  IdHIIt  inifiWMiahi  !•  |M*«*il,  iraiMtmilMl  in 
MMMM*  M  ik*  NtilMH  (•vtrnmant,  "  ilui  ahtU  'k* 
rtn^i  <••«•  tllil«>ll  !•  pfwwh.  IM  irM  •llagKni'*  rwiU 
!•  ficiiKl  III  <•  jitrK  "     lla  «r>*kMl  Km  •«n^>iiHa 

U||»t|    M*IM«  iMHi.   llllhlftnitt   Mtmi«t*f«,    Mt  '«tWMM  |>|'l«4l'hlll|| 

IM  i.itiiiii*-!)  Ill-  'v«Mliti«  iiiinl  •(  ltl«  it«it)tl«,  «ii4  wIhm* 

fKilof*!    lIlWIi"  lilllllll*    agtllMt  fl«*  Iw     rMlwlrwll    IMt« 

lii>r»i»<i  i|  I  (U  viiiiii*  #n  liiiiiMilf  «ihI  III*  f«vi>filr»,  hy  4r 
>liririiy  «  iiiiinrintliii^  llimii  lu  •«liittnl«l«r  tliv  MfftiiHiiil 

•  III  11  iKiKiliii^  III  ih«  lit'irgt  «(  ilw  •hiiiili  iif  t',i>t 
tHit,  iiiiil  ruiiiiiiiiliii^  iKviii  IM  (iriMii  wi   iirriving  llw 

itTiKil  itliii'h  Iw  ri|><-«l«il  III*  iniaiiKoiiiniti.l  •■ 
l*Htflll   |iruviilti.<i|    •  li  «    r»*h    IihIkuIiIiiU    hualii*.   tnil 

•  iin>iiii  riMiiiiil,  i«  ri'tiil)  (Viim  hi<  •iiiluirii|i  'tlwy 
Hufi'  iiiiiiiiily  •ii|i|iri«Mil  ,  «imI  havinii  Ii««m  •rnignvtl 
•I  hi^U  lri'.i«iiii,  Mi'ii'  I'uhvti'liiil  anil  I'litHlniHiti-iJ.  tlul 
rr>iiitii«til,  «4ian-  i>l  iliii  unpi  p«tUritv  af  liia  utitrrtiiiiitni, 
H-W  aiMidiivMt  afii!t*'*'a  iii   ill**  riiiii|MiaiiiMii  of  Ihii  pirv, 

•  hu'iii  !•  llxl  iiiitfrial  iiiill||iMiMm  ,  aiHl  alrtlil  l»  aarrt 
ha  HI  Inn  II  mill  ilf'i'i  wiiriiii  llii'  rolniiy.  ha  ulniiicil 
llw  airaii^ii  anil  unMarriiiiUlitK  iii<k  nailiiiti  of  atindiittf 
Ilii*  |ifia4Hi*r«  la  b«  ati-t'tiinl  mi  l'.n^tall•l  The  Kn||lialt 
fiituiiiinriit  arliiaily  aaiirthm*!  iliia  irrr|ri|l«Mv,  aiitl 
W'-rn  |irr|iiiriii(  io  aiiiriita  lh«  aaiitanra  of  *  ifoluiiial 
^iivuriiiir.  ami  ■>■  rilnhil  In  Ihn  Knuliali  |i<<>))il*  lh«  ira- 
Ifiral  Malic  vt  trial, »iiti  ili*  mania  uf  wliii  It  ihry  Mffit 
Iwliillv  iiiiai'>|iiaiii4»'l,  mIwii  a  (lariloii  ^49  uliiatii«iil  for 
Iha  imfnrluiiala  pvrMina,  by  llio  aoticilaiioiiof  t'raiiAalil 
Kiitiaalf.  wlo,  IIimIiiiii  iI  mijioaailija  to  maiiiUlii  onlvr  in 
Ilia  firoviiH'r,  or  In  williaiaml  llli*  ninnaroua  I'limiilaiiil* 

of  Ilia   iiiiiialh'a  ami   opprraai h«<l  anlirilnl  hia  oaii 

rvi'al.  Kliortiv  afii-r  liiaiUjHiriiiri*,  Nna  llaiii|ialiirR  waa 
1i;i|>n  iiiiilcil  to  Ihs  Kutarimiml  of  Maaaathiiaaiu,  anil 
•harril  har  forlunat  III!  Ih*  fiMii  uf  lhf>  lliiiuh  »«■>• 
Lllnii  • 

\ni9  ]  Alihoiidh  ihn  Irooliira  of  Ihx  l*a|iuh  Plot  li«- 
f»n  HOW  to  aii|{a||«  iha  •tiaiilioii  tiij  aniirly  of  llw 
4iMi.  h«  i«aa  no  loiigi*r  ioImi  tlivartati  from  Iha  ranoln- 
'inn  li»  haj  ailopiril  of  rlTarling  ihs  aiih|ii){al  on  of 
M  ia«iii  tiuifiia  ;  anU  ihoiijli  iha  roiii'rrii  of  llii<  llultii 
>l  MoiiiMoiiili  wi'h  llial  ealatiralail  iin|Miatiira  ami  ilic 
.•onnrtio'ia  hu  haJ  formril  wiih  Iha  nrolligaio  Nhaltra 
tiirv  ami  iiaollivr  |iri)iiioi«ra,  inighl  iliininiah  Ih*  kuig't 
V||rii|  for  ih*  |iri«4iion  of  ih*  ap|Mna||«  ha  hail  inrani 
10  mural  hini  with,  Ihu  |>r*aiini|iliiuua  intrrfuriim'ii  of 
klaaaat'hiiaalta  10  ilffail  ihia  Iraiiaarlion  hlil  mllamrd 
kia  iliaiiUaaur*  ami  forliAail  hia  rtaoliiiion  Thai  ail 
4iiional  pmlaila  iiilglil  nol  Im  wtiilma  10  jiialify  hia 
maaaitrra,  avary  coiiiplaiiil  iImI  couIiT  b«  riillriMiil 
l(*  hat  lh«  roloiiy  waa  proino'ail  and  aMroiirancil  'riiii 
fiikkrra  who  had  rrfiiaad.  iliirmn  ilia  Indian  war,  riihrr 
••  (wrforin  military  aurvii'a  or  10  |iay  iha  rinaa  iiii|i<»i<d 
ky  law  on  di'faullara,  roni|ilaiMrd  hillcrly  o(  iha  prraa- 
ciilian  lh«y  had  umlargnna  hy  ihc  •nrorraiiiKrii  of  ihrat 
liira,  tk  wall  aa  of  iha  Uw  which  olili|{vd  ihrin  lo  luii 
Inbul*  lo  Iha  iMlnlanaiiira  of  Ihn  colonial  inmi>lsra 
When  ihf  daiigan  of  Iha  tndian  war  nrr«  al  ihrir 
IxiKhl,  aoiii*  otlha  coloiiltia  apiirchanding  thai  lh«a« 
calanitin  wrra  •  jiidiinianl  of^  lUairan  upon  the  land 
for  tolrrating  aiirh  haralica  aa  Iha  nuakL-ra  wiihin  Ita 
boaom,  ptociirrd  ih*  m-aiiartniaiit  ol  an  old  law,  pro- 
hiluling  (aarmliliaa  for  nuakrr  worahip ;  and  iliniigh 
U  dora  not  apjwar  ihat  tliii  law  *aa  aiiforccd,  ita  en- 
aninioiit  waa  juaily  rrgnrdrd  aa  |irrarculion,  and 
almnalrd  ilia  rvgarda  of  many  who  lud  hilhaito  bean 
friandi  uf  llix  roloiiy.  II111  auania  who  hail  b«cn  dn- 
piilvd  lo  maiiai;«  Ihr  ihlrrrala  ul  .Maa^achnarlla  In  the 
ili«|iiilt'a  rcapri'ling  ,\rw  llaiiipaliiro  and  Mainr,  wrrc 
dctainadio  utiawcr  ihmfi  ro;ii|i|aiiU»  \^liich  wrro  gravely 
pri'ferrrd  hy  llw  quikara  lo  •  gowrninmt  whirh  waa 
Itself  enforcing  wiih  f^r  grralir  rignr  n|ion  ihom  the 
«rry  poliry  whnh  it  now  rmniiriKril  ilioni  to  inipula  lo 
one  of  lla  own  provlnrial  dcpindnnrira  aa  ihe  inoal 
aianilaloua  (lerarciiiiiin.  Oilier  and  more  arrjoiia  com- 
lilaihla  cunlribulrJ  lo  drtam  the  agonla  and  inrrraaa 
Iheir  peri'l'^'ily-  Kaiidolph,  whom  the  people  of  New 
Knglaml  di'icrilied  aa  "  going  op  and  down  arcklng 
whom  he  iniuht  devour,"  had  faithfully  coin|tlicd  wjiri 
kia  inatniciioiia  lo  collect  aa  much  mmirr  of  com- 
^■inl  at  he  could  obtain  within  the  colony,  and  loaded 
with  the  hatred  of  the  |x:ouli',  which  he  cordially  rrct- 
procatcO.  he  now  rrtiirneu  tn  Kngland  and  openi'd  hit 
kuilgcl  of  amiitnmrni  and  vilupcration.  'I'ha  moat 
lul  and  moat  fnrinidable  uf  hia  rhargea  waa  that  tho 
nyigallon  act  waa  utterly  dlarcgarded,  and  a  frtie  tiadn 
nsintilned  br  the  eoloniata  with  all  parte  of  Ihe  worhl. 
Thii  wu  t  clurgo  which  the  agenta  could  neither  deny 

•  IIllUh!ii<on,  1.  911—319.     Cllalinrra,  WO,  7.  401.  4t}-4ftV 

BeUiiap,  i.  cap.  >l.  til.  k  till.    Tbia*  ave ami  iha  uartlru. 

lae  klaurr  er  Haw  Hainpahlia  u  ihia  iierlml,  art  mlaitil  in 
MiiiMnalila  dauil,  wMh'atary  aMwaraiica  of  acruracy,  ami 
irtk  mmk  taU,  feed  tenae,  and  libtraUiy,  by  Or  BaUtntp. 


iwf  aiiewiaia,  ami  they  tuaimaly  pnteed  Ikeir  aanatW 
liHMi*  10  iiHl  »n<i  lo  Ike  Ml  4aio«  ef  il  Any  pm  eed> 
inga  whiah  Ihe  king  niiiiKl  u)i<\-l,  aiikar  kn  Ihe  enhfre- 
maul  el  Ilia  na»i'  aihhi  at  it,  or  ih^  iiiihuliiiiani  of  Iha 
nrglriii  iliry  h<  I  hiihario  Ki|»i|i> ii«»l,  wtre  ihi<  mure 
liktiy  le  lOini  id*  with  ihe  taiitiinaiiia  »f  ike  l!ngliah 
peitfiia,  Irnni  tlie  inieraal  uf  a  viMiiidarabla  pwiinn  ef 
th«  uwriaiilila  alaa*  al  aiMwiy  in  llw  in<imi)iuly  wkwk  II 
waa  iliii  iili|>'<  1  ul  >li««*  Uwt  10  waiira  .\  paiiiiuti  had 
littit  iirvvviitrd  10  Ilia  king  mil  prity  loiim  il  by  a  iiiiin 
ln>r  uf  inarrlMiitt  tiid  maiuifa*  lurara,  ruiiiplaining  ol  the 
I  diirrgard  uf  ilia  namgalion  arte  in  Naw  England,  ami 
praying  Ititt  that  might  haraaftar  he  tlguruiialy  an 
j  fwrvtd.  for  Iha  aalia  of  pruinuliiig  llw  trade  ol  llngland. 
I  4*  Will  at  uf  prat«r«iiig  h«'r  doimnion over  ike  luliHiwe 
't'Kai  a  tiruiigar  iiii|irv«aiiiii  nuglil  be  made  en  Ike  pub- 
'  Iw  minil,  tha  patii  luiiiira  wrra  tolamiily  beard  in  praaeiic a 
I  ul  Iha  viiiin'  il,  and  anlfirtd  to  pltaal  al  great  length  m 
!  aiifip*»ii  of  ihair  tonMntri  ul  tumiittinlt  and  |Mililitf«l  rra- 
atMiii.g*.  The  general  I'oiirl  III  Maatai'hitaella,  alarmed 
by  tlivtr  motam«iiiia,  al  taiigih  iiiiimatud,  by  a  letlar  10 
lliair  auKiiia,  that  "  llwy  apprakandtd  the  nattgalioii 
arte  tu lie  an  invtamn  of  the  righta,  libertiea,  anil  pn 
pertiea  of  iha  tuhjcela  of  hia  niajealy  in  Ike  aoMny, 
Ihay  nut  Iwing  rrpratentad  in  |iailiaiiieiil ,  and,  tt'turd 
iiig  10  the  iiinti  atyiiigtof  tlia  Ivarti'd  m  the  law,  the 
Uwa  ul  Diiuland  being  liouiidrd  within  the  lour  aeee, 
and  not  rrm  lung  to  Amerira."  'I'lwy  added,  kaweier, 
that,  "  aa  Int  mawatt  had  tignillad  hit  ulaaaure  tlial 
ihoae  at-tt  tlioiild  ue  obaarvad  in  .Maaaai'liiiteiit,  they 
had  made  piotiaioii.  ny  a  law  of  Ihii  roloiiy,  tlwl 
Ihayaliuiild  be  alriclly  allamUd  to  from  lime  tu  time, 
although  It  greatly  diacuiiragad  trade,  tint  waa  ■  greet 
damage  lo  hia  majealy'a  plaiitalion  "  'I'heae  aipceo 
tiuiit,  tiid  llw  recent  ruluiiial  law  to  whinh  Ihay  rtfar, 
damoiiairale  the  |ieruliar  notiuna  wliirh  were  eiiui- 
taiiiad  by  Ihe  ueuple  of  ,\iaaBat  huaelta  of  llieconneiion 
that  tubattleil  Iwlwevn  ihaiiittltaa  and  the  parent 
aiale.  [IflTU  J  Their  prelriiaiuiia  were  Ihe  a*nw  wilh 
lliuae  »  mh  a  law  yeara  alter  wrie  adtanrad  by  Ihe 
peuple  ul  Ittland  i— thai,  althuugb  da|wiidrnt  on  the 
cruwii,  and  ubiigrd  by  their  ptieni  to  conloiin  llwir 
juriaprudence,  aa  far  aa  poaaiblo,  lu  Ihe  law  of  Eng- 
land, the  atalulea  of  the  Urtttib  parliemtnl  did  not 
oparalo  in  llw  colony,  lill  ra  enacted,  or  otherwieo  re- 
eugiitaiid,  by  tte  own  native  lagialatuie.  Ho  alruiigly 
did  thia  notion  |ioaa«aa  the  mtiija  ul  the  people  ol  New 
tilngUiid,  and  ao  obalmelcly  did  their  liiteretia  raaitl 
the  enlurcemcnt  ol  llw  couimcrcial  rcgulaliuna,  that 
even  Ihe  aubmiaaive  province  of  Uliude  Itlainl,  although, 
about  thie  time,  in  liuiletiun  uf  Maaaechueetta,  it  look 
aome  atepa  towardt  a  coitlurmity  with  tlirte  rrgiiU- 
tiona,  never  eiprettly  rrcugtiKed  tbein  till  the  year 
l7lM,  when  lla  Icgitltliire  empuwerrd  Ihe  guvcriioi 
"l»  put  Iheeciaul  natigatiun  in  eaccuttuii."* 

'I'be  colonial  agenta,  aware  ul  the  eiruiig  intereala 
that  prevailed  among  tbvir  cutmtryiiu'ii  ttill  tuuvaratrp 
the  tiuundariea  ul  llitir  legiilatvd  trade,  lurnithcd  them 
with  correct  inloimation  of  the  thfcati'iiiiig  atpect  ul 
their  ariaira  in  Kiigland,  and  aaaurrd  iliciii  that  unly  a 
tluirough  conipliaiice  with  llw  iiavigatiuii  acta  could 
ahelter  them  Iruiii  the  deaigiia  that  were  enlerlsinid  by 
the  crown.  'I'licae  hoiieal  rcprraiiiilalioiia  prudiicrd 
the  loo  frequent  cHrct  ol  unwelcoiiw  Itutna ;  they 
diiuiniahed  the  popularity  uf  the  agenta,  and  eiciti  d 
eutpicioiM  in  liuilun  that  tlioy  had  nut  advucaltd  the 
intorette  uf  llw  culuny  with  aulikiciil  leal.     'Ihe  iieo- 

file  were  alwaya  tuo  efit  to  autpect  thai  their  ili'putica 
11  Kngland  were  uvurawcd  by  the  atate,  and  ink-clcd 
with  the  kuliterviince  that  previilcd  al  ilin  loyal  cuurl  i 
and  ihey  neglected  lu  iiiaku  due  allowance  lur  Ihe  dif- 
ferent aapect  which  a  diapule  with  tnglaiid  preacnied 
to  men  whobelwkl  lace  to  lace  lirr  vaal  evtabllthmcnla 
and  au|it'rior  puwvr,  and  to  thote  who  apconlaled  on 
the  probability  of  auch  diapule  al  the  oppuaile  o- 
tremity  uf  the  Allantic  ucraii.  Tho  agenta  al  Iciigih 
oblatned  leave  tu  reliirn  ;  and  tliuugli  auinn  impatit'iice 
and  ill  humur  had  been  eicitid  by  their  bdclily  in  ilio 
ditcliargu  uf  an  unwelcume  ollice,  tlm  di'lilicrale  ai-nii- 
inenta  of  their  cuimiryinen  were  au  little  perveited, 
that  when  the  king  again  inlin.ated  hia  dctiro  ul  Ihu 
re-appoiiitment  uf  agetilt  tn  Kngland,  they  twice  again 
elected  tho  Miiio  peraona  to  irauiiiu  iheif  runner  duty, 
which  unfurtuiiatcly,  however,  ihete  periuiu  cuuld 
never  again  be  [lerauaded  tu  unileriakn.     'I'bey  carried 


•  Naal,  II.  KU,  I.    Hiilchin I.  91*,  3M.  3J'1, 1.    Chal. 

mrrt,  JIT.  too.  rnun  W«r<lFn'4ji<i|>ultl|i>ii  Ubia-,  It  a|i|irari< 
llial  Cnniitrikill  41  tlilii  (irrlnil  (IIII1I)  rnulaliiml  liv>l>ii  llmu. 
•ami  !)>•  Iiumlrril  liiliabllaiila.  hamnil  •ualahieil  a  iIIiiUiiuiikii 
ufiwii  ihiiuaanil  llvt  huiiilroil  ainci  Hit  ytar  KIO  (Waidxii,  II. 
>  )— a  ftci  unti|>laliitil  by  Iha  liltiory  ul  ililt  aiaiii,  wiiicli  bad 
tuffira4  couiiitrauvtl/  Uule  by  Itae  laM  IniUait  war. 


'  wiik  Ikom  «  letiet  renlammg  Iko  w^w  illWM  if  A* 
kiM,  al  wkb'k  Ike  maiei  •enakleraMa  wato,  lllM  tm 
•alii  of  attrgianra  tkiiuld  ha  randrrtd  m^*  aaptWMt 
a«id  tbiHiUI  lie  admiiiiaiprtd  lu  1  »i  r>  prraim  Ktildiiig  M 
eltb'e  III  imai  ,  ihai  til  i-itil  tml  mil'itrv  aemiiiitawtta 
thuitld  bti  ittutd  m  lite  king  t  name  ,  and  til  lawa  to 
jtugitanl  lo  the  I'.ngltth  fioiiiiiierv  4I  tltlniae  ah«>liaka4 
The  general  aeuri,  aagailv  iiulMlging  the  hop  •  that,  ke 
a rumptitnte  with  ihete  inmlfiaia  dtmaiula  ik^y  teoU 
a|i|»«a*e  tbwir  taivervign  and  4*f  11  kit  ditpb  4tnre,  pr» 
teeiltd  mtlantiv  10  anacl  lawt  ni  *uiikttmiiv  wiik  kie 
ritiimtiiifMia  'I'key  Irnaitd  iImi  ke  lied  mow  abtii. 
donad  Ik'  deaigii*  whwh  ihxy  had  been   taigki  lo  t|e 

Krtheiid  ,  tiid  whiuk,  in  realitv.  w»re  merely  tiit|Hiiiilnl 
y  Ike  inldieiire  uf  ike  proeKtillnga  ruiinerttd  wiikiko 
rupiak  plot,  and  the  lamoiit  bill  lur  ike  tarbin.xi  ef  iho 
hike  ul  Vork  .\lihuogh  the  rei|uititiBiit  -  .lak  tha 
king  had  trtntniiitrd  by  the  hande  ul  Hiruii||i>"n  anj 
lluilialey  ware  eheyed,  he  luiiimued  I*  miiiiii  a,  IroiH 
lima  to  time,  kia  daaire  tlitl  naw  ayrnia  might  be  a*. 
pumtad  to  rrpitteitl  the  rotony  in  l^mdoii  ,  hill  ptrlly 
lioin  the  tpiirahantiva  jeelunay  with  whirh  the  >■!• 
mala  iigardtd  turk  •  meatnre,  and  partly  lium  ili* 
reliieteiwe  that  prevailed  einnng  their  leading  men  I* 
undertake  ao  aiduout  and  |H>rpUimg  an  emplovnwnt, 
the  kiiig'aiUairia  un  ihit  point  ware  nul  rompliad  wiik- 
'Ihe  tliurt  mlarvtl  ol  mdejieiidenre  which  the  ruUinitta 
were  yet  |ierirtitled  lu  eiijuv  waa  vt ry  reiniiie  Iruin  e 
title  ol  tranipiillity  Kandolpb,  who  bad  rootintiulad 
hmiaelf  10  Ihe  king  and  hit  niiiiitirrt  by  the  diligrm  a 
and  aeiitity  with  which  he  lud  ro  ii|H>iitrd  with  their 
viewi,  wat  tp)iuinlrd  rolleeior  ul  the  ruatoma  al  Hoe- 
ton,  4nd  a  ruatoin  houae  ealablithmeitl.  whuh  tome 
veari  lietore  had  lieen  erected  without  iip|ioaition  in 
>  iiginia,  and  Maryland,  waa  iiuw  rttrnded  to  New 
England  ■  Hut  11  waa  in  Mtaati  huietii  thai  Ihie 
ineaiure  waa  tntended  to  prudiicx  Ihe  tifrria  which  II 
waa  aaaily  foreaeen  wuuMretult  fiuin  ita  own  nature, 
aa  well  aa  (rum  the  lenifwr  and  the  un|iupnlariiy  ol  tho 
(wrtuii  wIhi  waa  ap|minted  lo  conduct  It.  The  nati> 
gallon  Mta  were  evaded  in  Khode  Itland,  and  0|ieiily 
cunteiniicd  and  ditregarded  m  luimeclicut ,  yet  iheto 
ttatea  were  p<  rinitied  lu  practire  aiich  irregularity  witfi* 
uul  iiwleatatiun  II  aemna  tu  have  been  leaa  the  eii> 
luiceoient  uf  llw  aeta  Ihemtelvca  that  llie  king  deaireii, 
than  the  advantage  whii  II  wuuld  accrue  from  the  at- 
leiiipt  to  enfurce  ihrtii  alter  auch  lung  ne|,lecl  tn  tho 
obiiuiiuna  province  uf  Mataachnaeltt  To  line  pro- 
vince be  cuiilined  Ilia  attenlwn  i  and  jiially  eoiitideivd 
that  Ihe  laauu  ol  hia  ruiiteet  witli  it,  wuuld  nvretearily 
involve  llw  fate  of  all  the  oiliir  tittleimnii  of  .New 
i^tigland  Uaiidulph  proceeded  lo  eteniae  hit  ollUe 
wiiu  llw  niott  ollciitive  rigur,  and  very  aoun  1  oinplatned 
thai  llw  alubburniiena  ul  the  peujla  delitled  all  hia 
activity,  and  preteiUed  iiituptialilr  ubataclit  to  the 
eieculiun  ul  the  lawt.  Aliuuit  every  tuit  tlial  be  111- 
atitulid  lur  the  recuvery  of  peniliica  or  furfeilurra  waa 
di'cided  againat  htm.  lie  priKcedid  tn  Kngltnd  in 
order  tu  lay  bit  euinplaiiila  bvluiu  liia  rmpLitira,  and 
returned  iiivealid  with  more  rticiitive  poweit,  tn  the 
cicrcite  of  whnh  he  waa  nut  more  aucrrarfiil 
[IIMU  I  lie  rrpiutehej  the  eolonitl  authuriliea  Willi  in* 
jutlico  and  pailitlily  ;  and  lliry  denied  ihv  ilnirge.  and 
aijcutcd  liiiii  ul  unneeiaiiiry  and  leatiioiia  liiigtiiun. 
The  tci|Uiailioiia  and  lemunairtiKet  hIiicIi  the  king 
cuntmued  tu  tnakn,  liuin  time  to  tmie,  were  uniweied 
by  piofvtaiona  ul  luyalty,  and  hy  jMrtiul  1  niii|iliaiirrt 
with  what  waa  ihiit  iiig\(ea>ed  ;  but  the  tiiiiii  aiilijiit 
of  conteat  alill  cuiitmued  to  tubaiil,  and  the  rulnn), 
though  repeatedly  dntired.  aiill  delayed,  tu  teiiil  dipu- 
Ilea  tu  lingland  Thn  general  cuurl  waa  al  Una  time 
divided  between  twu  par.ioa,  whu  cuidijlly  tgreiit  in 
their  ealimale  of  ihu  value  of  their  chaitiied  pritileyea, 
but  dillercd  in  opinion  aa  tu  tliu  eitcnl  to  vlii'.h  it  waa 
advtaable  lo  cuineiid  for  them.  Uradatrrrl,  the  g»- 
vcrtiur,  at  tliu  head  uf  the  inoderate  pnrty,  jiroinoiLiI 
every  compliance  with  the  will  uf  the  parent  title  alioit 
of  a  total  aurrenderof  their  civil  and  i-ei  leanitlical  coii- 
atiluttun.  Uanfurth,  the  deputy  guveMiur,  al  Ilio 
bead  of  inothor  party,  iinpciUd  the  appomliin'nt  M 
dcputiee,  and  uppueed  all  aubiiiiaaiun  lu  the  aeli  il 
trade-,  maintaining  thai  Ihe  culuny  a!ii  iild  adlien  0 
thoatriclconatrnclionof  itaclwrler,  rcaiat  every  *lirio,(. 
inent  of  it  aa  a  daiigeruua  precedent,  no  leaa  than  an 
iniuriout  aggrcaaion,  and  aianding  on  their  ri|tht,  cum- 

•  lu»  maiiaure,  partly  of  wrrur,  and  panly  i>r  piiiiUhin  .1 1, 

ll  waa  ilelarm.iieii  tiy  lli«  Kinilii'li  r I,  .itii'Ul  Hil'  tluit,  "  liu 

mi  .VleilUirriiiiiMin  |.t..«' ill  I'l'  frai.lril  In  Ntw  Kli|Flaii.l  .u 

liriilrri  liaivmirla  iij.iKi  I  Ilia  Tiirka,  nil  II  It  ttrn  onal  ilt- 
ii«ii,l.'iiii)  11  Bill  irkiiuwlailtt  I'll  bit  mtjtaiy,orwhtdicr  l.w 
1  ii^n  m  iKiiiM'  uincurt  are  ttttlvad   ta  b>  Mhat   celeale^ 
l.'liallmil.<,  luj. 


••  •t>»(Mk«4 
l,llt>  i  llt*l, 

iKif  Milk  ki4 
I  ii**w  alHifr 
U.igkt  ■«  •!» 
ly  ••••{iKirflnl 
rl>il  wllklk* 

I »<  a<  tk« 

!•  '  »k  llw 
U'iiji.uin  iMt 

IIMIK  •.  flWN 

iititfkt  k«  •■• 
.  1ml  \'»n\f 
If  k  Iha  vhI* 
ily  (luin  ill* 
iling  ni«n  !• 
vin|ilavhitiilt 

llll|llwil  Willi. 

iha  riituiiifit 
iMiil^    Irum  i 

I  uiMlnfiiiUil 
liv  ilil'^vrii'C 
I'll  «llh  llinlff 
liliii*  ll  llu^ 

whii'k  tiiiiia 
iplHitiiion  in 
lUil  la  Nrw 
u  ikai  ihw 
rlt   wliKk  II 

uwn  imiiir*, 
lUriiy  ul  Ik* 
'Ik*  n*«i> 
,  •nil  o(i«iily 
I ;  yt  lkat« 
|ularil)i  wiiV 

IvM  tk«  aii> 
kiii||  drairoil) 

Irudi  ihn  •!• 
I'll  ltd  III  Ik* 

tu  lliii  |ir» 
i-oii«ltJrir4 
nrrtiurilj) 
lit  Sail 
hi*  iillU* 

IIHIfjUllll'il 

Iml  ill  III! 

•   10   III* 

■  I  l>«  iif 

lire*  wa« 

llUmI  III 

ivin,  aiiU 

III  lilt 

i»lul 

K  Mllll   III* 

riju,  «iij 

IIIKillllMI. 

ilii'  kiii|| 
Mlliwrit'il 
ll|<llilllt'«*t 

J'Vl 

mIimiVi 
ml  ill  |iil< 
llii»  Hum 
4|Ifri'i'  in 
rivili-yt'll, 
h  II  »•• 
llm   Ki>- 
iruinoU'il 
■idtr  «ltuil 
tiC4l  con* 
at     III* 
liiii'iii    il 
ill  I  il 

■lllllTI      0 

ry  aliriu^ 
lliaii  an 

l;|hl,  CIMIf 

iiiit«kiit.f.t, 

IIMf,   "    )t'U 

KiilPlaii'l  <u 
II  whal  ila- 
■  kaihet  I.M 


IIOA. 


•  |IMI*f  M  Immi  ill  yrix 
f    lk«   klMtf    »«• 


ral  r" 


I  A*  Man*  M  PM«kl«M«      TIk  <«  ftHIM  MMMtiMtni 
I  wifk  taarm'k,  H<ii  laKli^Mii  ai'r>m«fiv      'h4' 

'  ■  'Uri  rr  -rrt  li«rlt  lifl' <  ^     lit. 

■  tt  i  >iii>pli4iti  a    Willi   I    .    > ' 
>ii(<ia»i|    YhiM  II, a    iiiiili     .1 
my  ml  Ik*  yaitaral  nmri  * 
tia  t«rM*ia  itii«riifiiiii<i«  In  laki^k  lk«  #nha«iv  liaiil  IW 

•  mt,t»  nl  fa.ira  I  tan   iiiiiilliil,  4iil  mmI  I«iI  m  |ii>dl  >>  r 

•  frrp  an  I  •tiUiMii  liM|  rraamii  rtfi  Ilia  miiiiU  m  -'d-'i 
lli'iiitiairil  III  ri-^tiii  all  ilif  vtniM  mI  h^v  m  a  ri-litr*"-"« 
fafiaal  ,  ami  riii<iriliiilril  iw  ratlva  ilia  )>lrly  fii/  wU 
Maai  I'liglaiiil  hail  ktaii  ai  Ural  xi  highlv  ijiaiiii|f>,j*liu>ii 
WtMHttf  ika  inialiirily  »f  Ilia  nilyiiNl  talllara.  \  nlUw 
lliHM  liafura  iha  viHiiiiiviii'aiiifnl  uf  llicir  Irin  >>ti  <  4 
haiiiral  (•lianiimamm  lliat  aariuil  tiiHi  li  asaa  ai^rJ  «tian 
•Mn  ai  ik«  llinc,  ainl  «aa  luiiif  •aoillarlaii  <*Ml<  u'lvmn 
railwnilira'M'a,  laaa  viallila  Inf  ariraral  nighu  «ll^^l<a' 
nvajy  in  iha  liaavi<na,  Il  waa  «  liri^kl  Mirlimr  iii*  iIm> 
form  iif  •  a|i«ar,  nf  wkiak  iha  |«iliil  Ma<  iliivriirf  lii- 
wanla  ika  ••Ming  aon.  ami  whirli,  »Mk  alow  ina|>ali« 
liiiMKHu  ilaarfiiilril  ihriitiyk  tka  ti|'P«r  rvgiiHua  uf  iha 
•If,  ami  (ra<|iiall)r  iliaa|i|W»r*il  haiiaaih  lli>  hwiinn 
'Ilia  iiikaluiaiila  laara  lUaiilv  airiiak  wiik  lliia  ifn'Miiliil 
■araniiilWaiiwn  of  aKaiiry  iliat  aaainail  to  iitii'ia  Ikr  viar 
Ma  ami  iiivlailila  wnrlil  in  iia  ran|a  ;  anil  >lii«  «nl«nial 
maiiiainiaa,  wiiknul  tipraaalgr  alliiilini  In  Ik.  yialdati  to 
Ha  lnlluaiH>*  on  ikoir  uwn  Miimla,  anil  •inluataiail  in 
lnipro««  II*  alfaria  an  iha  nilmla  ul  sllixfa,  hy  pro- 
WHliiig  I  |an*ral  rafuriiiaiiiin  nf  mannrra.  ('iimlar 
llilara  mm  Iraiiainillnl  lu  all  Ih*  clargy,  iirglnK  Ihrin 
k>  graaiar  itiligcnr*  111  riini)iliryiiig  anil  liirultaliiig 
Ika  imwapla  of  raligioii,  ■•(■•cialjy  mi  Ilia  yuiing,  anil 
InairwIliig  lh*ir  pariahionara  rinin  liuixa  lo  hoiia* 
Tk«  liiipaa  uf  aciaiira  faUrly  lO  aallnl  may  ilaiitla  ihaao 
linpraaalona,  anil  Iraca  to  igiinraiii  wotiili<r  iha  piiru 
which  Ihny  pruiliirail ;  kilt  a nllghlariril  phitiianphy  will 
•oiiAiaa  lb*  woiih  anil  ilignllv  of  thai  |>iliii'iplv  vthirh 
rtaogniiaa  in  tvarjr  >lla|ihiy  ul  Iha  graai  phrnuman*  uf 
•alura,  aiJililional  valla  lo  ■I'l**  ami  glorify  iia  Alinigkly 
L'laaliit  anJ  whiih  vlavalca  anil  rrllnra  human  Imiil- 
llaa  ky  placiii|i  avrry  uliii'cl  llial  furnlily  alrikaa  llwni 
III  a  nolila  anu  gracaful  Itglit  ilarivnl  Irum  cutmriioii 
WiUi  III*  inWrrala  of  morality  anil  iliii  hiiinir  of  dud. 
Tho  *«aiita  of  the  Inilian  war.  iha  loaa«*a  anaUtiiril  fruiti 

•  train  of  unfavnrahlii  wiaihrr  Ihiit  rnaiiiil,  anil,  lal- 
Uriy,  Iho  diai|iiiai  orvaaiuni'd  ky  llm  ronti>iiiiuna  wilh 
Iha  (liigliih  guvrniinrnl,  arrvrd,  in  lika  maiiiiir,  lo 
kitnlila  Iha  |i«apla  kunaatli  ihu  Aliiiiuhly  i'uwrr  mIiicIi 
•ontlola  Ih*  paaaiuiia  uf  miin  aa  well  aa  tlir  rlnncnl* 
•r  iialur*,  anil  war*  tipially  |iri»luriiv*  uf  Inrri'iaail 
dlligi'icii  in  Ih*  oltarriaiirra  ui  pii'iy  ami  lli*  rrlninia- 
lluii  of  niannvra.  thiply  laiiii>iitiiig  iKi'  imjirirn  iHnia 
•nd  ilaAciancwaof  thi'iiitt'lvia  anil  iiilinra,  many  of  ill* 
miiiiaiara,  magidratra,  ami  li'udiiig  imim  of  iha  pro- 
Vinra  aariiailly  liaimiglit  ihcir  riiuiiliyiniii  lu  I'unnMlvr, 
If  III*  mlirrnplinn  iit  l)ivini<  futnr  ilKi  not  hatukaii 
naglrct  uf  iIm  Uitlii*  will,  anil  liy  priri'|il  and  aiani- 
pl»  laliurad  to  rradu'aio  I'viry  i'«d  liul'il  or  lii'miniua 
pracika  that  a  alai*  uf  war  and  an  inriiii  uf  tumiiivr- 
(lal  waallh  war*  aiippoatd  lu  liavu  prutlnicd.  Mm 
ware  airungly  rihuriid  lu  I'arry  a  luiiliniul  rrapicl  to 
lh«  L)i«ina  will  inlu  lliu  ininntiat  raiiiiHiuliuna  iif  ilicii 

•  If'aira,  and  luVmiuhlu  wlialnti'r  tlii'v  did  Ity  duimg  it 
to  III*  IfOrd.  'I'liu  grniril  ruurt  pnlilialnd  »  iiiulutfiiv 
of  ill*  apidrinical  viofa  of  ilit*  liinea,  in  wliirli  wi*  iind 

•  nninaraii'd,  nagiccl  uf  Ihv  idiii'ilnni  uf  i^lnldiin,  |>iid« 
diaplayud  in  tho  inuninr  uf  inUiiiK  unil  iniling  hiir, 
•leraa  of  Hntry  and  iinitiodraty  uf  apparrl.  iii-gliuoiil 
carritg*  at  churrh,  failurr  m  dnu  n'<|>i'i't  lu  pana  nia,  a 
ioriliaaagrrnca*  uf  ahupki'i'|M i>  to  101.1111  Inijlii  pruia, 
prufanu  awouriiig,  idlt-ntiaa,  anil  freipiriiling  ul  laviTiia 
lirand  juiiua  war*  dircrlid  to  ninkv  pri^ai'iilmcnl  of 
•irmdera  in  lhi'*«  rripri;!*  :  hut  tilhi'i  tliu  kiippwr  in- 
fluciico  uf  viainpio  and  ri'iiinnatraiictt  waa  aiilRuii'iil  In 
loiitrul  the  olmuiiuua  practicoa,  or  tli*^  n*ver  atiainiil 
aiii'h  height  and  provalcncu  a»  lo  juilify  lb*  inlliclion 
of  liigal  aavvrllii'*.  lu  iiniiiy  inalamra  Ihu  aoiupnlnna 
picly  of  lliu  colonial  aulhuritiva  liai  ri'piul>ul<'d  ntiaiing 
Vit'i't,  and  th*  vitviit  lu  wincli  tlicy  pri'vuili'd,  in  lun- 
(iiag*  wliirli,  when  cuniparcd  with  lliii  toniiiiun  liiiiii 
•f  iTm  world,  la  apt  lu  liuui't  nil>a;i;iri;ltrnaiuii  1  ind. 
kRiKt,  •  writer  no  leia  rniinvnl  thiiii  Chuliiiera  lua 
fclUn  into  tho  uraaa  iniaiaku  of  dirivii'K  a  cliiritu  of 
dnuaual  ininionlity  agamat  llio  inhuhilanta  uf  .Maiaa- 
cbuar.la  fioin  tlio  wry  clrcuinatancra  that  provo  tho 


•  H  IKkmarn,  I.  SID,  sal.  3M.  a  17.  3.10  3:11.  331.  rlialiiicra. 
|«l,  awl.  I'rMn  a  rt|»rl  nrran.  tnl  lliia  ynir  (inwll  in  Ilia 
luc^  ul  ratia.  It  ap|Ni;ira  ili-ii  Cominrtlriu.  ilifii  in  the  fony- 
k«flk  7>ir  of  iu  MUlmiiaiii,  cKiiinlninl  laiaiiiy.nna  churchta, 
mSk  *f  wkKk  kad  lu  mlnialar  1  a  inlliila  af  MM  man  1  a  >tiy 
iilltatmui aarruwa, aul iklny  alttaa.    Holmaa,  I.  m. 


atfangik  •>  ik«if  piaiy,  Ik*  porMy  •!  Ikair  miMal  kakiia, 
aid  iTia  aiill  aii)i*»int  polity  ul  ikair  ni**mI  aapiriaimna 

I 'i«  alHIfiil  aaiiav  iImI  rrliglHIl  llia|i|r*  a  itf  lh«  au'lMlia 
|>  liflt'iDiaa  iiilii-'i'hl  Ml  liiiinmt  mlnr*.  aanafa  iha  »« 
taaiMii  III  ilii-  II  "r.il  at  iiiimh  iiia  ill  ri  hgiiKia  man  io 
a|i|i>«>  In  Iha  wiiulil  a*  Ik*  latinga  uf  hypvaliiMial  tani 
Of  (aiialia'rti  dalilanon  * 

tlw  king  hai'i  Mxti  f  alia'tl  intd  hit  daalyn  nl  <lhal' 
Ing  a  rnili|ilwll<  allrraliMii  uf  il  ii  ,  iMialiliiliiMi  «f  .Vta**!- 
•'ttiiaalla  ,  huX  li.a  nimli  ra'iuii  ImiI  litan  anlMri<id  i«y  iho 
itiiir*  paraiinal  anil  pD'am^  ,init«*rn  nf  laalaiirig  iha 
ailumpiaof  niiiaiiraliiirv  >n  i>-  1111,1  Ilia  ilwap  anil  ilaring 
lallla  y  of  lln>  l/tika  ul  liiiiar,  and  liuiilinl  Ilia  ao%*>raign 
iiy  Iha  rupiiiaiiiin  and  aiinramacy  ul  a  prulratani  laagnr 
in  Knglaml  \\  liilf  ^llalll'ahllry  and  kla  parly  wrra 
ahl*  III  ri'iani  ihr-ir  inllin**  uii  ilia  pnhliM  niind  hy  lit* 
ariifUa  of  Iha  |itiiii*li  pint,  and  10  aliat'k  ilia  niunart-iiy 
liy  ilia  di>aira  uf  ihti  ■>ii|uaiiiii  Inll,  it  imithi  writ  ha 
draninl  iiliaafa  lo  aigiialiln  Ilia  ruyal  adnilii  -  raiiuii  hy 
•nv  pnhli*!  ai'l  uf  vilranidiiiary  lyunny  in  a  |  r.ryini'a  tu 
ainnianl  for  aaal  in  Itta  prtiiaalanl  raiua  aa  Maaaathii 
Miia  IIAMI  I  llnl  t  liailia  had  nuw  ulilaimd  a  imii 
plat*  ii«iory  uvrr  hia  iluniraitii  ad«araari*a ,  and, 
among  nilirr  air«aaa<a  u(  rclaliainry  ymUm'a  and  arhi 
Irary  (Miwar  ky  wliit'h  li*  prm'tviUd  lo  iniprnv*  hia  aiii'- 
raaa,  h«  maliiiilad  wriiauf  aan  ir4rr4N/u  agamat  ih* 
princi|)al  aorporaliona  in  Ijigland,  and  aaaily  nkiainad 
pnlgninnia  Iroin  th*  runiia  ol  Uw  that  darl  irrd  all  Ihair 
iihi'rlira  and  franrhiaaa  fiiifailad  io  Ik*  irtiwn  Abaitl 
twn  yvara  U'lnra  ilna  (irriod,  he  hid  drlil>#pai«d  nn  ik« 
iiuaailiility  uf  anprratdiiig  anlirtly  th*  guvrininani  of 
Nlaaaai'linaatia  wiilioni  th*  uharivan«a  nf  any  lagal 
anlainratty  ,  kill,  on  ronaiiliing  Junaa  and  Winnlngiun, 
ill*  al"ornry  and  atiln'iior  ganrrnl,  ha  I141I  trariird  that 
hia  nl'.jirl  i-o«ild  not  Iw  ■■'iiiriily  or  vlKi-tnally  aliainad 
■>iri<|il  hy  Iha  iiiairuini<ntalily  ufa  writ  of  ymi irarraa/v, 
wtiii'h  It  that  tun*  it  waa  nut  ilii'iiiffd  aaprdianl  lo 
'1111  hiy  Hut  now  a«iry  linnidiinrnt  waa  rtniotad  1 
and  iha  lolonuta  rai'rivi'd  tlio  moat  poailita  inialll- 
griire  from  tkair  friinda  in  Kngland  thai  tlia  alirogatHMI 
i>f  ini'ir  charltr  waa  tlnally  rianlvi-il  on,  and  waa  lo  bo 
inatantly  airrnmpliahi'd  Uandulph,  who  ajivnt  much 
nf  hia  iinia  in  making  nuyaura  lialwi'an  Ijigland  and 
Amrriia,  and  had  lalily  allliid  a  pruliiat  on  Ih*  *■• 
rliang*  uf  lliiatun  agaiiiat  lhi>  aria  ul  ili  guirrninsnl, 
nuw  hrniiglil  frnin  l.i)ndiiii  a  lilU'r  fritiii  Iha  king, 
il.iird  Ihu  llUlh  ol  tli'iuhir.  IfiMI,  11  iapiinlatiiig  all  lh« 
I  ninpluinla  agamat  ih*  ruluiiy,  and  inminanuing  tti*l 
ili'pulira  ■hnnid  mrUnlly  lia>  aunt  lo  him,  nut  only  lo 
aiiBwrr  Ihoao  runipUinta,  Init  "  wiili  |H)wi'ra  lo  auhinil 
10  ainh  rrgnlatiinia  ul  gnvrrniiirnl  aa  hia  mairaly 
aliuuld  lliiiik  lit  ,"  wlni'li  if  lliiy  aliuuld  In!  to  no,  il 
waa  miimati'd  that  a  writ  uf  ijiiu  Hununtu  wuutd  bo 
ilirri'ii'd  agamat  thiin.  A  new  malirr  uf  tharga,  an|- 
graird  hy  ihi'  mi|ui>iii««  liualilily  uf  Uandulph,  waa  at 
tliii  aaiiip  linir  pri'lt  mil  agamat  ilinii, — llut  liiry  rninrd 
money  wiiinn  tliu  prmiiiii' in  r  intrinpt  nf  thv  king** 
prirugatu*.  Thi*  grtifrul  riiiirt,  in  anawrr  tu  Ihia  and* 
ili'ti  arraignmant  of  a  prai-tiri-  wlin-ii  luiil  liitin  piT'iiit* 
ti-d  III  lung  tu  prevail  wiilinni  ipiratiiin.  i-Rplainvd  how 
and  whiin  it  had  un^inatiil,  aiiil  unpraiid  lu  ilii'ir  I'ir- 
I'unialiini'iia  aa  dixialuly  prii>iiig  tlial  nu  ronliiniit  had 
lii'iii  iliaigiii'd  ;  but,  wiihal,  iliiLirril  iliji  if  it  wrra 
rrgurilrti  aa  a  trrapuaa  iiii  hia  iimji'aly'a  auilinrity,  tkvv 
hiiinlilv  rnlri.'ali.d  pardun  Inr  ilic  i^innrunru  iimli"  which 
It  had  lit'cii  cuiinniiii<r  Aniuiig  iUv  utiirr  cuinpUinl* 
lliiit  wcri*  urged  hv  thr  king,  wcin  rjii-  prcaiiinniuuiia 
pnri'liaao  uf  titu  pruMni-u  tit  Maine,  wliirli  ih*<  t:uinni«ta 
vviTi'  Hgaiii  cominandt'il  to  aiirri-nilcr,  iind  lliu  diaultow* 
uni-«  nl' any  iiilit-r  wuralnp  tlijii  ihit  of  ihu  catahliahed 
I'liuri  lira  with  11  titc  lulunv.  To  llii'  I'.rat  of  theao  the* 
:inawi'rcd  liv  ri'|H-uting  tlicir  funni-r  apology,  and  alill 
iliTliiiing  what  waa  rcipiirid  of  llii'iii  1  and  to  tho 
ai'cuiid,  thill  libcrly  of  wuralnp  waa  now  granted  to  all 
lUMiomiimtiuiia  of  (Miriatuiia  in  MaaaacliiiaolU.  Tho 
royal  b'ttcr  contuiiii  d  iiniiiy  otiicr  chjrgca ;  hut  ihiy 
wcro  all  anawrred  hy  aoli'inn  prolcalaltoiK  lliiit  I'ltlii'r 
the  cuininanda  they  imported  hud  heen  already  fiillilU'd, 
or  lliu  diaubcdieiicu  lliuy  alleged  had  not  been  eoinimt- 
ted. 

An  naaeinhly  of  the  general  roiirl  hiving  been  held 
fllWS]  for  tho  piirpoao  of  electing  depmica  lo  pro- 

a  AfliT  thla  miimuT  111"  Nfw  Kiisliniil  inlnialara  weri«  ae. 
ntaliiliieil  III  Hilitri^aa  llit'lr  hpiiri-ri.      '  It  rniiroriielli  NewKiir- 

l-iiul  aiwava  1,1  rcinantlwr  llml  ihpy  are  (iili,'tiiDtly  a  pliiniiii 

ralniliiiia,  imt  a  pUnlatlnn  »(  trmiJ.  Lrt  iiierrlini'ta,  nmt  aiirli 
iia  ara  InrrfaitliK  cani  \wr  r«i  t,  raiiii'nilii'r  thla,  that  wurMly 
tain  waa  iml  Ilia  ami  anil  ilaalyii  nl'  ilia  |«iiple  nf  New  Kni|. 
Iitiiil,  but  rrlltflitn.  Anil  if  any  tiiun  niiiuiiii  na  make  rellrlnn 
aa  twelve,  aiiil  Iha  wnrlil  aa  ihlnaan,  inch  an  ona  kalh  mil  tka 
BuIrK  uf  a  Irua  Na*  Enillilnnan."  lUfgliiauu'*  Klicilon 
i  aacmon,  l«U,  apod  lalkup,  I.  W. 


(•*4  I*  I'ngkiwl,  ami  HiaMglMwt  Maiil  dwlMlM|  ■ 
•naepi  ikia  oMaa,  It  wa*  tmttnit4  m»  UndltT  MM 
H»li«ida,  Iw*  ol  Ih*  waalihi, ai  and  mtiai  r«*M«laNll 
•  iliaaiia  uf  Iha  (irnaiM,  a  llnl  aa  Ilia  powara  •liMk  llw 
ratal  leiler  (»|iiir><l  thai  Hwy  akiHiM  !•«  I  laaaleil  wial^ 
of  anInniiliMg  i»  whalaiat  ragnlaluMM  of  gw>«ll>niMil 
Ih*  king  al«w.i|  ihilik  ni,  war*  nmliing  alaa  iImh  |ia«w*f« 
10  aiirnmlai  all  iiia  n^Uf  of  ilw  rnl>Miy.  Ill*  ••••rt  WM 
laralll  M  grant  no  ani'li  anihnrliy.  and,  oii  Ik*  a*!^ 
Irary,  plainly  aapraaud  in  limr  n.iirm  iiuna  ilial  llM 
it*p«i|»«  war*  KM  to  do  ur  ••uiaani  lu  any  ikmu  llM 
akaHtkl  Inrring*  ilia  bharHta  griniad  iiy  th*  •kariei,  M 
altar  IN*  fa.aling  luriH  uf  guiermnanl  'Iha  di  piilie* 
a*l  aall  liir  Kngland,  wknhar  ih*  y  ia*ra  luun  lull(l<«  cd 
hy  Hamlarljili,  n>  loiilruni.  i,|,|rti*a.  and  aunnirra*  1  iliain. 
A  puhliw  laai  waa  appoiniMl  lu  h*  olwaryad  ih<Miial>uiil 
th*  voluriy,  lo  praa  lor  lb**  prraaraaiion  ul  iliair  rharii'f 
and  th*  anrraaa  ol  Ih*  dapnlalliill  .\|a«na  laaa  \-ut¥, 
Ihongh  I  think  hy  no  iiiaana  iiiijnaiinable,  w»ra  ailnpiad 
ur  at  Waal  aani'tiuni'd,  liy  tlia  aaaaiii  nf  iliv  luiirl  «| 
aaaiaiania,  lur  th*  prumniiun  uf  ili*  enhnnal  mii  raaia  in 
lingUnd  l'ranlt»hl,  lahu  waa  iidl  ilia  royal  guyi>rn*f 
of  ^«w  lUinpaliira,  In-liig  nn  a  yiail  at  lloaiun,  aiig« 
gwatad  to  iltvao  anthuriiiea  thai  ihi  ir  agania  aineilii  ii* 
dirarlad  10  wail  on  Lord  llyda,  and  landar  ih*  auin  of 
two  thniiaynd  guinaaa  Inr  llw  priyaia  larviea  ul  tk* 
king,  whirh  ka  aaaurad  Ihain.  Irum  iha  nulnnona  p» 
verty  trd  yainaliiy  o(  Iha  roiirl  *  wiiuhl  inlall>iily  pri»- 
•ur*  a  alay  ul  all  huatiiv  prm  irdinga  Thry  till  h><.id* 
lung  into  the  anarn  ,  and  haiing  wriiirn  laiiira  to  Ihi* 

alleel  lo   thn  drpnl I  ranliilil  dea|iaii  had  laiiira  M 

ill*  aaniv  lima  tu  lli*  king,  whn  h  It*  aaaiirvd  llieni  vihh 
lainad  Ilia  alrungeit  raiuiniiirndatninaul  their  intaraaW 
10  royal  layur  lint  tlunigli  tliria  iiieii  were  wilbng, In 
a  catiaa  where  nu  inti-reaia  Inii  ihrir  uwn  weru  involvad, 
lo  aarrille*  iheir  muney  hir  iliiir  lilnrtv.  and  to  hoy 
their  eonniry  mil  of  the  handa  ol  •  iiirdid  anddiaaiili.i* 
tyrant,  it  waa  not  iha  willol  I'ruvidenii  that  tin  lil  <>r- 
Ilea  of  MaaaaehiiieilB  alioiild  he  Inrnght  with  gold,  nf 
that  III*  prayera  whuh  had  been  aaaueiaiad  with  aiiel, 
meana  ahniild  prevail  Leitera  lui  11  arrived  Irinn  tk# 
drpnliea,  miorming  th*t  t'raniirhl  had  written*  luilla 
erona  arrouni  of  III*  whole  priM'riding  10  lb*  king,  and 
vaimii'd  Ilia  dcileritv  in  oiitwiiiing  the  |ieopl*  of  Uo*> 
Ion,  whinn  h*  deaertlied  aa  a  crew  of  raaeala  and  rahal*, 
ami  thai  Ih*  piiblieatiuii  uf  th*  aiury  had  eipuaed  tb*M 
lo  the  deriaion  of  lite  whole  ronrt  t 

'lb*  drpuitea  funnd  tli*  king  iiituairated  with  pra*> 
(leruna  tyranny,  ami  meenaed  to  th*  high*al  d*gn« 
againit  a  provmc*  that  had  ao  hnig  preanmed  to  wttha 
•taiid  hia  will.  'Ilirir  eriileiitiala,  which  they  w*r* 
ilraired  lo  eahilnl  lo  .Sir  liioiiel  Jenkma,  the  aacretary 
III  alaie,  were  at  niiee  declared  lo  li*  maullleienl ;  and 
iliry  wrra  mlurmed,  that  nnleaa  oilirr\  aatiifai  lory  in 
every  rea|ieel.  were  iiiiinediately  ubiiimed,  it  wi^a  hi* 
miijeaiy'a  pli-ainr*  ihut  a  '/"o  N'i4m'Un/u  agamat  then 
rliarti  r  ahunld  laaiie  withiiiit  ilehiy.  'I'lie  deputlea  coin* 
iniimcatid  tliia  peremplory  mjiinrtioii  to  their  eonaltlil- 
eiila  ;  aaanriiig  Iheni,  at  the  aaiiio  tune,  that  th*  caa« 
ol  the  eoliMiy  waa  deaperale,  and  leiving  iliem  to  deter- 
mine  whether  it  waa  inuat  aiUiaahle  tu  aiibmil  tb*ni> 
•elvea  niireaertedly  lu  hia  mnjeaiy'a  pleaaur*,  ur  tu 
alitdu  the  tame  uf  a  prueeaa  whuh  wunld  leriainly  b* 
hitjil.  'I'ltta  tmfiortutit  qneation,  the  delriminaiiuii  ol 
whieli  waa  10  he  the  l,iai  eieretae  uf  tlier  beloved 
liberty,  waa  aulenmlv  dtacnv<ed  huib  tii  the  geiierik. 
cunrt  and,  aa  waa  iiieel,  by  the  tnliahitania  uf  ih*  priH 
vmeu  III  large  ;  [IIIMil.J  ami  the  geiii  nil  •enttmenl  w** 
declured  tu  be,  >  tha!  It  waa  better  lo  die  by  oilier  hand* 
than  their  own."  An  earneat  addri  aa  10  the  king  waa 
Irained  by  iho  general  court ;  •  currea|ioi,diiig  on* 
waa  aigned  by  the  inhubttanta;  and  the  •genia  wi  r* 
directed  lo  preaont  lliuiu  or  not,  aa  they  ahuuld  llunk 
proiier. 

'i'hey  wrr*  ■ulhoriied  10  deliver  up  th*  title*  nf  th* 
pio«itica  of  Maine,  if  by  ao  doing  they  could  praacrt*  th* 

*  llvary  thing  waa  vaiml  that  Chnrlaathe  Hvcnnil  meld  nb 
lain  a  pi, "a  fur.  lie  and  liia  allliinra  in  Ilia  klinr  nf  Kranra, 
anil  Iha  nlflpf  ra  nt  tfnvarinnenl  In  hia  iiwn  nilillalera.  KruMI 
the  Meiieiira  of  Hlr  Wllllaill  Trnlple,  Il  apiieara  Itinl  llila  uiiil* 
iieiit  p«rai,n  waanliilifi'il,  in  I1171,  in  ili'iliin*  Ilia  ult'iL-e  ol'  aecr*- 
liiry  nfai-ita  I'inin  inalnllly  l-i  ailvHurr  mhKH,  wliiili  wiia  the 
priie  nf  il.  Tanipla'a  Wurka  (Uaau  Haiill'a  ailiilon,  rulli,) 
I.  371). 

t  llulrhliiann,  I.  Ul  33.1  337.  Cholinrra,  404.  im.  413. 
4V3,  Niitivllhalnniliii]{  the  niiprninlaliii(  n*\wil  nf  uffnlra  In 
New  F.iii|luiiil  at  thil  perltxl,  her  pnpiil'itlun  retelvetl  frpi|neitl 
uilililiniia  Irum  liia  eniuratinn  nf  l^iiitllah  linneitiitiirniMa 
Aiiinnff  a  cnnaiilerubte  Ijnily  nf  ilmae  wlm  iiljniii  lite  yi'<ir  i'liij 
Nituaiil  Mil  Haylnni  In  Miiaaurhuartla  wja  J  aiiia  Km.  kiln,  the 
father  nf  that  (llalliigiilahril  plilliiaii)  her  Mlid  polillciivn  wh'i  in 
lite  rollowina  reiilury  cnlilribulod  ao  flunally  In  efliTl  Ihe  lnilo. 
paiidane*  nf  Ik*  AoMnCttU  aUUa.  gaa  Iraiiklln'a  .NUnu.lia 
of  hi*  own  Life. 


THR  HtSTORY  OF 


r 


ckifMr ;  hill  nlhurwlMi  iioi :  mil  ihejr  woro  Aiitlly  in- 
tirnii'il  nt  ihi>  irrrvncalile  ililf  rminiitiaii  o(  ihiiir  eonali- 
liii'iiM  fii  .iithiTK  III  iht'  chirii-r,  ti  1  Mint  ^u  <Ihiw 
•  hnii'KUi''  uiini'iil.v  uf  lil'cri)  '.','  it  inuiily  dirawn- 
init  It 

'I'lir  minmniiirition  of  ihi>  nMirr,aniinou>  nniwrr  put 
*n  nmi  In  ilin  lunclluiii  uf  ihu  iln|iiitici  i  anil  •  writ  uf 
fMii  tritrrnntn  \m>w^  htcii  imiiimI  forthwitli  auiiniit  llin 
culo'iv,  th»v  iliairril  liavn  ni  rclln  froin  th«  iiiacUcle 
o<  tiioli  innrMiliiiK*,  iihI  wf  ra  iMinniltctl  lo  ralurii  la 
hull 'II.  Th«y  w«ra  iiiaiamly  lullowed  liy  Kaii(lal|ili, 
olii'  \m\  nra«inl*il  In  Ih*  cnininltIM  of  pUntalioiia 
iniclna  dl  hi||h  criiiiiia  and  iniadrincanora  aKaiiial  lh« 
ailony,  amt  waa  now.arloctnl  w  carry  Iha  fatal  wril 
irioia  the  Alltnlje.  Tha  inaaaana  itaa  pcrfMlly  uuila- 
t!«  IS  tha  hand  ihal  cvnveyed  it  i  and  lUndol|ih  par- 
foimod  hia  olika  »ilh  a  lriin|itMnl  eagernaaa  thai  ludad 
iiiaull  to  injury,  and  incraaaad  Iha  dclcalalion  with 
wliHih  h*  waa  unlranally  raganJad.  The  kinn  al  tha 
aama  lima  mada  a  laat  altainpt  lo  iiidiica  tha  cuioniaia 
In  apara  him  Iha  Kdioiia  funnaliliaa  of  lagal  proccaa. 
Ha  Iraiwinitlad  *  dMlaralion,  ihai  if  bafora  judfmanl 
ihiy  wnuld  maka  a  full  aubiniaiion  and  aniira  roil||na' 
lion  lo  hia  plaaaura,  ha  would  conaidar  their  inlareat  aa 
wall  aa  hia  own  aarviee  in  compoainii  tha  new  ehartrr, 
and  make  no  farih«r  dapartura  from  ine  original  conali- 
lulion  than  ahoiild  lie  neraaaary  for  the  aupport  of  hia 
gotrenimeni.  In  order  In  enforce  ihia  anggealion,  the 
coloniala  ware  appriaed,  Ihal  all  the  corporatiiina  in 
England  exeapl  ine  city  of  I^ndoii,  had  lurrendarrd 
Ikci.  u,*.'  ''Iag«i>  to  l)ie  king  ;  and  copiea  uf  the  proccuil- 
inga  againal  the  rliartrr  of  I..aiidon  were  diaprraiid 
through  tna  province,  that  all  might  know  that  a  cnii- 
laat  with  hia  authority  waa  utterly  hopeleae.  But  the 
^aopla  of  Mtaaachuaetia  were  not  tu  be  moved  from 
Ikeir  pur|ioa«  by  the  Ihreata  of  despotic  power  or  the 
tiample of  general  aervilily.  Tlioy  nsd  acted  veil,  and 
bad  now  to  aiilfer  well ;  and  dixlainfully  refuaed  lo 
4iminiah  ihe  infamy  of  their  oppreaaor  by  aharing  it 
with  him.  The  majority  of  ilin  court  of  aaaiatania, 
•verwhelmed  by  their  ealamitica,  voted  an  addreaa  of 
•ubmiaaion  lo  ihe  king ;  but  Ihe  houae  of  delegatea, 
•iiimaled  with  the  general  feeling  of  the  people,  and 
iupporied  by  ihe  approbation  of  the  clergy,  rejected  the 
addreaa,  ami  adhered  to  their  former  reaolutiona.  The 
■weaa  of  fan  warraHio  waa  in  conaequonce  urijcd 
wrward  with  all  tha  vigor  that  the  foriiialitiea  of  law 
would  admit.  A  requiaitioti  to  the  colony,  to  make 
appearanca  waa  pnimp'tly  complied  with  ;  but  it  waa 
found  that  the  legal  period  of  appearance  had  elagiaed 
befwe  tha  requisition  waa  tranaiiiiltod  At  leiii;th,  in 
Trinity  term  of  the  following  year,  [IRSi.]  judgment 
waa  pronuiinced  ayainat  thai  governor  and  company  of 
Maaaachuaetia,  "  That  their  letters  patent  and  the  en- 
lulmant  thereof  be  cancelled ;"  and  in  the  year  after, 
(1885,)  an  offielal  copy  of  ihia  jtidgiaent  waa  received 
by  the  aeciatary  of  the  general  court. 

Thiia  the  libertiea  of  Maaaachuaetia  were  overthrown 
by  the  deacendaiit  of  Ihe  princea  whoae  oppreasioiia  had 
eontributed  to  lay  their  foundations ;  after  Iwiiig  de- 
fended by  the  children  of  the  original  setllnra  with  the 
aame  reaolute  anhending  virtue  that  their  fathcra  had 
eaerted  ii)  ealablishing  them.  'I'hu  venerable  Urad- 
atreel,  who  had  accomjianied  the  Arit  eniigraiila  tu 
Maaaachuaetia  in  I3S^,  waa  alill  alive,  aiid  waa  go- 
vernor of  the  colony  at  the  period  of  the  aubversion  of 
Ihoae  inalltutiona  which  he  hail  cnniriliuted  originally  tu 
plant  in  the  desert,  and  had  au  long  cuntinui'd  tu  adorn 
and  enjoy.  Fcrliafik  he  now  discerned  tlio  vanity  of 
thone  aentiments  that  had  prompted  ao  many  of  the 
t'wti'j  Whom  be  had  eurvived,  to  lament  their  deaths 
•s  premature.  But  the  aged  eyca  that  beheld  Ihia 
eclipae  of  New  Englaiid'a  prosperity,  were  not  yet  to 
close  till  they  had  seen  the  reliirn  of  liettcr  days. 

'l°hil  ihe  proceedings  of  the  king  were  in  the  highoat 
degree  uiijuet  and  tyrannical,  appears  manifest  beyond 
all  decent  denial ;  and  that  the  legal  adjudication. by 
which  he  m<<aked  his  tyranny  waa  never  annullvd.by  the 
Eneliah  parliament,  ia  a  circumstance  very  little  cro- 
diiahle  to  Eiigliah  justice.  The  House  of  Coinmona, 
indeed,  shortly  after  llie  Revolution,  inflamed  with  in- 
dignation at  the  firat  recital  of  the  procaedingi,  we  have 
acen.  paascd  a  resolution  deiljling  "that  iboaa  quo 
warranloa  againat  llie  chariera  iif  New  England  were 
illegal  and  void  ;"  but  thay  were  afterwards  prevailed 
with  10  depart  from  thia  reaolution  by  the  argumenta  of 
Treby,  Soinera,  and  Holt,  whoae  eminent  facultiea  and 
eonatilutional  principlea  could  not  exempt  them  from 
lb*  iaduaaeo  of  a  anperatitioua  prejudice,  generated  by 
Ibrii  proleaaional  habila,  in  favor  of  the  aacrednaaa  of 


CIIAl'TER   V. 

Dr»lrn»— ami  Draih  nf  rkarin  iha  iMflnil— Onvsrnmani  itt 
MsMschiisrliM  uiitlur  a  lampuriiry  Cninmls'inn  fritni  Jsinrs 
iho  Hrciiiiil— AllitriM  A|)|i»IiiIihI  lliiii-riinr  I'f  Nsw  KdiiIhikI^ 
a<il>iiili«*litii  nr  Htidds  UImihI— HfiiMuli*  I'tforl  lo  |t|-i<«(>rvs 
lli<>  riiiirtar  i>r  ('iinnrrllnil— ll|i)irit«iilv«>  Onveriilitiilil  uf 
Anilriis— Ciilniilal  tiMry  iiClhi-  Hllif— Hlr  William  riil|i|ia— 
Iritllan  ll„alllllli*«  raiirwa,!  by  llii-  ritiltfii«<N  uf  Ihr  KrtliCh— 
lliaurrrnloii  Ml  RimioM— Aii'Iriia  ,l»'|Hiitp,l— nml  lhi»  anrlrni 
I  lc,varriinaiiirpil"ri*it—rininarl It-Ill  n  il  Hhinlw  UIhi;iI  ruHilitia 


Ihi-lrCharltfra-WllllflinniMt  .Mary  priirlslinpil— War  wiihltia 
^'raiirli  amlillillan'— Hlr  Wllliaill  Vhlli 
llirlfitcliiat    KxjirillllMM    s|)ihia(    l^lii'lji 


tiparniii|iiara  ArHilln— 
ii-r — llii|irH('hlMfiil  uf 
jtiiilros  lijr  lliii  Ciiitiiiv,  riiiiC«>nrAii>il  hy  itin  KiisIinH  Mi- 
nlKlrrn — Sliil  il  ainlaaail— Tha  Khi<  tttwnr*  in  ruHlnra  Itta 
sitrli-ni  CiHiMllliilinn  iif  MasaachUitua— TiMior  nf  Ilia  Ntiw 
Chancr— Hlr  William  rhlp|M  Uiivrrnur— Tha  Naw  Kli|lsiiit 
Wlirlicrafi-Dtaih  of  rhlpna— War  with  iha  Frriich  ami 
liiitiaiis — Loss  of  Aruilla— faace  of  Ryswick— Moral  and 
pollllcal  liaM  of  .Nsw  Kii|land. 

[ItM.]  >So  eager  waa  Charica  to  eomplela  the  eie- 
cution  of  hia  long  cherished  designs  on  Massachuselta, 
Ihal  in  November,  1684,  immediately  afker  the  judg- 
ment waa  pronounced,  ha  began  to  make  arrangementa 
for  the  naw  government  of  the  colony.  Though  nol 
even  a  complaint  had  been  urged  against  New  Ply- 
mouth, he  acruplcd  not  tu  involve  that  settlomrni  III 
the  same  fate  :  and  aa  if  he  inli^nded  to  coiisuminale 
hia  tyranny  by  a  nieaaure  that  should  loach  the  iiihabi- 
tanta  of  Now  England  how  dreadful  the  vengeance  of 
a  king  could  lie,  no  aelected  for  the  execulion  uf  hia 
deaigna  an  indiviilual,  than  whom  it  would  nul  bo  easy 
ill  tha  whole  recorda  of  human  cruelty  and  wivkedneaa 
to  point  out  a  man  who  has  eiciled  to  a  greater  degree 
tha  abhorrence  and  indignation  of  hia  felTow-crealurea. 
The  notorioua  Colonel  Kirke,  whoae  brutal  and  aan- 
guinary  eicesaea  have  aecured  him  an  iinmortalily  of 
Infamy  in  the  hiatory  of  England,  waa  appointed  gover- 
nor of  Masaachuaetta,  New  Hampahire,  Maine,  and 
New  I'lyinouth :  and  it  waa  detirinineil  that  no  assem- 
bly should  be  permitted  to  rxiat,  but  that  Ihe  legisla- 
tive and  ciecutive  puwera  ahould  ha  combined  in  a 
governor  and  council  appointed  during  Ihe  royal  pica- 
aure.  Thia  arbitrary  policy  waa  approved  by  all  the 
ininistera  of  Cbarlea,  except  the  Marquia  of  Halifax, 
who  espoused  tha  cauaa  of  Iha  coloniala  with  a  gene- 
rous teal,  and  warmly  but  vainly  urged  that  they  were 
entitled  to  cnjov  Iho  same  lawa  and  instilutiona  that 
were  ealabliahed  in  England.*  Though  Kirke  had  not 
yet  coinmilled  the  cnorinitiea  by  which  he  was  destined 
to  illustrate  hia  name  in  the  weat  of  England,  he  had 
already  given  auch  indications  of  hia  disposition  in  tha 
guvernmcnt  of  Tangier,  that  the  tidinga  of  hia  appdint- 
inont  filled  the  iiilialiitants  of  the  colony  with  horror 
and  dismay.  But  before  Kirke's  coinmiaaion  and  in- 
atructiona  could  be  finally  aettlcd,  the  career  of  Charica 
himaclf  waa  interrupted  by  death  :  and  Kirke  waa  re- 
served to  contribute  hy  liis  atrocities  in  England  to 
bring  haired  and  eiile  on  Charles's  aucceaanr.  Thia 
auccessor,  Jamea  the  Second,  from  whoae  aterii  inflex- 
ible temper,  and  high  toned  opiiiiona  reapecting  govern- 
ment, the  most  gloomy  preaajics  of  tyranny  had  been 
drawn,  waa  proclaimed  in  Boaton  with  melancholy 
|ioinp. 

Tncae  preaagea  were  verified  by  (he  adminiatration 
of  the  new  monarch.  Soon  after  hia  aeceaaion  lo  the 
throne,  a  commission  waa  issued  for  the  temporary 
government  of  Maaaachuaetia,  New  Hampshire,  Maine, 
and  New  Plymouth,  by  a  preaidrnt  and  council  se- 
lected from  among  the  inhebitanta  of  Maaaachusetts, 
whose  powera  were  entirely  executive  and  judicial,  and 
were  to  endure  till  the  airival  of  a  pemianeiil  gover- 
nor. I'hey  were  directed  lo  allow  liberty  of  conacieiice 
to  all,  but  to  bestow  peculiar  encouragement  on  'the 
church  of  England  ;  to  duterinino  all  euita  originating 
within  the  colony,  but  to  admit  ap|ieala  from  their  aen- 
tencea  to  the  king  in  council ;  and  lo  defray  the  ex- 
penses of  their  government  by  levying  the  taxes  for- 
merly imposed.  Thia  coinmiaaion  waa  laid  before  the 
the  general  court  at  Boaton,  not  aa  being  any  longer 
conaidcrcd  a  body  invested  with  political  '  uhority,  but 
aa  being  comfiosed  of  individuala  of  the  highest  re- 
apectabiTity  and  influence  in  Ihe  province.  In  anawer 
to  the  communication  they  had  thua  received,  [IU86,j 
this  assembly  agreed  unanimously  to  an  address,  in 
which  they  declared  that  the  iiihabitanta  of  Massachu- 
selta were  deprived  of  llie  riuhis  of  freemen  by  the 


*  The  French  court  anil  Ihe  Dulce  of  York  remonttrateil  wUh 
Charles  on  llie  Impnliry  of  rcialnliig  in  olfice  a  man  who  haJ 
priifesstiil  auch  aeiititnetila.  Barillon'sCorreBponilence,  in  the 
ApjHtiiiiix  lo  Kox'a  lliHtnry  of  Jamea  the  Seconil.  "  Even  at 
thia  early  periml,*'  says  Mr.  Fox,  '*  a  (juestjou  rehitive  lo 
North  American  liberty,  and  even  tu  North  American  taxation, 
waa  eonaidered  aa  Iha  test  of  prindplaa  friandly  or  advsraa  to 
aiMirary  power  at  boaH." 


naw  ayalam,  and  that  il  deeply  concamed  bam  _ 

who  iiilroducad  and  Ihoaa  wlio  were  aulijec  led  tti  a  i, 

tein  nf  Ihia  natiiie.  In  rnnsider  how  far  it  waa  aafv'w 

pursue  it.     They  addtd,  that   if  llie  newly  appoiniad 

otflcera  meant  to  Ikaiime  the  guvernmeiit  of  tha  pa» 

pie,  ihoiigli  tliiiy  would  never  give  assent  to  such  nv^ 

cecdinga,  they  would  nevcrthi'lcss  ilcinean  thvii>aar;at 

aa  loysl  siilijerts,  and  liuiiilily  inaku  then  addroaaea  la 

(iod,  and  in  due  lime  to  their  prince  fur  relief     Tko 

iiresidrnl  nsiiied  in  the  coiiimiasioii  wss  Mr.  Dudley,  wh« 

had  lately  liven  one  of  Iho  dcpulioa  of  Ihe  province  la 

England,  and  whoae  conduct  had  jualiHcd  in  aoiiie  degre* 

the  jfaloiiay  with  which  the  colonists  ever  regarded  th* 

men  whom  they  were  compelled  loinlrualwilh  the  paio 

forinance  of  that  arduoua  duty.     Hia  patriniie  virtual 

without  being  ut'erly  diaaolvad,  waa  relaxed   by  thi 

beama  of  royal  influence,     Daapairing  of  being  abia 

lo  aerve  hia  country,  ho  applied  himaelf  with  mora  au«> 

eeaa  to  cultivate  hia  own  iiitereat  at  tha  Engliah  cnun . 

and  in  piirauing  thia  crooked  policy,  ha  would  aaam  U 

have  been  animated  bv  tha  hope  ttiat  Iha  intaraal  of  hia 

fcllow-citiiena  might  be  mora  affaclually  promotad  by 

hia  own  advancement  to  offict  among  iham,  than  b« 

the  eicluaion  which  he  would  incur,  in  common  wilt 

them,  by  a  alricler  adherence  lo  tha  lina  of  integritjf. 

Though  ha  accepted  Iha  comroiaaioni  and  parauada4 

thoaa  who  ware  aaaociated  with  him  to  iinitata  hia  a)i» 

ample,  lie  continueil  lo  ahow  himaelf  friend^  lo  ItM 

righta  of  Iha  people,  and  to  llioae  inalitutiona  wbieb 

they  ao  highly  regarded.     Not  only  waa  any  immedial* 

alteration  in  the  inlernal  arrangementa  of  the  colony 

avoided,  but  the  commii>aionera,  in  deference  lo  lb* 

public  leeliiig,  Iranamittad  a  memorial  to  the  Engliab 

miniatora  atating  ihal  a  well  regulated  aaaembly  ol 

tha  reprcaenlativea  of  tha  paopla  waa  extremely  iiaraa* 

aary,  and  ought  in  their  opinion  lo  be  eatabliahed  wilb> 

out  delay.    Thia  moderate  conduct,  however,  gave  lil* 

lie  satisfaction  to  any  of  the  partiea  whom  thay  deair*<l 

to  please.     '1  ha  people  were  indignant  to  behold  • 

ayalem  which  waa  erected  on  the  ruina  nf  their  libartr 

promoted  by  their  own  fellow-ciliieiia,  and  above  all 

by  the  man  whom  they  had  Utvlv  appointed  to  reaial 

ita  introduction  among  them;  and  nothing  but  the  ap> 

preheiiaiona  of  aeeing  him  replaced  by  Kiika,  wliooa 

maaaacrea  in  England  excited  tno  direat  preaaga  of  tbt 

fate  of  America,  prevented  the  atroiigeat  expreaaiona 

of  their  displeaaure.    The  conduct  of  the  commiaaion* 

era  waa  no  less  unsatiafactory  both  lo  Ihe  abetlora  of 

arbitrary  unvernmeiit  in  England,  and  to  tha  craaluiaa 

of  KandoTph  within  the  province,  who  were  anxioua  la 

pay  court  lo  Ihe  king  by  prostrating  beneath  hia  powaf 

every  obalaclo   to  the  execution  of  hia  will.      Com- 

plainta  were  aoon  transmitted  by  theaa  peraona  to  IM 

bnglith  miniatcra,  charging  I  he  commiaaionera  with 

conniving  at  former  practices  in  op|ioailion  to  tha  lawa 

of  trade,  ai\d  countenancing  ancient  principles  in  rali< 

gion  and  government. 

In  addition  lo  theae  cauaca  of  diaaatiafaclion  with 
the  conduct  of  ihe  cumniisaionera,  the  king  waa  now 
cam|iclled  to  resume  the  proaecution  of  hia  plana  by 
Ihe  imperfection  of  the  temporar-  arrangement  he  had 
made.  It  waa  found  that  the  acta  of  taxation  va'* 
aliout  to  expire,  and  the  commiaaionera  being  luiaiiy 
devoid  of  legislative  aulhaiity,  had  no  power  to  renew 
them.  They  had  employed  thia  conaideralion  to  cnforeo 
their  auggealion  of  a  repreaonlative  aaaembly  ;  but  it 
deterinincil  the  king  to  enlarge  the  arbitrary  authority  of 
hia  colonial  uHicers,  and  al  the  same  lime  lo  ealabliah  a 
permanent  administration  for  New  England.  He  had 
conaulted  the  crown  lawyera  res|iecting  Iho  extent  of 
hia  poweia  ;  and  they  had  given  aa  their  official  opi- 
nion, "that  notwithatanding  the  forfeiture  of  Ihechartet 
of  Maaaachuaetia,  ita  inhahitania  continued  Engliah 
auhjrcts,  invested  with  English  liberties;"  a  truth 
vhich,  though  it  required  little  legal  aculeneaa  to  dia- 
cover,  seems  to  imply  more  honesty  than  we  ir.ight  ba 
prepared  to  expect  from  Iha  peraona  aelecled  by  thia 
monarch  from  a  bar  which,  in  that  age,  could  aupply 
auch  inatruinenta  aa  JelTriea  and  Scrogga,  We  mual 
recollect,  however,  that  lawyera,  though  profeaaioiislly 
partial  lo  Ihe  sulborily  that  actualea  the  system  Ibay 
adininiater,  cherish  alao  in  their  alrong  predilactiOD  tu 
those  forma  and  precedenta  that  constitute  tbair  owa 
influence  and  the  peculiar  glory  of  their  science,  a  prin- 
ciple that  frequently  protecta  liberty  and  befrienda  aub- 
atantial  justice.*     But  Jamea  was  too  much  enamored 


*  Many  remarkable  inatancea  illuetrniiva  of  ihiarainark  will 
occur  tu  all  who  are  acqusinleil  with  the  hiatory  of  £ngilsb 
Jurispruilence  ;  and  il  ia  thia  which  f  ivea  to  the  English  state 
uiala,  even  In  Ihe  worat  of  limea,  an  InterssI  which  the  aiaia 
proaacuUona  of  no  other  country  poaaaaa.  Mol  the  leaal  stjpial 
inaianca  uf  Uiia  principle  waa  dlapla/atf  by  CUsr  JaoMs 


-ii 


NURTII   AMERICA. 


m 


ir.ighi 


Ihia 


•f  MMlnrjr  |iow«r,  lo  In  dcirrrmi  from  ttw  iiiiliilKcnce 
nf  U  hy  inv  ol»Urls  iiiffrinr  lo  invlMililn  nurrmily  ; 
Mid  wconliiigly,  wiilioiit  paviriK  Iha  ii|i|(hlKl  rrfiinl  lo 
•n  opinian  tiipiiorleil  only  (ly  ih<  (mi^i  of  Itwyera,  he 
datormliii'il  lo  nmaMiih  ■  cnni|ili<in  tyranny  in  New 
EngUml,  liy  cuinhininn  the  uhule  Irniiliiive  and  vircn- 
liv*  aiilhurity  of  aovarninrnl  in  ihn  |ieraona  o(  t  go- 
veriior  and  coiMiciFin  ba  named  hy  hnnaelf  Kirka  had 
been  found  loo  iiarliil  aa  an  inalruineni  of  trrror  ni 
Enaland,  lu  ha  aparrd  lo  America,  Hut  Nir  Kdniund 
Andma,  who  had  aignahxcd  hia  'levolion  to  arbitrary 
powar  in  tha  govtrtiiiiini  of  New  Voik,  waa  now  a|i- 
pointad  caplam-ganeral  and  vice-aduilral  of  Miaaachu- 
Mtia,  Naw  Hampahire,  Maine,  New  I'lyinoulh,  and 
••nain  depandenl  lerriloriei,  during  the  pleaaura  of  the 
king.  Ha  waa  empowered,  with  conaenl  of  a  council 
lo  M  appointed  by  the  crown.  In  make  ordinaneca  for 
dia  roloniaa,  not  incoftiatenl  wiili  the  liwa  of  England, 
■nd  which  ware  to  be  anbniiltril  lo  the  king  lor  hia 
•ppro  Jatian  or  diaaeni,  and  to  iingioae  laiea  for  Iha  aup- 
port  of  goirernmcnt.  He  waa  direcii  d  lo  govern  the 
people,  according  to  lha  tenor  of  hia  commiaaion,  of  a 
•aparate  letter  ofinatructiona  vilh  which  he  waaal  the 
•ame  tinia  furniahed,  and  of  the  lawa  which  were  then 
in  force  or  might  ba  aflerwarda  enacted.  The  governor 
■nd  council  were  alao  eonatilu  ted  a  court  oi  record ; 
•lid  from  their  defiaiona  an  appeal  lay  lo  ihe  king  in 
council.    The  grualer  part  of  the  jnalrucliona  that  were 

?[ivan  10  Androaare  of  a  nature  that  would  do  honor  to 
M  patrioliam  of  the  kiny,  if  the  praiae  of  thai  virtue 
were  due  to  •  barren  deaire  lo  promote  the  welfare  of 
ttief^cpia,  aitompanied  with  the  inoal  effectual  aaer- 
Hone  to  atrip  llieni  of  every  aiicurityby  which  thi'ir  wel- 
fare might  be  guarded.  Androa  waa  intlriicled  lo  iiro- 
mole  no  peraona  to  ofllcea  of  Iruai  nut  tnoae  of  Ine  beat 
•atalea  and  charjilera,  and  to  diaplaco  nunn  without  auf- 
Acieiit  caiiar  ;  to  cuniinup  the  fanner  lawa  uf  the  cnun- 
||>,  eo  far  af  they  were  not  inconaialent  with  hia  com- 
Kiaeion  or  inilruclioiia ;  to  diapoa*  uf  the  crown  liiida 
tl  moderate  qiiit-renla ;  "  to  take  away  or  to  harm  no 
■vin'a  life,  memlwr,  freehold,  or  gooda,  but  by  etia- 
bliahad  lawa  of  llie  cauiilry,  nut  repugnant  to  thoae  of 
the  realm  :"  lo  diatipiino  and  arm  Ihn  iiihabilanla  for 
tLo  defence  of  the  country,  but  not  to  iin|icde  their  ne- 
ecatary  atfaira  ;  to  encourage  freedom  of  commerce  hy 
Ntt.'vining  ingroaaera ;  lo  hinder  the  eienaeivo  aevcritv 
of  maatera  to  their  aervania,  and  lo  puiiiah  with  death 
lha  alayera  of  Indiana  or  iiegroea ;  lo  allow  no  printing 

Etn  10  exiat ;  and  lo  give  univeraal  toleration  in  re- 
'ion,  but  apecial  encouraBeinrnI  lo  Iho  church  of 
Cigland.  Except  Ihe  reatraint  of  prinlin|(,  there  ie 
none  of  theae  inatructiona  that  brealhea  a  apirit  of  dra- 
(lOtiam !  and  yet  the  whole  ayalem  waa  ailently  per- 
vaded by  thai  apirit ;  (or  aa  there  were  no  aeciiriliea 
provided  for  the  enfurrement  of  the  king'a  benevolent 
direct  iona,  to  there  were  no  checka  eatahliahed  lo  re- 
•Irain  Iho  abuao  of  the  powcrt  with  which  the  governor 
waa  iiilrnatcd.  Tiiu  king  waa  willing  that  hia  aubjecta 
iihould  be  happy,  but  not  that  they  ahould  be  free  or 
happy  independent!)  ofhimaelf;  and  ihia  aaaociatinn  of 
■  deaire  to  promote  human  welfare,  with  an  enmity  lo 
the  meana  moat  likely  to  aeciire  it,  aU)(grata  the  expla. 
Dalion,  pcrhapa  the  apolujiy,  of  an  error  lo  which  king'a 
•re  inveterately  liable  Trained  in  habile  of  indul);eiice 
of  their  will,  and  in  tciuiincnla  of  reaped  for  ita  fprce 
•nd  efficacy,  they  come  lo  ruiiaidiT  it  aa  what  not  only 
ought  to  be,  but  mutt  lie  irroaialiblo  ;  and  feel  no  leaa 
aecurc  of  abilily  lo  make  men  happy  wiihoiil  their  own 
concurrence,  llian  of  a  rigl,'  'u  balk  lliu  natural  dt-airc 
of  inaiikind  to  commit  theii  liappineaa  lo  the  k.TpiiiK 
of  llieir  own  courage  and  wiajuin.  The  poaaeatlun  of 
•haolule  |iower  rcndeca  aelfdeiiial  the  higheat  elfurt  of 
virtue  ;  and  iho  aliaolute  monarch  who  thiiuld  demon- 
strate a  jutt  regard  to  thn  righla  of  hia  fellow  creaturea, 
would  dcaerve  19  be  hunored  aa  one  of  llio  moat  mag- 
nanimoua  of  human  beiiiga.  Furiiiihed  with  the  in- 
itructiona  wkich  we  have  aeen  for  tho  mitigation  uf  hia 
arbitrary  newer,  and  altrnded  with  a  few  companiea  of 
•oldiera  ioi  ila  anforccmont,  Androa  arrived  at  Boalon  ; 
■nd  pfeaeiiiin<{  hiintelf  aa  ihe  aubatitiito  for  the  dreaded 
■nd  deteated  Kirke,  and  cominenclng  hia  admiiiiatration 
with  many  gracioua  expruaaiuna  of  good  will,  he  waa 
•t  firat  received  more  favorably  lliaii  might  have  been 
expected,  but  Ilia  popularity  waa  thort  lived,  Inatead 
of  conforming  to  the  iiiatruciiona.  he  copied  and  even 
Wceeded  Ihe  arbitrary  rule  of  hit  matter  in  England, 


lar  !• 


lelTriaa  hlmaeir,  who,  ahar  ha  hail  Iranipltd  en  lha  plalr.rjt 

Snciplta  of  iuplira  and  aquily  In  ttnler  lo  pntcure  the  cun- 
Iton  of  a  JiaMiiling  inlnlaler,  auffered  himaelf  to  ba  djlarred 
■  paaaing  atnlanca  in  canfurnihy  with  Ilia  vtr'JIct,  ky  a 
•nWaal  ohjauloii  which  i<  alnuat  unlntalllfib,^  Caae  of 
lunml    llswal'a  Siaie  Triala,  voL  x.  p,  U7.  


and  committed  tho  moat  tyrannicil  violence  aiHi  opprea- 
aive  eitclioiia* 

ll  waa  the  iiurpoae  of  Jamea  lo  rontolidate  the 
alrrnglh  of  all  the  rolonira  in  one  united  i;overninrnt ; 
and  Khndo  I»l«nd  ami  (.'oiineriicut  were  now  lo  e«pe- 
rirnre  iliat  their  dealinv  waa  involvid  in  the  faie  of 
Maaaaehutctia  The  inhabilanlt  of  Khndr  lalanil,  on 
Irorning  the  arceation  of  the  king,  ininiidiaiely  trana- 
milled  an  oddrraa  coniiratulaiory  of  thai  event,  acknow- 
ledging I  hemaelvea  hia  loyal  aubjecta,  and  liegging  hia 
protection  of  their  chartered  righta.  Yet  Ihe  humilily 
of  their  aupplicationa  could  not  protect  thcni  from  the 
efTrctt  of  the  plana  he  had  retolvcd  lo  adopt  in  ihe 
government  of  New  England.  Articlea  of  high  miade- 
meanor  were  exhibited  againat  Ihem  licfore  Ihe  lorda 
of  Ihe  commiitee  of  coloniea,  charging  them  with 
breachea  of  their  charter,  and  with  oppoailion  to  Ihe 
acta  of  navigation ;  and  before  the  clobc  of  the  year 
I68A,  they  received  nulice  uf  Ihe  coinniencemeni  of 
t  proceta  of  f  no  warranto  againat  their  patent.  With- 
out heailaiion  they  reaolved  thai  they  would  not  aland 
auit  with  Ihe  king,  and  paaaed  an  act,  in  full  aaaembly, 
formally  aurrendering  tno  charter  and  all  the  powera  it 
contained  By  ■  frrth  addrcta  they  "  humbly  prua- 
tnled  ihomeelvta,  their  privilegea,  their  all,  at  the  gra- 
cioua feet  of  hia  miiealy,  with  an  enliro  reaoliition  to 
aerve  him  with  failhful  hearta."  Theae  aorvile  ei- 
nreaaiona  diahonorcd,  but  did  not  avail  them  ;  and  the 
king,  judging  all  forma  of  law  tuperlluoua,  |>iccerdcd 
willioul  ceremony,  lo  impoae  the  tiibjngalion  winch 
the  people  aought  to  evade  bv  deterving  it.  Hia  eagrr- 
neaa,  however,  lo  accomplitn  hia  object  with  rapidity, 
•hough  it  probably  inflicted  a  aalulary  diaappoinlment 
«n  the  people  at  the  time,  proved  ultimalel)|  highly 
beneficial  to  Iheir  (lolitical  intercata,  by  proaerving  their 
charter  from  •  legal  diaaolution  :  and  we  ahall  find  tlial 
Ihia  bencfil,  whicn,  with  equal  improvidence,  waa  ex- 
tended to  the  people  of  Connecticut,  waa  aenaibly  ex- 
perienced at  Ihe  era  of  Ihe  Uriliah  rovolniioii.  In  con- 
aequcnce  of  the  laat  addreaa  that  had  been  Iranamittcd 
hy  Ilhodo  laland,  Androa  had  been  charged  lo  extend 
hia  government  lo  Ihia  province  alao :  and  in  the  aaine 
month  that  wilneaaed  hia  arrival  at  Uoaton,  he  pro- 
ceeded lo  Rhode  laland,  where  ho  diaaolved  Ihe  go- 
vernment, broke  ita  aeal,  and,  admitting  live  of  the 
iiihabilanla  into  hia  legialative  council,  aaaumcd  the 
adininialration  of  all  the  functiona  of  government. 

Connecticut  had  alao  tranainitted  an  addreaa  to  the 
kin^  on  hia  acceaeion,  and  vainly  aolicited  Ihe  preaer- 
vation  of  her  privilegea.  At  the  aamo  lime  when  the 
articlea  of  miademeanor  were  exhibited  againat  Khod* 
laland,  a  aimilar  proceeding  waa  adopted  againat  lb* 
governor  and  company  of  Connecticut,  who  were 
charged  with  making  lawa  contrary  lo  thote  of  Eng- 
land ;  of  exlorling  unreaaonable  fiiiea  ;  of  enforcing  in 
oath  uf  fidelity  to  iheir  own  <?orporalion,  in  oppoailion 
to  Ihe  oath  of  allegiance  ;  of  intolerance  in  religion  ; 
and  of  denial  of  juatico.  Theae  cliargea,  which  were 
auppoaed  to  infer  a  forfeiture  of  the  cnarter,  were  re- 
mitted to  Sawyer,  Ihe  attaniey-general,  with  directiona 
lo  iaaue  a  writ  of  guo  warranto  againat  the  colony. 
The  writ  waa  iatued,  and  Kandolph,  the  general  enemy 
and  accuaer  of  the  free,  olfered  hia  acrvicea  to  carry  it 
acroaa  the  Atlantic.  The  governor  and  the  aaaembly 
of  Connecticut  had  fur  aoiiie  tiiiio  beheld  tho  atorin 
approaching,  and  knowing  that  courage  alone  waa 
vain,  and  reaiatance  iinpraclicable,  they  endeavored, 
with  conaiderable  addreaa.  to  eludo  what  they  were  un- 
able to  repel.  Alter  delaying  aa  long  aa  |ioaaible  to 
make  any  aignificalion  of  tlioir  intentioiii,  the  arrival  of 
Sir  Kdmiind  Androa  at  Boalon,  and  hia  proceedinga  in 
lihodo  laland,  aecin  lo  have  convinced  ihein  that  the 
meaaurea  of  Ihe  king  were  lo  be  vignroualy  puraued 
and  that  they  could  not  hope  to  be  allowed  to  delibe- 
rate any  longer.  [1687.]  '1  hoy  wrote,  accurdiiigly,  to 
Ihe  aecretary  of  alatc,  eipreaaing  their  atrong  deaire  lo 
be  permitted  to  retain  their  pruaent  conatilution ;  but 
requeating,  if  it  were  Ihe  royal  purpoae  to  diapoae 
otherwiae  of  them,  that  they  might  bo  annexed  lo  Maa- 
aachuaetla,  and  ahare  Ihe  fortunea  of  a  |ieoplo  who 
were  their  former  correapondonta  and  confederatea,  and 
whnae  piinciplea  and  mannera  they  underaiond  and 
approved.  1  hia  waa  conatrued  by  the  Britiah  govern- 
ment into  •  aurrender  of  Ihe  colonial  privilegea,  and 
Androa  waa  commanded  to  annex  thia  province  alao  to 
hia  juriadiclion.  Uandolpli,  who  aeema  lo  have  been 
qualified  not  leaa  by  geniut  than  inclination  to  promote 


>  Hutchloaon,  I.  US— au.  Chalmera,  4I»-43I.  During  lha 
admlniatiailon  of  Androa,  a  naw  great  aeal  waa  appolntail  for 
Naw  England,  with  ika  oeua  Nunauam  Ubanaa  rtaiolr  axial. 
Cbalitan,4M 


Ihn  execution  of  tyrannical  doaigiw,  idviaad  tk*  El*. 
liah  miiiialer  to  ^rnaiicuie  lh«  ijho  uarranic  loa  judicMl 
ia<iic  ;  aaaurmg  thrrn  iha>.  ihe  Koveninieiit  of  I  'onnet 
licut  wou'd  nevirr  conaeiit  tu  dii,  nor  acknuwlm  ga  thai 
they  had  dniie  what  waa  pi|uivaleiit  lo  in  eipreaa  au^ 
render  of  the  iighia  of  llie  people,  ll  waa  inai"ri4 
regret  to  the  iniiiialera  and  crown  lawyrra  uf  a  late* 
age,  that  tliia  pi<iiilc  aiiguualion  waa  .lut  adopted.  Uul 
the  king  waa  loo  eager  lo  aiiaieh  the  h<ion  ilial  aceiiiei 
wilhin  hia  rearh,  lo  wait  Ihe  toilious  lonnaliliea  of  Iho 
law  ;  and  no  furihcr  proceedinga  enaued  on  the  fwo 
urarranto.  In  conforniily  with  hia  ordera,  Andm 
marched  at  Iho  head  of  a  body  of  troopa  lo  llarlfordi 
lha  aeat  of  the  piotincial  government,  where  lie  do- 
mended  that  the  charter  ahould  lie  delivered  into  bii 
handa.  The  people  had  been  extremely  deairoui  lo 
preaerv*  at  leaat  the  docuiiient  of  righta,  which  lha  re- 
turn of  heller  limea  might  enable  thain  to  aaaert  with 
eAeet.  The  charter  waa  laid  on  Ihe  table  of  tha  aaatm 
biy,  and  the  leading  peraona  of  lha  colony  addrtaaed 
Androa  at  conaiJerahlo  length,  relating  the  (xeniont 
that  had  been  made,  and  the  lwrdahi|M  that  had  been  . 
incurred,  in  order  to  found  the  iuatitutiona  which  ho 
waa  come  to  dealroy  ;  entreating  him  yctloapan  then, 
or  at  leaat  lo  leave  the  peopla  in  poaaaaaion  of  tho 
patent,  aa  a  tealimonial  of  lha  favor  and  happineaa  thay 
had  formerly  enjoyed.  Tho  debate  waa  aarncat,  but 
orderly,  and  protracted  lo  a  late  hour  in  the  eveninf. 
Aa  lha  day  doclined,  lighla  were  introduced  into  tlw 
hall,  and  it  wna  gradually  aurrounded  by  a  conaidarablo 
body  of  the  braveat  and  moat  determined  inan  in  iho 
province,  prepared  lo  defend  their  repreacnutives 
againat  the  violence  of  Androa  and  hia  armed  followers. 
At  length,  finding  that  iheir  srguinenia  were  inelTsclual, 
a  meaaure  that  aeema  to  have  been  previnualy  voncerlod 
by  the  inliabitanla,  waa  coolly,  reaolulaly,  and  aucceas- 
full^  adopted.  The  lighta  vvero  extinguiahed  aa  if  by 
accident ;  and  Captain  Wadtworlh  laying  hold  of  Iho 
charter,  diaappeared  with  it  before  Ihey  could  bo  rekin- 
dled. He  conveyed  it  aecuroly  through  the  crowd, 
who  opened  to  let  him  paas,  sntV  doted  their  rshka  so 
he  proceeded,  and  ilepoaited  it  in  the  hollow  of  •  veoo- 
ralile  elm  tree,  which  retained  the  prccioua  depoait  til) 
Ihe  era  of  the  Engliah  revolution,  and  was  long  rw 
garded  with  veneration  by  the  people,  aa  Ihe  eonteof 
porary  and  aaaociate  of  a  Irsnaaction  to  intersaling  in 
their  libertiea.  Androa  finding  all  hia  elforia  ineflac- 
tual  to  recover  the  chartei,  or  aavertain  lha  peraon  bf 
whom  it  had  been  aecreted,  contonled  himaelf  with 
declaring  the  ancient  government  diaaolved;  and  sa. 
aumiiig  the  admmiatnlion  into  hia  own  haiida,  he  ero- 
atcd  two  of  the  principal  inhabitanta  inembeisof  hia 
general  legialative  council. 

Having  Ihua  united  the  whole  of  New  Eiiglaiid  un- 
der one  adminiilration,  Androa  proceeded,  with  the  as 
aialance  of  hia  grand  legialative  council  aelecled  from 
the  inhabitanta  of  the  aeveral  provincea,  lo  enact  laws 
and  regulaliona  ealculated  lo  fortify  hia  government, 
and  to  elToctuate  Iho  changea  which  he  deemed  nccas- 
tary  to  iia  aecurity.  An  act  reviving  the  former  taxa- 
tion waa  obtained  from  the  council ;  and  yet,  even  ihia 
neceaaary  proceeiling  waa  ohatructed  by  the  reluclanco 
with  which  theae  peraona,  though  aelecled  by  hiinad  f 
contented  lo  become  the  inatruinenta  of  riveting  tha 
ahacklea  of  their  r ountry.  The  only  farther  oppoailion 
which  he  ex|ietienced,  proceeded  from  the  inhabitar  It 
of  Ihe  county  of  Eaaex,  who,  inaiaiing  that  ihey  wore 
lieemen,  roluaed  to  appropriate  the  aaaettmeiita  of  a 
taxation  which  tliey  conaidcred  unlawfully  impuaed 
But  their  opiwaition  waa  eaaily  auppreaacd,  and  many 
uf  ihem  aeverely  puniahed.  Androa  ve.y  quickly  found 
that  the  revenuea  of  the  ancient  government  would  be 
intufficieiil  to  aupport  the  expenses  of  hit  more  coaily 
admiiiiatration  ;  and  while  he  nutilied  thia  defalcation 
to  Ihe  king,  he  intimated,  at  Ihe  tame  time,  with  a  de- 
gree of  humanity  that  at  leaat  doaeivea  to  bo  noticed, 
that  tho  country  waa  ao  much  iinpoveriahcd  by  the 
cffecia  of  the  Indian  war  and  recent  loaiea  at  tea  and 
tconty  harvcata,  that  an  increaae  of  taxation  could  with 
difficulty  he  borne.  But  the  king  had  exhauated  bis 
humanity  in  the  letter  of  inatructiona,  and  returned 
peremptory  orders  lo  raiae  tho  taxea  lo  a  level  with 
tho  chargea  of  admiiiiatration  ;  end  Androa  from  this 
moment,  either  atifling  hia  hiinanity,  ordtacaiding  hia 
auperfluoua  reaped  to  the  iiuKleialior.  of  the  king,  pro- 
ceeded 10  exerciae  hia  |>ower  with  a  rigor  and  injuatico 
that  rendered  hia  government  univeraally  odious.  Tho 
weight  of  taxation  waa  opprcat'vely  augmented,  and 
all  the  feet  of  office  acrewed  up  tJ  an  enormoua  heighL 
The  ceremonial  of  marriage  waa  altered,  and  Iho  eel^ 
bration  of  that  rite,  which  had  been  hitherto  sxsrciaod 
by  ths  mogislrttss,  was  confined  M  Iho  miaistoio  •! 


$ 


1  UK   HISTOUY  Of 


\ 


I 


M\ 


tin  ohuich  of  KniiUml,  of  whom  ihrrr  wai  only  one  In 
lt*|HU«in<«  nf  Mi^uchiiMUi.  Tli«  foalu  *nd  ihankn- 
■ITinL''  i<|>|i«itilr>l  liv  III*  rnni;rri(alinnal  ■liiTi.'hi'ii  wcrn 
trbitriirilv  ttn|i|trr»KCtl  by  (he  s'lvrr'ior.  v,h'  uivtMio- 
IMCIIini  ilin  ri'ifuUtion  of  I'li'li  innllrrH  li><lnii)(i'i|  en. 
lirrlv  lu  (IIP  civil  jiowrr.  Ilo  iln-UrciJ  rr|ir.iti-illv  tn 
•oiincil  thill  Iho  propld  would  Knd  IIiU'iiwIvik  iiii-lukiii 
if  lliry  ■ii|i|m>iHl  tint  Ihn  pMvilCL'cii  of  KnulMimi  n 
•roiiM  follow  tlwin  lo  tlio  uiid  of  lli«  world,  mid  ilmt 
th<>  only  dlirrmicr  lietwrrn  tlinir  roiidilioii  nml  that  of 
all  'r;  waa  thai  ihrv  wrra  nnllirr  liuiiuht  nur  auld  It 
WM  dri'larcd  unlawful  for  Ilia  colonlata  tn  aaitoinlile  in 
piililic  inmtintii,  or  for  any  oiii)  to  qiiii  ih*  province 
without  a  paaopiirl  from  Ih*  |(ori>rnor;  and  Kandolfih, 
n>:<«  at  th«  auininit  of  hia  wiihaa,  waa  not  aahamcd  lo 
boaal  III  hIa  letirra  that  the  ndrra  of  New  MnKland 
"worn  aa  arbitrary  aa  the  uraat  Turk."  While  An- 
im*  mockea  the  people  wlih  the  aemhlance  of  trial  by 
jury,  ho  eaailv  coninved,  hy  the  well  known  practice 
of  i>»ek  mf  jiiriea,  to  convict  and  wrrak  hia  ven|;<>ance 
on  o»ofy  peraon  who  oircndril  liiin,  aa  well  aa  to  ncrrrn 
the  enoriniliea  nf  hia  own  dcjiendenla  from  the  nuniah- 
ment  they  deaerved.  And,  aa  if  to  complete  the  dia- 
eonleni  that  auch  proceedinna  escited,  he  took  occa- 
•ion  to  qiiaation  the  ralidity  of  individual  titlea  tn  land, 
drclarini  that  the  riihtu  acquired  under  the  aanction  of 
the  ancient  sovrrnment  were  tainted  with  ita  vicna  and 
miiat  ahare  ita  faie.*  New  granta  or  patciila  from  the 
fovrmor  were  declared  to  be  rrqiiiaile  to  mend  the 
dofeciive  titlea  to  land ;  and  write  of  Intriiaion  were 
iaaiied  spinal  those  who  refiiaed  lo  apply  for  auch 
^ipnta  and  to  pay  the  enormoua  feea  that  were  charged 
far  ihem,  The  kin;;,  indeed,  had  now  encnuroged 
Andrna  tr  cnnalder  the  people  whom  ho  governed  aa  a 
society  of  felons  or  rebels ;  for  he  Iranamilted  to  him 
expresa  direeliona  to  srant  hia  majeaty'a  moat  gracioua 

Birdon  to  aa  many  of  the  people  aa  aliould  apply  for  it. 
lit  none  had  the  meanneas  to  ask  for  a  grace  that 
•i.ited  only  the  guilty.  The  only  act  of  the  king  that 
waa  favorahly  regarded  by  the  inhabilanta  of  the  nolony, 
waa  his  ilei-Uralion  of  rmlulftnce,  which  excited  ao 
■lueh  diaaatiafaclion  in  Britain,  oven  among  the  pro- 
teatant  diaaentera  who  ahared  ita  benefit.  Notwilh- 
sisiiding  the  intolerance  that  haa  been  imputed  tn  New 
England,  thia  declaration  pro<luced  general  aatiafaction 
there,  though  there  were  not  wanting  aome  who  had 
liacernment  enough  to  perceive  that  the  aole  object  of 
the  king  waa  the  gradual  re  introduciion  of  popery. 

After  many  ineffectual  remonatrancea  agaiiiat  hia 
oppreaaif  e  proceedinga  had  been  made  by  the  cotoniata 
to  Andina  himacif,  two  depuliee,  one  of  whom  was  In- 
(reaae  Mather,  the  moat  eminent  divine  and  moat  popu- 
lir  miniaier  in  Maasachuactta,  were  acnt  over  to  F)ng- 
lind,  [1693.]  to  aubmil  the  grievancca  of  the  colony  to 
the  humane  conaideration  of  the  king.  lUndolph,  who 
waa  revelling  in  the  profita  of  the  office  of  poat-inaster- 
general  of  New  Englind,  with  which  hia  anrvility  had 
hren  rewarded,  labored  to  defeat  the  aticccaa  of  the 
deputation  by  writing  tn  the  Engliah  minlaty  that  Ma- 
ther waa  a  aeditioue  and  profligate  incendiary,  and  that 
nia  object  waa  to  pave  the  way  to  the  overthrow  of 
regal  government.  Yet  the  rcqueata  of  the  nnloniata 
were  ettremely  moderate.  Whatever  they  might  de- 
sire, all  that  they  demanded  waa  that  their  freeholds 
might  lie  reaperted.  and  that  a  colonial  asscinblv  might 
he  eatabliahcd  for  the  purpose,  at  Icaat,  of  adjusting 
their  taiatioii.  The  first  of  these  pointa  waa  conceded 
hv  the  king ;  hut  aa  to  the  other,  he  was  inexorable. 
When  Sir  Wdliam  Phippa,  who  had  gained  hia  esteem 
hy  his  spirit  and  gnllanlry,  pressed  him  to  grant  the 
colonials  an  assembly,  hn  replied,  "  Any  thing  but  that, 
Sir  William  ;"  and  even  the  opinion  of  Powia,  the 
attorney-general,  to  whom  the  application  of  the  depu- 
ties had  been  submitted,  snd  who  re|iorIed  in  favor  of 
.t,  produced  no  change  in  his  determination.  James 
had  now  matured  and  extended  hia  system  nf  colonial 
policy.  He  had  deterinincd  to  reduce  all  the  Ame- 
rican guvernmenta,  as  well  those  which  were  denomi- 
iiated  proprietary  as  others,  to  an  immediate  depend- 
B'lce  on  the  crown,  for  the  double  purpose  of  cff'i,!ing 
the  examples  th.it  might  diminish  the  resignation  of  the 
people  of  New  Engliiul,  and  ofcombniing  the  force  of 
all  the  color,  e^  from  the  banks  of  the  Uclaware  to  the 
alinres  of  Nova  .Scotia,  into  a  compact  body  that  might 
be  copahle  of  presenting  a  barrier  to  the  formidable 
eiicroachmenta  of  France.  A  general  aversion  to 
liberal  inatitiitioits,  no  doubt,  concurred  with  these  pur- 
poses; and  the  psnegyrics  thst  resounded  from  his 


•  Ths  Iklss  of  msny  of  lite  proprietnra  of  eststes  in  New 
Baglnhl  dspsndsd  upon  conveyances  executed  by  ilie  Indians  ( 
kaTAadres  dselsrsd  Ihsl  Imlian  dssde  were  no  listMr  Ihsu 
:  tbaaaMChof  absar'spaw."    Bslknsp,  I.  nx 


oppressed  aiihjscts  In  Uritisn  on  the  happiiieaa  that  waa 
rrpnrti'd  in  he  enjoyeil  in  America,  contributed,  at  this 
|H<ri<><l,  III  no  nlighl  degree  In  tvliel  hie  dialike  to  Amii- 
ricaii  iiiiiilutioiia  '  Wiihatiew  lu  lliu  ati'niiipliali- 
iiii'iit  ol  tlia  draign,  he  hml  iii  ilie  pruociling  year  com- 
uiaiidcil  write  »{ 'Hiit  travraiitii  tu  be  laaiied  Inr  ilin  piir- 
iiu,e  ol  ciincelliiig  all  the  pitteiita  ihiit  aiill  riiiiHinrd 
III  luri'iii  anil,  ahorily  beriira  the  srrivnl  uf  the  deputa- 
tion I'roin  .Maaaachiiaett*,  a  new  coiniiiia^ioii  liriil  tietii 
diroi'tcd  to  .'Vndrua,  annexing  Nnw  York  and  New  Jer- 
sey to  his  guvirnmcnl,  snd  apiioinling  rrancis  Nicliul- 
•oil  hia  lieutenant.  Androa  cliectuiiled  Ihia  snne.utioii 
with  his  Ukusi  promptitude ;  snd,  having  appuinitd 
Nicholson  deputy-governor  si  New  Vo'k,  he  adiiiiiii- 
aterrd  the  whole  of  his  vast  doiniiiioii  with  a  vigor  that 
rendrri'J  him  formidable  lo  the  Kieiich,  but,  unhappily, 
atill  mora  formidable  and  odioua  to  the  people  wiiuiii 
he  governed. 

Sir  William  Phippa,  who  had  employed  hia  influence 
with  the  king  i.i  liehalf  of  the  dciiulalion  from  Maaaa- 
chuaetia,  waa  himaelf  a  native  of  the  province,  and,  not- 
withalaiiding  a  mean  education  and  the  dcpreaaioii  of 
the  hunibleal  eircumataiicea,  had  rsiaed  himaelf  by  the 
mera  vigor  of  hia  mind  to  a  eonapicuuua  rank,  snd 

? allied  a  high  reputation  for  spirit,  skill,  and  success. 
le  kept  sheep  in  his  native  province  till  he  waa  eighteen 
yean  of  age,  and  waa  afterwarda  apprenticed  to  a  aliip 
carpenter.  When  he  waa  freed  from  hia  indentures,  ho 
piiraued  a  seafsring  life,  and  attsined  the  station  of 
csptain  of  a  merchant  vessel.  Having  met  with  an 
account  of  Iho  wreck  of  s  Spanish  ship,  loaded  with 
great  treasures,  near  the  Uahama  ialanda,  about  fifty 
yeara  befon,  he  conceived  a  plan  of  extricating  the 
buried  irsaaure  from  iho  bowels  of  the  deep ;  and, 
liaiispoiting  himself  lo  England,  ho  staled  his  achenio 
to  plausibly  that  the  king  wss  struck  with  it,  and  in 
1683  sent  him  out  with  a  veaael  lo  make  the  attempt. 
It  proved  unaucteatful ;  and  all  hia  urgency  conid  not 
induce  the  king  to  engage  in  a  repetition  of  it.  Uut 
the  Duko  of  Alliermarle,  resuming  the  design,  equipjicd 
a  veaael  for  the  purpose,  snd  gsve  the  command  of  it 
to  Phipps,  who  now  roslizing  the  expcclaliona  he  had 
formed,  aucceeded  in  raising  apecio  to  the  value  of  at 
least  300,UI)m.  from  the  bottmn  of  the  ocean.  Of  ihia 
treaauro,  he  obtained  a  portion  auincient  to  make  hia 
fortune,  with  a  atiU  larger  meed  of  general  considera- 
tion and  applauae.  The  king  waa  exhorted  by  some  of 
his  courtiers  to  confiscate  the  whole  of  the  apecie  thus 
recovered,  on  pretence  that  a  fair  repreaentalioii  of  ihe 
project  had  nut  been  made  to  him ;  but  he  declared 
that  the  repreaentation  had  been  perfectly  fair,  and  that 
nothing  but  hia  own  iniagivinga,  and  the  evil  advice  and 
mean  auspiciona  of  these  coiirtiera  themselves,  had  de- 

firived  hiin  of  the  treasure  that  this  honest  man  had 
abnred  to  procure  him.  lie  conceived  tt  high  regard 
for  Phippa,  and  cunferreJ  Ihe  rank  of  knighthood  upon 
him.  Sir  William  einpluyed  his  itilluenco  at  court  fur 
the  benefit  of  hia  country  ;  and  his  potriolism  aeeina  not 
to  have  harmed  bun  in  the  opinion  of  the  king.  Find- 
ing that  he  could  not  prevail  lo  otitain  the  restoration 
of  the  charter  privilegea,  he  aoliciled  and  received  the 
appointment  of  high  aherill'  of  New  England  ;  in  the 
hope  that  by  remedying  the  abuses  that  were  commit- 
ted in  the  impannelling  of  juries,  he  might  create  a  bar- 
rier against  tho  tyranny  of  Aiidros.  Uut  the  governor 
and  his  creaturea,  incensed  at  thia  interference,  iiiiido 
an  attempt  to  have  hiin  assaasinuted,  and  soon  compel- 
led him  to  quit  the  province  and  take  shelter  in  Eng- 
land. Jamea,  ahurily  bclure  his  own  abdication,  among 
tho  other  attempts  he  made  to  conciliate  hia  aubjects, 
oH'ered  Phipps  the  government  of  New  England  ;  but, 
happily  for  hia  pretenaiuna  to  an  office  Tie  so  well 
deserved,  he  refused  lo  accept  it  from  a  falling  tyrant, 
and  under  a  syslnin  which,  instead  of  seeking  any 
longer  to  mitigate,  he  hoped  speedily  to  see  dissolved. 
The  diaaatiafactiona  of  ths  people  of  New  England 
continued  meanwhile  lo  increase  to  auch  a  height,  that 
every  act  of  the  government  waa  viewed  through  the 
medium  of  a  strong  dislike.  In  order  to  discredit  the 
ancient    adininistralion,   Androa    and    Kandolpb    had 


•  Dryden,  whone  servile  miino  fuliliriilly  re-echneil  the  hoiiiI- 
mcntit  iif  the  ciiurt,  thus  exjircsHee  hiin^elf  in  a  liieutrical  pro. 
lugufl  writlen  iit  the  ycur  Iti^ti — 

*•  Since  faction  eiih.s,  ami  rn^iics  grow  nut  nf  fashion. 
Their  penny  scribes  lake  rare  lit  inform  the  liatiou 
How  iwell  wen  thrive  in  this  or  that  plautanon  i 

"Ran  Pennsylvania's  air  agrees  with  quakers. 

And  Carolina's  with  assnclaters; 

Bulb  e*en  too  |ood  fur  madmen  aoil  for  traltora. 

Tralh  Is,  our  land  with  aalnts  Is  so  run  o'er, 

And  svery  sge  produces  such  a  atoie. 

That  aow  thets's  used  ef  iwo  Hsw  XD|laads  mere," 


laliored  to  projiagale  the  opinion  that  Ihe  1 
hitlierto  hein  treated  with  a  cruelly  and  injaaMM^  Id 
»liich  all  the  hoatilitira  with  theae  savsge..  ought  !«•• 
sonsbly  to  be  tinnuled  ;  and  had  vaunted  ihcir  owl) 
ahiliiy  lu  rule  ih)<tn  by  genllinraa  and  equity.*  Bill 
ilna  yi'ir  thiir  tliiory  nml  their  policy  were  alike  dia> 
graiMil  hv  the  furioiM  hoatililica  nf  the  Indian*  on  tho 
euatcrn  frontii  ra  of  Now  England.  Tho  inovemenU 
of  theae  anv.igea  wire  exciled  on  Ihia.  aa  nii  formal 
oecaaiona,  hv  the  inaidiuiia  artilleea  of  ihe  French,  whoat 
uiipnncinlrd  aiippleiieaa  of  iharactrr  and  demeanor  hsa 
aUvaya  hrrn  ninrli  more  acceptable  lo  the  Indiana  in 
their  tnilivu  condition,  than  the  grave  nnliendiiig  spirit 
•I'  Ihe  English,  and  hss  found  it  esaier  lo  ciiltivste  and 
employ  ths'i  to  check  or  eradicate  the  Ireacherv  and 
ferocity  of  their  Indian  neighlmrs.  Tho  Englialh  set- 
tiers  offered  lo  Iho  Indians  terms  of  sccnmmndation, 
which  at  lirKl  they  aeeeird  willing  in  accept:  but  the 
eu.onragemenla  of  their  French  alliea  aoon  prevailed 
with  Iheiii  to  re>cl  all  friendly  overtnrea,  and  Iheii 
native  ferocity  prompted  them  lo'signalise  thia  declara- 
tion by  a  aeriea  of  unprovoked  and  unexpected  niaat^ 
croa.  Andrus  publiahed  a  proclamation  requiring  thai 
the  miirderen  ehoiild  he  delivered  up  In  him  ;  but  the 
Indiana  treated  him  and  hia  proclamation  with  eon* 
tempt.  In  ihe  depth  of  winter  he  found  himself  nbli- 
ged  to  march  ugaiiial  them  ;  and  though  he  aucceeded 
III  occupying  and  fortifying  poaiiiona  which  enabled  him 
to  curb  their  inaolciice,  he  made  little  or  no  impression 
on  their  numerical  atreiigih,  and  loat  a  great  many  ol 
his  own  men  in  vain  alteiiipta  to  follow  them  into  ihei 
faatneaaes,  in  the  inost  rigorous  sesaon  of  the  yeor. 
So  strong  and  ao  undiscriminaliiig  was  the  lialike  he 
had  exciled  among  Ihe  people  of  New  England,  that 
this  expedition  waa  unjustly  aacrihed  to  a  wish  10  de- 
stroy the  troops,  whom  he  conducted,  by  cold  and 
famine. 

At  length  Ihe  smothered  rsge  of  the  people  burst 
forth.  In  the  following  spring  [1680.]  some  vague 
intelllgenco  was  received,  by  way  nf  Virginia,  of  Ihe 
proceedinga  of  the  prince  of  Orange  in  England.  The 
old  msgiatralca  anil  leading  tneii  uf  the  colony  ardenti* 
wished  and  aecreily  prayed  that  aiiccesa  might  attena 
him ;  but  they  deteriiiined  in  ao  great  a  eauae  to  coin- 
mil  iinthitig  unnecnaaarily  to  haiard,  and  quietly  l« 
swsit  sii  event  which  they  anppoaed  ihst  no  inoveineni 
of  theirs  could  cither  accelerate  or  retard.  But  Now 
England  waa  deaiined  lo  effect,  by  her  own  etrurta,  hei 
own  lilienitiun ;  and  the  inhabilanta  nf  Maaaachuaetta 
were  now  to  exercise  the  brave  privilege  which  nearly 
a  century  after,  and  in  a  conflict  alill  more  arduous, 
their  children  again  were  ready  to  aaaerl,  of  being  Ihe 
first  10  resist  oppression,  and  showing  their  countrymen 
the  way  to  independence.  'I'lin  cautious  jxilicy  snd 
prudential  dissuasions  from  violence  that  were  em- 
ployed by  the  older  inlisbiianta  of  iho  province,  wera 
utterly  ilisregarilcd  by  the  great  lioily  of  tho  people. 
Stung  with  the  recollection  of  past  iiijuriea,  their  impa- 
tience, on  the  first  pr'>spect  of  relief,  could  not  be  re- 
airHined.  .\ll  at  once,  and  apparently  without  any  pre- 
concerted plan,  an  iiiaurrcctiuii  broke  forth  in  the  town 
uf  liustnn  ;  the  drums  beat  lo  anna,  tho  people  Rocked 
together ;  and  in  a  few  hours  Iho  revolt  became  ao 
universal,  and  the  energy  of  the  people  so  overpower- 
ing, that  all  thoughts  of  resisting  their  purpoao  wors 
abandoned  by  tho  poverniiient  The  scruples  of  Iho 
more  wealthy  and  cautious  inhabitanta  were  completely 
ovcrc3ino  by  the  ol.vioiia  necessiiy  of  interfering  to 
calm  and  regulate  the  fervor  of  the  iiopulace.  Androa 
and  about  filty  uf  the  most  obnoxious  charactera  were 
seized  and  iniprisuned.  On  Iho  first  intelligence  nf 
the  tumult,  .\iidrns  had  sent  a  party  of  soldiers  tu  ap- 
prehend Mr.  llradstreet ;  a  meaaurn  that  aervcd  only 
10  suggest  to  the  people  who  their  leader  ought  to  be, 
and  tu  anticipate  the  unanimous  choice  by  which  this 
venerable  man  was  reiiistuled  in  the  office  he  had  held 
when  his  country  was  deprived  of  her  liberties.  Though 
now  bending  under  the  weight  of  ninety  yesrs,  his  in- 
ti'llcctiial  powers  seemed  lu  have  undereone  but  liltia 
abatement :  ho  retained  (says  Cotton  iVfalher)  a  vigor 
and  wisdom  that  would  have  recommended  a  youiitfer 
man  to  the  government  of  a  greater  colony.  A*  UM 
tidmga  of  tho  revolt  spread  tnruugh  the  province,  tbn 
people  eagerly  Hew  to  arms,  and  hurried  to  lioston  lo 
co-operate  with  their  countrymen  in  Ihe  cause  vliich 
they  found  already  crowned  with  complete  aLcresa. 
To  the  assembled  crowd:  .>  declaration  was  read  from 
Ihe  balcony   of  the  Court   Houao,  enumerating  tho 


•  Itappeara  ttiat  Ranilul|ih  cuUtvaled  the  yoed  npin'onol 
William  Peon,  by  writing  to  him  In  thia  strain,  as  well  as  by 
eondemnlnt  lbs  former  psrsseuiion  of  ths  qusksn  la  Ml*> 
sackussits.    Huichlosoo,  164.    Chaliosni  4M|  4M. 


NORTH    AMERICA: 


flMfWCM  of  lh«  colanv,  and  Iracinu  tho  whole  to  th« 
Ijimnieil  •bragalion  or  tho  chnrler  A  roiiirnitico  nf 
■tftly  wai  ap|ioinleil  hy  Ki''i<'ral  cunncril ;  anil  uii  uk- 
Ifmbly  of  rrpranoiitalivci  liriiiK  cqiiviiicil  tudii  afn'r, 
thia  lioilv,  by  an  iinnriimoua  voio,  uml  willi  the  lii'iirty 
eonrurrencn  of  ilm  wliiilu  priiviririi,  iL  'Lmd  ilicit  an- 
eivnt  cliortrr  ami  ita  coiiMtiuitioriM  to  lie  rcniiiiiod  ;  re* 
■|i|<oiiiicil  Uruiliiirfwl  and  nil  tin'  mliir  niiuminicii  who 
bilil  hmii  III  olHeu  in  tho  yiiur  IIMII ;  anil  dircuMi'd  tlicafl 
p«MonA  in  all  thinga  to  cnnforni  lo  tin)  |iruvii>i('ris  of 
ihii  charlar,  "thai  tnia  rnoihod  o(  uoviTiiinriil  iiuy  lio 
foiiiid  ainonii  ua  when  ordcir  aliall  conis  rroiii  tlio  luglivr 
powara  in  Knifland."  They  dochiriHl  tliul  Aildroa  and 
Iho  coiinacllora  who  had  liton  iniprlaoncd  ulun|{  with 
hlin  wcra  ilt'tainud  in  cnatody  to  aliidu  iho  diactiona 
that  niiifht  be  recnivod  concoininK  Ihiim  from  hia  hiiih- 
imaa  tho  Princa  of  Orangn  and  tho  Enuluh  parliainunt. 
What  wonid  bo  tho  oxtunt  of  Iho  revolution  that  waa 
in  pronrona  in  tho  parimt  atatc,  and  to  what  ai'ttlinnuiit 
of  alTaira  it  would  finally  conduct,  waa  yot  wholly  un- 
known in  Iho  colonira 

Tho  oxainpla  of  Maaaachuaolta  waa  immediately  fol- 
lowed by  the  other  provinron  of  Now  Eiiylund.  When 
the  tidinj{a  of  the  revolution  at  lloston  reailiod  Con- 
necticut, tho  inhabitanta  dttcrniiried  no  longer  to  au- 
knowledKe  t  governor  who  from  tho  command  of  one 
hair  of  the  ruloniea  wua  now  reduced  to  the  aituation 
of  «  delinquent  in  jnil.  'I'hnir  charter  reappeared  from 
ita  concealment;  and  the  chartered  Koverumeni,  which 
had  never  boun  either  oxpreaaly  aiirrendered  or  legally 
diaaolvod,  waa  inatantly  rraumod  with  iinivoraal  aatia- 
faction,  Tho  people  of  Khodo  laland  had  novcr  been 
roiiuirod  to  givn  up  the  r'mrler  whose  privilcgoa  they 
had  ao  aolomnly  and  roruiully  aiirrendered  ;  and  they 
now  acriipled  not  to  ducUre  that  it  waa  atill  in  force, 
ind  to  remove  aa  well  aa  Ihoy  could  tho  only  obatruc- 
lioii  to  Ihia  plea,  by  repealmg  the  act  of  aurrendnr. 
New  Plymouth,  in  like  manner,  ruaumud  inatanta- 
neoualy  ita  ancient  form  of  government  In  New 
Ilainpahiro,  a  gener.il  convention  of  tho  inliabitanta 
waa  called,  and  tho  rcaolntion  adopted,  of  rc-aiinoJiiiig 
Iho  province  to  Maasuchuactta.  In  confoimity  with 
thia  roaotution,  doputiea  wero  elected  to  rcpreaent  them 
i,  the  general  court  at  Iloatoii ;  but  King  William 
lefuaod  to  cuinply  with  the  wiahoa  of  tho  |icoplo,  and 
enme  time  after  appointed  a  aeparate  governor  for  New 
H'linpahire. 

Although  the  people  of  Maaaachuaotta  had  at  firat 
intimated  very  plainly  their  purpuau  to  revive  by  their 
own  act  their  ancient  charter,  tho  cool  conaideration 
that  aucceedcd  the  ferment  during  which  thia  purpoao 
had  been  entertained,  convinced  thcin  that  it  waa  iio- 
rcaaary  to  forego  it,  and  that  tho  roatoration  of  a  charter 
■n  formally  vacated  by  the  exiating  aiithoritiea  of  the 
parent  elate  could  proceed  only  from  tho  crown  or  le- 
gialatiire  of  England.  Iloaring  of  tho  convention  of 
eatalea  that  lidd  been  convoked  by  tho  Prince  of  Orange 
in  England,  tho  provincial  government  of  Maaaachu- 
■etta  called  together  a  aimilar  convention  of  the  cuunttea 
and  'owna  of  the  province  ;  and  it  waa  the  opinion  nf 
the  majority  of  thia  aatembly  that  ihe  charter  could  not 
be  reaumed.  Intelligonco  having  arrived  of  the  aottlo- 
ment  of  England  and  the  inveatituro  of  William  and 
Mary  with  tho  crown,  they  wore  proclaimed  in  the  co- 
lony with  eatraordinary  aolomnity  and  uiiiveraal  aaiia- 
faction.  A  letter  waa  aoun  after  udilroased  by  Iho  new 
aivoreigna,  To  tho  Colony  of  Maitaacliu&elta,  cxpreaa- 
in;;  tho  ruyal  allowance  and  aiiprohaiion  of  the  late  pro- 
cecdinga  of  the  people,  and  authoriaing  the  preaenl 
inagiatratea  to  coniiiiuo  the  adminialration  of  the  public 
alTdira,  till  their  inajeaiica,  with  the  advice  of  tho  privy 
council,  should  i,ettlo  lliom  on  a  basia  that  would  be 
aatiafdctory  to  all  their  aiibjucla  in  tho  colony.  An 
order  waa  transmitted,  at  the  aame  lime,  to  send  Andros 
and  Iho  other  priaonera  lo  England,  that  they  might 
anawor  the  charges  preferred  against  them.  Additional 
doputiea  were  chosen  by  the  colony  to  join  Mr.  Mather, 
who  atill  continued  in  England,  and,  in  cnncurreiice 
with  him,  10  substantiate  tho  chargea  against  Andros, 
and,  aliove  all,  to  endeavor  lo  procuro  the  roatoration 
of  the  charter. 

But  before  Iho  colonists  wero  able  lo  ascertain  if 
thia  favorite  object  waa  to  be  promoted  by  iho  English 
lavolution,  they  felt  the  evil  etTeuta  of  that  groat  event, 
in  the  conaequencca  of  the  war  that  had  already  brokon 
out  between  England  France.  The  war  betwoon  tho 
two  parent  atatea  quickly  extended  itself,  to  their  poa- 
MMionf  in  America  and  tho  colonioa  of  Now  England 
ind  New  Voik  were  now  involved  in  bloody  und  deso- 
lating hoai.ilitien  with  the  forces  of  tho  French  in  Ca- 
nada, and  their  Indian  auxiliaries  and  allies.  The  hoa- 
(ilitie*    tlial  were    direotrd  a^jaintt  New    York  bv- 


long  to  another  jiortion  of  Ihia  hiilory.  In  concert 
I  wiih  them,  variuua  attacks  wrro  in.ide  by  conaidi'rabto 
bodii's  of  Ihe  liidi.ina  in  ihu  cuiiiliiaiuniif  this  year  on 
Iho  aeltlt'ineiita  'iiid  Inrts  in  iNi-vv  lluihpHliiro  und 
Maine  ;  und  in  severul  iiisiiiires  being  t-rowned  with 
snoruMa,  they  wcri'  priidurlive  of  the  niuil  hurrid  ex- 
Iremitiea  of  sjivii^ii  iTiii'lly.  Fnltv  uwuru  tfiiit  tlii-se 
ili'predatiun.4  ongiriiiud  in  ('iimiU  and  .Aciidiu,  tho 
general  court  uf  MuKHiichiisiita  prepared  dtiruig  the 
winter  an  expediliun  ug.iinsl  IhjiIi  Port  Kuval  and 
(Quebec.  The  cuinmund  uf  it  waa  iiitrnated  to  Mir 
Willniiii  Phipps,  who,  on  the  diH«olulion  of  the  late  ar- 
biinry  gnvernnieni,  hud  cuiiie  lo  New  Eiigiiiid  in  Ihe 
linpo  of  being  able  ri>  render  some  airvico  to  hia  coun- 
trymen, Eight  small  veasels,  with  seven  or  eight  hun- 
dred men,  sailed  under  his  command  in  the  following 
apring,  and,  almost  without  flp|ioaiiion,  took  (losseaaion 
of  Port  Ruyiil  and  of  the  whole  province  of  Acadia  ; 
and,  within  a  month  after  its  deimrtiire,  the  llevt  re- 
turned loaded  with  plunder  ciiungn  to  defray  the  whole 
ex|i«nae  of  the  expedition.  Uiil  iliu  Count  r'rontignac, 
tho  governor  nf  Canada,  retorted  by  aevere  and  bloody 
attttcka  on  the  more  reninlo  of  the  colonial  aettlenieiila ; 
and,  animating  the  huitililica  uf  ins  Indian  allies,  kept 
Ihe  Irniitiera  in  a  atato  of  incessant  uUrin  by  their  con* 
tinned  incuraiona.  Ijetlora  hud  bun  written  by  the 
general  court  to  King  William.  urgiii<(  tlio  imjiorlaiics 
uf  the  conipieat  of  Canada,  and  aulu  ilini,'  hia  aid  to- 
warda  that  attempt ;  but  ho  was  too  nimli  oicupicd  in 
Europe  to  extend  hia  exortioiia  to  America,  and  the 
general  court  determined  lo  proaecutu  the  expedition 
without  hia  asaistanco.  New  Tork  and  I'mineeticul 
eiigagud  to  furnish  a  body  of  men  who  shunll  march  by 
the  way  of  I,ake  Chuniplain  to  tho  attack  ul  Montreal, 
while  the  troopa  of  Massachuaetia  should  proceed  by 
sea  to  Quebec.  'I'ho  ttcct  dcatined  for  thia  expedition 
conaiated  of  nearly  forty  veasels,  the  largeat  of  which 
carried  forty-four  guiia,  and  tho  number  of  troopa  on 
board  ainouiited  to  two  thouaund.  The  command  of 
thia  considerable  armament  was  conlided  to  8ir  Wil- 
liam Phipps,  who,  in  the  conduct  of  it,  demonstrated 
Ilia  usual  courage,  and  every  qualilication  except  that 
military  experience,  without  which,  in  warfa.e  waged 
on  ao  largo  a  acale  with  a  civilized  enemy,  all  the 
othera  wili  prove  unavailing.  The  troopa  of  Connecticut 
and  New  xork,  retarded  by  defective  arrangements, 
and  disappointed  of  the  assistance  of  the  friendly  Indiana 
who  had  engaged  to  furnish  them  with  canoes  for  cross- 
ing tho  rivers  ■'  .^y  had  to  puss,  were  comjielled  to  retire 
without  attac)'..ng  Montreal,  and  tho  whole  force  of 
Canada  waa  thiia  concentrated  to  resist  the  attack  of 
Phippa.  Hia  aimament  arrived  before  (Juuboc  ao  late 
in  Ihe  acason,  that  only  a  coup  de  main  could  have 
enabled  him  to  carry  the  place  ;  but  by  unakilful  delay, 
the  time  for  such  an  attempt  waa  auflorod  to  paaa  un- 
iinproved.  Tlie  English  wero  worated  in  varioua  ae- 
vere encoiintera,  and  compelled  at  length  to  inako  a 
precipitato  retreat ;  and  the  tleet,  after  auataiiiing  con- 
siderable loss  in  the  voyage  homeward,  returned  lo 
lioston.  Much  was  tho  unfortuiiato  conclusion  of  an 
expedition  which  had  involved  tho  colony  in  an  enor- 
mouacxpunse,  and  coat  the  lives  uf  at  least  a  thousand 
men.  The  French  had  ao  atrongly  apprehended  that 
it  would  be  auccesaful,  that  they  scrupled  not  to  ascribo 
ita  failure  lo  the  immediate  inlerpoaition  of  Heaven,  in 
confounding  the  dovicea  of  the  enemy,  and  depriving 
them  of  common  sense :  and,  under  thia  imprcsaioii 
the  people  of  Quebec  established  an  annual  procession 
lu  cominemorution  of  their  deliverance.  It  is,  how- 
ever, a  strong  proof  of  tho  good  conduct  of  Phipps,  that 
a  result  so  disastrous  exposed  him  to  no  bUine,  and 
deprived  him  in  no  degree  of  the  favor  of  h  s  country- 
men. And  yet  the  disappointment,  and  the  elTecta  that 
reaulted  from  it,  were  remarkably  aevere.  The  general 
court  of  Maaaachusetts  had  not  even  anticipated  the 
possibility  of  iniacarriage,  and  had  expected  to  derive, 
from  tho  success  of  the  expedition,  the  samereimburso- 
inoiit  of  ita  expenses,  of  which  their  former  enterpriae 
had  boon  productive.  The  returning  army,  finding  Ihe 
government  totally  unprepared  lo  satisfy  their  claims', 
wero  on  the  point  of  mutinying  for  their  pay ;  and  it 
was  found  necessary  to  issue  bills  of  credit,  wKtch  tlio 
soldiers  consented  lo  accept  in  place  of  money.  The 
colony  waa  now  in  a  very  deproasod  and  suirering 
state.  Endeavoring  to  improve  tho  calamities  which 
they  were  unable  to  avoul,  the  government  oarneatly 
endeavored  lo  promoto  tho  increase  of  piety  and  the 
reformation  of  manners  ;  and  urged  upon  the  ministers 
and  the  people  the  duty  of  stroiiijly  resisting  that  world- 
lincss  of  mind,  which  the  necessity  of  contending 
violently  for  the  things  of  this  world  ia  apt  to  beget. 
Tb  »  (ttacka  of  Ibo  Indiana  on  the  oastern  frontiers  were 


attended  with  a  degree  of  auccaas  and  herbaritjr  llMl 
diffnaed  general  terror  i  and  the  colonisia  were  aipeeV 
iiii,'  in  ihi>  ipiurter  to  he  driven  from  tneir  settiemeulei 
when,  all  ut  once,  these  (avagis,  of  iheir  own  aceoni« 
iir(i|iosed  a  peui-e  ol  six  iiiuiitha.  wb.'i-h  .vas  accepted 
liy  tho  goveriinient  with  gieat  willingnesa  and  devniil 
graiitiMe,  Aa  it  waa  perfectly  ascertuliird  thai  »t 
hostile  proceedings  of  tlieie  savages  were  vontinualH 
fuaiereU  by  the  iniriguea,  and  rendered  the  mure  !>,» 
midulilu  by  llie  aisistunco  and  inalriiclions uf  ihii  Krvii'b 
authoriiiea  in  Canada,  the  coii'pivst  of  Ihia  pruviiicH  be- 
gan lu  lie  conaidercd  by  the  people  of  New  EiiglaiMl 
I  indispensable  to  their  aiifnty  and  tranquillity.  In  III* 
j  hope  of  prevailing  with  the  king  to  •auction  and  em- 
I  brace  this  enterprise,  aa  well  aa  lor  ihe  piirpoae  of  aid- 
ing the  other  drputiea  in  the  no  leae  iiilerestiiig  appli- 
cation for  the  reatotation  of  llie  colonial  charter,  Sil 
William  Phi|ipa,  sonii  after  hia  return  from  Quebec,  by 
desire  of  hia  countrymen  proceeded  to  England.* 

[lOUl.]  In  the  discbarge  oflhodutiea  of  their  niiaaion, 
ihe  deputiea  appear  to  liave  employed  every  effort  thai 
palriutic  zeal  could  prompt,  and  honorable  policy  could 
admit,  lo  obtain  aulisfaction  to  their  conatiluauta  in  ill* 
punisliinent  of  their  oppressors,  and  Ihe  restitution  o* 
their  charter.  Uul  in  lioth  these  objecta  their  enilea- 
tora  were  unauccessful ;  and  the  failure  (whether  justly 
or  not)  was  generally  ascribed  to  the  unbending  inte- 
grity with  which  Mather  and  Phippa  rejected  every  art 
and  intrigue  that  aeeined  iiiconaiatenl  with  the  honor  oi 
their  country.  It  waa  aooii  diacovered  that  Ihe  king 
and  hia  mimaler  were  extremely  averaa  lo  an  inquiry 
into  Ihe  conduct  of  Andioa  and  lUndolph,  and  not  let* 
au  to  Ihe  reatilulion  of  tho  ancient  charter  of  the  colony. 
The  proceedinga  of  the  Urilish  court  on  Ihia  occaaion 
present  •  confuaed  and  diaguating  picture  of  intrigue 
and  duplicity. t  'I'lic  drputiea  were  beset  by  pretended 
counsollora  and  partixana,  some  perhapa  indiscreel,  and 
some  no  doubt  inalncere.  They  wore  perau  ided,  by 
certain  of  their  adviaere,  to  preaent  lu  tne  privy  council 
the  charges  against  Androa  umigntd,  and  aasurrd  by 
others,  that  in  so  doing  they  had  ch<  Iht  throat  of  Iketr 
eimtUry.  When  they  attended  to  present  their  cnargeai 
they  wore  anticipated  by  Androa  and  Randolph,  who 
came  prepared  with  t  charge  againat  tho  colony  for 
reliellion  againat  lawful  authority,  ain!  the  imprisonineal 
of  their  legitimate  governor.  Sir  John  ^i<>lnere,  tha 
coiinaol  for  the  deputiea  consented  that  they  ahould 
abandun  tlin  siiuatiun  of  accusers  and  aland  on  the  de- 
fensive, and  he  tended  Ihe  unsigned  chargea  as  en 
answer  lo  ihe  accuaatiuna  of  Andros  and  Kaiidulpli, 
The  council  demurred  to  the  reception  of  a  plea  pi» 
seined  in  the  name  of  s  whole  people,  and  requued 
that  aome  individuals  ahould  appear  and  make  the  plea 
their  own.  "  Who  was  it,"  said  the  l«rd  President, 
"  that  imprisoned  Sir  Edmund  and  the  real  I  you  aay 
it  was  the  country,  and  that  they  rose  aaone  man.  But 
that  ia  nobody.  Let  ua  aee  the  persona  who  will  laak* 
ti  their  own  case.'*  The  deputiea  thereupon  olferud  to 
sign  Ihe  chargea,  and  to  undertake  individually  every 
responaibility  for  Ihe  acta  of  their  countrymen.  Bui 
they  were  deterred  from  Ihia  proceeding  by  the  reinon- 
atrancea  of  Sir  John  Suinors,  who  inaiated  (ibr  no  in- 
telligible purpoaii)  on  peraiating  in  the  courae  in  whicb 
they  had  begun.  Some  of  the  councillora  too,  protected 
againat  the  injuatice  and  chicanery  of  eiicouiilnring 
tho  complaint  of  a  whole  country  with  objecliona  oi 
such  a  technical  description  "  Is  not  it  plain,"  they 
urged,  "  that  the  revolution  in  Massachuseita  was  ca^ 
ried  on  exactly  in  tlie  same  manner  aa  Ihe  rcvolutnn 
ill  England  (  Who  seized  and  imprisoned  Cha.icelloi 
Jeffries  !  who  aecured  the  garrison  of  Hull  I  These 
were  the  acts  of  the  people,  and  not  of  private  indivi- 
duals." Thia  difference  of  opinion  on  a  |iomi  of  form 
seems  lo  have  been  the  object  which  Ihe  ministry  Ind 

•  N«ul,  II.  441^170.  liiitcliliisiiii,  1.  aM— (l>i.~'ODv«rim 
CnlUen*s  Hislnry  ol*  the  Five  InJiaii  Nations  uf  CaiiailSf  I 
136.  Guillen  urruiieuusly  supixtses  the  expeilitlno  afalll# 
Quebec  to  liave  tukeii  place  in  the  rullowliig  year. 

t  Philosophic  ubservers  liave  been  siriicV  with  surprisaHl 
the  rontrust  between  tlie  lunguuge  anil  the  cunducl  of  Iks 
English  Whigs  in  Ihe  Revolutiuii  of  168:*.  Their cuiiiui^ie 
effecliiig  tlie  great  change  was  liberul  and  inonly.  Tlieir 
luiiguacii,  contracted  and  preiudiceil,  seemed  Intsiide,!  in  tail 
(he  auiTucity  el'  llieir  proceedings  frtni  ilia  erussccss  uf  poll. 
lie  view.  Tlioy  asserted  indeleasibie  hereditary  right  wltll 
tlieir  tongues,  while  Ihey  violated  it  wuh  their  bands;  and  re- 
enacted  tliu  setitfliiieiu  of  the  cro,vn  in  the  veryworuaof  Uiat 
uct  or  settlement  which  iliey  had  su  deliberately  sal  askle— 
endeavoring,  liico  the  entailer  uf  sn  estate,  lo  deprive  llieir 
podtority  ur  tlie  libeny  that  ihey  themselves  had  eiiiiiyed  aili# 
liiuiid  it  necessa  y  to  exercise.  Tlicy  seemed  to  iiuva  eoa 
sldereil  tlis  Aiiuricaiis  in  soma  sucli  lisiit  us  they  regarded 
their  own  (losieriiy,  and  lo  have  looked  with  very  little  Isves 
on  every  exercise  ur  liberty  inde|iciidenl  ul'llieinseives.  WILft 
Ihey  studied  lociolhe  their  own  conduct  in  the  seniblance  ik 

firecetlent,  th«y  exacted  a  subsluntial  adliifr,incc  lo  precadunl 
rom  their  successors  and  their  dcpemtiMihi. 


THE  HISVORT  or 


I 


>  Bweu.  Wltkoal  dManaining  Um  point, 
llM  MattU  Inteiniplad  Um  dMcoHion  by  ■  iiMluiion, 
tiM  Um  wkol*  nwMtr  thauM  b*  •ubinil)«i  to  iho  king ; 
urf  hii  mt^tjr  Mon  tlWr  tifnlAtd  hi*  plouur*  thit 
•no  eomphinti  of  both  ptrtin  theiiM  b«  dItntiiMd.* 
l^uo  ttrminttod  'ha  impoicbmont  of  AnHnM,  in  a 
niMinf  r  ««r)f  ill  cdruUtM  to  ImpriM  tho  pooplo  of 
MtMochaMlttwilh  ratpfcl  brtho  juiliea  o(  the  Britiih 
gOToroiiMnl.  Thoy  had  aoon  oftar  tha  inort'Acation  of 
■MiiiR  him  odd  raward  to  impunity,  and  honored  with 
Iho  appoinimant  of  govrmorof  Vininia.* 

Tm  dtpuliaa  flnding  that  th«  Hnuaa  of  Commona, 
Ihoagh  at  6rat  diapoaod  to  annul  tha  proRaadingi  on  tita 
•no  warmtin  againal  Maiaaehuaatla,  had  baan  ueraua- 
dad  by  tha  ariruKMnta  of  SionMn  and  tha  othar  lawyara 
who  kad  aaai»  in  Iho  bouaa  to  dapart  ftom  thia  purpiiaa, 
md  that  tha  king  waa  datarminad  not  to  raatota  tha 
old  ehanar,  amployod  ovary  aSart  to  obtain  at  laaat  a 
loatitution  ol  tno  priTilegaa  it  had  eonuinad.  But 
William  and  hia  miniatara,  though  datarrad  from  imi- 
tating th«  tyrannical  proeaadinga  of  tha  formar  reign, 
war*  hoartilf  daairona  of  availing  thamaaUaa  of  what- 
over  aequiailiona  thoae  ptoeeadmga  might  hare  made 
to  tho  royal  prerngaiiira  ;  and  finding  that  tha  erown 
had  Mi|uind  a  legal  pretai'  to  aiatciae  a  much  alrongar 
•uthofily  orar  the  colony  than  had  been  re aerved  in  iu 
•riginal  eonatitution,  it  waa  datennined  to  take  advent- 
•ge  of  thia  prateit  without  reKaid  to  tho  tyrannical  na- 
Mia  of  tha  proceeding  by  which  it  had  been  obtained. 
Tbo  reeleration  of  their  ancient  prtTlleg*  of  aleeling 
Ihair  own  municipal  clHcera  waa  ardently  daaired  by 
Iho  people,  and  contended  fur  by  tha  deputira  with  a 
vehemence  which  tho  king  would  ptubaMy  have  re- 
■ont«d  aa  diareepeelful  to  himealf,  if  he  bad  not  felt 
himeaif  bound  to  oieuac  the  irriialioa  eiciied  by  hia 
own  iuiiialice.  H*  adhered  inlleiibly  to  hia  determina- 
tion of  tataininii,  aa  far  aa  poaaible,  every  advantage 
that  fortune  had  put  into  hia  handa :  and  at  lanfth  a 
Mw  charter  waa  framed,  with  changea  that  materially 
■deeted  the  ancient  eoiiat'iutiou  of  tho  colony,  and 
tranaferred  to  the  crown  n  .ny  valuable  privilagea  that 
had  originally  belonged  t'  the  people.  By  thia  charter 
Jw  lornteriea  of  Maaaamuaetta,  Flymouth,  and  Maine, 
legeiher  with  the  conqiierad  province  of  Acadia  or 
Nova  Seoiia,  wore  united  together  in  one  juriadiction— 
■n  arraogainent  that  waa  by  no  maana  aatiafactory  to 
tha  p^nioa  included  in  it :  for  Plymouth,  which  had 
•anieatly  aolicitod  a  aenerate  aetaUiahment,  waa  forei- 
b^  aaiirud  to  MaaeeckoMtta ;  and  Hampahira,  whieh 
had  aa  umaatiy  petitioned  tu  be  included  ill  thie  an- 
■eiation,  waa  erected  into  a  aeparata  juriadiction.  f 
Tho  appointment  nf  the  governor,  deputy  governor, 
acerelary.  and  all  tho  oflkara  of  the  admiralty,  waa  i« 
aerved  to  the  crown.  Twentv-eiglit  councillora  wore 
directed  to  be  ehoaen  by  the  llouaa  of  Aaaembly,  and 
preacntad  to  the  governor  for  hia  appfobalion.  Tha 
gnveinor  waa  am|iowerail  to  convoke,  adjourn,  pro- 
rogue, and  diaaolve  the  aaaembly  al  plaaaure ;  to  nomi- 
nate, eicluaively,  all  military  olficere,  and  (with  the 
eoaaeiit  of  hia  council)  all  ilie  jadgaa  and  oUiar  ofllcere 
of  tlie  law.  To  the  governor  waa  laaerved  a  negative 
on  the  lawa  and  acta  of  the  general  aaaembly  and  coun- 
cil ;  a.ul  all  lawa  enaetad  by  theae  bodiea  and  appioved 
bv  the  governor  wero  appointed  to  be  tranamitted  to 
Knifland  for  the  royal  appiobatiim;  and  ifdiaallowed 
witk'a  the  apace  of  ihroa  yaara,  thty  ware  to  ba  utterly 
void. 

Tha  innavaliofla  that  wara  Ihua  iatroduead  into  their 
ancient  eonetitution,  aicitad  moeb  diaeootant  in  tha 
mimla  of  the  people  of  MaaaachuaatU ;  tha  more  ao 
ueeauae  the  extaneion  of  royal  authority  waa  not  at- 
tended with  a  pronoitional  communication  of  the  royal 
protection :  and  tiia  king,  at  the  very  time  when  he  ap- 
pioprietcd  the  moet  valuaMe  priv  ilegee  of  tha  people 
luund  bimaelf  conatrainad,  by  tha  urgency  of  hia  affaire 
in  Europe,  to  refuae  the  aaaiatance  which  the  people 
had  beaungb'  from  him  to  lepel  the  hoatilitiea  of  the 


•  Bawioipli  waj  am  aam  iiaek  w  Amartca.  Ha  nealvad, 
hawever,  an  appotnimam  in  tha  Waal  IwUaa,  wkara  ha  died. 
naaWng,  a  U  lald,  lUa  dtallka  of  Ika  paopla  of  Raw  Itof  land 
•atkalaai.  Elkil't  Bioraphlcal  Oktlonarr  of  Haw  Cnfland, 
4M,*.  Craaacld,  tha  tyrant  of  Haw  Hampahira,  waa  ap. 
BotMadeaUacur  of  Baitwdoea.  Ha  npanud  of  hia  eooduci 
blew  »:iif land,  and amlaavorad  to  atooa  for  M  by ihowlni  aU 
Iha  kikdnaea  In  Ma  pewar  to  iha  iiadara  from  that  country, 
■alknaa,  I.  tit. 

t  The  anion,  as  aamaaily  daaired  by  ika  paopta  of  Maa- 
aaahuaaiu  and  Maw  Hampahira,  wai  ovarruiad  by  Iha  InuraM, 
and  for  Ika  aonnnlanea,  of  Sanatl  Allan,  a  merchaiil  In 
Maaoa'a  baira  had  aold  their  claim  lo  tha 


Indiana  and  of  Iha  French  aattlara  in  Canada.  Tha 
aiiuation  of  the  atataa  of  Connecticut  and  Hhoda  laland, 
which  wera  permitted  to  reaaauina  all  their  ancient 
privilagea,  rendered  the  injualiee  with  which  Maaaachu- 
aetta  wai  treated  more  Ragrant  and  irritating.  Though 
legal  tachnicalltiea  might  aeem  to  warrant  the  advan- 
tage whleh  thoae  autaa  rnJovMl,  it  waa  utterly  repug- 
nant to  the  enlarged  viewa  of  jualire  and  equity  which 
ought  to  regulate  tha  policy  of  a  leglalator.  Only  mia- 
laka  on  the  one  hand,  or  their  own  artiAce  on  the  other, 
could  be  auppoaed  lo  entitle  them  to  a  dialinction  that 
made  the  treatment  of  Maaarchuaetta  more  invidioua ; 
and  a  very  dangeroua  leaaon  waa  laiight  to  Iheeolouiaa 
whan  they  were  Ihua  given  to  uiideraund  that  it  waa 
their  own  vigilant  dexterity  and  auceaaaful  intrigue,  or 
the  blundera  of  the  parent  atata,  that  they  wera  to  rely 
on  aa  the  aafaguarda  of  their  righta.  The  injuatice  of 
the  policy  of  which  Maaaachuaetta  now  complained  waa 

nJnred  atill  mora  glaringly  apparent  by  the  very  dif- 
ferent treatment  obuined  by  the  powerful  corporation 
of  the  city  of  London.  The  charter  of  thia  city,  though 
annulled  with  the  aame  aolemnity,  and  on  gmunda  aa 
plauaible,  aa  the  ancient  charter  of  Maaaachuaetta,  waa 
reatorad  by  a  legialative  act  immediately  after  the  revo- 
lution. Nor  waa  any  political  advantage  derived  by 
the  Ensllah  governmai.t  from  Ihia  violation  of  juat  and 
aquiuUe  principlee.  The  patronage  that  waa  wreated 
from  the  people  and  appropriated  by  tha  crown,  waa 
quite  inadequate  to  the  formation  of  a  powerful  royal 
party  in  tha  country.  The  appointment  of  the  govcrnm 
and  other  ofllcera  waa  regarded  aa  a  badge  of  drpcnd- 
anee,  inatead  of  fonning  a  bond  of  union.  The  jiopu- 
lar  aaaambliea  retained  autScieni  influence  over  the 
goveniora  to  curb  them  in  the  enforcement  of  ohnoiiou.i 
meaaurea,  and  aufllcient  power  lo  rcalrain  them  from 
making  any  aerioua  inroad  on  the  eonatitution.  It  ia  a 
remarkable  fact  that  the  diaaoneiona  between  the  two 
countriee,  which  afterwarda  temunated  in  the  diaaolu- 
tion  nf  the  Uritieh  empire  in  America,  were  in  a  great 
degree  promoted  by  the  pemicioua  counaela  and  erro- 
naoua  information  that  the  colonial  governora  of  thoae 
provincee,  in  which  the  appointment  to  that  offlee  waa 
exereiaad  by  Iha  king,  tranamitted  to  tha  Engliah  mi- 
niatry. 

Aware  of  the  diaaatiafaction  with  whieh  tha  new 
eharter  waa  regarded,  the  miniatara  of  William  judged 
it  prudent  to  wave  in  the  outaet  the  full  exereiaa  of  the 
invidioue  prerogative,  and  deaired  the  deputiea  to  name 
the  peraon  whom  they  conaiderad  moat  acceptable  to 
their  countrymen  aa  governor  of  Maaaachuaetta :  and 
the  deputiea  having  concurred  in  the  nomination  of  Su 
William  Phippa,  the  appointment  to  thia  offise  waa  ba- 
atowed  on  him  aecordinglr.  Thia  act  of  courteay  waa 
attended  with  a  debtee  of  auecaaa  in  mollifying  tha  ill 
humor  of  the  people,  that  atronsly  atteata  the  high  eali- 
mation  in  which  rhippa  waa  held :  for  on  hia  arrival  in 
Boatoo,  [1II93,]  though  aome  diKontent  waa  expreeeed, 
and  eaveral  of  tha  memhara  of  the  general  court  loudly 
inaiatad  that  tha  new  eharlar  ahould  be  abaolillely  re- 
jected,* yet  the  great  body  of  the  people  received  him 
with  aeefainationa ;  and  a  large  majority  of  the  general 
court  leaolved  that  tha  charter  ahould  ba  thankfully 
aeceptad,  and  appointed  a  day  of  thankaciving  for  the 
aafe  arrival  of  their  worthy  oovemor  and  Mr.  Mather, 
whoea  aervieea  they  acknowledged  with  grateful  com- 
mamofation.  The  new  governor  haalencd  to  apptovo 
himaalf  worthy  of  tho  favorable  legania  of  hia  country- 
men. Having  convoked  a  general  aaaembly  of  tha  pro> 
vioce,  he  addreeeed  them  in  a  abort  but  cbaraetanatie 
apeeeb,  recommending  to  them  tha  prrparalion  of  a 
body  of  good  lawa  with  all  tha  expeaition  they  could 
exert.  " Gentlemen,"  aaid  he,  "you  may  make  your- 
aelvea  aa  aaay  aa  you  will  for  ever.  Conaider  what 
may  have  a  tendency  to  your  welfare,  and  you  may  be 
aura  that  whatever  billa  you  offer  to  me,  coneiatent  with 
the  honor  and  intereat  of  the  crown,  I  'II  poaa  them 
readily.  I  do  but  aeek  op  lortunitiea  lo  aerve  you. 
Hail  it  not  been  for  the  aake  of  thia  thing,  I  had  never 
accepted  of  thia  province.  And  whenever  you  have 
eettled  auch  a  body  of  good  lawa,  that  no  peraon  coming 


aaH  af  Maw  HamMhira.  Ha  waa  appolniad  the  llrM  (ovarnor 
aflka  pravlneai  and  amplayini  hii  authority  in  >axuiaua 
lia  aaaaeaaaanu  aaaaipu  to  anetuaia  hia  puKhaaad  claim, 
Made --.,.— 


Kand  MauaTr  axuaaHlyodioua  to  tlia  paopla.    Ballinap; 
J  il  aad  xi    Be  waa  aaparaadad  by  Md  Mlanraut  In 


*  Mr.  Mather  and  tha  other  deputiea,  when  ihey  foiud  it  im- 
poaalhle  tootrtaln  an  alteration  of  tlia  naw  cliartar,  proposed 
at  Aral  lo  rajact  It  altonlhur,  and  to  initltuta  a  procaH  for 
trying  the  validity  of  the  judgment  pronounced  on  tiia  quo 
warranto.  Tliay  wera  deterred  from  thia  proceeding  hy  the 
solemn  assuran<»  of  Treby,  Somers,  and  the  two  clilei  jus- 
tices of  England,  that  If  the  judgment  were  re  versed,  a  new 
quo  warrranto  would  be  issued,  and  undoubtedly  followed  by 
a  judgment  exempt  from  all  ground  of  challenge.  These 
lesmed  persons  assured  the  deputies  that  the  colonists,  by 
erecting  judicatories.constituting  a  house  of  representatives, 
and  incorporating  colleges,  had  forfeited  their  charter,  wtilcli 
gave  no  aaiKtion  to  auch  acta  ef  authority.  Uutchtnaou, 
I.IISl 


after  ma  may  make  you  nneeay,  I  ahall  daeire  nal  MM 
day  longer  lo  continue  in  the  government  "  Hia  can- 
duct  amply  carrea|iond«d  with  theae  profeaaiana, 

The  adminiairation  of  Sir  W.lliam  Hhippa,  hawavafi 
waa  neither  long  nor  proeperoua.  Thotigh  he  rnlgM 
give  hie  aanction  aa  governor  lo  popular  lawa,  it  waa 
not  in  hia  puwar  to  guard  them  from  being  rescinded 
by  the  crown ;  and  tliia  fate  aoon  befel  a  law  that  waa 
paaaeil  exempting  tho  |ieu|ila  from  all  taxes  but  auch  aa 
ahould  ba  imposed  by  their  own  asaeinliliee,  and  de- 
claring their  right  lo  ahara  all  the  privilegea  of  Magna 
Ghana.  He  found  tho  province  invoiveU  in  a  diatreaa- 
ing  war  with  ilia  Krench  and  Imlisna,  and  in  the  atill 
mora  formidable  calamity  of  that  deluaion  which  haa 
beeii  termed  Ikt  ffne  EoflaiU  teUchcnft.  When  tha 
Indiana  were  informed  of  the  appoinment  of  8ir  Wil- 
liam Phippa  to  the  office  of  governor  of  Maaaachuaatla. 
they  were  aliuck  with  amaxemeni  at  the  fortunee  of 
the  man  whoae  humble  origin  'hey  perfectly  well  knew, 
and  with  whom  they  had  familiarly  aaaociated  bur  a  few 
yaara  before  in  the  obaeuriijr  of  hia  primitive  condition, 
linpreased  with  a  high  opinion  of  hia  courage  and  reeo- 
lution,  and  a  auperatilioua  dread  of  that  fortune  that 
aeeined  destined  to  aurmount  every  obatacle  and  pia- 
vail  over  every  diaadvantaite,  they  would  willingly  hava 
made  peace,  b'll  were  induced  to  continue  the  war  by 
the  anilicea  and  inlriguea  of  the  Tninch.  A  few  monlM 
after  hia  arrival,  the  governor,  at  Ihe  bead  of  a  email 
army,  marched  lo  Pemmaquid,  on  the  Merrimack  river, 
and  there  cauaed  to  be  eonalrucled  a  fort  of  conaidera- 
Ilia  alrenalh,  and  calculated  by  ila  aitualion  lo  form  a 
powerful  Mrrier  lo  the  province,  and  lo  overawe  tba 
neighboring  iribca  of  Indiana  and  interrupt  their  mutual 
communication.  The  beneflciil  effect  of  thia  operalioo 
waa  experienced  in  the  following  year,  [1093,]  when 
the  Indiana  aeiil  ainbaaaadora  ta  Ihe  fort  at  Painina- 
quid,  and  there  at  length  concluded  with  Engliah  com- 
miaaionars  a  treaty  of  peace,  by  which  they  renounced 
for  ever  the  intere'ata  of  the  French,  and  pledged  them* 
aelvea  to  perpetual  amity  with  the  inhabiunia  of  New 
England.  The  eoloniata,  who  hail  auffered  aeverely 
from  Ihe  recent  depredaliona  of  thoae  aavagea,'  and 
were  atill  laboring  uiidei  the  burdena  entailed  on  them 
by  former  ware,  were  not  elow  to  embrace  the  Aral 
overturaa  of  peace :  and  yet  Ihe  ulmoal  diaconteni  waa 
excited  by  the  meaaure  lo  which  they  wero  indebted 
fer  the  deliverance  they  had  ao  ardently  dealiad.  Tba 
expenaa  of  building  the  fort  and  of  maintaining  ila  gar* 
naon  and  atorea  occaaioned  an  addition  to  the  eiialing 
laxea,  whieh  waa  borne  with  much  impatience.  Tha 
parly  who  had  oppoacd  aubmiaaion  to  the  new  charter, 
eageriy  promoiM  every  complaint  apinat  the  adminl- 
elation  of  a  aya>em  which  they  regaided  with  roola4 
averaioii ;  and  labored  ao  aucceaafully  on  thia  occaaioB 
to  render  the  ptraon  and  government  of  Sir  William 
Phippa  odiouatohieeountryinon,  that  hia  popularity  aua> 
lained  a  aliook  from  which  it  never  afterwarda  enliialy 
recovered.  The  people  were  eaaily  led  lo  connect  ia 
their  apprahenaion  tha  incraaae  of  taxation  with  Iha 
abridgment  of  their  political  privilagea,  and  lo  beliava 
that  if  they  had  retained  their  ancient  control  over  Iha 
oAJcera  of  govomment,  the  adminiatralion  of  their  aflaira 
might  have  been  mora  economically  ctmducted.  Bel 
anollwr  cauae,  tu  which  I  hava  already  alluded,  an! 
which  wc  muat  now  proceed  mora  fully  to  couider, 
randaied  the  minda  of  tha  paopla  at  Ihia  lima  anuao- 
ally  auaceptibit  of  gloomy  impreaaiona,  and  auapieioaa 
not  leea  irritating  tun  unreaaonabla. 

Tha  belief  of  witchcraft  waa  al  Ihia  period  almoat 
univereal  in  chnatian  eounlriea ;  and  Iha  exiawnce  and 
criminality  of  the  practice  were  recogniaed  in  Ihe  penal 
code  of  every  civilixed  atale.  Persona  auapected  ol 
being  witchea  and  wixarda  were  frequently  tried,  con- 
demned, and  put  10  death  by  the  authority  of  Ihe  moat 
enlightened  inbunala  in  Europe ;  and  in  particular,  but 
a  few  yesra  before  thia  period.  Sir  Matthew  Hale,  a 
man  highly  and  joally  renowned  for  the  atrength  of  hia 
underatanding,  the  variety  of  hia  knowledge,  and  Iha 
eminent  ehrialian  gracee  that  adorned  hia  character, 
had,  after  a  long  and  anxioua  inveatisalioo,  adjudged  a 
number  of  peraona  lo  die  for  thia  oflSnce,  at  an  aaaixo 
in  Suffolk.t   The  reality  of  witeheiaft,  aa  yet,  had  never 


•  Tha  aitualion  of  Iha  people  of  New  Hampahira,  In  par- 
ticular, had  bacome  so  iriisanie  and  dangeroua  thrl  at  eaa 
time  Ihey  appear  to  have  adopted  the  rasolulion  of  abandon- 
ing the  province.    Belknap,!  IH. 

}  llowell'a  State  Tnala,  vol.  vi.  p.  (47.  Bven  w  late  u  the 
middle  of  Ihe  eigliteanth  ranlury,  Ihe  convicliop  ef  Ika 
witchea  of  Waifeols,  in  Iha  reign  of  queen  EUaabath;  waaatUI 
commamoratad  in  annual  sermon  at  Huntington.  Jfolinaaola 
Works,  Observalioos  on  Ihe  tragedy  of  Macbeth.  The  aa 
Cadera  in  Bcotland  published  an  act  of  thair  assodala  Maa 
b^ftaiv  at  E4Mnr(h  in  ms  (rapiU  <ad  at  OlaagirwiB  IU  > 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


m 


»,ln  p 
>t  M  I 


llMHtlW 

■9  of  tk* 

.WHMIU 

lokiMMrti 
Tte  M 


MiM  for  •itnordinwjr  pnjn  wtra  ImM  bjr  Um  Mi(k- 
boring  eltrijr ;  ind  ih*  •upjiMilion  of  wilclwraft,  which 
in  rttliljf  hid  bmn  previouily  •uumiil,  wm  lliua  con- 
Armed  tnd  ronHcralid  in  tlir  (ppnlMHtion  of  Ihc  pub- 
lio.  1'Im  hncy  of  the  piiirnK,  twrrarlcd  by  diMr- 
darad  HnMlion,  and  iiilliiiniid  by  itm  conlagiout  ttrror 
which  ihair  nuppoMd  inalidy  aicitad,  aoon  dieltlad 
iccuaaliona  agaiiiit  particiiUr  indivi'luala  aa  Iha  aulhora 
of  Ihair  auHarmga.  Tha  flama  waa  now  kindled,  and 
liiiding  anipla  iiouriihincnt  in  all  Ihe  atrongaal  paaaiona 
and  moat  invalarala  woaknraana  of  human  iialura,  car 
riad  Im«oc  and  duatruclion  through  tha  coiniuunily. 
Tha  boddy  aymptoma  of  tha  protading  naiuial  auida- 
mie,  frMuaiiily  i««ol*«d  by  paraona  of  waak  mind  and 
auacaptible  frama,  wara  propagatad  with  amumg  rapi- 
dity, and  having  bean  onca  ragtrdad  aa  aymptoma  of 
witchcraft,  wera  aver  after  nferrad  to  tha  aame  diaboh- 
cal  origin.  Tha  uauti  and  wall  known  contagion  of 
iiarvoua  diaordara  waa  powerfully  aided  by  tin  dread  of 
tha  myatarioua  agency  from  which  lh«y  were  now  aup- 
poaad  to  ariaa ;  and  thia  appalling  dread,  en'tebling 
the  reaaon  of  ila  victiina,  aoun  led  them  to  c(  nfouiid 
the  viaiona  of  their  diaturbeil  apprehanaion  with  the  re- 
alitiaa  of  their  eiperienee.  Hyiii|iioina  before  unheard 
of,  and  unuautlly  tarrilio,*  aticiidid  the  caaea  of  tha 
riflerera,  and  were  auppoaed  to  prove  beyond  a  doubt 
that  the  diaorder  waa  aupernaturil,  and  no  bodily  ail- 
ment ;  while,  in  truth,  they  denoted  iiuthiiig  elea  than 
tha  aitraordinary  terror  of  the  unhappy  paiicnta,  who 
enhanced  tha  malignity  of  Ihair  dieaaau  liy  tha  frightful 
agency  to  which  they  aacribed  it.  Kvury  eaia  of  ner- 
voua  derangement  waa  now  referred  to  thia  aouroa, 
and  every  morbid  aflTection  of  thn  apirita  ami  fancy  di- 
verted into  thia  dangaroua  channel.  Accuaationa  of 
particular  individuala  eaaily  auggealed  tlwinaalvea  to 
the  diaordered  minda  of  the  auHlerera,  and  were  eagerly 
preferred  by  themaelvea  and  their  telativee,  in  the  hope 
of  obtaining  dehverance  from  the  calamity,  by  ua 
puniahmenl  of  Ihe  guilty,  Theae  chargaa,  however 
uneupported  by  prooT,  and  however  remote  from  pro- 

•uMwi  w,™  .»»  ,^,,  u.w„c„ru  w.. ,™.-.™  .»  M..»...ji»''''"y.  elighted  with  faul  induenee  wherever  they  fell. 

For  mora  than  twenty  yeara  afkar,  we  hear  but  little  of  fTho  aupematural  intimtlion  by  which  they  were  aup- 


fetM  ymlaiii<n  nar  wera  Ihara  any  to  whom  it  ap- 
futti  wiiiaperunl  or  incredible,  eacept  thoea  who 
»gMda4  tha  apiritual  world  altogether  aa  a  mere  ape- 
•luatian,  vami«,  viaionary  and  daluaive.  Among  the 
■umbar  of  Inoee  who  every  where  believed  in  it,  were 
tome  af  tha  unforiunala  bainga  who  were  put  to  death 
la  witchaa.  Inatigalad  by  fraud  and  cruelly,  or  poa- 
aaaeed  by  demonical  freiiiy,  aonie  of  theie  unhappy 
parania  profeeeed  more  or  leia  openly  to  hold  comiiiii' 
nlcalion  with  the  powara  of  darkneaa  ;  and,  by  the  ad- 
miniatralion  of  lubtla  (loiaona,  by  rtiatiirbing  the  ima- 
gination of  their  viclime,  or  by  an  actual  appropr.atioii 
M  that  myaterioua  agency  which  acfiptute  aaaurca  ua 
414  oneo  aiial,  and  which  no  equal  authority  haa  aver 
Moved  to  ba  ailinauiahad,  they  eommitled  crimaa  and 
biflictad  injurif  e  which  were  puniehed,  perhape,  under 
•n  errai«)ua  name.  The  colonieuof  Now  England, 
paitieiraling  in  tha  general  belief  of  thia  practice,  re- 

KM  It  with  t  degree  of  abhorrence  and  indignation 
ominji  tha  piatv  for  which  they  were  ao  ramerkably 
diatinguiahad.  Their  eiperienee  in  America  had  tended 
to  alrengthen  Iha  aentimenie  on  thie  aubject  which  they 
bad  brought  with  them  from  England  ;  for  they  found 
Ihe  baliaf  of  witchcraft  firmly  rooted  among  the  Indian 
Iribae,  and  the  practice  (or  what  waa  ao  termed  and 
eateemed)  prevailing  eilenaively,  and  wUh  perfect  im- 
punity, among  Ihoaa  people  whom  aa  healhene  they 
juatljr  regerded  «e  the  wonhippere  of  deinoni.  [13.] 
Their  conviction  of  the  reality  of  witchcrafk  muat  ne- 
eaaaarily  have  been  conririned  by  thia  evidence  of  the 
iinivareal  aaaeni  of  mankind ;  and  their  reaantuieni  of 
ila  enormity  pmporlionably  incrcaaed  by  the  honor  and 
aeceptanna  which  they  aaw  it  enjoy  under  the  aheller 
ol  aupcmtitibna  that  denied  and  diahonnred  the  true 
<3od.  The  fiml  triala  for  witchcraft  in  New  England 
occurred  in  the  year  I64S,  when  four  peraona  charged 
with  thia  crime  were  put  to  death  in  Maaaachuaette. 
Uofle,  llie  regicide,  in  hia  dianr,  roeorda  tha  conviction 
of  three  othcra  at  Hartford,  in  Connecticut,  in  106S,  and 
lamaika,  thai,  after  one  of  tham  waa  hanged,  the  young 
who  had  been  bewitclird  waa  reatored  to  hetlth, 


•ny  aimilir  proaccutio'ne.  But  in  tha  year  1089,  a 
woman  waa  executed  for  wilchertfk  at  Boaton,  after  an 
inveatigation  conducted  with  a  degree  of  aolamnity 
that  made  a  deep  improeaion  on  tha  minda  of  tha  peo- 
ple. An  account  01  tha  whole  Iranaaetlpn  waa  pub- 
liahad,  and  ao  generally  wera  the  wiaa  and  good  par- 
•uadail  of  tha  jjaiica  of  tha  proceeding,  that  Hiohard 
Baxter  wrote  a  prefiea  to  the  account,  in  which  ha 
aerupled.not  to  tleclaro  every  one  who  rafuaad  to  ha- 
liava  it  an  obdurate  Sadducce.*  Tha  attention  of  tha 
people  being  Ihue  eirongly  excited,  and  their  auapieiona 
Ihua  powerfulW  awakened  in  thia  direction,  the  chargea 
of  witchcraft  begtit  gradually  to  multiply,  till,  at  length, 
Ihera  comciencM  at  Salem  that  dreadful  tragedy  which 
landered  New  England  for  many  montha  a  aeane  of 
btoodahed,  terror,  and  madnoai,  and  at  ona  time  aaemed 
lb  Ibraaten  the  aubvoiaion  of  civU  aoeiety. 

It  waa  in  the  beginning  of  the  year  IBM  that  thia 
malady  aaemed  to  originate  in  an  epidemical  complaint 
raaambling  epilepey,  and  which  tha  phyeiciana,  Anding 
Ihemaelvea  unable  to  explain  or  cure,  aacribed  very 
readily  to  aupematural  machination.  Some  young 
women,  and  among  othera  the  daughtere  and  niece  of 
Mr:  Pane,  Iha  minialer  of  Salem,  were  firil  attacked 
Inr  this  diatempcr,  and  induced  by  Ihe  deolarationa  of 
lasir  raedicel  atlendanta  to  aacribe  it  to  witchcraft. 
Tha  doluaion  waa  encouraged  by  a  perverted  applica- 
tion of  tha  meana  beat  fitted  to  alrengthen  and  en- 
lighten Iha  underatanding.     Solemn  faata  and  aaaem. 


aeneunclng  the  repeal  or  the  panal  lawi  aialnit  witchcraft  aa 
a  national  tin.    Arnot'»  cnnilnal  Trlali  In  Dcotland,  MT. 

In  tha  year  167S  (ilxty  years  before  the  act  against  witch- 
craft in  Enaland)  Louis  tha  Pourtcanlh  issued  an  edict  for- 
•Mdiiii  UiaPranch  tribunals  to  receive  accusations  of  witch- 
craft. Rut  Ihia  edict  waa  Inalbclual.  Vollaira'a  Ate  of 
Louie  XiV.  cap.  W. 

The  laai  eiaeullons  for  wltehcrall  In  tha  British  dominions 
ware  at  Huntingdon  in  171*,  and  in  Butheriandshira  In  1791 
Amot. 

•Cudwoith  daclarea  that  all  who  disbelieve  witchcraft 
most  be  atheiata.  Jamea  the  Pint  cau»ed  a  bbok  that  ex- 
posed the  Imposture  of  some  pretended  instannea  of  witch- 
craft to  be  burned  by  the  lianas  of  tha  hangman— a  Ikvorlta 
mode  of  reply  with  his  m^eaty  to  Ihe  works  of  his  adver- 
aaiiaa.  He  had  written  a  wuik  on  demonology.  in  which  he 
Ikoa  deacrlbad  a  part  of  tlie  preparationa  for  the  invocation 
•f  evil  aplilu,— ."  Citeleaare  made,  triangular,  quadrangular, 
loond,  double  or  slni le,  according  to  the  form  of  Ihe  appa. 
Iltloa  they  crave."  How  the  conjurora  made  triangular  cir- 
atee,  he  baa  ^Hnittad  to  explain.  The  famoua  Sachevarel, 
whateld  Ua  hearara  ftom  the  pulpit,  that  the  divine  right  of 
■ftM,  Md  Ike  dii'ina  origin  of  chiiatlanlty,  "  concur  like 
e!MUalllaae,iaeetinf  In  one  common  centre,"  aaema  tohave 
BmIM  Ifea  ■atbamallre  aa  weU  u  the  poUUca  of  thia 


poaed  to  be  communicated,  auppliod  and  excluded  all 
ardinanr  proof;  and  when  a  patieni,  under  Iha  domi- 
nion of  nervoue  aflTecliona,  or  in  the  intervale  of  epi- 
leptic paroiyame,  declared  that  he  had  aeen  the  appa- 
lilion  of  a  particular  individual  infiicling  hia  auSiaringa, 
no  conaideration  of  previoua  characttir  could  acreen 
Iha  accuaed  from  a  trial,  which,  if  the  patient  peraiated 
in  the  charge,  invariably  terminated  in  a  conviction 
Tha  chargee  were  frequently  admitted  without  any  other 
proof,  for  Ihe  very  reason  lor  which  they  ahould 
have  been  utterly  rejected  by  human  tribunila — that 
they  wera  judged  incapable  of  common  proof,  or  of 
being  known  to  any  but  the  accuaer  and  the  accuaed. 
So  powerful  and  univeraal  waa  the  beUof  in  Ihe  realitjr 
of  tlie  euppoeed  witchcraft,  that  none  dared,  even  if 
they  had  been  diapoaed,  openly  to  deny  it ;  and  even 
the  innocent  viclime  of  the  chargea  were  conalrained  lo 
argue  on  the  aaaumption  that  the  apparitiona  of  Ihein- 
eaivee,  doeeribed  by  Iheir  accuaora,  had  roally  bean  aean, 
and  reduced  to  plead  that  Iheir  fcmtiUnca  had  been  aa- 
aumad  by  an  evil  apirit  that  aought  to  acreen  hia  ptt>per 
inatrumanta  and  divert  ihe  public  indignation  upon  un- 
offending paraona.  It  waa  anawered,  however,  moat 
gratuitouely,  but,  unhappily  to  the  conviction  of  the 
public,  that  an  evil  apirit  could  aaaume  only  tha  appear^ 
ance  of  auch  peraona  aa  had  given  up  their  bodiea  to 
him,  and  devoted  themeelvea  to  hia  aervice.  The  aem- 
btance  of  legal  proof,  beaidee,  waa  ver^  aoon  added  to 
the  force  of  theae  chargea,  and  aeeming  to  eat<hliah 
them  in  aomo  caeca  waa  thought  to  confirm  tham  in  alt 
Some  of  the  accuaed  peraona,  terrified  by  their  danger, 
aought  aafety  in  avowing  the  charge,  recanting  their 
auppoaed  impiety,  and  denouncing  othera  aa  their 
temptera  and  aaaociatna.  In  order  to  begot  favor  and 
verify  their  recantation,  they  now  declared  themaelvea 
the  viclime  of  the  witchcraft  they  had  formerly  prac- 
tiaad,  counterfeited  the  iicrvoua  aneclivne  of  Iheir  ac- 
euaera,  and  imputed  their  anfferinga  to  the  vengeance 
of  their  ancient  accomplice*.  Thnae  artificea  and  Ihe 
general  deluaion  were  promoted  by  the  conduct  of  the 
magiatratee,  who,  with  a  monatroua  inversion  of  equity 
anifaound  policy,  offered  impunity  to  all  who  would 
eonfeaa  the  chargea  and  betray  their  asaociates,  while 

•  Swelling  of  the  throat,  In  particular,  now  well  known  aa 
a  hysterical  symptom,  waa  considered  at  this  time  a  horrible 
prodigy.  Medical  science  was  still  depraved  by  an  admixture 
of  gniaa  snperstition.  The  touch  of  a  king  waa  believed  to 
be  capable  of  curing  soma  diseases ;  and  astrology  formed  a 
part  of  tha  course  of  medicai  atudy,  becaaae  the  efflcaey  of 
druiawaa  bellevadta  ba  praaaatado'  Ifalail  hgrplainera 


ihey  inllagibly  dnomad  to  deeih  every  aceuead  . 
who  maintained  hia  innorence.  Thus,  o'le  acciiaalion 
produced  a  multitude  of  uthere.  lh«  accnard  be«oinin| 
acuuaara  and  witnussea,  end  haaleninii  to  eeeape  froin 
the  lianger  by  involving  oiher  peraona  in  It.  From 
Salem,  when  its  mam  fnry  waa  exerted,  Iha  avtl 
apread  aitenaivaly  over  Ihe  provin<-a  of  .MaaaaehuaafM  | 
and  wheraever  it  waa  able  to  peneirale,  it  elfcctoaly 
aubverted  the  happineaa  and  aenurily  of  Itfe.  Tha 
aword  of  ihe  law  waa  wrealed  from  the  haiidaof  juetiraw 
and  committrd  to  tha  grasp  of  the  wildest  fear  ami 
fury.  Suaponaa  and  alarm  ptirvailad  all  ranka  of  aa- 
eiety.  The  Aral  ami  tha  favorite  otijeute  of  acouaelic« 
had  baan  ill-favorad  old  women,  whoaa  dieinal  tepoet, 
exeitiDg  terror  and  averaion.  inauad  of  pity  and  kim^ 
neee,  waa  reckoned  a  proof  uf  iheir  guill,  and  ieena4 
to  deaignata  tha  ^ropar  aganta  of  myalarioue  and  B*> 
earthly  wiek.idneaa.  Dm  the  aphara  of  aceueation  wia 
prograeaiv  j|y  enlarged  to  auch  a  degree,  that  at  langlk 
neithar  ai.e  nor  eex,  neither  ianoranca  nor  InneainoOb 
neither  U  aming  nor  piety,  neither  reputation  nor  oAao, 
could  iff.  rd  .he  alighleal  aafegiiard  againat  a  charfa  of 
wiichcral  .  Evan  irrational  craaturee  wen  involvod 
in  thia  fau*  charge ;  and  a  dog  belonging  to  a  ganllo* 
iMn  accused  u.  ...-.-hcnft,  waa  hanged  aa  an  aceom* 
plice  of  ita  maater.  Under  the  dominion  of  lerrer,  iU 
mutual  confidence  aecraed  to  be  deetroyed,  and  tha  beat 
feelinga  of  human  nulnra  tnmplad  under  fool.  Tba 
neaiaal  niationa  baeam*  aaek  otbar'a  aeruaen  and  on* 
unhappy  man,  in  panienlar,  waa  eondamnad  and  axo- 
eutea  on  the  laatimony  of  hia  wifa  and  daughter,  who 
appear  to  have  accuaed  him  manly  for  tha  aAa  of  pro- 
aarving  themeelvea.  Many  fO>paelabla  panooa  Had 
from  the  colony ;  otbare,  mainuiniiig  their  innocanca, 
won  capitally  convietad,  and  died  with  a  datarmiiiad 
courage  and  piety  that  aflaetad,  bnl  could  not  diaa- 
buac,  tha  apacutora.  The  accounia  tnat  have  bean 
pnaarved  of  tha  triala  of  Ihoaa  unfortunate  peraona, 
preeaiit  a  moat  nvniting  and  humiliating  pictura  ot 
iraniy,  folly,  and  injuatiea.  Then  wen  received  in 
evidence  againat  Ihn  priaonen,  accounia  of  loeeee  anti 
miahapa  that  had  befallen  tha  eccueen  or  their  vjattio 
(in  soma  caaaa,  twenty  yean  hefon  the  trial)  reconll^ 
after  aoma  mealing  or  eoma  diaagreemanl  with  the  uri- 
eonera.  Againel  othara,  it  waa  dap«>aed  that  llm? 
had  performed  greater  foata  of  etnngth.  and  walked 
from  one  place  to  another  in  a  ahorter  epace  of  lima 
than  the  aceuaen  judged  poaeibia  without  diabolical 
aaaiaunca.  But  tha  main  article  of  proof  waa  tha 
epectral  apparitiona  of  Ihe  peraona  of  the  euppoeid 
witchea  to  the  eyee  of  their  aceuaen  during  tha  pa* 
roiysma  of  their  malady.  The  aceuaen  aomatimee  do- 
dared  that  they  rould  not  eaa  tha  priaonen  at  Iha  bal 
of  the  court ;  which  waa  conatrued  into  a  proof  of  tho 
immediate  exertion  of  Satanic  infliianco  in  nndaring 
their  peraone  invisible  lo  the  evee  of  thoeo  who  wan  to 
testify  aoaioat  tham.  The  boitiee  of  tha  priaonen  wero 
commonly  examined  for  the  diecovery  of  what  wero 
termed  witoh-marka ;  and  aa  Iha  examinen  did  noi 
know  what  they  wen  eeeking  for,  and  yet  eenuwlly  do- 
eirad  to  find  it,  every  lilila  ponctun  or  dieeoloration  of 
tha  akin  waa  eaaily  believao  to  ha  tha  impnaa  of  dia- 
bolical touch.  In  general  tha  aceuaen  fell  into  Ala,  or 
complained  of  violent  uneaainesa  at  the  eight  of  tho 
priaooera.  On  the  trial  of  Mr.  Burrougha,  a  clergyman 
of  tha  higheat  napactability,  aoma  M  tha  witneaeaa 
being  affected  in  thie  manner,  Ihe  judgea  nplied  lo  hia 
proteatationa  of  innocence,  by  aaking  if  h«  wouM  van- 
lure  to  deny  that  theae  peraona  wen  than  under  tha 
influence  of  diabolical  agencv.  He  anawered  that  ho 
did  not  deny  it,  but  thai lia  ilenied  bavins  ant  c->iKera 
with  it.  "  If  you  wera  not  a  friend  of  the  devil, '  re- 
plied the  preeiding  judge,  "  ha  would  not  exert  bimselt 
in  thia  manner  to  pravent  theea  peraona  from  apeaking 
againat  you."  When  a  prieoner  in  hia  defence  ottered 
any  thing  that  aearoed  lo  move  the  audience  in  hia  favor, 
aoma  of  the  aceuaen  wero  raedy  to  exclaim  that  they 
aaw  tha  devil  atanding  by  and  putting  the  worda  in  hia 
mouth;  and  every  feeling  of  humanity  waa  chaaad 
away  by  auch  abeord  and  frantic  exclainaiiona.  *  Soma 
fraud  and  malignity  undoubtedly  mixed  with  einceio 
miaapprchansion  in  atimulating  thaaa  proaacniinna.  Tha 


*  It  Is  imiMBslble  to  laad  these  trials  as  they  an  reeeited 
by  Cotton  Mather  and  Neal,  without  being  struck  wtth  the 
resemblance  they  exhibit  to  the  proceedinga  In  Bngland  on 
the  triala  of  Iha  persona  accuaed  of  participation  m  tha 
Popish  Plot.  In  both  cases,  the  grand  engliio  of  iiijusUee 
and  destruction  waa  the  pasalon  of  fear ;  a  passion  whkh, 
when  stnmgly  excited,  is  capable  of  producing  tbe  moat 
anormoua  axceasea  of  niry  ana  cruelty.  In  both  countries  a 
mlxtura  of  cauaea  contributed  to  the  production  of  the  evil ; 
but  niK|<iasilonably  then  was  a  much  greater  degree  of  ai> 
tlRca  employed  to  excite  and  nalnuin  the  popular  paala  b 
■nglanl  and  hi  America. 


an 


THE  HISTORY  Of 


' 


■lllirl|i*t  (rat  «M  ynatirtlW  •nraia«l  in  Um  Muti*  tl 
{iwllre,  UM  III  OMW  of  MitefwrtO,  asruMlion  wu  aqiil- 
(llani  m  «jn«Ktion,  praMiilvil  iho  iiioit  •iiliilii  aiiil 
(nwarful  •lluniiMnU  to  lh»  •iprvwioii  o(  iialiiral  fu- 
rociljr.  tnJ  III*  iiiilul(|«iie«  of  Uiiiaalio  lerrur  ami  ana- 
liliHMii  iihI  Ihara  la  liul  loo  iniicli  rtaaun  lo  ImIi»vii 
Dial  rap*citv.  malic*  •nil  r*«*iy*  wiir*  nol  vainly  in- 
vtMd  10  B*ii*  ihia  0|i|i<irtiiiiily  of  •aliatiiiK  ihoir  aiiix- 
lil»a  ill  miiilinuiioii  tiki  UiMMlahpJ.  Hu  alruiiii  ini>.iii- 
wliil*  wa^  III*  |io|Hilac  lUluaioii,  ilial  avvii  lli*  ili'Kclinii 
)ir  uMiiibal  (Mrjiiry  on  on*  uf  ill*  trial*  |irav*ii  ulicrly 
junilllcMnt  10  w**l>*ii  iho  crnlil  of  tlw  ina*(  unaup- 
MMtni  tccUBtlUMi  Hir  William  i'hi|i|M  Ih*  ganfriior, 
*iul  Iho  inoal  laatiioii  imi  •ininanl  |icraona  both  iinanK 
III*  el*rinf  ■ml  laily  of  iho  pnvins*,  pariook  ami  ytn- 
molod  ikr  Mnoru  infttutlMii.  Nuihliig  but  an  out- 
ngooiM  imlaninM  wilelwnA  oooiimhI  oapabi*  of  ••■ 
(uring  any  iimIivmIuiI  of  ilw  *af*i]r  of  hi*  lif*  \  ami 
lonpuiion*  ihttbolloo  rraqiMniiy  ovarpowami  human 
•ourago  and  tiiIm,  aroar  fnnn  ih*  convwiion  iinpr****ii 
•n  nmy  |i*raoo  Uitt  ha  ntual  maka  eliuica  of  tlw  ■jtiia- 
lion  of  tho  opyiaaatd  or  Iho  oiipraaaar.  Th*  .i^«<< 
(aa  Iha  aaouacra  war*  tariHMi)  and  Ihair  witii*****  and 
partiUM,  bogaii  to  Ibnn  a  numaroua  and  uiiilad  paity 
Ml  a«ary  aominunily,  which  nono  darad  lo  opnoaa.  and 
which  noiM  who  onto  joined  or  aiippoftad  could  foraako 
with  impunity.  A  intviatnla  who  had  for  aoina  liiaa 
lakari  an  acliv*  part  in  •itininiiig  and  committing  Iba. 
auppoaad  d«lmi|u«iit*,  b*ginning  to  Bua|>acl  that  ihnaa 
pncaadinga  onginatcd  in  aoino  fatal  miataka,  itowod 
an  inclination  to  diaoouraga  than  ;  and  wi*  indantly 
■•atiM  With  acharga  of  wilckt.ift  againat  himaalf.  A 
.ontiaUa  who  had  apiiftbandwi  many  of  th*  aecuaad, 
waa  atruek  with  a  aimiltr  auapicion,  ami  haatily  daolarad 
that  Im  would  mcdilla  in  thia  mattar  no  farthar.  In- 
atanily  awar*  of  the  dangar  ha  had  provoked,  ho  at- 
uinpied  to  fly  the  country,  but  waa  overtaken  in  hi* 
flight  hy  Iho  vanueanc*  of  th*  accuanra,  and,  having 
been  brought  barl  to  Salem,  waa  triad  for  witchcraft, 
coiirleled  and  eiacuted.  Sonta  peraon*  whom  aolf* 
praaervatioii  had  Induced  lo  accuao  thoir  noarnt  tela- 
livua,  being  touthed  with  ramorae,  proelaimad  the 
wrong  they  had  done,  and  mraeted  thair  tealiinony. 
'I'liny  wcr*  convlctud  of  relap**  into  wiicherafk,  and 
died  Ih*  vir'im*  of  iboir  roturning  vinoa. 

The  aril  at  length  breaine  too  great  lo  bo  borne. 
Abuut  lifteeii  inoiiiba  had  elapaed  ainee  the  malady  had 
biok*  out,  and  ao  far  from  being  (ilinguiaiied  or  abatmi, 
.1  wt*  growing  every  day  moio  formidable.  Of  twenty- 
t'lftht  peraona  win  had  been  eapiialiy  convicted,  nine- 
iteii  tad  boon  hanged  ;*  and  one,  br  refuaing  to  plead, 
tied  been  pruiti  lo  dtalk  i — the  only  inatance  in  which 
ihia  ICngliab  legal  barbarity  wa*  ever  inflicted  in  North 
America.  The  number  of  the  aceiiaer*  and  pariloned 
witiwaaaa  multiplied  with  alarming  rapidity.  The  aon* 
of  Ucveriior  Bradalreet,  and  oihcr  Individuil*  of  emi- 
nent aution  and  character,  had  Hed  from  a  charge  be- 
imd  by  ilie  whole  t*nor  of  thoir  live*.  An  hundred 
and  iifiy  |icraona  ware  in  pri*on  on  the  aame  charge, 
and  coiiiplainta  agilnat  no  leaa  than  two  hundred  other* 
bad  been  preaented  to  the  maglatrale*.  Men  began  to 
oak  theiuaolvea,  Wheie  tbia  would  end  I  The  con- 
atancy  and  pieiy  with  which  the  unfortunate  victima 
liad  ilird,  produced  an  inipreaaion  on  the  minda  of  the 
people  which,  though  counterbalanced  at  the  time  by 
tlw  teatimony  of  the  pardoned  wilneeaea,  began  to  re 
five  with  th*  reflection  that  theee  witneaaea  had  pur- 
chaaed  their  live*  by  their  teatimony,  while  the  peraona 
againat  whom  they  had  borne  evidence  had  aealod  their 
own  teatimony  with  their  blood.  It  waa  happjr,  per- 
hap*,  for  llie  country,  that  while  the  minda  of  the 
people  were  ewakaning  to  refleetioiia  «o  favorable  to 
returning  moderation  and  humanity,  aome  of  the  ae- 
cuaera  carried  the  audacity  of  their  arraionment  to  auch 

■  pitch,  aa  10  prefer  eliargoe  of  witchcraft  againat  Lady 
Phippa,  the  govemor'a  wife,  and  againat  aome  of  the 
nearaat  relativea  of  Di.  Inereaao  Mather,  the  moot 
pioaa  miniatar  and  popular  citiien  of  Maaaachuielt*. 
Tbeae  chargea  at  once  opened  the  erea  of  Sir  William 
Phippa  and  Dr.  Mather ;  ao  far,  at  ieaat,  aa  to  induce 

■  einng  auapicion  that  many  of  the  late  proeeedinga 
kni  bMn  laah  and  indefenaible.  They  felt  that  they 
had  dealt  with  otheta  in  a  manner  very  diflerent  from 
that  in  which  they  were  now  reduced  to  deaire  that 


*Tlila  i*  nothlnf  to  th*  alaufhlar  that  wa*  Inlictad  In  the 
nfalareoorao  of  juatlce  or  Injuatlce  In  England.  Howell,  in 
ti'o  lettera,  one  dated  February  3,  IMA,  tba  ottier  Pettninry 
ii ,  MIT,  aaya  tnal  In  two  year*  tber*  were  indited  In  SiitTuik 
t.  4  Viaei  between  MW  hundred  and  SOO  witchen.  nf  whom 
n  -.N*  than  half  wer*  eiecuted.  Tnat  ihU  wni,  lu'rountnd  no 
*  ery  o^tfoardliiarr  number  of  eiecutionft  In  EnsUnd,  may  be 
'■•him  tao  a  TutMy  or  alnil'u  facia  coilrcted  by  ttarnagtoa, 
In MiBtww vauai*  on  ttat  V.  nenryili*  Suith. 


olh*r*  ahould  deal  wilh  them.     'Ilie  eame  •entimeni 
alwt  lieginninit  In  prevail  in  the  nnhlio  mind,  a  rixolnl* 
•ml  anrcvaatii]  alloin|it  waa  ni^iilo  hv  «  rnapeeulil*  nli- 
n  of  llnalun  In  alem  llii'  fury  of  the**  larrilil*  pro. 
Mri|iiiani.     ilaviiiij  lu-rn  rlMri{i'i|  with  wilrhcrall  by 
aoin*  piiraona  at  Amlovrr.  hr  aiitirip«ii*d  an  arreat,  by 
iMililly  arrraiinii  liia  arciKKri  liir  il«raiiiation,  anil  laiil 
Ilia  tUrniijna  at  a  tlioiM^nd  jMinniU      'i'lin  elfiu't  of  linn 
tigornna  prweeiliM^f  atir|tii»«r(l  liia  moat  aangnini*  ei- 
p*cl*liuii*.     Il  aiinniud  aa  if  a  a|iell  that  had  Imen  caal 
over  ihe  people  of  Amloynr  waa  diaaolvad  by  one  Inild 
touch  ;  In*  Ireiiiy  vanialied  in  •  moment,  ami  witch- 
craft wa*  heani  uf  in  ilul  town  no  mor*.     Th*  imprea- 
*ian  wa*  rapidly  (impaiialed  llironghout  th*  provinre ; 
and  lb*  ellevt  of  it  waa  aeon  at  ill*  very  neat  •'uurt 
that  wa*  held  for  the  trial  of  witchi'mft,  wh*n,  of  (\fiy 
nriaoner*  who  were  trird  on  aiirl,  evidence  aa  had  been 
formerly  deemed  aulHcnnt,  llie  iiccuaera  could  obtain 
Ih*  conviction  of  no  mora  than  ll  rre,  who  wore  initnn- 
diately  reprieved  by  the  govern  ir.     Tbeae  aci|niilala 
wero  donlitlea*  in  part   proiluca.i  by  a  chani{e  which 
tha  public  opinion  underwent  aa  to  the  aninciem-y  of 
what  waa  Jenominatrd  ipielril  ,<niUw:t  of  witclicrafk. 
An  •••embly  of  the  moat  eminoiit  divine*  of  the  pro- 
vince, convoked  for  the  pnr|Kne  hy  the  govrrnor,  had, 
alter  due  conaidoration,  given  il  forth  aa  their  delibe- 
rate judgment,  "  That  the  ajiparil.on*  of  |ieraona  alHict 
ing  other*,  wa*  no  proof  of  thai,  being  witchei,"  and 
that  it  waa  hy  no  moan*  inconaiment  with  acnniure  or 
reaaon  that  the  devil  aliould  aaauii,e  the  ahape  of  a  go<Hl 
man,  or  even  eauae  the  real  aapivt  of  lliat  man  to  pro- 
due*  impr**aion*  of  p*in  on  th*  bodie*  of  peraona  be- 
witched. Th*  miniatera,  nevertheleaa,  united  in  atrongly 
revammonding  to  the  government  the  vigoroua  proae- 
eution  of  all  |wraona  atill  arcnard  of  witchcraft.     But 
the  judgment  they  had  pronounced  reapertini;  the  va- 
lidity of  Ihe  cuaiomary  evidence,  rendcrrd  it  alinoal 
impo**ibla  lo  procure  a  conviction,  and  produced,  at 
the  aame  time,  ao  complete  a  revolution  m  the  piihlio 
mind  reapecting  the  late  eieculiona,  that  charge*  of 
witchcrall  were  found  lo  eicitc  no  other  •eniimenle 
than  diagiiat  and  auapicion  of  the  panic*  who  preferred 
them.    The  cloud   th*l  had  ao  deeply  overcaat   tlie 
ptoaperiiT  and  happiiieaa  of  the  colony  vaniahrd  f  ntirely 
away,  and  univeraal  ahams  and  remorae  lucceeded  to 
the  freniy  that  had  lately  prevailed.     Even  thoae  who 
continued  to  believe  in  the  reality  of  the  dialiolical  in- 
fluence of  which  th*  accuser*  had  complaini'd,  were 
aatialied  that  moat,  if  not  all,  of  Ihe  unfortunate  coi^. 
victa  had  been  unjuatly  condemned,  and  that  their  aa- 
cuaeta,  in  charging  them,  had  been  deluded  by  the  aama 
agency  by  which   ihoir   aulTeringa  were   occaaioned. 
Many  of  the  witneaaea  now  came  forward  and  pub- 
liahed  Ihe  moat  aolemn  rccantakiona  of  the  teatimony 
they  had  formerly  given,  both  againat  themeelvea  and 
olhar* ;  ipologiiing  for  their  perjury  by  a  proteaution, 
of  which  all  were  conatraineii  to  admit  the  force,  that 
no  other  meana  of  aaving  their  live*  had  been  left  to 
them.     The**  toitimonie*  were  nol  able  to  ahake  the: 
opinion  which  waa  •till   retained   by  a  conaidcrable 
party  both  among  the  late  accuaera  and  the  public  at 
large,  that  much  witchrrafi  had  miied  with  the  late 
malady,  whether  the  real  culprit*  had  yet  been  detected 
or  not.     Thi*  opinion  wa*  *upported  in  treatiaea  writ- 
ten at  Ihe  lima  hy  Dr.  Mather  and  other  eminent 
divine*.     But  it  wae  found  imp  aaihie  ever  tha  to 
roviva  pro*ecuiiona  that  excited  auch  painnd  remem- 
brance*, and  had  been  *o  lamentably  perverted.     Sir 
William  Phipp*,  aoon  after  he  had  repricted  the  three 
peraona  laat  convicted,  ordered  all  who  were  in  cuatody 
on  chargea  of  witchcraft  lo  be  releaaed,  and,  in  order  to 
prevent  the  diaaenaiona  that  might  ariae  from  the  reiri- 
butory  proccedins;*  againat  the  accuaera  and  iheir  wit- 
neaaea, he  proclaimed  a  general  pardon  to  all  peraona 
for  any  roneernment  they  might  have  had  with  Iho  pro- 
aeeutiona  for  witchcraft.     The  aurviving  victima  of  the 
daluaion,  however,  and  the  relativea  of  thoae  who  had 
periahed,  were  enabled  to  enjoy  all  the  conaolation  they 
could  derive  from  the  aympathy  of  their  countrymen 
and  the  earneat  regret  of  their  peraecutora.     The  house 
of  aaaeinbly  appointed  a  general  fart  and  prayer,  "  that 
Ood  would  pardon  all  the  errora  of  hia  aervania  and 
people  in  a  late  tragedy  raised  among  ua  by  Satan  and 
hiB  instrumenta."     One  uf  the  judgea  who  had  preaidrd 
on  Ihe  tiiala  at  Salem,  atood  up  in  his  place  in  church 
on  Ihia  occaaion,  and  implored  the  prayer*  of  the  people 
that  the  error*  he  had  been  guilty  uf  might  not  be 
viaited  by  the  judgments  of  an  avenging  Ood  on  the 
country,  his  family,  or  hiinaclf.     Many  of  the  jurymen 
suhncribed  and  published  a  declaration  lamenting  and 
condemning  the  delnaion  to  which  they  had  yielded, 
and  (feknowladging  that  Ibaf  hid  braugnt  Um  reproMb 


of  inioeent  blood  on  llieir  naliv*  laiM  Mr.  Ptftt.  Ik* 
clergyman  who  had  indiliilrd  iho  Ural  prnaecntiotia^ 
and  prumnied  all  Ihe  real,  round  hiniielf  ei|Hn»d  to  • 
reaentinent  nut  liiiid  nr  violent,  bill  dern  aitl  gri(«rai« 
and  waa  at  lenglh  nnivtraally  alinnncu  by  hia  lellaw 
citiaena,    and    aliandoned    by    hia   cuigregalinn.      Hal 

appeara,  Ihrongliniit  Ih*  wliole  pru< lire*,  to   liav* 

•ctml  Willi   prrlVcl  annerily,  bnl  lo  li.iv«  lurii  IraiM* 
ported,  hy  a  vohoineni  leinper  uiiil  a  alrung  convicUM 
of  Ihe  righll'uliieaa  of  the  end*  II*  pnrain'd,  into  tha 
adu|ilion  of  m*ana  for  Iheir  altainnient,  inconaiaunl 
with   Iriilh,    honor,  or  jnalice      While  the   deluaiM 
laaled,  hia  violenc*  waa  aiplauded  aa  laat  in  a  righiaoM 
eauae,  t'ld  '„ltle  h**d  waa  given  to  accuaaiiun*  of  arli> 
Ace  and  partiality  in  rondneting  what  wa*  lMili*v*d  W 
be  a  caniroveray  wilh  mo  devil,     llni  when  it  apprarad 
that  nil  Iheae  nffurta  had  in  reality  beer,  directed  to  tbo 
aheddingof  innncent  Mood,  hia  |mpiiUrily  g*«*  piaw 
to  univeraal  odium  and  diagiial.     Henailile,  at  langdk 
how  dreadfully  erronruiia  Ins  conduct  litd  beiiii,  [  lOifl,] 
h*  haaluned  lo  inak*  a  public  prorvamuii  uf  ropentanca, 
and  auleiniily  begged  furgiveiieaa  of  I  Ind  and  man    Ilul 
the  people  declaring  that  they  would  never  more  tl> 
lend  th*  minialry  ofon*  who  had  been  the  inalruiiieni 
of  iniaery  and  mm  lo  ao  many  of  Ihuir  cunnlryinen,  b* 
waaoliligcil  til  resign  liia  clurgu  and  depart  from  .Saluin.* 
Thiia  lerminaled  a  acenu  ul  doliiaiun  and  cruelly  Ihal 
jually  eiciied  Iho  •aluniabiiiunl  uf  the  civiIkuU  world, 
and  had  eihibiled  a  fearful  picture  uf  llie  wiaitnoaa  ul 
human  ntluia  in  th*  auddeii  trantl'urmaiiun  of  *  iwo;)!* 
renowned  over  all  the  earth  fur  piety  and  virtue,  inin 
the  alaves  or  asaocia'.ea,  the  lerrilled  dupca  ur  lielpleaa 
prey,  of  a  band  of  ferociou*  lunaliea  and  aaaasain*. 
Among  the  variuu*  evil  conaei|ueiicea  lli.^t  reaulied 
from  theae   evenia,  not  Iho  Ivual  iinuuitanl  waa  th* 
clfoct  they  produced  on  the  niiiida  uf  tiiu  Indian  tribea, 
who  began  to  roiiceite  a  very  unfavorable  upiiiiun  ul 
thu  people  that  cuiild  intlicl  such  barliariiiea  on  tlieii 
own  countrymen,  and  the  religion  that  aevnied  lu  arm 
Ihe  handa  of  ita  profvaaor*  for  uieir  mutual  deslructiou 
Thia  impre*«ioii  wa*  th*  more  diaadvantegiiou*  lo  Ilw 
coluniata,  aa  there  had  exialed  fur  aoiu*  tune  *  cuiiipe- 
tition  between  their  niisaiuiuriea  and  the  priesta  of  th# 
French  aetllementa,  for  the  iiiMniction  and  conversion 
of  Ihe  Indian*:!  and  it  waa  alwaya  fuund  that  th* 
tritiea  embraced  ihe  |ialitical  intereata  of  that  peopio 
whose  religiout   inatriiciors  wero  most  |M>pular  aiiuiii( 
tbeni.     The  French  did  no>.  fail  lo  improva  to  tluiir  own 
advantage,  the  odioiia  apectacle  tliul  llie  lalu  Ireiiay  ol 
the  people  of  New  iCngland  had  eilnbited  ;  and  to  thia 
end  they  labored  with  such  diligence  and  auScusa,  thfc 
in  the  fallowing  year,  when  Hir  William  I'liippa  paid  f 
visit   to  the   tribea  with  whom  he  had  concluded  iho 
treaty  of  Pcinina({uid,  and  endeavored  lu  uiiile  them  in 
a  aoli'd  and  laating  friendahip  with  Ihe  coloniata,  he  found 
them  more  lirmly  wedded  than  over  to  the  intereata  ol 
llie  French,  and  under  the  doinininn  of  prcpoaaeaaioni 
unfavorable  in  the  liigheat  degree  to  Iho  lurmation  d 
friendly  relation*  with  the  t^ngliah.     To  hia  propoaition 
of  renewing  the  Iraaly  of  peace,  they  agreed   vary 
readily  ;  but  all  hi*  inatancea  bo  prevail  with  theiu  W 
delist  from  their  iiiturcourse  with  the  French,  provnl 
utterly  unavailing.     They  rcfuaid  to  baton  to  the  mia* 
Bionariea  who  accompanied  him  ;  having  learned  frtia 


Llfs  uf  sir  William  Phippa.    Incrraaa 

nnsclenre  ronrvrnliia  Evil  apirtta.    Neai, 

n.  4D»-Ml.    Hutcliinsnn,  II.  17-M.    Cai*ra  Wonders  of  tlia 


Mather,  B.  il. 
MsDif  r*i  Cases  ol  Conscience  concvrnliia 


.nvMiiile  World.  "  I  Dud  iliese  entries  In  tlM  MS.  IKary  *f 
Judge  Howell:  *  Went  totla'.ent,  wlier*,lnfbein*«tblf-huus*, 
the  (lernona  accused  of  witchcraft  were  *aannn*di  every 
great  ssaeinbly.  'Twas  awiul  to  see  huw  Ihe  aflllcta^  [ersooa 
wore  sgiluted  *  Hot  III  the  iiisrglii  Is  written,  In  a  tioiimloua 
ti-snil,  (iroliably  on  a  subseiiuent  leview,  Ihe  Ismenting  Ljlim 
interjection.  Vae,  vae,  vael"    lloliiiea.  It.  ft,  0. 

t  It  was  a  very  depraved  edilinn  of  Chrlstlsnily  that  waa 
preached  lo  the  Indians  by  the  French  priests — a  sysiem 
that  harninniied  perfectly  well  with  the  p-isslons  and  senll- 
ments  which  true  tihrlsllanity  most  strongly  condemns.  It 
substituted  tli*  ntes  and  superstitious  invenuons  of  the  Aonilvh 
church  In  the  place  of  their  ancient  witchcraft  and  Idulslry. 
and  allgmatuliig  llieir  enemlea  aa  heretics,  allbrded  addiUonal 
sanction  and  irs:itQnien*.  to  hnlred,  fury,  and  cruelly.  Neal 
has  preserved  (Vol.  1.  p.  UM)  a  specimen  of  the  French  Mis- 
sionary Catechism,  coiitinniiig  a  tissue  of  the  most  absurd 
and  childish  lictlons  gravely  propounded  as  the  articlas  of 
christian  ductrine.  Tha  fulluwing  anecdote  Is  reLtled  by 
(ioveriiur  Colden  In  Ids  History  of  the  Five  Nations,  Vol.  f. 
p.  307.  **  Abuut  th*  time  of  llio  conclusion  of  the  peace  of 
Ryswick,  Tiicrouet,  a  noted  Indian  sschem,  died  at  Moui.  it 
Tiio  French  gave  him  christian  burial  in  a  pompous  manner  i 
the  priest  Ihsi  attended  hlro  at  Ills  death  having  declared  Ihal 
he  died  a  true  Christian.  For  (ssid  Ihe  priest)  wliil*  I  •>• 
plained  to  him  the  passion  of  our  Saviour,  whom  th*  J*wi 
cruclflud,  lie  ciiod  out,  *  Oli !  Ii:ul  1  been  there,  1  would  bav« 
reveiised  his  death,  and  bruuKlit  away  their  scalps."  ThO 
Kreitcli  priests  who  ministered  amongst  th*  Indian*  war* 
Ju.«uits:  and  their  inaiiin,  ilist  il  was  unneteaaarylakaaB 
faith  with  heretic*,  proved  but  t«u  coageuial  to  tha  *•«•■■ 
tttMt  <K  IMIr  pu|lhk 


NORTH  AMBRIOA. 


Jrelalad  bT 
loni.  Vol.  f, 

'■CO  of 


lie  HI 
lt>toi 


•Im  fNr.ih  pnaiu  10  buliavt  llwl  lh«  Kn|li>h  w«r* 
hartikt,  iiul  •Miaim  to  Ih*  Irii*  rclitfinii  ol  Chrid, 
Norn*  of  Ihoin  iciiiiiloil  nol  to  niintrli,  tiwl  iitwa  llwy 
hod  rtc«itr«d  Um  iniirucliona  oflh*  Kniirh,  witcliriiil 
hwi  •iiliroly  diHppMnil  from  tinong  lh«in,  anil  thai 
ikay  had  iw  daaira  I'l  ravj««  It  by  cuininiiiiieallaii  with 
•  poopla  iiBong  whom  il  waa  ra|Hilad  atill  lu  prrvail 
mora  aiMnaivaljr  than  il  hud  avrr  iliiiiti  with  llirmii'lvca. 

('van  thing,  indaad,  iMiukniiail  Iha  raiiewal  u(  lioa- 
Itiiliaa  mlwcan  tha  eoloniala  and  (ha  Indiana,  whi>'h 
Meonlin||lv  bruka  out  varjt  aoon  aflrr,  and  waa  prrliapa 
accalaraiau  bjr  Iha  daparlure  of  -Sir  Wilhani  I'liippa 
hum  Naw  England.  Tha  adininiairalionof  ihiagovar- 
nor,  llMMgh  in  Iha  main  highly  and  jiiilly  iiO|iular,  had 
mot  facapad  a  ceniiderahia  d«grea  uf  r«|iroacn  'Ilia  dia- 
•oniania  aicllad  liy  iha  laialion  thai  had  boan  lm|ioaad 
(or  Iha  aup|MKl  of  tha  forliHcalion  at  l'ainma<|uld,  con- 
ourring  with  tha  laaanlmaiila  and  anmlliai  thai  tho 
proaaculiona  for  wiicheiafk  had  lafi  bahind,  produead  a 
parly  In  Iho  provinca  wlio  laborad  on  a«ary  oceaaion  M 
Ibwart  Iha  meaaiiraa  and  traduce  tha  charaslar  uf  iha 
uovarnor.  Kindnig  thoir  airtlioiia  In  Maaaaohuaalla 
hianfllciant  lo  drprlvn  him  uf  tho  ailitam  of  tha  graal 
body  of  Iha  paopla,  ihaia  advrraariiia  Iranainillad  aril- 
«laa  of  imjiaachmanl  againal  him  In  Knglainl,  and  pall- 
llonad  llw  king  ami  council  for  hia  racal  and  iiuniah' 
menl.  llw  king  having  daclarod  Ihal  ha  would  hvar 
iha  rauaa  hiinaalf,  an  ordar  waa  iranainilird  lo  Iha  gn- 
vanior  lo  mml  hia  accnavra  in  iha  royal  praaanca  at 
Whitatiall ;  In  coinplianca  with  which,  Hir  WiHIain  aat 
Mil  for  England,  carrying  with  him  an  addreaa  of  iha 
■aaomhiy  nprvaaivn  uf  im  alrongaat  atlachmanl  to  hia 
pannn,  and  b«iuci-liing  ihe  king  ihal  th«y  might  nnl  bo 
danrivad  of  tha  arrvicoa  uf  w>  ablo  and  moritorioua  an 
offlcer.  Un  hi*  appoaranco  at  court  hia  tccuaero  van- 
iahail,  and  lliair  chargna  wars  withdrawn  ;  and  having 
randarad  a  aaliafactorv  account  uf  hia  adininiairation  lo 
tho  king,  ha  waa  preparing  lo  rnliini  lo  Ilia  uuvurnninnt, 
whnn  a  malignant  faver  put  an  and  lo  hia  uf*.  [IAU3.] 
Iln  Iflft  buhind  him  tho  ropulaiion  of  a  pioua,  upright, 
and  honorabia  man.  Aa  a  aoldior,  if  nol  pra-amnianlly 
•kilful,  ha  waa  actlvo  and  bravo ;  aa  a  civil  rulor,  faitn- 
ful,  niagnanimona,  and  diilnlaraalad  :  il  waa  romarkod 
of  him,  aa  of  Ariatldea,  that  "  ho  waa  novar  aoen  tho 
prouder  for  any  honor  Ihal  waa  done  him  by  hia  couii- 
Iryinon ;"  and  though  the  ganoroua  aiinpliciiy  of  hia 
monnera  adde>!  luairo  lo  tho  high  rank  ho  had  attained, 
ba  waa  nevr  aahamed  lo  revarl  lo  Ihe  humility  of  tha 
eondilio:'.  from  which  he  had  aprung.  In  tho  midal  of 
t  A<".  >  lliat  wia  conveying  an  ariiuinent  which  ho  com- 
manded on  ■  mililiry  eiupdillun,  ho  called  lo  him  aoma 
young  aoldyra  and  •ailora  who  were  alandlng  on  tho 
deck  of  hia  vomoI,  and  pointing  to  a  particular  apol  on 
Ihv  ahore,  aaid,  "  Young  men,  il  waa  upon  Ihal  hill  thai 
I  kopl  ahnep  a  fow  yeara  ago  ; — and  ainco  you  aee  ihal 
Almighty  (iod  haa  brought  ino  lo  aoiiioihing,  du  you 
learn  lo  fear  Ood  and  b«  honoal,  and  you  don't  know 
what  you  may  come  to." 

On  Iho  departure  of  Sir  William  Phippa,  Ihempramo 
authority  in  Maaaachuartla  devolved  on  Mr.  8lou){hlon, 
Iho  lieutonant-guvernor,  who  continued  lo  oxoreiao  it 
during  Ihe  ihrie  fullowlng  yeara ;  the  king  boing  ao 
much  engroaaed  with  his  ware  and  negulittiona  oo  tho 
contineni  of  turopo,  thil  il  waa  not  till  after  ibo  peace 
of  Ryawick  ihal  hv  found  leiaurn  oven  lo  nominalo  a 
■ueceaior  lo  Sir  William  I'hippa.  During  thia  period, 
(he  happineaa  of  tho  people  waa  much  diaturlied  by  in- 
larnal  divaenaion,  and  their  proaperity  invaded  by  the 
ealaniitiea  of  war.  The  paBsiona  beiiueathed  by  Ifae 
peraecutioiia  for  wilchcrafl  continued  long  to  divide  and 
■gilato  the  people  ;  and  the  factioua  oppoaiiion  .hicli 
Ihoy  had  promoted  to  the  government  of  Sir  Williuni 
Phippa,  continued  lo  incrcaao  in  vigor  and  virulence 
■lier  hia  depirturo.  The  mutual  animoailiaa  of  the 
eoloniala  had  attained  aiich  a  iieight,  Ihal  Ihoy  aoomed 
to  he  ready  to  involve  their  country  in  a  civil  war ;  and 
tho  opetationa  jf  Ihe  govermneiit  were  cramped  and 
ebalructed  at  Iha  very  lime  when  the  utmoat  vigor  and 
unanimity  wet  i  requisite  to  encounter  the  hostile  on- 
Icrpriaea  of  II  e  French  and  tho  Indiana.  Incited  by 
their  French  al  ies,  Ihe  Indiana  recommenced  the  war 
with  tho  uauai  auddenneaa  and  fury  of  their  military 
opontiona.  AMierever  surprise  or  superior  numbers 
anabled  them  U.  prevail  over  partioa  of  the  eoloniala,  or 
detached  plants)  ions,  their  victory  waa  aignaliaed  by  the 
axlremitiea  of  barbsrous  cruelty. t     'rhe   colony   of 


Aaadia,  or  Nova  Iholia.  ■ww  onea  owro  ravortad  lo  Iha 
dominion  of  France.  Il  had  baan  annaiod,  aa  wo  have 
aoen,  to  Iha  juriailietian  of  Maaaaahuaalta,  and  gotarna<l 
bilhartii  by  olDcara  daputrl  from  tha  aoat  of  llie  su- 
premo authnrily  al  liuaton.  Uui  I'urt  lloval  (or  Anna- 
polia,  aa  it  waa  afterwards  tariiiad)  having  baan  now 
recaniured  by  a  French  armament,  the  whuTa  Boilli'inenl 
rovoltcd,  and  reannoiad  itacif  lu  Ihe  French  doiiiMi- 
ton*  -a  change  thai  naa  ratified  by  the  autiui|iicnl 
treaty  of  Kvawick.  But  a  mach  more  aarioua  luaa  waa 
aualalnml  Dy  Maaaachuaatls  in  Iho  following  year ; 
[Idltt,]  whan,  in  cunsa<|u«iico  of  a  euinbinad  ailark  uf 
Iho  Franch  and  Indiana,  Ihe  furl  creeled  by  Hir  William 
I'hippa  al  I'aminaquid  waa  coin|i«lled  lo  aiirrendar  to 
Ihair  arma,  and  waa  levelled  with  \ha  ground.  I'hia 
aovero  and  unaipoeiad  blow  oicitod  llto  ulinosl  dis- 
may :  and  the  alarming  annaGiuusnaaa  of  tha  danger 
Ihal  might  be  apprehended  from  tha  loaa  of  a  barnor  of 
auch  Imporlanca,  rebuked  in  lb"  aliongeal  inannar  Iha 
faelioiia  diaeontani  that  had  murmured  al  Iha  aipanaa 
af  mamlainiiig  il.  Thaaa  a|ii»ahenaiona  ware  but  too 
wall  jiiatiAsd  by  iha  incraaMU  ravagaa  of  Indian  war- 
faro,  and  ihu  incraaaed  iiisolanca  and  furv  with  which 
thia  triumph  inapired  Iha  Indian  tribes.  Mr.  Htoughion 
and  nia  council  adopted  tho  moal  vigoroua  maaauraa  to 
repair  or  retaliate  Ihr  disaster,  and  diis|ialchad  foicea  to 
attack  the  enemy  both  by  Isii'l  and  aea ;  but  inisear- 
riage  attmidid  liulh  thnae  ripiMliliuiia,  and,  at  the  cloaa 
of  the  yesr,  the  cnlonisl  forces  had  b«en  uiialila,  by  tha 
alightaal  advantage,  to  check  Iho  aaaaulla  of  the  enoiuy, 
or  til  revive  the  drooping  apirila  of  their  countrymen. 
Ill  tho  following  year,*  [  ISU7,  j  tho  province,  after  being 
•avarely  harassed  by  the  iiiciirsiona  of  Iho  Indiana,  waa 
alannao  by  Iha  intelligence  of  a  formidable  invaaian 
which  Ihe  Frinch  were  preparing,  with  a  view  lo  lU 
complete  subjugation.  'I  he  eoininandor  ol  a  Franch 
a<|uadron  which  waa  cruiting  on  tho  nurthoin  coaals  of 
America  had  concertud  with  tlie  Ijuuiil  Fruntignac,  the 
govorncr  of  (Juebec,  a  joint  altaek  by  sea  and  land, 
with  the  whole  unili'd  force  of  Iho  French  and  Indiana 
on  Iho  colony  of  Maaaachuaella,  and  litllo  doubt  waa 
ontertaitiod  of  the  conqueat  of  the  |H;ople.  or  Iho  com- 
plete deatructiuii  of  their  aetllementt.  Un  Ihe  Aral  in- 
telligence ol  thia  deaign,  the  ancient  spirll  of  Naw 
Kngland  acemud  again  to  awake,  and,  partial  animoai- 
tlea  being  awallowed  up  in  a  more  geiieroua  paaaion, 
Ihe  people  co-operstod  with  Iha  utiiiust  vigor  In  Iha 
energetic  measures  by  which  Htouuhton  prepsred  lu 
repol  the  coming  danger.  Ho  rauaed  the  foria  around 
Uiiaton  to  be  repaired,  tha  whole  iniliiia  of  thn  provinca 
to  be  embodied  and  trained  with  the  atriclosi  discipline, 
and  every  other  nieaaure  conducive  to  an  alfnctual  de- 
fence to  bo  promptly  adopted.  In  order  lo  aacertain, 
and,  if  possible,  anliciuale  the  purposed  operationa  of 
the  enemy  by  land,  he  despatched  a  considerable  forco 
10  scour  Ihe  eaatern  fronliera  Iff  Ihe  province ;  and  thia 
body  encountering  a  detachment  of  the  Indiana,  who 
had  assembled  tu  join  tha  French  invudora,  afier  *  short 
engagement,  gave  them  a  complete  defeat.  Thia  uii- 
eipeeled  blow,  tliough  in  itself  of  little  importane.",  ao 
deranged  tlie  plans  of  the  Fiench  as  to  iiiduea  tliein  lo 
defer  the  invaaion  of  Maaaachuaella  by  laud  liU  Iha  fol- 


*  IXutchlnion  {ii.  84,  9)  aaya  that  he  wan  aued  at  London  tn 
Ul  action  of  damage!,  but  that  it  waa  withdrawn. 

t  Numeroua  caaea  are  related  by  the  colonial  hlstoriana  of 
ttio  torture  and  alavery  inllictud  by  Die  Indians  on  thuir  cap- 
tlroa,  aiHl  of  the  desperate  effiiits  of  many  uf  the  colonists  to 

'  id  ttiemaelvaa  and  their  familiea,  or  lo  escape  from  tlie 
aof  tlielraavageenemlea     Wherever  the  Indiana  eovU 

10 


penatratn,  war  waa  carried  into  the  boaom  of  ovary  family 
Tho  caan  uf  a  Mrs.  Uuataii  of  llaverbUl  In  Maaiachuaelta  ia 
reinarlialilfl.  she  waa  made  prisoner  by  a  party  of  twelve  In- 
dians, and,  with  the  infant  of  whl^'h  ahe  had  been  delivered 
but  a  week  berore,and  the  nurse  wtio  attended  her,  fort:ed  lo 
accompany  thuin  on  loot  into  tha  woods.  Her  liifpni'a  tiaad 
waa  dnahed  to  pieces  on  a  tree  before  tier  eyes  ;  and  ahe  and 
the  nurae,  after  faliuulng  marrhea  In  the  depth  of  whiter, 
found  theinaelvea  at  an  Indian  h'lt  a  hundred  and  fiHy 
milea  from  ttirir  home.  Here  they  were  informed  that  tbey 
were  lo  lie  made  Nlitvoa  for  life,  but  were  flrat  to  be  conducted 
to  a  itlxtaiit  settlement,  where  they  would  be  alripped, 
acourged,  and  fiircod  to  run  tiie  K«iuntlet  naked  between  two 
filea  of  the  whole  tribe  to  which  their  captora  belonged. 
Tlua  inteliiifence  determined  lira.  Duatan  to  make  a  Oea- 
perate  elfort  for  her  liberation.  Early  in  the  morning,  having 
awaked  her  nurae  and  a  young  man,  a  fellnw-pnaoner,  aha  got 
poaaeaainn  of  an  axe,  aiid,  with  the  aaalatance  of  the  young 
man  and  the  nurse,  deapatched  no  fewer  than  ten  Indiana  In 
Iheir  aleep ;  the  other  two  awoke  and  eacaped.  Mra.  nuatan 
returned  in  aafety  with  her  companlona  to  Uaveriiill,  and 
waa  liberally  rewarded  for  her  Intrepidity  by  Ihe  leglalalura 
of  Maasachusetta.    Dwtght'a  Travela. 

Whatever  otiier  cruelliea  the  Indiana  might  eierciae  on  the 
bodita  of  their  captives,  it  ia  observable  that  they  never 
attempted  to  violate  tile  chastity  of  women,  and  that  they 
reapected  modeat\'  in  ao  far  aa  waa  consistent  with  the  In- 
Uctlon  of  torture.  Belknap,  i.  1887.  They  bad  a  atrong 
aversion  to  negroes,  and  generally  killed  them  whenever  they 
felt  Into  tlieir  handa.    tM. 

•  In  tha  mldat  of  theae  troubles  died  this  year  the  vene- 
rable Simon  Brsdstreet,  Ihe  laat  aurvivor  of  the  original 
planbcra,  for  many  yeara  governor,  and  toimed  by  hia  coun- 
trymen the  Nestor  of  New  England,  lie  died  In  hia  ninety- 
tilui  year;  earnestly  desiring  to  bo  dissolved,  and  enter  Into 
the  rest  oi  Ood,  inaomuch  (saya  Cotton  Mather)  that  it 
anemed  aa  if  death  were  conferred  upon  him,  Inr'ead  of  Ufa 
beinf  taken  Irom  bloi. 


lowing  year ;  and  tha  French  sdiniral  llniling  his  AHOt 
waakrne  I  by  a  alurm,  and  appriacil  nf  iiik  vi|fainii* 
proparatinna  for  hia  racapiiun,  jiidi(>'d  il  pruilrri.  m  lika 


laannar,  to  abandon  the  prii|*i-trd  naval  invaaion 

In  Iho  commancaiiieni  of  ilia  fulluwing  viat,  [  IflIM,  | 
inlelliganca  waa  received  in  .XiiuiriL'a  nf  thn  irralv  of 


Hyswick,  by  which  pesne  had  hern  riini'luded  lietwi'en 
Uritain  ami  France,  liy  this  treaty  it  waa  agreed  thai 
tha  twu  cunirartiiig  |iowera  sliuiilil  iniitnally  rcalnrn  to 
oaoh  other  all  conqueals  llml  had  ftet  n  made  during  tha 
war,  and  that  romnilaaionera  ahould  lie  apfiointed  bl 
oiamina  anil  diilprinino  tlie  riglita  and  prvtenaiona  of 
either  monarch  tn  the  lerriturira  aitualid  in  lludaun'a 
Day.  The  evil  conaeqiiences  of  thus  leaving  the  boun- 
dariea  of  growing  aoltlemeflta  unaacartainodi  ware  a«»> 
aibly  eiporienced  at  no  dislsnl  date. 

CuunI  Frontignac,  Iha  governor  of  Canada,  on  f*> 
siving  inlalligance  of  thia  treaty,  aummoii* d  tha  chlafa 
of  Iha  Indian  trihoa  together,  and  inlorining  tham  Ihal 
ha  could  no  longer  enpfion  them  in  bosiilitjek  agalnai 
Ihe  Engliah,  adviaad  Ihain  lo  deliver  up  Iheir  capliToat 
and  malie  tha  boat  lerma  for  thamaalvae  that  Ihay  eouM 
obtain.  The  govtmmoni  of  Maaaaehusatia,  on  racaiv- 
mg  ihoir  paciAe  overtures,  aaiil  two  coinmiaaionera  to 
I'onobacoi  lo  moot  with  their  principal  sacnoma,  who 
endeavored  lo  apologlae  for  their  unprovoked  hoatilitiaa 
by  aavribing  Ihain  lo  tho  ariiAca  and  inaligalion  of  Ih* 
French  jeauiu.  Tboy  oipreaead,  al  Ibo  aama  lima,  th« 
highoat  esteem,  and  even  a  Alial  regard,  for  f-niiiit 
Frunlignac,  and  an  earnest  desire  that,  in  caaa  of  it.f 
future  war  between  the  French  and  Engliah,  tho  Indiana 
might  ha  permitted  to  obaervo  a  neutrality  balweoii  Iha 
beiligorent  partiea.  Alter  some  conferences,  a  naw 
treaty  waa  concluded  with  them,  in  which  they  wera 
inado  to  acknowledge  a  more  formal  anhnilsaion  lo  Iha 
crown  of  England  than  they  had  ever  before  expieaaad. 

On  Iho  settlement  of  hia  aHaira  in  Europe,  iba  kin^ 
at  length  found  leieura  lo  direct  some  portion  of  hia 
attention  to  America,  and  nominate  a  suecoaoor  lo  tha 
nlllce  that  had  been  vacant  eince  tha  death  of  Sir 
William  Phippa.  Tha  Lail  nf  BellamonI  waa  ap- 
pointed governor  of  New  \  ork,  Maasachuaatta,  and 
New  Hampahlie  :  and,  having  aelectod  tha  former  of 
theso  places  for  his  own  personal  roaidonce,  ha  eon- 
liniied  tho  immndiale  adininiairation  of  tho  olbira  ia 
the  handa  of  Mr.  Sloughton  aa  deputy  governor. 

Having  traced  Iho  aeparato  hiatory  of  Naw  England 
up  to  Ihia  period,  wo  aliall  now  leave  Ihia  inlereatiiif 
province  in  the  enjoyment  (unhappilr,  loo  ahort-liTad) 
of  a  paaco,  of  which  a  long  train  of  pravioua  boalility 
and  calamity  had  taught  tho  inhabitania  fully  lo  appra- 
ciale  the  value.  Tliey  wera  now  mora  united  ihaa 
ever  among  themaelvoa,  and  enriched  witii  an  ampla 
slock  of  eiperienco  of  both  good  and  avil.  Wlien 
I/>rd  Bellamoiit  visited  Maaaadiuaetla  in  Iha  following 
year,  Ihe  rtceni  heata  and  animoailiaa  had  tnlirely  aulh 
aided,  and  general  harmony  and  tranquillity  appoand 
lo  prevail.  [I6V9.]  The  vinua  that  had  ao  aignally 
distinguished  tho  original  aeltlera  of  New  England  waa 
now  aoen  to  ahino  forth  among  their  deeconoanta  with 
a  lustre  leaa  daixliiw,  hut  with  an  inAuenca  in  goma 
raapocia  more  amiabto,  roAned,  and  huinana,  than  hod 
attended  ita  original  diaplay. 

Ono  of  tho  cauaea  that  undoubtodly  eonlributod  to 
Iho  reatotation  ol  harmony,  and  Iha  lavival  of  pioly 
among  tho  people,  wao  Ihe  publication,  about  thia  pe- 
riod, of  various  hiatoriea*  of  the  New  England  eonv- 
monwealth,  written  with  a  spirit  and  fidelity  well  cal- 
culated to  commend  to  the  ininda  of  tho  eoloniala  Iha 
juat  reaulla  of  their  national  experience.  The  aubjecl 
waa  deeply  interesting ;  and,  happily,  the  treatment  of 
il  waa  undertaken  by  writers  whose  principal  object 
waa  to  render  ihia  interest  subservient  to  Ihe  promotion 
of  piety  and  virtue.  Though  the  colony  might  bo  con- 
aidered  aa  yet  in  ila  infancy,  it  had  paased  through  a 
great  variety  of  fortune.  It  had  been  tho  adopted 
country  of  many  of  the  most  excellent  men  of  the  sga 
in  which  it  aroae,  and  tho  native  land  of  olhera  who 
had  inherited  the  character  of  their  a.icealofK  and  Irano- 
mittetl  il  to  Iheir  succeascra  in  unimpaired  vigor,  and 
with  added  renown.  The  biatory  of  man  naver  ax- 
hibitod  an  effort  of  mora  vigoroua  and  anierpriaing  vir- 
tue than  Ihe  original  migration  of  the  puritana  lo  thia 
diatant  and  deaolato  region  ;  nor  did  Iha  annala  of  colo- 
nixation  as  yet  aupply  more  than  ono  other  inatanca  of 
the  foundation  of  a  commonwealth,  and  ila  advance- 
ment through  a  period  of  weaktieaa  and  lianger,  to 

*  Of  these  productions  one  of  the  earliest  in  point  of  con- 

Eislllon  waa  Oovemor  Winthrop'a  Journal  of  Bvenia  lo  Naw 
ngland,  from  l«W  till  1044.  But  thia  Journal  waa  not  p«k> 
llahed  till  the  yesr  I7W  The  coallnualion  of  It  lUl  tha  joat 
ltt»,  waa  not  pubUsbed  lui  18M 


tn 


THf  HlflTOnr  OF 


Mfr«|at  m4  Mranty,  hi  iMtH  ih*  prlnclral  tttun  hwi 
'  '  "^  "   '  itMin  t  rapulalkm  •!  om*  m  lltiKlrioue  inrf 


I 


wM  no  longtr  |Mr*«rlnit  hy  Inliilitnnvf,  or  iiii(r4t.'t4 
by  (Hncoution  i  inti  ih*  inlliiaiiM  n(  (;hn<li*iiii)r  in 
miligaiing  ■niniljr,  ami  prornming  kiiiilnsia  (iiil  iniliil- 
g«nc«.  ilufivril  a  fri^rr  iruna  frmn  ihagrowiny  ratiTir* 
tirni,  that  tha  Driiictplra  i>l  thr  |(im|h>I  w*'m  iillarty  irra- 
rcinciUlila  with  triiilancp  anil  air/nnty  ;  that,  revaaltnji 
Is  avrrf  man  hia  own  corruphnn  much  inoin  rlaarly 
than  thai  of  any  olhi't  hiiiiHii  t>«iiig,  Ihry  wrra  a<|imlly 
ailverao  to  cmifltlanrii  in  hiinaifll'  and  to  aiiapiriuii  uf 
nilwra  ;  and  thai  a  drrp  ivnaa  of  aniira  drp«nil«iii-a  on 
Dltina  aiil,  iniial  nirar  Iw  til*  aiireil  iniliration  of  tlia 
•ccoplanca  uf  human  piiriN>a«  and  tha  vHlcar)!  of  human 
and«a«iir  lo  aulw«rva  tha  divlno  cam*.  Cation  Mather, 
who  haa  raeordrd  tha  rrrora  of  tha  Drat  coloniata,  hirad 
lo  witiwaa  tho  aiiccaia  of  hia  repmaantaliona  in  lh« 
ehanljr  and  hbarahty  of  thoir  dtiai-andiiiia.* 

New  Kngland  ha«Mi|{  )K<rn  cnloiiiatd  by  man,  not 
aniinciit  for  l«ariiiii||  than  piaty,  waa  dialin||tiiahad 


gkm 

MatI 


■naullM,  with  diwtr  momontla  aalrulalad  In  porvart 

iho  iwwil  aonae,  or  awakan  th«  ragral  nf  mankind 

Tk*  lalnllnn  of  thair  arhia'amanta  had  a  powarfiil  :i>n- 

iloitey  10  atrila  hnp<i,  and  animala   puriririmnra  ;  in 

lirpaflcoiinir*  in  iha  tirtunua.  and  tii  fnriifv  Ihr  viitiia 

of  tk*  hfatta    Thay  rniilil  nnl  indnril  hnaat,  hka  ihs  found. 

mof  tha  a«ttlamanl,nf  I'annayUania,  Ihat  by  a  roao- 

lill*   pmfraainii   nf  nnnraaialinra  of   injiirii'a,  and  a 

fkiihibi  adhaianca  to  liial  pmraaaion.  ihpy  had  ao  rail- 

iM«l  Ik*  Divino  proliMition  by  an  airliiai>«  rrlianca  on 

h,  M  la  diairm  In*  farerjly  of  harhariana,  and  ronduot 

tfM  •alibliahmani  of  Ihair  Cfmnionwadlh  without  trio 

lotr*  tnd  hloodakad.     Bill  if  thay  war*  intoUad  in 

RUtlMfsua  war*.  It  waa   Ih*  aingiilar  and   hnnorahl* 

ck*t**«*fi*lic  of  Iham  alt,  that  thay  warn  Invariably  ih* 

*flk|«lii||  of  aalf-dafanr*  aplnal  lh«  iinprovokad  ma> 

Hgaity  M  lh«ir  (d«araariaa.  ami  that  not  nn*  of  Iham 

WM  ■ii4*rl*k*ii  from  imitiiira  of  roni)iiaal  nr  plunder. 

Tlmilk  lh*v  conaldami  Ihaa*  wara  aa  nrreaaary  and 

;ti*lMlM*.  lk*ir  d)«ply  drplmml  ihrm ;  and.  mot*  Ihtn 

•M*.  Ik*  ino*!  rilalraaainit  douhta  warn  aipraaard,  *l 

tk*  eh**  tl  lh*lr  hoaiiliiina,  if  it  wara  lawful  for  chria- 

Ikn*  la  nrrv  *Tan  Ih*  riffhta  nf  aalf-dnfonen  lo  aiich 

iktet  •itromlly.     Thay  brhavrd  lo  th*  Indian  Irlbaa 

wllk  u  much  food  faith  and  iuiilrr  aa  Ihav  rould  havo 

•kown  la  ■  powerful   and  civilineil  |i«apl«.*  and  ware 

Inciloii  by  lk*ir  inferiority  lo  nn  olher  aria  than  a  aeriaa 

of  tk*  moal  mtipianimona  and  laiiilalila  endearora  lo 

malmel  their  ignorance,  and  clo'/ite  Ihelr  rnndllion 

If  lk*y  fell  ahnrt  of  iba  coloniata  of  Prnnaylvanla  in 

Ik*  *ihibilinn  of  chnalian  meekneaa,  ihey  iini|iipaii'nn- 
■My*tr*ll*d  lham  in  the  eiteni  and  artivily  of  chria- 
liin  labor.  The  qiiakera  aiierepilrd  in  diaarminit  Ih* 
Indiana ;  Ih*  purilana  labored  lo  roniten  them.  The 
•kiaf,  if  not  lb*  nnlv  fanll,  with  which  Imtianial  hiatory 
■mat  (T*r  reproach  the  conduct  of  Iheae  people,  la  ihia 
MHglou*  intolerance  that  they  rheriaheil,  and  the  pera*. 
•MMn  whieh  In  more  than  one  hialanrn  it  prompted 
Ami  lo  inflict.  Ilappilv  for  thoir  own  charseler,  Ih* 
prsTOeilion  tbev  received  from  ihenhjecleof  their  per- 
weution,  landed  alronitly  lo  eiteniialc  ihe  blame  ;  and 
luppily,  no  leao,  for  Ihe  legiiiinate  influence  nf  ihrir 
•htrtcler  on  the  mlnda  of  |Soir  pniterlty,  Ihe  fault 
kaalf.  nolwilhalandinz  every  eileniiatinn,  alood  ao  ma- 
Mfltall)  eonlraaled  and  inconaialani  with  tha  very  prin- 
ciflt*a  with  which  their  own  fame  wga  for  ever  aaao- 
eiiled.  that  il  »a<  imnoxlliln  fnr  a  writer  of  common 
niMgrity,  not  involved  in  the  immi<diato  heal  of  con- 
hailiay,  lo  ronder  a  iual  |r{liuln  lo  their  cirellence, 
witkoul  Andinir  blinacif  oliliffrd  16  rcprohal*  thia  ainnal 
<l*IMitnre  from  il.  The  hialnrica  that  were  now  piih- 
liihad  were  the  enrnpnaition  of  the  frlcmla,  aaaociatca, 
Hid  ancceaaon  of  the  orlKlnal  coloniata,  and  written 
with  ui  enenrv  of  jual  encomium  Ihal  elevated  every 
imn'*  ideaa  nf  hia  ancea'ora  and  hia  country,  and  nf 
th*  dutiea  which  arntie  from  theae  natural  or  patriotic 
nlitiona,  and  excited  nnivcraalty  a  senoroua  evmpathy 
wftk  lb*  characlera  and  aentimenta  of  the  faihera  o( 
N*w  Eniland.  Thoae  writera,  nevertheleaa.  were  loo 
ennaeienlioua,  and  Ino  enllKhlened,  lo  confound  Ih* 
viltnea  with  Ih*  defecio  of  the  character  they  doacribed  ; 
and  whil*  Ihav  dwell  apolosetically  on  the  eaiiaca  by 
«hiekp*ra*eation  h*d  been  provoket),  they  lamented  the 
hiAnnity  thai  'under  any  decree  of  provorallon)  had 
batnyed  gt»'  man  into  ao  iinchrlatitn  an  e«lremlty. 
Evan  Collnr  yfather,  the  moat  encomiailic  ofthehia- 
toriane  nf  Jicm  England,  and  who  ci.eriahed  very  alronir 
prcjodicaa  aKainat  the  qtiakera  and  other  pcraceuted 
•Mlirte*,  haa  eipreaaed  atill  alinneer  iliaajiiirohalinn  of 
Iha  •eveiitiea  Ihey  encountered  from  the  ohjccit  of  hia 
aneominm.     Theae  repreaentatinna  could  not  fail  to 

Iirodue*  a  hencReial  eRect  on  the  people  of  New  Eng- 
and.  They  aaw  Ihal  Ihe  glory  of  their  country  waa 
■aaociated  with  principlea  that  .;ould  never  coalnoeo 
aailh  or  aanelion  intolerance  :  and  lhat  every  inatunce 
nf  peraeention  with  which  their  annala  were  atainod, 
wiB  a  dereliction  of  theae  principlea.  and  an  impeach- 
ment of  their  counlry'a  cauae.  Inapired  with  Ihe 
aaarmeat  ittaehment  lo  Ihe  m  jmory,  and  Ihe  higheat 
faapaet  for  the  virtue  of  their  anceatora,  they  wer* 
powerfully  reminded,  by  the  error*  into  which  they  had 
l*n*n,  lo  auapecl  and  repreaa  in  themaelvea  Ihoae  in- 

flimjli**  from  which  even  virtue  of  ao  hieb  an  order  ;  ^T,,  „        ,    ,.        ,i     .    ,      .     .,     ,       -  - , ,      ,  .vr 

Ml.^_  C_..-J  •>   .m..  I  —   ...«..•(»„       v.^.-    ill.'      T"ifwe   look  on  llie  ilnrk  ildc,  tlio  Imiiian  ilde,  uf  tlilii 
Deen  found  to  affonl  no  cicmption.     hroin   thia    w„,|,,  th.^  Ii  much  of  luiman  weaknrii  mi.l  liiiiicrfecion 
**!•*  tha  ntigiona  teal  of  the  people  of  Now  England    hatli  appeared  in  all  thnt  Imili  Iwrn  iloim  bjr  man,  m  waa  ac- 

. knuwlndgedbynurfathurilicrortt  us.    Nulthor  waa  New  Kiia- 

*  Not  eriy  were  all  the  landa  occupied  by  the  coloniata  fairly  land  ever  without  aome  futhcrly  chaxtliemonta  from  Ond; 
pa*(iHa*d  fVom  their  Indian  ownnra,  but.  In  some  parta  of  the  ahowinit  that  he  ia  not  fond  of  the  fonualitle.i  of  any  people 
OWOillll,  the  landa  were  aublect  to  quit-rcntii  to  tho  Indiana,  upon  earth,  but  expects  the  realities  of  practical  guduness, 
•■  vrMch,"  aays  Belknap,  If  I'M,  "  are  annually  paid  to  their  accardinn  tn  our  |>tur.-a>liin  and  «iiKa;emeiit  ujlIu  hini." 
g»H»tlty."  f.  7t.  '  lligfinsaira  Attoatatloa,  i«a9ia<l  •«  iUftan  Kalhai'a  llitlvry. 


Il 

at  (  very  early  |i*rlod  liy  the  Uliora  of  her  aehulara,  and 
the  detliration  of  her  literature  lo  th*  intereata  of  reli- 
n.  The  theological  woika  uf  Collon,  Honker,  tlie 
athera,  and  other  New  England  ditmea,  havo  alwaya 
enjoyed  t  very  high  degree  of  etieein  and  popularity, 
not  only  in  New  England,  but  in  every  prolealaiil 
country  of  Europe,  'rh*  annala  of  the  colony,  and  th* 
biog.-aphy  of  iia  foundera  and  their  iiumediate  auciea- 
aora,  were  written  liy  cotein|><irary  hiaioriaiia  with  a 
ininuluneaa  which  waa  very  agrocaliln  and  inlep'Bting 
lo  lb*  Aral  generation  of  their  readera,  and  lo  arhicn 
they  were  proinpled,  in  aome  meaaure  *l  leaal,  by  th* 
conviclion  ihey  cnlorlained  thai  their  country  had  heen 
honored  wilh  the  signal  favor  and  more  ea|iecial  gui- 
dance and  direction  of  I'rnvidence.  Thia  conviction, 
while  it  naturally  betrayed  Ih*  writer*  into  the  fault  of 
prolii'ly,  enforced  by  tho  atrongoat  aaneiiona  th*  ac- 
curacy and  Hdrlily  uf  their  narrallona,  Kocording 
what  they  conaidured  the  peculiar  dvaluiga  of  (ind  with 
a  pcoplo  peculiarly  hia  own,  they  proaumed  not  to  die- 

3uiao  tha  infirmitiea  uf  their  countrymen  ;  nor  did  Ihey 
oair*  lo  magnify  the  Divin*  grac*  In  tk*  infusion  of 
human  virtue,  abov*  Ihe  Divine  uatiance  in  eiulurmg 
human  fraillv  and  iinpvifection.  The  errora  and  failinga 
of  tho  illiiatrioua  men  whose  \Wet  they  related,  gave 
idditionil  weight  lo  the  impresaion  which  aliovn  all  tii'^y 
doairod  10  convey,  that  the  coloiiiialion  of  New  Eng- 
land waa  an  eitraordiuary  wurk  of  Heaven,  Ihal  the 
cuunael  and  the  virtue  by  which  il  had  been  carried  on 
wore  not  of  human  origin,  and  thai  the  ginry  of  Ooil 
had  been  diaplayed  no foaa  in  imparting  the  alrtngth 
and  wiadum  than  in  overruling  tho  woaknoa*  and  Mr- 
feraity  of  tho  inatrumenti  which  he  deigned  In  employ. 
The  moat  conaidcrahia  of  llieao  hiatoncal  work*,  snd 
the  moal  intereating  performance  that  tlw  liiorature  of 
New  England  haa  over  produced,  ia  tho  "  Magnalia 
Clinati  Americana,"  or  Hiatnry  of  New  England  I  y 
(.'otton  Mather.  The  aiftngoinenl  of  thia  work  la  i.x- 
coediiigly  faulty,  and  ita  vaat  bulk  will  ever  continue  In 
rimder  ila  exterior  incrcaaingly  repulaive  to  modem 
readera.  The  continuity  nf  the  narrative  ia  frequently 
broken  by  llio  introduction  of  long  discouraoa,  epiatlea, 
and  Ihcologieil  rotiucliona  and  diaaertationa ;  biography 
ia  intermixed  wilh  hiatory,  and  evenia  of  Irining  or 
merely  local  intoreat  related  with  intolerable  prolixity. 
It  ia  not  ao  properly  t  aingle  or  continuuu*  niatorieal 
narration,  aa  a  collectioii  of  aeparato  worka  illuslrativ* 
of  the  varioua  (lorliona  of  Now  England  hiatory,  under 
the  heada  of  "  KoinarkabI*  Providence*,  llcinarkabla 
'I'riala,"  and  nuinherbsa  otlter  aulidiviaiona.  A  plen- 
tiful intermixture  :if  puns,  anagrama,  andoibei  baibaroua 
conccils,  cxonipl'lua  a  peculiarity  (the  olfapring,  partly 
of  bad  taate,  and  partly  of  superalition)  that  waa  very 


pi«val*nl  among  the  prow  writer*,  and  eepm-ialty  Iht 
Ihenlngisna  uf  that  age  Nutwilhsianding  Ihas*  <*• 
facia,  the  work  will  amiily  repay  the  labor  of  every 
reader.  Th*  hingra|ihii'al|Hiriiunaiii  particular  |>oas*a* 
ihn  highest  eicellenre,  and  are  auiierinr  in  iliKnily  and 
interest  lu  Iho  i'oin|i<isitinna  nf  I'lulanh  Cotliin  M»' 
iher  waa  th*  aulhiir  nf  a  greul  many  olh*l  m—m.* 


many  of  which  have  been  highly  (HipiiUr  and  enii.ieritlr 
useful.  On*  of  ih*m  heara  III*  liila  of  "  Ea>aya 'o  dii 
flood''  ami  rnnlaina  a  lively  anil  fnreibla  repreaai.laturrt 
(conveyed  with  mora  than  the  auihor'a  iiausi  bnvily) 
of  Ik*  n|UH)rtiinities  which  every  rank  and  every  rrl*' 
lion  of  life  will  ureaeni  til  a  devniil  mind,  of  proinotiag 


Ih*  glory  of  (lod  and  Ih*  i 
id  Dr. 


*  A  discourse  which  he  published  some  years  after  lliia 
portod,  contains  the  fullowinK  uaNsatfe— "  In  this  capital  rity 
tf  Boston,  there  are  ten  as.,eiiif)lios  of  Christians  of  ditfuront 
pcrsuasluns,  who  live  su  loviiijfly  and  |>«areaitly  tOMetlier, 
doinx  all  tho  offices  of  nuixhbtiurhuod  tor  one  another  in  such 
manner,  as  may  give  a  seiiaiblo  rebuke  lu  all  tho  biifots  of 
U'tiroriitity,  and  sh'*w  them  how  consistent  a  variety  uf  rites 
In  reliition  may  be  with  the  traiiuuillity  of  human  sociuty; 
and  may  demonstrate  to  the  world  that  pcrxecutitin  for  con- 
scientious dissents  In  religion  Is  an  abomination  of  desolation, 
athins  whereof  all  wise  and  just  men  will  say,  *  f^ursedbe  its 
anger,  fur  it  Is  flerce ;  and  its  wrath,  for  It  Is  cruel.*  "  Neat's 
Present  State  of  New  Rngtaiid,  p.  til.  Tha  Drst  episcopal 
society  was  formed  In  Massachusetts  In  lOM  (benire  the 
arrival  of  Andros,)  and  ttia  flrMt  epiHcopiil  clmiiol  erected  at 
Uoston  ill  ISM.  Colteclioni  of  tho  Ma.sa.  Iliat.  8uc.  ill.  DM. 
uaker  meetini^'hotiitu  was  built  at  Boslon  In  1711).  Itiid.  3flO. 


lebraletf  Dr.  Kranklin,  in  ihe  latter  yeara  of  hia  «f  livo 
and  ua*ful  lif*,  declared  Ihal  all  tho  good  lie  had  evft 

don*  in  hia  eounlry   or  his   fellow  creslurea lal  ba 

aacrilied  to  the  iinpreasion  lhat  had  lieen  produced  ai« 
hia  mimi  by  peruaing  that  lililo  work  in  hia  youth.  Il 
ia  curinua  to  And  an  inHdel  iiliilosiiiihttr  lima  aacrihe  all 
hia  practical  wiadnm  lo  ih*  leaMina  nf  *  ohrialian  diviii*, 
and  Irac*  Ih*  alr**in  of  hia  beiieAcenc*  to  ih*  'ounuia 
of  th*  goapal. 

A  Iravallar  who  viaiied  Uualon  in  Ihe  Tear  I6MI, 
m*nlioiia  a  number  of  btiokaellera  there  whofiwl  alreadf 
made  furtiinea  by  iheir  trade.  The  learned  and  inga- 
nioiia  aiiihor  of  the  History  nf  Printing  in  America  ha* 
given  ■  calalogii*  of  Iho  worka  piibliahed  by  Ihe  Aral 
Now  England  printera  in  the  aevenlreiith  rniliiry, 
Conaidering  the  circumalancea  and  niiniliera  af  lh«  (hio- 
pic,  llio  catalogue  ia  Binaiinaly  copioiM,  One  of  Iha 
printera  of  that  age  waa  an  Indian,  Ih*  aon  of  on*  ol 
tho  lirat  Indian  cuiiverla. 

The  education  and  hahila  of  Ihe  people  of  Nfw 
England  prepared  Ihein  lo  receive  the  full  force  nf  ihoaa 
impreaaioiia  which  their  national  lileralur*  waa  calvM- 
Uled  10  produce  In  no  country  have  llie  b<|n«Ala  al 
knowledge  lieen  ever  more  highly  priied  or  more  g*> 
n*rilly  dilfuaod.  Inatitutiona  lor  the  ediicatiun  of  yoiilh 
wore  coeval  with  the  foundatiuii  of  the  Aral  colonial 
eommunily,  and  wer*  pro|i*gale<l  wilh  every  eceeeaiun 
lo  Iho  population  and  every  extonaion  of  Ihe  aeltleineiil*, 
llducation  waa  facilitated  in  this  province  by  Ibe  pa- 
culiar  manner  in  which  ila  coloniiatinn  was  cunduclod 
III  inanv  nlher  parte  of  America,  the  plantera  disperaad 
themaelvea  over  Ihe  face  of  Ihe  eounlry  ;  each  leaidk^ 
on  hia  own  farm,  and  placing  hia  boiiae  in  Ihe  aitnaliai 
most  conduciye  lo  hia  own  convcnivnee  aa  a  (ilaDlaf 
'I'he  ■dvtnla^'**  reaulling  from  thi*  mode  of  inlianil» 
lion  were  gained  al  the  eipenae  of  auch  ilis|H>rBi'...i  at 
dwelliiigi  *•  obalnicted  Iho  erection  of  churchea  and 
achoola,  and  Ihe  onjoymonl  of  aocial  inlercurae.  liul 
Iha  coloniiation  of  Now  England  waa  corjui-tcd  in  a 
■Banner  much  inoro  fuvnruhlu  to  llio  iiTipruvmneiii  id 
hiiman  ebaiacter  and  ihe  relinoinont  of  hiiiiian  inaniior* 
All  the  original  lownahipa  were  aettlcd  in  what  ia  lorined 
the  village  manner ;  Ih*  iiihabiUrila  having  originally 
planted  themaelvea  in  aniall  contniunitiea,  fniiii  regard 
lo  Iho  ordinancee  of  religion  and  the  cuiivenieiice  ol 
education.  Every  town  conlajiing  lifty  houaohulder* 
waa  obliged  by  laiv  lo  provide  «  achoolinaaler  ijiialiAed 
lo  leach  reading  and  writing ;  and  every  town  contain> 
ing  a  hundred  hoiiaeholdera,  lo  maintain  a  graininai 
aehool.  Dut  tb«  goneiuua  ardor  of  the  (leoplo  con- 
liiriatly  outatrip|iciT  tlio  pruviaiona  of  Ihia  law.  W* 
have  aeen  Harvard  College  estaliliahod  in  Maaaachii< 
aella  but  ■  few  yeara  after  llie  foundation  of  the  colony 
was  laid.  Tho  othe<'  atatea,  for  aome  lime  after,  wer* 
deatituto  of  tho  wealth  and  pitpulatiun  necessary  lo  su|*> 

Sort  aimilur  eaiabliahincnta  within  their  own  lirritnriea ; 
ut  Ihey  frequently  asaeased  thoiiiaelvca  in  thn  meal 
liberal  conlributiona  for  iho  maiutrvaucu  and  enlarge- 
ment of  Harvard  College.  The  cjitrihutinna,  even  at 
a  very  caily  period,  of  Coiinecliciil,  Nuwbavcn,  ami 
New  Hainpahire,  have  been  particularly  and  deacrvedlf 
noted  for  their  lilieralily.  'Ihe  cloae  of  the  aaino  ce^ 
tury  waa  illuatrated  by  Ihe  ealabliahmeni  uf  Yal*  Col- 
lege in  Connecticut.  So  hi  ,'h  waa  ihe  repute  thai  the 
province  long  continued  lo  e'  joy  for  the  excellency  and 
efncieney  of  ila  aeminarica  of  education,  that  many 
roaiiectaiile  peraona,  not  only  in  the  other  Aincriuan 
atatea,  but  even  in  Great  Britain,  aont  their  children  to 
be  educated  in  New  England. 

A  ganoral  appetite   lor  knowledge,  and  univeraai 

*HiB  biographers  have  given  us  a  catalogue  of  hia  worka, 
amounting  to  no  fewer  than  three  hundro«l  and  eighty-two— 
ninny  no  doul)t  of  small  (liuieiisions,  but  others  of  conaldel ' 
able  bulk,  and  some  voluminous.  He  was  a  singular  ec- 
noinlst  of  time,  and  at  once  the  moat  voluminous  and  populaf 
writer,  and  the  most  xealous  and  active  niinisla-  of  his  b«*. 
Above  his  stuily  door  waa  Inscribed  this  imprasslve  admo 
nitlon  tu  his  vlsllora, "  Bo  short."  He  waa  the  sun  of  Dr.  la 
ciaaaa  Matbai,  bom  In  MNiaiiddlel  ia  IW. 


noiri  AiimioA. 


r. 


ftmllkrlty  with  lulltn,  wu  ihui  mtlnUlMii  IVaffl  lh« 
kaginning  •iiM>n(  In*  frnyh  nf  Ihi*  protiiicv  1'h« 
Ifiwnl  iliiroiiratf'inKiil  ill  frlvoliMia  •niiiinini'iio.  ami 
•f  rvrrv  rrrK'dlioii  Ihal  liaiili'rnl  ii|»m  «iri>,  loiiilnl  In 
duvnlii  Ihfiir  Uiaiiro  hn<ir>  In  rrailinn  ,  aiul  llir  •riili- 
minia  and  npinimii  ilvrivrii  Ihrnnuh  Ihia  avrnui  uf 
kiuiwlad|ir.  auiik  itKr|>ly  iiilo  «i|{nrnna  ami  iiniliaai|>«lril 
mimla.  riin  tiiatnrirai  rrlnKiirriimia  ul  lliia  I'rnpla 
mrf  |irciiliarly  ralriilalril  In  rixnim  *  favnnililii  III' 
fluciic*  nn  lh«ir  chararlrr  anil  Inm  nf  Ihinkniit,  l>y 
•  waktninu  «  gri>rrnua  riiiiilNlioii  anil  rnnnri'lnitf  llifiii 
with  *  unifnrin  •nil  |iroi|riaaiv«  courao  uf  inaiiTy,  f*- 
tianl,  aiHl  aiirrraafiil  virlii* 

Nol«iiliaianilni||  lh«  grncnl  ililTiialan  of  knawlrilKS 
tmrnu  Itw  )ini|)lii  of  Nrw  Knglaiiil,  lh«  lowri  ilaaara 
w*ni  nnl  rnilraly  •irinnl  frnni  aoiin  of  Ih*  prrvalant 
dcliiiiniia  of  Iho  »t»  In  iMrticiiUr,  Ihi  noliuii.  Ihrn 
gfnuwlly  r»r»i»rd  in  llip  |i«riiiil  alain,  of  Iho  rlllrary 
of  tho  ruval  loiirh  for  lh«  riiri-  »f  lli«  ilianrdfr  callril  iIib 
fclng'i  »»il,  iiiiwara  lo  h»vi>  Iwen  im|iortrd  Inio  N«w 
RngUiid,  10  Ihfi  gtrtt  inranvi'ini'iirii  of  ihino  who  wi>r« 
M  unhappy  ii  In  r<<ri<i«ii  il  llrlkiiap  hut  Iranarrilirit 
from  lhi>  rnrorila  nf  ihr  town  of  I'nrlainouth  in  New 
llampahlrii,  Ihn  priltiun  of  an  inhaliilani  l»  the  rourl  uf 
Ihia  pnivinrr,  in  lli*  yai  IIMT,  fur  •aaiataiice  lo  iinilrr- 
lake  ■  jc/urii*y  lu  England,  ihal  ho  niighl  b*  cured  of  hia 
diaraae  liy  coming  in  conlicl  with  a  king  ;•  »  p  .ciiin- 
atanre  which  lleeven  (il  nmy  lie  ho|wd)  haa  ilerrrrd 
ahnn'd  never  b«  |io*aiM«  wilhin  Ih*  coiiAnea  of  North 
Ainvrici. 

The  imnMnl  of  the  (loniiUlion  of  New  England  nt 
Ihia  period  haa  heen  very  iliffirenlW  ealinittrd  by  differ- 
enl  writera.  Arrnnling  to  Air  William  IVlly,  the 
number  of  Inhthilanla  amnunted,  in  the  year  lOUl,  lu 
one  hundred  and  Hfly  ihnuaaiid.  A  much  lower  com- 
iiitatinn  ia  ailnpled  by  Neal,  and  •  much  higher  by  ■ 
Jater  hialor'ian.  The  impulaiinn,  it  ia  certain,  had  been 
coiiaidertblv  •ugmcnted,  both  by  the  eirigraliona  of  dia- 
•entrrt  horn  variona  of  the  Kiiro|M<an  ataiea,  and  by  nativt 
proptgttinii  in  cireunialancea  ao  favorable  to  iiiimae. 
Vet  no  >|iiarler  of  North  Anirrirehaa  aren  ita  own  |io- 

Kllalinn  an  eilenaivelv  drained  by  einigrailon  aa  New 
ngland,  which,  fromi  very  ejriy  iieriod  of  ita  hiaiory, 
km  r.ever  ceaaed  to  aend  awarma  ot  hardy,  indiialrioua, 
■nil  educated  men  to  recriiil  and  Improve  every  aiic- 
r«aeive  •rltleinenl  thnt  h«a  offered  ita  reaonrcea  to 
energy  and  virlue  The  tolul  rcatraint  of  licenliniia 
inlerrourae  ;  the  facility  of  aripiiring  proiwrlv  and  main- 
taining ■  family ;  Iho  diacoiiragenieiit  of  iilleiieaa  and 
I'lliiry  ;  and  the  prevalence  of  indiialrinua  and  frugal 
kahita  among  all  ('lHa«pa  of  people,  concurred  with  |iuw- 
erfiil  eHiracy  to  render  inarriagea  Iwtli  rrrquent  and 
proliAc  in  Ne-v  Rngljnd.  Hoalon,  the  capital  of  Maa- 
•achiiaeila.  and  the  largeat  ciiy  in  North  America,  ip- 
pnnra  in  have  cnntained  a  |HipnUlioii  of  alioul  10,000 
jieraona  at  llieitluan  of  tliio  century.  Inihe  year  1730, 
Ita  inhabitania  amounted  to  30,000.  Kvory  inhibilanl 
ol  the  province  waa  required  by  law  lo  keep  ■  stock  of 
anna  and  ammunition  in  liia  Iwiiao;  and  all  inalea 
above  aixleen  year*  of  age  were  enrolled  in  tha  militia, 
which  was  laaembled  for  exerciae  four  timet  every 
year. 

The  whole  territory  of  New  England  waa  compra- 
hcnded  at  Ihia  )ierio<l  in  four  juriailicliona,  Maiaachu- 
■elta.  New  Ilainpahire,  Connecticut,  and  Khwle  laland. 
To  Maaaichiiaetia  there  hid  lieen  anncicd  th«  aettle- 
inenta  of  Now  IMyiuouth  and  Maine,  and  lo  Connecti- 
cut the  aettlomoiit  of  Nowhaven.  The  lerritoriea  of 
ihcae  governmeuta  were  divided  into  coiiatitulcd  die- 
tricta  called  lownahipa,  each  of  which  waa  renreaentcd 
by  une  or  two  depiitic*  (acconliug  lo  the  niimlivr  of  the 
freeholdera)  in  the  tsaeiiibly  of  the  atate.  Beaidoa  thia 
rkctiye  fruncliiae,  the  freeholdera  of  each  townahip 
enjoyed  Iho  right  of  appointing  the  municipal  ofllcer* 
denominated  aelect-men,  by  whom  the  local  tdminie- 
Initinn  of  the  tuwnthip  waa  exerciaed.  The  qualllica- 
lion  of  *  freeliolder  in  Maaaachuaclla  waa  declared  by 
iu  charter  to  be  tn  eatate  of  the  valuo  uf  forty  ahillinga 
per  annum,  or  the  poaaeaniun  of  personal  property  lo 
lb*  tmouiil  of  fifty  pounds ;  communion  with  the  eon- 


oniveraii 

I  his  works, 

Jhty-two— 
conaldei . 
hgnlar  sl.«- 
Lntl  pupulBi 
W  his  SI*. 
klve  odiiio 
\  at  Or.  U 


*  iMiinap,  I.  Append.  No.  44.  Tlie  followInK  advertlaoment 
ta:«ra  in  the  I.ondun  Oaielte  of  the  tsth  of  May,  Uai,— 
"  ITieae  are  to  nlve  notice  that  Uie  weather  itrowlnir  warm, 
W«  majeaty  will  not  touch  any  more  for  the  evii  ttil  tuwardi 
Mlehaslfiiaa.  And  Ilia  maieatv'a  chirurgroiis  dcaire,  tn  nre- 
vent  hl«  mnjoaty  lieinir  definuued,  that  rircalur  cnrf  lie  taken 
W  the  future  in  resiatiirine  certllicates  Riven  to  auch  aa  rome 
to  be  touched."  Aflct  the  Keatoratlon,  such  multitudes 
Incited  lu  the  palace  to  oe  touched  that  s  number  of  people 
ware  cruahod  lo  deal.*:.  Evctyn'a  Journal,  ll.  571.  Tliia  au- 
^rhittuMi  (which  it  la  said  that  Cromw^'li  vainly  tried  to 
tlUch  to  his  own  person)  survived  In  England  till  the  reign 
M  U'leen  Anne,  wbu  touclisii  (uiong  sUieis)  Uw  Infant  froaie 
■  Dr.  JobnsoD. 


KsgitlniMl  ehnrehvs  h(«in|t  eeaard  ttt  many  yMrt  la  j 
itiiuiait*  tn  ihe  enjoyment  of  imIiIIcsI  privile^s.  In 
Ih*  other  stales  nf  New  Englsnd,  ih*  qiisbnealHin  waa 
si  tills  jieritMl  nesily  Ihe  asm*  ss  in  Masaaehnaetts. 
The  ei|i*naea  of  giivernnieni  hail  been  defrayed  oiigl- 
nalljl  by  temjiorirv  i  lasaamenta,  to  which  every  MMM 
was  rated  scrnrding  tn  the  value  of  Ina  whole  projwrly  ; 
but  since  the  year  in4A,  ei,  laea,  iiupuals,  snd  |i«ll 
laies  hsd  hern  in  use.  The  judinsl  {>rncreiltnga  in  all 
Ihe  prnvincisl  rntirla  were  roiidurlrd  wiih  great  eipe- 
diluni,  cheapness,  and  siinpbciiy  of  procedure. 

Maaaai'huaeiis  and  New  llampahire,  iht  on*  enjoy- 
ing a  chartered,  lb*  other  an  unchartered  jurisdiction, 
wer*  the  only  t\in  atates  of  Now  Knglsnd  in  which 
the  superior  nftlcers  of  governinenl  wer*  aii|iointed  by 
Ih*  ernwn,  and  from  the  tribunals  of  which  an  appoal 
was  admitted  lo  the  king  in  council.  Aa  New  Hamp- 
shire waa  Inn  ineonaiderablv  to  snpjtorl  the  tiibslsnc* 
ss  well  ssihe  lille  uf  a  sejisrale  ealsbhalinient,  it  was 
the  practice  at  this  jirriod,  and  for  auine  lime  after,  to 
apjioinl  the  aani*  |ieraoii  to  b*  governor  of  Maasachii- 
setls  snd  New  Hsmpahire.  In  Conneclicut  and  Khod* 
laland,  all  theulllcera  of  gnvernnient  (rirepling  the 
memlirra  of  tlie  court  of  adnnralty)  were  elecled  by  the 
Inhabitania;  and  ao  resolutely  was  this  biglily-vslu*d 
privilege  aaaetted,  thai  when  King  William  apjiomted 
Fletcher,  the  governor  of  New  York,  lo  command  th« 
('nnnerticut  mrcea,  the  protiiiro  refused  to  obey  him. 
The  lawa  of  these  aisles  weio  not  subject  to  the  nega- 
tive, nor  the  judgments  of  their  Iribunsis  to  ili*  ret  lew, 
of  the  king,  llul  the  validity  of  their  lawa  waa  de- 
clared lo  dcjiend  on  *  very  uncertain  critcrioir^a  con- 
rnrmity,  aa  close  aa  circiinislsncea  would  admit,  to  lti« 
jurisprudence  uf  Kngland.*  No  perfectly  democratic 
were  the  constitulions  of  Connecticut  and  Uhmie  Islsiid, 
Ihal  in  neither  of  them  waa  the  governor  aulieretl  la 
eiereise  «  negslivo  on  the  resolutions  of  the  aaaembly. 
The  siiirit  of  lilierly  was  not  suppressed  in  Msssschu- 
aetta  liy  the  encroacbinenta  of  rnysl  prerngstive  on  th* 
ancient  privllcgea  of  the  people,  but  waa  vigoroualjr 
eteitrd  through  the  remaining  and  important  organ  of 
the  provincial  aaaembly.  All  the  patronage  thai  wt* 
vested  in  Ihe  roysl  governor  waa  never  able  to  creaKi 
royalist  parly  in  this  state.  The  functionaries  whom  h* 
spjioinled,  <ie|ieiideil  on  the  popular  aaaembly  for  Uw 
emolumeiila  of  their  ofllces  ;  and  it  waa  not  till  tlMr 
many  unaiicceasful  elfurts,  that  the  llrilish  guvernmeni 
were  able  to  free  the  governor  himaelf  from  the  saino 
dciiendeiKe,  and  lo  prevail  with  Ihe  aaaembly  to  tnn*! 
a  tiled  aalary  to  hia  olDzo.  The  people  anil  the  jiopn- 
lar  aulhoritiea  of  Maaaacbusetls  were  alwaya  ready 
to  alien  eiainple  lo  the  other  colonies  of  i  ilewr- 
mined  reeiaUnce  lo  Ihe  oncroachmenla  of  royal  fmo- 
galiv*. 

In  all  Ihe  culoniea,  and  eapecially  in  Ihe  New  Eng- 
land atatee,  there  cilsted  at  tnia  period,  and  for  a  long 
time  afierwarda,  a  miituro  of  very  oppoaite  oentimenl* 
towarda  Ureal  Utilain.  Aa  the  jioaterity  of  Engliah- 
men,  Ihe  coloniata  cheriahcd  a  atrong  attachment  lo  * 
land  which  tlwy  habitually  termed  the  Mother  Country, 
or  Hume,i  and  to  a  people  whom,  though  contempora- 
riea  with  thcmselvca,  they  regarded  aa  occupying  (n 
ancealral  relation  lo  them.  Aa  Americana,  their  liberty 
■nd  happineae,  and  even  ;li>.ir  national  eiialcnee,  wer* 
aasociated  with  escape  from  royal  peroeeulinn  in  Bri- 
tain ;  and  Iho  jealous  and  unfriendly  aenliinenta  engen- 
dered by  thia  consideration  wore  preserved  more  parli- 
cularly  In  Maaaachusotts  by  the  privation  of  th*  privi- 
Ingea  which  had  originally  belonged  lo  it,  and  which 
('onnccticut  and  Klioilc  IsUnd  were  alill  permitted  to 
enjoy,  and  maiittaiiied  in  every  one  of  the  states  by  the 
ojipretsivo  comiucrcisl  jiolicy  which  Great  Uritain  pur- 


*  There  were  no  regular  niesiis  of  sacertslniiir  this  con- 
formity i  these  sisles  not  being  obliged,  like  Msssachuaetta, 
lo  trsntnut  their  Isws  to  England.  On  a  complaint  from  an 
inhabitant  of  Conneclicut,  aggrieved  by  th*  operation  of  a 
parttculsr  Isw,  It  wss  declsred,  by  the  king  In  council,  '*  that 
their  law  concerning  dividing  land-mherltance  of  an  intestate 
was  contrsry  to  the  law  of  England,  and  void;"  but  Itie 
colony  paid  no  regard  to  this  declaraliou.  lliat.uf  tiic  British 
Dominions  in  Norih  America,  II.  ii  cap.  iii.  ^  1. 

t  Tliey  have  loft  ono  litdeatruciible  mark  of  their  origin, 
and  their  kindly  rcinembraiice  of  it,  in  Ihe  Britlali  names 
which  they  transferred  to  Aiiierirnn  placea.  When  New- 
London  in  ('onnccticut  waa  founded  in  the  year  IM8,  the  aa- 
aembly of  the  province  ssaigued  ita  name  by  an  act  com- 
nienrlng  with  Iho  folloHitig  preamble;  *' Whereas  it  hath 
been  lliu  conuiu  ndable  practice  of  the  inhabitants  of  all  the 
colontea  of  these  parts,  that  as  thia  country  hsth  its  denoml- 
nstion  from  our  dear  native  country  of  England,  and  thence 
la  called  Now  England;  so  the  plsotera,  m  their  llrat  aettllng 
of  moat  new  pianlstions,  have  given  naniea  to  theae  plsnta- 
lions  of  some  ciliea  snd  towns  In  Eniiland,  thereby  intending 
to  keep  up  snd  leave  to  posterity  the  memorial  of  several 

Klacos  nf  note  there,"  Ac.  "this  court,  considering  that  there 
sth  yet  no  place  in  any  nf  the  culoniea  been   named  in 
■emuryof  the  city  of  Lundun,"  Ac.    Trumbull,  1. 170. 


aiied  lowsnls  lh*m,  and  (f  whteh  llt*'.r  hwtetting  r*< 
sunrces  rendered  them  Increasingly  a«>naihl«  and  pro* 
imrtiiinally  im|iaii*nl  The  loyalty  of  I'onnectlaut  and 
Uhiiile  Island  was  no  way  proiniiird  by  the  nrssery*- 
lion  of  their  ancient  chsriers— an  advantaga  wnieh  tk*f 
well  kn*w  hail  lieen  conceded  In  lh*in  by  Ik*  Untlsk 
gnvrriimeni  with  th*  utinoal  r*luelane*,  and  of  vshwk 
luinierona  aUinijila  to  divest  them  by  act  of  p*rllaai*nl 
were  mad*  by  King  \>'lllism  and  his  linmedMl*  siM- 
rsssnrs.  Even  the  new  charter  of  .Maaaachuaolt*  wt* 
not  eiempted  from  auch  attacka ;  and  iho  d*f*naiv* 
spirit  Ihal  waa  thiia  eicited  and  ksul  tliv*  by  Ih*  tggr*» 
sive  policy  of  Urittin  contribuleif,  no  doubl,  lo  mlo* 
eiice.  In  t  mtieriti  d*gT**,  Ih*  fuiur*  d*alinl»t  •! 
Amerlet. 

In  relum  for  Ih*  titielct  which  lh*y  rcqnirad  flr*« 
Europ*,  tnd  of  which  ih*  V'ngliah  iiienhtnla  monop^ 
lised  lb*  tiipply,  the  Inhtliitania  of  N*w  England  ht4 
nn  staple  cnminotljty  which  might  nol  b«  obttine4 
cheaper  in  Europe  by  iheir  cuatomera.  They  |io*a«ta*di 
indeed,  good  mine*  of  iron  and  copper,  which  mighi 
have  lieen  wrought  with  advantage  ;  bill  thiy  w*ra 
restrslned  by  the  English  legialulnre  from  inanuftclur- 
iiig  till  so  inetsia  either  for  lininn  cnnsunipllon  or  forriglt 
eipurisliun.  The  print  ipal  ciimmnditiaa  eiporied  from 
New  England  w*rr  Ih*  produce  tnd  rtfut*  *f  ihsif 
forraie,  nr,  it  il  wia  commonly  termed,  lumhtr,  tiiil 
the  protliice  uf  their  cod  llahery.  In  th*  beginning  ol 
the  eighteenth  century,  the  annual  iiii|>orta  into  Ih*  pro> 
vincia  from  England  were  caliinaled  by  Neil  tl 
lUO.OIIOf.  The  oijMirla  by  the  English  mrrcbtiiltcon- 
sisled  of  t  hundred  ihoiiaand  i|uiiita's  (the  quinlts 
weiiihing  113  iiuuiids)  uf  dried  cod-llth,  which  wer* 
sold  III  Kiirop*  for  NO.UOOf.  and  uf  three  llioussnd  ton* 
of  naval  alorea.  To  the  oti.cr  American  plantation*, 
New  England  sent  lumber,  Ash  and  oth*r  proviaiont,  lo 
the  tinoiinl  of  AO.OOOf.  tiinutlly.  An  titeniive  menu- 
factiiie  of  linen  cloth  waa  eatanliahed  ibo'it  ibi*  liiua 
ill  the  province  :  thia  waa  an  advanltge  fi  r  wbirh  N*«r 
Englind  wia  indobird  lo  the  migration  of  iiiiny  thovc 
aanda  ol  Iriah  nreebylariuna  to  tier  thorta  tlwul  Ibo 
btginning  of  In*  eighteenth  century.  8hip-building 
was  from  in  early  periiid  carried  on  10  i  contidenblo 
ettent  it  liotton  tnd  other  sei-jwrl  town*.  Il  wit  Iho 
practice  of  tome  merchants  to  freight  their  vesaelt  M 
they  built  them,  with  ctrgoet  of  cuTunial  uruduce,  tnd 
to  aell  Iho  vesicis  in  th*  sime  portt  in  winch  tha  car- 
goes were  diaposcd  of.  A  great  part  of  the  trade  of  lb* 
uiher  coloniea  waa  conducted  by  the  ahipping  of  New 
England.  At  thia  period,  and  for  many  years  tftcr- 
warils,  s|ierio  waa  to  aearco  in  the  province,  that  pip*f 
nionejr  fonned  tlmott  (xclutiyely  tha  circulating  ma- 
diuni  in  uae  itnong  Ih*  inhibilintt.  Billt,  or  nol**, 
were  cireulited  for  tumt  it  low  la  half  t  clown. 

The  toil  of  i  greil  ptrl  of  the  diitrict  of  Miin*  waa 
erroncoutly  tuppoaed,  by  itt  fiiil  Eurupain  coloniaM) 
to  bo  iinfiyonbla  to  igriculturo,  tnd  inctpthla  of  yiahl- 
ing  t  lufflcient  tupply  of  breed  tn  itt  inhioitinli.  lliit 
notion  produced  Ina  deficiency  which  il  preti^poted  ■ 
tnd,  injuriout  ta  il  waa  In  the  increaao  and  protparitt 
nf  the  inhabitania,  it  prevailed  even  till  the  period  of  lb* 
American  revolution.  Priur  to  that  event,  Iha  inbtbi- 
Unit  traded  ilmost  eiclutiyely  in   lumbar,  tnd  th* 

?[retler  pert  of  the  bread  they  conauined  wti  imported 
ram  the  middle  coloniet.  All  lb*  itatet  of  New  Eng- 
lind were  long  infested  with  wolvct ;  tnd,  tl  tha  cloaa 
of  Ihe  aevenlaanth  century,  liwt  were  ttill  entcted  hjr 
the  New  Englind  iiseroMot  offering  bountiet  for  Uia 
destruction  of  Iheae  inimtlt. 

Except  in  Rhode  Island,  the  doctrine  tnd  form  of  th* 
coiigregttiontl  church  that  was  eitabliahed  by  iha  Aral 
cnlonistt  prevailed  generally  in  the  New  England 
atatca.  Every  townahip  wit  required  by  Itw  to  cnoot* 
t  miniiler,  tnd  to  fix  hit  ttltry  by  mututi  igreemenl  ol 
the  porliet ;  in  defsull  of  which  t  tiltry  proportioned 
to  the  ability  of  the  township  waa  decreed  to  him  bjr 
iho  juaticea  of  the  peice.  In  ciao  of  the  neglect  of 
any  townahip  to  ippoini  a  miniater  within  Ihe  pariod 
prescribed  by  the  liw,  the  right  of  ipjioinlment  lor  lh« 
occtaion  devolved  to  the  court  of  quarter  taitioo*. 
Uy  t  ipeciil  cuttam  of  th*  town  of  Boiton,  the  ttla- 
riea  of  lit  minittan  war*  derived  from  tba  volunlan 
contribuliont  of  tbair  retpective  eongregationi,  cfi> 
lected  aver^  Sunday  on  their  itaeinbling  for  diviist  te^ 
vice :  and  it  wit  remtrkad,  that  none  of  th*  minittan 
of  New  England  wera  to  liberally  provided  for  tt  Iboao 
wbota  emolumenti,  uniided  by  legol  provition,  Ulua 
repretanled  Ihe  tucceai  of  their  labora  tnd  Ihe  allacb- 
r.wnt  or  conicientiouanoas  of  their  people.  In  Ithadf 
Island  there  waa  no  legalprovision  for  the  nbt*iviar» 
of  divine  worthip,  nr  the  innintentnce  of  reiigiiM«  ■■• 
ttitutiont.    Thia  colonji  wa*  peo^iled  by  a  iiiliot.'  mul' 


r 


MllitW totMMM,  wIWi  Wfing  wpwilnl  ihrmMlvM 

ftlM  •kMWwt  M>Mti**  in  otlMr  fiut,  hml  rnnilnmil 
hi  •  knkm  tral  4imiiii»il  M»l«  In  ilwif  pnuiii  h«l>ii*- 
ItMl,  In  Uwif  (Miilirtl  MpMilT,  lK*|r  (ilinillnt  un- 
twimiol  lilwriy  »f  rimvirm'*,  •nil  diMvowril  til  run 
MlwHi  h«iM«iiM  rhtirfh  ami  «UI«  In  Ihrir  rhri"lt«n 
IvUlian*.  Ih««  iiHiU  nu  •rruiinl  ol  Iha  tirtun  nf  itininiil 
lhrtHi*rtnr*,  iimI  •li«iliiliil)r  iliMtwnail  III*  ilnly  uf  tnh- 
NMlling  111  ufMi  aniMhfr  un  «n)r  (xjini,  Mh*ttivv  raaixiiiil 
ur  rimiinMinlid  K««i  nC  ih>m  h>lil  trg»\tt  ••>rni 
Min  fof  iHihlir  wurthiii ,  ■till  lewar  t\>f»i  m  h<v«  h«l 
•iiltd  ult««i  fur  ■lien  M»rMtliU|(*  ;  inti  an  avrratnn  lu 
•«*ry  ining  ih«l  wtoml  uf  rttlr*inl  or  finm»lilit  V'*' 
**iIm  tinnng  Uiam  (ll.  NolwilhXtiiiliiitf  lhi<  iinlnnl- 
twi  lolaiiliun  lh>l  w»t  prnhiMill*  liauhliahril  in  ihia 
Mlll«in«nl,  It  tfy*»n  thai  th«  gaivrnnirnl,  in  lh«  yi>«r 
IM6,  iMwwd  in  utilinanr*  la  outlaw  i|uakara  ami  con- 
Cm*I*  llwir  aataiaa,  Iwcaiiac  (hay  wonlil  not  lirar  ariii^ 
But  IIm  p<H>t>la,  in  ganatal,  rraialad  ihia  rauulallun,  and 
W«.|M  net  aiillai  il  to  ha  rarnad  una  illrcl  Ccillan 
Mather  daclaraa,  that,  in  lAM,  "  Khodi  laland  lulony 
»M  •  callii«iaa  of  anlinoiniana,  (alaliala.  anaha(iiiala, 
tilwabbaiariana,  Arininiaiia,  Hociniana,  iinaiiara,  ran- 
Ian,  (n4  avarjt  lhin|(  Imi  Kmnaii  ralholira  and  Irii* 
l^rMliiM  1  halt*  Irrrt,  m»U  f  <M  "  In  the  town  o( 
IVittidanca,  whirh  waa  inrliidml  In  Ihia  ciilony,  and 
wu  inhabiiad  hy  Iha  daarandatila  nf  iIiinw  Khiaiiialica 
who  had  a»ani|<anird  Kuavr  Williaini  anil  Mri  Mulch- 
Inaon  in  Ihnir  taila  from  Maaaachiurlii,  ihn  atoraiun  to 
td  aatabliahnianta  ami  at  mi-  mrl  of  luliordinalMin  waa 
(arriad  to  aiieh  an  ailii  in*  'Iial,  at  tliia  jit'riad,  Iha  in- 
kibilania  had  iiailhar  ma^alialra  nor  miiiiatrra  aiiioiia 
Ikda.  'Ukay  antcrlaliirif  ar  invincililv  avtraion  lo  all 
•»t«a  and  taara,  aa  ih«  invanliona  u(  innii  (o  aM|>|Kirt 
ktrthngt,  hjr  whirh  0|>prnliriou<  tvrin  Ihoy  ilrainnatrd 
•U  maglalniaa  and  mlnialtra  who  rafiiand  to  aaivii  Iheni 
tm  nothing.  Vat  ihry  lived  m  groat  ainliy  with  Ihcir 
tMlghhora,  and,  though  t«ery  man  did  Mhalryrr  arrniid 
ngnl  in  hia  own  tyaa,  it  waa  rarrly  thai  any  cniiia  waa 
Mounittad  among  lliain  ;  "  whii  h  may  li«  alirilmlwl," 
«ya  th*  hiilorian  from  whom  thia  taatiinony  la  daritrad, 
**lo  thxir  grral  vanrrallon  fur  th*  Holy  Hcripturaa, 
which  thay  all  raad  frnin  tha  laaal  to  tha  grralait."* 
Maaaachuarlta  and  Connarllcul,  aa  ihvy  wira  ihc  iiioal 
tonaidtrabla  of  Iha  Naw  Kngland  alalva,  In  raapaci  ol 
VMlth  and  population,  ao  wera  thty  iha  moat  dialin- 

t-aiahad  for  pialy,  morality,  and  iha  cultivation  and  dif- 
iMion  of  knowliidgo.  At  ilia  rloao  of  tha  iavanlroiith 
Iciitury  thara  ware  an  hundred  raligioua  aaaeinblira  In 
Miaaochuaaila,  eicliialva  of  tha  numaroua  cuiigrrga- 
tlona  of  chrlatlan  Indiana.  ']'h«  caiiaorltl  diacipline 
•Mniaad  by  ihoaa  aoi-iatiaa  over  their  inanibera  waa 
tminanlly  conducive  to  the  iireaarvalloii  of  good  inorala ; 
tml  th>i  airicacy  of  ihia  and  of  every  other  inciteinent 
lo  virtut  waa  enhanced  by  the  thinly  iieopled  atate  of 
Iha  country,  where  none  could  acreeii  hIa  chartcler  or 
purauila  from  the  obaervalion  of  the  public  aye. 

Perhapa  no  country  In  the  world  wu  ever  mora  'lia- 
linguiahrd  than  Naw  England  waa  at  Ihia  time  for  the 
(aiieral  prevalence  of  thoae  aentlmonta  and  hablta  that 
render  communltiea  rrapectable  and  haiipy.  Sobriety 
and  indiiatry  pervaded  all  claeaea  of  the  inhabitanta. 
The  liwa  tgalnat  Immorallliea  of  every  dcacriptioii  ware 
laaMikably  alrici,  and  not  Icaa  alriclly  executed  if  and 


Tm  BUTOW  or 


•Naal,  II.  MM,  5M.  We  h»v«  an  arcnunt  uf  Iha  rell(liiua 
ceadltlon  of  Rhoila  liland,  about  lliirly  yeara  aAer  Ihli 
^Itod,  from  the  pan  of  the  frval  and  guoit  lllahop  Oerllalay, 
wlwi  realdail  aome  yeara  iii  thia  colony.  A  general  ImJilTerMica 
VI  rellfflon,  and  a  freat  rrlaiation  of  iiiurallty,  hau  liecomn 
the  charactanattca  of  tha  iituurlty  of  ihe  people.  Huverai 
clmrchea,  however,  aoine  on  the  congregatiunal,  and  uthera 
en  tha  eplaropal  model,  had  I  cen  eitabllahml ;  and  IhroUKh 
their  hiatrumentallty,  the  bleftnlnaa  of  religion  were  yet  pre- 
aervad  in  tha  colony.    Uerlwley'a  Work,  vol.  II.  p.  4U,  \M. 

So  late  aa  Iha  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century,  the 
leffialature  r.f  Rhode  laland  diicouraged '  the  project  of  a 
Mmplkaroad,  illeglna  that  turnpike  dutiea  and  acclealastical 
eatauUhmenta  were  ln|  'lah  practlcea,  and  badgea  of  alavery, 
from  which  Ihoir  people  were  dlatlnfulahed  over  all  tha  other 
Americana  by  a  nappy  evamptlon.  It  waa  not  till  the  year 
MM  that  tha  advantagea  of  turnpike  roada  prevailed  over  Ihe 
hnafinarr  dlaiuty  of  Ihia  aieinptlon.  Dwight,  vol,  11. 
Letter  M. 

t  Joaaelyn,  who  vlilted  New  England,  for  the  Ural  time  In 
MM,  ralatea,  that  In  the  village  of  Ooaton  there  were  then 
two  Ucanaad  Inna.  "  An  oflcer  vlalta  them,"  he  adda, 
"  whenever  a  atranger  goaa  into  them ;  and  If  he  calla  for 
More  drink  than  the  officer  thlnka  In  hia  Judgment  he  can 
eeherly  bear  away,  he  counteimanda  It,  and  appolnta  tha 
■fupoiilan,  beyond  which  hecannol  fetone  drop."  Joaaelyn'a 
Voyafe,  171.  In  lOM,  Ihe  aelect  men  of  Maaaachuaella 
were  ordered  to  hang  up  in  e  very  alehuuae  llata  uf  all  reputed 
ttpfleea  end  drunkai'da  within  their  diatrlcta ;  ari4  alotiouia 
keepera  were  forbidden  to  auppty  iKjijor  to  any  iierHuu  whoae 
■aMa  waa  tbua  puated.  Ilolmaa,  il.  lit.  The  magmiratpa  uf 
aaoia  of  the  town*  of  ftcotiand  appear  to  Imvo  eierclaed 
MlHlaracta  of  authority.  An  Inatance  occurred  In  the  town 
M  iMfcaiglaa  la  ItM.    Ore'a  HIat.  of  Ruthac|len,  p  ?1. 


being  ronlially  attp|Mt<e4  ky  puhlie  apiniiMs  thay  were 
able  to  reiiiler  every  vwioua  and  prulligale  rit'Oae 
eiiiially  dangeruiia  ami  infamaua  la  the  per|iairaiiir 
VCa  are  aaeiired  by  a  reeneeiabla  writer,  that  at  ihia 
|irriiid  there  waa  not  a  ainKle  beimar  in  Ihe  whiile  |iii>' 
vinee  LaUir  waa  an  valuable,  UntI  an  rheap.  ami  ihe 
elvriive  Irain-hiav  ao  eilvnaive,  that  evrrv  inilnairiiiua 
man  might  ai'<|ii>ra  a  alaka  n  Ihe  aiul,  a.ul  a  vuiie  in 
Ihe  rivil  ailiniMiairation  uf  hie  ■iiiinlry  'Ihe  general 
ililfueion  of  eilucatinn  raiiaed  the  natiniial  ailvaiilayea 
wKifh  were  Ihna  vignimialy  iiiipravril,  to  tie  jnally  ap- 

IiriM'iaieil  ,  and  an  anient  and  i  tilighteited  |iatriuliani 
mil  the  hearia  of  the  peojile  la  etch  ether  and  lu  their 
ruiintry 

The  alata  nf  eoclely  in  New  t'nglaml,  tha  cirruin' 
alanrea  ami  habile  of  Ihe  ^leople,  lemled  In  fiirin,  among 
iheir  leading  men,  a  rliarat'ier  more  iiaeful  than  brif 
lianti  — nni  (aa  aoina  have  imagined)  la  dieruiirago 
latent,  but  lu  repreaa  ila  vain  diaplay,  and  train  it  lo  ita 
legitlinale  and  rea|iertable  end,  el  giving  eWraey  lu 
wiailom  and  virtue  Vet  thie  elate  of  auriely  waa  by 
no  ineana  InconaiatenI  either  with  rettne'iirnt  of  man- 
nera  or  Wilh  inniKenI  hilarity  l,iird  llellaiiinni  waa 
agreeably  aurpriaed  with  the  graceful  ami  courteiiiia 
dameenur  uf  the  grnllaiiien  anorlergy  nf  I'lintiecliciit, 
and  runfeaard  llial  ha  found  Ihe  aajiect  and  addreea 
ihat  were  ihnught  |>eciiliar  to  nobility,  in  a  land  where 
Ihie  ariatocralical  dialinrlion  waa  unknuwn.  From 
Dunton'a  accoiinl  of  liia  leaideiire  in  llualiin  in  IHMA, 
It  ap|ieara  thai  the  inhahilanta  of  Maaaachuaella  were 
at  that  lime  dielinguiahed  in  a  very  high  degree  by  the 
rheerfulneaa  of  their  mannira,  Ihvir  huapitajiiy,  and  a 
courleay  Iha  mora  aaliiiubla  that  It  waa  indicative  uf 
real  benevnlence.* 

Ill  the  hiaioricnl  and  alatiallcal  arcnunta  of  ihs  varl- 
oue  alalea,  we  euntiniially  meet  with  inalaiiuna  of  the 
benelieial  iiiAuance  eaerciaed  by  aii|ieiinr  niiiida  on  the 
virtue,  liidualry,  and  happiiieaa  uf  (lartlcular  diatrii'la 
and  roininunitiea.  In  no  coiinlry  baa  the  aat-enili'iicy 
of  talent  been  greater  or  iiioio  advanlageoualy  eaerted. 
The  dangere  of  Indian  invaaioii  were  encountered  and 
repelled  ;  the  dejection  and  tliiildily  produced  by  lliem, 
overcome  i  ihe  fi'Uila  and  cunleitliona  arlaing  among 
•cttleia  of  variuna  countriea,  habila,  and  uinniuiia,  rum- 
|ioeed ;  Ihe  teinplationa  lo  alotliful  and  drgencrale 
niodea  nf  living,  reaiated  i  tha  aelfdenial  rei|ui8ile  to 
Ihe  endowment  of  inalituliona  for  preaching  toa  goe|iel 
and  the  eduration  of  youth,  reanlulely  practiaaa.  In 
founding  and  conducting  lo  inatnriiy  the  aetileiiienia 
that  from  lime  to  time  eilendcd  ihemaclvee  over  the 
euifaca  of  Iha  proviiirr,  men  of  talaiit  and  virtue  en- 
loyed  a  noble  and  arduoua  aphere  of  omployiiient. 
Iney   taught  by  action   and    ogaiiiple.     I'liev  diatiii- 

f^uiahed  theinaeivea  front  the  real  of  mankind  by  eicel- 
ing  them  in  iheir  ordinary  purauila,  and  thinking  better 
than  they  on  Ihe  ordinary  aubjecla  uf  ri'tlectiun  aud 
eunaideratioii.  Tha  impreaaion  they  produced,  if  cir 
cumecribed  In  ita  liinlte,  waa  inlenae  in  ita  criicary  :  Ihe 
fame  they  achieved,  if  neither  nuiay  nur  glaring,  waa 
laetiiig  and  refined.  They  pmpagaled  their  own  moral 
likeneae  around  them,  and  rendered  their  wiadom  and 
apirit  iiniiiortal  by  engiafting  their  own  character  on  the 
minda  of  their  fellow  citiiene.  Mankind  are  more  apt 
lo  copy  rharactera  than  lo  practiaa  pracepla ;  at. '  virtue 
ia  much  more  eifeclually  recommended  to  their  iinita- 
lion  and  cateem  by  tha  life  of  leal  than  by  the  weight 
of  argument.  Let  Iha  votariee  of  Fame  remember  that 
if  a  life  thue  apent  circumacriba  the  diifiiaion  of  the 
(lalriot'a  name,  it  arema  to  enlarge  hIa  very  being,  and 
extend  it  to  diataut  genera. lona  ;  and  lhat  if  pualhu- 
moua  fame  be  any  thing  more  than  a  aulendid  illnainn, 
it  ia  auch  diatincilon  aa  thia,  from  whicli  the  auroat  ami 
moat  laaling  aaiiafaelion  will  ba  derived. 

The  eateem  of  the  community  waa  ronaidered  ao 
Taluable  a  part  of  the  eniolumcnta  of  oflicu,  lhat  the 
aalariea  of  all  public  oHicera,  except  Ihoae  who  were 
appointed  by  the  crown,  were,  if  not  acanty,  yet  ex 
ceedingly  moderate.  In  Connecticut,  it  waa  remarked, 
lhat  Ihe  whole  annual  expenaea  of  ita  publir.  inalituliona 
(about  800/.)  did  not  amount  to  the  aalary  of  a  royal 
governor.  Thu  alender  emolumonte  of  public  oflicoa, 
and  the  tenure  of  popular  pleaaure  by  which  they  were 
held,  teiidod  very  much  to  exempt  the  officea  from  the 
pretentione  of  unworthy  candiilBtee,  and  the  oiRcera 
from  calumny  and  envy.  Virtue  and  ability  were  fairly 
appreciated  \  and  we  frequently  find  the  aame  men  re- 
elected lor  a  long  aeriea  of  yeara  to  Ihe  aame  olllcca. 


»ni  nn  auina  iiri'aaMma  aiireealeil  h«  iMt  MMk  ■!■• 
inheriiame  nl  merit  rremnnietnleil  InaaritanaaWylHS,* 
In  iiinro  ihau  inie  uf  ih>'  aeliUinenIa,  ihe  Hiat  aa^Ntl 
law  were  Ihe  c»in|Maiiiiiria  nl  aingle  perafme  \  tiM  pt» 
nte  ileairing  an  eniini  nl  li  ailer  til  i-onipoae  fuf  IMM  • 
InhIv  t^t  Uw.  and  Iheii  li-g<alaliiig  unaitnnuualy  lA  CMW 
lurinlly  willi  hia  auggeatiiina 

The  iiiual  laaling,  il  mil  iha  mnet  aerniia,  avti  witk 
whirh  Naw  Ijiglaiul  baa  been  alNnled,  la  ina  inatlt> 
tion  nf  alavery,  whiih  rnniinueil  nil  a  late  period  M 
|iollnle  all  ila  prnvinraa,  ami  even  now  lingara,  llwHigk 
to  a  very  alight  eaieni,  in  iha  pruvince  of  New  llani^ 
abire  t  Tlid  prariire,  aa  we  have  aeen.  nrigineled  M 
the  aii|i|H>aed  nerraaily  ereated  by  the  Indian  haetdl* 
lira  ;  but,  unre  intriHliiced,  it  waa  fatally  ralrulated  l« 
perpetiiala  iiaalf,  and  lo  derive  aecaaaiona  from  vanoiM 
alhar  auiirtee  Vm  aome  time,  indeed,  Ihia  waa  aaa- 
(eaafiilly  reaialad  ;  and  Inataiiraa  have  lieen  racurde4 
of  judicial  inler|HMilion  to  reatrain  the  evil  wilhii,  ila 
original  liinila  In  the  year  IIMA,  a  negro  tiaudulently 
brought  from  Africa,  and  analaved  within  Iha  Naw 
Kngland  larrilory,  waa  lilieraled  and  aent  home  by  tha 
general  court  Tliere  waa  never  anv  law  eapraaaly 
anihoiiaing  alavery  \  and  aiieh  waa  ihe  inMuenee  of 
religiiHia  and  moral  feeling  in  New  England,  that,  even 
while  there  waa  no  law  probibiting  He  conliiiuanee,  || 
waa  never  able  to  prevail  lu  any  cuna'darible  eiteiii, 
In  the  year  ITIM,  the  aaaemhiy  nf  Maaaachuaella  nit- 
puaed  a  duty  of  4/  on  eterv  negru  iin|Hirieil  inio  iha 
province  ;  and  eight  yeara  afler,  |iaaaeil  an  act  |iruhil>it> 
ing  Ihe  iiii|iortatioii  of  any  iiinre  Indian  aervanta  of 
alavia  In  .Maaaarhuaetia,  ihe  alavaa  never  eicevded 
Ihe  liftirih  part  nf  the  wh,>l«  |>opnlalioii ;  in  ('uunecti- 
cut  and  Klimle  laland,  when  alavra  were  moat  iinnier* 
una  (in  Ilia  iniildle  uf  the  ei||hlreiilli  century,)  ihe  pro- 
purtiuii  waa  nearly  Ihc  a,iina  i  and  in  llio  terrilury  thai 
aflerwarda  received  the  name  of  VeriiiunI,*  when  tha 
nuiiilM'r  uf  inhahitania  aniuunled  to  nearly  nine  thou- 
aaiid,  there  were  only  aixtren  peraona  in  a  atate  o| 
alavery.  Tlie  crueliiea  and  virca  ihal  alavery  tonda  to 
engender  were  repreaaed  at  mice  by  Ihia  great  prepe*- 
ileranca  of  the  aounil  over  Iha  unhealthy  part  of  Iha 
liudy  |H>liiio,  and  by  the  circumataneaa  lo  wbich  IliM 
prijionderance  waa  owing  'ihe  majurily  uf  the  inhabi- 
tanta were  decidedly  hoalile  In  alavery  ;  and  niimaniut 
ramunatrancea  wera  addreaaed  In  the  Uriiiah  guvetn* 
mem  agamal  the  encouragement  ahe  alT'ir'lvd  to  it  hjr 
inaintainiiig  the  alave  tnde  t  When  America  eHrataa 
her  indepeiideiice,  ilie  New  Ivngland  alatea  (wilb  ha 
aingle  eicepliun  of  New  tianipahire)  adopted  ineaauiwe 
which,  in  Ihc  courae  uf  a  few  yeara,  alMiluhrd  ever* 
trace  of  thia  vile  iiialilntiun.  in  New  llaiii|iahire,  M 
aeema  to  have  been  rather  a  pre|inatrruua  regard  tm 
liberty,  and  the  aacreiliieea  of  exialing  poaaeaaiona,  than 
a  predilectiun  for  eUvery,  lliat  prevented  l!iia  praclii  a 
from  being  formally  aliuliahed  by  the  principlea  by  whkk 
it  haa  lieeii  eaaenlially  luodilled  and  aubatanlially  cm- 
deinned.4 


*  Dunton'a  Life  and  firrori,  Stofe  Iv.  Dunton,  who  had 
•at  at  good  inen'a  feaata  In  London,  waa  yet  atruck  with  the 
pleiity  and  alegam-a  of  Iha  anterlalaaMala  he  wltneaaed  in 


*  1  had  Intended  here  lu  have  aubjoliiad  a  Hat  (extracted 
from  the  New  EntilaiHl  Journala)  ol  |ieraona  In  wlmae  fa* 
tnilioa  Ihe  governmenl  of  particular  alalra  and  lowna  haa 
been  veiled,  with  the  coiiaent  of  titeir  felliiw  i-iliiena,  for 
conalderable  pvrloda  ol  time.  But  I  llml  Ihe  llal  too  lung  fut 
inaeriion. 

t  The  aaaemhiy  of  thia  province,  aa  early  aa  the  reign  al 
Oeorge  Ihe  Klml,  paaaed  a  law,  enarling,  that  **  if  any  man 
anillM  out  the  rye  or  lunlh  '*r  hla  man  or  niuld  Harvant,  or 
olhurwiae  malm  ur  dixrtgnre  them,  lir  Hha.l  let  him  or  her  go 
free  from  hla  acrvii-e.and  ahnii  allow  ■oili  raritier  rt.'ompenaa 
aa  the  court  of  rjuartiT  apa.,lnMa  ahall  adjudge ;"  and  thai 
**  if  any  perion  kill  lila  Indian  or  negro  oervanl,  he  ahall  Ija 
punlahed  wiih  death.'*  The  aUvra  iii  Una  proviiiee  aieaaid 
to  have  been  treated  in  all  rcapt-cia  like  while  aervanta 
Warden'a  llnilod  Ntale<,  1.  SUM. 

t  Vef)  dlirvrent  in  ihia  rea|H'rt  were  (at  one  perliKl)  the  con- 
duct and  aentlmeiita  of  ttiu  rnrtmineae  government  and  Hie 
colonlita  ol  Urazil,  where  the  royal  nulhorlty  wua  endangerud 
by  the  endeavora  of  the  rrowti  lo  ■erond  tlie  policy  of  the 
Jevulta  for  extlrpiiling  Ol  mitiiiHliiig  iho  evija  ol  Indian  uid 
negro  alavery.    Sao  Soulhur'a  lliatory  of  llralil,  Part  il. 

i^  There  la  a  fttraiiRe,  I  hope  not  adlainRunuoua,  iiidlalincl- 
nexa  111  Iho  Ktatrmrnia  of  aonte  wnlera  ruapef'trng  Ihe  negro 
tlavi;ry  of  Now  Kngiand.  Wlnlvrholliiim,  writing  in  ITIlil^ 
aaarrta,  that  "there  are  no  alavea  lii  MaadarhUNelta."  If  ha 
meant  lhat  a  Uw  had  been  paMaed  whlrh  durioum-ed,  and  waa 

fTadualiy  ettlnguiahmg  alavery,  he  waa  nght;  but  the 
iteral  aenae  i/  hla  wordi  l>  contradicted  by  Wardait*e 
Tabiea,  which  deinonatrate  that  tlftaen  yeara  after  (the  law 
not  yet  having  produced  ita  full  effect)  there  were  aaveral 
thouaand  alavea  In  MaaKachuaeita.  DwIrIiI  relatee  hla 
traveli,  in  the  emi  uf  the  ei,ihteenlh  and  begliinlnf  of  tha 
nineteenth  century,  tlirojgh  every  part  of  New  England, 
without  giving  ua  the  ali4liteHt  renaon  to  aiippoae  that  auch 
beluga  aa  alavea  exiated  in  any  one  of  Ita  atatea,  excepi 
Alien  he  rtopa  to  defend  Ihe  leiflalature  of  l.'oniiecllcul  tmai 
an  inipuiHikin  on  the  manner  in  which  her  abare  of  *^« 
abolition  had  been  cundui-ted.  Warden  himaelf  aayatlB  eaa 
pa^e,  that  **  alavery  no  longer  silaia  in  New  fitiglandv**  ovea 
while.  In  another,  he  indicatea  and  aeeka  to  paUlalalka  l» 
cvrranca  of  Ita  eitreina  vaallfia  Ui  Naw  I* 


NCRTII  AMimOAi 


lit  Wll(M«    (%• 

lowiii  hw 

<-ttllf*n«.  tot 

tuo  lung  fuff 

III*  rvlRn  M 
"  II  anr  niM 
till  narvftnl,  or 
hiiii  or  livr  no 
Brrt.-iiiiipenK* 
;•'  »ltd  thai 
t,  Im  iliail  li« 
.iiif«  aiu  lalil 
ille  larvalita 


llliif  in  if  _. 
■•lla."  ir  h* 
Ill-Ill,  ind  WH 
■hi;  but  Um 
by  Winlan'a 
iflrr  (III*  law 
wara  Hiraral 
ralataa  hi* 
ilnnliif  of  llw 
jaw  Enilami, 
nta  thd  auck 
taMa,  aincpl 
inecilcul  tmn 
ahan  of  »• 
aajra,  ■■  Ma 


■  OOK  III. 

OMW  if  M*rTlaii4  nMaiiMnl  Itom  (?kwt(a  Ik*  rital  Ky 
^ift  talllninr'  Kiulaiallun  '>!  R»niail  Tatbullx  >•>  lli« 
Wmft<t0»  -fllantAly  Trvalv  with  Ilia  Intllan*  -H*nmttt%\lif 
•f  LiHt<l  ■kllmnl*  <l|i|>i»lli»n  anil  lnUI)tiaa  u(  I  laf 
iHrwi  -flm  A«i«ntMv  "f  M«rylaiitl^lla|*fa4«iilaiua  ll->- 
wntwii*  aatahlialwl  -K^rly  I  ilrtMliii*l|rin  of  Nhvim  aiavarr 
—An  bkllan  War    I'lailxifiiaa  Nxiallinit  -RaliiiiHMa  Tnla 

3'tiM  «al«l>ll4ti«<l  In  iha  rulwiiir  -Iv^arala  K«t«iitial)'iia)il 
Iha  MoMiM  nf  ||iir||a«Mia  'i'l*>it<irna  lUi'laivi  fur  i  iMiti- 
vall   -aiMl   u»tr|M    Ina    A-I'iilniairaluin— TMlnraiMn     alio- 

El  IIKlrarltxn*  uf  Iha  I'ltlony  't«riiilnala<l  hv  lb" 
iralinn  KalaltlNbmaitl  uf  a  prnvtinlal  Mint  --(ut>l)T 
.if  llin  Ci.l.mr  'Naliiralllall.in  A>'>  Kanlli  uf  Iha 
Aral  Pfiiiirlalary  -Wlaa  flovKntriicnl  n(  hia  kon  ami  lliir* 
raaanr  -Law  ai aln«l  Ini^ittlna  l^alima  KalaMlibiiianI  at 
IK«  rtiiiri:hnf  rnf  lan<l  •iifltaatail  iMamainliarnianI  iif  tha 
wl#w«r«  Tarrliiiry  rmin  MTarylaml  -Aibilrary  l*rttj»t:U  tif 
Jamaa  Iha  Mat'onil  -Alarm  nf  tha  r<iliiniala  -Riimtir  itf  a 
^i|H«li  flat  -A  f  ntlaalaitl  Aaaiirlallmi  la  fitrmail  -aiHl 
MMriw  Iha  Ailniliililrallun-Tlia  Mriiprlalary  llnvarnmanl 
ffHapaiyila*!  hy  Kina  William  -  i:aiNi)li«biM«iii  «(  iha  rhiirth 
•f  ■ntiaii'l,  anil  I'araaritllim  III  Iba  Calhiilira  -  (lala  u(  llw 
frvvlrw*— ManiMia— Lawa. 

Funia  Ih*  hlalnrjr  nf  M«iiat«hua«ll«  •ml  uf  Ih*  elhuf 
hrm  Kn|UiHl  aUUt,  which  war*  lh«  olTa|irina  of  ila 
nioniuimn,  w*  ir*  imw  Io  prnctnl  to  fnnaiilar  Ih* 
Mlahliahnmnl  of  t  rolonr  whirh  aroaa  fyoin  iha  aallla- 
iMiii  of  Virgini*.  In  raUlinn  ih«  hiaUiry  of  ihia  altt«, 
••  h«««  had  OMHion  lo  notica,  imong  lh«  ciiiaoi 
llwi  dianiiMliHl  III  Inhabilaiita  iliirmK  Ih*  gonin- 
nwnl  of  nir  John  llaryny,  lh«  iliminiilion  nl  llwir  co- 
lonial Wrrilnry  hy  trlillrary  graiila  from  thai  rrown,  of 
Urn*  IrtKM  of  rouniry  ailuAltHl  wlihin  iu  limlla.  'Dm 
moat  rain*rli*hlii  of  ihoao  wta  iho  (nnl  of  Mtrylinti  W 
laonl  Hililmora. 

Hir  Oaar|»  Cilrtrt,  iflorwarda  lionl  Baltimon,  wh 
■wrtlary  of  flldf  to  King  Jainaa  Iha  Tint,  ami  on*  of 
Iha  original  aaaoclitaa  of  Ina  Vlri^lnbn  Comiiany.  Im- 
praaaail  with  Iha  «alua  of  ciilonial  pro|iarty,  anil  Iha 
HnprovainanI  thai  It  •avincil  liknly  lo  dnrlvu  from  Iha 
pfograaa  of  roloiiiialiuii,  h«  iiiii|iliiy«il  hia  poliliital  inllu* 
tnea  lo  aariira  an  am|il«  aharn  uf  it  lo  himialf  and  hia 
kmily.  II*  waa  a  alraiiiioua  aaaertar  of  tha  auprainaey 
•if  thai  ■ulhorlty  from  iha  aiarcia*  of  which  ha  eipaolan 
(•  d*ri«*  hia  own  rnriehinrni ;  [lASO]  and  whan  a  bill 
»•*  IntrudiKcd  into  ih*  Itoiiaii  of  (!ommona  for  making 
Iba  Nawfoiindland  Aahary  frii*  lo  all  Driliah  iuhjacit, 
In  oppoawt  il,  on  th*  pla*  that  Ih*  Ainarinaii  lerrilory, 
kkving  baan  aeqiiirad  b«  cnni)ii«tl.  waa  auhjaci  lo  Ihe 
Mcluaiv*  ragulatinn  of  tno  royal  prorogalivo.  Tha  Aral 
granl  that  ho  auecaadaJ  in  ulitaining  waa  of  t  dialrici 
In  Nawfoundland  nainad  Avaluii.  whare,  at  a  conaideia- 
U*  atuana*,  h«  forinad  Ih*  iolllninanl  of  Farryland  ;' 
(ISttJ  bill  Anding  hia  riparlationa  diaappoiiilod  by  tha 
aoil  and  climala  of  Ihia  iiihoapliablK  rngioii,  ho  paid  a 
Tiail  10  Virginia,  for  Ihn  purpoa«  of  •arortainiiitf  if  aonie 
pan  of  lla  rii^hor  tarrilory  might  nut  Iw  rendered  mora 
auhaorvifnl  to  hia  adfantago.  Ubaarviiig  that  the  Vir- 
giiiiana  had  not  yel  formed  any  aeltlementa  to  the  nor'h- 
ward  of  the  river  Poinwinack,  he  doterininod  to  obtain 
a  grant  of  Irrritnry  in  that  quarter ;  and  eaaily  pre- 
vaiTrd  with  ('harira  Ihe  Kirat  In  beatow  on  him  the  in- 
Teatitiire  he  dcaired.  With  the  intetitiuii  of  (iroinatliig 
Iha  aggrandiaemeni  of  hia  own  family,  he  combined  the 
more  genorona  deaign  of  founding  a  new  alala,  and 
eoloniiing  il  with  the  |ieiaecutt>d  votarieaof  tha  church 
of  Koine,  lo  which  he  had  lieciiino  a  conY*rl  i  but  the 
deaign  which  he  hid  facilitated  by  an  act  of  injualice, 
lie  waa  not  perini(tod  himaelf  to  realiie.  Ilia  project, 
which  waa  interrupted  by  hia  death,  juil  when  all  waa 
pri<|iared  for  carrying  il  inin  etrrcl,  waa  leaumed  by  hia 
aoii  and  aiirrraaor,  (^vciliua,  Ixird  llaltiinore,  in  wlioae 
favor  the  king  completed  and  eiecuted  Ih*  charter 
[I0:i3|  that  had  bean  duatincd  for  hia  father. 

If  the  charter  wbioh  thia  monarch  had  granted  a  ahort 
liino  before  lo  Ihe  puritan  cnloiiiata  of  Maaaachuaella 
may  be  regarded  aa  the  excrclae  of  policy,  the  inveatl- 
lure  which  he  now  iHiatowed  on  Ixird  Baltimore  waa 
not  Icaa  maiiifeatly  the  exproaaion  of  favor.  Thii  no- 
bleman, like  hia  father,  waa  a  Koinan  catholic  ;  and  hia 
avowed  purpoaa  waa  to  people  the  lerrilory  with  colo- 
niata  of  the  aame  peraiiuaioii,  and  erect  an  aayluin  in 
America  for  Ihe  catholic  faith.  By  the  charter,  il  waa 
declared  that  the  grantee  waa  actuated  by  a  laudable 


*  H(a  colonial  policy  la  tliiia  contniteil  by  an  olil  writer, 
wKll  that  of  (7hief  Juallca  I'upham,  lite  promoter  of  the  flrat 
•ttempta  lo  Cnlonlae  New  knijlnnd :  **  JuiIko  Hnpbam  and 
Itr  Oaorge  l.^alvrrt  airrreil  not  nmrti  unaiilinoualy  tii  the  jiuh- 
be  deaign  nr  plantlnK,  than  they  dilfiireil  In  the  private  way  of 
b :  the  flral  waa  for  exlirpatliiir  lienttiena,  the  aecond  for 
Mnvarting  them.  Ha  aunt  away  tha  le  vdeit,  ilili  the 
aabareat  people :  tlio  ono  waa  fnr  prcient  pr&'  tt,  the  other  for 
•  reaannable   expectation**—**  the  flrat  aet  up  a  common 


,  out  of  which  Ihe  people  aha  I'A  be  provided  by  pro- 
■entona :  the  aecond  lafl  every  on*  lo  provid*  for  UmMlf.'' 
bqire  Itata  WerllUaa,  7»l,  7U. 


ImI  Dm  ealamiing  Ika  akfietMii  MbglMa,  and  Iha  l*f- 
lllonea  of  thai  ampira  ,  and  Ih*  dlatrial  aaelgned  In  ktm 
and  hia  heira  and  aii>«»aa«fa  waa  danrribed  aa  *'  ihal 
ragiim  Iniiinilad  hy  a  line  drawn  front  Walkma'  ISHnl 
■(  I  :ii«aa|i«ak  Hay  ,  Ihtmee  In  Ihal  pari  of  the  aaliiarv 
•f  Dalawara  uii  Ih*  nnilb  wbirh  lie*  iind*r  Ih*  fnrlwin 
legrae,  where  Naw  KngUiid  la  tarmiiialed  thenee  In 
a  right  line,  by  th*  ilngrae  aloieaaid,  to  th*  meridian  uf 
Ih*  (ouniaiii  «f  I'ulowinatik  ,  Iheiira  fullawing  ita  eutiia* 
by  Ih*  fa>ili*r  liank  to  it*  ewiAiianre  "  In  honw  at 
the  ipieeii,  Ihe  proviiMe  thiia  lioatuwvd  on  a  nuhlenian 
of  Ih*  aaiit*  faith  with  h*r  maiaaty  waa  danominaleit 
Maryland  :  ami  In  himor,  parnapa,  of  har  ma|eely'a 
faith,  Ih*  endowment  waa  •erumpaiiiad  with  iminunilte* 
mar*  ample  than  any  of  Iha  other  colonial  aalahliah- 
nienic  pue**e**d  Th*  flaw  proyinc*  wa*  darjarad  In 
Im  aeparated  from  Virginia,  and  no  longer  aMkordlnala 
to  any  nlhar  rolony,  bill  Immediately  aiib|Mt  lo  Iha 
erimii  iif  Knglanil,  and  d*|i*iiil4iit  ini  tha  aaiiia  for  ever 
lAril  lUltiiiiura  waa  created  III*  abaiiliit*  Iiiiipridary  uf 
Il )  a*ying  III*  allvgianc*  and  aoyarvign  dominion  due 
to  th*  crown.  II*  wa*  am|iaweratl,  with  Iha  aaaani  of 
the  freemen  or  their  delugatee,  whom  ha  waa  required 
to  aaaainlila   fiir  that  purpoae,  to  make   law*  fur  iha 

firoviiice,  iiol  repiigiiaiil  Iu  ill*  jiirie|irud*nce  of  ling- 
and ;  and  Iha  acta  uf  tha  aeeeinbly  n*  waa  authoriaed 
loaiacul*.  Kor  Ih*  population  of  Iha  n*w  colony, 
licanea  waa  given  to  all  hie  Majaaty'*  aubiacta  lo  Irana- 
purl  Ihamaelvea  thiiliar ;  and  Ihey  and  Inair  |HMtarity 
were  declared  to  Im  lieg*nien  of  Ih*  king  ami  hia  aiie- 
ceeeore,  and  entitled  to  th*  liliarlwa  of  l>ngliahmen,  aa 
if  they  had  been  Iwrn  within  Iha  kingdom.  I'owar  waa 
given  lo  Ih*  pruprielaiy,  with  aaaeiit  of  th*  |>*0|>le,  lo 
impoaa  all  jual  a>.i  proper  aiiliaidiea,  which  were 
granted  to  hini  ki  aver ;  ami  it  waa  ciivetiaiited  on  the 
(Mfl  of  th*  ki  ig,  that  neither  he  nor  hie  auccaaaora 
•hould  al  any  tune  im|ioaa,  or  oaiiae  to  Im  impoend,  any 
lallagea  on  the  roloiiiata,  or  their  gooda  and  teiieinenia. 
Of  on  their  cuiniiiotliliea  lo  be  laden  williiti  the  pru- 
tine*.  Thua  waaiunrerredon  Maryland,  in  per|iaiuity, 
Ihal  aiamption  which  had  been  granted  lo  olhar 
coloniea  for  a  term  uf  yeara.  Th*  territory  waa  erected 
into  a  palatinita ;  and  tha  proprietary  waa  iiiveaied 
with  all  the  royal  righta  of  the  |mI«c«,  aa  fully  aa  any 
biahiip  of  Durham  had  ever  enjoyed  i  and  he  waa  au- 
Ihoriaad  to  apfioinl  olflcere,  lo  repel  iiivaaiuna,  and  lo 
auppicaa  relwlliona.  The  advuwauna  of  Ihoe*  church**, 
which  alioiild  Im  coiiaecriteJ  according  to  the  accle- 
•iaaliol  lawa  of  Kiiulaiid,  were  granted  to  him.  The 
charter  finally  pioviJed,  that,  in  caae  any  doubt  ahould 
■riaa  concerning  Ita  true  meaning,  the  liilarpratation 
moat  favorable  lo  Ihe  proprietary  ahould  b*  adopted  ; 
eicludiiig,  however,  any  cunatruclion  derogatory  to  lb* 
iliriatian  religion,  or  10  th*  allegiaiic*  due  lo  Ih* 
crown. 

Though  Ih*  aovereignty  of  Ihe  crown  wae  ihua  re- 
•erved  over  the  province,  and  a  conformity  anioiiied 
between  ite  Icgialation  and  the  juriaprudence  of  lOiig- 
laiidi  no  meana  were  provided  for  the  eierciae  of  the 
royal  dominion  or  the  aacertaiiiment  of  Ihe  atipulated 
conforniity.  The  rharter  contained  no  apecial  reaerva- 
lion  of  royal  interference  in  the  goveriiineni  of  the  pro- 
vince, and  no  obligation  on  .the  proprietary  to  Iranainil 
the  acta  of  aaaembly  for  coiiArination  or  diaallowance 
by  the  king.  In  erecting  the  province  into  a  palatinate, 
and  veating  the  hereditary  guveriiineni  of  it  in  the  fa- 
mily of  Lord  Ualtiiiiore,  the  king  eterciaed  Ihe  highcat 
altributea  of  the  prerogativ*  of  a  feudal  sovereign.  A 
iimilir  trait  of  feudal  prerogative  appeira  in  the  perp«- 
tualeiemption  from  royal  taiation  which  waa  coiinrnird 
by  the  charter,  and  which,  at  r  later  periud,  gave  riae  to 
much  intricate  and  elaborate  controveray.  It  waa 
maintained,  when  Ihia  proviaon  became  the  aubjaci  of 
critical  diacuaaion,  that  it  could  never  be  conatrucd  to 
iingiort  an  eiemplion  from  parliainonlary  taxation,  aince 
the  king  could  not  bo  auppuaed  lo  intend  to  abridge 
Ihe  juriadiction  of  Ihe  parliament,  or  to  renounce  a  pri- 
vilege that  waa  not  hia  own  ;*  and  that  evtn  if  auch 
conatruction  had  been  intended,  the  iinmuiiily  Wiia 
illegal,  and  incapable  of  reatrainiiig  the  funcliona  of  the 
legialaturo.  In  addition  to  the  general  rcaaoning  that 
haa  been  employed  to  deinonatralo  thia  illegality,  refe- 
rence haa  been  made  lo  Ihe  authority  of  a  parliamentary 
prMcediiig  mentioned  by  Sir  Edward  Coke,  wlio,  in  a 
debate  on  tho  royal  prorogalivo  in  the  year  1620,  aa- 
aurod  the  Ooinmona  Ihal  a  diapcnaation  from  lubaidiea 


•  Vcl  at  an  after  period.  It  waa  coniidered,  that  an  ei- 
clualon  of  parliamentary  taxation,  whether  elfectually  con- 
atltuted,  would  be  at  leait  Imported  by  auch  a  rlaiye  ;  and 
in  tho  Pennaylvanlan  charter  when  an  exemption  of  thia  do- 
aerlptlon  waa  conceded.  It  waa  quallAed  by  an  exprcM  **  auvUu 
of  the  authority  of  the  Bngllah  parUainaut." 


gfaM*d  la  eanain  indiviiluala  wMkM  lb*  rwba  la  Ai 
reign  tl  Henry  Mw  Mavenlb,  hod  b**it  mk—nttmntf  » 
f**lad  by  ael  af  p*i|i*ffl*nl  Hul  lo  r**d*t  iMo  •» 
Ihiirily  eiHielualv*,  II  wuiild  h*  n*«eaa*ry  Iu  aap^oMk 
Ibal  every  ael  of  parliament  Ihal  mlmdiiaied  aMnWultf 
*rdin«n«*  wa*  alao  lUelaralory  of  Ihe  ganeial  Mw  i  mi 
even  then  Ihe  applicaiinn  *f  thia  aiiihiirily  t»  th*  ebof- 
l*r  ef  Maryland  may  >*ry  fairly  b*  qiiealiuiwd  ('*!» 
*l**.  In  that  aga,  wara  regarded  enliraly  aa  da|Mnd*n*lM 
a(  Iha  monaniliwal  part  of  tha  guvammanl  i  th*  rulo  al 
tbair  gav*ril«M*  waa  th*  niyal  prerxgaliva,  *t 
wh*r*  II  «**ap*«ially  Inniiad  oroarludad  by  ih*l 
of  a  royal  eharlar  i  and  ih*  aaina  puwer  Ihal  ■•*•  *  ^ 
liiiital  being  10  the  roluny  wee  coiiaidered  *iJ*<|imIo  I* 
delarinin*  Ui*  ixilitical  privlleg**  of  He  inhabilania.  Thi 
•oluniata  <if  MarylaiHl  iindoilblMlly  coiM*l**d  Ibal  ibotr 
•harlar  b**iuwni  on  them  an  aieiniMion  from  all  l*a*o 
bill  auch  aa  ahnuM  b*  im|ioaed  by  th*ir  own  pravinaial 
aaaembly  )  lor  II  diacbarged  lh*ni  fur  *v*r  from  Ik* 
taiaiion  of  Ih*  anlv  power  that  ivaa  eonaidarad  «••»• 
Milent  to  eiemiae  Inia  aiilhority  nver  Iham  Not  Ibo 
leaat  remarkable  (laculiariiy  or  thie  charier  la,  ibal  M 
alfiirda  tha  Aral  eiam|<la  of  the  dlainamh*rm*M  of  • 
colony,  and  th*  creation  of  a  new  on*  wiihin  lla  limlla, 
by  Ih*  iner*  act  of  th*  crown. 

Ixird  llaliimor*  having  thua  oblainad  th*  ehaitar  of 
Maryland,  haal*n*d  to  aiecut*  the  deaign  of  eolomab^ 
the  new  urovinc*,  of  which  h*  appoiiilMl  hi*  hrstlMf, 
Irfionard  i/'alvert,  Iu  b*  govornor.     Th*  Aral  body  « 
•inigrania,  i  uiiaialing  uf  about  two  hundred  gantleiiMn 
ol  cunaiderablo  rank  and  fortune,  chieAy  of  lb*  Homaii 
caihnlic  pareiiaaion,  with  a  iiumbar  of  Inferior  adharenia, 
aaili.il  from  lliigland  under  tha  command  of  Calvail  In 
Niivrinlier,    lAS'J ;    and    after  ■  proaparoua    voyago, 
landed  in  Maryland,  near  iba  mouth  of  Ih*  iivar  I'otoyv- 
mack.  III  Iha  baginnmg  of  Ih*  following  year.     (IMM.) 
I'ba  governor,  aa  aooii  aa  Im  landed,  *r*eied  a  ero**  an 
th*  aliore,  and  twik  |iaaaeaaiun  of  the  country,  /or  tuf 
iVdeiiwr,  uml  fur  iiur  inrrfign  lotit  Ikt  king  «/  Emg- 
UnJ.     Aware  that   Iha  Aral  aelllera  of  Virginia  b*4 
given  umbrage  lo  Iha  Indiana  by  occupying  llwir  tani- 
lory  withoul  oomandirig  their  periniaaion,  he  delanniliail 
to  Imitate  the  wiBarand  nialar  policy  Ihal  had  been  pur- 
aued  by  th*  coloiiiala  of  New  Kngland,  and  to  unite  HM 
new  with  the  anoieni  laeo  of  inhabilania  by  the  iacipi» 
oal  tiaa  of  eouit)!  and  good-will     Th*  Iiidiaii  chni  M 
whom  h*  aubmitud   hie   propoailion  of  occupying  • 
|K)rlinn  of  Ilia  country  anawered  at  Aral  with  a  aulM 
iiidiirerence,  the  reault  moat  prnlmlily  of  avereion  10  llw 
iiieaaiire  anil  of  conariuua  inability  to  leaial  it,  that  h* 
would  not  bid  the  Engliah  go,  neither  would  b*  bid 
Ihein  alay,  but  that  ha  left  them  to  Iheir  own  dIaaM 
Hon.     Im   liborality   and  coiirteay,  however,  of  Ibo 
govffnor'e  demeanor  aucceeded  al  length  ill  coneiU- 
ating  Ilia  regard  ao  powerfully,  that  he  not  only  forinad 
a  friendly  leagu*  between  the  culoniata  and  hia  own 
people,  but  |wrauaded  Ihe  other  neighboring  tribaa  to 
accede  to  the  treaty,  and  warmly  declared,  I  lint  <t« 
EiU'liih  10  itilt,  Ihul  i/  (Ary  iKuuti  go  akoul  lo  hll  mt, 
■/  /  kaU  to  muek  brttk  at  lo  tptak,  I  irould  tommamt 
Ihi  vtoplt  not  to  rittngt  my  iiiUk  i  for  I  kiuu  Ihtf 
uouU  Hol  do  lueh  a  Ihiitji,  txeept  tt  tent  tkroygh  mf 
own  fiMult,     Having  purchaaed  the  righta  of  Ih*  abon- 
ginea  al  a  price  which  gave  them  jperfecl  aatiafaetion, 
tno  coloniaia  obtained  puaaeaaion  nl  a  conaidenibia  di^ 
trict,  including  an  Indian  town  which  Ihey  iminedialalx 
proceeded  lo  occupy,  and  to  which  they  gave  Ih*  nana 
of  tit.  Mary*a.     It  waa  not  till  Iheir  numbera  had  uii> 
dorgone  a  conaiderable  incrraac,  that  they  judged  il 
necoaaary  lo  enact  legialativo  rcgiilaiiona,  and  eelabliab 
their   political   conatitution.     'Ihey    lived   aoma  lima 
under  tho  doincatic  regimen  of  a  patriarchal  family,  and 
conHiiod  their  attention  In  Ihe  providing  of  food  and 
habitationa  for  themaelvei  and  Ihe  aaaocietea  by  whom 
they  expected  to  bo  reinforced.     The  landa  which  had 
been  ceded  to  them  were  planted  with  facility,  becauaa 
they  had  already  undergone  Ihe  diacipline  of  Indian 
tillage  1  and  Ihiaeircumatancc,  aa  well  aalhe  proximiljt 
of  Virginio,  which  now  afforded  an  abundant  *upflj 
of  Ihe  iieceaaariea  of  life,  enabled  Ihe  coloniaia  « 
Maryland  to  eacape  the  ravagea  of  that  calainily,  whicb 
had  aHlicted  Ibo  infancy,  and  nearly  proved  fatal  lo  Iba 
oxiatrnce  of  avary  one  of  the  other  aeltlemcnU  of  lb* 
Engliih  iu  America.    The  lidinga  of  their  aafa  and 
comfortable  ealabliahment  in  Ihe  province,  coneiuTiag 
with  the  uneaaineaa  experienced  by  Ihe  Roman  ealho> 
lica  in  England,  induced  coiiaiderabia  numbera  of  Iba 
prufeaaora  of  thia  faith  to  follow  the  original  emigranta 
lo  Maryland  ;  and  no  eflorta  of  wiidoin  or  fleneroaiiy 
wore  apaied  by  Lord  Baltimore  lo  facilitala  ifaa  pop*- 
lation  and  promote  Ihe  happineaa  of  Ihe  colony     Tka 
innipotMtion  of  jwopla,  and  of  nacaaaig  AtM«a  aal 


TMI  RIITOIir  Of 


1  i 


pM«la«MM,  ilwfUil  UW  Am  l«MI  fMMt  MM  ktm  «f  WMrf* 

W  bnv  ilMMMMl  |kmm4(  T»  MMf  iiiinrxl  k*  •» 
W^mhI  AAd  *rrM  •/  UimI  In  tkMlHta  ha  ,  tnj  Mitk  • 
lilwnlilf  HniMnlbM  m  iMi  •(•,  wmI  •ti»(><kaf  anr 
^iMitu  lit  *  aiiiknlM,  Iw  uiMlail  *  gaiwrti  ••toMuhnMiil 
»!'  riMKiuinil*  M  llw  •iMdmMI  l«w  •(  iha  Itmi,  ailk  (n 
(Iwtlma  •iiliMMMi  •<  Iha  paliila*!  |if»lamin«ii<'*  af 
tHIwriiirui  III  Mf  MM  ^cIMuUf  awl  M  i|i>iHiniiii«lla« 
•f  ihriMMM  llii*  oiM  MlminialitiMii  •iwn  ••« 
vtrtxl  t  Jmiy  kiMmimw  IHM  •  pfwaanMu  'ntniiT 
ll  M  •  frmi  M  ••)••  af  I>m  Ma***  W  m«  (lallay,  •mi 
Ika  p»«i|Hilt|r  tMl  iMfflMW  af  llM  tatanMU,  thai  • 
««ril  fc«  liaaia  (Aai  Uw  ItrM  aaaa^tMii  a(  Ika  (mtiito*, 
Ihay  iTMlwl  I*  Ikaw  |im|iriat«ry  *  tamMianMa  xiIk 
■kill  a/  tatMara.  M  •  gralafxl  •rknooMginanl  iif  hi< 
lihanlily  tiwl  banalUaiwa  HimiUr  irikaiu  r«niinii*il, 
fram  lln«a  la  iima,  la  tiiaal  iha  mam  »f  Iha  |ira|iria- 


Urjr  mhI  Iha  alltrhinani  af  Iha  pa«|ila. 

Tlw  wiailatn  ami  <iii>ia  li«  Mhitli 
Iha  n««  |tn>«iiH'a  mtn  •i||naliaail,  roiilil  iiM  aliinx  hif 


Iha  •rliiirarii  in|iialira  hy  whoh  !■•  larriliHy  hail  haan 
wraalail  friHn  Iha  juiimIii'Ihhi  nt  Vinini* ,  4ihI  whila  II 
a  iiH|iu«ailila  imM  la  raKrai  Iha  iniumaa  «hi>  h  nfinin- 
alaj  friiiii  Ihia  I'lrfiiinalaiica,  Ihara  la  nMnaiKing  tw)l  al- 
IOK>'lh«r  iliiaaliafaiTliiry  la  lh«  iiwiral  aya,  in  Iwhnlilinj 
Ilia  inayitahia  (ruiU  of  uiur|iallun  Muah  laaaona  ara 
inoal  agnatlila,  ohan  iha  rairihiilnin  whwh  ihay  rapra- 
•anl  la  ronllnml  la  iha  iminatliala  |Mr)ialr«lora  af  wniflg 
bill  Ihay  ara  nal  laaal  aaliilary  whan  iha  ailnMiiiilinii 
•hay  convay  la  ailaiHlml  In  iha  rrnwria  arraaaaiiaa,  whu 
Ma  willing  la  trail   Ihamaaliaa  af  iha  Injiiaiiea  of  iha 

KM|«||>*I  delmuUBnta  'Dm  king  had  raminamlai)  Hir 
lin  llarvay,  ilia  gaittnat  al  Virginia,  la  ranilar  Iha 
Mlinual  aaaialaiiaa  aiid  anruuragfiinanl  In  l,<>nl  llalli' 
Mura,  in  aauhliahing  hiinaalf  and  hia  aaamMataa  in 
Mirvland.  Il>il  lh<m||h  Iha  guiri'riiar  ami  hia  riiiiiu-il 
Nulily  agraatl,  in  huiiiliU  aulHtiiaaion  tu  hia  inajvaty'a 
ploaaura,  la  alia«r«»  a  gu<Hl  curraaiHUHlanra  wilh  Ihair 
iMwalcninii  iiaiglilHiri,  ihvy  ilrirriiiiiiail  al  Iha  aaiiiv 
tlina  la  inaiiMaiii  Iha  righia  uf  iha  |iriar  a«iili<iiii>nl 
Tha  (ilaiiiara  af  VirKliiia  |irKaaiii»il  a  palitian  agaiiiil 
Ika  gram  la  ImM  Ualliinara :  ami  both  pariiaa  wara 
•fmillaJ  lo  iliaouaa  lhair  raapacliva  pralaiiaiana  Iwrura 
IM  l*ri«y  (yauiiril  Aflrr  vainly  andaayoring  lo  pru- 
■Ma  an  ainirahia  ailjiHImrnl,  iha  roiinci!  awanlail  Ihal 
Ua  lurdahip  aliaulil  raiain  hia  palani,  and  iha  nciiiionara 
Ikcir  rainoily  (I  Uw — i  rainodv  which  prolwLly  had  no 
•net,  and  lo  whwh  Iha  Virginiana  nayvr  Ihoiighl 
ar  lo  raaoct.  For  Iha  pravaniing  nf  farthar  ililfa- 
a,  ll  waa  ordanid  hy  Iha  raiiiii'il  Ihal  fma  and  inn- 
ImI  coininarca  aliould  lia  iMirmillad  iMiwaen  Iha  Iwo 
catonica  ;  ihal  naithar  ahould  racHiva  riigilivca  from  iha 
miirr.  or  do  any  tcl  thai  Might  provnka  a  war  with  tha 
Miivaa ;  and  Ihal  h<>ih  ahauld  un  all  occaaiona  aaiial 
Mid  livfriciid  each  othar  in  ■  mtiinar  kacoining  fallow 
nliiMta  of  the  aaina  ainpira. 

Bui  ilihoiigh  Ilia  Virginian  plantsra  wara  Ihua  com- 
pallad  to  withdraw  thair  opooaition,  and  tha  Virginian 

Cnrrnmani  to  recogniaa  tha  indcpandani-a  of  Mary- 
nd,  Iha  aalaliliahinuiil  of  Ihia  colony  ancountarad  an 
obatiiiata  raaiatanca  from  iiilaraata  much  laaa  anlillcd 
lo  raapaal ;  and  tho  validity  of  l«rd  Ualliniora'a  grant 
waa  vohamantly  oppoaad  by  tha  protinaiona  of  a  prior 
intnidar.  Thia  eoiniialiloi  waa  William  (/'layborna,  a 
roainbarof  Sir  Jolin  lUrvay'a  council,  and  aacrvlary  of 
Iho  provinco  of  Virginia  |  and  tha  r,-ieiidalnp  botwcan 
Marvoy  and  ihia  individmal  may  parhapa  account  for 
■  aiiigulanly  in  tho  conduct  of  Ihal  tyrannical  govarnor, 
■nd  aiplain  why  on  ana  occaaion  al  Icaat  hr  waa  dia- 
paaad  lo  maintain  Iho  interaala  of  Iha  Virginian  plant- 
era  in  oppoaition  to  tha  arbitrary  purpoaea  of  the  king. 
About  a  year  preceding  the  data  of  liurd  Daltiinore  a 
chartar,  tha  king  had  granted  lo  Cleyborna  a  licence 
■ndn  the  aig n  manual  to  Iraflic  in  thoaa  paru  of  America 
not  camprehanded  In  any  prior  |wlenl  of  axcluaiva 
trade  :  and  for  the  enforccmenl  of  ihia  licence  Harvey 
bad  Buperadded  to  it  a  eommiaaioii  in  aimHar  lerma  un- 
der tha  acal  of  hia  own  authority.  The  object  of  Cley- 
borne  and  kn  aaaociatea  waa  to  monopoliaa  Iha  Irade 
of  Ih*  (/'heaapeak  ;  and  with  thia  view  they  bad  pro- 
needed  to  eaialiliah  a  amaH  trading  aattlenient  in  the 
iaia  of  Kent,  which  ia  aituatad  in  the  very  centre  of 
Maryland,  and  which  Cleyborna  now  paraiated  in  claim- 
ing aa  hia  own,  and  refiiaed  to  aabmit  to  tha  newly 
■taeted  iariMlirtien,  The  injuatica  of  •  plea  which 
COM  mad  ■  licence  to  Irafllr  into  ■  |{ranl  of  tarritory, 
did  not  prar^nl  the  gotemmeni  of  Virginia  from  coun- 
Unuieing  Cleyborne'a  oppoaition  ;  aiM,  rncoiiraged  by 
IIm  •pprobalion  which  they  openly  gave  lo  hia  prelen- 
thot,  M  proceeded  to  enforce  them  by  acU  of  pmHi- 
MM  nlriflu*,  and  even  aanguinary  violence.  He  in- 
Mid  Ut  nm  ■pliit  into  iIm  inl»biUat«  of  the  iaIa  of 


KaM,  (nd      ^ 

aowia  M  wkmr  be  wee  eMa  w  pafeoewa  wm  'be  new 
aaliUfa  wara  Noaniotda  awl  anoMiaa  le  Iha  Virglniaa* 
[  IM4  I  Uird  balliHtMfa  al  iangih  waa  aanaiMa  of  Ike 
Ha«aeetly  ef  •  tigarem  dalb«<a  af  hia  rigMe  ami 
ofdara  ware  Iranamiiiad  la  ika  govaritat  la  vindivala 
Ilia  pfovinviel  ^nnadi^iian,  and  mnlmrm  an  attiira  aiihar 
di'iaiimi  wiihin  iia  limiia  'I'll!  iliia  •dtarganry,  iha 
loliiny  had  atihaialad  wiikoul  anaa'iing  ar  raaliaiiig  lie 
mil  inaiiiwiiana  >  bat  Ike  aama  amaigvMy  inai  new 
aallad  Mik  ika  pewara  af  gnvammrnl,  lawlad  alae  le 
davalofa  ila  wganiaalion  AaaonlingW,  In  Ika  aam 
MMnaamaiil  »(  iha  rollawiiui  v«ar,  [IMA. |  waa  "an- 
vanad  Iha  Ural  aaaamhiy  uf  Maryland,  ranalaling  af  iha 
whole  hiidy  of  the  frMimn  ,  and  venniia  ragulalHma 
wafa  anaatad  kf  Ike  mainlatianaa  al  good  onfar  In  iha 
previnaa.  <bia  nl  iha  •iiarlmanla  uf  ihia  aaaamhiy 
waa,  that  all  |Mr|Milraii>ra  of  murder  and  irthar  faloniaa 
ahauM  iwur  iha  aama  iHihiahmanla  thai  wara  awanlail 
by  Iha  lawa  uf  (^iigltiol ,  an  anafimanl  whu'h,  liatidaa 
Ila  genaral  uliliiv,  waa  nataaaary  In  |ia«a  tha  way  lo 
Iha  pidiinal  proarvdinga  Ihal  wara  i-iuit«inpUlad  agaiiial 
I'layhoriia  Thia  imlivHliial,  aerardingly,  alill  par- 
aialiiig  in  hia  mitraga*,  waa  imlirtad  aiKiii  aflai'  nf  mur- 
der, pirany,  and  aMliliun  Finding  Ihal  ihoaa  whn  had 
anronragvd  hia  pralanainna  Un  hint  unaidi'd  In  difanil 
hia  uriniea,  ha  flad  ^roni  pialifta,  ami  hia  ralala  waa  i-on- 
Aaralad  Againal  Ihaaa  pfoi'aadinga  ha  ap|>aal*d  la 
tha  king  ;  ami  Matiiianad  at  tha  aama  limn  hir  Iha  ra- 
Naw4l  uf  hia  liiaiire  and  >ha  grant  nf  an  indapaiidanl 
lairilary  ad|aining  la  Iha  lala  iii  Kant  Ity  Ilia  aaaiai. 
titca  ol  |Mwarful  fiiantla,  and  Iha  dailaiily  nf  hia  rapra 
aanialinna,  ha  vary  naaily  ahlainad  a  taniplaia  Iriuinph 
over  Ilia  aniagnniaia,  and  avvninally  prvvaiUtl  ao  lar  aa 
In  irivuUa  l,nril  llaliiinnra  and  tha  I'ntnniaU  uf  Miry- 
land  in  a  I'nntrutaray  that  waa  iml  larniiiiKlad  Tnr  •vvn- 
ral  yaara  Al  length  tha  lorda  cummiaainnara  nf  iha 
ealonlaa,  tu  whom  tha  maitar  had  bran  irfi'rrad,  pni 
nuunfati  a  lliitil  aanlant'a,  diainiianig  riayhurno'a  ap- 
(laal,  and  adjiiil^ing  ihal  lh*i  wtiuU  larritury  h*<lniigi<d 
tu  l,<ird  llalliniuia,  and  that  no  planlaliun  ur  Iradn  Willi 
the  Indiana  ahould  lie  aalabliahad  wilhaiit  hia  parmn 
aion  wilhin  the  limila  of  hia  patent.  Thua  divaalad  i<> 
avrry  at-mhUnie  of  Ugal  tilla,  l.'Uyburiie  airhangio 
hia  nn|t«a  uf  victory  fur  achaniea  of  ravange  ;  and 
walcliing  avary  npportuiiity  of  lioalile  inlrigiiii  that  Iha 
ailiiation  nf  the  colony  inighl  preaani  la  him,  ha  waa 
unforlunalely  enabled,  (I  t  future  period,  lo  wreak  Iha 
vaiigaanra  uf  diaappoinled  rapacity  upon  hia  aucveaaful 
coniiHiiitora 

'liie  colony  meanwhile  continued  to  thilve,  and  the 
numbara  of  Ha  inhthitanta  to  he  auginanlad  by  eopioua 
emigration  from  Kngland.  Wiih  the  inciaaae  of  the 
peu|>lu,  and  the  eitenaion  of  tha  aeiiUiarnia  to  a  grrairr 
diatanca  from  Hi.  Mary'a,  the  nrrreaily  uf  a  Ugialaliva 
code  liecaine  (ppareiit :  and  l>ord  llaltiiiiafa  Iwviiig 
cam|ioaed  a  body  uf  lawa  fur  the  province,  tnnaniitlru 
ihein  to  hia  brother,  with  diractioni  lo  propoaa  Ibain  to 
tha  aaaainbly  of  the  freemen.  Tha  aeconu  aaaainbly  of 
Maryland  waa  in  eonaeiiuence  convoked  hy  the  go- 
vernor, (ina?,]  with  the  atpectatiun  no  doubt  of  an 
iininediate  ratiiication  of  the  aiiggeationa  uf  tha  propri- 
alary,  liul  the  coloniata,  with  a  conlial  attachinenl  lo 
Lord  naltiinore,  cheriahrd  a  juat  ealiination  of  thi-ir 
own  political  nghia  ;  and  while  they  made  a  lilierul  pro- 
viaion  for  the  aupporl  of  hia  governiiienl,  they  hrailatod 
not  a  moment  to  rejocl  the  cntle  that  he  tundrrvd  lu 
their  accaplance.  In  the  place  of  it,  Ibay  prepared  for 
Iheinaelvea  a  collection  of  reguUlione,  which  are  credit- 
tbie  10  their  own  good  aciiao,  and  from  which  aome 
inaight  may  be  derived  into  tlie  atato  of  the  aottleineiit 
at  thia  period.  The  province  waa  divided  into  baroiiica 
and  ihanora,  the  priviiegea  of  which  wore  nuw  carefully 
diAned.  Uilla  were  framed  for  aecuring  the  liherliea 
of  the  people  and  the  litlea  to  lauded  properly,  and  for 
rogulating  the  courae  nf  inteatate  aucceaaion.  A  hill 
waa  peaaed  for  tha  aup|Kiit  of  the  pra|iriiiUry,  and  an 
act  of  atuinder  •gaiiiat  CUyborne.  In  almost  all  the 
lawa  where  prieea  were  attted  nr  paymonla  preacribed, 
tobacco,  and  not  money,  waa  made  the  meaaure  of 
value.  The  coloniata  of  Maryland  appear  lu  have  de- 
voted themaelvea  »a  veiiemenlly  aa  llin  Virginiana  did 
at  Aral  lo  the  cultivation  of  Ihia  valuable  article.  In 
Iheir  indiacrimintle  eagerneaa  lo  enlarge  their  contribu- 
tiona  lo  Iha  market,  and  to  obtain  a  price  for  the  whole 
produce  of  their  fielda,  they  refuted  to  aecvdo  In  the 
reguUtiona  by  which  the  pUntera  of  Viritmia  unproved 
the  quality  by  diminiahing  the  i|uantity  of  iheir  aupply  ; 
and  ihia  colliaion  waa  productive  of  much  ditpute  and 
ill-huinor  between  the  colonioa,  end  tended  to  keep 
■live  the  original  diagual  wilh  which  the  eatabliabment 
of  MaiyUnd  had  bara  rogarded  by  t^mginia. 


•«•  yaere  aneiwonla,  (IMltl,  waa  reoAHad  MMMI» 
Me  ky  the  inonlovinHi  ul  a  'apraaaniMlve  bMf  iM* 
Ike  aeflalilniiiMi  I  ha  |,tipiiUliim  u(  iha  pravMae  ttd 
danvad  aa  lorga  an  inriaaaa  Iram  reaanl  amigfeaiwiM^ 
Ikal  II  waa  lm|awaiMa  Air  the  naaholdara  la  ■e«tUr><ie 
any  htnoar  la  •aan-lae  tha  priviUga  af  UgialalMm  hy 
parannal  ailaHdati«a  A  law  waa  iheraftifa  peaaed  lir 
Iha  liiirralniiiun  af  rapraaanlalivaa,  and  iha  ntodidna* 
IMn  af  Iha  loHiaa  af  aaaamhiy.  It  ivoa  daaUfod  ky  Ikia 
•el,  thai  Ikoaa  wha  aboiiM  ha  aleaied  in  Mieoewe  al 
wriia  laaiwd  ahould  ha  valUd  k<i'ireaaaa,  anc  atMttU  ■«» 
ply  Iha  p|a«a  af  iha  fraanian  w  rhooa  tbom,  M  IM 
aama  ntannar  aa  Iha  rapftae«ii»  t—  m  ike  p  elite  Mewl 
ef  llngUmI,  and,  in  ■'an|i(n«tlnii  wilk  ihaae  ealled  ^ 
ihe  aiwrial  wril  a(  Iha  Bfoprialary,  taga'her  wlik  dM 
gavarnur  and  aacralary,  ahould  •oiialilula  tho  ganeeel 
oaaainhly.  Hut  ihangh  ih«  aUalMn  of  rapraaanlaliyee 
waa  Ihua  aalahliahad  fur  Iha  ran«anlan«e  uf  Ihe  paaela, 
ihry  wafa  luil  iratiu'lail  la  Ihia  mode  of  aaafaMing 
their  li'gMliinrial  righle  i  fur,  by  a  vary  aingular  alanae, 
It  waa  pruvidad,  tlial  all  freemen  rrfraining  from  talmM 
at  tbo  aUoiiaii  af  hurgaaaaa,  were  al  likaily  lo  laka  ihaif 
aaaia  in  parMin  In  the  •aaainbly  Tlw  aaveral  hraiinhxa 
uf  the  li'gialalnra  wara  a|i|Miinlad  lu  all  In  Ihr  aaiiii, 
«haml<ar,  and  all  ai'la  aaaenird  lu  by  Ihe  iinilad  'wlf 
were  lo  \m  daainad  of  Ilia  aama  furea  ae  if  the  proptv- 
alary  and  frranian  had  been  iiaraonally  |raaanl  ll 
waa  mil  Imig  liefora  Ihe  people  weM  aenailile  of  IIm 
advaniaga  ihal  Iha  daniocralic  part  of  Iha  tunalltnltoit 
wmild  >l>rive  frutn  ihe  acparila  aatabliahnienl  of  lie 
peculiar  organ  >  hiil  although  Ihia  innavation  waa  aug- 
gvaiad  hy  Iha  bnrgaaaea  vary  ahurtly  •Aerwarde,  the 
runalitnliun  ihtl  waa  nuw  vlupled  runliniied  to  be  re- 
tained by  tha  IrgiaUtnre  nf  MaiyUiid  nil  Ilia  year  lUA 
Varioiia  acta  <*vim  paaard  in  Ihia  aaaainbly  fur  the  aeeu- 
rily  uf  lilwrly.  and  the  adminiatraiion  uf  lualwe  aerard- 
ing  lu  tile  lawa  and  rtialnma  uf  Fngland.  All  the  in- 
luTiilanla  were  retpiired  In  lake  the  ualh  uf  alUgianee 
tu  tlie  king  ,  thu  prrrugalivaa  uf  the  proprietary  ware 
dialiin'tly  rvi'ngiiiaed  ,  and  the  great  rhartar  of  Eli(> 
land  waa  deelared  lo  Iw  the  meaaure  of  Ihe  libeniei  of 
Ihe  roloniala.  To  obviate  the  inranteniencea  that 
began  lu  tie  Ihreatenrd  liy  the  alinual  aii-lnaive  ■lien- 
tiun  uf  thH  tn'upU  la  Ihe  culimaliuii  uf  inliaceo,  II  WM 
fuuiid  neceaaary  lu  rnfurca  the  planting  of  rom  by  Uw. 
A  lei  waa  ini|KMad  fur  the  aupply  of  a  raveniia  la  lb* 
proprietary.  Ilul  natwilhatandiiig  Ihia  Indiealien  ol 
preeperily,  and  the  introduction  uf  repreavntative  g» 
verninani,  that  the  roloniala  were  not  yt-t  either  numo- 
rune  or  waalihy,  ma  be  atrunglv  mrrrred  from  Ihe  ink- 
poeitiun  nf  a  general  aaaeaamenl  lo  erect  a  water  •ndl 
for  the  uae  of  the  colony.  HIavary  aainiia  lo  have  hoe* 
eatat-liahxd  Ml  Maryland  (torn  Ita  aarlieal  ciiliiniialHm  i 
for  an  act  of  tliia  aaaeiiilily  doai'riliea  iht  ftiif  i  lo  can- 
aial  of  all  chrialiaii  inluliilaiila,  tUtf  until  iiriftii, 
I'hat  alavery  aliuidd  gain  a  fnuting  in  any  conimuMlf 
of  profeaaing  (.'hrialiana,  will  eaciti*  the  regret  of  every 
line  who  knuvia  what  aUvary  and  Chriaiianity  iiiaaii. 
.Some  aurpiiae  may  mingia  wiih  our  regret  when  we 
bt'huld  thia  baneful  inaiiliilion  ailupted  in  a  colony  el 
calholira,  and  of  men  who  not  only  were  Iheiiiaelvce 
fngilivea  from  (leraecution,  but  ao  much  in  earneal  in 
Ihe  prafeaaiun  uf  tlieir  diatini'live  failh,  aa  for  ila  aake 
to  incur  eiiU  frnin  their  native  country.  The  unlaw- 
fulneaa  of  aUvery  lieil  been  aoUmnly  annoiin'red  by  tha 
ponliir,  wlHMn  Iha  cathulica  regard  aa  tha  infallibln  head 
of  their  church.  When  the  cuntroveray  on  ihie  aub- 
jaci  waa  aubiniited  tu  !ieo  the  Tenlh,  he  declared,  that 
not  only  the  chriatian  religion,  but  nature  heraell,  cried 
out  againal  a  alale  of  alavery.  Uut  the  good  which  an 
earthly  (loientala  can  eflect,  ia  far  from  lieing  I'oiiiinen- 
aurate  with  hia  power  of  doing  evil.  When  a  |io|ie 
divided  the'  undiacovered  parte  of  tha  world  between 
Caatile  and  Portugal,  hia  arrogant  diviaiun  waa  hold 
aacrod ;  when  another  levelled  hia  humane  aenlence 
againal  Ihe  law  fulneaa  of  alivery,  hia  ■uthvrity  waa 
contemned  or  diaregarded. 

The  diaconteni  with  which  tho  eatabliahment  of  Ihe 
now  colony  had  been  regaidad  by  the  Virginiana  wa* 
heightened,  no  doubt,  by  the  conlraal  lie'.ween  Ilia 
liberty  and  happineaa  that  the  plantera  of  Maryland 
were  permitlrd  to  enjoy,  and  the  tyranny  ihal  llwy 
themaelvea  were  eanuaed  to  from  the  governineiil  ol 
Sir  Jolin  Harvey.  'Fhe  argumenta  by  which  Ihr  .Mary- 
land charter  had  been  aucceaafully  defended  againal 
them,  tended  lo  aatocinte  the  loaa  of  their  lilierliea  with 
the  eiiatcnce  of  ihia  culony  :  for  the  complaint  of  di*- 
inemliormenl  of  Itioir  original  territory  had  been  cn- 
cuuntered  by  the  plea,  that  Iha  deaignation  of  that  ter- 
ritory had  perialied  wilh  the  charlei  which  eontaino'l 
it,  tiid  that  by  the  diaaolution  of  the  iom|)iny  lo  whir  a 


NORTH   AMRRirA 


I  mm  »— miplM  iMnMfT  k*4  n«>n*4  M  itM 

)t>«i«««,  iIm  Vl>(lni*n*  k<Hl  ■•kUin»l  tlw  lilwoin  »(H<il) 
kni  Hmh  «i«m*iI  Irmn  iham  *t  ilw  linw  «(  IK  4im*Iu 
tkm  I  »>m4  k<iw«  ilMir  u<t»ni  wi<t)M  r»r  ih«  rMiurtiimt 
•f  )l»ir  liliafliM  otra  n«iiif«lly  rnn<yi»lt>(  ollti  iha  r« 
iat«MtahHMin(  »l  4  ynf|ttif»iMfi,  wh*Mi«  |>iutif,  If  n*iv»«l, 
••tiW  •nniil   ih«  vlMfivr  *if  M4fvl«)t«l      ll  WM  fmiii 
Ml*  fwi  IhiIH  ih«  mlnnitt  1^41  <h«  lih«rlii«  nf  Virviiim 
WW*  rMtonnl  ky  IIm  kin^  oiilMiii  *Im  •|'|i*m44(«  >»  Ih* 
ffWHi  •«r)iiit«IMHi  I    wiai   lh*l   Ik*   V  irniHMiia,   |iia*l; 
tyiiwwtliig  Ih*   ••lt»n)«(>a   lhi.«  (MMwaMii,  n««  ra 
pnM  wiiK  •»n»iii  ih«   r«vi<*l  uf  ih«  |Mi>nl,  tiHl 
war*  MnaitiU  iImi  ih«ir  iii'«r»)a  wixilil  li*  railio  i»i 
Miml  than   |i««iih)I>i|  by  ih«  •••nl  ihal  »*iilit  rnalila 
UMm  M  n>-*iMMa  MarilaiiU  in  lh«ir  Urrilufy      llait  iha 
•hann*  of  airpiimalamaa  ami  inlaraM*  h*an  il«r*rml 
hot   »   ahoft   lima,  ih«   iihmI    iii|iirini>a   runaai|>iai»'>'a 
Mi||lll  ha«a  raaiillail  l<i  Imlh  iha  roloiiiaa  .  [|IHII|  lor 
IW   aaaamMiiitf   nl   tK«    l^mif  Marliaritanl,  aritl  iiw  an 
<Mur*fanwnl  oliM'k  rvaiy  ruiniiUiiii  nf  nif  al  iniannotii' 
III>IM  rwaitail  (ntm  Ihal  aaaamlily,  inaiiirail  iha  iiropria 
%m  at  Iha  Viraliiia  riMniiany  with  iIm  Iui|mi  M  iihiaiiiiiiij 
*  raMilnlHin  «  iliair  |>aiaiii      KuiiiHail  l>y  ili«  innKinii 
•(  •WHiwnl   laoyara  «lHiin    IlKif  runaiilinl,  aixi  whii 
wntlilMi  nM  !•  aaaiira  ihain  Ihal  iha  •naiaiil  |i«laiila  ii( 
VlrninM  aiill  rariMlnail  In  r<iii>a,'  anil  Ihal  Ilia  (rani  »( 
ManUnd,  aa  ili  r<i||il<iry  In  Ihrin.  vir«a  iillKrIy  tnul,  lliav 
|irrarnlail  an  aupltratuiu  In  lit*  ^irliantanl  i'Uiii|itainitt|f 
•(  Iha  unjiitl  invaaiiHi  ihal  Ihair  imtnlfHna  hail  iimlvr 
■ant,  and  ilainanding  Ihal  iIm  ||iivarMM>viil  nf  Viri|>iiia 
UHMilil  h«   raawnd  In  Iham      I'hia  a|itilic<iiim  wmihl 
Hndoublaitlf  ha>a  prxailail,  if  ll  had  Imrii  •riiiiuliiil  liy 
Um  roludy      lla  failiira  waa  iiiaiiily  iM't-aainiii'd  lijr  iha 
VI|EMiii<ia  uppoailiun  of  Iha  aaaainhlji  ul  ViiKiiiia 

l.udar  Ina  ronaliliilian  which  «a*  Ihiia  |iraaar«ad  to 
tknm  hv  iha  alKirta  of  ila  anciani  aiiianuniala,  iha  <  nlo- 
niata  01  Maryland  ronliniiad  In  anjuy  a  gfoal  daurav  uf 
tm\ti|iinaaa  and  pMa|wiily,  [Ift4l,|  and  In  atiiu-*,  liy 
Utair  unahaini  (raliluda  In  Ilia  )iru|iiii'lary,  Ihal  iliv 
•ftnl  of  Itharty  raihar  »nh»n««a  lliaii  iiniiaira  iha  ailarh- 
aaiil  of  (  fraa  |MO|ila  M  lla  rularaiand  inal  a  |iiai  a«naa 
•(  Ika  righia  uf  mm  la  no  way  liHiain|ialil>la  wiih  a 
taaly  iiniiraaaioii  of  ihair  diiliaa.     'I'ha  wiai'  anil  frtnnilly 

Ck'y  whii'h  Ilia  unyurnor  <  onliniird  U>  |iuraiiii  luwarila 
Indiana,  had  hitharin  pcaaclvrd  a  ptiacn  winch  had 
Kaiad  hluhly  IwnolU'ial  In  iha  iiifanry  uf  ilia  lulony. 
Ill  unfurtiiiialaly  Iha  inlriKni'a  of  (Mayliorna  hail  in- 
fcelad  Ika  iiiinda  of  Iheaa  aavanoa  wilh  a  ji'almia  aiiniii- 
•Mn,  which  Ih*  Inrraaaing  iHiwar  of  ilia  culony  had  iiu 
lantlancy  lo  inillKaic,  and  winch  iha  imiiimU'ratn  avidiiy 
•(  aoma  of  Iha  nlanlcra  litndi'd  puwarrully  lo  iiiAiiiiiu 
I'ha  rapid  iniillipliualnin  of  ihu  alrannaia  wrinrd  lo 
Unaalan  Ihair  anlincliuii  aa  *  iwupla ;  and  ihc  an||in«n- 
•ad  yalna  which  Iha  larrilnry  lliay  aold  lo  Ihu  culonlala 
kad  aul>a«i|iicnily  dariyad  from  Ilia  induaiiy  and  akill  of 
H*  liaw  (iruiirialora,  rnaily  aiim|iialad  lo  ihair  riiyy  and 
Wnoraiico  ina  angry  anriniaa,  llial  Ihcy  had  Itcun  da- 
mudad  in  tha  original  yciidilion.  'I'hia  iiijiirioiia  ana- 
IMion  waa  conAiinad  by  iha  nundiict  of  variona  Indi- 
viduala  ainong  ili«  ulanii'ra,  who  pniciirvd  adiliiional 
granla  of  land  fruin  Inn  Indiana  williuul  Iha  aulhority  uf 
goyanintainl,  fur  cnn<idiir»lioiia  which  wora  mlraiuuly 
in(dei|ualii,  and  which.  U|Kin  rtiHcvlion,  filled  Ihain  wild 
■ngar  and  diacunlani  t  'I'haaa  caiiaaa  at  langlh  pro- 
4iicad  Iha  calainily  which  iha  go«itrnnr  had  tailored  ao 
aamaalljr  lo  avail.  An  Indian  war  broke  out  ni  lh« 
kafiiinmg  of  tha  year  1643,  and  continued  for  aaveml 
*aan  aAar  to  adininialar  ila  aecuatoiniid  avila,  wilhont 
Ike  occurreiicn  of  any  ilcciaive  laaiie,  ur  the  atlainuient 
•f  any  coniidaralile  advantage  by  eillier  party  I'caro 
kaving  liaen  wilh  aoine  dilliculty  re-ealabliahi'd.  [IU44,] 
Iha  aaaamhly  proceeded  lo  anaci  Uwa  for  tha  provan- 
ion  of  tha  more  obyioua  cauaee  of  complaint  and  ani- 
oiaaity.  All  aciiuiaitiona  of  land  from  the  altoriginea, 
wilhoul  tha  eunaent  of  the  proprietary,  wore  Jiclarcd 
derogatory  no  luaa  to  hia  dignity  and  riglila,  than  m  the 
wfatyof  Iha  eominiinily,  and  therefore  void  and  illegal. 
ll  wu  nude  a  etpilsl  felony  to  a«|l  or  kidnap  any 


*  Ttila  aaama  lo  rorrohnratfl  the  auppoali  on  itiat  tha  qti 
varraatu  aialnat  the  Vlrfiiiia  ci>n)|iany  waa  nut  pru»iii'ulii<I  t 
•  Jadtetal  iaaua. 

THitnllar  eaaaaa  of  oininra  undnuiitinlly  b^ini  «r  pro- 
VHiMi  many  nf  the  wara  Iwtween  the  Indiana  anil  llin  ntlier 
fulonlafc  "  Such  llilntfa,"  aayi  tlio  hlalnnati  uf  New  lUinp- 
allira,  "  wara  lnili*a<l  illnalliiwiiil  l>y  tho  K'>vi'riuniiiit,  ami 
would  alwayi  have  been  pufiis(ittil,  If  thi)  Imllnna  htiil  iiiailu 
aani|>lalnt;  Imt  itmy  knnw  nnlv  ilm  luw  of  rHtullailini,  mtil 
arhaa  an  cil>>*7  area  liiillcteil,  it  waa  nnver  rorKuttpn  litl  !«• 
aaagad.**  The  fraud,  or  auppoiad  fraud,  nf  an  iititlvMiut), 
■IpHt  al  tha  diatanca  of  many  yeara  from  lla  iKirprctailun, 
'  '  "  I  whole  coloui  to  wlucli  be  beloniiid  tii  an  lndi.ui 
1,1  IM. 


fnawlly  IndMiia  ,  and  a  higk  iniadamaawHI  la  ait|i^ly 
ikam  with  a|M>lliWHa  lM|Hora.  *•  M  (nit  ikam  Hi  paaaaa 
awHi  of  arma  nf  aiiMiMiniiMin  I'afMv  by  ih»ae  ragiila 
iMna,  and  mora  by  ih«  hnmana  and  prinlatii  #mMlH«l  of 
Iha  prM|Wiaiary  gtoarniHani,  iha  (Maaa  Ihal  waa  now 
fonalutUd  hatwavn  iha  oniony  and  lb*  Indiana  anb- 
alalad,  wilhuiil  inlarriipinm,  lor  a  vonaidarabia  pariad 
af  urn* 

liiil  Ih*  aiilxny  waa  nnl  long  parmlliad  In  anpiy  Ik* 
raainralH.n  uf  I'a  iranipiillily  Ncarraly  had  Iha  Indian 
war  li*an  fiinrl'idad,  whan  ih*  InlrigHaa  »( I'leyborn* 
aipbnlad  In  niiachiafa  of  far  graalar  niagnitin^a,  and 
mufa  laaiing  niabgniiy  'Ilw  aalKHy  af  ihia  aniar|ifla- 
ing  and  tiniliaiita  apiril  hail  h**n  f  uihad  h  ih*rlo  by 
the  lUfaranva  which  ha  lUainad  it  ai|i*iliar)i  la  nrofaaa 

10  Iha  plaaanr*  of  iha  llriiiah  rouri.  al  whirh  no  had 
fimiinuad  lo  iiiltiyala  hia  iniaraat  an  ancaaaafiilly,  that, 
In  Iha  year  IMf,  ha  had  reyeltad  friin  Iha  king  Iha  ap- 
piMnlinanl  of  Iraaaiirar  of  Virginia  bir  hfa  llul  Iha 
civil  wara  which  ha*l  now  brnha  nut  in  l!iiglaMil,  leav- 
ing bini  no  luiigrr  any  thing  in  hope  frnin  royal  fialron' 
ag*.  Iia  ntaila  no  arriipla  in  ilfi'lim  hiinavll  a  |Mrliaan 
nf  iha  impnlar  caiia*,  ami  to  eaponae  lb*  fnrlunaa  of  a 
parly  from  whoa*  praibnninanca  h*  might  aipecl  al 
nncti  lb*  graiiAcatinn  uf  hia  anibiiinn,  and  lb*  indiil- 
gaiica  of  nia  rnvanga.  In  ciiii|iinctinn  with  hia  ancient 
aaaiM'iaIra  in  iha  lala  of  Kant,  and  aniail  by  Iha  conla- 
giniia  fervent  nf  the  timee,  he  raia*'d  a  raliellion  In  Ma* 
rvUiul  in  tli*i  tH'gttiiiiiig  uf  ihe  year  in4,^  t'alvari, 
iinpri  (lari'd  at  itrai  wiih  a  force  iiii'abi*  lo  Ihia  ainar- 
gency,  waa  conairaiiied  In  Hy  Inin  Virginia  fur  prutae- 
lion  ,  and  the  vacant  gnverninent  waa  Inalanlly  aupn>- 
prialed  by  the  inanrgenia,  and  eaeiciaed  with  a  violence 

haracicriaiic  of  iha  aacaiidaiicy  uf  an  iin|Mt(iiiUr  mino- 
rity NnlwithvUiiiling  till*  nioNt  vi^fnrniia  ciirlinna  of 
the  governor,  krcnn.ti  il  by  the  wi  11  nlfecinl  patt  nf  the 
comninniiy,  the  revolt  waa  not  auiipreaaril  till  tha  aiH 
tninn  uf  tlie  fulbiwing  year  [  lflm|  'I'll*  allliclluna  of 
that  i-alaniiluna  |ierii>d  are  iiidicaied  by  a  alalnla  of  tha 
aaarnibly,  wlm  li  reciiea  "that  the  pruviiice  hail  liaan 
waated  by  a  iniaerabte  iliaattiiaion  and  unbappy  war, 
which  bad  Iweii  cliKcd  by  Ihe  joyful  realiuilion  of  a 
hieaacd  peace  "  'I'll  prninote  tha  rraloralion  nf  Iran- 
iinillity  and  iniilital  coiitltleiice,  an  act  uf  general  liar- 
uuiiainlnbllviuii  waa  paaaeil,  from  lb*  brnclliauf  which 
nnly  a  fiiw  leailiiig  cbaraclera  were  ei.-epled  ;  and  all 
artinna  were  diaiburgcd  fur  wrnnga  ihal  might  have 
liaaii  |Mir|Hilratcd  dormg  the  reviill.  llul  liie  eddl- 
tiunal  bnrdena  which  it  waa  found  neceaaary  to  im|>oaa 
n|Hiii  the  iH'Opje,  were  cnnaeipiuncea  of  the  inanrree. 
I  IIMI  Ibat  llul  iiul  ao  amin  paaa  away  :  ami,  three  yeara 
aflerwarda.  [  IA1UJ  a  Irmjiurary  duly  of  ten  ahilllnga  on 
every  hnndred  weiglil  uf  loliarco  eipurted  In  Ibiich 
boitnina  waa  granleu  In  the  proprietary  ;  the  one  half 
of  which  waa  enpicaaly  apprnprialed  to  aaliafy  claima 
prmliiced  by  the  riicnvery  and  defence  uf  tho  province  ; 
and  Ilia  nihrr  waa  declared  lo  Imi  uunfarrcd  on  l,iin  for 
the  pur|K>ao  of  enabling  him  Um  liatlar  to  pravidn  for 
lla  aafety  in  lime  to  coinr. 

Ill  lliaaaaombly  by  which  Iha  Impoailloii  of  thia  duly 
waa  enacled,  a  inagnanimou*  attempt  waa  made  to  nre- 
aerve  Ilia  iiuace  of  the  culony  by  aupprraaing  one  of  the 
moat  fertile  anurcea  of  human  contention  and  ariimoaily. 

11  had  been  doclared  by  tho  proprietary,  at  a  very  early 
)iariiHl,  that  leligioiia  tuleration  ahoiild  conatilule  one  of 
the  fundamental  pnncipleeof  the  aovial  union  over  which 
ha  preaidcd  :  aiul  the  aaaeinbly  of  the  province,  cuin- 
poaed  chiefly  of  Iloinan  ('alholica,  now  proiTeeileil,  by  a 
memorable  Act  totutrning  Htltgion,  lo  interwcava  tliia 
noble  principle  iiiio  ila  legialative  inatiiutiona.  Thia 
alatuln  commenced  wilh  a  preamble,  declaring  that  the 
eiifurccmont  of  the  conacience  had  been  uf  iTaniieroua 
conaeipience  in  thoaa  countriua  wherein  it  hail  lieen 
pracliaod  ;  and  iheraafker  enacted,  that  no  peraona  ^ro- 
leaaing  to  boliova  in  Jeaua  ('hrial  ahould  ba  moleilcd 
in  reaped  of  ihrir  rcligiun,  or  in  the  freo  aiertiac 
thereof,  or  bo  cuin[irlted  to  the  belief  or  eierciao  of 
any  other  religion  againat  thoir  conaant ;  ao  thai  they 
ba  not  unraithful  to  the  proprietary,  or  coiiapire  againat 
the  civil  government ',  Thai  paraona  molaating  any 
other  in  roapcrt  of  hia  roligioiia  tenola  ahnulil  pay  treble 
damiiKca  lo  the  party  aggrieved,  and  twenty  aliillinga 
to  the  prnpriotary :  'I'ha!  thoaa  who  ahould  renruacb 
Iheir  neighbor*  with  opprolirioua  namo#  of  rciigioua 
dialinclion,  ahnuld  forfeit  ten  aliillinga  lo  the  peraona  ao 
inaiiltcd  :  That  any  ona  ap»aking  reproachfully  againat 
the  bleaaed  Virgin  oi  tho  apoailna.  anmild  t'orfeil  Ave 
poiinila  ;  but  that  blaapliemy  againat  Ond  ahould  be 
punialud  with  death.  Uy  the  enactment  of  thia  eta- 
lute,  the  catholic  plan'era  of  Maryland  procured  to 
their  adopted  country  the  dialingiiiahcd  praiae  of  being 
tho  tirat  of  Ibu  American  atutca  in  wliich  toleration  waa 


wnk  ika  atfwal  awl  wnwaxwd  aiafll  af  [ 
rvbgi'Mia  fravilMm  which  all  Mhmt  chriaIMn  aaaMlaIMM 
wara  Kmiapiiing  lo  avarihrnw  It  w  a  alriking  an* 
Inairuaiiva  apaalaala  M  bahnbl  al  iki*  p*rMd  tha  aow 
lana  p*r***Himg  thair  pinlaalanl  bnlhran  In  N*«  tiif' 
tanil ,  Ih*  eptai  »Mbana  ralatting  Ih*  aam*  a*v*niy  M 
Ih*  puritana  In  Virginia  and  ih*  calbulwa,  aMiMi 
whotw  all  Ih*  »ih*ra  war*  aomhined,  Mrining  in  MafT* 
land  a  aanaiuary  wkara  all  might  worahip  and  IHNM 
niigkl  *ti|>raaa,  and  where  avan  yroiaalanla  aauglW 
raniga  fruin  pmiaalani  Ininlaranaa  If  the  Jaagara  M 
whu-k  Iha  Maryland  I  'aihuliaa  miiai  have  (til  lh*m*al«a« 
•  ■|ina*d  fnnn  Iha  diafavnr  wilh  which  lh*y  war*  m* 
gardad  by  all  Ih*  oiha r  roniinnniiiaa  af  Ihair  ronniry* 
man,  ami  fTnm  Ih*  aaramlanay  which  Ihair  moat  aaa* 
loiia  advaraaria*  tha  praahytariana  war*  a*i|Mlrliw  in 
Ih*  rouneila  of  ih*  parent  alala,  may  ba  tupfwaad  M 
aacnnni  in  aome  dagraa  A»r  ihair  anfnre*mentof  a  prin* 
ripla  of  which  they  nianifaally  naeilad  lb*  prnlaeii>m, 
Ihc  aurmlar  will  ilalrarl  very  llilla  from  Ih*  maril  of 
Iha  anihora  uf  Ihia  aaerllent  law  'Ilia  inoderaium  of 
mankind  liaa  ever  n**dad  advanllllona  auppurt  and  ll 
la  Mil  deprai  lation  of  rhrialian  aantiinrnt,  ihal  II  la 
capibi*  of  ib-rivlMg  an  acceaaiun  to  lla  purity  from  tka 
eipirlancn  nf  peraeciilinn.  It  la  by  divinn  grace  alan* 
llial  Ih*  Ar*  of  |i*raeeuliiin  Ihiia  a<iin*iim*a  landa  I* 
reAne  virlua  and  conauma  Ih*  drnaa  that  m^y  have  ad' 
hvreil  to  It  i  ami  ih*  progreaa  of  Ibia  hialnry  iadealined 
to  abnw,  that  wilhuiit  auch  nverruling  agency,  Iha 
cornmiaaion  of  iiouaiica  naliirally  landa  lo  ila  own  rt- 
prodiiciion,  and  that  tha  ei|)«rlene*  of  it  ongendere  a 
much  alrnnger  dia|Hiaiiion  lo  retaliat*  lla  aavariilea 
than  In  •yniiiathiia  wilb  lla  vielnna  It  bad  bean  happf 
for  Ilia  creilii  uf  Ih*  iirnieatania,  whnae  bualility  pay 
hapa  eninri'ed  lb*  inthleralion  of  llie  calbulica  of  Mary* 
land,  if  ihvy  had  imilalad  Iha  virtii*  which  their  awn 
apprehended  violence  may  have  landed  In  elieil  Iiul, 
unfiirtunalely,  a  great  pru|Hiriiim  even  of  ihitaa  whn 
ware  conatrained  to  a«»k  ral'uge  ainuog  the  eatbolira 
from  the  |i*raacui,une  of  Iheit  own  proieaiani  brathien, 
carried  with  th*m  into  eiil*  Ihe  aam*  inlolcrance  of 
which  iheinaelve*  had  been  the  viciima  ;  and  Ihe  praa- 
bytetiana  and  other  diaaeiitera  who  now  began  lo  Aucll 
in  coi'aiderable  numliera  fruin  Virginia  In  Maryland, 
yradiially  formed  a  |irniaalani  coniuderacy  againal  Iha 
inlareata  of  Iha  original  aeillera  ;  ami,  with  ingraiiliidia 
alill  more  oilioue  than  Ihair  injuallce,  proji  clad  the  abn^ 
gallon  iiol  only  uf  tha  calhulio  worahip,  but  of  every 
part  of  iImI  ayaiem  of  toleration,  under  whoea  ahallar 
they  were  enabled  to  conapirn  ila  downfall.  BiM 
Iboiigli  tha  calholica  were  lliua  ill  renuited  by  ikair  pr» 
leatanl  giieata,  it  would  lie  a  miatake  to  auppoaa  that 
the  calamiliea  that  aubaeipiently  duaolateil  the  province 
were  pra4*'icad  by  iho  tuleration  wliicb  her  aaaamhly 
now  eatabliahed,  or  that  the  calliulica  wrin  really  loaera 
by  thia  act  of  juatice  and  libcraliiy.  From  the  diapo- 
anion  of  the  |irevailiiig  jiarly  in  Kngland,  and  tha  alala 
of  Iha  other  colonial  aaitlemenla,  Iho  cataalmpha  thai 
overlook  the  libertiea  of  Iha  Maryland  cathulica  couhl 
not  (HMaibly  have  been  evaded  :  and  if  tha  virlua  Ikay 
now  diaplayed  waa  unable  to  avert  their  fale,  it  ai> 
empted  them  at  leaal  from  tlia  reproach  of  U*aeryin|| 
il ',  II  redoubled  Ihe  guilt  and  acaiidal  incurrred  by  Ihair 
advaraeriea,  and  achieved  fur  tbemtelvc*  a  reputation 
more  laaliiig  and  honoiiblu  Ihan  |Hilitical  triumph  or 
temporal  elevv'ion.  What  (^'hrialian,  however  aenaibia 
of  the  errora  ol  catholic  ductrinu,  would  noi  raihat  ba 
tha  daMendanI  of  the  calholica  who  eatabliahed  tolera- 
tion in  Maryland,  thanof  tlie  protaatania  wlio  o«arlk>a«r 
ill 

Krom  tha  aalabliahmenl  of  raligioua  freedom,  Iha 
aaaembly  of  Maryland  proceeded  to  tha  improvement 
of  political  libvily  ;  and  in  tha  following  year  [I6&0J 
the  conatilulion  of  thia  province  received  ihal  eiruetura 
which,  with  eome  in'orruplioiia,  il  conliiiuad  lo  retain 
for  more  than  a  century  afkrr.  Ho  early  aa  Iha  yaai 
IIM3,  the  burgeaaea  who  had  been  elected  ta  Ika  aiial 
ing  aaaembly,  whether  actuated  by  tha  apiril  natural  to 
repreaenlativee,  or  animated  by  the  viampla  of  Iha  earn* 
inona  of  Kngland,  had  eipreaaed  a  doairn  "  thai  thay 
might  be  aeparuled,  and  an  by  tliemu-lvea,  and  have  • 
nogative."  Tlieir  deairc  waa  diaallowed  at  that  lima  , 
but  now,  in  cunformity  with  it,  a  law  waa  paaaad^ 
anacling  that  member*  called  to  tlie  aaaainMy  by  ap«< 
cial  writ  ahould  form  tha  up|Mjr  houan  :  thai  thoaa  wh* 
were  choaen  by  tho  hundreUa  ahould  form  the  lowal 


•  Rh«ile  Ulaiid  wai  at  Itila  time  tha  onlv  ime  nf  iha  pro 
leatanl  aettlainenta  In  which  Ilia  prniciula  m  lonirallon  waa 
recuiinlaad:  and  even  there,  Roman  callmllca  were  aicluded 
from  piutlclpating  In  Ihe  political  ilghta  thai  were  eigoyad  l| 
the  real  of  iha  comnunily. 


T   B  nisTORT  or 


I' 

lii 


1 1  in4  riiM  til  Mlb  whkh  (koukt  Iw  HMnud  to  by 
Ik*  two  bnnclMa  of  ihc  lagitlalura,  (nd  kiIAmI  by  tha 
knvornnr,  •huiilil  Iw  draintd  iho  liwi  of  Ilia  province 
All  ai'l  iif  riH'o^fiiiiinii  of  iho  iiniloublutl  ii||hl  of  l.nril 
Balli'nort  lo  Iho  propriaurythin  of  tbo  proviiict,  w» 
IimhhI  in  lh«  Mill*  MMion.  Tha  taMinbly  ilccUnid 
llwir  ImiiiiiiI  hy  Iha  law*  both  of  UnU  and  man,  to  ac- 
kiiiiwInigK  Ilia  jiial  lilla  by  virtua  of  the  grant  of  tha 
lata  king  ('harlra  uf  KngUnil  1  it  aubniittrd  to  hia  au- 
thority, and  obligi^d  ila  conatituanta  and  ibaii  poalarily 
for  a*ar  lo  dafand  him  and  bia  hair*  in  hit  royal  lighta 
•nd  ura-aininancai,  ao  far  aa  thay  do  not  inlringa  tha 
iuit  libartiaa  of  tha  rroc-lwrn  aubjacta  of  Knglamr:  and 
It  liraought  him  to  arcopt  thia  act  aa  a  toitiinony  to  hia 
poalarily,  of  ita  lldalily  and  ihaiikfulnoaa  for  Iha  mani- 
fold bcnaAla  which  ina  colony  had  derived  from  him. 
niendiiig  a  due  regard  to  the  righla  of  the  (irapje  with 
a  jiiat  gratitude  tu  the  propnolary,  the  auMiinbly  hI  tlia 
aainn  liino  enacted  a  law  prohibiting  the  mipoaition  of 
laiaa  without  llin  cunaent  of  the  freemen,  and  declar- 
ing in  it*  proanibin,  "  that  aa  Iho  iiroprietary'*  atrcngth 
doth  conaul  in  the  aflectinna  of  hia  peopio  ;  on  tlicin 
he  dolh  rely  fur  hi*  iiippliea,  not  Joulitiiig  of  their  duty 
■nd  aveiatancn  on  all  jiial  Ofcaaioiii."  I'ttrliapa  it  la 
•Illy  under  audi  patriarchal  adminiatratioii  aa  Marylanit 
jral  relainad  at  ndmidure  uf  in  her  ounaiUuiian,aiid  under 
auch  palriarnha  aa  I«rd  Ualtiiiiore,  that  wo  can  over 
hope  to  Ami  tho  rcaliiation  of  the  |iulitical  philuaophcr'a 
dream  of  a  ayatem  thai  incorjiuralva  into  |iolilica  Iho 
•anlimenla  that  nnlielliah  aocial  intorcourae,  and  the 
■Hortiona  that  awcelen  duinoalic  life.  In  proaecutioii 
sf  ila  iMtriotic  labor*,  Iho  aaarmbly  procccacd  lo  enact 
lawa  lor  the  relief  of  tha  poor,  and  the  encouragoinent 
•f  agriculture  and  conimcrco ;  and  a  abort  gleam  of 
*.rani)uil  proaperity  preceded  the  caUinitiu*  wliich  Iha 
provinca  wa*  fated  again  to  e<|iorience  from  tha  evil 
gi'iiiii*  of  Cleyborne,  and  Iho  inlerpoaiuun  of  llin  parent 
atale. 

Tlin  parliament  having  now  oalabliihod  ita  aupromary 
>n  England,  had  Iciaiire  to  oland  ita  viewa  beyond  the 
.'  ''Mic  ;  and  if  the  people  of  Virginia  worn  exjioBud 
]•■■  i!  ir  political  aentiinenta  to  a  colliaiaii  with  thia  fur- 
<>•' '.  lUa  power,  the  inhabitanta  of  Maryland  were  not 
k..>i  obniMiona  to  ila  bigotry  from  their  religion*  teiieta. 
Thia  latter  province  wa*  n  .  rnoiinced  by  Iho  |>tr- 
lianienlary  ordinance  of  >65!>  a  .  >  a  atale  of  rebellion, 
like  Virginia ;  but  il  waa  ooinprehemled  in  that  part  of 
the  ordiiiaiico  which  declared  that  the  pit  lUtioii*  Were, 
■nd  n(  right  oiiglil  lo  bo,  dependent  on  England,  and 
(nlije  '  Xi  ita  lawa.  In  pruaeculion  of  llie  viewa  and 
purpubi  1  of  thi*  ordinance,  certain  commiaaionor*,  of 
whom  Olovborne  wn*  one,  [1651,]  wore  appointed  to 
reduci.'  and  govern  llie  coloniea  within  the  bay  of  Che- 
•agieak.  In  Virgiiii.i,  where  roaiataiiue  wa*  attempted, 
the  exiating  adininiitratiuii  wa*  iiintanlly  anpurcaaud  ; 
hill  a*  the  proprietory  of  Maryland  oiproMcd  i,!a  will- 
ingnoaa  to  acknowledge  iho  parlumentary  juriadiction, 
the  cuminiiaioncra  were  initrucled  to  reaped  hia  right*  : 
[1653,]  and  he  waa  aulfurad  lo  rule  the  provinco  aa 
loriiicrly,  ihougli  in  the  name  of  the  keeper*  of  thn 
lilicrlie*  of  England.*  Dul  Cleyborne  wa*  not  to  be 
ao  easily  deterred  from  availing  hiinaolf  of  an  onp:ir- 
limity  ao  favorable  for  aatiating  hi*  malignity ;  and  un- 
fortunately hia  design*  were  favored  by  tho  distraction* 
in  England  that  preceded  Iho  elevation  of  Cromwell  lo 
tlie  prolociorate,  and  by  Iho  diaunion  which  began  lo 
prevail  in  the  province  from  the  pretcnsiona  of  the  pro- 
tetlaril  exilea  wlio  had  recently  united  theinaelves  to 
ila  impulaiion.  Ever  the  ally  of  the  alroiigeat  parly, 
Cltyborne  liaalcnod  to  cajiouao  the  forlunca  of  Croin- 
well,  wha*e  triumph  he  ea*My  fare*aw;  [1653.]  and 
ufiamed  the  diaaensiona  of  the  province,  hy  encourag- 
ing tho  pratt.atania  to  unite  the  purauit  of  their  own 
ucendancy  with  the  e*labli*hinenlof  the  prolccloral 
government.  The  contention*  of  Iho  two  jparlia*  were 
•t  length  eiiiperatr.d  to  the  extremity  of  civil  war ; 
and  alter  variou*  aliinnishoa,  which  were  fought  with 
■Itemaie  aiicce**,  ihe  catholic*  and  the  other  partizana 
of  the  proprietary  government  were  defeated  in  a  de- 
eiaive  engagement,  [165i.]  Ihe  governor  dcpoaed,  and 
the  adininiairaiioii  iiaur|ied  by  Cioyborne  and  bia  aaao- 
ciate<i. 

Although  tho  victoriou*  party  did  not  consider  them- 
lelvea  warranted  rxpresaly  to  diaclaim  Ihe  title  of  Ihe 
pfoprietary,  they  made  haste  U>  aignalise  their  triumph 
By  aboliahing  hi*  institution*.  Fuller  and  Preston, 
whoiii  Cleyliorne  had  appointed  commisvioner*  for 
dtrectinj  ttie  affaira  of  Maryland  under^his  highnci*  llie 
lord  piJlector,  proceeded  to  convoke  an  assembly  uf 
tko  province ;  and  aomn  of  iho  peraons  who  were 
tioclod  burgeese*  having  refuted  lo  *erve  in  a  capacity 
tbry  deemed  incoiuiatent  with  their  obligation* 


to  I«rd  Uallimora,  tha  lagitlaliva  powtr  waa  the  iiion 
unraaarva<lly  appropriatad  by  tha  patliiana  of  miiova- 
lion.  Tha  a**einbly  having,  aa  a  prrliinini-ry  mra*ur», 
paaaed  an  act  of  recognition  of  (.roniweira  jM*t  tula 
and  authority,  proceeded  lo  frame  a  law  concaiiiing 
raligion,  which  derogated  not  leaa  aignally  from  Iha 
iredil  uf  the  iirotriitanl  canae,  than  from  tha  jiiatica  of 
Ihe  protector  a  ailniinirtralion.*  Ily  this  Uw  it  waa 
declared,  that  none  who  prnfi'ated  the  doctrine*  of  the 
Koiniah  church  could  ha  proleclad  in  thia  province  by 
the  law*  of  England  formerly  aatabliahed,  and  yet  unra- 
uealml,  or  by  tne  government  of  the  commonweallh : 
That  auch  aa  profeased  faith  in  (lod  by  .Ivaua  Clirial, 
though  dilfering  in  judgment  from  the  doctrine  ami 
diaclpline  publicly  held  forth,  ahoiild  not  lie  realraincd 
from  Iha  aierclaa  of  their  religion ;  "  provided  auch 
liberty  lie  not  eilended  to  popery  or  prelacy ;  or  lo 
audi  aa,  under  the  prufeasion  of  Cbristianily,  practise 
licentiouaneaa."  'I'hua  the  Koman  catholic*  were  de- 
prived of  Ihe  prolrclion  of  law  in  the  rommiinity  which 
their  own  induatry  and  virtue  had  cullectetl,  and  by 
thoae  proloatanta  lo  whom  their  humanity  had  granted 
a  country  and  a  home.  Thia  unworthy  triumph  waa 
hailcil  by  Ihe  aealot*  againal  (lopery  in  Irfinilon,  where 
a  honk  waa  tiubliaheu  aoon  after  under  the  title  of 
"  Oabylon'a  Kail  in  Maryland."  Uul  the  catholica 
wore  not  tho  only  parliea  who  riperienced  the  aeverity 
of  tha  new  government.  Tho  proleatant  cpiacopalians 
were  equally  etclndrd  from  Iho  pmlcction  uf  hiw  ;  and 
a  iiiimlwr  of  ipiakera  having  rewrted  aoon  afier  lo  the 
province,  and  Iwgun  to  preach  againal  judicial  oaths 
and  military  pumuil*,  were  denounced  by  tho  govern- 
ment aa  heretical  vagabonda,  and  auhjeclod  lo  Ihe  pu- 
oiahmenl  of  Hogging  and  impriaonmenl. 

Aa  Lord  Uallimore'a  right  to  tho  proprielaryahip  of 
the  province  waa  atill  outwardly  recogniard,  iho  (*,'>in- 
miaaionera,  either  dueming  it  reipiiaite  to  tho  formality 
of  their  proceedinga,  or  more  probably  with  the  hope  of 
embroiling  him  with  tho  protector,  demanded  hia  aasent 
to  tho  change*  which  had  been  Ihu*  introduced.  Uul 
he  firmly  refu*ed  lo  aanclion  either  the  deposition  of 
Ilia  governor,  or  any  one  of  the  recent  prucccdmg*  of 
the  commiaslonera  and  their  adhoronla  ;  and  declared 
in  particular,  that  ho  never  would  aaaent  lo  the  repeal 
of  a  law  which  protected  tho  moat  nacred  righta  of 
mankind.  The  cuminissionera  did  not  fail  to  cumplain 
of  hia  contumacy  to  Cromwell,  to  whom  tliny  continued 
from  time  to  lime  to  Iranamil  the  moat  claluralo  ropre- 
aentaliona  of  the  tyranny,  bigotry,  and  royaliat  prcdi- 
lecliona  of  Lord  Ualtimore,  and  the  ei|iediciicy  of  de- 
priving him  of  the  proprielaryahip  of  the  province.' 
[1655. 1  Uut  all  their  roprvsentaliun*  wore  inoli'eclual. 
Lord  ualtimore  waa  allowed  by  Cromwull  lo  retain 
the  righta  which  ho  waa  practically  debarred  from  ex- 
ercising ;  and  the  coinmissioncra  remained  in  the  pro- 
vinre  to  enact  ihn  tyianny  and  bigotry  of  which  they 
bad  falsely  accused  him.  Their  proceedings,  a*  intern- 
peralo  a*  their  council*,  could  neither  prcacrve  internal 
irani|uillily  in  the  colony,  nor  inaure  their  own  rcpoie. 
The  people,  lately  ao  tranquil  and  happy,  weru  now  a 
prey  to  all  thoao  di*ordora  which  never  fail  to  retult 
from  roligioua  poraeoulion  embittered  by  the  triumph  of 
parlv  in  civil  contention.  In  thia  aituation  an  iiiaur 
lecti'on  wa*  easily  la,*ed  by  Jo*laa  Feudal,  [1650]  a 
reallea*  and  proHigale  adventurer,  destined  by  hia  i  ■ 
iriguc*  lo  become  llio  Cleyborne  of  Iho  next  generation, 
and  who  now  anugbl  occaaion  lo  gratify  hia  natural 
lurbulonco  under  prntoncu  of  aaseiting  the  righta  of  the 
proprietary  and  the  ancient  liberlica  of  the  province. 
Thi*  in*urreclion  proved  eminently  uiifortunale  lo  the 
colony.  Il  induced  Lord  Uailimore  lo  repo*o  a  very 
ill  grounded  confidence  in  Feudal ;  and  ita  auppreasioii 


*Crotnwell  )s  at  least  obnoxious  to  llie  charge  of  having 
sudored  the  thumpti  of  his  own  and  of  the  protostuil  cauite 
tu  lie  signalized  by  ine  KUiiproH&ioii  ol  a  toluralion  cNtiibliAhcd 
by  Roitiun  cstliolirs.  TIlut  ho  incited,  or  evun  approved  thlH 
procouding,  is  by  no  tnuaiis  apporoiit.  In  itin  records  of  tins 
province,  there  is  a  letter  from  htm  to  liis  coinniiH:tioners,  de- 
siring them  not  lo  busy  themselves  about  reilxion,  but  to 
settle  the  civil  government,  ('hahners,  936.  Uut  the  pro- 
tector was  much  inure  distinituislKjd  by  tho  vigor  uf  his  con- 
dsct  than  tlie  perspicuity  of  his  diction ;  and  ills  corre- 
spondents were  soinotlinus  unable  to  discover  tho  meaning 
of  his  letters.  It  appears  that,  during  the  dlstiactiuns  oi 
this  period,  Virginia  evinced  a  disposition  to  resume  her  lost 
authority  over  Maryland.  Tliis  design  was  iiistniitly  checked 
by  Cromwell ;  and  in  one  of  his  loiters  to  the  coiiiniiHsiuners 
on  tills  anbiect,  we  tlnd  him  roproinniiding  tliom  fur  not 
having  understoud  his  former  coiniiuiiiicalioiii.  Chalmers, 
323,  SIM.  Iltiznnl,  51H.  He  socin.4,  on  miiiiy'  occasions,  to 
have  studied  an  ambiguity  of  lanL,'uage  that  loft  liim  free  to 
approve  ur  disapprove  tlio  procftodiiiKs  of  his  ullicers,  accord- 
ing to  the  success  that  iniijlit  atlciid  ihein. 

T  L-nifford's  Retulation  of  a  scandalous  pamphlut,  named 
Bahylun'ri  Pall  in  Maryland.  Chalmers,  p.  331.  Hazard,  p. 
Ml).  031.  (133.  638.  The  only  copy  of  Langford's  Tract  that  1 
liava  ever  met  with  waa  m  lUe  library  of  Ml.  Chaltaera. 


wa*  tllonded  with  inerataed  eatreritiaa  fiom  lb*  MtD' 
miaaionara  and  additional  impoailloaa  on  tho  poopla^ 

Tha  atTair*  of  tha  colony  continued  for  tare  yaar* 
longer  in  Ihia  diatraelad  condition  ;  whan  at  langtn  Ik* 
caiiinii**inner*,  diaguaied  with  Iha  diaordara  which  tha) 
had  conlribuleU  lo  proili  c«,  but  were  unable  lo  ciMn> 
poaa,  and  Knding  all  their  elforta  unavailing  lo  |irortiN 
the  abrogation  of  l,urd  Uallimore'a  title,  lo  which  tbay 
aacribed  the  unappeaaablo  disconteni  uf  a  great  part  • 
Iha  iMipulalion,  aurrondered  the  adminiatratiun  of  Ih 
province  into  Iha  handa  of  Feudal,  who  liad  bren  ap- 
jwinted*  governor  by  the  proprietary.  [1038]  Uul  wit 
maaaura,  ao  far  from  realoring  the  uiiblio  nuio:,  contri- 
buted lo  aggravate  Ihe  mifchtefa  which  had  ao  long  in- 
fealed  Ihe  province  by  giving  aco|Hi  lo  Iha  machinationa 
of  that  unprincipled  agitator,  whoae  hiibiluti  raallets- 
naaa  and  iinpeluoaily  hid  been  mialakoii  for  tllachment 
to  the  proprietary  govammei'l.  No  aoonar  had  h« 
called  together  an  taaembly,  [lOMI  than  with  unbluth. 
Ing  troacnery  he  tiirrendered  into  the  handa  of  tha  bur- 
ge»*e*  Ihe  truat  which  l,ord  Dallimoie  bad  cuinmitted 
to  him,  and  accepted  from  them  a  new  coinmiaaion  at 
governor ;  and  Ihe  burgeaaee,  by  hia  intligation,  dia- 
•olved  Aio  up|ier  liouae,  and  ***uined  to  thomaelve*  the 
whole  legislative  power  of  the  elate.  Feudal  and  bit 
aaaocittea  were  probably  encouraged  lo  puraue  Ihit 
lawlea*  career  by  the  distraction*  of  the  English  com- 
monwealth ihat  followed  the  death  of  the  protector. 
Their  adminiatralion,  which  waa  cbielly  ditlinguiahad  by 
the  imjiuaiiion  of  heavy  laiea,  and  the  peraeculion  of 
tho  qnukera,  wa*  happily  auun  torininatod  by  Ihe  realo- 
ration  of  Charlea  Ibe  Second  I  [1069.]  and  t'hilip  Cal- 
vert producing  a  comtniaaion  lo  hiinaalf  from  Ihe  pro- 
prietary, and  a  letter  from  Ihe  king  commanding  all 
olllcura,  and  othora  hia  aubjocla  in  Marylaiid,  to  aaaiat 
in  the  roratubliahmeiil  of  l,ord  Uallimore'a  juriadiution, 
found  Ilia  authority  univeraally  recogniaed  and  peacea- 
bly siibinitti'd  to.  Fundal  waa  now  tried  fur  high  Irca- 
>on,  and  fuiiiid  guilty  ;  but  tho  clumeiicv  uf  the  prprie- 
tary  prevailed  uver  In*  reacniment*,  and  he  granted  him 
a  pardon  nn  condition  of  a  modorate  line,  and  nndel 
declaration  of  priiolual  incapacity  of  public  Irutl.  1bil 
lonity  wa*  very  ill  requited  by  it*  wurtlilo**ubjecl,  wba 
waa  rcaervcd  hy  farther  inlrigiioa  and  Irencherv  lo  die 
liirb  at  an  after  period  Iho  re|ioae  of  mo  pnivinck 
[tllUI.^  Ill*  acconipliccs,  upon  a  timely  aubiniaaioii, 
were  fully  pardoned  withuiil  proaecniinn.  The  men' 
bvurjialinna  were  paaaeil  over  in  wiae  ailencn,  and 
burled  in  a  gonerou*  oblivion  i  toloration  wa*  farlhwiih 
rcalured  ;  and  tlio  inhabitanta  of  Maryland  unco  mora 
experienced  the  bleaaiiiga  ol  a  mild  goveniinont  and 
internal  tranquillity. 

lluppily  fur  mankind,  amidat  the  cnnlentio.ia  of  par 
Ilea  and  lliu  rovolutiuna  uf  government,  there  ia  a  atronf 
under-current  uf  |Hiaceful  and  indnairioita  life,  whici, 
ulien  puranoa  ita  courao  with  very  lilllo  diaturbanco 
from  tho  leinpoala  that  agitate  tho  aurfaco  of  *ociely. 
Notwith*landing  the  diaurder*  lo  which  Maryland  had 
au  lung  been  a  prey,  the  province  had  continued  to  in- 
crease III  pupnlatiun,  induatry,  and  wealth  ;  and  at  tho 
e[iodi  of  the  Ueatorati  "i,  il  apjioara  to  have  conlaiiied 
about  twelve  lliuuaand  inhabitanta.  The  re-eatabliah- 
inenl  of  a  humane  governniont  and  general  auhordma- 
tion,  however,  had  uianireally  tho  ellecl  of  quickening 
the  inarch  uf  prosperity  ;  and,  accordingly,  about  live 
yeara  after  thia  period,  we  lind  the  popula'iun  incroaaed 
to  aixtocn  Ihouaand  peraon*.  At  thia  u>trr  period,  Iho 
iiiiinber  of  ahipa  trading  from  England  and  other  |iart* 
of  tho  Britiah  donuniona  to  Maryland,  waa  computed  at 
an  hundred.  So  great  waa  the  demand  for  labur  m  Iho 
colony,  and  ao  liberal  ila  reward,  that  oven  the  intiu- 
ducliun  uf  negru  alavory  had  not  lieen  able  lo  degrade 
it  in  public  cateem.  Induatry,  amply  recoinpenaed, 
waa  animated  and  cheerful,  and,  cloaely  connected  with 
independence  and  improvement  of  condition,  wa*  the 
object  uf  general  respect.  Every  young  |>craon  waa 
trained  lo  useful  labor ;  and  though  a  legal  proviaion 
waa  made  for  Iho  aupport  of  the  poor,  panpeiism  and 
beggary  were  unknown  in  the  colony,  and  tho  public 
bounty,  though  aoineliinea  delicately  conveyed  to  the 
iieceaailie*  of  proud  poverty  or  modeet  mi*foitune,  waa 
never  known  lo  bo  openly  aoliciled.t  An  account  ol 
Ihe  condition  of  Maryland  waa  published  at  London  in 
the  year  1060,  by  (Jeorge  AUop,  who  bad  reaidn'l  in 
the  provinco  both  prior  and  aubaequeiit  to  Iho  Keitora- 
tion.     From  hia  repreaentation  it  appear*  Ihat  a  great 

•  WInletbotham  erronaoiialy  aacnba*  thi*  appointment  to 
Cromwell.  • 

t  Alsop's  Maryland,  15,  16.  The  English  cIvU  wars  appoai 
to  have  produced  a  cunsiderahle  liiipiuveinent  mthecuiiditiua 
of  laborers  In  North  America,  by  iiiti'irupting  the  emlgrallua 
of  additional  coinpetltora  for  employment.  iVintluop's  Na# 
Sii(laiid,ll.31llL 


nlio.i>  of  par 

ire  is  t  itronf 

It  lifo,  whici; 

dliturlMiica 

:o  of  lauiely. 

Muryland  hail 

itiiiiioil  10  in- 

ant]  at  llio 

vu  conuiiied 

re'Uatablish- 

I  tuliordnia- 

r  quickening 

y,  about  live 

oil  iiicroased 

r  period,  tlie 

otlior  part* 

computed  at 

labor  in  tlio 

n  the  intto- 

to  degrads 

coinpanaed, 

linected  with 

|on,  waa  the 

pcraon  waa 

I  proviaion 

peiiiin  and 

the  public 

eyed  to  the 

jbitunR,  waa 

account  oi 

London  in 

residerl  In 

10  Keatora- 

bat  a  great 

liiitinent  to 

I  wui  appeal 
Ihc  cuiiilitiua 
B  oniliiallua 
Itluoy'a  Na« 


NORTH  AMERIOAt 


Ml 


4MI  if  liw  labor  of  th«  eolony  wti  ptrfoniMd  kjr  In- 
4mllmi  wifanta )  and  that  Iho  tiealimni  of  thoao  per- 
MM  wu  aa  humane,  and  the  allolmeni  of  land  and 
Maek  which  Ihejr  icceirrd  from  their  niattera  al  the 
1  of  their  ■uadnrnniil  aervitude  ao  ampli-,  that  the 
f ,  who  limaeir  had  aervcd  In  thia  rapacity,  dt- 
I  ho  waa  much  happier  aa  in  indimtoil  aervant  In 
MuyltiM)  than  aa  an  apprentice  in  I,andon.  It  waa 
•onmon  fnr  ruinrd  iradeamen  and  Indigent  laborera  in 
Bngtaml  to  adopt  ibia  reaource  for  retrieving  or  Im- 
■raving  their  londilion  ;  though  many  wero  deterred 
Djr  th*  miarepreaentationa  circulated  by  wnk  polilieiani 
«mo  dreaded  the  dopapulallon  of  the  realm,  or  by  In- 
Uteated  amployera  who  aporehandud  an  augtneiitatlon 
of  Uw  wagea  of  labor.  No  emigranit,  aaya  Alaop, 
wero  mora  auoeoaaful  in  bettering  their  condition  than 
fcmala  at-rrania  ;  thny  iiirariably  obtained  an  jminedi- 
It*  and  reapectable  oatahliabinenl  in  marriage.  Money 
■ppoira  to  have  been  very  avarce  in  the  colony,  and 
quite  unknown  in  ila  doniottic  tranaactiona ;  tobacco 
neing  the  univaraal  medium  of  eichange,  the  remune- 
ration of  all  aervicoat  civil,  military,  and  eccloaiaiitical, 
and  tlie  nieamirv  of  all  penal  aincrceinnnla.  Thia  au- 
thor, when  he  baa  occgaion  to  mention  the  troublct 
that  preceded  the  Iteatoration,  alludea  lo  them  merely 
aa  anaira  of  alate,  and  eventa  of  very  Inconajdorablo 
Importance.  Of  anme  of  the  |iertonaget  who  were 
r'llpably  implicated  in  them,  it  waa  hia  opinion,  ■'  that 
dieir  thoughta  wero  not  lu  bad  at  lirtl,  aa  their  actiona 
would  have  led  them  into  in  proceaa  of  time."* 

A  great  proportion  of  the  inhabilanta  of  Maryland, 
and,  in  particular,  all  the  catholic  part  of  the  popiila- 
lion,  were  ainncrely  atiai^licd  to  the  royal  government  ;t 
and  the  gratification  they  di^rivrd  from  ihe  rcmoratinn 
of  the  king  enhanced  the  aatiifactiun  with  which  they 
laturned  to  the  patriarchal  away  of  their  benevolent 
roorielary.  During  the  general  fealivitv  llmt  provaileil 
m  the  province,  the  linuao  of  aaaonibly'  waa  cniivnkcil 
by  the  governor.  One  of  the  tirat  mtasiirea  adopted 
by  thia  body  waa  an  attempt  to  provide  u  remedy  fnr 
the  acarcily  of  money,  which,  it  waa  declared,  formed 
a  aeriona  obatmction  lo  the  adrancement  of  trade. 
For  thii  purpose  ihey  heaought  the  proprietary  to 
•alabliid  a  mint  in  the  province  ;  and  enacted  that  the 
■oney  lo  be  coined  ahould  he  of  aa  good  ailver  aa 
Cnfiliah  aterling,  and  that  the  proprietarv  ahould  ai.'cept 
of  a  ir.  pavinent  of  hia  rente  and  other  debta.  Thia 
•e(,  and  mo  Now  England  ordinance  in  165?,  are  the 
only  inatancca  of  the  oaaertion  of  a  right  to  coin  money 
that  occur  in  the  colonial  jiiriaprudeneo.  A  coinage 
accordingly  took  place  in  ^laryland  ;  and  the  meaaure 
aeema  neither  to  havo  oflrndcd  the  Britiah  govemnieiit, 
nor  lo  have  diiappnintrd  the  colony,  for  the  law  waa 
confirmed  and  declared  perpetual  by  the  aaiembly  in 
the  year  1(178.     Yel,  in  consequence  perhapa  of  the 


blame  that  Maaaachuaetta  incurred  for  a  aimilar 


pr. 


reeding,  the  practice  o(  coining  a'oon  after  fell  into 
diauae,  and  the  acta  that  had  introduced  it  were  re- 
noalcd.  In  the  same  aeaaion  there  waa  paaaed  an  act 
for  the  imiKiaition  of  port  diitica,  which  conferred  on 
the  proprietary  half  a  pound  of  powder  and  three 
pounda  of  shot  for  every  ton  of  the  burden  of  veaacia 
not  helonginu  to  the  province.  Thia  act,  aa  we  ahall 
aAerwarda  find,  gave  lise  to  anme  political  controvcray 
al  the  period  of  the  Brilinh  Revolution. 

The  happlneaa  and  proaperity  of  the  colony  were 
promoted  by  the  arrival,  in  the  following  year,  tUlflS.] 
of  Charica  Ojlvert,  the  cideat  aon  of  the  proprietary, 
whom  hia  father  appointed  the  reaident  governor  of 
Maryland,  for  the  purpoae  of  enabling  him  to  form 
acqiiuintance  with  the  people  over  whom  he  waa 
deatincd  to  maintain  llie  hereditary  juriadiction.  From 
the  varioua  aelt  of  gratiluile  (aa  they  wore  termed)  that 
were  paaaed  by  the  aaacmbly  during  hia  adminlatration, 
Charloa  Calvert  appeara  to  have  followed,  with  anc- 
ceaaful  virtue,  the  wise  and  generous  policy  of  hi» 
father  ;  and  hia  administration,  both  as  governor,  and 
afterwards  as  proprietary,  proved  no  less  honorable  to 
himself  than  beneficial  to  the  province.  I,egialation 
continued  for  a  conaiderable  period  to  be  the  onlv  pub- 
lie  proceeding  in  which  the  people  were  called  to 
ahare ;  and  various  lawa  wero  enacted  by  the  assembly 
for  the  ascertainment  of  public  and  private  right,  the 
fromotion  of  commerce,  and  the  encouragement  of 
agricultural  and  manufacturing  industry.  .\cta  were 
pessod  for  engrafting  more  perfectly  the  English  stamio 


law  on  Iho  Juriaprudaiiea  of  Iha  colony ;  for  aaeuring 
Iha  atablllly  of  poaae aaiona,  and  Iha  obaanranaa  of  con- 
traeta ;  and  for  iba  ancoura^mtnl  of  Iha  aowing  of 
Engliah  grain,  and  Iha  rearing  and  manufactory  of 
hemp  amTflai.  (1600.  J  Aa  the  agitaliona  of  the  pa- 
rent alate  had  arer  been  found  to  ditfuaa  their  influence 
through  the  colonial  lerritoriea,  and  the  perturbing 
apirit  of  rumor  lo  gain  force  and  falsehood  proportioned 
to  the  distance  from  which  it  waa  walked,  il  waa  at- 
tempted lo  prolati  the  quiet  of  Iht  colony  by  an  act 
againal  the  divulgera  of  falae  nawa ;  but  thia  deairable 
ODJeel  waa  much  mora  raapcctably  as  well  aa  effeelually 
promoted  by  the  eicellance  and  popularity  of  the  go- 
vernor'a  adniiniatralion.  The  public  traniquillily  waa 
threatened  with  aome  dialurbanee  ftom  the  encroach- 
menta  of  the  Dutch  on  the  weatern  banks  of  Iba  Dela- 
ware, and  from  the  hoatile  incuraiona  of  a  diatant  tribe 
of  Indiana.  Uut  the  vigoroua  remonslraiicea  of  Cal- 
vert obliged  the  Hollandera  to  deaert  the  whole  coun- 
try around  Cape  lleiilopen,  of  which  lie  inatanlly  look 
possession  ;*  and  hia  (irudence,  aeconded  by  the  friendly 
dvmoiialrationa  of  the  Indiana  who  were  in  alliance  wild 
the  province,  restored  pesce  with  the  hostile  tribe  by  a 
trusty,  which  waa  coiiliriiied  by  act  of  assembly.  The 
fidelity  of  ihe  Indian  allies  waa  rewarded  by  aettling  on 
them  and  their  deacendanta  a  conaiderable  territory, 
which,  being  ateured  to  them  on  varioua  occaaiona  by 
auccessive  acta  of  the  aasembly,  continued  in  their 
|ioaaeaaion  for  near  a  century  ancr.  All  the  Indian 
Iribca  within  the  liinila  of  the  province  now  declared 
theinsrivea  aiihiecl  to  the  proprietary  government,  and 
in  tealimony  of  Ihia  auhjcction,  the  inferior  chiofa  or 
princes,  on  the  death  of  their  principal  sachem,  refused 
lo  acknowledge  Ihe  away  of  hia  aucccssor,  till  his  pre- 
tfiiision  to  this  dig'iity  bsd  been  recognised  by  governor 
Calvert.  Tlio  removal  of  the  Dutch  from  Cape  Hen- 
lopcn  induced  many  of  these  aetllera  to  unite  Ihein- 
aolvoa  to  Ihe  colony  of  Maryland,  where  they  were 
received  with  the  utmost  kindness  ;  and,  in  tho  year 
1006,  tho  assembly  passed  in  their  favor  the  first  act 
that  occurs  of  any  colonial  legislature  fur  Iho  natu- 
raliialiun  of  aliena.  Many  aimilar  lawa  wero  enacted 
in  every  aubaequent  aeaaion,  till  Ihe  Britiah  Revolu- 
tion i  and,  during  that  period,  great  numbera  of 
foreignora  Iranaportcd  thoniselvcs  to  this  province,  and 
bccamo  completely  incorporated  with  tho  ancient  in- 
habilanta. 

The  principal,  if  not  the  only,  inconvenience  of  which 
the  people  of  Maryland  wero  aensible  at  thia  period, 
waa  that  which  they  ahared  wilh  all  the  other  colunica, 
and  which  waa  inflicted  by  the  iiarliamontary  acta  of 
navigation.  In  Virginia,  where  Ihe  preaaure  of  theao 
rcatricliona  waa  aooner  and  more  aeverely  felt,  an  at- 
tempt waa  made  lo  enhance  Iho  price  of  the  ataple 
commodity,  by  prohibiting  the  growth  of  tobacco  for  a 
limited  lime ;  but,  aa  Maryland  refused  to  concur  in 
this  proceeding,  ila  efficacy  waa  defeated,  and  the  an- 
cient animosity  of  the  Virginiana  against  the  inhabi- 
lanta of  the  neighboring  colony  unhappily  revived.  To 
thia  animoaily  wo  mual  ascribe  the  varioua  complainia 
againal  Ihe  colonists  of  Maryland  which  Virginia  con- 
tinued from  time  to  time  lo  Mdreaa  to  the  king ;  all  of 
which,  upon  ecaminalion,  proved  to  be  utterly  un- 
founded, t  As  the  inconvenieoeo  ariaing  from  the  navi- 
galio'n  lawa  began  to  be  aore  oentibly  experienced  in 
Maryland,  the  policy  that  bad  boon  inetfeclually  aug- 
gested  by  Virginia  waa  moro  hTorably  regarded ;  and 
at  length  a  prohibitory  act,  auipending  the  growth  of 
tobacco,  was  passed  Ibis  year  by  the  aoaembly  ;  but 
the  dissent  of  tne  proprietary  and  governor,  who  appre- 
hended that  it  might  prove  injurioue  to  the  poorer  clasa 
of  planters,  aa  well  aa  detrimental  to  the  royal  customs, 
prevented  this  regulation  from  being  carried  into  effect. 
The  popularity  of  Lord  Baltimore  and  hia  aon  appeara 
to  have  austaiued  no  abatement  from  Ihia  oppoaition  to 
the  project  of  the  assembly.  Though  iverae  to  impoae 
any  direct  restraint  on  tho  cultivation  of  tobacco,  they 
willingly  concurred  in  giving  every  encouragement  that 
waa  deaircd  to  other  brahchea  of  industry ;  and  their 
aflbrta  lo  alleviate  the  public  inconvenience  were  jually 
appreciated,  aa  well  aa  actively  aeconded,  by  a  people 


•  Alsop'a  MiirylKiicI,  .11.  3i.  37.  38.  Illl,  1(12.  The  Ailviicaliis' 
Library  of  E<linhurKh  rontaliis  a i-opy  ,if  tlii^  liltio  work. 

t  It  *as  one  of  tlie  clmrRCR  prcferreil  riK.-ilnst  the  propri- 
alary  by  Cramwell'i  noniinljulnnerr,  that  Ch»rle.ilhe  Second 
had  been  proclaimed  by  tho  people  of  Maryland,  witiiout  any 
ehnilflcalioii  of  dlsploaaure  from  Lord  Daltimnro.    Ilaxard, 


mora  aitentive  lo  improra  tho  MMmlnt  MrtaHgM  •# 
their  eitualion,  than  to  raaani  the  Injnatka  by  uMik 
Ihaae  advantagae  had  been  cireumscriMd,    Wbllo  Vir> 

t|inia  waa  a  prey  to  ditconleni  ami  inaurraollon,  Mafy- 
and  continued  to  enjoy  the  bleeainp  of  peace  aai 
prosperity,  and  lo  acknowled^e  the  palriolie  aupari»> 
tendence  of  ila  generoua  proprietary.  By  an  act  pao 
Bed  in  the  year  1671,*  Ihe  aaaembly  iinpoead  a  duly  il 
two  ahillinga  aterling  on  every  hiigaheau  of  tobacco  •» 
ported :  the  ooii-half  of  which  was  to  be  appliod  ia 
maintaining  a  magaiina  of  amia,  and  diacbarging  Ik* 
neceaaary  eipenaee  of  government  |  and  tbe  MUt  BaU 
waa  Bellied  on  Ihe  proprietary,  in  oanaUa(a.'.'f<n  of  ido 
receiving  merchantable  tobacco  forhiaitnla  «id  alioM- 
lion  finea,  al  twopence  a  pound.  This  pnmaion  waa 
aoon  after  continued  during  the  lilii  of  tbe  hair  of  tho 
proprietary,  by  "An  act  of  gratitude,"  [1674,1  aaliu 
asaeinlily  termed  their  ordinance,  "  to  Obatlca  UalvaM, 
Ihe  governor.'' 

Ceciliua,  Lord  Baltimore,  the  father  of  Ihe  province, 
having  lived  to  reap  iheae  happy  and  honorable  fruita 
of  the  plantation  wnich  he  l.ail  lounded  and  reared  with 
ao  much  wisdom  and  virtue,  died  in  the  forty-fourth 
year  of  hia  supremacy,  [  1 676,]  crowned  wilh  venerablo 
age  and  unsu.lied  reputation.  Il  waa  hia  conatant 
maxim,  which  he  often  recommended  to  the  legialativa 
aaaembly,  "  that  by  concord  a  rinall  colony  may  grow 
into  a  great  and  renowned  nation ;  hut  that  by  disaen* 
sion,  mighty  and  glorioua  kingdoma  have  declined  and 
fallen  into  nothing."  Some  obsrrvaliona  on  the  atato 
of  tho  province  at  the  period  of  hia  ilaath  occur  in  a  lat- 
ter written  in  the  aaine  year  by  a  clergyman  of  tho 
ciiurch  of  England,  resident  there,  to  the  archbiahop  of 
('anlerbury.  Maryland,  it  apiieara,  had  been  tnen 
divided  Into  ten  countiea,  and  contained  upwards  of 
twenty  thouaaiid  inhabilanta.  The  catholica,  aaya  Ibia 
writer,  had  provided  for  their  prieata ;  and  the  qiiakera 
maintained  their  speakers  ;  but  no  care  was  taken  lo 
build  up  a  proicatant  church.  Thera  were  but  three  o* 
four  miniatera  of  Ihe  church  of  England  in  Maryland ; 
and  from  Ihe  want  of  a  public  eatabliahmeni  for  them 
Ihe  colony,  ho  dei'lares,  had  fallen  into  a  moat  deploia 
ble  condition,  having  become  a  ptil-kmue  of  iniguUf, 
in  which  the  lAird'a  day  waa  openly  profaned.  Aa  a 
remedy  for  Ibia  evil,  he  auggeata  an  endowment  af  the 
church  of  England  at  the  pulnic  expor^re.  i  The  remedy 
diacredita  the  representation,  which,  beaidea,  ia  lolally 
unconfirmed  by  any  other  accuuni :  and  il  seoma 
neither  uncharitable  nor  unreasonable  lo  aupposa,  that 
this  writer  contemplated  the  exiating  condition  o' 
society,  through  Ihe  inverted  medium  of  Ihe  aame  opi- 
nion that  rcpreaented  to  him  th  i  future  advancement 
of  Ihe  apiritual  inlereata  of  the  laity,  nriginaling  from 
the  promotion  of  the  temporal  interests  ol  tbe  clergy. 
The  brightness  of  distant  hope  tenda  lo  darken  the 
realitiea  of  preaent  experience;  and  the  asaociatiuna 
that  aorve  to  dignify  and  illuatrale  the  one,  are  able  to 
degrade  and  obacure  the  other,  llie  proleatani  part 
of  the  population  of  Maryland  waa  less  dialinguianed 
by  that  christian  zeal  which  leada  men  to  impose  sacri- 
fices on  themselves,  than  by  that  eccleaiaatical  leol 
which  prompla  them  to  exact  aacrificea  from  olhera , 
Ihey  were  probably  leaa  wealthy  from  having  been  ny>ro 
recently  eatablishcd  in  the  province,  than  tbe  cath^iica; 
and  tho  erection  of  their  cliurchea  had  been  faf'-er  re- 
tarded by  the  alate  of  diaperaion  in  which  the  iii';tbi- 
tanta  generally  lived.  The  church  of  England  mini 
alera,  like  Ihe  clergy  of  every  other  order,  depended  oi 
the  profeaaora  of  their  own  particular  tenela  for  aupport ; 
and  it  ia  not  eaay  to  aee  the  force  of  Ihe  reaaoning  that 
assigns  the  liberality  of  other  aectariana  to  their  clergy- 
men, aa  an  argument  for  burlhening  them  wilh  the  aup- 
port of  the  church  of  England  miniatera  alto, — or  the 
eziBling  incompetency  of  these  miniatera  lo  control  the 
immoralitiea  of  their  people,  aa  an  argument  for  endow- 
ing them  with  a  proviaion  that  would  render  them  inde- 
pendent of  the  diacharge  of  their  duly.    Thia  logic. 


*  A  more  paitieiilar  account  of  the  disputea  and  various 
pnceedlnits  between  Ihe  Engllnh  and  the  Dutch  in  this 
quarter  wilt  occur  In  B.  V.  cap.  I.  post. 

rOno  of  these  comptnlnts,  wnlch  the  proprietary  was 
called  upon  lu  answer,  was  for  making  partinl  treaties  with 
tho  ImUans,  ntid  contenting  himself  wilh  excluding  their 
hostihlleB.  Ircni  tho  Maryland  territory,  without  extending 
Iho  provisiiin  to  the  province  of  Virginia.  The  committee 
of  plantations,  to  which  tho  coniplaiiit  was  reforred.  on  ex- 
amining the  treaties  of  iMith  parties,  reported  to  the  king 
that  Maryland  had  Included  Virginia  in  all  her  treatiea,  but 
that  Virginia  had  damonstraled  no  such  concern  for  Ihe 
interests  of  Maryland.    Chalmers,  MO. 


a  Bacon'a  Lawa,  IIITI,  cap.  II.  "  Reflecting  with  gratitude," 
aaya  the  preamble  of  this  enactment,  **  on  the  unwearied  care 
of  the  proprietary,  and  the  vast  expense  tliat  lie  haa  been  put 
to  in  preserving  the  inhabitants  In  the  enjoyment  of  tnalr 
lives  and  libertleii,  and  the  increase  and  improvement  of  their 
eilates."  History  should  delight  to  record  the  exivessioiia 
of  popular  gratitude  for  con:ipicuoua  aervice — the  pubUo 
honors  rendered  to  wisdom  and  virtue 

The  same  year  there  waa  passed  an  act  **  for  encouraging 
Iha  importation  of  nexroea  and  slaves.** 

t  Chalmers,  p.  303, 363.  Yen,  apud  Chalmers,  p.  379.  This 
representation  is  aii  incredible  as  the  statement  that  was 
published  about  twelve  years  after  by  the  protestant  associ- 
ation of  Maryland  of  the  daily  murders  sud  pemocutions  ilH 
cited  by  the  proprietary  and  committed  by  the  paplata.  No 
reliance  can  be  placed  on  the  accounta  that  men  give  of*  tite 
character  and  conduct  of  thoae  whom  they  ore  ^paimg  or 
longing  to  plunder. 


THE   III8T0RT  OF 


fmwt  ^l«  nlMWMfy  (•  iIm  fi'tmu  of 
'  I  UMiti  iiaJiflMfc  M  rafcni  t**  nMnli 
of  Nirjrbad,  bjr  •buining  •  l*gtl  mit- 
I  wMliky  (nilvwiMal  to  •  pioMfUni 
,•1  akuNk  In  iIm  pMviiwo. 
IIm  ilwnMd  prifiiauijr  «ru  iawM<»4  bjr  kio  ton 
CImHm,  Lani  BalUown,  who  ktd  gonniod  Umi  pro- 
vIkm  fer  faiirtoon  voon  wilb  *  high  npmttion  for  vir- 
tvo  vtt  abilily.  With  tho  raligiou*  loiiot*,  h*  inhoritoil 
ilio  toloraal  prineiploo  of  hli  falhori  iitd  on*  of  lh« 
Sim  •■•■  of  kk  Miainltlntioa  wm  io  eonRrm  tho  n- 
«ariiabk  liw  of  IM*,  whiok  otiobliihod  in  ibMluto 
Boliliaol  oqmUljr  onMnf  lU  iknoainilioM  of  ObritlMni. 
Moving  oo«TO>od  ■■  iMiahl*,  In  whith  ho  promiod  in 
porooo.  ha  futumtd,  with  ihoir  aiaiilanco,  what  hai 


baoa  neoMOMndod  to  othor  logiilatuioi,  but 
•anijr  oioaulod  bjr  any— «  diligonl  roTiiion  of  tho  wbolo 
oodo  of  prat inotal  lawa  i  lopoaling  thoM  that  won 
(odgod  auparilnoiia  or  inaipadfant,  eonAnaing  tba  aalu- 
tuy,  and  oiplaining  Iho  obiouto.  In  thia  aHambly,  an 
•Olompt  waa  mado  to  atom  tha  pfograaa  of  an  eiiating 
oril,  by  a  ragulalion  mora  wiwily,  porhapi,  than  eontti- 
WlioiiaUy  appaae<i  to  tha  poliry  of  ih«  inothnr  country. 
Tho  morali  of  iho  eoloni*i<  waro  much  moro  acriouaW 
•■dangarad  by  tha  tranaportation  of  felona  to  Mar;|iUnJ, 
Ihaa  by  tho  want  of  a  togiaUtiva  oodowmnni  in  tho 
wovineo  to  dio  clergy  of  tho  Gngliah  national  church. 
To  Iho  common  hw  of  England,  thia  puniahment  of 
lianaportation  waa  quilo  unlinown ;  Ihongh  in  aomo 
oaaoa  it  parmitlad  tha  felon  who  choaa  rather  lo  loao 
bia  country  than  hia  life  to  alijuro  tha  raibn.  It  waa  a 
itatuta  of  Eliaahoth  which  Arat  inflicted  buiiiihment  on 
dangeroua  roguna ;  and  it  waa  Jame*  the  Kiral  who, 
without  any  regard  lo  thia  law,  but  in  the  pleiilitude  of 
hia  f«yal  prorogaliTO,  adapted  the  maaauro  of  ordering 
iiaaolale  paraona  to  be  aont  lo  Virginia.  He  waa  in- 
lobted  Car  Iho  augifeatian  to  CluAf-juaiiea  Popham,  who 
toing  a  pmpriatoi  of  volunial  territorjr,  aa  wall  aa  a 
Judge,  eonraivad  the  project  of  rvndenng  the  admini- 
ouiion  nf  juitico  aubaarvient  to  hia  colonial  deaigna. 
Mid  had  deitinrd  Now  England  in  particular  to  aniiei- 
fUt  tha  uaea  of  BoUny  Bay.  Tho  praelioo  uf  Irana- 
porting  felona  lo  ihe  coloniaa  waa  reaumad  aoon  aflei 
the  Keatoration,  and  leeeifcd  ao  far  the  eountananoa  of 
iko  legialaluro,  that  an  act  of  parliament  aulhoriaed  the 
king  to  inflict  thia  puniahmeut  on  convicted  quakera. 
Hia  aifceta  of  it  prored  ao  diaagraeable  to  the  people 
of  Mafylaad,  ihal  a  law  waa  now  framed  againat  the 
fanpoitation  of  eonvieta  into  the  province,  and  after- 
waida  ro-enacted  at  variooa  aubeequeni  perioda  till  lo- 
•rarda  iha  commencement  of  the  reign  of  Quean  Anne. 
Whalbar  any  notice  waa  taken  of  thia  declaraliifn  of 
■oaiataneo  to  a  meaanra  uf  the  Briliah  sovemment  or 
what  ware  tho  eflocta  of  it,  I  am  unable  to  diacovor. 
It  ia  certain  that  at  a  later  period,  the  evil  waa  con- 
tinued and  inemaed  in  apiie  of  tho  remomtrancea  of 
•II  the  reapoelable  inhabitania  -,  and  ahortly  prior  to  Ihe 
American  revolution,  no  fewer  than  three  hundrt^  and 
fifty  felona  were  annually  imported  into  Maryland  from 
Iba  patani  alala. 

At  tba  coocluaioa  of  the  acaaion,  tha  propriataiy  hav- 
ing announced  hia  intention  of  viaiting  England,  the  aa- 
•ambljs  in  aoknowledgment  of  tlie  many  aignal  favora  he 
bad  rendered  to  tho  people,  and  aa  a  token  of  their 
lovo  and  ramel,  unanimously  doiired  hia  acceptance 
of  all  tha  public  tobacco  which  remained  unappropriated 
in  Iha  aiorea  of  iha  province.  Lord  Bahiinore  wia  un- 
doubiadly  worthy  of  theae  demnnatrations  of  regard  ; 
and  tha  aiperianea  of  hia  own,  together  with  the  re- 
mambraneo  of  bia  fathei'a  marila,  might  have  been  ex- 
pected to  racomraend  the  ayatam  of  ptoprielary  govern- 
ment to  tha  laating  approbation  of  the  coloniata.  Bui 
thia  apaeiea  of  magiairac^  waa  dailined  to  enjoy  a  very 
brief  popularity  in  Amanea.  Allied  to  no  aimilar  inaii- 
tntion,  and  aumundad  by  no  kindred  ofder  in  the  pro- 
vincial eatabliahnmita,  it  atnod  wholly  unabeltered  from 
•nvy,  a  aolitaiy  apeeimon  of  hereditary  grandeur ;  and 
ila  objaetionabla  faaturav  were  exhibiwd^in  the  moat 
•Amaiva  light,  when,  in  tha  prograaa  af  auc'ceaaion,  ex- 
•loaiva  dignity  became  the  inatrument  of  worthlewneaa, 
•r  Ihe  portion  of  incapacity.  Theae  eonaiderationa,  it 
(auat  be  aeknowledgad,  aflbrd  no  explanation  of  the 
■addon  deeluM  which  Lord  Ballimoro  a  popularity  waa 
doatinad  to  experiawe ;  and  wa  muat  aeek  elaewheie 
Ikr  Iko  cauaaa  of  Ikat  lavolulion  of  public  opinion  in 
villiab  hi*  ■aiita  were  ao  ungratefully  depreciated  or 
iMnotlen.  If  he  bad  lived  in  an  age  leaa  aubject  to 
jaawuay  and  alarm,  or  presided  in  a  colony  compoaed 
Miliio  y  afeatholica,  ha  would  probably  have  enioyed  a 
hnor  BUTOat  of  popular  gratitude.  But  the  toleration 
wHeb  hi*  felbar  had  eatabliahed,  and  the  natunlixation 
ittaDifami  whieb  be  himaelf  had  introduced,  bad  v> 


Infled  inin  iha  provinea  a  mulliiudo  of  piolaaunia  balb 
•f  Prench  and  of  Engliab  ailnation.  Tho  lolofUiag 
prineipltia  of  Iho  proprietary  wera  not  able  to  diaarm 
Iha  French  protaatania  of  their  enmity  againat  a  failh 
whoao  perAdy  and  pcraaeution  they  had  ao  aoverely  ox- 
porianeed ;  and  the  Enyliah  piaUalania,  impraaaad  with 
Ibo  opinioa  whieh  thoir  ftianda  in  tho  mother  country 
had  derived  from  Iha  policy  of  tha  king,  ragardati  toie- 
latioii  but  aa  a  cloak  under  which  popiah  bigotry  dia- 
guiaad  the  uioal  dangeroua  deaigna.  'lliaao  unhappy 
fmpraaaioiia  were  deeply  conArmad  by  Iha  alanna  and 
inlrigoaa  of  which  Iba  eneuing  period  of  Engliab  bia- 
lory  waa  abundantly  proliAc,  ami  which  invanably  ai- 
landed  their  influence  lo  tho  minda  of  Iba  paopio  of 
Maryland  ;  wliaia  a  iniitun  of  opiniona  unknown  in 
any  other  of  iho  piovincoe  gave  a  pcenliar  Intanal  lo 
tho  conflict  of  Iho  aama  opiniona  thai  waa  eaniad  on  in 
Iha  parent  elate. 

On  hie  arrival  in  England,  [IflTT.]*  Lord  Baltimore 
waa  aaaailad  with  complainia  preferred  againat  bin  lo 
Ibo  Oommittae  of  Planlallona,  by  tho  colony  of  Vl^ 
ginia  and  the  pnlatea  nf  England.  Ilia  aeciisaliona  of 
Virginia,  which  related  lo  boundariaa  and  Indian  Irea- 
tiaa,  were  eaaily  repelled  ;  but  tho  conlrovony  with 
tho  prelalea  waa  not  ao  iatiifaetoiily  adjualad.  Oomp- 
lon,  biahop  of  London,  to  whom  Uie  primate  had  im- 
parted bia  aecleaiaatical  project  for  Ihe  colony,  repre- 
sonled  lo  tho  eoinmittr.e  lhal  rrligion  waa  doplonbly 
neglected  in  Marjiland  ;  thai  while  tho  Roman  catholic 
pnaala  were  enriehnd  with  valuabia  poaaaaeiona,  Ihe 
proteatant  miniaten  of  tho  ehunh  of  England  were 
utterly  deelilule  of  aupport ;  and  that  an  univoraal  im- 
inorality  had  conaaquenlly  ovenpread  tha  piovince. 
Lord  Mllimore,  in  juatiAealion  of  himaulf  auu  tha  co- 
lonial legialalura,  aihibited  Iho  act  of  1849,  together 
with  the  recent  conArmalion  of  it,  which  gave  freedom 
and  protection  to  every  eect  of  Chrialiana,  but  apaeial 
privilagea  to  none,  lie  elated  that  four  niiniatara  of 
the  church  of  England  were  in  poeaeaaion  of  planta- 
liona  which  afliirded  llicm  a  daoeiit  aubaiatenea ;  but 
that  from  the  variety  of  religioua  opiniona  that  prevailed 
in  Ihe  aaaembly,  it  would  M  extremely  difllcull,  if  not 
impoaaible,  to  induce  thia  body  lo  conarnt  to  a  law  that 
ahould  oblige  any  aect  lo  maintain  other  miniaten  than 
ila  own.  Saliafaclory  aa  thia  anawer  ought  to  have 
been,  Ihe  impartial  policy  of  Ihn  proprietary  did  not 
moat  with  perfect  acquieicence.  The  committee  de- 
clared that  ihay  thought  fit  there  ahould  be  a  public 
maintenance  aaaigned  to  Ihe  church  of  England,  foA 
that  tha  proprietary  ought  to  propose  some  meana  for 
tho  aupport  of  a  competent  number  of  her  olargy.  Tho 
king'a  miniaten  at  the  aaine  lime  signifieil  lo  him  the 
royal  pleasure  lhal  immorality  ahould  br  diacnuraood, 
and  Iho  lawa  againat  vice  punctually  eiecuteu  in 
Maryland. 

This  last,  and  probably  Iha  teaal  aoriously  meant  of 
Ihe  injunctiona  coinmunicilod  to  Ix>rd  Ualliinore  in 
England,  waa  the  only  one  of  thorn  that  re<ieived  any 
atiention  from  Ihe  colonial  government.  [1678.]  A 
law  waa  paaaed  bv  tho  aasembly  for  Ihe  more  atrict  ob- 
aervance  of  Suiidiy ;  and  after  the  relnm  of  the  pro- 
prietary, [1681 .]  now  rogulaliona  were  eniicted  for  tho 
more  apeedy  prosecution  of  offencea,  and  the  alrictcr 
definition  of  punishinenta.  Aa  the  owre  rigid  enforee- 
mont  of  the  navigation  act  began  now  to  occaaion  an 
increaaed  depreciation  of  the  ataple  produce  of  the  co- 
lony, numerous  atlempta  were  made  by  the  proprieury 
and  assoinbly  during  Ihe  two  fallowing  yean  to  coun- 
teract or  diminiab  thia  inconvenience,  by  giving  addi- 
tional encouragement  lo  provincial  producliona  and 
colonial  commerce.  Lawa  were  enacted  for  promoting 
tillage  and  raising  provisions  for  exportation ;  for  ra- 
atraiiiing  the  export  of  loather  and  hidea  ;  for  the  aup- 
po(t  of  tanners  and  ahuamaken  ;  and  for  encouraging 
the  making  of  linen  and  woollen  cloth.  Thua  early  did 
tho  legialalure  endeavor  lo  introduce  roanuracturee  into 
the  province ;  but  tha  atiainpt  waa  premature ;  and 
though  domeatie  industry  waa  able  to  aupply  tooM  ar- 
ticlea  for  domeatie  uaea,  it  waa  found  impracticable 
oven  at  a  much  later  period  to  render  Maryland  a  ma- 
nufacturing country.  For  the  encouragement  of  trado, 
varioua  porta  were  erected,  where  merchania  were  en- 
joined to  reaide,  and  commereial  dealings  to  be  carried 
on,  and  where  all  trading  vessela  were  required  lo  un- 
lade the  commodiliea  of  Europe,  and  take  on  board  th* 
pioduutiona  of  Ihe  province.    But  from  Ihe  ailuation 


*  Three  or  four  of  the  inliabltanls  of  Maryland  wars  mur 
dsrel  ihu  year  by  a  trlbo  of  Indians  who  wore  at  war  with 
the  colonists  of  Virginia,  and  a  great  deal  of  alarm  was 

creaud  -n  the  province.    But  the  IiHlians   soon  perceived  |  speclive  lemtorial  granla. 
thslthey  Sad  too  bastllv  supposed  that  Ihe  Marylandsrs  wan  ;  iLi,i„,„  „i,h  ik.t  .li^i 
their  enemiss,  arjl  made  ssiUsfacUoa  for  the  outnfe. 
ailxoo,  1. 1"* 


•f  lb*  oMnlry,  ibo«r,diat  with  nnvignhU  il>w%  wi 
Anm  Ibo  gnisl  vatioly  of  paria  lhal  waia  mmM  M 
aonfermily  with  tha  wiabea  of  tha  planlon,  avofjr  on* 
»t  whom  daairad  to  have  a  port  on  hia  own  planlaliaa, 
thia  regulation  waa  allandad  with  vary  little  ellMl 
It  waa  during  thia  iiitarval,  that  there  oecnrrad  Iha  laai 
iaalauca  of  Iha  axpraaaion  of  that  rooiproeal  ngaid 
whieh  bad  dona  ao  much  honor  lo  Ihe  proprieury  and 
tha  paopla.  By  a  vote  of  Ihe  aaaambly  in  Iha  vaat 
16n,  thia  body  "  to  demonatrele  ila  gralituda,  duly, 
and  aSaetion  to  Iha  praprialary,"  daairad  hia  aeoapi- 
■nea  af  a  libanl  eonlribulion  i  which  ha  aeknowladfa^ 
with  many  Ikanka,  but  daelined  to  accept  on  aecounl  of 
Iba  ainilanad  nirannalanoea  of  the  colony. 

But,  amidal  all  thia  aaaming  cordiality,  and  Iha  MM- 
lual  aiidaavon  of  Iha  proprietary  and  Iba  paopla  la  ■••• 
■Ota  Iba  genenl  inlaraat,  Ihara  lurked  in  tha  provinaa 
tha  aaeda  of  present  dieeonteni  and  of  future  inaumc* 
lion.    The  Action  of  Iho  popiab  plot  extended   ila 
baneful  influence  lo  MaryUnd,  and  waa  bv  sonio  pnii- 
gala  poliliciana  within   Ihe  colony  made  Iho  eomar 
alone  of  projaeta  aimilar  lo  ihoae'in  which  it  originalail 
in  England.     The  inaurrecliona  that  had  been  pro- 
voked by  Iba  opproaaion  of  the  covonanten  in  Scot- 
land I  Iha  dieconlente  in  England  ;  the  vehement  dia- 
putaa  with  ivgard  lo  Ihe  exclusion  of  the  Ouko  of 
York  from  tha  throno  ;  Ihe  continued  disagreement 
baiwean  the   king  and   parliaineiit ;    all  tnnsmittad 
through  Ibo  magnliying  and  uncertain  medium  of  rumor 
to  a  country  ao  remolo  from  tha  opportunilv  of  jnat 
informaiion,  aeemed  to  forebode  a  renewal  of  Ihe  con- 
vulaiona  of  Ilia  preceding  reign.     A  general  fenneni 
waa  excited  in  inen'e  miirae ;  and  in  Iho  alrong  expee- 
lalion  lhal  prevailed  nf  eome  great  ehanga,  parliaa  and 
individuala  prepared  wiih  anxiety  lo  defend  their  in- 
lereala ;  or  intrigued  with  eagerneae  for  Iha  anlaigs- 
manl  of  ihoir  advanlagaa.    The  absonce  of  tha  propria 
taiy  from  Ihe  province  during  hia  viail  to  England 
probably  aarved  to  promote  Ihe  designa  of  Iho  factiow, 
which,  nuwevar,  received  a  aeaaonablo  cheek  from  bia 
lelurn.    Fendal,  wlio  had  raiaed  inaurreclion  againat 
Iho  adminiatration  of  Oromwell.  and   afterwarda  b» 
tnyed  and  resisted  the  government  of  Iho  propriataiy, 
now  availed  himself  of  tha  lenity  ho  had  axpetieoaad, 
to  excite  a  renewal  of  eommoliona  in  Maryland.    Ha 
aeeme  lo  have  had  no  other  view  than  to  acnmbia  fcr 
property  and  power  amidal  the  confuaion  ihit  he  at- 
peeled  lo  enaua ;  and  ho  encouraged  hia  partiiana  wilb 
tha  aaaurance,  that,  during  tlie  approaching  eivil  ware 
of  England,  tkay  might  eaaily  possesa  themselvaa  of 
whatever  plintationa  they  pleased  to  appropriate.    But 
Lord  Baltimore,  partly  by  a  ateady  application  of  Iha 
lawa,  and  partly  by  tlie  influence  of  Iha  lidinga  of  Iba 
king'a  triumph  over  hia  opponenla  at  tha  diaaolution  of 
the  Oxford  Parliament,  waa  able  aa  yet  lo  preaervo, 
oven  williout  a  atraggle,  the  tranquillity  of  Ibo  pn>" 
vince.    Fendal  waa  inad  for  hia  aeditioue  praotioaa  in 
the  yiiar  1681 ;  and  though  the  acta  of  tba  aaaambly 
had  annexed  the  penally  of  death  lo  Iho  offenca  of 
which  he  waa  convicted,  ha  waa  now  only  flned,  and 
banished  from  the  province  for  ever.     But  unfortu 
nately  hia  influence  waa  not  banishml  with  hia  peraon : 
and  one  of  hia  aasocialea,  Jolin  Coode,  who  waa  tried 
along  with  him  but  acquitted,  remained  behind,  to  ef- 
fect, at  a  fitter  aeason,  those  designs  which  were  die 
aipaled  for  the  present  by  the  lost  ray  of  aueceaa  that 
attended   the   proprielary'a    admhiiatration.      A  few 
olhen  of  the  loss  guilty  aaaociales  of  Feudal  and  Cooda 
were  convicteii  oracdition,  anil  puniahed  by  fine. 

The  last  yesrs  of  Ihe  proprielaiy  government  wera 
einbiltered  by  the  retribution  of  that  injustico  in  which 
it  began ;  and  the  wrong  lhal  had  been  done  so  long 
before  to  Virginia,  waa  now  avenged  by  the  abacisaion 
of  a  considerable  |>onioii  of  the  territory  that  had  been 
allotte<l  to  Maryland.  If  tha  hiatorisn  of  this  Innsae 
tion  were  permitted  to  adapt  Ihe  particulara  of  it  lo  bia 
own  wiahes  and  conceptiona  of  moral  conaiatency,  ha 
would  ascribe  the  requital  of  tho  Maryland  usurpation 
lo  other  inatruinenlalily  than  that  of  Ihe  venerable  pa 
triarch  uf  Pennsylvania.  Such,  however,  waa  tlta 
mode  of  thia  occumnce  ;  and  aa  the  founder  of  Ame- 
rican toleration  committed  the  encroachment  on  Vir 
ginia,  ao  another  diatinguiahed  friend  of  the  righta  ol 
conacienee  eifected  the  retribuloiy  partition  of  Mary 
land.  On  tha  arrival  of  William  Penn  in  America,  a 
meeting  took  place  between  him  and  Lord  Baltimore 
(two  of  the  moat  prudent  and  virtuoui  paraona  thai 
have  ever  ruled  over  mankind),  in  the  he  no  of  elfeetiiig 
an  amicable  adjuatment  of  Ihe  boundariea  oi*  '.Wir  t 
Penn  was  received  liy  I«rd 


V!^  i  Baltimore  with  that  diatinguiahed  reaped  due  to  il^ua; 
I  Uioua  obaiaclar,  tod  becomiug  chrialiaD  courlaay 


•t>l 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


pcnont 

wu  triad 

hind,  to  »{' 

wen  <lii 

leccH  thil 

A  few 

indCoad* 

fin*. 

meni  wefa 
in  which 
ra  long 
tbtciHion 
hidbMii 
Uintto 
a(  it  lo  hia 
iteney,  h* 
UDUrpition 
larabia  pa 
wu  Uw 
of  Ama- 
It  on  Vir 
rightaol 
of  Miiy 
jinarici,  a 
Ballimora 
una  thai 
aflectiiiD 
tSdir  r 
I  l>)  Unl 
a  to  iliua* 
loay  ■  ti«l 


<n  ■•*  auMtM  linl  k*  mlMttiMd  CMtaaponding  ra- 1 
•Mdt  fat  •  lagiaUlw  whoa*  ioacitntiona  had  l«0(  af- 
lordwl  a  pracaful  aayluni  for  paiaeeulad  quakara.  But 
Iha  |ir«teniiona  of  tha  partiaa  ware  ao  coinplataly  in- 
conaittant  with  each  otoar,  that  it  |iro<ad  impoaaihia  at 
Ika  tiiM  lo  adjnai  tbam  in  a  mannar  aatiafaelory  to 
belb.  Pens  had  baan  aulhorlaad  lo  appropriata,  among 
olhtr  dialrkia,  tha  whola  of  tho  mninaiila  lying  ba- 
Iwaan  iba  baya  of  Cheaapaak  and  Dalawara,  which 
Ibrmad  a  eonaidanbia  part  of  tha  territory  included 
within  tha  charter  of  Marybnd,  and  part  of  which  had 
baan  eoloniied  by  Dutch  and  Swediah  aattlara  before 
Iha  alala  of  Maryland  waa  formed.  Lord  Baltimore'a 
waa  certainly  tha  mora  aquitaUa  claim ;  but  Penn  ap- 
|ware  to  hate  been  encouraged  to  peraial  in  hia  counter 

Calenaian  by  tho  declaration  of  tha  Onmmiltaa  of  Plan- 
lione,  that  It  had  never  been  intended  to  grant  lo  Lord 
Baltimora  any  territory  eicept  auch  aa  waa  inhabited  at 
Iha  lima  by  aaTagea,  and  tliat  the  tract  which  he  now 
claimed  having  bean  planted  by  Ch.iatiana  antecedent 
lo  hia  glint,  waa  plainly  eicludad  from  ita  inlendment, 
though  it  might  he  embraced  by  ita  literal  conatruclion. 
Tha  controvpray  between  thane  two  diatinguiahed  men 
waa  conducted  with  •  greater  conformity  to  Iha  general 
piinciplea  of  human  nature  than  I  find  it  ploaaant  to 
laconi.  While  tha  condicting  claima  were  yet  unaat- 
tied,  Penn  proceeded  to  appropriate  tha  diaputod  ler- 
titory  ;  and  aa  Iioid  Daltiinora  iualited  that  tha  inha- 
bilanta  ahould  either  acknowledge  the  juriidiclion  of 
Maryland  or  abandon  their  dwoilinga,  mutual  procla- 
maliona  were  eichanaed  by  the  two  proprietary  govern- 
menta  aninat  each  otlier'x  iirocecdinga,  A  recent  aiid 
daaervedly  eeleemod  biographer  of  Penn,  wlioie  par- 
lial  acquaintance  with  the  ginunda  of  the  diapnte  ox- 
plalna  without  anonaing  hia  partial  iudgmeni  on  the 
PMriia  of  the  paniea,  haa  terinr-l  Lord  Baltimore'a  aa- 
aertion  of  hia  riglila  an  outr',  imI  charactorixed  the 
counter  piaclamation  of  Penn  '<.'<nl  remedy  by 

which  chriatlan  patience  enr       ,  'leaa  violence. 

B>it  Penn  did  not  content  h    .  i .    a  remedy.  He 

eo>nplained  to  the  Engliah  gi  i  ..and  by  hia  in- 
tereat  at  court  procured  it  lo  b«  adjudged  that  the  de- 
bataabla  territory  ahould  be  divided  into  two  equal 
par.a,  one  of  which  waa  appropriated  to  himaelf,  and 
Iha  other  to  I<ord  Baltimore.  Thia  adjudication  waa 
carried  into  eflect ;  and  the  territory  which  now  com- 
Iha  alata  of  Delaware  waa  thua  diamembered  from 

a  provincial  limila  of  Maryland.*  [1630.1 

Maai 


llaanwhile,  the  late  proceedinga  againat  Pendal  and 
hia  aaaociatea  were  made  the  foundation,  in  England, 
•f  (reah  eomplainta  againat  I^ord  Balliinore  for  par- 
tiiUty  to  papiala.  It  waa  in  vain  fur  him  to  repreaont 
Ihat  the  tawa  of  hia  province  gave  equal  encourage- 
BMBl  to  Chriatiana  of  every  aect,  without  diapenamg 
INCuliar  favor  to  any;  that  in  order  lo  conform  hia 
•dminialration  lo  the  principloa  of  the  conatitution,  he 
bad  alwaya  endeavored  to  divide  the  olHcca  of  govern- 
■tant  aa  equally  aa  poaaible  among  proteatanta  and 
catftolica  ;  and  that  lo  allay  the  jealnuay  lhat  had 
taken  poaaeaaion  of  the  proteatanta,  he  had  latterly  auf- 
fered  them  to  engroaa  nearly  the  whole  command  of 
the  militia,  and  the  cuatody  of  the  arm*  and  military 
atorca  of  the  province.  From  tho  record  of  Tcndal's 
trial,  he  ahowed  that  the  proceedinga  againat  thia  in- 
dividual had  been  perfectly  fair;  nay,  aa  indulgent, 
lhat  lie  had  been  allowed  to  except  againat  all  Roman 
catholica  aa  jurymen.  Notwiihatanding  the  aatiafacto- 
rin«aa  of  thia  exulaualion,  the  miiiiaiora  of  the  king, 
leaa  deairoua  of  doing  juatice  to  othera  than  of  ahiftlng 
the  impuution  of  popery  frnm  themaelvea,  commanded 
lhat  all  the  oflicea  of  government  ahould  in  future  be 
committed  excluaively  to  the  hand*  uf  proteatanta ; 
and  thua  meanly  aanctioned  tho  unjuat  auapiciona  un- 
der which  the  proprietary  gOTcrnmcnt  waa  already  la- 
boring. It  waa  leaa  eaay  for  iiord  Baltimore  to  defend 
himaelf  againat  another  charge  which  waa  now  pre- 
fcned  agamai  him,  and  which,  having  aome  foundation 
»u  '.rntb,  involved  him  in  conaiderable  difficulty.  He 
waa  accii.;c:!  j(  obalmcting  the  cuatom-houae  ofBcera 
in  the  collection  of  the  parliamentary  dutiea  :  and  it 
did  certainly  appear  that,  biaaaed  perhapa  by  the  deiire 
of  alleviating  aa  far  aa  poaaible  the  preaaure  of  the 
comm)  rcial  reatrictiona,  he  had  conatraed  them  in  aome 
pointa  in  a  manner  too  favorable  to  the  freedom  and 


•Ctialmeri,  M7,  «4a  DM,  (Ul.  Ml-twa.  Clorkaon'a  Ufe 
el  r«nn,  i.  MS,II7.  40B,4«».  Mr.  Clarkaon>e  account  of  this 
diapute  la  very  defecllve,  and  tends  to  create  an  linnression 
of  the  conduct  of  Lord  Ualtlinore  not  less  unfavurulilo  than 
erroneous.    If  he  considered  the  merits  of  the  respective 

eras  too  nninterestiiig  to  deserve  his  inquiry,  lie  sitoold 
we  retrained  from  piunouncing  or  insinudtinif  anyjudginent 
eta  the  comparalivo  merits  of  tiie  pariios.  The  uontruveisy 
katwaanLurd  Oaltlmore  and  Penn  is  resumed  and  farther  li- 
I  in  llta  liiatuur  of  reuiuylvaoia,  f«at,  B.  vU  cap.  I. 


wiahaa  af  Iha  aoloiilata.  Whila  ha  andaavarad  anaiM- 
eaaafully  lo  mahHain  Iha  lagiUnaey  at  hit  itriarpraM- 
lion,  ha  atroiifly  chaniad  iha  caUaelora  of  Iha  raTanuo 
with  wilfully  ifiaturbiiig  iha  Inda  and  paaoa  of  Iho 
colony  br  wanton  inlarfaraaaa  and  giouodlaaa  eoa- 
plaint.  II  would  appaar  ihal  ihia  laeriminaliaa  waa 
well  founded,  and  that  Iha  ravanua  oflcaia,  protrokad 
lo  And  tlial  tha  unpopuhuity  of  Ihair  dntlaa  pravailad 
over  Iha  reaped  iney  conceived  duo  10  ihair  alBea, 
had  labored  lo  convert  Ihair  own  privata  diaagraamanta 
with  iiidlviduala  into  Iha  uceaaian  of  national  diapula: 
for  whan  a  naw  aurvayo^ganeral  of  Iha  cuatonia  In 
Maryland  waa  anpointad  ahorlly  after,  ha  had  Iha  jualiea 
to  report  Ihal  Iha  province  had  been  graally  miarapto- 
aentad  with  regard  lo  ila  oppoailion  lo  Iba  acta  of 
Irada.  Tha  proprialary,  howavar,  incurred  a  aarara 
rabuka  Arum  liia  king  for  hia  erroneoua  conalrnctiim  of 
tha  law.  Charlea  lulterly  complained  Ihal  ha  ahould 
obalruct  hia  aarvico  and  diacouraga  hia  ofBcara,  after 
the  many  favora  that  had  been  heaped  upon  him  and 
hia  father,  and  even  Ihraalaned  him  with  the  viaitation 
of  a  writ  of  quo  warranto.  It  aeema  never  to  have 
occurred  to  the  Eugliah  governmenl,  nor  did  Ijord 
Baltimore  preaume  to  urge,  that  the  king,  in  proceeding 
to  exact  impoata  in  Maryland,  violated  the  moal  ex- 
preaa  proviaiona  of  the  royal  charter,  and  appropriated 
lo  himaelf  what  truly  belonged  to  the  proprietary. 

On  Iha  acceaaion  ol  .Kinea  the  Second  to  the  throne 
of  hia  btnther,  ho  tranamitled  to  the  coloniea  a  procla- 
mation of  thia  event,  which  waa  publiahed  in  Maryland 
with  lively  and  unaifeeled  demonatntiona  of  joy.  llio 
Committee  of  PUntationa  had  taken  ao  much  peine 
during  the  preceding  reign  to  obtain  accurate  informa- 
tion of  the  aHaira  of  Iha  coloniea  and  the  tamper  of 
thoir  inliabitania,  that  tt  waa  perfectly  well  known  how 
much  they  were  aflected  by  reporte  from  England,  and 
wlut  diaturbancea  the  ptoapecl  of  confuaion  in  the 
mother  country  waa  apt  to  engender.  On  the  inva- 
eions  of  Monmouth  and  Argyle,  the  king  tranamitled 
accounta  of  theae  occurrencea  to  the  proprialary  ;  aa- 
aignlng  aa  the  reaaon  for  Ihia  communication,  tha  pre- 
vention of  any  falae  romora  which  might  ba  apread 
among  hia  people  in  that  dialant  province  of  the  empire, 
by  the  malicioua  inainualiona  of  evil  diapoeed  men. 
He  informed  him  kI  the  aame  lime  with  marka  of  pe- 
culiar exultation,  that  the  parliament  had  cheerfully 
granted  him  an  aid,  to  bo  levied  on  the  importation  of 
augata  and  tobacco,  which  he  hoped  would  nut  ba  bui- 
danaome  to  the  inhabitania  of  Maryland,  aa  the  impoai- 
dbn  waa  not  laid  on  the  planter,  but  on  the  relailera 
and  eonaumera.  Bui  Iha  impoaition  could  not  be  dia- 
armed  of  ila  injurioua  influence  by  auch  royal  logic  and 
barren  good  wiahea ;  and  both  in  Virginia  and  in  Mary- 
land it  acrved  to  augment  the  burdena  and  cool  the 
loyalty  of  tho  people.  Aa  the  other  impedimenta  of 
commerce  were  found  to  be  aggravated  in  Maryland 
by  the  continued  prevalence  of  a  acarciiy  of  money, 
[1696,]  an  attempt  waa  now  made  to  remiedy  thia  evil 
by  a  law  for  the  advttuemenl  of  coine.  French  crowna, 
piecea  of  eight,  and  rix  dollara  were  appointed  to  be 
received  in  all  paymenta  at  aix  ahillinga  each;  all 
other  coiiia  at  an  advance  of  ihreepenee  in  the  chilling ; 
and  the  aixpencea  and  ahillinga  of  New  England,  ac- 
cording to  their  donominationa,  aa  aterling.  Aa  all 
accounta  at  that  liino  were  kept  in  tobacco,  and  in  all 
eontracta  it  waa  employed  aa  the  admeaauiemeni  of 
value,  tho  coina  thua  advanced  were  adjudged  lo  be 
taken  at  the  rate  of  aix  ahilliiiga  for  every  hundred 
weight  of  lhat  commodity.  Thia  law  Aral  gave  riaa  in 
Maryland  to  the  peculiarity  of  colonial  currency,  in 
contradiatinction  lo  aterling  money. 

At  the  aame  time  that  tne  king  reaolved  to  aubvert 
the  conatitution  of  England,  he  detorminud  lo  over 
throw  the  proprietary  govemmenta  of  the  coloniea.  It 
waa,  ho  declared,  a  great  and  growing  prejudice  to  hie 
alfuira,  both  domeatic  and  colonial,  that  auch  inde- 
pendent adminiatrationa  ahould  be  maintained ;  and  it 
waa  due  no  leaa  to  hia  intereat  than  hia  dignity,  lo  re- 
duce them  to  more  immediate  aubjeclion  lo  the  crown. 
Alarmed  by  the  communication  of  thia  arbitrary  pur- 
poae,  the  proprietary  of  Maryland  again  proceeded  to 
England,  and  vainly  repreaenled  to  the  inflexible 
deapot  that  the  adminialration  of  hia  province  had  been 
at  all  timea  conducted  in  conformity  with  the  tcrma  of 
hia  chatter ;  that  he  had  never  knowingly  failed  in  hia 
duly  to  hia  aoveruign ;  and  lhat  neitnet  he  nor  hia 
father  had  coinmittod  a  aingle  act  which  could  infer 
the  forfeiture  of  a  patent  wnich  they  had  dearly  pur- 
chaaod,  in  adding,  at  their  own  great  expenae,  a  con- 
aiderable province  to  tho  empire.  ^1687.]  Theae 
remonatrancea  were  diaregarded  by  the  king ;  and  the 
■tloruoy-geueral  received  oidera  to  iaaue  a  writ  of  quo 


wcrraal*  againat  Lord  Ballimora'e  ebarter.  Tha  wik 
waa  iaauad  accardingly ;  btil  from  Iha  dilatory  pace  at 
Iha  raquiaita  legal  prociidiire,  ami  the  impnrlani  eveMa 
Ihal  aeon  after  diverted  the  mqnarch'a  allealioo  M 
nearer  eoneammanta,  uo  judgment  upon  it  waa  aval 
pronovnead.  Thna,  with  impartial  lynnny,  whiab 
even  tha  pradilaaliooa  of  the  Ugel  war*  unable  U  tMt- 
Ml,  Jamaa,  diarcgarding  aquaUy  tha  faaliaga  af  Iht 
pnriiana  of  MaaaaobuaelU  and  Iha  ealhoUca  af  Miiy* 
land,  involved  bath  in  the  aama  nndiatinguiaUag  pw> 
jaelofoppreaalon  anddagradilioo.  MThaihar  lie  lia- 
niUr  friandahip  whieh,  In  Ihia  ■onanh  aid  WiUia« 
Paon,  aaamad  to  uaiu  Iho  two  ainawaa  «f  kwaaa 
nature,  might  have  aoopaadadlhr  a  while  Iha  daaUiM 
lion  of  the  conailtulioaa  af  Paonaylfaniib  ihia  cooaoii 
malion  wouM  have  inlallibly  MIowed  hi  dan  line  t  and 
the  roval  regarda  that  Penn  ahaiad  with  Jndga  JaflUaa 
and  Coloner  Kirke  would  have  precniad  Um  no  alhal 
advantage  than  Ihal  of  being,  perhapa,  Iha  laat  af  Iha 
American  proprialariea  Ihal  waa  aaoriAeed.  For- 
tunately for  Iha  intereata  of  mankind,  bigotry,  infato- 
atcd  by  tyranny,  at  length  obtained  the  aaeandanqr 
over  tho  king'a  mind ;  and  depriving  the  hi|ol  of  Ilia 
adhareuta  of  the  tyrant,  involved  even  Jeftiea  in  die- 
grace,  and  conatrained  even  Ihe  pralalaa  of  England 
to  aeek  protection  in  Iha  priiioiplea  of  libeilr. 

[1688.]  The  birth  of  a  ami  lo  Jamee  the  Second, 
wliich  waa  regarded  with  mingled  aeaplieiam  and  dia* 
appoiutinent  by  hia  Engliah  aubjecta,  and  contributed 
lo  haaten  the  Kevolution,  waa  no  aooner  eommnnieated 
by  tha  propricury  (who  waa  atill  in  England,)  lo  hia 
otiicera  in  Maiyland,  than  it  exeiled  general  joy  ibrongb- 
out  the  province.  In  lite  aaaambly  whieh  waa  convoked 
on  thia  occaaion,  a  law  waa  paaaad  for  a  perpetual 
commemoration  and  Ihankagiving,  every  tenth  day  at 
June,  for  tho  birth  of  tho  prince.  If  thie  proceeding 
aeein  to  indicate  the  prevalence  of  a  feeUng  lhat  may 
be  auppoaed  peculiar  to  the  catholica,  other  parte  of  Iba 
conduct  of  thia  aaaembly  alrotigly  evinced  iba  esiatanea 
of  thoae  jealoualea  with  which  the  nrotaelanla  ware 
infected,  which  the  mean  injoatice  of  Iha  lata  king'a 
miniatera  had  aanctioned,  and  whieh  the  unfiMtuiialo 
abaence  of  Ixtrd  Baltimore  now  contributed  to  pr^ 
mote.  The  burgeaaea  at  Aral  demurred  lo  lake  the 
oath  of  fidelity  to  the  proprietary ;  and  aftcrwarda  e>. 
hibited  to  the  deputy-aoveroora  a  liat  of  pretended 

Srievancea  that  indicated  nothing  ao  atrongly  aa  Iha  ill- 
umor  and  alarm  of  the  pattiea  who  declared  Ihem- 
aelvee  asgrieved  ;  for  Ihe  articlaa  are  all  ao  Taouc  and 
ao  frivoToua,  and,  if  true,  related  only  to  auch  patty 
and  eaaily  remediable  violationa  of  .law  and  uaago,  lhat 
it  ia  impoaaible  to  peruae  them  without  perceiving  that 
Ihe  complainora  either  aouaht  a  cauaa  of  quarrel,  or  had 
already  found  one  which  they  were  backward  lo  avow. 
A  courteoua  and  obliging  anawer  waa  returned  to  tha 
liat  of  grievancea,  by  the  depuly-govemora ;  ami,  aa  tho 
malcnnlenta  were  not  yet  tranaported  by  paaaion  be- 
yond tho  hmita  of  reaaon  and  common  aenae,  Ihay  re- 
turned  Ihanka  for  thia  iaaue,  [14]  and  the  flame  ofdia- 
content  and  auapicion  aeemed  to  be  cxtinguiahed.  Bui 
Ihe  embera  remulned,  and  waited  only  the  influence  ol 
the  coming  evcnta  lo  aliow  what  a  conflagration  Ihay 
were  capable  of  producing.  The  apiril  of  parly  in  tha 
province,  excited  and  preserved  by  religioua  diSerencea, 
in  an  age  in  which  to  dilier  waa  to  dialike  and  auapeet, 
had  been  hitherto  moderated  by  the  liberal  apiril  of  the 
lawa,  and  tlie  prudent  adininlatration  of  the  proprietary. 
But  no  aooner  were  the  tidings  of  the  Revolutioii  m 
England  conveyed  to  the  province,  than  theae  latent 
diaaenaiona,  inflamed  by  freah  incentives,  buret  forth 
in  a  blaxe  of  inaurrectionary  violence ;  and  tlioee  who 
bad  long  been  aowing  diacontent  in  the  minda  of  their 
fellow  citiiena,  now  prepared  to  reap  an  abundant  har- 
vest from  Ihe  prevalence  of  public  diaorder.  [  1689.] 

When  the  denuty-govemora  were  fitat  informed  ol 
the  invaaion  of  bngland  by  the  Prince  of  Orange,  they 
haatened  to  take  meaaurea  for  pteaerving  the  tranquil- 
Uty.  of  Ihe  province,  where  aa  yet  none  could  foieaee, 
and  none  had  been  informed,  of  the  extraotditiaty  uae* 
that  waa  to  be  made  of  that  memorable  acbieveinant. 
They  proceeded  to  collect  the  public  arma  that  were 
diapersed  in  the  varioua  eountiea,  and  approheixled 
aeveral  peraona  who  were  accuaed  of  attempla  to  dia- 
turb  Ihe  public  peace.  But  theae  meaaurea  were  com- 
pletely fnietraled  by  the  rumour  of  a  popiak  flot,  which 
auddenly  and  rapidly  diaaeminatad  the  alarming  intelli- 
gence that  tho  deputy-govemore  and  the  catholica  had 
lormed  a  league  with  the  Indiana,  for  the  maaaacre  ol 
all  the  proteataula  in  the  province.  Confuaion,  dis- 
may, and  indignation,  inatantly  laid  bold  of  tlio  mind  a 
of  the  people,  and  eveir  exertion  lhat  waa  made  to  de- 
monalratc  the  folly  ana  abcuidity  of  I'm  raprnt  proved 


THC  HISTORY  OP 


Uk*  Um  kMNd  tiilMi  hi  Ei«lMi<,  liM 


i 


wwindi  which  h«  IruiHiilUMl  In  hit  dapulUa  far 
*^" and  Umjt  dill  >»til«d  oAkwl  Ofdan 


wipicting  dii*  MieMa  twl  ImpMtant  InnMsiInn,  l«nt 
•mr  Um  eon—fmaiini^  prMlimMioa  had  Iwm  putn 
MmJ  in  VirgiaM.  It  hapfianad  unroitaMialjr  loa, 
Mat,  at  Uw  Miaa  ranjanetnia,  ihajr  had  la  lapail  Iha 
mini  eanlnaatlaa  a(  Iha  aiiatiagUaatjr  af  paaea  wlih 
llw  lodiaaa.  Tkaia  akuiraneaa,  diatanad  bjr  Iha  titt 
«f  Iha  baliaua,  and  iha  aiaduliijr  af  iha  linld,  inafaaaad 
llw  MartiUag  paaia,  aad  ieealaialad  Iha  aiplaaian  il 

■m  wm  fanaad  hy  Jakn  Caada,  iha  fMmar  axcam* 
piiea  af  FandaL  and  baina  aaao  ilftn|«hanad  by  tha 
ancawiaii  af  nttBMioua  I'lhaitnla,  laok  araia  uodar  Ihia 
vaflhltaa  laadaf  foe  iha  dafonea  af  Um  pntiatUol  faith, 
and  Iha  aaaailiaa  af  Um  loyal  liUa  o<  William  and 
Mary.  A  danlaniiea  ar  manifaala  waa  publiahad  by 
Ikt  ataaclilon,  itpltia  with  chanaa  againal  Iha  pro- 
ffMUry,  thai  lalwl  Um  almoal  dlahener  an  UMir  a«rii 
caiita.  Tha  lapfoachat  of  lynnny  and  wiekadnaaa,  of 
■lardtr,  loilura,  and  ptlUm,  «Hlh  which  Lord  Balli- 
■aaia  ia  hwdad  in  Ihia  pradnelion,  ara  lafultd  nM  only 
hy  Iha  giaaa  ineonaialancjr  balwean  auoh  hainoua  anar> 
Miliaa  and  iha  raeani  Umilalion  of  iha  poblie  (riavanect 
to  Iha  friroloua  complainli  aihibilad  lo  Iho  depuly-|o- 
vcmara,  hul  by  iho  ullar  inability  of  Iha  aajoeialora  lo 
aalaMiali  by  a«idanca  any  nna  of  ihair  ahargaa,  tren 
whan  •)<*  obota  power  and  inflaanea  of  Iho  provincial 
lOTtmmanl  waa  in  Ihau  handa.  With  mateblaaa  im- 
podanea  and  abaurdily,  Iha  aflronla  ibal  had  bacn  for- 
■oarly  rmnplainod  of  by  Iho  euatom-houte  oflieara  wtra 
now  c'.tad  aa  an  imury  dm.e  to  the  piovinea  of  Lord 
BtlUmoia,  who.  if  ha  had  aTor  participated  in  Iham  at 
all,  nuat  have  been  indnsad  la  da  aa  by  raaanUaanl  of 
Iha  laal  giievaneeo  with  which  tha  province  waa  af- 
iielad.  A  charge  af  Uiia  dcarription,  however  artfully 
aalcablad  to  raeomnMnd  Iha  cauae  of  tha  aaaocialnra 
lo  Um  favor  of  the  Britiah  governinenl,  would  never 
have  aaigeated  ilaelf  to  a  paaaioiiata  multitude ;  and  il 
■  prabaUe  thai  the  wl.ol«  compoeition  waa  the  walk  af 
3aode,  wboaa  aubae<|uanl  conducl  ahowed  bow  little 
lia  participated  in  the  popular  fexlingt  which  he  waa 
able  lo  eieile  and  direct  with  tuch  energy  and  auceaaa. 
Tha  depiitiea  of  Lord  Baltimore  rndcavored  at  Aral  lo 
•ppoac  by  force  the  daalfina  of  the  aaaociatora ;  but  aa 
Iha  catbulica  were  afraid  to  iuatify  the  prevalent 
niaaun  againal  tbemaelvea  by  tailing  anna,  and  aa  the 
wall-aflectrd  proteitanta  ahowed  no  eagcrneaa  to  tup- 
poil  a  falling  authority,  they  were  compelled  to  delivi-r 
up  the  foil,  and  aurrender  the  powers  of  govcrninont  by 
capitulation.  The  king,  apprised  oi  theae  procenlinga, 
kaalaned  lo  eipreaa  hia  appiobation  of  them,  and  au- 
Ihoriaed  the  leaders  of  the  mauigents  to  exercise  in  his 
name  the  power  they  hsd  acqnircd,  until  he  should  hsvo 
leisure  to  eAecl  a  permanent  aetllemeiit  of  the  adini- 
liialntion.  Armed  with  thia  commiaalon,  the  aaeo- 
cialora  continued  for  three  yesra  after  to  adminiater  the 
•avammeni  of  Marylai,d,  with  a  tyrannical  inaoleiice 
Wat  exemplified  the  grievaneea  they  had  rilaoly  imputed 
to  the  proprietary,  and  p;oduced  loud  and  nnineroua 
oamplainta  fium  both  the  proteatant  and  catholic  inha- 
bilanK  of  the  province. 

King  William,  meanwhile  endeavored  to  derive  the 
aam%advantage  to  the  royal  auUiorily  in  Maryland,  that 
Iha  tyranny  of  hia  predeceaaor  bequeathed  to  him  in 
Maaaachuaetta.  But,  to  peraiat  in  the  iniquitoua  pro- 
•eaa  of  quo  warranto,  waa  no  longer  practicable ;  and 
■o  oUnr  proceeding  waa  left,  but  to  aummon  Lord 
Baltimore  to  anawet  before  the  Privy  Council  the 
eomplainta  expreaaed  in  the  declaration  of  the  aaao- 
ciatora. After  a  tedioua  inveatigatioa,  which  involved 
Ihia  nobleman  in  a  heavy  expenae,  it  waa  fojind  impoa- 
aibla  lo  convict  him  of  any  other  charge  than  that  of 
boMing  a  diflanint  fsiih  from  the  men  by  whom  he  bad 
baan  so  unsralefally  persecuted  and  so  calumnioualy 
iMdnced.  He  waa  accordingly  aufferad  lo  retain  the 
^limonial  interest  attached  by  hia  charter  to  the  oflke 
•f  propcielary,  but  deprived  by  an  act  of  council  of  the 
■altticat  aJminiatration  of  the  province,  of  which  Sir 
Edmond  Androa  waa  at  the  aame  time  appointed  go- 
vamer  by  iha  king.*    [1693.]  The  unmerited  eleva- 


'  OMiniiM,  vol.  I.  p.  IM.    "  I  know  nut  how  it  tispmned, 
hat  eo  U  was  thst  in  King  William's  reign,  Quaen  Anne's,  *c 
-^'--  wareperloda  whan  the  friends  or  tools  of  the  sbdicatoi 
~    1RMM  hearkened  to  than  tlwlnstmments  of  the  ravs 
MdCHadlUsc,  .  p.  *M.   It  U  to  Uw  Aral  edlUoi 


lia*  af  UUa  warlhlaaa  hm*  waa  aa  laaa  dlagnwaAil  Ihaa 
Iha  Milaal  dapaaiUoa  af  Um  propfialary,    Lard  BaW- 


having  axeieiaed  hia  pawar  wiUi  a  libaitl  lagaid 
(a  tha  fraadom  of  other  men'a  conaoiancea,  now  parted 
with  il  ftem  a  pioua  regard  lo  the  aanciily  of  hia  own. 
Andrea,  who  had  formerly  acquired  promotion  hy  active 
aubaarvianay  lo  a  calhaua  deapol,  now  purchaaad  ila 
aanlinuance  h*  becoming  iha  no  laaa  aeliva  abettor  of 
piotaalani  intolerance, 

Thua  fell  Um  piopiielary  ^vrmmenl  of  Matyland, 
after  an  andunnca  of  SAy-aii  years,  during  wlueh  il 
had  baan  adminialered  wiUi  unaiamplad  mildnaae,  and 
wiUi  a  regard  la  Um  Ubany  tod  welfara  of  Iha  peiapla, 
Uial  daaerved  a  vavy  dlflaianl  requital  haaa  Uwl  whiah 
I  hava  had  the  pain  of  recording.  Tha  alighl  nolica 
which  Um  policy  of  Uiia  eaUwIia  bgitlalar  hat  raeaivA 
Aua  the  philoMnbie  ancnmiatlt  of  MhaM  ianiluliont 
niaogly  tUaeu  Um  capricioue  dialrihaiiaaaf  faaw,  tiid 
may  probably  hava  pnwaadad  from  dialika  af  hit  nli- 
giout  Mneu,  which,  il  wtt  fttrad,  watild  thara  Um 
cammandation  baatowad  en  Ihoir  velar*.  Il  waa  ap- 
prehended parhapa,  that  Um  eht^  af  inlolartnea  to 
tuongly  preferred  tgainel  caUwIie  polenUtea  and  tha 
Romiah  church,  wouM  be  weakened  by  Um  praiaa  of  a 
loleration  which  calholica  eatabliahad  and  protaatanu 
overthrew.  But  in  truth  every  deduction  Utal  la  made 
from  Iha  liberality  of  eatholica  in  geiiertl,  and  every 
iinpalalien  that  ia  thrown  on  the  iiaual  inSuenco  uf 
their  leneU  in  eonlraeting  the  mind,  ought  to  magnify 
the  merit  of  Lord  Ballimora'a  inatitutiooa,  andenhwce 
Iha  prtiaa  by  demonalrating  Um  rarity  of  hia  virtue. 
One  of  the  bmsI  raspactaola  features  of  tha  pro- 
prietary adminiatration  waa  Uie  conalani  ragard  that 
waa  had  to  juatice,  and  lo  the  eiarciaa  and  cultivation 
of  benevolence,  in  all  tranaacliona  and  inteieourae  with 
the  Indiana.  But  though  Ihia  colony  waa  mon  auc- 
ceaaful  than  Iha  New  England  atatea  (who  conducted 
Ihematlvtt  no  leea  unexceptionably  to  the  Indiana)  in 
avoiding  war  with  ita  savage  iieiglihora,  ^at  we  have 
aaen  Uwl  il  waa  not  alwaya  able  to  avert  thia  eilramity. 
In  both  theaa  uaaea,  no  doubt,  the  paeiAo  endeavora  of 
the  coloniata  wara  eounteracted,  not  only  by  the  natu- 
ral ferocity  of  the  Indiana,  but  by  the  huaiiliiif  a  of  other 
Europeans,  by  which  that  ferocity  waa  additionally  in- 
flamwl.  in  the  quakera  of  Ponnaylvania  who  ware 
axpoaed  to  tha  aame  diaadvanlage,  escaped  ita  evil  con- 
aoquencee,  and  wero  never  attacked  by  the  Iiiiliana. 
Relying  implicitly  and  entirely  on  the  protection  of 
QoJ,  they  renounced  every  act  or  indication  of  aelf- 
defence  that  could  provoke  thu  antagonism  of  huiilbn 
nature,  or  excite  apurehenaive  jnalouay,  by  ahuwing  the 
power  to  injure.  Uut  the  puntan  and  the  catholic  co- 
loniata of  New  Eiiglsiid  tnil  Marylsnd,  while  they  pro- 
fessed snd  exercised  good-will  to  the  Indians,  adopted 
the  hottlle  precsuliuri  of  showing  their  power  lo  repel 
violence.  I'hey  displayed  anna  and  erected  forts,  snd 
thus  suggested  the  suspirion  they  expressed,  and 
invited  iTie  injury  they  anticipated. 

Before  toleration  was  defended  by  Locke,  it  waa 
realised  by  I.drd  Baltimore ;  and  in  the  attempts 
which  both  of  these  eminent  peraona  made  to  eata- 
blish  the  model  of  a  wise  and  liberal  government  in 
America,  it  must  be  acknowledged  that  the  proteaUnt 
philosopher  waa  greatly  excelled  by  the  cailiulic  no- 
bleman.* The  conalituliona  of  William  I'enu  have 
been  the  Uieme  of  panegyric  no  leas  just  than  general ; 
but  of  those  who  have  commended  them,  liow  few  have 
been  willing  to  notice  the  prior  uatabliahmont  of  aimilar 
inatitutiona  by  Lord  Baltimore.  Aasimilated  in  their 
maxima  of  government,  these  two  proprietariea  wero 
aaaimilatcd  in  their  political  fortunea ;  both  having  wit- 
neaaed  an  eclipae  of  their  popularity  in  America,  and 
both  being  dis|iaaaeaaed  of  Uieir  governmenta  by  King 
William.     Penn,  indeed,  waa  rettoied  a   few   yeara 


of  Oldmliton's  work  that  I  refer,  when  the  second  Is  not 
axprassljr  designated. 

•  In  a  company  wnare  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  John  Locke  and 
William  Penn  happened  to  meet  together,  the  convenation 
turned  on  the  comparative  excellence  of  the  gorem*hsntB 
of  CaraUna  and  Pennsylvania.  Locke  ingenuously  yielded 
the  palm  lo  Penn ;  (Ulsrkson's  Life  of  Penn,  vol.  U.  p.  4m.) 
snd  would  doubtless  have  yielded  It  to  I«rd  Ballhnora.  But 
Peim's  leputation  (tVom  the  intemst  which  the  quakeis  have 
felt  In  promoting  it,  and  the  willingness  of  philosaphera  to  ar.- 
kaowledga  him  aa  an  ally)  has  been  much  better  protected 
than  that  of  Lord  Baltimore:  and  to  this  perhaps  may  be 
ascribed  the  very  dilferent  treatntent  wliidi  Uie  dr>ftcen.lsnta 
of  these  proprietaries  exptTlencpd  from  theirresjcc've  pro- 
vinces St  the  Amenrsn  revolution.  Ttie  proprietsry  uf 
Maryland  was  then  a  minor ;  yet  hii  estates  were  conflHCStcd, 
and  no  indemntfication  could  ever  be  obtained.  (Winter- 
bothsm,  vol.  lil.  p.  4.)  The  descendants  of  Penn,  after  a 
long  series  of  quarrels  with  the  people,  etnhrsced  the  cause 
of  Britain;  yet  the  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  Indemiufied 
tbem  in  the  nwal  liberal  manner  for  the  loss  of  tbelr  property. 
(■rtssot'sTravelSip.  at.) 


aftati   hal  Lard   BalUmara't  dapiii 

doriaf  kit  life.    On  hia  daalh  hi  ITIt,  hia  l 

being  a  prataaUnl,  wat  lealorad  lo  Um  anj^iaaM  i 
proprietary  powart.  Thata  powera  howtvar,  had  hi 
the  Inlarim  aualained  aema  abatement  from  tn  atl  •, 
the  Engliah  parliament,*  which  applied  imI  onlt  lathll 
but  to  all  Um  other  feudatory  principaliliaa  in  Ntfdl 
America,  tnd  nndtrad  the  nqral  aanction  ntetittiy  la 
conAnn  tha  nomination  of  Iha  praprialary  gevamora, 

Immtdialtly  after  hia  appointment  lo  Iha  oAca  t< 
governor.  Sir  Edmund  Androe  prteeadtd  lo  Mtrylindt 
whtra  ha  convoked  tn  ttaainbly,  in  which  Um  llUa  al 
William  and  Marv  wtt  raeogniaed  by  a  lagiaialife 
anaelmanl.  In  Utlt  tttambly  tn  illempi  wtt  mada  M 
diieti  Um  prapriaury  of  iha  poridutiaa  that  had  baoa 
aalUad  on  hia  bmlly  in  Iha  year  IMI.  Tha  aaaambljr 
now  mada  a  lendtr  af  Um  product  of  diit  lax  la  Iha 
king,  allagiiif,  that  allhnugb  Iha  proviaion  had  bata 
granted  ganaially  lo  Um  propaietory,  Iha  Irva  intenliaa 
of  Um  legitliluro  had  been  to  confer  il  merely  at  a 
irual  for  tha  ueaa  of  the  public.  Tha  king  howtvar 
declined  lo  accept  Um  offer,  or  ttnclion  the  aatoinMy'a 
construction  of  tha  gnat ;  Sir  John  Somen,  to  wham 
iIm  legiUmicjr  of  Uie  proceeding  waa  referred,  havii^ 

Can  II  aa  hta  opinion  that  the  diity  truly  belonged  lo 
rd  BalUmon,  and  waa  intended  for  hia  own  uaa,  tnd 
Ihtl  il  would  bo  of  dangaroue  conaequenca  la  rtcalva 
parole  proof  of  tn  'nteniwn  in  Iha  legitlalun  difltranl 
from  Um  plain  meaning  of  tha  worda  of  the  law.  Tha 
ingralitudf  which  wit  thua  evinced  towanla  Iho  projiri- 
alary  met  with  a  jual  retribution  from  Iha  tdminiatia- 
lion  of  Androe,  who.  though  he  ia  aaid  to  hava  ap- 
proved hiinaelf  a  good  governor  in  Virginia,  tppttrt  to 
have  exercised  no  little  aaverity  and  rapacity  in  Mary* 
land.  Not  tha  leaal  olfeneive  part  of  hia  conduct  wat, 
that  he  proiacltd  Coode  tgiinai  tha  eoinplaintt  ha  had 

Rrovoked,  tnd  entbled  thia  profligate  hypocnte  a  litUa 
inger  to  protract  the  period  of  hit  impunity.  Bui 
Cowlela  fortunea  aoon  became  more  auitable  lu  hia  da* 
aerta.  Fuiding  hiinaelf  neglected  by  Colonel  Niehol* 
eon,  tha  aucceaaor  of  Androa,  he  began  to  praeUta 
againal  Iha  raval  government  the  aame  traacherout  lo* 
triguea  thai  he  had  employed  with  ao  much  anoeaaa 
againal  Iha  proprietary  adminiatration.  Inferior  w 
talent  to  Bacon,  the  diaturber  oi  Virginia,  and  for  iDf(^ 
rior  in  ainccrity  to  Leialer,  tho  contemporary  igitam 
uf  New  York,  he  waa  chiefly  indebted  lor  hia  auccara 
to  th?  daring  reliance  which  he  placed  on  tha  influene* 
of  panic,  and  the  extent  of  popular  credulity.  Ha  had 
an  unbounded  confidence  in  the  power  of  patient  and 
peraevering  calumny,  and  indetvored  to  imprata  il  aa 
a  maxim  on  hia  confoderatea,  that  "  if  plenty  of  mud  ba 
thrown,  aome  of  it  will  undoubtedly  atick."  In  IfllNL 
thit  president  of  the  proteatant  aaaocialion  of  Maryland 
waa  indicted  for  treaaun  and  blaa|iheniy  ;  and,  lually 
apprehending  that  be  would  be  treated  with  laaa  lenitjf 
under  the  proteatant,  than  he  had  formerly  expariencad 

lined  to  i 


under  the  catholic  adminiatration,  he  decli 

a  trial,  and  fled  for  ever  from  the  province  which  ha 

had  contributed  so  signally  to  dishonor,  f 

The  auapension  ol  the  proprietary  govenimont  vrat 
accompanied  wiUi  a  total  aubvoraion  of  the  prineiploa 
on  which  ita  adminiatration  had  been  uniformly  con- 
ducted. The  political  equality  of  religioua  aecta  wta 
subverted,  and  the  uni|[ersal  tbferatioii  of  every  form  ol 
chriatiaii  worahip  abolished.  The  church  of  England 
waa  declared  to  be  the  eatablished  ccclosiaatical  conati* 
tutinn  of  the  atate ;  and  an  act  passed  in  the  year  16M 
having  divided  the  acveral  couiitiea  into  pariahea,  a 
legal  maintenance  waa  aaaigned  to  a  minister  of  UiM 
communion  in  every  one  of  theae  pariahea,  conaiatinc 
of  a  glebe,  and  of  an  annual  tribute  of  forty  pounde  <n 
tobacco  from  every  chriatitn  male,  and  every  mala  or 
fenule  negro  above  aixteen  yeara  of  age.    The  appoint* 


1 7  and 8  Will.  III.  cap.  M  « I*.  Tta,j  was  the  Aist  Instanco 
In.which  tile  English  parliament  assumsd  tUe  right  of  modify, 
ing  the  chsrter  si.d  altering  the  constitution  of  an  Amertciui 
province.  In  the  course  uf  tiie  following  century  this  power 
was  exercised  on  several  occasions,  and  very  reluctantly 
aubmlttedto.  The  pretension  to  it  formed  oim  of  the  grounda 
of  quarrel  that  produced  tl«  American  RavolutlofL 

By  another  clause  In  the  same  statute.  It  was  enactadi 
•'  tiiaton  no  pretence  whstever  any  kind  of  goods  from  tha 
English  American  plantations  shall  hereafter  be  put  on  shore 
either  In  the  kingdoins  of  Irelsnd  or  Scotland,  without  bsiuf 
flrst  Isnded  in  England,  aiid  having  also  paid  the  duties  there, 
under  tiie  penalty  of  a  forfeiture  of  the  ship  arid  cargo." 
The  Union  in  17M  rendered  this  restriction  void.  In  so  far  aa 
related  to  Scotland. 

1  Oidmiion,  vol.  I.  p.  1»S  Chalmers,  p.  tU.  «i.  Ml,  Ml 
Among  other  expressions  t  ist  Coode's  indictinent  Isid  to  lue 
charge,  under  tlie  count  of  blaspheiny.  he  waa  accused  of 
having  said  **that  there  was  no  religion  but  what  was  in 
Tully's  Offices."  To  mske  these  words  the  more  IntelUgiala^ 
the  Indictment  Illustrated  them  by  this  innuendo,  ••  that  HMf 
were  spoken  of  one  Tully,  a  Roman  orator,  maaaiia.* 


Il 
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RORTH  AMBRIOAi 


••  •nuMd, 
III  frvm  tha 
put  on  thoM 
'itiwut  bttag 
luiitt  than, 
tnd  cargo.** 
in  Mlu  ■■ 

'*.  I«,IM. 

It  Uid  to  III! 

accuMd  of 
'hftt  wM  m 
i  lnt«IU«lkl^ 

■•UntlMy 


MM  of  Um  nunMtn  wh  «wMd  h  Uw  |a*tnMr,  inl 
llw  iMiM|«Miil  of  nioeluil  aftln  in  tooIiwo  ritotad 
ht  Iko  piolattinl  inlMbiMata.  for  tbo  bottoi  Inilnie- 
NM  of  iho  iwoplo.  fno-Mboola  tad  pobUn  libnrira  w«o 
Mtoblithod  by  Uw  in  t\\  ''<•  poriahm,  lad  tn  implo 
ioUtclion  of  Moki  w(*  y  <onl*<l  to  tbo  libnuiM  ui 
•omnwneamonl  of  tboir  In  luy  Mock,  bjr  Ibo  hiihup  of 
liOndon.  Bui  iiolwil>'.*umling  til  Ihtto  ontourtgt- 
■onlt  to  Ibo  oulliTtiien  of  knowltdgo,  tn<l  Iht  n|>id 
biorotM  of  htr  wotlth  tnd  popultliun,  it  wh  not  till 
•Ikoi  htr  lopontioo  from  ibo  ptrani  luito,  Ihtl  tny  coii- 
lUortblo  letdomy  or  collogo  wtt  Rmund  In  Maryland. 
All  pnlotUnt  diatonltrt  wtro  docltnd  to  bo  tnliUod 
I*  Ibo  full  boDodl  of  Ibo  ttl  of  loltrtlion  ptttod  in  tbo 
•oanMOMmoal  of  AViUiim  tnd  Mtry't  rtl|n  by  ibo 
Engtiab  ptrlitmtnl.  Bui  ibia  (Tteo  wtt  alrMlly  wilb- 
kola  Arom  Ibo  Romon  eilholiea ;  tnd  tbo  proltaltnit 
who  Ibut  tntclod  loloralion  to  tbomaolvoo,  with  Ibo 
■oti  hnpodenl  injuaiica  and  uncbhalitn  omtlly,  dtnied 
h  to  Ibo  mtn  bv  wboao  loltrtlion  Ibey  tbonuoWat  had 
btOD  pormillod  to  gain  tn  otubliabmrni  in  Ibo  pro- 
vinoo.  Baneliontd  by  Iht  authority,  tnd  intlruetod  by 
Iho  oitmfilo  of  Ibo  Britiab  (ovommont,  tho  legialaturo 
of  Mtnrlind  procoodnd,  by  uio  moat  tyrannical  ptraovu- 
lion  of  tlie  calholica,  lo  fortify  tnd  diagraee  tho  proloal- 
Ml  ttetndancy.  Not  onW  wero  Iboao  unforlunalo  «io- 
limtof  t  conacioneo,  which  tbo  aeliona  of  tboir  oppo- 
conlributtd  additionall^jr  to  mialatd,  eicludad 


from  til  ptrlioiptlion  in  polilicti  pri«iltgoa,  but  Ihty 
woro  dtbtrrtd  trom  the  cxoreiao  of  ihoir  worahip  and 
Ibo  advanttgot  of  oducalion.  By  an  act  naaaod  in  the 
yotr  1704,  tnd  raiiewtd  iu  Iba  yotr  1716,  it  waa  pro- 
tUod  thai  any  etibolie  prioal  alltmpting  lo  eonnri  a 
proloalani,  aMuld  bo  puniabod  with  An*  and  impriaon- 
Monl !  and  ibal  the  cvlebralion  of  inaaa,  or  tho  educa- 
^0  of  youth  by  a  ptpial,  ahould  bo  puniahod  by  trtnt- 
imntlion  of  tho  offauding  prioal  or  tetcher  to  England, 
Ibal  bo  might  thero  undergo  Ibo  (wnaltiaa  whi«h  Iha 
Engliah  aialutta  inflicted  on  auch  actiona.  Thua  in 
iboir  oagorneaa  to  deurivo  othera  of  Iheir  liberty,  tho 
Brotoatanta  of  MarylaiHl  truly  aubverted  tboir  own  pro- 
ionaiona  m  indopoiident  legialation.  They  maintained 
Ibal  Ibo  atalutoa  of  tbo  Enaliab  parliamonl  did  nol 
noeeaaarily  extend  lo  Maryland;  and  in  conformity 
with  Ihia  auppoaltion,  we  And  an  act  of  taaembly  in  tho 
yotr  17M,  giving  to  certtin  Engliah  tolt  of  ptilitnitol 
uo  force  of  law  within  tho  province.  E  A  it  wit  nut- 
bally  incontiateni  with  Ihia  pretauded  indepondonca, 
to  declare  any  of  the  coluniata  amenable  to  tho  poeuliar 
Juriaprudenco  of  England,  for  actiona  committed  in  Uto 
province  and  nul  punialiable  there,  llmugh  lawa  thua 
tinjual  and  opprotaive  were  enacted,  it  waa  found  im- 
poaciblo  lo  carry  them  into  rompleto  exooution.  Shortly 
■Aer  tho  act  of  1704  waa  paaaed,  tbo  aaaembly  judged 
it  expedient  to  aua^iond  ita  oiiforoemnnt  ao  far  at  tj 
admit  of  catholic  prieatt  petrorming  Ihoir  functiona  in 
private  houaea  ;  and  Iha  act  of  1714  waa  auaponded  in 
■  aimilar  manner,  ito  eonaequenco  of  an  axprett  utn- 
4alo  to  the  aaaembly  from  Queen  Anno. 

Thua  wero  the  calholica  of  Maryland,  under  .ho  pre- 
loneo  of  vicea  which  .none  realixed  more  completely 
than  their  poraacuuirt,  deprived  of  thoae  privilegoa, 
whiob  for  more  than  half  a  cmturv  Ibey  bad  enjoyed 
with  unparralleled  moderation.  In  addition  lo  the 
Mbar  odioua  fealuroa  of  iho  troalr.ient  they  experienced, 
tbero  waa  a  ahameful  violation  of  national  faitb  in  auf- 
iering  protealant  peraoculion  lo  follow  them  into  the 
■lylum  from  ita  aoveriiy  which  they  had  been  encour- 
•god  to  aoek,  and  with  laborioua  virtue  had  ealabliahcd. 
Mnaiblo  of  Ihia  iiijuatice,  or  rather  perhapa  willing  to 
Induce  the  calholica  whom  Ihey  wer*  determined  not 
to  tolerate  at  homo  to  expalriato  to  MaiyLnd,  tho  Uri- 
tiab  ffovernment  continued  from  timo  to  timv  to  ael 
bounda  to  the  exerciao  of  thai  colonial  bigotry  which 
lit  own  example  bad  excited,  and  ita  own  authority 
otill  mainlairiod. 

Before  Ibo  overthrow  of  tbo  ealboUo  cbuieb  in 
Maryland,  ila  clergy  bad  aigtialiiod  Ihemaelvea  by  aome 
•Itempta  to  convert  tbo  Indiana  tu  tho  chriatian  faith ; 
but  their  endeavora  are  repreaenled  aa  having  been 
neilbor  judicioua  nor  aucceaaful.  Eager  to  prevail  on 
IIm  aavagea  lo  receive  the  formalitiea,  ooforo  Ihey  were 
imptoaaod  wilb  Iho  aubalanco  of  chrialitn  doetrino,  ihey 
uo  aaid  to  have  adminiaterad  tbo  rito  of  btptiam  to 
peraona  wlio  underatood  it  ao  little,  thai  they  eon- 
tidered  tboir  tccepltnce  of  it  ta  a  favor  they  had  done 
to  tho  miaaionariea  in  return  for  the  preaenia  ibey  ro- 
coived  from  them,  and  uaed  to  threaten  to  renounce 
Ihoir  baptism  unlaaa  these  preaonta  were  repeated. 
But  if  the  calholica  of  Maryland  wero  chargeable  with 
•  auperalilioua  forwardnesa  lo  adminiater  Ihii*  rito,  tomo 
•f  iMii  piototlant  feUow-coloBitta  oviucod  a  aeotiiiMnt 


MaMi  MM  iMnaitMo,  In  ihair  dottnaiMtimb  M 
wilhtwld  it.  Aa  to!  of  tatorably  paatod  in  Ibo  yatr 
iTIAdoolartd  Ibtl  mtaypoopla  rofuaad  to  pormil  Uwir 
altvea  lb  bo  bapliied,  in  eonaoquonoo  of  an  tppi 


alon  that  baptiam  would  oniillo  thtm  to  their  iraodom  i 
tnd  Meordingly,  lo  ovtrcomo  theii  relueltneo,  entattd 
thai  no  negro  roooiving  tbo  holy  aoeramanl  of  baptiam, 
tbould  dartvo  ihorofrom  any  right  or  claim  to  bo  maita 
frao.  It  waa  tho  peculiar  unhappinaas  of  Iho  lot  of  Iho 
Maryland  uroleatanta,  that  it  aurroundad  tham  at  once 
with  oatholirt,  whom  they  wore  incited  to  potaaoulo, 
and  wilb  altvoa  whom  they  woio  onabled  to  opproae  : 
and  it  waa  not  till  aomo  time  after  Ibo  Revolution  of 


lUa,  Ibal  Ihey  began  lo  ahow  mote  goiiiiino  fniile  of 
Ibo  tonela  thov  proloaaad,  than  tho  peraocuti 
who  diffirtd  Irvm  them  in  raligiouo  opinion, 


At  Ibo  eloea  of  Ibo  lavonloondi  century,  Ibo  popula- 
tion of  Maryland  amounted  lo  thirty  Ibouaand  ponona ; 
and  wbelbar  from  superiority  of  aoit  or  indualry,  or 
from  Um  abeonco  of  lawa  roalrictivo  of  cultivation,  Ihia 
pruvineo  ia  aaid  to  have  »x|iortod  at  leaal  aa  mueh  to- 
iMcco  aa  tho  older  and  more  poputoua  pmvince  of  Vir- 
ginia. At  a  later  period,  a  law  waa  passed,  prohibiting 
Um  cultivatian  on  any  aalale  of  a  greater  quantity  than 
tix  ItMuaand  pitnta  of  tobacco  for  every  taxable  indi- 
vidual upon  the  eslata.  Maryland  waa  Uia  Aral  of  the 
Jirovincoa  in  which  Iha  right  of  private  properly  waa 
rom  '.he  beginning  recogniaod  in  ila  fiilleat  extent ) 
and  community  of  poasessions  had  never  even  a  tempo- 
rary eatablishinenl.  This  peculiarity,  it  ia  probable, 
conlributrd  to  promote  the  peculiar  induatry  by  wbicb 
Ibia  people  have  been  d<atinguished.  In  the  year 
lOM,  Aimapolia  waa  aubaliluled  for  St.  Mary'a  aa  tlio 
capital  of  the  province  :  but  the  aame  causes  that  pre- 
vonted  Iho  growth  of  towna  in  Virginia,  also  reprosst'd 
them  iu  Msryland.  There  were  few  merchants  or 
elMp-keepera  who  were  not  also  plantera  ;  and  it  waa 
the  euatom  for  every  man  lo  maintain  on  hia  plantation 
a  atoro  for  aupplying  the  usual  accommodationa  of  ahop* 
lo  hia  family,  aarvanU,  and  alavaa.  Living  diaporaed 
over  Iho  province,  and  remote  from  each  other,  the 
effecu  of  their  comnarativo  aolitude  are  aaid  lo  have 
boon  visible  in  the  countenance,  mannera,  and  apparel 
of  Ibo  great  body  of  the  plaulen ;  their  aapect  axpreaa- 
ing  leaa  cheerfulnoaa,  their  demeanor  leaa  vivacity,  their 
dreaa  leaa  attention  to  noalneaa,  and  their  whole  exte- 
rior leaa  Hrtauity,  than  wero  found  in  thoae  loloniea 
where  citiea  engendered  and  dilTuaed  the  elegant  virtue 
lo  which  they  have  given  a  name.  Uut  even  thoae  who 
h%va  reproached  them  with  Ihia  defect  have  not  failed 
10  recognixo  a  more  reapeclable  chancteristiu  of  their 
situation,  in  that  boapiulity  by  which  they  wero  vni- 
voraallv  diatinguiahod.*  At  a  later  period,  iLs  towna 
of  Maryland  aeemed  to  acquire  a  audden  principle  of 
inereaae ;  and  Baltimore,  in  particu:ar,  haa  grown  with 
a  rapidity  unexampled  even  in  the  United  Stalea.  In 
none  of  Iho  provincea,  have  tho  effocta  of  a  wiao  or 
illiberal  tyaiem  of  government  boon  more  plainly  appa- 
rent than  in  M*ryland.  For  nearly  a  century  after  the 
Briliah  Kovolution,  diflereneo  in  loligioua  opinion  waa 
made  the  aourco  ^of  animotily  and  op''  aaiou ;  tod 
during  all  that  period  nol  one  cooaiderab.a  aeminary  of 
learning  aroao  in  tbo  provineo.  Within  a  few  yetra 
after  Ibo  return  of  oquat  lawa  and  univertal  toleration, 
with  tho  catatliabment  of  American  independence,  the 
vtrietiea  of  doctrinal  opinion  among  the  people  aerved 
but  to  illustrate  mligioua  charity;  :iumti:u.ji  coUugea 
and  acadeiniea  were  founded ;  and  the  aame  people 
among  whom  persecution  had  lingered  longeat,  became 
diatinguiahod  for  a  remarkable  degree  of  courteoua 
kindness  und  generoua  compaaaion. 

During  the  auapenrion  of  the  proprietary  government, 
the  legialaturo  of  tho  province  conaiated  of  three 
branchoa ;  alter  ita  revival,  of  four :  the  proprietary, 
Iho  governor,  the  council,  and  ihe  burgeaaea.  The 
proprietary,  beaidea  a  largo  domain  cultivated  by  him- 
eelf,  enjoyed  a  quit  rent  of  two  tbillinga  aterling  yearly 
for  every  hundred  tcrea  of  tppropritted  land.  This 
wtt  incretaed  at  an  after  period  lo  four  ahillinga  in 
aomo  diairirta ;  and  an  unaucceaaful  attempt  waa  made 
to  raiae  it  aa  high  aa  ten  abUlinga.  Tbo  proprietariea 
bad  received  but  too  little  encouragement  to  reljr  on 
the  atability  of  that  gratitude  which  had  been  acquired 
by  their  original  mwleration.  The  aalariea  of  the  go- 
vernor and  deputy-governor  conaiated  of  official  feea, 
and  a  lax  on  exported  tobacco,  enacted  to  them  auc- 
coaaively  on  their  appointment  to  office,  and  propor- 


•  Winteifntliam'a  America,  vol.  IU.  p.  M.  "  That  pride 
which  (TOWS  on  slavery,  and  is  habitual  to  those  wlio  from 
tbsir  infancy  are  taught  to  bnlleve  and  feel  their  superiority, 
is  a  vtailile  cJuunutcriatic  «l  the  lobaUlaiita  of  Maryland." 
Ml 


liMMd  M  tboir  popularity,    Tko  aoaaail  ommImI  tf 
Iwtlva  paraont,  appoipted  bv  ibo  prooiiolMy,  aM  4lt> 
lug  Ibo  abeyance  of  bit  politieal  rig! 
governor  i  each  of  whom  received,  ui 
of  Ibo  a 


Iwtlva  paraont,  apuoipltd  by  ibo  propii( 
■       ■      '  -  ■■        '"  al  righli 

inatl 
mbly,  an  allowance  of  ono  bundrtd  tnd 


tmMMaa  w 

lit,  by  iW  fOMi 
uring  Iho  tiMtaa 


tighly  pounda  of  tobacco  daily  flrom  Iho  provinoo,  Th* 
houeo  of  repreaentttivea  or  burgoaeot  contitltd  o'  *>«• 
mombera  from  each  of  the  counlioa,  tnd  two  from  Iha 
ttpiitl  I  ibe  daily  allowance  In  each  of  Ibom  being  oo« 
hundred  and  aixty  pounds  of  tobacco.  From  Ibo  da- 
oiaiona  of  Ibe  provincial  courla,  in  all  eaaea  involvitg 
property  to  Iha  amount  of  thre*  hundred  poundt,  tn 
tp|Mtl  wtt  tdmilttd  to  the  king  in  counell.  Tbo  of- 
dot  of  Ibo  leloci  men  in  New  Engltnd  wtt  porforiaad 
i'.  Maryland  by  the  parochial  votlrioa,  wbieb  engroeaad 
ika  managamont  of  all  Ibo  publie  afltira  of  ihoir  dia- 
tricia,  and  aooo  undarwtnl  a  nmarkaUe  abalomoni  M 
Iho  popular  form  of  their  original  conalilulion ;  for 
though  at  Aral  elected  by  Um  inbabiunia,  UMy  hold  UMif 
olBeo  for  life,  and  very  early  aaaumed  Ibo  privilege  of 
aupplying  vacanciaa  in  their  own  number  by  Ibo  eltelioa 
of  tho  aurvivoN.  In  tbo  year  1704,  it  waa  provided  b« 
"  An  ael  for  tbo  advancement  of  the  nativaa  and  nn- 
denu  of  thia  province,"  thai  no  offlie  of  Irual,  axeepi 
thoae  UmI  wero  cniiferrrd  bv  immediato  commiaaion 
from  Ibo  crown,  could  be  held  by  any  peraon  who  bad 
notprevionaljr  reaided  three  yean  in  the  colony." 

Tno  aitualion  of  alavea  and  of  indented  aervanta  a|^ 
pean  lo  have  been  very  much  tiio  aame  in  Maryland  iU 
in  Virginia.  Any  while  woman,  wheiher  a  aarvant  of 
free,  becoming  pregnant  from  the  embrace  of  a  negm^ 
whether  a  slave  or  free,  was  punished  with  a  aervituda 
of aevon  yesra  ;  and  Itui  ^hildron  of  "auch  unnati'tl 
and  inoruinala  conneiiona,"  were  doomed  In  aerviludo 
till  Ihey  ahould  attain  Ihe  age  of  thirty-one.  A  wliilo 
man  liogeltiiig  a  child  by  a  nagtesa,  was  subjected  to 
the  same  penally  aa  a  while  woman  cummilting  Iba 
correaponuing  nffeiice.  An  indented  acrvant,  at  Iha 
eipinlion  of  bia  aervilude,  waa  enlillrd  la  demand  a 
liberal  allowance  of  varioua  uaeful  coinnindiliea  from 
bia  maaler,  aome  of  which  ho  waa  proliibilod,  uiidur  a 
penalty,  from  aelling  for  twelve  montha  after  bia  liliera- 
tion.  A  tax  waa  iinpcwd  on  tho  imfiortaliun  of  eer- 
vaiiia  from  Ireland,  "  tn  prevent  the  importing  loo gioal 
a  number  of  Iriah  papists  into  this  province. 

To  prevent  the  evaaion  of  provincial  dibia  or  other 
obligationa  by  Highl  to  England,  or  to  the  other  Ama- 
rican  elates,  all  persons  preparing  lo  Icsve  the  colony 
were  required  Iu  give  public  intimation  of  Iheir  itftu* 
lure,  and  obtain  a  formal  paasjiort  from  the  inunicii*' 
autboritira.  An  act  waa  paascd  in  Ihe  year  lOM,  lii- 
vaating  a  largo  tract  of  lanj  in  Dorchealer  county  X 
two  Indian  kmga,  who,  with  thoir  aubjecta,  wera  to  nold 
it  aa  a  Aef  from  Ihe  proprietary,  and  to  pay  for  it  a 
yearly  r«nt  of  one  bear  akin.  In  common  with  Iha 
other  colonies,  Maryland  waa  much  infeated  by  wolvoa ; 
and  to  latoaa  the  year  1715,  t  former  act  waa  renewed, 
offering  "Iht  lumot  three  hundred  pounda  of  tobacco" 
as  a  reward  for  ovory  wolPa  head  that  ahould  ba 
brought  by  any  colonist  or  Indian  lo  a  juatice  of  iha 
peace.  An  act  prop<»ing  a  aimilar  recompento  btd 
been  paaaed  in  Virginia ;  but  it  wtt  repeated  in  Iba 
year  1686.  ____ 

BOOK   IV. 

NORTB  AND  SOirTH  CAROLINA. 

CHAPTER  I. 

Early  Attempts  of  Ihe  Soanianis  and  the  French  lo  coloniia 
till*  territory— First  Charier  of  Ciirultnr  grunted  by  Charlea 
the  Second  to  Lord  Clarendon  and  oliierit— Formation  of 
Albemarlo  Setlleinent  in  North  Curulina— Settlement  of 
Ashley  River  in  Suutli  Carolina— Second  t'hnrtor  of  tho 
whole  United  Province — PioceediiigM  at  Albemarle— Tho 
Proprietaries  enact  the  fundamental  tjonstltutioiu  of  Caro- 
lina—Expedition of  Emigrants  to  Boulli  (Carolina— John 
Locke  created  a  Landgrave— Hostliilies  with  Ihe  Spaniarda 
In  Plonda,  and  with  the  Indiana— Disputes,  between  tho 
Proprietaries  and  Ihe  Colonists — Culpepper's  Insurrection 
in  North  Carolina— He  K  tried  In  Englsiid,  and  acquitted— 
Discord  among  the  colonists- Sothel's  tyrannical  admini^li  a 
lion— Be  Is  deposed. 

Wk  have  soen  New  England  colonixed  by  poritana 
exiled  by  roval  and  opiaeopal  tyranny  ;  Virginia  replon- 
iabed  by  cavalier  and  opiaeopal  fugitivea  from  rapnblietn 
trinmph  and  puritan  aacandapcy ;  and  Mary  land  fonndad 
by  catnolica  retiring  from  proteatant  intolonneo.  By 
a  ainguUr  coincidence,  the  aolllement  whoaa  hialory 
we  now  proceed  to  examine,  originally  aeemed  lo  hava 
been  destined  to  complete  thia  aeriet  of  revolntionary 
peraecntion  :  and  if  Ihe  Aral  coloniata  who  were  planloa 
in  it  had  ^en  able  to  maintain  their  eslabliahmeni, 
Carolina  would  have  been  peopled  by  Hugonota  flyin( 
from  catholic  bigotry.* ^__^^ 

•  At  a  lalerpeiiod  we  have  aaen  Ibe  desooBdanle  ef  itkal 


THi  HiiTORr  or 


'llli*  Uiritary  kai  hMH  tka  Ml^Ml  af  •  niitiy  tl 
pMMnMriw,  itiil  dwliyliM  M  MMMilf*  miM*  by 
■  *«itiiiy  of  ntmM.  Tim  sktm  W  Rdfjiirf  M  tk*  (liM 
4iacov«ry  of  il  wit  iliifuM^  bf  Iha  flptnltniis  «h» 
■Mirttintti  lh«l  Otbet  wmm  pfoct«<«i<  to  Ibr  w  Um 
tMMh,  rml  UmI  it  had  hMH  jrM  unvUitnl  bjr  tnjr  Ku- 
lopMn,  wban  IViiMt  (!•  l<Mn,  tka  Rpiniih  gofwnar  of 
fana  Kio>,  trrlTwi  m  Ii«  kmim,  [I'I'1>  •■  k*  «h 
mUiiiI  I«  iiimM  af  •  ImiI  wW«h  m*  npotud  to  eoniiin 
•  AMinitiM  mdawfd  with  ih*  mlrMuloui  powtr  of  r*- 
•Uftaf  lk«  blovni  mi  •tgor  of  jrMlk  M  »i»  tml  iloort- 
pitodo.  Baliofini  ihtl  ho  hod  now  ■lUinod  Um  futorad 
Mfioii,  bo  boMonod  lo  toko  poooofolon.  In  hii  mto- 
mga't  num,  oCoo  wto  »n4  f olnohlo  in  oonniritlan.  Ho 
oootowod  on  II  iko  aoao  of  Flofldt,  olihor  on  Mooiinl 
•f  Ibo  vtraol  booMT  (kit  odomod  Ito  luifMO,  oi  b^ 
tinoo  kt  didOToiod  il  on  iho  Sttndojr  bofim  EuMt, 
wbiek  tko  BponUrdf  oott  Poaqm  do  ftono  \  bal  UMU|fc 
ko  ohiUod  hM  ifid  frtmo  by  bilkln(  in  ovorjr  Mroom  or 
fovniiin  ikol  ko  could  Ind,  ko  h«d  iho  laonilcilion  of 
nalarauii  on  nMor  in*lo«d  nfi  yoonmr  nun  to  Pnio 
Woo.  A  fow  jrotit  lAorwtfd*,  innuMr  Rpiaitk  oA- 
o«r,  wko  woo  loni  lo  moko  o  man  minuio  inopoitiwi 
of  iko  loirllofy  ouppond  lo  h«To  boon  ihui  nowlr  dio- 
■ovofod,  pofformod  on  oiptoil  but  loo  eonjonlol  with 
iko  coMoiponrjr  ofMovooMni*  of  hii  oou'.ilijroMn,  in 
Udr.tpplno  o  eonojdmlilo  body  of  ibo  mUtoo,  whom 
ho  earriod  iwor  into  bondogo.  Boom  looooiekoo  for 
foU  and  tilvor,  umleftaktn  •bonly  tfkor  by  ooeoood- 
big  td*anliii«n  of  Uw  atmo  nttioni  ho*ing  tormintWd 
nnauecoHfully,  Iho  Spanioido  oppoarad  la  bovo  ro> 
iMunai'd  ibo  inltntion  of  any  immMiato  lollloaoni  In 
Ihu  raglon,  ond  bit  il  to  ropoao  undar  the  ahadow  of 
Iho  natne  liixy  hod  boilowod,  and  to  rainamhor  ito  lilu- 
lar  owniira  hy  their  cupidity  and  iniuatieo.  Tho  whota 
of  ihii  «oa>i  wa>  tuliaaiiuanlly  oiplorad  [I5M— ISW] 
with  coiiiidiirjtila  aeeurany  hy  Vantian,  an  Italian  na- 
vigator, in  UiA  Mririca  of  ih«  French,  and  whom  Francia 
Iko  Fifal*  had  coinmiuinnod  to  altompi  Iha  diaeofary 
of  now  larriloriat  in  AmKrica  for  ilia  lionaAt  of  lha 
eiown.  Bui  tho  colonial  dcaigna  of  iha  French  go- 
Tnrnmant  wer«  auapandad  during  th«  rarnaiiidar  of  thia 
roign,  by  lh«  favorite  game  of  kinot,  which  waa  played 
with  auch  eager  and  obitinato  rivalry  between  Francia 
aadtbo  Emiieror  Charlea  the  Fifkh  t  During  aucceeJ- 
tug  loigna,  they  were  lin|md«d  by  itlll  more  fatal  oh- 
ittuetioiia ;  and  all  the  advanUgea  that  France  might 
kOTO  derived  from  the  territory  explored  by  Veraiian 
•nd  neglected  hy  the  Spaniarda,  waa  poatponed  lo  the 
Imlulttcnco  of  royal  and  papal  bignlry  in  I  war  of  eiter- 
minitioii  agaiimt  the  Iluguiiola.  The  advanlagea,  how- 
a*er,  ihua  iie||lectt'd  hy  the  French  eourt,  were  not 
•trorloakiNl  by  ihe  objccle  of  ita  pereeciilion ;  and  tl 
oiigih  the  deli-nninitinn  of  appropriating  t  pert  of  thia 
territory  aa  a  retreat  fur  the  French  protealtnta,  waa 
einliracej  by  one  of  their  leadera,  the  Admiral  </oligni. 
Two  veaiela  which  ha  equipped  lur  thia  purpoae  were 
treordingly  deipatched  with  a  body  of  protcalant  emi- 
grania  to  America,  who  landed  at  the  mouth  of  Albe- 
marle river,  and  in  hunc;  of  their  aovereign  (Charlea 
Ihe  Ninth),  gave  the  country  tho  name  of  Carolina :  a 
name  which,  by  a  aingular  coincidence,  tbo  Engliah, 
after  obliterating,  were  deatinrd  to  revive.  Though 
Iheae  coloniata  had  only  to  announce  themaelvea  ai 
Mraiigora  lo  the  faith  and  the  nemo  of  the  Spaniarda,  in 
onler  to  aerure  tbo  moat  friendly  recaption  from  the 
Inuiani,  they  auflered  ao  many  privaliona  in  their  new 
laltleineni,  from  the  inability  of  the  admiral  to  furniah 
Ihem  with  ade<|uate  auppliei,  that,  after  a  abort  reai- 
denca  in  Americt.  they  were  compelled  to  return  to 
Franca.  A  treaeheroua  pacification  having  been  of- 
fcclad,  meanwhile,  between  Ihe  French  court  and  Iho 


the  moat  Jliutrioui  people  of  antlqjUjr  aeekinf  a  rel'aj 

Ol«M 

M  North  Xmerlca,  and  actualljr  tranapof1e<r,  fur  thlv 


,    .  ■  a  relBiola 

Ameiica  from  Turkiah  oppreulon.  In  the  laliar  part  ui  Iba 
Olakleenth  century,  BIr  l¥UUam  Duncan,  an  amInaM  InctMi 
~"i>jlclan,  cencelved  the  protect  of  fouudlnca  Oieclancgleiqr 


ttveml  huniired  dreeka  to  Kaat  riortJa.    Oalt'a  l<attera  ftsa 
Ike  Levant,  p.  IIS. 

*  The  kinga  of  8pam  and  Paitofal  lenwnitrated 
Nw  ptejecte  of  Pranda  aa  a  diraet  InponiaUan  of 
atUcal  aatkoritjr.  To  tlila  reoMiaalrance  the  mumreb  la  aald 
la  have  pleaaanlly  ivpUad,  ••  I  ahooM  be  tiail  to  lee  Ike 
tftaae  In  Adam'a  wUL  which  makealbal  conllnenl  their  ei- 
•laalva  iBhettUnee."   kaynal. 

t  A  aliiht  daownatiatlon  wu  aaade  by  Pranda  la  Ihe  year 
IMO  of  an  tnwnUon  to  eokmiie  a  Athrenl  quarter  of  Ama* 
rlea,  by  the  lattera  patent  whick  he  Uien  tramail  to  Jaoqoea 
ttnartlar  fa  ■  the  eatabUihmenl  of  a  colony  In  Canada.  Bat 
UM  Francfc  made  no  permament  eetttemanl  even  thera  till 
•he  relfn  o    Henry  Ihe  Fourth,    laearbot'a  HItt. 


Prance,  p.  W.    Champlaln'a  Teya(e,  part  I. 
niailon  lo  Quartltr,  tho  territory  la  deicrlliad  a* 


of  New 

In  the  eom- 

jr"poeieiiad 

by  aavaifea,  living  without  the  knowledge  of  Qod  or  tlie  uae 
Of  reatoii.**  Vol  Pope  Paul  the  Third  had  i)fovioaaly  by  a 
Hull  decLired  the  American  liiilian«  to  be  rational  creaturea, 
peiaaartiig  the  nature,  and  entitled  to  ilie  riahta  of  men 


prultaunia,  Oallgnl  amployt4  tho  Inlorral  of  rrpaaa, 
ant  tka  unwanted  ftvot  Ikil  ka  ttoiaingty  onjeyad  with 
tha  kiag.  In  pfondinf  t  loAiga  fir  hie  party  from  that 
If  mpaal,  which.  Ihougk  nnhappily  for  hiinaolf,  he  did 
nol  clearly  foroaoa,  hia  eiponenea  and  aagacity  yrl  In- 
duced him  lo  tnlieipata.  Three  ehipe,  eqiii|i|ied  by 
Ihe  king,  and  carrying  out  anther  deiirhnirni  uf 
llugnnoia,  IIAM]  ware  again  deaiittrhi'd  to  llnrulina, 
ina  ft>llowad  toon  after  by  a  more  numaruua  llnet  wiili 
additiottal  aolllera,  and  an  ample  euppljr  of  anna  and 
pieviaiona.  Tha  aaaialanca  which  Iha  king  of  France 
Ihte  veuaheaM  lo  tho  llugunote,  reminua  ua  of  lha 
liniilar  polity  by  wkieb  Rharlae  tho  Firai  promoted,  in 
Ika  Mlowli^  tonlHiy,  iko  doptrluro  of  ibo  puriunt 
from  Engtand.  Tha  Franah  mantreh  wia  t  litilt 
mofo  libanl  than  Ika  Engliah,  in  Ika  aid  which  ho 
gianlodi  but  ko  wai  iBllnilaly  moro  parfldioua  and 
eivol  in  Ika  doalgnt  whicb  ho  iratjr  ooltrtainad.  Ba> 
IHaadod  by  Iho  Indiana,  and  vigoroiialy  applying 
ikomaalvot  lo  ika  eulllvalion  of  their  territory,  tha 
(olooiali  had  begun  to  enjoy  lha  nroapaci  of  a  per- 
mtneni  and  happy  MtabliahmonI  in  Oarolint,  when  Ihey 
wtro  luddtnly  allitktd  bjr  a  foreo  dttpolehed  againal 
Ikam  by  tha  king  of  Spain.  Tlw  commander  of  Ihe 
Sponlak  lioope  having  fiial  Induced  Ihem  to  aurrrndcr 
It  Fronehmen,  pal  ibem  ill  lo  the  iword  aa  herotica ; 
announcing  by  i  pliciid,  araolad  al  Iba  place  uf  axecu- 
lion,  that  tnli  buieheiy  "  waa  not  infliolad  on  Ihem  aa 
aubjiMUuf  Franca  but  ufoUowon  of  Lutkar."  Nearly 
a  Ikouaand  Fienek  proiaatonia  war*  involved  in  thia 
nMaaaerai  and  only  one  aoMieraeeapodloeirrytiilipga 
lo  Franco,  wbiek  charity  doaa  nol  ooligo  ua  to  believe 
commnnieated  my  aurpnio  lo  tbo  prajoctora  of  Ihe 
league  af  Bayonna  and  lha  raaaaaera  ti  8|.  Barthotn- 
mow.  Thouoh  the  colony  bad  boon  planted  with  Ihe 
ippfobatioa  of  tha  French  court,  and  peaeo  aubeiated  al 
Ika  llmo  between  Franco  ind  Spain,  lha  aaaault  and 
axlirpalion  of  tho  coloniata  produced  no  demoiialralion 
of  reeentmani  from  ika  French  government,  and  would 
have  been  lolally  unavenged  in  thia  wor|d,  if  Do  Oor- 
guee,  a  French  nobleman,  fnconaed  by  euch  wiekrd- 
noae,  had  nol  determined  lo  vindicate  tho  rauaa  of  jua- 
tica  and  lha  honor  of  hia  country.  [1567  ]  Having 
lilted  out  three  ahipa  at  hia  own  expenie,  he  aol  aail  lor 
Carolina,  where  tiie  Spaniarda,  in  careleaa  anciinty, 
poeeeeied  Ihe  fort  and  aeltlemeiit  which  Ihi'V  hail  ac- 
quired by  Iho  murder  of  hia  countrymen.  He  eaaily 
(MJtain«iil  the  leilour  co-oparation  of  the  Indiana,  and 
with  their  aaaialanca  overpowered  and  alew  all  Ihe 
Spaniarde  who  reaialed  hie  ontorpriae,  and  hanged  nil 
whom  he  made  priaonera  oi  tho  nearoat  Iroea ;  creel- 
iiig,  in  hia  t'lm,  a  placard  which  announced,  that  thia 
eiecution  "  waa  not  inflicted  on  them  aa  Spaniarda  but 
aa  murdereia  and  robberi."  Having  thua  aeeompliaheil 
hia  purpoaed  vengeance,  he  returneil  to  France ;  firat 
doitroviug  every  trace  of  the  aeltlomeni  which  neither 
Frencnincn  nor  Spaniarda  were  dealined  .ever  again  lo 
occupy.*  Religioue  diaputea  excited  a  much  greater 
dogroc  of  mutual  haired  and  of  public  eonfuaion  in 
Fr.inco  than  in  GiigUnd,  and  were  proportionally  un- 
fa\  arable  tu  French  colonitation.  Canada,  which  waa 
the  lira!  permanent  occupation  of  tha  French  in  Ame- 
rica, waa  not  colonixed  till  lix  yean  after  Henry  the 
Fourth  had  iaauod  the  celebrated  edict  of  Nantoa. 

About  eighteen  yean  after  tha  axpulaion  of  tho 
French  colony  of  Coligni,  Ihora  waa  aetlled  in  the  iaie 
of  Koanoak,  in  Ihc  aama  territory,  the  tiral  plantation 
eHectod  by  Raliiigh,  of  whoae  enlerpriaea  I  have  giviin 
an  account  in  tho  hiitory  of  Virginia.  Thora  waa  an 
analogy  belweon  tho  foitunea  of  their  colonial  aettle- 
menle,  aa  well  aa  between  Iho  peraonai  doaliniea  of  Co- 
ligni and  Raleigh ;  and  tranaient  aa  it  proved,  it  waa 
atill  tho  moat  laating  tneo  of  hia  exertione  wilueaeed  by 
Raleigh,  thit  Ibo  nimo  of  tho  country  waa  changed  by  tha 
Englub  fiom  Oirolina  lo  Virginia— a  naino  of  wbirh  wa 
have  already  tneed  Ihe  final  application  and  peculiar  hia- 
tory.t     Even  Ihe  aubaequeni  colonial  eflbrta  of  England 


M  not  attend  lo  lhi<  lerrliory,  till  the  year  inn,  wliar 
aovani  Engliah  fainilua,  llyiiiit fmm  lh»  inaiaarrtOfll'tha 
Indiana  in  Viri{iiiiii  aid  Niu«  l'ji|(l.iiii|,  aimiiht  relngo 
within  Ua  liiniia,  ami  urn  a.ml  in  Imvr  acleiTlla  iiulde 
pelt  of  chriaiia:i  miaaiiin.iriii4,  wiih  anrh  anrriiaa,  thai 
one  of  ihn  Induri  priii(r'a'V.t4i'iirivi>rlril  IVdin  iiliilairy  in 
Iho  goapel  i'hry  anlH  nil  rtlrrme  li.iril<lr|i  frinn 
•ear  .ily  of  pniviaiiiiii,  iiiid  wfrt-  iirvarrveil  friiin  nrriah- 
IU)|  liy  the  getioruiia  fnutriliiilioii  lliry  raocivaii  frow 
the  uuvarnineni  uf  .Maaaii'liiiai  •.  whoae  aaaulaoaa 
iheyTiad  linplured  An  «U»mi>'  waa  made  lu  aaiuM 
a  jiiriadiulionover  ihiMii  hy  .Sir  ',  ihcrt  lluaili,  altoriiey. 
general  to  Charlea  Ilie  Fir«>  who  olilained  from  Ua 
maatera  patent  uf  the  wholti  uf  thia  region  by  lha  noma 
of  C»nU»:  Bui  la  ho  made  no  attempt  lo  exeeula 
lha  Dowen  conferred  on  him,  the  |iatenl  waa  afte^ 
wank  declared  lo  have  boeoiaa  vyid,  becauao  Iho  con> 
diliona  on  which  il  had  been  gnrlad  had  nol  bean  fill* 
filled  *  Mbck  eolliaion  and  diauuta  between  slaimania 
ami  oceupien  uf  colonial  lerrliory  would  have  baaa 
pnvanlad,  if  Ihe  principle  of  th.  aJjudiealion  hid  baaa 
npia  gananlly  extended,  and  mon  ateidilv  ipplied. 

1^0  aounlry  which  ao  many  unaueeaaarul  allempia 
bad  baaa  made  lo  colnniio,  waa  indebted  for  ill  Anal 
aattlaiiianl  to  i  piojecl  formed  by  certain  euurlian  of 
Charlei  lha  Nacond  for  Iheir  own  enrichmeni,  but 
which  Iboy  wen  pleaaad  to  lacribe  to  a  genenua  daeira 
af  propagiliug  the  bleaainga  of  nligion  ind  civility  in  a 
barbaroua  land.  An  application,  couched  in  theao  termoi 
kaving  boon  imaanlad  to  the  king  by  night  of  tbo  moil 
aiainanl  poraona,  wboao  fidellly  he  ud  experienced  la 
bia  exile,  or  whoae  treachery  had  contributed  to  bia 
natoralion.t  eaaily  procured  for  thum  a  gnnt  of  tkat 
oitanaive  region,  aituatad  on  the  Atlaniio  ocean,  ho< 
twaan  lha  thirlv-aixlh  doorao  uf  North  lallliido  ind  Uw 
iHai  Saiul  MiUiao.  [  ISM]  Thie  territory  waa  accord- 
iagly  erected  Into  a  province,  by  Ihe  name  of  Carollni, 
Ilia  conferred  on  the  Lord  Chinceller  Clirandon, 
Monk  Duke  of  Albemirle,  Lord  Craven,  Ijonl  Berko- 
ley,  Lord  Aihley  (ifterwirda  Eari  of  Hhaftealnirv),  Sir 
Oeorga  OartenI,  Sir  John  Oallaton,  and  Sir  William 
Berkeley,  the  governor  of  Virginia ;  "  who  (aa  lha 
charter  eel  forth),  being  excited  wilb  i  liudabli  and 
pioui  toil  for  the  propegition  of  tho  goapel,  begged  a 
certain  country  in  Ihe  parte  of  America  nol  yet  culti- 
Titid  ind  planted,  and  only  inhabited  by  aoina  barba* 
fOui  people  who  had  no  knowledge  of  Ood."  'Ilio 
territory  waa  bealowed  on  thoae  neraonagea,  and  their 
heire  and  laaigna,  aa  abaoliile  lord  pitiprielariea  for 
ovar,  aaving  the  aoveraign  allegiance  due  to  Iho  crown ; 
lod  they  were  inveated  with  aa  ample  righle  and  |urii> 
dictloui  within  their  Amirican  paUtinate,  aa  any  biaho^ 
of  Durham  enjoyed  within  hia  dioceae.  Thia  charU'ri 
douhtlvaa,  comjioaeil  by  thu  parlioa  thoinaulvoa  who 
ncoived  il,  eeema  lo  ha^  j  been  copird  from  Ihe  prior 
charter  of  Maryland,  the  moat  liberal  in  the  commuoi* 
catio.1  of  piivilogoa  and  powen  that  had  over  yel  beaa 
gnntad. 

A  meeting  of  auch  of  tha  proprietarica  aa  wen  io 
England  having  been  held  aoon  altar,  for  the  purpoea 
of  eoncarliiig  nieaauna  fur  carrying  the  purpoaea  of 
their  charter  into  eflect,  ■  joint  atock  waa  formed  by 


gnneni  contribution  for  tranaporting  einigranta,  and  do- 
fraying  other  neceaaary  expeiiaea.  Al  the  deain  of  lha 
Now  Gnglaml  aeltlera,  who  already  inhabited  lha  pro- 


*  L'Bacatbot'a  HIat.  of  New  France,  n*.  Ml.  Oldmlxoa, 
I.  MT— at.  Hewlt'a  Acuoant  of  ■oath  Carallna  and  Oeorcia, 
i.  IS-W.  WilUamaon'a  Blatory  of  North  CaroUna,  cap.  1. 
The  Fnnch,  however,  nlaliiad  their  pretenaiona  lo  the 
country.  D'Auhlgny,  Ihe  father  of  Madanw  Maintenon, 
having  formed  the  purpoae  of  eatabllahlni  hiniaelf  In  Car» 
Miia,  round  he  had  Incurred  the  aettoua  clapleaaura  of  the 


Fnnch  eourt  for  having  aollcited  a  grant  from  the  Kngllah 

■     " ■gaoftourath ■      "^ 

n  auppoelng 
of  France  received  her  early  adacaUna  in  CaroUna,  when  aa 


•vamment.    Vollain'a  Age  of  Itouh 
'    Voltaln  la  roialaken  in  au 


the  Fourteenth,  cap. 
Uiat  the  future  quean 


yet  there  were  none  but  aavage  tnhaMtanta.  Il  waa  to  Mar- 
tinique that  iMr  father  actually  nmoved  himaelf  and  hia 
family,  and  whence,  at  the  age  of  twelve  yean,  tlUa  extra- 
ordinary woman  raturned  to  baoome  the  queen  of  a  country 
where  ahe  hail  been  bom  in  a  priaon.  Meinolna  at  liottna 
da  Maintenon,  vol.  1.  Vie  do  M  Malntiinon,  II 
t  The  denonunation  which  I  a  bad  keetowed  bi  honor  of 


vinca,  and  had  atationcd  thnmaelvua  in  the  vicinity  of 
Capo  Fear,  they  piililiahed,  at  the  aamo  time,  a  docu- 

himaelf  on  a  priijected  luwii  (aue  anie,  B  I.  cap.  I.)  waa  re- 
vived and  beatuwed  upiin  an  actuiU  city,  iDnrti  tlian  two 
hundred  yeara  after;  when,  by  an  onltitani'.cuf  the'i^altvjn 
of  Nurth  Carolina,  Ihp  name  uf  RulL-igh  waa  givaii  lo  the 
aeat  of  government  of  tlila  pnivincu. 

a  Coae'a  Deacrlplion  of  Carulaiio,  Append.  100—111.  Hut 
chlnaan'a  Hiat.  of  Maaaoclmautti,  I.  i».  OiUiniiun,  I.  SUV 
Chalinera,  i\i.  Uosth  had  prerluualy  aolU  hia  patent  to  me 
■arl  of  Arundel  and  Surrey,  wtia  la  aald  to  have  made  ex 
paiialve  pnpanlioiia  for  rounding  a  colony,  but  waa  diverted 
froiu  hia  daaign  by  edoineatlc  calamily.  Daniel  Coia,  a  phy- 
aiciaii  in  London,  who,  %t,  the  cloae  of  the  aeventventh 
century,  became  an  eitetiaive  purchaaer  of  proprietary  righia 
;  In  North  America,  contrived,  ainung  other  acqulaltleiia,taoa 
'  tain  an  oaalgnatlun  to  Sir  Robert  Heath'a  patent  |  and  maia 
tained,  Willi  Iho  approbation  of  ling  wliliam'a  mlnialen, 
that  tlila  paient  waa  atill  a  valid  and  aubaiatlng  title,  hiao  hr 
'  aa  It  embraced  temtory  occuplad  by  the  flpanlarda,  and  not 
:  included  In  any  poaterlor  Engliah  patent.  Ula  aon  (tfie  aiilhof 
'  of  tlie  Deacnptlon)  raautOM  hia  father*a  daima.  and  made 
varloua  uiuucceaaful  attempta  to  oolonlie  the  territory  whieh 
he  peralated  in  denominating  Canlana.  t^oxa.  Prance,  a 
W,  and  Append,  p.  lll-IU. 

I  T  The  two  peraona  to  whom  thia  leaat  raputable  claim  ef 
■aiM  ehiety  belonged- wen  ShafUabury  and  Moi*.  U 
proved  mare  available  to  tham  than  the  mon  honoraUa  aei^ 
vicea  of  the  othera.  Mucn  mon  than  hia  due  ahara  of  it  Ilea 
keen  aacrlbed  to  Monk,  whoee  gnat  aervlee  waa  nol  thai  ko 
contrihutad  algnally  to  eRbet  tr.e  Reatorallon  (whkh,  hi  Kulhi 
he  withatood  aa  long  aa  he  could,)  but  that,  by  hia  utMeaey 
the  Baatnration  waa  effected  without  the  conatUutluiial  |f*> 
eaalioa  of  Impoeing  condiiioaa  on  tie  king. 


■nd  juri»> 

tny  bishop 

•  charter, 

■wivoa  who 

Iha  prior 

conrniuni* 

r«r  jral  baaa 

wars  ID 
...-.  purpoM 
purpoui  of 
i  rormcd  kf 
ntt,  (ml  ila> 
Jetiro  of  th« 
.  the  pro> 
vicinity  of 
I,  ■  doua* 

.  I.)  wu  re* 
n  tliKn  two 

llvan  totho 

■111  Hut 
llun,  I.  3tN 
•tent  to  IIM 
re  inMle  el 
ru  lUreited 
(7oie» »  phy* 
lerenlrenlk 
•Iwy  righto 
Umw.  to  Ob 
I  eiMnutai 
.J  mlnlelere, 
lie,  Ineofhff 
<li,  end  no! 

(thevillMt 


leUliaaf 

toM.  n 
nUoioik 
■  oTtthM 
mtllHtlM 

UutilMik 

tlonal  mn. 


NORTH  AMRRIOA. 


llUo  of  "  Pupml*  M  oil  ihol  will 
floiM  hi  (%i*.im."  Thoy  (Mwliimou  'ktl  *ll  poteone 
iMitinf  *ii  UlMfloo  liftr  M  iho  aeuihixnl  of  Oopo 
Foot,  *n4  conemlint  to  lok*  Iho  oeth  of  ellaiiienoo  to 
'Jtm  einf.  4iMi  111  rwofitiMi  Iho  pfnpfniery  go«irn«ent, 
•iMtlH  to  enlilM  lo  oonlinu*  tho  aeoii)Mtion  nay  hail 
MouiaaJ,  ami  lo  fonlly  Ihaif  aolllamonl  i  liial  .ho  eat- 
Hon  a'MMiM  pfoaanl  lo  Iho  proiiriourlaa  a  liel  of  Ihir- 
IMN  paraona,  In  orilar  Ihal  Ihay  mifhl  aaliYl  rniin 
IkoM  « |pi«f<mor  ami  eouneil  of  ail,  lo  bo  appoe  ilaci  for 
Ikrto  yaara  i  thai  an  aaaaiaMy,  eompoaaj  of  <ha  go- 
winar.  aounail,  and  dologatoa  of  iho  flrooiiMn,  ahould 
bo  eallod  aa  toon  M  lb*  airrumaUnaoa  of  !.'•  eolonjr 
wottM  .illow,  with  powor  to  iMko  laara  whiob  ahould  bo 
■oilbo'  aonlniy  lo  ibo  Iowa  of  Eiuriand,  nof  of  any  to- 
Udily  ■•lot  Ibo  pablleMion  of  Iho  diaoonl  of  ibo  pioprio- 
niloa )  itiol  OTory  poraen  ahould  onjojr  Ibo  moM  po^ 
Cmi  ft^>loni  In  rallfion;  ihaldurihf  A«*  ynro  oeary 
••■  ahould  Iw  allowed  an  hunoirad  leraa  «f  land 


for  bimaolf  and  Afty  for  a  aairanl,  paying  only  an  hilf- 
poany  for  a»ery  acre ;  ami  thai  Ih*  aamo  ftaodom  (torn 
oiialoma  which  had  boon  eonferrod  by  Ih*  royal  aharlor 
ahould  b«  eitandrd  lo  all  elaaaaa  of  Iho  Inhabitanl* 
Buoh  ware  the  original  condiliona  on  which  Oirolini 
waa  planird ;  and  auraly  il  mual  alrik*  every  rolloeting 
mind  with  aurpriea,  lo  bohuld  t  rooular  ayaloin  of  civil 
•nd  roligioua  fterdoin  ihiia  anselej  aa  the  haaia  of  Ih* 
colonial  inaliluliona  by  the  earn*  alaMamen,  who,  in 
lb*  p*r*nl  country,  had  framed  Ih*  intolerant  act  of 
anifomiity,  and  war*  enforcing  il  with  ih*  moet  r*- 
holtaaa  earerily.  While  ihey  aileneed  eiich  leaehera 
M  John  Owen,  and  Allml  the  priaona  of  Gni|land  with 
eiteh  vieiima  aa  Bailor,  Bunyan,  and  Allain*,  they 
oir*r*d  fraedom  and  anoourageinant  lo  erery  variety  of 
opinion  in  Carolina ;  thua  forcihly  impeaching  tho  wia- 
doin  and  good  faith  of  their  doinealia  adininialraiion  by 
Ih*  avowal  which  Ihair  colonial  policy  manifoally  im- 
plioo,  thai  divoraitiea  of  opinion  and  worahip  ma^ 
|M*e*ahly  ro-eiial  in  the  aame  eooioly,  and  that  implicit 
toleration  ie  the  iiireat  political  mcana  of  ma^'ng  a 
eommonwiiiiUh  Oouriih,  and  a  eoiinlry  appear  daeiiwie 
lo  ila  inhaliitanta.  It  ia  huiniliatinij  to  oiiaerva  a  man 
like  I^ifd  CUromlon  realiie,  in  conformity  with  hie 
private  intcreat,  the  truth  which  hia  lar^a  •iperiance 
•nd  poworftil  uiidertlaiiding  wore  iniutlcient  10  indue* 
him.  aa  an  Gii<(li>h  atituainan,  lo  einhraco. 

Beaidca  the  actlicra  from  Nnw  Rnjfland  who  ware 
•eated  at  Cape  Fuar,  thnre  waa  another  ainall  body  of 
iobabilanla  already  natablishnd  in  a  dilfurent  quarter  of 
lb*  proprietary  doinaine.  In  the  liiatory  of  Virginia, 
«•  have  a**n  that,  aa  early  aa  tho  year  1000  Captain 
Smith  judged  il  eipcdiont,  for  political  roaton«,  to  re- 
move a  portion  of  th*  Virginian  colonial*  lo  a  diatance 
from  the  main  body  at  .lainea  Town.  With  thia  view 
h*  doapalehed  i  email  party  to  form  a  plantation  at 
Nanaamond,  the  mosl  aouthem  aettleineni  of  Virginia, 
where,  notwilhatandiiig  the  formidable  obatructinna 
Ihey  encoiinieied  from  the  hostility  of  the  iiativea,  they 
aueeeoded  in  iniintainmg  and  •iteiuling  their  aatablish- 
ment.  Aa  th*  Indian*  receded  fnim  the  vicinity  of  theae 
inlmdera,  the  plantnra  natunlly  followed  their  tracka,  ex- 
l*i)ding  their  pUntations  into  tbo  boaom  of  the  wildorneas 
•nd  aa  their  numbera  inereaaed,  and  the  moat  eligible 
•il-jaliniii  were  occupied,  they  traveraed  tho  foresle  in 
qiieal  of  olhera,  till  they  roaehod  the  atreama,  which, 
instead  of  diacharging  their  waters  into  the  Chesapeake, 
puraned  a  aouth-eastorn  course,  and  flowed  into  tho 
ocean.  I'heir  numbers  are  aaii  to  hivo  beori  aug- 
mented, and  thoir  progress  impelled  by  tho  inloloraiit 
laws  that  were  enacted  in  Virjfinia  against  aeclariana 
of  every  denomination.  At  th*  epocit  of  the  Carolina 
charter  of  I0S3,  a  email  plantation  had  been  accordingly 
for  some  yoara  estsblisheJ  within  ile  boundariea,  on  the 
north-eaalern  ahorea  of  the  river  Chowan,  which  now 
inetived  the  name  of  Albemarle,  in  compliment  to  the 
titlo  by  which  General  Monk'a  aervioes  had  been  re- 
wtrded.  Notwithatanding  the  opinion  of  an  intelli- 
ironi  hiatorian  of  North  Carolina,  I  can  ace  no  reaaon 
lo  believe  that  the  planlera  of  Albemarle  were  com- 
poead  eutirelv  or  even  goneralW  of  eiilea  for  conacience 
•ak* :  y*t  tbat  •  number  of  conacientioua  men  had 
mingled  with  them  may  bo'  inferred  from  Iho  fact,  that 
key  purchased  their  Uiida  at  an  equitable  price  from 
ih*  aboriginal  inhabitanla.  Remote  from  the  seat  of 
Iba  Virginian  government,  they  yielded  little  obedience 
M  ila  aulhority,  and  for  aoine  time  had  lived  without 
•ny  perceivabia  rule ;  when  at  length  the  governor  of 
Virginia  aaaumed,  in  a  new  capacity,  a  atricter  and 
mora  legitimal*  auperinlendcnce  of  their  affaira.  In 
Saptambar,  166!!,  Sir  William  Berkeley  waa  einpnw- 
aia4  by  iha  other  proprietariea  to  nomiiiate  a  governor 
isd  ■  eouneil  of  au,  who  wen  authoriaed  to  rule  this 


liltla  eomflmnily  aaaarding  la  iba  power*  granlad  by 
Iha  royal  abarlar  i  !•  aantrm  fonnnr  posaaaeiana,  and 
to  grant  landa  la  avary  one,  allowing  them  thre*  y**ra 
to  pay  Ih*  quit  rente  i  to  make  laws,  with  th*  conaanl 
of  Iha  dalegalea  af  iba  freemen,  Uanamiiting  than  for 
Iha  approbation  of  tha  proprialanea.  Uarkalay  was 
re<|>iestad  to  visit  Iha  colony,  and  lo  employ  skilful  par- 
sons  lo  siplor*  Ila  baya,  rivnra,  and  shures  s  a  iliily 
which  k*  p*rfofmed  in  the  fnliowmg  year.  [IRA'l  J 
Having  eonllrtn*<l  and  granted  landa  to  tha  aettlera,  in 
aonformity  with  hia  inalrucliuna,  M  appointed  Unini- 
mond,  •  man  of  euAeiaM  pnidanee  arid  ahilitiaa,  Ihair 
lri(  (ovemar,  and  Iban  r*lum*d  to  Virginia,  laaving 
Ibam  all  to  Mlaar  ibair  vaiioua  purauil*  in  p«*a*.  Tba 
colonlala  for  aoma  lima  eanlinuad  parfaoily  aatiellad 
with  an  arrMicamanI  Ibal  aaamed  ratner  to  eeaura  than 
Impair  Iha  idvwilagaa  of  thair  formar  condition  ;  bul 
aa  Iha  day  appiaaahad  whan  Iha  payment  of  qiiir-renu 
waa  10  eommanea,  thay  began  lo  manifaal  no  email 
diaeatiafaelion  with  Iha  lanuna  by  which  they  held  their 
landa.  In  Iha  year  1660  they  conalituled  an  aaaambly, 
probably  Ih*  Aral  that  waa  aver  held  in  Carolina,  and 
from  thie  body  a  patiiion  waa  tranamitlod  lo  Iha  pro 

Kielariea,  daeirtng  that  tha  people  of  Albemarle  might 
ill  their  poaeaaeiona  on  the  eama  lerma  that  were 
enjoyed  by  th*  p*apl*  of  Virginia.  The  proprietarie-., 
who  wara  aiceadingly  aolicitoua  lo  promote  the  popu- 
lation of  Iha  province,  aud  lo  avoid  every  proceedmg 
thai  might  diaeoursga  tha  resort  of  eelllere,  readily 
iecada<rio  thia  requeal,  and  commanded  the  governor 
in  fuliira  lo  grant  tha  lands  on  tha  tarma  thai  had  b**n 
preacribed  by  tha  coloniala  themselves.  Nolwilhstand- 
ing  Iha  apostoliaal  viewa  which  the  propneiariaa  hail 
profeaaed,  not  Ih*  alighlaat  attampt  waa  made  to  pro- 
vide for  tiia  aplritual  inalruolion  of  Iba  colonials,  or  the 
conversion  of  the  Indiana ;  and  tba  colony  continued 
for  a  aeri**  of  yeara  to  be  conducted  without  *v*n  th* 
aainblsnc*  of  religioua  worahip. 

Tb*  proprietariva  having  thua  endeavored  to  raar  and 
arganiae  tha  feeble  aatllanMnI  of  Albemiirlu,  directed 
thair  chief  regard  to  Iha  Anar  region  that  eitenda  along 
the  mora  aoutherly  ooaat.  Hsv.ng  cauaed  a  aurvay  lo 
be  mad*  of  theaa  shoiea,  by  a  veaael  which  tliey  dc- 
apatohad  from  Virginia,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining 
what  rivera  and  counlriea  were  the  moat  proper 
for  habitation,  they  proposed,  among  other  projected 
aetllomenta,  lo  ealabliah  a  new  colony  to  the  aoutnward 
of  Capo  Fear,  along  tba  hinka  of  the  river  Clisries,  in 
tho  district  which  waa  now  dennmir.ituu  iiiu  ^.  .,„y  of 
Clarendon.  Several  gentlainen of  liarbudoee,  diaaatia- 
Hod  with  their  present  condition,  and  desiring  lo  be- 
came the  huada  of  a  less  coiisiilurable  estaliiishinvnl, 
hill  for  some  time  projected  to  remove  thuinsulves  to 
this  region,  and  now  aubmittod  >  propusition  lo  that 
efliict  to  the  proprietariea :  and  though  thpir  first  de- 
mands of  being  invested  with  a  district  thirty-two  miloa 
a<|uare,  and  all  the  |iower<  of  a  cor|>oration  within 
tliemselvos,  were  refused  by  tho  proprietiries,  their 
s|:plication,  on  the  whole  received  so  much  ciicourago- 
mont  a*  determined  them  ':  undertake  the  inigrstion. 
[1665.]  In  furtherance  of  a  project  ao  agrocalile  to  their 
wi)hos,  the  propriotariea  beatowed  on  Juliii  yuainana,  a 
respectable  planter  of  Birbadoes,  and  the  aon  of  a  man 
who  had  loat  hia  life  in  the  king'a  aervice  during  the 
civil  ware,  the  appointment  of  commander-in-chief  of 
Clarendon  county,  stretchings  from  Cape  Fear  to  Iho 
river  Siint  Matnco,  anil  obtained  fur  him,  at  the  same 
time,  tlio  rank  nf  a  baronet,  ami  partly  in  recompense 
of  the  loyalty  of  his  family,  and  partly  in  order  to  give 
weight  to  'lis  atation,  and  aome  appearance  of  aplendor 
to  tne  colonial  establishment.  The  aame  powera  were 
now  conforrcil,  and  thu  same  constitution  establiahed, 
aa  Ihoso  which  had  given  contentment  to  the  inhabi- 
tanla of  Albemarle:  and  Yeamuna  waa  particularly 
directed  lo  "  mak*  every  thing  eaay  to  the  people  of 
New  England,"  from  which  Ih*  proprietariea  declared 
that  they  esjiocted  mar*  copioua  emigrations  to  Ciro- 
lina  than  from  any  of  the  other  colonies.  This  expecta- 
tion, mora  cmditable  to  their  diacemment  than  to  their 
integrity,  waa  obvioualv  derived  from  Iha  intt.!eranc6 
which  yet  lingered  iu  New  England,  and  the  edecta  ol 
which  wore  thus  distinctly  recognised,  and  deliberately 
anticipated,  by  the  aame  peraona  who  indulged  in  it  ao 
unreservedly  in  the  parent  ataie.  Au  onlor  waa  mad* 
at  the  same  time  by  the  proprietariea,  that  the  commia- 
aion  of  Yea  mans  ahould  not  prevent  the  appointment 
of  another  governor,  for  a  new  aettlement  which  waa 
projected  in  a  diatrict  lo  the  aouthward  of  Cape  Ro- 
main,  and  which  acquired  aoon  after  the  name  of  Car- 
teret. The  policy  which  the  proprietaries  were  thus 
pursuing,  in  the  ostiblishmont  of  a  variety  of  aeparato 
•nd  independcDt  colooiei  in  Carolina,  each  of  which 


bad  Ita  awn  dialind  (aaamMy,  raaMnw,  and  \mm,  ■■»• 
pUad  iham  at  a  fuiura  parM  wilb  am|ila  nana*  tlm 
imi,  and  noni/ibiiliid  to  th*  prulongad  f**bl*n**a  Mi 
dlatractioiM  by  which  Ihia  province  waa  nnhap|Mlf 
disliiiguishiul.  Meanwhile,  hnwevrr,  their  pmeeejingi 
wara  regarded  wiili  aMirottaliO'i  by  the  king,  who  pr» 
aantad  lh*m  with  twelve  piaces  of  nnlnanc*.  wjtiab 
w*r*  despatclted  to  Charles  River,  along  with  a  ••» 
aidarabia  quani  iv  of  military  atoraa. 

Having  now  lamed  the  most  minula  InfnrmallM 
of  tha  whole  coaal  of  Carolina,  ami  discovered,  on  balk 
ailramaa  of  their  larrilory,  considarabia  liaeta  af  Imi4 
Ibal  wo'ild  form  vary  daairabia  aaoaaaiona  lo  il,  liM 
propriauilaa  aaaily  obtaliiad  from  ibair  eovoniign  a  gM 
of  Uwaa  additional  poeaeaaiona.  A  ■*eond  ehaWh 
wbWb  wia  ■ceofdingly  aiaeutad  In  ibair  favor,  raoNM 
and  conArmad  Ibarannar  grant,  and  |ava  ranawai 
•aauranaa  aid  commendation  of  "  (As  ftmu  and  nrtit 
tmrtott"  under  which  Ihaaa  inaatiabia  rourllera  jud|a4 

II  decani  to  cloak  Ihair  ambition  or  rapaeilv.  It 
gnnlad,  lo  the  aame  patantaae,  that  province  sttualaii 
wilhin  Iha  king'a  dominiona  In  America  ailandiiig 
n  trth-aaatward  In  Carahtukc-inlel,  and  Ihenea  in  • 
•  .raighl  line  to  Wyonokr,  which  liaa  under  the  Mb 
degree  and  tOlh  minula  of  north  lalilude,  aouth-waat^ 
ward  to  tba  tOlh  degree ;  ami  from  the  ocean  to  lb* 
South  Seaa.  Thay  were  vaatad  with  all  !>«  ri|bl% 
iurisdicliona,  and  royaltiea,  which  Iba  btahop  of  Duf 
ham  ever  poaaessad,  and  were  lo  hold  tha  lerrilary  at 
a  feudal  depemlanca  of  the  manor  of  Eaat  Oreenwicbi 
paying  a  rant  of  twenty  marks,  and  one-fourth  of  tba 
gold  and  silver  that  ahniild  be  ro>ii>d  within  il.  AL 
paraona,  except  Ihoso  who  should  be  specially  forltid- 
den,  were  allowed  to  Iranaporl  theinaulves  Iu  Carolina  i 
and  Ihey  and  thoir  chililren  were  declared  lo  lie  deni- 
tana  of  England,  who  ahould  slwaya  bo  coiisiderad  aa 
the  aama  people,  and  poseoaa  the  sain*  priviliigaa,  •• 
Ihoaa  dwellimt  wilhin  the  realm.  Thoy.wnra  aiM> 
powered  to  trade  in  all  commoditiea  which  were  iM 
prohibited  by  Iha  atalutns  of  England.  'IVy  wrra 
authoriaed  lo  tadu  the  proiliiclions  of  the  provinc*.  and 
10  bring  them  into  England,  Scotland,  or  Ireland  ;  pay- 
ing (he  same  duties  aa  other  aiibjrcia :  And  ihey  wara 
eieinpiod,  for  aeven  yeara,  from  the  payneiit  of  cua- 
toms,  on  the  im|>ortation.  into  any  of  the  dominiona  at 
Iho  crown,  of  winea  and  other  enumerated  producia  nl 
the  colony.  The  propriotarins  were  enabled  tu  iiiako 
laws  for  the  province,  with  the  conaont  nf  the  freemrn 
<r  thair  delegates ;  under  the  general  condition  that 

III  V  aliould  bo  reasonable,  and  aa  nearly  coiiforined  to 
migl,  Iw  to  the  jurisprudence  of  England.  They  wera 
einpoK  ired  to  erect  |inrts  for  tlio  lonvenionce  of  com* 
morce,  a  'd  to  approprialo  aiich  customs  as  aliould  ba 
imposed  bj  Ihr.  sssembly.  They  wero  allowed  to  craaia 
an  order  ol  nobility,  bv  ••niiferrinir  ••!..,  u.'  honor,  dif- 
fering, howevu,,  i,i  atyle,  from  inu  litlea  conferred  oa 
the  people  of  England.  Carolina  was  dvcliirud  inda- 
pendent  of  any  other  province,  but  suhjuct  immediately 
to  the  Clown ;  and  the  inhabitanta  were  not  compella- 
bio  to  answer  to  any  cause  or  suit  in  any  other  part  ol 
his  majeaty's  dominions,  except  within  thn  realm.  Tlia 
propriutariua  were  authorised  to  grant  indulgences  lo 
those  who  might  bo  prevented  by  conscientious  scru* 
plea  from  eoiiTurming  to  the  Church  of  England ;  la 
the  end  that  all  persons  might  have  liberty  to  anjof 
tliuir  own  judgments  and  cunscioncos  in  religious  con- 
cerns, provided  they  disturbed  not  llie  civil  onler  and 
peace  of  tho  province.*  Such  is  the  tunurof  the  lait 
of  the  Carolina  charters,  which  I'uiifrrrcd  on  the  iiolila 
granteea  a  territory  of  vast  extent,  and  rightu  '»hich  il 
la  nut  oa«y  to  discriminate  fruin  royalty,  lly  a  atranpa 
anomaly,  tho  king,  in  divesting  himself,  as  it  were,  ol  • 
part  of  his  dominions,  in  behalf  of  a  junto  of  hia  mini- 
alera,  waa  made  to  recommend  to  their  obaervance  • 
aystem  of  ecclesiaatical  policy  diamelrically  oppoaita  to 
the  intoloranco  which,  at  the  very  lime,  Iho  counsels  ol 
these  persons  wore  breathing  into  hia  own  administra- 
tion. As  Clarendon  atill  held  the  office  of  Lord  Chan- 
cellor, thia  charter,  aa  well  aa  th*  former,  in  favor  of 
himaelf  and  hi*  colleaguea,  waa  aealed  by  hia  own 
handa :  and  when  we  conaider  how  liberally  il  en- 
dowed the  proprietariea  with  privilegoa,  at  th*  expenaa 
of  Iho  prerogative  of  the  crown,  il  aaema  the  Iras  aui^ 
priaing  that  he  ahould  not  have  auggeatcd  a  aimilai 
objection  to  the  charters  which  Connecticut  and  Rhoda 

•  Lswson's  Ulst.  of  Carolina,  aS»-4M.  WllliamMn.  L 
SM,  Ac.  The  second  chsrter  of  Carolina  Is  printed  In  both 
these  works  at  full  length.  Of  Ihs  Ural,  tlie  only  comulsl* 
transcript  I  have  seen  occurs  In  a  small  collection  of  Cara 
Una  papom  printed  at  London,  witliout  any  dato,  but  appa 
rently  about  tlie  end  of  tlm  seventesnth  century.  There  am 
copies  of  it  In  the  British  Museum,  in  the  library  of  OatUn(a% 
and  in  Iha  lUmry  uf  th*  late  Oeorg*  Chaliaara 


THR  iimTORY  or 


Tte 


mWmm*  MamiMMt  Mr  MMMtksMlla,  i*hiik  wt 
MM  hlM  Mmi,  alww*  ItM  ha  m(muIm4  m 
I  4Mlgn  af  tbrid(lii(  Um  nyil  pnragtiift  in  Dm 
Udwnli 


AmmtMtl  kjr  0ii»  IVmIi  m^ipiMiIm,  ih*  |wa^«Ui<M 
WMtwl  l>«iw«l»M,  Cm  atrartl  jtmh,  m  atirMl  Miran- 
tafan  Ami  BratUml,  Irataaii,  iha  Waal  Imiiaa,  ami 
Ih*  MTtkarn  lalamaa  i  but  Mtwltkataniitng  all  ibfif  an- 
tmtan,  Ihair  yiavHiaa,  ^itly  kaoi  iba  unhaalUunaM 
W  liM  alMMW,  bat  aUafly  Ami  tha  auia  a(  Jw|wntan 
In  wkkii  Um  aatUafi  thaaa  i*  liva,  i4*iiiaa4  bid  tlawl; 
in  papulaliM  and  pawar.  In  Uia  aulumn  af  ibii  jrtu, 
*a  anu(ranto  Ami  Baibailoaa,  aondualad  bjr  Itr  Jahn 
YaaiMna.  aifivad  al  lan(«k  at  thair  |iiaaa  tt  daailna- 
Um,  m  Um  aMibani  kink  tt  Um  rif  ar  af  Ca|M  Faar, 
whaia  Umv  Ih4  pnviMiijr  fat>iM  UMir  lagal  liUa  Aam 
Um  fff^uit  by  an  aquiuUa  ^irhaaa  of  Um  larrl> 
•ory  Iram  iha  naiibbaiinii  Indiana.  Wbila  Umjt  wara 
amplajpfd  In  Um  Inl  ruda  loila  ihal  wcra  taquiaila  br 
Ihair  aMablwbmant  in  Ika  wildarncu  which  ihay  had 
■ndartakan  W  nibdua,  Ihair  loadar  riilad  Itiam  with  Iha 
gantlaiMaa  af  a  panni,  and  eullivtlad  lh«  good  will  al 
UM  abori|rinaa  to  •ureaaafuMr.  *hal  for  Mwia  ;aar«  *t»y 
wara  anablnd  lo  proiaattla  lliair  labor*  wilhoul  dangar 
•r  diatrielion.  WhiU  iha  planUn  ooanad  Iha  foraal, 
ta  maka  room  for  Ibn  opanluna  of  lilUn*,  ihajr  necaa- 
aa>ily  prapaml  limhar  for  iha  iiui  of  iha  coopar  and 
bniiJar,  which  thajr  irananiillrd  to  Iha  colonjr  whcnca 
Ihajr  had  amiiiralad  i  a  comuieiiccinanl  of  a  roinmarca 
whwh.  howavcr  feabla,  a«r«ad  lo  kiiidia  Umii  hopca 
and  atialain  Ihcir  iiiiliialry. 

IIm  inhabiunla  uf  Albaniarla  eonlinuad,  niaanwhlla, 
la  puraua  thair  ofiginal  ainptoymrnli  in  paaca,  and 
tmm  Om  euliitalion  of  Inbact-o  and  Indian  corn,  ob- 
lainad  Iba  malanala  of  an  inronaldiirabla  Iralflo  with 
Uui  nwrolianl  *aaaali  of  Naw  Eii||land.  Aboiil  two  vaara 
aflar  Iha  acquiailion  of  Ihair  a«cond  chartkr,  (IMT.] 
Iha  proprlelariaa  appointrd  8amii«l  8ia««iia,  a  man 
whoan  vinuea  and  abliiliaa  wara  jiidgad  aqual  lo  iha 
Uual,  to  auccard  Dniminond  aa  oovamor  of  Albainarla ; 
and  al  iba  aamn  llina  bcalowatf  on  Ihia  a«  'llanMnl  a 
conalilulion  wbieli.  had  It  ba«n  failhrulljr  inalnlainad, 
wouki  bava  iraally  proinomd  Ihe  contantmanl  and 
pro*|iaril]r  af  laa  paopie.  Slavana  waa  coinniandad  to 
act  altavalhar  by  tha  advica  of  a  eaunail  of  IwaWe,  Ihe 
one  half  of  which  ba  waa  binMalf  M  appaini,  and  Iha 
alhar  aii  to  ba  ehoaan  bjr  tha  aaaamMf.  Thia  waa  an 
appiuachloa  pdncipla  Jiaailowad  anliraljr  in  Virginia 
and  Maryland,  bul  rcalitad  alill  aora  uarfacUy  in  Iha 
Naw  Ciigland  lOfaminania,  and  bjr  wkkb  Iha  demo- 
cracy wera  admillad  to  a  ahara  in  compoaing  and  con- 
Irollinc  that  body,  which  In  tha  colonial  conatltulloiia 
forrnad  equally  UM  aanalorlal  or  arialocialical  branch 
of  Iha  legiaUlure,  the  privy  council  of  ihe  aiipreme 
Diaglalrate,  and  Iha  court  of  ap|ieaU.  The  aaaenibly 
waa  lo  lie  compoaed  of  the  governor,  the  council,  anil 
a  body  ordelogatra,  annually  choeen  bjr  the  rree-holdera. 
Thr  leulalatura,  in  which  deinocralio  inleieaU  were 
admitted  thua  alrongly  to  preponderate,  waa  inveatvd 
not  only  with  the  power  of  making  lawa,  bul  with  a 
aontiJeralila  ahorevf  Iha  aiacutiya  authotilv  ;  with  the 
niilit  of  coiiToking  and  adjourning  itaelf,  of  ap|Kilntmt( 
aAcera,  and  of  praaentlng  to  churche*.  Varioua  regu- 
lation* pro«idad  for  Ihe  aecurity  of  properly ;  and  in 
particular  il  waa  announced  that  no  laioa  aliould  lie 
hniKMed  without  the  conaent  of  tha  aiaeiiibly  ;  and  the 
Unda  were  conArined  and  graiil»d  aa  now  hulden  liv  tha 
free  tenure  of  aoccage.  Perfect  frendoin  in  religion 
wa*  offered  to  b  peupio  who  were  very  willing  to  ac- 
aapl  tha  freedom  wiUwul  cunr^rning  themielvea  in  any 
way  about  religion ;  and  all  men  were  declared  lo  be 
ontitled  to  equal  privileaca,  upnn  taking  the  oath  of 
allegiance  lo  the  king,  and  of  fidelity  to  the  proprleta- 
riaa.  A*  we  have  but  loo  much  reaaon  lo  auppoae 
(hat  Ike  propriatarie*  bad  no  aiiieore  intention  >if  pre- 
aanriiiii  tha  eonatiiution  which  they  thua  offered  to 
oalabliah,  il  ia  dna  lo  iha  character  of  Lord  Clarendon 
10  ramarfc,  Uul  ha  had  no  ahara  whataver.in  thia  trana- 
•ctmn ;  hia  impaachmani  and  aiila  having  pravioualy 
aaquaairalad  him  from  all  farther  concern  with  the  ^• 
fammanl  of  Carolina.  Tha  ayatam,  however,  which 
■nu  now  tendered  lo  llieir  acerplance,  waa  raeeived  by 
Ika  inbabitanta  of  Albamaria  with  parfaci  aaliafaetion : 
grk'iiuda,  parhapa,  il  wonid  have  bean  unreaaonable  lo 
aipael  toward*  proprieuriea  who  had  no  way  contribu- 
(ao  to  their  eatablinmeni  in  Ihe  province,  but  had  fol- 
lowed ibem  into  Iba  daaert  with  tha  obvioua  inleni  of 
leaping  where  Ihay  had  not  aown,  and  congregating  a 
•MMwad  Sock  in  order  to  ahaar  it  the  more  eflectuaUy. 
U  WW  M(  till  two  yaara  after,  [IMS.]  ihar  an  aaaaiit- 
1^  MiMliliitTil  on  ibia  uaw  model  waa  coDTaoad  !• 


aiMal  lawa  fof  iii>,n,  who  being  yal  few  in  number  •cam 
la  kava  bara  gavaraad  ahtelly  by  tha  oualoina  ibay  had 
bfMgkl  wtUi  UMm  Ami  Ihair  anawnl  aalahliahnirnl 
llMlr  flr*l  albna  in  lagialaiian  wera  airtmnly  niarki'd 
with  Iba  abaraalai  af  paraona  who  hail  tiacii  lung  «'• 
aualaraad  la  liva  rameie  from  the  aiieigy  ul  uuvurii- 
■MSl,  and  10  ahiA  Iheir  reatdanca  whenever  il  Mcaine 
dMOfloaabla,  inalead  af  aaeking  lo  altar  and  improve 
ila  airaumalanaaa.  Kfoin  the  number*  of  paraona  of 
broken  briunaa  who  reaorlad  M  iba  eoloniaa,  and  from 
Um  conviftion  Ibat  waa  aarly  and  moal  jumIt  •nier- 
lainad  hv  tha  •akniial*.  thai  their  induairy  w*a  fattarad, 
and  Umu  proAu  impaired,  by  iba  laglalalnra  of  Kn(- 
land,  fur  Iha  baiMAl  of  bar  own  raaidaM  aubjaala,  a 
fanaiva,  or  parhapa  ratribalory  apiril,  waa  loo  readily 
adopted  by  Iha  robmial  lagialaluraa  i  and  if  no!  an  unt- 
varaal,  Il  waa  al  laaal  a  general  princiula  of  their  policy 
M  obalruel  Iha  recovery  of  delila.  Of  thia  diapmition 
wo  kava  alraady  aaan  aooM  iraaaa,  abonl  ihia  pariwl  of 
lima,  in  iha  legielallon  of  Virginia.  By  Ika  aaaambU 
UmI  wa*  now  convened  al  Albanurla,  Il  waa  declared 
thai  aufllcleni  eiMoaraganwnl  had  nol  yal  bean  adordaii 
to  Iba  raaon  of  aalilera  and  iha  peopling  of  Iha  pro- 
viiMO  I  and  to  aupply  Ihia  dafael  il  waa  now  anaeiad 
lhal  noM  ahould  ba  aued  during  Itvr  yeara  after  bia 
arrival  in  the  country  for  any  cauaa  of  action  ariaing 
beyond  ila  limila  j  and  lhal  nona  of  Iho  inbabiunta 
abouki  accept  a  power  of  attorney  lo  recover  debia 
eonlraeled  abroad.*  Thaaa  complainia  of  fewneee  of 
peopla  continued  long  to  bo  reiieraied  by  Uia  aattlar* 
of  Carolina  i  though  it  waa  aftarwania  vary  Juatly  re- 
criminated upon  them  by  the  proprietariaa,  that  thia  in- 
convenience they  complained  uf  waa  promoted  by  Iheir 
own  averaion  to  aattia  in  towna,  and  by  Iha  laiy  rapa- 
city with  which  tteh  daairad  lo  aurround  bimaelf  with 
a  large  aipanaa  of  properly,  over  iha  greater  part  of 
wbioii  ha  couki  tiaroiaa  no  other  acl  of  ownerahip  than 
lhal  of  aicludlng  iba  oceupania  by  whom  il  might  ba 
advanlagiiOualy  eultivaiad.  'llw  remedy,  loo,  *«om* 
lo  be  defective  in  policy,  no  leav  th*n  in  ju*lin.  If 
induetry  might  ba  aipacted  to  derive  aoma  ancounga- 
menl,  froiri  Iba  aaauranee  thai  Ila  gaina  ware  nol  lo  be 
carried  off' by  farmer  ereditora  in  a  dialani  country,  tha 
nature  of  thi*  eiicouregemeni,  a*  well  a*  it*  lem|ior*ry 
endurance,  tendrd  to  attract  neither  a  raapacuhle  nor 
a  atapla  population :  and  accordingly  llila  colony  wta 
long  eoiiaidered  aa  Iba  refuge  uf  the  criminal  and  the 
aayluin  of  the  fugitive  debtor.  Uul  a  more  proper  and 
natural  mode  of  promoting  population  waa  al  Ihe  aaine 
lima  aalabliahad,  by  an  act  concerning  marriage ;  by 
which  il  waa  provided  that  aa  |ieople  might  wlah  to 
marry,  and  a*  yet  there  Mere  no  iiiiniater*  in  the  colo- 
ny, in  order  that  none  might  be  hindered  from  a  wurfc 
ao  ncceaaary  to  tha  preaervatioii  of  mankind,  any  two 
peraon*  carrying  before  the  governor  and  council  a  few 
of  ibcir  neiglibora,  and  declaring  their  mutual  purpoie 
tu  unite  in  inatriiiioriy,  aliould  he  dei-ined  huthaiiU  and 
wife.  The  circuinatancea  indicated  by  thia  law  futcl- 
bly  auggeat  the  wide  diatincllon  between  the  aoiillmenta 
and  Iwbile  of  Ihe  norlheri,  <  .ul  the  aoutherii  colonlaia 
of  America.  While  t!*  the  colonial  ealabllahinoiita  of 
Now  England  wee  conducted  by  clergymen,  who  lung 
directed  with  alinoat  equal  •uthority  in  tein|ior*l  and  in 
•pirilual  concerna ;  nnl  a  trace  of  the  exiatence  uf  auch 
an  order  of  men  i«  to  bo  found  in  the  law*  of  Carolina, 
during  the  lirat  twenty  yeara  of  Ita  hielory  ;  and  it  waa 
not  till  Ihe  diaaenlera  hid  ciiii{(rated  tliithor  in  coiiaider' 
able  nunibcra,  that  we  bear  ul  riliuioua  controveiay,  or 
indeed  of  any  thing  connei!ted  wiui  religion  In  the  pro- 
vince. Other  rogulationa  beauloa  tlioae  which  wa  buy* 
already  noticed  were  adopted  by  thia  aaaembly.  New 
aeltlera  were  eiempted  from  taica  lor  a  year ;  and 
every  one  waa  roalrained  from  tranalerring  hia  landa 
for  two  yeara.  Tha  brat  of  Ibeae  law*  waa  intended 
to  invite  aettlera ;  the  aecond  appwara  lo  have  been  a 
|iolitic  device  lo  detain  ihem.  A  duty  of  thirty  pounda 
of  tobacco  wa*  iinpoavd  on  every  lawault,t  in  order  lo 


pnivida  Um  Aioda  la^nUlU  faf  ika  aipanaa*  if 
vernor  and  eounail  during  iha  atlling  of 


IM  roiirae  having  yel  been  taken  (aay*  Ika  aal)  Ik*  4» 
rrayiiig  iheir  charga*.  Th**e  Uw*.  whieh  iifaelaim  llN 
wvaknaaa,  and  lllualr*la  Iha  early  piitlcy  of  Ihia  ln]*«« 


aidarabia  arlllamMl,  were  raiiMed  In  Iha  MIewing  yaoi 
by  Iha  proprlaiariaa.  Aa  Ihaaoloniala  ra<'ai«cjlilll* 
Bugmantaiwii  Aom  abroad,  their  numbara  Inereaaed  bat 
aWwIy  i  and  il  wa*  iwl  till  aometlme  after  thw  p*n*4. 
thai  UMy  attended  Uielr  plaiitatione  to  Um  aautkan 
bank  of  Um  rivar  Albamaria. 


*  Th*  aam*  policy  waa  puraued  to  a  much  rreater  eitent 
by  the  ancient  Roinana,  of  whom  Plutarch  Infurma  ui  that 
**  not  long  after  the  Bnt  foundation  of  the  cily,  Ihey  opened 
a  aanctuarjr  of  refuie  for  all  rugiUvei,  which  Ihey  called  the 
temple  of  Ihe  god  Aaylaeui,  wFiere  they  received  and  pro- 
tected all,  delivering  back  neither  the  tervani  to  hia  mailer, 
the  debtor  to  hia  credliora,  nor  the  murderer  into  the  handa 
of  the  magtitrate."    Life  of  Romulu*. 

i  It  la  remarkable  that  the  Canllnlani,  who  thua  obatructad 
by  a  tax  the  legal  adjvntniant  of  dlapulea ,  have  alwaya  been 
more  addicted  lo  duelling  than  thi  InhabltanU  of  any  uf  the 
other  itatea.  In  C!annectlcut,  according  to  the  repieientaltoii 
of  Dr.  Morae,  there  ii  more  litigation  than  in  any  other  quar- 
ter of  North  America ;  but  a  duel  w«i  never  known  to  occur 
In  Connecticut.  Warden,  vol.  II.  p.  11.  In  mu«t  of  the  pro- 
vlncei,  legal  controveray  waa  promoted  by  the  uncertainty  of 
Iha  law:  for  alUiough  a  aobauntlal  conformiiy  waa  pre- 
'  batwaaa  Iba  GolaalBl  jnrlainidaaca,  and  Uw  cannmi 


Uul  alUMUgb  Iha  proprialariaa  wtra  wMUna  lot 
every  aawaawlan,  ana  encourage  every  kapa  lhal 
aaaoMd  aalculalad  la  Ai  ar  augment  Ihe  Inkabiianla  al 
Carolina,  Il  waa  oot  far  Um  purpoea  of  founding  and 
auparinlaodlnfl  inalilullaaa  ao  nomaly  awl  popular,  that 
lhay  had  aolicilad  Iha  ailraordmary  privilege*  which 
Uieir  ahanar*  aanfeRad.  Their  ambliion  aimed  al 
making  Carolina  i  ikaaira  for  the  aiaraiaa  of  all  ikol 
grandeur,  ami  ika  diaplay  of  all  Uioea  dialinrtlona,  Ika* 
nava  avar  bean  known  to  co-aiiai  with  tha  lorma  nt 
bbarly  i  and  Iha  plunuga  which  lhay  bad  atri|ip*d  froM 
tha  royal  prarugaliva,  il  wa*  Iheir  inlaiilion  to  emplajr 
for  Um  Ulualraliofl  of  ihoir  own  dignity,  end  Iha  daao> 
rtlion  of  iboir  provincial  ornna  an)!  imiilulion*.  WiUl 
ihl*  view,  about  a  year  balora  lliay  ralillail  iha  anaal- 
inenla  of  Ika  leaambly  of  Albamaria,  (March  I*]  tkay 
had  aubacribed  that  mainorahla  inatrnmani  which  baai* 
tna  name  of  "  Iha  fiindamenlal  conalilutiona  of  l!ara> 
Una,"  *nd  Iha  praainlile  of  which  aaalgne  aa  tlia  reaaon 
for  ita  adoption,  "  tlial  the  government  of  thi*  pm  inaa 
may  ha  roado  inoal  •greaabia  to  Iha  monarchy  unda* 
which  wa  liva  ;  and  thai  we  may  avoid  ereelina  a  nil- 
iiierou*  d«mocr*cy,"  Itio  taak  of  coinuoaing  Ihie  p0- 
litic*l  frame  waa  devolved  upon  Hhallaabury  by  Ih* 
uii*niinou*  concent  of  hi*  colleague*,  all  of  whom  war* 
alronaly  iinpr***ad  with  Iha  reaourve*  of  hia  ca|Mcity 
and  tna  depth  of  hie  paiHilralion,  and  aoma  of  whom 
had  eiperienced,  in  Ihe  Intriguee  lhal  preceded  tha 
llealoralion,  wilh  what  eonauniinala  dexterity  ha  could 
rffeni  hia  own  purpuaa,  and  appropriate  the  inatiumaii- 
taUty  even  of  Inoee  who  were  nol  laaa  able  than  into- 
reeled  to  re*i*l  it.  The  InetrumanI,  indeed,  waa  at 
firal  bellevail  to  have  been  actually  Ihe  production  of 
She Aeabury,  t  bul  i*  now  recogniaea  aa  the  compoaition 
uf  the  llluBlrioua  John  Locke,  whom  he  had  iud  Iha 
aagaclty  lu  appreciate  and  |he  honor  lo  |iatronite,  and 
who  waa  united  lo  lilin  by  a  Iriendahip  more  eredllabia 
than  iienericial  to  Ihe  ataleainan,  and  in  no  way  advan- 
lageoua  either  lo  the  character  or  tha  fortune*  of  th* 
philuaophor.  [1&]  Tlie  conalilutiona  of  Caruhiia  con- 
tal*  a  niiituro  aa  diacoidanl  aa  the  cliaracierauf  thraa 
men ;  though  in  what  proportluna  tlwy  repreaeiit  tha 
peculiar  aoiillinonta  of  either,  it  ia  nol  eaay  lo  gueaa,  or 
iwaaible  to  determine.  It  haa  lieen  adid  (wlivUier  con- 
jHciurally  or  autliorllativelv)  thai  Hliaftnaliury,  amilten 
alike  with  reverence  fur  aiiti(piily  and  adinirution  uf 
Locke,  dcairod  lo  revive  in  hia  pnraoii  the  alliance  'hat 
once  aubaiated  belwreii  (ihiloauphv  and  legielallon  ;  I* 
reatore  the  practice  of  that  age  when  coinmiinltlea  ae- 
ceptml  Ihoir  ronatitutluiia  more  willinglv  from  the  di- 
aciplae  uf  Pythagoraa  than  from  the  deaccndaiit*  of 
king*.  It  ia  certain,  h,iwev«r,  that  Hliaftcabury,  along 
with  a  very  hiijh  value  for  the  genlua  and  ulenta  of 
Locke,  entertained  implicit  coiifiilnnre  in  hi*  own  abi- 
lity to  excite  the  full  vigor  uf  Ijocke'a  underatanding, 
and  yel  Inject  Into  it  regulating  view*  th*t  would  enabla 
himaelf  aecurvly  to  anticipate  and  define  Ihe  reaiill*  ol 
ita  application.  What  inatructiuiia  were  coininunicated 
to  liocke  by  hi*  patron,  cannot  now  lie  known :  bul  il 
mual  lie  admitled  that  Ihe  phlluaopher  waa  indulged 
wilkao  much  liberty  that  heafterwurda  reproaentcd  iba 
oiMisiiiutiaii  ta  liii  own  |ietforinaiice,  aiul  himaelf  aa  • 
competitor  wiUi  William  i'enn  In  the  aclonce  of  legia- 

and  atatula  law  of  Rnglana,  the  aacertHliiiiiint  of  the  m; 
cl«e  extoiit  of  Ihia  conjnrmlty  in  awry  ram  waa  cemulltad 
tu  Ihe  diacreium  of  the  Juoaea  goiith'i  New  York,  p.  II* 
317. 

•  Tliia  la  the  dale  aiilgned  to  the  inatrumeiil  k;  OMinlvoo, 
by  WililainAun,  and  by  the  ationymoiii  aulliiir  of  thu  Hlatoiy 
of  the  Britlah  Oomliiliina  in  North  America.  It  la  Ihe  daM 
alio  a'tiched  to  tlie  IMIh  article  of  tlie  cunitltuthma  in  Ih* 
copy  of  tliem  inaerlad  In  Locka'a  worki.  Chalmera  datea 
the  initrument  in  July  of  the  aanie  year  i  but  il  appear*  fmm 
the  lliuatratlona  appended  f}  thii  poriinn  of  hia  work,  that 
there  were  two  edlliona  of  tlie  Initrument ;  and  I  luppoaa 


the  lliuatratlona  appended  f}  thii  poriinn  of  hli  work,  that 
there  were  two  edlliona  of  tlie  Initrument ;  and  I  luppoaa 
he  haa  referred,  in  hia  nolaliun  of  Iha  date,  to  the  lecood 
edition.  In  which  Ihe  proprietarlea  are  reproached  with  having 
introduced  aome  changea  derogatory  to  the  llbeitiea  dallnei 
in  th*  «rit.  ... 

t  II  Ii  >n  repreientei)  by  Oldmlinn,  whote  hiitory  wa*  pub 
lliliod  in  I7UN,  i.  333.  Dm  it  waa  alterwarda  Inieited  la  UM 
collectlnn  publlahedin  1710  by  Del  Maiiaaux,  of  the  anoat^ 
moui  and  unpnnted  piecea  of  Locke,  from  a  copy  corractai 
by  hiaown  hand,  and  which  he  had  preientad  lo  a  Uaad  M 
OM  of  hia  own  wotka.    Locke,  foUo  edit.  Ui.  Ca*. 


ROBTII  AMIKIOA. 


or  UMin- 
it  eoiuoiliMd 
York,  p.  lU 

k'  OMinlfOO, 
thu  HItlMi 
t  lallwdmM 
tttloM  In  Um 
Umera  dtlM 
ipp«>ra  from 
•  work,  thit 
■d  I  luppoM 
the  ucooJ 
1  with  htrinf 

lllKl  lltlllMi 

jorr  «•*  pak 
letted  la  Um 
If  the  atomf 
■py  comclkl 


mUk  IWifMl,  M  liM  HaiiliM  iMNHale  itw  |*wiw  of 
t— In  widi  Ika  klilafx  uf  Ammm. 

Hjr  iImm  cmmUmUmw  It  wH<tiMl«r«4  Unt  llw  aliiMt 
•f  IM  (IftM  f raprwburtn  •hsulit  h»  palalina  of  Iho  iiin' 
tPinmi  linrlnf  Ma  UNi,  (mi  thai  hU  eiicrMMir  ehniilil  •! 
wajri  ha  Iha  altlaal  it  III*  •Mrrlviin.  Havaii  nihrr  ■>•' 
Iha  ahUf  oltcaa  of  iltia,  nainaljp,  tlia  oHIcm  af  Ml'iitnl, 
•hainbarlaiii.*  aliaaaallor,  eanalahla.t  ahMr-JiMIIca,  hl(h 
MawarJ,  and  Iraaaiirar,  wara  apprapriaM  aiolnelvaljr 
M  Iha  olbar  aavan  prapilaMilaa  i  aad  llMea,  aa  w  " 
Ik*  alHaa  af  palallM,  iat|lil  ba  aiaaiilad  kjr  4a| 
wMMn  Iha  proTlaaa.  CwraapaixUiif  !•  tfiaaa  atf  wa 
•hara  wait  la  ba  (baaMaa  Iha  oiilinarjr  eaiula  at  mntj 
•eanijr)  alghl  anprama  aauiti,  la  aaah  af  whkh  ww 
Bimawtl  a  aallafa  mt  Iwaltra  aMbtanla.  Tha  palalim 
waa  M  prailila  ia  Iha  palallna  court,  at  which  ha  ut4 
Ihraa  ■wan  of  Iha  praprialariaa  ma<ia  •  qiMnimi  imt 
iMa  eaurt  rtpraaaalad  Iha  hlnfl,  ralilUd  or  naiailTad 
Iha  aaaenwawla  of  tha  UcMalura,  aad.  In  iomiw,  waa 
vaalad  with  Ih*  admlnlatrallon  or  ail  lb*  powara  **i^ 
Ikrrad  by  Ih*  rojral  ehartar,  aieapl  l«  a*  nr  a«  Umilad 
bjr  llioaa  nmdamaiilal  comtllullona.  By  a  c*mpUealad 
Irama  work  of  eounll**,  eiiniariaa,  baranlaa,  pnctnala, 
•imI  colaiil**,  Iha  whola  land  at  Ih*  prorlne*  waa  dWI- 
dad  Inlv  IIt*  aqnti  portion*,  onaof  whkh  waa  aaal|n*d 
Id  Ih*  praprlatorlaa,  anolhar  lo  Ih*  nobilllv,  and  ih*  ra- 
malnlnf  Ihr**  wara  laft  lo  Ih*  paopla.  Two  claawa  of 
harmlltary  nobllllr,  with  poiaaaaiona  proportionad  to 
•Imlr  raapactiva  dlcnlli**,  and  fbr  atrar  nnallanabla  and 
inillirUibia,  war*  to  b*  er«al*d  by  Ih*  pr<>prl*tarl**, 
lindar  Iha  llllaa  of  kuMifravaa  and  eaaiqaaai  and  Ihaaa, 
legalhar  with  Ih*  dvputw*  of  tha  proprMlar  •■,  and  r*- 
pracanlalivaa  ehoaan  by  Ih*  ftaaii  *u,  aonalitulad  Ih* 
parllamaiil  of  tha  provlnoa,  whieh  vaa  appointed  to  ba 
tiwnnUllr  eonvohad,  and  whan  aaaaniblad,  lo  Airm  ona 
diiliboralW*  body,  and  occupy  Ih*  aani*  chamber.  No 
mnllar  or  iiMauira  could  ba  propoaad  lo  tha  parilamant 
that  had  not  bean  pravloiwly  praparad  and  approved  by 
III*  nand  council  of  the  province,  a  body  raaembllnjr 
llie  inrda  of  the  artirlea  iu  the  aiieieiit  eonatilulion  or 
Heotland  nnd  eoneieling  alinoet  entirely  of  the  proprie- 
Inrixa'  oltlcan  and  the  nobility,  Nu  inan  waa  clif  ibia 
lo  any  olHna  unlea*  he  puaaeeaed  a  certain  daliuite  ci- 
lunl  or  land,  larger  or  inialler  acoordliiff  to  Ih*  die nity 
or  ineanneaa  of  Ine  olHce.  Trial  by  Jury  waa  aaloblMied 
in  each  of  the  nourta  Ihroughnut  the  whole  of  the 
loncthened  rainiHcalion  of  juriMlioiioni  but  the  office 
of  himd  or  profeaainnnl  pkiadan  waa  denounced  aa  a 
Iku*  and  aordid  occupation  i  and  no  man  waa  allowed 
lo  plead  tb*  caua*  of  another  wilhout  previoiialy  depo. 
Bin(  on  oath  that  he  neither  had  received  nor  would  hC' 
cept  the  alifhtert  remuneration  fur  hie  aervicea  Tc 
avoid  the  coiiniaion  ariaiug  IVom  a  multiplicity  of  law*, 
nil  acta  of  Iha  parliament  were  appointed  to  endure 
only  one  hundred  yann,  after  which  they  ceaaed  and 
di>t«miinad  of  themaelvea  without  the  formality  of  an 
eiprew  repeal  i  and  to  avoid  the  perpleiity  created  by 
a  inuitiplicity  of  oommenlatora,'  all  coininenia  what- 
ever on  tlie  fundamental  oouatilutioin,  or  on  any  part 
cf  the  common  or  ataluta  Inw  of  Carolina  were  aliao- 
lulely  prohibited.  Kvory  flreehulder  waa  required  to 
pay  a  yearly  rent  of  a  penny  for  each  aera  of  hi*  land 
to  the  proprietariea  i  ami  all  Iho  inhabitant*  above 
aevenleen  and  under  aiity  yean  of  agn  were  obliied  to 
bear  arm*,  and  lerve  a*  (oldicn,  whenever  Ihey  nould 
receive  a  ciimmon*  to  that  elTect  IVom  the  (rand  coun- 
cil. Every  iVeeman  of  Carolina  wa*  declared  to  po*- 
•eee  olioolute  power  and  authority  over  hia  negro  alave*, 
'-'  opinion  or  reli|iou  Hwver.t  The  poliey  that 
odily  *ugge«t*  itaelf  for  aiich  a  regtilation,  i« 


of  what  o| 
nio*t  rei 


*  The  CtiamberUln'e  cnurt  had  Iho  care  of  '*  all  ceramonlee, 
precedency,  heraldry,  and  pedl|trefl«."  Ac.  and  alao  "power 
to  rexiUate  all  faahtune,  hai>lta.  bailgei,  lamea,  and  eporta.  *' 
Art.  43.  If  the  funcliuna  of  tirii  body  reiemble  the  cere. 
tnonlai  academy  of  China,  the  title  at  leait  of  onolhaf  body 
oi  functloiiarlea  recalla  the  liwtltutlims  of  old  Home.  The 
aiaUtanta  of  th*  admiral  bora  the  tlie  of  proeanaiili, 
Art  41. 

t  Thle  wan  a  military  office,  and  the  member*  of  It*  r*l^ 
live  collen  of  aailitanta  wore  termed  Ueutenant.fenerol*. 
Art.  ». 

t  It  li  humiliating  to  reflect  that  thli  regulation  wo*  com- 
poaed  by  the  hand  Ihtt  wrote  the  Eiaay  on  the  Human  Un- 
deratanding.  At  a  later  period  of  hli  life,  when  the  Eng llah 
Revolution  and  the  -ontroveralea  It  engendered  had  en* 
lightened  L«ieke*a  Ideaa  of  the  rights  of  men,  we  find  him 
ttiiu  pronouncing  his  own  condoinnatlon,  while  he  eipotei, 
and  confutes  the  aervlle  aopliiittry  of  sir  Robert  Fllmea 
"Slavery  I*  eo  vile  and  mUerable  an  oitato  of  man,  ant  lo 
directly  opposite  to  the  ntnvruus  temper  and  courage  of  our 
nation,  that  'tis  hardly  to  bo  coiicelvod  that  an  Englishman, 
much  less  a  gentiemnn,  shnuld  plead  fur  it."  "The  perfect 
rniidition  of  slavery,"  he  aftorwanU  delliies  to  be,  "  the  atot* 
o|  war  continued  f>etween  a  lawful  eoniueror  and  a  captive." 
b:k*,  li.  IM,  171. 

5W 


•aeluded  by  Ih*  MmI,  that  at  Ikia  Um*,  and  long  aAar, 
there  wer*  no  negr***  la  th*  nrovlnee,  ■leepi  a  very 
•wall  numbar  whom  Mir  John  VaanMn*  and  hi*  Aitlow. 
era  had  bratighl  with  Ihem  IVom  MarbediMe, 

A  ierlea  of  regutatlone  that  not  only  Import  the  mast 
ampi*  Ivleration  In  religion,  liiil  MMiiiAieily  inliir  th* 
political  et|ualily  uf  all  relifiiiii*  snet*  aiMl  evahiiii* 
whatever,  wa*  iiahenMl  by  Ini*  reoMrkabl*  arlM'le  i— 
" rtince  the  nativee iif  the  plire  who  will  h*  eoiM'eriied 
in  our  plantation  are  utterly  alranger*  la  ChrUllaiiily, 
whoee  Cdolalry,  ignoranaa  armkNaCe,  givaa  ih  no  right 
lo  eapel  or  naa  tkam  ill  i  aad  Ihoaa  wha  roaMva  IVani 
othor  parte  to  ploal  tbar*,  will  nnavaUaMy  be  of  dtllbr- 
eal  aplnluna  eaneeraing  nMllera  af  raligian,  th*  llhertv 
wh*r**f  I'  y  will  eipeet  lo  have  alowed  th*m,  and  11 
wiH  not  reaaonabl*  Air  aa  aa  title  aacaunt  lo  hoop 
lh*Bi  *iii  that  civil  p*ae*  may  b*  maintained  aaildal 
III*  dlviii^ity  af  opiaiana,  aad  aur agnwiaani  and  eein- 
paal  wiih  all  men  nay  ba  duly  and  llillhAilly  olieerved  t 
vlolathta  whereof,  upoa  what  nretenea  aoever,  caunat 
ba  wllhont  graal  alfcne*  to  Almlghly  liod,  and  great 
•caadal  la  tlia  Inia  raligian  which  we  prolhaa  i  and  al- 
ao llial  J*wa,  haathena,  and  other  dlaaaalara  Drom  Ih* 
parity  *fehrlalian  religion,  may  not  beacand  and  hept 
at  a  dialanc*  from  it,  but  by  having  an  opportunity  of 
aoqnainling  ihemaelvee  with  ttie  truth  aiiii  reaaonabl*- 
neaa  af  lla  dootrinee,  and  Iha  peaeeablenee*  and  inollbii- 
alveaeaa  of  lie  prolbaaora,  may  by  goo<l  unige  aad  par- 
all  tiio**  convincing  metiiod*  of  gnntle- 
I  and  BMehnea*  auilabia  lo  lite  rtilaa  and  deaign  of 
goepal,  b*  won  over  lo  erohroee  and  unArignadly 
4v*  Ih*  truth  I  liierelbre  any  eaven  or  mora  peraoas 
agreeing  in  mf  raUg4a«,  ahall  oaBditula  a  chuixli  or 
prolJMaion,  lo  which  tiicy  aliall  give  aotna  aauie  to  dt*- 
llngui*h  it  IVam  otiwr*.''  In  lit*  terma  of  commu- 
nion of  every  auch  church  or  proniaaion  it  waa  re- 
quired IImI  IM  three  following  articlaa  ahould  eipiwady 
appear  I  that  ttiere  ia  a  Uodi  that  Uod  ia  pulilicly  to 
b*  wonhlpp*d  I  and  Ihal  il  ia  th*  duty  of  every  man 
when  oalhM  upon  by  the  inagialrat*,  to  give  evMeao* 
to  th*  truth,  with  aom*  ceremonial  or  form  of  word*, 
indicating  a  recognition  of  lite  prvaenee  of  (iod.  No 
peraon  wno  waa  not  joined  aa  a  member  to  aome  church 
or  prolbaaion  of  thi*  deaoription  waa  to  b«  permitted 
to  be  a  IVeanian  of  Carolina,  or  to  have  any  ealale  or 
habitation  wilhin  the  province ;  and  all  pereona  were 
forbidden  to  revihi,  diaturb,  or  in  any  wu^  peraeoule 
the  meniltera  of  any  of  the  religion*  uoaiiciation*  tliuj 
f«eogni*ed  by  hiw.  What  was  <i(;iutM<<  upon  iVeeinen 
wa*  panMlM  lo  clave*,  by  an  article  wliioh  declared 


that,  "*ince  charity  oblige*  u*  to  wi*h  well  to  th*  aoula 
of  all  men,  and  religion  uiight  to  alter  nolliing  in  any 
man'*  civil  ectate  or  right,  il  thall  lit  tatuftd  fur  alave*  a* 
well  a*  otlien,  to  enter  ihuiniwIvDe,  and  be  of  what 
church  or  profeaeion  any  of  them  shall  think  beat,  oimI 
thereof  lie  aa  ftilly  member*  a*  any  flweiiiHii."  Bill  the 
hope  of  political  equality  that  aectarians  might  derive 
from  theee  proviaiona  waa  completely  aubverted,  and 
even  the  aecurily  of  a  nohed  tolerance  wa*  menaced  hy 
an  article,  which,  though  introduced  into  Iheae  eonatilu- 
lion* wna  iieillicrcompoied  nor  approved  liy  Irficke.fand 
by  whieh  il  wii*  provided,  that  when  the  country  ahoiikl 
have  been  auflicietillv  peopled  and  planted,  it  should 
belong  to  the  colonial  parliament  lo  lake  con  for  the 
building  of  churehea  aiui  llu  public  inaintenanoe  of  di- 
vine*, to  lie  empk>ycd  in  th*  exerciae  of  religion,  iic- 
cording  to  ttie  caaona  oC  tha  church  of  England ; 
"  which  beiiu  It*  tmi$  ttm  mi  arthodm,  and  th*  nation- 
al religion  ofoll  the  king'adominion*,  i*  lo  alao  of  Caro- 
lina; and  therafore  il  alom  ahall  be  allowed  lo  receive 
public  maintenance  by  grart  of  parliament."  Finally, 
It  waa  declared  that  thean  ftinuainenlal  cotutitulioii* 
(ooncialing  of  an  hnndreH  and  twenty  articlee,  and 
forming  a  va«t  labyrinth  of  perplexiiig  regulation*) 
*hould1ie  lite  aacred  and  unalterable  form  and  rule  of 
government  of  Carolina  for  ever. 

The  defect*  of  thia  ayatem  ar*  ao  numaroaa,  tliat  to 
portieiilarixe  them  would  b*  a  tedioua  labor  i  and  they 
an  at  th*  *ame  time  ao  groia  end  pjpable,  that  they 
mu*t  readily  manifeat  themaelvea  to  every  raader  with- 
out any  auxiliary  indication.  Il  may  be  remarked, 
however,  in  general,  that  the  author  or  it,  in  collecting 
material*  for  hi*  eompoaition,  aeein*  to  have  looked 
every  where  but  to  the  actual  aituatton  and  habile  of 


dm  peupl*  flir  wh4ai  h*  lagkikikid 
derive  ih»ir  nlttre  from  aay  other  eanree  than  UM  »p> 
painlmenl  of  tha  p**pl*,  an  ••  btlhi  *eenal*ai*J  la  laa 
ineiihrr  themaelvea 


Art.  se.  "This  article  was  not  drawn  up  by  Mr,  Locke 
bui  Inserted  hy  some  uf  the  chief  of  the  pmprictnrs,  against 
his  judginunt ;  an  Mr.  Locke  himself  iiUDnned  one  of  his 
friends  to  whom  he  presented  a  copy  of  thene  cnnstUutions." 
Locke,  vol.  ill.  p  1171).  note.  It  was  probably  devised  by 
Lord  Cornliury  (Clarendon's  sons,)  who  inhorited  his  father's 
bigotry  for  the  church  of  England,  and  appears  to  have 
signed   ■'        -     • 

p.  aa 


the    fundamental   constltutlona. 


1    appo< 
Oldm 


imixen,   vol.   I. 


eiemae  nf  il  In  eon 

others  a*  they  wniiM  have  olltere  do  lo  them,  Ibal  Ma 
partiality  and  illlbenlity  of  lh«e*  Inatilutloiai  woaki 
acnreely  inarll  nniire  if^l^irk*  had  nol  heun  lh*ir  aw> 
timr.  It  wa*  a  rvproarh  nMir*  ainluaively  line  la  iha 
proprielariaa,  that  gnnil  faith  ww  vinkiled,  and  aiiollna 
right*  diaregnrded.  I'ur  a  tiiiniber  af  inhabilania  had 
alraady  aaltlaMi  in  Iha  praviiiea,  on  (•adillsna  whiih 
lh*ir  rnktra  had  ao  hingor  th*  power  la  qaaliiy  or  ahra 
gal*  I  and  fbrna  of  geveraaieat  haviag  been  aataally 
ealahliahad,  ih*  feapla  had  acquired  aa  latarael  la 
Ihem,  whieh,  wiwoat  their  *wn  cnwant,  eonM  aal  ka 
*acrlNa*d  la  Ihee*  iaaavollag  regnkittaa*,  Tha  pro* 
prialariee  mlgM  B*rhap*  h*v*  b*ea  Wd  la  donbt  Iha 
•aandnaaa  af  their  aipaetalkma,  if  not  tha  equity  of 
Iheir  purpoeea,  had  Ihey  Ikirlr  aanaiderwl  Ike  niau*a* 
wkich  retainod  thaaiaelvea  In  England  aad  aulielp«l*4 
Ih*  probald*  op*nllaa  of  •imiiar  aenlimenia  an  tha 
roiad*  of  tha  InMblMMi  of  Carolina.  Il  i*  raporlad  at 
aawa  aacleni  kiglalalara,  ikat  Ihey  ■aerMcad  tneir  aw« 
livee  In  ardar  lo  aeeur*  the  recaption  or  th*  p*rp*tnil]r 
of  their  eoneliratlan*.  But  whih  thee*  praprMtar*aa 
could  nol  provail  on  thamaelvea  lo  raaign  Ih*  comftini 
and  luiuriee  of  England,  and  even  deubentely  aniiei* 
paled  their  aaa-reaidenee,  by  providing  Ibr  the  vkarW 
one  diacharg*  of  ihoir  AiiMliaaa,  thay  *ap*at*d  thai  aa 
InhnI  colony  of  inilepandenl  woodaawa  aad  rough  to- 
baeco-growara  ahouM  at  oiMe  reaauara  Ihair  aiaanara 
and  their  habile  of  lib,  enrhain  their  libenie*,  abrUga 
their  gaina  ami  nearly  nwlamorphoaa  thamaelvea  Inia 
a  new  order  of  being*,  for  Ih*  eaka  of  aeramulatiatf 
dignity  on  paraon*  «vnom  even  tha  ot^oyment  of  aniS 
dignity  could  nol  Induce  lo  live  In  Ih*  oounn^.  Il  i* 
hard  to  aay  whether  then  waa  a  gnatar  injuatic*  at 
abaurdity  in  projacting  a  alal*  of  ■ociety  when  auch 
overweening  concern  waa  admitted  in  In*  ruhira,  and 
■ueh  uller  diangard  euppoeed  in  the  people,  of  their 
own  nancctive  rntorealai  when  Ih*  mnltitnd*  war* 
expected  to  •aerlHc*  Iheir  liberty  and  proepority,  in  or< 
der  lo  enhaiwe  the  advantage*  of  certain  conapieuoiia 
slationa,  which  thnae  for  whom  Ihey  wen  reaerveil 
iiidged  unworthy  of  dieir  occiipatian,  Il  la  ramarha 
ble  Ihut  Hhiifreabury  wa*  althe  head  of  Iha  nnti^athalia 
party  In  England,  and  that  Loche  a**i*led  with  hia  pan  lo 
propagate  the  auapiciona  which  hie  patran  piofeaaad  to 
entertain  of  the  iiesign*  of  lite  caUmlica  agaiiiat  rail- 
gioit*  anil  political  freedom.  Yet  if  we  conipara  tha 
coMlitution*  of  Marvhind  and  Carolina,  we  canael 
hesitate  to  prafer  the  fabora  of  the  calhollc  lagialaler  to 
thoae  of  the  protestant  philoMtplier  and  politician  i  and 
lo  arknowleilge  tliat  the  beat  iulere*!* ormankind wer* 
far  more  wisely  and  elTe<.tiially  promoted  hy  the  pla^a 
iinvaunled  capacity  of  Lord  Bultiinon.  than  by  lb* 
united  labora  of  Lock)*'*  elevated  and  comprehenaivo 
mind,  and  of  Hhafteabury'*  vigorona,  •ogaoioita,  and 
experienced  itnderatanding. 

The  prnprirlariee,  however,  vera  ao  highly  aaliified 
with  the  fiiiulainental  cunstiluttans,  that  Ihey  resolved, 
without  delay,  to  altenipl  their  naliaalion ;  ami,  a*  a 
preliminary  atep,  exerted  Iheniaelve*  to  the  utinoet  of 
their  ability  lo  promote  the  tnnaportalion  of  additional 
inhabilania  to  th*  province.  The  Duke  of  Albeinarl* 
waa  inatalled  into  the  office  of  palatine,  and  the  sum  o, 
twelve  thouaand  ponndaexpenJed  on  ibe  eqitipineni  of 
*  fleet,  which  aet  aail  in  the  beginning  of  the  follow 
ing  y*ar[IO70,]  with  a  eonaidcrabi*  body  of  emigranU. 
Thia  expedition,  which  wa*  destined  lo  round  a  coktnj' 
at  Port  Royal,  waa  conducted  hy  Colonel  William 
Bayle,  on  experienced  officer,  who  received  Iho  ap, 
poinlment  of  governor  of  that  part  of  the  coaat  lyitig 
aouth-weatwara  of  Cnpe  Curterat.  A*  theae  emC 
grant*  appear  to  have  consiated  chiefly  of  diaaenlero, 
It  ia  probable  that  raligioua  toleration  waa  the  object 
diey  had  principally  in  view ;  and  that  they  hod  nol 
been  mode  acquainlad  with  that  article  of  the  coiuli- 
lutiona  by  which  the  aecurily  of  thi*  important  bleaa- 
ing  waa  ao  aeriouair  endangered.  Indeed  at  a  mibeo- 
Quent  period  Ih*  colonista  bitterly  complained  that  Iha 
ntudamental  conatitutiona  had  lieen  interpolated,  and 
wme  of  Iheir  proviaiona  diaingenuoualy  warped  .o  tha 

Erajttdice  of  public  liberty.  Bayh)  waa  accompanied 
yjoaeph  We*t,  who  for  npward*  of  twenty  yean 
bora  the  chief  away  in  Carolina,  and  waa  now  intniatetl 
with  the  management  of  the  commercial  afliiin  of  tha 
proprietariea,  on  whom  the  colonial*  continued  fbr 
several  year*  to  depend  excluaively  for  iheir  forcigt. 
ntppliea.  On  the  arrival  of  the  aettlen  nl  their  pkKO 
of  deatination,  they  prepared  with  more  good  faith 
than  good  aenao  to  realias  Am  political  ayatem  to  whM 


THi  niiTuif  or 


Mir|Mte,  Ik*  MM  gtaMM  M  Ikalf  Mlitiil  iMiMlUm  r»»  mmw  alriaHMiM  IrlMg  •mtltt-wMwanInf  Ccim  Cwlinl. 


Mil  MHi  Ihiii   Mm  iiIIUm  wMlk   Mr«f*  *pp«IN«><l   M 
■■MMMlMi    Mr<r»    N«     Im*     HIHUttallkl     III     tlw     IIIIIHlHin 
lIlM  M    Ittt  MTHIMIMII..  »f  Itw    |M«»la.       A 

•f  imifh  Wnw  h;  Miito  iH-im,  himi  ii  «riw»h«iiMM  ilvil 
iM  MMijr  jTMn  •  itrMtiiM  il'tiMi*!  fur  litlHirvn  miiat  Iw 
•••wlaMiMi  I  »  •lain  iir  llilim«  MMiilljr  liH'nm|iiiiililii 
WWliltM  ■•iKallaiw  nf  nllWInl  ilifniiiiruia,  iml  Itw  iioiii' 
^•tM  l<tl«N*M  nf  rii  iirilcr  nf  tMiliiliiy.  N«ilh«r  Uhi^ 
(n*M  Hat  vnttiiiH  •  tind  jral  Ikwii  ii|t|i«lnlMl  li)r  lti»  |ir»- 

Kt»l»f IM I  mkl !»  Im«i>  |i>ia|>|m|  •«>h  iIw  aiihiiriliiMM 
■UMUoim,  «»mU  Imv*  IxMd  In  ■m|ilo*  nil  llw  In- 
iMMkuiti  W  llw  tiJkmf  ta  |**rlWmlna  •  p«1lll«itl  iItiiim, 
limwil  of  pfttvliliiif  tk*  MMM  or  •ulm^lniic*.  V«i 
■MMMlk  iIm  tokMak  IbuMl  tlMiwMivM  rniMlninnI 
M  •■••  la  dMlan  Ihal  ll  wm  imf»—itU  to  ftfuf  iki 

rti  mkM,  riMjr  tlMMNIjr  p«r«U»4  In  ilwir  Mllu>r«B» 
M  Md  ■iprMMii  Ihalr  datofmlMlian  lo  mm  m 
•4f*  !■  K  at  jwmIMi.  WriMw«M  ibanAm  imiwll- 
■Mjr  UmmA  rMulriaf  lli*  (VMrfiolilar*  lu  nkn'i  Hva 
panaiM,  wlla  wlUi  A**  ollMn  «h««>n  liy  ilw  prnpiUM- 
tm,  mf  la  Ibm  IIm  trMid  aiiunril,  wiihiiiii  whuM 
MMM  IIm  ■-  "rmir  couM  not  p»rrnrni  llix  ninrlluiM  of 
M*  iIIh.  a  pw.  uncnl,  eoin|to«Hl  nf  IhmM  l\inrlluii- 
mIm,  Ml  af  Iwak  •  daUmln,  sImmmi  by  iIm  Mnw 
ihtWWi,  WM  !!>*i<M.  ^  with  bgMlnliTii  Ba««*r.  Ho 
nwl  ifan  dw  diAam.lM  dlaiiillaa  iha  Am  nreiinU' 
IM  af  riM  MiiltiiMai.  Umi,  Mj  •  hw  moiiilw  tAcr 
dMir  wrlTil,  iIm  colsiiiali  w«n  r*li«vml  IVoin  ih*  *%■ 
tW>U«i  of  dlMfMi  b]p  >  •MMimbW  «ip|il)r  nf  pr» 
vUaa*,  mwmiUMi  m  Hmm  bjr  Iha  proprivunm. 
Alaaf  wllh  dii*  •iippl)',  thor*  wan  forwanM  lo  iba 
gavaraor  Iwantv-Utnw  ulirlM  of  inair<iolioii,  onllml 
IMiwmrf  mgrarU»  Iwm,  nUliv*  la  ihn  tlMtrihuUnn 
af-Mii,  •Mlha  pUn  ofn  lanfniAwnl  town,  which  h« 
WM  dMtnd  to  builil  with  dl  ennv«ni»nl  ilnapiilch,  •ml 
la  dnuiiaiMiM  ChwlM-town,  iii  hniior  of  Um  kiiif .  Tu 
•■eovnin  lb*  mnrt  nf  wlllon  In  I'lirt-Koxnl,  itn  hiin- 
dfod  UMllAjr  wntii  oriuml  wnn  nllnttml  lo  nvwry  •mi- 
(nM,  M  >  wnall  qiiil-rcpl,  *nil  rloihmi  uml  proviaioiw 
won  dialribulml,  nroin  ihx  •inr*  of  th<i  proprinlnrlt'*,  In 
IhCM  who  won  unnblo  u>  prnvidt  lor  mmnwlvo'.  Ttw 
good  will  of  IIm  naiibbanng  Imliana  wh  purchuml  by 
•amManblo  piManla  to  iha  iMliv*  encliiiiM,  who  ihiia 

Krfarmad  Um  only  aorviea  which  Ihnt  daaeriplioii  of 
jniiMrioa  wu  daalinad  avar  In  ramlar  lo  ihn  colony, 
VfUk  Um  coloniaM  wan  loilinf  to  lay  tho  foiiiultttion 
af  eivil  aooialy  ia  iba  provinoa,  tha  proprialiiriaa  wara 
pronadiaf  vary  unraiwomibly  to  aracl  tha  anparatrue- 
tun  of  thaao  arlalocniliani  inatiliilinna  which  ihay  du' 
aigaad  to  aaliililiah.  Ttw  Diilw  of  All  a'limria  having 
diod  in  Um  eniiraa  nf  thia  yaiir,  wu  nimnailHil  in  lh« 
difnity  of  palatina  hy  LnnlCnivant  and  ahorlly  uAiir- 
wwda  John  Loeka  wiw  er«al»d  a  Undnmra,  in  raconi- 
panao  of  hia  anrvicaai  and  llw  aanM  alnvalion  wu 
Matowad  on  Sir  John  Vaainan*,  and  on  Jainna  CartO' 
nt,  >  niMiva  of  oim  of  iha  propriatnriaa.  I'erhnpa  it 
any  aieiu  aoina  alalioii  in  (m  iniml  of  an  Anwricaii 
oitiun,  Ihal  whila  Iha  onl»r  of  nobility,  Ihiu  iinpnrtad 
into  hi*  eoiinlrr,  conliniiiHi  to  a^joy ,  avan  a  nomi  nal 
John  Loeka  Wki  ona  onti  inninbani  and 


Ihal  whaa  ho  wu  aipallad  ftom  Oifoid,  ami  n  rncilive 
from  England,  ho  eoatinuad  to  ba  acknowladceiT  u  a 
nablanun  ia  Carolina.  But  *  ia  iliaai|nieai>la  to  bo- 
bald  Uik  dialinguiahad  philomp  wr,  and  truly  aalinabla 
■aa,  aeeairt  a  UUa  nf  nnbilily  In  Mnwolf  in  Um  aociaty 
whara  ho  aad  contributod  to  aanaUon  and  introdueo  Uw 
dagndiaf  InalitaUnn  of  nogra  tlaTary.  Happily  fiir 
Um  eounlry  with  which  ha  wu  thtiaeoiuMolad,  and  for 
hia  awn  eradil  widi  mankind,  Ihv  neo  of  Carolinian 
ooMm  wu  aieaadingly  ahortJirad  i  and  Um  attomul  to 
•ngraft  faudal  nobility  on  tho  inatiluUon*  of  North 
America  prorad  utterly  abortive. 

Sayla  nsd  acaronly  eatabliahad  tha  penpla  in  their 
now  aattteniant  whan  he  full  a  victim  to  ttw  unwhole- 
•omeoeM  of  tha  climate.  On  hia  death  tiir  John  Vaa- 
mana  claimed  tha  adininialralion  of  the  vueant  luUinrity, 
u  due  to  the  rank  of  landgrave,  which  no  other  inhabi- 
tant of  the  prnvinnn,  eioept  himaelf,  enjoyed.  But  Uie 
eoancil,  who  were  empowered  to  elect  a  |ovemnr  in 
■ueh  oireum«lnneea,  preferred  lo  appoint  Joaaph  Weal, 
a  popnhr  man  much  eatcemed  among  ttw  coloniata  for 
hiaaeUvitr,  courage,  and  prudence,  until  a  ipecial  cnm- 
miaaion  ihould  arrive  IVoin  Eagland.  Mfeal'a  admini- 
ttralion  wm  but  ahort-lived ;  for,  notwiUiatanding  thia 
iadieatioa  of  hia  neeeplableneaa  to  the  coloniata,  Iba 
prnpnalariaa,  daairnua  ofproinoUng  the  reapeetaUIUy, 
of  meir  noblea,  and  highly  aaliafied  with  the  pnidance 
aad  propriety  tlut  hod  cKarseterified  Yeomana'  covam- 
nwat  or  Um  plantation  around  Cape  Faar,  (l'^''!,] 


irv,  Iwiiig  NOW  parfbaUit  wall  known,  la  annaai|N«nra 
or  iIm  iw'ural«  wirtay*  llwr  h*<l  iiml«r{ion»,  Itw  plan- 
l>r*  iVniM  I'Uramlnn  iin  Uw  north,  <iml  Irmn  Ton  Hnyal 
on  Itw  mulh,  Im|«u  alHiut  thw  |M>riiHl  to  manrl  lo  Itw 
ron«*Ht»M  ImiiIm  nf  Aatil«]r  rivrr  I  Ami  Iwra  wiu  Util, 
luring  Iha  laiiw  f»t,  llw  niumliiMon  nf  IM  I  k»rh»- 
Imtm.  whirhlwfanw,  I'nr  mmiih  liiiia,  lli«  ra;'iliil  ol  Ihn 
•nnlli'rii  M>ill«iiwnti.  Ttw  priiiiiwiarw*,  owanwhll*, 
with  Itw  •pint  Ihiil  l>i«<l  rhitrwixriHul  ilwir  .01  iwr  nr» 
rKwiniga.  proniHl(|4l*<l  hw^intrf  Utn  whieh  tlwy 
ip|Hiini'<l  In  Iw  itiMaryxl,  nil  by  a  aiilltiiiant  inrraaaa 
of  inhahilania  ttw  govarnn.xnl  tnuM  ha  adminiatarad 
aorannliiig  In  Iha  Aimliiim<iilal  cnwiilnllniw,  Itna  af 
Ihaaa  lawa,  with  xpial  polii'y  ami  hiliiwnily,  attjotaed 
Iha  riiliiniaU  In  nlwart  a  Uw  utoiiMt  aiiHiiy  aad  aourlaay 
m  liwir  mtarrnuraa  with  th*  imlianai  to  alfbrd  tlwm 
iirninpl  ami  aiupla  rvdrnw  o  any  wrnnga  tlwy  might 
lapiwn  to  an<ltiln  1  ami  on  nn  pralaitra  whatever  la 
xnalava  or  laml  any  nf  tlwm  oat  nf  tha  conntrr,  Ttw 
iibjert  of  thia  ngiititinn  wu  anlbrtunalaly  daAwMd, 
vary  lonn  alWr,  hy  llw  intrlgiiM  of  llw  Mnantarib  1  and 
llw  nihar  tamporary  Uwa  rm-aivad  vary  llltia  atlanlinn 
or  n,>p»el  tVnm  the  rnlnai'ta,  who  wan  by  nn  maana 
liapnaad  to  aeipiiaara  in  aurh  arbilnry  ami  irraguhir 
(ovarniaant  1  ami  wha  vary  jnaUy  itMiught,  th<it  If  llw 
aalahliahmanl  of  narnMnanl  lawa  wu  olwlriwlBd  hy  Uw 
cinamalaaraa  nf  Ihrirpnaanl  enmlitina,  Itwwmpnnry 
arnngomanta  by  which  auch  lawa  wara  to  ba  luppliml 
nughl  to  nrigliww  with  Uwmaalvaa,  to  whom  ainna  Uw 
aaaci  nalura  of  ttw  eireumalaneM  which  wan  to  ba 
cniwullad  wu  aiperlmeolally  kiiawa. 

Tho  prnpriaurlaa  wan  nion  mccnuAil  in  ihair 
aflurta  to  invreaae  the  nuinbera  of  Um  cnlniilata  of  Aatl- 
ley-river,  itMn  in  their  aiparimanta  in  Um  acianee  of 
higialatinn.  T>i  ttw  puritana,  naraaenlail  in  Knglnnd 
by  Um  aiialing  lawa,  aad  ridicuUl  and  iiiaultad  hy  Um 
aavalwn,  Umv  olTarvd  a  aaenre  uyliiin  ami  ainpla  graata 
of  land  ia  Carolina,  nn  rnndilinn  nf  Utair  iraiiaiHining 
UMnwalvH  and  ttwir  Ikmiliaa  In  Uiia  prnvincn.  Kvan 
Um  mnal  bigolod  shurchiii«n  in  Uw  king'a  muncil  on 
reported  to  nave  co-np»rnlad  with  griMit  i<ngprm>aa  lo 
prnnwM  thia  projael ;  conaidaring  aevan  Ulwr  •  pow- 
erAil  nmedy  for  enltiuaium,  ami  anUiiuioam  an  atcal- 
lent  aiimuliu  to  novel  ard  haaardoua  undartnkinga  1 
and  Judging  it  eipi.iiian  lo  diminiah,  by  every  iiieana, 
the  larther  aoeuinulatina  nf  puritan  Mntimenia  and 
habiu  in  MoaMchuaalta.  And  allhuugh  it  wu  to  ttiia 
liivnurile  acann  Ihal  ttw  atricteal  and  ttw  ninat  numaroua 
portion  nf  the  puritan  aiuigranu  alill  nanrtml,  yal  a 
cnnaiilaralila  niinibar  wara  tempted  by  the  Haltering 
olTura  of  the  prnprietnriea  In  try  their  fnrtunea  in  Caro- 
lina. Unfurtunataly  fnr  the  paiice  nf  the  province,  Uw 
invitaUona  and  ancoiirageniKnta  lo  emigrate  Uiither 
wen  tendered  indiaeriminntely  in  man  of  llw  moat  dia- 
rnrdiint  ehaniclen  and  principle,  Ka|iea  and  gam- 
blen,  whn  hod  wuleil  UMir  auiMtanre  in  riot  and  vice, 
itad  eavalien  whn  hail  tieen  niinml  hy  ttw  civil  wara, 
wen  annt  nut  in  conaidernble  numben,  In  uaneiate 
with  diaanated  puritana,  and  to  a  acone  when  nnly 
aevnra  liibnr,  and  Ihn  airiclnat  tetnperanea  and  frugality, 
couki  aava  them  from  pnriahing  wiUi  hunger.  To  IM 
im|M>variatied  niHcara,  and  other  unfortunate  adheraala 
nf  Um  royaliat  party,  for  whom  no  recninpaaaa  wu  pro- 
vided in  I'UigMnd,  iIm  nrnprietariea  and  iIm  other  mini*- 
alera  of  the  king  oHaraJ  eatatea  in  Carolina,  which 
many  of  them  wan  Ikia  to  embrace  u  a  refuge  IVom 
beggary.  The  conjunction  between  theae  eavalien, 
who  aaeribed  their  ruin  to  tha  puritana,  ami  the  puritan 
emigranti,  who  imputed  their  eiile  lo  itw  cavaliero, 
could  not  reaaonablv  ba  expected  to  proiliica  hnrraony 
or  traaouilily  I  awl  the  reuda  and  diatrnctiona  thai 
allerwaraa  apning  up  from  Uw  oanda  nf  diviainn  Uiiia 
unaoaaonatily  imported  into  the  tnrant  provincH,  in- 
flicted a  manted  ntribulinn  on  Iha  prnprietnriea  for  tlw 
aenaelaaaiWH  and  abaurdily  of  the  policy  tlwy  had  pur- 
aued.  Tlw  daagen  and  hordahipa,  indeed,  in  which 
ttw  emigmnK  found  thamaelTM  involved  on  their  arri- 
val in  nw  province,  contributed  for  a  lima  lo  rapniaa 
tha  growth  of  civil  and  religioua  diaaanaion:  but,  on 
the  oUwr  hand,  Uw  aamn  cireuinataneea  tended  to  de- 
velopa  the  evil  conae<iuenoea  ofaoniling  worlhleaa  men, 
whoaa  habita  were  already  completely  fixed  and  cor- 
ruptad,  lo  a  oceae  where  oiUy  vigoroiia  virtiio  wu  cal- 
euiaind  to  thrive.  Accordingly,  it  wu  tha  afliMta  of 
thia  port  of  their  policy  that  afforded  to  the 
riea  ttw  earlieat  inatler  of  repentance.     Of 


repe 
lifiac 


proprieta- 
tho  extent 


to  which  diaappnItitmRnI  nnil  >riacnnt(>nt  prevailed  among 
tho  aeulura,  we  imiv  juilge  rruin  lliia  circumatnnce,  Uiat 
one  of  ihuir  oarlieat  lawa  wiu  iiii  ordiniutee  Uiat  no  per- 


( ITW]  The  diatnaa  whwh  NMavoataMy  allamtml  Uw  tnl 
atfnrla  of  the  calanlata  ww  aa«*ral)r  e^ grntalnl  by  iM 
htMllU  iMrtgiwa  ami  aaanolla  nfllw  Hponwrda,  wiMlwd 
ealii'illahad  11  larrMnn  <il  Aug iwiiiw,  111  llw  i>.rriinrir  la 
whtoh  Itw  an|wllnb»n  nf  (mrula  waa  now  r«ai>)vlad 
IVnm  lla  nriginal  (•nniprKliaiwKeiwaa,  'I'lwan  urmxaiW 
in«a  nf  the  i'vani'i"!*,  whirh  mftn  tiwir  nri|iii«l  I'rfiani 
ainiw  wtiiihl  by  ni*  nwaiw  brivn  warr'iHlt<tl,  w»i«  adnpki 
«l  m  Mi<<iiif>al  tiiiUlioH  of  a  lrr'<>v  by  whirh  aiuh  pro 
lenatoiH  bad  Inhiu  aipraaaly  ramMMi^t.d.  I*rinr  lo  ItiO 
fmtt  imrr,  no  iiwmion  bad  ba«n  niaiki  ol'  Anwrwa  lU 
anv  Iraaly  Iwlwaan  Hpaiii  ami  I'.nglamI  1  llw  liiriiwf 
balng  analaniatl  In  nbtln  h*r  am-wnl  rlaliiw  10  Uw 
whow  anunlry,  and  ttw  nikar  ranntl  lo  preaarva  and 
improve  Um  Innling  ahe  had  olnvly  altaimMl  In  it.  At 
Uwt  epoch,  linwavar,  whwh  waa  IhiI  1  i°aw  yaiira  pn«<a> 
rior  to  Uw  Mirnpalian  nf  Carolina,  Mir  Wimain  limlol* 
phin,  nnncliidad  a  Iraaly  wiihMpam,  in  whivh,  aimHig 
nllwr  artklaa,  il  wwagnml,  "Thai  Um  klag  of  (trwS 
Britain  ahouM  alwaya  yaaaaaa  in  (till  right  nf  anvanim 
ly  and  property,  all  Iha  eonalrMa,  lalaiida,  ami  aal<  nw^ 
ning  ami  altiialad  ia  iIm  Waal  Indiaa,  nr  any  part  ar 
Amarica,  whwh  h«  ami  hia  auhjaeta  itwa  k*M  and  pa^ 
naami,  Inaninurh  Uwt  llwy  Iwillwr  can  nur  nughl  la  ba 
cnnlaalad  nn  any  oranuiil  whalaoa«ar.  ll  wu  aUl  ula^ 
«d  nt  tha  aanw  linw,  that  Iha  llriliah  f  nvarnowul  almuld 
wiUiilnw  ila  prolactinn  from  ttw  liuraamHin,  wtw  had 
Ibr  many  yaara  infealeil  tha  Mpaniah  dnmininua  ia  Anw- 
riea  t  and  am^nrdingly  all  Uw  roinmiaaiuna  that  bail  l.aen 
Ibrinorly  grantatl  to  tlwaa  piralaa  wara  rtn-Hlted  ami  nn- 
nuM,  By  the  aanw  Irraly,  Iba  right  of  iHilh  inliniw 
to  navigato  tlw  Anwrwan  aeu  wm  fnrnwily  r»<'ng> 
aiaadi  ami  il  waa  ihirland  UmI  all  aliipa  in  diatrvao, 
wlwlbar  IVnin  aliirnw,  ar  Iha  pur'Ult  nr  eiwniiaa  ami 
piralaa,  awl  taking  rKl'iim  in  plwaa  hnlmigiag  ailtwr  la 
Britain  nr  rt|ialn,  atuiiikl  racaiva  prolavtioii  ami  aaMati 
aiKa  awl  ho  iwrinittad  to  ilaparl  without  innbMtalinu. 

But  aotwilliaianding  thia  treaty,  a  rvrtain  religiaaa 
awiaty  in  rt|iaili  contiiiuad  In  aaarrt  a  rliiini  W  llw 
whole  lurrilnry  to  whi<'h  Iba  nanw  nf  Florida  hod  beaa 
originally  appliail,  nnl  nnly  nn  llw  liiolini  nf  urinr  di» 
covery,  nut  by  virtue  nf  a  apm-i'il  grant  Irniii  uw  |M>pa| 
and  Uw  K«rria<in  lluit  wiu  iiiaintniiwtl  at  Aii|Ualiiia  ra 
carding  tha  Briliah  aallkininnl  u  an  eiiernnrbnwiil  ow 
Uwir  paaaeaaioiM,  endnavnrmi  by  every  act  of  iiiaidioua, 
ami  even  violent  iimlnatutinti,  loroinpal  the  colon»«la  la 
raliii'piiah  ttw  country.  Tb<>y  aani  aniiaaariea  anwiig 
Uw  aalllera  at  Aahlay  river,  in  the  hum)  of  moving  Uwia 
to  ravnit  I  tlwy  encanragad  indented  aervania  to  abaSi 
don  their  mulen,  ami  fly  lo  Iha  Hpaniah  torrilory  1  aad 
thay  kihoroti  ao  auccaaalblly  to  inalil  into  ttw  Mvaga 
tribea  Uw  moat  iinlhvnrable  iintinna  nf  Briliah  heralica 
that  theae  deluded  Indiana,  at  the  iiialigHlinn  of  a  pea 
pk,  whnae  treachery  ami  injualieo  Uwy  Iwil  ao  avnoi 
My  ai|wi1enced,  took  nrina  to  aitirpoto  a  race  whc  liaj 
never  ilOnred  them,  and  whoae  whole  deiiwanor,  m 
well  u  the  Hxnreaa  inatriictioiia  nf  Uwir  nilera,  indicated 
a  deaire  to  culUviite  IViamlly  ralalioiw  with  lh<>in.  Tlw 
coloniata  were  now  involved  in  a  anena  nf  lelior,  dan 
ger,  and  iniaery,  which  il  ia  impaaaiUa  lo  conlriiiphito 
withoiil  admiring  tha  energy  and  ewlnrance  wliich  bi^ 
man  beinga  era  capabla  uf  exerting.  KxcepI  a  very  few 
negroea,  who  hod  Men  imported  by  Yeamana  and  hia  ful 
lowan  l>om  Barbwioea,  there  were  no  other  lalwrara  but 
Kuropeana  in  ttw  colony  1  the  bml«  creation  coulil  iiol 
partake  oraiipply  human  labor  till  Uw  ground  bad  lieea 
diwncumlieTOil  nf  wnndi  and  tlw  weak  arm  of  iima 
alone  hod  to  encounter  llw  hnrdatiip  of  clearing  a  furnat, 
whoae  tbickiiHaa  aeenwd  In  bid  ileHiinee  to  hia  uliiioal 
atrenaUi.  The  mil  of  felling  ttw  large  and  luftv  triva, 
by  which  they  were  aurroiimlud,  wu  pcrroriniHl  by  llw 
coloniata  nniuir  ttw  diaanlving  heal  of  n  climate  In  which 
their  bodice  were  tntally  occuatoined,  and  ainidat  Uie 
terrora  nf  barlwroiia  eiwuiiea,  whoee  ailent  appranclwa 
and  abrupt  ouaulta  thev  could  nototherwiae  repej,  Umn 
by  kenpiiig  a  part  of  their  own  number  under  anna,  to 
protect  Uw  remainder  who  were  working  in  the  Ibreai, 
or  cultivating  the  apacea  that  had  Iwun  rinarud.     Tha 

•  llewll,  I.  M— Ml,  M  IlKWIt'a  Wdrk  v»i«  uiilili»liad  wHlKiliI 
tita  rurilu,  wlilcll  aoiite  wrltura  have  luclt  lltiw  it,  aliil  uUiiTa 
llowat,  Ulhera  have  concluilail,  from  tint  vartntlcm,  thai  tbnrt 
warn  two  writora  wluiae  itaniua  were  nearly  tho  aainn,  an* 
lnilh  nf  wliciiii  wmt«  hlaliirlaa  of  S.iulli  C»">''-t.  V'anli  pi  car 
riea  tlila  mmtako  atiii  iiirtr.er,  and  tn  iila  catalfixua  of  wnrki  ra- 
latlve  to  Ihia  alala,  eniimarataa  ihraa  hlatonaa  baarina  Iha 
•aiiie  lltia,  ona  liy  llawit,  ona  by  Howat,  anil  a  Ihlril  by  aa 
anonyinoiu  author.  Nor  la  thia  a  aulllary,  ur  even  a  rare  ii|w- 
clman  of  the  Inacuracy  i<l  hia  literary  caUlofuai.  Iiiilted 
nolhliif  can  be  nuira  alovenly  or  perpleilnx  than  the  manner 
in  ohii'h  •iilhiiritioa  hare  bvcn  cited  In  ilmoal  all  the  worke 
that  treat  at  Aniiiri.:an  hlitory.  Rvaii  tha  iiioal  correct  uf 
thain  liaver  acrupla  to  I'lta  the  aanio  authm,  111  one  ft'  — 
by  hia  nann,  and  In  anotlier  by  the  title  whlck  lila  watk  1 
wltUaiwalaf  ON 


Iln*i4  If  HMV 
mini  ttf  Mm 
inl<,  wImM4 
I  larriMff  M 
iw  rMOWtnl 

Ifaf  iirfH'**ttil» 
giiinl  [■ffi"ii» 
w«ii*  ii«Wi|ii» 
irh  •iM'ti  (in« 
Prior  lu  iti* 
'  AmvrH'it  IN 
III*  luriiMf 
MtiM  M  Um 
fn—ti'  »ihI 

l«l  IN  II.      At 

»•»»•  wmM- 
irttom  na<la(> 
rhkih,  MNiNig 
lu  iif  (irwil 
nf  M«*f»kflili 
•nil  noli  «M^ 
'  unjr  p*rt  w 
)>M»iMt  pa» 
r  nufM  la  Iw 
I  wu  alll  ul*^ 
niiwiil  •IhinM 
•iri,  wImi  Im'I 
liniM  in  AiiHf 
thni  ImiI  I'>hi|| 
riiHril  an)!  iin> 

Ixilh  iMlinM 
nitnlljr   frnf 

ri  III  iltaUrM. 
HIIOIIIW*  HIM 

i|iB(  viUwr  M 
nil  «iMt  »mii»r 
iiiiilmliitwu. 
rlHin  nlifimw 
I'lHini  M  Ih* 
iirld*  ImhI  Ima 

?:  of  prlai  lU^ 
mil  Uni  p*iMI 
Aii|iuliiM  n 
inmrhitM'iil  on 
:l  of  iiwidloiu, 
h*  oolonMi'  M 
MariM  •iiwiig 
r  inoviiif  Umin 
•flinu  lo  kbMli 
larrilnry  i  lad 

llo    llw  MVIf* 

ritiih  h«r<-il«i 

n(  »  |M« 

Iwil  w  ■■Mi 

riteo  win  liati 

ilaiiviuwr,  m 

\\»n,  iiklieiitmi 

Uwin.    'I'Im 

of  Ulmr,  linn 

cniiti-iii|il«to 

wliirh  hii> 

pt  >  »»ry  few 

uw  *imI  Iim  I'uI 

luborom  bin 

ion  eaulil  not 

iiiimI  linil  Ima 

linn  of  iimil 

iriiic  a  rurml. 

In  hu  iitiiiiMt 

III  lofty  troM, 

iinninl  liy  Ihs 

nwUi  In  wliii'h 

■iiiidit  llie 

^1  ■piiroarho* 

w  wpej,  Uinn 

ntl«r  anna,  to 

In  the  IbrHal, 

lonrail.    Th« 


lilUlwd  wiihoid 
A  It,  knd  utiirr* 
itlim,  that  thor« 
th0  •»m«,  an* 
V'ardi'ii  car 
la  uf  worki  ra- 
la  baarlna  Ih* 
a  third  by  U 
an  a  rara  'f- 
i|uaa.  Inilaad 
ji  tha  maiina 
,  all  iha  work* 
twi  corraci  of 
n  itn9  pi 
I  walk  I 


NORTN    ANmirA. 


Bv^aMMMo  (HiikMliw  ay  aMU  Of  aw^a  aavwHnpa  wvfv  ifi^ 
MMMljr  4>*»wr*H  uf  ilMiriijiail  kt  Ikaii  oHviiH**  I  and 
••  fMmnaaaw  «f  a  wImi)«  yvtt  •  NmI  •ialimli-'l  in  niM 
aifhl  ky  Hm  «l||nr  (ihI  rataiiiy  nl  IikIwh  il<-nr<'<l«liiin. 
I'lHiaM  4ialra«a»«  wwra  Mjtir««Mb»l  lif  lli«  iVcbUiMiM, 
Mpli«a««aa,  awl  III  kiiiunr  iit  miiiw  nf  llw  ro'iilly  ar- 
riya4  oiHltrtinia,  ami  liy  iIm>  niwlakaa  aial  ilnnpiiniat- 
iiMiNia  iiii>iN(  ftnirt  ifiHiriiwa  iif  ih«  |iMiuli«r  iiilliira 
ai**!  prniliW'M  ap|trfi|iii<ti*'  ta  ih*  afliil  «('  I'nrntiiia,  l« 
whirli  riirii|i»iiii  (mill  ami  '>IIii(h  pruti"!  iiltaily  iiit'iiil- 
alll**  Mil  iiiiifli  ili«-i»iilciit  iiml  iiiaHlMinliii  limn  waa 
priHliivail  lijr  llMiaii  r4liiuiiiii*a,  llwl  il  Maa  Milli  tin*  Hi- 
imMl  ililMi'ull)!  IImI  III*   intarniir  laukl    pravaal  llw 

{i«n|il«  iVuiH  alwmliiiiiiiv  ln«  a»iilviii»nt  An  iHaurra*- 
lon  oaa  anan  otriiml  by  I  'iil|»|ip«r,  anx  af  iha  pratla- 
•ml  ilritrara,  kail  II   w  la  aaallji  altlilirriMtiil  kf  llw  (0*«r- 

nar  i  awl  itw  f uilijr  wura  aiihar  iiiiblljr  paaliaiiil  at 
haiiwHaly  Ihriiivaii  la  innaHlvrBlMm  »t  ika  aitaary  la 
wliM>h  IMir  »inl«iiaa  waa  linpiilaal  Wklla  VMumna 
waa  atar  iu|  iMiMaalf  la  rnin|i(iaa  Ibaaa  4iaaril«ra,  llw 
Hpaniah  inrriaun  at  Aiiiiiaiinn,  rwaiviafl  inliirinaliun 
mm  Minw  hifiliya  avrtaiiuol'lha  colaaiakt,  of  Uw  awla 
of  liwir  allkira.  jutlgail  ibw  n  ntnpatiippurluailjr  loalrika 
« ilMUly*  libiw I  and  atrnnliafl)'  iwapnU'lMid  •  IMt^i 
«>k«  adyuiHwil  aa  ll«r  aa  llw  Uaail  nf  Ml.  Ilalana,  with 
lb*  imriiaa*  nf  ilialiHlfinfl  ordxalroyliit  Ik*  liihabitania 
of  Aahli^y  riyar.  Hut  ailbar  tliair  ronriiM  waa  diaiiro- 
|iarlioiwil  IB  Ihalr  aniinnaily,  or  lk*x  hadiiyarritladllM 
ditiaiuna  aiHonith*  >in|lwfi  ciilutilau i  fur  baliifjainad 
by  only  OHM  Iriulnr  nf  llw  iianw  iift'ilapalrirb,  anil  Uirn- 
liif  tiMl  Vaanmiw  waa  nnl  only  prvparad  ta  racaiy* 
IIm'Iii,  hut  bad  avnl Colonel  liodlVvy  with  a  iiiin)'  h(  llfty 
voliliitaara  to  allnxk  tlivin  in  Hi.  Ilvlfiia,  lli«x  did  not 
wuil  llw  anrniiNlar,  hut  oyai'uuling  tlw  laland  rrlrratrd 
lo  tlii>ir  i|iiarlKra  at  Aiigualinn.  Tlw  ninra  Itiriiinlahla 
haatilitioa  n(  llw  Iniliaii*  wi'rc  i|ii«lk'd  Tor  a  tinir,  nuitljr 
by  llw  ailtlrraa  aiul  rnm  iliiilinii  of  Vaninaiia,  bill  rnintly 
by  a  war  wbirb  liraki  nut  Iwlwrvn  iwo  or  llwir  own 
priilri|ial  tribxa,  llw  Miinlimaaiid  tlw  Maranaa,  ami  wbwb 
waavurri'il  nil  witb  aiH'li  ili'alrucllya  t\ny,  tlwl  la  llw  and 
tl  nrnvail  I'lilal  In  iholll  linlh. 

II07:I.J  lliirini  tlw  adiiiinla«ratinn  of  HIr  John  Yaa- 
luaua,  tha  cnliiiiy  raraiyrd  n  |r«at  udililion  lo  ila  alntiiflh 


IVoui  Iba  Dulrb  a«lllHiiii>nl  of  Nova  Ualfia,  wliii'h  Iwd 
n  c( 

'.U0 

llwr  Janwa,  who  cban(»d  ila  nnnin  lo  N«w  York  i   and 


lalal 
boan  coiii|n«rad  by  (,'aluiwl  Nirbola,  and  iiwda  aubjaii 
lo  Kill  land.  rlMrwa  Uw  Hwoiid  baalowad  it  on  hia  bro- 


aaaaa  wkalayar  nf  aumplMHl  aiaiiwl  iIwm 
aiwl  nf  Uw  yaar  Itffll,  a  ilalil  uf  away  IbaiwaiMl  pniiinla 
bad  haaa  INiurrad  ih  ihia  awnnar,  ay  Ika  robiuwla  i« 
iki'  |>rn|>ri*ia>»"i  awl  yil  ilicy  ■aliaiiril  f>»li  aiiiijilKa, 
williniil  WiHg  akl*  In  bIiiiw  Imiw  tlia  lala  or  Ilia  I'liiiira 
■«%priM*>a  war*  a%ar  In  lia  raiH  liuraarfi  awl  111  alliiiliMf 
In  iha  aavarily  *(  tlw  haiiMiipa  tha^  bad  uiHfariniw, 
Ihay  ramplainad  af  naflrrt,  and  ItialMuatril  rr|iri>'i<  h 
'I'lw  praprlvlarWa  war*  atravtlKmly  |irn*iikKil  awl  ill* 
(iiaird  wilh  Una  r**ulli  and  Ifcair  ■ImiiijioiiiIiiiiiiI,  run 
■  Miriiii  Willi  Uw  Kuirb  war,  rvndrrail  llwlr  rnrrraimn 
ilanra  witk  Ik*  anloiiy  marli  k»a  l>r<|u«iil  iban  Iwhir* 
Wllliim  liawayar  to  anrniiraaa  Ih*  a«ltk>ra  who  had 
Ulaly  ainifialail  uw  Naw  lark.  [I<I74  ]  llwy  aaal 
awiUwr  aupply ,  an.l  |irumia*d  an  annual  on*  i  hiil  w  ilhal 
WMNad  tha  plaulara  to  aoaaidar  kaw  Uwaa  ailyaiw-aa 
wara  la  ka  l*|miil,  aiiwa  Ui*y  wara  now  ilvtarMiiwd, 
Ihay  dacland,  la  iiiak*  no  mora  daaparal*  dabla.  "  |l 
ninal  ka  a  bad  anil,"  Uwy  aba«r«ad,  "  Uwt  will  nM 
nwlnlain  ladiialrloua  nian,  ar  wa  inual  ba  vary  allly  dial 
wuuU  HMiniain  tlw  idU."  Tlwy  iraiwniitlMl  at  Uw 
aaaw  Unwa  larga  aaaortuwnl  of  tin«a  mid  oUi"!  uaafUl 
planki.  ^ml  aani  oul  a  uuudwr  nf  man  who  war*  ar. 
nuainwd  wllb  tlw  uwnafanwnt  uf  Ihani  i  hut  lliry  ra 


nnl  lo  anrnuraaa  (raai«ra  but  plaulara  i 
aiul  llwy  alroiuly  racninnwiHlad  tha  niliitaiinn  uf  In- 
baaro,  llll  niari  Iwnalkial  alaiil*a  rniild 


by  Uw  priidi'Hi!*  and  inildiwaa  of  llw  Ural  fovrrnor 
wbnin  Ml  appnintnd,  aacmni'ilad  for  a  wliila  in  racnnrll- 
i^  Iha  inhiikiluiita  In  tha  rhaiiga  of  aiu|ilrii.  Iliil  vari- 
oua  cireuiii'taiK-i-a  bud  •iiliH>i|iii'iitly  (H'riirrHil  In  raliilar 
tha  Uiikib  diacoiili'nti'd  w  ith  tlmir  iiili'ri'il  ■iiiiiitinii,  iind 
many  af  Uwni  had  rnriiicil  Iba  iiitrntinn  uf  miiiuving  to 
aonin  other  pruyiiica;  whi'ntlHi  prnprirlarii'a  of  Caro- 
lina, iiiidi-ralandinir,  or  aiitiripiiliiig  tlwir  dralgn,  and 
avar  on  tlw  wutrb  lu  prniiinlu  cniiiniliun  lo  thair  own 
pnlaUnate,  praviiilad  willi  llirni  liy  ('iiruurii|iii|(  oflart 
lodirml  llwir  ruunw  ihitlivr,  and  ai'iil  two  of  thair  own 
vaaaala,  which  I'oiivoyad  ii  iiiiinlier  of  Itutch  faniiliea  to 
f'barlcalown.  Hti-phvu  Uiill,  Uw  aiirtvyur-aaiwrul  of 
lh«  colony,  had  inaiructiona  to  alloculo  laiida  on  Uw 
aauUi-wcal  aid*  of  Aalili>y-rivar  fur  llwir  uvcoinuiuda- 
linn!  nndh<>r«  iIih  Iliilrh  I'liilKrunla,  liaviiiM  drawn  luu 
Alt  thair  poaavaainiia,  liiriiKil  u  Inwii,  whicli  waa  callvd 
iaiuaalown.  Tbia  Aral  rvaort  nf  lllllcb  axlUiira  tn 
Carolina,  opan,>d  a  cupioua  flow  uf  aiiiiaration  to  the 

Crovinco  i  for,  havina  aurniaunled  iiicnMlibla  bardahina 
)  their  iinliDiica  aiuTindualry,'  the  auwraaful  eatiiblian- 
meul  which  Uwy  obtaineil,  induced  many  of  Uwir 
countrynion  in  ancient  Belgia,  at  a  aubaeqiient  period, 
lo  follow  Uwui  to  the  weatcrr.  world  Thn  inliabitania 
af  Jaawalowo,  al  leni^th  Hndiiii  ita  precincta  loo  nar- 
row for  Uieir  (rowing  nuuuwra,  brgan  to  apread 
Uiemaeiyea  over  tba  proviiica,  Ull  Uw  town  by  degreea 
wna  entirely  daaerted. 

Till*  propriotariaa  had  hitherto  aupplieil  Iha  wanta  of 
Ihe  rnluniala  with  an  unaparin( hand i  inaoniiieh  Uwl  il 
waa  h^  their  ample  and  aeaaonabki  conainmenlt  of 
proviaiona  and  oUier  alorea,  that  the  aetueiiwnt  had 
mure  lluui  once  been  anntcbed  from  Uw  brink  of  do- 
•Iruction.  Bui  their  patience  waa  not  proporUoned  to 
Iheir  liberality ;  in  Uie  eipectaliona  they  formed,  of 
apeedv  emuluineiil  and  grateful  regard,  tney  omitted  to 
•^naidar  tha  eircumatancca  for  which  they  had  oo  liber 
ally  provided ;  and  totally  forgetting  Uie  iiijuatica  and 
imprudence  wiUi  which  they  hod  hurried  ofT  great 
number*  uf  helnlto*  ahilUeaa  men,  to  a  acena  yvhera 
Ihey  eouM  only  encounter,  diatiirb,  and  encourage 
Uie  more  uaelVil  monibi>ra  of  the  community,  thoy 
were  itroiiKly  oiid  vicliialvely  iinpreaaed  wiUi  the  largp- 
iwaa  uf  Uieir  own  pecuniary  aacrilicea,  which  aeenied 
to  givu  Uwin  i\iU  waauraiice  Uiat  the  coloniiti  had  no 


niaad  an  application  for  a  atwk  uf  callla,  ahaarving  ilwl 
■  if 
Ira 
tiaaro,  iiii  mora  Dvnaiwiai  aiaiiiaa  mniii  ii« 
Mutual  jaaloiwly  and  diaaatianirliuii  bagaii  iinw  Uiarw* 
h*lw*«n  Uw  prnnriatnriaa  and  Ih*  rolnniata,  and  ani- 
bitlarad  Uw  whole  nf  Ibvir  ftitiir*  Inlarcoiinr.  Hut  a 
uaafiil  laaaiin  waa  ron«ayad  lo  tha  people  by  Ih*  cir- 
riiiiialancaa  which  ihua  oinilniaked  thair  ralianea  nn  fii- 
reign  aiippnit,  and  anieread  Uwir  dapenihinea  on  thair 
own  uiiiuaialed  eaertiona.  The  proprialarieaaarrilieil 
Ih*  uii|irndu<'byaneaa  uf  Uw  culiiny,  and  Iha  povarly  nf 
It*  inhiibiianu,  lo  Uw  miagoyernuwnl  nf  Hir  Juhii  Vaa- 
niina,  who  in  tha  oommancHnient  nf  ihia  yenr  had  lwi>n 
fureed  h^  III  haallli  lo  realan  hia  command,  and  try  tn 
rvpiiir  hia  eonaUlntion  In  narlMideaa,  where  he  i|iiirkly 
fniiiHl  a  grave.  Ill)  Ikclion*  and  conl^ainn  in  whirli 
tba 
tlw 

runaiateni,  and  obacurrd,  with  an  aliiina'l  inipanelrabla 
cloud,  lb*  r**l  charaolara  af  own,  and  the  aoniwi'tlon 
of  *v*iit*.  Y*l  ■niidal  eanflieling  lealiinoniea,  I  am 
■Ironj^ly  inclined  M  balbiye  that  tneae  cbargea  of  Uw 
propriatariea  againal  Mir  John  VeamaiM  were  uiijiial, 
and  ciUwr  llw  cflUaiona  of  anl*«u  and  diaa|ipoiiiliiienl, 
nr  (mora  probably)  Ih*  artflil  auf^gaatinn  ul  iiii  apolugy 
for  Ihe  body  of  ina  coloniala,  with  whom  il  wna  nut 
ciinvanient  fl>r  Uwin 


I  ruloiiy  waa  akordy  after  involved,  have  r»ndi<rad 
I  Biinala  nf  ikta  perioil  eitremely  parpleiing  and  ili- 


quarrel  irrecaucilnbly.  Tlw 
real  offence  of  Veinan*  aaema  In  have  Iweti  hia  ea^i>r- 
naaa  10  procure  ample  •iipniiea  IVnin  llw  proprieia- 
riaa  I*  Ina  cnlmiiatai  a  pulley  which,  while  the  pro- 
ftlalwia*  ware  deturmiiM'd  lo  diacourage,  they  ware 
Mtanly  Inlereated  to  view  and  repreaeiii  aa  In*  con- 
oeqiMaea  of  hia  own  niol-adininialralinn.  When  he 
abdieatad  hi*  einee,Uw  council  again  appointed  Joaeph 
Weal  hi*  aiMaaaaor;  and  un  Ihia  aecaaien  the  palatine 
thought  proper  to  eauArm  Iha  popular  eholee,  with 
iiwny  comphnwnt*  lo  Ih*  objaci  of  II,  wliioh,  however 

Sratuiioua  al  lb*  lima,  wer*  amply  juaUfied  by  Ihe  pra 
«nca  and  auecea*  of  hi*  adminialratiou. 

From  Iha  aflaira  of  Uw  aoiiUiem  colony,  wa  muil 
now  Iranafer  our  Mention  for  a  little  to  the  northern 
aelUement  of  Albemarle.  The  aanie  inaUructiona  whicli 
had  been  coinmiinicnted  lo  Hnyle,  in  Uw  year  III70, 
wer*  tranamitted  la  Hievena,  the  governor  of  AllMiniirli' 
al  tha  aame  periad;  but  a  ayatem,  pregnant  with 
innovaliona  ao  unfkvourahle  to  Ihe  inlvreal*  of  IVee- 
dom,  wo*  received  with  dioguat  and  even  deriaion,  by  a 
people  who  were  no  more  diapooed  lo  give  their  con- 
aeni  to  Uie  lUndnmenlal  conaUtution*  than  the  propri. 
etarie*  bad  been  to  demand  il.  The  promulfaliou  of 
thi*  inatnimeni  produced  no  other  effecl  Uian  to  eneite 
Iba  moat  inveterala  jaalonaly  of  Iba  deaigiw  of  the  pro- 
priatariea I  till,  in  procei*  of  Um*,  it  canw  to  ba  roportad 
and  believed,  that  thoy  had  flinned  Iha  purpoaa  of  par^ 
liUoning  tha  province,  and  bealowing  Aloeroarle  on  Hir 
William  llerkeloy  aa  hi*  portion  of  Um  whole.  Thi* 
apprehenaion,  though  perfectly  gronndleai,  prevailed  ao 
atronfly,[l075,]  that  at  length  Uw  ooaeinbly  of  Albe- 
marle preaenteo  a  renionatroiice  to  the  proprielarie* 
againal  a  meoaiire  which  they  declared  to  be  no  le** 
iniuriou*  to  individual*  than  degrodiiif  to  Ihe  conntty. 
Though  thi*  ramautranee  wu  anawered  in  a  eonelliat. 
ing  manner  by  the  proprietariea,  who  iraeionaly  eon- 
feaaed  that  they  had  been  wanting  in  attention  to  the 
peoplu  of  Albemarle,  and  aolamnly  promi*ed  to  pra- 
•erve  Ihe  integrity  of  the  provinee,  tne  dieoontenta  or 
Iha  ooloniat*  wera  too  daepfy  rooted  to  ba  Ihu*  ea*Uy 


l.li'M  a«h*<h*tlnn  w«a  datlaatl  I 
i>ri  taiwnof  iii../a  IV><|w*ni  Mlvnlianalkum 
|iiilii'  V  bad  k«<  itHW  Ik*  ulija»l  »f  InenraW*  MMf  lalaM* 
J>aliill«  mill  iBiyailnry  a|il|ll,Mklliy  |i«aaaaal«n  at 
llll  riiiwla  III  Ih*  |iaii|il*,  waa  al  l*H|lh  riaalirialai,'  liM 
aeiii.iiianki  aa  liiMliI*  lu  aHliMriliiniliiin.  aa  lnv  licit**  •>t 
llie  priitirwiiiriaa  waa  r*pii|iiaiil  In  lifwriy  rnta  thia 
|ii>riiHl  di*  biaiiiry  nf  llv  narlkern  |irntitM'V,  i  -»  •  a«rl*a 
«r  yaara,  la  iMtiiKad  in  aiirb  i  nnllianm  ami  mniradw. 
liiin,  Ihal  II  la  luiiiinaibl*  In  ramlvr  II  Inlaraaliiig.  and 
ihlllrnll  In  nial..-  It  rtan  IHIellifihl*  I'linlMwra.  Uw 
Niiial  airiirni*  ul  ,<•  bialmiana.liaa  Iwan  ani'i  >*il,  by  bla 
•  to  Uw  mut  aathaiilw  aaurraa  af  iiilnriiialiun.  ta 
raetliy  Iba  niialak**  af  oUwr  wrll*rar«a|wi'tiHg  Ik*  aa* 
lura  and  ardara  nf  Uw  (WUawinflavanlai  kwt  iuw  fimnd 
It  ullarly  IwpraeUeaklt  ka  a**o«M  far  Uwnt '  1 1  idwppily 
tk*y  kava  baaa  lavolyad  in  Ik*  d*a|M-r  rnnflMiun,  l>nm 
kaiafl  eaanaekni  la  aanw  dear**,  with  Uw  vial*al  bul 
UHolaady  and  myawrioiw  pulitira  of  l.aril  HlwlWahMiy, 

Hharlly  after  Uw  ramanatranre  by  th*  aaaenilily  of 
Albainarw,  Milbr,  a  paraou  iif  aoiiw  ruuaidaratinn  !• 
Uw  Ravine*,  w*aai'rHa*d  nf  actliliuM  i  and  hatliif  b**B 
aaoniUad,  iMilwiUwiaiiding  Uw  groaai'ai  irr*gularll* 
•nd  imualir*  in  inndurling  hia  trial,  b*  uriwamla) 
lu  Kngland  le  mniiilain  to  th*  prnpriatarUa  of  iha 
iraalaMni  Iw  bud  uiiJargun*.  Hlaphaiw  iha  gnvariiar 
dwd  aoan  afUri  *nil  Uw  aaavmlily  niaila  rkou'*  of 
Carlwrigbl  to  aHcoavd  hiin  till  urilara  ahnuU  bu  ra< 
calved  nnm  Knglaiiili  liul  llila  innn,  after  a  akurl  *!• 
tempi  In  cnnduct  tha  adinikiatraliun,  wa*  oa  diaguakMl 
with  tha  dialraeliona  Uwl  prevailed  aruiind  him,  tnal  ka 
alwndoned  th«  cnlnny  allngatlwr  and  ralurnod  la  t',tif^ 
kind,  [  lltTH, )  whilhar  he  waa  accnmimniad  by  Kaa^ 
rhurvh,  a  man  whoa*  aildrvaa  and  akililiea  had  ralaad 
bini  lu  the  dignily  nf  apvakvr  nf  Uw  aaa«mbly,  and  wIm 
wiu  dapiili'd  III  ri'praaent  lo  tha  prnpri*lari*a  Ihe  eilat> 
ilig  atale  nf  III*  prnvinrii,  Thn  prnprlatiirira  ronra|y> 
Ing  a  fkvuuriilila  npininn  uf  Kiiali'liurib,  iip|ininli'il  bim 
governor  of  Allwiiiuria  i  uiul  alrniigly  ilianp|iro«ing  tba 
traalinent  that  Miller  bud  raralvail.  gave  hiiii  aa  a  tuiiH 
penaation  the  aWce  of  aerri'lary,  tn  wbirh  l.uril  Hhaf- 
leabury  added  a  depiitalinn  uf  hia  prnprixlary  flinrtluli*. 
Tlw  coinmlaainiwra  nf  ih*  cuatnniaaiipuinteil  Miller, al 
the  aaiiw  Iinw,  the  Ural  rolbicler  nf  iliean  dniiea  in  thn 
pruviiH'e.  Tlw  prnprielariea  had  nliarrvid  with  rihn 
aaliaDH-tiun  how  tiUle  Uwir  dealgiia  hiid  Imipii  pinnioled, 
or  llwir  inairiictluna  raapected liy  llw  provincial  govirn* 
ineiit.  They  bad  ■igiiilied  Uwir  dvairn  lu  have  aetlli^ 
m«nla  fiiniwd  lo  Uw  aoiiihwanl  of  Allwmarla  auund 
and  a  cninniuiiiratlun  by  kind  ealabUabetl  with  tha 
auiilliprn  inlnny.  Hut  tbia  achanw  had Iwen obatnicled 
by  III*  gnvernor  and  rnuncil  of  Albemarle,  who  had  en* 
(rinaeir nearly  the  whole  of  Ihe  trniln  with  the  neigh- 
niiriiig  Iniliaua,  and  Jiially  apurebi  ndeil  Ihnt  the  e«t*a 
aiun  of  the  at'ltlenwiita  woiilil  divert  tbia  prolllalilo 
irrilfio  inlu  nlher  lianila.  The  proprietariea  bad  no  leaa 
vainly  endaavnreit  lo  alter  ibe  cbniinvl  nf  the  furelga 
trade  of  the  coloniata,  and  tn  aubatitute  a  direct  iukir> 
couroa  with  Britain  fur  the  diaadvnntageouiianimarea 
tn  which  they  bad  rratricted  themaelve*  with  N*w 
Kngliind,  whooa  trader*,  peneiralinif  Into  the  inferior 
nf  the  provineu,  and  bringing  Uieir  gnoda  to  efwiy 
man'a  door,  had  obtained  a  inonnpuly  nf  thn  prudiica 
of  Albemarle,  and  hablliialed  the  piniilera  to  a  trallia 
which  Ihay  prefiirred,  on  oceoiinl  uf  ila  enw  and  *ii» 
plicity,tn  the  aiiperior  emolument  of  more  dietani  com 
merrial  Iranaartiona.  It  wna  hoped  by  lliu  propri*la 
rlea  that  nn  important  alteralinii  in  bulb  Ibeae  partieu 
lara  would  be  elTecUid  by  the  liiairiirtiona  which  they 
now  commuuicated  to  Koatchiirch  nnil  Miller.  [11177.] 
Tbeae  olDcera  departed  lo  lake  poaaeaalon  of  their  ra- 
apeciiva  offlcea)  but  Kutchiirrh.  finding  an  opporlu 
miy  of  making  a  wealthy  inarrinire  in  Ibe  Weal  Indie*, 
thought  it  prudent  to  reniiin  there  till  hi*  object  waa 
aceouplibbed,  and  deapiitihed  hia  companion  with  dt- 
recliona  lo  govern  Ihe  colony  aa  preaident  till  ha  him- 
•alf  ahould  arrive. 

Aa  chief  magiatrate  and  eolleelor  of  Iha  royal  eu* 
torn*,  Miller  waa  received  with  a  bellow  civirily  aa/ 
treacheroui  acquieacence,  of  which  he  becanw  Ih*  ilupa 
and  the  vicUm.  Not  aware  bow  unacceptable  hia  aii> 
Ihority  waa  lo  a  eonaidernble  party  among  tba  aelllori^ 


■  " Such,"  aaya  Ihia  writer,  "la  the  early  hlilory  of  North 
Carolina,  which  la  prubalily  aa  Important  and  Inalructlva  aa  tha 
annaU  of  Iha  moat  renowned  alatea  of  anlli|uitr.  If  we  de- 
duct from  them  tha  Ofraaabl*  fab.aa  with  which  ihalr  aloquanl 
author*  have  adorned  Ihem."  P.  MO.  Hewll  daclaraa  thai  Ih* 
traaaacllona  of  eummanwaallli'i  In  Ihalr  Infkncy  are  aa  Inla- 
reallni  to  Ihe  morallat  aa  tha  vafatallon  of  planta  ki  aprinf 
la  to  the  natural  phlloao|iher :  a  acntlnient  wlilrh,  whatever 
Juatico  it  may  bu  tnuuf^ht  lo  iHtaaeaa,  ta  totally  Inappllrnhta  to 
tha  nnnala  of  a  p«>riud  dialurWd  by  civil  coiniiiullniia,  <li<»tltnta 
Of  letlara,  and  iibacurad  by  Inconalatant  tradilloria.  Iha  off 
■print  of  contandinn  fBCttoB*  and  reci|irocal  rancor. 


I 


TIIR  MIITflHV  or 


iifoiiiil  4mm  *■  mttktmffm  trnnk  »t  *■ 

Al>l«WI»<  MMr  AtM^I  MM*  lkttl4Mfl**k  'I'lM 
Wkti  «»•••  ^  INM  Ml  HOillliilillwM*  iMrf^  I  rti*  IN** 
Mw,  imrfM  wlM*l>  4Mrrt|MMa  »Ma  »»i»i|iwlwiiil»i4  *U 
ItM  WMkiMf  iMWi*  IVmM  atlMMI  M  liily  ••••*  af  •«•, 
■  ■■llllll«|  MI>T  I*  IWnMMN  fc««llUl»4  I  MM  ■•••  llMf<4  n( 
SMSB  BBNIfl  PwWi^"BW  Sf  vH^RMMpi  NVfTVVVf  ANN  wItWWI*. 


MtMi  MMtor  Im4  %mm  ImiiiiiX  k«  *•  |>MrfMMU 

I*  MWMM.      VMWpMWlMt  k*  ••JT  t^lad  |MM*»t,  <H|4 

MMMMaa  aaMlMf  ■•  nfiMuml  nMmM  abttii*  hm 
HM  trfvMMM*  sf  MfntMUr.  *!•  MM  ••mnaufwi  Ik* 
irwii  af  wftn— lti»  wMli  •  ImiWim  uM  i«|w«Hmw 

I  llM  ■fHT»IW<l  •■tVVTMi  AaflMMNr*.       lU  Wl 

mImA  mi4  P<M<Mf«  )M^.  wrth  MHM  wktinry 
■  tif  ■•«•€  I  ImM  Ik*  tMk  mi  whMi  Ma  aari 


waa  ra- 
al«r 


HmNv  m)M  WW  an  aMaMM  f<  prnaMla  a  mara  itiiOTi 
Im4*  wMi  Brtlatii  anrf  wlik  riia  aihuf  rntaniaa,*  In  <>r 
4*r  la  ^Mlrajr  llw  manapaljr  tn\ay>\  hjt  iha  in<l«n 
■f  Naw  KintaiHl,  arliam  Ma  praprWtarta*  raf  unloii  m 
IwaMaai  ri«ala,aiHi  ilaiMt«raua  *«mnlm  nf  Ina  |H>a|)l* 
•f  CtnitM.  \\  l»n|4i,  on  Ui*  •iraalmaM  nf  •  fit<K 
Kll|la«d  tn4ar  wka  wh  a»aaai<  af  mniflaliny,  aa  ii»- 
Mmaltaat  kraka  Ibrth  amoaa  tiw  •aiitara  nrl*aM)Ma- 
laMlIb,  aaa  af  dia  dUlrkIa  of  Alhamafh  i  *N4|  Iha  Nanui 
yiialil;  apraaJ  lhrnii«h  III*  whola  ralanx.     Ttw  inmt- 

CM*  wara  rkiafl)  mtailtriKil  hjr  ralpappar,  who  hail 
naariy  aullwl  <MimnM4teMa  In  Ika  •anlamont  nf  Aatf 
la]r-rl*ar,  and  «Imm«  aipariatira,  in  Mima  «ni«rpri«>«, 
•aaiw  la  hava  (tinnad  hw  mla  rarammawlnliiin  lo  Iha 
I  af  kia  prawnl  iumm-Uih*.  A*  iha  (nv>rnm»ni 
i  HO  Jtowor  rupuliU  nf  wilhal  imhna  Ihain,  Ihnjr 
••an  aeiiulrail  Mn<ll>|iMiail  pnawMion  nf  ina  miintrv  i 
•nd  kaTinf  itapnaail  lb«  pra^iilxiii,  who  wiw  Iha  I'hixf 
•li||acl  of  tnair  Iwligiialinn,  iIh<x  rmnniillail  htm  nml 
•aian  at  Iha  nniprtvlarjr  Uapnliaa  la  nriann.  'I'hry 
•ahwd  ika  rnyiH  ravanua,  anioiinling  In  inn>«  UmiiimimI 
paaailt,  wbiiih  Ulay  apprupmiltxl  In  Iha  atip|i»n  itt  llw 
ravolli  Ihay  aauMUhml  rciurti  nf  yfiwm,  •|ipiilMli>d 
•iRaara,  eunvokml  a  |HirUitinanl,  iilAirlvil  piiuialihiiMila 
an  til  who  pruaiiiniid  In  ii|i|inM  Ihi'iii,  nnil,  I'lir  Mvnral 
faan,  atuRiMwl  Iho  ■iilhnrily  nf  an  iiiili>p»iii|«iil  |n- 
varnmanl.  \»  \\vt»  hml  liovn  nn  piitniiilx  iif  a  ri>viill 
WMacowpauwd  liy  »  \n.\n\(at,\H,  iIm  liihiiliilimu  nf  l*aii- 
qaaMnlia,  In  cniilarimly  wilh  lliia  u»ii|r,  had  rnni' 
nMMad  liiair  inaiirncliunnrx  priH'mdin|>,  by  piililiah- 
irg  •  faabla  OitMluiMriintiHi'illiin,  aniillml  a  raawn- 
Itiawi  la  IIU  p«iyh  iff  AammnrU.  in  whirh  Ihxy  rniii- 
plainad  of  niiUijr  tinproHinni,  whieh  diKjr  iiiipiili<d  lo 
Millar,  and  daelarad  Ilia  ohjcii  Ihay  had  in  tirw  lo  \m 
IIm  aaaanUing  of  a  Oaa  purliiiiiirnl,  ihrnugh  whoMi  In- 
■WUHMalalily  Iha  guititMon  n(  Iha  cuiinlry  miflhi  ba 
rapraaanladln  Uw  propiialuriat.  Tha  MilMiHiiitinl  eon- 
diiai  of  Iha  inaiurfanU,  bowavar,  danioiulr*l«d  rrry 
claaily,  bow  lilila  of  raid  dafaranca  Iha  pniprirliiriM 
•novad  wilh  diani  i  A>r,  on  Iha  nrrivil  nf  Kaalrliiirrh, 
[ion,]  U>  whon  eoiiMiliMlan  ami  nindiirl  nu  uhjoe- 
Tion  coiiM  ba  nMda,  Ihay  daridml  liia  aiidiorily,  and  d»- 
nwd  kiln  obadlnnca.  Ma  applied  fur  aMulanra  lo  Iha 
aavarnmaul  af  Virginia  l  bul  divd  of  vauliuu  liefura  a 
luiea  aulBaianl  for  nia  purpoaa  could  ba  aaaaiubiad. 

AlUr  Iwo  yaara  of  •uccmaAil  mvoll,  Iha  liuiir(«iiu 
■pprahtiMva  of  an  invanion  IVoiu  Virginia,  ilaapaiclivd 
Uuipeppar  and  llolden  lo  Kiigland,  [III7U,]  lo  olTar 
aubmiiMon  In  Iha  propriolariai,  on  condiliiin  of  lliair 
paat  procamlinga  baingraliliml,  and  Millar  dnciarad  and 
Iraalad  aa  a  dJinqiMnt     Thia  unforluimla  pruaidant. 

*  Ttffttila,  fnimhnr  itttiiittnn,  mlfht  have  abuirtwil  tha  whola 
of  Ihia  tralllr  (il  whk-ll  alia  tb<<n  ,*it]oyea  imly  a  vcrv  tnronal- 
aiirabla  piirtliin.  Hut  in  iiarriiw  wera  tlia  eoiiirno^-Mil  vi*<w« 
by  whIrh  aha  waa  ^ovornml,  llitt  two  )(i>ara  altnr  tlua  jNTtiMl 
•ha  paaaad  a.  t-*.  pmliiMtlCf  "tha  lrii|Hirtatl"ii  '*f  ttrf>a(-t-o 
friNa  Carulll^     u  '•   "  wl  baati  rimiij  vary   tircjiiillLial."     I.awa 


ItM  a«>l  »tk«r  •HMaaia,  what  bad  taagalallpd,  maanwhilit 
in  ItafnaMnmaM,  katMig  tWaad  ntvaaa  lo  aaaapa,  a^ 
paarad  M  rnaland  al  Ika  aMW  Maai.  I  !•<•«.  I  and  MM 
Iha  'nnria  and  Iha  nanan  with  anrnplainia  af  ihait  »»■ 
aallkrmfa,  .ind  a«*Haatl»na  af  Ihaif  pafaarHfoa  ||  iha 
pfaptMitMiiaw  aaald  haaa  « a  am  rati  la  art  wtlh  ilariatwa, 
and  in  I'ntifWnailv  ai*h  Ihalr  awit  Haimna  af  'lalil.  II 
aaa  iha  «ani|il««nl  af  iMa  laMar  party  thai  wuhIiI  (InMh^ 
baa  kaya  ;ir«y«d*d  aiA  Ihont.  Ilul  whila  ihay  bra^ 
lalad  la  amkrod  tkannaKaa  iiraaanadakly  widi  iha  r» 
liinwii,  IkaM  par plaiHy  waa  Iwraaaail  ky  Ika  anaearagiN 
aiaM  whiak  WkaWaakMrT  IkangM  propaf  M  ailand,  Ml 
Ika  Maai  apaa  Manual,  in  rwlpapiiaf  ThIa  aniarpft» 
lag  pahMaMa,  wka  aaa  naw  daapfy  angagad  W  kla  laM 
r««aM«anary  pralaala. and  wkaaa  laaoiM  aipanil  af  ika 
papalar  aama  In  VngMnd  kad  phaad  Mm  al  larlaaaa 
wm  aama  af  ika  kiawar  prap? lalarlaa,  alalaly  Mw  ikM 
I'alpappaf  jfmmmmlmt^  Ika  lanHdiinn  af  *a  paapla  of 


la,  waa  •apakla  af  kaaammg  an  aaaAil  fnali» 
MaM  In  *a  piaalnaa,  and  Ikal  MWar,  Ma  awlanl  d» 
•aft,  waa  nMarIp  nnAl  la  land  Mm  *mj  um/uuuru. 
I'alpappaf,  *aa  pawatAiMy  <  HiMananinid,  aaanwd  «l 
h*«a  pra«ailad  avar  hia  apfiiinaaia,  and  waa  pfapanng 
M  ramm  la  CaraHna,  whan  ha  waa  aaaaaad  h«  Ika  torn- 
aitaitaniw  af  rtia  rualama  (al  Iha  prHala   inallgallna. 


prohaM*,  tt(  Ika  palaluia,  and  alkart  »(  Ika  pra- 
irwa,)  of  Iha  ollkacaa  af  afllng  aa  ragarliir  will^ 
aal  diair  aulharily,  and  af  amhaaaling  Ika  king'a  |» 

•aaaal    In   ika 


III  tha  yaar  IMI,  tha 


i:; 


variior  rit  VIrKiiila, 
ilt'claraa  that 


af  VIrflnIa,  a.  IIT. 

WTllliif  to  Iha  BniUah  euinmiiKa  of  colontaa, 

acanalna  (I  inaan   tha   north   part  nf  It)  alwnya  waa    and 

ta  tha    ainll  of  Ainanca,  ilia  rafii^a  of  our  renafailooa,  ami 

•II  In  hattar  nrdar,  dainKToua   to  ui"     llalJ  Papara,  apwl 

Cllalmi^ra,  IM. 

t  Tliia  iniurrmrllaii,  II  will  ba  ramarkail,  bnika  out  bul  a 
law  monlha  aflarlhn  aupprotalofl  of  B.iroii'«  riUlll.m  In  Vir- 
■Ilia-  Mill  no  roaaai  thai  haa  haan  a  /ar  auppoaad  balwaan 
biM  lao  avanla 


prialariaa, )  > 
aal  diair  an 

yaaua.  Ma  waa'  aataad 
liiwna,  nmlar  a  warram  IVam  ika  piWy  mnnrili  ami 
hia  raaa  liaing  relbrrad  M  ika  rammiMaa  af  plaalaliana, 
Iha  praprwiaiiM  na  jangar  aamplad,  nat  liidaad  I'niiH 
IN  ikiraiipy  rafliaa,  In  ronia  Ibrward  aa  hia  arraaarai  in 
i'iinaM|ii«nta  nf  whwh,  Iha  niparl  af  Iha  rammlllao  Im- 
iiaarkad  Mm  nal  only  of  aMiwaaWmanlof  Iha  rnalonta, 
iHilaf  iMVIni  prawMMad  arakallian  In  Ika  piBirinea.  |i 
waa  •■  «sia  mr  him  la  arkni>wMga  iha  liwla,  and  kag 
fbr  marry,  or  al  Iraal  dial  ka  Migkl  ha  aani  Har  Irial  lo 
t!arollaa,  whara  iha  nlM-nna  kaaibaan  rammllladi  hia 

KwarfVd  araaaara  wara  daWiMlMid  M  wraah  dia  u|. 
maai  ran^nra  an  m  dariaa  an  appanaM  uf  biglH- 
nMla  •nlkorilvi  and  br  rlrliia  afaalalnhi  af  Uanry  Uia 
lilgblh,  wkirh  anartaj  dial  forvign  Iraaaana  inigkl  Im 
Irlad  In  I'.Mlaad,  ha  waa  hrangkl  M  Irial  in  Iha  ronri 
of  King'a  Hanrh,  on  an  indwtmaal  af  high  Iraaaan  ra*. 
Mlllad  widmal  dw  raahn.  Tkara  la  no  dalari  of  iii» 
lira  in  raoniriag  a  rolanlal  gaa aranr  ar  Mbar  puhllc 
olHrar  dalagalad  hjr  (ha  pwaM  alala,  lo  anawar  iHinir* 
la>r  ilnmaaiia  onbaMla,  Atr  balraying  dia  truai,  or  par- 
varling  dw  pawar  whiak  ka  darlvad  Arnnt  h«r  appnini- 
maul,  8m  Culpappar  had  nat  baan  'in  alllrrr  «l'  ilia 
llrillak  gaaanManI  I  ami,  hawanr  renaiiiinnl  wilh  Iho 
aliiliila  Uw  of  Hannr  dia  lUghlk,  II  waa  pininly  rrpiig- 
iinnl  lo  Iha  apiril  ai  dia  tlngliah  common  law,  aa  wall 
na  lo  Iha  priiieipln  ^  aqnily,  M  rompal  hlin  lo  luka 
hia  trial  al  aiiah  ■  dialanea  IVom  hia  wilnvaaaa,  and  In  a 
roiniiiiinily  whara  Iha  wilaaaaaa  on  Milh  aidaa  wara  nn- 
known,  and  cnnflicilng  laaliinony  could  not  prohably 
Im  adjualail.  Il  miial  ba  cnnfaaaad,  howarvr,  that  IVom 
Iha  ai-iiial  alala  of  Iha  prorlnca,  iha  llrillah  govvrnmenl 
waa  rvilucail  lo  lh»  allarnaliva  of  ailhar  trying  litm  in 
KnglaiHl,  or  iml  trying  hint  al  all,  Hia  daalnicliou  a: 
liral  appaarrd  inavilalilai  for 'ha  Jiidgna  pronounrrd, 
dial  lo  laka  up  arma  againal  dw  propriaMrjr  goyam* 
'  iliha  kingi  anlllhaamp1«alavi■ 
ey^•ry  rirruinalanra  rr<|iilaila  lo 
rnnatiliila  Ilia  rrima,  liiil  HbalWahiiry,  who  waa  dian  In 
iba  iiicridiaii  of  hia  popularity,  appearing  In  lialuilf  of 
Iha  priaoni'r,  and  rapraaanling,  conlrnry  to  Iha  innai  iiii. 
diiiiblt-d  fkcla,  Ihal  Ihrro  baaT  navur  bai-n  niiy  ri-giilnr 
gnvarnniaitl  in  Allwmiirla,  and  dial  ita  diaorifpn  wara 
incra  fauda  balwaan  die  planlara,  which  al  woral  could 
iiiiioiinllo  no  higher ulTanea than  a  riolcaally  nrayiiilad 
witli  Iha  jury  lo  niliirn  a  vard'icl  of  aci|uillal.  Tbiawaa 
tha  laal  act  by  wbkh  Hhanaahiiry  algnidiaml  hia  pnrliri- 
pation  in  the  governmanl  <if  (.'iirnliiiu.  Ilia  nit<<nlion, 
tlivncHrorwariT,  waa  alworlwd  liy  iIhi  daring  rnbola  Ihnt 
pracailad  hia  oiibi  i  and,  aboiil  Uirna  yaara  allarwanla, 
having  ruined  or  diahonorrd  every  party  wilh  which  ba 
hod  b<H)n  couitaclad,  ha  waa  obliged  lo  fly  IVom  K.ng- 
Linil,  Olid  itnplura  the  lioapilalily  and  prnlpclion  of  tha 
Hutch,  whom  ha  hiid  foniicrly  enliorlnd  die  I'.iigliah 
parlinineiil  tneitirpnin  rroinUHi  fiice  nf  diii  eurlh.  Tlic 
nun  iifUiiaHlilcat  oftlie  proprielarina  eitciHlnd  ila  iii- 
lliiniice  to  dw  Ibrtiinaa  nl  Ilia  iiioal  dialiugiliahml  nf  Iha 
Uudgruvca,  l,o<:k«  hud  lieen  lo  intitnatvly  connected 
wiUi  Shailnaliury,  that  lie  daeniod  It  pnideni  lo  abandon 
(jiglunil  al  Iho  aaino  time;  bul  ao  raniole  waa  ha  Arnm 
any  acccwion  to  ihe  guill  of  hi«  patron,  dial  when 
Wdliatn  IVun  artarmurda  nrerailnd  on  Jamaa  the  Hc- 
cunil  ta  conaeni  to  the  pardon  and  recall  of  l.ocke.  Ilia 
philoiupliar  reaoluuly  rafuoed  la  accept  a    pardon. 


tnani  waalrraaon  againal  Iha  kingi  ami 
danca  waa  proiluced  of 


•iHiaa  and  kifawnia  af  Iha  rnlaa  ■  ta      I  Inalaaiing  ka> 


iwaan  ilwir  loaanimanM  and  Mi«if  appiakanataa  s  ikaf 
allainaiely  MtfaalaMad  Ika  inanrgaHia  ttmi  likawnl  IkaV 
Nwn  par llaana  'ika  inay  iiakia  aaMavaaaaaa*  a(  dMa  p* 
ka*  waa,  Ikal  Ikap  IWrlkaraaaaparaladaH  Mfllaa  l«  MM 
'aloay  againal  aaak  aikar,  wiikaal  allaalNng  aajr  ■ 
ihaawalyaa,  and  albngik  faaad  M  Ma  kiM  aMkai  la 
aaarawa  dia  inan»ninla  b*  «tga».  a«  M  aanalkali  diaai 

a  I  I     •rh.H  .^.  ,»ij   ,^   k^.A  --      '   .« 


ky  lami*  ( IMI I  ^IHay  aaa  mid  la  kata  m«d*ad  al 
kwl  la  akamtan  •  kapafcrn  vlndiaallan  af  dWM  Iniallad 
andiarily,  and  M  aayam  In  IWnwa  aaaardMa  M  vka^ 
atar  MWan  af  akadknaa  dM  f akinlaH  miaM  ka  dl» 
paoad  m  tlatd  m  Ikam.  HtalOf  aiMkNikad  a  lampm 
rary  admlnUlmMin.  M  dW  kaad  of  wMak  diaji  pkMa4 
uaa  Maraaa  w  pambbM,  ikajr  aanammd,  l>iM»illatih| 
aAar,  dwlr  IMaMlan  la  oaial  aal  Madl  Malkal.  wka  kMl 
pnrakaaad  l-ard  t'larandaa'i  okara  of  dw  pttvlnaa,  anrf 
wkaaa  iMaraal  and  anlkarHf ,  Ikay  kapad.  w  wikt  paw* 
arAtNy  pnadaaa  M  Ika  raallliMlan  af  goad  order  awl 
lranit<llllty.  Tkaaa  maaaaraa,  kawavar,  war  i  prada*> 
liaa  only  af  addlltonal  dIaaBpolnlManI,  I. 'ilia  ragar4 
waa  paid  M  Ika  raki  af  Ifaraay,  k«  mat  wka  wan 
already  apprload  *al  kla  gavammaniwaaol  kava  knia 
aharl  durallani  and  dia  prnprMarl^a,  nang  wiik  Iha 
UdMlga  nf  hia  InafAaiaaay,  raaalvail  ui'alllganra  nf  liM 
raplara  nf  Halhal  nn  kia  yayaga  h/  Iha  Algarliiea. 
I'ndlamayeil  by  aa  many  dtaappaiiMmanla,  Iha  prnnrlaa 
larlaa,  haying  naw  malalely  a^aplad  a  hnuenl  and 
conciliating  pollay,  piiraaad  II  with  a  ramatandabla  |iat 
aayarant'H  :  ami  llaary  Wilklnoan,  a  aian  IVnni  whom 
prmlanca  tha  in<M  happy  rranlla  wara  atpan'iad,  waa 
appalnird  govai  nor  of  Iha  whaki  af  thai  portion  nl  I  '■ 
rnllna  atraH'blng  IVom  Virginia  to  iha  rly*r  l*«nilico, 
ami  Hva  milaa  hayoad  il,  Tha  moal  aarnaal  amlaayora 
wara  now  i  m|  layail  by  Iha  pinprlalariaa  to  heal  tha 
Ihrinar  dimnlara.  To  Iha  gavarnar  ainl  couwil,  Ihap 
reeommandvd,  in  paiaiioalya  langiiaga,lhaaiil'un'»aMnl 
and  aianiplllUallon  nf  mulnal  fnrlMaraiira  awl  imiub 
ganrai  and.  In  complionca  with  Ihair  daaira,  an  act  of 
oblivion  waa  paaaad  by  Iha  naoambly  of  AlhauMirla  in 
Ihvor  of  Iho  hm  Inanrgania,  on  cotMlllion  nf  ihair  ro> 
aiorlng  tha  inenay  of  which  Ihay  bail  pliimlarad  Iha 
rnyal  ravaniia,  Hul  il  wm  fnaiid  aaabr  la  anikrro 
liipica  of  conciliation  on  Iha  nartkra  who  hml  andartl 
wrong,  thnii  an  Iboaa  who  bad  dona  dw  injniy  i  awl  dw 
liitn  inaii/(f  Ilia,  who  wore  aliU  Iha  alrongaal  liiirty,  tiol 
only  rniKtnnimid  tha  cnnditinna  nf  an  act  which  Ihay 
flit  lo  ha  quite  unnareaanry  lo  Ihair  aacnrily,  hnt,  noi. 
i|iiirlji(  the  rominanil  nf  tlw  aaaanibly,  prnceixled,  wilk 
Irliiniiihnul  iiianlrnca  nu<l  injuatira,  lo  ilenniiiira  ami 
pnniali  the  |iaily  which  had  an  n>r  iniatnkcn  ilaailiinlmi^ 
•a  lo  prnfar  larina  nf  parthin  and  I'nrhaarnncr  in  lliein 
lliay  inflicicd  heovy  Hitaa, and  aevrra  Inipriaiinnicnt  nn 
Ihair  npponenla,  whn  wara  forced  in  liy  in  Virginml'nr 


protartinnit  ami  wilh  whuin  ayeiy  trace  nl'  iiiaiice  awl 
traadnin  Inoh  a  long  Irate  nf  Ihlaniihappycnloiir,  Tlia 
laiiianlahle  arena  of  violence  awl  anan'liy  dial  tnua  rn* 


aued  waa  nowiiy  changed,  nnr  waa  tha  ciiiMliliiin  nl'Iha 
colony  In  any  degree  iiialinrated  liy  llie  arrivnl  nf 
Holhel,  ihe  gnveiniir,  in  Iha  jrixt  llix:i.  The  ilanginiua 
chamrlar  nf  ihia  man  wna  diaplnyed  in  the  Ural  ncia  nf 
hia  adniinlatrnticn,  'rhongh  mpilrrd  by  the  prniiriO' 
tariea  lo  eyiiel  iVnin  Iha  council  all  Ihuae  who  liuil  liert 
concerned  in  the  title  diaorilera;  tii  eatubliah  a  court  of 
Iha  niiiat  inipiirtini  nf  the  iiilialiilanla,  lor  ika  reilreaa  ol 
wmnga  coniiiiitled  during  tha  diatractinn  nf  tin*  linieat 
and  lo  naaial  iha  nfllcera  M  the  cuatonia  in  cnlleciing  ilio 
myal  revenue,  and  exnciillug  die  ucta  of  luiylgHiinii,  ha 
declined  In  rninply  with  any  nf  theae  uiniiiintia;  and, 
aiM'kiiig  niity  hia  nwn  iiiiiitrdiale  enrirhinent,  he  iliara- 
giirile(rrniii<lly  tlie  hiinpineaa  of  the  |ieople,  Ihe  intrreat 
of  hia  cnReiif  ura.  mill  Iha  deep  alake  which  he  hmiai  If 
poaaeaaeil  in  tha  fiitiin)  Welfare  nf  the  cnlnny.  Newlv 
eacn|ird  IVom  cnptivity  on  the  coaal  nf  Hdrlinry,  he  naa 
ao  far  from  enlarging  hia  own  humanity,  nr  fortifying 
hia  aenao  of  eqiilly,  liy  the  eiperlence  of  hnril»lii|i  iind 
injuatico,  that  lie  aeenied  ta  hnve  adopted  the  policy  nf 
hia  late  cnploni  na  ilia  madel  of  Ilia  awn  guvcrHiiieiil  I 
nor  bnvn  tn«  nnit,tla  of  cohinini  oppreoaion  recorded  a 
nniiia  thai  deeervea  In  he  Irananiilted  to  poalerily  wilh 


'  Lira  of  Locka  I'Urkann'a  !  lla  of  Pann  Th'miih  Unka 
rcfuacdto  avail  lilniaelf  of  Pt-iiira  (laal  otflrea,  he  waa  |i', 
ikiPiriJIeaa  or  unmllKlfiil  nf  llicm  ;  anil  afirr  the  Rfiv'>liiti<,i<  il 
V.nt  aiHl,  fnimil  an  oppnrtunitjr  of  aatply  reiayinf  Ihcm.  Poat 
II.  Vll.  rap.  9. 

f  Moinu  »i  theae  uiiforttinale  pnranna  appear  lo  havetraiia- 
iiiltti'il  atlilrcaaea  aii«l  rniiipljilnta  tn  t'hrirlaa  tha  hi  ciihl,  aal 
yainly  Iniplorod  hia  prniactlun.  Cholmari,  t.  Ml 


Icuith  ljtck0 
|ht*  vni»  vt>i 

"hllK'M    II 

I  hiVff  llAlit. 
•  C'llKl,   UU 


NOITN    TURKIC  A. 


■Iiy, 


kav* Wmi  HMMMNtami  mui 
«lM>k,  •%>  tlRUiMia  Mm  •otui 

Pf)*!  n/llt*    |MM*,  •!   buMtk  »(lMlWll>i4  Itw 
•■••Uafl  ■!<■  4t<t<ti<l  ■■■•hi  kr   •  mmm  »(  •mihi 


|#lllillili«ll«»    «lM>k,  nlW*  «lWI«>lwt  Mm  ••>(••«;   Atf  • 

'      '       .In 

Ibriaf  *a4  itaiigaf      IHW aa  tlmn*!  In  4M|)<tif ,  ik«  m 

l»>llllllH  NIM*»fMlH|l  lank  MNM  *#tilM<  ik«  f  txatNNMM 

iil  |i|HM,  ua4  kit«iuita|MM*i<  Miiirm»iw>iwilkim,  war* 

KpOMg  M  MHrf  KMH  IK  I'.aalMld  ntf  I>l4l,  Mk*«,  tta- 
mtkmt  I"  IM  "Ma*  aklMt  ait|»|)ll«aU«IHi  ka  antrMtail 
M  ka  )M4gail  Mfcal  kf  ika  Ma^ivlat  MaamMjr,  okaaa 
wmailaa  to  4wlMa4  iMMMatT  wtltMf  m  akula      If  M» 

iM  M  MM  ••iMIMiImmH*  kakiiif  la  iIm«,  Ibajr 

|(M|  aiaialMMl  tl  wtlk  *  nm^mUm  tktt  ralbal 

M  lIliwiinHaa,  aaU  tfiMvalaa  Ika  (will  atT  ilia  mim 

Ml  |a*an*M.     Tka  *aaa«My  daalarail  lilai  (lIMjr  a/ 

•N  Wa  arlMaa  hiul  la  M*  atlaria,  ami 

rtwillil  akliHa  Ilia  aaaMrjr  lb*  Iwalva  wmwllw,  aw) 

CvaiamaM  ' 
■Hlaaneaaf 
la  •IflWfy  llM  Iha*  4M  •*•  aMiiflalhaf  a|>||fn 
iwlaf  jttaUaa  »t  Ma  aakmlalii   M  Ikay  atyranail  iKa 
■  "^    "'  ■"  HINMM   If- 


l>   |»<a  aatwiiaiiawaa  aial  •kaaMMflawaiM  la  |M*M>»a 


Mai  fill 

•  Ma  aaaMrjr  hit  Iwalva  wmwllw,  awl  HM 
Ah  a««f  Wlwii  Ilia  MapfMMlaa  tavalanl 
it  lllaaa  armaa^iMfa,  Majr  (laamatl  II  pf n|Mr 
tt  Iha*  aU  ■*•  aMitflalhaf  aaafnva  Ik*  Irra 


ikvi 


paM  ragral  Ikt  tkait  iiillkrlnaa, 

Rl  *«il  iMlianaUna  al  Uw  aaiMlual  af  Ma  ■»■ 
Tkajr  iwiiiaiwil  kiin  Mill  la  aivawar  Aw  Ma 


luNiakaMM£*«rf  iMttanaUi 

«araar 

•tiNW«kaAiraMa|H*i'ii'''*"un  In  >Uiflitnili  aM))  IlKr 

SraVMlail  la  Ika  |wnfhi,  Ikal,  If  llia)r  wuuki  raMiar  a 
ullAtI  nkaiilaiiaa  la  lagal  •Ntkadljr ,  Mu  ^iivai  unr  aiwiilil 
kl  Aitiira  ka  auMknul  lo  aarlak  kimaalf  wilh  Ihatf  a|Milla.  * 
Marh  arM  Iha  aitaAuan  lo  wkbh  Niiflh  Canillna  «••« 
MuRad  «!  Iha  a|»«4k  of  Ilia  BilUak  RatMluilau. 

cHAPreii  II, 

llhin  nf   •■mlh  CiMllna  -li>U<a   War-rrtrlira  «f  kulmih 

Ciia  ImtluM  MataranU  Imm  IralaiKl  RimIIiwI  aiKl  K'la- 
Mil  -l*1r»lai  aHtanaliia*!  liiIlM  «ulitli»  M(nl4r«llim  <if  rftuJi 
l^nMiitUiili  l<>l'«Mllii*'*tMt|Hila«  rrt*at«>l  by  Iha  MaviKalliMt 
|.«w«  -friitfra**  itf  IHcritiilaiil  tn  Iha  ) 'iliHiy  ftitlhal  u«ur|Mi 
Itia  aiivarlimanl     Rialaaff  trt  <>l  Ilia   l*rimrltiUrlN«  lit    rfiliira 

foniliirilar  NulMraltflaltiin  nf  fraiii'h  NariiKiia*  rviMlinl  tiy 
lia  t!iiiiiMiil«  Tha  rainlamaiiui  r*in*iii>iiiiiti«  atmliahail 
Wiaa  AilinlMlvlralliHi  of  ArrlMJala-NatlniatinM  uf  aaliarill 
Ti«iii|>MlH|r  -Rri-liitl«attral  ('iintlllmt  ur  Ilia  I'ruvliti'a  liilula- 
rniil  Prmaaihnvt  nf  tha  I'ruiirlatartaa  Mlala  uf  Iha  Paiiyla  - 
Mannan,  Traia,  *a. 

Wi  naw  taaaiaa  tha  profraaa  of  dia  wiiltMirn  pro- 
film  af  Carallaa,  whiah,  iia<lar  Iha  pniitani  ailnilnla- 
Inliaa  »f  Jaaaab  Waal,  wham  wa  hn«a  laan  appolntml 
(avariHir  in  I<n4,  a^jofMl  a  lauah  larf ar  ihari  af  priw- 
aariiy  Ihaa  Atll  In  Ika  M  nf  Iha  aallliin  nf  AHiaMarla. 
TIm  Hiiiraniar  kaa  haaa  hlfhijr  mhlinlail  Air  hka  rnungm , 
Hiailnia,  ami  wnilaralinn  i  awl  Iha  «l*tii  nflha  prnvliira 
Odir  wliich  ha  waa  aaltatt  In  praaiiU,  lava  ainpla  iirra- 
won  In  Iha  awraiaa  nf  Ihaan  iiiialitlaa.  Hlrniif  ayin|i- 
laina  uf  mulnal  Jaalnnajr  ami  lilalikii  hafitii  In  innliifa'l 
Ihaiaaalvaa  balwaan  Iha  ihaaanuira  anil  niiriMiia,  whn 
wara  Iha  innat  numariiiia  p«rly  In  Iha  nilony,  ami  Iha 
anvalian  ami  apiariipiilMna  wM  war*  Ikviiraii  hy  ih« 
pmpriatBriaa  In  oia  illalrlhiiiinn  nf  prii|Mirly  ami  appnlnl- 
laanl  In  nltnaa  nt  Irnati  ami  allhniich  Iha  flrinnaaa  and 
fna4  aanaa  nf  Waal  pravnnlail  Iha  iliarnril  nf  Ihaaa  (tar- 
IMM  iVnni  ripaaiiil  inin  alrlfn  ami  rnnftiaiitn,  il  waa  hn- 
ynnil  kia  pu>«a«  In  aradlcala  Iha  avil,  nr  In  pravani  hU 
(t-an  Ruiiiiril,  whieh  waa  vnmpnaail  nf  Iha  iaailliif  mivu- 
liara,  IVniii  iraaflni  iha  purltaiia  wllh  Inatilanvu  miil  run- 
lampl.  Tha  i^nVMlar  pitrty  wiia  raliifnimil  liy  all  lhna4i 
paraniH  whnin  Innan  iiinnnara  ami  lilaalpntail  hnhita  hiul 
carriail lothit  prnviiiaa, [  1117 4 — 11177  ]  nnl  Aira  riire  but  ii 
•iMllarnfthalrvieaa,  ami  who  rafaniml  tha  ri|i<l  iniiniiara 
nflha  pnriliina  wilh  aa  iniirh  •llalike  u  lliit  envnllnra  unlar- 
laiaail  Ibr  thair  pnlitimil  priiiriplmi.  Tha  ailvcranrliia  nf 
Iha  purllami,  tmllni  that  It  wu  In  Ihair  pnwar  In  aliock 
■nd  nffirnd  Iham  Inr  nihibltinn  nf  mannara  nppnami  In 
Ihair  own,  aAkctad  an  aitnini*  ol'  guy  liranaa  anil  jnl 
illy,     l^ch  party  ennaldaring  Ita  imanncn  aa  tha  teat  nf 

*  Wlllliinnim,  I.  IMV-III.  I'halmain.  ua-Mfl.  Ilawll,  I. 
in,  104  tluwil  hMralatnil  the»u  priii:«eijliii(s  Hji.ilnat  IMhal. 
a«  h«viii<  iN'riirrinl  tii  Hmilh  ('arulina.  Ni,r  li  Una  tha  iinlv 
arruf  wlln  which  ha  U  chArifaahln.  lie  neriialiially  riimhtiica 
avanU  that  am  tnlally  uticniuwctail  with  «nch  nthiir.  Ili« 
nnlatliin  uf  dutaa  li  attratnaly  icantyi  ami  xiiiiatiiiiii*  vary 
InaceurHln  Whila  ha  abatallla  from  tha  illRltfliU  taah  nf  relal- 
lh|  tha  htalnrjr  of  North  CaroUnn,  he  *elartR  tile  mutt  tiita- 
ranlinf  fealuraa  of  tti  annala.  anil  tranafer*  tham  tntha  hialory 
af  til*  wiulliafn  pnivlitca.  nia  errora,  thnuifh  hanlly  honaai, 
we'a  3rul-i'4y  not  tha  fntlt  nf  df>hberatn  mtiraiH'aentatinn. 
Almial  y\\  the  prior  liiatnrtanaof  America  have  baon  tHtray,<ii 
Uilii  luallar  inaccuractea  with  reaptn-t  to  tha  pnivnivaa  uf 
CBromia.  Kvan  tha;  laborloui  anil  Renarally  acciirata  writer 
Jaila4Mi  Maria  haa  liaan  lo  fa,  mUlad  by  dafaetlva  matnrtala 
aa  lo  aaaart  (Amarlean  Oaietaer,  lacond  ailll  I7M.  p.  Ml)  ih»i 
tha  nm  paraianan*.  aaltiamant  in  North  (;ifotta*  wu  aKi,:teil 
b)  ccflain  (iaraiui  ranmeai  In  .TIO 


tary  waAtnanMa  la  tha  pfavalaaaa  »t  rnMmif  m*  »»• 

rtataoa  il  waahh  Tha  ptapalataitaa,  wkaaa  iiap>» 
ara  kaa)  kafaMaa  Ihaaa  4l»Maaa,  wafa  Ma  Ibit  mt 
Aifara  IVam  ihaiM  ayll  a»aaM|Maiaraa,  awl  Aaaoil  all  Ikalr 
alfWrta  Hn*«»4iiif  lu  aliMiiH  rapafinaat  »(  Iha  laffa  ai^ 
vawaa  wli»k  Ikay  k*l  'n«la  IWf  Mia  wwlawat.  Tka 
aaliinaiu  okai  kaai  NwlvKtlian  lu  paf   Iha 


af  HMI    a  >i-ai  alltrtlaal  ui  Uw  anvariHW,  IkaaM  Ihaai- 
aalvaa  nnatiia  m  itiaahaiia  a»aa  Mia  akliaaaan  t 


pfatpflaiariaa  Aaaarf  It  aaaaaaafy,  IM  Apri 
kiin  tha  whala  ataah  af  thair 


wlHf^HlPa  %  fMi 


liffT.  la  a» 

MmW 

iMMa  la  faratwa.  la  hipMakMlaa  ut  kla  aliiM 
Manaaalma  nt*  riaa  la  Ma  ranwfh  MmM  Waat 
h*fa  Ma  oaly  Ihaiwr,  wha,  at  Iha  awl  nf  laa  Taaia'  nf 
aaaAiaii  illy  pratlanl  inaiiafiwiat,  laanlt a4,  wIMoMI  any 
laaaalaaaat  nf  hia  martla,  Uw  wkala  Bfwiaat  mt  hla 
imlRn  aa  Iha  rawani  af  hia  aartlraa.  WaaawhUa  Ika 
pnpalallnn  »f  Iha  prnyiaaa  raaaltail  rnnalalaraMa  avaaa- 
awiHa  ^iH  Iha  aanllnaaal  laawtt  af  l',M(llah  ilMaaaiara, 
awl  of  iiriiiaaMal  amitrani)  (kwm  Iha  raihollx  alalaa  »( 
>'.Hrn|Mi  III  Iha  year  ll>7tf,  Ika  kinfl,  willlni  W  fmlliy 
Iha  pnipriaiaf  laa,  awl  knplaf ,  patkapa,  In  ih«art  IM  mla 
af  aaUfratiiin  IVum  MMaaMMaatla,  onkwa'l  two  atnnll 
la  In  ka  prtnHkHl  at  hla  awn  aiaaaaa,  In  annvay  a 
dati>rhin«nl  nr  Airaifa  pmtaalaittatnramllna,  who  pro 
poaMi  In  ailil  wiNa.oil,  anil  ailk.lu  ilia  nthaf  prndiiaaof 
Iha  tartltiiry  l  awl  ha  traotail  lo  Iha  rnlnnwta  an  al- 
ampiton  for  a  limilail  tuna  iVnm  Ika  pay  maul  of  lataa 
OH  thaw*  rnnHrmiiiiaa,  III  aptta  n(  tha  aarnaal  ramnn- 
•trniiraa  nf  iha  aniiiiniaalnoarrnf  rualnina,  whn  rapra- 
•autail  tlmt  I'ltfUiiil  wniilil  Iw  ruinail  ami  ilrpnniilaiail 
II  iIm  rnlnniaa  wnra  rainlarail  a  mora  ilaiifithla  raal 
ihinoa.  Alihrnigh  ihaaa  itaw  aalllara  wara  mu  abia  In 
anrlrh  Ihn  prnyiiira  with  iha  valiialila  <'iiiH>nnililw>a 
wliH'h  ihay  linil  an  rnnllilaiilly  prnniiaail.  Ihay  |ir»aarvail 
IJH'ir  aaltlaiiiaiil  in  II,  and  fiirnia4  it  iiaafiil  ami  ra'paila. 
Ilia  iwliliiinti  In  lla  iiO|HiUlinn  Tha  iirnpriainriaa  Imv  ■ 
iii||  IrHrnad  thai  Iha'  afraxniila  ilialrld  valbnl  Oyaiar- 
IHiiiil,  Inrninil  by  Iha  riiiilliiam'a  nf  tha  rivara  Aahlay 
«:ii|  (,'nnpi>r.  anjoyad  (raalar  rnnvanianra  Ihiin  Iha  ala- 
IHin  Ihni  Iha  Aral  Batlli<n  had  rhnaan,  aitroMrafrd  Iha 
liKlliMllon  nf  Mn  paopla,  wlln  hagnii  In  raiiinva  ihlthar 
nhniil  ihia  tiniai  ami  nara.  In  HImi),  woa  liiid  tlwi  fniin- 
iliitlon  of  tha  inmlam  l.'harkialown,  a  niy  whirh  in  tha 
nail  ranliiry  rhiitnail  thu  hifhaiat  rniHldaratlon  Air  Iha 
akpiawa  «r  lla  alraata,  Iha  ailant  of  lla  ratnmarcn,  nml 
tha  raHwinianI  nf  lu  anelaly.  It  waa  iiialanlly  dtwlarail 
Iha  port  nf  Ilia  prnvinra  Air  tlw  variniia  pMrpoaaa  of 
Ifaik*,  ami  tha  rnpiial  liir  Ihn  |anaral  admliualrntlnn  nf 
(nvnrniiK'nt.  (nr  ann'ailina,  hnwavar.  It  prnvaii  a«- 
Irnnialy  unhaallhl^il  i  inaomuch.  thai  fmm  tha  moMh  nf 
inmi  till  Oi'Inhaf,  Iha  rniirta  of  (uatira  wara  anniliilly 
•hnl;  ami  diirinc  Unit  liilarval  no  pulilii>  hiialnaaa  waa 
Iriuiaiw'tad  i  ami  iiian  Had  iVnni  tha  paiiikiiilinl  ninina- 

Jihara  nf  tha  plaea.  Tha  inrnnvauialira  at  lanilh  wiu 
iiiiml  In  bn  an  (raal,  that  onhira  wara  glraM  lo  lm|iilra 
Air  illiiiilioiia  mora  iViamlly  lo  liaallh.  lint  happily  (In 
riin«'i|iiaiH'a,  Il  hoa  bi'an  aiippnaad,  of  iha  piiriHcalinn 
nf  Ihn  noiioiia  vapor  hy  iIhi  aiiinka  nf  niunaroiia  rnli- 
nary  Area)  Uia  rlliiinta  inulually  iiml»rwanl  a  flivnrubia 
rhaiixi',  and  Aiiully  avincad  ao  rniiiplain  a  nivniiillon. 
that  I'hnrliialnwn  waa  rniwidari'd  lu  anjoy  ilia  moat  aa- 
liibrlniM  nir  nri'aroliim. 

Nnlwllhalandini  th<^  rnrnait  daaini  nf  iha  prnpriata- 
rii«,  thai  tlin  i^nlnnula  •hniilil  riilliviiln  thn  (iinil  will  nf 
Iha  Indiiina,  a  witr  Ihnt  prnvad  vary  dutriiiii-nlal  In  iha 
«>ltlainaiil  brnka  mil  in  Ihn  yanr  IIIHII  with  u  pnwarAil 
Iribtt  Ihnt  iiihobiled  Ilia  aniilharn  hoiiniliiry.  Tha  war 
aaama  to  havn  oriclnnb'd,  partly  fVnm  Iha  inaolanra  wilh 
whi«h  the  idla  and  liruntioiia  aniigninta  bahavml  to  Iha 
Indiana,  ami  liartly  IVom  tha  dnpraiiatinna  of  itrafglinf 
pnrtiaa  nf  Imiiana,  wlio  baing  a«nialniiiiid  lo  Iha  pme- 
lica  of  killing  wlialavar  aiiiiniila  thay  fnunil  at  larga, 
apcountml  tha  nlnnlnra'  hnga,  lurkaya,  nml  gaaaa,  lawful 

Rnnia,  and  IVfaly  prayi<d  upon  lliaiii.  Tha  pliintara  na 
I'aly  tiiiida  uaa  of  thair  arnia  in  dafanea  of  thair  pro, 
|H>rty,  and  aaviinil  Indiana  Imving  lican  killi>d,  Ilia  van- 
gaiiiica  of  thair  kindrnd  trilM  bunt  forth  abruptly  In 
ganami  hnatilitlaa,  whirh  Air  •oiim  time  thrrat«na<l  tlm 
ninal  aarinua  ronaaquaneaa  to  tha  colony.  Ho  dividad 
warn  Iha  rolnniata  among  Ihenwalvai,  Ihnt  the  govamor 
fniind  il  difficult  lo  unltn  ihiMn  in  intiiMiirea  rtH|uiiilu 
avail  Air  thnir  cninimin  a.-ifvly,  nr  to  piinii:idn  any  to 
iimlartaUii  mi  (iirnrt  ihiit  did  nnl  prnmiao  to  bo  nttaiidi-d 
with  udvnnuigu  imiimlialaly  and  atcliiaivaly  their  nwii. 
Thni  h«  miiflit  uddraai  hinualf  «lf«rtunlly  to  thair  aal- 
flah  diapoailion,  lie  otrurrd  a  iiiieo  Air  cvury  Indian  wha 
■iMiuld  b«  tiikan  priaonar  and  broiigbl  to  Charlaalawai 


•ar 

T»a 


wha  aadil  Iham  Aw  alavaa  M  ih*  Waal  larflaw 
pailiay  waa  [nmhaaava  af  m  maah  pfaAl,  aaa*  af  atiw 
prtaaaaa  •(r>aahla  la  Ma  lampar  awlkahllaaf  maia  ii| 
Ma  plantax  ihai  ilM  war  waa  aarrlad  aa  with  a  tign 
Ihal  anna  anaMail  Ikn  faaafamaM  to  dIakMa  a  Ifaaly  a 

Caaa  aiih  Iha  ladtana  [IMal  I  Tha  Maprtalariai 
airing  that  tlua  paalltatlma  •hHoM  raal  »n  a  laatiai 
anal  atjiiMalda  kaala,  «ppainlad  aamiwliloaafa  wk«  wait 
ampawarad  M  daanta  all  aamplalNIa  kalwaaa  Iha  aan 
lawiiag  partlaa  la  Atlara,  and  daalarad  Mai  «H  Iha  Wlhm 

Matr  pratarlHwt.     Hat  Mia  »n0tw»-    hat  kaM  kaaa  W 

laa  Mfaaaly  la  ha  Mhm  anally  af*M'aaaa-l.     Many  af  4kl 
laMimawIM  aiawa  praMaMa.aawallaamara  agfaw 

ar  Iha  Airaala  ar  iM  Mta  groaadi  awl  aal  aaly  Mm 
artaalpal  lahahUaMa,  kal  ma  aMIaaraaf  govamawali 
Nawatad  Mm  aftrit  af  diaanrd  ihal  pravalM  anMalMM 
aavaga  Irlhaa  awl  proiaalad  Mair  mntiial  wara,  wMh  Ma 
■hwlgn  of  praaiirlag  la  ihamaalvaa  tha  aapllvaa  wham 
Ihay  parakaaaM  aa  alavaa,  Il  waa  In  « iln  Aw  Mm  ■•>• 
vatmir  and  raanail  In  pknal  in  jMaUAaallnn  nf  MMa  Iw 
liiimaa  pallay,  ihal  hy  nranayiag  tha  tnkaa,  awl  a«a» 
Ing  Mwm  M  aapand  thair  mraa  in  malual  hawtllMlaa, 
Ihaf  aaanratl  tha  rnlony  agaMul  ikair  altaakai  aaM  thai 
knmanlly  aaaallanad  Iha  pnrrhaaa  of  prlanaara  wha 
wniiM  ntharwiaa  hava  haan  pnl  tai  ilaalh  Tha  pra|WI> 
alarlaa  wara  h*  no  maana  aallaflad  w  llh  Ihaaa  raaaaai  I 
and  UTongty  davtaring  ihair  ronvlrlion  Mat  II  waa  • 
anrdid  thirai  Air  privat*  gnin.  ami  nnl  a  gaaamiia  row 
aarn  Air  Iha  iiublH<  aaA>ly,  ihal  angamlarad  a  |mllry  m 
■(.tainrilly  and  dlahona  ,1,  Ihay  ranaad  nnl  In  InaM  Air 
111  aniira  iiliniialniiinani  Mill  ihair  hiiniiina  intarfaivnaa 
waa  Inng  unavailing  i  nml  It  wai  nnl  till  aAar  tha  niiMl 
|iariavaring  ami  tahamaiil  raniniiatrniHvi.  llint  Ihay 
wara  alila  In  prm'iira  Iha  anariinriil  nf  •  law  In  reg)» 
liila.  ami  at  laiiglh  iillarly  prohibit,  llila  prnAigalii  am 
Ignnhla  praalna.  lla  •nnlliMiaiira  waa  atlamnnl  will 
<'nnaai|NaiH'aa  haith  IniiiHnlmlaly  and  Inatiiigly  ItilnrloiM 
Thai  Iradara  who  rarriad  iha  rapllvaa  In  Mm  Wait  In 
diaa  inipnriad  rum  In  aiihiinga  Air  Miani i  ami  *  da 
alrurllva  habit  of  imlnlglng  In  airi'ia  in  Ihia  havarag)' 
•lapravad  Iha  matinari  and  ralaiaal  Ihaimlnatry  of  man] 
af  tha  rnlnnina.  A  ilaap  and  iniiliial  diabka  waa  Airiiifi  * 
hatwaan  Miaiii  and  llm  virllini  nf  ihair  iiynillaa,  whirli 
iIm  lapaa  of  many  yaan  waa  nnabhi  to  alhtri  and  It' 
nftar  tlinai  Ilia  Indiana  InAlrlad  a  aavara  ralrilinlinn  nn 
tha  pnatarilir  nf  ihnaa  whn  bail  Iwan  lh«  niilhnra  aflkair 
wrong!  anil  tha  iiiaidiniii  almllnri  nf  thair  farnrlty, 

tinvarnnr  Waal  hald  a  pnrliniiiaiit  at  rimrkiainwn  lit 
Iha  rhiaa  nflha  liillnwing  yi'iiri  [lAi'V,]  wlian  lawa 
wiira  anarlad  Air  M<tlliiig  u  ii'iilillii,  whirh  Iha  lata  W«l 
had  ilinwii  In  Ihi  naraaanry  i  A<r  making  waya  Ihroilgli 
Iha  bniimllaaa  Airaat  thill  avary  wliarfi  aiirrniimlail  Iwi 
riiiiitali  Air  rrpraaaing  driiiiknniiaaa  and  prnlSnity,  ami 
oinarwim  prninnling  Iba  innrnlity  nf  a  |ianpbi  wlio  diil 
nnl  aitjny  Ilia  liKlriirtmn  nf  a  niibli)'  ininlalry.  [lltHlLj 
Hhorlly  altar  Ihw  prm'amliiig,  Wnal,  wbn  had  iiirnrrac' 
tha  diiplaaiiira  of  thn  prnpnntnriaa  by  ililriHliti'liig  Iht 
tmlHr  in  Indiana,  ami  by  riirbing  iha  att-aaaai  nf  tha 
ravaliari,  whn  wan*  aiTniinlad  tfia  prniirialary  party, 
wai  rainnvnd  A'nin  hia  rnniinniHl ;  and  Ina  gnvarnmrnl 
of  tlw  rnlnliy  wiia  roiiimillad,  hy  Mril  Criivan,  In  Jo- 
■aph  .Mnrntnii.  whn  hiul  baan  rrcvnily  rraulad  a  land- 
grnva  of  Carolliin.  Thli  wai  ihn  rnniinanraiiiant  of  • 
coiirwi  nf  riipiil  iiiernuinii  nf  invrriinn,  and  hll  III* 
olliar  piiblir  iirtli'ari  ill  tlin  rnliiiiy :  a  ayitatii  ariiing 
partly  IVnin  iimiipairtad  dtiiinllioa,  and  piirtly  IVniu  da- 
rarliva  poliryi  and  whirh  did  mil  Aiil  to  prudiica  tha 
ronatHiuaiirna  with  whirh  il  haa  barn  Invariably  at 
tandail,  in  Uia  drgrndatinn  of  govrrnmrni,  and  tha  pn> 
motion  uf  part*  ipirit  ami  raliaU.  Iliil,  hnwnvar  iiiiirl 
tfia  pnlioy  of  ina  proprlatariri  might  Hiiriuala  in  olhri 
raaparia,  il  ronlinuail  Iniig  lu  lia  •laiidily  and  itrunuuua 
I*  dirrctad  lo  tha  aiieoiirugriiiani  nf  rinigratlnn.  A 
Ilia  ilviira  nf  Mvaral  weidlliy  pi'nniM,  who  prnpoird  ti 
amigrate  In  tha  provinrr,  tlmy  niirn  iiinrn  raviaad  thri 
Aimlnmanlal  cnnalitutlniia,  wbirh,  at  iIhi  tiiiia  of  thai  i 
Aral  annrtinont,  had  hrvii  ilarlnmd  nnullariibla  i  notv 
again  promulgating  a  liiiillar  ilnrlamtinn  nf  Ihair  l\iliii  - 
Inviohihility.  Tlia  objarl  nf  tha  praaani  alUipilinit  Wl.a 
to  fvlai  inmawhat  in  imvnr  of  lilH>rty,  tha  rigor  of  tl  a 
oriffimil  cuiiatilitlinni ;  hut  il  la  Iho  laia  nrraiaary  in 
partiriiiarir.a  Ihnin,  aa  they  warn  naviir  niknnwhidgi  d 
or  r«*ci>ivnd  by  Iba  pnnplii  nf  ('iirotina,  whn  wara  mo  ^ 
jaaloiia  nf  thn  powar  aaaunind  to  introdnra  iiirli  iI|i>m 
nana,  than  gntiliad  wilh  tha  particular  advnnliigaa  mit« 
tiimlnrad  10  thair  arcrplnnce.  Thn  allnratioiia,  how 
•Tor,  proving  ntiifucuiry  lo  lh«  p^rllei  who  had  mA 


THE    HIBTORT   Of 


UM  dMin,  OM  PorgiMon  •oom  alWr  eowlaeUHl  In  Ih* 
•otoiijr  nil  innicnillou  IVom  Inilnnd,  whkh  liwMnlljr 
niin|H<il  with  IM  niAM  nt'llM  inhnhluinli.  Lord  Citr- 
drmM,  H  Heultiah  iiiihli'iiiiiii,  nlxi  M  oiil  o  onlonv  IViim 
liu  lutlivB  enuiilnr  (llien  xrixuiinK  undnr  Uw  iMrlMroiia 
ndmiiilnlriitinii  or  Uio  Dull*  nl'L,iiMilnr<liil».)  which  Mil 
tin)  OB  I'nrt  Kii/nl  (•hinil,  Mul  in  piiniiiiiirM  u(  toutt 
•irpt'inonl  or  uiidanlaiuliiiil  with  Iho  |iri>|irl«larii'i, 
rliiiiiinil  I'ur  ilwir  cn-onliimM  aiiUiorily  with  llw  |(ii' 
VKriiiir  mill  umiul  niiiiMMl  nf  (^hitilralnwii.  Thin  rliiiiii, 
liowov'i'r.  WMM  ili^nllowiNl  hv  lh»  colniiiiil  irovi>riiiiiotit ; 
•ml  llw  iii^w  iH!cii|miil«  of  I'nrI  Koyal  hnviiin  limn  ciiiih 
yilli'ii  l»  nrlininvli'ilKn  niiliiniMion,  l^rd  ('iirilriiM, 
whstlipr  dimpiiuinliMl  witli  llii*  rumill.  or  Milinlivd  wilh 
wlml  Im!  h«l  iilnmdy  iimiiiipliiilKHl,  fomonk  lh«  wlllu- 
inrni  mid  rvliirnud  lo  Drilnin.  Tha  Mlllcn  whom  hi> 
l«n  bfhiiid,  wem  auinuliina  iiAer  di>lod|(i!d  fVnin  Iheir 
advniiliiKiMiiM  ■itiintioii  hy  nn  aipvditinli  iloKpiilchi'd 
a|aiii>l  lliam  hy  Iho  Hpniiinrda  ul  AiiKunliiu!,  whiiiii 
lliBV  hid  wiinlonly  pnivukiKl  liy  iiiciiiiii^  llw  livliiini  lu 
iiiaka  Hu  irriiplinn  iiilo  Iha  Hpnniah  lerritory.  Uiii  lli« 
iiiuni  vnliinltlu  addiliiiii  lo  iln  uiiuihvra  which  llw  ruloiiy 
nl  Ihin  limn  rocoivoil,  aruia  Trom  Ilia  eiiiigraliun  ur  a 
onntiderahlu  body  n(  pinna  uiid  roapeclabla  diiiavnl»ri>, 
IToin  Homiirwuliire  in  l!iialiind.  Thia  ImhIv  waa  cnii- 
iliiciifH  by  Jnanph  Ulriko,  ui«  lirolhor  and  Iwir  of  lh« 
renowned  AdiuimI  nia'^p,  and  who  now  devnud  Ihe 
mmleriila  rortiiiio  wliirli  liia  iliaiiilcrpalud  brother  had 
brqiiHnlhnd  In  hiiii.lo  liirilitiitu  th»  ri'liri'inepl  ol' n  mini- 
lier  or  diiaenlora,  with  wlinin  he  wua  cnniivctvd,  Irniii 
Dm  iwrnDCiitifliia  lliuy  endured  in  England,  and  Iho 
Rrealer  ealainitiea  they  npprvhonded  uniTer  Ihe  reign  of 
tha  iiopi'h  aiirccaanr  of  Ihe  king.  Hevi'ral  penoiia  nf 
•iiniliir  priiiriploa,  mid  cnimiilnrnbii)  >iiliilnnci>,  niiileil 
UiuinKiilvoK  lo  tlii«  I'inignitioni  nud  the  iirrival  n(  thi'mi 
peof  !j  aerved  In  nlreni'UiKii  <iiu  Imtida  of  Ihe  piiriuiii  or 
adlier  p^rly  in  lli»  culniiy,  mid  tn  coiiiilenicl,  in  a  wilii- 
ttry  III  iniinr.  iIir  intliii!i'iro  o(  circiimalmicHa  iinluvoni- 
tlu  lo  the  character  and  in'innera  ol'  the  planter).  From 
Jim  eiurtiniiH  of  tli"  nrnprielarim,  and  lliu  condition  of 
England  at  tliia  pdriiid,  there  ia  little  dniibt  that  llie 
colony  wniild  have  received  a  much  kiri^xr  ncceaaion 
to  ila  inhabiuiiitH,  if  ihu  recent  colonization  of  Pciiii- 
iylviiiii.i  had  not  prinented  an  aayliiin  more  generally 
alirii'tivH  to  mankind.  The  liberality  of  William 
i'oiin'a  inalitutioiiai  the  friendly  aeiilimvnta  with  which 
lha  Iiidiiiiu  returned  hii  kinil  ami  pacific  demeanor ; 
Iha  greater  wiliihrity  of  Ilia  climate  of  I'enniiylvaiiia, 
andaiipHrior  adaptation  of  ita  aoil  lo  Ihe  ciilliration  of 
Uritiali  grain,  powerfully  enforced  the  claim  of  thia 
province  to  the  preference  of  einigrania ;  and  aiich 
mtlltitildea  reaorled  lo  it,  both  from  Kiigloiid  and  the 
oilier  at^ilea  of  l^urope,  aa  aoon  enabled  it  In  oiil^trip 
llie  olil  tr  Hettleiiienl  of  Carolina,  bolli  in  wealth  and  in 
population. 

A  few  iiiniitha  ai\or  liia  elevation  to  llie  office  of  go- 
vernor, .Miirvlon  aiueinblud  a  parliament,  which  enlali- 
liahed  a  great  variety  of  regulationa,  for  the  remedy  of 
Ihoao  little  iiiconveniencea  that  are  incidental  lo  Ihe 
infancy  of  all  colonial  aettleinenta.  A  law  thai  waa 
now  iiiiacted  for  raiding  the  value  of  foreign  coina  gave 
riae  to  tlie  ciirreney  of  Carolina,  which,  in  aHer  limes 
incurred  an  extreme  depreciation.  In  iiiiiutioii  of  the 
early  policy  of  the  aettleiiienl  of  Albemarle,  all  proaecu 
lioiia  for  loreign  debtn  were  aiiapended.  But  tlie  pro- 
prielariea,  now  regarding  with  dL^pleoaiirc  what  they 
had  formerly  cuiitiriiied  witliout  aiiiin:idvcraioii,  iuter- 
po.iei!  to  negative  tliia  eii.-ictineiit,  declaring  that  it  waa 
cniitriry  lo  the  king'a  honor,  aiiico  it  obstructed  the 
enura  i  of  juatice,  and  tliat  the  colonial  parliament  had 
no  power  to  frame  a  law  oo  inconaiatoni  with  llie  juria- 
priideuce  of  England :  and  the  more  aei»ibly  to  moiii- 
I'eat  tlieir  diapleoaiire,  they  iaaued  onlera  tliat  ail  officnra 
wIki  had  promoted  tliia  e'liaclment  ahould  be  diaplaced. 
Another  cauau  of  diapute  between  the  proniietariea  ami 
the  province,  aroae  fro:n  Ihe  manner  in  wliich  thia  par- 
liainjiit  had  lieeii  conalituled.  The  province  at  thia 
liiui]  w.ia  divided  into  Ihe  lliree  countioa  of  Berkeley, 
Craven  (including  llie  diatrict  formerly  called  Claren- 
don), and  Colleton.  The  proprietariea  had  deaired, 
that  of  the  twenty  incmbera  of  whom  the  lower  hoiiae 
of  uariioaent  vim  compoaed,  ten  ahould  be  elected  by 
earn  of  tlie  countiea  of  Berkeley  and  Colleton ;  the 
lliird  being  reckoned  aa  yet  too  inconaiderable  to  merit 
a  ahire  of  parliamentary  representation.  Berkeley, 
wliicli  conUiiied  the  iiutropolia,  w;u  the  only  one  of 
Ihe  cowitiea  which  na  yul  pnaa<>saed  a  county  court ; 
and  the  prnvinoial  govcrninent  having  appointed  the 
electi-in  to  be  held  at  Cliarluatown,  the  iiiliabitanta  of 
Berkeley  had  combined  to  prevent  the  people  of  Colle- 
lon  from  voting  at  all,  and  had  theiiiaelvea  retiimod  the 
vholi  Iweuiir  ineiiibera.    They  in:untained  tiiat  lliia 


advanlaM  waa  du*  lo  Iheir  own  auparioriljr  in  number 
of  paopwi  a  circiiBMtanoa  which  at  hiaal  enaoled  Ihein 
In  realixa  Ihe  prelanaion  il  auggealeil.  The  proprieta- 
riea, howaver.  were  highly  iTiapkiaaed  wilh  thia  con- 
lenipl  of  Iheir  inalriiriiona,  which  they  wem  no  aooner 
inforineil  of,  than  they  gave  nnlera  tliat  the  parliameul 
ahould  be  diaaiilveil,  and  none  other  iiaaeinlded  in  ao 
irregular  a  nuiniHir.  But  Iheir  roiniiianla  wem  unavail- 
ing I  and  thia  aignal  injualice,  after  maiiiliiiiiiiig  ita 
ground  fur  aonie  time,  obtainml  tha  couiilenance  anil 
lUMviil  of  the  proprietariea  llieinaelvna,  and  continued 

10  aiibaiat,  till,  at  a  Liter  period,  ita  abettora  wem  rniii- 
pelled  to  yield  tn  the  iiiilignaiil  an<l  iiiiiiiiimoiia  voice 
of  the  pi'iiple  whom  they  luid  diafriiiichiai'd.  The  pro- 
prietariea, meanwhile,  were  eiceedingly  iliapleaavd  witli 
Ihe  reiterated  diaoliedionce  of  llieir  ilepuliea,  and,  in  a 
renioiialraiioe  which  lliev  addmaaed  lo  Ihe  governor  and 
council ,  they  reminded  tliein,  in  language  which  ul 
leaai  otpreaaea  gooii  inlenliona,  "  that  tlie  power  of 
niogiatrucy  ia  put  into  your  lianib  for  the  good  of  the 
pi'onle,  who  ought  not  lo  be  turned  into  prey,  n*  we 
iloulil  hath  been  loo  much  practiaed."  It  waa  rainark- 
ed,  tlial  llie  gmaleal  dealera  in  Indian  alavea  wera  the 
keeiwal  opponenia  of  the  claim  of  ('ollelon  county  to 
allure  in  Uio  eierciae  of  tlie  ek^ctivo  francliiae ;  eaein- 
plifying  how  the  indulgence  of  aelKahnea*  and  opprea- 
aion  in  any  one  relation  lenda  enliroly  lo  pervert  or  ex- 1 
lingiiiah  in  iiien'a  iiiinda  tlio  aeiiae  of  what  ia  due  tn  Ihe 
righU  of  olhera.  The  prnprietJiriea,  llioii^li  at  limea 
they  expreaaed  tlieinaelvea,  aa  on  thia  laal  orcaaion, 
wiln  vigor  and  wiailoin,  aeom  to  have  been  qnlte  inca- 
pacitated, by  ignorance  or  irreaolution,  IVom  piiraiiing 
or  enforcing  a  cnnaiatent  courae  of  policy.  It  waa 
found  that  aoine  of  the  roniirillnra,  iinil  even  the  com- 
iniaaionera  that  had  been  appointed  lo  watrfi  over  tlie 
intereata  of  the  Indiana,  encouraged  the  tralHc  in  In- 
dian alavea ;  and  though  Morelon  waa  able  lo  minove 
tlieae  delinqueiila  from  olfice,  they  ailcceeded  ill  ren- 
dering Ilia  own  aitiiatitin  ao  diaiigmeable  lo  him,  that  he 
waa  conatruiiied  lo  rcaign  hia  authority,  which  wiia  im- 
mediately conferred  on  Weal,  who  aiillered  Uie  |ieople 
to  continue  the  practice  of  inveigling  and  kidnapping 
the  Indiana  without  realraiiit.  The  prnpiietariea  then 
intrnated  tlie  government  lo  8ir  Kichurd  Kyrle,  an 
'riahinan.  who  died  aoon  alter  hia  arrival  in  Ihe  pro- 

luce.  [1084.]  Weal,  tliereu^ion,  waa  again  choaeil 
interim  governor  by  the  council,  whoae  appoinlinent, 
on  thia  occ.iaion,  tlie  proprietariea  thought  proper  lo 
contirm.  He  waa,  however,  aliortly  after  auperacded 
by  Colonel  ituarrv.  who  retained  Ihe  office  only  till  Ihe 
following  year,  [l*'"*-''']  when,  in  conaci|uence  of  the 
'oiintuiiance  he  waa  found  to  have  given  lo  piracy,  he, 

11  hia  turn,  waa  diamiaaetl,  and  Joseph  Morelon  niiii- 
atuted  in  tlie  governinent.* 

Tho  American  aooa  had  long  been  infeatod  by  a  race 
of  during  udveiiturera,  privaleera  in  time  of  war,  pirulea 
in  time  of  peace,  whoae  martial  exploita,  and  aucceaa- 
fiil  deprcdatiiina  on  the  rich  ouloiiiea  and  commerce  of 
dpain,  enabled  them  lo  conciliate  the  regard  or  pur- 
chiiae  tlie  connivance  of  many  of  the  inhaiiitanta  ol  the 
Britiah  aettlenienta,andevenof  thiauthorilieaaupreme 
aa  well  oa  aiiliordinute,  of  the  Britiah  empire.  Tho 
king  liiniaelf,  for  acveral  yeara  after  hia  realoration,  had 
extended  to  them  hia  patronage,  and  even  granleil  the 
honor  of  knighthood  to  one  of  tlieir  namber,  Henry 
Morgan,  u  \Velaliiiian,  who  had  plundered  Portobello 
and  Panama,  uiid  acquired  a  vaat  booty  by  hia  achieve- 
inenta.  Thus  recommended  hy  llie  king  lo  the  favora- 
ble regarda  of  hia  aubjecta,  thcae  freebooters  found  it 
no  leaa  eaay  than  advantageoua  lo  cultivate  a  friendly 
connexion  witli  the  people  of  Carolina,  who  willingly 
opened  Iheir  porta,  and  furnialied  auppliea  of  proviaiona 
to  gueata  who  lavishly  spent  their  golden  spoila  in  the 
colony.  Tlie  treatv  of  1GG7,  together  wilh  die  in- 
creasingly I'lwleaa  character  of  Ihe  adventurers,  hail 
withdrawn  llie  kiiig'a  protection  from  them ;  but  thev 
continued,  nevertheleaa,  tn  maintain,  and  even  extenil, 
their  intercourse  wilh  the  plantera  and  authorities  of 
Carolina.  The  governor,  the  proprietary  deputies,  and 
the  principal  innabitania,  degraded  tliemaelvea  to  a  level 
with  the  vilest  of  mankind,  by  abetting  the  crimes  of 
piralea,  and  becoming  receivers  of  tlieir  nefurioua  ac- 
quiailiona.  The  proprietariea  atrongly  remonstrated 
against  practices  that  degraded  the  character  of  the  pro- 
vince, and  depraved  tlio  manners  of  all  who  participated 


IVom  the  king,  prevailed  «<  fiir  aa  to  reatraia  Ihe  mIo- 
iiiala  fVoinindulging  an  im-l'twiiun  which  Ibeyhudbagaa 
lo  demonalriile  of  uiaring  lu  tlie  enlerpriaea  aa  wall  •■ 


the  Saina  of  their  piriiticaj  aaaocialea  But  they  obrtli< 
nately  eonlinned  to  retain  their  coiinectiou  with  thoae 
adveiiiurera,  which,  dill^iaiiigBinong  ihrni  the  infiiclioiM 
dnaim  of  andden  wealth  and  the  apiril  of  diasipalinn, 
coiilribulod  lo  ihn  formalinn  of  liabito  pernicioiia  lo 
every  cominiinily,  hut  more  particularly  iiijiirioua  lo  the 
nroaperily  of  an  iiiftint  settlement.  Trtcea  of  ttioae 
habila  have  coiiliuiied  long  lo  be  diaceruible  in  the  cha- 
racter and  inannen  of  the  inhabitanli  of  Carolina. 
The  king  at  length  arnuaed  by  the  coniplainia  of  hi* 
ulliea,  and  aenaible  how  much  the  trade  of  hia  own 
aubjecta  had  lieen  injiimd  by  theae  lawleaa  proceedinga, 
iranainilled  to  Ihe  colony  in  April,  llMI,  "  a  lawofoinal 
piralea,"  which  the  prnjirietoriea  requimd  their  porlla- 
uhJil  lo  enact,  and  tlieir  exeoiitive  offlren  rigoroualjr 
to  enforce.  The  Ural  part  of  Ihl*  reqniaition  waa  re» 
dily  complied  wilh  l  but  tliu  evil  hod  become  ao  inve- 
terate, tliat  Ihe  law,  inatead  of  beiuf  curried  into  ef- 
fect, waa  openly  Tioluled  even  by  thoae  by  whom  il 
had  b<>en  enaeieil.  It  waa  not  till  throe  years  after 
Ihia  period,  that  tlie  evil  received  an  elTectual  check, 
IVom  an  expedition  which  Juiiie*  tlie  decond  deapalch- 
ed  under  air  Kniiert  llnlmea,  for  tlie  auppmaaion  of 
piracy^  in  die  Weal  Indiea.  Of  this  expedition  tha 
proprietariea  aeiil  iiitimalion  lo  Ihe  governor  and  coun- 
cil of  Charleatown,  and  roconitnended  lo  lliem  a  pronipl 
aubiniaaiun  to  the  authority,  and  co-openition  in  ino 
dcaigna  and  proceedings  of  llolmea;  and  their  man- 
dates  lielngnow  aupporteil  bjr  a  feive  aufficientto  over- 
awe all  nppoaltion,  tlieaa  diegraceful  proceedinga  sua- 
luitied  a  complete,  thouffa  uuforlunately  only  a  tempo- 
nir^  interruption. 

Itleunwhile  the  obloquy  and  disrepute  which  the  pro- 
vince of  .South  Carolina  tliiia  deaervedly  incurred,  waa 
not  Ilia  only  inconvenience  lliut  reaulteil  IVom  ita  con- 
nexion v/ith  the  piralea.  The  Hpaniarda  at  Bl.  Augus- 
tine had  alwaya  regarded  the  aouthem  aettleinenta  of 
tlie  Engliah  wiUi  jealousy  and  dialike ;  llioy  luapecled, 
iind  not  wiihoiit  re^ison,  thul  the  Hcotcli  pluiilera  al 
Port  Uoyal  iiiflained  the  Indiana  against  tlieni;  ami 
they  behold  with  indignation  the  plunderera  of  their 
commerce  openly  encouraged  at  Charleatown.  [IIMti.] 
After  Uireateninijt  to  avenge  tliemaelvea  hy  liostilitiea, 
they  at  length  invaded  llie  aniilhern  ftrontiura  of  Ihe 
province,  and  laid  wjiate  Ihe  aettleinenta  of  Port  Knynl. 
The  Curoliniiina  finding  themaclvea  nimble  lo  defend  n 
wide  extended  boundary,  reaolved  lo  carry  tlieir  arma 
into  the  heart  of  their  eiiemy'a  territory;  and  accoiiiit- 
iiig  tliemaelvea  aiitlioriacd  by  the  terma  of  the  provin- 
cial charter  to  levy  war  on  their  neighboiira,  lliey  made 
preparutiona  for  an  expedition  againal  Hi.  Angiiatine. 
riie  proprietariea,  informed  of  Ihia  project,  liiiateiied 
to  wilhabind  il  bv  tlieir  remoiiairance  and  prohibition. 
Every  rational  being,  they  declared,  inuat  have  fore- 
aeuu  that  llie  Hpanianla,  provoked  hy  such  injuriea  oa 
the  coloniata  had  wantonly  iiiHicted  on  them,  would  as- 
suredly relalliato.  The  clause  of  the  charter  which  waa 
relied  on  by  tlie  colonists  to  justify  their  projected  in 
vasioii  meant  no  more  (they  maintained)  llian  a  piir 
suit  in  the  heat  of  victory,  and  never  could  nulhoriae  a 
delilierale  prosecution  of  war  against  the  king  of 
Spain's  aubjecta  within  hia  own  territoiiaa.  "  We  oiir- 
solvea,"  Iliey  protested,  "  claim  no  auch  power:  nor 
can  any  man  believe  that  tho  dependencies  of  England 
can  have  lilM^rty  to  make  war  upon  tho  kiii|;'a  allies, 
without  his  knowledge  or  consent."*  They  inliinated. 
at  tlie  same  time,  Iheir  diaaent  from  a  law  which  had 
been  poased  for  raising  men  and  money  for  the  jiroject- 
ed  expedition  against  Ihe  Spaniards;  and  the  inliubi- 
tttiits,  eillier  convinced  by  tlieir  reaaoninga,  or  diaabled 
from  ruiaiiig  die  neceaaur^  auppliea,  abandoned  the  en- 
lerprisc.  On  learning  Una  resiilt,  the  proprietaries  con- 
gratulated the  governor  and  council  on  their  liniely  re- 
traction of  a  measure  which,  l-:ul  it  been  carried  '  into 
effect,  the  promoters  of  it,  tlier  declared,  iniglil  have 
anawered  widi  their  Uvea.  They  inatructed  theiii  lo 
addresa  a  civil  Utter  lo  Ihe  governor  of  8l.  Augustine, 


•  Ol.lmljon,  1.  339,  310.  Ilowit,  I.  95, 1)3.  Clialiners,  Mi,  M7 
From  (llcirnixon'a  l.ista,  it  appears  llial  Colomil  Quarry  IwW  orn- 
cial  aituiUiotia  uuJer  the  rriiwn  tn  aevoral  of  the  pnwincoa 
at  tha  lame  time  On  his  return  to  Enitlan,!  in  tho  year  1703. 
ho  presented  tu  the  lunla  of  trado  a  mumorial  on  the  atato  of 
tlio  American  colimiea,  v/liich  is  preaorved  amon)^  ttio  Uailelan 
C.illectian  in  tlio  Britiali  Museum.  Some  notice  of  it  occurs  In 
Olumixoii'a  account  of  Virginia 


*  Tlmre  con  bo  llttlo  doubt,  I  sppreliend,  th.\t  if  tho  priiprle- 
tariea  had  tranaferrod  their  own  reatdonco  tn  the  cnlcinluh,  nt 
had  l>een  able  to  realize  tho  magnificent  achomo  contained  in 
thoir  fundamental  cunatituttuns,  they  would  have  put  .-i  much 
freer  interprctiitinn  <m  tlio  liulliKorcnl  privilt>t{o  conferred  by 
the  charter;  iind  would  have  made  war  iia  larndy  und  riidu. 
pondeiitly  aa  the  Ktii^lish  ?::nst  India  Cninpany  have  ,-vei 
dnno.  'rlin  ai-comphHlimeiit  of  thoir  orlgiiiiU  views  would  l.ava 
clTocted  all  the  miachicf  that  In  a  later  ajie  was  'Juatly  or  er 
ronoonsly)  anticipated  from  Iho  India  hill  of  Mr.  Fox  ;  and  dia 
turliod  the  balance  of  the  RuKlikli  conatituUon  hv  the  vaat  «a 
dowmeiit  of  power  and  iniluenca  wlilcji  It  -^jula  liave  b«  I'ana 
ed  on  a  Junta  of  Ihe  Aiialocncy. 


minia  itx  l 

htbayhudbMaa 
riw*  M  wallM 

Biilth«y  obrtti- 
ctioii  tviih  ihiiM 
'III  llw  inrwlioiii 
t  n(  <liwi|iiiiinn, 
la  |H'rniciiiiM  lit 
V  iiijiirjoua  to  lli)| 
'I'riicva  of  thoaa 
iiibki  in  the  rha- 
la  i>r  Carolina, 
inipliiiiila  of  hit 
ula  ol'  hia  own 
na  procvodlnfa, 
,  "  II  law  ocaiaal 
■«l  ihair  parlU- 
Irera  rinaroualjr 
iailioii  wna  n» 
'coiiio  10  iiive> 
curried  into  af- 
e  by  whom  it 
o«  yeora  aOar 
9fr«eliiai  olivcli, 
icoiid  dsapalcli- 
iuppreaaion  ol' 
eipodilion  Ida 
irnor  and  conn- 
Uiem  B  pronipl 
Hinilion  in  iho 
•nd  thtir  man- 
nieieni  to  over- 
roceHdinga  aua> 

only  ■  tempo* 

which  die  pro> 
r  incurred,  waa 
I  fruni  ita  con> 
•  III  Ht.  Aii(ii»i 
Mitllenienia  of 
lioy  iiiapeoted, 
nil  pluntera  a| 
iwt  llivin;  and 
ilnrera  of  thvir 
ilown.  [1(MI.] 
I  by  boalililiea, 
tantiura  of  tho 
nf  Port  Koyal. 
lip  In  defend  n 
rry  Uieir  arma 
and  account- 
if  the  proviii- 
I,  lliey  mode 
Aiigualine, 
cct,    biulcned 
prohibilinn. 
have   fore' 
iiijiiriea  oa 
em,  would  a«- 
ler  which  waa 
projected  in 
than  a  piir 
iiutlinriiw  a 
king    of 
'  We  oiir- 
power:   nur 
I  of  Kiiylaiid 
kiii|('a   allien, 
r  intiiiiuled. 
which  had 
the  (irojeci- 
llie  inlmbi- 
or  disabled 
oned  (he  en- 
riotariiia  con- 
sir  timely  re- 
carried   into 
might  hnva 
ted  them  to 
AugiiKline, 

If  the  proprlo* 
e  cniniilub,  of 
a  ciiittiuiinil  in 

0  put  .1  iniirh 
confiTroii  bj 

oly  and  mdu. 
y  Imvo  rtvoi 
'•  wiiiilii  i.ava 

1  (Juiliy  ur  er 
Foi  i  and  Uia 

Iha  vut  ea 
liii'eb«\-M* 


lie 


NORTH    AMERICA 


I*  laqiiira  by  whsl  Mlhorily  ho  luul  aclad  i  and,  in  itw 
■MM  Ubhi,  to  put  the  provlnca  in  the  lieal  poaition  of 
dniiince.  I'roiu  lliia  periml,  luuliiul  dread  and  nni- 
mnallir  rarely  eeiiaed  lo  prevail  betwieii  Uie  Hpunlih 
ui  l.ii|liali  coloniata  in  Florida  and  Carolina. 

Whan  the  (overnor  and  council  received  Intelligence 
ll  the  death  of  Charlea  tlie  Hecood,  they  proclaimed 
hit  aucceaaor  with  expraaaioiu  of  loyally  and  joy,  np- 
piuwntly  IhealTuaianaofmerelevil/auil  liivuiif  chuiwe, 
but  which  gave  ao  much  aatiafactiou  lo  Juiiien,  lliul  lie 
conveyed  to  llieiii,  in  return,  tho  uuuriiiice  of  hit  liivor 
•lid  protection,  ilia  aincerity  heruiiiwaii  onuparwitti 
their  own  |  for  he  ainiudy  medllaind  the  revocutiou  of 
llie  colonial  rhnrter,  and  tlie  annlhilatiiiii  of  all  Iheir 
privikifea.  lie  waa  preveiileil,  however,  IVoiii  cum- 
plelinf  tiiia  intention,  and  lila  reign  wna  productive  of 
eventa  tliat  proved  hifhijr  advnnlogeoua  lo  tlie  coloiijr, 
Many  of  hia  Euf  liah  aubjecia,  apprehending,  Ooiii  hia 
arbitrary  priaelplea  and  nia  bigotry  to  the  oliurcli  of 
Koine,  the  aubvenlon  of  Iheir  ruligidii  and  lilierliea,  Hvd 
beyond  the  Atlantic,  from  tlie  npprouchiiig  rigora  of  pvr- 
oecution :  lieing  determined  ruifiiir  to  endure  tho  aevii- 
reat  hardahipa  abroad,  thantii  wllneaa  the  eatabliahmont 
of  popery  and  tyranny  in  Kn^luiid.  Tlie  population  of 
America,  recruited  by  thoae  «mif  ratioua,  derived  even 
a  larger  aoniiiaitioii  from  tlie  peraeculiou  of  tlie  pro- 
lentanta  in  Vrance,  that  followed  the  revocation,  in 
IUH&,  of  the  edict  of  Nant/.  Above  half  a  inillion  of 
bar  moat  uaeful  and  iuduatrluua  aubjecia,  eipelled  IVum 
I'rance,  carried  with  them  into  Kiigluiid,  Holland,  and 
otiier  Kuropaan  atiitea,  the  arts  and  manufactiirea  wldch 
had  chiefly  tended  to  enrich  their  native  country, 
lamea,  atfectlliy  to  participate  the  indignation  tliiit  waa 
cipreaaed  by  hia  own  aubjecta  at  the  peraecution  exvr- 
ciaed  b)|  the  French  monarch,  hnatened  to  tender  tho 
moat  Iriendly  aaaialaiice  to  the  diatreaied  Iliigonota, 
who  aought  aheller  iu  hia  domininiia ;  unil  beaidea  tliiiae 
who  eatublitlied  tlii'iiiniilvoH  in  Kugliiiid,  coimidurulilu 
ouuibera  were  enabled  to  Iranaport  tliutiiaelvea  to  the 
Briliah  aelllemenla  iu  America.  Many,  ulao,  who 
needed  nut  hia  aaaiatance,  and  who  dreaded  hia  doaigiu, 
piirchaaed  colonial  proiierty  witli  tlieir  own  money,  und 
retreated  to  tlie  oaini)  diatant  region.  Among  the  other 
coloniea  which  thua  reaped  advantage  from  the  opprea- 
aioua  excrciaed  in  i'raiice,  and  tlio  uppniheiiMioua  eutor- 
laiued  iu  England,  Carolina  deriviid  u  coiuiderabia  ac- 
quiaition  of  people.  Many  of  the  iirote»tuut  refugeea, 
in  particular,  liiiving  purchaaed  louua  from  tlie  propriu- 
tariea,  who  wi^rt^  ever  on  the  watch  to  cncouriiKO  emi- 
sr.ition  to  tlieir  terrltoriea,  einbnrlcd  with  their  loiniliea 
for  thia  colony,  and  iniide  a  valuable  addition  to  ita  iu- 
du.itry,  proaperity,  and  popiiluilon. 

Although  the  coloniata  had  aa  yet  made  but  amall  pro- 
greaa  in  cultivating  their  territory,  und  atill  found  Iheir 
etTiirla  impeded,  and  iheir  numiiera  abridged,  by  tlie 
obxtruclioua  of  the  forunl  and  the  ravagex  of  diacnxu, 
Uiey  wore  obvioualy  beginning  to  auriuoiiiit  tlio  lirat 
dimciiltlea  and  dlaaJvuntugeaol  their  aitualion.  Their 
cattle,  requiring  iieitlier  edilicea  nor  attendance,  found 
aulF.cicnt  ahellur,  and  uiiiplu  iMiurlHlmiont,  iu  the  wooda, 
and  liiureaaed  in  un  uuiu-.iiig  degree.  They  tmdud  to 
Ibe  Weat  Indie'  fur  rum  and  augur,  in  return  for  tlieir 
lumber  and  provialona ;  and  England  aupplied  them 
with  cloUies,  anna,  aininunilion,  and  Kteiuila  fur  build- 
ing und  ciiltivatiun,  iu  exchange  for  tlieir  deer-akiiia, 
furH,  and  nuval  atorea,  Thia  coiuiiiorce,  iiicnnaiduru- 
hie  ua  it  wua,  having  begun  I:  atti^c^  diteiition,  u  col- 
lector of  the  cuatoma  wua  eatubliahed  at  Cluirleatown, 
aoon  ut\er  tlie  acoeaaion  of  Jumea  to  tlie  throne.  The 
pronrtetiiriea,  on  thia  occaaioii,  traiiamitli'd  their  ordura 
lo  Uie  gnveriiur  nnd  council,  to  uliow  u  becoming  fur- 
wardiivi*4  in  luaiating  the  collection  of  the  duly  on  to- 
bacco trunapurted  to  other  coluiiiea,  and  iuaeiziiigahipa 
tliil  preaumed  to  trade  contrary  to  tlie  acta  of  iiavigu- 
lion.  Hut,  altliough  the  prnpi  ieturiea  enjoyed  in  tlieory 
Iha  inoal  alwuliite  authurity  within  die  province,  ami 
aeeined,  indeed,  to  have  chgroaiHid  the  whole  powora 
•fgovenimcnt,  tliey  hud  long  been  aeuaible  of  the  prac- 
tical iniilKciency  of  every  one  of  their  miindatea  that 
waa  opposed  to  the  opiniuna  or  favorite  pruclicea  of  tho 
people.  Thia  Inat  injunction  waa  not  uiilv  dlaobeyed 
but  opculy  and  ur||umentutively  diapiited  by  the  colo- 
niata und  the  culoiiiul  juilgea  and  magiatratea,  who  in- 
4iated  tlint  tliey  were  exempted  from  tlie  operulion  of 
Ine  navi|(ution  acta  by  the  terma  of  the  provincial  char- 
ier, <i!(aimt  whifJi,  they  plainly  informed  iho  collector, 
tliut  *'  they  hold  nn  act  of  piirliament  to  be  of  no  force 
whatever."  A^  the  charter  wu.i  poatcrior  in  date  to  the 
javigation  net,  thia  waa  in  elFect  to  contend  for  tho 
dlapeiiHing  power  of  tho  cruwn ;  und  to  muinbilu  agaiuat 
I'lO  king  nlmaelf,  the  very  doctrino  which  he  forfeited 
b I  Uiniue  by  uttcmptiiig  to  roalixe.    Illegal  and  diii- 


(•niua,  aa  a  plea  involving  auch  doclrlnaa  may  at  flrat 
aight  appear  it  will  be  found,  in  proportion  aawe  ex- 
amine It,  that  it  ia  very  fur  from  lieing  dnatitute  of  aiip- 
port,  either  IVoiii  iiatiirMl  ri'aaoii  or  legal  prliirlple.  It 
waa  tlie  chnrter  uliiiiii  lliat  liiiil  uildeil  the  coloniul  terri- 
tory to  llie  liritinh  empire  i  und  It  waa  to  the  execution 
und  exiatance  of  that  chnrler  ulune,  that  (ireat  Britnin 
could  refer  fur  legal  evideiiceofthecontiexinn  between 
heraelf  and  the  ciiliiiiiul  people.  The  plantera,  puaaeaa- 
iiig  the  iiimiT  of  traiialerring  their  labor'*  to  any  region 
where  l/iey  might  plooae  to  aettle,  und  tlie  iHinelit  of 
tiieir  ullegiani:e  to  any  aovereigii  whoae  at'ipiiluliona  in 
their  favor  ml||hl  appear  aatialuctory  tu  them,  had,  on 
tlie  ftilUi  of  tliia  charter,  and  of  ita  due  obaervunco  in 
all  puliita,  formed  and  reared,  nt  ^reul  uxpenae,  their 
preaent  coloniul  aellhiment;  and  ill  all  the  coiirta  of 
(ireat  Briluin  the  charter  wua  undoubtedly  held  a  valid 
paction  in  ao  far  aa  it  imnuaed  obliguliona  on  theculu- 
niata.  There  appeara,  tlieii,  to  have  been  no  want  of 
jiiatice  or  e<piitv  in  tho  claim  of  the  plantera,  that  u 
charier  wlilcli  liud  formed  their  origliinl  paction  and 
biiiiil  uf  iiiiiuii  Willi  tlie  motliur  country,  on  tlio  faith  of 
which  tlieir  aubjecllou  had  lieen  yiuliled  nnd  tlieir  aet- 
llemeiit  created,  aud  which  wua,  on  ull  buuda,  acknow- 
ledged to  be  atrlclly  valid  iu  ao  far  aa  it  impoaed  obli- 
gutiona  upon  tliem,  aliould  ho  held  no  leaaaacred  in  re- 
anecl  of  the  privilogea  which  it  ciincodeil  to  them. 
While  it  waa  ullowt'd  to  remain  iinaiiniilled,  it  aeemeil 
to  lie  entitled  to  entire  and  eipial  operation :  oiid  if  it 
were  to  bo  aol  naido,  the  grunleea  ahoiild  have  been 
left  at  liberty  to  altncli  theiunelvea  lo  aonie  other  domi- 
nion, if  they  cuiild  not  nrraiign  with  llriluiiiiiew  terma 
of  a  prorogated  connexion  with  her.  It  iiiiiat  bo  uc- 
kniiwledged,  however,  that  the  legnl  force,  if  not  tlie 
natural  equity  of  thia  plea,  ia  coiiaidernbly  abated  by 
the  conaiderulion,  that  ilwaadiwlaimed  by  the  propriu- 
tiiriea,  and  preferred  excliiaively  by  the  roaideiit  colo- 
nial population.  The  proprietaries  vuliilyillMpiited  the 
roaaonableuvaa  of  the  coloniul  pleu,  and  at  vainly  prn- 
hibited  the  lontiiinnnce  of  die  relutive  pruclicea.  Neither 
awed  by  Iheir  authority,  nor  convinced  by  their  reii- 
aouin^a,  nor  yet  deterred  by  the  fre<pient  aeiziirca 
of  their  own  veaaela  und  inerchaiidi/e,  the  coloniata 
continued  to  defend  the  legality  and  peraiat  in  die  prac- 
tice of  trading  whereaoever  uiid  in  whalanever  coinmodi- 
tiea  tliey  plenaed.  While  the  proprietiiriea  were  labor- 
ing to  prevuil  in  thia  diaagreealilu  controversy,  they  re- 
ceived a  new  and  more  painful  ndilitioii  to  their  eniluir- 
ruaainenta,  from  the  ulurii.ing  intelligence,  that  the  king, 
having  adopted  Uie  reaoliition  of  aimihilating  all  pro- 
prietary governments,  Iiud  directed  a  writ  otquo  tear- 
raulo  to  lie  iaaued  uyainst  the  patent  of  Cnroliim.  Tliiia, 
ni  idler  their  aubiiiissioii  to  everjr  royal  inundate,  nor 
tlieir  readiiieaa  to  aid,  with  their  feeble  power,  in  the 
collection  uf  the  royal  revenue,  and  the  execution  of 
the  acta  of  nnvigntiiiii,  coulil  protect  the  chartered  riglita 
of  the  proprieluriea  from  the  enmity  and  injustice  of 
tlie  kiug.  Yet  pru.leutly  bending  under  tlie  violence 
which  iTiey  were  unable  to  resist,  they  eluded  the  force 
of  uu  uttack  which  pioved  fatal  to  the  charter  of  MuaaiV 
chuaett/<;  and  by  proposing  a  trcntjr  for  surrender  of 
their  patent,  they  gained  such  delay  as  left  Uiem  in  pos- 
aeaaion  of  it.  at  the  period  of  tlie  British  Revolution. 

Governor  Moreton,  after  hia  second  appointment  to 
the  presidency  of  the  colony,  was  allowed  to  retuin  it 
little  more  than  a  veur.  Though  endowed  with  a  coii- 
aiilernble  share  ol*  wisdom  and  ability,  und  connected 
with  aeveral  reapectuble  fumiliea  in  the  colony,  so  in- 
consistent were  hia  inatructiona  from  England  with  the 
prevailing  views  and  interesta  of  the  people,  tliut  he 
iuuiid  it  diliiciilt  to  execute  the  duties  of  his  ollice  at  all, 
nnd  impossible  to  discharge  them  Hatisfactorily.  He 
had  been  described  oa  a  man  of  sober  and  religious  tem- 
per ;  and  having  married  the  sister  of  Blake,  it  wua 
hoped  by  llie  friends  of  piety  nnd  good  morula,  thai  the 
hands  or  guveriiiiieiit  would  be  struiigthcuLMl  by  this 
alliance,  and  an  ellectiial  check  iiiipused  on  the  uiore 
licentious  and  irn  giilur  party  of  the  people.  Bui  Uio 
niujority  of  hia  council  entertained  opiniona  very  dif- 
ferent from  his,  with  re.^pect  to  the  conduct  of  the  pro- 
vincial administratiuii.  and  claimed  greater  indulgencea 
for  the  people  than  ho  had  authority  to  grant.  Hence 
there  arose  in  the  colony  two  political  parties ;  the  one 
attnched  to  the  prerogative  und  authority  of  the  propri- 
( laries,  Iho  other  devoted  to  the  liberties  of  the  people. 
Uy  the  one  it  was  contended  that  the  luwa  unci  regula- 
tions transmitted  from  England,  should  be  atrictly  and 
implicitly  obeyed :  by  the  other,  mora  exclusive  regard 
was  had  to  the  local  circumstances  of  the  colony ;  and 
it  was  maintained  that  the  freemen  were  obliged  to  ob- 
serve the  injunctions  of  the  proprielariea,  only  in  aofor 
ua  llioy  were  coiuistuiil  witli  tn»  interest  of  the  resi 


dent  populalion,  and  Iha  proaparitx  ol  IM  oatUoiiMMl, 
In  thia  aitualion  of  •flUra,  no  govarnor  eoitki  loua 
niuintaiii  hia  authority  among  a  number  of  liuld  and 
realleaa  udveulurara,  avorae  lo  all  realrainl,  and  activa 
In  Improving  every  opportunity  lo  advance  their  own 
Inlereat  I  ftir  whenever  ha  atteniptod  lo  control  any  of 
tlieir  designa,  by  Uie  eierciae  of  hia  auUior'l)',  they  in- 
aultiid  hia  person,  and  complained  of  hia  adiiiinlatrutinni 
till  tliev  iirvvulled  in  having  him  removed  from  hia  of- 
fice. The  priiprieturiea  fliiding  Uiat  Moreloii  hnil  b«> 
come  obnnxiuua  to  a  considerable  panvamoii||  Uie  peo- 
ple, now  resolved  with  Uieir  iiaiial  feeule  policy  tu  an- 
crilice  him  lo  the  enmity  wliich  hia  integrity  had  pro- 
voked', and  having  accordingly  diapatchad  him,  the/ 
appointed  oa  hia  auccaaoor,  Jainea  Colleton,  a  broUier 
of  one  of  Uieir  own  number,  and  on  whoae  attachment 
to  tho  proprietary  inlereat  they  thought  Ihemoelvci  euli> 
ded  to  rely.  Ilia  fortune  and  connecUona,  it  waa  hoped, 
would  add  iiilliience  to  hia  oflicei  and  to  lend  him  tho 
greater  weight  oa  he  wan  created  a  landgrave  of  the 
colony,  with  Uie  appropriate  endowment  of  forty-eight 
thouaaiid  acres  of  land.  A  high  opinion  had  been  eit> 
lerlaiiied  by  bis  coiiatltiienta  of  hia  goodaenae  and  abi< 
lity ;  but  either  it  waa  very  ill-founded,  or  he  waa  da 
prived  of  diacretinn  and  aelf-posaeaaion  by  die  eonftl 
aions  and  cubula  iu  which  he  found  himaelf  involved 
To  hia  great  mortilicalinn,  ho  wua  quickly  made  aeuai- 
ble that  the  proprietory  govornmeiil  hud  acquired  very 
little  atubilitv,  and  waa  continually  declining  in  the  re- 
aped of  ita  aubjecia.  Ilia  own  imprudence  contribu- 
ted materially  to  increaae  Uia  weakneoa  aud  diocredil 
Into  which  it  had  (hlleii. 

The  cnmuienceinenl  of  Cnllelnn'a  adininiatralion 
gave  iiniveraul  aatiafuction.  But  hia  inatniclioiia  ra- 
(|uiriiig  him  to  attempt  what  hia  auUiorily  waa  unabia 
to  oHect,  the  piiniahinenl  of  ulinosi  all  the  oUier  colonial 
ollice(s  for  various  instances  of  disoliodienco  lo  Iha 
proprielariea,  and  to  execute  wiUi  vigor  the  law  againal 
piriilua,  very  soon  embroiled  him  wiUi  a  groat  body  of 
the  inbaliituiita.  The  form  of  Uie  coiistitutioii.  com- 
posed of  a  varieir  of  jurisdictiona,  and  inveating  Uia 
purlinmcnt  with  Ine  choice  of  memliera  for  the  gmud 
ciiiincil,  gave  rise  In  perpetual  intrigue ;  and  u  diver- 
ally  of  fucUona  sprung  up,  "  ua  mnipant,"  aaya  Uld- 
mixon,  "  aa  if  Uio  people  hud  been  made  wanton  by 
many  agea  of  prosperity."  A  parliament  having  been 
aiiinmoned  by  Colleton,  die  majority  of  the  inembera 
openly  expresaed  their  disupprohution  of  the  funda- 
mental constitutiona ;  und  huviiig  appointed  a  cum- 
■iiitlee  to  revise  and  amend  them,  thia  body  proceeded 
wiUiout  delay  lo  frame  a  now  and  very  didereiil  acheino 
of  govcrniiient,  which  they  distiiigiiished  by  the  name 
of  the  tlamUng  law$  of  Carolina,  and  trunsiiHlted  lo 
Kiiglaiid  fur  the  approbation  of  the  proprietaries.  The 
reception  of  such  u  comiiiiiiiicutioii  might  huve  been 
easily  foreseen.  The  proiirietarica  lieaimted  not  a  mo- 
ment lo  reject  Uieae  ataiidiiig  lawa,  und  to  issue  the 
most  positive  ordera  for  the  diie  oliaervunce  of  the  Am- 
dnmeutul  constitutiona  which  hud  been  so  irreverently 
handled.  But  men  who  hud  deliberately  undertaken 
so  bold  a  nieuaiire,  were  not  to  be  deterred  friiin  Uio 
prosecution  of  it  by  a  consequence  so  obyioiia  aa  the 
displeasure  of  the  proprietaries ;  and  a  majority  of  the 
oaaemhly  atill  obstinately  refused  to  acknowledge  Iho 
authority  of  the  fiiiiJumeutal  conaliluliona.  They 
were  thereupon  expelled  from  Uie  houae  by  Uie  go- 
vernor: and  protesting"  ugainat  the  validity  of  uiiy 
laws  that  might  be  enacted  by  a  iiiinority  of  the  coni- 
mona,  Uiey  retired  into  the  country,  and  eagerly  oii- 
dunvored  to  instil  tlioir  owu  principles  and  diaconlenta 
into  Uie  minds  of  die  people.  So  successful  were  Uieir 
exertions  for  lliis  piirpuse,  that  when  a  new  parliament 
was  convoked,  [1087,]  the  undisguised  and  unauiinoua 
purpose  of  the  inoinbers  wua  to  Uiwart  and  contradict 
Ihe  governor  in  whatsoever  proceedinga  he  might  em- 
brace, recommend,  or  be  supposed  to  approve.  8o 
pertinaciously  did  Uiey  adhere  to  this  lino  of  policy,  ua 
to  refuse  to  settle  a  militia  act,  though  the  aufety  of  111  i 
province,  endangered  by  Ihe  Spaniards  and  Uieir  Indian 
allies,  aeeined  urgently  lo  demand  such  a  measure; 
und,  in  tine,  to  make  sure  of  giving  auiiction  to  noUiiii!; 
that  could  be  agreeable  to  the  Governor,  they  ttaUy  d  '- 
dined  to  puss  any  laws  at  ull.  A  dispute  in  v\'hicli 
they  engaged  with  him  about  the  payment  of  quit  reiils, 
alfurded  them  uu  additional  opportunity  of  indulging 
their  spleen,  and  increasing  Uicir  popiilurity.  Cullutoii 
liad  attempted  to  enforce  pnyiiieiit  of  the  arrears  of  the 


pro 

Plantation  UIHco,  at  Liindpn,  is  subscribed  liy  one  uf  the  pro- 
tosuirs  with  his  murk,  in  respect  of  his  inability  ti>  wiita 
Clialinors,  p.  Sflfr— a  lignificant  indication.  It  must  be  confnsae<^ 
of  tho  cxtoiit  af  his  political  knawledgo  wd  lc|isla'.ianal  iiux 
Uficationa 


m 


TiiR  HISTORY  or 


qM  mala  liiM  hjr  lh«  |Mi<inl«,  whwh  lliuiifh  IimoihUI*- 
riibl*  In  iiBoniit,  wtrn  rf>i'koiw4*>t'"i»*lj^  ■"■"'■ox"*""'- 
M  nni  iiiin  nrrit  BiiiiinR  n  ihnilMtiil  I'nr  whii-li  i|iiit  rKiili 
Wi<r«  ilHiiiniiibMl  yii'lilvil  ii»y«l  »Hf  |iriilU  In  tliii  hoMrn. 
I'liiiliiiK  il  ■n|inMililH  In  ii<iaoni|>b4i  a  iiipiiaiini  wt  iiii- 
|uipiiliir,  while  hii  wna  ilmlitiit*  of  ■iipiinrl  IVuiii  Itw 
Diliar  provinrml  nlHci-ra,  ho  wrnl«  lo  in«  prnprii'tarin, 
r(H|iiF«hii(  Ihmii  in  Hpnoinl  iw  ilrpiiliea,  cvrtiilii  prmiiM, 
wliiiiii  li'i  Itiinw  Inlio  Ibvoiinlilv  iliapowd  lo»  iinU  llirlr 
(oviTiiiiipni,  mill  fViiui  wham  hu  niifhl  riprrl  nninl- 
•iivi!  ill  thn  ■■kpriitinn  of  hin  oAlca.  Appriiu'il  oC  ihi* 
niwMiirR,  lh>'  ndverM  p.irl]r  i>crii|ilu<i  iin  vioIpiwd  iir  in- 
jiiatica  In  il«ri>iil  ur  roniitornct  il,  Letlora  IVniii  l°,iif> 
lanil,  cniitaiiiiiiii  dopiilnliiiiK  In  pcmoiu  nbiiniioiii  lo 
tin  ppnplu,  ihoy  aciavd  aiHl  mippnMMHl ;  iiihI  UhiiiimiIvm 
ippoiiitwl  iithur  iiwii  lietlar  ■iTmled  tn  Ui«  pnpulur 
e.iiiw.  Advnnciiif  in  thin  ooiirM  of  rewluta  u«ur|i«- 
•ion.  ih«  londvra  nf  lh«  pnpulur  Pirly  pmc««tled  In  ia- 
•lie  writii  ill  ihair  own  nniiie,  [ItJm]  niul  h«ld  aawni- 
jliiM  in  oppmilinii  In  lh«  gnvpriiar,  «iid  in  niter  diire- 
pnl  {<(  thn  aiilhorily  of  lint  propriHlnrioa.  Ilnviiig  iiif 
prinonml  tin  Mwrvliiry  of  lli«  prnvinca,  ihuy  lonk  Tnr- 
eilile  pniwuiau  nf  Iho  public  rerurda :  mid  willioiil  ap- 
psariiw  to  hiiva  iiiiy  Hxad  nr  duHnilu  ob^ui'l  in  vluw, 
Ihay  elTecU'd  n  cninplaln  aniiveraion  of  legitiiiiuta  nntho- 
rily.  Only  n  daUirinliiod  iind  active  ii»iir|>or  woa  want- 
iiif  tn  pnuHw  hniiwirn,'  tlie  power  wlilcli  lliey  axcnicd 
lo  be  more  I'lixor  In  Muapviid  or  overllirnw,  than  pvr- 
niaiiently  tn  apiirnpriatu;  mid  a  putaoiiufo  altoguilii^r 
filled  lo  lako  advuntuxe  or  Uie  opporlunilv  did  not  liiil 
ahortly  iilVtr  to  prcwiit  liiiiiwir.  Diirini  Inia  acKiie  nf 
ounriiMnu,  thu  tidiiifc  nf  the  birth  of  a  Prince  nfWnlea 
were  received  in  the  entnny,  niid  celebrated  by  nil  par- 
liea  with  appi-iiranrea  ol°  rnrdinl  ayiiipatliy  and  con- 
{nitiilatinn ;  and  yet  an  iinineniiiiiK  were  tliean  exprea- 
iioin.  nr  an  nbaorbcd  wore  lln!  colonlnU  wilh  tliuir  own 
inlnriril  eahalu,  and  so  rexardloaa  nl'  all  cliiiiigeK  beynnd 
their  own  iininediiite  aphera,  tluit  tlie  intelligunce  orUie 
revolntiun  in  Kiiil  iiul,lhoii|jh  rollowing  tlio  other  event 
>n  cloMely,  I'lniled  no  eiiiolinn  whatever.  [ItM'J,]  and 
Willinin  and  Mary  wore  prnchiitiied  witli  the  moat  uie- 
chunical  reKiihiritv  and  iiidilVerence. 

Colluinn  mnrtitied  by  the  iiMiKnilivani  e  tn  which  he 
waa  reduced,  and  Hlarined  by  tlie  bold  and  aeditioiia 
•piril  ol°  lliHjiunpIo,  vainly  perplexed  hiniaelbwith  a  va- 
lioty  or  iiienurliiul  aoheini-i  I'or  recalling  them  to  the  re- 
cognitiun  of  legal  aniliority.  Ilia  conduct  liad  lioen 
Car  from  blaineli-aa,  and  had  even  attriclcd  ceiuure  from 
the  quarter  vhence  he  principally  relied  for  couute- 
uance  and  protection.  Aiunug  oilier  irregularitiea  into 
which  he  hud  Iweii  betrayed,  h«  bad  iinpoaed  an  arbi- 
trary line  of  one  hundreil  pounda  on  the  niiniater,  for 
preacliiiig  what  lie  accounted  a  aeditioiia  aeniinii;  and 
the  nroprieturiei  had  reiiiiltud  the  line,  not  on  account 
of  the  illegality  ol  ila  inllictiou,  but  of  the  extravagance 
of  ita  auiouut.  It  waa  at  length  auggeated  to  hiiu,  whe- 
ther by  imprudent  partizaiu  or  inaiduoiia  coiinaellora, 
tliat  to  proclaim  martial  law  waa  tlie  only  nieaiM  that 
remained  of  inducing  the  people  to  return  to  liia  go- 
vernance, and  yivlil  obedience  to  the  peraon,  who  un- 
der audi  a  atate  of  lliinga  would  alone  have  llie  power 
to  puiiiah  mutiny  and  aeditinn.  Actuated  no  doubt  by 
lliia  piirpoac,  thniigh  profeaain^  to  apprehend  an  inva- 
■ion  of  the  Hpaniarda  and  Indiana,  he  publiahed  on  or- 
dinance declaratory  of  martial  law,  and  requiring  every 
one  to  appear  in  anna  for  the  defence  of  the  prnvinee. 
However  conatitiitional,  however  conaiatent  with  the 
proviaioiM  of  tlie  charter,  this  ineaaure  waa  iiapriident 
in  tlie  extreme  because  the  colonials,  thua  aummonod 
lo  anna,  were  far  more  inclined  to  turn  tlieir  weapniu 
■gainst  their  ruler  tlian  against  the  public  enemy.  The 
deaignn  of  tlie  governor  were  easily  aeen  through,  and 
not  Teas  easily  defeated.  The  aaaembly  having  convoked 
themaelvea,  and  taken  thia  nieaaure  into  their  coiuide' 
ration,  reaolved  at  once  that  it  waa  a  daring  encroach- 
ineut  on  their  liberties,  and  an  unwarrantable  exertion 
of  power  at  a  time  when  the  colony  waa  in  no  danger 
from  without.  Colleton,  however,  driven  to  the  ex- 
tremity of  his  reaourccs,  peraisted  in  hia  proclamation 
of  martial  law,  and  vainly  attempted  to  enforce  the  or- 
ticI'M  of  war.  Uiit  he  was  very  soon  taught  to  feel 
thai  tlie  diaaflectinn  waa  too  general  to  admit  of  auch 
«  remedy,  and  that  all  hia  efforts  served  but  tb  unite 
■he  body  of  the  people  more  firmly  in  opposition  lo 
his  govemmem.  It  waa  ^vea  out  by  aome  of  hia  op- 
ponents,  tliat  the  sole  object  of  hia  present  proceed 
ings  was  to  acquire  to  himself  the  monopoly  of  the 
l^ian  trade ;  and  thia  surmise,  witli  every  other  impu- 
Mtinn,  however  groundless  or  inconaistent,  waa  readily 
credited  by  a  people  to  whom  for  yean  be  bod  been 
in  abjaol  of  ausaicion  and  dialUte. 
Owing  tlis  fiijinent  thai  eoiued  upon  those  proceed-l 


ings  [  ItHNI.]  Helh  Holhal,  whom  we  hava  aeen  Iwniidied 
IVnni  Albemarle,  and  mraOed  by  Ihs  prnprialariaa  to  Jua- 
liiy  hia  i'lindurl,  auihlcnly  premiiled  hliiiarif  ill  l.'liarlaa- 
town,  and  in  llui  double  rapucii^  of  a  priipriclary  of 
thn  proviiiri',  anil  a  cliaiiipion  ol  popular  riglila  ngainat 
prnprii'lary  preleiiainna,  laid  claim  to  the  piiaM'iwion 
of  siipri'ine  aiilhorily.  ilaib'd iit  nnre  wilh Mie  acilaiiii 
nf  a  numerniia  Diciiim,  he  ■iii'ceeded  wilhoiit  ilJlHriiliy 
in  prevailing  ovar  thn  opiioKilinn  of  the  governor  ami 
the  more  reapectuble  liihubilaiila,  and  in  posM'aaing 
himself  of  llie  rviiia  of  governincnt,  which  had  long 
awaited  and  invited  the  iraap  of  some  vignroua  Iwiiir 
With  a  grocioiia  aemblanre  of  reaped  to  pelitiona 
which  had  been  snggealed  by  himaelf,  he  couaenled 
to  convene  a  parliami'iil  s  ana  during  Iha  dialraclloiM 
of  tlie  tiiiiee,  il  waa  eaay  lo  procur«  the  ralnrii  of  ineni- 
bars  who  were  resiljr  to  annction,  by  Uieir  vntva,  wlint- 
evor  iiieaaurea  Iw  might  diolata  lo  ihi'iii.  (.'nllt'lon  waa, 
by  thia  aaaembly,  iinpaached  of  high  Crimea  niid  uiiade- 
meaiinrs.and  iinl  only  diaabled  IVom  holding  any  olHce 
ill  llio  government,  nut  lianiahed  IVom  the  province. 
Uihera  who  were  accused  nf  having  abi'lted  his  iiilagn- 
vernmeiit,  were  aiilijvcted  to  fine,  imprlaniiiiii'iit,  and 
exile.  Having  now  nblained  pnaaeaalnn  of  the  ■iipri'ine 
aulhorily,  and  under  pruli'iice  of  gratil^ing  llie  rvMiiit- 
menla  of  iIm  people,  enriched  himaull  by  forfuitiirca, 
and  diaeni'umberetl  hiinaelf  of  rival  candidalea  fur  of- 
lice,  Hiilhel  priicevdi'd  to  exercise  hia  power  with  a  tv- 
raiiny  lluil  elTettually  rebuked  and  piiiiiahed  tlie  fully 
of  tlinae  who  had  permitled  him  to  olilaiu  it,  and  anon 
united  tlie  aoiilliern  colony  against  him  in  ilie  saiiie 
iinaiiiinoua  hatred  which  ne  had  excited  among  tiieir 
brethren  in  North  Carolina.  Ho  ia  said  to  luivo  tramp- 
led iimler  font  every  reatraiiilof  justice  and  equity,  and 
ruled  tlie  colonlsu  with  a  rud  of  iron.  The  repleniah- 
inent  of  hia  cnflera  waa  the  sole  object  of  his  govern- 
maiit,  and  his  linmicial  nperations  were  varied  nnly  by 
varieties  nf  rapine.  The  fair  traders  from  Barbadoea 
and  Itermiida  were  aeizeil  by  liia  ordera,  under  the  pre- 
tended charge  nf  piracy,  and  compalied  to  purchase 
llicir  ransom  from  liiijiriHaniiient  by  enonnoils  fines; 
bribes  were  accepted  fmm  real  f'.'Inns  to  Avor  tlieir  lia- 
cape  from  juatice;  and  the  properly  nf  iiidividunls  was 
auized  and  confiacated  oq  llie  moat  nnjiiat  and  IVivolniia 
prelencea.  The  proprietarica  himring  wilh  astoniah- 
iiient  of  these  outrageous  proceedings,  [l(K)l,]  truiis- 
mllled  li'tutrs  of  recal  to  Uotliel,  and  ihn^aleiiad,  in  casu 
of  his  disobedience,  to  procure  a  mandamus  from  the 
king  to  compel  his  appearance  in  Knglanil ;  and  tlieir 
ordera  being  now  seconded  by  the  hearty  concurrence 
of  the  people,  the  nsurner  was  conatruined  to  vacate 
hia  functions,  and  aliHiidon  the  province.  [lOiKJ].  He 
retired,  however,  no  farther  tliaii  to  Nortli  Carolina, 
where  he  died  in  the  year  1(194.* 

The  revolution  nf  the  Britiah  gnvcrnment  had  exci- 
ted very  little  attention  in  eillier  of  tlie  coloniea  of  Ca- 
rolina, which  were  too  remotely  connectird  with  the 
lilglier  inHtitiitiona  of  tlie  empire,  to  he  seiiaibly  allected 
by  the  cliuiiges  they  had  iiiKlcrgone.  It  was  from  the 
proprietaries  alone  that  they  could  expect  the  interposi- 
tion of  a  auperior  power  to  arreal  or  repair  tlie  miarulo, 
oppreaaion  and  calamity,  thai  had  ao  lung  compoted  the 
chief  part  of  the  hialory,  both  of  the  northern  and  tlie 
aoiitliern  settlemunta.  In  the  hope  of  accniiiplisliing 
this  desirable  object,  the  proprietaries,  on  the  deposition 
of  Sotliel,  intrusted  the  government  of  llie  whole  of 
their  settlemeiils  to  Colonel  Philip  Lndwell,  a  person 
totally  unconnected  with  the  province,  and  with  any  of 
die  parties  it  containeil,  and  who  had  been  sent  by  his 
countrymen  in  Viri^inia  to  Kngland,  to  present  tlie  com- 
plaints of  thia  province  against  Lord  LIfingham.  The 
proprietaries  directed  tlieir  new  governor  to  publish  to 
the  inhabitants  a  general  pardon  for  all  crimes  that  had 
been  formerly  committed;  lo  inquire  into  the  grie- 
vances they  might  complain  of;  and  to  report  to  them- 
selves the  measures  he  should  judge  best  calculated  to 
preserve  order  and  restore  happiness.  He  was  accom- 
panied by  Sir  Nathaniel  Johnson,  who  hod  been  gene- 
ral of  llio  Leeward  Islands  in  the  preceding  rei^n,  and 
who,  having  now  adopted  the  resolution  of  retiring  lo 
Carolina,  waa  appointed  a  caziqne  of  the  province,  and 
a  member  of  council,  Ludwell,  who  was  ■  roan  of 
sense  and  humanity,  and  possessed  considerable  cxpe- 

•  HBwitri.~IM.  CI«lmers,Ml,SM.  Williamson,  I,  IM,  J«. 
Sothel  left  an  ample  ealste,  wlilch,  liowever,  sustained  no 
small  diminution  after  hia  death  from  numerous  decrees  in  fa- 
vor of  parties  wtiom  lie  had  pillaged  or  defrauded.  Dut  the 
other  proprietarioti,  in  auinpffora  targe  amount  of  rents  which 
he  ha(f  recovered  and  oml>oZ2lod,  wero  nonsuited  on  Iho  ab- 
Biird  oilating  mailm  of  the  English  law,  that  lunaiita  In  com- 
mon could  not  brintf  actleaa  of  account  against  eac^  otaar, 
It  waa  not  till  the  rolfn  of  Queen  Anno  that  this  inli|uitoua  ra- 
golmtion  was  repaalad. 


rlanco  of  eolnnial  aHitirs,  cnnmiuncod  liia  adiniiMMltM 
in  a  manner  thai  gave  general  aatiallMiinn,  and  m«ij 
to  have  rumpli'lely  allayed  the  prat  ailing  ferniaMs  ar 
the  penph*.  Uiit  this  lrniii|iiilily  wna  nf  >hnrl  duraliba  | 
tliii  iiiiiiila  nf  men  had  Ih'iii  Inn  long  uinl  tno  viiih>ntljl 
ngilali'd  In  relapse  at  aiire  into  a  aetlleil  rouiimanrai 
ami  a  rirriiniaiiinie  that  at  Hr«t  promised  to  |irotliire  liia 
happiest  elli'cla  on  the  prnsppiii)  of  the  provii>ce,  prnvad 
the  ininieilinte  nrcriaion  of  the  revival  of  iililillc  ilisron- 
ti'iits,  In  the  year  IIIINI,  a  great  body  ol  •''reiicli  pro- 
teatant  exiles  hail  taken  rel)igi>  in  KiigliiiHl,  wliunve  a 
eonaidernble  iiunilH'r  of  llieiii  lind  lieeiirnnveyed.nl  the 
aipenae  of  the  llriliah  gnveriinienl,  tn  tha  cnlniiv  nf 
Virginia.  Othrra,  who  were  less  indigent,  purchased 
huMs  in  Hoiiih  Carolina,  mid  having  triinsported  tliein- 
selves  and  dieir  faiiiiliea  tn  thia  province,  lirniiglil  a  va- 
liiiible  ai'cesaiaii  to  ihe  niiiiierical  slrenglh,  as  well  us  to 
the  iiiiliialry  mid  iiiiiriilily  of  ita  iieople.  'I'liey  had 
Uken  Uie  oath  of  alleginii'ro  to  Ihe  king,  and  proniiaed 
fidelity  In  the  proprietariea  i  and  were  diapoaed  to  ra- 

([ard  tha  colouiau  whom  tliey  had  joined  in  llie  frienill;r 
ight  of  brethren  and  fellow-<'ili/,ena.  But,  iiiilinppily, 
thes,i  nkler  cohiiiisis  were  very  far  friini  regariling  llieir 
new  aaaocialea  with  rorrespondiiig  gnoiT-will.  Tho 
imnibtirs  nf  the  strangers,  and  tho  wealth  by  which 
some  of  tliviii  were  dislingiiislied,  excited  their  suspici- 
on and  natloiial  millpnlh^  ;  anil  when  Liu  "  ell,  in  coni- 
pliiinre  wilh  the  instructions  of  the  prnplle^aries,  pie- 
pared  to  admit  the  refii({ees  In  a  participation  in  all  tlie 
rrnncliises  and  iiiimiinities  of  the  oilier  planters,  the  Eng- 
lish and  native  inhabitants  refused  to  acquiesce  in  lliia 
measure,  and  resuliilely  opposed  ita  execution.  They 
inaiated  thai  it  was  contrary  In  Uie  lawa  nf  Knglniid,  and 
tlierefore  lieyinid  the  power  of  Ihe  proprietariea,  who 
were  siilije<'t  tn  these  laws ;  and  thai  no  power  bill 
that  of  the  liritish  parllaiiieiit  could  dispeiiae  wilh  llio 
k-gul  inability  of  aliens  to  purchase  lands  witliin  the  em- 
pire, or  incorporate  llieiii  into  lite  Hriliah  cninniunily, 
and  make  them  parbikerauf  the  rights  and  privilegea  of 
iialiirnl-liorn  Kii)tlisliiiieii.  They  even  niaintained.  llial 
the  iiiiif  liiiges  ol  the  refugees,  iierfornied  by  thn  clergy- 
men who  had  nrcnmpanlcd  tlieiii,  were  unlawful,  as 
being  celnbriited  by  men  who  had  not  obtained  epiaco* 
pal  urilinatinn;  and,  fnr  themaelvea,  tliey  declared  llial 
they  ciiiild  not  lirnok  llie  thunghts  of  ailliag  in  Uie  smna 
assembly  with  the  rivals  of  the  Knglish  nation,  or  of  n- 
ceiving  laws  from  Frenchmen,  Uio  pnpiU  of  a  system 
of  slavery  and  arbitrarv  goveniiiieni.  The  uiifurtu- 
iiate  renigees,  alarmed  by  these  nieiiacinji;  resoliitiona. 
implored  Uie  protection  of  the  proprietaries;  and  Lud- 
well found  it  neceaaary  to  anapend  the  ineasnro  he  had 
begun,  and  to  apply  to  Uie  same  quarter  for  fiirUier  di- 
rections. The  proprietarins  returned  a  friendly  but  in- 
decisive answer  to  die  application  of  Uie  rvfngees.  who 
continued  in  a  Mate  of  the  most  disagreeable  solicituJe. 
and  entire  privation  of  civil  rights,  for  several  years 
alter;  when  at  IciigUi  their  huniuiic  and  patient  duiiiea- 
nor  prevailed  over  Uie  antipathy  nf  Uieir  foriiier  adver- 
sari(!a  who  then  became  tho  advncatea  of  ttie  preten- 
sions Ihi-y  had  so  vehemently  opposed,  and  (massed  a 
law  of  naturalization  in  favor  of  the  alieiui,  wiUionl 
living  distiirlied  by  any  scruples  about  invading  the 
functions  of  the  British  parliament.  In  Uie  nieunwliile, 
tho  dispute  that  had  arisen  on  this  subject  was  produc- 
tive at  a  great  deal  of  irritation  in  the  province,  which 
waa  increased  by  the  arrival  of  a  crew  of  pirates,  whom 
Ludwell  caused  to  he  apprehended  and  liroiiglit  lo  trial 
for  their  Crimea,  Tho  people  exclaimed  against  tlio 
severity  of  this  proceeding,  and  interested  themaelvi  s 
so  etTectiially  in  behalf  of  the  pirates,  who,  previous  to 
Uicir  apprehension,  had  spent  a  great  deal  of  money 
very  freely  in  the  province,  thai  on  Uicir  trials  they 
were  all  acquitted,*  and  the  govemmunl  was  even 
compelled  to  grant  Uiem  an  indemnity.  It  was  nok 
till  more  than  twenty  years  after  this  period,  that  Caro- 
lina was  delivered  from  tlie  resort  or  pirates,  and  not 
till  after  a  series  of  bloody  executions,  at  the  lost  of 
which  no  fewer  than  forty  of  these  naval  robbers  were 
put  lo  death  al  once.  Further  disputes  now  arose  be- 
tween the  govemmenl  and  Ihe  inhabitants  a'  loul  tha 
arrears  of  iIm  quit  rents  Uiat  were  due  lo  Iha  proprie- 
taries, who  at  length  becoming  impatient  of  Uiia  uu 
toward  issue  of  Lndwell's  udminiatraUen,  and  aiispect 
in^  him  of  bending  loo  readily  lo  the  popular  will,  de- 
prived him  of  office,  and  conferred  it,  tof^elher  with 
Ihe  dignity    of  landgrave,  upon  Thoman  Smith,    ■ 

•  A  few  yoan  after  Ihts  period,  some  of  the  citizens  of  Lon- 
don appeared  to  havo  been  infected  with  a  similar  favor  foi 
pintaa.  In  the  vesr  lOM,  several  of  thesa  f/eebootara  were 
wqalllad  at  the  Old  Oailojt,  bjr  a  verdict  wblth  Chiar  Jualica 
Hob  <aclars4  was  "  a  dishonor  to  Iha  iaaU  <  of  :ka  uatlot  ■ 
Mala  Vilals,  xiii.  IM. 


Whi4 
to  I 

Of  I 


dera| 

haval 

nnwf 

fundi 

Uie 

qiiasll 

lookl 

fori 

menll 

•till  il 

heedeP 

ever,  1 

order! 

forinol 

btii 

place,  I 

ofUieJ 

re  mail 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


V  aad  ■  pnidfM,  Hprishl,  lad  popalM 

[IM03.1  li  WM  inlha  miAil  of  thma  illipntM.  and 
lUi  Ihs  nopa  or*p(H)iii<in(  llHim,  ihnt  lh«  proprletarian 


•I  leugUi  datoi  Biliwil  to  •urmniliir  to  Uiagaiitiral  dwiiku 
or  Ihu  p«opl«,  Uin  fiiiiiliiiiiiiiilul  C(inilllillioiM  whii:li  hnil 
benn  iirigiiiiiiy  dcclnri'il  iiiii:ri!<l  mid  iiiiiilluriilile,  bin 
wbinh  uii  I'xiwriunca  ol'  Iwniily-lhn'u  yenn  hud  proved 
to  b*  ullarly  wortlilvw  mid  iiiipriiclinililH.  Appriaod 
of  dm  iiicurulilv  nvonioii  with  which  thin  inatriiiiiDiil 
wu  now  rPKiirdod  by  all  cIimmiii  urthii  coloiiiaUi,  mid 
dmpiiiriiii(  of  uvvr  MlabliidiiiiK  a  i<luhl(>  ur  ucci-ptnbli! 

3uv«rniii«iil  uiiioni  th«m  withuiil  mukliig  •oiiiu  coiui- 
eriibin  UtiriHca  ti  their  incliiiiitiniiii,  thoy  accordingly 
coM^li-d  tlw  following  ruaolutioii ;  "  That,  aa  tho  peoplo 
ha*«  declaml  thiiy  would  rather  be  governed  ny  tho 

fiowen  gmnltid  by  the  ehnrtor,  without  regard  to  the 
lindaiiicntal  roiulitulionn,  it  will  b«  for  their  quiat,  and 
the  protection  of  the  well-diapoied,  to  cranl  their  re- 

nil."  Thui  periihed  the  legiiliiliva  kibora  of  John 
k«,  Theii  abolition  woa  uiiregretted  by  any  parly  i 
for  they  had  nnither  iniiired  obedience  to  tiia  govern- 
ment, nor  ullbrded  happinou  lo  the  people.  What  ia 
•till  mure  aiiigular,  timy  aeein  to  lieve  perintied  un- 
heeded ;t  tlivir  abulltioii  exciting  no  MUMlion  what- 
ever, mid  not  Iwing  evea  noticed  in  any  public  act  or 
order  willmi  thu  province.  Tho  convocatloiu  that  wore 
formerly  teruiod  parllainonti,  were  now  culled  oaaeni- 
blieiii  and  thia  wui  ull  tlie  viaible  change  Uiut  took 
place,  rio  porfecliy  iiiiprncli<nble  had  thu  great  body 
oflhew  ooleurated  coiwliliilioiu  been  found.  All  lliat 
remained  of  them  wan  the  tillua  of  nubility ,  which  con' 
liuiiod  to  drag  on  a  lickly  eiinluiice  fur  a  fuw  yean 
longer.) 

Thia  important  Biaaaura,  wnieh  nud  boon  deferred 
till  the  conatilaiioni  wUoh  it  repealed  had  been  prao- 
tieally  abrogated  by  their  own  iueflioaey,  and  aiiiik  into 
'liter  contempt,  fiiiled  to  produce  anv  aenaiblii  vtri'cl  io 
'ranquillizing  orconciliatingtho  inliabitanla  of  Carolina. 
Ciovvrnor  Hinilh,  though  he  oxertod  hiiiiMlf  with  a  zcu] 
iiid  pruilencu  that  liuve  not  been  impeached  by  any 
tiurty,  lo  promote  Ilia  peace  and  proipority  of  Uio  ael- 
Jnmenla  lutniHlod  lo  liia  care,  found  nia  endeavora  ao 
JiMUccoHHfiil,  and  hia  ailiiulion  ao  irkaoine,  that  he  wua 
conatriiinml  lo  aolicil  hia  diaiiiisMJoii  from  ll<9  proprietn' 
riea,  [1I)!M]  wliuiii  healrongly  urged,  luthe  only  nieana 
of  realoring  order  and  truiiij^iiilily,  lo  tend  over  aa  go- 
vernor one  of  tliiMr  own  body,  mvealod  with  full  power  lo 
hoarand  filially  duluriiiino  on  tlieapot  Ihecoiiiplainla  and 
conlrovuraieM  by  wliluh  the  province  woa  diatmcled. 
The  ahorl  udmiiiiatrutiun  of  Smith  woa  aignalizcd  by 
•n  occurrence  Uiat  produced  luatiiig  and  extonaive 
•flecU  on  the  proapurily  of  Carolina.  A  veaaci  from 
Madagaacar,  on  her  lioinewurd  voyage  to  Uritiiin,  liiip- 
pening  to  touch  ut  Charleatown,  liie  cupluiii,  in  ucknow' 
ledgnieiit  of  the  civililiea  of  8iiiilli,  preaeiiU'd  him  with 

•  bag  of  aeed  rice,  which  he  aaid  he  had  aevn  growing 
in  eaaleni  couiitriea,  where  il  woa  deemed  excellent 

*~ArahiUli!,  liT'oldinixi.n,  l.'SlCOhaliniira,  SM,  UiiwU 
L  |0»-ll!l,  I3U,  MO.  Wllllainaon,  I.  IM,  1.  In  Ilia  accuuiil 
ef  the  aiicceaattiii  nf  Bfivcnioni,  ihe  aiiiiata  nr  Ihia  partod  are 
InvolfeiJ  hi  mitlual,  nrquBiilly  in  aelf  ciitiirntllrtlun,  and  con- 
fualon.  Wi'.llamaim  aaya  that  Ludwell  rctiiinod  the  fdvern- 
■«nl  fur  fuuryoara:  but  Ihia  la  liniMtaHibte ;  aa  Archdule,  Ihe 
aucceamir  of  Siniih,  wai  apiiohiled  In  I6II4.  Oldnilxim  rendiTa 
Confusion  inuro  cunruunded^  by  hia  altempl  lo  reconcitit  cuii- 
Uadtrlory  ancounla,  and  lo  expiain  auliafai-lnriiy  ihe  aequinice 
of  governora.  'I'ha  historian  nr  Ihe  Blillah  dominions  li 
Norlii  America  ddivera  hia  account  of  liie  mailer  in  Ihe  Tol 
lawlni  terma:  "Thouiaa  Sinllh,  Kaq.  succeeded  .Mr.  Cuilclon 
promriy  as  ;uvcrnnr,  although  Colonel  ()unrry,  Mr.  South- 
well, and  Colonel  Ludwull,  wera  Intcrmeilmte  fur  a  abort 
lime." 

f  The  repeal  of  iho  rundamontal  constitutiona  ia  noticed  in 
a  vary  aliulit  and  ambiguous  munner  by  llewit  (I.  ilKI) ;  It  Is 
not  notlcetfat  all  either  by  Wynne  or  by  the  hislorluii  or  lite 
Rrillsb  Dominions  In  North  .tinorica  i  und  Oldinixon,  who 
wrote  In  KIN,  siiya  *'The  ruiidamenlul  constltulinns  Itren 
Ibeir  ground  to  Una  liay."  I.  341.    Yet  Ulilinlxon's  work,  na  II 

•  Ihe  earliest,  la  also,  next  lo  the  PidJtIcai  Annala  of  Chal- 
mers, thu  most  Glab<irnlu,  as  well  na  Ingenious  and  interesting, 
of  Ihe  general  hlslnrlua  of  thu  North  American  Seltlenienls. 
A  roin.irkiibls  Instance  of  the  ignorance  that  nrevads  re- 
■peeling  Locke's  connexion  with  Aniarica  occurs  In  the  w.)rk 
of  a  iraveller  who  visited  tha  Unll.d  Sliitos  in  ITIM,  and  who 
aaaer.a  (on  the  authority  of  the  American  Ueneral  Oatea,) 
that  Locke  waathu  legislator  of  Connecticut.  Wanau7*a  Journal, 
p.  M.  ' 

I  Tile  operation  and  falo  of  Lncke'a  aystem  etrlkingij  ex- 
•mplily  the  observntion  of  an  etntnunt  American  atatesman, 
kal  "A  man  may  defend  the  principlea  of  libarty,  and  tho 
Itehta  01  mankmd,  with  great  abitlUea  and  aucrosa,  and  yet, 
Uter  alt,  when  c.tlled  tiixm  to  prcHluco  a  plan  nf  iegislitilou,  he 

Sisjr  astonish  the  world  with  a  signal  absultlily.'*  Adam's 
eh'ticeof  •.hlAinericanCiniHtilutinns,  p.36J.  ITetaomu  writeia, 
(and  among  ethers  thu  author  of  a  valuable  lilllu  biugrapliicaj 
Work  lately  publishetl  at  Edinburgh)  have  not  acrupled  to  pro. 
oaaree  the  on  I'Jtuiioua  of  Caiollnaa  modal  of  legislative  wisdom. 
■o  dangeroiu  ia  II  lo  Juiifa  works  wiUioui  reading  ihem, 
aod  lo  anaiM  ibiii  ■urli  Itjoi  ik*  gnwial  charaast  of  iheir 


fced  aa4  ylehM  a  pradi|ieaa  iMraMt.  The  govenior 
dtvMwi  It  between  aaveial  of  hia  fHaBriiL  who  agreed  to 
maha  Uie  experiment  i  and  planliag  itiair  parcel*  in 
dill'eranl  aoila,  found  llie  reaull  lo  exceed  Iheir  Dioat 
aangiiina  eipeclaliora.     Fioin  Uiia  iuconalderable  bo- 

a  inning,  Carnliitu  ilaiea  the  riaa  of  her  alapla  oonimo- 
ily,  the  chief  an|>|inrt  of  her  peopV    and  the  niain 
•ource  of  hi'r  iipiil»iice. 

Thu  nroprieUiriea,  diaappoinlud  n  ao  nany  atlampla 
to  eslaLliali  a  aaliafuclory  adminii'ialii  ,i  In  the  pro- 
vince, determined  Ihe  more  raadily  .  <ulopl  the  aug- 
ffealion  of  HiiiiUi.  Their  Hnl  choice  fur  thia  purpeae 
lell  upon  Lord  Aaiiley,  the  grandaon  of  the  iiulorioua 
HhaAeabunr,  and  afterward*  the  author  of  Tk*  Ckarae- 
Icralia.  It  waa  auppoaed  that  hia  aiiining  talanta, 
agreeable  niannera,  end  elevated  niili,  would  power 
lully  conduce  to  iIm  paaiAoation  of  the  colony.  Hap- 
pily, however,  for  all  partiee,  hia  lordahip,  either  baving 
lillla  Inclination  for  Ine  vojraga,  or  being  deuined,  aa 
he  allegeil,  by  Iho  alateof  hu  private  aflaira  in  Kngland, 
declined  Ihe  appoinlniant,  which  waa  then  conferred  on 
a  fur  more  ealiuiublu  peraiin,  John  Archdale,  unuiher  of 
the  proprielariea,  u  qiiuker,  and  a  man  of  i^ruut  pru- 
dence and  aagncity,  mid  viiduwed  with  admirable  pa- 
tience and  coiiimunti  of  temper.  Accepliiig  the  office, 
he  woa  voatod  with  aiilborilv  aoabaolula  aadexletuiive, 
that  the  proprielariea  tbougiil  flt  lo  have  it  recorded  in 
hia  commiaaion,  thai  alien  powera  were  not  lo  be 
claimed  in  virliiu  of  ihia  prueedent  by  nuura  gov^mora. 
Archiliile  provi'd  liimaelf  worthy  of  Ihe  dialinguiahad 
trust  tlial  bud  been  repoaed  in  him.  lie  arrived  Drat 
in  South  Carolina,  [Aiiguat,  1IM>5,]  where  ho  formed  a 
new  council  of  nioderala  men ;  and  in  a  abort  lime,  by 
remitting  aoioe  arreara  of  rent,  and  by  other  conoili^ 
tory  nieaaana,  aided  by  a  Hrmneaa  and  mild  compn- 
aare  that  woa  neither  lo  be  dialiirbcd  nor  overcome,  ha 
prevailed  ao  fiir  In  quieting  Iho  public  diaennl'iita,  that 
ne  veutiired  lo  call  a  mueliiig  of  Ihe  general  aaaeinbly. 
A'l  addreaa  of  grateful  tlianka  voted  by  Ihia  body  lo  the 

Rronrictariea  (Uie  flrat  expraaaion  ofauob  aonlimcnla 
01  had  ever  been  ntteied  ia  Carolina)  atteata  tha  wia- 
doiii  of  Archdale'a  adminiatralian,  and  Juatifiea  the  opi- 
nion that  notwithalandiug  tha  innammable  maleriala 
of  which  the  colonial  aoeiely  wax  ooropoaed,  only  a 
good  domeatio  goveriiinant  had  been  hilherlo  wanting 
lo  render  Ihe  colony  flouriahing  and  happy.  Morelon, 
Ludwell,  nnd  Siiiiin,  were,  doiibtleia,  merilorioua  go- 
vernora ;  but  they  had  been  denied  the  power  that  waa 
requiaito  to  give  elKcacy  lo  their  wiadoiii,  and  could 
never  grant  Iho  alighleat  indulgence  lo  the  people 
witlioiil  itaaiiniing  die  dangerous  liberty  of  violating 
Ibeir  commiaaion,  or  abiding  Ihe  leilioua  inlervenlion  of 
a  curruapoiiduiieo  with  England.  Though  Ardidale 
waa  u  quukor,  and  therefore  oppoaed  to  iiiiutary  opern- 
lidiia  und  Uie  thcdding  of  blood,  yet  ha  adapted  his 
re^ululiuiia  to  Ihe  senliinenia  of  the  people  whose 
alluira  he  bad  undertaken  to  administer  i  anu  consider- 
ing tliui  a  ainall  colony  surrounded  by  aavuge  enemies, 
and  exposed  lo  Ihe  nltacKj  of  Ihe  Spaniards,  sboultl 
bold  itself  in  a  suile  of  constant  defence,  lie  promoted 
a  militia  law,  which,  however,  exempted  all  persons 
restrained  by  religious  principles  from  bearing  arms.* 
lie  WHS,  at  the  same  time,  more  desirous  of  preserving 
peace  than  of  ensuring  victory ;  and  for  this  purpose  ex- 
encd  himself  so  succcaafully,  by  Ihe  exercise  of  courtesy 
und  liberality,  lo  cultivate  tbo  good  will  both  of  the 
civilized  und  savage  iieighbora  of  the  province,  that  Ihe 
Spuuiurda  at  St.  Aiigiistino  expressed  a  cordial  desire 
lo  iiittintain  a  good  correspondence  with  tlie  English ; 
and  various  iriLes  of  Iiidiaiu  embraced  tlieir  friendship, 
and  placed  themselves  under  Ihe  protection  of  the  go- 
yernmeutof Carolina.  The  ludiaiu around  Cape  Fear 
in  particular,  who  had  long  pursued  Ihe  practice  of 
plundering  shipwrecked  veaaela,*  und  murilering  their 


•  The  following  clause,  by  wliich  ttiis  exemmion  wos  ex- 
preased,  strongly  uttesta  the  cnnlldence  that  Archdale  enjoyed, 
will)  the  colonists.  "  And  whereas  there  bo  several  inhabitants 
called  quakers,  who,  upon  a  conscieiitioua  principle  of  religion 
cannot  bear  anna,  and  because  in  ail  other  civil  maltcra  they  have 
been  iwrsuna  obedient  to  government,  and  ever  ready  to  disburse 
their  monies  in  other  necessary  ana  public  duties ;  Be  il  there- 
fore enactoit,  that  all  such  whom  liie  present  governor  John 
Archdale,  Esq.  shall  Judge  that  they  refuse  lo  Uear  arms  on  a 
conacienliouapriucipla  of  religion  only,  ahali,  by  acertiHcatefrum 
him,  be  excuaed."  Archdale'a  Preface,  p.  8.  Williamson,  1. 
Append.  373. 

t  It  la  remarked  by  a  BMiistlcal  writer  (Warden  II.  813,) 
that  notwithstanding  tho  leinptations  piesenied  by  Ihe  fre- 
quency of  ahipwreck  ou  liie  coast  of  Carolina,  no  instance 
iias  ever  occurred  of  the  plunder  of  a  wreck  by  Ihe  cotonists, 
la  tlijs  replied  tilcy  have  been  dictinguiahed,  not  indeed  from 
Ihu  pj  iplu  of  thu  other  iirovinces,  but  from  tho  liliabilants 
of  Ihe  parent  slue.  In  which  thia  Inhumanity  obtained  ao  long 
and  unropruved  a  pravaiance,  that  in  the  middle  of  ihe  aigli- 
toenlh  century.  Pope  rapraaanla  Iba  the  enrichment  *'  of  a  citizen 
of  sober  fame'*  aa  tMl^liialiiig  la  two  ricb  aUpwracks  on  lila  lauda 
la  Cornwall 


•nwa,  nnonoead,  ihi^  iahnawMiy,  aad  oviaM4  «w 
Ikvorable  change  of  their  diapoailion  by  milif  ating  wUk 
fViendly  aaaialanue,  Ihe  nuuieroua  diaaatera  by  whirll 
tha  navigation  of  thai  coaat  waa  than  unlwppily  aignak 
ised* 

In  North  Carolina,  the  adininialrnlian  of  Arehilal* 
was  attended  wilb  equal  aunreaa,  and  cnndtli'li'd  wltli 
greater  Ikcilily  by  Uie  cnnciirrenee  of  n  nuiiiber  «i 
qiiakers  who  inlinliilKil  Uio  northern  province,  and  with 
whom  he  enjoyed  u  large  share  of  personal  inlliieiicu. 
The  aaleeni  in  which  he  wiu  held  by  ail  ruiika  uf  men 
niay  be  inferred  from  tbo  elation  Willi  which  the  hialo- 
riaii  of  North  Carolina  haa  recorded,  aa  a  circumaluiiee 
redounding  lo  the  lionour of  Uiis  piuvince,  that  Arcbdahi 

Surchased  an  eatala  at  Albemarle,  and  gave  one  of  hia 
aughlara  in  marriage  to  a  pkinler  at  Paaqiietaako 
Unt  it  waa  not  hia  lulenliori  to  renuiin  longer  In  Can 
Una  than  waa  necessary  for  the  adjustment  of  tha  •■• 
isting  controversies  i  and  having  eflartad  thia  oMaM  ia 
a  degree  Uiat  had  aurnaaaed  the  expeotatiana  of  H  puw 
liea.lie  reliirneil  lo  Kngland  in  the  eloae  of  ll»  jmM 
lUIIO,  loaded  wilb  Uie  graleflll  benedieUoM  of  a  pooiU 
lo  whoae  peace  and  prosperity  he  had  been  ao  Mgfeiy 
inalrumenuil.  Tho  only  portion  of  Ihe  inhabiunli  li 
whom  he  had  been  unable  lo  give  complete  aaliafketioa, 
where  Uie  French  rel'iiaeea,  against  whom  the  jealooi 
antipalliy  nfthu  English  aetllera  had  not  yet  anlisMled. 
Uul  while  be  sonlbed  the  public  jealousy  by  wilhhohl- 
ing  civil  rights  from  the  reliigeos,  he  uwnkened  pnblio 
generosity  by  un  impresaivo  rccoiiiiiiendation  ol  these 
unfonuiiiitc  strangers  In  the  hospiiitlity  and  compassion 
of  hia  countrymen  i  und  lo  the  refugees  themsalvea,  ho 
raoooineiideu  a  pntieni  perseverance  in  those  virluea 
Ihu  tend  lo  diaann  liuuian  enmity,  and  by  Ihe  exerciso 
of  which  they  were  enabled  riiorlly  after  to  overcame 
the  aversion,  and  oven  toconciliatolheheartyftiendship 
of  their  fellow  colonials.* 

It  WIU  in  Uiis  year  that  a  regular  administnttion  of 
the  ordinances  nf  religion  was  first  introdnced  into 
Carolina  by  thu  friimilly  nid  of  the  colonials  of  New 
England.  Intelligence  of  the  desUtiile  alate  of  tho 
province,  in  ihia  reaped,  seconded  by  the  earnealappli 
cations  of  some  of  the  more  religions  pl'<nlers,  had  in- 
duced Uie  Mw  Knglundera,  in  tho  preceding  year,  to 
form  un  uaaueialion  at  Dorchester  in  Masaacbuaetia 
which  was  designed  to  he  removed  to  Carolina,  "  to 
encouKge  the  settlement  of  churches  and  Uie  preao- 
lion  of  religion  in  the  soiitheni  plantations."  The  per- 
sons Uiiis  uaaucinted.  hiiviiig  placed  ul  their  Iwmd  a  di» 
tin^uislicd  iiiiiiisier  of  the  New  Englunil  chuithae 
arrived  in  the  beginning  of  Uiiaycnr  in  Caroline,  which 
now  for  the  flrat  time  lieheld  the  celebration  o<  Ihe  rito 
of  Uio  Lord's  aiipper.  Proceeding  to  a  spbt  on  ttt 
norUi-cnat  bunk  of  Ashley  river,  ubuiil  eighteen  inlee 
from  Cburleatown,  tbo  pinuaemigninlafoiiiideil  llierea 
scltlemeul,  lo  which  in  coiiiiiieiiiorntinn  of  the  plica 
they  hud  left,  they  gave  Uiu  name  of  Dorcbeater. 

Auinng  oUier  extraordinary  privileges,  there  Iia4 
been  granted  lo  Archdale  the  power  of  nominating  hia 
successor;  and  in  the  exercise  of  Ibis  power  he  propo, 
gated  the  benefit  of  his  own  adminiatralion,  by  coniar* 
ring  Ihe  otHce  of  governor  on  Joseph  Bluke  ( nephew  of 
the  English  admiral,  a  man  of  virtue,  prudence,  and 
moderaUon,  acceptable  lo  the  people,  anil  a  proprieliry 
of  the  province.  lilako  governed  the  colony  wisely 
and  happily  for  a  period  of  four  yoara.  Shortly  after 
hia  elcvatioif  to  oftice,  there  wns  sent  out  to  Carolina  a 
new  code  of  fundamental  conatiliilions,  subscribed  by 
Ihe  Earl  of  Bath,  who  was  then  palaUnc,  and  tlie  other 
proprietaries  in  England :  but  it  wus  never  recognised 
or  confirmed  by  the  provincial  assembly.  Blake  ap- 
pears to  have  exerted  the  most  laudable  endeavors  lo 
promote  Iho  religiuiia  instruction  of  the  people,  and  to 
tucilitate  Uic  exercise  of  worship  to  all  denominuUona 
of  christian  profeasom.  In  Uie  year  1698,  ho  hod  the 
satiafuctiun  lo  see  John  Cotton,  a  son  of  the  celebrated 
minister  of  Boston,  remove  from  Plymouth,  in  New 
Engluud,  In  Cbnrlestown,  in  South  Carolina,  where  he 
gathered  a  church,  and  enjoyed  a  abort,  but  happy  and 
successful  ministry.  Though  Blake  was  himself  a  di^ 
senior,  yet  from  regard  lo  the  spiritual  interests  of  Un 
episcopalian  portion  of  Uio  inbanttunU  uf  Charleatown, 
he  cauaed  a  bill  to  be  introduced  into  the  assembly  for 

t  Archdale,  17.  SI,  'J3.  Oldmixon,  i.  343—343.  Kewit,  i. 
139—131.  Williamson,  I.  l3<-liS,  and  Apiwr/1.  370.  Soma 
years  oiler  hia  return  lo  Kngland,  Arcluiale  piiblifheil  his  SlHlisti 
cal  and  llibtoriral  Uescriptionof  t^arollna,  a  work  replete  Willi  ao 
much  good  sense,  henevidelicc,  and  piety,  thut  il  is  surprising  II 
should  never  have  been  reprinted.  One  or  two  very  interesting 
volumes  might  be  composed  by  republication  of  Josaelyu**  ana 
Dunton'a  Travels  in  New  England,  Archdule's  Curoiir.a.  Deii- 
toii'a  New  York,  jan  of  Baikh'a  Virginia,  Asiop'a  MarylanJ, 
Weaiey'a  Journal  in  Oeorf  ia,  and  other  iracta  relative  la  ika  aarif 
fcMoryarAawtiea. 


TNr  HiiTotr  or 


_  »  pirpMiial  piwtUw  at  IMM.  ■  ytar,  wilk  ii 
I  iikl  ollwr  adTinluM,  on  Um  ipiMapal  nilalator 
■rilinl  riiy,  Mnr'hiill,  IM  p«rMiii  whu  tlioii  <Kcii|iiril 
Ihia  iiiinialiTiul  •ituaiiiin,  liaii  (aiiHiii  iiiiivprwil  ri'unril 
bjr  lii»  |iii>iy  mill  |iriiil»iH^'  i  and  tliii  ili'ivnlvn  in  Ui« 
Imiiim'  iiriiiiK-M'iiiK  III  lliu  iiii*n»iin*,  IViiiii  rvinril  lo  thin 
IHilii  iililnl,  IIh>  lull  iviM  pniw'd  iiilii  *  law.  TIiom  wlin 
Ihiiik  tlwt  iliii  illMi'iiiKra  uclml  •iiiiw,  iiitl  alrt>lrh«il 
llHfir  lllx-rulily  bi'vniiil  lliii  iriinrrciiiiHiit>anriliia  virluii, 
In  Ihiiii  iirniiiiilini  lli«  iiiil.niiul  raliililinliiiisiil  ofii  cliiircli 
IV'iiii  wlikh  llii-y  (liaiwf'  J,  will  ri'Kiiril  tli«  iM<r»'i'iltinii 
lh«y  MHiii  ultiT  riial.iif.jtl  Iroiii  tli«  r|iiitc;o|iiil  pitrty  lu  ii 
norilHil  mrilxillnr  I'nr  Uicir  iimcliriil  lU'fiilinii  ol'  di*- 
Niiliax  priit'ipliw.  TlinM  wlio  jiidfe  iiiura  Iviiioiilly 
an  error  (I  It  b«  Mich)  wlijcli  Uivm  i«  llilla  ruuaoii  ii> 
Mippoa*  will  liter  b*  iWaiieiil  In  llie  world,  will  r»gr«l 
•iideoniinin  Uw  uiifmtunil  raiurii  which  tlw  diaacniora 
•ip«riene«d  flrom  %  p*rt)r  I'or  wlioaa  «dvaul«f  •  Uwy  hud 
iasuiiwd  M  m»\  «  •ucriricfl. 

(1700.]  With  Um  adininialnllan  of  DIalia ;  who  Mt4 
'n  Um  jrnr  1700.  indud  Uie  iliort  iiilervnl  or  Irnnquiliiy 
which  nad  oriflMlml  with  iho  |ov«riiiii«iil  of  Arclidiilii. 
Undiir  Um  rnlo  of  hU  iiuiiH^inla  tiicceaaiira,  Jaiiiva 
Moora  and  Sir  Niilhnnisl  Jnlmaon,  llw  ciiluiiv  waa 
harraaHid  wiUi  liidiun  wura,  invulvod  In  a  hnuvy  tlulil  liy 
■n  ill  conducted  and  IVnillvaa  vipeditloii  afiuiiial  iIih 
Mpaiiiiirda  at  Aiifiialine,  uud  agilalvd  b)  rvligiaiia  dis- 
pulea  origiiialinaiii  a  aoriva  of  pi-racciiiiiif  lawaa(niii>l 
Iba diiaenlura.  llencerorward  Uiu  propriiiary  govurii- 
OMtnt  conlinuad  (with  the  exccpliuii  ol' one  returning 
ghiain  o(  aueceiM  and  popiihirily  which  it  derived  Oiiiii 
HM  adininiatration  orChiirhw  Craven  in  I7l'-t)  lo  aillict 
IIm  province  with  evary  variety  oriiiiarula,  and  to  Hui'lii- 
■to  Mlween  Ilia  avaraion  iind  ciiiiliMiipl  of  ita  aiihjm'tii, 
till  lh«y  were  relieved  by  iladiaaoliilion  Indie  yeur  I7!i<.l, 
Mheo  thu  chief  pari  of  the  charlcicd  iulervat  wua  auld 
n  h«  crown. 

The  Aral  Indinn  war  by  which  Ihii  period  wiu  ai^nn- 
liaeil,  broke  out  in  the  yuiir  [17011,]  aiidwna  occiMloiied 
by  the  intliience  iiftlie  Ctpaninrda  over  llie  IrilieN  thai 
inhaMlfil  the  region  iif  Apuliichia.  Kiaa|ii'rnled  by  dii> 
inaiilla  and  iiijuriea  which  Ihuau  aiiviigua  were  iiiKtigiiieil 
by  lliH  Spaniiirda  to  cniiiiiiit,  tioveriior  Moore  tli-ler- 
mined  by  one  vigorniia  elliirl  lo  bmiik  llvir  power,  niiil 
by  n  aun; uinnry  exiiinple  to  iinprtiaa  on  nil  tlie  liidiiin 
Iribea  the  terror  of  the  Kngliah  niiina.  At  Ilia  lieud  uf 
■  atroiig  deUcliineiit  iif  the  colonial  militia,  rHinlnro'd 
by  n  biiily  of  liidiun  alliea,  he  marched  iiiU)  die  hiiatile 
aellLHni-nta;  defeated  the  eiiHiny  with  the  loaa  of  eight 
hundred  men,  who  were  either  killed  or  taken  priaoiiera; 
hid  waale  all  the  Indian  lowiia  belweuii  die  rivvra  Ala- 
taiiMh  and  8avuiiiiali ;  and  cniiipelled  the  wliiilo  diii- 
trici  of  Apulacliia  toMiiIiinit  lo  the  Kiigliah  goveriiiiieul. 
To  eireeliiate  Ilia  coni|iii'st,  he  Iraiiaported  fourteen 
hundred  of  tliu  Apalucliiaii  Imliaiia  lo  llie  territory  wliivli 
ia  now  denoiniiiuted  (ieor)(ia,  where  they  were  com- 
pellid  lo  dwell  in  a  dilate  of  dcpeiiilence  iin  Ilia  gnverii- 
awnt-.'O  iiieaaitre  whieh  app(*ara  lo  have  paved  the  way 
lothv  setlleiniMilofllie  Kngliah  colony  which  uroiieubiiiit 
Ihirtv  yeura  after  in  that  region. 

When  Uie  proprieiariea  of  Carolina  iirat  nnilertnnk 
Iheir  coloiiinlproject,  they  aoleiiinly  der  hired,  and  eaiiai-d 
II  lo  be  recorded  in  (heir  clinrter*,  that  they  were  moved 
lo  embrace  thia  great  deaign  by  zeal  fur  the  chriatian  faith, 
■nd  eapeciully  for  ita  propagation  nmoiig  the  Indian 
Iriboa  of  America.  Yel  a  general  pnivision  in  favor  of 
lolain'ion,  which  they  permitted  Locke  to  inwrt  aa  nn 
V.rit  jl  thofiindainentulcoiiatiliilinna,  and  which  they 
UmA^  cart  to  niilify  by  another  article  nujecteil  to  Uiat 
'■If.  Mineul  by  themwlvea,  cunatiliiled  the  wlioln  uinoiiiit 
cf  Jieir  eccleaiaatical  nperafioii  during  the  firiit  forty 
yiwa  of  the  pronrietary  government.  Tliev  never  ul 
■IN  tjie  made  the  aligmeatntteinpltofiilfd  tneir  pledge 
ofioininunicaling  iiiatriic'.ion  to  Uie  Indiana:  und  thia 
importani  field  ofchrialiaii  labor  won  completely  iiniiC' 
ciipieil  till  die  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
when  a  few  miaaioiiariea  were  acnt  to  Carolina  by  the 
aociety  incorporated  in  England  for  the  propagation  of 
the  gospel  ill  foreign  coiintriea.  No  viaibie  frulta  of 
the  labors  of  those  inissionariea  have  over  been  mention- 
«d.  Prior  to  this,  the  only  European  iiyilnictions  that 
Uie  Indlaiu  received  iiniler  the  allspices  of  the  proprie- 
tary government,  were  cornnunicated  by  a  French  danc- 
ing master,  who  sctUed  in  Craven  county,  andac(piired 
1  large  estate  by  teaching  die  savages  to  dance  and  play 
an  Uie  flute.* 

At  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century,  there  were 


iii 


*  Hewll,  I.  SJ7.  OlilinWon,  I.  379.  Ol.lmlion  -vaa  alnirlc 
vltbthe  ain^uUritT  oT  Freiirh  ilai.rinff  maatifra  nnil  masiriiiaa 
katng  ailmirail,  carcaseil,  and  enricheil  al  the  same  thno  bjr 
riw  DJbililjr  and  (entry  of  Leuiluit  aiiJ  lIlc  aavaga  abor^iaOH  uf 
MMIiu. 


oaljr  difao  odUlaoa  hi  diviM  wonhlf  aractod  within 
Um  BouUMrn  pmvlnoai  eoniaining  rMpaeUvtIy  an  apio- 
copal,  a  preabyli'iiun,  and  n  ipiaker  cungragatioii  i  and 
ill  of  iIh-iii  ailunted  in  Iha  town  of  Churleatiiwn. 
Throughout  all  tite  teal  of  the  provlnca,  Uier"  wem 
■wither  n'stitiilioiw  of  pn  :e  worship  nor  arlioola  for 
ediii'iilion.     Tlia  Ural  nllenipla  that  were  mail"  In  aiip. 


iiut  fniin  Teiiniaon,  Archbiahnu  of  ('antrrburv,  (Nimp- 
Ion,  Ilialiop  of  Liiiidun,  and  Iha  aocieljr  (or  llie  props- 

aatiiin  of  llie  giiapuii  I 'il  oa  in  nio«l  of  ihuau  ulleiiipta 
HI  parainiiiinl  object  woa  plainly  lo  multiply  ailheri'iila 
to  the  iiintitutions  of  the  church  of  Kiigland,  ibey  were 
die  li'sa  aucccaafiil  niiiong  n  peojile  of  whom  many  hud 
|i«r>oiially  aiperieiicad  the  peraeciMion  of  ihia  iliiindi, 
and  more  onlartuined  a  hereililary  dialike  to  it.  In  the 
year  17117,  die  aixiily  fur  propagation  iif  the  goapel 
liuiiilaiiied  ait  epiacopal  miniatera  in  Carolina,  and  had 
aeni  two  diouaaiitl  vohinica  of  hooka  lo  tie  dialribuled 
graluituualy  among  the  people.  In  llie  northern  pro- 
viiiue,  which  waa  thinly  peopkid  by  coloniali  prufeaainjf 
a  great  diveraity  of  religious  opiiiiona,  there  was  aa  yel 
no  church  at  nil.  An  act  waa  poased  by  its  aaaeiiiLly 
in  Ui«  year  l7Uti,  inipoaiiig  an  Haaeaament  of  iUM.  per. 
aiiiium  on  every  preciiiel,  fur  din  niaintenance  of  a 
ininiatvrs  ami  in  I7U5  and  I7(l<)  :he  lirat  two  religioiia 
edificva  of  North  Caroliiiu  were  erected,  Thia  northern 
province  had  for  many  years  received  from  the  pronrie- 
Uiriea  the  i<pp<.'llatioii  of  iht  timnlji  of  AlbemarU  in 
Cunlina,  and  w.ia  aonielimea,  but  not  alwaya,  included 
in  the  roiiimiaaion  of  the  governor  of  the  aiiiilhern  set- 
tienient.  It  now  came  to  he  termed  Uie  colony  of 
North  (Carolina ;  onil  ol  Uiediaaoliition  of  Ihe  proprietary 
goveriiiiient,  wua  iiiado  a  separate  proviiioe  with  a 
ilialiiicl  Jiiriadiclion. 

Al  li'iigOi,  after  having  ao  long  disreganled  the  eeele- 
aiaallcal  conceriis  of  the  colony,  Ihe  proprietaries  in  the 
heginiiini^  of  the  eigbleenlli  century,  turned  their  atton- 
lioii  to  this  object  wiUi  a  apirll  dial  caiiat>d  the  ceaa,i- 
tion  of  Uieir  prior  indiHereiice  to  be  deeply  regretted ; 
and  they  made  their  Aral  Uiid  last  ell'ort  lo  signalize 
their  boasted  zeal  for  cliriatiaiiitv,  by  the  deiiionslralion 
of  a  temper  and  tlio  adoption  ol  meartiires  in  the  higheai 
legree  nnchriatiaii  and  tyrannical.  The  ollice  of  palu- 
lino  was  now  in  Uie  luinda  of  Lord  liranville,  who  en- 
tertained the  iitiiioal  aversion  and  contempl  for  disai>n- 
lera  of  all  descriutioiH,  and  had  already  sigiiali/.ej  his 
bigotry  to  the  ctinrch  of  Kiigl mil,  by  the  zealous  and 
velii'.nient  support  he  had  given  ill  parliament  lo  the  bill 
against  oecaaioiml  ciinl'oriiiity.*  Ilia  acipiisition  of  the 
ollice  of  palatine  presented  him  with  an  opportunity  of 
indulging  Ilia  favorite  sentiineiil.4  in  the  regiilulion  of  die 
ecclesiaalical  polity  of  Carolina.  Conteiiiiiing  the  rc- 
iiioiiatrancea,  and  overruling  ibc  oppo'iiiiiii  of  Arch- 
dulo,  he  eagerly  laid  hold  of  so  tair  an  occaaiun  to  exer- 
cise Ilia  bigotry;  und  in  Moore  and  Jobiiaon,  nn  whom 
be  aiiccesaively  lieatmvi  il  the  foveriimenl  of  the  pro- 
vince, he  found  able  ami  vvilmig  iualriiinenls  for  Uie 
execiilion  of  his  arbitrary  purpose.  These  men,  iiiit- 
willisiiindii  the  great  niiinerieul  siiperiiirity  of  die  dis- 
aenlera,  by  aeries  of  illi'gal  und  violent  proceedings 
ucipiired  for  Uieinselvea  and  a  parly  of  the  episcopalian 
persuasion,  a  complete  ascendancy  over  the  provincial 
asrcinlilies,  which  Ibey  cverclsed  ill  the  enactment  of 
laws  for  the  advancement  of  the  church  of  Eii)(land, 
and  die  oppression  of  ewry  other  christian  association 
After  various  preparatory  measures,  which  under  the 
linpiident  pretence  of  pruinoting  the  glory  of  Uoil,  had 
the  elfect  of  banisbing  every  vestige  of  perice  '»nd  good- 
will from  a  iiiiiiierous  comiiiiiniiy  of  his  rational  crea- 
tures, the  episcopal  faction  at  length,  in  the  year  1704, 
enacted  two  laws,  by  one  of  which  the  dissenters  were 
deprived  of  every  civil  right,  and  by  Uie  other  lit)  nrbi- 
Irar^  court  of  high  coinmission  (a  name  of  evil  import 
lo  KngllHliinen)  was  erected  for  the  trial  of  ecclesiasti- 
cal matters  and  the  preservation  of  ri^ligious  iiniforuiily 
in  Carolina.  The  society  for  propagation  of  the  gos- 
pel, on  receiving  iiitelllf{erco  of  llie  latter  of  Uieso 
enactinents,  declared  their  resolution  lo  send  no  more 
missionaries  to  Carolina  till  it  should  be  repealed. 
Both  the  nets,  however,  having  been  ruUfied  by  the 
proprietaries,  and  the  complaints  of  the  dissenters 
treated  with  derision,  these  oppressed  and  insulted  men 
were  advised  by  the  merchants  of  London  who  traded 
lo  the  province,  to  seek  redress  of  Uieir  grievances 
from  the  snpreino  power  of  Ihe  state.  A  petiUon  for 
this  purpose  was  accordingly  presented  to  the  House 
of  Lords,  who  were  struck  wiUi  siirprian  nnd  indigna- 

•  This  waa  a  bill  Itiijiiiaii);  severs  penslllra  nn  any  jteraon,  who 
having  confiiraieil  ao  I'nr  to  ilie  church  nl  Knglmul  aa  in  entitle 
hlia  b>  holil  a  civil  nillca,  ahuulil  evor  iiller  uuvnil  a  dlaacntlni 
place  uf  worshif .    h  did  not  paai  Into  a  Uw. 


don  at  Um  tynniilaiU  laiataMo  of  Ikaai  i 

prlMiariaa  and  their  proviocia  olDearai  aii.r 

preaenU'd  an  addn'aaio(lM«en  Anne,  pmyiiig  liar  roTM 
repeal  of  the  ohnoiioiia  lawa,  iml  reroiiimendiiif  llial 
i  lh<'  lailhon  uribam  ahuiild  be  /iroiighl  locomlign  puim 
iahiiirnl.  The  lorila  commiaslonera  of  trade,  tu  wliuR 
the  matter  wua  referred  by  the  queen,  reported  to  har 
innjeaty,  •'  dial  tlio  making  audi  lawa  waa  un  abuse  of 
the  power  grnnled  by  die  charter,  and  inferred  a  for. 
felllira  of  the  same  ■,     adding 


ling  Iheir  huinhle  ndvica  Utal 
judicial  step*  should  l»>  adupted  fur  having  die  rorfeitura 
legally  decluri'i!,  and  die  go\>'riiiiient  ri'siiined  by  th« 
crown.*  The  queen,  lliereii|inn,  iaaiied  nn  order,  de 
claring  Uie  laws  that  bad  lieeii  complained  of  null  ami 
void,  und  promised  lo  inslilule  a  fau  irarraaro  ngalnsl 
Ihe  cburle.  \  hut  this  promise  wua  never  l^illilleiTt  II 
wua  ulleged  Uial  the  lurfeitfiire  of  the  charter  waa  ob> 
atrucled  by  legal  diniciiltles  ariaing  from  the  minotihr 
ofaome  of  the  proprielariea,  who  could  not  he  inttM 
reaponsible  for  the  acta  of  die  real!  aaif  Uie  innbllity  of 
Uieae  hereditary  rulers  of  mankind  to  airord  protectitD 
lo  UH'ir  siibiects,  had  nol  been  Ui«  strongest  reason  wl  y 
they  should  lie  deprived  of  die  power  of  exacting  ob*- 
dienee  from  them.  White  incesaanl  atlempla  war* 
made  by  the  Uriliah  goveninient  lo  deprive  Um  New 
K.ngland  statei  of  the  cliurteii  hy  which  popular  righto 
were  preserved,  this  fair  nnd  legiiimatA  occasion  waa 
neglected,  of  emancipoting  the  people  of  Carolina  flrom 
u  patent  which  hail  confesaedly  been  made  siibservianl 
lo  the  most  odious  oppression  .^iid  intolerance !  and 
even  after  Uw  proprietaries  hud  publicly  dei^hired  (at 
Ihey  were  soon  after  conatraiiied  In  do)  that  it  waa  no 
in  Iheir  power  to  defend  the  province  againit  Uia  In- 
diana hy  wlin-io  nttncks  II  waa  menaced,  the  proprietary 
governineiit  waa  aiillrred  lo  siiliaial,  perbapa  with  tim 
view  of  bringing  colonial  cliarlera  iiilodia<'ri'dil.  until  '-, 
aunk  under  the  weight  of  ita  own  waakneaa  ami  incapa> 
cily.  Il  wua  in  the  year  1700,  that  the  intnhvrable  poliey 
of  Lord  (irunville  received  this  aignal  cliei  k ;  and,  ft'ont 
Uiia  p'-iiod,  the  disaeiilura  were  nermitted  ti  enjoy,  no 
indeed  'lie  e<pialily,  which  they  liad  originally  been  en 
cniiraged  to  expect,  but  a  simple  toleration  In  the 
following  >ear,  an  act  of  assembly  was  passed  in  Mouth 
Carolina  lor  the  eslablisliineni  ol  religioiia  worship  ao 
cording  to  Uie  forma  of  the  church  of  Knglnnd ',  hy  thia 
net  the  pro\  :;ice  was  dividi'd  into  ten  pariahea,  ami  pro- 
vision made  lor  b.iiiding  a  church  iu  each  parish,  unifor 
the  eiiilowineni  of  its  minister.  The  cniirchea  vtnro 
anon  after  built,  and  nipplied  witli  minislera  by  thii 
English  Society  for  Uie  propngation  of  the  gospel. 

The  progress  of  pnpiilnlioii  is,  if  not  the  must  cer- 
tain, one  of  the  most  interesting  teats  nf  Uin  prosperity 
of  u  state  ;  but  it  is  u  test  nol  easily  npplicuble  lo  eon*.- 
miiiiities  subject,  like  nil  llin  American  colonics,  lo  a 
rnnliniial  but  irregular  iiiHiix  and  efllux  of  |ieaplo 
The  population  of  North  Carolina  iippeurs  to  have  sua 
taiiied  u  severe  check  from  the  troiililea  nnd  connisiona 
tlint  alteiided  Culpepper's  insurrection  nnd  Snth-I'a 
tymniiy ;  insomuch  that,  in  Uie  year  1004,  the  lisi  of 
taxable  inhabitnnts  wim  found  lo  cuntnin  only  aevrn 
hundred  nnd  eighty  seven  numes,  about  half  the  niiiu 
her  that  had  bei-i  in  the  colony  nt  die  ronimencetni  nt 
of  Miller's  ndin.  .Istrnlion.  Frequent  einigrulinns  wi  re 
made  from  Uie  northern  to  the  southern  province;  und 
wo  must  ciincli:de  that  the  diiiiiinition  of  iiihabitaiitt 
ascertained  in  1004  had  lieen  eH-.-cted  in  this  iiianni  r ; 
since  prior  to  the  year  1708,  only  two  persons  (a  Turk 
for  iiiuriler,  and  nn  old  woman  lnrwitchcrnft)had  been 
executed  in  NorUi  Curolina — n  fact  which,  cnnsideriug 
the  violent  convulsions  that  the  province  had  under 
gone,  appears  highly  creditable  to  the  hiiiiinnity  of  iho 
people.  In  Uie  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century. 
North  Carolina  received  an  ucsession  to  its  inhabitiinis. 
Ant  from  n  body  of  Frnr.:li  refugees,  who  removed  tu 
it  ffuiii  Virginia,  und  nf.erwnrds  from  a  colony  of  tie' 
mans,  who,  many  yean  before,  li.'id  lieen  expelled  frcm 
Iheir  homes  by  Uie  desolation  of  die  palatinate,  niiil 
since  exjierienced  a  great  variety  of  wretchedness  nnd 
exile.  In  the  year  1710,  its  whole  population  auioiinti-d 
to  0000  persons,  but  of  these  nut  tiOOO  were  tnxalilea 
There  was  no  court-house  in  North  Carolina  before  llm 
year  iTti ;  Uie  nssemlilies  and  general  courts  till  then 
being  convened  in  private  houses.  Printing  woa  nn 
known  in  either  of  Uie  provinces,  and  Ihe  laws  were 

*  This  rnpnrt,  amnng  nther  algnattires  has  that  of  Priiir  the  peat 
who  wna  one  (if  Ihe  CMimihalniiri's  or  iroile  hi  ihi-  linie. 

t  Olilinisiin,  I.  »IT— 3(14.  Ilewii,  l.  Isa  177,  Prrparalor) 
tn  iheir  aililreafl  lo  Iha  queer ,  the  lliiitac  ol  Lnnla  paasfcil  a  re^u 
InUoii  rnnlainiriK  theav  reniarkahlt;  exprranlona :  ihal  Iha  l;iw 
Tor  eiifot.'^xjr  cniiriii-mUjr  ro  Ihe  cliurrh  of  Kn^liinit  a:  thi 
colony  *'  U  an  enciiurjifemcnl  lo  3dlol*in  anil  irrellrlon,  lia 
Btrudlva  lu  irada,  and  undsiu  ruin  anU  ilapo|iul«iivitaf  Iksin 


ronilign  puu« 
•til.  lu  whom 
'|iiirr«il  to  h«r 
» iiri  iiliiiM  of 
iil'i'md  *  (ni- 
Id  iiilvicii  thai 

the  furrsitura 
mined  liy  Urn 
rill  (irilcr,  de 
'd  III'  null  iimI 
rnnlii  nialiMt 

l\il(illed.»  II 
nrtitr  WM  ol^ 

Ilia  milioiltf 

lint  h«  im.d« 
lid  innhilily  of 
brd  pral«cti*a 
■t  rfuiiii  wt  f 

MllC'lillg  obt* 

lti:iiipt»  w«r« 
rive  llw  New 
pnpiilur  right* 
nccaaion  WM 
Cnrulinii  (Vom 
lu  •iiliMrvienl 
olcninrel  (ImI 
r  dwlared  (u 
tlint  It  WM  no 
igninal  the  In- 
he  proprlRtarj 
rhnpt  with  tlio 
icri'dil.  until  ~; 
>«ii  niid  incnpa* 
nli'mkle  policy 
nk:  nnd.rrom 
1 1>  eujny,  no 
iiinlly  men  eii 
iitliin      In  the 
iinwd  in  Hnuth 
iii>  wnirhip  do 
iffliind ;  hi  thli 
ri^lira,  and  pro- 
piiriah,  unlfor 
cliiirrhei  «nra 
iiiiiiti'rH  by  tlio 
liv  goapel. 

the  nioal  rer- 
'  thn  proaperity 
ilii'iildtt  10  con> 
rolnnira,  to  Q 
lii%  of    |H'Oplu 
ira  to  hnvtt  tn* 
nnd  conniHioiif 
mid    8nth<-re 
M,  Iho  liai  of 
only  aevcD 
uiir  the  niiiu 
otiiiitpnci'ini  nt 
JKrutinna  wi  r» 
pruvinrr;  und 
«r  iiiliuhitniilt 
tliia  uinnniri 
raona  (»  Turk 
rrnft)  had  been 
' ,  cnnaidvriiig 
hnd  under 
iiinnnity  of  th« 
enlh  nentury, 
ill  inliabitiiniK, 
o  removed  to 
colony  of  <ii:' 
expvllt'd  frcm 
[lidiilinntu,  nnd 
tchednvaa  nnd 
itlunenioiinti'd 
woru  tnxnUh^a 
linn  bofore  tlitt 
uurtJi  tilt  tli«D 
^itins  wu  nil 
Ihe  mwa  were 

of  Priiirthepoci 

>  lime. 

V,    Prrparalor> 

>H :  Ihm  Itw  i:>« 
Kriirliinit  :l:  thi 
lit  irrelii'lon,  tie 
ilaikiBoriliefra 


di 


la 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


pobtbliMl  by  oral  praolMMlian.     Oebln  and  rente  were 
goaerally  niide  payabk  la  bldea,  tallow,  lure,  or  other 
producliona  of  liw  country.    In  the  yuur  17(16,  It  woe 
eaacled  by  law  that  niarriHgee  ahouhl  be  ctdebralud  by 
Ibe  uiiuiatora  ol'  religlou )  biil  inagiilntna  were  permit- 
•d  to  perform  Ihia  olHce  in  pariatun  unpruvidiid  with 
■iiiialera.    The  eieciilive  power  within  the  province 
woa  leeble  and  ineltcient ;  partly   in  conBequnnce  of 
the  alalH  of  diapcraloii  and  the  laxy  plenty  In  which  the 
bulk  of  Itie  Inlmliiliinla  lived,  and  partly  iViiiii  the  worth- 
.eea  or  inaignilicani  clwruclera  of  niniiy  of  Ilia  eiecutiv* 
ortlcen.*     lu  the  year  1701),  C'ary,  tlie  collector  of  the 
proprietarjr    quit-ranta,    reaulving  to  appropriate   llw 
unounTnl  hia  cullactiona,  found  it  eaay,  with  the  aid  of 
•  few  idle  and  diaatdul*  parliaana,  to  nmintiiin  hiinaelf 
in  •  atala  ofoppoaition  to  the  proprietary  gnveriiinent, 
•nd  auapend  the  openliona  of  juallee.     The  iieonle, 
though  UMy  neither  approved  nor  abetted  hia  lawieae 
proceeding,  olTered  no  raeialanee  to  it;  and  tlie  go- 
vernor, uiiabi*  10  reduce  him  to  obedience,  made  appli- 
cation fttr  aaaialanea  from  Virginia,  where  ooiue  regular 
Iroope  wen  quartered  at  tlia  time.     On  tlie  approach 
of  a  amall  party  of  tlieoa  furoea,  Canr  fled  Ihe  colony, 
■nd  hia  parliaane  diaperaed.     In  Ilia  year  ITItt,  Ihia 
province  auaiained  a  eavere  and  dangeroua  blow  Ooin 
■  roiupiracy  of  Ihe  Core*  and  Tuocorora  Iribea  of  In- 
diana, wlin,  rcoenling  a  real  or  auppoaud  encroachment 
en  their  hunting  laiida,  formed  an  ulliuiice  and  project, 
with  amaaiiig  oecreey  and  guile,  for  the  total  deatruction 
of  the  Euroiiean   aettleiiienl.      A  general  attack,  in 
which  a  hundred  und  thirty  aevan  of  Uie  coloniala  were 
Uioaoacred  in  one  niglil,t  gave  the  firat  intelligence  of 
their  hnatililv.     Happily,  the  alarm  woa  given  before 
Ihe  work   or  dealrilclion  had   proceeded  liirtlier ;  and, 
after  an  obalinate  reaialance,  Ihe  coluiiiata  were  able  to 
keep  the  enemy  in  check  till  a  powerful  force  wnii  de- 
apaluhed  to  tlieir  lualaiiiiico  by  the  governor  and  naaeiii- 
bly  of  the  eouihem  prnviiice.     An  e.tpediliiin  wiu  then 
undertaken  by  tlie  combined  furoea  of  the  two   pro- 
vincea  againat  the  hoatije  Indiana,  who  were  defeated 
with  great  alaughter,  and  compKllod  to  uluindon   thn 
country.    Tha  aoeembly  of  Hoiitli  Caroliin  voted  4IMHV. 
for  the  oervice  of  Ihia  war;  and,  durin|{  the  coiilinuuiice 
of  it,  Iha  aaoembly  of  Ihe  northern  province  wna  com- 
pelled to  iaaue  i^NNV,  in  bilb  of  credit.    A  few  nioniha 
after  ite  termiiiulion.  North  Ciirolinu  allowed  her  wil- 
lingnoH  to  repay  the  wvaaaiiulilu  aid  alio  hud  derived 
from  the  aiater  province,  nnd'  deapatclied  a  body  of 
Iroopa  to  Iter  aoaulaiice  againat  a  hoalilo  inoveincKt  of 
Ilia  Indiana  in  that  quarter.      During  the  war  ill  North 
Caroliiiii,  the  people  tied  ft'om  Ihe  province  in  aiicli 
ntimbera,  that  to  prevent  ita  total  doaertiini,  u  law   wiia 
poaoed,  pridiiliitiiig  iiiiy  one  from  quitting  ill  territory 
without  a  poaaport  from  the  governor.    Iiicoiifiriiinlioii 
of  Ihia  edicti  the  governor  of  Virginia  iaaiiud  n  pro<  la- 
laation,  coninmnding  tlint  all  fiigitivea  from  Carolina 
wilhoiit  a  paaaport  ahould  be  apprehended  and  coui- 
pelled  to  return. 

The  population  of  .Sou  .  Carolina,  in  the  year  1700, 
la  oiiid  to  have  amniinled  to  no  more  than  fVUKI  pnraona, 
■  compiilalian  probuldy  ahiirl  of  the  triilli.  In  the 
year  17!i:i,  it  amounted  to  :t>jOOO,  iiirliidiiig  IHOOO 
ilavea.  Fur  aeverul  yeara  after  the  colniiizution  of 
lliii  territory,  there  wore  very  few  iieftro  alavca  in  Ca- 
rolina', but  the  ileiiiaiid  for  llioin  wna  iiicrunaed  hy  the 
iucronting  ciillivalion  of  rice,  which  wua  thoii^lit  loo 
unliealUiy  und  lulnirioiia  for  Kuropenn  coiiatltiitioiiii; 
and  th»  aluve  ahlpa  of  (ireat  llriluiii,  eiicaumfied  the 
lataand  hy  thn  reudliiuwi  with  wliich  thny  aiipplied  it. 
At  Ihe  cloae  of  the  aovenlei'iith  cuntiiry,  ('hiirlnatowii 
^0*  iilriiuly  a  lloiiiialiiiig  town,  cuiibilniiig  several 
-loudaoinH  I'llilicea,  a  public  lilirnry,aiid  a  population  of 
iOOO  aoula — iiiuru  than  half  of  the  lotid  |iopiii:itinii  of 


Ih*  provina*.    No  prinllni  praaa  wia  aalabliahad  In 
Carolina  till  thirty  yaan  after. 

When  Ilia  diAlciiltlea  ath'iiding  tha  aatabliahmenl  of 
Iha  llral  aeltlera  in  (.'arnlina  had  liean  In  aoma  degrao 
overcoina,  tha  fartilily  of  Iha  aoil,  tha  ehaapnaoa  of  pro- 
viaioiia,  and  tha  agneablanaaa  and  general  aalubrily 
of  Ihe  climate,  aflTorded  Ihe  hl||heat  ancoureganienl  to 
national  increaaa.  Familiea  ol  ten  and  twelve  children 
were  IVequeutly  aaen  in  iha  hoiiiM  of  the  coloniala  at 
Iha  cloae  of  tlie  anventeenlh  century)  and  though  aoiiia 
pnru  of  both  the  provlncea  'wera  for  a  lima  infactad 
with  eevera  epIdHuiical  dlaeaoaa,  and  oihera  alill  con- 
tinue to  lie  iinfuvorable  to  health  at  particular  oeaaoiia, 
yet  Ihe  atatiaticul  acconnia  and  Ihe  regiatera  of  inor- 
tiilil^  amply  demonalrate  that  Iha  climate  of  th^  whole 


•  In  1701,  Pnrcer InilU'li-il  a  ir.nn  fur  rnlliiij  hlin  '•«  rhrniliin 
leglie."  The  ili'li-riitaiil  JuiiiIHimI  llie  wurili,  and,  liriivinjf  that 
Ihey  were  prnparly  appliiiil,  wna  Acquittnl,  unil  alUiweil  lus  cuat.4 
Iniiu  ibu  iiruduculor.  Yvl,  a  Tew  yeara  iiTier,  Tm  ler  waa  iKipiiJiii. 
ail  a  pri>|irielary  ilepiity  nml  member  nt  ruuiicil.  Williamson, 
I.  '.109, '.f  10.  Ill  t7'M,  Hiirrliiriiiii,  who  hail  prevlnuily  helil  the 
office  nr  RiiTernnr,  an'l  ulterwunla  helil  it  afiulii,  waa  liiiiieleil 
fur  defunialion,  in  a<tyiiig  iil'  the  exiating  uuvernor.  Sir  Richard 
Everaril,  th»'  •'  he  waa  no  mora  fit  for  u  Vn^ernor  than  S.inclin 
Panza,"  nni  rlotminly  threateliinff  to  ar.alp  ■*  hia  il— d  thick 

triKl.'*  Ih.  it.  .:i9.  Two  yeara  after,  the  grand  jury  preaenl 
Sir  Hichnrd  the  governor  fur  hnviiig  witli  Itia  cane  iwica  or 
Itirti'e  atriiclt  George  Alien.'*  Ih.  'iU. 

t  Ttio  Indiana  tmilt  a  niiintier  of  priainera  on  this  ivrnaion, 
among  whom  were  Joint  Lawaon,  author  of  a  ileaeripiivo  ac. 
coniit,  wiiich  ItHs  hecii  iin|ifo|)erly  tenneii  a  lliatoryof  Carolina, 
anil  who  had  iieeii  n|)p4)inted  aiirvcyor.|:enerui  of  the  prurinre, 
and  llaroii  UriilTenried,  tlie  leader  of  tin)  piilatinn  einieruiita. 
Lawaon  waa  mnrdered  at  leisure  by  tiie  anvHi^ea;  but  (irafTen. 
rted  ailrKated  hiinaeif  from  the  aama  fate,  for  which  he  had 
bean  llaatiined,  by  decluriiig  that  lie  waa  tlie  king  of  a  diatinct 
Vibe,  lauljr  arrived  In  the  piovlnce,  and  Iiiullr  unconnacted 
«llh  the  Cfigllah. 


rrgfon  lain  tha  inuiii  highly  conducive  to  tha  preaarva- 
tioii,  aa  well  aa  Ihe  production  of  life.  The  aalubrily 
of  llieae,  aa  wall  aa  of  Ihe  other  colonial  •altlemanta, 
haa  baan  graally  promoted  by  Iha  progreia  of  indnalry, 
in  opening  Ihe  wooda,  draining  Ilia  niarahee,  and  con- 
fining Iha  alreania  within  a  certain  channel.  Yel  the 
iuHiienca  of  cultivation  boa  been  by  do  iiieana  iiuironiily 
fiivoroble  to  health  in  Iha  Carobnaa;  and  much  of  Iha 
dioeoae  with  which  they  are  nlllicted  at  certain  ten- 
Bona  la  aoeribed  to  llie  periodical  iniindulioua  which 
Iha  culture  of  the  rice  lunda  requirea.* 

During  the  infant  atute  of  the  colony,  the  pronrie- 
tnrica  aold  the  land  at  twenty  ahillinga  for  every  liun- 
drnd  ncrea,  nnd  i^lijinnco  of  quit  rent.  Tbiiy  ruiaeil  llir 
price  in  the  year  itI'.M  to  thirty  ahillinga;  and  in  171 1, 
In  forty  ahillinga  for  every  hundred  ncrea,  and  one  ahil. 
ling  ol  quit  rent.  Lawaon,  who  travelled  through  Cu' 
rolina  in  the  year  17U0,  celebratoa  the  courteay  anil 
hoapitulily  of  I'le  planlera;  but  ri'preoenbi  an  averaiiin 
to  labor,  and  a  nngligent  coiitenlmunt  with  priiaeiit  ad. 
vanliigea,  ua  ipialitiea  very  prevalent  among  them. 
Fruit,  he  aiiya,  wiia  >o  plentil'ul  that  the  hnga  were  fed 
with  peuchea.t  The  Ciirolininiia  have  alwaya  ht-en  clia- 
ructeriaed  by  a  tiiate  fur  idleneoa,  and  a  atrong  predi- 
loction  for  liie  aporia  of  the  Held.  Tha  diapoailion  that 
waa  i>viiiced  nt  u  very  early  periotl  of  the  liiatnry  of 
llieae  proviucoa,  lo  Irent  InaolvenI  ilebtora  with  e.\treiiie 
indiilffunco,  hiu  continued  ever  aiiica  to  bo  a  feature  in 
their  Tngialutinu,  nnd  hna  been  thought  to  encourage  u 
looae  nnil  imprnvident  aptitude  to  contract  tlubla.  The 
innal  aericiia  evila  with  which  tlio  two  pruvincea  have 
been  nlllicted  have  ariaen  IVoin  the  nliiiae  of  apirituoua 
liqiiom,  the  neglect  of  uiliicntion,  anil  the  exiateiicu  of 
negro  alnvery.  It  wna  long  before  inatiliiliona  for  Ihe 
ediicntion  ol  youth  were  generally  ealubliahed  in  Caro- 
lina; the  beiiefita  of  knowledge  were  conllned  entirely 
lo  Ihe  aona  of  wenllhy  planlera,  who  wera  sent  lo  the 
ciilleges  of  Kiirope,  or  to  the  oeminntiea  in  the  more 
northern  atatus;  nnil  the  conaeqneni  ignoniiice  of  the 
great  hulk  of  the  people,  together  with  the  influence  of 
a  wunn  climate,  and  the  prevalent  nveraion  to  industry 
(increased  hy  the  pride  which  the  nnaaesaion  of  slaves 
inapirea,  and  the  discredit  which  arnvery  brings  on  la- 
bor), promoted  nn  inteiuperale  use  of  ardent  spirits, 
which  contrihiMciladditioniilly  to  depruve  llioir  aenti' 
menu,  habits,  nnd  manners.  It  wn.4  in  North  Carolina 
thill  all  the  evils  which  I  have  enumerated  (except  those 
nriaiiig  from  negro  slavery,  and  which  are  more  deplo- 
rable perhaps  than  all  the  real)  prevniled  longest  and 
iiioat  exlnii.aively.t  The  iinprovemeut  thnt  nfter  times 
have  witnessed  in  nil  these  respects,  has  been  conside- 
rable in  both  the  provinces:  and  the  inhabitants  of 
Hoiith  Cnrolinn,  in  particular,  have  long  been  distin- 
gniahnd  for  the  cultivation  of  literature,  the  elegance  of 
their  manner,  nnil  their  polite  hospitnhty. 

In  every  commiinily  where  slavery  exists,  the  treat- 
ment which  the  slaves  experience  will  be  regiilali}il  in 
no  small  degree  hy  the  proportion  which  they  bear  to 
the  numbers  of  the  IVec,  ami  the  npprehensiona  which 
they  miiy  coiiscipiniitly  bo  ca|iable  of  inspiring.  No 
passion  has  a  more  ilreudfiil  or  insatiable  appetite,  or 
pronipu  to  more  unrelenting  cruelty, than  fear;  amino 


•  Warden,  ii.  374.  4U.  Dr.  WilllamKm  (yol.  It.  cap.  13)  haa 
clearly  proved  that  the  immedialo  e/Tecta  of  the  extirpation  of 
wood  in  Carolina  have  alwuya  been  unfriendly  to  health,  from 
the  expoaiire  to  the  aim  of  a  aitrface  of  freah  land  covered  with 
vegetable  produce  in  a  atute  of  decay. 

t  Lawaon,  p.  Ii].  ax  1114.  Archilnle  (p.  T.)  epcaks  In  nearly 
tlie  auine  lerma  of  the  rertlllty  of  CnroUna.  Bloome  (p.  1J31 
statea,  that  ihe  province,  in  HM,  contained  many  wealthy  [ler- 
aons,  who  had  repaired  to  it  In  a  state  of  great  iiiillilenco. 

t  In  M.irch,  1710,  the  grand  Jury  of  Allieinarle  preHemed  thir- 
ty-six peraoiia,  viz.  seven  for  druiikeiiiiesa,  ciijlit  for  iirofane 
sweariny,  seven  for  breaking  ihe  anhbalii,  lour  (tir  adidtery,  ftvi- 
for  atfiaiing  or  mism  irkine  hogj,  tiiree  for  breaking  the  peace, 
aud  two  for  selling  liquor  witiiout  license."  Williamson,  i.  Sil. 
It  waa  an  unfortunate  aupposition  (whether  well  or  ill  founded) 
that  waa  at  one  time  enlertnined,  that  the  water  of  Carolina 
posseraed  deletarioua  qualitlea  which  an  Infusion  of  rum  was 
waa  iicceasaiy  to  counteract. 


aB|>r«henaion  can  b«  bmm  oalvioh  or  mora  proTOCidr* 
or  inhumanity,  ihaa  that  whiah  ia  inapiitHl  In  man't 
boaonis  by  tha  danger  of  rauliatinn  lor  Iha  iiyualica 
whirh  they  arv  coumiuing  lo  iiiHicl.  In  fluiitli  I'aroli- 
na,  for  a  very  conaiderabla  period,  tha  niindier  of  '.Iw 
alavaa  bora  a  greater  proportion  lo  tlinl  of  Ihe  whola 
population  than  in  any  other  of  ttie  Notlh  American 
roloniea.  From  llw  year  1*^  till  tlia  year  I7(i5,  tha 
alavea  in  this  alnta  continued  greatly  and  incraasingly 
lo  outnumbar  the  while    inhabitants.*     The    consa* 

3neni'ii  of  this  alula  of  Ihiiiga  was,  that  Uie  alavea  of 
HI  Hoiitli  Carolina  plnntera  were  treated  wlUi  extrema 
aeverity !  niid.  In  llie  year  I7'.H),  they  liiriiivd  a  conapi- 
racy  for  a  general  niaaaucre  of  tlieir  niualera,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  carry  their  design  into  eHect  by  u  dangeroua 
inaurreclion,  which  woa  auppressed  Willi  ttie  ulmool 
dilficulty,  and  punished  by  an  aiacerbation  of  tha  cnt> 
ally  that  hud  provoked  It.  The  dloconlenta  of  tha  alavan 
in  this  stale  proved  >  forroidabia  auxiliary  to  tlia  \u» 
tile  designs  of  tlia  neighbouring  Bpaniurda,  who  war* 
not  wanting  In  andeavora  lo  turn  il  to  their  advan- 
tage. After  the  Amerii-nn  ravolulion  tha  hrthar  im- 
iiortation  of  slaves  inlii  Hnuth  Carolina  waa  forbidden 
liy  lnw;l  niid  Ihe  proportion  bt^tween  the  fVeeDien  and 
the  slaves  iinderweiil  n  change  highly  promotiva  of  tha 
security  and  humanity  of  tlie  one,  ami  of  Ihe  comfort 
and  consideration  enjoyed  by  the  ollier.t  Neitlier  hera 
nor  in  any  other  country  with  whose  history  I  am  ac- 
f|tiitiiite(l,  have  the  pruteatant  episcopal  clergy  ever  dis- 
linguished  tlieiim-lves  by  exertions  to  mitigate  the  evil* 
of  slavery.  Wherever  a  prolestnnt  opiacopal  church 
has  been  ealahlished  by  luw,  the  only  ministers  of  tha 
gnapnl  who  have  shown  Ihemaelvea  tiie  friends  of  Iha 
iiiitiuisis  of  the  human  race,  have  been  inethudists, 
IMoruvians,  or  dlssenlers  of  some  other  denominalioii 
It  bus  not  lieeii  so  in  countries  where  Ibe  catholio 
rhiirch  has  prevailed.  The  priests  of  Ibis  persuasion 
have  always  constituted  dieuiselves  the  ilnfenders  and 
patrons  of  Iniliiins  and  negro  alavea.  I'erhnpa  tliia  haa 
arisen  in  part  from  the  peculiarities  of  sentiment  und 
habit  by  which  the  catholic  priests  are  sepnraled  from 
the  rcMl  of  mnnkinil,  nnd  which  may  lessen  in  tlieir  es- 
tiinalion  the  diH'ereiices  of  li^nipurul  condition  by 
which  the  luSty  are  distinguished. 

Il  does  no|  appear  ftrom  tlie  earlier  annals  of  Caro- 
lina in  what  manner  the  provincial  asseuililioa  wera 
conslitiilcd,  nr  to  whul  uiiioiiiii  of  property  pnlitical 
franchises  were  attached.  All  Ihe  executive  olllcen 
were  iioiiiinuted  by  llie  proprietaries,  who  specified  tlia 
amount  of  the  salaries  in  the  warrunts  of  appointiiienL 
Such  was  the  ilifHctilty  of  collecting  money  or  produce, 
speclully  In  the  niirtliern  ciiliiny,  tlint  the  proprietaries 
were  frei|uenlly  obliged  lo  griiiit  nsaigiiations  of  lands 
or  quit  rents  to  their  otlicers  in  order  to  secure  tlio  per- 
formunce  cf  their  duties.  Sir  Nuthaniel  Johnson,  who 
Will  nppointed  governor  of  Cnrolinn  in  the  yenr  17IM. 
received  u  wnrruni  for  o  solary  of  S(H)/.  n  year.  Tha 
other  coteniporary  officers  hud  salaries  of  which  tlia 
highenl  was  (iW.,  and  the  lowest  4(1/.  a  yenr.  The  go- 
vernor's salary  was  doiihled  in  the  year  1717. 

Carolina,  by  iu  amazing  fertility  in  uniuial  and  ve- 
getable produce,  was  enabled,  from  an  early  period, 
lo  carry  on  a  considerable  trade  with  Juniaica,  Uutba- 
does,  and  the  leeward  islands,  which,  nt  the  close  of 
tlie  seventeenth  century,  are  said  to  have  depended  iu 
a  great  ineiisiire  on  this  colony  for  llieir  nicaiu  of  siilf 


From  Wardeii*a  |Kinulation  tables,  it  appears  that,  in  the 
year  1734,  they  oiitnumlioreil  the  freemen  in  Ihe  proportion  of 
1  lo  I  i  a  relative  pro|Miriinn  never  at  any  other  time  known  it 
an  American  proviiicu,  though  fur  short  of  wliat  prevaHa  in  man; 


■eiiioiy  Ol  soiiin  laroiinu  several  yeara  uetoro  t 

but  it  was  diaailowed  by  tha  royal  governor  as  < 

policy,  and  injtirloua  to  the  trade  of  Ureut  Brilai 

t  Wynne,  11  941.— 34X  Hewit,  11.  14.  71—74. 


t  Indeed,  a  luw  to  tha  aame  elfecl  had  been  enacted  by  the  as 
aembly  of  South  Carolinu  several  yeara  before  the  revolution . 

contrary  lu  ihi 
rilain. 

--  .-    -74.  03— 07.    War 

den,  11.  413.  4:10.  Traces  of  the  cruelty  with  which  slaves  wen 
anciently  treated  in  South  Carolina  have  lingered,  it  must  hi 
confeaaed.  till  a  very  late  periiHl,  b«)th  in  the  laws  ol  this  pro- 
vines  ami  the  inannera  of  ita  inhabitants.  Sluves  are,  or  till 
very  lately  Y'cre,  burned  alive  for  mtiriler,  burglary,  or  lira 
raising.  In  ilie  year  18flS,  two  neemes  were  actually  burned 
alive  over  a  slow  Are  In  the  marltcl  place  in  Charleslown. 
firtsted'a  *<  America  and  her  Resources,*' p.  laa.  ''Ihe  grnnd 
Jury  of  Charlestown,  for  the  term  of  January,  1910,  repoTled, 
aa  a  moat  aerloua  evil,  tl*at  instancca  of  nugro  homiciile  wera 
common  within  the  city  fiir  many  yeara;  the  parties  exerclaing 
mihinited  control  aa  maslera  aid  mistresaca  tndult;m2  then 
criit'l  paasiona  in  the  barbarous  treatment  of  sluves,  Ac.  &c 
"  and  thereby  bringing  on  the  cooimunity,  the  elate,  ami  the  citl 
the  contumely  and  rejiroach  of  ttie  civilized  world."  Wfirilep 
1.437.  They  who  entertain  aiich  a  senso  of  the  evil,  will,  ^ 
may  be  hoped,  ill  time  hnd  a  cure  fur  it. 

What  strange  iiicoiisi.Htenriea  may  coexist  with  evrn  Ihe  wore 
evilaof  alavery,  iastrikintfiy  evinced  in  the  life  of  thnt  itir'tii 
gulahed  Roman  who  united  all  the  abstractiona  and  retlni'meti^ 
of  Fbhagorean  nhllosophy  with  tlie  most  odious  uiliuaia:.uy  a 
tui  slarsii .    Piiuaerji'a  1  lU  »r  Marcus  •'mo 


THB    IIIITORY   or 


IM  (Mpk  ■■■inmUlH  wMs  i(m,  Mr,  mmI, 


•fttfWNAk  Mljro.    (MmUmi,  wkan  kiMMrjr  wm  Mik- 
I  In  OM  ^Mr  ITOH,  olMr««ii,  Ihul  Um  iraAi  ar  itw 


■nlaajr  wllh  l.ii«lniirf  Imil  ol'  lata  obiiiinMl  •  frul  In^ 
•warn  "lar  iiolwiihalaiHlinf  all  Um  iliM«urii(«<>M«li 
tfw  p*aplH  li*  undiir,"  ha  luUf,  '*  iw«»lita<'ii  Mftt  cania 
liut  yvar  Imlrii  IVnin  I'liralino  wi  i'  run,  ■4li»,  |iilrli,  mid 
ur,  in  liw  Viriinin  ll>'«l,  Im-hIiIm  ■Inifllinit  >liiua." 

I*]r  an  aci  Ihul  wai  iNiaavd  In  tlw  f»r  1715,  avary 
|ilanli'r  or<'iirulina  waa  nrili'rril  In  |iiirrlia«i  and  an- 
tliiM  i  burlul  irotinil  Ihr  all  iiriMiiia  ilyinK  on  lila 
rniaU*  i  anil,  Ix'torp  inloniimt  «r  any  rar|>M<,  lu  call  in 
ai  Iraal  llirmi  nr  Ihnr  nf  liia  wiflilxiiira  lo  vit'W  it,  fur 
Ilia  pnrpnaa  or  Ai'ihar  I'nqiilry  in  caaa  of  any  aiii|ili'i- 
tua  appanrunca,  ll  haa  baan  nnlad,  I'roni  uu  aarlv  |>«- 
riiHl  aa  a  paculiarily  in  iho  uianiwra  of  iirnny  of  i1h> 
Aatarican  nrovineaa,  that  ftmarala  ara  roniliiciad  wiih 

■  driraa  of  pomp  and  aineiMa  nidinawn  lo  liia  iiaaxaa 
Bf  l.nrnpa.  In  aama  af  Iha  alalaa,  lawa  wan  anactad 
Onin  linia  M  lima  In  raatnia  Ihia  vain  and  ilt-liniad  pro- 
Jijalily.  In  iinna  •rtti*M  haa  il  Imkh  earriad  In  a  |rval- 
ar  olmnwlhan  in  Houlh  Carolina,  wlwrallia  Inlrnnaul 
of  Iho  daad  haa  baan  wnanilh'  cuiiibliwd  wilh  a  liiiiirl- 
Dua  eulartaiuiNanl  and  a  nrvluaton  ol  |(00d  clwar  tu  Itie 
l»inf.' 

ROOX    V. 

NEW  YORK. 

C  II  APT  Ell   I. 

4uilanii*a  Vii^Mffa  nf  DIacitVfrjr— KIril  Hetllcmfnl  nf  Iha  Dlllrh 
11  AHidn?— TTio  rr«»litrii  nmnlril  llf  Ih*  aiMlr«  ll«iirri»l  t"  Ihv 
Wt-Ht  lii'iiii  ritiT.pjriy  (if  llulliinti  -Till*  ililtrh  roliiiiliia  miviiil 
Ihrir  aiiil*<mri>(«  iitlii  €iHiiit-rllcul— ill«|iiil<*4  wliti  ili«  Nt«* 
Kiiirl*iiil  I'l'liHim— !>i''awurii  flr«t  titiunilrtl  i>y  ilie  Hwc<l«*— 
WHr  l>*>lwi*«ii  Iha  DttLJi  nihI  ImiIIhiih — ^'unlii-r  illii|iiili'i  wllh 
New  Kii|l,iiiil— UfBiuiii  llf  I'hiirlo  llifl  H«fMiiil--Alariii  ami 
KITiirM  llf  Iht  DiHrh  Onvrriior— Thn  Pnivlnri*  aninimt  hy 
Caarltirlnihe  Duka  of  Vurk— litfaih-iMiy  iiii  KintllHli  Klati— 
Surri'iiilcrtt^Wim*  (invariiiiinMl  iif  Cnliin.'l  .MrliiiU— llnllniid 
efliS«  Niiw  Y<irk  in  I'ii^IhikI— rffranliirv*  ll--niin(ly  ditv*  It 
aaalii— N»w  ("hiirlar  irruiil**!  lit  the  Diikn  nf  Vurk— Arhilntry 
Iliivrrniii4-iil  llf  Anilr«>ii~DtM'n(ili*iil  iil  Ihn  1  uliiliuu — The 
Ujlla  cixiMiiti  loffiva  Naw  Yiirk  a  Kraa  L'liiiiailuiiiiii. 

Naw  YoRi  ia  dlatinxnlalied  IVuni  Iho  ollirr  roloniul 
ai  Ultfiiwiitii  wlinie  lilKlnnr  wa  hnv«  alrcuily  conaiilvrrd, 
bolh  by  lliu  rani  of  iln  lint  Kurniii-nii  o-iiIiti',  niiil  thu 
ninddoritt  Hniioxiilinn  lo  ihn  ilnniininn  »(  lirtliijii.  In 
all  tlu  ollii*r  provincuK,  lliu  Aral  cnlnnlata  wi>ri)  Kiigliah- 
nnn,  and  tlio  wvanil  occiipaliaiii  of  Aineriean  Icrri- 
toi]r  and  rorraapoiidlii^  e>li>n»iuiia  of  thfl  llritiali  eiii- 

tiira,  nvre  the  piitcrpriana of  llnyliuli  atilijprla,  iniiH-lled 
\y  Iha  aplril  nf  roiiiinorciul  advi'iiiiirr,  InlluiniHf  with 
rtiligMiiia  amit,  nr  nlliireil  liy  niiiliitioiia  ('t|ii!cliitlon. 
The  paoplo  ur  Kiigl.'iiid  had  derived,  in  all  tlieae  in- 
Minwa,  an  iiicrmuw  ol'  their  eoiiiiiinrrinl  reauurreo,  and 
the  ciowu  an  enliirgeim^iit  nl'  ila  dninliiioii,  IViiin  lliii 
Mia  or  private  iiiiliviiliiiila,  winrliiiiiiMl  iiii  iloiilit  liy  the 
•ppnipriiitlnn nl' public aiiUinrily, bin wlinlly  iinniileil  Ity 
Iha  fuaUor  Inrcea  of  dwcnininiiiiily.  Diit  the  lerri- 
Mr)  of  New  Ynrk  wna  origiiiully  cnlonizud,  nut  I'min 
Cl^lai'd,  but  iVom  Holland;  and  Uie  iiicorporalinn  of 
it  wiUi  Ihe  real  of  tlie  lirltlah  doininionii  waa  ell'ecleil, 
not  by  aetlleinent,  but  bv  conqiieal;   not  liy  the  oiiter- 

Criao  uf  imlividiiaU,  but  by  the  Torcea  or  ilia  aliile.  ll 
I  a  aingulariiy  aiill  iiinra  worthy  of  remark,  and  illiiitro- 
live  of  the  ileuder  iiiHiienea  of  hiiiiinu  viewa  and  piir- 
poaaa  in  the  pre-adjiialiiieiit  and  coniieclinn  o{  eventa, 
dial  diia  military  compieat  proved  the  iiniana  of  aala> 
bliahing  a  colony  nrniiiikera  in  America;  ami  the 
awordor  Churlea  the  oecoiid,  in  cuiii|ueriiig  an  appa- 
nage I'ur  hia  bigol  brother,  prepared  a  lrniii|iiil  eala- 
bliabnienl  u>  \ew  Jeraiiy  and  I'eiiiwylvania,  for  tlie  v<h 
tariea  of  peace,  iwerutinii,  and  iilillaiithrophv. 

The  prelenaiona  uf  tlie  Uiiuh  lo  iliia  torrflory  wera 
certainly,  Troin  the  lint,  more  conaiatenl  with  natural 
jualice  than  wiUi  the  liiw  ul°  nalioiia,  and  Iha  privilegs 
which  it  ultachea  lo  priority  of  diacorerv.  For  if,  on 
(lie  one  liand,  die  voyage  of  Uulwt,  and  ilia  general  and 
indefinite  viaiLitinii  of  tlie  North  Ainerieaii  oonlineiil, 
preceded  liy  inure  than  a  rentiirjr  tlie  ocGUrrenca  Troin 
which  tlie  Uiiicli  occiipaliuii  originated,  tliera  aeeina, 
on  die  oilier  hand,  a  inoualrnua  diaregard  uf  Uie  riglila 
•r  human  n.ilure,  in  nmiiitnining  thai  a  claim,  oo  pre- 
ewioualy  conxtiliited,  could  aiiltaiat  ao  long  iine.icroiaed, 
and  that  a  nuvlgator,  by  ciiaunlly  approacluog  NorUi 
America,  in  u  vain  uiiil  erroiieoua  aearch  of  a  poaaage 
In  the  Indiea,  alionld  iicf]uire.  Tor  hia  countrymen,  ■ 
right  In  prevent  the  whole  cnntinent  from  being  iuha- 
bued  for  more  diun  uu  liundntd  yeara. 

•  WlmaibMhani,  III.  Ml.  "In  nhnrt,  ihe  acrlplure  nhaanra- 
IHa,  M  la  hauar  lo  an  lo  ihe  hoiiMi  of  luoiiriiiitif  lliuii  li,  the  huuae 
at  laaailrig,  la  uuliiicllinnilu,  anil  whiilly  Inniipllratile  here,  on  It 

■  dUteak  ia<U«l-iri.ak  llw  one  rrom  Ika  oUier." 


Tha  pilar  rkhl  »f  l^kiwl  (yal  unnxwf nliad  by  iIm 
raa(  of  tha  world)  had  pradnead  no  olhar  parmuMM 
oacnpallan  than  a  lielile  aalllemaMI  on  tbe  dialani  lar- 
rilory  ulJuiiira  Hivarin  Virj[lnia|  whirhhid  no*  Mib- 
inry  llmlenn.an  (Inalinb' 
liiilia  riiiiiiiaiiy   of  II 


by  Din   Taal  I 


'iiiii|iaiiy   oCllol- 


niiiii,  •mplnti'd  liv 

liiiiil,  a«t  anil  [IliCI)]  I'ruai  ihr  Tviil  liir  the  diecnvrry 
ol'  a  luirtli'Waal  pniwifo  In  Iniliu.  Having  ntli'mpliiil 
in  vain  In  acronijiliaii  Iho  ulijcct  nf  hia  vnyaga,  ha 
alevri'd  for  Cape  Cwl,  and   ■■lilrreil  Ihe  huy  or  rheoa- 

tieuke,  whern  he  r>>uiurki  d  the  iiil'aiil  H'llli'iiieiil  ill'  llie 
''.ngliab.     He   iilli'iwarila   ntu'linri'il  liia   vi'mm'I  nH*  llie 


"f 
Delaware,   uiid  jirtx-epiliiig   dieiiie   in    l.uiig   leliind, 

aaik'il  up  the  rivar  Maiiliullan,  on  wlioae  bnnka  Ihe 
cbieC  Oruit  of  hia  eulerprlaa  ware  diallned  lo  grow. 
Hom<  aiilhora  have  aaaerlvd  thai  he  inhl  Ilia  right  In 
Ihia  territory  to  Ihe  iMilrli  i  but  llie  anaeilion  ia  i>i|iiiilly 
unproved  and  improbiible;  aalie  muld  innvey  tu  Ihvui 
no  ritlil  which  the  vnyaga  did  not  veal  liy  a  iiinch  hel- 
ler lilie  in  Uieniai'lvea.  Heveral  vo|agea  were  after- 
wurda  made  i'rom  llollnnd  lo  die  river  Manhallan, 
which,  at  Ural,  wiia  riilled  Iha  North  Itiver,  but,  in  pru- 
caaa  uf  lime,  received  die  name  of  the  iibin  ami  enter- 
prieing  nuvigatur,  by  whom,  if  nnl  nilginally  diaruver- 
atl,  II  had  been  iiitrndiicvd  liir  llie  Aral  time  lo  Ihe  ac- 
nuainlaiiru  uniie  Dillrh.  Thia  people  now  coiicnived 
ilial  Uiey  hiid  ac<]ulrt'd  a  >ullicieiil  tale  to  Ihe  adjacent 
territory,  which  they  dlaliiigiiiahed  by  the  name  »r  No- 
va Itelgiii,  nr  New  Nelhi-rraiiila.*  Tha  depending  or 
recent  ninllicia  of  rivul  prnviiirea.  nnd  even  rival  na- 
liona,  lent  at  nne  '.Ime  lu  all  the  eirciiniauincaa  atleiid- 
ilia  the  Ural  iicciipalinn  of  tjiia  territory,  an  iiilereat 
which  ihey  have  long  ceuted  to  poaaeaa,  aicapl  in  the 

imulinn  uf  niiliipiuriuna, 

TliH  liivoralile  ri'pnrt  that  lliidann  had  given  of  die 
cniiiilry  having  lieeii  innlirined  by  aubmKpienl  vnyagea, 
a  ^»»^f  of  Dutch  iiierchunia  embraced  the  reaoltiliun  of 
ealabliahiiig  a  trading  aetllenieiit  within  ita  conflnea; 
[KlU.'J  and  Ihu  Hlulea  (iuiierul  prnmoled  Ihe  eiiter- 
priae  by  griiiitliig  diviii  a  paleiit  fur  die  eicliiaive  trade 
nf  lluilauu'a  river.  Kiicuiiriiged  liy  Hiia  act  of  liivor 
Ihey  proceeded,  in  Iho  coiirao  uf  Ihe  aama  year,  to  a|i- 
prunriatnaamaUpurliannfgronnd  on  Uie weatern bunk 
nf  llie  river  near  Alliuiiy,  where  Ihey  elected  n  fori, 
and  iiitrualed  the  gnveriimeni  of  tha  place  lo  one 
Henry  Chriatiiielia.  Tliia  feeble  aetlleiiient  had  acarcely 
been  eatahlialieil,  when  il  w,ia  invaded  by  a  Virgiiiiiiii 
oqiiadron,  cniiimunded  bv  Cltptiiiii  Argnl,  and.reliiriiing 
I'rntn  the  ciimpicat  nf  liio  I  reiich  pnaaeaaiona  in  die 
bay  of  Fundy-  Argul  claimed  Uie  territory  occupied 
by  die  Dutch,  aa  uppertoiniiig  r  i  right  to  the  Uritiali 
dominion  inAnierku;  and  thef^overiiiirwaacnmpelled 
In  obey  a  aiiiuinniia  of  aiirreiider,  and  lu  atipiil:i1i.>  ulle- 
giuiti'u  lo  Kiiglnnd,  and  tribute  and  aiibordliiiitiuii  to  Uw 
gnvernineni  of  Virginia.  The  alalea  ofllnlliind  had 
luo  rcceiilly  eBlabliaTiiil  an  independence  priinioted  by 
die  nid,  uiid  recngiiiaid  by  the  inedi.itinn  of  (ircnt 
Uritaiii,  lu  iiiiiku  llila  uiitriigu  the  cuiiae  nf  ipiarrel  with 
u  powerful  ally,  whoau  uaaiatiiiice  Uiey  cuuld  not  ^el 
deem    Ihemaelvea  alrniig  enuiiah    lo  diapenae    with. 

They  furhure,  therofure.  In  take  any  iintico  of  Argal'a 
hoalile  procecdiiigai  and  il  ia  eten  aaacrted  by  auiiie 

*  Purchni,  ill.  aal,  Ac.  Cti  irleviilx,  IDil.  of  Now  KraiiCi',  I. 
■fit.  Olilmlinii,).  117.  Hilih's  Virginia,  11,  Douglaa'a  Kitni- 
m:iry,  1,91)1.  Siiiiih'a  llixlory  of  New  York,  |k  2.  .1.  All  iheae 
writera,  exceiri  llie  Aral  two,  rt-preai>iit  HuiUuii'a  Voyage  aa  hav- 
iii(  tM-eii  |M,i TiiriTifil  III  160H,  aiiit  under  the  aiilhorlty  of  a  firlliall 
roniiniaaltiii.  Dtitthev  are  alt  mlalnken.  They  aoetii  not  to  have 
beeiinwnre  of  Ihe  exlatenreof  niiy  oilier  aiilhority,  for  Iha  ar- 
Gounl  whkh  1  hiive  prefcrreil,  hut  that  of  Charlevoix ;  and 
Bmilh'a  opinion  la  ohvloualy  not  a  lillln  influenced  hy  the  circuni- 
alaiice  of  tJhnrievoU  lieliin  a  Krench  Jaauil,  while  Stith,  who 
eoniradjrta  him.  waa  an  Engllah.or  at  leaet  a  VlrainlBti  proteatanl 
Blinlaiar.  But  Ihejoarnala  nfall  tha  voyagea  of  lludaoii  nre  pre- 
aarveil  In  Purchoa'a  collection  ;  and  lliey  conArm  Clihrtcvola, 
and  contain  ihe  account  I  have  adopted.  From  iheae  journala 
alao  we  may  discover  Ihe  cnune  of  the  error  roiniiilned  originally 
bv  Ohlmlxnii,  and  from  hlni  tranainilled  to  Kitlth  und  the  olhera. 
nudaon'a  aecond  Voyage,  In  which  he  vlailed  Nova  Zcnihia,  waa 
aiade  from  Lomion  in  ItiOtf,  and  with  an  Kn^'liah  cumniiaalon. 
Thia  haa  evidently  been  contouiHted  with  hia  ihiril  voyage  In  lflU0 
from  the  Tfxei.  The  t'niployioeiit  of  liiiiiaori,  and  the  date  of 
hia  voyage,  are  correctly  repreaented  In  a  now  woik,  of  whkh 
Ihagrat  part  haa  bean  very  recently  published.— The  ulatory  of 
View  York,  by  John  Vatea  and  Joaeph  Muulton,  vol.  I.  part  I. 
MM.  SOU. 

Thia  point  haa  been  Ihe  more  eagerly  conleated,  that  aoma 
Uaild  or  aervlle  civlilane  have  doiiUrd,   If  Holland,  whote  lode- 

Bndence  waa  not  ackmtwledgrd  by  Spain  till  ihe  heijlnninf  of 
DO,  could  be  reganled  aa  previoiiaty  adinillted  Into  the  cominu- 
nlly  of  aovereign  atatea,  and  capable  of  dt-riving  rlsliia  from  Iha 
lawa  of  nation*.  SouiidtT  jiirl'l",  and  mtire  maiiiy  tlilnkrra,  have 
adjudged,  indeed,  that  thia  privilege  acciiiea  to  a  people  from 
Ihe  time  when  tlicy  niibticiy  aa^crt  ll  rliilin  to  Independence, 
which,  tlioiigli  piirti.iily  denied  for  n  while,  tliey  flnally  ancceed 
In  rauaiiiit  lo  he  giaicriiliy  recogniZL'd.  Out  thia  doclrltie  ia  not 
necaaanry  to  tha  aupfion  of  the  intereat  of  Ihe  Dutch  III  lludaon*a 
diM-nvary,  which  arua  aoiue  moiitha  poateriur  tu  iho  treaty  wUh 
Bpaln. 


wrilara,  that.  In  anawar  to  a  ramplainl  by  Mw  IMM 
eanrta,  of  their  Intriiainn  into  America,  diey  deaM  IkM 
Iha  at'lllei'ienl  hiid  lieen  raliihliahed  liy  lln'ir  anthoitt*, 
and  reprea»nti>d  it  aa  the  pritale  art  ul'  a  ciaipanyaf 
niarchiiiiu.  The  lanie  wrilera  liavn  alleged,  dial  iha 
Dlilch,  at  the  aanie  time,  beaougm  the  king  lo  |iemill 
a  few  trading  hnuaea  to  be  erirleil  wilhlii  ki*  lerrito- 
riea  nn  lludaDn'a  river,  and  diul  a  permiaatnn  'o  Ihia 
•llaiit  waa  actually  nblnineil  Whnlevrr  truth  o. 
falaehiind  there  may  he  lu  tlieai'  aialemenla,  li  ia  cnrlaia 
that,  in  ll'e  ypiir  fnlhiwiiig  I  It'il.'i]  Argul'a  intuaion  • 
new  gnveriiur.Jiii'uh  lllkin.  having  nriived  ul  die  fait 
with  an  -ddiliuiial  rmiiiiloiiii'nt  uf  aiMilira,  iliu  claim  of 
the  Cngliali  to  die  aiipiihiicd  dependence  waa  fnilhwilh 
ilelled,  and  tha  payment  nf  tribute  aiicreaahdiy  reaialed. 
For  the  heller  pnilirtiun  of  iheir  inilepenifence,  Iha 
coluiiiala  now  eri'c'cd  annlhar   fnri  nil  llie   aoiilli-wral 

Kniiit  of  l.uiig  laland  :  and  two  alhera  were  altrrwarda 
uill  at  (Inod  Hope,  nn  ConiMllcul  river.  Olid  at  Na» 
aau,on  Ihe  eaalaiile  of  Deiawaro  Hay.  Thev  ciinlinned 
for  a  aeriea  nf  yeara,  in  imninlealed  Irnimiiillly,  In  nia- 
lure  tlieir  arlilenieni,  enlarge  ihnr  iiiimliera,  and,  hy 
die  I'karciae  nf  dieir  nnliunan  virliiea  nf  pnlience  and  In- 
diiatry,  tu  aiilidiie  dm  Am  dllHcultiea  and  bardahipa  of 
an  inliinl  cnluny.* 

Tlie  alulea  nf  Holland  Anding  their  commerce  en- 
large widi  Ihe  contiiiiianre  nf  freedom  and  Ihe  eiiiny- 
inent  of  neare,  ond  olwervlng  that  their  aubjecla  ^ad 
aiicceedetl  in  preaerviiig  Ihe  fuoting  Ihey  had  aaiiied  on 
lliidann'a  river,  begnii  In  fnnii  the  prnject  nf  ini|irnva< 
ing  Una  aetllenieul,  and  rendering  it  Ihe  luiaia  nl  iiinra 

Seitenil  and  eileiided  cnlnnizalinn  in  America.  Wilh 
lia  piirnnae  waa  cnmbined  the  acheme  of  dieir  eela- 
briited  Weal  India  Coiniiany,  which  wna  eatahliahed  In 
the  year  Hi*),  and  In  which,  in  piiraiinnre  to  their  in- 
variable  pulley,  of  cnlunliing  by  the  agency  of  exclii- 
•Ivn  companiea,  it  waa  determined  to  cnmmil  Ihe  oil- 
niiiiiatratinn  of  New  Netherlnnda.  They  aeenied  to 
linve  watched,  wllh  an  ultenllve  eye,  Ihe  prnceeilinga 
nf  Uie  Kiijliah  puritan  eillea  lit  (.eyilen.  and  vlewen 
wilh  :ilitrin  Iheir  priijecled  nilgriillun  lo  the  bunka  of 
lludoon'a  river.  [lUj  Uiiuble  ur  nnwilling  lo  ohatrnci 
die  deaign  by  an  oppoaiiion  which  would  hove  in- 
volved on  itninediote  culllalun  with  the  nretenaiona  of 
Hrilolii,  they  defeated  il  by  hriliiiig  die  Dutch  cnplalr.. 
wilh  whom  the  emigranU  aailed,  lu  cniivey  ihein  an 
far  to  tlie  nonliwnid,  Ihnt  their  plaiitntioii  waa  tlnoll* 
formed  in  the  terrilnry  of  Moaaiichiiiieiu.  Thia  fmntt 
fill  prnceediiig,  though  il  prevented  u  rival  aellleiner  I 
IVnni  lining  eaiahliaheil  nn  lludaon'a  river  diairrediloj 
Iheir  own  title  lo  Ihia  lerriliiry,  and  iirupnrtii>iiabl)r 
enfurced  the  title  of  (ireul  Urituin,  which,  lu  the  aama 
year,  woa  again  iliatinctly  oaaerted  nnd  exerciaed  by 
Iho  grant  uf  king  Jiimea'a  piiieut  lo  the  grand  council 
of  IMvnioiith.  i'lic  I'lymuiiib  p.itent,huwever,  which 
woe  decfaired  void  in  the  following  year  hy  Ihe  Engliah 
Honoa  of  ComnoBa,  and  anrrendered  a  few  yeera 
•Aar  by  Iha  palenteca,  aeeiiied  aa  llllle  entitled  lo  r» 
apect  abrnud  ita  tu  fiivur  at  liutiie  i  fur,  even  if  ita  dioi 
regard  nf  the  Dutch  occuiintlun  ahuiild  nut  be  au|  poa- 
cd  In  infringe  llie  law  or  niitinna,  il  iinqiieatio  lably 
merited  Ihia  reproach  by  npprupriiiling  territuriea  i  hera 
the  French,  in  virtue  uf  jirevliiiia  cliiirlera  frum  their 
anvereign,  hiid  already  nalalillahed  Uio  aeltleuiei  'a  of 
Acidiii  and  Canada.  The  niillily  nf  the  riymoiil'i  pa 
lent,  in  thia  Inai  particular,  waa  tiiciily  nckiiuwiedg  <d  by 
Chorlea  Ihe  Firal,  ill  llilld,  when,  ul  die  trcuty  o'  St 
Ueriiiain.  ho  reatured  Ihe  French  provliicea  whic'i  Ida 
anna  had  coiiijuen'd  in  the  precciiing  year.  Whither 
the  Ht'itea  uf  lliillniid  ciitiaiilcreil  tlie  puleiit  ei|inlly 
unavailing  aguiiiat  their  righbi  or  ni)t,  they  nppei  r  to 
liave  mode  a  grunt  of  the  country  which  won  now 
colled  Now  Ncdierlonda  lo  their  Weal  India  Co  tipa- 
ny,  in  the  folluwiiig  year,  [ICi-JII— the  very  ye.  r  in 
which  the  F.iigllah  ilouae  uf  Comiiiona  prnl<'ateil 
aguinat  a  alinilar  patent  uf  Uie  aanie  lorritory  by  *ieir 
own  monarch,  oa  incnnalatcnt  with  the  Keiieriil  riglita  of 
Uicir  countrymen,  and  the  true  intereala  nf  trade.  If 
the  Stiitea  (luueral,  nr  Uio  culuniala  of  lludaon'a  river, 
were  ncqiiulnted  with  thia  pnrlinmeiitaiy  prncoeding, 
diey  miitle  mure  nccniiiit  nf  Uio  brnelit  that  uilglil  oc- 
criiu  frniii  it  In  Uieir  terriluriul  claim,  Uiun  of  the  re- 
buke il  inlght  he  dioiiglit  to  convey  In  llieir  commercial 
policy,  under  the  luaiiugemcnt  of  the  Weal  India 
Coiiipniiy,  the  acltliiiieiit  waa  annii  both  cunanlidatcd 
and  extended.  The  city  of  Now  Aiimu-rilani,  after* 
warda  culled    New  Ynril,  w.is  built  nn  York  laland, 


Olilmixou,  I.  Iltl.  8tilh,  I3».  Wynne,  I.  no.  Hmllh,t.lL 
r  Note  la.  at  the  end  of  ihe  volume.  In  Iho  year  I6'M,  Ihe  aa* 
pona  from  New  Ni'therlanda  were  ••fourthoUKitnd  kaavera  aaa 
aavan  huodrei'  iio  —  -mioated  at  l7,IM||uildeia.'>    Haaai^  I 


NORTH    ANrniCA. 


m 


Hmlth, «. « 
|r  ItU,  ihr  (J- 
|l  kMnn  MM 


lIlM  kMHtn  kf  Id*  iMimi  of  MmHiiIUiiii  aixl  *l  lh« 
illaimtM  uf  ■  kiiailrml  nait  liny  iiiilv*  lii(h«r  up  llw 
llHilann,  wiu  liild  lliu  Ihiiiuliilion  uf  Ui«  cily  o( 
Allmiiy.* 

Wliiil  wu  Ih*  pnriM  nilKiil  n(  U'rrltiiry  riniiiitil  hy 
ItiH  IhlU'h,  lu  riini|in'li«lldail  wlll>ill  lh«lr  rolniiy  uf 
New  N"lk«rlanil>,  hita  Iidiiii  ilifflirnnily  r«iir>>MuliKl 
Kvnn  by  lliitir  own  wrilim,  Mi>m  iil' wliniii  Imv  i  not 
•rriipli'il  lo  iiiaiiilnlii  llinl  ll  iMiiliriiri<it  ihu  wlinlii  ciiiiiiiry 
ri»iii  Viriinla  lo  f.'nnuln.  Wluilnvrr  wiu  iu  liliiliii 
•*l«nl,  which  WH  prnlMlily  iinkiHiwn  In  llm  riiloiiiita 
ItwntiN'lvna,  lh«v  proi'««i«l  to  •nliiri*  Ihnir  ncnipalion 
Ikr  lirynnd  Ihair  iinni<Hllalii  um,  iind,  by  ihnir  inlriiKlon 
inlo  iIm  ('oniMcllciii  mil  lliiliiw*ni  utrrilorlm,  liild  iIm 
Oiiimtiilinn  of  tboir  Ailura  diapiilM  wilh  Ih*  enlonim  of 
N«w  Cniluid.  Whilo  Umm  noMtrl^il  aoiiiliboiin  M 
ynl  ponMHwd  no  olhor  mublianiiiiint  bill  lh«  >iiinll  Ml- 
ll'inirnl  of  I'lyinnulh,  lo  whirh  the  «rtiHc«nrih«  Uiilch 
bwi  coiMi(ii«a  Uw  Kiifliah  cinigriiau  IVoin  Lovdan,  Iha 
Ijcal  ■iilhnrlliiM  of  N«w  Aiiialardiin  alloinpliHl  lo  mill- 
vala  a  iVii'iidly,  or  iil  l«niil  a  coinnwraial  eorrrapanilDnaa 
wilh  tiiH  l',ii|liah  rnloiiy  i  niid  for  ihia  piirpoM  dmpaleh- 
•d  Ihnir  am'rniary  Itiiainr  wilh  n  congraliilalnrT  eoininii- 
niealinii  lo  Iha  f  ovitrnor  nl' I'lymoiilh.  [lllvT.]  Tha 
('.ii|;liah,  IVoiii  whnao  iiwiiinry  IIh>  IVaild  Ihiil  liad  d«- 
iirivHd  ih«m  or  n  auiilriiimii  ui  lliidann'a  rivar  hod  not 
^lnla^  n.  thii  rornllaciion  oC  D'ltrh  hoapllahly  al  Ley- 
iwn,  rvi'iiivvil  wilh  iiiiu^h  c«iini<ay  lha  rvMciliiliona  of 
thair  i.iiccpMnil  rivnia  uii  Ihn  I'niiriignoiia  alriiffia  Ihoy 
had  nuiiiuiiied  wilh  lha  ilillieulliaa  of  Ihi'ir  aitiialioiii 
and  ua  Mini*  yaiira  had  yot  In  ri'liipae  balbrR  Maaaarhii- 
■alia  hiH'niiia  popiilniia,  and  iH-forn  iIih  Knghali  eilabliiih- 
inKiita  ill  Coiini'clii'iil  wcru  Imf  iin,  lh«  Dutch  culolliala 
weni  nnnhlud  lu  llullor  lh<!inanlvna  tlinl  thoir  airalacain 
would  not  lie  raaonlad,  nor  Ihair  aottlemanhi  diatiirmd, 
Thay  Main  to  have  h»i>n  nwnre  nf  lha  ralurlunca  of 
lliuir  Kovi'miiiiinl  In  I'lliihil  piililicly  n  title  d«ri>Knlory 
lo  Ihn  prHti'iiainiii  ill'  Itrituiii,  mid  In  linve  endoavoiircd 
to  cniiiitarni'l  th«  rnalruiiil  wliioli  thia  pnlicy  might  ilil- 
fota  on  llit'lr  Hutuni  iu»pil«itinna  hy  Ihu  eiiurgy  iil' lliuir 
imined.aM  neeiipalion.  Thxir  tirat  autlluiiiont  waa 
flTaelad,  npnnriMilly,  witliniil  any  Hipiitiibla  riiinuiifra- 
lion  lo  thu  liiiliiin  priiprlvtora  of  llw  land;  and  hi-nco 
parhapa  arum  llinan  diamtiixiniia  wilh  lha  Indiiina  which 
anarwimla  prodiicHil  a  Kri'ut  diiiil  oC  blondahi'd.  Uiil 
whan  thtiy  axteniluiltlirirn|ipriiprinli<>iia  In Cnnnxrlicut 
and  Dulaw'iru,  Ihiiy  wvni  I'lirand  lu  fiicililiilu  Ihair  od- 
miialon  by  iiiircliiuiti{(  Ihu  territory  iVoin  ila  aavnge 
ownrra.t  Ir  lliiiir  pnlicv  ruully  viiu  (na  wn  may  r»a- 
aoniibly  anppnw,  llinugfi  wu  cunnol  ponitivuly  itaaerl), 
lo  aupply  a  ib-rertive,  nr  nt  lonal  nnii-nppiiri^iit  lilla,  by 
axteni  and  priority  nroccupatinu,  ilwnat'uiiiplolalv  dia- 
•ippointi.'d  by  lha  event :  nnil  when  New  Knyliind  and 
Uaryluiid  began  lo  b«  lilled  with  inliubitnnta,  the 
Dutch  at  length  iliaciivervd  that  the  early  and  iiiiine- 
diate  HKlnnl  nl'  their  iicciipaliun  only  aerveil  In  bring 
llieir  riglitK  llii!  auiiiH'r  into  rnlliainn  with  Uih  prelLMi- 
aiona  ornoighboiirH  iiinre  puworful  than  theinaelvea ;  and 
to  direct  a  aeverur  ocriitiny  into  a  title  which  Ihi-y  were 
unable  In  produce,  which  their  iletecli'il  atratogciii  had 
coiitribuled  lo  diacredil,  and  which  the  Iciiglh  of  their 
po««aion  wiia  yet  iinnble  tn  aupply.  Tlic»e  ilinagree 
able  reaulla  were  •">l  csperienceil  till  iifier  the  lupau  of 
aevarut  yenra  or  iterriipled  peace;  and  during  the 
■dminiairalinii  o(  \Vuuter  Van  Twiller,  [16121)]  who 
arrived  at  Fort  Anialenluin  aa  the  fiml  governor  ap- 
pointed by  thu  Weal  India  Company,!  the  Dutch  colo- 
nuta  appear  to  havu  eiijnyed  a  atatn  ul'  calm  and  inono- 

*  Olilmixciii,  I.  Il!l.  Rnillh,  3.  rliiilmera.  M^  370.  Clial' 
nifPa  (iiu-oiHiiia  thfl  flxiptfliice  iit'  lha  arHiii  ii>  the  Diiich  Wuii 
Icdtl  t.niiipHiijr  nllufelhrr.  Thiiiiuli  rrf<|iieiitl)r  rttri-rrei)  lo  by 
l>-ach  wriitfrM,  ami  t)y  thit  ttnvnwirt  of  Nvw  Nillnirliiiiila, tl  tiaa 
nuT^r  liei^tt  pilblMhed  I  tiiiil  It  wan  not  unlit  rlulll  yrara  nfitfr, 
iJSat  llie  Vf«M  lliill^i  Conipitriy  rriil  mil  Vnii  TA^illrr  to  nflniiine  Ilia 
fci«n;nifiit  In  their  tifhitll'.  Bntlha  aullmriiieii  clleU  liy  Hmllh 
IC  .r,  Ii.*'8lhrr  Willi  viiriiiui  circiliiivMncaa  in  llle  tUDa«i|Uciit 
iMta.  y,  n»i7Uo  mn  to  rentier  Chiiiiiu-D**  (li>iibia  luirfuflnnuble. 
1  hat  the  prj>y.'*iat  ilcml  III' i;rnnt  waiiiiiii  HI  Iml  trnnflmllted  to 
Amarira,  In  no  uii^ri  thnn  frnni  its  nature  we  nhoutil  he  led  to  ex- 
pect. Ii4  nrnper  def  ofliinry  wii«  III  Ihn  archive*  ul*  tile  Confpttny 
in  HoliiiniV  Thnt  n.t  iiullieniicnlrd  copy  wa«  eeiil,  seeina  lo  have 
proceeded  fruin  the  tlmuroun  and  tein|Hirialng  policy  urihe  fllaiea- 
fenfral. 

t  SiaHh.p.  3.  Thla  ll  the  anenioii  of  the  Dutch  wrilrra  i  and 
Ihci^hKu'll.  tlie  Qoveroor  ofNow  Notherlniidff  in  IfltS.  dtctnrad 
In  hii  remonstrance  airniuHt  the  SwodiHh  occupiinta  of  Delaware. 
Ilial  tilt  poMeHHlona  clnlmid  by  Ihn  Dutch  there  "  had  been  aanteu 
by  thel.  hlo,Hl,"  (Hmlth,  p.  4.)  tho  two  alalemoiiu  may  be  |wr- 
fadly  conelMenl  with  each  other. 

}  Wynne  t vol.  I.  p.  173.)  aectihea  the  appointment  orRlkln,  the 
fnilaceaaororVan  Twliier,  to  the  Writ  India  Company.  Old- 
■lion  fluppoMes  t>'hrli«tiaoea  al«i  to  hava  been  appointed  hy  ihta 
corporation,  which  did  not  exlnt  until  Nevunil  ye.irK  after  the 
apFOlnlinont  of  ihciii  iHilh.  Thi^  mity  ho  ennily  cxplnliieil  by 
aupyuetnf,  i!iot  11  wna  the  SBine  mrrchaiitri  oricliinliy  nflsoctata«l 
aa  IHitentcea  if  the  irniU  of  Hudson's  river,  who  were  aftar- 
•aida  Incorpi/raud  aa  the  niembara  ol  tho  Weu  India  Comiaay. 


tniinua  aaaa.  I'hia  aliilM  alTnnlvd  no  nrntrrlala  ht  M*' 
Inrv,  and  axrved  but  iiHlil1i>r»nllr  lo  prajMra  thaiii  Ihr 
llielr  Iiiiih'IhIiiij  ruiilenliniia  with  niali  wbiiaa  Oiiii 
niiij  aplrila  hail  iiiiilergona  Ilia  diarlpliiM  nt  thi 
aavnra  trlida  that  Iwlaribu  Itralaaltlara  iu  Naw  t:n(- 
land.* 

[  innil]  It  waa  naar  lha  cinaa  of  VunTwIlhir'a  ailml- 
nialration,  dial  Ilia  Kngllah  -iihinlata  eatanded  lliair  a<il- 
tleiliaiiU  baynnd  lha  boiinilariaa  ol  Muaachuaalta  Into 
Ihu  larrltory  nt  Connaelkut  t  an  Intniainn  which  i-.f 
Dutch  flOTornor  raaantad  no  Ikrlhar  tltun  by  ranaing  hia 
conimlaaiiry,  Van  Curlat,  lo  inlinwia  a  liarndaaa  proMat 
againal  it.  Ila  waa  aiiccaoded  in  lha  rolhiwing  year 
r  IKIT]  by  WIBiam  Kialt,  a  iniui  uf  entarpriaa  and  abi- 
Riy,  but  ctiokirlo  and  iinparlona  in  tanipar,  iinntrtuiwla 
in  conduct,  and  mora  littad  lo  eiH'Uunlar  wiUi  apiril 
than  to  atein  with  prndanea  the  aaa  nl'  trouhlaa  that  now 
l>e(ui  on  all  aiilaa  to  Invoile  the  poaavaaiona  of  the 
Diilch.  Tliuaa  culnniata  nnw  eipariencad  a  Inlnl 
change  In  lha  cnnipleiinn  of  iheir  I'urtune  i  and  tlwir 
hiatory  n>r  tnany  aubaeipient  yeura  ia  lilllu  elae  llian  a 
ehroniclo  of  ihair  atriigglea  and  cnnlantlniia  with  lha 
Kngliah,  the  Hwedea,  and  lha  Indiana.  [  Ml:W]  KielVa 
adininialrntinn  cnininenced,  aa  hia  predecvaaor'a  bud 
rnncliided,  wilh  a  prnlnat  ugninal  tlie  uilvuncing  aeiiki- 
inenta  nfrnnnecliciilaml  New  Haven,  ncriiinpiinied  by 
a  nrnhibilinn  nf  llie  trade  nliicli  the  Kngliah  were  cur- 
rying on  in  Uia  neighbniirhnnd  nf  the  fnri  nf  llniiil  llnpti. 
ilia  reputation  for  iibilily,  and  the  vigur  of  hia  reiiiiin- 
atrmica,  ociteil  at  first  soma  uliinn  in  thu  K.ngliah  liiha- 
bitanta  of  Connecticut,  who  had  originally  niaile  their 
advaneea  intn  thia  territury  in  eipiiil  ignorance  of  the 
protitnity  and  the  preti-nsinna  of  lha  Dutch  g  but, 
■iiiiclily  cnnviiici'd  that  their  impcriuiia  rival  had  iiii 
litio  lu  Ihu  cotinlry  (Vom  which  he  pretended  In  exclude 
them,  and  <>ncouruged  by  prcmiiaea  nf  aaaiatiineu  Onin 
Ihu  other  Nuw  Kiiglaiid  ciilnniea,  they  iliarcgnrded  hia 
reinnnalrance,  and  iinl  niily  relniiied  their  aelllvinenla, 
but  two  yeiira  alV'r  [Ill40f  cnmnellHil  llio  Dutch  garri' 
aon  lo  evauiiatu  ttio  Ibrt  of  (inod  Hope,  and  n[ipi'npri' 
aled  thia  plantation  lo  Iheinaelvea.  Thia  iiggreaaion, 
Ihoitgh  paaaively  endured,  waa  Iniidly  lamriileil  by  the 
I  litlch.t  who,  nnAriihalaiiiling  the  incri^aae  nf  Iheir  niim- 
liera,  and  the  apirit  nf  their  gnvernnr.  ilinplnyed  a  lielp- 
leaaiieaa  in  their  cnntentiona  with  the  I'.iiglisn,  which  if 
partly  ncciiainnod  by  lite  enervating  iiifliiencu  nf  a  Iniig 
perind  of  ininqililily,  aeeiiia  alan  In  have  been  prniiinted 
by  M'cret  dialriiat  uf  tho  validity  uf  their  claim  In  the  ter- 
ritnriea  they  liad  moat  recently  occupied,  ll  ia  certain, 
alleaat,  that  tho  Dutch  were  not  nlwiiya  ao  fnrlieiiriiig; 
and  an  eiicrnachinnnt  which  Iheir  title  eiiiibleil  tlieiii 
innrc  cnnaciciitintialy  lu  reaial,  waa  sonn  afivt  repelled 
liy  Kief),  wilh  a  vigor  nnd  aticcem  which  he  waa  nut 
nften  en.ihled  to  diaplar.  I,nrd  Htirliiig,  who  lind  nb- 
Uiiiiud  a  grant  of  l.nng  lialiinil  frntii  thu  riyinuulh  Cum- 
putty,  triitufcrrcd  u  ciiiisitlerulilu  pnrtiiiu  of  it  tn  certain 
of  tiie  inhubitunla  nf  New  Kngluiid,  whn  hiid  retnnved 
to  tiieir  new  acipiiaitinn  in  tiie  year  l(>:n,  and,  tiniiin- 
leeleil  hy  the  Dutch,  whoan  aettleiiiciiu  were  cniiliiied 
In  the  oppoaite  qiinrlur,  Ihey  had  peaceably  iiihalilteil 
the  eastern  part  oflbu  iaiuiid.  Having  received  a  con- 
siileriible  acceaaion    to  their  numlicia,  tliey  at  length 

Kroceedud  lo  take  pnaaeaaion  of  the  wcatern  ijuarler ; 
III  from  thia  atation  llicy  were  promptly  dlsloilgeil  by 
Kien,  who  drove  them  hack  to  the  other  end  nf  ihe 
ialanil,  where  they  built  Ibe  town  of  Hnutlianiptoii, 
[1042]  and  aiibsiated  aa  a  dependency  of  Connecticut, 

*  The  only  ftrt  that  hiis  been  recorded,  ns  llliialrnllve  of  Van 
Twlller'sndinlnl«lrallon,  is  the  slyie  of  eoveriiineiit  evinced  In 
hia  patents  of  land,  which  coinineiiced  iifter  tins  inaiiiiur ;  *'  We. 
dirertora  nod  council,  rosliilni;  In  Nhw  Netherlands,  on  Ihe  Isiiind 
tif  Manhattan,  (York  Islaiiif),  under  the  government  of  their 
HlghMlihtlnesaea,  the  Lords  Slates  Oniieral  of  Ihe  United  Ne. 
tlierlunds,  and  the  prlvlle|«U  Weal  India  Company."  Hniith, 
p.  S. 

f  The  Dutch  preserved,  for  a  series  of  yenra,  a  very  mliniie 
and  forin.il  record  of  the  griavnnces  which  they  l:ild  to  the  clinrge 
of  the  Klntlish  Coicnilsls.  The  insiitni(kuiice  of  many  of  these 
compialnts,  and  ihe  homeliness  of  tho  subject-matter  of  oliicrs, 
contrast  somewhil  luiilcrousli  with  the  uompousners  of  Ihn  Ih 
ttea  and  the  bitter  gravity  of  the  slyie.  The  loiiowlna  are  some 
eiiriicis  from  this  anigolar  chronicle ;— "  »Mh  April.  lilO.  Those 
ofHiirtforil  have  not  only  usurped  and  taken  in  the  lantlsof  Con. 
necttout,  Ac.  Iiul  have  also  beaten  the  aervunts  of  the  lli(rh  and 
Mlfihiy  and  Honored  Company  ;  with  aticks  ami  plon«h-«avei 
In  tioHtlle  manner  Inining  them  ;  ond,  among  the  rest,  strflck  Kver 
Duckings  a  hole  in  his  head  with  a  stick  so  ihol  the  lilood  ran 
very  strongly  down  hia  body."  "  Itlh  Juno,  llitl.  Somo  uf 
HanfonI  have  l^iken  a  liog  out  ofihe  ccmmon,  nnd  ehiit  It  op  out 
of  mere  hata  or  other  prejudice,  cuuslng  it  to  si.irvo  for  hunger 
III  the  sty."  "»hMay,  IM.  The  Eoglish  of  Hnrlford  have 
vlolantly  cut  loose  a  horae  of  Ihe  Honored  Coinpiiny  tinil  stood 
bound  upon  the  coininoii."  "  83.  The  sold  Eiiillish  did  iigiiln 
drive  the  Company's  hogs  from  the  rommon  tntn  tho  vllLigo.  and 
isninded  Iheia"  "  l«th  September,  1641  .\gniii  they  sold  a 
youiif  plf,  which  had  paalurtd  on  iba  Company's  lanil."  Ila- 
sonl,  vul.ll.p.W4,IM«,9a«. 


7' 

Ikll  ni  lha  Diilrh  dominion  in  North  Anierh'a.* 

Kiin,  in  Ilia  anina  year.eipiipped  Iwn  sliiniM  wliitk 
ha  ilasniilched  en  uii  e«peilihuii  against  a  Imilf  'i  l)n^ 
Hah  wliii  had  pciietratHil  Oniii  Ihe  aellleniaiita  In  ltla»« 
laiHl  inlo  a  dlalrici  within  Ilia  Delaware  territorr,  tn* 
whole  nf  which  waa  claimed  by  Ihe  Diileb,  Mil  had  iieaa 
Included  In  Ihe  charter  nblainad  by  l.ard  nalltnM>f» 
Onm  Chark-a  the  I'irat.  Aa  the  niimmr  of  Uieae  emt 
gv'xta  (Vnm  Marylaiul  waa  incnnitdarabia,  and  they  ivare 
ta'aiy  tinpreparail  lo  defend  thair  pnaw4han  ag.iiiMl 
thia  nneipeeled  altiKh,  the*  ware  eaally  dMedged  hy 
Ihe  Ibrcea  of  Kiel).  Bal  liiar*  alill  reaialaad  in  bim* 
liter  quarter  of  Delaware  a  dlflkranl  race  of  oettiera 
who,  wllhoul  any  legal  claim  whatever  lo  the  territory 
they  oOTapled,  poaaoaaad  a  alrenglh  that  proved  nf  mora 
avail  tn  them  than  ike  fonnaT  title  nf  the  K.ngliih. 
I'hia  waa  a  colony  of  Hwedea,  of  whoee  aettknienta  la 
thia  eornur  of  North  Amarlaa  very  Ikw  partlaulara  hava 
lieen  tranainillad  by  hiatory.  Their  enterprtoe  appear* 
In  have  orif|inated  In  the  year  IIIM,  when  Unalavnt 
Ailolphiia,  king  of  flwaden,  having  reeeivnl  a  niagniA 
cent  account  of  Ilia  country  adjacent  to  Ihe  Dnlch  aet- 
llenienl  nf  New  Nalherlalida,  iaaiird  a  prorlanialinn  ai> 
bnrtiiig  hia  aiibjecta  to  aaaoeiate  for  the  eatablishment 
nf  acnlniiy  in  that  region.  Conaidnnible  niitiia  are  aniil 
In  have  Ikm-ii  raiaed  uecnrdingly  hy  coiitribntioii  i  and  ■ 
nitniber  nf  Hwedea  and  I'nia  emigrated  in  the  year 
\tVJ7  In  America.  They  flrat  ktmled  at  Cane  llenlo> 
pen,  al  the  entrance  of  Delaware  liar,  and  were  aa 
much  charmed  with  ila  oaiiecl  that  they  gave  it  the 
iiaiiie  of  Ihiradiae  I'nint.  nnnie  liimi  after,  they  pur 
chased  fVniii  Ihe  nalivea  all  Ihe  land  In-lween  that  capa 
and  the  falla  of  Delaware  t  and  mainlaiiiing  little  caii< 
iieiioii  with  their  parent  atnle,  but  aildicting  tbeiiiselvea 
exclnaively  In  agriciilliiriil  occiipatiiitis,  Ibey  bad  pna- 
aeaai'd  their  new  M'lllemenI  wilbniit  ihallonge  nr  inte^ 
riiplinn,  till  Kieft  aasniiied  the  gnverniiiinl  nf  New 
NetberlaniU.t  Heveriil  of  the  Hwediab  cnlnnisia  were 
scalped  and  killed,  anil  in  anme  iiiatuncea,  their  ehiklrea 
were  ainlen  from  them  by  Ihn  Indiana.  Yet,  in  gene 
ral  the  two  nicea  lived  on  fViendly  ternia  Ingelher,  and 
no  war  aeeina  ever  to  have  arisen  iH'tween  tneni.  The 
Indiana  annielimea  ittended  Ihe  rcliginiia  iiaarnihliea  of 
the  Hweilua;  hut  with  ao  lilUe  edilicatinn,  that  thi'V  en- 

Iireaaeil  Uteir  amiiiieiiient  that  nno  itiiin  abniild  (letaiil 
lia  trilm  with  atich  lengthened  harangiiea  withniit  ofli)^ 
ing  In  enlortain  Ihein  wilh  brandy.  Due  uf  tlie  earlieat 
of  Kieft'a  iirncei'dinga  hud  Ix'en  tn  prnleal  agninat  IIm 
intriisinn  oi  ibe  Hwedea,  and  vainly  In  iirite  lh<'ir  ile|  ar 
litre  from  a  territory  which  he  iisaiired  Iheiii  hia  cnun 
Irriuen  hail  ptircbaaed  wilh  their  binnil.  Iltil  ns  lha 
Dutch  discnvered  nn  inclinatinii  tn  pttrcliase  it  uvei 
again  al  Ihe  aaiiio  expetiae,  the  Hwcih-a,  iinawed  liy  this 
gnveriinr's  power,  paiil  nn  r-'garil  whatever  In  liis  ru 
inntislrancea.  A  war,  as  it  Iiiih  lieen  calk'il,  aiilwisied 
between  Ibe  two  cotnmunitiea  fur  several  y,'ar^|  but 
thniigh  alleniled  with  a  plenlifttl  reciprticalinii  <.,'  ruir 
cnr,  it  waa  itnprodticlive  of  bloodshed.  Al  Ihe  treaiy 
nf  Htnckbolin,  in'  KVit),  Rwcilen  and  Holland  j'nHcr* 
to  make  any  ullitsjnn  to  colonial  dispiitea  nr  An'.eilcan 
territury  it  and  the  Iwn  cnlnniea  being  left  to  nniii*^ 
their  pretenaiuna  lietween  iheinaelvea,^  their  aniniii'iii-a 

•  Uldniixon,  vol.  I,  p,  I'll.  Smith,  p  -a.  I'hainiris, p. 'TO 
i1\.  Trnnihull's  Coiinectlrni,  vol.  1.  ;  C,  il4.  NH.  The  hls- 
lorlea  of  these  events,  by  Oldmixon,  Smith,  and  Clinl,iM'i's.  are 
exreedlouly  confused,  and  In  acmo  poinhi  erroiirius.  Theii 
chronology,  In  piirtlcular.  Is  remarkalily  careless.  1  ,«'ndjull  Is 
always  ilHtingiiiMhrd  hy  the  accuracy  of  his  sliitenisii'.s  '-u< 
nfit  less  dtsiingiiishedhy  his  )taillatlly  Here,  In  panlcnihr  ho 
relates  with  great  fidelity  all  the  nffenees  of  the  Dutch,  but  ,>a> 
ses  over  In  total  sUoiica  every  chaige  of  this  people  iiialost  thf 
English. 

t  Tho  Swrilish  government  appisra  tn  have  mnde  "oinr  i 
tempt  to  olituin  a  recognlllon  of  its  riuhl  lo  the  territory.  An  ap 
pilCHIioo  to  tills  effect  was  tnsde  by  0.iieiisllern.  Ihe  Sweiliyh  sin 
liiissad.ir  tn  tiie  court  of  Knuiniid  •  but  thnncll  the  Swnlesitfli.geif 
[Imt  the  nppllcalioii  was  siicconsfiil,  and  the  validity  of  Ihrir  occt 
niilon  sdiniitcd.  no  proof  of  ihls  avermi-iit  waa  ever  proiliireil. 
Not  less  linpmhable  was  a  pretence  Ihey  seemed  to  have  mgeil, 
of  having  purchased  tlie  claim  of  ihe  Dutch.  Sainuct  HniKh'B 
Hisloryof  New  Jeraay.  p.'J3.  This  Is  a  work  of  ellrenie  rsriety, 
find  hut  been  confounded  by  soma  writers  with  Smth's  lli..|nry 
of  New  York.  The  copy  of  which  I  have  leen  enithieit  lo  perust 
Is  in  the  library  of  Oeorga  Dlll»yn,Ean.  ll  rontulna  much  ctl 
rlnna  manor,  bulla  written  in  a  very  confused,  tiresome  manner. 

t  Smith,  5,  Holmes's  American  Annals,  1.  ID«.  Profensoi 
Kalm'stravols  in  North  America,  vol.  11.  p.  Ill,  118.  Dontlss,  IL 
:^l.  r';haimers.  373,  831,633.  Chnlioers  nnfonunaleiy  seemaic 
relai  lis  usual  accuracy  when  he  conslJars  his  topics  iii„ii>nill- 
cant;  .vndfrom  llils  defect,  aa  well  as  Ihe  pecuihiritiea  :if  hU 
alyle,  h  is  sometimes  diflicuil  lo  discover  his  mesnlng.  or  recon. 
elle  Ills  iiconslslency  In  ilitTerent  passages.  Dongliis's  "  Sum. 
maey,"  vhich  is  replete  with  prejudice  and  iwrtiality  when  ll 
treata  of  .Sew  England  states.  Is  verv  frequently  inaccurate  whei 
il  travels  .'eynnd  ih'.tn. 

^  Trumbu:!  rejiresonla  the  Dutch  and  Swcitlsh  governors  la 
1641,  aa  "  uniting  in  a  crafty  desige"  to  eidiida  an  luhabHaig 
uf  New  llaveu  fV-um  irutllng  at  Deia'/'aro. 


Ti«M    nitTORv   t»r 


•f  tnoil  n«i(lik<irlHM><t  dttl  Mill  lulMiatlvr  MMnjr  x«*f*. 

M»iinwliil«,  HiiiiiborluM  naiiw*  iif  ilia|iiila  w»ra  c**' 
(till,  tlljr  m'rurriiif  ImIwmii  Nkw  NmlixrliinaU  •ml  Iha 
rul(Hii>«  af  t'liDU'i'MHl  (ihI  N«i«  ll.i«uni  ami  ih* 
Kiif  liaii,  whf>  liitii  I'liriKKrl)!  iNMK  Itui  iKirliu*  «niii|iUiiM<l 
iM°.  Miw  bwaiiM  iIhi  i!Miii|iliiiiiiin.  riu<]r  utMrgnil  Iha 
ItMb'li  Willi  ilMliiihinf,  ki.liM|i|iin(,  cihI  iiliiinWrinf 
llV'ir  iru'lnn ,  wilh  •iiliriiif  Mr«iiiiU  lii  iiili  uml  iIomii 
triMii  ihuir  imiaun  t  ami  wiili  ■nUiii(  uniw  aiiiJ  aiiiiiiiiiii- 
iNin  III  Ilia  miiivai.  'I'll*  uiirri«iiill)i  ruUliiMu  llml  (ub- 
■lal'il  Iwlwm'ii  iIm  l>iiuih  iImiiimIvm  ami  iIm  liiilmiw, 
ftaiikl  ninilur  llita  la<l  ctiarfa  a(niii»l  tliMiii  vilraiiwly 
iMiiriiliililH,  il'ilwvra  IMI  kaowiilliat  lliniicuuiilryMwii 
III  ViiiruiKi  InvN,  iin  various  imthmmiim,  iiiiiiiiilutiliirail 
ami  Milil  In  llwir  ■iMiniua  Um  raiiiioii  Iwlli  wliicli  llwy 
kMaw  waia  lo  Um  Hrad  iMok  lnti>  Uii'lr  own  luwna.  'I'o 
•II  iIhwh  cmniilaiiila,  Iha  Kiwluh  aoulil  ubwiii  no  olhar 
•iwwi'r  IVoiii  Ki«U  bill  kaiifliljr  rajtroaohaa  aiHl  uutf 
raariiniiMiiiiH'  i  nml  il  wu  purlljr  Iroin  Mwpiciun  a(nU 
dwaifiM,  ami  I'ur  iIm  piir|iiiw  oril«l«iMlin|  IliaiiiaaWaa 
u||iiin>l  lluiin,  llioiiih  oliially,  nu  doiilil.  I'ur  tliair  own 
•wurlljr  afaiiial  liiiliiin  liiMlililir,  that  ihu  Naw  V.nf- 
land  culomi-a  wnra  imiucwl  to  rurin  Iha  mImiim  si'tlw 
Maral  iiniiiii,  whxh  llicy  eurrlwl  into  alfucl  in  iha/aar 
IA|:i.  'I'liul  Ilia  ciiin|ilaMil»  o(  ilia  Kiinlwb  a|wiial 
KiHlt  wprw  lijr  iin  nwaiM  iinrounduil,  iiiny  ba  alrunnly 
iilliirrHil  IVniii  ilia  fitrl,  that  Iha  aiiccn«iliii|  gnuariior  itf 
Maw  Nollii'riniiila,  lliimah  warmly  alticlwd  lo  Itw  cauaa 
if  III*  eniiiilryimin,  ilMcliii«l  lo  iiiaka  any  aiwwar  lu 
ilimui  cl»ir||i'«,  ami  ilaairiMi  Ihul  ha  iiiif  III  not  ba  haM 
rvupaiuililH  I'ur  lliaiii.  Ami  yi'l  iinlwiUwIailiiinfl  Ihair 
muimil  ili*a|(ru»iii»iiii4,  lh«  Diiivli  and  l'.ii|li>li  caTonlUt 
n««»r  aiillarud  tliaiiiMlvaa  lo  I'orgal  aiiliruly  aiUiar  Ilia 
briM  of  coiirlaay,  or  Iha  mora  Mibalaiillid  riglila  of 
hainiinity.  Ki«n,  parliapa  with  inora  politanaaa  liian 
•iacarily,  con(raliilated  ilia  united  culoniaa  on  Iha 
kanuii  lliay  hadTormpd;  ami  wIihii,  in  Uia  coiiraa  of 
Iha  aiiiiin  yunr  hit  iippliad  lo  Nuw  iluvanfor  aaainlanea 
•aainal  iha  Imliniu,  Willi  whom  ho  waaan||af«d  in  « 
Moody  and  daii|(iit<)ua  wiir,  Iha  (ovarniiiaiil  or  Ihia 
wlony,  lliaiiuli  iirvcliiiliMl  by  lliu  fodvril  union  aa  wall 
la  by  doublK  nl  ihn  jiiaticii  ol'  Iha  Dutch  rnu«(,  Iroiii 
•mbarliiuK  M'|>»riiu>ly  iu  hn»tdiliu>,  l«nil«red  Uie  amp- 
Im  eonlribiitinii  iliay  could  ulford  ur  proviaioiia  fur 
man  and  caltli'.  In  aiipply  Ihu  learcity  tluil  iiii(|hl  havu 
urtwn  iVoin  tlia  Indian  devoalalinua.  Ho  iiiiwarlike 
Wurn  thii  Uutcli  uoloiil'U  in  Konarul,  UuU  Ihuv  round  il 
nucpaaury  to  hire  Ilia  wrvlcva  of  Cupluin  Umli-rhill, 
who  hud  Ihwii  buiiiahad  Truiii  Unatou  uoiiu  ol'lliaiuao- 
i:iiiti>a  nl'Mra.  Iliitchinaon,  und  who  M  Uii)  liuad  of  a 
iiiifil  lriio|i  of  F.ii||liah  iinil  Dulcli  whom  hu  coin- 
iiiiiiidi'd  oppoaed  Ilia  Indiiiiu  with  a  nkill  and  bravery 
mat  proved  liild  lo  gruiil  iiuiiiliura  of  tliviu  both  In 
Loud  NIaiid  and  '  '.  Ilia  iiiiiin  Imid,  mid  wua  tlii.iij|bl  to 
havu  aiivnd  tlu  ci.iony  of  Nuw  Nulliurluiiila  from  iillur 
duairiiclion.  Nutwiiiutaiidiii|  tliu  iiuod  he  hud  lliua 
eiiwrluiicad  of  Kngliih  aaaiatanca,  and  Iha  bunoDl  ha 
had  derivid  fri  in  it,  KiaA  conliniied,  iti'ring  tlia  ful- 
lowinx  yi^ura,  to  uncliaiiKa  with  tim  culouiua  of  Cull- 
nnrliniil  and  Nuw  lluvcii,  nut  iiiily  tlio  iiiuat  vidiuinuiit 
riMnonalriiiicua  and  vitiipunillona,  but  inenucea  of  lioa- 
lilily,  which  happily  for  liiiiualf,  he  wo*  no  Ivaa  iiuubla 
lliaii  liicy  were  unwilling  to  curry  inlo  elTucl.  He  con- 
tinued nil  Ihia  tiniH  lo  Iw  involved  in  lioatililiea  with  the 
lodiami,  between  whom  and  the  Diitrh  llivre  yvua 
fnuglit,  towurdatho  concliiaiun  of  Ilia  adiniiiialrulion, 
I  HMO,]  a  great  and  general  butlle  on  Hirickland'a 
Pluin,  wliere,  after  an  obatinnte  conAict  and  great 
•laugliter  on  both  (idea,  the  Dutch  with  much  dilliculty 
kept  the  field,  and  the  Indiana  withdrew  unpuniiied.* 

Kielt  waa  luccuedud,  in  the  following  year,  [11)47]  by 
tlin  loat  of  lliegovernora  of  New  Netherlanda.  Tliia  wua 
I'eter  Mtuy  vewinl,  a  brnve  okl  oflicer,  and  one  of  tlioae 
nagii.iniiiioua  apirita  •>.  <*hichlhe  republicun  aervice  of 
iloTland  wiw  in  the  age  unuaually  productive.  By  hia 
Juatiee,  prudence,  and  vigor,  In  appear*  to  have  auo- 
needed  m  realoring  peate  with  the  Indiana,  and  pre- 
aervinji  it  uninternipled  daring  lira  whole  of  hia  aami- 
nialration.  ilia  arrival  waa  honored  bf  nn  oddraaa  of 
eongratulatksn  from  the  comuiiaaionen  of  tlie  united 
coloniei  of  New  England,  accompanied  Willi  on  enrneal 
entreaty  for  redreia  of  llie  grievaneoa  Iboy  had  endured 

•Trumliull,  iHn.  HI— HiTiMT  1»— 1«.  IM.  IJT.  lel. 
Belknap.  I.  M.  Vi-l  ihe  (raa>"r  "'""'wr  "rHia  viiuil  of  Ama 
llcan  hialnry  (cnpylilf  each  othera*  elalonienta  without  ei* 
aininalioit)  have  aaaeneil  (hat  ihe  Dutch  were  never  once  Involve)! 
Ill  A  (liiarral  with  iha  liidiniia.  On*  old  writer,  indaeil,  whnae 
aoric  la  very  scarce,  hits  atated  thnt  the  Dutch  were  continually 
llBrrMaeed  and  eiidanfcred  by  the  Indian*.  Brief  Deacrlplinn 
01'  New  Voric,  furiiuTiy  called  Ne'.v  Netherlands,  by  Daniel 
Dataon,  [i.  U.  In  Samual  8miih*a  Hlalory  or  ?jew  Jersey, 
n.  M.)  nikranca  la  mado  to  eooi*  bloody  cooieiu  Iwlaaen  Iha 


n«m  hia  pradaaaaaiir.  Hnaof  Uw  taoalaarlaiia  oftheaa 
grbvaiwea  had  lallariy  hnn  Iha  (Vai|uanl  aaiauma  ami 
eonHaMtlon  of  the  I'.iigliah  Iradlng  vaaaala,  on  the  pm 
lanea  of  inlVaetiona  of  Ilia  riwlnin^ua*  rvgiilutiuiia  iil 
Naw  Nalharlanda,  wliirli  tlia  Duuh,  with  iikoIhiiI  in 
JMallaa,  ral'iuad  to  atpliiin,  ami  y>'l  priH-i-iiili<il  to  nn- 
Atraa.  MliiyvManl,  llioiigh  ha  deiliiMid  lo  jiiatilV  soiiu' 
of  Iha  aelaofhw  pradmeaanr  ri'liiriiml,  as  iniglit  Imto 
ba«n  saparlail,  acouHb'r  rlaiin  ofrrilri-as  I'ur  llu'  tvriiiiKa 
of  Naw  Ni'llwrlamls,  unit  in  partn'iilnr  ■h'liiuiidi'il  a  r*-- 
sioratiun  uf  the  Uirritorira  of  (,'iiiiiiai tiinl  and  Nnw 
Haven  tliia  waa  a  hopaUaa  di'inaiid  I  and  Hliivvi-anni 
anon  pamalviiig  that  ilia  alata  of  bis  title  nna  of  hia 
fureu  wuiilil  liaraly  aullba  In  prevniil  rurllii'r  intnaion 
of  iIm  Duli^h  pratanaiooti,  wua  tun  pnidant  to  peniiat  in 
il.  Allar  various  negmiuliuiis,  [llt>ll.]  a  treaty  was  al 
length  eoneludad  iMlwnan  Ilia  eoininiaaionvrs  of  the 
llmlad  l.tiglisli  (,'olunias  and  th«  guvamor  of  Naw  Na- 
IharlaMda,  Tiy  which  Ilia  aalllainalila  of  Iha  res|iactiva 
■alioiia  o«  Long  laland  were  inulually  aoaurod  lo  iIhuii, 
•ad  a  baiundory  iMertaliivil  belwaan  Iha  Dulnh  aeltla- 
menland  Iha  Conmtcllcul  and  Nawhiiven  ocriipationa  un 
Iha  main  land.  [  llk'tl  ]  'I'lils  treaty  waa  nol  prodiicuve 
of  Iha  good  coiisa<|uaiMiis  ihul  ware  aipactad  iVuiii  it. 
Tho  t'.nglish  had  paoaad  a  law  prohibiting  Ilia  lliitih 
Arum  irMing  within  ihair  lerritoriaa  i  a  reslriclinn  that 
waa  highly  raaanled  by  the  Dutrh  i  and  liiu  iliapiiii<a 
t'lal  aroaa  conearnlnf  tliu  ibservuma  of  tliis  l.iw,  ingn- 
Ihar  with  Iha  eoinpatilioii  of  the  two  naliona,  to  uiiKruaa 
Ihu  prollta  of  Indian  traile,  «ngeii<k'rad  a  degreH  uf  mil- 
lual  jealousy  and  ill  hiiiiiur  tliul  caused  tliem  tn  regard 
each  olhar'a  proceadiiig  iitd  policy  Ihroiigli  a  vi'ry  un- 
IHvorahbi  moaium.  'Flit'  Irunty  aaains  nol  In  liuvu  i>iii- 
braced  any  arranganienl  willi  regard  to  Ihe  Delaware 
territory,  and  Hluyveaanl  was  tielariiiined  to  presi'rvn 
aniira  all  Ihal  yet  remained  uninvadcd  of  the  Diittli 
pralanainna  in  tliia  quarter.  In  support  of  theae  jiru- 
lanaiona  ha  waa  aoon  conalruined  to  make  siieh  I'lUirta 
to  resist  a  trading  aettleiiiuiil  which  the  ruliiiiy  ul' 
Naw  Havaii  attanipled  lo  ealablish  on  Ihe  bonlera  of 
Delaware,  as  conipletuly  olTucvil  ovcry  iippuiiriincH  uf 

finod  iiiidurstandiiig  lietwoon  llie  Dutrh  and  Ihn  Kiig- 
iah  pruviiiciul  governinents.  'I'liii  bri'uch  iNrtweeii  them 
was  widened  by  a  panic  excited  ill  the  rtiglixli  aettle- 
ineiits  uf  Connecticut  and  Nuw  lluven,  wliuruaiiiimbur 
uf  Indians  volunteered  a  ronfesiiion  of  a  priijerted  iiiiis- 
Sucre  of  tlie  Kngllali,  to  which  they  ducliired  that  they 
hiul  been  inatigiiled  by  the  governor  uf  Nuw  Nellier- 
lunds,  [UyvV.]  Tli'i  oiilycnnnrmulion  of  their  ainry  Ihul 
they  could  prmluce,  wits  the  oiiiiiiiinillun  wliirli  the 
Dutch  had  been  always  in  the  priictieu  of  selling  to 
them,  and  which  tlie  bngliali  nuw  helievud  the  mure 
readily  to  have  been  aiinplicd  fur  their  tiealriictiun,  aa 
the  Indians  hnd  freiinenlty  employed  it  fur  this  piirpnae. 
Nolwitliatundini^  the  conlident  oxsurtiuna  of  u  ro»pect- 
able  hiatori.in  ol  Connecticut,  tbia  cunfeaainn  u|i|ieura 
10  mo  to  liiivu  derived  tliu  credit  it  received  cliiully  I'riim 
the  fears  and  preposseaaionsof  tlie  English,  who  snlTured 
themselves  to  be  made  llie  dunoa  of  pnrtidiniis  aaviiges. 
whose  enmity  would  liuve  been  gratified  liy  the  de- 
struction of  eitliur  of  the  races  of  their  powerful  neigli- 
burs.  Wliul  limy  bo  thought,  indeed,  to  place  this  ho. 
yond  a  doubt  is,  that  no  flitiire  coiiArinntion  of  the 
charge  was  ever  obtained,  even  after  the  full  of  the 
Dulcli  dominion  hail  placed  every  facility  fur  the  prii. 
cureinent  of  evidence  in  Iha  hand*  of  tlie  K.niliah.    Tlu' 

f[overiiiiienta  of  Coniiecticut,Newlluven,iinil  I'lyinouili. 
lowever,  blinded  by  apprehenaiun  and  reaenlmeiit.  gave 
implicit  faith  to  a  staiement  discredited  no  lea*  by  the 
habitual  ftaiid  and  treachery  of  the  Indiun*,  than  liy  the 
manly  and  lionurublo  character  of  .Siuy  veennt.  'I  o  hia 
indignant  denial  of  tliu  charge  the^  anawored  by  remind 
ing  liiui  of  the  moaaacre  of  their  coiiiitrynien  by  the 
Dutch  in  Amboyna,  about  thirty  yean  before ;  and  to 
his  just  eiceptioii*  tu  tlie  value  of  the  Indiun  tcslimuny. 
Ihey  replied  tnut  the  Dutch  governor  of  Ainboynn  hud 
aought  a  pretril  fot  Ilia  cruelly  in  Ihe  charge*  aguin*! 
tha  English  which  he  eitorteJ  by  torture  from  Ihe  Ja- 
panese. The  abaurdity  ofihi*  reaooninf  forcibly  de- 
uionslralea  tlia  intanuty  of  passion  by  which  they  were 
transported ;  and  the  repeated  intriKluclion  of  the  topic 
of  Amboyna  show*  oa  clearly  the  atrnng,  but  iiiicon- 
•ciou*,  duminioti  of  national  resoiitment  and  antipathy 
on  their  mind*.  [I6&3]  In  Massachusetts,  tho  evi- 
dence of  the  conspiracy  was  not  considered  aatisfiictory  I 
nor  could  all  Ihe  instiince*  of  their  confederate*  prevail 
with  this  state  to  join  witli  them  in  a  war  aininat  the 
Dutch.  Judging  their  own  forces  along  inuiie^uate  to 
such  an  eiitnrpriau,  tho  other  cnlunies  uiiplied  for  nasiat- 
anco  to  Oliver  Cromwell,  who  wns  tlien  engaged  in 
the  two  years'  war  with  Holland,  which  tho  long  piir- 
[liament  (tod  begun,  [1054.']  and  who  promptljr  acueded 


In  Iheir  r«|ueat  hy  ih>siHilrhlng  •  aquai  mi  la  HitA>f<tlM 

Ml  riiiH  iirremn  with  the  iiiIumihI  trmipa  si.  imvumml  al 

>iew  ,%etherlilMtla.  'I'lle  ili'slirii  M  UK,  llUM,>t  er.  ilrrvak^ 
liV  lllli'lllgi'llre  III'  llie  |,i' i,  e  ih.il  h.lil  Ih  ,11  i mil  lltdOil 
iMilWeen  llie  prulei  llir  mill  llie  Htuh  •  «,  mril  nml  bM 
a<|Muilrun  linviiig  Inrtilliil  Ihe  ■piiiiaul  llie  t  iiyliah  rulm 
mats  by  daniuiialruliiig  in  llieinat'ltea  iiul  llmruiher 
aiiiie*  Ilia  vigur  with  wliirh  a  puwvrlhl  govi  riiinrM 
would  raaeiit  tliair  wrung*,  pruereih'd  aiiFl  liirllur  to 
snimenl  their  ai'vurily,  hy  ill'ieliiig  iIh>  i  »ih|ui  at  uf  Iha 
Kreiii'h  provinee  ol  Aniiliu  *  It  la  rviiiurkulili'.  Ilmt 
llie  treaty  of  peace  that  wua  rieruleil  at  this  lime  In. 
Iweea  i.nglami  and  llolluml  couIuuhmI  iiii  evpri'"  ullii- 
sioa  Io'Um  clainw  or  pua«ia«iuii*  uf  iiiher  in  .Nurili 
Amarlwi  but  aa  it  wua  ■iipnluiud  thai  «»ur  ilmiild 
raaaa,  and  paaaa  and  t>iemlaliip  pravoil  Iwlwevn  i-ll  llw 
doiuiniona  and  posaasaioiia  of  llie  two  cuii  nines  in  oil 
parto  of  Iha  world,  and  aa  Ilia  English  aipedition  sgainst 
New  Nalharlawt*  waa  thataiipon  cuiinteiiuundad,  ttia 
validity  of  Ilia  Uuleli  aUim  to  this  lerniury  se»ni*  la 
hava  baaii  manifestly  Iwpbad,  and  practiralfy  aikuow- 
lailgad. 

It  waa  in  iIm  Dalawira  larrilory  that  Htuyv  MoM  mnirt 
raaidiilt'ly  and  snceaasnilty  defended  the  clainia  of  kit 
couiilryiiivnuguinst  liia  invaamna  uf  tlie  New  Eiigluml 
eoluiiiata  iiml  tlia  Bwodaa.  Aa  the  war  la'tween  llw 
Dutrh  and  Iha  Hwmtas  during  Kieft's  ailminislruliea 
liad  in  suiiie  respects  reariiibled  a  |H'are,  so  the  pviifo 
Ihul  ensued  bure  no  little  ruaeiiililunre  tu  a  wur.  To 
I'herk  the  aiicroachnienU  which  Iheav  seltli  -s  wero 
rontiiinully  attempting.  Hliiyteaiinl  bud  vrerled  n  ftirt  ■ 
a  place  llien  culled  New  Aiiialel,  iiiiil  ufterwurila  New- 
enailo.  This  proeeeiling  gave  iiiiiliruge  lu  the  Hwedea, 
who  expressed  iheir  iliaiileuaiit..  In  a  priiteat,  which, 
Willi  titti  nautti  fate  of  snrh  doeiiineiila,  wns  totully  di» 
regnrded.  Almiil  a  yenr  ufterwurds,  l(i«ingli,  lh« 
Hweiliah  goveriiur.  prureeded  with  un  arnied  veaael 
ugiiiiiat  the  Itiitrli  fort,  uml  ulitiiiiiiiiir  luliiiiaaiuii  into  il 
by  u  atruttlgelll  aumewhul  lliaereililllhle  lo  Ilia  own  lion 
eaty,  as  well  lu  to  Ilia  vigiluiH'e  uf  its  defendera.l  ho 
easily  overpowered  the  garriaoii,  and  etiielled  lliein 
with  violeiiee,  hill  williuiil  eriielly,  nol  only  from  llieil 
Niroiig  liiild,  hut  from  the  eoiiliiiea  at'  I  teluwiin*.  Diirin| 
the  sliurt  time  lliut  the  furtreaa  remained  ill  hia  puaaea 
siun,  it  received  Ihe  nuiiie  uf  Chriatinu.  in  cnmplimeM 
lu  the  (tueeli  uf  Hweden.  Hliiyveaiinl  wu  not  of  • 
iliapoailioii  to  aiilimil  luniely  to  aiirli  ni,  uiilrnge,  or  lo 
rniihiiit  himaulf  with  a  simple  recuptiirenftlie  lort.  Ha 
letermiiied  lo  iiivndu  und  siiluliiii  the  wliukt  MwedisK 
ai^tllemenli  but  dealiliite  of  a  furre  aiillieient  fur  ihia 
iilcrprise,  und  fully  ueciipled  nl  the  lime,  with  a  con- 
troveray  more  iluiigeriiiis  lu  hia  gnvtriimanl  aa  well  nt 
mure  interesting  lu  hia  liniior,  lie  wuaronslraiiied  lu  ap 
Illy  for  reinforcemenl  to  Ihe  West  India  rnmpuiiy, 
This  curiioiutioii.  Iiuwuver.  was  then  hiliuring  iiiiiler 
aiirli  eiiiburruaamenU.  tliut  il  »us  only  by  a  ftrieiidly 
rimtrihiitiun  of  the  eily  of  .Xmalerduin,  ihut  ita  uilinin- 
iatrators  wore  at  length  abhi  lu  supply  Stiiyveaant  with 
a  aiiiull  hnily  of  truiipa.  Thus  reiiiforeuil.  he  niun'hed 
into  Delawure,  [ItUVi.]  where  llir  Swedes  linil  emplnyrd 
iheir  lt>isiire  in  ereetiiig  uiiutlier  liiKt.  as  if  they  liiiil  in- 
tended to  defend  their  preteiiaiuiis  ti>  the  lustestrenii'y. 
But  no  sooner  did  lliey  liiid  lliemsvlvus  nhoiit  lo  bo 
iitlucked  in  earnest  by  a  warriur,  whose  hostilities  wero 
nut  confined  to  stralugems  and  prutesia,  und  jivi  reived 
ihut  their  furls  fuikd  to  answer  their  true  object  of  in- 
limiiluting  the  enemy  from  approui'hiii||,  tliuti  they 
peuceably  surrendered  them,  tugelher  with  the  whole 
of  tlieir  sutllumeiits,  to  the  furcea  uf  ritiiyvi?sunt.  Tliia 
conquest  of  Deluwure  was  ellected  witlioiit  bloodshed  | 
a  circuniatuncu  llie  mure  eitraordiiiury,  us  it  certainly 
did  not  arise  fruiL  absence  of  llie  passions  from  whicli 
this  futnl  exireitiity  might  be  expected  to  ensue;  fof 
many  of  tlie  HweJe*  detested  the  Dutrh  so  cordially 
that  llicy  chose  to  return  lo  Europe  und  lo  uliund/in  a 
counury  they  hud  ciJhHl  a  parniliae,  rather  than  suumil 
Ion  union  with  tho  colony  of  New  Netherlunds.  To 
this  eilremity,  however,  the  rest  were  reduced,  and  Iho 
•elllemunt  lor  some  years  coiitiiiiicd  lu  be  (iiind  in 
peace  by  a  lieutenant-grvemnr  appninteti  by  8tuyvo- 

•  OMinllon.  I.  lla  Chs..nera.  nt.  Trun.bull,  I.  IM.  174. 
1811.  191—3.  IBT.  nn.  not.  •ill.  VID,  tin.  3117.  anillh,  0.  Ths 
whole  vuliindnoua  corr.-B|M>iidencn  ihnt  look  jiliice,  both  on 
llili  occnaloll  and  sftorwania,  t»lweeii  Ihe  governors  iif  Iha 
Dutch  and  English  colonies.  Is  pressrvsd  In  Hatsrd's  CollacUoi^ 
vol.  II. 

t  "  Rlalnah,  under  Ihe  diaguls*  of  rrisndskip,  esm*  betura* 
Ihe  works,  llred  two  salute*,  and  Isnded  ihtny  inen.  who  wer« 
entertalnea  by  Ih*  Commandsnl  aa  Irtende ;  blH  he  hail  no  eonnef 
dlsf^overed  llie  wcskneaa  of  tho  frnrristm  ihtiii  hn  msile  hlfnaclf 
in.iHter  of  U,  aelxlnsslao  ttniin  all  Ihe  Hmmnnilliin  honaaa,  and 
olIiertlTccts  of  the  Woat  Indian  comniiny,  and  ron'|iellliii  aavera 
ofihe  nsoplsluawaaralUglarcsluChilstlna,  qu**nof»«*d*B.' 
SmUh 


NORTH    AMRMIOA. 


MM.  ThiH  mimmM>4  ky  itw  iwniHt  •wi»,  fuliilw  siiljr 
*ttmnf  llkil  MwmIiiii  «««r  hm  |hi«mm-iI,  'I'Im  hi* 
••nun  wuhIiI  Iiii>«  lillln  iifl'ioinn  lo  pwly  nr  tlrlit* 
wIhi  miiiiM  ili-riilK  n  lilmnlka*  ii<I|Ii>iiim-iii  iiC  imiiiiiiuI 
dlU|iiib'a  Mill  III  iiiiiiiriiiia  ImmiiIiii*',  »  iK'w  li'iiiiiri'  iil 
up|iri>liriiii«  i«  imI'IkJ  !•>  iIhi  iiiiir«l  n'lici i  iil  wiir.  U  lu'ii 
w«  r*i'i<ll'"  I  ili'ii  iIh'w  Hwmin  wnrH  fiilMr  lh«  iuIiimU 
nl'liiKiutiK  \ili>l|iliu*.  iir  ilw  liiiiiivilmlii  livMi'iiiLinla 
nt'hi«  *utM''''*'>  **'**' ^'"'*  wi*  M*ii  lh*<ni  |irnvi)k»  a  wiir 
lijr  l>i«iiii  mill  ■Miirn(i>,  uihI  ihi>ii  ■(••i  liii«  it  liy  iiuntil^ 
nuliiiiiitini  III  Ilw  nliji'i'l  III'  llH'ir  luaitl*  iiml  luilri'ii,  ii 
iiiiiiil  Ihi  iH-liiHiwli*iltfi<il  ihiil  Itwy  hiiva  vnlurtfuil  ilw  I'n- 
•liiliiM  nl' lliiiMi  iiiiliniM  wImms  •iiiril  Iw*  ivgnHiiMlml 
n  llii'ir  riiliiiiinl  MiilkiiH-iiU,  Tn*  Dutch  liiiv*  Im'hii 
(ti-iiiritll*  obnaiiiHia  to  iIim  rmiinrli i  iiml  llMir  i^uiiiliicl 
.n  Now  NkiIwiIhiuU  w ill  imii-t  \m  ritnil  lu  uii  iiu'i>|itiaii 
la  Ml  •|iplwiiliiin.  All  llHMr  roloiii*<  huv*  Imit  tlw 
•Ififrinf  of  iiMlitn  iiu  hi|li«r  ihuii  iIm  iliini  of  coin- 
■wrtinl  fulii  I  mill  Uwi  wiiw  Miitiiiwnu  whirh  uninnil 
Umib  lo  Htitinil  thiiir  iIihiiiiiioih,  hu«ii  (riuliiiilljr  nlifita- 
raird  Ilw  riH<r()r  tlinl  wna  iniiiiiailii  to  itwlr  dvl'micn 
•ml  iirxwrvntinn,  'riix  vulnr  or  Hiiiynaaiii*  riiilHir  ra- 
proai'liril  tlinii  niiiiiiiitril ilw  aliiHlali apirit  iilhia  I'ulluw- 
tolonwia,  wIhiiii  Ilia  (•aiiiii|il«  ciiiilil  iHivar  toucli  cillirr 
In  rojM'l  iiijiiaiko  with  a|iirit,  or  to  Iwar  il  with  ilifiiity. 
YpI  llnlUiid  wu  now  In  lliu  iiwridiiiii  or  h«r  huwt  mul 
till*  wua  tliii  n(ii  III' 'rrniiiii  niiil  llti  Kiiytar. 

'I'liti  iitti-iitiiiii  wliirh  liud  horn  awnkaacd  In  Um 
mother  roiiiilry  to  tlw  atiit*  nl'  tlw  rulony  of  N«w 
Nuthi-rlnnila,  wiu  niiiliilaiiM'd  hv  th«  |iroa|Mniua  r»ull 
ol' hi'r  rmwiit  iiitt<i|iiiaiiioii,  uwl  iurtlwr  ixiiiniil  lta«ir  In 
tlin  riillnwiiif  yanr  [Ml^'ill]  hy  •  ciiiiatitlilinii  wliit'h  wna 
rnni'tiiit  liy  llm  Woal  Imlb  coiii|iiiny  mid  Ilw  liiirgu- 
■naati'ra  ol'  Aiiiatrrduiii,  mid  u|i(iriiv<<d  hy  llm  Hiaiiia- 
ganaral.  Tliia  iiialruiti«iil  |irnvid«d  ihni  tlw  coloiiiala 
of  Nkw  Nvllwrliiiula  wvrn  III  Iw  riilad  In  riiliira  hy  • 
governor  iiiiiniiiiitt>d  hy  tlw  dnpiiliiia  of  Aiiiainrdiiiii  i 
■IMlbv  hiirgiiiiiiuilnra  uiiil  n  town  I'lmiicil  dIvcIihI  hy  tlw 
pwipbi  tlii>inai'lvi-a',  ihii  riiiiiii'il  tlivrviillur  viijuyiiiM  Ilw 
|H<w»roriilhii||  lip  uU  V  iriiiHiKahi  Itaowii  Imdy.  Hoina 
wrh  eonaiitiiiiiin  lu  thia,  iiiipimra  tu  huvu  haiiii  niraudy 
•atabliahud  ill  Mi'W  Ni'lherluiida  )  mid  thii  alluiitioii  ul' 
rtia  mothiir  I'lmiitry  iM'giiitiliig  aooii  to  rul«,  witli  tlw 
d^eliiM  ol'  lliu  riiliiiiy'a  prnapiirity,  no  I'urdivr  ntttiiiipt 
wwnu  to  hiivii  lini'ii  iiiiiilii  to  iiiiroiliicH  iliii  projocti'd 
titerution.  'Cha  Wiwi  liidiii  coiiipmiy,  liowuvur,  tr.iiia 
millad  nliunl  tliia  tuna  lo  Hluyvvamii,  a  rulilioution  tliay 
kid  prociiriul  I'roiii  tlw  Mtiit«»-(i'nHrul  oriiia  trvnly  in 
lOTiO  with  tha  cniniiiiaaionvra  til'  Ilw  iinllad  Kii|liali 
eoloaiiia.  Tint  lliilt'h  xnvariinr  giive  nolivu  of  thia  cir- 
mimaittiKa  to  tlw'  I'niiiiiiianiiiiii'ra,  in  ii  luttcr  ri'pli'to 
widi  rhrHiiiin  bviiuvoli-iii'ii  uiiil  pii'tv  ;  iiiid  propoavd  lo 
Ihaiii  ilint  a  trii'iiilly  li'iiinu  iimi  aiiH'i'ru  aood-will 
inixlit  thi'iii'uriirtvnrd  iiiiiln  lliu  coloniiia  of  KiiKlund  and 
llullniid.  Hut  tliH  llngliah  warn  avarw  o  Miava  tlw 
•iiiCKrityof  II  iiimi  wliuiii  llwy  liud  ricaii  y  acnuaad  of 
phittinx  llipir  ili'alriii'tioii  willi   tliu  Iniliiiu;  and,  ha- 

C inning  lo  re||iird  tli«  Hutch  oci-iipalioii  lu  atlogalH 
iwIkm  'and  intriiaiva,  they  warn  di^larinined  » 
•aiiatioii  It  hy  niiy  niiw  ri  riignitiuD.  'I'lic  coniui.  lun- 
•ra  anawiirud  Ilw  govi'rnor'a  I'liiiiiiiiiiiiciitiun  widi  niia- 
Ivru  I'ivility;  r<'voiiiiii»iiiliiii|  lliit  cntitiiiiiancu  of  pi'aca, 
but  ili'i'liiiing  I'itliar  lo  riilily  tha  roriiiHr  treiity  or  lo  vx- 
vciilo  !•  iiHW  iiiw.  'I'liiy  had  iM'giin  lo  riitarliiin  ■Iroiig 
hiipna  ilinl  lliu  Kngliali  govurnnii'iit  wniild  uiiita  with 
lliciii  In  ri'varding  llui  liulrh  aattliira  in  Aini'ricn,  at 
muru  intriiilvra  who  could  dariva  no  ciniiii  ol'  I'lirbaiir- 
ancn  rriiin  tha  ptMica  with  lliillnnd,  iind  whom  il  would 
ha  no  li-aa  iiial  ihiin  I'tpedii'iit  lo  axpi'l  or  ■uhiliia. 
Thair  rri'^nila    in    llnulmid   aiicri'fdud   in    iinpraaaing 

haao  vii'wa  upon  Kichiird  Croiuwall;  [lUTill.]  and  dii- 
'iiig  Ilia  aliiirt  I'lijnyiiii'iit  ul'  din  prataclonito,  liu  ad- 
Irt'aaad  iiHlriirtiiina  to  liia  ronniiiiiidHrM  for  nil  inviiaioit 
ol' Ni'w  .Ni'iticrlmiilM,  mi'i  wrutu  Iftli'ra   to  tha  Kiiffliah 

oloaial  govarninunli>,  daairing  Uia  uoncurreiica  ol'  llieir 
'bri'oa  III  tha  antarpriaa.  Uiil  Ilia  apaady  dapoailion 
■puriMl  him  tha  iii'tiiiil  guilt  ol°  iittueking  an  unnnandiiig 
paiipla,  whom  liial'iitliar  hud  pliiinlv  I'liimiilarad  uacoin- 
jirahi'iidad  iilhia  puciliciilion  with  ilnllmid. 

Mamiwhila,  Htiiyvaaiinl  hud  iiiiida  ullampti   to   iiii- 

rrovii   Ilia   roiupiaal  ol'  tho  Hwedaa  hy  axtaiiding  Ilia 
>utch  aalllaiiianla  ill  Uabwiira ;  and  aipiituhle   a*  wall 

*  Tllla  KalluKi  vc'ttTUiitlKl  I  lit  fiiil  in  attract  a  (Mirtion  or  that 
IJIu  ruinur  and  ahNiiril  exn  zKarstloii  to  wliirli  aolilary  aupart- 
unty  IN  t'S)KiMMl.  To  the  Ki  uliitll  ha  wat  a  auhjnct  of  contln'ial 
litiirvul  and  a|)t)ri'h(MiHiciii.  Ha  had  lout  a  leif  In  li^tlitinti  for  tha 
Indepandance  of  Holland  ;  and  tha  Eiifll^n  believed  that  Ida  ar* 
fMinil  Ijinb  wna  made  of  atlver  (.lc;::.olyn.  IM)  j  and  with  attll 
gre.itnr  crad'jjlty,  that  bn  raatrunad  tha  Dutch  colonlata  rrom 
liiiiiiediate  hualititu>a  with  inuin,  that  ha  niiulit  dfntroy  thain 
more  rniellv  hy  llii'  huiidi*  of  !hu  Indliini  (Truinhull,  *iL>9)  ;  ao 
widl  did  ho  cover  the  dadcli'nry  of  hia  country  itit-nN  military 
ardjT.  Tha  Table  ul' the  silver  Ivx  la  alau  related  by  llloiiie. 
IM. 


m  bf«««,  h«  MUaad  Um  larritory  wbMh  ka  MMiipM  la 
Im  hlrly  pitrcliaaad  Onm  tha  liidwiw.  HhI  hl«aMc«« 
in  thi*  >|iiarlHr  waa  now  drntaiiig  tu  a  rliNw.  laiuM 
Ilw  giiviriiiir  III  Murylund,  I  I'lluiid  Ilw  li'rrilnry  imimi 
iiii'illiy  tlw  lliiti'li  and  Hwaih'a,  lu  inilinh  d  within 
l.iiid  lUltiiMora'a  granli  and  lliiilin||  Ihnl  Hiii^taMuii 
waa  di'taiiiiinad  In  ratain  Ilw  piiaM«aiiin  and  ilvland  tha 
auppoaad  lilkt  of  Ilia  counlry,  Iw  priit'urrd  •  ranion- 
•tranaa  lo  Iw  Irnitaiiiiitad  in  tha  iiuii.a  ul'  Lord  Haiti- 
iiiiir*  lo  dia  Ntatnaliuiii'rtd  nihl  Ilw  U  aat  India   l.'oin- 

Kmiy,  who,  with  nn  invaraion  iil'ihair  naiiiil  poliry,  pul>- 
fly  di'hiad  Uw  prataiiaiiiiu  ofdia  Lngllah,  hut  at  Ilw 
aanw  tiim  trananiittad  privnln  ordara  to  HtiiyvounI  lo 
•«old  hoatiliUaa,  ifihay  ahoiitd  ai'viii  liki'ly  to  aii<il»,  hy 
raliring  bayond  Lord  liuhiiuora'a  ulltgid  hiiiiiiihiry. 
ThM  iiijuiwtiou  waa  coiiiplHid  with,  tliiiiiiih  nol  lo  dw 
aatani  of  an  anlira  aviicuiilion  ol'  Haliiwiira,  whan 
Charlaa  Calvart  a  faw  yaara  alWr  aaauiiHid  Ilw  gotarn- 
iiiani  of  Maryland.*  Htnyvaa^nl  dvrply  daplorad  tha 
laahl*  policy  ol'  thoa*  whiioa  iiiniidab<a  Iw  I'all  II  bia 
diil^  to  obay  |  and  avnaihia  ul  dw  Intnl  diaaradil  In 
wlilah  tha  lliitrh  titia  would  ha  involvid  hy  tliiia  prna- 
til-ally  avowing  tluil  iu  iiKiiiitriiaiira  ili'pcnilad  on  tlw 
rorbaurmica  ol  tha  I'.ngliah,  ha  aiiriu-atly  aoliiiU'd  thai  a 
roruiid  cony  of  tha  grant  hy  tha  Htnh'a  livnarul  to  tha 
Waal  linriii  Coinpuny  tiiighl  Iw  Irnnainittad  to  Naw 
Natharlunda,  to  ciiiihio  him  lo  iiaaarl,  with  propar  liiini 
•ltd  diyiiily,  Uhi  iiitaraal  h«  wiia  intriiali-d  to  dalaiid 
liilt  lua  upplicutinna  provad  inalViTtiial.  'I'lia  Hlntai 
(ianaral  wara  now  iiiiira  aniioiia  thuii  avar  to  avoid  a 
rnpliira  with  K.ngliindi  and  dia  Waal  India  L'niiipany 
aitliar  rnnciirring  with  Ihair  poliry,  or  contrnllad  hy 
thair  ordara,  tal'iiiiad  to  aihihit  a  tula  |.  IIIIMI]  of  whith 
llwy  Taarad  thai  ritiiyvaaanl  wiiiild  liiuku  aiich  nil  iiaa  aa 
would  iiiliillihiy  provoka  dial  aalrumity  I'arhapa  lliay 
thnughl  dial  hia  jirudaiica  would  ha  rnl'iiraad  by  the 
roiiai'iouanaaa  ol  a  dafactlva  titIa  I  and  aiivh  waa  at 
loaat  dia  all'arl  Ihnl  tliair  noliuy  artiiidly  prudilavil 
Htnyvaaant,  willing  hy  any  honorubia  manna  to  jiropi- 
tiuta  dw  I'ngliall,  and  liupnig  to  ohiaiii  a  racogiiitiou  ol' 
dia  litia  which  ha  waa  iitiiililu  to  proiliicii,  aani  nn  am. 
biiaay  lo  Hir  Wllliuin  llarkalay,  thn  giivarniir  nl'  Virgi- 
nia, lo  proiioas  a  Iraaty  ol'  inutilid  Iraila  iH'lwauii  thia 
caloiiy  nnd  Naw  Nadiarlanda,  and  nn  nlliaiice  ugaiiiat 
dw  Indian  anaiiiiaa  of  boUi.  Ilarkrk'y  rccalvad  dia 
uinhoaaiulora  widi  much  courlaay,  and  daapiitchad  Hir 
tUury  Moody  to  Naw  Nvdiarlnnila,  widi  tha  tarnia  ol' 
a  cominarciar  treaty  I  but  ha  took  cnru  lo  daclina  avary 
axprvaaion  thai  might  aocin  aillier  to  acknowladga,  or 
•van  apply,  iHanl  lo  th«  larrilorlal  prataiuiona  ol'  Uiu 
Dutch. 

Tlw  aiitlioriliaa  wlioao  dominion  in  Kngland  waa  tar 
minnlad  liy  tho  Uaatorution,  lind  Iwan  raanrdad  with 
condtntal  niiauaincaa  ond  npprahanaiiiii  hy  tlw  colniuata 
of  Naw  Nadiarlanda  Tha  long  purlinmeiil  had  al- 
tiickad  diair  conntrytnen  in  Kuiopaj  Cromwell  had 
oiicu  bi'vti  on  tba  point  of  •iibdiiing  die  colony ;  nnd 
only  tha  dapoailion  o(  hia  ailceaaaor  had  Hgain  auatchail 
dwin  rroiii  i  reiiatilion  of  the  anma  duiigar.  Ul'  tha 
govariiniant  of  Cliarlva  tlw  ttacond  thay  ware  dirpoaad 
lo  antartJiin  niora  ravornblo  hopaa,  which  iniifht,  par- 
h'lpa,  derive  ioina  coiiHriiiation  Trom  the  wall-known 
litcl,  thai  their  riviila,  the  Naw  I'.ngliah  coloiiiala,  were 
na  much  ilialiked  hy  Uiu  king  aa  Iliay  had  ta'an  ravurii' 
hly  ragnrded  hy  Ilia  priitacliir.  Accordingly,  when  the 
piiraiiera  ol' (ioH'e and  Whalley,  hallled  in  dieir  ntlainpta 
to  rarovar  dit  retreat  of  diaae    fiigilive  refiicidea  in 


New  Kngland,  liaaoiiglil  Stuyvaaniit  to  deny  lliain  hia 
proti'ctinn  in  New  Natliirbiida.  [IIMII]  lie  raadilv 
at-ized  Uia  opporlii'iity  of  iiiKriilinting  hia  rolony  with 


dw  Kngliah  court,  by  niiilartiikiii|j[  lo  give  inatnnt  notice 
of  dw  arrival  of  any  of  the  ragicidia  within  hia  jiiria- 
dictioii,  and  to  prohibit  nil  vuaaela  from  tmnapiirliiig 
dwiii  beyond   tlie  reach  of  their  niiraiiara.l     Uiit   thi< 

Kolicy,  which,  it  iniiat  be  confeaaeil,  i»  nut  the  moat  ho 
orublo  trait  of  tiia  odiiiiniatnition,  proved  utterly  un- 
availing ;  atid  every  hope  dial  die  Dutch  might  have  en- 
tertuined,  of  an   amelioration  of  their  proapecti,  waa 


*  Sea  ante,  U.  lit.  One  caune  of  the  netflecl  which  New 
Natherlaiiila  exiierlcnced  fmm  tha  Dutch  Weat  India  Com- 
pany, aeenia  to  liave  been  that  tlie  altentlun  and  reauurcea 
itf  tnu  t;oin[innv  wt-re  ahhnrlK'd  by  the  elfxita  tliey  made  to 
maintain  the  rich  aottleinent  they  h;id  wn-sted  from  tho  Pur- 
lusueiie  In  South  America  Sea  Suutht.)'a  lliatory  of  OraKll, 
Part  I. 

t  Trumbull,  I,  Ml  It  waa  notnrloui,  at  tha  time,  that 
OofTa  and  Whalley  were  ihaltarad  within  the  territory  of 
New  Haven,  u  here  thn  ItK'Hl  anlliorlliea  and  the  Uihobitanta, 
ao  far  from  aanHtinf,  had,  with  very  little  dl<iiruiae,  obntructed 
and  defeated  the  attanipta  to  apprehend  tlicin.  Thia  conduct 
of  a  people  who  !iail  |H)Cuharly  tlisliiitiulnhed  themaelvea  by 
enmity  to  thn  l>ut<-li.  had  proliablv  aoine  Wflnht  In  Inductnir 
Stuyveaaitt  tu  pledKa  hlmaelf  to  a  procurdinjf  which,  he  aeema 
nut  to  have  been  uware,  woul-i  have  cuinprumlaed  the  honor 
and  iiidu^nduitca  of  hli  cuuntrv. 


ap«»<dy  dlaotpaM  tj  iIm  lnlall(g»«a«  tUmtpm  ■*' 
larlKlnad  by  tlw  king  of  llngkind.  L'ktflM,  litaagk  tm 
laid  rarntad,  during  lh»  atila,  niora  Iriaiulakip  ■■4 
•  ivility  Iriiiii  th<i  lliiirh  di«n  Irani  any  oihar  luraigs 
powar,  avan  ragarilad  llila  paiipla  widi  aniliity  aod  avar* 
ainn  I  and  ha  Wim  tlw  mora  lllapoaad,  al  piaaalll,  ta 
eiubnca  anv   nwaanr*  dial  might  hnnibla  lloi   ruling 

Karty  In  lloUnnd,  by  tiw  inlarial  h«  fall  in  a  wiakat 
iriiiin.nl  tlw  haailiifwhirh  wna  hia  iiapli«w,di«  yiMing 
I'rinia  ufllraniia,  wlinui  lia  daaiiad  to  ata  raiiialilail  la 
dw  otHra  of  Htnilihiiltlar,  which  hia  aiicaatora  hud  iio* 
aaaa'd— an  ollli'a  which  tha  ruling  party  had  plaugad 
Ilw  >  ir.vaa  to  (.'roinwall  iwvar  again  to  baalow  on  Ilw 
Orange  fliniily.  [ItltKl]  Thaaa  aantiinanla  waia  al» 
forced  bv  tha  inlaraat  and  urgatiay  uf  tha  link*  ol  Vork, 
wha  k(J  placed  hiniaeH'  al  Uw  Iwnd  of  a  Naw  AfrioaM 
aonipaiiy,*  and  I'oiiihI  lla  comiiiarca  liiipadad  by  Ilia 
mora  aiiceaialUI  tralHc  of  Ilw  Dutrh.  lu  imitatioa  of 
tho  other  courlwra,  tha  Diika  had  alan  caal  hia  ayaa  ol 
Ih*  Anwrlcan  tamtory,  which  hia  brotlwr  waa  now  dwt 
Iributlng  with  ao  lilwral  •  handi  nnd,  nrcordingly,  la 
addition  lo  th«  otiwr  reaaona  which  Iw  aiiipkiyad  la 
prnmota  a  niplura  with  lb*  Diilrh,  Iw  aulicitid  a  graal 
of  diair  North  Aniaricnn  pinnuitiona,  on  dw  pra«mliii| 
ph-a  Ihnl  Uiay  had  liaan  originally  uaurpad  from  Ilia  tar> 
ritory  properly  balonging  to  Uritain.  Tlw  inHiianra 
of  lliaaa  molivaa  on  Ilia  mind  of  dw  king  waa  iloiilil- 
laaa  niilad  by  ilw  daaira  to  atrik*  a  likiw  liial  would  ai^ 
force  tlw  arbitrary  voniniiaaion  Iw  waa  preparing  la 
aeiid  to  Naw  I'.ngliind,  and  leach  Ilw  puritan  roloniaia 
lliare  that  il  waa  In  the  power  of  dwir  |iiiiica  to  aubdua 
hia  anaiiiiaa  in  Ainarica. 

Tlw  riiiilur  of  the  kiiig'a  Inleiitinna  appeara  to  hanra 
ranrhad  Aiiii-nni  ht'l'ura  It  wna  gi'iiariilly  pravnh'iit  la 
Kuropei  owing  lo  Ilw  vigdniica  and  aciivily  of  ilia 
niimaroiia  Oieiiila  of  tha  Kniiliah  ciiliiiiiata,  who  wiitiiH 
ad  and  nppriai>d  tlirni  nf  tha  daaigiia  of  die  ciiiirl.  Wliaa 
tha  naaoniitioii  of  Ilia  roynl  coiiimiaaioii,  with  dw  a»pa> 
ditioii  ngninat  New  Nalharlaiida,  wua  kniiwii  to  tha  ia> 
huhilnnta  of  New  Kngland,  tha  Ural  piara  ol  intalligaiiea 
iippanrad  to  lliain  much  mom  iiiiwakiime  thnii  tlia 
iidier  wna  aulianictury.  In  AInaaiicliuai'tIa,  piirtii'iilnrlyi 
the  priireodingaof  tha  ganarul  court  ai'i.mad  to  iiiilirala 
n  atroiig  apprahanaioii  tliHtdw  mililnry,  no  laaa  diundia 
civil  dapnrlinani  of  tlw  rapadition,  \tiia  inlatidail  to  Ihi 
aniplnyi'd  ngiiiiiat  tho  hliartha  of  the  Ijinliali  ciihiiiiat*. 
Stiiy  veaaiit,  wliooe  aniioua  ryn  eaiilarad  tha  durkanini 
horilon  of  hia  coiinlry'a  fortnna,  aiacarnad  thaao  aynip- 
toina  of  diaaiitiafiiction  in  tho  Naw  Kliglnlid  BaltleiiK'ntis 
nnd  concaivrd  friiiii  tliaiii  tha  hold  ptiijact  of  uht;iiiiinj| 
tha  nlli;iiica,  nr  ut  lanat  a<>riiring  tha  iiautrnlity,  of  lua 
anciant  enatniaa.  With  diia  view  (nppnrrntly,)  ha  uih 
dertiiiik,  lira!,  a  vnynga  lo  Mnaanchiiaalta,  wlit.ra  ha  waa 
antarlninad  by  tlw  governor  and  niagiatriitaa  will 
iiiiich  aluln  and  •nlamnity.  l-'orniar  rividi-liip  wua  lor 
giitten  in  tha  aanaon  of  cniniiion  danger,  or  leiiieiiiln'r 
ad  only  to  anhaneo  tho  reaped  widi  which  KihIicoI  nnd 
.Siiiyveanni  ntcngiiiaad,  audi  in  tlw  odiar,  an  uyed, 
hrnva,  and  virluoiia  chanipiun  of  hia  conntry'a  cuiiaa. 
Ferhnpa  aonw  tricaa  of  the  ell'acl  of  diia  ciiiil'eraiKa 
limy  ha  diateriiivl  in  tha  alimiieaa  Willi  which  Mnaaa* 
chuaatta  obeyed  die  rrqnlaltion  of  tha  roynl  cumiiinlii'.en 
In  rniaa  n  body  of  man  in  iiid  of  the  iuviiaioii  of  NoW 
Natharhinda.  Unl  il  wna  impoaaible  Hint  .>*titvvaaiiut'* 
nagociation  could  aiicccad,  or  hia  priipoanlv,  even  lo 
tlw  eateiit  of  iiaiitrnlily,  he  acceded  to.  NutwidiatniKl 
iiig  Ihia  diaappoililmeiit.  however,  he  proceeded  aller- 
wiirila  to  (.'omiacticiit,  whara  he  niiaeiignged  in  v.iinly 
ntlampting  lo  bring  a  aiiiiihir  iiegorinliiin  to  ii  mora 
aiicceaafiil  iaaiie,  when  tha  intelligence  of  the  upprouck 
of  diu  Uritiah  Heat  recalled  him  lo  tlw  iminediuta  de> 
feneo  af  hia  province. 

Tliu  king,  who  »a«  totnlly  iinnlile  lo  iiaaign  :i  jiial 
reuaiin  for  going  lo  war  widi  lliilliind,  nlWr  trying  in 
vain  to  priivuku  the  reaentmiMil  of  the  Stataa  lieiiarnl 
by  Uio  iiioal  iiuulting  nwinoriala,  and  the  moat  ground- 
lea*  coinplainta,  delermined,  al  length,  to  emlirnce  tha 
aiigKuation  of  hie  right  to  the  province  of  New  Natliar 
laiida;  e.ipectiiig,  with  good  renioii,  that,  from  the  a» 
aaition  of  diia  pretended  right,  the  caiiao  of  i|iiiirre 
which  ho  waa  indtulrioiiiily  aoeking  would  infallibly 
ariae.  in  piiratiance  of  thia  purpoae,  u  roviil  charlai 
wna  executed  in  favor  of  tha  Diika  nf  Vork,  contain 
ingn  grunt  of  the  whole  region  extending  from  the  weal- 
ern  banka  of  Coiineciicul  lo  the  enatarn  aliore  of  Uia 
Delaware,  [l(IG4,]togaUier  with  the  adjacency  of  Um| 


*  Thia  company  was  formed  with  the  view  of  estcndhikf  antf 
appropriatluK  the  ahivo  trade.  Untler  the  palroriiiKa  of  th 
Diiko  of  York,  It  treated  every  comniernal  rival  wiih  .1  vio 
lenca  and  InjiiHtice  worthy  of  the  purpoHe  of  lla  Inatltutlrn 
In  roliirn  for  tha  protection  of  Hie  BiiKlisli  government,  It  Ian 
Iti  aid  to  haraaa  tha  colonies  bv  tiromoting  a  rlald  enfarMmta 
of  Um  acta  of  navigation.    See  Old.nlxon.  Vol.  Il,  cay.  I. 


Till    IIIIITORV    Of 


MmUi  mm!  MHifrfTiim  M|Mn  hi*  ni«»l  kifkwM  M  iIm 
|Hi««*f«  vf  fn^i'rniiu  f'ltil  itittl  iMiltlitry,  wiiKin  iIip«« 
nmyW  bi>MM<Uri>'<  I'liia  ^riiil  loiili  ii<i  nxira  imlHit  iif 
iHa  *>M(iMf  (HMwuMtn  ••)  llw  Uubh,  Ihaw  il  iliuwail 
n>i|mi  M  Ihii  tmrxm  ilMrtar  nf  Dunitn'lMiil,  MrliH'h, 
wlN*ih«*r  (titm  ignitriiM'**,  ur  friMN  riir*>l»Mii«i««  in  iIh* 
■IwimtlHiH  «•!  thw  lHMin<li4rt*««,   d   M*'ttl)r  Init  ciidrvly  ati 

(■■•r<  •'•I'll      .\i>   ixr  iliil   iIm  IIiiIi*  »•'  tiifk   iihlKiii 

llil'  irnnl.  Ilvin,  wilhuiil  wuiirnf  In  tuli*  )MMaiiMiiin  iil 
lit*  inv  ••Mtt'iri*,  H«  iirtM'(*tftlri|  tti  ••ti*r«'iM'  lii«  pi MprlvMry 

K«i  n  iH  Ihair  IwlloM  rtlont,  lijr  canir«)ri>i|  la  Uml 
rk^'l^'^  ami  Mir  H*tirf  l.'*rl»r^<l  .ill  iImI  |Hiriliiu  «l 
Id*  Irrriiiiry  Ihul  Ihrm*  iha  pi«>inr«  nl' Nnw  i-nnf. 
Hill.  M  tl  i«M  iniHiim  Ihul  llii)  lilUi  III'  llw  Jiilm  hmi- 
■rll',  iio  li<M  limn  •*!  liM  iMMiffNMM,  wuiiUI  riN|iitr«  In  b* 
•Itkriiiibit  bjr  •  miliUry  lunv,  *H  aritiitini'iil  hail  bn« 
^imrvil  Dir  Itw  fmfmmt,  wilh  mum  •linn'mit  lu  m- 
<mif[  »  prMniiliiiN  wkich,  tl'  il  |ira«ml  inalfuolnai,  wm 
•w  Itm  iiiHKM-aaMrjt  I  w  III*  •Uli'a  nl  lliillHMi  rvckanml 
It  lm|WmliU  Ihal  iIm  liiiif  wniilil  alliuli  ilH'ir  |iiiaa«w 
■Iwiw,  willmiii  Iba  ruriiwlTiy  »(  »  (intmiia  ilaflanliun, 


MkI  wafs  MvrM  la  provnli*  hi*  iiiiiiOHa  by  Miriiiiiig  lu 
•>>|HM|  II,  Hn  liiilv,  liHl^-atl,  wiw  In*  hiwlil*  i-iiliiriiriw 
•(ninal  Maw  Malh*'rUiHl<  erailitoU  in  Kiirn|i«,  tliiil,  lull 
•  fi'W  innnllia  bfl'iiri*  il  wiibitl,  a  vi<aaii|  iirrivnil  al  llw 
cnliiH)  iViiin  lliilliinil,  hrin(iii||  •  I'lirllivr  aMpiily  ul'  |iIiim- 
Ion,  ami  iil°  imiikimaNla  al  hmlianilry.  MliijrvaaiiM 
niriioaily  |iriMaml  n|Hin  Iba  W»a<  Intlia  Cumpany  iha 
nliiriHin|  iiilaliiianr*  which  ha  ImiI  t¥eitiirif\  bin 
uiily  ilalviKivK  ila'p  III  wliii'h  ihi'y  warn  niiivail  by  Ina 
•irfrnry  waa,  In  aHiiil  bun  n»w,  wbi'ii  il  waa  Inn  Ula, 
ihi'  nri||iii.il  ifriiiil  rriiiii  llwi  Htilaa  lii'UMral,  wliii'b,  al 
llio  iH'rinil  wlian  il  iniilil  ha>a  araibnl  hull,  lia  bail  and 
rili'il  in  tain. 

'I'ha  rnniinaiNl  nf  Iba  l!n(li«h  lrii«|ia  Ihal  rinbirfcad 
Air  ihia  ••tpmliiinn,  aiHl  llw  (ntarniiwiil  nl'lhr  prnviwa 
■tfain«l  wbicli  II  wiia  ilirartail,  wara  inlrtitliMj  lu  t'niii 
iii-l  .Nii-liflli,  wlin  bull  •liiiliati  Iba  iirl  nf  war  iiwlar  Miir 
•liul  'I'nrHiiiiK,  iiihl  wbii,  wilh  I'ar,  ('arlwrigbl,  niM 
Mivarii'k.  aUn  bdil  a  rnininiaaiun  lu  «i«l  Ihv  r  luniva 
al'  Naw  I'.iikIiiihI,  anil  iiiva>li|iila  awl  ilaU'riniU)',  ac- 
rnrilinf  In  thair  •liw'ri'lian,  all  iliapiitna  anil  I'niilrntar- 
IV  urillilii  lh«  variniia  rnluiiiiil  jiiriatlii'lioua.  /\l\ar 
iniM-biny  HI  llininn,  wlii-ra  an  arinuil  I'urca  waa  orilurcil 
to  ba  raiavil  ami  aani  lu  jnin  iha  I'liMililiun,  liw  llct'i 
iirataailati  In  lliulaon'a  rivar,  and  lonh  ita  abiiinn  bal'orn 
Mh  capital  nf  Naw  Nalhrrlawla.  'I'lia  r<N|Mlaiiiun  nl'  a 
nibaaliary  Ibivia  I'rom  Uualan  wiia  a<i  liirilily  nlryi>il, 
Ihal  Iha  aniarprlaa  waa  orar  bal'uni  Uw  Mnaaiicbiiwiu 
lm«|;a  war*  raaii/ In  inar«h  I  but,  on  ilia  Irauamiaaiun 
pf  a  aimilar  m|uiaiiimi  la  L'onnnclieMi,  liavariior  Win- 
Ihrup,  with  aavrriil  at  Iha  priiiripal  liiliuliilania  o(  lliu 
provinr»,  iniini-ilirtrly  rapiiirml  lo  Iha  ('n||h<li  uriiia 
iwnl,  ami  jninml  iIm  •Miiiliiril  ol'  llirir  kinx 


Tha  valtran  (oirarnnror  Nuw  Nutlu'rlaiali,  niiii  Iba 
pupil  of  Tiiri-iiiiu,  wpra,  accuriling  lu  luihlary  iilau, 
••ni>iiiiaa  wnrihy  iif  i-acb  ulhor  i  Uiaii(h  doiibilau  II  i>  a 
inanil'pal  prnl'aniilinn  nf  Innf  iinRO  In  oaat'rt  Ilia  wortlii' 
iii^aa  n(  Iwn  lirnvii  ami  honaai  iiinn  lu  aln-d  viiih  iilhi>ra 
Mnod.  or  to  rrprawiil  Niobula  aa  wnrthilv  »iii|iluyiMl  in 
«iHeiitin(  Iba  luwlraa  ra(a  and  nparity  ul  a  tyniiil  ii|iaii 
•n  unnlfi^niliii^  panpla.  Ilial  Uia  iwn  cuiiiiniiiiiliirN  Wfia 
very  iium|Hiillv  aiip|Mirlml.  MtiiyvpMint  bad  VY'iiroiiiiljr 
eaartml  biiniwlr  in  jiiil  iba  riiy  and  Tori  in  llw  liaal  iilti- 
Inila  nl'  dali'iira :  bill  Im  liiiiiid  il  lulally  iiiipnaailila  to 
innn  iIm  h«arU  of  ita  d«*rt>nilt'ra.  It  iiiiiat  imlHi'd  Iw 
roiil'aaami  in  fuviir  uribaa<f  iiiil'iirtunutu  DiiIlIiiiiuii,  Ihal 
Iha  aiiparinr  nrlillary  aiid  diacipbuail  Turui-a  oP  iIhi  t-iia- 
my  randarad  aiiraaaal^ii  reaiauiica  iitli'ily  hupvlvaa. 
Tlwir  raaidanca  in  thn  country  had  Ih'vu  ton  abort  lu 
connact  thain  wilh  it  by  patriutia  Ilea;  and  tliwir  iin- 
triirlika  babiu  n'ndi'rt-d  IIihiii  utterly  tiiiaiiacvpiiblu  ol' 
impraaaiona  wliirh  their  govarnur  derivotl  rroin  llw  proa- 
pact  ol'  a  conteai,  where  tha  harvaal  ol'  glory  wu  pro- 
jiortiiinail  to  the  linpeleaanaaa  of  victory.  They  I'ull 
Iheiiiaelvua  iinjiiatiy  atlucked  ;  an<l  llieir  reaeniuieiit  ul' 
Ibia  injury  waa  au  atroniir,  that  inaiiy  of  Iheui  were  deter 
mined  not  to  remain  the  aubjecla  of  a  lyrauuical  iiaur 
|wr ;  but  it  waa  not  atmng  enough  In  overcome  the  ra- 
tional conviction,  tliat  aafaly  and  inde|  'ndeiice  were  tlie 
unly  worthy  objecta  of  battle,  ami  that  .vhere  iodepen- 
deuce  cniild  not  be  gained  by  lighting,  «irety  abould 
■ol  ba  riakni  by  it  To  add  uniieceaaory  combat  to 
unavcidable  def«M,  appeared  to  them  a  drilUeaa  and 
rool-lwrdy  waata  of  lilii ;  and  if  ibo^-  nmat  aurreiider 
Iha  image  they  had  hiiill  of  tlieir  native  Holland  in  the 
wilderneaa,  they  wuiild  rather  aiirremler  il  eulire  lu  tlie 
|iollutioii  a(  boalile  occupation,  than  ilel'iicvd  by  th« 
cannon  of  the  oneiny.  Tliiiy  were  willini  in  hecoinu 
•aile«  with  their  wive*  and  children,  ur  laborer*  for 
Ifaem;  to  euroiinter,  in  abort,  every  evil  that  hope 
•ouU  allaviat.1  or  Tirtiu  aubdua.     But  to  exiioaa  thair 


kindred,  Ifcalf  ally,  aMi  ikamaaivaa,  ••  iIm  aatuinty  uf 
i-aplura  by  aMrin,  ami  Iba  ■iirantily  nf  Mxhury  vmh 
Iviire,  Mi'inad  In  ibaiii  in  intaralan  of  M  Uh'  iliiliiaa 
ul'  wiatlnni,  biipiiinaaa  anil  virli**'- 

Widely  dirtaraiil  wera  Iha  aeniiinenla,  Iha  «l*wa,  and 
avt-ntliadvirriiiiHaiMina  nl*  ^tiiv**'a«inli  and  Tiir  aavaral 
data  Ilia  mill. milled  apiril  ii|iliald   llw  hiiiinr   and  prn- 
Innifed  llw  tlnniiiiMin  nl'  bia  *utiiitr*,  in  da«|Mla  hcili  al 
ih*  daaartitin  iiT    rr  iiiiwiiflikv  i  ftililr>-'ii,   iiimI  lt>e  in*- 
|wmlin|  tnilanaa  nf  a  alruiigar  lb«      l>n  llw  arrival  uf 
Iha  t.ngMi  arinaiiwiil,  ba  aanl  a  ibipiiliihan  In  Ha  rnni- 
Hiamkir,  ennaiaiing   nl'  nna   nl'  llw    iiiinialara   nl'  Naw 
Amalardain,  oiia  ul'  llw  rily  rnntM  iltura,  and  Iwn  iitber 
Inhabitanta,  wiih  a  ennilauiia  latter  daair>iii  hi  knnw 
Iha  r«aa«n  a iid  purpnaa  ol'  Ihia  hixill*  appriMili,   N icbnia 
anawarad,  wilh  a>|iiai   pnliiaiwaa.*  ili,ii  ba   waa  eain- 
wandeil  by  Ina  rayal  miulei  lu  Lika  pnaaaaaiun  nf  Iba 
MrlUah  larrilnry  wlilch  had  Iwan  iiaurped  by  llw  lliilrh, 
whom,  tiiuugh  nearly  allied  bi  him,  Iha  king  cniild  iinl, 
rnnaiataiilly  with  bia  iHinur, allow  m  invade  ami  in'iiip) 
Iba  dnininiiiiia  nf  bia  eruwn  i  lluil  ha    inital   Ibaral'iire 
now  deuwikl  liia  inalani  anrrandar  nf  the   iilnea  i  ihul 
llw  king  Iwing   lemlar    of  iha    ainiainn    nf  I'hrialian 
liluml,  bad  aiitlinriaad   hiin  lo  olfer    aeeiirily   nl'   lih<. 
hlierty.  anil  ealale,  lo  all  who  wnnid  readily  aiiliiiiit   in 
Ibia  riipiiaiiion  t  but  Ihal   ainh  aa    aliuiild   aminaa   bia 
majaaty'a  graeiniia  Inlanliuna  iniial  prepar    tl|ein<aUe* 
Air  the  worat  miaartea  of  war.     tjnvernnr  Winibmp, 
who  waa  cniiiittrled  by  urniiiiinMiiin  and   inilliial   aa- 
leein  with  iHliiy  veaiiiit  and  llie  pniieipiil  lliileh  nluena, 
eiil'urceil  Ihia  aiitnninii*  by  ii  letter,  in  whieli  he  alrnngly 
preaauil  the  nrililanra  nf  doing  aonn   wb^il  niiMl   iinn- 
•  nidahly  Im  ilnne  al  laal.     Mtiiyvaaanl,  on  receiving  the 
aunnmina  nf  the  r.iigtiah  cnininiimler,  waa   aenaibla  of 
Mn  iiibar  runaiileralinn  Iban  nf  llw  inaab'iira  aial  injua- 
lii-e  wilh   wbi.:h  biariiiiMlry    wia  Irealpil ;  awl  ■Itll  r.ir- 
iieatly  hniiing  that  lier  liniinr  wniild  Ihi  iireaerved  un- 
hleinialwil,  lit  en  Ihniigb  Iter  iluiniiiinna  aliiiiild  he  over- 
Ihrnwn,  hn  im>  ited  llw  burgninaalura  and  roiiiieil  In  at- 
land  bun, mill  vainly  Inhnred  In  iinpnrl  a  povlinii  uf  bia 
feelinga  In  ihi<  inuiiieip.d  hwly.     Tliey  eniilly  ileaired 
In  a«>e  Itin   letter*   be  had  ri'ceived  I  hut  aa  be  judged 
with   gniel   reaaon   ihnt   tha   aiiay    leriii*  uf  aiirreniler 
that  were  prolferad  wiinhl  not  cnntrihiile  In   nniiihitu 
tlieir  aniar  or  I'urliier  bia  owa  inurtiid  deaigna,  he  de- 
lined  la  gratify  tbein  in  Ibia  parliriijfir  i  ami  aiinply 
Hiiaiireil  tliein  tbil  the  Kllgliab  bad    dei'liired   their   piir- 
pn^Mi  ul'depritiiig  llulliiml  nf  ita  ■nvereigiity.  mimI  Iheiii- 
at'ltea   of  llleir    lllile|Hi||denee,       riua|ii'i'llllg  the  trillh, 
tliry  beraine  imira  iinporliinate  in  their  Ural  rmpieat  i 
wbereiipnn  the  gnveriinr,  in  a  Iriinapnrt  nf  inilignntinti, 
tore  the  letiera  in  pieiea,  and   Bciinered  them  nil  the 
ground  ;  wbde  the  liiirghera,  in  aiiiu/eim'nl  and  dianmy, 
prnlealed  againal  hi*  enniliii'ti  ami  all  iIh-  cnn«i'i||ii'tii'ea 


IH  Iba   a«eii«   of  a  raAMid    la  mf 
reinVi'    "  A*  iniii'liiag  IHi  ihrw>iia  m  ^mr  i  *iii«ln4l«i% 
wa   I'lte   nnlbiiig  li>   iitawer.    niil»    Ih.il   »•   le«r   H* 
lklii(    liHI    wbiil   liiel   (who   w   aa    |ii<l    aa    ni,'rrilal| 
ahull  Illy    iipiiii  ll«l    ill  lllinna  IwlHg  III   hia  ararlmla  dha 
pnaali    iiliI  we   may    aa  well  lie  pieaerted  liy  liini  wiUk 
aiiiall  I'liri-r*  aa  hv   t   ifteiil  arnir  ■  ^thnh   mahea  ua   la 
wiab  ynii  all  liappiiieaa  ami  |iriM|ii  ril»,  and  ft'i'iinrnaMtf 
yiHi  In  hia  jirniei'tiiin  "     IIm  F*iiit>>'>.Hii  inMitil  il  inafi, 
eaai  In  reliila   Iha    iireienaiini  •  ili,iii  m  ri'aiat  ilw  Inraa 
nf  ma  nppniwnl,     tien    alter   ihe  I  ngliali  lunl  lagiiir 
III  Iniiial  Iha  place,  anal  hud  ihriiiiMMl  pnaia,  liniii  wbiak 
anaik   •eain^  iininetliale   and  rapliira   iiwiilaMa,    ba 
allll   I'liing  III  Iha  bnp*    thai  hia  k'Unw^eiliaena   wauU 
mil   •iirremler  ih*  rigbl*  nf  their  •nniiliy  lib  they  liail 
ilefuH.l.il  Ibein  with  Ibeir  litea,  and  ailed   llw  blotal  uf 
Ihe  iniailera.     Hiil  Niebnla   wbn  Imd  kiariwd  bnw  litib 
iba  greiil  Inaly  nf  Iha  Mnleh  imrlnnk  llw   niarlial  arilof 
uf  Iheir  (uvernnr,  raitand  a  prnrlainatMin.*    reiiaraling 
hia  iiriginul  nlTerB,  In  Iw  rin'iilaled  Ibrniigli  the  i  niinlry 
ami  iMirndiii'rd   Into  llw   tuwni  a  nwaaura   wlmh  aa 
ennipti'lelv  ilianrnwd  tha  apirll  nf  tlai  Iwaiegad,  and   ai* 
liiigiiialwd   llw   aulbnrily  of  MinyvaannI,  llwl   Ihw  alnl^ 
Imrn  Veteran,  after  iiiin  mora  riiiilbiaa  aileninl   in  ell'ecl 
a  prnviainniil  treaty,  waa  al  length   nliligeil  In  raiiilU' 
lale  I'lir  aiirremler,  in  nrilei  In  prevent  tlie  |ieiipla  lr«» 
giving  lip  Iha  phica  witbani  llw  fornialily  of  aapMiUa- 
linn.     Ily  llw  Iraaly  which  ananad   il  waa  prnvidad  Ihal 
the  Hutch  garriann  abniihl  march   niil  Willi  all  tin,   ha* 
nnr*   nl' war,  ami   ihul   the  Nialea  lieiiaral    mil   kV**< 
India  Cninpaiiy  abnnhl  preaerta  llieir  ainniNnilii  n  »n4 
pillilin  atnrea,  and  Iw  allnwad  wilbiu  ai«  niniilba  l-i  IraiUb 
Burl  Ihaiii  lu  llnllandi  Ihul  tha  iiihai>,:alila  al  nnld  ba 
nea  In  «*ll  their  valatea,  and  ralurn  In  hi  I'at.d,  or  ra- 
lain  thain  and  reaide   In  Ilia  aalllenwnll  ueil    I'l   wlia 
clinafl   In  remain  •hnithl   eiijny   Iheir  ancient   'HalniM 
with  reaiiect  In  iiiberilance  nf  prnperty,  hla-rty  nf  eoa> 
•rleiM-e  in  divine  wurabip  and   cliiircb  arder,  aqd  per 
petnal  i  temption   fruin  iniliiary  aervire.     AH  llnlrl» 
men,  eiliwr  cnniiiMiing  In  tha  prnvinra,  or  afeiwarila 
reanrlliig  lu  II,  werv  tnlw  allnwed  a  IVea  Irwki  w  lib  iluk 
lund;  a  privitegn  wiiiit',  ii    •  waa  imully  repiignaMi  la 
the  niivigiilinn  act,  neillwr  Nniiult   nur  eientliakiim 
could cniil'er,nnd  which ucconlingly  » aa  witbdtawii IViiM 
lliam  very  anon  alter,     Aa  a  cnm'eapion  lo  iIm  ItiAaik* 
bl*  niMiinacy  nf  llw  nid  governor,  it  waa  vnry  aitpar 
lliiniialy  prnvidnd, IIniI  il  at  any  time  iberealler  the  kinf 
nf  Mnglaml  and  llw  Hliitea  lieiieral  abnnhl  eoiiriir   ia 
deairiiig  Ihe   province  lo  lai    renlehvered   In  ita   lorinai 
awiiera,!  their  deaira  rhniild  Iw  iirniii)illy  cuiiiplied  wilh 
i'heae,  and  i  nriniia  ntlier  arlic'ea,  nl  inlditloniil  ailvail 
liign  In  llw  lliitch,  Ibriiiiiig  |>erliapa  th«  iikmI  favour* 
bhi  b'riiia  tlinl  a  capiliiliiling  cily  ever  ulK  lined,  ware  oa 

,  . -_ ,  , tialliclury  In  every  line  e«cepl  tlie  iiidividiiul  In  wlioaa 

that  might  attend  il.     lliil  rtliiyveannl'acnnra||ene«ded  '  aniilary  vulnr  they  wern  in  aniiie  degreii  a  Irihiitei    aul 


nut  lliu  uhl  of  aympatlielic  bravery  In  aiiabiin  ili  and 
innrn  ineenaed  In  aoe  hiarniiiilrv'a  notior  deaerteil  Ihnii 
appalled  lo  lind  biinaeh'  ita  niily  deleiider,  be  duterinined 
lu  try  llw  iiirecl  nf  an  ap|ieal  lu  the  jitalice  and  gene- 
many  nf  a  giilliint  enemy  !  and  to  uipreaa  in  bia  reiily 
In  the  aiiniinona  of  the  Kngliab  roiiiiiinnder,  not  hIiiiI 
be  iiainfiilly  aaw,  but  what  hn  iiiiignaiiimniiaty  wiahed, 
to  Iw  tbu  aentimenta  nf  hia  fellow-citixcna.  lie  vv- 
hibitad  In  n  depiiiatinn  aenl  to  bim  by  Mchoja,  the  orl- 
gimd  grunt  of  Ihe  Hinie*  (ieneral,  and  bi.i  own  com- 
nii-uinn  from  the  Weal  Imliii  I'onipany ;  and  in  a  lung 
iiml  manly  lelhir,  luaintaimMl  lliiil  a  province  ilnia  fur- 
iiiallv  incorporated  with  Iha  Dutch  duiiiininii  cniild  nut 
l.'iwllilly  Iw  attacked  while  peace  aiihaialcd  between 
I'.liglaiid  and  llw  rvpiihlic.  tin  rvpn-aeiileil  the  lung 
puaaeaaiuii  uf  the  terrilnr^  which  hia  cuiiiilryineii  hail 
eiijiiycd,  and  tbu  riililicatiun  which  the  I'.ngliab  cnluiiiul 

Suvernmaiita  bud  given  to  tha  Uuuh  claim,  by  the  treaty 
wy  concluded  with  him  in  the  year  iGM:  and  lie  pro- 
ti^aliid  lluil  it  wu*  iinpoaaiblu  that  the  Engli*b  iiioniirch 
cniild  have  duapatclied  tliia  bnatile  innamunl,  in  the 
kiiuwiedge  uf  llieao  facta,  or  would  helNlate  to  cniinbir- 
iiiund  it  if  they  wero  aiibtuilled  lo  liia  conaideralion. 
To  apare  the  ulTuaion  uf  blond,  he  olFered  a  tranly  for  a 
proviaiuiiid  urmngomenl,  auapcnded  on  Ihe  iaaue  of  a 
reference  to  the  two  parent  ilatea  I  and  Iw  concluded 
with  Ihi*  culm  and  iindaiinled   reply  to  Ihe  threat  of 


Chalmer*  betray*  hia  uaual  partlallly  In  deacrlblnji  Una  in- 
tercourae.  Wtilla  he  derldea  tha  afTecUil  civillly  olSluyveaniit. 
liaciiinilleivlRUi  Nicliola  tliH  piilltflMiiaa  that  aoltena  the  riKiira 
of  Mar.  Once  for  all  1  niuit  reiiiark  en  Ihia  writer,  thai  tha 
coinpoaltliin  uf  hi*  work  had  uiie  great  point  In  vtaw— the  a|a>- 
Idgy  of  tho  klliga  and  unvernmeiit  of  Kitaland  in  all  Ihulr  Ame- 
rican tramicllona.  lie  atuaillly  piiraiie*  inia  object  t  ulid  ttiolirk 
too  lionorablu  witrully  to  nnarepreaeiit  facta,  ha  la  otien  tiei  [ire- 
judlced  lo  apprerlile  tliem  fairly.  Yet  hit  Aimala  are  a  valua-  !  |»rla""'*t  '1b 
ble  aource  of  liiforniallun  to  Ihoao  who  carefully  coluult  them  ;  |  *f  _"^5."'  .' 
comi 


il  waa  lint  tit  twj  day*  alter  tlwy  bud  lieeii  aigiird  by 
ibn  cnnimiaainiier*  on  ball>  aidea,  llinl  be  ciiiild  lie  fur- 
aimiled  hi  ratiiy  them.  Yet  tlie  itiilrh  Weal  India  (.'nin- 
iianjr,  wbnae  blitiidera  and  imiiecilily  bad  prntmiled  tha 
liill  of  a  doniinioii  which  they  were  iinwortby  to  nil 
iiiiniahir,  had  the  mean  Ingriitiliide  lo  eipreaa  iliaaulia 
nictiiin  wilh  the  rnndiicl  nf  Ibia  mugnuniuioiia  iiiaa 
Tlin  liill  nf  the  capital,  wliicli  now  received  the  liaiM 
of  New  York,  (a  name  alao  emended  to  the  wlif,!* 
pruviiiciul  lerriliiry,)  wua  fnlluwed  by  llw  aiirrvnder  u( 
Alhuny,  and  the  general  aMhmiaaiuii  nf  the  priitimK 
with  Ita  auhnrdin.'ite  aelllenieiit  nf  Oiitrli  and  Sweden 
ill  llehiwaru.  The  gnvernmi'iit  tif  llrituin  wna  aa- 
kniiwledgud  over  tlio  whole  lu  tliu  beginning  of  Ucto- 
her,  llllli. 

Tliiia  by  an  lel  of  the  mnai  llagraul  ittjiiallce  and 
tyrunnical  iiaiirpniinn,  waa  overlbruwn  the  llittcb  do- 
tniuion  in  North  Aiiierha,  alter  it  hiid  «iilmiaied  fur 
more  than  liulf  a  century,  and  ahanrlied  the  fevblur  >et 
llemenu  nf  Hweileii.  It  ia  iiiipnmlhio  fnr  a  innineiii 
to  eiippnae  that  tlw  king  wua  piumpled  to  linilurtaka 
Ibia  enterpriae  by  an  boneal  cniivlciiou  of  bi*  right  lii 
Itw  province  i  ami  that  Iw  waa  acluated  by  no  cuncerii 
for  Ihe  Idtareal  of  hia  other  colouwa  wu*  proved  (il 


•  It  darlared  tha^  «ll  who  wniijil  *'  auhmlt  lo  thia  hia  innjealy's 
govamniuiil.  a*  hi*  nuod  ■ulijact*,  aliall  ba  proteclad  In  hit 
majaaly'a  lawa  and  juitlre,  and  peaceably  enjoy  whalaeevel 
God'*  bicaaliif  ami  thrir  own  hniieal  Indinlry  have  Iiirtil«ha4 
them  whh."  Snillh,  p.  !I.V  To  llie  aweillah  telllera  In  lleU' 
ware.  It  wa*  a|ieclally  ropraaeiitail,  that  It  would  ba  an  home 
rabia  change  lor  Ihein  tu  return  fruiii  a  republican  to  a  mo- 
narchical government.    S.  Huillh'a  New  Jeraey,  p.  II. 

t  Accurillnic  to  lliiine,  It  would  ap|ienr  that  thia  linprokahle 

condlllon  did  actually  occur ;  fur  be  alalea  that   on  Ihe  cone 

plaint  nf  Holland,  tha  king  dlaavuwcd  the  eipedlllon,  and  lin- 

iirlaoned  lie  admiral.    ll!i).  of  Kiuihml,  vol.  vii.  p.  3ti«,lllll.  Bel 

Ihoio  who  carefully  coluult  them  ;  |  »a  h»*  coufouiiiled  Ihe  luVMIon  of  New  York  wilh  iha  ai.'adt; 

,rlng  one  portion  with  another,  and  tha  whole  with  coll*- 1  «""•  •'•"""  """'••  "l'''^^''  '""I"  "'-«•  '.""  r*"" 


t  *eill 
|N... 
kaii*ir 

fcuch 


wklch  i:huli*  alter  da*ratrkui(,  allactrl  to  dlatvaw. 


NORTH  ami:hi<;a 


|l  in  111! 

lnitRli«4 

111  Dull' 

pi  hunf^ 

a  ititf* 

ftrfibatil* 
|>  cuni- 
IhihI  lln* 
lllll,  BM 


MRk  fwf  ««■  imnibif )  kr  M*  tiitMCiiiMnl  onniott  i 
•Hk  r*(«ril  !•  Ar*'!!!  rhi4  (•friiiiry  III  >«lii.  i>  ih* 
RiiftMti  lM<l  M  r«>r  «  iiUmk  «•  I"  N"*  V'lii  '  III.) 
feaMi  *»iii|')un>l  friiia  ii«  t'r»M.  n  ...  ip . .  <  'v  i... 
■nl|  IkMllllliM  nf  rrit'KX'll  ,  I  I  vii  i\,. 
MMfMIIX  wf  Iha  Mi'W  (lilgUml  <  .iIk.    •,  i-.m!.!  h..'  I'll 


ftnl  llM  hiMtf  frtim  rmiarniii  ii  in  I'rih' *>,  llm.i^tt  • 
MtflttHir  M«iiili  iiiiirii  Umitf^wiN  llimi  HulLitiil  in  hit 
Mli|Wia      It'll  .^rolia  wMiMtl.  Iih*  .\iiM   NaihirUwIt, 

•  Wlll«>ll»nl  lit  |tflil»l«lll  li'lXlhliriiia,  hill  ii(   lliM  ailli- 

|M(*  *f  ft  liruiNiir  il«t|Mii  Id  wlioiii  ri(«ilti.t  Iwt.miM*  « 
iftiiairfipr,  411)1  lit  Mhnin  hn  •!  rH|fl«il  imii  id  m*!!  4* 
■iirh  •(  llix  liStMir  >if  KiikUikI  44  <«44  «.i|mIiIii  i.'  Imiiii|| 
(•n««)i*ti  hy  hi*  h4n<l4  M14  iili|rri,  m  m  Ut  44  11 
iMbfKvil  iH«i  l.nKti4h  tu|oni«4,  m'4«  r«>h«rtii  iiitiiMi(Uiii 
Httim  lh«M  lu  iiruiiKii*  ilidir  4il«iiii4||«  Vat  I'diiiii- 
tlljf  II  «ir44  Ihay  mImi  ilarivail  Ilia  rhiaf  ailtaiila^o  Irniii 
Ik*  ari)iiiailiiii>  o(  Nrw  Viirk  ,  4ml  lliw,  44  ««ll  *a 
•tarv  iithttr  I  <ivt>(iip4t  of  Aniariiiaii  tarriinrjr  aclniavcil 
k;f  Itraal  llrilii  1.  nnly  Irtiilril  In  iiiulii  llin  lvaii>4«  tif 
whwli  ah*  rp'4in<iil  her  i'iiliinia4  111  4  4i4lf  uf  «Jp|irutl- 
tliTK.  A*  lUry  ra4«t'il  lu  rai'iiivn  MintraUii'in  iir4l4riii 
frttiti  iha  iiri)|lilhirh<»<Ml  ttf  ri«4l  4r(iliiriiaiii4,  tliair 
*inngili  4M<I  llirir  |<'4liiiMtr  iiiiiVKruril  4||*iii4l  ih* 
|iOWitr  4i><l  ^ratriiamii*  »(  ihii    luithrr  rtiuiiiry 

I  'wluiinl  Nu-hola,  Mhii  h4il  U'uii  4|itHiMiii  •!  itia  Aral 
Driliati  yi^vrriiiir  ul  Now  Yorli,  |iriil>4)ilv  ^uli  Ilia  hu- 
III4MM  flaw  III  |<ar4ii4tliiig  ht4  iiiaaiar  In  1  uiii  fruiti 
•iirtlaiiiii]4  nr  irrii  lUiii/  iKa  imnfila  by  hai-Hl  i.ii)hi4|Iiiii>«, 
■•PIM4  III  I14V1*  ili.|iri'i.|4lril,  aiiiit«'Wli4l  'iiijiiNily,  itm 
•I'liial  I'Uiiilili'iii  uf  Ih*  >allllainaiil,  in  hia  lailira  in  iha 
Uuk*  of  Yolk,  lllll  all  III*  rarly  writ«r4  and  Iravil 
ara  iiiiili^  III  ilaarnliinu  th«  |)nU'h  rnlnnml  iiiriruimlij 
•a  a  haiiilaninr  well  linili  inwii ;  anil  .Innarlvn  ijrclari'a 
Ihat  Uiti  nii'iinral  hnnaa  m  it  waa  wurlll  l(M>/  IimIimmI, 
Ih*  nariiitia  pruaiaiuiia  lltal  Wfrc  iniriitlni-i'il  inin  ilia 
•rtialaa  of  aiirraiulvr,  10  gnaril  ihn  I'tiinfnri*  uf  ilium- 
Habaaiil*  rruni  liivaaiun,  allaal  'lia  iinlirlv  and  |ilrntihil 
talata  which  Ihaaa  lOiuniala  hiil  aliainiil  j4  wi'II  44 
■l|iUiii  lha  caiiaat  o(  llipir  iinwarlika  •I'lni  If  lliv 
■uimara  of  Ih*  Unlili  coluniaia  i'orri'K|iiindcil  wilh 
Una*  of  ibair  rouniryinan  in  lliu  |iari'iii  atata.  liny 
p*r*  prulNilily  aii|)arior  in  ala|{ani'a  to  th*  iiuiiiH'rx 
akbtch  III*  Kii|||i«h  ■aluniala  rnnlil  ilotiva  rrniii  aiinil.it 
Itiiialiiin.  Mir  \Villi4iii  'raiii|il«  W44  4nr|>ri4ail  lu  Hml 
In  Hullaiiil  thai  ho  waa  *||iih'U  il  ii«l  lo  apil  iipiin  Ihr 
luora  of  K*'"l*'»''i>'a  houaaa.  (I7J  <>l  lha  cnluniafli 
Willi  hail  lallarly  rraorlfil  lo  lha  pniviiK'n,  aonio  witv 
p<iraiir«  wliii  hail  rii)nvril  ruiiaiili'raliln  ainnrnca  nihI 
fLaiiacia^ilily  In  llulljiiil,  iiiil  who  ini|>orii'il  wiiliihiMii, 
•no  Uiaplayail  IB  Ihair  honaaa,  rnally  aoryiuia  of  family 
plain,  tntl  w«C  aajeriril  |iriHl>ii'liuna  of  llir  I)u>imi 
(chuat  of  ptiiilinil  No  arcuunt  liaa  horn  praaarviil 
•f  III*  total  |Mi|>nliation  of  ihii  |iroviiK-o  and  it«  drpenU- 
•iicira  :  ttol  lliu  nialroiHilia,  at  ihia  tuna,  aarma  loiiavit 
MiiiaiiiaJ  alwui  il.UOU  iwraoiia  t  Mora  ihaii  hulf  uf 
Ikia  nuMilwr  rho**  to  contiiiiio  in  lha  placn  aflar  iia 
•niiaialiuii  lo  th*  Uriliah  aiiipiio  ;  Ilia  real  ali*ndoiii<il 
1  aalllimianl  wl.ii'h  waa  no  loiiKcr  In  ralaiii  lla  Dutch 
taprrl  or  nam*  ;  anil  than  liabitalioiia  wrrn  40«n  occu- 
pud  by  ■  aupul/  of  ainiuraiila,  partly  from  itritam,  hut 
cliicriy  from  Now  (Finland  I'll*  Dukv  of  Vurk,  tu 
■llur*  llin  Nm  Kngland  plantvra  to  arllla  in  liia  |iro- 
viiii!*,  jiuhliil  ad  what  ha  tanned  cimUilicna  ftir  ptania- 
fiaiM,  liy  wlich  (ainonii  other  proviiioiia)  it  waa  do- 
clarwl  thtl  ih*  iiihthitant*  of  *«ery  lowiiahip  ahuiild 
■loct  iliair  tiwn  ininiatar,  and  irrBnii*  hia  ainoliimaiita 
by  privato  agroflinoni  botwoati  Ihainarlvoa  and  hiin. 
Ainoiiil  ika  Dutch  who  reinainod  at  Ndw  York,  waa 
lha  aiiiionablo  8tuyvaaaiit,  who  alill  adharrd  lo  lha 
wn^ck  of  III*  iiialitntiona  and  cominunily  ov*r  which 
hu  had  preaided,  and  to  th*  acaiiiia  that  ramindad  him 
of  lha  *i|iloita  of  hia  old  agf.  Hare,  fur  •  few  yrara 
mure,  he  |iruloii|ii'd  the  empire  of  Dutch  inannara  and 
Ih*  i«a|i«cl  of  iiHi  Dutch  name,  till  full  of  daya  and 
honor,  ha  br*athed  hia  laal  •inidal  th*  leara  of  hia 
vvuniryinen.  Ilia  deMendanta  inhorilad  hia  worth 
■nd  popuUrily,  and,  in  the  following  century,  ware  fre 
furnlly  elected  into  iho  niagiatracy  of  New  Vurk. 

Une  of  lha  firat  prucecdiiiga  in  which  Nichola  waa 
•inployed,  waa  in  dclerinining  with  the  oilier  coininia' 
woiier*  the  houndarKa  of  New  York  and  Connecticut 

•  It  waa  iiicliiilinl  in  tlla  claim  darivail  fnim  (.'aliol'a  royitfn, 
knil  dad  bean  inadu  Itia  aulijact  of  v  arliiua  graiili  by  Janiaa  tbu 
tM<-  >"<<  Cliaflri  tim  ririt.  In  tlia  Plyiiinulli  iimiihiI  In  llio 
Aral  liialh,.,'.  "111!  altarwanlH  to  l.oril  tltirllni(.  TliU  nnltle 
Oian  waa  tlia  klnR'k  imTPtary  i)f  atltn  In  Bi:utlanil  ;  and  iii*e 
Ina  IhP  KiiKliatl  cnurtlera  ultlrmiiiK  fraiila  nf  Aiiii*ncan  tern 
lory,  ho  iptiUud  fur  a  aiiare  i  and  Acadia,  iiiidff  tlit)  n^iuia  uf 
Nnra  acotia,  waa  iraniad  In  hini  (iiioai  IrtciuUrly),  by  a 
aatani  under  lha  (r*8t  aaal  of  Icntl  iiid. 

t  t  foniKl  Ihia  ratcMlatinn  dii  a  Reimrt  to  Itia  HoHrd  uf  Trsdo 
a  raw  y««r>  afler,  publmhrd  by  I  lialinrra,  p.  MH,  la|uUier 
••Ik  •  r  /fMtiaraUua  of  the  iniai  vaniaf  •vanu. 

Si 


Th*  aUliiM  mf  iIhi  laiii.i  of  ihoaa  pruvniaa*  in  tiiHig 
l«Un,|  well'  iliaallnwail,  4. id  llii>  wiinlv  uf  thai  lli«>ihil 
ri-uiiiii  «iiiii'ii,|  lit  ilti  iir^«  hriiiaii  )iii>.Mlii'iMin  bill  in 
•  III*  4rr4ii^»iii*,nl  of  Ilia  Ihi.iiiiliriaa  iMl  iliu  nt'lin  laHil,  m 
IliiJM  di«)i*niil,iii  wi«  ant*irl4inoi|  III  l.ilif*  4il«ilnf4j|*  •! 
lit*,  'Ml, III. 1 1,   i|  I. <>i|. 114111111    III  III"   Diiiie  til  Yiifk'a 

g'li".    ,.    I    ,'    il  ti  1,1   III,.  1,1.  iiliii,  a  ,if  lha  •'•iiiiilty 

will  111!  Ill  itiniasiiiii  I ,  ,  ,  I  «,i  Miui-li  iiiklinad,  41  til* 
aaniii   iiiiiii,  III   Kr4iily      .    |.'ii|.lii  iil  ronnai'lluiil,    In 

■filar  III  di'iai'li  ihaiii    ..III   II eiaal  of  Maaaaahu 

•all*,  ilmt  iliey  uiiduiirai.illy  rm  aivad  an  allolinaiil  uf 
inrrilnry  Lir  innra  IiIn  r4l  th.in  eijiiilatila  A  ii.iMa  ruf- 
fail  ailjiiatnii'iit  .vf  liinita  waa  fininil  iint'eaaary  at  a  anb* 
aaipjviit  pwiiiMl,  all. I  W44  not  rffi*«tei|  wiili.iul  craatinil 
Ihn  iiirMt  tehaiiiani  di«piilea  Iwlwuan  IIhi  two  loluiiial 
giiiarti'iirni*.  , 

lltll.'i  I  l,*afin|{  lha  niliar  coiiimiaaioiirra  ItfiKui'wd 
III  Ilia  I'teruliiMl  »f  Ihril  fiinilliina  In  .Niw  linuland. 
Nil  hula  lialouk  blillaair  In  Mln  dwhainii  ,il  hl4  own  pa- 
I'liliardiily  in  lha  iiruynu-e,  wlnrh  ha  hml  Iwan  drpiiiad 
to  gufi'rn.  'I'hi.  l)iikr  ul  York,  who  roiiaidnrpil  hiin 
aril  liiyaaird  by  hi4  |i4li'nl  wilh  rrg4l  aillhuiily,  had 
iiMiJe  an  ainplft  ilrli'ifMliun  ul  I114  (aiwara  t,i  In*  dvpniy  , 
and  lha  priidriii'ii  ami  hiimanily  of  Ni,  hnia  remterad 
hia  adinliiiairaiiuii  cri.ditahlii  lu  Ilia  proprietary  and  ar- 
aapiahhi  lu  tlm  ^aupla  Tu  runllrin  lha  ncpiiaiiiun 
that  bl4  411114  I141I  ||4iiiad,  and  In  aaainnUll',  aa  r.ir  44 
INiaaiblii,  III*  dlilwr,<lit  I4i*va  uf  llilialnlanla,  lia  Jiiily;rf|  II 
aipadiant  lo  iiilrialiii-a  aniung  llieiii  alli  411  ninlnrni 
fraiiia  nf  cifil  policy  ,  and  with  a  iiriiilrnt  ciinliirniity 
10  lha  inatiiuliona  that  had  aliPady  (1*1  n  rataliliaiu.il  liy 
the  Dutrh,  he  arrcli'd  a  runrl  of  aaaiaaa,  i-nnipuavd  ul 
the  gnvariior,  ilia  ruuiiril  4nil  tin'  jualli-cauf  llii'  pi.|iri'  . 
Willi  II  waa  iniaalid  with  rfl'iy  piiwar  in  Itni  i-nluny,  la- 
gialativa,  rirriitiia,  and  judicial  lha  only  liliural 
inaiiiutinii  Ihat  he  wtf4  allnwrd  lu  iii'rnilin-o  waa  trial 
by  jury  1  and  luthia  uiliiniabla  rlioch  nnjudii'ul  iiii'|uily, 
ail  caiiai'a  and  contrnvcrani*  wi-ra  anbjrrtod.  II*  an- 
couragrd  lha  coluniaia  tu  inakn  pnrcliaara  ul  land  Ironi 
lha  nativaa  i  and  lliaac  purchaafa  ha  mad*  th*  lunnda* 
liiin  uf  gran'a  lioin  hiiiiai  If,  in  which  ha  raaorvad  aijuil 
rciil  of  a  panliy  an  acre  A  di-ipnie  which  occurtvd 
aiiiung  lllll  inhabilania  uf  l,ung  iKtand  auggvatad  lo  hiin 
a  aaliit.iry  rigiiLilioii  winch  continui'd  loii^r  lo  obtain  in 
Ihr  piniiine  Tin'  cuiiirofaiay  bad  ariaen  ouluf  aoin* 
cunllu-ting  Inilian  ilci  da ,  and  lu  pruvpnt  11  rocurrai.i'a 
of  II  aa  wall  aa  ol  itii  nuirn  fatal  diaaenaiona  which  war* 
a\'i  to  anna  friim  thi-ac  Iranaai-tiuna  with  the  na'ivea,  it 
waa  urdainrd  Ihat  bancalurward  no  piiri'liaa*  from  III* 
Indiana  aliuuld  li*  fiihd,  uiilraa  the  vaiidmon  war*  an- 
thunerd  by  the  liceiia*  from  lb*  gnvrnior,  and  eieculed 
in  h  a  prcaencr  'I'll*  airanglh  and  numbvra  uf  the 
iiativca  ruudarad  it  neceaaary  tu  treat  ilium  with  uniin- 
pcBclialilii  jiiatiru  :  and  lo  |irevriit  llu'ir  I'  'infill  aalv* 
of  the  aanie  land  to  diHVrant  perauna  ^4  iirartica  in 
which  tliryliail  been  encouraged  by  the  cunllictiiig  pre- 
leneiona  and  in-cupatiuiia  ut  the  i>iitch,  ,Sw  <itea,  and 
Kngliah),  It  waa  aiiwdiint  that  lha  bargaiiia  aliunid  be 
aignalitcd  liy  auiiie  iiiciiuirHbl*  aiilciniiily.  'I'lie  friendly 
rcialiona  that  were  nuw  aatabliaiiid  bclwci.|i  thu  K'lro- 
peaii  coloniata  uf  ihia  province,  and  the  |)Owurfiil  Indian 
Inlita  known  by  the  litle  of  the  Kive  Nationa,  and 
which  will  afterwarda  demand  a  conaideralilc  aharu  of 
oiir  atlcntiuii,  wrru  grea'ly  prumuled  by  the  barinuny 
which  had  aubaiatcd  between  the  Dutch  and  Indian* 
during  the  governninil  of  ,Sinyveaaiil,  whoae  prudent* 
Ihua  bri|ueBtlicd  a  wiao  leaaon  and  •  valuable  ufipurtu- 
nitv  to  the  adminiatniiiuii  uf  hia  aucceaaor. 

The  court  of  aaaiipa  applied  ilaelf.  without  delay,  lo 
collect  into  one  cuile  lha  ancieiit  cuatuma  of  the  pro- 
tinea,  with  auch  additional  improveiiienta  aa  the  change 
of  empire  aeeined  tu  tender  neceaaary,  and  la  aervcd  to 
inlroducu  the  auprcniacy  that  waa  aacriticd  to  the  jiiria- 
prudence  of  Knutaiid.  In  lliia  coile,  which  waa  after- 
warda  ratilied  by  the  Duke  of  York,  thcro  occur  aoiii* 
lawa  that  aeem  lo  denote  the  iiilluence  which  llie  New 
Kngland  acltlcra  in  l^iig  laliiid*  iiu  doubt  eierciaed  in 
ila  lOinpaaitiaii.  Any  innld  abuve  aixteen  yeara  of  aoe, 
atnktng  hia  lather  or  muther  (eicept  in  defence  of  nia 
own  hie),  "  at  the  rnniplaint  of  111*  aaid  father  and 
mother,  and  not  otherwiae,  they  being  aullicicnl  wit- 
neaara  thercnf,"  waa  ailjud|icd  lo  auller  death.  Tr<- 
volling  on  iiuiiday  waa  lutUiddcn  ;  and  furnication  waa 
puiiiahcd  by  marriage,  line,  or  corporal  puniatiment,  ac- 
cording 10  the  diacrelioii  ul  the  cuurt.  Tbu  barbaroua 
atate  of  medical  ai.'iencu  and  practicu  waa  indicated  by 
•n   ordinance,  atnctly  proliibitin;;   all  aiirgoona,  phy- 


ll*tMMi  WmI  iMMlwia**,  (Mm  "uf**Hiiim(  I*  aiaaaia*  m 
|M<  tank  any  *•)  a*n<i*«v  I*  lha  known  ap|ifn>*d  mlM 
9t  an  I  a  and  iha  unanMuad  aiaia  ii(  nainra  apfiaafv 
k*m  lha  pru|iaaiiiun  «f  rawania  fiii  lha  daaiiiiaiiun  ul  , 
Molvea  III  liinig  lalaiil  'I'll*  r  ly  •!  New  Vntk  whirk 
k«l  anpiyad  Miien*ifa  iiiiiilagaa  under  lha  nhl  (n«an» 
maul,  waa  iiiiw   niewpiiaied  aial  plaend  nmler  ih*  aJ- 

miiiiairai ol  a   wiyur,   alileriiien,   ami  aliaiilf,  ih« 

tingliah  iiilUial  nniaiiiiirUinra  aarvinji  adil'iiunally  M 
link  lha  pnifiiwial  inaiiliiiiuna  wilh  f  ngliali  jiiilapWi 
di  n<  a  I  hia  af  lha  higkaal  aru  al  |iiwar  ihal  wa*  |^ 
aarvad  to  Ilia  coiiil  af  taaiiaa  waa  the  iiii>|aMilwo  tl 
taaaai  and  Ihia  11  amm  Ihtd  orraaimi  in  •aarria*  HI 
order  III  iiia*l  Ih*  aiigaiu'Wa  of  lha  war  whwrh  (-'haila* 
III*  Mai  mid  had  4I  langlh  au«ra*ded  in  pruyiiklng  wiik 
llullaii'l  lllll  avail  lha  inml  ungr4i'iini4  4ala  of  Ni- 
ahola  waia  diaarinad  *f  lh*ir  ollWiieu  by  lha  aiineilialinf 
dainaanor  that  tanaad  th*  liwlvli  lo  (orgai  h«  k*d  liaen 
lliair  roni|naiiif,  and  by  iIm  iiiudaralioii  iiauI  inlagriiy 
whii'li  ha  iinilitnnly  avincad,  and  III*  paraonal  aaarmcaa 
Ikal  ha  raail  ly  inenrrad  fur  Ih*  jnililu'  aiNanlag*  Ai* 
aaaanibly  ul  ilepnliaa  fiuin  thai  llnli  .i  ami  III. ifliah plan- 
Ijliona  III  l,ulig  lalami,  which  h*  aiiininoned  lu  ailpial 
Ilia  iHiundarira  uf  their  reapei-liva  ■alllainanla,  took  ill* 
op|Hirluiiiiy  ul  Iheir  cnngregaluin  liilranainil  411  addraa* 
lo  llie  lluka  ol  Vurk,  arknuwlailging  Ikrir  depenJiniv* 
un  Ina  atiiereignty  according  lu  riia  |.4ia'iil  .  angagin-g 
ipideland  hie  rigliU,  and  lu  ■tiliinii  etieerfully  to  yfiial- 
aver  liawa  niiglil  tie  anaatad  by  virtiia  of  hia  aiiilioriiy  , 
and  rn-ipiaaling  Ihal  tiieir  decUruiiiiii  inighl  he  •rceptad 
aa  4  inrniuiul  againal  Ihein  and  lliail  heira,  il  Ihty 
aiiinild  eier  lia  futiiid  to  fail  in  lha  pei  inrmanee  of  ihaif 
lllll  v  Yet  line  (.'ininiiuf  lliaae  pi'uple  l.ad  but  recently 
aiiliinlllid  III  Niiltrila  aa  Ilia  euiiipirrinK  li-adar  uf  Ik* 
irwitia  ul  a  hiipign  uanr|i*r ;  and  th*  othara  had  aa  >•- 
ceiiily  been  united  I"  the  lilniiil  liiaiiluliona  of  New 
England  H<>  alruiinly  dnaa  iImi  uniyrraal  alory  ul 
Miaiik  nd  eunririn  Ilia  truth  uf  Nully'i  obaarvilMin,  ihal 
wlieiv  the  peopi*  are  nut  deceived  bv  factiutia  Ir'advra, 
•veil  arliilrary  |iuwer  la  aeldum  rraiaied  wbnn  11  la  hu* 
inanely  eniiiluynd  .  and  that  p<)|iular  diaconlinl  avinrca 
much  leaa  frri|ueiilly  a  prunipliliide  to  aaaail  jiiat  tiglila, 
llian  impalience  ul  aciiiinulalrd  aulferiiiga. 

MIMI  I  The  inlalligaiice  of  lha  dei!lara<>an  of  war 
Klin  llulland,  which  waa  cuniinunicaied  by  the  J.uid 
Ohaiicallor  (Clarendon)  lu  Colonel  Nirhu.a,  waa  **• 
rumcaiiiud  with  the  aaauranc*  thai  th*  Ihilih  wtr*  pro* 
paring  an  ei|iadilioii  liir  the  ricuyery  uf  their  Aniencan 
aelibinent,  and  that  I)*  Uiiyier  bad  received  oideia  10 
aail  iiinnedlalcly  for  New  Yolk  t  Nichola  eieiiml 
hiinaelf,  with  hia  uaual  eriergy,  to  rraial  th*  ho*lilliy  ul 
ao  lornndabla a  fo*  ;  and  tliuiigh  il  appeared  evanlually, 
Ihat  ailbrr  ih*  cliaiicelliir'a  inlunnation  had  been  errn- 
neotia,  or  ihal  the  eipeditiuii  waa  aua|ieiided  by  Ii* 
Hiiyler'a  mora  inpurianl  aniployineiita  in  Kiiivp*,  ih* 
eipenao  that  atteiuii  ii  lha  pre|>aiatlona  for  hia  reception, 
and  Ihe  other  cnnaci|'irncfa  of  the  wari  reduced  th* 
proviiii  e  III  a  atate  ol  curiaiderible  dialreaa.  Aa  Ih* 
neupl*  wrru  dealilule  uf  alnpping,  thfir  trade,  whicli  htd 
licen  carried  on  by  l>>iich  veaaela,  waa  totally  lueti  no 
Bupplica  were  aen  iruin  Kngland  tu  alleviale  Ihia  ca- 
lamity I  and,  in  adilit.un  to  oilier  conroinitani  buidena 
uf  war,  a  general  rale  waa  imuoaed  on  the  eatatea  uf 
III*  itdiabilaiila  hy  the  conn  of  aaaiiea.  Hull  there  wa* 
•  very  reason  to  apprehend  ihal  the  aupply  Ihal  waa 
raiaed  would  b*  inanlticieni,  and  the  preparaiiona  con- 
oequently  iiiadei|uate  to  repel  the  eipected  invaaion. 
In  Ihia  eitremity,  the  governor,  without,  iroaaing  th* 
people  for  further  contribiitiona  to  deleat  an  enlerpni.* 
which  many  of  them  inual  hav*  contemplated  wiih 
aecret  aatiafaction,  wiaely  and  lilierally  advanced  hi* 
own  money  and  inlerpoaed  hia  credit  to  aupply  thu 
public  eiigcnciea.  lUpnily  for  th*  praepcrilv  of  the 
oetllcinent,  which  Nichola,  with  ih*  aid  of  III*  oilier 
Engliah  coloniea,  would  hav*  defended  lo  ihe  laal  ei- 


•  It  waa  more  probably  to  thctn  lliiin  lo  the  Dutch  that 
Nirliola  alliiileil,  Alien  In  a  letter  lo  llio  Duke  ol  Vurk  he 
eiprevaail  Ina  hntie  ili;il  "  now  even  tlio  nioHt  luctloira  repub- 
llcaiia  niual  arknowloiliio  tlieinielvpa  aatlilled  wilh  the  way 
they  or*  In."    Ciioiinerai  MV, 


*  Until  madlctiia  and  aurfery  wore  then  In  a  very  ruda  atal* 
In  Kniluiid,  where  the  efllcai  y  ol  royal  tuurh  fur  Ilia  klnf'a 
evil  was  itill  believeii  aiid  tried,  and  Sydeiiliani'a  caieei  hod 
but  recently  beiuii.  Nalwiilialanding  a  leail  ileterminalioii 
|ironounced  in  Rngiaiid,  two  centuriaa  beture  tlila,  that  *■  a 
clitruriaoii  may  cut  ulT  une  nivuiber  lu  save  tlie  real"  iStat* 
Trials,  111.  VtT),  It  was  In  France  alone  that  a  nianelacliire  n| 
Burglcal  Inatiunianls  ellateit  till  llie  end  fit  tlia  aavantoanib 
century.  Clicaelileii  tulil  Voltalie  that  lie  t)r>t  liiUuUuced  Ihtl 
nianufacture  Into  l^iglaiid  in  171d,  Age  ol  i  .iiiia  t^ie  Four 
taentll,  cap.  30.  hi  iTpnln,  aa  liila  aa  lite jreai  170*.  Il.e  Ileal 
inent  of  lever  was  regulated  by  law.  'ruwiia«iiiia  Tiaveia 
III.  II0-I41I,  Ac 

t  lliinie  (VII.  400)  says  that  Da  Ruyler  actually  cumndtlM 
hoatililies  on  Long  laland  lielure  the  declaration  of  war,  iB 
revenge  tur  the  capture  uf  New  York:  but  ])t  Uuytar  was 
not  st-cuatumed  au  liuperlei-lly  tu  avenge  Ihe  wruivga  of  hi* 
ruiiiitiy :  and  lluina  liaa  tiaen  nilaled  by  an  erruneoiu  bccuimi^ 
ur  inaccurate  rrcullertion,  of  a  mure  serious  and  a«c**«*fttl 
attack  on  New  Yuik  by  lha  Dutch  about  i*t»»  y*tn  l/\m 
IhIa  yarioo,  and  In  tlia  couia*  of  a  auka*«u*M  wti. 


(v 


TNI  NilTOKV  Of 


»},  mutm  <tm  twiw  i«Mf«i,  mm  iim  UwmIi  \«mi 
>MWM>,  Wmtt  Mt  MtMif*  M  ff UMm 

It  KM  •'•4«l  m  llii||1«nil,  m  hwImm*  hn  livi  <■•(»' 
«l  «(  M*i«ii.tia.  •ttMlt  Im4  kon  ••H»|'i<f«<riif  (hi  Ituinlt. 

tikw  <n  »  g*>Mnt  MiiiiiUiMn  in  ika  i>**iy  ih«l  '<»li  •)( 
Mm  Ioa  imihm*  alMuM  nitm  ok*)  im  mhm  k*<l  m- 
IfilKwi  •IM*  iMMllltIM  iMfMI  TlM  IXiiih  Im4  m  »•• 
Mn  w  r>i|r«i  Ih*  »utt*»^ ,  tut  M  vm  mipmiiM*  ilwi 
may  oiKiM  l4Mi(  k*»  |t«««ir»il  N««  ViHk  M4iHai  ik* 
tnarMMiig  •lOMIk  »nt  ilt*lri  »(  Ik*  ink*h(Unl«  wf 
N*«  llngUiMl.  MtfyUiHl,  *n4  Virglni*  li««<kfihM 
HMif  ik*t  A««4ii  MM  <mM  w  tmu;  wki»k  k*4 
MWal  M  Ik*  tUy  of  H«ll*il4  liiuinfl  llM  wMi  •mt  <••• 
Mm  wiIt  |Mrif  iK«i  n*|M4  •Jf^nUfpi  rrwn  il  llii||Un4 
WW  k«f  (iMrwKf  ilwtMKiw*!  kji  Ik*  in|<i^ll<«  •!  Ik* 
••r :  Um  lUrr  ol  h«i  •?»■•  i*fiiiaa*<|  ky  ik*  iliaf r***  (4 
CllMlh««t  lliv  -•»*%»*»*  aahMtwl  lit  k*r  by  CnMiioaU 
mmmlanat ,  tn'l  (tar;  •«■  •(  Ik*  fnit\Mm»*  l<M  okick 
Ik*  nuiittM  k4il  kmn  |>n»«aka<l,  ranj*t>il  iiiirilf  akiH' 
l(»»  • 

IIm  ••<!iirll(  wkiak  Ik*  Oriliak  ihHninum  in  M*w 
Xnfk  i|*ri>«il  inmi  Ik*  Iraiif  nf  llnj«,  urrurrwl  ««ry 
••••aftfthlf  III  «iliitilv  ih*  iKiii'*)  ••rvii-v*  III  ruldiivl 
N»'kal*.  mha,  llii<liii|  III*  iwriimary  liiinliii*  iif  ili*  «•? 
|in^*li.J  ">n  li**tily  »n  kliii^*ll,  <•••  rimril,  iii  ll\*  Iw- 
(inning  *f  iki*  fnt,  la  n*ign  tii  •pikhiiiiiwiiI  wlii«h, 
•I  an*  iim*,  M«in«  la  t^f  rvmlrriiil  kini  •«  'l*ii<  •lui 
Imm'V  **  11  '***'  *n«kl«4  kitn  In  m4li*  knnaatf  narlul  turf 
WIuvimI  'I'll*  kmj,  ••  •  (•■•limiiny  »t  Ih*  ii(>|irnli«lUMi 
la  Mhii'k  hi*  *iiiin«iil  wrtit'i't  '«i<ia  aniillnl,  wiil  linn  » 
^Miit  ot  Ii0it  k»n4rM  f*mn>U  •  aitil  ihi«  hr4*«<  anj 
moilNat  Iny^lial  wa*  innf*  graiiilMit  miiIi  iIi*  aiiirraaiiHi 
•I  rnyal  favor  ih«n  tliaapiintnteij  v^iilt  ili*  nia«iuiaa«  anil 
lnailm|iiacy  at  III*  runinnoraiitin  llu  Ma«  lung  ranivin- 
li*r*il  wnti  ra*|i*el  antl  kimlnfaa  liy  a  iM'tipU  wtinni  h* 
hail  fuMiHl  koaiil*  ami  JiynUil ,  ami  wlioin,  iihimiUi- 
•laiuliiig  lk*l  k*  k*J  li**n  (oiialraiiiMl  lu  lUiiriv  Ihtin 
•I  lilwii)!  ami  iiHlajMimlanc*,  h*  Ufl  fiiamll|f,  nnii*<l, 
tiMl  runlwiUii. f  TIm  ti*nnlU  of  hia  auciaaalnl  aift' 
tiuiia,  lug*lk*r  wiik  iha  aignai  adianlag*  uf  |>«ac*,  ami 
M  ih*  rai'Dgniiiun  by  llollami  uf  Ih*  Umiah  iluiiiiitHMi, 
4*«ulv*<l  u<i  kia  auiaaaaur,  I'ulannl  Iav*I«ii*,  a  man  of 
quwl  l*inp*r  ami  mntlaral*  iliaiiuailiun,  wlink  in  Inn- 
i|ail  linwa  au  wall  anpfiliatl  ili*  ahaoiie*  uf  <igar  *n4 
i.a|M<'il«,  lh*l  Ih*  culiiiiy,  linring  III*  grralar  pan  nf  all 
yMn  tiwl  k*  praaidwl  iivar  il,  «njoi*u  *  iiaia*lna*  laimr 
o^miiMiil  and  pruaiwrity  ,t  anil  '.li*  inoal  inaniaraM* 
acrurranc*  lh*l  aigiialiaail  hia  adininiilraliaii,  wa*  ih( 
iinlortunal*  avanl  Ihal  brought  II  lu  a  rloa*. 

I>7t.|  Tlw  aocuntl  war  wiih  llullaiiil,  whirh  Ih* 
king  uiMlarlank  in  aiibiMirviciic*  lu  Ih*  anihitiun  of 
Louia  XIV  ,  waa  ralcniaii'd  nu  laaa  la  injiirf  iht  iraiU 
•f  Naw  Yurk,  than  lu  dialnrb  llw  harinuiiy  of  ila  niiaad 
liilwbitania,  and  ainnai*  Ih*  r*garda  of  ih*  anginal 
eoloniau.  'I'll*  faU*  and  frivbluua  rraaaiia  lliat  war* 
■aaianad  hy  Ih*  Dngliah  canti  far  ihia  inoAigai*  war, 
laaJiMil  II  niur*  oflanaiit*  la  ***ry  Uulchnian  by  add- 
1b|  iiwull  10  injury  ;  and  Ih*  gallant  acliiodiHinia  ol 
Da  Ruttar,  lhal  *iiori*d  tha  admiralian  and  apfdaua* 
•van  el  hi*  siMinwa,  miiat  hav*  awakanail  in  lb*  inaal 
linauMl  boaoiiia  of  ih*  Uuuh  colonial*  aum*  ayiB|»lhy 
r.'iin  ih*  glory  and  dangar  of  Ihair  rouniry.  and  a  r*lua> 
lane*  lu  Iha  daaliny  that  had  a>ao«ial*d  ihein  Willi  her 
anamiaa.  'fh*  inulliganc*  of  Iha  Uuka  of  York's  r»- 
eani  |»ofaaaioii  of  Iha  eallHilie  faith  conlributvd  to  In- 
eraaa*  tlicir  diaronlaiil,  which  at  langlh  (ir<ivail*d  aa 
br  with  a  conaiilerabl*  body  of  Ihain,  lhal  llity  dala|. 
ninod  to  abandun  N*w  York,  and  ailhtr  rrturn  to 
Holland,  or  avrk  nut  anaihar  Mlll*m«nt  in  iha  naw 
world.  IIap(iily  for  Eiigliah  Amarica,  they  wcra  ro- 
tainail  wiiliin  mr  lerrtiury  by  Ilia  addrraa  of  Ih*  pro- 
/CMIahoa  of  Caiulma,  wlio  uritvailad  wiih  lliani  lo  di- 
taci  ih*ir  fooialfp*  lowarda  Ibi*  proviiiva,  [1073,] 
nlwra,  r*inoi*  from  loraigii  war,  and  aurinouiiting  hard- 
llup*  hy  painni  'nduairy,  th*y  forin*d  a  aatlUnittnt  thai 
'aaiiii|iaiia*d  Ihein  for  tha  habitaiiona  |h*y  had  for- 

*  Tk*  •lavailon  irial  had  iwen  proj«riaJ  for  Iha  Frinca  of 
Oroafa,  in  panicuJar,  w«i,  il«ra4UU  i—iUf  aiataa  •iigaflng  lo 
Wakaw  a  conalilcrahia  appulnlinant  upuii  him  whan  li*  aliuuld 
•MaM  Ik*  •)*  ul  iwaniy-iwu,  but  ilaclarlni  Diair  <t«iarinlna- 
Maa  nM  la  mata  him  atadholdar.  lu  William  Teinpla'a 
Worka  IfoUo),  rol.  I.  p.  74. 

f  from  hia  monumanl  in  Ampthlll  church.  Bfldronlahlrt,  It 
aaaiara  Ikat  NIchnN  wa<  killi'il  im  boanl  tha  linka  ol  Vurk'a 
•hil  In  a  aaa-l)(ht  wiiii  iiia  Uutih  In  lOTt.  Wuhm  iha  ikUi- 
laanl  la  kiad  Ih*  ranimn-bdil  Hut  killail  him,  auniMJuiit,  li  iiy 
lllia  lnacrlpllun:  liialrumaiitiiin  inorlla  al  imii.nrulltalia. 

I  A  faabl*  altampt  wai  made,  liiiitad.  In  Iha  year  IMQ.  by 
an*  Omtn^aniark,  a  Swaile,  in  axriu  i.n  inaurrarimfi  t>f  lua 
aaantrymen  in  the  Dalaw;ira  larntory  tyain,!  thu  Knaliah. 
T*.*  *ll*mpi  waa  ilrfi,at*<l  without  bluu-Ulia<l,  aii'l  Coniiifa- 
atfia  waa  conilainnaU  to  b*  auld  aa  a  alava  in  lUr' 
I  aiaMi'a  Hlal.  •(  Naw  Jaraay,  p  90,  M 


aak*i«  M  mm*  wl  Ikait  aawHiyaaaw  pra|ailail  a  miih 
jar  migraiMii,  ikoM  pwrpaaa  waa  iiiapaii<a<  ky  ••  aaam 
wkkrk  *>i>>H>*d  Ik*  aam*  ta«r,  and  inaiiad  ifc*i«  t#  at*- 
lira**  a  mmm  gratifying  4>l'>aMii**  DhKW  ika  irktKwa 
n*«a  •<  ik*i<  aiiHaiMn  A  iiimII  »|'<*dfHit  kad  lUMii 
daap*i«K>,l  frinn  Mull*n4.  nmUr  >k*  aMiHmaiol  *f 
Mink**  and  INarlaan,  i*  d*aifi»y  ih*  p*mm*ra*  nf  ika 
lagliali  •uloniM  i  ami  kaaing  pa«*a«ai*4  iki*  •*r«w* 
•Ilk  graal  tt»r\  *<•  Ika  Virgwiiaia  »m»»,  ikay  w*r*  Mv 
4u<*d  ■*  aliain|i4  a  aiara  inipwrt**!  ani*rprl4a,  ky  ii»- 
iallig*M*  tt  Ik*  ii*gllfawl  a**urily  *l  ik*  gatarnM  »l 
Naw  V*fk  HapatrMg  wMk  aa<r**f  ami  •tp*4iiMn  i* 
Um*  aMwnt  paiaaiaiaw  af  ikair  a<Matiy,  >hay  kad  Ika 

Cnl  forian*  la  artia*  al  iha  i«*lr*pwli.i  ,«hila  l««* 
a  waa  M  a  diaiaM*,  ami  ik*  rammawd  wa*  aiaraiaad 
b«  ty'olwlal  Mantung,  wkaa*  awn  aukaaauant  atuwal. 
lidad  la  ika  niara  tradiMa  laalimanf  •(  hia  anmlw  <•, 
kaa  r*«aid*d  kia  <■  bara«i*r  aa  a  iiaitar  and  paiiruan 
Now  waa  r*»raa4  Ika  arana  thai  hMk  pla«*  wk*n 
N*w  Yurk  wa*  inaatlad  ky  .Nirfiala  Th*  l^ngliah  >n 
hahilania  prapirMi  la  daft^nd  Ih*in4*tv%».  and  ultarvd 
ikair  aaaiaiana*  lu  Mam  i  bul  kaal<«r<fiad  ihair 
lifaparaiHma,  r*)Mi«d  il.i  id,  and.  on  Hi*  Rra*  inial 
igaiM*  *(  Ik*  anamy'a  approark,  Mfw*k  kta  tag,  ha'aaa 
ilwir  laaaala  war*  *tan  in  aiglil.  Aa  Um  tktuk  t**l 
aiUaitfad,  hi*  garriaaii  i  unUI  nut  forbaar  >•*  lUinanairai* 
thair  raadinaaa  in  light ,  bnl,  ii,  a  irana|H>ft  uf  faar,  h* 
(urbad*  a  gun  lu  h*  kr*d,  iindar  Min  af  d*alh  ,  and 
aurraiidarvd  ih*  placa  nnraiHliiiunally  lu  ika  wtadara  * 
'I'll*  iiiuilaraliun  uf  Ih*  aunijii»rura,  huwavvr,  ahawad 
Ihviii  worthy  uf  Ihair  anacaaa  ,  and.  haairning  to  %v- 
•iir*  all  llw  aitiua*  af  ilia  aaauriiy  af  ihair  i^ghia  and 
IMtaaaaawna,  thay  inanirad  Ilia  liiilah  (nhinuia  wiih 
lriuiii|ili,  and  laft  Ih*  rlngliah  mi  ranaa  of  r«a*nlin«»t 
bill  against  ihcir  piiaillaitiinuua  ruininandvr  I'll*  aaiiv* 
niud*ralian  baing  landarad  in  ih«  uilutr  tliairn  la  ul  ih« 
prayinaa,  an  coMliiian  af  ihair  aondinfl  daputiaa  lu 
a«*ar  allagiaiir*  la  tha  Hialaa  U«ii*ral,  in*  iiu'liiialiuna 
af  una  pariv,  and  tha  faara  uf  iti*  aihrr,  indu«ad  iha 
whal*  lu  anwnit  \  th*  Dutfh  duniiniun  waa  raatorad, 
alill  inur*  •nd>l*iily  than  it  had  Iwvii  oyarlhruwn  ,  and 
Ih*  naina  of  .Naw  Naiharlaiida  aura  innr*  raviv>d  Hut 
■*ilh*r  th*  Irnimph  uf  iIm  un*  party,  imr  Ih*  inartirtca- 
HUM  uf  III*  aikar,  waa  daaliiiad  lo  ba«a  a  lung  andu' 
raiwa. 

UratI  waa  Iha  conalamallon  thai  ihaaa  avanla  •■- 
mad  in  Ika  adiainiiig  coloni**  of  th*  Kngliah      't'li** 

SavariiiMnI  at  Cannaatiaul,  wiih  aaianiahiiig  abaur- 
iiy,  aani  a  daputatiuii  la  tba  Lhiiah  adniiraU,  la  ra- 
moiiatraia  againai  Ihair  uaurpalion  of  diMainian  ovar 
tha  tamtarjr  af  England,  and  tha  praparty  of  har  anh- 
jacia ;  10  daaira  ihain  lo  aiplain  th*  in*aniiig  nf  ihrir 
iiiiiduci,  and  Ibair  furthar  inlaniiona ;  anj  la  warn 
lluiin,  lhal  th*  unil*d  i-oluniva  of  N*w  Kngland  war* 
iniruaMd  with  ilia  dafaaca  al  ihair  aotaraign'a  d«- 
iiuniona  in  AiiMiiea,  and  would  ba  faithful  to  ihair 
irual.  'I'u  ihia  nlwulaua  applicaliaiii  tha  Dutch  coin- 
inaiidcra  laturiiad  a  auMnilia*  anawai,  aapraaaing  ikair 
aurpriaa  at  tba  larina  of  it,  bul  daclariiig  lhal  Ihay 
wara  eaininiaaioiiad  by  thaw  couiilry  lo  do  all  Iha 
dautaga  in  ihair  pewar  M  h*r  anainiaa  by  aaa  and  land ) 
and  thai,  wlula  ibay  applaudad  tba  Mality  M  Uw 
tliigliah  aoluniaa  la  Ihair  aayrraign,  thay  wotiM  mil- 
lata  au  good  an  auinpla,  and  andaavar  M  apiirura 
thoinaaltaa  net  laaa  laaleua  and  faithful  in  tha  aarvic* 
of  th*  Slataa  Uanaral.  'I'lia  meat  acUaa  profarMwaa 
for  war  wnra  furibwith  mada  in  Connacticul  and  tha 
uihar  (onfadcraiad  culoniia :  but  aa  each  party  ilood 
on  tha  dalaiiaiva,  awaiting  ih*  inyaaiou  of  ilia  elhar, 
only  a  faw  inaigniAcanl  akiriniaha*  bad  lakaii  plac*, 
whon  th*  arriyaT  of  winlar  auapandad  military  ap«ra- 
linna.  Early  in  th*  following  apring,  (IS74J  tba  «an- 
troytray  waa  tarininalad  wiiliuut  furthar  bloudaliad,  by 
tha  intalliganc*  of  llw  Iraaty  of  peace  concluded  at 
Lenduii,  and  of  the  raileratioii  of  .\*w  York  to  Ihe 
Kngliab,  by  virtue  of  a  general  aiipulaiieo,  lhal  wkal- 
aueaef  aountriaa  raighl  ba«a  bean  lakaii  during  tha 


w4',  akmhl   ka  raaiawd  |«  ika  pa«*«  ikgl  i 
aaeead  iMmi  at  iia  a«iaat*iw*«it«i»t 

't1l**a*M*  •'  ibia  war,  katk  m  KurMf*  amt  , 
wara  atiamWd  wiik  ifuparianl  •**i**,f>t«fi**a  la  gM 
IMCtiuw  *7  ika  Natik  Antarwan  papwlaiwu  ikat  4*M«a4 
IM  srlgMi  fraiw  llolUmi  Pi*  ala«aiHM  i*  i|«  dignirp 
•f  HiarfilwUar,  wkiak  ika  t'lmaa  af  llranga  bad  ■■« 
4afl>*4  fInMt  Ike  tear  and  daogar  *4  ki*  vaantfyaiai^ 
and  Anrnt  Ihair  daair*  I*  pfopiliate  tka  king  t/l  Ka«. 
had,  payed  Iha  way  M  kta  adiaMainaiil  la  ika  Kngliak 
Ikraae,  and  aanaKiiMatly  i*  a  migN  und*« 
UaMk  aataniala.  ikwugh  diaitniied  ntm  li 


la  regerd  ika  Driiiali  aavaraigniy  aa  a  IWraiga  daiiiiii> 
nan.  Ika  allbatual  ra  aaiwiHael  af  tka  pfayiaaa  !■ 
ika  Ikitak  arme,  a<iil  lU  kmil  aeaaiaa  a/  it  la  llnglao^ 
by  a  paalAa  ami  mnyaniMital  aryaafawaat,  aaiMl  ilM 
aiauad  lhal  k*d  l>**n  inllMiad  ky  tke  IniiaMMe  ef  Kn^ 
laiid'a  origin*!  aa<|iiiaiiian.  Maay  af  Ike  Uuuk  •'  k^ 
Mala,  k*aid**,  •|>pfah*n*iy*  *f  mwlaatalMHi,  af,  at  li«i^ 
daaptiting  uf  laynt  frum  a  guyarnment  wkaaa  liii|'«» 
aiuii  had  aixilad  iheir  umliagniaad  riuwak,  weia  ita 
mum  raadily  induaad  la  lulluw  ihan  MMM  am^ 
panwia,  wha  h«d  ainigfalad  t*  t.'aaalina  i  and  llMa  tm 
uerawii  »t  Ik*  t)<itrk  landwl  tl  uw*  la  prWHWIa  iImW 
Klvnilly  aaauaiaiian  wilh  Ih*  Knglwh,  and  W  dl*a*l 
.Naw  Yolk  uf  a  ilialinuiiy*  akaraalar  wktak  miglM  ha** 
ahatiualad  Iha  barinuny  beiwaan  har  (ml  tka  flkM 
^•Hieee,   with  wliiali  aha  waa  m»m  la  ka  iM  aaat 


nlnf,      -    -  ^      .  

ronditct.  had  th*  lmpud*nca  tu  repair  to  Bafflaiia ;  wlwiica  k* 
reiurnau,  ot  waa  aant  back,  whan  the  province  waa  aeala 
<i>aii  up  by  Iha  Dutch  In  Ihe  folluwlnf  year.  Me  waa  iMn 
triad  by  court  martial  on  a  charfe  of  treachery  and  cowardice, 
aspraaaed  In  Ihe  atrongeal  and  moat  revulilnf  tarme.  Coa- 
faaalnf  ihia  charge  lo  he  irua,  h*  received  a  aanicnce  almoal 
aa  exlraonliitary  aa  lila  nrntluct ;  **lhat  thouHh  hi*  deat'ivKj 
death,  yel  heiaiiae  he  lad  aliice  the  aurrander  br*'ii  Ml  Riiii 
land,  anil  aueil  the  kin(  and  the  duke,  it  waa  adjudiied  that  lila 
awiird  aliould  be  broke  over  lu«  head  in  public,  bolure  the  city 
hall,  and  liliiiaeir  rendered  Incapablo  uf  wearing  a  aword,  and 
of  lervini  hia  miucaly  fur  Ihe  future  111  any  public  trimt.*' 
Smith,  p.  41,  tl.  1*11*  obi  maaiin  that  waa  rHi,pt.i-le«l  on  Una 
occaalon,  that  froce  la  dlapcnavd  by  the  iiieri.  look  ol  a  king, 
wia  d*iit*d  a  f*w  yeaie  alter  to  ta*  vnfurlunataiMtkeofMoO' 
diflulk 


I  lie  Uoke  of  York,  umUraiandiiig  lhal  i 
had  been  eiiggeetrd  ul  the  validily  al  hie  arlglnal  [_ 
whieh  had  been  aiei  niad  while  iha  Dwtek  gavernmani 
waa  in  peaaaabla  |i<Ma«aeiaii  uf  the  cauuliy.and  wkwh« 
eten  Ihuuy  orlgihally  lalid,  aeemad  la  kava  k**ii 
varalail  b,  Ik*  iiiteiyening  i'mH|n«el,  thaMgkl  II  pr«< 
dent  10  ret  "'Iv  ihia  defect,  and  aigneliao  Ika  raeiinif> 
nun  uf  hia  |.,  >i  -'eiary  liineiiune  hy  obtaining  a  new 
(talent,  'line  lUi..  which  waa  readily  granted  in  hie 
auliiilalion,  riodird  and  cunflrined  the  furiner  gram  el 
III*  pruviiir*  Il  ain|iuwered  hiin  lu  goveni  th*  iiihebi- 
laiila  "  by  aur-li  ordinaiH'ea  aa  he  or  hie  aaelgne  ehuuM 
ealabliah  i  and  tu  adiiiinieler  luetic*  acaur ling  to  Iha 
lawa  of  llnglaiid,  with  th*  aJiniaauHi  of  an  appeal  ta 
III*  king  III  council.  Il  proliilnted  all  peraona  from 
trading  thiilivr  withuiil  hie  peiinieaiun  -,  ami,  though  i« 
alluwad  Ilia  coluinele  tu  ifiijiori  iiienhandieee,  il  aiil^ 
lai'lud  Ihein  lo  |ia)ineiil  of  cuatuiii*,  ucordiiig  la  tha 
lawa  uf  ilio  raalin  Under  Ih*  auihorily  ef  Ikiatkertet, 
the  'luke  roiiliiiued  lu  mle  the  provinae  (dintiniahe4 
kuwaver  by  th*  New  Jereey  leirilury  which  k*  k*4 
preyioiialy  aaaigiird  to  olhera)  nil  ki*  proprialaiy  rtghl 
waa  inrrged  in  hie  regal  title.  Il  eeeina  al  Aral  aigkl 
not  a  little  aiiipriaing,  lhal  neither  in  thia  nor  in  tha 
furin*r  cliarur  of  Ih*  territory,  did  Ih*  breikar  of  Ika 
king  oliiain  a  grunt  uf  Ih*  aam*  eitraordinary  poweia 
and  privilegra  lhal  had  been  pre«iuualy  cunlerred  an 
III*  pruprietariea  ul  Maryland  and  (<araliiia  Bul  rely* 
tug  un  the  grealiiaaa  nf  hiacanneiion  and  hie  praepeali^ 
till'  diika  waa  prulialily  very  little  aolicitoua  to  ahara  Ika 
digniliaa  and  iinniunitiaa  wbicb  thaee  ullier  propnelo- 
nee  had  prarured  furthemMlvaa  ;  and,  whiloaacauulaa 
palaline  they  •aerciaad  *very  act  of  govarnniont  la 
their  own  iiamaa,  h*  conttntad  himaelf  with  ruling  liia 
lorriiorgf  m  ili*  nam*  of  th*  king.  'Itw  miaforiuiiea 
and  evident  incapacilv  of  liOvelaca  precluded  hia  ra> 
•p|iaintm«nl  la  IM  offlea  af  governor,  which  wai  cow, 
ferred  on  Edmund  Aiidroe,  a  man  who  diagraced  aupa- 
nor  talenia  by  the  unprincipleil  iral  and  aclivity  witk 
which  na  rendered  them  auhaeryienl  to  llie  arbitrary 
•laaigna  of  a  tyrant.  [ l>J    Thia  officer,  who**  aubaa- 

3urnt  procecdingf  in  New  England  ha«*  already  iiitr» 
uccd  hull  to  our  icquaintance,  now  commenced  thai 
carrer  in  America  which  haa  gamed  hiin  ao  eonapicu- 
oiia  a  place  in  Ihe  innala  of  almoal  every  en*  el  bof 
alate*  for  iwenly  yeara  afkar  ihia  ptriod.  Ila  waa 
ordered  lo  dialuib  no  inan'a  ealata  while  h*  rav*l«e4 
poaaeaaioii  of  Iha  province  from  the  Uulch,  and  la  di» 
Iribuie  juetice  in  the  king'a  name  according  la  Iha 
forma  Ibit  had  be«n  obaarved  by  hie  pretieceaaaia 
Uui  in  order  lo  raiae  a  revenue  and  dalray  Ike  a«e 
panaaa  of  ca«erniB*nt,  a  gr**l  variety  of  ratal  well  i| 
Ihe  aim*  time  impoeed  by  Ihe  aole  lulhority  of  Ikl 
duke ;  and  ona  Dyer  waa  ippeiiitid  tha  roUailor  ll 
Iheaa  odioui  ind  uncanatitulioiiil  impoeilioni. 

Th*  duk*,  in  hii  inilruclioni  tu  Androa,  had  ree««> 
imiided  lo  him  llie  aierciao  of  gantlanaaa  and  kw 
mainly  \  hut  hit  aelcclloii  of  hiin  10  idminiitir  ibo  maia 
arbitrary  |iolii:y  winch  ha  now  bagi  n  lo  puraue  lowarda 
Ihe  coluniata,  gave  mora  reaaun  lo  auptwa*  that  Ika 
•dinoiiili'  n  waa  iiccraaary  than  hat  it  wuuld  proia 
rlfvctual  end  accoriliiigly  Ihe  u  w  governor  had  iwl 
I  been  letig  in  tba  nrovuwc,  what  beaiilai  iv.b'oiUnf 


NnnTN  AMrmeA 


Mr  of 


Itixi  kM 

IDMM 

I  toward* 

Ithat  Um 
Id  prota 
1  IwJ  uul 


•  ««,  Iw  ••>im4  Io  ■niirm"M  ••••I  »<ii»<i«"itiM>  «  ■•<  ilw 
imyairaita.  iK«  »t«rtfv  ••»!  iK««  «rMi«  t'M>ly  mI  »>*•  !•«** 
yte  Tta  |K<>ii'*  •*  iIm  art  '•<><  >«!*«  (.i^iiiiaiii.g 
•a|i#«miv  *«9  *M  Mtttwr*  in  l^t^  UttMiJ  tu«  li«ti*At  i^ 

•  MfaoMwaiix  a«M>nM«.  iIm;  h«||<i<  <i  lo^th  m 
^MMill  tl^ta  pm^MMtfimi  ••  a  NMltar  a#  #ati«l(iti*(oft«tl 

kv  Amli**.  •Hl>  a  'U'"  ('"i  ■!•''•'>•"  Alt  (k  'k  k»  f* 
••(••il  )>Hi  ilMiika  •(  kM  WMXar  *  IkiKk  >laf»iii«ii, 
ximil  Naiulaar.  oka  kail  haan  (avinKmKmla)!  Hf  iKa 
^•ka  M  >ko  iMiranotfa  al  AnrffM,  frxnail  mtaaaajMaMa 
M  ih*  yai'iita,  aiHl  «aa  |i<ini«kpil  lif  ika  ■^aftairaiaa  »l 

TIM  g*«a'<>*f  iniarraraJ  aiilk  liia  iianal  anaryir  in  iha 
4lafiMa,  aiMi  k««MM  «ral  ImiM  viik  mauii  a  |M)xila( 
aravman,  okwm  Hanalt'i  rotiaidaiail  kia  fi»al.  ft» 
aaajail  In  a<l|  iil||«  all  tka  ma^iatfaxa  la  HihI  kail  in 
anaMar  Hdiafaa'r'a  ''ttmplamia,  In  ik«  ailani  »l  A.OrilN 
aa<-h,  ami  ikfaw  l,aialar,  ana  itf  Ikair  namkaf.  ini*i 
|Hiaa«  l>>f  raliiaing  in  aamiilr  ll»i  itmlnif  ikai  ka  ka<l, 
an  Ikia  waaiaii,  aINiakatt  kia  aulkofiK  farihar  Ikan  ka 
a>Hilil  «iiti|wirl  II.  ka  waa  ra«n|wllail  in  ri*^*<U  liaralv  tit 
lima  in  |ira«anl  a  li*mt-ll  ikal  mi||ki  kava  ili»<Hil*a*l  iha 

Cvartititdii  .\)ifNiran(tr  anmatakal  ilamiiail  tailh  ikia 
raai.  ha  irnflili«ala4  kimtalf  lailk  graalar  ragaril  la 
liniiUitaa,  ami  mt»  ahia  htf  a  wkila  la  taa*!  a  i)tiiai  ail- 
miitiairaiinii  ,  kill  iha  aaaila  nf  |H>)»ilaf  ilia<  onlanl  hail 
kaan  99^n,  an4  a  aimiig  ilaaira  ftir  ntnfa  Itltaral  mail- 
liiliana  laak  kilanl  Iml  «i|fttrihia  rn«ii  in  iha  ralntir 
1'kia  iliafnwttiaa,  tahl«-h  iha  i-uniai/tntia  vifiniif  af 
hliarit  In  Nata  KngUiMi  ilaiililiaaa  lainlad  la  kaap  alita, 
•«a  llmtanlatl  hy  *  maaaara  la  lahirh  iha  aaarnior 
raannail,  M  aiinnlr  iha  ina4i'i|iiala  rrlttrna  nuin  Iha 
•alnnial ralaa i  ( IAt(| iha iiraniaa of  •alii>iiin(|iaatiiiiary 
Itaaaaafgaaaa  f^am  Ika  larioiia  f  nittiniiiHiira  aiid  lawn 
ikipa  wilhm  kla  )iina<lii'iiun  Tina  A<Wf  >  nf  t»4  limt; 
aa  a  rnlnnlal  kialarian  haa  larimil  il,  la  aniiialnnaa  iha 
fflMiHHai  af  ikaaa  ii||hia  aihirh  II  aiiai'ha  iiiilirarily  tiKl 
fal  airiMiiilv  aii((*ala      In  Iha  cinaa  nf  Iha  rullnwinn 

Iaar  |  IIITT|   Amiraa  laaa  aompallail  in  pair  a  «iaii  la 
liwlaril,  in  antar  loulilain  farihar  inalrnaltona  tila|iia4 
•a  ina  now  arana  llial  waa  alwiii  lu  uiwii 

Tk*  rataniia  nhich  Ika  Ikilia  of  Vork  hail  ini|nMMl 
M  tk*  ffailiKa,  kaJ  haan  llinilail  to  iha  iliiralion  nf 
llj«*  yaara  i  iihI  *a  thia  farkMl  waa  »n  llta  |niiiii  of 
tl^ir*ri|.  ik*  inltiaal  balh  af  ika  inaarMinani  and  Iha 
faajtla  mm  lUail  a«  iha  laaua  to  tanich  ihia  amargancy 
would  Irad  T>>a  paapla  anawualy  haiwd  lliai  Ih*  »ary 
iaa<l*i|na«;  af  iha  prraani  ayaiain  nf  niianra  woiilil  in- 
diiaa  ihair  {Hafiriaiary  M  ctnaanl  lo  ihn  Jtairva  llia« 
kad  aapraaaad,  and  la  a**k  ika  ini|iro*ainaiii  of  Ina  ra- 
aantia  frnin  Iha  aalalilialiinant  of  ■  rtpraaaiilali**  aa- 
iainMir  Bui  iha  diika  waa  ohatii.alal]v  ilatarininad 
agMnal  Una  maaaara ;  and  lhau|ht  that  ha  niaila  a 
auAaiant  aarrilWa  lo  iha  advanlaga  nf  iIk*  anloniaia, 
hjr  aimjilji  anariiii(  that  Iha  rnnnar  ralaa  aliould  cnn- 
IlliVa  mr  ihraa  yaara  Inngar  f"^]  W<*n  Aiidroa 
ramniad  la  tiia  govarnmanl  with  Ihia  unwalcoma  adici, 
iltf  (trovint-a  waa  |iarvaiJad  by  iiniveraal  diarfiiitriil  \  and 
w'litn  a  iiaw  ailicl,  in  Iha  following  yaar,  [ISTUJ  aa- 
ifcijiicad  an  inrrraaa  of  ilia  laa  on  tha  iin|iarialiun  nf 
liiiuara,  tha  piiblir  Indignation  waa  aipraaaad  ao  vaha- 
laanlly,  and  ao  man*  (omplaiiila  wara  tranainillad  lo 
fnglaiid,  thai  Iha  dulia,  in  much  aiirpriaa,  n-caliail  hia 
giaamor  lo  giaa  an  acrouiil  of  an  adininialrtlion  Ihal 
p'ainly  i|ip*arad  la  ba  nniaaraally  odioiia.  ( IMOI  'l°hia 
,«nn<a  waa  dalanninad  Ihal  hia  aubjaria  anould  no  an- 
•k>ad,  and  at  Iha  aaina  tuna  nry  willing  that  thay 
•liniilil  lia  happy  ;*  and  aaaing  no  incoiniialihilily  bc- 
'waaii  Ihcafi  rircuiaalancaa,  ha  aiippoard  Irw  mora  raa- 
>iily  that  Amiroa  inighi  liava  conimiltad  aoina  anor- 
■iiiaa  uneoiinacled  with  hia  oflkial  fiinctiona,  and 
■allnl  him  homa  to  aacarlam  if  ha  had  raally  ao  dia- 
Jimlilad  lagilimala  lyranny.  'Ilin  inquiry,  aa  miifht  be 
trpaetad,  larminatca  in  tha  hanoralda  aci)iiiual  of  tha 
giifamof,  who  (troaad  thai  ha  had  commiilad  no  broach 
at'  trual ;  Ihal  ha  had  maraly  aniiicad  a  tanipar  auitabia 
M  kia  artntrary  funcliona,  and  anforced  lua  maatar'a 


•  lach  wara  alao  Ika  aanilmanla  of  Citarlaa  Ilia  tacond. 
t^  WlllMNi  Tamala,  wku  cjnvaraatl  Iniimalaly  with  hlin, 
aaya  Ikal  ka  wlahad  Ikal  avaiy  bady  ilioulil  ba  aaiy,  "and 
trmiki  kaaa  kaan  ■  lad  lo  aaa  iha  la  ul  oMili  lubiaela  yfaaaad." 
Worki,  yai  u  a.  4W.  Val  whan  Tainpla  and  uthara  aniraalad 
atai  M  allavtala  ika  ailaary  of  Ika  Icoich,  hy  railralnhia  Ika 
'  r  kaada  af  Iha  duka  af  Laadanlala,  Ihav  round  II  uilarly 
da  lo  pra>aU.  Ik.  W.  I.audardala'ii  cunduct,  ln> 
aaaq,  ai  aaa  tuna  ar  darwant  a  almilar  aciuliny  In  llial  which 
ara  kaaa  aaan  Anirva  ablila.  Tlia  raaull  wii  naarly  Uia 
•a*  a :  II  a  kln(  (at. a  Blahop  Buinal)  darlarinf,  anar  a  full 
kaaulffY,  *  I  parcalva  that  LaiidanJala  hi-t  liaen  luiltyofinany 
lat  nu|a  afalaatika  paapla  of  (cotland  s  aui  1  canaol  tod 
•■I  ta  feia  aelad  try  lliing  contrary  lo  my  iiitarail " 


a^aa  wnk  iha  rignr  ikat  waa  aavaaaary  in  aaffy  axak 
aWiaaiatia  miiaaitrra  m«a  aiaaaiian  Hnl  atfamifr. 
aianaaa  wkidli  mi»y\9tm4  in  ih«  aalaity.  4Mn*tg  ika  ak 
aaan^a  M  Aiulma,  ■laiarinoiad  ika  duka  la  kirkaati  IMa 
Mm  Mvaaani  to  r«  aiHfdiay  «o  >iH|M|r4ilar  an  arlWar,  a«  la 
'  iwk  Ixa  awii  aaikMiity  in  a  ktnkar  aanlaai  wna  ika  4* 
I  aiaaa  af  iha  fiaHt.la,  nil  kta  kand  akaakl  ka  airangikanad 
ky  Iha  (nM))  af  a  aai^ira 

ilyar,  Ika  •allai'iat  a(  iha  nitmna^  aad  aaniia<iad 
aaaf  aima  lu*  a|  painitaaMl  wa  paidarai  kia  fMnainma 
tank  graal  adiam,  kill  Imla  apiataiiian  |,aiiarli, 
kawa>ar,  ika  paapla  kad  kaguH  la  iitiaatian  ika  lawful 
aaaa  ma  laaa  ikan  ika  liharalny  af  a  ayaiam  af  Miaiian 
ariglMaliaa  wiih  iha  >liika  alana  .  ami  wlwn  tkay 
laaraad  ikai  ikair  doiihia  wara  aaiwiianail  k«  il  •  ain 
aMna  af  ika  nwat  aminan<  lawyara  in  Uiidlaixl  Ikair 
ladigaatiaN  fciak*  Iwtk  wiik  a  tiaiawa  thai  kad  naarly 
Iranapatiad  Ikaia  la  iha  •nmnilaaMn  af  ii|tiaiiaa  mil 
mara  aniraganua  Ihan  iha  wrang*  ihatr  .  imi|ilaiita*l  of  | 
I'liay  aiauaad  llyar  M  high  iraa«>n,  for  liamitg  vol  | 
Italad  laiaa  wiikaoi  Ika  auiharil^  af  law  ,  and  tha  la  | 
aal  magiatraiaa  aaanndiag  iha  |ia|Hilar  raga,  aiip*Nniad  | 
a  ajiaaial  ranrl  in  try  him  an  Ui  a  aoaurl  and  unwar- 
ranialila  rhargK  ti  waa  pralar  M  that  alilMnigli  ha 
kad  not  anininiiiad  any  anaaf  ih  >  altanaaa  apavihad  in 
tka  aiaiula  af  Iraaaana,  yal  II  w<a  lawful  la  aohjaal 
hiin  la  Iha  |ianaliiaa  af  ihia  aiatul',  Am  ika  aii'iani  I 
and  aipladad  artina  nf  imtftthtig  ftHt  \  ana  af 
Ikaaa  vagna  and  uninlalligiMa  thargaa,  whwk  it  kad 
baan  tha  yary  piirpoaa  of  tka  alalota  la  abaliak  Hnl  1 
raaaan  and  homaniiy  raiumad  m  Iha  akarl  inlayval  ha- 
Iwaan  tha  impaaahmani  and  ika  trial :  and  whan  Iha 
priaanar  damamlad  lo  kitaw  huw  hia  iiidgaa  aani*  la  ba  | 
intaalad  wiih  ihrtr  fiini  iiniia,  ainl  il  Ikay  did  iiat  aal 
andar  an  aiiihariiy  daiitad  fruin  Iha  aaina  priiwa, 
wkoaa  aaminiaaiwfl  ha  hiinaalf  anjoyad.  Ilia  aanrl  intar- 
paaad  to  airpaiul  farihar  praaaadinga  in  tha  calany, 
and  Ofdarad  nun  lo  ba  aaiil  wilh  an  aauiiaar  tu  Eng- 
land IIMIJ  Ma  waa  of  rauiaa  diarliargKil  iininaji 
aialy  after  hia  arrival ,  and  na  aacuaar  ikaiighi  projiar 
la  ap|iaar  aganial  liiin  Hut  if  ihia  praaaruiian  waa 
any  iking  mara  than  a  h<ild  iiiHlaaigning  aipraaaiun  of 
poimlar  diaplaaaora  and  ini|iaiiaiK'a,  Il  cainplaialy 
allarlad  Iha  larlhaal  piir|iaaaa  of  ila  promalara  ;  and  lu 
ihair  apiriiad  though  irragnlar  maaanraa,  Naw  Vurk  waa 
iiidi  Iliad  for  tha  ovvrihrow  of  an  uilioiia  daipoiiani,  and 
har  Aral  aapariaiicr  nf  ayaiainalia  liliarty.  Wkila  tha 
dnlia  ragaruad  with  aatauiahmani  tha  yiolani  placard- 
ing by  which  hia  culloitur  had  naarly  pariahail  aa  a 
Irailor,  and  had  haan  lianiahad  from  tha  coluiiy  wiihani 
a  voica  iMtiiig  raiaail  in  hia  favur,  ha  waa  aaaailad  with 
aipraaawna  ul  Ilia  aaiiw  aantiinaiila  Ihal  had  proilucad 
tliia  molama,  in  a  mora  ranalitulional,  and  iharafora, 
paiha|ia,  mora  diaagraaalila  ahap*.  Tha  govariior'a 
council,  Iha  cunrt  uf  aaaiiaa,  and  Iha  cor|iaralion  of 
tha  city  of  Naw  York,  concurrad  wiih  Iha  whola  bmly 
of  Iha  inhabiiaiiia  in  aoliciiiiig  in*  duka  la  parmil  Iha 
paoula  to  partielpata  in  Iha  lagulalit*  powrr ;  and 
wkila  tbair  ciindncl  anablad  him  to  inlarpral  thaaa  ail- 
draaaaa  intu  a  formal  declaration  thai  Ihay  would  no 
longar  caniiinia  lo  |iay  taiaa  willioul  poaaaaaing  an  aa- 
aambly,  ha  waa  givaii  to  uinlrratand,  by  kia  eonndanlial 
adyiaara,  Ihal  tha  lawa  of  Knglaiid  would  aupport  Iham 
in  thia  pratrnaion.  Dyarcoino  by  Iha  unilad  forca  of 
all  ikcaa  circuinalanaaa,  and  net  yal  adyaiicad  to  tha 
kaigkl  wbanca  ha  waa  aflarwarda  anablad  to  ragard  tha 
auggaalion  of  l*(al  ohalructiona  with  ■  amiT*,*  Iha 
duka  Itral  |iauaad  in  hia  irbiirary  caraar,  and  ihaii  (aaa 
a  laluciani  and  ungracioua  aaaani  to  the  dainanda  of 
Iha  coloniata.  Uirrrliona  wara  aant  to  iba  daputy-gi>- 
lariiur  on  whom  tha  adiuiniairalion  had  d*«ol«ad  in 
tha  abaaiica  of  Aiulrua,  "  tu  kaap  thinga  <)uiat  il  Now 
York  in  Ilia  inaan  tiinu)"  and  ahorily  afiar,  [IM*]  it 
waa  intiiiiatad  to  bun  Ikal  tlia  duka  could  condaacand 
ta  grant  tha  daaitaa  uf  Iba  paapla  on  condition  of 
tlwir  raiaing  money  aulllciaiil  lof  iba  aupport  of  goyarn- 
mani,  and  of  Iha  principal  inbabiiania  conaanling  to 
grant  a  wriitan  engagement  thai  tkia  ahouM  ba  dona. 
At  length,  iflar  wararing  a  litlla  longer  between  fear 
and  avaraioii,  the  dukn  gaya  nolica  oT  hia  Anal  datar- 
minaiion  to  ealabliali  in  New  Vork  ihe  aema  frame  vt 
goyernmeni  Ihal  tha  other  coloniae  enjoyad,  and  par- 
tieularlv  a  mpreaentaliva  aaaambly.  The  goyariiar 
wham  be  nominaitd  to  conduct  the  new  idmiiuaira- 
lion  wae  Colonel  Uongan,  arirrwarda  Eail  of  Limerick, 


itfiaiary 
mt  ng  I 


*  lea  ania,  B.  II.  cap.  t.  One  mlilit  alinoit  ba  tampted  u 
iuapecl  Chalinara  uf  an  Inicniiun  lu  ■aiiiiia  iha  duka  by  ai- 
iravafance  uf  unmahtad  piuua,  wlian  ha  augfaata  aa  tha 
raaaon  fur  hia  acf]UlaacaiKa  un  ihix  uccaKiun,  tliat  "  tha  con* 
llnuad  adirarilly  whli:h  had  ao  luiia  ainliiiiarail  Ina  Ufa,  inaiie 
Mm  regard  the  righia  and  faal  for  the  lulTannp  of  uthara," 


*  aian  af  in'a^y,  mnAafariaa.  awl  agraaakla  maiMaaiv 
aad.  ikawgh  a  prafaMad  papMI,  wkwh  pt<f>aH  "M  M 

•  kiaf  )i4«a,Mn  ta  ika  tlnka  a  tkrar.  yai  in  ii,|i  tmm  «(• 
aapiaMa.  «t,.i  j„a4ly  ••,  i»  a  paapla  wha  it^lim  m 
pary  wiih  auafrioiMn  and  dlllika  Tka  maliuciianii  4il 
•era  aaiatttHiaaaiad  la  Ihmgaa,  ra^niiail  Igm  k«  *ai» 
•ata  an  aaaamlily.  wMrk  waa  Nl  aanaiac  af  «  'MaaihA 
af  Ma,  aad  a  kanaa  »!  rapraaaniaiiyae,  ani  atrit-ldiaa 
elgkiean,  la  ka  alaaiad  by  tka  fNakaktara  IttlK  M 
atkaf  MayHMMl  laglalaitiraa,  ihia  kady  ta**  *Hi(iawaiwi 
la  Rwka  law*  tar  iha  paapla,  under  tka  raiialauiaa  tt 
aanhMmiia  la  tka  ganaral  juriapriMlaMia  af  iIm  ainpWa, 
and  nf  auk|aaiMn  la  ika  aaaani  ar  tiiaaani  af  iha  p*» 

rhna  iha  •nhakiiania  af  Naw  V>Mh,  *A*» 
iraaiad  aa  a  r»iw|tiar«d  paapla  (af  naarly  Iwanir 
yaara.  and  gavarnad  ky  Ika  arkilrary  will  af  tka  Uiika 
af  Vark  and  kia  da|Hiiiaa.  wara  praoHHad  ky  ihait  awn 
apiill  and  (igar  la  a  pariHri|iaii>Hi  in  lagialaiiaa  iiglila  | 
and  hy  a  aingiilar  riHiianlaiwa  nhiainail  a  fiaa  citaall- 
luiittn  at  Iha  tary  nine  whan  their  old  mala,  tha  a* 
kHiiara  of  Naw  lliigland,  wara  ilaprirad  af  II  NalUnif 
aauki  ha  maru  aaaapialila  lo  ikam  Ikan  ihia  intaraati 
lag  rkanga  ,  and  iha  ardani  graiiitida  of  ihair  avknnw- 
laJgiiiaitia  aipraaaad  much  mora  (tally  Ihair  aaaa* 
af  Iha  banekl,  than  Iha  maru  af  tliair  naminal  ban*- 
faaiar 

Tha  m<iai  iniaraatmg  manninanl  af  Ihe  tyranniaal 
edininiairaiiiiii  whiah  waa  Ihna  atia|i«n>la<l,  la  a  raaari 
uraparad  li<  Amiroa.  in  raply  ta  xriain  ifH|tiirtaa  uf  Iha 
llngliah  riiiiniillia  of  rulnniaa  in  Iha  yaar  ItTd,  from 
whiah,  anil  irom  a  aiinilar  aaininiinicaiiwi  ky  ik*  ma 
niaipaliiy  tif  Naw  York  In  the  hoaid  af  traila  a  few  yaara 
after,  auina  maighl  may  ha  iilitainad  inlu  tha  cwiaiiMni 

af  Ika  pro> a  *ImuI  Ihia  penad      The  any  af  Naw 

Vark,  III  lilTd,  aiifiaara  tu  liaia  aanuinad  1,4*1  liiha- 
kilania,  and  la  haya  awnad  no  larger  navy  than  ihraa 
ahipa,  eight  alao|ia,  and  aavan  lioala  No  aacanni  ay 
paara  la  ha»a  lieaa  aatiaatad  nf  the  papulation  of  th* 
wlwla  pravinca,  wlnak  eanlainad  Iwaniy-laiii  lawni^ 
yillagee,  or  oariakaa  Abaul  Afiaan  taaaala,  an  tn  ava- 
rage,  traded  yearly  to  ifca  fiurl  nf  Naw  \  urk.  iinparl< 
ing  t;n)|liali  manufacinrae  la  iha  value  of  AO.OINM  *ii4 
ui|iaiiing  tha  praductiana  of  iha  culuny,  wkiek  eaif 
iieied  uf  land  ptoduca  af  til  aatia,  ainang  whwk  *r* 
pallia uleriead  baaf,  |ia*aa,  lumkar,  lobaaca,*  pallry  pro. 
eared  from  tha  Indiana,  and  M.OIIO  bnahal*  af  wkaat 
IM  aarvanle  ika  nuinliar  wt*  amall,  and  thay  ware  inu^A 
wanted  Name  unfrai)iienl  and  inconaHlarabl*  iinpur- 
uitanaaf  alavaawara  made  from  Uartiadoaa  i  and  thara 
ware  yal  but  vary  few  uf  tlieao  unfartunata  bringa  ta 
ilir  colony  Agriculture  waa  mara  generally  fallowed 
tlwn  trade  A  tradar  wurlii  I.OOIM,  or  even  SIMM, 
waa  coiiaidarad  *  aubetanlial  meKhanl  ;  and  a  pltnlei 
wank  half  thai  aum  m  mayaablea  wae  accounted  rialt. 
All  the  eaittaa  in  Ihe  provinae  wara  valued  tl  ISO,- 
OOOf  "  Miniaiara,"  aaye  Androe,  "  are  actfce,  aoii 
niligion*  many  "  The  duke  mtinlaincd  a  cheplain  *l 
New  Yolk  )  which  wae  Ih*  mdy  certain  endawineni  tl 
Ihe  church  of  England,  lliere  wara  abeul  twenty 
churcliea  or  meeting  placta,  of  which  half  wara  vtcaul. 
All  diatncta  wara  liable  by  law  lo  tha  oMipllon  *l 
building  thurchaa  iiid  providing  for  minialarc,  whoa* 
ainuluinenia  varied  from  W  to  70/  t  yaar,  with  tk* 
addition  of  a  houaa  and  garden.  But  Iim  preabyttri- 
ana  and  iiidv|ieiident<,  wlm  formed  the  moat  numeroua 
and  •iibalantial  |iuriwn  uf  tha  inhabilunta,  were  tha  only 
claaaaa  wku  ahuwad  much  willingiiaaa  lo  procure  and 
auppoti  Ihair  miiiiiter*.  Mtrriagee  ware  allowed  to 
ba  aulamniied  either  by  miiiialcra  ar  by  juatieae  of  Iha 
peace.  There  were  no  beggara  in  tha  pmvine*  ;  and 
tha  poor,  who  were  few,  were  wall  Itkan  care  of,  Tha 
number  af  Iha  mililit  iinauntad  lo  S.OOO  \  comp(a> 
handing  140  boraaman;  and  a  auadiiig  comiiany  al 
aoldiait  waa  maintained,  with  gunnera  and  oiner  olB> 
cere  for  the  forte  of  Albeny  and  New  York.  Suall 
waa  tlie  condition  of  the  province  iboul  four  year*  pra- 
ceding  the  period  tl  which  wa  kava  now  amvad. 
Kour  yaara  after  (in  16M,)  it  wta  found  ta  baya  ian 
piuvad  to  rapidly,  ihal  iho  thipping  of  Naw  Ywk 
tmouMed  ta  ten  three  mtatad  vaaeaia,  Iwanly  al*M^ 
•nJ  a  few  kttchei  of  intrrmadiata  bulk.  Th*  tiiUite 
bail  *!m  iiKraaacd  to  4,00i)  foot,  SOO  bona,  tiid  t  *mi> 
pany  of  dragoone.  Tha  tugmantitkia  of  inhtMltala, 
indictlad  by  thia  incretae  oimilitary  force,  tppaart  It* 
mora  coiiaidarable,  when  wa  heap  in  view,  thai  *mm 
time  prior  to  thit  Ital  itiantioaed  period,  tha  Dalawm 
territory  had  been  partly  turranderad  lo  Lord  Balli< 
mora,  tiid  partly  aaeigned  to  William  Penn. 

•  Denton  atttea  that  tha  Naw  Vork  tabeeco  art*  r 

e«utl  la  taalliy  lo  tka  Ineel  prvdaca  a(  MiiyHiidi  f.  k 


■M 


THE  HI8'''«)RY  OT 


CHAPTER   II. 

Ortmt  •MiiM't  Ailinlnlitntlon— Accounl  at  lh«  fiv*  liv 
OMa  Nilleiw  ur  CanrvU— Tinir  llnaiiliiy  la  iht  rreiiili- 
MMtofitrr  LalMir*  ot  Hit  Fronrh  Jenuiu— Jimvi  tho  ite- 
•mmI  ilioluhtfa  th«  Litwrtit*i  ol  Nmw  Yurk  — ciMiKiinnilt  l>i>ii- 

Si  to  alMllltlun  Uia  flv«  Nkllutii  lo  llta  Prfitrli— Ail(lro« 
in  aypoliitad  (lovHriiiir— W«r  fieiwaaii  ihn  Krani'h  aikl 
f\v9  Naltona— Ihtcimtant*  at  Naw  Ynrk— Laular  ila- 
rlvaa  fur  Klii(  William,  and  a««<imai  Ilia  Otivvrniitaiit^ 
11m  f ranch  attack  ilia  Provi'ica,  ait«l  ixini  ai'liffiii*i'tiiily— 
Antval  uf  Otivarnur  Sloualitar— Pi<nilatiiv  "f  taislt^r^lila 
^mai— tnd  Baariiiloiv-VTara  ami  iniiiual  Crualliai  of  iha 
yr«Mk  ami  ImUaii*— <]«  rmr  Iflairliar'a  JkilinliiiatraiKni— 
VMra  a<  ByawKk— rirar.a  u  Naw  York -Uapiain  KuM— 
ncUana  occaalonail  by  ina  Fala  of  l^aialer— Trial  of  HAy> 
art  'CofTupt  and  iiMraaatva  Adininlatratlon  uf  L«nl  Uiirn- 
kurry— aiBIa  oT  Ika  Cakmy  at  Iba  UIoh  of  Ilia  aayanioanili 
Century. 

CuLOMi.  Uongan  did  not  irriv*  at  lb«  Hit  of  hia 
gotcmment  till  •  «nr  iftar  Iha  dtt*  of  hia  apitoiiit- 
nniil ;  [IW:l.]  a  lUla*  whiuli  appoara  lo  liavv  eroded 
•oiaa  uiiuaaiiMiaa,  ■iiJ  wia  probalily  bonnl'ivial  lo  llie 
pMpla,  in  ilTording  lime  fur  the  liral  ardor  of  an  ill- 
nMliMii  loyalty  lo  cool,  and  aiiaiitaliii||  iho  |ireuaiitiona 
(of  pnaarting  liborty  thai  ahoiild  alifi  >l'.>a  ilie  Drat  n|i- 
poftunlljr  of  Biorciaing  it.  To  rel  lh«  public  a|>- 
|>ralMiiaionr,  Iha  governor  iirocevdt.  at  once  to  iaaue 
K'riU  M  Iha  aherifla,  to  convene  the  rrauholdera,  for  tho 
parpoaa  of  olecllng  their  repreaeniativea  in  the  aaacinbly; 
■nu  ihia  Ifuiilaiive  bixly  anun  aflurwirda  held  'Va  lir^t 
maeling  at  Nev^  Yi^rk,  to  ihe  Kieal  sali>fa';liun  nf  Iho 
whole  pruvinca.  Oiia  o!  iha  lirat  ordinaiicoa  which  it 
framed  natunllT  aroae  from  the  miilure  of  natio'ia  of 
which  the  (icpiiUlion  waa  coinpoaed.  and  waa  an  act  of 
general  nituraliautnm,  aocnrlni;  ind  eateiidiiii;  equcil 
urivileffaa  to  all.  From  thia  period  ihe  Dutch  hiiiI 
Engliab  al  New  York  were  firmly  compacted  iniu  one 
national  body.  They  aaw  Ihe  daii|ihtor  of  Ihcir  cum- 
inon  proprietary  married  to  the  Stadtholder  of  Kollaiid, 
and  willingly  cemented  their  own  unioii  by  rreqiient 
intennarriage  and  U:etieaafcoiiaang.iinity.  There  waa 
paaaod,  al  Ihe  aaine  time,  an  acl  declarin|{  ihe  li'icrtiea 
of  the  people,  and  one  fordefrayiiiK  the  rcquiaite  cliargoa 
of  gotemmant  for  a  limited  tune.  Thono,  with  a  lew 
Other  lawa  reguU'.ing  the  internal  economy  of  the  pro- 
iinea,  and,  m  particular,  enacting  ita  diviaion  inio 
c<i'in<ie\  were  Iranamittad  lo  the  UjKe  of  York,  and  re- 
ceived bi«  i^nnfirnulion,  aa  proprietary,  in  the  fallowing 
■ear.  [1B84J  An  amicable  Irejty,  which  tho  governor 
effeelnl,  about  the  aame  lime,  with  Ihe  provincial  au- 
Uwfitieaof  Connecticut,  terminated,  at  length  the  long- 
aubaiating  diapule  with  regard  to  tho  buundanea  of 
(Jonne«licut  and  New  York. 

But  Ihe  idminiainticm  of  Colonel  Doiigan  waa  chiefly 
dialinguiaifd  by  the  attention  which  he  bettnwed  upon 
Indian  affa.  i.  and  by  the  increaaiiig  inHueiica  which 
now  began  lo  be  eierted  on  tho  forliinea  of  the  province 
by  the  aula  of  il>  relatlona  with  the  irlbea  compoaing 
ibe  celebrated  confederacy  of  The  Five  Niliuna  of 
Canada.  Thia  federal  ainociation  ia  aaid  to  have  do- 
rifrd  ita  origin  from  the  moat  remote  antiquity  ;  and, 
aa  Ihe  name  importa,  it  comprehended  five  Indian  na- 
llona,  of  which  the  Mohawka  have  obtained  the  mutt 
laating  name,  and  which  were  united  on  terma  of  Ihe 
atricteat  eqoklily,  in  a  jierpetual  alliance,  for  united 
conqueat  and  mutual  defence.  The  mombera  of  this 
united  body  reckoned  Ihemtelvea  auporior  to  all  the 
real  of  mankind,  and  the  distinctive  appellation  which 
Ihey  adopted*  waa  etpreaaive  of  this  opiidon.  But  the 
winciplea  of  their  confederacy  diaplay  fJr  more  policy 
uid  refinement  than  we  might  eipect  from  the  arro^anca 
if  their  barbaroiia  name.  They  had  embraceu  the 
Roman  maxim,  of  increaaing  Iheir  strength  by  incorpo- 
rating Iho  people  of  other  nations  with  thoinselvea. 
Af'er  every  conquest  of  an  enemy,  when  they  had  in- 
duli;ed  their  revenge  by  some  cruel  rzecuiioua,  they 
exorcised  Iheir  usual  policy  in  the  adoption  of  the  re- 
maining captivea ;  and  frequently  with  so  much  advan- 
tage, that  some  of  Iheir  most  distinguished  sachems 
and  capiaina  were  d  "-ived  from  defeated  and  adopted 
foea.  Each  nation  had  ita  own  aepartte  republican 
conatitution,  in  which  rank  and  oflice  were  claimed 
only  by  age,  procured  only  by  merit,  and  enjoyed  bv 
the  tenure  of  public  eateem ;  and  each  waa  divided  into 
Ibree  triboa,  bearing  respectively  for  their  ensigns,  and 
diatingniahed  by  the  names  of,  the  Tortoise,  the  Dear, 
and  the  Wolf.  In  no  commun'.'.y  was  ago  graced  with 
more  reapeet,  or  youth  endowed  with  greater  beauty. 
Bucb  was  the  efficacy  of  tiieir  mode  of  life  in  develop- 
ing the  fine  propom'  ^■'a  of  whicn  the  human  frame  is 
■Ofceiitible,  that,  when  the  statue  of  the  Apollo  Bolvi- 
1  waa  beheld,  for  tho  first  time,  by  Ihe  American 
lUea,  Benjamin  West,  ho  started  at  the  uneipccled 
NcagaHioa,  and  exclaimed,  "  How  like  it  is  to  a  yolins; 

•  M  OHgua-honwa**— that  is,  "  Men  surpassing  all  others.'* 


Mohawk  warrior."  The  people  of  the  several  nations, 
and  ea|ieeially  the  Mohawka,  were  dialingniahed  by  the 
usual  Indian  qualitiea of  altarhmenllo  liberty,  roriiiuda 
in  the  siulurance  uf  pain,  and  prel'eranca  ul  craft  and 
airalagem  lo  niidiaguiacd  0|ier»lion  in  war,*  and  by  a 
more  than  uaual  degree  of  perseverance,  reaoliitiun  and 
active  intrepidity.  Almost  all  Ihe  tribea  around  ihia 
people,  and  even  many  al  a  great  diatance,  wlio  were 
not  included  in  Iheir  confederacy,  acknowledged  a  aiib- 
jection  lo  il,  paid  a  tribute,  which  Iwo  aged  aaclinina 
were  annually  deputed  to  collect, t  and  were  reairainrd 
from  making  war  or  peace  wllhmit  the  consent  of  Ihe 
Five  Nations  It  was  Ihe  policy  of  ell  the  chiefa  In 
allBet  su)ieri3r  |>overty,  ana  to  diairibule  among  Ihe 
people  Ihe  whole  of  ihcir  own  aharn  of  Iribiilo  and 
plunder.  All  maliera  of  common  conceriiinenl  were 
traiisaeled  in  nenoral  meetings  of  the  sacliems  of  each 
nation  :  and  the  inOuence  uf  lime,  aided  by  a  long 
couraeofjiidicloua  policy  and  victorious  enterprise,  had 
completely  auccueoed  in  cauaing  Ihe  feilural  chara<-ler 
and  aentiinenia  to  prevail  over  Ibo  [leculunlioa  of  their 
aubordinaie  national  aasociatioiia.  In  the  year  1 1177, 
Ihe  confedrrary  pnaaenaed  'i\!iO  fighting  men.  When 
Ihe  Tuaooruru  trilw  wua  vanqiiialied,  na  wo  have  areii, 
at  a  tiiliaeqiicnt  period,  and  expelled  from  ita  territory 
by  Iho  colonitia  of  Carolina,  the  fni:itivea  pro|>uaeil, 
and  were  permitted,  to  revive  their  broken  ealuto  by 
engrafting  it  on  this  |iowerful  ciinfedoracy  ;  and  as  (in 
coiist'quenco  of  a  auppnaitiun  derived  from  similarity 
of  biiguago,  n(  their  original  derivation  fnnn  the  tame 
atock  to  which  they  now  rftiirned),  they  were  aaaociated 
aa  .1  fia.v  ineiiilier  ufllie  t;ciieral  union,  iiialcad  ul  being 
iiitunuingled  with  any  parlicnlar  portioti  uf  it,  the  con- 
federacy suoii  after  olitainrd  tliu  name  of  tlio  S<x  Na- 
liiiiia.  Uolh  the  French  and  the  Kiigliih  writers,  who 
Ifave  treated  of  the  charncter  or  atrmra  uf  tliia  people, 
have  concurred  in  deKcriluiig  them  aa  at  once  the  inuat 
jndiciuua  and  politic  of  llic  nativo  powers,  and  the  must 
fierce  and  ronniduble  uf  the  nativo  inhaliitanta  uf  .\ine- 
rica.  Thr'a  "'aa  only  wanting  to  their  fame,  that 
literary  colsbr .  ion  which  they  ohtainod  too  soon  from 
the  neighborhood  •>(  t  race  ofcivilixeU  men,  who  were 
destined  to  eclipso,  and  finally  extingnish,  their  grent- 
ncas  ;  and  particulari''  from  the  pen  of  a  higlily-aocom- 
pliahed  writer,  (Jadwalader  Coldeii,  one  or  the  go- 
vornora  of  New  York,  they  have  received  tho  aame 
hiatoric  aervice  which  his  own  barbarian  ancestors  do- 
rived  from  the  writings  of  C»aar  and  Taci'us. 

When  the  French  settled  in  Canada,  in  the  begin- 
ning of  thia  cenliir)',  Ihny  found  the  Five  Nationa  on- 
gaged  in  a  bloody  war  with  Ihe  powerful  tribe  of  AJi- 
Tomiukt}  in  wluch,  after  having  been  thoinaelvea  so 
severely  pressed,  thst  they  were  driven  frorp  thrir  pos- 
sessions round  Montreal,  and  forced  lo  acek  an  asylum 
on  the  b?>ith-east  coast  of  Lake  Ontario,  the  Five  Na- 
tiona had  latterly  succeeded  in  gaining  a  derided  ad- 
vantage, and  had  in  turn  constrained  their  enemies  In 
abandon  their  landa  situated  abovo  the  'Vkne  Hioert, 
and  lly  for  safety  behind  tho  strait  whero  (juebec  was 
built,  'i'lie  tide  of  success,  however,  waa  suddenly 
turned  by  the  ar.nval  of  ChampUin,  wlio  conducted  the 
French  colony,  and  who  naturally  joined  the  Adiron- 
dicks,  because  he  had  settled  on  their  lands.  The 
conduct,  tho  bravery,  and  eepicially  the  fire-arms,  of 
those  new  alliea  of  the  enemy,  proved  an  overmatch 
for  the  skill  and  intrepidity  of  the  Fivo  Nationa,  who 
were  defeated  in  se/eral  battles,  and  reduced  to  the 
greatest  diatresa.  It  waa  at  this  criiiual  juncture  that 
the  firai  Dutch  ship  arrived  in  Hudson'a  river,  with  the 
colonia'.a  who  estikblished  theinirlves  at  Albany.  The 
Fivo  Nations,  easily  procuring  from  these  neighbors  a 
supply  of  that  species  of  arma  to  which  alone  their  ene- 
miee  had  been  indebted  for  Iheir  anpcriority,  revived 
the  war  with  auch  impetuoaity  and  succoss,  that  the 
nation  of  the  .\dirondacka  was  completely  annihilated ; 
and  the  French  too  late  discovered,  that  they  had 
eapouted  the  fortunes  of  the  weaktsr  (leupln.t     Hence 


•  In  tliiii  peculiarity  most  of  tha  Mian  triliea  resembled  the 
ancient  Spanana ;  aa  lliey  did  aitu  in  tlis  dlU|(eiice  witli  wlilcli 
they  cultivated  canci«enei%  uf  spebcli. 

t  **  1  have  oHen  tiad  opportunity  to  obaerve  what  anxiety 
the  poor  Indiaiii  were  uiiJur,  wliilo  tliuan  two  old  men  re- 
mained in  that  part  of  ttie  country  wiiere  I  was.  An  old  Mr- 
hiiwk  Hociiein,  in  a  poor  blanket,  and  dirty  alllrt,  •  ay  he  seen 
laHUinK  Ins  oriiera  vvitli  aa  arbitriiry  an  authority  .  k  a  Roman 
diclatur."    Coideii,  I.  4. 

t  To  amuse  Ihe  French,  the  Five  Nations,  at  one  time, 
acnt  them  a  pro^ioaal  of  peace,  to  wtiich  the  Freiicli  readily 
inclining,  requested  ttiem  to  receive  -^  leputation  of  Jeniiils, 
wtioae  exertiona,  they  nxperted  v  -  .  .  sincereiy  conciliate 
their  fnendaliip.  The  Five  Nation  .ill-ngly  agreed,  ami 
deHiretl  to  see  tho  piieala  iinmeii.  t  y ;  h-jt  the  itiMlaiit  they 
got  Imld  of  thuiit,  they  marched  Ic  hit%ck  the  Indian  allies  of 
the  Freiicli,  and  taking  ttie  prieata  vvitii  tiiem  as  hoatagei,  to 
enforce  t.ie  neiilralily  of  lliuir  countrymen,  ^Ava  the  Adiiuiid- 
acks  a  signal  dofuut.    Colden,  i.  26. 


originated  Ihe  mutual  ilfead  and  enmity  tkul  m  Iom 
aubaistod  hnlwern  the  French  and  tha  eonfedeitMl 
Indians,  and  entailed  ao  msny  ealamiliee  upan  bodk 
Tlio  French,  less  sccuslmned  lo  Ihe  rlimate,  and  ItM 
acqnainird  with  tho  country,  than  their  savage  enemie«t 
alleniplod  vainly  lo  imilala  their  rapii  and  secret  ei- 
pediliona.  A  party  despatched  in  tlie  winter  of  lUOA, 
m  Uu'ircelles,  Ihe  goiernoi  of  Canada,  to  attack  tha 
ri'e  Nationa,  lost  Iheir  way  among  wastes  nf  anow, 
and  aAer  enduiitig  tha  grealeal  misery,  arrived,  with- 
out knowing  wliare  Ihry  were,  at  tho  village  of  Sche- 
nectady, ne^r  Allwny,  which  a  Dutchman  of  eonaitlera- 
lion,  named  Corloar,*  had  recently  founded.  Tho 
French,  exhausted  and  alupified  with  cold  and  hunger, 
recombled  ralher  an  army  of  btiggara  than  of  hoetila 
invadera,  and  would  hate  fallen  an  easy  prey  lo  a  body 
of  Indiana  wlin  were  In  the  village,  if  Corlear,  toiiebea 
with  ouinpaaaion  at  their  iniaerahia  apjitarance,  bad 
not  employed  both  inAnenea  and  artifice  with  Ihe  Indi- 
ana, in  |ieraiiado  llioiii  to  eparo  their  unfortunate  eno 
miea,  and  depart  to  ilerund  their  own  people  tgaiiial  a 
more  forinidalilu  attack  in  a  dilfercnl  onarler,  vvhioh  ha 
led  them  lo  expect.  When  the  Indiana  were  gone, 
Corloar  and  Ills  townsmen  brought  refreshments  to  Iho 
famishing  Frcncliiiieii,  and  supplied  them  with  pro- 
viaiona  and  mlicr  iiecrssariea  to  carry  them  home  : 
having  laiighl  iliein  hy  a  acnaible  loason,  thst  il  is  tho 
inutual  duly  of  nien  to  miiii{ate  by  kmdnete  and  cha- 
rity, iiHloud  of  aggravating  by  ambition  and  ferociiy, 
the  ills  that  arinu  from  the  rigors  of  nature,  and  Iho 
frailty  of  liuiiiaii:ty.  The  French  governor  eipreased 
miicli  graiitiidu  Tor  ('urlear's  kindness,  and  tho  Indiana 
never  ruiciiti'd  liia  buiievoleiit  stratagem :  but  their 
inutiial  warfare  conlinucd  unabated.  At  length,  aller 
a  long  period  of  severe  bit  indecisive  hostilities,  both 
parties,  weaned  of  war,  but  nut  exhausted  uf  anhno- 
sity,  agreed  to  a  general  peace,  which  was  concluded 
in  the  yeur  lfll>7,  and  had  aubaiatod  ever  aince  with- 
out any  considerable  iiitorriiption,  at  the  period  when 
Colonel  Dongan  waa  made  governor  uf  Now  York. 

Uf  the  relation  llial  siibaiatcd  between  the  Dutch  and 
the  Fivo  iNjtions,  only  cunrusvd  and  uncertain  accounta 
have  been  prcfTirved.  Tho  wrilera  who  have  aaaertod 
that  the  Uu'ch  were  continually  in  closo  alliance  and 
friendship  with  the  Indians,  suoui  to  have  derived  iheir 
stateinents  entirely  from  their  own  ideaa  of  what  waa 
prubable,  and  lo  have  mistakon  for  an  expresaion  of 
pariiculur  Irienilsliip,  Iho  indiacriminate  readinese  of 
the  Dutch  lo  tralllc  with  friend  or  foe.  It  ia  ceruin 
that  at  one  time  they  were  engaged  in  a  bloody  war 
with  the  Indians ;  though  with  what  particular  tribee, 
there  aru  no  means  of  ascertaining  -,  and  that  durii;g 
Siuyvosant's  adininistralioii  they  enjoyed  a  peace  with 
them,  of  which  tho  benefit  waa  transmitted  to  tho 
Engliah.  When  Colonel  Nichola  aasumed  the  govern- 
ineiil  of  New  York,  he  entered  into  a  friendly  treaty 
with  the  Five  Nations ;  which,  however,  till  the  arrival 
of  Duiigaii,  aci'ina  to  have  been  producti  e  of  no  farthei 
connexion  than  an  extensive  commercial  intercourse, 
in  which  the  Indiana  aupplied  the  Gnsliah  with  peltry 
in  return  for  arms  and  ammunition,  of  the  uaa  of  which, 
aa  lung  as  l.hey  wcro  not  employed  againat  theinaelvea, 
tho  vcndora  wjro  entirely,  and,  as  II  proved,  unfor- 
tunately, regard,  ^.'sa.  The  Indiana  adhered  to  Ihe  treaty 
with  atrict  fidel'iy  ;  but  alwaya  showed  a  acrupuloue 
niconess  in  oxrcting  tli«  demonstrations  of  respect  dua 
to  an  iedcf.wiidont  people ;  and  in  particular  when  an* 
of  their  ibrces  had  occasion  lo  paat  near  the  Englieh 
forts,  Ihey  expected  to  be  saluted  with  military  honoi*. 
Ill  Ihe  mean  tune  the  French  Canadiana  were  not  ro- 
miss  in  availing  themselves  of  their  delivennca  froi» 
the  hostilities  of  these  formidable  Indiana.  They  ad- 
vanced their  settlements  alung  the  river  St.  Lawreiico, 
and  in  the  year  167!i  built  Fort  Frontignac  on  ita  nort^ 
west  bank,  where  it  rushes  from  Ihe  vast  parent  waMro 
of  Ontario.  With  a  policy  proportioned  lo  tne  vigor  of 
their  advancea,  they  filled  Ihe  Indian  aeltlementa  with 
their  missionaries,  who  laboring  with  great  activity  awl 
auccess,  multiplied  coiiverls  to  their  doctrines,  and  el- 
lies  to  their  couiitrymen.  The  praying  Indians,  aa  Ihe 
French  termed  their  converts,  were  either  neutral,  or, 
more  frequeiilly,  their  auxiliariea  in  war.  The  JeauiU 
preached  not  lo  their  Indian  audilora  the  doctrinei  that 
inual  dooply  wound  the  pride  of  human  nature,  nor  a 
lofty  morality  which  Iho  conduct  of  the  bulk  of  its 
nominal  profoaaora  practically  deniea  and  diagfacee. 
They  required  uf  llieir  converts  but  a  superficial  chango , 
an  embracement  rf  one  auperstilion  in  place  of  eno- 

*  This  man  enjoyed  great  inHuenco  with  the  Indiana,  wte 
after  hu  death,  alwaya  oildteased  the  governors  of  new  Yen 
wiih  the  tiilo  uf  Corlear,  as  the  nsme  most  expsaaatve  al 

iujyi;ct  tliiil  tlio>  could  omiiloy.    Uslden,  1. 12. 


NORTH   AMRRICA. 


I  bulk  of  itt 

dUmcM. 

bisleniiiga, 

Itea  of  •iM^ 

VfNawTMfe 
bipiMilv*  at 


iiwrt  «nd  Ihajr  «nltrtiin»d  thrir  uiimi,  ukI  iin|imMd 
iWir  imiginalionit,  by  i  ceramnmal  *l  uricc  |ili:l>irxw|uii 
and  myitorioiit.  Yrt  •<,  from  lh«  wpakiinii  of  iiuii, 
•n  •dinliiiirn  of  error  la  iriMimralila  rroin  iliti  tHi<t  ayii- 
tini  of  doctrin  i,  »o,  (to<n  the  Kooilniiaa  of  Uod,  a  ray  of 
Inilh  !•  fuunj  la  |i«rva<le  evaii  ihii  worat.  Tliii  iri- 
Miwiiaat  of  dis  Jpiiilta,  rroiii  wliicli  Ihn  liiinamunla  of 
akhtUiiiily  w«re  hot  wholly  obliieritoj,  may  liavo  con- 
lllbuud,  ill  ioiiw  inattncea,  tu  form  tlio  diviiio  imauii 
In  iht  inlnda  uf  ths  Inillana  ;  ind  Ihi)  kooJ  aneil,  uii- 
•bolMd  by  tht  Ur«a,  mty,  In  aoina  |iUc«a,  liitvo  aprung 
Uf  10  •varlaaliiig  llfo.  Tha  moral  anil  iloiiiuatic  {ire- 
Mpta  ronlaiiiMl  in  the  Scrijilnraa  wrra  nornmuniuatnil, 
in  aoiM  inalancM,  with  i  happy  elTacI :  anil  varloiia  con- 
mgdiona  of  Iridian  convrria  warn  pnrauadi'il  liy  tlio 
Jtauita  to  liuilil  villagoa  in  Oanaila  in  Ihoaaing  alyin  aa 
Iho  Krenah  eolnniata,  to  aijopt  EurDiii'an  liualiandry, 
tnd  to  renounca  tpiriluoua  iiqnora.  'hia  viailile  aapi- 
lalion  of  Iho  catholic  pricaia  from  Iha  family  ol  man' 
kind,  by  a  an|MiriitiliouM  rontinciutiori  of  cutijiijfat  and 
parental  liaa.  gava  no  "mill  aicri'dneaa  In  Ihoir  eli.irao- 
••r,  anil  •  alrnni;  provsiliiig  powor  to  Ihoir  aililroaana. 
In  tha  diarhariie  of  what  iliay  cnnReivcil  lliair  duty, 
Ihair  courai;a  and  par^aicrincn  wnro  piiiinlli'd  only  hy 
thair  addroa  and  activity.  Thav  hid  iilrit,idy  com- 
paaaml  am  and  land  to  make  promdyltix,  and  the  ihroata 
of  death  and  tortnra  could  not  dolor  tlu'in  from  iku- 
cutinii  thoir  rominiaaion  Many  of  llintn,  thuiiKh  com- 
minded  to  depart,  contiiiiinil  lo  roiniin  ainonjf  tribtia 
that  were  at  war  wilh  their  couitlrymiMi ;  ami  aomo  of 
Ihorn,  on  the  priiiciplo  of  liucomins(  all  ihingi  to  all 
men,  emiiraceii  Indian  liiihita  of  llviiiK.  Onn  of  thoae 
laal,  esiahliihod  himiulf  ao  lirinly  in  the  airectiom  of 
one  of  the  Iriiiea  of  thn  Kive  Naliona,  thiit  aUlioiii{h  thuy 
continuod  faithful  to  llin  national  unmily  ai;,iinnt  the 
French,  Ihnv  iilonted  him  aa  a  lirotlinr,  ami  oUciiid 
liiin  a  aaclieni.  With  aiich  indnntry,  retolniion,  and 
iniinuation,  did  the  French  Juaiiita  ennrt  tlioniaclvc* 
to  rocominPTid  their  fnilh  and  thuir  country  lo  thu  iif- 
fC'^tiona  of  tho  Indiana.  'I'lin  Froiich  Uity,  too.  and 
eapacially  their  civil  and  military  ollli'.nra  and  soldiery, 
■ncevedeJ  Iratter  thin  Iho  generality  of  tho  Riiijliah,  in 
ncoinmanding  thotnaolvea  to  ihe  good  KMcoa  of  the 
aiTigea.  French  vanity  waa  prodnctlve  of  nioro  po- 
liteneaa  and  accoinmoilation*  than  Engliah  prido  ;  and 
arcii  tha  diaploaaure  that  the  French  aomotimca  ri- 
eiied  by  tha  cmnmiaaion  of  injurioa,  waa  leaa  intolerable 
than  Iha  provocation  that  the  Engliah  too  frequently 
inipire'l  h>  n  diaplay  of  inaulance.  The  atubborii  dia- 
loMlionoi  the  Engliah  Wiia  beat  fitted  lo  contend  with 
Ihe  oliftiuctious  o(  nature;  the  pliancy  and  vivacity 
of  Ihe  French,  to  prevail  over  thu  jcaloiiay  of  the  ni- 
tivea.  There  were  aa  yet  no  protoalanl  mia^iona  in 
Ihia  quarter  of  America,  which,  in  the  following;  cun- 
tury,  aoino  New  England  clergymen,  aided  liv  a  roli- 

gioua  aociety  in  -Scotland,  were  dcatinod  to  ij'jstratu 
y  noblo  and  ancceajful  rxcrtiona  of  iniaaioiia.y  labor. 
Colnni'l  Dongan,  who  w,ia  not,  likn  hia  [ircdoccaaora, 
encumbered  '«ith  a  monn|mly  of  all  the  fuiictions  of  go- 
vernment, nor  abiorbed  in  atrugglea  with  popular  dis- 
content, had  loiauro  for  a  wider  survey  of  the  atuin  of 
hia  couniryinen'a  rulatioiia  with  the  Indians,  and  very 
soon  discovered  that  the  peace  which  was  lo  advaii- 
tageoua  lo  the  French  Canadian  coloni.its.  hy  uimhiing 
them  to  emend  their  fortificationa  and  their  commerce 
over  a  vast  aitant  of  country,  was  productive  of 
levera  inconvc'ence  lo  soino  of  the  colnniea  of 
Dritain.  and  Ihreaioned  serious  danger  to  ihoin  all. 
The  Five  Naliona,  inflamed  by  their  passion  for  war, 
and  finding  a  pretext  for  its  gratification  in  tho  recol- 
lection of  numerous  insults  that  had  been  olierod  to 
them  in  the  soanon  of  their  adveriiity,  had  turned  their 
anna  soulliward,  and  conquered  tho  country  from  thu 
Misri"aippi  to  tho  borders  of  Carolina  ;  exterminating 
numuruua  tribea  and  nations  in  their  dcalriictive  pro- 
gieas.  Many  of  the  Indian  allies  of  Virginia  and  Ma- 
inland austained  their  attacks ;  and  those  colonies  tliein- 
atlvaa  wore  frequently  involved  in  hostilities  both  in 
dtfenco  of  ihoir  allies,  and  in  dofenco  of  Iheinselvos 
agtiiisl  allies  incensed  by  discovering  that  their  in- 
▼alera  derived  their  means  of  annoying  ihem  from  the 
Elgliah  at  Now  York.  Hut  this  yoar,  Colonel  Uoii- 
gan.  ill  conjunction  with  Lord  EHinghim,  tho  governor 
of  Virginia,  concluded  with  tho  Five  Nations  a  dofiiil- 


li«e  treaty  of  |ieace,  embracing  all  tha  Engiiah 
mania,  and  all  Iribca  in  alliance  with  Iham.  Haleh*t«< 
prnportionc.l  to  the  iiumliera  of  tho  Engiiah  colonlata, 
wore  Bolciniily  hurled  in  iho  ground  ;  and  iha  arma  of 
tlio  Uiiko  of  York,  aa  tho  acknowledged  auprame  liaad 
of  the  Kngliah  and  Indian  confederacy,  were  auapondad 
along  the  fronliera  of  the  terrilonea  of  the  Five  Na- 
tions '  Tliis  Iruaty  waa  long  inviolably  adhered  lo; 
and  tho  fidelity  of  iia  obtervance  waa  powerfully  aldod 
hy  a  ronowal  of  hostililiua  butwoen  Iho  Five  Naliona 
a  id  their  ancient  uiieniiea  the  French.  It  was  at  thia 
time  that  tha  inerclianta  of  Now  York  firat  adventured 
on  Iho  groat  lakua  to  the  weatwaid,  hoping  to  participate 
in  thu  trade  which  iho  French  were  carrying  on  wilh 
much  prolll  in  that  quarter,  and  which  thuy  endeavored 
to  guard  from  invasion  by  prejudicing  thu  Indiana 
agiintt  the  Kngliah,  and  by  every  ait  that  aooined  likely 
to  ohatrucl  lliu  advailcoa  of  tlioir  rivals.  Uoiigan  par- 
ceiving  thn  diaadvanlagen  In  which  hia  countrymen  were 
tipoaed,  aolicitud  thu  Kngliah  iniiiiatry  to  take  nina- 
aiirus  for  pruvrnliiig  thn  I'rcnch  from  navigating  thu 
lakes  which  bolongud  lo  the  Five  Nations,  and,  con- 
anqiinntly,  aa  bo  approhendud,  to  England.  Uiit  ho 
waa  iiiforined  that  it  was  prnpoataroue  loaak,  or  expect, 
that  Franco  would  cuiiimand  her  auhjecta  to  dosial  from 
an  advanliii^eoua  coiniiiureo  for  thu  liuiiefit  of  their 
rivals;  uiid  iiu  waa  diroi^tud  rather  hy  acta  of  kiiidiiesa 
and  coiirtoay  to  eiicoiiragn  thu  liidiiiia  lo  retain  their 
adtiereiice  lo  England,  and  lo  make  it  tliu  interest  of 
all  the  Iriliua  lo  tradu  with  the  English  in  prefereiicu  to 
the  French  ;  otiserving  willml  such  pruduncu  aa  might 
prevent  oirence  lo  Eurojioan  neiglihors.  80  far  were 
these  views  from  being  realiiud,  that  Ironi  this  tiinu 
thure  commenced  a  aeriua  of  disputes  hutwuun  llie  Iwo 
nations,  wliicli  fur  thu  greater  pan  of  u  century  engaged 
thuin  in  continual  wara  und  hoalile  intriguea  thit  Ihreat- 
•nud  the  duatrucliun  ul  llieir  colonial  sullU'inuntM,  cost 
the  livu.i  of  many  uf  ihu  European  colonists,  and  wasted 
thu  blood,  and  prolonged  tho  burbariain,  of  thoau  unfor- 


were  prevented   Iroin    cihibiling    to 

and   English  sympathy,   through  Iha  luadllM  •# 

proaa. 

Uongan,  having  been  a  soldier  all  hia  lifa,  aat 
havu  been  fitted  rather  by  habit  10  regard  with 
ferenre,  than  hy  diapoaition  to  aiiforce  wilh  rigor,aa]ra> 
lam  of  arbitrary  power;  and,  accordingly,  iba  nimai»i 
der  of  hia  adminialralion,  though  leaa  favorable  lo  Uf 
popularity,  waa  not  diacredilable  lo  hia  rharaeirr,  which 
continued  to  evince  Ihe  auma  moderation,  and  th« 
aaine  regard  lo  tho  public  weal,  aa  iMifoni.  Though  • 
Uoinan  catholic,  ha  had  beheld  with  alarm,  awf  (•• 
lialad  with  energy,  tha  intruaion  of  Iha  Franch  priaala 
into  tha  aatllainenta  of  Iho  Fi«a  Naliona ;  and  avan 
when  hia  bigoted  maaier  waa  perauaded  by  Ina  court 
of  Franco  to  command  him  10  deaial  from  thua  ob> 
alrucling  Ihe  progreaa  of  popiah  conversion,  ha  con- 
tinued neverlholeaa  to  warn  hia  Indian  alliaa,  that  lb* 
adiniaaion  of  the  Jeauila  among  them  would  piovo 
fatal  to  their  own  inloruata,  and  to  thair  friandahip  wilh 
Ihu  Engiiah.  He  atlll  inaiated  that  iha  French  ahould 
not  treat  with  tha  Indiana  in  alliance  with  hia  colony, 
wilhoul  Ilia  privily  and  iiilervanlion :  but  the  Freiic| 
court  again  employed  their  intereat  wilh  hia  maaty 
and  he  accordingly  received  orders  to  depart  from  Ihia 

Iirotrnsioii.  Thu  Five  Nations,  however,  seemed  mora 
ikely  tu  need  liiu  aasistancu  of  his  forces  than  the  aug- 
{teationa  of  his  pulicy.  Their  untutorud  sagacity  had 
oiig  percoived  what  the  ininisteraof  Iho  court  of  Eng- 
land w  ru  not  skilful  enough  to  discern,  that  Ihe  ex- 
lennivii  projecta  of  France  both  threatened  ihomaelvea 
with  subjugation,  and  involved,  lo  the  manifold  dia- 
advantage  "'  lu  Engiiah  colonies,  a  diminution  of 
their  trade  1  a  removal  of  tho  powerful  barrier  that 
atlll  Boparaied  them  from  Iho  rival  aettlernent  of  Ca- 
nada. The  treaty  that  excluded  the  Five  Nations  from 
hoalile  cipcditioiia  against  the  more  distaiil  tribea  allied 
to  the  other  English  colonics,  gave  them  leiaure  to 
attend   with  less  distraction  to  their  nearer  intereata ; 


Innate  Indians  who  wure  involved  in  Iho  vortex  of  iheir  I  and  lindlng  theimelvea  inconvenienced  by  the  auppliea 
hoatility. 

lUdr>.l  On  the  death  of  Charlcsi  the  Second,  ihe 
Diiko  of  York  aacemled  hia  brother's  throne,  and  the 
province  of  which  he  had  beun  ])ioprietary  devolved, 
with  all  ita  dependuncioa,  on  tho  crown.  The  people 
of  .\ew  York  received,  with  improvidunt  einltation,  the 
accounts  of  thuir  proprietary's  advancement  to  royalty, 
and  proclaimed  him  ns  their  aovereign  with  thu  liveliust 
denioiiatrations  of  attachnioiit  and  respect.  They  had 
beun  for  some  time  past  soliciting  wilh  much  oagorncaa 
a  formal  grant  of  tho  constitution  that  waa  now  esta- 
bliahed  among  them  ;  and  the  duku  had  not  only  pro- 
inised  to  gratily  them  in  this  pulicular,  but  had  actually 
procei  led  so  iar  ua  to  sign  a  patent  in  conformity  witli 
their  wishes,  which,  at  his  accession  to  thu  throno,  ru- 
quired  only  some  trivial  solemnity  lo  rendur  it  coiii|ilete 
and  irrevoi-abln.  liut  Jainun,  though  he  could  not  pre- 
tend to  forget,  waa  not  aahained  to  violate,  as  KJi'.y  of 
England,  Iho  promise  which  he  had  made  wiieii  Duke 
of  VorK ;  and  a  calm  and  unblushing  rufusa  was  now 
returned  to  the  renewed  oolicitationa  of  all  tho  incorpo- 
rated bodies,  and  the  great  bulk  of  the  inhabitanta  of 
the  province.  Deteruiined  to  eatabliah  tlie  aaino  arbi- 
trary ayatciii  in  New  York  vjhich  ho  designed  for 
Nuw  England,  so  far  from  conferring  now  liainuni- 
tiea,  ho  wr.hdrow  wfiat  had  been  formerly  couceilcd. 
[1680.]  In  Ihe  second  year  of  his  reign  he  iiivcaled 
Uongan  with  a  now  commission,  empowering  him,  wilh 
consent  of  a  council,  to  enact  the  lawa,  and  impose  Ihe 
taxes;  and  commanding  him  lo  autfer  no  printi*g 
preia  to  exist.  Though  he  now  eent  Androa  to  New 
En^laiiil,  he  pauaed  a  while  before  he  ventured  to  re- 
aloru  the  authority  of  that  obnoxious  governor  in  New 
York.  Uiit  the  people  beheld  in  his  a|>pointinciit  to 
govern  Ihe  colonies  in  their  neighborhood,  an  additional 
Indication  uf  their  princes  character  and  their  own  dan- 
ger, und  wilh  impatient  discontentt  endorcd  a  yoke 
which  they  were  unable  to   break,  and   which    they 


*  A  cufto*i„  iniitsena  or  the  cmnplalsanri-  of  tlil.n  people  Is 
lalalad  b'  niJniaun  ill.  S-JUl,  in  lils  recount  i>r  a  trilio  nf  >iiv- 
eaea  who  were  Kroatlycharintiiiwitliilie  guod  hreo<tli)<of  ttie 
nenctuln  always  appcariniraiarlt  naked  nt  tlmlr  iniitiiit  cun- 
Carancaa.  Charlevulx  bna^ts.  tliat  tho  French  are  the  only 
Bvropoan  people  who  have  ever  auecaeitotl  in  rendering 
thamaelvas  afreeable  to  itie  Indians,  Wiiataver  reason  he 
BOay  have  had  ror  this  boast,  he  had  no  reaaou  10  fiery  in  the 
——1  bj-  «Ueb  thay  courted  popularity. 


*  Wlicn  tills  treaty  was  renewed  some*  years  after,  llio 
sneliem  who  acted  as  urator  tor  llie  Indians  thus  addressed 
tile  culoiii.il  envoys,  *<  Wo  iniikn  I'a^t  the  rootrt  of  itie  tree  of 
peace  and  tranquillity,  wliicli  is  planted  in  this  place,  Ua 
rootM  extend  ns  fat  as  tlio  utmost  uf  yeui  colonies:  iftiie 
Frencli  should  come  tu  slinkn  tins  tree,  we  would  feel  it  by 
the  motion  of  its  ruoiN,  wh>':lioxlendiiito  uurcounti.,"  Cof- 
den,  1.  lOU. 

t  So  Krcat  was  tlie  rlian^e  produced  in  'lie  sentiments  of 
the  colonists  by  Wua  ciiangc  uf  treiuinent,  lliai  we  Hiid  I>on- 
goii  writmir  tins  year  to  thu  Eiijlisli  ministry,  "  I  wisli  for 
more  rortiUcatlons,  as  tlie  people  every  day  ^^olv  more  name- 
ruus,  and  are  of  a  turbulent  disposition."  Stale  Papers,  apud 
Chalinera,  Ml.  Tilia  cunaure  seems  to  be  as  uiuusl  as  Ilia 
retort  which  liis  uwn  character  exprrieiieed  at  tlie  Rarolu- 
tlon,  when  a  body  of  the  inhabitanta  denoMocad  him  aa  "  » 
1  wlcaed  popish  (ovemor.'* 


which  thuir  numerous  enemies  derived  from  the  French, 
Ihey  had  of  late  choaen  to  conaider  Ibis  aa  a  hoatila 
act  which  they  were  entitled  lo  chastise  and  ohatrucl, 
and  hod  constantly  attacked  the  Canadian  Iradera  who 
carried  military  storea  lo  any  tribe  with  whom  thejr 
were  at  war.  The  French,  under  the  conduct  o(  two 
auccessivo  governors,  De  la  Uarro  and  Nouville,  had 
vainly  endeavored,  partly  by  treaty  and  partly  by  foice, 
to  repreaa  nrocecdings  so  injurious  lo  Ineir  commerce, 
their  reputation,  anuiheir  political  viewa  ;  when  Don- 
gan |>erceiving  that  a  war  would  probably  ensue  b«- 
Iweon  the  livala  and  the  allies  of  hia  countrymim, 

firnvailed,  by  the  most  urgent  ontreatiea,  o>  the  Eng- 
isb  court  10  iiirrst  him  with  authority  lo  aajiat  the 
Five  Naliona  it,  ihe  contest  that  menaced  them.  Uut 
tho  Ficiich  minisleta  gaining  information  of  these  in- 
atructiona,  hastened  to  counteract  them  by  a  repeiitioa 
of  artifices  which  again  proved  successful.  They  bad 
already  more  man  once,  by  tneir  nypucriay  and  cunning, 
succerded  in  outwitting  the  ainnero  bigotry  of  the  Eng- 
liuh  king ;  and  they  had  now  Iho  adi&eas  to  concluda 
Willi  him  a  trcatji  oj  neutraltty  /or  Am»-ica,  by  which 
it  waa  atipulated  that  neither  party  akjuld  givn  a»- 
liatance  to  Indian  tribea  in  their  ware  with  liie  other. 
Armed  with  ao  many  advaulagea,  the  French  authori- 
ties in  Canada  resumud,  with  increased  vigor,  Iheir  ei> 
dcavora  lo  chastise  by  force,  or  debauch  by  intrigue 
the  Indian  tribea  who  had  preferred  the  Engiiah  alli- 
ance lo  theirs ;  while  Dongan  waa  compelled  to  OKii- 
fice  the  honor  of  hia  coontry  to  the  mistaken  politica  of 
hia  maater,  and  lo  abandon  her  allies  to  the  hoatility, 
and  her  barrier  lo  the  violation,  of  an  insidious  and  en- 
terprising rival.  He  could  not,  however,  divest  him- 
self of  the  interest  he  felt  in  the  fortunes  of  the  Fivo 
Nations,  and  seized  every  opportunity  of  imparting  to 
them  advice  no  less  prudent  Inan  humane,  lor  the  con- 
duct of  their  enterprises,  and  Ihe  treatment  of  Iheii 
prisoners.  Hut  hia  inability  lo  fulfil  former  engage- 
ments, and  atTord  them  farther  aid,  greatly  weakened 
the  cflicacy  of  hia  councila.  Though  the  reinoni>traacea 
of  Doiiuan  enabled  the  miniatera  of  Jamea  to  diacover, 
in  the  Allowing  year,  [1687]  thai  the  treaty  of  nea« 
trality  for  America  waa  prejudicial  to  th?  interesta  of 
England,  it  waa  imposaible  IQ  prevent  tho  king  from 
renewing,  in  the  close  of  the  oama  year,  thia  iinpoUUe 
arrangement  with  France. 

But  the  king  had  no  intention  of  relinquishing  hit 
empire  in  America,  and  hia  mind,  though  »wai^ 
tinctured  with  bigotry,  waa  not'unauaceptiine  of  pehlia 
triawa  ;  though  he  aeema  raidjr  to  have  mingled  itfm 
conaiderationa  together.  Aa  hia  bigouy  had  pnaiBUa 
him  to  give  up  the  Indiana  to  thj  Fif neb,  W  (Mty 


M 


sto 


rHE  HISTuKr  or 


I 


r  •'ig|*il«<l  Iht  mtuura  of  uniiinit  ill  hii  iioctlMrii 
I  in  on*  goirernimnl  for  their  inor*  vlfecliial  <i*- 
It  mutt  be  coiiltiMii,  indecil,  thai  Im  tceini  to 
ktv*  boon  tt  IhiI  u  iirongly  proinptml  tn  thii  dMign 
bjr  iIm  4*Mra  of  fieililatiiig  hit  own  iibitrary  govern- 
■•M  in  lb*  eoloni**,  u  bjp  coiieorn  for  their  uTety,  or 
hi  tkm  intagrit*  of  hi*  dominion*.  >  A*  hi*  *ch*nie  in- 
I  N*w  York)  tnii  **  he  thouuhl  the  poo|)le  of  thi* 
I  now  aulBoiently  praporad  to  abide  the  eiir*- 
iaily  of  ki*  will,  ho  indulged  tl.*  mor*  rHdiljr  th*  dia- 
piaHuio  that  Doiig*n  had  given  him  by  obalructing  Ih* 
rront'h  J«*uit*,  whwh  haa  been  *  nihiect  of  cont  nu*l 
complaint  from  th*  court  of  Franc*.  The  coinmi  laion 
oflhi*  mohtoriou*  ottcer  wa*  accoidingly  aupercded 
bv  a  royal  (ooinMiid  to  deliver  up  liia  charge  a  Sir 
Eidmiind  Andn* ,  and  New  York  not  only  rave. ted  to 
ih*  dominion  of  IM  ancient  tyrant,  iMt  beheld  it*  exiat- 
anc*  aa  ■  aapotat*  proviiie*  conmielely  merged  in  it* 
imwialion  to  th*  government  of  New  England  Andnae 
lOinaiixd  at  lioalon  aa  the  motropolia  or  lii>  nirwdic- 
liOH  i  eomniuing  the  adininiainiion  uf  New  Vonk  ro 
Niehiolaon,  hi*  lieutanentgiivnrnor ;  1 1  dSS  ]  and  thniuien 
by  the  vigor  ol  hi*  ramonalrancea,  and  hia  repiiUOwK' 
for  ability,  he  comp*ll*d  tlw  French  to  auipend  amn* 
encroeohmeni*  which  they  were  makini;  or  threatening 
lo  make  on  the  Ki  jliah  tnrniorien,  lie  luiilii  lond  n*  i 
Maiatance  to  the  Five  Natiotm  in  the  hotnliiieit  lh*<  ] 
wer*  now  c*riied  on  between  ihem and  tlit*  French  with* 
miiliial  fury  and  ferociiv  that  »eeinod  tuially  to  obiiieralr 
the  dialinclion  belwoxn  iivilianlund  aavage  men  Tile 
people  of  New  Yirk,  lU'iinved  of  their  hlHirlies.  anil 
mortified  by  thrir  anncialion  i'<  .Ww  KiikIsikI.  fell 
theinaelvea  addilioniilly  ill  iiaed  liy  the  |iolicy  which 
coiii|ielli<d  them  to  ilard  aloof  mid  behold  the  fate  of 
llto  ttlliva  to  whom  they  had  proiiuacd  protection,  to- 
gether with  their  own  moat  important  inlcrurw  aua- 
pended  un  the  iaaue  of  a  coiiteat  in  which  tliey  were  not 
aiilfcred  to  lake  a  xhuro  ;  while  all  the  whi'  i  their  couii- 
trymeii  in  the  ciatcrn  part  of  New  England  wore  ha* 
luaed  by  *  dangeroiia  Indian  war  whicn  waa  believed 
nri  atrona  roaaons  to  have  been  eicited  by  the  iiitriguea 
of  the  trench.  But  though  daaerted  by  the  Lngliili, 
ttv  Five  Naliona  inaiiitainod  the  alrugglo  with  an 
tiicrgy  that  proiniaed  the  preaervation  of  their  indcpcn- 
i!*ncu,  and  finally  with  a  aucceaa  that  eiciteil  hopea 
■ivcn  of  tiM  aubjugaiion  of  their  civiliied  adveraariea, 
I'ndertaking  an  eiiwdilion  with  twelve  hundred  of  their 
warnora  againat  Montreal,  they  conducted  their  march 
wilh  auch  rapidity  and  aecreay  ua  to  aurpriae  ihe  Fi>-,nch 
ill  almoat  unguarded  aecurily.  The  auddenneaa  and 
fury  of  their  attack  proved  irrcaiatible.  They  burned 
Ihe  town,  aecked  the  planiationa,  nut  a  thouaaiid  of  the 
French  to  the  aword,  and  carrieil  away  a  number  of 
priaonera  whom  they  burned  alive  ;  returning  to  thi'ir 
irienda  with  the  loa*  of  only  three  of  their  own  number. 
It  wa*  now  that  the  diaadvantage  ariaing  from  the  iieu- 
Ifaiity  of  the  Engliah  waa  moat  aenaibly  felt,  both  in 
Ihe  crueliiea  wilh  which  the  Indiana  atainod  the  triumpha 
Uwy  obtained,  and  which  the  influence  of  a  humane  ally 
might  have  contributed  to  moderate.t  and  alao  in  the 
inability  of  the  aavtgea  to  imprnve  ihvir  victoric*  into 
Itating  conqueat.  They  atrained  every  nervu  indeed  to 
follow  up  tncir  advantajjc,  and  aliortly  after  the  attack 
Oil  Montreal  poaaeaaed  theinaelvea  of  t!io  fort  at  Lake 
Ontario  which  the  garriaon  in  a  panic  abr  ined  to 
them;  and  being  now  reinforced  by  the  dtaertion  of 
numerou*  Indian  allica  of  ilin  French,  Ihcy  reduced 
•very  atation  that  thia  people  pomcssed  in  Canaila  to  a 
■tate  of  Ihe  utmoit  terror  and  distress.  Nothing  could 
lave  aaved  the  French  from  utter  destruction  hut  the 
.gnoraiica  which  Jiaablcd  the  Indiana  froiii  attacking 
nrtified  placea  ;  and  it  was  evident  to  oil  that  a  aiiiglc 

*  Clialmer'i  account  of  thif  project  of  ihe  kin^  and  of  the 
mcaaurea  which  It  produced  (wherever  Lho  lutijecl  fingagrit 
'Uiatt«ntion,hiit  expecially  In  cap.  IO)iftittrang»ly  erroneous. 
He  quotei,  as  words  uiied  by  llie  kins  in  eiplaiintion  of  his 
views  (p.  495),  aipr^'.^ioni  einuloyeJ  ny  a  ditfere'it  person, 
and  not  ascntied  9!  i ':  lo  the  khig  (lluictiiifsori.i.  371).  lie 
anserts  also  tl  r  ."..  .los  m.l(le  an  Hdvunlogeous  peafi^  lor  the 
Five  Nations  wilh  llie  Frencti.  Here  indeed  lie  is  so  far  sup- 
ported by  an  autlior  to  whom  ItuMirrecineKS  Is  very  unusual, 
and  who  says  merely  Ihat  "  ll>u  Moliawks  made  ni:Hce  witli 
the  Frencli  under  llie  influeiir;e  of  Sir  EJinuiid"  (llnl'-hinson, 
1. 170).  But  tlie  fad  in,  lliat  the  Five  Nalioiis  uern  ut  war 
with  the  French  diirini  (lie  whole  of  An<lruM*s  adininlstrstion : 
■nd  so  totally  uncnnnected  wan  he  with  their  alTairs,  lliat 
•either  Sinltn  i*or  Colden  was  aware  of  his  havii.^  ever  been 
a  aecoiid  lime  governor  of  New  Vork. 

t  The  conduct  Hhlrh  we  have  nirrady  witnesicd  In  some 
•I  the  Indian  allies  of  ilie  New  England  states.  In  iliulr  luiiii 
war*fmay  seem  to  render  liils  a  vain  speculation.  But  tlie 
Vlv*  nations  were  a  far  more  r^4«otianle  and  iiilelllgtml  rani 
•fMnga  than  the  Pequodsan.l  N»rr.LL!tintiHi.ln.  Colonel  Don- 
fM^  whom  they  greatly  loved  and  respected  ({.olden,  i.  ftSi, 
Biglit  lukvfl  motliiieil  their  hustiliiies  by  hi^  example,  as  lio 
tet**Mlvan4&0taltOffctlter  Ineffectually  attvnipiod  lo  do  by 


vigoroua  act  of  inwrpoeilioa  by  ih*  Engliah  coloniot* 
would  h*ve  aiiHtced  to  t*nnin*t*  for  ever  th*  rivalry  of 
France  and  f'ni(laiid  in  ihia  quarlar  of  th*  world. 

ISHB.J  Wluin  this  wa  lielween  the  French  and  th* 
Indian*  waa  proloi.^ed  by  indeciaive  hoatilili**,  *  *een« 
of  th*  ulmoat  iinportanro  wa*  pnparing  lo  opn  *l 
N*w  York.  A  deep  tiid  geiwral  diaalle'-tion  lo  th* 
goveriiineni  prevailml  ther*  *mong  all  r^nks  of  in*n ; 
and  aa  the  public  diacontenta  had  Men  for  aom*  time 
plainly  gathering  to  a  head,  aoina  violent  convulaion 
wa*  f**rfully  anticipated  ;  and  parhapa  wa*  auapondad 
hy  diviaioiia  in  aeiilimeni  ariaing  from  Ih*  dia'*r*nt  **• 
peel*  in  which  lit*  *tal*  of  tlw  lime*  prM*nl*d  iUalf  lo 
dilTerent  mind*.  To  the  wealthy  and  th*  diiecming, 
III*  privation  of  lilierty  and  the  degradation  of  Ih*  pro- 
vince, ap|iearcd  with  justice  tlio  only  public  dia«dvan- 
lages  which  they  had  occaaion  lo  deplore,  or  wen  in- 
lereated  to  remove.  Uul  •  dnad  of  popery  had  **ii*d 
the  minds  of  many  of  th*  poorer  inhabitaiil*,  and  not 
only  diminiahed  real  and  aubalantial  evila  in  tlicir  ea- 
icem,  but  gone  far  to  extinguish  common  aena*  in  tlieir 
uiiderataniVinge  and  common  juatic*  in  their  aeiili- 
inenta.  The  king'*  well  known  bigotry,  hi*  ■ttempt* 
10  iiitroduc*  popery  in  EngUnd,  andlii*  tyrannical  aup- 
iircaaion  of  liberty  aiiiong  tliemaclvea,  inculcated  Ihia 
additional  apprehension  on  their  initated  minda ;  and 
the  anrvile  a|iusinay  of  some  of  the  officer*  of  govern- 
inent  at  New  Yoik,  who  endeavored  to  court  royal 
favor  liy  profeaaing  to  ailopi  lh«  king'a  religion,  appeaiad 
alrongly  to  confiiin  it  Some  angry  feehiig*  that  had 
been  incited  in  the  commencemen'  /  Colonel  Don- 
ijan's  adininislralioii  were  r"  seen  to  r^'ive  and  at 
nnco  augment  and  diversify  the  prevailing  formenta. 
.At  ihat  period,  noiwithitanding  the  eierliona of  •  fonner 

foveriior  to  adj.iat  ilic  boundarica  of  pro|)erty  in  Long 
sland,  a  great  inaiiy  diapulea  on  this  aubject  prevailed 
in  the  aame  quarter  between  dilTeroiil  inilividuaia  and 
dilTerent  townabip*  ;  and  on  Dongan  had  devolved  the 
thanklesa  office  of  adjuating  Iheao  controveraies  by  judg- 
ment* which  could  hardly  fall  lo  engender  *  great  dial 
of  enmity  against  him.  In  auch  ciars  it  lou  cnnimoiilv 
happens  that  the  arbitrator  by  seeking  to  gratify  both 
pailiea,  disap|iointa  them  both,  and  is  taxed  on  all  sidea 
with  partiality  ;  or  that  atudying  only  to  enforce  atrict 
jua'ico,  ho  cxcilce  extreme  diaconlent  in  th'^ae  whom 
hia  award  both  deprivea  iif  the  projierty  ihey  had  hoped 
to  keep  or  gain,  and  atiginatltvs  aa  unjuat  and  unrea- 
aoiiable  men.  Moat  men  poaaeaa  sufficient  ingenuity 
lo  aupply  them  with  plausible  reaaoiia  for  imputing  the 
diaaupointment  of  their  eipectationa  to  the  dishonealy 
of  those  who  ohalruct  or  withhold  them ;  and  diaa|>- 
pointed  liiiganta  have  in  all  agea  been  notorious  for  the 
vehemence  and  acrimonv  of  tlicir  spleen  *  A  great 
iiiuny  persons  who  accounted  themselves  wronged  by 
Dongaira  adjiidicatioiia,  had  made  no  scrujilu  to  iinputo 
their  ili>api>oiniincnta  to  the  darkness  aiid  oliliqnily  of 
Ilia  popish  undrrstaiidlng.  They  conceived  a  vinleiit 
Jealousy  of  |ioplsh  dpst^'iis,  which  iho  rerulli'i  iion  u( 
tlicir  wrongs  preserved  iiiiiinpaireil  hy  the  lapse  of  iiino 
and  iho  character  of  Ooiigaii'a  adiiiinlstration.  Tliese 
feelings  were  revived  and  inflamed  by  recent  events 
and  appcaraiicea ;  the  apostasy  of  some  of  the  public 
otficcra  continncd  the  anprcliuiisiona  of  popery  ;  and  llie 
painful  stroke  inllicteJ  by  the  establiaiiiiient  nf  civil 
tyranny  was  chiefly  felt  as  ng||ravatlng  the  smart  of  a 
former  and  totally  ditTorcnl  injury.  This  class  ol  per- 
sona csieeined  popery  the  inoHl  terrible  feature  in  the 
aspect  of  the  limes,  and  ilicinsiilrvcs  as  eminent  victims 
of  popish  persecution ;  and  considered  these  iS  by  far  the 
fittest  considerations  to  unilR  the  goneni  resentment, 
andjusiify  its  vindictive  reaction. 

While  the  minds  of  men  were  thus  agitated  by  com- 
mon resentment,  but  reatrained  from  cordial  union  by 
diirerence  uf  opinion  and  variety  of  apprciicnaion,  the 
public  oipoetaiion  waa  awakened  and  elevated  by  in- 
lelligence  from  Europe  of  the  dosigna  of  the  Prince  of 
Orange.  Yet  no  commotion  had  enaiied,  when  the  im- 
portant tidings  arrived  of  ihe  accession  of  William  aid 
Slary  lo  the  throne  of  England,  and  of  the  Hucccasful 
inanrreciion  at  Boston  wliicli  had  terminated  the  go- 
vernment of  Andro*.  Even  the  contagious  ferment 
excited  by  (his  last  intelligence  inl)ihl  have  subsided 
williiiiil  priiditring  an  cgplosioii  of  puunlar  violence,  if 
the  conduct  of  the  local  uitlliaillji'S  I  Nuw  York  had 
not  indicated  an  intention  to  reaial,  oi  at  leaat  a  lieaita- 

*  "  May  Ihey  be  perpetually  defesteil  in  Judit  lat  rontrnvar- 
sies,"  was  tlio(i|ilil  liy  llili  Greeks  ii  rlllui  ivoilll)  ol  imliia  In- 
seiled  In  llie  denuuriitiioii  liiey  joiliilsliHd  against  such  as 
should  violate  llie  Aoipliii'lluiiie  eni(ageiiienl.  ll  is  an  oliser- 
valion  uf  Tliucydides  that  itieii  an-  much  inure  eia.4peraled 
by  a  supposed  injusticu  of  wiiicli  the  henetit  accrues  to  ti-..iir 
equala,  than  by  111*  nwat  violent  usurpation  comautlad  by 
ILeu  aufcriora. 


lion  lo  concur  wilh,  th*  general  revolution  el  Uw  m* 
pir*.  Nicholson,  the  lieuieneiil-govemor,  ntt  hi* 
eouiieil,  not  only  refrained  from  proclaiinii  {  WilUiM 
•nd  Mary,  but  deapalched  ■  letter  logovo.nof  Brad 
eirMI,  al  lla*ton,  commanding  wilh  haughty  m«iie% 
th*  immoilial*  releaaa  of  Androa,  and  On  (ii|ipr***iOB 
of  Ih*  iiiaurratlionary  rabbi**  who  had  pratumcd  to  pul 
him  in  cnnAn*m*nl.  Nolwitalanding  Ihi*  doinonMr*- 
lion  of  oppoaition  In  ih*  revolution,  the  mora  r*A*clina 
p*rt  of  IM  inhabiuni*  clearly  ptrceived  thai  Ihtirlocd 
go**mm«nt  muKi  follow  lb*  f*t*  of  th*  r«*l  of  Iho  em- 
pira,  and  w*ra  diapooed  etimljr  lo  w*it  for  Um  «|iOiil^ 
neoH  (ubmiaaiun  of  Nicholaon  and  hi*  ervneil  to 
Willi*m  and  Mary,  or  Ibe  arrival  of  ordor*  or  help  IVoia 
Britain  lo  redue*  lh*ni.  But  th*  imp*ti*M*  of  t  eon- 
•id*r*blii  body  of  Ih*  pcopln,  and  •*p*ci*lly  of  Ibo**  wh* 
w*r*  ptnic  alruck  wilh  in*  larror*  of  popory,  eouM  MR 
•bid*  Ihi*  t*diou*  iaau*,  *nd  wu  infl*m«d  wilh  lb*  tp- 
prehenaion  of  aom*  notable  piec*  of  cr*fl  from  Nichel> 
*un  *nd  hi*  *aaorialea  in  offic*  t 

Thi*  pirty  found  *  chi*f  in  Jacob  L<i*l*r,  a  man  ol 
eager  headlong  temper  and  narrow  capacity,  ind  who** 
leal  tgainal  popery  ind  former  ill  Ireatineni  by  Andio*, 
•eemed  to  d**ignate  him  th*  proper  leader  of  th*  oppo- 
ailion  lo  the  political  and  religiou*  entmiea  of  Ihe jpro- 
vinee.  H*  had  already  commiltad  the  flr*l  act  of^  r*- 
•i*lanc*,  hy  r*fu*ing  lo  pay  cuatoma  on  aom*  gooda  h* 
had  imported,  alleging  thai  lh«  collector  waa  •  papial, 
and  that  there  waa  no  legitimal*  government  in  In*  co- 
lony. Nicholaon  having  begun  lo  make  preparation* 
for  defending  the  city  igainal  a  foreign  invaaion,  and 
aumiDoned  the  trainml  Innda  lo  garrison  th*  fort,  a  re- 
port wi*  circulated  thai  the  papiata  wer*  preparing  lo 
maaaaer*  the  proteslant* ;  aiiJ  Laisler,  who  commended 
a  company  of  the  trained  banda,  inatanlly  marched  al 
the  bead  of  a  detachment  of  ihia  body,  and  making  hi* 
way  into  Ihe  fort,  aaaumcd  the  command  of  it  in  da- 
fence  of  the  pruteetani  cauae,  and  in  allendai.c*  on  Iho 
ordera  of  tho  king  and  queen  of  Englat.d.  Th*  pro- 
cauliona  of  Ilia  late  king  had  deprived  in*  penpl*  ■lul 
Ihoir  leadora  of  tho  power  of  diHuaing  their  *enlim*ull 
by  the  agency  of  the  preaa ;  but  a  written  declaration 
waa  siibscnlii'il  by  Leisler  and  hia  followers,  importing 
that,  although  they  had  auflTcred  many  grievaiK  ea  from 
"  a  wicked  popish  governor,  Dongan,  thoy  would  have 
patiently  awaited  rrdresa  from  England,  if  Ihe  violence 
and  oppression  ol  Nicholson  and  Ihe  achemea  of  the 
papiata  had  not  forced  them  to  take  arm*  and  aacura 
die  fort,  which  they  were  ready  to  deliver  up  to  atMli 
prolaatani  officer  aa  the  king  and  queen  inignt  aend  lo 
receive  it.  Leisler,  finding  that  at  firal  nr  waa  not 
joiikid  by  any  (leraoiia  of  conaideralion  in  the  province, 
despatched  a  incsbciiger  to  King  William,  and  by  na- 
gotiatiiina  wilh  iNhssarliiifetts  and  (/onneclicul,  aiie 
cueded  in  inicrpHhK  Mie  governmeiitauf  these  culunioa 
on  his  side  Uut  a  report  srlslng  that  an  English  flcrl 
was  ap|iroa>ljliig  lu  asalsl  tin.'  Ii.4iifgciiis.  they  were  in- 
ataiiilv  joliicil  Iif  all  classe.i  iij'  pco|||c  In  Ni'\y  York  ; 
anil  .Vlcholson.  afraid  of  aliiitljig  llie  faleuf  Andrns,  fle.l 
to  England,  tlnforiiiiiately  for  Leisler,  the  command 
which  priority  of  ri'siatance  and  the  favor  of  the  lower 
orders  cnaliled  him,  hia  natural  temper  equally  prompted 
hint  to  retain,  thoiiuh  siirroiinileil  liy  men  who  dreaded 
Ilia  violence  and  reluctantly  sulitnitled  lo  his  elevallon. 
Thiise  new  adherents  had  influence  enoii)rh  lo  cauae  a 
•ociiiil  proclamation  to  he  issued,  in  wliicli  the  unwor- 
thy cene>:re  un  Dongan  was  nniiiied,  and  no  atipula- 
llqn  whatever  inscrlcd  as  lo  Ihe  religion  of  the  royal 
officer  lo  whom  the  fort  would  he  surrendered  It  ht'-il 
hocii  happy  fur  all  panics  if  the  jealousy  of  I^eialcr'a 
rivals  hid  been  aalislied  wilh  this  wise  and  moderate 
conlrol  over  hia  ineasurea.  Uut  CourtUndt,  the  mavD; 
of  the  city,  Oulutiul  Bayard,  Major  Shuyler,  and  a 
nntniicr  uf  other  gentlemen,  unable  tu  brook  the  aup*- 
rluilly  of  a  man  whoae  rank  and  talents  were  infeiinr 
to  their  own,  retired  lo  Albany,  and,  aeizini;  tho  lull 
there,  declared  Ihat  they  held  it  for  King  William,  and 
wnuld    maintain   no  connexion  with    Leisler.     Eicb 

'  Chalmers,  in  atraina  of  e(|iiai  arrogaiici,  imputes  Ihe  null 
sequent  pioceudings  at  New  York  lo  Ihe  rabble  of  this  piiica 
Hut  a  country  where  begiiary  and  dependence  sre  unknovn 
produces  no  cla  is  lu  wliicli  siuii  an  liiilliel  can  justly  heiona 
Tlia  wliole  account  ha  lias  given  of  the  prucecdiiigs  al  lliTa 
period  la  defaced  hy  llin  gro!i,>eRt  partiality. 

i  TliuiyUldcs  thus  characterlies  Hit  proceedings  of  the 
populace  in  one  of  tlie  revu!utioii9  of  Corcyrs  •  —Such  as  hod 
tlie  least  wil  had  the  beat  success  ;  for  l>oth  llieir  own  dafect 
Nlul  trie  Kiilillety  of  their  adversaries  imttinx  them  into  a  great 
fear  to  be  overcome  lu  words,  or  a  least  in  proliisldallon  by 
their  enemy's  great  craft,  the,  therefore  went  roundly  lo  work 
with  Ihem  Willi  deeds.  11.  lit.  Iloblies  Translation.  Ilobb*** 
own  summary  of  this  passage  and  tho  conleit  is,  ■'  In  s*dl> 
tluns  and  coniusi.in.  they  that  distrust  their  wita  auddenly  *■• 
tiKir  hands,  and  defeat  tiia  stialageios  of  the  nu         '""' 


NOIITII    AMERIC*. 


ni 


|Ml]r  now  profMwd  fdhcnncii  to  the  Hrna  •uvcrriKii, 
tmt  itiutaueti  iha  olhor  ■•  ralxli  lo  hit  •iillioriiy. 
Mlibr,  Ihough  inlruXcd  hy  ilia  inililia  with  Iha  aula 
Mnimnd,  jiiunvii  it  prudaiil  lo ••■wmlo  •oiiio  raa|)acl- 
tkitciiiiaiii  iloiiK  with  hiin  in  •  oaiion  that  hi*  hkaly 
!•  prova  au  daiigrroua.  Having  furtilietl  liia  own  (Hiwar 
b>  lb*  tiipoiiilincM  uf  t  coiiiiiiiltea  of  a*roty  tt  Now 
Turk,  ha  dtapalchrd  hia  aon  inlaw.  Millwurn,  agtinit 
•h*  tdvcraa  faction  at  Albany.  (3aurilandt  and  hia 
iawieiaiaa,  burning  with  raianliiinnt,  bnl  avortato  thcd 
Mnod  in  auch  a  quarrel,  wara  raliavid  fra:n  llicir  pnrplai 


Uy  by  a  hotlila  irruption  of  Fraiich  and  Indiana,  [1080] 
which,  by  iha  daaolttion  it  inAiclad  on  tha  aurroundinu 
MUiilry,  aithar  rendarad  llivir  pn»t  iinlanahlo,  or  induced 


Ibain  to  aacriAca  thair  pratamiuns,  for  tha  piirjioaa  of 
•iiabling  thaIr  countrynon  to  iiniia  all  thii  force  of  ilia 
provlnc*  againtl  the  common  anomy.  Abandoning  the 
fort  lo  their  rival,  thry  took  refuge  in  the  neighboring 
coloniea;  and  I<eiilur,  wilh  vindictive  raahneai,  pro- 
cardad  lo  confiscate  their  oatatet.  'I'u  add  airnnijih 
•lid  reputation  to  hia  party,  a  cnnvontion  waa  ■iiinininied 
^r  Laialar  of  daputiea  from  all  tha  townt  and  diatricta 
to  which  hia  influaiico  aitonded  ;  and  thii  aaaeinlily,  in 
which  two  'li'piiliea  from  (<'unnecticiit  wnro  adniittud  to 
■aaial  with  thair  advice,  onacti'd  varioua  reguUti'iia  for 
the  tamporary  gnvarunient  of  the  province.  Uut  the 
■cla  of  thia  body,  and  ca|ieciblly  ita  fiiiamiial  impoai- 
liana,  wore  diaputed  by  a  |iowarful  party  among  the 
culonitia,  whoae  indi|{iialicn  againal  Loialcr  waa  con- 
fini'd  with  diHIciilty  lo  iiiiijl'aai.d  inenacaa  ;  and  many 
of  iha  Engiiah  inhiniianta  of  Long  laland,  whilo  ihoy 
•ijiiAaaad  a  rf  iuciant  aubiiiivairai  to  thia  chief,  privately 
tppiiad  to  (Jonntcicul,  and  saiiciled  Ihia  alato  lo 
annex  their  inaular  a*'.:!tin)c:iU  to  ita  juriadiction. 

la  tliia  '-'.liiapp*  atal<'  of  uninvrtity  and  contention 
(iie  coloniatt  of  New  York  coiitiii'.od  altogethor  nearly 
two  yaara,  notv^ilnttanding  a  revolulioii  which,  by  ele- 
vatinii  tha  aladtholder  of  Holland  to  the  Gngliah  throne, 
nad  pioMtaad  to  unite  iliein  together  more  tirmly  than 
•Tar.  Hippily,  the  qnarrol  ezliibitod  no  ayinptoma  of 
national  antipathy  between  the  Dutch  and  Engiiah,  who 
without  diacriininalion  of  facet,  embraced  reapcctivcly 
the  party  to  which  their  political  aenlimenta  attacliod 
them ;  and  ihouih  much  evil  paatiun  and  malignity 
warn  engendereiT  between  the  two  factiona,  no  blood 
waa  thed  by  either  while  ilieir  rommotiont  laaled.  Uut, 
Jiiforlunalcly,  the  miieriea  of  foreign  war  and  hoatile 
mvation  were  aoon  added  lo  the  calamity  of  internal 
Jiaeord.  The  condition  of  the  French  in  Canadi  had 
bean  auddanly  raited  from  the  brink  of  ruin  by  the  ar- 
livai  cf  a  ttrong  reinforccmonl  from  the  parunt  atate, 
under  ihe  command  of  a  tkilful  and  enlerprialng  officer, 
the  old  Count  de  Frontignac,  who  now  aaaunicd  the 
(ovarniiient  of  the  French  acttlemonla,  and  quicMy 
gave  a  diflerentcoinpleiion  to  the  alfiiraof  hia  country- 
men. Ho  act  on  foot  a  treaty  with  the  Five  Nallona, 
and  aucceedeil,  meanwhilr,  in  obtaining  •  auapenaiun 
of  their  hnatililioa.  War  had  alioady  been  declared 
between  France  and  I^nuland ;  and  the  diaaenaiona 
■mong  Ihe  inhiliitaiita  »f  Now  York  aecming  to  invite 
•n  attack  upon  thia  province,  he  determined  to  revive  the 
drooping  apirita  of  hit  pooplo  by  availing  himself  of 
thia  leinpti{i;(  nppnrtuiiity  of  aucccas.  A  considerable 
body  of  French  and  Indians  wiis  nccordingly  collected, 
and  detpa'clied  in  ilin  depth  of  winter  againat  New 
York,  by  a  atninuo  coincidence,  which  seemed  to 
have  been  decreed  fur  the  purpose  of  ataining  the 
French  name  in  America  witli  the  lilackesl  ingrdlilude 
•ml  dislmnur,  thia  party,  like  their  predeceaturs  in  10B5, 
after  wandering  for  twenty-two  days  llirougli  dcaerta 
reiide  ed  trscklesa  by  snow,  approached  tlio  village  of 
Schencetady  in  an  cihauttod  a  cniiditiuri  that  they  had 
dmerinined  to  aurreiidt-r  thointelvea  to  the  inhabitanta 
•a  prisniiers  of  war.  Out,  arriving  at  a  late  hour  on 
an  inclement  night,  and  learning  from  the  mesaengora 
ll.oy  had  acnt  forward  that  the  iiihabitaiiia  were  all  in 
bed,  without  oven  the  precaution  of  a  public  walch, 
they  eichinged  their  iiilcnlion  of  iniploring  mercy  to 
tbemselvea  fui  u  plan  of  nocturnal  attack  and  massa- 
cre of  the  defencelesa  people,  to  whoso  charitv  their 
awn  rounlryinen  had  onco  been  so  highly  indelited 
Thia  deleatable  requital  of  good  with  evil  was  cxc- 
t'jied  with  a  bar'jarity  which  of  itself  must  be  ac- 
koowledi^ed  lo  lorin  one  of  the  most  revolting  and 
txiflic  picl-jrea  that  have  ever  been  exhibited  of  human 
cruelty  and  ferocity.  Dividing  tlieniaelvoa  into  a  num- 
Oer  of  partiea,  they  set  lire  lo  the  village  in  various 
places,  and  attacked  the  inhabilarita  with  f»tal  advaii- 
Uge  when,  alarmed  hy  the  cnnAigratiun,  they  endea- 
vored to  eacape  frum  their  burning  houses.  The 
WkaiMlMl  atmngth  of  the  Frenchmen  appeared  to  re> 
mc  wilh  Ihs  work  of  deatruetion,  and  to  galbat  eaorgy 


from  the  aninialed  horror  of  the  acone  Not  only 
were  all  the  male  inliahitanti  ihey  could  reach  put  lo 
death,  hill  pregnant  wnmen  were  ripped  up.  and  their 
inrania  daaliei'  iin  the  walls  of  the  houses.  Uut  cither 
Ihe  delay  ocraaioned  hy  thia  elalwrato  cruelly,  or  the 
more  inemfiil  haste  of  the  lUnies  to  announce  the  ca- 
lamity to  those  who  might  atill  Hy  from  tha  aasataina, 
enabled  many  of  thp  inhuliittnta  lo  eicape.  The 
eiroria  of  the  atauilaiilt  wera  alao  aoinewhat  impeded 
by  a  asgaciuua  diacriminatiun  which  they  thonghl  it  ei- 
(ledient  to  eierciae.  Though  uniiiindful  of  henelita, 
they  were  not  regardleaa  of  policy,  and  of  a  numlior  of 
Moiiawk  Indiana  who  were  in  the  village  not  one  aua- 
laiiiod  an  injury.  Sixty  purtona  (writhed  in  Ihe  mat- 
tiicre,  tiid  tweiity-toven  were  taken  priaoncra.  Of  the 
fugiiivct  who  eieapod  half  naked,  and  made  their  way 
through  •  aloriii  of  anow  lo  Albany.  Iwontv-Hvo  lot! 
their  hmbt  from  the  intensity  of  the  frott.  The  French 
having  totally  deatroyed  Schenectady,  retired  loaded 
with  plunder  from  a  place  where  I  think  it  mutt  ho  ac- 
knowledged that  oven  the  al'ocitiea  cf  their  country- 
men in  thu  Palatinate  had  been  outdone. 

The  Intelligence  of  this  event  excited  the  utmnal 
ronsternation  in  the  provinco  of  New  York.  Forces 
were  quickly  raised  to  repel  or  retort  the  hostility  of 
the  French  ;  and,  on  tho  application  of  Lnisler,  the 
colony  of  Connecticut  sent  a  body  of  auxiliaries  to  hit 
aid.  It  waa  found  dilUcult  to  oxcito  ihe  Five  Nations 
10  join  actively  with  ullioa  who  had  once  deaerted  them  : 
but  they  declared  that  no  arts  of  the  French  should 
ever  prevail  with  them  lo  take  the  part  of  an  ancient 
enomy  againat  an  ancient  friend.  Aa  the  provinco  of 
Masaacliuaetta  waa  severely  haraaaod  at  the  aaino  time 
by  Indian  lioatililioa  inaiigated  and  aided  by  Count 
Frontignoc,  a  achome  waa  nrojcctod  betweoii  the  New 
England  alatea  and  New  York  for  a  general  invaaion 
of  Canada.  An  expedition,  cnmmandod  by  Sir  William 
Phipps,  sailed  from  Ooaton  againat  Quebec  ;  and  the 
united  forcea  of  Cannecticut  and  New  York,  under 
the  command  of  General  Winthrop,  were  lo  march 
againat  Montreal.  Uut  Lcialer'a  soii-in  law,  Milbounie, 
who  acted  aa  committiry-geiieral,  had  made  anch  im- 
perfect proviaion  for  tho  expedition,  thai,  partly  from 
thia  defect,  and  partly  from  the  inability  of  Ihe  Indiana 
lo  aupply  aa  many  canoea  for  croaaing  the  rivers  and 
lakea  aa  it  had  been  hopiid  Ihey  would  furnith,  the 
general  waa  obliged  lo  call  a  council  of  war,  and,  by 
their  unanimoua  opinion,  to  order  •  retreat.     The  ex- 

Clition  againat  Quebec  waa  equally  untucceatful. 
ialoi,  Iranaporled  with  rage  when  ho  waa  informed 
of  the  retreat,  cauaed  Winthrop  to  bo  arretted,  but 
waa  inatantly  compelled  by  univcraal  indignation  to 
reloaao  him.  Infatuated  by  hia  dangoroua  elevation, 
Ihia  roan  began  to  ditplay  tho  tpirit  that  goes  before  ■ 
fall.  The  governmoiit  of  Connecticut,  incenaod  at  the 
aflront  by  which  he  had  revenged  tho  result  of  hia  own 
incapacity  on  tho  best  officer  and  most  rosjicctod  in- 
habitant of  their  provinco,  aignified  in  very  sharp  terina 
tluir  aatoniahment  and  displeasure  at  hit  preaumplion, 
and  warned  him,  with  prophetic  witdom,  that  hia  alato 
needed  rare  prudence,  anil  that  he  had  urgout  occaaion 
for  frionda. 

King  William  had  received  Loialer'a  meaaenger  with 
the  moat  flattering  aiicouragemont,  and  admitted  him 
to  thn  honor  of  kiaaing  hit  hand,  as  t  testimony  of  hia 
aatisfacliuii  with  tho  proccodings  at  New  York.  But 
Nicholson,  on  his  arrival  in  England,  found  meana  lo 
make  his  party  good  with  tho  king,  and  inatil  into  hia 
mind  a  prejudice,  of  which  royalty  rendered  it  very 
suscoptible,  against  the  insurgonta  both  at  Boston  and 
New  York,  lie  returned  thanks,  indeed,  to  the  people 
of  New  York,  by  Lcislor'a  messenger,  for  their  fidelity ; 
but  in  noun  uf  Ins  communications  with  either  Boston 
or  New  York  did  ho  recognise  the  governors  whom  the 
pcoplo  had  appointed  ;  and  he  demonstrated  to  Ihe  in- 
habitanta  of  both  tlicao  placea  how  very  lightlv  he  re- 
apeoted  their  complaints  against  Andros  and  Nicholson, 
by  subsequently  promoting  these  men  to  the  govern- 
inoiit  ul  othors  uf  tho  American  provinces.  He  would, 
doubtless,  have  contiued  to  unite  New  York  and  Maa- 
tachusells  in  tho  same  government ;  but  pliinly  fiire- 
sooiiig  that  he  must  inevitably  grant  a  charter  to  Bos- 
ton, and  thai  he  might  hope  to  evade  a  similar  conces- 
sion to  New  York,  which  hail  never  yet  possessed  this 
advantage,  he  consented  to  the  aepardtion  which  both 
deairrd,  anil  in  August,  1G89,  committed  the  aeparato 
governinent  of  this  province  to  Colonel  Sloiighter.  In 
consequence,  however,  of  the  cmbnrrassod  situation  of 
his  master's  uDiiira  in  Kiiijlaud,  this  officer  did  not  ar^ 
rivd  at  New  York  till  tho  accond  year  [1691]  after  hia 
appointment,  and  till  Leisler  had  poaaessed  power  ao 
long  that  b«  svat  eztiemely  unwilUng,  mi  exetciatd  it 


with  to  much  envy  that  he  waa  aieitedingtjr  •IVtU,  M 
•urronder  it  Thia  ill-fatcil  ailvenlum  acnma  10  bit* 
hoped  to  the  last  thai  Ihe  king  would  riti.er  eonllr.M 
him  in  hia  office  or  expressly  sanction  and  reward  hie 
aorvicea  ;  and  when  he  found  hinlself  no  othorvite  n» 
liced  ihtn  by  a  auminont  from  Colonel  Slooghler  t* 
deliver  up  the  fort,  ha  anawered  in  the  language  •( 
folly  and  detpair,  thai  he  would  not  giv  it  up  but  la 
an  order  under  the  king'a  own  hand.  Such  •  rteatu* 
lion  it  was  unfortunately  poiaihle  to  utter,  though  quit* 
imprictieahlu  lo  mainUin  ;  and  he  only  aealml  hia  fata 
by  thit  laal  frantic  eflort  to  evade  it,  and  fiirniahed  hie 
eiieinlea  wilh  •  legal  pretext  lo  dettroy  him,  whiek 
oiherwito  they  woiild  have  found  it  no  easy  nutter  to 
adduce.  The  new  governor'a  esra  wr.re  now  nadily 
opened  to  all  tho  charges  that  Leislor's  enemiea  bae> 
tened  to  prefer  against  him  ;  and  though  ho  quickly 
abandoned  the  doaperale  purpoae  of  defending  the  fort 
he  was  donoiinced  at  a  rebel,  and  committed  to  priaor 
with  hia  kininian  ind  Milhonrno  varioua  othera  uf  hia 
adhereiiia  on  a  charge  of  high  Ireaaon, 

Colonol  Slonghter  having  ihiis  established  his  au- 
thority in  tho  province,  proceeded  lo  convoke  an  aasem- 
biy  which  voted  addreases  in  reprobation  of  I.rfiiBlor*t 
rebellious  conduct,  in  holding  out  the  fort  against  Ihe 
governor.  A  general  act  of  annuliiient  waa  naascd,  not 
only  against  all  the  regulaliuna  that  had  been  esta- 
blished by  former  royal  governors  and  their  couniols, 
but  even  against  tho  lawa  t'nt  had  been  enacted  by  the 
popular  aaseinbly  in  1683,  on  thn  strange  and  unintclli- 
blo  proloxt,  that  having  never  been  observed  by  the  late 
king,  Ihoy  had  ceased  to  be  binding  on  thn  people. 
\%  some  doubt  had  arisen,  whether,  m  the  absence  of 
a  charier,  the  assenililing  of  a  representative  body  wat 
an  inherent  right  of  the  people,  or  a  more  grace  from 
tho  king,  this  aaaeinhly  passed  a  remarkable  law,  de- 
claring tiiat  thit  and  all  Ihe  other  libertiea  of  English- 
men belonged  of  right  to  the  colonists ;  but  this  act 
waa  aftorwarda  annulled  by  King  William.  Leitlei 
and  MilliournG  were  now  brought  to  trial,  and,  vainly 
pleading  their  meritorioua  aorvicea  in  originating  the 
levululioii  of  Ihe  province,  were  convicted,  and  received 
•ontence  of  death.  Tho  governor  atill  hesitated  'u  de- 
stroy the  two  pcraona,  who,  of  all  the  Inhabitania,  had 
Aral  declared  themaclvea  in  favor  ol  hia  tovereign  ;  and, 
ahortly  after  the  trial,  wrote  to  the  Engiiah  minlalen  to 
direct  him  in  what  manner  tho  convicta  thould  be  dia- 
posed  of:  but  he  had  hardly  taken  thia  ttep,  when  the 
ronewed  inslancea  of  their  enoiniea  induced  him  lo 
alter  hia  purpose,  and  laaue  the  war.'.ir.'  of  death,  whiet 
was  inatantly  carried  into  execution.*  The  adherente 
of  I,eialer  and  Milbourne,  who  had  been  much  enraged 
at  tho  aentence,  were  Ailed  with  terror  and  aatoniah- 
ment when  they  aaw  it  carried  into  efTect,  and  began 
to  Ay  in  auch  nuinbora  from  the  province,  that  it  waa 
found  necessary  lo  paaa  in  haslo  a  general  act  of  in- 
demnity, lcialer'a  aon  complained  to  the  king  of  the 
execution  of  hit  father,  and  Ihe  cnnliscation  of  hia  prn- 
pcrty  ;  and  Ihe  privy  council  reporting  that,  althougn 
tho  trial  and  execution  weio  legal,  it  waa  adviaahre, 
under  all  the  circumatancea  of  the  case,  to  restore  tho 
forfeited  estate,  thia  waa  all  Ihe  grace  that  could  for 
aomo  lime  bo  obtained.  But  a  compensation  more 
honorablo  and  tatiafactory  was  awarded  to  them  toon 
after ;  and,  under  tho  reign  of  the  tamo  king,  the  Eng- 
lish parliament  enacted  a  reversal  of  tho  colonial  at- 
tainder. Tho  passions  which  Leislor's  adminiatration 
had  excited  in  one  party,  and  which  his  execution  had 
communicated  lo  the  other,  continued  long  to  diatraci 
the  public  councils,  and  embitter  the  private  intercQurae, 
oi  the  inhabitants  ol  New  York. 

The  most  respectable  act  of  Sloughtor'a  abort  admi- 
nistration was  a  conference  which  ho  held  with  the 
chiefs  uf  the  Five  Nations,  who  admitted  that  they  had 
so  far  relaxed  their  hostile  purposes  againat  the  French, 
as  to  entertain  prup.-iaitiont  for  a  laating  peace  with 
them  ;  but  now  willingly  consented  to  bri^ftUn,  as  they 
termed  it,  thtir  aneieiU  belt  offrieniahip,  and  to  renew 
a  league,  offenaive  and  diifensive,  wilh  the  Enijliah. 
"  W-;  rnnnembor,"  they  declared,  "  the  deceit  and 
treachery  of  the  Fre:;c!i ;  the  belt  they  have  aonl  us  i* 
poison ;  we  spew  it  out  cf  our  mouths ;  and  are  ro- 
solvad  to  make  war  with  them  aa  long  aa  wo  live." 
On  hia  return  from  thin  conference,  a  audden  death  put 
a  period  to  Sloughter'a  adiniiiit^ratioiv 

To  animate   the  Indiana  in  the  parpoaea  they  had 


'I 


I   I 


'  When  no  other  measurea  could  prevail  wilh  tlw  (ovamaf 
tradltloii  iiiforiiiH  ua  iliat  a  sumpiaoiu  (eaat  waa  prepared,  to 
wliicii  Ooluiiel  Sloughter  waa  invttad.  Wlian  hia  axcallancy's 
reason  was  drowned  lit  his  cupa  the  entreatlea  of  tbe  €•••■ 
paiiy  prevailed  with  him  toaigii  the  death-warrant,  aad  kefen 
he  recovered  l,ia  senses  tha  priaonera  wan  executed"  ■■bin 
10«. 


mi 


-      h.  Mijor  liknittr.  wh 


lUil)  igtinal  the  Krrii<-h,  Mijw  Mtalltr,  who  h*  !  »c- 
^■iml  aiuaorchntry  iiiAiioixK  wi'h  Ihr  Pivii  Nilioiia  hy 


Km  courage,  uoiul  aaiia*.  anil  Iriaiitlly  atluiiliuii  tu  thmr 
InloraaU,  uiiJariouli,  in  lh«  •  liiae  iif  iliia  year,  aii  niir- 
(tiliun  agaiiMl  Monlrral  at  >ho  hnail  of  a  cniiaulcralilo 
Imijr  of  coluaial  and  liiiliaii  I'ari'oa.  Though  Ihii  iiiva- 
dtr*  war*  ttiially  coiii|niIIii(I  io  rctreal,  iho  Frnirh  aua- 
Uincil  gnial  loaa  in  aevrral  •iicuuntera,  ami  iho  inirlt 
knd  ■luinoailjr  of  tha  Five  Natioiia  wvro  whsttci]  la 
Mcb  •  pitch,  that  a*«<n  wbon  thair  alliia  rclirvil,  ihvy 
eoiiitnuad  ilnriny  tit»  wnilar  to  wago  iiicoiaant  ami 
liaraaaing  hoatUiliaa  with  the  Franch.  ('iiuiil  Kioiilig- 
nac,  wImih  aprighlljt  nwnnara  and  onf>r)(t'iic  chaivctar 
pupportaU  tM  apirila  of  hia  coiiiitryinun  uinidal  every 
rii«eii«,  [1504]  waa  at  length  an  prnvukeil  with  wlul 
he  daeinod  tha  Ingratitude  at  the  Five  Niliona  Tur  hw 
kindneaa  to  them  al  Heheneclady,  Ihul,  limidea  vnton- 
raging  hia  own  Indian  alliea  lo  hum  their  |iriuiiiora 
■livr,  ho  at  laugth  coodemnod  lo  a  iloath  alill  inoio 
drratlful  two  Mubawk  warrlore  who  hid  r*ll<Mi  into  jiia 
haiida.  In  vain  llie  French  (irioila  reinonalratcd  ag»iii«l 
Ihia  aanleni'o,  and  urgid  liini  nut  lu  brnig  lO  Tuul  a 
Main  on  the  chnitiaii  name  ;  llie  coiiiit  dui:larod  that 
Cfary  conaideration  muat  yield  to  the  aafely  and  de- 
fence or  hia  peopli,  and  that  the  liHli.iiia  muat  not  ho 
■oeouragfld  to  lieliava  tliat  they  might  (iractiae  the  ei- 
Ironie  of  crueltji  on  the  Kiencli  without  the  liaiard  of 
having  it  retorted  on  tliuniaelvea.  If  he  had  been 
merely  actuated  by  politic  caiiiidorslioni,  wiliioul  liv- 
ing aliinulatod  by  revenge,  he  might  have  plainly  por- 
crivrd,  from  the  conduct  of  all  the  Iiidian  irihca  in 
llwir  ware  with  each  otlier,  that  ihe  fear  of  retort  bad 
no  efficacy  whatever  to  reatraiii  ihcni  from  their  barba- 
roua  praciicea,  which  he  now  undertook  to  aam-''  'ii  aa 
far  aa  hia  example  waa  capable  of  doiii|j.  'lite  prioala, 
finding  that  their  humane  iiiterceoioii  waa  ineiTectual. 
repaired  lo  tho  (iriMiien,  and  labored  In  pcrtuado  Iheiii 
to  embrace  the  chriatian  nam*,  aa  a  preparation  for  the 
droadl'ul  fata  which  they  ware  about  lo  receive  from 
cliiiitian  handa ;  but  llwir  inatructiona  were  rejected 
<viih  Bcorii  and  deriaion,  and  they  found  the  priaoiiora 
Jeleriniiied  to  dignify,  by  Indian  aeiitimenta  and  de- 
meaiicr.  ihe  Indian  death  which  they  had  licen  coii- 
JemiiaJ  lo  undergo.  SlMirtly  before  the  eiecution, 
loiiie  Frenchman,  leaa  inhuman  than  hit  governor, 
iiirew  a  knife  into  the  iiriwii,  and  one  of  the  Moliawka 
Jiniiirdiately  despatched  hiiiiaelf  with  it ;  tiie  other,  ex- 

fireaaing  contempt  at  hia  companion'a  mean  ovaiioii 
rom  glory,  walked  to  the  atake.  ainging,  in  hia  dcaih- 
chaiil,  thai  he  wan  u  Mubawk  warrior,  Ihit  all  the 
power  of  man  could  not  eilort  an  iiideceRt  expreaaion 
of  aiilfrring  from  hii  lipa,  and  that  it  waa  ample  conso- 
lalioii  lo  him  to  relied  that  he  had  made  many  French- 
men aiiAer  the  laine  panga  that  he  muat  now  liiii^aclf 
uiKlori;a.  When  atlaclied  lo  the  alakc,  he  looked 
round  on  hia  eiecntionrri,  their  inalruincnta  of  lurturc, 
Knd  t'le  aiaeinblcd  inultituda  of  apeclatura,  with  nil  the 
complacency  of  licraic  fortitude  ;  and,  after  endiiriii); 
for  aomo  honr«,  with  coiiifiosed  mien  and  Iriumiihaiil 
luguai;e,  «  aerie*  of  barbarities  too  atrucioui  and  dis- 
fMUng  lo  bo  recited,  his  <iilfeiiUL's  we.-c  terminated 
By  the  interposition  of  a  French  lady,  who  prevailed 
with  the  governor  to  order  that  mortal  blow,  lo  which 
human  cruelly  liai  given  tl>o  name  of  coup  de  grace,  or 
atroka  o( favor. ' 

It  was  with  ereal  rrlurlanre  ihat  King  William  had 
aorrendered  to  the  .\incrican  colonies  any  of  tlic  acqui- 
ailions  which  legal  aii'hority  had  derived  from  the  ly- 
nnnical  usurpations  of  hie  predecessors;  and  his  reign 
was  signalised  by  varioua  allempla  lo  invade  the  pri- 
»ileges  wliioh  «i  first  liu  had  been  compelled  to  respect 
or  to  restore.  He  was  informed  by  the  iCngiish  lawycrb 
Ihat  he  could  not  refuse  lo  recoi;ni»e  the  charier  of  Con- 
necticut with  all  in  ample  privileges,  and  ho  was  liaf- 
fied  in  hia  atlempt  lo  procure  an  act  of  parliament  to 
annul  it.  Uiit  aa  New  Vork.  never  having  had  a  i:har- 
tai,  waa  judged  to  be  not  legally  enlitled  lo  demand 
«oe,  he  determined  not  only  to  deprive  it  of  Ihia  aJvan- 
txge.  but,  IhioMgli  the  medium  of  i:a  umleliiied  coiiali- 

•  OiUpn.  i.  I3.V  n.  131— to.  Sinilli.lll7,S.  Surliforllluile 
-.riH  no  un)i.^u«l  lii-piav  in  an  Aiiiern-an  Jtav:i,;r  ;  aiM  llic  sul)- 
•  eq-ietit  execution  of  Da[|iier>  at  P:irn  ren-lers  the  act  of 
Frontifnac  at  IbsiI  iiu  •oiilary  instm'-e  In  ilio  hl«ioiy  of  civl- 
llneil  France.  Thr  eiccrutiuii  of  llio  Rniilisli  rcsicltlcs  hi  I8«0, 
cnl  of  Ihe  Scottish  rebeli  in  1745.  eltuuitij  »ceMe»  llllle  l>!ii 
dilfraceful  lo  humanity.  Proliablv,  in  all  «ucli  canen  of  the 
ulditlon  of  torture  to  ilvatli,  cruelly  coiniileli-ly  ovcrroacliea 
t»elf,  an4,dlrertlitf  the  mind  of  ilie  «wir,frer  from  the  one 
laiit  enemy  whoae  attara  he  cannot  repol,  relieves  it  by  in- 
ralvlnc  htm  In  tha  animation  of  a  cdntesl  wheie  victory  U  In 
Ma«wsM«ra,.  The  more  simple  the  mortal  act  i.s  made, 
^Mw  nare  melancholy  reipect  that  is  shown  to  life  even 
in  miri  Ii  away,  the  more  im^jrcssive  and  formidalile  an 
•xaeiHion  affaan. 


THE  III8TOIIY  or 

lutinn,  and  tlin  iilier  aliaeme  ol  reairiction  on  the 
powers  Willi  which  lie  niiglit  invest  ila  governor,  lo 
aileinpt  an  em  roachinent  on  the  envied  iirivilegra  of 
Uunnecliciii.  Colonel  Flelilmr,  a  man  nl  aordid  dis- 
position, vititeiit  teiniier,  ami  hhilluw  capacity,  yet  en- 
dowed with  a  conaiderable  sluire  of  aclivily,  waa  the 
governor  who  next  arrived  to  represent  the  king  at 
New  Vork,  and  lo  linn  waa  iniriiaied  llie  execution  of 
the  design  ihal  M'llliam  lud  cuiniivcd  against  ihe 
iieiglihoiing  colony.  For  this  purpose  he  liau  liean  in- 
vested with  iileiiary  |ioweraureuiiiiiiaiiding,  not  merely 
ilm  miliiia  ol  .New  York,'  but  ,ill  hia  majesly'a  militia  in 
tho  ciiloiiies  of  thai  i|uarlui  of  .America,  (lis  lirat  atop 
towarils  elleciiialing  thia  encroachiaviil  waa  to  aoiid  a 
conimisaioii  to  governor  'I'roiit,  who  already  com- 
mamleil  the  luiliiia  of  Connecticut  accnrding  lo  the  iii- 
aiituiiona  of  the  provincial  clMrlrr :  and  llie  reception 
of  ibis,  even  in  tho  liglii  of  a  mere  ^nperogatury  rontir- 
inatioii.  It  waa  pnihulily  hoped  wuaiil  |i«vu  the  way  lo  a 
mure  llinroiigli  eriluhlialitiieiil  ul  the  king'a  pretenaiona. 
Dill  ('oiiiieciinil  li:id  then,  both  in  the  otrK-es  of  her 
governinent  ami  the  ranks  of  her  people,  almmhiiue  of 
men,  who,  llinruiulily  appreciating  ilic  privileges  they 
enjoyed,  had  aeiise  to  see,  and  spirit  to  resist,  evers 
attempt  lo  viuliito  lliciii  ;  niiil  the  tender  ul  Fletcher'a 
commission  was  mil  only  tially  refused  but  made  the 
subject  of  a  vigorous  reinoiiatraiico.  Incensed  at  audi 
conlninacy,  as  lie  waa  jileased  tu  regard  it,  Fletcher 
proceeded  with  his  usu.il  iinpeluusity  to  Hartford, 
[  I0U3.]  and  coinmniided  the  assembly  of  the  slate,  who 
were  sitting,  lo  place  their  militia  under  his  orders,  as 
they  would  answer  it  lo  the  king,  lie  even  proceeded 
to  such  a  length  as  lu  tlirealen  to  issue  a  proclamation 
calling  on  all  who  were  for  Iho  king  to  join  him,  and 
denouncing  all  olhera  as  guilty  of  disloyalty  and  sedi- 
tion. Finding  hia  menacing  nijunctiuiia  received  with 
a  calm  bill  lirm  refusal,  he  presented  hiiiiself  with  one 
of  liij  e  iiincil,  (Colonel  llayani,  lu  the  militia,  at  their 
parade,  and  ex|icctiiig  that  a  royal  warrant  would  find 
greater  favur  with  tlii  men  than  it  had  done  with  Ihe 
civil  rulrni,  lie  commanded  Bayard  lo  read  hia  coininia- 
aion  aloud,  aa  an  act  of  decliratorv  poaaeasion  of  the 
authority  lo  which  he  pretended,  (iut  Captiin  Wada- 
worth,  who  *.vas  always  prcaont  when  Ihe  liberties  of 
hit  country  woio  in  danger,  and  who  had  once  before 
iXTcd  Iho  charter  of  Connecticut  from  invasion,  now 
atcppcd  forward  to  prevent  tho  privilegoa  it  conveyed 
from  being  abridged  or  insulted,  and  commanding  tba 
drama  lo  heat,  completely  drowned  tho  obnoxioiia  ac- 
cents. When  Fletcher  attempted  lo  interpose,  Wada- 
worth  Bupjiorled  his  orders  with  aiich  an  energy  of  do- 
termination,  that  the  meaner  genius  of  his  antagonitt 
was  L  jinpleicly  rebuked  ;  and  aeeing  the  counlenancea 
of  all  around  kindling  into  ayinpalhy  with  their  patriot'e 
fervor,  ho  judged  it  beat  to  consult  his  safety  by  a  hasty 
depnrture  lo  New  York,  where  his  apleen,  al  least, 
could  not  be  obstructed  by  oiiy  exceptions  lo  his  com- 
mission. Tlio  king,  with  tho  view  of  covering  hia  do- 
foul,  or  of  trying  whether  legal  chicane  could  repair  il, 
ordered  tliia  mailer  lo  be  submitted  to  Ihe  opinion  of 
the  attorney  and  solicitor  general  of  England  ;  and  on 
their  ri|iorliiig  without  hesiutioii  in  favor  of  the  plea  of 
Cunnocticut,  an  older  of  council  was  passed  m  confor- 
mity with  their  report ;  as  if  the  mailer  at  iasue  had 
iiivotved  a  mere  local  diH[)tiln  between  two  pruvinciul 
jurimltetiona,  in  which  the  king  waa  lo  exercise  the  dig- 
nified functions  of  supremo  and  impartial  arbitrator,  t 

It  waa  fortunate  for  New  York  that  the  incapacity 
of  her  governor  was  prevented  from  being  ao  detrimen- 
tal as  il  might  otherwise  have  proved  to  her  Indian  in- 
terests, by  the  confidence  he  reposed  in  Major  Schuy- 
ler, whoso  weighty  inlluence  waa  employed  to  preservo 
the  alTectiona  and  sustain  the  spirit  of  the  Five  Nations. 
Yet  so  imperfectly  wore  they  assisted  by  the  colony, 
that  Frontigiiac,  even  while  occupied  with  other  hostili- 
ties in  New  England,  was  able  by  bis  vigor  and  aclivily 
to  give  them  a  scvern  defeat.  Itoused  by  tins  intelli- 
gence, Fletcher  assembled  tho  militia  of  Now  York, 
and  aliruptly  demanding  who  was  willing  to  inarch  to 
the  aid  of  their  allies  against  Iho  French,  the  men  threw 
up  their  htts  in  the  air  und  answered  unanimously 
"  t^ne  and  all."  The  march  was  clfeclcd  wiiti  a  ra- 
pidity that  highly  glalified  llie  Imllaiis  ;  an.l  tlioiloh  it 
produced  no  substantial  uilvantuoo  lo  them,  it  was  so 
favorably  regarded   as  a  demunstration  of  pruinptiindi. 


*  He  was  appointed  also  (lovernor  of  Pemisylvama  liy  tltu 
king  who  had  deprived  William  i'enn  of  his  propriulury  lunc- 
tioiis. 

t  Smith, no.  Trumbull, i.3l)0-30},imdAppondix,MI—M5. 
In  the  conimissiou  frurn  tjeori{e  tim  Uecoiid  to  Sir  U.mvera 
Osborn  (recited  at  length  by  Smith,  |>.  331,  dec.)  iho  riglit  of 
ccmmanding  the  Connecticut  mllitia  was  again  conferred  on 
the  (ovunior  of  New  York. 


to  aid  them,  lliat  they  were  prevefled  from  embnelnif 
Froiiiigiiae's  oilers  of  |H'ai'ii  They  could  not  help 
iiliseiving  however  that  II  waa  too  frequenl  with  tiM 
Knglisli  to  defer  iheir  auecora  lill  they  bad  baeiNM 
unavailing  ;  and  that  while  the  whole  of  iIm  power  ol 
Franco  in  .\inerii:u  waa  ciiiiceiilrated  in  •iinullaiMOUl 
ellorta  lo  nijiniain  the  French  doinniion,  the  Kngbak 
eoluniea  acivd  with  partial  and  divided  operation,  iui4 
.Maryland  and  Uelawarn  in  parlicular  (though  tho  <\\iafh 
rel  waa  aaid  to  be  a  national  one)  took  no  ahart  Id  Iht 
hostilities  al  all. 

liut  the  Vigor  of  Uovarnor  Fletcher  waa  mora  t» 
qiienlly  and  tlrenuoualy  exerud  in  conlanliont  with 
the  houaa  of  aaaambly,  than  in  aiding  iha  Indiana  | 
tliniigh  it  waa  lo  hia  tervicea  in  Ihia  laat  slepanmaiil 
that  hu  owed  what  liiila  (wpularily  he  enjoyed  in  iho 
iirovlnco.  A  bigot  hiinaelf  to  the  church  of  En|(land, 
he  labored  inceaaanlly  lo  introduce  a  model  of  bei 
eaiablishment  in  New  York,  and  naturally  enconnlereil 
iniuh  rnsiallince  to  this  prniecl  from  the  opposite  pra- 
iliir'Hons  of  tho  Dutch  and  other  pieahylerian  iiihahi> 
taii:s  ,\t  length  hia  eirurta  aiicceeded  in  procuring  a 
bill  10  bo  carried  through  the  lower  house,  or  assembly 
of  reprcsentalivea,  for  •eltling  mmisiera  ill  the  several 
parishes  :  but  when  tho  council  adjected  lo  ihu  clauio 
which  gave  Ihe  people  the  privilege  of  olrcllnu  llieir 
own  ministers,  a  proviso  thai  the  governor  aliould  ex- 
ercise the  episcopal  )>ower  of  approving  and  collating 
the  incunibenls,  this  amendinftiil  waa  directly  nega- 
tived by  tho  assembly.  The  governor,  exusperaled  al 
their  obslniacy,  called  the  lioiisu  before  hiiii,  and  pro- 
rogued ilieir  ■illing  with  a  passion  ite  harangue,  "  loil 
lake  U|ion  you,"  said  he,  *>  as  if  you  weru  diclatora.  I 
sent  down  to  you  an  amendmont  of  but  tliroo  or  foul 
words  in  that  bill,  which  though  very  immaterial,*  yel 
was  positively  denied.  I  niual  tell  you,  it  aeeina  very 
unmannerly.  It  is  ihe  sign  of  a  atiibliorn,  ill  lemper. 
Yon  ought  to  eonaider  that  you  have  but  a  third  shara 
III  the  legislative  |>ower  of  Iho  govoriimeni ;  and  ought 
not  lo  lake  all  ii|ion  you,  nor  bo  so  peremptory.  You 
ought  to  Int  the  council  have  a  ahare.  They  are  in  Iho 
iiaiuro  of  tho  House  of  Lords  or  up|ier  Houae ;  but  you 
aeem  to  lake  Ihe  whole  |iower  in  your  hands,  and  acl 
up  for  every  thiiig.  You  liavu  aal  a  long  time  lo  litllo 
purpose,  i!,id  liave  been  a  great  chirgo  lo  the  countrjr. 
Ten  shillinga  a  day  is  a  large  allowance,  and  you  pune- 
lually  exact  it.  You  have  boon  always  forward  onough 
to  pull  down  the  feea  of  other  mmialen  in  the  gofarn- 
mciil.  Why  did  not  you  think  il  expedienl  to  correct 
your  own  to  a  more  moderate  allowance  I"  Tlio  mem- 
bera  of  assembly  endured  hin  rudeiiesa  with  iiivinciblo 
patience  ;  bill  they  also  obstriincd  his  prelenalona  wilt 
immoveable  resolution.  In  the  following  year,  [lOMl 
llfbir  diaputea  were  ao  frequent  that  all  businass  wai 
interrupted  ;  and  the  governor  avemed  lu  have  em- 
braced the  delerminalioii  of  convoking  tho  assembly 
no  more.  Uul  though  his  own  emolumenta  wero  ae- 
cured  by  an  acl  that  had  established  the  public  reveiijo 
fur  aeveral  years  yet  to  come,  the  neceaaity  of  raising 
further  supplies  lu  make  presents  lo  tho  Indiana,  and 
the  arrival  of  a  body  of  troops  from  Uriiaiiii  obliged  him 
to  alter  liia  determinalion.  He  had  lieeii  leipiired  also 
by  the  king  lo  lay  before  tho  assembly  an  ri^signnienl 
which  his  majesty  had  framed  of  ilia  quotas  lo  lie  re- 
spectively cunlributcd  by  the  coiuiiiea  lur  tho  mainte- 
nance of  an  united  force  against  the  French  t  [16tfS.] 
The  aaaeinbly  could  not  be  prevailed  with  to  pay  tha 
slighleal  atlention  lo  this  royal  assignmeiil.  lint  iKey 
made  a  liberal  grant  of  money  for  the  support  ol  tho 
troops  that  had  arrived,  and  added  a  present  lo  I  lie  go- 
vernor ;  who  now  perceiving  that  the  |ieople  of  Nev* 
York  were  totally  unmanageable  by  insolence  and  pas 
aion,  but  might  be  made  aiinservienl  to  Ilia  avarice, 
ceased  to  harusa  himself  and  them  by  farther  prcating 
obnoxious  schemes,  and  maintained  a  good  correajiond- 
ence  with  the  asaembly  during  the  remuinder  of  hia 
administration.  In  this  respect  iie  waa  more  aucceaa- 
fiil  than  some  of  the  futiiro  guvcrnora  of  the  province, 
whoso  remarkable  unpopularity  during  many  years  of 
honest  and  praiseworthy  exertion  lias  excited  some  sur- 
prise in  tlioso  who  have  not  examined  with   auHiciciil 


*  II  IS  surprism,;  thai  he  was  no.  senslhlo  of  IIm  imippio- 
priatfiinsN  ol  this  ot>servallon,  winch  had  II  bi-i^lt  true,wo<ila 
iiave  [Liidcrud  his  own  pus«lon  eKCcedinirly  ndlculoua  But 
the  governor  was  at  all  times  an  lodilferent  reaaoner:  and 
anger,  with  winch  hu  was  very  subject  lo  bo  ovurtakSll,  U«« 
always  been  more  promotive  of  rhetoric  tllanul  logic 

t  The  list  ol  the  rehpcct.ve  quotas  was  as  follows. 

Pennsylvania        HOI.       Ihudo  ts.and  and  l*ruvtJence    48L 

MassachUaUtts    3SU        roimocllcut  IV> 

Maryland  IHO        New  York  MO 

Vlrumia  MO 

Tills  assignment  sroms  nowhere  le  hai  i  lacalvot  ain 
aiteiitloo  or  any  respect. 


NORTH    AMKRtCA 


nil 


unulmM*  ilia  whah  of  Ihrir  offltiidl  rtriwr.  t.ihc 
CUIcIlM,  thrm  oHii-m  rnnriii«iii|(  llirniarlvra  volnil 
tfllh  r*Kil  puwiir  iiMciri'iimarrilHiil  hy  ■  h.irii'riil  nxlilt, 
loah«l  on  thn  |>ru«iiii'iiil  lulMliiliinta  •»  mi  iiilrrinr  {iro- 
pi*,  iikI  l>r|[iii  thi'ir  mliiiiiiiiilTaliiiii  wiili  iii»ulriil  ilii 
nrtiiorinH  urbilriry  |iri'tiMi«i<>iiii :  lik«  lilm  lliiy  li'arni'tl 
wipdiim  from  I'liwni'iirn  i  bill  lliiil  vmmIiiiii  raiiiK  i  il.ir 
loo  Um  ;  llin  iiinpli'  hail  ri'airil  in  lii>  •■  plaialild  aa  Iti 
livnrt  liiiifa  ;  ami  it.e  "I'l'il  iif  lihcrly,  iliiiiini||lily  pi- 
Moiiad,  liail  hficaina  iiri>iii|it  In  rr|irl  aa  wnll  aa  firm  Ml 
IMitiinK  iiijualiru.  Ihrir  KOvirniiUMil  wia  iinprilrd 
by  llio  lulul  want  nfa  |iiilili<:  i.'unllili'iir(i,  wIikH  haviii|{ 
one*  daaorvi'illy  riirfeiUMl,  llicy  fuuiiil  thai  tivini  a  rniii' 
ulvta  rhaiign  nf  niraaiirva  waa  inininciciil  lii  miiain 
From  i||miraiici  nr  iliarcKord  of  aiirh  roii»id»ralioiia  aa 
IhMe  (i«hirh  a  vrry  giliiitivu  |irrtiul  of  colniiial  i-oii- 
Irovofay  liaa  Impri'iiaivl  upon  iiic, )  ii  haa  ofluii  heuii 
Ihaiighi  thai  th«  Kovenimeiil  of  thii  provincii  waa  am- 
barraaard  hy  liie  fucluiiia  ohiliiiiuy  of  a  pcrvarao  and 
unreaaonahle  iiruplr,  wliiiii  in  Iruili  llin  govtriiora  wpm 
out  r«ii|>inR  what  tliniinBlvfa  hiiil  anwii,  and  airii((|(linu 
wilh  ihe  jiiat  anapiriona  llial  ihoir  nrlKinal  miarondiict 
bad  crualed.  In  Ihu  uniiinrti'rcMl  province  of  VirKinia, 
(i  well  aa  in  Now  V'urk,  nui-h  iiln"  wi'rr.  not  iinfrn 
qiienlly,  the  procccdiriifa  of  Iho  llniiali  Kovirnora,  and 
Iho  romplolon  of  Ihi'ir  adrniiiiatrjlioiia  :  and  llrilain, 
it  miial  li«  ronlciai'd,  liy  MiiployiiiB  aii.:h  funclioimrii'a 
■nd  promolin);  aiii:h  piiliry,  look  infinila  paina  to  adii- 
cata  llm  priiicipica  of  liherly  in  lho««  of  hi-r  coliinial 
denrndanciiia,  whuru  tlivy  anoiiicd  loaat  likoly  to  aiuiii 
a  flonriihina  growth. 

ItlUR.J  The  ramaiiider  of  Fleluher'a  adininialralion 
waa  not  dialingiiiahid  liy  any  Ofriirrence  that  dcafrvia 
10  lip  parlifularly  roiniiicmorattd.  'I'ho  war  hnlwioii 
the  French  and  the  Fivn  Naliona  aomolimra  laii|{inahi^d 
by  tho  addrraa  of  rrontiunac'a  iicnotintiona.  and  waa 
oilonrr  kindled  into  nd'lituinal  rnuo  and  dcntriii'lion  hy 
hia  enti-rjiriae  and  ai'luily.  Nciihor  a)jo  nor  ilrcropi- 
{iide  coold  chill  iho  ardur  of  thia  man'a  apiril,  or  iiimair 
the  rcaonrcea  of  hia  enpauity.  On  the  ihrPHhold  of  hia 
own  fate,*  and  aiipiiiirtiul  in  a  litliir,  ho  Hew  to  every 
point  of  attack  nrdeft'iiin,  lo  animate  ihe  havoc  of  war, 
ar.d  contemplate  the  oiecution  of  liia  plan*.  His  own 
hodily  aiiuallnn  had  aa  little  rHect  in  initii;aliiig  hia 
litfor,  aa  in  diminiahiiiK  hia  activity  -,  and  na  their  lioa- 
(ilitiea  were  proloii|>od,  tho  French  and  iho  Indian;! 
iaeinod  tu  he  iiiMiired  with  n  inntiial  eintilatioii  of 
cnieltyV  ill  victory,'  no  loaa  than  of  prowraa  in  hattlo. 
The  priaoncre  on  hoth  aidra  were  inndc  to  etpire  ill 
tirturea ;  and  the  French,  Icaa  prepared  by  education 
and  phyaical  liahita  fur  audi  rxlremiliea  of  antrrrin;;, 
endured  a  Rroat  deal  more  evil  than  they  were  ohIo  lo 
inllicl.  [1000]  On  one  occaaion,  when  Frominnac 
auccccded  in  capliiriii)/  a  Mohawk  fort,  it  waa  found 
doacrted  of  all  ita  inhiibilnnta  cicrpt  n  aachnn  in  ei- 
Iremn  old  a^f,  who  aul  with  tlie  compniiure  of  an  an- 
cient Roman  in  hia  capital,  uid  xahitcd  hia  civiliaed 
coin|ioer  in  as>e  and  inlirmilv,  wilh  di;{iiilied  conrtoay 
and  vcneraldo  addreaa.  Kvrry  hand  waa  inataiilly 
raiaed  to  wound  and  dtfrfce  hia  lirne-alriekon  frame  ; 
and  uhilc  Freneli  and  Indian  Imivea  were  plunged  into 
hi»  body,  he  recoinnionded  to  hia  liidun  enemira  rather 
lo  hum  him  with  lire,  tliat  hu  ini^jht  teach  llieir  French 
alliea  how  to  auH'er  like  men.  "  .Never,  perhaps,"  aaya 
('harlcvo'X,  "  waa  a  man  treated  with  more  cruelly  ; 
nor  over  did  any  endure  it  with  auperior  maijnaniinity 
and  reeolution."t     Tho  governor  of  New  York,  mean- 


IV 
HO 


*  He  ilieil  very  aucin  after  the  reatoration  of  peace  by  the 
treaty  of  Ryswlck.    8,iillli,  133. 

*  III  trullt,tliKe)imlatl(>n  waa  more  tlian  n  mere  acnihUnce. 
Oi,  niie  (Kcaaliin  a  ilelilionite  roiii|M!liliiiit  wa»  nm,le  hetwoeil 
the  Freni'li  aniJ  a  tnbo  ir  allianre  with  tlieui,  tu  aurtrtaiii 
wlitch  |ieo)ile  rciuld  li)iii.st  the  inoMt  m^eniouM  eriieUy  on  a 
Mohawk  priionor.  t)f  tlie  llurntl  traiteily  Itiat  elitiued,  1  nhitl 
five  no  rurtlier  acroiiiit  IImii  that  the  hi,ll.ilei|{reatly  fscelle'l 
tlliilr  r.oinpetilurv,  atMl  titrew  liie  Krerirli  into  trahsptins  of 
laughter  by  the  failtistle  variety  nr  the  tortiirea  tiipy  liitticted. 
The  frencli  aoldlers  appear  lo  have  lieeri  |iriiiii|itcd  to  tills 
brulalUy  liy  mere  revenue  and  feroi-tly.  Thiiir  (-oniiiiander*!, 
ebjeet  on  lids  ocrnsliiii  was  to  ereitto  irroeoneiliilile  niimity 
bf:*epii  a  tritio  newly  allied  to  linn  and  the  Five  Natlooa. 
Golden,  i.  1U4,  A.  tl  may  hiirprnte  a  |iltlloHo[iher  lo  run:nili-r, 
that  tlieite  Frenchnieii  were  the  roiiiitryiiien  and  culeiiiiiora. 
hea  ol  raai'al,  Feiielon,  and  Arit:iUid.  It  will  edify  a  t'lirU- 
tianlo  reiiieiiiiier,  tliHl  llieite  eiMiiioiit  Mniiita  wero  hoiiiir^  of 
tfte  i&iiie  iiai'ire  with  the  rivili/.ed  and  tiiu  auvai^o  perpolr^- 
tbra  of  K-ich  atrocitie.s  In  Canada. 

t  NelLlier  tlio  Frenrli  nor  the  Indlaiiy,  however,  alew  alt 
tMJ  ^liionera.  A  great  many  reiiiaiiied  lo  lie  exrhaii^Ld  tit 
the  eiid  of  the  war:  and  on  tliiii  oreaitlon  it  wax  remarked, 
that  all  tlie  Indiana  returned  with  Kreal  alanity  to  tlieir 
fr^endi,  but  that  in  tnany  ranes  it  proved  very  difficult,  an<l  in 
a 'in*  utterly  impoaaible,  to  induce  Freiiehinen,  wlioliad  lived 
■  few  yeara  Willi  the  Indians  and  embraced  their  halii's.to 
Itttun  to  civilileil  life.  The  EilKliali  found  it  no  lesa  di!lu-ull 
lo  p*'«  'til  with  their  friends  who  liad  btien  taken  prisoiiera  liy 
(tl9  Vranch  Indiana,  and  lived  for  any  eunaidflrable  tiiM<f  with 
tteai,  Is  nluta  ts  New  Yeik  i  "  thuu|h  no  people  anjoy  more 


while,  •neontaged  the  Five  Naliona,  from  titiia  to  liiiie, 
lo  peraevera  in  ilia  conlpal,  hy  endeaviiriii«  to  iirKo- 
lulii  ullianrra  hetwacii  iheni  und  oilier  trihva,  and  hy 
aendinu  llivni  valuable  preaenta  ul  aniinnnition  and  of 
tho  Kiiro|H>an  cmninKditiun  winch  limy  piineipally 
•aleeincd  j  and  their  intvrcuiiriv  with  hiin  lluelualtd 
between  gralefnl  acknowledtimenla  of  ilieae  oceaaional 
•uppliaa,  and  angry  coiiiiilaiiita  llial  he  fought  nil  hia 
baltlea  by  Ihn  iiialrumenlality  of  iliii  Indiana  Iiidvid, 
eacepi  repelling  aoine  inaignilieani  atlacka  of  the 
French  on  the  fronliera  of  the  ptovincu,  the  lOngl  ah 
governor  took  no  actual  ahare  in  tho  war,  and  jell  the 
moat  linimrtant  iiilereala  uf  liia  countryinen  lo  ha  up- 
held agamal  the  rirnrta  of  a  akllful  and  inveterate  foe, 
hy  llm  unaided  valor  of  their  Indian  alliea.  [16U7  ] 
'I  he  (Waco  of  Hyawiek,  which  iiiterrupted  the  hoalilitiea 
of  the  French  and  Englii>h,  llireatened  at  hrat  lo  hu 
attended  with  fatal  conauquencea  to  llie  alliea,  to  whuie 
eierti<>na  thu  Fngliali  had  Iwen  ao  higiily  indebted  ; 
and  if  Fletcher  had  been  iif  rinitled  to  eantinna  longer 
in  the  governnieiit  of  New  York,  tliia  reaiilt,  no  leas 
dingeroua  than  dialwiioruhle  lo  hia  eounlrymeii,  would 
innat  prnhiilily  have  enaiivd.  A  conaidurahio  part  of 
the  forcea  nl'  ('iiunt  Fronlifjnae  hid  been  employed 
hilherlo  in  warlike  operationa  againat  Muasacbnaelta 
and  .New  ilainnahire,  in  conjiiiictMHi  with  llie  nnmiruiia 
Indian  ullie*  whom  he  fioaaeaaed  in  Ihat  ipiarter.  [  I0UI4.] 
Hut  tlie  peace  of  Kyawick.  of  whii.'h  he  now  receivi'il 
iiilellit;eiicii,  enabled  hiiii  to  coiiconlrule  hia  whole  dia- 
poaudble  lorco  aganifit  the  only  hie  that  reniaiiied  to 
iiim;  and  relnaing  to  conaider  thu  Five  Naliona  aa 
idenlihud  witli  the  Knghah.  he  prepared  to  iiiv,iilu  iheiii 
Willi  aiieh  an  army  a»  they  never  helurn  had  to  cope 
with,  and  overwhelm  theiii  with  a  vengcanie  which 
they  Hoeined  mcapablo  of  rt  aiating.  lint  Flelcher  had 
now  hruii  very  acanonably  aiicceeded  by  the  Kurl  of 
Uuliutnont,  who  waa  oppointud  (jovurnor  holli  of  New 
Vnrk  and  Maaaachu.«etia  ;  und  thia  nohiemun  being 
endowed  with  a  conaiderablo  aharo  both  of  reaolulioii 
and  capacity,  clearly  perceived  thu  dungnr  and  injnatice 
of  nullering  thu  French  project  to  be  carried  into  ellect, 
and  promptly  intert>oaed  to  counteract  it.  liu  nut  only 
furniahud  tlio  Five  Nutiuna  with  on  ample  anpply  of 
Aiiimiiiiilioii  and  military  aturea,  but  noiilie<l  to  (Juuut 
Fruiilignac,  that  if  iho  Freiicji  should  tiesumu  lo 
attack  them,  ho  would  march  with  the  whole  forces  ui 
Ilia  province  to  their  aid.  'I'liu  count  llitn  npoii  uliaii- 
dontd  bia  enterprise,  und  ceinpljined  tu  hi^  vovereign 
(1,01114  thu  Fuiirtecnth)  uf  iliu  intertuptiuii  it  bad  re- 
ceiveil  i  wliilu  l,ord  lielluinont,  in  liku  iiiaiiner,  iip- 
[iriaeil  King  William  ui  thu  alep  hu  had  taken.  The 
two  kint^a  cummunded  their  rcitpeclive  tiovernora  to 
lend  uHBiatuncu  tu  eai;b  ullirr,  aiul  uviiicu  a  apir:t  nf 
accoinmudutioii  in  makini;  lliu  peace  elfectuul  to  butii 
naliona,  and  lo  luavu  all  dispnien  cunceriniig  tliu  du- 
pniide;iey  of  tlin  liidiun  tiibea  to  lliu  deierniinatioii  uf 
the  commissionera  who  vver(>  lo  tio  named  in  puraiiancu 
of  the  treaty  ui  Uyawick.  Khurlly  alter  tlie  reception 
of  iheau  mandates,  u  {.Cuco  waa  concluded  helwcen  lliu 
French  und  Iho  Five  Naliona;  but  nut  till  k^nglisli  iii- 
snlence  und  French  ciiniiin^  liud  nearly  detached  tliesu 
irihua  etiiirrly  from  the  ullnwicu  iliey  hud  so  .iteudiiy 
maintained,  by  leadin;/  them  lo  bi:buve  tiiat  tlie  Kiiglisli 
interposed  in  their  cuticerns  for  no  other  reason  than 
that  they  uccoiinted  ilinni  tlieir  sluves.  Tliu  French 
endeuvorcd  lo  take  advanta^u  of  their  ill  humor  by  pre- 
vailing Willi  thein  Lo  rtceive  un  cstahlishmcul  of  Jesulls 
into  their  acttlementa.  llut  ollhough  thu  Indianii  at 
lifat  entertained  thu  oH'er,  and  listened  wilh  their  usual 
gravity  and  pulituness  to  thu  artful  harangue  uf  u  Jesiiil 
who  bad  been  aunt  to  enluicu  it,  [lUJ  Ibeir  Imbilual 
aeniiinenta  auun  prevailed  over  a  trunsienl  discontent, 
and  they  decluruii  their  determinatiun  tu  adhere  to  thu 
Engliali,  and  lo  receive,  iiisteud  of  the  French  priesta, 
a  mimatry  of  proiustunt  pustori  which  Lord  Ucllamont 
had  proposed  to  catuhlisli  among  iheiii.* 


libeity,  and  live  in  greater  plenty,  than  the  cuniinon  inliabi- 
tants  of  Now  York  do."    L'tiliitn,  1.  312. 

So  many  KukIihIi  prisoners  have  remained  and  married  In 
the  Indian  .ietllemcnls  (says  Prul'ussor  Kaliii),  and  so  many 
Pn-iirli  traders  liave  spo.itannously  uiiilud  lliemselves  lo  tlie 
liuhaiis,  tliat  '*  tho  Indian  b:  nd  in  Canada  is  very  much  mixed 
Willi  Eiirii|<,ian  blood,  and  'i  great  purl  of  tlie  Indians  now 
livini;  (174y>  owe  ll.t,:  o;;,jiii  lo  Jjuiuiiu."  Travels,  in.  i'J. 
UTtl. 

*  Smith,  IM-m.  Colden,  i.  13i)-2IO.  The  fulfilment  r.f 
the  promise  of  seiidii  -t protestanl  pasLors  1.)  the  Five  Nations 
iieeins  ,o  have  been  loierrod  till  the  year  1712,  wlieii  one  AJi- 
:'riiW8  waa  sent  aiooi.ir  iIilmii  by  tlie  Kiivllsli  ^'ociely  for  f  o- 
Matin,'  llie  liospe.  Tlie  luthans  at  lirsl  received  hi  n  \vi;h 
joy,  but  pereinptonl,'  reltisL'd  to  snlh'r  liiiii  to  leach  the  Kiiif- 
ll!>li  laii|taai;e  to  lUe'i  children.  Aher  prtni^hiiiijand  tuachiiit{ 
ainoiiif  lUeni,  in  tliu  I.idiun  totii{iie,  lor  several  yeais,  lie  was 
universally  forsaken  Oi  lis  uudilois  and  scholars,  and  closed 
a  fruitluss  mission  in  irid.  Ilumpbrey's  llist.  Ace.  of  tho 
Society  for  ptopa|atiii|;  liio  Qaspeli  SUi— 310. 


Nome  ahuaoa  that  prevailed,  and  anin*  iliaonirn  thai 
were  likely  lo  ariae  al  New  York.  Iiad  inUuceH  KiMQ 
William  In  bestow  tho  governinent  of  the  iirovnic*  cm 

l.ind  Hells I,  who,  il  was   hoped,    wniild  bo  nail) 

ahie,  by  the  inllnence  uf  his  elevated  rank,  mM*4  la  IM 
reaoluiion  ami  iiiiegrity  of  hineharactar,  to  radieii*  'iM 
oiiu  and  coinpme  thu  other.  Fletcher,  hia  nredecaa* 
eqr,  had  proved  u  very  iinhiitliliil  alrwaid  of  the  pnl  li« 
revenue,  and  had  grutitiid  Ina  avariea  and  hia  parti* 
alltiea  by  iinjnat  and  enorbiliiiil  opproptiationa  an4 
grania  of  lainl.  Lord  llellamuiit,  on  mveallgaling  lb* 
particulara  of  Fluli'lirr'a  admmiai  ration,  openly  4»- 
noiinced  bun  aa  a  cnrriipl  and  prolligal*  niagialril*  i 
and  not  only  eaiiaed  judicial  pruceedingatoba  inalitulM 
againat  him  and  ine  favoritea  whom  ha  had  anrich«4 
with  a  ahiro  of  the  public  apoil,  but  at  on*  tmi*  pro* 
pnaed  In  send  him  aa  u  criminal,  lo  nudrrgo  a  public 
triiil  in  Fniiland.  'I'ha  ranenae  and  ilitficulty  uf  pro* 
cniiiig  what  iho  law  would  deem  reijuiaile  evidence, 
together  with  other  ohalriicliuna  which  alwaya  opjioao 
themaelvea  to  every  acheiiie  for  eirecting  llie  aifioauro 
or  coiii|i«lling  the  reatiliition,  of  oiricial  plunder,  pro> 
vented  any  of  thuao  procecdinga  from  attaining  a  aalia* 
factory  isane. 

An  alieinpt  that  waa  made  lo  correct  another  (buaa 
proved  It  Hrat  uinincntly  unluriunate,  and  waa  atlanded 
with  very  amgiihir  circtimatancea  ill  ita  progreaa,  and 
very  reniarkahle  cGnseqnciicea  in  Fngland.  The  lata 
war  liad  given  riae  lo  a  great  deal  of  privateering, 
which  in  many  <iiainnera  hud  degenerated  into  piracy 
unil  lliii  evil  waa  greatly  inereascd  by  the  readineaa 
With  which  Janiea  ilio  .Secinid,  in  his  eiilo,  granted 
cninmissioiiH  lor  privateering  to  adventurera  auhcring, 
or  |iroles.,ing  adherence,  to  l:ia  caiiae,  and  who  ex* 
pecli'd  that  these  itomiiiiaaiona  would  entitle  their  rol»- 
buries  to  he  regarded  aa  acta  of  legilimale  warfare.* 
From  New  Vork,  in  particular,  many  Fiigliah  piratical 
crnisera  were  known  to  have  aailed  ;  and,  indeed,  ihero 
was  stroiig  reuboii  to  aiiapect  that  Fletcher'a  hunger  fur 
oolil  had  heeii  too  voracious  to  ncruple  the  receiving  of 
It  Iruiii  thu  huiida  of  tlkese  rubbcra  as  the  price  of  hia 
connivunce  at  their  deprcdationa.  'i'hc  supprcaaion  ol 
this  niiisniicu  had  been  atrongly  rccomineiideil  by  tho 
king  tu  liord  UiHainonl,  who,  casting  ahnnt  in  hia  mind, 
and  cinianliing  hia  fricnda  in  what  manner  this  design 
wunld  be  mo, I  eliicaciuualy  conducted,  vtaa  adviaed  to 
take  tlie  aasistanco  of  one  Kidd,  who  was  repreaeiilcd 
lo  hiiii  aa  a  man  of  honor  and  intrepidity,  mid  well  ac- 
ipiaiiiied  with  the  (len'ona  and  the  liaunta  of  the  pi- 
ratea.  Knld,  who  waa  in  Fngland  at  the  time,  waa  in- 
Iruduced  to  JjOrd  Uellumonl  by  the  peraon  who  had  .4} 
churucterred  him,  and  ri  adily  olfered  to  undrrtake  the 
Hiipprossion  and  appruhention  of  the  piralea,  if  the  kint 
would  grant  him  a  commission  for  the  purpoatj,  and 
place  4it  his  dispgsal  a  good  sailing  Innate  uf  tlrrty 
L'Miis.  Tliu  curl  laid  the  projiosai  beiore  tlin  king,  who 
wus  strongly  diajioscd  to  emiirace  any  feasible  plan  lor 
eztirpiiling  piracy  ;  but  some  ditricultiea  having  been 
tilurted  by  iho  ,idiiiiralty,  the  aclicme  was  dropped,  and, 
iiiif;>rtiiiia»uly  fur  t!;e  character  of  all  parties,  a  priyuls 
i.dvci;'.t;ro,  to  be  coitducted  by  Kidd  agains*.  tl.c  p' 
rates,  was  fuij^t^csted  m  its  atouu,  und  hnally  enibiL^fci 
The  king  Iniiiself  was  concerned  in  lliu  eiilerf.rive  ^ntl 
had  u  leiitli  share  reserved  to  liiiii  \  and  the  Ijord  Chun- 
ceilur  (tSuiners,)  thu  Uuko  of  tjhrowshury,  the  Karls  ul 
lloniney  and  Oxford,  Mir  Udniiind  Harrison,  and  vari- 
ous oilier  persons  of  ilistmctiun,  were  associated  in  tho 
adventure  us  partners  with  their  sovereign.  Kidd  re- 
ceived an  {yrdinury  coininissioii  from  tho  crown  an  L 
privateer,  Willi  special  dircciii  ns  from  the  royal  and 
noble  owiierii  of  ins  vessel,  tu  proceed  against  the  pi 
rules,  and  to  hold  liiinaelf  pkrlicularly  responsible  to 
ijord  Iklh'rcrr  Eiiibarking  on  this  iinportjiit  enter* 
prise,  with  s.  tuc'i  illuslrijus  cbaracter  mtrualcd  lo 
Ills  keeping,  Kii..'  "r  p.--'  u  New  York  Ion?  befora 
Lord  lielluinont,  whosn  assiiinption  of  his  guvirninen, 
did  nnt  take  place  till  more  than  two  years  after  hife- 
anpoiiilinent.  When  bis  lordship  subsequently  reached 
New  Yurk,  be  learned,  to  his  no  small  confusion 
and  resentment,  that  by  his  patronage  of  Kidd  bo 
hud  been  accessary    to   an  enormoua  aggraval.Pii  of 

*  Unreasonable  as  we  ina;  think  the  expectation  of  these 
pirates,  thai  the  Eni^lisli,  wbo  ilunied  Jaiiiva'  regal  right  to 
govern  then),  shuiili  recognise  llie  suirtu  fight  to  the  mora 
forr.:dable  extent  ul  loaking  war  un  tliein,  this  plea  wt»  ac 
tilallv  inainlalncd  by  certain  of  Kiiu  William's  crown  l».i«yer8 
Some  pirates  coiiimissloned  by  James  having  befo  appro 
bended  III  161)3,  l)r.  Oldisli,  the  kinij's  advocate,  refused  to 
piosecute  tliem,  and  alon^  Willi  Sir  Tlioinaa  Pinfolil,  TindiU, 
and  other  lawyers,  supported  tins  refusal  hy  a  learned  K.111 
inent  before  the  privy  council.  Tindairs  Ersay  on  '.he  Law 
of  Nations,  p.  35—30.  But  other  lawyers  were  fount  wUlIng 
tu  prosecute  thonru  inars,  wno  were  coavi&ted  audi axacmoC 
Uuwel,  xii.  No.  m. 


i 


§1 


if 


•u 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


llw  mil  h*  had  hopnl  lii  tilirptt*.  (imI  Io 
•f  M*  kiiif  (ml  SI  (ll  lh«  4uiin|iilfhnl 
M  It***!)  ••MMitlcil  In  llw  iirittlnrina  ulv 


I  Ih*  dltlKHlOf 

|wrioni  whti 
na  ulvmiluni ;  •mi 
MnI  KIM  had  •Irvnljp  nniotti  liiinMir  iiwrK  iiiriiiioiia 
•ni  fninliUbli!  than  an*  olhcr  pinu  thai  iiihiUil  Ilia 
■Ma,  bf  Ihaaitant  n(  hl'a  natal  iobl<«ria«  aixl  Ilia  iiuin- 
barlaa*  laiirilera.  Leni  Ucllamuni  Ti|otuuily  tinrtad 
bH:w*lf  IO  repair,  by  baiiar  •nnnx,  Ihia  conaaaii*  loaa 
of  Ikta  anhtptiir  tnot ;  (ml  having  lortunaiafy  auc- 
««i<iJ  in  ajiffahaiHliiig  Kl<M,  (ItVtJ  who  itt  ■» 

Cind  on  a  iraRkkiiii  apoeulalion  lo  Ooalon,  whara 
h«|iod  nni  10  ha  raeofniaiid,  ha  wnMa  lo  iha  accra- 
Mjr  of  auto,  doairing  that  a  warrant  lalghi  ba  a«nl 
iw  MiMiiiilting  Ibia  daring  oAiiHlar  to  Ki>Kl4nd,  whara 
alraady  comiJarabla  inlaraal  had  baun  eicilad  In 
Iha  public  mind  by  Iha  lldingaof  Ilia  frcrlHialvr'a  daa- 
parala  riiiarpriaaa,  aiid  vanua  niinora  of  Iha  aham 
which  Iha  lirii  |Mraona||«a  in  Iha  alaia  had  lakaii  in 
aii|iiilyina  hlin  with  tin  maana  of  pvrfurining  ihoin. 
A  anip  of  war  waa  aant  out  to  bring  hoina  tha  priaoiwi, 
•nd  rapal  any  attampl  that  migni  ba  mado  for  liia 
aicue ;  but,  iinfurtnnataly,  tha  vraaal  waa  ditablad 
•n  her  paatage,  and  oldiitad  in  ratum  lo  port.  A 
atrong  aunpiuiun  now  aniMi  of  culliiaion  bclwean  Kidd 
■nd  iTio  miniatry,  who  it  waathon-iht  wrra  delarininod 
net  to  have  Inm  lifoiiKhl  hoina  at  all.  Ivil  In  liia  »wii 
defence  ha  itiould  dia  ovKr  tlieir  infainona  confederacy, 
Thia  auapicioti  waa  liiAained  In  Iha  artirieaa  of  the  tnry 
party,  who  war*  Ojipoaad  lo  King  Wllliain'a  govern- 
inant,  and  who  Teliatnenlly  preaaed  a  inotiun  in  the 
Houae  of  Ooininnna,  tliat  all  prrioiia  who  had  heun 
concerned  in  Kidd'a  adventure  ini||ht  be  I'lainiaaed  from 
Iheir  einplovinenta.  Thoui|hthia  inoilun  waarejecli'd, 
ihey  prevailed  with  the  liouao  to  have  Kidd  eiaminod 
at  tha  bar,  when  iIhi  aiortloiia  of  the  ininiilora  and  l,ord 
Dellamoiit  to  vindieata  their  cluractera  had  at  leiiKtIi 
anccaedad  in  bringing  him  la  Enulaiid  ;  and  though 
diaappoinlad  at  firat  In  their  hope  of  oliiaining  any  va- 
laabio  diH'loaurea  from  him,  vel  eilher  honeally  anapoct- 
ing  wliat  they  pnfcaaed  to  uallevt  or  truailng  that  he 
would  ba  inducari  to  become  ■  I'leful  iiiiimmani  of 
their  purpoeca  (winch  ha  diacuverad  more  liiclinilion 
Ihin  ill  ditv  lo  do),  thay  cndeavorad  lo  hive  hia  tiial  de- 
ferred, and  prevailed  with  the  houaa  to  call  hlin  iitaiii 
to  the  har,  even  after  an  aUilreaa  had  been  voted  to 
the  crown  recommending  that  he  ahould  be  a|H>edily 
temitled  loan  En|{tiih  jury.  Kidd  waa  brought  to 
tria'  at  tha  Old  Uailey  In  the  year  ITOl,  and  being  to- 
tally unable  aiihiir  to  criminate  the  ininiatera  or  to  de- 
fend himaelf,  waa  convicted,  with  acveral  of  hia  ac- 
caiuplleaa,  of  piracy  and  niuril  t,  and  aoon  alter  under- 
went the  juat  punivhineni  of  hit  Crimea.  The  vialciicc 
of  tho  Tory  faction  In  Eiiglind  prevnnlrd  lliii  mailer 
from  profiiifjaa  irijurioua  aa,  more  inoderaivly  hindlid, 
il  would,  and  |ierlia|ia  ought  to  have  liuen  lo  Lord  Del- 
lainont  and  the  Whig  minlalera  of  the  king.  Kidd'a 
conduct  provioua  to  hie  einpUiyincnt  aa  a  privateer  had 
in  reality  been  aiich  (hat  a  proper  liiveati^aliun  of  II 
would  have  auivjected  him  to  punitliment,  instead  of 
recommending  him  to  an  Important  Iruat,  A  charue 
derived  from  thia  gTO<a  and  culpiilile  neulcct,  and  di- 
rected Bgaiiiil  all  wlio  h<d  (wen  concerned  in  procurlii); 
Kidd'a  commiaaion,  waa  inirodiicod  Into  the  articlna  of 
im'  ichinent  preferred  aooii  after  l>y  the  cummunt 
I  1  iiat  i,ord  Soinera.  The  name  and  character  of  tho 
Earl  o'  ijcllamont,  in  particular,  were  exiireaslv  involved 
in  Ihia  cliarge,  thougii  hia  recent  deuth  at  New  York 
prevented  hiin  from  hein);  included  in  the  Impeachment. 
out  tha  managera  of  the  impeachmen:  aiaociating  iliia 
eharga  with  other  weightier  iniputationa  which  lliry 
ware  unaUe  lo  prove,  and  involving  themaelvea  (pur- 
poaely,  paihapa)  in  a  diiputa  with  the  House  of  Lords, 
Iha  impaaehment  ended  in  an  acquittal,  without  pro- 
Awiog  a  trial. 

Bat  tha  moat  afRicting  disordera  that  threatened  to 
■■nil  tha  government  and  community  of  New  York, 
watvportaodad  by  the  increaaing  animoalty  of  two  nu- 
■MIDua  factiona,  conaiating  of  iho  frienda  and  the  ene- 
Hiaa  of  tha  unfortunate  Leislcr.  The  son  of  this  man, 
ineap*bla  of  forgetting  oi  forgivinj;  the  tragical  r<ite  of 
Iba  falbar,  had  labored  incasaan.ly  for  the  re-eslabllsh- 
ment  of  hia  character  and  the  re'.ribuiion  of  hie  wronge ; 
and  havini  obtained,  by  the  assistance  of  the  province 
tt  MaaaacnuaeUa,  an  act  of  parliament  la  reverse  his 
father'a  itlaindcr,  and  now  proceeding,  withevury  like- 
lihocd  of  aucreaa,  to  urge  a  •■l-lm  for  indemnihcdtiun 
on  aceoiint  of  hia  family'a  aufleringa  and  loaaea,  ihe 
ipitita  of  hia  partliana  in  New  York  were  powerfully 
■Miled  by  the  hope  of  a  triumph  ao  humiliating  to  their 
•dtara'  nes  The  mutual  aniinoallv  of  ihe  two  factlnna 
MtariuQcii  ind  whatled  to  auch  ■  degree  by  tha  occur- 
IIMa  tnd  t:  I  piaapaet  of  fraah  opportanitiai  to  iodulga 


II,  thai  llie  public  buaineaa  of  the  pravinca  waa  aa- 
riuusly  iiniieded  ;  and  in  the  very  Aral  asaenihly  that 
t«rd  lliilliinant  convoki'd  at  New  Vnik,  eirapl  an 
unanimous  sddreaa  of  ihanka  lo  himself  for  his  sfirarh 
oil  the  state  uf  the  province,  ihere  waa  acarcelv  a  single 
mauiiia  propoard,  aboni  which  iha  ineniliera  uf  aaaemlHy 
found  It  poasilila  lo  agree.  Tha  character  and  mannara 
af  I,onl  Uallamoiil  wara  kapidly  adapted  lo  coinpoaa 
Ihaaa  diaaenaiona ;  i  laak  wnick  parhapa.  If  lia  had 
longer  enjoyed  Iha  governmanl,  ha  would  have  wiaely 
atlamptaj  and  auccaaafully  aHeelad  :  hut  unfortunately 
Ika  cireuinataiicaa  In  which  ha  found  hiinaalf  placed  on 
kia  Srat  irrlval  at  New  Voik,  ind  tlia  aanlimaiila  which 
ba  waa  Ihanca  led  lo  cnlafttin,  landed  rather  lo  inllaine 
than  lo  inillgate  the  evil.  Hi*  jual  diaulaaaiire  aaaiiiat 
Fietchar,  animated  by  tha  diacovery  ol  that  prndigala 
govemor'a  ancourtgemenl  of  Ihe  pirates,  at  lirsi  ei- 
teinled  llsrilf  lo  every  |ieraon  who  had  held  ollire  along 
with  him,  or  been  distlnguiahed  hy  any  appearance  of 
his  regard  ;  and  aa  in  Ihia  claaa  were  comprehended  ine 
principal  adveraarias  of  Leialer,  tha  spirits  of  Ihia  |iarty 
were  additionally  revived,  and  their  niiinliera  augmented 
by  the  near  proapect  of  supremacy  and  triumpli.  Young 
I^isler'a  aollcitatlona  In  England  at  length  ao  far  pre- 
vailed, thai  a  letter  waa  adjreaaai  hy  tliii  iSecretary  of 
State  10  lArd  Uellanioiil,  [I7U0]  drclsring  that  hia 
maiaaty,  from  "  a  gracious  senaa  of  ihe  father'a  services 
and  sulferiiiga,"  desired  that  the  aon'a  clainiaof  liidein- 
iilAeatioii  iniuhl  be  entertained  by  the  general  aaaemhiy 
of  New  York.  Nosuuner  waa  Ihe  royal  letter  laid 
hefore  Ihe  aaaemhiy,  uf  which  a  great  majorily  now  con- 
aisied  of  the  friends  of  young  Leisler,  than  a  vote  waa 
passed,  appointing  tha  aum  of  lUUO/.  lo  ba  levied  im- 
ini'diately  on  the  prrvlnce  for  hii  advantage. 

Lord  Uellamoiit  had  iiuw  aucceeded  in  acquainting 
hiiUKelf  with  the  alate  of  lli«  province  :  and  the  resent- 
meiil  and  disturliance  he  had  aulfered  from  the  piratical 
tranaacllona  in  which  his  own  and  hie  sovereign  •  honor 
had  been  ao  deeply  Involved,  aeeined  lo  have  had  time 
to  aubaide.  Uul  the  influence  which  his  giMid  sense  and 
moderation  were  conAdenlly  eipccted  to  produce  In 
tranquillliing  the  angry  factiona  over  which  ha  presided, 
was  intereepted  by  his  uiioipecled  death  In  Ihe  beginning 
of  the  year  1701.  Thia  event  waa  attended  with  the  moat 
unfurtunale  conaequencea.  The  faction  that  had  ap- 
peared likely  to  ho  inlally  defeated,  received  iiilrlligeiico 
that  Lurd  Cornbiiry,  wlio  waa  eipected  aoon  to  arrive 
aa  Ihe  anccesaor  of  Uellamont,  waa  pre|iossessi'd  In 
their  favor,  because  they  wire  accounted  the  psrtixana 
of  tha  church  of  England,  and  began  already  lo  antn-i- 
pate  a  favorable  change  In  their  relatione  with  the  ad- 
verse party ;  'thilo  tliis  party,  at  the  head  of  which 
was  Nunfan,  Ihe  lieutenant-governor,  iiim'e  hasie  to 
use  their  power  with  an  energy  enforced  liy  the  probable 
aliortneas  of  ila  duration.  The  most  strenuoua  eter- 
tions  were  made  by  both,  lu  increase  their  alrviigtii  In 
the  assembly  ;  and  the  most  furiou<i  animositii-s  were 
created  by  the  ihcarolical  respect  which  buih  prufoscU 
for  the  same  fundaincnlal  prineiplei' ;  by  the  practical 
reajMict  which  each,  accordingly,  reqiiirid  for  these 
principles  from  their  adversailea  ;  and  hy  the  practicul 
disregard  of  them  into  which  both  were  hurried  by  the 
violence  of  their  passions.  Tho  fuclion  opjiosed  to 
Leialer's  frienda,  being  generally  defeated  in  these  con- 
tests, vented  their  indignation,  and  eiercised  ihu  only 
policy  that  aeemed  lo  remain  to  them,  In  velieinont 
complalnta  of  their  adversaries  to  the  king,  the  parlia- 
inert,  a".d,  aliove  all,  to  I,ord  Curnbiiiy,  on  whose  fuvur 
their  iiopei  of  victory  ond  vengeance  now  exclusively 
depended.  Colonel  Uayard,  in  particular,  having  pro- 
moted aome  of  these  addreaaea,  in  whicii  the  most  scan- 
dalous chargea  of  bribery,  public  plunder,  and  opprcs- 
iion,  were  prefi..;o'l  sgainsl  the  lieutenant-governor, 
tho  chief-justice,  and  the  asaembly,  [1703J  waa  com- 
mitted to  prison  as  a  traitor,  by  Nanfan,  under  a  law 
which  Bayard  and  hia  frienda  had  canaed  to  be  enacted 
in  1691,  to  curb  their  own  adversariea,  and  which  sub- 

{'ected  to  the  pains  of  treason  every  person  endeavoring, 
ly  force  of  anna,  or  otlierwiae,  to  disturb  the  peace, 
good,  and  quiet  of  the  king's  government.  Though  the 
attomey-gunCi'dl  of  New  Vork  gave  a  written  opinion, 
that  the  aildrcasesronlsined  notnlng  criminal  or  illegal, 
Nsnran,  finding  the  aolicitor-general  differently  minded, 
urged  on  the  ciiarge  ;  and,  after  a  trial  more  fair,  per- 
haps, than  In  ain^h  a  state  of  public  feeling  cuuld  have 
been  reasonably  expected.  Bayard  waa  dragged  to  the 
brink  of  the  pit  whicli  ho  himself  had  dug,  by  a  verdict 
of  guilty,  and  aeiitence  of  death.*     Alderman  Hutchina 


waa  linmadiately  after  tried,  and  eonvieled  on  a  i 
charge.     Hut  here  iho  advrraaiiea  uf  tha 
iIhmikIiI  pr<>|ier  lo  paiix'.     ThuiiKh  the  law  an  wUthlh* 
ciiii«iciia,,a  had   lixeii  loninird  was  sn  aihilrary  <i.a,  A 
had  bean  rnarlad  liy  the  prisnners  Ihrinselves  and  iImm 
party,  and  never  yet  rrpeuleii ;  and  though  Ilia  eanvu* 
IHMia  prnceeded  on  •  suinewhal  atralned  ronsliuiljan  ol 
It,  there  had  been  no  signal  or  unduubled  daparlura 
fruiii  Ihe  urdinsry  prinriplns  of  cilininal  jiialica.     Tha 
proarciilora,  thervfnre,  had  not  inrurrud  such  guill  aa  la 
cunftiund  altogether  their  aensa  and  huniaintv,  Ol  .^npa- 
noiialy  to  urge  lliem  to  eoinplale  »hat  Ihey  iml  bagun, 
and  dealrov  their  vic'iins  while  ihey  wara  yet  in  UMU 
power.     Happily  for  thamaelvea,  a:id  for  tha  provmca, 
they  conaanted  io  repriava  Ihe  prisuneia  nil  the  king't 
pleasure  should  be  known.     Uul  long  before  ihe  ap|ili- 
cation  on  which  tha  fatal  laaue  waa  thus  auspcnded 
cuuld  b«  made,  I,ord  Cornbnry  arrived  al  New  York  ; 
and   not  oiilv   caused  Ilia  attainders  of  Uayard  and 
Hutchina  lir  lia  raveraed,   biil  placing  hinisalf  at  tl.a 
bead  of  their  parly,  conducled  liia  admlniatralion  with 
such  violence  and  partiilily,  that  tha  late  chief  justice, 
and  several  other  considerable  persona  of  tha  up|iosiia 
faction,  thought  II  prudent  lo  depart  from  Ihapruviiiee 
Iiiird  Cnriiliury,  the  grsiidsuii  ol    I^ird  Cliaiuellor 
Clarendon,  jiossesacd  not  one  of  the  qiialitiea  foi  which 
hia  distinguishiid  siicvalur  had  lietn  celelirsted,  except 
an  eisggvrslioii  uf  his  bigntry  lo  the  church  of  Eng- 
land, and  hia  Inluhtrance  ul  all  other  religiona  com* 
niuniuiia.     The  rest  uf  his  character  wouliT  have  dia- 
graced  more  eslnnable  ipiahliea ;  and  seems  to  hava 
lurined  a  cuiniHisillun  iiu  less  udious  llisn  despicable, 
of  rapaciiy  and  prodigality,  voluptuousness  and  cruelly, 
the    loftiest    arrogaiice,   mid    the    iiiear.>:ai    chicane. 
Whettier  from  real  ditfereiica  In  aeiitimaoi,  or  liuiii  a 
pulley  which  In  these  days  waa  nut  unci  inniun,  while 
Ills  father  had  adhered  to  llie  causa  of  Jaiiiea  the  Hecuiid, 
the  aon  declared  himaelf,  at  a  very  eaily  |ieriud,  liir 
King  VVillmin,  and  waa  une  of  the  lirsI  ollicera  who 
dearrted  with  hia  troop  tu  him  ;  and  having  iiuw  diaai- 
paled  hia  substance  ill  nut  and  dcbaucluiry,  and  being 
obliged  to  fly  from  hia  credllora  in  England,  it  had  been 
one  ol  the  last  acta  of  his  royal  palruii  a  adiiiiihalratioii, 
to  reward  his  services  with  Ihe  goveinmenl  uf  New 
York.     This  appoiii'  .ent  waa  cunfirincd  hy  his  kins- 
woman Queen  Anne,  who  added  to  It  the  guviri.iiiiiil 
of  New  Jersey,  which  had   been  recently  surrendered 
liy  the  proprielariea  to  the  crown.     'I'lie  public  event* 
Uial  belong  to  the  |ierlod  of  Liinl  Coriihury'a  adiniiiia- 
traliun'  du  not  fall  wllhiii  Ihe  conipasa  uf  the  preaaiil 
work )  and  I  allude  to  Ita  gencrul  cuinpleiiun,  for  tha 
purpoao  uf  explaining  huw  the  factions  winch  wo  hava 
Been  carried  to  auch  a  height  In  New  York  cania  lo 
be,  if  nut   cnlirely  aupprtsscd,  yet  greatly  inillgalad 
and  reduced.     Thia  desirable  end,  which  was  mora 
ubslructed  than  advanced  by  the  only  respeclabla  go- 
vcriiur  that  li-jd  been  sent  to  New  York  aincu  the  ravo- 
luliun,  wss  now  aigtiully  proniuicd  by  Ihe  adininiau* 
tioii  of  a  successor,  uhu   pblicd   even  Ainlius  of  his 
ovil  emiiiincc,  and  icndcrcd  hiins4:ir  more  universally 
detested  than  any  olliccr  lo  whom  the  guverninent  ul 
this  province  was  ever  inirusUd.     Vo:  a  while  the  iiu- 
jorily  uf  the  asscinltly,  cui:ipOHi-d  by  his  influence  of  tha 
faction    which   had    liut   rccnlly    sn.aitid    under    the 
puwer  of  a  iriuinphant  rival,  si'hcicd  vMlh  .Miscrupu'.ous 
loyalty  to  him  aa  its  leader  and  piuicctur;  and  even 
alter  the  iiilulerunce  he  lu')>un  lo  ex.'-rt  against  the  prea- 
bylcriHiiB,  iiiid   every  other  religious   t'jcl,  exi:e|  t   tho 
prulestunl  episue|w!..i;:ii,  had  ahenuled  many  of  his  lirsl 
political  adherents,  he  luund  llieir  Ium  ivaily  cuinpen- 
salcd   by   the   increaaed    icgsrils    ui   Ihoae   who   now 
lioasted   hlin    Ihtii   ecrluiiasiicsl  ally       Though   tha 
great  hod>  ol  the  iiihahluiils,  including  ti.e  moat  ancient 
lainihcs  in  tho  piotince,  were  preshylrrians,  he  rrlusid 
10  pennit  tlic   iiiiiii.>lcra  uf  ihia   |tt.rsuasiun  to  preach 
witliout  a  hceiisn  Iroui  hiniseli,  winch  iinplird  that  llicv 
ollkiated,  not  ol   right,  but  hy   indulgence.     Uii  one 
occasion,  Kndiiig  thut  in  a  township  in   l.un|r   klniid 
Ibcro   were  a  lew   episcopali'iia  Intcrciiuied   wiih  ita 


*  Tlie  proceedings  nn  this  thai,  which  sre  reported  at  soma 
lenfftti  in  lloweU's  Coitertlan,  sre  creditable  tu  the  legal  know- 
ledge,  ability,  and  spirit  of  the  lawyara  employed  to  conduct 
tbam,  and  aspaclally  of  the  ceiuiaal  for  tba  priaoaat    Emol, 


one  of  the  latter,  nmnitslneil  a  plea,  wliicli  was  not  bcsid  of 
tiU  a  much  later  )h^iiuU  In  Enijlsiiii ;  hut  illaslrsled  It  l>y  sa 
obicrvallun  which  m  u  slioultl  nuL  ekpccl  to  hesr  In  the  ruuna 
or  luttioe  of  a  atatn  wliere  slavery  wai  adnnlled.  "Tha 
jury,'*  he  said,  *'  are  judges  hulli  ol  taw  and  fact,  as  Iha  case 
h  riuwcircuniilanced;  aiiil  II  lliey  »ill  enslave  thoiiiselvsa 
and  their  iHiaterny,  and  dcbai  thoinselves  or  all  access  la  llieu 
prmce,  they  will  be  woiae  than  negroes."  Even  unOrr  tha 
liberal  jurMprudeiice  oi  Oliver  Cromwell,  It  wis  declarea 
rroin  the  heiieli  (on  ihe  lirbl  Irial  of  Lllburn),  that  it  was  "a 
daninable  deciniie"  lu  bold  lliat  Iho  lurv  were  judges  of  law 
as  well  OS  lacl.    Howell,  vol.  ir  p.  ItM.  note. 

"  One  of  liie  liral  and  the  most  respeclabla  tc  of  hIa  adnn 
niatratlon  was  a  renewal  of  Ihe  league  with  the  Indian  UMi 
of  New  York,  in  a  numerous  convention  of  Uia  thbaa*  Wllaft, 
waa  held  at  Albany  in  17M.    Oldmixon,  vol  )  g.  IM> 


NORTH  AMGRTCA. 


lWl>|liiUrn  who  ftirm*fl  Iht  |rti.  iiMlofil^  nt  iha  iiv. 
^MtoMlt  iihI  hill  huili  •  ptfunnau*  iiir  ihcir  niiniairr, 
W  Aviidilcntly  coiilri'.  nil  to  |ri  {H»«<Minn  of  the  hoiiM, 
■nd  then  italivrrtrf  it  up  in  ih«  >piMU|wl  (nrljr.  Iliiitr- 
in|  Miiw  time  »flar,  thai  two  |irc>h)fi«ri>n  ininialrri 
from  Viriiiiiit  had  prMihcil  In  •  riiiiKrrKtiian  iii  New 
Ynrk  wilhnui  hi«  lieann,  h«  thmw  ilisin  both  into 
^riton  ;  nnd  iftcrwardt  brnii|[ht  ihain  to  Iriil  for  •  mi*- 
miiwanor :  hiii  •lihoiigh  iIm  jiidf*  tilvJMd  iti*  jury  lo 
Itlurn  ■  •porial  vordiel.  thai  iht  law  on  ihl*  •uhim 
■night  Im  niultf  •uiirlainml,  ihn  |iiry  war*  loo  priiiiani 
la  pui  Iha  libaiiiaa  of  ihcir  coiiiiirv  an  far  out  uf  their 
own  kacpinc,  and  wiitioul  hcailation  ari)iiillaU  the 
priaonara.  in  avarjr  quarttr  of  iha  |iro«inc<  hia  lord - 
■hip  oAarad  hia  taaialanca  lo  th*  apiacopaliana,  to  put 
•ham  In  poaaoaaion  of  tha  churclioa  thai  othar  ioela  had 
iwill  i  and  to  Iha  diagraea  of  imna  of  tha  laalota  for 
•piaeopacjr,  thia  oHar  wta  m  aevaral  inntangaa  tceaplad, 
ami  producad  a  wida  aeana  of  rioi,  Injuatica,  and  con- 
fuaiun.  Uul  happily  fur  Iha  nnfnrtunitta  p«opl*  who 
Mrara  atpoaad  to  Ilia  iniavhiaf  of  hia  adniinialration,  hia 
conduct  in  other  dapirtuianta  of  |{o«arnincni  aoon 
waakanad  hia  InAuenca  with  all  partiaa,  and  gradually 
doprirad  him  of  tha  powar  of  inalisatinn  any  portion  of 
Iha  aoeitty  to  harata  cr  opprina  Iha  real  It  waa  dia- 
earenid,  that  not  contain  with  the  liberal  grant!  of 
monry  whirh  tha  aiMmlily  had  inada  lo  him  for  hia 
private  uae,  ha  had  atnbaiiled  Urge  auma  apiiropriaird 
lo  the  erection  of  public  wurka,  and  Ihe  defence  of  the 
province  ;  [I70'i— ITOtt]  and  that  unahlu  to  auhaial  on 
ilia  lawful  einoluinantt,  even  \rith  Ihn  addition  of  eniir- 
DMua  pillage,  he  had  cuntractcd  dtbia  lo  every  tradea- 
Bian  who  would  truil  him,  and  eicp!t'.yod  the  powera  of 
Ma  ofllca  to  eai  hia  rradifOTf  at  daHknra.  Kven  after 
Una  diacovary  waa  made,  h*  contnvcd  lo  have  anme  of 
ha  pulilie  money  iRtruilrd  to  hia  haiida,  hy  alarming 
Ihe  aiaainlily  with  pratunde<l  intelligence  of  an  a|>- 
firoaching  invaaion  :  anil  ihir  farther  Iruat  waa  eie- 
CL'ted  With  aa  little  Adelity  aa  the  prueeding  onea.  In 
vain  the  aiaainldy  propotrd  to  uatahliah  a  body  of  fune- 
t'nnariea  lo  control  the  public  aipenditiire,  and  account 
ljf  it  lo  ihaiaaalvaa ;  iiid  with  ■■  liiile  aucreaa  did  they 
mnamit  a  remunairanco  tu  the  queen.  Their  applica- 
tion to  her  inaieity  met  with  no  other  atlenlion  than 
iome  private  initructiona,  whicli  were  eaid  to  have 
Man  aonllotht  ^vemor;  their  propoaiiion  lo  con- 
Irol  inn  public  diabiir-cp-enla  waa  diaallowed  ;  and 
when  they  inriited  ot  a  aenitiny  rf  hia  accoiinta,  ha 
warned  thrm  in  nn  a  igry  speiH-h,  not  lo  provoke  him 
In  eivrt  "  certain  power*"  which  the  queen  had  eonv 
milted  to  hii  i.  and  adviaed  them  to  let  him  hear  laaa 
about  the  rif.hta  of  the  house,  aa  the  hoiiu  had  no  righte 
bill  what  tie  grace  and  good  pleiaure  of  hor  majeaty 
nermittod  ii  to  eiijuy.  By  auch  declaration!,  and  a 
line  of  (loli :y  puiaisiid  in  itiict  confoniiily  with  them, 
ho  luccocd  d  in  alienating  ell  hia  adhcreiita,  and  finally 
in  uniting  ill  claa<na  of  Inn  people  ill  one  ooininon  in- 
tereat  of  oiipoaition  to  liiinielf  When  he  dii!olved  an 
■aaemhiy  for  iti  attention  to  Ihe  public  intereata,  he 
found  hia  influence  no  longer  able  lo  alT'^ct  the  comfio- 
aition  of  the  aaaeinbly  which  ho  culled  to  aucceed  il, 
It  waa  fortunate  for  the  |ieopln  that  they  were  com- 
pelled to  endure  thi!  atate  of  tliinga  for  aeveml  yeara, 
and  till  the  It-aiona  which  it  w«!  well  calculated  to 
Iracli  them  wure  deeply  iinprcrard  on  their  mind*. 
Tlie  gavernor  had  leiiure  ti>  repnat  the  eipedienl  of 
dinMilving  iiiirantahlu  aniembliea,  and  the  m:irtiliealion 
nf  finding  every  aueceeding  one  mora  atulilHirn  than 
it!  predct'0!!or  -,  till  he  at  length  cuiivokcd  aaaembliea 
which  abfolutely  refuted  In  vote  ihe  tinalleat  aupniy 
fur  the  public  aorvice,  till  he  ahnuld  account  for  all  ilia 
paal  receipta  and  applicationa  ol  money,  and  perform 
the  iinjioaiiblo  coniiilinn  o'  refunding  all  the  auma  ha 
had  einbnziled— preferring  even  an  extremity  oo  incon- 
veiiieni  to  themaelvca.  to  the  continuance  of  ao  corrupt 
anil  prolligalo  an  adminiatrjtion.  The  di!!o|ule  habita, 
and  igiiubie  t!ile!  and  niaiincra  of  the  man,  completed 
anil  einlHltered  the  diigiiit  with  which  he  w*a  now 
univoranllv  regarded  ;  and  when  he  waa  aeen  rambling 
■broad  in  ihe  dreaa  of  a  \vani.iii,  the  people  beheld  with 
indigration  and  aliaine  iho  rcpreacniRtive  of  their  aave- 
laigr..  -tnd  the  ruler  of  their  coiintry. 

The  inhahiiaiiis  of  Ncwr  Vork  hail  now  ample  leianro, 
ind  atrong  indiicvineiita  to  rcHect,  with  little  aaliafac- 
tiun.  nn  ilia  folly  uiid  inisclimr  of  thoae  diviaioiia  that 
had  once  enabled  such  ;i  man  to  enjoy  inAueni:c  among 
Ihem,  and  aucceaafully  to  incite  them  to  haraaa  and 
mahraat  each  other,  that  he  might  the  more  aecumly 
pillage  and  Insuli  thoin  all  Hia  ad inmiat ration  forcibly 
Uugnt  them  the  imporinni  lesaun  thut  diviaiona  among 
thanualraa  were  prcfitabte  only  to  the  party  who  ought 
'•  bo  lb*  otiiact  of  Ibeir  coiutituuonal  jaalouay,  tha 


royal  govainur :  and  that  union  among  thamaajva*! 
foandud  on  a  aenae  uf  coninmn  inlarrat,  and  iiiaintainad 
by  tha  eiarcia*  of  miilual  forliaaramte  and  rharily,  wa* 
aaaential  alike  to  their  lraiH|uillity  and  indepetidanca. 
Tha  leaaon  waa  not  loal  upon  them  i  anil  iliniigh  forinar 
animnaitiea  were  not  riitiraly  ratingiiiahed  for  man? 
yeara,  thay  never  agali>  reachrd  ine  height  which 
Ihay  had  attained  at  Ilia  roinmencainent  of  l,urd  Cum- 
bury'a  adniinialration.  Tina  wurthlcaa  peraonaga  con- 
linued  for  a  conaideralila  period  lo  rvinind  the  peo- 
ple hy  hi*  pr*a*ne*  of  ih*  adutary  l*aauna  (hay 
R*<l  d*iiv*d  from  hia  adminiatration,  even  after  Ihey 
had  obtained  a  delivaranea  from  ila  burden.  In  the 
year  17M,  Qu<*n  Anna  waaal  langth  compellod  by  the 
reit*rat*d  and  unanimoua  complainia  of  N«w  York  *nd 
New  J*r**y  (wh*r*  ha  waa  equally  odioua),  lo  aupar- 
aada  hia  eommiaaion,  and  appoint  Lord  Lovelace  to 
auceaad  him  i  and  no  ononar  wa*  b*  deprived  of  hit 
nfllea,  than  hia  rradilor*  ihraw  him  into  Iha  aaina  priton, 
where  ha  had  uniually  confinaJ  iii*ny  worthier  men 
Thiia  degraded  irom  olfic*  by  hia  public  Crimea,  and 
deprived  uf  liherljr  by  hia  private  vice  ami  diahnnaaly, 
tliia  kinaman  of  hia  quean  remained  a  priaonar  fur  debt 
in  Iha  provinra  ha  had  governed,  till  the  death  of  hia 
father,  liy  elevating  him  to  tha  peerage,  *ntiil*d  him  to 
hi*  liberation.*  H*  then  returnad  to  klurop*,  and  tiled 
in  Ihe  year  ITS3. 

Uolh  before  and  B,'ter  Ih*  Driliah  Revolution,  lb*  pro- 
vine*  of  New  York  had  i*c*ived  large  additiona  to  Ih* 
number  of  ila  inhabitanta  from  all  tha  \trioua  aourceaof 
emigration  which  Kuropean  htrdahipa  and  regol  niia- 
government  contributed  ao  copioualy  lo  aupply.  The 
poor  found  here  a  country  whrre  lh*ir  oervic**  were 
highly  valued,  and  Iheir  ri.,hta  enjoyed  peculiar  conai- 
doratioii ;  where,  inatead  of  being  voinpelled  to  vie 
with  each  other  for  the  boon  of  il|.r*w*rd*d  labor.  [SO] 
their  induttry  wa*  eagerly  courted  by  Ih*  rirh,  and  con- 
duct*d  tham  with  c*rlainty  lo  *■**  and  indtpond*nc*. 
Among  Ih*  later  acceuion*  of  paople,  were  a  number 


of  proleaunl  raf.igaaa  from  Franc*,  and  of  pr*abyt*riana 
from  Iroland.  t  Tb*  mstropolia  of  tha  province,  which, 
in  tha  yaar  ISTS,  conlainaa  about  Ihica  ihouaand  four 


hundred  inhabitant*,  wa*  found  to  contain  nearly  doubl* 
that  iiumb*r  in  IBM ;  and  the  port  which,  at  the  former 
period,  owned  no  mora  than  three  ahipa  and  eight  aloopa, 
(loaaeaaed,  in  tha  laat  mentioned  year,  forty  ahipa,  aixty- 
two  aloopa,  and  Iha  aain*  number  of  boat*.  Th*  (hip- 
ping o)  New  York,  waa  promoted,  not  maiely  by  the 
growth  of  ila  proper  population,  but  by  the  advantagea 
of  ila  ailuation,  whieh  enabled  il  to  command  nearly  the 
whole  trad*  of  Ooniiacticul  and  New  Jeroey.  The  total 
population  of  th*  provinc*  amounted,  in  1701,  tr  about 
thirty  Ihouaand  pcraona  t  Many  of  Iha  firat  Engliah 
-olaniala  who  repaired  lo  Ihia  province,  after  the  con- 
qucat  of  it  from  Iho  Dutch  are  aaid  to  have  remained 
but  a  abort  time  in  il,  and  lo  have  ooughl  a  refuge  in 
New  Jeraey  from  the  hoatilitiea  of  the  ^>ench  and  their 
Indian  alliei.  At  the  end  of  the  aevtnleeiith  century 
the  people  conaiatcd  of  varioua  racea,  £ngliah,  Scntcli, 
Iriah,  French,  and  chiefly  Dutch ;  tiie  great  majority 
being  preabyteriana  and  independcnta.  The  Dutch 
rongragaliona  conlin'icd  at  thia  time,  and  for  long  after, 
to  acknowledge  oubjiction  'u the  eccleaiattical authori- 
tiea  of  llulland ;  and  'j'n  them,  their  miniatera,  in  ■*- 
neral,  derived  their  oiUiiintion  to  aacrcd  functiona.  The 
Scotch  preabyteriana,  after  re|ieatedly  eoliciting  a  char- 
ter incorporaiing  their  congregation,  and  being  continu- 
ally diaappointeu  by  the  inlereat  and  opiwaition  of  ihj 
epiacopal  parly,  in  Ihe  beginning  of  the  eighteoiiih  cen- 
tury, made  a  grant  of  their  church,  and  the  I'round  at- 
tached to  it,  10  the  general  aaaenibly  of  the  church  of 
Scotland.  The  epiacnpaliana,  though  the  leaal  nume- 
roue  claaa,  onjoyed  a  charter  of  incorporation  from  tha 
aaaembly ;  and  the  miniater  of  their  church  in  New 
Vork  had  a  aalary  of  100/.  a  year  levied  by  a  lax  on  all 
the  inhabitanta  of  the  city.  For  thia  privilege  they  were 
indebted  to  the  eaertione  of  Governor  Fletcher ;  and 
they  were  elated  by  it  to  auch  a  degree  of  preaumption, 
aa  to  maintain  that  th*  ercleaiaatical  ealabliahinciit  of 
III*  church  of  England  extended  to  thia  province,  and 
that  theira  waa  the  religion  of  the  atate  ;  a  prcteiiaion 
that  excited  much  jealousy  among  all  the  diaaentera,  and 


Smith,  141,  US,  IM— IM.  llistorjr  of  the  ihitiih  Domi- 
nlona  In  America,  II.  III.  cap.  I.  Tiiii  work,  which  I  have 
frequently  rererreil  to,  |.  an  anunyinouf  publication  in  quarto. 
It  contains  morR  ainplB  hnd  precise  Inrorinatloit  than  the  com- 
poMition  or  Wynne,  anii,  like  il,  brings  down  the  liistory  anil 
state  or  the  colonies  to  the  iniildle  of  the  elghteentli  century. 
It  Is  innro  of  a  statistics)  limn  a  historical  work. 

t  Smilli,  IM.  In  1710,  three  thousand  pslallnes,  ftyinf  from 
persecution  in  Oeriiiany,  settled  in  New  York.    II).  174. 

t  Holmes,  11.  M6.  In  I7JI  it  amounieil  to  mora  than  sixty 
thousand  iiarsana,  uf  whom  aavea  ItaaiMaad  ware  alavaa, 
lUlil.U,ll£^  Wa>dan,L4»». 


m 

wax  pcrainptorily  di*pnted  by  Ibam.    Whan  A*  Iflis 

copal  clergy  lieraiii*  innr*  niiinerniia,  ihev  aceooaUsd 
theinselvea  siibjert  iminediaiely  tu  tii*  bishop  of  Lmi* 
ilrn.  who  niainlsinrd  acoinniissjry  at  Naw  York.  Tk*) 
inada  an  atieinpl  at  an  altar  period  lo  rngroaa  tha  aft 
Vilega  of  snleniiiiiiiig  all  nisiri«i/ea  in  Iha  f  ruviiH'.Dill 
found  theniaelvea  unable  tu  CHrry  ihis  prrtenaiun  lata 
■Heel.  Tliiingh  all  law  piorradinga  were  ror.diicted  la 
Engliah,  and  an  English  free  acliuol  waa  eauhliatial  ia 
I7M,  tha  Dutch  language  luniimiad  I  >n(  lo  praratl 
among  a  caiianlrrabl*  |Hirluin  nf  the  jiecpi*.  For  inaiiT 
yeara  public  worship  was  iplrbrsted  in  Dutch  in  earn*  ol 
th*  churchea  ;  and  in  several  connliealh*  slMnlT* oflM 
found  it  dilflcull  to  coll*cl  aa  many  peroona  acqiiaintatf 
with  Engliah  aa  war*  neceaeary  to  coinpoa;)  th*  juria* 
in  th*  court*  of  law.  Tha  Engliah  thai  waa  ganaiallir 
a|Hikrn  waa  much  corrupted  by  inKrinialHr*  of  Iha  two 
languagea.  * 

Tha  aubsislenca  of  tha  Dutch  langutga  wa*  I*** 
advantageoiii  to  th*  pruvinc*  than  th*  parmanene*  ol 
Dutch  inannera,  which  conlinued  lung  lo  ha  visible  in 
Ih*  aobrielry  uf  ile|iortiiii'nl,  and  the  peculiar  ailentioil 
10  diiniealic  ileanlineaa,  order,  and  econoinv,  hy  which 
Ih*  deecendaiita  of  th*  orignal  coloiiista  af  New  York 
w*r*  einiiienllv  iliatingnished,  and  which  their  eiainplo 
aucceeded  in  cuiiimniiicating,  in  no  email  degrc*,  lo 
the  other  racea  of  Eunifiran  acttlar*  with  whom  thiy 
wer*  lalirrlv  aasociated  It  waa  ramarked,  a*v*r*l 
yaara  after  tliia  p. noil,  that  the  alyla  of  living  w*a  lesa 
gay  and  expensive,  and  that  thira  waa  liaa  inequality 
of  fortune  at  New  Yurk  than  at  iioatiin.  .A  prinlinc 
preaa  wa*  established  at  New  York  in  lb*  y*ar  I6V3,  by 
a  printar  flying  from  the  very  unwonted  oeciirrrnc*  o! 

S|iiaker  Mraecution  in  I'eniisylvania  ;  and  a  library  waa 
oiindca  under  the  guverniiieiit  of  Lord  Bellainunt  in 
the  year  I7U0.  Uul  the  achool*  in  Una  provinra  wer* 
liicoiiaidcrable ;  and  allhungh  the  wealthier  I'amiliae 
obtained  valuable  inatructura  fur  tbair  children  among 
the  numeroua  |)rbtestanl  rrfugvea  from  Franco,  evan 
Ih*  firat  eleinenla  of  knowledge  were  very  generally 
neglected  by  the  bulk  of  III*  |i«o|d*  till  the  *r*  of  tlio 
American  Kevolution  t 

If  Urittin  had  puraiied  *  wiaer  policy  lowarda  thi* 
and  bar  other  American  provincea,  ah*  might  hava 
obtained  from  their  resourcra  a  very  great,  if  not  a 
total,  deliverance  from  Ihe  biirdene  uf  her  poor  lawo. 
Uul  varioua  circumatancaa  contributed  lo  aciaan  or 
diininiah  the  attractiona  which  the  colonial  tamloiiaa 
were  calculated  to  preaent  tu  the  reaort  of  the  induatri- 
out  poor.  The  (irtctice  uf  trana|ioriing  felona  lo  Am«- 
rica  brought  this  country  into  diareput*  with  many 
whoaa  ioforinalion  was  nut  aulRcienlly  axtenaiv*  lo  ac- 
quaint them  Willi  the  real  aniount  of  th*  evil,  and  tha 
great  preponderance  uf  thn  advantaiiea  by  which  it  wa* 
counterbalanced.  The  hialurian  of  N«w  York  liaa  aa- 
cribcd  to  this  cause  the  dearneaa  of  labor,  and  tl,a  in- 
creaaed  importation  of  alavea  which  ><eganto  take  placa 
aliout  thia  period.  Another  obatruclion  to  the  c<>loiii- 
latiun  of  Ibis  province  by  the  freo  pour  aroae  from  tha 
practicea  uf  itisny  uf  tiie  governora,  who,  ui  promote  tha 
royal  inlereat  in  Ihe  aaaenibly,  were  permitted  to  inaka 
large  granta  of  land  to  their  partitena  and  depeodaiite, 
by  whom  it  waa  again  fanned  out  at  exorbitant  rateo 
to  th*  cultivalura,  or  retained  in  a  vacant  and  unpn^ 
ductiva  atate  in  the  hupv  of  a  future  use  in  tie  talua 
from  the  general  prugreaa  of  population.  { 


•  Smilh,  IMI.  IM.  369,  3«4,  MJ.  30;  VM.  iW.  304,  Me,  MT 
319.  Tim  EiiKllsh,  French,  and  Irish  coIumisis  ieeiii  tu  liav* 
ai'iiuiied  pretty  esrly  an  uiulonii  chariirier.  Tli*  stronxer 
iiatiunality  and  more  rinid  iniiiiiiers  uf  the  Scutcli,  aided  by 
frviiueiit  accessions  from  ScollaiHl,jjr«si-rv«d  thoir  iiation^ 
pecullsntias  luiiKei  ummpaired.  "  They  preserve  unaltered.** 
says  Dwiglit,  "  the  chiirsctar  which  they  brmivht  wliti  ihain. 
Tliey  are  mdustnuus,  Irugsl,  orderly,  jMlient  ut  iiardshlp,  par- 
severitia,  attached  to  governmunt,  ivverenlial  to  leliiion, 
generally  moral,  and  often  pious.  At  the  same  tune  tliey  are 
frequently  unwarrantably  self  conipti.c*nt,  rigid  iu  their  dia- 
poslttuns,  iinbenitliig  m  tlieir  op  iiiuns,heiiu*stervd,availciuua, 
ready  to  unchurch  those  whu  differ  fiom  iheiii,  and  to  say, 
doubtless  we  aie  the  people."  President  Dwiahl's  Travela. 
hi.  J13.  •  ^ 

Even  when  intermarrlaxet  and  the  common  influence  of 
free  Institutions  slid  national  associations  shall  have  producea 
uiiifoiiiilty  uf  character  among  all  tiie  races  uf  Amsiicin  co- 
luiiists,  the  national  pedigrees  uf  many  particular  dislncta 
v.ill  be  preserved  by  their  naints.  In  one  county  of  S'aw 
York,  ulniusl  every  place  bcara  the  name  of  an  Insli  aaln*, 
city,  county,  or  mountain.  A  nclghburing  district,  nrlginallv 
planted  hy  New  Englsnders,  is  all  mapped  out  under  tins 
names  of  Unaiiimlly,  Frugality,  Subnet).  Ciite.pnse,  and  tlw 
like  (Dwighl,  iv.  37.)  It  nmy  be  hoped  that  the  recollccliua 
uf  such  names  as  these  last  will  Imjires*  a  corresponuing  toa* 
on  the  seiiiiments  and  ctiaracier  of  me  inliabitanta  of  lb* 
region. 

t  Oldmllon,  1. 138.  Smilh,  399,  39l>.  Thomas's  Hiatory  * 
Printing,  ii.  10.  Winlarhutliain,  II,  330.  Warden,  I.  MM.  MIk 
tirant's  Meinuirs  nf  an  Aintncan  Lady,  Ac.  vul.  i. 

t  Smith,  390.  IM.  "  Tlia  guvcmoia  were,  maay  of  tkea, 
1*04  JoliUra,  b*iU  *a  maklag  IMr  <attan*ti  mi  taHiglB- 


i 


I 


:J:      : 


*  i ! 


Br 


1l*lMil, 

•tinMi.  •|r{fiiiih  .1  i.y  llii<  ki'i/  wi4  1**1  It  (I4)ll>'r  til  t'liM't 
ftv  «•*«  iiMJ  t4it>l.  •)  t)  ri«t'0ikii<t  fi'ii'ti  III*  |iriivMii-i4l  ri'vo- 

flM*   •   MnUfV   III     ill    Ml     l,^M>'     UlJlMllMf   \«lll|   |M'r  |ihil>U<* 

I'M  Milling  l<>  **  >M  )•  ti  in<iit>.  I'liu  i'iii|ii<-it|,ir«  wi'rn 
•l  |H)iitlbil  tiv  lliH  ciii  tn,  l>  iL  >i|t||ltt  lt«  «tU|M<>M|t<i|  liv  ili<> 
pt>v«rii')r      TiMiy  nnj.ivuJ   no   •4l4rio«,  aiMl  Hfiu.l  ««  .i 

rinvv  (iititinl  lit  III**  Kiiveriiitr,  li(*iiil««  iicrruruiiii^  lh>' 
•gl*Ullff«  411*1   I'MlhMil   rillli-Uilil*   l)Oll|ltL(lllt(   Itl   till'   KmJ- 

llult  tttiuw  ul  Ijiirtl*  t'lin  iit<MMli«r4  i»l  «a«(iiiililv  (rltic- 
t«l  tiy  rr«ii(ti>lil*r«  pit««»i«aiii)f  Um<1«  or  liMio  iiHiii«  irii 
pruvml  Ut  tliv  v«lue  of  Ibrly  puniKU)  linl  it  il«ilv  hIIow- 
•itcA  for  ttiMir  attiiiiliiirfl  ;  an*!  lu  tliAiii,  in  ruiit'iir- 
r»<ico  witti  th«  Ctftitii'il  >k'\d  tlio  (fovunmr,  w.i«  romttin 
if*i|  ih»^invil«>|(*  ufuiuiiiiiK  ih«  |iraviiKul  |.iw«,  winch 
Mcm  rei)uiKJ  lo  bu  tiula^ou*  to  tlir  )iiri«|>rii.|iMii-(>  ul 
Kit|(l«iiil.  Tha  Uwa  wrru  tMiii  iiiUrtl  tn  KnijUiiil 
iWKltiit  tlirofl  iitoitllia  ftl'inr  iliuir  uiitirliiiitnt,  mij  iiii^iii,  n/ 
•ty  /im'  ii/Vrf-.  ho  iiittiitlu  I  liy  llitt  kiii;(  Thu  govrnior 
wiia  •infiOMtonHl  to  proro^iiu  ur  ili«i»lvo  iiN«rii)litii.'«  hi 
hi*  |ilo«aur«  ;  to  ■(i^Hiiitl  llio  jiiilj;<'«  ;  lo  i-ijlt4lo  to  nil 
¥ftr4iit  iHtiirticMa  ;  tiiitl.  Willi  tin*  ailvici*  of  (lie  i-oiiinit, 
lo  >iMk«  ifUiit*  of  Unit,  lo  lii<  lii'M  ol  tlio  cro^vii  liy  mh-- 
csfa  tiMitiru.  Itf)iiili<4  NiiUonliiiatfl  court*  of  Uw.  iIktu 
w**  •  aiiprriito  <  ourl  at  NfW  \'ork,  uf  wliirli  ilm  r)iii<r 
mn  -«  had  a  aaUry  of  3tM/.  a  yi*ar  rrom  ita  imt^- 
mot.ia  an  B[i|Hal  iiti^'lu  \m  iiiailf,  in  CAiiif>«  iiivulvin^ 
moro  itun  MM/  lu  tlia  pnvt  riior  and  ooiiiiril,  iiimI  mi 
fa>i«o<*  altovii  'SIM.  lo  itn-  itiij  .utit  thi  nnvv  comiril  ol 
EnifUiiJ  Mncti  iiiicorl.iiiitv  |iri'vuiU'il  in  llii>  utlntnu- 
•iMiitiii  of  Civil  )ii4tiou  front  i^mtr.iiiro  aiiJ  ilitrtToiui-  of 
0)Miiioii  a«  (0  tliu  esiant  in  wlncli  Kn^li^h  iihttnii>«  iumI 
'liit'iaioiii  wtiro  lo  lio  aJmitli'J  to  opurata  u«  rnlDa  tii 
prerniUnla. 

Uy  a  Uw  paaaail  irt  17t)t1  for  (ho  ttiir|Hift«  ofchocktiij 
ih<«  iniNaioiia  of  thn  lii  iita  ammii;  Uin  Imlun*.  il  win 
tiuciffil.  tlul  every  Jeiiitor  olht  '  popish  piii-->i,  iommi^ 
ffoliintarily  into  ii.d  provutco.  ahiinlil  lii*  ftul'p'citnl  ut 
p«r|i«tiial  iinpriaiinin'Mit,  ami  iti  cua  of  cic  i]»f}  .iiul  rt; 
captnre,  to  ihe  pmit^hment  of  iliMtli.  Sl.tvu*  (hy  u  liw 
p4«»«M)  In  170'i).  except  wlioii  aiininhlt'il  fur  l-iNnr, 
•Vrru  f<»rtiii|ijL'ii  lo  niuet  to<;rititM  m  j^nuiAr  nnniltiT  ilt.tn 
lhrc«  ;  a  rn^iilalion  winch  provvj  tnanlKcionl  to  prit- 
Writ  a  formidihle  inanrruciioii  of  thnito  iiiifortmutc 
C«liil|a  in  tliri  yeir  1713  M.t«lurd  wrni  rnjoini-il  liy 
law  in  bapiizit  llmir  alavna,  nttd  t'ni'onr.r^ml  lo  do  ao  hv 
ftpfitriaion  thai  thuir  liipium  aim  dd  iini  rnttiln  tluini 
to  froodom.  Indt'cd.  ni.iiiuitiiH<iin)  of  .i!dV<*i  w.m  di«- 
toura)|cd  by  a  Ihmvv  lino  Sl.ivrit  wcrtt  i'i.i>)ii.ililiud 
fruii.  lie&riM^  evidt!iii't'  H^.nnil  unv  hody  Itnl  al  ivr.s  ; 
ftfuj  o>y  iitiuro,  liidun.  or  iimIiUo.  4<vi>n  tlii<ii|li  ftii', 
eonid  hold  or  po^itua  l,(ii<U,  tciiKincuia,  or  ln>ru']it.i- 
lil«niM.  Any  nr^fro  or  Indiiin  L'oii'<|iiriiij  thn  dc.ilh  of 
•  wliitf)  ipiit)  w<ia  i-iipiullv  ptiniAhcd  Kv<-n  lliniiL'ii 
tapliCi'd,  a|.ivt!«  wrri!  not  ^nll^)dl'^l'tt  (o  hn  pniprrlv 
CO'npf«hoiideJ  in  thi*  dL-tm  niiiitio  I  of  ()hrii*ii n-t ;  fnr 
by  an  act  t^J^^rd  in  t7Ji.  tnd  i  nntirniod  in  17lH,  th'Tc 
Wii^  otrered  a  reward  of  lacniy  »!iillin,[H  in  cvrry 
CHriMfian,  anl  li.ilf  lliai  ati  u  Ij  vwtv  Indt.tn  or  xntrr, 
billiiiif  a  wolf  III  iho  proviiK-iil  turrnory  *  Viirjo'.M 
lawa  were  p-i^urd  from  iiniu  lo  tnnf  .i;{iinU  Nult.ii;; 
trduni  apirilM  lo  tlti>  Indidiii.  'rntM'iiurtiniMof  n-titrm 
were  rcpri^«<ied  hy  un  art  pis-.rd  in  1717.  rri*irnMiiiir 
Uwfid  inli'ri'Hi  to  it,\  pi-r  rrnl.  Tinji  am-*  rc*[ii*«|r.l  m 
the  folluwiii;{  yf.ir,  vvlt(!ii  ei;;'iL  pur  cunt,  waa  nllovv<  d 
to  !>•  Uken.  —^^ 

110  Olv  VI  . 
NKW  JI5Jlsi:V. 
flaW  of  the  Trrrttrfv  Uy  ili<<  Uil.n  ,,(  Vnrk  tn  nrrkclfty  nut 
«  irl-rul  — l.iiii-r«l  fr^'iie  of  ){-u-urnniftit  rnartol  liv  tli<t  Pru- 
I-ftrtUnrM-K  nuriti'i  I  ipi  n  L'liin  hliirnl  to  New  .lorscy— 
Arfivjil  tif  tliH  fir. I  8«k')>fiti'r  Nri'l  SeitlKrn  (run  En/liiiitl'- 
DitnxtlfiDt  4TI I  lli-.ln  lilt""'  i;i  llif  Ciilnii)'— HoiiDV'ull'in  of 
Hu<  TilltM  i<i  Svv  |.'r*rv— Kitiivoi-al  t.'uiihic-t  of  tltfi  Duko 
'■r  Viirk— Sii.  I'i'Mi  i»f  ihe  t)iuk<-  «  in  K;iKl,iti.l— Siiln  uf 
Htr'^tU'v'*  Sii  -(f  of  tita  Prnvuwn  to  ^n  ikfirH-Parininii  v\ 
WP  PnM'i'-:w   h''iwi>f>ii  tti 'in   iirl   Ciirti  ni— Kntifrntuin  of 

Sunknra  fV""M  RriKtan  I  to  WmI  J-.-riry— Knrro^cllin.'iiU  ol 
«  thtUit  «  Voik— SjBfnorAlite  RrmoilHlrmi-ti  of  the  yun. 
AtirH-^«tiU'  ■  iiio  lint.'iteii.liMicH  (tf  Nttw  Jcmry  to  hf  reiMi^. 
iiia«.«— Fifsi  A^npiniHy  of  W.'st  Jersey— Thj  Ouikt'ni  |wir. 
flliHa»i  Ei*i  Jcrtcy— KiihMit  RirrUy — npiioiuted  O.nrrnor— 
mm  *THM>*n  froinS<'otiaii'l  loRi^t  Irr^tey— Itt<si;;uit  nrj.tiiiP!i 
tut  •fcodil  ai4iii%t  ilif  pinjiri'-t^iry  Oowrrin!f>nii«— *i(rfcnii'il 
kyllio  Rrv.iiiirum— iMfffloient  Stm,.  of  ilif^  l»rn|>rioliirv  ti, 
rarn  tK-iu-S'irii'ii  Inr  of  tin*  C  >l')iii»l  Piiton*.  to  tiifi  Crow 
and  II..-U1IIOII  of  Et^i  iiivl  \v.'«i  Jt-rHry— ronstitiituiiMii  tisn 
IVorinri-il  Governrncnt— Adiiiiiuslfaii<)rii;f  LoriCurnUuiv- 
fUtoftnt.^  Colony. 

Or  all   the   nationnl  crtmmit'.M'ps  in  which  niankfi;d 
bavo  eve:  b<^ri  united,  there  i<i  »'"ic  (eicepl  ti.rt  fi-llen 


with  power  to  do  tUii,  they  •Min^raiigroiicfl  furilieni- 

or  p^teiiied  sway  to  lliHir  pArlieuliir  rnvnnte'*,  a  very 

prupor.ioii  of  tlie   whole  province."     Wtnlerbottiam, 

*  H  VMM  of  the  eolwiUal  trttltmonta  of  the  Dutch  (paitl- 


roi 


ro'niitonw»althof  t^rjil')  wliuh  ran  iMtial  ufaii  nritfiii 

t«  illiMtihlna  'i«  III  If  WllM'll  In  Ioii<|<«  l.l  Itn*  pKivmn  n  ul 
.Ntirili  Ani*'rir4  AlnM>«t  4II  Un  "f  prii%inri.il  mHli'- 
Mi»>iita  hava  lH<i-n  fo'intlnl  hv  nirii  whii«e  prrv-iiliii^  iinH 
liviM  wi're,  leil  |t>r  lllf  ad^iiuii  inn  it  ol  ri  litfOMi*  liuili, 
for  I  Itn  *«H-iiriiv  of  piililit  mI  Iriiilii  n,  ik  I'tr  tliu  i-nUi^jv* 
uiiMii  of  ihf)  rtaonretta  nod  r«Muiw>i  ol  Ihi  ir  (oiiiirv  ; 
and  itll  Imvu  hi  i*n  indi'hird  lor  a  vi  rv  I'MiiKidi  riili|i<  nii.ire 
ofilitir  rarly  |hiimi|.I'|iiii  to  llir  ahrlter  whi*'h  llirv  itl> 
forded  from  imviI  or  t  irh  >*i44ii«'4l  tvuiiiiv,  'l'Jii>  ine*  1  ■«• 
ful  eatahliihinriil  o>  eurv  nm-  of  tlitnn  la  a  nuhlr  iinnio- 
int'nt  of  h<ini«n  riierify  and  hirtiiuda;  for  it  waa  not 
ti<'i'OMipli«lird  williiinl  an  ardnoua  ciHilliet  wilh  llir 
ino^t  itoAvrlnl  hahita  of  hnman  nalnru,  and  llm  inoii 
formiiltlili  oliairurtiona  >>  dittUtilly.  Jtnt(t*r  and  di« 
tritia  'I'lte  cohiKiai  t  ot  .N>  «  .li^raiv.  indeiil,  from  llitir 
proiimiiy  and  friendly  rrlatMin  lu  older  lolomal  arlili-- 
nirniM,  mid  Iruin  iitlitr  adwnlavrona  pet  nli.irihr<«  in 
tlinr  ailmitiini,  wero  t'Sfinplnl  Irmn  Itninv  ul  lliif  h'lrd- 
•hipi  whii'li  elaewherM  iltcndcd,  111  *>u  iiniiiy  inaun>'i  •*, 
i\w  luniidnlion  ul  RtH-iciy  in  North  Anierifa  lliil  lln 
nniiivoi  witii'h  eoinlui'tid  11  ure4t  |iiopi)rtiini  of  lln-ni  lit 

thia  icrritoiy  wire   'turli   tia  »t  ln<  laid  lo  nttnl  ttn- 

liUlheal  honor  on  their  Dttii  rpriae,  and  lu  I'lmoUle  the 
oriiXMi  uf  New  Juriey. 

Tln<  terriinrv  to  which  Ihia  *p|H>llation  bfif«titi«  wn^ 
drat  4ppropriati'd  liy  ilir  Onlcli.  ul  whoae  aettti'inrnla  I 
It.ivu  ifiven  an  Mi'iiumil  in  Ilm  Inalorv  of  New  York  |i 
W4i  inrtndiMl  in  llie  nrovi'K'o  10  winch  iI*ih  people  ^avt' 
ll:unioie  o(  New  .Sidihrrinnila,  iiud  hid  f*M'i\rd  ti 
few  Ihiti-li  iind  Swidiah  ai  i:lnra  at  the  piiiod  ui  tlte 
i-on.|iieal  o*'  thn  Dnlcl)  toluny  hy  iliu  Kn^liKii  I're- 
piniury  '11  llti^  uuterpnao,  a«  wv  iijve  alir.tdy  aiiii, 
i'lurlfs  the  SiTund  i;rintud  4  clMrtcr  of  AnieritMii  Ur- 
riiury,  nndtidui^  the  whole  ul  the  llolrh  occnpithMi  (u 
hi«  hiotlier  June*.  OitkiMif  Vurk  ;  [  |i'''IJ  iiiitl,  im  lln- 
kni'S  III  i'Oiiforniiiv  wiih  Ina  preti'iiiiun  to  nii  aniiMidrnt 
riijlit,  wtnclt  ill))  lutrnoion  ut  tlip  Dutch  could  ni'i'hrr 
etUniUKih  nor  anapend,  liitd  Ihon^^ht  hnnat'll  rntiikd  lu 
Immiow  thia  tjrtint  beluro  ihu  Ufrilory  waa  itduullv  re* 
dnred  lo  liMdoniMiion,  iho  duke,  in  like  inainur,  aieiiia 
to  hive  rt'iurdnd  Ina  inveatltnre  an  euniplrlt-tl  hy  thr 
chiirter,  arid  prorredtd  to  enrreipie  the  pu\M'ra  it  (-011- 
ft*rrrd  on  him.  wiltiout  waiting  till  he  had  nlluined  uc* 
tnil  pn»jna«nHi  uf  the  |irovini'e.  Ilia  eli.irlrr,  iliuuuh 
ni'irh  l'M»  ample  in  ita  endowmenla  ih.in  the  ih.irtera 
whnh  hnd  heen  previuunly  ^runird  to  tlir  pruprieiuriea 
of  MdfvUnd  ttiid  t-arutnni,  reMemhled  ilii'm)  uthera  in 
conferring  the  province,  and  iho  power*  ol  tjuveriiini'ni, 
on  the  propnelnrv  and  "Ina  a^ai^na."  \'urioua  ni- 
ainnrea,  Ituih  m  the  liHtory  of  the  (*urolniii«  a'lil  uf 
New  Jeraey.MOllkic-nlly  deniutiAiraie  tinil,  incoiilunnily 
with  thia  etprt-aaiuii,  the  priipnel.irua  re^rardtd  their 
fntictiiina  \v*n  ua  u  iriMt  th.tii  ii<4  un  uhi^utuie  prupcrlv, 
anbject  lo  every  tici  u\'  owm  r*hip,  iind  in  p.irlieitl.ir  lu 
mnri^ajre  and  dhontluni  ;  und,  ai-tMnlin^ly,  ilie  ^uvern- 
ment  uf  htr^e  pruviiice*  of  the  IIiiIihIi  empire  wua 
repeaiettly  4i*Hl;{ited  liv  piuprM't,trieH  10  their  eredttora, 
or  Muld  10  llni  Ini^hoHt  bidder.  It  w.ia  nut  till  ufter  the 
Uri't^h  revulnlion,  liiat  the  lei^uhiy  uf  thtHU  transac* 
tiuna  witn  diipuiid;  but  allboiii.'ii  the  niiniaiira  of 
\Villi.im  tlm  '1  hird  ni.iirit4ini<<l  Itiat  they  weru  tuully 
ri'pnijnant  to  the  l.iw  of  Kn;4l.ind,  which  roi'o;{('i!(i'd  11 
hereditary  but  iinl  4  eutninerciid  triniiiiHvion  of  tMliee 
and  piKver,  the  point  \\u^  never  delennined  hy  any 
lorniitl  ndjndicdtiui),  TUu  e\i!,  111  pruersa  uf  tune, 
prodiicud  ila  uvvn  remedy.  The  .'^ii  ecus  mi  on  and  tiitilii- 
plication  of  prupriutanui  uccjHiunud    au  iiiucli  incuiive- 

rulnrly  at  llie  Cape  of  Ontxl  llopt-),  llio  trenlinent  uf  their 
•l.iveaia  auiJ  to  htito  het*  nilintinifnuhol  tty  ihif  .ikibI  imrhitiuiis 
crilftMy-  li  aet'iim  to  linv«  lieoii  vui/  lur  otliorwi.n-  in  tu«  |no- 
fiiici)  of  Niw  York.  A  pi')  tmnij  picinrtt  of  the  niiM  pMn.ir- 
t'li  it  inaiiiieiH  i>y  wliirb  Mm  lurHli  foittntita  uf  this  iiikitiuriun 
were  Huitt;tmil  iiiikni^  (mt  Unteli  aettU-ra  at  Albany,  in  •(•■li- 
ne,ite.ihy  ,Mri.<*riiiit  III  L  1!  '•  yuiiioii«ot  an  AinerMiio  L.ui\,'* 
Sti\  v)>l.  I.  Letter  VII.  Kxtrt me  xtvunty  wai  inlbi  U'll  i>>iiy 
ai  \proiMl  hand,  iiy  aolii'itt  uinuJy  tuiU  truutrleittnnu  iie(;i'>tja  to 
tliH  |)!»iiitf>ri  nf  Jaiiiau'ii. 

From  the  Travpls  of  that  nreuralo  nlMprver  btI  iMitnJHT. 
Profennor  Kalin,  ti  A|i]>e8r!i  Hint  .Mrt.  Urnrii  Iinn  Ki^en  4  jii>i 
jtiriure  of  Lho  trealinfiit  of  tliu  uLivim  ;  hot  ttiat  her  deKciip- 
tion  of  llie  iniuiners  uf  iIih  peopli'  of  Albany  In  odor  reh|ti.»:tH 
|.t  (tnftroly  fiiib^iriil  iiu<l  frioii«oii».     Vol.  h.  p,  ^tiU-'^Ht. 

*  It  l«  reninrktihle  tlmt  imiioii^t  tliOMU  of  Ihe  enlonlttH  ol 
N'irTli  America  wliu  wern  mioi>i  eiiarr  to  trnee  u  rei>eiiihltn>'«- 
i)i'i  vvpen  tliHirown  t  iiuutloii  1104!  ili.il  of  iIih  Jrvvi^n  eiiiii{r.th!-< 
f.i'O,  f^rypt.  tliH  op-.tiioM  nIiiwiM  hnv'e  riml  ii[>riiii);  up  tint'  llir 
Jinvdtfc  Iti'han^  wero  ih'?  offH'Tim;  ni  one  of  iho  Inln-.  oi 
litra").  Tl:ia  opmion  (wlifh  is  MipiHirUxl  hy  very  strong  |<i<)' 
baliihtiea)  whm  ooI  willomr  ilo  >ik*-,  if  |i  IcmiJimi  (0  ithniu  ih:*t 
rttiirl*u;u  prido  Hoioeinnim  nnliiippilv  ('ii:;t  riiiiuu>l  hyu  lnhei  of 
the  |WHtii)iik|on  of  anuKttfinal  •leuiiie  o|  dit  iiic  tuvur.  li  wan 
eirly  aiiopied  hy  ttiu  New  Eiii;l'inil  ilivmea,  uittl  uaa  inuni- 
tiiiiuid,  with  morh  Iciinnnit  aixt  ntnhtv,  rn  a  tieiill-ie  hy  ono 
ThorowKood.ptiuliMhudiit  Lon<li>;iin  KUil,  aim  entitled  "Jcwes 
hi  America.**  It  waa  afterwnrtU  euihrat  od  hy  William  Peini 
Iha  quaker,  and  auppnr  jtl  by  hiiti,  umi  hv  many  other  diitiii- 
fuiahcd  wntoii. 


iiirner  III  ibriiHtlvra,  tli,il  futiner  Of  I'Mrr  they  ^%N 
ot  ul  III  harunHi  tiili  the  eiit  yn  fUi-  1  aiiiri  ii*t*>ff  uf  Ihefa 
tiiin  iiiMia  ,  and  Unh  in  (  arolna  luxl  m  ,Nr  a  Jaeetf,  iSfl 
I  am  la*'  itf  tho  riubt  uf  aaaiunahmi  Mi«'»riall«  «««tr^ 
Imii'd  lo  'ihnUije  till*  duraiiuii  ul  the  prupri»tery  gfttem* 
III*  rn 

1  hti  f1r"l  r%nni|ilrt  uf  a  v.de  ef  pruprn  ury  rigltia  anj 
loMMiuua  MtiH  4 thn  lied  bv  the  |hiki'  ut  \  urk,  m  bia  cofh 
vevame  lo  l,oril  Iteikrii  y  and  ^ir  (iriirije  Cwrirrei,  M 
a  puriioii  III  Ihe  h  rutory  luinpri  lit-ndi  d  in  ihe  Mjral 
eliAfter  whii  h  he  had  reeti.iU  piiH'nrid  lur  liiiii«r|f  || 
liH  had  iblirreil  lln-  1  irri-iau  ol  Ina  utsntmhipiill  h*hii4 
all'iiiu'tl  puitai  HHion  III  Iho  nxiniry,  and  procured  a  r^ 
jiorl  of  itntuiidiiiun  Ironi  t'ulnml  Nn  hoU,  wJiiHil  he 
iiad  iiuininuted  the  i^uvernut  uf  ll|  tlila  p4ililioii  wtfiiM 
prob|>ldv  nut  liavii  luken  pbu  e.  lint,  In  lore  lit*  ^xaayel 
in  |iiia»riiNiun  u(  any  |tarl  ul  il,  ur  had  nbiaintd  Ibe  in* 
birinaiiini  rrtpii*ile  lu  riuldu  bini  lu  cum  bidr  am  h  • 
Irjua.ietiiMi  Willi  adviiiiiaifp  tillirr  tu  lintikelf  ur  tli* 
couinry,  Im  i'iin>i  nled  lo  Hell  uini  uf  the  linrat  ilia'tiitS 
will'  Il  It  einbraei'd.  lo  Iwu  pemuna  kIio  appear  lo  have 
been  mm  h  in  tier  aripiaiieiil  with  it  nrrkehy  and 
Carlerit  wi  ii>  already  prupiit-iariea  of  Carolina;  and 
not  eunlenled  with  tin*  ample  invralilnre,  nor  yel  1  rr* 
llli*d  hy  ekpt  nem  II  oi  the  laidy  riinriiN  lunn  tuhmiai 
ttuaaeaaitini*,  lliev  lud  been  Induced,  by  ihe  repriai  i,ta> 
liuna  1)1  It  prupt  lor  M''<jnaiiili'd  wiili  the  dimniM  ti*t<unej 
lo  IIm'  |)id.e  ol  Viiik,  to  Im  beve  thai  a  p;irti(  nl.ir  puiinin 
of  lliiN  itoinaiii  Hi'iiM  lorm  u  tjbiable  aeniiiailiuii  to 
Ihi  iiiHtUeN-  lliKV  l.ir  the  dinjunelnnt  <tf  Una  pnrliuii 
waa  likely  lu  allei  I  the  inieri  »l 'ind  value  uf  tbr  re* 
niuinder,  W4^  a  juiht.  Kvbnli,  Im  Ibe  lionur  '•!  llii'  imr- 
ebaaera,  we  imint  mippuae  ibeiii  li>  ba\e  o\eih^ikiU  al 
coniph'telv  4H  II  Mat  iniinndei»l(M>d  bv  'he  lellel  Hut, 
at  a  anb-^Kpiinl  pniud,  (\ibniid  NiiboNibd  nut  wrunle 
tu  UHhcrt  tb4t  till)  pi  rami'  by  whuae  atlviet^  llr^ikelei 
and  ('arleret  were  iiiilmdi  tu  imil^e  (lie  piii('liii«e  liao 
biniMell  bn  n  mi  uiiancreaKbd  luinbdale  lur  ihe  pileni 
winch  the  Duke  ul  Vurk  bad  ubiamed,  und  that  lie  had 
reun^rd  Ina  diaappuinlnnnt  by  liiali^iiiii>}{  llieaii  cu'ir> 
Iter*  lo  an  ae<pii!*iuuii  winch  he  waa  aware  would  |{n*Bt.y 
di'|)ri('iite  Iho  rcinuniih  r  of  the  diiku'a  inve atiture.  Im 
ihia  a*  It  luuy,  lln*  Iraiitfaclnm  lliMt  vntned.  aa  it  wtt 
very  blile  creditable  to  eilher  nf  lliu  partita  who  ei*- 
g4^ed  In  it,  proved  in  tbi*  acipiu)  dlaadviinta|{i>uua  "A 
tnein  buth. 

It  waa  uidy  tlirrn  innntha  after  th»j  dale  of  hia  ov%n 
cliarier,  Ihat  tlm  DnFie  u|  Vurk,  by  di-eda  uf  leaae  and 
ri  luaiie,  in  >  uii<>idrr4tiuti  uf  "  a  iiniipetetit  puio  of 
mumy,"  cuiiveyed  lo  l^ird  lb  rkeley  and  Sir  Uror^a 
C4riiTtl,  und  llieir  beiia  and  uhfti^ni,  ilmt  trait  uf  land 
adjaet  nt  to  New  Iji^land,  lyiii^  weativuid  uf  lrf)ii{* 
iMlaiiil,  niid  bumi'led  u\i  the  eaal,  auntb,  and  wiai,  by 
lint  iiver  llmUun,  the  aea,  uml  the  Delaware;  on  tlio 
iiurili  by  the  I'lily-lirki  degree  and  furtieth  iiniinte  uf 
laliliiiie.  In  cuinplimeiil  to  (Jurtarel,  who  b«iil  de> 
teitdt  d  the  iftUnd  uf  Jt  raev  u^ainat  lliu  I.un|{  Tarbt* 
iiiei.t  Ml  the  civil  war,  be  beatowed  un  tin*  reyiuii  tht 
nuniu  uf  Nuv4'(Jea>iri:i,  or  Ni'w  Jersey  ;  and  ht 
irainiferied  tu  llit  t;ranteea  every  ri^h'  and  royally,  and 
all  the  pnverrt  ul  t{i)veniinent,  wliuh  be  inniNelJ  |-iie 
HUftHed  III  virtue  ul  biticharter  from  the  crown. 

Having  ubluineil,  in  lliih  riiHnner.  the  au'fMignly  nf 
New  .teiM'y,  the  IJrat  eire  ol  Ihu  prupru  ■.  ya  wu*  to 
inviie  the  rcMori  ul  inluibitmiia  lo  the  province,  and 
iheif  e.\ertiuiia  lur  Ihu  purpune,  lliun^b  pnraued  with 
mure  ea^erncT^H  than  peraeverunee,  evinced  no  ineuii- 
aulerabje  tibare  uf  |Hibli<ul  aaj^ucity.  lu  lliuae  euloitiai 
territories  whieb  are  dcttiiiute  uf  the  ineaiia  uf  attrucl* 
nil,' udventurer.i  hy  the  piuNprcl  ut  vpeedy  enrtchinenlf 
and  which  lnu^l  uvve  their  cullivaliuii  lu  the  ateady  eii* 
it-rpnae  uml  indiiHtTy  ul  permunent  iutilera,  the  nioit 
puwi-rfnl  ;iltructiuiii  aruaupiilKd  by  tiberiti  pruviaiciii 
lur  till)  Heeiinty  of  the  ei\il  and  rcbgiu'ia  riglila  of 
nianbntd.  The  ncent  bu'tury  uf  New  lOiiglaitd  had 
plainly  tleinutibtraud,  th.it  tliuae  Hitrvcliuna,  of  all 
uiiiei'a,  Hddri  M.^  llie(n<u'UA!i  nioat  prevailingly  lo  tliat  ile- 
Hiripttun  uf  linmari  eharat  ter  which  ia  beai  hiled  to 
t.unleml  wiili  the  diliicnliiiH  uf  ciilun^zution,  und  that 
thetr  uprr.it;on  l«  ao  forcible  aa  lo  uverpuwer  ihe 
tcttipluiiuiM  even  oi  very  anperiur  ctiinute  und  null. 
That  Ihe  inubil  le:4.«on  thua  altuidt  d  lu  the  fjundera  uf 
culonicH  waa  not  d  arcuaribd  by  Ibe  courtiers  uf  (Jharlia 
Ihe  .Second.  liaH  uheady  nppeared  from  tiuine  parii  uf 
'lie  hthiory  of  (./aruliiiJ,  and  ia  aiill  mute  airun^ly  m.nii- 


*  Tne  h;([ne  of  tluN  iiiilivjdiMil  '.v:i«  Srot.     Whether  U  Whi 

the  Ka )>f  rMoi,  or  nnother  with  the  same  name,  who  after- 

war<l<>  piKiii^lu'd  im  acrouni  of  E.tst  New  JerNoy,  I  am  unable 
to  iiHi  eitam.  ('olonel  NicIioIn  i<raiuitoutly  acuuita  liorkeley 
and  Carteret  of  any  arceiiaiuii  lu  the  d«ai|fii  ordafraudiiif  the 
duke.  Uui  Cniii  let  did  not  alwaya  entoy  an  unauotted  reM- 
tation.  In  IfHjg,  ha  was  expelled  the  Hotue  ol  CoMinana  MC 
«4MifU)ted  accu.uita  ai chtaoibeilain. 


dm 
•"I 


NORTH  AMi:nirA. 


I  tiMl  wnm  iMIfMMi  by  llkt  t 


t  lor  III"  K'*^ 

<li|»rl,  Wiiit  (0 


I  ^  Ihn  rtrvt  mffMtin  • 
iii«urtt)«  of  N«>Mf  J^ro 

t'tfl   •ntl   MI4lt»  |Mltl||>'   il    Itwly  of    IM*>ll'MHM 

\«miii*(ii  o(  tliii  |iriivi  »  w  ,  ttitl  «<i  (I 
Allilhil  «  |»iiliiit-iil  Ulirii'  ilitit  •litxiiw  ii|<|M-.ir  t|M*ir.iltl 
•imI  «dv«rtU|t'''*i>*  lo  MiiiMliiiiil,  ihi'V  «ii<  ri'iilril  hi  |iri»- 
dtlrlii)!  ft  iifiiifi-l  wlil«*li  <>lii«iMi"l  II  Vi>v  Ii\ur4hlii  r«- 
tt»|iiuMi.    atid    u«.)>iti|    hivM  liwitrr  (li'*i  rvd    It,    il   thr 

|irii|ir<i»tiirii<«  Iml  t>*<«*ii  !<  p*l.fun7  Ur  tr  i'iiiiiiii(  )iO|iii* 
4tiiiM.  It  w««  iiitli'i>i|  *  iin|{iitir  rMijH'lili'Di  <«lii«-li 
Ult  au  pmprlrurjr  irovrmmi'iiis  |iriH|iii  I'u,  m  wltiali  wi- 
Vvrt*<ti(it4  itml  lV)(iiiUior«  funnil  ii  rlti<ir  Mitrri*«<  10  vi« 
Mtili  i*«rhiHlHir  in  th«  (triHlm  Uun  ut  nioifiia  of  liF»«rty. 
■titl  III  i«n(l«rin|{  lo  ihw  utirtjiUiM  i*  ol  dinf  luliii'da  llm 
iiiuM  I'tlocliiril  ••riintii'4  4^piiii4l  irliitMrv  t(i)V*'riiiii«ril. 
Wliiiuivitr  iluiilUa  III4V  Iw  i'tiinr<fliiii*tl  i>l  ilic  iliKiiity  ot 
Ihvir  iiHHivi'i,  ur  lilt*  ■iiirrriijr  ul  iltfir  iinilrtHioii*.  ih« 
mf*4iiiroii  VtiMvh  ili»  vnrinii*  |irit|irti>urii*4  mlutih'tl  im 
l»ir4iiiiico  uf  (III*  (Hilii-v  jiriivNit  h>utilf  I'ftii'rtctal  ut  'htt 
liruviiieua  of  Ni>rih  Aim-rn'*,  «iiil  rliciriolMul  iti  tba 
miiiil*  (ft  tlipir  iiili«ti(Uitti*  III  witiiLhiutu'.  tu  lilitiiiy, 
iiid  ■  i-onvii'tiiiit  of  iliflir  riifht  Ij  t 

Tl«  iiiiirmiHMii*  wliirU  v\44  iwvr  p«bIi«liHl  hy 
Dwrktiov  iiMil  (/.in  in  I  udvr  aMiirinro  la  «U  pcrtuna 
will)  iliouli)  'utilu  It)  Now  Juiioy,  lliil  thi>  |iruvinca 
»houltl  Iw  rilml  iiiity  by  Uw*  i<ihir.lo<1  hy  an  AiaciiibU 
in  wtiiili  till)  |ini|ilii  wi  rr  rrpit>iMMtl»(l,  anil  10  wliuh 
Ihr  |>uwiT  ul  iiLikmit  |ii>.iia-  or  w.irt,  tml  iiuny  oilier 
nnpniiaiit  priirilr^cA,  wcru  lOnli'tiMl  In  |hirliciiUr,  it 
wa«  i>ti|Mit:iti.'il  liy  llm  (m»|iiiuiitrK<^,  "  lur  tlin  bnurr 
kci'iiniv  uf  tliu  i;ilutMUiila  ui  thu  Njid  jihtvitifOt  that 
th«y  nrii  nol  lo  iim|hibb,  nor  Muffvr  fu  ht  impontii,  any 
taa,  i'luioriit  atihauly,  ull•l^(^  H4Ni>»Mioiit,  nr  wiy  iHImt 
(liity  MJuiMouvpr,  iinoi)  iny  ct)|or  or  |irt'ii'ii<!p,  ii|hhi  tliti 
•.mi  |iroviiicf,  ami  iiilMhit«itla  tlirrcul,  odixr  lliaii  what 
•hall  tw  ini|)oao(l  Ity  iho  aiithuriiv  unil  roninit  of  thu 
gtMifral  avai-iiihly/'  lly  anulhrr  cliiiutt,  of  no  \v4»  iiu- 
^)rlaiiL'r,  II  WAa  proviilcJ,  thitt  "  no  |>rriori,  ut  anv 
:iin«,  ah  ill  tin  any  way*  iiioU>*U<l.  piii.Mliml,  iiiai|uift«(], 
01  catU'iJ  Into  (i<iialton,  for  iiny  ditrrronco  in  0|hii  on  or 
praL'iico  in  niaitca  of  rvlitfio't*  > omnrnntont,  who  Jum 
not  aniially  dii^lurb  thi»  civil  imiqcu  uf  lh<!  pruvint'«  ; 
but  al!  and  ovrry  aiich  [iffriion  anit  pcrMiiit  iniiy,  from 
.lin«  to  tiinu,  and  al  all  tiiiiva,  fri>i»ly  and  fully,  hiivu 
mil  «njiiy  hi«  niid  ihftir  jud^tiionta  and  eon^icitricDH  HI 
.natUTit  of  rrlii(iiMi,  lliry  lii-h.iviii|r  lhriii«(>lv0i  pracu- 
fti'lv  and  (pi.tilly,  and  nol  UNtn^  t!na lih«rly  lo  liurnlioiia- 
r.€M.  :uir  lo  iho  civil  iiijnrv,  ur  oiilwurd  diatnrhance  of 
olhora  ;  any  law,  Nttihito,  ur  cUiimo,  i-ont.iMied,  or  to  ho 
sunranii-d,  umit;!)  or  cmitoni.  of  thu  nulni  id  Kn^larid, 
to  ihi'  i-nntMry  tiit'rtof  in  any  wi^v  uolwithftiMi'diiiiX'" 
Tho  iiiijiorl  of  thriu  ciiirt'iitioMH  could  not  lie  inimiti- 
dcraUHHl ;  and  a4  Un  y  wvrv  piihlii'ly  proinul^atotl,  wilh- 
3111  riMiiiiiru  or  dujlluwaiicn  from  any  ipurlir,  il  rntiit 
ho  itdiniiLi-d,  that  thu  ciil(ini/.iUion  of  thm  pruvinco  wai 
iindcrt.ikiMi  un  4ii  iiAaurjnic,  wIim:!)  tho  acttlcra  wvrv 
Very  wi'll  iMilitU'il  (o  rrctlit,  of  t'u  ir  ht'ini(  coniplutcly 
cxcnipli-d  Iroiu  tliti  jiirMlu-tiun  uf  thu  Kn^liih  purlia- 
munt,  hoth  in  ihu  iiiipOAinuti  ut  tiixin  und  the  n'KuU- 
lion  of  (ircli'4iiMtinil  alfuifH  Tliu  iidinntnitriition  ui  lliii 
rXLH-utivH  powtT,  toj^dht  I  \\\\\\  the  ri<jtit  uf  n  nt'jrulivo 
nil  tho  rnaciniciita  ut  iliti  [irounrnl  a^tiiMnhty,  weru  ro- 
•erviiil  (n  ihu  prupru'lariri.  'I'u  hII  ptirion^  rcaortin^ 
lo  Ni-w  JiT.  .y  ^viiii  ihu  ihicniion  uf  kimiIiuj^  in  il,  ihuru 
wwro  uirirc-d  iilloLniont»  of  t.iiul,  prupurlioncd  to  thu 
rarhiit*)>4  uf  (hfir  urnvtil  in  ihi>  prov.nrp,  and  to  thu 
itinnherii  of  ihi'ir  nidi'iitrd  scrviintM  and  itlaeeM ;  and  fur 
thi*  ttiry  wcrr  rmptiri'd  to  p.iy  a  ipiit  rt-nl  of  un  ImH- 
iwnny  pt-r  nrru  after  ihu  yt'or  1070,  unj  to  niiinl.rn 
onu  ahle  nmle  arrvunt  fur  uvcry  hundpjd  i.crua  in  their 
IMMMuaaiun.  Aa  thu  <|iiiL  n.'iitH  wtTu  drcniud  the  pn- 
vulti  eattttu  of  tliu  pro|>rn>tuni-ii.  it  wu«i  dcchirud  that  hII 

tiuhlic  (ixpcuMVN  ahoiild  hu  dclrjyt-d  by  ^inieral  contri- 
itiiion.  .Such  wiia  ihu  tiiHt  cotmlituliun  of  New  Jerauy. 
N»w  provimona  with  addtd  to  it  from  tune  to  time,  t>y 
■iibMqueut  procUnulioiii,  and  thu  wholu  codu  was  du- 
nouiiiHii^d  hy  Ihn  peoplu  ihe  Itiiies  of  the  VoHCfutioiu^ 

*  Wrilera  Kr«  not  iigntixl  i||m)ii  tlia  <Ute  uf  llim  liiiitniiiinnt. 
Tli0  cuuitin  printed  liy  8<'i>t  himI  iilnitth  ticiir  titu  dale  ur  Pebni* 
ary*  I8M  '.  wliu  li  m  irmnili'^ily  trroneotis,  f>xi:(>p'  nn  tlia  very 
tmpriil}Hi)(o  iiu|ip<iMtiiiii,  ilitt  tho  dut-uineiit  w.i4  lrninr>d  Uv 
UirkulKyaii'l  ('nrlcrfft,  iiotonlv  l>erurv  tli«y  li.id  ulitiitiiedtneir 
two  grant  from  tliH  Duke  ni  York,  biil  ln-rorc  llio  itiike  tiiiii- 
Mlf  had  oliluiiied  liix  t  linri»*  frniii  tho  king.  (•Iiiihtii-rit  HUp- 
Mvkca  thti  dato  lo  Imve  I  ffin  Ffliruiry,  11163:  bin  lhi<  la 
UiCoiitiiiierit  u.tli  tlitt  rhiu^it  wliirti  tuiiJiTN  ct-rliiin  advunta- 

El  lu  nettlarii  "  who  sii;t|i  tr»nH|Hirt  tliHtiiHflveR  bufuie  llm 
of  Jftnuaiy,  inoy    Ctiulnierii  wim  prDvenled  froinoiiauiv- 
thla  incuitftiHteiicy  hy  iiiiatukiuii  ihla  tiiNt  uieiitiuned  uute 
MrllU. 

t  Tlio  aiti«Tiit>ly  was  einptiwured,  nnt  merely  to  levy  Torcea 
■nil  dtclitre  war  iia  thev  miouhl  hh*  enuxc.  but  "  l->  inimni'  ;tn 
WWinv  Ai  well  by  noil  a^  by  land  (if  ni-ed  lH?),uut  of  ilie  Itnui* 
tuJ  junadicticini  >il  the  ^aiil  provinre,  Willi  itio  iinrtirularcun- 
««!«(  o<  tiie  lovemor,  and  under  hi*  conduct,  ur  «f  our  cuiu- 
mkodN'te-uhtct*' 


MS  flf>rdi*d  hy  ihvMi  M  llivir  gtmnt  rharlar,  aiMl  •■ 
pfM«r44Mtu  a  hitfhtr  aiiihoriiy  thmt  •vnn  ihn  ana  of 
■  nNPMihlv,  fruui  not  h*>Hii|  auhifi't  lo  hIii  riMnti  ur  ti** 
pool  An  iiii[Mtri>iht  aihliiioii  v,n»  «ii|ft;i  aivd  hy  ihe 
prndrrirfi  and  npiiiy  ul  Plulip  l^nrirn  i,  i^lfi  ^tua  iha 
l^r*t  ijuvprnor  >ippiiiii(i'd  l>y  Ihn  (itot>n«>uri»a,  and  who, 
wiiluini  any  dir*  i  liuiia  Iruui  lii>*  i*iMi«liiiienli  to  r(-«|'**i*t 
ttta  riyhtn  ul  ihn  aUinijinitl  inhiiliiiiintii  u(  lliv  |iru-.int'i*, 
jiid^t'd  It  proper  lo  iil>i4ni  ihfii  iiiiini-iit  lo  ihi)  «(-iila- 
inct.l,  hy  pnfi'liithit^*  tin  ir  liit**!  lu  ihi'  ai  vrr*!  iltklrnla 
whi*  h  wern  ncrnpitd  'I'hn  protirirLtrun  had  ih«  wm- 
doin  lo  approtu  ihia  pri»ri'rdiiii;,  4iid  ■itinw  j»»r*  alWr 
•alahluhvil  llm  rulit.  th«l  all  landa  ihuiild  hu  piirfhiia€>d 
fiuirt  llio  Indiana  hy  iht*  uowrnor  and  runin  d,  who 
wi  ru  10  Iw  r<*inilMira*>d  hy  tliu  •ctllari.  in  piojMirtion  tu 
ihnr  ruaprruvii  |i044cii<»ion« 

'rim  rompipat  of  Ni-w  Nrlh  flinda  had  now  hrvn 
ai  hiPVtd  hy  Culuntd  Nnhnja,  wlio  a-mnnind  ihi*  iiihnini- 
aualiun  uf  iIip  wIiuIv  hriitory  iia  tfovcrnur  fi»r  Hm'  Duko 
of  Vurk  Wlnlu  yt  t  ufiur.iiitinttd  vviih  thu  uniiil  to 
Hirkcky  aiul  Carh  rut,  ho  roruiL'd  tlm  ili'4tan  u(  rulo- 
liltniti  llio  diairirl  whh  II  llipy  hiid  »i-<pnrrd,  and  ior 
thiN  ptiriiOMe  unintcd  liciniLa  to  vnrionn  prraoiia  lo 
make  pun  u.t«<^  of  )4nda  fruiu  iht  almri^inal  inhtilntinla 
of  Nf  A  II  t  .t  \  'I'liii  i>  antAll  lowii<'iipi  wiru  aperddv 
fiUnn  >1  in  lhi>  ia«li!rti  purl  uf  Ihu  ti  iiiiorv,  hy  nmuranla 
rhifltly  from  l«un^  ImUimI,  wliti  l.ii<l  i  m-  toundatioii  uf 
KliA.iliutIt  Town,  Woodhrid^ii,  and  I'l-i  n  iwny  :  and 
Nil  hula,  wtiii  eiili>r(aiiied  a  wry  favor.r'lu  0|<iiiion  of 
thii  ri'tji  in.  Iicatowud  on  it  tlio  nnnn  uf  Mlmnia,  in 
connm'iiiuruiion  of  oiio  of  thu  tillca  ( ii|nM'«|  hy  hu 
niister.  Hut  iha  ho|m«  whl<'h  ho  limi  i  niicrived  uf 
n-ndi'miK  thu  diairict  «  vahiahlo  fppiu'laiu  of  ihu 
diiku'a  poani'Mioita,  war*  loun  inlprriiptn)  hy  inlrlli 
flvuLu  uf  tho  iilln  uf  it«  niiw  prupriutain**  ;  and  tlm 
iii(>(iiuirt*N  Uij  h<id  iitr«ady  t.ikun  Kti\u  n«u  to  diapiih  :« 
rrapi'clin^  the  proprriy  of  ihu  aoil  iH-tworii  thu  'tt.>tll«ra, 
wlioau  i'atabliahinuni  li«  h>id  promoiml,  and  thu  propric 
tarira  who  now  cl.innod  t'irir  allrgunce,  whicli  dm- 
liirbcd  tho  rupuac  of  iho  iirovincfl  for  more  than  half  a 
eantnry.  Hi*  lianmnittrd  4n  ranifat  rumonalrance  tu 
the  Uuku  of  Vorki  on  ihit  un|)ohcy  of  ihiia  multiplying 
•tativticul  diviHiona.  and  of  <liajoiiiiii|{  from  hia  own 
provinou  ■  portion  diNUtijjiiiNhud  ahovo  all  (hit  reat  by 
tlio  furlilily  uf  ila  aud,  thui*ornniodiou<iMuaanf  ila  nvcra, 
■nd  thr  richneaa  of  iia  inincMla ;  and  winlu  liu  tir^ed 
tbu  tinltfl  (o  rovoko  a  ^runt  ao  prrjiidicial  to  Iih  own 
inturcai,  ho  prrdli-l«d»  whut  roallv  hip|iuiK'd,  that  the 
undurtakinu  of  llirki'lty  mid  Cariorni,  lu  rolonizo  a 
viii:aiit  trriiiory,  wouhl  diaappoint  ihoir  exprctationa  of 
prolit,  and  iiivolvu  thuni  in  cxpcnara,  uf  which  only 
thi^ir  roinoto  poateriiy  could  hupu  to  uutlicr  iho  fruiia. 
Thia  rumoiiMiruiicu  appiMra  to  huvo  prmlnci-d  koiiiu  iin- 
preaitoii  un  thu  mind  of  the  duku  :  but  citliiT  it  hiilt^d 
to  aii^^uat  to  Inin  a  Hntn<:ient  inducuinunl  lo  ruvuku 
thu  ({Milt  hu  had  uxfcuicd,  or  hu  jiid^i-d  auch  ri  voca- 
tion buynrid  hia  powur ;  nnd  Ntchuta  wa«  ruluctantly 
conipultinl  to  aiirrundin  tho  Hovcrnment  uf  New  Jeraey 
to  I'hilip  (Jartcret,  who  arrived  with  a  coinpuiiy  of 
thirty  autllnra  from  Knu'liind,  and  n.ituhliithud  hiinaulf  ul 
Klixuboth  Town,  which  was  rt'^urdud  aa  thr  capital  of 
tho  infant  provinco.  Hero  for  lOinu  yuan  tio  rulud  in 
peace  over  a  deacrt  which  waa  ((radnallv  replui.iahed 
with  puuple  from  tliu  provinces  of  Muw  Vork  und  Now 
En^^'Liid,  Bttractud  hy  tho  qnahtica  of  the  country  and 
thu  rcputo  uf  thu  liberal  iiMlituliuiM  which  ita  inhabi- 
tiinla  wcru  to  enjoy.  Il  wan  a  happy  peculMrity  uf  tho 
lot  uf  th  lao  culuniiiis  that,  CHlHh||!«liin{{  theinaL-lvus  in 
the  vicinity  uf  coontriea  ainmdy  cultivuted,  thf*y  es('ii|i«d 
the  disa^tcra  and  {irivattuna  which  bad  atlticti'd  eo 
•ovuruly  the  hiat  inliubitunta  of  iiio/t  uf  ihr  other  pro- 
vinrua,  Their  ritfiobhorhoud  to  thu  roininurcu  of  New 
Vork,  in  puriicular,  waa  coiifidered  a  circuniitance  of 
no  arimll  advantage  during  the  infancy  of  their  tietlle- 
inuiit ;  though,  in  procesa  of  tiino,  it  waa  leas  favorably 
regarded,  aa  havnm  cotitriluited  to  prevent  thu  rino  of 
a  domeaiic  mart,  wtiich  would  have  afforded  aiiU  more 
elfuctuul  encoufHgoinent  to  their  tratle.  Like  the  other 
colonists  of  North  America,  thev  enjoved  the  ad  vantage 
of  transporting  tho  arte  and  habita  of  induatry  from  an 
old  country,  where  thef  had  been  carried  to  a  liigh 
•tatfl  uf  perfection,  into  a  new  land  which  afforded 
them  moro  Ubaral  cncoure.gc:r>c>.t  and  more  unre- 
Btricted  scope.  Their  eicrtions  for  :he  raising  of  cat- 
tle and  gram  woro  apeodily  and  amply  rewarded  by  a 
grateful  aod  ;  and  their  relations  wiili  thu  Indiunn  ena- 
bled them  ic  proaecuto  their  labora  in  nndiatuibed  tran- 
qmlliiy,  and  u»  adil  to  them  a  beneticial  iruific  in  iwliry 
with  the  roving  trihea  by  whom  thu  neighboring  foroals 
wore  mhdhitcd.  Their  connexion  with  tho  nister  co- 
lony of  New  Vork  commnntcaied  to  them  the  bonetit 
o!  'iie  tli.duc*  which  aubaioted  botwtcn  lhi«  coIohy  aini 


Uf 

I  )h«  powerful  vaflfrft*rMT  nt  ihm  Mv*  NiHwM  I  mt,^H 

Il lliKDra  it  ihi<   rinifrlrr»r«  i  iii'ikI'iI  la  iH  M 

I  llilir*  III  Ihr  tii'lhilv  iif  llli>  lii'W  ii  Mlrii.rnl.  I  •  inMli 
i«iii«  tM|U«ril  iliK  fi  III  11V  m  nil  1  Miirii  ni'iHii  inn  (rni» 
|imIi<iii  itar      IIm  ntiiiiiiiiiiliil  hy  ilm  a.iliii  ril«   ■(  ila  rl,i 

lll41fi,    111     lllllui'ill  111  tit  IllilliV  ll'hl'f  Mill  .liitH;-!*.   il  Will 

lull  ii|<|i*ar  »iir|iritiii|/  ih>il  .Ni'^v  .\rrnn  W4«  mhui  rot> 
•iilrrxl  »  tirv  ilriimhlii  rraiilrnrK.  uml  Ihni  ii>  .ili'«> 
lliiiia  Mfrv  (-1  khritlril  hy  rurly  wril<  /«  «%itli  hi^lirr  r>  IV 
iMf-iiiliilliiii  Ihiiii  any  (It  llm  iiiiii>r  ■n'lliiiitiiiii  iilil  iliiril 
'I'hi*  )iri>|iri«liiri<'i.  ulill  hunviil  ll|i  vtilh  Ihr  li<i|H'  Il  • 
ttiiiiliil  riivriiiiv  frurii  ihi'ir  |iriiiiiM'ii.  Mfrti  mil  nm  ting 
III  i<ai'fl:iiii>  III  rin  iilaln  llii>  iiililliyk>iir>  n(  Ha  a  Ivilil*' 
yra  IhiiIi  hi  l!iiru|in  ami  Aiit^rii-a,  aiul  fruifi  ihiic  M 
liiiiK  ilfia|iiiti'liril  Iruiil  (liiuLiiiil  «r*«*l<  IrlluhlMl  Willi 
4i'ltli-r«  ami  atorra  la  rviiilufCH  Ihff  iiiiinli*'r«  anil  •ii|tiilv 
llw  waiila  uf  llicir  |H-iipli-.  Iliil  llii  |i«riiii|  lu  wlilcil 
Ihnv  ImiI  I'liikril  fur  Ihs  liihllinfiil  iif  ihiir  liii|Mia,  wi« 
faiiil  III  ili'inuiialraln  ihnr  rallio'y  ;  mil  lli«  aiiiii*  14 
iHlii'iiy  which  iliM  |iifivim*f)  hail  liiihurlu  jiriiBriiivil  WI19 
itlMatfri'^iihlv  uvrrraal  hv  thi<  arr.yiil  o(  lhf<  ilav  wIm^  iIiA 
|i<iyiiii-iit  tif  i|iiil  ri'iita  IlkI  Ihtii  a|i|tiiiitinl  to  cuiii* 
inciiin.  [lUIIO — Itno  |  Tim  I'lrit  iliiiianil  ii(iliialiiliiil« 
vicili'il  ^l•lln'al  iliMjjiiat  aiiMMiif  tlui  riihiniiiia.  who  atifni, 
lu  liu\«  (iXjiinNacil  1111)111  iill^illlliijltaaa  lliiiii  iiinhilily  tij 
iiiiii|ily  Willi  II.  d\  tmrty  iHiniiiii  llii'in.  iiii'liuliitg  iht 
oUli'Kl  arltirra.  \y|iii  luiil  iii'i'ii|)ii'tl  ijn'ir  Umla  tiiiiW  Iht 
•iilhiiriiy  iif  CiihiiKil  Nirhiil»,  ri>rii>ril  lo  ai'kiii>wli(l|,|t 
tlio  tiilt)  ol'  Ihn  iiri>|Miiiliiri<  a,  anil,  111  ui>|Hi«iliun  lu  il, 
•111  ii|i  luliia  ivhii  II  thoy  liud  iihiiiiiii'il  Inr  llwiiiiaclvi* 
from  tlio  IniliaiH  It  \%iin  rjaiar  for  *li0  k"**'"'^'  I** 
iluiiuiiiairalii  thu  illuKaliiy  ul'  liii<n  |iriiii>iiaiuiia,  than  lit 
prevail  with  thu  |iiM|iU<  III  tliaiiUan  Ihi'iii  Cur  twii 
Vf'tra  lit)  iiiaiiiiiiiniitl  an  Inrircrliial  aliiii/ule  to  vnturri 
Ihu  I'laliiia  i>r  Ihu  |irn|irii'larira.  till  at  Iuiii|i1i  lhi>  iie|iuUf 
ili.icuiili'iii  hriiku  liirih  111  uii  iiiaiirrri'liuii  [IA71J  whicl, 
till  iDiiiiil  It  iin|ii>t'iil»lt)  to  wlthatitiiil  lln  waa  rniit* 
pflliiil  tu  ruliirn  lu  KnuliinU,  atri|)t  ut  hia  liiiiL-tiumi, 
wliirli  Ihr  ciiluniNta  lurtnwiih  iiuitfcrri'il  un  a  natiiml 
aoii  of  Sir  (Jt'uri^f  Ctiriurut,  liy  uhoiii  tlioir  prstnnaioiit 
had  brc'ii  •littttt'il.  l)iaa|i|iuiiiiiiii(  (.i  lliia  rraiilt  in  ikl 
Itiyu  liviM)  to  the  |iru|iriiiturii'a,  it  waa  iiii|iuaaible  for 
them  to  iiii{iiiiB  llm  lilaiiiu  ul'  it  lo  Ihoir  uuvurnor,  ur  t« 
huailalo  to  r<i|iUi:«  liiin  in  thii  alalioii  fruiii  whli''',  lit 
had  liven  utjiulli'd.  'I'liia  meuaiire,  liowi'vcr,  waa  r«* 
lurdvd  liy  ilif  iin4iX|)iM'toil  oviinta  of  lliv  lulluwiiitf  yeari 
[linU.J  wht'ii  Nvw  Yurk  a|{iiin  riivvrliiiu  lu  llm  liuiiii 
iiiuii  ul'  Uulhintl,  Ndvv  Ji'raey  waa  onui^  inur*  leunilwi 
tu  tliii  I  rut  nice  o(  Nuw  Nuihirlande. 

[  11)74]  Tlie  Uiitrh,  aa  wn  liava  alriady  awn,  iJld  nnl 
tnii^  rrtani  Ihtir  ui*'|iiiaitiijii,  which  waarealu.'ud  loUretl 
llriiinii  hy  iho  treaty  url,undiiii.  but  tho  r«  ealahlialf 
incnt  i>r  thu  |iru|iriutarv  gnvi'minonia  into  which  tbt 
teiiiiury  had  litrn  |irevioiialy  divided,  wia  tlinuiiht  to 
rF(|niru  aoine  additional  furiiialiiy,  and  waa  not  ■Ifeciad 
wiihuiit  t  renuvutiun  uf  tliti  tiilva  liy  winch  thca*  jnna* 
dictinna  had  heeii  uri|{iimlly  created.  Suiiiu  duiihta  hail 
already  hieii  aii|{i{cated  of  the  validity  of  the  royal 
charter,  which  hod  hecii  Krantrd  to  thu  Duko  of  Yurk 
at  a  tiinn  when  the  Uutih  (joverninant  waa  in  qiiiol 
liuaaoaaioii  ol  tlit  cuuntry  i  and,  however,  iimvllliii||  It 
dcknowtcdjjo  the  f'urcu  ul'  ihia  ohjcctioti,  aiirf  ruceda 
from  a  |irelrnaioii  that  had  been  ilelilHiratvly  enibraceil 
hy  hii  tirothor  and  hiiuavir,  tlie  duko  waa  proin|>tud  hy 
Ilia  own  intereat  10  remove  from  '"cira  minda  a  ilotibl 
au  likely  lo  ohatriiut  tho  roaort  uf  aeltlera  lo  Ihia  pio 
vnicu.  Another  Ciinac  Hcuina  alau  lu  h;ive  cuntrihiiteil 
tu  turn  hia  thunjjjhta  tu  the  {irocurcment  of  a  new  invea* 

lituro.     'I'ho  rem truncca  of  Colonel  Nichola  had  led 

him  to  re^'ard  the  t^runt  he  had  made  of  New  Jeraey  to 
Uerkeley  and  Cartervt  with  fvahiiKa  of  diaaatiaracnon, 
which  were  not  dmiinialicd  by  the  lllieral  inalitntiona 
which  these  proprirtarica  had  conferred  on  their  pro* 
viiicu,  and  thu  niimher  of  inhahitunla  who  had  been  at* 
truulcd  to  It  from  Ilia  own  dominioiia.  Whatever  vaero 
the  molivea  that  withalood  the  gratifiration  of  kit 
wiahea,  whether  he  -crupied  tocoiiiinil  the  injualiceand 
incur  the  diahoiior  of  robbing  two  of  tho  Armeat  adha- 
ronta  of  hia  family,  or  doubled  the  anpport  of  the  law  ui 
tho  king  in  auch  a  traiiaaclion,  it  ie  inanifeat  from  hia 
eonduct  that  he  ri.tettamtd  a  dcairo  to  re|HMaeaa  hiia> 
aelf  of  the  Now  Jeraey  turriiory,  without  making  any 
comiMnaalioii  10  the  partire  who  tiad  acquired  il.  The 
Dutch  conquest  aeeined  tu  fiirniah  him  wiili  an  uppur- 
luniiy  of  removinjK  the  objectioiia  to  which  hia  own  title 
waa  aubject,  without  aocining  to  ronfoaa  ila  orginnl 
dofectiveneaa  ;  and  to  alTonI  him,  at  the  aame  time,  a 
decent  pretext  fur  diveating  Uerkeley  and  Carterol  of 
tiietr  property,  without  disowning  the  grant  by  which  ho 
had  beniowed  it  upon  them,  or  incurring  any  obliuation 
to  indemnify  them  for  ila  luaa.  It  waa  pretended  that 
Iht  Dutch  con^ueat  hid  extiiiguiaked  tho  piopriatorjf 


k 


^•ii  MW  rixnaxl  M  llw  frawii  tn  «nnbfHMIf  wiih 
ItlM  two.  th»>l'ik«  aitiWiml  far  •  nao  in^fXilnn,  •i<i| 
IuiiihI  It*  ililhrxliy  i»  Miitimnf  frn'1  Ih*  kirn^  •  m-omuI 
tlM>t«r,  wbit'h  rxitxl  i)m  ItHiM'  gnni.  tint  (•nAniwil 
>•  kiia  ih*  «M«  iir  ih«  itinnrt  wliK'h  iImi  vnoI  h«il 
MtkracMl  H«  mm  •p^aMMwl  AihIkm  Iw<  TxuitiMni 
tTM  Um  •ImiI*  r*im.l«i  ft  'tiM*  \  ami,  infaMihg  *M 
•k*  fentiliMia  af  lai|ia|aktira  iimI  aiaaiHita  ^atar  in  iha 
(•aaniM  Mtd  ri  >imi',  aataUlahait  Iha  aaiaa  uHu»ty 
f  nwiMOam  M  Nao  Jmajr  thai  ha  had  all  aWni  m^in 
I  N««  Y-ifk.  Hui,  alilMiMh  M  r«iil4  tkiia  ma 
k  ■tiiMmi  •(  <aaanilma  kia  ftiamU  af  a  fi»- 

Ltlf  «y«kk«  (Mil  aaM  M  UM>n,  ha  «ranla<l  aiihar  nit 
ilait  •rtMkamir  !•  xAataaia  hia  inii|Miiaiia  fnun 
(MHM  I  Mai.  •■•  tkia  iMitMaiMfl  of  Nir  (laor^a  ('anaral, 
HMfiaJ  Mit  la  iKomiM  a  ranaiaal  of  iha  iranl  ol  Naw 
'artajr.  Ya«,  iha<igh  aahainail  la  ackiM<«la<i(a  hia  in- 
.•(•liana,  k*  waa  unwilling  m  aliaiMian  ikam  ,  ami  whila 
Ika  aia<-<iiUia  af  Ilia  (itiii  «aa  lialayail.  ha  irananiiliail 
•niafa  lo  AiflrtM  la  inainiain  hia  |irari>gaii«a  mar  iha 
whiila  i>rrikwry  [Iti^l  Kuan  whan  ha  Anally  (tin 
iantail  la  laaiura  Naw  Jaraaf.  ha  antlaafOfail  lo  avada 
Iha  (onplatv  |iarliHinaiM-a  of  hia  an^aKainanl,  aiul  (ira- 
lamM  la  kt«a  raaarvail  caritin  ri||hla  of  aa««raij|iil« 
••ar  II,  akicn  Androa  laiiail  avory  op|MftMnit]r  of  ta- 
MMinfl, 

In  Ilia  lia^iiiniiig  of  ikt  yrar  lATS,  Philip  Ctrlrral 
raiiirnail  •«  Naw  Jaraay,  ami  raauinail  iha  goyarninanl 
•f  Iha  aalllanianla  whn^h  had  liaan  fnrniad  in  Ilia  aaalarii 
fti  of  thr  (Hitviiica,  and  fruin  wliirh  ha  had  liaan  a<- 

Chad  tbaiM  iwo  yaara  Iwlura  Thn  inhahilania,  who 
i  aiiiariaiiaail  Iha  rigwa  of  com|iiaal  and  iha  ariHirary 
riila  uf  Andraa,  now  ra<<>iyad  ihair  old  govarnor  vary 
willinglji  ,  (ml,  aa  ha  |iuat|mnad  iha  pa«inanl  uf  ihair 
^nil  Kinia  lo  a  rmnra  ilay,  and  |iiililiahad  n  naw  aal  of 
ciinraaaioiM  liy  H)i  l|«uri|a  (/'ariaral  Ihal  runllrinad  all 
tlinir  |irivilc{aa,  a  |M»raabla  anil  aoniaiilad  auhonjina- 
'Mtn  waa  onva  inaf*  raaalabliahad  in  iha  colony  Tha 
silly  aulija\'l  nf  diar,iiiai  Ihal  ornnrrail  fur  aaveral  yaara, 
amao  fr.'iii  iha  arlmrary  (iruoeailinga  hy  which  Amirua 
fcoin  Hint  la  liinii  anforuad  tha  iinjiial  pralaiiainna  of 
tha  Diika  of  York  Uuvamor  fyirtarat,  in  Iha  hnpa  of 
pnvunii/  to  hia  paopio  ■  ahara  of  Iho  advanlagra  which 
IImi  nriiiM  .<  tug  colony  danyad  fniin  har  coniniarca,  al 
Iani|i4>"l  iMlahlian  a  dirsci  irada  balwnan  England 
aiul  Ni  >  araay.  lint  Awlnta  warmly  uiipoaxiT  thia 
proratidiiia,  <a  an  injury  to  iha  commarca  and  tha  eiia- 
ti>ni«  ut  Saw  York;  (IfllOJ  and  by  conAacaiing  tha 
taaaala  iha'  liadod  in  un|iaaiii>>n  to  hia  inandalaa,  put 
■n  rial  to  Ib^  Naw  Jaraav  roinmiirca  in  iia  infancy.  In 
•ddit.u,i  In  una  oiitrag'i,  Iw  vndnavorad  by  yarioiia  ai- 
•cMr.a  .ociidar  the  coioniala  tributary  to  hia  goyarii- 
■Mill ;  and  avin  procmidnl  lo  aneh  ailrainily  of  inao- 
lanca  an  to  arraal  (lovanior  Oarlaral  and  convey  him 
pnaoiiar  to  Nnar  York.  Wlwii  cani|ilainla  of  Ihaao 
yaucardiiifia  of  liia  dapiily  wtra  earriad  lo  tha  dnka,  ho 
•fincad  IDC  aamo  indaciaion  and  dii|>liL'ily  ihit  had 
characia'iiad  all  hia  rrcani  duincanor.  Ila  could  iisi 
coiiaant,  lia  aaid,  lo  dapart  from  a  prarngalivo  which 
had  alwaya  balongad  to  bini ;  yal  ha  directad  Ihal  tha 
cicrciaa  r(  It  ahoiihl  Iv  ralaiad,  aa  a  matter  nf  favor  to 
Ma  fnand  t<>r  (iourgo  (^artaral.  liiil  Iha  prntinca  had 
now  been  divided  iiiln  Iwo  proprietary  jiiriadicliona  ; 
■ml  II  wu  in  iha  woatarn  pin  of  il,  in  whiih  Cartavat 
had  caaaod  Id  hava  any  inuraal,  thai  the  duka  ailempted 
la  a|ipra,'nata  Iha  iurgeal  ahara  of  hia  pra'andcd  proro- 
galivo.  Tlw  cinsiiinaUncaa  Ihal  attcndad  Ihia  partition 
of  tin  tpiiilury,  eoinnoaa  tha  nioal  intaraatlng  portion 
of  tha  aail,T  hialory  of  Naw  Jaraajr. 

Among  tha  vaiMut  aaclanaa  who  had  raaaan  to  com- 
plain of  Ilia  eeciaalaalical  polivv  purauad  bjr  tha  ininia- 
tara  of  Cbiilaa  Iha  Second,  tha  quakera  incurred  an 
ain|de  ahara  of  paraecution  During  the  laal  yaara  ol 
Ilia  prota.Morata  of  Cromwall,  a  number  of  quakera, 
cliargrd  wiiliolfending  agtinat  public  order  and  daeenry, 
kad  Man  commuted  la  priaun  in  * ariaua  parte  of  Eng- 
kad :  and  koeauaa  tha  protoctor  rafuaad  or  delayed  to 
foea  an  order  for  their  ralaaaa,  one  of  thu  leadera  of  the 
Met  rebakod  kirn  publicly  in  an  »a^  harangue, which  he 
MMcludad  hr  tearing  hia  own  cap  in  Iwo,  and  propheey- 
iig  Ihal  Mie  government  would  be  rint  from  Cromwell 
MJ  hia  family.*  Tha  ateomplivhment  of  thn  prediction 

•  Cromwall,  thaufh  in  imgral  ha  Iraatad  the  (|u»lion  wiin 
jm0t  Xt  a'lile'i  Ike  iiapiinlty  of  thi>  prophol  may  Iw  aJda-n: 
■a  an  inatar,  a),  cuulil  not  anilraly  auixliio  hU  jeniouay  m'  a 
eaet  in  a-btch  aoina  of  hia  own  m<ni  ileli'miini'il  ndvaraanaa 
kad  anfoUed  themaalvea  That  reallrii  anlialor,  John  l,il- 
^m.  In  tha  Hidat  of  hll  oppoiltlon  tn  Cromwell,  tiiade  a  pm- 
Riaelon  of  qmikarltin.  and  yat  not  only  cciiitiiiufld  to  wrl'.o 
•goinat  tU'i  protector'a  Koverninenl.  but  loti^  ru fined  t'l  pn- 
IdaaUiat  l,e  would  not  employ  lii«  awnrd  in  »id  of  hta  pun. 
•tauih  and  aiiwoll.  I  70.  Cromwell  had  paraonaiiywitneaiiid 
ayaaidnt  uf  fukar  aitraTafanca.    Ha  wu  uitarrMjtal 


THK  NISTORV  OP 

hnwevef,  waa  iha  anty  gf«llllaa(i»n  ihal  Iha  anakara 
wiire  parmillad  la  ileriva  Irwn  ilw  aMiiion  nf  iha  prn 
irt  iitral  govarnmani  In  iKa  iniarval  balwran  ilial 
avani  amflha  rwaloralian,  ihay  aiparionevd  atifh  a«hl|. 
Iisnal  aavarily  »*  *t*m  all.  ilid  frurn  una  nf  than'  KHin- 
barlti«*  profihat'y  nf  anothar  jMiliiiral  ri'volulmn  'llfeaaa 
aa«ariiiaa,  partly  arraaHHia.l  by  iba  ava.-ainn  whii'h  iko 
praahyiarian  mmiHtara  and  itiaifMiraiaa  antariainad  fa# 
Iha  dofirinaa  af  ihai|naki'r*,  *n*  alaa  in  |iart  pf«v»k*4 
by  ika  franay  and  iiHlceam'y  wiih  which  many  of  Iha 
pfafaaetira  of  Ihrae  ilwiniiaa  ihonghi  propar  in  aigi,al>aa 
Ihair  rania.n|il  fur  Iha  wnrahip  uf  ihair  advaraariaa 
(11)  To  Iha  aummlliaa  >if  aafaiy.  in  whixa  handa  the 
anpraiiva  miwar  waa  Mgad,  Iha  i|iiakara  ware  rendered 
•ddiiicnaily  cbnoiioua  nv  Ilia  prngraaa  whn'ti  ibair 
lenala  liail  mate  among  Iha  valaran  aaldiara  of  Iha 
aomin.Mi wealth,  and  tha  aweaaa  wiih  which  (lanrga 
fill  interpoaed  In  pravani  a  body  of  thaae  rnnvaria 
from  pNning  Iba  parliainamary  furaaa  wha  ware  inarrh- 
Ing  to  au)>prpaa  Ilia  inauriarlion  iif  Iha  rnyaliaia  In  Cha-  j 
aliir*  Thay  rafuaad  in  intarpnaa  fur  Iha  libaraiiim  ol 
llinaa  i|iiakara  who  hail  barn  Inipriaonail  by  Iha  inagia- 
Iriiiaa  aa  yagalwinla  and  diatiirhara  of  Iha  |iaara  iir 
even  In  raairain  Iba  ouiragaa  nf  tha  papnh««.  who 
In  many  placaa  began  lo  iiianit  and  diainrh  iha  qiiakur 
aa«amhliea.  Thu  advaiicamani  of  llanrral  Monk  lo 
Ilia  aiipraina  direction  nf  alfaira,  not  only  graliftnl  Ihaaa 
aactanae  wilh  the  areumplialimanl  of  anoihar  predic 
lion,  bill  ancouragod  them  to  a ipeel  a  favorable  change 
III  Iheir  own  ailuatlun.  Monk  laaued  an  order  Ihal  no 
fiirlh^r  diatiirbanra  ahonld  be  given  lo  tha  iHiaraalila 
ineelinga  uf  tha  ijuakera,  end  be  lialenod  to  lliair  coin- 
plainia  with  a  raejioal  and  altanlion  which  they  had  not 
iMan  tbla  lo  proeura  from  hia  pradeeeaaora  in  aulhoriiy 
'I^ie  hopoa  which  Ihia  allarad  ireaunanl  gave  riaa  lo, 
ware  raaliaad  al  Ike  raaloralian  To  the  Yavorahia  re- 
garda  of  iha  kinf.  Ilia  quakera  ware  rpcnmineiided  hy 
the  complainia  ihay  uralarred  againal  every  daacriplinii 
of  anthority  Ihal  hail  aubaialad  in  Kngland  during  the 
euapanaion  af  monarchy,  and  hy  ilia  peculiar  aiiinity 
they  eipraaaed  againal  thoaa  wlw  ware  alao,  in  an  emi- 
nent degree,  tha  objeeia  of  hie  own  dialike  Their  sc- 
•uaaliona  of  Iho  (oyaminant  of  New  Kngland,  in  par- 
ticular, mat  with  a  gracioue  acceptance,  and  produced 
an  urdar  fur  tha  auafianaian  of  all  further  aavantiee 
againal  tliem  m  that  quarter.  Upwarda  of  aeven  bun- ' 
died  quakera  were  raleaaad  from  varioua  priaoiia  in 
England,  and  an  aasuranca  waa  given  that  a  complete 
tolaratinn  of  quaker  worahip  would  be  aaiabliahad  by 
law.  Tha  fullllniant  of  Ihia  aaauranca,  however,  wae 
obaiructad  by  certain  of  the  king'a  miniatara,  wha, 
Ihouah  willing  liy  delueive  pralencea  to  Iranqnilliaa  all 
the  •Tiaaantara  till  tha  nawly-raalorod  inonarchy  might 
a|ipaar  to  be  Armly  aauldiahod,  ware  vacreily  ileiar- 
iminad  loenfon-e  a  alrwl  uniformity  of  religioua  werahip 
in  Kngland  i  and,  before  many  montha  of  the  new 
raigti  had  elapaad,  their  purpoaa  waa  aflactually  pro- 
laoiod  by  a  cireuiMlanco  which  auddonly  and  com- 
plelely  eiiinguishad  whatever  of  cauil  favor  Iha  quakera 
iMd  really  or  Beamingly  enjoyed.  Maanwhila,  Ilw  aart. 
Ilka  all  olhara,  waa  indulged  wilh  an  actual  lolaralion, 
nrhich  waa  diligently  iinpravad  by  iU  founder  and  kia 
wieer  aaaociatea  in  inultiplying  their  conyarla,  and  in- 
Imducing  into  their  eociety  a  ayalam  of  order  and  diaei- 
plina  that  tended  lo  curb  the  wild  apiril  which  had 
tranaported  w  many  rotariea  of  qnakariain  beyond  the 
bounda  of  decency  and  aobriaty,  and  aipoeed  their  pr» 
feaaion,  in  ao  many  placaa,  to  reproach  and  paraeculMii. 
But  Ihie  alate  of  unmoleated  Iranquillily,  logethar 
with  Iha  hope  of  aoaing  il  parpolualml  by  law,  were 

Jjuwkly  deatroyed  by  a  violent  eiploeion  of  fury  and 
analiciam  from  a  aiOerent  body  of  aaclariana.  In 
aome  pointa,  both  of  doctrine  and  prcetico,  Ilw  "  Pifkh 
Monarchy  men,"  or  "  Millenariana,"  bora  •  alrong  le- 
aemblanca  to  the  quakera ;  a  tenuieral  hierarchy,  in 
particular,  waa  equally  odioua  to  both,  and  both  la- 1 
ioclad,  on  all  oceaaiona,  tha  caiamonial  ol  an  oath,  j 
rho  millenariana,  however,  want  a  etep  furtnar  than  Iha 

Sjuakera,  awl  held  themaelvaa  aiititleti  to  employ  forca 
or  tha  ovorthrow  of  every  temporal  aupremacy  Ihal 
uaurprd  tha  place,  and  ubalructcd  Iha  advent,  of  thai 
epiritual  dominion  which  they  eagerly  expected  to  be- 
hold. Ueorga  Foi,  on  the  contrary,  had  taught,  from 
tin  beuinning  nf  liia  ininiatry,  that  it  waa  abaolutely 
unlawful  to  employ  any  other  than  epiritual  weapona 
for  the  proinotipn  of  apiriiual  enda,  or,  indeed,  of  any 
endi  whatever.  But  he  waa  wall  aware  that  ho  had 
collected  around  him  many  of  the  wildeat  and  moat 

when  pratttdliiK  In  p.iriuiiteiit  liy  \i  iiu.ikir.  wlio  caltod  mil 
tllht  Im  li:id  a  ineiiait|(e  fruiil  tlie  Lord  lu  llie  prolacliir.  Iliid. 
7U ;  and  lin  h^d  aeeil  a  fuinale  ijuallor  enter  alark  naked  lulu  a 
chiircli  where  he  waa  atiiing  Willi  Ida  utBi:era  al  divine  wur- 
ahip.    Uuowi  vd.  HO 


rmnhiialil.le  apiria  in  iha  kingilom  ,  ami  the  ri 
ii'Hi  iif  hia  nwii  ixiiiriiilea.  »hi.  h  ha  h.  Md  in  iko  4* 
maaiHir  nf  niaiiv  •>'  hia  own  fiiH(i«ei  Ingelkar  Wltfe 
niimlwileaa  eiam|i|i  •  aiiiong  Iha  iiiher  aarlaandAM' 
IWiM  af  which  Ida  lunea  were  a«  pMiiUc.  hM  bfrlM* 
langhl  bun  hy  witai  inaenaiMr  graiUlmna  Iha  inimta  al 
man,  when  ihuriHiuMy  lieaiad  hy  rvliginna  ■»  pnttllao. 
aeal.  are  earriail  frmn  iha  diaap|.ral>4iinn  nf  huadle  hi- 
eiiiiiiiana  into  the  ronvniiwi  iil  an  eipeeial  rail,  nr  a4 
a  clear  mitral  duly,  M  allainpl  Ihair  aubveraimi  li  Waa 
Ihaiafiira  wilh  n«  email  alarm  Ihal  Ku«  had  liaahl  hI  iha 
p«i)aeia  that  Iha  inillenanana  anle'iained  amiie  lima 
jirior  la  the  reaiurail>Hi,  of  elfcrili^  by  hirce  uf  ariM 
Iha  aaiahliahmenl.  nr  at  laeal  Iha  rerogiiilimi,  nf  iha 
Meaaiah'a  paraanal  rritf.,  upon  earih  i  and  ha  hwl  n.ih 
liahed,  al  Ilia  lime,  an  eariieai  renHinairani  a  in  all  hie 
Mkiwera  nn  the  imlawMnaaa  nf  deaigna,  wliirh  how 
ever  MnioiTi  Irmn  li.eir  dialiniiiya  priiii'i|.li'a.  would 
preva,  he  liaii'l  hiil  low  rnngenMl  lu  Iha  aidiii  with 
wliirli.  m  iiMiiy  in<laiieai,  llieaa  priiH'i|i|p<  werv  a'ati. 
eiali'd  llnl  hia  emliaviira,  wliairvir  elfii'i  ihev  mat 
have  produced  nn  hi«  ovvii  fnllnw*  ra,  tnh-d  In  i  nnvnica 
the  piihliv  Ihal  Ihrrx  waa  any  rudnal  ur  anlnl  diaiine 
limi  Iwlween  Iha  quakera  and  Iha  inillenarMna  ,  anil 
what  prolialily  i-nnirihuii'd  tn  ahartieii  hi*  ii.«ii  atifira 
hanaWMia,  aa  will  aa  In  imfeaan  Ihe  pnhln'  |,ye|eiaaea- 
ainn,  waa,  that  thn  ipLiki'ra  were  eit<.|iinlteri.il  wilh  a 
nninlNr  nf  partial  and  ii.ni|mrjry  adiHiruiiia.  Ilia  limita 
of  wlioaa  laiili  ihey  were  iinahle  In  aaceruin  hy  tela. 
renre  lo  a  crerd,  ami  wlin,  Hiiiimii  frmn  aii'l  lu  aerl, 
aoi'urding  in  the  eldia  ami  llnwa  nl  tlieir  own  hifiimr  and 
raurica,  reinaiiied  only  lung  enuiigli  \«ith  any  one  lii 
iiilecl  II  wilh  ihrir  own  U'vily,  and  il.alwiinf  it  wiih  a 
ahara  of  Their  uwn  repnialion  Tha  inaiirrerlinn  ihal 
hrnka  fiirih  among  ilie  inillenanana,  in  the  Hrat  year  ill 
the  reatuied  mniiiriihy,  pruveil  lii|{hlv  pii'jndii'ial  lo  Iha 
inlereala  uf  lli»  ipiahrra,  mil  niilv  Iriini  Ihe  cnminun 
opinion  Ihal  Ihe  principlea  of  the  two  oxla  were  tiili- 
aianlialU  the  eanie,  hnt  fruin  the  pLinaihle  grniim!*  ilial 
ware  alfordud  lu  tlia  adveraarira  nl  Inleraliuii .  and  Mia 
pledgee  which  Ihe  guverninant.  no  leaa  alarmed  than 
pruvuked,  deterniiiMiJ  lu  e«aci  from  every  ilfacripllon 
of  lie  tnbjei'ta.  The  quakera  iiiiw  became  line  ulijrcta 
of  peculiar  jaalunay,  fruin  their  refiiaal  to  give  aaaiiranca 
of  lldelity  lu  Ihe  king  hy  taking  Ihe  oath  of  allegiance, 
end  were  aaaailail  with  a  ngur  and  riiality  of  (leraecu 
lion  which  aa  yal  they  had  never  eaiierivnced  in  Kna- 
land  They  ware  al  Aral  included  almig  with  llm  inil- 
lenanana 111  a  royal  procUinatiun  which  forhida  either 
of  tlieea  alaaaaa  nf  aeclafiea  from  aaaainhling  under  pre- 
tence  uf  worahip  elaawliere  than  in  per«  hial  chnrehea 
but  ware  aoun  after  diaiingiiiahetl  by  Iha  proviaiona  ol 
an  act  of  parliaiiiani  Ihal  B|i)iliad  eiclueivaly  la  Ihsm 
aalvea.  Uy  ihia  alalula  il  waa  enacted,  Ihal  all  qou 
kera  lafuaing  to  take  the  aith  uf  allegiance,  aitd  aaaam 
bling  to  the  nuinlier  of  Ave  peraona  aTwve  aiiieen  yeara 
of  age  fur  the  pnr|Miae  uf  divine  worahip,  aliniild,  for  tha 
Aral  and  aacond  oirencea,  incur  the  jienally  uf  line  and 
impriaanmanl,  and,  fur  the  third,  ahuuld  either  ahjiira 
tha  realm  or  ba  tranaported  lieyond  it.  Nay,  ao  cordial 
woe  Ihe  dialike  now  enlcrlaiiiud  by  Ihe  conn  againat 
Iba  quakare,  Ihal,  inatead  uf  employing  the  coin|iiaiiita 
of  thia  aeci  aa  the  handle  for  a  quarrel  wiih  the  obnna- 
loua  province  of  Maaaachnaelw,  it  waa  deierin>'icd  lit 
alir  up  tha  enmity  that  had  been  ei|ir«eaed  in  thia  pro- 
vince againal  Ilw  qnakara,  ami  to  invito  the  provincial 
govainineni  lo  n  rejielition  of  the  eevantiea  that  had 
bean  io  rocanlly  pnrfiihiled.  Fur  ihia  piirjiuM,  il  waa 
aignihad  to  ihe  governor  and  aaaeinbly  or  Maaaachu- 
•alia,  by  a  leller  under  tha  hand  ol  Iha  king,  that  ha 
inajaaty,  though  deairoiia  that  liliarty  uf  ronacianco 
ahould  lie  granted  lo  all  oilier  religiniia  profeaaura  in  Iha 
province,  would  bo  glad  to  hear  that  a  aevara  law  ware 
jiaaaiHl  againal  the  qiiakere,  whoaa  principlea  he  reckon 
ed  incoinpelible  with  the  aiiaunco  of  govrrnmenl 
Thoaa  unfavorablo  eantimenta  were  very  ahunly  aAei 
aichangad  by  tho  king  fur  a  jualer  ee:imaie  nf  quakat 
Itrincipiea.  In  a  eonleranca  which  .he  granto  I  to  aoina 
af  tha.  loading  iiiambera  of  Iha  aoet,  he  roca.ved  taaa- 
rancas  which  aatialied  him  not  only  iLat  this  (loppln  had 
been  unjually  confounded  willi  the  millenariana,  but 
that  ihoir  principlea  with  reaped  to  government,  includ- 
ing an  aliaoluia  renunciation  uf  the  right  of  reaiataorot 
were  auch  as  he  bad  reaaoii  to  wish  more  generally  dif- 
fused through  hia  doininions.  Uut  thia  alteratiuii  in 
hia  aeiitinieiiie  produced  no  relaiatiun  uf  the  legal  eeva- 
riliea  to  which  the  quikora  were  aiilijoctcd.  and  waa 
attended  with  no  other  cunaoqueiice  llian  a  familiar  and 
appareiilly  coiiCdeniial  iiitercuuiao  hoiweun  biin  and 


auine  uf  their  more  emuwiit  leadera,  together  with  in 
eipresaioiis  of  rsgsrd  and  good  will  on  his  part  wly 
lie  wu  unwiUiii^  ik  unable  to  subslauliil*     la  I 


NORTH    AMRNIf'A 


inM* 
wkick 


Iff^^     ^^Vw     W^^W     ^^^W^HwflWW      vH^^n^M     VlV 

iUmm  uf  cJtwMimlfrt,  ihd  '|>r4li«ra  «»m  tiiiiiMil  In  • 
AMr*  ih«q  •*}  hI  shttfa  of  aMffwrtty  Owit  )h«  iiMlwnilm^ 
Iff^l  Miih  «tiifli  ih«v  rvfii««il  ni  ''onfitfin  awn  in  «[i 
|w«r«m'«  In  •11*  m\»  »f  '>>•  iitHVK  i<  f«)iii«iiiiiiM  nf 
ill'  ho,  *n4  III*  ••f*ii<«M  Willi  otiH'h  iImt  wIiii^ 
•  vnrv  ii|i|HifiiMiilv  ii(  niAlliiig  iiuiiifvil  iSwir  fufliuliUn 
prMlwx,  iin'l  (ignrillaiiig  lliril  (wriilur  gllla  nl  |>«tiaiil 
Milfcriiitf  «iul  Miitfaiii|ii#f«hla  p«rM«»r«iir«  In  atary 
f*fl  ■>(  rliinUnil  llM  i|iialiaia  oara  Kacaaaad  »uh  Ana* 
•nil  iin|iri»iMtiii«iii*i,  ami  graai  niiiiiliafa  wara  Irvna- 
^Xail  In  ll«|tM4ii»«  iiiil  la  ih*  Aiiiatiaait  MlllnnMnla. * 
whara  Ihay  difinail  a  ««liialilx  aifijiliiin  la  Iha  Rnfltah 
|io)i<ilaiiim,  anil  '(nirkli'  Aiiiml  Ih4l  ihaif  (Mnaaiiian  in 
aiiwllinn  ikam  rniiii  ihair  iiaiiia  lami,  hail  iinrnn- 
•riwialy  rwttrilnilad  <ii  iha  imNmniian  iif  ihair  Im 
InalaM  nf  Iha  wilil  anllliiaiiaia  mhn  had  rofiiwrW 
Nahail  wilh  haaillitnu  (««l  lu  N'W  >lii||laiHl  in  i|iiaal  of 
Mraai'tiliiHi,  Ihcra  «f««  iioia  iiuriiilnrair  intii  Ainarira  a 
hiiinaraua  tmiiy  nf  wiaar  and  inltilar  |iriila««i>ra  of  i|ii«- 
ilari«in,  whnaa  viawa  mara  ruiiAnml  in  Iha  anjoviitaiil 
a(  thai  lihaiiy  of  wiifalii|i,  fiii  Iha  aaiiii  nf  who  '1  Ihay 
K«4  baan  drittn  inia  aula  In  aairnl  irf  ihn  AinarHian 
jKumiuaa,  aa  wall  aa  in  tha  lalaiiil  iif  liacbadiMa,  ihajr 
aaiNinriicail  an  ain|ila  lulcraiiiin  and  a  friaiidly  raaa|» 
linii  rriini  iha  ||ii««rnini<ii'<  anil  Ilia  inhahilanla  :  and, 
rvnn  111  iliinr  priivinraa  wl.ara  Ihay  wara  dill  iha  oh- 
|i<i i»  k*l'  aiuiiiricn  ami  aavarily,  thay  cuiilrilnilail  lu 
riiidi'r  llivir  |iriiii'i|ilaa  laaa  iin|H>iHiUr.  hy  ilainonalrat'  | 
IMK  inrilh  Mhal  iiaarnl  imlnalrv  anil  (Marnfiil  tirliia  lh« 
|>riiri>aaiiin  of  lliain  ini||ht  na  roinliiiii'il  (!anlanlMl  | 
wiih  Ilia  Inlaralion  nf  ihair  wnrahip,  and  dilifanlly  lin-  i 
.iniTing  Iha  ddvantagra  111'  ihair  naw  Ini,  many  of  tlii'ir  ! 
riilra  aiwinad,  In  a  faw  yaira,  In  •  plaiiliful  knd  proa- 
piiroiia  raiata  i  aiHl  an  fat  did  lhay  cirrir  lliair  willing'  ' 
na>a  lu  raeuncil*  Ihaii  ovun  lanala  willi  iha  aiiaiing  in-  ' 
aliluiiiina  ami  praclua*  n(  ilia  ciinninat  in  which  lliey  | 
fnuiiil  Ihainarlvra  atlnliliahud,  llml  lu  iiiiiiy  iiialanraa 
thra  iiniii'd  •  prafaaaion  uf  quakanain  with  Ina  piirihaa* 
•I.J  ainpluyiMiit  vf  nayru  alavaa.  I'rrha|ia  Iha  dairail- 
fiiliiaaa  vf  Iha  human  hairt  waa  iia«rr  mora  alrikingly 
Mhihilad  Iha*  in  Ihia  nioiiairuiit  aaaoiiaiion  of  iha  rtta- 
rarlara  of  aiilra  fui  I'liiiaiiaiica  aaka  and  iha  prlnri|ii'i'a 
of  unifMMl  patca  and  |inilanlliropy,  wiih  Iha  coiidiiian 
of  alavo  ownara  and  iha  airrrla*  of  aihilrary  |H)wrr 
Val,  in  iirucaaa  of  iitna,  iniirli  gniiil  waa  edut-ed  fruin 
lliia  avil ;  and  tha  ini:unai«toncy  uf  oiiu  garirratioii  of 
qiiakara  ciulilrd  Ihair  auceaaanra  In  ailiiliil  to  iha 
world  a  mrnionihln  raaiiiiil*  of  diainlaraatad  raganl  for 
Iha  rigliia  of  human  namra,  and  a  inagnaniiROiia  aMri- 
Ilia  lu  ihr  r<ii|iiiramaiil9  uf  piely  and  jiulica. 

Tha  priiicipli'i  of  ilia  aart  ruiitinnad  nioanwhil*  lo 
propagaiu  Ihi'imrlvaa  in  lirilam,  lo  an  •ilcnl  that  mora 
than  aiippliad  iha  Inaaaa  accaainiiad  by  th«  hanuhaanl 
uf  au  iiiiiiy  of  ihair  prulaaaora  Alinoat  all  Iha  olhar 
aiicU  had  nuiri'rfd  an  abmuniaiii  nf  piuly  and  rapulalion 
from  lliK  fiiriiina  diapiilca  mid  •indiLllyii  alriigglua  Ihat 
I'liMiiIrd  Ilia  civil  wara  ;  and  whilv  tlia  quakara  wara 
^•tiiigiiiahrd  by  aiainpliun  from  ihia  reproach,  ilioy 
wara  iiulaaaadvanlaKiimiiily  dialrguialwd  by  a  atyanijr 
'>f  iwrarcnlinii  which  rnalilvd  thaiii  to  diaplay  III  an 
•miiKini  dogreo  iho  primilive  graca*  nf  chrialian  rha- 
radar.  Il  wna  now  thai  thair  caniu  v>«a  ciiioiia«d  and 
Ihair  dactrinaa  defandod  by  wrilcra  whoyiclilad  lanoiia 
af  lliiiir  coirinpurariaa  in  laarning,  uloiiuanoa,  or  iiiga- 
unity,  and  wliu  ha«o  iiiivar  bnnn  «i|iiallttd,  or  aven  ap- 
pruachad,  by  any  aiicccading  aiilhora  in  lh«  ranka  of 
Iha  qiiikora.  'Ilie  ductrinea  thai  liud  floated  looaaly 
Ibrough  Iha  qiiakcr  body  wcro  now  colluciad  and  ra- 
duct'd  lo  an  orderly  ayatvm  ;  the  diaoiiilma  nacaaaary 
10  preaarye  from  anarchy,  anil  reaiam  Iha  fanlaatic  aal- 
liaa  which  iha  genuina  principle  of  qiiakcriam  ia  pa- 
auliarly  apt  to  licgot,t  waa  aiplainad  and  anforced ; 
and.  III  iha  midat  of  a  parancuiiun  which  dmva  many  of 
Iho  praahylariaiia  of  Hcuilaiid  lo  dca|iair  and  reballion, 
Iha  iinnkera  began  to  add  to  Ihair  laal  and  roolulion 
that  inildiiaiia  of  addrcaa  and  tranquil  propnoty  of 
Ihoiiithl  and  conduct  by  which  lhay  ara  now  uniyaraally 

*  in  ona  vainal  ainna,  whi.  h  waa  daapalchad  from  Eiiilanil 
In  Marrli  tlHM,  »iity  iiiiakar  ronvicta  wara  ililpiMiil  for  Ama- 
rtcn-     Wllllaiiiinn'ii  ^l^rth  CaMJiiia,  1.  <n. 

t  Rnlwrl  Uirclay,  tha  author  or  Ilia  "  A|wlo(y  for  tlia  Qua- 
kara,"  anii  of  a  traalUa  on  **  Ilia  Anarchy  uf  iha  Ranteri," 
kaa  parliapa  iluna  iiiurii  Itun  any  utiinr  writer  of  hit  paraiia- 
Man  to  ranilar  iiuahnrittn  a  malluMlical  anil  ratmnil  ayitain. 
Trl  thU  aininant  parinn,  thnugli  raniarkiilil)  diilinf  ulatied  fur 
Iha  atranf  th  anil  Houn'iiiaax  uf  Im  umlerntaiidinf  anil  Iha  aa* 
iatanaia  uf  hia  tainpar,  «uon  aflar  hli  converiiuii  to  tinaker- 
lam,  batrayad  in  hia  cunduct  a  atroiiff  taint  0'  entliuiiiaitic  ai- 
Iravacanca.  Ha  hlmsalf  mamloiiA,  that  un  una  nccailun, 
oavlng  aiparlancad  a  vary  vivid  liii|>raiili>n  uf  the  duty  uf 
walklni  IhriiUfh  tha  alrrata  uf  Alierdaun  in  riiickclolli  and 
aatwa,  na  could  not  ba  aaay  till  ha  had  uhavrd  iho  divine  call, 
aa  ha  cawatvad  U  la  kava  haan.    Aikln'a  Uanuial  Biogiayhy, 


•haraaiatiaad  Val.  H  waa  \»«t  >>*K—  Ik*  oiU  a«4 
anihnaiaaiiv  aplrtl  wkl^h  ha4  ili'UngiiialkaJ  Iha  riaa  ml 
Iha  uM'iaiy  waa  haiiiakad  aiiiMr'ly  ""m  »•  h<Minn  aA4 
whila  II  aunllnued  In  alarl  !«•  indnanva.  a  riin^idaraMa 
ditaraiiv  uf  aanii'iiaut  and  laufnaga  praxilal  aiming 
Iha  ipiali'ia  ('J«|  Ihia  di«e,>iiyi  in  |Mrii><ilar,  w«< 
manifaal  ,n  1I10  >rniiinaiiia  ih«i  i"'*  vninnainad  wiin 
ragard  lu  iIm  duty  af  lotiffoininj  paraaauiiun  Whila 
all  aimaMlatad  II  unlawlwl  lu  lii'anli"  'hair  uriliiwwaa 
an  aaaauni  u(  Iha  pdilniiiiion  uf  ''<*i'  '>|'|>'>i>w>r«.  iliara 
oaM  HMHr  who  aataamod  II  nil  l«aa  a  ilKriiUulwii  ul 
duly  la  abamlnii  liiair  aouniry  fur  Ilia  'aka  ul  a  |>a«ealul 
aiiiayuMiil  of  Ihair  ordlnanaaa  in  aiwili*' land  l^oti 
aiilaring  i|iiakariam  aa  a  ravival  uf  ptinaiiiva  chtiaiMnity, 
•ml  ikamaalfaa  aa  falad  In  repaal  iha  lullniiaa  ul  Iha 
rtral  lihnaliana,  and  lu  gain  iha  •wliiry  »<ar  Ilia  world 
by  avinaiiig  tha  furiiliHia  uf  inariyri,  iliay  had  aaaiiaiaiad 
Iha  auioaaa  uf  ihair  aauoa  with  ilia  iiillu  iwn  and  amiii' 
lanaa  uf  iiafaaeuliun,  and  daaiiiad  Ihu  ratraaiiiig  frnin  a 
auunlry  whara  Ihia  ayil  iin|iaiHlad  uver  Ihain,  lu  una 
whafa  lhay  mighl  ha  aaamplad  fruiii  11,  aipiivalanl  to 
iha  daaaaiinn  of  iha  cuniaai  in  which  Iha  pravalaiira  nf 
truth  ur  at  arrnr  waa  lu  l<a  darided  Iha  lularatiun  uf 
ihair  principlaa  aaainad  la  ha  laaa  iha  uhjacl  uf  llwir  da- 
aira  itian  tha  tialurioua  apraad  uf  ihain  ;  and  iha  ana- 
ecaa  ufipiakariainin  KiigUnd  ap|ieari  d  lulia  ineompleta 
wiilionl  iIh>  downfall  uf  Iha  aaiabliiliiil  hierarchy.*  Uul 
Jitn  waraoihara  ul  iimra  inuilaraiH  ii'in|ier,  who,  ItMiigh 
willing  lu  auaiam  Iha  aliaraalar  uf  Ilia  iiruniiiya  (Jhria- 
liana  dninad  ibia  aharaalar  no  way  nu  iiii*iaianl  with 
llta  aiarciaa  of  that  libarly  which  waa  ei|i'eaaly  ron- 
cadml  to  iha  oinacta  of  ItMir  iinilallun  in  1  lu  apoainlio 
diraetiuii  that  whan  paraarulod  in  one  cUv  iluy  ahonid 
iaa  lu  anuihar.  Uiaiurbadinthairraligiaiia  xMiiilihea, 
haraaaad  and  impovariahad  by  Anaaaiid  impriao<iinenia, 
and  withal  cuntinnatly  ai|iuaad  lua  viutaiit  rnniuval  from 
ihair  iialiva  land,  aa  iha  cit'iaaqnance  of  a  Inia  uf  con- 
duel  which  lliay  held  it  their  duly  m  l"-irana,  ihi'y  wara 
lad  tu  maditata  tha  advaiitaga  uf  a  tuiunury  aipaina- 
linn  with  thair  familiaa  and  tliair  aiiliaianaa,  and  iialu- 
rally  oaal  Ihair  ayaa  on  llui  country  which,  nolwnh- 
atanding  Iha  aavariliaa  o  laa  inAictvd  on  lliair  hrellirni 
In  aoina  of  ita  proyincia,  had  alwaya  uraaaiiiad  an  lay- 
lum  lu  tba  yicliina  of  poraacuiion.  Thair  nigaida  wara 
farlliar  diraclad  lo  ihia  i|<iartor  by  Iha  numliar  of  ihair 
fellow  aactariea  who  waru  now  aatabliahad  in  aayaral 
of  Ilia  .North  Amaricaii  alataa,  and  tha  freedom,  cuinfurl, 
and  traiii|Uillily  which  lliajf  wara  there  aiialdad  la 
aiijoy. 

fluch  waa  Iha  altualion  of  Iha  quakara  al  Iha  lima 
whan  Lord  Uarkeley,  alarinad  by  lb*  inaulwrdir.aiiun  of 
Iba  plaiiiera  of  ,Naw  jaraay,  and  diaaaliafled  with  an  ac- 
quiaiMon  which  aeamad  likely  to  raaliia  tba  prediclioiia 
M  ('Olonal  Nieliola,  oHered  hia  abara  of  Iha  pruvinea 
for  aala.  Ha  aoon  racaiyad  iha  proiioaal  of  a  pnca 
thai  waa  aatiafactory  from  two  Kngliah  ntiakera  named 
Kenwick  and  Uyllmga,  and  in  tha  tear  1674,  in  cunfnr- 
inily  with  Ihair  deaira,  conyayaii  tha  aulijecl  nf  iha 
purchaaa  la  iha  Ural  of  ihaaa  paraoiia  in  trual  for  Iha 
other.  Fenwick  aiipaara  la  have  bean  unworthy  of  tha 
conrtdcnca  implied  m  ilua  ariangamenl  .\  diapiita 
aoun  aroea  between  Uyllmga  and  hiin  with  regard  to 
their  roapective  praporiiona  uf  intereat  in  tha  teiritorjr  ) 
and,  10  avoid  Iba  acandal  of  a  law-auil,  Iha  two  (larliaa 
•gnied  to  aubiiMi  Ihair  iiratenaioiia  10  ih*  judginani  of 
Ihe  celahiawd  William  rami,  who  now  began  to  occupy 
a  conapieuoua  place  among  tha  leadera  and  chinipioiia 
of  Ilia  quakar  cauaa.  I'oiiii  found  it  aaaiar  la  appreeiaia 
Iha  mcrila  of  tha  eaaa  than  10  leruiinala  Iha  conlro- 
varay  :  and,  after,  he  had  pronounced  an  award  in  favor 
of  uyllmga,  11  required  the  uliiioat  eiertiona  of  hia  ad- 
dreaaand  aiilhorily  lo  prevail  upon  Kanwick  lo  lecng- 
niaa  il.  Yielding  al  length  to  ihe  aolamii  and  aariieal 
rainonalrancea  of  I'cnn,  reiiwick  forbore  to  Ptaaa  hia 
unjual  demand  any  farther  1  and,  in  Iha  year  IOTA,  with 
hia  wife  and  family,  and  a  amall  iroop  of  uiiaker  aaaoai- 
atae,  ha  aal  aail  from  England,  and  eatabliahod  liiniaalf 
in  tba  weetern  pan  uf  New  Jaraay.  Uul  Uyllinge  waa 
now  no  longer  in  a  condition  lo  profit  by  iha  adjualmanl 
of  Iha  diapuie.  He  had  aualainad  aucb  loaaaa  in  trade 
thai  it  bacama  nacaaaary  for  him  10  divaal  hiinaelf  of 
Iho  whole  of  hie  remaining  property  for  Ihe  indemnilica- 
lion  of  hia  eredilora ;  ana  aa  ilia  moal  valuablu  part  of 
Ihia  propany  conaielad  of  hia  New  Jeraey  purchaaa,  ha 


In  Naal'a  Hlalonr  of  Ihe  Piultana  (vul.  Iv.)  there  la  ( 
JUolad 


Inl 


aerved  an  aeroiuu  of  a  dalMla  which  look  place  In  one  o(  Ihe 
churcliaa  of  London  kalweea  an  >n(liah  blahop  and  a  |ia<1y 
of  iheae  wilder  profaiaora  of  quakarlain,  who  wlllhi|ly  ac> 
capted  tha  blaliop'a  ra«h  challenifa  In  a  public  ditpulatlon. 
Tlia  dalMle  waa  aliort,  and  aoon  duifeneralod  iiitu  a  raclpro- 
callun  uf  abulia,  in  which  tlia  bivliup,  fliiilliia  himaalf  liy  no 
meant  a  match  tor  In*  o|iponaiiti,  louk  to  flinht,  and  waa  pur- 
Niied  lu  hit  liouae  by  a  mob  uf  quakara,  votnferatinf  al  hia 
ha«U,  "  Tha  kuelini  ilalb,  Ihe  hiraUaf  Uatb." 


■Muiolll  hdlu  diam  thiMMa 
iMMi  ttv%-M  h$  aaalhM  m  iiw  •<ina  a m  nei  1  |e 
wiMa*  gu<ij  0/h—  ha4  aia  rareiillv  iimirih,(ied  I*  M 
firuhi  and  praaarva  li  William  ISnin,  afler  aonia 
enHaidaraiiun,  aifraed  lu  undarlak*'  iii'a  dniv.  aiA  Ml 
eim|iiiH>iiim  wi<h  diwan  l,anri«  «.  d  Nnluvlaa  I  utaa, 
Iwa  uf  Iha  v,adi,ura  ul  llvllmifa,  aa«,iiii*d  Ilia  diraa*  «r 
af  Ihair  v'Htatnuanla   tliara  itf  ilw  Naw  Jeraav  i»rni*ifa 

IIm  nr«i  ii»>e  ul  I'a.m  and  hif  aaaoaieiaa  waaia  n- 
faai  a  iiartiium  nf  iha  pruvim  ■  liaiwaa*  ihanaaelvae  anj 
Hir  lleorga  <,'«ria(«i  ,  aial  av  all  (lariiae  wara  aenaiMa 
uf  Iha  diaadvaiiiaua  uf  a  imiit  |ira|iari«,  Iha  ditieian  laaa 
aeuufntdiabi'd  wiihuiii  dillWuhv  Tha  aaatrrii  |Mlfl  el 
Iha  pruviiM'a  waa  aaaigiiad  in  Caiiaral,  niuler  tita  mm0 
uf  Taal  Naw  J'i>aay  .  iho  waaiarii.  la  Uvllinga'e  aa* 
aigheaa,  whu  namoM  ihair  mutely  Weal'  .Sew  Jaraay. 
Tne  adinmiaiiaiora  af  iMa  laiiar  tarriiuay  tlien  |<ru>  rt4t4 
tu  divide  II  inlu  a  hnndrad  liMa,  ur  pruiiriaiiaa  ,  Ian  al 
whit'h  lhay  aaaigiied  la  I'anwivk,  aiuj  liw  raiiielninf 
niiii'i  ,>  lhay  raaarvad  for  aala  fur  tha  liaiiaR.i  nf  iha  era- 
diinn  nf  Uyllinga  Thair  iiaat  aiul  niaal  infi|i>Hlant  pm- 
ceading  waa  ru  fraina  a  iwliliiial  conaiiiulioti  (or  Iha 
purvhaaara  and  fninre  nihanitanlanf  Ihe  land,  winch  waa 
priimiilgatad  uiular  th«  title  uf  ■■  cimeaaaioiia,"  or  leriw 
uf  grant  aiiJ  agraemenl,  lo  be  mitiiiallv  aigiwd  liy  Ih* 
vandara  and  piiri'liaaara  of  the  irrrilury  I'lile  inatrumenl 
adiiiilod  tha  pnivivioiia  that  hud  Iwaii  ^iravionaly  aiiaiiaU 
\if  llrHialay  and  I'artaiel  fur  ilia  aiiinpliun  of  the  pm- 
vlnctala  fruin  all  laiea  hut  aiirh  aa  tlieir  own  tialiva  •» 
aainbliea  ahniild  iin|iu«a  an  tliam,  and  fur  tha  aacurily 
uf  raligioiia  freailiim  i  Oia  c  lanaa  liy  which  ihia  Ulleff 
pruviatun  waa  intrudiired  being  prefaced  liy  a  general 
decliiraiiun,  "  that  no  man,  nor  niiinlier  nf  man,  iifioil 
eaiih  have  power  to  rule  over  man'a  cnnacianrae  in 
rahgiiiua  mallara  "  Il  waa  appoiiilad  thai  Ihe  peO|d« 
ahuiild  iiieel  aiihiually  In  ihuuae  una  hoiieel  man  fat 
each  prnprialy  lu  all  in  tha  |iriiviiicial  aaaeiiihly  ;  thai 
'*  Iheae  elaviiuna  lie  nut  delerininatl  hy  iliti ,  umiiiun  ainl 
confiiaed  way  uf  vriaa  and  vuicea,  lull  hy  pnttiiig  bulla 
into  balluling  buiea  to  he  provided  fur  that  piir|H>ae,  (at 
the  pravnnliiHi  of  all  partlaliiy.  ami  whrrahy  every  man 
may  freely  chouae  according  m  hia  own  )iiil|/ineiit  an4 
hoiiaal  inlaiiliun  ;"  and  that  every  inamlier  11?  aaaainbty 
ahnuld  ha  allovaad  a  ahilling  a  day  during  iha  aeaenti, 
"  Ihal  Ihaiaby  ha  niay  Iw  liiiawn  10  be  tha  aervani  at 
ihapaofia."  EvaryiBan  waa  lu  h«  caiiablaof  rhooainn 
and  haiii^  ahaaan  t«  eii  in  ihaae  aaacmbliae,  winch  wer« 
vealad  with  ika  fcmtt  u>  make,  alter,  and  repeal  lawi^ 
and  to  elect,  Ikoin  time  in  lima  a  eummillea  of  aaaiet* 
aula  lo  carry  Iha  lawa  Inia  aierulion  Wilhoui  ih« 
vcniic't  uf  a  jnrv,  no  ruan  could  lie  arrealad,  raiiAnaA 
or  deprived  of  life,  lil'arly,  or  aalaio  ImunaoniMat 
for  debt  waa  diaalluwcd :  and  a  liankrupl,  ahaf  aurraa 
daring  kla  aaiala  10  hia  vrediiura,  waa  ael  al  bbtfty  U 
work  agalh  for  hiinaalf  ami  hia  familji  S<Mh  ia  an  •«(•  * 
line  of  the  compoaiiion  Ikal  forma  Iha  Mai  aaaay  al 
uiiakar  legialalion,  era  enlitlaa  Ita  aulhora  to  nn  maoa 
ahara  in  Iha  honor  of  (jlanting  raligioua  and  political 
lilianjf  In  Ainenra,  ■■  Tliara,"  aaid  I'aim  and  nia  coti 
Iraguea,  in  alliiaion  to  ihia  fruit  of  tlieir  labora, "  wa  iff 
a  foundation  fur  aiter  agea  to  uiidaralaiid  iheir  lilierly  m 
men  and  chnatiaina,  thai  lhay  may  nol  be  broughl  jl 
bnndage  hul  hy  their  awn  conaeiil )  '  (or  wa  put  Um 
power  III  Iha  peopla  '  " 

Tha  pulilicatiuii  of  Ihia  iiielriiment,  whleb  ila  authott 
accompanied  wiih  a  apecial  raeommeiidatinn  of  the  pra 
vince  lu  ihe  ineinhera  uf  thair  own  religioua  fmterniljr 
produced  an  Immediate  diaplay  of  that  Jivaraily  of  eaia 
limeiil  which  bad  begun  10  prevail  among  tha  aocie't 
ofquakcfa.  Many  prepared  with  alacrity  lo  embraeu 
Iha  propoaala  of  ihe  truaieee,  and  cipraaaed  ll.a  marl 
aaaggeraled  cipectationa  uf  ihe  liberty,  proe|ierily,  and 
repoaa  lhal  awaited  them  in  the  naw  aattlenienl ;  wbila 
othere  regarded  wiih  jvaluuay,  and  even  vahemrnily  o|> 
|H>acd  a  aeccaaion  which  they  coneidered  piiailUniinaua 
and  diacrediuble.  To  iiioderala  tha  eapcrtaliona  ol 
Iha  ona,  and  to  apnaaaa  the  jealouay  of  iba  otbar  ol 
Iheae  pariiea,  WiUiain  Pann  and  hia  collnguea  ad> 
droaaad  a  circular  lallar  to  Iha  menibara  of  Ihair  eecl, 
m  which  lhay  aolnniilji  cautioned  them  againal  leaving 
Iheir  country  from  a  timid  ralucUnca  lobaar  taalimony 
to  Ihair  principica,  from  an  Impalienl  unealllad  tamper, 
or  from  any  motiva  inferior  to  a  deliberata  ean*Mtias 
lhal  the  Uo<l  of  all  tha  earth  opened  Ihair  way  to  Neai 
Jeraey,  and  eanrliuiiad  their  ramoyal  Ihilhor.  'I'key 
wara  admoniahad  to  ranMinbar  lhal,  although  qiiakai 
principlaa  wara  aalaMiabad  in  the  province,  only  quakai 
aafeguarda  could  bo  Iniarpoaad  or  tailed  on  fur  Ihoil 
proaeivalion  ;  and,  in  pailli'.ular,  thai  tba  raligioua  ta)a> 
ration  which  waa  lo  be  aalabliahed  inual  depend  Cm  iii 
continuance  on  tha  aid  of  thai  Being  with  whoa*  tail 
iboy  Ulioyad  it  to  concur,  and  could  ayai  \m(  '    ' 


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Vf  1mm  m  vMmm  tgiiMi  iht  tini  of  u  typiwioT. 
Tw  riik  tfkmmmnn  Imim  ibm  wm  twiMad  ••  A  Da- 
MHpllvn  tt  WiM  N«w  JtiMy,"  (n  iIm  h«iiar  infonw 
liM  it  iMMMltaf  utowlm,  in  wlkk  wmm  iritbl  aiiii- 
mtmImm  lk>MH^  MM  ibnMi  iMpnling  lb*  u«fl- 
MM  rfllw^/tnll  M/iriuMto  ««f*  emiMU],  bal  in  ih* 
■■tei  •  MiiM  ia«ilia|  iMNMnlaliM  of  ih*  MUlaiMnl 
mm  McrayaA  Tki*  yihliMliwi  «m  cmuIbI*  um  in- 
Had  iri  la  NffM*  iW  triar  of  oiwkar  aaigrtlMa  (  nti- 
Am  lal  ll  Mjr  tuok  aftal.  Namawu*  poMhaiwa  of 
iMid  waia  latda  hjr  ^oakan  in  nrtowa  paiu  af 
I  tmi,  to  U>a  caawa  af  tlw  yaa/ 1 WT,  apwiwia 
4  pafMM  af  lllia  paiaaaaiM  uaMMftail 
Waal  Naw  Jaraajr.  Manjraf  ikaM  waia 
I  af  laaiidaiabla  aokalaiwa  aad  napMUbUii), 
wha  fairiad  wiih  llMm  ibairaliiidrM  iMlMrTaiita  i  aM 
alan|  wMi  Ikaai  wan  aaol  a  baaid  at  aaouaiaaiaoan 
i|ipatnlad  hy  PMii  and  Ma  iiollaa(iMa  la  aiaka  paililiaa 
M  )ha  landi,  and  punhaM  UwasquiaaaaMa  aoafriaod- 
■hip  af  Ika  IiidiaiM.  Wkila  ika  ihip  tbtl.eairiad  aul 
Ih*  dm  daitchmanl  e(  ibaw  amigraMa  wta  Ijriiig  io 
•ba  TUnaa^  and  piaptrii^  lo  tail,  it  kappaoad  ibal 
Chariaa  Ika  Sacand  wia  paaaing  hjr  ia  hw  plaaaura 
hMia,  Okatnriiif  a  numbac  of  quakan  e«  bMrd,  Iba 
king  eaaia  alannida  tba  raHal,  and  inquirad  wbiUiar 
Iba*  waia  bnvnd.  Infonaad  of  Ihoif  purpoaa,  k«  aakad 
if  IMf  wf  fa  ill  quafcaia,  and,  baing  -ntwatad  in  Iba 
aiBnmli«a,  ba  gava  ibain  bia  bicaaing  and  dajiaitad.* 

Oa  ibair  arrival  in  AnMiiaa,  Iba  natkara  Taiy  aaon 
diaeovaiad  ihal  Iba  dangar  of  a  lawlaaa  anaieaebmaal 
an  ihaif  pi ivilagaa  bad  not  baen  auggralad  lo  ihau  in 
»ain.  Andiaa  aammanad  Iham  lo  acknowladga  Iba 
iovafiagnijp  af  bia  mauar,  Iha  Duka  of  Yorii ;  aSrating 
lluit  bia  own  lifa  would  ba  emUiigar«d  if  ba  abould  vao- 
luia  la  raeogniM  Ibair  indauenbonea  wilboul  an  ai- 
pran  wdar  fram  iba  daka.  Wban  ihay  teoonatralad 
■gtiiMl  lliia  utarpalion,  Andrea  out  (hort  Iha  eonlio- 
veny  by  pointing  lo  bia  aword ;  and  aa  ihi*  waa  an 
argninani  whirh  Iha  ouakara  wara  praelodad  from  ra- 
lortir.g,  ihay  Mbinittw  for  iha  preaani  lo  hia  violanra, 
aiul  acknowinliicd  ibemMlvaa  and  ihair  larritory  aub- 
jaci  to  the  Dulta  of  York,  till  iba  iaaM  of  an  appliaa- 
linii  tat  radraaa,  wkick  Ihay  InnamiUad  lo  EngUad. 
They  wan  rooipallad  for  toma  linM  lo  andun  iba 
binlabipa  inaajiaraMa  from  Ihe  oecupalion  of  a  daaan 
land.  Uut  iban  hardihipa  wan  aurmouniad  by  in> 
diiairy  abd  palianoaj  and  Ibair  SrM  aalllamani.  lo 
which  ibcy  gava  iha  nama  af  Barlioglon,  quickly  aabi- 
Utad  a  lhri«ing  appaaraoea,  and  wa«  laplaniahed  wilb 
uihaUunia  by  aueeaaaifa  airirala  of  additioiial  qnakar 
eiui|(rinu  fram  tba  panni  alala.  [16T8]  II  waa  ob- 
acrvad  in  Ihii,  aa  in  moat  of  Iha  athar  infant  Mltla- 
oanla  in  Ainarica.  that  Iha  aucean  of  individual  colo- 
.,«(«  waa  in  ganaial  proportionod  lo  Iha  otiginil  humi- 
lity of  their  condilioo,  and  Ibo  dagna  of  rcbanca  which 
lliey  |4acMl  on  Iha  ranuiaa  of  ibair  own  iiiiauialad  in- 
duiiry.  Maiiy  who  amignlad  aa  aarvania  wara  mon 
proapxroua  than  olbara  who  impottad  a  conaidaraMe 
aulwtanee  along  with  Iham.  Iiiurad  to  iiidualiy,  ihay 
drrivnd  fmm  it  a  nlum  ao  aiapla,  aa  aaou  anaUad  than 
to  riM  abova  a  alata  of  aarnlMo,  and  eultivalo  land  on 
UKir  own  aerount;  wbila  Iba  otbata,  aubaiating  too 
long  on  Ibair  imponad  atoek,  and  ralying  too  far  upon 
Iha  hirail  labor  of  Iba  poor,  wara  not  uafiaquantly  ra- 
dueed  to  ifidiganee.  Ilia  6iat  aianiooa  of  Iha  eolo- 
■laia  lu  pracura  Ihamaalvaa  a  livrlihood  bad  baon  (tcili- 
Utad  by  iba  friandly  aaaiauncc  of  tba  Indiana ;  but  a 
hoatilo  atlaek  waa  aooii  ibrMlanad  by  Ihaaa  aavagaa, 
WBO,  oo  finding  that  a  danganraa  aptdaniir  had  bnka 
out  among  tbam,  aceuaad  Ibair  naifbhera  of  having 
traaeberoualy  aoid  (iaai  At  imtU-jm.  Tha  dangar, 
liowavar,  waa  avarlad,  by  Iba  inf  uanea  of  vt  Indian 
ebiaf,  who  anurad  bia  counliyman  Ibat  limilar  diaeaaaa 
had  aflietad  tbew  fwafathna,  wbila  aa  yet  Ibay  had  no 
intareoiiraa  with  atrangara,  and  Ibat  aucb  calamitiea 
wtita  not  of  aaitbly  origin,  but  eama  down  fram  baaven. 
tan]  Sir  Oaana  Caitaret,  tba  propriatan  af  Eaal 
Jaraay,  diad  in  lift ;  having  darivad  ao  litUa  banafil 
fram  hia  Amaiiean  uirritofy,  that  ka  (oond  it  oaeaaaary 
lo  baquealb  it  by  bia  arfll  lo  Irualaaa,  who  were  in- 
atrocled  to  diapoaa  of  it  Ibr  tba  advanuga  of  bia  cradi- 
lon.  Tba  aiamption  which  thia  diitriet  bad  bean  par- 
nitted  lo  tnjoy  from  tho  juriadietion  of  tba  Duke  of 
Yorii,  had  not  conUibuted  to  modarata  tba  diacontant 
vnib  which  the  inhabiuuta  of  Waal  Jaraay  aubmiuad 
19  ao  authority  froji  which  Ihair  right  to  be  aieinpiad 


waa  aqwlly  elaar.  Tkay  bad  aoaar  eaaaad  lo  hapar 
inna  the  duka  (or  a  radiaM  af  ihia  grievanea ;  and  wan 
■I  length  pravakad  lo  additional  vabamanee  of  co<n- 
piainl  and  nrganay  of  wlieitaiion,  by  a  laa  which  An- 
drae,  in  tha  eaurciw  of  bia  maalar'e  pralended  aova- 
nignly,  iinpoaad  on  Iba  imparuiion  of  Eurapaan  nai*, 
•ihaudna  into  Waal  Jaraay,  Wearied,  at  lenalh  with 
die  centinoal  importunity  of  Ihaaa  auiloie,  niber  than 
wilb  a  Mnaa  ol  honor  or  aquilv,  Ibie  najuat 


rwa  caiiaenled  to  rafor  Ilia  matter  of  Weir  aomiilamt 
eailaitt  tommiaaiaoara,  by  wbnm  It  waa  dually  !•■ 
milled  [ItM]  to  the  legal  apinion  of  Sir  Wuliam 
Jaoee.  Tba  argamant  employed  in  babalf  of  the  aolo- 
■iau  of  Weel  Jenay  on  thie  aacaaion,  waa  pfapaiad  by 
William  Pano,  Oaoi|a  Hulchinaon,  and  aavani  othrr 
'  ra,  cbieliy  of  tba  quaker  paraoaaieni  and 
a  trm  uadaonled  apirit  of  liberty,  worthy  of 
Iba  ibandan  of  a  Merth  Ameriean  rommoawaallb. 
«Tbaa  than,"  ibay  inaiatad,  after  a  nairativa  of  Ihe 
tiUee  by  which  Ibo  territory  bad  bean  Innamittad  lo 
them,  "  -n  ewoe  l»  buy  Ibal  moiety  which  belonged  to 
Lard  Bar  belay,  far  a  valuaMa  eonaidaration :  and  in 
tba  conveyance  ha  made  ua,  powera  of  govarnmant  ara 
eipreaaly  granted ;  for  that  Miy  eould  have  induced  ua 
lo  buy  it ;  and  Iha  raaaon  ia  plain,  hacaiiM  to  all  pru- 
dent men  IbegoveriMMnl  of  eny  place  ia  mnn  inviting 
than  Uia  eoil.  For  what  ia  good  land  without  good 
lawat  the  belter  the  woraa.  And  if  we  couhTnot 
aaeura  people  of  an  aaay,  and  frao,  and  aafa  govarn- 
mant, bolh  with  raapeei  lo  ibeir  apirilual  and  worklly 
property, — that  ia  an  uiiinMmiptod  liberty  of  eon- 
aciance,  and  an  inviolabla  poaaaeaion  of  ihair  civil 


ligbla  and  fraedoma,  by  a  iual  and  wiM  government,' 
a  man  w:ldarneaa  would  he  no  encouragamant :  for  it 
wen  a  madnaM  lo  leave  a  free,  good,  and  impnvad 
country,  lo  plant  in  a  wildarnaaa,  and  than  advantura 
manjr  tbouaaiida  of  pounda  lo  give  an  abaoluta  title  to 
anoilMt  peraon  to  u«  ua  at  will  and  plaaaura."  Hav- 
ing adfarled  lo  the  argument  in  aupport  of  Ihe  dukc'a 
uaurpad  authority,  Ihay  conlinuad— "  Natural  right  and 
human  prudence  opuoaa  aucb  doelrinn  all  Ihe  world 
over :  for  what  ia  it  but  to  ny,  that  people  frM  by  law 
under  Ihair  prince  at  home,  ara  at  bia  many  in  Iha 
plaiilationa  abroad.  And  wbyl  baeanM  bo  ia  a  con- 
queror then ;  but  alill  at  iba  baiard  of  tba  livea  of  bia 
own  people,  and  at  die  coat  and  charge  of  Iha  public. 
We  couU  aay  mora,  but  cbooaa  lo  let  it  drop.  But 
our  caaa  ia  batter  yet ;  for  the  king'a  grant  to  the  Duka 
af  Yufk  ia  plaiidy  loalricliva  lo  the  lawa  and  goram- 
uMUt  of  Ea^nd.  Now  tha  coMlitiilion  and  govern- 
ment of  England,  aa  we  humUy  eonaaive,  ara  ao  far 
from  countananciag  any  aucb  aulhorily.  Ibat  it  ia  made 
a  foodamental  in  oar  eonatilulioo,  that  tba  king  of  Eng- 
land cannotiually  take  bia  aubjeeu'  gooda  without  their 
concent.  Thie  neede-  no  mora  to  ba  pnved  than  a 
principle ;  it  ie  an  home-bam  right,  declared  lo  be  law 
by  divan  alatutaa."  "  To  give  up  Ihia,"  they  added, 
"  Ihe  poarer  of  making  |awa,  ia  lo  change  Iha  govern- 
ment, to  cell,  or  rather  reaign  ouraalvee  to  the  will  of 
another ;  and  that  for  nothing ;  For,  under  favor,  wa 
boy  nothing  of  the  duke,  if  not  Ibo  right  of  an  niidia- 
turbed  colonising,  and  dut  aa  Eiwliahmon  with  no 
diminution,  but  rather  eipectalion  of  aome  incrraae  of 


11 


a.  •oiltli,  tt— W.    ProuiTf  lliitory  of  PtnntjrlvuU,  i. 

i    Thla  i>  a  vary  mrca  work.    I  am  trntebtad  to  tha 

I  of  Or.  WiM,  of  CavmiHih  SqiMre,  London,  for  a  pa- 

of  I  ne  of  the  very  few  coplea  oC  tt  tliat  are  to  be  fouit  1 

1.    It  !•  a  work  of  yreat  researuh,  and  atioundinif  Willi 

matter ;  but  one  of  Uie  most  confuiod  and  tedioue 

that  aver  tannaatad  human  patience. 


fraadoma  and  pnvilagee  enjoyed  in  our  own 
country :  for  abe  eoil  la  none  of  hia ;  'lie  the  nativea', 
by  Iba  t'tugwiftMai,  die  law  of  nationa;  and  it  wouM 
ha  an  ul  argument  lo  convert  ihein  to  Cbrietiinily,  to 
expel  inalead  of  purebaaing  them  out  of  ihoae  counthae. 
If  then  Ihe  counuy  lie  ibaira,  it  ia  not  tba  duka'a;  ha 
cannot  aall  it;  Iban  what  have  we  bought t"  "To 
conr'udA  Ihia  point,  wr  humbly  aa^  that  wo  have  not 
loat  any  part  ol  our  liberty  by  leaving  our  oMaliy  i  for 
we  leave  not  our  kin;,  nor  our  government,  by  qnitting 
our  aoil ;  but  wo  tranephiul  to  a  place  given  by  Ihe 
nme  king,  with  upreia  limitation  to  erael  no  polity 
contrary  to  the  aamo  aalablii^wd  government,  nut  aa 
near  aa  may  ba  lo  it ;  and  thia  variation  ia  allowed  but 
for  the  aake  of  emargenciea ;  and  lhal  latitude  bounded 
by  Ihaaa  worda,  for  llu  gaei  of  Ike  mbmUunr  and 
piaiiMr."  In  a  aubaequeni  part  of  their  pleading,* 
Ibay  ramark,  ihal  ■'  there  ia  no  end  of  thia  power ;  ibr 
ainca  we  ara  by  thia  pracedcut  aaaeaaed  without  any 

•  Thia  curioiw  dociimani,  wblcli  (like  moat  qutker  pniduc- 
lloni)  ia  aoniawhat  tedlnua,  and  enriched  with  aome  dii>6lay 
or  legal  knowlBdge,  la  pnnted  at  full  length  In  S.  Smitli'a  IIu- 
tocir.  II  la  remarkable  that  Clial-nan  hH>  uken  no  nollce  of 
it.  Wlnterboiham  (rol.  li.  p.  WT.)  haa  given  an  abridged  and 
very  Inadequate  reraion  of  it.  That  Penn  concurred  in  Iha 
preaentation  of  thia  pleading,  U  undeniable ;  and  hence  it  may 
he  fairly  proHUmed,  that  he  aaklited  In  ita  roinpnaition.  But 
that  he  waa  the  aole  author  of  it,  aa  aome  of  hia  modem  blo- 
grapliera  have  InKlnuaied,  la  airongly  refuted  by  Ita  atyle,  in 
which  not  tlw  allihteat  resemblance  la  diacoverolila  to  any  of 
hu  acknowlediaa  fndaaUDOB. 


aialudad  out  EogUah  ridN  tf  M«MI 
aaaani  lo  laaea,  what  aeeurily  bavo  am  of  any  ikinf  «o  . 
poaeaae  I  Wo  een  call  iiolhing  our  own,  bnt  we  lOMmla 
at  will,  not  only  for  Iba  aoil,  Init  for  all  our  piriooal 
eelelea.  Thia  ia  to  irananlatil,  not  (torn  nood  lo  bettor, 
but  from  good  to  bed.  Thie  aoit  of  condual  baa  de> 
'  govaminent,  but  never  niead  one  lii  any  liuo 
■nalMOi."  ••  Laetly,  the  duke'e  eiraumauncae,  and 
wo  yieyli'e  Jaalouaiee  conaldered,  we  humbly  aubroil 
k,  U  ikoM  eaa  bo  iu  Iboir  opmion,  e  greater  evidenca  <.( 
a  daeign  lo  iomdiiaa  an  unllmiled  govenimant,  than 
both  lo  otaal  on  uoieraiinaled  tea  from  Englieh  plait- 
lore,  aad  lo  eootiiioe.  it  after  ao  many  nmealad  eona- 
plaiala  (  and  M  Iba  eonir>ry,  if  ihera  can  be  any  thing 
M  happv  lo  the  duko'a  preeent  aflaira,  aa  ibo  oppartu- 
nity  he  hath  lo  fiM  that  eouniry  wiih  hia  own  hand, 
and  10  make  oe  all  owen  of  oar  liberty  lo  bia  Ibvor 
and  juaiice.  So  will  Eiigliihmen  ban  kiinw  wkat  to 
hope  tot,  by  tbe  joetico  and  kindneee  bo  aboara  lo  En^ 
gliabman  then  i  and  all  man  (m  the  jual  model  of  hio 
govemmont  in  New  York  to  be  tho  eenamo  and  draught 
Ml  little  of  bia  adminialntioo  in  Old  England  at  Urua, 
if  iIm  crown  abouM  ever  devolve  upon  hia  head,"  Un- 
palatable aa  Ihia  argument  muat  dnublleea  have  bean  to 
the  Uriliah  court,  and  tha  couiieallon  of  tha  Uuka  of 
York  at  thia  perioil,  it  waa  attended  with  the  moat 
triumidunt  aueceaa.  The  cuinmiiwionen  lo  whom  tho 
raaa  nad  baen  nfeired  wera  coiiatninad  lo  pronounce 
their  judgment  in  conformity  with  the  opinion  nf  Jonaa, 
"  that  aa  the  grant  to  Berkeley  and  CartaAt  had  reaarvrd 
no  proAl  ur  juriadietion,  tha  hwaliiy  of  the  laiae  could 
not  be  defended."  In  complianee  wilb  Ihia  adjudica* 
tiau,  Ihe  duka  without  farther  aeruplo  raaigiied  ill  hia 
claiina  on  Waal  Jency,  and  conArmed  (ha  province  il- 
mI(  in  the  ampleat  lerma  to  ila  new  proi-rialaiiee.  And 
a>  the  aame  procedura  waa  avidanily  duo  to  Eaal  Jar- 
aay, ha  granted  aooo  after  a  aiinilar  ralaaaa  in  favor  ol 
Ihe  rapreaentaiivaa  of  hia  friend  Sir  Oeorge  Carteret. 
Thua  Ihe  whole  of  New  Jeraey  waa  promoted  at  once 
from  tha  condition  of  a  conquered  country  to  the  rank 
of  a  frae  and  imlopendeiit  province ;  and  made  the  ad 
iunci,  inataad  of  tna  dapcDdancy,  of  the  Briliah  einpira 
The  powerful  and  apirited  pleading,  by  which  Ihia  liano- 
fit  waa  gained,  darivee  additional  interaal  from  tha  ra- 
rolleciioa  of  the  eoalial  lhal  area  then  oarrving  on  in 
England  oelwMn  Ibo  advoealee  of  liberty  and  tha  abal- 
Ion  of  arbitrary  power.  I  quealiun  if  it  ne  poeaible  to 
point  out,  in  any  of  tbe  writing)  or  haranguaa  of  which 
lhal  paiiod  waa  ao  abundanliy  piolifie,  a  mora  impree- 
eive  or  niagiianiinoua  eflurt  for  the  preaervition  ol 
liberty,  than  ia  evinced  in  Ihia  Aral  aucceaaful  vindica- 
tion of  the  righu  of  New  Jeraey.  OiHi  of  the  moat  re- 
markable foaturea  of  the  plea  which  the  proviiiciala  had 
maintained,  waa  the  atrong  and  deliberate  aaaertioa 
that  no  lax  eould  lie  juatly  impaacd  on  them,  without 
their  own  cunaent  ami  Iha  autharily  of  their  own  gene- 
ral aaaembly.  Tbe  report  of  iwi  ctmimiaaioiHira  in 
their  favor,  and  the  relief  that  followed,  wera  virtual 
ooncaeaiona  in  fiivor  of  thia  principle,  which  in  an  al'.ai 
age  «lka  daalinad  to  obtain  a  man  aignal  iriumpt  in 
tlM  independence  of  North  America. 

Weal  Jaraay  now  filled  apace  widi  uihabitania,  by 
Ihe  arceaaion  of  naoMroua  aettlen,  of  which  the  graatot 
proportion  alill  continued  lo  be  quakan.  Byllinge, 
who  waa  appointod  Ibo  firat  guveruor  by  tho  otiier  pro- 
prietariaa,  not  finding  II  convenient  to  leave  England, 
granted  a  depulatiom  of  bia  funcliona  to  Sainuel  Jen- 
ninga,  by  whom  the  fint  npieeenlaliva  aaaembly  ol 
Weal  Joraay  waa  convoked. J 1681  ]  In  thie  anambly, 
Ihera  waa  enacted  a  body  of  rundainental  Conaiituliona, 
and  a  number  of  lawa  for  Ihe  protection  of  property  and 
tbe  puniabmant  of  crimea.  By  Ihe  Fundamental  Con* 
atiluliona,  the  aaaembly  waa  empowered  to  appoint  and 
diaplaca  all  peraona  balding  offieoe  of  Iniat  in  the  pro- 
vince ;  and  the  governor  waa  precluded  from  making 
war,  or  doing  any  act  that  ahuuld  be  obligatory  on  tha 
aula,  without  the  aaeambly'a  concumnca,  and  from 
withholding  hia  aaeeni  lo  any  nf  ila  enaclmenta.  Aa- 
aemUiea  wera  to  bo  annually  convoked :  and  no  aa- 
aembly waa  lo  hovo  power  to  impoae  a  ux  which  ahould 
endura  longer  than  a  year  In  the  lawa  lhal  wara  peaaed 
on  thia  occaaion,  the  iiioel  ramaihiMe  fealuro  ia  a  pro- 
vieion,  tlial  in  all  criminal  caaea,  except  treaaon,  murder, 
and  Ibalt,  the  |ienon  aggrieved  ahould  hare  power  lo 
pardon  tbe  offender,  whether  befora  or  after  condemna- 
tion—e  proviaion  of  vary  queeliotiable  expediency,  hut 
probably  intended  to  proven!  the  cbrialian  duty  of  kt- 
givaiieea  from  baing  evacuated,  aa  in  moat  countiiaa  it 
practically  done,  by  tlie  auppoaed  municipel  <luly  which 
engagea  a  man  lo  avenge  aa  •  ciliMn  tha  anong  wbnk 
aa  a  cbrialian  ba  ia  pledged  to  forgive.  The  laiWM 
prapeity  of  every  inhabitant  viv  intdo  liable  In  im 


KURTH  AMimOA. 


r 

Eniltnil, 
•iniwr  Jen- 
imbljr  d 
ntniblx, 

OMilUlMMMi 

rapanjrind 
wnltl  Coa- 
ipiioiiit  lIMl 
m  tlw  giro- 
im  maJiiiig 
«y  on  th« 
ind  from 
cnu.  A*- 
jih)  no  «»• 
bich  ihould 
vcrapiucd 
ro  iopro- 
in,  muMtr, 
I  powar  to 
condamnt- 
Jieney,  hut 
futy  iH  ki- 

IMDtliMi* 

(tutjr  which 
igwkMk 
•  buM 

bto  IwlM 


IMtl  WMtfagw  mi*  upalnMd  lo  b«  lolMiiiiwil  by 
iMMM  of  liw  pMM ;  lot  Iho  pMTmtkm  of  dit|Mil«« 
Whk  Iko  ImHum,  ibo  mIo  of  inlrituaaa  liquor*  to  thorn 
Urn  (ttidljr  prohibited  ;  and  for  lh«  riicniiragoinoiil  of 
(Mr  bul  Indualrion*  taborrn,  who  ohtainrd  the  mcana 
•f  mnlgrallng  from  Cump*  bjr  indantliig  ihrmaalvaa  ^a 
Mrvania  to  nioro  waallnjr  atltlcra,  avery  aarvanl  wai 
Mtltlad  la  rialm  from  hia  maatar,  at  iha  aiuiry  of  hia 
bldonlora,  *  a«l  of  Imidamanta  of  huabamhr,  eattain 
•rdetaa  of  apnarul,  and  Ian  buahela  of  corn.  To  iiravant 
IImi  laaort  or  wertblaaa  and  depraved  men  lo  iIm  pi  >• 
fined,  1  lawwaaaoon  after  paaaed,  loqnlrlna  avarrnaw 
4Mllor,  nndor  pain  of  a  paennitrjr  Ana,  to  iTta  aaliafae- 
Mrjr  tvMotieo  M  a  Joalice  of  Iha  poaro,  that  hia  change 
•f  raaidaneo  waa  not  tb*  eflecl  of  crioie,  nor  an  ael  of 
(ttnS,  bat  IhM  ho  waa  rppiited  t  mraon  of  MamaloM 
ciMroetar  and  aObor  life,  rnm  lhl«  period  tilt  Iha  die- 
iihitlon  of  tka  proprlattrjr  goTommant,  tho  prorinciil 
Maombty  eonlinuad  to  bo  annually  eanrokej.  It  did 
HM  alwaya  eonflno  llaelf  to  iha  oierclae  of  iho  ample 
Mwora  with  whieh  it  wta  eonalltalioaallr  ondowad. 
rWr  whan  Byltinga  aoon  after  jirepoaed  to  dapriro  Jen- 
ringa,  Iho  dapoty-govf  mor,  of  Me  oAleo,  Iha  aaeambly 
iMoraoeed  to  proTonl  Ihia  proeoading ;  deeUrlng  that 
XMMiinga  gara  aatbfaclion  lo  the  people,  and  doelring 
kim  lo  lalain  hia  alinailon.  Tho  rule  and  ordinary 
IMcUeo  of  Iho  eonatilution,  howerer,  wae  thai  tho 
OMHwil  of  aaeialanta  lo  the  governor  were  nominated 
by  Iha  aaeemblv  ;  while  the  propriaterie*  appointed  Iho 

Kemor  i  and  ho,  with  the  eooaent  of  toe  propriota- 
,  named  hie  own  deputy. 

liia  eiHtceee  of  their  oipeilmenl  In  Weat  Jareoy  an- 
oooraged  the  quakera  of  Qraat  Britain  lo  avail  Iham- 
aelvaa  of  the  opportunity  that  waa  now  aflbrded  of  en- 
laraing  tlie  ephera  of  their  ante'  '■<ta  by  the  aequiailion 
•f  mo  eaatem  half  of  the  territory.  The  eloeo  of  Pliillp 
Cartaiara  admlnlatratlon  of  Eaat  Joraay  wu  embitlered 
Bjr  a  revival  ofthe  diapalaa  Ihalhad  once  rendered  him  a 
(bgitivo  ftom  hie  government.  Even  the  eoneeeeion  thai 
•ad  been  recenltv  obtained  from  the  Duke  of  York  eerved 
out  lo  aflbrd  additional  matariala  of  diaeord  belwaon 
die  proprietary  government  and  the  people ;  and  inalead 
of  iKulnaHy  enjoying  the  important  neneAl  whieh  il  eon- 
ferrrd,  the  two  partiee  ael  thameelve*  lo  debate  with 
the  ntmoet  vebemeneoand  pertinacity,  whether  ihia  in- 
Mrumenl  nr  Ihe  proprieunr  eoncoaaion*  in  ISM  ahould 
00  regarded  aa  thn  foundaliona  of  their  Bovomment. 
Oiague'.od  with  theae  d!apntea,  and  poreeivmg  thai  they 
waro  not  likely  lo  derive  either  emulument  or  eatiafac- 
tien  Aom  a  prolonged  adminiatration  of  the  proprialary 
aovcrnmont,  Ihe  Iruatee*  and  eieeiitora  of  Sir  Qeorge 
Oarlaret  offered  Ihe  province  for  aale  to  tho  biRheat 
kidder;  and  eloalng  with  the  prouoaala  of  William 
Penn,*  conveyed  their  ri);hla  over  Gent  J«ney  to  him, 
fims]  and  lo  eleven  olher  pertona  of  the  quaker  per- 
atMaioii.  Ilia  territory  eomprehrmled  in  thii  convey- 
ance contained  already  a  varirly  of  aelllomenla,  inha- 
bited by  eeven  hniMlreo  ramilics,  or  iboiit  threo  thou- 
eend  Hve  hundred  pcraona,  eii'luiive  of  the  inhabilania 
of  certain  remote  and  aeattered  plantation*,  who  were 
eompiiled  to  amount  lo  at  loaat  half  aa  many  more.  The 
great  majority  of  the  aetllera  were  not  unakera ;  and 
whetlier  with  the  view  of  allaying  the  jealouay  with 
which  Iheee  peraoni  might  have  regarded  a  government 
wholly  eompoaed  of  meu  whoae  principlea  differed  ao 
widely  from  tlieir  own,  or  for  the  pnrpose  of  fortifying 
Iheir  own  intereat  at  Ihe  Britiab  court,  hv  the  aaaocia- 
lion  ofperaona  of  influence  in  their  undertaking,  tho 
twelve  purohaaera  made  haate  to  aaaume  twelve  olher 
parlnera  in  their  proprietary  righia,  and  among  othera 
Ihe  Earl  of  Perrh,  Clianceflor  of  Scotland,  and  I^ord 
Drummond  of  Gllaton,  Ihe  Secretary  of  State  for  that 
Bingdom.t  In  favor  of  theae  twenty-four  proprietariea. 
tlia  Duke  of  York  executed  hi*  thiid  and  iaal  grant  of 
Eaat  Jeraey ;  on  receiving  which,  they  proceetlcd  to 
appoint  a  council  or  committee  of  their  own  number,  to 
whom  all  the  funeliona  of  the  proprietary  government 
were  intniated.     To  facilitate  the  exeraiae  of  their  do- 


•  Thoufli  Pann  diu*  became  a  pn^atary  of  Eut  Janejr, 
all  omiieilun  bolli  with  it*  conrami,  and  with  tlwia  of  West 
iwiey,  waa  lienc*rorward  almoat  merely  nominal.  He  liaii 
aiiw  acquired  for  hlmaelf  the  province  of  Panmylvania,  which 
eocnpled  all  hia  intaratt,  and  diverted  iU*  attention  from  New 
airwy. 

t  rron  tUe  dedication  of  Scot'*  Model,  Ac.  of  Eaat  Jar«ey, 
II  ap|iea.a  that  Viacount  Tarlwt  and  Lord  M'Laod,  two  other 
pimarfui  aeoteh  noiilei,  became  very  ■Iwrtly  after  Hopriet» 
llae  of  Ihia  uovlnca.    In  oiw  of  Oldmiion't  iiiti  of  the  pro- 

Bleiaiia*  (vol.  i.  o.  I4S),  we  And  the  name  of  Sir  Oeorie 
ackenxie,  the  Lord  Advocate  of  Scotland,  whom  hia  contem- 
farariea  luatly  denominated  the  biuody  Itlaclienxia :  and  in 
aae  oThia  •ubaequant  liili  we  And  thenamea  of  Arehdala  tkt 
etiker  proprietary  of  Canilna,  and  of  Wmt  the  lawyer,  who 
Wlahied  M)  much  infamoui  diatinction  at  a  wltneia  for  the 
on  the  trial  cf  Lord  RuiMl.   8d  Xdil.  vol.  1,  p.  Ml. 


miuion,  Ibey  obteiaad  ftoa  Oheibe  Um  •oaond  •  loy^al 
laller,  addraaaad  to  Iko  govamor.  ooomU  and  Inhabit- 
ant* of  iho  provinee,  MaUng  Ik*  lillo  of  the  prooriotarioe 
to  the  aoU  and  ^uriedictloo,  and  reqoiriiig  all  lo  yield 
obediene*  lo  their  gnverninent  and  the  law*, 

At  Ihe  time  when  Eaat  Jeraey  Ibu*  became  aahjeet 
10  quaker  idminielralion  (for  die  quakora  etill  formed  a 

Rreal  majofit*  of  the  propriata'y  bodr)  the  biialiiianla, 
y  I  dilinnl  Improvemenl  of  their  aavantaiea,  had  at- 
tained a  wuriahing  and  proaptroua  ealair  The  greater 
number  of  Ihem  bad  emlgiattd  from  New  England,  or 
were  tho  deaeandant*  of  New  Englindmoi)  i  and  Iheir 
lawa  and  maiinera  in  aoma  partionbn  bore  iha  tnwee  of 
Ihia  origin.  The  puniahment  of  death  waa  denoanaed 
hy  law  againat  children  alrikiiig  or  euraing  their  perenle. 
Adulteiera  ware  liable  to  flogging  or  baoTahmenl.  Tor- 
niealion  waa  nuniahed.  at  the  diaeretion  of  the  luagia- 
trate,  by  marriage  flne,  or  flogging.  Nightwalkiiig,  or 
levelling  abniad,  after  Ihe  hour  of  nine,  anbjected  Iho 
offendera  lo  *  di*er*lionary  puniahment.  A  thief,  for 
the  flrat  olfcnee,  waa  to  make  threefold  realiiution  ;  lo 
eaae  nf  frequent  repetition,  b*  might  be  eapiully  pa- 
niabed,  or  reduced  lo  alavery.  There  waa  no  law  for 
the  puUio  aupport  of  religion  i  but  every  townahip 
mainlained  a  ehuieh  and  minialar.  "The  people,*' 
aaid  Ihe  Aral  deputy  who  eame  among  Iham  from  their 
quakri  attveieigna,  ••  *ie  generally  a  aoher,  profeaaing 
people,  wiae  in  their  generation,  eourtaoua  in  their  lio> 
kavlor,  and  reapeetful  lo  ua  in  oAlua."  So  happily  ex- 
empt were  they  from  the  moel  onlinary  and  foreible 
temptation  lo  violence  and  diahonoaly,  that  aecoiding 
lo  the  aame  tealimony  there  waa  not  an  induetrioua  man 
among  them  whoae  own  handa  could  not  procure  him 
a  atate  of  honeat  competence,  and  even  of  eaie  and 
plenty.*  If  we  mioht  rely  implicitly  on  the  opinion  of 
thia  obaerver,  we  ahould  impute  the  diaaenaiona  that 
had  lately  prevailed  in  the  provinee  lo  the  folly  and  mia- 
management  of  Carteret  and  hia  aaaocialea  m  the  go- 
vernment. But  there  ia  reaaoii  to  believe  thai  the  blame 
of  Iheae  diaaenaiona  waa  more  equallv  divided  between 
the  people  and  their  rulere.  A  headatrnng  and  tiirhu- 
lent  diapoailion  appeara  lo  have  prevailed  among  aome 
claaaeaal  leaal  of  the  inhabiunta;  varioua  riota  and 
dialurbancea  broke  forth  even  under  Ihe  new  govern- 
ment ;  and  Ihe  ulmoat  excrtiona  of  quaker  prudence 
and  patience  were  required  to  coinpoae  them.  A  law 
which  waa  paaaed  about  four  yeara  after  thia  period  re- 
piobatea  llie  frequent  occurrence  of  quarrela  and  clwl- 
lengee,  and  inienlicia  the  inhabiUoU  from  wearing 
aworde,  piatota,  or  daggera. 

Among  the  new  proprietariea  of  Eaat  Jeraey  wi*  the 
celebrated  Robert  Barclay  of  Uric,  a  Scotliah  gentle- 
man, who  had  been  converted  to  quakoriam,  and  in 
defence  of  hia  adapted  principlea  had  niibliabed  a  aeriea 
of  worka  that  elevated  bia  name  and  hie  eauaa  in  Ihe 
eateem  of  all  Europe.  Admired  bv  acholara  and  philo- 
aophera  for  the  atietch  of  hia  learning  and  the  atrength 
and  aubllely  of  hia  underaUiiding,  be  waa  endeared  to 
the  member*  of  hia  religioua  fraleniity  by  Ihe  livelineaa 
of  hia  leal,  the  excellence  of  hia  chancier,  and  the  aer- 
vicea  which  hia  pen  had  rendered  to  their  eauae. 
Theae  aervicea  conaiated  rather  of  the  literarv  celebrity 
whieh  he  bad  given  lo  the  quaker  doelrinea,  than  of  any 
wider  diffiiainn  of  their  influenee  among  mankind.  For 
hia  wrilinsa  in  general  are  much  more  calculaleil  to 
danle  and  confound  the  underatanding,  than  to  pro- 
duce conviction  or  aink  into  the  heart.    To  the  King 

nnided  not  leaa 
genina  and 
principlea  of  paaafve  obedience 
profeaaed  by  that  aeet  of  which  he  waa  conaidered  a 
hader ;  and  with  both  the  royal  brothere  aa  well  aa  with 
aeveral  of  Ihe  moat  diatiuguiahed  of  their  Scottiah 
favorilea  and  minialera,  he  mainuined  the  moot  friendly 
and  confidential  intercouraa.  Inexplicable,  aa  to  many 
auch  a  coalition  of  uncongenial  cbaraetera  may  appear, 
it  aeeme  at  leaat  a*  atrange  a  moral  phenomenon  to  be- 
hold Barclay  and  Pann,  the  volariea  of  univeraA,  tole- 
ration and  philanthropy,  voluntarily  aaaociating  in  their 
labora  for  the  education  and  happineaa  of  an  infant  com- 
munity, auch  inatrumenu  aa  Lord  Pprth  and  other 
abrltora  of  royal  tyranny  and  eceleaiaatieal  peiaeeution 
in  Scotland.  [SS] 
/v  1888]  By  the  onanimoua  choice  of  hia  colleagnea 


ouce  conviction  or  aink  Into  the  heart.  T 
and  tin  Duke  of  York,  he  waa  recominnid 
by  hia  diatinguiahed  fame,  and  hia  happy  j 
•ddrcaa,  than  by  the  principlea  of  paaaive 


Robert  Baielay  we*  ippillid  Iho  Inl 
Eaat  Jaraoy,  under  Iho  now  propiiolMy 


So  highly  waa  k*  **t*emed  ^r  MO  eoliaaftM*,  mt  tmk 
advaniag*  waa  antioipaled  from  kla  wiporinl*nd*M«  m 
Iha  colony,  that  hia  eommiaaion  healowed  Ihe  (Aeo  o* 
him  for  life,  end  while  il  diepenaad  with  hi*  | 


reaidence,*  authoriaed  him  lo  nominato  U*  own  depute. 
But  the  expeeuiiona  whieh  produead  nr  •llended  M 


•  Thia  teatlmony  ia  ronCrmed  by  Oawen  Laurie,  who  waa 
the  aerond  depuly-govemor  under  the  quaker  adminiatration. 
"There  la  not,"  he  aaya,  "  in  all  the  province  a  poor  body,  or 
that  wanta."  "  The  aervant*  woik  not  ao  mneh  by  a  third  aa 
thay  do  in  Bniland,  and  I  think  feed  much  better;  for  they 
have  beuf,  pork,  bacon,  pudding,  milk,  butter,  and  good  beer 
and  cider  lo  drink.  When  tiiey  are  out  of  Iheir  lime,  they 
tiave  land  for  themtaivca,  and  generally  turn  farmera'for 
,  emaeina.  Servanta' wane  are  not  under  two  ahiUlnga  a 
dk.   baaidca  victuala."   ■.Snilth.p.in.  IU. 


elevation,  war*  diaappoiniad  bv  Ihe  reeult  t  hi*  aoi 
mem  (like  that  of  Sir  Henry  Vane  in  MaaaMkvtolle) 
waa  brief  and  ill  faled,  and  ealeulaled  rather  to  low«( 
than  lo  advance  hia  illualiioua  raputatioo.    Tbo  rm*I 
eignal  and  beueAeial  event  of  hia  piaaideney,'  wa*  Ik* 
emigration  of  a  eonaidarahia  number  of  hia  own  •••■• 
lrym*n  Ih*  Sootcb  lo  Eaat  Jeraey  i  *  meaant*  wMob. 
however  congeuial  it  mav  appear  lo  iko  aitnalionaf  Ikol 
oppraaaed  and  paraeculed  people,  waa  not  reioMMiieado4 
to  their  adoptioo  but  by  duit  of*  good  do.d  of  inpnn«> 
nity  and  perauaaion.    Fur  although  Ik*  glMt  bulk  « 
Ihe  peo|ile  of  Scotland  ware  diaa*li*A*d  with  Ike  epi» 
eopal  eatabllaboaant  whieh  Iheir  king*  bad  fa*c*d  vpoB 
Ihem,  end  vaat  mullilud**  w*ie  •nduriug  Ih*  nuao*! 
rigor*  of  tyranny  for  Ihoir  r**i*lane*  lo  it.  It  w**  tmui 
no  aaay  mailer  to  parauad*  then  lo  aeek  *  relief  ftoia 
their  aiifferinga,  in  a  diatsnl  *nd  p*rp*ta*l  exile  from 
their  native  land.    In  addition  lo  the  molivee  lo  eai- 
gralion  whinh  Ihe  aevoritiee  exeMi»*d  by  Lord  Poith 
and  Ihe  olher  royal  minialera  eontriboted  lo  aupply,  Iko 
influence  of  Barclay  and  other  Seottiak  quakora  wa* 
more  aucceeafully  employed  in  preveiliog  wilb  th*il 
countrym«n  lo  a*ek  an  aaylum  in  Eaat  Jeraey  i  and 
Ihilher  accordingly  a  body  of  amigranla,  chiefly  from 
Barclay'a  native  county  of  Abeidaen.  aoon  *ll*r  (•• 
aorled.   [1684]     For  Ihe  purpoae  of  rendering  tbo 
Scotch  more  generally  arquaiuted  with  the  atate  of  tho 
colonial  territory  and  the  nature  of  iu  inatitutiona,  and 
of  inciting  ihem  to  remove  thither,  it  waa  determined 
by  the  proprietariea  lo  publiah  a  hiatorical  and  atatiati- 
cal  account  of  it,  with  a  preliminary  Iraaliaa  in  which 
Ihe  prevailing  objecliona  to  emigration  ahouM  be  com- 
bated, and  thia  reaource  preaented  in  a  more  deairablo 
view  than  ibat  in  whieh  Iha  Scotch  were  generally  die- 
poeed  to  rogard  il.    From  nndertaking  IM  autborahip 
of  thia  performance,  Barclay  waa  probably  datened  1^ 
knowing  that,  aa  a  quaker,  hie  eelimat*  of  Iha  popular 
objeetione,  aome  of  which  were  founded  on  raligiou* 
conaideralione,  would  And  little  favor  with  the  balk  ol 
bia  countrymen ;  aa  well  aa  by  unwillingneaa  lo  enUn< 
;le  himaeff  with  ailuaiona  to  Ihe  exiating  peraeeulion, 
which  he  could  hardly  have  chancteriaed  in  a  mannei 
aatiafaclory  at  once  to  hia  own  conacienee  and  to  I.,oid 
Perth  and  othen  of  hia  proprietary  aaaocialea.    To  iko 
work  which  waa  now  eompoaed  and  publiabed,  in  fur- 
Ihcnnee  of  hie  and  bia  colleaguaa'  daaign,  it  ia  probablo 
that  he  contributed  aome  aaaialance ;  aiid  indeed  Ik*  • 
inequality  of  Ihe  performance  elron|]ljr  ■tte*la  that  it 
waa  not  wholly  the  compoeition  of  a  aingle  authar.     It 
waa  publiahed  aa  Ihe  pioduclion  of  a  Scirtcb  genll*m*n, 
Qeurae  Scut  of  Pillochie,  ami  bore  the  title  of  ••  Tho 
Modal  of  the  Government  of  the  Province  of  Eaat  N*«r 
Jeraey  in  America."    From  varioua  paaeagea  in  thia 
work,  it  would  appear  that  many  of  the  Scotch  were 
prepoeeeaaed  with  the  notion,  that  to  emigrate  from 
their  native  land  without  aome  extraordinary  aanclioa 
from  the  Divine  will,  waa  an  impicua  dereliction  of  lb* 
lot  which  the  Almighty  had  aaaigned  lo  Ihem.    In  op* 
poaition  to  thia  view  a  large  and  ingenioua  commentaiy 
waa  made  on  the  Divine  command  lo  repleniah  and 
anbdue  the  earth ;  and  it  wa*  argued  that  aa  Ihia  wa* 
an  eternal  law,  the  duty  to  fulfil  it  waa  of  continual 
obligation,  and  required  no  extraordinrry  manifeatation 
k.om  Heaven.     Among  other  incitemente  to  emigr»- 
lion,  it  ia  remarked  that  "Wa  aee  by  nature  tree* 
flouriah  fair,  proaper  well  and  wax  fruitful  in  a  largo 
orchard,  which  would  otherwiae  decay  if  they  were 
alraitened  in  a  little  nnreery.    Do  we  not  aee  it  thu* 
fall  out  in  our  civil  atate,  where  a  few  men  flouriah 
beat,  fumiahed  with  abililie*  or  beet  fitted  with  oppor- 
tunitiee,  and  the  reat  wax  weak  and  languiah,  aa  w.int- 
ing  room  and  meana  to  nonriah  them !    Now,  that  tho 
apirita  and  hearta  of  men  are  kept  in  better  tamper  by 
apreading  wide,  will  be  evident  to  any  man  who  con- 
aidere  that  the  huabandiiig  of  umaanuied  ground  and 
ahining  into  empty  landa,  enforeeth  men  to  frugality 
and  quickenelb  mvention;  and  the  eettling  of  iiew 
ealatee  requiielh  jnatieo  and  affection  lo  Ihe  commoit 
good ;  and  the  taluiig  in  of  l*rge  eountiie*  preaanta  a 
natural  remedy  againat  coTetoneneea,  'rauu,  and  vio- 


•  Oldmlxon  ia  miataken  in  aaaarting  that  Barclay  hi<na*ll 
repaired,  and  carried  hia  fkmil)  with  him  to  iha  pnnhwa 


Soon  ailer  UaarpolBt 

menw  n«  acni  iniinor  ma  ormner  i/aVid,  aOaRO  of  wiMe  I" 

tail  from  t|w  provjnce  mt  jthited  Is  S.  •vttb'a  UiatJMt. 


BHrcIay  never  waa^in  New  Jeraev.    , , . 

ment,  he  aent  thither  hia  brother  David,  aoan*  of  wkiae  M. 


TNB  RIITORT  OP 


fMi%  wwi  iVMV  MM  wty  •^•f  ••••€■  ""y 
MMl  fcaMlM  «M*  pMtkiilMl*  MkMMd  I*  tmk 


I 


i 


iWi  MMMMiM  af  (iMMly  MMlMrillt  (Mr  VMRMt  MM 

•Ml  •  MM  lifeMl  ^tWiw  In  AntriM  Mnn  dM  !•«* 
wri  MMM  af  BMiknd  tmbM  IkMir  M  bMMw  M 
hMM.  IR  npljr  M  M  oblMUM  dMi  Im4  bMB  aiftd 
IkM  •  ynwMi  gatwad  kjr  qaakan  waaM  ba  laft  un- 
■MwJaJ  af  Iha  laaaaa  af  mlUltry  dafenaa,  II  wm  titlwi 
rial  MfaMi  airikapafriatailM  and  naay  af  Iha  Inbabi- 
laola  did  aat  kaiaan  M  iha  ^uakar  pafwuiion,  and  thai 
Eaal  JafMjratNtdy  aawbaMd  ala  hundrad  araMd  ma*. 
"Aa  ai|««Mal  daAvad  ha«  iha  Mvarllita  indlatad  »]r 
latiwiaal  m  Iha  ptMhrliriiai,  lahtadM  ia  a  vaijr 
aaailljr  alyla.  ••YaaaaaHlaaaarJudgadlhainlaraal 
aflhaiiWMial  ihianha*  to  aapmaM  Iha  HMb;la> 
liM pCmMmi  aad  thai  hi  ailar  Umnio,  iha  wbab 
(tiaa  aad  taMtt  af  Iha  law  af  lUa  kiafdeia  an  lavaUad 
M  Iha  ifcaiaal  hMrin  ikaM  dawn  t  thai  iha  tiftmu 
pnMhM  thaM  lawa  hi  aiMBlian  halh  in  a  gnal  part 
wlaifawy  af  Ihaaa,  wha  nalwIlhaiMidinf  ihanaf  lad 
lhiiiil*ii  hi  lonniiaii  obligad  to  ntain  ihna  prinai- 
^t  whila,  aa  Iha  alhw  hand,  apiaaouaey  liby  iha 
MM*  lam  MMiilad  and  pMlactad.  I  wonid  |todl]r 
kaaar  what  alha*  laliaaal  madiua  can  ba  pfopoMd  in 
IhaM  alw—inaiai.  ihaa  ailhar  ta  campljr  with  iha 
■atai— laal,  by  gati^  what  lai^  it  laquiiad  by  law, 
iieairfawilati  m  to  latiaat,  whan  bjr  law  a  lolaration 
M  hjr  hia  mSmIv  altawad.     Sueh  a  rolnat  doih  al 

Kl  aflbr  lliaw  in  AnMiiaa,  and  la  nowhan  alw  lo 
id  la  hia  nMJaatjr'a  dammiona."  What  an  aneo- 
MiaM  OB  AaMiiea,  at  tha  aipanM  of  rntj  olltbr  poi^ 
liaa  al  Iha  Britiah  ampin  I  Tha  wwk  annlaiiw  a  mi- 
MM  aacMM  of  Iha  elimala,  toil,  intlituliont  and  exitl- 
h^  aatllaoMnla  afiha  pravinaa,  and  an  alaborata  paoa- 
mia  M  ita  advanlun  in  all  ihaM  paitieulan.  Aa  a 
UHbar  neowMMndalfio  of  iha  pnvine*  lo  Iha  favor  of 
Iba  Soolcb,  Baiclaj,  diaphaiaf  a  dapnty  wham  ba  b«d 
aopalatad,  of  bit  own  nligien*  petiaaaion,  aonfcrrad 
Ihia  oOm  en  Lord  Nail  Oampball,  unela  of  Ibo  Macqui* 
af  Anvla,  who  rapairad  lo  Eul  Jaraajr,  and  nmaioad 
than  lor  toma  lima  aa  ila  liaultnanl-M*omor.* 

1086]  Tho  aAru  of  Btialay  and  hia  eollaagoM 
wan  erawnad  with  toeeaaa.  A  grMt  many  inhabitants 
af  Saoiland  amigralad  lo  Eaal  Jaraay,  andanriahadAma- 
lieM  aoeiaty  with  a  valutbla  aeeaaaion  of  virtua  ibat 
Ud  haau  raOnad  by  advanity,  and  piaty  that  wm  ipvi- 
eaHlad  by  pataacutian.  Tha  laoni  wtallb*  of  iba 
laolab  amignnia  wan  nolad  for  bringing  wiib  them  a 
gKat  Mimbar  of  Mrranta,  and  in  Mma  inauncea  for 
lonapofting  whola  familiM  af  poor  labonra  whom  Ibay 
aalaUiahad  on  their  Undo  for  a  tarm  of  yaar*,  and  an- 
dowad  with  a  eompeUnI  itoek ;  receiTing  in  ntum 
OM  half  of  the  agiienllural  produea.f 
*  But  Jamaa  tha  Sacond  bad  now  OMandad  tha  Briliih 
ttroM:  and  praelically  iiiTarting  tha  magnanimoua 
aantiment  that  bHbaen  aaeribad  to  a  French  monareli, 
ha  daaniad  it  unnaeaaeary  for  a  King  of  England  to  re- 

ret  tha  angagrmanlt  of  Uia  Doha  of  York  ;  nor  could 
hia  aeemlng  friandriiip  for  Barclay,  together  with  all 
Iha  inlluanea  of  Lord  Perth  and  tha  other  courtier  pro- 
prialariaa,  datar  him  from  imrolTing  New  JerMy  in  the 
daiign  ba  had  formed  of  annulling  all  the  rharun  and 
aonaUtulianaoftbaAmarieancoloniee.  [1686]  Anal 
or  piatanlad  complaint  waa  pnfarred  to  the  Engliah 
coon  againat  Iha  inhabilanu  of  iha  JarMya  for  avaaion 
of  owloia-houaadutiee;  and  tha  minialara  of  Jamea 
aagarlv  aaiiing  ibia  handle,  without  farther  eeramony 
eanaad  writt  of  ouo  warranto  to  be  iaeued  both  againat 
EaM  and  Waal  New  Jertay,  and  directed  the  attorney- 
general  to  pneecnta  them  with  Iba  utmoet  atrateb  of 
ngil  aipedilion ;  iaaigning  aa  Iha  reaion  for  Ihia  pro- 
CMdiog,  tha  aaceaMly  of  checking  the  pretended  abuaM 
"  in  a  eounlrr  which  oui^t  to  ba  mon  dependent  on 
hia  majaaly."  Alarmed  al  thia  blow,  the  proprietariea 
of  Eatt  Jaraay  pnMnted  a  nmonatrance  lo  the  king,  in 
which  Ibay  reminded  him  that  Ihey  hid  not  ncmred 


•  UUmiaan  and  ■.«iirilh  concur  la  nMint  that  Lord  Nail 
Clai>>a|l  aaecaeded  Biiolay  »« loremor.  But  tUa  taeau  to 
*a*e  baaa  a  Maiidor  o(  OMnlxon,  which  ■mith  hu  uicaa- 
■  ■     ~     ■  tm,  wu  appolntea 

itUliaN:  amirronia 

1.  IM)  It  appoara  that 
>n»)r,  •ubtoUjod 

. I  oraanilioa  Iwtwoon  It  and  Weil  Jonor. 

t  Icol.  M  STTh.  a.  45.  M.  101.  tIT.  OMmlton,  1.14*.  8. 
BoUth,  I8(,  UT.  181,  f.  Ttw  convaMoai  thai  prarodad  the 
OiHMination  of  Da  Witt  uid  tlio  triumph  ot  tha  Priueo  of 
flnnca  In  Holluid,  dioro  many  mpocuble  Dutch  fimllioo 
Aaa  Ihair  nalln  load.  MaM  of  tbew  eillei  relirad  to  North 
MMilea.  Sonaiani,  a  member  of  tha  Siaieo  Oenaral,  had 
■ataedid  to  laflaad  wttk  lUa  rlaw  whan  ha  wtsoTanikan 
1^  the  aangnlnaijr  faiy  of  iha  Onngt  far^llDn,  and  murdered 
t^  UWit  amlaaariaa  ii  he  arai  ridlnc  with  Rohart  BarcUjr,  tha 
amtwr,  in  the  nelghhonood  of  London.  Ilia  faroilr  howenr, 
daalp  naahal  Mew  Janey.   S.fultb,IU 


IMa  pMVMao  M  a  aanamanaa,  mil  had  annhoaad  II  al 
V0  pVMO  Of  Many  ihoaaiHM  ponnda,  and  had  aaan  aM* 
aaangad  M  do  why  the aaearanaMafpnlaeiiow  which 
Ihay  had  laaaiaad  IVom  bintMlf  i  that  ihey  had  ainady 
Mat  thither  Mf  eral  handrade  af  people  from  Scotland  ; 
and  thai,  if  ll  aranid  ba  MtiafaalorT  lo  hia  majealy,  they 
wauld  bnmadiataly  pnpaM  lathe  New  JeiMyaoMmbly 
10  impoeo  tho  nmo  laaae  than  that  wan  paid  b*  Iha 
peapla  of  Now  York.  They  entnatad  that  if  any 
changa  ahouM  ba  made  in  iha  aanditian  of  Ihair  pn>- 
vinee,  it  might  ba  conAned  lo  an  union  of  Eaal  and 
Wael  Jeraay  in  one  juriadielion,  to  ba  ruled  by  a  go- 
aernor  whom  the  king  mijrbl  NJeal  ftom  the  bigdy  of 
prawlalariaa.  [1687.*]  Bui  Jamea  waa  Inaiomhle, 
and  to  their  nmaoeuanca  gave  no  other  anawer  than 
Ihal  ha  had  datarminad  lo  unite  ibe  Jerwya  with  New 
Yaik  aad  iha  New  England  alalaa  in  ana  ganani  go- 
aarnmant  daoandant  on  the  cnwn  and  to  bo  adminia- 
tend  bf  Anoroe.  Finding  it  impo«ibla  lu  dlTart  him 
dram  hia  arbitrary  purpoM,  Ibo  propriolariae  of  Eaal 
Jaraay  wan  ao  far  Maarted  of  apiril  and  dignity,  M  not 
onl*  to  abandon  a  hopalew  eontetl  for  the  privilagea  of 
their  F'lopla,  but  eran  lo  facilitate  the  eirauiion  of  the 
king'a  daaigna  aninal  Ihcm,  aa  Iba  price  nf  hia  coneanl- 
ing  lo  reepotil  Ineir  own  private  property  in  Ibe  colonial 
jau.  Thar  made  a  formal  aurrander  of  Ihair  paMnt  on 
Ihia  condition  i  and  aa  Jamaa  agned  to  accept  it,  iha 
proeeedinge  in  the  quo  warraulo  prareaa  were  no  longer 
aaeded  for  Eaal  Jeney,  and  ware  even  aoapandad  with 
regard  to  the  weelern  territory,  aeeiiig  no  reaiatanca 
oppoaed  lo  hie  will,  tha  king  waa  the  laaa  intani  on  con- 
lummating  hia  tC(|uialtioo ;  and  while  the  grant  of  the 
aoil  lo  Iba  propriotarine,  which  waa  naeaaaary  for  thia 
purjioaa,  alill  remained  uneieculad.  the  eom|it*iion  of 
Iha  deaign  waa  abrubtly  intercepted  by  the  Britith  nvo- 
lulion. 

Although  Iha  proprietary  gOTammenIa  in  New  Jerwy 
wan  praeer*ed  tor  a  time  from  diiaolution  by  ihia  event, 
Ihey  navar  afiarwarda  attained  a  ante  of  vigor  or  effi- 
ciency. Robert  Barclay,  who  aeema  never  lo  have  bean 
diveelad  of  tho  government  of  Eaal  Jeraey,  died  in 
1660 ;  but  no  Iracea  of  hie  adminialntion  an  to  ba 
found  after  tho  year  1688 ;  and  from  thence  till  1606, 
it  ia  aaeartad  by  Chalman  Ihal  no  government  at  all 
aiiatad  in  New  JerMy.  Tha  peace  of  llie  country  waa 
nreaarved,  and  tha  proaperity  of  ita  inhabllanta  pramoled 
w  their  own  houMly,  eobnely,  and  induatry.  Almoal 
aU  the  original  propriatarlai  of  both  provincea  had  in 
Iha  OMan  lima  diapoaad  of  ihair  iulereeu  lo  recent  pur- 
ebaaan  ;  and  Iha  praprielar)[  aaaociaiiona  had  become 
w  numaroua  and  lo  nuctuating,  that  their  proeeedinge 
wen  deprived  of  proper  concert  and  ateadineaa,  and 
their  authority  poaieiaed  neither  the  itiapocl  nor  llie 
affection  of  iba  people.  The  appointment  of  new  pro- 
prietary govemon  in  1608,  waa  the  eomnienccmeni  of 
a  miIm  of  diaputea,  intrigue*,  and  viciaailudoa  of  office, 
which  in  a  aociety  mora  numeroua  or  leaa  virtuooa 
would  probably  have  been  attended  with  civil  war  and 
bloodahod.  The  government  of  New  York,  which  from 
ila  dependence  on  the  crown,  waa  eneouraged  by  King 
William  to  arrogate  a  pre-eminence  over  the  neighbor- 
ing chartered  coloniea,  aaemed  lo  have  thought  thia  a 
favorable  opportunity  of  nviving,  and  even  eitending, 
ila  ancient  prelenaiona  in  New  Jorwy,  whow  inhabll- 
anta leamod  with  equal  aurpriM  and  indignation  that 
Iha  aaMmbly  of  Now  York  had  included  iMin  in  a  tai- 
ation  which  it  impoaed  on  ite  own  conatituenta.  Thia 
attempt,  however,  wm  not  man  tucecMful  than  the 
other  inelancM  in  which  New  York  made  aimilar  efforte 
lo  oaurp  an  undue  authority.    A  complaint  to  the  Engliah 

Kveinment  on  tbie  luhject  waa  nlerrcd  to  the  crown 
vyera,  who  delivered  an  opinion  that  produced  ao 
abandonment  of  the  protenaiona  of  New  York.f  [  1607] 
At  leivjith  the  dingreementa  between  the  varioue  pro- 
priatanM  and  their  reapective  adheranu  attained  auch  a 
Might,  and  wan  proouctivo  of  so  much  aehiam  and 
canfuaion,  that  it  waa  aometimea  difficult,  if  not  impoe- 
aible,  for  the  people  to  tell  in  which  of  two  or  morn  rival 
pntenden  lo  authority  the  legal  adminialration  waa 
ttnly  invMtad.t    Numenoa  compUinta  of  the  inconve- 


nience occMionMl  by  Ihie  Mala  of 
diaaaed  by  iha  inhabiunia  af  the  Jaraaya  W  Iha  WMk 
roan  i  and  the  proprirUriN  ihamaalvaa,  Indbig  iImI 
Ihair  Mignoral  functiona  landed  aniy  lo  dielaih  the  paMt 
af  Ihair  larrilariaa.  and  lo  obeirael  ihair  awn  aaMM- 
menu  m  ownon  of  the  aoil,  bMrkenad  willing.y  M  as 
overtun  fitom  the  Engliah  minialan  for  a  MiraadM  al 
Ihair  powan  of  oovernmonl  lo  the  erowa.  Tnie  mh 
nudar  wm  Anafly  amngtd  and  aflaclad  hi  iha  com* 
menetmant  of  the  nign  of  Qumo  Anno,  who  pfoiiida< 
forlhwilh  la  rannita  Eael  and  Weet  Joreev  bile  oM 
pnvince,  and  lo  commit  iha  gevarnmaal  of  it,  m  wot 
•a  of  Now  York,  to  hn  kiaMaaa,  Edward  Hyde,  Lead 
Cwnbury.'  (1708] 

Tha  cammiMlM  and  InalraeliaM  wUak  iMa  itaal^ 
man  rMelved  aa  hie  daaarlan  IkaM  Englaad,  praaaM 
an  abaliMl  of  tho  coneMvlion  and  civil  aula  af  New 
JerMy  frem  the  rMomplion  of  iu  ehariar  till  tha  period 
when  it  ceeaad  lo  ba  a  Brhiah  piovfoaa.  The  locM 
govemmeni  waa  appointed  U  eenaiel  of  a  govainor  and 
twelve  eouncillon  nominated  by  iha  arawn,  and  af  • 
houM  of  aaMmUy,  ceneieting  of'lwenly-four  memherai 
lo  be  elMled  by  the  people.  Tho  Mealena  af  Ihia  aa> 
Mmbly  wan  lo  ba  hcM  altamtuly  in  Eaal  and  Waal 
Jerarjr.  None  wen  capable  of  vating  for  raprcMnlo* 
livM  in  Ibe  ammbly  but  pertnna  pocMMing  an  hundra4 
Mna  of  lan'l,  or  perMnal  property  to  the  value  uf  Ally 
pounda  i  and  none  wen  eligiMe  liut  panana  poaaHainf 
a  thouMiid  acrm  of  land,  or  paraonal  property  worw 
Ave  hundred  pounds.  The  lawe  enaclad  by  the  coanel 
and  asMmblv  wan  subiMl  to  Ibe  negative  of  the  gi^ 
veraor  i  but  if  passed  by  him,  Ihay  wen  le  be  iinm^ 
dialely  iniismilted  to  England,  when  Ihey  wen  lo  ba 
Amlly  affirmed  or  dinvowed  by  the  crown.  Tha  go- 
vernor waa  am|iowored  lo  raspmd  any  af  tha  mainbara 
of  council  fnm  their  functiona,  and  lo  All  up  vactnelM 
oceurriiig  among  them  by  dMth ;  and,  wilh  aanaani  a< 
thia  bodv,  lo  constitute  courts  of  law,  lo  appaint  all 
civil  snd  miliury  offlcen,  and  lo  amphqr  Ibe  wrtM  a< 
the  pnvince  in  hoMililiaa  agalMl  puhlie  enemiM.  T« 
the  aaMmbly  iheru  wm  lo  be  eommuniealad  the  roya 
dMin,  that  it  shouM  impOM  sufficient  uiM  lo  tflord  a 
compeuni  Mlair  to  tha  governor,  lo  dofrav  Ihe  nlariM 
of  iu  own  memben  and  of  Uie  mamban  at  council,  and 
lo  aupuon  all  tha  olher  pnvincial  ntablishmvnU  aial 
eapenoilun ;  the  prcKriMid  atyla  of  all  money  billa 
being,  that  the  sums  coiiuined  in  ihcm  wen  gnnlaA 
lo  the  erown,  with  the  humble  desin  of  Ihe  aaMmbl*, 
Ihal  they  might  be  applied  for  the  banaAl  of  llie  pro- 
vince ;  and  all  monies  w  raised  wen  lo  be  paid  inM 
Ihe  hands  of  the  nceiver  of  the  province  till  the  royal 
pleasura  should  be  sIgiilHed  with  rogsrd  to  Ihair  dio- 
Iriliution.  The  former  propr'etaries  of  the  province 
ware  conArmd  in  their  rights  to  Ihe  eaUtas  and  quit 
rr nis  which  they  hsd  fonnerly  snjoyed )  end  rone  but 
they  Slid  their  sgentt  snd  surveyon  were  to  be  euf- 
fend  to  purchaM  land  from  the  Indiana.  Liliertjf  af 
conieienca  wM  assured  lo  sll  men,  eicepi  papiata, 
Quakera  wore  declaied  lo  be  eligible  lo  every  office, 
and  ibeir  affirmation  accepted  in  lieu  of  the  customary 
uths.  The  governor  was  invMled  wilh  the  pnsciiie- 
lion  to  all  ecck'siastical  beneSces.  H*  wse  required 
to  give  partienlai  encoursgrment  to  all  minialcra  oi 
nligion  in  connciion  wilh  tho  church  of  Eiiglsiid,  and 
10  "  Uke  ea|iecial  nare  that  Ciod  Almighty  be  devoutly 
and  duly  wrved."  It  ia  dvwrving  of  rrgret  rather  than 
of  aurpriao,  to  And  combined  with,  snd  alinoat  in  im- 
medisM  sequence  to  tl,ia  diaplay  of  royal  seal  for  Iha 
interotta  of  religion  aud  tho  honor  of  Qod,  a  reqiiieiliuii 
lo  the  governor,  that,  in  eiicouraging  trade,  1^  should 
give  eapcr.ial  countenance  to  the  Koyal  African  Coin- 
piny  of  England — s  company  that  had  been  inatituled 
for  the  piratical  purpoM  of  kidnap|Hng  or  buying  n» 
groea  in  Africa,  and  nlling  Ihcm  as  staves  in  Ihe  Anie 
rican  snd  Weet  Indian  planutiona.  It  wm  declared 
lo  be  the  intention  of  her  majeaty  "  to  recommend  uiiW 
the  said  company,  that  tha  aaid  province  may  have  s 
constant  and  sufficient  aupply  of  mvKhanubla  negroea 
at  moderate  raMs  ;*'  and  Iha  governor  wm  requirad  ta 


*  This  year  the  aasambly  of  Eaat  Jersey,  convdnod  at  Perth 
Amboy,  crantad  a  tax  of  a  penny  In  the  pound  on  aitataa  lo 
enable  the  fovemor  of  New  Torli  to  rape)  a  Ihreatened  Inva- 
•fon,  "  because  the  iilnf  had  Instructed  Mm  to  vatt  uit  other 
pravtncaa  for  aid  In  case  ha  waa  Invaded."  State  Papers  spud 
Chi — 


t  Sir  John  Hawlaa  and  Sir  CreiswsU  Levlniweratha  law- 
yers consulted  on  this  occasion.  The  opinion  tliey  delivered 
was  "  that  no  cuatoma  could  be  imposed  on  the  people  of  tha 
Jaraaya,  otherwiie  than  by  act  of  parliament  or  their  own 


i  JObedlcnce  was  refuied  by  a  com Iderable  party  to  one 
governor,  becatue  It  waa  doubted  Ifa  majr^rlty  of  the  proprle- 
urias  had  concurred  in  hia  nomination ;  lo  anotlwr,  necaun 
It  was  denied  that  his  sppolntmant  bad  been  raUtted  by  the 


kin(;  to  a  third  (notwithstahdinf  the  precedent  of  Lord  Ne 
Campbell's  appolntmant)  because,  bemt  a  ■cotclimsik  M  wn 
quasiloMd  If  he  wen  lefiUy  capable  ef  holdUii  elhce  w  m 
Bnfflian  colony. 

•  Oldmiion,  '..  147.  *.  Imilh,  MT-m,  and  Aspewl.  M6- 
m.  Cbatraers,  Ml  Male  Papara,  apod  eund.  Ms.  Altheufk 
the  proprietaries  persiated  In  termiiw  this  sumader  a  volun 
ury  act,  aad  aaaartliif  their  rlfiit  to  nave  ralalned  Uie  pivera 


mem  If  they  had  pleated  so  to  do,  Ihey  appear  to  have  I 
swayed  in  some  meaaure  by  the  threat  of  an  eipenalve  warn 
with  the  crown,  which  had  determined  la  brinf  Ike  vaWly 


of  thair  prewhsionB  to  trial.  In  the  bislrament  ef  enmnder, 
the  queen,  while  she  declares  her  eraclou  acceplaiwe  of  the 
powera  resigned  to  her  by  tha  propnetaiias,  eiprest.)  leAma 
to  acknowledge  that  iImm  puwera  ever  Ugally  baJscgM  ta 
ttwm. 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


I  Qiiit 
kImI 


•I  in  ia> 
il  fnr  tiM 
imjuwillMi 
^  ihouM 
rican  Coiif 
n  iiittilutei 
bujring  ii» 
tM  Aroe 
I  ilccUn4 
imeiHl  uiiW 
i]f  htf  t  • 
I  nsgnw* 
raquindu 

of  LonlN* 
IRIWh  H  wu 
•Act  IB  ■■ 


AlUiMfh 

ravolon 

IIMfuirua 

thtvt  bM* 


I  <  j|y  M  hUU  «Wl**«r  tnfi|*mmw 
iMk  iIm  atmfmif.  H*  wu  furilwr 
■MnttSl  (•  «■■•  •  li«  la  to  ptMcd  lor  mtraining 
Wmidwi  nfvfiljr  I*  ■!•?••,  laj  iitMbing  ■  npitti  |ni- 
■I  !•  Ito  wUfttI  muito  of  tiMm ;  tiiil  lo  lake 
I  in  kit  powtr  lo  pramott  ikt  eunvtrtion  of 
ntam  pertant  to  Uit  elirittiin  ftlih.  All  print-  j 
Mf  m»»  pranibiltd  in  Iht  proriiwe  witboul  i  lictiwt 
Ma  Ibt  gof  tmoc.  In  til  Itw-auiu  wlitra  tha  tuir  ' '  j 
rftftadwwt  tntadtl  an  kandml  iwumlt,  in  tppet^  j 
araa  adiiitla4  ham  Ito  piovincitl  count  to  ito  govinior  j 
amt  eaoaail:  tad  wton  Ito  turn  axcttdtd  Iwoliundrtd  i 


a  Aiittor  appaai  wat  eonipaltnt  10  Iba  privy 
aaamil  tt  Engliad. 

Tto  Intlraeliont  to  Lord  Oomburjr  conuin  railantad 
iMinatiana  of  Ito  (juaan't  tlncaia  daaira  lo  praoiola 
paaaa.  Iraaqoillitjr  and  eonltntnwnl,  among  tor  Ama- 
ikan  aubjaau  i  but  ihit  dotira  aceoidtd  aa  ill  with  ito 
dlapailtiwi  and  qualiSeationa  of  ito  individaal  lo  whom 
rfw  ramittad  ila  accompliahmant,  aa  har  aaiiaty  to  mi- 
ligita  Ito  a«ili  or  tiararjr  will  to  thought  to  do  with 
tor  aamett  andtt«or  lo  difliita  Ihit  miachiaToua  inati- 
lulion  mora  widaly  in  tor  dominiont.  Of  the  etoraetcr 
and  coiidncl  of  I<ord  Comburjr  wa  hara  alraady  tttn  a 

Saeimtn  in  ito  bitlorjr  o(  New  York.  If  tto  |iaopla  at 
tw  JaraajF  tod  latt  raaaon  to  complain  of  him,  il  waa 
only  baciuia  hia  arooaliona  at  New  York  eom|iallad 
bim  gam  rally  to  dalegaia  hia  funetiont  in  Iht  other  pro- 
vinea  to  a  doputjr ;  tnd  bectuta  tha  Toiaritt  of  hit 
lavorita  inalitution,  tha  ehurch  of  England,  ware  loo 
few  ia  New  Jaraar,  and  partopa  ton  tonett  and  unim- 
bittout,  to  alRird  him  tto  malarlala  of  a  faction  whoaa 
Inttnimanlaliljr  to  might  employ  in  opproatingand  plan- 
faring  tha  rati  of  the  eommuniljr.  Hit  ditlinguithad 
•ama  tnd  tank,  hit  natr  ralalianinip  to  tto  qnaen,  and 
Ito  adtrantaga  ha  derived  from  appearing  aa  tto  aubali- 
tale  of  a  govamment  which  had  beeomo  univerttlly  un- 
popular, atve  him  at  Aral  in  influence  with  tto  paopla 
af  New  Jeraey,  which  a  roan  of  grealar  virtue  might 
Wva  rendered  highly  conducive  lo  ttoir  felicity,  and  a 
■an  of  grealar  ability  might  tova  improved  to  the  aub- 

{ogatlon  of  their  apirit,  ami  the  diminution  of  their 
itorty.  But  all  tto  illutiont  ttot  attended  hia  outaet 
■■ang  ttom  ware  epeedily  ditpalltd  by  acquaintanoa 
t*ith  hia  eharaeler,  aiid  eiperience  of  hia  tdminitirttion. 
From  tto  period  of  hit  ippointmint  till  hit  deprivailun 
afodke,  Ito  hitloiv  of  New  Jeraey  cantirlt  of  lillla 
alaa  iton  a  dalail  af  the  miterthle  tquabblea  in  whicli 
to  involved  himaalf  with  the  colonial  tttambliea  ;  and 
•  piolara  af  tto  apirit  and  ratolution  with  which  they 
laautad  hia  arbitrary  violanea,  condainnml  hia  partial 
dialritolian  of  luatiee,  and  expoeed  hia  frtuduleni  mit- 
■apiiealion  of  tha  publio  money.  Afker  repealed  com- 
plainle,  tto  quean  waa  ooinpalled  lo  taurifice  him  to  ito 
■Biverml  indignation  which  he  had  provoked  ;  but  not 
lUI  to  tod  vary  afleelually,  Itough  mint  unintrnlionally, 
aonlritolad,  by  a  wholaaome  ditcipline,  to  awaken  atid 
fertify  a  vigoroua  and  vigilant  apirit  of  litorty,  in  two 
•f  Ito  eolotiiaa  which  were  moal  immediately  aubjected 
to  tto  influence  of  the  crown.  He  waa  anperaeded,  in 
ITM.  by  Lord  Lovelace,  wto  waa  at  the  aaino  time 
•ppoinled  hie  eucceiaor  in  the  government  of  New 

Ilia  illraetiona  which  tto  neightoring  province  of 
Pennaylvania  piaaenled  to  the  Engtiah  qiitkera,  and  ihu 
eeaeation  whicn  tto  Britiah  nvolution  produced  of  Ito 
aaitritiae  that  tod  driven  to  many  proteattnt  diaaeutera 
fltam  both  England  and  Scotlann,  undoubtedly  pr»- 
vaolad  Ito  |iopulation  of  New  Jeraey  from  advancing 
with  tto  rapiditv  which  ila  iiicreate  at  one  period  teemed 
lu  toloken.  Yet,  tt  the  clota  uf  the  icventeenth  cen- 
tury, the  provinea  it  taid  lo  tove  conuined  twenty 
Itouaand  inhabilania,  of  wtom  twelve  Itoueand  be- 
•Mgid  to  Eaat,  tnd  eight  Ihouaaod  lo  Weal  Jeraey.f 
Il  ia  mora  probable  ttot  Ito  total  papulation  amounted 
lo  atout  Allean  itouaand  peraona  The  great  bulk  of 
ttom  weia  quakera,  praelqplariana,  and  anatoptiala. 
The  militia  of  Eaat  Jertay  amounted,  at  thit  period,  to 
1,400  men.  Thara  wen  two  ehurch  of  England  mini- 
atera  in  tto  provinea;  tot  ttoir  followara  wen  not  tuf- 
fleiently  nnmaioaa  and  waailhjr  to  provide  ttom  with 
chnnbaa.  Naw  Janay  ia  aaid  lo  tova  witneeeed  an 
ally  lang  aubaietaiiea  of  variatiea  of  national 


lotlto 


•  ■.  Snltb,  rtk  Ua.  •*  I  eonrata,"  tajrt  OMmiion  in  the 
U  edWan or  Ui  work,  "It  |lvaa  ma  a  iKtl  ilaal  or  pain  In 
wilUaf  Uila  hlatory,  lo  tee  what  tort  of  fovemora  I  mael 
vrMi  III  Ito  planttuotia." 

*  Warden^  aaltma:*  or  the  population  la  much  lower.  Ha 
ai|a  (ft  «),  thai  aatU  Ute  peace  of  Cirelcht  in  1711,  the  pro- 
" pilimd  aiore  than  ltfi»  InlialiltanU.    But 

ttt*  pavince  evincea  (nat  na|U(ance  and 


rtoraet^  among  ila  intokilaata.  nMriolia  attaekaiaal 
and  mutual  canvenianca  had  gaaaially  indaaad  ito  ami- 
grtnit  from  diflannl  eovawiae  lo  eaWla  ia  diatiaal 
bodiee ;  a  cireuniaiaiiee  which  etrongly  pramoted  aiiMiig 
ttom  Ito  preeeivalioo  of  ttoir  paculiar  national  mannaia 
and  cuaioma.  Kalm,  tto  tnvellor,  kaa  pwaarved  a  very 
agreeable  pielun  of  tto  maonera  and  tobila  of  hie  eeua- 
irymen,  ttia  early  Swedieh  ealooiala  of  New  Jereey  and 
Mlaware.  Ttoy  aeam  to  tove  bean  lata  lanaeioae  of 
ttoir  national  peeuliariliee  Iton  tto  Dutob,  and  to  tove 
copied  very  early  tto  maAnara  of  Ito  Eagtiaik  Nal- 
wittotanding  toma  tymptaou  at  a  luitolaBl  aad  lafkae- 
lofv  diepoeiuon  which  wen  evinced  by  a  portion  of  tto 
Kaet  Jereey  populalion  daring  tto  aahaiaionca  af  tto 
pieptietary  govenmenl,  a  much  man  naaaoabla  and 
modaiala  tampar  eeeaw  lo  tova  gtneiaHy  aliaiaelariaad 
Ito  people  of  both  paiM  of  Ito  nailed  piDvinea;  wtonaf 
a  Miong  teelimooy  ie  albrdtd  in  ito  batmaoy  ttot 
attended  ttoir  onion  by  tto  act  af  tto  arown  ia  ITQt, 
aad  which  aviM  tha  policy  of  eoeh  a  pnmolar  af  di» 
aord  aa  Laid  Carntory  waa  unable  lo  dieluib.  Tkangb 
tapantad  from  eaeh  other  by  diOanocaa  of  nligioua 
denomination,  Ito  inhabiMnu  of  tto  eaatarn  and  weelara 
lerrilariaa  wen  etnmgly  aaeimilaled  by  Ito  tobita  of 
induetry  and  ftugality  pec'Uiar  lo  tto  national  ctoraclar 
of  the  Scotch,  and  tto  eaetarian  diacipline  of  the  qua- 
kera; and  Ito  prtvalanea  of  theea  habita,  doubtlaea, 
eootritoted  lo  OHinlain  liaaquUlily  and  harmony  among 
tto  lovenl  racaa  of  paopla.  Yet  ttoy  were  alwaya 
diatiaguiahad  by  Ito  elaadineaa  and  ardor  of  their 
aitachmant  to  liberty,  and  a  promptitude  lo  aaaart  ihaaa 

rirom  prineiplea  which  had  toan  ineorponled  with 
Aral  foviidation  of  politieal  aoeiaty  in  New  Jeney. 
It  ia  diaagnaabia  lo  nmamtor,  ttot  thia  manly  appra- 
eialion  of  ttoir  own  rigfala  waa  not  alwaya  aeaompanied 
with  a  piopoctiontto  conaidenlion  of  tto  riimle  of 
otton.  Negro  tlavery  wae  aelabliahad  in  Naw  Jeraey ; 
Itoogb  at  wtol  pracita  period,  or  by  wtot  elaaa  of  tto 
plantaia,  it  wae  Sral  introduced,  I  tova  net  baan  able 
to  aecaitain.  Inepitaof  Ito  royal  palraoaga  which  wa 
tove  betold  thie  tonaftd  ivttem  lacaiva,  it  never 
attained  mon  Iton  a  very  inaignifleant  aitani  of  prava- 
lanca  througtoul  tto  tarritonr.  Even  tto  qnaton  in 
thia  province,  aa  well  aa  in  nnnaylvtnii,  baeama  pn- 
prietora  of  alavee ;  but  ttoir  traatmant  of  Itom  waa 
alwaya  diatinguiabed  by  a  humanity  ttot  nndend 
alavety  little  elaa  iton  a  naroa ;  and  ao  early  aa  Ito 
year  1698,  tto  quakera  of  Now  Jeraey  united  with 
ttoir  brethren  in  Pennaylvania  in  recommending  to 
Ito  inembcn  of  their  own  aact  to  deaiat  ftom  tto  em- 
ployment, or  at  loaat  from  tto  farther  importation,  ol 
alavee,  Thia  intareating  tubiect  will  demand  mora 
panioular  conaidention  in  the  hiatory  of  Pennaylvania. 
New  Jeraey  had  been  for  aome  time  in  poaaaaaion  of 
an  increaaiiig  trade ;  but  of  iu  eitent  at  thia  period  no 
aceunte  ettunale  can  to  formed.  lit  expotle  con- 
aiated  of  agriculliinl  produce  including  rice),  vrith 
which  it  eupidied  tto  Weal  India  iaiinda ;  fura,  akina, 
and  a  little  tobacco  for  the  Engliah  market ;  and  oil, 
Aah,  and  other  proviaiona,  which  wen  cent  to  Spain, 
Portugal,  aiid  tlio  Canary  iaiee.  Bloma,  whoae  account 
of  ihr  American  proviiicea  waa  publithed  in  1686,  aaya, 
ttot  tto  town  of  Burlington  even  Iton  gave  uromiaa  of 
becoming  a  place  of  coiiaiderable  trade.  The  ttateli- 
neaa  uf  tto  public  edlAcea,  and  tto  comfort  and  ale- 
gtiica  or  the  pnvata  dwellingc  Itot  eompoted  thit 
toWn,  aro  highly  commended  by  a  writer  whoee  iccounl 
of  (to  province  waa  publiabad  atout  ten  yeare  later 
than  tto  work  of  Blame.  Il  poeeaaaed  already  t  thriv- 
ing manufactory  of  linen  and  wooton  cloth.  [M]  Thia 
nunuftcture,  which  wat  alao  introduced  into  Pennayl- 
vania by  aoma  of  tto  eatliaal  coloniau  of  thia  province, 
togan  eo  eoon  to  eicile  tto  jealouay  of  the  parent  elate, 
ttot  m  Ito  year  16S9  an  act  of  parliament  waa  paaaed 
prohibiting  Ito  axporlalion  of  wool  and  woollen  manu- 
faoturaa  hom  tto  American  coloniet,  under  i  penilty 
of  Ave  hundred  poundt  for  etcb  oflaata,  in  addition  to 
tto  fotfeitun  of  tto  ihip  and  eaigo. 

It  it  lUaged  by  wme  writaia^  ttot,  till  a  vary  late 
period,  the  inbabiltnia  of  Now  Jaitay  evinced  t  general 
neglect  of  educalioa,  and  lodiflennoe  to  all  improve- 
mant  in  Ito  arte  of  life,  and  particularly  in  ttoir  eyatem 
of  agricultural  lator.  Thia  nproach  ia  aaid  to  tova 
baan  mon  eapecially  merited  by  tto  deeeendanta  of  tto 
DnWh  eetllen.  Yat  Ito  college  of  Princeton  waa 
founded  eo  early  aa  the  year  17SB ;  the  people  tova 
alwaye  enjoyed  a  high  rapuuiion  for  piety,  induatry, 
oeonomy,  and  good  moral* ;  end  no  community,  oven 
in  North  America,  haa  wilnaeaad  a  wider  diffuaion, 
aaMMig  all  claaaae  of  ila  inhabilania,  of  the  comfoita  and 
eoiivaiiiaocae  of  life.  It  baa  been  noted  aa  a  aiiigalar 
paculianty  in  their  iBtnaafB,  ttot  wonen  iu  tbui  tiata 


tova  alwaya  aagmaiad  a  eaaridmblt  ilmta  h  tto  pi—i 
lice  af  tto  madwal  art,  and,  aiaapl  In  aaaea  af  gMM 
difflcuh*  and  Imporunea.  tova  baan  tto  aniy  phyaiiaM 
wtom  tlM  intobitania  tova  bad  laaaurM  lo.* 

It  waa  a  Ibnanata  einumetanea  for  tto  inhabilania  of 
thie  province,  ttot  Ito  Indian  tribae  in  tbato  naighbaa- 
hood  wan  far  IVom  numaraae,  end  wan  ahaaai  alwaya 
willing  to  culllvaia  a  friendly  niatioa  with  Ito  Eata 
peana.  Tto  gmviiy,  aimpiieily,  and  eoonoey  af  aoakar 
mannara,  aeam  lo  tove  bean  partienlart*  aeeaptabla  m 
theae  eavagra.  An  bietarian  af  Naw  Janay  baa  m»- 
aerved  an  acaaoal  of  a  viail  paid  by  an  aid  ladiaa  fcioa 
lo  Ito  intoWtaMt  af  BoTUaftaa,  in  tto  vaar  1M£ 
Being  attacked  with  a  aofiai  diaardar,  iIm  aid  maa 
eent  for  Ito  heir  af  hia  anihoiily,  and  daUvaiad  lo  Vm 
a  ebaiga  nplaU  with  pndaai  aad  laaaaaabli  maaiaw. 
Themaa  Dodd,  a  qaakar,  and  aoa  af  tto  peapiialaiiaa  o.' 
Ito  province,  baiag  pnaaM  aa  thie  tiliam  aataiiin. 
•'  look  Ito  oppaMuaiw  lo  laaaib,  Ihal  Itoio  wat  a 
gnat  Ood  wtoeioalad  all  ihiaga;  ikal  to  gava  aun 
an  undaiataadingaf  wtol  waa  gaad  and  had ;  aad  allat 
Ihia  life  nwaidad  Ito  gaad  with  Maaiiiy ,  aad  Ito  bad 
aaeording  to  Ihoir  demft.  Tto  king  aaawand,  Il  ia 
vary  tnia,  il  ia  to ;  Iton  an  Iwa  wayt,  a  biaad  and  a 
alrait  way  ;  than  an  two  pathe.  a  btaad  aad  a  einit 
path  I  tto  worat  aad  tto  gnalaet  namhtt  go  ia  Ito 
bnod,  Ito  beet  end  feweel  in  Ito  einil  path."    Thia 


king  dying  aaon  aftarwatda,  waa  atundad  M  hia  giava^ 
ia  tha  ouaton'  torial-plaaa  ia  Boilinglaa,  wiik  ao- 
lamnity,  by  ito  Indiana  in  ttoir  i 


napeet  by  many  of  tto  Englieh  ealttan. 

Iif  tto  year  1696,  tto  govarnor'e  telary  i 
My  waa  IIM. ;  in  Weel  Jeraey  SMM.    In  ITOi,  wha« 


theea  two  provineee  had  bean  united  into  oao  atala.  a 
bill  waa  peattd  for  raiting  bv  lax  MOOf.  par  innam  fei 
tto  luppoct  of  government :  but  it  doea  not  appeal  what 
propoftMm  of  thie  turn  wie  lUoltad  lo  tto  govaraar. 

BOOK  VII. 
PINinTLVANU  AND  DKUWAU. 
OH/kPTER    I. 
■rth  end  (AaracMr  oT  WUUam  Pann-Be  aollelU  a  Oram  af 
Amarlcaa  Tatriiofy  Ihmi  Charlaa  tl<a  Saeoad— ClMitar  a< 
Penaaylvanla— OHeet  and  Meantnc  of  Ike  Ciaaaee  pecallai 
to  Ikia  Clianar-ln(Uvli  aad  Anarican  Optolona  Ikareoo— 
Penii'a  Kllbita  lo  paopla  Ua  Teiritoriet-iaiiifatlofl  of 
Quakera  lo  I  ha  Pronnco— Letter  rro«  Falin  to  tha  Indiana— 
nnnt  tnl  fttuat  of  Oovommant  l6rUio  Pnvlau— Onal 
of  Palawan  by  Ike  Duke  of  York  to  Feno— wko  aalla  faf 
Ainartca— Ilia  Jojrful  ncaptlon  than— Numoraua  Bmlfra 


tlona  to  the  Provinea— Flmt  LejlilallTa  Aaaamlily— Pm» 

Brlvantt  and  Dalawara  anilad— Contravartjr  with  Lord  Bti- 
more— Traair  with  the  Indiana— locood  AaMnikly— new 
Frame  of  Oovammant  adoptod— Philadalphla  rounded— 
Paiin'a  Raturo  to  gnglaod   and  FanwaU  to  Ua  Ftofte. 

WiLLua  Paiia,  eo  nnowned  it  a  patriarch  and 
ctompion  of  tto  tioatora,  and  a  founder  of  eivilixad 
aoeiaty  in  North  America,  waa  tto  aoa  of  Itot  naval 
commander  who,  under  the  protaetorata  of  Cromwell, 
enltrgod  tto  Britiah  dominiona  by  tto  conquaal  of  Ja- 
maica. Thia  waa  tha  Aral  colony  which  tod  been  ac- 
quired by  tto  Engliah  armt.  New  York  waa  tto  next : 
for  Aeadia,  Itough  eonqouad  in  the  interim  by  Crom- 
well'i  foreee,  did  not  Iton  hacoroa  an  Engliih  eettle 
ment,  ard  waa  aumodered  by  Chariee  the  Second, 
eoon  after  hia  natoration.  It  ia  anoltor  example  of  tto 
atnnga  concaleoatioo  of  human  aflaiit,  ttot  tto  aecond 
inatanca  of  the  aequiaition  of  a  colony  by  tto  Brititk 
armt,  thould  tova  been  tto  meane  of  introducing  tto 
eon  of  tto  Aral  conqueror,  aa  a  quator  colonial  and  a 
preactor  of  peace,  in  Ameiici. 

Hit  bttor,  wto  aiierwarda  attained  the  dignity  ol 
knighthood,  and  tto  aution  of  an  admiral,  waa  tha 
daaoendant  of  a  reepacUble  EngUth  ftmily.  Devoting 
himaalf  to  tto  naval  aarviea  of  hia  eoontry  in  Ito  com- 
mencement of  Ito  civil  wart,  to  amhraead  Iba  eaoaa 
of  tha  parliament,  and  tubaequently  adtored  to  tto  fe^ 
tunet  of  Cromwell.  From  an  inferior  rank  in  Ito  eer- 
vice  of  theea  authnritiaa,  to  waa  promoted  to  a  digni- 
Aed  aad  important  command,  ami  enjoyed  a  eonaidm- 
hie  degraa  of  favor  with  tto  Protector  till  tto  feihin  of 
the  expedition  which  to  conducted  againtt  St.  Do- 
mingo. Il  ia  aaaailed  very  dacidedly  by  aoma  hial» 
riana,  and  aapceially  by  all  tto  qoator  wnlara,  Itol  Ihia 
ditaalat  waa  oeeaMoaad  by  tto  fault  of  VenaMaa,  who 


•Wtrdea,U.M  Whether  tUeaaafe  waa  the  elkcler  Ito 
cauae  oT  tka  nmarkabia  kealtklnaaa  of  Ito  people  of  New 
Jeraej.wUI  admit  of  a  doubt.  BulltaMybentaidedaalto 
ajraplom  of  a  nmarkab.'a  dairea  of  napact  iar  the  faawla 
aai.  or  lUa  Mntimant  aaothar  very  alnguiar  teitlinonr  waa 
aftMdad  even  ao  late  aa  ito  commcneamant  ef  Ito  nliianialh 
century,  lijr  a  law  which  axunded  tto  eUct«ra  ftanchtaa  ia 
Now  Jeraar  to  woman.  Tha  Naw  Janay  woaMa.  kowavm 
ahowoU  Uiamwlvaa  worthy  or  tha  reepect  of  their  ae«aa» 
awn,  by  geaeraUy  dacUiuiw  to  avail  iSaattlvaa  af  MMlW-, 
poalarona  proof  of  IL 


THC  nitTORT  OP 


' '   '   '  ~        kM  Oi— wiW,  wk*  ■•• 


W  MpMHd  M  lw«*  4mm,  WW  m  fct  ham  ua/tMuf 
*•  iliiinl  of  MiM  Um  Im  iMftlMiMd  him  in  llM 
TawM,  w4  Bwrw  ■narrai^  iniiMtmi  bim  wllk  injr 
y«M«  iflw-  lliii  (manwiaiiM,  p«riw|w,  conwibu- 
M  Ut  W*  fcvar  «rlikh  h*  mjojrtat  it  court  ilkn  the 
MaMnllwi  «<Mn  b*  MiopM  not  lo  UMpl  honor 
•imI  tiooloyimot  horn  •  gOTomwwt  iImi  «igimtiM<l 
Um  Mrrloo  In  wkMi  ko  baa  boon  provieuilt  oniogoil, 
b*  ibo  laonlu  il  boooiJ  wi  iho  minutt  of  Btako.*  Il 
to  tUofri  by  BMNpBwMt,  IkM  ho  otNalnod  Ibo  Mood- 
ikb  of  tka  Date  of  Yoik,  »Mi  orboM  bo  oommomM 
•I  iio  to  liM  DoMk  war  of  IM5,  bjr  avbUai  Mm  lo 
•faM  a  laaawiJ  aaltoa  wilb  Iba  aaowy'o  loot,  wiiboai 
hatiM  aaaiMd  M  4aaltoa  It.  Oibar  wiliaia,  mm!  awa- 
atoHjr  Ibaaa  «ka  btfo  ■■biaiil  iba  tanato,  ar  m 
(bMBMltaa  toMiaaial  to  iba  Imm  af  too  tan,  baoo  ao- 
aanad  liwl  iIm  ateM  ami  Ua  fc*or  with  ibo  ktof 


of  Ma  iwtoiat  fator  tut  atobttoa.  Ha  wao  ianoaobad. 
to  im,  by  Um  Haaaa  af  Oanaaaa,  far  anbaadiaf 
Mtaa  aaiMri  bal,  ftam  aoiM  aonptotood  oiieum- 
aiaaaa,  Um  tovaartMMM  waa  pMMkiaa  to  diap. 

Whalavar  ma  Um  oaoaa  af  tba  oooit  forar  frbiob  bo 
m^fini,  H  waa  aacaatMarahto  ao  to  auUwrioa  Uw  bmoi 
aMilloM  bapaa  af  Um  adraneamaal  af  bii  oim,  and 
waparttoaaHy  to  ambiltar  bto  diaappatolmaol  at  bobold- 
M  Um  aaa  ambiaao  i  piohwion  of  hiUi  wbkb  aub- 
MMd  btoi  nat  only  10  oflklai  dinbUity,  bat  to  Um 
aofaiily  of  poaal  law,  UMdofiiioti  of  eeaition,  iifl  Um 
ilifluiaii  of  Uw  gioal.  Yoang  Pann'a  pradilaalioo 
Ibr  Um  qaahaia,  IM  auilad  by  iba  diasoonoa  of  ono  of 
tboir  lilnoranl  praaakaia,  waa  nMnifcalad  to  tarty,  and 
ariUi  to  HBek  wanaU^  aa  lo  aeooaam  hia  aipabioa  fram 
Ibo  aniMiiily  of  Oilbid  at  Um  tn  of  tiitton.  Hit 
Mmt  tndoo«ofid  lo  |i>o*ail  wiUi  bim  to  •btndon  prin- 
ripUa  and  mtnaoia  ao  iU  eakulatad  to  praiaott  hi* 
wtfldly  ifaadoori  ind,  CnAaf  bit  trmmonit  inollbe- 
•atl,  laanntil  lo  blewt,aiMl  avan  btniiliad  him  flora  bit 
btOM,  wiUi  no  btUtr  iMcl.  Along  wiUi  Ui*  ptculitri- 
Itoa  af  oiMkama,  Um  young  eonvoil  had  ractivad  Uw 
Um  ptafcaad  toipntMaa  ba  had  a*tr  aiptiitnetd  of 
Ibo  truth  aad  impaitanea  of  Ohiittltniiy ;  ind  both 
•010  for  o«ot  inaapanbl*  Uandod  togotbor  in  bit  mind. 
Tbo  liaatmaot  ha  lacairad  Aam  hit  ftUMr,  ttndtd  lo 
fMtiiy  hit  caBTietioo  that  quakaritm  wat  a  ttvivtl  of 
Iktt  puio  ind  pnmillTo  Cbiitlianily  which  wtt  fated  to 
owittina  tbo  dititioa  of  boutoholdt,  and  tho  dittolution 
of  Iho  ilfongotl  titt  of  iwtuni  tllaciion.  The  tdmirti, 
■t  Itnglh,  dovitod  a  melbod  of  tapping  tha  prinoiplet 
wbiehba  eookl  not  OTtilhrow  ;  and,  Tor  thit  puipott, 
tent  bit  tun  to  travtl,  with  tome  young  men  ol  qutlily, 
m  Franca,  then  Iba  gayaat  and  meat  licentioue  country 
of  Europe.  Thie  device,  which  reHecli  little  credit  on 
the  parity  of  Ihit  natuni  affection  by  which  il  wat  tug- 

Cad,  wte  lUtnded  with  tpparent  cucctit.  Qutkor- 
tnd  ChritUtnily  were  cbochnl  alikt,  for  a  time,  in 
ikt  mind  of  Pann,  who  ittumed  lo  hit  gratified  father 
with  Iba  mannara  of  an  elegant  genUemtn,  and  the 
tanUoMnla  of  a  man  of  pitaanra.t  Bat,  hafing  re- 
paired,  in  Iha  year  I6M,  to  Ireland,  to  inepoci  an 
atlala  that  babMued  lo  hit  father  in  thit  coantry,  it  wat 
bara  again  hia  nta  to  meat  with  the  tame  itinerant 
piaachrr  who  ba  ''  impreated  hia  mind  ao  powerfully  ten 
yaara  befoto,  at  lifoid.  Hie  former  tentimente  wan 
aow  reviTod,  wita  deeper  cunvictioo  and  increaud  tetl 
and  energy ;  awl  quickly  produced  a  public,  tolemn, 


•  In  illiMlIni  la  It  <  lilMorr  end  rhiruUr  or  hli  ftlhir,  Wtl- 
«lam  Puiin  Menw  to  have  felt  tt  once  a  natural  •ympetlijr 
witk  Ui  rtpubUctn  bonon,  int  an  unwUUnineM  lo  have  hlin 
csoeldered  an  eitacUte  of  raMblicant,  and  tiittfonitt  of 
ajralty.  "Prom  a  Ueniemnt,"  uye  hu  wn,  "he  pened 
ihfouch  all  tlie  eminent  oHcei  of  Ma  employment,  and  ar- 
dredtii  that  of  leneral  about  the  lUrtlelh  year  of  hie  ate ; 
M  t  time  full  of  the  Ufgaet  pea  acUoni  thai  any  Malory  man- 
tiena  J  tad  whan  neither  brtbei  nor  alliance,  favor  not  alike- 
tlwi,  but  ability  only  coold  enaMCe."  He  add*,  howeverr- 
<*IIe  wat  tnitiad baih yadtr  Ike  parllaweat  tod  king;  but 
■etaeenactorlnlhedaaeitlcuaublea;  hiaooapaaaalwaya 
aleeiiaa  Um  to  eye  a  national  concern,  and  not  tnteallne 
waf*rill*  terrlee,  thereftare,  betng  wholly  foreign,  he  may 
ka  traly  aetd  to  eervehl*  ceaatry,  rather  than  either  of  the** 
hiHieeie^  ao  to  aa  they  were  dlailnct  bom  etch  other." 
Preud'e  HM.  ef  PenneyWuila,  i.  tl,  a.  Oldmlaou  ihua  cha- 
roeteilaea  Ibe  admlinl  — ••  Be  waa  a  atrona  Independent,  and 
ae  eoatlnuat  till  Ibe  ReatoraUou ;  when  fading  religion  and 
Mkerty  at  the  mercy  of  their  enomlea,  be  rerv  quutly  made 
Ito  peace  wllta  King  Cbailae  and  the  Duke  of  York."  Second 
aOdnTLMt. 

t  Te  tacenclle  thn  well-eathenttcated  condnel  of  the  admi- 
ral with  the  InUreet  which  quaker  wittera  have  evinced  in 
OMaoM  ef  Ue  leputatlon,  H  la  necaeaary  to  remember,  that 
ha  W  eaid  taaave  died  a  eonreit  to  quaker  princlplea ;  and  to 
Jwia  iraaheaM  to  rja  aon  that  llM*e  priiiclplaa,  calmly  and 
MMaa  y  aapported,  would  laally  Iriuaiph  ever  all  oppueHloa. 


aOfl  vaaofoio  asavaoMoo  or  om  aoMafOnOo  lo  mo  Moava 
and  oa^ao  of  wo  qaabiw.  In  tata  waea  Ma  IbUNt'e 
toaMMOoa  aMO  mom  laptalad,  and  Um  lemparal  digal- 
Uoo  arbiab  tit  mad  aniy  M  wak  Ma  aeeepunea  piaaaad 
•lib  find  and  palbatia  aarneelnaaa  an  hie  regard.  Il 
waa  even  in  vain  Um  iba  adialrtl.  In  deapair,  realrielad 
hia  eoliellelioo  lo  euah  a  elender  compliance  with  tha 
uaagea  of  Iho  worid,  a*  that  hie  eon  •bouM  unedver  hi* 
hoed  in  the  preeaneo  of  Iho  King,  the  Duke  of  York, 
awl  kie  perenle.  Penn'e  eye  waa  now  aiented  to  the 
ooaloniiMalioa  of  objeclo  eo  glorioua,  thai  Iha  luaira  of 
oonMy  dignilioe  grow  dim  bofeia  Ihom  |  and  hia  raao- 
laliaa  (fertidad  by  an  early  oapttiewaa  of  twptiaoomaal, 
aad  owor  legal  aarariliae)  waa  wo«n4  up  to  aueb  a 
piieb  of  Irmnaia  and  inianaity,  that  ha  leAtaad  m  lay 
•eon  a  aiagia  giato  af  Ineaneo  on  wbal  ba  doemod  an 
nnbaltowad  alMr  af  kooMn  arrogaaaa  and  Taaky.  Ha 
now  daeolod  all  tha  laiaa  laaoaitoo  of  bto  ciptally  lo 
Iha  dafcoaa  and  piopMaUan  af  Iha  qotkar  laaala,  and 
tjaiMnod  Ma  lamyoraTaaaa  and  anjoymool  la  Iba  illua- 
Iralioa  of  Um  qaakor  Tinoaa,— wiw  a  aoeaoeo  Uiet  baa 
■aioad  tot  bim  a  renown  mow  illuatrlooo  and  imparieb. 
aM*  than  Um  ambitiaa  of  Ma  fcUwr  orar  eanluiad  lo 
hope,  Of  tbo  nlmoel  bror  of  Ma  aararaign  eoaU  baea 
baan  aMa  lo  confer.  Il  would  not  bo  oaey  lo  llguro  a 
aHio  intoroaling  eaioar  than  ia  aiMMlad  in  tha  grealar 
poftiaa  of  hie  aubaaqoanl  lifc.  Ha  traeallad  otoi 
nMiiy  paru  of  Ennpo,  and  avan  aatandnd  Ma  peraanal 
kbora  to  America :  aid  ovoiy  wbara,  A«m  Ibo  couria 
of  Oarmin  prinaaa  to  Iha  anaanumarilaof  Indian  tara- 
■•a,  «ra  And  Mm  oTotaoning  avil  1^  good,  and  diaami* 
log  Iba  wralb  of  man  by  ganUaaaea,  natianea,  and  faith. 
In  hia  ailafiot  eppoaranoa  and  addraae,  there  were 
combinad,  in  an  unuaoal  dagiaa,  a  vanarabto  dignity 
and  graeily  of  atpecl,  with  aTrank  ehoerfnl  eimplicity 
of  manner,  and  a  etyla  of  oapiaaeioo  (Iraogbl  with  plain- 
Mae,  vigor,  and  good  homor.  Hia  bee  area  a  ^ny  un- 
common ono,  and  ila  lineemaola,  tboogb  by  no  maana 
Ina,  ware  far  fram  unplaaaing,  and  danvad  from  their 
poealiamy  aomolhing  impraaaiva  and  ramamberaMa. 
With  Iha  general  caipulanca  which  hia  frame  attained 
aa  ba  advanced  in  yaara,  hia  eountonanea  aipanded  In 
a  conaideraMa  dimaneion )  and  while  hia  aye  eipreeeed 
eoneiderala  thought,  and  alianglh  of  underetanding,  tho 
amplitude  and  regularity  of  Um  real  of  Me  ioeturee 
teemed  to  indicate  a  babtloal  Iranqaillity  of  tpiiit.  A 
mind  ao  eonlamplaiiva.  and  a  lin  ao  active;  enche 
miilura  of  miMneee  and  raeolution;  of  petienee  and 
energy ;  of  iiiduelry  end  geniue ;  of  lofky  piety  and  pro- 
found aancity,  have  rarely  heen  aiainplilled  in  the 
reeonlt  of  human  chtracttr.  Tbo  moot  pioue  end  Uie 
moat  voluminoue,  he  wtt  alio,  nail  to  Robert  Barclay, 
iha  moat  learned  and  inganioua  wriMr  in  deftneoof 

auakeriem ;  end,  at  the  eama  lime,  neat  to  George  Poi, 
10  moel  inderaligaMe  miniater  that  the  qiiakera  have 
ever  poeaeeted.  He  contrived  to  eiUbit  tt  onct  the 
eetive  ind  pittive  virturt  toiubit  to  a  ch*m|iion  ami  a 
coiifeator  of  quakaritm ;  ind  thi  tima  prieone  that 
were  the  eeeno  of  hie  petient  euffering  for  the  right*  of 
hie  brethren,  were  aleo  Iho  Kene  of  hie  moet  elaborate 
literary  afforte  for  their  inetractioa.  Among  other  qua- 
ker peeuUariliee,  hie  writinge  are  dielinguiebed  hy  a 
ladioiu  proliiily ;  yet  not  much  mote  ao  than  the  pro- 
doetiona  of  tho  moet  eelebratod  cotemporary  authora. 
They  abaai,d  with  numeroue  pe***gee  replelo  alike 
with  Iho  Aneal  eloquence  and  the  moet  forcible  reaeon- 
ing,  enming  benevolence,  and  fervent  piety.  He  waa 
deeply  infecled  with  the  doctnnel  errora  of  the  quakeia ; 
yet  more  deeply  embued  with  the  apiril  of  the  truth 
than  many  wbo  profaee  to  hold  it  devoid  of  *uch  appeii- 
degee;  end,  nolwithelanding  the  tendency  of  Iheeo  lloc- 
liinal  errore  to  lead  thoae  wbo  have  thoroughly  em- 
braced them  into  frantic  and  indecent  eaceaane,  there 
were  none  of  the  quaker  leedera  who  contributed  more 
aignally  than  Penn  to  the  eetablitbment  of  a  *y*lein  of 
ofderly  dieeipline  throughout  the  eociety.  Thi*  wa*  a 
work  of  euch  diflleulty,  and  ao  repugnant  to  the  aenli- 
menle  of  many  who  regarded  dieeipline  a*  an  attempt 
lo  control  tbo  aovaieignly,  and  obatruct  the  freedom  of 
euirilual  communication,  that  all  the  influence  of  Penn'* 
eharaetar  and  addreee,  and  all  the  weight  he  derived 
from  hie  labor*  and  euffering*,  were  requieite  to  it*  *uc- 
eaae,  and  barely  eufflced  to  effect  il.  Except  Ueorge 
Fox,  no  other  individual  haa  aver  enjoyed  eo  much 
authority  in  Ihia  eociety,  or  reelixed  eo  completely  tho 
eharaetar  of  a  uatriarcb  of  the  qutken.  lliough  Ma 
principlea  excluded  him  from  the  official  dignilioe  which 
bia  faUier  bad  coveted  for  him,  they  did  not  prevent 
Mm  from  attaining  a  remarkable  degree  of  favor  and 
eoneidention,  both  with  Charlee  the  Second  and  bit 
toctaeeor  ;  wMch  he  improved,  to  the  utmott  of  bit 
power,  for  ika  relief  of  the  tuflbriqg  membeia  of  ibo 


qaahar  aoeiaty.  Wkalavar  w«M  Hm  aaiitow  if  itm 
adoUral,  Um  alaim  wMah  Ihay  iMta  Iboaghl  I*  tafel 
waa  aiieoded  to  hie  aM  i  nor  ma  ila  afleae*  taMMW 
by  hie  vieiMa  inlnanro  over  a  namerena  ttmy  af  aMIb 
wbaea  abeolule  nmuneialion  of  Iha  righit  of  iw'  ~ 
ind  telf-defeneo  touM  not  Ibil  lo  inMreei  Um  i 
of  erbilnry  prineeo. 

There  eilete,  in  ell  manMad,  a  arapanaiiy  M  •» 
bounded  adminlion,  ariaing  from  an  indiMioel  glimpn 
and  hint  rameining  trace  of  that  imaie  of  indnHO  aM> 
jeely  and  purity  wilb  wbiab  Uieir  eiMeneo  eooMali 
Ihom,  and  to  which  their  minro  once  enjoyed  a  MM* 
ample  eonhrmll*  Umo  il  bM  bom  aMa  la  lelain.  W* 
May  eoniidor  tilber  ae  the  aipfataiM  ef  ihia  itnltoMiilb 
•r  Um  epolegy  fat  mdnlgiag  it,  UmI  aaaiaty  la  ehdni  tha 
af  halUaee  perncliM  br  Um  object*  of  oag  a^ 


praiaai 


whieb  may  truly  ba  Iboaghl  lo  indieala  a  latwl 
ibal  il  ia  only  to  oiaellenaa  above 


laaab  af  humanity  UmI  our  adminlion  em  aver  bo  jaally 
due.  TMe  error  Uae  novor  been  evinced  in  a  mat* 
lignal  degree  Umi  by  Iho  biogrefiben  of  Penn,  and  iba 
bieiofiene  of  M*  lalwr*  and  Inatilution*  in  America 
Tha  unmixed  and  unnwriied  encomium  which  hie  eha> 
raaler  and  labon  have  raeaived,  uriginaled,  no  douht, 
with  the  writon  of  hie  own  religioue  peraueeion ;  but, 
■o  far  Atom  being  cwillneil  lo  ihem,  il  h*e  been  ovm 
axaggenled  by  writen  of  a  loully  diReranl  claee,  and 
wbaea  aaamiiig  impertialily  haa  cantribuird,  in  a  r^ 
markaliU  degree,  lo  fortify  and  propente  Ihe  illueion. 
The  quekore  have  alwaya  enjoyed,  with  tome  iiiAdel 
pUloMphert,  i  repulition  wliich  no  other  profcaaora 
of  Cbnelianily  have  bean  permitted  lo  ehero ;  partly 
baeauaa  they  were  accounlad  the  friend*  of  unliinil*d 
talaratbw,  and  parllv  from  en  arrunaoii*  idea  that  thair 
ehriatian  name  waa  but  a  thin  mvatical  oovarina  which 
veiled  Ibe  pure  and  aiinple  light  ol  reaeon  *nd  phflorapky 
from  eyee  yet  too  grace  lo  receive  it.  Kefueiiig  todo- 
fine  their  doctrinel  tenet*  by  a  creed,  eml  having  tireedy 
avaeuated,  by  allegorical  inlerptelelion,  eomo  of  Um 
plaineet  pcaeepte  of  the  Ifoepoi,  Iho  quakare  were  ai> 
peeled,  by  UMir  philoeophicel  Banagyriata,  lo  pava  IM 
way  lor  a  total  diaaoluiion  of  Chri*li*nily,  by  urailualty 
allagoriaing  Ihe  whole  of  the  Heripluree.  By  the  united 
ellorie  of  the**  eeverel  Iribuleriev  lo  hi*  f*mo,  Williaii 
Penn  baa  been  preeented  to  Ihe  eyee  of  mankind  aa  b 
eharaetar  nearly,  if  not  entirely,  faullleea ;  ea  the  auUm* 
of  inatituiione  not  leae  admirable  for  their  wie^oci  ihM 
their  originelity,  and  noi  toeo  amply  than  iiiatanl^ 
neonely  productive  of  the  gratitude  and  hi^iinaea  al 
mankind.  [3S]  How  exaggerated  i*  thi*  pir'.ure  of  iIm 
merit  and  tha  effecl*  of  hi*  inatiluliona,  will  oppeer  bol 
loo  clearly  from  the  following  |>egee.  Thai  Um  da»> 
aling  light  with  which  hia  characMr  h**  Iwrn  inveiled, 
wea  euiliad  with  Ihe  epecke  of  morlel  iiniivrfvciion  ia 
aUo  a  truth  which  it  i*  more  aaay  than  agreeable  to  d» 
monatrale.     But  excellence,  Iho  moioaredibly  il  ie  ro- 

Kreeenied,  i*  the  more  offeetuelly  recommended  lo 
umen  imitation :  and  thoae  wbo  (My  ho  conacioiie  ol 
*ucb  inArmitiee  aa  William  Penn  evinced,  receive  m 
important  ieeaoii  when  they  are  lauglit  Uiat  thaaa  iin- 
perfeciione  neither  inevitabh  obatmet,'  nor  **li*f*clorily 
apologite  for,  deficiency  of  ovao  Iha  moel  exemplary 
virtue. 

In  the  eommencemenl  of  hie  career,  Pann  avinead, 
lowaid*  hi*  opponeiile,  en  arrogance  of  diadain,  and  a 
eoareeneee  of  vituperation,  vary  little  con*i*tenl  with 
the  mildnee*  of  qu«kor  m*nn*r*,  or  even  with  cominoa 
decency  and  propriety.*  It  redound*  to  M*  credit 
lh*t  he  corrected  thi*  hull,  and  gr*?ed  hi*  wi*dom  by 
an  adtlrei*  nipleta  with  courleay  and  kiiidne**.  But 
another  change  which  hi*  di*pakilion  ippe^n  *l*o  le 
have  undergone,  preeenl*  him  m  *n  *ipect  which  it  la 
le**  agreoaKe  lo  contemplate.  Kecummended  to 
Charlee  the  Second  end  hie  eucee**or,  by  *  hereditety 
claim  of  regard,  by  the  principle*  of  paaaive  obedience, 
which,  •*  a  quaker,  he  profoaead,  and  a*  a  writer  ba 
contributed  widely  to  dieeeminate,  and  by  tha  willing* 
nea*  with  which  he  end  kie  fellow  eecleriee  aloiie,  of  aU 
Ihe  Britieh  prate*ianta,  recognixed  the  royal  prorogetiva 
of  euependtng  lawe,  be  wa*  admitted  lo  a  degree  of 
favnr  and  intimacy  with  thaae  perfidioue  end  tyrannical 
princee,  which  laid  a  dangeroue  anare  for  the  inlogiiiy 


•  In  tha  prefatory  addreaa  which  he  pralaed  to  hi*  eccounl 
of  hi*  colabrateil  trial  nt  Ilia  OM  Bailey,  for  pnaduag  at  a 
conventicle,  he  mata^  uaa  of  thia  very  anqaaaer  < 


.  .  rexpie**Ma. 
"  M*(f<*  (%*rta  ia  magna  —  with  th*  r*conl*rof  Mndon." 
Tluaa  who  ar*  unable  lo  conjecture  the  ribaldry  which  I M. 
bear  to  transcribe,  may  conault  Ihe  prallce  Itielf,  which  i* 
r*printed  hi  Howalra  Bute  Trials,  vol.  vl.  p.  M3  ftan  ka4 
no  obgectlon  to  a  little  plaaaantry.  An  advenaiy  ef  Ihe  ei» 
kera  having  piibllalwd  an  attack  on  Ihem,  entitled  "  na 
Quakar'a  last  Shift  loand  oul,"  Penn  anawerad  it  by  a  waik 
baattngtheludieroua  title  of  "  NakedTialfeneadaaaMM.* 
blaikaon'a  Ufa  of  Faun,  1. 1». 


NOKTH  AMIMIOA. 


W« 


wmMwiw  MWinn  povrar.  m  wrupMd 
lu  InMrpatiiion  in  Um  bahtir  of  kit  own 
MMnM,  ind  to  Miplof ,  for  Uw  mitim- 
iMrkin  Uiirilarf ,  tl  IM  tipanra  of  UM 


if  Mi  ilWiMMf  Mi  liw  iwiltwis  of  kit  (midtMi.    It 

WWB  MMMI  HIM  M  MM   MS  IfflMMCi  MOfMMfl  Vf   IM 

pMltMMatHy  MMlMMiu,  ilwulil  ng*M  with  mnrt  b- 
«w  Ik*  uWMn  www  »M(h  »•■  iMaiMiitljt  inurpoMil 
hf  IkMr  nlbl,  MM  ik*  contlitMliMil  tulkoriijp  whl«h 
•M  4iiM««l  M  Ikik  MdMldion.  Bui  dmm  of  Ik* 
0km  paMMUni  tUnmlan  kakiM  otktrwiM  ihM  with 
tkgtH,  Ik*  b*M  W  •  liMjifrr  mtligtilM  *(  IvmI 
Mil  «ikl(k  InqriM •pawn  in  th* «r*wn  nibvtnT'* 
•r  aTtn  bnlwMh  •(  Bltlitk  Ubarljr.  Ai  Ik*  palillMl 
•|Ml  ar  Wp  M*iM7,  (iillifillnf  ik*  flri*nd«h)|>  at  i 
lynnl,  mmI  Makini  •  «k*ll*i  unoar  kt*  pow*r  fitm  ih* 
Hwt,  PMn  aNupM  ■  irilutliwi  reguUtad  hf  na  afdl' 
Mijr  diMlM  or  MMftainMl  printipiM  )*  ind  kMoming 
indiMlly  bMillariMdwilh  trWlnn  povrar.  k*  wrupM 
Ml M knMdi lu InMi  .   i    ....  ... 

piiral*  CMMMMMnM, 

imM  of  kit  AnMricin  lamiorf ,  tl  IM  (ipni** 
■liar  ri|kl  of  lAii  Baliiman,  um  imm  ulhorily  wki«k 
M  ki4  ■acutlmnad  kiMttlf  lo  wpwl  h  in  MigiM  af 
paklia  good,  and  raligiiMM  lolanlMn.  Dtnlad,  ntkar 
Ikan  aannplail,  by  rojral  favor  and  eoafldana*,  k*  bahaU 
nothing  ill  ika  cktraclar  of  ika  princaa  Ikal  raprovad  kia 
friandinip  with  tkam,  or  praranlad  il  from  baeoayng 
artn  mora  imimala  and  conlldantitl,  whan  Ikair  Ijrian- 
■ieil  daiigna  war*  alraady  full*  dar alopad,  Ibatr  cka- 
rtclara  unmaakad  lo  avarjr  oinar  aya,  and  ika  kandt 
ham  wkick  ko  aolieilad  f«vora  wara  ambruad  with  Iba 
Wood  of  man  whom  ha  had  lorail  ta  (Hand*,  ami  ro- 
varanead  u  Ih*  moat  illudrioua  eharaetara  in  England. 
Whila  aa  jrat  Iha  alruggla  balwaan  tha  popular  Isadora 
Md  tha  tballora  uf  trbilrary  powar  bad  not  larminata<i 
M  (arar  of  Ika  erown,  Pann  appaarad  to  partieipata  in 
IIm  aanlinMnU  that  wara  cka rlakad  bjr  Iha  frianda  of 
Hbarty.  Ha  addrataad  bia  a|ipliaationt  for  ra|iaal  of 
Iha  panal  lawa  agiinat  diaaantara  to  Iha  Hoiiia  of  Oonv 
mona ;  ba  atlaened  himwif  to  Algarnoii  SidiMy,  and 
•ndaavorad  to  promolo  hia  ala<ition  in  a  eontaal  with  a 
aourt  eandidala  for  Iha  borough  of  Ouildford  ;  and  wa 
kara  aaan  how  ho  eoncurrad  in  Iho  magnaniinoua  fin- 
Mnlion  of  ika  righta  of  Waal  JarMy  against  ika  an- 
ciaaehmanta  of  tha  Doha  of  Vork.  Yal  whan  lb* 
Muaa  of  libarty  aaamad  for  arar  to  hava  aunk  banaalh 
Iba  Bteandsney  of  royal  prarogatin,  ha  appliad  to  ih* 
•rown  for  tlw  raliof  which  ha  bad  alraady  pcasliotlly 
Ncogniwd  aa  tha  provinea  of  Iha  parliamant  i  ha  ba- 
IwMliia  frtand  Sidnay  buleharad  on  tha  aeaflbld  without 
any  iniarmplion  of  eonlialily  balwaan  binwalf  and  Iha 
Muit  i  and  whan  Jamaa  tha  Saeond  eommiliad  a  far 
graalar  outrage  on  Iho  rights  of  MagJslsn  collsga  of 
Oiford  Ihao  tha  aneroaehmanl  ha  badatlamptad  on  tha 
libartiaa  of  Now  Jarsay,  Pann'a  adviea  lo  iha  fsllowa 
of  Iba  eollag*  wm  lo  appoaaa  tha  king  by  eoneaaiiona 
for  thair  paat  conduct,  which,  at  Iba  aaina  lima,  ha  ae- 
knowladgad  to  ban  baan  bonorabi*  and  praisawMhjr. 
Nay,  aa  if  lo  randar  tha  change  of  hit  diapoailion  atiH 
mors  nminantljf  eonspicuout,  ho  eonourml  with  th* 
ethsr  propriatariaa  of  East  Jaraay  la  liiMly  lumndar- 
iiig  tha  libartiaa  of  Ihia  provinea  lo  Iha  smm  psinea, 
agsinat  whom,  wbaa  aupiwrtad  by  Ih*  spirit  of  ballar 
limas,  he  had  ao  alranuously  dsfsnded  the  liberties  of 
its  sister  colony.  Penn  was  prssent  at  tha  aieeutioii 
of  Mrs.  Oauni,  an  agnd  lady,  renowned  for  her  piety 
and  chirity.  who  wtt  buml  uiTt  for  having  given  shel- 
ter lo  s  person  in  distress,  whom  she  knew  not  at  the 
lima  lo  have  been  a  fugitive  from  the  reliel  army  of  tbo 
Duke  of  Monmouth ;  and  at  the  execution  of  Alderman 
Comiih,  wIm  was  hanged  before  the  door  of  hie  own 
house,  for  a  pretended  troaaon,  of  which  nobody  believed 
him  to  be  ouiltr.  The  only  aentiment  that  ha  ia  re- 
ported to  nave  eipreaaed,  on  this  occssioii,  was  that 
■*  the  king  wss  groatty  to  tia  pi'ied  fur  the  evil  counsels 
ihtl  hurried  him  into  so  much  effusion  of  blood."  When 
il  is  considered  that,  after  all  thia,  Pann'a  ayes  were 
not  openedt  to  the  real  character  of  Jamea,  and,  on  the 
contrary,  hia  friendship  with  lb*  barbaroua  tyrant  con- 
liinied  to  aubaiat,  ana  even  to  ineraaae,  till  the  very 
i*tt ;  it  aeema  by  no  means  surprising  that  liia  contam. 


*  That  f «nn  did  not  acknowrledfe  the  sams  duilet,  ss  s  po- 
Utkal  clisractsr,  wMch  ha  prsKrlbed  lo  hlmieir  as  a  qusksr, 
tiipesn  from  his  wlihdrswing  from  s  itsta  warrant  thai  wss 
|atus<l  for  lua  Itnprltoninsnt  un  s  political  char^  by  Klny  Wil- 
Uaai  (Proud,  1.  Ml— HO.)— an  avaalon  wMcli  ha  nsrer  itoopsd 

10,  whsn  he  wss  psneeutsd  f jr  his  rsllslout  pracUes>. 

t  lis  puhllilied  s  book  in  fsror  of  tns  kinv's  attempts  to 
estsMUh  lulersllon,  even  alter  Jsmet  had  so  far  dlicloMd  his 
nil  views  ss  to  have  lli.'un  papists  Into  th«  lavammsnt  of 
IM  unlvsrtitjr  of  Osford.  lie  hsd  iscenllv  before  undertaken 
•  setlei  euibaujr  from  the  Wn(  to  the  Prtnre  of  Oranse,  In 
tha  hope  of  prevailing  with  the  prince  to  fire  hit  sanclian  to 
Ike  mesaurai  In  behalf  of  tola  -vilun.    Orarkaoii,  i.  4T4.  MD ; 

11,  t.    Tboufh  unaMe  to  discern  I  he  designs  of  the  king,  he 
h^  nsl  always  been  equally  InsenalMe  to  the  dsng srs  of 


■aaan  I  aiil  I*  ike  dsjra  of  his  patrkHls  fervour,  hsd  written 
kfiiUMte  aMwata  Itoaatlaaalrafa  agalostUis  prstsndsd 
tlpSpi    Md.    Ml. 


■Wwrf^W  ^Vi^VRB  IWvV  ■vwvraHv  VM^pmV^V  IW  W  V  ^^WWVv 

tbMlar  of  all  Iha  moMnh'a  d*MgM  kr  Iht  tMtbllah' 
■Mat  of  iMpory  and  Ih*  daalnMlian  *f  lib«f<«.  Il  wm 
p*ihtp»  bftuMi*  for  hta  Dim*  thai  Ih*  Mhil*  diaptaa- 
wr*  vanlad  llaelf  in  Ikla  injualtaa  i  (Mj  Ik*  dMMllon 
•f  wki*k  kaa  ranlribalad  I*  shall**  kwi  (van  Avm  tk* 
mild*r  but  imt*  nMriiad  eanaur*  af  an  inlklntlad  an- 
Miiy,  lanilad  by  ika  VMilT  *f  Np|io*ing  ihal  ka  would 
■lllnalaly  randar  Ik*  r*yal  tuikorily  ontiraly  aabMr- 
vImI  lo  Iho  aaeompliabiMnl  of  kia  own  raligiaua  tod 
philmtkiopic  views. 

Tk*  akarMMi  of  Willltm  P*nn  kM  not  OMtpad  Iho 
akarg*  of  ambiiion*— a  abarga  wbi*b  adnila  of  oMh 
vtrialy  of  aignilealion,  ihal  poihapa  m  huoMn  being 
WM  *v*f  abaolulaly  *Mnpl  Oon  il,  Aaaundly,  h* 
WM  MiUMV  coMaiwia  Ml  MaeapiibI*  of  thai  vil*  and 
vulgti  tmMiion  Ihal  aeuil*  a  paiaonal  diatlMliao  and 
tkvtlian  danvad  from  Iha  dapiaaaiow  and  Impovaiiai^ 
HMia  of  nianhind.  CH  Iha  dMira  lo  derive  a  laflarlad 
iMlia  IVom  Ih*  happlnaaa  and  improvamenl  arhiah  others 
might  aw*  la  him,  il  ia  Milker  ao  easy  noi  m  daaiitMa 
lo  ibaolva  hiea.  Nw,  parkapa,  wu  ka  wkoUy  aiampl 
from  Iha  influaMa  of  a  temptetian  whiah  Ihia  laAnad 
tmbilinn  ia  vary  apl  la  baga|.->tha  daaiiaaf  HMgnifying 
and  eilending  tba  pnwai  by  whiah  auoh  baMttle  mil ' 
continue  lo  ba  aonianad  ' 
William  I^lnn,  amani 
aalimabla  man,  John 
hava  not  Iwan  Ika  anly 
wko,  cootdani  of  their  good  intanliona,  and  babiluatad 
lo  power,  hava  aMmad  la  eavai  il  aamawbal  iM  aaaaily 
aa  a  pMuliarly  afleiaol  inalnimanl  of  kniMa  walhia. 
But  II  ia  lima  to  proeead  from  thaw  pnhlafy  abssivt- 
ticnaon  Ika  obaraetar  of  thie  illuetrioaa  man,  la  t  eon- 
aidaralion  of  thai  portion  of  hia  life,  whiah  ia  IdonliAad 
with  Iba  riM  of  Panntylvtoia  tad  tha  hiatory  of  Da- 
lawara. 

Tba  eireunislaiKM  that  Aral  tttraelad  Iha  aMantioo 
of  Pann  to  Ih*  eolaniulian  of  North  Amoii**,  htva 


tirtady  bMn  uifoldod  in  Iha  kialaiy  of  Now  Jtmtj. 
Whila  ba  wm  engaged  with  kia  quakar  aaaoeialaa  In 
adminiateiing  Ika  govarnmant  of  Ikal  Miriloiy,  ka  re- 


ceived auch  infuriaatioa  of  tba  fertility  and  laaouron  af 
the  countnr  ailuatad  to  the  wMtwatd  of  tba  Oalawar*, 
as  inspired  him  with  the  dMira  of  Mqniring  a  Mparal* 
eatata  in  Ihia  quartai.  For  thi*  purpoM  b*  pniaenled 
a  petition  to  Cbarlaa  tba  Smouo,  MMO]  elating  hia 
ralationahip  to  Um  dMaaaed  tdmirif,  ind  hie  eltim  for 
t  debt  incurred  by  th*  eiown  to  hi*  ftlher,  when 
Shafkebury'a  maoionble  device  wu  adoplad,  of  ahattlng 
the  eicbequei ;  aolieiting,  on  thoM  aocounta,  t  grtnt 
of  land  to  tba  noilbwaid  af  Maiyland,  and  WMtward  of 
the  Dalawan ;  and  adding,  that  by  hia  intaiaal  with 
the  quakaia,  ba  abould  ba  able  to  coloniu  a  provinea, 
which  might,  in  time,  not  only  eitinguieh  bis  elaima, 
but  anlartfe  tl>s  British  empire,  augment  ita  trade,  and 
promcta  Iha  glerv  of  Qod  by  tbo  eiviliiation  and  con- 
vaiBion  of  IM  IndiM  tiibeat  Thia  petition  wta  ra- 
fairad  lo  tha  Duke  of  York  and  I<ord  Baltimora,  that 
they  might  report  how  far  ite  object  wie  compatible 
with  Iheir  prior  invealiturea.     Doth  aigniSed  their  ac- 

rBscance  iu  Penn'a  danmnd,  provided  hia  patent 
uld  be  so  worded  u  ta  prMlade  eiiy  enerotcnment 
on  their  terriloriee ;  and  Ino  Oukc  of  Vork  added  hia 
recommendation  of  iIm  palilian  lo  Iha  fsvor  of  the 
crown.  Succeaaful  Ihua  (u,  Pann  tranwribod  from 
lb*  charter  of  Maryland,  tha  akatch  of  a  patent  in  hia 
own  favor ;  but  tha  attonwy-ganersi,  Jonea,  to  wboae 
opinion  it  wu  remitted,  declared,  that  certain  of  the 
clauaea  were  "  not  agreeable  to  the  lawa  here,  though 
they  are  in  Lord  Bslumore'e  patent,"  and,  in  particular, 
pronounced  that  the  eiomplion  from  British  taxation, 
which  Penn  had  propoaed  to  confer  on  hie  colony,  wss 
utterly  illegal.  Compton,  Biahop  of  Ijoodon,  at  the 
aaoM  time,  underslsnding  that  Penn,  in  aolieiling  hia 
pateni,  had  deactibed  himMlf  u  the  head  of  tha  qua- 
qeri,  interpoaed  in  the  proceedings,  for  the  protection 
of  the  interoste  of  th>.'  church  of  England.  After  aoine 
diacussion  of  the  pointa  that  bad  thua  ariMn,  tha  com- 
mitlM  of  plantalioua  requeeted  ehief-juatica  North, 
[1681]  a  parsonage  of  conaidarable  eminence,  both  u 


*  An  acuta,  but  very  paitltl  writer,  haa  chsraetsrissd  him 
aa  **  a  man  of  graat  depth  of  underalanding,  attended  by  equal 
distimulstlon ;  of  estreme  Intereatedneaa,  sscompaaied  with 
InaaUaUe  ambition ;  and  of  an  addreaa  In  proportion  to  all 
thoH."  Cbalmera,  615.  Jadadlah  Moras,  the  American  gao- 
grspher,  has  sxprsaaed  sn  opinion  equally  unfavorable  of  the 
cbaractsr  ofPann. 

t  In  a  latter  to  a  friend,  about  the  asms  tims,  he  declares 
his  purpoae  In  the  acqulaltlon  of  American  territory  to  hare 
been  "  so  to  ssrvs  ths  truth  and  people  of  the  Lord,  tbet  ao 
eiample  may  be  aat  lo  the  natloaa :"  adding,  "  Uieie  may  be 
loea  there,  theufb  not  Mie,  for  aaali  an  baly  eipertaMOI." 
Pieiid.1.  IN 


aMonlioa  af  "tha  maiilaaf  Um  ftlhai,  aod  Iha  mat 

'        mt  WinM 
nn.  Mid  kia  Mile  tnd  iaai|n*,  Ihal  Ttal  rigian  ha««M 


ihaiaarM  aaafarmdi 


M  tnd  •  lawyar,  I*  aiidirnh*  Iha  taiiMii  «f 
paMM,  tnd  I*  piBvlda,  by  II  ittaiia,  (hr  Iha  MM** 
«•  af  tha  klitg'a  aavaialgaiy,  tad  tha  abaarvMMa  it 
Mie  af  ptrllaawnl.  With  hie  aaaiMtMt,  Ihtia  •« 
■raptiad  m  laaiN«Mnl  whiah  ia**iv*d  iha  laytl  mf 
liaialMii,  Mid  tfWwtida  taqaliad  m  maah  ratiMit 
M  Iha  thanar  af  PMMylvtni*.  * 

By  ihitebtnai,  wkieh  piafcttad  lakagraaMi  faia«^ 
aldanliaa  af  "  tka  ma        - 

Krpesae  of  ika  son,"  l 
nM,Midkiakaliaand 
an  Iha  aaal  by  Iha  livai  Dalawti*  i  aitendliM  mm- 
wardlvadagiaMaflaogiluda)  aualakiag  I*  lit  MHk 
from  iwalv*  milM  aankwaid  af  Nawaaaita,  (la  Iha 
Mtwtia  tenilary)  la  iha  Ibitr-lhlid  dMma  af  laliUrfa  | 
limited  on  ih*  aauih  by  a  ainla  af  Iwtlva  aiilM  dfi«« 
laond  Naweaalla  M  Iha  haghmiag  af  iha  fkilialh4a> 
giM  af  laliiuda.  Pann  wm  aunalilatad  Iha  thathw 
piopiitteiy  af  Iha  whata  af  Ihia  teniun.  viWab  wm 
aiMted  inte  t  pmvinM  b*  Iha  mma  af  nMMytftni*,t 
tad  WM  te  ba  hald  in  frM  tad  aamaMn  «  laM*  itf 
bally  aniv,  paying  Iwa  bMi  thlM  tnnoally.  iwrMif 
Mb  af  tU  tha  (aid  tad  aUvai  ihal  might  ba  i  .niavaitd 
te  Iha  king.  Ha  waa  ampawarad  M  maka  Itwa,  with 
Iha  adviea  and  aaaani  of  Ika  htmtn  at  Iha  leiritoiy 
aaMmbltd,  far  tha  impaailian  af  laMa  tnd  alhai  pubUa 
naM,  but  tlwiya  in  eooformily  w  the  Jniiapiudanea 
af  England ;  lo  appoint  judgae  and  athai  alBrai*  i  and 
te  paidan  and  Mfwiava,  aMaol  in  Iha  eaaM  af  wilful 
mordei  and  high  liaaaon.  In  ihaM  eaaaa,  lapiiava 
might  ba  granted  anly  till  Iha  aignidetlion  of  Iha  dIm- 
aui*  of  the  king,  te  whom  thai*  wm  tbo  i*Mrv*d  Iha 
privilag*  of  receiving  appeals.  The  dietributian  af 
piopaity.  tnd  Iha  puniakiMnl  of  felonioe,  wai*  te  ba 
lagulalad  by  ika  lawa  of  England,  until  diflbionl  ar- 
dimMM  abould  ba  enaelad  1^  ih*  pnpriatary  and  ftoa- 
HMn.  Duplieatea  af  all  the  provincial  lawa  warn  te  ba 
Iraaamillad  W  tha  privy  souMil,  within  6va  vmn 
after  Ikay  wara  pasead  ;  and  if  not  dMiarad  void  by 
Iha  eaamil  wilhin  ait  montha  after  tianamiaeian,  Ihay 
erara  ta  ba  eaoeiderad  as  having  bMn  approved  of,  tnc 
10  baeama  valid  ardintncee.  That  tha  nolony  migbl 
iMraaM  by  r**on  of  p*opl*,  lib*rty  area  given  te  Eng- 
liah  aubJMla  (ihoM  only  axreptad  who  abould  bo  apa- 
alally  farbidden)  te  remove  te  and  Nllla  in  PenMyl- 
'  .  and  Ihoneo  lo  import  the  produelioM  of  tha 
pravioea  inte  England,  "but  into  no  othai  eounuy 
wbalaMvar,"  and  to  r*4ipon  them,  wilhin  am  yMr, 
paying  Iba  nma  duliM  u  other  aubJMla,  and  obeorviM 
Iha  acu  of  uvigalion.  Tba  praprietery  wu  *mpow*r*a 
te  divide  Iha  proviMO  inte  tewna,  hundmda,  and  eooo- 
liee  i  la  erect  tnd  iMorporata  lowna  into  boroughe,  and 
borougba  into  eitiee  ;  and  lo  eonatiluM  porta  for  Iba 
oonvanieiiee  of  commerce,  lo  which  Iha  ollleare  of  tlw 
cuetoms  were  M  have  free  admiaeion.  Tha  frMmaa 
in  auembly  were  empowered  to  aaaua  reaMnabIa  du* 
tin  on  tbo  commoditiaa  loaded  or  unloaded  in  tba  har- 
bora  of  tha  colony  ;  and  thee*  dutiu  were  granted  la 
Penn,  with  a  raMrvalion,  however,  lo  ihe  crown  of 
eueb  cuatoma  u  than  wara,  or  in  future  might  ba,  im- 
poud  by  act  of  parliament.  He  wu  te  appoint,  from 
time  w  time,  an  agent  w  reaida  in  or  near  Landon,  to 
anawer  for  any  misdemesnor  he  might  coipmil  against 
Ihe  lawa  of  trade  and  navigation  ;  and,  in  caM  of  auch 
misdemeanor,  ho  was  to  make  aalisfaciion  wilhin  a 
year ;  in  the  default  of  which  tha  king  was  w  mIio  iIm 
government  of  the  province,  and  retain  il  till  due  aatia> 
(action  were  made.  Ha  was  not  te  maintein  corraa- 
pondence  with  any  king  or  power  at  war,  nor  lo  maka 
war  against  any  king  or  power  in  amity,  with  England. 
In  cue  of  ineuraion  by  neighboring  barbariaoa,  or  by 
piralee  or  robbefa,  be  had  power  te  levy,  muater,  and 
train  to  arms  tit  tne  inhabitanu  of  Iba  provinea,  and  ta 
act  u  their  captain-gaMral,  and  te  make  war  on  tirf 
purauo  tha  invaders.  He  waa  enabled  to  alienate  tha 
aoil  to  the  coloniata,  who  might  boM  their  landa  under 

•  Oldmiion,  I.  IK,  IW.  Pniad,  I.  Ita— ITl.  Chalmers,  «M, 
Sia.  UlUwyn  (ass  note  11)  spud  Wlutsibatham,U,aM.  Boik 
OMnUson  (who  waa  speraonsi  frisnd  of  Psnn)  and  Mr.  Clark* 
aon  have  aaaerted  thai  Penn'a  elbrta  la  obtain  hie  ohartsr 
were  gieaUy  obatructed  by  his  profetslon  of  qeaksilsin.  01 
this  1  can  And  no  evidence  at  ail.  Peun  bleiself,  writlaf  W 
the  lords  of  trsds  in  MM,  aays,  "  I  return  my  moet  humble 
thanks  for  your  farmer  favors  In  the  paaaing  of  my  patent, 
aad  pray  Osd  reward  you."    ChalnMra,  Mt. 

t  Pann'a  account  of  Ihia  denomination  la  eredilaUe  to  hie 
modealy.  Pindlng  that  tka  king  propoaed  that  IM  mum  of 
Penn  should  form  a  part  of  tha  sppsllatlon  of  ths  prortace,  he 
lequeatsd  leave  to  decline  an  honor  that  might  lie  Imputed 
tolUa  own  vanity,  and  propoaed  the  name  of  New  Wales, 
which  waa  oppoasd  by  the  undsr  aeeretaiy  of  atate,  who  waa 
a  Welshman.  Psnn  then  auggealed  Sylvsals,  on  scceuM  el 
lu  woody  surface  i  but  the  kUu  declared  that  IM  nsmia» 
Uon  belonged  ta  him,  and  that  fn  honor  s*  Admiral  raa%  IM 
laal  auggeatad  name  abould  be  enlarged  late  faHMliVMkk 
I  CUrkaea.  IVi. 


TUB  RisToRT  oy 


MiMf  MNlfilNHi^ii  iliill  Im  IvvImI  mi  Um  MmMI 


It  HtlwM  ^   UM  0MM9M  Vf  InS  pMMlMMyi 
VV   f9V#fMM  MM  AMMMMyi  Of  Wf  Ml  OT  |MWllMIIMM   HI 

JMrntt."    Il  «M  ^fM  (la  himIIhii  wlik  Ik* 

(•  IW  iHMitoi  W  iwMHjr,  riiwM  ttfiMt  iMf  ^mIh  I* 
Ik*  iMlMf  9f  l,mim  *»  lw««  •  pnMlMr  mm  m 

k* •HawMMaiMM* titf  ■Mfom  kw  AmmiImm  wiikMi 
•f  aMtMUMM.  If  say  4Mkt  •kwM  lim  wMk 
M  Ik*  MM  iiiniwUiii  af  Ik*  iktMar,  II  «m 
m4«4  Ikal  M  Imm|mmmIm  IkraiiM*  M  ika  dm- 
filMMjf  ikaaM  •!«•;•  k*  iMd*  i  wiik  ik*  •MlwUn, 
wnw.  cf  Mjr  ikkiff  ikM  mlgki  4«ngM«  tMm  Um  it- 
lifiMiM  Ma  la  Ika  atawn.* 

vaMi  la  laa  aaaaniMa  ai  a  0aai  aa  wnwa  waa  aaia* 
MMm4  Um  Mna  af  Ika  Naaiylfaatow  ||a>»fawi»al  lad 
■awai  ta  mnwart  Ibr  tkair  mmitm,  itwlr  awlantlaa, 
aa4  Ika  aaaaHaoaa  af  Ikair  pravltlaaa  la  Ikvof  af  Ubailjr, 
Tka  aaallaaa  iilyalitlawa  lir  attairfiiw  aad  netftalnwi 
Ika  BfWik  taiaadaaay,  k*  wkkk  dM  aktnar  wu  4m- 
llagalikii  fiaai  lU  pfaaadlag  palaala,  waia  awnifcatif 
Ika  aJIfilat  af  ika  JIapalaa  hi  wkick  tka  cavn  kail 
kaaa  hr  aaaM  lima  aufwaJ  wllk  ika  talanf  of  Mum- 
akamia.  Tkaia,  ika  ptafUalatgaf amawnl  kaJ  JaawiaJ 
Ika  aala  af  aarlgallaa  iiia|MfillYa  wiikla  II*  Juriadialien, 
Mil  Ika*  wan  kpilaad  by  lia  awn  ai>llaaaea.  Bal  ika 
kaaiifau  aad  amaiafruplati  ebianaMa  af  ikam  la 
^waayKraiila,  wta  antoNad  bjr  tka  itlyalaltll  ptnalljr 
af  LfNMlara  af  tka  cbartar.  Law*  had  baaa  paaaad 
ki  Maataakuaalta  far  iha  eoinliif  of  mona;  and  oikar 
parpoaMi  wkiab  wa*a  daaawd  Ineanaiilaal  with  Ika 
jiiMagativa  af  ika  Wfaialgii  alaia.  For  tka  piaTtalloa 
af  Mniilar  abaaa,  ar,  at  laait,  tka  aomciion  of  It,  bafoca 
hi«*t«nla  pnTilanca  eould  ha«a  lima  lo  begat  habilt 
af  indapaiidonca,  il  was  raqulrad  that  ill  Ika  liwt  of  iha 
•aw  MOTinea  •kould  b*  r*|ulari]r  Innamillad  to  Eng- 
kuid  nr  tka  leyal  appnbalioa  or  dJMant.  Tka  loan- 
saejr  oC  Ikia  mnltMioa  waa  vary  won  mada  ipfiarant. 
To  ak«iala  Ika  dllBealty  that  had  ba»n  aiparianccd  In 
Ika  EagUik  tavamiaiil  hi  oandiicting  iu  dlipulaa  with 
Ika  paapla  of  Maaaaekuaali*,  wko  oould  na**f  ba  pra- 
vailad  wkk  to  aceradit  an  aaanl  at  tka  court,  wilhoal 
Ika  utoMMl  laliwunca  and  rnby,  it  waa  naw  raouirad 
Ikal  a  auadiag  aganl  tboald  ba  appointad  to  laaida  in 
l^ndon,  aad  ba  laapaaiibla  for  Ika  proeaadinn  of  hi* 
oalaniil  aanalilnaiiu.  Bnl  Ika  noat  ranurkabia  provl- 
aiaa,  by  wbiak  ikia  ehaitar  araa  diatinguithad  from  all 
Ika  otkar  Amatiaan  patania,  waa  that  which  cipreatly 
MMrrad  a  powar  of  laialioa  la  tka  Britick  ptrliamanl. 
Uf  tka  ka|iart  of  Ihi*  mock  agiutad  cUum,  vary  dif> 
f'.ani  apkiiana  araia  aniaiuhiM  IVom  tha  llni,  by  Iha 
lawyara  aad  •lataaoMn  of  England,  and  tha  colonlaM 
of  Pannnlvaaia.  In  England,  whila  il  waa  daniad  that 
Ika  noral  inliodneiioa  of  aoek  a  elaoia  Into  tka  ckarUr 
af  tki*  proTineo  aflbidad  to  any  of  Iha  Mhar  aoloniaa  an 
aigoaiaul  agalnat  parliaoMntary  latatlon,  il  waa  with 
nora  appaaianea  al  laaion  mainlainad  thai  iu  aetnal 
nwarliaa  In  ikia  ekartar  piacludad  avan  tka  poMlbiUty 
of  an  konaal  pratanaion  to  rack  immunity  on  Iho  part 
of  tha  Pannaylraniani.  Of  Iha  Tory  opooaita  idea*, 
kowarar,  that  wara  antarufaiad  on  Ikia  lubieet  by  Iha 
colonif  la,  an  aecoani  waa  randarad  about  a  crnloiy 
aAarwaida  by  Dr.  Franklin  in  hia  ealabralad  aaamina- 
lion,  aa  Iha  lapmanMiiTa  of  Amarica,  al  tha  bir  of  tha 
Briliak  l{oaaa  of  Gommona.  Baing  aakad,  how  tha 
Pannaylvaniana  coaM  laconcilo  a  pratanca  lo  ba  n- 
amptad  from  uiation,  with  tha  aiptaaa  woida  of  a 
alauM,  laaarring  to  parlkunani  Iha  pnvllaga  of  imi<oa 
lag  Ikia  bontan  upon  Ibam ;  ha  antwarad,  "Tbay  nn- 
wialand  it  thoa : — By  tha  aama  chartarf  and  othai- 
wiaa,  ihay  ara  anlillaa  to  all  tha  privilagca  and  libaniaa 
af  Engliahman.  Tkay  tod  in  taa  graal  chanaia,  and 
in  tka  paiition  and  daeiantion  of  right*,  that  ona  of  iba 
piiailagaa  of  Engliak  aukjacl*  ia,  ikal  tbay  ar<  not 


*  PMad,  I.  ITI.  t«r.  Chalaiin,  «■,  WT.  » It  to  niurlw 
ki*,*  aaya  Dr.  riankUa,  In  Mi  RMocical  lUrlaw  of  ik*  Con- 
*MitU*aaf  VMHuylvinii,  "tlwl  •ueli  an  iMtninant,  paaMd 
wHk  all  tha  afpaunc*  of  uador  m<  dnipUaUir  luMgliMM*, 
aa*  afially  afiaaaM*  la  law  lad  r**MHi,  lo  ik*  clatai*  of  Um 
crown  ua  tha  riihl*  oT-Jm  lubiact,  ikoaM  b*  Ik*  (loirth  of 
aa  MkManr  ooait.  Pirhtp*  It  Mm  lou  •Iniulv,  Ibal  Ika 
•aUaml  rigkl*,  tk*  autborllr  vrtlMlan,  tad  of  Ik*  •upioHM 
iHtotalaro,  akouM  kar*  b*«*  w  carotally  alMiiiM  to  and 


t  ni*  M  ■  BilMak*.  Th*  Ptminrlranlui  chulM  dMkr* 
Inm  all  tka  otlMre  lo  not  communlcMlni  u  iipran  uau- 
nooo  to  >k«  cainiii.iU  of  Iko  riilita  ud  ckmracier  orCngllth- 
BMn.  Tha  roHon  for  thU  omlHlot  It  ulil  by  Ckalinari  (p. 
M)  lo  kair*  bwn,  Ikal  Ik*  •miiMnt  l*w)r*»,  wko  pr*p«nd 
tt*  rkaiMr,  comMorod  •nch  daclanUoiu  u  tuMtliiaui,  and 
■Mir  loivuit  iuacMull)!  Infcricd  by  law 


MMd  kat  kf  <iilt  iiwu  iiMiiii  I  ikay  Ufa.  Ihan. 

akMt,  ikal  ika  pamaawM  aavar  waald  wm  <aaMi  k* 
aotar  af  Ikal  alaaaa  ki  tka  akanar,  laa  Ikam  UN  II  kai 
yihlad  llaalf  la  aaoialaa  aaak  ligkl,  ky  adaiMUof  ia> 
pT**anlallaaa  htm  ika  ffk  ta  ka  laiad."    Tkal  iMa 

■■MA^^i^LA   IMAM  mmt  #AA  MAflkA  ^AAA    mM^^MtAi^JV  iLa  aK^aM 

i^v^mnii^  WOT  n^  \~^  ^vn^  ■■▼*  ww^g^^^^Uf  tnw  nivfv 

■radaalMa  af  I^MUa'a  awn  iaaaaolly,  aat  avaa  tka 
lawaadlila  giawtk  af  tka  aia  ai  Amarlaan  Indaaaa- 
daaaa  i  kat  Ikal  H  iipwid  tka  aplaian  af  tka  aailia*! 
laaa  af  tka  Paaaaylranlan  iaillara,  la  a  palal  auaaapli- 
Ma  af  tha  alaarval  aaaMnalraliaa.  riam  laa  aflMwl 
*aw**pniidaaaa  kalwaaa  tka  layal  AinatlanarkM  la 
Aamrlaa  and  tka  aaaM  af  liondaw,  M  appaara  ikal  ka- 
fera  Ika  ISanayWaalana  had  aiialad  aa  a  piaali  tm 

/^aara,  laa  snglMa  miawiry  waca  appriaaa  ai 
pia»alaaaa  aflkaaa  taatiaiiMila  amoM  ikam  i 
walk  af  a  (OMafflparaiy  ktatorlan  af  ikia  p«» 
Tln*a,  wka  darlrad  hi*  Idaaa  with  ragaid  ta  il  Ikom  tha 
(ommaalaatian  af  Paan  kinMalf,  tka  ilgkl  af  tka  ral» 
niala  taalacl  ...-,.. 

ia  diaiinatly 
praaading  tka 


lapraaanlatWaa  lo  tka  Briliak  parliamani 
i**arlad  (til  II  waa  only  in  tka  yaai 
I  data  of  tha  rannaylranian  ckirtar,  ikal 


nnn,  in  raalaiminf  for  tka  (ohMiaM  of  Naw  Jaraay  tka 
anla*lTa  rigkt  af  Impaaina  laiaa  on  tk*m**1raa,  kad 
prolaalad  thai  no  raaaonabia  man  wauld  amigrata  froia 


iglind  la  a  aaonlry  whara  Ihi*  right  waa  nol  lo  bo  *n- 
joyad  i  and,  aa  Ika  argumani  wkiak  ka  mainlainad  on 
tkal  occaaimi,  waa  Mundad  aniiraly  on  garMral  prlnei- 
plaa,  and  wkal  ka  lagardad  aa  tha  cooatitulional  righu 
Hiaaparabla  ftam  tha  akaraalar  of  Engliak  *uhjaata, 
wlthool  rafaranea  to  any  paauliariliaa  in  iha  cbartar  of 
Naw  J*r*ay,  il  •aama  highly  im|iroh*Ma  that  ha  ba- 
liavad  Iha  alanaaa  paealiar  ta  hi*  own  ehanar  to  admit 
of  an  intarpratatimi  that  woold  ha«a  placad  hi*  fa«orita 
provinaa  bnpand  tha  pala  af  tha  Engliah  aonatilulion, 
and  dawrred  raaaoiMbIa  man  from  ra*oning  lo  il.  Wa 
mu*l  aithar  b*lia«a  him  lo  hara  antartainad  tha  aama 
opinion  on  Ihia  point,  that  ippaar*  lo  hara  b*«n  prova- 
l*nt  among  tha  colonial*  of  ni*  larriiory,  or  *do|il  ika 
illibaral  *uppo*ilion  of  an  kialorian.*  who  ohargc*  him 
with  making  eooaaaaiona,  in  ikaory,  wkick  ho  navar  iii- 
lanJaJ  to  •ubalantiala  In  practice. 

Haaing  obuinad  iMa  chartar,  to  which  tha  king  gava 
additoind  anthorilT.  by  a  royal  laltar,  commanding  all 
inlanding  plantara  in  Iha  naw  piorinca  to  randcr  dua 
abadianca  to  tha  propriatary,  tha  nail  ear*  af  P*««  w*a 
to  attract  a  popalation  to  h»  vacant  tamiory.  To  ikia 
and,  ha  publiahad  in  account  of  tha  coil  aiid  laaouroaa 
of  Iho  provineo,  logatkar  witk  advieaa  lo  Ikoao  wko 
wara  inelinad  to  bacomo  adrautuiara,  and  a  *k*tch  af 
Iha  conditlona  on  which  ha  waa  willing  to  d**l  with 
thorn.  Tha  adrlcaa  ara  *laM*l  praaiaaly  th*  aama  with 
thoa*  which  ha  had  pravioualy  addr*a*«d  to  tha  iatand- 
iiw  amigraiiu  to  W**l  J*r*ay ;  and  anjain  all  uaraona, 
win  wara  dalibaiatimr,  to  ha«a  an  aya,  abora  all  Ikinga, 
to  Iko  prorldanea  of  Ood ;  lo  balanea  proaani  inaonvo- 
nianea  with  lulura  aaaa  and  plantv  I  and  to  obtain  tha 
cooaanl  af  thair  naar  loiatian*,  taal  natural  allaetiona 
might  ba  praaarvad,  aial  a  friandly  and  pmUlahla  cor- 
raapondanca  balwaan  Iba  two  eountrtaa  mainlainad. 
It  wa*  intimated  to  all,  wko  wen  di*po*ad  to  baeoma 
plantara,  that  land  would  bo  *old  *l  Iba  priea  of  forty 
ehilliiiga,  for  a  hundred  acrae,  together  with  a  perpetual 
quit-rant  of  a  ahilling.  Il  w«*  nquired  that,  in  dinn- 
eumbering  tha  graund  of  wood,  can  choiild  ba  taken  to 
laara  one  aera  of  trace  for  arary  Ave  acn*  cleared,  and 
aapaeially  to  praiarva  oeka  and  mulberriea,  for  tha  coo- 
(troction  of  *bip*  and  th*  manufaotun  of  (ilk.  Il  waa 
declared,  tkal  no  plantar  would  bo  permitlad  to  over- 
reach  or  otharwiaa  inhin  tha  Indiana,  or  even  to 
avenge,  at  hia  own  hanoa,  any  wrong  ho  might  receive 
from  them ;  but  that,  in  eaea  af  dieputea  between  the 
two  ncee,  the  adjuatmaal  of  them  aoould,  in  every  in- 
etanca,  ba  nfoirad  to  twelve  arbitrator*,  *«l*cl*d 
equally  from  Ike  Europoana  and  tha  Indiana.  Tka 
raaarvation  of  quit-nale,  in  additian  lo  tka  payment  af 
a  price,  wkich  pnvad  uUioulely  ao  fertile  a  aourco  of 
balwaan  ike  pnpnataiy  fomily  and  tha  eolo- 
ui«U,  waa  tka  only  feetura  in  tki*  *ekeme  tkal  appaand 
objectionable  to  the  laiigioaa  fraternity,  of  whick  Peon 
wa*  a  member  ;t  but  hi*  inlloenee  imong  th*m  waa  eo 


t  aaa  M*  ffcaarlallaa  ar  laa  pneiaaa  aa  NMMRfl^  k' 

ieaa9eiiion<  naaMveaa  appnaaiiona  m*  maa  wais 
aaaadUy  amd*  by  n*r*an*,  (iMty  of  ikaaaakar  pMaMi 

■MR|  W  t^ROMIa  IdlVMIMMf  MM   nHBVlM^   M   SVMN^ 

wkan  oaa  tndlag  aaeaeiallaa  alaaa  kaetaia  tka  pafk 
ekaaan  af  twenty  Ikanaaad  aeiaa  af  tha  lenMtn,  omI 
piaparad  for  amkaikinf  ia  variaaa  braaahae  af  aa» 
mana  lalalad  ta  ihalr  aeqaieilian.  Tha  praea**!  liMt 
ilbrdad  af  aa  early  raplaniakmant  of  ki*  pn^aea,  ai»> 
brawl  Ika  ham*dlale  aliamlanof  Penn  ta  tka  form  aai 
llikria  of  ila  politl**l  •an*lllatlM  i  m  tho  anapadlkn 
af  wkkk,  Ikan  caald  ba  ream  for  liuhi  alker  laior  tkoa 
tka  aianin  af  a  hidialaoa  •alailkNi  ham  tka  adiainUa 
Ikaontieal  *Md«b.  wkiak  kad  aayloyad  tka  aeae,  *a4 
aikanalad  Ike  biveatkNi,  M  toMampaniy  wniera,  ni 
tka  eicallanl  bwiitatiaaa,  by  whiek  tka  wveral  propria 
lariae  of  American  pravinoM  kad  vM  wllk  eaek  aikat 
for  tka  apprakatlaa  af  amnkkid,  and  tka  Mlraetian  al 
Inhabiianta  lo  their  vacant  tarrilorioe.  In  underukiN| 
an  amplovment  ao  congeniel  ta  ki*  dJepoellion,  **  tka 
work  of  iogi*l*tion,  P*nn  appean  lo  kava  been  iia< 
piaaeed  with  equal  conMane*  In  tka  ra*oure*a  of  hi* 
aapaeity  and  Iha  rectitude  of  hi*  inunlion*,  *nd  touched 
al  the  nma  time  witk  a  |anerau*  **n*a  of  tha  value  ol 
tkoM  intereci*  ih*t  wen  involved  hi  Mo  labon,  and  tha 
aipanaa  of  liberty  and  happinea*  thai  might  leeuli  IVoin 
them.  "  A*  my  undantanding  and  liMllnaliona,"  ha 
dcclirad,  "  have  baoa  mu*k  directed  to  obeorve  and 
reprave  miechioh  in  govarnmanl,  ao  il  la  now  put  inia 
my  power  to  cetlle  one.     for  tho  nMltara  of  liberty  and 

C'lvllage,  I  purpoeo  that  wkiak  i*  ailraofdinary,  and 
•ve  iny**K  *nil  wiccaaaon  no  power  of  doing  mie> 
chief,  ihet  the  will  of  one  man  mty  not  hiiid*r  the  good 
of  a  who!*  country."  The  lllMral  Imiiiiitioii*  thai 
*ro*e  ehonly  aft*r  in  Penn*vlvani*,  and  the  happinead 
af  which  they  were  *o  ibundintljr  productiv*,  ■ii**la4 
the  *lnr*rily  *iid  rewarded  the  virtue  of  thi*  inegnaal* 
mail*  deaign )  whil*  th*  partial  diiappoinlment  whiak 
it  aueiained,  and  partleolarly  Iha  miachief  and  diaaaih 
afon  that  araca  fmm  tha  powar  that  waa  actually  i*> 
Mrvml  10  the  proprietary  and  hi*  •ucoe**or«,  forcibly 
*i*mplilied  the  inAnnily  of  human  purpoaa,  and  Ik* 
fallany  incident  lo  all  human  aipeclation*. 

A*  aoveral  of  the  pureheecr*  af  land,  In  their  eager- 
ncee  to  commence  tho  new  latllamenl,  wen  preparod 
lo  amberk  befon  Penn  kad  yet  coropleird  hia  legit  la* 
lorial  compocition,  it  wa*  naca**eiy  that  tkay  ehoaM 


•  Ckalner*,— wko.  In  comkonllon  of  kl*  opinion,  ramark* 
Ikat  not  on*  of  Ike  law*  and  cooatttaUona,  anaetad  by  Pann, 
or  under  kl*  auapic**,  waa  over  aubmilMd,  accotdlnf  to  tku 


urma  of  Ika  okanar,  to  Ik*  XoiUak  cowt, 

t  Tb*  apolon  lUHeiled  by  Mr.  Cluka<  .    - 

tlon,  lliat  ■' Wberou  William  Pann  ktfcl  of  Um  Unt,  by  a 


lugfeitad  by  Mr.  Clorkaon  for  tkU  Impoal. 
n,  uiH  -  naorou  William  Pann  ktfcl  of  Um  Unt,  oy  a 

jail  annual  r*nt,  oibtra  were  oblliad  to  hold  of  klm  in  tlio 

•till*  miiintr,"  (Lift  of  P*nn,  1.  ML)  It  quite  untaUtfaclory. 
It  w*(  mtrtly  an  •luaory  duly  Is  loo  crowu,  to  wlikh  Penn 
wu  lubjoeud,  for  tk*  whole  piovlnca.  He  would  have 
fuiied  bulb  In  ckartclar  and  :appin*ti,  U  b*  could  bav* 


be  previuutly  acquainted  with  tha  purport  af  a  walk  af 
•a  much  noiiccni  to  Ihoir  int*r*tla  A  laagk  akeick  al 
ita  principal  fealnre*  wa*  arconlingly  pnparcd  and 
mutually  tignail  by  Ih*  proprietary  *iid  Ik***  *il\'iiila« 
lar*,  who  being  nuw  attuna  of  unlimited  loleraliou,* 
and  aaiiaAed  wiih  the  alnictura  of  the  political  cooctl- 
tnliun*,  no  longer  h**itat*<l  to  hid  adieu  to  a  Kane  of 
lynnny,  contention,  and  pettoculion,  and  atl  call  in 
qiieat  of  freedom  anil  repo*e  for  Pacnaylviiii*.  'lliroo 
vo***l*  from  Iiondon  and  Briatol  carried  out  theta  Aral 
Ponnaylvanian  tattler*,  and  alniig  with  Iham,  Cohmoi 
William  Markhain,  Ih*  kin*m*n  iiid  aecrrtary  of  P*na, 
who  hod  *1*o  apfioinled  him  depniy-governor ;  and 
certain  commiwianen  who  wen  appoinled  lo  confof 
with  the  Indian*  raapaeliiig  the  purcliaaa  of  tiMir  lande, 
and  tn  endeavor  lo  form  with  them  a  league  of  perpetiiij 
peac*.  Th**e  cominiaaioner*  wen  toiemnly  enjoined 
to  treat  the  Indian*  with  ill  pa*aible  candor,  iiiuice,  end 
humanity,  and  wan  made  tbe  bearer*  of  a  leiter  from 
Penu  to  them,  leeompanied  by  auitable  pnaent*.  Th* 
Indiana  wen  given  tounderitand'by  the  letter  of  Penn, 
that  tho  greet  Ciod  and  Power  who  kad  cnataU  all  inea 
and  commanded  them  to  love  and  da  good  to  one  ano- 
ther, bed  been  |<leea*d  to  make  a  coniieilon  between 
Penn  and  AiMric*  ;  that  th*  king  of  England  had  bf 
eiowed  on  him  ■  piiivince  then,  but  that  be  deaired  to 
enjoy  it  with  Ih*  goodwill  and  concent  of  tho  Indian* ; 
that  many  evil  di»pe*ed  Europeena,  ho  waa  aware,  had 
need  tho  Indiana  vary  ill,  but  that  ha  waa  a  pareon  ol 
diffennt  diapoaitioo,  and  bon  great  love  and  ragaid  la 
Ikam ;  tkal  tka  people  ko  naw  aeot  among  tkam  wara 
ikailaily  diapoaed,  and  ariakaA  lo  live  wilk  Ikem  la 
neigkbwt  and  friende. 

avoktod  to  mlnato  tk*  aequititloo  of  a  private  eitate  wtU  tha 
auraoae  of  maklaf  a  kely  *ip*ilia*M,  aad  atlUof  an  aiaaifla 
to  th*  natlona. 
•  It  datitcu  not  fltom  tk*  wladota  af  Pann,  but  nwialytktm 

■     libiaUly 


naably  raquMM  to  tho  prala*  of  virtue,  tktt  tkit  euatla 
iciplo  of  loltrtllon  had  boon  already  realutd  in  Ame- 
Lord  Btltlmore  and  th*  calkotea  of  Muyltnd,  *it| 
ad  u  a  politic  davlc*  by  I>ord  Cltrandon  and  kit  ***a 
cittat  In  Ctroliiit,  and  bv  Lord  Btikalty  tnd  SU  Oootge  Car 
toret  In  Niw  Jenty.   Mr.  Claikaon  It  the  only  kltentea  at 
Pinn  who  ku  conctded  lo  Lord  a*lllaMn  tk*  MBM  af  «rip 


ntUof  tol«ra«len  In  imortcfc 


b*' 


^A   ^^^  ^^^^^  ^^    ^^^A    ^^    1^^^^^    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 


if  MMMMMIt  ^IMmM,  M  W*  Mfi«tl  la  AMMtiM.  M 
lilM  ^MWMiMI  •(  M  tlMMtl*  Mm,  itlu^lMl  iwciv* 

WitH  MwlkaMd  •(  NanMHlh  M  iIm  WMtam  M»  tl 
tkt  D>k«M*,  okM*  wtian  MMiibitUNi  «itk  mImi 
Mmnm  of  latMi ttM  M  Ik*  Mlnbrujt  of  iIm  tlf  m4  Ik* 
hlUIM|t  af  'U  Mil.  A*  liW*  illiMliMi  MiayMl  Um  ■<• 
mnifM  ■!  t  nuM  inl|li>«tli— J  Mt  UM  tMiib  whI 
MM,  «•  MiMiltte  «*rt  MM  fmb*ifM«<<l  wilk  Um  M- 
iirillw  wIimIi  <iymii<  w  liiMjr  •'  Umm  pn<mniir« 

In   liwIlM    IMIMIU I  ImI.  MllMtMl    wIlll  iMp*  (Mi  • 

ipiill  af  ilawljr  Mllviijt,  Um^  mi  iImmmIum  iliilatmljr 
It  ynpwa  liM  iIm  nityltM  •(  ik*  ntmmin*  aMlgiMi* 
«Im  wm*  tipMMd  ••  Jain  I|m«  In  iIm  Mbwlng 
jTMf ,  UiMltr  ktnialHM  w*ra  •miuml  bjr  ■imiImi  d*- 
ImImmm  •(  iIm  Im  UfMiuiMt,  arko,  Mntlng  kiM  In 
Ika  MMMi,  «MM  M  •kan  at  ika  plMa  «kafa  Ckailn 
Maw  iUMla  I  ami  ika  ilvar  kaving  (uikUaly  fcaMa  b» 
fcn  Ikajr  iiHtH  raauiiM  ihalr  vajptga,  «atv  ea«atnlna<i 
la  |MM  Um  raHwimlar  at  ika  winMf  Umm.  A  lilMattfy 
MM  Mw  mad*  bjr  Calami  Maikkam  wMck  hail  •  Ma- 
larial liiMiMMta  on  iha  faluia  |<iiicaailia|i*  of  Paun,  «rka 
kail  hilbarto  (uiiinmmI  thai  iIm  wkala  of  ika  Dtlawira 
laniloiy  •ia«|)l  iha  aaulaiunl  of  Nawaaalla  ami  Ita  tfh 

Smianaa  (MaufMad  lijr  ika  Ouka  of  Yaik  M  a  i»^ii%- 
i»1  vl  liu  own  pn«lMa  of  Now  Yark),  wu  nalljr 
Maludail  In  Um  Panmjildiilan  nkanar— a  auppoaillan 
wkkk  ka  aaama  Iv  kava  aiiMHalnad  wlUi  a  graal  dMi  af 
MllifMllon.  for  ka  wu  awara  ikal  Uila  lanllaty  al- 
raarf.v  aoolaiaad  a  numbar  af  Swatiiak  aiid  Kngllak  aal- 
tliira'i  (ihI  Ikaugk  douMloM  ka  piMwaad  lo  paopla  kia 
lamalu  aklat*  »llk  auakara,  ll  WM  lai  fram  iindMirabIa 
waitlain  (m  MnMalf  an  iMniadiala  Mcaaaion  of  Ihbu- 
MriM,  and  bi  kia  paojila  a  aocial  cooiHiiion  wilk  a 
MM  af  kanljr  aalUart  alraadjr  Inurad  lo  colonial  Ufa  and 
•aMta.  Ma  kiMw  thai  l«nl  Daliiinaca  cliiinad  ika 
•Uaglaiwa  af  a  numbai  of  ikoM  Millara  whoM  planla- 
Wana  ka  iupfMMd  lo  ba  ineludad  wilhln  Um  doaain  of 
Faniiaiflvania,  and  bad  iMiriicwd  Markkam  lo  damand 
kam  IIMInoblainan  a  ralin^ulahmanl  of  bia  pralanaiona. 
Markham  MaonUnglv  ap^iad  lo  iba  pnipcialaiy  af 
ind  aaprljf  ai 


al  Pann 


Maryland,  and 

^ra  Ika  liUw  of  IIm  Iwo  prorincH  and  ailiui 
MuudariM  i  bvl  diacovahng  vary  aniadUy  uai 
lad  in  iMliljr  no  oikar  claim  tban  wnal  mitffcl 
itvad  from  ika  eonfuMd  dMignalion  wkick  kia  ehartar 
tad  givan  lo  ika  limila  of  kia  pro«inea,  and  ikal  a  lilaral 
'anatruelion  of  I«rd  Uallimora'a  priar  akailar,  wkara 
tka  lifflila  wara  indicalad  arlUi  graal  piaciaion,  would 
avaruala  al  onca  Um  pralanaiona  koUl  of  Pann  and  Ika 
Duka  of  York,  bo  daclinad  all  furlkar  conraranva,  and 
Mquainlad  Pann  with  a  diacovarjr  Ibal  Uiraalanod  m 
■unh  olialiuclioo  lo  hit  viawa. 

In  Iha  •liriiig  of  iha  folluwiiia  yaar,  [  lUt]  Pann  coin< 
niMad  aiw  dan  vxred  to  Iha  world  a  coin|HMilion  of  much 
nanghl  and  labor,  aniillwl  "  Tbo  Fraina  of  ika  Ooaain- 
manl  of  Um  PiovIimo  of  PannayWanla."  Il  «h  inlro- 
duoad  by  a  noblo  |irafaea  containing  bia  own  iboughla 
on  Iba  frigin,  nalure,  and  objacta  of  go«ornm«nt ; 
wkarain  ha  daducaa  from  rarioua  taila  of  avriplura  Iha 
daritalion  of  all  power  from  Ood,  Iha  uliar  unlawful- 
MM  of  rnaialing  eonalilulad  authority,  and,  in  abort, 
"  ika  dirina  right  of  govammeni,  and  tnat  for  two  anda : 
Aral,  lo  tarrir^  avil  dMra,  atcondly,  to  chariah  ihoM  that 
do  wall ;  which,"  ha  continuaa,  "  givaa  govammanl  a 
Ufa  bayoiid  curruplion,  and  makaa  it  aa  durtbla  in  Iha 
worM  aa  good  man  ahall  ba,  to  thai  gotarnmani  Mama 
lo  ma  a  part  of  religion  iuclf,  a  tiling  aacrad  in  ita  inali- 
lulion  and  and."  "They  weakly  err,"  ko  afUrwarda 
obterr at,  ■•  who  think  there  it  no  other  um  of  govern- 
Mcnl  than  conwiion,  wbiek  ia  Ike  cMrMr  part  of  il." 
Oucliiiiiiig  lo  pronounce  tny  opinion  on  Ike  eomparaUva 
Merit  or  the  Tarioua  political  modala  which  bad  bMn 
adopted  by  atalee  or  euneatad  by  thaoriata,  and  ra- 
Marking  Ihat  not  one  of  ibMa  bad  ever  bMn  realiaed 
atithout  incurring  wme  alteration  from  the  lapM  of 
lime  or  the  emergency  of  circuinatancet,  he  tdrancea 
Ibia  pfiailiou,  that  "  any  govarnmani  la  frM  to  the  peo- 
ple under  it,  whatever  be  the  frame,  where  Ike  lawa 
rule  and  Ike  peopio  are  bptrty  lo  Umm  lawa  ;  and  mora 
Ikan  tbia  it  tyranny,  oligarchy,  or  confuaion."  "Qovam- 
nanla,"  ka  inaiala,  "  rather  depend  upon  men,  tban 
■M  1^00  gayamnMnu.  Let  men  ba  good  and  Iha 
gaMlMnam  cannot  ba  bad.  If  it  ba  ill,  iney  will  cure 
tt.  Bui  if  man  be  bad,  let  the  goToniment  be  never  to 
oaod,  Ibey  will  endravor  to  warp  and  apoil  it  to  Ibeir 
nun.  I  know  Mine  uy,  '  Let  ua  have  good  lawe,  and 
M  mailer  for  the  men  that  necute  them.'  But  let 
lha«  conaider  that  though  good  Jawa  do  wall,  good 
■•■  do  battar ;  foe  good  lawa  ma  want  good  man,  and 
ka  invadrd  or  aV^litRed  l\y  ill  mei  ;  but  good  man  will 


iiotnAvMi 


Ita.! 


iMMoly,  Man  af  wladaM  aad  vinaa  i  aaatUlM  iMt  ba- 
aaaaa  May  deMend  nM  wllk  watUly  iMMWiinaM,  nraat 
ka  eenAiUy  pcenegalad  k*  a  vwIbom  idatallan  af 
jtaadt."  In  aanalaawo  ka  MalarM  UmI,  •■  Wat  kata^ 
wM)  lavaieMa  M  Oad  and  gaad  aanMlaoM  la  Man,  la 
Um  keel  af  aof  akIU  aaalrlvad  and  aamaattd  ika  tnaa 
af  Ikia  gavafMaent  M  ika  giaai  and  af  tli  (ovanaaM, 
•a  Mppati  pawat  in  lavefaMa  wiik  ika  peapla,  and  la 
tM«ra  Um  paa|da  Aa«  Um  akoM  nf  pawei,  UmI  Umjt 
May  ka  Am  ky  ikait  jua«  akaditnao,  and  Um  maglalialM 
baiMNBbIa  Ibf  ikal*  Juel  admlnitirtilaa  i  Ikt  llkany  wlik- 
aal  akadleata  la  aanAMlan,  and  akediaMa  wllkaal 
Ubarty  la  alavar;."  TUa  pndaellan,  wbiak  wlU  aiwata 
■amniand  rrtpMl  far  Ua  lalrlnaia  merlla,  aMlMd  laa 
■raalar  Inlaraet  al  Um  lima  haw  lie  koing  regarded  M 
Um  palilieal  manlfaela  af  Ika  parly  UmI  kad  naw  ha- 
aama  Ike  mael  nnwarane  aad  pawarful  amang  Ika  qua- 
kara,  and  wkaM  aMandanry  ranlinnad  gradaa 
aiaaM  till  al  kinglk  Ika  wkola  tMlalv,  by  din 
veraion  or  aipnltion,  wtt  moulded  lo  a  eanfemilly  wllk 
ita  oplniona.  Aiiotkar  (larty  tlill  aiialad,  kul  wm  daily 
diminitking,  wkich  ragtrdrd  with  equal  areraion  Um 
aelablithnianl  of  teeltrian  diteiplina,  and  Ika  rMagni' 
lion  of  muuiripal  govarnmani  Ma  legilimateordinaneac 
Tkaadherenia  of  Ihia  parly  ware  wiliing  la  forbMr 
horn  all  foraihle  reaitttnca  to  human  violence  i  but  wen 
no  loM  retal'ilely  bent  agtinti  any  voluntary  ao-oper»- 
lion  wilh  human  aulkarily ;  and  rnproached  the  real  of 
Ikair  brelkran  wllk  degenerating  from  original  quakar 
priMiplM,  and  tukatitating  a  Mrvila  abedltnce  la  iIm 
dead  law  wilkoul,  in  piMo  of  a  koly  caofarHlty  la  Ika 
living  law  wiikin. 

By  Ika  Arama  wkick  followed  Ikle  prefMO,  \H  wm  do- 
eltrvd  Iket  Ike  govemmenl  of  Ike  provinaa  akouM  ba 
adminlalared  by  Ika  proprialary  of  kia  deputy  aa  go- 
reriMir,  and  by  ike  rrrcmen  forMcd  into  two  Mpania 
iNMlwa  of  a  provincial  council  and  a  ganeial  aaMinbly. 
IIm  council  wh  lo  ba  eleclad  by  Ike  fiaaman,  and  to 
aonaial  of  tevanty-lwo  membera,  of  whom  twonly-leur 
were  annually  lo  retire,  and  be  repUced  by  the  mom 
numbar  of  new  onea.  Here  Ike  governor  wh  lo  preaida, 
kivaaled  with  iw  other  control  than  a  treble  vote.  Tbua 
Mnpaaed,  the  council  wtt  to  eierciM  not  only  the 

bato  aiMuliva  power,  but  the  pMuliar  privilege  which 
kad  kMn  anneinl  lo  the  fnnoIMM  of  we  aama  aula 
argan  In  Ike  Carolinian  eoottitutiona,)  of  preparing  all 
Um  billa  Ibal  ware  lo  be  prewnted  lo  the  BaMmbl)>. 
No<  loM  than  Iwo-lbirdi  of  the  membera  of  council 
were'  nececMry  lo  make  a  quorum  i  and  Um  conMOt  of 
Iwo-tkirda  of  auck  quorum  waa  liuliapenMble  in  all 
aaitera  of  moment.  The  general  aaMniMy  waa  la 
contial,  iht  Aral  year,  of  all  the  freemen ;  the  iieil,  of 
Iwo  hunHred  alecled  by  the  real ;  and  al\erwardt  lo  ba 
augmented  in  proportion  to  the  increaM  of  population. 
Thit  body  waa  not  permitted  to  origioale  lawe,  but  wat 
rMirietea  to  a  timple  acMnt  or  negation  In  paMing  or 
rejecting  the  billa  thai  might  b«  tanl  to  them  by  the 
governor  and  council.  They  were  )a  proMnl  aberiHa 
and  luaticee  of  the  peace  to  iha  governor ;  naming  dou- 
ble Ike  requitiie  number  of  perMna,  for  bia  choice  of 
half.  They  were  lo  ba  elMled  annually  ;  and  all  elM- 
liona,  whauer  for  the  council  or  Iha  aaMmbly,  were  lo 
be  conducted  by  bellol.  Such  waa  Iba  aubatance  of 
Uw  charter  or  frame  of  govemmenl,  which  wh  further 
dwlared  lo  ba  incapable  of  allaHtion,  change,  or  di- 
minution in  any  part  or  clauM,  without  the  conMnt  of 
Iha  uri>|irioiary  or  bia  heira,  and  ail  parte  in  Mvan  of 
the  freemen  both  in  Iba  provincial  council  and  general 

Mmbly. 

The  mode  of  election  by  bellol,  which  baa  tinea  be- 
come M  general  in  North  America,  waa  Brat  Inlroduead 


•  How  Ihay  couM  rafuM  to  lulTar  bad  lawi,  under  a  fTtna 
of  (ovamniant  Uul  ainludad  tiiam  IVoin  a  thara  In  lafUlalWn, 
Il  a  diflcully  which  he  tau  not  undertaken  to  tolra,  ana 
which,  Indeed,  hit  nneftl  analhamt  afalnil  all  ratltlaoce  to 
eonitltutad  aulhonty  randan  parfactly  InMluMe.  It  la  true 
Uial  lie  raprDUhet  a  lovaromant  la  trained  with  the  charac- 
ter of  tyranny;  but  thli  rrprotch  merely  flvaa  additional 
aanetlon  todtacontant,  wllhoul  flrlna  any  la  retlalanca.  In 
order  to  htrmiinlia  lilt  rallf  lou*  with  hl>  political  creed,  we 
■Mat  rafard  Iha  forma  which  ha  daprrclalat,  ti  aaaantlal  to 
the  alloBcy  of  the  vlrtuei  wUeli  he  eatitt  with  euluatve 
yraita. 

t  SonM  of  Iha  plantara  had  eooparatad  with  Pann  In  the 
eemuMllliHi  of  the  frame. 

t  PMn  boaaad  iha-  hie  ItfltltUva  pnduMlon  tinllad  the 
panbrmanca  of  Lncka :  yac  htra  ha  tnmt  to  hava  eopM  IVom 
N  a  vary  llllbaral  ftaiura  i  doubiiaw  with  toma  InproranMol, 
Inafueh  ta  ika  Carolinian  coumII,  which  aitrdiad  Ihia  re- 
airlailon  ofih*  mplca  lo  ba  dlteuMtd  by  iha  fanaral  aiaamMy, 
wat  fkr  laaa  liberally  coniiiiuud  than  ihe  coundl  ofPtnntyl- 
vtnla.  Ptnn  had  mora  nceailnti  ui  boati  the  tuptrlor  tictl- 
laaea  ihan  the  benar  fue  ot'ihrH  cnnntMuilnna.  which  tnjoyed 
evm  a  thonar  durallon  than  the  prqject  at  Locka. 


dWM  k*  Aa  I  ml Mi  HlMHiMk  glaMi  If 

kUakei  krNaWjM^.aadnawNanaftlMiMVkW 
aylvauM.  Tkia  lalMt  lepaUllan  af  Ika  mfHimm 
praved  very  aawUefaaiaty,  Tka  ihaMw  Ma*  4m 
alarad  Ikal  Uwy  Ml  II  rapngnanl  M  Ika  apM  af  ■■r 
lukman,  la  ga  mmmM  la  tliiiJMi  i  Umi  UMy  ataiaai 
la  giva  UmIt  opInlaM  In  Um  dark  i  dMt  ika*  ivaaM  4a 
naiMng  wklak  lka«  darai  aal  awa  i  aad  Um<  Ikaf 
wiekad  Um  made  af  alMUan  la  ka  M  acMlllaliJ  M  M 
akaw  Umi  Ikair  fankeada  and  UMir  vataM  mm  ad  Hff» 
Umv.  la  lantaaacMa  af  Umm  ikJiHiiaii  waa,  pth 
eoivlng  (Mya  OUaOian)  Umi  Um  larfaMlaa  af  kia  kMl^ 
laiiana  wm  aat  ki  aarardaaaa  wilk  Um  lay  wfail 

vanlan  la  Um  Cagllak  made  af  aiMllaa. 

Ta  Um  frama,  UMra  wm  lyyindad  a  aada  af  (My 
aandlllaaal  lawa  wkwk  wara  mM  M  kava  kaaa  aa»- 
aaned  kalwMa  Um  pMfiiaiai*  tad  dlvara  af  Um  pltaMa 
kefara  Ikair  depattnya  fta«  England,*  and  wara  la  ka 
aubmillad  far  eantnaallan  ar  maiMaalinn  la  Um  I«m 
provincial  aeMmkiy.  Tkia  rada  ia  t  ntaduallaa  tary 
Mporior  lo  Um  aoneilinlional  froMa,  and  kigkiy  aradil» 
Me  lo  Um  HnM,  Ike  apirii,  aad  ika  kaaavalanM  af  IM 
aulkora.  Among  oikar  remlalloM  propatadtd  In  It, 
il  waa  dMiarad  Umi  Um  aharMtar  af  fraaawn  af  Um 
pnvlMa  aiwuM  ketang  la  til  puraktaara  w  lanlara  af  a 
hundred  Mree  af  land  i  la  Ml  Mrvania  ar  kandtMta 
who  at  Iba  ripiring  of  ikait  angagomanlt  akaald  tall^ 
vale  Um  quota  af  land  (AAy  Mrn)  allolad  M  Umm  \tif 
law,  and  to  all  arlilaara  Bad  Mker  lakaWunla  ar  rtat- 
denta  wko  abouM  par  arol  and  fal  la  Ihe  govemmaM  | 
Ikal  no  puMie  let  akoukl  ba  levied  rrom  Ike  peaala 
■•  but  by  t  law  far  Ikal  purpoM  made,"  aad  ikal  Wka- 
ever  alwuM  coUmI  or  pay  uim  not  M  MMlianai, 
akauU  ka  kokl  a  public  enemy  af  Ika  provinaa  ami  a 
kelraver  afita  libertiM.'  "UmI  all  prieaae  akali  ka 
workhooaM ;"  that  a  thief  ahaaU  raelan  iwiaa  Um 
value  of  hie  ikeA,  and  in  default  of  Mker  MMna  ada* 
quale  to  auck  raalitulion,  akouM  wark  M  a  I 


III  priaon  for  tka  banellt  of  Ike  party  linufod  i  Ikal 
landa  aa  wall  aa  Ike  peraonal  pni)Mrty  af  a  dakiar  aktaM 
be  reaponaibla  for  hia  obligtilona,  eicepi  in  the  com  of 
hie  having  lawful  children,  for  whoH  um  two-lkinit  af 
the  landed  Mlala  were  appointed  lo  ba  leearvad  i  Ikal 
all  fMlora  ami  eorfMpondenta  In  the  province  wranglag 
Ibeir  empbiyera,  akouM,  in  addiiinn  lo  corapiate  laan- 
lulion,  pay  a  eurplua  amounlbig  lo  a  third  af  Ika  ta« 
Ikay  kad  unjually  detained  ( Ibal  all  dramatie  aattrtaia> 
Menu,  gamea  of  kaiard,  aporla  of  cruelty,  and  whtl> 
aver  oIm  migkl  eonlribulo  to  promola  forMily  af  laa- 
per  or  habile  of  diMipation  and  ineligion,  aaauld  ka 
diMoura|ad  and  piinlahed  i  and  "  ihat  all  childraa 
within  Ihia  province  of  the  age  of  twelve  yeara  akali  ka 
laogkl  aoma  uMful  trade  or  akill,  lo  tbo  end  noiM  Ma* 
ba  idle,  bul  Iba  poor  may  work  lo  live,  and  Ike  rick,  if 
ih».  lM>eomo  poor,  bmt  not  want."  Tkia  raguUlion, 
'»'  genial  to  primitive  quaker  MnlimanI  and  lo  i^ 
II"  >n  tpiril  and  timplicily,  wee  admirably  ealculalal 
I'  3  lo  promola  fallow-fMling  tban  lo  aMuro  lnd» 
pamlc  «a.  Il  eonlribuiod  to  prrHrvo  a  mom  af  iba 
natural  equality  of  mankind,  by  recalling  la  every  aan'a 
remembrance  hia  original  dHUnation  to  labor:  and 
while  it  tended  thua  to  abate  Ihe  pride  and  inaolanca 
af  wealth,  il  operated  no  Iom  beneScially  lo  rraaedjr 
Um  dMay  of  lonuna  tieculiarly  ineidani  lo  waaltl^ 
MlUera  in  a  country  whan  the  deainoM  of  til  kinda 
af  labor  rendered  MleneM  a  much  mora  eipanaiva  con- 
dition than  in  Europe.  It  waa  furthor  dMiarad,  Ibal 
no  perMiie  abouhl  be  permitled  to  hoU  any  offica,  w 
to  eterclM  the  functiona  of  frMHMn,  but  "  aucb  M  pr»- 
icM  failb  In  Jnua  Cbrial,  and  an  nol  eonvictad  af  ill 
or  unaober  and  diahonHt  canverMlion  i"  ami 
that  all  pareone  acknowledging  the  one  almigbly  and 
eternal  Ood  lo  ba  Um  crMlar,  npboldor,  and  ruler  of 
the  world,  and  profaHing  to  be  conMientiooely  engaged 
10  live  peaceably  and  jually  iuaMiely|,  ahould  be  wkoUjr 
exempted  from  moleelalion  for  Ikeir  mon  parlicvlat 
oplniona  and  praetieea,  and  akoukl  never  at  any  linn 
ka  compelled  lo  fretjuent  or  mainlaio  any  raligioua  piaea. 
miniatry,  or  worahip  whatever. 


•  Marfcham,  the  klnaaan  and  aaerMarr  af  Pann,  aad  aAit- 
waida  (ovarnor  oT  Iba  provlnca,  haa  aaanbad  ihe  irititr  paN 
orihaeoMiHailaiia  of  tka  (kama  haalf  to  ihe  tugietlloat  aad 
Imponunlir  of  tktaa  partoaa,  in  oppoaMon  la  Iha  arlflnal  la- 
tanllona  of  Pann.  In  a  laiur  to  P  laHkar,  Iha  foraraor  ar  Naw 
Tork  (In  May,  lltt),  Markham  aayt,  "I  vtrywall  kMwihal 
il  [Iha  rraraa  nf  (ovammani]  wat  I'oretd  tnm  him  by  (rliadi, 


i 


TNI  mtTotf  or 


■MMN  •#   timiilllUll  •<•*    fMM^IfMM*  I  M*  I 

Im  Onto  mm  t  iiwiww  m  mwiiIniI*  fH  ■  > 

IIm  mmW  I  MM  to  «tMM«MMfy  ka  BWfcnl<  IW 
kMftMl  rMNd       ll  ■«■  MMHgN  ^IMf  <M  llM  M|««<, 

m4  Mm  mil  nf  MMk  MM  tMf*MmM  MtMUMMd,  Mm 
iSm*  «>mlii»<  M  uw  mm  itm*.  In  •  |*mi  tl  ^Ot- 
hmf  MffHMy,*  wtnM  iMvtng  ^UiMMlaM  Im  M 

•MMIMlir  tiMtIM  M  MMMI  M  IH«  iMMMM*  kM  MMM^ 
Nfiwd   dMMlM   •(  P»IMMi»Mi».       TMdMlC  M  Ik* 

iiywy  tf  IW,  mU  y»j>«M)r  wwH *"  »«*;<«■»—» 

Mill  wf   WnMiMM#  •!  WI#II>WMS,  WW  wf  NMlWfSM# 


laff  iMtjr  wWdl  \m  ImU  ty  •  4««H 
IM*.  m4  M  mm*  kMM  tkb  m 

4wltM  W  t  MtMM— UM  im*  IMW  IMVMWi  M  M«, 

ky  IM  wytMM  iMi*  W  |M,  Ik*  Mwn  •(  NmmmiI*, 
wHk  •  iMitMty  af  HmIt*  mMm  mmmI  tl,  MgMka* 
«kk  iIm  «r*«i  •(  Im4  •iUmIim  MMikwinifMrn  ii  iifM 
Mm  livM  IMiwtM  I*  C*f  KmlafM.  TMi  f MMy- 
M««  ImIwM  Mt  Mh  ika  milMMiMi  mMmU;  toMi4 
kf  lk*l«*«dMMrf(hM«*rJ«*M<|<Mt«tktika  UiMak, 
•I  wM«k  Ik*  *Mly  kM*fT  i*  M*mM  wUk  Um  *nMk  •( 
N*w  r*lk,  »ml  10  wktok  l^mi  IMuiMr*  |Wi«»*n<  • 
tliliii  okiik  k*  k«4  Mt*«  k**fi  iM*  M  nn4*r  tAdMl, 
k«l •  IHM ilMriii  wkMk  Um mMmmr*  ml* aiMll; 

MikWM*  m4   kl*  MltVII^  twi  IMMMlnM*  kut  M- 

ImHv  i*ci*MM4  turn  Dtiitk  tut  ll««Uiik  •mdimiim. 
Wiikaul  idaftlNi  Ik*  k*nh  ••«•■»•  •(  t  wnitr  wh* 
MilMitM  tkal  IM*  InaaaclMi  ralkcMd  dtakanor  balk 
•n  Ik*  Dvk*  *(  Y*fk  ind  Wtlltem  P«nn,  «*  ein  ktnitjf 
Ikil  M  NgMd  MM*  halljr  nti  iniM|ii*««  pr*(*«ltii(, 
M  t*  l*(r*«  iti*  impafuan*  In  wkMk  lu  MlamUnI 
Mam*  MUM  ha  4itiiM  baiwMti  •  prina*  <iMlingttiik*ii 
*»n  Mwng  iha  •iiurU  for  |iarlM]r  tnd  injaMM*.  ami  • 
^lilanik  Mna«ii«i  a«an  amang  Uia  i)uakar«  lof  ku- 
imnHf  ami  kaMvatanaa.  Ilia  Uuka't  paianla  a*- 
•uf*dl:r  M  Ml  incliiaa  wtlkin  kia  boiindanaa  wkal  ka 
MM  fifniwi  I*  tanny  \  ami  il  «•*•  anijr  lo  a  |iail  al 
U  Ikal  ka  cavU  kniiato  avan  Ika  duMou*  lilla  ariUna 
IVam  Mcupanrjr,  la  oBMaHiaa  M  ika  l*|al  claiM  al 
L*H  BaltliMrat 

All  Ikiag*  having  baan  mm  jprapami  fof  kia  a«n 
MfiMial  Maaanaa  M  Amaik*,  Pann  kinualf  Ml  Mil 
kiMi  CnahiKl  I*  «lall  hi*  InnMlUiilla  laniton,  In  caia- 
panjr  wiih  a  huiidrad  En|liak  i|Mkar*,  wh*  haii  dtur- 
Minad  w  unlla  UmiumIvm  lo  ihair  rriaiMia  alraatljr  ra- 
Mo«*«i  10  Ikal  i|utrtai  of  iha  arorlii.  Aiil<rlH||  an  th* 
Miika  of  Iha  Daliwira,  ha  bahaM  with  |ntl  Mtiiha- 
lioii  Ik*  IkrlTJiifl  willainenia  ea<n|ir»han<leil  in  hii  111* 
■ci)ui«iion,  amflho  kanljp,  aobar,  ami  labonoui  nca  of 
man  by  whotn  Ihay  war*  inhabiltd.  'Dm  |io|iultiioii 
•f  Ikal  |ian  of  Ika  DtlawaM  larriton  which  ha  alii- 
Malaljt  •iwcaadail  in  n>Uinia|  a|*inat  l^ni  DalitrooM, 
■mouniail  alfmily  lo  Ibraa  thouHnd  penon>.  chlaAy 
Bwailw  ami  Dutch  ;t  an<l  by  tham,  a*  wall  ••  by  iha 
Cn|liih  Millar*  wha  wara  Intarmiiad  with  ibam,  and 
ky  Iha  quakrra  whom  Maikbam  had  atrilad  oul  in  tha 
pracadinf  yaar,  iha  praprialary  wu  iMcirad  on  hia 
arrival  with  a  Mlitfaclion  aqual  lo  hia  own,  and  nvalad 
with  iIm)  nioal  coriliiil  aipraMiona  of  raapaol  and  good 

*  Onljr  a  muMk  balbn  ikia  (tfot  *m  fraiiud,  Sir  4ak» 
Wanlan,  Ik*  Duka'i  McfMarjr,  •IfuMxl  lu  rmm  >  rtpMHIw  of 
fcriaar  rafuaal*  of  k,  ami  ai  Uw  •*■*•  llnw  wrnu  lu  Dunnn, 
Ik*  tuntnot  of  Naw  York,  cauUonlnai  kin  to  liawua  uf  Ika 
awruackaianu  of  raan,  aknm  ka  ilaacrlkaa  aa  "  >ar>  Iniani 
an  hia  awn  liiMraai  hi  Ikaaa  |iana,  u  ;u«  okMrva. "  fuia 
rapara,  apud  Ckalman,  Mil  Tha  affaci  of  Ika  acanaa oTIn 
irlaua  and  alwrcallon,  wliick  kia  tlaaa  an  Um  Oalawara  larrl 
•Mr  kad  nrailucaa,  aaU  aaanwd  llkali  aUII  funkar  In  Riulwi«, 
la  auMelaialjr  tIalMa  im  ika  nlml  of  rana.  Uiii  uf  kJa  laUan 
lo  a  frlaiiJ,  al  ihla.  parloil,  ai|iraaaaa  an  aililani  abaiamanl  of 
Ik*  rar>«t  of  kl*  dm  Imfiraaalona  of  Ika  4*(rM  In  wklak  Ma 
aahinlal  ihataaa  ial|hi  ba  randarad  aonduclva  w  afdcHual  and*, 
"•urali,"  Ca  aajia,  "Uod  will  cvn*  In  Ibr  a  ahara  In  Ikia 
ulwHlni  work,  and  Ihai  Uavan  akall  laafan  iha  lump  in  Um*. 
I  dn  ma  kallava  Ika  Lord'a  pra«idaiie*  had  run  ikb  way  lo- 
ward*  aa,  kui  Ikal  k*  kM  a  baarax'y  and  and  •*rmn  la  k." 
Caikwa.  I*  Mt. 

t  UUaitaoa,  „  JM.  ITS.  Pnud,  I.  «••-«  Ckalmara,  tM. 
Oiiaa  Ibr  all,  I  would  okaar«a  Ikai,  In  ih*  couraa  afthla  hiMory, 

ta**  haquamly  llluauaud  ptnkular  ponhma  of  ny  Barra< 

■' — '-—   »^  -— ' -"-'-"i lecordi 

mt  own, 
lad,  ftun 


ttta  by  akalloo  of  varloua  auUmrMat,  nat  an*  of  wkick  accord* 
Millialy  akkar  witk  ika  (law*  uT  Um  Mkar*  or  wkk  mr 
Touflaln,  kl  a«<r)k*iKk  InMaac*.  kuw  I  ka>*  baan  M . 
Mnipailwa  af  Ika  wkol*,  lo  Ik*  flaw  Ikat  I  ka>a  adopiad, 


wauUanaaaUiar  anry  ckapwr  or  ny  work  wkk t  lon(**rl*« 
•I  *ub*ldl*ry  dl*qulaUon*.  Muck  of  ik*  labur  of  an  hontai 
kMoftaii  can  narar  b*  kaown  lu  hi*  mil*r*. 

1  lnon*ofP*an'*l«ur*,  Ik*  Duick  and  Iwadlak  Inhabl. 
MUM  of  Oalawara  *ra  lb**  d**erlb*d :— "  Tkay  ara  a  plain, 
■uana,  Indnairloua  paopl*  i  who  ha>*  niada  no  iraai  profraia 
hi  anRara  i  daolrlnf  r*ifi*r  U>  ka>*  *nauf  h,  ikan  planiy  or  iraf' 
la.  Aa  Ihay  ara  paupla  propar  and  uroiif  of  body,  an  Ihay 
■Bf*  to*  children,  and  alnwai  a>ary  houaa  rull."  rroud,  I. 
W,  I.  Th*  Ouiek  kad  ona,  awl  Iha  Swnlai  ihra*  maailiif ' 
kMHa  Ibr  dlTloa  warakip  In  ika  Dalawara  tarrUory.— IbU. 


■M 

Ma  a( 


HI    UM   4#fli|VMl   Rtvl  OT  wtf  MM  W4  Mlw* 

»r««d*  *f  ka*  dwM  naaa.    ll  wm  iMMflng  M  ikalt 

aniia^  M  a  aiaM  ikai  a**iM4  ik*fi 


Miak  l*M  MMh  M  Wfwmtmttm  ttmm  ka  aaparlM  gM*«- 
Maa,  dMM  aUMf  Naw  Yait  *•  Mwjrland  and  ariMV 
•*•«  lk*y  iMgkl  IkMk  *f  Ik*  kiallaa  *r  l<*fd  BaliliMM'a 
pmiinliM,  •*  Ik*  KiaHjl  m  M*  admlnlalraiion,  H  «m 
MMHlkal  ikM  kl*  **w«i  aiM  «mi|mI  i*  wraai  fr*m  ika 
DMta  *f  Y*fk  MM  kad  mm  k*M  gmiMd  M  ik*  a*i»- 
aiialkM  H  WdH*M  INhm.  fiMaadtwg  i*  NaaraaMla, 
•fc*M  Ik*  l>tl*h  k*d  a  a**W-kMia,  Ik*  pr*prlalary  a*»- 
**kad  k*M  a  MMlliig  of  Ma  mw  aiil>)a*la  i  and,  *Aa« 
Mw  toiMliM*  m»Ml*  I*  awaiitm  Ma  lagal  paaaM- 
MM  »l  ik*  aMMlry,  k*  *ipt*lMd  to  ih*m  Iha  abiMU  *i 
kia  a»Mim  MMug  iImii,  a«k«wad  Ikam  i*  h«*  In  ••- 
kfl*iy  imI  MMlual  amlly,  and  taMwad  Iha  «o*iMHal*M 
af  Iha  ailMIng  maglainiM.  IV  numhar  af  kia  (al*- 
nlMa  MaanwMla  «m  IkM  InarMMng  around  him.  In 
I  aourM  af  ihia  yaar,  m  fawar  than  two  tkomand 
■araona,  chlally  i|nai(*r*,  anlrad  fium  Citgland  an  Ih* 
lank*  af  iha  itelawar*.  Many  uf  tham  w*r*  paraona 
of  rank  and  lukManaa,  and  all  war*  man  of  *<>im  *<Ii|. 
aMMi  and  mal  rMpMlaMllly,  and  wllk  whom  davi>- 
iIm  to  raligloM  libafly  kad  kMn  ika  prin*l|ial  indiwa- 
mant  I*  fucMha  Ikair  Mllra  UimI.  'Ihay  naadad  all  Iha 
liiduaiiaa  of  ihia  noMa  nrlncipla,  lo  aniinaia  tham  lo  a 


brava  anduraMa  of  Iha  naidaiiipa  Ihay  wara  comMllail 
M  undargo  during  ika  ngorona  winlar  thai  Ulowad 
Ikoir  amral.     Thair  an&rlnga  waia  niiligala<l  h  far 


M  |ioaalbla  l>y  Iha  koapllality  of  tha  NwadM  i  hul  many 
a(  tham  wara  camjiollad  lo  paa*  Iha  wiiiiar  in  tain|iur*ry 
hula  or  akada,  ami  iko  grralar  numkar  had  no  batlai 
lodging  than  eavM,  which  Ihav  itiig  fur  ihamMJrM  on 
naiik*  of  iha  ritar.     Iliaaa  haidahip*  iiailhar  ibalad 


Ihair  Mal,  nor  wrra  rapraacntad  liv  Iham  iii  auvh  a  fur- 
midabia  luihi  u  to  rajiraM  tha  anior  of  thair  friand*  ii 
Europa,  who,  in  Ik*  cauiM  of  tha  following  yaar,  vim 


linuad,  by  Macaa««a  anivala,  lo  aiitarga  Iha  population 
of  Oalawara  and  Pannayl«ania.  A  valuaMa  addition, 
in  paiticular,  wh  darl«ad  aoon  aftar  fhmi  a  nuniaroii* 
Miugralian  of  aorman  ijuakara,  wko  hail  bMO  coiivariad 
10  tbla  falib  by  lb*  pnMMng  of  Pann  and  hi*  auoci- 
alaa,  and  wkoM  wall-limad  ramoaal  from  thair  iiatira 
land  happily  anaMad  ikaM  lo  OKapa  ftom  Ika  daMli- 
lioa  of  Iha  PalallMl*.  Tka  aminanl  pialjr  and  «irtna 
ky  wkick  ihaM  OafiMM  ••iMiiiM  w*ra  diallnguiakad  in 
Amarica,  formad  an  agw**bl*  aaqual  lo  tho  happy  in- 
larvanliMi  of  Pr**id*M*  to  «iU*k  ihay  wara  analchad 
firnn  tha  daaolaling  ng* •(* lyranl,  and  tha  impanding 
luiii  uf  thair  counlry.  Th*M  arrived  alM  about  thi* 
tuna,  or  aliortly  aAar,  a  numbar  of  amigniiu  fium  Hol- 
land i  a  counlry  in  wkick  Pann  kad  alraady  prMchad 
and  propagalad  hia  doalrinH.* 

8Ming  hia  paopla  Ihui  gatharing  In  lugmanling  niim- 
bara  around  him,  Pann  haalanad  lo  bimi  lham  loamlwr 
by  aomo  common  acl  of  aocial  arrangainanl.  Ilavifiji 
dialribulad  hi*  tarrilory  into  ail  countiaa,  ba  aumiiioiuid, 
al  CbMlar.t  Ih*  Aral  ganaral  a*Mmbly,  con*iating  of 
Mvanly-lwo  dalagalM.  Hara,  aecorUiiia  to  tha /ram* 
thai  had  baan  coneenad  in  England,  tha  fniainan  inight 
hava  atlandad  in  thair  own  paraona.  Oul  boili  tha 
abariOa  in  ihair  raluma,  and  iha  inhabilaiit*  in  petitiniia 
which  tlwy  praaaiilad  lo  Iha  propnatary,  declared  ilut 
Iha  fawnaM  of  iha  ytoft*.  Ihair  iMaparianca  in  legiala- 
lion,  and  tha  praaaing  nature  of  Ihair  domaalic,  waiita, 
randarad  il  iMipadianI  for  tham  to  aiarelM  Ihair  |irivi- 
laga* ;  ar,d  aipraaaod  their  itaaiia  that  tha  dcpuiiaa  they 
had  cboMn  might  Hrvo  botB  for  tha  provincial  council 
and  Iha  ganaral  laMmbly,  in  Iha  proponiona  of  three 
oul  of  ovary  county  for  th*  Ibrmar,  and  nine  for  Iha  lal- 
lar  of  IhaM  hodiM.  In  ibo  circumalance*  of  tha  |iro- 
vince,  iba  aaaaion  of  Ihia  flrM  aaMmUy  wi*  iiare**arily 
akon ;  but  il  waa  dlMiiiguiahad  by  procardinga  of  con- 
aidaiabia  DWmanl.  The  propiiatary  havina  aipraaMd 
kia  approval  of  tha  rapreMntationa  that  had  baan  con- 
vayad  to  him,  an  act  o/  nltUmtnl  waa  pa***d,  intro- 
ducing a  corraaponding  and  parmanenl  change  into  the 
provincial  conalitution.     With  thia  and  a  few  olhai 


•  In  Ibl*  IIMl]  and  tha  two  iiul  aucc*«llnf  yaar*,  arrived 
ahlpa  wkk  paaaanaara  or  aanlara,  from  Londnii,  Brlaul,  In- 
land, Walaa,  Uhaahirt,  Laiica.hlra,  Hulland.  Uarmaiiy,  kc. 
10  Iha  number  or  about  Ifty  aall."— Prowl,  I.  219. 

t  r*nn,  reaolvinf  lo  dlaUnfulah  b)t  a  naw  name  Iha  place  al 
whkh  ha  called  hia  Im  aaaefflbly,  aakl  m  TImniaa  roannn,  a 
qiiakar,  who  had  aceompenlad  hlin  rruni  Eiif laiul,  '•  Thoo 
haw  baan  ihe  companion  of  my  parlla;  rliai  wili  ihou  ihai  I 
ahnulil  call  ihl*  place  •"  r«r«in  auirrweJ  the  nania  or  hie 
own  native  cliy  oT  Chaaiar.  Tkle  ftlecd  of  Peiiii  waa  ih*  ma- 
larnal  (randlMhar  of  ■enjamlo  Weak  Uah'a  Ufe  of  Wmi 
Pan  I.  p.  4. 


PMNMyia 
and  ik*  rank  if  'rMurallaad  BrMlail  laklaii*  wm  *m> 


Ma*|>iad     A»«*lV»i        —  r 
iMkiaw*  lamwry  m  th*  pwvlM* 


nwMyinWMi  I 


IW    W9    »^WiH»l 


M  Ik*  IkHak,  tk*  Hwadaa,  and  all  MkM  toaigMW 
•HkM  ik*  kanndarlM  af  tka  MweiMa  tad  larriiaf*. 
TMa  arrangamani,  wMek,  al  tna  iima,  erM  k*lk  IM 
aUkal  tnd  ili*  aeiMH  af  Mutual 


Mutual  k«rm*ny,  **tolan*l*lp 
aMIalnad  wiikin  liMlf  tha  aaada  nf  ftiiura  duMmiuii 
and  diaa*nianl  i  to  Nnn  kafci  tka  llalawaia  lamiary, 
not  by  a  grant  nom  tha  erown,  but  ky  an  aMignaiMI 
Ihiiia  af  York  ,  and  wkan  iM  *A<Hy  af  *mI| 
•  tula,  la  *MV*y  iha  righie  af  gavarnnwnt,  tam*  M  bt 
WMMMwad,  ik*  ■a«pla  r*pr*k*lad  wilii  laMHtliil  kUiM 
Ika  wanlan  raannaaa,  m  ikay  diiMid  H,  af  kuMMf 
ikali  i*HMituinm*l  rigkia  and  pflvilaaaa  m  a  totrnkiMl 
M  BTMarMMM.  All  Ul*  lawa  tkM  tod  kMn  a*n*arta4 
in  England,  l*g*lk**  wllk  niiiaiMn  Mtora,  w*N  |nap< 
aad  and  anaatad  by  ito  aaMmUy,  wklak.  In  IkrM  daya* 
elaaad  a  atfMiOH  no  I*m  reMaikahIa  to  tto  imponana* 
nf  il*  leliora,  than  to  Ito  aandor  and  torinony  itoi  pf» 
vailad  among  man  M  dlvaratHad  by  varialy  af  rM*i 
htliii,  and  reFigioua  apiHMMi  All  aonaunad  in  aipraa» 
iiig  gralitiHia  and  aiiMMnanl  to  tto  propriaiary  i  tM 
Hwailae,  in  paitiaular,  dapuling  ona  of  itoir  nuintor  M 
OMun  Mm,  *■  itol  ihay  wauld  lova,  Mrva,  ami  obey  MM 
with  all  ttoy  kidi  HHi  thai  ihla  waa  Ito  h*M  day  lto> 

ll  aver  aaen.'' 

Among  Ito  many  pnlMwotiky  tolurM  *f  Ito  aod* 
af  law*  Inal  wm  IkM  anarlad  to  Paiinaylvania  ami 
IWawara,  wa  tova  alraady  raiMihad  Ito  paitiaulal 
wladuin  of  Ito  provlaion  to  adueating  every  iialiv*- 
burn  eoluniM  lu  mhiw  uMfUl  trade  ut  ■inployiiiaiil. 
Uul  iIm  point*  on  which  ihi*  uuile  mu*t  )ii*ll)l  claim* 
Ito  jiraiM  uf  origin*!  *tt'elleiKe  and  riilightaiiad  hu> 

nily,  ara  ila  pruiieion*  l>ir  Ilia  adimnialralion  al 
panel  Uw.  Nut  waa  ttora  any  point  on  whwh  It* 
regulatiuiia  tova  Iwan  inoro  eAcaciuua,  or  mora  pi» 
ductlvc  of  laating  and  eilaiialva  tonellt  lu  inaidiiiHl. 

II  wa*  reMrved  fur  quakar  wiedum  to  di*vav«r,  iihI  foi 
ijuakai  (lalienca  aiiulieiievnleiica  to  prove,  iImI,  In  III* 
lieelment  of  criiniiiala,  juelice  and  mercy  were  iwl  m 
roiiiieieiit  virtue*,  nor  piilicv  and  humaiiily  liiioinpat^ 
III*  olijecle  of  pureuit.  Only  two  ccpiial  rrlmee,  tira> 
ton  and  murder,  were  lecogiuaed  by  line  code )  *irfl| 
in  all  olher  cake*,  ilw  reloriiiaiion  of  tlia  olfendar  wU 
valaaiiiad  a  duty  not  leu  im|iarativa  iliaii  the  puiiialt- 
iMiil  of  tto  oHeiica.  'I'u  ihia  end  it  waa  eiiaciad,  ilial 
all  fnimt  tlumlJi  te  verkhimui,  wliaia  ulfuiider* 
inighl  to  reclaimed,  by  dia«i|ilin«  and  inalriicliuii,  to 
hanil*  of  jndualry  and  morality,  and  |iahiical  beiieiil 
edurud  frniii  iliu  |H'rf»riiiBiH:c  uf  chiiaiiiii  duly.  'I'll* 
liialilulioii*  th*l  rvaiilled  fruin  till*  iMiiiavulaiit  allle^ 
priie  III  IrgiaUtion,  tova  rt<decied  iMiuir  uii  I'vniieylv* 
nia,  and  dilfuaad  Ijwir  ailvaiiuge*  eiieneivily  in  Aino* 
rica  and  Kuro|ia.  Nulwiihalaiuling  tto  atricl  iiijuiiu< 
none  in  ilia  luyal  vliarler,  iieilliur  llie  cudn  of  law* 
which  wee  now  enacted,  nor  lliu  •Iteration  awl  *iilarga> 
iiieiil  wbicli  It  aubeaquantly  undeiweni,  wh  aver  *ub> 
■allied  10  tto  royal  revi*ion. 

No  MMHiar  wa*  tto  aiMinbly  adjoumad,  tton  Pann 
liaalaiied  to  Marylaiul  lo  vindicate  tlwt  pail  uf  lU  pro> 
ceediiiga  which  wa*  iiacaaMrily  ofleuaiva  lo  l,unl  Ital- 
liinura,  and,  if  puHible,  eUvct  with  thi*  iiobleiiui,  *u 
ainicabia  adj'ialineul  of  itoil  raapacliva  touiidaiiaa. 
Uul  to  Menu,  from  tto  baginning,  to  tova  bean  awaro 
iliat  euch  a  laiiniiialion  of  ito  diauula  wa*  iiui  lu  to 
eipectad ;  and,  iiotwilhalanding  all  ito  rriuaci  lia  iiiual 
tov*  fell  fur  Lord  Ualliniora'a  lularaiil  pulicy,  and  tii* 
protection  which  tto  quakara  hail  aipariaiioed  from  ll 

III  Maryland,  ha  plainly  rtgardad  him  with  a  euapicioii 
and  apliluda  to  aurioiH  wrung  and  antici|iale  rcmat- 
•nca,  nut  vary  cradilabia  lo  hia  own  candour  and  inu- 
deration  ;  Aiiding  mailer  of  evil  import  even  in  ill*  da- 
inonMraiwna  of  honor  (nd  raapacl  which  ha  received 
from  hia  brottor  propriaiary.*  Lord  Ualliinora,  rolled 
on  Ito  priority  and  diMinciuaM  of  hie  own  lilla ;  *wbil* 
Pann  defended  a  later  and  mora  indiatincl  grant,  on  • 
plea  that  had  been  fumiehad  lo  him  hy  tho  CuiniuiIlM 
uf  Planlaliona  in  Eitgland — thai  it  liad  never  Iwan  in- 
tended lo  confci  on  Lord  Balliinoia  any  oltor  territory 
but  euch  ••  waa  iiihabitad  by  Hvagaa  only,  al  tto  A»tr 
of  hia  charter ;  and  ttot  tto  languago  of  hia  ctoiUf  wh 
Ibaiefore  iiiconaialeni  wilb  it*  iiitendineiil,  in  *o  far  H 
It  Hamad  to  autboriH  hi*  claim  to  any  part  of  ito  t*r- 

*  la  u  acaoam  ofitolr  conlbrence,  ar.lek  Fenn  innemkiad 
to  Eoalaad,  he  **y*,  "  I  navih*  propriaiary  uf  Mwyland,  at- 
laodM  eidlMly  t*  blachararwr,  whoiovk  theooculon,  by  Ui 
lehiUlM,!*  ikow  a*  il,*t:*>u-*M  tfU*  »vliai"    llc«J,l. 


.<OIITN   AMBftlOA. 


■nM  «•■•••  Mif  KM^*  •!  t^mtmmtt  ««•  •  iMtl  i» 

MMMNy  tl  w»<Hlm  ffMa  M  Mm  4tMf n«M«  •«* 
IWtHjl.  I  alMN  IMI*  MMteak  ww»rt*Hing  •••nit  •• 
i4m*i  mm  H  »m  fM«iwi«4  h«  ••itM  )f«*r4  MiihMi 
ll'*  •MgMMl  niyiiwufc  M  mmimI  ••••niiiwIaihM  i 
IhM  Klii(  OlMf  Im,  w  mtmm  Mk  nitto*  k«l  cam^iM^, 
tMiiif  timtiiti  *»  fimf*A  «i«k  ih*  iHi*  M  iho  ailMr 
!•  )i)«U  1  *ii4  itat  i»m—  lU  II ,  taMo  aftar  hw  •(••*■ 
tian  M  tits  IkKNM,  nMwl  in  mi  •(  rmiMil  I*  k*  Imm«< 
In  hwMihiIim  iU  4i#fiiu  b]*  iIknIim  iIm  •hIi^i  im*- 
Im  af  H  •^iMil))  kMWMin  ih«m  H|r  Tm«  •miifaiMM, 
wtlMil  Im4  man  •(  niwidil*  •haw  ittm  •/  ttiki  )im«I«*, 
Nm  aktilM^  llM  whoki  »f  ih*  ll«»4l*li  *Mi  DnmIi 
tawhwwlt.  Mi4i  In  tllMi,  prawrvtil  iN  ihai  k*  w  Ik* 
IMm  af  Yafk  ka4  avfr  kaaa  In  pamtttaa  af.  Iliaaa 
4lalfta<a,  tanaiaj,  m  wa  hava  •aan,  m  k.a  af Iftnal  Mifwi- 
altkMi.  rwalfad  Ika  Miiia  o(tki  'rkrtt  Ltii*r  raaaiw*, 
•f  Iki  TttnturHt,  In  «aiilrt<li«lln«ll«fl  ta  Ika  ramaln- 
^r  a(  Ika  anwn,  wklch  wm  larmail  ika  Tkraa  I'jifa' 
CaitMlaa  a*  Pnnlmiaaf  PaiinaiflttnU.* 

Tkia  kaajr  ;aaf  <•«•  nat  jrti  la  daaa  wllkaal  in  Ini' 
^aM  tut  imwaW;la  mm»,  Mi  wkiak  iha  tkanaltf 
•f  Pkaa  kaa  itMma  Iwtk  la  •  vat;  ilillltrani  tlglM  ftaai 
MmI  wktak Ma  ca««ia«an)r  wlik  l<anl  RalilnMifa  raHaait 
M  II.  Tka  (ammlacloflan  wka  ka4  M«afflMnla<l  Ika 
Aral  tfaliakaMM  al  tiatgnnu,  ka4,  In  caniufwnaa  wilk 
tkair  iMtrurllaiM,  iia|allaiail  *  ir«*l]r  •MR  Iha  nalgh- 
kadng  Indian  Irlka*,  fnr  ika  |Mink«ia  ol  tka  Un4a 
wkltk  Ika  falanlMa  mm  la  ocrii|i)r,  anil  for  ih*  praaar- 
falMHi  af  par|Wlutl  frlcmlaklp  and  (Mara.  Tha  lima 
•p|tainta<)  far  Ika  nilfleiilim  of  Ihia  irral;  wsa  mm 
Mfl«ad  I  and,  ll  l  apol  whirh  la  nnw  iha  aila  of  Km- 
iln|<aii,  ana  af  ika  aiihiirlia  af  I'hilailrlpkia,  Iha  Inillaii 
aaakama,  il  ika  haad  of  ikair  aa»amhlad  wairlora, 
•wallad  in  arm*  ika  •p|>m«rh  of  a  qiiakar  dapiilailon. 
Ta  Ikla  acana  Willlim  Pann  rr|ialri<d,  at  Iha  haad  of 
M  anannad  train  af  hia  ralitfioui  aaaaeiaiaa,  cirrying 
artlclaa  of  marrhanjiia,   whirh,  on  tkair  a|>- 


liaaak  la  Iha  aackama,  wara  a|ifa*<l  on  Ih*  (roui>d. 
Dlallugaiakad  fron  kla  followara  bjt  no  oiker  ailamtl 
■fpandaga  tkan  a  laah  of  bliia  iilk,  and  lutldlnf  In  kla 
kand  a  roll  of  parchmanl  Ihal  aontilnad  tha  cnnArmi- 
llan  af  Iha  iraaty,  Pann  a»chtn|*d  atlulation*  with  Iha 
Indiana,  and  tiklnf  kla  atttlon  undar  an  aim  traa.t  td- 
drtaatd  tham  ihrougk  tha  Intrrvaiitlon  of  an  Inirrpra- 
tar.  Ha  aaturad  tham  thai  Ika  (Iraat  Hpirll  who 
araalad  all  man.  and  bahald  tha  ihoiiahla  of  avarr 
kaan.  knaw  with  what  alncarlty  ha  and  hia  propla  ila- 
aiiad  10  lira  In  friandahip  and  a  parpalual  ciiinnitrca  of 
good  oAkaa  with  tha  Indiana.  It  waa  nut  tha  aiiaioin 
of  hIa  frianda,  ha  aaid,  to  iiae  hoatlla  waapona  againal 
Ihair  fallow  rraaluraa,  and  for  ihia  rataun  inay  etnic  to 
inaal  tha  Indiana  unarmad.  Thair  uhje«t  waa  not  la 
do  injury,  and  thna  proroko  Iha  Ortit  npirit,  but  lo  do 

rl  i  aiid  In  thia  and  avary  Irtniaciinn,  to  conaidsr 
tdranlaua  of  both  paoplaaa  ln<aparal>la,  and  to  pro- 
caad  with  all  oponnaaa,  brotharkood,  and  liive.  flaring 
road  from  tka  parchmani  record  tha  ronditiont  of  tha 
purchaaa,  and  tha  artlclaa  of  compact,  liy  which  ll  waa 
agraad  that  all  diaputaa  lielwaan  the  coloniata  and  ilia 
Indiana  ahould  ha  adjualad  by  arbitralora  mutually  cho- 
aan,  ha  dalirarad  lo  lh«  aarhanii  tha  atipulalad  priea,  t 
and  fitrthar  daalrad  ihair  aceapunca,  la  a  friandly  gift, 
of  tha  addltionti  articira  ol  inarchandiaa  that  wvra 

riad  bafora  tham.  Ha  ibeii  in«itad  Ibom  lo  eonai' 
Iha  land  which  ha  had  purchaaad,  aa  common  lo  tha 
two  raeoa,  and  frraly  to  uaa  it*  raaourcaa  whcnrrar 
Ihay  might  hara  oocatiun  for  lkam.4  Ha  addad,  "  that 
ka  would  not  do  « tkt  Marifliutd*ri  did,  that  i*,  call 


•rraad,!.  (M.M,*e.  Ckalmara,  MT,  •.  aM,  *o  Tlia 
Baka  of  Tork,  who  aapportail  Pana'a  pratanalona,  andlna  II 
laipaMtMa  otliarwtaa  ta  prarsll  ovar  tha  lltla  of  l«ni  Baltl- 
■Mra,  MilKitail  from  Iha  Hint  a  naw  charter  ol  tha  Dalawara 
larrltary  ta  Ittmaair,  In  ordar  to  raconvsy  ll  with  mora  alfaet 
la  kla  fhaiMt  {  and  thia  waa  on  tha  point  of  )«-)nR  dona,  whan 
Ika  Duka'a  acratilon  to  tha  throna  anal  'ilm  to  (ratify 
nnn  by  a  pncaadlnt  no  laaaaiMlrary  In  Iti  nuiiurt,  but  mora 
ai|ullaMa  In  IU  appaaraaea. 

t  Tlila  iraa  waa  long  rafardad  with  unlraratl  raapact 
D'.irln(  tna  war  of  Indapandanca,  Oanaral  Mmcoa,  who  rJtm- 
■widM  a  Bnllah  forca  atallonad  at  Kanalnfton,  whan  hIa 
aaidlr'l  w«r»  cuttlnfdown  all  Iha  traaa  around  tham  forffro- 
iFaod  placad  a  acntinal  undar  thia  aim  to  fuard  It  from  injury 
—a  almular  Irlivita  from  a  man  who  waa  anitfad  In  rlula*' 
bw  tha  vfry  princifica  of  equity  and  paara  or  which  Iha  cfe 
■aal  of  hIa  conalderatlon  waa  reipactad  a^  a  memorial. 

t  What  thia  price  amounted  to  haa  nowhere  been  recorded. 
Fmn,  writing  In  tha  follnwlnf  year  to  aome  frlenda  In  Bii(- 
'  d,  repreaenia  It  aa  dear ;  and  adda,  **  He  will  deserve  the 
n*  of  wiaa  Ihal  outwlta  tham  (tha  IndlanO  In  any  treaty 
■at  a  tkmi  they  underatand."    Proud,  I  (H. 

I  Hia  aama  liberality  waa  ahown  by  the  colonltta  of  Naw 
Vaglaod,  whara,  aa  wa  laam  from  Dr.  Dwight,  "tha  lodlaoa 


^^^W   ^^^w  M^^W  ^9  ^^V  ^^^WW  ^9m^  Wm 


kfMk  M  I  kal  ka  akwtM  aanaidtr  lka«  *o  *•  IMW 
daah  and  klaiid  wilk  Ika  ekflaUana,  and  Ika  aama  ta  if 
ana  man'a  kady  w*ra  ta  ho  diridad  Miia  two  part*." 
Ha  aanaludad  ky  praaanllng  tka  parakmaM  la  Ika  aa- 
cha«M,  and  mi|iMa«lat,  ikal,  laf  Ika  Inlamiallaw  af  tkait 
puatarily,  Ikay  woaM  aafaAilty  pratana  ll  (n  Ikiaa 
ganeralioNa.     Tka  iRdMM  aoidlally  aaaadad  to  Ikaaa 

k  la«a  wilk  WlHIam  ISmi  and  Ma  aklWiaa  aa  lang  aa 

VM  Win  uttM  WWM  ^RvHH  wft^Mfw. 

Tkoa  andad  a  iraaly  af  wMak  Vaholia  kaa  rawtrkad, 
wilk  tanaaila  atkallaHon,  ikal  M  waa  iko  only  m>»  ka- 
iwaan  tka  akfiailaoa  tirf  Ika  ladtana  Ikal  waa  Ml  lali- 
lUd  by  to  aaik,  tad  ikal  aatat  waa  kfakan.    In  ona 

MMMI|  HMWMIf  oMI  rAn##MW44  41    ^MM  VM  IMA  MMA* 

aton  la  inlradaaa  akilalloiiMy  hi  lay  alkat  way  tkan  aa 
a  nana,  into  kla  kaiaama,  may  ka«a  taMrlkalad  la  Ika 
•ardlalUy  with  wMah  kta  piaaatlllOHa  wara  fataivad. 
Ha  taduoualy  fefkort  avary  alla*ia«  M  diallaallT*  po- 
aalanilaa  or  oAmaiaa  iniiha :  and  in  iddiaialit|  man 
wkam  ka  aonaidarad  aa  bantgklad  kaatkan*,*  ka  da- 
aiandad  M  adapl  ikaif  rallglawa  aamtnalalata,  and 
mora  tkan  Inainuatad,  tkal  ika  Oiaai  ■oltil  af  dia  In- 
diana, and  Ika  Trua  Clad  af  tka  tkiiallaaa,  wara  nal 
dilTeranl,  bul  Ika  aama.  Bal  a  nHiak  mora  Mapaala- 
Ma  paruliaitly  af  qnakariam  ikaa  akatlwawaa  from  talka, 
brmad  tka  nioal  ramarkaMa  feataia  in  Ikla  iioal*  wiik 
tka  Indiana,  and  m*ml«  aantilbulad  lo  anwf*  lit  duiab^ 
Illy.  Nothing  coiiM  b*  mora  magnanimoa*  iktn  Ika 
aiplicit  dcclaraiion  of  a  raca  of  (lalllaad  man,  *«i- 
rounded  by  *  n*iinn  of  warlika  barbailana,  dial  Ika* 
ranouncatl  all  ilia  adranuga  of  raparior  mllllaiy  akill, 
•hi  aren  diaclaiiiied  iha  ainplovmanl  af  aaaiy  waapon 
of  riolanaa  for  tha  dafeiiaa  of  ikair  \nf,  ar  Ika  airid^ 
calion  of  tkair  wronga  i  traaling  Ika  pialaaliao  af  Ikoir 
paiaona  and  paaaataiana  aMinal  komail  fcioaily  aal 
cupiditr,  to  tha dumlnton olOad  a«ar  Ika  kaaria af  Ma 
rational  craaiiiraa,  and  hit  wilUlignaaa  lo  aigaaltta  thia 
dominion  in  babalf  af  all  tack  *«  would  aialuaifaly 
raly  on  ll.  llia  lingular  aianiplllletlion  of  akrialian 
thartclar  in  thia  raapaci,  which  tka  Paonaylvanian 
quakara  conllnuad  unifoniily  to  aiMMl,  waa  altandad 
wilk  an  aiampilon  no  kiaa  aingultr,  f^nm  Ikoaa  contaii- 
tionatnd  ealamiilat  which  Indian  nrigkborhaad  anitilad 
on  arery  oihar  datcriplion  of  Europatn  coloniala.  Tha 
inlcniiunal  injury  of  a  quakai  by  an  Indian  ia  an  avani 
nnkijown  in  Pannaylaaaian,  and  vary  rara  In  Anwrlcaa 
hiatory.  Tha  probity  of  daaling,  and  aouilaay  af  da- 
maaiior,  by  which  Iha  quakara  andaavorad  la  malnlain 
thia  good  undeiatandnig,  wara  pnwarfulW  tided  by  Ika 
dieiinclion*  of  dree*  and  mannara  t^  wnick  tkay  wara 
riaibly  diaconnaetfd  with  alkar  man,  and  thu*  ai' 


aMMad  byfann't  liaaly  kalwaan  iko  paavNwa  and  dH 

i^^Naa^  m^^^oaw  ay  aaaaa^aiva  aa  la  ar  aaawaay  aww 
BMBMNiy,  awwiHfl  mr  moro  iitaH  aaraniy  yaar^  aos 
waa  Moaar  iniarrnplad  wMM  Ika  owakara  raiamad  rtM 
of  iha  garernmani  af  Panmyltanla.     If* 


rinptad,  a*  a  pnculiar  or  •aparata  iriba,  fmm  raaponai- 
billly  fbr  tka  action*,  or  coneam  In  iha  quarrala  of  thair 
countryman.  'Ilia  Inhabittnit  of  many  of  tha  olhar 
coloniao  wara  no  baa  dialinguiatiad  than  Ika  quakara 
for  Iha  jualica  tn<t  good  ftilh  thai  eharaetaritad  Ihair 
traiiaaeiiona  with  Iha  Indiana ;  and  iha  calkolia  inhabi- 
laiila  of  Mtnrland  ara  aaid,  in  addition,  to  kata  graaad 
ihaa*  aatimablo  qnalitiaa  with  tha  moal  caorilialing  da- 
niaanor.  Yal  nono  wara  aMa  wkolljt  lo  aiampl  tham- 
aalraa  from  Indian  attack,  or  to  lafrtin  ham  ratalialwy 
hotlility.  Tka  neo|ila  of  Maryla'id  wara  aamatimaa  in- 
\olTcd  in  the  indiacriminala  rago  wilk  which  certain  of 
Ike  Indian  triboa  pur*uad  tha  Malilillaa  Ikay  kad  com- 
mrncad  againal  tha  colonial*  of  Virginia.  Out  whal- 
aaar  tnimoail^  tha  Indian*  might  eoncaiva  againal  iha 
Euiopaan  iiaigkbora  of  tha  Pannaylraniana,  or  evan 
tgtiuat  Pannajrlranian  colonial*  who  did  not  balong  to 
IM  quakar  aoeiaty,  thay  narai  failed  lo  diacriminala  tha 
MIowrra  of  Pann,  or  ckiUrtn  «/  Oao*,*  (which  waa 


wara  alwaya  conalderA  aa  karbif  a  rla hi  lo  dwell  aad  lo 
hunt  within  the  landa  whlek  tkay  kad  aoM.'  Trarela  In  Naw 
■naland  Ac.  I.  lit. 

Mn  one  of  hia  lettera  to  kl*  Manda  ki  Bafltnd,  ha  aaya  of  tha 
Indiana :  "  Theaa  poor  people  are  aiidar  a  dark  nlghl  in  thlna* 
relatlnf  to  rallflon."  Proud,  I.  IM.  Tha  followinf  adven- 
ture waa  communicated  by  Pann  himaalf  to  (Mdmlion.  Ha 
wia  vlallini  an  Indian  aacham,  and  had  retired  far  the  nIaM, 
when  a  young  woman,  the  aaiehem'a  dau(hier,  aperoedung 
kla  bed  lay  down  bealde  him.  Fenawtamuckahocliad;  baf, 
unwllllnf  to  oiknd  by  rejecilna  an  Intended  compllmeal,  he 
lay  atlll  without  taking  aoy  notice  of  her,  till  ahe  tkoughl  pro- 
per  to  return  to  her  own  couch.  Vol,  I  p.  M,  Id  edition.  A 
New  Bngland  patriarch  In  auch  rlrcumatancaa,  would  sroba- 
My  hara  etcllad  the  enmity  of  the  wliole  Indlaa  tribe  by  hie 
eaprijaslona  of  dtaguat  and  reprobetlon. 

f  Onaa,  In  the  ladian  taiiiiie,  aignllea  a  pen.  ll  came  le 
ka  the  Indian  apeallatlon  of  the  (oramora  of  Pannaylvanla, 
aa  eerlear  waa  or  the  fovemora  M  New  Tork.    Proud,  I  114. 

Jekn  Wealey,  In  Ike  cloae  of  hi*  Ufa,  wa*  forcibly  lm|naaed 


^ 


doaMedly,  tka  fceiura  af  qnakar  mannara  »Mek  pfo«o4 
eMeianl  In  gnaidlng  Ikem  agalnel  Indian  hrtwHy, 
Ikatr  ngid  akallrianaa  aol  anty  tfm  ika  »—,  kol 
eaan  fram  tka  patittalin,  af  aflknalia  weeaana.  arlamg 
ftiMi  Ikatr  aontlatlon  af  tka  aHlRalen*?  af  dlama  aiJ. 
and  Ikatr  retptai  la  ika  aertplmat  tkraal,  ikal  all  wk» 
laka  Ika  award  akati  parlak  by  II.  ll  waa  a  Walb  dif 
ktani  halura  at  eMialian  akaMalaf  dial  waa  aiklkHa4 
ky  Ika  pwrtwa  eaMnlala  af  Naw  InglMd  kl  Ikatf  kiM»> 
enarte  wiik  tka  Indiana  Tkay  Ikll  lata  Indalganaa  Im 
Ika  fraitiy  af  tha  taeagaa  ifcan  eanaafn  In  ikaW  ndrWaol 

pMIwBW*0i  WMI  ■PWwttwIW^  M   InVff   HHNWPWM  •WBwrPlJ' 

Ion  I  Ikey  diepMyeil  leee  meakneta  af  wladam  man  dw 
,ii*h*ra,  bal  mtn  of  aeiiaa  laal  ind  witaianaw  aidnt. 
purlitna  ware  moal  eoneernad  la  pramaia  ika  rel^ 
glatia  inlareaia  af  tha  Indiane  i  ike  uaakaia  lo  gain  iMdf 
good  will,  'Hw  parltana  lahran**  a  nombar  af  ikai* 
heeikan  naigkkara  i  Ika  qnakeia  eooaillalad  Ikam  ali 
ll  wae  unfcnunela  br  ika  tolanieta  af  Naw  Bwglaad> 
tkal,  aaaening  Iha  Inwfuhia**  af  dalniataa  wat,  ikof 
wara  •anaandail  ky  numeroaa  hoM  and  wirllka  ifUwa, 
MtmaUlad  la  aala  af  aggraaalan,  al  Iral  ky  Ikair  aw» 
fWraelty  and  Jratadev,  and  lallerly  by  Ika  iMrlgnaa  af  Ik* 
Prenek.  It  w**  a  nappy  rontinganey  for  Iko  ptanlaw 
af  Panneylttnie,  that  tka  Iralian  tnbee  aroond  dMat 
ware  InaonaideraMe  in  number,  ami  aiiker  halongad  •• 
the  ianfrileiacy  or  were  aubjeeled  to  tha  inHaenea  of 
Iki  fVa(JVa/Hm*,  who  were  themealvea  lii  allwnt*  wilk 
Ik*  (ialar  eulany  of  Naw  Vurk. 

NolMng  ran  lie  mora  aiaggarilad  ar  Inanplhkklo 
Ikan  Ika  ancomiume  wklah  iiamaraHe  wriieia  M«a  b» 
alowad  an  Ikie  celebrated  tranaeellon  belweon  Pen* 
and  tka  Indiana.  Thay  have,  with  unkapor  pantolMy. 
aalaalad  aa  Ika  ckiof,  and  IVaqnanily  tha  aola  ah)a*l  al 
•ommandalion,  tha  lapfatadT  ariglnality  af  III*  daaign 
of  buying  tha  land*  from  the  aavag**,  in*te*d  af  appro- 
priating tham  by  fraud  or  ferra,— wkick  laal  Ike*  ra- 


praaant  aa  tka  only  mathoda  of  acniilaiiian  thai  had  lieeM 
iphned  by  tho  pradaceaaora  of  I'enn  in  th*  raloniaa' 
lion  of  North  Amerie*.  •     Thi*  laal  one*  la  reproarb 


every  one  of  the  olhar  chrletian  fonndera  nf  North  Ama 
rican  *oei*ir  with  injiielica  and  iiaurpetion  ;  to  com 
plinwnl  tka  Indiana  wilk  tka  gratuitoua  aupnoMlian  tkal 
only  hara  Jualica  on  Iha  part  of  tha  toloniate  wa*  ro- 
quialla  to  tha  pNaarvatian  of  peace  between  iha  two 
race*)  and  toaacriha  lo  Pann  a  merit  which  ***uredly 
did  not  belong  to  him,  *nd  which  ho  himeelf  bee  ei- 
praealv  dieeUimed.  The  eiampl*  of  thai  aquiiablo 
cvn*id*ntion  of  iha  nghta  of  Iha  naiira  owner*  af  tha 
aoil,  which  h**  been  minpoaad  to  liara  originated  with 
him,  wa*  llr*l  *>hibii*d  by  ih*  pl*nl*r*  of  New  Eng- 
land, wImwo  daada  of  conrryanca  from  tha  Indian* 
w*ra  earlier  by  half  a  century  than  hi* ;  *nd  wi*  aue- 
*e**i«*ly  iap**t*d  by  die  ptantnr*  of  Mtryland,  Oarw- 
Una,  Naw  York,  and  Naw  J'raay,  before  Iha  prorinr* 
of  Pennaylrania  had  a  nima.  Pann  waa  introduced 
10  an  *cqu*int*iica  with  American  colanitttiaa.  by 
auacaading  to  tha  management  af  Naw  Jereey,  lii 
which  Berkeley  and  Carteret  had  alreedy  **t*bli*had 
iMa  equltabia  practice  ;  and  hie  own  conformilT  M  il 
in  Pennaylrania  had  been  eipreaaly  racommenoad  by 
Biabup  Complon  (whoea  interference  in  Iha  compo- 
aition  of  Iha  charter  wa  hatra  *lr**dy  wllnaeaad)  and 
waa  paUiely  aacribad  by  Mmaalf  lo  Uia  counaala  of  Ihal 
pialata.t  


the  iniuanca  of  Ike  peculiar  draaa  of  the  qaakera,  aa  al 
a  aegraling  principle,  and  ■  bond  of  aactartan  union  |  and 
tied  that  fie  had  not  preacribed  a  alatlncilve  appetal  lo 


with 
oace 

regretted , 

the  nielhodisla.    Weeler'a  Journal. 

•  The  Abba  Raynal  eirclaraa,  that  fm»,  In  pnrckaaint  a 
canrayance  Arom  the  Indiana,  In  addnien  la  fcia  charter  from 
the  king  of  England,  "la  entitled  to  the  glory  of  having  girea 
an  aaample  or  nMoerallon  and  Jualica  In  America,  never 
aa  much  aa  thought  of  kefare  by  (he  ■urepetna.'*  Nuble,  In 
hia  l^mtlnualion  of  Oranger,  aava,  "  He  occupied  kladomalna 
by  actual  kargakt  and  ada  with  the  Indiana.  Tbia  hut  duee 
kiai  Inlnlte  hrncr.  Pann  ha*  thua  taught  ua  to  reaped  tha 
Urea  utd  propeitlee  of  the  moal  unenllglilened  nailana."  II 
woaM  be  eaay  ta  aiultlply  almilar  qaolatlona.  Bran  Mr. 
Clarkaen,  wka  tcknawledgee  that  Lord  Baltimore  at  leaat 
preceded  Penn  In  thia  act  of  JnetKa,  eaiuiu  retrain  from  cjm- 
pllmenting  Penn  for  aoeilng ,  In  thia  Inalance,  •■  abave  tka 
•rajudlcea  and  cuatoma  of  hia  t,me,"  Tha  nvwt  aiodeal  and 
moderate  account  of  Penn'a  treaty  which  I  have  aeen,  la  tkal 
wtlch  clalma  Mr.  Dlllwyn  Ilea  n,>te  IS  for  IM  autfcork. 

tin*  latter  fiom  Pann  to  Iha  l.orde  of  the  Commlltea  m 
Trade  and  Plantatlana  In  Bngland  (in  MM),  he  deeleraa,  Ikal 
••  I  har*  followed  the  Blahop  of  Lendon'a  counael  by  kamB| 
and  net  taking  away  the  natlvea*  land  '   Proud,!  WL  Itm 


big  (MttNl  M  Mm  aakM?  Mwa  *N  |M>U  ■«  Ita  NfttwD 

Aagg^l^J^KB^      — ^L^^^^ J     -^  ,1  ^     MM al   -  -■--—    |jA     ISfeMM    MM    t^M    M  *  . 

MUM  «#l(w  t^mM*  Wiaf  Ml  MKaiiMif  kMI*ffti«tl«i, 

I^HIWim  »<  hij      <>M  W  lkM>   tllMNimM,  •WMMt 

H  kta  tnmmt  <lMm  fM,  mm!  Ammw4  Ik*  Mtf  ••••«• 
•kkk  itM   tiinijh   ^MIM   IMIfMnk   WM  t«M  |MM- 

m—4  »t  *  TIm  |i»»m  mwitot  •!  iW  «ii»hhhi«  Mill 
MKiHwaii  I*  W  ^iMkaf*.  aHk  tiM  mMhmm  •<  Mm* 
tilwf  JtiiiiiUM.  •iiiMMwNifl  ftam  ik«  mnn»m»  irf 
■PfW.w.  «im(  iIm  tmittttit  9t  KKmtiMn  •!•••  i  *«4 


imMi  ■H'ttvM  tkM  M  MMMttwiail  iWm  tm  M,  (W)  iIm 
•f  WUM  "4mUy,  4*<«tMiMl  mmmm*,  •mi  ilwiiklWI  m- 

CNMI*  al  lltl!  ••«(  rKttfHHM  tlWf«f  ll  llipMfMi, 
•«»f,  llM«  (MM  wmtMM*  |aii«..  >  k<Mt  (IrnMif  )•■ 
llwM  tltMiM*!<M  «i—mi  iIm  man  i*<|iMt*Mi  aaiiiift : 
•»l  iktM  iMH.  ah*  »»ni  iw«  kfMutflH  M  IimI  •ihI  ■■■•«- 
«i«l*«i  •(  niiimg  (in.t'fnMj  imhwi.  (••■  m'mmk  *» 
lh«  ArM  (WMiMci  ilMiMay  wf  'tM  wiMnM*  af  ISmim)^ 
t»nt«n  |iMli'« 

Mwiilv  hotbf*  iKM  Imiwid  ffMawilNf,  lit*  wtawl 
WMHa  a(f  ika  mmhiM?  of  l*>iHMylir»ni*  ami  DnUwtN 
ll«l  liM«  WM  Ih  Um  (McmMf ,  Mm*  haw  !*••  wan 
fat— 4,  *mI  «an*tii  ttnuHlarxi**  in  kfittaimn  wan  ai- 
laH)f<«<i  It  waa  iifyiiaail  ikal  all  yu«nc  man  almitM 
ha  >'«mf<alM  hy  law  Ut  marrf  Iwfiifa  a  rrdtin  af a  i  tntl 
Ikal  mi  mkaliilaitl  af  ika  pnt'liiri'  alwiilil  ha  |i«rmill«il 
la  Nava  laara  ihaii  laa  *Mila  of  rlniliaa,  una  for  •iiinmar, 
•ml  llw  aihrr  hif  winlar  i  loil  ihraa  |int|Kiaill<nia  wara 
nty  itntfiaily  rvji'Vlail  Mora  wiatlam  waa  ilia)il«)iail 
In  all  unliHaiira  whirli  al>rtt||«>i*i|  ilw  riiminoK  law  with 
lafanl  la  Ilia  ilaaranl  uf  UihU.  aiul  aiianlril.  thai,  Inlha 
■urraaaHHi  ul  i-liiUlmi  In  a  Uil<rv  Uvliin  liilaalala,  llw 
alilvat  ami  tluMkl  Iwira  n>i  hrihrr  |irafrr»ii*a  Ihati  a 
ilaoMa  akar*  llawavai  riHiaanaiil  il  miglil  haia  haaii 
M  (awial  |i«iwi|ilaa,  ui  bralaw  iha  Aaf  MiHliiniiiialHHl 
U|ia)i  kuA  aka  waa  Aral  alila  la  rfafaixl  il,  Ihia  |ialw» 
waa  iiianifaallv  iiiMHllakla  la  cajniiiala  wha  liaJ  a  wil- 
4amaaa  la  rullltala,  and  arra  iha  niura  raiNnlally 
talla«l  lu  iiivwafaia  aiarliaii  Ity  an  ailriiaiva  ililftiaiuM 
•f  inlari'al  aiM  |iniiirrly  In  ika  aail  An  lfli|i«al  U|i<Mi 
gaarfa  Hn|iarlail  ana  riiwrimi  waa  «ala<l  lu  Ika  |>ru|ifia- 
atirjr.f  wka  (fknawlaniiril  ika  kiwliiaaa  nf  Ilia  a»ain- 
M)i,  km  wiaal)r  and  KKiKrimalir  rriiiiiii'il  iIik  |ini|iaa<'il 
kjrdrn  an  Ika  pfatinra  anil  iha  Irailara  wliu  rvaiirlad  lu 
h,  liul  liw  innat  lin|iarlaiil  buaniaaa  Ikal  waa  Imna- 
■riail  In  ihia  araalan  waa  an  allvnllon  in  ika  cunalitu- 
lioa  •(  Uia  aula,  wkirk,  iiiii|uaaliunalily,  from  whaiavrr 
rauaa,  lliMlrrwaiit  al  Hral  niinli  ||r*'*t«'  ••••I  mora  Tri - 
qualil  liwlnalHHia  ibaii  ihr  hiaiorv  of  any  of  llw  oihci 
colanial  aaillainanla  avimaa.  William  I'ann  ka«iii|| 
damandad  ef  ika  nwmliara  of  roinu'il  and  aaaainhly, 
"  Wkalkar  ikay  daairad  lo  jireaarvp  kia  llral  charipr,  or 
!•  obtain  a  iirw  onn  F"  ihay  unaitinioiialy  ailofilrd  Ilia 
iMIar  (lart  of  ilm  illamaliva.  With  ili«  aaaiaiainn  «f  a 
•Mimillafi  ol  lliaaa  two  hudira,  a  naw  I'raina  or  rkartrr 
»M  arcu(dini|ly  praparmi  and  I'laciiitd  by  ika  iiriiiirM" 
lary.  'Hm  rfiiaf  |Mir|iuaa  of  ihia  (irm-radiiiK  ttmina  lu 
kava  baan  lo  lagaliig  (arronliiiK  lu  IVnira  idraa)  iha 
•llantion  Ikat  had  Iwrn  alfvclnd  ky  ihe  "  a<.l  of  aullir- 
■ant"  paaaad  In  Ihe  Aral  aaaaion  of  Iha  aaaamhly  II 
wia  iccofdingly  now  |>rovidad,  by  t  rliarlar  aiiiaiialiiiv 
from  Ika  iiiD|inaiary,  ih«l  ilia  {irovindal  council  ahniild 
(•iiaial  of  ti||hlacn  paraona,  Ikraa  rram  »a(h  county, 
•ad  iha  aaaaiiiMy  of  thirty-ail  i  by  wkaia,  in  conjniieiiun 
with  IIm  Doianmr,  all  tawa  wcra  lo  be  madi<,  and  public 
•flalrt  tratiaaclad.  Uul  itill  no  lawa  could  ba  proiwaad 
In  Iha  aaaamMy  but  aiich  aa  bad  bacn  pn|iarad  ana  pre- 


TNK  NIMTMRV  Of 

IHM  M  lila  dwKikoiMMt  af  awwat  Ikal  waa  aUbvWd  kf 
UMa  aaw  akattor  waa,  ikal  ika  iwfKtivNf,  wllk  kia  Irakia 
aaia,  waaaaaanl;  ^iiaaaaaad  mafa  raMial  m  •  aaanall 
•f  al(k(aaa,  ikaa  h*  Ik«  aHgiaal  tnm*  k*  aaaki  ka«a 
an)afad  In  a  «,oinail  af  aavaniy  iwa  mamliara  'I'ka 
lataraaia  af  IVaatlam  wara,  knwaaar,  proaiaiad  kv  • 
mat,  la  all  Ika  lakakilanla  af  ika  pfnikwa,  af  uninnHad 
ClMriy  la  knnl  la  anm^lwaad  landa.  and  la  llah  In  all 
waiara,  "  ikal  Ikay  may  lia  axamaiadaiad  wnk  aaak 
kiad  and  anaiaaanaa  aa  lliwl  In  hia  |irotidaa#a  kaik 
ttmri^  alUfdadi'    and   aliana  wara   anroaraatd    k^  a 

Ctiaiaa,  ikai,  M  aaaa  af  ikait  dyina  wlikaal  kailag 
a  paatiaaaly  nalwralWad,  ItwM  tanda  akaiiM  natat- 
ihaleaadaaaaMliaikawhalfa  iklaakanaf  wtaikank* 
fully  aaaaiHad  ky  Ika  repMaaaialltaa  af  Ika  paa|ila.  wka 
•  laaad  ikaifaaaaad  MaatwMy  wMk  ai^i 


allar  li  alao  ^nlad  by  l.'halmari,  p.  Ml,  *r.  Mr.  riartiann 
lafara  to  H  aa  nmlalnlnfl  Pana'a  alalainanl  of  hIa  cunlnivaiiy 
with  l.onl  •alllOMira,  but  haa  nol  Ibouahl  thai  Iha  rrailll  i,l 
l>ann  wnuU  ba  a<lvanrnil  by  Ha  puhtwaltun.  It  conaUta 
chlitlly  of  an  vlaborala  attempl  to  vIndHtala  hIa  own  pralan- 
alona  lo  Ihr  ll«la«ara  Urrllory,  ami  to  nuaraal  tha  Inrda  of 
trad*  to  ao|t|Mirt  Iham  afalnat  Lord  Balllmora'a  clalma. 
lianca.  parliapa,  tha  raadinaaa  ha  aviiicaa  lu  da  honor  lo  llw 
Hlahop  uf  Lai«i-*rt. 

•  fat  diapoaad  of  Ihia  aaUla  by  hIa  wllL  But  ka  aarar  waa 
tai  Pannaylvania. 

t  Thia  aaania  lo  rafuta  Iha  allafa"*")  >'  D*'  Franbilmla  kia 
**  Kalorteal  Ravlaw  of  Iha  L'nnalllullan  of  Pannaytvanla," 
"Ikal  fpan  pravaliad  wHh  hIa  Ural  calonlau  lo  auhnill  to  hia 


a/aad^ 
miaiakad  attaakinaHi  la  ika  Ma|irlata«« 

'I'kia  aaaamkit  kad  kaaa  kaki  al  IM  lafcnl  *iiy  af 
rSiladalpkia  Hktifll*  tAa»  kM  artlial  in  Ika  )ifa*lnf», 
I'ann  haa  aalaaiaal  a  aaiimiadiaai  aMuaiMn,  balwaan  ika 
ritara  H* kn«lkill  (nd  llvUwafa,  tM  ika  araalian  af  Ika 
ntaimpnlia  af  I'annayUania  .  ami  hating  fagulalid  Ika 
mtnial  af  ika  fulura  ally  by  •  man,'  ka  naaiawad  aa  it 
a  aaina  aipraaaiaa  af  that  kfulh«rl«  luaa  aklak  ka  knpad 
wniild  a>ar  akarai lariaa  ila  inhalniania  'lu  many  •>( 
Iha  alraala  ha  |*«a  nainaa  J>'arrlpli«a  af  Ilia  rarlaliaa  ul 
Atraal  Iraaa  Ihai  hail  l«an  aut  ilown  in  laaka  ruma  (m 
Iha  airwiarta  afaltibaail  hfai  and  which  atlll  runiinna 
lu  •umaiamufaia  lh«  atiian  orljim  of  iba  pla«a  Tka 
(irotfraaa  of  iha  liiiildinaa  nf  l'hiladal|iMa  waa  *  fa«nrlW 
oli|arl  af  kia  itara,  ami  atloaprad  ailli  auck  rapnllly. 
iImI,  In  k'aathan  a  yaar  frmn  iha  iiina  whan  II  waa  Iw- 
l|no,  a  humlrfd  aulwtanlial  h«Mia«-a  avvrlaukad  ika  aanaa 
that  kad  akaitarad  Ikcir  awiiara  Inil  •  faw  manlka  ha- 
lufa  ;  and,  In  Iha  cnnraa  uf  tha  folhiwliig  yaar,  ( |lllM| 
Iha  laipwialinn  of  ika  ally  amaunlad  lo  Iwo  Ibouaami 
liva  hoinlrad  (laraoiia 

'I'ka  rainaiiidar  of  Ilia  lima  aaaiipiad  by  ika  pmpria' 
iBiy'a  Aral  iriail  lu  kia  cnlnny  waa  afwiil  In  rnndnctlnf 
hia  awitroaaray  with  l^ard  llaltimufa  t  in-aitandinn  hia 
Iraaliaa  with  iha  Indim  Iribaa,  lo  wlioin  li  a  prraania 
frmn  iiina  to  tuna  ainnontid  in  value  lu  aavaral  tlnni* 
aami  jMunda  ;  in  ai'llng  aa  a  ininlalar  anHiiitf  the  i|ualter 
culuniala,  ami  airan||in||  tha  frame  of  lliair  eeclarian 
uaagea  aiui  diariiilina ;  and  in  ini|ialliiit  and  diraclinn 
the  pruHraaa  uf  hia  favailta  rity  uf  lliiTadeliibia  He 
aaw  hie  religioua  aocmi*  and  priiiri|ilra  aaialillahrd  in  t 
laml  where  tliey  were  lihely  to  l4he  ■  virforwia  laat, 
•ml  eapaiul  with  unlwuniled  firadiMn  ;  amrinaliliiiMHia 
riaini  aronml  hiin  thai  prnmlaed  lo  illiialrxia  hia  name 
Willi  a  laaliiiH  and  hunniiilila  renown  In  Ane,  lie  lie- 
lu'ld  lliu  people  wIhi  arhiiowlf'dt(ril  hia  iiipreniat-y  ka|ipy 
and  pruaiwiinia,  ami  aeviiird  hiniat'lf  In  enjuy  hia  traiia- 
•ilaiitic,  reliranieni  t  'I'ka  only  wnmea  ol' uiiraaineaa 
that  had  yet  ariaen  from  hia  colunia!  lahnra,  were,  bia 
diapule  wilh  l<ard  llalliinore,  and  the  failure  uf  all  bia 
I'lTorta  lu  iiuaril  ihc  Indiana  from  that  Jealriictive  viir 
which  Ihe  i  icinily  of  Kiiruiwana  Iwa  alwaya  tontilbulad 
to  dilTiian  •iiiuiiK  ilmin  A  law  bad  lieen  |waa«d  aiainal 
aupplying  llicaa  aavanea  with  apiriluoui  liipiora  ;  but 
Ihe  practice  had  Iweii  iiitrudiicrd  by  the  coluniat*  a( 
llvlaware,  lung  Iwfure  I'enn'a  arrifal,  ami  kia  alteinpla 
to  au|i|iri<aa  it  proved  utterly  inelfpclual.  The  Kun>- 
(irana  ackmiwiedued  the  cruelty  and  injuelice  of  Ihia 
iraHIc,  and  the  Imliana  confeaaed  tkeir  eijierience  of 
ila  iMnelul  elfecia ;  liul  neither  could  lie  perauaded  to 
refrain  from  II.  Il  waa  •Handed  wilh  Ika  •ddiliun*! 
I'vil  uf  conArniing  Ibe  Indiana  in  their  roving  habita  of 
lifii ;  ••  the  jieitrv  they  acquired  ill  hunting  waa  iha 
unly  coinniudily  they  were  aide  to  eickenga  with  Ihe 
coioniala  for  rum  and  brandy.  1'he  more  valuable 
poaaeaaion*  •nd  •dvanlagea  by  which  the  coioniala  went 
dialingiiiabml,  were  either  lignlly  ealeemed  by  Ika  In- 
■liana,  or  trckoned  unworthy  uf  tha  lalioriou*  h«bila 
ihal  were  reqiilaiia  lo  piociira  lliein.  In  anawer  lo  iho 
advice  of  Ilia  Euiojieaiia,  lhal  l^y  ahoiild  liauk*  Ihcni 
•elvti  10  ■  life  of  regular  indualry,  one  of  iba  Indiana 
bagged  lo  bear  eome  aaliaftctory  reaaun  "  why  ka  akouU 
hbor  bard  all  hia  daj*  lo  m^iia  hi*  childran  idle  all 
Iheira.'' 


fuH  ranta,  by  lioMiBir  oul  Iha  delualva  liope,  Ikal  they  would 
•uperaada  all  public  Impoalllima  for  tka  auppwl  of  jiovern 
aMM."    Pnnklln  having  an(aiad  on  Ihe  alda  of  ih«  fcnnayl 


laaaemblyln  thalr  diapuiea  with  ihe  daacendania  nf 

Ami,  endeavored  lo  incraaaa  iha  illirrcillt  «>'f  hia  ad%aiaarlaj 
lap  Um  karakral  caiuure  of  thai r  illumituiui  anraiior.  Vol, 
iMl  IfraokUn  really  ailaamad  Prim,  la  aii|iarent  fruin  many 
'  I  In  kia  wrtiMia  i  and  lhal  h«  a  van  rcgardnl  hitn  with 
I  atfadraUai  awy  be  Infarrad  frum  n  ruitoua  laitar 


Ha JieMva  la  a  auppoaed  portrait  of  Pcnnj,  piaarrvad  In 
'liawiilirt  Ufa  of  Urd  fca 


kalnMa. 


~  *  In  the  ■■  Conneriliin  nf  the  lliatory  of  the  Old  and  Naw 
Teelainml,'*  by  Dean  Prideaui,  there  la  a  plan  or  model  of 
the  cti  y  of  anriant  Babylon.  "  Much  accnrdinf  lo  Ihia  modal," 
aaya  Iba  dean,  "  liath  William  Penn  Iha  fiuaCer  laid  oul  the 
■round  for  hia  riiy  of  liiiladolphia,  in  Ptnnayivaiil.i ;  and  ware 

II  all  hinll  accoriiina  lo  that  dailin,  II  would  be  the  fairaal 
and  boat  riiy  lo  all  Auiarica,  and  nol  much  behind  any  othar 

III  Ibe  wiiiila  world." 
t  In  a  leitar  In  a  friend  la  Knjrland,  ha  aaya,  **  Oli  how 

awret  l«  ttie  i|nlal  of  Iheae  parla,  free  from  the  anilnua  and 
iriniblraonie  aollcllalioaa,  hurrlea,  and  peruleilliea,  of  woeful 
Ruroue :  and  Ood  will  Ihin  her)  Ihe  day  kaalem 
I  Proud,  1.  MNi 


kikued.  I'ann  raanlvad  upan  ratoioinf  M  I'nglMel.  ■ 
afdar  W  eaAaroa,  hy  ^eraanal  afdwitaiMW,  Ika  inMfMl 
aklak  ka  paaaaaaed  al  ihe  t!N||hak  twirl,  aad  wkiak  ki 
waa  daainiua  lo  amplav  m  aid  af  kia  aaaMaaefae  wWll 
l,««d  Nalllmare.  a*  aril  aa  hu  ilie  ralwf  »t  a  namkae  "d 
kia  qaakar  kraikren  wha  wara  aullkring  in  the  paleaa 
Mala  fram  an  Inaraaeed  alrtolaeea  m  Iha  aaaeutiun  al 
Ihe  panel  lawa  •gamal  nan-eaafitniiaia  •  la  ptepaf*. 
ima  ktr  Ikia  maaanra,  ka  aniroaird  ihe  admlatatraiain 
af  hia  pcM|<twia>v  funeiimta  la  the  pfnviiMMl  aawned,  el 
wSwk  ka  apMHnied  Tkaiaaa  l.lnyd,  a  i»aker,  la  ka 
peeatAtal,  ami  kie  awn  kmaman,  Markliaak  la  ka  ae«M- 
t*ry  I  and  eammilled  Ika  eieealMn  af  Ika  lawa  I* 
Nkihalaa  Maaan  and  Amm  aikaf  plantaf*  wkam  ka  eatb, 
Mllaled  Ika  mvlneial  pidgee,     I  hi  ika  ava  af  k«a  4i 

tanare,  and  hating  already  emkaiked,  ka  aiMnaiail,  M 
Jayd  mmI  alkara  af  kia  mora  lallmala  laeatiaMa  • 
ealadkilary  leiiar,  wkwk  ka  deelred  ikam  lo  aammaM 
•ale  la  all  lua  frienda  In  l*ennayl«aai«  mmI  IWIawtra, 
••  Ikiar  frienda,"  ke  deelaied  la  tkam,  "  my  ktta  and 
my  hfe  la  la  ymi,  (ml  wllk  yau  i  and  m«  water  ••«« 
i|ueiwh  II,  nar  dialanea  wear  It  aat,  ai  hnn(  H  to  mi 
•nd  I  hate  been  wlib  yati,  eared  aver  voa,  ami 
aarved  yoa  wllk  unfeigned  Uva  i  and  yau  are  Imlaeail 
•f  ma,  Mid  do^f  In  me  ketmal  uliapanea  I  Meea  van 
in  Ika  naa<«  end  power  uf  ika  l«rd  i  end  may  tJad 
Meaa  yan  wllk  kM  rigkiewuewaea,  peace,  and  plenty,  all 
Ihe  land  over.  IMi  ilial  ywi  wmild  ate  km  m  all, 
ll.rnogh  all '  and  alone  all,  tha  wmka  af  ywir  handa  '' 
Alter  adimniMliinif  ilmae  to  wbmn  lie  bed  cuminllltil 
Ika  ruhr,  to  eonaklar  II  ••  •  aaered  fuiwinm  and  kaa* 
lenly  iriiel,  he  ihua  apaairapliiaea  hia  fatufila  tlly  i 
"  Aim!  iIhiu,  I1iiladrl|ikia,  the  tirgln  aetllamant  nf  iMa 
|irotince,  iMined  iwlore  tliuu  weft  ham,  what  luve,  what 
ears,  what  eaniee,  and  what  Iratail,  hae  there  liaen  M 
bring  Ihre  furih,  aiul  preeerte  Ikee  ham  aueh  ••  wauki 
•huae  ami  deAle  ihee  !  iNi  Ikal  tkau  inayeal  Im  kept 
frain  tka  etil  lhal  wiwld  atarwkelin  tkae  '  ikat,  failhfiil 
lo  Iha  Hod  uf  thy  merrlea  in  Ihe  lito  of  righlewianeee, 
Ihoii  mayeal  ba  prearrted  in  llie  end.  My  e<ni|  praya 
to  IIihI  fuf  Ihee,  lhal  thou  inayeat  aland  in  the  ilay  uf 
trial,  tlial  thy  children  may  be  hieaeed  uf  the  l^ird,  and 
thy  |ieapla  aavad  by  hia  power  My  love  la  the*  ba* 
keen  great,  ami  llw  riineinbranra  af  thee  alfccla  mina 
heait  and  mine  eyea!  The  (lud  af  eternal  aliengl^ 
keep  ami  preaerva  ihee  la  hia  gluiT  and  Iky  paaea  " 
"  No,  dear  Arienda,"  he  ikiia  conclwiea,  ■•  my  wve  •gain 
aaliilea  you  all,  wiahing  lhal  grace,  many,  and  peace, 
with  all  lein|ioral  hli<aainga,  may  alwind  rielily  amoag 
you  :— ft<i  aaya,  ao  piaya,  your  frieml  and  later  in  lk« 
trulli,  William  I'eim  " 

Al  the  iieriod  of  the  prnpr  .itary'^  dep«rlur»  IVnm  lk« 

Cuvince,  Hiladelphie  already  conlaiiied  three  hundred 
iiiaea,  tnd  the  |Hipulaliuii  uf  I'enneylvania  amounted 
allugnther  to  all  tlwiiaanil  aoula.  Of  the  Increaaa 
v.hii'h  ilie  inhabilania  of  liio  Ihilawara  lernlory  had 
undergone,  no  memorial  liaa  lieen  pieaaivid. 

CHAPTKK    II. 

fvnti'i  fnvnf  al  tli«  rmirt  of  Jmhivi  Ih*  Rofutnl— DliMiiiiiniit 
Rmotif  lh«  t'liliMiUU— lliair  IhtNiirvmviti  willi  Taiin  «hi>ul 
III*  t^ult  Rrnu  II*  «|i|x>litU  Fivii  <'iMMUitMhiii«ri  nf  llil* 
—  Rijiiiour  of  an  liiilmn  MiM^crw  — t^vnii  ilN4ali« Urd  wilh 
lilKriuiiiiiiiiB(uMi<r«  ndlniimU  WailiMrll  Itoptity  llovmtnot-^ 
ArMtmry  I'ihhIim-i  nt  bUi  kwivll  — iMv^lvnaiirfluf  tli«  Aiwin* 
biy— llltM>M«i(Mt  IwiwrKn  IIm  IVn^ln  nf  |>alawar«  atiU  |*«n(i* 
•yiviiil*  |>ttlMW«rn  i>lil4|n»  a  H)>iirilii  KtariiKvn  Oiivarii- 
in«nt  Uvuttm  Kvitd'*  SililMin  In  PuiiiiaylvinU-  frtin  dn- 
wi^ailnriiU  Aiittiiirlly  t'y  Kiiiv  Wilhrnit  'Fliiirtiar  apffHiiIrd 
Uiivrinoi  -  I'ffiut'*  Audiiirilv  r«»ti>r«il -Ttilnl  l^r«iii«  ofUtM 
Vfriimriii— i^iiHltrr  Ai-t-fi»iitii  (II  War— H«nn*«  ■«ruriil  Viiil 
l»  hli  ('wliHty  'a«>MiiiiHiitii  aihl  rtmtliirl  of  tha  (juikvra 
rvlallva  tii  Ni^Nru  Hlavnrir— Ratwwal  n1  Iha  l>l«|HiUa  ba- 
lwaan Dalawara  and  Pannaylvaitla— Vnurlh  and  l^at  FreiiM 
of  Ouvarnmaiil—Pann  raturn*  lu  Rnglaiid— Unldii  uf  Pann 
aylvanta  amf  l>«lawirH  iltHiiWad^CfMnpliliiU  iiT  tha  Aa 
aamblir  againil  Pftiin~Mi»ciindiirl  tif  (lovvrnor  Kvana— Ila 
la  auparaadad  hy  Uwihtn— K^nir^  RamonaUanca  Iw  hia  |*ao* 

Ela— Mat**  nf  PaniiavWanla  and  Dalawara  M  |Im  Cloa*  of 
Iw  Savanlaanlh  l.'anlury. 

BiDPiNo  ailitu  lo  th«  pMcaful  Mtiita  of  PeniMylvo* 
nian  life,  fonn  innafemd  hia  niarUiMia  lo  iho  vary 
iliaaiinilar  ibaaira  of  llw  court  of  Cn|UrHl.  Haro  iha 
initraal  wbirh  ba  potaaaaail  waa  aoon  iiKreaaad  lo  •U'\ 

*  Ttia  unfortunala  eon«a<iuancita  thai  atlandad  pann'i  witlip 
drawinaiit  al  ihl*  parlod  from  tha  4uiat  itf  Auiartea,  to^aafO 
aRain  littu  Iha  ■oltcitatUiiiii  of  wvalul  KuiPpa,  hava  raiidara4 
Iha  CBUM  of  Ihia  ■tap  a  ■ubjai-t  of  lonta  itnpuflanca.  Old 
miiufii  who  dartvad  hU  Information  Item  Panii  htmaalf,  B4ya 
lhal  ha  waa  daurminad,  morh  acalnal  his  will,  to  ratiirii.  bf 
iHJtiiffa  of  tha  itarMculiun  of  Ilia  ()uahaira  and  othar  dlaaan>affa 
In  Koilaml  i  and  lhal  **  Ila  hnaw  ha  had  an  Intaraal  In  iJm 
enuti  of  SiiMland,  and  wai  wllllna  to  amploy  It  for  tha  aaialv, 
aaaa,  and  waKara  of  hia  frlanda,"  t.  171.  Hut  Proad,  who  U 
har.**  1  hy  far  tha  boil  autlMiiltjr  on  pnlnia  of  aarljr  PanuaylvaMao  Mo> 
I  larv,  daclaraa  that  •*  Uia  4lapuia  balwaan  Uai  anA  Ihi  Ui4 


10  M 

rfti* 


MORtn  AMIBIOAi 


L  MM*! 

tiMIt  M  ttm  iMf*  M  «lini>ii>im  tt  ••  IM  ••■«  •■••Ml'***, 
MmI  ¥>  Mm  MiMnI  MWmHMM  •!  nttgMiM  litwrif.lm 


•  Mm4l  *m  IMM  W  VMt.  M  Mm  MmM, 


•ihI  m«|t  I<m| 


Ml    >lMlm|M»  W  •■  iifMKil   M  Awati'*,  »t4 
fanUniMii  M  ia*i4«  m  Um    wi^hhwtwiiil,  u»l  ••••<  ••• 

fcHMM  Ik*  HimiJ  MM  ||**HU«t«l  iM  OMf   llw   •  rnoil 

— «  |mIiii|  tk««.  Ml  Um  m»M»i,  ft**»4  «t<t4ll|r  |ff«|<i<li«{«l 
la  kt*  i«|MI«ti»<«  tM  KngMikl  (wl  hu  iiiKraaia  in  Ama 

•M  >k«  aAiHliaallwi  UmI  larminaiail  k  a  ••inlnxaray 
wiM  liWil  IMiimwf*,  ami  aMurwl  In  turn  ik*  iiowi  «alii 
•Ms  (MltHM  «(  tha  IhUwtni  WfiliiM|p  *  I'liiil*  »l  • 
■at*  liltof*!  4M>n|i4M<i  waf*  avtnaail  m  kta  auarMadil 
MbfM  M  |lfM«««  (  walMlMUHl  •(  Ika  la(«l  aatadllaa  W 
wkMk  Ik*  HMmknn  »f  tut  uoh  laliyiwit  awwi*  oan 
tkiw<MiM>  m4  (m  lk«  iliaaimliiiiiaiwa  ur  Ahirh  M  kail 
lk«  a«iM(*atiNn  dI  ^aaaniinf  an  *il>lraa«  9I  lk*Mk>  (• 
Ik*  king  (ram  *ll  ika  iiHakara  in  lliiflawl  I 

'I'kia  «aar  maa  aMnaliia>l  by  aii  aDa mnt,  lh«l  Ml||l- 
Mlail  utMk  Ik*  annual  iHaalliif  of  ilia  i|>ialiar  auriaiif  al 
nurliiiglun,  in  dm  Jaraan,  Ui  auiniHimii'ala  Iha  knnO' 
Mm  ■>(  vkrialwn  liHIk  lu  ika  Imllana.  'I'kaan  aaiagaa 
naJiln  aataUaJ  !•  Ilia  >iinfa>an*aa  ikat  wara  |ini|n>aail 


,  ami  lia(an«d  oilli  ihair  uaiial  (famiir  ami  Jar*- 
lirni  U  Um  Ifat  kmif  ol  mtaauHMrlaa  «>Ih>>  In  (inifaaaing 
to  iika|p  Ika  ili»in«  anmmaiMl  In  fmk  »ml  A«^im  alt  n«- 
IHHta,  a>ai  naiiliirail  In  Iravk  Ikal  ka(i<iain  waa  mil  *n 
wilinan'*  uf  vhrKiian  a|i|NMiiiin*nl  IK  tha  iiMiiriilar 
riiiHinuiiiaalKHia  halwaaii  Ihaaa  i|iiaka(  laarliara  ami  Ilia 
liiUwiia,  mi  aaauwnl  baa  bran  |tffi«aar?ail  1  but  ilw  raatill, 
ta  ra|Mrl*il  b)r  •  i|iiaki>r  liialurian,  »aa,  ibai  Iha  Imtiana 
In  gaiiafal  aakiw«l«lgvil  ai  Ika  lima  ikal  whal  Ihay  ' 
Iwaril  waa  «ary  wiaa,  wal^luii,  (ml  iriia,  iml  iiatar  > 
tl>»r«tf4a  l)i<nt||k(  farther  almiil  II  'Ilia  llral  iiirrraa- ! 
fill  «ll«in|ita  III  a>aii||ali»a  Iha  Indian  iiibabilaiila  af 
H»m  Jara«|t,  tlrlawtia,  ami  I'aniiaylnaiiia,  wara  mil 
mail*  nil  luotiila  Ika  iiiulilla  uf  Ilia  MIuoimk  lanliiryi 
ankan  Ikw  wofk  oaa  iimUriakan  by  Ika  ralahialnl  Ua' 
VmI  nninani,  uf  Naw  llnnlanil,  anil  by  »  Initly  of  Maia- 
fMn  braiknn  wIm  kail  aiiii||raiMl  from  llariiitiiy.  | 

Maanwhila,  Iha  aini||raii>iiia  rniin  Kiinlaii'l  lu  IVnn- 
tlUani*  eonliniiml  lu  uriMaail  wilh  iimliinlMialiail  «l||i>r  | 
dW  alimiilMt  llial  hail  Iwan  |ira«iaiuly  alfiirilad  by  lb« 
ngnra  nl  arrlaaiolical  law,  Iming  anijily  aM|i|ili«l  by  Iha 
MMlll*  liiil  aiiainaian  with  whu'k  Ibn  king  a  rlvil  (Miliry 
«M  ngantnl,  by  Iha  ifcaniila  whirh  bail  Iwaii  emu- 
iMad  M  Ika  pniaiiariljr  aii|A««d  by  iha  riilwilala  iif  ihia 
pfaaiiMa,  anil  by  ika  ganarai  baliaf  ibal  I'vnn'a  inlarral 
•Ml  Ika  king  wonbl  iirolarl  ila  iikrrllai  froiii  ihn  gaiia- 
nl  wnwk  in  whirh  hia  lyraniiy  liail  iiiiii>l«ail  tha  iilbaf 
aatoiiial  (nnaliliiliiNia  In  Ilia  riiiiraa  uf  ihia  yaar, 
•ImiiiI  a  iktiiiaaiMl  ainigrania  ap|H*ar  to  ha\a  rfatirliMJ  lu 
l'anna«l«aiiia  aluna.  liiil  Ihia  iiicrraM  in  Ilia  |io|iula- 
lion  of  kia  lacriluriaa  waa  now  Ika  unly  aonrca  uf  aalia- 
faclioii  Ikat  Ikay  wara  to  allbnl  to  llw  |irn|irialary,  ami 
Iha  lamaimlar  of  hia  aonnaiion  wilh  Ikain  waa  n«ar- 
(kxniail  by  iliaa|>|iaiiilin«iil,  ami  ainhiilarril  by  niiiliial 
iliaputa.  II  waa  but  a  faw  niuiillia  aflar  hia  ilojiartuia 
from  Ika  |ini«iiwa,  tkal  a  apiril  of  iliai:nril  In'gan  10 
liMiiifoal  ilaalf  ainung  tha  plantara.  Miwra,  iha  cliiaf 
Jualira,  ami  Itnlilnaon,  ilia  ricrk  of  ih«  (iruvnicial  cniiri, 
nailhar  uf  whom  baiangrii  lu  iha  niialii'r  |M>raiia*ii>ii, 
hail  rrmlvrail  ikanwcUaa  diaaKmaabla  lu  tha  liia<liiig 
paraona  of  Ikia  aociaty  In  tka  I'oliHiy.  'Ilia  llral  waa 
liniwaehad  by  tha  uaainMy  of  high  cnnwa  ami  inlaila- 
iBcaiiura,  and  fur  rafiiaing  lo  aMOar  iku  charga  waa 
aua|iaiidad  from  hia  fiimttioiia  liy  iha  cuiiiicil ;  whilr  a 
very  diaprD|iartioni>d  ranaura  waa  paaird  on  the  ulhar, 
who,  for  what  waa  dramaj  goiilainptiiinn  ln'ha»nir  in 

■alllmiHa  bafiKa-inanliimail  waa  wliii  mainly  imaalo  ad 
raiiii'a  raliiriitiignjlaiii,'*!  tM.  In  a  Inlinr  wrliU'ii  ilHirily 
aAar  hia  arrival  In  Inilaml,  Panii  •ar>,  thai  "  Ila  ba<l  >aan 
•Iw  kill!  an4  Iha  Uuka  of  ink.  Thay  ami  Ihalr  milili,i  hail 
kaan  varir  klml  In  hlin,  ami  ha  bn|>a<l  Ilia  J,iiril  winilU  maka 
•ay  (or  him  In  tliair  nuaru  In  afrva  bi«  aiiirarlitg  iwofiU,  aa 
plMi  Mi  »wn  Iniaraili  aa  It  lalalail  lu  hia  Ainancan  ciinrarna.** 
Vurtaim,  I.  Mt. 

•  Thia  H||aillcallun  waa  nol  an  dlniliwl  ai  lu  prananl  murh 
ahbaaquanl  Uiivula  raaiiaelina  Ihi  prnciia  hnimilulaa  In-iwaan 
Dalav^ara  ami  Marvland,  whicll  nnillnuad  lu  Ulalrai-t  Ilia  liiha- 
bllania  on  tba  kurdara  of  thaaa  pnivlncaa,  tilt  11  waa  Anally 

Iluaad  In  ITtll,  by  a  daeiaa  iirunuuniiad  In  Chancary  by  Lord 
lardwirka.  L'halmarat  UI.  Vaaaii'i  Rapmii,  |.  |M. 
'  Nulblnf  waa  mara  canimnn  fur  a  loni  lima  In  Ilia  AmaHcan 
pnivlnraa  than  dlapiitaa  artainf  frum  iineartain  hnumlanaa. 
A  illaputa  of  Ihia  naiwra  hatwaan  Iha  tuwnihipa  of  Lyma  ana 
Naw  ffundon.  In  Naw  Eiiftanil,  durinf  tlia  lavantaanlh  can* 
tnry,  waa  daclilaU  bv  a  tnlanin  imailiitii'  combat  batwaaii  four 
Chaini'luna  choaan  by  ttio  iiiliabllanta  uf  tha  Iwu  ulacaa. 
Uwlilil'a  Trataia,  II.  4IM 

.  •  Prnuil,  I.  «W-W«.  i(l»-IU.  "  Tha  kliu  hai  (Iran  ui," 
•aliiPannin  tba  apaacb  with  which  ha  arriinit>anlail  Iba  pra- 
aaalallnii  af  tha  quakar  aiblraai,  "  an  llliiiiiiaui  aiainpla  In 
■a  awo  par«M  1  fur  whila  ba  waa  a  luhiai't  ba  fava  Caaar 
'"*  la,  and  new  ka  la  Casar  ba  iiaaa  Ood  hia  dua, 


Mm  |it>niiwa  kiiil  lanitafiaa  "  IM  Ml*  akargaa  againM 
M*ara  nal  a  iriaa  kaa  kaan  ptaaaraad  ,  kt«l  11  i*  manl 
h*i  Ikat  hrnn  •unaklarad  ikana  Ikltnkwa  ar  iHikmwIad 
In  rain  k*  wm<a  la  Iba  anibar*  al  ikaaa  pMaaadinga,* 
aniraaiiiig  ikam  lu  raairain  lk*M  lamfara,  ami  kHbaar 
nam  Ik*  Indnlganaa  nl  tnimaaillaa  a*  diaaradllaMa  I* 
Iha  aalmiy  ,  I*  nalaa  ikamaaltaa  a  lliiU  laaa,  ami  i* 
k«n*y  Mkar  man  a  lliihi  mara  Ikan  ikay  iiitiaarad  i* 
kim  la  ka>a  itana  Tka  aaaamkly  anawarad  by  |>«<ifaa 
■laaa  af  tka  kigbaal  ravaranaa  tm  klinaalf,  aaaiiw|ianiml 
ky  antraallaa  (iin'oimnalaly  inallk«li«al)  thai  k*  wanld 
raiarn  t*  liira  ainoag  kl*.  f»fii  1  kwl  daaUrad  wiikal 
Ikal  Ikay  ikaugki  III  "  la  knmMa  1*  >l  rarriiM  tad  aapt- 
ring  mmlalay  af  alala,  Niakalaa  Maara  "  Tka  aarraa 
(mmlanaa  kaiwaan  Ika  impnatary  and  ikl*  kady,  aa 
wall  aa  Ika  aannail,  gradually  Maumad  aa  inaraaalngly 
diaagyaaalda  aamplaiiafl  T*  atkar  aauaaa  af  diaplaa 
aura,  wara  aildad  rapwla  af  Ik*  Maraaaad  aanaNniplimi 
af  a|ilriiinH«a  lh|iia»a  amang  tka  calaiiala  ika  inlain|ia 
raiMia  in  ikia  raapaal  wkirk  Ikay  (napagaiad  ainanii  ika 
Indiana  ikua  raaniling  Mami  ikamaaKaa  t  ami  1  uiii|>lainia 
af  aarMua  abnaaa  an*  aitariMma  rammilti  I  li«  iha 
aMaara  whum  ka  had  anlruatad  lo  anndual  Ika  aalaa  af 
kia  laml  llm  nalking  arama  w  kata  maftillad  kim 
laar*  aanaikly  ikan  Ika  diManlly  ka  ai|wrlan*ad  In  *!»- 
lalnMig  payniani  *f  kia  quit  rania,  and  Iha  uninaraal  ra- 
liiaianaa  ikal  waa  akown  I*  ramply  wlik,  ur  a«an  pay 
any  allanlian  lo,  kia  appliaaiiana  for  ramillamiaa  on 
Ikal  ari'winl.  Tha  patiiila  In  ganaial  hail  ralhar  aub- 
miliad  lu  Ikan  a|ipruvail  ilia  impaailiun  uf  1)1111  rania  ; 
ami,  Ihoiigh  proa|Mring  in  tkair  airaumalanraa,  and  raii' 
armiia  uf  Ika  aifianaaa  ikal  tka  propfiaiaiy  kad  inaurrad 
fat  ihair  mUaniaga,  ikay  wara  anty  n*w  kaginning  la 
yaap  ih«  ArM  friiila  uf  tha  far  graatar  aipanaca  intuirad 
ky  ihaina* haa  in  parrhaaiiig  Ihair  landa  frain  hlin,  and 
In  Iranapurtiiig  thainaaliraa  and  Ihair  fainiliaa,  aar«aiila, 
and  anlMlaiira  to  tha  profinaa.  Muak  labor  and  at- 
panaa  waa  yai  wanting  lo  rand*r  mara  than  •  amall  par- 
llan  of  Ihair  lamia  iiradualiira  al  adianlaga  10  lliain 
I  tml  10  ha  now  aallwl  uii  lu  (wy  oiill  ranIa  fur  iha  whula, 
ami  fur  Ihia  |iur|HMa  lu  aurrandar  llw  Ural  aamiiiga  uf 
tkair  own  haurd,  hanlahip,  ami  tail,  to  ka  atpaiidad  by 
Ikair  |iro|iriatary  in  a  diauiil  rwiniry,  waa  a  prorxadinii 
»«ry  ill  cali'iitaiad  lo  ulnain  tk«ir  la«orakla  ragard,  and 
whn'h  llw  vary  grnaruaily  of  Iba  pmpriatary,  ihal  ran- 
darad  11  iIm  mora  iinatoidabla  on  hia  (larl,  bad  by  iiu 
maana  prvparmi  lliam  lo  ripacl.  t'aiin  kail,  daublUaa, 
kupad  Ikal  Iha  roiinril  lo  wkmn  ka  had  dulagalad  hia 
Mu|irieiary  fiinaliuna,  wniild  bar  a  afiarrd  kim  iha  hiiini 
iialing  nn'raiity  uf  dau-aiHlliig  lo  a  iiaraoiiai  allarralion 
<  with  bia  paupla  uii  Ihia  aiibjacl.  Hut,  ao  far  wara  Iha 
coiineil  liuni  dainonalntiiig  any  aurh  rauard  fur  liia 
dalk-ary  or  hia  miaraal,  thai  Ibay  »,,  ild  giira  hiui  no 
aaalalaiiaa  wliaiairrr  in  Iba  pruaaciiliun  iW  hia  llfliMitular 
daiiiaiid,  and  r>aii  furbura  lo  laka  any  notica  at  ih«  ra- 
monalranitaa  whirk  ka  addraaxid  lo  ihaiii  un  tha  111  ^lirl 
ol  llH-ir  duly.  Aaluniabad  and  iiHlignaiil  10  liiid  linn 
arif  Iraali'd  in  a  niannar  which  Im  Jaanipd  ao  uiigrala- 
lul  and  uiinial,  I'anit  tail  hiniaalf  eonatrainarl  al  langlh 
In  rtiiruaeh  hia  |i*iipla  in  a  lallar,  ( ISM]  wkick  forma 
a  nirlaiiohiily  roiitraal  to  Iha  baauiiful  valadwluin  with 
wbirh  b*  liad  lahan  bia  laava  of  iham,  atarcaly  Iwu 
ynara  Iwlure  Ila  ciiin|ilaiiiad  thai  tka  proviiirial  coun- 
cil bad  iia|(laclad  and  alighted  kia  cmninuniralioiia  ) 
Ihal  Ilia  lalxir  which  ha  had  raiigioiialy  conaacratad  lo 
bia  paopla'a  kimmI  waa  iiaiihrr  valiird  nor  umlrraluod  by 
Ihein  ;  and  that  thvif  prucrnlinga  in  ulbrr  iaa|M'Cla  bad 
havii  an  unwarTanlable  aa  la  bava  put  it  in  hia  (Hiwar 
mora  than  once  lo  annul  tha  charter  ba  kad  beaiuwrd 
on  llwiii,  if  lie  had  kaan  diainiaad  lo  laka  idvantaga  of 
Ihair  iniaeoiHliici.  Ila  daciarad  ihal  h*  waa  auHering 
much  einlwcraaainanl  by  Ilia  failur*  of  Ik*  remiiuncea 
ba  Iwd  aipacted  frum  Ainarica,  and  Ihal  Ihia  waa  ona 
of  Ilia  eauaaa  of  hia  dalantion  in  England.  Hia  iiuil 
rente,  ha  aaid,  aiiioiiiitad  than,  tl  iha  vary  lead,  lo  Ave 
huiidrnd  pounda  a  yaar ;  bill  h*  couM  nol  obtain  |iay- 
meiil  of  a  penny  of  Ihia  incom*.  ■*  Uod  la  mjr  wilnaae," 
eaya  he,  '■  I  li*  n*i.  I  am  ahoy*  all  Ihouaand  pounda 
out  of  pocket  mora  than  ever  I  mw  by  the  province ; 
and  you  may  throw  In  my  paina,  c*f*a,  and  hauid  of 
Ilia,  and  leaving  of  mjr  family  and  fnenda  to  aarya 
Ihcin."  According  lo  thia  alateineni,  it  would  a|ip*tr 
ihal  ha  had  already  aold  a  million  acraa  of  iaini  in  tha 
profinca,  and  devoted  twenty  thouaand  pounds  (th* 
Bll|iulated  price  correiponding  to  aalaa  of  Ihil  eileni) 
lo  the  publie  aarvioa,  buiidaa  the  aildilionsi  eiptndilur* 
which  ha  iiwnliona  ol  an  thuuaand  pounda 


^Tlai  Miiwiiiiww.  atrt  —•  mm  «i»i»w»»  U- 

^^BBBBW  Iw  IMI    pVWHwiW    ••HWilfl>  RvVWtf  |WHMi  90  ■V' 

a4batital  aa  kia  ptMading  aiipllaaiiane,  Nna  daMfi 
aaaad  w  withdraw  frum  IMI  '••'•111  ik«  MMaagomanl  it 
kM  iniareat*  ami  in*  puiaaaali^  i  tka  eaeauiita  pawai, 
wkwk  ha  had  •mxiMiliad  lu  iia  nxpiHg  an  kia  depariar* 
fr>»m  Iba  |,ravih#a  lla|ta»img  mufa  aativiiy  fraai 
hwar,  and  nwra  miagriiy  IruiH  dillkraHl  henda,  lie  i^ 
awlvad  I*  •anAiia  iha  laauiive  |i*wei  i*  gva  paraaa*  , 
and,  in  ntder  M  mark  kia  aanaa  ef  Ike  ln)Hrimia  treat* 
inani  wklxkka  (awaivad  had  haan  inglrlad  an  •»  aklk 
and  hniwraMa  man,  ha  haailalad  iia«  la  ap|aHiii  ,\a  kala* 
Muura  lu  lie  una  af  the  paiaune  by  wkoiii  ikia  iiiipwiaM 
riinaiMn  waa  M  k*  aieraiaad  T*  i.hryd,  Ika  hriiMf 
ptaanlanl  af  ika  aaanad,  and  ikrae  aihar  iia»k*ra,  M 
«mi)unaiMn  wiik  Maar«,  k*  aaaardtngly  graaiaj  •  •*• 
raiii  or  ilaputana*  invaaimg  ikam  wilk  Iheir  •A** 
uiular  Ike  title  af  <**i*N*«ie<Mr(  «/  tutt  lie  ••«» 
manded  ikam,  al  tka  verv  kral  aaaamkly  lk*«  akauki  ka 


lerv  Al 
Malmei 


sXti 


■  '*yit  tlie  love  of  Oud,  n,a,  ami  the  puur  cuuntrv,>*  be  aaya 
In  one  of  tkeae  lellera,  ''be  nut  ao  auvainmanllah,  ao  nele* , 
aad  open  I*  your  diaaailifkcttana.  iaaia  falka  lave  kanllM 
lagavanMMMIMU"   rnit,i.Wl  — — « 


the  praoriatary'a  name,  every  sat  that  kad  keen  paaaed 
in  hia  abaai,ra  lie  vhargad  Iham  i*  ka  parlwularly 
taivliil  to  rapraaa  every  laiidenry  to  diaardar,  diapula, 
ar  sulliaion  ul  iwwcra  kalwaen  Ika  aatatal  argana  el 
guvarnmanl,  and.  k>r  Ikie  ii«r|waa.  I*  permit  m<  pMlee- 
lug  ur  ofuin  ennlarenca  between  tka  aaum>|l  ami  IM 
aaaeinbly,  but  la  vmiAiia  Iha  ana  lu  Ik*  aiarrlaa  af  It* 
priviUga  uf  prnpuaing  lawa,  and  tka  otkar  ta  i  aimpi* 
aiprnaaion  ul  aaavnl  or  dlaaent  lie  adinmiiahad  Ikem 
I*  aat  wiik  vigor  'II  aup|iraaaing  vi.'ea  williaiir  reapetl 
uf  peraoiia  •(  parauaaiuna, -adding,  "1*1  nol  kmliah 
pity  rub  jiialiee  uf  iia  due,  and  Ik*  p«a|il*  uf  pxipai  e |. 
ainplaa  I  know  «hal  inaliia  and  prajiidura  aay  i  km 
they  inuve  ine  lutl.  I  know  kitw  lu  alkiw  'ar  new 
vuluniea,  Ikaugk  oihara  du  nut  "  Ma  *dvia«d  iham,  bv 
tufa  star  ••  lailing  iliaif  apirila  nila  anv  altnir, '  Ivlill  U|i 
tkair  ihwigbla  lu  liini  wlui  i«  iiul  far  frum  every  one  of 
aa,  ami  lo Iwactrh  frum  tlial  only  auuraa  uf  inlalligeiia* 
ami  virtue,  ika  lOtuiniiniaaliun  uf  a  gmnl  nmleiiiaiiding 
and  a  lainparala  apirit  Ila  recuiniiiendail  to  lliani  a 
diligent  altrnlioii  lu  ihe  pruprieiary'a  intarval,  ami  • 
wairliful  aare  lu  llw  preaarvatimi  of  ikair  own  dignity. 
"I  baaaavb  you,"  be  aaid,  "draw  not  aevetsi  vayai 
kava  no  ralwla  a|iarl,  nor  raaervaa  from  una  anotliei  | 
tiaal  with  a  inulual  alinplicily,  «ii  entire  rongdams,  in 
ona  aiiuikvr  i  ami  if  al  any  lime  you  mialake,  ur  luia- 
a|ipielietid,  or  diaaeni  Irum  one  aiiuihar,  let  ik  I  tbel 
appear  lo  llw  iwoiile ;  ahow  your  virlnaa  but  cunaaal 
your  iiillrinilira  \  Ihia  will  make  ymi  awliil  and  lavaraiil 
with  the  urople  "  "  l.ov«,  furgive,  hilp,  ami  n>rva  ona 
aiwlliar,  Iw  continued  i  "  aiiiT  lei  the  peuple  learn  by 
yuur  aiainplo,  aa  wall  as  by  your  power,  llie  lMpi<y  liM 
of  cuiiford."* 

IBMT.J  T'hie  spfminlinant  proved  inure  cuiiduclv* 
Ikan  iingbl  have  Iweii  ai|ieclcil  lo  llie  imar-a  ul  Ihi  priH 
vince,  which  sppeara  fur  auitie  tune  lu  liava  aualaineti 
no  ulhet  interrupuun  than  wlial  sruaa  frum  llw  ruinoi 
of  an  Indian  maaaacre.  In  the  inidal  ul  llw  lunslarna- 
Hull  whii'b  bia  report  ririled,  I'aliib  I'uavy,  s  iiuskar, 
vuluiili'iYid  lu  gu  10  Ihe  a|H>l  wlwre  llw  nidlaiis  war* 
sanl  lo  hat  saeeinhlad  in  pioperatiuii  fur  llwii  bliwdy 
design,  provided  the  council  would  Bp|Hiiiit  Ave  vlhar 
depiitira  111  acconiiiaiiy  hint.  Slid  who  viould  sgrve.  Iika 
linn,  lu  pri'aenl  tiii'iiivi'lvea  uriaiinrd  lu  iht>  liidiaiia. 
Un  Ihe  arrival  uf  ibia  niagiiaiuinnua  dipnialiuii  al  lli* 
apol  which  had  been  iiidicalcd  lo  iheiii,  ilivji  fuiimluidjr 
an  Imlian  prince  wllli  a  sinsll  riiinuu  eiigsgrd  in  llwir 
uansl  ocrii|iatiuiM.  The  primr,  uii  Iniiig  appriaid  ol 
Ihe  cauae  uf  lluiir  vivil,  inlurnird  'he  dtipiitiaa  thai  llw 
Indiana  had  iiiilrvd  Iwen  diiaii|Mii*lril  to  Hiid  llrl  iko 
price  uf  a  recent  occiipaiiun  of  land  had  nut  ysl  been 
fully  paid  lu  Iham  ;  but  Ihal,  having  parfrel  vuiilldaw;* 
111  llw  integrity  uf  llw  Cnglieti,  Ibey  were  by  no  luasa* 
iinfialiant ;  be  dvctarrd  tlwl  the  atury  uf  llw  projected 
iiiaaascre  waa  s  wicked  faliriiatiun,  and  tlwl  auuie  In- 
dian wonieii  who  liad  cniiiiibuted  In  give  i|  lurreiMjr 
deserved  lo  be  bunwd  alive.  One  of  the  deputies  hav- 
ing loiniiidcd  tha  priticu  ihal  the  Indiaiw  sihI  llw  tiug- 
liah  were  the  creaturca  of  the  vaiiia  (iud,  and  eijuilTy 
the  objects  of  Ins  iinpeilial  luvs,  which  ho  abowad  by 

•  Proud.l.«l»-lM,|g»-WT.  In  a  lelier  Is  tbae*  com- 
miuiunera,  auiiw  iiiiia  allvr.  ha  Ivila  iham,  "Tlia|  Ikat  la* 
liaar  lu  Uud.  will  llva  tar  Iriiiu  lli«iii»atva«i  iiiU,  bum  tka 
•aiiae  Ibay  bava  ol  bia  naariiava  ami  iiiajavly,  hava  a  lew 
nolnlun  uf  thamaalvtfi ;  aiiil  out  of  ilml  low  and  liuiiilila  frame 
ol  iplrlt  It  II  that  true  rlmrlty  sriiwv.  Ch  .hat  Ilia  pao|#le  *• 
my  uruvtnca  full  tliij  giai-iuun  iiualily  ■baoiiliiif  in  ihi-pi!  ttj 
worit  would  than  Itv  •loliH,  ami  llirlr  iubimi  ami  my  jiy  ma 
apaakably  alMiuud.  Wliaialora,  In  Ilia  lOnu*  ar  d  Ivai  uf  Uod, 
Int  all  old  Burva  Iwi  ti>r|olioii  an  wril  a«  U'rylvtA."  ll>id.  Jtl. 
Tula  It-tlar  II  datpd  Iruiii  a  nianaliiit  wliH-h  puli  u-i  aiid  litvra* 
luru  have  sines  cuiiiributid  li>  UiitiiifiUsli,  bi.lsr,d  liuuea, 
whirb  fann  bad  maila  hii  raikltfu,;!  on  Oixom  .  pf  ii  -  -  *- ' 
lu  KaualnitoB,  where  Kbig  Jaowa  kaM  klaeeuK 


THK  RIITORY  OF 


Mmlkig  d*«  rrom  (mitiii  ilik*  M  ihair  UmiU,  nd 
Itlwl 


I  Ih*  two  nc.it  ought,  ihenfor*  la  lo««  siw 
•Mthari  ill*  iiriiiM  iii|>li«vl,  "  Whiil  you  ha>t  mkI  w 
liu*  i  iiiii  ••  (IihI  Dm  givmi  you  vorn,  I  would  *d>iM 
y««i  o  (<■!  It  III,  (or  «•  ihlviMi  jrou  no  ktrin."  Thii 
MBlcibU  tHuniic*,  n!|Milsil  by  ih*  iicputi«  to  thaii 
bitui;  ilolivurfd  iln  (irovinco  from  tn  iiiprthaiMioii 
Ititl  Im<1  •xciU'd  goiwNl  iliainty. 

Bill  I'aiiM  wit  far  from  ilmiving  lhi>  Mtiilai'iion  whii'll 
!•  ImhI  •■(Mk'IoU  fruiii  hi«  coininiiiionnri  ol  lUia  ;  •nil 
kit  Itltun  coiilinuMi  lo  ni|M'ai,  lliougli  in  •  milder  niiii- 
Bfl  iImii  iHifura,  In*  i:iini|iUihta  u(  Ihn  dtli'iilioii  of  hii 

)ail  rsiiis,  Um  iMglttCl  of  his  coininunicaliona,  tiid  lb* 
larvgird  of  hi*  Mrvicvt.  "  I  Iwlmv*  I  iiity  ••Xi"  w» 
hn  «<|ir«Hiua  on  on*  of  iIicm  orcatioiii,  "  I  iin  one  of 
Iho  uiiUnMiwM  pro|iriouriiit  with  one  of  th«  bmt  Mio- 
|il«."*  rrom  Uw  iiinnuruut  (pologica  coiiliiiittd  In 
Umm  Utior*  for  bii  conlinned  rvniiTiincn  In  Kiigland, 
•lul  hit  |irai«ti>lioiii  that  ha  found  allandance  at  court 
■a  burdaiiaoin*  and  dlaagrrraMu  aa  a  alale  of  alavrry  in 
Turkey  rould  In,  it  would  avriii  that  tha  pca|ila  of 
Penuaylvania  mganted  hia  abarnca  from  Iheiii  wlili 
iniicb  diaaalialaclioii.  At  lungili,  Lloyd  and  aoiiie  of 
Ike  ulhor  quakar  eommiaaionsra  dailriiig  thai  he  would 
diacharga  them  from  their  functioiia,  it  apiwared  to  him 
that  aoiiM  farther  cliange  waa  neraaaary  in  the  form  of 
kia  proviiMUll  adininialralion  ;  and,  having  duteriiiiiied 
lo  t;oiaiuit  bia  |iowara  and  hia  iiitt'fuata  to  ilie  more  ac- 
lite  inanageniuiit  of  a  aingle  individual,  who  should  liu 
invoated  wilh  the  rank  n(  ile|mtjr  governor,  he  aeleclcd 
for  ihia  iiurpoaa  Captain  John  Ulackwell,  one  of  Croiii- 
Ivell'a  oHicitra,  wliu  had  married  tliu  daughter  uf  (-lenerat 
I,ainliert,  and  waa  riiaiding  at  ihia  tune  in  New  Eng- 
land. The  coiiaequoncea  of  thia  aii|iointinent  were, 
in  truth,  the  reverae  in  all  ri<ap«cta  oi  thoae  which  had 
Itaultod  from  the  preceding  one  :  but,  unfurtnuately, 
they  were  inucli  mure  diaagrueable  and  |Hiriiiciuu<. 
Blukwell  HpucHra  to  have  been  very  highly  vateeined 
by  Henn,  ■iiu  he  probably  exerted  hiinaelf  much  mure 
than  hia  predeeeaaura  in  Ihe  eiecutive  authority  had 
done  to  viiHlicale  the  pntrimoiiiiil  intfreat  uf  the  pro- 
prieUry  ;  but  tie  pruvuked  the  general  indi|jnatiun  and 
dlagual  of  the  people  by  hia  arbilrury  and  illr^ul  pro- 
•aediiiga.  "  Kule  the  meek  meekly,"  waa  the  matruc- 
lion  of  Penn  lo  him ;  "  and  thoae  ihni  will  not  be 
ruled,  rule  wilh  aulliurity."  Hut  nieekneaa  waa  no 
Dart- of  III*  diapimitiiHi  cf  Uluckwell ;  und  violence  and 
Intrigue  were  the  chief  eiiginea  of  hia  pulley,  t  Ho 
Soiiiiiiciiced  hia  admiiiialrHtiun  by  rndeavnring,  not 
without  eirect,  tn  aow  diacord  among  Ihe  freemen,  and 
lo  oicrawo  the  timid  by  a  diaplay  of  power.  Out  he 
kod  miatakeii  Iho  real  chitracler  of  the  people  over 
whuin  he  prealded  ;  and  waa  taught,  by  Ihe  iaaue  uf 
■n  oballii'.tu  atruggle,  lliikt  the  |iri)l'oaaloii  of  quaker 
nwekueaa  and  lubnilaaion  ia  nut  iiicunaiKtent  with  tha 
•ihibitioii  uf  unliendiiig  firmncaa  and  detennined  re- 
■olutiun.  Finding  thai  White,  the  individual  who 
bad  given  moat  diaplenaure  lo  Penn,  by  urging  the 
impeachment  uf  Muore,  had  lieoii  chuaoii  a  delegate  lu 
Uw  Haembly,  he  reaulved  to  debar  him  from  attend. 
>nce  Iheri' ;  and  for  Ihia  piirpuae  cauaed  him  lo  be 
Ihrowii  into  uriaon  on  Ihe  muat  frivuluua  prelencea. 
A  writ  of  halieiu  corpuM  waa  procured  in  behalf  of 
WhiU  ;  but  the  execuliun  of  it  wua  lung  impeded  by 
the  devicea  of  Ulackwell.  Other  prncticea,  no  leaa 
arbitrary  and  illegal,  were  employed  by  him  fur  dia- 
abling  men  whom  he  dialiked  or  auapected,  from  per- 
I'oriuinz  Ihe  dutica  of  membera  of  the  provincial  coun- 
cil. 1 0  give  the  aaaeniUy  time  lu  cou!,  after  the  cum- 
miaaion  of  thea*  uutragea,  be  deferred  the  convucatiun 
of  it  aa  long  ai  puiaitde,  and  at  len^h  opened  ita  aaa> 
•ion  [1G8B]  with  a  haughty  and  inaolent  harangue. 
Hit  predeceaaora  in  aulnorily  hod  nut  conaidernl  it 
eipedient  to  comply  with  tlie  proprietary'a  deaire  of 
abrogating  all  Ihe  lawa  that  had  been  made  in  hia  ab- 
Miiee  ;  but  tiia  meaaure  waa  now  announced  by  the 
deputy  governor,  with  an  inaolence  that  would  have 
diacrediled  a  mon  acceptable  communication.  The 
firit  proceeding  of  Ihe  i^aembly  waa  a  reinoiutrance 
againat  hia  arbitrary  proeeedinga ;  and  all  that  hia 
utmoat  influence  could  effect  on  aome  of  the  membera 
of  Ihia  body,  waa  lo  prevail  wilh  them  to  abaent  them- 


•  *  I*,  la  none  of  tha  endearingert  coitahleraatona,**  ka  adda 
In  the  aaine  Isuer,  "lliatl  huve  nut  haillhepraaanlofaakin, 
eff  a  iKtuilil  itf  to'  tcco,  since  I  came  over"    rruut),  I.  334. 

t  Penn  ap|iearri  tn  nuv*  bernilecelveil  hiloitiiM  appointmenl 
by  a  repute  iir  which  Bl-lcaweil  iinivcd  lohavelteen  t'rtnlly  un- 
daaervinif.  He  apuldgized  tn  the  penple  nf  feinitiylvania  litr 
Ike  unhappy  cmiaeilUBnccslhal  rcaulleil  frnin  it,  by  maiinif  Itial 
be  haiJ  arUil  fur  ihe  beat,  jiiiit  hail  not  iielecteil  Blackwetl  lill 
Im  hail  fniinil  it  tinpnaaible  tn  prevail  wilh  any  iiuuker  tn  accop i 
Ita  bjnca  uf  deputy  gorcrnnr ;  yet,  he  aihleil  withal,  '*  I  must 
■ay,  I  rear  bia  peeviiiiiiieaa  tu  aome  Iricnda  (iiuakera)  hna  not 
Mca  out  of  Iba  dual  wiiltuut  uccaaloii."    PruuJ,  i.  3M. 


itiTM  Ana  III  allllB|a.  Tbia  mlianibla  ■a—HTio 
bad  no  olhor  efTael  than  lo  provoko  Ibo  aaaembly  lo 
dwiaro  that  the  aeceeaion  of  thea*  Bemhera  waa  a 
ireacberoua  deaerlion  of  Ihe  public  aarviee.  Thojr 
paaeed,  at  Ihe  aame  lime,  a  aariaa  of  reaolutlimi,  im- 
porting,  "  That  the  proprietary'a  abaence,  aa  it  may 
be  lo  nia  dlaappointiiMnt,  ao  it  waa  eilreinely  to  tha 
pe<iplea  prejuihce  ;  that  aa  lo  the  project  uf  abrogating 
all  tha  lawa,  he  had  no  right  ao  to  do,  berauae  every 
law  waa  in  force  that  had  not  been  declared  vuiti  by 
Ihe  king ;  that,  even  wilh  the  eonae nt  of  the  freemen, 
Ihe  proprietary  could  make  no  lawa  tn  bind  Ihe  pru- 
vioce.  eicepl  in  the  way  preacrlbed  by  the  charter ; 
and  thai  aa  it  waa  daairable,  ao  it  waa  alau  lo  be 
hoped,  that  no  lawa  of  any  other  make  would  be  Im- 
puaail  upon  the  people."  After  a  vain  atruggia  with 
an  oppuaition  Ihua  vigoroualy  auppuited,  Blaekwell 
waa  compelled  lo  abandun  hia  ollice,  and  dr|>art  IVuai 
the  province,  leaving  IIm  executive  authority  once 
more  in  Ilia  handa  of  tha  provincial  council,  of'^  which 
the  praaiilenoy  waa  reaumed  by  Thomaa  l>loyd. 

'I  ha  ferment  which  had  boen  excited  during  Black- 
well'a  adininialralion,  whatever  evil  iufluenc*  it  may 
have  cxereiaed  on  the  lempota  of  aome  of  Ihe  coloniala, 
waa  nut  permlttetl  to  reUnl  in  the  alighleat  degree  Ihe 
rapid  pace  with  which  the  general  prmperily  wua  ad- 
vancing. On  Ihe  contrary,  a  iiMira  vignroua  apring 
aeemeif  to  hava  boen  imparted  to  Ihe  indualry  and 
general  progreaa  and  improvement  of  the  community, 
aa  if  tin  energy  that  waa  excited  by  the  pruvncatinn 
given  to  Ihe  public  apiril  nf  the  people,  hud  diiruaeil 
lla  inlluence  through  every  orcupatiuii  niiil  departr'rnt 
of  life.  It  waa  in  thia  year  thai  the  lirat  iiialilutiun 
lur  the  education  of  youth  waa  eatabllahed  in  Penn- 
aylvania.  Thia  waa  called  "  The  Friemla'  Public 
KrhiMl  uf  Philadelphia  ;"  at  the  head  of  which  waa 
placed  Oeorge  Keith,  a  celebratett  quaker  writer  ;  and 
which  waa  aubaequently  incorporated  and  eidarged  by 
chartera  from  the  proprietary. 

It  had  been  happy  fur  Penn,  if  be  had  aooner  dia- 
roverrd  how  detrimental  to  all  hia  inlereala  Ihia  lung 
abaeiico  fMiu  Ihe  colony,  and  raaiilence  at  Ihe  Engliah 
court,  iiiuat  inevitably  prove,  Tha  revolution  that 
had  occurred  in  Ihn  cloae  of  the  preceding  year,  had 
abruptly  dralruyed  that  precarioua  favor  of  a  tyrant, 
fur  the  aake  of  which  he  had  riakrd  hia  popularity  in 
Kiigland  and  hia  induencein  Penuaylvania,  and  which 
had  infatuated  hia  uiideralanding  lo  auch  a  ilegree, 
that  be  even  continued  to  currcapond  with  the  fugitive 
monarch  after  hia  expulaiou  from  Ihe  tlirnne.  That  he 
waa  engayeil  in  any  of  the  plota,  that  were  carrying  on 
at  Ihia  penod  fur  Ihe  reatoralioii  of  Janiea,  there  ia  truly 
nu  reiiaun  to  believe  ;  but  aa  he  voluntarily  lingered  in 
Kiifjlaiid  fur  aome  time  after  the  revolution  had  been 
aceuiiipliaheil,  and  never  traiiriinitted  any  inatructiun 
fur  pruclainiing  WllUaro  and  Mary  in  Pennaylvania,  it 
ia  nut  iniproliabte  that  he  louked  with  aiime  exiiecla- 
tiun  lo  the  aucceaa  of  theae  allempla,*  To  return 
lu  Anirricn  waa  aixin  after  put  out  of  hia  power,  by  the 
conacqueiicea  of  Ihe  general  auapicion  which  hia  con- 
duct had  excited  in  England.  He  waa  compelled  tu 
give  bail  for  hia  appearance  before  the  privy  council ; 
[1000]  and  thougn  he  inure  than  once  aucceeded  in 
Juatifyliig  liimaelf  from  Ihe  cliargea  adduced  againat 
him,  yet,  finding  that  farther  accuaatiuna  continued  tn 
lie  preferreil,  and  that  a  warrant  had  at  length  been 
iaaued  for  committing  him  lo  prioon,  he  thought  pro- 
per to  aequealer  hiniaelf  from  public  view,  and  to  live 
fur  aome  lime  in  if  atate  of  concealment.  Hia  name 
waa  occaaionally  inaerted  in  Ihe  proclamaliona  for  the 
apprehenaion  of  auapected  peraona,  that  were  iaaued, 
from  time' to  lime  by  Ihe  Engliah  , miniatera ;  who 
were,  however,  too  deeply  engaf^ed  in  more  preaaing 
and  important  aflaira,  lo  nave  leiaure  aa  yet  to  attend 
to  the  concern!  of  hia  Ponnaylvanian  aovereignty. 
During  thia  retirement,  hia  re|ioae  waa  invaded  very 
diaagreeably  by  tidinga  of  factioua  diaputea  and  die 
aenatona  among  hit  people,  und  particularly  by  the 
rupture  that  look  place  between  Pennaylvania  and  De- 
laware, and  aeparaled  from  each  other  two  eommuni- 
tiea,  for  the  conjunction  of  which  he  had  labored  with  a 
xeal  that  outatnpped  hia  uaual  equily  and  moderation. 


•  In  a  letter,  wriurn  by  him  to  hia  friemla  In  Pennaylvania 
In  January,  I6J9,  he  saya,  **  Great  revniutinna  have  been  or 
lale  in  thia  land  of  your  nativity,  and  where  tiiey  may  period 
the  Lord  knows,"  He  adds,  that  **  to  iinprnve  my  intereat 
with  Kidi;  Jamea  for  tender  ronaciencea*'  hail  been  the  main 
caiiae  of  hia  detention  so  loiiQ  in  Kniiland.  Proud,  i.  341.  From 
H  leliiT  oILeisler,  who  at  thia  pcriral  acquired  so  nnich  reie. 
brlly  at  New  Vork  (ante.  B.  v.  cap  ii),  tn  Blahop  Biirnel,  it 
apiieurrt  that  he  riinsidered  Pennaylviinin  as  mte  of  the  strong, 
hoidsof  the  Jacobites  in  America,  anil  tinil  ii  ciuiaiilerable  num. 
ber  of  this  party  were  then  ralirinir  from  the  laher  proviiieea 
KP»rj\«}Waniaaiul  NowJaraey.    Chalmera,  M7. 


Tb*  iMiaaaini  malnoaa  nf  IHiiiMjrhraiib  ktt  |M  • 
duall*  aieltad  lliajealuuay  of  Iha  paopic  nfltaliiriB, 
who  beheld  with  Inipaliance  their  more  ancient  aelllas 
mcnl  dwindling  into  comparaliva  inalgniAcancOi  aad 
verging  into  a  uwra  fkaelioii  of  a  younger  IhiI  i 


thriving  eummuiiily.  Tha  membera  deputed  lo  lb* 
provincial  ouunoil  al  Philadelphia  IVaro  Dalawin 
complained  that  they  were  deprived  of  a  jual  aliarr  in 
Iha  a)ip<iinlnMnl  of  public  oiHeara,  and  al  length  en 
daavorrd  by  inlrigua  lo  countarbalaiwc  the  prepondo- 
ranee  of  their  aaauclatea.  Privately  aaaembling,  witb- 
out  the  uaual  foriiialily  of  an  >>incial  aummona,  In  Iho 
council-runm,they  proceeded  to  axereiaa  Iha  eiacutivo 
functioiia  vealed  In  tlia  wbulu  body,  and  iaaued  war- 
rania  fur  diaplacing  a  number  of  public  offieera,  ainl 
appointing  otitera  to  All  tbcir  plaeca.  Thia  pracaaiUiig 
waa  ainioat  inalanlanliy  declared  illegal  and  void 
by  a  council  mora  regularly  convoked  ;  Ml  Iha  walara 
of  atri'^  hail  now  been  lei  out,  and  coukl  no  longer  bo 
alayed.  Penn,  alarnieil  at  Iha  account  of  Iheiw  die- 
aenaiona,  endeavored  lo  medial*  balwaen  Iba  par> 
liea,  and  ileaired  them  lo  maka  cboica  of  any  on* 
of  the  three  forma  of  execulWe  ailmliiiatralion  which 
lliey  had  already  reeueclively  tried.  Ha  waa  willing, 
ha  anid,  to  inveal  id*  execuiive  power  either  in  Ibo 
cuunoil,  ur  in  flva  conimlaalonera,  or  in  a  deputy  go- 
vernor i  and  Iheir  choice  would  be  determined  by  tha 
recollection  of  which  of  theae  they  had  found  Ibe  nioal 
impartial  in  Ihe  diatrihulion  of  |iublie  offieea.  [ISOI] 
The  Pennaylvaniana  al  one  \  declared  tbemeelve* 
in  favor  of  a  deputy  governor,  and,  anticipating  tlio 
proprietary'a  appniliallon  nf  Iheir  wiahea,  deaireil 
iJoyd  to  |ierfiirm  the  dutiea  of  Ibia  uffic*.  The  Dela- 
ware cuuiiHellura,  on  the  contrary,  protealed  againat 
Ihia  choice,  and  declared  their  own  preference  of  a 
board  of  coiniiiiaaionera.  They  refuaed  lo  aubinil  lo 
the  goveriiiiient  of  Lloyil,  and,  willulrawing  from  Iho 
council,  they  returned  to  Delaware,  where  their  coun> 
Iryinen  were  eaaily  prevailed  on  lo  approve  and  au|h 
port  their  aeceaaion.  In  vain  IJoyd  endeavored,  br 
the  ninat  lilwral  and  generoua  oflara  to  the  Uelawaia 
coloiiiata,  tn  prevail  wTtb  Ihein  to  aulniit  to  an  admi- 
niatratiun  which  be  had  reluctantly  aaaumed  in  oho 
dienca  to  the  urgent  and  unanimoua  deair*  of  Ibo 
Pennaylvaniana ;  they  reJoMod  all  hia  offer* ;  andt 
ciHinlenaneed  by  Culonel  Markham,  the  kinaman  of 
the  proprietary,  declared  thai  they  were  determined  la 
have  an  execuiive  government  aenarale  from  that  ol 
Pennaylvania.  Stung  with  vexation  and  diaappoinl- 
ment  at  thia  reault,  Peiin  waa  at  fiial  inclined  to  luipul* 
Ihe  blame  of  it  to  I,luyd ;  but  aiam  aacertaining  liiiw 
perfectly  diainterealed  and  wellmeaniii)^  Ihe  eiiiiduci 
of  thia  worthy  man  had  lieen,  he  tranalerreil  hia  oen 
aure  tu  the  Delaware  counaellure,  and  bitterly  re 
pruached  them  with  aelfiah  ainbitinn  and  ingnitiluiie. 
Hiipiiig,  hiiwever,  by  gratifying  them  in  their  preacnt 
ileaire,  lo  prevent  the  rupture  from  extending  anjr 
farther,  he  granted  aeparate  comniiaaiuna  fur  the  ex- 
ecutive guveriinieiituf  Pennaylvania  and  Delaware  tu 
Lloyd  anil  Markham  ;  Ihe  fuiictiuna  of  the  legialatiira 
•till  reuiaining  united  in  a  council  and  aa^rnibly  cum- 
mon  to  Ihe  two  aelllemenia,  hf  Ihe  friendly  co-ope- 
ration uf  LIuyd  and  iHarklian;  thiaalngular  machinery 
of  guvernniriit  waa  eaniluiHed  with  inurh  greater  !iar- 
muny  and  aucceaa  than  the  |ieculiarltlea  uf  ita  alruc- 
ture,  and  Ihe  cauae«  from  which  they  bad  ariaen, 
would  have  pre|inml  ua  to  expect.* 

The  fulluwlnii  year  [1093]  waa  aignaliaed  in  a  man- 
ner still  mure  diacreditnble  to  the  province,  and  diea- 
greeabU  lo  Ihe  proprietary,  by  a  violent  diaaenaion 
among  Ihe  quakera  of  Pennaylvania.  Thia  haa  been 
reprcaenled,  by  Ihe  party  that  proved  weakeat  In  the 
atruggle,  aa  a  purely  eccleaiaatical  quarrel,  in  which 
their  adveraariea,  wonted  in  apirilual,  hail  reanrted  to 
carnal  weepona;  and  by  the  atronger,  aa  a  pulitical 
efferveaeence  which  the  power  of  Ihe  magiatrate  waa 
rightfully  employed  to  compoae.  The  ilitturbaiic* 
originated  with  George  Keith,  a  roan  eminently  dia> 
tinguiahed  by  the  vigor  and  aubtlety  of  hia  apprehen- 
aion, by  an  inantiable  appetite  fur  cuntroveray,  a  co- 
fiiuua  eloquence,  and  a  vehement  temper.  To  bia  re- 
Igioua  aaaociates,  Ihe  quaken,  he  waa  recommended 
by  hia  numeroua  wrilinga  in  defence  of  Iheir  tenela, 
and  more  |iarticularly  endeared  aa  the  champion  o| 
their  quarrel  with  the  churchea,  miniatera  and  mogiik 


Mil 

Iban 

In  lb 

Iha 

loa 

Ihey 

•ecu 

allth 

eapa 

lion, 

a*  lo 

b*bi 

Ibr 

Ibnai 

Miff* 

inolli 


*  Proiifl,  i.  346— C'i.  <:larkaon,  ii.  Al.  Penn  seema  to  hava 
eiprossed  no dinapprobalion  whiiteverof  the  conductor  Mark- 
ham. nf  wbniii  Proud  indeed  re)H>rts  (i.  -i3(t)  lliat  **  he  had  Iha 
pronrlelary'a  conlldencu  and  eslacm  till  hlailtilh;*  whence 
iiernaps  it  may  be  iiirarred  that  the  real  puriHiae  of  Mirkhaia, 
In  piacing  himself  at  the  head  of  the  fa' .Ions  comtaalhira  of  Oa 
iaware,  waa  to  rolain  over  them  an  It  tuanca  fkvuralte  lo  lb* 
autfauriiy  ufthe  pruprieiury. 


atr  incUnl  Hlllt. 
MlgnUkwM*,  n4 
oun|«r  bul  owm 
«  dfpulMj  lo  lbs 

•>r«JuM«b*rriD 
ntl  m  bngih  on 
te»  Ih*  prr|iaiiii«' 
MMniblIng,  with- 
•untmuni,  In  lh« 
Bin  th«  titcuti«a 
and  Iwuml  war- 
lUle  ofllecra,  and 
Tbi«  prucMdiiif 
illoiil  and  foid 
1  i  but  Ih*  walan 
Mild  nu  lunger  b« 
ml  of  ih«H  dia- 
tlwccn  ih«  par- 
mica  of  any  on* 
luiatralion  which 
Ha  waa  willing, 
rnaitherin  lb* 
in  a  deputy  go- 
^tiirniincd  by  Iha 
il  hiuml  tba  rooal 
e  iiHieci.  [I  to  I] 
>rnl   llwniMlvra 
anticipating  tlio 
wialwa,  dnimi 
lea.     Tha  D«la- 
rolcatad  agaiiiat 
prefarcnca  of  ■ 
«d  to  aubinit  to 
riiwing  from  th* 
liera  Inair  eoun- 
liprova  and  aup> 
andaavorod,  b* 

0  the  Uclawaia 
nit  to  an  admi- 
•aunied  in  oh* 

1  daaira  of  th* 
ia  oflara ;  and, 
:ha  kinainan  of 
e  datermined  to 
(a  friim  that  oi 
ind  diaappuint- 
ilinrd  tu  niipuls 
ci-riuining  liitvv 
■If  I  lie  eiinduci 
•h-rrrd  hi*  oen 
nd  kiiii-rly  ra 
Mi  iii|{nititud*. 
ri  their  preiieut 
exiriiding  any 
ma  fiir  the  ex- 
hi  Di'liiwarn  lu 

the  lr|{iiilntiiro 
aiii'iiibly  coni- 
rifiiilly  vi>-iipo- 
iliir  iiiHi'hiijory 
•h  grrater  liar- 
a  uf  lla  tlriic- 
7  had  ariaen, 

liaed  in  a  man- 
nee,  and  diia- 
nt  diaaention 
I'hia  haa  been 
reakeat  In  the 
rrel,  in  which 
>d  reanrted  to 
aa  a  political 
agialrate  wa* 
)  tiiaturbaiiea 
minently  dia> 
Ilia  apprehen- 
roverav,  a  co- 
.  Tohiar*- 
reeommendad 
r  their  leneta, 
champion  o| 
a  and  magiiL 

■etma  lo  ban 
niluci  or  Mark'  . 
II  "  hehadih* 
nih;»  whenoa 
I  ol  Mjrkhaai, 
iiullon  oi'Da 
itoraila  talk* 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


INM*  of  N*w  KnglMMl— HI  country  which,  bv  a  nume- 
NiM  bady  af  Ih*  quakara,  waa  long  regarded  with  a 
IMIng  t*  which  il  la  dlllleuU  to  give  any  other  name 
than  that  of  a  vindictive  diallka.  [30]  He  had  travrllvil 
in  that  country  aa  a  quaker  preacher :  mid,  oiiding 
Ih*  amart  uf  paraonal  conlmveray  with  the  people 
lo  a  r*a*ntnwnl  of  Ih*  wall-remeinnered  wninga  winch 
Ihey  had  wreaked  on  hia  rellgioui  ftalrriiily,  h«  had 
aecuinulalad  agabiat  Iham  a  hoard  of  animotiiy,  which 
all  Iha  prollilty  uf  hii  puhllcatlona  aoemed  to  be  in- 
«apalil«  of  eihaualing.  With  an  animated  vilupera- 
lion,  which  waa  Ibuughl  vary  aavoury  by  the  quakara 
aa  long  aa  II  waa  directed  againat  their  advaraariaa,* 
b*  had  condemned  the  government  of  New  England 
fur  the  aeveritlaa  Inflicted  by  it  heretofore  upon  en- 
ihnalaala,  with  whoae  aitravaganee,  aa  well  aa  whoa* 
Miflaringa,  It  appeared  that  he  himaelf  waa  loo  much 
Inclined  to  aympalbia*.  Even  thoae  quakara,  who 
ware  poaaeaaed  uf  that  moderat*  aplrlt  which  waa 
gradually  leavening  tha  whole  of  Ihalr  aoeiety,  and 
waa  utterly  op|Hiae<Tw)  the  wild  exrravaganee  by  which 
their  brethren  In  New  England  had  provukad  tbeir 
fate,  were  flallereil  by  publicatiuna  which  artfUily 
turned  th*  ahame  of  quakeriarn  Into  ila  glory,  and 
added  the  honora  of  martyrdom  lo  the  other  evidencea 
of  their  claim  lo  a  revival  of  primitive  chriatianlly. 
Hia  eminent  repute  with  hia  fellow  aeclarioa  had  re- 
commended him  Itrat  to  the  appointment  of  aiirveyor- 
general  of  Eaat  Jeraey,  and  more  recently  lo  the  mu»- 
lerahip  of  the  quaker  aeinlnary  of  education  eata- 
liliahed  at  Philadelphia.  Frum  real  convicliun,  from 
an  inveterate  habit  of  controveray,  or  from  ambltloua 
deaire  to  gain  a  elill  higher  eminence  among'the  qua- 
kera  than  he  had  already  attained,  he  began  at  length 
to  utter  cenaurea  upon  varluua  parliculara  in  the  con 
duct  and  uaage  of  hia  fellow  aectariea  in  Penneyl- 
Tania.  Ho  complained  that  there  waa  a  great  deal 
too  much  alackneaa  in  the  ayatem  of  quaker  diicipllne, 
•nd  that  very  looae  and  errunouua  doctrine  waa  taught 
by  many  nf  the  quaker  prrachera.  He  Inaieted  that, 
•a  the  Inflictiun  and  even  the  violent  reaialaiice  of 
•vll  waa  inounaiatent  with  Obriatian  meekneaa  and 
brotherly  lovo,  no  quaker  ought  to  be  concerned  in 
"the  com|iclling  part  of  government,"  and  much  Icaa 
ought  any  audi  to  retain  "ogroca  in  a  Hate  of  alavery.t 
HI*  ceiixires  had  in  honi',  respccta  a  auliatantial  realitv, 
and  in  oihora  at  leaat  a  reaioriahle  ahow,  of  juat  appli- 
cation, that  rendered  >hnm  only  the  more  irritating  to 
the  minda  of  thoae  whim  ho  rchukod  wiilinut  being  able 
to  convince.  Suppolcd  by  a  reapeclablo  coin|Miiy  of 
adiierenta,  and  particularly  In  aoino  of  hia  viowa  by  Iho 
Qerman  cinlgranta,  who  from  the  firat  had  prutcalcd 
againut  negro  alavcry  aa  utterly  incuii»iatont  with  qua- 
ker cbrmtiaiiily,  Keith  appcara  to  have  encountered  the 
oppoflitioii  wliicb  bia  now  doclriiuia  received  from  Iho 
mujorlty  of  ihn  quakera,  wllb  aa  much  vcbemonco  aa 
bo  had  diaplayed  in  hia  previoui  contoata  with  ihoir 
loinmon  enemlaa.  A  regular  trial  of  strength  enaucd 
lolween  the  two  parties  in  tho  qnaker  sociuly  ;  and  the 
•dversarlea  of  Keith,  nmliiig  thuinsclves  aupporlnd  by 
a  majority,  publiabed  a  declaration  or  tcatiinony  of  de- 
nial againat  him.  In  thia  curious  production  they  ex- 
prcaaed  Iheir  deep  regret  of  "  the  Icdioiis  cacrcise  and 
venations  perplexity  which  their  late  friend,  George 
Keith,  had  brought  upon  ihom.  "  With  mourning," 
they  declared,  "  and  lamentation  do  wo  say, — IIow  ia 
thia  miifhty  mm  fallen  ! — How  is  hia  aliielu  cast  away  ! 
— How  shall  it  bo  told  In  Oath  ! — VVdl  not  lliu  dsuiih- 
lera  of  the  uncircumcised  triumph  V  Thoy  proccedod 
to  accuse  him  of  uttering  againat  themselves  "  such  un- 
aavoury  words  and  abusive  language,  aa  a  person  of 
coinmon  civility  would  loath  ;"  and  in  particular  with 
having  aaaurcd  them  on  varloua  occasions,  "  and  u|>on 
amall  provoeationa,  if  any,  that  they  were  fools,  ignorant 
heatlior<e,  silly  souls,  rotton  ranters,  and  Muggletoniana, 


•  On  I  laUitHpArlnfhischarBcler,  hnwerer,  afterlhey  thetn- 
avlves  111.  I  tKcoine  lila  Hilveraariei,  the  quakors  diMcnvrred 
thai,  avail  befura  hia  acliiflin  with  ihem,  aiul  oven  in  hia  Ireai. 
nwiilorihe  peiiplanrNnwEniliinil,  he  had  "had  loo  much 
lire  In  ar«riiiiieiit,"  had  *'flxhlblled  an  uiibeconlInK  vanltx  on 
viclory  iharehy  iitaaitied  by  him  over  hia  opiMnenla,"  and  alto- 

CHhar  eoiiJociad  hiniaen  "  In  a  very  exiravaiani  manner." 
rouil,  I.  Mt.  ' 

t  h  is  leaa  remarkable  thai  ihia  laner  fesiure  of  hia  doctrine 
rhould  have  bean  unnonced  by  Pruud,  than  thai  llahnuld  have 
aaeapeJ  the  obaertatlon  ofClarkiion,  who,  hi  hia  life  of  Penn, 
maaks  of  Keith  with  u*imi  xeil  cnntcnipt;  and  In  his  hlatory  of  the 
Aboitehin  oflhe  Slave  Trnde  riifera  to  a  |)erlod  four  years  later, 
aatha  era  of  Ihe  Aral  effort  of  the  American  (|uaker8  lo  mill. 
faia  the  evil  of  ixearo  slavery.  Oabrlel  Thonma,  a  quaker, 
•aalamporary  with  Keith,  the  friend  of  Penn,  and  the  earlieal 
)an  ori*nnnnylvanla,  eipresaly  sHcribea  to  Keith  tho  par- 
r  dm.  -ine  lo  which  I  allude  ;  and  Dr.  Franklin,  In  one  of 
mm  leuera,  inentluiia  thai  he  hid  Been  the  pruteatatlon  againat 
■agro  aUivsry,  ihal  waa  iMund  ai  lUia  period  by  Keith  and  hia 
luUuwuia- 


with  other  nsmea  of  that  infamoua  atrain,  tharaby  to 
our  grief,  foaming  out  his  own  sham*."  'lil*y  aoeuaed 
linn  uf  aaai^rting  thai  quakeriain  waa  ton  often  a  cloak 
of  lieieay  and  hypocrisy  :  and  tliat  mora  diabolical  doc- 
trine paaaed  current  among  the  quakera  than  among 
any  other  deacription  of  i*roteataiit  prifeaaora.  Aa 
the  climax  of  his  contumacy,  they  alleged,  that  when 
Ihey  had  "  tenderly  dealt"  with  linn  fur  his  abusive  lan- 
guage and  disorderly  liehavior,  he  had  iiiaultinily  an- 
aweied,  "  lhal  he  trampled  their  judgment  under  hia 
feet  aa  dlit  ;*"  and  that  be  bad  ainco  aet  up  a  aeparat* 
mMling,  whoae  proceediiiga  had  rendered  tha  religioua 
reputation  of  th*  bulk  of  th*  quakera  "  a  ecom  to  the 
profane,  and  th*  aong  of  tha  drunkard." 

Keith  who  bad  by  thia  tim*  coilocted  around  him  a 
numeroua  concoura*  of  adherenta,  whom  he  atyltd 
"Chrialian  quakera,"  while  hebeatowad  on  all  the  real 
of  the  quaker  community  the  onprobioua  title  of  "  apoa- 
tataa,"  did  not  fail  to  answer  thia  declaration  by  an  ad- 
dreaa  which  contained  a  defeiic*  of  himaelf  and  hia  priii- 
ciplea,  and  an  illuatrationof  th*  varioua  acta  of  aposucy 
committed  by  hia  adveraaries.  Thia  publication  pre- 
aented  ao  liidicroua  a  contraat  between  Ihe  aentariati 
principlea  and  the  magisterial  conduct  of  tlieae  porsniia, 
that  It  fairly  transported  ihem  boyond  the  liouiida  of 
quaker  patience,  and  conviiicfd  them  that  what  had 
been  hitherto  regarded  aa  a  more  cccloaiastical  dispute, 
ought  now  to  lie  resented  aa  a  |>oliiical  quarrel.  They 
declared,  that  though  a  tender  meekneaa  ahould  un- 
doubtedly characteriz*  their  notice  of  olfoncaa  commit- 
ted againat  them  in  their  capacity  of  quakera,  yet  a 
magisterial  sternnaaa  waa  no  less  incumbent  upon  them, 
in  the  visitation  of  olTencea  that  tended  to  "  lesoon  the 
lawful  authority  of  the  magistracy  in  the  view  of  the 
baaer  aort  of  the  people."  Keith,  the  authoi  of  the 
addreaa,  and  Uradford,  the  printer  of  it,  were  both  (after 
an  eiamination  which  the  other  inagiatrates  refused  to 
abare  with  their  quaker  brethren)  committed  to  prison  ; 
Bradford's  printing  presa  was  seized,  and  both  Keith 
and  be  were  denounced,  by  proclamation,  as  seditious 
parsons,  and  enemies  of  the  royal  authority  in  Penn- 
aylvania.  Bradford,  who  relied  on  Iha  protection  of 
English  eonatitutioiial  law,  compelled  hia  proseculora 
to  bring  him  to  trial  for  Ihe  ■  ollences  they  had  laid  to 
his  charge ;  but  though  he  waa  acquitted  by  the  verdict 
of  a  jury,  ho  had  incurred  auch  ponuniary  loss,  and 
found  himself  tho  object  uf  so  much  a<:tivo  dislike,  that 
he  waa  compelled  to  remove  bis  printing  cstalillshinent 
from  Pennsylvania.  Keith  waa  brought  to  trial  shortly 
aflrr,  along  with  Francis  Uudd,  another  quaker,  for 
having,  ill  a  little  work  which  was  their  joint  produc- 
tion, falsely  dvfamcd  a  quaker  magistrate,  whom  thoy 
had  described  aa  too  high  and  imperious  in  worldly 
courts.  They  wero  found  guilty,  and  soiitcnved  lo  pay 
a  Ann  of  Kvo  pounda.t  Uotiriiig  soon  after  to  Eng- 
land, Keith  publlahed  an  account  of  the  whole  pro- 
ceedings against  him,  in  a  pamphlet  which  he  entitled 
"  New  Kiiglaiid  spirit  of  persociition  iraiisniitted  lo 
Ponnaylvaiiia,  and  the  protended  quaker  found  perse- 
cuting the  true  quaker."  So  extenaivn  waa  hia  iiitlu- 
ence,  both  in  England  and  America,  that  for  some  tiino 
it  was  doubted  whether  he  and  hia  friends,  or  the  party 
uppoard  toiliom,  would  auncecd  in  eclipsing  the  others, 
and  securing  to  thoinaclvea  the  excluaivo  nosaosaion  of 
the  quaker  iiaino.  But  iho  career  of  Koith,  aa  a  qua- 
ker, waa  auddonly  abridged,  and  hia  influence  In  the 
society  completely  overthrown,  by  a  consequence  which 
it  ia  probable  that  neither  ho  nor  hia  opponoiits  antici- 
|iate<l  frum  tho  cominonceinent  of  their  disputes.  In 
the  course  of  his  labors  in  that  wide  hold  of  contro- 
versy, which  the  attacka  of  his  various  adversaries  In 
Pennsylvania  and  Now  England  spread  before  him, 
Keith  succeeded  (lo  hia  own  satisfaction  at  least)  in  re- 
futing all  Iho  peculiar  leneta,  that  had  ever  been  com- 
mon to  himaelf  and  Ihe  quakera  ;  and  scorning  to  con- 
ceal the  desertion  of  his  original  opinions,  he  heaitated 

*  These  very  words,  lonf  before  addreaaed  by  William  Penn 
to  an  English  inaelatrate,  who  waa  conimlttiiiff  him  to  Newgate 
(Ctarkaun,  1.  lOOlfur  refusing  to  take  anuath,  nadbeen  hitherto 
current  and  reapected  among  tlie  quakera,  aa  imperii  -g  no 
more  than  a  magnanimous  contempt,  or  decent  (iiattain.  flow- 
ever  deflcient  in  meekneaa  and  couneay,  they  were  certainty 
much  leaa  ao  than  a  great  deal  oftlie  iangnatfe  that,  about  thia 
period,  waa  exchanged  between  many  of  the  quaker  wrllera 
and  Iheir  adveraariea.  Ono  Bugg,  a  quaker,  having  about  Ihia 
lime  deserted  Ihe  aoeiety  and  quarrelled  with  hitt  frienda,  maln- 
lained  a  iiterarv  warfare  wuh  them  that  tended  much  more  lo 
promote  the  mirth  than  the  edification  uf  mankind.  1  have 
aeon  an  addrnHS  to  Bngg,  from  hiM  ancient  anaociutea,  in  which 
Ihay  greeted  him  with  numeroua  abusive  aliuaionatolhaunaa- 
vourlnesa  of  hia  name. 

t  Penn,  writing  toafriend  in  America,  declarea  lhal  the  re- 
port of  Ihia  trial  had  excited  much  disgual  fn  England,  and  lQ> 
duced  many  lo  exclaim  againat  ihe  fiineaa  of  quakara  lo  admi- 
niater  munlsipal  authority.    Proud,  i.  no. 


not  to  declare  himself  a  convert  from  th*  qvakar  ••• 
eiety,  to  the  church  of  England.  Thia  aecaaaion  waa  • 
death-blow  lu  tHa  iiiHueiice  of  lhal  party,  which  had  M> 
tliorto  eauoused  his  aeiiiliiwnta ;  and  which  h*no*for< 
ward,  eitner  gradually  coalescing  with  a  mora  (lOwarfHl 
majority,  or  |ieaceali|v  aubmitling  lu  a  seiiteiice  of  a«> 
pulsion,  contributed  alike  to  the  aacvndaiirv  of  prineU 
plea  which  oriKiiially  il  had  bofied  and  iiiinnded  to  aul^ 
vort.  Wlieu  Keith  filially  declared  hiiiiaolf  the  Bntag» 
niat  of  quakeriain,  h*  «iicouiiterad  the  moat  actlw  op> 
poailion  from  William  Poiiii  \  bul  till  than,  the  IraaW 
inant  which  h*  had  experienced  in  Peniiaylvania,  had 
been  a  aourca  of  th*  utinoat  ragrat  and  diaapprobation 
to  the  proprietary.* 

1603.]  Tha  government  that  had  bean  formed  in 
England  by  th*  r*volution,  having  now  oompleled  th* 
arrangemanta  that  ware  naceaaary  for  ila  aalakliahinanl 
and  security  at  bom*,  had  laiaur*  lo  aztand  ila  caraa  la 
the  colonial  communilica  at  tli*  axiremity  of  tha  empire. 
In  the  hiatoriea  of  th*  other  American  aettleinanta,  wt 
have  aeen  inalancaa  of  lb*  eagernaaa  which  King  Wil> 
ham  and  bia  ininiatera  evinced  to  appropriate  to  th* 
crown  tha  appointinant  of  the  provincial  govariiora. 
The  ailiiatioii  of  the  proprietary  of  Pennsylvania,  toge. 
tlier  with  varioua  circuinstancoa  in  the  recent  history  oi 
thia  province,  preaenled  a  favorablu  opjiortunity  of  re< 
pealing  tb<\aain*  policy,  and,  indeed,  fnriiialied  a  much 
mora  decent  prateit  for  it  than  had  liecn  deemed  auf- 
licieni  to  warrant  an  invaaion  of  the  rights  of  iho  pro- 
prietary of  Maryland.  Penn  waa  generally  auspected 
nj  the  Engliah  people  of  adherence  lo  Iho  iiileresta  of 
bia  ancient  patron  Jamea  the  Second  ;  and  in  cons*. 
queiice  of  a  charge  of  thia  nature  (ihoiigb  aunjiorlod  only 
by  falsehood  and  porjuryt)  he  bud  abacoiiiied  from  ju- 
dicial inquiry,  and  waa  living  in  concealmeiil.  In 
Paniiaylvaiiia  the  lawa  had  been  adiniiiisterod  in  lb* 
name  of  the  banished  king,  long  after  the  governmenl 
of  William  and  Mary  had  lieeii  recognised  in  the  other 
coloniea;  and  the  disaonaions  which  Keith'a  acliiam 
had  excited  were  magnified  into  tho  ap|icaraiice  of  dia- 
ordera  inconeistent  with  the  honor  of  the  Uriliah  crown. 
Fortified  with  auch  pretoxta  for  tho  royal  inlorpoaitioii. 
King  William  issued  a  commission,  ilepriviiig  Ponii  uf 
all  authority  in  America,  and  investing  the  govciiimenl 
of  his  torritoriea  in  Colonel  Flelchur,  who  had  aUo 
keen  appointed  tho  governor  of  New  York.  Penn,  who 
regarded  this  proceeding  as  a  tyraniiicat  uaiirpaiion  of 
Ilia  righta,  adopted  the  atrange  defensive  precaution  of 
writing  to  Fletcher,  heseocliiiig  him,  on  tho  score  of 
private  friendship,  to  refuse  couipliaiice  with  tliu  kiiig'a 
coinmiasiuii ;  hut  an  elTurl  of  this  irregular  description 
could  nut  possibly  avail  him,  and  llio  government  waa 
nuielly  aurreiidered  to  Flrlclier,  who  u|i|ioiiited,  lira! 
I.lnyil,  anil  afterwards  Markluun,  to  act  as  his  deputy. 
Ill  the  cominissiun  to  Flotclier,  nu  manner  of  regard 
had  been  expressed  In  the  charter  uf  Pennsylvania , 
and  the  main  object  of  liis  lailicy  was  to  obtain  a  rvcog- 
iiitiuii  of  the  de|ieiidcnco  of  the  province  on  the  crown. 
i'liis  involved  liiin  in  a  series  of  diaputes  with  ihe  aa- 
aeinbly,  who  paased  an  unaniiiious  resolution,  "  that 
tho  laws  of  this  province,  which  wcro  in  furce  and  prac- 
tice before  tho  arrival  of  this  present  governor,  are  still 
in  force ;"  but  afterwards  judged  it  ex|>ndieiit  to  acqui- 
esce in  the  arrogatioii.  that  tho  liborly  of  cniiscienc* 
which  they  owed  to  tho  wisdom  and  virtue  of  William 
Penn  and  thomaolvoa,  waa  beatnwcd  on  lliein  by  tbo 
grace  and  favor  of  Ihe  king.  Farther  than  thia,  tha 
governor  found  it  impossible  to  bend  iheni  to  hia  wiahca. 
One  object  tu  which  he  sireiiuuusly  labored  tu  obtain 
their  ooiiGurrenco,  [1694]  was  a  gonernl  cuntributinn 
in  aid  of  the  ilefeiice  of  the  frontiers  of  Now  York 
against  the  anus  of  the  French.  Finding  it  necessary 
to  reinforce,  by  argument,  the  authority  of  a  royal  Icltei 
which  he  produced  for  Ihia  purpose,  ho  reminded  thcin 
that  the  military  onerationa  carried  on  at  tliis  froiitici 
contributed  to  the  tlefenco  of  Iho  other  colonies  aa  well 
aa  New  York,  and  that,  it  waa  unjust  to  burden  Ihia 
province  with  the   aole  charge  of  procccdinga  which 

•  O.  Thomas'  Hial.  of  Pennaf  Irania,  a),  I.    Proud,  I.  Hi. 

361 376.  Ciarkaon's  Hist,  of  tha  Abolition  of  tha  Slave  Traile, 

i.  136.  Tliomna' Hl>l.  of  Priming  in  Ameiiea,  11.  10.  Ul.  Frond's 
account  of  those  proceodinga  beura  evident  niarks  of  paitiaiity. 
It  ia  amusing  lo  obaerve  hia  grudge  againat  Keith  and  Bradford 
for  having  dated  a  paper,  which  Ihey  pubiiahed,  from  the  prl- 
eon  to  which  they  had  been  commlu-* 

Oeorge  Keith,  after  hia  embracantvnl  of  the  doctrlnsa  '-f  tba 
Church  of  England,  waa  aent  iMtck  again  aa  a  miaalonary  lo 
America,  by  tho  Engliah  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  Iba 
Ooapel ;  and  in  hia  labora  to  convert  the  Imliana,  ia  aaid  lo 
have  been  much  more  aucceaafui  than  any  of  Ihe  voiariea  of 
his  former  teneta.    Ohlmixon,  i.  146. 

t  The  aullior  of  Ihe  charge  from  which  Penn  withdrew  UjB- 
selC  was  the  iioturioua  Fuller,  who  waa  afterwards  condeaaad 
10  Ihe  piilory,  for  ihe  deiecteil  falaehood  of  tho  charfss  wWah 
he  had  prelerred  against  other  diiUnguiataed  peraeaa 


H 


i  >i 


111 


la  lh«  niwnl  whly.  Ha  wm 
•wan.  In  Mid,  thai  Ihn  aiiuar  prinai|ilaa  which  pra- 
vailmt  aiiwiig  tham  farhada  not  only  Iha  eirryinf  of 
atma,  tun  ihe  la* yii  g  of  inonay  avail  for  tha  aaiipon  of 
tlxfanaiva  war)  hul  lia  hopad  uwy  would  mil  raluia  to 
oad  Iba  liunfryand  oIoiIm  IIio  nakad,  which  wara  cor- 
Uiiily  Chrla.:in  virtiiaa,  and  whioli  iha  hiiiinpr  and  na- 
kadr.aaa  of  dji  Indian  alliaa  of  Naw  York  now  proaanlad 
IhaiB  with  a  faTorabla  Ojiportunlty  o(  aiarciaini;.  Thla 
mutt  ioua  eaaniatry,  which  Iha  qiiakara  miKht  well  hava 
Nfanifd  ralhar  aa  an  alTront  to  Ihmr  unil«ratandin|{a 
than  a  roneaaaioa  In  Ihaic  principlaa,  proTvd  on  iha  pra- 
arnl  orraaion.  ifuiia  iinavailinK ;  to  Iha  no  ainall  dia- 
Innaiira  o(  William  Henn,  who,  on  hcinx  rainaialad  in 
!iif  tfovariiinani,  raproMJiail  Iha  aaaamMy  wilh  Iheir 
refiiaal  III  ronlribnia  Mwarda  tha  oaminon  dafanoe,  and 
dnairad  Ihal  »  aum  of  money  lot  Ihia  purpoaa  ahould 
forthwiih  ha  loTiad  and  nmiiiad  lo  Naw  York. 

In  aildillon  lo  Iha  oiher  diaappoinimaula  and  miafor 
lunaa  Ihat  had  iManlly  bafallan  Iha  proprieiary  of 
Pcnnanlvanla,  ha  hsd  now  lo  lamant  a  aanaibia  diminu- 
tion ot  Iha  aateam  ha  had  anjoynd  wilh  Iho  mamban  of 
hia  roligioiia  aocialy  in  Eiii|land.  Thay  raproached 
him  wilh  having  meddled  mora  wilh  polilica,  and  iha 
coiii-Kriia  of  Ilia  Kii||luh  governmcnl,  Ihtn  became  a 
niHinlier  of  their  Chriatian  hoiiy  ;  and  would  not  admit 
Ihn  hennvolenl  molivea  of  hia  conducl,  or /ha  benelil 
Kliit'h  lh»y  lhein<ol«aa  had  neraonaily  reaped  from  it, 
aa  a  auinciviil  apiiloKy  fur  Inn  araiidal  it  had  created, 
anil  ihv  evil  eiainplii  it  had  atruidcd*  In  iha  midai  of 
an  mmy  advorae  ciruiiinaUncnii,  involving  ilia  doaarlioii 
of  ancient  fricnda,  and  iha  diaapjioiniment  of  ainioal 
•very  ohjccl  of  lemporal  aatiafaellon  which  he  had  pro- 
pnnnl  to  himaelf,  hia  ralireineiil  waa  |ienotraled  by  ihe 
grateful  kindiiuaa  iif  Ihal  illuairioiia  man,  whom  once, 
In  ciiruinatancaa  reacinhliiiK  hia  own  preaeiil  ailualion, 
ko  had  ondeavorud  lu  befriend.  John  Lovke,  who  waa 
now  ill  Ihe  rnjoyinont  of  ronaiderahia  favor  at  the  Eiig- 
liah  coiirl,  convinced  of  I'enn'a  iniiucenco,  and  mindful 
of  Ihe  friendly  inierceaaion  which  Henn  had  made  in 
hia  hrhalf  with  Kiiiv  Jainea,  when  ha  waa  an  eiile  in 
Holland,  ulferetl  to  employ  hia  inleroal  lo  procure  him  a 
pardon  from  King  William.  liul  the  dignity  of  Penn'a 
virtue  waa  rallier  elovatnd  than  diipreaaod  liy  adveraity  ; 
and  emulating  the  magniiiimity  by  winch  hia  own  simi- 
lar kiiidneaa  had  bean  formerly  rejected  by  Iiocke,  ho 
declared,  thai,  aa  he  had  done  nothini;  iilamaworlhy,  he 
would  not  funaent  to  atain  hia  re|iutalioii  by  accepting 
■  pardon. t  The  retirement  Ihiia  virtiiuualy  preserved, 
conlrihiitml  no  leaa  to  the  refinement  of  hia  character 
than  10  the  eileiiaion  of  hia  fame  :  and  waa  aignaliaed 
hy  the  pnhlicalioii  of  a  aeriea  of  literary  performancoa 
replote  wilh  learning,  geniiia,  and  mild  lienevolenco. 

In  a  short  time,  Iho  clouds  that  had  gathered  around 
Ilia  fortiinea  began  to  diaperao  ;  the  qiiakera  became 
cnm|iletely  racoiicileJ,  and  aa  much  nllaohed  as  over 
10  him  ;  and  Ihe  good  offices  of  Ix>rd  Sninora,  Ijocke, 
and  other  friends,  concurring  wilh  Ihe  justice  of  hia 
<aiiae,  and  Ihe  detection  of  iiiipoaiiirea  cnininitlcd  by 
one  of  Ilia  ace  users,  aueceoded  in  undeceiving  Iho  Eiig- 
liali  court,  and  ohviiled  every  pretence  for  continuing 
to  exclude  him  from  the  enjoyment  of  the  privileges  con- 
ferred on  him  by  the  charier  of  Pennsylvania.  A  royal 
warrant  waa  accordingly  iasued  for  reinslaling  bun  in 
hia  proprieiary  functiona ;  in  the  exercise  of  which  ho 
|iroceded  fnrlhwiln  to  invest  his  kiiisiniin,  Markham, 
Willi  the  (iffico  of  deputy-governor,  of  his  whulu  territo- 
ries— thus  again  ru-uniting  the  executive  adininisira- 
lion  of  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware  t 


*  Lower,  a  qiiaker,  ttii  frifluti  i>f  I'i'iin,  and  In  goo,!  repute 
Willi  llie  rest  nf  ihe  sociely,  iinilertiMik  lo  inciliata  u  r,!Ciiiit-iiu. 
litiit  between  itiein,  ami  fur  this  piir)M>ite  drew  up  the  liillowluif 
a|H>loi(y,  which  was  tu  be  aubscrlbml  .iiul  tliyiributed  by  Puiiii : 
*'  Ifstiy  thln^H,  iluriiifrlhe«e  late  revdlutiiine,  1  have  conreri.eil 
niyssl^  ohiier  by  words  ur  wniiiigs  (in  love,  pity,  or  gooil-will 
to  any  111  dietraid],  farther  thai!  coiisisteil  witli  truth's  honor  or 
li^e  •  nurch's  peace,  1  am  sorry  fur  it ;  and  tlie  guvernnient 
having  psssen  it  by,  I  desire  that  it  may  be  by  yuii  oUn.'* 
C'iarltaoii,  i.  09.  whether  this  apoloay  was  preaented  nr  not, 
la  unknown  :  bill  a  reconelllatioa  look  place  shunt/  after  be- 
Iwssn  Fsnn  and  Ihe  qusksrs. 

t  TUs  was  not  the  only  palm  of  similarity  In  ths'hisiorlas  of 
Ibsss  dIatlnKuishad  psrsons.  Both  had  been.ihs  Jupes  nf  very 
bad  man  (Snaftasburr  and  lames  iLe  Second),  and  both  suf- 
fersd  unJuMly  for  ihslr  eonnailon  wilh  Ihain.  Both  wars  ex- 
palled  fVoni  the  uf Jvarsliy  ofOiford. 

I  rrouil,  I.  400— 404.  Clarkson,  an.  9T.  Mr.  CIsrkson's 
statements  thsi  thla  warrant  was  expressed  in  a  manner  partl- 
culsrly  creditable  to  Willlsm  Pane,  Is  srronenus.  The  abairsct 
hs  has  given  ufils  import  Is  equally  so,  and  shows  him  to  have 
l^an  misled  by  soinrdefeciivs  copy  of  ihn  iitstrument,  wbir-h 
hi  realky  commenced  in  tbta  mtnrtT '  "  Whereas  npoi,  infor- 
msllon,  Ihsl,  by  reason  of  great  miacai  risges  in  the  govern - 
msnt  of  our  province  of  Pennaylvania.  in  America,  and  the  ab- 
asnce  nf  the  nroprietor,  the  aamo  waa  fallen  into  disorder  and 
Confuaion,'*  mc.  The  reason  aaai^iied  fur  reatoriilg  him  ia, 
MMIhe  *'  haafiven  ua  gnud  aaaur&nc^  that  he  will  take  o«re  of 
lbs  lOTsniaient  of  our  aaid  province  aud  lairllellia,  and  pro. 
tMnhrUw  aaMty  and  security  ihcraof." 


THE  HISTORY  OF 

PBtinaylvanii,  maanwhila,  conliniMd  lo  inaraaaa  ila 

rii|Hilatian  wilh  such  rapidity,  thai,  about  Ihia  jMiiod, 
IBVS]  the  numlm  of  inhabitants  (eielnaiva  of  negro 
alavaa),  was  estimated  at  twenty  Ihoiiaand.  A  coiiai- 
ilerahia  change  waa  nbarrvnd  soon  sfier  llie  Dnglisli 
Ratolution  in  tha  character  of  tha  emigranta,  who, 
though  yanarally  raapactahla  parsons,  yal  ahnwad  very 
plainTy,  in  many  parts  of  their  conducl,  and  aspacially 
in  Iheir  reluctance  lo  einbraca  the  niaaauraa  lhat  were 
pra|iua«d  for  iiiiligaling  tha  avils  of  negro  slavery,  that 
viewa  of  lemporal  anriuhmani  had  much  mora  power- 
fully influanead  them  in  raaort'  ig  to  America  than  ra- 
I'gioua  leal.  Tha  formality  of  apparal  and  airoplicily 
of  mannera  peculiar  lo  tha  conalilutiona  of  tha  quikara, 
•arvad  lo  purify  their  body  hy  conAning  ila  atlraoliona 
to  aobar-mimlad  men )  and  anforced  Iha  aiainpla  of  in- 
dusirr !  by  incraaaing  ila  alBoacy  in  conducting  to  a 
planliful  aalaM.  Bui  tha  taiaporal  advantages  Uiua 
closaly  aaaociatad  wilh  quaker  mannara  had  laltarly 
landed  lo  produoa  a  practical  ralaiation  of  tha  alriotnaaa 
and  spirituality  of  tiuaker  prineiplas,  and  lo  adullerala 
tha  molivea  from  which  tha  profaaaion  of  Ihasa  prinei- 
plas waa  ambraeed.  Tha  aiiiaolions  of  Pennsylvania 
aa  a  sanctuary  of  lilierty  of  conacianca  bad  bean  com- 
paratively diminiahod  lo  tha  Eiiyliah  diaaentara  hy  the 
Havolulion ;  but  its  altraclioiia,  in  other  respects,  con- 
tinued unabated,  and,  by  tha  widely-dilfusod  inAuenca 
and  ccrreapondanca  of  Penn,  were  circulated  through 
all  parte  of  tha  British  empire.  Already  many  persona 
who  in  England  had  found  it  dilficult  to  gain  a  liveli- 
hood, had  in  Pennsylvania  amassed  aslalaa,  to  the 
value,  eomo,  of  manv  thousands,  more  of  many  hun- 
dreds nf  ponnda.  The  accounta  Ihit  were  publianed  in 
England  of  the  wages  of  labor  in  the  province  allracled 
thither  a  consideralile  number  of  persons  in  Ihe  hum- 
blest walks  of  life,  who  had  the  expenses  of  their  trans- 
portation defrayed  by  Ihe  wealthier  individuals,  lo  whom 
for  a  aeriea  of  yesra,  they  engaged  thoinselvea  as  ser- 
vants. But  Ihe  improvement  in  Ihe  condition  of  these 
people  was  so  repid,  lhat  a  want  of  Uliorera,  and  Iha 
exorbitancy  of  the  wagea  lhat  wen  ncceesary  lo  retain 
free  men  in  ihal  condition,  were  continual  suhjecta  of 
complaint.  Tliuae  circumalaiices,  concurring  with  the 
example  of  the  neighboring  colonics,  had  originally  iiitro- 
duceii,  and  now  continued  to  prolong,  the  subsislciicu  of 
negro  slavery  in  ihu  province  ;  and  ihia  vile  inalitiilioii, 
by  degrading  servitude,  and  rendering  it  a  condition 
alill  iiioro  undesirable  to  free  men,  promoted  Iho  causes 
from  which  itself  had  arisen.  It  required  mora  virtue 
than  even  4he  qiiakors  were  yet  capable  of  exerting  lo 
defend  themselves  from  the  contagion  of  this  evil,  snd 
to  induce  them  to  divide  the  produce  of  their  lands  wilh 
their  laborers,  in  such  pru|iurtions  aa  might  have  enabled 
them  to  employ  only  free  labor  in  their  cultivation. 

During  the  interval  that  elapsed  between  Iho  rcslo- 
rstioii  of  Penn  to  his  proprietary  authority,  and  Ids 
second  visit  to  his  people,  [1606]  some  clionge  was  in- 
troiluced  into  the  form  of  the  provincial  cuiiatituliuii. 
Markham  had  repeatedly  preaaed  Iho  assembly  to  su- 
thorise  the  levy  of  a  sum  of  money,  to  be  remitted  to 
the  governor  of  Now  York,  fur  the  eupport  nf  the  war ; 
or,  as  it  was  decently  declared,  fur  Iho  relief  of  the 
iioor  Indians  ;  and  Penn,  in  his  letters  from  Eiigloiid, 
iisd  reinforced  this  application  by  declaring,  that  the 
preservation  of  the  proprietary  governnieiit  would  auaiii 
be  endangered  by  Iheir  rofuaal  to  comply  with  it.  Thia 
appeared  to  the  aaacinbly  a  favurubto  opportunity  of 
uiitainiiig  a  change  which  they  lind  long  desired  In 
elTect,  111  Ihe  distribution  of  llie  legislative  functions 
between  themselves  and  the  governor  and  council ; 
and  showing  plainly  that,  without  this  cquivaleni,  they 
were  determined  not  to  wave  their  scruples  lo  a  nun- 
tiihution  fur  hostile  purposes,  they  compelled  MaiKhtir. 
10  consent  to  the  passing  of  a  new  act  of  setllemenl, 
which  funned  the  thini /rame  or  charter  of  Iho  Penn- 
sylvsniaii  constitution.  By  this  new  ciinuacl,  it  waa 
provided,  that  from  each  county  there  shoulil  he  ehusen 
only  two  persons  to  represent  the  people  in  council, 
and  four  as  their  representatives,  in  aasembly;  the 
council  being  thus  reduced  in  number  from  eighteen  to 
twelve,  and  the  assembly  from  thirty-six  to  twenty-four. 
It  waa  farther  stipulated,  lhat  the  aaaembly  should 
ragulale  ila  own  adiournmanta,  awl  ahould  be  no  longer 
confined  lo  a  simple  assent  or  nagation  to  legislative 
propositions  originating  with  the  governor  and  council, 
but  ahould  share  with  them  the  privilege  of  preparing 
snd  proposing  lawa.  On  receiving  this  boon,  the  ss- 
aembly  passed  an  order  for  raising  the  sum  of  three 
hundred  |iounds,  lo  be  remitted  to  Ihe  governor  of  New 
York,  for  Ihe  relief  nf  the  distressed  Indians  on  the 
frontiers  of  his  province.*     Governor  Fletcher  wrote 


•  k  was  almosi  ai  lbs  saus  Uma  Uiu  Anhdals,  iba  qiwker 


to  Markham  in  Iba  Ibllowinii  year,  IlWTJdatlMjM 
that  tha  inonty  had  been  railliriiny  applied  lo  Iha  liiM' 
ing  and  clothing  of  tha  Indians,  and  desiring  a  frcali 
supply  fur  tlis  same  lieiiouleiil  purpose.  Ths  aHsaia- 
bly,  in  reply  lo  this  proposilinii,  diaired  tlul  liiail 
thanks  mi,;hl  ha  cunvnyvd  tu  FIvtclivr  fur  "  his  regiiid 
Slid  candor  lo  ihum"  in  applying  their  loriner  ruiiiil- 
lance  lb  Iha  uoa  Ihay  had  intended;  adding,  thai 
slthough,  for  tha  |ir«sanl,  they  must  decline  tu  iiuposa 
fsrlher  burdens  on  lbs  province,  they  wiiiild  always  ba 
ready  lo  observe  the  king's  fsrther  cuminsnds,  "  acconW 
ing  lo  their  religions  paraiissioiis  and  ablliiies  "  Thus 
aarly  did  Iha  qiiakars  aiparienee  Iho  dilllculty  of  racoif 
oiling  Iheir  religious  prtiiciulcs  with  the  adiiiinistralioa 
of  political  power.  It  waa  but  a  few  yi-ars  afier.  when, 
in  anawar  lo  a  ra<|uiailion  from  William  Peiiii,  in  llio 
king'a  nsina,  for  a  auin  aiprtasly  intended  for  tha  errs* 
lion  of  foru  and  balteriea  at  New  York,  Ihe  Pennsylva- 
nian  aaaembly  asaignad  Ihair  povany,  and  Ihe  partiality 
which  impoaed  upon  tham  ao  many  ciaoliona  from 
which  other  and  older  eoloniaa  wara  aiomptad,  as  iba 
only  raaaona  for  daferrjiw  to  cam|ily  wilh  iho  king'a 
commands,  "  ao  far  aa  thair  abiliiiaa  and  raligioua  lla^ 
auasinns  eball  parinil."  Thia  §alto,  which  was  alwavi 
inserted  on  auch  occaaiona,  for  Ihe  honor  nf  quaker  co'n- 
sislenoy,  never  pravenlad  the  qiiakers  of  Pennsylvania 
from  contributing,  as  the  aubjecla  of  a  military  govern- 
ment, their  full  contingent  lo  Iha  ainawa  of  war.  lo 
voting  grania  of  money  which  ware  expressly  <!•• 
manJed,  and  which  they  well  knew  would  be  employed 
to  impel  Ihe  rage  of  war,  and  reward  Ihe  ferocity  o( 
oavagaa  whom  thejr  had  professed  Iheir  anxious  desiia 
lo  convert  and  civiliie,  it  was  alwaya  alloiiipicd  bv  Iho 
substitution  of  some  other  sllegod  piir|iose,  tu  shiu  tha 
sin  from  themselves  to  their  niilitsry  siqieriors,  or  at 
least  lu  draw  a  decent  veil  over  concessions  which  Ihcy 
could  neither  withhold  nor  avow.*  This  veil  was  not 
without  ila  use,  if  it  contributed  lo  maintain  among  Ilia 
Pennaylvanian  quakora  lhat  respect  for  Iheir  pacifie 
lenata  which  they  diaplayed  in  the  following  century, 
when  the  Engliah  government,  endeavoring  lo  puoh 
them  into  a  still  more  active  and  unciiuivocalco-opera- 
lion  with  military  measures,  they  sacrificed  lo  tbair 
principlea  the  possession  of  political  power.  To  tha 
real  dereliction  uf  lliese  princ.ples,  however,  vihich  wsa 
sulfered  tu  gain  admission  aiiionu  them  under  the  cover 
of  thia  veil,  may  perhaps,  in  part,  lie  ascribt'd  timt  achiam 
which  produced  the  aecl  or  party  of  free  Quaieri,  who, 
during  the  war  of  independence,  louk  anna  ogainal 
Cireal  Britain,  and  have  aiiice  continued  lo  profcaa  Iha 
lawfulness  of  defensive  war. 

16li8— 00.]  The  colony  continued  to  glide  on  fot 
some  lime  in  a  course  of  tranquil  prosjienty,  int  er- 
rupted  at  length  by  an  event  which  had  been  now  too 
long  deferrcirto  be  capable  of  proiluciiig  the  beneficial 
cuiiscqurncos  which  si  one  time  were  fondly  expected 
In  ensue  from  il — Iho  return  of  the  pruprieiary  to  bia 
American  doniiiiions.  On  this  arcoiid  occasion,  ae- 
coiupaiiied  by  bis  family,  and  professing  his  intention  to 
s|ieiid  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  Pennsylvania,  hia 
arrival  was  hailed  wilh  general,  if  not  universal  satia- 
factiuii, — of  which  Ihe  only  visiblu  sliaiiineiii  wsa 
created  hy  the  first  visitation  of  that  dreudliil  epidemic 
the  yellow  fever  (since  so  futully  prevalent)  at  Phila- 
delpiiis.t  Soma  young  men  having  venliirud,  in  oppo- 
siliun  to  the  cnminaiida  of  the  inagistrates,  lo  saluta 
Ihe  proprietary  on  hia  arrival  with  a  diacliaige  uf  artil- 
lery, jierfonned  thia  operation  so  awkwardly,  aa  lo 
occaaiun  a  seveie  injury  to  tlicinselvea :  which  the  qus- 
kers  seem  tu  have  regarded  as  a  |>ravideiilial  rebuke  of 
a  tribute  so  unsuitable  lo  a  member  of  their  frstcniity. 
'I'he  very  first  Iransiic'iuna  that  took  place  belweea 
Penn  and  his  provincial  assembly  were  but  ill  calcula- 


Snvsmor  o:  Liamima,  Introuucsd  Into  this  provlncs  a  law  lor 
lbs  formslUin  oi's  multta. 

*  L*r.  Fiunklin  meiiii«.r.s  An  Instance  some  ye«79.«A.".*  ef'a 
roquiainon  sddrsaaed  to  the  ssari.;'.>iy  of  Fcuney.'i'ii'.is/i-t'  a 
grsiitofof^WUO  for  the  purchsso  of  gur>p;-v.'ir-  :  ir-  ^'^v.ii  lbs 
ssaembly  replied,  that,  conaiateiilly  wilh  liiusar  \in  .'l;;isS| 
ihsy  could  not  grant  a  farthing  for  such  s  r-^t^AKa,  t..h  hsil 
voted  £M0O  for  the  purcliu«  of  jfrar..  v«rirdS  Insui'MSs  o< 
secession  to  war,  still  more  uiismblgi>;jus,  t^n  ihc  jfim  of  the 
Amsricsn  qusksrs,  ars  rslated  In  KalmU  'i  ravels  id  Hank 
America,  vol.  I. 

t  Thomas  Story,  an  smlnsr.i  prsocb^r  auioe(  tha  )aakan, 
snd  afterwards  rscordsr  of  ?hlladslrai>,  thus  dacriMs  lbs  ^n 
presalon  produced  bv  ibc  prevalancj  of  this  spMemlc ;  — "Oiwu 
was  lbs  niaissty  sniJ  iisnd  ofths  *.«oitl  {  grsst  wss  ills  fear  llut 
foil  upon  all  nesh ,  I  saw  no  '.ofky  or  airy  eounis,iaDC*,  nof 
hsaidany  Tsi*:,  jfiaiing  lo  mo^s  men  lo  Uugbtcr  i  ni'i  ixirava 
gam  feaaUng  to  excite  abov4  measure  the  luals  of  the  Issh;  bal 
every  fa.:e  guihered  pale*.eBa,  aud  many  hearts  were  liunblad, 
and  countenances  fal'e.i  and  euTik,  aa  auch  that  walled  srsrf 
tnomenl  to  be  auminoned  to  ibe  bar."  Troud,  vol.  i  p.  a^i. 
How  dUI'.rent  this  from  Thucydldet'  deacriplkin  ol'  the  In. 
crease4  (aisiy  and  prolll(scy  froducsd  by  tha  pltgia  N 
Athsos. 


Hilitd  10  til*  TmiF 
u  ilrtiriiig  •  (ni 
>■«.  'J'hu  uHHin* 
IriireJ  tlut  iImii 
>r  fur  "  hill  rvgiird 
H'it  luriiicr  ruiiiil- 
•il;  aildiiiji,  ilul 
Jvcliiia  lu  iiupoM 
would  ilwaya  b* 
iiiutidi,  *'  acGonl* 
■IijIiI/ki  "  Thu« 
ilUculiy  of  r«caif 
III'  •diiiiiijitriliaa 
f*f  ifler,  wlicn, 
iitin  Pvnii,  in  Iho 
>d»d  for  III*  rra«« 
k,  Uw  i'annnlv*- 
■nil  ihg  ptrtialily 
t  ciiotioiM  rrma 
•iain|il<d,  ••  lb* 
t  with  llio  king's 
ind  raligiuut  |itr- 
nhich  wit  «|wa_«t 
nrofquaker  co'iH 
of  Peiinajilvinlk 
military  govern- 
iwa  of  wir.  la 
u  «i|inatly  il»- 
•iild  be  employed 
H  ihe  fcrooily  o( 
ir  iiixioua  deaira 
■lletiipied  bt  th* 
jioae,  lu  ahiri  Ihe 
t  aiiperion,  or  at 
laiona  which  Ihcy 
I'hia  veil  waa  not 
iiilain  among  Ilia 
Tor  Iheir  paciffo 
lowing  century, 
•vorihg  to  puah 
livocaico-opera- 
^riliced  to  ibeir 
jiower.  'J'o  Ihe 
«rv»r,  which  wae 
under  the  cover 
iluid  that  achiam 
e  (iuttker;  who, 
ik  anna  againet 
d  to  profcaa  the 

glide  on  fin 
•oii|H!my,  inter- 

iKien  now  too 
g  the  bciieliclal 
uiully  eipecled 
i|>rii!lar^  to  Ilia 

uccaaion,  ac- 

in  intention  to 
iiiisylronia,  hie 
iiiiiveraal  aatif- 
iliali'ineni  waa 
idhil  t-pidemio 
lU'iit)  at  Phila> 

iiri'il,  ill  oppo- 
iileii,  to  aaluto 
charge  of  artil- 
iwardly,  aa  to 
which  the  qua- 
iitial  rebukr  of 
heir  fralcmity. 
ilace  betweea 
>ul  ill  calcula- 


hin 


I'Inot  afainiif 

rears  ^ft.:',«r« 
^n'fWtf.'t,  !•:  « 
tr.  ;«'>;,iill,« 
IH'  )|II>;|J,1M, 

r;.<K«.  I.t  .>^ad 
^  in<ix-.aa  tt 
ihc  flirt  of  Um 
anla  «  Mank 

iflhei«i*e», 
lacnMaike;n 
«iiiiei-"Oi»m 
at  lilt  roar  ihal 
init.»nn,  not 
'!  nil  mm** 
irthe  ItihilMil 
wertliuiabled, 
>l  walled  kftrt 
<ol'  i  p.  4ki. 
\»n  01'  Ihe  In- 
■•  plioe  I* 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


Ml  W JNOMI*  tkMr  mnlual  tatiahetion.  In  tka  his- 
tKj  afioiiM  of  tka  other  teulemenu  (end  particularly 
af  Caiolina  and  New  York,)  wa  have  aaen  that  the 
Aaariean  aeaa  were  al  thia  time  infeated  by  piralea, 
wiwee  protligal  eipenditure  of  money^  among  their  en- 
lailiiiiera,  and  whnae  readiiieae  to  aaaiik  in  evading  the 
abnoiioua  acta  of  navigation,  recommended  tbein  too 
■ucceaarully  lu  the  countenance  of  many  of  the  North 
American  coloniita,  I'annavlvani*  had  not  eacaped 
thia  reprnich,  which  Penn  had  communicated  In  letteia 
to  the  aaaembly ;  by  whom,  while  lawt  were  'oadily 
enacted  againal  the  practii-ea  Impiitiid  to  ihoiii,  procla- 
maliona  had  al  the  aaine  time  been  ittued,  declaring  ia 
the  atrongeat  tcrma  that  theae  imputationa  were  un- 
founded. Thia  diaagreeable  aubioct  war  reaumed  im- 
mediately after  the  arrival  of  Penn ;  and  though  the 
atteinbljf  atill  complained  of  Ihe  injualioe  of  the  re- 
proach. It  waa  found  neceaaarv  to  eipel  from  it  one  of 
lie  membera,  the  aon-in-law  of  Colonel  Markham,  who 
waa  autpecled  of  parlici|ialing,  or  at  laaat  countenanc- 
ing piracy.  Still  more  produclivo  of  uneaiinoaa  were 
the  aiiplicationa  which  Penn  wae  compelled  by  the 
Britiili  government  tu  addreia  to  hia  atteinbly  for  levy- 
ing money  lo  be  ex|ieiided  on  military  nperationa  at 
New  Yorli ;  and  which  were  annwerod  only  by  com- 
pitinta  of  Iba  hardihip  of  theae  eaaciiona,  and  proleala- 
tlont  of  the  inability  of  the  province  to  comply  with 
them.  But  the  rooal  aignal  and  unhappy  diaagreemeiil 
that  occurred  bolweoii  Putin  and  the  atteinbly,  aioae 
from  the  ineatiirea  which  hn  now  luggi'iled  for  improv- 
ing the  treatment  of  negro  tiatua,  and  correcting 
abutea  that  had  Ov-curred  in  the  iiitercourae  between 
the  coloniata  and  Ihe  Indiana. 

It  waa  impoaaible  that  Ihe  ovila  of  tlavrry,  and  Ihe 
fapugnance of  auch an  inhuman  iiittitiitiun  to  the  dutiet 
•fCnriatianily,  which  Kixter,  Tryon,  ami  other  writera 
kad  already  proated  U|ion  Ihe  attention  of  the  protettant 
Inhabilanta  of  Chriatendoin,  couhl  cacape  the  aenao  of 
tboae  benevolent  tectarici,  who  profetted  lo  eihihil  a 
peculitr  coiifurmity  lo  the  niildoit  and  moat  aelf  deny- 
ing precepla  of  the  gotpel.  When  George  Fo«,  tho 
founder  of  thia  aect,  paid  a  viait  to  Uarbadoea  in  1671, 
be  found  the  quakora,  aa  well  aa  the  other  white  inhabi- 
lantt,  in  poatetainn  of  alavca.  "  Kuapecting  their  ne- 
groct,"  he  telatea  among  hia  other  admonitiona  to  ilia 
quaker  planlera,  "  I  deaired  them  lo  endeavor  to  train 
incin  up  in  the  fear  of  God,  aa  well  tbote  that  were 
Iwughl  with  their  money,  aa  thoae  that  were  born  in 
tlieir  fumiliea.  I  draired  alao  that  they  would  cauae 
llieii  ovcraoera  lo  deal  mildly  and  gently  with  iheir  ne- 
groca,  and  not  ute  cruelly  towarda  them,  aa  the  manner 
of  tome  hath  been  and  ia ;  and  that  after  certain  yeara 
ofaervitudu,  they  aliould  make  them  free.'"  How  con- 
acientioutly  tho  qiiakert  complied  with  thia  admonition 
ia  anparent,  from  a  law  patted  by  the  legiilature  of 
Darbidoea  five  yeara  after,  commanding  them  In  dcaiat 
from  giving  inttruction  lo  ncjjrora,  and  in  particular 
from  admitting  them  lo  their  rcligiout  aiseinblBgR8;t 
and  how  magnanimoiialy  they  portiited  to  do  their  duly 
in  the  fice  of  thit  unchriatian  command,  may  bo  infer- 
red from  an  enactment  of  llie  tamo  legitlature  in  the 
following  year,  impoaing  a  penalty  on  any  thipinaator 
who  ahould  bring  a  quaker  to  the  iNlaiid.  The  proae- 
eution  of  audi  meaaurea,  and  Ihe  adoption  of  a  aimilar 
policy  in  stbera  of  the  Weat  India  plantationt,  auc- 
cei'dcd  in  baniahing  from  these  aettlemcnta  an  example 
winch  might  have  been  attended  with  the  most  bene- 
ficial conaequencea  to  tho  intcreata  of  the  planlera  and 
the  happiiieaa  of  the  negroes ;  and  oompellod  many 
qiiaknr  planlera  to  einigrato  to  America,  where  they 
brought  with  them  their  inodilied  opinions  on  the  sub- 
ject of  alavery.  Many  of  them  probably  entertained  the 
intention  of  an  entire  compliance  with  the  admonition 
of  Fox,  by  aottinu  their  negroes  at  liberty  after  certain 
ycarv  of  aervitude ;  but  ihia  purpose  waa  eaaily  over- 
lowered  by  tho  aophiatry  and  temptation  of  aelf-inte- 


•  Fill's  Jnurnnl  (M  oilii.)  4)1  .4n  enrlltr  am!  more  un- 
eomiiriiinininK  rcaiMunce  to  alavery  was  made  by  aamt  of  the 
alerjy  nf  ihe  churcli  iif  Rome  Al  8i.  Lulx,  In  ihe  year  IMS, 
ine  celebrateil  JeiiiiU  Vieyra  tci'tipled  not  fnini  tlie  pulpit  to  de- 
cure,  to  a  congregation  of  slave  owners,  that  no  man  could 
holil  a  iiejro  In  slavery,  willioul  ileviiiiiif  his  own  soul  10  eter- 
nal slavery  in  hell.  Boillhey'iHiMnryol'Brsiil.  Pan  II.  cap, 
M  Tills  dlMiiurse,  which  Sir.  Souihey  has  preserved  al  full 
length,  is,  irarhsps,  the  iiiost  olmiueiit  and  powerlul  denuncia- 
tion or  the  system  ol'  slavery  that  ever  was  uttered  or  written 
)y  iwient  or  layman. 

I  Oldinison,  vol.  il.  p.  3S.  The  preamble  of  this  law  sets 
Rinll,  that  <*  Whereas  many  negroes  have  been  suffered  to  re- 
Maln  at  tho  meeting  of  quakers  as  hearers  nf  their  diictrine, 
aivl  tanghl  In  Iheir  princlplL-i,  whereby  the  safely  of  thia  IsliinJ 
n«  be  much  hslsriled,"  kc.  We  flnd  iho  Icirislsliire  of  Bar- 
ladoes,  an  hundred  and  fifty  years  after,  eunctiiig  similar  laws 
MrIusi  the  nielhud!.*  liiachers  and  preachers,  and  daclariiig 
nat  ikeir  dooriiiaa  were  flnad  to  turn  the  world  upaiJe  dowu. 


raat,  iha  eonlafion  df  gsnaral  aiample,  and  tha  inin- 
anca  of  habit  in  blunting  Iha  faalinga  uf  humanily. 

By  hia  aequiaition  of  tha  Delaware  temlory,  it  ia 
prohabla  lhal  Pann,  on  coming  lo  tha  poaaaation  of  hia 
American  domaina,  found  Iha  ayalam  of  negro  alavary 
already  aalabliahad  within  them,  During  hia  Aral  viail, 
il  appaara  thai  a  faw  nrgroea  were  iinportad  into  Penn- 
aylvania,  and  were  purcnaaed  by  Ihe  qiiahera,  aa  well 
aa  Ihe  other  aaltlera.  While  the  acarcily  of  laborera 
enforced  Iha  temptation  lo  thia  practice,  Ihe  kindneaa 
of  quaker  maiinere  contributed  lo  aoficn  lla  evil  and 
veil  ila  iniquity  i  and  il  waa  not  till  Ihe  year  1688, 
that  Iha  repugnance  of  alavery  itaelf,  however  iliaguiaed 
lo  Ihe  lanala  of  (^hriatianiljr,  waa  lirat  auggealed  lo  the 
Pennaylvaniana  by  Iha  amignnta  who  had  reaorted  lo 
them  from  Germany.  Whatever  taint  Ihe  practice 
of  Iha  quakara  might  have  derived  from  human  inHr- 
mlly,  Ibey  wars  atill  aniioua  aa  a  body  lo  maintain  the 
theoralieal  purity  of  Iheir  principlea ;  and  accordingly, 
in  compliance  with  Iha  augaeation  of  the  Qermana,  a 
reaolulion  declaratory  of  tliia  undeniable  truth  waa 
paaaed  in  Ihe  tame  year,  by  the  annual  meeting  of  Ihe 
quakera  of  Pennaylvania.  I'he  effect  of  thia  grneroua 
hnmaue  lo  religioua  truth  and  the  righta  of  hiiinaii  na- 
ture, however,  waa  not  carried  beyond  a  practical  ex- 
emption of  the  alavca  of  the  quakera,  from  evils  not  in- 
evitably inherent  in  Ihe  ayalein  of  bondage.  George 
Keith,  aa  wa  have  aeen,  made  an  attempt,  in  1693,  to  I 
bring  Iha  practice  of  hia  fellow-acciar'et  into  a  closer 
accommodation  lo  their  theory,  lint  bis  violencu  and 
irregularity  were  not  calculated  to  recommend  hia  dic- 
lalea  to  general  ealeem ;  and  Ihe  increaaiiig  number  of 
the  altvet,  Ingelher  with  the  diversitica  of  character 
among  the  coloniata  (to  which  I  have  already  adverted), 
rendered  the  eiiianripalion  nf  the  negroca  incrcnsin^lv 
improbable.  In  Iho  year  I6U6,  the  annual  meeting  ui 
the  Peiinaylvanian  quakera  rcpi^ated  their  former  de- 
claration, adding  to  it  an  crrneat  admonition  to  the 
membera  of  their  aociety,  to  refrain  from  all  farihcr  iin- 
portatioiia  of  negro  alavea ;  but  no  other  immediate  ef- 
fect aecnia  lo  have  reaulted  from  this  mcaaurr,  than  an 
increaacd  concern  for  the  welfare  of  the  negroet,  who 
in  aomo  inalancea  wera  admitlad  lo  attend  ilivino  wor' 
aliip  in  iha  aame  meeting-houaea  with  iheir  quaker 
maalera. 

On  hia  aecond  arrival  in  America,  [1700]  Penn 
aeema  very  aoon  to  have  perceived,  lhal  from  Ihe  varia- 
tica  of  character  among  hia  coloniata,  and  the  inevitable 
tendency  of  absolute  power  lo  abuse,  Ihe  negro  slavery 
of  Pennsylvania  too  much  resembled,  in  some  inalancea, 
Ihe  foa'urea  of  the  aame  inatitution  in  oiher  placea. 
He  waa  mortified  with  the  discovery,  at  the  same  time, 
of  numeroiit  frauds  and  abuaet  that  diagiaccd  the  cha- 
racter of  Ihe  coloniata  in  ihcir  traffic  with  Ihe  Indian*. 
With  the  Tiew  of  providing  a  remedy  for  both  theae 
ovila,  he  preaenled  lo  the  aaaembly  three  billa  which  he 
had  himaelf  prepared  ;  the  lirat,  for  regulating  Ihe  morale 
anil  marriacea  of  Ihe  negroei ;  the  aecond,  for  regulat- 
ing Ihe  Iriala  and  puniahmenta  of  the  negroea  ;  and  the 
tbiid,  for  preventing  abuaca  and  frauda  n|ion  the  Indiana. 
The  atiomhly  intttntly  negilived  the  tirtt  and  latt  of 
these  billt ;  acceding  only  to  that  which  related  tu  tha 
trial  and  the  punithment  of  iheir  tlavea.  No  account  ia 
tranamilted  of  any  diacuaaion  or  debate  on  the  billa 
which  were  rejected  ;  and  indeed  it  ia  probable  that  the 
aaaembly,  in  thia  inatance,  were  glad  to  cnntine  theni- 
eelvea  lo  the  ancient  formula  of  simply  afiproving  or 
rejecting  the  billa  preaenled  to  thena.  But  it  ia  aald  by 
one  of  the  biographera  of  Penn,  that  Ihe  feelinga  of  Ihe 
proprietary  received  a  convulsive  shock  on  the  occaaion. 
He  had  indeed  been  un.:riimou8ly  aup)>ortcd  by  hia 
council,  which  consisted  entirely  of  quakera,  in  pro- 
poaing  Ihe  billa  ;  but  he  had  aeen  them  decisively  ne- 
gatived by  an  aaaembly,  of  wjtich  a  great  majority  con- 
aisled  of  peraona  of  the  aame  religioua  persuasion. 
Though  disappointed  of  Ihe  more  extenaive  influence, 
which  aa  a  political  legialator  he  had  hoped  to  exerciaa, 
he  waa  yet  able,  in  hia  eecleaiaatical  miniatry  among 
the  quakera,  lo  introduce  into  their  diacipline  regula- 
tions and  practicea  relative  to  Ihe  purposea  of  the  re- 
jected billa,  the  spirit  of  which,  at  leaat,  waa  by  the  ex- 
ample of  this  powerful  aect  forcibly  recommended  to 
general  imitation.  Monthly  meetings  were  enacted 
among  Ihe  quakera,  for  the  religious  and  moral  educa- 
lion  of  Iheir  negro  alavea  ;  and  regular  conferences 
were  arranged  with  Ihe  Indiana,  for  communicating  to 
Ihem  whatever  instruction  Ihey  could  be  prevailed  on 
to  accept.  Penn  finally  ohtaincd  leave,  or  at  least, 
look  it  upon  himaelf  lo  make  a  treaty  with  the  Indiana, 
by  which  they  acknowledged  theineolves  subjects  nf  the 
British  crown,  and  amenable  to  tho  provincial  lawa  ; 
and  by  which  certain  rcgulationa  were  prescribed,  for 


|if«fanliii|  Ikauda  upon  ihsin  iii.lhair  tummtrnM  4n^ 
inga  with  tha  white  population. 

rhiia  waa  eheriahed  in  llw  quaker  aoeialy  a  prinalfl* 
which  about  fifty  yeara  after  obtained  the  aignal  triumpk 
of  proruring  emaRcqiatiun  lo  all  the  negroea  in  Ams> 
rica  lielonging  to  quakera ;  and  thus,  meanwhile,  waa 
cheriahed  in  the  general  hwly  of  the  iiibabiiania  of 
Pennaylvania  a  acnae  of  what  waa  die  to  the  claima  el 
human  nature,  which  obtained  for  the  alavea  in  this  pro> 
since  a  Ireatmani  far  kinder  and  mjra  equitable  than 
they  enjoyed  in  any  other  uf  Iha  Amancau  alalea. 
Notwithstanding  the  cncuuragemenl  afforded  by  Iha 
liritiah  government  lo  the  iinportation  nf  negroea  iut* 
all  tha  American  aottleiiienta.  Ilia  alavea  in  Panuaylva- 
nia  never  formed  more  than  a  very  inaignlAcanl  fraction 
of  Iha  whole  population  of  the  province.  Slavery  aub- 
aisled  longer  in  Delaware ;  and  Ihe  alavea  in  Ihia  eat* 
llement,  though  not  numerout,  were  rather  inota  a« 
than  in  Ihe  larger  province  of  Pennaylvania.* 

In  addition  lo  the  other  diaagreeable  impreaaiona  of 
which  Ilia  aecond  visit  lo  America  bad  been  productive, 
William  Penn  had  now  Ihe  morlificalicn  of  witneaaing 
a  revival  of  Ihe  jealoiiaiea  between  Delaware  and  Peniv 
aylvaiiia,  and  the  ineflicacy  of  all  hia  cRbrit  In  promola 
a  cordial  uniun  between  the  inliabilanta  nf  theae  coun* 
Irica.  Aa  a  remedy  fur  iheir  inutiial  diasatiafaclion,  ha 
had  prepared  a  change  in  the  frame  of  government  i 
but  Ihe  adjualmeni  of  Ihia  com|iacl  tended  raiher  lo  in« 
flame  than  allay  the  exiating  ditpuiet.  He  endeavored 
to  defer  iho  extremity  lo  which  their  dispuiei  niani* 
feally  tended,  by  varioua  acts  of  concilialion  towarda 
tho  weaker  and  mure  jealoua  party,  and  particularly  by 
convoking  at  Newcaatle,  the  nielropulia  of  Delaware, 
another  astembly,  which  waa  held  m  the  iloae  of  thia 
year.  But  allboii|ih  ho  ancccrded  after  many  ellbrta 
in  obtaining  from  thia  aastinbly  a  anbaidy  fur  Ihe  aup- 
port  uf  his  uovernmeni,  anil  made  some  progress  in  ar- 
ranging witn  them  the  terms  of  a  new  charier  or  frama 
of  government,  Ihe  miilnal  jealousies  briwcrn  tho  tvta 
afttb^mcnts  were  displayed  with  such  unreserve,  thai  in 
almost  every  topic  of  considcratioii,  Ihe  Delaware  ra> 
presentativca,  tu  a  man,  voted  exactly  the  reverae  of 
whatever  waa  propoaed  or  approved  by  the  Pennaylva- 
nians.  The  aubsidy  ainounttd  to  '^UIHU.  of  which 
1673/.  waa  tho  proportion  imposed  uinn  Pennaylvania, 
and  the  remainder  upon  Delaware.  It  waa  iinwiae,  per- 
liupa,  of  Prim  lu  Invite  hia  people  to  the  arcr|itaiicu  ol 
a  iie|r  aocial  compact,  al  a  tune  when  lliey  were  so 
iiiiicb  heated  by  miiluai  jralonay,  and  when  ilie  union 
between  tlio  two  settleinenla  waa  evidently  so  preca- 
rious. It  afl'urded  a  pretext  not  long  after  fur  taxing 
biin  with  convening  the  public  disiractiona  lo  hit  own 
advantage,  and  elfectualing  devicea  for  tl.c  enlargement 
uf  Ilia  own  power,  while  the  iiiinda  of  hia  |>eoi)|e  wera 
too  much  occupied  [1701]  with  Ihcir  mutual  diaaeii- 
sions  to  perceive  the  drift  of  his  piuposiiiona. 

But  Penn  had  now  deierniined  again  to  leave  Ame- 
rica, and  return  to  England;  and  while  be  naturally 
desired  to  have  some  frame  of  goveriinienl  finally  rata- 
bliahed  before  hia  departure,  liia  recent  experience  had 
doubtless  impressed  him  with  the  conviction,  lhal  an 
extension  of  his  own  authority  would  render  the  conati- 
tution  more  aiibaervient  to  the  welfare  of  the  people, 
and  afford  a  freer  acopu  lo  the  promotion  of  viewa,  and 
the  exertion  of  influence,  which  iiiual  alwaya  be  impar- 
tially directed  lo  the  general  advantage. 

In  the  last  assembly,  which  he  licliT  before  bis  depar- 
ti.ic,  be  had  occasion  lo  exert  all  hia  authority  and  ad- 
dress to  prevent  the  reptesenlaiives  of  Delaware  and 
Pennsylvania  frcm  coming  to  an  open  rupture,  and  also 
to  giiaid  hia  own  interests  in  tlie  aule  and  leaae  of  vacant 
lands,  from  an  atteinpl  of  the  aaseinbly   to   exercise  a 


•  Proud,  vol.  1.  p.  4)3.  419— 43'J.  lilarkson's  .tbolillon  of ih« 
Slave  Trade,  vol  I.  p  138,  137.  Ibid.  Lite  of  Penn,  vol.  il.  p. 
]|tl,  910.  9S3.    Winlerbolhain,  vol.  11.  p.  417.    Worden,  vol.  li. 

P,  60.  t'ii.  In  Ihe  colirfe  uf  his  ininiifleriQl  labors  al  this  lime, 
enn  visited  his  fpiaker  brethren  in  Msrylsiid,  and  spiieiirs  tn 
have  been  received  in  a  friendly  ninnuer  by  his  aiirieiil  ailver- 
sary  Lord  Baltimore,  who  with  his  laiiy  aecnnipanicd  him  in  a 
quaker  meeting.  Penn  regrelttd,  for  the  sake  of  his  nobis 
companions,  that  ibe  fervor  of  ihe  nieeling  had  subsiiled  before 
their  enlrancs,  and  lady  Baltimore  declared  herscll^  disap- 
pointed of  tlie  diversion  she  had  expected.  He  hsd  aUo  va- 
rious iiitervlews  with  tlie  Indisns,  who  listened  tu  him  wil- 
lingly as  long  ai  he  confined  himself  to  general  allusions  to 
religion.  But  when  he  desired  on  one  occaaion  to  direct  their 
minds  to  the  search  of  an  internal  niaoifeslalion  of  the  Re- 
deemer uf  the  human  race.  Ins  interpreter  declared  thst  tliera 
were  no  words  in  the  Indian  tongue  tlrnt  were  capable  of  con- 
veyina  such  a  notion. 

'To  Penn  liimself,  Ihe  Indians  very  readily  paid  a  degree  of 
respect,  winch  they  refused  lo  extend  tn  hiti  rellgirus  lenets. 
ManvoftlieinbelieveUhini  abeii  gorahit;herordei  limn  tlu' rest 
of  mankind  ;  "  nor  could  lliey  for  a  long  lime  credit  the  iiowi 
of  Ills  death,  not  believing  him  subiect  lo  the  acchlents  i.f  aa 
lure.''  Farmer's  View  of  tilt  Pbhcy  if  Uttat  Snlain,  Wi. 
(A.I)  y.ti.ty.tO. 


I 
f 


THE    HI8T0RV   or 


K  (luM  imny  Uwi  «r«ni  pHiwl  i 
•f  whick  tha  iiMMl  irnwilMhIa  w«r«,  Inr  llw  vaUbliili- 
M*nl  ol  •  iNWI-ollk'*.  fui  ih«  iiiiiiinliinviit  of  lliu  vice*  of 
•coldiiii  •nil  drunkuiiiiaaa  i  lui  KdimiijiiK  lli*  piiiL'tic* 
•f  driiikiii|(  haalllit,  and  fur  ilia  Jaairucluiii  o(  wolvaa 
Uul  Ilia  inott  iin|ionaiil  prucuatluiK  on  ihla  ocvatioii 
wan  ihv  aimt'linuni  o(  iha  nnw  ibariar  or  I'raina  of  go- 
«aii!iii«nl,  winch  Paini  llnally  laiidursd  lu  tha  a>M'iulil)p, 
•lid  prriraili'd  wiih  iii  |Mrta  in  aavan  uf  ilial  bmly  to 
(cccfit,  and  avail  iliinUiilljr  acUnuwIailnu.  iiy  ihia 
cliarirr,  it  wat  |iruvid«U  (in  canfurniiijr  wiih  ihu  rraiiiu 
•r  lOltll)  tlul  an  auamlily  •liuuld  li«  annually  clioum 
by  iIhi  frcaiHan.  la  ooaiKI  of  font  |Hjraona  out  of  aai-<i 
cuiinly,  or  uf  a  RraaMr  nuinhar,  if  IM  guvarnor  and  aa- 
■aiiikly  ahanlil  au  a:|ra« ;  lliit   Ihia   aaaniubly   ihould 


alwiowi  ila  own  oAcara,  and  li«  iha  aula  judgoa  uf  iha 

Sualilkaiiona  and  alactiona  of  iha  inxiiiMKi  thai  it 
aiiuld  |ir«par«  billi,  lin|ioacli  criniiiiiU,  and  rodrvaa 
tnavancca  ;  and  |iuaaaaa  all  tlia  other  |iawari  and  |iri«i- 
'gaa  af  an  ■aaeinbly,  accordiiiK  to  ilio  riglila  ul  Ilia 
frtiaburn  anbjncta  of  Kngland,  and  liia  cuatoina  uliaarvud 
ia  any  of  Ilia  kiiig'a  pUnlaiiona  in  Amarica.  'I'lio  go- 
Vf  rnor  waa  ain|xiwand  to  auniinon,  piorogua,  and  iTit- 
•ulvn  llie  atMinbly  ;  to  noiniiiila  hit  counoil  i  lu  dia- 
cliargi)  ainijly  tha  wliula  t-xucutivu  fuiictiuna  uf  guvani* 
ini'iii,  and  to  ahaix  the  li'gialalivv,  by  alHnniiig  or  ra- 
ircling  tlw  billa  nf  tha  aMainbly*  It  waa  dvi'larud  that 
liberty  of  coiiaoiu'icu  ahuuld  bo  inviolably  |ir«ai'rv«il ; 
that  Cliriaiiina  uf  every  duiioininition  aliould  be  i|uali- 
tied  10  fill  ihn  ulHrura  uf  ^ovcrnnicnl ;  and  tlul  nu  act 
or  iiritinaiice  alwuld  over  b«  niadu  to  jlier  or  diininiah 
th«  form  or  ell^cl  of  tliia  charter,  without  the  conaeni 
of  tlie  uovrriiur  fur  the  time  lieing,  and  rix  |iaria  in 
•even  of  lliu  aaaeinbly.  Uut  aa  it  waa  now  plainly  fura- 
aeon  that  ihu  ri'(ire»eiitalivva  of  the  province,  and  tbuae 
of  ihfl  luirituriia,  wuuld  nut  lung  cuiitinue  lo  unite  in 
lecialation,  il  waa  provided  that  they  aluiiild  lie  allowed 
lu  aupnrale  williiu  three  yeara  fruiii  thuddtu  of  the  char- 
lir;  and  ahould  enjoy  the  aanii'  privilcgua  when  aupa- 
fali'd  aa  when  connected.  In  the  eierciae  of  the  new 
Ouiliority  thiia  inveated  in  hiinaelf,  I'enn  proceeded  to 
noiniiiKie  a  council  of  ilalo,  to  conault  with  and  aaaial 
Ihogoveiiiur  or  bla  deputy,  and  lu  raorciae  hia  func- 
liona  ill  caae  of  hia  death  or  abaance.  The  olBce  of 
depuly-governort  ha  bt'atowed  on  Culunol  Andrew 
Hainiiloa,  who  liad  formerly  been  governor  of  New 
ileraoy. 

One  of  the  laal  acta  which  he  performed  ^efnro  hia 
4e|iarture,  the  incorirarition,  by  cliarter,  uf  tliii  Aty  uf 
Kiiladelphia,  haa  been  juatly  cliarge<l  with  great  illibe- 
nlily  :  Ihuiigh,  according  tu  the  ijiuluay  tlut  haa  been 
•nggeated  fur  il,  the  bUiiie  tnuat  be  divided  between 
hiniaelf  and  othera.  Uy  Ihia  charter,  he  nnniiiuled  the 
Ural  iniiyor,  recorder,  aldermen,  and  coininon  council- 
men  of  the  city ;  and  among  other  privilegea  and  fran- 
cliHca,  ein|iawered  ihoin  lo  elucl  their  aucccaaora  in 
ortice,  and  even  to  incrcaao  their  own  number  at  plva- 
•uro.  The  city  landa  were  granted  to  tlieiii,  by  the 
•tyle  of  the  iniyur  and  coiiimonalty  of  the  city  of  Piula- 
delphia  ;  but  the  commonalty  had  no  aliwe  in  the  go- 
Trriiineiit  or  eatate  of  the  city  ;  the  civic  functioiiariea 
baing  aelf-elective,  and  not  accountable  lu  their  fellow- 
citlluna  in  any  rea{Htcl.  It  haa  been  aaid  that  Una  inu- 
nieiiial  conatiiulion,  which  waa  copied  from  the  clmrier 
of  llio  town  of  Urialoi  In  England,  waa  accorded  by 
Pann  to  the  deairea  of  certain  ol  hia  coloniata  who  were 
iiatiTca  of  that  place ;  and  it  ia  admittol  that  the  fuiic- 
Uonacioa  whom  he  hiinaelf  named,  ware  men  uf  intog- 
fily  and  ahililiea.  But  tha  |K»aeaaion  of  power,  divea- 
tad  of  control  and  rcaponaibility,  produced  ita  uaual 
•iiect  on  Ihia  corpurate  body ;  and  the  abuaea  engen- 
dered by  Ita  adininiatralion,  were  from  a  very  early 
period  a  continual  theme  of  diacontent  and  complaint 
to  the  inhabitanta  of  the  ciiy  and  the  provincial  iiaein- 
bly.  Hnving  liniahed  theae  proceedings,  and  once 
more  renewed  a  friendly  league  with  the  Indians,  Penn 
cominunicateil  lo  hia  Upople  an  adieu,  friendly  and  be- 
nevolent, but  far  less  aOeclionate  than  his  former  vale- 
^clion ;  and  embarking  with  hia  faiikily,  returned  lo 
England. 

The  only  rraaon  that  Penn  assigned  to  his  people  for 
Ibia  second  departure  waa  the  intelligence  he  had  re- 


*  Ur.  Clarkioa  has  omitted  to  notice  ttiia  tntportatit  innova- 
tion, in  liii  alwtraut  of  their  cliarter.  Dr.  Fiaiililin  (in  liU 
Hiitoricai  Roview,  *c.)  cuni|»rln(  it  wllh  the  currei|K>ndliig 
hlnovalion  in  favor  uf  tlis  aaaumbly,  aduiita,  that,  "  u|ian  llie 
whole  there  waa  much  more  reuon  for  acknowledgnieula 
(tuui  complainta." 

t  No  mention  is  made  ol  tlie  royal  approbation  of  this  ap- 
polniment,  which  iaeipressly  referred  tu  in  tlie  appuiiitmeiit 
•fCvanti,  the  aurcehsur  of  lluinittuii.  By  an  act  of  parlia- 
iOrnt,  aiiaady  noticed  in  ttie  linttury  uf  >larylaiid,  it  waa  re- 
^■Mlla  now  that  all  the  acting  Kovernora  m  the  proprietary 
JtlMMlaua  ahouM  be  apiiroved  by  the  king. 


I  <eivtil  of  a  project  of  Iha  English  minialara  lo  abolish 
I  all  the  propriatarv  juriadic lions  in  North  Amorics,  and 
I  Ihu  neieaaily  of  iiia  own  apiiearanca  in  England  to  up- 
uoae  a  priHH-eiling  ao  dertijalurv  lo  hia  iiitereat ;  bul  aa 
he  found  on  his  arrival  in  this  courMry,  dial  the  nieaaura 
had  been  abandoned,  and  yet  iiavar  agiiii  returned  10 
America,  it  seams  very  unlikely  that  lhi>  waa  the  sola 
or  avail  tha  chief  raaaon  fur  hia  conduct.  The  ilistgres- 
inoiits  that  hjd  taken  place  betwoaii  himself  aniT  hia 
coloiiislB,  had  rendered  llwir  intercuuma  far  leas  aalia- 
factory  than  he  could  have  desired,  and  induced  hiin  to 
supply  llie  inadequacy  of  his  own  personal  iiilliiriice  by 
*  Isrge  addition  to  hia  uolitical  power ;  and  from  Ihe 
nuinaruus  damanda  of  the  British  government  fur  con- 
Iribuiiuiis,  in  aid  of  inilitsry  purposes,  il  was  manifest 
thai  this  iwwcr  must  be  frei|uently  eiertad  fur  Iha  al- 
lainmenl  of  ubjueta  which,  aa  a  profaasor  of  quakeriam, 
ha  could  pursue  with  more  decency  and  more  vigor  by 
Ihe  intervention  of  a  deputy,  than  by  hia  own  peisonal 
agency.  The  disagreeable  tidings  that  pursued  biin 
from  America  inusi  bavo  Increaaed  his  aversion  to  rn- 
lurn  thither  i  and  the  favor  he  enjoyed  with  queen 
Anne  on  her  aoreaaion,  [  IT03]  perhaps  reawakened  the 
•iewa  and  hopes  that  had  led  hiin  once  before  to  prefer 
Ihe  courtly  sliados  of  Kensinglon,  to  Ihe  wihl  wuuda  of 
Pannsylvanis.  His  attaiidsnce  at  court,  however,  was 
•0011  interrupted  by  the  (lerpleiiiy  and  emlwrraaainent 
of  hia  private  alfaira  (ariaing  from  Iha  fraud  of  hia 
alaward),  which  compelled  him  to  morlgagu  his  Ame- 
rican terriiury  ;  and  the  aame  cauae,  cuncurring  with 
increaaed  dissensions  between  hiin  and  tlie  cofunists, 
induced  him  subsequently  lo  bargain  with  the  British 
governmeiil  for  a  sale  of  hia  proprietary  functions.* 
1'he  cumpleliun  of  the  bargain,  however,  waa  preven- 
ted by  Ins  death,  which  transmitted  the  proprietary  go- 
veriiiiient  lu  hia  descendants,  by  whom  it  waa  onjuyed 
■ill  Ihe  period  of  the  American  revolution. 

Penn  had  acarcely  quilled  America  when  Ihe  dis- 
putes Imtwcen  the  province  and  the  lerritoriea  bruke 
forth  with  ifrraler  bitterneas  than  ever.  The  Delaware 
representativea  protested  agalnat  thn  charter ;  and,  re- 
fuuiig  to  •it  in  the  aaino  aaaeinhly  with  Ihe  Pennaylva- 
man  rcpreaentativea,  choae  a  aeparate  place  of  meet- 
ing for  Ihemselvca  in  Philadelphia.  After  continuing 
for  aume  time  to  indulge  their  jealons  huinur,  and  to 
enjoy  whatever  aatisfactioii  they  could  lind  in  arparatu 
legialation,  [1703]  they  were  perauaded  by  the  auc- 
cessor  of  Hamilton,  Uoveinor  Evans  (who  waa  much 
more  agreeable  lo  thorn  than  to  llie  people  of  Pennsyl- 
vania.) to  evince  a  mora  reasonable  temper,  and  to  pro- 
pose a  reunion  with  the  Peniisylvonian  assembly,  li'it 
this  body,  pruvuked  with  the  refruiiuriness  which  the 
Delaware  rcpresentutivoa  had  alnadv  displayed,  now 
refused  to  liateii  lo  their  overtures  of  reconciliation. 
The  breach  iliua  became  irreparable,  and  in  the  fullow- 
iiig  year  [1704]  the  acparatu  Icgialaturo  of  Delaware 
wa>  perinaiiuntly  establiahed  at  Newcastle.  In  addi- 
tion to  Ihe  tidings  of  these  prnlongeil  disagrctments 
and  final  rupture  between  iho  two  settlements,  Penn 
waa  harassed  by  coniplainia  againat  the  government  of 
Evans,  whuse  eiortioiis  to  prumote  a  inililia,  tbuugh 
they  rendered  hiin  populsr  in  Delaware,  made  hini 
odioua  in  Pennsylvania.  Deriding  the  pacitic  scruples 
uf  the  quakers,  [1700]  Kvans  falsely  proclaimed  the  ap- 
proach of  a  hostile  invasion,  and  invited  all  who  wore 
willing  to  juin  him  to  lake  anna  against  the  enemy. 
A  few  individuals,  and  iimuiig  lliese,  four  quakers, 
duficd  by  tiiis  stratagem,  flew  to  arms,  and  prepared  to 
lepel  the  threatened  atuck.  Bul  the  chief  clfuct  of  the 
proclamation  was  to  cause  many  pcrsuns  to  bury  their 
platu  and  money,  and  lu  fly  fruin  their  huiiies ;  and  the 
detectiun  of  the  I'alschoou  wss  fallowed  by  an  inipcach- 
inent  of  the  governor,  and  of  IjOgan  tho  aecretary  ol 
Ihe  province,  who  though  innocent  of  accession  to  the 
fraud,  made  himself  suspected,  by  endeavoring  to  palL 
ate  the  guilt  of  it.  Penn,  however,  supported  these 
accused  uflicers,  and  thereby  increased  the  displeasure  I 
thai  waa  beginning  lo  prevail  in  the  province  agaiiial  { 
hiinaelf.  lie  was  now  very  little  diaposed  to  look  with  i 
favor  on  llie  proceedings  of  tho  inhabitanta  of  Pennsyl- 
vania i  who,  no  longer  engrossed  with  their  dispute*  | 
with  the  people  of  Delaware,  began  to  scan  with  very 
diasatisfieit  eyes  the  whole  course  of  his  proceedings 
with  reaped  to  themselves.  The  assembly  ol  Pennsyl- 
vania not  only  assailed  him  with  repeated  deinanda, 
th(i  the  quit-rents,  which  he  deemed  hi*  own  private 
estate,  should  be  appropriated  to  the  support  of  the  pro- 
vincial government,  bul  transmitted  to  him  a  remon- 
strance, entitled  HcadM  of  Complaint,  in  which  they 
alleged  thai  it  waa  by  hit  artificet  that  the  several  char- 


l«r*  ffranied  at  the  Ural  settling  at  the  prottoM  I 
been  dafeslod  ;  ihst  ha  hail  viulateil  hia  originul  M 
peel  by  Iha  rereni  stretch  of  his  anthnrilv  su  far  I 
Ihe  limits  within  which  h*  '  \i  engsgrd  lo  conltne  lt| 
and  thai  he  had  received  Urge  sums  uf  inunry  durin| 
his  Usi  visit  tu  the  pfoviiu'e.  In  return  for  lienrlili 
which  he  had  promiseiTlu  procure,  hut  had  iiavar  yel 
obtained  for  the  iieujila  from  Ihu  Kngliali  government 
They  cenaured  Ino  original  annessiiun  uf  Delaware  to 
Pennsylvania ;  reminding  him  that  his  title  to  the  go- 
vnrniiieni  of  Delaware,  not  hsving  bean  founded  on  • 
loyal  grant,  was  from  the  Arsl  «aiy  pracarioua  ;  and 
UmtnliHg  uilh  grtal  grit/ i\i»{  the  piivilegas  grsnied 
lo  Iho  Pannsylvsnisiis  by  his  Arsl  chsrters,  had  been 
eifKioed  to  perish  with  Ihe  baseless  fabric  of  the  Dela- 
ware institutions  with  which  he  had  assuoialed  them. 
NuuMroua  eitnrtiona  of  hia  olDcara  were  at  Ihe  aania 
lime  complained  of  i  and  Iheaa  were  altributad  lo  hi* 
refusal,  in  the  year  ITOl,  lo  alBrm  a  bill  that  had  Iwen 
framed  by  Iho  assembly  for  the  regulation  of  oHWial 
fcea.  Probably  eome  of  these  complainta  were  founded 
ill  miaapprchenaion,  orauggealed  by  factious  inaliynily  ; 
■nd  doubtless  Ihe  discontent,  which  lioth  on  l,lia  ir.  l 
other  occ<^lon<  waa  ixprrsoed  towards  the  nroprieury, 
owed  in  aome  de||ree  lie  origin  to  Ihe  pecnlisr  relation 
which  he  held  with  the  members  of  his  own  religious 
•ociely  in  the  province  They  had  always  regarded 
Iho  eivil  and  political  inslitulion*  of  PennsylTinia  a* 
lubordinalo  lo  the  eattblishmenl  and  liberal  encourage- 
iiMinl  of  quakarism,  and  e>|iected  a  degiee  uf  eijiiaiitv 
lo  roaull  from  the  legialation  of  a  quakrr  ininiater, 
whkh  they  would  never  have  looked  for  from  t  law 
(Wer  of  any  other  persuasion.  Hi*  own  assurance*. 
tl  Ihe  beginning,  that  in  acquiring  the  province,  hie 
nuin  purpose  was  to  serve  the  truth  and  |wnplu  of 
0«d,  (which  they  understood  to  signify  quaketisin  and 
the  quakor*,)  contributed  lo  ta*gger*te  their  especta- 
tiona  ill  thi*  respect. 

Indignant  *t  these  charifes  against  himself,  and,  pre- 
judiced by  this  feeling  against  the  accusers  of  Evsna, 
Penn  continued  In  maintain  this  worthless  individual  in 
Ihe  office  he  had  conferred  on  him,  till  his  conduct  had 
gone  far  lo  eicito  tha  people  of  Delaware  to  actual  lioa- 
lililiea  againat  their  Pennsylvaiiian  neighbors,  in  pro<' 
eeculion  of  an  unjust  deinsnd  for  a  toll  on  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  Delaware,  which  Kvaiia  had  suggisled  to 
them,  lleceiviiig  coinplsuils  of  this,  aa  well  as  of  other 
inalancea  of  official  malveraation,  on  tho  |iart  of  his  do- 
puty-govcrnor,  and  having  aacerlained,  by  a  delilierala 
eiaininalion  of  them,  that  they  were  loo  well 
founded,  Penn  hesitisled  no  longer  lo  siipcraede  Evan^, 
■nd  apiwiiited  in  his  place  Charles  Uookiii,  a  gentleman 
0.''  ancient  Irish  family,  sometime  retired  from  the  army, 
ill  which  he  had  aerved  with  repute  j  and  who  seemed 
qualified,  by  hia  age,  eiperiencc,  and  tho  mililnoss  of 
lis  manners,  to  give  aaiiafaction  to  Ihe  |ieople  over 
whom  he  was  sent  to  provide.  Uookin  curried  uut 
wrh  him  an  sflectioiiato  letter  from  Penn  to  the  as- 
set!, biy,  in  which  their  recent  disagreoniun's  were  passed 
over  withoul  any  other  notice  than  what  may  be  inferred 
from  ,\  recomineiidatioii  lo  his  \>eo\Ae  as  well  as  him- 
self, of  Ihal  humility  wllh  which  men  ought  lo  remeiii- 
l)rt  thai;  own  imperfections,  and  thai  charity  with  which 
they  oua'A  lo  cover  the  inrirniitiea  of  others.  Uul  the 
assembly  nerc  not  so  to  be  pacilicd.  While  ihey  con- 
gratulali'd  Ouokiii  on  his  arrival,  [1709]  they  revived 
in  their  addfss  every  tonic  of  cumplanit  llwl  ihcy  bad 
ever  before  pieferreif  Their  ill-humor  was  augmented 
by  the  number  of  apiilicaiiona  which  (jioo'«iii  Ais  frwn 
lime  lo  time  compelled  to  make  in  the  queen's  name, 
fur  contributions  in  aid  of  the  various  military  opeia- 
lions  that  related  more  inimedialrly  to  the  Ar..erican 
colonie*.  To  all  these  applications,  the  aswiiibly  in- 
variably  answered,  that  their  leligioua  principlea  would 
not  aufler  them  lo  contribute  tu  the  «up|«rt  if  war ; 
liul  they  voted  the  auin*  that  were  demanded  »«  prt- 
itnlt  to  the  queen. 

Finding  hi*  people  not  ao  easily  inlrcslod  lo  concili- 
(lion  as  be  hod  hoped,  Penn,  now  in  his  sixty-sixth 
year,*  for  the  last  time  addreascd  the  assembly,  in  a 
letter  replete  with  calm  solemnity,  and  dignified  con- 
cern. Il  was  a  mournful  considerslion  to  him,  he  said, 
Ihal  he  w«a  forced  by  the  oppressiona  and  disappoint- 
nienta  which  had  fallen  lo  hia  ahare  in  thia  hfc,  to  speak 
to  the  people  of  that  province  in  a  language  he  onoo 
hoped  never  to  have  occasion  lo  employ.  [1710]  In  ■ 
style  of  aeriou*  remonstrance  be  sppcaled  lo  mem,  a, 
at  the  expense  of  his  own  fortune  and  personal  care,  bo 
had  not  conducted  them  into  a  land  where  proaperiiy 


hi 

ai 

Ml 

:ri 
bn 

Ml 

ca 

•fto 

Wl 

la 
I 


I     •  Ue  demanded  as  the  pnce  of  UUs  surrender  iCI0,WO,bul 
I  agiaad  te  acctipl  JUDfiDH 


•  Mr.  Clarkson  haa  miscalculotod  In  auppoaing  thai  Pent 
was  In  his  sevenllolh  vssr  when  ha  wrote  tnis  IsUsr.  Naa 
waa  iKira  uu  the  Hlh  October,  lOM. 


pnwhMcM 
ari||m*l  CMfk 
•0  fur  b«)NiB4 
lu  conflnx  it  | 
inuiiry  iliiiinf 
1  for  lienrhd 
•d  hivar  y«l 
|fovrrninoiit 
I  l)iiUt*ir>  M  • 
tlo  lu  Ilia  K»- 
ruiiiidiiil  on  a 
irinout ;  tiitl 
lit||»  granird 
itn,  had  been 
•  of  llio  UdIi- 
looiatud  lh*in. 
«  al  Ihe  MnM 
iribiilid  lo  hit 
that  had  httn 
ilioii  of  urticitl 
woru  foiiiidaJ 
lua  iiiahytiity  ; 
li  on  (a*  ar.l 
10  nropridary, 
culiar  relation 
own  religioua 
wayi  reganlcd 
innajrUani*  •• 
lal  encourage- 
lee  of  oqiialiiv 
ak«r  ininialer, 
or  from  t  law- 
in  aaauraiiueo* 
I  province,  hit 
■nd  |Mio|il«  of 
quakeriain  and 
iheir  M|Hiclk- 

naelf,  tnd,  |irt> 
H-ra  of  Evane, 
aa  individual  in 
lia  coiiducl  hid 
V 10  actual  liua- 
ghliora,  in  pro* 
on  the  iiaviga- 
d  auggiali'd  to 
well  aa  ui  other 
,art  of  Ilia  do- 
a  delilierale 
loo    well 
raddo  Kvaii^, 
,  li  gt'iitleinaii 
iroiii  tilt'  army, 
who  aeeiiied 
iiiililnoaa  of 
|ica|>le  over 
currinl  out 
nil  to  the  aa- 
a  were  paaaed 
lay  be  inferred 
well  aa  hiin- 
jht  to  reincm- 
ity  with  which 
era.     Unt  the 
liile  Ihey  con- 
,  they  revived 
that  they  bad 
la  auginunted 
w.ii  Ais  (r'rm 
uaen'a  naiue, 
iililary  oiwia- 
he  Ai'..erican 
atwiiibly  ill* 
iciplea  would 
|,orl  if  war  •, 
iided  u  3>'<- 

ud  10  concili- 

lia  aiity-aixih 

aeinbly,  in  k 

Tlianified  con- 

rhim,  he  aaid. 

Id  diaappoint- 

1  life,  to  apeak 

lage  he  ODO* 

^1710]     In* 

to  tMm,  ifi 

onal  care,  b« 

Ire  proaperity 

Ling  that  Pans 
llauar.   taaa 


•lORTH  AMERICA. 


Iiltlla  rrnmina  to  be  added  In  Ihe  view  lhr>> 


hu  iil-|nianuliu:liirra  would  priihahly  hovr  lH>i>n  InriiPf,  hut  Ibal 

them  liitn 
litiKii,  ami 


glrrndy  bernrihlbiled  of  Ihe  elvU  and  political  Inalilutlona'lhn  (Irminn  rnlonlala  bail  i'npnrtrd  with  them  liitn 
«|uiei  of  I'l'nnaylvania  and  Delaware,  al  Iha  cloaa  of  Ihe  av-jl'mnaylviiniii,  Iha  maMMhcturea  of  pa|H!r, 


tid  llbarty,  bf  bayand  Iha  euoinian  loi  of  mankind,  liiid 
kaon  made  their  portlua  |  and  If  Ihli  work  nf  hla  hand, 
kiul  yielded  Mni  aught  blaa  than  Ihe  aorrow,  di   , 

and  (Miverly,  that  now  depreaaed  hia  old  age*  '  "  I  vrnleriith  rrntury.  IViinaylvania  fontinued  lo  rrlBln|wiHillrii  rbith 
iiiual  dealre  you  all,"  he  proceeded,  "in  a  aerioua  and  the  conetilutlon  oiiaclml  by  I'enn'a  Ualeharler,  in  I7UI,|  Arronling  In  Olilmlion,  whoen  hKlory  waa  pi>bllahail 
:rua  wel||lilliieaa  of  mind,  to  oonaidvr  whiit  you  are,  or  till  Ihe  era  of  American  UHle|.rndenca  t  and  Ualawara.in  I7UN,  thf  tnlil  nninlirr  of  inhiibltania  within  ihe  do* 
)mvn  Iwrn  dolnif ;  why  mallnra  niiial  be  rarricd  im  cuiiliniinl  lo  niijoy  ita  own  uavcnibly,  and  lo  bii  aiibject  niulna  of  Williuin  I'enn  thi>n  nniounlml  inSIVINM;  • 
wilh  llii'ae  diviaiona  and  cunleiiliona  ;  ami  what  ri'iil  to  Ihe  ciii'culive  ailniitiiatrntinnof  the  governor  nfiVnn-li'iiinputiilion  which  Ihe  author  hiniaelf  lerina  a  inodral 
caiiai'a  have  been  given  on  my  aide  lor  that  o|ipoaitioii|Bylvania  till  the  year  I7A6,  when  It  wna  formally  errct-'onv,  anil  which,  aa  it  Includra  Indiana  anil  rwgrni'a,  it 
*f  to  iiiu  and  my  Interval  which  I  have  iiirl  with,  aa  If  I  ed  Into  a  aeparale  alutv,  and  endowed  with  a  aepuralejurobably  abort  nf  Ihe  truth.  Thx  town  of  PhiUdel|ihlti 
were  411  eiiPiiiy,  and  not  a  friend,  aHer  all  I  have  done  jgovemment.  No  n«rd  ealary  aeema  to  have  lircn  allot-jin  lAUO,  contained  two  Ihouaanil  houara,  moat  nf  whictn 
I  am  aiire  I  know  not  of  any  cauae  whalaoever.  W'creitiHl  lu  the  governor  of  IViinaylvania ;  but  aiiina  of  money  are  ilcacribiMl  aa  atalely  atruclurra  of  brick  ;  bnil  New* 
I  aenaible  you  really  wanted  any  thing  of  me,  in  the  were  voted  to  him,  from  time  lu  time,  to  defray  the  e< 


reiatiiiii  between  ua,  that  wouhl  make  yuu  happier, 
could  readily  grant  it,  if  any  reaaunabia  man  would  aay 
it  were  1)1  liir  you  to  demand."  Ha  entered  into  a 
long  dodiiciioii  uf  tha  varioua  alteratlona  that  the  eon 
Blitution  uf  the  province  had  received,  and  endeavored 
lu  ahuw  that  every  one  had  ariaen  out  of  incoiiva- 
niencea  of  which  all  hod  been  aenalbia  at  the  time,  and 
which  all  had  willingly  united  in  thua  corractlng.  It 
waa  right,  he  cuntenjed,  that  the  proprietary,  who  waa 
peraonally  reapuiiaible  lo  tha  crown,  lor  an  adinlnlatra- 
tiun  fuii/urmabla  to  tha  provincial  charter,  ahould  be 
veatnl  eiclualvely  with  the  aiocullvv  power.  He 
could  iiu  longer,  he  aaid,  impute  the  traatnieiit  he  had 
met  with,  to  miatakea  In  judgment, — aeeing  that  he  had 
audi  iiguriea  to  complain  of  aa  repeated  atlacka  on  hla 
reputation ;  numeroua  Indignlllaa  oirerad  to  him  in 
p'lpera  aviit  ovor  to  England,  by  the  handa  of  men  who 
c.iiild  nut  lie  eipecled  to  make  Ihe  moat  dlacroet  and 
0  larilablo  uae  ul'  them  ;  Inainuationa  agalnat  hie  Inle- 
Krii)  i  ulteiiipla  u|iun  hia  eatate ;  and  diafavor  ahuwn 
til  iiiiliviiluala  (p>irlioularly  Logan,  the  aecrelary  uf  the 
priivincv)  on  account  uf  their  well  known  atlaehmeul 
to  liim.  "  I  cannot  but  muum,"  ho  ailded,  "  the  un. 
lM|i|iinpaa  uf  my  purtiun  dealt  to  me  from  thuao,  uf  < 
V'lioiii  I  hod  reaauii  lo  expect  much  belter  and  dilfer- 
piit  Ihinga  ;  nor  can  I  but  lament  the  unbapplneaa  that 
Ion  many  are  bringing  on  themaelvea,  who,  inateail  of 
purauing  lli«  amicable  waya  of  peace,  love,  and  unity, 
wliii'li  I  at  liral  hoped  to  find  in  that  relireminil,  are 
chcriahing  u  apirit  of  eunteiition  and  oppoailion,  and, 
blind  to  tlicir  own  Inlereat,  are  uveraetliii|f  that  fouiida 
lion  un  which  your  happineaa  might  be  built.  Frianda  I 
the  cyea  uf  many  are  upon  yuu ;  the  people  of  many  na- 
linna  of  l^uro|ie  look  on  that  country  aa  a  land  uf  eaae 
and  i|iiiel,  wiahlng  to  themaelvea  in  vain  the  aainc 
bienaiiigH  thuy  conceive  you  may  enjoy :  but  to  aee  the 
uau  ynii  make  of  ihciii,  ia  no  loaa  Ihe  cauae  uf  aurpriae." 
He  concluded  by  declaring,  that  the  op|KMitian  he  had 
received  from  them,  muat  at  length  force  him  to  con- 
aider  more  cloael*  hia  own  private  and  declining  cir- 
I'Uiiialancea  in  relation  tu  tha  pruvlnce.  He  waa  will- 
liij(  tu  cuntinue  hia  kindnraa  tu  them,  if  Ihey  ahuuld 
ti.iiik  him  deaervlng  uf  reciprocal  regard.  If  It  ahuuld 
'id  t(therwiae  deemed  by  a  majority  among  them,  let 
them  '  y  ao  at  uiice ;  and  he  wuuld  know  what  he  had 
tu  '  .y  on.  And  yet  he  wuuld  hope  that  (!od  might  au 
direct  them  by  Ihe  impartmeiit  uf  heavenly  wiodom  and 
holy  fear,  that  *'  we  may  unce  mure  meet  guud  frionda, 
and  live  ao  lo  the  ond. 

Tliia  letter  la  aoid  to  have  produced  a  deep  and  pow 
erful  Impreaaiun  un  the  more  conaiderate  part  of  the 
amembly,  whu  now  liegun  lu  feel  for  the  father  of  hia 
country,  and  regard  with  teiiderncaa  hia  voncrahio  ago  ; 
lu  remember  hia  long  labura,  and  lu  appreciate  their 
uwli  intercat  in  hia  diatinguiahcd  fame.  Theae  aenti. 
iiienta  were  rapidly  propagated  throughout  the  province 
and  their  cll'cct  waa  apparent  at  the  ncit  annual  elec- 
tion, when  not  one  uf  the  porauna  who  had  deinuiiatrated 
enmity  to  I'enn,  and  excited  the  real  of  their  country- 
men tu  think  unfavurably  of  hun,  waa  returned  to  the 
provincial  aaaemhiy.  But  it  ia  more  than  doubtful  if 
thia  change  uf  aentlinent  waa  ever  known  to  ita  illua. 
trioua  uuject,  who  waa  attacked  ahortly  alter  by  a  auc 
ceaa'on  uf  apuplectic  tita,  which  auapvnding  in  a  great 
legme  the  exerciae  of  hia  memory  and  underatanding, 

(ireveiiled  him  alike  from  completing  an  drrangeiuent  he 
lad  made  with  the  crown  fur  thu  aale  uf  hia  proprietary 
righta,  and  from  receiving  the  intelligence  that  would 
have  induced  him  to  conaider  auch  an  arrangemont  un- 
acceatary.  [30.] 


e.iatle,  the  melru|Hilia  of  Delaware,  in  Ihe  liegiiintng  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  pnaaeaapd  3MH)  inh.ibltanta. 
For  many  yeara  after  ita  lirat  occupation  bv  the  F.iigliahi 
Pennaylvania  continued  to  witneaa  a  rapid  growth  of  ill 
paupla,  not  only  from  a  conaiant  reaurt  of  emigrsntti 
whom  ilt  attraetlona  InTltad  from  all  parte  of  Kurap»,t 
but  from  a  native  increaaa  mora  vionroua  than  anv 
aoeiely  time  tha  infancy  of  the  world,  hat  ever  axh(- 
bited.  Oabriel  Thomaa,  who  publiahail  hla  account  of 
thia  province  In  18M,  deolarai  that  barrennaaa  among 
women  waa  unknown  in  Penniylvania,  and  their  call* 
bacy,  after  twenty  yeara  of  age,  not  leaa  ao  |  adding, 
with  quaker  plalnneaa,  thai  it  waa  inipuaaibia  to  mael 
a  ynung  married  woman  there  who  had  not  a  child  in 
her  budy  or  one  in  her  anna.  The  children  born  in  tha 
province  ha  deacrihea  aa  in  general  "  better  natured, 
milder,  and  mora  tender  hearted  than  thuae  Iwm  in 
England."  The  fertility  of  the  aoll,  the  general  healthi- 
neaa  of  the  climate  (nulwithatanding  the  eevere  epida- 
mlca  orcaalunally  prevalent  al  Philadelphia),  the  liiiaral 
reward  of  labor,  and  tha  frugal,  Induatrioua,  and  regular 
habile  dllTnaed  by  the  powerful  example  of  tha  quakera, 
contributed  to  the  promotion  of  thia  large  increaae,  and 
rendered  the  peuple  of  Pennaylvanla  diatingulahed,  even 
among  tha  North  American  communitlea,  aa  a  moral 
nnd  a  nappy  race.  The  mannara  of  a  great  propo'Uon 
of  the  Aral  race  of  quaker  aattlera,  and  of  their  imme- 
diate deacendania,  are  aaid  to  have  formed  a  pleaaing 
exhibition  of  cuurteoua  benevnience,  corraapondlng  to 
the  purpoae  with  which  Iheir  removal  lo  America  nail 
been  undertaken, — of  facilitating  the  enjoyment  of  that 
afleetionata  Intereourae  which  their  teneta  peculiarly 
enjoined.  Some  of  the  leading  peraona  among  tha  ear* 
Ileal  quaker  aettlora  were  men  who  traced  their  lineaga 
tu  the  aluek  of  the  moat  anciant  nobility  of  England, 
with  the  peace  of  the  province.     Moat  of  the  ulBoea  of  and  in  whom  a  aenae  of  anceatral  diatinetion  waa  to 


penaea  of  hia  government )  and  the  amount  uf  theae  waa 
pMpurtloned,  in  a  great  dejiree,  to  tha  fiivor  he  enjoyed 
witn  Ihe  repreaiinlativet  ul  tha  people.  Al  Iha  aaaein- 
bhr  which  waa  held  by  Pann  al  Naweaalle  in  tha  oloae 
of  tha  year  I7U0,  tha  remuneration  allotted  to  tha  inem- 
bara  cunalated  of  aix  thllllnga  a  day  for  attendance,  and 
three|ience  per  mile  fur  travelling  ohargea.  The  apeaher'a 
daily  allowance  waa  ten  ahilllnga.  The  meeting  uf  the 
aaaembly  waa  Indicated  by  the  ringing  of  a  Iwll  |  and 
any  member  entering  balf^  an  hour  after  the  apjpolntad 
lime,  waa  fined  lenpance.  The  humane  code  of  crimi- 
nal law,  that  waa  coeval  with  Iha  Aral  Inalanee  of 
Pennaylvanian  legialalion,  continued  In  force  till  Ihe 
year  170A,  when  it  waa  ubullahcd  by  (jueen  Anna  aa 
tuu  little  conaunant  with  the  apirit  uf  Engliah  juriapru- 
dence.  But  it  waa  ninn  after  re-eatabllahed  by  Ihe  aanie 
prineeaa,  on  Iha  inlerceaaion  of  William  Penn. 

Although  quakeriain  continued  long  to  be  the  moat 
prevalent  rellgloua  prufeaalon  in  Pennaylvanla,  yet  from 
a  very  early  periial  tha  province  hati  been  reaorted  lu  by 
aeclarlea  uf  variuua  uther  deiioinlnalinna,  and  a  aburcli 
hod  already  been  built  in  Philadelphia  fur  the  receptlun 
uf  a  congregation  o  700  |ierauna  attarhetl  to  tlio  teneta 
and  diacipliiio  of  Ihe  church  of  England.  Home  dla- 
ploaauru  ia  aaid  to  have  been  evinced  by  the  qimkera  at 
Ihe  lirat  prnpuaal  of  thia  eplacopal  party  tu  erect  an  ur- 
gall  in  tlielr  church.  The  epiacnpaliana,  ami  all  the 
nihur  acctariea  uncunnocled  with  Ihe  quakera,  made  fre- 
quent prupuaitiona  for  Ihe  eatabllahment  of  •  militia  { 
but  the  quakera  aleadily  refuaed  In  aanction  auch  ■  pro- 
ceeding, by  an  act  of  the  provincial  government ;  thuugh 
all  who  deemed  Ihe  uae  of  arma  lawful,  were  permitted 
In  train  themaelvea,  and  to  adopt  every  military  precau- 
tion for  Iheir  defence  that  ahould  not  be  incontiatcnt 


a  Nntwithatanding  thia  deaponHing  atrain,  it  ia  mnnifeet 
from  Penii'a  competition  with  l.ucke  for  the  pruiae  of  auperior 
Ingialatior.  (aee  a  note  to  U.  111.  iinte).  that  he  wua  by  no 
intana  inaenaitile  to  the  imperiahable  fame  naaiired  to  him  as 
Ihe  founder  of  Pennsylvania.  The  Herviees  of  Penn  were  not 
only  more  Iibi>ra1ly  reniunKnit(.il,  but  more  amtrfully  rcincm- 
bervd  by  hia  people,  than  were  those  uf  Lord  Baltimore  by  the 
•tkmiala  ol  Marybind. 

23 


Sovvrnmenl  were  filled  by  quakera ;  and  neither  the 
uliea  of  the  bar,  nor  the  fuiictiona  uf  the  bench,  were 
deemed  incumpatible  with  their  religioua  profeaaion.t 
8o  curly  aa  the  year  IU8R,  a  printing  preaa  waa  eala. 
bliahed  at  Philadelphia ;  and  an  almanac,  for  the  folluw- 
ng  year,  waa  printed  at  thia  preaa  by  Bradfnrd. 

When  Ihe  8wediah  colunlalt  firal  occupied  Dela- 
ware, Ihey  fuund  the  country  infeated  with  wolvea, 
whoao  ferocity  waa  auon  after  Inflamed  In  an  aitroor. 
diiiary  pitch,  by  themurlallty  which  the  amall-pux  ucca. 
aioned  among  Ihe  Indiana,  and  the  Increaaed  quantity 
of  prey  that  they  derived  from  the  unburled  curpaea  of  i 
Ihe  victima  of  thia  pealllence.  Both  in  Pennaylvanla 
and  Delaware,  buuntiea  continued  Is  be  paid  for  the 
dcatructlon  of  wolvea  tu  late  aa  the  middle  of  Ihe 
eighteenth  century. 

The  frmince  and  the  Itrrilorie;  but  etpecially  the 
furmer,  appear  In  have  enjoyed  very  aoun  s  thriving 
trade  with  England,  wilh  the  tuuihern  culoniea  of  Ame 
rica,  and  with  the  Weal  India  aettlementa.     Their  ex 

^lorta  conaiited  of  corn,  beef,  pork,  fiah,  pipe  atavea ; 
lides,  tallow,  and  wool  to  the  VVoat  India  aettlementa  ; 
horses  and  other  live  cattle  to  the  aoulhem  plantatluna ; 
and  peltry  tu  England.  Their  direct  trade  with  Eng- 
land waa  afterward  increaaed  by  Ihe  cultivation  of  to- 
bacco, which  waa  begun  under  Bltckwell't  adminit- 
tration,  and  ao  rapidly  extended,  that  in  the  beginning 
of  the  eiijhtcenth  century,  fourteen  ahipa  sailed  annually 
with  that  commodity  from  Pennavlvania.  Their  ex- 
(lorta,  however,  were  abridged  in  the  year  1699,  by  an 
act  uf  parliament  (already  noticed  in  the  history  of  New 
Jersey)  which  pruhlblled  Ihe  exportation  of  wool,  whe- 
ther raw  or  manufactured,  from  the  American  coloniea. 
The  province,  at  the  tame  time,  imported  the  produce 
of  varioua  Engliah  manufacturea,  tu  the  value  of  abuut 
.£18,000  a  year,  and  yielded  a  revenue  uf  .£3,000  lo 
the  customs  of  the  crown.    The  conaumption  uf  Engliah 


t  In  the  cuae  of  Kinaey,  a  quaker  lawyer  (afterward  attor 
ney-gencral,  and  finnlly  chief-Justice  of  Pennsylvania,)  it  waa 
determined,  after  aolemn  debate,  by  the  provincial  govern- 
ment, that  <)uaker  lawyers  should  not  lie  obliged  to  uncover 
Iheir heada  iaaddretaio« the  judyei.  Proud, ii.  190, 197,231 


tempered  wilh  the  ineekneaa  of  genuine  quakeriain,  aa 
to  imparl  only  a  palriaichal  dignity  tu  their  mannera. 
Their  hoapitality.  In  |ianicular,  waa  conducted  with  • 
grace  and  aimplicity  entirely  patriarchal. ^  The  peopla 
of  Delaware  appear  tu  have  been,  in  general,  a  lett 
refined  and  entcrprialng,  but  not  a  laaa  virtuoua  race. 
Penn  himaelf  haa  celebrated  the  good  morale  and  to* 
briely  of  deportment  of  the  Swedleh  and  Dutch  agri* 
culturiata.  The  Swediah  church  at  Wilmington  it  re- 
puted one  uf  the  oldest  churchct  in  North  America. 

Among  the  first  race  of  Pennaylvanian  acltlera  wert 
many  peraona  whuae  oltainmenta  in  acience  and  Ihera- 
ture  would  have  dune  honor  to  the  moat  enlightened 
eommuiiitlca.  Jainea  Ix>gan,  a  quaker,  and  aecrelary 
of  the  province,  waa  the  currcapondent  uf  the  moat 
learned  men  in  Europe  ;  and  aeveral  of  hia  worko, 
written  in  the  Latin  tongue,  (particularly  a  treatise  on 
the  generation  of  planta,  and  one  on  the  propertlea  of 
light,)  were  publiahed  with  much  applauae  at  Iicyden, 
He  enriched  Philadelphia  with  a  valuable  library  ;  and, 
in  hia  old  age,  executed  an  admirable  tranaUlion  uf 
Ciccro'a  treatiae  De  Seneclule,  which  waa  afterward 
printed  with  an  encnmiaatic  preface  by  Dr.  Franklin. 
Thomas  Makin,  another  quaker,  and  one  of  the  earliest 
aetllera  in  Pennaylvanla,  produced,  in  the  beginning  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  a  deocriptive  and  hiatoricil 
account  of  the  province,  in  a  Latin  poem,  entitled, 
Detcriptio  Penniylraniee,  exhibiting  with  great  force  of' 
lhoughl,^nd  beauty  of  language,  une  uf  the  moat  de- 
lightful picturca  of  national  virtue  and  happineaa,  that 
ever  was  preaented  to  Ihe  admiration  of  mankind 


X  In  the  year  1729  alone  tha  number  of  emigraiM  from  ra 
rious  parts  of  Europe  to  Pennalyvania  amount  <id  to  62tX). 
The  greater  part  of  these  were  Germans  andlrisb.  Uouglaa't 
Summary. 

t)  Warden,  ii.  98.  Gait's  Life  of  West,  Part  ..  p.  11-M 
"  In  the  houses  of  the  principal  families,  the  patri.  ians  of  tha 
country,"  aays  Mr.  Gult.  **  unlimited  hospitality  farmed  a  part 
uf  their  regular  economy.  It  was  the  custom  a.aong  those 
who  resided  near  the  highways,  after  Muppor,  and  tie  last  reli 
gious  exercises  of  Ihe  evening,  to  make  a  large  fire  in  the  hall, 
and  to  set  out  tt  table  with  refreshments  for  such  travellert 
as  might  have  occasion  to  pass  during  the  night ;  and  whea 
Ihe  families  assembled  in  Ihe  momiiig,  they  ttklooi  ftiuid 
that  their  tuklea  had  baati  UBvioitad-" 


;i 


'  !1 


! 


I  I 


I 


THK   HISTORY   or 


APPENDIX. 
J  fiwpMU  tt  Um  Nwtb  AiMriew  Piatliien  m  ihc 

DIOM  af  lh«  Htnnlwnlh  OoMury— Hfntiimnla  mul  ll|ii- 

MuiuiH  Ik*  ('ulomiiM  r«pM!liiif  tb*  Movoinitiiiljf  ami  Ui« 

Piiliii)r  ol  lln*t  Hnlain.  «<>. 

At  Ih*  cloM  nf  th*  MvcnlMinlh  rrnliinr,  th«  RrilUh 
WtlUnimU  tn  North  Aiii*rir«  cunlaiiinla  |Hi|Hiliiliiiii 
•f  mar*  than  Ihra*  hundrMi  Ibiiuuiml  iirnixia,  ilinlri- 
kulaii  ironiiK  Ih*  vailoua  colonial  Mlabllahmrnia,  wIiimo 
•ri|ln  and  carlj  pragma  I  han  rndravorml  tit  illua- 
Irat*.*  Th«  briiialion  of  ihow  colunira  ^  bjr  far  iIik 
■MMl  Inlvmtlng  t««nl  of  thai  iMnarkabl*  agr. 

"  BprcuUtiM  rmaonvra  iluring  that  ag»,"  aaya  a  gr* at 
Uatoiun,  *■  raiMd  many  objwtiona  to  th«  planting  nf 
ikow  ramoM  eoloniva,  and  torrluld  that,  aAcr  draining 
Ihalr  niolhar  country  of  tnhabltanta,  Ihry  would  aoon 
■bak*  off  bar  yokCt  and  »rwl  an  Independent  go«rrn- 
I  aif nl  in  AilMftra  i  but  tioM  haa  ahnwn  that  the  virwa 

)  •nlartainad  by  IbtMw  who  •neouragcd  auch  undcrtak- 

Ing*!  war*  mora  ''jal  and  aolid.  A  mild  go«cnini»nl, 
■IM  gimtl  iwfal  Hire*,  hav*  pr*i«rv«d,  and  ni.iy  aliil 
pt***n*,  daring  (oom  linw,  tn*  dominion  of  Kngliiiid 
<nt*r  h*r  ooioni**.  And  auch  adTanlagM  have  com- 
meiM  and  navigation  reaped  (Voni  Iheae  patabllahnienia, 
that  more  than  a  fourth  uf  the  Kngliali  ahlpping  la  at 
■reienl  computed  to  be  empkiynlln  carrying  on  the 
fralHo  with  the  American  aettlemenla."  Tike  apprphrn- 
ninn*  of  de^wpulaliun,  alluded  to  by  Ihia  author,  are 
noticed  at  greater  length  in  the  prior'work  of  OldmUon, 
who  aaaerta,  tlul  "  on  thia  argument  are  founded  all 
Ibe  rvaaona  to  eicua*  the  ill-uaage  the  plantalluna  have 
BMt  with  I**  and  after  demonalrating  the  abaunlity  of 
Mich  a  nolioni  appeala  to  the  large  inereaae  wliicn  the 
trade  and  the  revenue  of  England  had  already  derived 
from  the  eoloniee,  aa  aflbrding  a  Juater  and  more  pow- 
erful argument  for  repairing  thia  ill-uaage,  and  Inlruduc- 
itig  more  liberal  proviaiona  into  the  Kngllih  cuiiiiniTi'iul 
eode.f  The  apprehenaion*  of  American  indeiiendciice 
wen  no  leaa  the  object  of  ridicule  to  tlw  beat  Informed 
writer*,  In  the  beginning  of  that  century  which  waa 
deatined  to  witneaa  tlw  American  revolution.  "  It  will 
be  inHHieaible,"  aaya  Neal,  "  for  New  England  to  aul>- 
•ial  of  itaell  for  aoui*  cenluriea  of  year*  ;  for,  thoujih 
Ihey  might  maintain  theinaetvea  againat  their  neigh- 
bor* on  the  eontinet,  they  inuat  alarve  without  a  free 
trade  with  Europe,  the  inanufacturea  of  the  country 
being  very  incimaideralile ;  ao  that  1/  we  cimlil  siippiuic 
tktm  to  rtM  tgainti  EiigkiiJ,  they  inuat  throw  Iheiii- 
■elee*  into  the  arma  of  aonie  other  potenlale,  who  would 
proteol  them  no  longer  than  he  rould  aell  thrin  with 
■dvaDtage."  80  aliglilly  wore  the  coloiiica  connrcted 
with  each  other,  and  ao  much  of  mutual  repugnaiicu 
bad  been  created  by  religiou*  and  political  dintinctiumi 
between  them,  that  the  proliahility  of  their  uniting  toge- 
ther for  common  defence  asainet  the  parent  ilate  never 
eeeaned  l»  thia  author.  f<nr  will  thia  lie  thought  any 
neat  impeachment  of  hia  aa^jocity,  when  wo  conaitlrr 
tut  aavcnty  yuara  alterwaid,  the  proepect,  which  liail 
then  Ubgun  to  dawn,  of  an  elfectual  confiileracy  of 
tlM*«  •olonie*  againat  England,  waa  declared  hy  a 
idiihMopbical  hiaturion  to  be  perfectly  deluiive  and 
•bimencal. 


and  la  unll*  them  by  •  alrong  Mnae  of  cominiiii  Intemt 
and  common  Injury  in  a  coiimlrrary  fnlnl  to  the  prvlen- 
ainna  of  the  parent  alaM.  Every  aildeil  year  tpiiilrd  no 
lea*  tn  weaken  Ih*  diviaive  inlliiriire  of  llie  illaliiirtlona 
imported  by  the  original  roioniala  into  Ihrlr  arlliriiirnla, 
than  to  enhance  the  aenae  of  a  rominnii  intpreat,  unii 
10  fortifv  Ihn  power  by  which  that  Inlereat  iniulil  lie 
ilplrnilml.  The  character  of  gtitrnnu  y«i/ii(fi*i>u'», 
which  Hume  very  Jually  arrunla  to  theae  rnldiilnl 
ealabliabnienl',  e>pri>*aea  a  praiae  which  the  Engliab 

f[overiiiiient  li.ul  no  preteneiona  to  ahare  with  the  privitle 
ndlviduala  by  whom  Ihry  were  foundeil  ;t  *nil  the  inilil 
policy,  whether  vuliiiil.iry  or  ni>t,  which  iieriiiiltcil  the 
liberal  inaliluliima  erect*!!  for  Ihrinaelvea  by  thcae  mm 
to  continue  in  e>iatence,  tended  rather  to  aliridge  than 
to  prolong  the  llritlah  dominion,  by  cheriabing  in  the 
eoloniea  a  apirit  and  habit  of  lihitrtv  repugnant  tn  the 
unjuat  and  oppreaeive  tenor  of  the  hngliah  coiiiinerrial 
realrietlon*  6  The  colonial  empire  of  Npain  would  not 
have  boaated  a  longer  duration  than  that  nf  England  if 
her  aettlemenla  in  Mouth  America  had  anioyed  aa  liberal 
eonalituliana  oa  the  North  American  eoloniea.     "  The 

rolicy  of  Europe,"  aaya  a  writer  who  perhapa  rqiialliMl 
lunie  in  political  aagacity,  and  certainly  encellrd  him 
in  acquaintance  with  colonial  hiatory,  "  haa  very  little 
to  boaat  of,  either  In  lb*  original  **tabll*hment,  or,  as 
far  aa  coiicrriia  their  internal  gov«mmenl,  In  the  aul>- 
acquviit  ;iroaperity  of  the  eoloniea  of  America  "  Fully 
and  liijuatice,  he  pronounce*,  were  Ih*  princlplea  that 
preaided  over  the  tomiation  of  all  the  colonial  ealabliah- 
inent* ;  avarice  of  gold  Impelling  th*  adventure,'*  to  the 
•oulhem,  and  tynnny  aitd  peraecution  prnnioting  the 
emigration*  to  th*  northern  parta  of  America  Tli« 
government*  of  the  eoveral  parent  atalea,  ho  oliaervca, 
contributed  little  or  nothing  toward*  eflectuatins  the 
eatabliahmenia  of  their  colonic*,  and  yet  invariably 
attcinptetl  to  enrich  their  own  enchequere,  and  arcure 
to  themaelvca  a  monoiHily  of  the  colonial  conmierre. 
[31,]  by  regulation*  injuriou*  to  the  frreilom  and 
proaperity  of  the  coloniet* — n  proceilure,  in  which  the 

fiarttcular  policy  of  EngLind  wa*  only  •omewhal  Ici* 
lliheral  and  oppre**ive  than  Ihnt  nf  the  other  Euro- 
pean atate*.  **ln  what  way,  ihnrefiire,"  he  drmamU, 
"  ha*  the  policy  of  Europe  contributed  either  to  the  firat 
eatabliahmeni,  or  to  the  preaent  granileur  of  the  colo- 
nic* of  America  t  In  one  way,  and  in  one  way  only,  it 
ha*  coutributcil  a  great  deal.  Mufina  rt'atrr  virttm  !  It 
bretl  and  formed  the  men  wlio  were  capalilo  of  achiev- 
ing *iich  groat  acliono,  and  of  laying  the  fuundation*  of 
*o  groat  an  empire  ;  and  there  i*  no  other  quarter  of 
the  world  of  which  the  |>olicy  i*  capable  of  forming,  or 


rant  *t(le  *ven  behiw  the  •tuiiil<i>'d  of  lla  theory,  Mmm 
rauoe*  *eem  to  have  i'onlrihiili.il  to  the  loriiiall  m  (I 
thia  apirit,  aiHl  tn  the  prixliiction  of  aenliiiienta  m| 
hiblla ciiniliivivi.  to  ila  I'lllcicy  .Vil  the  ci.liiiiial  eha^ 
Irra  were  nliirteil,  by  iiilrreat  iir  im|Hirtiiiiity,  friNM 
prinrea  niited  lor  arbitrary  ileai|{na  or  pertidiou*  cha- 
r.icli.ra  (  aiitl  no  aooticr  hal  llivae  cbaricra  pi  aluoa4 
the  elTrrt  of  collecting  niimeroua  and  liiiitiii^  cuM> 
inunlliea  in  America,  than  aoiiie  of  ILoiii  were,  anii 
all  uf  tlii'm  would  have  been,  annulled,  if  the  dyiiaat* 
of  the  Nluait*  had  been  much  farther  imilonged 
The  deaign*  of  three  prince*  weru  not  (ntirely  al>ali< 
ilnned  hy  their  auccraaor*  at  th*  Briliah  K*valullon, 
Kor  many  year*  after,  the  American  colonUt*  wera 
rouaeil  to  eoiillnual  conleat*  In  defence  of  their  dial  - 
t*r*,  which  th*  Engli*h  court  mati*  •u«c***iv*  altenipta 
to  qualify  or  annul.  Theae  def*n*ive  eflbrt*,  (nd  tlia 
BUeeeaa  with  which  they  wer*  g*n*rally  crowned,  lend* 
ed  |Hiwerfiilly  to  keep  allv*  an  active  and  vigilant  api* 
ril  of  liberty  in  Amerlei.  Th*  eecl**b*tlcal  ronall* 
lution*  and  th*  religiou*  **nllnienl*  that  prrvaileil  Is 
the  majority  of  the  province*,  w*r*  no  le**  favorable  t« 
Ihe  nurture  of  liberal  and  Independent  eenllnient*.  In 
Virginia,  Maryland,  and  South  Carolina,  ahine  of  all  thti 
*latea : — In  the  flrat,  from  it*  earlie*!  *eltleinenl,  aiMl 
In  the  two  other*  by  a  moat  unjnat  ueurpalion  |  thai 
church  of  Enijlind  wo*  po«*eaaeil  of  a  legal  pre-rmi 
nenre,  and  mnintaineil  at  the  eii|ieiiae,  not  only  of  ila 
own  atlherenta,  but  of  all  the  other  Inhabllaiita,  of  what 
ever  cbriatlan  denomination. II  In  all  the  other  ataiea 
there  eilated,  about  Ihecloeeof  the  eeventeenth  cen- 
tury, cither  an  entire (Miliiical  e<|uallty  of  rrllKioiia  aicl*. 
or  at  li'iiat  a  very  near  approach  to  it  |  and  in  all  theae, 
not  only  were  the  Inhabilanta,  by  their  general  cliar.ic- 
ter  of  proieatant*,  the  votarie*  of  a  *y*tpni  fnunilnl  on 
the  right*  of  prlvote  Judgment,  but  the  iiuijorily  iif  thnii 
lielonging  to  that  claaa  which  In  Engl'ind  r*M'eivril  llie 
name  of  proieatant  diaacntera,  profeaacd  tencta  which 
have  been  termol  Ihe  frnlenlaHlitm  nf  Me  fnlttlanl 
fiiilkt  and  which  peculiarly  prediapoaed  to  a  Jealouay  of 
civil  lllierty,  and  a  promptitude  to  re|iel  every  arbitrary 
enertiiin  of  authority.  Even  the  epiacopul  church  wlirr* 
Iteiialeil,  whether  a*  the  pre-eminent  ealabliKhiiienl,  or 
a*  one  among  many  co-equal  oaaociation*,  waa  atiipt  ol 
It*  ariatocratical  appendage*,  and  exhibited  neillier  a 
tilled  hierarchy  nor  a  gradation  of  ranka  among  the 
minialera  of  religion.  In  civil  life,  a  alinllar  eqimlil) 
of  ranka  iiniveraally  prevailed.  No  attempt  wna  rvci 
niaile  to  plant  the  proud  diatincliun  of  nvlnlili)  in  any 
oft'if  provlncra,  except  in  Carolina,  where  ihe  in>t|. 
tiiliiin  a<Min  withered  and  died.f     rnaecuatnmeil  In  thit 


ha*  ever  actually  and  in  fact  formed  auch  men.  The '  diatinction  of  rank*  which  the  policy  of  Kuro|ie  li.ia 
colonir*  owe  to  the  policy  of  Euniiie  the  education  ami  I  eatabllahed,  the  people  were  generally  iiiipreaaeil  wiih 
great  viewa  of  lliplr  active  and  eiiterpriaing  fouiiilcra  ;  an  opinion  of  the  natural  equality  of  all  freenien  ;  and 
and  aome  of  the  greateal  and  moat  important  of  them,'  even  in  thoee  province*  where  negro  alavery  bail  the 
•o  far  a*  concern*  their  internal  government,  owi>  to  lt|gre*te*t  prtvalence,  the  noaaeaaion  of  thia  tyraimicnl 
acarce  any  thing  elae."  privilege  *cem*  rnther  to  have  adulterated  the  apirit  of 

In  the  colonial  eatabliahmenia  of  the  French,  the  freedom  with  uconaiderable  tinge  of  arrnguncr,  lliaii  to 
Spaniard*  and  the  Porlugueae,  Ihe  royal  ,t;averninent  have  contributed  at  all  to  iniligato  or  dcpirm  t.  Kx- 
wa*  atronger  and   more   arliitrary,  and    auhonlinaijon  cepi  till*  Inhuman  inatitutlon,  ever;ir  circuinalance  in  llic 


more  atrictly  enforced,  than  in  Ihe  parent  atalc*.  I!!i 
beral  inelitution*,  remote  from  the  f^twer  and  aplendor 
of  the  throne*  to  which  Ihey  wore  allied,  required  to  Iw 


If  Munie  had  atud'tid  the  hiilory  and  condition  of  the  suarded  with  peculiar  s'.rictncts  from  the  intruainn  of 


edoni**,  or  if  Neal  and  Ohimixon  had  added  to  thia 
aoiuininent  the  aa^uity  of  Hume,  it  1*  probable  that 
he  would  not  have  adduced  the  miliUeet  of  the  Kngliah 
government  aa  one  of  the  cauaca  that  were  likely  to 
letanl  the  independence  of  America,  which  he  perceived 
muat  ere  long  eneue ;  and  that  they  would  have  diocerncd, 
in  the  policy  of  the  Engliah  government,  an  iiiAueiice 
that  powerfully  tended  to  counteract  the  principlea  that 
aeparated  the  American  communitle*  from  each  other, 


*  From  a  compari*  «n  of  the  caluulationa  of  varioiio  writers, 
etch  of  w'l  m,  almoai  invariably,  contradicl*  all  the  ulhera, 
and  not  uiHreqiientl>  coiitrHdicIa  himaelf,  I  am  inclined  to 
ihinU  the  following  eatimute  of  the  population  of  tKe  eoloniea 
■1  una  jiirMiu  neHriy,i|  not  entirely  correct.  Virginia,  AO.OUO ; 
MaMariiiisctia  (to  which  Maine  waa  then  attached),  lietween 
10,000  and  HO.OOO;  Cunnecticut,  30,00U;  Rhode  lalund,  10,000; 
New  Haininhire,  10.000;  Maryland,  30,000 ;  North  and  South 
Carolina,  10,000;  N ew  York,  30,000 ;  New  Jomcy,  1 5,000 ;  and 
Penuaylvania,  3S.O0O.  Even  wrilera  so  accurate  and  anga- 
Giouaa*  llwi^lit  and  llulines  have  been  led  to  underrate  Uie 
eariy  population  of  North  America,  by  relying  U.j  lar  on  the 
catimotes  which  the  local  governmenta  furoiahed  to  tiie  liriliab 
miniatry  for  the  aaccrtainiiient  of  the  numbera  uf  men  whom 
tber  were  to  be  required  to  aupply  for  the  purpoae*  of  naval 
maa  militofjr  eipedition*. 

t  OMmiion, Introduct.  19,&c.  Thisaulhorrefera  toastill 
aarlier  work  in  which  the  same  topica  had  been  enforced, 
•atitled  "Oroana  of  the  Plantations,"  by  Judge  Littleton,  of 
Barbadoca.  A  still  more  distingtiiahed  writer  on  the  same 
tide  of  Ihe  queation  waa  Sir  Dalliy  Thomas,  an  eminent  mcr 


opinion*  and  practic!**  that  savored  of  freedom.  It  waa 
otherwiae  in  the  Hriliah  colonic*,  where  Ihe  graft*  of 
cnnatitutional  liberty  that  had  been  tranaplanted  from 
the  parent  state,  cjp»nde<l  with  a  viiror  proportioned  lo 
their  diatance  from  the  rival  ahoota  of  royalty  and  aris- 
tocracy with  which  they  were  theoretically  connected. 
Not  only  did  thcae  eoloniea  enjoy  domestic  constitutions 
fr.voraldo  lo  liberty,  but  there  exialcd  in  the  miniU  of 
Ihe  great  bulk  of  the  people,  a  ilemocralic  apirit  and  ro- 
*ulution  that  practiisally  reduced  the  power  of  Ihe  pa- 


t  The  oolonixatiun  ofOeorgia  which  was  not  eflected  till 
1732,  was  the  only  laatanee  in  which  the  Engliah  government 
contributed  to  thi  foundation  of  any  of  the  North  American 
atatea. 

^  Hce  an  account  of  the  commercial  restrictions  that  were 
imputed  prior  tf* the  Kngliah  Revolulinn,  and  an  examination 
of  their  policy,  ante,  B.  I.  cap.  3.  Tothc  restrictions  there 
described,  ihaie  was  added,  tiefore  the  close  of  the  scven- 
lei'Uth  centur/,  a  pniliibition  (noticed  in  the  histories  nl  New 
Jersey  and  P^anhylvunia)  of  the  exportation  of  wool  from  the 
eoloniea. 

I  havesomt  J"'ilitsofthe  accuracy  of  a  statement  (derived 
from  Neal)  in  B.  ii.  ?ap  v.  ante,  oftheculnnists  having  been 
at  one  time  restrained  i.uni  working  mines  of  iron  and  copper. 
Till  the  year  1730.  the  expo,;  )f  American  iron  wa*  restrained 
by  heavy  duties,  Uavnal,  B.  IV.  uap  "ii.  j  and  even  the  manu- 
facture appears  to  have  lieen  siibjeci  ^j  some  inconvenient 
regulations,  Oldmiion,(3d  Edit.)  vol.  i.  p.  280.  But  even  the,i, 
both  iron  end  copper  mines  were  worked  in  several  of  the 
I  the  sii(!ccHs  of  these  nndertakiniis  seems  to  have 


dome  lie  or  relntivo  condition  of  the**  provinces  had  a 
tendency  to  promote  industry,  gootl  morals,  and  iiiiprra 
sion*  o(^ equality.  The  libend  reward  of  labor  and  Iho 
chetpneoa  of  land,  placed  the  enjoyment  nf  cwiifi  r% 
and  the  dignity  of  independence,  within  the  reach  Af 
all;  the  luxuries  and  hnnora  of  England  attracteil  the 
wealthy  voluptuary  and  the  votary  of  ambition  In  that 
more  inviting  sphere  of  enjoyment  and  intriiiiie ;  and 
the  vast  mittt*  or  uncultivaleil  district*  nllnched  to 
every  province  *crved  s*  salutary  outlela  by  which  th* 
population  wa*  drained  of  those  reallea*  di*nn)rrl\  ..d- 
venturers  who  were  nvereo  to  legal  re«traiiil  and  pa- 
tient labor,  and  who,  in  the  roving  occupation  of  huiiterv 
and  bar.kwiiofbimrn  (a*  Ihey  have  been  ternu'd,)  found 
a  reeource  that  diverted  them  from  more  lawless  and 
dangerou*  pursuit*,  and  even  rendered  them  uapful  aa 
a  body  of  pioneer*,  who  paved  Ihe  way  for  an  extension 


.  - - states  ;  anil  the  siKuress  ol  till 

rtant,_  who  wrote  an  Ilistericol  Accouatof  the  Kiao  and  been  chielly  obslructed  hv  tliu  dcamcss  oflabor.     Douglas, 
"    "      "  Ivol.  ii.  p.  lOtf,    Wmterboihain,  vol.  ii.  p.  308. 


of  th*  We*t  India  Colonic*. 


II  I'ho  most  romarkatile  dispute  that  ui'Citrre  1  during  the 
eighleetithcentury  lietween  Englano  and  Virginia,  prior  to .  ^e 
Revolution,  was  occasioned  hy  an  attempt  of  the  Knglis^  ^-o 
vemment  to  siijiport  the  episcopal  clergy  of  the  pmvince  in  * 
nrcten..iinn  which  was  disagreeable  to  the  bulk  of  the  peopU 
The  English  government  interfered  to  prevent  the  opertiliou 
of  a  law  (irejiidicial  to  the  emoluments  of  the  clergy;  but  I  lit 
provincial  tribunals  refused  to  pay  any  uttentioa  to  its  man- 
date. 

%  Vet  the  mysterious  nonsense  of  free  masonry  seemr  f* 
have  been  introduced  pretty  early,  and  has  continued  tomsi* 
tain  n  footing  among  the  Americans.  This  is  perhaps  'he 
only  instance  of  the  successful  importation  into  America  of 
one  of  theae  institutions  so  frequent  in  European  states,  wL  tck 
have  become  alisiiril  by  sur^'iving  the  manners  and  princi|  le* 
in  which  they  originated,  but  which  are  consecrated  by  tim* 
and  the  passion  that  mankind  bava  ibi  ooRnaeting  tlMSi 
selvo*  wUh  antiauily. 


Ihviiry.  ItaM 
t  liiriiiial  111  «f 
rlllillirnla  Utt 
i'kIiiiiI^I  rhtt' 
Hifliiiiiiy,  CriNS 
IHirHiliuui  elm- 
rivm  |>i  aluoad 

llllltillil    HUM* 

Kill  w»n>,  (nil    a 
if  lh«  ilyiicM* 
i«r    iimloniiwf 
tntfraljf  iilNtii- 
th  Kavolutliin, 
ciilimUu  w«rt 
of  llwlr  cImI' 
(••iv»  *lUin|iM 
iflbrtiiWui  tlM 
eruwnril,  I»imI- 
k1  «lKll>nl  lilt- 
ibillckl  rnnMl* 
il  pnvuilnl   la 
rur*vnnbl»  t* 
wnltiiifnli.     In 
,  alone  nf  nil  Iho 
Hltl«inrn(|  >iMl 
iiur|iuiiun  i  iho 
li'lfnl  urr-rnit 
not  only  oC  il» 
lilnnlD,  of  wtiitl 
Ihe  olhrr  nUiiti 
fvenlffnlhri'ii' 
'  rrliKJoim  •ccla. 
mil  in  111!  thi'nii, 
Kfnrriil  t'liiir<ic* 
Irni  funnilril  iin 
riiijoriljf  of  thrni 
rnf  fiTivril  tlio 
•il  Irnrtii  wliirli 
f  Ihe   friileilttHi 
(u  a  J«iil«uii,v  of 
every  arliilrnrf 
lut  rhnri'h  wlirr« 
•Htaliliolniirnt,  or 
III,  wan  atiiplol 
iliilnl  nritluT  a 
rika  anionK  llir 
ainiilarn|UHlil) 
:teitiiii  wiia  rv«>i 
Invfiility  in   iniv 
lirra  lh(>  InatI' 
nalnniril  tn  thil 
f  KurniK  li'ia 
iii|>rrf)anl  with 
froernfn  ;  ami 
iliivery  h'lil  iho 
'  la  tyritMnif'nl 
thr  N|iirit  of 
ngancp,  lliuii  lo 
i<|irPM  t      Ht- 
inalant'i*  in  tlir 
[irnvincca  liiiil  h 
ila,  and  intprra 
lalmr  anil  llio 
nt  of  cmiifir*, 
(ho  reach  ftf 
Attracleil  I  tiff 
nihilinn  to  tliat 
inlri!.'ur;  •iml 
attnrhpil   lu 
liy  wliii'li  III* 
iliaonlerh  .^il* 
itraint  anil  pt- 
tion  of  liunierv 
Icrnii'il,)  found 
lawlena  and 
hem  uarful  na 
r  an  extcnaion 


rrei  diiriru  llie 
inia.iiriorlo.^e 
the  Eniiliii^.  ,-0 
le  pmviiicf!  in  a 
k  of  thu  peojtl* 
tt  the  oprniliiiu 
cteriry ;  t>iil  lh« 
iua  to  its  man- 

aonry  aeemr  r« 
tinned  toinaiff 
ia  perhaps  *hc 
ito  America  of 
natatea,wliick 
I  and  prinni)  le* 

Icraled  by  timt 

■uMetiai  I' 


NORTH  AMRKIfTA. 


Mil  n.iilll|illmll«n  of  Ik*  Mlnntal  aelllmnanU  No 
lrs(lin(  eiir|Mir*llnna  of  mnnopnli**  r*alraiiie<l  the  free- 
dom with  which  every  inan  nil||hl  einplny  his  imiiiairy, 
t.i|iilll.  and  aliilli  *nil  110  fnreat  laws  nor  itnme  lawa 
(iMililMd  III*  a|iuna  of  the  llelil  lo  •  nriviietied  cl«>a  ol 
Ihe  I'liinniunilyt  No  enlaila  were  ailinilleil  In  yive  iiil- 
fentilloiia  aid  lit  nnlurul  inei|>i«lilit'a,  ami  |H'r|ietiinle, 
In  Ihe  h.iiidi  uf  idleneaa  ami  follyi  ihe  anlntnni'e  Ih.ii 
hail  lieen  Jinaaaffd  ny  indualry  and  iiliillty  *  llspiiily 
fur  III*  auhilily  of  Aineiioan  nreeiloin,  il  was  iiiiiHMsihle 
for  llie  Ural  genrrailon  of  eolonisla  tu  aucrreil  in  ef' 
f^clualiiiK  their  aellleinenla,  and  altaininK  a  aeciire  and 
prna|i<iroiia  ealahliahnient,  without  Ihe  eiereia*  of  «ir- 
lui'a,  and  Ihe  forinalion  of  a  chnruelnr,  that  uuaranteed 
Ihi'  preaerviitioii  of  Ihe  lilesaiiiKS  to  wliiuh  they  had  eon- 
durled.  Kven  III*  ralsinilies  nf  Freni'h  and  Indian 
war  Willi  which  anine  of  the  piuvlnrea  long  rnnliniied 
to  Im  huraaaeil,  uoiilrihuiKil  lo  preaerve  a  apirit  and 
nabila  witho'it  which  lh*ir  people  nii||ht  have  heen  iin- 
khl*  In  lb*  *l||hl«*nlh  century  In  whiev*  their  inde- 
nendene*.  If  Ih*  latter  aelllenwnta  of  New  Jeraey  and 
I'eniyiylvanla  were  e*eniiiled  in  aonie degree  from  the 
discipline  of  thoae  harilahl|Mi  and  dilllcnlties  with  which 
lliv  coniineiiceinent  uf  all  the  other  aeltleinenla  waa  at- 
tenilml,  Ihey  w«r«  happily  peopleo,  In  •  ureal  degree, 
by  a  claa*  of  arolariea  whoae  haliita  and  mannera  are 
lieculi.irly  favorable  In  lndu<lry  and  gnnil  niorala,  and 
(oni/eniai  lo  Ihe  aiiirit  tf  republiciin  const itiitinns.  The 
qiiiiliera,  indeed,  nave  lieen  much  mure  aucceaafiil  in 
leavening  Anierlraii  aot^iely  with  manner*  favoralile  to 
liliertv,  than  with  principle*  •lll*d  lu  their  own  political 
Jm'lrlnea 

To  Knglaml,  the  acquisition  of  these  colonial  settle- 
nieiila  waa  highly  odTantageoua.  They  enlnrgeil  her 
trade  and  revenuea ;  they  afliird  a  vaat  flelil  In  which 
her  needy  and  auperiluous  population  might  Improve 
thrlr  oindition  and  diaaipate  their  diaconlrnl ;  and 
Anally,  lliny  created  for  her  a  new  nation  nf  frionda  in- 
lereatcd  in  her  happineaa  ami  glory,  and  nf  cuslomera, 
whoae  growing  want*  and  wealth  eicilml  and  r*wanl*d 
Ihe  manufacturing  Indualry  of  her  (leople.  All  th*  na- 
tions of  Kuro|Mi  derived  advantage  from  Ihe  formation 
of  those  ealablishinents,  which  ilislinrdcned  their  terri- 
tories of  great  nninbera  nf  men,  whom  the  presaur*  of 
poverty,  aggravated  by  defective  civil  inatilution*,  and 
an  everaion  lo  the  ayatema  of  their  national  chun:hea 
lnfl.inicd  by  ecclesiaatical  intolerance,  must  have  ren- 
Jereil  either  inarlyra  or  relwla  in  their  native  land.  The 
rnilgralion  fruin  Ihe  cnnlineni  of  Kurope,  and  especially 
from  Uermany  to  America,  during  Ihe  greater  part  of 
Iho  eighteenth  century,  waa  much  more  copioiia  than 
the  emigration  from  Kngland.  To  the  colonists,  the 
snbiistcnce  uf  their  |iecuiiar  ronneiinn  with  Knglaml 
■vas  likewise  attended  with  some  advantages.  The 
(ckiiiiwledgud  right  and  implied  protection  of  Kngland 
I'elerreil  all  other  ^!uru|>eaii  imwiira  who  were  not  at 
iv.ir  with  her  from  inoleatiiig  them  ■  while  their  char- 
tered or  traditionary  conatitutiuiif  oppoaed  (after  Ihe 
Kiifjlish  Itevuliilion)  a  barrier  to  gross  and  open  eii- 
eroachmrnla  of  the  parent  atate  neraelf  nn  colonial 
riglita  and  liberties.  Aa  their  own  atrcngth  and  reiource* 
increased,  the  lieneAt  of  Kngl'sh  protection  was  propnr- 
lioiiully  diminished,  while  the  inconvenience  of  her 
commercial  reatriclioni,  and  uf  participation  in  her  poll- 
tica  and  wars,  waa  ninni  aensibly  eifieriencod. 

A  eunsldorahle  variety  and  indiatinctneaa  of  opinion 
prevailed  b<nh  in  England  and  America,  res|iecling  the 
precise  import  of  Ihe  political  rcliitiun  aubslaling  be- 
tween the  two  countriea.  It  was  at  first  the  iiiaxim  of 
Ihe  Kngliah  court,  that  Ihe  crown  waa  the  only  memiier 
of  the  British  cunatitulion  which  poasoaaed  jurisdiction 
over  the  colonies,  t  All  the  charters  were  framed  in 
conformity  with  this  maxim,  except  the  charier  of  Penn- 
avlvania.  The  colonie*  were  by  no  mean*  uniform  in 
the  aenlimeni*  which  Ihey  expressed  on  this  subject. 
They  complained  veiy  generally  of  an  iinjuat  uaiirpatioii 
of  power  over  Ihein  by  the  Briliah  parliament,  when  Ihe 
navigation  lawa  were  paaaed ;  and  openly  maintained 
rtn  many  occaalons,  that  an  act  of  the  Uritish  parliament 
was  not  binding  on  America.  Yet  they  acruplcd  not  to 
complain  of  their  grievances  to  the  houaea  uf  parlia- 
BKnl,  >r.d  to  invoke,  from  time  to  time,  parliaroentaiy 


'•k  a  anbsei]uer.t  period,  the  system  of  entails  became  pre- 
ralent  in  Viritinia.  Wirt's  Life  of  Henry,  p.  33.  It  was  pro- 
Inctive  uf  ^reat  dislise  and  jculuuMy  iM-twecn  the  aristocracy 
xnd  the  ycoinaiir\'of  ihi*  provmre.     Iliiil.  misniin 

^  A  l>ill  haviiulM'cn  iDtro.lMi'filiniiithn  lioiiHcof  CoininonN 
in  lilt'  reiiiti  of  Jmncs  ihc  Kir**t,  fur  ri'^iiltilint!  tlin  Aincriciin 
fisherii'S,  Sir(^c()ri»'OiiIvt'rt.tlie.s('rrPtary  of  stiile,  conveyed 

lo  the  house  Ihe  followiiii;  inti tiun  froili  the  kirLi! ;  "  .\ine- 

ncu  is  nut  annexed  lu  lite  ri'iilin.  nor  within  the  jurisdictiun 
ot"  parU  iiiuint  ;  you  Imvo,  tli<'refnre,  ivt  ri'Axl  lo  mtertere.' 
Colunio.  Tiacta  in  Harvard  I,  ibrary,  apud  Holmes,  i.  IDS. 


InterfnMllinn  in  their  behalf  The  New  Kngland  slate* 
alone  ai-ero  In  have  p«re*iv*il  from  th*  Ural  th*  ailvan- 
lag*  they  might  on*  day  derive  from  ailhering  to  th* 
niaxtni,  that  Ihey  were  (Hilitieally  ennnectril  only  with 
the  king,  and  not  at  all  with  the  parliament  1  and  with 
aingular  prudence  forlnir*  In  asli  favors  from  a  p*rlia- 
iiienl  by  which  Ihey  were  reganled  with  es|iecial  liivor, 
lest  Ihey  ahnnid  seem  lo  sanction  parliamentary  inter- 
ference with  their  eoneerna,  Wh*n  Ihe  |iarll»inent  en- 
joyril  but  all  oeeaaional  exiatenee,  and  waa  freiiuantly. 
Indeed  generally,  op|ioaeil  to  Ih*  court,  the  Knglish 
monarch*  reaoliitely  inainlained  their  evcluaive  Jurisilic- 
lion  liver  the  euloniea.  When  Ihe  iwrlluiienl  aeipiired 
greater  power  and  |H>niiancnc*  it  enforced,  both  on  the 
court  and  the  colonies,  ihe  •eknowledgment  of  lis 
anprein*  legialalorial  juriailictlon.  Th*  eolnnle*  mur- 
mured againat  the  trade  lawa  1  Ihey  often  evailed  them ; 
ami  many  |iersiHia  alill  maintained  thai  Ihe  parliament 
hail  nn  right  to  iniimae  them.  This  opinion  kept  lla 
ground,  and  would  have  lieen  mure  generally  and 
o|H>nlv  aaaerlml,  If  the  colonie*  had  been  able  In  enforce 
il,  or  iioil  receiveil  encouragement  from  the  crown.  Hut 
Ihe  Knglish  ministers  were  now  always  (by  a  necessity 
of  Ihc  cnnslilulion)  In  |)ossession  uf  a  majority  in  par- 
liament, and  found  II  eaaler  and  aafer  lu  act  on  all 
occasions  through  Ihe  inalruinenlality  nf  tliia  organ, 
than  through  a  prerogative  employed  on  a  iiuinlier  of 
distant  pruvinciiil  a»semblies.  The  revolution  of  IIMN 
established  llrmly  the  supreme  |Miwer  of  Ihe  parliament, 
and  enforceil  the  auhmlasion  of  America  to  its  leglala- 
live  control ;  and  from  this  period,  all  th*  measures  by 
which  Ihe  Uritish  government  proposed  to  alfccl  the 
public  Interest  of  the  coloniaia,  were  puraued  through 
III*  medium  uf  |Nirlianientary  enactinenla.  No  taxation 
of  Ihe  colonies  waa  praclicnlly  allemftrd  by  the  parlia- 
menl,  except  what  arose  from  the  regulaliuii  of  ciiin- 
merce ;  hut  a  pnwer  wos  assumed  lo  alter  Ihe  Ameri- 
can charters,  or  at  least  to  modify  Iho  conatitullona 
which  these  charters  had  created.  There  was  one 
|H>int,  indeed,  in  which  the  relation  nf  the  colonies  to 
the  royal  prerogative,  seemed  atill  lo  be  acknowledged, 
Il  was  not  lo  the  House  of  ijinla,  or  lo  anv  of  the 
ordinary  tribunals  uf  Kngland,  thatap|ieals  were  carried 
from  Iho  judgments  of  American  couria,  but  to  Ihe  king 
In  council ;  and  it  waa  Ihe  aame  organ  that  enjoyed 
the  pnwer  of  modifying  and  rescinding  the  provincial 
law*  which  were  deemed  repugnant  to  Knglish  juris- 
pnidence.t 

Yielding  not  to  conviction  but  lo  neceaaily,  overawed 
by  the  atrenj(th  of  Britain,  and  encumliered'by  ihe  daii- 
geroua  vieinily  uf  th*  French  in  Canada,  the  colonials 
submitted  to  the  power  of  parliament,  and  rendered  to 
it  even  that  ilegreeiif  voluntary  acknowledgment  which 
may  be  inferred  from  numrron*  petitions  for  the  redress 
of  grievances.^  Yet  the  (ubniisaion  that  waa  actuallv 
enforced,  was  yielded  with  manifest  reluctance,  and  the 
pretensions  by  which  that  submission  might  in  aft^r 
times  lie  exlendml,  were  regarded  with  the  moat  jcalaus 
apprehension.  No  early  as  the  year  1696,  a  paniphlet 
waa  published  in  Kngland,  recommending  the  imposi- 
tion uf  a  parliamentary  lax  on  one  nf  the  coloniea 
Tins  was  immeilialely  answered  by  two  other  publica. 
lions,  in  which  the  power  of  taxing  the  colonics  waa 
utterly  denied  to  a  parliament  in  which  they  were  not 
repreaeiitoil.il 

There  were  varioua  particular*  in  the  aupremney  tliat 
was  exercised  and  Ihe  policy  that  was  pursued  by  the 
parent  sti  te,  that  were  oireiisive  to  Ihe  colonists,  and 
regarded  by  them  as  humilating  badges  of  dependence. 
The  appointment  of  certain  of  the  provincial  governors 
by  the  crown,  not  only  created  discontent  in  the  pro- 
vinces which  beheld  this  privilege  enjoyed  by  the  in- 
habitants of  the  other  slate*,  but  exciledin  these  other* 


X  Lord  Mansfield  repeatedly  pmnounccil  that  il  was  within 
Iho  competency  of  Ihc  Enttlish  court  of  King's  Bencli  to  send 
n  writ  nf  habeas  corpus  into  America  ;  but  he  declared  that 
ilus  wiia  a  |K)»er  which  coild  rarely  if  ever  lie  exorcised  with 
propriety.  Stokes  onthe  Constitution  of  the  Uritish  Colonies, 
p.  0.  0. 

()  When  Ihry  became  more  wealthy  and  powerful,  and  found 
th|it  the  purlioment  was  about  to  usurp  their  domestic  lux- 
ation, they  refrained  from  sendinir  petitions  to  it,  and  presented 
thomonlytothe king— See  Kranklin's  Works,  iii.MO— andut 
lenBth  boldly  revived  the  ancient  maxim,  "that  the  king.and 
not  the  king,  lonis,  and  commons  collectively,  is  their  sove- 
reiijii ;  and  that  the  king  with  their  respective  assemblies  is 
their  only  legislator."  lbid.3»l.  Thus  the  Americana  in  con- 
lending  for  their  independence,  finidly  took  their  stand  on  a 
pnnciniD  originally  intrixlucod  by  despotic  princes,  and  in- 
tended to  seetin!  their  subjection  to  arbitrary  government  and 
royal  prerogative. 

n  Oonlon'a  Hist,  of  the  United  States,  vol.  1.  Letter  li. 
"  The  pamphlets  against  taxation  (said  Lord  Camden  in  his 
speech  in  the  House  of  Lonis,  April,  1786)  wore  much  read, 
and  no  answer  wos  given  to  tlicni,  no  censure  passed  upoo 
them  i  nor  wore  men  startled  at  the  doctria*."    ibid. 


a  coiiliniial  apprehension  ol  Iwlng  levsllnl  in  thi*  l**p«(l 
with  Ihe  eondilioii  of  ilieir  neighbor*.  Th*  in*nn*r  in 
whirh  this  branch  nflh*  ruval  premgativ*  was  ton  often 
exeri'laed,  tended  In  render  it  edditinnally  dlsagreeahl*. 
il  wss  Hie  general  practice  of  Ih*  Knglish  ministers  \t 
coinmlt  Ihe  royal  gnvernmeiita  In  needy  ileiiendenl^ 
whoae  chief  aim  waa  lo  repair  a  shaller*<l  fortune  ami 
III  reeonimend  thaniselves  to  their  patrons  by  a  head* 
lung  <enl  for  Ihe  assertion  of  every  real  or  pretendeil 
prero'itiive  of  Ihe  crown  f  The  transportation  nf  Kng> 
liah  feluns  lo  .\nieriea,  waa  also  a  praeiine  nf  the  Hrilian 
government,  which  Ih*  laps*  of  lime  rendered  inerea*- 
ingly  oll'eiisive  In  th*  colonists.  We  have  seen  th* 
assemhls  of  Maryland,  as  eariyaalh*  year  tflTR  endea- 
vour lo  alem  Ihe  torrent  nf  vieloiia  and  protligale  <  aainpln 
which  waa  Ihiia  directed  hy  th*  parent  atale  among  Ihn 
laboring  elaases  of  her  eolonUI  auhjeei*.  Th*  aa*«n'> 
biy  of  Pennsylvania  made  an  allampt  to  olMtniet  th* 
importallnn  of  convict*  into  that  atat*  by  lmpo*in(  • 
duly  of  Ave  pound*  on  *v*ry  eoiivlet  that  ahnnid  b« 
imparted.  But  It  wa*  not  till  a  later  period  that  th« 
praeliee  waa  generally  obJ*«l*d  lo  by  Ih*  colnnl*t*. 
No  pressing  in  most  place*  wa*  th*  d*m*nd  Ibr  laborer*, 
that  their  moral  character*  ami  the  larm*  on  which  th*v 
were  olilaineil,  were  eon*ld«ralii>n*  to  which  th*  plant- 
ers had  not  leisure  to  attend.  Nay,  in  aoin*  instance*, 
felons  were  not  Ihe  only  involuntary  emigrani*  from 
Kngland  whose  labor  they  approprialM.  It  became  al 
one  lime  a  common  praclln*  fnr  captain*  of  veaaal*  ta 
entice  ignnrvnt  perann*,  hy  flattering  prumia**  nf  wealth 
and  prefernieni,  to  aecompanT  them  to  America,  whcr* 
Ihey  had  no  sooner  arriveif,  than  Ihey  went  *old  u 
bondainen  In  defray  Ihe  coat  of  their  paaaag*  and 
eniertainmenl.  (93  ]  Ho  eariy  a*  th*  year  IMS  an 
onler  of  council**  wa*  i**ued  for  Ih*  prevention  of 
Ihl*  practie*.  In  proeea*  of  time  all  the  local  govom- 
iiienia  and  all  the  reapectabi*  Inhabitant*  of  th*  pro- 
vincea  united  in  petitioning  the  KnglUh  government  ta 
discontinue  the  practice  of  sending  felon*  to  America  :tt 
but  their  coniplaint*  of  thI*  evil,  a*  well  a*  of  theeon« 
tinued  importation  of  additional  negro  (lave*,  eipe. 
rienced  the  most  contempluou*  di*r*g*rd.  On*  consa< 
ipience  that  ia  aaiil  to  have  reaulled  from  thi*  arbitrary 
treatment,  was  the  existence  nf  very  mneral  ignorane* 
or  very  illilieral  prajiidiee*,  with  regard  to  the  condition 
of  North  America,  in  the  mind*  of  all  da****  of  peopla 
in  England.  Though  |ienon*  connectad  with  th*  eo1a> 
iiies,  hy  commerce  or  otherwise,  might  entertain  jusl*r 
ideas  of  their  condition,  it  ia  certain  that  till  a  very  lata 
|ieriod  Iheae  lerritoriea  were  generally  reganled  In  Kn< 
gland  aa  wild  inhoapitablu  deaerta,  infeated  by  savagei 
and  beaata  of  prey,  and  cultivated  only  hy  criininala  or 
by  kidnapned  negroeaand  Kuropeana,  Though  Bishop 
Berkeley  had  prophesied  a  dealiny  of  une(|uai1ed  aplen- 
dor  to  tnl*  region,  in  hi*  "  Veraea  on  the  proapect  of 
planting  art*  and  literature  in  America,"  and  though 
Thomaon  had  celebrated  Ihe  happinea*  of  the  coloniea, 
and  their  auhaorvience  lo  tKe  greatness  of  the  Briliah 
empirr,tt  the  eneomiaatic  *train*  nf  the**  writer*  w*ra 
more  than  counteracted  by  the  •aroaatic  and  opprobriou* 
imputation*  which  wer*  *anctioned  by  other*  and  mora 


if  Sir  William  Keith'a  Hiai.ol  Virginia,  lai.  Williamaon's 
North  Carolina,  ii.  lb.  We  have  already  seen  abundant  con- 
firmation of  the  testimony  nf  these  writers  in  the  histories  of 
Virginia,  New  York,  and  New  Jersey.  See  the  observationa 
on  itie  general  effect  of  the  Kngtisb  Uevolution  \.i  the  Ame- 
rican colonics,  at  the  close  of  the  history  of  Virginia.  It.  I. 
cap.  3,  ante. 

In  some  instances,  the  government  was  bestowed  aa  a  sine- 
cure office  on  a  courtier  who  resided  in  Kngland.  while  liis  de- 
puty (apjicintcd  also  by  the  crown)  performed  the  duty,  and 
received  a  part  of  the  salary.  The  Kurl  of  Orkney,  in  parti- 
cular, who  was  appointed  governor  of  Virginia  in  I7(M,  hell 
this  apinintment  so  long  that  he  received  42,0001.  of  salary 
from  a  people  who  never  once  beheld  him  among  them.  Olif 
inixon,  ('in  Kdit.)vol.  i.  p.  400.  His  place  in  the  province 
however,  was  very  well  supplied  for  nearly  twenty  yeais  by  a 
distinguished  officer  and  man  of  science,  Colonel  .McxanJer 
S|K)ttiswoode,  (of  the  Scotch  family  of  that  name  )  to  whom, 
among  other  benefits,  the  colonists  were  indebteil  lorlhe  eipe 
dition  in  1714,  by  which  a  passage  over  the  Apalsrliinn  moun- 
tains was  hrat  ascertained.  Ibid.  p.  401,40?.  Inhnnorofhi* 
services.one  of  the  counties  of  Virginia  iscallcdSpoii.sylvania. 
**Thisdociimentiapreserredinlhe British  Museiuii.  Th* 
system  of  inveigling  and  kidnapping  was  not  confine>;  to  En- 
gland. It  waa  carried  on  lo  a  great  extent  in  Hiiabia  and  other 
German  canton*  by  Dutch  factors,  whom  Kaynai  a.HserU  ta 
have  been  hired  by  Ike  British  government  Uritish  Settl* 
ments  in  America,  B.  IV.  cap.  0. 

tt  An  American  pitriot  humorously  proposed  tnat  a  recipro- 
cal transportation  of  American  felons  to  England  should  ia 
equity  be  indulged  to  the  colonists.     Franklin's  Memoirs, 
\X  "Lo!  swarming  o'er  the  new-discover'd  world, 

Gay  coloniea  extend  ;  the  calm  retreat 

Of  undcservet  distress 

Bound  1  T  social  freedom,  firm  they  nse ;  . 

Of  Britain'i  empire  the  support  aid  atrength.* 

TaoMscw 


tc 


THE  uisTony  or 


ftmin  MNhan  *    Tb*  goiiaii— I  of  ItOttWHinh  IVsm 

KTrn  ^^^  ■     • 

or  ihr  go««miiMiil  of  MuMchuMtlo,  wim  im  ciraum- 


f  mMh  in  IT4ft|  m  mUrpitM  origiiMlljp  pntJMMdl 
iIm  WHthmi,  mm!  nwlnljr  iMooiplUiMil  b*  tna  tigor 


Mutf  llwl  ArM  |>r«|H>niil  lb*  |MO|iI«  of  KngUnd  lo 
matin  luur*  JuM  liii|ir<Mki>iiii  nf  iIm  (Ugntty  tml  km- 
|iart*ne«  of  lb*  Ain*rk!»n  pru«iiiAM. 

Uut  nu  uctilu-'uUi  f  III*  Inalinvnt  which  Iho  eolo- 
niita  xiMiwtcMl  fr  A  En|Un<i  during  lh«  aiiily  |Mrt  of 
Ih'ir  ciiniKil  hi  »U  .  h«r,  wu  ■■>  generally  oirmiaivo  lu 
Ihoin  IM  ih*  rnlrii  k<>ii<  iho  tin|H>Mil  upon  Ihtir  iriMiv 
•iiJ  liiiliiiirjr.  Th*  •vattin  nn<  only  uUguilnl  thoiii 
by  iti  iiijuaur*,  but  •Mtnod  In  mom  in«Un«««  lo  h*«* 
porrtrtril  tb«lr  own^MnM  of-  Juitlw,  tml  eoiiiniu- 
•loMail  lo  th«tr  eounMla  »  portton  of  iu  own  tllib*- 
niilT.  In  MMM  fMlurot  nf  Ibo  comnwreial  imIIct  pur- 
MMd  ky  am  oolontaU,  w«  nnjr  lilMora  Ih*  rtriMllon  of 
UmI  narrow  umI  wllUh  ipiril  thai  porvulwl  Iho  •jtlcm 
■<opt»il  lowanl  ihaoMwIvM  b*  iha  poroni  •Ulo.  An 
Ml  of  Iho  MMRiMy  of  Vlrglnln,  in  IMO,  luipoMtl  • 
duly  en  all  tobacco  •ipoiud  iVooh  ami  on  all  Kmlgrania 
Imponoil  inUt  Ih*  colony  tn  v*aa«la  nut  balongmg  Iu 
Virginian  owner*.  Hy  an  orillnane*  of  MaaaaekuMtta 
a  lonnag*  duly  wa*  Impocad  on  all  ahipa  caalliig  anchor 
in  any  port  within  It*  Jurladleliun,  *>ci>irtiiig  ««aa«la 
•wn«a  by  Inhabitant*  of  lb*  atal*.  A  ainillar  duly  waa 
Impoaad  by  Ih*  aa**roMy  of  Rhod*  laland,  in  th«  yvar 
ITM,  on  all  vaawila  not  wholly  owned  by  inhaliitiinta 
of  that  aolony.  In  1709,  Ih*  inhakilanta  of  ISkw  York 
tmpOMNi  a  lonnag*  4uty  on  every  vaaael  of  wbieli  on* 
luuf  did  mil  beluug  to  ciliirna  ul  that  alate.  Uy  a  law 
of  Maryland,  In  17IS,  tha  dutiea  liiipoaed  un  Ihe  impur- 
lation  of  nvgro**,  a*rvanla,  and  lii|uor*,  were  declared 
not  to  •xtcnd to  aueh  aa  were  iinportad  In  veaaela  whoae 
own*r*  w*r*  all  r**idi>nl*  in  Ihe  provine*.  In  llie  anin* 
pnMrinc*  it  had  been  enaeled,  *l*ven  year*  before,  that 
debt*  due  to  Engllah  Kuikrupt*  ahuuld  nut  Iw  cnllecled 
till  ae^urily  wer*  given  thai  ih*  claiina  nf  colonial  crc- 
iilof*  on  th*  bantruut'a  eiiate  ahoukl  be  Arat  wholly 
diachargetl.t  Kven  the  raiinaylvaniana,  who  in  thia 
l**p*cl  ppifeaaeii  a  mora  liberal  couaideratiun  of  Ihf 
elainia  of  kirei^u  creJitora  than  any  of  the  other  pro- 
vincial eomiuuiiiliea,  paaaed  a  Uw  for  aecurinif  priority 
of  payinani*  froin  the  ealatea  of  bankrupta  Iu  llin  in- 
babllant*  of  Ibcir  province.  Among  other  apolo^jiei  for 
Uii*  policy  with  rauard  to  the  recovery  of  debt*  (which 
wa*  v*ry  g*n*rally  adopted  Ibroughoul  the  culo- 
nia*)il  ia  proper  lo  notice  the  fact  thiU  the  plaiilera 
were  eomiuoiily  treated  with  great  illilimllty  by  the 
merchant*  U  whom  they  conalgned  their  produce  in 
KngUndt  who  took  ailvanlage  of  their  neceaaitiea,  while 
Ih*  (al**  were  in  auaponie,  lo  lend  Ihem  money  al  eii- 
orWlanl  intereat,  and  on  the  aecurily  of  their  mortgaifed 
plantaliona.  In  1701,  Ihe  aanembly  of  Moulh  I'urolina 
impoeed  a  duly  of  three  farthinga  a  akiu  on  hiiliia  e<- 
porlad  by  lb*  eolontet*  in  their  own  ahipa,  but  double  lliia 
aoiount  if  Ihe  eiip<irt*  were  Ibadml  in  Lngliah  vreaela— a 
diatiiielion  agoinat  which  the  Kngliah  comuiiaaionora  of 
plantaliona  rfmuuatraled,  aa  an  unjual  diacuuraxeineiil 
to  Ih*  trade  of  England.  The  Virginian  act  oi'  1080 
Iiadeieiled  eimilar  remonatraneea  from  Ihe  aamei|uartur, 
and  made  the  nation  feel,  that  lo  practiae  injuatice  ia  to 
teach  a  leaaon  that  often  return*  to  plague  the  inventor. 

In  Ihe  year  ISM,  King  V^illiam  erected  a  new  and 
•landing  council  under  the  name  nf  the  I«rda  Com- 
miaaionera  for  Trade  and  Plantaliona.  All  Ihe  Aiu*- 
rican  governor*  were  required  lo  inainlain  corroepond- 
enea  with  Ihia  lioard,  and  lo  Irauaniit  to  it  Ihe  journala 
uf  their  councila  and  oaaembliea,  Ih*  account*  of  the 
rolleclora  of  cuatnma,  and  airnilar  articlea  of  olRcial  iii- 
tclligence.     Thia  requiaition   waa  obeyed  by  the  royal 

*  Sniollet  alludua  tu  llio  culonica  of  North  America  in  the 
followiiiK  alrain— "  The  galleya  of  Francis  iibound  wilhaWiea  ; 
and  many  tcimilani  may  be  foimit  in  our  American  planta- 
tion*." Count  Fathom,  vol.  i.  cap.  M.  Kidilinj!  aonJa  hiH  lierti. 
ionalliaii  Wild,  to  fnrtiry  hia  vice  anil  vUlaiiy  m  Vir|(ini» ;  and 
in  varioua  other  alliiaiuna  to  the  culoniea  alwaya  rcpreaenia 
•Item  aa  the  auitulile  refuge  of  lieacrvcd  diatrcaa.  In  Recd'a 
larce  nCThc  Ki'tdatorOlfice,  a  miaerabic  Iriahman  ia  exhibited 
aa  on  tlio  point  of  Ijcintf  trepanni'd  tu  Ainnrica,  tu  bo  theio  aotd 
aa  a  alavo.  Even  in  Ooldamilh'a  Traveller,  where  the  cxpul- 
■too  of  an  Eiiglinh  ptmaant  and  hia  family  trum  thrir  homo  ia 
repreaented  aa  a  very  ordinary  cimaoquonro  of  the  pride  and 
luxury  of  tngiliali  landlords,  ill's  exilea  are  auppuaed  to  find  a 
lenfold  adcUtinn  to  their  woea  in  North  Americu.  Nay,  this 
atmtn  aeenia  not  yet  to  have  ceaaeil ;  and  the  ^rief  of  **  heart- 
•ick  exilea"  in  America  haa  been  deplored  by  a  Scottiah  bnrd 
•f  Ihe  nineteenth  century.  From  the  lime  when  Waller  and 
Marvell  eulogiaed  thotronijuil  retreat  of  Bennudaa,  I  am  not 
aware  tliat  any  other  Rnsltah  poeta  but  Thomaon  and  Camp- 
bell liave  I  elebrated  the  happy  acenea  and  ci  ri:uni9taneea  ol 
Americar  life. 

t  In  the  hiatory  of  Marj'laiid  we  have  already  aeen  the  firat 
biatanc«  of  a  law  diaabling  all  eraigranta  to  the  culuny  from 
•njoyir.z  colonial  oflieea  till  by  reaidcnca  for  atcdu  ul  yoiu* 
Ibey  baa  becoaa  coni|>lets\y  cslviuiU, 


goeemur*,  but  m*l  with  very  lilll*  attention  in  lbo*e 
aolunie*  of  which  th*  jrovernora  wer*  ippiunlMl  by  III* 
paopl*.  la  III* year  1714,  Ih*  «lliirney-g*n*ral  of  Kng- 
land  (Norllwy)  infonnnl  Ihe  Kngliah  mliilalera  th*lll 
waa  not  in  their  iiuwer  lo  puniah  Ihia  neglect,  and  ail- 
vlaiNl  Ihem  lo  apply  lo  |Mrluiiienl  lor  an  act  coiniiiaiid- 
ing  all  the  coloniea  lo  Iriiiiainil  their  Uw*  liir  royal  re- 
•laiun.  Thia  unicaeding,  however,  wa*  not  adopted  i 
and  a  report  oi  the  lorda  comniiaaioner*.  In  III*  year 
l7J:i,**la  forth  thai  "  Hhtal*  Ulaiul  and  Coiineclicul, 
being  charter  govertinienta,  bold  liUle  or  no  corrra|>ond. 
ene*  with  our  uAke,  ami  we  ar*  very  lull*  informed 
of  what  ia  doing  iu  Iheae  goveninienia  i  they  not  b«lng 
under  any  ubiigalion  to  n<lurn  authentic  copie*  of  their 
law*  lo  Ih*  crown  fur  diaallowance,  or  Iu  gl«*  any  ac- 
count uf  Ihair  pmc**ilinga."t 

Th*r*  wa*  a  conaid«rabl*  v«ri*ty  in  Ih*  eon*lilullon* 
of  th*  **v*ral  province*  al  the  cimimenccment  of  Ih* 
*ighl**nlh  e*nlury.  In  MarylamI  aiul  I'ennaylvania, 
Ih*  pro|ierty  of  Ine  aoil,  and  Ih*  guvanimenl  of  the 
alate,  belonged  to  on*  or  nior*  uroprielarlea.  Thia 
waa  alou  Ihe  aituolian  of  Ihe  ('arolmoa,  till  th*  aurreii- 
der  of  Ihe  proprietary  juriadicllon.  In  New  Jeraey, 
and  in  Ih*  Carolina*,  after  Ihe  proprietary  juriadirtiuna 
ware  aurninlernl,  Ihe  aiiil  belonged  lo  ihe  proprietariea, 
and  Ih*  government  lo  lh«  crown.  In  Ma*a.icliuaella, 
the  properly  of  th*  aoil  wo*  veated  In  the  people  and 
their  repreaenlativea,  and  the  government  waa  eaeroleed 
by  Ihe  crown.  In  Virginia  and  New  Viirk,  both  pro- 
|ierty  and  governimnil  lielonged  lo  the  crown.  In  (/on- 
necllcul  mid  Hhi»le  laUnd,  both  pmperty  and  govern- 
ment were  vcatod  in  the  coriHiratlon  of  Ihe  I'rnenieti  uf 
the  colony.  Theae  dialinellona,  among  other  evil  con- 
aei|uencra,  prmnoleil  diapulea  rea|>ecling  boumlariea, 
in  which  Ibe  crown  waa  thiMighl,  and  iiul  without  rea- 
aon,  to  favor  Ih*  clabn*  of  iho**  alalea  in  which  ila 
(Kiwer  waa  largeat,  and  Ihe  quit  rent*  were  auliaervient 
tu  Iho  royal  revenue. 

No  encouragement  aeenw  ever  lo  have  been  i^lven 
by  the  Eiigliah  govrrniiieni  lo  ihe  eultivalion  of  acience 
or  literature  in  Ihe  American  proviiicea,  except  in  Ihe 
aolilary  iiiatance  of  a  donation  by  William  and  Mary, 
in  aid  of  Ihe  cidlege  which  look  ita  name  from  theiu  iu 
Virginia.  The  policy  adopted  by  Ihe  parent  alate  in 
Ihia  reaped  ia  very  correctly  iulicalod  by  one  of  the 
royal,guvernon  in  the  lieginiiing  of  Iho  eiglileeiilh  cen- 
tury. '  "  A*  lo  the  college  erected  in  Virginia,"  aaya 
Ihia  officer,  "  and  other  deaigna  of  the  like  ii.ituro  which 
have  been  propoaed  for  the  eiicuurigemunl  uf  learning, 
it  ia  only  to  lie  obaervcd  ill  general,  that  although  great 
.ulvanlagea  may  accrue  lo  the  mother  alate  both  from 
till!  labor  and  luxury  of  it*  plantation*,  yet  they  will 
prut< ilily  be  mialakeii  who  imagine  that  the  advance- 
iiiviii  ol  literature  and  lliu  iniprovenicnl  of  arte  and 
acieii'  ea  in  our  American  culoniea  can  ho  of  any  aer- 
vice  ti/  the  liritiah  atate."^  We  have  already  aeen  the 
iiiatrucf  uiiia  that  were  given  to  the  royal  governora  by 
the  £iii.'liah  court,  bulb  prior  and  aubaeqiient  to  Ihe  re- 
vululioii  of  1088,  to  reatrain  the  excrciae  of  printing 
within  tlieir  juriadicliona.  Many  lawa  were  enacted  in 
New  Kii^land,  after  that  event,  for  enlarging  the  lite- 
rary privilegea  and  honora  of  Harvard  College ;  but  they 
were  all  diaallowed  by  the  Engliah  government. 

The  Aral  printing-preaa  eatabliahod  in  North  Ame- 
rica, waa  erected  in  Maaaochuactt*  in  the  year  16'M. 
It  waa  mure  than  iorty  yeara  afterward  bvfuro  print- 
ing ijonimenced  in  any  other  pari  of  Uriliah  America. 
In  1686,  a  printing-preaa  waa  natrbliahed  in  I'ennayl- 
vania; in  101)3,  at  New  York;  in  17UU,  iu  Cuniiecli- 
cut;  in  1720,  in  Maryland;  in  172U,  in  Virghiia;  and 
ill  1730,  in  South  Carolina.  Previoua  tu  ihe  year 
1740,  more  printing  waa  performed  in  Maaaachuaetta 
than  in  all  tlie  other  coloniea  together.  From  l7ttU  till 
the  commencement  of  the  revolutionary  war,  the  quaii- 
litiea  of  printing  executed  in  Uuatun  and  Philadelphia 
were  nearly  the  aame.  The  Aral  North  American 
newapaper  wo*  publiahed  at  Bo*lon  by  Caiiiplasll,  a 
Scotcnman,  the  poatmaiter,  in  1704.  The  aecoiid 
made  ila  appearance  in  the  aame  city  in  1710  v*  and  in 


t  Anderaon'a  Fliat.  and  Chmnol.  Ded.ict.  of  the  Oripn  of 
Commerce,  ii.  022, 623.  Chalmcn,  203.  Aa  a  remedy  fur  the 
defective  correapondence  which  wua  anticipated  tsctweun  the 
coloniea  and  *.he  l)oard  of  trade,  an  act  of  parliament  was 
paaaed  in  lO'JO,  declaring  (in  cnnfonniiy  with  the  colonial 
chartera,)  "  that  all  by-lawa,  uangea,  and  cviatoina  which  ahall 
1)0  in  imctico  in  any  uf  the  plantations,  repugnant  to  any  law 
made  m  the  kingdom  relative  to  Ihe  aaid  plantatiunv,  ahall  be 
void  and  of  no  effect.'* 

^  Sir  William  Keith'a  UiaUiryof  Virginia.  I  have  termed 
Keith  a  royal  governor.  He  waa,  it  ia  true  the  governor  of 
a  proprietary  aeltlemeiit,  Pcnnaylvania.  Uiil  all  Iheao  gover- 
nors wero  now  approved  bv  the  crown  ;  ojid  Keith'  a  nomi- 
nation, in  conaei|u»nco  of  William  Penn'a  mental  incapacity 
al  tlM  time  proceeded  altogelbei  from  the  crown. 


Ihe  aame  <  ear,  lb*  Ihini  wa*  p«iMI*li*il  in  Itiiladelphia. 
In  l7tlS,'.>ew  York,  for  Ih*  'Irvt  tun*,  piilillahed  • 
n*wapa|i*i ;  ami  alter  Ihia,  ainillar  ,  wrnala  war*  gra> 
dually  Inlrndiiced  into  lb*  oilier  niloiuaa  il 

'lb*  preaa  In  .\nieiiea,  waa  no  nlier*  •nlirely  fre« 
l>om  legal  realraini  till  ohtiiil  th*  year  I7AA  In  l)li;L 
Jamra  Franklin  waa  prohibited  by  llie  gnveriuir  of 
Maaaochuaella  I'nmi  publiabliig  Tht  AVi*  Utf^inl 
Viiuraiti,^  withmil  previoualy  aulmnllliig  Ila  cunlinll 
to  the  revlalonuf  Ih*  aeerelary  of  the  province  i  and  III 
I7AI,  one  Fowl*  waa  iinpriaoneil  by  the  llouae  of  .\* 
aembly  uf  Ih*  aame  province,  iia  mifu-ian  uf  having 
printed  a  pamphlet  cunlainlng  ri'Aeeliuna  on  aoni*  men»- 
liera  uf  In*  government  Alter  Ihe  year  1 730,  no  u^ 
A<'«r  aeeiu*  tu  hav*  bi  en  appoinlad  In  M.ia**tibua*il*  I* 
* lerci**  a  particular  ounlnti  uver  Ih*  pr**a  |  but  prior 
to  that  perlial,  Ih*  im frimalur  uf  a  lirenaar  wa*  iii**ilW 
*d  on  many  of  llie  New  Knglaiid  publlcallone 

A  rimnlry  where  lalmr  wa*  *o  d**r,  and  propCtly 
in  land  *o  general  aa  in  North  America,  might  have 
been  ei|ieeled  lo  have  provrd  emliwnlly  favnrabi*  W 
Ihe  growth  of  a  akilfnl  and  eoonomiral  ayalrin  of  *hu*> 
iMiiiVry.  Whilolhedeariieaa  of  labor  realrained  eipeio 
alve  cultivation,  Ihe  general  diiruaion  of  Ihe  ownerabif 
u(  land,  enhancetl  and  ninltiplieil  III*  iucitemenla  loin« 
dualry.  llul  Ihe  inlluence  of  theae  cauaea  wa*  coun> 
terocleil  by  the  ch*apneaa  and  abumtance  of  land,  aiiil 
Ihe  voal  foroala  wllti  which  Iho  whuin  c.iiintry  waa 
ciivered.  Every  man  uoaaeaa<>d  land  enough  to  af- 
ford him  a  aulricienl  aulislatenc*  hy  Ih*  eaaiosl  aiiricul 
tural  proceaa  ;  and  n  great  deal  of  imliialry  waa  con 
tinuallv  directed  tu  the  taak  uf  diaencumwring  thi 
gruiinil  uf  wihmI.  Although  every  one  of  Ihe  aelt'* 
inent*  alreaily  poaaeaae<l  luimeroua  auhalantial  edilick 
liona  of  brick  and  alone,  )  el,  from  Ihe  dearneaa  of  lalaii 
and  Ih*  abumlance  nf  wiaal,  ihe  greater  number  ul 
dwelling-huuaea  were  every  where  conalructed  uf  Ihl* 
maleriar— a  practice  which  waa  prolonged  liU  a  very 
lule  periud  by  the  erruiieuua  notion,  that  wiHaleii  hoiiaea 
contributed  a  butler  defence  than  atone  building* 
againat  Ihe  humidity  of  the  alinoaphere  '* 

America  ho*  owed  to  Kuroiie  not  only  a  rac*  of  civil 
iied  men,  but  a  br'eil  of  duinealie  aniiiiula.  Oient 
horaea,  and  ahoeji,  were  introduced  by  Ihe  Kngliah, 
French,  Uulch,  and  Hwedea,  iulo  their  reapcctive  ael- 
tlementa.  Ueea  were  imjiurled  by  the  Engliah.  The 
Indiana  who  hail  never  aeen  theae  inaecta  before,  gjve 
them  the  name  of  Hnnhth  Jtua.if 

Every  one  of  the  proviiicea  beheld  the  Indian  Irihn 
by  \/hich  it  w'l*  aurroiinded  melt  away  mure  or  leen 
rapidly  under  the  influence  of  ncivilixed  iieiKhlmrhoiMl 
In  none  of  Ihe  proviiicea  (with  Ihe  exception,  iM'rhupt 
of  Miiulh  Carolina',  were  ware  uiulerlakeii  ng.iiiial  tha 
unfortunate  race  fur  the  aakn  of  cunipieat;  yet  none  u 
the  coloniea  whoae  history  we  have  liilherto  triu'ed,  ex 
cepi  New  Jeraey  and  I'ennaylvauia,  were  able  to  a.oii 
altogether  a  cuiileat,  in  which  the  uniliirm  agijreaoior 
of  the  Iniliana  waa  uniformly  pnniabcd  with  dincmit. 
tlture  and  dealruclion.  Virginia  waa  Ihe  only  pniviiic* 
of  which  the  aoil  hiul  In'en  occupied  without  a  previoii* 

Survhaan  from  Ihe  Indiana  ;  and  in  South  ('arolinn  alone 
od   the  Irealment   which  theae  aavage*  experienced 
from  the  Euro|ieana,  been  juatly  chargeable  with  defect 

Il  John  Diintnn,  in  the  iiruapeetua  of  the  juninal  which  he 
liegaii  to  ptihliHli  at  Loiulon,  la  ItJlMt,  alalia  thai  thi-re  wera 
then  but  eight  newajia|H'ra  piihltMlieil  in  Kiiuhinil.  .Nnrie  were 
published  in  Ucoilaad  till  alter  the  acceaaiun  uf  WiUiaiu  and 
Mary. 

In  17 10,  the  re  waa  nupriuliug  preaa  in  Canada.  There  had 
formerly  lieun  one  ;  hut  iltlid  llol  alfurd  itatiMiierIhe  laeana 
uf  anIiHiatenee.  The  French  C(il'iiii.4ls,  more  a.^haiued  of  ill* 
repruach  of  puverly  or  inteltei'iMal  inrenurity  than  of  deali 
intiun  of  lilaTly,  naaerti'd  that  the  Canadian  pn-aa  bad  tieea 
inlerdicled.  leal  it  ahuuld  prihlnise  III"  la  againat  aoveriiinent 
Kalin'a  Travela,  iii.  IH2.  'fhc  ditrerenee  tietween  French  anr 
Ungtiah  inannera  waa  very  apparent  in  the  eiilonial  aeitle- 
ineiita  of  the  two  nationa.  The  Caniulian  French,  aava  Char- 
levoix,  will  rather  retrench  from  their  lahlea  than  wear  plai* 
clothes.  Voyage  Iu  North  America  in  1720,  vol.  i.  helierlll, 
Unt  Hnlehinaon  declarea,  that  Ihe  Engliah  euli  niaia  would 
ratheraimplify  tlieir  attire  than  im|Hjveriali  then  diet,  lliat 
of  Maasacnuaetta,  ii.  413. 

f  This  journal  (first  pnlilishod  in  1721)  was  edited  hy  ar 
elder  brother  of  Dr.  Franklin,  and  bad  U-en  previnii.Hly  de- 
nounced by  Or.  Increase  .Mather  aa  a  worihleMaiiao  it  religious 
publication.  It  waa  the  earliest  liteury  organ  uf  intidelily  in 
North  America.  In  o.ie  of  the  .-.iimhera  uf  iliia  pata  r  il  waa 
advanced,  that  "  if  the  inlniHltra  of  Uud  approve  of  a  thiiix, 
it  ia  a  sign  it  la  of  the  devil."    Dr.  Mather  was  eosiipcllodt* 


vindicate  himself  pultlicly  from  an  aasertion  in  the  paper,  tlial 
he  waa  one  of  ita  frienda  and  aupportera.    laaiab  'Phi 
Hiat.  of  Printing  in  America,  i.  215. 


Mr.  Jefferaon  waa  the  firat  who  attempted  to  combat  thi* 
error  of  his  countrymen,  in  hia  "  Notea  on  Virginia." 

ft  Kalm,  i.  '288.  Oldmixon  aaaerts  ('.id  edit.  i.  lli,Uhil 
America  had  neither  rata  nor  iui"u  till  lira  orrivid  of  the  Ciir* 
poan  veasela. 


NORTH  AMrmrA. 


Iiiil'mii  Irilwi 
iiri*  of  lw» 
iKiilHirhiKHt 
iH'rhupt 

yvi  miiio  <> 
Iriu-i'd,  vt 
Mr  III  ^i.oii 

ily  pniviiivii 

'»  |irpvittiii 

iiruliimnliiii* 

ni'iTWiircil 

with  Jefrc'. 

iiml  whii'li  III 

liiit  llurc  wcTi 

Nunc  were 

Williuiituiid 

Thrrf*  tiiiH 
ii»T  Ui»'  iii*'»n« 
^haiimlofilii 
tlhiii  of  >le»li 
in-iH  Kill  ticaii 
Mt  iiovf'riiiiif  lit 
I'M  KreiictiMiM 
lioiiiiil  mllle- 
,ii!iyii<!h«i- 
tiun  »'«'  f'l»'» 
>l.  i.  LiUirlll. 

Ull  IiIhIH   VIKil'.i 

111  (llGt.     lli<t. 

in  utitPil  Ijy  lur 
|irpviiMi»ly  lio- 
aiid  iirott»(li>u« 
ol  lulitli'lily  in 
in  ii;i|><  r  it  Mil 
utc  «f  u  thiiiK, 
iHiMvitpf  Ucdia 
llioinjwr.llu* 
iHiuli  Tliuiiiu' 

itbiHunlutthif 
iruiniii." 
il.' I.  1 1 1,)  111* 
itl  ufiliu  E'U* 


•f  hflwaniM*  mJ  bttHMiiUy  But  Um  ftl«n<l«h|D  of 
kit*  ratanltta  pt««Mi  In  ffiMnl  no  Um  IhUl  llun  lk*t> 
hiwilltiiM  u  Ih*  ImtUiM  Tha  itttn  fur  •|il*liu«iii 
ili(iior»,  ohtch  lh«y  «immiiiilMtail,  wm  ImliiltMl  hy  lbs 
■••'•^»(  Willi  •  (WMiun  tiMt  MwuiMail  la  fnM»T  I  *■>■' 
llio  n*w  (llMMM  which  Ihajr  iin|Kirtwl  tnnn  Rump*, 
b'lih  rniin  pMiiilMrltIn  In  llwcoiialilulion  of  lh»  liulMnai 
■ml  iIm>  iloftHilIn  lr««lm«nl  oMaMiuiml  hy  lh«lr  tiiai- 
\iriinue*  uf  •iiah  in*lwllM  w»ra  pMiliMHivii  of  *  )\^1nr. 
•iiiiHi^  llw  lrlh*(  thai  hr  aulotrl|i|Mil  all  tha  alTiirla  of 
hiiMinii  hiiallllty  Tha  paviiliar  niorulily  whirh  Iha 
•iiiall'|Hii  |iri«lii««il  aiming  Ihx  Indiana  haa  baan  aarvll»- 
ail  hy  aiiiiia  wrilara  lu  Ihair  iimelira  iif  amiinling  Ihani- 
■olura  wilh  baara'  f»aa*,  in  iinlar  lu  rapal  lh«  atlMka 
ul'  iiiitliHia  Inaaala  in  auminar,  and  la  aialiMi*  lb*  an- 
Waiiia  euhl  of  winlar,  which  la  au|i|iiia«t  lo  rapmn  Iba 
ialananua  aruplian  Ihal  la  r«<|ulalla  lo  a  favafanla  laau* 
•  t  Iha  lUalamiNir.  Oulilml  by  thair  own  acnaaliuna,  Iba 
Indiana  anll«l)>al«l  Iha  Kuro|M>ana  In  Iha  uaa  nt  Ih* 
old  ragiman  in  inull-pui  |  and  Iha  moitallly  Ihal  Iha 
4laanlvr  urcaalunad  amnnn  Ihani  waa  at  Aral  arruna- 
taialy  aaorlhad  lo  tlila  |iraclira  Ktan  Iha  lallah  for 
tu|wrlur  eomforta  and  Aiiar  liidiriaa,  whiab  mlahl  ban 
DfKii  aiuaelad  lo  laatl  Iha  Indiana  la  mora  cidllwd 
miNJaa  01  Ufa,  waa  pnaluclWa  of  an  iippiiaila  alfaal,  and 
landml  lo  conllrin  Ihain  in  aavaua  hahila  i  aa  thaaa 
luoirlra  ware  now  ganaralljr  lanJarad  lo  ihain  in  aa- 
shanga  for  Iha  iiallry  which  Ibajr  proeurad  by  hunllnr 
Alinoal  ill  Iha  Indian  Iribaa  wara  angafad  In  wara  wlih 
aaoh  olhar.  and  all  wara  a*f  ar  lu  oblaln  Ihn  naw  Inalru- 
Mania  «(  daalnitflion  which  Iha  auparlur  arianeo  of  Iba 
i:iiro(iaana  bad  eraalad.  Wialding  Ihia  lro|>rovfd  nw- 
cliinary  of  daalh  wilh  Iba  aama  rmga  and  lUry  Ihal  bad 
I'haraelariaad  Ihuir  prairloua  warfara  with  laaa  afllpaelnua 
weapona,  Ihalr  mulual  hoalllllina  wora  randvrad  addi- 
llonallv  daalrucllvo  by  tha  eominuniralinn  of  an  iniran- 
lion  which,  among  ri«ilii*d  naliniia,  haa  ahortanad  Iha 
duration  and  diininiihrd  tha  carnage  of  war. 

Al  Iha  eloaa  of  the  aavenlaaiith  oanliiry  Iha  Indian 
Iribaa  of  Naw  EnglarJ  could  alill  mualer  10,000  Aght- 
lug  niant*  Iboaa  of  New  York,  1,000)  and  Ihoaa  uf 
Virginia,  BOO.  Tbara  ware  0,000  Indiana  aitogalhar 
In  Pannaylvania  i  4,000  In  North  Carolina  i  prubabljr 
u  nMnv  In  South  Uarolliia  ;  3,000  in  Maryland  |  anil 
onltr  3W)  in  New  Jaraaj.f 

The  danger  which  the  European  eotoniata  niual  have 
Incurred  RriMn  ■  coalition  between  their  negro  alavaa 
and  tha  Indiana,  waa  obviated  by  the  Irreooncileabia 
dialika  Mid  antipathy  which  prevailed  unlvnraally  be- 
tween thaaa  two  deganarate  racea.  The  gentle  ami 
alfemlnala  Indiana  of  South  America  were  reganlvd 
from  tha  Aral  with  inaolenee  and  acorn  by  the  negro 
•laraa  of  Iha  Spaniuda  |  and  the  freer  and  hardier  In- 
■lUna  of  North  Aniariea  have  alwava  daiiionatrated  the 
Mercral  ivaralon  and  conlamiil  for  tha  negroea  imported 
.nto  Iba  aattlemanla  of  tha  Engllah. 


'   NOTES  TO   GRAHAM'S   HISTORY 

NoTi  [1]  p.  ai8. — The  Important  inatruction,  both 
moral  and  political,  which  may  be  derived  from  a  eun- 
ilderation  of  the  origin  of  the  Slave  Tradr,  la  forcibly 
liepicted  by  that  dialinguiahed  philantliriipiat  (Thomaa 
Clarkaon),  whoae  virtue  pniinoteJ,  and  wliuio  genlua 
haa  recorded,  the  abolition  of  thia  deteatable  traflic.  Il 
la  a  remarkable  fact,  that  Ihe  pioua  and  lienevoleni  I>ai 
Uaaaa,  actuated  by  a  vehement  deaire  to  emancipate 
the  feeble  nationa  of  South  America  from  the  bondage 
of  the  Spaniah  eoloniala,  waa  the  Aral  |ieraun  who  pro- 
poaed  to  Iba  government  of  Spain  Ihe  importation  of 
negroea  from  Allrica  lo  America.  Ilia  propoaition  waa 
rejected  by  Cardinal  Ximcnea,  who  conaidered  it  un- 
lawful to  conaign  innocent  people  lo  alavery  at  all,  and 
waa,  moreover,  alruck  with  the  inconaiateiicy  of  deli- 
vering the  inhabitanta  of  one  country  from  a  atata  of 


*  Whan  Connectiout  waa  Aral  aetlled,  there  were  computed 
to  U  20,000  Indiana  within  iu  buundarioa  alone.  Trumbull, 
1. 43.  In  Oookia'a  "  Hialorical  Colleotiona  of  tl.e  Indiana  in 
Njw  Gnfland,"  aoaa illualralion  iaaironledurthoropidde- 
cliao  which  thisaa  Iribaa  aualaiaed  during  the  abort  interval 
t  etwcen  the  aettlemaat  of  the  New  England  atalea  and  the 
yi  itr  1704.  The  Paquoda  were  reducrd  fruni  4,UU0  to  3U0 
wnrriora  ;  the  Narraghanaatta,  from  3,000 lo  1,001) ;  the  I'aw- 
lurk?ra,  f-om  3,000  to  230;  the  Maaaaohuaclts  (who  hiivi. 
k'ivi'i,  .uirnair.e  to  the  principal  atale  in  New  Kniluml,) 
'  roiii  J.OOO  to  300 ;  luid  the  Puwkumiakuta,  a  trilw  whioli  lud 
ruiiniirly  nuinliered  3,000  warriora,  waa  almost  piiiirrly  t\- 
liiiin.  CiilleolianaofthoMaaaaehuaotlallial. 8oc.  i.  14l-'j:!7, 
1  Oldmixon.  i.  106.  125.  141.  164.  201.  282.  Wartlcii,  il. 
:i?.'i. 'till.  Tlia  most  acuurate,  believe,  and  certainly  iKi- 
imi.it  intcrmtiiii;  picture  of  Indian  manner*  that  cxiata  in  llif 
H^H^iah  litniuiiijo,  ia  contained  in  that  nolila  production  ol 
1  'aniiiig  lunffeni'ia,  Suulhoy'a  lliatory  •(  Ciuil. 


mlaary,  h«  InWallng  II  itpnn  tha  InhabMania  of  anolbar 
"  AAar  tha  daolh  of  Cardinal  Xlmanaa,  Iba  Emparnr 
Charlea  Iha  TIAh  anrmiragiNl  tha  aUva  trade  In  lAIT, 
ha  graiilad  a  patent  to  one  of  hia  ^'lenilab  Ihvurtlea, 
uonlainlng  an  aaelaalva  right  of  Importing  ftMir  ibnu- 
aand  Aftlaone  Inlu  Ainarlea  Hut  he  lived  long  enough 
li>  repent  of  what  ha  bod  Ibua  ineimalilerataly  done 
Cor  III  Iba  yaar  IMt,  h«  maile  a  eiaia  of  lawa  for  the  hal- 
ter pnrtaatwn  nf  th*  unfarlunate  Imliana  In  bla  foreign 
ilninlnlonai  and  ha  ainpped  the  pmgreaa  uf  AlVlean 
alavrry  l>y  an  order  that  all  alavaa  In  bla  Amerlran 
iaianila  abnuki  ha  made  Oee."  Thia  onlar  waa  eubaa- 
^uently  defeated  by  hia  own  rellreine|il  into  a  innnaala- 
^  I  but  "It  ahowa  be  had  haeii  ignorant  of  what  he 
waa  daing,  whan  ba  gave  bla  aanctiim  to  Ihia  cruel 
Irada.  Il  ahowa,  when  lagWalora  give  mia  aal  of  man 
M  undua  power  over  oiuillMr,  how  i)uleklv  that  abuaa 
U  I  or  ba  navar  wauU  have  found  hliiMMlf  nbligad.  In 
tha  abort  apaaa  of  twanty-Ava  yaara,  lo  undo  Ihal  whiah 
he  hail  enunlenanaed  aa  a  greil  alala  inaaaufe.  And 
Il  cunArnia  Ihe  fiiriiiar  laaaon  l«  ilataeman,  of 
watching  tha  beginninga  or  urinelplea  of  tbinga,  tn 
their  polillaal  movamanla,  Il  ahould  teaab  them  navar 
to  paraiat  In  Ihe  aupporl  of  avila,  Ihrmigh  Iba  folaa 
ahoina  of  being  oblifni  to  eonl'eaa  thai  Ibay  hod  once 
given  Ibem  their  aanellon  i  nor  lo  delay  Iha  eura  of 
Inent,  becauaa,  polilieally  apeakliig,  nailher  Ihia  nor 
Ibol  la  the  proper  oeaaon  i  but  lo  do  them  away  inalanl- 
ly,  oa  thara  can  ba  only  one  Al  or  proper  lima  In  Iha 
eye  of  raligion,  namelv,  on  tha  conviction  of  Ibeir  eiial- 
anaa."  cTarhaun'a  Hiilorf  of  Ma  ilMi/ton  of  llu  Sleet 
Trdih,  vol.  I   p.  30— 3M. 

Louie  Iha  Tbiiteenlh  of  Franca  waa  al  Aral  alagger 
ed  by  Iha  aaina  aeruplea  of  conaelenea  that  prevailml 
with  Charlea,  and  could  not  be  pertuaded  to  aulhnriie 
Iha  alava  trade  till  ha  had  been  nuula  to  believe  Ihal 
Ihe  readieal  way  of  converting  the  negroea  waa  by 
tranapurtlng  Ihaiu  lo  tha  eoloniea  — Ibid.  4 1,  43. 

NoTi  IS]  p.  310. — Captain  Smith  appaara  lo  have 
bean  ao  obnoiloua  to  Ihe  leading  patenleea,  Ihal,  even 
If  ha  bad  remained  In  the  cnliiny,  It  ia  highly  improh*- 
bla  Ihav  would  ever  have  inlrualeil  him  with  any  autho- 
rily.  They  never  rewarded  nor  re-employed  hlin  aAer 
hia  return  to  England.  They  were  bent  on  deriving 
iminetliale  auppliea  uf  gold  or  rich  merehandiae  from 
Iha  colony,  and  oacribetrtheir  diaanpointmeni  in  a  great 
meaaura  lo  hia  having  reatricted  liia  viewa  lo  the  eata- 
bliahmenl  of  a  eolid  and  reapectable  frame  of  aociety. 
Thia  la  apparent  from  many  poaaagea  of  hia  wrilinira, 
and  particularly  from  hia  latter  to  tne  patenleea  while 
he  held  Ihe  preaidency.^U.  III.  cap.  vli.  An  hoiieater, 
but  almurder  reiwon,  that  appeara  lo  have  prevailed  with 
aoine  uf  Iheni  to  oppoae  hie  urelenaiona  to  otike,  waa, 
that  certain  fortune-tellera  had  predicted  that  ha  would 
ba  unlucky ;  a  predioliun  that  aometlmaa  eontribulaa 
lo  ita  own  ftillilinenl.— 0.  VI. 

In  varioua  parte  of  hia  hialory  he  appliea  himaelf  lo 
refute  their  unroaannable  clmrgea,  ami  account  for  tha 
dianpiiointnieiit  of  their  exiiectationa.  I'or  Ihia  pur- 
poa«>  lie  boa  drawn  a  parallel  between  Ihe  circumataneal 
of  Iha  Spaniah  and  the  Engllah  eoloniala  of  America. 
"  Il  wo*  Ihe  Spaniarda'  good  hap,"  he  obaervea,  "  to 
happen  in  thoac  purta  where  were  InAnile  numbera  of 
people,  who  had  iiiaiiured  Ihe  ground  with  that  provi- 
deiico  it  aflbrded  victnala  at  all  timea.  And  time  had 
brought  Ihem  lo  that  perfection,  that  they  bod  the  use 
of  gold  and  ailver,  and  the  moat  of  auch  cominoditiea 
aa  tnuae  countriea  oflorded :  ao  that  what  Ihe  Spaiiiunl 
got  waa  chieAy  the  apoil  and  pillage  of  thoae  country 
iieople,  and  not  the  lobora  of  their  own  hand*.  But 
had  theae  fruitful  cnuiilriea  been  aa  aavage,  aa  barba- 
roua,  aa  ill  peopled,  aa  little  planted,  labored,  and 
manured,  aa  Virginia,  their  proper  labora,  it  ia  likely, 
would  have  produced  aa  amall  proAl  aa  oura.  And  hod 
Virginia  been  peopled,  planted,  manured,  and  adorned 
with  auch  atore  of  precloua  jewela  and  rich  commodi- 
tiea  aa  were  tha  Indiea ;  then,  had  we  not  gotten  and 
done  aa  much  aa,  by  their  example,  might  be  eipeclcd 
from  ua,  the  world  might  then  have  traduced  ua  and  our 
merita,  and  have  made  ahame  and  infamy  our  rccoin 
penae  and  reward."^U.  III.  cap.  it. 

Were  we  to  conAne  our  attonlion  to  Ihe  aeeming 
import  of  thia  iaolated  paaaage,  it  would  be  diffloult  not 
to  auppoao  Ihal  Ihia  excellent  peraon  waa  deterred  leaa 
by  want  of  inclination  than  lock  of  opportuni^,  from 
Imitating  the  robberiea  nnd  enormitiea  of  the  Spaniah 
adventurcra,  Dul  the  general  context  of  hia  book,  aa 
well  aa  the  inuro  cretlible  evidence  derived  from  the 
whole  acope  and  tenor  uf  Ilia  lift-,  would  amply  refute 
the  uiijuat  aupiHiaitiun.  Th.it  he  waa  utterly  unoc 
qiiainted  with  the  enorniitica  commilled  by  the  Span-  j 


laida  In  Maihnt  and  l*aru,  may  he  eollaelad  titm  MM 
pralaea  ba  haalitwa  a«t  their  aipMla,  and  Aram  Ma  ■■• 
pealing  In  tha  glory  of  ihaaa  a  ■  pintle  aa  an  InaantiM 
Ihal  ahinild  allinulale  Ilia  aninr  of  Iha  Kngllah  la  Ih* 
pmeaeulliin  of  Uhofioua  ftrtua,  and  humble  Ml  haiHMI 
emnluineni  in  North  Amarlea  Thua  noMr  wa  tmt 
him  aipreaalng  tha  eanlimaiila  of  a  mind  whiek  Iha  MUt- 
dlliiin  of  humanity  did  not  eiampl  fhtm  being  daaalva4 
hut  whieh  plaly  preaarved  f^nm  naing  ilepfived  af  f«f 
verteil,  "  who  ean  deaira  mora  rnnlani  Inal  bolb  amal 
manna  or  hut  only  hia  merit,  lo  ailvanee  hia  hftunaa> 
than  tn  Ireail  ami  plant  that  graiind  ba  both  purehaaaj 
of  kla  life)  Ifba  ' 


by  the  haaard  i 


life  I  If  ha  have  but  thif  laala  of 


virtun  anil  magnanimity,  what  In  amh  a  mind  ear  "<* 
mora  pleoaanl  Inan  planting  and  bulkling  a  foumlatiai 
Air  hia  poalerlly,  gut  l^om  tha  ruila  earth  by  Oial'a  bleaa> 
Ing  ami  bla  own  Indualnr,  wltboul  prejudl«a  la  any  | 
If  ne  have  any  grain  of  nilh  or  i 

a  do  laaa  hurtAil 
than  to  aaah  to  eoneert 


'  laal  In  religion,  what 


aan  ha  do  laaa  hurtAil  t*  any,  or  mora  agraeaMo  la  floil, 
than  to  aaah  to  eoneert  Ihoea  poor  aavagea  lo  knuva 
Ohrial  and  humanhy,  whnae  lahora  with  drarretlon  win 


Iripla  thy  ebarga  and  palna  I  What  ao  truly  aulla  with 
haiiar  and  hotiaaly  aa  Iha  diaaovering  Ihlnge  un- 
known, eraeling  towna,  peopling  eountrlee,  lnv>inln| 
Ihe  ignorant,  reforming  Ininga  unjual,  learhlng  virtue, 
ami  gaining  to  our  mother  country  a  kingilom  lo  ollanu 
her  I  AmIIng  employment  for  thoae  that  are  klla  ba- 
eauae  ihay  know  not  what  lo  do  i  ao  br  fritm  wranginf 
any,  aa  to  eauaa  poalerily  la  ramambar  tbae,  and  ra> 
meinbering  thee,  ever  honar  Ihal  remembranea  with 

(iraiae  V*  Il  ia  probably  auch  eipreaalona  aa  Iheaa  that 
lave  led  certain  wrilera  lo  charge  Smith  with  eniAun* 
ttm —  a  term  by  whtah  aoma  paraona  denola  avary  aio  , 
valion  of  view  and  lone  that  religion  imparta,  and  bf 
which  many  olhera  dealgnala  every  quality  and  aantl- 
menl  Ihal  they  feel  lu  ba  above  Ihe  pitch  of  thair  own 
nature. 

Smith  pmeeeda  aa  followa  i  *<  Then  who  would  !!*• 
at  home  idly,  or  Ibink  in  himaelf  any  worth  lo  live, 
only  lo  aal,  drink,  and  aleep,  and  ao  die  i  or  eonai.m- 
ing  that  careleaaly  hia  frienda  got  worthily,  or  uai.'g 
that  niiaerably  Ihal  maintaineil  virtue  honeatly  r  or  be- 
ing ili'arendml  nobly,  pine  wilh  Ihe  vain  vaunt  of  graal 
kindred  in  penury  ;  or,  to  maintain  a  ailly  ahow  of 
bravery,  toil  out  thy  heart,  aoul  and  lima  baaaly,  by 
ahiAa,  trieka,  cania,  and  dice  i  or  by  relating  nawa  of 
other  men'a  acllona,  ahark  here  and  there  for  a  dinner 
or  aup|ier,"  Ac.  "  though  thou  aeeal  what  hunora  and 
rawarda  the  world  yet  hath  fur  them  that  will  aaek  them, 
and  worthily  deaerve  them."— B.  VI.  Ha  adda  ahortly 
alter,  "  Il  would  ba  a  hialory  of  a  large  volume,  lo  re- 
cite the  ailvenlorea  of  the  Snaniania  and  Portugnlo, 
their  aflronla  and  dofeata,  their  dangera  and  mlaariae, 
which,  with  auch  Incomparable  honor  ami  eonatonl  ra- 
aolullon,  ao  far  bayond  belief,  ther  have  allemptad  ami 
endured,  in  their  diacoveriea  ami  plantationo,  la  msy 
wall  condemn  ua  of  loo  much  Imheeilily,  ilolh,  and 
negligence.  Yet  Ihe  authora  of  Iheaa  new  Inventiona 
were  hekl  aa  ridieuloua  for  a  long  lime,  aa  now  iro 
olhera  that  but  aeek  to  imitata  Ibeir  unparollalad  eir- 
tuee." 

I  ahould  contend  neither  wlaaly  nor  honaatlr  fi>r  Ih* 
fame  of  Captain  Smith,  were  I  to  repreoent  him  aa  a 
faullleea  character,  |ierfactly  unclothed  of  tha  imparfao- 
llona  of  humanity.  The  aulTaringa  of  othara  have  baan 
known  lu  provoke  him  to  an  Intemparanea  at  leoal  of 
expreaaion  which  none  of  hia  own  Iriala  and  provoea- 
liona  over  excited,  and  which  none  of  hia  aclioni  aver 
realixed.  Indignant  at  the  dreadful  roaaaaera  of  tha 
Virginia  eoloniala  in  1033,  long  after  ha  hail  left  tham, 
ha  pronounced  in  haata  and  anger  that  Iha  colony  eoulfl 
not  be  preoerved  without  aubduing  or  expelling  tha  In- 
diana, and  puniahing  their  perAdioua  cruelly  oa  thKi 
Spaniarda  hod  puniahed  "  the  Ireacheroua  and  rahalliou* 
inAdela"  in  South  America.— B.  IV.  Thaaa  expraa- 
aiona  alTiird  a  farther  proof  of  Ihe  very  Imperfect  ao- 
quaintance  he  had  wilh  Ihe  real  cireumatancea  thai 
attended  the  aubju^ation  of  South  America  by  Iba 
Spaniarda.  "  Notwithalanding  auch  a  atam  and  invin- 
cible reaolution  aa  Captain  Smith  diaplayed,"  aayi  an  ' 
intelligent  hiatorian  of  Virginia,  "tnere  waa  laldom 
aeen  a  milder  and  more  tender  heart  than  hia  waa." 
Slith,p.  113. 

He  expatiotea  at  great  length,  and  with  much  apirit 
and  ability,  on  the  advantagea  of  colonial  eatabualk> 
menu  in  America;  and  diapiaya  a  variety  of  indueo- 
menta  lo  embark  in  Ihem,  appropr  ate  lo  Ihe  varioua 
claaaea  of  aociety  in  England.  Cdoniea  Jie  dewribaa 
oa  achoola  for  maintaining  Ihe  hardy  virtuaa  on  which 
the  aafety  of  eveiy  atale  muat  uapeml.  Ha  aacribea 
the  fall  of  Rmna  and  tha  lubjugofion  of  OonatantiiM  pin 
lo  the  iiiilnlawci  and  oaaalouancaa  aftb*  neb,  wba  not 


TNI  mSTONT  or 


pwnlih  IknH  «Mll  t»l»  »n\  uwlUI  •ni|>t»vin«nl  t  *ikl 
Mnmgljr  mgra  •)>•  »««lilt*  >*|Mi*twla  »l  tlnnUiMl  lu 
Mutkla  in  lh<l«  imn  •«*uril|,  by  fiMllllMInf  >>>rf 
Kif«lgii  vittil  lu  lh«  ffnargiim  uf  4tfii«a  tiiil  iiHli||«itl 
mrn  11*  fnUrfn  »ii  IM  |>l««a>ir«*  linhlviil  lu  * 
pUttUt't  lit*,  «n>l  •iir<i(*M  hia  ilvwiiiriion  liy  iIm  ImII 
lUuMy  uf  liM  iiwn  ««y*rl*nr«.  **  I  K^iv*  iiol  lipati  an 
ill  IkmI,"  ha  ilarltraa,  ■•  Iml  I  lM<a  Inalatl  ii(  |ilanl;  i 
uhI  |ila.iaiira,  *a  wall  M  waiii  ami  mlaarjf  Xni  laai 
an)  ahiiulil  llunk  lh»  lull  mighl  ba  inaii|i|MirUlil»,  1 1 
•aa  ira  lit)  M>ll  Ihara  ti»  wh<i  4laU|hl  a%lrviii'l)  In  ••In 
{•laMura,  Ihat  l*lia  jtm'h  iimra  inuiia  In  KiikUihI  lu 
aiiju)  a,  iImii  I  akuulU  ilu  lh«ra  l»  (am  waallh  aiiltV-  { 
viani  I  aiiJ  yat  I  Ikink  Iha*  all  luUI  nut  hava  half  aiwb 
■wral  (wilaiil  "  II  V I  Tu  {aiillaiuaii  ha  iiru|niaaa, 
•nMNin  utkar  liHliiaainaiila,  It  a  |ila*auraa  nt  Hahlii(, 
tmUiin,  UNI  hunlliii|,  lu  an  iinbuuiHiatl  ailani  |  •ml 
<•  laburvra,  Iha  blaaamgi  uf  •  v  irani  auil,  ol  iiiiri|ualM 
•h»d|in»aa  (ltd  uiiaur|>aaaml  railllll)  Ha  |>ruiiiia«a  nu 
HtilH-a  III  IMnu<  aunlM  a«arU'»,  iiur  ruiu|iiaala  In  alliir* 
liriMllnala  mimhIiuii  (  bi^l  iha  wit  aiilatfa*  uf  a  laiitua* 
t«l«  aUin*,  aiui  ol  •  aacura  ami  aihauallaaa  aiiliaial- 
iitMl  'lia  waallh  Ihal  ogrlaulluia  inuy  atlravl  rriHii 
lh«  lamli  '<iiil  Aaharlaa  friHii  Ih*  '•«  "  Thvralurr,"  lia 
•uncltMlaa,  ■  hunofabli'  ami  .irurlhjr  coiiiilrjiiiiait,  M 
iiul  Ih*  rnmn  m  uf  •*■  ••mil  hah  iliataala  «iiu,  liir  It 
will  alTunl  aa  gtsal  >ji>l>l  «a  Ih*  iiilnaa  uf  iiuMiw  ur 
Putuai,  with  laaa  baianl  ami  iiharn*,  aiiJ  iiiura  errtalnl* 
•jhI  «M'illly  " 

I  ha«»  nUait  but  *  «ary  ■•naral  nulllna  at  ninllh'a 
•k|>uailiun  »(  thia  aulijat'l  'T'hu  ilaUlla  wllh  wliU'li  ha 
liM  Itllaii  it  up  am  highly  Intaraaliiig,  ami  wall  iIk- 
Mrvlng  o(  |Hiruaal  I  Ihiiik  Ihara  ran  Iw  nii  iluuhl 
I.Mt  lia  liaa  Irralnl  Ilia  aubjrrl  uf  r»lunl>.iliun  wilh 
Imr"  bulli  uf  tha  altill  h(  •  |»>IUM-iaii  »iiil  ihi'  pnil'iiiiiiil 
■•(«».'«  u(  a  iihiliMiiiihrri  lh.iii  iMinl  II.hmii  h.ia  aliuwii 
In  aithai  ur  buih  ut  hia  unalurliuiia,  tha  "  K>a«y  nii 
Fluitatluna,"  ami  tha  '*  CuiiaUlarnlluna  luurliliig  Iha 
tiUnlatiuii  in  Iralaml." 

Tha  nniiia  uf  Hiuith  h«a  nul  yi<t  |(*lhaml  nil  lia 
lUM.  Tha  lualia  it  miva  |Miaaaaaml  la  aiiiiiawhal  uli- 
amnNl  by  lliiiv,  aiitl  by  ilii>  rircuiiialanrra  that  Ivit 
AnMna  i  •41  luny  lu  ila|M>mi  on  Kii|{laml  fur  tha  aaiill- 
inanla  ai  I  opiiiiuna  that  litrnilura  iirrarrvaa  ur  (iru- 
ilucoa,  aiitl  fionarijuanlly  U'tl  hrr  tu  rule  hrr  rniinrnt 
liian  lalliar  by  Ilia  liu|i<>rlaiw«  uf  Ihair  *<'hinviiii<iila 
In  tha  acalc  uf  Utiilah  than  uf  Aiiiarican  hialuty.  Hut 
I  Ihiiik  I  can  fiiraaaa  ila  raolval.  It  will  gruw  with 
Iba  growth  of  mm  ami  Irlti'ra  in  Anvricai  ami  whula 
imtiona  uf  iu  adiiiirrra  liatr  yrt  to  ba  Ixirii  Aa  llii' 
■IreHtu  Iwciiiiira  iiiurii  illualriuua,  tit*  auriiina  will  Iw- 
(uiua  iiiura  iiilaraaliii(,  Koiiiulua,  I  doubt  mil,  wim 
nn  olijai't  uf  un><<tvr  intantat  In  tha  AuguaUn  a>r«  Ihitn 
in  tha  iirrrrXing  ag«a  uf  Kunia.  The  aga  uf  Niiiith'a 
fain*  hoa  in  Ilka  iu.iiiner  yrt  to  eoinr  )  an  u|to  wIk'Ii 
Ihara  will  b«  inanrilmi  b^  tha  Aimrivana,  uii  labluta 
nui*  liating  Ihtin  Ccnhaginian  gold, 

"  Fiirlia  fai'ta  ^nim,  aariaa  lunifiaaimn  ri*nini, 

Pvr  tut  durta  viroa  pinna  ab  uriKiiie  iirniia ;" 

and  ha  will  than  Iw  thuiight  aa  far  to  aiccl  Kuinulua 

in   trua   glury,  aa  Ainrrica   h(ia   excallpil,   rind   ia   yi>t 

Ukaly  tu  r«ral  ukl  Kuina  In  lii<|>|iiiiraa  and  virtup 

lia  waa  liorn  in  tha  year  I57tt,  and  died  on  tho  Slat 
■if  Junp,  IMI. 

Nothing  can  b«  mora  arronaoua  or  unjual  than  Win- 
Icrbutham  a  CliMnolugicil  ('nialujiua  »r  tha  Ainrriran 
Mtatra,  in  which  i<nrd  Uclnware  ia  rrourdrd  ua  the 
'uundar  of  Virginia.  If  Ihia  honor  belong  to  any  in 
Jividual,  it  ia  to  Captain  Hinith. 

NoTK  [U]  p  ilO.— Tha  hiilory  nf  I^^l  DrJAwarc'a 
fovamnii'iil,  and  tha  mora  recent  axampla  of  ttiu  act 
mniant  fomad  by  l^ord  Mrlkirk  in  Prince  Kdwanl'a 
laland,  deinunttrata  vrr;'  alrvngly  tha  banrAcial  intlu- 
mca,  to  which  noblemen  may  render  their  rank  asb- 
•crrianl,  in  tlw  pruinution  and  aupimrt  of  aurh  eata- 
bliahinanta.  The  innaa  uf  inankiiid  bear  very  little 
raaraiblance  to  tha  original  culoniala  of  Maaiachuoetta 
umI  I'cnnaylvania.  I'hey  are  utterly  incapaliia  of 
uppreciating  auperior  iiirly,  and  yield  (eapccially  in 
niiall  liodiei>)  a  very  reluctant  deference  tn  the  preten- 
■iona  uf  aiiperloi  wiaduin  mid  ability.  The  claima  of 
•u|ienur  binh  an  I  hereditary  eievatiun  have  the  advan- 
tage uf  lieing  mo  ^  certain  and  manifeat,  mure  vlapted 
to  their  habUa,  ai  I  le.ii  oireiiiive  to  their  aelf-conipla- 
cency.  Lunl  B4 -un  obaervea,  that  planlaliona  are 
m'lit  frequent  in  he  earlier  atiuea  uf  auciety  ;  that 
ii  In  the  period  wivn  auperior  birth,  united  (aa  it  then 
nly  U)  wit^  t  monopoly  of  tlie  little  knowledge 


lK«l  eiMik  eteiHaM  th»  Mtrntgaat  InlhtafM*  an  nan- 
kind.  The  auliinii  aun<liwi*<l  liv  l«if<l  Malkirk  tn  PrtHe* 
IMword'a  lal*n<l  ruiiaialnl  ul  IlighUmlera,  a  rae*  uf 
man  ■vauliaily  ilwiiiigulahrd  by,  wh>tl  Miirka  h«a 
larinaif,u|^  urmid  auluiiiMiun  ami  ganaruM*  lii^itHv 
lu  rank  "  Whan  their  futinlrynian  In  Iha  iriirhie* 
hahaki  i*r  Juhiiaun,  ihay  in«4l*  lull*  acamint  uf  Ih* 
inlallarlual  aiinarlufily  whu'h  hiul  (iliia<l  hini  a  aurl 
■rf  inuthtniliitxl  tiilliian**  In  IliigUiid  1  but  daalring  lu 
know  whiii  war*  liia  liaiina  In  raapaei,  Imtuirni  »f  hlin 
if  h*  euulil  raeuuiit  a  lung  g*n**lugy 

Mura  [l|  p  'JM>.— 'I'ha  iiiriirlalng  errura  Ih4l 
Hulwrlaun  haa  ruiniiillleil  In  kla  areuiini  uf  Nir  I'huiiiaa 
llftla'a  adiiiliilalriaiun  may  wall  aaaiii  In  d*lrael,  In  no 
ainall  d*gr*e,  frmn  tha  rmllt  uf  hlalury  II*  nut  unly 
Inipulaa  lu  Iha  I'uiiipany  iha  anorlnieiil  ami  liilriKlui'- 
llun  uf  Iha  arbitrary  eiala  Iraiiainllled  by  NIr  'rhutnaa 
Niinili,  hut  unhihia  al  langlh  tha  (Imaginary)  r*«auna 
thai  pravuiiad  wilh  lliani  lu  alupt  4  ineaaur*  an  hnrah 
and  aaiigiiinary  |  though  uf  Ihia  meaaura  llavlf  Ihay 
•r*  viurvaaly  acipiilled  hy  Niiih,  Iha  unly  authurlly  un 
III*  aniijet't  inol  *<iBla,  and  III*  vary  nulliurily  lu  wliiih 
Hulierlaun  hlinaalf  refara.  Aiming  ih*  iMliar  raaauna 
which  h*  aaaigna,  la  Ih*  otlvlr*  uf  l^unl  llaciin,  which 
h*  unhaailallngly  churgva  Ihia  eniinanl  (lerauii  wllh 
hating  cumiiMiiiualed,  nnd  Ih*  <'iiin|Mny  wilh  hnvinii 
vagrrly  uppruvnl.  In  BUU|Hirt  uf  n  charge  au  declileil 
and  a<i  reimirkahl*,  h*  retera  merely  lu  a  ptaaug*  in 
Uinl  llocun'a  /v'i>«y  im  /'/aa/n/mai.  It  would  It*  wall 
fur  Ih*  fain*  of  lljcun  If  all  Iha  chargea  wilh  which 
hia  ch4ra4'ler  la  luailad  wer*  aiip|H>rled  hy  aiii'h  *«l- 
dance  ('ur  tufftttiHg  (ivhich  ia  duiihllul)  Ih  il  Ihia 
*aa«y  w«a  iiubliahad  lM>fur*  th*  cullri'llun  uf  NIr  Thu- 
iiiaa  Hinilha  ayaleni  nf  martial  hiw,  and  ifu/i/xKinir  il 
lu  haw  liren  r*ad  by  Ih*  ■■uinnller  uf  that  avaiein,  il  ia 
aurely  mure  limn  duuMful  il  Ih*  iiiiaaii|(e  alluded  tu 
wiinhl  yi'i  auppurt  Dr.  KulM'rla.m'a  iiiipiiluUuii  It 
merely  recuinim'iida  that  a  culuiilal  govermiienl  ahuiild 
■*  have  eiHi'iniaaiun  lu  *i*reia«  niarlial  lawa,  wilh  auiiie 
liniitJII'in  1"  a  |Niwar  inae|Mrahle  fruin  aiieh,  ami  iiuleeil 
Iriiin  aiary  ayalem  uf  guvernnieni  Th*  Iwenly  luiirlh 
aiH'liun  uf  Ring  Janiea'  a<<eiind  charier  tu  Ih*  I'uiii- 
pany  hal  already  inveatad  the  culunial  guvernora  with 
"full  power  and  aulhurily  tu  u«a  ami  e«rrcia»  martial 
law,  ill  caaca  uf  mutiny  ur  relielllun  ;"  ami  ih*  preced- 
ing oeriiun  uf  III*  aaine  charter  aiithuriiea  Ihein,  "  in 
caoe  uf  iieceaaily,"  to  rule,  currrcl,  and  piiniah,  acciird- 
iiig  In  their  own  "giHNi  diacretiuna."  .\u  blame  can 
allooh  lo  Ihe  bare  aulhorinaliun  uf  an  vitrHUdinary 
|Hiwer,  reacrved  in  every  auciety,  fur  exirnurdiiiary  ucca* 
aiutia  What  alone  a4<eiiia  deaer*'iiig  uf  blain*  ia  Nir 
i'liuniaa  Ninilh'a  viident  and  illegal  aultaliluliiin  of  the 
niiiai  aunguinary  cud*  nf  martial  law  that  viaa  ever 
Iraiiml,  in  the  nmin  uf  the  furnier  cuniilliitiun,  and 
fur  the  purpuaea  of  Ihe  unlinary  ailniiniatraliuii  uf  the 
culony  I  and  Dr.  Uu(N>rtauii'i  \ery  hiuty  and  iinl'uunded 
iinpulaliun  uf  Ihia  priM'eeding  tu  Ih*  act  uf  Ihe  riiuncil 
ami  Ihe  ailvice  uf  |«ird  llacini  II  lad  lieen  well  if  Ihe 
Cuuncil  had  luiiil  mure  altentiun  In  the  inaiiin  nf  Ihia 
great  man,  thai  "ihuaa  wliu  plant  culuiiica  niunt  lie 
vihIuciI  wilh  gn^at  patience." 

Th*  inaccuracy  and  iniarepreaenlatiun  in  which  Dr. 
Kubertaun  liaa  indulged,  in  hia  hlalury  of  Niinlli  Anie 
rica,  haa  been  ilclecleihliy  Mr,  Nuulney,  and  ei|ioaed 
in  tlie  lliatory  uf  Uraiil,  I'art  I.  note  M.' 

NoTK  [.t]  p  2(11. — f'lialmera  and  Ruhcrtaon  have 
inipul<>d  lh«  aluw  Increnae  uf  the  culnniala  of  New 
Hlyinnuth  In  "  the  unaucial  character  of  their  religluua 
confederacy."  Aa  the  charge  of  entertaining  anti- 
aocial  principica  waa  preferred  againat  the  Aral  Chria- 
tiana  by  intn  whu  plumed  thcniuelvca  on  eierciaing 
kotpilalilji  lo  Ihe  nodi  of  all  lufiiinji,  il  ia  neceaaary  lo 
oocertain  the  preciae  meaning  of  thia  itnpulation,  if 
we  would  know  whether  it  lie  praiae  or  blame  that  it 
involve).  Whether,  in  •  truly  jiaineworthy  accepta- 
tion, the  charge  uf  unaocial  principica  inuat  prnperly 
lielunga  to  thcae  |ieuple  or  to  their  adveraariee,  may  be 
collected  from  the  alateinenta  they  have  re<pectiv«ly 
made  of  the  terma  on  which  they  were  willing  In  hold 
a  cumpaninnalile  intercnurae  wilh  their  fcllnw  iiieii. 
Mr.  \V  inaluw,  who  waa  for  aonie  time  governur  of  New- 
i'lyniuulh,  ill  Ilia  account  of  the  colony  declarea  that 
the  faith  of  the  people  waa  in  all  reapecta  the  aaine 
wilh  that  uf  Ihe  relurmed  churchca  uf  Kurupe,  from 
which  they  dilVrred  unly  in  their  npiiiiun  of  church 
j;nvcrnincnt,  wherein  they  pnraucd  a  more  tliitroiigh 
rcl'urmation.  'i'hey  diaclalmed,  however,  any  uncha- 
ritable Bcparatiun  from  Ihuae  wilh  whom  they  dilt'cred 
un  thia  puitit,  and  freely  odniilted  tlie  mcmlwra  of  every 


fMtrwweif  ewtwK  ta  enwinttMiWd  teitw  inew  *  ^vv 
avar  p|a*«i|,"  h*  ennlliiuea,  "a  large  dllhraMc  kelwaMI 
Ihua*  Ihil  gnainilnl  lh*ir  (iraMte*  un  Ih*  wuni  uf  llial, 
ihiiitgh  dillvring  fnim  u*  In  Ihe  ai|Hiaiii»n  and  un  lar 
alaiuling  uf  II,  and  Ihoaa  that  halail  aueh  refurmart 
■ihI  r*lurtnAllon,  ami  went  un  in  antl-ehrtalian  ufilH^ 
aiiiun  tu  It,  and  |i*ra**uiiun  uf  II  It  M  true  wa  urufrae 
and  daalr*  lu  uractia*  a  a*|i«riitl»)t  lf«in  Iha  wurhl  ami 
Iha  worka  uf  Ih*  wurld  |  ami  aa  ih*  ehurakaa  nl  l.'hnat 
«r«  all  aalnla  by  calling,  au  wa  ilaaira  lu  ae*  Ih*  gr»lt 
uf  lltal  ahlning  liirlhial  laaal  a*«mlngly,  lM«lng  aavrat 
Ihinga  lu  timl)  tn  all  we  admit  Inlu  church  lelluwaM|| 
wllh  ua,  ami  lu  kaap  nlf  aiieh  aa  u|i*nly  wallow  In  l*M 
mira  uf  ihair  aina,  ihal  n*llh*r  Iha  liuly  lliinga  uf  llml 
nur  the  euniiiiuniun  nf  aalni*  may  h*  laaten*)  «t  nul- 
IuIkI  thereby  "  II*  aihla,  that  imiia  nf  tha  new  a*lllar* 
whu  an  ailinlllnl  inlu  til*  church  uf  Maw  l*lyiiHNilll 
ar*  anruiiragad,  ur  even  parin<lla<l,  lu  lna*n  in  Iha  da- 
rlarallun  uf  th*lr  fallh  •  renunelallun  uf  Iha  tlhureh  nf 
Kngland  ur  any  niher  refurinad  *alabllahnianl  (Mather, 
il  I  cap  III  )  it  diwa  nut  ajiiivar  lu  ma  Ihot  tl.tx 
•*ntiin*nla  warrant  Ih*  charge  uf  unanclal  princl|A*a  in 
any  aanaa  which  a  l^hrlalian  will  IM  hiniaelf  al  all 
eunearneil  In  diaelaiin  Whether  Ih*  wivarearlea  of 
Ihaa*  men  ware  dlnllngulahad  fur  prlnelidea  mnr*  h»- 
nuralily  a<icial  ur  mure  *inlii*nlly  charllabl*,  may  he  ga> 
lh*r*d  fruin  a  (laaaage  m  liuwal'a  I'amlllar  l<*ll*ra, 
whar*  thia  del'endar  uf  church  and  aiala  ihna  ai|ir*a*e« 
til*  a*niliii*iila  nf  hia  party  r»a|i*cilng  rellgloua  differ- 
ancaa  lialween  inanklml  "  I  rather  pity  than  hat* 
Turk  ur  inlldel,  fur  th»y  are  uf  Ih*  oanie  nwtal  and 
liear  th*  aam*  alaiiip  aa  I  ilo,  though  Ihe  lnacrt|itinna 
diir*r  il  i  hal*  any,  II  ie  thna*  eehiamallea  that  puiita 
Iha  aw**t  |<*ae*  nf  our  church  1  ou  that  I  emild  h*  cmi 
tent  lu  a**  all  Anihaptlel  go  to  hell  on  a  Hrownlal'a 
hai'k  "  (vul  I  let  :ll.)  'i'hr  policy  uf  Ih*  acclealaalieai 
a<luini|airntinn  uf  Kiiglaiid  gav*  a  pr*nilnnl  lu  Ih*  pro- 
ihieliiMi  uf  and)  acnilmenta  liuwel'a  fervnr  fur  iha 
eliurch  imrty  iliil  nut  ■ur>lv*  the  power  nf  thai  |iarly  tu 
rewani  him.  Aftrr  Ih*  hll  uf  Ih*  Kngllah  church  ami 
Miuiian-hv,  h*  becani*  th*  d»f*nd*r  and  penegyrlal  of 
Ih*  ndininiatraliiMi  uf  Cromwell ;  though.  Ilk*  Wallet 
and  Dryilen,  li«  relnrned  In  th*  train  of  PurtuiMi  whan 
ah*  relumed  tu  hia  original  hiemla, 

NuTa  [II]  p.  I'iS  — Th*  IntmJiietlon  of  Ihia  IbalUM 
intn  th*  portrait  uf  Nir  H*nry  Van*  real*  •ntlrelv  on 
the  aulhurity  uf  liurnel  ami  K*nn*t,  (fullowej  lijr 
lliinie,)  whu  aiieak  from  haaraay  I,udlnw,  who  Knew 
\'ine  (leraunally,  lieatuwa  Ihe  higheat  praiae  on  hia  Im- 
peitnrhiible  aerenity  and  preaenc*  uf  mind  1  and.  wllh 
III*  glnwing  ayiniNtlhy  of  a  kindretl  aiiirit,  deacriliea  th* 
reaulutn  m.tgnanimily  with  which  at  hia  trial  he  aealeil 
hia  own  fate  by  acnming  tn  iilaail,  like  lianiliert,  for 
hia  life,  anil  gallantly  pleading  lor  the  dying  libertlcaor 
Ilia  country.  At  hia  oecullun,  when  aoni*  of  hi* 
frlemla  e<prt>aaed  reaentinanl  of  the  Injuriea  that  wet*  , 
heaped  ii|iuii  him,  "  Alaa  I"  aaid  he,  "  what  ailu  Ihay 
keep  tu  make  a  |«Hir  eraalure  like  hia  Naviuur  t  blea« 
the  Lunl  I  am  au  far  fruin  being  airrighled  at  Uealh, 
Ihal  i  llnd  it  rather  ahrink  fruin  me  than  I  IVmn  It. 
Ten  thouaaiid  deaiha  for  mr,  before  I  will  daAle  tha 
ehaalltv  ami  purity  nf  my  cunaciencet  nor  would  t  for 
ten  Ihimaanil  worlila  part  with  the  peace  ami  aatiafuc- 
lion  I  have  now  in  my  heart."  Even  ilurnet  admit* 
that  Ihe  reaolutioii  ha  aummoned  up  at  the  l»t  prompt- 
ed him  "  tu  aume  very  eitraunliiiary  acta,  Ihnugh  Ihoy 
cannot  be  inentioiie<l."  Oldmiiun,  leaa  acni|iuloua, 
haa  laliafled  the  curioaity  that  Uurnel  eielted,  by  ra- 
latiiig  that  "  Idily  Vane  began  her  reckonini^  for  her 
aon,  tha  l*inl  Barnard,  fmm  Ihe  night  befure  Hir  Henry 
loat  hia  he.id  on  Tower  Hill."  I'erhapa  the  deep  pi*lt 
and  conatant  negation  of  all  merit  in  himaelf,  bv  whicll 
the  heroiain  of  Vane  waa  loflened  and  ennoble-,  "lay 
have  auggeala)!  to  niinda  unae<|uainled  wilh  thiar  iirin- 
ciplea  Ihe  imputation  uf  conatitutional  timidity,  .^t  all 
eventa  thia  cloud,  whether  truly  belonging  to  hia  cha- 
ncier, or  raiaed  by  the  envioua  breath  ol  hi*  detractor*, 
haa,  from  llie  atlmlrable  vigor  of  hia  mind  and  the  un- 
queationed  courage  of  hia  demeanor,  aerved  rather  to 
einbelllah  than  lo  obocure  the  iuatm  of  hia  fame. 

.Note  [7]  p.  2114.— Tho  accounta  of  the  drat  K>nvo^ 
•aliuna  which  tho  miaaiunarlea  held  with  variuua  iKMlixa 
of  theae  hcothena,  abound  with  curiuua  i|ueatiuna  and 
obacrvatiuna  that  proceeded  from  the  Indiana  in  rela- 
tion to  the  t'idinpa  that  were  brought  to  theit  eara. 
One  man  nakeil.  Whether  lingliahinen  were  ever  au  a 
nnrant  of  Jeaua  Chriat  aa  th*  Indiana!  A  aecond, 
Whether  Jeaua  Chriat  could  undentand  prayer*  in  tha 
Indian  language?      A  third  propuaad  thia  4U*ati4i^ 


NOMTII    AMRRinA. 


Raw  liMf*  tmM  to  m  \m»f  af  IM,  Mnn  II  wm  tut 
Mttn  In  llw  tanwl  miiiiniiJiium  l  (tn  Mwithcr  «•• 
•M«iNS*ll*>  Mr.  KIlUt  Im4  •I»im  t^nklnf,  tn  •(«l 
liiitMi  Murlxl  HIS  aail  ottti  Imm  tii  Ki>  •>••  »IimI, 
Wh«tlMr  M  «*•  mil  lim  Ul«  hi  Mfh  tii  "l>l  iiioii  *•  h*, 
mtm  MM  n»»t  •l»*tti,  Im  M|wnl  ami  —k  aArr  U>al  I  A 
•wiHut  (wkxl,  lluo  iha  llnnluli  rwM  I*  illlliif  ■•■  niiirh 
ftimt  lh«  IihIimi*  In  lh«i>  kn««l«ilg«  »(  Uml  aiiil  J»ii> 
rhrUI,  alnf*  llKtt  hail  all  al  Aral  iHit  am  fatlwf  '  A 
kM  ilMlml  I"  h«  IriMfinail,  Ma«  li  iMiia  lo  |i*aa  ihal 
•»•  wal«f  wa*  aaM,  aiul  rl>**  wat«>  haah  '  N««iiral  In 
•iilml,  l|i>«  iitJM  riiakl  ■(•a«c«*  liUm*  1«f  ra*IIIUIIn|i 
IM  ami  mhlvh  11  waa  Iha  |HiruiM«  or  U<nI  i<i  artix'l ' 
On*  arimian  aakaU,  WhMlMr  ah*  waa  riillllail  In  rmial- 
4ar  haraalf  «a  hating  ura*aili  wh'n  alia  maraiy  jKtnwl 
In  har  mlml  wllh  hai  niiaiwnil  whu  |ifa)rnl  lijr  h«r  alila  I 
Anmhar,  If  kar  huahanal'a  prayar  ataniltoil  any  ihiiig 
whila  ha  annllnua4  In  haitl  hia  mh  '  Many  nf  ika  roti 
varia  annltnnail  In  h«lta«a  lhai  Iha  gmla  whiini  ihay  ha>l 
(bfmarljr  aanail  kail  In  raallljr  graal  |Ni«ar,  hiil  Kara 
iflrtia  auhonllnala  In  lha  Inia  *ihI  imljr  Idal  i  ami 
•rkan  Ihraalanail  wllh  wllaharall  hy  lha  I'uwawa  tat 
tkair  apoalary,  Ihay  aahl,  Wa  iln  iiiH  ilany  ymir  pnarar, 
mil  wa  aar«a  a  nrratar  liol,  «rh>i  la  a<i  miirh  a)>»«a 
ymtra  Ihal  ka  ran  ilafrmi  ua  from  lliam,  ami  aiialila 
a«an  ua  In  Iraail  U|Min  Ikain  all  Una  aarhatn  aani  fur 
Ml  Imllan  aontarl,  ami  lUalrail  In  knnw  hnw  many  (lala 
Ika  Knfllah  haii  I  Whan  ha  hoani  Ihry  h«<l  Imt 
ana,  ha  rapllatl  aaiirnfully,  la  thai  all  I  I  ha«a  Ihlrly- 
aa«an  t  Ua  Ihay  au|i|'oaa  I  wouM  aialianga  au  uuny 
fcranat 

N»ri(l)  p  IAS— Tha  eharaclrrnr  flaarfa   Fni  la 
h*  n«  maana  (anarally  iimlaraliNHl  In  Ilia  praaanl  >lay 
Ilia  wrlllnn 
■nlilura  of  |oinI  ami  a«ll 


•lylnlMna,  Cat  aMa,  ••  I  aattM  nat  kaU,  ktM  «raa  nMila  If  ka  Mmaatf  raganlaj  llkaaa  aa  lha  aiatthNM  af 


I  aver  •••  s 
A  aaconil, 


ara  a<i  trulunilmiua,  «ihI  Ihrra  la  audi  a 
In  Ihani,  Ihal  »»ary  raailar 
Amla  II  aaajr  to  Jualliy  hIa  praenwai«a<l  ■iiiliitnn,  and  lo 
•uriliy  II  by  a|i|ira|iriala  quntaliona  Ilia  worka  ara 
laaii  liv  faw  ami  whully  rrail  hy  allil  lawar  Many 
form  Ihalr  oplnlona  of  him  IVoni  lha  iMaaagaa  which  ara 
eilail  IVam  hia  wrilinga  by  hIa  ail«araariaa  i  ami  of  lha 
fuahara  Ihara  ara  many  wha  liarlva  Ihair  oplnlona  of 
lilin  fVoiii  lha  paaaaaaa  of  a  oary  dllfrranl  ciini|il<<<lon 
whk'h  ara  cilail  In  lha  worka  of  (h*  iniKlrrn  wriiara  of 
Ihalr  own  aacl.  I  ahall  hara  ulijoin  auina  atlrat'ta  from 
kia  Joumali  which  will  varify  aoina  of  lha  raiiiarka  I 
bava  niaila  In  lha  tail  i  pramlalng  Ihia  ohaar'alion, 
Ihal  lha  book  ilaalf  waa  Aral  put  [iilo  my  hamla  by  a 
■Midua  ami  liilalllgani  quakar,  for  lha  purpoaa  of  prov- 
IHf  Ihal  II  ennlainail  no  auch  paaaayaa  aa  aoma  of  Ihoaa 
wklah  I  am  now  lo  Iranaeriba  from  il. 

Fai  ralalaa,  Ihal  In  lha  y»4r  IMM  ha  found  hIa  na- 
lUT*  at  aiHiiplalaty  nrw-inmlallad,  Ihal  "t  knaw  no- 
Iking  bill  puranraa,  iniim'riiry,  and  ri|(lil«iiiianraa, 
kain(  linawrd  up  into  lha  iiiiaga  of  Dial  by  Clirial 
Jaaua  ao  Ihal  I  waa  cinna  up  lo  lha  alala  of  Adam, 
whitit  ha  waa  in  bafora  ha  fall.  Tha  eraallon  waa  opaii- 
•I  to  ma  t  and  il  waa  ahownl  ma  how  all  Ihinga  hml 
Ikalr  namra  givan  Ihain  arconling  to  llirir  nntiira  iiml 
villua.  I  waaal  a  aland  in  my  mind  wlirllirr  I  ahoulil 
■mHica  phyaie  for  th*  good  of  mankind,  aaaing  lha  iia 
wra  and  vinuaa  of  lha  oraaluraa  wara  ao  opaiiad  lo 
ma  by  lha  l^rd.  But  I  waa  Iminmlialaly  lakan  up  in 
apiril  lo  aaa  anolhar  or  mora  alaailfual  alala  Ihan  Adiiin'a 
in  tnniieaney,  avan  into  a  alala  in  Chriat  Jaaua  that 
ahould  naver  fall.  Tha  Ijurd  ahowad  ma  thni  auch  aa 
wara  failhlUI  to  him  In  lha  puwar  and  light  of  Clirlat 
aliould  eoina  up  into  ihal  alala  in  which  Adam  wua  ba- 
lora  ha  fall  |  in  which  lha  admiriibla  worka  iif  lha  era- 
■linn  and  lha  virtuaa  Iharaof  may  ba  known  through 
tha  opaninga  of  thai  divina  Word  of  wiadoin  and  pow- 
er by  which  Ihay  waro  inada."  In  many  of  tha  diaputca 
which  ha  afterward  hold  with  miniatara  and  doctnra, 
ha  maintained  Ihal  ha  waa,  and  that  every  human  bnlng 
by  cultivation  of  lha  auiritual  principle  within  him  might 
become  like  him,  perfectly  pure  and  free  from  all  drrga 
of  ain.  He  relaica  with  comulacanry  and  approbation, 
Ihal  having  one  day  addreaaad  a  congregation  of  people 
at  Heverley  In  Yorkahire,  the  audience  duclared  aAcr- 
wanl  that  it  waa  an  angel  or  aiiirit  Ihal  had  auddanly 
apptiared  among  them  and  apoken  lo  them.  He  con- 
caived  hunaell  warranted  by  hia  eiidowmente  to  tram- 
ple on  all  order  and  dcMncy.  One  Sumlay  oa  ho  ap- 
proached the  town  of  Nottingham,  ho  lella,  "  I  eapivd 
Ike  great  tliepti-kmut ;  ami  the  lAird  aaid  unto  mc, 
Ihou  miial  go  cry  againat  yonder  great  idol,  and  againat 
lha  woiahippera  therein."  He  accordingly,  entered  the 
•hureh,  and  hearing  lha  miiiialer  annaunca  the  text, 
Wt  kni  *lto  a  mora  aare  word  of  frnplucy,  and  tell 
Ifaa  people  that  by  thia  waa  meant  t^e  Hcripturea, 
•hwnlq-  tha;  ^m  la  try  all  doctrine    religiona,  and 


lu  ary  out,  ••  IHl  na  i  II  la  mi«  Ika  NarlalHree  i  H  la  Ik* 
llidy  Nplrll  "  On  amith«r  aaaaainn,  navlng  aniareil  a 
ahwrih,  ami  haarliig  Ih*  praarh'r  raail  lor  hia  l*il,  Hn  I 
«a#ry  uatf  ih<tl  Ihinftikt  *i*m*  ya  I*  Ih*  tMltft,  4' « 
Kiia 'allxl  iHil  lo  him,  "ram*  iImwh,  ihiHi  ilMieivarl 
ikiat  Ihiiu  hMl  p*u|>l*  amna  fraaly  ami  lake  «f  lha  walat 
nf  lir*  fraalv,  ami  yal  ihon  lakaal  Ihraa  humlrMl  iMHiiida 
a  year  of  Ihinn  tni  praaahliig  lha  arrlfilMraa  In  Inam  '** 
A|>|iri<*i'hlna  lha  liiwn  of  LilvhAabl,  ha  da«laraa  ka 
liMiMil  hlinaalr  ilir*rl*il  lo  eaal  niT  hia  ahoaa,  ami  In  Ihal 
rnndilhin  aalknlihrongh  Ih*  air**la,  •iclaiinlng,  "  Wa 
III  Ih*  bliMaly  any  iif  LiirhAald  I"  whlrh  h*  amofdlngly 
did  Tliaa*  •lainpla*  ara  a*l**l»il  aimoal  al  ramlimi 
lyimi  niimliarlaaa  liiflanraa  of  aliniiar  pniaawllnga  ra- 
ronlail  in  hia  volumlmnia  |iiiirn4l.  Vat  ka  alrongly 
aiimUmna  Ihnaa  wh<Nn  h*  larma  raa/ara,  ami  ralalaa  In 
variiiiia  plaaaa  tha  allawpla  ha  hail  maila  lo  eonvlmia 
Ihein  of  Ihalr  il'lualon.  Journal,  3il  xlil  ITM,pp.  It 
«l   «T   M   4U  Ml.  Al. 

William  Panii,  In  lha  hvaullful  PralW*  whk'h  h* 
wrol*  fur  iMa  Journal,  liifiirina  ua  Ihal  Ih***  ranlara 
war*  p«r*ima  who  "  for  want  nf  alayltig  th*ir  minda  In 
an  hiMiibl*  lUfiandam'*  u|Mtn  him  thiil  oii*n*tl  Ihalr  un- 
daralamlliiga  In  ar*  gr*at  Ihinga  In  hia  law,  ran  out  In 
Ihalr  own  iinagirmiliina,  ami  inlilng  Iham  wllh  thaa* 
divin*  o|i*nlnga,  liroMght  forth  a  mmialriHia  hirlh,  lo  Ih* 
a<-andal  of  iTioaa  Ihal  fvarail  liial."  "  INvara,"  ha 
ailila,  "  fall  into  grmM  ami  anormtHia  proeliraa,  pra- 
laiiding  in  eiiuaa  Iharanf  Ihal lh»y  eiwld  wlllwwl  evil 
auminll  lha  oama  ad  whieh  waa  aIn  in  another  lo  do." 
"  I  aay,"  ha  eimllnuaa,  "  Ihia  vnanarwl  divara,  ami 
hniughl  Iham  lo  an  ullar  ami  lomantabla  loaa  aa  In  Ihair 
rlrriial  alala  |  and  Ihay  giaw  wry  IrtwbUaoma  lo  Ihc 
hallar  a4irl  of  panpl*,  anirfiiriilahMl  th*  looeer  wllh  an 
ui'vaaion  In  lilaaphaiii*  "     (i'rvfaia,  u   7) 

Fill  himaalf  ralalaa  aoin*  horrid  Immoralitlaa  of  Ih* 
rniilara,  ami  thai  ha  had  found  il  n*c*aaary  lu  puUlak 
ailtlraaaaa  to  give  aaauranc*  to  th*  paojil*  thai 
d*luilrd  paranna  w*r*  quaker*  only  in  name  (Journal, 
p.  WW. )  H*  apiillaa  lha  apilhal  of'^  ranlara  lo  manv  of 
Ihoaa  who  calla<l  Ihamaalvaa  quakar*  in  Amarlea  (449  ) 
Hnma  nf  I'oi'a  chief  aaaorialaa  ami  coadjutora  appear 
In  have  bvrimia  in  the  emi  ranlara,  or  aomalhing  woroa. 
tif  thaa*  waa  Jaiiwa  Nayirr,  who  waa  limg  lha  liillow- 
laborer  ami  I'allow-auHerer  of  fui,  and  whom  Poi  allll 
larma  a  i|iiak*r,  at  th*  aaiiia  lima  when  he  waa  in  uriaon 
for  hia  homlila  ennnniliea  Van  allud**  vaguely  and 
anrrowfully  In  Nnyler'a  arrnra  ami  diooliadienee  to  him 
aelf  Whan  he  Inunil  that  Nayler  would  not  give  head 
lo  hia  rebukaa,  Va\  Inid  him  thai  **  lha  Ijord  moved  me 
to  alight  him,  and  In  ael  the  p<iwarnf  (lud  over  hiin." 
II*  niiila,  that  it  aoon  after  hanpencd  In  Nayler  that 
"  hia  reaialing  III*  |Miwi>r  of  Oial  in  me,  and  lha  truth  of 
(Ind  Ihiil  wua  drrlan>d  to  him  by  ma,  became  one  nf 
hia  greatrat  bunlena  "  (Journal,  p.  WA.)  Nayler  hod 
ridden  nuked  Into  Urietol  with  a  crew  of  inoane  fol 
Inwrr*  making  the  moat  bloaphamoua  proolamaliona 
Ih  fnrn  liiin,  and  had  cDmmitlvd  tha  rooal  piutigata 
iiuiiioraliliea.  On  hia  trial  he  produced  a  woman,  one 
llorciia  Karlierry,  who  ile|inaed  that  aha  hod  been  dead 
two  daya,  ami  waa  recalled  to  life  by  Nayler. 

It  la  iimmaaible  to  diacover  what  part  of  lha  ailrs- 
vagance  of  Nayler  waa  condemned  by  Vox  and  the  pr» 
per  iHidy  of  lha  ipiakcra.  Wa  And  Fox  relating  with 
great  apprnliallon  many  wild  and  abaurd  aihibitione  by 
which  quakera  were  moved,  oa  they  oaid,  lo  ahow  Iham- 
aclvea  ua  aigiia  of  the  lime*.  "Home,"  he  aay •,  "have 
lircn  mnvriT  lu  go  iiaknl  in  lha  alreela,  and  have  d*. 
clurml  aniuii^at  lliem  that  Uod  would  atrip  them  of 
their  hypocritical  prufeaaiono,  and  make  them  aa  bare 
and  naked  aa  they  were.  Ilut  inetead  of  conaidering 
il,  they  have  fnxiuently  whipped,  or  iMherwiaa  abuaed 
them."  (Journal,  p.  380.)  Many  auch  inalancaa  he 
relatea  in  the  Journal  (p.  333,  dec.,)  with  cordial  appro- 
lutiun  of  th*  conduct  of  the  i|uakera,  and  the  elrongeal 
reprobation  of  tha  paraacutora  who  punlahed  them  fur 
walking  naked. 

Km  taught  that  Qod  did  not  ereala  the  devil,  (Jour- 
nal, p.  14U.)  Yet  though  the  reaeoning  by  which  he 
dafenda  Ihia  groaa  hereay  would  plainly  aeem  to  imuly 
that  the  devilwoa  a  aali-crealad  being,  there  ia  another 
iwaaage,  (  p.  •'VIS,)  from  which  wa  may  perhapa  conclude 
that  Kiii'a  real  opinion  waa  that  the  devil  waa  created 
hy  UinI  a  good  apiril,  but  tranarormed  himaelf  by  hia 
own  act  into  a  wicked  one.  He  acta  down  every  mia- 
fortune  that  happened  to  any  of  hia  adveraariea  or  per- 
aecutur*  aa  a  judgment  of  Heaven  upon  them.  He 
relatea  varioua  curea  uf  aick  and  wounded  peraone  that 
enaued  on  hia  praycra,  and  on  mure  ordinary  meana 
that  he  uacd  for  their  relief.     Il  ia  nut  eoay  to  diacover 


aaWue  power  i  k«l  Awn  iMMy  pi  mn  M  la  pti|«  i^m 
ikay  wee*,  to  Ma  kmawMga,  a*  raga^M  ky  feU  Mtew> 
ara  I  ami  ih*  a>lliM«  of  kla  bntrnal  falbra  to  lltaai  li  Ite 
Imlaa  amUr  Ik*  kaad  *f  ■•  Mlraalea  " 

i  Ikink  M  not  unreaaiMtaMa  la  aawahtar  aaakail—  Ikt 
gfnwik  uf  a  peaiaaianl  en««nlry,  and  ^aiallaiw,  •hMk 
aruaa  among  aaihuHea,  aa  kvaHakaa  af  a  atatam  aaaai^ 
llally  Ih*  earn*  i  ami  Mailama  HuyaN  and  Maitnaa  •• 
Ih*  anuniarpan*  of  r»\  and  Marflay  Tka  moral  Mi 
aemhUiH-a  la  plainer  Ihan  lha  hMlnrleal  *tHHt*i|,Hi|  k«l 
Ih*  |irn|i«i|al|iin  of  aviillmaiil  ami  opinliMi  may  ha  ■••• 
•rlkilly  artUilnl  wkan  II  la  nnl  vlalMy  IndlaalaJ.  qwM. 
lain  waa  Aral  «ng*mler*<l  In  llpain,  ky  a  aaal  ralM  Ika 
lllumlnall  or  Alamhrad<M,  who  aptung  up  ahaM  lha  yaM 
I  ATA  Tkay  r»l**l*d  aaeramania  ami  alkar  awHnamai , 
ami  aiiraa  »f  Ikam  baeama  nnluflnua  A»  la  ileum  m^ 
adravaganeea  Tkle  aeai  waa  reylvail  In 
fronaa  In  Ika  year  I  A.M,  hut  quiakly  diaappaatad  wUm 
•  h<il  p«raaaullim  II  r*  appeared  tgain  wUk  a  apala« 
af  iliiptrlna  eonalderably  piirlAail,  yet  allll  InaiilMllaf 
Ika  diallnallva  prinelpla  uf  aaelualva  laaallliif  ky  an 
Inarard  light  ami  aanelbia  direelion,  towarda  Ika  alaaa 
•(lha  aav*nl**n)h  eenlunr,  bulk  al  MaiM  In  Ika  wrtl- 
Inga  of  Mullmia,  ami  In  rranaa  under  Ika  auaplaaa  af 
Maalama  tiuyofl  and  Fenahm  KnayalapaiUa  Irtlia 
iilaa,  vol  il.  p,  IA4,  and  iv  p.  TM 

NoTilH)  p  lAA.— Heaaa,  In  kla  yolumlnoiM  "Oal* 
laellim  of  the  Nuffiirlnga  of  Ike  People  eallad  l^iiakaii^" 
relaiea  Ihal  l.ydU  Wardall,  of  Newbury  In  New  Car 
laml,  a  cimverl  lo  quakariaas  al  length  tbuad  hawalf 
rnnearned  to  appear  In  a  puMla  aaaaniMy  ••  In  a  aar* 
unuaual  manner,  and  auah  aa  waa  eieeadlng  hard  aiM 
aelf  denying  lo  key  natural  dlapaeilion,  aha  baing  • 
woman  nf  eiamplary  wadeily  In  all  kar  kahavlor.  Tha 
iluly  and  eimeeme  aha  lay  unday  waa  thai  of  going  lnt« 
Ikalr  church  al  Newbury  naked,  aa  a  taken  of  thai 
mlaarabia  eondltlan  wklak  aka  aataamad  tka*  In." 
"  Ilut  Ikay,  Inatoad  at  rallgioualy  ra«aatlng  on  Ikalr 
•wn  eondilion,  whiek  eke  eama  In  that  niannar  W 
rapyaeeni  to  Iham,  fcll  into  a  rage  and  praaantly  laU 
kanda  on  kar,"  *a  Vol.  II.  p  £U.  Ha  alao  natlaaa 
tka  aaaa  of  Uaborah  Wllaon,  a  young  woman  of  varj 
modaal  ami  retired  lib,  and  of  a  aobar  aonyaraatlan, 
kaying  paaead  naked  Ikrough  lha  alreela  aa  •  alja 
againat  lha  cruelly  and  oppyaaaion  of  tha  rulara."  tM. 

Uaoyga  Blahop,  anatbar  euakar  writer,  Ikua  lalalan 
tka  eaaa  of  Deborah  Wllaon  « Hka  waa  a  modaal 
woman,  of  a  retired  life  ami  eobay  eonyaraalion  |  and 
liearing  a  great  burden  for  Ike  kardnaaa  ami  enially  af 
the  people,.ahe  went  through  the  town  of  Salem  naka4 
a  aign  i  whieh  aha  having  In  part  parfarmad,  mm 
laid  hoU  on,  and  bound  over  to  appear  at  tka  nait  aanri 
of  Halem,  where  ihe  wicked  rubra  aentonead  har  to  ha 
wkiut."  New  England  Judged,  p.  3M.  Tha  writlngH 
of  becae,  b  ahop,  and  aoma  athiar*,  who  wara  tooliak 
enough  to  defend  tha  aitravagonea  that  Ihay  hid  to* 
much  aenoa  to  commit,  wara  tha  aipiring  aigha  of 
quaker  nonaanaa  and  tnnri.  Thar  are  atUlnMnlioaad 
with  reepect  by  aoma  mojam  quakara,  who  pralaa  l«* 
atead  of  reading  them  i  aa  Ihe  aineara  but  franlia  aaal 
of  lioyola  and  Xavier  and  etill  eominamlad  ^  Ihalr  aly 
auocaeanra,  who  have  Inherited  lha  name  and  tha  man- 
nere,  without  tha  apiril  that  dlellngulohed  lha  origiaal 
Jeeuila. 

It  had  been  well  If  lha  govemmant  of  MaoaaehaaaMa 
hod  inflicted  puniahment  on  tha  diigualing  vlolaliona  of 
decency  avowed  by  theea  writara,  without  aitondlng  Ua 
eaverity  to  tha  bare  profceaion  nf  quakariam.  ThIa 
injuatice  waa  occiaioned  by  the  conviction  that  thaaa 
outragee  were  Ihe  legitimate  fruite  of  quaker  prineiplaa  } 
a  conviction  which,  it  oppaara  tha  language  even  of 
thoaa  quakara  who  wara  Ihamaalvaa  guillleaa  of  •uan 
outragee,  tended  atrongly  lu  conArm.  Il  la  (iily  auch 
language  on  Ihe  part  of  the  quakera  that  can  aeqult  Ikair 
adveraariea  of  the  Inhuman  abauidily  that  pervadaa  tha 
reaaonlng  of  peraaoutora,  and  holda  men  reaponalbla 
tut  all  the  conoai^uancea  that  may  ba  logleally  deduced 
from  their  principlea,  though  reiaclad  and  denied  by 
themoelvea.  Tha  eanllmenla  of  Ihe  people  of  New 
England  ara  thua  atrongly  expreaaed  by  Cotton  Ma- 
ther :  "  I  appeal  to  all  tha  reaaonable  part  of  mankim! 
whether  Ihe  Infant  coloniea  of  New  England  had  nol 
cauae  to  guard  themeelvee  againat  theae  dangeroua  vil 
laina.  Il  wae  aloo  thought  that  Ihe  very  quakera  ihaw- 
eelvea  would  aay,  that  if  they  had  got  Into  a  corner  o( 
the  world,  and  with  Immenoa  toil  and  charge  made  a 
wildemeoe  habiuMa,  on  purpoae  there  to  ba  undialuilh 
ed  In  the  exercieee  of  Ihoir  worahip,  they  would  nevaf 
bear  to  hitve  Maw  EngUwdara  eona  aninng  Iham  utd 


TMR    NIlTOtf   or 


W..ft  [1>|  p.  U*.-Vfum  *!•  m 


H  M*  Ml   tat  MM  WIM  M  M<  M   IM 

^MMli  Mkl  Wn  majr  W  Itw  WMmh  ariiw  llahr 
m4  lltdtMMw  U«4,  w  «•!  M  Mm  rmNm  at  *•  r.«H 
(Hm    ti>Mw>i<|<J  la  iIm  i4itiat  tt  MMk  kiNipia- 


Mr. 


irviMty  Mkh» 
(hr*  rI*  I 


NatuMii  mmm  hm  avyMMfv 

»ii|iilw4  M  •*•*«•  la  waaM 

Mr.  MaltMf  *•&■,  "  la  Ika  aprtaa  biAir*  fcl*  f ataf 
Ikf  f.a>»ia4  k*  ywitwrf  ra  •imHsm  Mnava  waM  Mm 
wafMaiiiihH  M  ttw  wlMtn  lataar  niiaiMiil  M  Mm 

"^  ■  "-  ^  -  la  I  MtM  aartl    ' 


OaaM  af  MMami.  wkcinia  I  MiM 

Mri*  MMa|a— MaMi  wm 

*M  ti  w*al  Ml  wtMt  Mmm,  'Ik  mki,  IW  MMir  «ilw«, 

Haw  laa«  MU  Msmi  !•*•  M  M»r«Mi  t    Han  I  «ai,  U 

■MM  IMM  ta  •  •itnrt  llan  I  a  RMa  af  m  gaatt  •  kMiMf 

■•  taakl  IM  »tf—\"4  OiHa  •  mm*  nm:" 

ll  aM<<M  kav*  Iwia  lh<M(ht  Mm*  Mr.  Nmtan.  whaw 
tttk  WMiha*  la  •  nmnnrtttm  IVail  of  KM  ■lartixn*  lii 
•IMwl  wtuMiM  llWrty  in  Um  ritlaajr,  waaki  tm««  •» 
ta|Nil  iha  rapfawli  ar  |wrw«iiMa.  Hal  ha  ImhI  gtvca 
f  IMI  a4kaaa  m  laaM  af  Um  ^a»h«r>,  b*  wrHiaa  aikl 
ywaalitag  aintaM  Molr  MaMi  AnM  JUf  kU  Mntk. 
Mftaia  af  ikal  badjr  puUWMtl  tl  Laa*M.  A 


ar  Ikal  badv jiuMMmiI  al  LaaMa.  A  tmntm- 

inmlU^tmll'oiiiammH,  wkarala,  [iwMaMtat  la 

aMan,  Mmjt  laaarHil  Mm  Mlawtaa  pa«a«ai  "Jaka 
NaMaa.  cMaf  |Miaa«  la  Maalaa,  bjr  dia  iMiaaMlaM  mw> 
•I  af  Iha  l^anl,  waa  laiinaa  aail  aa  ha  waa  alMiim 
4awa  by  Ika  Mraakta,  balaf  aaMar  Jaal  jailfaMal.  ha 
•aafa«ad  Iha  haml  af  iha  LarM  waa  aaan  hlia,  aad  aa 
k<i  iltail."  Malhar.  B.  III.  cap.  II.  aaat  III,  IM,  IM. 
Tba  unpiak  lUiiaa  raapaatlati  Iha  ilaalha  of  j,alhar,  f'al- 
via,  bnear,  aail  Baaa,  ara  banliy  lanja  m.lola  wlUi 
Ibajr,  aawalh,  aail  praaumpliun,  Ihaa  Minn  ar  thaaa  iiu» 
kar  laMranlallaaa  af  pravldaitaa.  Thair  aiilhora.  Ilka 
aaajr  awar  panaaa  lavolvail  in  nllgiaua  eonlaaliaiw, 
at  a»p<M>d  la  aanvcallan  for  rallflaa'a  aiika,  Mlaleok 
aa  aMaa'  aaaf  Ikr  Owl,  fur  a  cmaplaM  MibJacUaa  af 
aiiaM  la  hwi  wW,  anM  nn  aniiia  IdaaliAealloa  of  Ihalr 
f lawa  aa<l  parpnaaa  with  hu  i  iHWtliaalljr  ranrdlaaa  of 
Ikair  awn  maataiaf  liiHraUljr  ami  eamipuea,  aaM  af 
Ihal  imaariaal  iram,  dial  whUa  wa  eonllnna  la  Ihia 
vail  of  laah  wa  knaw  oaljr  la  pari,  aad  eaa  mm  bnl 
Ikraanhaakuadarfchr.  Anwat  aikar  aril  Benaagaaaaaa, 
Ikia  arrar  BaRvti  *  AaalrRKlad  ar  aarvarlad  vlaw  af  Mm 
adnlniairaliaa  of  illviaa  laaliaa.  11  war  wkaa  Ika  rayai 
palniial,  iwpalianl  af  hia  owa  aallbrlafa,  aad  af  Mm 
araaparilT  ofapprawara,  parptaiad  MaMaif  wtik  aadaav- 
U  MMad  wMa  dw  eomiMM  of  MMa  lilb  a  V  lalMa  dMajr 
af  Ika  whola  Msaaa  of  divlaa  Jaadoa,  Mwl  ka  aiurad  Mm 
warda  of  Mlv  aad  Ifaaranaa,  aad  aflbadad  agaiaal  Mm 
gaaaralloa  af  ika  ekildiaa  af  Oad. 

NoTi  [II]  p.  tSV.— Mr.  Winlhrop  Mm  jronanr  waa 
la  Iha  Uoom  of  laaahaad,  amamplUiad  by  laarmag  aad 
liaval,  aad  Ika  kair  of  ' 
;aiaad  wllk  kla  fluhar 
aa  aiaif ralion  to  Now 


of  a  larga  aalaM,  wnan  ka  raadlly 
r  la  praiaadag  ud  aaeompaayiafl 
iw  Ei^laad.  CoUoa  Malhar  kaa 
pniaanrad  a  lallar  writtoa  by  WlaMirap  Ika  aMarlo  hia 
aaa,  whiia  iha  aaa  waa  gavaraar  af  NaMaehaaalli,*Bad 
Ika  alkar  of  Coaaaolieiil.  I  ihall  Ba  aiauaad  hrtraa- 
aaribiaf  aaiaa  pan  of  aa  apialia  aa  baauliAil  la  iHalf, 
aad  ia  •Uihlncly  akaiaet«rialio  of  Ika  (klkara  af  Naw 
Eaflund.  ■  You  ara  tha  obiafof  Iwo  fiunlliaa.  I  had 
by  your  loathar  Uiraa  •ona,  aad  thraa  daufhlara  i  and 
I  bud  with  her  a  larga  portion  of  oulwarf  aalaU. 
Thaaa  aow  aro  all  fouat  malhar  gaaai  bralhiaa  aad 
Mara  foaa  i  you  only  ara  laA  lo  aaa  Mm  vanity  of 
tfMaa  Maiparal  thlaga  aud  laara  wiadam  tharobvi 
aMrii  aMf  ba  at  laoro  uaa  to  you,  lhioa|b  tha  Lanl'a 


aMHMia)  yaa  mm  yaaaa  aMy  aanataip  aapaai  a  aaaaai 
^^^M(aa  aa  ^aa  p^aaparcy  aaa  aw^wMB  ^aa^aw^  a^^vav^av 
ai^a  ^^v  ^asoiVt  ^^^^a^^w  n  waa  ^^^v  ^^^^^^a  ^^^^a  y  w  ^9 

a  laaiaw  a  pawav,  aai  aany  Maigaaa  ay  jfw%t9iKwt  oai 

•  L^^^^^  _^^A  l^u^J   ___^^^^   ,^^^_  IMS      AJ^J  M^HAA  MIklft   M^ 

aaia  aaar  Mm  wait  Maiif.    fraai  wiMaaa,  ai  I 

^^^VH  MAS  VSMHMNB  Wt  MBHI  nPV   |«lnV    ntw  yvw*  Mv  Ww  I 

akM  liwaiiad  yaa  aii4  yaaio  M  kla  Mairty  Mnila>. 
m  a  plMMMW  rawaiM  M  ka  wMind  aaai  yaa.  Am 
^aaaa  aav  aiy  aaar  ara,  aav  Mi  yaar  laiai  aa  aaai  apaa 
IMa  affaa^a  aad  MMklWaaM^  ikal  m  ^a  ^Mk  aaaikrf  vaa 
^^^g|g  MMaa^  ^Mav  aaft^  aad  ataa^^d  bkafaHv  Ibt 
fan,  ta  ka  wlfMa  ^1ka  UaM  M  lanM,  aaM  wlH  Mvat 
M  yaa  m»  Ikiaaka  yaa.  My  aaa  Mm  UnM  kaawa 
kaw  Maa*  Miaa  ai«  M  aM,  aaM  Mmi  aw  aara  kaa  JMaa 
aiafa  IW  MMa  MMa  Ibv  nyaalf.  iai  I  kaaw  Miy  praa 
partty  MapaaM  aal  aa  My  aafa.  Mr  aa  tfitaa  a«a,  bat 
•m  MM  blMatag  af  aa«  baaraaty  faMiar  i  aalMlar  da* 
rt  aa  Ika  Milaaa  9t  Mila  wartd,  kal  aa  Mm  Hakl  af  liod'a 
■aaaHMaai.  Mwaagk  Mm  aMrM  aad  wadiaUun  af  aar 
LaaM  Jomm  Ckrlai.  Il  la  Mial  aahr  wklak  aaa  |l«a  aa 
paaaa  af  iiiawliaii  wllk  aoaMahllaai  wklak  raa  aa 
waM  RMha  aat  Kvaa  kaapy  aad  aaaiAwlakki  la  a  maaa 
aakMa  aa  ki  a  |faal  afcaadaaaa.  RhI  If  jmn  wal|b 
ikMaa  arlfkl,  aad  mm  ap  all  ika  Mratafa  of  dIviM 
pravl4iaaa  MaaMwr,  yoa  •kail  Mad  (raal  ad«aMa|a. 
Tka  Lard  kalk  ktaagk*  aa  M  a  jpiad  had  i  a  laaii 
wkara  wa  ai^y  aalward  paaaa  aad  kbarly,  aad  akava 
aU,  Mm  Maailaf  af  Mm  paapal.  wIMiaal  Mm  karMMa  af 
itapaanMaa  ni  iwMMfv  af  rvafMa.  Maay  Ikaaaaaai 
Mwin  afa  wka  waaM  |t«a  graal  aaaMa  M  aMy  aar 

■     •,  Mlarr'aaa 


eoadilMa.  Labar,  ikaraMwa,  Mit 
<Mir  UMnhAllaaaa  M  tiad  iWr  aN  kla  NMralaa  M  Uw. 
paawUy  Atr  Ikal  ka  kalk  ravaahal  kla  avartaaUai  food 
writ  M  Mwa  la  Jaaaa  L'krial,  aad  Maad  lh«a  M  Ma  tlai- 
Ma  bad*  af  kla  akarak,  la  Mm  Mlawakip  af  kla  paapb, 
aadkaaiaavad  Miaa  la  aH  Iky  uavala  abroad  IVaM  balaf 
laAaMd  wlih  Mm  «laaa  af  MUaa  aaawrlaa  wkara  ikaa 
kaal  baaa,  (a  wray  vaaakaaM  kat  aMa  Ibw  yaaaa 
(aadaNMa  iMt-llara.)  Lai  IIIM  kava  Mm  kaMf  af  II 
wka  bap«  dwa.  Ha  II  waa  wka  aava  Miaa  Ikvar  la  Mm 
»)»»  iiritU  with  wkan  Miaa  kaM  la  do,  kalk  by  aaa 
ami  liiiiJ  I  lla  it  la  wha  kalk  (Ivan  Miaa  a  f  IA  In  aadar> 
•iamliai  aad  arli  and  kail  lawhohaih  pruvldad  MMa  a 
Maariag  la  nwrrlaaa,  a  aamAirlaMa  balp  aad  aaHiy 
awaat  ahildrva.  AaM  Mwraftim  I  wouM  Mva  van  la 
lava  Mm  agaia,  aad  Mrva  bim,  aad  Uaal  blia  lar  Mm 
liwa  M  eiima."— Madwr,  B.  II.  aap.  »i.  larl.  U. 

Tba  wilb  of  Mm  writer  of  Mm  Ibraiaiaa  lalMr,  aad  Mm 
aMikar  af  ika  paraaa  la  wkaM  ll  waa  ajilraaaaj,  waa  a 
rluaahlar  ofdM  aalabralad  llii|h  PaMra.— Bavaga'a  NaMo 


iluaahlar  ofdM  aalabralad  lliuk  1^ 
la  Wialkrop'a  llial.  vaL  i.  p.  Ob. 

Wladirop  dM  aldar  aal  oaly  aarfknaad  aalloaa  war 
diy  M  ba  wrlOaa,  kal  pradaaad  wriUaaa  wanhy  to  ba 
raad.    Yat  kir  laaraaj,  or  llUlary  aa  ll  kaa  baaa  larah 


ad,  la  dM  laM  adilfaa  1^  Mr.  Havaaa,  U,  I  riiiak,  vary  la- 
"   laliira.    IkapadMlMr. 
llarUl 


partMi. 
rNaw  RaalaaM,  ia  aralbr 
:  of  Culton  Nalkar. 


(brior  la  uplrii  aad  laMiaai  la  kla  k 
Bavafa  kiu  aiproaaad  radwr  kla  owa 
ly  dMa  dM  pravahinl  laaM  of  Naw  I 
Ant  Mila  parfannanea  lo  Iha  work 
ll  would  aaom  ladaad  UmI  WIndirop'a  Juumal  kaa  Ml 
darlvad  Miwk  aiippnn  ftani  lla  own  nopularity,  ainra 
" Mm  liharai  aid"^or  dM  l«|ialalura  of  Maaaaihuaatta  la 
aakaawladfad  M  kava  baaa  raqalaiH  to  ill  pnbliealion. 
I  naal  ragral  ikal  I  had  aat  an  aarilar  opportunity  of 
KraaiM  Iha  parfbrmaaca  af  Mr.  Havaga,  to  whoaa  la- 
iaally  I  awo  Mm  dalaellaa  af  an  arrot  Into  whiah  I 
kava  baaa  botrayod  by  Um  audiariMaa  oa  wbMi  I  hava 
raliad.  Al  proaaal  ll  la  aat  la  my  pawar  to 
It  adwrwiaa  dMa  by  aaddaa  (ia  aaalbrmity 
widi  U.  Bavaga'a  aaM.  vaL  II.  p.  IW),  Mmi  aldwufb 
BIr  Jaba  Harvay  waa  diaplacad  IVoni  iha  aMIoa  of  (!» 
vonwr  of  Vir|lata  ia  ilKW,  BIr  WIUIaM  Barkalay,  wkam 
I  hava  auppaaad  to  hava  haaa  kla  IroaiadiaM  aaooaaaar  waa 
aotappoiawd  liU  1641.  TIm  f avarnuMalla  Mm  laMrha 
waa  baU  by  BIr  Fraacte  Wyan. 

Nora  [19]  p.  S6I.— AMoag  auav  laMraatiiui  oad 
rooMBlie  advaaturaa  and  aaeapoa  ralMad  by  Madwr, 
Naal,  llulehlaaaa,  Dwifht,  aad  odMr  Naw  Kaihad 
wriMr,  aa  haviag  oooarrad  durinf  Iha  eoaliauaaoa  of 
Philip'a  war,  Ibvro  la  OM  laeldanl  which  awiilad  uinvli 
marvalUafl  at  tha  duM,  aad  baa  liaca  darivad  an  iit- 
of  ialarait  nran  Mm  aipiaMdaa  which  ll  raoalv 


■•Ml  Mto  a«ai# 
*■»■■■  Wwa  a  aaw 
•la.    ^i 


MM.     la  bM  aiala  aad  divM  ka  diMbrad  IhNa  j<a  n  « 
ar  Ma  paapM.    vro  aaa  aary  aaaaarafoa  aiaai  m  m 


oaiy,  wka  I  y  MMa  moaaa  wara  MpalMd-    Aa  aaadaa 
ly  Ika  MahvaaH  af  llariby  dtaappaaiadi  tad  «a  paopto 

wara  bB  la  a  mbm  of  parpkaHy  aad  aaiaaaaiaal,  mmI 
alMrly  aMkIa  M  aaaaaal  iWr  MMa  oataW  pkaaaaMMa. 
ANnr  kM  daaMi  H  waa  kaawa  to  kava  baaa  UoMb  Mm 

la  taak  Maap  M^aMttaMaa  Mm  aaM  kal  Ml  M  wka 
»a«a  lanaind  wl*  Mm  aaaial  wara  ava»  aWt  to  aaika 


IMiwaM 


Wkaiay  raakta/wldi  kkai  Mat  MMy  had  aama  *»<*• 
bakra  "aa jalaad  byMMtw*  af  Mm  mhKii,  C  A».  w. 

■  ^^f    ^^^HlBHi^w    vMbH^^HV    IBMv    VMM    wt 

aa4  aava  Mm  mmm  tt  ttmmr  m  avanr  apal 


kaMito 
wMk  M 
danra 


avarv  Ikklf  Ikal  aaaaaa  i 

to  (Iva  ap  aB  bapaa  i 


l!a<l»ad  aad  hi  Mm  Nawl 
aa  Mav  aMlatolaad  a  pral , 

la  KmImiM,  and  wata  aawMhag 
af  dalitaraaaa.  Thai*  (raaMai 
aipaMMhHM  wara  l^a«  Mm  (WMIiaaal  at  Mm  pin|ik«-li« 
ar  Mrlptara,  wklak  Mwy  kad  latoalhr  nadlad,  Th|>ir 
aaa  ao  aoaat  tool  too  aaaoallati  oc  laa  jaaaaa  waa  Ma 
Afttt  y  ***  wOaraaM/  aad  wara  aiaak  dMpolalad 
wkaa  Mm  yaar  DkM  bad  paaoal  wMfcaal  aa*  ramark* 
Wa  avaat,  kal  "Ml  BaWarad  tkaaaiakrag  wlAi  Mw  kaaa 

lANIMIMI    MMrMMNSfV  MIMM   M9   #9fMMMM>       I^IM 

laaaMitoa  Mm  woo  aaaM  Ikf  Mmm  by  Mm  roytl 

iMoi 


rnrwaf.    II  appaara  MM  Ikay  < 
ik  aatoaaMd  Ibf  Ikair  plMy  ky  aaro 
■ardad  Mm  f  raal  aallaa  la  wklak  Mm*  bad 
widi  dM  otraagoal  dIaapprabaMaa.    Mi 
MIM. 

ll  raqaliaa  laai  waoa  aad  kaaamlly  ikM  wara  aaai 
awn  la  Naw  I'jtglaad  to  paraalva  that  dM  aapMal  trial 
of  a  hiaa  inaat  avar  ba  a  aMahary  af  iiiadaa,  aad  pro*- 
tiaally  raftiMa  Ika  pica  af  aaaaaalty  Inal  M  aoMaliM aa 
MMda  Ika  apolaay  Ibr  dahot  af  juallaa.  Na  aMa  wMI 
oeaapt  a  aoinmlaatoa  to  lil  aa  luilfa  »t  kla  kinf  wllkaal, 
iravloady  datormialim  Ibr  kla  owa  aaMity  to  aaavlat 
Im,  and  to  guard  Ika  watoaaa  IVam  kalaa  iaIViafad 
by  pardoai  aad  ika  aadwrlly  ikat  ia  pawarral  aaoafh 
lu  hrlaa  tka  Mag  to  b lal  bar  nodiing  to  apprakoad 
kla  kaalillty  la  aaila.     How  dllbraat  waa  dM  ailH 


'iwra  aaa  alaato»  MaaoM  laaw  ratwaakaaai 
la  a  caaalry  la  iklaly  aaapkid,  oad  wkara  avary  iirai^ 
gar  waa  ika  akjaal  or  kaaMMM  aaM  aartoii*  aallaa. 
Iraly  aarprlaing.    ll  appaara  MM  Ikay  war*  ki-ftlaadaa 

aaa  wko  ra. 
paMI«tpaMd 


iilllyl 
af  Ckarba  aad  kla  paraaantora,  l>aai  Mm  ralallaaa  wkich 
aaarla  of  jaotiaa  eomnwaly  Imply,  waa  Mroagty  af. 
praaaad  ky  Caak,  Mw  Hallcitor  nir  dw  l^apla  af  Ka- 
gland,  who  daalarad,  MmI  allkougk  ia  ardinary  Iriala  ha 
had  alWa  tramblad  to  Ihlak  how  aiaab  aaaiar  il  would 
ba  to  amouat  to  Oad  Ibr  awrey  aad  iadulgi-nra  ihaa 
Ihr  Jnaliea  aad  rigor,  yat  Mw  il  waa  awal  awl  ilriak  la 
him  to  aak  JndgnMnt  againat  dM  king.  llowaU'a  BUM 
Tr«U,iv.  1046. 


In  Mck,  aa  in  all  caaaa,  to  ka  brava  aad  gaaamaa  ia 
Mfaat  caurM.     Whila  tha  danoaad  king  livaa,  Iho 


NaT!  [13]  p.  171 
ly,  aad  nadar  avanr 
eraA  baa  pravalM 


anoaad 
di'HMrlM  Ihal  hava  araeniad  hia  idipaaillan  alWeh  lo  hia 
eaiiaa  i  but  whan  bM  biaod  la  ahad.  Ma  IkalM  aaam  lo  ba 
waidMd  away,  aad  Iha  cauaa  wbick  ha  uMintalnad,  purl 
Bad  fVaffl  much  of  hia  odium  by  aompaaaian,  ia  Uaaaautlad 
to  hb  aaafbadiag  daaaaadoato. 

—la  ovary  MaM  af  huaiaa  Mela- 
Ibim  af  Aidi,  Mm  baliof  of  wlicb. 
pravallo/.    Haalhaaa,  wha  or*  rapraaaataj 
ia  oariplura  aa  aarvlag  damana,  hava  roapacMd  aad 
aoughl  to  propltlaM  dw  pawara  af  witcheraA.    Cbri» 
or  poraona  prolbaaing  Mm  aarvwa  of  dM  Im*  Uod, 
aoMatoaad  oad  paiiidMd  tha  praalko.    ll  bM 
"  -  '  -  '  '  ia  AMaa,  whirb  ■* 

I M  iM  ciadhi.  |tr/> 
givaa'  a  aariau*  oMaaat  af  dM  wi*  In 
araft  or  Obook  praotiooa  kalloved  oad  aultivatod  aaM.||| 
Rgraaa  ■•■  dM  Waat  Indlaa.  Ha  alaWa  liial  ka 
torm  (}baah,  < 
ia  tha  adjactiva, 


hava  • 


ad  oAor  Mm  daadi  af  Mm  parly  priasipally  eaaoaraad  la  I  Ml,  la  hia  eoaaMnlary  an  dM 
it    la  1875  Um  towa  of  Uodlii*  wia  liUraMd  by  lha|"  a  aaipoal  la  Mm  EfypliM ' 


ptavailod  tWNa  liaM  taaaaiaaflal 

gaMraUy aaaaldarad  by  tho  loamal 

M  Edarard*  boa  givaa  a  aariau*  m 
Ibaah  praodaoa  ballavcd  ai 
oa  lu  dM  Waat  Indlaa. 
oh,  Ubioh,  or  .^uia  ( Ibr  ll  la  varioualy  wriltoi), 
Ktiva,  and  Oba  ar  OM  Iha  Mun  aubalBnlitt  i 
by  Mm  toroM  Ofaia  naa,  aad  Obia  waiaa*, 

ara  BMaat  Ihoao  who  praatiaa  OU  ar  wiichcraA.    Hu 

lary  af  Um  Woal  ladiaa,  vol.  II.  p.  lOT.-Jaeab  Bry 

'    word  Opt,  ranariu  dM< 

"     Mm 


IIOA. 


•M.    #*•! 


Hif 


•M  Mm  mmm  tt  Ab  kMMik  w  »<»)>••  wfyi^L 
M."    Hf^MM'*  AaMi*   Mflk•^p,  vat.  t.  |».  ««, 

lt*fi  (Ml  »•  IM— TW  MlawMif  naf  arw  w  • 
•r  MM*  *MmIm  •/  (MavMMM,  aM  •I'  I'M  «» 

••■■«•«(  I—"  IV.    A*  M  kw*  •••  k*  i» 

W   iHWW  HV    WV    WV   ^^V 


IHSl  %IW  BVVw  pnMHMli  HM  I 


iiMafi  wwl  w  Hal  aaaMawMMaa  ay 


TtM  aNamajT't*****' 

la 


X' 


CanalM  Banaaa,  aarfar  a  fnmmiii  aMkafttjr 

)  MOM  ailluU  aAaafa,  kava  fmni  p>a»lalaa«  k 

Itaw  aT  aaaaa."    ^aaaif.    "  Wa  kaaw  af  aa  wak 


likmbn'i  kal  «Im»  tiiltiraM<  a<  Itwn  wa  alMtt  fia- 

'  VII.  Tka  hiia  ai^taaraaiat  aT H>a  Mavlaatai 
Mm  hM  TaaaAiy  ta  JiuMMfjr  k  a  Smm  wmtt 

nHmh  »  liM  MMla."     >«aMair.     "  Al  Mm 


iMfnaal  af  llM  hiwaf  kaiMa,  *mj  mM  ailjaiwa  Mm  m. 
*ta»i«l  aawi  kjr  ymlaawlUa.''  CkalaMra,  iM,  Wl. 
Whf  Chatmar*,  wIm  m  i»a«n(t;  .ll«i>l»— J  ana  muk 
Mm  »  ata  awMaxM  a—wara  af  AaMtiaaa  tttwrty,  liwaM 
lana  iMa  "  a  •fifHa4  rapraaaaMMa  af  giMtaaaaa," 
(p.  Sra,)  I  aai  al  a  la«  IM  4Mn«>r.  Hal  |wtlMfa  aa 
aMMf  wrtMf  kaa  a«af  aambtaarf  aiMh  ulabaraU  rMaaiah 
•flkaM  wMl  MMk  MaMriif  afaitiHtaa  •»!  mhIi  (Uftaa 
iNBMMWaaaf  af  Matliifiil,  aa  iha  "  Puhlwi'  AiMMb^ 
tttii»wntn4i»pUf.  Ttw  AaM>il««apra«incaa,lhaH(k 
Hula  larfaMoil  la  k(a  IWvafaUa  aptalaa,  awa  itia  nmm« 
iaipaiMNl  illualraltaa  af  ihair  hiataty  M  hia  iailaatrMiM 
raaaaialMa.  Ma«M  af  Mm  partlaalafa  af  Ma  awa  aarlt 
hMar*  nHjr  |Mf<M|M  aaaaaat  Ah  Mm  BMwIMtUM  af  kCi 
Aawf  taaajgallllaa,    A  MaaMaaa  kjr  Mrik,  Im  had  aaM- 

Cialad  la  MarylaaM,  aaM  waa  wllM  al  Haitian ra  a*  a 
wjrar,  whaa  Mm  mraiallaaarjr  aaaMal,  (la  wMak  ka 


■aM  KaaipaiiaM  kin  M  laka  raltefa  la  Knalaad,  wkafa 

aaArtaaaM  lajrall)'  aad  JUttagalikair  allala— 

nimt  MiaaakaaarahlaaaaalaiaMallVaia  Mm  Hai 


aMlMw4  la  Mm  lajriit  aaaaa,)  klaaMit  all  kla  MM|Mnia, 

-   IWa  '  

•K  . 
piMiamt  MiaaakaaarahlaaMali 
■f  TraMa.  ■  Tha  Mnt  (aarf  mif)  valaaM  af  kla  AmwU* 
wia  aawnaaail  wkila  ha  hafad  thai  Mm  royal  caaw 
wuaM  yal  pravail  la  Aiaarlea,  aad  waa  lalaadad  la  ha 
Mm  apajagy  of  kla  |Mrly.  liw  hkan  wara  dUaaallaaad 
whaa  Mm  aaaaa  aad  varly  lo  wkiak  Ikay  wara  davalad 
kad  avMnaMy  parlahad.  Thaa«kaalriia|valaafTary- 
tam  parradn  all  kla  paaaa,  ki>  la  al  lliiwa  uaakia  la 
fraliala  aa  aiynMalaa  ar  laidliaaul  nanlainM  al  aani- 
lahr  laaUaaaa  aflka  aoadaol  af  Mm  king*  aad  auaMaia, 
arkaaa  laaaral  paliay  ka  Ubon  la  vladHuto. 

Mara  [lA]  p.  INM.— Thai  a  fift  will  blin.i  iha 
■flaetraHMal  avaa  af  iha  wim,  aad  par<art  iha  wanli 

vaa  af  iha  Jii«l,  U  an  aaauraara  cunvayad  to  ii«  by 
a  'arrlug  wwdoin,  and  canArnwd  hy  naainpl*'  aiaoiia 
which  a«an  Mw  uanM  at  l^ocka  inii<l  Iw  riiroili'il.     If 

M  lift  rauld  ba  mora  Mdiiclu  iImii  iIm  i|i<l'Hr«iir«  and 
uliiilrailon  with  which  Hhalwibiiry  irwcd  liu  oilwr 
lauiillm  to  l^ocka,  no  bliudniMa  couki  w«ll  ba  |raal«r 
iHan  MmI  which  valUd  tha  tyn,  ami  pervortnd  llw 
wntiiaanu  of  Iha  philawphar  with  tt'iivri  lu  llw  ciiii- 
duel  and  ckarartrr  of  hia  piilron.  lu  lii«  iihmiidih  iif 
Mil*  pruili(iil»  politirlnn,  not  ktw  InaHlMuiu  in  hU  IViaml- 
■hip*  ihan  Airiniu  in  hia  aniailiaa,  and  win  allariwlwly 
lallaiwd  and  iMlr^iynd  nvary  liwilun  in  Iha  alal>>,— ha 
baa  !wnarad  him  aa  a  mirror  of  worth  aiHl  piitriotiaui  i 
daciarinf  that,  la  a  mikl  y«l  ri>«iliil«  oiiMlaney,  Im  waa 
ai|ualUd  kir  faw  awl  xiceeilnd  liy  nonu  i  and  ifiat  whila 
Utartir  anJiiraa,  hi*  fama  will  mork  Uin  nirnri*  of  anvy 
■nd  ma  0|wralian*  of  lima.  Locke,  folin.idil.  III.  430, 
Ar.  Whila  t.orka  rxprabalM  Ilia  unpriiiri|il>-d  anhi- 
lion  and  invaloral*  fiilMliood,  willi  winch  Monk  ••n<li*ri- 
vonnl  10  tha  Iwt  lo  iilil.iia  for  lilinavlf  lh«  vnr am  ili^iiily 
tf  Uroinwvll  — hi>  la  totiilly  in«<iuililn  In  any  iiiIiit  I'k.v 
IBM  than  Iha  aMita  of  iha  mor«  auscawful  uiaiNiMivm 
bf  whieb  Hlia'Uauiirv  ouuvitted  llin  lea*  tlanuroiia 
kntva,  and  al  langtli  fnrrrii  hiit  to  concur  In  Iha  K«*- 
t«ntioa.  Lacka  ha*  vaimlad  Iba  profound  aaxaclly 
wilk  <f  Ueh  8baftwbury  couU  panalraM  Iha  eharaetar, 
Ml  a  ail  hlnniir  .if  Um  talunla  and  diapoailioa,  of  avar/ 


t  ha  aaaaaMaa  vMfk     w99  WM  aW  flMMaMi 

JiiMaaaary  M  aa|pvM  MMI  Wk  HV  BafW^BBBBa 
iff  ,ni  Ik*  ipaaktt  wMak  ka  aa  MgH|r  laaiawa^ 


MM  "^iM«>d  M,  Mka»Wika»|>  aaaM  aaaaaia. 
•  hwkk  l|i»  ulaal  taal  MWk  •  dayaa  af  aA. 
«wa<  "''ilraMaa.    Whaa  ka 


ft   I*    M>' 

*a«iwf«i< 

Wkoai 

•  altliuc 

aaay  •*  ranataiMMBd   f^taanal  « < 

«»*  o^viMtWid  M  pnatiia  III  Hk  (    'iirtaf  L'i 

«*a*  a in>w»d  »>*  law   'iid  hfl«)  «>*«afray  ta  Mm 

paaniaa  af  tVaad  «*!  UBIrutio  \»i  Jt  MM  diaakwaa 
«i  >•  nawiMaa  i>f  m*  «(tk».  ka  la  aatM^wkNlaaM  la 
bat.  ...viinlUMd  Mm  ftWIf*  *f  f—»  ailMi  dM  laiium; 
afMaaai  M#  Ika  aMIalka&M  «W  awdanaad  *Ma  Mia 
lal  —mini  -  *f  kwdaataaa,  aratMfMC"'""'!)'  ^/  ** 


ss  iyjL*tMSSjF«»jjjrtitff  jsrt 

M|«  aad  yaiadtad  aty  aafraata     If  Maaaka  I^MMa 
•  »aalaa«ata«f,  ail*r<>pfaaaa«M<  k«  MM  • 

i»  BIB  fwllWB   BIMBMBB  wBUBi  BB'  •  BNMIB 


Wiyial  Mm  aMf  »m»iunmit  tea  Mm  lafty  ua^rMMjr 
km  aaialaal. 

AaMMf  alkar  aaafk*  »f  aaaMNMa  kaalawad  kjr 
MlaAMkwjr  tm  Laaka,  ha  •wptayaM  Mai  la  akaaaa  • 
•Mb  Ikf  MaaM,  wkaai  ha  waa  aatlaaa  la  BMfijr  aaftyi 
•a  Mm  Ikiklaaiai  af  Mm  raaaf  ana'*  ('«iH*!tfMlaa  «a«o 

BMB  MMBM   BJ    BBBtBBBBN   ^BB    VIIINBBBN    BC  BM  "^^^W* 
mBBwI|  BHiRMRBjrBV  Br  InB    NIVB   BBII    Rw^RBtBIM   fWWl^ 

B^teBl  b/  hkt  fllMtAB     AiMUmI    iM*  dBllBBto  BIMbB    IB    IMb 


7L- 


ataaar  la  kaafaak  a  atata  anaal ««    aMMaktM 


yaiiaa'a  aMMkaaaa  i  aad  a4Wf  wanta  aaaaalai 

BV  VBvBv    IB  ^RV    BB^WM  ^V9^V     vnvVTlRfl    Wf    ^BB    ^Wv^FIBflVi 

Ulk  af  l,a*ka,  pralUad  M  tiia  iMa  adIUaa  •(  kla 
Warfca.  Ltka  ndlp  af  Maaadaa,  Nkaltaakary  aaaaM 
M  ka«a  daMnataad  la  aitraal  aa  maak  adaaataga  a* 
paaalkia  ta  kla  paatarily  (Vaai  Ika  (aatwa  af  Ika  (raal 
akUaaaphar  wha  pratad  M  ha  ht*  aantamparary.  N*l- 
Ikar  Mm  lalara,  kawaaar,  darlaad  maah  aradH  IVam 
Ma  laiwaa,  a*  raaaivod  maah  iralUada  (Vaai  hia  pHail 
Abuaihtr  aaaarad  al  Ika  aaphnaia  af  Arlalatia,  (Inu. 
taiah'*  Ulk  af  Akiiaadari)  and  Mm  auMM*  af  Ika 
'■  t'har»ai«rtatia*,"  la  hia  "  l«<wra  wrMMa  by  a  Nnbt*> 
aMataa  Vaun(M*a  al  Ika  Uai«anHy."  ITIS,aa«araly 
aauMtrail  Iha  wriiii^  9f  Laaka,  aa  |l*>a(  aaaaMaaaaa 
la  inlklallly. 

HbalUabary  waa  abta  la  lalkal  Laeka  wIMi  al 
awa  raai  ar  pralaadad  aaapMlana  af 
aad  avaa  wkaa  Mw  akibMapkar  tauM  aal  raflraai  (Van 
■aaaurlnf  Mm  aavarily  aad  lalalaiaaaa  of  Ika  pralaal' 
aala,  ka  aipraaaad ' 
aapablaaf  "aaak 
and  abaard  waa 

■acralaf  HMa  la  caal  Maod  waa  aa  Ilka  a  praallea  »f  Ika 
aapiaia,  Ikal  ka  aaaki  aol  hul  abkar  H  i  aad  Mir  Mward 
Caka'arauMfk,  Ikalpalaaninf  waaapaWII 
'       ■    ■  '      "     t'arallna, 


)  aavariiy  aau  lawiaiaaaa  «i  uia  praaaat* 
•aaad  Ma  rafral  MmI  MMy  akauM  ba  Aiaad 
•Mk  paplak  praallaaa."  Nat  laaa  amuat 
aaa  Lard  Raaaal'*  daahMvllaa,  Ikal  bm» 


Laaka  undailaak  la  laflakiM  Atr  I 


Wkaa 
I  itroduaad 
aacla4a*lie*l  aaaalilaliaaa  aal  aMia,  and  pollMal  rag u 
laliaaa  Ibr  laaa  IkvoraWa  la  kumaa  llbarv  lad  kapplaaaa, 
Miaa  Ihaaa  whiek  had  haaa  pravlaaaly  aatabllakaM  ky  a 
calholM  h>|l*lal»r  la  Marylaad. 

M r.  raiia much pkaalad In accouni Ibr  Uwka'* IHaad- 
•Mp  wiMi  HkaAaakary,  aad  kaaaUamplad  II,  I  Miiak,  vary 
aaaiMcaaaAilly. 

Il  ta  alraaaa  Ihal  wa  akauM  ka  abilgad  la  aralbr  Um 
Mallawajr  af  aa  unprlnaiphHl  MlirM  la  Wal  af  aa 
aprlghl  ahilaanphar.  Vol  Urydaa'*  aharaatar  af  Aeki> 
loptMl"  h  aadaabladir  Mm  juaMal  aad  aiaM  auaMrly 
rapraaaalallon  of  MhaAaabury  MmI  baa  arai  baaa  pra- 
diioad  ky  iVMad  or  (ba.  Bo  naak  mara  powarftil  I* 
nlHiriion  Mwa  aamlly  la  Jaluding  Mm  Ikacy  aad  aadaulag 
Iha  undanriaadiuf' 

Nora  [Ifl]  p.  (iM).— Fonndara  of  anclani  ralanla* 
hnva  aomrlim**  boon  ilaillad  by  dwir  MMeaaatn.  Naw 
Vork  i*  parbap*  lh«  only  cumiminwaalMi  whoaa  Ikund- 
«r*  Iwvu  bcnii  covrrvil  wiih  ridieula  IVom  Mm  aaina 
iiiinrlar.  Il  I*  impoaailibi  lo  raad  Iha  lafaaioua  and 
ilivvrtinc  roinanoa  aniilhid  Knkkarkaekar'a  lllaMrjr  of 
!Nhw  Vork,  wllliiiiil  wiahing  thai  iIm  auMior  had  put 
••iilier  II  iitiki  mom  or  a  kllla  hn*  Imth  In  It.  aad  that 
hia  liiliml  for  liiiinur  and  anrcaanM  had  found  aaalhaf 
aiilijarl  ihan  ilia  daiigcra,  bardahip*.  and  vlrtnaa,  af  Iha 
nni'aaiara  of  hi*  nalinnal  family.  Il  nHial  ba  unlhvor 
abia  lu  palriotiam  lo  eonuaci  blaloriaal  racollacliaaa 
wIMi  IndicroM*  aaaoclatlon*  i  but  Iba  nniua  of  Mr. 
Irving  haadaaa  Mil*  lo  aflbeiualhr,  MmI  11  la  dlAaall  la 
raail  Mm  aamaa  of  Woular  Vaa  TwIlUr,  of  Cortaar,  aad 
of  PaMr  Hluyvaaaal,  wilhoul  a  amllai  or  lo  aaa  Iba 
IVaa  and  happy  cohiaiala  of  Naw  York  aaaiavod  by  Mm 
fnrcna  of  a  daapol,  wilhoul  a  aaaaa  of  ridlonia  Ikal 
abalo*  Mw  raaaatiminl  whiah  Injuatiea  ahoakl  aiclla, 
and  Iha  ayinpalhy  which  la  dua  lo  iuiaiy>rluu*.  Yal 
ritiiy^  <*aiil  waa  a  galtani  and  (cnoroii*  man  i  and  Car> 
laur  auileaad  Iha  miaarlo*  of  war  and  Miligalad  tha 
wralli  of  uiaa  by  hia  bviMvolenca.  It'  Ihia  writer  had 
coKlinad  hia  ridicule  to  Iha  wara,  ar  rather  bloodkiaa 
baflating*  and  •oiiabbkia  of  Mm  Uuteh  and  Mm  flwedaa, 
i  hia  raadar*  wouki  hava  darivad  ipora  uureprovadat^oy- 


Natl  ( IT  I  p  Ml*  w  IMatng  aaa  day  ai  Maat  aa 
NaaA'a,  aad  kavlag  a  grail  aaM,  I  akaariad,  •v^ryliaa 
I  aaM,  a  agkl  kandtaia  waaah  Mmi  alaad  la  Mw  Maw 
wA  •  fbaa  akHk  ia  kaf  kaad,  waa  praaaaMy  dwwa 
fo  wifa  a  af ,  aad  rak  Mm  kaard  akian  Maawkity  at 
Mbia  Ifaakiag  af  aM  aakl,  I  aaM  Mm  nM*l  (fwabta  t 
gava  aM  wat  ta  wa  tka  paar  waaak  Mkaan  waeli  paitM 
h.  Maaaiaaf  l|aaA  laU  aM,  'Mraa  wall  )  a<- 
aapad  Mi  tad  diat  if  Ma  wMk  had  kaaa  M  koaM,  Mib'  I 

"•»"  B^  B^BBBMBI^BVi  IBB  WBBM  BBVB  ^BtBBB    BM  BBf  BV 

diiax  «M  lUtkag  kar  kaaaa."     ftf  WUkaai  TiwalkV 
Walk*.  1. 4711, 

Nat «  [  11]  a  MM  -Tha  •karHakti  alMaipt  af  Tkal 
aMfa  la  viNdwaM  Mw  akaraawr  af  MMa  aMa  (Vam  Mm 
hapaa«kawat  aad  akkartaaa*,  aal  af  mm,  but  af  avarjr 
pravlaaa  avar  wMak  ka  aaaralaad  Mm  AtnnMaa  •(  ga- 
varaaMM  praviawa  M  Ika  RriUak  RaaaMuan,  la  lo««ll| 
Hnau*««aaAil.  Tka  BMin  Mpia  af  apalagy  la.  Mwl  ka 
nwraly  >t*«Hl*d  Mm  ardaia  af  kM  aiaalaif,  and  aaaM 

liBIBB    iBB^flilBilBy    VBBBBvHMMBVB    BMMB    BlHVBflB    BM4 

Hharal  maaaura*;  aa  aaiitagy  wWak  mlgkl  ka,  aa  la 
Ikal  It  waa  •f|iwNy  pknitad  la  jaatify  Mm  MpaaHMa  »t 
Kirka  aad  JaMVIaa  la  r.Mkiad.  aad  ot  llrakam  af  C'la* 
varkaaaa  aad  Hlr  Jaaiaa  Taraar,  Ml  ■aa^aad  II  la  aa 
apakigy  ikal  aMy  aaaiatliaaa  aaawpl  fVaia  p«nl*lli<t?f^. 
kal  aaa  navar  radaaai  atianalar,  ar  a  «art  raprohaiaod. 
Wkaa  Taraar  waa  Mkaa  arlaaaar  ky  Mm  paraaaalad 
Maalllak  paaaaalry  ta  Uaawiaaaklra.  Ikay  wara  pra- 
caadlag  ta  aal  kim  ta  daalk  Ibr  kw  arnally  i  kal  oiwar 
Ika  wr 


viag  IHan  Mm  wniMa  laatrueilaa*  Ibuad  »n  km  p*r*a» 
Mmi  ka  kad  aalaally  lblk>a  akart  af  tka  aav*rity  wkaik 
ka  kad  baaa  ardarad  la  aaiaatll.  tkaaa  gatMroua  awa  »f 
WaMd  MmIt  apklWd  kaada,  and  dlaaila**d  kbn  wIMi  Iiih 
aaaily,  kal  aat  wIMiaal  akkarraaaa,  Tkal  Androa, 
Iroai  afaM  of  kla  prIaaM  aaagaailaaa  to  Mm  daka 
aaaaM  M  liiaaa  la  kava  b  wa  wlUlay  M  aHavlaM  tka  knr 
daaaaf  Mm  paapla,  aiMy  raadara  kim  Mm  awra  ralpal  ta 
Ibr  aa  aalivaly  aikalaalint  a  eaalnrji  policy,  tka  mi*> 
akkif  aad  adiam  »(  wMck  ka  plainly  diarariwd.  Il 
mlgkl  kava  kaaa  argued,  wllk  aama  appaaraara  af  Hro 
kaMllljr,  tkal  Mm  aaaaimaua  diallk*  ka  eiriiad  In  Nnw 
KNgloMl  lafbrrad  laaa  af  raproack  la  hia  peraaaal  *k>u^ 
aatar,  tkaa  of  Ika  rapugnaaca  ketween  Mm  pravlaiit 
kabtla  tf  Ike  paopla  aad  Mm  atraatura  af  ikal  arhilnry 
avatoai  which  ha  wia  apnaiiitad  ta  adMlaMar  ainang 
Ihaak  Bat  Mm  delaalatUa  ha  airltad  la  New  York 
where  Mm  paaala  kad  kaaa  halillualad  ta  artiitrary  ga 
varauMal,  adaJl*  aalaf  Ihia  anggaaiiaai  wkMi, '•vri 
with  regard  la  Naw  I'.aglaad,  wa  hava  alraadt  anaa 
M  be  very  alighMy,  If  al  all  ulmlaaiMe.  Jam^  Ike  !!*■ 
caad  evineairaangaclty  tkal  appraachad  la  Ib*iI*iI,  la 
Mm  amployroeni  of  kt  Inairunwnia  la  aaernM  liy  laika 
and  cruelly  I  aadhlaaMaily  pairanaga  of  Aadraa,  »,v\ 
eoiwlanl  nrelbranca  of  hi*  li>  any  otiwr  liwtriiiiwntall^ 
in  Mm  aiiDJiigallon  of  colonial  liberty,  ia  Iha  airoiiMai 
certillcalii  ihai  could  be  givi>n  of  tke  aplmna  ol  Mile 
ntflcer'*  di*|»*i>'  .1  for  the  employment  for  whaih  ho 
waa  aeleetad,  Ilia  IVIend  and  compear  Randoph  boaal 
*d.  Ihal,  In  Naw  Knghiad,  Aadroe  waa  aa  arbitrary  aa 
Mm  (ireat  Turk. 

After  Mm  Oritiah  Ravalulian.  Aiidraa  la  aaid  lo  hava 
coadueled  hiinaelf  irraproarhably  a*  governor  of  V  ir 
ginla.  Bui  WiUiaai  and  Mary  had  not  aotraaled  him 
wIMi  lyranaloal  power  t  and  ina  Vlrglalana  woiikl  not 
hava  peraalled  him  lo  eierelaa  II.  ilia  apanintmanl 
lo  Mik  ainulioB,  hawavar.  wa*  aa  iiiaall  lo  the  Aawr^ 
eaa  eolonlaa,  aiMl  a  dl*graoaftil  proeeading  of  King  Wll 
liam,  wha  aamradly  waa  not  a  mend  lo  AaMrlean  liberty 

Andrua  diad  al  Loadua  ia  ITlA,  al  a  vary  advaaead 

NoTi  [10]  p.  SIS.— Tliia  jnuit  accompa|iled  Mm 
Preach  eomiiii**ianera  who  nipiiired  lo  llw  head  nuar 
ten  of  Iha  Five  Nationa  to  Ireat  for  peace.  Whaa 
Mia  eommia*ionara  approached  Uw  Inilitn  aliitinii.  iliry 
ware  met  by  a  aaehcin  who  prcaented  tliem  with  ihraa 
aeparate  gift*,  airing*  of  wampum ;  Iha  Ural,  to  wipe 
away  their  tear*  Ibr  tha  French  iIhiI  hod  bm>n  alain 
tha  aacond,  la  open  their  noiilhi,  tha;  Mwy  aM|^ 
apeak  ftae^    aad  Mm  Milrd,  lo  clean  Uw  <aal  aawhiek 


THR    HI8TOIIV    OF 


I 


llw*  wtn  M  lit,  whik  IrMiini  af  peoct,  IVoih  tho  blixiH 
Ikal  had  baaa  (pill  on  both  ihIm.  Tho  jmuil,  wlm 
Mtail  u  Iha  ■nlor  of  lh«  (•mhnMjr,  rndiMtvnn'd  lo  niiy 
Marl  to  lh>  liiiliniiD  Uy  iiiiitiiinn  of  llii'ir  >lyln.  "Tlin 
•-*r  hiittlit,"  wi'l  h«,  "  IhiHimI  ho  loiiii,  iliiii  ii  wiiiild 
M»«  nciUdMd  I  tlin  KivH  Nuliiiiiii  hnci  it  ronliiiiii'<l  i 
nut  now  it  ia  o-  nft,  anJ  liirnml  ii|iiiiili--ili>\vii,  anil  n 
^rin  ptmcn  iniiitM."  IId  rt»i'iMnin>>niltMt  lo  tliiMii  tlio  pre* 
•vrviitiou  ol  rinitv  with  I'arlmr,  Ihu  Itnlinti  niiiiiu  Tor 
01*  liav»rij<ir  ol' ^ll•w  Yorki  nml  hnviiiK  iIum  iittniiipi- 
td  lo  ilimi  "n  lli«ir  •iiipirioiu,  iiitoriMl  iniiiiy  iiijiirioii> 
in<innation«  .<f>iinat  lhi«  ulljr.  "I  oirar  inyi<>')r  to  yoii," 
h»  roiiliiiiifld,  "  10  livn  willi  jroii  nt  Omiwlafii,  lo  in- 
Mriici  yoii  III  lh«  clirHliaii  roliitioii,  niiil  In  ilrivo  iiwny 
•H  aicftn  'M,  lilii||iliia,  ami  IIih  iliiHoam  of  your  roiin- 
try."  Tlioiign  Ihia  pronoailioii,  which  tha  I'rviich 
Wi-ra  iniicli  baiil  on  pfliinliiatiiif,  wa<  iilMohiliily  re- 
Jaetad,  the  p«iic«  brought  Ihein  a  dohveraticu  I'roiii  no 
■iieh  n'*^  and  r«ar,  thai,  whuii  a  ilepiiliilioii  oC  tho 
■ch«>u  .<r  the  I'ive  NiilioiM  nrriveil  at  Moiitreal  lo 
Imliiy  tlia  tr^nty,  they  wara  n-ceived  with  gi'iiHril  an- 
•liiin^itioiM  "f  i^y-  anil  a  wihitu  fVoin  thu  nrlillnry  on 
Ihe  niinpa'ta,  The  Indian  iillica  of  tho  l''reni:h  ware 
hillity  oITt  idr  I  with  lhi<  di*iiioii«lriition  ol  reapvut. 
"  VVe  pi'fcelvn,"  thny  nnnrWy  olworvud,  "  that  (Imr 
BUikn  lh»  Kruiich  ahow  morn  roapxcl  l»  thoii  our- 
mien,  thill  lovD  can  make  tlieui  du  to  Ihuir  iViuiidi." 
Culdan,i.  mi— Mi. 

Not?  [CO]  p.  ill n  •DeMlon.,  wlioae  df'ncrlplion  of 
Naw  Varm  wun  pi  bliahail  ir  lillj,  fivna  n  very  avri'i-- 
•bli  pictiiro  of  Ihu  ai.itii  of  thu  pro\iiiPi>  mid  iti  iiihiiliil- 
tiil'  at  thia  pariod  i— "  I  miiat  iiiiuda  >ay,  that  If  thnrii  Iw 

torraalial  Ciiiaan,  'lia  aiirply  here  Th»  iiihiihitiiiita 
■rii  hluaacd  Willi  p>':icu  anil  pli'iily  i  hlDaaoil  in  their 
coiintrr,  bh'aai-d  in  thn  fruit  of  thi'ir  lioilica,  ami  Ihn 
IVuil  of  tli«ir  groiimla;  lili'a<i>d  in  their  biiakot  and  in 
thair  at.ire ;  in  a  word,  hlnawd  in  whnltonvi-r  they  tiiko 
in  hand,  or  go  alioiil;  tho  onrih  vieliliiis  plumi^d  in- 
eraaaa  in  all  their  piiinl'iil  liilinr.'' — "  \Vvr»  il  not  to 
iToid  prnlitlty,  I  roiilil  aay  i  great  dpiil  mom,  and  yd 
•ay  ton  lillle,  to  ahow  how  fr«n  arn  thvwi  piirlK  of  thn 
world  from  that  pride  and  opprra^inii,  witli  their  iiii«'- 
rable  pfTecta,  whirl)  iiiiiiy,  nay  alinoat  all,  pnrta  of  thn 
•rorld  are  trouhled  with.  The'rp,  a  wagon  or  cart  givea 
M  good  contant  aa  a  coach;  and  a  pieco  of  their  homo- 
made  cloth  beltfr  than  the  fjlleat  hiwiia  or  richcat  ailka; 
ind  though  their  low-roofed  hou<pa  iniy  aeein  to  aliiit 
tiair  doom  agalnit  pride  and  liisiiry,  yet,  how  do  they 
Hand  wide  open  to  lot  rharily  In  aiiil  out,  either  to  na- 
litl  each  oilier  or  to  relieve  a  alranirer !  anil  the  dia- 
Uooa  of  place  from  other  nationa  doth  aecnru  llicin 
Ihiin  the  envi.iiia  frowna  of  JII-alF^cted  nei^hhora,  and 
Ikalronbleawhieh  iMuallrarian  thence."  Deiilnn.  V.Kii). 

What  a  con  roat  there  ia  tietwcen  thia  happy  picture 
■ad  Ilia  atute  of  Kuropean  aocieiv  iiliniit  the  Kiiiie  pc- 
lind,  aa  depicted  by  De  I'oe  in  thn  moat  culehmted  of 
lus  romancea  <— <*  I  a.tw  the  worl.l  biiay  around  ine ; 
sne  part  laboring  for  bread,  ami  th<)  other  aqiiiinileriiig 
i  in  vile  exceaaea  or  empty  pleasurea:"—"  The  men 
af  labor  apenl  their  atrength  in  daily  atriiggliiiga  for 
bread  to  iiiaiiitain  the  vital  power  they  laboured  witli; 
■o  living  in  a  daily  circulation  ofaorrow,  living  but  lo 
work,  and  working  but  to  live,  lu  if  daily  lireud  were 
Ina  only  end  of  a  weariaonie  life,  and  a  weuriaomc  life 
Iba  only  occoaion  of  daily  bread." 

Note  [21]  p.  318.— From  the  writiiiga  of  iho  modern 
hUtoriana  and  apologiata  of  quidieriam.we  might  bo  led 
to  aiippoae  that  none  oftheqiiakera  who  were  iinpriaon- 
•d  by  the  m:igi:<lratea  of  hiifiland  at  Ihia  period  had 
been  acciiaed  nf  might  cl«e  hut  the  profeaainn  of  their 
paeiiliar  doctrinal  teneta,  or  attendance  at  their  peculiar 
placea  of  worahip.  But  very  different  occounta  of  the 
caiuea  nf  their  impriaoninent  have  been  ^rur  iinittcd  by 
■enw  of  the  infTerera  theinselvea;  and,  from  the  tenor 
of  theae  it  ia  maiiifeat  that  the  only  wrong  they  aualnin- 
•d  from  the  magialratea  waa.  that  Ihey  were  enmmitlcd 
to  priaon,  iiiatead  of  beingcoiifiiied  in  lunatic  hoapitnla. 
Tlio  m;i>:t  remarkable  of  theae  compnaitiona  ia  tha  Nar- 
rative of  the  IVraecutiou  of  Holoiiion  Kcclea",  in  the 
yei;  IfioO,  written  bv  hiiiiaelf,  and  dated  friiiu  New- 
gate, where  ho  dearribea  hiiiiaelf  aa  "a  priaoiior  for  llie 
leatimonjr  of  the  Lord."  Thia  man,  who  waa  a  qiiaker, 
and  a  'Wlnr  in  l^ndon,  reliitea,  that  '■  It  waa  clearly 
ahowod  to  mc  that  I  ahoiild  go  to  the  atceple-hoiiae  in 
Aldermanbiiry  the  liral  day  ofllie  week  then  following, 
and  bike  with  me  aoinetliing  to  work,  and  do  it  in  the 
piilpil  at  their  ainging  lime."  So,  after  much  miiaing, 
"I  purpoaed  lo  carry  with  me  a  pocket  to  aew."  lie 
repaired  lo  Mninnd  Calomy's  cimp ) ,  and  watching  hia 


•piiiirtiinily,  iniiile  hia  way  into  Iha  pulpit,  "laal  my- 1  warniiiga  and  advarliaameiila,  thou  daal  not  lurn  unta 
oelr  down  upon  Iho  rnahion.  and  mV  feel  npon  the  aeat  <  Ihe  l,oril  with  all  thy  heart,  but  ibrget  him  who  reiaai» 
witiire  Ihe  prieat,  when  he  halh  told  out  hb  Ilea,  dolh  berrd  IIiimi  iiilliy  iliatren,  ami  iiive  Ihyaelf  up  lo  fnlliiw 
ait  down,  ami,  having  my  work  reaily,  I  pulled  ona  or  Inat  nml  v  iiiily.  aiirely  great  will  be  tliy  rnndeinimliiiii." 
•wo  alilchea."  When  the  peopla  began  to  peraecula  Vel  (Niarlea  gave  hiiiiaelf  up  lo  liial  and  vanlljb  witk 
him,  i.e.  lo  pull  him  down,  ha  cared  not  if  they  hail  onl  apprehanding  or  eiperlenring  any  dliulniillon  a( 
killeil  him,  "  liir  I  waa  full  of  joy,  and  they  were  Ihll  the  regiirdn  of  hia  qiiaker  Oieiida ;  ami  the  Irrannjr  an4 
of  wnilh  ami  muilneaa."     He  waa  curried  lielore  Ihe  oppreaaion  ihiit  atanml  liie  enmliirl  of  bolhl'hBilnand 


ippreaaion  I 

Jainea  rendered  them  hateful  In  nil  men  eieepl  the 
tholioa  and  Ihe  quiiken.  The  Imrribla  erualtkit  l» 
flicied  by  Iho  onlera,  and  in  tlie  preaenca  of  Jamea  hli» 
a<df  on  the  Hcottiah  roveiianlera  niiiat  have  boan  pt^ 
feolly  well  known  lo  llarciay.  Hut  perhapa  hia  avniM- 
Ihv  with  Ihe  aiilVerera  waa  abated  by  the  lainelitanle  III- 
tolerance  which  many  of  Ihaae  niifortniiate  vieliina  of 
bigotry  thai  laelvea  evinced.  There  were  few  of  Ibam 
who,  even  in  tlie  miiUt  of  their  own  alllirtiona,  did 
not  lieqiieath  a  dying  leatimony  to  their  connlrynMB 
againat  the  rin  of  tolerating  the  bloaiihemoua  liereav 
of  Ihe  onakera  See  Tin  Chiut  :i'  lrUm$M$,  Wood 
row'a  iliatory,  and  other  worlu  •iluairaliva  of  Uwt 
period. 

Uf  the  cajolery  Ihjt  waa  praclloed  hr  King  Jainaa 
upon  the  qnakera,  I  think  a  remnrliAide  liutance  ia 
iilViiriled,  verv  unintentionally,  by  Mr.  Clarkaon,  in  hia 
.Ueiiioira  of  \Villiaiii  I*onn,  vol.  li.  cap.  I,  In  Ilia  real 
Itl^,  (iilbert  Ijitey,  an  eminent  qiiaker  miniater,  nav- 
iiig  been  preaented  by  I'eiin  lo  Ihia  prince,  thanked 
liini  for  hia  DtrJaraliuo  iff  InMgma  in  favor  of  qna- 
kera and  other  dtaai-ntera,  adding  an  eapreaiian  or  hii 
hope,  thai,  na  the  king  had  reineinbered  the  f|uakera  in 
their  diatreaa,  an  Goif  might  remember  him  in  hiadi» 
treaa.  Hoini  lime  sAer  wlion  Jamea,  e>|ielled  firoin 
F.ngliind,  waa  endeavoring  lo  make  head  oguioat  hia 
adverauriea  in  Ireland,  he  aent  a  imjwage  to  l^tey,  eon- 
feaaiiig  that  the  revnliition  had  approved  him  an  far  • 
prophet,  inaamnch  aa  the  king  had  fallen  into  diatreaa, 
Uiil  l,atcy  wna  not  aalialied  with  thia  partial  tealimony, 
mid  reminded  Jamea,  that  aa  hia  life  hnd  Iwen  aavod 
ut  Ihe  battle  of  the  lloyne,  the  imiiiA(r||  thai  had  been 
addreaaed  to  him  waa  entirely  fulHIIod. 

NoT«  [24]  p.  S2,S. — (Jabriel  Thoniaa,  Iho  author  of 

thill  pli'!iaiiig  little  work,  which  ia  dmiiciiteil  lo  Hir  John 

Moore  and  HirThomaa  Lane,  ahlerinen  of  London, 

and  at  that  time  two  of  the  principal  (iroprietariea  ul 

I  \Ve«l  Jeraey,  waa  a  nimker,  and  the  frieiid  ef  I'eni^ 


iiiiiyor.  "  Then  aaid  be  lo  me,  '  Wherellire  did  yon 
work  there t'  t  aaid,  'In  obedience  to  the  Lord'acum- 
maiidment.'  lie  aaid  it  waa  a  liiUe  apirlli  and  aaid  he, 
'  Where  are  ynnr  iiiretieaf'  I  niid,  the  l,ord  waa  my 
eecurity."  Areoplingly,  hia  peraeciitinn  wna  conaiiin- 
maled  by  a  commitment  to  Newgale.  "  Now,  IH  all 
tol<n  ptfl*  JftX'  whether  I  did  thia  thing  mil  of  envy 
againat  either  prieat  or  people.  Veu,  further,  I  any, 
the  Lord  lay  it  not  to  their  chargo  who  have  aaid  thai  I 
did  il  in  malice,  deviliahneaa,  mid  envy,"  Af.  iVu.  Thia 
aingular  narrative  il  republiahed  in  Ihe  Hiata  Triab, 
vol.  vi.  p.  VOi. 

NuTa['n]p.  810.— or  Ihia  diverailr  the  following 
inataiice  may  aerve  aa  a  apecimeii.  When  the  atatlllo 
againat  Ihe  qiiukem  began  to  lie  generally  enforced, 
(ienrge  lliithap,  a  man  of  aoiiio  eminenoo  among  llieni, 
remniialnited  againat  il  in  theae  teriiia:  "To  the  king 
iiiid  both  hnuaea  of  parliament,  TAh«  uiilk  Ihe  Lord, 
.Mi'dille  not  with  my  peopla  bi.'cauae  of  their  coiiacience 
In  Die.  and  baiiiah  them  not  onl  of  tho  nation  becaiian 
of  llieir  conscience;  for  if  you  do  I  will  leml  my  plague* 
aiming  you,  and  you  ahull  know  that  I  mn  the  Lord. 
Written' in  obedience  to  Ihe  Lord,  by  hia  aervant,  <i. 
niahon."  Cough  and  .Sewell,  i.  ill!)  Very  dilferent 
waa  the  remonalnince  which  William  Penn  adilreaaed 
on  tho  aiiniJ  aiibjt>ct  In  the  king  of  I'oland,  in  whoae 
doinininna  a  aevern  peraeciition  waa  inatiluled  agiiiiiHt 
tlie  qiiaki'ra.  "(iive  na  poor  chriatiiina,"  rnya  he, 
'  .cave  In  expnatiihto  with  thee.  Siippoae  we  iiro 
larea,  aa  the  true  wheat  bath  alwaya  been  ealleil,  yet 
phick  na  not  np  for  Chriat'a  take,  who  aiiilh,  l^'t  the 
turea  and  the  wheat  grow  up  until  the  harveat,  that  la, 
until  tho  end  of  the  world.  Let  (iod  have  hia  due  aa 
well  aa  Cieaur.  The  judgment  of  coiiaeiencn  belong' 
etii  unto  him  and  miatiikea  abiiiil  religion  are  known  to 
him  alone."    Clarkaon'a  LC'i  of  i'enn,  i.  181). 

NoKT  [331  p.  »2I.— Il  ia  not  difficnit  to  nndentand 
how  a  friendly  inlercoiirae  origmatod  between  the  lend- 
ing peranna  among  Ihe  qnakera  andCharlea  tlie  Hecnnd 
and  Ilia  brotlier.  The  qiiakei*  doaired  to  avail  them- 
aelvea  nf  the  authority  of  the  king  for  tlie  eatabliatiment 
of  a  general  tolenition,  and  their  own  eapeeial  defence 
againat  thn  enmity  and  dialike  of  their  niimeroiia  adver- 
aariea.  The  king  uml  hia  brother  regarded  willi  greul 
benevolence  the  priiiciplea  of  nnn-reaialance  prnfi'aaeil 
by  thi>ae  aeelariea,  ami  found  intheiii  Ihe  only  cliiaa  of 
proteatanla  who  could  bo  rendered  inairiiinenlal  to  their 
deaigii  of  re-eatubliahing  popery  by  tlio  preparatory 
meaaiiro  ofu  general  liileralion.  liiil  liow  tlie  friendly 
relation  lima  created  between  the  rnyjl  brotliera  and 
aiich  men  ua  I'enn  and  Barclay  alioiild  have  continued 
to  auhaiat  uniniorriipted  by  all  the  tyranny  and  treach- 
ery which  tlie  rcigna  of  theae  princea'diicloaed,  ia  a  dilfi- 
Riilly  which  their  contetnpnrariea  were  unable  lo  aolvo 
in  any  other  manner  than  by  conaideriug  the  qiiukera 
aa  at  bottom  the  votariea  of  popery  and  arbitrary  power. 
The  more  modern  and  jiiater,  aa  well  »»  more  chiirilii- 
ble  cenaiire  ia,  that  they  were  tho  dnpea  of  kingly  coiir- 
tcay,  craft,  and  diaaiiniilation.  They  endeavored  to 
make  an  inatriiment  of  the  king;  while  he  permitted 
them  to  Hatter  themaelvea  with  this  hope,  that  he  might 
avail  hiniaelf  of  their  inatruineuta''tv  for  tlie  uccoiu- 
pliahinent  of  hia  own  deaigna. 

Perhaps  aince  the  daya  when  the  prnphela  of  larael 
were  divitiely  commiaaioned  to  rebuke  their  offending 
mnnurcha,  no  king  wiia  ever  addreaaed  in  teriiia  of  more 
dignified  udtiionition  that  Koliert  Bureluy  baa  employed 
in  conclmling  the  deilicntion  of  hia  fainiiiia  Afulugy  for 
Ihe  Quahert  to  Charlea  the  i^ecoiid.  "  There  la  no  king 
ill  the  world,"  he  bida  him  remeinlier,  "who  can  ao 
experimentally  teatify  of  (iod'a  providence  and  good- 
ncaa;  neither  ia  there  any  who  rules  ao  many  free  peo- 
ple, ao  many  true  Chriatiana ;  which  thing  renders  thy 
government  more  honorable,  mid  thyself  more  conai- 
derublc,  than  the  ucceaaion  of  inaiiy  nationa  filled  with 
alaviah  and  aiiperatilioua  aoula.  Thou  has  kiated  of 
proaperity  and  adveraity ;  thou  knoweat  what  it  ia  to  be 
uaniahed  Uiy  native  country  and  to  be  overruled,  as 
well  aa  to  rule  and  ait  upon  the  throne ;  and  being  op' 
preaaed,  thou  hast  reaaun  to  know  how  hateful  tlie  op 
pruaaor  ia  botli  to  God  and  man.     If  alter  all  these  |throwin|  iiimiieiron  tlir   hnmruity  of  lliul  vanaitU* 


to  whom  at  the  aama  time  be  dedicated  a  cnrrurpond, 
ing  hiatorpr  of  the  nrovince  nf  Peiinaylvania.  Hia 
chief  aim  in  writing  lie  declares  to  have  lieen  to  inform 
the  labouring  poor  of  Britain  oftheoppurtniiiiy  alFord 
ed  to  them  by  theae  colonial  settlements,  onoxchanfillg 
a  state  of  ill-rewarded  toil,  or  nf  beggarly  and  biirdeu 
some  dependecre,  for  a  condition  u'  once  more  usefill. 
honorable,  proaperoiia,  and  happy  "  Now,  reader," 
he  thus  concludes,  "  having  no  more  lo  ad<l  of  any 
moment  or  importance,  I  SHlnte  thee  in  Christ ,  and 
whether  thou  stayeai  in  F.ngland,  Hcolland,  Ireland,  ol 
Walea,  or  goeal  to  Peniuvlviinia,  Weat  or  KiutiineY 
I  wiah  thee  all  health  and  happiness  in  thia,  and  ever 
lasting  comfort,  in  God,  in  lira  world  to  coino.  Far* 
tliee  well !" 

Note  [35]  p.  !124.— The  following  instance  of  tho 
aenaitiveiiesa  of  Ihoqnakers  to  the  reputation  of  VVil- 
liain  Penn  mid  hia  iiisliluti'jiia,  1  believe  hua  never  be 
fore  been  piililiahed.  audi  think  deaervea  lo  be  mad* 
known.  When  Winterbolhum  tinderlook  the  compila 
lion  of  hia  "  Historical,  Geographical,  Commercial,  and 
Philnaophieal  View  of  the  American  United  Slates,"  ha 
waa  encouraged  to  pursue  hia  lubora  by  the  aaanrunco 
of  niimeroua  auliacriptiona,  u  great  part  of  which  were 
obtained  from  Kiigliah  (fiiukera.  The  unlhorities  which 
he  conaiilted  on  the  subject  of  Pcnnaylviinia,  gave  him 
an  insight  into  the  lamentable  diaaenaions  thai  tiod 
occurred  Itjiween  the  founder  of  tliia  province  and  hia 
qiiaker  cnloniata,  and  induced  him  to  form  un  opinion 
nnfavorable  to  the  equitv  of  Penn,  and  lo  the  modem 
lion  of  both  parties.  The  hL'torical  part  of  his  account 
nf  thia  province  waa  accordingly  written  in  u  alrain 
calculated  to  convey  thia  iinpreaaion.  IJnfortnnatelv 
for  him  thia  cuiiie  to  be  known  just  when  his  work 
was  reudv  for  publication  and  delivery  to  the  sul^ 
acribera.  I'liennakera  inataiitlv  withdrew  their  anbscrip 
tiona,  a  step  that  iavolved  Wiiiterbothuin  in  the  moat 
serious  embarrasaineiit.  Alarmed  ol  this  unexpected 
blow,  the  nnforliinate  niilhor,  tlieii  a  prisoner  in  New 
gate  for  seditions  expressions  of  which  he  ia  now  fa- 
gerally  acknowledged  to  have  been  innocent,  applied 
to  the  late  Williain  DilKi  yn,  of    Waltliauatow,  and 


•n«ir 
addeii 
forll 


ai«  not  turn  urn* 

him  who  rriMi» 
ti'\f  up  In  rnlliiw 
jr  rnnili>inimll(iii." 
niul  vnniljfk  witW 
IV  cliiiiiiiiiilon  Hi 
1 1  llix  irrannf  »ni 
riHiilil'hMlMdrf 
•ii«ic»pi  Uie  c* 
IIiId  irriiellkw  i» 
leg  nrj«inMhli» 
•I  h/ivn  ba«n  p*r> 
■rlMipn  hii  ■yniM- 
llw  liiinviiliinl*  » 
luiinlu  vieliiiw  ol' 
van  r«w  or  Uiam 
11  ifllictioiM,  did 
Imir  eoiinlrjriara 
•nlii'inoiii  Iwrmnr 
irUnnM;  Wood 
liulrntiva  o(  Uwt 

y*  KInK  JntnM 
lAliI*  iiulaiica  in 

CliirkMin,  III  hi« 
I.  1.  Ill  Uw  real 
lar  iniiiiilvr,  Imv 

prince,  Ihinked 

ill  fiivor  irquA- 
pipreuion  or  hii 
eti  llie  i)iiali«n  in 
ir  liini  in  hie  (li» 
I.  eipelleil  from 
head  ofiiimi  hii 
ge  to  uiley,  con- 
red  him  lo  far  • 
en  iiilo  dietmi. 
pnrtiiil  tontiiiiony, 

hnd  been  tuvod 
ry  UiBl  bad  been 


M,  thn  anihor  of 
niledtn  8ir  John 
men  or  London, 
I  pronrietirieii  ol 
frieiid  of  I'eni^ 
rd  a  onrrutpond, 
nnylvnnia.  Hii 
«  been  lo  iiirorm 
ipurtiiiiiiy  airord 
la.  iil^oichaniiiig 
irly  and  biiriieu 
iini!  mori!  iiMrnl. 
"Now,  reader," 
10  add  of  my 
ill  Ohrid,  and 
land,  Ireland,  of 
:  ur  Koil  ianef 
Ibia,  (lid  over 
lo  come.    Far* 


indnnce  of  tho 
uiiitlon  or  Wil- 

liaa  never  be 
vi'M  tu  be  uiodo 
utk  the  ciiiiipila 
'diiiini^rviul,  and 
lited  8lule«,"  ha 
>y  llie  asaiiruncs 
t  of  wliicli  wero 
iilhnrilieH  which 
I'nniu,  gave  him 
iKioiia  lliHl  liad 
iroviiiee  and  hie 
nil  an  opinio* 

to  the  inodera 
rl  of  Ilia  account 
:lcii  in  b  atniio 

Unlortiinatclir 
when  bia  work 
ry  lo  the  aiil^ 
V  their  aiibacrip 
um  in  the  moal 
bin  unexpected 
iaoiier  in  New 
I  be  ia  now  fa- 
iiocent,  applied 
timnitloff,  and 

lliui  vaiMitbla 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


•r 


■Ml  iMBloiad  hia  powerful  Intareaaalon  wUb  tho  mam- 
Wm  of  lit  rallgtoua  fralamUy.  By  hia  odvlca,  Win- 
Mfkathain  eunaenled  to  cancel  tha  ubjcctionobla  por- 
feon  oi  Ibj  wurk,  ami,  in  the  place  uf  it,  there  waa  auti- 
iUlutad  a  cnmuoaition  on  iha  aame  auh^cct  froiii  the 
pan  of  Mr.  Uillwyn.  A  few  oopica  uf  i.ia  work  in  Ita 
ariipral  alate  having  got  into  circulation,  there  naa 
adtleil  to  tha  preface  In  the  remaining  cupira  nn  aimlugy 
br  tl  e  erinr  into  which  the  author  ilei'lared  lliat  lie  hud 
been  .'etrnyed  with  regard  to  tho  (.'bariiclor  of  I'cnii  and 
hia  coionlala.  The  (juakrra,  on  bring  appriai'd  of  thia, 
cuinpUc'd  nl  once  with  the  aolicitation  ol  iheir  reaprcted 
Mend,  and  fultllled  their  engagcmunla  with  Winter- 
biithain.  Thia  anecdote  wua  lelnted  to  me  by  Mr. 
Dillwyn  hiniaelf.  The  cor.tribiitioii  which  thia  eicol- 
lent  perann,  celebrated  in  Clarkaon'a  iliatonr  of  the 
Abolition  of  the  Hhve  Trade,  thua  made  to  Wintorbo- 
Ihani'a  work,  ia  charactariaed  by  hia  uaual  mildnoaa  and 
indulgence.  Without  denying  the  eiiatence  of  unhap- 
py diaoenaiona  m  I'ennaylvania,  he  auggeata  reaaona  lor 
auppoaing  that  they  originiited  in  mutual  mloapprchen- 
aion,  and  were  neither  violent  nor  laating.  An  apiilo- 
getieal  vein  pervwlea  the  whole  compoaition,  of  which 
the  only  fault  ia,  that,  unlike  the  generalitv  of  (junker 
produciiona,  it  ia  n  great  deal  too  abort,  Mr.  Uillwyn 
woa  a  native  of  New  Jeraey,  and  hail  devoted  a  groat 
deal  of  attention  to  the  hiatory  of  America, 

Nora  [30]  p.  82S, — Biahop  Burnet  relatea  that  Penn, 
■n  alluding  to  the  eircutiona  of  Mra.  Qaunt  and  .Mder- 
man  Corniali,  at  which  ho  had  attended  aa  a  aprctator, 
aaid,  that  "Ihe  king  waa  greatly  to  he  pitied  I"  and 
andeavored  to  palliate  hia  guilt,  by  a<criking  hia  parti- 
cipation in  thcae  and  other  atrocitiea,  to  the  influence 
that  Jelfriea  had  acquired  over  hia  mind.  Unfortunately 
for  the  crnlit  of  thia  wretched  apolnjty,  the  king  waa 
not  under  Ihe  influence  of  Jetfrica  when  he  ordered  and 
witnaaaed  tha  infliction  of  torture  on  the  crvrn.tnlera 
In  Scotland  i  and  the  diagrace  into  which  Jelfriea  fell 
immediately  before  the  llevolution,  fur  refuaing  to  gra- 
tify the  king  by  profeaaing  popery,  and  pretending  In 
keep  a  eoriiar  of  hia  cunacience  aocred  from  the  royal 
dominion,  ahuwa  how  voluntary  and  how  limited  the 
king'a  pretended  aubjection  to  him  truir  woa.  It  ia 
related  in  the  dianr  of  Ilenry  Lord  Clarendon,  that 
JefTriea  eipreaaod  hia  uneaaineaa  to  thia  nobleman  at 
the  king'a  impetuoaity  and  want  of  moderation.  When 
JoflTrlea  waa  imiiriaoned  in  thn  Tower  at  the  Revolu. 
lion,  he  aaaumi  Tutchin,  one  uf  hia  victima,  who  came 
tu  vialt  and  exult  over  him,  that  on  rnlurning  frutn  Ilia 
bloody  circuit  in  the  weat,  he  had  been  "  anulibcd  at 
court  for  being  loo  merciful."  Kirke,  in  like  manner, 
when  reproached  with  hia  crueltiea,  declared,  that  they 
Bad  greatly  fallen  abort  of  the  letter  of  hia  inatructiona. 

For  the  credit  of  Penii'a  humanity,  it  may  bo  prnper 
lo  obaerve,  that  it  waa  cniiiinon,  in  that  age,  fur  peraiina 
of  the  bigbe'it  reapectability,  and,  among  others,  tor 
noblemen  and  ladiea  of  rank,  in  iheir  cuachea,  to  attend 
e.xecutiuna,  eapecially  of  remarkable  aulferera.  See  va- 
lioua  paaaagea  in  that  learned  and  iiitereating  work, 
llowelVa  State  Triala. 

Nora  [ST.]  p.  129.-  Colonel  Nicholaon,  nn  nclive 
t/Jlit  of  the  crown,  both  before  and  after  Ihe  English 
Rtvolution,  who  held  olVice  aucceaaively  in  many  of 
til*  coloniea,  ami  waa  acipiuinted  with  Ihe  condition  of 
ihem  all,  in  a  letter  to  llie  Ilnaril  of  Trade,  in  lOU^, 
ibaervea,  that  "  A  great  many  people  of  alt  ihe  r.ulu. 
RIM,  eapecially  in  thoae  under  proprletariea,  think  that 
no  law  uf  England  ought  to  be  binding  on  them,  with- 
out their  own  conaent ;  for  they  fooliably  say,  that  they 
have  no  repreaentativea  aent  from  themaelvea  to  the 
parliament  of  England ;  and  they  look  upon  all  laws 
mode  in  England,  that  put  any  reatraint  upon  them,  to  be 
great  banlahipi."     State  Papera,  apud  Chalmers,  4.13. 

In  the  intrmluctinn  to  the  historical  work  of  Uld- 
mixon,  who  boasia  of  the  assistance  and  information 
he  received  from  William  Penn,  we  find  this  remarkable 
|taasaffc : — '*  Tho  Portuguese  have  so  true  a  notion  uf 
Ihe  aiTvantagn  uf  such  colonies,  that  to  encourage  them, 
they  admit  the  citizens  of  Qoa  to  send  deputies  to  ait 
in  the  assembly  of  tho  Crtea.  And  if  it  were  asked, 
why  our  colonies  have  not  their  representatives,  who 
could  presently  give  a  satisfactory  answer?"  Edit. 
1708,  p.  34. 

An  extension  of  the  right  of  electing  members  of 
parliament,  to  a  part  of  the  realm  which  had  not  been 
previouily  represented  there,  occurred  in  the  thirty-fillh 
year  of  the  reign  of  Ilenry  the  Eighth.  Tho  inhabilanta 
of  Ihe  county  Palatine  and  city  of  Chester  complained, 
*i  a  petition  to  the  king,  "  that,  for  want  of  knijjhts 
and  burgeaaes  in  the  court  of  parliament,  they  sustained 


manifuM  damagea,  not  only  in  Ihair  landa,  gooda,  and 
bodica,  bul  in  Iha  civil  and  polltia  govarnanea  and 
maintenance  of  Ihe  commonwaalth  of  thair  aaid  county  i 
and  Ihat  while  they  hod  lieen  alwaya  bound  by  Iha  acta 
and  atatutea  of  tho  auid  court  of  parliament,  tha  aame 
aa  other  counties,  citiea,  and  borougha,  Ihat  had 
knigbta  and  burgeaaea  in  said  court,  tliey  had  often 
been  touched  and  grieved  with  acts  and  atatutes,  made 
witliin  the  said  court,  as  well  derogatory  untj  the  must 
ancient  jurisdictions,  liberties,  and  privllegea  of  the 
said  county  Palatine,  as  prejudicial  unto  the  cominon- 
wrallh,i|uieliiess,  and  peace  of  his  majeaty'a  aubjecta." 
They  prupuaed  aa  a  remedy,  ■'  that  it  would  jileaae  hia 
biglineaa,  that  it  be  enacted,  with  the  assent  of  tho  birds 
spiritual  and  temporal,  and  by  the  commona  in  parlia- 
ment aaaembled,  lb".:,  from  the  end  of  the  aesslon,  Ihe 
county  Palatine  ahall  have  two  knigbta  for  Ihe  aaid 
county ;  and  likewiae  two  cilixens,  to  ba  burgeases  fur 
the  city  of  Chester."  The  complaint  waa  thought  Just 
and  reasonable,  and  the  petilionera  were  accordingly 
admitted  to  send  representatives  to  parliament. 

Various  inataneea  of  aimilar  proceedings  occurreil  in 
the  reigns  of  this  monarch's  succeaaora — Edward  the 
Sixth,  Mary,  and  Eliinbcth ;  the  latter  of  whom  created 
twenty-four  new  borougha  in  England. 


Nora  [28]  p.  8S0.— In  Ihe  ^ear  1684,  there  waa  pub- 
liahed,  by  one  of  theaa  emigrania,  "The  Planter's 
Speech  to  his  Nciifhliora  and  Countrymen  of  Pennsyl- 
vania i"  a  composition  which  reminds  us  of  some  of 
the  productions  of  the  early  colonists  of  New  England. 
"  The  motives  of  your  retreating  to  these  new  habita- 
tions," says  thia  writer,  "  I  apprehendi  measuring  your 
sentiments  by  my  own,  to  hav«  been, — 

"  let.  The  desire  of  a  |ieaceable  life,  where  we  might 
worship  (lod  and  obey  bis  law,  with  freedom,  according 
to  the  diclatos  of  the  divine  principle,  unincumbered 
with  the  mouldy  errors  occasioned  by  Ihe  fierce  inva 
sinns  of  tradition,  politic  craft,  and  covetoua  or  ambl 
tiuus  cruelly. 

"  Sd.  That  we  might  here,  aa  on  a  virgin  Elyaian 
shore,  commence,  or  improve,  such  an  innocent  course 
of  life,  aa  might  unload  us  of  those  outward  cares, 
vexations,  and  turmoila,  which  before  wo  were  alwaya 
subject  unto  from  the  hands  of  aelf-designing  and  un- 
reasonable men. 

"3d.  That,  as  Lot,  by  flying  to  little  Zoar,  from 
the  ungodly  company  of  a  more  populous  and  magniti- 
cent  dwelling,  we  might  avoid  being  grieved  with  the 
sight  of  infectioua,  as  well  as  odious,  examplea,  of 
horrid  swearings,  cursings,  drunkenness,  gluttony,  un- 
cleannesa,  and  all  kinda  of  debauchery,  continually 
committed  with  greediness  ;  and  also  escape  the  judg- 
menta  threatened  to  every  land  polluted  with  such  abo- 
minations. 

"  4lh.  That  as  trees  are  transplanted  from  one  soil 
to  another,  to  render  Ihem  more  thriving  and  better 
bearers,  so  wo  here,  in  peace  and  aecure  retirement, 
under  the  bountiful  protection  of  (iod,  and  in  the  lap  of 
the  least  adulterated  nature,  might  every  one  Ihe  better 
improve  his  talent,  and  bring  forth  more  plenteous 
fruits  to  the  glory  of  God,  and  public  welfare  of  the 
whole  creation. 

"  6th.  And  lastly,  thai  in  order  hereunto,  by  our 
holy  dortrine,  and  the  practical  teaclthgii  of  our  exem- 
plary abstemious  lives,  transacted  in  all  humility,  so- 
briety, plainness,  self-denial,  virtue,  and  honesty,  we 
might  gain  upon  those  thousands  of  poor  dark  souls 
scattered  round  about  us,  and  commonly,  in  way  of 
contempt  and  reproach,  called  heatlieju,  and  bring 
them  not  only  lo  a  state  of  civility,  but  real  piety ; 
which  eflcctcd,  would  turn  to  a  more  satisfactory  ac- 
count than  if,  with  the  proud  Spaniards,  we  had  gained 
the  mines  of  Potosi."  "  These  thoughts,  these  designs, 
my  friends,  were  those  that  brought  you  hither ;  and  so 
far  only  as  you  pursue  and  accomplish  them,  you  obtain 
the  end  of  your  journey."  "  Our  business,  therefore, 
here,  in  this  new  land,  ia  not  so  much  to  build  housea, 
and  establish  factories,  and  promote  trade  and  manu- 
factures, that  may  enrich  ourselves,  though  all  these 
things  in  their  due  place  are  not  to  be  neglected,  as  to 
erect  temples  of  holiness  and  righteousness,  which  God 
may  delight  in."  Among  uther  advices,  which  this 
writer  proceeds  to  communicate,  he  rccommenda  not 
only  the  refraining  from  all  wanton  waste  of  inferior 
animal  life,  bul  a  total  abstinence  from  animal  food.^ 
Proud,  i.  22«,  dec. 

NoTK  [29]  p.  388  — Of  the  long  prevalence  of  thia 
feeling  among  the  Quakers,  innumerable  inataneea 
might  be  adduced.  One  of  the  most  remarkable,  ia  a 
tranaaction  which  occurred  in  England,  in  1705,  and 


which  raflecia  vary  lillla  aradit  on  Iha  honaaly  of  any 
of  Iha  panona  who  warn  Inipllaalad  In  II.      At  Ikal 
lima.  Lord  Combury,  Iha  royal  govanior  of  Naw  Yoiki 
in  eoiijunotion  with  the  royal  governor  of  MaaaMhuaaila* 
and  varioua  enomiea  of  colonial  liberty  In   Englandi 
were  endeavoring  to  aupply  Quaan  Anna'a  miniatoit 
with  some  pretext  for  annulling  ihaoharlar  of  Connaa- 
tieul.    To  thia  end,  they  preferred  agalral  Iha  govara 
mant  of  thia  province  a  great  variety  of  chargaa,  soma 
of  which  ware  ao  manilaslly  incapable  of  altdlng  pal- 
liamenlary  scrutiny,  nr  Judicial  inveatlgation,  that  thay 
could  not  have  been  intended  to  serve  any  other  pui^ 
pose  than  Ihat  of  diaerediting  the  colonial  govrmiaanl 
in  Ihe  opinion  of  the  English  public,  and  abating  Iha 
sympathy  by  which  the  colonists  were  aided  in  Iba  da- 
fence  of  Iheir  liberties.    Among  other  proeaodlnfa  ol 
this  description,  the  enemies  of  Iha  colony  laid  hold  el 
one  of  the  laws  that  had  been  paaaad  by  Iha  OonnaelU 
cut  assembly,  more  than  fifty  yeara  babra,  againat  Iha 
Quakers,  at  the  lime  of  the  general  paraaeutlon  of  Ihaaa 
aectaries  in  New  England  |  and  which,  aa  it  had  baaii 
enactul  before  the  laat  Connecticut  charter  waa  grant* 
ed,  could  never  imply  an  abuse  of  Iha  powera  which 
this  charter  conferred.     A  complaint  against  thia  law 
was  presented  to  the  queen  in  council,  deaoribing  It  aa 
an  ordinance  recently  enacted,  ani   beaeeehing  her  ma- 
jesty's interpoailion  to  prevent  tha  injualioa  which  it 
threatened  from  being  carried  into  eAeot,    In  vain  tha 
culoiiial  agents  endeavored  lo  prevent  tha  aanotion  of  ■ 
royal  order  from  being  given  to  thia  charge  by  olTariiig 
lo  prove,  that  the  law  had  been  enacted  half  a  cenluiy 
before ;  that  it  had  never  been  carried  into  elTeet  even  al 
that  time,  and  waa  long  ainee  deemed  obsolete,  and 
that  no  suspicion  could  now  have  been  reaaonably  en- 
tertaineil  of  an  attempt  to  revive  it,  aa  there  waa  not  • 
single  Quaker  living  in  the  colony.     An  order  of  coun- 
cil was  issued,  nevertheless,  stating  the  complaint  at 
aclly  in  the  terms  in  which  it  had  been  presented,  and 
annulling  Ihe  law  as  a  recent  enactmanl,  and  contrary 
to  the  colonial  charter.     To  give  greater  eiHcaoy  to  thia 
priKeeding,  the  (Quakers  of  London,  who  had  been  in- 
stigated to  support  the  complaint,  and  must,  therefore, 
have  known  the  explanation  which  it  had  received,  pro- 
aented  a  public  address  of  thanks  lo  the  queen  for  liar 
gracioua  interpoaitiun  in  behalf  of  their  brethren  in 
New  England ;   taking  especial  care  ao  to  word  Iheii 
representation  of  what  she  had  done,  that  the  public 
should  not  be  undeceived  aa  to  Ihe  date  of  the  law  that 
had  been  repealed.      Nay,    more  than  oeventy  yeara 
after,  Robert  Proud,  a  Quaker,  and  American  historian, 
with  astonishing  ignorance,  or  shameful  partialilY,  pub- 
liahed  a  copy  of  the  ^ueen'a  order  in  council,  and  of  Iha 
Quaker  ailJress,    with  the  preliminary  remark,  that 
"About  thia  time,  (anno  1705,)  Ihe  Quaker*,  in  AmO' 
rica,  seem  to  have  hod  reason  to  be  al.inned  by  a  aiit- 
gular  act  of  .\saeinbly,  passed  in  the  colony  of  Conno 
tieul ;  the  substance  or  purport  of  which  sppeara  by  tha 
onler  of  Queen  Anne  in  council,  made  upon  that  octi- 
aion."      Proud,  1.  465,  6.      TrumbuU'a  Connecticut, 
i.  420. 

William  Penn,  probably,  partook  of  Ihe  general  pieju- 
dice  entrrlained  by  his  fellow  sectaries  against  tha 
people  of  New  England ;  and  it  is  certain  that  he  car- 
ried on  a  friendly  correspondence  with  Randolph,  who 
had  rendered  himself  so  odious  to  that  people,  and  dona 
so  much  to  destroy  their  liberties  (ante,  b.  ii.  cap.  iv. 
and  V.)  But  it  is  with  sincere  pleasure,  I  add,  that 
he  appears  In  have  had  no  concern  whatever  with  thia 


proceeding  of  the  Iiondon  Quakers,  in  1705.  Indeed, 
It  ap|)eara  (from  Clarkson's  Life  of  him,  vol.  ii.  cap. 
xvi.)  that  he  waa  at  this  time  involved  in  great  perplex 
ity  by  the  embarrassed  atate  of  hia  circumstanees,  and 
compelled  to  reside  within  the  rules  of  the  Fleet  prison. 
It  is  the  more  necessary  to  note  this,  aa  two  years  Iw. 
fore  he  hod  carried  up  an  address  from  the  Quakera  ol 
England  to  Queen  Anne,  thanking  her  for  her  general 
declaration  of  indulgence  to  all  dissenters. 

No  sectariea  have  ever  evinced  a  atronger  corporala 
spirit  than  the  Quakers.  None  have  shown  a  keener 
sense  or  more  lasting  resentment  of  injuries  sustained 
by  any  member  of  their  fraternity.  It  was  Ihe  opinion 
of  Turgot,  aaya  hia  biographer  Condorcet,  "that  only 
good  men  were  capable  ol  sustaining  indignation  and 
displeasure."  In  truth,  this  is  a  frailty  which  many 
good  men  have  too  readily  indulged.  Deeming  ofl°encea 
against  themselves  oflences  againat  goodness,  and  con- 
vinced of  their  own  good  intentions,  they  have  forgot- 
ten to  believe  in  their  own  imperfections,  or  to  malta 
allowance  for  the  infirmitiea  of  others ;  and  so  hava 
cherished  passions  and  prejudices  that  obscured  tbeil 
moral  discrimination,  and,  on  some  occasions,  Tei>da<ad 
their  general  honeaty  sf  little  avail. 


UI8TORY  OF 


TIh  amlMn  Imt*  alway*  dtllflblmi  to  •lamrate  tbo 
^iMealiaw  Uwl  Umjt  Iwt*  •■eonntertd.  An  illuiUl- 
au»  Friioch  iruvullor  hm  hmn  ao  Ikr  dMaivad  by  Ihair 
fsgii*  donluiniilioiH  on  ihin  loplo,  m  10  iwwirl  thai  ijiu- 
■«r<  were,  al  iiiiu  liiiin,  iiirt  to  lAa  lorlurt  in  Naw  Liig- 
Uiiil.— Koclwlbucaull't  TravaU,  i.  bin. 

NoTi  [:«)]  II.  887  — Orth«  couditii>  I  in  which  I'snn 
•ouliuuad  III  liiiKar  lor  a  niiniht'r  of  yaora  Iwl'ora  hi> 


h,  an  lalereiitiiig  acciiiiiil  !•  fiivn  of  Thoiniw  8lo 

rr  lita  qiinlu'r,  (whoM  avcoiiiit  of  tho  yellow  fever  al 
I  hiladalphia  lu  lUUU  I  have  already  notlcwl,)  who,  ar- 
rivinii  Troin  America  In  I7i:i,  proceeded  In  |iiiy  a  vlail 
m  all  thai  raiiiainud  ol'hia  venerahlv  I'riend.  "  He  w<u 
Uwu,"  aaya  Olory,  "  under  the  liiinenukle  alfueU  of  uii 
■poplMlic  lit  which  Iw  had  liiul  Miine  lime  Iwlbra  i  lor 
bia  iMmory  woa  alnioal  quits  loat,  and  lh«  uw  of  bia 
■ndsraianaing  auauandad,  ao  thai  ha  waa  not  ao  con- 
varaaltia  aa  rormarly,  and  yat  aa  near  the  truth,  in  the 
lava  of  it,  aa  bafora;  wherein  appeared  the  treat  mer- 
cy aad  favour  of  God,  wlu  look*  not  aa  man  looka.  For 
Ibough  to  aoma  thia  accident  might  look  tike  juitgiiieut, 
■■d  BO  doubt  hia  eneiuiea  ao  accounlnd  it,  yet  it  will 
fasor  quita  another  interpretation,  if  it  b«  conaidi^rail 
how  liltia  time  of  reat  he  ever  had  from  the  iiiiporliini- 
lisa  of  the  alfuira  of  olhera,  to  llie  greul  hurl  of  hii  own, 
Uld  auapeiiaion  of  all  Ilia  eiijoyiiieuta,  lill  tliia  happen- 
•d  to  hiiu,  bv  which  he  woa  rendered  iiicnpulilo  uf  all 
bnaineaa,  anil  yel  •ennihle  of  Iho  eiijoymeiil  of  trulli  as 
at  any  time  in  all  bin  life.  Wlien  I  went  to  the  hoiiae, 
I  thought  rayaelfatroi^  enough  to  aee  him  in  that  con- 
dition ;  but  whan  I  entered  the  room,  and  perceived  the 
great  defect  of  hia  expreaaiona  from  want  of  memory, 
n  groatly  bowed  my  apirit  under  a  coiuideration  of  the 
uncertainty  of  all  huio^n  qiialilicationa,  and  what  the 
flneat  of  men  are  aoon  reduced  to  by  a  disorder  of  Iho 
Mgav  of  that  body  with  which  the  aoul  ia  connected  and 
■ela  during  thia  preaant  mode  of  being.  When  Iheae  are 
but  a  little  obilriicleil  in  their  vurioiia  functiona,  a  man  of 
the  clenriiat  p.irt<  iind  fiiieat  expreaaion  becomes  aoarce- 
1/  intelligible.  Neverlheleas,  no  insanity  or  lunacy  at 
■U  appeared  in  hia  octiona;  and  hia  mind  was  in  an 
innoeant  atata,  aa  appeared  by  his  veiv  loving  deport 
■sni  to  alt  that  came  near  him.  Ana  that  he  hau  atill 
•  good  aenae  of  truth,  is  plain  by  soma  very  clear  oen- 
laiKSs  he  spoke  in  the  life  and  power  of  truth  in  an 
•reaing  meeting  we  had  together  there,  wherein  we 
war*  greatly  comforted  i  ao  that  I  was  ready  to  think 
(his  waa  a  sort  of  sequestration  of  him  IVom  all  the 
eniioerna  of  his  life,  wh'ch  ao  much  oppreaaed  him, 
not  in  j-dgment,  but  in  ineroy,  tliat  he  might  have  rost, 
tni  not  be  oppreaaed  thereby  tn  the  end.  — Clurkaon, 
ii.  335.  Yet  aome  writers  have  believed  lliat,  at  this 
very  time,  Peiin  wan  eugused  with  tlio  Jacobites  in  con- 
carting  plota  in  behalf  ul  the  Pretender.  This  alle- 
(Mioa  appoand  the  mora  plauaiUe,  aa  proceeding  Ckom 


ihk  IM*  Papara  (pnhllahad  by  Maephanon)  of  Nainw, 
an  under  oeeretary  at  the  Pralander'a  court  i  although 
IIm  alaliimvnla  in  theae  papers  ore  founded  entirely  on 
the  repiiru  ai'iit  to  France  by  two  obscure  JucobiUi 
spies  in  F.naliinil. 

William  rrnn  lingered  in  tliis  condition  till  the  :iOih 
of  July,  17 IH,  when  he  closed  hia  long  and  labiiriuiia 
life.  Thix  (•viiiit,  lliough  lung  eipected,  wiia  deeply  be- 
wailed ill  IViiiiaylviiniui  iind  tin  wortli  of  I'enn  hmior- 
ably  oniiimuiiioralHd  by  tlie  tardy  gratitude  of  Ilia  u«o- 
pltt.-l'roud,  ii.  1W>.  liiO.  DM. 

Nurn  [:il]  p.  88H. — •■  It  ia  remarkalile,"  says  a  dia- 
tingiiiahod  iiiiidcrn  aliileauiuu  and  plilloaupher,  "  how 
exiuUy  the  hialory  uf  tlie  Carthaginian  luoiiupoly  rv- 
aeiiililea  tiiat  of  ihie  Curupuun  naliiina  wlio  have  colo- 
nixed  America.  At  lirsl,  Uie  diatunt  aellleiiieut  could 
admit  of  no  iinmediate  reatruinta,  but  demanded  all  the 
encouragement  and  prolaotion  of  tliu  puri'iit  aluto;  and 
Iha  gains  of  its  commerca  were  neither  aiiHicieiitly  al- 
luring to  Iha  Carthaginian  nivrcliant  frnni  tliuir  own 
inagiiiliide,  nor  naceasarv  to  him  IVom  tlie  dilhciilly  of 
Hndingemplovinent  for  his  capital  in  oUier  directions. 
Al  lliia  period,  tlw  culony  woa  led  to  ilaelf,  and  woa 
allowed  to  manage  its  own  alVairs  in  its  own  way,  un- 
der the  aiiperinlendnnco  and  cure  of  Carthargu,  which 
proleclud  it  from  foreign  invasion,  but  neglected  its 
cuiiiiiierca.  In  Iliia  favourable  prodifamuiil,  it  soon 
grotv  into  importance ;  some  of  the  Carthaginian  iner> 
chants  roost  probably  found  tlieir  way  thither,  or  pro- 
moted tlin  colonial  apevulaliona  by  loans;  at  any 
rate,  by  flimishing  ■  ready  demand  for  tho  rude  pro- 
duce. 

"  In  this  stage  of  its  procmi,  then,  we  find  tlie  colo- 
ny trade  left  fr«a ;  for  the  firat  of  the  two  treaties,  pro- 
hibiiin|  all  the  Komun  ships  of  war  to  approach  within 
a  certain  distance  of  the  cooat,  allows  Uie  trading  vea- 
aela  fVee  oceeas  to  all  the  harbors,  both  of  the  continent 
and  the  colonies.  This  intercourse  is  even  encouraged 
with  the  port  of  Carthage,  by  a  clause  Oeeing  the  vua- 
Nels  entering,  flrom  almost  nil  import  duties.  The  treaty 
includes  the  Koman  and  Cartha^nian  allies;  by  which 
were  probably  meant  theircolonias,  as  well  as  tho  friend- 
ly powers ;  and  tlio  clause,  which  expressly  includes  the 
colony  of  8icily,  gives  the  Romans  all  the  privileges  in 
that  island  which  uie  Carthaginians  thpinselvos  enjoyed. 
At  this  period,  it  is  probdila  that  tlio  coniinurcu  of 
Rome  excited  no  joidousy,  and  tho  wealth  of  the  colo- 
nies littlo  avarice;  although  a  dread  of  the  military 
proweas  of  the  former  aeema  to  liava  given  riaa.  to  tlie 
negotiation. 

"  Some  time  afterwards  another  treaty,  conceived  in 
a  ditierent  spirit,  and  formed  exactly  upon  tlie  princi- 
ples of  ttie  mercantik)  system,  was  concluded  between 
those  celebrated  rival  powers.  The  restrictiona  upon 
the  navigation  of  Iha  Honun  ahipa  of  war  are  here  ex- 


tended and  enlbivad  i  tha  ftaaJani  of  aMry  iM»  th* 
port  of  Carthage  ia  continued,  and  into  the  porta  nf 
Mieily  also,  Uih  Roinana  granting  to  tha  Cartlnginioai 
like  privilege  at  Koine.  Hul  ihe  Hnniniia  are  dehanrad 
from  pluiiilurii>|(,  trailing,  or  si'itting  (a  singular  con 
juncliiin)  iipoi,  Uh)  coaal  of  AlVica  Propria,  wliirh  waa 
peopled  by  Cartliiiginian  coliinii-a.  and  ninii^lH'd  laiaa 
aiipjilma  of  proviaiiins  ami  iiiiiiii'y  to  tlie  rit}-,  Tnt 
aaiiiii  rt'atrirtion  is  exlxnili'd  to  i^iirdinia;  aniltitdittf 
veaavls  are  only  permiltud  to  I'lilcr  the  liarliour  of  tha* 
colony  for  tho  spare  of  live  ilaya,  to  rulil,  if  driven 
Uiithnr  by  atntas  of  wi>»lli<>r.  A  aingiilur  clauae  is  in< 
■urti'd,  to  wliicli  cloaii  aiialoiii's  may  Ixi  traced  in  Ilio 
iiiotlfrn  <|ui'sii(>na  uf  neiitrur  rifilita  and  coiitraliand  of 
war;— If  any  Komun  Irunpa  aluill  rvcelvn  aliiri's  from  a 
Cartliiiginian  port,  or  a  port  in  Uw  provincial  terriloria* 
of  Ihe  slate,  Uiey  are  bound  not  to  turn  tliem  agoinal 
either  the  republic  or  Iter  allies. 

"  Tha  substauoa  of  this  very  singular  document  will 
suggest  various  reflections  to  my  readers.  I  sliull  only 
observe,  thai  we  Iind  in  it  Ihe  principles  of  tlie  niudera 
colonial  syatom  cli-urly  niifoldiiig  Uicmaelves ;  and  thai 
we  liave  every  reason  to  regret  liie  scaiitinvas  of  our 
knowledge  of  tlie  Carthaginian  alory,  which,  in  so  Ihr 
as  relates  to  tlte  cominerco  of  that  ncople,  breaks  olf 
here,  and  k>avvs  us  no  trace  of  tlie  rarther  rratricliona 
most  probably  impoaed  by  succeeding  atah'anien  upon 
Ihe  growiiis  tradii  of  Ihe  coloiiica." — lirougham's  In 
quiry  into  the  Colonial  Policy  of  tlio  European  Powera 

NoTB  r:i3]  p.  880.— A  good  deal  of  irritation  aeema 
to  have  liocn  excih^d  in  America,  in  tlie  b<-ginniug  of 
tlie  el^hleciith  century,  by  some  discussion  Uiat  took 
place  in  parliament  with  regard  to  a  project  for  tlie  em- 
|ilaynienl  of  fulona  in  tlie  royal  dock-yards  of  Rnglunil. 
A  bill  for  tills  purpoao  was  passed  by  tlm  House  of 
Commons,  but  rejected  by  tlie  House  of  Lords  as  lend* 
ing  to  discredit  his  Majesty's  service  in  the  dock-yarda. 
This  was  commented  on  with  just  displeasure  in  on 
American  periodical  work,  of  which  aome  passagea 
have  been  preserved  in  Smith's  History  of  New  York, 
liy  making  felony  a  passport  to  the  advantages  of  an 
establishment  in  America,  says  tliia  writer,  the  number 
of  criminals  is  multiplied  in  England ;  and  the  niiaerr 
of  the  industrious  poor  is  aggravated  by  the  discredit 
attached  to  thf  only  certain  means  of  improving  their 
condition.  "  There  are  tlionsands  of  honest  men,"  ha 
continues,  "  labouring  in  Europe  at  fonrpenee  a  day, 
starving  in  spite  of  alTdieir  eflbrta,  a  dead  weight  to  IM 
respective  pariHliea  to  which  Itiuy  belong ;  who,  withou 
any  other  qiialilicutions  than  commoii  ..«iise,  health,  and 
strength,  might  accumulate  estates  among  ns,  as  many 
luive  done  aTrcady.  Theae,  and  not  Ihe  felona,  are  Iha 
men  that  should  be  sent  over  for  tho  better  peopling  Iha 
planuiioBs."— tWa,  9. 


THB 


nif^TORY  OF  IVORTH  AMERICA.— Contimeed. 


Ti"m  far  Mr.  Gralianie's  work  lias  enabled  us  to  trace  tho  proifrpss  of  tlic  Xnrtli  American  Continent  down  tn  that  period  when,  by  a  mvolutlonary  process  a 
Protestant  aupremacy  wns  tinnlly  eittabllHlicil  In  tliu  Koveniment  of  Great  Britain,  and  now  eoiieeHnlnns  tn  the  rialins  nl  popular  opinion  were  socurLd. 
Wo  have  next  to  mark  the  development  of  the  Aiiierlciin  provinces  under  a  new  system,  and  to  follow  out  the  various  steps  by  which  the  policy  of  the 
House  of  Ilanovor  led  to  tho  ultimate  estibUshmcut  of  an  Amorican  Nationality.  Tho  (juldunco  wo  havu  tu  follow  tn  dolnt;  thU  la  now,  but  none  ths 
leaa  authoritative  and  sound. 


CHAPTER  I. 

BlM<as  between  New  York  and  New  Jersey— Overthrow  of 
l5s  Aoyal  Government  in  New  York — Settlement  of  Pcnn- 
ayWsnls — New  Charter  for  MaasacttusettH — Restoration  of 
Ihe  Itoyal  Oovommciit  in  Now  York— War  with  the  French 
and  Indians — Fort  Fainuiuid  built — Comparative  Force  of 
ths  Colonies  in  1994— War  with  Canada— With  the  Spanish 
Colonlci— Between  Carolina  and  the  Indinns— UiKaenwions 
hn  New  York— Roiuidary  settled  between  Massaciiusetts  and 
Coouecticut- Ysla  Cotlege. 

Ia  1674,  William  Penn  obtained  an  aaaignment  of 
Lard  Berlceley's  interest  in  the  Jerseys;  and  in  1676 
■a  raleased  East  Jersey  to  Carteret.  About  1680,  after 
astlling  a  controvemy  with  the  Duke  of  York,  he,  widi 
akren  otheis,  obtained  a  transfer  of  Carteret's  part ; 
and  immediately  conveyed  one  half  of  tlieir  interest  to 
Iha  Earl  of  Perth  and  otheis.  Continual  eflurts  were 
■ada  in  tha  nicantiiao  for  re-annexing  the  Jerseys  to 


New  York.  Cafterel  established  a  port  of  entry  at  Am- 
boy.  Andres  seized  and  condemned  the  vessels  which 
traded  there.  New  York  then  claimed  the  right  of  tax- 
ing the  Jerseys ;  but  when  her  collector  ventured  to 
prosecute  a  vessel,  judgment  wasalmost  invariably  given 
against  him.  A  quo  tearranto  issued  ugaiiut  East  Jer- 
sey: the  proprietors  surrendered  their  patent,  and  it  waa 
not  long  after,  that  both  Jerseya  were  annexed  to  New 
England. 

A  Mr.  Dongan  was  the  governor  who  succeeded  An- 
droa  in  1683.  The  French  had  undertaken  to  exclude 
tlie  people  of  New  York  fl'om  the  fur  trade  in  Canada; 
and  as  the  Fve  Nations  were  then  at  war  with  tlie  Iribiis 
of  that  country,  Dongan  sought  revenge  by  obtaining 
permistion  to  assist  them.  Tlie  peruiission  was  recalled 
in  1686,  and  under  Andros,  New  York  was  shortly  after 
annexed  to  New  England.  James  II.  Iiad  ordered  the 
discontinuance  of  oaaembliea :  the 'colonists  weregreudy 


exasperated  at  the  proceeding;  and  as  aooa  aa  Ihsjr 
heard  rf  the  revoliinon  at  Boston,  they  took  pMseaaian 
of  the  'art  in  King  Williain's  name,  and  drove  tlio 
lieuteuaiit-govcnior  out  of  the  country.  Ciptain  Ja- 
cob Leister,  who  was  the  leader  of  the  iniurrertion, 
conducted  afterwards  witli  so  tittle  nrudcn'  e  or  mode- 
ration, that  the  province  was  livideil  into  two  factiiiiis, 
and  for  a  long  time  sntfered  much  incouvi  nieuce  Iroin 
their  muttut  animosities. 

In  1681  William  Penn  obtained  a  darter  for  the 
territory  of  Pennsylvania;  in  April,  16PJ,  ne  formed  a 
code  of  laws  for  his  intended  colony;  In  August  heob. 
tained  from  the  Duke  of  York  a  grout  of  Newcastle, 
with  the  country  southward  to  Cane  Henlopen,  and  iii 
October  of  tlie  sane  year  he  landed  on  the  banks  of 
the  Delawan;  with  two  thousand  emigrants.  Philadel- 
phia was  immediately  founded,  and  wiUiin  twolva 
months  nearly  one  hundred  liouses  ('euionstrated  Iha 


of  aMry  iMa  ih* 
into  Um  pani  *t 
Ih*  C'lirtlMcinlMa 
iniiiiin  irv  d)Mi<im4 
IX  (u  •iiiKiilur  eon 
'rnpri*,  whirh  WM 
nil  nirniKlieU  latu 
In  t)i«  rily.  TR* 
'iliniii ;  iiiitl  II  t<lili( 
lii>  luirlioiir  or  Iha* 
Id  Mill,  il'  ilrivM 
«iilur  cjaiine  it  \w 
y  Im)  trnceil  iu  Uio 
uiiil  coiilrnlmiiil  of 
ccivn  •tiirc*  from  a 
roviiii'iul  tenriloriat 
turn  Uwiu  if  ainM 

iliv  doeiinient  will 
ulen.  1 1111111  only 
ple<  n(  Uie  inodeni 
ii'iiuwivsa ;  aud  Uut 
•cniitiiHiM  of  our 
y,  which,  ih  w  Ihr 
people,  breaki  off 
rarUier  ivjtriclioai 
ig  •tab'inieii  upon 
'— Broufhani'f  In 
Europrun  Towara 

of  inrilalion  aeemo 
I  tlio  bt!|iniiiu(  of 
JMuiMioii  tliat  took 
prnJHct  for  the  eni- 
i-ynnl>  of  Rngliuid . 
I  b}t  UiH  Iloiiie  of 
N)  of  LoriU  aa  tend* 

III  the  dock-ynrda. 

di«plt'aiiure  in  on 
icb  aoine  poaiagea 
lory  of  New  York. 

0  ndvanlagea  of  an 
wrilvr,  the  number 
id;  and  the  niiaerr 
L>d  by  the  diacredil 
of  improving  their 
of  hnneit  men,"  ho 

1  fnurpenee  a  day, 
dvud  weight  lo  IM 
o\m\  who,  witbou 
ii  ^eiiae,  health,  aDd 
iiiong  UB,  aa  many 
:  the  felona,  are  Iht 
belter  poopling  itw 


nary  proccaa  a 
were  accuri.d. 
pulley  of  the 
but  nonu  the 


BOOS  la  ibijr 

y  look  p  Maeaaien 
and  -irove  tlia 
Ciptain  JU' 
tbo  iniurrediou, 
nidcn'e  or  iiindB- 
into  tATO  faclLoiiK, 
ouvi  uieucH  from 


'■^. 


darter  for  the 
()P<i,  ne  formed  a 
In  Au^iint  lie  ob- 
lilt  of  Newcaatic, 
lleulopcn,  and  in 
on  the  bank)  of 

Erniita.     Philadek 
wiiliin  twelve 
I'eiuoiurtraled  Ikt 


NOHTII    AMERICA. 


Mi 


^■Mtt  ef  iM  growth.  The  proprietor,  though  ap- 
paMod  "caplii«-general"  ofhialarrilory,  andinvntml 
with  j^awar  lo  raiM,  eqalp,  and  lead  hla  forow  when. 
aver  it  tliould  be  iieceiwnry,  did  not  eonie  lo  Iho  rniin. 
try  aa  a  rnnqiu'rnr,  mid  liwtead  of  iixiuporulinK  the 
■alivea  by  liirciiig  tlifin  to  i^uit  tlieir  buida,  conculiiU'd 
tluiir  good  will  by  piiyliig  lbi>iii  ii  milliifaelary  i»|iilvn- 
lant.  He  i^niH-rlriiri-d <'(iiiiild<'riilil«  dlllli'iiliy,  nimct I'r, 
in  aeltliiig  u  diiputo  wlUi  Lord  Itiiltiiiioro  uhiiiit  tlio 
boiinduriea  uf  bia  gmiit,  and  alter  Hiiiia  frnidi'u  niter. 
cation  the  qia'atioii  wua  aiibmilted  to  lbs  coninilllvn  of 
plantaliona,  who  decided  that  the  peniiuiilu  foriiied  by 
the  buya  of  L'lieaapeake  and  UelawiurH  ahuuld  bu  I'liiiully 
divided  between  the  two  claimauta  by  a  iiieriilioniU 
line,  drawn  fVum  tlie  fortietii  degree  of  iinrtii  latitude  to 
Cape  llenlopen.  I'enn'a  code  of  Inwa  wua  founded  on 
tlie  enlightened  principle,  thai  "  liberty,  without  obe- 
dience, laconAiaioai  and  obedience  without  liberty,  ia 
alaveryi"  but  Ita  complicated  proviaiona  wore  much 
better  in  theory  than  in  practice,  and  after  many  unaiic- 
eeaiAil  attempta  lo  make  il  til  the  circumatancea  of  the 
colony,  il  waa  flnally  abandoned  for  a  more  aiinple  fonn 
of f ovemmenl.  I'ennaylvania  waa  dilatory  in  acknow- 
ledf  inf  the  Prince  of  Orange.  The  govBrnment  w«a 
•dminialered  in  the  name  of  Jamea  for  aomo  time  after 
hii  abdication ;  and  wbitn  at  loat  the  proprietor  waa 
ahllged  to  recogniae  William  and  Mnry,  be  did  not 
hck  addreaa  to  make  aatiaflKtnry  apologiea  for  bia  delay, 

Nor  did  Muaacbuaelta  derive  ao  iiiuch  benoKl  friiiii 
Ih  >  Revolution  aa  ahe  had  at  firat  anticipnteil.  In  June, 
lOtN),  the  aaaembly  met  at  Hoaton,  and  until  ordera 
wore  received  from  Engliind  the  council  were  reqiivated 
to  adminiater  the  govemniont  according  to  the  orlgliiid 
charter.  The  king  aeiit  for  HIr  Kdmond  Androa,  and  ttie 
oilier  priaonera;  the  general  court  deputed  two  oaaiat- 
aula,  Mr.  Cooke  and  Mr.  Uakea,  to  aid  tlie  other  agcnta 
in  procuring  a  contirmatlon  of  their  beloved  charter ; 
but  a  now  one  waa  iaaued  in  161)1,  and  the  colony 
found  with  no  little  diaaatiafaollon,  that  In  fliture  tlie 
king  waa  to  appoint  their  governor,  doputy-govemor, 
aiiiraeeretary,  and  tliat  tlie  governor  waa  to  have  the 
calling,  adjournment,  prorogation,  and  diaaolulion  at 
the  aaaembly,  aa  well  as  the  aole  appointment  of  all 
miUtary,  and  with  the  cnuiieil,  of  ail  political  olficera. 
By  another  proviaion  Plymouth  aud  Nova  Scotia  were 
aimexed  to  Mnaaachiiaella ;  while,  contrary  to  the 
wiahea  of  both  parliea.  New  Ilainpahire  waa  left  to  a 
anparate  goverumenl.  Iu  May,  l(i!M,  Sir  William 
Phlpiia,  the  firat  governor,  arrived  witli  the  new  ebnrtcr, 
which  after  all  waa,  iu  the  following  June,  joyfully  ac- 
cented by  the  geiiund  rjweiiibly. 

New  Vork  wna  reduced  to  ita  former  allegiance  in 
March,  16!)l.  The  conduct  and  character  uf  Lelaler 
had  determined  aomo  of  the  most  reapoclubia  men  in 
tlie  colony  to  aettle  at  Albany,  where  a  convention  of 
Uie  people  rcaolved  to  retain  the  fort  and  country  for 
the  king  and  <|ueen.  Leixler  aent  agulual  it  a  email 
force,  under  hia  worthy  lieutciinnt,  one  Jacob  Mel- 
bourne, who,  tlioiigh  ou  hia  lirat  attack,  ho  found  the 
gorriaou  impregnidir«  to  hie  acrmona  ugiiiiut  Juinea  and 
popery,  waa  enabled  to  aiibdue  lliem  on  the  second  by 
the  co«[ieration  of  the  Indiana.  Their  property  waa 
confiacated,  imd  Lei-'ler's  autliority  rfr«atabliahed.  But 
both  hiinaelf  niid  hla  iiiitliority  were  abort-lived.  He 
had  the  folly  to  reaiat  tlie  new  governor.  Colonel  ilenry 
Sloiighter,  who  aoon  obtained  poaaeaaion  of  tlie  fort, 
and  ordered  lAiialcr  and  Melboiiriie  to  be  executed  for 
high  treoaon.  Nur  was  it  witli  iiiterniU  eiiciiiiea  idoiie 
that  New  York  hud  iit  tlila  tiinn  lo  contend.  In  lli<^ 
Louia  XIV.  duaputclied  aome  aliipa  of  war,  under  one 
Catfiniere,  in  order  to  aaaiat  Count  Fromlgnuc,  general 
of  tin  land  forcea,  in  a  project  for  the  caiu|iieat  of  that 
province.  Count  Froiitigiiac  waa  indefutigiible  in  hia 
oflbrts  lo  gain  over  the  1  ive  Nationa,  who  li'<4l  mude 
two  attucka  upon  MoiitienI,  and  murdered  i>  grout  uuiii- 
ber  of  iuliubitunLi.  He  held  a  great  council  witli  them 
at  Onondugu,  and  as  Uiuy  aeeined  to  be  somewliut  in- 
clined to  peace,  he  reaolved  to  give  their  fuvouruble  dia- 
posilion  no  time  for  cliiuige,  and  at  the  auiiie  time  to 
mapirit  hia  own  drooping  countrymen,  by  tindiiu  tliem 
immediate  employment  aguinat  die  Engliali  colonica. 
On  tlie  lUlli  of  Jaiiiiury  a  purty  of  about  two  hundred 
Frtnch  and  aome  Cuhniiiign  iiidiiin.i,  set  nut  in  the  deep 
iMiw  for  Scheuectudy :  tliey  urrived  on  the  8tli  of  Fe- 
bruury,  eleven  o'clock  at  night,  and  tlie  first  intimation 
the  innabitania  had  of  tlieir  design  wua  conveyed  iu  the 
noiae  of  their  own  bursting  doura.  The  village  waa 
burnt;  aixty  persons  were  butchered,  twenty-seven 
mtrered  Uie  worst  fute  of  captivity,  and  the  real  mode 
Ihe'r  way  nuked  through  the  snow  to  Albany.  A  purty 
of  young  men  und  aome  Alohawk  Indians  set  out  from 
the  latter  place,  pursued  tliu  enemy,  uiid  killed  and 


eaptiired  twenty-five.  In  the  apring  and  aiinimer  of 
HIHI,  New  Ilniiipabireuiid  Maine  were  aiibjecl  to  aimi- 
lar  inrniida.  MiiiMncbuaetu  titled  out  aeveu  amall  vea- 
«>la  with  alioiil  i'IrIiI  liiinilnd  iiirn,  who  under  tlir 
Willinni  I'bippa  liiid  the  iionr  reveille  of  takintf  Port 
Knyal,  and  returiii'd  iiii  the  :iOth  of  May,  with  hardly 
plunder  luiuiigh  to  i>uy  the  expuiiae  of  equipment. 
AlHiiit  tliK  aniiie  time  Count  i-'riiiitigiiii'!  made  an  attack 
upon  Haliiioii  I'lilla  niid  Fort  Cuaco,  w.iere  be  killed  aud 

uptured  about  uiiii  hundred  und  eighty  peraiina. 
New  York,  Coiinei'ticut,  uiiil  Maaaurhiiaelti  now  re- 

iilvi'd  to  join  in  a  united  ultuck  upon  the  eoiiiiiioa 
eiii'niy.  The  irnopa  of  die  fnriiKr  act  nut  by  land  for 
iMontreul.  Tlioae  uf  Uie  lutter,  coiisialing  of  about  two 
thnuaand.  set  aail  from  Nantucket  on  Uie  UUi  of  Au- 

fiual,  in  a  Heel  of  forty  veaaela,  aome  of  which  carried 
orty-four  gnna.  The  land  forces  did  not  receive  Ihe 
aid  Uiey  expected  IVom  the  Five  Nationa.  Tlieir  provi- 
aions  loll  abort,  and  they  were  obliged  lo  return.  The 
naval  expedition  did  not  reach  Uuebeo  till  October; 
the  energy  of  Sir  William  Phipps  waa  by  no  iiieana  cal- 
culated lo  counterbabuice  the  inclemency  of  Uic  aeaaon, 
and  afl«r  holding  several  cniiiicila  of  war,  and  parading 
ahoni  the  place  for  two  or  three  duya,  it  waa  deemed 
moat  expedient  lo  return,  und  the  Duel  arrived  solely  al 
lioalnii  on  Uie  MUi  of  November.  The  culony  being 
unable  to  pay  olftbo  Irnopa,  Uiey  thrcati'iied  to  mutiny, 
und  us  a  laat  resource  the  general  court  iasued  billa  of 
credit,  and  at  the  aame  tin>.  impoaed  a  tux  payuble  in 
thoae  billa  at  five  per  cent,  above  par.  The  puper  for  a 
time  waa  worth  only  fourteen  ahlllinga  in  ttie  pound, 
but  it  rose  above  par  when  Iho  lux  was  about  lo  be 
collected. 

The  Indians  now  renewed  Iheir  hoatiliUea.  Sir  Wil- 
liam Phippa  went  to  Fngluiid  for  uid,  but  relumed 
wiUioul  ettecting  hla  purpoae.  A  fort  was  built  at 
Pamaquid.  Iberville  and  Villebouo  appeared  before  il 
wiUi  two  sliips  uf  war,  and  aome  French  and  Indiana; 
but  to  Ihe  no  aniull  diaauliafuotion  of  Uie  latter  Uie  bite- 
neasof  the  aeaaon  and  the  want  of  a  pilot,  neceaaitalad 
them  to  return.  In  Uie  summer  of  VMi,  king  WiUiam 
at  length  desputched  two  thouaand  one  hundred  sailors 
und  two  thouaand  four  hundred  aoldiera,  for  Uie  reduc- 
tion of  Quebec,  but  Uiey  were  firat  lo  capture  Mar- 
tinique i  and  before  they  reached  Boston  a  contagious 
fever  had  carried  off  more  Uioti  half  of  Uieir  nuiubars. 
The  real  were  incapable  of  aervice,  and  Uio  expedition 
waa  abandoned.  In  Iti'JO  the  conqiieau  which  Maaaa- 
cbiiaetta  hud  made  in  Uie  French  territory  refuacd  Uieir 
obedience.  Pumuquid  wus  taken  by  IberviUe,  und 
New  Ilainpahire  wus  obliged  to  aeciiro  herself  from 
attack,  by  pulling  a  body  of  live  hundred  men  under 
Uie  command  of  Colonel  Church.  But  Iberville  re- 
tired and  Uioush  Church  made  in  turn  a  succeaaful 
inroad  upon  the  French  territory,  noUiing  of  couae- 
qiieiice  took  pluce  on  either  side.  In  Uie  course  of]  Uie 
same  year  u  plan  waa  matured  at  Uie  court  of  Verauilles 
for  laying  waste  all  the  KngUali  poaaeaaions  in  America, 
and  it  ia  aaid  Uut  Uie  plan  would  probably  have  auc- 
ceeded,  had  not  Uie  forces  appropriated  fur  uie  purpoae 
been  employed  in  other  service,  till  Uie  season  of  ope- 
ration wua  pust 

The  pence  of  Riawick  put  an  end  lo  hoatilitica  be- 
tween die  French  and  English  on  boUi  aidea  of  Uie 
Aduntic.  All  Uie  New  England  colonlea  hud  auHered 
severely  from  Uie  Indiana  during  the  war.  New  York 
was  protected  by  the  Five  Nutioiiai  and  yet,  so  litde 
did  tlio  Kngliah.  ministry  know  of  the  reapuctivo  ailuu- 
tioiia  of  die  cnloiiius,  or  au  partial  were  Uiey  lo  Uiat  of 
Uio  Duke  of  York,  that  they  formed  u  deaign,  in  ll>!>5, 
uf  luiiting  the  forcea  of  ull  tlie  oUiera  for  Uie  defence  of 
this.  Mnasacbuaetts  waa  to  fiimiah  Uiree  hundred  and 
fifty  men;  Kbodo  Island,  forty  eight:  Connecticut, 
one  hundred  and  twenty;  New  York,  two  hundred: 
I'eniisylvuniu,  eighty;  Murylund,  one  hundred  and 
sixty ;  Virginia,  two  hundred  and  fifty ;  iu  all,  eleven 
hundred  and  ninety-eight.  But  Uie  plan  waa  never 
carried  into  execution.  Such  of  the  coloniea  as  were 
attacked  Uiemselvca,  coidd  not  spore  troops  to  defend 
odiers ;  and  diose  that  were  suU  at  peace,  could  not 
teU  how  long  they  should  be.  Aa  Virginia  wua  pecu- 
liarly peucefiil,  ahe  furniahos  Utile  matter  for  Ihe  pen  of 
die  historian.  The  college  of  William  and  Mary  ob- 
tained a  charter,  in  l()9!i;  hud  a  liberal  endowmeiit, 
aoon  after;  and  waa  established  at  Williumaburgli,  in 
16UJ.  In  l(i98,  die  atate-houae  at  Jamcatown  was  con- 
sumed by  fire ;  and,  in  the  following  year,  Iho  seat  of 
govermiient  was  removed  to  Williamabiirg. 

By  the  treaty  of  Kiawick,  Uiere  was  tolie  a  recipro 
cul  surrendor  of  all  conqiiesli  mode  during  the  war. 
But  no  specific  armngemeni  was  entered  into  for  as- 
certaining Uie  respecUve  boundaries  of  the  English  and 


French  possesaiona  in  Anieiiaa.  Tkeaubjeet  ibriiisiMd 
ample  room  for  controversy  i  and,  when  ninvs  wm 
brought,  that  hostilities  had  been  r*.<onmiriKrd  ia 
Kiiropo,  il  foi'sd  the  colonies  in  a  III  diapnajtinii  to  wel- 
come Uie  event.  Thry  inntiially  Hew  lo  urnw !  and,  aa 
New  Vork  hud  aeciired  heraclf  IVom  danger,  by  aasiaV 
iiig  lo  coiicliiih)  a  treaty  of  neutrality,  between  tlie  Five 
Nations  and  the  liuvcrnor  of  t'nnuda,  New  Engbud 
waa  obliged  to  endure  Uui  whole  bniiit  of  the  war.     Pn^ 

Koailiona  were,  indeed  made  for  a  genera!  neiitrallly  t 
III  Dudley,  the  governor  of  Muaaucbiiaetts  aud  Nia 
Hampshire,  was  in  hopes  nf  aiilidiiing  Nova  neolia,  aad 
perhaps,  Canada;  and,  in  ihe  spring  of  171)7,  he  ap 
plied  to  Connecticut  and  Kbode  Island  to  aaaiat  hie 
own  colouiea  in  raising,  for  the  purpoae,  a  body  of  aaa 
dionaond  men.  The  former  declined  lo  contribute  her 
quota  I  the  troops  were  raised  by  Ihe  oUier  three ;  and 
on  the  13th  of  May,  the  expedition  aet  sail  dram  Nau- 
tasket  in  twenty-three  tranaporta,  under  the  convoy  of 
Ihe  Ueplford  man  of  war,  and  Ihe  Province  fahey.  Il 
arrived  at  Port  Royal  in  a  Ibw  days;  but,  aa  ColonA 
March,  though  a  brave  nuin,  waa  unfit  lo  head  so  dif 
ficiill  on  enterprise,  litde  was  done  beyoad  the  buruiaf 
of  aome  houaes,  and  the  kilKng  of  a  few  ealde.  The 
officera  were  jealoiia  of  each  ouier:  all  were  mialaka>l 
aa  to  the  atale  of  the  fort ;  and  it  was  aoon  concludt.l 
to  re-emliurk  die  troops.  They  were  leAback  again  if 
die  vicegerents  of  Ihe  governor ;  but  after  spending  t»  il 
days  in  friiitleas  parade  about  the  fort,  Uiey  again  re-ei' 
barked  and  came  home. 

The  colonica  were  resolved  not  lo  give  up  Ihe  enle** 
priae  ao.     In  Uie  fall  of  17(W,  Maaaaclinaetta  plied  U  <f 

aiieen  widi  on  addreaa;  which,  with  the  aaaiatance  <•!* 
le  colony'a  fVienda  in  England,  at  length  ohuinri 
fVom  die  ininiatry  a  promiae  of  live  regimenta  of  reg>i- 
lar  Iroopa.  These,  wiUi  twelve  hundred  men  raiaiil 
in  Maaaachiiaelta  and  Rhotle  Island,  were  to  aail  froai 
Boston  und  proceed  to  Quebec;  whilea  aecond  diviaioit 
of  fifteen  hundred  men,  from  die  ce'oniea  aouth  ef 
Rhode  laland,  were  to  march  ogainat  Montreal,  by  Uf' 
route  of  Lake  Chaniplnin.  Pennaylvaiiia  did  not  raiaj 
her  quota  of  Iroopa ;  and  thoae  ftirniabed  by  the  other 
coloniea  did  not  penetrate  beyond  Wood  Creek.  Tlie 
lloslon  Iroopa  waited  for  the  English  army  fram  the 
itOdi  of  May  lo  Ihe  llth  of  Octobi-r,  17UU,  when  dio 
news  that  it  hod  been  ordered  to  Portugal,  obliged  the 
provinces  to  abandon  die  iinilertakiiig.  But  their  pa- 
tience was  not  yet  exhiiuated.  Another  application 
waa  made  to  the  queen ;  and  in  July,  1710,  Colonel 
Nichnlson,  who  comninnded  the  Iroopa  <lestined  foi 
Mnntreul,  the  yenr  liefure,  came  over  tviili  live  frigutei 
and  a  bniiili-kctch,  fur  the  piirpoau  of  attacking  Port 
Uoyul.  Ho  was  joined  by  three  regiments  of  New 
England  Iroopa;  aalled  from  Beaton  the  IHlh  of  Sep- 
tember; and  on  the  ii4th  waa  before  Port  Roynl, 
which  surrendered  on  the  5di  of  October ;  and  being 
culled  Annttfoiit,  in  hoiiniir  of  die  queen,  waa  put  iin 
(ler  die  government  of  Sumiiel  Vecli,  u  Novu  Svotiau 
trader.  Nichnlson  returned  to  England;  nnd  plend  ng 
die  aiicceaa  of  liLa  first  expedition,  nlitained  frnin  dip  neTi 
miniatry  nn  ormy  of  aeven  regiments,  who  had  grovn 
veteran  under  die  Duke  of  .Mnrilioroiigb.  The  coroiur « 
tnO|  made  every  exertion  to  bear  die  expenses  and  liiu 
thena  of  die  expedition.  Trnnpa  were  i^noii  niiard  | 
Maaaachiiaelta  iaaued  forty  tboiiaaiid  pounds  in  bills  of 
credit;  proviaions  were  impresaed ;  and  on  the  IlOdi  of 
July,  1711,  Ihe  whole  armunieiit  leli  Boston  harbour  lot 
Quebec.  On  the  'i'M  of  August  the  wreck  of  ten  truiis- 
porta  uii  Egg  Isluiid,  iu  tlie  iit.  I,<iwreiice,  dnteriiiinei) 
the  aaiiudrou  to  put  uboiil.  A  debute  wua  held  ut  Spa 
iiisli  Itiver,  in  Cape  Breton,  upon  the  expediency  uf 
annoying  Uie  French  at  Plocentiu;  but  the  whole  expe- 
ditiuii  aailed  for  England,  without  annoying  tlieiii  Uiero, 
or  any  where  elae.  The  frnntiera  of  Uie  culniiies  were 
again  left  exposed  to  depredation;  nor  wua  it  till  17)3, 
dial  die  cession  of  Nova  Scotia  to  England  prevented 
Ihe  French  from  instigating  the  Indians  to  hostility. 

While  these  things  were  taking  place  in  die  north, 
Carolina  waa  alternately  eneaged  in  disputes  witli  its 
proprietors,  and  in  quarrels  with  its  neighbours.  A 
rumor  of  die  war  against  Fronge  nnd  Spain,  in  I70ti, 
induced  Governor  Mar  re  lo  anticipate  Uie  event,  by 

rroposing  on  immediate  attack  upon  St.  Augustine, 
n  vain  £d  Ihe  more  temperate  incur  die  epittiet  ol 
traitor,  by  protesting  against  the  measure.  There  were 
aix  thouaand  while  inlvhiianir  of  Uio  coluny;  two 
thousaiwf  ;i.°>inds  were  voted  to  defray  all  cxpeuos; 
and  in  September  of  Ihe  same  year,  Mr.  Moom  sailed, 
wiUi  0  part  of  aix  hundred  mihtiu  and  aix  huudred  In 
dions;  while  Colonel  Daniel  set  out  by  land  with  the 
remainder.  The  Spaniards,  appriaed  of  the  undertaking 
hud  stored  Ihe  i-ostle  Willi  four  month*  oroviaioiH:  and 


!i, 


(t  '! 


THE   IIIHTORY  OF 


"  '  I  Ik*  iwrina,  willwaltalMrlM  MllUtrjr.  Whtl* 


CaloMi  DwM  nu  (mm  i*  JumIw  m  prosun  ll,  tiw 
■■fwwiiiw  «f  iwa  mwtl  HpaaUi  vaawh  il  Ih*  nmiilh 
M  Iht  harliwr  m  torriM  Uw  Uovtmar,  Ihal  ha  aban- 
<ild  hi*  own  •hlpa,  iwl  IM  prMiplumlv  to  Carolina. 
UmM  Mcipod  IM  •Mmjr  with  gnal  diinaiilt^  i  uid 
ik*  milx  rasull  of  iha  ratarpriM  wm  a  iWbl  ofau  Ibou- 
and  M<iad*i  whlehUiaeolonjrwuobUgwl  lodUoharnt 
m/  bilu  nrcrmlil  ndMmabU  In  Ihra*  jraan,  out  of  a  duly 
•■  Ibiuon,  akin*,  ud  Ain.  Uut  ilia  Ignoniiny  of  Ihia 
•ipvdilioH  wu  •iiartiv  alUr  wipod  olT,  ov  >  •uec«Hnil 
warfiiintt  tho  Appuaehian  Indiana  i  wno,  altar  wit' 
■aaaiiif  Iha  eanAaji mllonorall  ihair  tuMrna  batwean  tha 
AlUmoha  and  tho  8annnah,  wara  Ikiii  to  oolloit  paaaa, 
•od  to  aelinawlad(a  Iha  Brlllah  covarniiiant.  reaea 
with  ailamal  anamiaa  waa  ioon  nillowad  bjr  a  rovliral 
of  Um  old  dbputa  with  tha  proprlalon.  Tliay  addad 
MMT  Atal  lo  liii  eonlravonjr,  bjr  attampllnf  to  a«laUiah 
dia  opiaaepal  ohnrshi  and  liia  flaina  allangth  mountad 
to  high,  that,  hod  not  anolhar  foralfn  war  withdrawn 
Iha  aManlion  of  tha  colony,  thay  mu«l  hava  ihortly  fidl- 
*■  undar  a  writ  ot  faa  warraato. 

Spain,  through  Iha  Oovamor  of  llavanna,  daapaleh- 
•d  N.  lia  Faboura,  captain  o(  a  Pranch  nrigat*,  with 
Tnur  othar  annad  vaaaeb,  and  alghl  hundrad  inen,  to 
nnko  a  pnatipal  aaaarlion  of  har  right,  by  fint  dlMO- 
vary,  lo  all  North  Amarioa.  Tha  New*  waa  no  aoonar 
Krouabl  to  Charleaton,  tlwn  Iha  appjannca  oflhe  onnad- 
ran  waa  annouueed  by  aignala  nrom  Hulliran'a  Fort. 
BhI  Iha  anamy  conramad  ona  day  in  Munding  South 
Bar;  and  Sir  Nathaniel  Johnaon,  who  had  aiiccaadad 
Mr.  Moora,  and  who  had  wall  ainployad  tha  military 
akill  ha  aequlrad  in  Europe,  in  araetiag  work*  o(  da- 
riiaee  about  Iha  harbor,  made  good  uaa  ot  Um  twenty- 
liinr  houra,  in  calling  out  the  militia,  and  procuring 
Iha  aid  of  Ihe  Indiana.  The  eneniv  landed  three  timoa  i 
three  limea  they  were  aucceaanillr  ivpulaed;  and  tliey 
weighed  anchor  for  Havanna,  under  new  impreeaiona 
of  Iha  alrength  of  Carolina.  Tha  inraoion  onat  the 
colony  about  eiglil  Ihouaand  pounda ;  no  tax  hod  over 
yet  been  iuipoaed  on  land*  or  peraona;  and  a  oonlinu- 
anee  at  die  duty  on  liquora,  a* -'na  and  flin,  waa  pledged 
to  redeem  an  additioiul  amount  ot  billa  of  credit. 
ComnuMlitiea  immedialaly  roaa  in  price ;  and  the  pa> 

Cr  currency  aoon  Tall  thirty-tlirea  and  a  third  per  cent 
low  par. 

In  1707,  Ihe  death  of  Ihe  poliMne,  Lord  Gmnrille,  a 
bigoted  churchman,  gave  place  to  Lord  Cravan,  i  more 
linaral  and  tolerant  member  of  tlie  aunie  aect.  Ii  MVl, 
the  nei|[hbauriug  Indiana  rcrmed  a  avuret  plan  Tor  (lie 
•uemunalion  ol  the  Nortli  Curnliniana.  They  Tull 
aitddenhr  upon  Ihe  inhobilanta ;  and  in  the  aingle  a«ttl«- 
menl  of  Roanoke,  one  hundred  and  neventy-iiercu  per- 
aona fell  victinw  to  their  cnieltv.  Some  fiigitivca  cur- 
ried the  intelligence  to  Charleaton.  The  aiueniltly 
voted  four  Ihouaand  pounda  to  raiae  troopa  fnrtlieir  de- 
fence, and  a  Colonel  Diirmvell  wiu  aoou  dedtched, 
with  aix  hundred  mUitia,  and  about  throe  hundred  and 
oiity  Arieudly  Indiaiu.  In  tlie  fint  engngeineni,  llinn 
hundred  of  the  enemy  fell,  and  one  hundred  were  cnp. 
lured.  The  real  toolc  aheller  in  a  wooden  breoat-work 
at  Tuacarora;  but  were  ao  vi^ouroualy  preaaed,  tliiit 
Ihey  aoon  aued  for  peace;  quitted  tlie  country;  and 
loining  witli  the  Iroquoia,  formed  what  hna  aince  Iweii 
called  Ihe  Six,  inatead  of  Uie  Fin,  natiniw.  The  addi- 
tion made  by  thia  war  to  the  debt  uf  tlie  colony,  in- 
duced the  aoaeinhly  to  inatituta  a  Imiik ;  and  to  isnno 
notea  for  forty  Ihouaand  pound*;  which  alioiild  lie  lent 
on  inteieat,  and  made  a  legal  tender.  In  the  firat  year, 
tlie  excliaoge  ruae  lu  ona  niiudred  and  eighty ;  in  the 
aecuiid,  to  two  liundrud  per  cent.  And  what  wna  an 
additional  vexation  to  tli»  culoniata,  (lueen  Anno  made 
a  deaperato  attempt  to  Hellle,  liy  proclninulion,  tlio  no- 
minal value  of  their  foreign  coin. 

About  the  year  170!i,  a  cuntiigioua  fever  waa  brought 
finin  the  Weat  Indiea,  into  aeverni  of  Ihe  North  Ame- 
rican aea  porta,  it  raged  violently  in  New  York,  and 
waa  mortal  in  alinoat  every  instance.  To  increaao  tlie 
ealainitiea  of  tlie  colony,  it  wok  in  the  aame  year  put 
tinder  the  government  of  the  needy  and  profligate  Lord 
Corubury ;  who  joined  the  Anti-Leinlerian  party,  be- 
cauae  it  waa  the  atrongeal ;  flattered  the  aueinbly  in  a 
aetapeech;  got  them  to  raiae  flfli-en  hundred  pounda 
for  erecting  batteriea  at  the  Narrowa ;  and  appropriated 
Iho  money  to  hie  own  nae.  A  quarrel  enaiied  between 
himaelf  and  the  Legialature.  But  he  continued  lo  charge 
oaoinMNU  feea,  and  to  demand  and  inia-:pply  money, — 
till  in  1706,  the  united  coinplainta  of  New  York  and 
Joraay  induced  Ihe  oueen  to  recall  him.  One  good 
eonwinencR  atlendea  hia  adminiatralioii.  the  aoaem- 
Vtf  puNd  a  miolulion, "  That  the  impooing  and  levy- 


ing of  ■  , 

aownr,  under  any  prateaee  orco'lou'r  whaiaoover,  wllh 
out  Inalr  conaent  in  general  aaoenihly,  la  a  grievnni'e, 
and  a  violation  of  tlie  uaople'a  property."  Aa  early  aa 
DHKt,  il  la  worthy  or  obaervation  that  MaaMieliiiavlia 
publiahad  a  alill  alrongar  aaaarlion  of  llie  oaiiin  prinrlpli), 
"  No  aid,  tax,  tallage,  aaneaanient,  riiilniii  Inuii,  benev- 
olence, or  Inipoaitiun  whataoevar,"  (aat  t  llin  art,  ami 
the  worda  reuilnd  ua  of  Magmt  t'AMite,)  ahull  lie  luiil, 
aaaeaoad,  iinpooad,  orlevieifon  any  of  their  niajvaty'a 
auhjeota,  or  their  eatutea,  on  any  pretence  wlinlMipver, 
but  by  tha  act  and  conaent  of  tha  govonmr,  council,  and 
repraoeulutivaa  of  Iha  people  uaaauiblvd  in  gt'iieral 
court. 

New  York  had  entered  with  much  aeul  into  the  pro- 
ject of  coni|uering  Canaila,  which  we  have  before  men- 
uonad  aa  having  IkikMi  for  the  want  of  the  proniiaad 
auppon  from  England.  To  dalVay  the  axpaiiaea  of  tlia 
army  under  Colonel  Nicholaon,  New  York  voted  twen- 
IT  Ihouaand  poi'Jida,  in  bUla  of  credit  i  New  Jeraey  ad- 
nad  Ihrea  Ihouaand  pounda ;  and  Connecliout  eight  ihou- 
aand mora.  After  tha  anierpriaa  had  failed.  Colonel 
Scbuylar,  a  gentleman  of  great  influence  in  New  York, 
undertook  a  voyage  to  England  at  hia  own  expenae,  in 
order  to  aiilial  the  minialry  once  more  in  tlie  ruiiae. 
Tha  preaenoa  of  live  liidiun  Sachema,  who  aailod  with 
him,  added  oonaidarably  lo  the  weight  of  hia  negotio- 
lioni  and  he  haa  the  merit  of  having  been  a  ohlof  pro- 
moter of  the  expedition,  which  waa  ao  aucccaanil 
againat  Port  Koyafin  171U.  When  MiiaMichiiaotta  un- 
dertook that,  which  terminated  ao  dillereiilly,  againat 
Uuehec,  in  1713,  New  York  iaaned  t«n  tliouaaiid  pounda 
in  billa  of  credit,  and  incurred  debia  to  atill  greater  an 
amount,  in  order  to  co-operate  with  Canni'cticiit  and 
New  Jeraey,  in  putting  Mr.  Nicholaon  at  the  head  of 
Ibur  Ihouaand  men,  for  a  correepondlng  attack  upon 
Montreal,  Bill  aome  of  llio  ahipa  which  had  lieen  aent 
to  co-operala  in  the  plan,  were  wrecked  in  ihe  St.  Law- 
rence i  and  the  rvtiim  of  Uie  Heel  having  left  tlie  French 
governor  at  liberty  to  direct  hia  whole  force  acainat  tho 
army.  Colonel  Nicholaon  waa  apprehcnaivo  of  ihacoin- 
filure,  and  commenced  a  retreat. 

Here  concludea  the  hiatory,  down  to  thia  period,  of 
every  important  event  in  the  coloniea,  if  we  except  Ihe 
order  of  Uueen  Anne,  iaaned  in  171'J,todiacontiuiiotlie 
preoenlawith  which  the  inhabitanta  hud  been  uccuatoin- 
ed  lo  conciliate  their  governora;  and  Ihe  adjuatiiient 
of  boniidariea  lietween  lUiode  laland  aud  Connecliciil, 
and  between  Connecticut  uiid  .Mnaaiichuaotta.  The  two 
lutt<'r  agreed  that  the  lowiia  wliieli  tlii-y  hail  ri'a|HTtivcly 
aettled  ahould  atill  reinuiii  iindHr  tlieir  former  jurmliction; 
and  that  if  either  party  ahould  be  found  to  hiive  eii- 
croachud  on  tho  terrilorv  of  llie  other,  tliu  loaa  ahould  he 
niudi'  gund  by  an  equal  grant  of  luiida  in  aouie  otli<>r 
place.  Maaouchuaelki  had  to  give  Connecticut  oni!  hiiii' 
dred  and  aevun  Ihouaand  aevnn  hundred  anil  ninety, 
three  acrea ;  which  were  aold  by  llio  latter  chiefly  fur  tne 
support  of  Yale  College. 

Aa  earlr  ua  UVu,  New  Haven  mailo  an  appropriation 
of  tliree  hundred,  and  Milfurd  of  one  hundred  poiiiidit 
for  the  aupport  of  a  grnminar  achool  and  college.  The 
former,  aniin  after,  added  a  donutinii  nf  laiiiln;  and  in 
1651),  tliu  lugiMJuture  votod  forty  pounda  annually,  and 
one  hundred  pounds  fur  the  piirchuae  of  hooka.  In 
llUiO,  a  donation  wua  received  from  Governor  llopkina. 
The  general  court  agreed  to  entahliah  both  inslitutioiia 
at  New  Ha"en ;  and  tlie  project  had  jiiat  begun  to  show 
lla  friilta,  when  the  troublea  of  tho  colony  ao  iiiipnver- 
iahcd  their  reaourees,  tliat  they  could  not  pay  for  instriict- 
ora.  When  the  New  England  coloniea  formed  tlie 
union  in  1665,  the  grammar  achool  waa  revived;  and 
the  funds,  which  had  been  raised  for  both  institutions, 
being  appropriated  exclusively  to  this,  it  has  been  cnu 
bled  to  routiniie  ill  existence  to  tlie  present  time. 

In  16!)8,  tlie  clergy  began  again  to  talk  upon  the  sub- 
ject of  a  college ;  in  the  following  year  ten  of  tlieir 
number  were  clioaen  to  found,  erect,  and  govern  one ; 
and  in  17IK)  they  met  at  Brunford,  euch  bringing  tliree 
or  four  large  books,  and  laying  them  upon  the  table, 
with,  "  I  give  these  books  for  the  founding  of  a  college 
in  tliia  colony."  As  it  waa  doubtful  whether  they  could 
hold  property,  it  wiu  agreed  to  petition  for  a  charter. 
To  promote  the  design,  Mr.  Fitch,  of  Nor>vich,  gave 
aix  hundred  acres  of  land,  and  "  all  tlio  gliiM  and  nails 
which  alioiild  be  necessary  to  build  a  college  lioiiso  and 
hall."  The  charter  waa  granted  in  Ocloher,  1701 ; 
and  on  the  11th  of  Noveailier,  the  triislees  held  a  meet- 
ing; chose  a  rector;  poaaed  some  rules  for  tho  govern- 
ment of  tlie  iastitulion,  and  concluded  to  fix  it  at  Say. 
brook.  The  first  commencement  was  held  at  tlial 
place  on  the  l.tth  of  September,  1702.  The  college 
wan  originally  designed  for  the  education  of  ministers 


the  charbir  provided  that  tlia  trualaaa  alinnld  no  MM 
but  rlrrgyiiinn ;  and  of  tha  Ihrtyniix  gniiliialea,  bolWOOl 
mn  and  17i;i,  thirty -four  hecnnie  niiniatera. 

The  growth  of  Ihe  kIkioI,  ihoiigh  alow,  at  length  rai^ 
deri'd  il  iiii'iiiivi'iiieiil  to  aiTiiiiiiiio<lnli'  nil  the  atiidenli 
at  Havbrook ;  and  both  Ihey  uihI  tlieir  piiri'nl*  were  di» 
■ulislieil  lo  aea  a  purl  Iraiwferred  lo  .^filford.  Tlie  avU 
grew  wnrao  iivcry  diiy )  and  as  Ihe  Irnati'i'a  did  not  aaam 
iiM'lined  lo  apply  tliu  projter  rviiiedy,  by  removing  tlM 
InaliliKiiin  to  a  more  ailiM|iiute  place,  llie  several  towiM 
of  the  colony  undertook  lo  force  tlie  iiiraaiirH,  by  aub* 
acriliiiig  diU'eri'tit  aiiiiia  for  ila  ealiiblisliinelit  in  diiierenl 
slliiuliiina.  Hovan  hundred  pounda  alerllng  were  aiii^ 
scribed  lo  fix  il  at  New  ilavan  I  five  hiiiiilredfor  itaca» 
liimanea  at  iluylirnok ;  and  leaa  aunia  for  Ita  reniova!  to 
oilier  plocaa.  Still  tliere  waa  much  dill'eie.«,'  of  opiiw 
ion  among  tha  IruBlaea ;  nor  wua  il  till  Orlob«i  I7I<> 
that  they  agreed  In  aalabllah  tha  colltga  ol  New  llav>n. 
In  1714,  (lovarnor  Yale  had  niude  il  a  prei.it  (f 
forty  voliimoa;  and  in  1716,  he  added  three  hbsdrad 
mora.  Two  yeara  aftarwarda,  ha  gave  tha  trualeoa 
gooda  10  the  valuo  of  two  hnndrad  pound*  aterlin^ 
prime  coal;  and  a  similar  donation  of  one  hnndre) 
pounda  in  17X1,  induced  them  lo  call  tho  liiatltulloi 
after  hia  name.  In  1717,  tha  number  of  aludenu  waa 
thirtv-one.  A  century  after,  il  had  Inoreoaed  nearly 
tau-fold. 

CHAPTER  II. 

'•per  Money  In  MtaiachuseUi— Quarral  lielwean  tha  Govai 
nnr  and  Hupreiientnll\'es— Inrnads  of  tha  Imllnns— I)«pula- 
linn  lo  tha  Frpnch— Poaco— AUrratlona  In  the  Chiller— 
Ronawa)  of  Ihe  Dispute  botwiten  the  Kiprullve  anil  teila* 
Ulnru— Mr.  Uurnet's  Inalrurtlons  fur  a  I'lieU  .Salary— Ad 
Jnuriunoiil  of  the  Court— Mr.  Burnet's  Death— Mr.  Uolrher 
renews  the  I»niths«Iuii— ARsiiclatliin  for  iisulnR  ntnre  lltlls 
of  credit— Mr.  Bhirtojr— AdjuitmenI  of  the  IMapute  between 
New  York  and  Now  Jersey  concerning  Boundartcs— Cuii- 
Iroverty  between  New  Yoik  and  Canada — Prosperity  of  tha 
Northern  ('nlonles— The  Psrson's  CauRe  In  Vlrainl*— Pro* 
ci^edUiKS  ht  Carolina— Settleinrnt  nf  Yamaaee  Temtorv— 
Psjier  Mnni'V— DI»|KiRlllfin  of  the  Proprietors— DIapulas  r« 
twven  tho  (invernor  and  tho  Asaenilily— Dtssolutlon  ol  tao 
Charter  and  Division  of  the  Province— Settlement  of  Oaor- 
Ria— Mr.  Oglethorpe— ijuarrel  with  Iho  Spanlarda— Inefllw- 
lull  Attack  upon  81.  Augustlna— Abortive  attempt  upoa 
Georgia. 

Thi  riaa  in  exchange  produced  by  imprudent  isaiiao 
of  paper  money  in  Miisauchuaetta,  was  idly  attribulod 
to  a  decay  in  trade )  and  the  colony  was  alinoal  una- 
niinoualv  of  opinion,  that  trade  couM  only  be  revived, 
by  an  nilditional  quantity  of  bank  notea.  A  few  saw  Uio 
real  evil,  and  were  for  calling  in  Ihe  liiUa,  tliat  woro 
already  nbroa  * :  but  it  was  determined  by  Iks  great 
inujorily,  tliiit  either  by  a  private,  or  a  public  bank,  tho 
province  shonlil  Im  siiiiplled  with  more  monev .  or  rather, 
with  mora  paper.  Tlie  general  court  at  length  resolved 
lo  place  bills  Ihr  fifty  thousand  pounds  in  tli')  hands  of 
trustees ;  who  were  to  lend  theiii  at  five  per  cent  in- 
terest, with  a  sliitiilation,  that  nnn-liftli  of  the  principal 
should  be  rppniil  annually.  Htill  trade  wiiiilil  not  inr 
prove.  Itlr.  ahiite,  who  had  jiiat  succeeded  Mr.  Dudley, 
attributed  the  fact  to  a  acareity  of  money ;  and  recara 
mended,  that  some  efl'ectuni  ineaanrea  ahould  be  Ukea 
to  make  il  innro  ahnndant.  The  specific  was  tlicrefura 
ilonlilnd.  Dili  an  udilitional  emission  nf  one  hundred 
ihoiisand  pounds  ao  greatly  depreciated  the  value  of  tlie 
currency,  tliat  the  general  court  were,  at  laat  enabled  lo 
see  the  trim  cause  of  the  difficulty :  and  the  governor, 
too,  when  bis  salary  came  to  lie  voted  in  tlie  depreciated 
iiKiiiey,  according  to  its  noininal  amount,  begun  to  be 
siiiiii'wiiat  sceptical  of  his  policy. 

This  was  the  small  beginning  of  a  long  and  rancor 
ous  quarrel  between  tlie  governor  and  the  gvnural  court. 
In  1711),  it  waa  row  17'2l),  the  former  had  incurred  tho 
censure  of  Ihe  ministry,  by  asai-iitiiig  lo  a  bill  for  tha 
imposition  of  duties  upon  English  lonnage,  and  upon 
English  manufactures :  when  u  sitiiilar  bill  was  sent  up, 
tills  year,  it  was  negativeil  in  Ihe  council :  n  warm  al- 
terculion  ensued ;  and  it  waa  not  till  the  next  aeasion, 
that  the  act  passed  without  the  ofiensive  clauaes.  In 
the  aame  aession,  the  governor  claimed  Ihe  right  of 
negativing  a  choice,  which  the  house  had  made,  of  a 
speaker;  and,  when  they  refused  to  recognize  the 
claim,  ho  dissolved  the  court,  and  issned  new  writs  of 
election.  Nearly  the  same  peraona  were  re.elected ; 
and  the  only  effect  of  the  measure,  was,  to  make  them 
still  less  disposed  to  acciimiiiodate  Mr.  Shiite.  They 
opposed  him  in  every  thing,  whether  it  waa  right  oi 
wrong,  insignificant  r  r  important.  They  ncftlected  to 
vote  him  his  salary,  as  was  usual,  at  Ihe  beginning  ol 
the  session;  and  not  only  postponed  the  business  till 
Ihe  day  of  adjournment,  but  reduced  the  araaunt  flmnr 
si.x  to  five  liiiiidred  nniiiids.  The  depredations  of  soma 
caste  n  Indians  made  it  iiecessaiy  lo  call  tlie  repretvu^ 


•  alinnM  M  MM 
niliintvt,  ImIWMS 
inl»r'. 

n\v,  III  loiif  th  rt» 
r  nil  lliii  •liidrnii 
iiiiri'iila  wrni  din* 
nil'i>r>l.  ThuavU 
ti'i'i  illil  nnl  Mnin 

liy  ri'iiinviii(  Uia 
th«  »<>i>rjil  liiwiM 
iiiciumri-,  liy  tult* 
iinitiil  ill  dlniranl 
ilvrliiif  wrrn  wit* 
inilmTlur  il(ca» 
fiir  ill  roiiiovki  to 
iir«i»iic»  nfoniiw 
IllOrtoIni  nU' 
»  at  Now  lla«>ii 
I  It  n  prut.h  tf 
id  thrra  huadnd 
|iiv«  llie  IruMiXM 

poiiniUi  atorlink 

or  otie  hnndraf 
»ll  tlie  iiwlllulioa 
ir  of  iliideniii  WM 

liioraiiwd  iMwIy 


btiwran  lh«  Oom 
It  liHilnni— I>«pulft* 
I  In  Ihe  rhiiur-* 
inculW*  and  L«|la* 
Flieil  Salary — Ail 
Uualli-Mr.  liolrhar 
'  iHUlni  mora  Bllla 
.he  INapute  batwean 
i|  Buuiidarlaa— t'uif 
la— Priitiw rily  ol  Iha 
•o  III  Vlrallifa— Pro- 
faniaiee  Tamtonr— 
laliiia-DlipuUi  >• 
— Dlnmilulliiii  III  Ua 
Bctllrmeiit  ol  Oaor* 
I  Spaiilanla— Inaffac* 
rtlva    attempt  upoA 

'  Imprudent  ianiM 

tiM  idly  attribuloil 

waa  almnat  una- 

d  only  ba  rvvived, 

ca.  A  Tewattw  lli* 

^  liilU,  that  wor* 

^iivil  hy  Ihs  grent 

public  bank,  tho 

moiiet.ortather, 

Ipnith  rcifllvca 

in  tn')  hnnda  of 

rivo  pi>r  cent  in- 

of  the  nrinclpnl 

lie  wiiiilil  not  iiir 

Ddcii  Mr.  Uiidluy, 

iiey;   and  recent 

alioiild  be  htkra 

ific  wita  ihtreAir* 

nf  one  hundred 

thevhliiuorilHi 

nt  laat  enabled  lo 

nd  the  governor, 

the  depreciated 

III,  began  to  be 


IfORTR   AMKRIOA. 


an 


u 


long  and  rancor 
the  SKiiural  court, 
hnd  incurred  tlia 
to  a  bill  for  Ihe 
mage,  and  upon 
bill  wua  aciit  tip, 
icil  I  n  warm  aU 
the  next  aeaaion, 
ive  cluimea.  In 
lied  the  right  of 
had  made,  of  a 

recognize  the 
ed  new  writa  of 
were  re-elected; 
li,  lo  inuke  them 

ahute.  They 
it  waa  right  oi 
liey  neglected  to 
Ihe  beginning  ol 
the  buaineaa  till 
he  amount  flmir 
idationi  of  torn* 
II  tlie  reprearnl- 


»i«M  logftner  an!  . 

lunwdiately  laiaaM  on  act,  which  ainounlml  lo  a  ilrcla- 
Mllon  of  war ,  and,  when  the  governor  acciiaed  them 
•f  uaurplng  hia  jirrmKitllve,  they  doeknl  olf  another 
kandrnlpounda  frniii  hia  aalnry.  Ho  laid  before  thnin 
(nalructiona  from  the  crown,  lo  giv*  him  a  Hied  and 
■j«|uale  auin  i  they  '•  deairtd  Ih*  court  might  riaa  i" 
uJ  ll  moe  acconlingly. 

Tha  governor  o|ien«d  the  next  aaaembly  with  reeom- 
lamding  many  wloe  meaaurea  i  which  were  totally 
Mglectnl  by  Ihe  court  i  and  llttlfl  clae,  indeed,  waa 
iim»,  during  Ihe  aeaaion,  but  to  continue  the  ciniaaion 
of  bank  bllla,  and  lo  drive  Ihe  gold  and  allver  from  Ihe 
•ounlry,  by  nnlrring  that  it  ^ould  lie  paaied  at  a  higher 
fif  IMn  that  whion  had  been  eatabliahed  by  an  act  of 
paritament.  Tha  next  general  court  vary  early  ap- 
potnlad  a  eommltlea  lo  vlndioata  Ibalr  prailaecaiora  Oom 
tha  aaperalona  of  tha  governor.  Tha  oommlllaa  Jua- 
tUM  tha  houoai  and  their  report  waa  oidered  to  ba 
fvlnlati,  Tha  court  poalponed  Iha  vola  for  Iha  gover- 
nor'a  aalary  i  ha  laid  by  their  Hat  of  appointmenta  i 
tbay  daputatl  a  eommillae  lo  Imjulra  into  Iha  matter  i 
ha  told  Iham,  ha  ahould  take  hia  own  Itma  for  It  i  Iha 
bouoa  reoolved,  lo  make  no  granlaur  allowance)  i  Ihe  go- 
vernor maile  an  angry  aperon  ;  and  the  court  waa  diaaol' 
trad.  A  naw  leglalalura  aoon  manlfealed  Iha  aama  tam' 
per  with  Iha  oli).  In  apila  of  Ihe  govemor'a  proteat, 
that  Ihe  charter  had  placed  Iha  militia  aolely  at  hia  own 
diapoaal,  they  proceeded  lo  make  regulationa  for  car- 
tying  on  the  Indian  war ;  leaving  ma  excellency  no 
other  power,  than  thai  of  approving  Ihe  meaaurea, 
which  might  ba  adopted  by  a  eommtttea  of  Iheir  np- 
polnlment.  Ha  embarked  auddenly  for  England  t  and 
tha  repreaanlativea  and  council,  though  generally  op- 
poaed  on  all  other  queationa,  were  united  In  reaolving 
to  iend  after  him  (nalructiona  lo  Iheir  agent,  lo  lake 
Iha  beat  meaaurea  for  defending  tha  intereala  of  Ihe  co- 
loiiT  againat  hia  repreaentationa. 

Theae  internal  dlaaenaiuna  gave  the  Indiana  a  good  op- 
portunity to  make  their  inroada  upon  the  frontiera. 
They  were  act  on  by  the  Fivnch  in  Canada ;  particu- 
larly by  one  father  Halle,  a  Jeauit  miaaionary.  Some 
Iroopa  were  aent  to  capture  thia  holy  peraonage  ;  but  he 
received  Ihe  intelligence  in  time  lo  eBca|ie;  and  the 
party  could  only  gel  puaieaaion  of  hia  papera  ;  among 
which  were  Icttcra  of  authorixation  from  M.  Vaudreuil 
tho  governor  of  Canada.  War  waa  now  formally  de- 
clared againat  the  Indiana ;  and,  an  it  waa  abundantly 
avideni  that  they  were  inatigated  by  the  French,  a  de- 
putation waa  aent  to  M.  Vaudreuil,  in  1780,  in  order 
to  remonatrate  againat  a  conduct  ao  iiiconipntible  with 
the  peace,  which  then  aubaiated  between  France  and 
England.  He  flrat  diaclaimed  all  interference ;  but, 
when  hia  leltera  to  Ralle  were  produced,  he  cnuld  deny 
it  no  longer,  lie  aaaured  the  deputation,  that  lie  would 
llianeefortli  axert  bimaalf  to  effaetnata.a  peace :  and  a 
paaei  waa  aeeordinily  aoon  after  concluded  at  Boaton. 
Parliament,  in  the  mean  time,  waa  condemning, 
ipieation  after  queation,  Ihe  whole  proceedinga  of  the 
general  court  in  thooaae  of  Mr.  Shula.  It  waa  thought 
axpedient  to  iaaue  a  new  charter  for  *■  explaining"  the 
old  one,  in  the  two  pointa,  which  reapocted  the  powen 
of  rhooaing  a  apeaker,  and  of  adjourning  the  court. 
The  laat  waa  entirely  **  explained"  away  from  the  houae ; 
•n<!  the  farmer  waa  ao  modified,  aa  to  leave  the  governor 
hs  nugative.  Rather  than  have  the  whole  aubjcct 
•gain  brought  before  parliament,  which  waa  the  penally 
of  refuaal,  the  general  court  concluded  it  waa  moat 
idviaable  to  adopt  both  of  theae  alterationa.  Ita  at- 
tantion  waa  next  turned  lo  the  loud  complainta  about 
tlia  decay  of  trade  and  the  acaicity  of  money.  A  bill 
paaaed  both  houeea  for  iaauing  more  notea ;  and  when 
II  waa  negatived  by  the  lieutenant-governor,  they  agreed 
t«  poelpone  the  cunaideration  of  aalariea.  The  liou- 
tanant  hod  aaid,  that  hia  inalructiona  would  not  lot  htm 
naaant  to  auch  billa,  except  they  were  fur  the  chargea 
of  government ;  a  bill  for  iaauing  aixly  Ihouaand  pounda 
waa,  therefore,  headed,  "An  act  for  defraying  the  ne- 
icaaary  chargea  of  goveniiiient ;"  and  the  i'lllucnce  of 
an  uncertain  ooliry  neccaaitated  hia  excellency  to  give 
Ilia  aaaent. 

Mr.  William  Rumet,  Ihe  new  governor  of  Maaaa- 
chuaetla  and  New  Hampaliire,  had  received  expreaa 
inalructiona  from  the  king,  to  ace  that  the  general  court 
nettled  n|ion  him  a  fixed  and  certain  aalary.  Soon  after 
Ilia  arrival,  Ihe  aaaembly  voted  aeventeen  hundred 
puunda  for  defraying  the  expenaea  of  hia  voyage,  and 
lor  aupporting  him  in  the  diachorge  of  his  office.  He 
■aid  lie  could  rot  aaaent  to  a>'ch  a  vote.  They  then  vo- 
tod,  for  the  Aral  purpoae,  three  hundred  pounda ;  which 
were  accepted;  and,  for  the  laat,  fourteen  hundred 
pounda;  which  ware  lefuaed.     The  legialaiure  oaaert- 


ed,  that  it  waa  thair  pririUga,  aa  Engliakman,  la  ralaa 
and  appiT  thair  own  money  |  and,  whan  Iha  governor 
anawerad,  that  Im  wotiM  never  aeeepi  auch  a  grant  aa 
hod  been  maile,  Ihe  council  were  fur  eilablitliing  a  fl#il 
t^lary, — but  the  repreaentativea  rei|uealc(l,  that  Ihe 
court  might  riaa.  Mr.  liumet  would  nut  grant  the 
rrqiieat.  It  waa  again  made  |  and  again  reftiaed.  The 
houae  then  aent  up  a  long  meaaage ;  in  which  they  de- 
tailed Iheir  reaiona  for  refuaing  lo  eatabliah  a  Hxad 
aalary  I  and  once  mora  reiterated  Iheir  wiahea,  that 
thev  "  might  not  be  kept  aitting  there,"  to  Ihe  manifeal 
prejudice  of  their  conatitucnta.     The  governor  anawer- 


Anotbar 
a  plan  fo 
In  billa  of  oradlt,  which  ahouM  ba  lent  on 


paay  of  algkt  kundrod  paraxna 
a  plan  Ibr  Iaauing  ona  handrad  and  liny  Ibouaand 


a<ln  al 


ed  them  proniptW  enough  ;  but  not  at  all  to  thrir  aatia- 
foclion ;  and,  after  reaolving  lo  adhere  to  their  old 
method  of  appropriating  moneya,  they  drew  up  a  alate- 
ment  of  the  conlroveray,  and  tranamilled  It  lo  the  aava- 
rai  towna.  Many  aplrited  raeaaagea  were  exchanged 
in  quick  aueoaaalon  between  hia  exoalleney  and  Ihe 
houae.  Tha  latter  again  repealed  a  requeat,  that  tha 
court  might  riaa  i  ha  told  them  they  could  not  expect 
to  have  their  own  wiahea  gratified,  when  they  paid  ao 
lillla  attention  to  Iboaa  of  hia  m^eaty  |  and  the  alter- 
cation waa  waxing  ao  high,  that  the  council  thought  it 
beat  lo  interfere,— -and  lo  propoae  that  aome  certain 
aum  ahould  be  fixed  upon,  aa  a  aalary  for  Ihe  governor. 
The  repreaentativea  votml  three  Ihouaand  pounda  in 
Iheir  own  money,— equal  to  about  one  ihouaand  pounda 
alerling ;  but  aa  Iha  act  contained  no  proviaion  fur  Ihe 
continuance  of  Ihe  aanie  aum,  Mr.  Dumet  refliaed  hia 
aaaeni  |  and,  apprehending,  that  the  houae  waa  aome. 
what  influeneed  by  the  people  nf  Boaton,  who  had 
unanimoualy  voted  againat  a  Axed  aalary,  ha  adjourned 
Ihe  court  to  the  town  of  Salem.  At  Salem  it  met,  on 
the  30th  of  October,  17M.  The  Inllle  of  mnaaagra 
recommonceil  aa  brlakly  aa  ever.  The  repreaentativea 
appointed  agenla  to  plead  their  cauae  in  England ;  the 
council  would  not  concur  in  the  act,  becauoe  they  had 
not  been  eonaulted ;  and  the  project  muat  have  failed 
for  want  of  money,  hod  not  Ihe  people  of  Boaton  aub- 
acribed  for  tha  neceaaary  auma.  The  agenla  aoon 
tranamilled  a  report  of  the  board  of  trade ;  in  which 
Ihe  conduct  of  Iha  houae  waa  entirely  diaapproved. 
They  were  told,  alao,  that,  unleaa  they  fixed  a  aalary, 
the  parliament  would ; — "  It  ia  lietter,"  they  anaworcd, 
"  that  tha  libertiea  of  the  people  ahould  be  taken  from 
thorn,  than  given  up  by  tni'iiiselvca."  Both  parte  uf 
the  adminiatration  went  all  thia  time  without  pay ;  for, 
aa  the  repreaentativea  would  vote  no  aalariea,  Iha  gv>- 
vomer  would  aaaent  to  no  drafta  upon  tha  ttoaaury. 
At  length  there  waa  a  raeaaa  batwaan  tho  BOlh  of  Da- 
sembar,  17S8,  and  the  S<i  of  April,  ITS9 ;  when  the 
court  aaaembled  at  Salem  ;  and,  after  aoveral  fruitleaa 
mealinga,  were  adjourned  lo  Cambridge.  They  met 
there,  on  Ihe  2 let  of  Aiiguat;  and,  a  few  daya  after, 
Mr.  Burnet  died  of  a  fever  at  Beaton. 

Mr.  Belcher,  hia  aucceaaor,  came  over,  in  the  be- 
ginning of  Augual,  1730,  with  a  freah  packet  of  in- 
alructiona, to  inaiat  upon  a  fixed  aalary.  The  king  aaid 
it  waa  the  "  laat  aisnification  of  the  royal  pleaaure  on 
thia  aubjeet ;"  and  he  threatened  to  bring  the  whole 
hiatory  of  the  province  before  parliament  if  it  were 
not  immediately  complied  with.  The  houae  voted  one 
Ihouaand  pounda  currency,  to  defray  the  chargea  of  hia 
exceliency'a  voyage,  and  a  aum  equal  to  one  Ihouaand 
pounda  aterling,  to  aid  him  in  managing  public  aflaira. 
The  council  udded  an  amendment,  to  make  the  appro- 
priation annual.  The  amendment  waa  rejected.  The 
council  modified  it,  by  confining  the  yearly  allowance 
to  the  duration  of  Mr.  Belchcr'a  goveriiinent.  Tho 
repreaentativea  again  refuacd  their  aaaent,  and  the  re 
aolution  waa  dropped.  The  controveray  continued  for 
aome  time  longer,  but  the  governor  vfaa  at  length 
wearieil  out,  and  leave  waa  in  tho  end  obtained  of  the 
king  to  let  the  legialaiure  take  ita  own  way  in  the  regU' 
lation  of  hia  aalary. 

The  termination  of  thia  diapute  waa  only  the  begin 
ning  of  another.  An  unuaual  acarcity  of  money  waa 
complained  of  all  over  New  England.  The  governor 
of  Maaaoehuaetta  and  New  Hampahiro,  hnd  been  in- 
atructed  lo  aufler  Ihe  emiaaion  of  no  more  billa  in  thoae 
coloniea.  Connecticut  waa  employed  in  agriculture, 
and  did  not  aland  in  need  of  much  money.  Bui  the 
commerce  of  Rhode  laland  demanded  an  abundant  cir- 
culating medium,  and  one  hundred  Ihouaand  pounda  in 
billa  of  credit  were  accordingly  loaned  to  the  inhabi. 
tanta  for  twenty  yeara.  An  ataociation  of  merchanta, 
in  Boaton,  undertook  to  prevent  the  circulation  of  thia 
money,  by  iaauing,  themaelvea,  one  hundred  and  ten 
thousand  pounda  of  the  same  aort ;  but  the  billa  of  all 
the  New  England  coloniea  soon  became  current ;  ailver 
rose  from  nineteen  to  twenty-seven  shillinga  the  ounce, 


alto,  to  take  advantage  of  her  geogrophiea 
for  trading  on  the  northern  lakeo,  and  in 


rlly,  at  three  par  cant,  intaroat,  Iha  principal, 
tlieae  aehemea,  being  redeemable  hy  annual  Inatalmaola 
of  a  certain  per  cent.  The  author*  of  tha  projael  bv^ 
gan  in  aeaaun  to  aamira  Iha  good  o|iinian  of  tho  Mit 
general  court,  and  ao  aueceaauil  were  they  In  tha  I 
neaa,  that  tha  hnuaa  waa  fuund  lo  be  chiefly  comp 
of  aubaoribera,  and  waa  fur  a  long  lima  diallngnlatiad 
by  tha  name  of  the  Land  Hank  llmui.  Small  tradori^ 
and  email  Iradera  only,  would  accept  the  company^ 
notea ;  but  it  continued  lo  iaaue  them  without  enlt 
and  the  governor  waa  Anally  obliged  to  petition  parlia* 
ment  for  an  act  to  tuppreaa  Iha  inaiitulion.  Mr.  Hhirlajr 
auueraeded  Mr.  Belcner  in  1740,  and  one  of  tha  ftral 
billa  paaaad  under  hia  admlnlalrallon,  declared  that  tlk 
eonlracla  ahould  ba  eonalderad  oa  payable  In  ailvat 
at  aix  ahilllnfa  and  eight  pence  Ihe  ounce,  or  ita  eqni' 
valeni  In  gold.  IJole*  for  ao  many  ouncea  of  ainrat 
were  alao  laaued,  and  made  receivable  in  payment  ol 
debia,  Iha  debia  being  augmented  aa  tha  notea  ahouM 
depreciate. 

A  long  peace  hod  enabled  New  York  ami  Naw  Sr> 
aay  lo  adjuat,  in  aome  measure,  an  unpleaaant  A\tyjt% 
about  boundariea.     It  gave  the  former  an  oppottnniv 

"  ol  faeihlla* 
I73t,  Mr 
Burnet,  tbe  governor  of  that  provinee  and  of  New  Jar 
aey,  greatly  excited  Ihe  jealouay  of  the  French,  I9 
building  a  atore-houae  at  Oawego.  M.  Ijongneil,  Iha 
governor  of  Canada,  retaliated  by  launching  two  vao- 
oela  on  Ijike  Ontario,  and  oending  materials  to  erect  ■ 
trading-houae,  and  to  repair  the  liirt  at  Niagara.  Th* 
Seneca  Indiana  were  greatly  incenaed  at  this  Mx-asara^ 
and  Mr.  Burnet  remonatratml  againat  it ;  but  M.  I«n> 
gueil  proceeded  lo  complete  hia  fort,  and  the  format 
could  only  gel  revenge  by  erecting,  at  hia  own  expenaa^ 
a  like  fort  at  Oawego.  M.  Beauhamolo,  the  aueceeooi 
of  M.  liOngueil,  aent  the  commander  a  written  aum- 
mona  to  evacuate  it.  The  aummons  was  disregarded 
He  warmly  remonalraled  againat  the  proceeding  to 
Mr.  Burnet.  Mr.  Burnet  aa  warmly  remonalraled 
againat  the  proceeding  at  Niagara,  and  here  thedUpnta 
ended  fur  the  present.  It  waa  not  long  afterwaid,  Ihjl 
Ihe  French  acuuired  the  control  over  uko  Ohamplain> 
by  sailing  and  fortifying  Crown  Point, 

During  the  regency  of  Ihe  Duke  d'Oi.atni,  in  Ftane^ 
and  the  adminiatration  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  in  EBg> 
land,  all  the  coloniea  to  Virginia,  incluaivr,  had  litlM 
to  distract  Iheir  attention  from  their  own  private  aflaira^ 
and  could  acarcely  help  becoming  prnaperoua.  I,and 
waa  cheap,  and  aulisiatence  easily  obtained.  Mai^ 
riagea,  nf  course,  were  eariy  and  frequent,  an.l  fiopnla. 
lion  aoon  began  lo  extend  itself  over  Ihe  vacant  part* 
of  the  counlrv.  Such  a  prncesa  ia  attended  witli  no 
eclat,  and  perhapa  there  is  nothing  to  relieve  the  moa» 
tony  of  a  long  and  felicitnua  perioil,  in  the  internal 
economy  of  the  coloniea,  if  wo  except  ll  e  diopoto  !■ 
Virginia  reapecting  eccleaiaaticnl  aalariea. 

In  I6U0,  when  the  price  of  tobacco  waa  aixicen  •hit- 
ling*  and  eightpcnce  per  hundred,  an  act  of  the  aaaam 
biy,  which  was  re-enacted  and  asaenteil  lo  by  the  kingi 
in  1748,  conferred  upon  each  pariah  minister  an  annual 
atipend  of  aixicen  Ihouaand  pounda  of  tobacco.  Ia 
176S,  Ihe  crop  wai  acanty,  and  the  legialaiure,  by  ano- 
ther act,  which  waa  lo  continue  in  force  ten  month*, 
and  not  to  wait  for  the  roval  aaaent,  provided  thai 
thoae  who  owed  debts,  in  'obacco,  might  either  pay 
them  in  the  specific  article  or  in  money,  at  Ihe  rate  of 
sixteen  shillinga  and  eight  pence  per  hundred.  Though 
the  price  waa  then  from  fifty  to  aixly  ahillinga,  tha 
measure  created  no  diaturbanre,  and  three  yeara  after- 
ward, when  it  waa  aurmiaed  that  Ihe  crop  would  again 
bo  abort,  the  aame  expedient  naa  rcaorted  lo.  But  the 
miniatera  now  began  to  ae«  ita  operation,  and  one  of 
them,  in  a  pamphlet,  entitled  Tie  Twopenny  Acl,  con- 
vinced Ihe  legialaiure  that  he  nflcratood  preciaely  how 
they  were  defrauding  hia  order  of  ita  juat  due*.  He 
waa  attacked  by  two  Colonel*,  whom  he  anawerad 
with  Tkt  Colonels  DitmtKtnied,  and  the  war  of  pafiv 
phleta  soon  grew  ao  hot,  that  the  printera  of  Virginia 
were  afraid  to  continue  it. 

The  aubjeet  waa  next  taken  up  by  the  king  in  eoun 
cil,  who  declared  that  tha  act  of  1768  waa  a  mere  uaur- 
pation,  and  could  have  no  force  Backed  by  aucb 
aithority,  the  miniatera  brought  tha  queation  before  a 
county  court,  and,  after  a  formal  argument,  it  waa 
decided  in  their  favor.  By  the  laxity  of  practice,  Iha 
subject  was  permitted  to  be  once  more  discussed,  and 
when  all  supposed  that  the  first  judgment  could  novel 


and  tho  notes  of  Ihe  aaaociatiun  entirely  diaappaored.  j  be  ahaken,  the  unexpected  eloquence  of  Mr.  Patitak 


I 


THE  IIIITORr  OP 


HMWjrIi  «M  M  lwv«  iliifiJ  IIm  apiaiM  of**  Mali 
Tka  tUtgf  \oak  dialr  i«v«h*  '■  ■■  oHT  faapM*!  I 
mid  hfn  In*  conlroTtny  •Mma  to  In**  ItrmiMlM. 

UnmliiM,  in  Um  mam  tiiiM,  wm  npidljr  niMkrcolaa 
t  nvolulina  of  lOTuraiiMMl.  U  17 1&,  Uw  eoloHX  hail 
meurrmi  roMidcnibl*  tipcMM,  la  •  war  wldi  iboul 
il(  ihoaMnd  YunawM,  Cmak,  aad  AMliwMan  la- 
dtaa*,  who  wan  mal  al  a  plana  aallad  Iha  Hall  CaHhaia, 
by  iwnlTa  huadrad  man,  aiul  M  eompUlf  Ijr  roHlad,  thai 
limy  wara  obllgad  to  uiaiia  a  aaw  aanlaiiMnl  la  Florida. 
'I'lio  pnipriRlan  nul  oaly  ardaiad  lha  ladueUon  o(  Iha 
Dapnr  aHiiMir,  which  lha  aaaaaridy  aaw  III  to  ianua,  on 
icruiinl  or  Inb  aipadilion,  but  whan  appliail  to  fur  aa- 
tiaiiiiira  by  lha  afaata  of  Um  eoloay,  Ihay  daelarad  ihair 
loabilily  to  piotael  it,  ualaai  hia  m^jaaly  woald  lator- 
poaa.  Tha  aaaaaUir  bad  alM  nadartafcaa  to  aaUn  • 
•arriai  aflaiMI  lha  ladiaaa,  by  ofloriaf  tha  Yaaiaana 
territory  to  all  paraoaa  who  would  eoBMaavar  uid  nOli 
lu  it.  FiTa  huadrad  Iriahaiaa  aaeaplad  lha  aSbr,  aad 
liod  aatually  lakaa  up  lha  |roaad,wlMa  ibo  aiaprlalen 
ordenid  lha  hw  to  ba  lapaiUad,  aad  lha  landa  to  ba  laid 
out  In  baroaiea  Ibr  Ihaniaalvaa.  Il  bad  baaa  Ifao  oua- 
torn  10  alael  all  tha  rapmaantallTaa  of  tha  eoloay,  la  lha 
tiufia  towa  »t  Chorlaalon.  Tha  inaraaaa  of  populatioa 
now  randarad  tha  pnwiiea  ai.>raBialy  laeoavaniaal  t 
and  tho  laa lilaMra  had  aaaclad,  that  for  tha  fblura, 
each  pariah  ihauld  aaaamMa  in  .la  own  ehunh,  aad 
chooaa  ila  own  rapraaantalivaa.  Tha  propriatora  or- 
dured  that  act  to  ba  rapaalad  I  and  Qovanwr  Jobaaoa, 
ann  of  lha  Ainaar  goraraor  of  that  aama,  haA  to  naa  all 
hb  iailaenca  to  kaap  lha  eoloniala  Aroni  braakinf  into 
npon  raballion,  al  ihia  wanton  and  oulrafaoiu  prooaad- 
ian.  But  thay  wara  eompallad  to  baar  yal  mora  inaulla. 
Hnma  oipediliooa  af  aiual  a  band  of  piralaa,  who  bad 
long  infeatod  tha  coaat,  neceMilalad  tha  aaaanibly,  aa 
Ihay  imaaiaad,  to  iaaua  anoUinr  quantity  of  napar  mo- 
noyi  and  the  fovernor  earriad  an  additional  bill  for  ra- 
daanina  It  In  thraa  yaan,  by  ■  lax  upon  land  and  aa- 
aropa.  But  the  ux  waa  oppraaaiva  to  lha  plaatora  i  and 
Inay  had  inHuanea  anou|n  to  obtain  anothar  act,  for 
Ilia  amiaaion  of  mora  billa.  Aa  aoon  aa  tha  propriatora 
heard  of  thaae  tranaaotioaa,  Ihay  aant  tha  fovernor  in- 
alnietiona  to  approve  of  IM  leg laiative  meaauraa,  until 
il  had  been  laid  before  lAaai.  AnollMr  order  aoon  after 
Ibllowetl,  to  lake  oflT  a  duly  which  iIm  colony  had  laid, 
of  five  per  cant,  on  Britiah  nianulkcMreai  and  aa  if 
Ihuaa  outragea  ware  not  aulBcienl,  tlwy  deemed  it  meet 
to  ihow  anodier  iaataoce  of  tlieir  deapotiam,  by  giving 
an  arroganl  and  abnoive  anawer  to  a  memorial,  which 
the  oaiambly  had  preaented,  againat  their  right  to  revoke 
Ibe  lawa  or  lha  provinoe. 

The  ruptore  between  Spain  and  Great  Britain  in 
1711),  alTarded  Oreah  opportunitiea  for  the  proieentlon 
of  ifaia  diapnte.  Tiie  rumor  of  an  expedition,  lilting 
onl  at  Ilavanna,  for  the  invaaion  of  South  Carolina, 
induced  Goveraor  Johaioa  to  attempt  the  reparation 
of  the  forla  in  the  harbor  of  Charleoton,  by  the  volun- 
tary aid  of  the  inhabilanta.  A  aubaeription  woa  aet  on 
Ibot;  and  be  placed  a  liberal  aum  oppoaita  to  hii  owh 
name.  The  aaiembly  diaapproved  or  the  meanure  ;  or 
nUhor  aMorted  that  the  rereipla  flrom  the  duliea  would 
ronfler  it  unnooeeaary.  The  governor  wanted  to  know 
if  the  dutioa  had  not  been  taken  oITT  They  told  him 
Ihey  intonded  to  pay  IM  attention  to  the  repeala,  which 
they  had  been  forooil  to  make.  A  worm  altercation 
followed;  and  though  nolhing  deciiive  took  place,  llie 
repreaentativea  aeem  to  have  formed  a  i|^lermiaalion 
10  rid  Uienuelvea  of  the  proprietary  govenuaenL  Pri- 
viitu  meetinga  were  held,  to  concert  meaaiirea  of  re•i■^ 
•nee.  Tbe  militia  unanimoualy  aubacriUlld  un  iniilm. 
meat  of  aaaoeiation ;  and  the  people  engaged  to  aland 
by  each  other,  in  the  aaaeition  of  Iheir  nghla  and  privi- 
legea.  At  the  firol  meetins  of  the  new  aaaembfy,  oil 
forinor  rapeala  were  repealed :  tbe  proprietora  were  de- 
clared to  have  forfeited  Iheir  righta  of  government; 
and  lha  honourable  Robert  Johnion  waa  cloaired  to  ac- 
cept the  office  of  governor  in  the  naip^  of  the  iiing.  A 
meiMage  from  himaelf  and  the  council  requeated  a  con- 
ference with  the  houae ;  they  would  receive  no  mea- 
•aga  "  from  the  governor,  in  concert  with  the  gentlemen 
he  woa  pleaaed  to  coll  hia  council."  He  aent  them  an 
axpoatulatory  speech ;  they  would  take  notice  of  no 
"  paper,  aent  by  the  governor  in  conjuction  with  tlie 
gentlemen"  he  called  hia  council ;  and  thay  informed 
him,  in  a  aecond  addraea,  that  they  intended  to  eaot  off 
the  proprietary  government,  and  to  obey  him  no  longer, 
anlem  ne  would  conaeni  to  exereiae  hie  office,  aa  vice- 

Serent  of  the  king,  lie  proclaimed  the  diaaolntion  of 
le  OMen^ly,  ami  retired  into  the  eoontiy.  The  pro- 
nainatiou  waa  torn  from  tiie  offleer'a  hands ;  Colonel 
John  .Moore  waa  elected  chief  magialrato;  aad  the  aa- 
aerably  inrvA  to  inaugurate  him,  on  the  very  day. 


whMl  Mr.  Jakaoaa  kad  aal  apart  tor  liM  Mvlaw  of  *• 
BuUlia.  Ila  had  Ike  rtviaw  pMlp«n«it  bat,  whaa  ha 
eaaM  to  Charlaatoa,  oa  the  apaolated  day,  ha  Ibaad 
th^piilitia  paraded  In  tha  puMia  anuara,  ia  aider  to 
eelebrato  the  proclamattoa  of  Mr.  Monre.  All  hia  af- 
furta  to  atop  the  proeoedlaga  ware  iaefleetual.  Tha 
aaoembly  procUinMd  their  owa  governor  i  chose  tiunr 
own  council  i  and  want  dollbarataly  about  the  transac- 
tion of  publie  aHhira.  Tha  provinea  woa  on  itieir  side  i 
■ad  Ikair  power  woa  aoon  oner  corroborated  and  Axed, 
by  the  vigoroua  praparalioaa,  which  tiiay  nioile  to  repel 
a  contemplated  attaek  {torn  llavannn.  Their  agent  in 
Kagiand  obtained  a  doeioiori  in  Ilia  coun>:il,  thai  the 
pruprietoia  bad  IbrAited  llieir  charter)  a  tin /aeit 
Maued  againat  ill  the  proprietora  aurrandered  iheir  in- 
'  ;   and  Mr.   Praaeia  Nicholaoa  waa  aooa  oiler 


weleomad  to  tho  eolaay,  aa  gOTemor  uadar  the  king, 
Tha  oaeurity,  which  lha  provinva  fth  la  the  prolaelloa 
of  lha  crown,  waa  greatly  iacraaaad  bv  a  treaty,  which 
waa  aoon  after  concluded  with  tho  Charokoa  Indiana, 
deenrily  made  lha  eoloaiala  indaalrioiiai  and  laduairy 
oooa  ralaed  them  aulBelantly  above  Ikair  ftirmar  cireuin- 
atoaeaa,  to  arrest  the  depnieialioa  of  their  paper  cnr 
raacyi  which  had  fldlaa  about  oightr-oii  per  cent,  be- 
low par.  laereaaa  of  wealth  made  bouadarioa  a  mat- 
tor  of  importonca;  and,  in  l7Xt,  the  province  found 
il  convenient  to  divide  itself  into  North  and  South  Cv 
rolina. 

About  lb*  aama  timo,  tho  torritorr  of  Georgia  woa 
granted  to  twaaty-oae  Inisteea,  for  tiio  purpose  of  bo- 
ing  poroelled  out  to  aneb  of  tha  Knglish  pour  as  would 
eoaaanl  to  be  carried  over  tho  Atlantic ;  and,  early  in 
1733.  Mr.  Jamea  Oglethorpe,  one  of  tlie  Inisteea,  ar- 
rived al  Charleston  wiUi  one  hundred  and  siity.  Me 
proeeoded,  aoon  afterwards,  to  the  intonded  place  of 
aattleiBent;  erected  a  email  (brt  on  lha  scite  of  Ha- 
vannai  and  obtained  a  cession  of  lands  IVoin  the  Creek 
tribe  of  Indiana.  The  Aral  company  was  followed  by 
sevanl  others  i— but  the  progrese  of  the  colony  waa 
greatly  obatruetod,  by  an  altonpl  to  put  it  under  a  feu- 
dal ayatom.  The  landa  were  to  be  held  in  tail-mail  by 
tbe  tenure  of  knighl^ervice;  and  to  revert  to  the  trua- 
teas,  ailhar  if  the  male  Issue  should  beeoma  extinct, — 
or  If  the  grounda  ware  not  enclosed  and  cultivated 
within  eijghteen  years.  To  complete  ttie  policy,  tliu 
importation  of  rum  and  of  iiegroea  was  probibiti^d ; 
and  all  commerce  with  the  Indians  waa  restricted  to 
thoaa,  who  could  obtain  a  lieenae.  The  natural  con- 
aequencea  aoon  followed.  A  great  many  of  tha  aetllera 
emigrated  to  Carolina;  where  thejr  could  hold  lands  in 
fee  aimple ;  could  trade  Oeely  with  the  West  Indies ; 
and  be  permitted  to  amploy  negro  slavee  in  tin  culti- 
vation or  Iheir  lands.  Those  who  staid  behind,  were 
perpetually  complaining  of  their  fetters  t  and,  though 
Mr.  Oglethorpe  erectml  a  hattorr,  to  command  the 
mouth  of  the  Savanna,  and  built  forte  at  Augusta  and 
Fredorica,  the  colony  needed  civil  privileges  more  than 
militory  defences,  aiid  tlieir  general  co'jcerns  were  soon 
in  a  ruinous  condition.  Under  a  dilt'erenl  system,  Ca- 
rolina was  so  prosperous  aa  to  double  lierexporte  in  ton 
yeara;  while  it  waa  with  the  greateat  difficulty,  that  the 
inhabitante  of  Georgia  obtained  a  acanty  subsistence. 

When  England  and  Spain  began  to  prepare  for  war, 
in  1737,  a  British  regiment  of  six  hundred  men  was 
sent  into  Caroliiu ;  and  Mr.  Oglethorpe  was  appointed 
inajoffenerai  of  that  province  and  of  Georgia.  The 
Spaniards  fortified  East  Florida ;  and  mode  a  vnin  at- 
tempt to  gain  over  the  Indians,  who  were  in  alliance 
witli  tlie  English.  They  succeeded  better  with  the 
slaves ;  of  whom  enough  were  seduced  to  farm  a  dis- 
tinct regiment  by  themselves.  Nor  did  the  evil  stop 
here.  A  large  number  of  negroes  assembled  at  Stono ; 
forced  open  a  warehouse  oT  arma  and  aniniiinition ; 
murdered  al^  the  white  men  whom  they  met ;  and 
compelled  the  black,  willing  or  unwilling,  to  come  un- 
der their  standard.  But  it  was  a  brief  triumph.  After 
the  first  impulse  of  rage  was  exhausted,  the  insurgeiite 
baited  in  an  open  field;  and  began  tlieir  usnal  pastime 
of  dancing.  There  happened  to  be  a  religious  meeting 
in  the  neighborhood ;  and  the  congregation,  armed  aa 
usual  set  upon  tlia  thougfadess  rabble;  lulled  great 
numbers  on  the  spot;  and  so  fruhtened  the  rest,  that 
they  never  afterwards  dreamod  orinsurrecUon.  There 
were  now  about  forty  thousand  alavaa  in  Carolina ;  and 
the  occurrence  juat  mentioned  bad  the  good  ethel  of 
making  the  colonistekeep  vwilant  wateh  overtheircoa- 
duet,  during  the  approach  of  tha  war  between  England 
and  Spain. 

Whoa  It  oetuallv  broke  out,  in  1739,  Admiral  Ver- 
non waa  detaeked  to  tiie  Weat  Indiea,  and  Ganerid 
Oglethorpe  waa  ordered  to  annoy  the  Floridaa.  He 
immediately  communicated  hia  inatructiona  to  thn  aa- 


I  Corallaa  t  they  vatM  Mt  kaadiaal  ■■< 
I  peaada  Air  the  aerrie*  i  •  regiawal « 
ten  waa  ralaed  la  Virgl»ki  aad  tha  Ca> 


aambly  of  Seath  I 

IwaatT  thousand  [ 

Ikar  nuadred  men  waa  ralaed  la  Virgl»ki  i 

roliaaai  a  budr  of  Indiana enlMa.  i  aad  Pwsl-C'aptaui 

Priao  promised  hia  co-oparalwa  with  Ibiir  twealy-gaa 

ships  and  two  sloops  of  war.     On  thn  Ihli  of  May, 

1740,  the  goaeral  enlrrad  Florida,  wiUi  four  hundroa 


men  and  apany  of  Indiana  IVaiii  lii»  own  urnvinca,  Ila 
waa  loined,  al  lha  mouth  of  Ml.  Juliu'a  Hivnr,  by  Ika 
Virginia  aad  Carolina  ngiment,  snd  a  company  «f 
lligklaadara;  and  waa  eiiablml,  sluirtly  after,  to  ap- 
pear baftira  St.  Augustine,  witli  nlmut  two  liwusaiM 
airective  man.  A  roconiioitre  of  the  jibice  iii'lueed 
him  to  abandon  hia  original  design  of  takiiig  il  If 
storm.  A  regular  iavealmeni  waa  determineiTuponi 
and  Ilia  Iroopa  ware  diapoaed  In  lha  most  advauiagaou* 
poaitiana  flir  bagiaaiaf  the  approaches.  The  genanl 
binwalf  undartoob  to  bombard  lha  town  Arom  Ika 
Isload  of  Anastolia ;  but  a  Aw  sboto  eonviaced  Mat 
that  a  breach,  al  ao  great  a  diatance,  waa  Improetiea 
ble.  It  waa  nail  reaohrad  to  attack  the  aix  half  galllaa 
than  in  tlia  harbor,  by  one  of  lha  twenty-gun  ships  i 
but  the  bsr  waa  found  to  be  ao  shallow  that  aha  couM 
not  ftt  over  it.  In  the  mean  time  tho  Spaaiarda  had 
received  supplioa  and  reinforcanieate ;  aiid  a  party  of 
tha  beaiegera  waa  aurprisad  and  cut  la  piacea.  Intier 
aiiafiirtunea  followed  in  quick  aueceasion,  Captein 
Price  wiUidrew  hie  ehipe ;  die  dispirited  troops  bagaa 
todeeert  ia  large  bodiec;  and  Oeaeral  Oglethorpe  waa, 
al  length,  raluctanUy  compelled  to  abaadoa  the  enter* 
priae.  The  colonies  attributed  tbe  failure  to  die  geii» 
ral  I  and  lha  |aneral  laid  it  to  tiie  charge  of  lha  army. 
We  think  uaitiier  waa  to  bhma.  Tbo  force  waa  too 
small  at  the  outaet  i  and,  before  a  part  of  il  raaehed 
llie  pbwo  of  rendesvoiis,  the  arrival  of  supplies  had 
greatly  and  uiwipectedly  increased  die  strength  of  Uia 
enemy. 

But,  at  any  rate,  tbe  expeiises  entoiled  by  the  ax- 
pedition,  joined  to  the  still  greater  cahinity  of  seeing 
Iheir  capitel  reduced  to  ashes,  determined  the  peoplo 
of  Carolina  to  raise  no  forces  in  ftiliire,  except  IVir 
Iheir  own  defence;  and,  when  an  expedition  of  Ihlity 
ships  and  three  thousand  men  sailed  against  Georgia, 
in  1748,  Ihey  imagined  il  wonid  not  be  for  their  own 
defence,  to  aid  General  Oglrdiorpe  in  preventing  the 
enemy  from  getting  posaesaion  of  a  province,  which 
waa  BO  effectual  a  barrier  to  their  own.  About  tho 
end  of  June  die  eaemy  anchored  off  Bimon'a  Ban 
and  General  OgleUiorpe  found  he  had  to  oppose  him 
with  only  seven  hundred  ni«n,^oii8iating  of  the  re< 

fiinenl  he  kid  against  St.  Augustine,  and  of  a  few 
lighlandera,  rangers,  and  Indiana.  But  the  thicbeU 
and  morasaea  of  die  country  stood  him  in  the  place  of 
many  soldiers;  and,  retirinc  to  Frederica,  he  resolved 
to  act,  aa  lony  oa  he  coiibi,  upon  the  defensive.  By 
on  English  prisoner,  who  had  eacaped  from  tile  Spai>. 
iarda,  he  learned  tiial  the  troops  IVom  Cuba,  and  Inosa 
fK-ni  St.  Augustine,  agreed  so  ill  with  each  oilier,  that 
they  hod  taken  up  tiieir  encampmento  apart.  One 
of  these,  llie  general  tiionglit  he  might  venture  to  a^ 
tack.  He  sabcted  the  flower  of  hia  little  armv ;  and, 
under  the  cover  of  tho  night,  marched  unoliaarvM 
within  two  milea  of  the  lines.  The  main  body  r'aa 
halted)  while  he  went  forward,  with  a  small  party,  to 
reconnoitre  tiie  encampment,  lie  had,  with  great  cir- 
cuinspaetion,  approached  very  near  il;  when  the  whole 
enterprise  was  supposed  to  be  defeated,  by  the  treach- 
ery of  a  French  soldier,  who  fired  Ilia  musket,  and  ran 
over  to  the  enemy.  General  Oglethorpe  wrote  a  letter 
to  the  deserter ;  requesting  him  to  tell  the  Spaniards 
how  defenceless  Fredericu  waa ;  to  urge  an  immediato 
attack ;  or,  at  any  rate,  to  persuade  them  to  remain  at 
Simon's  Fort  three  days  longer ;  when  hia  expected 
reinforcement  of  two  Uioiiiiand  men  and  six  ahipa  of 
war  would  arrive.  He  particularly  cautioned  him 
against  dropping  even  a  hint  about  tho  contemplated 
attack  of  Admiral  Vernon  upon  St.  Augustine.  A 
Spanish  prisoner,  who  had  been  taken  in  askiimish, 
was  bribed  to  deliver  the  letter  into  the  deserter's  nwa 
hands  i  but  he,  of  course,  delivered  it  into  the  bonds  Oi 
General  Don  Antonio  Di  Radondo.  The  hitter  wks. 
at  first,  not  a  little  perplexed,  whether  to  consider  i  "..i 
a  mere  stntagem,  or  as  a  real  and  serious  letter  of  in 
struction;  but  the  appearance  of  some  ships,  which 
had  been  despatehed  witii  supplies  by  the  assembly  of 
South  Carolina,  appeared  toput  the  seriousness  of  lha 

fiaper  beyond  all  doubt.  The  panic-struck  army  aal 
ire  to  the  fort,  and  hurried  on  board  of  their  vesaelat 
and  thua  a  ciivnmslance,  which,  at  first,  seemed  la 
thraaten  the  certain  conquest  of  the  provinea,  ■ 
in  tile  hands  of  a  skilHil  coiiiniander,  as  perhapa  I 
only  meana  of  ita  preservxiioa. 


•  nilawMTS 
ta  ind  llw  Ctf 
1  PiMl-C'apMM 

I  IKIi  of  Miijr, 
I  four  hHBdrM 
I  proviiw*.  >!• 
Kl««r,  bjr  ik* 
1  cvBifittuy  tt 
f  (Aar,  10  »f- 

two   IMMMM 

nUni  Iii'IucmI 
r  Inkiiif  U  ty 
irmlni'il  nponi 
t  ulviuM«m»l* 
Tha  itnanl 
iiwn  IVam  lb* 
convincwl  Mm 
iTH  impnclica 


npi 

■ir 


•ix  Iwir  ■■llhl 
iBtv-|un  •hlp«l 
r  thai  iIm  couM 
Bp«iil*nl«  had 
and  a  party  of 
piwci.  (niwr 
ion.  Captain 
1  troopa  bagaa 
tglalliorpa  waa, 
■don  Iba  cnt«r> 
ira  to  Iba  (an» 
|a  of  tha  arnijr, 
forea  waa  too 
rt  or  it  raacbad 
ifauppliaa  bad 
•lnii|tb  of  lb* 

lilad  by  iha  ax- 

amity  of  Maing 

imd  tba  paopla 

lira,  excapl  ibr 

sditlon  of  Ihlity 

igaioal  Oeoriia, 

le  for  their  own 

prevenlinit  tha 

province,  which 

VII.     Abciiil  tba 

r  Hinion'a  Bar) 

to  oppuH  him 

■ting  of  the  re< 

,  and  of  a  few 

iut  the  thicken 

in  iba  place  of 

a,  he  reiolved 

ilervnuive.    By 

from  tlia  8pan- 

luba,  and  thoM 

each  other,  thai 

apart.      Una 

venture  to  a^ 

Itleannvi  and. 

ed  nnoliaervM 

gain  body  rai 

amall  party,  to 

with  neat  ctr- 

*li«n  the  wbola 

by  Iba  treacb- 

luaket,  and  run 

wrote  a  letter 

Ibo  Bpaniarda 

an  inmiediula 

in  to  remain  at 

hia  expected 

lid  aix  abipa  of 

cautioned  him 

contemplated 

nguatine.     A 

in  aakiimiiih, 

deaerter'a  nwa 

to  the  bandi  oi 

be  hitter  wu. 

conaider  i   ".i 

ua  letter  of  lu 

«  ahipa,  which 

le  aaNmbly  of 

iouineaa  oi  tho 

truck  army  aal 

f  their  veaaabl 

nt,  Mcmad  la 

iviuco,  ■ 

m  perhapa  I 


NURTII  AMKHICA. 


CHAPTKR  III. 

War  beiwean  Franca  and  Kiigland  and  llirir  (,'iiliiiilra 
— I'raparallvn  Air  an  Aliiwli  upon  I,iiiii>Ihiui(— I'Im 
Altaik— ttumiidar— U'Aiitilla'a  K»|m(Iiihiii— .Uiorilv* 
AUaiupl  U|iun  Nnva  Hi:»IM— (J  |hhi  l>uwu  I'uinI— 
faavu — l*»|i«r  IMciufy  in  M».i«ai!liu«'llii— IMicuvury  ut 
Loilirtiiuiu  hinI  l-'oiiiiiUdiHl  111'  Niiw  Orlimii*— .itiuatlifn 
of  IIm  Kni^liili  ami  Kniiiih  C'olniilua— DHKiii  ul'  lli« 
Itiiptiire  h<>l»tren  lliKiti— <Ji>lim»l  WnnhliiKlnira  Km. 
h«i>v— I'nijrul  III' 6'MUia— rUiiiirilm  Ural  loiiiiialKii— 
Capiiiro  ut'NuvM  Hri>^..— UitinTiil  Itriuliliwk'M  iMlinil— > 
IIi|iu(liuoii  a>[itiiiH|  ('nmii  I'diiit — 'I'liiit  Mi(»iiMl  iNia* 
gwrii — rtt!«!nn<l  (vaiii|ml|{n— 4Jn|iiurr  iit'  OawuKii — 'I'liiril 
CaiuiMifn— Oiapuu*  lH)t»^OM  Loril  l,<iu*tuti  iiiiil  Mai- 
•aaliuaalla— Fuuilh  Caiiiiiuitii — itauunil  C'a|iiiira  ol 
l«ul»buur(— Umuucaiil'iil  ailiivli  u|hiu  Tiviiiiduniiia^ 
Uaplura  M  Kurt  KruiiltK"'*"— t'l'  "'•  UiiMiit)— rilth 
Uaiapalfl^— Capiuro  ul'iiiiohnv— l>o*lli  nl  WuU'n^Al- 
Hiapt  lu  caiaka  (iuabao— ^urraodar  uf  Naw  I'rauaa— 
Uanaral  Faaaa. 

\f  Hiu  Fr»ne«  ■ini  England  wore  eiiituKtvl  in 
a<«ualwar,  under  tlie  prctonue  of  aup|Mirtiii4  re- 
■.Motiveljr  tliequeen ul'  Hungary  onJ  ilie  i-lvctnr  ol' 
lUvtriB,  ttw  ciiluiika  ul'  llie  two  iiiilioiia  prvavrvcil 
a  lort  of  lioatilo  peoco)  but  oa  kmiii  aa  lliu  iii.'wh 
rtaohoilCapo  Breton,  that  the  controveray  huil  U'- 
f  oino  open  and  avowuil  in  Eur(i|ie,Duvivit'r  attiick- 
•il  and  look  tho  Engliali  llahiiig  acttleinvnt  at  Caii- 
acttuiand  soon  ulWr  mado  a  aiinilitr,  UiuukI'  uii- 
■uccOTaful,  attempi,  upon  Aiinapiilit.  UovuriMir 
Shiriev  tmmediately  I'urined  the  dcaiffii  ul'  taking; 
Cape  Breton.  It  was  wull  altunted  tiir  aiinoyinii; 
till)  fi^gliili  Fislieriea ;  and  thirty  iiiilliiiiiaol'rriiiica 
••.■nployed  upon  ita  rurtillcutinna,  Imd  inuiJe  it  tliu 
"  Dunkirk  of  America."  Tlw  governor  re(|ucati'd 
the  lecrecy  oftliu  court,  upon  a  project,  which  lie 
waa  about  to  oomnmnicalc.  T liey  readily  proiniticd 
it;  and  he  aurpriaed  them  with  the  pro|K)Kal  of 
Bundinftfuur  hundred  men  to  take  iKiuisliourg  by 
•torm.^'hey  condemned  the  undcrtakiii||;  ua  vaatly 
too  liaaardouaand  e.xpenaive :  but,  unfortunately, 
or,  perhapa,  fortunately,  one  of  the  meinbera  hap- 
pened to  pray  for  blemiiiin  upon  it,  in  the  family  de- 
vntkiiMnthia  lodgingx.  The  plan  wnsaooii  known, 
nil  over  Maaaachuaelta ;  the  [jeople  were  geiiunilly 
In  favour  of  It;  and  an  inllu.x  of  pctitiona,  IVom 
•iv«ry  quarter  induced  the  council  to  cliani;e  their 
determination.  They  iiiviteil  the  co-operation  of 
•U  the  eotnnlea  us  far  n*i  Fennaylvaniii ;  hut  none, 
cxoept  thoaeofNew  Kiisflnml  would  furniah  their 
quotas  of  troops.  There  wns  no  military  character 
of  note  in  the  country ;  and  thi;  cmninand  of  the  ex- 
peditmn  was  given  to  one  Colonel  I'eppcrel ;  who 
had  little  other  «iiialincntion  thnn  that  of  bcin^  a 
iteh  merchant  and  a  pnnular  mnn.  A  ((eneral  em- 
bargo wan  laid :  more  bllU  of  credit  were  iitaiicd, 
notwithstanding  the  express  proliihition  of  the 
erown  "  a  variety  of  advice,  (siiys  Mr.  Belknap,) 
was  lapven  fWim  allquartcrs :"  private  proot-rty  was 
•mprctsed,  and,  by  the  4tli  of  April,  1745,  three 
thousand  two  hundred  and  fil\y  trofips  from  Mas- 
Nohusetts  arrived  safely  at  Cnnseau.  The  quota 
of  tliree  hundred  and  four,  from  New  Hampeliire, 
hod  landed  four  days  before;  that  of  Ave  hundred 
•nd  flixteen,  Ooin  Connecticut,  came  in  on  '.he 
35th  of  the  same  month ;  but  the  troops  from 
Rhoile  Island  did  not  arrive  in  time  to  be  of  any 
service  to  the  expedition. 

Governor  Shirley  had  writt'en  to  England  for  os- 
■istarqe,  some  time  buforc  the  disclosure  of  his  pro- 
ject to  the  general  court;  andn  detachment  from 
Admiral  Warren'sfleetinthe  West  Iiidip8,appear- 
ed  olT  Canseau,  the  day  bofore  the  arrival  of  the 
Mnssacliiisetts  troops :  the  adminti  himself  soon 
followed,  in  the  Superb,  of  sixty  guns ;  and,  every 
thintt  being  now  ready,  the  land  forces  embarked 
(or  Cha|>eaurougc ;  while  the  fleet,  (in  all,  about 
one  hundred  soil,)  maniBiivrcd  before  Louisboiirg. 
The  landing  was  efTeeted  with  lit'!e  difficulty;  and, 
in  thccounie  of  the  ensuing  night,  a  party  of  four 
hundred  men  marched  around  to  the  northeast  part 
of  the  harbour,  and  set  fire  to  some  tvarehoiiscs  of 
ppirituuus  liquors  and  naval  stores.  The  smoke  was 
tilown  direntiy  into  the  grand  battery ;  and  it  did 
mich  signal  execution,  that,  when  thirteen  of  the 
party  were  returning,  nextday,  they  saw,  with  sur- 
yriie  and  joy,  that  the  flagstaflf  was  bare,  and  the 
S4 


ehiiiUMa  witlioiil  aiiMike.  An  Indian  waa  hired, 
fora  buttle  of  rum,  tocrawlinataueinbraaurB,anti 
ojM'n  lliegulii ;  and,  tlaitigh  a  datiiohini'iit  of  the 
viiviny  wua  then  uoiiiiiig  to  retake  tite  furl,  the 
thirteen  retuinnd  ftt»mn»um,  till  the  arrival  of  a 
reinluiueiiieiit  Ihini  the  luuiri  laHly. 

Koiirtei^ii  ni^litt  were  the  troii|M  engaged  in 
drawing  tlio  cniiiion  iWera  iiuiraHa  to  the  place  of 
eneiiiiipiiH!iil,  a  iliataiioe  of  almiit  two  inilc.« ;  and, 
when  the  account  of  the  esprditioii  wiia  sent  to 
Kngland,  tlie^v  were  not  a  litUu  indignant  at  ■eeiiig 
no  inentionol  their  having  worked  like  oxen,  wilh 
atrniM  over  their  aliouldera,  and  up  ui  tlieir  kiwea  in 
mud.  Aa  thia  expedition  had  Iwen  pUnned  liy  a 
lawyer,  and  waa  to  be  executed  by  a  merohant,  at 
the  head  of  husband  men  and  mechanics,  any  thinu 
like  a  regular  aiege  was  nut  to  have  been  eipected. 
The  auldiers  luiiglied  atauch  words  na  tii^  taj(,  and 
tpaultmtiil  I  and  Ihoiitfhl,  the  moat  eligible  ukmIc 
of  appriiaching  was  that  of  a  straight  line.  In 
execution  of  Una  new  principle  of  taciiits,  400  men 
asiuultrd  the  isliind  battery;  wert!  repulaed  ;  and 
muiiv  u(  them  taken  priiioiiera.  They  all  cuiicur- 
red  in  rcprcaenting  the  besiegers  us  iiiiich  more 
numerous  tliuii  tliey  were ;  lliough  all  wiih  frolic  in 
the  rear  of  tin!  army,  tlie  front  did,  indeed,  haik 
forniidalik! ;  and  the  lm|)resaion  made  by  tiicae  re- 
ports and  auiieamncea,  together  witli  the  intelli- 
gence, which  was  conveyed  into  town,  that  tlic 
supply  ship,  the  Vigilant,  of  aixty-limr  guns,  hnd 
been  taken,  induced  Duchainbon,  the  governor, 
to  tender  a  oapitukition.  This  was  the  only  advan- 
tage gained  over  France,  during  the  whole  war ; 
and,  when  accounts  of  it  reached  England,  the 
cmwn  made  baronets  of  Penpcrel  anil  Shirley, 
and  the  |>arliamcnt  readily  undertook  todelVay  the 
expenses. 

France  and  England  now  mutually  resolved  to 
make  a  complete  conquest  of  each  other's  jMHses- 
siona  in  America  ;  and,  in  the  sprins of  1 746,  circu- 
lar kitters  were  sent  to  theEiigliah  eokiniea  as  l1ir 
as  Virginia,  to  have  in  readiness  as  many  troops  as 
each  might  !>(>  able  to  spare.  The  plan  of  thceam* 
paign,  wan,  to  sail  against  Quebec,  with  some  ships 
of  war  and  the  New  EnMand  troojie;  while  those 
of  the  other  cokinles  shouTd  be  collected  at  Albany, 
and  march  against  Crown  Point  and  Montreal. 
The  ships  of  war  made  seven  vain  attempts  to  leave 
England,  and  the  iirst  port  of  the  scheme  was  ne- 
cessarily ahaiKhtned.  Thecolonists  were  diverted 
from  the  last,  by  a  threatened  attack  of  the  enemy 
upon  AnnaiioliM ;  and,  before  tlicy  could  despatch 
troo|)8  for  the  pnitcction  of  that  place.  New  Eng- 
land, in  particular,  was  greatly  alarmed  by  the  in- 
ti;lligence,  that  a  formidable  armament,  under  the 
Duke  D'.\nville,had  arrived  in  Nova  Scotia.  Eve- 
ry efl'ort  was  made  to  put  the  country  in  a  state  of 
defence.  The  militia  were  joincil  to  the  troops  al- 
ready rn'ised ;  and,  for  six  weeks,  all  Htoo<l  in  hourly 
expectation  of  an  attack;  when  some  Engli^ih  pri- 
soners, who  had  been  set  at  liberty,  brought  the 
welcome  news,  that  the  French  soldiers  were  in  too 
much  distri«)  themselves  to  think  of  distressing 
others.  The  armament  originally  consisted  of 
about  forty  ships  of  war,  and  about  ifty-six  trans- 
ports; carrying  3000  troops,  ond  40,000  mus- 
kets for  thc'Canailians  and  Indians.    Many  ships 


werv  bealan  at  Minaa ;  ami  iinimkHK:  mil  tu  bsur 
anna  fur  one  year,  agaiiial  the  Frvuoh  in  Nwva 
Soiitia.  (JuverMor  Sliirlvy  tiextilirecled  lib  alteiw 
tioii  to  Crown  Piuiil.  MuaatiehiiaetlM  ami  New 
York eii((nged  tu fiiriiiali  theiriiiiiitaa uf  tnaijM l  lliu 
winter  naa  no  ubatacki  to  lliegiivcriior'a  eiithusi- 
iiaiii ;  and  tlie  eiiterptiM!  wamtiily  prevented  by  ttie 
Jiaenrt  reaolution  of  Coitiierticiil,  to  wilhholii  ImT 
uti-oiieralion.  The  treaty  of  Aix-ln-ChuiMlle  wo* 
coiK'Hided  in  Octola-r,  IT4H;  and  Mew  biiglnnd 
deemed  itbut  niNMir  returnltir  the  ex|icnai'a  wlilrh 
ahe  had  iiicurred,tliat  an  article  of  (<«lu(aNl(6rJ<uni 
euiii|M'lted  her  to  reliiinuiah  Luuisbuurg.  Maasa- 
nliiiaetlii,  ill  imrticulnr,  had  issued  iinmelise  quanta 
ties  of  |>a|)er-money.  Wss  tliere  a  call  upon  tlM 
treasurv.  Bills  of  credit  must  answer  it.  Was 
trade  decaying/  llcoiild  only  be  revived  by  bills 
of  credit.    Waa  there  any  disorder  in  tlie  interna. 


economy  of  the  province?  Bills  of  credit  were  tiM 

ly  reiiiedy.    An ' 

die 


only  rciiiedy.  And  bills  of  credit  were  iaaued  in 
aiich  quantiliea,that  they  had  aunk  to  tltt*n  liir  on«t 
when  the  arrival  of  the  a|iecic,  which  parliarasnt 
had  promised,  was  the  means  iMit  only  of  stay  ing  t)ie 
depreciation,  but  of  destroying  paper-mouev  alto- 
gether. Al\er  sonic  oppuaitMin,  the  general  coiirt 
passed  an  act  forredecmingbillsof  credit,  at  llwir 
real  value,  or,  in  other  words,  for  silver  at  dtlf 
ahilliiigs  tlie  ounce.  Nut  an  evil,  ivIUoh  had  been 
predicted,  waa  seen  tu  attend  the  measure  ;  and, 
on  tlie  contrary,  it  is  said  to  have  given  coniiuerce 
a  very  pi'rceplible  impulse  for  the  better. 

As  the  importance  ol  America  was  daily  increas- 
ing in  ihc  eyes  of  Eiiro|ie,  the(|iicstion  of  bounda- 
rieshotmien  thccokinieaof  ditferent  nutkma  began 
to  be  discussed  more  fn^quently  and  in  greater 
earnest.  Spain  had  prctensMUis  to  tlie  wnok)  of 
Oeorffia;nnd  England  laid  clnimto  apart  of  Flori- 
da. By  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  Novd  Scotia,  or 
Acadia,  was,  indeed,  ceded  to  the  Eng'ish  ;  but 
there  was  still  room  enouuli  for  controver*/,in  de- 
termining what  were  the  noundaries  of  that  ?4>un 
try.  The  French  asserted,  that  its  esstern  line 
was  the  Kennelicc ;  tho  English  made  it  embrace 
the  whole  territorysouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence ;  ana 
the  commissioners  ap|M)inird  by  tho  two  nal  ona, 
under  the  treaty  ol  Aix-bi-Cho|)elk>,  were  eqiiaQf 
laborious  ond  equally  obstinate  in  maintaining  tliejf 
respective  claims.  Tlor  was  this  the  only  conflict. 
As  if  these  two  nations  were  fated  to  cross  each 
other's  path,  in  every  tiling,  whilu  the  Engliali 
colonies  were  advancing  indefinitely  from  east  to 
west,  the  French  began  to  cxu-nd  their  own  set- 
tlements transversely  from  mirth  to  south.  In 
l67S,,they  explored  the  Mississippi  us  far  as  the 
S3d  degree  of  north  latitude ;  and  some  time  after- 
ward8,itH  moiit!.  was  discovered  by  one  La  Salle,  • 
Norman,  who  subHeqiiently  obtained  the  patron 
age  of  the  French  court,  in  on  attempt  to  make  a 
settlement  on  its  banks.  He  set  soil  with  a  few 
followera.in  foiirsmall  vessels;  arrived  100  kiaguca 
west  of  the  river ;  waa  soon  assassinated  by  his 
own  men ;  and  they,  in  turn,  were  murdered,  or 
disoersed,  by  the  Spanish  and  Indians.  Several 
other  expeditions  were  undertaken,  for  the  some 
purpose,  but  none  were  fortunate  enough  to  land 
at  tne  wished  fur  place;  and  it  was  not  till  1733, 
that  a  joint  removal  of  these  scattered  settlements 


were  lost  and  wrecked  on  the  voyiige;  and  a  sweep-  <o  New  Orleans  laid  the  foundation  of  o  flourish- 


ing mortality  prevailed  on  bocrd  of  those,  which 
liad  reached  the  place  of  destination.  To  increase 
tlieir  calamities,  they  learned,  by  on  intercepted 
letter  from  Governor  Shirley  to  the  commander  at 
Louisbourg,  that  their  own  squadron  would  pro- 
bably be  followed  by  an  English  fleet.  The  od- 
miral  shortly  died :  the  vice-admiral  killed  him- 
self: and,  when  M.  Le  Jonquiere  undertook  to 
lead  the  fleet  against  Annapolis,  a  violent  storm 
dispersed  the  ships ;  and  those,  that  did  not  sufl'ei 
wreck,  returned  singly  to  France. 

Governor  Shirley  now  resumed  the  project  of 
disMjringthe  Frenchand  Indians  from  Nova  Sco- 
tia. The  troops  of  Rhode  Island  and  New  Hamp- 
shire were  prevented  from  joining  the  expedition ; 
and  the  enemy  was  not  only  more  numerous  than 
those  of  Massachusetts,  but  had  the  advantage  of 
being  provided  witli  snow-shoes.    The  English 


ing  cokiiiy.  The  country  was  called  Louisiana ; 
and,  as  settlements  now'  began  to  extend  up  the 
MissiKsippi,  a  plan  was  formed  to  unite  them  witn 
Canada,  by  a  concatenation  of  forts.  EnglanI 
claimed  the  country  to  the  South  Sea ;  France  waa 
resolved  to  bound  her  by  the  Alleghany  moun- 
tains ;  ond,  as  usual,  the  controversy  soon  ended 
in  a  reciprocal  determinatmn  of  fighting  it  out. 
There  was  a  great  dwparity  of  numbere  between 
the  French  and  English  colonies.  Nova  Scotia 
contained  five  thousand  inhabitants;  New  Hamp- 
shire, thirty  thousand  k  Massachusetts,  two  huii 
dred  and  twenty  thousand ;  Rhode  Island,  thirty 
five  thousand:  Connecticut,onehuiidred  thousand'' 
New  York,  one  hundred  thousand:  the  Jerseys, 
sixtythoii8and:Penn8ylvania,inclHdjigDeIawarei 
two  hundred  ond  fiftythousand:  Matylund,eight»- 
five  thousand :  Yirglnia,cighty-fivetb9iuuia:  tM 


I  (I 


TUB   IIIMTOnY   or 


OimIUm,  M«miy-ll*«  UmnimmIi  Uwrgia,  aix 
•hriin-'  ■  '-  •11,  oM  idUUmi  HlV-on*  UiuumimI. 
CMarfaeiNiuiiMtibutlbrty-BvaltMNiMiMtt  Louiu- 
•M,bulMVciilhi>uMiiili— toUl,Al\ytwi>iliouawnil. 
To  «miipeMaM  in  iMrl  I'or  tliM  nunwraal  knlin- 
crit]r,liMKrrnch>miIlheailviinliiK<'i'l''*tn|(Uiittiril 
hj  oat  owl  tha  wune  liantt ;  wlivrvaa  Itw  t<iiKl»<l> 
waradivUcil  Uitn  ic|Mnilr  ulan«i  ami  iiiiacr  imuntwU 
Ut  aet  in  atiiwcrt.  Allthe  liuliaiw,Kxee|il  tlie  Kivu 
NalkNW,  wvK  on  Ihe  aiila  o(  Krancr;  and,  wlial 
wai  uf  itUi  grralcr  aervioe  Ui  her  caiuw,  the  iptver- 

nora  of  Caiiuila  liml  all  lieen  inilitur;|r ii ;  liml 

•mployad  Iha  ialiabiiania  in  ervcUiiKlurtillcaUiiiM 
Ut  comimnd  Laka  Champiain,  an<l  the  River  Ht 
LawrrOMt  and  wert  uow  pnioMtllng  to  eumplate 
tlir  ehain,  by  eitomilng  the  linka  along  the  other 
WMIern  lalwa,  and  down  Ihe  MbaiaaipiN. 

Tha  elreumaUnM,  which  aerved  to  open  Uie 
^wmi,  WM  theallfgwl  Intniaion  of  the  Ohto  Com- 

atl  an  aaaoelatUin  of  influential  nien  IVom  Kna 
and  Vlrfflnla,  who  hail  obtained  a  ipani  nf  600- 
WMaereauT  nml.ln  order  to  drive  a  lur  trade  witti 
Um  Indiana.  The  governor  of  Canada  wrote  to 
the  gwvernora  of  New  York  and  Pennaylvunia, 
that,  unlraa  theae  Intrudem  were  removed  from 
Uw  tarrllory  of  hia  rooat  Chriatian  niajciiy,  he 
■houldlwumlerthaneeeaaitjroI'Miiiingthem.  The 
Ihraat  waa  dtaregarded;  and  the  tradera  were 
jtiied.  A  eomniunleatlon  waa  Immedliitely  opened 
along  French  Creek  and  Alleghany  Rivi-r,  lic- 
tween  the  Ohio  and  Fort  Pre«qii'll«  ;  and  tmupa 
itatiimed  at  convenient  dialaneei,  were  Heeun-il, 
by  temporary  workaingainat  any  atuek  of  Hmall 
anaa.  The  Ohk>  company  madt  loud  complainta: 
Lleiilenant-Qovemor  Dinwiddle  laid  tlie  nubiect 
before  the  aaaembly  of  Virginia  t  and  ileapatched 
Major  Waahingfam,  with  a  letter  to  the  French 
commander ;  in  which  he  waa  required  to  (luit  tlie 
doninioM  of  hia  Britannic  maieaty.  M.  Legar- 
deur  de  St.  Pierre  transmittetl  the  letter  to  the 

Kvemor  of  Canada;  who«e  ordera,  he  aaid,  he 
tuM  implieitly  follow.  Early  in  the  opriiig  of 
1755,  Major  Waahioffton,  on  the  death  of  his  coln- 
■el,  took  the  commaiul  of  a  rrgiment,  raiieil  in  V  ir- 
giBia,lbr  the  protection  of  the  iVnntieni.  H  '  de- 
feated a  party  of  French  and  IndiaiM,  under  Dijon- 
villa  t  and  waa  pMceedinK  to  occupy  thu  pmt,  at 
the  fork  of  the  Allc^hn  ny  and  MoiHinonhela  Kivera, 
when  he  was  met,  at  the  Little  Meadowi,  by  a«u- 
perior  force;  and,  after  a  gallant  defence,  was 
eoropelled  hi  surrender.  The  French  had  already 
erected  the  atningfiirt of  DuQuesne.ontheground 
ofwhlch  he  had  intended  to  tnkc  pmwasion. 

The  provincial  govcrnora  received  ordi;j»  from 
the  aeeretary  of  state,  to  repel  force  by  fbree ;  and, 
if  practicable,  to  form  a  [/nion  among  the  several 
•owniea.  Delegates  had  already  been  appointed 
to  meet  at  Albany,  for  the  purpose  of  conferring 
with  the  Five  Nationa:  and  Governor  Shirley  re- 
commended, that  the  subject  of  uni'in  should,  also, 
be  diiscussed  at  the  convention.  The  cummission- 
en  fVom  Maaaaehusetts  had  ample  powers  to  co- 
operate in  the  formation  of  a  plan :  those  from  Ma- 
ryland were  instructed  tnobservewlintothcrsdid; 
and  thoae  fWim  New  Hampshire,  Hhodc  Island, 
Connecticut,  Pennsylvania,  and  New  York,  had  no 
instructiomi  at  all  on  the  subject.  As  soon,  how- 
ever, as  thefViendshiportheliiiliaiiswas  thought 
to  be  secured  by  a  distribution  of  iJreaenta,  the  de- 
legates appoinlod  a  committee,  b>  devise  some 
•oheme  for  the  proposed  confMemtion;  and  the 
•ommittee  recommended  the  adoption  c>(^  govern- 
ment analafrouato  that  of  the  individual  (Hiloaics. 
'fhete  was'to  be  a  grand  council,  eompraed  of 
deputieafroin  tiie  several  provinces, — and  a  preai- 
dent-generai,  appointed  by  the  crown,  with  the 

e)wer  of  negnlivinn  the  acts  of  the  coiinnij.  The 
onneeticut  delegates  alone  dissented  from  thi* 
plan ;  beeaiiae,  as  they  said,  it  put  too  much  power 
mto  the  hands  of  the  crown.  It  was  rejected  in 
England  for  the  very  opposite  reason;  and,  in  lieu 
of  it,  the  minister  proposed,  that  the  several  gover- 
nors, with  one  or  twoof  tlieir  counsellors,  should 
meet  and  adopt  auchmeasures  as  thccommon  safety 
night  demand.  But  this  scheme  was  defeated  hv 
BfroviabB,  that  tbev  might  draw  upon  tiie  British 


treasury  for  all  ii<'i'i-»iary  xuiimi  which  parliament 
wuuki  undertake  to  r<'|Niy,  liy  lni|MMina  a  general 
tax  upon  the  eokiiilva.  It  wna  ih>w  rraulveil,  thrrv- 
fore,  locarry  iintlm  war  Mllh  Uriliah  tr<Ni|M|  ami 
leave  llic  proviiM-lnlli'uislaliiri-a  In  supply  suth  nr- 
Inliirci'iiii'niit  ss  I'lu'h  «vii«  Milling  ur  bIiIi-  tnsllord- 
F.arly  in  1755,  (it'iirml  UraiMiK-k  set  sail  Irnni 
F.iiglaiKl,  with  a  rrii|ii'Ctlilile  liiNly  ul'  tro<i|M(  anil 
about  tlie  same  time,  Adnilrnl  UtMcawrn  wns  dc^- 

talehed  to  thi*  country,  in  order  t«i  iriti-rcrpt  u 
'rciich  arinaiiH'nt,  wliu-.h  wn*  then  Httlng  nut  for 
(^iiiinda.  Tlie  pruvlncinl  guvrriion  iiM-t  (iriM-riil 
Uraddock,  in  V  Irginia,  on  the  Uth  of  April  t  and  It 
was  resolved  to  divitle  the  caiiifiaign  into  tliree 
leparataesprditinns; — tlielintagainsi  l)ii  (jiK'snc, 
with  the  British,  Virginia,  and  Marvlaiiil  liirres, 
under  Uencrnl  Hriiddock ;— the  •ccoiiif  ugiiiiisl  Fort 
Frontlgnar,  with  the  Mosaachunctls  regiilurN,  uii 
der  UoveriMir  Hhirh-y, — the  third  against  Crown 
Point,  with  New  F.iigland  and  Ni'w-York  trnoiM, 
under  General  William  Johnson,  one  nf  the  New 
York  council.  Munsarhusrtts,  in  the  mean  lime, 
umlertiHik,  sini^ly,  to  drive  the  French  ft-oni  Nnva 
Scotia  I  anil,  on  the  lOih  nf  May,  three  thniiiiand 
trnn(M  were  ileiipntclieil  for  the  pur|Mise,  under 
Lieulrnnnt-Colniiel  Winnlnw.  They  arrived  at 
Anna|Kilis  Hnyul,  iin  the  Sftlh ;  anchnred,  aonn  of- 
ter,  D(-fare  Furt  Lawrence,  in  Chenecto,  with  a 
fleet  of  liirly  sail  t  ami,  being  joined  by  three  hun- 
ilri'd  Briiisli  trtRi|Ni,  with  some  artillery,  marched 
imniedialely  agiiiiist  Benu  Sejoiir.  A  block  house, 
with  n  few  rniiniiii,  and  a  breiiNt-wurk,  willia  lew 
triMips  iM'hind  il,i>p|MiKcd  the  pnMsni;i>i)fll.c  Mussa- 
g^ash ;  which,  arconling  to  the  French,  was  Ihe 
western  limit  of  Nova  Scotia.  The  passagt;  was 
forced,  with  the  loss  nf  one  man ;  and  rnlrcnrli- 
inents  were  iinmediately  o|H>iied  before  Beau  Sv- 
iiiur.  The  garrison  surrendered  on  the  fifth  dav  : 
Fort  Gospereau  soon  followed  the  example  i  the 
appearance  nf  three  twenly-gun  shiiM  iiiiluced  the 
enemy  to  set  fire  to  his  works  at  Si.  Johns ;  and 
thus,  in  the  single  month  of  Juno,  with  the  loss  of 
but  three  men,  the  English  gained  posseHsioii  of 
Nova  Scotia,  according  to  their  own  definition  of 
the  term. 

As  soon  aa  the  convention  nfgnvernora  was  dis- 
solved. General  Braddock  proceeded  to  the  post  at 
Well's  Creek,  whence  the  army  commenced  its 
march  about  the  middfeof  June.  Their  progress 
was  vny  much  retarded  by  the  neccssily  of  culling 
a  road ;  and,  lest  the  enemy  should  huve  time  to 
collect  in  great  force,  the  general  concluded  to  set 
forward  with  1300  select  men,  while  Colonel  Dun- 
bar shouM  follow  slowly  in  the  rear,  with  themain 
body  and  the  heavy  baggage.  CnloncI  Washing- 
ton's reiriment  had  been  split  into  separnie  compa- 
nies, and  he  had  only  joined  the  nrmy  ns  aid  to  the 
gfneml.  The  roughnessof  the  country  prevented 
the  advanced  corps  from  reaching  the  Mnnnn|rn- 
hela  till  the  8th  of  July.  It  was  resolved  toHltnck 
Du  Que-ine  the  very  next  day;  and  lieutenant- 
eolonel  Gaire  was  sent  in  front  with  three  hundred 
British  regulars,  while  the  general  himself  followed 
at  some  distance;  with  the  main  bodv.  He  had 
been  strongly  cautioned  by  Cokinet  Wnshinirton 
to  provide  against  on  ambuscade,  by  sending  for- 
ward some  provincial  companies  to  scour  the 
woods;  hut  he  held  the  provincials  nnd  the  enemy 
in  equal  contempt.  The  Mnnnnguhela  was  cmss- 
eil  the  second  time,  about  seven  miles  from  Du 
Quesnc;and  the  army  was  pressing forwnrd  in  an 
open  wood,  through  high  and  thick  (rrnsB,  when  the 
front  was  suddenly  thrown  into  disorder  by  a  volley 
from  small  arms.  The  main  body  was  formed 
three  deep,  and  brought  to  its  support !  the  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  enemy  fell ;  ond  n  cessation 
of  the  fire  led  General  Braddock  to  suppose  that 
the  assailants  hod  fled ;  but  he  wns  soon  attacked 
with  redoubled  funr.  Conrcoledbehind  trees,  logs, 
and  rocks,  the  Indians  poured  upon  the  troops  a 
deadly  and  incessont  fire;  officers  nnd  men  fell 
thickly  arouml,  and  the  survivors  knew  not  where 
to  direct  their  aim  to  revenge  their  slaughtered 
comrades.  The  whole  body  was  airnin  thrown  info 
confusion;  hut  the  general,  obstinate  and  coura- 
geous, refiued  to  retreat ;  and  instead  of  withdraw 


iiigtiirni  beyoiHllhu  reach  iH'tliernrBiv'smuakclik 
M  here  llii'ir  ranks  might  easily  liave  bern  furmed 
anew,  undertook  to  rally  tin  ni  nii  llio  « cry  ground 
nf  ntturk,  uiiil  ui  the  luiilat  nl'n  iihmI  iiicvMaiit  iimi 
deadly  lire.  He  is-rfixird  in  tlieM>  rllmis  until 
thrri-  horarx  hud  Iwen  slmt  under  liiin,  and  every 
one  nf  his  nlllrcia  nil  hnrM'linck,  t'Xirpt  Colonel 
Wasliiiitflnn,  wns  eillier  killid  iir  wiMiiult'd.  Tlia 
gi'iierni  at  lenulh  lell,  siid  tlir  inut  U'canie  uni>er 
■nl.*  The  tnsiiM  Iteil  pr<Ti|iilatfly  until  they  met 
the  division  uiiiler  Diiiilmr,  then  liirtv  niiln>in  ilia 
rear.  Sixly-limr  nlliceu  nut  nf  iigiity-nvr,  an/ 
aiNMit  half  of  the  iirltates  Mere  kilku  or  wounded 
(Jriirrnl  Braddnrk  died  ill  Diinliur'a  camp  (and  the 
whole  nrmy,  which  ap|M'nra  to  have  biFcn  pania 
struck,  marched  Imck  In  Ptiilsdelphia.  The  pro* 
viiicinl  tnMi|w,  wlsini  Bradilnek  had  s<i  lightly  ea- 
li'i'iiM'd,  diniilnyed  diiriiig  llir  iMttk)  the  utnmat 
caliiiiiesa  and  cniirugi-.  Though  placed  in  tlic  rear 
they  nkiiM'iledon  hy  WaNhiiigtnn,  ndvaiiredagaliial 
the'lndians,  and  covered  tlie  retreat ;  andhadtliev 
at  first  been  |H-rniitteil  to  engage  Ihe  enemy  inthew 
own  way,  tliey  would  eaHily  have  defeated  them. 
The  two  northern  expeilltiniis,  ihniigh  not  so 
disnslrniis,  didnoleillierof  llicmriieceed  in  attain- 
ing the  oliiecl  proiNwed.  In  that  against  Crnwr, 
Point  much  delay  was  necafloned  hy  tliedisliacted 
councils  nf  so  many  dlHerent  governnients ;  nnd  it 
was  not  till  the  last  of  August,  that  Genersl  John- 
son, with  three  thousand  seven  hundred  men,  arri 
Veil  at  tlie  fort  of  lake  George,  on  his  wav  to  Tl 
eoiidernga.  Meanwhile  the  French  s(|uailrnn  had 
eluded  Adniirul  Boscawrn;  and,  assiHinas  it  arri- 
ved at  (jueliec,  Riirnii  Diesknii,  the  enmniDnder, 
remilvi'd  to  march  agnimt  Oswego,  with  his  own 
twelve  hundred  rtgiilara,  and  aUiut  six  hundred 
Cnnadians  and  Indians.  The  news  of  Genera) 
Johnson's  movement  determined  Dieskau  to  chanm 
hisplnn,  and  to  lead  his  forces  directly  against  the 
American  camp.    General  Johrwon  called  lor  rein- 


np. 
eitfl 


fiirceinents;  eight  hundred  triMi|is,  raised  as  a 
corps  of  reserve  hy  MancachuMtts,  were  imnie* 
diali'ly  ordered  to  his  assistance!  and  the  same  co- 
lony underliMik  to  raise  an  ailililinnnl  number  of 
two  tiKiusand  men.  Colonel  Williams  was  sent 
forwoni  with  one  thousand  men  lo  amuse  and  re- 
connoitre  the  enemy.  He  met  them  four  niilea 
IVom  the  camp,  ofli-red  battle,  and  was  defeated.t 
Another  detacliment  shared  the  same  fiite;  nnd 
the  French  were  now  within  one  iiunilred  and  fifty 
yards  (if  the  camp,  when  a  halt  lor  a  short  ii.Te  eiia- 
bled  tlio  Americans  to  recover  their  alarm,  and  to 


*  nmililaok  waa  mnrlallv  woiinilvd,  anil  Iskm  on 
anrhn,,  al  Aral,  from  Ilia  fii-td.nnil  llirn  a  lillrr  waa  mad* 
for  hini)  nn  wliirh  he  wna  rarrieil  forty  milaa  from  (lie  bat- 
t\f  irmiiiiil,  wham  ho  r.ipiml  iin  llii>  evrning  of  ih*  ftiuHh 
(lav  nflir  hia  ilrlrat.  Brvrn  hiinilml  iif  hia  nirn  wem 
lii|j<!il,  nninn^  whom  wrpB  William  .S|,irli-y.  of  ilia  alnlT, 
mill  Coliinoi  Sir  I'fipr  llnlkct.  Anionir  die  woiinilrit, 
were  Itolierl  Oriiii-,  UoBPr  Morrl«,  Sir  John  Hi.  Cliiir 
anil  anveral  nlhcra  of  Iho  'Inff,  anil  l,ii>ii(Fnanl-Colonrla 
Hulton  nnil  ti'iRr.  Driiililiirk  waa  a  brave  anil  exicl 
Irnl  iiAH-cr.  Ilia  niinluke  waa  in  not  HiiiilyinK  Ihe  i-ha 
fi-irtrr  of  Ihe  pnriny.  Fntnklin  aitviseil  him  to  pro 
crril  wiih  ihe  iilnioiit  rniition;  but  the  proiiil  (envra 
Ihoiiehl  the  ailvi^er  waa  a  niiich  liellpr  |i(iiluiapher  thna 
aiilitii'r. 

I  llrnilrick,  a  Miihnwk  chief,  waa  killril  in  Ihia  baula. 
lie  waa  the  aim  of.a  MohrKnn  chief,  by  a  Mohawk  wu> 
man.  He  iiinrricil  inio  a  Mohawk  fiiiiiily.  and  hwani* 
diKlin|!iii»hril  ainoni;  iho  aix  nntiima.  Ilia  fame  eitenile,! 
in  Mn«»arhii«ella,  for  iho  conimiealoncra,  in  1751,  ronaiilted 
him  on  the  (treat  i|iiFalion  iif  inatriii'linir  rerlnin  youth* 
of  hia  nation.  He  waa  frirnilly  to  the  Enirliih :  ami  in 
tliia  liniile  with  Rienkaii,  he  rommandcil  three  liiinilrril 
Miihawka.  He  waa  crave  and  aenlrntioiia  In  council, 
aniliirare  in  fllht.  Home  of  hia  aphoriania  are  aa  wia* 
aa  Ihoae  of  Solon.  When  it  waa  prii|Hi«cil  to  aond  a 
iletarhmeni  lo  niert  tlie  enemy,  anil  ihe  niiinber  being 
mrntioneil,  ho  replieil:  "Iflhev  are  lo  6)tht,  Ihev  are  loo 
few ;  iflhev  are  lo  be  killeil,  they  are  loo  many."  Whe* 
it  wna  nrnpoRed  lo  aind  out  ihe  detachment  in  tliree  par- 
Ilea,  lleniliiek  look  three  aticka,  and  aaid,  "  Put  ihem  to- 
selher,  and  yon  innnot  break  ihem;  lake  lliem  one  hy 
one,  ami  voii  will  break  them  eaally."  They  followed  th* 
advice  of  the  oM  warrior  in  ihia;  an.l  had  they  i;e»t*rii'<J 
Ihe  preraiiliona  he  aiiKceeted,  in  aeounn?  the  lleM 
by  *  flank  ^iiurd,  Williama  wouk  not  have  fallen  inIo 
tlie  ainbuaaade.  llendrick  la  renmbered  anion j  the 
friend*  of  wliiti'  men,  who  now  ijd  then  have  b*«a 
found  in  Uio  dilfcrcnt  ogcs  of  ou    Malory,  amoaf   la 


a  I 


Mrnt'iiuMriitMb 
vc  wrn  furniM 
lie  \tty  Kruiiiii 

»l  illCL'UMIlt  IIMl 

'M'  rllitfla  tililU 
liiiii,  uriil  rvrry 

l'MI'|lt   Cllllllicl 

^iiuiiiU'il.  'I'Im 
U'cnni«  uiiivvr 
f  iitilil  llicy  iiwl 
irU  iiiiki.  Ill  III* 
Iglity-livr,  uvt 
( (I  or  wiiuiidrd 
■cani|i|intl  the 
■vi*  M«n  pi  DM 
iliia.  Th*  pro- 
id  w>  li||lill]r  tt' 
ttUs  tli«  ulnMMl 
lurril  in  llic  ri'ur 
ilvinci'iU|niliM| 
itt  iml  hail  t>w* 
irrnrniyinlhew 
tk'IVatril  thcM. 
tliniiitli  nut  iO 
ircct'd  in  attain- 
iif^niniit  C'rowfi 
liy  tlii'iliatiactrd 
riiiiH'iitti  I  and  it 
il  OrnfrHJ  John- 
ndml  inrn,  arri 
I  Ilia  wav  toTi 
fh  Miiiniirdii  had 
NMMinai  it  arri- 
the  cominander, 
i>,  with  hiaowa 
lilt  aix  liiindrvd 
rwa  (if  Uvncra) 
iriiliaulnchanK* 
iTily  ntrninNt  the 
n  caiifil  Ihr  rvin- 
|Mi,  taiacd  na  ■ 
td,  wrrc  imnie- 
iiiil  the  naniecn- 
iiinnl  niimlier  ol' 
inma  waa  arnt 
nniiiae  anil  rr- 
irm  four  nillca 
wa*  drrenli'il.t 
same  fate;  ntid 
iindr^l  ami  (Illy 
ahnrt  Ii.tc  ciin- 
ir  alarm,  and  Ut 


•ml  lakon  on 
n  lilirr  wi>  maiia 
nilen  from  ihf  bm» 
ninic  <>r  ihii  ftiiirlh 
of  hia  nifn  wern 
iriey.of  ihe  ^inlT, 
nf  llie  woiinildl, 
'  John  Ht.  CInir 
i>iil«naiil-ruli>nrlr 
brnvft  and  cavvl 

iiiilyinK  ihn  clia 
sed '  liim  In  pro 
IP   pruiid  rpni'ra 

|ihiluioplier  llina 

nl  in  Ihia  balll*. 
y  n  IHfilmwk  wu- 
ily.  and  htM-oni* 
ia  faiim  extendptt 
inl7SI,roni>iillH 
g  rrrtnin  youth* 
EnKllrh ;  and  in 
[>d  llirfe  liiindrfd 
tinna  in  coiinril, 
iania  arc  aa  viae 
|wMcd  10  Hond  a 
ie  iiiiinbcr  being 
ghu  thev  an*  too 
)  many."  Who* 
lenl  in  llir«  par- 
d,  "  Pul  thf-in  to- 
xica litem  one  by 
'hey  follownrf  tlia 
id  they  re|;ardei1 
nurinv  the  field 
hare  Tallen  inlo 
•red  amoni;  lh« 
then  have  ba«a 
tory,  omoag  !• 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


I 


m^maoi  Mm  at  thtit  artiHery  IhrNiffh  the  flillta 
Ireea,  behlml  which  tliey  ware  iMMtnl.  Olraliau 
■tlvaneeit  lo  the  charkfe  |  but  li«  wa*  ao  flritily  ri'- 
•aivtti,  thai  Ihf  liiiliaiia  and  inililin  ^ave  wuy  and 
lied  I  he  waa  ohIiKi'd  to  ordrr  n  rt'lri'ttlot' tlwi  rt'KH- 
kiri)  and,  in  llic  ardent  piiraiiii  wliiidi  niaiifd,  lip 
wa«  hiinwil'iniirtally  woiiiukd  ami  iiiiidi>  jiri'tmu'r.* 
A  aciiiilinif  |Nirly  lind.  In  tlio  iiicnti  liiiii%  iiikfii  (l,r 
aneniy'a  l>iiK^a)(i';  and  when  llic  rrlri-iiliii|(iirniy 
•ante  ii|i,  tlii'y  iiUiiulc'd  il  an  aiii'i'i'ixi'iilly  rriiiii  lie- 
hiii'l  the  Iri'ra,  that  tlie  imnic-alriick  loldiura  drii|>- 
|kid  all  iheir  accDiitrrimuit'*,  mid  llrd  in  iheutimiat 
iKinl'iMiuii  liir  tlii'ir  txMta  on  iIir  liikra.t  'I'liia  vie- 
tiiry  revivi'd  tlii!  N|iirila  nl'  thiiuiilniiiala,  drprvaavd 
by  the  mtent  dfli-al  nl'  (iitiiriii  liriiddnck.liiit  lliu 
aiincem  wni  nnt  iinprnvi'd  in  any  ptt>|Nirtiiiii  lo  llitir 
••X|ie«t«liiin.  Ufiivriil  Mliirlry,  nnw  lhi<  romnianil- 
er  in  oliirt',  iirKcd  aiinUeiiiptoni'ir.iniili-roita;  Inil 
■  conneil  of  war  jiidinni{  it  iiiiadviaiihii',  Juhnaon 
tinploreil  Ihe  rvmiiinilfr  of  the  cainpuiun  in  liirtiiy- 
ini)  hit  camp.  On  a  meeting  of  CiiinmiaaiDiii'm 
flrnm  Maaaanhiiaclla  oiidConiirr.liciit,  with  the  i^t- 
vornor  and  coiinnil  of  New-Yiirk,  in  OcIoImt,  il 
waa  tinanimoiiaiy  nKrerd,  that  lite  iiriny  iridrr 
Uencral  Johiiaon  almiild  bi>  diNidinrip<d,  exci'plin;{ 
■ix  hiindrnl  nii<n,  wlinalionld  Ih>  cii|{ii|(i'd  In  j^rri- 
■iin  fort  Kdwanl  and  Kort  William  Henry.  The 
French  alill  retained  ptMBeaHion  nl'  'ricoiideru)(ii, 
and  furlined  it. 

General  8liiri«]r,t  who  waa  to  conduct  Ihe  exiie- 
dilion  ai^inal  Nini^ira  and  Port  FronliKiinc,ex|ic- 
rienced  audi  delnya,  ilmt  he  did  not  reach  OMweipi 
until  the  Slat  of  Aiii(iial.  On  liin  arrival,  he  made 
all  neceiaary  pre|Miratinna  for  tlio  cxjieililion  to 
Niai^rni  hul,  Ihmiiifh  the  deaertinn  ol'  biilteaii- 
men,  Iheaearcity  orwai(i>nanii  (he  Mohawk  river, 
and  the  di>aertion  orNli!di{uinen  nttlio  i;rentcnrry- 
ng  place,  the  conveyance  of  pniviaiona  and  atoit>» 


*  John  Hnrinand  Dieakaii,  Imron,  waa  a  lleiilenanl- 
fannral  in  ilia  Kn'nch  army.  In  I7.VI,  lie  leO  Miiiilmil 
with  twelve  liiindred  rexiilnra,  and  ai«  hiinilred  Cnnadi- 
aiaand  Indiana,  (ietieral  Jolinmiii,  wllli  ihrue  llioimniid 
aaven  liiindred  men,  arrived  ol  the  Ion  of  Liiko  (ieort:i>, 
«n  Ilia  way  lo  TiiMinilernira.  Ilnron  llieaknii,  liriirinn 
of  Ihia  innvement  of  (Icnrral  Jiiiiniioii,  iiimenii  iif  pro- 
eaadiac  lo  Albany,  aa  waa  liia  uriKJiinl  intention,  re- 
aalvml  to  nitaek  the  Amerii-nii  ramp.  A  rrinforcenieMI 
uf  *i||hl  hundroil  triaipa  wa>  aeni  lo  (lennrul  Juliiinm'a 
laaialnfflou;  and  ('iiloiiel  Williiiina,  with  mia  llioiiaand 
aian,  waa  onlered  lo  reconnoitre  llie  enriiiy.  He  met 
Iho  enemy  bin  waa  defiMled,  nnil  left  niiiimf  the  aliiin. 
The  loia  of  llie  Crenrli  waa  nlw)  coiiaideriiiile;  M.  Ht. 
I'ierre,  commander  of  the  Indiana,  waa  morlully  wound- 
ad.  On  the  aaiiie  day,  iliu  Ulh  of  Hejitemlier,  llaron 
llieakau  appcareil  in  view  of  (ienerul  Jiihnaon'a  army, 
whk:h  waa  encamped  on  Ihe  knnka  of  Ijike  (ieiirKe, 
lefended  on  each  aido  bv  •  woody  awamp.  The  Amn> 
fieana  havinc  recovered  rmiii  the  alarm  which  their 
Vat  diaoaler  had  llirown  them  inlo,  and  beinK  alaliuiieil 
fcehhld  aoino  falUn  Ireea,  their  iMipcrior  viliintioii  ena- 
Uoil  Ihein  lo  make  good  iiiie  nf  iheir  arlillcrv.  Dieakaii, 
•noourwed  by  liia  jireviona  aiicceaa,  luKa'nced  hiildly 
to  thrt  charge:  bill  hia  Inilinii*,  more  acciiaiuiiied  lo  llie 
tomahawk  and  aralpinx  kiiifo,  ilian  to  the  rour  of  cimioii, 
fled  ia  diimay.  ilia  auxiliary  tmona  beini;  ao  diaperaed, 
hd  waa  obliged  to  orilor  a  roirent  or  the  n!i!iilnra.  In  llie 
piiraiiil  which  rollowod,  he  wua  hiiiiaeirwoiiiiileil.  A  aol- 
Jier,  aeekimc  lor  plunder,  found  Uioaknii  alone,  deaerled 
by  Ilia  troopa,  loaninir  on  the  atumji  of  a  tree,  iinnblu  lo 
move  IVoin  a  wound  In  liia  le)(.  While  he  waa  aearcli- 
iiig  for  Ilia  watch,  to  deliver  to  him,  the  aohlier  aiippna- 
jiiK  he  wua  aeekiiig  for  a  piiitiil,  noiireil  a  chnrKa  llirouxh 
hia  hipa.  He  waa  conveyed  In  Now  York,  where  lie  waa 
attended  by  Dr.  Jonea.  He  never  entirely  recovered  fniiii 
the  wouinf,  which  Kfadiially  impaired  hia  conalitutiiin, 
»nil  he  died  in  conieqiience  of  it,  nl  Siiniiii),  in  France, 
September  8th,  1707.  He  waa  uniiucatioimbly  a  nciioral 
•r  military  akill. 

t  (lensral  I'iiineaa  l.yinan  waa  accond  in  commonil 
la  Ihia  battle.  He  waa  a  brave  man,  of  fur  aii|ierior  ubili- 
Ue«  to  Johnann ;  and  when  the  roininander-in-chief  waa 
Woiindeil,  Uenural  l.yinan  took  the  cominand,  and  IhuKlit 
om  llie  battle  moat  gallantly.  I.,  i,ian  waa  a  iiinn  of 
tut  me  laleiila  and  education,  a  lawyer,  and  a  alatca- 
niaii.  Ha  aualainod  hiuiaelf  fur  five  hours,  on  that  day, 
■iiid  gave  hia  ordera  like  a  veteran  aoldier;  bin  JolinMin 
never  mentioned  hia  name  in  hie  account  of  the  battle, 
from  a  moat  deapicable  feelini^  of  jeatouay.  I.yman  con- 
tinued for  aeveral  eainpaii;na  to  command  Iho  Connecti- 
'•"•'<'»»?••  and  won  laurela  ir  every  aitiinlion.  The  clow 
or  hia  lifa  waa  dark  and  aad  hut  hia  honour  waa  never 
lamiahed. 

t  Shirley  waa  n  good  lawyer,  anil  a  brave  olllccr.  Ha 
jraa  a  noa  of  litorary  (aate  and  ncqiiirementa.  He  pub 
IMwia  Uifedy,  aaauin*  oUier  draiiiuda  wsrkt. 


waa  Ml  much  relardrd,  that  nearly  liMir  weakatlafH 
■fd  bcfiira  ho  could  runinirnce  any  Airtlirr  opera- 
tion* |  ami  Irom  •  eoiilliiut'd  aiiccraaion  ol'  aitvrrao 
circiiiiHitancra,  in  a  council  ol'  war  calird  iiii  iIh' 
Mill  ol'  N<'|iteinlM'r,  it  waa  uiiaiihiiuiialy  rraiilvt'il  tn 
defer  llin  rxiM'diliiin  lo  lliu  aUriirdiiiK  year)  In 
leave  Oiiluiii'l  MiTcir  at  ()awe((ii,  with  u  uarrmin 
iil'aevin  liiiiidrrd  men,  and  to  liiiikl  two  uiTililinniil 
forta  liir  (lie  avcurily  ol'  lliu  pluve  ;  while  the  U"m'- 
rni  ahinild  return  with  llm  real  ul'  lliu  nrniy  lo  AIIni- 
tiy.  'I'liua  elided  tliertiiiipni|rn  oil  Toft  1  itolirni'd 
with  Ihu  liritlhteet  priM|iectai  iinintiHU!  prepuruliniia 
lind  la'eii  inuile,  yit  not  iiiie  ol'  the  olijecia  ol'  the 
three  priiiei|Hii  ex|M.'ditiiiii«  had  iH-en  iiltniiiedi  uiid 
liy  tliia  lliiliire  the  whiilti  iVoiilier  wua  exiawed  to 
tliernva|{i'a  uf  the  Indiuna,  which  were  au«oin|ia- 
nied  liy  Uieir  iiaiiul  acta  of  hnrliarily. 

The  coiiiniea,  liowever,  fur  fnim  lieinif  diacoiini- 
IP'd  by  llie  inialiirtuneN  of  the  luat  cnm|)ai){ii,  deter- 
iiiineillu  n.-iiew  and  iiicreaae  their  exertitni*.  Ue- 
iiernl  Hhiriey,  to  whom  the  «iiiH'rinlendeiice  of  all 
Ihu  military  u|N-nitioii»  lind  been  ronfidrd,  aanem- 
lileil  a  council  of  war  at  New-York  loconrerl  a  plan 
lor  Iho  cnaulntt  year.  The  plan  adopted  by  tlie 
eoiinnil  eniliniced  ex|M'ditinii'4  uuuinat  l)u  (^ueatie, 
NiiiKnrn,  and  Crown  Fuinl.nnd  the  deNiintcliinti  h 
iMidy  of  triMi|m  by  tliu  wuy  of  the  river*  KeniirlM'ck 
and  Cliniidiere,  lo  create  alarm  liir  tliu  auli'ty  of 
tjiiehoc.  Mnjor-OeiM-rol  Winalow*  waa  appoinied 
lo  k'ad  the  ex|H'dilioii  aitainat  Crown  Point.  He 
WHS  a  impiilar  oHlrer,  and  the  coloniata  felt  o  deep 
inlen-Nl  in  the  ex|iedition;  but,  for  want  of  an  eatii- 
bliNhed  llnaiicial  aymeiii,  (Iheir  only  taxei  were 
ii|i<m  l.'iiida  uiid  |MillH,)(here(piiaite  funda  wereraiaed 
with  dilllciilly,  and  Ihe  recruititi((aervire  made  very 
nIow  prni{reNM.  Only  aeveii  thouaand  men  aaaem- 
hied  nt  tlie|MiNtHon  Lake  Ueoriti*.  (ienernl  W'iiia- 
low  ilecluriMl,  that,  without  more  lurce*,  he  could 
not  undertake  the  expedition;  and  it  would  prolia- 
hly  have  lieen  ahandoiieil,had  he  not  lieen  reinfor- 
ced by  the  timely  arrival  uf  aome  Britiah  tnm|iH. 
Tlii-y  came  over  with  General  Abercnmibie,  who 
hud  iiu|H'rH<'deil  General  Shiiiey,  and  who  wMin 
alter  j^iivc  place  to  the  RnrI  ol  Loudon.  Theae 
rhiimica  priKluced  Nome  iinpleaaaiit  conteNta  for 
priority  of  rnnk.  General  Wiiislow  nwiertcd  frank- 
ly, thn't  the  prnviiiciiila  would  never  be  cuminondcd 
by  Britiah  oincem;  and  the  Earl  uf  Liiudon  aeri- 
oiialy  pni|)Oiilided  the  qneation,  whether  the  cok>- 
niul  tnN)|H,  with  his  ninjeaty'a  arm*  in  their  linndN, 
would  reHiae  obedient^  to  hia  majealy'a  command- 
era?  He  WON  aiiawered  in  the  ntlirinntive;  nlid 
when  he  understood  that  the  New  F.ngland  Innips 
in  particular,  hnd  enlisted  under  the  condition  nf 
Iknii)^  led  by  their  oivn  officer*,  lie  agreed  tu  Icl 
those  trnons  act  separately. 

While  Ihu  EiiifliHh  were  adjiistinff  these  dilTer- 
ences,  and  dehulini^wlielber  it  would  be  expedient 
to  attack  F'ortNia<;nra,or  FortDu  QueNiie,Mont- 
cnliii,  the  HiiccesNor  of  Dieskau,  mnrchrd  atrainst 
OswejfO  with  aliont  five  tlioiiannd  Krenrli,  Cnna- 
iliiins,  uiid  Indinns.  His  urtillery  played  with  such 
elTcct  u|>oii  the  furt,  that  it  was  soon  declared  unte- 
nable ;  ond  to  avoid  an  SMsault,  the  irarrison,  who 
were  sixteen  hundred  in  number,  omlhad  stores  fur 
live  months,  surrendered  thenisclvps  prisoners  of 
war.    The  lort  had  lieen  nn  object  of  considerable 


n  wise  use  of  his  conmiest  by  demolishing  it  in  their 
presence.  The  F,n);li3b  and  American  army  was 
now  thrown  upon  the  dcfeimive.  Instead  of  at- 
tnckin^;  Ticninicrojpi,  General  Winalnw  was  or- 
dered to  fortify  his  own  camp:  Mojor-General 
Webb,  with  fourteen  biindrod  retjulors,  took  post 
near  'Wood  Creek;  and  Sir  William  Johnson,  with 
one  thousand  militia,  was  stationed  at  the  German 
Flats.  The  colonists  were  now  called  upon  lor 
reinforcements ;  and,  on  parliament  hod  distributed 


•muna   llimi  ouu  bundled  and  (tftam     _    ^  _ 
WNiiuI*  for  lb«  kialyrar'a  ex|i«Bara,  Ihry  war*  rtm 
bird  lo  anawrr  Ihe  rail  with  |irrha|ai  nwrr  pninipM 
tilde  limn  wna  antii'l|ialrd.   The  ritruila  wrra  ua 
ihrir  wuy  lo  llie  eaiiip,  when  inlellitftiire  nf  lh« 
aniuii-|aix  at  AilMiiy  lVi|{hii'm-d  Ihrni  lionH'  again. 
Thi'  olU'r  pruvitii'iula  wiie  i'i|ually  abiriiK'd  |  aiirt 
nil,  exrrpt  n  New  York  rr^riiiifnt,  Were  dianiiaarti 
Thiia  termii  uted  tlir  accond  cnnipaitin.     The  ri 
|M'dili)iii  up  the  kmiielMck  had  Ix-rn  abaiidoiwil 
that   ai{uinat  Niagara  wn*  not  comnieiM'i'd |  and 
not  even    a  prr|Htrntinii  hud  breii  made  Ibr  liial 
U|piiiiat  Uu  QiiealM'. 

At  the  cnmiiH'iirrnieiit  u(  tlio  folktwinit  year 
enuiicil  waa  held  at  Hoaloii.cnmiNwrd  of  Luru  Lot! 
don,  and  the  uuvertiura  of  tlie  New  En((iaDd  pr^ 
viiicea  ami  nl  Niiva  .Scotia.  At  Ihia  cuunollhla 
Inrdahip  pro|MMrd  that  New  England  almulit  rata* 
four  thnoannd  um-ii  for  iIm>  enaiiliig  cairpalgni  and 
that  a  pni|MirtHinale  number  atanikl  Im  raiaed  bf 
New  York  and  New  Jersey.  Tlirae  nquiallkMW 
were  rnmplied  with  (  and  in  Ihe  aprbg  hb  kmitliip 
fniiiid  hiinaelf  at  the  head  of  ■  very  conajdcmbw 
nrmy.  Admiral  Holboiirn  arriving  in  the  brgia* 
iiiiiu  of  July  nt  Hnlillix  with  a  powerful  aquadron, 
and  a  reiiifnrcenieni  uf  live  llKiuaand  Brtliahlnopi^ 
under  UenrK«i  Viscnuni  Howe,  Lord  Loudon  aait- 
ed  from  New  Ynrk  with  aix  thousand  regular*,  lo 
Jnin  thoae  tnMi|w  at  the  place  of  Iheir  arnval.  Im- 
stead  of  the  enmpk'x  o|irratM)na  undertaken  in  pr»« 
vioiis  cani|>ai|(iM,  hwkirdBliip  limited  hia  plan  lo  • 
single  objeel.  Leaving  the  iioata  on  the  lake* 
Jlrontrly  i;arrimined,lie  reMilvid  lo  direct  bi«  whole 
di*|MMable  force  againat  Louisbourg;  Halillui 
liavhig  Iwcn  determined  onaathe  plac« of  rendev 
vous  for  the  fleet  and  amiv  destined  fur  llie  expe* 
dilinn.  Itirorniatiun  was,  liuwever,  atsin  recelvedi 
that  a  French  fleet  had  lately  sailed  IVoni  Brcali 
that  Louisbouri;  wus  garriioiird  by  six  UiouaaiHl 
regulars,  exclusive  of  provincials ;  and  that  it  wa* 
also  defended  by  aeventeen  line  of  battle  ahipa, 
which  were  moored  in  the  harbour.  There  beinit 
no  ho|ie  of' success  against  so  luniiidable  a  force, 
the  enterprise  was  deferred  to  ihe  next  ycarj  the 
general  and  admiral  on  the  last  nf  August  proceed* 
ed  tn  New  York;  and  the  pmvinciul*  were  di»> 
miased. 

The  Marquis  de  Montcalm,  availins  himaelf  of 
the  absence  of  the  principa.  part  nl  ihc  Briliah 
force,  advanrcd  with  an  army  of  nine  Ihouaand 
men,  and  laid  sieiK  to  Fori  William  Henry.  Th« 
irarrison  at  this  fort  rnnsisted  of  between  two  anJ 
three  thousand  regulars,  and  ita  fortiflcatkina  wore 
strong*  and  in  very  good  order;  and  fottheaddi- 
tionalseciirity  oftbis  imiMirtantpust,  General  Webb 
was  stationed  at  Furl  Edward  with  an  army  of  four 
thousand  men.  The  French  commander,  however, 
urged  his  approaches  with  such  viguiir,  that  with- 
in six  days  oiler  the  investment  of  the  fnrt.Cokine! 
Monro,  the  commandant,  having  in  vain  solicited 
succour  fVom  General  Webb,  found  it  necessary  lo 
surrender  by  cnpitiilHtinn.  The  gorrson  was  lo 
be  allowed  the  honours  of  war,  and  to  be  proleeled 
against  the  Indians  until  within  the  reach  of  Fort 
Edward ;  but  the  next  morning,  a  great  number  of 
Indiana  having  been  riermitted  to  enter  ihc  lines, 
begnn  tn  plunder;  and  meeting  witli  no  oppoaitwn, 
jealousy  to  llic  Five  Notions;  ai'id  Montcalm  madefjhcy  fell  uimn  the  sick  and  wounded  whom  they 

-  — '•- ei.:.. -..  1...  .1 1:.!.; — :. :..  .L_:_  immediately  massacred.    Their  appetite  fur  car- 

iioge  being  excited,  the  defenceless  troops  weru 
attacked  with  fiend-like  fury.  Miinro  in  voin  i.n- 
plorcd  Montcalm  to  provide  the  stipulated  guard, 
and  tlie  massacre  proceeded.  .411  was  turbiilenea 
and  horror.    On  every  side  savages  were  butcher« 


*  Winalow  wb.i  a  grandson  of  the  accond  governor  of 
Plymouth,  of  that  name.  Ho  was  engaged  aa  a  captain 
in  the  expedition  to  Cuba,  in  1740;  aa  a  major-general  in 
the  cxQcililinna  lo  Kenncbeck,  Nova  Bcotia,  and  Crown 
Point,  in  Ihe  Spanish  ware,    "rho  bold  stand  ho  took  in 

favour  of  the  niililia  at  that  time,  has  bean  quoted  aa  a  ,    ..,.»..„..« 

precedent  aince,  and  endeared  hia  nama  to  every  loisr  of|Thera  are  blno<l-alained  pages  in  history  w*  could  wisk 
mUilary  honour.  |Wei*  not  llicre.    Tbia  ii  one  gf  Uwou 


*  Thia  ia  a  great  niisiaka ;  the  fort  waa  biiill  merely 
aa  ■  defence  againat  Indiana,  and  wna  entirely  uu6l  Ibr 
a  aiege,  by  a  power  who  had  the  command  of  ordnance. 
Tlia  fan  waa  not  abandoned  till  the  last  shot  thev  had 
waa  fired.  The  conduct  of  Iho  bravo  and  gallant  Moat 
calm  la  inexplicable.  Could  not  auch  a  general,  with 
ao  many  regular  troopa,  have  reatrained  the  Indians! 
Hia  reputation  waa  without  aialn  until  that  hour.  Soma 
of  the  disarmed  and  wretched  Iroona  were  compelled 
to  make  resistance,  and  wrenched  tne  anna  (Vom  Iheit 
aaaailanta,    and    defended   themaclvea  with  deaperalioiw 


Tin;  HISTORY  »r 


iM  Hi  M!*l|<«ng  ihvlr  wr«icb«i  vtciliiM.  Ttwlr 
Mmmh  *»Ui,  iha  iriMiM  a/ ill*  lijrini,  iiml  lli«  rVitn- 
It*  ikrWht  uf  ollwn  ibrtnlitiKi  rrmii  ili*  iiplinnl 
iMMtMwk,  vtr*  haaril  Uj  ili»  Krviicli  iiiiiiintril. 
Tba  fury  ml  lh«  M<ra|i»<  wm  iirriiiliiml  lo  ruKn 
wUhoM  iwlnlnl  unltl  lUlmi  hiinilr»il  wtrii  kllleil, 
•r  kvrrlwl  tuxlirM  Inin  lli«  «ilil»rn*M.  'I'lw  lUy 
•Atr  ihhi  (whil  ingmU,  M»]iir  i>iiiii»in  wm  miii 
«t*ll  hU  nin(i>nla«ritli'h  lh«  in4il)<iii*i)f  iho  riiviiiy. 
WkM  Im  i«m«  lu  t>M  ahuri)  uC  lb*  Uk*.  Ih'lr  rrur 
WW  knily  bayoiMl  lb*  raach  uf  muakai  ihui.  'I'll* 
pfWfMl  WM  lionrlbl*  to  iha  •iiram*  i  ib*  Airi  ■)#■ 
— Ilihtil  I  lb*  barracbi  ■iMt  butkilng*  jrM  burulnii  i 
I— WMtwbto  IVuHMMa  of  buiiMn  cwcmm*  iiill 
Wtlliil  tai  Iha  AcHtnt  ArM|   ■■d   dvad  bo<il*t, 

K'i4  wMh  lemaMm*  Md  Mtl|iia|  knlvM,  in 
wirtiBiUM  of  la4lM  barbartly.  »*ra  avvry 

Miilwwd    wouad.     Wbo  ana  forfaaar  at- 

(wKhtba  poai, 

•  Maa  I*  M  Riaa  dia  aanal,  mm«i  III  •" 

TIhm  aniiad  Iba  iblnl  eam|ial|n*  Id  AraarliM  t 

hipftljr  fbrmlnf  iha  taal  aarlaa  ur  iltaaalar*  roiull- 

lag  llniiN  fully  ami    nil*iiiaua|aaianl,  railiar  lliuii 

'' — I  WMl  of  maana  aiKi   mlllMrjr  alraiiKili-     'I'lu' 

••a  of  Iba  I'ranch  laft  Iha  cnlnnlra  In  a  Hloiiiiijf 

Bjr  iha  aaqnlalllon  of  Kurt  William  llaiiry, 
tho*  hod  oblalnad  lUII  poaaaaalon  oftlia  lakna  IMinin- 
ploui  Mid  Uaurga  i  ami  by  lliailiiairuciliin  iif  4>aw«. 
go,  Iboy  bail  a«quiia<i  iha  ilomlnliiii  of  lliota  iillivr 
Mkaa  which  connaet  iba  Ml.  i<awri<nra  with  llm 
waUfi  of  Mlnaltalppl.  Tha  AnI  alfonlvtt  Iha  on- 
•iMt  aduilaalun  fnnn  iha  norlhrrn  eoluniaa  Into 
Caaada,  or  frotn  CanniU  Inlu  thixM  ciiiiinlaai  iIim 
laal  uallad  (.'anaili  to  !<iiiilil»nii.  Ily  ilia  ccitillniixil 
alonof  Kurt  Dil  (>iie*na,  ihay  prcntrvad  ihoir 


aaeandancv  ovar  lira  InitiniMi  and  rwlii  uiiiliaturlioil 
oealrol  or  all  iba  cuunlry  weal  of  llie  Allri{hiiiiy 
munnlalna.  Tha  Hrlilah  niitlun  waa  nlnrineii  iitid 
lildlgiMBI,  and  iha  kInK  fotinil  ll  iieeaaaary  lo  chnniin 
h'a  ••uoekla.  Al  Ilia  lianil  of  a  new  minlalry,  ha 
plaaad  iba  calabralad  Wlllinm  Pill,  arirrwarda  Kiirl 
of  Cbalbam,  who  wa«  mlaed  by  hia  lulenia  rruro  Ilia 
Inillbia  poal  of  anaign  In  Iha  niiiirdi  In  iha  ronlrnl 
of  Ihodaollnlaa  of  a  mliihly  piii|iii«;  niidrr  hIa  ad- 
■bIttiBllon  public  cuniiilanca  ra«ived,  and  (he  d»- 


*  Whlla  Iha  anny  waa  In  winuir  qiinrlrra,  a  cirauni- 
alaaaa  oMumil,  which  ixhjliiia  llw  wnit-hnit  J<aluu>.v 
Iba  ealaaiata  rvrr  rinr'lard   ovrr    llirir  lihrriira.    ■*  Tli'v 

riral  r«url  liati  iiroviilml  Inrrnrlia  un  ('aula  laUml, 
•  laiioMal  at  lli||hlai«l>ra,  wliirh  hail  baen  atpait- 
ad  al  DaMoo.  Hnina  racriiiliii(  iiinirra  awin  aftarwarili 
anind  al  Nov*  Hculia)  ami,  |iriil<<alin(  ihal  ihclr  r«- 
■laiaBla  wouhl  naier  h»  Allml  up  if  ilia  inun  muat  Iw 
ladfad  hi  Ihaaa  barracka,  ihay  m|iiiml  iha  juiiiaaa  o( 
Aa  yaaoa  lo  furoiah  f|uanrm,  acninlinf  lo  Iba  aei  iil' 
piillaaiial  Tha  jualicaa  ilaniiitl  lhai  ihv  acl  of  |Mrll«- 
■Mat  aaiaadad  lo  Ihia  counirv.  I,iinl  l.iiiiilaun  wrola 
dM  eoan  a  Wnar,  and  aaaerleif  rounilly  ihai  li  did;  lhai, 
aiaraarar,  ha  had  ■  uaad  (cnllanma  ami  pailaaca'  lenif 
aaaagh;  aad  that  unlaaa  iIm  rei|iii>iiiiin«  wors  compllnil 
wllhla  liirtv-aiKhl  houra  rrom  lli«  rrcripl  of  Ihia  lollar, 
ba  aboiild  La  '  umlar  Iha  neei'Miiy'  of  oniarinf  ■  inln 
Boalon  iha  Ihras  batialiana  friin  Now  Viirk,  l.aii( 
lalaad,  and  Coniwcileul;  ami  if  inora  warn  wanllnr,  ha 
had  Iwo  ia  Ihe  Jaraaya  at  hand,  bvfiiilra  Ihoan  in  Pann> 
aylrania.'  Tha  t'ori]  court  nuw  paaod  an  aul  nry 
alroilur  in  lhai  nr  par  iamont,  i>n  iha  •iilijn'i  u(  recruila; 
bnl  it  Hid  not  fully  aniwar  Lord  LoiiJoiiira  Mpcclallona, 
■or  did  ha  fell  lo  lat  ihcni  know  it  In  a  a«rnnd  aplatla. 
Tha  aaawar  of  thi  iranaral  court  waa  iiierrly  a  r«itaM> 
lloa  of  what  wa  h&ve  ao  often  hamd  from  iha  aaina 
hady.  Thoy  »mer'-i  tliair  riithla  aa  Kngliihinen;  aaid 
Aey  Iwl  rnnfonnod  lo  '.ha  acl  of  purliatnxnl  aa  nnarlv 
•a  Iha  raaa  wnula  admit ;  and  ditrlari'd  that  ii  waa  ihnir 
■iaihniina,  if  a  a:.'icl  adhrrance  lo  lliair  duly  alioiild 
glva  olRinea  to  l..ir<4  l,oudoun.  lie,  in  turn,  tjiplniiiled 
na  laal  of  the  proTiiice  in  Iho  larvica  of  hia  Mi.ijeity, 
■011 1  lad  to  fvly  on  ila  complmnra  with  'lia  wlahca,  and 
ooaalaraaiiadail  hia  ordara  for  tha  •-'  -  of  ihe  ironpa. 
Tba  canMHl  ■  n  iri  Mat  hia  axccllancy  a  concilliiiory 
^  in  which  iliKy  aiaarted  that  tliey  ware  enlirelr 
at  on  parliamenl;  that  ita  acta  were  iha  rule  or 
riwlr  Judkial  prooivdiiiKa ;  lhai  iu  authority  hitd 
IT  baft  lueatiomd ;  ami  ilml  if  lliey  liiul  nut  made 
aaowal  'in  timea  paat,  it  waa  bacauaa  llient  liad 
t  ao  oneaaion  Air  it.'  Judge  Marahall  aenina  lo 
',  that  Ihia  laoffuafa  waa  aim-ore  bul  Mr.  Minot  al- 
ii to  Ihe  deaire  of  ihe  court  In  keep  rriend*  with 
ani  till  tber  were  reiiiihiirflcd  for  Ihe  eijicniM^a 
they  had  Incurred  durinir  llie  war.  The  iriiih  la 
Maaably  heiwaan  Ihe  two   npiniona."— Sundford'a  llial. 

iiimVatni  a»m,p.  US,  IM. 


I. fin  aaomni  InafNreil  wiih  iirw  Itlia  iiml  tiKout.f 
Ha  waa  atinally  |Mi|M)lar  in  holli  li<'iiw<|dirraa  i  himI 
ail  itriimiiily  did  iha  gotrriiiira  nl  ili.i  imrlliarn  aido- 
nira  iiliay  ilia  rri|iii<iliiiMa  nl  lil«  rin  iil.ir  lellar  ol 
17.^7,  lhai  hy  Muy,  in  ili<>  IiiIIhwimii  yaur,  Maaait. 
rhiiaalla,  hud  arrt'ii  lliniiaitiHl,  riiMiiacllciil  ll«a 
ihiiitaanU,  und  New  IUiii|Mhir«  ilirau  lliuuaand 
lroo|M,  pn<)Nirad  lo  laka  llto  llold,  Tha  aval  ol 
Maaaaabuaalla  waa  |Mrtli'iilurly  urdanl.  't'ha  |wo 
|ila  of  Boalon  aiip|Niri«d  lii«ra  which  look  iiwiiy  two 
Ihirda  of  Iha  Inoiina  on  renl  aalitla  i  on*  hall  of  Iha 
artactira  NMa  In  Ilia  itnivlnc*  wara  on  aonia  aort  of 
mllllary  diilv  t  and  Iha  lrana|ioila  for  ranylni  iha 
Ironpa  to  llaUlWii  wara  raady  lu  aall  In  l'uurl»*n 
daya  friNii  iba  lima  of  ihalr  angagamanl.  'I'ha 
muihar  aoiuMry  waa  nol  laaa  aclWa.  Whlla  h«r 
flaeia  blaakadad  oronpiuraillha  Kranch  nrin>imania. 
abo  daa|Mt«bod  AdNUial  Uoaaawaa  lo  llahlik*  with 


llv   r.- 
hi)    in 


I "  WUUam  Pill,  Karl  nt  Chatham,  aaa  of  Iha  maal 
ahl*  aad  auereaaful  uilulalara  lhai  Kn(laud  ai*f  p<M- 
aaaaail.  wa*  hura  .Notamber  l\  I'lM,  awl  waa  ih*  ana 
of  llolierl  I'li^  Kai|,  uf  llii,  iiuum  k,  in  L'lirnwall,  Ilia 
adiu'alHMi  k*  iwaiirail  al  (iliiii,  niid  al  'I'rluily  t.'ulla(«, 
Oiliiril.  Ilia  rnlrama  iulo  piililia  UlW  waa  aa  a  I'orivl 
iif  horaaj  and  In  l<M.\  iliniuah  ilia  Induaac*  o(  tlia 
IIucIkm  m>wa(ir  uf  MarlhoroiiKh,  lia  waa  raluriird  lu 
iMrllaiiionl,  aa  iiwiiilyr  lur  Old  ^4<lrlllu.  lia  aulia*i|iii<ii|. 
ly  aiil  for  Maaftird,  AliMaKnuHli,  and  Hath,  At  a  actiii' 
lor,  lie  auon  raiidarpil  htuiaall  ao  iibnniluua  lo  WhI|niIc, 
Ihal  llw  uilnialar,  wlih  a<|iial  liijiMlii'a  and  luipiilli'i,  ■!«■ 
priveil  him  uf  hia  f-ouiuiiaaiiin.  'I'liia  uacouailliiliiiiial 
act  only  enham'rd  liia  populariiy,  ami  almrpcML'il  lii« 
ri'iehMiiaiil.  Aftfr  having  bi*i'u  tan  yeaia  iu  uppiiHill.ni. 
he  will,  early  in  17  III,  ap|Hitiilrd  Joliil  tica-lraaaurer  uf 
Irvlnnd  I  anil,  in  III*  aaine  year,  ln'a«un*r  utal  prt>iii<ia* 
Icr  tfeueral  uf  the  army,  and  a  iirivy  ruunaallur.  Ilu* 
riuK  Ilia  IrcnaiirerNhlp,  he  iiivariafily  rt'fiiNetl  lu  Iwih,|Ii 
liy  ihit  liirfa  Imlam-HN  of  money  which  nacaeaaril. 
iiialucd  in  hia  handa.  In  \7M,  he  waa  diiuli 
17.VI,  lie  idilalued  a  brief  n'inaliilauicul  in  (lower,  aa  ae- 
i^rvlary  uf  aiale,  anil  waa  again  il|iuiii»acil  |  but,  In  17.17, 
defeat  and  diafrace  liaviiiK  fallen  un  llie  country,  the 
uiiiiiiiuiuiia  voice  uf  the  ueoiile  cuiiiiH'Ib'd  llie  aii«erel||u 
lo  plane  him  al  Ihe  head  or  ih«  ailiiiinlalralioii,  l!iiiler 
Ilia  auapkiaa,  llritain  waa,  during  four  yeara,  Iriiiuipliniil 
in  every  i|uakter  nf  llie  uluh*.  Thwarted  iu  ilia  luca* 
niiran,  niter  the  ncocMion  of  (leurKe  lll~  he  rraifnail,  iu 
(h-lolier,  nil,  an  oinco  whieh  he  could  no  luoBer  luild 
wiih  honour  lo  hiiiiaalf,  or  advaiilni^rt  lo  llie  aaliun.  A 
lieuilon  waa  (ranted  to  lilin,  and  liia  wile  waa  ciaalnil 
a  liiiroiwaa.  Tin  Iha  downlall  of  lb*  Kui:kin|ham  ad- 
iiiiniNirnliun,  Pill  w.ia  apiiuiutad  lonl  privy  aeal,  and  waa 
rnioeil  lo  ihe  (leeniKe,  wiih  ihe  ilile  of  I'.arl  of  I'lialhaiii. 
lie  nci)iiireil  no  xlorv  aa  one  of  ilie  new  and  ill-aaaiiried 
Miiniairv,  and  he  wiihilniw  from  it  in  Movamher,  I7iiu. 
TIioukIi  aiiilkriuK  leverely  from  (oiil,  he  counlinuail  lo 
•|Miak  in  parliuiiiant  upon  all  iiiipurlanl  iiuaalliiiia.  Tlie 
.\iiieri,!iin  war,  in  particular,  lie  upmMied  with  all  hia 
wnnled  vigour  and  talent.  On  iho  Bth  of  April,  I77U, 
while  riainic  lo  apeak  In  ina  noiiae  of  lorda,  he  fell  into 
a  conrulaiv*  111,  and  k*  ripin-d  un  Iha  lllli  of  Ilia  fol- 
lowiiii;  May.  Ilo  waa  Inlarred,  and  a  iiionuiiirni  r*i«*<l 
lo  lilin,  in  Wealiniaairr  Abln'y,  at  Ihe  public  ei|ienaa; 
iinil  a  per)iriunl  aaaalty  of  4ntKM.  waa  arnnied  lo  lila 
heira.  Somii  abort  fioama,  and  a  viihiiiie  of  lellera  lo  hia 
r  phew,  have  appeared  in  print.  The  characlur  uf  l.urd 
Cliiilliaiii  ia  lima  ably  ■iiiiiiiicd  liv  (Irullau :  *  There 
wfia  in  lliia  man  pomelfiiiig  thai  could  create,  aubvrrt,  or 
reform;  an  underalanilinic,  a  apiril,  and  an  elu(|uence, 
III  aiimmun  inankiml  lo  aocicty,  or  lo  bnak  tlie  biinda 
of  alnvcry  oaumler,  and  lo  rule  tlie  wililomaaa  of  fne 
ininila  wlih  uubounded  aulliurity ;  iomoiliiiig  that  could 
eaiubliih  or  overwhelm  einiiire,  ami  alrik*  a  bluw  kl 
Ihe  world  Ihn  ahniild  reioiiml  thrniich  llie  iiniverae.'  " 

In  America,  hia  naino  wa*  held  in  Ihe  higheat  eail- 
matioo.  Kvery  patriot  did  him  honour.  Country  aiiina 
lioru  hia  Mmhlance,  or  aomelhing  the  people  ihoUKhl 
like  hia  noble  fealurea.  In  iha  lowu  or  lleiltiam,  in 
Ma«aM(diuaell«,  Nalliiiniel  Am*a,  the  fullier  uf  ih*  un-at 
omior,  Fisher  Amea,  a  phyaicinn,  philoropher,  and  nia- 
theiiialician,  erected  a  grniiilo  column  lo  hia  memory, 
iiiid  >urmuunled  it  hy  a  bual  uf  ihe  great  friend  of  liber- 
ty, ll  waa  thrown  down  by  lime,  and  aiiAered  lo  lie  in 
neelcct  for  many  yenra;  but  it  haa  aince  lieon  reoova- 
ted,  nml  atanil|  now  a  monument  In  departed  geuiua  and 
patrioiiam.  "  Ilia  oloniience  funned  an  era  in  our  lan- 
guage;" and  the  Are  ne  breatlicd  inlu  the  aotil  of  Aren- 
dom,  haa  nol,  and  wn  triiMt  never  will,  be  eminiruiahed. 
(leniiiB,  unileil  to  lottera  and  patrioiiam,  can  never  die. 
We  forgive  hia  laal  ai:t ;  it  waa  one  of  feeliiig  and  of 
iialioiial  pride.  I.oril  f'hathaiii  aided  the  projecton  of 
ennala  with  hia  whole  anul,  while  puliticiana  thought  he 
liad  bettor  biive  beon  iloiiiir  nlinoat  any  tiling  eUe ;  bul 
hia  aagni'ilv  haa  been  pnived  by  the  woiidnrfiil  advan* 
tacea  wliic)i  have  reaiilted  lo  the  niition  from  canala. 
Clrntlnn  ahoiild  have  added,  lliat  he  ftireMow  the  Tt$mtrtt» 
of  the  nation^  ttnd  rnmmenffd  their  devrfojtetneni ;  if  not  ao 
riicioricttl,  it  would  have  lieeii  litciiilly  true;  and  aven 
Ih*  baauty  of  piophecji  ia  iu  fullilmcnt. 


a  lurmidabla  aqaadrwa  of  aklM,  mA  aa 
Iwalaa  ilHiMaantl  aian.     Lord   l<au>iwii  wa*  iwpla* 
c«il  hy   tiaiiaral   Alwrrombl*    wbo,    aarly   M  iba 
a|irln|  of  IV.'it,  wa*  r*iidy  lo  aiiur  itfwo  ih*  earn 
INtign  al  Iha  h»«d  ol  lllly  ihoiiaaml  iiieii,  ilia  aiuat 
puw«rl'ul  army  »««ra*en  In  Anient'*. 

Thraa  pulnia  uf  aiiark  waia  marknl  oul  fur  iM* 
eamiMlin  i  lb*  Aral,  hoiiialioiirn  i  Ih*  a*rond.  TW 
PonilrroKii  and  I'riiwn  I'uliil  i  ami  ih*  third,  I'oil 
l>ii  (jiieaiia.  l>n  ih*  llrai  »t|M>diiiun  Admiral  Baa 
rawen  aiiileil  iVuni  llalil'Ki  on  Iba  iihih  uf  Majr, 
with  a  llaai  uf  twenty  *hi|i*of  tha  lin*  and  elgbkita 
IVlgula*,  aail  an  ainiy  ol  l'uurl**n  ihouaamr  aHa« 
iiiiiUr  ih*  roinmaiiil  uf  (ianarnl  Amharal,  and  ani- 
«eil  bafiiia  Loulabuurg  on  lh«  Kd  uf  J  una.  Th* 
■iirrloon  uf  iIimI  plac*,  onmntawlail  Ry  iha  (.'botallaf 
lie  Druroun,  an  odtrer  of  euuraa*  and  aiparl«Ba% 
wiia  euni|NMeil  of  Iwu  ibuiiaaial  ilva  hiiiiilrad  NgB* 
liiia,  aided  by  ala  hunilrad  nillula,  Tha  barboM 
Im  Ing  iacur*!!  by  A«a  ahim  of  Iba  line,  una  ARy  gwi 
•hip,  and  tWa  IVIgalaa,  iliree  uf  which  wara  ttiafe 
iieruoa  Iho  muul'i  of  iha  baaln,  ||  waa  Ibund  naoaa 
aury  lu  luuil  al  aimia  dlatanca  fruin  ihr  luwn.  Thll 
lieiiiK  ell'ecled,  and  the  urilllpry  ami  aluraa  brough 
on  allure,  llenaral  Wull'e  waa  ilelarhed  with  two 
llioiiauiiil  iiipii  lu  aclae  a  |Mial  iicrupled  by  iha  anaiiijf 
Ml  the  Klnhllioiiaa  I'olnl,  I'nini  which  Iha  ahlpa  In 
the  hurliuiir,  and  the  fortillcalluna  In  iha  luwn, 
iiiIkIiI  he  ireiitly  annnyad.  On  Iha  apprunch  uf 
llinl  giillani  uAloKr,  'ha  |inal  waa  abiinduned  by  iha 
eiiPiiiy,  and  and  aevaral  ilrong  bullerlea  wara 
erprlpil  there  by  iheir  op|Minaiil«.  Apuruacha. 
wrre  iilao  miiilo  un  ilia  uppualla  alila  uf  llta  luwij, 
iiiiil  ihe  ali-KP  waa  prp**ed  wlih  reaululiun  and  vi< 
Koiir,  lliouuli  Willi  gri<al  caullun.  A  very  hiuvy 
rnnuuniide  being  kept  up  vgiiliial  the  lowu  and  l^«> 
vi'aaela  In  Ihe  harlmur,  a  bumb  Wii*  al  length  ael  oa 
Are  tind  bli-w  up  una  I'i  ihe  Iwrgeal  8hl|ia,  aiid  Ilia 
llninea  wrre  roinmiiiikaled  lo  Iwu  ulhara,  which 
ahared  Ihe  anine  fiile.  The  Kngllah  oilmlrwl  now 
arm  alx  hiimlrpil  men  In  bunta  Into  Ihe  harliuur,  la 
Illlike  an  Hlli'iiipl  on  two  ahijia  uf  Ihe  line  whkbalUI 
ri'iiiaiiied  in  Ihr  hiialii ;  one  uf  which,  being  agrouud, 
win  deairnved,  .mil  llie  iillior  waa  lowed  olf  In  lri< 
iiinph,  Thia  gnllmil  exploit  ni'llliig  ih-i  Eng.lak 
ill  eiiniplete  |Hiaapaalon  of  the  '"irhuur,  and  aonaril 
brt'iichei  being  iniide  pracllvu.M..  in  Ihe  wuika,  tha 
pliice  wu*  deeiiieil  no  Iniigri  defenalblt,  and  tba 
Kovernnr  olferi'd  to  ciiiitiiliile.  li  wn*  raqulrad 
tliiit  the  gnrriaon  bIiiiiiIiI  aurri'nder  na  priannrra  of 
wur.  'Hieaa  hiiiiilliuliiig  leriiia,  thuugli  ill  Iiml  ra< 
jpt'ted,  wrre  iilU'rwurda  accedud  lu ;  und  Lu'iiv 
lioiirg,  with  all  ila  nrlillery,  provlaluna,  ami  mllittti* 
atorca,  na  alio  laliind  Koyal,  St.  Juhn'a,  and  iheir 
dctienilenclea,  wern  pliiced  In  the  hand*  of  the  Kng- 
llah, who,  without  fiirthpr  difflcully,  luuk  iwaaeaalon 
of  till'  laliind  uf  (.'n|ie  Hrefnn.  The  cnnqiieror* 
found  Iwu  hiindn-d  und  twenty-one  plerp*  of  CKn> 
nun,  and  eighteen  niortnra,  wlih  a  very  large  qu'in 
tity  of  atorea  ond  ammuulllon.  1'ho  inhabllnnti 
uf  CH|ie  Ui'^fon  were  aenl  to  France  In  Kngllah 
Hhi|M ;  bul  ;he  gnrriaon,  aea  offlcera,  aailora,  iind 
niiirinea,  amounting  collectively  to  iieiirly  alx  thou< 
■und  men,  were  riirr'ied  priminera  lu  England. 

The  urmica  dcatinrd  to  execute  the  plans  agnlnil 
TicondcruRa  nnil  Kurt  Du  Queene  wrre  iippninted 
lo  ri'ii(le'../oiia  rcapectively  nl  Alhuny  nml  PhilndeU 
phia.  The  flrat  wna  cumiiiaudcil  Wj  (lenernl  Aher- 
crumble,  nnd  cuiialateil  uf  upward*  of  Afteen  lima 
Hand  men,  attended  by  a  furnilduble  tram  of  nrtilla- 
ry.  On  the  .'nh  of  July,  the  general  embarked  hi* 
triiopa  on  Lake  (SriirKe,  on  board  of  one  hundred 
and  twenty-five  whuin  linati,  and  nhie  hundred 
balteaux,  and  cnmniaiired  u|iemtiona  against  Ti- 
cnndrrogn.  After  dcharkntion  ut  the  landing  pl.ica 
in  a  rove  nn  the  west  ilde  uf  'he  lake,  thn  troop* 
were  funned  into  four  columns,  the  Hritiah  in  tha 
centre,  nnd  the  pruvincinis  on  the  Aanka.  In  thi« 
ordfr  they  marched  toward  the  Bitvunned  giianl  ul 
the  French,  which,  consisting  of  the  battulion  on- 
ly, posted  in  a  logged  camp,  ileatroycil  what  waa  in 
tlieir  |H)wrr,  and  made  a  precipitate  retreat.  While 
Abercrnnibie  was  continuing  ma  inarch  in  the 
woodn  towards  Ticonderoga,  Iho  i-nluinna  wern 
thrown  into  confusion,  and  in  some  degree  enlan- 
f led  with   each  other.    At   Iblt  junctnn,  Lord 


NORTH    AMRRIOA. 


mmTm  Mwy  tH 
ihIu  II  ««•  nfUf 
)»i,    tmly  m  tM 
ir  up*))  ih*  dtm 
^1  iiirii,  i>i«  mual 

I' 4. 

arkmi  iiHl  fur  iMf 
I  III*  ••riiii4.  'I'V- 
<l  iIm  Ihtnl,  Kort 
lun  Ailmirtt  Bat 
h«  UNih  «r  Mtjr. 
hna  ami  i>ttlM«M 
n  lliimMmT  llHat 
^iiihvnl,  ami  arrt* 
il  ul  JuM.  Tlw 
il  Rjr  III*  (.'iMftUw 
«  ■ihI  aiiiMrtaBM^ 
V*  hiimliml  NgH* 
IM,  Til*  bMMW 
Itii*,  (in*  AAy  gtm 
wbtch  wtMwiak 
WW  Ibuml  iMMa 
I  ihr  luwii.  Thli 
ikI  (iiir**  brguih 
iiKrIictI  wtlll  two 
|il*(lky  ill*  (iiciiiy 
vhlcli  III*  *lit|M  in 
im  in  ill*  luwn, 
III*  it|i|iri>iicli  of 
iibiiiiili>ii*d  by  III* 
K  biitlcrk**  war* 
nil*.  A|)iiruacU». 
•Ul*  ul'  III*  liiwtj, 
raaoliillun  aiul  vi< 
1.  A  vary  biiuvy 
I  ilia  tiiwn  and  Ibi, 
a*  al  langib  acl  ot 
'•I  ahllM,  aiiJ  iIm 
CO  olliitra,  wlileh 
kIUIi  ailiiiirHJ  now 
111  ibe  burbuiir,  l«i 
Iha  liiia  whiib  ilUI 
eU,  btUtfn  aaniuuii, 
a  liiwvil  oH  In  lri< 
•ting  tilt  Ehg.lak 
rhoiir,  umI  aovaril 

III  ilie  wuika,  tl;* 
rfviialbU,  and  lh« 

It  waa  raqiiirad 


tN  •  M  iIm  IiwhI  af  iba  rtglM  aanlia  autaimi,  f«ll,  •*•  ih*  bay  i»  lb*  romninntraitnn  b*lw**ii  Tanaii* 
•tdk  •  IMl  af  iIm  a^aMMM  luard  af  ih*  •«*my 
•ktab  il*ilb**a  hMl  In  ib*  wwhI  in  r««r**iMi|  Irmn 


.  mil  t|i«  *n*m*  ap*! 

ll*»rv«d«l«>  In  liaaplb*  Imltana  llanl  |il»n  rnnid  nut  h><-- 


lb( 


oa  priaonrra  of 

iiukIi  at  brat  r*« 

lu  s  and    Lu'ii*- 

lona,  and  mllliui* 

ubn'*.  and  ilicir 

mla  o(  III*  Kiii;- 

luuk  iWMcaiiiiin 

Th*   cnni|iirriir* 

iin  plrrra  of  cikll< 

vffry  large  qii'in 

The  InhabliiiaU 

ranca  In  Kngllah 

cera,  aallnra,  nnd 

npiirly  alx  lhou« 

:u  England. 

lb*  iilaiM  agalnil 

wrrn  mipoinleil 

ny  nnil  Phllnd«l> 

liy  (irnptnl  Ah*r- 

of  liftevn  tlioa 

e  tram  of  nrtil!*- 

I  einhiirked  lii* 

uf  one  biiiidred 

d   nhie   liundreil 

ion*  Hgainal  Ti- 

he  JHiiding  pliic* 

lake,  tbn  Iruop* 

be  nriliab  in  lbs 

flunk*.     In  ihii 

vanned  guHrd  ul 

the  battalion  un- 

lycd  what  waa  in 

ri>trent.    Wbila 

inarch    In  th* 

I'oluinna  wem 

le  degree  eolan- 

juncturai  Lord 


Lak*  Uaiiri*.  and  lmin*iltal»ly  allackad  ami  dl« 
■<aia*il  M,  killing  a  r»n«l<Ur»ht*  nnmhar,  and  taking 
.ta*  bun«lr*ii  ami  furl^'igbi  |i«lwinrr*.  'I'bi*  aiu' 
J***  vaa,  b«a*«*r,  d»*>l)i  |iurrbiM*d,  hy  lh«  Iiim 
*f  lb*  gallaal  nablcman  aba  lrt\  in  loaihng  lb*  ai 
laak.*  Tb*  Kngllab  army,  •IiImmii  ruiibvr  o|i|mi- 
(Mloa  Iwik  |MM****inn  a(  a  iniM  wllbin  tan  mil**  nl 
TMundamga.  AbcrrriimbU,  having  Ivarnad  frtiin 
Ib*  prlaonara  lb*  airanglh  oftb*  ananiy  al  that  lor- 
ir*aa,  aad  (Vnm  an  •Bgln**r  lb*  romlibin  nf  ibvir 
werkit,  raaolvMl  oa  an  linniaaltal*  atnrin,  and  mad* 
falilani  dtopnallbiB  for  an  aawtull.  Th*  liiMipa  bav 
lB|r*«*lir«l  anlara  in  niarvh  up  brUkly,  ru»b  unun 
Iba  •nam*'*  Itr*,  ami  r«wrv«  ib*lr  nan  nil  ib*y  hail 
paaaad  a  braaalaorh,  niarrliMl  in  ib«  auniili  wllb 
(faai  lalrapbllty.  Unlookail  for  lm|i*<liin*nia,  hua- 
a«*r,  occurr*ir  In  IVoni  of  lb*  lireuiiwork.  in  a 
•enakianibl*  dialanre,  tr***  hail  bcnn  Ivll*!  wllb 
iMIr  brancha*  niiiward,  many  of  wbli  li  <v*r*  abarii- 
anad  lo  a  point,  by  niaana  of  wlileb  tb*  aaaullanw 
wara  not  only  ralardad  In  Iheir  advanea,  but,  b*- 
camlag  •nlanglad  among  tba  bougha,  w*ra  r  "<iaa<l 
la  •  very  galllAi  Ar*.  rinding  U  Imprael  .'  .i  tu 
raaa  iba  braaalwork,  which  waa  •tgbl  or  nini  leal 
klgh,  and  much  timngar  than  hail  b**n  r*|ir*a*iil«d. 
U*D*ral  Ab*rcrunihl«,  after  a  conteal  of  near  four 
boura,  ord*r*d  a  r*lr*at,  and  ibe  n*tl  day  rrauiiiail 
bla  fonn*r  tamp  un  lb*  anuth  aid*  of  Lake  Oeorga 
Inlhkibrav*  but  lll-judgad  aaaaub  oeHilv  two  thou 
•and  of  lb*  aiaallanta  w*r*  killed  and  wounded 
vuil*  lb*  lot*  uf  the  enemy,  whu  were  rover*d  du- 
mil  iha  wbol*  acllun,  waa  liicnnalderable.  Oene- 
•ral  Abarcrumbia  Iminedlalelv  re-cruaa*d  Luke 
U*org*,  and  •Dllr*ly  abanduned  lb*  proj*el  uf  oiip 
lurhig  Tleondvroga.t 

Tba  campaign  waa  not  deallned,  however,  to 
chMM  with  aueh  III  aucrea*.  Colone<  linulalrret 
^poaad  an  aipadlllun  agalnal  Krontlgnac  i  a  fort 
wbleh,  by  being  placed  on  >h*  nurih  aid*  uf  Ibe  8t. 
Latvranca,  jiul  whara  It  kmuea  frum  Lak*  Unlarlo, 


vQMrg*  liowa,  lurd-viacounl,  waa  coiniiiaaitor  uf  tva 
(keiinair  Brilkh  iniupa  in  AiiMrka,  ami  waa  ili*  niiiai 
aapular  of  all  Iha  Iradara  of  Ilia  iirlliali  Aniiiaa,  la  lU 
•MllirU  wllh  FraiH-e.  Wki'ii  Ahrnroiiiliia  iimiIa  Ilia  al- 
Mall  OB  Tinondrruii*,  h*  M  Iha  van-(iianl,  aad  i^'ll  al 
Um  Aral  lira.  Ha  waaadiiiiml  hy  all  iha  imniat^iala,  Olil 
Hiark,  iha  hero  uf  UaaniiiKlun,  wlio  Iiihio  him  well,  faar 
•d  dial  h*  ahuulil  aul  hata  Imwii  a  true  whin  in  llie  rav- 
*lalion,  if  l^ni  liuw*  had  baan  aliv*.  ilia  il<  alh  waa 
aHMiraad  aa  a  pablki  ralainilr,  aad  iIm  Aiiirriraiia  arriii- 
ad  lo  loa*  Ihair  aplril  in  hia  (ill.    Tha  (omI  |>oiiula  uf  Maa- 

aachuaatlaeaufht  iba  iaferliun  of  trial' fr iha  atihlirra, 

aad  arected  a  niunumvnt,  by  permlMion  fur  iheir  ailiniml 
flanaral,  in  Waalmlnalcr  Alibay,  al  ihrir  uwn  a»|miap,<il 
iwohundiadandllfty  puundaalailing.  It  ia  ailll  alaiiitiiig 
hi  Waalminater  Abbay. 

I  Majur  Rogara,  wiih  hia  ranK«ra,  waa  in  ihia  baitir,  and 
aaknl  parniiaakin  lu  arour  Iha  wwala   befura   Iha    '- 


rajTUlur 
liuopa  were  Ivd  un  ;  bill  ihia  waa  nut  uranlail.  Major 
Robert  Kogera  wa.i  a  naliva  uf  l.oiuluiiilcrry,  ur  Oiiiiliur- 
loa,  in  Iba  alala  of  New  Haniiiahim.  Ila  waa  aarl^  known 
aaabravaaoldiar,  anilwaa  aiiili»ri>.ad  by  iha  Uriliah  Uov- 
•rninant  lo  raiaa  Bva  -x)mpan'.aa  of  ranarra,  aa  ilioy  ware 
called.  They  »«.i  itf;l  on  th«  frunlli-ra  for  winter  aa 
wall  aaaumnwr  aervica,  to  watrh  the  hoatila  Indiana,  whu 
aAaa,  ia  lb*  muat  incleinanl  araaiin,  made  allarka  un  the 
Jelhncalaaa  inhabilania  of  ihe  fTontlera.  Thia  limly 
of  Iroopa  waa  taken  from  the  boldaal  and  hanlieal  nf  the 
>eonianry  of  Iha  land.  They  were  doubly  anned,  and 
cirried  with  them  anor/-ahuea  and  akalaa  fur  aervica. 
Tliey  fenerally  made  ihair  head>quanera  al  llin  aiiiilh- 
*m  eilramily  uf  l^ke  (leurge.  Their  anuw-aliuea  put 
then.' nn  an  ei|uallty  wilh  their  fuea,  and  wilh  their  akulea 
Ihey  had  (raally  the  advantage  uf  llie  Indiana.  Htnrk, 
Putnani,  and  aeveral  ulhera,  who  were  dialinEiiiahed  nf- 
tarwarda  in  the  reviduliunary  war,  wore  Iruined  in  ihia 
icbool.  Some  uf  the  well  aullienticaleil  eiplnila  of  Ihia 
aardy  band,  aeeni  like  romance  lo  ua  in  Ihe  pn-aeni  day. 
All  alanK  the  bnrdera  nf  Lake  (ieiirre,  apota  am  ahown 
wnmthe  rangera  fouihl  deaperate  balllea,  in  iha  win- 
tar  aeaaon,  aomeilmea  with  mure  than  twice  their  niiin- 
leni.  Thia  corpa  fought  fnmi  ie»enleen  hiimlrcd  and  lifty 
fva  to  the  <kll  ol  Quebec,  in  aeveiiteen  hiindn-d  and  fifty. 
aiae.  Thev  weia  put  foremnal  in  battle  by  Aliercroin- 
blennd  Amneral,  anil  aunie  uf  them  were  arnt  tu  aaaiat 
Wolfe.  Rugera  alatea  in  hia  Journal  nf  ihnae  rninpnicna, 
that  their  pncka  were  fcenernllv  uf  Iwira  the  wFi«hl  uf 
Ihnae  eunimualy  carried  by  anidiora.    Many  uf  thia  band 

Criahed  in  itieir  frontier  campaicna.     Fur  annin  parlicii- 
«inlhalUk*flhi*mo*t  aiepilar  man,  aea  Alloa'a  Uio> 


In  aubjai'ibin,  ami  a.ia  lb*  ganerid  r*|Hwiiury  of 
aiiirea  fur  lb*  anemy'a  aeaiein  and  aoiiibern  |Miata.  1 
Ii4l*  in  lb*  evening  of  lb*  tMh  of  Aagiial,  Colonal 
Hrailalrerl  laiiilad  wllblu  »  mil*  ol  III*  place,  wllh 
Ihre*  thoiiaand  men,  alglil  plerra  of  cannuii,  and 
three  moriara.  The  k'leiirli  bad  not  antli'l|Mt*d 
an  atiaek  al  tbia  |iulni,  ami  th*  gafrtaaa  eunalaied 
uf  only  on*  hundred  and  Ian  men.  with  a  few  Indian 
auilllarl**.  Il  waa  liiipnaalf  .*  lo  liuki  out  lung. 
Colunel  llrailaireel  imaied  hi*  mortara  an  near  llie 
fort,  that  every  aliell  look  elferl  i  and  lb*  comman 
der  wxa  taiy  aoun  ubilgml  lo  aurrander  al  diarrallun. 
The  booty  conaMad  uf  alily  pieraa  uf  runnon, 
great  nuinnera  of  aiiiall  arma,  pruvialona,  military 
•lurea,  gniMla  In  a  targe  amuuni,  and  nili*  *rined 
veaaela  of  from  eight  lu  eighteen  gun*.  Culunal 
llradatr**!  d**iray*d  lb*  furl  and  veaaela,  ra-cro**- 
'  lb*  Ontario,  and  returned  In  the  army, 
llati  It  mil  b**n  fur  thia  furtunata  enlerpriaa,  iha 
unaeeuuRlabI*  deUy  In  pt*|iiirlng  lb*  *«padlllnn 
agalnal  I)u  ({u*an*  would  probably  have  lall  that 
Ibrt  a  Ibiid  Hin*  In  |Kiaa*aalon  of  the  enemy.  Il  waa 
nut  until  Jun*  Ihal  the  coinmaiider,  (leneral  Furbea, 
**t  uut  fiuni  I'blladalpbl*  l  II  wua  Hepiember  befur* 
Culunal  Waablnglun,  wllb  the  Virginia  regular*, 
waa  iirdared  lu  Jnm  the  main  binly  at  Kay'a  Tuwn  i 
and  iiwln^  to  the  dimrulilea  of  rulllng  a  new  road, 
II  waa  aa  lata  aa  November  when  tb*  army  apiieur- 
ed  before  Uu  (Jiieane.  The  giirriaon,  daaerted  by 
Iha  Indiana,  and  wilhuut  ndeipiale  mean*  of  defence, 
bad  eacai  eil  down  lb*  Uhlu  th*  evening  before  Ihe 
arrival  of  the  llrlllah,  whu  had  unly  lo  lake  puaaea- 
alun,  iherrfore,  In  the  king'a  name.  The  furl  waa 
aupplied  wllh  n  new  garrlaon,  and  the  name  chun- 

Sad  to  I'lllaburKh.  The  Indiana,  aa  uaual,  joined 
le  atronKral  aide.  A  peace  waa  vonehiiled  with  nil 
the  Irlbea  between  the  Dblo  nod  the  liikea;  and  the 
frontier  inhabltanta  nf  I'eniiaylvania,  Marylund,  and 
Virginia,  were  unc*  more  relieved  from  the  lerrora 
uf  Are  and  iculping  knivea. 

The  cnmiMlgn  of  17M  wna  highly  bonomble  tu 
tha  llrlllah  arma,  and  the  reaiilla  of  It  very  ImfHir- 
tn-Tt.  Of  the  three  ex|M>dillona,  two  had  completely 
aucceeded,  and  Ihe  lender  of  the  third  had  made  nn 
important  conqucat.  To  the  eiimmnnding  talenta 
of  I'itI,  and  the  cuulldenc*  which  ihey  Inapired,  thia 
change  uf  fortune  muil  be  chiefly  ultrlbuteil ;  and 
In  no  rea|iect  were  Ibeae  talenia  mure  atrlklngly  dia- 
plnyed  than  in  the  choice  uf  men  lo  execute  hia 
plana.  The  advantage*  uf  Ihia  cam|ialgn  bad,  huw- 
I'vur,  been  purchuaed  by  an  cx|)enaive  effort  and 
correaiMiiidlng  exiiaiiatinn  uf  pruvlnciat  itrenHtb  ; 
and  when  a  circular  letter  from  Mr.  Pill  lu  the  ae- 
veral governora  Induced  the  coloniea  In  reanlve  up- 
on making  the  muat  vigoroiia  preparatloiia  for  the 
next,  Ihey  aoon  diacnvered  that  their  reauurcea  were 
by  no  iiieana  cnmiiienauraln  with  their  xeal. 

Nolwllhatntiding  iheae  illfncultlea,  it  waa  reaul- 
ved  lu  aignull/.e  the  year  17.09  by  the  complete  con- 
nueat  of  Canada.  The  plan  ol  the  campoign  wua, 
tW  three  powerful  armlea  ahuuld  enter  the  French 
iwueaaiuna  by  three  different  route*,  and  attack  all 
iheir  atrong-holda  hI  nearly  the  aame  time.  At  the 
head  of  one  divialon  of  the  army,  Urlgadier-Uene- 
ral  Wulfe,  a  young  ofOcer  who  had  ilgnallzed  him 
aelf  at  the  ■lege  of  LoiiiabuurK,  waa  to  aacend  the 
St.  Lawrence  and  lay  aiege  to  Quebec,  eacorted  by 
a  atrong  fleet  lu  co-o|ienile  with  hia  trnn|M.  The 
central  and  main  army,  com()oae<l  of  Britiah  i  nd 
provinclala,  waa  lo  be  conducted  againat  Ticon.le 
rnga  and  f^rown  Point  by  (leneral  Amhenit,  the  new 
cotiimander  In  chief,  who,  after  making  hlmielf 
mnater  of  theae  placea,  waa  lu  proceed  over  Lake 
Chnmplain  and  by  the  way  of  the  Kichelieu  River 
to  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  aeacending  that  rlvor,  form 
a  junctinn  with  (ienernl  Wolfe  before  the  wall*  of 
Qiielicc.  The  third  army,  to  be  compoaed  prinei' 
pally  of  provincial*,  reinforced  by  a  strong  body  of 
frlendty  Indiana,  waa  to  he  rniiiinnniled  by  Oneral 
I'rideatix,  who  waa  tu  lead  thia  diviaioD  Aral  agalnal 
Niagani,  and  aftci  the  reduction  of  that  place,  to 


aenlanr*,  however,  lielny 


.1,  ■=he 


•  plan  thai  waa  well  wnrlhv  '  i  lli 
Iblai 


*»"     'n„ia*d  fww* 

m\  »<  I'ot 
*rrani*iii*nl  linmeduii-  «ili  .^f  w.v<  imi  11 
ilAcrd  I  while  the  niiir*  remote  ,,  -Haa  «a|iiht**«  » 
pruaiiei't  highly  laliulaled  loei'Hi^  iV  inibtlifHi  *< 
lb*  l*Ml*ra,  ami  lu  aruiia*  all  tli-  >'U\^ft,ft  of  {flM 
lriio|ia.  Il  I*  In  thua  affording  niuiivea  which  tend 
III  bring  phyaieal  forte  Into  moat  elferiive  and 
aavertng  erlion,  thai  Inlallerlual  au|i*rlurlly  I 
manll'«at,  ruafuundiag  tba  ealeulallona  of  nn 
minda 

Kaily  in  th*  wInUr,  (l*n*r*l  Amharal  e*N 
cad  pr*|i*ritlun*  for  hi*  (atrt  uf  tb*  *al*rprtaa  |  bM 
It  wu*  nol  till  lb*  la*l  of  May  that  bla  iruop*  wan 
•*a*iiibl*d  al  Albany  i  and  It  waa  aa  lata  a*  Ina  8M 
uf  July,  whan  b*  aiip*ar*d  b*fur*  Tirnndeniga.  Aa 
lb*  naval  aiiparlurlly  of  (Iraat  Hrltain  bail  |irav*a> 
led  France  frum  aending  out  ralnfurreinenia,  m>a« 
n(  the  |iu*la  In  ihia  quarter  wer*  abl*  tu  wiibataad  aa 

3 rail  a  fore*  aa  that  uf  (lanaral  Aniberal.  Tlean« 
•roija  waa  Immadlatelv  abaiMluaeil  |  tba  •aampia 
waa  foHowed  al  I'ruwn  Piitnl  i  aad  iba  aaly  way  la 
which  tba  aneniy  aeeined  lu  tbiah  of  pra*aryla( 
their  provlnaa  waa  by  ralardlag  lb*  KngUah  annjf 
with  abawa  of  raaialane*  till  tba  aatwin  ol  oparallaa 
ahuuld  ba  jNMl,  or,  till  by  tba  gradual  cuncaalrailaa 
of  their  force*,  tli*y  •huukT  baconi*  numaraw 
enough  lo  make  nn  efTeelual  aland.  Krom  Cratni 
Point  Ihey  retreated  lo  lle-uiix-NoIx,  whera  (iaiK 
eral  AmhertI  umleraloud  there  waa  a  body  of  ba« 
iween  three  and  fuur  thoiiaand  men,  and  a  llaa<  M 
aevenil  armed  veaaela.  Th*  Kngllah  nmila  graM 
exertion*  lu  aerure  a  naval  auperiurllyi  and  had  h 
nut  been  fur  a  aucceaaiun  uf  ndvara*  aturm*  upaa 
the  lake,  they  wiiiild  mual  iNrulinhly  have  accoai< 
pliahed  the  original  ileaign  ol  I'orming  a  junelton  ai 
(Quebec,  inatead  of  being  obliged  tu  go  inlu  wlnlat 
quarlera  at  ('rown  Point.  In  proaecution  of  tbaan- 
teriirlan  agalnal  Niagara,  (ieiieral  Prideaux  hwl 
eninarkad  wilh  an  army  un  Lake  Ontario)  and  oa 
the  Olh  of  July  landed  without  oiitMialllon  wllbia 
about  three  milea  frum  ihe  furt,  which  ha  InveMafl 
in  furm.  While  dlrecilng  the  u|ieratlana  of  llw 
•lege,  he  waa  killed  hy  the  burating  of  a  euhom,  aa4 
ti  1  cnmmand  devolved  on  Mir  William  JohmMli 
T>ial  (ieneral,  proaeculini^;  wllh  Judgment  and  ft- 
goiir  the  plan  of  hia  predecraaor,  piialied  the  atlaeb 
of  Niagara  wllh  an  inlrepldlly  that  aoon  briiughl  tka 
bealegera  within  a  hundred  yania  »t  Ihe  co«aia4 
way.  Meanwhile,  the  Kruiich,  alarmed  at  Ibadaa- 
ger  of  loalng  a  pnal  which  waa  n  key  tu  their  Intariat 
empire  in  America,  had  cullected  a  large  body  ol 
regular  irnopa  from  the  neighbouring  gairiaona  af 
Detroit,  Venango,  and  Preanu'lale,  with  which,  aad 
a  party  of  Indiana,  Ihey  reaulved,  if  poaalbia  to  talaa 
the  aii'ge.  Apprlaed  of  their  inlenllonato  haaard  a 
battle,  Uenerol  Jobnauii  ordered  hia  light  in(iinlry« 
aupported  by  aunie  grenadiera  and  regular  foot,  to 
lake  poet  between  the  catnraci  uf  Niagara  and  tha 
fortreaa  ;  placed  the  auxiliary  Indianaun  hia  Aanlu| 
and,  together  with  this  preparation  for  an  engaga* 
nient,  look  effectual  mvuaureafor  aecuring  hiallnai, 
and  bridling  the  garrlaon.  About  nine  in  the  mora 
ning  of  the  24th  of  July,  the  eneiny  appeared  and  tba 
horrible  sound  of  the  war  hoop  from  the  hoallle  ln« 
diana,  waa  the  aignni  for  battle.  1'he  French  cbar> 
ged  wilh  great  iniiieluoaity,  but  were  received  wllb 
Armneaa  ;  and  in  lean  tliaii  nn  hour  were  completely 
routed.  Till*  battle  decided  the  fate  of  Nlaganu 
Sir  William  Johiiaon  the  next  morning  opened  na« 

f[ociations  wilh  the  French  cuininandaut ;  and  in  a 
ew  hours  a  capilulalion  waa  signed.  The  gani* 
son,  consisting  of  six  hundred  and  seven  men,  wera 
lo  march  out  with  the  honnra  of  war,  lo  be  embar- 
ked  on  Iho  lake,  and  carried  lo  New- York  ;  and  Iha 
women  and  children  were  lo  be  carried  to  Montreal. 
The  reduction  of  Niagara  efTecluallv  cut  oflf  tha 
communication  between  Canada  and  Louisiana. 

The  expedition  agaiiiHt  the  cnpitui  of  Canada  wia 
the  moat  daring  and  iiii|)ortaut.     Strong  by  natura< 


embark  on  Lake  Oniurio,  and  proceed  down  the  St. 
Lawrence  against  Montreal.  It  ha*  been  observed 
by  a  recent  author,  "Had  the  clementt  baan  laid, 


and  still  alrunger  by  art,  Quebec  had  obtained  Iha 
appellation  of  the  Uibraltaruf  America;  andavaiy 
allempt  against  it  had  failed.  It  waa  now  COOH 
roandad  bj  Moatcaim,  an  oAcw  of  i|irin(piWw< 


THi  HitToir  or 


I  M  Mv  MM  kui  TM).  Ila  jHtlt*^  'Uhilf , 
I  |Im(  iIm  Ihibl**!  «mt  tmnt  ilitllMXiiiM  »ii 
■•  tf*  iHt*n  lit*  Muwi  •mvi'*mIiiI,  kihI  ■•)■••' lull)) 
•iMn  I iimiiitDxl  III  ntilonl  iiiiimU,  i|Iii»ihi|  Mtlh  rn 
ikiMliMin,  kimI  Kniiilima  iiC  (l"'.T'  ^Itirh  «  tiiliiil  h« 
ImiH  'Ikdivvr'il  Ml  lliMirrul  W  tin,  wliiia*  I'unilurl  ill 
l^uHUlHiurg  Ii4i|    ^iirKiivil   lit«   iiii«Mitiin.     Il«   up 

CDlnlail   lilin   )•>   niMiliirl  ilia  *«|i*ilil|iin,  kihI  t**" 
Un    for    Mvi'iiitx    Ilrlg4illrr    tiviirritU    Mum  Imi, 

TuOM<ll»Hil,   Itllll      Mll»««    I     1(11,    Ilk*   hlllt'nll,    «llllll( 

•imI  iirili'oi  Kiirljr  tii  l)i«  witiiiM  li«  •iiilnil  limii 
IlitlllWt  wiih  (Iglil  iImiii«imi|  tni<i|«,  hihI  iicur  lie 
UM  «f  Juim,  lAiiilml  llm  •liiiln  iiriiiy  imiiIik  ulfiiitliil 
(httfiilM,  »  Ami  iilil««ti«lii»  (jiirlirv,  Kimii  llil*  |hi 
•HIiHi  li»  I'litibl  Ink*  II  iiaiir  dihI  ilmllnrl  «iaw  uf  ill* 
•txlarl**  III  b*  iKvri'iiiii*.  'I'lirar  wiiri<  xi  gn'itl, 
llMt  *«*n  lb*  IhiIiI  mill  Mniiiln*  Wull*  |irrrKi«*il 
Ulut*  Id  l'»«r  itmn  In  I>><|mi.  hi  »  klirr  in  .Mr,  I'lil, 
wr'llvn  twliir*  •iiiiMiinii'lnt  ii|wr»iliiiw,  h*  •!••<  Ittrnl 
Iha.  It*  mw  hut  hill*  |mia|wrl  iif  rciliiitiiii  ih*  iiUrr. 
({iintwr  •limU  IIM  III*  hiirlli  •lili'  nflli*  Ni.  I.aw- 
r*lM'»,(ntliiin«Uliiil\in  iifiiirr  itiiil  lnwrr  Iiimii.  'I'll* 
loKsr  liiwn  ll»a  bolwioii  Ihn  ri>rr  •mil  «  IhiIiI  iiml 
'u4ljr  »inlii*nr»,  wliii  li  run*  iwndlrl  m  II  Ut  lit  tlia 
•••tw4ril.  Al  I'lwliiiiiif  lliw  «mliii'iii'«  I*  it  pluln. 
on  wliti'h  ill*  iiplMir  litwn  I*  •Itilnli'il.  Ilwluw,  nr 
twi  iil'lhiirlly,  la  III*  rirrr  Ml.  I 'hurl*',  whoa*  diiiii. 
Ml  I*  miii|li,  mill  wlioac  huiilia  uro  aipcp  dihI  hriili»n, 
Al  •  ahnrl  iltilmirr  furllirr  ilnwii  U  III*  Mniilinnri'n' 
cy  I  kixl  livlwfivn  llira*  iwii  rlrnra,  ami  rriirhliiK  I'riiin 
una  III  III*  iillirr,  »ii«  vni-iiiii|iril  llm  Kmirli  nrtiiy. 
•ininiilv  vnlriiiirlii'il,  uiiiIhI  laiiai  vijiiiil  In  niiiiilirr  in 
•hal  nfiliK  Knuliali,  (Ipiirriil  Wiilln  Innk  fHiaapa 
•ton  ill' Piiliil  laavl,  nn  lhi<  aniillKiiii  Inink  nC  III*  St. 
I,«wr«ii«*,  iiimI  llirr*  rri-rlnl  ballrrjpa  mialnal  lli* 
«ii>«n.  'I'll*  ntiiiinmiila  wlilrli  wiia  k*fH  ii|i,  tlinii^li 
It  ilaalrnjtril  iiiuiiv  Inniai  a,  tiiii<li<  liiil  lllll*  iin|ir*aaiiin 
on  llir  wiirka,  wlilrli  wrr*  Inn  alrnnil  Hliil  Inn  r*iiinl« 
Inh*  iiiiii*riiillv  iill'ri'lp'l ;  lli*lr  *la«iilinii,  Hi  III*  •.nil* 
llm*,  |ihii'lliii  lIlKlil  lirvnml  ill*  riMirll  ill'  ill*  11**1. 
ruiivliirnl  nl  lli*liii|Hi»>ihilil)f  til'rriliii'Inii  lli*  iilnr*. 
Unlrw  ll*  rniilil  »r*i'l  liiillprira  nil  III*  iinrlll  alil*  nl' 
Ih*  Si,  Ijiiwraiir*,  Wnll'n  aiinn  il*('lil*il  nn  iiKii*  ilii- 
ring  m*iiaiim,  Tli*  iinriharn  •linrn  nf  III*  ,S|, 
Lawmicp,  In  a  rnn«lil*r:ibl*  ilialanr*  iibnv*  ({iichpf 
li  *<i  hnlil  anil  nil  ky  aa  In  r*iiil*r  a  I  iiiiling  In  ill* 
hevofnii  riipiiiy  iiii|iriii'iii'iilil*,  ICiiii  atl*iii|il  wrr* 
mail*  Iwliiw  III*  liiwii.  III*  rivrr  Mnnlimirtiiry,  puaa- 
•fl,  mill  ill*  Ki'*ni'liilrl**n(Vnin  lh*lr  riiireiicliiiieiiia, 
Iha  St.  <  'liarl*a  wniilil  iirrarnl  a  i)«w,  anil  |irrli:i|M 
an  lii*ii|H>rnbli<  hiirrlrr,  Wllh  *v*ry  nbaliii'ln  I'lillv 
In  vlaw,  Wiiir*,  li*riil<'HllynlM*rvlnKlli>il  "a  vldnrr 
•iia  army  fliiila  no  iDDIcu'llI**,"  raanlmiil  lo  |iak«  lli* 
Monlnniranry  anil  briiiii  Munlrnliii  In  an  rnKagn- 
m*nl.  iniiiiraiinnr*  nl'lliU  rraiiliillnn,  lli)n**n  I'uni- 
panl*a  nr  Kiiiillali  umiailipra,  nn<l  |uirt  nf  III*  micoiiiI 
*allulinii  nf  rnynl  Aiiii'riciiiia,  wpr*  Iniiilril  ul  ill* 
mniitli  nflhat  rivpr,  whlln  Iwn  illvUluna,  uiiil*r  (la- 
nrmla  1'uwnah*n<l  nnil  Miirmy,  prp|Kirpil  in  rniaa  ll 
higher  up.  Wnir*'*  plan  waa  In  atlack  Ural  u  re- 
duiibt,  rlnan  tn  ill*  walpr'a  eil||«,  appnr*nlly  b*yonil 
.  anch  of  ih*  lire  rnim  the  *n*my  a  *ntr*nchtn*nla. 
In  the  b*li*rihal   lie  Kmirh,  by  Hllempllng  In  aiip. 

Eort  that  rortlflcalon,  woiilil  put  it  In  hi*  pnwrr  lo 
ring  nn  a  genenl  enKaReinenI ;  or,  If  they  ahoiiM 
aubmil  to  the  Inai  nf  the  rriloiibt,  that  he  could  af- 
tvrwania  examine  llieir  ailuallnn  with  cnolneaa,  anil 
alvnnlagenualy  r*i{ul»tR  hi*  future  nperatinn*.  On 
iheapiiroHi-hofthe  Hritiah  trnnpa,  the  reilnubt  wna 
cvacuatvil,  ail')  the  gpnenil,  nbi*rvin|;  anine  cnnfu- 
ainn  in  tlii<  h'rrnch  nnmp,  rhanK*il  hi*  orlKliial  pinn, 
■nd  ili!lrrinln*il  nut  tn  driay  an  atlack.  Untera 
were  iminpHialrly  deapatched  to  the  flenerala 
Townahend  and  Murnly  in  keep  their  divlaiona  In 
reidineaa  for  fording  the  rirer  ;  and  the  grenadlera 
and  royal  Americana  were  directed  to  form  nn  the 
beach  until  they  could  he  properly  auatalned.  Theae 
tmo|M.  Iinwcver,  nut  wiiiting  fur  aupporl,  niihed 
impeliiniialy  tnwani*  the  cnemy'a  entrenchmenta  ; 
but  tlicy  were  received  wllh  to  alrnng  and  ateady  ii 
Are  from  tho  Kreiich  muaketry,  thnt  they  were  In- 
Manlly  thrown  into  diaonler,  and  obliged  to  aeek 
■heller  in  the  rednnht  which  the  enemy  hnd  uhan- 
ttmtd.  Detained  here  awhile  by  a  dreadful  tliun- 
AMMorm,  hey  were  atill  wlthii  reach  of  a  acTere 


^  Af*  (Vmni  ib«  ^'r*«*h  I  ami  mimy  galtaM  ttltmn,  m« 
ptwtNg  ikair  |i*r*un«  In  •llt>n«ii«lni|  lit  liMm  Ih* 
IriMitai,  »»r*  lilll«d,  ih*  »N«la  I>m«  *m»MNilM(  In 
,  mM'ly  rtv*  hiiiHlr*>l  mi*m.  'Ilia  plinnl  iilliH'k  lialul 
'*>^>.  nmlljr  ill*.  iiiir«ri*<l,  ih*  kln^ltih  lUwrti  |ii«« 
iinlvta  liir  ri'|n«<alii|  lli»  lltai,  kihI  lalilllling  l.i  ill* 
lal*  III  I  )rl*iina. 

i  I  niii|iall*il  ll)  ihiinilnn  ilia  ullark  nn  lIlAl  alil*, 
Willi*  i|a*ni*il  lllll  itiltiiiiiiig*  itHnlil  maiili  Iriim  al 
;iriM|Ming  In  ilcaimy  ih*  Kixni'll  lb'«l.  itnd  li*  ilia 
itiM'linii  ih*  4li*Miiiin  III  Mnnli'^lni  Wllh  iuNiliinal 
ilratanla  n|Hiii  ill*  iiiirlh*rli  alinra.  Ilenatiil  Mnr 
ray,  wtlh  l«»l»*  liiinilrvil  man  In  lr.iiia|Hiiria,  iimil* 
Iwu  «li|nriiiia  hut  ahorllt*  itll*iii|ila  In  Uml  i  anil 
llinMlh  mill*  aiirri'aariil  In  III*  third,  ll*  did  iinlliinii 
mnr*  ilun  hum  »  niminiilii*  nfwuilik*  ainr**.  'I'll* 
■■ll*iny'a  llani  w4*  *ir*i'liially  aai  Mr*il  K||.illiai  al 
larka,  *lib»r  by  land  nr  b«  wnlar,  and  ill*  I'lininian. 
il*r  In  i'hi*f  wiia  agmn  i)bll^*d  i»  aiibmll  In  lli*  niiir- 
illtraliiiii  nf  1*1  iillliig  hia  lriin|M.  Al  ibia  Jiinriur*, 
liii*llla*ni-*  Hrri«*il  ihnl  Nliuura  wiia  iiilt*n,  llnil 
'l'liiindi<rni(ii  uml  Crnwii  I'nliil  hud  li*i'M  alunilnnnl, 
lint  ihiil  llaiirr^il  Aiiilieral,  Inalead  of  prvaaing  Inr 
ward  In  ihrir  aaalalunre,  wna  |ir*|Hirlni(  In  ailiiik 
III*  ll*  aiu  Nnia,  Willi*  Wnlla  r*|nli'*il  nl  ih* 
ti'unipli  nf  nf  hia  br*lhr*n  In  iiriiia,  h*  innld  not  avniil 
I'imtraalinii  tlieir  aiicrsa*  wnh  hIa  nwn  illaiMtrniia 
elfiirla.      Ilia  mind,  iilik*  Inny  and  aii«<'*|ililil*,    waa 


d**pl*  impr*aa*d  by  ili*  dWaalrr*  ill  ,Miiiiliiiiir*ni  y  i 

Ilia  p«ir*in*  anil'ly,  preylnc  iipnn  I 
rriini*,  a*naihly  allriled    lila    lieullh.     II 


and 


p«lr*in*  an<l«ly,  preylnc  iipnn  lila  dallt  .il* 

tt  «a   nil 

r«*il  l'r*<iiirnlly  In  ai|(h  I  iiml,  iia  If  III*  w  la  iiiily 
•iihliibl*  Willi*  II  iiitil*i|  In  Ilia  gbiry,  lin  d"i  l.iriMl  in 
hia  Inlluiiil*  l'ri*nda,  llial  ll*  wnitid  mil  aiirvl»«  ih* 
iliagrai*  wlili  h  h*  iiiiiiviiii'd  wnuld  alleiid  lli*  f nl 
ur*  of  hia  *nl*r|irl*p.  Nulhlng,  linwnvrr,  cnuld 
aliiik*  ih*  reauhilitin  nf  thi*  Valiant  cnniiiiiiiid*!',  nr 
Imliii'*  lilin  lo  iiliiindnn  III*  alleiiipl.  Ill  a  rniini'll 
nf  Ilia  prlnrlpiil  nllli'era,  I'lillnl  nn  tliia  crllii  ill  ni'iii- 
ainn,  ll  wiia  r*anl«*il,  ihiit  all  ill*  I'lllur*  n|H<riiltiiiia 
aliniild  hn  iilinv*  llie  town.  'I'll*  rump  al  th*  lal* 
nf  <>rl*an*  wna  nrrardlnuly  ahiiii<liiii*il  I  iiiid  III* 
whiil*  army  himlng  einhnrknl  on  bnnrd  ihn  lle*l,  it 
imrluf  il  waa  landed  at  Pniiit  Levi,  mid  a  |Mirt  high- 
er up  the  river.  Mnnli'nlin,  apiirvhemllng  iVniii  llila 
mnveineiil  that  Ih*  liivudera  mliilit  iniikn  ii  dlatanl 
drareni,  and  rniii*  nn  III*  bark  nf  ill*  iltf  nf  (jne- 
h*r,  d*larli*i|  ,M.  d*  llnui|invllln  wllh  lll'l**n  hun- 
dred inrn,  to  wiilrh  llu'ir  molinna,  iiiid  prr«*nl  lli*lr 
hindlng. 

lliilHed  and  hamiaaeil  In  all  lila  prevlntia  aaaaiilla, 
li*ll*riil  Willi'*  aeetiia  In  hav*  delvriiiliiml  In  llnlah 
ill*  enlerpriae  by  a  aingle  b<ild  and  ile*|ieral«  elfnrl. 
'I'll*  ndmlral  aiilled  anverni  leaguea  up  llin  river, 
making  ncraainnat  domnnatr.iiiuna  nl'  a  deaign  tn 
land  inioiMi  and,  during  ihe  night,  a  alinng  deiacli- 
meni  in  nal-biittuni*d  boala  fell  aikinlly  down  with 
III*  alremil.  In  ii  pnitit  iiliiiiil  a  mil*  iilinv*  llie  rily. 
'I'll*  bem'll  wna  alirlving.  Ill*  blink  high  niid  prrrl- 
iillnua,  mid  III*  only  path  by  wliirli  ll  roulil  lie  arn- 
ird,  waa  nnw  defended  by  a  rniilnin'a  giinrd  and  a 
battery  of  four  giina.  CiilnnrI  llnwp,  with  Ihn  van, 
annn  clambered  up  the  rncka,drnve  nwiiy  the  giinrd, 
and  ael/ed  upnn  llin  bnltery.  The  army  Imided 
ubiiiit  an  liuiir  befure  day,  and  by  daybreak  waa  mar- 
alinlled  nnihe  beighta  of  Abraham. 

Montcalm  could  not  al  Ural  believe  the  Intelli- 
gence i  but.  aa  aonn  aa  ha  waa  aaaured  uf  it*  truth, 
he  made  all  pnideiil  haale  lo  decide  a  bullle  whii'li 
il  waa  nn  longer  (Miaalble  to  avoid.  Leaving  hia 
ramp  al  Mnnlmnreney,  he  croaaeil  the  river  8|. 
Cliarlrawilh  tile  iiileiilinn  nf  nllucking  the  Kngllih 
army.  Nn  auuiier  did  Wnlfn  nliacrve  tlila  inove- 
inrnt,  than  he  began  tn  form  hia  urder  nf  battle.  Ilia 
troop*  cnnaiated  of  aix  bnttaliona  and  the  Lnuia- 
boiirg  grenadlera.  The  right  wing  waa  rumniand- 
ed  by  nnnenil  Monctnn,  and  Ihe  left  by  Oeneral 
Murray.  The  right  flank  was  coveied,  by  the  F^ou- 
iabourg  grenailiera,  and  the  rear  and  lelt  by  llnwe'a 
light  iiifiintry.  The  form  in  which  the  French  ad- 
vanced indicating  an  intvntinn  In  niitiliiik  the  left 
of  the  Kngliah  army,  (leneral  Tnwnalirnd  wna  aent 
wllh  Ihe  bnttalinn  nf  Amhcral,  and  tlio  two  hatlal- 
inna  of  rnynl  Amrricnna,  tn  that  pnrt  nf  Ihn  linn,  and 
they  were  formed  en  jtottnte,  an  aa  to  preaont  a  double 
^9nl  lo  Ihe  eoemjr.    "The  body  ofreaerve  coiulit*4 


lef  mm  n%  mimm,  4fe»»  •!»  »•  etflM  4MitMit  •!•■ 
llafg*  Iniarviib.  Tli*  dM|MMlttaHM  nMtte  by  tiM 
\  Kkiii  h  liaiiaral  wara  iiol  laa*  maaiarly,  Th*  fMlM 
,  and  \»n  wniga  •*«*  mniiaMad  abainl  *i)H«lly  nf  ti** 
'  ro|ia4n  ami  mlnnhtl  irim|M.  The  aanire  vnnaialeil 
'  III  »  rulnmn,  lorniad  «f  Iwn  kallalloiM  nf  rvgHkr*, 
^'lll**ii  hnmlreil  Imllan*  a  id  Canidlan*,  *«rallaHl 
iiMrkanicn,  advanrlng  In  Irnni,  ivraana,!  by  aiti. 
rniimllng  Ibli  k*la  began  ilia  lialll*.  Tli*ir  ilir|N> 
t.ir  III*  (ifntpd  f.ilal  In  many  Hilllah  nlDrrra,  but  II 
waa  a<Hin  ailiin  *>l  by  lb*  alaailv  III*  of  llw  Knallall. 
.VIhmii  lllll*  In  III*  innrning  ill*  mam  body  uf  lite 
('ram  h  adtamad  bilakly  In  lit*  rliarga,  anti  Ih*  a«* 
lion  atHin  bernitia  g*n*ral  .MniilraliM  having  labtn 
IMMl  nil  ill*  l*l>  of  Ih*  ^'ii'iirb  army,  ami  Wnll*  an 
III*  riglil  iilllia  Kngllali,  il.'  Iwn  U*n*r4l*  mat  *««h 
iilher  whar*  iha  balll*  »  i<  iiiiial  a*«*>a,  Th*  Kn- 
gitali  lrno|n  laaerved  llieir  Dr*  until  llta  I'ranrh  heal 
adviinrad  wMliin  forty  yanla  nf  lh*lr  Una,  antl  lhe«| 
by  a  g*iiaial  ilMrlMrg*  iM*d*  l*rrlbU  havue  amaaf 
lliair  rwnka.  Tha  Ar«  nf  ih*  K.ugliali  wa*  vtgBfW>i 
ly  m«litlulii*d,  and  Ih*  vnaniy  *«ary  whare  yieliM 
In  II.  liiMirrtil  Willi'*,  who,  *i|MMail  In  Iha  AwM 
nf  Ilia  bnilallniia,  had  b**n  wnundad  In  the  wrtat,  ba< 
Inlying  nn  ayni|iinni  nf  |Mln,  wrap|iad  a  hamiber* 
rhl*f  riiMiid  hia  arm,  and  ronllniied  In  •neaurafeMl 
iii*n.  Hnnn  al1*r,  h*  i*c*lv»d  a  ahnl  In  the  grola  | 
bnl,  rnnr*nling  ilia  wound,  he  waa  iw*aa«n|  an  al 
Iha  ti*ad  nf  bla  grenaill*!*  with  Itaml  hayunala,  wh"! 
a  lliird  ball  pl*ri'ed  hlabrenal.*  Th*  arm*,  nnldl^ 
roiirvrtvil  by  hia  fall,  runliniiad  th*  ariliin  UMfet 
Moiirklon,  iin  whom  Ih*  rnmniaiid  now  devulvxd, 
bill  who,  ri'iiaiving  a  ball  ihrnugh  hi*  btiily,  aoo* 
yivbli'il  ill*  rniniiiand  In  llanarti  TawnaliaiMi, 
Mniiliiiiliii,  lighting  in  frnni  uf  hia  ballaliuna,  r*eilv< 
nl  It  mortal  wniiud  abnul  iIm  aame  lima  I  and  lla-ie< 
rnl  Seiie/.rrgiia,  ih*  a*rnnd  In  command,  alao  fill, 
Th*  llrlilali  llreiiiidiera,  iireaaed  on  with  their  b^n 
ii*la.  Ileiivrul  Murray,  lirlakly  advancing  wllh  ilw 
Irnnpa  iinilrr  hia  dlrerlinn,  brnk*  the  centre  uf  the 
Krenrh  army.  The  lllglilandera,  drawing  their 
brnadawnrda,  rnmiileted  lb*  cunfualon  uf  ilia  rn«> 
my  I  and  aOer  linving  Inal  their  Ural  and  aeconii  In 
rnmiiiand,  the  right  ami  renire  of  the  French  frlit 
entirely  driven  from  ill*  lt*ld  i  and  the  left  waa  fol- 
biwing  III*  *«niniil*,  wh*n  llouganvllle  aiipeir*! 
In  the  rear,  wllh  llin  lllleen  hiindrad  men  wlio  had 
been  aent  In  nppnae  the  l;itiding  of  ih*  K.ngllatl. 
Two  butlullnna  nnd  Iwn  pirre*  nf  artillery  were  ill*- 
lurhrd  III  iiirel  him;  hut  he  retired,  and  the  Hriliiali 
lriin|M  were  1*1)  the  undiapulml  maalria  of  ill*  (ivM, 
The  biaa  uf  the  Krenrh  waa  much  greater  ihantlial 
nflhe  Kngllah.  The  rnriM  nf  Krenrh  regular*  wa« 
nliiinat  riillrrly  niinlliilnled.  The  killed  and  wnun< 
lied  uf  the  Kngllah  nrmy  did  nut  aniuuni  lo  alx  hun< 
drril  men.  Alllimigh  Ijuebec  wna  alill  airnngly  d»> 
Iriided  by  ila  fiirlillcullniia,  and  might  |Miaaibly  ba 
relieved  by  llniigalnvilla,  ur  frum  Mnntreu.1,  ye| 
llenerni  Tnwiiarnd  had  acarcely  Aniahed  •  rwad  la 
Ihe  bank  In  get  up  hia  heavy  nrtillery  fur  <k  aiege, 
when  the  inlinbitunia  capitulated,  on  condition  thai 
during  Ihe  war  they  might  atill  enjoy  iheir  own  eiil'. 

*l>n  rprri>in(  hU  miirlal  wouml,  Wulfa  waa  conva* 
ml  iiiiii  III"  n-ar,  wliora,  rarrlsaa  about  biuiaelf,  h*  «•• 
oii>i<raii.  111  III*  aKiiiiiaa  iif  rfealli,  th*  niual  laxiuu*  aelk 
I'lliiija  rnnrpniiiig  Ilia  fill*  of  III*  ilajr.  f  ram  Pilraaia 
fainlneaa,  be  li*4  rvt-linrtl  bit  heail  no  ih*  ami  nf  aa  a/ 
Hror,  bill  waa  MMin  aniiiami  by  lb*  cry  of  "'I'bay  ty, 
Ihiiv  Hv!"  "Wbo  ty '"  •lolaiinad  ihn  dying  btro, 
"  'I'ha  Frenrh,"  anawrred  bla  ailanilaiil.  *  Tbeii,"  mIiI 
b«,  "  I  lli*  o»nl*nt*il,"  and  itiinimliataly  ei|iirml.  A 
ijaalh  ilfiir*  full  of  niililnry  nlorv  baa  irliloiii  lie«D  r*- 
rorilnil  by  Ibn  |wn  uf  lb*  bialorian,  or  calabralml  by  Ih* 
(irni'il  of  llm  palmer.  Uarnnil  Wolto  w*a  only  thirty. 
Ihra*  year*  iif  an*.  II*  powMaami  Iboa*  military  uUai^ 
wlili'h,  wllh  III*  adiraniag*  uf  yaar*  and  ouportiiniiv  al 
arliiin,  "  10  iiioderat*  hia  anhiiir,  aapanil  lilt  flieuilie*k 
and  giv*  lo  bla  inliilllv*  ii«r<^i>pliun  and  oieiilillc  knaw< 
Ifdf*  th*  cofr»cln»aa  of  Jiidgmant  perfcrind  by  *>|wri' 
em'*,"  would  ba<ii  "placed  liiin  on  n  Irvel  with  Ih* 
inoat  cnlnbraird  (onerala  of  uny  a|s  or  nail*.  "— Moot- 
rnlin  waa  evrry  oay  worlhv  lo  l>«  a  toinpeun..  ol 
Wiilfn.  Il«  bail  Ihn  iriieat  niitilary  vrniua  of  any  oflU 
ciT  whom  tha  Frenrh  hnd  e»*r  «iiipl(iyi<d  in  Ainerira. 
After  b«  bad  remiveil  hia  mortal  wound,  lie  waa  cat 
rieil  inio  Ih*  I'ilr  ;  ami  when  inroriiMiil  Ihat  il  waa  inor- 
till,  hl«  ri-ply  wn«,  "  I  am  (jlnil  of  il."  On  lieini  told  thai 
beciiiililaurvivaliula  fa*  boBrn,  "  So  much  lb*  beltar," 
hn  ri'plii-il,  "I  iliall  uo;  limn  live  lu  IM  lb*  anin 
of  liuiibaa." 


__^      mm 

nty.  Tb*  iMkt 
I  ••iMnlly  •(  Ka> 
«■«)>•  •itiMMail 

mIimM,     •«|I«|||IH| 
'rvKHxl    h)p    aili. 
'I'li»(r  ilif^N- 
li   Mltlrrr*.  hill  II 
»  irfltM  Knillali. 
Milt  thiilt  ii7  lit* 
ir|*,  uml  (Ik  m- 
tlw  tta>tM|  uMlii 
',  (ml   Wnll'a  »m 
rn»t»\«m»t  mmIi 
»•»•.     Th«  Kn- 
lit*  I'rvnrh  Iia4 
r  hii»,  ami  lIlM, 
■  huftx  •nMag 
ih  WM  tt|nrn— I 
r  whura  jrl«Mi4 
Mil  In  tha  iVmN 
In  Ih*  wrM,  !•• 
|i|M)|  a  hamlkar- 
lit  •nrnurag*  M( 
>t   In  lh«  iroiii  I 
iwaMlng  tin   M 
najruncta,  wllna 
I*  Mrni*,  Milili*i 
w  (riiiin  umfM 
il  now  ilrifolvti^, 
Ilia  IhmIjt,  Mill* 
il    TuwnalMiMl, 
itlalluna,  raeilf- 
ima  I  and  (>a'M« 
initnil,  alao  f'tll. 
arllhlhalr  Im^o 
aiicing  with  iIm 
ha  raiiira  ufllia 
ilrawlnii   Ihair 
ilun  of  ill*  rna< 
•nil  arrond  Ik 
la  Kranch  wt-r* 
lia  lal)  WM  fn|>- 
i«lll«   aiipairad 
man  wlio  hM 
iba   KngMi. 
Illary  warn  ila. 
anil  ilia  HniiMli 
tra  oftha  (ivMi 
rantar  Ihnntlial 
ra|iiliira  mat 
'il  and  Mraun« 
mil  In  lU  hun< 
ill  iirunKljr  d*> 
hi  poaalbly  bn 
Moniraa^,  ya| 
had  •  rwad  la 
ry  (tit  It  liaia, 
rnnilleion  that 
Ihair  i"wn  citi; 

t*   warn  coDTta 

himaair,  liaijb> 

Il  tailuua  wiki 

from   aalraaM 

arm  of  aa  at 

i)f   "Thay   ty, 

iNinK    haroi 

-  riiflii,"  Mid 

y    tipiml.     A 

'lilmii    liMS    »• 

labnlxil   by  Iha 

an  only  Inlrty- 

niljlarjr   ulaai^ 

oiiponunily  al 

I   bit  Awullkiik 

Iniilifie   kiwar- 

nnI  by    aapari* 

Iml    wlih    Iha 

WlM>  "— MoBl- 

(uinpaunt.   ol 

•   ot  any  ofR* 

i  in   Ainarlra. 

Im  waa  car 

t  il  waa  inor> 

M>int  mill  Ihal 

;h  Iha  bt-itar," 

Iba   lurraadM 


NnRTII    ANRRIVA. 

ttd  ••UilMH*  ilakta.      A  iMrftwiii  M    Ata  ikoMaaiHl  «ulla«  In  nilngla  ilia  |iiililk«  •>!  H|iiiin  and   wf  liar 
gtmwm  lafl  HHaTar  tianaral   Mwiriiy'    *»4  lh>  (laalJHMny  •Ith  ill*   illa|Hilaa  balaaait  ^'rana'a  and  Uraal 
■Ml  of  ika  Mt.  I.aoranaa,  Nrtuin.       A   urral    IWnillt   inniiMMI    baiaaan    ika 

Til*  IWII  u(  l^iiahx' did  nwi  lmiiit>'<'«M'lT  iiriHlNra^  IkniilHina  In  aiiiiiMirl  cki  li  »iliar  ihniHgh  a«d  and 
llm  aitknilaaiiin  ul '  aiiadit.  Tilt-  iii-"  «'  (wxly  of  ihajuxnid,  In  (ivarii  koiI  In  wnt.  h«l  randaiail  N|MM  da- 
)'r«Mrh  aruty,  alilvh,  altar  iha  lioilli     .n  iha  (ilalna  aiaou*  nf  arnr,  «imI  iimIiici'iI  rriimaiini*  iiHita  lu  Iry 

li»f  lorliiii*.  \«  llm  liilrrxU  »(  Iha  l»o  nallwna 
wrra  ti«w  |i|imiIi(W<I,  II  only  raoMliiril  fur  Kn(l>in>l 
I'l  niiika  *  liirinil  ili-riitriiiiiin  ill  liiialllll)i  a^Aliial 
M|Ktln  'I'll*  tiiliiol»a  III  Sfw  (liiiiliiMil  balni  rlilalty 
iniaraalad  In  iliarailiirlliiii  ol  ilir  Wrai  ImiIi*  lalmida, 
riirillaliail  4  loiwlilriilila  hnily  iil  Iiiiii|h  In  mrry  un 
Iha  war.  A  I'lrija  llrri  wit*  iliajntli  linl  Irnni  r'lia- 
land  I  Iha  land  Inn  »a>tiiiiiiinl*il  In  ai«ir>'nlhnuMndi 


•f  Ahrahiini,  rallr>d  In  Mnnlraai,.  j*l  whli  h  alill 
aooaiatvl  III  Ian  baiullnna  ol  raKMilira  Hml  baan  r« 
laluraad  by  ai«  lliwiiaaiid  I  aoitiliwii  inllllla,  iind  i 
biMl«  iif  tnilinna,  Wllh  Ihaaa  |i,rf<>«  M.  da  l,a«l, 
•hn  bad  aitrraadail  ika  Mari|nla  ilr  '  ">li'alni  in  lli« 
rhiaf  rommand,  raaadrad  In  iilllaiin{,  lia  rarnrarl* 
ofl^iiahaa,  lla  bad  bn|HHi  ln'ati>>  i  >•  iiUaa  by  j 
^|^>i|ida  main  during  ika  winlai  i  Hvii,  nn  rarnnonil 


•ring,  baToiind  iha  iMtl|MMla  an  wall  aariirad,  anil  llii:   anil   balnra  Iha  and  nf  Ilia  axionil  yrar,  Uraal    llrl 


■otariior  a«  tlgllant  ami  ««il»»,  ihil  ha  |tnai|Niiiaii 
Inr  Miariirla*  miHII  aprlng.  In  ilaa  mnnih  id  A|iiil, 
whi«i  lb*  Mmwr  pari  of  iha  'Mi.  (.awranra  wna  an 
•iian  aa  lu  adnill  a  lrana|NirlHiiHin  liy  walar,  hia  ar- 
Hilary,  inllllary  ainiaa,  anil  hrary  haggaga,  wara 
•mbaikad  al  IHonlraftl,  anil  Ml  down  iha  rlrar  un 
dar  aiimroy  of  all  I'rlgiilaa  i  aigf  M,  da  l,a«l,  altar  a 
■larrh  of  Ian  day,  arrlrail  with  hia  army  al  I'olnl 
■II  'I'raiiihia,  within  u  law  liuljaa  of  Ijiiahar.  liana 
ral  .Murray,  lo  whom  Iha  viira  of  imtlnlnlning  ilia 
Kngllah  I'oniiuaal  hint  hrvii  anirtiaird,  hud  inkan 
tvary  {iraraullnn  In  itraaarric  il  i  bul  hia  lmo|M  had 
wHkrad  an  murh  by  iha  aairama  rohl  of  iliawlntar, 
tfml  by  iha  wani  of  ragrlublaa  and  fraah  |iro«ialona, 
lltal  InalaiHl  of  Itra  llinuaun<l,  iha  original  niimhar 
uf  Ilia  garriann  llinif  wara  iiol  al  llila  lima  nlinra 
ibraa  ihoiiaund  inrn  fil  fur  arrrii  a.  Wllh  iIm*  amiill 
bul  ralianl  body  Iih  rrwilvad  In  marl  ilia  I'luvmy  in 
lb*  llald  t  and  on  lh«  VIMll  nf  April,  iiiiirrliml  mil  lo 
Iha  halgbia  nf  Ahruliuiii,  wharr,  iir.ir  Miliary,  hn  iil- 
luckad  iba  Kranadi  uiiiirr  M.ila  liovl,  wllh  grruliiii- 
^uiiallv.  lla  wii«  rrraivad  with  llimnraa  i  iind 
•Aar  •  liaraa  aniuMinlar,  Itndinit  himaalf  niilrtankad, 
•sJIndingar  of  haing  aurrnuiiilail  by  aii|iarinr  niiiii' 
ktn,  h*  callad  nif  hia  lron|M,  iiiid  ratlrad  inlii  iha 
glly.  In  Ibia  arlinn  Ihr  Inaa  of  ilia  Kngliah  waa 
MM  «  thntiaaiid  mm,  itml  lliiil  of  Ihn  Kraiieb  allll 
gmiar.  Tha  Kranrh  grnrrul  loat  no  lima  In  Im- 
■ro'lng  hladctory.  (hi  tha  vary  availing  nf  Iha 
•■Ills  h*  niMinad  iranrhaa  liafnrn  Iha  Inwii,  hut  it 
Iru  iha  lllli  of  M^y  Iwfont  ha  rould  mniiiil  lila  hat- 
toriaa,  and  bring  liia  giina  to  liajr  on  Ilia  fortillnn- 
lluD).  Ily  tliiil  tliiif  (lanariil  Murray,  who  had 
kaan  iiidrfallgnhla  in  Itia  riarliniia,  hnil  cnm|ltalail 
■(inia  outworka,  anil  |'.).iMtail  an  niimarniia  an  artil- 
Irry  on  hia  rumparta,  rhul  hia  lira  wiia  very  iiiiiarinr 
lo  that  of  the  baaiegrra,  and  In  a  manner  ailancad 
Ihair  haltvrlaa.  A  llriliah  flaal  miiat  n|iporliiiip|y 
■nlvlngafew  ijaya  iiflrr,  M.da  I^avi  Iminrillntrly 
nlardllin  aiagi-,  nnil  prrripitiilaly  n-llmd   In  Mnn- 


llrra  ilia  .Miiniiila  iIk  Viiiiilrpiiil,  gnvariior 

iiil  lUril  hia  liKHil  iiuiirlcra,  and 

ilalarmined  lo  iniika  liia  laat  aland,     ■•or  tlila  piir- 


Iraul. 

genend  of  ('uninU,  hi 


|Miai<  he  rulleil  in  all  hia  deluoliimi'nta,  and  cnllrcled 
■round  him  the  wholn  fnri-a  iil'iha  polniiy. 

The  Kiigliali,  on  the  itllirr  hand,  wi-re  reanlvnd 

upon  llie  utter  nnnihilall f  llir  Kn-nili  |Kiwrr  In 

Ciiiiada  i  and  Ueneral  Aiiiherat  |>rp|nreil  lo  nver- 
wiirlm  it,  with  an  irrealalihli"  auparinrilv  nf  nninhera. 
Aliniiatou  the  aiiiiie  ilav,  Ihii  uriniea  from  <iiieliec, 
(Vom  LiikeOnlnrio,  aniflVnin  hake  Chumpliiiii,  were 
cunceiitmted  before  Montreal  :  a  rnpitiihitinn  waa 
Iminailiiitelv  aigneil ;  Detroit,  Michiliinarkinac,  and 
Indeed,  all  New  Kmnce,  aurrenilered  lothe  Knuliah. 
The  Krenidi  tron|ia  were  to  be  carried  hnina  ;  iind 
the  Caniidiuna  tu  retuiii  their  civil  und  religiuua  pri- 
vilrgea. 

The  hiatory  of  modern  Europe,  with  whnae  de*> 
liny  thill  of  the  colonies  wua  cloaely  interwoven, 
inny  he  ileaignaled  na  llwe  nnnala  of  an  Interininnlila 
war.  Ilcr  aovereigni,  ever  having  the  oily  wonla 
ofjience  on  their  lipa,have  aeldotn  had  recourae  lo 
(lie  olive  bmnch  hut  aa  rhe  aignal  of  a  Iruce,  Ihe  du- 
THlion  ofwliich  ahouhl  be  coeval  with  the  relnvign- 

nii I   iiiilitury  atrength.    It  waa  thu*  with  Kranre 

on  the  preaent  orcaaiun.  Kqiially  unsiiccoaaful  on 
outh  conliiienia,  and  exhauateil  liy'her  alrcniiniia  ami 
eontiimeil  i>n'oria,  ihe  waa  at  length  induced  lo  inako 
overlurea  of  peace  :  and  every  tliinj^  leeined  lo  be  in 
a  liiir  train  for  ndlustinent,  when  the  treaty  waaaud- 
Mnljr  broken  oKbj  an  attempt  of  the  court  of  Ver 


Inn  hail  taken  iha  iiniHiriaiil  illy  nl  llavant,  iha 
key  o(  the  Maali  .in  Hull,  IngKlhar  Willi  ih*  ('rmrh 
lanvlnraanf  Marllnl<|iie,  (tivMiiila,  Hi.  I.uria,  Nl. 
VinranI,  and  ih*  ( 'arilii '    IiI.iimU. 

The  firogrraa  nf  lh»  llriliah  rnn(|Uaala,  whieh 
thraalanad  all  Iha  ramaining  rnloiilid  |Mnaeaalima  of 
Ihair  op|HMienla,  waa  arrvalad  by  pmliiiilniirT  artirlaa 
nf  |ip>ii'i>,  whii  II,    Inwitrila  lh«  I'lna*   nf   1704,    wi>ie 

Inlari'i kimI  ,iI  l-'initainlili'uii  tirlwren  ilia  miiilalera 

nl  I  Irani  llriLiiii,  Kriim'a,  und  S|hiIii,  On  tha  lOlh 
nf  Kahruary,  In  Ihe  rnllnwlng  yaiir,  «  ilafliilllve  treaty 
of  |wac«  waaaigirad  al  I'aria,  and  auon  iDar  ralllled.* 


•  "  Tlia  aritiiialiitma  nf  (Iraal  Hrllain,  holh  fnwn  Vnnrm 
aicl  M|Miii,  iMi  iliK  I'liniiiicnl  iif  Nmlli  Aiiirtka,  r>ialiil>liril 
liy  lhi«  lr>aly,  wlii'lli«r  llwy  Im  i.iiKiiliri'il  In  rKlnimn  In  IIik 
|>iillll«*al  iir  ■■.iiiiiiH'rflHl  iniarnau  .,1  tlia  )tnri.|ii  .■ntiiiirv.  ur  in 
rwliiiinn  In  iIm*  aiilira  Iiiii.ri.«i4  nlllif*  Aiiii.rl<'aii  mMniiii.*, 
iiii'riia|i«rlli'iilar  allKiiiinii.  Kt'ry  arlii  la,  ihnrnliira,  wlmli 
JiKM  r<'a|H<i)i  In  AitM'riia,  la  aiili|niiiM.|  III  Ilia  wiirja  ot  llm 
Ifnt*. 

Ily  iliK  am'nii.|  arllilr,  I'rani'a  yniiiini  riand  fiiaraalMa  In 
llra.ll  llrllnin  nil  .>.i>a  H.iiiiii  nr  A.'n.ii*.  ami  liki'oian  I'aii- 
a.la,  IJM*  l«l>i  of  ra|i«  llri*luii,  ami  all  iillirr  i«Uiiila  In  ilia 
fiill'jml  ffivar.if  Hi.  LHwrvm'*. 

Ily  llio  lliinl  aril.  Ir,  Il  la  ■lipiilalml  ihal  iha  f'rvnrh  aliall 
liavii  iliK  tilH'rly  iif  lialniiii  ami  ilryliia  nii  a  |iarl  iif  Ilia  ialaml 
nf  Nawr.Mifi.llaiMl,  aa  bihtIIIviI  In  ilia  ililrlavnili  arlli-l*i  nf 
IliM  ln*iily  III'  I  irr.'iii  ;  ami  tlia  IVaitt-h  iiiny  aUn  Hall  In 
llirgiitl.ir  Hi.  l,awri-ii.'M,  an  aa  llii>y  .in  iinl««i.n'|N<i  Ilia  aaiiia 
lull  at  liia  .ll-lnitcn  ttf  lliraa  laiiKUna  I'ntin  all  llm  i-iiaala  li**- 
liMiuIn^  In  (Irral  Mriiaiii,  aa  wi*!!  liinav  nrihariinlln<>nl.  a« 
tlinai.  Ill'  Ilir  ialamla  In  llm  aiiiil  a itlf,  Aa  In  whal  ralalaa  In 
llwi  lialmry  iiiil  nf  Ilia  aaiil  xiiir.  llm  I'ramh  ahall  (.H'maa 
lliii  Hrtiim.  bill  al  llm  illMiam-ii  nf  lHli.rti  Ifaguaa  I'rinn  Iha 
<iia«i  nf  llm   lain   nf  <'a|i«  lln'Km. 

Ily  ill*.  t'Mirtli  artii'li',  llr*'ai  Hrilnin  railaa  In  Frani*e,  In 
M*rvM  aa  It  alMlmr  fnr  itm  l'Vm*li  rtNh<*ritirn,  ilm  iaiiimla  nf 
Nl  I'virraiiil  Mii|ii.'l.in  ;  ami  liia  iiinal  I'iirlaiinii  .Majealy  ab 
aniiil.'lv  iMuatfi-N  li.il  In  I'orllly  llm  aaiil  ii.laiiila,  mir  In 
any  nllmr  liiill.liiiita  ilmrt' 


tin 


laft'.Mi,  bul  iimri'ly  fnr  llm  ni 
kiirp  iinly  a  (uara  nf  Itlty  n 


inyrnmnra 
nmn  fnr  llm 


if  llm  liali.'ry  ;  nni 

|Kll|. 

Ily  llm  >i>lli  arlif'la  il  ia  allpulalril,  llial  llm  rnnflnea 
ItalWMi'n  llm  ilniiiiliiniia  nf  llri-al  llrllaill  ami  Kraiifc, 
till*  c'.i:niimnl  nf  Niirih  Aiimrira,  nIiuII  Im  irrvviMaliiy  Hi- 
c.l,  by  a  liim  .Iniwii  nlniia  llm  rivi.r  Miaalaaippl,  frnni  il« 
afiiirfn.  aa  fur  nn  llm  rivar  llmrvilln,  ami  friiiii  timiira  by  a  liim 
ilrawii  iilnntf  lli.i  nii.l.llo  nf  iliia  rivrr.  ami  nf  iba  lakra  Maii- 
ri'piiauiiil  I'niilrlturlriilii,  In  llm  aan  :  ami  In  iliia  piirjinan  lim 
iDUKl  I  'bixian  Kliix  irib'a  In  full  rinlil,  ami  ananinlai.a  in  liia 
llridinii-  Miii<*aly,  ibi.  rlyiT  ami  jinrt  nf  Mnlilla,  nml  avi'ry 
tiling  ihal  In*  piiaNi'««i*a  mi  llm  lt'l\  aide  uf  llm  rivvr  Miaaia< 


liiii^ 


aippi,  rxri'pt  llie  Inwii  uf  Niiw  Orlritna,  anil  dm  iaian.l  nu 
liifli  il  ia  ailiinli..!.  whii'li  aliull  n*iiiain  lo  Kruiira,  prnvlili'tl 
lliHl  llm  iiiivii(attnn  nrilii' rivrr  aliall  lio  Pifiinlly  fr«a  In  the 
aiili).<i'la  nfllr.'al  llriiain  ami  Kraiii'i',  In  lla  whnia  brfaillh 
niiif  loiiatb,  friiiti  ila  annn'ii  In  llm  ara,  anil  ibat  part  riprraa- 
Iv  wbirn  ia  lirtwnrn  Itm  auiil  iainii.l  nf  .Ni'w  Orlrana  ami  lim 
r](bl  baiilt  nf  llmi  rivrr,  aa  wrll  na  llm  pnaaaKii  bulb  in  ami 
uilt  nf  lla  niniilli  :  ami  iba  vraa.'U  brlnnninir  lu  Iba  aitbji*rla 
nf  rilhprnnlinn  aimll  nnt  Ihi  ainpppil,  viaimil,  ur  auMeileil  lu 
llm  paynmiil  uf  any  iliily  wlialanevfr.  Tin*  alipiiinlinn  in 
fayoiir  nf  thi-  iiibaliilanta  uf (.'aiiaibi,  inaenod  in  llm  aei'iiml  ar- 
liaila,  aliall  alan  lalir  pinre  with  rrfuril  In  ibe  inbabilanla  uf 
■lie  I'liiinlrma  rnlKil  by  ihia  nrlii'la  i  lliut  ia,  thai  Ibn  Frrni'b 
in  Canaila  may  fivrlv  prurraa  llm  Riiingn  ('atbniii!  raiiKJiin, 
aa  far  aa  llm  (awa  nl'  Urual  llrilaln  perniil  ;  that  limy  may 
rnjoy  ihsir  civil  rifhta,  ri'tim  wlmii  Ib'y  ploaaa,  and  may 
iliajNiae  uf  Ibcir  ralalaa  In  nriliab  aill.Jri'la. 

By  Ihe  aavenlli  arlk'ln,  il  ia  atiiiiilalfil  ihal  Britain  ahall 
n>aiiir«  to  Fram  c  llm  ialamla  nf  (liiuilnlau|m,  Miiriitalanlr, 
[Vairaila, ami  Mnrtlnlru,  in  llm  NVi'il  liiiliKa,oml  nf  llrlleiiiln, 
nn  llm  pimat  nf  Krom-e,  wilb  llmir  fnrlrraana  ;  pniviile.l  ilinl 
llm  Inriii  n(  i'ii|lili*i'ii  innrilltii  Im  trrunU'il  tu  tiia  llritunlu 
Mnjaalv'a  aiibi.cla  tfiiU'il  ilmru.  nml  ill  nilior  pliii'i-a  Imrrliy 
ri'lnrcii  In  Iran..-,  In  acllli.  lli.'ir  oliilra.  ri-iuvfr  llmir 
ili^lil'i,  anil  In  Irnnapnrl  tbi>in<.i-lvi>a  anil  pITi'.-In.  williniil 
Immiii;  ri'atrnnio.l  on  nreuiini  nf  iliiMr  rrliiiinn,  nr  any  pre* 
t.tlir.',  rai'ppi  I'nrilrbla.   nr    rrlininni    prn*«'rnliiMia. 

Itv  Ihn  rinblli  ariii'lc,  Pram'orFiti'a  in  (irinl  llrilaln  the 
ialamla  of  (Ironnila  and  tbn  fin-nailiima,  with  Ibe  aanie 
atiyulaliuna  lu  favar  uf  llig  iubakilaala  u  are  isaarled  la 


Vrum»  a«dad  ••  liraal  Hrllain,  all  iba  anm^MtM 
wblab  lb*  laDar  bad  mitda  M  Nmib  Amariaa  i  aurf 
il  waa  all|Htl*)ad  balwaan  iba  iwu  ernwna,  ibal  lb* 
k«tUNdar)i  line  nl  ihalr  raafiaelha  duminMina  m  lb* 
naw  bamlapbara  aboubl  run  along  iha  middl*  ul  Iba 
MMaMaipin,  Onm  lia  anurva  »a  far  »»  iha  IharviHa^ 
and  ahmg  Iba  middle  nf  Ibal  ritw,  Mwi  nl  l.akaa 
.Maura|aaa  and  I'nnirbarira  n. 

Tbua  larmlnitiad  a  war,  wbMk  aflllnaiad  in  an 
a(lam|il  nn  iba  |iari  nf  the  Kranab  (»  aurrmind  tha 
K.ngllab  robmiala,  and  chain  ibam  lu  a  narrow  atrip 
nf  rounir*  ahing  Iba  inaal  nfiba  Allanlla  i  ami  ended 
with  ibair  giving  up  the  whole  of  whal  wua  than 
Ihair uuly  •aliubia  tarrtlor;  In  .Nnrlh  AmarliM,  Tbir 
imtiiailiai*  advantage  the  robiniaa  darlvad  frnin  iba 
aurraaaful  laaua  of  Ihe  ronlaal  waa  great  and  u|)p»- 
rani.  Although,  fnr  a  ahnri  period  after  Ilia  tan* 
i|Mnal  of  ('ana<la  bad  been  allartad,  the)  wars  a«lb> 
leal  lo  Bllarka  IVom  tha  Indian  Iribeaaliarliad  lollw 
Vrenrh,  and  alao  flrnm  the  Charokeaa  un  ibair  aaiilil* 
waaiern  borders,  Ihay  wara  omin  anublad  In  vIsM 
their  cruelliaa  wilb  oavara  retribution,  and  lu  ff- 
rura  a  laattng  rapiaa,  aa  iba  Indiana  had  mi  foria  M 
whii'li  lo  repair  for  prulsitlon  nr  aid.  Hut  the  In* 
■lireri  reaiills,  tbough  almoal  iin|i*r<'alvabla  al  Aral, 
ware  far  mora  lm|MirlMll,  and  pra|Mrad  Iha  way  fot 
tbnaa  mnmanlniia  alfarla  which  loauad  In  the  lo«*  I0 
(Iraal  llrilainnf  tha  Ibtraal  puMlun  nf  bar  eokinlas. 
■nd  the  salabllahmani  nf  bar  vaaani  aa  •  rival.  TIm 
loloniata  barama  Inured  In  Iha  hablla  ami  bsrdablp* 
of  a  miliiary  life,  andakllled  in  the  aila  of  Kurnpaaa 
warfare  1  while  the  deaire  ol  ri'vi'nge  lor  lbs  biaa  ot 
(.'unuila,  which  France  did  nnt  lad  lo  harbour,  •■• 
prepurlnif  for  them  a  moat  rlttrieni  I'riend,  and  mab- 
ing  way  lor  the  anoinaloua  ethihillon  nf  ■*  laapolbt 
aoverrign,  akariing  all  hia  power  In  tha  •Miaa  a(N^ 
bsriy  and  Independence. 


C  II  A  P  T  K  R   IV. 


Hiatory  of  the  C'aloalaa  fiuni  iha  |i*aaa  «f  Paris  1^*3^  ••  HVC 

Immadlalaljr  ansr  tha  neaca  of  Paria,  1761^  ■ 
naw  acaua  was  opened.  Tlis  national  dal  I  of  UlMt 
HrltniD  ihra  aniouniatl  lu  ona  humirad  aad  fMt|« 


the  oarnnil  arllrl*  Air  lh<ia*  nf  Canada  |  aad  iha^rlblaa  al 
llm  ialamla  rallml  imulral,  la  arrant  and  Diad,  an  Ikailbaaa 
of  Hi  Vliicant,  llniiilnii'ii,  an-l  Tnlmjiu,  ahall  reinala  la  IsN 
rifhl  In  Knflunil,  and  ihal  uf  Kl.  Tiirla  ahall  ka  dallvanal 
In  Franca  in  hill  riihl,  Ih*  Ion  rrnwna  m  iprivally  guaraa 
leeiliK   In  each  iitliar  Ih*  parlllinn  an  all|nilal*d. 

Ily  llm  aialmnlh  artWl*,  il  la  aiipiilaled,  lb*l  hia  Brilaaia 
MoJealt  ahall  canae  all  llm  Airlillcalinna  10  ha  damslialMd, 
obi.  b  hia  anbjn'la  aball  iiava  vrKciad  in  Iha  bay  afliam 
iliiraa  and  ullmr  placea  nf  llm  mrrllnry  nf  Mpaia,  la  ihM 
pari  uf  lb*  wnrld.  And  bia  Calhnlic  Mi^aly  ahall  aal,  Air 
llm  fiilnra,  perniil  bia  llrilanm  Mi^aly,  ur  llwlr  wurkmea, 
lu  Im  dlaliirlml  nr  uiulaatrd  iinilcrany  pralanca  wbalaoavar, 
in  ihair  ix'cupaliun  uf  cniiiiin,  Inailiiif,  ami  carrying  away 
Ing.wwNl ;  and  fnr  ihia  piir|Nia*  ibay  may  build,  without  bh»> 
daranrc,  ami  la'ciipy,  wiibniit  inlerniplkin,  iha  hnaoaa  aad 
maaaiiima  iircnaaary  fnr  limni,  fur  lliair  faniilieo,  and  '  ' 
llmir  affiii  la  ;  and  hia  aaid  Calbnlic  Ma|*aly  aaauraa  lu  lb)  . 
by  Ihia  arlii'la,  llm  aniir*  an)uynwnl  uf^whal  la  above  allyil* 

lal'lla 

Ily  Ihe  aeyanlcrnlh  arlicle,  bia  Catholle  Malaaly 
IVnin  all  prcian<inna  which  he  may  have  forniaa  Is  ll 
ufllahinK  nbnul  llm  ialaml  nf  Newlbnndlawl. 

liy  llm  riKliiannlb  article,  it  ia  atipulalad,  that  lbs  klaff 
of  (Ireat  Hrllain  ahall  reaiore  lo  Hpain  all  ihal  be  baa  ess* 
quarad  In  ibe  iaiand  uf  Cuba,  with  the  fanreaa  of  Havaaa| 
and  Ihal  fnrtreaa,  aa  wall  aa  all  iha  other  (bniaiiia  of  iba 
aald  Iaiand,  ahall  be  raatorod  In  tha  aama  eondllloo  Ihey 
were  In  when  they  wara  conquared  by  lila  Brilaaia  Ha- 
Jealy'a  arma. 

Hy  Ihe  iwantieth  arlicle,  hia  Catlaalie  M^olv  cades 
and  giiaranmea,  in  fiill  right,  la  bia  Brllaale  M^iaaiy, 
Fhirida,  with  the  Fort  of  Hi.  Augiialine,  and  the  bay 
af  Panaacolu,  aa  well  aa  all  thai  Hnain  pnaaaaaaa  on 
Iba  eosllneot  nf  North  America,  lo  the  eaal,  or  to  tha 
oeutbaaai  of  lb*  river  Miaalaaippl ;  and  in  lenaral,  av« 
ery  Ibbif  llial  dcprnda  on  ih*  aaid  connlrlea  aad 
laado,  wilb  lb*  aovaieiKnlv,  powrr,  and  nnaaeaaion,  and 
ail  riirbla  aninircd  by  trcaliea,  or  ntlmrwiae,  wliich  lbs 
(?atliolic  kin(  and  Ihn  crown  of  HpaIn  have  bad  till 
miw  over  Ihn  aaid  iniinlrlra."  Andcrann,  vol.  iii.  p.  33> 
1:1:1,  where  ib.<  prpliniinary  arililca  of  tbn  ireaiy  are  faN 
aerleil  enflm  ;  and  vol.  iv. p.  I,  3,  whrm  Ihe  inual  material 
atleralinna  ur  explnnatiuna  uf  iliuan  arllcln a,  aa  aeltlel  bj 
■lie  definitive  irealy,  are  luotirtad,— Auiarioaa  Aaailit  «aL 
li,p.ll9-llS. 


TIIK    II  ISTOR  Y    or 


aiiiKt  niinioni,  inr  whkcli  anliiteiwM  nf  nrnrly  flv» 
milliniM  wnti  nnininlly  |mi(l.  Whilr  llir  Hriltiili 
minlatrr  wiis  (liKeathiK  plnim,  for  iliiiiiiiinhiiiK  Ihi* 
•maxiiiK  Innil  nl'ilchl.Fic  vnnci'lvt'il  the  iileii  ol' mix- 
ing n  mibalfliiliiil  irvriiiin  in  ihe  llritlih  mloiiic^ 
from  line*  laid  Itv  the  imrlininent  of  the  pnrcnt  iiditc. 
On  llip  una  Imiiil  i(  wh«  urKcd,  thai  the  Intc  wnr  uri- 
glnnlPil  on  nrcoiiiit  nl'lhe  rolnniri ;  unil  ihnt  it  wum 
nmoniiblc,  niiira  f-niM-riiilly  n»  it  hnU  terminated  in 
a  nwunrr  lo  rxvnMnmle  to  their  intereil,  they  ilinuld 
eontribuln  to  drlVnyinft  the  ex|>eniies  It  hnil  ocnn- 
•luned.  Thui  far  both  nartiei  were  ngrred  :  but 
Great  Britain  contended,  thai  her  parlininenl,  n» 
lh«  aunreine  power,  wai  conililutionally  vented  with 
■n  autnorlt*  to  lay  them  on  every  part  of  Ihe  em- 
pire. Thi*  doctrine,  plaunlble  in  luelf,  and  confor- 
mable to  the  letter  of  the  Drilinh  conHtiiution, 
when  the  whole  dominiona  were  representrd  in  one 
Maembly,  waa  reprobated  In  the  colonies,  aa  con- 
trary to  the  spirit  of  the  same  Kovrrnnipnt,  when 
the  empire  became  so  far  extended,  aa  to  have  many 
Satinet  repreienlalive  auemhiiea.  The  colonial* 
Wliaved,  that  ihe  chief  excellence  of  the  Dritiah 
« tNWtitiilion  ronaisled  in  the  right  of  Ihe  aiibjecta  to 

Cvnl,  or  withhold  taxes ;  and  In  their  having  a  aharo 
enacting  the  laws,  by  which  they  were  to  be 
bound. 

They  conceived,  that  the  superiority  of  the  Rrit- 
bh  constitution,  to  other  forms  of  goverment,  was, 
not  thill  their  supreme  council  was  called  parlia- 
ment but  that  the  |)eople  hati  a  ahare  in  it,  by  ap- 
pointing members,  who  constituted  one  of  its  con- 
••l.uent  branches,  and  without  whose  concurrence, 
00  law,  binding  on  them,  could  be  enacted.  In  the 
mother  country,  it  was  asserted  to  be  caaenlial  to 
tile  unity  of  the  empire,  that  the  nriliah  parliampiit 
thould  nave  »  ri)!l>t  of  taxation,  over  every  part  of 
the  royal  dominion.  In  the  colonies,  it  was  bp- 
Seved,  that  taxation  and  representation  were  iii- 
■eiMirable  ;  and  that  they  could  neither  lie  free  nor 
happy,  if  their  pro|ierty  could  be  taken  from  them, 
witlioul  their  consent.  The  common  people  in 
Amaiei  reasoned  on  Ihia  subject,  in  a  summary 
*ray  ;  ■  I  a  liritish  parliament,"  said  they,  "  in 
w1ik:li  WB  are  unrepresented,  and  over  which  «'p 
taave  no  i;i  ntrol,  can  take  from  ua  any  part  of  our 
property,  l.y  direct  taxation,  they  may  take  as  much 
us  they  please ;  and  we  have  no  security  fur  any  thins 
that  lemaiiis,  but  a  forbearance  on  their  part,  less 
likely  to  be  exercised  in  our  favour,  as  they  lighten 
tbemaelves  of  Ihe  burdens  of  government,  in  the 
aame  proportion  that  they  impose  them  on  us." 
They  well  knew,  thai  communities  of  mankind,  ks 
well  as  individuals,  have  a  atrong  propensity  to  im- 
pose on  others,  when  they  can  do  it  with  impunity ; 
ami  especially  when  their  is  a  prospect,  that  the 
imposition  will  be  attended  with  advantage  to  them- 
selves. The  Americans,  from  that  jealousy  of 
their  liberties,  which  their  local  situation  nurtured, 
and  which  they  inherited  from  their  forefathers, 
viewed  the  exclusive  right  of  laying  taxes  on  them- 
selves, free  from  extraneous  influence,  in  the  same 
light,  as  the  British  parliament  views  its  peculiar 
privilege  of  raising  money,  independent  of  the 
crowik  The  parent  state  appeared,  to  the  colo- 
nists, to  stand  in  the  same  relation  to  their  local  le- 
S statures,  as  the  monarch  of  Great  Britain  to  the 
ritish  Parliament.  His  prerogative  is  limited  by 
that  palladium  of  the  people's  liberty,  the  exclusive 
privilege  of  granting  their  own  money.  While  this 
right  rests  in  the  hands  of  the  people,  their  liberties 
are  secured. 

In  the  same  manner  reasoned  the  colonists:  "  In 
order  to  be  styled  freemen,  our  local  assemblies, 
elected  by  ourselves,  must  enjoy  the  exclusive  pri- 
vilege of  imposing  taxes  upon  us."  They  contend- 
ed, that  men  settled  in  foreign  parts,  to  better  their 
condition,  not  to  submit  their  liberties ;  to  continue 
the  equals,  not  to  become  the  slaves  of  their  less  ad- 
venturous fellow-citizens  ;  and  that,  by  th'i  novel 
doctrine  of  parliamentary  power,  they  were  degra- 
ded from  being  the  subjects  of  a  king,  to  the  low 
condition  of  being  subjects  of  subjects.  J'hcy  ar- 
gued, that  it  waa  essentially  involved  in  the  idea  of 
Bnpeity,  that  the  possessor  had  such  a  right  there- 
%i,  that  it  was  a  contradiction  to  suppose  any  other 


man,  or  bmly  iil  men,  piinaeaaril  a  right  to  lake  it 
from  him,  without  hia  tonai'iit.  I'reieilents  in  Ihe 
history  of  Kngland  juxlillnl  lliis  moile  of  reasoning 
Thr  love  of  properly  atrengllii'iied  it ;  and  it  had  a 
peculiar  fiiri'e  on  the  minds  of  ciiloiiisis,  tliree  thoua 
and  miles  removed  from  the  seat  iif  government, 
and  griming  up  to  maturity,  in  a  New  W  iirld,  where, 
from  the  extent  of  country,  and  tlie  stale  of  society, 
even  the  neresaary  reatrainta  of  civil  government 
weie  impatiently  borne.  Un  the  other  hand,  the 
people  of  Oreat  Britain  revolted  againat  the  claims 
of  the  colonists.  F.diicatcd  in  habits  of  submission 
In  parliamentary  taxation,  they  conceived  it  to  be 
Ihe  height  of  contumacy,  for  tne  colonists  to  refuse 
obedience  to  the  power,  which  they  had  been  taught 
In  revere.  Not  advening  to  Ihe  common  interest, 
which  exialed  between  the  |ieopln  of  Ureal  Britain 
and  their  rppreaentativea,  they  believed,  that  the 
aaid  community  of  interests  was  wauling.  The 
pride  of  an  opulent,  cnnnuering  nation,  aided  this 
mode  of  reasoning.  "  What !"  said  lliey,  "  shall 
we,  who  have  so  lately  humbled  France  ami  Spain, 
he  dictated  to  by  our  own  colonists  f  Shall  our  sub- 
jects, educated  by  our  care,  and  defended  by  our 
arms,  presume  to  nueslion  the  rights  of  pariiamnnl, 
to  which  we  are  obliged  to  submit  7"  Rellprtiiins  of 
this  kind,  congenial  to  the  natural  vanity  of  the  hu- 
man heart,  o|)erateil  ho  extensively,  that  the  (leople 
of  Ureal  Britain  a|)oke  of  their  colonies  and  of  their 
colonists,  as  a  kind  of  |>ossession  annexed  to  their 
persona.  The  love  of  jmwer,  and  of  property,  on 
the  one  side  of  the  Atlantic,  were  opposed  by  llic 
same  powerful  passions  on  tlio  other. 

The  disposition  to  tax  the  colonies  was  also 
strengthened,  by  exaggerated  accounts  of  their 
wealth.  It  was  said,  "  that  the  American  planters 
lived  in  allluence,  and  with  inconsiderable  taxes ; 
while  Ihe  inhabitants  of  (Ireat  Britain  were  borne 
down,  by  such  oppressive  burdens,  as  to  make  a 
bare  subsistence,  u  matter  of  extreme  ditllculty." 
The  ollicers  who  had  aerved  in  America,  during  tiie 
late  war,  contributed  to  this  delusion.  Tlieir  ob- 
servations were  founded  on  what  they  had  seen  in 
cities,  and  at  a  time,  when  large  sums  were  spent 
by  govenimenl,  in  support  o  llecls  and  armies,  and 
when  American  commodities  were  in  great  demand. 
To  treat  with  attention  those  who  came  to  fight  for 
them,  and  also  to  gratify  their  own  pride,  the  colo- 
nists had  made  a  parade  of  their  riches,  by  frequent- 
ly and  sumptuously  entertaining  the  gentlemen  of 
ttie  British  army.  These,  judging  from  what  they 
saw,  without  considering  the  general  state  of  the 
country,  concurred  in  representing  the  colonists  as 
very  able  to  contribute,  largely,  towards  defraying 
the  common  exjienses  of  the  empire. 

The  charters,  which  were  supposed  to  contain 
the  principles  on  which  the  colonies  were  founded, 
became  the  subject  of  serious  investigation  on  both 
sides.  One  clause  was  found  to  nin  through  the 
whole  of  them,  except  that  which  had  been  granted 
to  Mr.  Penn.  This  was  a  declaration,  "  that  the 
emigrants  to  America  should  enjoy  the  same  privi- 
leges, as  if  they  had  remained,  or  had  been  bom 
within  the  realm  :"  but  such  was  the  subtilty  of  dis- 
putants, that  both  parties  construed  this  general 
principle  so  as  lo  favour  their  respective  opinions. 
The  American  patriots  contended,  that  as  Knglisli 
freeholders  could  not  be  taxed,  but  by  representa- 
tives, in  choosing  whom  they  had  a  vote,  neither 
could  the  colonists :  but  it  was  replied,  that,  if  the 
colonists  had  remained  in  England,  (,iey  must  have 
been  bound  to  pay  the  taxes  imposed  by  parliament. 
It  was  therefore  inferrti',  that,  though  taxed  by 
that  authority,  they  lost  none  of  Ihe  rights  of  native 
Englishmen,  residing  at  home.  The  partizans  of 
the  mother  country  could  see  nothing  in  charters, 
but  security  against  taxes,  by  royal  authority.  The 
Americans,  adhering  to  the  spirit  more  than  to  the 
letter,  viewed  their  characters  as  a  shield  against  all 
taxes  not  imposed  by  representatives  of  their  own 
choice.  This  constniction  they  contended  to  be 
expressly  recognised  by  the  charter  of  Maryland. 
In  that,  king  Charles  bound  both  himself  and  his 
successors,  not  to  assent  to  any  bill  subjecting  the 
inhabitants  to  internal  taxation,  by  external  legis- 
lation. 


,  T'he  nature  and  eaieni  of  the  eonnsxlair**«tw*M 
I  Oreat  Britain  and  America,  waa  a  great  cnniiitv 
tional  i|ueHiion,  involving  many  intpreala  and  the 
geiipral  priiiciplea  of  civil  lilierty.  To  decidn  thli^ 
recourse  was,  in  vain,  had  lo  parchment  nuthotilia% 
made  at  a  distant  tinip  ;  when  neither  the  grantor 
nor  grantees,  iif  Ameriran  territory,  had  in  riinteni* 
plalion  any  thing  like  ihu  present  state  of  Ihe  tav 
countries. 

(ireat  and  flourishing  colonies,  daily  increasing 
in  numbers,  and  already  grown  to  the  magnitude  of 
a  nation,  planted  at  an  iniinenso  distance,  and  go- 
verned by  cnnatitiitions,  reaembiing  that  of  the  coun- 
try from  which  they  sprung,  were  novelties  in  Ihtt 
history  of  the  world.  To  combine  colonies  so  ell* 
cumstanced,  in  one  uniform  ayatem  of  government 
with  tile  parent  state,  i'pi|uireil  a  great  knowledge 
of  mankind,  and  an  extensive  comprehension  of 
things.  It  was  an  arduous  buaineas,  far  beyond  tha 
grasp  of  ordinary  stalesnien,  whose  minds  weia 
narrowed  by  the  lornialiliea  of  law,  or  the  trammela 
ofoHice.  An  original  genius,  unfettered  with  pra< 
cedents,  and  exalted  Villi  just  ideas  of  Ihe  rights  of 
human  nature,  and  the  obligations  of  univensl  be- 
nevolence, might  have  struck  out  a  middle  tine, 
which  would  liave  secured  as  much  liberty  to  tha 
colonies,  and  as  great  a  degree  of  supremacy  lo  tha 
parpiit  state,  as  their  common  good  required ;  but 
the  helm  of  (ireat  Britain  was  not  in  such  hands. 
The  spirit  of  the  British  constitution,  on  the  on* 
hand,  rpviilied  at  the  idea,  that  the  British  parlin- 
nipnt  Hliiiiild  pxercise  Ihe  same  unlimited  authority 
over  the  iinrp|irPHpnted  colonies,  which  it  exer- 
cised over  I  he  inhabitants  of  Oreat  Britain.  The 
colonists,  on  the  other  hand,  did  ndt  claim  a  t»> 
il  exeiiiption  from  its  autliority.  They  in  gene- 
ral allowed  the  mother  country  u  certain  undefined 
prerogative  over  them,  and  acquiesced  in  the  right 
of  parliament,  lo  make  many  acts,  binding  them  in 
many  subjects  of  internal  |Hilicy,  and  regulating 
their  trade.  Where  parlianipntary  supremacy  «na> 
pd,  and  at  what  point  colonial  indemndency  began, 
was  not  ascertained.  Happy,  for  tlie  Kngliah  '.m* 
pire,  would  il  have  bppn,  had  the  question  nevet 
been  agitated  ;  but  miicli  more  so,  had  it  been  com- 
promised by  an  amicable  compact,  witlioti*.  tht  hor- 
rors of  a  civil  war. 

The  English  colonies  were  originally  established 
on  the  principles  of  acoiiiniercial  monopidy.  While 
England  pursued  trade,  her  commerce  increased  at 
least  four-fold.  The  colonies  took  the  mai.afae 
lures  of  Ijreat  Britain,  and  paid  for  them  will  pro- 
visions, or  raw  materials.  They  united  their  anna 
in  war,  their  coniinerce  and  their  councils  in  |)eace, 
without  nicely  investigating  the  terms  on  which  tliQ 
connexion  of  the  two  countries  de|)cnded. 

A  perfect  calm  in  tlio  |iolitical  world  is  not  long 
lo  be  expected.  The  reciprocal  happiness,  both  o! 
Great  Britain  and  of  the  colonies,  was  too  great  to 
he  of  long  duration.  The  calamities  of  Ihe  war  of 
nim  had  scarcely  ended,  when  the  germ  of  another 
war  was  planted,  whicli  soon  grew  up  and  produced 
deadly  fruit. 

At  that  time,  sundry  resolutions  passed  the  Bri- 
tish parliament,  relative  to  the  imposition  of  a  stamp 
duly  in  A't.«rica,  which  gave  a  general  alarm.  By 
them  the  right,  the  equity,  the  policy,  and  even  the 
necessity  of  taxing  the  colonies,  were  formally 
avowed.  These  resolutions,  being  considered  as 
the  preface  of  a  system  of  American  revenue,  were 
deemed  an  introduction  t?  evils  of  much  greater 
magnitude.  Tliey  opened  a  prospect  of  oppres- 
sion, boundless  in  extent,  and  endless  in  duration. 
They  were  nevertheless  not  immediately  followed 
by  any  legislative  act.  Time,  and  an  invitation, 
were  given  to  the  Americans,  to  suggest  any  other 
mode  of  taxation  that  might  be  equivalent  in  its  pro- 
duce to  the  stamp  act :  but  they  objected,  not  only  ti 
Ihe  mode,  but  the  principle  ;  and  several  of  their  as- 
•emblies,  though  in  vain,  petitioned  against  it.  An 
American  revenue  was,  in  Kngland,  a  very  pofMllar 
measure.  The  cry  in  favour  of  it  was  so  strong,  as 
lo  silence  the  voice  of  petit  inns  to  the  contraiy. — 
The  equity  of  compelling  the  Americans  to  coottl- 
bute  to  the  common  expenses  uf  tie  empire,  satis- 
fied many  who,  without  inquiring  mtu  tlia  policy  or 


nnRxion  l*atwM» 
»  Rrviit  coniliiv 
iitrri'Klit  nml  the 
To  clcriiln  lhl% 
niFiii  iiiiiliotilia% 
thcr  Iho  gninlor 
.  hail  in  rniiKni. 
itiile  nf  the  l«f|« 

dally  JncriinciDC 
H«  mniiniiuils  or 
uliitice,  and  gu- 
hatnl'thiicoun- 
riovi'lijeii  In  lh« 

ciilonlti*  no  cli* 

nr  KovernmenI 
(rrat  knnwiedga 
nprphrnvinn  of 
,  Tar  beyond  tha 
"e  mindii  wera 
)r  llifl  traniiiicia 
tercd  with  pia< 
ul°  the  rights  of 
irunivi-niRl  ba> 

a  middle  line, 
h  liberty  to  tha 
premary  to  tha 

required  ;  but 
in  aiich  hands. 
iHi.  on  the  on* 

liritish  parlin- 
iiiied  nnthority 
vhich   it  pjier- 

Britain.  The 
(it  claim  a  l*. 
They  in  gene- 
rtain  undefined 
I'd  in  the  right 
inding  them  in 
ind  regulaiins  , 
iipreinacv  eno- 
ndency  liegar., 
I  Knglinh  '.m. 
Miesiion  nevet 
il  it  been  com- 
thou:  th?  hor- 

lly  established 
ipoly.  While 
e  Increased  M 
the  mai.ufto 
icm  with  ptth- 
:d  their  anna 
icils  in  |ieace, 
on  whiuh  tho 
lied. 

■d  is  not  long 
iness,  both  of 
too  great  to 
of  the  war  of 
mof  another 
nd  produced 

ised  the  Drl- 
n  of  a  stamp 
il  ularm.  i)y 
and  even  the 
ero  formally 
Dnsidered  ui 
evenue,  were 
inch  greater 
nf  oppres- 
in  duration, 
tely  followed 
n  invitation, 
St  any  other 
ml  in  Its  pro- 
1,  not  niiiy  to 
il  of  their  an- 
linst  it.  An 
ifcry  |Hi|)uInr 
10  strong,  ns 
contrar)'. — 
IS  to  contii- 
npirc,  Mtls- 
polioy  or 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


jnMica  of  taxing  their  iinrupreaented  fellow  subjects, 
ftadily  HKoriilrd  to  the  measures  ailopleil  by  tliii 
|«iriiaiiiHiitl'iirliiis  piiriHisu.  Tlio  pniapcvtuf  i'iiniii|Ji 
Iheir  own  burdens,  at  the  exjiense  of  the  culoniHis, 
dnxi'.led  the  eyes  of  geiitleiiien  of  landed  inli^rest, 
•o  as  to  keep  out  of  their  view  the  probable  coiiko- 
i)ii<inces  of  the  innovHliiin.  • 

The  omiii|Nileii('eof  parliament  was  so  familiar  a 
phmiie,  oil  both  sides  of  lliu  Atlantic,  tliat  few  in 
America,  and  still  fewer  in  (ireat  Hritain,  were  im- 
pressed, In  the  lirst  instance,  with  any  idea  of  the 
Illegality  of  taxing  the  cubiniits. 

Illumination  on  that  subject  was  gradual.  The 
,  resolutions  in  favor  of  an  American  stamp  act, 
which  passed  in  March,  17(i4,  met  with  no  opiHiHi- 
tion.  In  the  course  of  the  year  which  intervened 
between  these  resolutions,  and  the  passing  of  a  law 
grounded  U|Nm  them,  the  subject  was  belter  iiiider- 
■tnod,  and  constitutional  objections  against  the  mea- 
sure, were  urged  liy  several,  both  in  Oreat  iiritain 
and  America.  This  astonished  and  chagrined  the 
Uritlsh  minlntry :  but  as  the  principle  of  taxing 
America  had  been,  for  some  time,  determined  uixm, 
they  were  unwilling  to  give  it  up.  Impelled  by 
partiality  for  a  long  cherished  idea,  Mr.  Urenville, 
In  Marcn  176,'^,  brought  into  the  house  of  commons 
his  long  exjiectpil  iiill,  for  laying  a  stamp  duty  in 
America.  Uy  this,  after  passing  through  the  usual 
>orma,  it  was  enacted,  that  the  instruments  of  wri- 
ting, in  dally  use  among  a  commercial  people,  should 
be  null  and  void,  unless  they  were  executed  on 
Mampetl  paper  or  parchment,  charged  with  a  duty 
imjiosed  by  the  Krilisli  parliament. 

When  the  bill  was  brought  in,  Mr.  Clinrles 
Townsend  cnnrliided  a  H|ieecli  in  its  favour,  with 
words  to  the  following  ell'ect :  "  And  now  will  these 
Americans,  children  planted  by  our  care,  nourished 
up  by  our  indulgence,  till  they  are  grown  to  a  de- 
gree of  strength  and  o|iiileiice,  and  protected  by  our 
arms,  will  they  grudge  to  contribute  their  mite  to 
relieve  us  from  ttie  heavy  weight  of  that  burden 
which  we  lie  under  f"  To  which  colonel  Karre 
rtyilied  !  "  They  planted  by  your  care !  No,  your 
oppressions  planted  them  in  America.  They  lied 
from  tyranny  to  a  then  uncultivated  and  inhospitable 
country,  where  they  exposed  themselves  to  almost 
all  the  hardshi|)s  to  wliich  human  nature  is  liable ; 
and,  among  others,  to  the  cruelly  of  n  savngo  foe, 
the  most  subtle,  and,  I  will  take  upon  me  to  say,  the 
most  fonnidahle  of  uny  peo|)le  u|)nn  the  face  of 
God's  earth !  and  yet,  actuated  by  principles  of  true 
English  liberty,  they  met  all  hardsliips  with  plea- 
sure, compared  with  those  they  siilfcred  in  their 
own  country,  from  the  hand  of  those  tlint  should 
have  been  their  friends.  They  noiirislieil  up  by 
your  indulgence !  They  grew  by  your  neglect  (if 
them.  As  soon  us  you  began  to  care  about  them, 
that  care  was  exercised  in  seiuling  persons  to  rule 
them,  in  one  department  and  another,  who  were, 
pcrliafM,  the  deputies  of  deputies  to  some  iiieiiibers 
m  this  liouse,  sent  to  spy  out  their  liberties,  to  mis- 
represent their  actions,  and  to  prey  upon  them :  men. 
whose  behaviour,  on  iiiAiiy  occasions,  has  caused 
the  blood  of  those  sons  of  liberty  t<i  recoil  within 
them:  men  promoted  to  the  highest  seats  nf  justice 
^ome  who,  to  my  knowledge,  were  glad,  by  going 
to  a  foreign  country,  to  esca|ie  being  brought  to  the 
bar  of  a  court  of  justice  in  their  own.  Tliey  pro- 
tected by  your  arms !  They  have  nobly  taken  up 
arms  in  your  defence,  have  exerted  a  valour  amidst 
their  constant  and  laborious  industry,  for  the  de- 
fence of  a  country  whose  frontier  was  drenched  in 
blood,  whilst  its  interior  parts  yielded  all  its  little 
•avings  to  your  emolument.  And,  believe  mc,  that 
•ame  spirit  of  freedom,  which  actuated  these  people 
at  first,  will  accompany  them  still :  but  prudence 
forbids  me  to  explain  myself  farther.  God  knows, 
I  do  not,  at  this  time,  sjieak  from  any  motives  nt 

E\tty  lent.  I  deliver  the  genuine  sentiments  of  my 
can.  Howe-"'  superior  to  nie,  in  general  know- 
ledge and  expi'rier,  e,  the  rcs|)cctable  body  of  this 
house  may  he,  yet  1  claim  to  know  more  of  America 
than  mostof  yru;  having  seen  and  been  conversant 
in  that  country.  The  people,  I  believe,  are  as  truly 
loyal  as  any  subjects  the  king  has;  but  a  people  jea- 
k>ua  of  their  libertiea,  and  who  will  vindicate  them, 


If  ever  they  should  be  violated :  but  the  tubject  Is 
too  delicate.    I  will  say  no  mora." 

During  the  debate  on  the  bill,  the  supporters  of  it 
insisted  much  on  the  colonies  being  virtually  repre- 
sented in  the  saiiio  manner  as  Leeds,  llulilux,  and 
some  other  towns  were.  A  recurrence  to  this  plea 
was  a  virtual  acknowledgement,  that  there  ought  not 
to  bu  taxation  without  representation.  It  was  re- 
plied, that  the  connexion  between  the  electors  and 
non-electors  of  parliament,  in  (Ireat  Hritain,  was  so 
interwoven,  from  both  being  equally  liable  to  pay 
the  same  common  tax,  as  to  give  some  security  of 
pro|ierty  to  the  latter:  but  with  respect  to  taxes 
laid  by  the  Uritlsh  parliament,  and  paid  by  the  Ame- 
ricans, the  situation  of  the  imrties  was  reversed. 
Instead  of  both  |)artiei  bearing  a  proportionable 
share  of  the  same  common  burden,  what  was  laid 
on  the  one,  was  exactly  to  much  taken  otf  from  the 
other. 

The  bill  met  with  no  oppoiition  in  the  house  of 
lords ;  and,  on  the  2'2d  of  March,  17(it>,  it  received 
the  royal  assent.  The  night  after  it  piissed,  Dr. 
Franklin  wrote  to  Mr.  Charles  Thomson  ;  "  The 
sun  of  liberty  is  set ;  you  must  light  up  the  candles 
of  industry  and  economy."  Mr.  Thomson  answer- 
ed :  "  I  was  apprehensive,  that  other  lights  would 
ho  the  consequence ;"  and  he  foretold  the  opposition 
which  shortly  took  place.  Un  its  being  suggested 
from  authority,  that  the  stamp  officers  would  not  be 
sent  from  Great  Britain,  but  selected  from  among 
the  Americans,  the  colony  agents  were  desired  to 
point  out  pi'tipcr  persons  for  that  pia'pose.  They 
generally  nominated  their  friends,  which  .ittords  a 
presumptive  proof,  that  they  sup|>oscd  the  act  woubl 
have  gone  down.  In  this  opinion,  tiiey  were  far 
frnm  being  singular.  That  the  colonists  would  be, 
ultimately,  obliged  to  submit  to  the  stamp  act,  was 
at  first  commonly  believed,  both  in  England  and 
America.  The  trainers  of  it.  in  particular,  flatter- 
ed themselves,  that  the  confusion,  wliich  would  arise 
U|ion  the  disuse  of  writings,  and  the  insecurity  of 
prn|ierty,  which  would  result  from  using  any  other 
than  that  required  by  law,  would  compel  the  colo- 
nies, however  reluctant,  to  use  the  stampcil  paper, 
and  consequently  to  pay  the  taxes  imposed  thereon. 
They,  therefore,  boasted  that  it  was  a  law,  which 
would  execute  itself.  IJy  the  term  of  the  stamp  act, 
it  was  not  to  take  etlcct  till  the  first  day  of  Novem- 
ber; a  period  of  more  than  seven  months  after  its 
passing.  This  gave  the  colonists  an  opportunity 
of  leisurely  canvassing  the  new  subject,  and  exam- 
ining fully  on  every  side.  In  the  first  part  of  this 
interval,  struck  with  astonishment,  they  lay  in  si 
lent  consternation,  and  could  not  determine  what 
course  to  pursue.  Dy  degrees  they  recovered  their 
recollection.  Virginia  led  the  way  in  opposition 
to  the  stamp  act.  Nr.  Patrick  Henry,  on  the  29th 
of  May,  176.'),  brought  into  the  house  of  burgesses 
of  that  colony,  the  following  resolutions,  which  were 
substantially  adopted. 

"  Kcsolvod,  that  the  first  adventurers,  settlers  of 
this  his  majesty's  colony  and  dominion  of  Virginia, 
liriiiiglit  with  them,  and  transmitted  to  their  poste- 
ri  V,  and  all  other,  his  majesty's  subjects,  since  in- 
habiting  in  this,  his  majesty's  said  colony,  all  the 
liberties,  (irivileges,  and  immunities,  that  have  at 
any  time,  been  held,  enjoyed,  and  possessed  by  the 
people  of  Great  Hritain. 

"  Resolved,  that,  by  two  royal  charters,  granted 
by  king  .Tames  the  first,  the  colonists  aforesaid  are 
declared  entitled  to  all  liberties,  privileges,  and. im- 
munities of  denizens,  and  natural  subjects,  to  all  in- 
tents and  purposes,  as  if  they  had  been  abiding  and 
bom  within  the  realm  of  England. 

"Resolved,  that  his  majesty's  liege  people,  of 
this  his  ancient  colony,  have  enjoyed  the  rights  of 
being  thus  governed,  by  their  own  assembly,  in  the 
article  of  taxes,  and  internal  police;  and  that  the 
same  have  never  been  forfeited,  or  yielded  up :  but 
have  been  constantly  recognised  by  the  king  and 
people  of  Uril'.in. 

"  Resolved,  therefore,  that  the  general  assembly 
of  this  colony,  together  with  his  majesty,  or  his  sub 
stitutes,  have  in  their  representative  capacity,  the 
only  exclusive  right  and  power,  to  lay  taxes  and  im- 
poata,  uiran  the  inhabitan'^  of  tliis  colony ;  and  that 


every  attempt,  to  vest  luch  power  in  any  olhar  f»e 
ion  or  |ienoni,  whatsoever,  than  the  genaral  aeiam 
biy  aforesaid,  is  illegal,  uncoostitutlonal,  and  uiiiutt, 
and  hath  a  maiiilest  tendency  to  destroy  Untisn,  aa 
well  as  American  liberty. 

"  Resolved,  that  his  majesty's  liege  people,  ina 
inhabitants  of  this  colony,  are  not  bound  to  yield 
obedience  to  any  law,  or  ordinance  whatevei,  it 
signed  to  impose  any  taxation  whatever  upon  them, 
other  than  the  laws  or  ordinances  of  the  general  la 
sembly  aforesaid. 

"  Kesolved,  that  any  person,  who  shall,  by  apeak* 
ing  or  writing,  assort  or  maintain,  that  any  penoiv 
or  |iersons,  other  than  the  general  assembly  of  thia 
colony,  have  any  right  or  power,  to  im|)oso,  or  lay 
any  taxation  on  the  |ieople  here,  shall  be  deemed  u 
enemy  to  this  his  majesty's  colony.*" 

Upon  reading  these  resolutions,  the  boldness  and 
novelty  of  them  affected  one  of  the  memben  to  sueh 
a  degree,  that  he  cried  out,  "  treason  !  treason !" 
They  were,  nevertheless,  well  received  by  tha 
l>eople ;  and  immediately  forwarded  to  the  othai 
provinces.  They  circulated  extensively,  and  gava 
a  spring  to  the  discontented.  Till  they  appearad« 
most  were  of  opinion,  that  the  act  would  be  quietljr 
adopted.  Murmurs,  indeed,  were  common,  bul 
they  seemed  to  bo  such,  as  would  soon  die  away. 
The  countenance  of  so  respectable  a  colony,  ai  Vir- 
ginia, confirmed  the  wavering,  and  emboldened  tha 
timid.  Opimsition  to  the  stamp  act,  from  that  pe< 
riod,  assumed  a  bolder  face.  The  fire  of  liberty 
blazed  forth  from  the  press.  Some  well-judged 
publications  set  the  rights  nf  the  colonists,  in  a  plain, 
but  stnmg  point  of  view.  The  tongues  and  the  pen* 
of  the  well-informed  citizens  laboured  in  kindling 
the  latent  sparks  of  patriotism.  The  flame  spread 
from  breast  to  breast,  till  the  conflagration  became 
general.  In  this  business.  New  England  hail  a 
principal  share.  The  inhabitants  of  that  part  of 
America,  in  particular,  considered  their  obligatlona 
to  the  mother  country,  for  past  favouis,  to  be  very 
inconsiderable.  They  were  fully  infoimed,  that 
their  forefathers  were  driven,  by  persecution  to  the 
woods  of  America,  and  had  there,  without  any  ex- 
pense to  the  parent  stale,  effected  a  settlement  on 
bare  creation.  Their  resentment,  for  the  invasion 
of  their  accustomed  right  of  taxation,  was  not  so 
much  mitigated,  by  the  recollection  of  late  favour*, 
as  it  was  heightened  by  the  tradition  of  grievous 
sufferings,  to  which  their  ancestors,  by  the  ruleii 
of  England,  had  been  subjected. 

The  heavy  burdens,  which  the  opeuiion  of  tha 
stamp  act  would  have  imposed  on  the  colonists,  to 
gether  with  the  precedent  it  woul  1  establish  of  fn 
ture  exactions,  furnished  the  American  patriot* 
with  arguments,  calculated  as  well  to  move  tha 
passions,  as  to  convince  the  judgments  of  their  fel- 
low colonists.  Ill  great  warmth  they  exclaimed : 
"  If  the  parliament  have  a  right  to  levy  the  stamp 
duties,  they  may,  by  the  same  authority,  lay  on  u* 
iin|iosts,  excises,  and  other  taxes,  without  end,  till 
their  rapacity  is  satisfied,  or  our  abilities  are  ex- 
hausted. We  cannot,  at  future  elections,  displace 
these  men,  who  so  lavishly  grant  away  our  proper- 
ty. Their  seats  and  their  power  are  independent 
of  us,  and  it  will  rest  with  their  generosity,  whera 
to  stop,  in  transferring  the  expenses  of  govemmenl 
from  their  own,  to  our  shoulders." 

It  was  fiirtunate  for  the  liberties  of  America,  that 
newspapers  were  the  subject  of  a  heavy  stamp  duty. 
Printers,  when  uninfluenced  by  government,  have 
generally  arranged  themselves  on  the  side  of  liber 
ty,  nor  are  they  less  remarkable  for  their  attention 
to  the  profits  of  their  profession.  A  stamp  duty, 
which  openly  invaded  the  first,  and  threatened  a  ili 
minution  of  the  last,  provoked  their  united  aeahmi 


*  Patrick  Hunry,  whose  eloquence  was  uftlie  same  fa 
mily  with  the  poetry  of  Shnkapeare,  introiluccd  these  re 
:4ohuions,  with  an  animated  opeech,  which  is  iinfortiinatel} 
lost,  nr,  perhaps,  was  never  written.  Traililion  iiifiinni 
us,  lliut,  wliilc  he  was  pourinfr  out  his  whiile  buul,  io 
tho  lirilliant  extemporaneous  efll\isions  of  the  most  ar> 
dent  patriotism,  he  hnike  otT  ahruptly,  or  was  silenrod 
by  a  call  to  order,  in  the  middle  of  a  sentence,  wliitrh  fie- 
^'an  as  rollows,  "  Caesai  had  his  Brutus :  Charles  his 
Oliver ;  and  if  king  Qeorge  fo  on  u  he  ha*  begao  he  wUt 
lad"— 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


opporitkw.  TlMiy  iMj  prMenimI  to  the  public  ori- 
gtaul  diMMtMloiM,  lendlnK  to  prove,  that,  ir  the 
•ump  Ml  ware  fuirered  tu  iipenile,  the  hberlies  of 
AmerieuMWcrenlnn  enil,nn(l  their  pro|Mtriy  virtiml- 
ivtraiMfenred  to  their  tr;iiiii-All<imic  leliow  siilijuctii. 
The  wrllen  inion|t  the  Aiiiericanii,  Mriniinly  iiliinii- 
•d  for  the  fate  of  their  cimtilry,  cnine  forwiinl  witli 
••myi,  to  proTe,  that,  nKreuiilily  lu  tliii  llrilisli  cun- 
Mhutioa,  taxation  nml  reprcrontiilioii  were  iii«cpiir- 
able;  that  the  only  cunatiliitiiirml  iniidn  iif  raliiiiK 
moii^y  from  the  culuiiiitiii,  wait  liy  iicls  of  tlioir  own 
le|UlMtureai  tliat  tlie  crown  piiiiH«it<*«d  nn  fiirllirr 
|Niwer,  than  that  of  reqiiiailion ;  iind  tlial  llii!  jnirliii- 
inentary  right  ot  laxiilion  wmh  coiilirivd  to  lh«  mo- 
(Iter  country,  where  it  orlsiniitnil  from  tho  iiatimil 
light  uf  man,  to  do  what  he  plenacd  with  Im  own, 
Inniferred  by  consent  from  tlie  el<>ii(ir«  of  (iraal 
llritaln,  tolhoie  whom  they  chooe  to  rnnresont  them 
In  parliament.  They  alMi  niRinIrd  niiicii  on  the  mis- 
application  of  public  nionry,  liy  lliu  llrili.th  ministry. 
Ureal  imint  were  taken  to  inform  lliu  colooimn  of 
the  large  ium<  annually  bratowed  on  pen«ioned  fu- 
vourltea,  and  for  the  viiriou^  pur|M)*c!i  of  bribery. 
Tbeir  passions  were  iiiUnined  by  high  coloured  re- 
presentations of  the  hanlHliip  of  beiiij;  obliitofl  to 
pay  the  earnings  of  their  industry  into  a  liritish 
creoaury,  well  known  to  be  a  fund  for  corruption. 

The  writers  on  the  AnMfican  side  were  op|)osod 
by  arguments,  drawn  from  the  unity  of  tho  empire ; 
tbe  necessity  of  one  supreme  henct;  the  unlimiled 
power  of  parliament;  and  the  great  numbers  in  the 
mother  country,  who,  though  legully  disquidified 
from  voting  at  elections,  were,  nevertheless,  bound 
to  pay  the  taxes  imposed  b^  the  representatives  of 
the  nation.  To  these  objections  it  was  replied, 
that  the  very  idea  of  subordination  of  parts,  excluded 
the  notion  of  simple  undivided  unity ;  that,  ns  Kng- 
land  was  the  bead,  she  could  not  bo  the  head  and 
the  inembera  too;  that,  in  all  extensive  empires, 
where  the  dead  uniformity  of  servitude  did  not  pre- 
vent, the  subordinate  parts  had  many  local  privi- 
leges and  immunities;  that,  between  these  privi- 
leges and  the  lupreme  common  authority,  the  line 
was  extremely  nice ;  and  that,  nevertheless,  the  su- 
premacy of  the  head  had  an  ample  fielil  of  exercise, 
without  arrogating  to  itself  the  disposal  of  the  pro- 
perty of  the  imrepresented  subordinate  parts.  To 
the  assertion,  that  the  power  of  parliament  was  un- 
limited, the  colonisu  replied,  that  before  it  could 
constitutionally  exercise  that  power,  it  must  bo  con- 
stitutionally formed ;  and  that,  therefore,  it  must  at 
(east,  in  one  of  iU  branches,  be  constituted  by  the 
people,  over  whom  it  exercised  unlimited  power; 
that,  with  respect  to  Great  Britain,  it  was  so  con- 
■tittited ;  and  with  respect  to  Amcriua,  it  was  not. 
They  therefore  inferred,  that  its  iHiwer  ought  not  to 
be  the  same  over  both  countries.  They  arRued  al- 
io, that  the  delegation  of  the  people  was  the  source 
of  power,  in  regard  to  taxation;  and,  as  that  dele- 
gation was  wanting  in  America,  they  concluded  the 
right  of  parliament,  to  grant  away  their  property, 
could  not  exist;  and  that  the  defective  represenlatiun 
fo  Great  Britain,  should  be  urged  as  an  argument 
fur  taxing  the  Americans,  without  any  representa- 
tion at  all,  proved  the  encroaching  nature  of  power. 
Instead  of  convincing  the  colonists  of  the  propriety 
of  theur  submission,  it  demonstrated  flio  wisdom  of 
their  resistance;  for,  said  they,  "one  invasion  of 
natural  right  is  made  the  justification  of  another, 
uinch  more  injurious  and  oppressive." 

The  advocates  for  parliamentary  taxation,  laid 
great  stress  on  the  rights  supposed  to  have  accrued 
10  Great  Britain,  on  the  score  of  her  having  reare  d 
up  and  protected  the  English  settlements  in  Ame- 
rica, at  great  expense,  ft  was,  on  the  other  hand, 
contended  by  the  colonisU,  that,  in  ail  tho  wars 
which  were  common  to  both  countries,  they  had 
taken  their  full  share ;  but  in  all  their  own  dangers, 
in  all  the  difficulties  belonging  separately  to  their 
•ituation,  which  did  not  immeiliately  concern  Great 
Britain,  they  were  left  to  themselves,  and  had  to 
ttniggle  through  a  hard  infancy ;  and  in  particular, 
to  ilefend  them«elves,  without  any  aid  from  the  pa- 
rent state,  against  the  numerous  savages  in  their 
vicinity ;  that,  when  Franca  had  made  war  upon 


dages  to  Great  Britain ;  that,  conAning  thair  trads 
for  the  exclusive  benelli  of  the  |mrent  state,  was  an 
ample  rom|iensation  fur  her  proterllon,  and  a  suiri-< 
cient  e(|uivalent  for  their  exemption  from  parliamen- 
tary taxation ;  and  that  (he  taxen  ini|)osed  on  the  in- 
habitants of  Great  Britain  were  ineor|Mirate(l  with 
their  manufacluros,  and  ultimately  full  on  the  co- 
lonists, who  were  (he  consiiiucrs, 

The  advocates  for  the  stninp  act  also  contended, 
(hat,  as  the  parliainoiit  was  ch.irged  with  the  de- 
(I'lice  of  the  colonies,  it  ought  to  possess  the  means 
of  defraying  (he  ex|iunsus  incurred  (hereby,  'i'he 
same  argument  had  been  uiied  by  king  Charles  the 
first,  ir.  supiHirt  of  ship-money ;  and  it  was  now  an- 
swered in  the  same  manner  as  i'  vas  by  the  patriots 
of  that  day  ;  "  that  the  peojde,  wlu  were  defended  or 
protected,  were  the  h  test  to  Judge  of  and  to  provide 
the  means  of  defraying  the  expenses  incurreil  on 
that  account."  In  the  mean  (ime,  (lie  minds  of  the 
Americans  underwent  n  total  transformation.  In- 
stead of  their  late  peaceable  and  steady  attachment 
to  the  British  nation,  they  were  daily  advancing  to 
the  n|>posite  extreme.  The  people,  es|)«cially  in 
the  large  cities,  became  riotous,  insulted  the  yier- 
sons,  and  destroyed  the  pro|ierly  of  such  as  were 
known  or  iup|)osed  to  be  friendly  to  the  stamp  act. 
The  mob  were  the  visible  agents  in  (hese  disorderly 
proceedings ;  but  they  were  encouraged  by  persons 
of  rank  and  character. 

As  opportunities  otfored,  the  assemblies  generally 
passed  resolutions,  asserting  their  exclusive  right 
to  lay  taxes  on  their  consti(uen(s.  The  people,  in 
(heir  town  meetings,  instructed  their  representa- 
tives to  oppose  the  stamp  act.  For  a  specimen  of 
tho  spirit  and  style  of  their  inatructiuns,  see  Appen- 
dix. No.  I. 

The  expediency  of  calling  a  continental  congress, 
to  be  coin|K>sed  of  deputies  from  each  of  the  pro- 
vinces, had  early  occurred  to  the  people  of  Massa- 
chusetts. The  assembly  of  that  province  passed  .. 
resolution  in  favour  of  that  measure,  and  fixed  on 
New  Vork  as  (ho  place,  and  tho  second  Tuesday  of 
October,  17G5,  as  the  time,  for  holding  the  same. 
They  sent  circular  letters  to  the  speakers  of  the  se- 
veral assemblies,  requesting  their  concurrence. 
This  first  advance  towanis  continen(al  union,  was 
seconded  in  South  Carolina,  before  it  had  been 
agreed  (o  by  any  colony  to  the  southwani  of  New 
Kngland.  The  example  of  this  province  had  a  con- 
siderable inHuenco  inrecommeniiing  the  measure  to 
others,  divide<l  in  their  opinions  as  to  its  (tropriety. 

The  assemblies  of  Virginia,  North  (Jarolina,  and 
Georgia,  were  prevented,  by  their  governors,  from 
sending  a  deputation  to  this  congress.  Twenty- 
eight  deputies  from  Massachusetts,  Khode  Island, 
Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Delaware,  Maryland,  and  South  Caiolina, 
met  at  Now  York :  and,  after  mature  deliberation, 
agreed  on  a  declaration  of  their  rights,  and  on  a 
statement  of  (heir  grievances.  They  asserted,  in 
strong  terms,  their  exemption  from  all  taxes  not  im- 
|)osed  by  their  own  representatives.  They  also 
concurred  in  a  petition  to  the  king,  a  memorial  to 
the  house  of  lords,  and  a  |)etition  to  the  house  of 
commons.  The  colonies  prevented  from  sending 
their  representatives  to  this  congress,  forwarded 
petitions  similar  to  those  adopted  by  the  deputies 
who  attended. 

While  a  variety  of  legal  and  illegal  methods  were 
adopted,  to  oppose  the  stamp  act,  the  first  of  No- 
vember, on  which  it  was  to  commence  its  operation, 
approached.  At  Boston,  the  day  was  ushered  in 
by  a  funeral  tolling  of  bells.  Many  shops  and  stores 
were  shut.  The  effigies  of  the  planners  and  friends 
of  the  stamp  act,  were  carried  about  the  streets  in 
public  derision,  and  then  torn  in  pieces  by  the  en 
raged  populace.  It  was  remarkable,  that,  though 
a  large  crowd  was  assembled,  there  was  not  the 
least  violence  or  disorder. 

At  Portsmouth,  in  New  Hampshire,  tho  morning 
was  ushered  in  with  tolling  all  the  bells  in  town. 
In  the  course  of  the  day,  notice  was  given  to  the 
friends  of  Liberty,  to  attend  her  funeral.  A  coffin, 
neatly  ornamented,  and  inscribed  with  the  word 
LIBERTY,  in  large  letters,  was  carried  to  the 


hcm.it  was  liot  on  theur  own  account,  but  as  appcn-j  grave.    The  funeral  procession  began  from  the 


slate-houM,  aitenaed  with  two  uiilirHced  drum*. 
While  the  luhnbi(an(a  who  followed  tlie  coiriii  wora 
in  iniilion,  minute  guns  were  fired,  and  ciirKiiiiHM^ 
till  (he  coffin  arrived  at  the  place  of  inleniieiii  Then 
Hii  oration,  in  favour  of  (he  deceancd,  was  pronnuii- 
eed.  It  was  scarcely  ended,  before  the  coffin  waa 
taken  lip ;  it  Imving  been  perceived  (hat  soiiih  re- 
iiiaiiis  of  life  were  lolt :  on  wliieh  (he  iiisvrip(ii)n  wait 
iiiiinediately  allered  to  "  Liberty  revived."  The 
bells  ininiediately  exchanged  (heir  melancholy  (or 
u  more  joyful  sound;  and  satisliiedon  appnaroit  in 
every  ('oun(eiiaiu'e.  The  whole  was  condiiittnil 
widi  decency,  and  widiout  injury  or  iusuli  to  «uf 
man's  |i«rsou  or  pro|M>rty. 

The  general  aversion  to  the  stamp  ac(  waa.  9f ' 
similar  ine(hods,  in  a  vurie(y  of  places,  deniooun^ 
ted.  I(  is  remarkable  that  the  proceedings  ut  'tm 
(lopulace,  on  these  occasions,  wore  carrieil  on  wnll 
dLcoruni  and  regularity.  They  were  not  ebuitt* 
lions  of  a  thoughtless  mob ;  but,  for  the  most  |«i^ 
planned  by  leading  men,  of  character  and  iiillu 
who  were  friends  tu  peace  and  order,  'i'l 
knowing  well  that  the  bulk  of  mankind  are  i 
led  by  ineir  senses,  than  by  their  reason,  condueml 
the  public  exhibitions  on  that  iirinciple,  with  a  vmw 
of  making  the  stamp  act,  and  Its  triends,  both  it 
diculous  and  odious. 

Though  the  stamp  act  was  to  have  a|)erated  ftwa 
the  ls(  of  Novoinbcr,  yet  legal  proceedings,  in  ttaa 
courts,  were  carried  on  as  before.  Vessels  entara4 
and  departed  without  stamped  papers.  The  printan 
boldly  printed  and  circulated  their  newspapers,  and 
found  a  sufficient  number  of  readers;  though  thaf 
used  common  paper,  in  defiance  of  the  nets  of  par- 
liament. In  most  departments,  by  common  consent 
business  was  carried  on,  as  though  no  stamp  acthai 
existed.  This  was  accompanied  by  spirited  renr 
lutions  to  risk  a^  consen  nonces,  rather  than  submC 
to  use  the  pa|)cr  required  by  law.  While  theaa 
matters  were  in  agitation,  the  colonists  entered  in- 
to associations  against  importing  British  manufac- 
tures,  till  the  stamp  act  should  be  re|iealed.  In  thit 
manner,  British  liberty  was  made  to  operate  ngainal 
British  tyranny.  Agreeably  to  the  free  constitutioo 
of  Great  Britain,  the  subject  was  at  liberty  to  buy, 
or  not  to  buy,  as  he  pleased.  By  sus|)en(ling  their 
future  purchases  on  the  rc|)eal  of  the  stamp  act,  tha 
colonists  made  it  the  interest  of  merchants  and 
manufacturers,  to  solicit  for  that  repeal.  They  had 
usually  taken  .so  great  a  proportion  of  British  manu- 
factures, that  the  sudden  stoppage  of  all  their  or- 
ders, amounting,  annually,  to  two  or  three  millioiw 
steriing,  threw  some  thousands,  in  the  mother 
countiy,  out  of  employment,  and  induced  them,  from 
a  regard  to  theli  own  interest,  to  advocate  the  mea- 
sures wished  for  by  America.  The  petitions  from  tha 
colonies  were  seconded  by  petitions  from  the  mer- 
chants and  manufacturers  of  (ireat  Britain.  What 
the  former  prayed  for  as  a  matter  of  right,  and  con  - 
nected  with  their  liberties,  the  latter  also  solicited 
from  motives  of  immediate  interest. 

In  order  to  remedy  the  deficiency  of  British  goods, 
the  colonists  betook  themselves  to  a  variety  of  ne- 
cessary donieslic  manufactures.  In  a  little  time, 
large  quantities  of  coiumon  cloths  were  brought  to 
market ;  and  these,  though  dearer,  and  of  a  worta 
quality,  were  cheerfully  preferred  to  similar  arti 
cles,  im|iorted  from  Britain.  That  wool  might  not 
bo  wanting,  they  entered  into  resolutions  to  abstain 
from  eating  lambs.  Foreign  elegancies  were  laid 
aside.  The  women  were  as  exemplary  as  the  men, 
in  various  instances  of  self-denial.  With  great 
readiness  they  refused  every  article  of  decnratioB 
for  their  persons,  and  luxury  for  their  tables.  Theaa 
restrictions,  which  the  colonist*  had  voluntarily  im- 
posed on  themselves,  were  so  well  observed,  tha* 
multitudes  of  artificers,  in  Kng  and,  were  reduced 
to  great  distress,  and  some  of  tlieir  most  flourishing 
manufactories  were,  in  a  great  measure,  at  a  st:ind. 
An  association  was  entered  into,  by  many  of  the 
Sons  of  Liberty,  the  name  given  to  those  whir  were 
opposed  to  the  stamp  act,  by  which  they  agreed 
"  to  march  with  the  utmost  uxpediiion,  nt  their  own 
pro|icr  costs  and  expense,  with  their  wliole  force,  tu 
the  reliefof  those  that  should  be  in  danger  from  the 
atamp  act,  or  its  promotcra  and  abettors,  or  aojp 


i 


iruvt-it  ilruiun. 
:li«  cuDlii  war* 
mill  u<iiitiiiiHi4 
ivinieiii  'I'hfia 
,  wiiM  |irciniMiD> 
lh«  ciilFiu  wM 

I  lIlKt  HIIIIID  r«- 

iii!tvri|Mii)n  WII4 
evivKii."  Tim 
iiKliinchtily  for 
nil  iipimurwt  m 
viiit  ciiniliiittMd 
r  iiKuli  (a  *uf 

up  act  wMi.  9f' 
ft,  (leniouif^ 
eeilini;*  iif  'tm 
Mirrleil  ud  «k1I 
ire  nol  sbuitt* 
the  iiKMt  pMt. 
'  and  inniie 
iriler.  Th 
ikiiiil  are  mnm 
tun,  cniidueml 
li!e,  with  a  tiim* 
rieodii,  both  it 


o|ierated  I 

redinKS)  Id  Um 

i^eiwels  enierotf 

.  The  prinian 

ewMpappr!!,  and 

;  though  thay 

he  nets  uf  par- 

iimun  conieob 

stump  act  bai 

I  spirited  reMr 

er  than  iubiii< 

While  thww 

ists  nntered  lo- 

itish  iiianufae- 

K^aleil.    In  thif 

iperiite  agaimO 

ee  conatitutioa 

liberty  to  buy, 

siienifini;  tbeif 

stamp  act,  the 

iicrchants  and 

il.     They  had 

Itrilish  manu- 

if  all  their  or> 

three  milliom 

the  mnthei 

«d  them,  from 

cnte  the  mea- 

itiunsfrointha 

rriim  the  iper- 

ritain.    What 

Kht,  and  con  - 

also  sohcite'l 

nritish  goods, 

iiriely  of  ne- 

I  little  time, 

re  brought  to 

nd  of  a  worse 

similar  arti 

Dol  might  not 

ins  to  abstain 

uies  were  laid 

y  as  the  men. 

With  great 

of  decnratioa 

ables.  TheM 

oluntariljr  im> 

bserved,  tha* 

vere  reduced 

St  flourishing 

at  a  stand. 

many  of  the 

ose  whir  were 

they  agreed 

nt  their  own 

liole  force,  tu 

iger  from  the 

ttors.  or  aa| 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


iklng  relatif  •  to  II,  on  account  of  any  thing  llmi  may 
hwr*  been  done,  In  op|Misitinn  to  its  obtaining. 
ThI*  was  •ubacribed  by  so  many,  in  New  York  and 
New  Knglaiul,  that  iiiitliliig  but  a  repeal  could  have 
prevented  the  immediate  comnienceiiinul  of  a  civil 
•ar. 

From  the  decided  opposition  to  the  stamp  act, 
which  had  been  adopted  by  the  ciilnnies,  it  became 
necessary  for  Orcut  liritain  to  enforce,  or  to  repeal 
it.  Both  methods  of  proceeding  had  supporter?*. 
The  op|Hisers  of  a  repeal  urged  arguments,  drawn 
from  tho  dignity  of  the  nation,  the  danger  of  giving 
way  to  the  clamours  of  the  Americans,  and  the  con- 
•equences  of  weakening  parliamentary  authority 
over  the  colonies.  On  the  other  hand,  it  was  evi- 
dent, from  the  determined  opposition  of  the  colonies, 
that  it  could  not  be  enforced  without  a  civil  war,  by 
which,  in  every  event,  tho  nation  must  be  a  loser. 
In  the  course  of  these  discussions.  Dr.  Franklin 
was  examined  at  tho  bar  of  the  house  of  commons, 
and  gave  extensive  information  on  the  state  of  Ame- 
rican afliiirs,  and  the  impolicy  of  the  stamp  act, 
which  contributed  much  to  remove  prcdjiidices,  and 
lo  produce  a  disposition  that  was  friendly  lnarc|M!al. 

Home  speakers  of  great  weight,  in  both  houses 
of  parliament,  denied  their  right  of  taxing  the  colo- 
nies. The  most  distinguished  sup|M>rters  of  this 
opinion  were  Lord  C'ambden,  in  the  house  of  peers, 
and  Mr.  Pitt,  in  the  house  of  commons.  The  for- 
mer, in  strong  language,  said  :  •'  My  position  is 
ihu;  I  repeat  it;  I  will  maintain  it  to  my  last  hour. 
Taxation  and  representation  arc  inseparable.  This 
|iosition  is  fnunilcd  on  the  laws  ol  nature.  It  is 
more ;  it  is  itself  an  eternal  law  of  nature.  For 
whatever  is  a  man's  own  is  absolutely  his  own.  No 
man  has  a  right  lo  take  it  from  him,  without  his  con- 
tent. WhoeviT  atlpir.pts  to  do  it,  attempts  an  iU' 
Jury.    Whoever  does  it,  ronimits  a  robbery." 

Mr.  Pitt,  with  an  original  boldness  of  expression, 
|Wtlflod  the  colonists,  In  opposing  the  stamp  act. 
*•  You  have  no  right,"  said  he,  "  to  tax  America,  I 
niolce  that  Ainerioa  has  resisted.  Three  millions 
M  our  fejlow-snhjccts,  so  lost  to  every  sense  of  vir- 
tu* aa  lamely  to  give  up  their  liberties,  would  be  fit 
taatruments  to  make  slaves  of  the  rest."  He  r<iii- 
elttdod  with  giving  his  advice,  that  ttie  stamp  :.  t  be 
repealed  absolutely,  totally,  and  imniediatc'y;  that 
the  reasons  for  the  repeal  be  assigned  :  that  it  was 
founded  on  an  erroneous  principle.  "  At  the  same 
time,"  said  he,  "  l«t  the  sovereign  authority  of  this 
country  over  the  colonies,  be  asserted  in  as  stroni; 
terms  as  can  be  devised,  and  be  made  to  extend  to 
every  point  of  legislation  whatsoever,  that  we  may 
bind  their  trade ;  confine  their  manufactures ;  anil 
exercise  every  imwer,  except  that  of  taking  their 
money  out  of  their  pockets  without  their  ronsent." 

The  approbation  of  this  illustrious  sinlrsman, 
whose  distinguished  abilities  had  raised  (Jreat  Ilri- 
tuin  to  the  highest  pitch  of  renown,  inspired  the 
Americans  with  additional  confidence  in  the  recti- 
tude of  their  claims  of  exemption  from  parliamen- 
tary taxation ;  and  embolilet.ed  them  to  farther  op- 
poshion,  when,  at  a  future  day,  as  shall  be  hereafter 
related,  the  project  of  an  Aniericaii  revenue  was  re- 
aumed.  After  much  debating,  two  protests  in  the 
house  of  Lords,  and  passing  an  act,  "  for  securing 
the  dependence  of  America  on  Great  Britain,"  tho 
repeal  of  the  stamp  act  was  carried,  in  March, 
1766.  Tills  event  gave  great  joy  in  London. 
Ships  in  the  river  Thames  displayed  their  colours ; 
and  houses  were  illuminated,  all  over  the  city.  It 
was  no  sooner  known  in  America,  than  the  colonists 
rescinded  their  resolutions,  and  recommended  their 
mercantile  intercourse  with  the  mother  connlry, 
They  presented  their  homespun  clothes  to  the  poor ; 
and  importtd  more  largely  than  evct.  The  churches 
resounded  with  thanksgivings;  and  their  public  and 
private  rejoicings  knew  no  bound.).  By  letters,  ad- 
dresses, and  other  means,  almost  all  the  colonies 
ahowed  unemiivocal  marks  of  acknowledgment  and 
gratitude.  So  sudden  a  calm,  after  so  violent  a 
fetorm,  is  without  a  parallel  in  history.  By  the  ju- 
dicious sacrifice  of  one  law,  the  parliament  of  (ircat 
Britain  procured  an  acquiescence  in  all  that  re- 
mained. 
I    There  wera  enlightened  patriots,  fully  impressed 


with  M  Idea,  that  the  immoderato  joy  of  the  colon- 
ists was  dispruportloned  to  the  ndvanlaga  they  had 

gained. 

The  stamp  act,  though  repealed,  was  not  repeal- 
ed on  American  principles.  The  preamble  assigned 
as  the  reason  thereof,  "  that  the  collecting  the  se- 
venil  duties  and  revenues,  as  by  the  said  act  wax  di- 
rected, would  be  attended  with  many  inconvenien- 
ces, and  productive  of  consequences,  dangerous  to 
the  commercial  interests  of  these  kingdoms." 
Though  this  reason  was  a  good  one  in  Kngland,  it 
was  by  no  means  satisfactory  in  America.  At  the 
same  lime  that  the  stamp  act  was  repealed,  the  ab> 
solute  unlimited  supremacy  of  parliament  was.  In 
words  asserted.  The  opposers  of  the  repeal  con- 
tended for  this  as  essential.  The  friends  of  that 
measure  acquiesced  In  it,  lo  strengthen  their  pa'ty, 
and  make  sure  of  their  object.  Many  of  both  sides 
thought,  tliat  the  dignity  of  Great  Britain  required 
something  of  the  kind,  to  counterbalance  the  loss  of 
authority,  that  might  result  from  her  yielding  to  the 
clamours  of  the  colonists.  The  act  fur  this  purpose 
WHS  called  tho  declaratory  act ;  and  was,  in  princi- 
ple, more  hostile  to  American  rights  than  the  stamp 
act ;  for,  it  annulled  lho.se  resolutions  and  acts  of 
the  provincial  assenibhes,  in  which  Ihey  had  asser- 
ted their  right  to  exemption  from  all  taxes  not  im- 
posed by  their  own  representatives ;  .ind  also  enac- 
ted, "  that  the  parliament  had,  and  of  right  ought  to 
have,  power  to  bind  the  colonies,  in  all  cases  what- 
soever," 

The  majority  of  the  Americana  intoxicated  with 
the  advantage  they  had  gained  overlooked  this 
statute,  which,  in  one  comprehensive  sentence,  not 
only  deprived  them  of  liberty  and  property,  but  of 
every  right  incident  to  hi.Mianity,  They  consider- 
ed il  as  a  salvo  for  the  honour  of  parliament,  in  re- 
pealing an  act,  which  hud  so  lately  received  their 
sanction  ;  and  flattered  tlii'insclvcs  it  would  remain 
a  dead  letter;  and  tli.it,  allhough  the  right  of  taxa- 
tion was  in  words  relained,  it  would  never  be  exer- 
cised. Unwilling  to  coiitoiid  i.liout  pa|ier  claims 
of  ideal  supremacy,  they  ri-tiirni'd  to  their  habits  of 
good  humour  with  the  parent  siiite. 

The  repeal  of  tho  stamp  act,  in  a  relative  connex- 
ion with  all  its  circunistanci-.H  and  consequences, 
was  the  first  direct  step  to  American  independence. 
The  claims  of  the  two  countries  were  not  only  loft 
undecided  ;  but  a  fouiiihilion  was  laid  for  their  ex- 
lending,  at  a  future  period,  to  the  impossibility  of  a 
coiiiproinise.  Though,  for  the  present.  Great  Bri- 
tain receded  from  enforcing  her  claim  of  American 
revenue,  a  numerous  party,  adhering  to  that  system, 
reserved  themselves  for  more  favouraablo  circum- 
stances to  enforce  it ;  and,  at  the  same  time,  the  co- 
lonists, more  enlightened  on  the  subject,  and  more 
fully  convinced  of  the  rectitude  of  their  claims,  were 
encouraged  to  oppose  it,  under  whatsoever  form  it 
.should  appear,  or  under  whatsoever  disguise  it 
should  cover  itself. 

Klevatcd  with  the  advantage  they  had  gained, 
from  that  day  forward,  instead  of  feeling  themselves 
dependent  on  Great  Britain,  they  conceived  that,  in 
ro«pec .  to  commerce,  she  was  dependent  on  them, 
It  inspired  them  with  such  high  ideas  of  the  import- 
ance of  their  trade,  that  they  considered  the  moth- 
er country  to  be  brought  under  greater  obligations  to 
them,  for  purchasing  her  manufactures,  than  they 
were  to  her  for  protection  and  the  administration  of 
civil  government.  The  freemen  of  British  Ameri 
ca,  impressed  with  the  exalting  sentiments  of  pa- 
triotism and  of  liberty,  conceived  it  to  be  within  their 
power,  by  future  combinations,  at  any  time  to  con- 
vulse,  if  not  to  bankrupt  the  nation,  from  which  they 
.sprung. 

Opinions  of  this  kind  were  strengthened  by  their 
local  situation,  favouring  ideas,  as  extensive  as  the 
unexplored  continent  of  which  they  were  inhabit- 
ants. While  the  pride  of  Britons  revolted  at  the 
thought,  of  their  colonies  refusing  subjection  to  that 
parliament,  which  they  obeyed ;  the  Americans, 
with  equal  haughtiness,  exclaimed  :  "  Shall  the 
petty  island  of  Great  Britain,  scarce  a  speck  on  the 
map  of  the  world,  control  the  free  citizens  of  the 
great  continent  of  America  1" 
'  These  high-sounding   pretensions    would  have 


been  harmless,  or,  at  .tost,  spent  theinselve*  In 
words,  had  not  a  ruinous  policy,  untaught  by  recen* 
experience,  called  them  Into  serious  action.  Though 
tha  stamp  act  was  re[)ealed,  an  American  revootl* 
was  still  a  favourite  object  with  many  in  Great 
Britain.  The  equity  and  the  advantage  of  taxing 
the  colonists,  by  parliamentary  authority,  were  very 
apparent  to  their  understandings ;  but  the  mode  ol 
eliecting  it,  without  hazarding  tlie  public  trauquili. 
ty,  was  nol  so  obvious. 

Mr.  Charies  Townscnd,  afterwards  chancellor  ol 
the  exchequer,  pawned  his  credit  to  accomplish 
what  many  so  earnestly  desired.  lie  accordingly 
in  1767,  brought  Into  parliament  a  bill,  for  granlion 
duties  in  the  British  colonies  on  glaaa,  paper,  pain- 
ters' colours,  and  tea,  which  was  afterwards  enact- 
ed into  a  law.  If  the  small  duties,  imposed  on  thea* 
articles,  had  preceded  the  stamp  act,  they  migh 
have  passed  unobserved :  but  the  late  discussion*, 
occasioned  by  that  act,  had  produceil  among  Iheco 
lonists,  not  only  an  animated  conviction  of  their  ex- 
emption from  parliamentary  taxation,  but  a  jealous) 
of  tho  designs  of  Great  Britain. 

The  sentiments  of  the  Americans,  on  this  subject, 
bore  a  great  resemblance  to  those  of  their  British 
countrymen,  of  the  preceding  century,  in  the  cas* 
of  ship-nioney.  The  amount  of  that  tax  was  very 
nioderato,  little  exceeding  twenty  thousand  pounds. 
It  was  distributed  upon  the  pebple  with  equality, 
anil  expeiideil  for  the  honour  and  advantage  of  tha 
kingdom  ;  yi-t  all  these  circumstances  could  not  re< 
concile  the  people  of  England  to  the  imposition.  It 
was  entirely  arbitrary.  "  By  the  same  right,"  said 
they,  "  any  other  tax  may  no  imposed."  In  like 
manner,  llie  Americans  considered  these  small  du- 
ties, in  the  nature  of  an  entering  wedge,  designed 
to  make  way  for  others,  which  would  be  greater 
and  heavier.  In  a  relative  connexion  with  late  acta 
of  parliament,  respecting  domestic  manufacture* 
and  foreign  commerce,  laws,  for  imposing  taxos  on 
British  commodities  exported  to  the  colonies,  form- 
ed a  complete  circle  of  oppression,  from  which  ther* 
was  no  po.ssibility  of  escaping. 

Tho  colonies  had  been,  previously  "estrairMd 
from  manufacturing  certain  articles,  foi  their  own 
consum|)tion.  Other  acts  confined  them  to  the  ex- 
clusive use  of  British  merchandise.  The  addition 
of  duties  put  them  wholly  in  the  |)ower  and  discre- 
lion  of  Great  Britain.  "  We  are  not,"  said  iney 
"  perniitted  to  import  from  any  nation,  other  than 
our  own  parent  stale,  and  have  been,  in  some  cases, 
restrained  by  her  from  manufacturing  for  ourselves ; 
and  she  claims  a  right  to  do  so,  in  every  instance, 
which  is  incompatible  with  iicr  interest.  To  these 
restrictions  we  have  hitherto  submitted :  but  she 
now  rises  in  her  demands,  and  imposes  duties  on 
tliose  commodities,  the  ]mrchasing  of  which  else- 
where, than  at  her  market,  her  laws  forbid,  and  the 
manufacturing  of  which  for  her  own  use,  she  may. 
any  moment  slie  pleases,  restrain.  If  her  right  be 
valid,  to  lay  a  small  tax,  it  is  equally  so  to  lay  a  large 
one ;  for,  from  the  nature  of  the  case,  she  must  be 
guided  exclusively  by  her  own  opinions  of  our  abi 
lily,  and  uf  the  propriety  of  the  duties  she  may  iiK 
pose.  Nothing  is  left  for  us  to  do,  but  to  complain, 
and  pay."  , 

The  colonists  contended  that  there  was  no  real 
diflercnce,  between  the  priuc:  ^le  of  these  new  duties 
and  the  stamp  act.  They  were  both  designed  to 
raise  a  revenue  in  America,  and  in  the  same  manner. 
The  payment  of  the  duties,  imposed  by  the  itamp 
act,  might  liave  been  eluded  by  the  total  disu.se  of 
stamped  paper;  and  so  might  the  payment  of  these 
duties,  by  the  total  disuse  of  those  articles  on  wh'ich 
they  were  laid :  but  in  neither  case,  witliout  great 
difficulty.  The  colonists  were,  therefore,  reduced 
to  the  hard  alternative  of  being  obliged,  totally,  to 
disuse  articles  of  great  utility  in  human  life,  or  to 
pay  a  tax  without  their  consent.  The  fire  of  oppo 
sition,  which  had  been  smothered  Ijy  the  re|>eal  of 
the  stamp  act,  burned  afresh  against  the  same  prin 
ciple  of  taxation,  exhibited  in  its  new  form.  Mr 
Dickinson,  of  Pennsylvania,  on  this  occasion,  pr« 
scnted  to  the  public  a  series  of  letters,  signed  "  ■ 
Farmer,"  proving  the  extreme  danger  which  threat 
ened  the  liberties  of  America,  from  their  acqui** 


THE   HISTORY  OP 


tn  K  nracmleoii  wbleb  niighl  etiabllnh  tha 

claim  of  |Mrliiiin«iURrv  taxatiuu.  They  wera  wrlt- 
icii  will!  utmx  uiiiiiiiiliuii ;  uuii  were  read  with  un- 
coiniiioii  Mvitii'v  Their  reuMtilna  wiu  lo  cuuviii- 
ciU)|,  lh>i  iiiaiiy  of  ilie  caniliil  luil  iTieiiilerMleil  citi- 
««ii«  of  Urevt  llriiHin  avknuwledgeti,  (hat  the 
\ineriraii  u|)iM»iliun  lu  imrhHiiieutarjr  taxation  wai 
lUMiDuble.  The  euoriiiuui  auiiw,  which  the  atauip 
act  wiiultl  have  colleclod,  hud  Ihoruugldy  ulanued 
the  colonial*  fur  their  |iro|)eitv. 

It  wua  now  deuiuiutrHled  by  laveral  wrlten,  ea- 
pacially  by  the  Pannaylvaula  Fanner,  that  a  iniall 
Ua,  lbuui|h  mora  ipecioua,  waa  equally  dangeroua ; 
ai  it  eataidiahed  a  precedent,  which  eventually  an- 
■Ihilaled  American  property.  The  declaratory  act, 
wUcli  :it  Aral  waa  the  aubjectof  but  few  coinmeala, 
wu  iinw  dilated  u|)oii,  aa  a  foundation  for  every 
apeeiea  of  oppceMion ;  and  the  aniull  dutiea,  lately 
hiiiNiwd,  were  couaidered  ua  the  b'.giunlng  of  a 
Inln  of  much  greater  evlla. 

Had  the  coloniau  admitted  the  propriety  of  raiaing 
■  jKirlianieiitary  revenue  among  them,  the  erection 
of  an  Amerirnn  board  of  commiaaionera,  for  mnna- 
|ing  it,  which  waa  about  thiatlnieimlitutod  nt  Uoa- 
lon,  would  have  been  u  convenience,  rather  than  an 
injury ;  but  united  at  they  were  in  wntimenta,  uf  the 
contrariciv  of  that  ineaiurc  to  their  natural  and  con- 
Mituliqnal  right*,  they  ill  brooked  the  innovation. 
\m  it  waa  coeval  with  the  new  dntica,  they  cnnaider- 
•d  it  as  a  crrtuin  evidence,  that  the  project  ul'iiii  ex- 
leoaive  American  revenue,  notwitlistandiiig  the 
repeal  of  the  Hiainp  .icl,  was  atill  in  contemplation. 
A  dislike  to  Hritish  taxation  naturally  produced  a 
diilike  to  a  board,  which  was  to  be  inatrurneulal  in 
that  busineas ;  and  occasioned  many  insults  to  its 
cominissionem. 

The  revenue  acu,  of  17G7,  produced  resolves, 
{Mtition*,  addresses,  and  remonstrances,  similar  to 
dinse,  with  whiol  the  colonists  opimsed  the  stamp 
Mt.  It  also  gr  e  rise  lo  a  second  association,  for 
■Hipaiiding  far  lier  iroportalions  of  Hritish  irinnii- 
bctures,  till  those  oU'ensive  duties  should  be  taken 
oir.  Uniformity,  in  these  measures,  was  promoied 
%j  a  cirvular  letter  from  the  assembly  of  m£.<i:Kichti- 
Mtts,  to  the  speakers  of  the  other  ns!.eiiiblies.  Th:s 
Mated  the  iietitioas  and  represenlatior.s,  which  they 
bid  forwarded  against  the  lale  duties,  and  strongly 
pointed  out  the  great  difficulties,  that  must  arise  lu 
themselves  and  their  constituents,  from  the  opc- 
lation  of  acts  of  iiarliameut,  iinimsing  duties  on  the 
■nreprescDted  American  colonies ;  and  rerpiesting 
k  reciprocal  free  communication,  on  public  alfairs. 
Most  of  the  provincial  assemblies,  as  they  had  op- 
puttunitica  ol  deliberating  on  the  subject,  approved 
the  proceedings  of  the  MoisachuHctts  assembly, 
and  harmonised  with  them  in  the  measures,  which 
ihey  had  atlopted.  Tliey  stated  their  rights,  in 
iimi  but  decent  language  ;  and  prayed  for  a  repeal 
iif  the  late  arts,  which  they  considered  as  infringe- 
;nenls  on  their  liberties. 

It  is  not  unreasonable  to  suppose,  that  the  mi- 
nister, who  planned  these  duties,  hoped,  that  they 
would  Ije  regarded  as  regulations  of  trade.  He 
might  also  presume,  that,  as  they  amounted  only 
to  an  inconsiderable  sum,  Ihey  would  not  give  any 
liiann.  The  circular  letter  of  the  Mjssacliusetts 
nasembly,  which  laid  the  founilation  for  united  pe- 
titions against  them,  gave  therefore  great  ofTencec 
Lord  Hillsborough,  who  had  lately  been  appoint- 
ed secretary  of  stale,  for  the  American  department, 
wmte  letters  lo  the  governors  of  the  respective 
IMOVilicea,  urging  llicm  lo  exert  their  influence,  to 
onre^t  the  at^senililies  from  taking  any  notice  Of 
kl  ud  he  called  <m  ihe  IMassachusetls  assembly, 
torwcind  their  proceedings  on  that  subject.  This 
IBMWDrc  waa  both  injudicious  and  irritating.  To 
minire  •  public  body  to  rescind  a  resolution,  for 
■ending  a  letter,  which  was  already  sent,  answer 
•dt  and   acted  u|ion,  was  a  bad  specimen  of  the 


their  conalilutiunal  right  •>(  pdhioDhie  To  ibraal'. 
en  n  new  huus*  uf  assembly  with  mssulutton,  in 
case  uf  their  not  agreeing  lo  rescind  un  act  of  ■ 
''oriuer  assembly,  wliiuh  was  nut  executory,  but 
executed,  clashed  no  less  with  the  dictate*  ol  com- 
mon sense,  than  the  conatlluiiuiiul  rights  of  Uril- 
ish  colonists.  The  pro|Hjsillou  for  rescinding  was 
negatived,  by  a  maiorily  of  niucly-lwo  to  leven- 
leen.  The  assembly  was  inimo«liatvly  disaolved, 
as  had  been  threatened.  This  procedure  of  the 
new  secretary  was  considered,  by  the  colonists, 
as  an  allenipl  lo  suppress  nil  communication  iif 
senllir;nls  between  them;  ami  lo  prevent  their uni- 
cd  supplications  from  reaching  the  royal  ear. 

The  bad  humour,  which,  from  successive  irrita- 
tion, already  too  much  prevailed,  was  about  this 
time  wrougnl  up  to  a  high  pitch  oi*  resentment  and 
violence,  on  occasion  of  the  *flizure  of  Mr.  Han- 
cock's sloop  Lihcriy,  June  10th,  1768,  for  not  ha- 
ving entered  all  Ihe  wines  she  had  brought  from 
Madeira.  The  (Mipularily  of  her  owner,  iVie  name 
of  the  sloop,  and  the  general  aversion  lo  Ihe  board 
of  cotumisslonera,  and  parliamentary  taxation,  con- 
curred to  inllamo  llie  minds  of  the  people.  They 
used  every  mean*  in  their  power  to  interrupt  the 
olliturs,  in  the  execution  of  their  business ;  and 
mimbers  swore  that  they  would  be  revenged.  Mr. 
Harrison,  the  collector,  Mr.  Ilallowell,  the  comp- 
irollcr,  ami  Mr.  Irwine,  llie  ins|H'clor  of  im|)orts 
and  ex|mrl*,  were  so  roughly  handled,  lu  to  bring 
llii'lr  lives  into  danger.  The  windows  of  smne  of 
their  houses  were  broken ;  and  the  boat  nf  the  col- 
lector was  dniggcd  through  ihe  town,  and  burned 
on  the  common.  Such  was  the  lrm|ier  and  dis- 
INisition  of  many  of  the  inhnbllanls,  that  the  cum- 
missiuners  of  the  customs  thought  proper  to  retire 
on  board  the  Runmuy  man  of  war;  and  afterwards 
to  Castle  William. 

The  cummissiuners,  from  the  first  moment  of 
their  institution,  had  licen  an  eye-sore  lo  the  peoplu 
of  noston.  This,  though  ptrrlly  owing  to  their  ac- 
tive ze;tl  '1  detecting  smiiggleta,  principally  arose 
from  the  association  which  existed  in  the  minds  of 
the  inhahitants,  between  that  board  and  an  Ameri- 
can revenue.  The  declaratory  act  of  17(16,  the  re- 
venue act  nf  17G7,  together  with  the  |K)mp  and  ex- 
pr^nse  of  this  board,  so  dispro|M>rtionate  to  the  small 
income  of  the  present  duties,  conspired  to  convince 
not  only  the  few  who  were  benvfiltcd  by  smuggling, 
but  llie  great  body  uf  enlightencil  freemen,  that  far- 
ther and  greater  impositions  of  parliniiientary  taxes 
were  intended.  In  proportion  as  this  opinion  gained 
ground,  the  inhabitants  became  more  disrcsjieclful 
lo  the  executive  uiTicers  of  the  revenue,  and  more 
disposed,  in  the  frenzy  of  iiatriotism,  to  t  nminit  out 
mges  on  their  itersons  and  property.  The  constant 
bickering  that  existed  between  them  and  the  inha 
hitants,  together  with  the  steady  op])ositiun  given 
by  the  latter  lo  the  discharge  ol  the  official  duties 
of  the  former,  induced  the  comiuissioners  and 
friends  of  an  American  revenue,  to  solicit  the  prn- 
lectinn  of  a  regular  force,  to  be  stationed  at  Boston. 
In  compliance  with  their  wishes,  his  majesty  order- 
ed two  regiments,  and  some  armed  vessels,  to  re- 
pair thither,  for  supporting  and  assisting  the  ofTirers 
of  the  customs  in  the  execution  of  their  duly.  This 
restrained  the  active  exertion  of  that  turbulent  spirit 
which,  since  the  passing  of  the  late  revenue  laws, 
had  revived  ;  but  it  added  lo  its  pre-existing  causes. 
When  it  was  reported  in  lioston,  that  one  or  more 
regiments  were  ordered  there,  a  meeting  of  the  in- 
habitants was  called,  and  a  committee  appointed  to 
request  the  governor  to  issue  precepts  for  conven- 
ing a  general  assembly.  He  replied,  "  that  he  could 
not  comply  with  this  request  till  he  had  received  hi* 
majesty's  commands  for  that  purpose."  This  an- 
swer being  reported,  it  was  voted,  that  the  select- 
men nf  Boston  should  write  lo  the  select-men  nf 
other  towns,  to  propose,  that  a  convention  of  de 


trtadom  of  the  new  minister.  To  call  a  vote,  for  <  puties  from  aach,  be  held,  to  meet  at  Fiincuil  Hall, 
•nding  a  circular  letter,  lo  invite  the  assi'inhliesjin  Kostnn. 

of  the  neighbouring  colonies  to  communicate  to-  i  Ninety-six  towns,  and  eight  distrirls,  agreed  to 
geiiier,  in  the  puMiiit  of  legal  nicasurox  to  obtaifi  a!  the  proposal  made  by  the  inhabitants  of  Roston,  and 
redress  of  tirievanrrs,  "  a  flagitious  attempt  to  dis-  lappoiiited  <lepi)ties  to  attend  a  convention ;  but  the 
lurb  the  public  peace,"  appeared  to  the  colonists  a  town  of  Hatfield  refused  its  concurrence.  When 
Ml*  iiuudiciutts  application  of  harsh  epithets,  to  Ithe  deputies  met,  they  conducted  with  moderation; 


disclaimed  all  legislative  luthorily;  iiUlswf  tht 
people  to  pay  Iha  greatest  dtferenca  to  govoia* 
ment ;  and  lo  wait  patiently  fur  «  redresa  uf  ihsil 
grievances,  from  his  majesl'y't  wisJum  ind  imMlenf 
lion.  Having  slated  to  the  world  ibe  cauaas  of 
llieir  meeting,  and  an  acconnl  uf  their  proceeding*, 
Ihey  dissolved  themselves,  after  a  short  te(*ion,aaQ 
went  huine. 

Within  a  day  after  the  convention  bp>ks  um  tiM 
ex|)ected  regiments  arrived,  and  ware  MMOMbly 
received.  Hints  hud  been  thrown  out  oj  soma, 
that  they  should  not  he  |)ermitl«d  to  com*  on  •hort, 
Preparalions  were  n>nde,  by  the  captains  of  tha 
men  of  war  in  the  harbour,  to  fire  on  tha  town,  la 
case  op|)OMlion  had  been  made  to  their  landiog  | 
but  the  crisis  for  an  appeal  lo  arm*  wm  not  vol  sr* 
rived.  It  wo*  hotted  by  some,  that  th«  folly  and 
rage  of  Iho  liosloman*  would  have  led  Ihcm  to  thl* 
rash  measure,  and  thereby  have  alforded  an  op> 
iwrlunity  for  giving  them  some  naval  and  military 
correction ;  but  both  prudence  and  |)olicy  induced 
them  lo  adopt  a  more  lsin|)erale  line  of  conduct. 

While  the  contention  was  kept  alive,  by  tht 
successive  irritations,  which  have  been  mentioiMdi 
there  was,  jiarlicularly  in  Massachusetts,  a  *p»< 
cies  of  wariare  carried  on  between  Ihe  royal  go- 
vernor*, and  the  provincial  assemblies.  Eaell 
watched  the  other  with  all  the  jedousy,  which 
strong  distrust  could  inspire.  The  latter  regard- 
ed  Ihe  former  as  inslrumenis  uf  power,  wishing 
lo  pay  their  court  to  liie  mother  country,  by  curi>* 
ing  tfie  spirit  uf  American  freedom;  and  the  for* 
mer  kept  a  strict  eye  on  the  latter,  lest  they  iiiiglit 
snioolli  the  way  to  independence,  at  which  they 
were  charged  wiili  aiming.  Lieutenant  governor 
Hiitcliinson,  of  Massachusetts,  virtually  clialleog* 
ed  ihe  as.ieiiibly  lo  a  ilisnute,  on  Ihe  ground  of 
the  controversy  between  the  two  coii-itries.  Tliia 
was  accepted  by  tlie  latter;  and  the  subject  dis- 
ensued  with  all  the  subtilty  of  argument  which 
the  ingenuity  of  eithei  |>arty  could  suggest. 

Tlie  war  of  word*  was  not  ronhned  to  the  col> 
onies.  While  the  American  assemblies  passed 
resolutions,  asserting  their  exclusive  tight  to  tax 
their  constituents,  the  parliament,  by  resch*'.*, 
asserted  their  unlimited  supremacy  in  and  over 
the  colonies.  While  the  former,  in  their  publie 
hcts,  disclaimed  all  views  of  independence,  they 
<vcre  successively  represented  in  parliamentary 
resolves,  royal  s|M!eches,  and  addresses  from  lorw 
and  commons,  as  being  in  a  state  of  disobedieuco 
to  law  and  government ;  as  having  proceeded  to 
mrnsures  subversive  of  the  constitution  ;  and  man- 
ifestiiig  a  disposition  to  throw  off  all  subordinatioa 
to  (ireat  Uritain. 

In  rebruiv.y,  1709,  both  houses  of  parliament 
went  one  step  beyond  nil  that  bad  preceded.  They 
concurred  in  a  joint  address  to  his  majesty,  ia 
which  they  expressed  their  satisfaction  in  tbtl 
measures  his  majesty  had  pursued ;  gave  th« 
strongest  assurances,  that  they  would  eHectually 
support  him  in  such  farther  measures,  as  might 
be  found  necessary,  tn  maintain  the  civil  magis- 
trates in  a  due  execution  nf  the  laws,  in  Maam. 
chiiselts  Day ;  bcsccchcd  him,  "  to  direct  tha 
governor  to  take  the  most  effectual  methods  for 
procuring  Ihe  fullest  information,  touching  ali 
treasons  or  misprisons  of  treason  committed  with- 
in the  government,  since  the  OOth  day  of  Deoem* 
ber,  1767 ;  and  to  transmit  the  same,  togetbet 
with  the  names  of  |iersons,  who  were  most  active 
in  the  commision  oi  such  offences,  to  one  of  tha 
secretaries  of  state,  in  order  that  his  majesty 
might  issue  a  s|iecial  commission  for  inquiring  o( 
hearing,  and  determining,  the  said  offences,  with- 
in the  realm  of  Great  Britain,  nursuant  tn  the  pro- 
vision of  the  statute  of  the  thirty-fifth  nf  King 
Henry  the  eighth."  The  la.  er  part  of  th'*  ail- 
dress,  which  pi'0|iosed  the  bringing  of  delin:|uenta 
from  Mnssncliiisetis,  to  be  tried  at  a  tribunal  io 
Great  Britain,  for  crimes  coiiiiniltcd  in  America, 
underwent  iiiiiny  severe  aniiimdvursions. 

It  Wiis  asserted  lo  lie  Intally  incoiisislent  with 
the  spirit  of  the  consliliition :  for,  in  Kngland,  a 
man,  charged  with  a  crime,  had  a  right  to  he  tried 
in  the  country  in  which  bis  offence  wi.s  suppoaad 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


[)  the  pro* 
or  Kini 
ih's  mP 


tent  with 
[Inland,  a 
n  be  tried 
auppoMd 


la  hare  been  committed.  "  JiiMlee  !•  regulerly 
Mil  lmp.irtliilty  MimlnUtered  In  our  couiti,"  mid 
the  colonlila ;  "  am)  yet,  by  direction  of  (fflrlla 
ment,  nU'enilen  aio  tu  be  tuken  by  Turce,  tngetlier 
witli  nil  mich  peraonn  ns  tnny  be  pointed  out  »* 
wltneaiit'ii,  and  carried  to  Knglnnd,  there  to  be 
tried  in  a  ditlant  land,  by  a  Jury  ol'  iitran);en,  and 
■iiliject  to  all  the  ilUadviinlaKrs  which  reault  from 
want  of  friend*,  want  of  witneiiea,  and  want  of 
money." 

The  houae  of  burKeuei  of  Virginia  met,  noon 
after  official  accounts  of  the  Joint  addreii  of  lordi 
Mid  conunone,  on  thia  aubject,  retched  America, 
■nd  paaaed  reaolutiona,  naserting  "  their  excluaivo 
risht  to  tax  their  conalituenta ;  their  right  to  |ie- 
lluon  their  lovereign  for  redreu  of  grievaocej ; 
the  lawfidneM  of  procuring  the  concurrence  of 
the  other  colonlei.  In  prayl-.g  for  the  royal  inter 
noaltlon.  In  favour  of  the  violated  right*  of  Amer 
lea ;  that  all  trial*  for  treaaon,  or  for  any  crime 
whataoever,  committed  in  that  colonv,  ought  to 
M  before  hi*  majeity'a  court*,  within  the  laid 
colony  i  and  that  the  aeixing  anv  penon,  reilding 
in  the  aaid  colonv,  auapected  of  any  crime  what- 
aoever, committed  therein,  and  aending  luch  per- 
*ou  to  place*  beyond  the  *ea  to  be  tried,  waa  hiolily 
derogaloiy  to  the  right  of  Britiah  aubject*."  The 
next  day,  lord  Botetourt,  the  governor  of  Virginia, 
•ent  for  the  house  of  burgeese*,  and  addreased 
iheiii  aa  follow* :  "  Mr.  Speaker,  and  gentlemen 
of  the  houae  of  burgeaae*,  I  have  heard  of  vour 
reaolve*,  and  augur  ill  of  their  effect*.  You  nave 
made  It  my  duty  to  dissolve  yon;  and  you  ara 
dissolved  accordingly." 

The  assembly  of  North  Carolina  adopted  reso- 
iitions.  siinilar  to  those  of  Virginia,  for  which 
Tryoii,  their  governor,  dissolved  them.  The 
members  uf  the  house  of  burgesses  in  Virginia, 
and  of  the  assembly  of  North  Carolina,  after  their 
dissolution,  met  as  private  gentlemen,  cliose  (heir 
lute  speakers,  moderators,  and  adopted  resolution* 
ai;ainst  iiii|)ortiiig  British  goods.  The  non-impor 
tiitioii  agreement  wun,  in  this  manner,  forwarded 
by  the  very  measures  Intended  to  curb  the  spirit 
of  Anieiican  freedom,  from  which  It  aprung.— ' 
Meelinga  of  the  associationa  were  regularly  lield, 
in  ttie  various  province*.  Committees  were  ap- 
IMiinted  to  examine  all  vessels  arriving  from  Bri' 
tain.  Censures  were  freely  pessed  oo  auch  as 
refused  to  concur  in  these  associations,  and  their 
names  published  in  newspapers,  as  enemieato 
their  country.  The  regular  acts  of  the  provin- 
cial assemblies  were  not  so  much  respected  and 
obeyed,  as  the  decrees  of  these  committees. 

In  Boston,  lieutenant-governor  Hutchinson  en- 
deavoured to  promote  a  counter  association ;  but 
without  effect.  The  friend*  of  importation  ob- 
jected, that,  till  parliament  made  provision  for  the 
punishment  of  tne  confederacies  against  importa- 
tion, a  counter  association  would  answer  no  other 
pur|iose,  than  to  expose  the  a**ociators  to  popular 
rage. 

The  Boslonians,  about  this  time,  went  one  step 
fartlicr.  They  re-shipped  goods  to  Great  Britain, 
instead  of  storing  them  as  formerly.  This  was 
resolved  upon,  in  a  town  meeting,  on  the  inferma- 
tion  of  an  inhabitant,  who  communicated  a  letter 
he  had  lately  received  from  a  member  of  parlia- 
ment, in  winch  it  wa*  said,  "  that  shipping  back 
ton  thousand  pounds'  worth  of  goods  would  do 
more,  than  storing  a  hundred  thousand."  Thia 
turned  the  scale,  and  procured  a  majority  of  votes 
for  re-sliipping.  Not  only  In  this,  but  in  many 
other  infitances,  the  violence  of  the  colonist*  were 
fostered  by  individuals  in  Great  Britain.  A  num- 
ber of  these  were  in  principle  with  the  Ameri 
cans,  in  denying  the  riglit  of  parliament,  to  *.ax 
them ;  but  others  were  more  influenced  by  a  spir- 
it ot'  opposition  to  the  ministerial  majority,  than 
by  a  r.'gani  to  the  constitutional  liberties  of  either 
country. 

The'  ron  importation  agreement  had  now  lasted 
some  tiin?,  and  by  degrees  had  become  general. 
Sevcnd  of  the  colonial  assembliea  had  been  dis- 
solved, Ol  prorogued,  for  asserting  the  rights  of 
Uieii    roiiftitueiit*.     Tho    royal  govenaor*,   and 


other  fVlendt  tu  an  American  ravanna,  wata  cha- 
grined. The  eolonisia  ware  Irriiaiad.  Good 
men,  both  In  England  and  America,  deplored 
these  iinlowani  events,  and  beheld  with  concern  an 
incrvaaing  ill  humour  between  tho*«i,  who  were 
bound  by  intereet  and  affection,  to  be  friend*  to 
each  ntlier. 

In  consequence  of  the  American  non-Importa- 
tion agreement,  founded  in  opposition  to  the  duties 
of  1767,  the  manWtietnren  of  Great  Britain  ex- 
perienced B  renewal  of  the  distresses,  which  fol- 
lowed the  adoption  of  similar  resolution*,  In  the 
year  176JS.  Ttie  repeal  of  these  dutie*  was  there- 
fore aollclted  by  the  eame  influence,  which  had 
procured  the  repeal  of  the  stamp  aei.  The  mler* 
of  Great  Britain  aetad  without  deeiaioo.  InMead 
of  persevering  in  their  own  aystem  of  coeralon, 
or.  Indeed,  in  any  one  nnlform  *y*tem,  they  itp-.ek 
out  a  middle  line,  embarTa**ed  with  thr  con*a- 
quencet,  both  of  teverilv  and  of  lenity,  ind  with, 
out  the  complete  benefits  of  either.  Soon  after 
the  spirited  address  to  hi*  majesty,  laM  <nar<tioned, 
bad  paued  both  house*  of  parliament,  luurancea 
were  given  for  repealing  all  the  duties,  Imposed 
in  1767,  excepting  that  of  three  pence  pu.  ,..  ~.d 
on  tea. 

Anxlottt'on  the  one  hand  to  establish  pariia- 
mentary  supremacy,  and  on  the  other  aftnid 
to  stem  the  torrent  of  opposition,  they  eonceded 
enough  to  weaken  the  former,  and  yet  not  enough 
to  satisfy  the  latter.  Had  Great  Britain  gene- 
rously repealed  the  whole,  and  for  ever  relin- 
quished all  claim  to  the  right  or  even  the  exer- 
cise of  the  right  of  taxation,  the  union  of  the 
two  countrie*  might  have  Iaste<l  for  ages.  Had 
she  seriously  determined  to  compel  the  submis- 
sion of  .the  colonies,  nothing  could  have  been  more 
unfriendly  to  this  design,  than  her  repeated  con 
cessions  to  their  reiterated  associations.  The  de 
claratory  act,  and  the  reservation  of  the  duty  on 
tea,  left  the  cause  of  contention  between  the  two 
countries  in  full  force ;  but  the  former  was  only 
a  claim  on  paper,  and  the  latter  might  be  evadetl, 
by  refuseing  to  purchase  any  tea,  on  which  the 
parliamentary  tax  was  imposed.  The  colonists, 
therefore,  conceiving  that  their  commerce  might 
be  renewed,  without  establishing  any  precedent, 
injurious  to  their  liberties,  relaxed  in  their  asso- 
ciations, in  every  particular,  except  tea,  and  im- 
mediately recommenced  the  Importation  of  all 
other  article*  of  merchandise.  A  political  calm 
once  more  took  place.  The  parent  state  might 
now  have  closed  the  dispute  for  ever,  and  honour- 
ably receded,  without  a  formal  relinquishment  of 
her  claims.  Neither  the  reservation  of  the  duty 
on  tea,  by  the  British  parliament,  nor  the  excep- 
tion* made  by  the  colonists,  of  importing  no  tea, 
on  which  a  duty  was  imposed,  would,  if  they  bad 
been  left  to  their  own  operation,  have  disturbed 
the  returning  harmony  of  the  two  countries.— 
Without  fresh  irritation,  their  wounds  might  have 
healed,  and  not  a  scar  been  left  behind. 

Unfortunately  for  the  friends  of  union,  so  paltry 
a  sum  as  three  pence  per  pound  on  so  insignificant 
an  article  as  tea,  in  consequence  of  a  combination 
between  the  British  ministry  and  East  India  com 
pany,  revived  the  dispute  to  the  rending  of  the 
einpire. 

These  two  abortive  attempts,  to  raise  a  parlia- 
mentary revenue  in  America,  caused  a  fermenta- 
tion in  the  minds  of  the  colonists,  and  gave  birth  to 
many  inquiries  respecting  their  natural  rights. 
Reflections  and  reasonings  on  this  subject  pro- 
duced a  high  sense  of  liberty,  and  a  general  con- 
viction, that  there  could  be  no  security  for  their 
property,  if  they  were  to  be  taxed  at  the  discre- 
tion of  a  Britiah  parliament  in  which  they  were 
unrepresented,  and  over  which  they  had  no  con- 
trol. A  determination  not  only  to  oppose  this 
new  claim  of  taxation,  but  to  keep  a  strict  watch, 
lest  it  might  be  established  in  some  disguised  form, 
took  possession  of  their  minds. 

It  commonly  happens,  in  the  discussion  of 
doubtful  claims  between  states,  that  the  ground 
of  the  original  dispute  insensibly  changes.  When 
the  mind  i*  employed  in  investigating  one  aubject, 


eihaia,  aaaeaiatad  whh  It,  Mnmlly  |iiaaaul  ibam* 
sahrea.  In  the  eoaiaa  ol  laqnlriaa  ea  iha  eubjaat 
of  parilameotary  tasation,  the  reairietloa  oa  tha 
trade  of  tha  colonist*,  and  the  neceisity  that  waa 
impoaed  oo  them,  to  porehaea  British  and  olhat 
nianufaetnraa,  loaded  with  their  Aill  proportloa  H 
all  taiea,  paid  by  thoaa  who  made  or  aoM  thaa, 
became  more  generally  kni/wn.  While  Amarlaaa 
writer*  were  vindlcaiing  their  country  Arom  tha 
charge  of  contributing  nothing  to  tho  common  as* 
pen*et  of  the  empire,  they  went  led  to  letoffla 
their  credit,  the  dUadvantage  of  their  being  aa»- 
Aned  exeluaively  to  pnrchaae  mannfaetniaa  hi 
Britain,  They  Instituted  ealeulatloaa,  by  whkk 
they  demonstrated,  that  the  monopoly  of  ihdi 
traaa  draw  tnm  them  greater  soma,  thr  the  cap 
port  of  government,  than  were  naually  paid  by  ao 
equal  number  of  their  Ibllow  eltUena  of  OiwN 
Britain ;  and  that  taxation,  snpeimlded  to  anch  a 
monopoly,  would  leave  them  in  a  atate  of  perfbet 
unoompenaated  alavery.  The  investigation  of 
these  aubjeeta  brought  mattera  into  view,  whiell 
the  friemla  of  union  ought  to  have  kept  ont  af 
alght.  Theaa  ch-oumstaneea,  together  with  Ite 
extenalve  population  of  the  aaalam  atataa,  aal 
their  adventurous  spirit  of  comaatca,  anggaela4 
to  aoiiii'  l)cild  itpiritit,  that  not  only  British  taxation, 
but  British  navigation  laws,  were  unflriendly  to  Iha 
interests  of  America.  Speculations  of  thia'  mag- 
nitude  auited  well  with  the  extenalve  viewa  of 
some  capital  merchants ;  but  never  would  have 
roused  the  bulk  of  the  people,  had  not  new  mattaf 
brought  the  dispute  between  the  two  eountrlea  la 
a  point,  In  which  every  individual  waa  Intereatad. 

On  reviewing  the  conduct  of  the  Britiah  mlnk^ 
try,  reanecting  the  coloniea,  much  weakneaa,  aa 
well  aa  folly,  appeaia.  For  a  auccession  of  yeata, 
there  wu  a  ateady  pursuit  of  American  revenue  | 
but  great  ineonaiatency  In  the  projecia  for  obtain* 
ing  it.  In  one  moment,  the  parliament  was  fof 
enforebig  their  lawa ;  the  next,  for  repealing  then. 
Doing  and  undoing,  menacing  and  aubmilUng, 
atraining  and  relaxing,  followed  each  other,  in  al- 
lernaie  auccession;  The  object  of  administratioa« 
though  twice  relinnuished,  as  to  any  preeent  af< 
ficacy,  was  invariably  pursued ;  but  withonl  any 
unity  of  system. 

On  the  0th  of  May,  1760,  the  king,  in  hia  speech 
to  pariiameni,  highly  applauded  their  hearty  con- 
currence, in  maintaining  the  execution  of  the  lawa, 
in  every  part  of  his  dominions.  Five  days  after  thia 
speech,  lord  Hillsborough,  secretary  of  state  for  tha 
colonies,  wrote  to  lord  Botetourt,  governor  of  Vir 
ginia :  "  I  can  take  upon  me  to  assure  you,  net- 
withstanding  informations  to  the  contrary,  from 
men,  with  factious  and  seditious  viewa,  that  hia 
majesty's  present  administration  have  at  no  lima 
entertained  a  design  to  propose  to  parliament,  ta 
lay  any  farther  taxes  upon  America,  for  the  pvr* 
pose  of  raising  a  revenue ;  and  that  it  is,  at  pra> 
sent,  their  intention  to  propose,  the  next  sessioa 
of  parliament,  to  take  off  the  duties  upon  glaaa^ 
paper,  and  colours,  upon  consideration  of  such  da 
ties  having  been  laid  contrary  to  the  true  princi 
pies  of  commerce."  The  governor  was  also  in* 
formed,  that  "  his  majesty  relied  upon  his  prndenea 
and  fidelity,  to  make  such  an  explanation  of  hia 
majesty's  measures,  as  would  tend  to  remove  pre- 
judices,  and  to  re-establish  mutual  confidence  and 
affection,  between  the  mother  country  and  the  co- 
lonies." In  the  exact  spirit  of  his  instmctiona, 
lord  Botetourt  addressed  the  Virginia  assembly  aa 
fnllowa :  "  It  may  poaaibly  be  objected,  ^1,  aa 
hia  majeaty'a  preaent  adminiatration  are  not  pi« 
mortal,  tlieir  succesaors  may  be  inclined  to  at- 
tempt to  undo,  what  the  preaent  ministers  ahaf 
have  attempted  to  perform ;  and  to  diat  objeclioo 
I  can  give  but  thia  answer:  that  it  ia  my  tern 
opinion,  that  the  plan,  I  have  stated  to  yon,  wil 
certainly  take  place,  and  that  it  will  never  be  de 
parted  from;  and  so  determined  am  I  for  evert- 
abide  by  it,  that  I  will  be  content  to  be  declaM>r. 
infamous,  if  I  do  not  to  the  last  hour  of  my  Ufr , 
at  all  times,  in  all  [daces,  and  upon  all  oecaaiorj^ 
exert  every  power,  with  which  I  either  am,  t4 
cyar  ahall  be,  legally  inyeated  ja  oidar  to  alitil« 


u 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


Md  nMlMttai  fcr  Um  mdUmM  of  AMcriu,  thai 
MtbUf-iioD,  wUeh  I  !»«•  bean  •uihorbM^  to  pro 
■liM  lli.<  <liy,  by  tb*  coaMonlial  MrtiDl*  of  iiur 
(nekiHi  «o««r«lgn,  who,  to  my  certtln  kuuwl«<li|«, 
niM  hia  houour  lo  blih,  Ihal  lie  would  ralnar 
|»rt  with  bit  crown,  than  prvtarva  It  by  deceit." 

TtiBM  auiiiancea  ware  received  with  traniporti 
■f  joy,  by  the  Vlrnlniuni,  Thejr  viewed  llieni  ai 
pMnliiB  hii  inijeaty  lur  aeourilv,  that  the  lute  de- 
•i(ii  lor  raialng  a  revenue  In  America  waa  aban- 
4oueil,  and  never  mora  lo  be  reaunied.  The  ai- 
Miubly  of  Virginia,  In  aniwei  to  lurd  llotalourt, 
•apreaaed  themaelvea  thua:  "  \Ve  ar*  aura  our 
moat  graaiou*  aovrrelgn,  under  whatever  ohaugea 
ma*  happen  In  hIa  cooAdentlal  aatvauta,  will  r«- 
main  Immutable  In  the  waya  of  truth  and  jiutloa, 
and  that  he  la  Incapable  ol  deceiving  hIa  Ihlthful 
■nbJMta  I  and  we  eateem  your  lordtblp'a  informa- 
tion not  only  aa  warranted,  but  even  aanctlAed  by 
IIm  royal  word." 

How  far  thaaa  aolemn  engagementi  with  the 
AiMileaiM,  were  obaerved,  aubeequent  eventa  will 
Aamonalral*.  In  •  perfect  ivllance  on  them, 
Moat  of  tho  colonlea  returned  lo  their  ancient  ha- 
Mto  of  good  humour,  and  flattered  themaelvee  that 
■o  hitura  |mrliamenl  would  undertake  to  give  or 
grant  away  their  property. 

From  tne  royal  and  miniaterlal  aaauranoea  given 
In  liivour  of  America,  lo  the  year  1769,  and  the 
auhwquent  repeal  in  1770,  of  flve-aiatha  of  the 
dutiea  wlileh  had  been  linpoced  In  17G7 ;  together 
with  the  conaequent  renewal  of  the  mercantile  in- 
lereourae  belwe<!n  Great  Urilnin  and  her  coloniea, 
many  liopeil,  that  the  contention  between  the  two 
counlrioc  waa  finally  closed.  In  all  the  |)rovince», 
excepting  Masmchusetta,  ap|iearancea  teemed  lo 
Aivour  that  opinion.  Many  Incldenta  operated 
there  to  the  prejudice  of  that  harmony,  which  had 
"begun,  elaewhere  to  return.  Sintloning  a  mili- 
tary forcu  among  them  waa  a  fruitful  lource  of 
tinnaaineta.  The  royal  army  had  been  brought 
thither  with  the  avowed  deaign  of  enforcing  aub- 
miaaiin  to  the  mother  counlrr.  Speeches  from 
the  tlirone,  and  addresses  from  both  houses  of  pnr- 
llanwnt,  had  taught  them  to  look  upon  the  inhabi- 
tants M  a  factious,  turbulent  people,  who  aimed  at 
throwing  off  all  subordination  to  Ureat  liritain. 
They,  on  the  other  hand  were  accustomed  to  look 
npon  the  soldiery  as  instruments  of  tyranny,  sent 
on  purimse  to  dragoon  them  out  of  their  liberties. 

Reciprocal  insults  soured  the  tempers,  and  mu- 
tual Injuriea  embittered  the  passions  of  the  opposite 
parties.  Some  fiery  spirits,  who  thought  it  an  in- 
dignhy  to  have  troopa  quartered  among  them,  were 
ronatantly  eaclting  the  townapeopla  to  quarrel  with 
the  soldiers. 

tru  the  aecond  of  March,  1770,  a  fray  took  place 
near  Mr.  Gray's  ropewalk,  between  a  private  sol- 
dier of  the  twenty-ninth  regiment,  and  an  inliahi- 
tnt.    The  former  was  supported  by  his  comrades, 
tia  latter  by  the  rope-makers,  till  several  nn  both 
aidea  were  involved  in  the  consequences.    On  the 
Sih,  a  more  dreadful  acene  waa  preaented.    The 
wMiers,  when  under  arms,  were  pressed  upon,  in- 
auhed  ani  pelted  by  a  mob,  armed  with  clubs,  sticks, 
,  'tad  anow^balls  covering  stones.    They  were  also 
'^'iflaied  to  (tie.    In  this  situation,  one  of  the  soldiers 
who  had  received  a  blow,  in  resenlioent  Are<l  at  the 
aupposed  aggressor.     This  was  followed  by  a  single 
mebarge  (torn  six  others.    Three  of  the  inhabi- 
tanla  were  killed,  and  five  were  dangerously  wound- 
ed.   The  town  was  immediately   in  commotion. 
Such  were  the  temper,  force,  and  number  of  the . 
bluriihanta,  that  nothing  but  an  engagement  to  re- 
move the  troops  out  of  the  town,  together  with  the  | 
■dvica  of  moderate  men,  prevented  the  townsmen' 
firDBi  fblling  on  the  soldiers.    Preston,  ihe  captain 
who  euinmanded,  and  the  party,  who  fired  on  the ' 
iahabiuuits,  were  committed  to  jail,  and  aAerwards 
Hied.    The  captain  and  six  of  the  men  were  ac- ' 
iniitted.    Two  were  were  brought  in  guilty  of  man- 
alaughter.    It  appeared  on  the  trial,  that  the  sol- 1 
diera  were  abused,  insulted,  threatened,  and  pelt- 1 
cd,  before  they  fired.     It  was  also  proved,  that 
nnly  seven  guns  were  fired  by  the  eight  prisonera. 
These  clreuiMUnces  induced  the  jury  to  ghre  a 


favourabia  vaiflif  t.  The  result  of  the  trial  reflect- 
ed great  honour  on  John  Adams  and  Jiitiah  Quiucy, 
the  counsel  lor  the  priiioner*  s  and,  ulao,  on  the  In- 
tegrity of  ihe  jury,  wlio  venlurcil  lo  give  iiu  U|)- 
right  verdict,  in  deliuncs  ol  |Hipulur  opinions. 

The  events  of  that  tragical  uiglit  sunk  deep  In 
Ihe  minds  of  the  |i«ople,  and  were  made  subser- 
vient to  ImiMirlant  tiur|Hisas.  The  anniversary  of 
it  was  observed  willi  great  unlemnily.  Kloqueiit 
orators  were  aucceaaivrly  employed,  to  deliver  an 
annual  oration,  to  preserve  tlio  reineinbruiicu  of  it 
fresh  in  their  minds.  Uu  these  occusiuii*  tlio  lilca- 
aiiigs  of  liberty,  the  horrors  of  slavery,  tlio  dniit{vra 
of  a  atanding  army,  ihe  rightaof  ilii*  culoiiies,  uiiU 
a  variety  of  auch  topics,  were  iireteuled  lu  the  pub- 
lie  view,  under  their  moat  pleasing  and  alarming 
forma.  Thaaa  annual  orations  admiolstered  fuel 
lo  the  fire  of  liberty,  and  kept  it  burning  with  an 
Inceaaani  flame. 

Thb  obetaelea  lo  reluming  harmony,  which  have 
already  been  mentioned,  were  increaaed,  by  mak- 
ing the  governor  and  judges,  In  Massachusetts,  in- 
de|iendent  of  the  province.  •  Formerly  tlioy  lind 
been  paid  by  yearly  grants  from  the  assembly ;  but 
about  this  time  provision  was  made  for  imying  their 
aalariea  by  the  crown.  This  was  resented  as  a 
dangerous  innovation ;  as  an  infractlun  ci'  their 
charter ;  and  as  destroying  that  balance  of  power, 
essential  to  free  governinenta.  That  the  crown 
should  pay  the  salary  of  the  chief  justice,  was  re- 
presented by  the  usseinbiy  as  a  sfiecies  of  bribery, 
tending  to  bias  his  judicial  determinations.  They 
made  lithe  foundation  for  impeaching  Mr.  Juatico 
Oliver,  before  the  governor;  but  ho  excepted  lo 
their  proceedings  aa  unuonatltutlonal.  'Ihe  as- 
sembly, nevertheless,  gained  two  pal  its.  Tliuy 
rendered  the  governor  more  odious  to  the  iiiliabi- 
tanta,  and  incroaiictl  the  public  respect  for  tlieiii- 
selvea,  as  the  counter  part  of  the  Uritish  house  of 
commons,  and  as  guardiana  of  the  rights  uf  the 
people. 

A  personal  aniinoiily  between  governor  Hutch- 
inson and  soino  distinguished  patriots  in  Massa- 
chusetts, contributed  to  |>erpetuate  a  flame  of  dis- 
content in  that  province,  alter  it  had  elsewhere 
visibly  abated.  Thia  was  worked  up,  in  the  year 
1773,  to  a  high  pitch,  bv  3  singular  combination  of 
circuiiutances.  Some  letters  had  been  wriilen,  in 
the  course  nf  the  dispute,  by  governor  Hutcliin- 
aon,  lieutenant  governor  Oliver,  and  other  royal 
aervants  In  Boston,  to  persons  In  jrawcr  In  Eng- 
land, which  contained  a  very  uofavoumblo  repre- 
sentation of  the  state  of  public  alfuirs,  and  tended 
to  show  the  necessity  of  coercive  measures,  and 
of  changing  the  chartered  system  of  governinenl, 
to  secure  the  ol<edience  of  the  province.  These 
letters  fell  into  the  bands  of  Dr.  Franklin,  agent 
nf  the  province,  who  transmitted  them  to  Uoston. 
The  indignation  and  animoaity  which  were  excited 
on  the  receipt  of  them,  had  no  bounds.  The  house 
of  assembly  ugreed  on  a  petition  and  reiiionstriincc 
to  his  majesty,  in  which  they  charged  their  gov- 
ernor, and  lieutenant  governor,  with  being  betray- 
ers of  the  people  they  governed,  and  of  clving 
private,  partial,  and  false  information.  They  al- 
so declared  them  enemies  to  the  colonies,  and 
prayed  for  justice  against  them,  and  for  their 
apeedy  removal  from  their  places.  These  charges 
were  carried  tlurough  by  a  majority  of  eighty-two 
to  twelve. 

The  pctiiion  and  remonstrance  being  transmit- 
ted to  England,  their  merits  were  discussetl  before 
hla  majesty'a  privy  council.  Afker  n  hearing  be- 
fore that  board,  In  which  Dr.  Franklin  represent- 
ed the  province  of  Massachusette,  the  governor 
and  lieutenant  governor  were  acquitted.  Mr. 
Wedderbume,  who  defended  the  accused  royal 
servants,  in  the  course  of  his  pleadings,  inveighed 
against  Dr.  Franklin,  in  the  severest  language,  as 
the  fomenter  of  the  disputes  between  the  two 
countries.*    It  was  no  protection  to  this  venera- 

*  This  charge  is  now  known  lo  be  falaa.  Dr.  Frank- 
lin took  every  methotl  in  hia  power  lo  prevent  h  rup- 
ture between  Great  Britain  and  America.  Hi!<  ndviiro 
to  hia  coiiiiiryoiae  was,  "  to  bear  every  ihiiii;  for  the 
present;  as  they    ware    sure,  in  time,  to   outgrow  all; 


Ma  inga,  that,  being  the  aganl  of  MaaaschusetM^ 
he  conceived  It  his  duty  to  inform  hia  conaiituentt 
of  lellera,  wriltei^  on  public  uflalrs,  nili  iilaird  la 
overturn  llieir  cliarterril  t'liiialitiiKnii,  Tim  iiga, 
rea|iecla!iilily,  and  IiIkIi  lileriiry  rliurarler  of  ina 
subject  of  Air.  Wedileihiiriio'a  pliilip|Mi',  turned  the 
attention  nf  the  public  to  Ihe  traiiaiiellon.  The 
liiault  oll'ercd  to  one  of  Ihn  public  iiueiils,  and  ea- 
|iecially  to  one  who  was  both  the  pridr  and  orna- 
ment of  his  native  country,  sunk  de.'p  In  llm  iiijiid* 
of  the  Amerlcuns.  That  u  ruillil'ul  aervnnl,  whom 
lliry  hived,  thoubl  be  inaullrd  for  diacliurgiiig  bia 
nflicial  duty,  rankled  in  llieir  hearts  Dr.  Krauk 
lin  was  liiiniediately  dianilaaed  I'roiii  iha  ofllce  of 
deputy  iKjatmiuter  general,  which  he  held  iiiidei 
the  crown.  It  was  not  only  by  his  traiiamiasioB 
of  these  letters,  that  he  hail  given  oti'enco  lu  tha 
Uritish  ministry,  but  by  his  popular  writings  in  h> 
vour  of  America.  Two  of  his  pieces,  in  panl3«< 
lar,  had  lately  attracted  a  large  sliarn  uf  public  al> 
tentlon,  and  had  an  exieiiaive  influence  on  bath 
sides  of  the  Atlantic  The  one  piir|H)rted  to  b« 
an  edict  from  ihe  king  of  Prussia,  for  taxing  tha 
inhabitants  of  Great  Uritain,  as  descendanta  of 
emigrants  from  hia  domiiiiims.  The  other  waa 
entitled,  "  Rules  for  reducing  a  great  empire  to  a 
small  one."  In  both  of  which  he  hud  exjioaed  the 
claims  of  the  mother  country,  and  the  proceeding* 
of  the  Uritiah  miuiaiiy,  with  the  severity  of  polg< 
nam  satire. 

For  ten  rears  there  hnil  now  been  little  Inter* 
mission  in  the  disputes  between  Great  llritain  and 
her  colonies.  Their  respective  claims  had  never 
been  compromised  on  iniildle  ground.  The  ca'm 
which  followed  the  rtjieal  of  the  stump  act,  waa 
In  a  few  months  disturbed  by  tlio  revenue  act  of 
Ihe  year  17G7.  The  tnini|uillity  which  followed 
the  repeal  of  five-sixths  of  that  act,  in  the  yeaf 
1770,  was  nothing  more  than  a  truce.  The  re* 
servatiun  of  the  iiuty  nn  tea,  as  an  avowed  evi- 
dence of  the  claims  uf  (Sreat  llritain  to  tax  her  co- 
lonies, kept  alive  the  jealousy  of  tlio  colonis's ; 
while,  nt  the  same  time,  the  si"'.oning  nf  an  army 
in  Mussachiisells,  the  cnntinii..nce  of  a  board  of 
commissioners  in  Uoston,  the  roiisiiiuliiig  the  go- 
vernors and  judges  uf  that  province  iiidepenileni 
nf  the  people,  were  constant  sources  uf  irriiutlon. 
The  altercations  which,  at  this  period,  were  com- 
mon between  the  ruynl  governors  and  the  provin- 
cial assemblies,  together  with  nuinerouif  vindica- 
tions nf  the  chiiiiiM  of  America,  made  the  subject 
familiar  to  the  colonists.  The  ground  of  the  con- 
Irovemy  was  canvassed  in  every  company.  The 
more  the  Americans  read,  reasoiieil,  and  conversed 
on  the  subject,  the  more  lliey  wore  coiiviiieeil  of 
ihcir  right  to  the  exclusive  disposal  nf  their  pr> 
[lerty.  Tliis  was  followed  by  a  deicrminntion  ^o 
resist  all  encroachments  on  that  palladium  of  li- 
berty. They  were  us  strnnely  convinced  of  their 
right,  to  rcluso  and  resist  pu'rliaineii.jry  tixation, 
as  the  ruling  powers  of  (ireiit  Hrltnin  of  their  right 
to  dninunil  ami  enliirce  their  siiliniission  to  it. 

The  claims  of  the  two  coiiiilries  hemp,  thus  Ir- 
reconcilably opposed  lo  each  other,  the  partial 
calm,  which  followed  the  concession  uf  parliament. 
In  1770,  was  liable  to  disturliancc,  from  every  In- 
cident. Under  such  circumstances,  nothing  less 
than  the  most  gnurded  conduct,  on  both  sidjs,  coald 
prevent  u  renewal  uf  the  cnnlrnversy.  liiiHead  of 
following  these  prudc/ilial  nieMsiircs,  which  would 
have  kept  the  gniund  nf  (he  dispute  out  of  sieht,  an 
imfiolitic  scheme  was  coiicvrtej,  between  ih«  Unl 
ish  ministry  and  the  Khki  India    company,  that 

filaced  the  claims  of  <>rcat  Hrituin  and  her  coloniea 
n  hostile  amy  aeainst  each  oliier. 
In  the  year  1773,  commenced  a  new  ein  of  Iba 


llieir  pricvniire^;  anil  as  il  ctinlil  mil  he  in  ilie  power 
uf  llio  luoilier  country  In  upprcMn  iheni  Ion?."  With 
ihiit  ciiininniKl  of  tro'iinli'iiniKT,  which  is  imciitiar  lo 
groat  mind.i,  he  boro  Wrddcrhiirne'R  nbuso  wilhont  say 
vixiiiln  rmolion;  hiil  tlint  he  frjl.  nitd  renicinlierpj  it,  M 
viHildc  IVniii  the  fnlldwiii!;  cirriiiiiiittinfrs.  AImiiiI  6ve 
yrtirs  nncrwnrdii,  when,  ns  niiniaier  plnnipotenlif«ry  of 
tlio  United  Slnlea,  ho  aiffnod  n  troHiv  of  nlhniico  nn  iheb 
lichiiir,  with  the  kinir  of  Prniiro,  fio  inloiitinniilly  wore 
Iht^  Hunie  coni  he  htid  on  when  he  \vti5i  inaullcd  by  U'od- 
derburac.    See  Ur.  Priestly 'a  Life.    Vol.  II.  psgc  M. 


Ill'  Mi)M«cliu««(M^ 
ni  hia  cuniiilurait 
nkrs,  riilt  iihlcU  M 
iitioii.  'liiH  iiga, 
cliHrnclrr  dI'  im 
ili|i|iii',  liiriieil  Iht 
iriiiimivtioti,  'I'bf 
lie  iiyriitu,  1111(1  ••• 
L'  priilp  mill  oriiit- 

ll)*''!)  Ill  llin  lllllld* 
I'lil  nrrviiiit,  wliuiri 
ir  (tiKcliuriiiiiK  hU 
irt*  Dr.  Kniiili 
•nil  lh«  iifllce  of 
li  lip  liclil  iimUr 

III*  iruiinniiniua 
rn  oll'eiico  to  Ibt 
Inr  wrlllngi  in  h- 
lioceii,  III  unrllas* 
iiirn  ul'  iniblie  ■!• 
illueiicn  on  bjth 

IMiijHirtod  to  b« 
la.  for  taxing  lh« 

ilriicenilnnti  of 

The  other  wiM 
(rrnt  empire  lo  ■ 

hull  expoied  th« 
I  the  proceeding* 
(everity  uf  polg- 

been  little  Inter* 
irciit  llritnin  and 
luiiiia  had  never 
mil.    The  ca'm 
•tump  ucl,  wu 
revenue  net  of 
which  folluwed 
act.  in  the  year 
truce.    The  re- 
au  avowed  evi- 
in  to  tux  her  co- 
r  the   colonia-i; 
nin;;  of  nn  army 
e  of  a  buurd  of 
ititiiliiig  tlie  go- 
K'e  inilepeiidenl 
ITS  of  irriiailiin. 
riod,  were  com- 
niiil  the  provin- 
ineruur  viiidica- 
the  HubjecC 
tiiid  of  tlie  con- 
nipuny.     The 
nnil  conversed 
convinced  of 
of  their  piv 
icrminntiun  :u 
illadium  of  !!• 
need  of  their 
.irv  tixiilion, 
of  their  right 
lion  to  it. 
beini;  thus  ir- 
the  partial 
of  pnrliainent, 
from  every  in- 
nothing  IcM 
ti  »i(L'.H,  coBld 
liiMeud  of 
wliirh  H'oiitd 
lilt  (if  Hjclit,  an 
*«'eM  (ho  Unt 
'ompaiiy,   thai 
J  her  coloniw 

nw  «in  of  tha 

0  in  ilio  power 
long."  With 
I  |>«i'iiliar  10 
•n  wiihiiii:  aar 
i('in)i«'rp.t  it,  i 
t.  jIIkmii  fire 
nipolenliiiry  of 
liiiiice  iin  iheb 
^iiiinniilty  wore 
uhod  l>y  H'«d* 


^ 


rf;/''^"'iilHjf*»«;i' 


1s 


1  <i 


1 


M  mmImM  of  AawtM,  ihai 
Mlhfcilt— ,  wkkb  I  kav*  h—  ■mlwriwJ  lu  pro- 
■liM  ihia  dajr.  bjr  th*  coaMaatlal  MrvMlt  of  uMr 
inckoiM  Mv«r«t|ii,  wbu,  to  luy  eortain  liiiuwloiiit, 
nUM  hU  liouoiir  lo  blub,  that  ho  wuiikl  niiuar 
|Mrt  with  bli  eruwn,  Ibun  prvwrra  tt  by  docoU." 

Thow  MiiiiKncM  war*  raccWail  with  UranifivM* 
•f  jay,  by  Um  VI/kIoU*)^     miff  <'>^*wt  *^>*oi 

•inn  fur 

4o«a<l.  am 

Mmbly  of 

•l|Mraaa«d 

BMMl  gnuikil 

■a«  bapiNi 

naiB  kiiunulalilo  tot  dv   ^tfi  ni  tr« 

and  ibai  bojii    t  -•««kl*ul  U<.<  m<.ii|l^v 

■«li||«cu;  ane  »v  ^ffUtLot  jto«ir  )■>  <  v.^< 

Itoo  Dot  ODiyUi  waMniMl,  bat  '^ft  MM«^ftc4  ey 


Iha  lojral  woM.' 

How    (kt   t|>«'e    rn'oMD    ••  :-*4PM«*iI<    wllh 
AmorlcaiW,  l^rrr  •i>i««ivttl     «,iJM#qrirnt  avrjiM  n 

damonairaio.  ,  In    »    iwfwd    ■•ii^uce    all  tf 
aoai  of  tha  quluuir*  r*<iunM  M^  iheir  aiicF 
Mlaor  loodhtintuur,  awl  Iliite««fil  Unirm^lvw    ^ 
■o  fuiuro  |Mry^iii«ti(  voiikl  umUrtdi*  W  |f''W 
grant  away  lh^^l>ro|'<  riy.  * 

From  the  rojt^l  nnd  inmistcrbl  ^aatiraltaaa  aj 
In  Ihvour  of  4'"    "^'i  l»  'b*  y«v  17<I^,  WmT 
aabacquMit  repeal  in    I'/U.  of  livr  lUtba  aT 
dutiaa  wliieh  hikil  Uvrn  iiiipuMxl  in  ITbT  ;  ini 
with  tha  conMflUniii  irnewul  of  ilm  iii«t<riHi 
lattourae  bvtwecr.  (}r^at  Bvif'un  nud  har  <^>>(' 
many  hoped,  ihiil  iho  <  unif otion  b«i»i<cn  it|i»t#f 
eonntriaa  waa  Aiiully  (:li».«d.     lu  all  (Ii4  ;irB«)u<*cti,|( 
aseopling  Mnutx-ltnsi  it*,  a{i^."um'-*  <)«>Mia<i 
Ihroiir     that    opbuuii.     Mant    incbtotXii 
ihara  to  the  prejBi'.we  of  !h:4  harm  iit,  v 
iMgun,  fliaewhci*    ?o  rfiMra.     Stnivunlim  "  mlu 
lary  force  among  f"  *  4  f'"'''*''  ••■i>'^''<     'f 

nnnaalneaa.     The 
thither  wltu  the  avowc.)  ■». 

miaalin  to  the  mothrr  rj ,~.  -  .,.    .    ^ 

the  throne,  and  addm»i><H  Inm  InMh  l.'<>u:<<f9  M  >.'.»' 
llanHint,  had  taught  tVm  rn  l'>»ti  npAn  \h-'  mhat^i  , 
tantt  la  a  factious,  turbula^n  iwirvK  ^^''  >>l<"''<!  yt 
throoinft  off  all  tubor<liiuitl«n  tu  QrtM  HrM  :ih. 
They,  on  the  other  Imiid.rioii'^citftame^l  tn  lock 
upon  the  aoUliery  at  <iiHhu<t«nt%..  f  lyrunny,  iicnt 


(*,  jilvl 

I     'fliawi  >>rini.4 
M  I|m  Sta  of  libert.r,  ai 
Ml  *•!••• 

jf*w*r 


wMieo  <u  aMil^,  fi«*atthe) 

hivh  iiad|Mil,  aad  Incieati 
I  "  mlu 

,  ~^A    iMen  hifiu^lil 

•   ■',  'f-.    V*'  'H.,-    «-jb. 


on  pur})oaa  to  dniga<itf-;li«ra  out  •f^elr  4iticriie< 
Reciprocal  Inmilta  astti^'i  O14  ;6n)}>(t<t,  nnd  »m* 


THE  MISTOItY  Of 

brourabM  taifll^t.  The  raault  of  the  irtal  relleot- 
ad  great  honour  on  John  Adanwand  Jualahtiuliicy, 
iba  counael  for  the  iwlMinera  1  and,  ulao,  on  the  In- 
tegrity ul'  the  jury,  who  trnlureil  lu  give  an  U|>- 
right  irerdli't.  In  dellance  ul'  |Mi|>ular  tiplnlonii. 

The  crania  of  ih  t  u*^\> »    niKhi  •mik  "^   |i  h, 
Hm  <aiiM!«  III    ^"  (w<i|>l«,  :i>><l  »<"  iti.i.t«,»»l  ^- 1 
tOfu"'!,!  iitir|><iniK       I'hr  iiiiniv«isary  III 
iinii>.     ti'.'iufii 
oil,  lu  Uili»«'r  :'r. 
liM-Dlliraiioa  of  li 
llo* 
danKor^'oflt 
u.''   tin 

iitapto^    <hI  alaimlwg 
^-  tlbmiHirea  ft...l 


VI/giolatM^    ^iif-t  '"^wad  ii>»t»   »    iaa*  w  »>»""'"'»  in"!""*''"      ir 

''"*''  ^''tiMtKUt*  *^'  '**  ''ll*^d«'iT  «■»  utttrt^tj    nith   grrul    •>ii»ni 
[  a  i>^vrtlVlR  !»«-•  WW  'aMr'fMpMto  «»>.i<   «ti«ii:<iwi«rly  nutt>lu; 
er  l>i»r^  <|t  ll|p#r4<1nitMl.     7V    ««  ■i^M***  Mii/'wit,  lu   '>ti'«err«  tliv  rul 
..'tiui,  lit  lyt**'!    ">  J^'l  (toUi^r'^twii'i  la  (tieut  luiiuU.     On  iltewi  i>cc«4:un«  (lie 
iumKm  tfc"!       'AmT  nf   iftit  •»*•*  ^«  W  hlHin^.ilnj  lii<r»,r»i.|  tUtcry.ilii  dai 
».>»r»»MH,    itMiat  *(ial  :>'<r  >'*J%>^*'4  *  •*WMiing  mil,,,    li#  rl^llH  "'    '     i-uIhhh " 
10  li.fi-  r^ttamiil  -enairw,  •lff>'4|»~>|MMV7o'  ""Wb  I'lpKa,  ••   "  ,<  •"!•••'    '  •  i.a- 


ble  ange,  that,  being  the  agent  of  |\|aMarhuiatl% 

be  cnncelved  It  hl»  July  lu  inl'urni  hli  cuiiiiiluiiiila 

of  lellcn,  wrlitei^  on  public  ultiilri,  riilt  iil.ilrd  la 

orerturu  llwl'  rh,i'irrril   I'liiialiliitiiiii.     Tim  uga, 

'  >i   lilrriirv  I'lniriirlKr  of  tha 

''  a'a  pliill|i|Mi',  liiriieil  tha 

'"".Iraiiiiiirliiin.     TIm 

•^  iigriiiD,  tiiitl  ea- 

>  '  '«  mill  iiriiu* 

•■  iiiliid* 

'  ^um 


n     .Ml 

ti    illit    i»t«i. 

|>»  t'l  lit*    •'! 

iiiri  ' 
m  .'  * 
llif« 


-^ 


>pK«, 

liuir  iiuun 


aatvaa,  m  tli*  c 
«esuu^ni,  am) 

A  penoni:!  anlinoall. 

potiie  ilwtiuji(fii 


'■■VII'.lJ 


_  *(pi  (Or  ttic 
~iiH>'Bift(l4^  >MMatf* 
.fr.%  i;ig>it»  «*  ihf 

Ito  Ihi'i-h< 

uinp  of  >l>v 


't'litit  la  a  fair  ni> 
inh  .•«.«*  j(*r  Wirrs 


■V^4tv.^,. 


VnHtly  abiii 
im  i,v,,  yi|li  J 
•wcrfnatatieM.,. 

ihe  cjfwiftKi  of  f! 
tap,  iMuiumuit  f;0' 
aexv^uf'   la    HiiiJi>»,, 

Hull.  fcMh-tj  .•..,i.T.-,ii  ifTlBli; 

iiir.4<nv't^»  Hrr^iiig 

■.•*(>«•  ■•*■»*"   ii4(**, 
#  f;i:  ?*i4  •' 


lapuiy  jnMiiii" 
thi  irneii.     I;   wm<t  i*  > 
of  ilieaa  latlan^  «lMi  •»  nwi 
Orui'<h  inlnlnlry,  l.it«  »»  ;>»' 
»our  of  Anierrn.     IV  .•  «,    ,«h 
Ur,  hnd  latrly  aUriMlcd  «  10 
Mirtlmt,  aiiil  tud  an  eiivna^*'    uN«  ', 
<ldeaoriii'5  Ailanile'    Tti«  ow    <    -v  •   >-mi 

an  odii'i  Iriim  the  blnz  nl  I'ruMi^i,  c,  .ihi;  lii4| 
Inhabii.ini*  ll^4Jreal  Hrliilu.  i»*  i-sur^)**!*  ef 
•■inlgriMiU  fruAl  hla  liomiiiiiin*.  Tim  niher  vai 
<  iiili'il,  "  l<u|«i*  f»r  rrilm^iiiK  *  Rrnii  imi|>ii«  lu  k 
•I'uiii  lint  "  In  liolhiif  wIimIi  lie  had  uii|iuMHi  tti« 
•IsMii"  ul'  the  tnoiliir  luiinirv,  mi  ilir  |iriic('rding* 
at  the  rrlilnh  nloiauy-  with  tba  wtenty  •!'  |<(u«- 

Uu  jrwr"  I'lere  bad  now  hiMn  liitli'  'mar. 

ill  -^M  ^jjjfm^  hiiveen  Ureal  llriialu  imkI 

#  •>#ue«lii'i-  cl^iiit  bwi  iMivof 

WMAUnfTnaad'  Tl>e  .i«>, 

rfw^o'-'f'ltM  Mfwd  «f  )%»  utaiflp  t«>|  fM 


I  >r  im  m,  U- 


«i 


llMt' 

oilX 
ill 


li  ' 

!  I 


lual  Injuriea  embilterMlK^lmMtoimf^f  ^1 
partlea.     Some  fiery  aiiirUa,  «ho  t^gl^T 
dignity  to  have  troopa.^oMiei'efHuiiAiaj 
ronaiantly  esclting  the  iafmymtif^^:' 
the  aoMlen.  ./V  •"     , 

truihe  aacond  of  H^fh>  ^71^,1,1 
near  Mr.  Gray'a  ropewalk,  b^r'Anff 
iier  uf  the  twenty-niiM^  ft4fl«i»iir, 
tnit.    The  former  » 
he  latter  by  the  ro] 
aidaa  were  InTolved  ia  |iim  iiai 
Slh,  a  mora  dreadful' k|>fa..rafc 
loldiata,  when  under  '"  ' 
auhad  and  peked  by 
.  'tad  anow-balla  corei 
•"iWataJ  to  6i«.    In  ihi 
■who  had  reeeiTed  a 
avpposed  acgreaaor. 
diaeharge  uom  aix 
tanla  were  killed,  and  Hb  iVere 
ed.    The  town  was  liniiidlsOiV 
Sneh  were  the  templ^'fi^i.ce,  W' 
lilhAiUnla,  that  nothhfjMnit  !i^ 
moaa  the  troopa  out  ol  <hn  in»w, 
•dviea  of  moderate  mi^i^  Q^Jtti 
fteni  Iklling  on  the  soi4*K»C    ?'rt».cn.r  ''ir 

who  eoinmanded,  and  til*  .;»■»'•,  K*»  (iwl  _„ ^  ..,..„,.._ ,.  .. 

iahabiianu,  were  com»«irt*^ «;  ^UAi>f  iiin  iw^<<'i  ;,j(i,it3i  I5i.  i'f».«ll«f.,  14  ?hr 

tried.    The  captain  a«d  -.u  <t»  i+ie"rfeB.»#r*-.  uf  - '.>,    \\,ru?nfrr-n(  thi'  .iwpuin    ■■"■-' 

qnitted.    Two  worewii- &.»-.  .fiii  iu  i^fmltyoCiiun-^p^mjiriBs  .^   it  i»a»  30  j..'tt*eiion  u 

amuglrter.    It  appear*.'  <u  '.l.<;  «n:)l,  that  thi*  vii^  .-a ' ■.:-_.. ;     .*. — 

dierawere  aboaed,  inau^ii  .\!*t».ad*<l.  aiid  pclfcJ,.'*  Tiii.  c»w.-''-it  not.  t^i«! 
«l  befora  they  ««««•  ^  ^^^-J^-  !';-.■'.  'b^  ^^:::^' S^'rC^^J 
nnlv  senen  guns  were  «<'il  ^)  **        ..W  V"^"'"'"-   «    .;      "  .«r»8nai    »i*   •'i<>  ^W  *■«.» 


(phww,  w!-»ia»,X!?*' 

bw virtli*  «i^  I  art  d,«laf«4  nmfm^ ' 

riWrlii'lh.   a:««Kly>fn' it^i 
S,y  .1  .H»4».;  ^f,,;  , :a«,v'r;''>■■ 
la*  tbeiKhahi'  M.»w44n   -* 

»'<»'  <<id  <M>Knj 

.raiMint' 

.10  » irr!'    ^^< 

iif'nef.'o^  Mait*-- 

»'»:'*  \'.Vd.)<-ihulxi(-vr;..     r  ,:■ 
iki  'lir  (lejT.i.itH,  lif  \ha  rnyiae  >i  h  ■ 


\  \m\ 


,  5bj' 


AlIlM 


;»» 


;<IMM«  th*u  a 
««  trii.  «a  an  aa6w«f  «H> 
itMtof  (in-s.  jiiiuln  Mfbjt  iltr  M»- . 

ilisi^  i)i<-  jruhiOay  iif  rl«  q^mum; 

4W)«  itmt',  III''  it.itiiiiiln  of  an  afmy 

.  .-*«tj"  •Ua,  il.'  i;'»»«i'iii;iii'."^»<h«iirtl    ,( 

lOiH  ■*i<ir'jrti' fli  W«iiti"ii,  till-  riii'-i«iiiilinr  lb*  ;'<>• 

lid- I'l.iifi-n  «t  l^.'^t  I'mii^ri'  ii'depaiiiUni 

'1 1  ri>  <  oiiaram  m.i;.  1 1  1  of  irrititioui 

utiiiL     ■  /.»'b,  nllliiH   '      i.iij,  we*r  i:i)|in 

„»aini  (»H    I'Oyal  i>.^\•<■y^|  >.-  .lud  ii)i'  i.ro^lii- 

rHKMinbfiev,  tl»||W*hxr  wilM'    mi|»ieroiia  VVii! '-!•• 

iha>f  i1jf  «Mh-»  "f  .VijM'n*-.  »n**i  iliij 

iWi.  •  M.lllir  i«iioui»i».     '<J-'     ;  ■•Kiiiiil  ol  (III    ,'..i'   ' 

n¥^%wi#.  c«n\.iiii«'rt.  iii/e.".  J     .iiuf'iinv.      1  l,c 

ijj^,A.i»'^lt*li    «nl/«»i«i'  ni*'l.  nutl  I  .nversf") 

"m.-iioTlfci  ift'l.  Ihe  li.:)i/  iJir?  o-.-i- r'M.iifcc-,  ■  rtf 

^dii  riA:   IV  tha  *',ii-I^ii'(  ij|»p«i!;i;   il    iKir   ;»i- 

7TI)i«  wiix  lolUrncrf  ^»  .1  <lci<>rinimittun  '-• 

W  iliproticlunr'Tiis  nn  ibni  iiallidium  uf  !!• 

Tl>«y  we|e  -J*  »irnn«ly  con'iiii^rit-  of  il  tir 

""i)'  (inrttpi/irii.jry  ii\..iioi>, 

nl   <ii' iit  nfil.iiii4<r  tlK-ir  n|,|i| 

^<t>««  vl'fiir  artbtiiiMMoii  til  i». 

•MrttiMi  rtV  !w  t»ii  ciHiiaii.  ■•  Ofciiii;  ilitie  Ir- 

'Miff  •-tje#»i)    III    each,  (trhiT,    ihr    iMiiui 

f/Ho'twitLti  rijiii  dlii"']  I'f  |iatl|.ii)ii'2i(« 

•IRir  ■(?«.  ii;il)|.-  ii»  diaurb^tn'Ui'  from  e»eiy  jK^ 

^imm      I'otler  Meh    eirciiirulaiir..*,   iimbint;  l«i« 

f  t.i  i.M>l!jjiw  iijit..-*  il  Of  lUo  Oonl^vrwv.  ,  Iu<iMhl  of 

"  iji'i*  |ifH'l'ntwl  iiifjHUii'.*',  ivhifb  wKuM 

^.  urtniilof  the  i]iiliui«.«ut  uf  >miW.  an 

•luu  wna  eurtnnttAl,  h«('.^'>'i>n  <lv>  JM* 

»«rt   lilt    Kii«    Ift'lia'  rwiniii',*,  tt^ 

i-tAlimi  ef  Gri<M  ilrllaiii  uixl  'l<»  K-t)iitiiaa 

le  jkrr,iy  Upaliml  ('arJi  ./ihor. . 

jf»Br  IV'JS,  coiiini«ii)i;#<i  »  »♦*  ma  of  tka 


.         r.',-l/"   ."^- ;/  --•    "'  -^^ 

.1*.       ■♦:^i-n..n  iniii'ts,  ill-  ('Of*    U 
,»»»•'     <Ht*'**(^ifl'*iii.  t*''i"ii''ii;  liitc  •';- 
._,    ,  .^.^.J   '|Y'--'-ii;    liwii   iM- Vl''i-N 
fM   «..!  ^^^•lJll"lll   •ftorv/srilt,    ul>'i> 
rw^l  I'l*"  I'lllt'd  ?*ut«'i».    In,  t\ 
1  •"•  ?i 


1,1 


..■f»lil> 

.i-iwka      Hi.!  .n!v >••» ;'S«i*«lf,  »iili    111-   Il 

it.-«^- tilt' I ''"■''•*'■  fi'''"  If"'  Iw  I*-**'! 


i 


These  tireumatanees  i^iduepiil  f||i»  i^ij  H»  |!»«i  v  (t»^M>i:  tu*  iii*r    <•*•»   »ii<r,  ri.  h*»*  t6   -ytiBj^  ^a i d«rt»oi|».    tii**  i>-  !'!i«Hj', 


mI.ii 


■>     ;■•■«!«"   U 

"JlhioK  (Mf 

rtinti-ml  (t,   if 
^'«iiil    B»a 

.t.iHi!*'-|ll»ff   of 

>  ...nil'  ,111   llwIi 

'nuinnv  Wdt^ 

i'lil   '.f  tt'oU- 

fUgvlM. 


•f  M  Malic  huMlM^ 
M  hU  coiiiiiiuvaif 
ulthlri,  mil  iil.iirij  m 
lllllllllilll.      'I'lin    iiga, 

'»rv  rliHriiriffr  ii|°  ttm 

I  |)lilll|i|iii',  iiirnril  ih« 

'^.Iriinmiiiioii.     '|'h» 

'"  iiyriilit,  mill  t«> 

'«  Hiiil  iiriiv 

*  iiiiiidt 

'  *iiiiii 


V 


■*    V    •■>    ■  .     .-HI 

uwu,  i..\    iiDdOit 

'■  rill!  nilior  at* 
»  fir'nl  t'rii|>ir*  lu  ^ 
lie  hati  u»|jomh1  ,),« 
ml  ihi-  imicrt&mgt 
h«  M»«ri(>  •!  jtm- 

<*  l)*M  huU'  i|)i«r< 
n  (irc^it  Drimlu  immI 

'■    iWllilt    Inuj    IMVMf 

Ton»«»  .  Tkf  ■  »„, 

}*    «Ul%   t**,    I'M 

»  »B  aitfw«r  «♦». 

•".'•/ru.hf.iini  .,r 

"    ■  ■  o{'  Irrit'iiioui 

•lUI*  >J|f  1,1  ovi*. 
•IllieiroiW  vl»l,':iU, 

t^^l^  ll.l.l  ,  I 

'»'!>  <li    (III    ,'un-' 

•""fnv.      i'j.«r^ 
.  "ml  i.nversfiil  ' 

'■'  rihl*!-.  .!   «C 

ii  iK'lr  p»i- 
l<"i'rinlraitii.ft  :a 
|M!li4iimi  .if  !j- 
i;'<pil-  „('  il  .ir 
ii.jr*  i4x,,iioi), 
"Kvf  tilrir  ri|;(|| 

'^Miii  (II  if, 
■  ''tiui;  ihiw  Ir- 
T,  ihr  iMiiMi 
"'■  iwrl^iiiii-iK, 
rroin  tnuy  !»■ 
':  "mhint!  <«M 
loUi  hiii, ,,  mi^j 
v-  .  h,y»M  ot 
*,  wliicb  intitM  ' 
out  of  joirlii.  im 
■n  <i|ii-  ttm  . 
f"nH.-..»,  rluR 

Ml  i.'-i  l.Juhrtt 

*f**  ■♦(I  of  riu 


.*! 


-   lii   llw 

1...  Virt, 

•    ;    ■■  U.   ,1, 

n-<!(nt^  rvl   ,1,     i 

>«»'l    (!t« 
"V  ii."fy  of 

':-  ('    ..11    tUt^l, 

■"'"■<<  '-r  rt'rti- 


^        -^ 


If     11 


Ill 


NORTH   AMKRICA. 


•I«M  Mnimfanf .  T»  urnkmimii  ibU  la  lit 
Mt(t«,  tl  U  ■■■■wry  (•  rMMr  lu  lb*  fwrWHl,  «K«ri 
III*  Mihiitry  ditl^  un  m  wm  tii*ni|i«ail,  frttin  ill* 
pHiil«l  rofMiitl  It)  iIm  ri<«»iiii*  ncl  ul'  I7li7.  Wliaii 
iIm  iIiiiic«  wliii'h  luul  Iwiin  Ulil  un  kIm*.  |M|Hir,  *iul 
|Mliit«r»'  riibiiir*,  war*  lakaii  ulT,  •  rM|Micliibl«  iiii- 
tiarU*  In  |MrllMin*iil  eiinlaiMi«<ii  ilui  Ilia  iluijt  un  lait 
•huuiii  itiui  ba  rairMivdl,  Tu  llila  II  wm  tapllaiJi 
•■  thill,  M  iIm  Ainarli'itiM  ilanlail  Ilia  lagHlily  ufUR- 
tug  lliam  4  loul  ra|iaitl  wiiiilil  ba  u  ulriiiiil  ui;i|uia«- 
•aiica  III  lliair  rl»liMa  i  anil  llial,  In  itnlar  lo  |iraur*a 
III*  riKhli  iil'lha  iixiiliar  cuuiilrjt,  It  »«■  narawary 
lu  ralain  iha  praaiiibia,  ami  «l  laiial  una  uf  iha  laaail 
Mtl«l*«>"  ll  •»«  rajuliMil,  ihal  •  |Munlal  ra|iaa| 
woiiM  ba  •  iourc*  of  a ndlaaa  illaaonlanl  i  ami  ihal 
Um  Ml  ON  ll  arouki  na<  daftav  lb*  »«iMiM«a  uf  gul< 
iMtini  ll.  Tha  UMMlon  la  nvuur  of  ■  loiat  rapaa) 
•aa  r^clad  bjp  a  graM  nu^orlly.  A*  lb*  parUamanl 
UmuiM  III  lu  raiala  lb*  lu  on  I**,  fcr  an  avkUa** 
of  llialr  rl|bl  of  laiallon,  lb*  Amarlcana  In  Ilk*  inaa- 
mit,  10  b*  ounalaMal  wllb  llMmaalta*  In  danylag  ibal 
rif  hi.  diaconilnuati  ih*  Impuriailon  of  ihni  cuiiiniu- 
ilHy.  Willi*  ibar*  waa  no  ■ll*in|H  to  Inlroduc*  laa 
tnio  ill*  culunlaa,  afnlnil  ll>lr  ilaclarail  a*na«  uf  III* 
Inliabllanta,  ibaa*  0|>|ioalug  ulaiina  wai*  In  no  dan- 
|*f  of  cullWon.  In  tliai  coa*,  tb«  inoihor  oouniry 
miflu  lia»<t  aohiMd  h*n*lf,  wllb  b*r  ktoal  rigliia, 
•nJ  ih*  eolonl**.  wlill  ibair  ilifourll*  opinion  of  • 
lolal  aianiiHlan  fVom  parllamanlanr  lax**,  wllhuul 
diaturblng  lb*  publlo  p*ac*.  Tbia  niotU  uf  com* 
|)runilalUK  Iha  Jianule,  which  aaamad  at  Anld**l|n- 
ad  »•  a  aaivo  fur  ill*  honour  and  sonalatancjr  uf  bulb 
INtrtlea,  waa,  by  ilia  Intarfaraiic*  of  Ih*  Kaal  India 
vuiiipany.  In  ooiiiblnution  with  ill*  Urillali  mlnlalry, 
coinptalaly  u«ara*l. 

Tn*  axpaclod  ravaniia  from  Ian  fnllwl,  In  cohk^ 
i)ii*nc*  uf  lb*  Am«rlcwn  aaaaelatlnn  lo  Impurt  nona 
on  which  a  duly  waa  chargad.  ThI*  prDca*ded  aa 
much  fruni  lb*  aplrli  of  gain,  a*  nf  imlilollam,  Tb* 
niarchanli  fuuiMl  iiiaana  of  aupfdylng  ihalr  country' 
men  with  laa,  Mnugilad  from  counlrta*  lo  which 
Ih*  power  of  lirlialu  did  mil  exMnd.  Tha*  doubt 
leM  conceived  ihamarUe*  lo  b«  lupponlng  Ih*  rlihli 
of  their  country,  hy  reflising  lo  purchaa*  lea  rroni 
llrituln  I  but  ih*y  ahto  rertecied,  thul  If  they  eoukl 
bring  ih*  aama  coininodlty  lo  iiinrhal  fr**  of  duty, 
Iheir  iNniAt*  would  be  prii|)orlliinHbly  greater. 

The  love  of  gain  wna  not  iiecullnr  (o  th*  Ameri- 
can mercbanla.  From  the  diminiahad  eatmrtalion 
lo  Ih*  rokiniea,  lb*  wnrelioiiaea  of  tha  llrillah  Kaal 
India  eum|iany  had  in  Ihein  aavenleen  mllliona  of 
pounda  of  lea,  for  which  a  market  could  not  ba  pro- 
enrad.  TlionilnkMiy  and  Kaal  India  company,  un- 
willing lo  loaa,  the  one,  the  CRiiecird  revenue  ftom 
Ihaaal*  of  th*  laa  In  Amarlca,  lb*  other,  ihe  iiaual 
aommareial  proAla,  agreed  on  a  meaaura  by  which 
Ibey  auimaaeil  both  would  b*  aeenred. 

Th*  r.aat  India  company  waa,  by  law,  aulhorl- 
«*d  lo  exiNirl  iheir  lea  free  of  duliea,  to  all  place* 
whalaoever.  liy  ihle  reguliitiun,  lea,  though  loiid- 
ed  with  an  e(ee|illonabl*  duly,  would  come  clicnp- 
*r  to  the  cntonle*,  than  before  It  had  been  iiiailo  « 
aource  of  mvenue ;  for  the  duly  taken  off  it,  when 
exnorted  from  (irent  Dritain,  wnagreiiter  llinn  that 
to  b*  pHial  on  ila  lm|iortuiiun  into  Ihe  colonie*.  Con- 
ndenl  of  aiicceas,  in  finding  a  market  for  Iheir  lea, 
ihua  reduced  In  Ila  price,  and  alao  of  collecting  a 
duly  oil  ill  imponalion  and  aale  In  Ihe  cohmlea,  the 
Knit  India  company  freighted  aeveral  ahlti*  with 
leiia,  for  the  dilTerenl  eotoniea,  and  appoinloa  agenta 
for  ila  di»|Niaal.  Thia  meaaure  united  aeveral  In- 
tereala  in  onpoaitlon  to  ila  execution.  The  pa- 
irioliain  of  the  American*  waa  eormborated  by  ae- 
veral niixiliary  nida,  no  way*  connected  whh  lb* 
cauM  of  liberty. 

The  merchnnla  In  England  wfr*  alarmed  at  Ihe 
loaaea,  that  iniiKl  accrue  tn  themaelvea,  from  ihe 
exportations  of  ihe  Kaal  India  company,  and  IVom 
Ihe  aalea  going  through  the  handa  of  cnnalgneei. 
Letter*  were  written  lo  colonial  patriots,  urging 
ihilr  op|ioaith>n  to  Ihe  project. 

The  amiigglera,  who  were  both  numerona  and 
powerful,  could  not  reliah  a  arhenie  which,  by  un- 
Mnelling  them,  nnd  taking  a  profltable  branch  of 
biiainaaa  out  of  their  hand*,  threatened  a  diminn- 
lioB  of  Iheir  gains.    The  colonisu  were  too  sua- 


pkkiiM  of  Ih*  daalgna  uf  Ureal  IMiain  In  bo  Imps- 
aad  i)|wn. 

The  cry  of  aiMlangai ad  lihariy  iim'*  >n»f  aarllad 
an  alaiiii,  Irniii  N*w  ll<tni|iahlr«  lu  llaurgla.  Tha 
Ural  upiNMlilun  III  iha  aaaculiun  uf  tha  aaham*, 
ailopiail  by  ih*  KmI  India  «iMn|.joy,  liagan  wllhlli* 
Aiiiarlran  marcbanta.  Tliay  aaw  a  iiritllulil*  branch 
ttt  tliair  trail*  hk*ly  lu  It*  loal,  ami  iha  liaoartu  of  ll 
•it  b«  lranaf*rr*d  lo  th*  |Mupl*  in  lireat  llriiiiln. 
Tli*y  fall  for  th*  wuuu<l,  that  would  ba  InllU'led  it^i 
iliair  c'ountiy'a  claim  uf  eaampllun  Iroiii  lairliaiiwn 
lary  laxallon  i  but  thay  fall,  with  ••pinl  aenaiiillily, 
fur  tb*  loaaaa  th**  wauki  aualalii,  by  iba  divaraton 
of  llta  atrauMM  ol  aommar**,  inlu  unuauul  iihan- 
n*la.  Though  lb*  oimmmIiUm  urtglnaiad  la  ilia 
••lllahnaa*  «l  Iba  maranaMa,  ll  did  not  and  ihar*. 
Tha  gr*ai  body  of  iba  paopia,  IVom  prlnel|ila*  of 
lb*  pur**<  paiiloikim,  wara  arougbl 
ib*lr  wlah**.    Thay  son*ld*f*d  ina  whal*  aaham* 


irougbl  over  lu  iaeoMi 
Tha* 
aa  calaulaiail  lo  a*«lu«*  Ibam  laio  aa  aequlaaeeuaa 


with  lb*  vkwa  of  parlkimani,  (br  rulalng  an  Amari- 
can  revaniia.  Much  imina  war*  taken  lo  anilghian 
til*  eulonial*  on  tlila  aiibjert,  ami  lo  auavinc*  th*ni 
of  th*  Imminani  baanrd  to  which  tbali  Ubartla*  war* 
*iiN>a*d. 

Th*  wovlnelal  patriot*  Inalainl  largely  on  iha 
paraavaring  daianiilnallon  of  lb*  parent  stale,  lo 
aalablhb  liar  claim  of  taxation,  by  eniii|ialllng  iba 
aala  of  tea  in  iha  cohmlea,  againat  tlia  aolvinn  ra- 
aolnllona  and  declared  aaoaa  of  iIm  bihabitantai 
and  thai  ai  a  lima,  whan  Iha  commarakil  inter. 
eour**  of  lb*  two  eoiMlrt**  wu>  ran*w*<l,  and 
■lialr  anakinl  harmony  IWm  ramming.  Tha  pro- 
poaail  vamlara  of  tha  tea  ware  r*|Nr***nl*d  a*  ra- 
vana*  offlear*,  omphiyad  In  lb*  culUction  of  an 
uncoMiliuilonal  lax«  lm|io**d  by  Ureal  llrlialn. 
Th*  eokwlala  eoni*ml*d,  thai,  oa  ilia  duly  and  the 
■Nrlea  of  tha  eoiiimodily  wer*  Inacparably  blended. 
If  tha  lea  were  aokl,  every  purchaaar  wnukl  pay 
a  lax  Impoaed  by  llie  Hriliah  uarliamenl,  aa  part 
of  tha  piirehnaa  money.  To  ubviat*  thi*  avll,  ami 
lo  prevent  th*  lihcrtie*  of  a  great  eounlry  from 
Iwing  aarrUlcad  by  inconaidcrate  piirehaaora,  aun- 
dry  town  meallnga  were  hekl  in  tha  capltuht  of 
Ihe  dUr*r«nl  provlncea,  ami  comblnatlona  ware  form- 
ed lo  ubatruct  Iha  aalea  of  Ilia  lea,  aani  by  lb*  Kaal 
India  com|mny. 

The  reaolutkina  adopted,  by  the  Inhnhltania  of 
Philudolphia.  on  tha  IStb  of  Octuber,  1773,  alfonl 
a  roimI  a|iecimen  of  tha  whol*.  Theae  wer*  aa 
lullow  t 

"  I.  That  tha  dhpoaal  of  their  own  property  la 
tha  Inherent  righi  of  freemen  t  that  there  can  ba  no 
propeity  In  that  which  another  can,  of  right,  tak* 
irom  us  vvlihuui  our  consent  i  that  tli*  claim  of  par- 
liamant  to  lax  America,  la.  In  other  wonla,  a  claim 
of  right  to  levy  contributkina  on  us  at  nloMure. 

"  it.  Thai  tho  duty,  impoaad  by  parilainant  upon 
left  liindrd  in  America,  It  a  lax  on  lb*  Amarlcana, 
or  levying  eonlrlbutlona  on  them,  wllhoul  their 
content. 

"  a.  That  the  expreat  |Hirpo**,  for  which  the 
tax  ki  levied  on  Ilia  Americans,  namely,  for  Ihe 
support  of  govornmont,  odmlniatnilion  oi  jualice, 
and  dofenca  of  hi*  majesty's  dominions  In  Ame- 
rica, has  a  direct  tendency  to  remlar  assembllct 
uieleaa,  and  to  inlroduea  ariiliary  govermont  and 
ilavery. 

»  4.  That  a  virtuous  and  steadv  oppoalihin,  to 
Ihia  mlnhterial  plan  of  governing  America,  is  ab- 
toluiely  neceitary  lo  preserve  even  the  ahadMr  af 
liberty  I  and  ia  a  duty  which  every  flratman  la 
America  owes  to  bis  country,  to  himself,  and  to 
bia  poaterity. 

"  0.  That  the  reaolutlon,  lalrW  enlared  into  by 
Ihe  East  India  company,  to  aanil  out  their  lea  to 
America,  subject  to  the  payment  of  dniloa  on  Its 
being  landed  here.  Is  an  open  attempt  to  enforce 
thia  ministerial  plan,  and  a  violent  attack  upon  the 
Hbertioa  of  America. 

"  6.  That  It  ia  dw  duty  of  every  American  to  op- 
pose this  attempt. 

•'  7.  That  whoever  shaD,  directly  or  indireetly, 
countenance  this  attempt,  or,  in  any  wise,  aid  or 
abet  in  unloading,  receiving,  or  vending  th*  tea 
tent,  or  to  b«  laat  oat  by  tbn  Eitt  Inala  eom- 


pmiy,  wKIti  tt  rawahi*  siiMaat  l»  ihg  | 
duly  hare,  la  an  enemy  la  M*  aMMMn. 

•■  n.  That  a  eummiiiaa  ba  lniiiisi|lata>y  i 
to  wall  un  ihuaa  gaailaiiMNi,  wha,  ll  It  rap 
.•(itNiiniail  hv  Ih*  Kaal  Iwlki  MimpaiMr,  M  i 
and  Mil  Mill  laa,  and  r*f|iMal  ihaoi,  mm  «  fonri 
lu  Ihalr  uwn  eliaradar,  awl  Iha  paaaa  a»4  iiaatlav, 


liar  ol  III*  any  nnd  pvuvtuas,  IkVIIll « A/  •• 
iheir  amtolnlminr." 
Aa  ilia  lima  appaoaabail,  aibaa  Ik*  arrtv* 


af  Ih* 


lea  ahlpa  migbi  ba  ta«n  aapaonNl,  mttk  ■aaaarot 
wliipietl,  aa  aa*m*4  moai  Hbaljr  1 1  ONvan 
nillna  uf  llwlr  cargo**.  Tha  l*a  ••4Mga*a* 
ap|N)lni*d  by  tb*  Kaal  Ia4la  sumpaM,  wan,  li, 
tavaral  phMaa,  campalM  !•  i*tl«i|«iltli  thaj|_M 
poiMmaMai  ami  no  ailww  wwM  ba  kmtti,  wkij 
aoougb,  to  aai  hi  ibatr  awaA,  TIm  fUam,  tm  lk« 
Uahiwara,  ware  wohmI  wl  M  mmHwi  mh 
of  Iba  lea  thipa  hMa  ihoir  tmWitr.  Im  Now 
York,  popwkw  vaageooaa 


all  a|ho  wouM  •ootrlbala,  to.OM 

sMMalaa  of  iha  New  Yafk  omI  rkuSlpSSi  akHK 
b*lng  apprlaail  of  ika  laaalmlaa  af  Um  pMptai  mm 


faarlMg  Ilia  sooaaqaaaa  af  kmtkam  a  aapMMUM 
eliarged  with  an  odlua*  duty,  hi  vMnilaM  wl  iMt 
daclarati  puMla  seMlnMMa.  iiaala<i<  m  smmi  4i> 
,  wmImm 


Tko  loa 


by  ■utpemllnl'  the  IHnllgg  jjtfai  •■ 
iry,  on  the  s*%.d*aial  nt-mOMS 


rMiliy  lu  Uraol  Urllato, 
al  iIm  custom  hottia. 

ll  wa*  oiberwlsa  la  Ma 
ships,  daaignad  fur  tha  s«ppty  ul  Boi 
eon*l|in*d    lo  lit*  son*,  aaaslns,  aa4    paniaiitat 
IViamU  of  guvarnor  lliuaMnaao.    Wbaa  ikay  won 
ealkd  upon  lo  resign,  tko*  aaawaraJ  ••  ihal  ll  waa 
out  uf  Ihalr  |iaw*r."    Tn*  aolbalar  laAMod  la 
give  a  claaranca,  unl**a    iha   vaaaat*  ware  dia- 
charged  of  dutiable  anlalaa.    Tha  giaaniar  io> 
Aiacil  to  give  a  paai  for  Um  vaaaalt,  iialaai  M» 
parly  quaTlAad  for  tha  aiMaoi  haMib> 
vomur  llkewha,  raqwMiaal  oJnillal 
guani  Ih*  iNwaaget  ant  of  iha  hoika 
onlort  lo  autfnr  nn  vsiaala,  oaoMMI 
lauM  Ih*  Ibnreaa  from  llta  lovni,  will 
aigneil  by  himaelf.     KrMW  n  oomMMn' 
circuiiialiinrea,  Ihe  ratur*  af  iIm  Ma  ^  . 
Motiun,  WH8  remlend  impaoMi*   Tka  t 
then,  hud  no  option,  battofMOiMtlMMIft— — 
the  tvai  lo  aulfer  ll  to  ba  tmdti^mm  tipiar a» 
Ilia  unanbnliy  of  the  p*oplaiM*«iHfei|tiir,|a 
daairoy  the  tea;  ortoauNbt  a  m^  laid  aoaMM 
againal  iheh'  ancred  Uboflioa  l».M»fiMl.    Tlw 
Aral  wouU  have  raq«lra4  iwoaiiiril  MMltaf,  I9 
nlghl,  aa  well  aa  by  tuft  fertfpM^i^|^MhP*i  tka 
duraikin  of  which  no  oaa 
aecond  wouM  have  I 

drinker  In  lb*  proriact.  fBk0«|M«*.tl|MMf  ip 
Ihe  vehicle  of  an  ttneoa*tfMiM»Mi,  mi  mmtii- 
pambly  aaaocMiod  wMi  tt»< jnviwoM  ika  om,  ihoy  j 

reaolved  to  d«smy  itw  MMK,''  Abtfl'WvaaMaw  1 

persons,  dressed  a*  Indktoa,  ilpnlwiiill^ha  Ma  ! 

ahlpa,  broke  open  Ihiaa  hiiwliad  aiMl  (  " 
of  tea,  and,  wlthoMl  d«hm  | 
charged  their  eonMnto  I 

Thus,  by  Iha  in 
issue  of  this  bttsinoat  1 
what  il  was  1 


Thai  whkh 
olorodi  but 
hadnpaaladhriii 
peiaafailin'.    Va 
with  his  bonow, 
bad  so  oflaa 
anpeiiura.    IH 
would  noi  AmM 
llaiterad  hinMeN;  dM^AUt!'' 
critical  momanl  infML;'  ' 
AdmiMnldM 

stmctlon  *r  of  M^ 

nnted  bt  iha  pHMIf 

dkMharga  tkadMrtti 
Tbo  tvtM  «'' f|l 


*  S'.>4'_t';j,f. 


■•rT-; 


THM   MiarORT  OP 


MkMltMi  M«Mi  wMh  M  HMMk  •••••  MuTtflMM,  ihtll 

tiMf*  WW  MM  •  «t»tl*  ilmi,  af  My  af  m»  ••#■•••• 
•MM  aw  ky  iIm  KiM  ImH*  immfmj,  wM  fcf  ikaMt 


CIIAPTKR  V. 

at  A»  NfMil)  fMllatmM,  hi  umiw^mih'*  af 

liM   tl—Ultrikm  til   llW  IM,    k|r   lb*    HuMuHlaiK        H(w|«|| 

piift  Ml,  4a. 

lMTiiiM*«««a  vf  iIm  rrtiM,  •'  in  Mm  Wan 
«Mm4  In  iIm  taM  tlM|NM,  wm,  m  lb*  7ih  •/ 
Manh,  1774,  •■wmiwattMwl,  \m  •  imnna  (Vmm 
I  IhmIi  Ihmmm  •#  |iMtt«HMiH.  la  ibta 
•attatla*,  ika  M«4atl  af  iba  «ata«tM  wm 
fMraaaMaO,  m  aa<  aaljr  abMruailiif  iha  aaMMana 
•fOfaai  RiMitai,  bM  ■•  Mibvaniva  af  Ma  •a«MU«i- 
Mm.  TIm  maatata  ira*  MrnMiiaatail  •Hh  • 
MMNbar  af  fafafa.  taatatatni  cnptaa  ami  aairaci* 
•r  lMtaf%  AaM  IM  Mvaial  ni*al  |afaf«a««  aail 
Mhaiai  Ami  «Mali  M  affaarwl,  ibai  iba  aayail. 
MMMlhaaala  afiaa  waaaai  |iaa«ltaf  la  NaaM' 
1 1  bm  taaMUM  la  all  ika  aatMlaa.  Thaaa 
waia  aaaawyaaM  arMk  daalanMlaaa,  Ibai 
fcaibiaa  ibaft  af  pirMamaniafy  lalluanca  taaM  ia< 
aataMtib  anitr,  amon«  iha  laHHilaM  tokmlalai 
wU  thai,  ibar»A»ra,  4a«lal*a  maaauiaa  tboaM  ba 
Inmadtatal*  iMlii|iia4.  \t  iha  rl|bl  af  lavjrlaR 
lasa*  M  IM  Amarleaa*  »aia  faala4  In  iba  narant 
■ma,  Ibaaa  Inlbfanan  wara  wall-fovada4i  Ml  If- 
ll  wara  atii,  ibaW  r<Mi<iuat.  la  raalailai  an  Invaahm 
•r  Ibair  rigbtt,  araa  judllWd,  aiH  onlv  b*  manv 
Mvmptaa  la  iba  blatant  of  llrilala,  bul  by  iba  aplril 
af  Iba  caaaihuilaa  uf  liiai  aountry,  wblcb  ibajr  wara 

^pTiba  ilaairaatiM  af  Iba  laa,  iba  paopla  of  Raa 
IM  M  laoarrad  iba  aanaihm  af  iwnal  lawt.  Thow) 
Is  Uiaai  Brtiahh  wba  wlabad  for  aa  oitfiartnnliy 
la  Inba  vaagaanca  on  ibal  lawn,  commonly  iiiptm 
mt  by  Ibam  la  ba  iba  malhar  of  ladlllan  *nil  rvbal- 
Mm.  rajolcarf,  ibai  bar  Inbabltania  bad  laid  iliam- 
wNaa  ajwa  la  aaallfullnB. 

ll  WM  wall  known,  ihal  iha  ihmwInK  t>(  ihit  Ian 
(Ma  Ika  rWar  did  nnl  orliliMla  with  tni<  iwrwina, 
•ba  w»ra  tba  Immadlal*  Iminimanli  nf  ih«l  nrl 
of  vbihrncat  and  ihal  iba  wboU  hml  bran  run- 
d,  al  a  inibllc  mmllni,  and  waa.  In  n  qiinll. 
MiAa.'iha  acl  uf  lbs  town.  Tlia  iinlvvradi 
ladlgnallon,  which  wh  cxcllml  In  (Irani  lirliain. 
analnrt  ilia  panpia  of  llinliHi,  |Milnlml  nut  in  tli« 
minlairy  iba  lukiablanaM  nfilic  |wea«ni  niuinHnt  Tnr 
hamftllnH  ihani.  Thounh  tha  iMieniiblr  groiiiMl 
•f  eomidalnl  waa  nolhini  mora  lliiin  a  •rei|MH  un 
pHvaif  propartv,  com.nlllcd  by  prlvnla  iwrmnai 
yel  ll  waa  wall  knowa  lo  b«  a  pa'l  of  a  loni  dlgaal- 
ad  pbin  of  raaiilanea  lo  parllaincnlary  laiallna. 
Kfcry  mrature,  ihni  nilnbl  be  niiiaueil  on  tba  o«- 
caaWn,  Mamed  to  ba  big  with  iha  fati*  nf  tha  am- 
ptH.  To  proceed  In  ilia  uauul  forma  of  law,  tp- 
■aaiad  to  the  rulerls  In  (Ural  llrllaln,  to  ba  4 
M|NWiaia  Aram  ihair  dlcnliy.  Ii  wai  iir«ed  by  ihe 
■iaiairy,  that  parllaniaiii,  and  pnrlUnioni  only, 
>rM  aapabia  of  ra-aalabllahlai  iranqiillity  amnng 
Ikiaa  lurbalenl  paopla,  and  of  briiiRlng  onler  out 
•C  aoafuaioo.  To  Mlfla  all  oppoalilon  from  the 
■aichanla,  tha  publle  |ia|iara  wara  Ailed  wlih 
WfMaga,  which  aiaiad  the  Imiioaaiblllty  of  currying 
•■  a  fuiura  frada  to  Amarlea,  If  ihia  flagrant  outra|a 
aa  cammarca  tbouM  go  unpunlahad. 

ll  waa  In  *aiB  urged,  by  Iha  minority,  that  no 
faad  eoaU  anaa  from  coarelon,  unlaaa  tha  mind* 
aflha  Amaricaaa  wara  made  eaay  on  the  lubjeet 
af  lasaibiB.  Equally  Tain  wu  a  motion  for  a  retro- 
■fact  lata  iha  eoaduct  of  iha  miniatry,  which  had 
pvatakad  ihair  raaiataaca. 

Tha  parliament  conflnad  Ihaniaalvea  aolely  lo 
Iha  lata  atiabahaviour  of  the  Americana,  without  any 
iMuiry  lata  tia  provokiogeauiaa. 
^Tha  fiolaaee  of  the  Bocionlaaa,  In  deitroying 
IB  Brtlete  of  commerce,  wu  lugely  laaUted  upoa, 
•  lihoul  any  indulgence  for  tba  iealoui  ipirit  of 
Hb«n>,  in  the  deacendanta  or  Englikhmen.— 
Tha  eoooai  «a  batwoM  tha  laa,  and  iha  vncon- 


tMalbiwa)  ilMly  Iiiipaii4  ibaraaa,  wm  ntarlaoliad. 
aati  iba  mihba  aund  ul  Ureal  Hrlliiln  Mleli  Aieii 
an  lh«  nkaiiiMitun  llvan  lu  •ommaira,  by  ina  lur- 
hnlvnl  tnliiiiMa  The  •ptrli  r*i'*il  ■gulii't.  iha 
AmerWtna  lieaama  a*  bl|h,  and  M  ••mng,  »•  Ibair 
NMMl  InvaietHia  eiiemlM  liaalred.  'I'bla  »im  ihiI 
entiAnait  til  iha  fiimmoH  |i*ii|>U  I  Hiil  liinii  iXMwa. 
*l«n  uf  UgKUlwra,  wbnM  uiiiliiinlail  nitml*  niiitlil 
IM  ba  *««h>il  »bn«a  Iba  nikl*  iil  |ifa)uihr«  or  |i»r- 
•lahiy.  Miirb,  wban  (bay  rimaiiii  nn  imhlt,'  nlDiira, 
•bmilil  ba  IVaa  IVnm  Iba  Im|nil4*«  iil  (laaalnii  i  fur 
It  rarely  hiimiaaa,  ibal  raaolMilnna,  i«<lii|Ma>l  In  ai'ltr, 
are  riiumled  lii  wladam.  Tba  |Nirllanieni  nl  llraal 
Nrllala,  iranaparlad  wllb  indlgnailnn  agalnai  the 
aaopla  df  ilaalaa,  la  a  Al  af  raga  raauhwd  to  lake 
lagMallaa  vangaaaaa  aa  that  daamail  town. 

iNaregardlag  iba  Amim  of  bar  own  tnnalMttlInn, 
1  wblak  none  aia  lo  ba  eoadainaail  unheard,  or 
BMlabad  wlihoBI  a  trial,  a  Mil  waa  Anally  pnawil, 
by  which  tba  ptirl  nf  iloaian  waa  virtually  lilnrkaii 
un  I  fur  ll  waa  legally  praaluded  ftimi  tba  |irl«llr||a 
of  lantling  ami  diacbarf  Ing,  u*  uf  kullni  ami  ■lilii- 
pbig  of  gnnda,  ware*,  am*  mafihamilaa,  'rhe 
mliiMlar,  whn  propoaail  iIim  moaaure,  atated.  In 
•uppnn  nf  It,  that  Iha  np|MHilll)in,  lu  tha  antbnrlly 
^  parliament,  bail  alway*  originated  bi  that  eulo- 
ay,  aad  bad  alwaya  baea  bMtlgaiad  by  tha  ladl- 
tluiia  pmaeaillaga  af  tha  *n«m  of  Uoatiiii  1  that  ll 
waa,  tbaralbro  aaaaaaar  '  '%  mxko  un  aiainple  uf 
Ihal  town,  wblah,  by  an  tin|MmllehHl  outragi), 
bad  Tbihilad  Iba  fVaedoai  of  rammarea  1  and  lliai 
(Ileal  Hrllain  would  be  wanting  In  tha  nrntarilnn 
■be  owed  lu  her  paaeaable  aiibjecla.  If  iiie  did  nni 

runleh  aueh  an  Inauli.  In  an  earinplary  innniirr.— 
le,  Iberafore,  pmuoaad,  tlinl  tba  town  of  llnatnn 
•houM  ba  obllgoil  10  pay  for  tha  tea,  which  hiid 
been  daeirayad.  He  waa  Ainber  of  opinion,  that 
making  a  paaaaiary  latlaAiciiun,  fnr  tha  injury 
eommilled,  would  not  alnati  he  aiifflelaiit  1  but  lliiit, 
In  addition  tbaiala,  avcurlijt  miial  he  given  in  fu- 
ture, that  trade  might  lie  anlrly  rvrrlol  un  1  pru- 
Party  proteclad  |  law*  nliejrad  1  niiil  ilititiaa  |miil. 
le  urged,  iharelbre,  •hut  It  wniibl  li«  (irnpri  In 
take  away  IVam  llnatnn,  lhi>  prlvliejira  nf  a  |h>)1, 
HBIII  ilia  ma)aal*  ahniild  be  •atlalletl,  in  ibeae  pnrtir 
ulara,  and  liuhltcly  liecliir*  in  rnuncil,  on  11  pmiirr 
rrrtlArate  nf  the  gnnd  hrliii«lfiiir  nf  iha  tnwn,  timl 
he  waa  to  fintlaArif,  Until  ihia  ahniihl  hai>|H<n,  Iik 
tim|Nikril  iliat  llie  rualnnibiiuae  ulAcfra  aniiuhl  hr 
nMiiiiTfcl  III  Hiili'iu.  Til"  niiiiialer  liu|icd,  that  tlila 
an  would  rarrule  iluiU')  iir,  nt  niiiat,  tliiit  a  fi 
rrl((iitpa  wiiuld  Mctire  ita  exerutiun.  lie  nl<ii 
hi>|Nid.  tliiit  the  prua|iert  of  iiilviiiitagn  In  the  town 
dI  Haleiii,  frnni  lla  being  made  the  ipat  of  the 
I'liatuMi-li  >uie,  mill  frnin  the  nccliialon  nf  the  (mrt 
(if  liiMtiin,  would  ileticli  the  inliahltiint*  frnm  tlir 
liitereat  nf  the  Iniirr,  aiiii  ilit|Hi*e  them  tn  aup|Nin 
a  mmaure,  from  which  tlirv  IihiI  an  much  t»  pii|H'ri 
ll  WHa  alio  iireaunied,  llint  the  ollirr  culunira 
would  leave  lloalon  to  aiitrrr  the  punithnient  ilur 
to  hrr  demerila.  The  iihi'lti>ni  uf  pnrllunieiitHry 
lupixrnacy  flattered  thriiiarlirea,  that  thi«  ileciilrd 
cutidurt  uf  (ireat  Urllain  wnulil.for  everaxtingulah 
all  opfioaitlaa  uf  Iha  rrrriictniy  colonial*  tu  the 
claim*  uf  iha  molhar  cnuniry ;  and  the  apimrent 
equity  of  obliging  a  d«liiii|ut<nl  town  tn  make  re- 
paration, for  an  injury  occuaiuned  by  the  facliitiia 
•pirit  of  It*  Inhabitiinta,  aileiicrd  miiny  nf  the  frienda 
uf  America.  Tha  oonaeqiiencei,  reaiilting  from 
thi*  ineaaure,  were  Iba  reverae  uf  what  wara  wlahad 
by  the  Ant,  and  dreaded  hy  the  laal. 

By  Iha  oparaiioB  of  ilie  lim.ton  port  aei,  tba 
preceding  (ituation  of  it*  Inlmhilant*,  and  t^t  of 
the  Kail  India  company,  waa  ri'vened.  Tha  for- 
mer had  mora  reaaon  lo  cnninlnln  uf  the  diapro- 
portlonata  penahv,  to  which  they  were  ladlacrim- 
Inalcly  aubjectej,  than  tha  latter  of  that  outrage 
on  their  pronetty,  for  which  puniihmeot  bad  been 
inflicted.  Hitherto  the  Eaai  India  company  were 
the  injured  party ;  but,  from  the  paiaing  of  ihl* 
act,  tha  balance  of  inipr^  ■>■■  on  the  oppoeita 
aide.  If  wrong*  received  entitled  iSe  former  to 
reparation,  the  latter  had  a  much  atrotger  title  on 
the  aame  ground.  Pur  the  act  of  eeventeen  or 
eighteen  individual*,  a*  mnny  thousand*  were  ID' 
f olvad  lo  oaa  ganend  calamiijr. 


HiMb  (Mfilaa  flawed  tba  iiaaa  ua  a  MMak 
•ii4«la  ih'Mi  iIhI  of  niuii)i>l|Ml  law.  Tie  (wni'laal 
Itualiin  *ll«il||ii,l,  In  vliHllrxihin  uf  lltKir  rniMlaai 
II1.11I  iha  Irii  Mil*  a  aaaiNin  aimnl  m  llivir  llbefk 
ll»a  I  ami  itiol  llfx  •ania  (ivlni  l|il*«  nl  aell  |>r«*nr< 
•aiiim,  abli-lt  lii<iil>  ih*  litraliing  nl  ilie  uaaaala'l 
•wiiril,  n|illOaii  tiir  ilroiiirlliin,  »'|miiII«  anlb«r1ae4 
iliii  ilctlruriinii  III  ihiil  •'>•,  ahlrh  oua  lb*  veiMel* 
III  an  uni'iiiwlllulliiniil  la<,  auhvaraK*  af  tbaM 
l.ii^rtlaa.  'I'll*  |Hiilii<ineni  nl  t Irani  llrlliin  cm- 
•  iiUird  lhi<  ai  I  nl  Ih'  |wii|il>>  ul  Hualnn,  In  da- 
atrnylni|  lh,>  ifu,  a*  an  ii|ien  ilrAnnra  nl  thai 
try.  Tha  ilainarit  nf  lb*  arlliih,  ita  an 
agillnat  |int|wrl>.  wua  btat  In  Ihe  lUjilNiard 
rNir  danierit  nl  -vaaonalila  Intanthin,  tn  pntaaal. 
|Mta  llientaalva.1  imimi  a  atala  nl  rnlniilal  nUftm- 
dance.  The  Anierlruna  rnnrelvati  ihe  raaa  lu  ha 
Inllinntely  rnnneilad  wllii  thair  llbertlea  1  the  \m» 
liiiMlanta  nf  Ureal  hrltiiln,  with  their  aupramiay. 
The  fnrinar  rnnalderrd  It  *a  a  duly  they  owail 
their  rountry,  lu  make  a  rnmmnn  ranae  wllb  Iha 
pemile  nf  lluelnni  the  latter  tlHtugbl  tbawMaleaa 

nder  equal  nbiigntinn*,  tu  auptwrt  the  prlvilegaa 

f  jmrlbiment. 

Ob  tha  third  nailing  of  tba  lln*i»n  port  bill,  « 
pailtloa  waa  praaaBinriiy  the  Inril  toator,  la  tha 
name  nf  aevrral  iiatlvra  and  Inliiihic^nia  nf  North 
Aliirrlca,  tlien  realding  In  l,nudnii.  It  waa  drawa 
wllb  great  Airee  nf  language,  uiitl  atateil  thai 
"  the  pmreeillnga  nl  |Nirllniiient  agalnai  lloelaii 
wera  repugnant  lo  every  |ivlni'l|>le  nl  law  and  jaa 
lice,  ami  eatabllahed  a  |)rrrrilen<,  hy  which  aa 
man  In  Amerim  rniUd  en)ny  a  inniiieiit'a  aeeait- 
ty."  The  IVIemla  nf  |Nirliiiiiientiiry  autiremecy 
liuil  lung  rpgrvtleil  iIik  ilriiinrmlli  rniiatjtiitlnae 
nf  the  prnvlni'ra,  iia  iiilvrrap  tn  tlirlr  aebrii'ra.— 
They  aaw,  with  concern,  the  aleiidy  upi'oaltlnB 
that  waa  given  lu  their  iiieaaiirpa,  hy  ibe  Ameri- 
can Irglalature*.  Thrae  rnnatllutlnii*  wem  plan- 
ned, when  Ureal  llrltnln  neillivr  leiiretl  nor  I'Mrad 
fur  her  i-nlnniea.  Not  aiiaiirrllng  that  alia  wiia  lay 
ingth'-liiiiniliilinn  nf  riilurf  alulra,  ahe  grHnted  char- 
ter* that  gave  lo  the  |N<n|ile  an  iniii'h  nl  the  |Niwert 
of  giivernuient,  a*  eiiiihlpil  them  tn  make,  tint  only 
a  fnnnldiihle,  hut  k  rrgnliir,  cnnatltiitlnnal  n|)|ioai* 
tinn  tn  the  riinnlry  frnm  which  they  B|ining. 

I, ling  hud  her  rillera  wialird  I'nr  iin  np|iorlunlly 
In  revoke  Ihrae  cliiirtrra,  iind  In  new  niiHlel  theea 
gnvrrninenia.*  The  preaent  iiiniiient  aeeinad 
liivniir  hie  tn  tlii*  ilnaign.  The  tPiii|ier  nf  tba 
niitinn  waa  highi  iinil  tlm  reaenliiient  ngRliial  Iha 
nrnvliire  nf  nlHaaiichuKPita  general  and  violent. 
The  lata'nulmgea  in  Hnatnii  liiriilabrd  a  pre'enre 
fnr  the  attein|il.  An  act  of  the  llrltlah  piriinment 
B|ieeitlly  rnlluwrd  tn  liie  une  fnr  ahlittlnii  up  the  port 
nf  lioatnn,  entitled.  An  art  for  hetirr  regiilHtine 
llir  giivrrnnient  nf  .MHaanrhliaetla.  The  ohjoci  of 
ihia  wiia  tn  iiller  llie  charter  nf  the  prnvinc  1,  in  the 
fullnwing  |Niitlculura. 

The  council,  or  aecond  hmnrli  nf  the  legi*lii> 
lure,  heretufore  electeil  liy  tl)«  gpneriil  cniirt,  wi« 
tn  l»i,  frnm  tlie  Ar*t  nf  AiiKuat,  1771,  nppolnli'd  hy 
the  crown.  The  rnyal  govrriinr  wii*  aiao,  by  tha 
aania  art,  invealed  with  the  (Miwrr  nf  nptMiinting 
mill  riunuving  nil  jinlgea  nf  the  inferior  court*  ill 
cuinmnn  plena,  rnniiniaainnrrt  of  nyi'r  iiiid  termi- 
ner, the  alturney  general,  prnvoat  innraliul,  ju*ti- 
cea,  aheriU'a,  &c.  The  town  meetinga.  which 
were  annctioned  by  the  charter,  were,  with  a  fcw 
aaeepliona,  axpraaaly  forbidden  lo  b*  held,  wltb- 


*  Thn  Ihrea  lad  kinga  nf  III*  Mliiart  line  lahoiirMl  har< 
la  annlliilaia  ihit  I'hnrlrn)  nf  tlm  F.nxli«li  rniiHiiM  in  Ame- 
rica ;  nml  iiiiililnir  Imi  ilw  nfniliiiiiMi  iif  It'Jin,  ir  Rngiu^ 
JiriivKiiirii  ih«  iii'i'iiiiiiilinliiiK'ni  i>(  ilK'lr  ilMi*ti«.  Tea 
hiir  flnt  ■iib-rei'iiliilliMinry  antrreifna  nf  Kn(tand  Jie- 
nonlinued  ih*  anempi;  Inn  it  »aa  lenincil,  in  iha  niga 
of  the  Afth.  Tbia  abrugaliun  of  llie  vharwr  uf  Maaateba 
Miu  waa  the  anlarlng  wmlcr,  anil.  If  amTiiiafiil,  wanM 
ilnubilraa  have  been  follo»nl,  by  a  pnwlraliiin  ef  tht 
rharlxra  nf  lh«  oihar  pnn(|ni'«»,  to  innke  niomfiwawarr 
cniinly  •ynlPin,  Ihm  ilt!p''nili>nl  iin  llio  |irnplc.  The  Aa» 
rican  rrvoliilliin  aanail  liin  ciiliinim,  in  iIh'  laat  eaae,  ai 
llie  Encli'h  wirnliitliin  hail  in  llio  (ir«l :— ao  nnteaaary  art 
iHTa>iiinat  revoliilliina.  In  lirlnif  covrrnin  'nt»  bark  lo  (Irr 
priiH'i|ilr>,  ami  lo  n-arh  riiii-r",  Ihnl  ili"  |  rtipli"  ai*  tbi 
riiiiiiiain  uf  all  li>Kiiiiiiiiii<  jiuwv',  aiitl  llioii  tinpt'iaaea  Ik 
ei^l  af  all  iu  livlafailaua. 


Mrt 
ed 

aa* 
Iha 
taw 
*il> 

IIUU 

taki 
itii 
bin 
•I 
aai. 

•Mil 


*«nRTii  AMr.nicA 


MM  III*  tan**  af  IIm  ■•«•**•?  M  iMHlailoni  (nxr- 
Mf  In  •>tltB|,  aiiwawtiil  Ih*  aiwrliil  bi»tn»M  ii( 
•Mil  MM<tn|,  drat  hi«l  «tHl  iiM«m«ili  •ml  miiIi  « 
fitftlM»  raMrlrllm,  llmliw  mull)  i  •timild  li«  li**!- 
Ml  iH  al  iliitM  m«»)lM|(>,  ati'i't  ibr  •■{•■iiiin  iil 
pttklU'  Dini'Of*,  (rHl  Ihn  hiwiiir^i  r«|iri>M>4|  |m  lh« 
tettt*  (.It'll  hjr  ill*  gii««rniir  »r  liriiiriiiinl  uiitvr 
Ml  J'irJiiMi'M,  aliii  IiimI  h*»ii  brim*  ulri  liil  li)i 
lh«  li»t-hiilil*  •  *nil  tnlialiiuni*  <it  ih«  ivtrvMl 
l%«it*,  m»f  III  h«,  li)  (III*  ii*w  iii'l.  nil  •iiiiiiiHiii 
Ml  iiihI  r*liirii*i|,  hjr  III*  •linllU  nl  ih*  i«a|ivrlit» 
ilimiii)**.  'I'll*  wIiiiIk  *«•■•  ii)i«»  gii«i>riiiii*iil  wiia 
UltMi  mil  iif  ill*  h»iHl*  Ml  iliK  iwiiplr  I  iiihI  iIih  no 
•nliMlliin  iiCiill  llii'  liii|Hiiliiiil  iiltit'Dr*  vnalxl  III  III* 
klnji  iir  hit  (ii«i-iiiiir. 

TliM  ni'l  •ti'linl  It  irviilfi  aliiriii  limn  lli*  |mrl 
Ml.  Th«  nil*  iiir*<'i*il  uiily  iha  mririi|HilMi  lli* 
•MiKr  lb*  whiil*  iirotlnr*.  Tha  un*  liwl  lli*  up 
|wiir*liea  of  Iwliig  iii*rll*<l  |  M  II  wua  ni'll  kiMiinii, 
ihal  an  ail  nf  •inlnir*  hail  h**n  riiniiiiin*il  li«  Ha 
lahakUanla,  MinUr  ilia  ■aiirllnii  iifaloMrH  maviinf  i 
IhiI  iImi  iilli*r  liail  iiu  alruiiiiar  jiialilyiiiK  r»aaiin 
llian  llial  ill*  |>rii|Nia»il  all*ralliiiia  wri*,  In  III* 
e|ilnl<in  of  lli*  iMrlinini'nl,  alMiilul*!}!  n*i'*aaiiry,  In 
orilf  r  lo  III*  |ir'avivalliin  of  lli*  |H-iir*  ami  giiml 
oriiir  n(  Ih*  aalil  |irii«lnr*.  In  aiiiiiHiit  ol  lliia 
kill)  III"  inlnUlvr  who  liniiiKhl  ll  In,  all*|*il,  thai 
•II  a«*i!UII«*  |Miwrr  waa  warning  In  Iha  uounlry. 
Tlia  v»ry  |i*ii|il*,  aalil  li»,  who  niiiiiiill  lli*  rioia, 
•  ra  iha  fiof  mniliimta.  In  whlrh  ih*  liirrc  of  ih* 
•Ifli  jwwar  riinalala.  11*  I'lirllixr  uii(ril  lit*  fulll' 
lljr  •rmaklni  lawa,  ih*  rtrcnllon  iilwhiih,  uiiiirr 
Iha  iHraaant  rorin  ol'Rov*inin>nl  in  Muaaiiiliiiarlla, 
inlaM  ba  aoaaaily  «>iiilril  i  ami  ihrrvliir*  conlrml- 
arfioi  a  n*i  axUy  >••  alirrlh*  whole  Iriiiii*  ol  lh*lr 
conalllulloii,  »a  fur  iia  rrhilril  lo  lla  *«*riitl««  ami 
Juiilclal  |iuw*r*.  Ill  oii|Mialilon,  ll  wiia  uriml,  ihal 
IImi  lading  away  ill*  civil  ronalllullon  of  a  w hoi* 
|Ma|il*,  afciirml  hy  u  aolriiini'hiirtpr,  n|Nin  |*ii*riil 
cbarKCa  o(iUllni|iit>iir|pa  noil  il*f*i'la,  wu*  a  alrrlrh 


oflNtwai  iifihrnioai  HrhllriirjrumliliinKi'riHiaiintiire 
ll«  Iho  KiiKli«li  f'onalllulloii,  i'liiirl*ra  wer*  *u- 
•Itil,  ratoralilo  only  hy  a  ilii*  coiira*  of  law,  ami 
•n  ■  ciinvli-llon  of  iiilai'omhii'l.  Th*ir  wrra  an- 
lainn  cninpacta  balwrrn  Ih*  |trlnr*nnil  ih*  |i*o|il* 
U I  wlthonl  tha  ronallliillonul  imiwit  of  *lllirr  |Mir- 
t  f .  Tlia  uli*lton  of  III*  Itritlali  arhriiiva  rr.iaon*il 
*a  •  tuniinary  wiiy.  Siilil  lh*y,  "  ih*  rohinlra, 
pankillnrly  Maaaarhii«*lta,  liy  Ihrlr  circular  1*1- 
lata,  aaaoclallona,  niiil  town  niccllnga,  have  for 
yeira  paat,  ihwarlcil  nil  llin  nirnaiirpa  of  giivrrn- 
manl,  and  ar*  ni*ililalln||  liii|p|ipml*iicv.  ThI* 
lurbnlrnl  apirll  of  llieira  la  fiiat*r*<l  by  ihalr  con- 
Mldillon  which  Inveala  ihrin  with  loo  much  rniw- 
■r,  lo  ba  eonilalent  with  their  ilnle  nf  luborilina- 
tioR,  L«l  lia  therrfors  lay  the  axe  nl  tha  mot  | 
BiWiiMMlel  their  ch.iiteri  ami  Inp  olf  thoM  privk- 
kfM  which  llicy  have  atiiiaeij," 

When  Ihe  huninn  iiilnil  la  nKltaleil  with  poaaion, 
It  iBrely  Uiacern*  Ita  own  Inlereai,  anil  liiil  faintly 
l«r«aaaa  canaaquencaa.  Hail  the  pnrllnmani  alop- 
pod  ahort  with  Ilia  Uoiton  port  act,  the  mntWe  to 
union  and  to  make  a  common  caiiae  with  thut  me- 
iropotta,  would  have  been  feeble,  perhn|ia  Inelfeo- 
lUiil  to  have  roiiaed  Ihe  other  provlncca ;  but  the 
arbitrary  mutilation  of  the  liniMirtanI  prlvllegra 
euntained  In  aaoleinn  chnrl* r,  wiihout  a  trial,  anil 
arlthout  a  haaring,  hy  the  willof  pnrlinnieni,  con- 
rlncMl  iha  moat  iiioilrrutc,  thai  the  rauae  of  Mna- 
••ehuaelta  waa  the  cuuao  of  all  the  provincea. 

It  readily  occurred  lo  thoae  who  guided  the  helm 
•f  (Sreat  iirltaln,  that  rioti  would  probably  lake 
place.  In  attempting  the  execution  of  the  acta  jual 
mentioned  'I  h*y  alao  diaceriied,  that  lurh  wna 
Iha  temper  of  tli*  |ieople,  llint  Iriala  for  miinteni, 
•ommilted  in  auppreaaing  riiita,  if  held  in  Maaaa- 
•huaclla,  would  aeldom  terminate  in  favour  of  the 
paniea,  who  wera  angngnd  on  the  aide  of  govern- 
manl.  To  roaka  their  lyatpin  complete,  ll  waa 
oateaaary  to  go  one  alep  farther,  and  lo  acreen 
•hair  actt*e  frienda  from  the  apprehended  partial- 
ity of  aueh  triala.  It  wna  therefore  provided  by 
U«,  that  If  any  peraoii  wni  indicted  for  murder, 
or  for  nny  capital  olfence,  coininilled  In  aiding 
•mglatiacy,  that  tha  government  might  aaod  tha 
I M  indicted,  to  another  colony,  or  to  QioM 


llnrun  lo  ha  triad.  'I'llla  law  waa  Iha  awklavl  a< 
a*v*ra  *iimm*nia.  ll  waa  «o«iiiI*miI  a*  an  a*l 
of  Imlaniniu  lo  ihiia*,  who  ah<iiiM  *nil«fH*  lli*lr 
baiMla  Ih  ill*  bliMid  nt  Ib'lr  rrllnwi'lliaaiw,  ll 
»iw  aaliail,  tiiiw  iha  raliiiliiM  nf  a  munldi'd  man 
niiilil  *lli>riiially  |Hr>HW<riil*,  If  ill* y  iniial  go  ihr** 
ihoiiaiiml  Mill*a  III  iill*tii|  Ihiil  boaliiaaa.  |l  waa 
r,ini*ml«il,  iliai  ih*  uri,  by  al»fi|iln|  lb*  oaiial 
rouia*  nl  JiKllr*.  wiiulil  |l«*  ri«*  In  aaaiiaaina 
iMina,  >ind  ilaib  r*v*ng*  *iiii>ii|  inillviiluiila  i  ami 
•iiiiiiirag*  all  bimla  of  lii«l*aa  vliil*iir*.  The 
•  hiiiga  nf  |Miiilii||iy  wna  r*liirl«d.  Knr,  aald  lli*y, 
"II  a  |R«rly  aiilrll,  ngnlnal  lb*  nnlhoilly  iil  llr*al 
Mrllain,  mihiIiI  rnii<l*mn  an  a*i|»*  ortlrvr,  In  Maa 
aai'liiiariia,  .la  ii  iiiiirili'ivr,  Ih*  anni*  |Hi«ly  aplvll, 
tnr  |ii*a*i»lng  ill*  auihiirliy  af  <li*iii  Kriinin, 
wiMibl  In  Ihal  i  niinlry,  arijuli  a  murd*i*r  na  a  apt- 
ril*il  |i*rl'iirm*r  of  liladuly."  'I'ha  caaa  of  <  'a|i4aln 
I'laaiim  waa  alwt  i|oiil*il,  aa  a  (iroof  of  iha  InifHir- 
tial  admlnlairalliin  of  juallra  In  Maaaaihiiaaila. 

'I'h*  aam*  naliv**  nf  Amarku,  who  had  |w>ll- 
Honed  agiilnal  ih*  Moalon  port  bill,  lir*a*iil*il  it 
aariinil  on*  ngiiiiMl  lliea*  two  bllla.  With  iinrnin- 
nion  *ii*rgy  of  liinginiu*,  lh*y  |Mitnl*il  mil  ninny 
ciiiiaiinilliiiiil  iilijei'iliina  n(nlnal  lh*m  i  and  run- 
eliid*d  wHh  fcrvenily  h*a*rrhlng,  "  ihnl  Ih*  imr- 
llanianl  wmilil  not  hy  imaalng  lh*in,  r*diice  ili*lr 
rouniryni*n  lo  nn  adjaet  alai*  of  nila*ry  and  hii- 
mlllailiin  or  drive  lh*m  in  the  laal  reannrc*  of 
de«|ialr."  Th«  lorda  of  th*  minority  *nl*r*il  alao 
a  prolvat  agnlnal  ihepaaaing  of  each  of  llira*  bill*. 

ll  wna  fiirliiniil*  lor  th*  |i*opl*  of  lioalnn,  and 
thiia*  who  wlah*d  lo  pionml*  a  comblnntliin  of  th* 
cohihl*a  agalnal  limit  Hrllaln,  thai  thra*  three 
a*«*rnl  lawa  |maa*d  n*nrly  al  ihe  aiiin*  lim*.— 
They  were  prrarnl*d  In  ipilck  aiirceaaion,  either 
In  the  form  of  bllla,  or  of  acta,  lo  tha  eonaldrrn- 
tion  of  Ih*  Inflamed  Ani*rlfnn*,  and  priiducrd 
eir*cla  nn  ihflrmlnda,  Innnllrly  grenler  Ihnn  could 
have  liern  *xp*ci*d  from  either,  ea|iaolally  from 
■  he  lloalon  |Nirt  art  alone. 

When  Ihe  tire  of  Indignatlm,  excited  by  Ihe 
nrat,  waa  burning  Intelligence  nf  iheae  other  acia, 
o|ieriiled  like  fuel,  atid  made  ll  Itnma  oul  with  In- 
rieaalng  vehemenee,  Th*  Ihrea  lawa  wara  eon- 
aldered  aa  forming  a  complete  ayalam  of  lymnny, 
from  the  o|M<miion  nf  which,  lliera  waa  no  chance 
ofoinking  a  iiencenble  eacape, 

"My  thefiral,"  anid  they,  "Ihe  prnpertynfun 
on'ending  ihouaanda  la  arbitrarily  Inken  away,  for 
the  act  of  a  few  Indivbhnla.  Hy  the  aecomi,  our 
chartered  libertiea  nra  nnnihilated !  and  by  the 
third,  our  Uvea  may  be  dealroyed  with  Impunity. 
Property,  liberty,  and  life,  nre  all  ancrtltcad  on  the 
altar  of  minlalerial  vengeance."  Thia  mode  of 
reaaoning  waa  not  peculiar  to  Maaaachilialla.— 
Theaa  three  acta  of  piirllan)ent,  cnntranr  lo  Iha 
expectation  nf  thoae  who  planned  them,  baeama  a 
cement  nf  a  nrm  union  nnion,i  the  colonlea,  from 
New  llumpahire  to  Oeorgin,  They  now  openly 
aaid,  "Our  chartera  and  other  righia  and  Immu- 
nillea,  mual  ite|)end  on  Ihe  pleaaure  of  iMrli.imenl." 
They  were  lenaibla  that  lliay  had  all  concurred, 
more  or  leaa,  in  the  aame  line  of  nppoailion,  which 
had  provoked  Iheae  aevere  alatute*  ngainal  Maa- 
anchuaetta ;  and  they  believed,  that  vengeance, 
though  delayed,  wna  not  remitted  ;  and  that  tt:« 
only  favour,  the  leaal  culpable  could  expect,  wan 
to  be  Ihe  Inat  ihiit  would  be  devoured.  Tne  Oienda 
of  Ihe  colonlea  conlendtd,  that  Iheae  lawa  wera  In 
direct  contmdiction  to  Ihe  letter  and  the  aplrit  of  Ihe 
Itritlah  conalituilon.  Their  oppoaera  could  aup- 
port  ihjm  on  no  alronger  grounda  than  thoae  of 
jxililicnl  neceanity  and  ex|ieidience.  They  aoknow- 
iedgrd  thrm  .o  be  contrary  to  the  aatabllahed  mode 
of  proceeding ;  but  defended  tham,  aa  landing  ul- 
timately lo  preaerve  tha  eonatllnlton,  from  tha 
meditated  Indepondeiiey  of  the  colonlaa. 

Such  waa  the  lem|i«r  of  the  people  In  England 
that  the  acta  hitherto  paaaed  wera  popular.  A  go- 
nernl  opinion  had  gone  forth  In  the  mother  coun- 
try, that  the  people  of  MaMachuaetta,  by  tbkir 
violent  oppoaitlon  lo  government,  had  drawn  on 
themaetvea  merited  corrsellon. 

The  parliimeni  did  not  atop  here ;  but  proceeded 
OBS  ctep  fartbar,  which  Inflamed  their  aneii^  ia 


AwMvl**,  *r4  kial  ibain  (tiitiU  hi  Ureal  IMmMIi 
Th*  ganvral  aUmour  In  iha  provla***  waa,  itM* 
III*  provaailtnga  In  iMrlliam*nl  waa  arblliary  aiM 
iiiM  >iii<iiiiiiiiiimI  |l*fur*  lh*y  *nm|i4*l*d  ihalf 
iiipintiriihl*  a*aatnn.  In  Ih*  b*|liining  af  ih*  yea* 
1771,  ib*y  |hM**d  »n  a«l  r*)**iiiig  lb*  g«v*ri»> 
ni*iii  nt  Qii>b«c,  wht*h.  In  ih*  o)Mhion  nf  ih*ir 
Ivivmla  nt*iii«il  ih*aa  aiifwllitilnna.  Hy  Ibia  aal 
gii«*rniti«ol  iif  Ihnl  pruviiii*  waa  ni*d*  lo  •tl*nil 
aoiiih«4ri|  lo  lb*  Ohio,  waalward  In  Ih*  bnnka  of 
lb*  iMlaalaaiptil,  ami  northward  In  th*  boiiiidary  of 
Ih*  lludann'a  Hay  eamjainy.  Tha  prln«l|atl  oil- 
)*cl  of  Ih*  act  waa  lo  liiini  a  laglalnllva  rounall, 
lor  nil  Iha  alfalra  of  the  |Nrutlnra,  eaeapl  la«allo*| 
whii  h  cuuiMit  ahoukl  ba  appulniad  by  iha  arwwiii 
th*  oltlea  lo  ba  held  during  plaoaura  i  kta  wi^ao 
ly'a  Human  C'aihalla  anblMia  in  ka  aniHM  lo  ■ 
place  iharaln  |  to  aaiabllati  iha  I' ranch  lawa,  »m4 
a  trial  without  jury,  In  alvll  aaaaai  ami  the  Kaf> 
Hall  lawa,  with  a  trial  by  jury,  IN  criminal  i  ami  It 
aacura,  lo  lb*  Konian  I'alhnlle  clergy, •laapl  tlM 
ragiilara,  lb*  legal  •njovin*nl  nf  their  aalalaa,  aa^ 
iheir  lythea,  from  all  wlm  w*ra  of  their  own  1*^ 
llglon.  Not  only  tha  apirll,  but  Iha  Utter  nf  ihto 
ml  »*r*  an  conlrarv  I  •  the  Kngllah  (onalllull«% 
Ihnl  ll  diniliiiahad  ill*  popularity  of  th*  m*aaurai^ 
which  hiid  li*«n  aihi|Mad  agalnal  Iha  Am*rlvaiia. 

Among  III*  mora  aoulharn  eulnnlala,  ll  vraa  eon* 
ealvad,  that  liaaviilunt  ohj«cl  wna  In  make  Iha  In* 
liakttanla  of  Canaila  lit  Inairuinvnia,  In  Iha  hamio 
of  power,  lo  indue*  lh*m  lo  a  alala  nf  alavary. 

They  wall  r«iii«inb*r*il  tha  anibarraaamanla  n«* 
caaloiiad  lo  tham.  In  ih*  Ini*  wnr  b*iw**n  I'rana* 
mid  England,  by  the  Kreiich  Inhabllania  nf  C'a- 
inula.  They  auppoaad,  Ihal  the  Hrliiah  admlnl^ 
Iralliin,  meant,  al  ihia  liiiic,  to  uae  ihaaa  ii*o|ila  hi 
the  aaiiie  line  of  attack,  for  their  aubjugatinn, 
Aa  Ureal  Hritnin  had  new  inodcllMd  th*  chartara4 
governiiiant  of  Maaanchiiaclla,  and  claimed  an  •«!• 
lliorlty  to  ao  do  in  every  proviiicp,  Ih*  colonlaM 
wer*  apiimhanalv*,  that,  lu  Ihe  pirnitude  nf  bor 
|Miwer,  ahe  woubl  inilwaa  on  enchof  lh*m,  Inthalt 
turn,  a  conaiiiiiilon,  aimilarlo  the  one  projaeted  for 
th*  nrovlnr*  of  Canada. 

'I'nev  foreanw,  or  thought  they  foreaaw,  iha  an- 
nihilation of  ihalr  ancleni  aaaanibliet,  and  tbalr 
whole  laglalallva  bualneaa  iranaferred  in  craatuna 
of  the  crown.  Tha  legal  parliamentary  right  to  • 
maintenance,  conferredon  the  clergy  ofiha  R'>mM 
(.'alhullo  religion,  gave  great  olTenna  to  m.  .«  la 
England  i  but  the  political  conamjueneea,  alpaela4 

10  reaiill  from  It,  were  moal  dreaded  by  Ihe  eolonlata. 
They  viewed  Ihe  wliole  act  aa  an  avldanca,  that 

hoalllltiaa  wara  Intended  agaiiiat  lliem,  and  aaealeu- 
Inted  to  make  Koman  Calliolica  aiibaarvienlto  ibo 
puriMiaaa  of  mililaiy  coercion. 

'1  ha  aaaalon  of  parllaineni,  which  paaaed  thaao 
memorabla acta, had atreichad (kr  Into  aummar.  Aa 

11  drew  naar  a  eluae,  tha  moal  tangulna  expeittallono 
were  Indulged,  that,  from  the  reaolutlon  and  great 
unnniiiilty  of  imrliamenl,  on  all  American  quaaliona, 
the  aubniiaaionoflhe  coloniata  would  be  Immedialo, 
and  llitir  future  obediencu  and  tranquility  aflkela- 
ally  aecured.  The  Irluinpha,  and  congralulationa, 
of  Ihe  frienda  of  the  minialry  were  unuaually  graal. 

In  paaaiog  Ihe  acta  which  have  been  juat  men- 
lioneil,diuentlenta  in  favour  of  Amenea,  wera  un- 
uaually few.  Tha  minialerial  maiority,  ballaving 
Ihal  Ilia  refmoinry  coloniata  driiondled  chiefly  on  Iho 
countenance  of  their  Englith  abettora,  wera  of  opt-' 
nion,  ihal  aa  ooon  aa  they  received  inteIHgenco  of 
the  decreaae  of  llieir  frienda,  and  of  Ihe  deciaivo 
conduct  of  parliament,  they  would  ncquieaceiniho 
willof  Oreal  Urilain.  The  fame  and  grandiia  <f 
Ihe  nation  were  auoh,  that  it  waa  never  Irongin*  I, 
thev  would  aerloualy  dare  to  contend  with  an  form* 
idabia  a  people.  The  lata  triumpha  ofOreat  Britain 
had  maJa  aueh  an  Impraaalon  on  her  ruleit,  that 
they  believed  the  Americana,  on  Halug  the  ancient 
apirit  of  the  nation  revive,  would  not  ruk  a  trial  of 
prowaaa  with  thoae  fleata  and  armlaa,  which  ibo 
combined  foreaa  of  Franca  and  Spain  were  unablo 
to  lealat.  By  an  Imploua  eonfldence  In  their  inpo- 
rior  Mren|;th,  tbay  precipitated  the  nailoii  Into  I 
meaauro!i,fram  the  dire  effects  of  which,  Iho  i 
aay  loam  ■  tuaful  laiaoa. 


010 


THK    IIISTORV  or 


CHAPTER  VI. 


fwKmJIim  of  Iha  colonif*,  In  1774,  in  na«qa«iK«  of 
Iha  BuiluB  port  Kt 

Thr  winter  which  Tallowed  the  deilruction  o( 
die  !«■  Id  Boilon.  wa*  rraught  with  anxiety  to  ihote 
of  the  coloniile,  who  were  given  to  rellection.  Mi- 
Bjr  conjee  lurei  were  rormeti  about  the  line  of  con- 
4uot  Ureal  Britain  would  probably  adopt  fur  the 
•upport  of  her  dignity.  The  fean  of  the  nioit 
liniM  ware  more  than  realised,  by  the  new*  of  the 
BoMOD  port  bill.  Tbla  arrived  on  the  10th  of  May, 
1774 1  and  tta  oparation  woa  to  commence  the  lit 
•f  lb*  D«it  raonlh.  Varioiia  town  meetings  were 
called,  to  deliberate  on  the  iiaie  of  public  aflain. 
On  lh«  13th  of  May,  the  Iowa  of  Moaton  paued 
the  (bllowloi  vole  i 

"  Thai  It  is  the  opinion  of  ibis  town,  that.  If  the 
«ther  «olonl«s  come  to  a  joint  resolution,  to  stop  all 
fanponatioD  from  Great  Britain  and  the  Weal  In- 
dies, till  the  act,  for  blocking  up  this  harliour,  be 
npealed,  the  sanM  will  prove  the  salvation  of  North 
AoMrika,  asA  her  liberties.  On  the  other  hand,  if 
Ibav  eautinne  tbaii  eipoita  and  im|iorts,  there  is 

ah  reason  to  fear  tlial  fis;<d,  power,  and  the  most 
DUSopwressloD,  will  rise  IriumphaDt  over  justice, 
right,  soeni  happiness,  and  freedom.  And,  mnro- 
•*ar,  that  this  vote  Iw  transmitted  by  the  niudera- 
lor,  to  all  our  sister  colonies,  in  the  name  and  be- 
Iwir  of  thia  town." 

Copies  of  this  vote  were  tranimilted  to  each  of 
the  colonies.  The  opposition  to  Oreat  Britain  had 
hitherto  called  forth  the  pens  of  the  ingenious,  and. 
In  some  iiutanees,  imposed  the  self-denial  of  non- 
importation agreements;  but  the  bulk  of  the  people 
haa  little  to  do  with  the  dispute.  The  spiiited  con- 
jnct  of  the  people  of  Boston,  in  destroying  the  lea, 
and  the  alarming  precedents  set  by  Ureal  Britain, 
in  eonaequenee  the<'eof,  brought  subjects  into  dis- 
eussiiia,  with  which  every  peasant  and  day  labour- 
nr  was  canceme<l. 

The  palriulswl,.'  had  hitherto  guided  the  helm, 
totfw  wall,  that,  il  the  othor  colonies  did  not  sup- 
port .'ha  people  of  Boston,  they  must  be  crushed ; 
and  it  was  equally  obvious,  that  in  their  coercion 
a  precedent,  injurious  to  liberty,  would  be  estab- 
liabed.  It  was  therefore  the  iniereit  of  Boston  to 
draw  ka  the  other  colonies.  It  was  also  the  interest 
•f  the  patriots,  in  all  the  colonies,  to  bring  over  the 
INHaoi^the  people,  to  adopt  such  efficient  mensuies 
as  wen  likely  to  extricate  the  inhaliitants  of  Bos- 
Ion  from  the  unhappy  situation  in  which  they  were 
involved.  To  elTect  these  purposes,  much  pin- 
denca  as  well  as  patriotism  was  necessary.  The 
other  provlneea  were  but  remotely  aRected  by  the 
ftta  of  Massachusetts.  They  had  no  particular 
cause,  on  their  own  account,  to  oppose  the  gov- 
ammant  of  Ureal  Britain.  That  a  people  so  cir- 
cumstanced, should  lake  part  with  a  distressed 
neighbour,  at  the  risk  of  incurring  the  resentment 
of  the  mother  country,  did  not  accord  with  the 
selftsh  maxims  by  which  states,  as  well  as  indivi- 
duals, are  usually  governed.  The  ruled  are,  for 
the  most  port,  prone  to  suffer  as  long  as  evils  are 
tolerable :  and,  in  general,  they  must  feel  before 
they  are  roused  to  contend  with  their  oppressors  : 
but  the  Americans  acted  on  a  contrary  principle'. 

They  commenced  an  opposition  to  Ureal  Bri- 
tain, and  ultimately  engaged  in  a  defensive  war, 
on  speculation.  They  were  not  so  much  moved 
by  oppisssioD,  actually  felt,  as  by  a  cnnviotion  thnt 
a  fo  nidation  was  laid,  and  a  precedent  about  to  be 
Mtablisbed,  for  future  oppressions.  To  convince 
the  bulk  of  the  people,  that  they  hnd  an  interest  in 

.  ibregoiog  a  prcHent  good,  and  submitting  to  a  pre- 
■ant  evil,  in  order  to  obtain  a  future  greater  good, 
and  to  avoid  a  future  greater  evil,  was  the  task 
Maignad  to  the  colonial  patriots.    It  called  for  the 

'  •lartion  of  their  utmost  abilities.  They  etfected 
it  in  a  graat  measure  by  means  of  the  press.  Pam- 
pbleU,  eaaays,  addresses,  and  newspaper  disserta- 

',  tioiia,  were  daily  presented  to  the  public,  proving 

'that  Maaaacbusetta  was  suffering  in  the  common 
I  i  and  that  interest  and  policy  required  the 
1  eMrtioB*  of  all  thie  colonies,  in  support  of 


that  much-iniurad  province.    It  was  inculcated  on 

the  people,  that,  it 

sulTerad  to  lake  effect  in  Masstichuselts,  the  other 


the  ministerial  sciiemes  were 


colonies  must  expect  the  loss  nf  their  cliiirlers,  and 
tlwt  a  new  government  woulil  be  imposed  upon 
them,  like  that  proiecled  for  Quebec.  The  king 
and  parliament  held  no  patronage  in  America  suf- 
ficient lo  opiKtse  this  lurrent.  The  few  who  ven- 
tured to  write  in  their  favour,  found  a  dillicully  in 
conmiunicaling  their  sentiments  to  the  public.  No 
nenaiuna  ur  iirel'erments  awaited  their  exertions. 
Neglett  and  contempt  were  their  usual  iwrtiou  ; 
but  popularity,  consequence,  and  fame,  were  the 
rewards  of  those  who  stepped  forward  in  the  cause 
of  liberty.  In  order  lo  luterest  the  greiit  body  of 
the  people,  the  few,  who  were  at  the  helm,  dis- 
claimed any  thing  more  decisive,  than  convening 
the  inbabitanis,  and  taking  their  sense  on  what 
was  propel''  lo  be  done.  In  the  meantime,  great 
pains  were  taken  to  prepare  them  for  the  adoption 
of  vigorous  measures. 

The  words  whigs  and  lories,  fnr  want  of  better, 
were  now  Introduced,  as  the  distinguishing  names 
of  parties.  By  the  I'ornier,  were  meant  those  who 
were  for  making  a  cutninon  cause  with  Boston, 
and  supporting  iha  culunies  in  their  opiwsition  to 
the  claims  of  parliament.  By  the  latter,  those  wlio 
were,  at  least,  so  far  fuvnurers  of  Urent  Britain, 
that  they  wished,  eitlier  that  no  measures,  or  only 
imlliative  measures,  should  lie  adopted  in  opposi 
lion  to  her  schemes. 

These  parties  were  so  nearly  balanced  in  New 
York,  that  nothing  more  was  agreed  to,  at  the  first 
meeting  of  the  inhabitants,  tluu  a  recommendation 
to  call  a  congress. 

At  Philadelphia,  the  patriots  had  a  delicate  part 
to  act.  The  government  of  the  colony  being  pro- 
prietary, a  multitude  uf  oflicei  connected  with 
that  interest,  had  much  to  fear  irom  convulsions, 
and  nothing  to  expect  from  a  i  ivolution.  A  still 
greater  body  of  the  people,  called  Quakers,  denied 
the  lawfulness  of  war ;  and  therefore  could  not  adopt 
such  measures,  for  the  support  of  Boston,  as  natu- 
rally tended  to  produce  an  event  so  adverse  to  their 
system  of  religion. 

The  citiaiens  of  Boston  not  only  sent  forward 
their  public  letter  to  the  citizens  of  Philadelphia, 
but  accom|>anied  it  with  private  communications, 
to  individuals  of  known  patriotism  and  influence, 
in  which  they  stated  the  impossibility  of  their 
standing  alone,  against  the  torrent  of  ministerial 
vengeance,  and  the  indispensible  necessity,  that 
the  leading  colony  of  Pennsylvania  should  afford 
them  its  support  and  countenance.  The  advocates 
in  Philadelphia,  for  making  a  common  cause  with 
Boston,  were  fully  sensible  of  the  state  of  parties 
in  Pennsylvania.  They  saw  the  dispute  with 
Great  Britain  brought  to  a  crisis,  and  a  new  scene 
opening,  which  required  exertions  different  from 
any  heretofore  made.  The  success  of  these  they 
well  knew,  depended  on  the  wisdom,  with  which 
they  were  planned,  and  thn  union  of  the  whole 
people,  in  carrying  them  into  execution.  They 
saw  the  propriety  of  proceeding  with  the  greatest 
circumspection;  and  therefore  resolved,  at  their 
first  meeting,  on  nothing  more  than  to  call  a  gen- 
eral meeting  of  the  inhabitants,  on  the  next  eve- 
ning. At  the  second  mc etine,  the  patriots  liad  so 
much  moderation  and  |>olicy,  as  to  urge  nothing 
decisive,  contenting  •.hemselves  with  taking  the 
sense  of  the  inhabitants,  simply  on  the  propriety 
of  sending  an  answer  tu  the  public  letter  from 
Boston.  This  was  universally  approved.  The 
letter  agreed  upon  was  firm  but  temperate.  They 
acknowledged  the  difficulty  of  offering  advice  on 
the  present  occasion ;  sympnthized  with  the  |ieo- 
ple  of  Boston  in  their  distress ;  and  observed  that 
all  lenient  measures,  for  their  relief,  should  be 
first  tried.  They  said,  that,  if  the  making  resti- 
tution for  the  tea  destroyed,  would  put  an  end  to 
the  unhappy  controversy,  and  leave  the  people  of 
Boston  upon  their  ancient  footing  of  constitutional 
liberty,  it  could  not  admit  of  a  doubt  what  part  they 
should  act ;  but  that  it  was  not  the  value  of  the 
tea;  it  was  the  indefeasible  right  uf  giving  and 
granting  their  own  money,  which  was  lite  matter 


in  consideraliiin ;  that  il  was  the  common  eaiiaa  of 
America;  and,  iherrl'urp,  necessary, in  Iheiroplil* 
ion,  that  a  cungrrss  of  deputies  from  the  safari] 
niloiiirs  nhoulil  be  ri-nvrnrd,  to  devise  means  fni 
resiiiring  hariMoiiy  tiftwp>.'n  Ureal  Kritain  and  tiM 
colonies,  and  nreveiilliig  matters  from  comlnc  to 
extremities.  Till  this  could  be  brnnghl  about,  tliey 
recnmineriled  firmneaa,  prudnnco,  and  moderatlob, 
to  the  immediate  autlorftrs ;  assuring  ihejn,  that  Ibo 
people  of  Pennaylvniila  would  continue  to  evineo 
a  firm  adherence  lo  the  cause  of  American  libeity. 

In  order  In  awaken  the  nllentinn  of  the  people, 
a  series  of  letters  was  pnblislind,  well  calculated  to 
rouse  them  to  a  sense  of  thr'r  d.inger,  and  imlm 
out  the  fatal  cons>,qiieuces  of  the  late  acts  or  par- 
liament. Kvery  newspaper  teemed  with  disser 
talions  in  favour  uf  liberty  ;  and  with  debates  of 
the  members  of  parliament,  especially  whh  tbo 
speeches  of  the  favourers  of  America,  and  Ihe  pro< 
tests  of  Ihe  dissenting  lurds.  The  latter  had  a 
imrticular  effect  on  the  colonists,  and  were  consid- 
ered by  them  as  proofs,  that  the  late  acta  agalnal 
Maasachusetis  were  unconstitutional  and  arbitrary. 

The  minds  of  tlie  people  being  thus  prepaied, 
Ihe  friends  of  liberty  promoted  a  petition  to  tba 
governor,  for  convening  the  assembly.  They 
knew  that  this  would  not  be  gianted,  and  that  tha 
refusal  of  It  would  smooth  the  way  for  culling  Ilia 
inhabitants  together.  Thn  governor  having  re< 
fused  to  call  the  assembly,  a  general  meeting  of 
the  inhabitants  was  reipiested.  Abuut  eight  thou- 
sand met,  on  the  18ih  of  June,  1774  and  adopted 
sundry  spirited  resolutions.  In  these  they  declar- 
ed, that  the  Boston  port  act  was  unconstitutional ; 
that  il  was  ex|iedienl  to  convene  a  continental 
congress;  lo  appoint  a  committee  fur  the  city  and 
county  ol^  Philadelphia,  to  correspond  with  their 
sister  colonies  and  the  several  counties  of  Paun- 
sylvania ;  and  tu  invest  thai  commmiltee  willi  pow- 
er to  determine  on  the  best  mode  for  collecting 
the  sense  of  the  province,  and  appointing  deputies 
to  attend  a  general  congress.  '  Under  llie  sanc- 
tion of  this  last  resolve,  the  committee  appointed 
for  that  purpose,  wrote  a  circular  letter  to  nil  tbo 
counties  of  the  province,  requesting  them  to  ap- 
point deputies  to  a  cennral  meeting,  |iro|ioseil  to 
be  held  on  the  15th  of  July  Part  of  this  tcttef 
was  in  the  following  words : 

"'We  would  not  offer  such  an  affront  to  the 
well-known  public  spirit  of  Penns)  Ivanin.  aa  to 
question  your  zeal  on  Ihe  present  occasion.  Our 
very  existence  in  the  rank  of  ireemen,  and  the 
security  of  all  that  ought  lo  be  dear  to  us,  evident- 
ly de|>ends  on  our  conducting  this  great  cuiise  to 
its  proper  issue,  by  firmness,  wisdom,  and  mag- 
nanimity. It  is  with  pleasure  we  assure  you,  tliat 
all  the  colonies,  from  South  Carolina  to  Niw 
Hamp?*>ire,  are  animated  wiih  one  spirit,  in  tne 
common  cause,  and  consider  this  as  the  proper 
crisis,  for  having  our  differences,  with  the  motiioi 
country,  brought  to  some  certain  iskue,  and  our 
liberties  fixed  upon  a  |)ermauenl  fuunlation.  Thia 
desirable  end  can  only  be  accomplished  by  u  I'rea 
communication  of  sentiments,  and  a  sincere  ^nd 
fervent  regard  for  the  interests  of  uur  comnioa 
country." 

The  several  counties  readily  complied  with  iho 
request  of  the  inhabitants  of  Philadelphia,  and  a^ 
pointed  deputies;  who  met  at  the  time  appoiiitea. 
and  passed  Sundry  resolves,  in  which  they  reiNoba- 
ted  the  late  acts  of  parliament ;  jexpressed  (heir 
sympathy  with  Bnston,  as  sufferini;  in  the  con.mon 
cause  ;  approved  of  holiliiig  a  congress ;  and  de- 
clared their  willingness  to  makeanysacrificns,  that 
might  be  recommended  by  a  congress,  for  secur 
ing  their  liberties. 

Thus,  without  tumult,  disorder,  or  divide  I  coun- 
sels, the  whole  province  of  Penn^iylvania  was,  by 
prudent  management  and  temperate  proceedings, 
brought  into  the  opposition,  with  its  whole  weight 
and  influence.  This  is  the  more  reniaikable,  as  il 
is  probable,  that,  if  the  sentiments  of  individuals 
had  been  separately  taken,  there  would  have  ueen 
a  majority  againct  involving  themselves  in  ihn  con- 
sequences of  taking  pnrlwilh  the  destroyer*  oflbo 
tea,  at  Boston. 


immon  mum  of 
',Y,  In  ihair  api»- 
roro  the  MYarml 
levlM  maiM  fnt 

lirlliin  and  lb* 
'mm  I'omlnpt  M 
[i|<lit  nbout,  tkfy 
nnit  moderntlob, 
X  then,  that  lb« 
nllnue  to  evlne* 
merlran  Ubeity. 
>n  of  the  people, 
tell  cnlculnted  !• 
iiurr,  and  iiolni 

late  act*  of  par*  ■ 
led  with  dliier 
with  debatM  of 
(ciulljr  with  lh« 
ica,  and  the  pro* 
'he  latter  had  t 
and  were  eoniid* 
late  acta  aKalnat 
nal  and  arbitrary. 
;  thui  prepaied, 
I  |M>lltian  to  the 
■Mnibly.  They 
ted,  and  that  lh« 
■y  for  culling  tba 
ernor  having  re- 
leral  meeting  of 
bout  eight  thon> 
774  and  adopted 
bene  they  declar> 
inconatllutiunal ; 
le  fl  continental 
e  fur  the  city  and 
Hpond  with  their 
uunliea  of  Pano- 
imiltee  Willi  puw- 
lie  fur  collecting 
noiiiling  deputie* 
Under  the  aanc- 
mittee  appointed 
ir  letter  to  nil  the 
iting  thorn  to  ap- 
ing, prn|ioied  to 
'art  of  thia  lettei 

nlfront  to  the 
inii)lvHniH.  M  to 
occiuion.     Oar 
reeinen,  «nd  the 
to  UH,  evident- 
great  caii«e  to 
doin,  and  mag- 
asauro  yuu,  that 
urulina  to  Niw 
ne  spirit,  in  tno 
M  the  proper 
with  (he  niutiioi 
iakue,  and  our 
bunlution.  Thia 
diahed  by  u  freo 
a  aincere  ;j[Ud 
uur  cuunnoa 

implied  with  the 
delpliia,  and  a^ 

time  appointen, 
ch  they  reiMobv 
jexpreaaed  their 

in  the  con.moii 
ii)(reBa;  and  de- 
lysiivrificea,  that 
;ieas,  for  aecur 

or  divide  I  coun- 
lylvanla  wai,  by 
ate  proceedings, 
its  whule  weight 
remaiknble,  as  it 
I  of  individuals 
■ould  have  oeen 
elveain  ihnron- 
lestrnyera  of  I  bo 


NORTH    AMEPICA. 


m 


V  bile  ibuee  piocaediaga  weie  carryini  on  in 
Penraylvanla,  three  of  the  moat  distinguiiilied  pa- 
nioi'i  ol'  Philadelphia,  under  eoloui  of  an  exnirxion 
of  p'ei'Burff,  made  a  tourthrou|;hout  the  provincu.in 
nrdni  m  riiacnver  the  real  arntinicnta  of  thn  cnm- 
mnn  pe-ipl*.  They  were  wril  apprixcd  of  tliu  con- 
»«i)iiniii  Ks  of  tailing  the  lead  In  a  dispute,  which 
ever)'  day  became  mure  and  more  seriuus.  unless 
(hey  could  deftrnd  on  being  supported  by  the  yeo- 
uiunry  of  Ih^  country,  iiy  freely  aaaoclallng  and 
conversing  wiih  many  of  every  cinaa  and  denomi- 
nation, they  found  litem  un»ulmoua  in  the  funda- 
mental principle  of  llie  American  controversy, 
"that  the  parliament  of  Ureat  Britain  had  no  right 
tb  tax  them."  From  their  general  determinnlion 
on  thU  subject,  a  favourable  prognostic  was  form- 
ed, of  a  successful  opposition  to  the  claims  of 
fJitff.  Britain. 

In  Virginia,  the  house  of  burgesses,  on  the  26th 
of  May,  1774,  resolved,  that  the  first  of  June,  the 
riay  on  which  the  operation  of  the  Boston  port  bill 
WW  to  commence,  should  be  set  apart  by  the  mem- 
ber*, as  a  day  of  fasting,  humiliation  and  prayer  ; 
"  devoutly  to  implore  the  divine  Interposition,  for 
liverting  the  heavy  calamities  which  threatened 
rie«triiction  to  their  civil  rights,  and  the  evils  of  a 
civil  war ;  and  to  give  them  one  heart  and  one 
mind,  to  oppose,  by  all  lust  and  proper  means,  eve- 
ry Injury  to  American  rights."  On  the  publication 
of  this  resolution,  the  royal  governor,  the  earl  of 
Dunmore  dissolved  them.  The  members,  not- 
withstanding; their,  dissolution,  met  In  their  pri- 
vate capacltieR,  and  signed  an  agreement.  In  which, 
•mong  other  things,  they  declared,  "  that  an  at- 
.latk  mrde  on  one  of  their  sister  colonies,  to  com- 
pel submisai(m  to  arbitrary  taxes,  waa  an  ottack 
made  on  all  British  America,  and  threatened  ruin 
to  the  lights  of  all,  nnlesa  the  united  wisdom  of 
die  whole  be  applied." 

In  South  Carolina  the  vote  of  the  town  of  Bos- 
ton, of  the  13th  of  May,  being  preaented  to  a  nuni- 
oer  nf  the  leading  cltlsens  of  Charleston,  it  was 
unanimously  agreed  to  call  a  meeting  of  the  in- 
habitants. 

That  this  might  be  as  genemi  as  possible,  letters 
were  sent  to  every  parish  and  district  in  the  pro- 
vince, and  the  people  were  invited  to  attend,  either 
personally,  or  by  their  repreaentatives,  at  a  gene- 
ral meeting  of  the  inhabitants.  A  large  number 
imembled,  in  which  were  some,  from  almost 
•rery  part  of  the  province.  The  proceedings  of 
'be  parliument  against  the  province  of  Massachu- 
«rtts  were  distinctly  related  to  this  convention.^ 
Without  one  dissenting  voice,  they  passed  sun- 
dry reaoluliona,  expressive  of  their  rights  and  of 
their  sympathy  with  the  people  of  Boston.  They 
alio  chose  livo  delegates  to  represent  them,  in  a 
continental  congress,  and  invested  them  "with 
fiill  powers,  and  authority,  in  behalf  of  them  and 
their  constiluents,  to  concert,  agree  to,  and  elTec- 
iually  prosecute  such  legal  measures  as,  in  their 
opinion,  and  the  opinion  of  the  other  members, 
would  be  most  likely  to  obtain  a  redress  of  Ameri- 
can grievances." 

..  The  events  of  this  time  may  be  transmitted  to 
posterity  ;  but  the  agitation  of  the  public  mind  can 
never  be  fully  comprehended,  by  those  who  were 
not  witnesses  of  it. 

In  the  counties  and  towns  of  the  seveml  pro- 
vinces, as  well  as  In  the  cities,  the  people  assem- 
bled and  passed  resolutions,  expressive  of  their 
rights,  and  of  their  detestation  of  the  late  acts  of 
parliament.  These  had  an  instantaneous  effect 
•D  the  minds  of  thousands.  Not  only  the  young 
■ad  impetuous,  but  the  aged  and  temperate,  joined 
in  pronouncing  them  to  be  unconstitutional  and 
op|)reasive.  They  viewed  them  as  deadly  wea- 
pons aimed  at  the  vitals  of  that  liberty,  which  they 
adored ;  and  as  rendering  abortive  the  generous 
pains  taken  by  their  forefathers,  to  procure  for 
them  in  a  new  world,  the  quiet  enjoyment  of  their 
rights.  They  were  the  subjects  of  their  meditation 
when  alone,  and  of  theii  conversation  when  in 
•omiiany. 

Withui  little  more  than  a  month,  after  the  news 
•f  'Ju  ttoston  port  bill  reached  America,  it  wui 


communicated  from  state  to  stale ;  and  a  (lame 
kindled,  in  almost  every  breast,  through  the  wide- 
ly extended  provinces. 

Ill  order  to  undeiatand  the  mode  by  which  thia 
flame  was  spread ;  with  such  rapidity,  over  so 
great  an  extent  of  country,  it  is  necessary  to  ob- 
serve, that  the  aeveral  colonies  were  divided  into 
counties,  and  these  again  sub-divided  into  districts, 
distinguished  by  the  names  of  towns,  townships, 

fircincts,  hundreds  or  parishes.  In  New  Kng- 
und  ihe  sub-divisions,  which  are  called  town*, 
were,  by  law,  bodies  corporate ;  had  their  regular 
meetings ;  and  might  be  occasionally  convened  by 
their  proper  officers.  The  advantages  derived 
from  these  meetings,  by  uniting  the  whole  body 
of  the  people,  in  the  measures  taken  to  oppose  the 
stamp  act.  Induced  other  provincea  to  follow  the 
example.  Accordingly,  under  the  association 
which  waa  formed  to  oppose  the  revenue  act  of 
1767,  committees  were  established,  not  only  in  the 
capitals  of  every  province,  but  in  most  of  the  sub- 
ordinate distiicts.  Ureat  Britain,  without  design- 
ing it,  had,  by  her  two  preceding  attempts  at  Ame- 
rican revenue,  taught  her  colonies,  not  only  the 
advantages,  but  the  means  of  union.  The  system 
of  committees,  which  prevailed  in  nti.'J,  and  also 
in  1767,  was  revived  in  1774.  By  them  there  was 
a  iiuick  transmission  of  intelligence,  from  the  cap- 
ital towns,  through  the  subordinate  districts,  to  the 
whole  body  of  the  people,  and  an  union  of  couo- 
ael*  and  measures  was  effected,  among  wide  y  dis- 
seminated Inhabitants. 

It  is  perhaps  impossible  for  human  wisdom,  to 
contrive. any  system  more  subservient  to  these 
purpoaea,  than  such  a  reciprocal  exchange  of  in- 
telligence, by  committees.  From  the  want  of 
such  a  communication  with  each  other,  and  con- 
sequently of  union  among  themselves,  many  states 
have  lost  their  liberties,  and  more  have  been  un 
successful  in  their  attempts  to  regain  them,  alter 
they  were  lost. 

What  the  eloquence  and  talents  of  Demosthenes 
could  not  effect  among  the  slates  of  Greece,  might 
have  been  effected  by  the  simple  device  of  com- 
mittees of  correspondence.  The  few  have  been 
enabled  to  keep  the  many  in  subjection,  in  every 
age  from  the  want  of  union  among  the  latter.— 
Several  of  the  provinces  of  Spam  complained  of 
oppression,  under  Charles  the  fifth,  and  in  trans- 
ports of  rage  look  arms  against  him ;  but  they 
never  consulted  or  communicated  with  each  other. 
They  resisted  separately,  and  were  therefore  sepa- 
rately subdued. 

The  colonists  sympathising  with  their  distress- 
ed brethren  in  Massachusetts,  felt  themselves  call- 
ed upon,  to  do  something  for  their  relief;  but  to 
determine  what  was  most  proper,  did  not  so  obvi- 
ously occur.  It  was  a  natural  idea,  that,  for  har- 
monising their  measures,  a  congress  of  deputies 
from  each  |?rovincc  should  be  convened.  This 
early  occurred  to  all ;  and,  being  agreed  to,  was 
the  means  of  producing  union  and  concert  among 
inhabitants,  removed  several  hundred  miles  from 
each  other.  In  times  less  animated,  various  ques- 
tions about  the  place  and  legality  of  their  meet- 
ing, and  about  the  extent  of  their  power  would 
have  produced  a  great  diversity  of  sentiments; 
but  on  this  occasion,  by  the  special  agency  of 
Providence,  there  waa  Ihe  same  univetsal  bent  nf 
inclination,  in  the  great  body  of  the  people.  A 
sense  of  common  danger  extinguished  selfish  pas- 
sions. The  public  attention  waa  fixed  on  the 
great  cause  of  liberty.  Local  attachments  and 
partialities  were  sacrinced  on  the  altar  of  patriot- 
ism. 

There  were  not  wanting  moderate  men,  who 
would  have  been  willing  to  pay  for  the  tea  des- 
troyed, if  that  would  have  put  an  end  to  the  ei  n- 
troversy ;  for,  it  was  not  for  the  value  of  the  tea, 
nor  of  the  tax,  but  the  right  of  giving  and  grant- 
ing their  money,  that  the  colonists  contended. — 
The  act  of  parliament  was  so  cautiously  worded, 
as  to  prevent  the  opening  of  the  port  of  Boston, 
even  though  the  East  India  company  had  been 
I  reimbursed  for  all  damages,  "utt  1  it  was  made 
[appear  to  his  miyetty  m  couocil,  that  peace  and 


obedience  lo  the  laws  were  su  fur  restored,  la  Ikt 
town  of  Boaluii,  that  Ihe  trade  of  Ureal  Brklala 
might  be  safely  carried  on  there,  andhia  majoitjr'a 
cualoma  duly  collected."  The  latter  piut  of  Inli 
limitation,  "  the  due  collection  of  Ilia  inaJeMv'i 
customs,"  wasunderstnnd  to  coinpieliend  submla* 
sion  to  the  late  revenue  laws.  It  wai  therefor*  in- 
ferred, that  payment  for  the  tea  destroyed,  would 
produce  no  certain  relief,  unless  they  were  willing 
10  give  operation  to  the  law,  for  raising  a  revenue 
on  future  importations  ofthat  commodity,  and  also 
lo  acnuiesce  in  the  late  mutilation  of  their  char- 
ter. As  it  was  deliberately  resolved,  never  t< 
submit  to  either,  the  most  lukewarm  of  well-in 
formed  patriots,  possessing  the  public  confldenci 
neither  advised  nor  wished  for  the  adoption  of  tin 
measure.  A  few  In  Boston,  who  were  known  le 
be  In  the  royal  Interest,  proposed  a  reaolutlon  for 
that  purpose ;  but  they  met  with  no  support.— 
Of  the  many,  who  Joined  the  British  In  Ihe  course 
of  the  war,  there  was  scarcely  an  individual  to  bo 
found  in  this  early  stage  of  the  conlroveray,  who 
advocated  the  right  of  parliamentary  taiation— 
There  were  doubtless  many  timid  persons,  who 
fearing  the  power  of  Britain,  would  rather  have 
submitted  to  Iter  eneroichmente,  than  risked  tho 
vengeance  of  her  arms ;  but  such,  for  Ihe  moat 
part,  suppressed  their  sentiment*.  Zeal  for  liber 
ty  being  immediately  rewarded  with  applauso, 
the  patriots  had  eveiy  Inducement  to  com*  for- 
ward, and  avow  their  principles ;  but  there  waa 
something  so  unpopular  in  appearing  to  be  influ- 
enced by  timidity,  iDterest,  or  excessive  cautiont 
when  essential  InteresU  were  attacked,  that  such 
peraons  shunned  public  notice,  and  sought  tho 
shade  of  retirement. 

In  the  three  Ant  month*,  which  followed  th* 
shutting  up  of  the  port  of  Boston,  the  inhablunia 
of  the  colonic*  in  hundred*  of  *m*ll  circle*,  aa 
well  as  In  their  provinoiat  a**emblie*  and  coo* 
grosses,  expresseil  their  abhorrence  of  tho  lata 
proceedings  of  the  British  pariiament  against  Maa- 
sachusetts ;  their  concurrence  in  the  proposed  mea-  ' 
sure  of  appointing  deputies  for  a  general  congre**; 
and  their  willingness  to  do  and  suffer  whatever 
should  be  Judged  conducive  to  the  establishmaat 
of  their  liberties. 

A  patriotic  flame,  created  and  dlATused  by  aym 
pathy.  was  communicated  to  so  many  breaaU,  ana 
reflected  from  such  a  variety  of  object*,  a*  to  to- 
come  too  intense  to  be  resisted. 

While  the  combination  of  the  other  colonie*  U> 
support  Boston,  was  gaining  strength,  new  matuir 
nf  dissension  daily  took  place  in  Ma**achu*ett*.-- 
The  resolution  for  shutting  the  port  of  Boston, 
was  no  sooner  taken,  than  it  waa  determined  to 
order  a  military  force  to  that  town.  Oeneral 
Gage,  the  commander  in  chief  of  the  royal  forcea 
in  North  America  wa*  atao  *ent  thither,  in  the  ad 
ditional  capacity  of  governor  of  Ma*uchu*ettt.-> 
He  arrived  at  Boston  on  the  third  day  after  the 
inhabitants  recuived  the  first  intelligence  ol  tho 
Boston  port  bill.  Though  the  people  were  irri 
tated  by  that  measure,  and  though  their  republi 
can  jealousy  was  hurt  by  the  combination  of  tlm 
civil  and  military  character  in  one  person,  yet  the 

general  was  received  with  all  the  honour*  whioh 
ad  been  usually  paid  to  hi*  predecessors.  Soon 
after  his  arrival,  two  regiments  of  foot,  with  a  de- 
tachment of  artillery,  and  some  cannon  were  land 
ed  at  Boston.  These  troops  were  by  degree*  rein 
forced,  with  others  from  Ireland,  New  York,  Ua 
lifax  and  Quebec. 

The  governor  announced  that  he  had  the  king'e 
particular  command,  for  holding  the  genera!  courr 
at  Salem,  after  the  first  of  June.  When  Ihat  event- 
ful day  arrived,  the  act  for  ahntiing  up  the  port 
of  Boston  commenced  its  operations.  It  waa  de- 
voutly kept  at  Williamsburg,  as  a  day  of  faating 
and  humiliation.  In  Phibidelphia,  it  was  aoiem- 
nized  with  every  manifestation  of  public  cs'imlty 
and  grief.  The  inhabitants  shut  up  their  Itouaoa. 
After  divine  service,  a  stillness  reigned  over  tha 
city,  which  exhibited  anappearanee  of  the  doopaM 
distress. 
In  Boeton,  a  new  Kene  cpeoad  m  tba  inhikv 


IN 


THE    HISTORY  OP 


HlllMito,  that  lowB  had  bean  tha  taat  of 
aaatmaraa  and  ofplaaty.  Tha  imnianM  biulnaia, 
traniacwd  iharaln,  airanlad  •  corofortabia  tubiii- 
Moea  to  muy  ihouaanda.  Tba  neeetairy,  the 
ntanil,  and  e««D  wma  of  the  elegant  am  were 
aullivaied  anioD|  them.  Tha  cillsana  were  pnlita 
•ad  botpilabla.  In  thia  happy  Mala  they  were 
aente  iced  on  the  ihon  notice  of  twenty-one  dayi, 
in  a  lofal  deprivation  of  all  meani  of  aubiiitiag.'— 
The  blow  reached  every  peraon.  The  rent*  oilbe 
landholdera  either  ceaaedi  nr  were  greatly  dlinin- 
lahed.  The  iinnienaa  property,  in  itoiea  and 
wharraa,  waa  landared  compitailfaW  naeleaa — 
Labourera,  ardfleera,  and  olhera,  employed  In  the 
■nmerona  •eeupailona  eraaled  bv  an  eitentive 
Bade,  partook  oilbe  ganeral  eahmft*.  They  who 
dapandad  on  a  mgularinconia,  flowing  from  pro- 
f  lona  aeqnMtiona  of  property,  as  wall  aa  the^,  who, 
ariih  the  awaat  of  ihalr  brow,  earned  tbeir  dally 
•abiiataoee,  were  equally  deprived  of  the  ineani 
of  Bupport ;  and  iheehiefallference  between  them 
waa,  inai  iba  dlilreMea  of  the  former  were  render- 
ad  mora  intolerable,  by  the  recollection  of  pan  en- 
{oyimnta.  All  Iheee  ineonveniencet  and  hard- 
ahipa  ware  bomo  with  a  paaaWe,  but  Inflexible  for- 
iHuda.  Their  determlettlon  to  peniat  in  the  lame 
line  of  eonduel,  which  bad  been  the  ocoaalon  of 
thair  ittflbring,  waa  unabated. 

The  authon  and  adriaen  of  the  rtiolution,  for 
daairoylng  the  tea,  were  in  the  town,  and  Mill  re- 
tained their  popularity  and  influence.  The  exe- 
eiBliotta  of  the  Inhabltanta  fell  not  on  them,  but  on 
the  Britbh  pariiamonl.  Their  countrvmen  ac- 
tnltled  them  of  all  lalAsh  desigm,  and  believed 
(hat  in  their  oppoi ition  to  the  mearares  of  Qreat 
Britain,  they  were  actuated  by  an  honeat  seal  for 
ttomtitutional  liberty.  The  lufferera,  in  Boaton, 
bad  the  comolalion  of  aympathy  fVom  the  other 
•olooiata.  Cootributlona  weie  ralied,  in  all  quar- 
laia,  for  their  relief.  Lettera  and  addreaiet  came 
l«  them  from  corporate  bodiea,  town  meeting*,  and 
pntvincial  eonveniloiM,  applauding  their  conduct, 
■■d  exhorting  tV.im  to  peraeveraace. 

The  people  of  Mirblehead,  who,  Inr  their  prox- 
imity, were  likely  to  reap  advantage  Irom  the  dii- 
aaiiti  of  Bolton,  generously  onered  the  mer- 
ebanti  thereof,  the  uie  of  their  harbour,  wharves, 
ware-houaea,  and  also  their  personal  attendance 
an  the  lading  or  unlading  of  their  goods,  free  of  all 
wtpenae. 

The  inhabltanta  of  Salem,  In  an  address  to  Qo- 
femor  Gage,  concluded  with  these  remarkable 
wards  :  "  By  shutting  up  the  port  of  Boston,  some 
iatgine  that  the  course  of  trade  might  be  turned 
hitlnr,  and  to  our  benefit ;  but  nature,  in  the  for- 
mation of  our  hart)our,  forbids  our  becoming  rivals 
in  commerce,  of  that  bpnvenient  mart ;  and,  were 
il  otiierwiae,  we  must  b«  dead  to  every  idea  of 
jnslice,  and  loat  to  all  the  feelings  of  humanity, 
eouM  we  indulge  one  thought  to  seize  on  wealth, 
and  raise  our  fortunes,  on  the  ruins  of  our  sufl°er- 
•ncneighbouis." 

The  Massaehnsetts  general  court  met  at  Salem, 
•ceordiog  to  adjournment,  on  the  7th  of  June.^ 
Sevatal  m  the  popular  leaden  took,  in  a  private 
way,  the  sense  of  the  members,  on  what  was  pro- 
per to  be  done.  Finding  they  were  able  to  carry 
auch  measurea,  as  the  public  exigencies  required, 
they  prepared  resolves,  and  moved  for  their  adop- 
tion ;  but  iwfore  they  went  on  the  latter  business, 
thebr  door  waa  shut. 

Oitt  memtwr,  nevertheless,  contrived  mpam  of 
aending  information  to  Governor  Gage  of  what 
waa  doing.  His  secretaiy  was  sent  off,  to  dis- 
aolve  the  general  court  ;  but  was  refused  admis- 
aion.  Aa  he  could  obuin  no  entrance,  he  read 
tlia  proclamation  at  the  door,  and  immediately  af- 
tarvrards  in  council ;  and  thus  dissolved  the  gene- 
tal  court.  Tlie  house,  while  sitting  with  tlieit 
doora  shut,  anpoinled  five  of  the  most  respectable 
■lamben  aa  their  committee,  to  meet  committees 
feom  other  provincea,  that  might  be  convened  the 
lat  of  September  at  Philadelphia  ;  voted  them 
MfMty-five  pounds  sterling  each  ;  and  recom- 
■aaded,  to  the  several  towns  and  diairicts,  to  raise 
tte  mM  aUBi  by  equitable  proportion*.    By  these 


meana,  tha  daalgns  of  the  governor  weie  disop- 
pointed.  Hie  situation  in  every  respect  was  truly 
disograeable.  It  was  his  duty  in  forwnnl  the  exe- 
cution of  laws,  which  were  uiiivenally  execrated. 
Zenl  for  hit  master's  service  prompted  him  to  en- 
deavour, that .  they  should  be  carried  Into  full  ef- 
fect !  but  hia  prograsa  was  retarded  by  obstacles 
from  every  quarter.  He  had  to  transact  his  ofli- 
cial  business  with  a  people,  who  possessed  a  high 
sense  of  liberty,  and  were  uncommonly  ingertous 
in  evading  disagreeable  act*  of  piirliamsni.  It 
was  a  part  of  his  duly,  to  prevent  the  calling  of 
the  town  meetings,  after  the  1st  of  August,  1771. 
These  meetings  were  oeverthelesa  held.  On  hia 
proposing  to  exert  authority,  for  the  dispeninn  of 
the  people,  he  waa  told  by  tha  selectmen,  that 
they  had  not  oflbnded  against  the  act  of  parlia- 
ment; for  that  only  prohibited  the  calling  of  town 
meetings ;  and  no  such  call  had  been  made :  a 
former  constitutional  meeting,  bnfore  the  1st  of 
August,  having  only  adjourned  themselves  from 
time  to  lime.  Other  evasions,  equally  founded  on 
the  letter  of  even  the  late  obnoxious  laws,  were 
practised. 

As  the  summer  advanced,  the  people  of  Massa- 
chusetls  received  stronger  proofs  of  support,  from 
die  neighboiuing  proviuces.  They  were,  there- 
fore encouraged  to  farther  opposition.  The  In- 
habitants of  the  colonies,  at  this  time,  with  regard 
to  political  opinions,  might  be  divided  into  three 
classes.  Of  these,  one  was  for  rushing  precipitately 
into  extremities.  They  were  for  immediately  stop- 
ping all  trade,  and  could  not  even  brook  the  delay  of 
waiting,  till  the  proposed  continental  congreu 
should  meet.  Another  party,  equally  respectable, 
both  aa  to  character,  property,  and  patriotism,  was 
more  moderate ;  but  not  less  firm.  These  were 
averse  to  the  adoption  of  any  violent  resolutions,  till 
all  olhera  were  ineffisclually  tried.  They  wished  that 
a  clear  statement  of  their  rights,  claims,  and  griev- 
ances, ahould  precede  every  other  measure.  A 
third  class  disapproved  ol  what  was  geneially  going 
un :  a  few  from  principle,  and  a  persuasion  that 
they  ought  to  submit  to  the  mother  country ;  some 
from  the  love  of  ease ;  olhera  from  self-interest ; 
but  the  bulk  from  fear  of  the  mischievous  conse- 

Jjuencea  likely  to  follow.  All  these  latter  classes, 
or  the  most  part,  lay  still,  while  the  friends  of  li- 
berty acted  with  spirit.  If  they,  or  any  of  them, 
ventured  to  oppose  popular  measures,  they  were 
not  supported,  and  therefore  declined  farther  ef- 
forts. The  resentment  of  the  people  was  so  strong 
against  them,  that  they  sought  for  peace  by  remain- 
ing quiet.  The  same  indecision,  that  made  them 
willing  to  submit  to  Great  Britain,  made  them  ap- 
parently acquiesce  in  popular  measures  which  they 
disapproved.  The  spirited  part  of  the  commu- 
nity, being  on  the  side  of  liberty,  the  patriot*  had 
the  appearance  of  unanimity ;  though  many  either 
kept  at  a  distance  from  public  meetings,  or  voted 
against  their  own  opinion,  to  secure  themselves 
from  resentment,  and  promote  tbeir  present  ease 
and  interest. 

Under  the  influence  of  those  wlio  were  for  the 
Immediate  adoption  of  efficacious  measures,  an 
agreement,  by  the  name  of  the  solemn  league  and 
covenant,  was  adopted  by  numbers.  The  subscri- 
bcra  of  this  bound  themselves,  to  suspend  all  com- 
mercial intercourse  with  Great  Britain,  until  the 
late  obnoxioiu  laws  were  repealed,  and  the  colony 
of  Massachusetts  restored  to  its  chartered  rights. 
General  Gage  published  a  proclamation,  in 
which  he  styled  this  solemn  league  and  covenant, 
"  an  unlawful,  hostile,  and  traitorous  combina- 
tion." And  all  magistrates  were  charged  to  ap- 
prehend, and  secure  for  trial,  sucli  as  should  have 
any  agency  in  publishing  or  subscribing  the  same, 
or  any  similar  covenant.  This  proclamation  had 
no  other  effect,  tlian  to  exercise  the  pens  of  the 
lawyers,  in  showing  that  the  association  did  not 
come  within  the  description  of  legal  treason  ;  and 
ihaL  therefore,  the  governor's  proclamation  was 
not  warranted  by  the  principles  of  the  constitu- 
tion. 

The  late  law,  for  regulating  the  government  of 
the  province,  anived  near  the  beginning  of  Au- 


gust, and  wa*  accompanied  by  a  llat  of  ijiunv-*ia 
new  eounaellon,  app|iolai*4by  lh«erawii,aiid  lo  ■ 
mode  variant  IVom  iliai  praaeribed  by  the  charter 
Several  of  these.  In  the  Ant  instance,  deelined  aa 
aeoepiance  of  the  appointment.  Tliose,  who  ao 
copied  It,  were  every  where  declared  lo  b«  caa* 
mies  lo  their  country.  The  new  judge*  wera  r*a« 
dered  incapable  of  proceeding  in  their  ofHcial  duty. 
Upon  opening  the  courts,  the  jurie*  refUied  to  ba 
sworn,  or  to  act  in  anv  manner,  either  under  thami 
or  in  conformity  to  Ihe  late  regulation*.    In  *onia 

Glace*,  the  people  aanembled,  and  filled  the  court- 
ouae*,  and  aveauaa  to  them,  in  auch  a  inannar, 
that  neither  tha  judge*,  nor  their  ofDean,  could 
obtahi  antnukca  i  ana,  upon  the  aherlAT*  command- 
ing them  to  make  way  lo  the  court,  thev  aoawaiw 
ed,  "  that  thev  knew  do  court  Jndependent  of  tha 
ancient  law*  of  their  country,  and  lo  nona  other 
would  they  aubmll." 

In  imiiatloo  of  hi*  royal  maater.  Governor  Oa(« 
ii*ued  a  proclamation,  "  for  the  encouragement  nf 
piety  and  virtue,  and  for  the  prevention  aqd  piinlih- 
ing  vice,  profanene**,  and  immorality."  In  thia 
proclamation,  hypocrlay  wa*  inserted  asoaeoflh* 
immoralities,ag)iinsl  which  Ihe  people  were  warned. 
Thi*  wa*  considered  by  Ihe  inhabitanu.  who  had 
oflen  been  ridiculed  for  their  strict  attention  to  llie 
fonns  of  religion,  to  be  a  studied  insult,  and  a* 
such  waa  more  resented  than  an  actual  injury. 

The  proceeding*  and  apparent  dispositiuna  ol 
Ihe  people  together  with  the  military  preparationa, 
which  were  daily  made  through  the  province,  in- 
duced General  Gage  lo  fortify  that  neck  of  land, 
which  joina  Boaton  to  the  continent.  He  also 
seized  upon  Ihe  powder  lodged  in  tlie  nrsenul  at 
Charlestown. 

This  excited  a  most  violent  and  unlvenal  fer- 
ment. Several  thousand  of  Ihe  people  aa*enibled 
at  Cambridge ;  and  it  wa*  with  diflficulty,  they 
were  restrained  from  marabing  directly  to  Bos- 
ton, to  demand  a  delivery  of  Ihe  powder,  with 
a  reaolution.  in  coso  of  a  refusal,  to  attack  tha 
troop*. 

Tne  people,  thus  assembled,  proceeded  to  Lieu- 
tenant Governor  Oliver's  house,  and  In  the  house* 
of  several  of  the  new  counsellon,  and  obliged 
them  lo  resign,  and  lo  declare,  that  they  would 
no  more  act  undar  the  law*  lately  enacted.  la 
the  confusion  of  these  transactions,  a  rumour 
went  abroad,  that  the  royal  fleet  and  troop*  weia 
firing  upon  the  town  of  Boston.  This  was  prote- 
biy  circulated  by  the  popular  leaders,  on  purposa 
to  ascertain  what  aid  they  might  expect  from  tha 
country  in  case  of  extremities.  "The  result  es- 
ceeded  their  most  sanguine  expectation*.  In  le*i 
than  twenty-four  houn  there  were  upward*  of 
thirty  thousand  men  in  arms  marching  towaida 
the  capital.  Other  rising*  of  Ihe  people  look 
place  in  different  part*  of  Ihe  colony ;  and  their 
violence  wa*  sucli,  that  in  a  short  lime  the  new 
counsellon,  the  commissionen  of  Ihe  custom*, 
and  all  who  had  taken  an  active  part  in  favoiu 
of  Great  Britain,  were  obliged  to  screen  them- 
selves in  Boston.  The  new  seat  of  government 
at  Salem  was  abandoned  ;  and  all  the  officera  con- 
nected with  the  revenue  we  obliged  to  consult 
their  safety,  by  taking  up  their  residence  in  a  place, 
which  an  act  of  pariiametat  had  proscribed  from  all 
trade. 

About  this  time  delegate*  from  ntn  town  and 
district,  in  the  county  of  Suffolk,  of  which  Boston 
U  the  county  town,  had  a  meeting ;  at  which  they 
prefaced  a  number  of  spirited  resolutions,  cou- 
taining  a  detail  of  the  particulars  of  their  intended 
opposition  to  the  late  acts  of  pariiament.  with  a  gen- 
eral declaration,  "  that  no  obedience  was  due  from 
the  province  to  either,  or  any  part  of  the  said  acta, 
but  that  they  should  be  rejected  ga  the  attempt* 
of  a  wicked  administration  to  ehslave  America." 
The  resolves  of  this  meeting  were  sent  on  to  Phil- 
adelphia, for  Ihe  information  and  opinion  of  the 
congress,  which  as  shal>'  herealler  be  related,  bad 
met  there  about  this  timh 

The  people  ol  Massachusei:^  rightly  judged, 
that  from  the  decision  of  Congrest-  on  these  reso- 
lution*, they  woud  be  enabled  lo  betermica  what 


of  tjunv-ils 

0«U|IIM  to  ■ 

r  the  uhintr 
I,  (leellncd  U 
Die,  who  M 
I  to  b«  («•• 
|M  w«i«  rtn* 
'  oflloial  dntf. 
reftuad  to  M 
r  under  ihani, 
im.  Ill  WDM 
led  thr  court- 
eh  •  inanD«r« 
ffieen,  coulil 
recommend- 
the*  anewer* 
penmnt  ofih* 
1  none  other 

ovemor  On* 
umgement  of 
>n  aqd  piintth- 
llty."  Intlite 
i  aioReofth* 
9  were  warned, 
mis.  who  had 
tlontion  to  tiM 
inaull.  and  M 
ual  injury. 
ispositiuD*  ol 
r  preparations, 
B  province,  in- 
neck  of  land, 
snt.  He  alio 
Jie  nraenul  at 

universal  fer- 
iple  assembled 
ifficulty,  they 
vctly  to  Boe- 
powder,  with 
to  attach  th« 

LedcdtoLieu- 

II 


to  the  house* 
and  obliged 
they  would 
enacted.    la 
rumour 
troDp*  wero 
Ilia  was  proba- 
on  purpose 
peet  from  th« 
lie  result  es- 
ione.    In  len 
upwards  of 
hing  toward* 
people  took 
and  their 
me  the  new 
the  customs, 
irt  in  fa*oui 
icreun  them- 
government 
officer*  con- 
to  consult 
ice  in  a  place, 
ribed  from  all 

_jnr  town  and 
vbich  Boston 
It  which  they 
lutions,  eon- 
leir  intended 
.with  a  gen- 
»as  due  uom 
he  said  acts, 
Ilie  attempt* 
s  America." 
on  to  Phil* 
Dion  of  the 
related,  had 

itly  judged, 

these  reso- 

ermic*  what 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


m 


tremons'. 
meeting    ( 


Mpport  th*y  might  expaet.  Notwithstanding 
piMtnl  apiMMranc**,  they  feared  that  the  nihnr 
ulonie*,  which  were  no  mors  than  remotely  con- 
esriied,  would  not  haxard  the  cuniei|uence  uf 
awking  a  Gommon  cause  with  them,  should  subse- 

Jiuont  events  make  it  necessary  tu  rt'|i«l  I'urco  by 
orce.  The  decision  of  Congress  exceedril  tlieir 
ovpectatlons.  Tliey  "most  thoroughly  appruvcd 
the  wisdom  and  fortitude,  with  which  op|H>«ition 
la  wicked  ministerial  measures  had  been  hith- 
erto conducted  in  Maisnchusetts;  and  recom- 
mended to  them  perseverance  in  the  same  firm 
and  temperate  conduct,  as  expreued  in  the  reso- 
lutions of  the  delegates,  Trom  the  county  of  Suf- 
folk." By  this  approbation  and  advice,  the  peo- 
ple of  Massachusetts  were  encouraged  to  lesis- 
tance,  and  the  other  colonies  became  bound  to 
support  them.  -The  former  more  in  need  of  a 
bridle  than  a  spur,  proceeded  as  they  had  begun ; 
but  with  additioial  confidence. 

Governor  Gage  had  issued  writs  for  holding  a 
general  assembly  at  Salem ;  but  subsequent  events, 
and  the  heat  and  violence  which  every  where  prC' 
vailed,  made  him  think  It  expedient  to  counteract 
the  wrlM  by  a  proclamation  for  suspending  the 
meeting  of  the  members.  The  iegnlity  of  a  pro- 
clamation for  that  purpose  was  denied :  and,  in  do- 
,  fiance  thereof,  ninety  of  the  newly-elected  mem- 
bers met,  at  the  time  and  place  appointed.  They 
won  afterwards  resolved  themselves  inio  a  pru- 
Vlnoial  congress,  and  adjourned  to  Concord,  about 
twenty  mile«/rom  Charlestown.  On  their  meeting 
tiere  they  cnose  Mr.  tiancock  president,  and  pro- 
(eeded  to  business.  One  of  their  first  acts  was  to 
appoint  a  conuiittee  to  wait  on  the  governor,  with 
«,  in  which  the*  apologized  for  their 
'  "  T'stressed  state  of  the  colony  ; 
complai      '  grievances  :  and,  afler  staling 

their  a|i,ii  '"<:  from  the  hostile  preparations 

•D  Boston  concluded  with  an  earnest  re- 

quest, "  that  he  would  desist  from  th*  constructioc 
of  the  fortress,  at  the  entrance  Into  Boston,  and 
restore  that  puss  to  its  natural  state." 

The  govenioi  found  some  difficulty  in  giving 
Iheman  answer,  a*  they  were  not,  in  his  opinion, 
a  legal  body  >  but  the  necessity  of  the  times  over- 
ruled bis  scraples.  Ho  replied,  by  expressing  his 
indignation  nl  the  supposition,  "  that  the  lives,  li- 
beities,  or  property  of  any  people,  except  enemies, 
could  be  in  danser  from  English  troops."  He  re- 
minded them,  that,  while  they  complained  of  al- 
terations, made  in  their  charter,  by  acta  of  parlia- 
ment, they  were  by  their  own  acts  subvening  it 
altogetlier.  He,  therefore,  warned  ihein  of  the 
locks  they  were  upon,  and  to  desist  from  sucli  il- 
legal and  unconstitutional  proceedings.  The  go- 
vernor's admonitions  were  unuviiiling.  The  pro- 
vincial congress  appointed  a  committee,  to  draw 
up  a  plan,  for  the  immediate  defence  of  the  pro- 
vince. It  was  resolved  to  enlist  a  number  of  the 
inhabitants,  under  the  name  of  minute  men,  who 
were  to  be  under  obligations  to  turn  out  at  a  nii- 
Bute's  warning.  Jedediah  Pribble,  Artemas  Ward, 
and  Seth  Pomeroy,  were  elected  general  officerH 
to  command  these  minute  men  and  the  militia,  in 
case  they  should  be  called  out  to  action.  A  com- 
mittee of  safely,  and  a  committee  of  supplies  weie 
appointed.  These  consisted  of  different  persons, 
and  were  intended  for  different  purposes.  The 
first  were  invested  with  an  authority  to  assemble 
the  militia,  when  they  thought  proper,  and  were 
to  recommend  to  the  committee  of  supplies  the 
purchase  of  such  articles  as  the  public  exigencies 
required.  The  last  were  limited  to  the  sinull  sum 
of  15,6271.  15s.  sterling,  which  was  all  the  money 
\t  first  voted,  to  oppose  the  power  and  riches  of 
Great  Britain.  Under  this  authority,  and  with 
these  means,  the  committee  of  safety  and  of  sup- 
plies acting  in  concert,  laid  in  a  quantity  of  stores, 
partly  at  Worcester,  and  partly  at  Concord.  The 
same  congress  met  again,  and  soon  afterwanls  re- 
volved, to  get  in  readiness  twelve  thousand  men, 
m  act  on  any  given  emergency  ;  and  that  a  fourth 
part  of  the  militia  should  he  enlisted  as  minute 
men,  and  receive  pay.  John  Thomas  and  Wil- 
iam  Heath  were  appoirted  general  officers.  Tbcy 


also  sent  person*  to  New  Hampahire,  Rhode  la- 
land,  and  Connecticut,  to  Inform  them  of  the  steps 
they  had  taken,  and  to  request  thair  co-o|ieratiun 
In  making  up  an  army  of  twenty  thousand  men. 
Committee*  from  these  several  colonies,  met  a 
committee  from  the  provincial  congress  of  Mas- 
•uchiisetts,  and  settled  their  plans.  The  proper 
period  fur  commencing  opposition  toGeneralGace's 
lroo|)s,  was  delermineo  to  bo,  whenever  they 
marched  out  with  their  baggage,  ammunition,  and 
artillery.  The  aid  of  the  clergy  was  called  in 
upon  this  occasion ;  and  a  circular  letter  was  ad- 
dressed to  each  of  the  several  ministers  in  the  pro- 
vince, requesting  their  assistance,  "  in  avoiding  the 
dreadful  slavery  with  which  they  were  threatened." 
As  the  winter  approached.  General  Gage  ordered 
barrack*  for  his  troop*  to  be  erected  ;  but  such 
was  the  superior  influence  of  the  popular  leaders, 
that,  on  their  recommendation,  the  workmen  de- 
sisted from  fulfilling  the  general's  wishes,  though 
the  money  for  their  labour  would  have  been  paid 
by  the  crown. 

An  application  to  New  York  was  equally  unsuc- 
cessful ;  and  it  was  with  difficulty  that  the  troop* 
could  be  furnished  with  winter  lodgings.  Similar 
obstructions  were  thrown  in  the  way  of  getting 
wini«r  covering  for  the  soldiery.  The  merchants 
of  New  York,  on  being  applied  to,  answered.  "  that 
they  would  never  supply  any  article  for  the  bene- 
fit of  men  who  were  sent  as  enemiea  to  the  coun- 
try." The  inhabitants  of  Massachusetts  encour' 
aged  the  desertion  of  ihe  soldiers;  and  acted  sys- 
tematically in  preventing  their  obtaining  any  other 
supplies  but  necessary  provisions.  The  larmers 
were  discouraged  from  selling  them  atraw,  timber, 
boards,  and  such  like  articles  of  convenience. 
Straw,  when  purchaaed  for  their  seivice,  was  fre- 
(lucntly  burnt.  Vessels,  with  bricks  intended  for 
their  use,  were  sunk  ;  carts  with  wood  were  over- 
turned; and  the  king's  property  was  daily  de- 
stroyed. 

A  proclamation  had  been  issued  by  the  king, 
pruhibitinE  the  exportation  of  military  stores  from 
Britain,  which  reached  America  in  the  latter  end 
of  the  year  1774.  On  receiving  intelligence  there- 
of, in  Khode  Island,  the  people  seized  upon,  and 
removed  from  the  public  battery,  about  forty  pieces 
of  cannon ;  and  the  nsHenibly  passed  resolutions 
for  obtaining  arms  and  military  stores  by  every 
means,  and  also  for  inising  and  arming  the  inha- 
bitants. About  this  time,  December  13th,  acom- 
Sany  of  volunteers,  headed  by  John  Sullivan  and 
olin  Langdon.  beset  his  majesty's  castle  at  Ports- 
mouth. They  stormed  the  fort,  and  secured  and 
confined  the  garrison,  till  they  broke  open  the 
powder  house,  and  took  the  powder  away.  The 
powder  being  secured,  the  garrison  was  released 
from  confinement. 

Throughout  this  whole  season,  civil  govern- 
ment,  legislation,  judicial  proceedings,  and  com- 
mercial regulations  were,  in  Massachusetts,  to  all 
appearance  annihilated.  The  provincial  congress 
exercised  all  the  semblance  of  government  which 
existed.  From  their  coincidence  with  the  prevail- 
ing dis|)osition  of  the  people,  their  resolutions  had 
the  weight  and  efficacy  of  the  laws.  Under  tjie 
simple  style  of  recommendation,  they  organized 
the  militia,  and  made  ordinances  respecting  public 
monies,  and  such  farther  regulations  as  were  ne- 
cessary for  preserving  order,  and  for  defending 
themselves  against  the  British  troops. 

In  this  crisis,  it  seemed  to  be  the  sense  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Massachusetts  to  wait  events.  They 
dreaded  every  evil  that  could  flow  from  resistance, 
less  than  the  operation  of  the  late  acts  of  parlia- 
ment :  but,  at  the  same  time,  were  averse  to  be 
the  aggressors,  in  bringing  on  a  civil  war.  They 
chose  to  submit  to  a  8us|)ension  of  regular  gov- 
ernment in  preference  to  perniilting  the  streams 
of  Justice  to  flow  in  the  channel  prescribed  by  the 
Inte  acts  of  parliament,  or  to  conducting  them  for- 
cibly in  the  old  one,  sanctioned  by  their  charter. 
From  the  extinction  of  the  old,  and  the  rejection 
of  the  new  constitution,  all  regular  gavernment 
was,  for  several  months,  abolished.  Some  hun- 
dred thousands  of  people  were  in  a  state  of  nature, 


without  lagielailon,  iMi|lMiataa,  or  aiaettil*a  oA> 
cer*.  Theia  w**,  nararthalea*,  a  *nrprl*iBg  de- 
gree of  order.  Man  of  the  pure*!  moral*  wait 
among  the  moat  aellva  op|ioser*  of  Great  Britain. 
While  municipal  law*  ceaaed  to  oparata,  iha  lawa 
of  reason,  morality,  and  religion,  bound  tba  paopla 
to  each  other  a*  a  aocial  band,  and  pieiarvad  a« 
great  a  degree  of  decorum  u  hud  at  any  time  pia- 
vailed.  Even  those  who  were  opposed  to  the 
proceedings  of  tlie  populace,  when  they  ware  pru- 
dent and  moderate,  for  the  most  part  enjoyed  *afe- 
ty,  both  at  homo  and  abroad. 

Though  there  were  no  civil,  there  wa*  an  abun- 
dance ot  militar*  officers.  These  war*  choeaa 
by  the  people  |  but  exercised  mora  authority  than 
any  who  had  been  honoured  with  eommMiona 
from  the  governor.  The  InhebltanUin  every  pbea 
devoted  tnemaelve*  to  arm*.  Haodllog  the  mn*- 
ket,  and  training,  were  the  faahionable  arouaenMDla 
of  the  men ;  while  the  women,  by  their  preeence, 
encouraged  them  to  proceed.  The  eouod  of  diuma 
and  fife*  were  to  be  neard  in  all  direction*.  The 
young  and  the  old  ware  fired  with  a  maitl*l  *piril. 
On  experiment,  it  waa  found,  that  to  force  on  the 
inhabitant*  a  form  of  government  to  which  they 
were  totally  averse,  wa*  not  within  the  fancied  om- 
nipotence of  parliament. 

During  tbe*e  tranaactions  In  M***aehu*att*,  ef- 
fectual meaiutes  had  been  taken,  by  the  e'oloniaa, 
for  convening  a  continental  congrea*.  Though 
there  waa  no  one  entitled  to  lead  in  thi*  bu*ine*a, 
yet,  in  consequence  of  the  general  impulee  on  the 
public  mind,  from  a  sense  of  common  danger,  nol 
only  the  measure  itself,  but  the  time  and  place  ol 
meeting  were,  with  surprising  unanimity,  agreed 
upon.  The  colonies,  thougn  formerly  agilateil 
with  local  prejudices,  jealousies,  and  avenion*, 
were  led  to  assemble  together  in  a  gi'.ncral  diet,  and 
to  feel  their  weight  and  importance  in  a  common 
union.  Within  four  months  from  the  day,  on 
which  the  first  intelligence  of  the  Boston  port  bill 
reached  America,  the  depotie*  of  eleven  province* 
had  convened  in  Philadelphia  ;  and  in  four  day* 
more,  by  the  arrival  of  delegates  from  North  Ca- 
rolina, there  was  a  complete  representation  o' 
twelve  colonies,  containing  three  millions  of  pen 
|)le,  disseminated  over  two  hundred  and  sixty  tliuu 
sand  square  miles  of  territory.  Some  of  the  dele 
gates  were  appointed  by  the  constitutional  assem- 
blies. In  other  provinces  where  they  weie  emb.-ir- 
rassed  by  royal  governora,  the  appointment*  wert 
made  in  voluntary  meetings  of  the  people.  Per- 
haps there  never  was  a  body  ot  delegates,  more 
faithful  to  the  interests  of  their  constituents,  than 
the  congress  of  1774.  The  public  voice,  cUvaled 
none  to  a  seat  in  that  august  assembly,  but  such  a*, 
in  addition  to  considerable  abilities,  possessed  that 
ascendency  over  the  minds  of  their  fellow  citisena, 
which  can  neither  be  acquired  by  birth,  nor  pur- 
chased by  wealth.  The  instructions  given  to 
these  deputies  weie  various ;  but,  in  general,  they 
contained  strong  professions  of  loyalty,  and  of  con- 
stitutional dependence  on  the  mother  country.— 
The  ftamera  of  them  acknowledged  the  pieroga- 
tive  of  the  crown,  and  disclaimed  every  wish  of 
separation  from  the  parent  state.  On  the  other 
hand,  they  were  firm  in  declaring,  that  they  were 
entitled  to  all  the  rights  of  British  born  aubject*. 
and  that  the  late  act*  respecting  Ma**achu*ett* 
were  unconatitutiooal  and  oppreasive. 

They  particularly  atated  tneir  grievances,  and 
for  the  most  part  concurred,  in  authorizing  their 
deputies  to  concert  and  agree  to  such  meaaure*, 
in  behalf  of  their  constituents,  a*,  in  their  joint 
opinion,  would  be  most  likely  to  obtain  a  redresa 
of  American  grievancea,  ascertain  American  right*, 
on  constitutional  principles  )  and  establish  union 
and  harmony  between  Great  Britain  and  the  colo- 
nies. Of  the  various  instructions,  on  this  occa 
sion,  those  which  were  drawn  up,  by  a  convention 
of  delegates,  from  every  county  in  the  province  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  presented  by  them,  in  a  body, 
to  the  constitutional  assembly,  were  the  most  pre- 
cise and  determinate.  By  these  it  appear*,  that 
the  Pennsylvanianswere  disposed  to  aubmit  hi  the 
act*  of  navigation,  a*  they  then  aiot>4i  wdt  al** 


m 


THE    HISTORY   OF 


1 


hi  Mlda  •  Mrtain  wmual  ntmu*  oa  hit  mijuty, 
kit  kaln,  umI  luceuwn,  tubjaei  lo  ib*  eontrol  of 

KrliaiMDt  t  Mid  lo  Mtttiy  ■lld»iiM|n,  dona  lo  the 
Ml  ludla  companjr.  piovklMl  Ihoir  (rlavanca* 
war*  radraaaad,  and  u  amlcabla  compaot  wia  mi- 
Uad,  which,  by  eatabliihlng  Amarlcan  riahu,  ia  ihe 
manner  of  a  new  magna  charta,  would  ha«a  pre- 
eluded  Tulure  dUpulea. 

Of  the  whole  number  of  deputlea,  which  fonnod 
the  coollDanlal  congreaa,  of  1774,  one  half  were 
lawjrera.  Qenllemen  o(  that  proreMlon  bad  no- 
quired  Ibe  conAdence  o(  Ihe  Inhabltanta,  by  iheir 
exerliooa  In  ihe  common  eauie.  The  previaut 
meatuiea.  In  the  reipecllve  provincei,  hod  been 
planned  and  carried  Into  eflecl,  more  by  hwyen 
I'lan  by  any  other  order  of  men.  ProreaiionHlly 
idught  the  righia  ofthe  people,  they  were  among 
iha  foremoal,  lo  deacrv  allacke  mad*  on  their  llber- 
tlea.  Brad  In  the  habiti  of  public  apenklng,  they 
made  a  dlallngulahed  figure  in  the  meellngi  of  the 
people,  and  were  particularly  able  to  explain  lo 
them  (ha  tendency  of  the  lale  acta  orpnrliament.— • 
Kaerting  their  abllillea  and  influence,  in  the  cauae 
of  their  country,  ih<  y  were  rewarded  with  lie  con- 
ndenc*. 

On  the  meeting  of  Congreaa,  they  ehoae  Peyton 
Randulph  (heir  prealdent,  and  Charlea  Thomson 
Iheir  aeeratary.  They  agreed,  aa  one  of  ihe  rules 
of  their  doing  buainets,  that  no  entry  ahould  be 
Made  on  their  journals  of  anv  proposllions  dlscuss- 
«•  before  them,  to  which  they  did  nut  finally  as- 

Mill.* 

Thla  auRusI  body,  to  which  all  the  colonies 
.odked  up  for  wisdom  and  direction,  had  scarcely 
eoiiiened,  when  adiaputa  aroae  about  Ihe  mode  of 
conducting  busineaa,  which  alarmed  the  friends  of 
union.  It  was  contended  by  some,  that  the  voles 
of  lbs  amall  provinces  ahould  not  count  as  much 
aa  those  of  the  larger  ones.  This  was  argued  with 
tome  warmth :  and  Invlduoua  comparisons  were 
made  between  Ihe  extensive  dominion  of  Virginia, 
and  the  small  eoloolea  of  Delaware  and  Rhode 
lahnd.  The  impossibility  of  Axing  the  compa- 
rative weight  of  each  province,  from  the  want  of 
proper  materlala,  induced  Congress  to  resolve, 
ihat  each  should  have  one  equal  vote.  The  motle 
jf  conducting  business  being  settled,  two  commlt- 
eea  were  a))poinled  :  one,  to  state  the  rights  of 
the  colonies;  the  several  instances  in  which  these 
rights  had  been  violated  ;  and  the  means  most 
proper  to  be  pursued  for  obtaining  a  restoration  ol 
them ;  the  other,  to  examine  and  report  the  seve- 
ral stalules  which  affected  the  trade  and  manufnc- 
lures  ofthe  colonies.  The  first  committee  were 
farther  instructed,  to  confine  themselves  to  the 
consideration  of  such  lights,  as  had  been  infringed 
aince  the  year  17^. 

Congress,  soon  after  their  meeting,  agieed  upon 
k  declaration  of  their  rights,  by  which  it  was, 
among  other  thlnga,  declared,  that  the  inhabitants 
ofthe  English  colonies,  in  North  Ameiica,  by  the 
immutable  laws  of  nature,  the  principlea  of  the 
Rngliah  constitution,  and  the  teveral  chatters  or 


*  This  rale  »u  adopted  rrom  poliej.  The  finnncM 
of  two  or  Iliree  of  the  delegates  was  doubled  by  some 
of  their  more  deteimined  associates.  It  was  appre- 
haadsd,  that  theie  woufal  brinf  forward  •ome  tempo- 
risini;  scheme  of  seeommodalion,  in  hopes  Ihal  it  would 
operate  in  iheir  favour,  in  ease  Ihe  couolry  was  con- 
quered. The  majoritr  thought  it  more  eonal,  that,  in 
every  event,  all  anoufd  bum  or  fkll  together,  without 
separate  subterfuges.  Joseph  Gallaway  brought  for- 
waid  such  a  scheme,  which  waa  rejected,  and,  of  course, 
not  entered  on  Ihe  Journals ;  hut  he  obtained  a  certifi- 
cate of  his  having  doae  so.  Alter  he  had  joined  ihe 
Briliali,  in  the  low  ebb  of  American  sirsira,  which  look 
place  earl)'  ia  Peceinber,  1776,  he  produced  iIiom  do- 
cuments, to  prove,  that  he  had  always  been  a  true  and 
loyal  subject.  Tlia  outlines  of  Galloway's  schemes 
were  a  neutral  goveranienl,  lo  be  instituted  in  America, 
foF  regulating  all  the  common  concerns  of  ilie  colonies, 
and  to  be  administered  b^  a  president-general,  of  royal 
appoinlmenl.  with  eiecutiva  powers,  and  a  negative  on 
all  proposed  acts  of  Isgiiiation^  together  with  a  coun- 
cil, to  be  appointed  by  Ilie  provmcial  assemblies.  7'lie 
•oir.d.Alive  body  lo  he  incorporated  with  the  llritiflh  par- 
liameal,  so  far  that  the  assent  of  both  should  be  requi- 
•i|e  to  the  validity  of  all  gsaeral  acta  and  ststuies,  which 
vara  intaiidaj  tooperata  over  icdi  countriea. 


oompncla,  ware  entitled  lo  life,  liberty,  and  pro- 
party  t  aiid  that  they  had  never  ceded,  lo  any  so- 
vereign power  whslrver,  a  righl  lo  dispose  of 
either,  without  their  consent.  That  their  uiicss- 
lors,  who  first  sellled  Ilie  colonies,  were  enllllcd 
to  all  the  righia,  libertiea,  and  Immunitiea  nf  free 
and  natural-born  subjects,  within  the  realm  of 
England,  and  by  their  migrating  lo  America,  they 
by  no  ineana  furfelled,  surrendered,  or  lost  any  of 
those  rights  ;  thul  tlie  foundation  of  Knglish  liber- 
ty, and  of  all  free  guvernnient,  was  a  rl)(hl.  In  Ilie 
|ieople,  to  parllcliMile  In  their  IPKlshitive  council; 
and  that  aa,  (he  Knglish  colonials  were  not,  and 
could  not  be  properly  repieaenlcd  in  the  llrltish 
parliament,  they  were  entitled  In  a  free  and  ex- 
clusive power  of  legislation,  in  Iheir  several  jirn- 
vincial  legialatures,  in  all  cases  of  taxation  ami  in- 
ternal polity,  aubject  only  to  Ihe  negalivo  of  tlieir 
aovereign.  They  (hen  ran  Ihe  line,  between  the 
aupremacy  of  parliament,  nnd  the  independency  of 
the  colonial  legisialurea,  by  provisos  and  restric- 
liont,  expressed  in  the  following  words ;  "  Hut, 
from  the  necessity  of  the  case,  and  a  regard  to  the 
mutual  iiitcresis  of  both  countries,  we  cheerfully 
consent  lo  the  of>ni'at:on  of  such  acts  of  the  llrltish 
(Nirliament,  aa  nrc,  liana  flde,  rcslrnlnsd  lo  the  re- 
guliitinn  of  our  extoraal  commerce,  for  the  pur- 
poae  of  securing  the  commercial  ndvantngea  of 
the  whole  empire  to  tho  mother  country,  exclud- 
ing every  idea  of  inxatlon,  inlemiil  nnu  external, 
for  raising  a  revjnue  on  the  subjects  in  America 
without  their  consent." 

This  was  the  very  hinge  of  the  controversy.—. 
The  absolute,  unliniiled  supremacy  of  the  llnlish 
parlinment,  both  in  legislation  ;ind  taxation,  wus 
contendoil  for  on  one  side ;  while,  on  the  other,  no 
farther  authority  was  conceded,  than  such  a  limit- 
ed legislaiion,  with  regard  lo  external  commerce, 
as  would  combine  the  interests  of  the  whole  em- 
pire. In  government,  as  well  as  in  religion,  there 
are  mysteries,  from  ihe  close  invesllealioii  of  which 
little  advantage  can  be  expected.  Kiom  the  unity 
of  the  empire,  1(  was  necessary  Ihat  some  acts 
should  extend  over  the  whole.  From  the  local 
situation  of  the  colonies,  it  was  equally  reasonable 
Ihat  their  logistaliires  should,  at  least  in  some  mat- 
ters, be  inde|iendent.  Where  the  supremacy  of 
the  first  ended,  and  the  inilcpendency  of  the'  Inst 
began,  was  lo  the  best  informed  a  pii/,/.llng  ques- 
tion. A  ditferent  slate  nf  thines  would  exist  at 
this  day,  had  the  discussion  of  this  doubtful  point 
never  been  attempted. 

Congress  also  resolved,  that  ihe  colonists  were 
entitled  to  Ihe  common  law  of  England,  nnd  more 
especially  to  the  privilege  of  being  tried  by  their 
peers  of  the  vicinage ;  Ihat  they  were  entitled  to 
the  benefit  of  such  of  tho  English  statutes  as  ex- 
isted at  the  lime  of  their  colonization,  and  which 
they  had  found  to  be  applicabl!;  to  their  local  cir- 
cumstances, and  also  to  the  immunities  and  privi- 
leges, granted  and  confirmed  to  them  by  royal 
charters,  or  secured  by  provincial  laws  ;  that  they 
had  a  righl  peaceably  to  assemble,  consider  of  their 
grievances,  and  petition  tho  king;  that  tho  keeping 
.a  standing  army  in  the  colonies,without  the  consent 
of  the  legislature  ofthe  colony  where  the  army  wag 
kept,  waa  against  law ;  that  it  was  indispensably  ne 
cessary  (o  good  governmen(,  and  rendered  esseU' 
tial,by  (heEngllsh  con8(itu(lon,(ha(lhe  constituent 
branches  of  the  legislature  be  independent  of  each 
o(her ;  and  (hat,  (herefore,  (he  exercise  of  legisla- 
(Ive  power,  in  several  colonies,  by  a  council,  ap- 
poin(ed  during  pleasure  by  (he  crown,  was  uncon- 
8(l(u(ional,  dangerous,  and  des(ruc(ive  to  Ihe  free- 
dom of  American  legislation.  All  of  these  liber- 
ties Congress,  in  behalf  of  themselves  and  their 
constituents,  claimed,  demanded,  and  insisted  up- 
on, as  (heir  indubhable  rights,  which  could  not  be 
legally  taken  from  (hem,  altered,  or  abridged,  by 
any  |)ower  whatever,  without  iheir  consent. 

Congress  then  resolved,  (ha(  sundry  acts  which 
had  been  passed  in  the  rei?n  of  George  the  Third, 
were  inrringemcnts  and  violations  of  the  rights  of 
the  colonists ;  and  tha(  the  repeal  of  them  was  es- 
sentially necessary,  in  order  (o  restore  harmony 
be(ween  Great  Britain  and  the   coloulei.     The 


acts  complained  of,  were  as  follow  t  Iha 
acts  of  4  (ieorge  III.  ch.  IIS.  and  ch.  3A— A  Om 
Ill.ch.:^'!— tideo.  lll.rh.A3— 7()eo.III.eb.41 
and  ch.  4li— 8  (leo.  III.  ch.:M.  which lm|ioseddn 
lies  fur  the  piirjiose  iil' raising  a  revtniie  in  Amr' 
rica,  extended  the  power  of  the  admiralty  euiina, 
beyond  their  ancient  limits,  deprived  the  Aineiic  ,■ 
siibjeclsoflrlalby  jury,  and  aulhnrlaed  thejudga* 
certificule  to  Ideiiinify  the  prosecutor  from  Jaim* 
ages,  that  he  might,  otherwise,  bo  liable  to;  r«' 
quiring  oppressive  security  from  a  rliilinunt  of  ship* 
and  goods  selxed,  before  he  waa  allrwed  .o  defend 
bis  pro|ierly. 

Also,  Vi  Oeo.  III.  ch.  24  entitled,  "  An  ait  at 
the  heller  securing  his  majesty's  dock-yards,  m*' 
ga/lnes,  ships,  ammunition,  and  stores,"  which  da* 
cinres  a  new  olfence  in  America,  and  deprive*  th* 
American  subjects  of  a  cnnstllutlonal  trial  by  jury 
nf  the  vicinage,  by  nulhorl/.lng  the  trial  of  any 
|ieisnn,  cliarged  with  cominltting  any  oifenca,  da- 
scribed  in  the  said  act,  out  of  (he  realm,  to  be  in- 
dicleil  and  tried  for  (he  tame,  in  any  thire  orcoui^ 
ty  wiihin  the  lealm. 

Also,  the  three  acts  passeil  In  Ihe  last  session  of 
pHrliameiil,  for  stopping  the  port  and  blocking  up 
(he  harbour  of  Uoslon ;  for  altering  the  charter 
and  gnveriinient  of  Mussaeh„««(tt  Bay  ;  and  that 
which  is  entitled,  "  An  act  for  the  bolter  adminit- 
tration  of  justice,"  ice. 

Also,  the  act  passed  In  (he  same  testipn,  for 
esdiblishing  Ihe  Roman  Catholic  religion,  in  the 
province  of  Quebec,  abolishing  (he  equi(able  sys- 
tem of  English  laws,  and  erecting  a  tyranny  there, 
In  llie  grciit  danger,  from  so  total  a  dissiiiilarUy 
of  religion,  law,  and  government  of  the  neighbour 
ing  llrltish  colonies,  by  the  assistance  of  whose 
blood  and  treasure  the  said  country  had  been  con- 
quered from  France. 

Also  Ihe  net  passed  in  the  tame  session,  for  th* 
bettor  providing  suitable  quarters  for  officers  and 
soldiers,  in  his  mujes(y's  service,  In  Nor(h  Ame- 
rica. 

Also,  that  the  keeping  a  standing  army  in  te- 
veral of  these  colonies,  in  time  of  peace,  withou' 
the  consent  of  (he  leglsla(ure  of  (he  colony,  in 
which  such  army  was  kep(,  wat  against  law. 

Congress  declared,  that  they  cn-jld  not  aubm  k 
to  these  grievous  acts  and  meiisures.  In  ho|)*t 
that  their  feilow-sulijecis  in  Great  Britain  wou.m 
restore  the  colonies  lo  that  slate,  in  which  both 
countries  found  happiness  and  pros|)erily,  lhe>  le 
solved,  for  the  present,  only  (o  pursue  the  follow 
ing  peaceable  measures : 

1.  To  enter  into  a  non-lmportalion,  non-coh. 
sumption,  and  non-expor(a(ion  agreement  or  at>o- 
ciailon. 

2.  To  prepare  an  address  to  the  people  of  (ireat 
Britain,  and  a  memorial  (o  (he  inhabi(antt  of  Bri- 
tish America. 

3.  To  prepare  a  loyal  address  (o  his  maies(y. 
By  the   associadon  (hoy  bound  (heinse)ves  nnd 

their  constituents,  "from  nnd  after  the  1st  day  nf 
December  next,  not  (o  im|ior(  in(o  British  Ameri 
ca,  from  Grea(  Bri(ain  or  Ireland,  any  goods, 
wares,  or  merchandise,  whatsoever;  no(  (o  pur 
chase  any  slave,  impor(ed  after  the  said  Ist  d?y 
of  December;  not  (o  purchase  or  use  any  (ea.  im- 
poKed  on  aecoun(  of  Ihe  East  India  company,  or 
any  on  which  a  duty  hath  been  or  shall  be  paid ; 
and,  from  and  after  the  1st  day  of  the  next  ensu- 
ing March,  neither  to  purchase  or  use  any  East 
India  tea  whatever;  that  they  would  not,  after 
the  10th  day  of  the  next  September  if  their  griev- 
ance! were  not  previously  redressed,  export  any 
cominodily  whatsoever,  to  Great  Britain.  Ireland, 
or  the  West  Indies,  except  rice  to  £uro|«  tliat 
the  merchants  should,  as  soon  as  possible,  <vrite 
to  their  correspondents  in  Great  Britain  and  Ire 
land,  not  to  ship  any  goods  to  them  on  any  pretence 
whatever;  that,  if  any  merchant  here  should  ship 
any  goods  for  America,  in  or:ei  o  i.tiiitrnvene  th* 
non-importation  agreement,  they  would  not  after 
wards  have  any  commercial  connexion  with  such 
merchant ;  that  such  as  were  owners  of  vessel*, 
should  give  |)osltive  orders  to  their  c  ipiains  am! 
matters,  not  to  receive,  on  board  tholi  rosselt,  any 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


ilie  I'utlun 


gao4iprobtb)ia4by  ihaiutJ  noD-lin|iortHilun  uiirov- 
■MM  I  ibal  Ihty  would  um  Ihvir  omli'itvuur*  lu 
improve  iho  brttd  ul'  ilw.'!))),  unil  Increiwe  ili«ir 
niimbiir  to  the  irtalcd  exleni ;  ihiit  tliey  wuulil 
•Mour8"r  frugwlttjr,  ■conuiiiy  ami  liiiluatry,  iinU 
prumu'  igricullure,  art*  ami  American  nianurau- 
liuei;  .(i4t  they  would  dUvuuotennrice  and  dit- 
•eurage  ovary  apaciaa  ol'  exlriivaKHnce  and  dlul- 

Siiluu ;  that,  on  the  death  of  telntloiii  or  friends, 
•y  would  wear  uo  other  mourning  than  n  iinjll 
|)l«Ga  ol' black  crn|ie  or  ribbon;  that  luch,  a»  were 
vendera  ol'  gooda,  ihould  nut  take  any  advantage 
of  the  acar:ily,  ao  into  raiie  their  prices;  that, 
If  any  iiers.in  should  lin|)orl  goods  alter  the  1st 
day  of  i)ec«niber,  and  before  the  Isl  day  of  Feb- 
ruary, ihcM  next  eoauiog,  the  same  ought  to  be 
Immediately  re-shipped,  or  delivered  up  to  a  coro- 
n)it*<(ft  to  bo  stored  or  sold  i  and  that,  In  the  last 
MM,  all  the  clear  proflta  should  be  applied  to- 
wards the  relief  of  the  inhabitants  of  Boston;  that. 
If  any  goods  should  be  Imported  after  the  1st  day 
of  ttbriiary,  the  next  ousuing,  they  should  be 
wnt  back  without  breaking  any  of  the  packages  ; 
lliat  oommittees  should  be  chosen  In  every  coun- 
ty, city,  end  town,  to  observe  the  conduct  of  all 
f/orsons  touching  the  association,  and  to  publish, 
in  gisettea,  the  names  of  the  violuiers  of  It,  ns 
foes  to  the  rights  of  British  America;  that  the 
committee*  of  correapondence,  in  the  res|)ective 
colonies,  frequently  Inspect  the  entries  of  their 
custom'-houses,  and  inform  each  other,  from  time 
to  time,  of  the  true  state  thereof;  that  all  Amori- 
Wn  manufactures  should  be  sold  at  reasonable 
^iees,  and  no  advantages  to  be  taken  of  a  future 
■earcity  of  goods ;  and   lastly,  that  they  would 
have  no  dealings  or  intercourse  whatever,  with 
■ny  province  or  tolony  of  North  Americn,  which 
should  not  accede  to,  or  should  violate  Iho  afore 
■aid  associations." 

These  several  resolutions  they  bound  themselves 
and  their  constituents,  by  the  sacred  ties  of  virtue, 
faonour,  and  love  of  their  country,  to  observe  till 
their  grievance*  were  redressed. 

In  their  address  to  the  people  of  Great  Britain, 
ihey  compHmented  them  for  having,  at  every 
hazard  maintained  their  independence,  and  tmnii- 
mitted  the  rights  of  man,  and  the  blcfsiings  of  lib- 
erty to  their  posterity,  and  requested  them  nc!  to  be 
■urprised,  that  they,  who  were  desceiuUints  from 
the  same  common  ancestors,  should  reiuse  to  sur- 
render their  righu,  liberties,  and  constitution. 
They  proceeded  to  state  their  rights  and  their 
griovnnces.  and  to  vindicate  themselves  from  the 
char<;e9  of  being  seditious,  impatient  of  govern- 
ment, and  desirous  of  indipendency.  They  suin- 
roed  up  their  wishes  In  the  following  word* : 
*'  Place  u*  in  thesame  situation  in  which  we  were, 
at  the  close  of  the  last  war,  and  our  former  har- 
mony will  be  restored.'' 

In  the  memorial  of  Congres*  to  the  inhabitant* 
of  the  British  colonie*,  they  recapitulated  the 
proceedings  of  Great  Britain  against  them, 
since  the  year  17G3,  in  order  to  iinpresa  them 
with  a  belief  that  a  deliberate  system  was  formed 
for  abridging  their  liberties.  They  then  proceed- 
ed to  state  the  measures  they  had  adopted,  to 
counteract  this  system,  and  gave  the  reasons 
which  induced  them  to  adopt  the  same.  They 
encouraged  them  to  submit  to  the  inconvenience* 
of  non-importation  and  non-exportation,  by  desir- 
ing them,  "  to  weigh,  in  the  opposite  balance,  the 
endless  miserie*,  they  and  their  descendants  must 
endure,  from  an  eslnblisheil  arbitrary  power." — 
They  concluded  with  informing  them,  "  that  the 
•>.iionit»  agitated  against  the  colonics,  had  been 
•o  conducted  as  to  render  it  prudent  to  extend 
Ibeir  views  to  mournful  events,  and  to  oe,  in  nil 
respects,  prepared  for  every  contingency." 

In  the  pe  Ition  of  Congreiis  to  the  king,  they 
begged  leave  to  Iny  their  grievances  before  the 
thione.  Al'er  a  particular  enumeration  of  these, 
iLsy  observed,  that  they  wholly  arose  from  a  de- 
■tructive  system  of  colony  administration,  adopt- 
ed since  toe  conclusion  of  the  last  war.  They 
■anired  his  majesty,  that  they  had  made  such 
proTulo*  for  defraying  tb  i  charges  of  the  admin- 


Isiratioii  of  justice,  and  the  support  of  civil  gov- 
arniiirnt,  as  had  been  judged  just  and  suitable  to 
their  resiwciive  circunisiunees ;  and  that,  for  the 
defence,  prulovtion,  and  security  of  the  colonies, 
tlieir  mililia  would  be  fully  suthcient  In  time  of 
(lenve  ;  and,  lu  case  of  war,  Ihey  were  ready  and 
willing,  when  cunstitutlooally  required,  to  exert 
their  most  strenuous  ell'orts  in  granting  supplies, 
■ml  raising  forces.  They  said,  "  we  ask  but  for 
peace,  liberty  and  safety.     We  wish  not  a  diroinu 


the  colonies  to  choose  depulie*  ■•  soon  tie  | 
ble,  to  be  ready  to  attend  at  that  iIumi  hmI  pl«e% 
should  events  make  tbelrmaetini  nactiMijf.'* 

Uii  the  publication  of  the  proof  edinga  of  C'ii»> 
gress,  the  people  obtained  that  luibrnutlon  vhieh 
tney  desired.  Zealous  to  do  soinalbing  for  ibeif 
eeuntry,  they  patiently  waited  for  the  Jboision  ol 
that  body,  to  whose  direction  they  bad  *a*l|nad 
themselves.  Their  determination*  were  no  soonat 
known,  than  cheerfully  obeyed.    Though  Iheli 


llun  of  the 'prerogative  ;  nor  do  we  solicit  the |  |>ower  was  only  advisory,  yet  their  recominenda. 
grunt  of  any  new  right  In  our  favour.  Your  royal  I  tions  were  more  generally  and  more  elTeetually 
iiuihoiity  over  us,  and  our  connexion  with  Ureut  carried  into  exeenlion,  than  the  law*  of  the  best- 


Britain,  we  *hall  always  carefully  and  /.ealously 
endeavour  to  support  and  maintain."  They  ihvn 
solicited  for  a  redress  of  their  grievances,  which 
they  had  enumerated  ;  and,  anponling  to  that  Be- 
ing, who  searchei  thoroughly  the  heart*  of  bl* 
creatures,  they  solemnly  prolessed,  "  that  their 
council*  bad  been  inlluencedby  no  other  motives, 
thin  a  dread  of  im|)onding  destruction."  They 
concluded  with  imploring  Ills  majesty,  "  for  the 
honoui  of  Almighty  Uod,  fur  his  own  glory,  for 
the  interests  of  his  family,  and  for  the  safely  of 
his  kingdom  and  dominions,  that  as  the  loving 
lather  of  his  whole  people,  connected  by  the  same 
bonds  of  law,  loyalty,  faith,  and  blood,  though 
dwelling  in  various  countries,  he  would  not  suffer 
the  transcendent  relatiop,  formed  by  these  ties,  to 
be  farther  violated,  by  uncertain  expectation  of 
elfects,  that,  if  attained,  never  could  compensate 
for  the  calamities,  through  which  they  must  be 
gained." 

The  congress  also  addressed  the  French  inhabi- 
tants of  Canada ;  to  whom  they  stated  the  right 
they  had  on  becoming  Kngliah  subjects,  to  the 
benefits  of  the  English  constitution.  They  ex- 
plained what  these  rights  were ;  and  pointed  out 
the  ditference  between  the  constitution  lm|MMod 
on  litem  by  act  of  parliament,  and  that  to  which, 
as  British  subjects,  they  were  entitled.  They  in- 
troduced their  countryman  Montesquieu,  as  repro- 
bating their  parliamentary  constilution,  and  ex- 
horting them  to  join  their  fellow  colonists,  In  sup- 
|)oit  of  their  common  rights.  They  earnestly  in- 
vited them  to  join,  with  the  other  colonies,  in  one 
social  compact,  formed  on  the  generous  principles 
of  equal  liberty,  and  to  this  end  recommended,  that 
they  would  choose  delegates  to  represent  them  in 
Congress. 

All  these  addresses  were  written  with  uncom- 
mon ability,  Cuming  from  the  heart,  they  were 
calculated  to  move  it.  Inspired  by  a  love o*"  liber- 
ty, and  roused  by  a  sense  of  common  danger,  the 
patriots  of  that  day  spoke,  wrote  and  acted,  with 
an  animation  unknown  in  times  of  public  tran- 
quility :  but  It  wii  ■  not  so  much,  on  the  probable 
elTcct  of  these  addresses,  that  Congress  founded 
their  hopes  of  obtaining  a  ledress  of  their  griev- 
ances, as  on  the  consequences  which  they  expec- 
ted from  the  operation  of  their  non-importation, 
and  non-exnortation  agreement.  The  success 
that  had  followed  the  adoption  of  measures,  simi- 
lar to  the  former,  in  two  preceding  instances,  had 
encouraged  the  colonists  to  expect  much  from  a 
repetition  of  it.  They  Indulged  In  extravagant 
opinions  of  the  Importance  of  their  trade  to  Great 
Britain.  The  measure  of  tho  non-exportation  of 
their  commodities  wa*  a  new  ex|)edient ;  and,  from 
that,  even  more  was  expected,  than  from  the  non 
importation  agreement.  They  supposed,  that  it 
would  produce  such  extensive  distress  among  the 
merchants  and  manufacturers  of  Great  Britain, 
and,  especially  among  the  inhabitants  of  the  Bri- 
tish 'West  India  Islands,  as  would  induce  their 
general  co-operation,  in  procuring  a  redress  of 
American  grievances.  Events  proved  that  young 
nations,  like  young  people,  are  prone  to  ovrrate 
their  own  importance. 

Congress  having  finished  all  this  important  bu- 
siness, in  less  than  eight  weeks,  dissolved  them- 
selves, on  the  2Gth  of  October,  after  giving  tiielr 
opinion,  "that  another  congress  should  be  held  on 
the  10th  of  May,  next  ensuine,  at  fhdadelphia, 
unless  the  redress  of  their  grievance*  should  be 
previously  obtained,"  aiid  recomivending,  "  to  all 


regulated  Mate*.  Kvery  individual  fell  bis  llbei  ■ 
tie*  endangered,  and  wa*  iropreseed  wiib  an  idea, 
that  his  *a?ely  conelsted  in  union.  A  common  in- 
tercet  in  warding  olf  a  common  danger,  proved  a 
poweifut  Incentive  to  ibe  most  implicit  aubmlaaion. 
Provincial  oongre**c*  and  *ubordinalecommitl*ea 
war*  every  where  instituted.  The  reeolutions  ot 
Ibe  continental  congress  were  laactloned  with  tba 
universal  approbation  of  these  new  repre*en)atlv« 
bndle*  ;  ana  ln*tltutluns  were  formed  under  tbeil 
direction*  to  carry  them  into  efl'ect. 

Tho  regular  conetitutional  fesembliea,  also,|B*« 
their  assent  to  the  measure*  recommended.  TIm 
aesembly  of  New  York  wa*  tl-e  only  legialatura, 
which  withheld  it*  approbation.  Their  metropo- 
lis had  long  been  head  quarter*  of  the  Britlib  ar* 
my  in  the  colonic*;  and  many  of  their  belt  faaii> 
lie*  were  connected  with  the  people  of  influence  ia 
Great  Britain.  The  unequal  dlstribitlon  of  their 
land  fostered  an  aristocratic  spirit.  Fvom  the  ope- 
ration of  these  and  other  causes,  the  pirty  for  roy- 
al  government  was  both  more  numeious  and  re< 
spectable  in  New  York,  than  in  the  other  oolo« 
nlei. 

The  aaiembly  of  Pennsylvania,  tho-igh  com. 
posed  of  a  majority  of  Quakers,  or  of  'hose  wIk 
were  friendly  to  their  interest,  was  tl<*  first  leg.t. 
body  of  representatives,  that  ratlAed  iinaslmously 
the  act*  of  the  general  congreis.  Their  not  only 
voted  theii  approbation  of  what  that  body  hoa 
done,  but  appointed  members  to  represent  them 
in  the  new  congress,  piuposed  to  be  held  on  the 
10th  day  of  May  next  ensuing ;  and  took  sundry 
steps  to  put  the  province  in  a  posture  of  defence 
To  relieve  tho  distresses  of  the  |ieoplo  of  Bo* 
ton,  liberal  collections  were  made,  throughout  ;he 
colonies,  and  forwarded  for  the  supply  of  iheif 
immediate  necessities.  Domestic  miinufaetuie* 
were  encouraged,  that  the  wants  of  the  inhabitants, 
from  the  non-importation  agreement,  might  be  di- 
minished ;  and  the  greatest  zeal  was  discovered  by 
a  large  majority  of  the  people,  to  comply  with  the 
determination  of  these  new  made  representative 
bodies.  In  this  manner,while  the  forms  of  theold  fr  ■ 
vernment  subsisted,  a  new  and  independent  authori- 
ty was  virtually  established.  It  was  so  univer*ally 
the  sense  of  the  people,  that  the  public  good  re- 
quired a  compliance  with  the  recommendatinosof 
Congress,  iliat  any  man  who  discovered  an  anxiety 
about  the  continuance  of  trade  and  business,  wa* 
considered  as  a  selfish  Individual ;  preferring  pri- 
vate interest  to  the  good  of  his  country.  Under 
the  Influence  of  these  principles,  the  intemperate 
zeal  of  the  (mpu&ce  transported  them,  frequently, 
10  far'beyond  the  limits  of  moderation,  as  to  ap> 
ply  singular  punishment*  to  particular  paraon*, 
who  contravened  the  general  aense  of  the  com- 
munity. 

One  of  these  wa*  forcibly  subjecting  the  obnox- 
ious persons  to  a  stream  of  cold  water,  discharged 
on  them  from  a  spout  of  a  pump.  Another  an'i 
more  serious  one  was,  after  smearing  their  bodies 
with  tar,  to  roll  them  in  feathers,  and  expos* 
them,  thus  covered  with  tar  and  feathers,  to  th« 
ridicule  of  spectators.  A  mora  common  mode 
was  to  treat  them  with  contempt  and  scorn,  aris- 
ing in  particular  casies,  to  such  a  height,  a*  to 
abstain  from  all  social  intercourse  with  them. 
Frequently  their  names  were  stuck  up  'li  public 
places,  with  the  appellation  Dt  torie*,  tiailwa, 
cowards,  enemies  to  the  country,  Jcc. 

The  British  ministry  were  not  le**  di*appatnta4 
than  moriifisd,  at  this  anexpcoted  combhiaUwt «( 


tn 


THK  HISTORY  or 


iIm  caloatt*.  Tliejr  hid  fliitvrcd  ihsmacWfi 
«Ub •  MM',  thai  lh«  iniilcoDtcnu  lu  Kuiiuii  wnr 
•  unill  fitj,  h«<i(liid  by  a  I'rw  ThciIuui  iiidii,  iind 
lk»l  ibt  uiiyorhy  of  ili«  Inlmbiluuii  wuuld  iiriiUKc 
ilif  riMclTM  on  lliv  liiU  uf  giiVKrniii«iil,  hi  Hiim  n» 
Ibny  Ibund  (ircitt  Briutn  duloriiiliird  lu  iiu|ipurt 
her  Nulhorilvi  mid,  •huuld  •vfiii   MniiiRcbuwlli 

Iaki'  purl  Willi  il»  olVrmliufi  ciipilal.  thvy  could  mil 
irlifi*«  Ihal  llio  ullirrculiiiilei  would  uiiike  avom- 
DHin  cauM,  in  »ii|i|Ntniug  au  tniem|Mra(e  a  culuny : 
but  iliould  turn  ihal  •xpecliillun  lail,  thev  con- 
rrlvrd  Ihal  Iheir  aaaocialloa  mual  be  fuundad  on 
|iriiici|)l«a  lo  adv«ra«  to  the  Inieraali  and  leellnRa 
n(  indiiriduaU,  ibai  ii  could  not  be  of  lung  dunilion. 
Tliay  wen  cneouragad  in  tlieaa  ill-rounded  upi- 
nioiia,  by  lb*  racollaclion,  that  the  coloniea  were 
frequanlly  quarrclllnc  about  bouudariea,  claabing 
In  inlcrtala,  diirerlng  In  poller,  nianoan,  cualonw, 
rornia  of  government,  and  rehslon,  and  under  the 
luAuance  of  a  variety  of  lucaf  prejuJicita,  jenluii- 
aita,  and  averaiona.  Thrv  aitu  remembered  llie 
obstacle*,  which  preventeu  (lie  colonies  from  act- 
ing togelher,  in  the  execution  oraclieines,  planned 
for  tb'ir  own  defenre.  In  the  late  war  aguiiiil  llie 
Krench  and  Indian*.  The  lUilure  of  the  ex|i«cled 
r.o-nparalion  »(  the  ooloniea,  in  uiie  iinifurm  avH- 
;«in.  HI  that  lime,  was  not  only  urged  by  the  lirl- 
tisb  luinislry.  a*  a  reason  Tor  imrllnmentiiry  control 
u/91  iha  whole,  but  fluttered  ihem  with  u  delusive 
hope,  thst  they  never  could  be  brnuglil  lo  combine 
tlioir  counsels  and  llieir  urina.  I'erliiips  the  culo- 
iilslN  iHppreheiided  more  danger  fioiii  lirilisli  en- 
croiicliinents,  on  their  liherlies.  than  from  French 
eiiiTonchmenl,  on  Inilianlcrrilories.  inllicirnetfth- 
aoiirhiod  :  or  more  prob:ibly,  the  limn  tu  part  be- 
ing come,  llie  (ioveriior  of  llio  Univemp,  by  a  se- 
cret inllucnce  uii  llirir  minds,  diH|ioN('il  iliem  (a 
union.  From  whatever  cause  it  proceeded,  it  is 
certain,  that  a  disposition  lu  do,  lo  suffer,  and  lo 
accommodate,  spreail  fioni  breiul  to  breast,  and 
from  colony  to  colony,  beyond  the  reach  uf  human 
:alculalion.  It  auemed  as  though  one  mind  iii- 
iiiired  the  whole.  The  merchants  put  far  behind 
tlicin  the  gains  of  tr.-ide,  and  ch«erfull^  submitted 
lo  a  lolal  stoppage  of  business,  in  obedience  to  the 
reconiniendaliuns  of  men.  invested  with  no  legis- 
lative powers.  The  cultivators  of  the  soil,  with 
great  unanimity,  assented  lo  the  dctciiiiinatiun, 
that  the  hard-earned  produce  ol  tlioir  (arms  should 
remain  unshipped,  although,  in  case  of  a  frvo  ex- 
portation, many  would  have  been  eager  to  havo 
purchased  il  from  them,  at  advanced  prices.  The 
auns  mid  duughlcrs  of  ease  renounced  im|iorled 
conveniences:  and  voluntarily  engaged  to  eat, 
drink.  \nd  wear,  only  such  articlea  as  iheir  coun- 
try nflorded.  These  sacriAcea  were  made,  rjot 
ftcn  the  pressure  of  present  distress,  but  on  the 
gtnerous  principle  of  sympathy  with  an  invaded 
aialer  colony,  and  ihe  prudent  policy  of  guarding 
against  a  precedent  which  might,  on  a  future  day, 
operate  against  their  liberties. 

Thia  aeason  of  universal  distress  exhibited  a 
Mriking  proof,  how  praciicabia  it  is  for  rtlankind 
10  saeriflce  eaxa.  pleasure,  and  interest,  when  the 
mind  is  strongly  axciled  by  ita  passions.  In  the 
midst  of  their  suflcrings,  cbeerfulness  appeared  in 
the  face  of  all  the  iwopls.  They  counted  uvcry 
thing  cheap  in  com|Nirison  with  libertyi  and  rea- 
iU*  gaviB  up  whatever  tended  to  endanger  it.  \ 
Doble  strain  of  generosity  and  mutual  siipiMirt  was 
(tnerally  excited.  A  great  and  powerful  difl'usion 
tt  public  spirit  took  place.  The  animalion-of  the 
ttanas  raised  the  nclors  in  these  scene*  above 
ibamselves,  and  excited  them  to  deeds  of  self-de- 
■ial,  which  the  interested  prudence  of  calmer  sea- 
Wins  i;aD  scarcely  credit. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

Tnaaaeliona  in  (treat  Britain  in  connequcncs  of  die  pro< 
cestliu^s  of  CoiiifreM,  in  1774. 

8««>  lima  before  Iho  proceedings  of  Congress 
(MebeiJ  England,  it  was  justly  apprehended,  thai 
■  ■OB-import4tioa  agreement  would  be  one  of  the 


inejisnips  they  would  adopt.  The  ministry,  a|>- 
pri'lirtidingthal  this  event,  by  distressing  the  trad- 
ing and  inauufMciuriiig  towns,  might  inlhience 
voles  against  the  court,  in  Ihe  eirclionof  a  new 
parliainenl,  which  was  of  course  lo  come  on  in  the 
succeeding  year,  sud  Jenly  dissolved  the  parlia- 
ment, and  Immedialely  orilered  a  new  one  to  be 
chosen.  Il  was  iheir  design  to  have  the  whole 
busiiH'ssof  elecllons  ovei,  before  Ihe  inconveni- 
ences of  a  nnn-iinporlaliun  agreement  could  be 
fell.  The  nation  waslhus  sirptised  into  an  elec- 
tion, without  knowing  that  the  hile  American  acis 
had  driven  the  coloniea  Into  a  llrm  combinulion,  lo 
support,  and  make  a  common  cause  wiih,  Ihe  peo- 
ple of  Maasacliuselta.  A  new  parliament  was  re- 
turned ;  which  met  In  thirty-four  days  after  ihe 
proceedings  of  Congress  wer«  Irsi  published  In 
Philadelphia,  and  before  they  were  known  in  (treat 
Uriialn.  This,  for  Ihe  most  part,  con|lsted,  either 
of  Ihe  former  members,  or  of  those  who  held  siini 
lar  sentiments. 

On  the  30th  of  November,  the  king,  in  his 
speech  to  his  new  parliament,  InforineiJ  them, 
"  thai  a  most  daring  spirit  of  resistance  and  diso- 
bedience lo  the  laws,  unhappily  prevailed  In  the 
province  of  Mnss.achuselts,  and  hail  broken  t'orlh 
in  fresh  violences  of  a  very  criminal  nature  ;  that 
these  proceeditigij  had  been  counlenaiicrdand  en- 
couraged in  his  other  colonies;  thai  unwarrantable 
alteinpis  had  been  made  lu  obstruct  the  commerce 
of  his  kiiij{ilom,  by  unlawful  coiiibtnatioiis  ;  and 
that  lie  hud  taken  such  measures,  and  given  such 
orders,  as  hejudgvd  most  proper  andclli'ctual,  for 
carrying  into  execution  the  laws,  which  were  pass- 
ed in  llie  last  session  of  the  late  parliaineut,  rela- 
tive to  the  province  of  Massachusetts." 

An  address,  proposed  in  the  house  of  commons, 
in  answer  to  this  speech,  produced  a  warm  de- 
bate. The  minister  was  reminded  of  the  great 
effects,  he  had  predicted  from  the  lale  American 
acts  :  "  They  were  to  humble  that  whole  conti- 
nent, tvithuut  farther  trouble  ;  and  the  punishment 
uf  lipslon  was  to  strike  so  universal  a  panic  in  nli 
the  colonics,  that  it  would  be  totally  abandoned, 
and.  instead  of  obtaining  relief,  a  dread  of  the 
same  fate  would  awe  the  other  provinces,  to  a 
most  rcs|)ectfiil  submission."  An  addicss,  re- echo- 
ing the  royal  s|ieech  was,  nevertheless,  carried  by 
a  great  majority.  A  similar  address  was  carried, 
alter  a  spirited  debate,  in  the  upper  house:  but 
the  loids  Kichinond,  Portland. Rockingham,  Stam- 
ford, Stanhope,  Torrington,  Ponsonby,  Wyctmibc, 
and  Camden  entered  a  protest  against  it,  which 
concluded  Willi  these  remarkable  words:  "  What- 
ever may  be  the  mischievous  designs,  or  the  incon- 
siderate temerity  which  lead  others  to  this  despe- 
rate course,  we  wish  lo  be  known  as  |)ersims,  who 
have  disapproved  of  measuies  so  injurious  in  their 
past  elfecis,  and  future  tendency,  and  who  are  not 
in  haste,  without  inmiiry  or  information,  to  com- 
mit ourselves  in  declaraliorn,  which  may  precipi- 
tate our  country  into  all  the  calamities  of  a  civil 
war." 

Soon  after  the  meeting  of  the  new  parliament, 
the  proceedings  of  the  congress  reached  Ureal 
Britain.  The  first  impression,  made  by  them,  was 
in  favour  of  America.  Ailministration  seemed  to 
be  staggered  ;  and  their  opposers  triumphed,  in  the 
eventual  truth  of  their  prediction,  that  an  univer- 
sal confederacy,  to  resist  great  Britain,  would  be 
the  consequence  of  the  late  American  acta.  The 
secretary  of  state,  after  a  day's  perusal,  during 
which  a  council  was  held,  said  that  the  petition  of 
Congress,  to  the  king,  was  a  decent  and  proper  one. 
He  also  cheerfully  undertook  to  present  it ;  and 
afterwards  reported,  that  bis  majesty  was  pleased 
very  graciously  to  receive  it ;  and  to  promise  lo  lay 
it  before  his  two  houses  of  parliament.  From 
these  favourable  circumstances,  the  sanguine 
friends  of  America  concluded,  that  it  was  intend- 
ed to  make  the  petition  a  foundation  of  a  change 
of  measures  ;  bnt  these  hopes  were  ofshoit  dura- 
tion. 

The  partisans  of  administration  placed  so  much 
confidence  in  the  elTicacy  of  the  measures,  they 
had  lately  taken,  to  brine  the  Americans  to  obe- 


dience, ihal  thi'y  rrgardtd  the  boldest  iteoTullMW 
of  (.'luigress,  as  the  nils  clamours  of  an  uani'T 
multitude,  which  proper  exertions  on  Ihu  fen  at 
Ureal  Britain  would  speedily  silence.  Ho  much 
had  been  asserted  and  coolrailicled  by  both  (lailtM, 
that  the  hulk  of  the  |ieople  could  form  no  certlia 
opinion  on  the  subjecl, 

The  parliament  adjnurned  for  the  ChrlalniM 
holidays,  withoul  coining  lonny  decieionon  Ante- 
rican  affairs,  As  si'.in  as  they  inel,  in  January, 
ma,  »  number  III  |  i|ien,  roniaiiiing  infnrinHtiuni 
were  laid  before  ilieni.  These  were  mostly  tel- 
lers from  governors,  and  other  servants  of  hii 
majesty,  which  detailed  the  opposition  of  ihe  co- 
lonists. In  language  calculated  to  give  a  bad  Im- 
pression of  llieir  imsl  conduct,  and  an  nlarming 
one  of  their  future  intentions. 

Il  was  a  circumstance  unfavourable  to  ibe  lov 
ers  of  |ieaee,  thai  'he  rulers  of  Ureal  Brilain  re 
cleved  almost  the  whole  of  (heir  American   intel- 
ligence from  those,  who  had  an  interest  In  deceiv- 
ing Ihcni.     Uovernors,  judges,  revenue  oftlcer* 
and  other  royal  servants,  being  both  apiminted  and 
paid  by  Ureal  Britain,  fancied  that  steal,  for  ihe 
interest  of  that  country,  would  be  the  most  likely 
way    lo   insuie   their   farther   promotion.     They 
were  therefore,  In  their  official  despatches  to  go- 
vernmpnt,  often  te.nnled  In  abuse  the  colonists, 
with  a  view  of  magnifying  Iheir  own  watchfulness, 
and  leconimending  themselves  to  Ureal  Britain 
The  plain,  simple   language  of  trn'h  was  not  no 
eepialilc  to  courtly  oars.     iMinisters  received  and 
caressed  those  and  those  only,  whose  represenia 
lions  ciiincidi'il   with  their  own  views  and  wish' 
They,  who  cunteniled  that,  by  the  spirit  of  the  Kng- 
lisli  coiislitulion,  British  subjects,  residing  on  one 
side  of  the  Atlantic,  were  entitled   lo  equal  privi- 
leges, with  those  who  resided  on  the  other,  were 
iiiiniiliced  ;  while  the  abbeilors  of  ministerial  mea- 
sures were  heard  with  attention. 

In  this  hour  of  national  infatuation,  lord  Clitt- 
hnm,  after  a  long  retirement,  rrwuined  his  seal  io 
the  house  of  lords,  and  exerted  his  iiniivalled  elo- 
quence, in  sundry  attempts  to  dissuade  his  country- 
men  from  attemiiting  lo  subdue  the  Americans  by 
foicn  of  arms.  The  native  dignity  of  his  su|)erioi 
penius  and  the  recollection  of  his  im|iortanl  ser- 
viceii  entitled  him  lo  distinguished  notice.  Hit 
language,  voice,  and  gesture,  were  calculated  to 
force  conviction  on  his  hearers.  Though  vnner 
ble  for  his  age  he  spoke  with  the  fire  of  youth.  He 
introduced  himself  with  some  general  observationi 
on  the  iinporlancc  of  Ihe  American  quarrel.  Ha 
enlarged  on  the  dangerous  events  Iha*  wore  com- 
ing on  the  nation,  in  consequence  of  the  present 
dispute.  Ho  arraigned  the  conduct  of  minislers. 
with  great  severity ;  ropiobated  their  whole  sys- 
tem of  American  politics  ;  and  moved  thai  an  hum 
ble  address  be  presented  to  his  m.ijesty,  moAt 
humbly  to  advise  and  beseech  him,  lo  despatch 
orders  lo  Ucneril  Uage,  to  remove  his  majesty's 
forces  from  the  lown  of  Boston.  His  lordship 
supported  this  motion  in  a  pathetic  animated 
sjieech ;  but  it  was  rejected  by  a  great  mnjofity. 
h  rom  this  and  other  circumstan-es,  it  soon  bo- 
came  evident,  that  the  Americans  could  expect  no 
more  favour  from  the  new  parliament,  than  they 
had  experienced  from  the  late  one.  A  majority 
in  both  houses  were  against  them,  and  resolved  lo 
compel  iheTi  to  obedience ;  but  a  respectable  mi- 
nority in  Iheir  fovour  was  strongly  seconded  by 
petitions,  from  the  merchants  and  manufacturers, 
throughout  the  kingdom,  and  particularly  front 
those  of  London  and  Bristol,  As  these  wers 
well  apprised  of  the  consequences,  that  must  fol- 
low from  the  prosecution  of  coercive  measures, 
and  deeply  interested  in  the  event,  they  made  an- 
common  exertions  to  prevent  their  adoption.  Thev 
pointed  out  the  various  evils,  that  would  resul't 
from  them,  and  warned  their,  countrymen  of  tha 
danger  to  which  their  commercial  interests  wer« 
exposed. 

When  Ihe  petition  from  the  merchants  of  Lon- 
don was  read  in  the  lioiise  of  commons,  it  wat 
moved  to  refer  it  to  Ihe  committee  appointed  to 
take  into  consideration  the  American  papert ;  but 


« 

1 

* 

••otullMW 

«  9«»l  at 

No  much 

ih  |iRiilra, 

lo  ctriiM 

C'hrUtniM 

ion  AnMH 

January,                      1 

riirinMllDD, 

mitly  lal> 

III  of  hk 

itf  Iha  CO- 

H  bull  lin- 

1  ularming 

0  the  lov 

iriliiln  ra 

Clin  lntel< 

In  jecelv" 

• 

«  uftlceni 

• 

•Inlril  anil 

1.  for  (ha 

unit  likely 
n.    Thfy 

XI  (0  go- 

rnlohiiili. 

chriilnMi, 

I   nrimin 

11  nnt  no 

'elvril  and 

, 

xpioipnta 

, 

mi  wiih' 

flhe  Kng-                      ' 

ng  on  one 

* 

iinl  privi- 

her,  wera 

erivl  nioa- 

nrd  Chat- 

•'■ 

liii  nut  ia 

? 

vMllrtI  elo- 

• 
"k 

icuiinlry-                      !> 

ericani  hy                    ', 

i  ' 

»  iu|)erlor 

rlanl  ier«                      '' 

1 

I 


■J  /- 


f  Lon- 
it  waa 
Med  to 
t;  but 


fit 


THK 


iIm  tatMllM.  TItvjf  bad  iiatlmnA  ilunnwIvMi 
•Hk •  btltaf.  Iktl  lh«  int  .»     < ■  rr  i 

a  aroall  |Mrtv,  b*»<lril  b;  il 

lb*MlM  mijuniv  III' ill*  I  i  <  i^u^r 

III* niarlTt*  on  llir  •kIo  u'  „  ' '  '  -  .  ■  •  >  i> 
ibajr  I'ouimI  (iraul  HiiUb>  •!■  '<  imiiiril  lu  mpiioil 
bcr  NUlhorliyi  miil,  •h«iilil  •««ii  MMcatliutrti* 
(■ki<  |Mrt  Willi  ti*  oll'itiidlng  -h^iaI.  ib*y  couM  ■'■■' 

lirliava  thai  lh«  olbar  cukniir*  wi.uUi  mik 

■lull  caUM.  til  •ii|i|Mirlin|  on  in'"!!!'  "i  iia  ai-nli  ' 

bill  •hiiiilil  *«rii  Ihal  ai|H-i  latuni  (»tl,  ilwj  ■'> 

rrivril  llml  llirir  UHOciaiHi'.  in  i<i  )••'  ■'"<••  "- 

|nhici|>lfa  »a  ailvana  lo  ilw  ii>''iii  u  ' 

III  iii<li«iiluiiU,tliiil  il  couhl  i"<i  I  •.  IX 

Tliay  war*  aneuuragail  in  i|'>>! 

niuiw,  bv  ibt  racullaclloii,  it>>>  ii ' 

frri|uaniijf  rinanralllni  ab<'ii<  '<•■<  <><>». 

In  iiilvrtila,  dilTarkDii  to  |"'i>  ■   -'  >     ""•'. 

furiiM  of  novainnianl,  «»i        i  >'  *  •!■''•■  <    hr 

luAuanea  of  a  varlaljt  ol j<,il.>ii 

■Itt,  and  Bveraioiu.      Tl         ■»■    •••m  ■inlii-ti.i    in- 
obnlacla*,  wbicb  (iravanloi  ili«  <ol.,iiiri  iVrmi  ai  i- 
ing  loKaihar,  In  Ilia  axaci>u<'ii  nl  ti  linni-s,  (il.uiiiail 
iiir  ib^ir  own  dcrenra.  In  llir  Utf  ■■>■»!   ik-iiiui  iIi* 
Kranchand  Indla.ii.     Th.i  i  i:i m- i.l  i  .o  t-^fv-H*'! 
r.n-iiparaiion  iif  iha  oolou("».  in  nno  niiiluriK  *•• 
;am.  ul  ibal  lima,  waa  iiirt  only  nr,(«ti  hy  lUi   i:-> 
tiib  iiiln)slr)r,  a«a  rcaaon|i>r  iiarliuitii'i.'iir>  '  r.ni'..'. 
u'li  iha  whula,  bul  flultaroJ  ihi'ni  with  a  <!i>Ui»ivr 
liupa,  ilivt  ilipy  iirver  cnnltl !  '  hraiii;!it  cO  (.nirminr 
tlirir  cuuiweU  anil  ilitir  ormu.     CuiIkim  i1m>  miIk 
illnIK  iHiiprehaiiiled  iiiura<luii^rr  Cntin  Uillinb  •'!< 
croiicliiiianli,  un  their  lilruitn.  ihiii  IrnfU  Kmm'h 
riicrnnchinenl,  on  liiilinn(i''i>>ur)i  i.  irittiKirnriili- 
■>(iurbi.-ud  :    ur  iiiura  |ir»l>.i)>lv,  th*  tiiii«  i.>  i«rt  ^ 
inR  come,  llie  Uuveriior  of  ihr  I'lirrr',  liy  > 
trel  intliifiice  on  llirir  i<iiii<U.   >lii|KMrii   iliiin 
union.     From  whatever  c:uMae  ii  pnn-ai.lcil,  ii  ii 
crriain,  thai  a  di«|Misitinii  i .  'l   ,  l»  au'rnr,  .inil  In 
■iccomiiiudnte,  •(ireiid  iVoui  l"i-.iti  m  ^iltl'<^   iii'l 
from  roluny  lo  colony,  brym."!  tli<'  rpioli  ul  liucuan 
calculation.     Il  acemed  m  iIi»iuIi  una  niiml   in 
tjiired  the  whole.     The  tnrri  i mia  pul  f.w  hrhi'"! 
tliciii  ihe  giiiiia  of  trude,  aii:i  ilicnrrnlly  aubini'ind 
lo  a  tolul  aloppiiKe  orbu>iii<'-<,  inolii  ilieiiii:  1"  ih<' 
recoinmendiiliona  of  men.  inve^iiMj  willi  nu  l<-|{iit- 
lalive  powera.      The  cul'>>  ni  ra  <>i  ihe  >t>il,  wiili 
great   uiiMnimily,  iiaaentrd  tii   Ihu  lUMenniuuiioii. 
that  the  hiird-e:iriieti  prodin     >>i  liicrr  unnn  ;i|ii,iilit 
remain  unaUipped,  althoo'-'i.  in  <-"to  <•(  ii  tm  rx 
portalion,  many  would  )f"    '      ..  •■•fL<t  ivi   ' 
l^nrcliaaed  it  from  them,  <■  •  i         ■-•I  \ir\ei-*      < 
auiia  mid   duughtrra  of  1 1 •     >>..'   >iri:iil  <i<,;. 
conveniencea;    and    vohiKiuiily   nngW'"'      ' 
drink,  tnd  wear,  only  am  h  4i;i(l»»  .*    '.-  ■ 
iry  nAorded.      Theae  uc.fve*  >•<•(*  rnM'e.  'j«>^ 
tntk  the  preaaure  of  pr«'t<  i>(  .li<imi.  hut  ou  iIm 
gtneroua  principle  of  ayu'p:ii)iv  wilh  au   invad«l 
aiater  colony,  and  the  pnnlfii'  (xitlry  of  tiuaniinj 
againat  a  precedent  whicl.  :iii!;hl:  on  •>  fuiiiK  day, 
operate  against  their  libetin  4. 

Thla  teaaou  of  univerM^il  ilintroiit  «!iiiibueii  .> 
Mriking  proof,  how  praciii  .ibiu  u  u  fur  duukiix! 
to  aacriflce  eaaa,  pleaaure.  :inil  inieretf,  when  the 
mind  la  airongly  excited  >>y  kf  |>^f>«iun9.  in  llic 
■idat  of  their  autferinga,  djcfrrnlm-i-i  nfipeated  i(i 
the  face  of  all  the  peopln.  'I'lity  counted  nvcry 
thing  cheap  in  cnmpariaoii  ivjili  i;bi:ri)',  and  r**;)- 
4Ut  gav«  up  whatever  teiwlml  to  end^i'igor  il.  A 
■obleatrain  of  geiieroaily  jnil  iniiiti  il  (upiHirl  Wu!< 
(tnerally  excited.  A  great  nnil  {Miwrrfut  iiift'u>irMi 
of  public  apiril  look  place.  Thr  aniiriatioiuofttie 
timea  raiaed  the  acloni  in  Uxt*r  ^renea  aljovp 
themaalvea,  and  excited  ihem  10  dceilo  of  aull'iln- 
■lal,  which  the  iiitereatcd  pruJciiCi:  u(  Conner  a«i- 
Mtna  >;aD  acarcely  credit. 


niauauiM   ihay  wnuhl   adofil 

ftFi  h,  M'lllig  lb  II  lliii  .'vr!     ' 
twi    .iiiii    I'l  I"    '       ■  ■  ' 

I   !(•'    H    .1         •      ll«l 


HIHTORY   or 

The  mliilairy.   i»p- 1  dl«>»f a,  ihul  t\vy 
'  r  'I'-lr*- iMlnir  (hi*  tii4il  J  ul  I '«Mii;r«w   »■    * 

'»n;     lunl.l     IlltluaOlT  I  r !■'  I' I- 

>i     liii   rii>i  linn  ul   *  iifio!  ' 

il.   iiir    '  '  •  •MiiHP  it<  ooinn  ml  tulba' I 

<  '-nty  iliwi.l«iid  tha  parliu    ih'>i  i< 
.   V    iiileirrf  11  new  h^b  Iu  be  npniiix 
'  lu    ileil;;!!   to   h«»n  lltn  wbnln        Tlir    f\ii< 
I'  11*  eti^i,  hi'liira  ilm  iiironveni-   holiday*,  oi' 

|iiiil.ilir>n   .utrrnif'il  oi>iilil    br   riiMii  illTiiia        > 

MMiMi  ojtlliiia  >iir|»iM-d  1  III!  i.i  .  i'<'     \Ti,\,  a  nwinht'i  . 
"    -  ilxiui  kituoioK  lit.1.  ...  ■  Uut  AilNiKimMW  *»*r*  laid  ttvlun    i 
'  iMMtt  iliaciilniiiia  hito  >  Oritt  e-ini^luiiion,  to  lera  l>«m  if  <>> 
'  riMiii,  Miiil  make  « <  miuuoi)  eauar  aoh-ihi;  I'.'n- |iM)«tiy,  wliu'li 
I  l>i<i  id  Maaanchuaaiia.     A  new  pirtliiii*n'  hj«  r* 


^.K,I  i«<,i|uiM«M 

'     "    a. I    iif«|i  r^ 

■  on  ii|.     yitM   »l 

Ni,    inMl^ 

iiy  l.'illl  pallMta, 

:  cuuid  turm  110  *«iaM 


-I    Inr     tbr 

Miv  il«ne<< 


I '»   till 

.,.,  ,a6  ly 


piiii'itRilLMga  of  ''oi'imw  wpiM  itfei  I  iibliiliril  .>. 
Ilinadvlplila,  ami  lialiira  lh«y  "ffrf  tmviin  in  '-<■  11 
r.i':iln.  Thw,  Inr  (ha  muai  purt  reo^iaied.  I'liber 
Il  tha  laimfrnitmbari.  or  ol  ihiri*  •Dubai    <im. 

Ini  ««aliMi>-nia. 

Ilia   ua'w^^pMl'i'iuie  .   iiT  imed 
Irai  •  tni.tiil.irini  aijlrli  oi  rmviaiic*  - 
I  eiM»  lo  tha  hiwa,  'anli  ','i^W  pirvKi- 
-vMMf  h(  H'lk^iicbtiaetta,    .>.  I  \..f'  ti.    ,. 
' .  I  liftb  •i<il''uc*a  III  a  t«iy  I  iiiiitn.  '   1      1  t^irt\ 

t''-«|»ti  »'iift»;>  li.id  ti'fn  i< >iK-m,l    •■;  »  fi 

|i .  .■••f«dl  lo  li»at)lli»rn.loiiiB»-  I'. .  '  ''■ 

|iii      .i!»«;i  M  I'lCI'  111  1  Ir  tl.  nl  ■,.•     nil. 

■'ii      mm    ly  utilsvliil  .iml     Tb'' 

I'         lo-  i.'l.,      «iiph  iiir^iaii  -oohiceiM; 

I'        ra,  II*  h<  JM.i  ■,.     niotl  ffmflH  .        \-  .I- 

I      .   ■Inji  into  I  tl.  ir   in  l'i»  biwi  ,  -     :. 

1  I  ibr  la<l  <'«*ioli  of  •'«!  hrte  ;«>  1  • 
'o  ib«  iiTiiMi..- 1  or.>Ta»»iohii»»i:».'' 
,  .\n  a<litrrm,«|iiuiHiiifil  in  liKThOtUM!  ul  .  .■•.uur.t*, 
;  in  inwaar  !'•  thia  a|ir'  '■  pMidlleed  .1  wnui  dr. 
1  biile.  The  iiifhlaler  waa  rrjimnlH  i»f  lh»  k;r<iit 
I  "'I  la,  hi  liJtl  (Hradlc'y'*<f  from  ihr  l.iio  Anii'ii>aii 
I  I'  ••  They  wire  to  Kmnhla  t^i.ii  t^lxde  conii 
I '"  '  "ithi''i>lf»'*ber  trouble  ;  and  ilin  pnal>litn>  nl 
0.1m  rwa*  lo  (irike  a»  nnl>"nuil  .1  |i.inio  ui  iili 


f.'lirlatnia* 
inn  Are*- 

'  iniiT^. 
•  ni.iiiiin, 
.irty   lr|. 

't  iif  hit 

■  ih.  I  ,. 
1  on|  iin- 
>  tibtiitiiiig 


iani'tn  In  lan^n^i;,'  11 
liroanm  of  tlidii  \  .:•<  ■ 
iini'  nfthiii''  liitiiri'  inrpiiii.,.i«, 

Il  wai  a  niiMiniaMnrii   Hnfitii>irjh|i>  <«  tlia  lov 

•ft  of  |ieaiii',  \h\l  ill"  ruli'ia  n.  liri^i   (tuiein  to 

i:le»rd  alirin-.l  ihr  wliolii  nf  Ihii     ^    .irfta   tn(*|. 

liKPni  i>  riiiiM  lb  111',  ikIio  b  kI  .111  inltii  •(  m  4»«»|y. 

iTciiib«if,    llui  kln|,  In    tjHinii   llivui      Itiivuroim,  jiiil)|i«,   rrvcimr   o.lii'nt 

id  nlhrr  niyiil  •I'rmii.i,  lixlnij  Iniih  .ipjjolnltiil  umi 

-      ,1  lilt  by  (Iti'lil  Uriitiii,  fiinnnd   iloii  arnl.   (nr  the 

•  I  'ii|pri"tl  nf  ili.ii  rnunlry,  wnilil  bn  tbo  iiin^i  liknly 

•tliiwjy    m    in.iiiif   iliiMT    b4rtlii  I    |ii.iiiiiiiiiiii.     Thry 


weri-  tli>" 

Vfrnmi'til 


l.l< 


1 

»ril. 
leg. 

untiotii<i' 

attrn  *i' 

III  thl> 


lull  .  HI  ''.  lir  iifllcl  il  ilr<4|iairlir'<  to  un. 

"     '•    I"    ibnar  'lij  itiiloiii^ia. 

Il-  r  •!■•  n  walcbrubii'aa, 

.  ''  >»'    I"   Om.il    Utiiiiin 

1  •    iiiiigiiiiKiT  111  trmh  w,ii  niii  v 

■    .  -•»«      MlniHirra   rrrrirrd  And 

lilt,  »lii»ci«|ii>'iM^r'* 

•  ■I,  «t«»'«  ii'.l  <vi<i|ira 
•  w  ♦f.irii  irf  ihe  KuR- 
.'•1 1"    iraiilnig  nil  one' 
■>      ■  'i'lrO    I'l  rijiiiil   privi' 

K,i   I    ■.!.(.•«(  iin   the  iilln-r,  w> 
.   I.  ■li.  Ihu  ii(,l.fK(ir»  ofiiniiNterlal  Hioa- 
<•  hi  .Mil  Willi  iiitpntjon.' 
hnnr  o'lii.tionTil  inliiin;,iiiin,   lord   fjfiil- 
bon,  n!iiir  a  U,i,x  ri.1ircni<.'M,'i. -ihni'il  Iii4  trat  in 
iliu  liiiii»e  of  lord*,  iind  rxi-riiid  hia  iinitv;i||rd  rln- 


I  I.' 

HlH 


lio'  culonira,    ih.)'    it  would  !■•  totallv  ainmil  lUi'd.jlUivitc,  inKiitnlry  I'Mrinpta  to  iliwiiwili  liinriionli  y- 


ml,  lualeud  of  nbt.iiidng   relief,  n   ilre.ul   ol   tint 

H.intn   (u\r    woiiJil'  aw«   llic  ollirr  iiroviiirFi,  lo    1 

inost  nitpucll'iil  •nnniiaainii."  An  aiidioaa,  rr  ncho- 

mil  iho  lOyal  apci  rb  w*.<i,  ncri»rlh^lH««,  c>irriFil  hy 

,1  l/;rr'alMa|or'ry.     A  timilar  ^dtlrraa  vn  canirti, 

riOi-r  i|  a^/tritad    dnliiiEp,    in  (lip    o|i|ii  r  houae:  liul 

■- IJ.'hii  '  .H'>rtlni»'I.Horkit>eh.irn,  Stani- 

'  i'ir»xlJil.  HonaiMiby,  \i  v.'iinibc 

1  "it  a    iiroifif    lij  linat  it.  I'liich 

iM      >>«»  i-rmxrkKlile  oiiflW;    •  \V?)iU- 

nj  f,i   .         ■,«<-h'<ifoiia  deiiijnia,  i«if:r  Mi(    o- 

iu.i-1  (ii)iitia  fii  'bt«  •:i>M^^' 

W  kno\»ti  "nit^**Mfi,  "lii> 

la  inlhiit 


^lOorate  tai' 
ru«  /MM)  ■ 

lnni  diHa)i|ir-,iTi>d  </»  «»»uinir. 
iiiaii  efTecK,  awl  futuii^  ttp..!": 
11'  ^  nt*.  tuihnO'  in<jiiir<   ,r    ■ 
It        'u-arU-et  ill  dpclant!  or-' 
l:or  uui  cuuutry  lain   all  th^'l^ 
ivar  ••  , 

Soon  aft' r  ih 

till"    )»TOC»<' 

•'rliuirt      The  lii-atimpr' 

in  fivour  ol  .VDirriiM.     \0;a>i' 

bKnUHttrrnl ;  mil  their  opp   »         .i,  int»b«il   irttli«|)iii<l  «xf<; 

ov-'iitudi  tiiilh  iif  l);i  ir  piWlCliox    >''■•■.    ""I   nii:n:i-ii.i  '"lli  n 


iHMi  liiiin  micnijiitiir  lu  mi'., lor  ibr  Arni'ii  'ina  by 
ii-M-.?  ol  :iniH  The  nati'i;  li,;iiily  ul  hm  <u(H<tiiii 
gaiilna  ;uiil  iliff  rirolletlnin  mhia  ini|ioii  ii.t  aer- 
vici'ii  (iitiilril  lio'i  III  iliatinguiiihed  nniiir.  [lit 
lanituagr  .;ini,  ui.il  ■.•wiiirf,  witk  iMlciilniiil  m 
fflr.c  cniivirlhin  on  Ina  h^iurr*.  'I'liOMKb  vrner' 
b;  iur  liln  111,"'  li"  "iio,...  Willi  ilm  fir.'  ol  toiilli.  Ife 
inir'iilMcd  biinnelf  wiib  mniKi  /jriii  r;il  oOnrtvHIioin 
on  ibe  ini|Kni:inco  oi  din  .Vim./ii  .;ii  r|iiiiirel.  He 
♦  •ihiiji'i!  on  I'lr  c.angi  ioii«  mrnlK  ih.i'  wcri'  coni- 
llU  III!  lllq  nniinn,  in  cuMoi'tpirMe  ol' Ikf  pr<^itriil 
dUruto.  Ilfiriiiiigiii'il  the  cniulurt  of  minister*, 
HitlUtieai  <.«\rrity  ;  feriiib;iied  tl.i'ir  wl.oln, »yi- 
•fnniAnuriori.ii  p. '  "ii«  ;  iiril  innvrd  ihil  an  hiiiii 


-   '" 
«  are  Ul"  [b|*r  iirl.jrri.'*    be  pfn  iiind  '  lo   lii*    nujr.,iv,    niuct 

!•»  Cum  |hanii)ly  l»i  udvi«»  »nd   br*i',  ib  iiim,  lo  dniimt,  li 

1  wflelpi- !or'!i'r.!-to ''"llir/! 'i-,4C  lo  rcnnue   liii  imieaty'a 

nfa  clyil j furi o»  ftinn  I'ur  mi.!,   of  llnmoii.      Ill-,  lunjiifiip 

auppnrird    II  !«    motinn    in    11    p.iibelfc    iin».itiiril 

V  a 


aflfr  ihu  nicrttnj  of  ihii    n,:  v   ^jrUanient, '  ,~   hi  '■  h  ■<  ■».(>  ri'ii^rlrd  bv  a   Kirat  Bi.iinrity 
oat-ilnntH  of  itje   m  .     ■    »    i-^achnl   I'-.'ni, '  rut:  Kdi    -  '  ivbi-r  (MiriitiiM.nnri'a,    it  noon  hi' 


by  tliem.  was  came  **h.-  iH^iImi  ilir  .\ini'ricani<  roiild  e<|)<'et  ui' 

a«i.-n  aeinied  to  I 'I  or-'  i,^  ■  ,r  Irniii  ibf  m-w  iVilimiiiaiil,   iir.in    Ihey 

ictil  frnni    llii  bitf>  ikih.      A  litujority 

■aei  Bi-ic  aKainil  ibcin,  iii.d  rtfinlv<;il  lo 


CHAPT 

Tmaaeliona  in  Rreal  Britab  •; 
ceeiiiui;*  uf  Cwh-'- 


».<l  c.-nfiileiavj,  Ic  icaial  (?"•♦  B"  *''^i  »nu)  I  bnlrni  11  <  I  ■'•  .11  10  obt'ili.'.iK: ;  bfil  «  renpe.  |!ibl<>  m- 
OiR  coiiaiqiK'iWf  ot  Ihe  to»»'  .A  nmi  «i  j."!,*.  I'l'.-'io/*  i'  ilirir  famm  vin  •  tinnsly,  lei  ondud  by 
Marrtary  ol'  aliilr,  after  1  day'a  I'.i.  1  '  riii^jp  '  iwi«»  'rom  thf  impk  li.inia  .md  in»,.iii„,  iinora, 
which  a  cr'incil  w»«  hefti,  Mill  ilia' 1' •  h'  •1  «f  ihiininiwni  ihe"kin|»iliiiii.  iin.i  partiroLirli  from 
(iin^rtin.  til  llie  Jiiin, '*««  adtct'iit  iisuS  jKHpei  ij.n.lihojfl  of  I.imilou  unii  liiikinl.  At  Hh>**  w«r« 
He  alao  I  licorfnlly  i-mten.  "K  I'l  1  .«i^i.i  ••  jmlUrcrt'.ii'pi'wed  of  tln^  1  iimpquomi-a.  ^'i**.  rmml  Ad- 
rtfli-rttHid*  it<poH«d,  tbai  bia  '•  1  •  •■  ■  •*  ;i<<!«»puJl'>w  li..iu  ihi<  pioaei.iition  of  ooiirrin-  !>ii;j|4ni'iM, 
very  pr.iciuii»!y  t',)  iTfi^e  il  ■  .       :.i«  H.  Tiyj  and   (rf.Tly  hi'mi 'm'd  in  Ihc  rvcni,  ll.i-v  n»..l.    ,ii. 

il  bfinrp    Ida   l«.i  hoJIwi   ol'   .i:.:ii.     Krflui;':«iumim»x«;riiuii.'<tn  prr.ienf  tlit-iradiifi  ,>n    tl'bev 


*%>««i 

t  1: 


U.'.l"* 

'Tri. 


themi  tavoijublf  iiu'ni,;. 
<rl.:ui)«  ofAinerii^a  concl  •; 
.  iiuk'  ;';t.  fti'tinoii 

^4rrf  ;  bnt  llieif 


(     the    <:)ti6ni'i* 

•■.t  If  w^  ii.fi>n.t- 

■  !>  i>( »   i-^inge 

•  "  m'thoM  ifiiri- 


8oil(  lime  before  the  proceeuiuKa  ui  Uun^iej,* 
IMhed  KngUnd.  it  waa  justly  apprehended,  thai 
■oa-imporuUoa  agreomeot  would  be  one  of  the 


A  .i„  |>»ri.<iana  uf  udun..... ,.".Jti.d  i-o  iH'U'Ii 

confidence  in  Ihe  efficacy  of  the  measure*.  Ihcy 
had  lately  lakea,  to  bring  the  American*  lo  obe- 


pointed  nlil  the  varlnni  p»ii"i,  ibh'  'n.jld  rt;.,i>U 
from  !b«  ni,  anil  wiinn  d  ibrir,  (i>i  ,  i',..ri  „("  the 
il  inaur  tt>  which  their  iioimBerrl*  ii^KMctta  wero 
rxixi-sed. 

■  Whon  th«  p»iiiii)nftiin  ilip  n«i«!  VsiBt^  of  I,(i!;. 
ilmi  ».i.«  Tfad  in  ilm  liunai*  nf  . .  luinoii*.  it  waa 
moved  to  refer  il  lo  the  committee  appointed  to 
tuke  into  conaideratioo  the  American  paper* ;  bul 


%- 


lii 


4 


nul- 


*: 


^v 


K'ri.iiiiii  bj     '                  1.         . 

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nri-  (iom-      ^ 

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m 

NORTH    AMKRICA. 


I  mm  NWKiflii  ky  •*;  •<  •wJwwin,  mi  ih«  mtM- 
Iwiiltl  tttto,  rhM  M  ilMitM  ba  r«Ai>n4  la  •  M|Mr«ta 
•itmni>iii>»,  <•>  MMVI  an  itia!!?!!!,  lh«  <lit)r  •iimMil 
tel  ihxil  *|i|Mini«il  fur  >h«  •un*til»r»iMn  iif  ,\m»- 
ItatM  |M|i»t».  'I'lil*,  llwiHgh  •  ili«lHiniiiiri«bla  n». 
•tan,  mm  (arrlMi  k)r  a  niajarHjt  uf  muia  than  laa 

ona. 

A  aimllai  hia  allaiMlatl  )ha  iMIIllnna  l>iHn  Hrta 
i«l,  ill**|uw,  Nnrwtah,  l.l«ir|Mml,  M«nrh««lar, 
tl'mtniham,  Wuul«ailiaHi|>iiin,  Mixllajr,  ami  aiinia 
•thar  |ila*<>a.  Tliaaa,  itn  ilimr  bainii  prKMiilnl, 
»H«  )■  Ilka  mann*!  niMignail  tn,  arhai  iha  iip 
^•aMIon  Kumoutuualy  lartiiati  Ilia  aommillaa  of 
•kllflnn. 

Aknul  ihaMina  lima,  •  pMlllnn  vaaoflhrail  Irnm 
Ml.  Hwilaii,  l)r.  rianlilK  »»4  Mr.  Laa,  ilnllai 
Ihal  ihajf  mtn  lulhorlaatl  b*  f  .'aairaaa  i»  ptaaanl 
Ihalr  palllton  lo  ilia  liliif,  wbloh  hta  mnjaal*  ha4 
rararrarf  In  ikal  iMHaa  |  ikal  ihay  aara  anaklad  la 
iliniw  graal  ll|hl  on  iha  aubjad  i  and  itrajrlni  in 
b«  haiiril  «l  iha  bar  In  *U|>|itti.  nflha  ntU  |«lillon. 
Tlia  Crlaml*  ol  Iha  nilnlalry  4ll*|*H,  llial  aa  (,'un- 
(rana  waa  nol  ■  la|»l  btMljr,  nolhlni  cniiUI  ba  ra- 
cal«a<l  iVom  Iham.  Il  «na  In  vain  ra|illail,  thai 
Iha  cungraaa,  hnw««ar  lllaial  aa  In  nlliar  piirpn- 
•aa,  waatuMfllanlljr  lanl  fur  praaanllni  a  pMllltm  i 
lliiil,  a*  Il  waa  alinail  hjr  iha  ImlWIilnal  mamhtin 
of  C.'nniraaa,  Il  mlglit  ba  rvr^lvail  aa  a  |Mt||||an 
fVnm  ini)l«l<luala  i  ihal  iha  ai|nan  wara  paranna 
of  iraal  InKuanca  In  Aniailca  |  ami  ihal  II  wiia 
Iha  rlKhl  uf  all  lubjacla  lo  hava  thair  (lalllluni 
liaartl. 

In  iha  eoiiraa  of  Iha  ilabaia  nn  lofil  Chr.ham'a 
molWin,  fur  Hililrataing  hia  mnlaaljr  In  *  llhilraw 
III*  lriin|n  (Vnni  Itiiainn,  Il  ha>l  baon  uh>ar«ril,  hjf 
iunia  InriU  In  ailnilnlatmllan,  that  II  wa*  cnmin>Mi 
aiiil  an>¥  In  eanaura  ihalr  nicaaurat  i  bul  ihnui 
wlin  illilin  prnptiaati  nnlhing  haltar.  LnnI  ('hat- 
liaiii  anawarati,  that  ha  ahnlilil  nut  ba  ona  nf  lh««« 
tilla  ranauratat  ihal  ha  ha<l  ihuuaht  loni;  anil 
tliiaaly  U|>nn  Iha  aubjacli  anil  piir|Nwril  anon  In 
lay  bafnia  iheir  InriUhlfia  iha  raaiill  nl'hla  inrilitn- 
llniia,  In  n  |il  «n  fur  haalin(  iHa  illflari-nca  i  balHrrrn 
(liaiil  llrlluiri  anil  iha  rnlnnlaa,  and  fur  raaioring 
pvura  in  ilia  rmplra.  Whan  ha  had  matured  hU 
|,''«ii,  he  liilrnilucrd  II  Inlu  Iha  hnuaa,  In  the  liirni 
or  a  hill,  fur  aallllng  the  imublaa  In  Ainarira.  In 
Ihia  ha  |irn|M>aad,  thai  the  eulunlata  •hniild  iiiakp  h 
Kill  ackiinwIfUlimanl  nflha  aunraniarjr  nflha  le- 
■lalaliira,  nnd  the  aunarlnlanilln(  (lawar  uf  Ilia 
Diltlah  imrllamant.  The  bill  did  nnl  nbauliilrljr 
djjidaun  Iha  right  nf  timallun  i  bul  partly,  ai  ii 
niallar  nf  iirara,  and  (nrlljf  aa  a  comprumiap,  da- 
lliirrd  nnd  enarlrd,  "lliiil  nnlax.ur  nlhrrcharnr, 
•linuld  be  le»l»(l  in  Am»rlcn,e»rapl  by  rnininnn  ciiii- 
•ent  In  llieir  prn»lnclal  ••aamblira,"  Il  aaaarlrd  tin* 
light  nflha  klnf,  tnaenda  li-gal  nrmv  In  iiny  part 
of  hl»  dnmlnlnna nt  all  tlmea  i  but  di-rliirrd,  "  that 
nn  Tnillt»ry  fnri'a  rnuld  rver  br  liiwl'iilly  rniplnyrd, 
In  vinhitanr  dentroy  llifjiiat  rlgliln  nflhe  p»>npl«." 
It  iilan  leKHllxed  the  liulding  a  cnnxreu,  in  the  en- 
•lilnR  M»f,  fnr  the  dnuble  pur|M»e,  "  nf  recngnl- 
Biiig  Ilia  nuprenie  leKlalnlive  autlinrlty,  nnd  iin|H>r- 
lulendinK  power  nf  parliament  o»er  the  rnlnnle«  ; 
•lid  fur  iniiklnK  a  free  Kriinl  tn  the  king,  lila  lieira, 
■nd  aiicceaanra.  of  n  certiiin  and  perpcluiil  reve- 
nue aubject  lo  the  dl«|)oalllun  of  pHrlinmrnl,  nnd 
nppllcable  tn  the  ullevlntinn  nf  the  nnllnnnl  debt." 
On  theae  condltlniia  the  hill  prn|mried,  "  In  realmin 
ilie  iHiwenoflhe  ndinlralty  rnuria  to  Iheirancient 
ilnilla ;  and  *na|iended,  fnr  n  limited  lime,  ihoKn  ncia 
which  had  been  coiii|il«iiied  of  by  Congrena."  Il  prn- 
noied  lo  pinee  the  liidgea,  In  America,  on  the  anme 
runllng.na  lo  the  hnldlng  nf  their  aniarlea  nnd  nfflrea, 
withtlioae  In  Kngland  ;  nnd  aecured  In  ihit  <nlu- 
niea  all  the  piivilege.i,  fniiichiaea,  and  iinmiiiiitin*. 

frnided  by  their  aeveral  charter*  and  cunatllutiun*. 
Iia  Inrditllip  InlrodncH  thi*  plan  with  n  apeoch,  in 
which  lie  explained,  and  aupnoried  e»ery  part  of 
it.  When  lie  aat  down,  loni  Dartmouth  roae,  and 
■nid  "  it  contnina  matter  nf  aiich  magnitude  aa  tn 
require  rnnaideintlon  ;  and  iherefnre  hoped,  that 
Ihe  noble  earl  did  not  exjicct  their  loriUhips  In  rlu- 
vide  ii|)on  it,  by  an  immediate  votes  bul  would  be 
willing  It  ahould  lie  on  iho  labia  for  conaidera- 
lioB.^    Lord  Chatham  aniweied,  "  that  he  »• 


paalad  im  mora  i"  km  bird  Mandwlall  fwaa,  and,  I* 
a  (lalukMl  apaeak,  aypaaad  lla  baing  r*aal*a4  M  all, 
and  lava  hia  niitnlmi,  "  iMl  It  ungltl  imniciAliMaty 
In  ba  rajavlad,  with  Iha  annlanipl  II  d««"ir»d 
ihai  lia  enulil  nut  ballava  U  lo  ka  iha  ^iiil  ui'lMn 
uf  any  Hrlllah  |Mar  i  thai  II  appeared  !•  hiiai 
lliar  iha  wurk  nf  wima  Amartuan  t"  and,  iMrnlng 
hU  I'aaa  Inwarda  l)r,  I'ranAlln.  who  waa  lawalni  nn 
iba  kar,  aald,  "ha  l^nalad  ba  had  In  hia  aya  the 
(wr'aun  who  d'aw  I  tip  i  ana  i(  iha  btliaraal  and 
HMMl  mlaablavoiM  ananila*  ikia  sounlry  had  ttn 
known."  Tbia  turned  iba  ayaa  nf  many  lorda  nn 
iha  h  lulled  Amarlaan,  wba  wllb  ibal  aatfaawi' 
ntanil,  wbkb  la  paaullair  la  graal  Mlad«i  kapl  bla 
eouniananea  uMiiatad.  lavanl  albar  kHM  ot 
Iha  adnilnlMnMtan  gava  ihalr  aamlwaaia,  aba, 
for  rajaaikag  hml  CbaikaM'a  taMlUalan  bill) 
urklng  Ihal  u  aai  oal*  nan  ■  aaaailM  la  iha  Ml- 
loroHa  imiaaadlagi  af  IM  aaagraaa  alrMdjr  kabi, 
bul  lagalbwd  ikair  fuiaia  maailng.  Tka*  anhiriad 
nn  ilia  raballluua  lam|iar,  and  koallla  Jlapaalllon 
nf  Iha  Amarlaana  i  and  aald,  "  thai,  Ibottgk  iba 
dnl«  on  laa  waa  the  praianra,  iha  mairlellaaa  on 
ihair  commaiea,  and  ilia  ho|i«a  of  ihioalni  lham 
oir,  wara  the  real  mollvaa  of  thaIr  diaobadlanaa  i 
and  that  lo  aoncada  bow,  would  ba  lo  gWa  up  tka 
|N>lnl  for  aver." 

'i'ba  dukaa  af  Riekmond  and  Manahaatar,  lord 
('•mdan,  lord  Lyillaton,  and  oihara  wara  fur  ra- 
relvlng  loni  Chaiham'a  conalllatory  bllli  aoma 
(Voin  approbalkin  of  Ita  pr Inalplaa  i  bul  oikara  only 
from  a  regard  to  Iha  cliaraatar  and  dignity  of  the 
liouaa. 

Lord  Darlinouth,  who,  from  Indaclalan,  raralv 
hiiil  any  will  nr  Judgment  of  hia  own,  and  who,  wlin 
di*|Niali)ini«  for  Iha  beat  maaauraa,  could  ba  aaally 
iiraviillad  upon  to  join  In  aupport  of  the  woral.  And- 
Ing  tlia  np|HMlllon  frnin  hia  eoadjulor*  In  adminla- 
Irallon  unexjiacledly  itrong,  turned  round,  and 
gave  hia  voice  with  them  fur  Immadlali  ty  rejacl- 
Mig  i!ir  plan.  Lord  (.'halham,  In  reply  tn  lunl  nand- 
wlch,  decliirrd,  "tha  bill  (iropoaad  by  him  lo  be 
rnllralv  hia  own  i  but  he  made  nn  acruple  In  de- 
clara,llial,lf  ha  were  the  Aral  miniater  uf  Iha  cnun- 
try,  and  had  the  care  uf  aallllng  ihia  mnmontnu* 
bualneaa,  he  ahnuld  nol  ba  aahamed  ot  publicly 
calling  to  hia  amlalanca  a  peraon,  *o  perfectly  ac- 
ipialnted  with  Ihe  whnla  of  the  American  affalra 
»a  the  genllemnn  alluded  lo,  and  an  Injurinualy  re- 
Heeled  U|NMi(Dr.  KrnnkllnOone  whom  all  Kumiie 
lirld  In  high  raliiiinlinn  fni  hie  bnowladga  and  wla- 
dnin,  and  ranked  with  iha  Uoylea  anif  Ncwtuna, 
who  waa  an  honour  not  only  lo  the  Kngllah  oallon 
bul  lo  human  nature," 

The  plan  |iro|M>ied  by  lord  Chatham  waa  reject- 
ed, by  a  majority  nf  alxly-four  lo  thirty-two  |  and 
witlinut  being  adrnitled  to  lie  on  the  labia.  That 
n  bill  nn  an  liii|torliiiit  a  aubjaet,  oflered  by  one  of 
Ihe  drat  men  nf  the  age,  and  who,  aa  prime  minli- 
ler  nf  the  niitioii,  had,  bul  a  few  yeaia  bafoie,  la 
ken  up  (Ireiii  llrliiiin,  when  In  alow  deapondeney, 
Hiid  conducted  her  to  victory  and  glory,  through  a 
war  with  two  of  the  moat  powerful  kingdoma  of 
l'^urope,ahould  ba  rejected  without  any  conaidera- 
tion,  or  even  a  aecond  reading,  waa  not  only  a 
breach  of  decency,  but  a  dapanore  from  that  pro- 
iirirly  of  cnnduci  which  ahould  mark  Ihe  proceed- 
inga  of  a  hr.inch  of  (lie  national  leglalature.  It 
cnuld  not  bul  atrike  every  thinking  American,  Ihal 
auch  legialatnra,  Influenced  by  paaaion,  prejudice, 
and  imrtv  apirit,  many  of  whom  were  totally  igno- 
nint  of  the  aubject,  and  who  would  nol  glvathcm- 
aelvea  nn  oppoitunily,  by  n  aecond  reading,  or  flir- 
llicr  coniidemllon.  In  inform  themaelvea  batter 
were  very  unlit  to  exercian  unlimited  aupramacy 
nter  three  intllinna  nf  virtiioua,  eenaible  people,  in- 
hnbiling  the  other  aide  of  the  glnbe. 

Ou  the  day  after  the  rejection  nf  lord  Chathim'a 
bill,  a  petition  wna  presented  lo  Ihe  houae  of  com- 
mnna,  from  thaplnnleraof  the  augar  colonlea,  re- 
aiding  in  Great  Hritain,  and  the  merchnnta  of  Lon 
dnn,  trading  tn  the  coloniea.  In  thi*  they  aimed 
thsit  the  liritlah  properly  in  thn  Weal  India  iaianda 
nniniinted  to  upward*  of  thirty  milliona;  that  a 
farther  property  of  many  milliona  wa*  employed  In 
tho  coinin«rce,  created  by  the  aaid  ialaod*;  and 


ih'M  Iho  iwaHia  bmI  |Mwl«aa  wt  Ibaaa  I 
pi<  •!«,  wMak  nMnialal*  aaMarad  biOfaal  IMMm 
wii^ildh*  daraiHad  and  endangered  by  Iba  ta» 
iinname  nf  ili»  Ainarkaa  Imuble*.  'Ilia  pallllaa- 
*ia  ware  •almuiad  •«  a  bearing  i  alian  Mr.  IHavar. 
iM  Ihalr  agani,  «kly  demnwairaiad  iIm  rally  am 
danger  nf  |Mf<Mv*rin|  In  Ihe  •rnnlaal  i  bal  wHkaal 
«ny  airari.  The  mimadlaia  ,  xareHin  of  iba  eulw 
nle*  waa  reafilved  u|mB  i  and  iba  mInMry  wonM 
nnl  •ulllir  ibamaalva*  lo  be  dhrailed  IVoin  tia  eia- 
euii'ii,  Tbay  were  annlblenl  of  aaeeeaa,  Iflbey 
C'luM  nnee  bring  Iba  aonlriitr  lay  lo  the  daelalaii 
of  arma.  Tbay  ai|*«l*d  mof»  (mm  conaneal. 
Ibin  ihey  eouM  promUa  ih*UM*lve«  by  nagoalallaa 
or  coiwpromlaa.  Tba  Oea  enna>  lulloiw  af  ika  aa* 
kinlaa,  and  Ibair  rapid  |waf  reaa  ■  papttkillaii,  woM 
bakald  wlik  a  Jaahtnaaya,  aa '  .a  Baiaral  Maaiiaaf 
lnde|Madanaa.  'I'kaf  laaaaiead  Ika  maal  aUbamal 
mellwid,  of  rolalning  ibam  bMM,  wonbi  ba  la  niutt 
ibam  aaon.  The*  hoiiad  la  ba  abla  la  aBllngitMl 
remonalranee  and  dabaia,  ky  aaeh  •  apaady  Md 
declajva  rnni)uaal,  aa  wonM  give  lham  aa  a|tpar< 
tunlly  In  new  model  iha  aolanlal  aonalHwIlana,  tm 
aiich  prinalniaa  aa  wonM  prevent  future  abrraB- 
ikina,  no  Ina  auhjeel  of  lliair  eharlarod  rlgklfc 
Kvery  rrpraaenlallno,  ihal  landad  lo  ralard  ar  ab> 
•Irui'l  lb*  enarelon  of  the  eahinle*,  waa  lliarafBra 
rnnaidered  aa  lamling  only  In  prolong  Ibe  rnnlro- 
varay.  ConAdanl  of  virlnry,  and  believing  Ibal 
nnlhing  alinri  af  U  wnuld  reolnra  the  paaca  of  iba 
empire,  Ihe  minlalry  Inroad  a  deaf  ear  to  all  pell< 
linn*  and  repreaanlationa.  They  even  preanmad. 
Ihiiltlie  |i«tliliinera,  when  Ihey  fnumi  Ureal  Hrllaln 
deierniined  on  war,  would  u**l*l  In  carrying  II  on 
wlih  vigour.  In  nrdarin  expadlla  the  aeltlameni  of 
the  diapula.  They  look  II  fur  gianled,  ihal  whan, 
the  |M>tlilonlng  lowna  were  eunvlnced,  Ihal  a  re- 
newal nf  Ihe  eommerelal  Inlerenurae,  between  ilia 
twn  cniinlrie*,  would  be  aooner  nbinlned  by  going 
on,  than  Inrning  back,  ilia aanae  Interaal,  whirbled. 
them  at  Aral  lo  pallllon,  woi»ld  leatl  lham  after- 
warila  tn  aupport  coercive  nieaaiirea,  aa  the  moat 
elfeotual  and  ahnrteal  way  of  aacuring  eommerca 
IVom  all  fnlura  Inlerrupllane. 

The  determination  of  minlalera,  lo  peraavera, 
wa*  niao  forwarded  by  hopaa  of  (he  dtlt.'^llon  of 
New  York  (Vnin  her  alaler  eolonie*.  'I'bey  flat- 
lered  lham*elve*,  Ihal,  when  one  link  of  Iha  con 
linental  chain  gave  way  II  wnuld  be  eaay  to  nmka 
all  impre**l4in  oo  the  diajolnlrd  exiremlllaa. 

Kveiy  attempt  lo  rioae  Iha  breach,  which  had 
been  opened  by  the  former  parliament,  having  fail- 
ed, and  the  minlalry  having  made  up  their  miada 
on  the  mode  of  proeewling  with  Iha  colon.a.4, 
their  propoMid  plan  wa*  briefly  unfolded.  Tlila 
waa  to  aend  a  greater  force  lo  America,  and  lo 
bring  In  a  temporary  act,  lo  prohibit  all  iha  fbraig>i 
inHia  of  Iha  Naw  Kngland  colonlea,  till  ihrv  ahoul.* 
make  iiroper  aubmlaalona  and  neknowkxlgmanla 
An  addre**  lo  hi*  malealy  waa,  at  Ihe  aama  time, 
moved,  "  to  baaeech  nim  to  lake  the  moel  eiraetual 
meaaurea,  lo  enforce  due  obedienee  lo  iha  lawB 
and  authority  of  the  •iiprema  leglalature." 

Truly  critical  waa  the  moment  to  the  union  of 
the  empire.  A  new  parliament  might,  without  IIM 
charge  of  Ineonalatancy,  have  repealmi  aola,  pan. 
ed  by  a  former  one,  wlileh  had  been  found  Ineoo- 
venlent  on  exnerimant ;  bul  pride  and  paaaion,  un- 
der the  *|ieGlou*  namea  of  national  dignity  nod 
real  for  the  aupremacy  of  parliament,  loduead  iIm 
adoption  of  meaaurea,  for  Immadiately  cumpalllag 
the  aubmlaalon  of  the  colonlea. 

The  repeal  of  a  few  acta  of  parliament  would, 
at  lliia  time,  haveiallafled  Ameiica.  Though  aha 
had  been  extending  her  claim*,  yet  *ne  wa*  atlll 
willing  tint  Great  Britain  ahould  monopi«li«a  her 
trade,  and  that  the  parliament  ahould  ragukite  il 
for  the  com-non  bencAl  of  tka  empire.  Nor  wag 
*he  di*po»ed  to  abridge  hia  majeaty  of  any  of  hi* 
URiinl  prerogatlvea.  Thia  authority  waa  aufficienl 
for  tho  mother  country,  to  retain  the  colonleti,  In 
a  proAlable  atato  nf  auhorilinalion,  and  yet  not  «o 
much  aa  In  he  incnnaiateni  with  tlicir  cliiima,  or 
the  acciinty  of  their  moat  importani  Intereata. 
Dritnin  viewed  the  matter  In  a  dinerenl  light.  Ta 
recede,  at  lltka  time  would  ba  to  BekBOwknlgo^ 


Ttm  tiiiToiv  or 


Mm  iIm  mMm«|  tad  MilMft*  taM  l«  iM  wnmt  > 

•  MMM«MtMI  rtMljP  RM4*    kjT  pttfM*  |Wf«MM,    •«•! 

twMW  fMcljp  l>y  m«n  t««  piMtt  mm)mm.     i'h*  Mud 

■•|))MMtllUII  Hi  IVMMMn  Itt    ltlM»N*4HlMt«(Ml    lnii<>«« 

ilaiM,  lr»m  (M  lurlHttoM*  »fh«*Miwita  nmIm  br*«li 
tug  u«»f  tk*  kuNwi*  •!  Urn  (ml  rniMlMullun,  ihii 
IMMmt  lliM  !•  fMlrvM  |rl*f«n«»«  •»•  in  r*nuuw* 
•MivirMHly,  TiM*  lMl*r*Nr*,  )n  Mint*  ilur**,  r« 
tiilivil  Irum  lh«  knHMl  bou.  whkh  itwy  noil  m 
«(»••!  iM  III*  rUliiM  a(  Iha  MtaMliaf  fiiuiiir*.  If, 
«•  »«•  rant«N«t«il,  un  III*  |Mrl  itlT  lli«4l  llrtlnlni 
lh«;  ImhI  «  il|ht  lu  blml  IM  riiliml**,  in  (11  r«a»* 
wli>»iMM«*r.  ■mI  iha  pu»*i  »l  |Mrli«tn«nl  >i»r 
■iHim  ••)«  nlwolu  '  tml  uiilimllfd.  llivji  ■••r*  (»• 
ilM<M  (htm  rvariii  tf  injr  mi  nf  llMir*.  lMi*«ir«r 
•MWMatt*,  «b«ii  4*,.i<mmI«I  m  •  malivf  nf  rigHl. 
Tnay  ••!•  tm>  btakly  lm|»rn«nl  •lih  hUiM  nf 
iImM  unhinlMHt  •mlxMlly,  in  r«|w*l  tn;  nf  ihatr 
!•••,  UN  iIm  |iflMl|il*,  ihM  ihaj)  h'«<l  nul  •  »nn*ll 
ni«l«««l  |M«n  la  vnMl  llxin,  ami  l»«  uhwimi  in 
«t«|l«  Ik*  MM*  m*i*Mir*  nn  ih*  intuntt  of  |Ntllilriil 
•apMllaiMjr.  I'afuflnmicljr  fnr  hnik  •oiinlila*, 
!«•  aiiliiliHM  Wff*  (•n*r»ll)r  k«l<l,  iMtihvr  uf  wlilvti 
•■•,  |W  kap*.  iru*  Ih  In  uiinaM  (iii*!!!,  *ihI  una 
•f  *Mck  wMnMM  MiUf*ill)r  (lila*.  Tha  iitlntolrjr 
turf  parlMmaat  •/  Ka|l«ml  |>n>***<l*<l  un  tli*  l<l*», 
ikal  ik*  (lalm*  of  ika  inluiilal*  imuiiMiatI  la  alxa' 
im*  larfaiMiiiiaiMra,  and  iHal  •  Aiiml  raatiiiillun  in 
(•aouiMi  lb*  MwanliNly  nf  4lr*Hl  ItrlUIn  WM 
«aitc**la«i  iin<l*rih*  (fwrlnua  pf*l*il  iiC  a  railrau 
•f  Itlrtanc**.  Th*  Ani*rk*M4,  nn  llwnlhar  hand, 
••ra  pi)iMll)r  annltdanl,  Ittal  iha  iiinlhar  mnnirjr 
■m  naly  bllbnuiwd  daalgna  uiiliiainllv  In  ihair  in- 
<tr»«la,  k«l  avrlunaljr  Inlandad  In  inlruiluru  arbl- 
liarjt  |n< airnnivni.     Jaiilnuitaa  nf  vai'li  nih*r  war* 

•  'Ci|>ruc«lly  induliad.  In  iha  daalriiclinn  uf  all  enn- 
Vl*ni-«k  a*  I.  in*  Anal  diamanibarmanl  uf  Iha 
im))lra. 

In  dlacuaalnc  Iha  mvaiiira*  nrnpoard  hjr  iha 
mlnlaiar,  for  In*  ru«rrinn  u(  lit*  cnlnnlaa,  iha 
•hnl*  (ruund  nl'  Ih*  Amarkan  cunlrnoariy  wa> 
tn**n*d.  Th*  mmpnralKa  inaril*  nl°  t'linraHlnn 
and  cn*ri-i»n  w*i*  |ilar»d  In  avarjr  |mlnl  nl'  viaw. 
Ham*  aOh*iiilmirli)r.lnlMilhhuua*a»f|mrliainanl, 
polnlad  OHI  ih*  lUniiaina  ihal  wniild  alland  a  war 
•ilk  Aniaricai  ih*  hk*hhiHMl  nCib*  inl*rlar*nc* 
•f  alk*r  |mw*r«  t  and  Iha  iirnhahilliv  nf  Indnii,  and 
th*  ImiHwalbilily  ul'  giiiiilnK  iiiiv  liiinii  imir*  llian 
waa  alraitly  pnavasaad.  On  ilia  nihar  hand,  llir 
friand*  nf  iha  ininUlry  aaaartnl,  lliat  Ilia  Ainrri- 
cm*  had  b**n  Inni  aiming  al  indeiiandrnc*  |  thai 
lb*jr  war*  magnil'ying  |)ial*iHl«d  griavanraa,  In 
*«««r*  mmfdIlBlad  ravnili  ihal  ll  waa  ih*  bual- 
II***  ami  duly  nl'  Kngllahman,  it  *«*ry  haaiani,  lu 
pr*«*nl  ll*  enni|>l*lt4in,  ami  bring  ihaiii  buck  In  a 
rniMmbnnca  thai  thatr  praaant  graalnaaa  waa 
owing  lolha  nwilhar  cnnnlry  ;  and  lliiil««*n  tliair 
*ll*l«flc*  had  b**n  purchaaad  at  un  lininanto  e«- 
BMia*  of  Hiltlah  bliHid  and  trcaaiirr.  Thay  ac- 
kmiwMgad  tha  dangar  to  b*  gr**l ;  but  aaid  "  It 
■hM  h*  aneniintarcd  i  that  a«*ry  day'*  dalay  In- 
•rtnaad  ih*  c*ll  i  ind  that  ll  wuuld  b*  b»M  and 
ta««:-*ly  loahlft  off.  Tank*  nr*a*nl,  an  unavnida 
kla  conMal,  wbick  mnat  fail  with  accumulated 
walgbl  on  tli*  k*ad*  of  tbair  poalarlty."  The 
dangar  of  forolgn  lnt*rfarane*  wat  denied.  It 
waa  cnnt*nd*d,  Ihal  an  appaarane*  of  vignroua 
OMaaure^,  wlih  a  farlhar  r*lnraro*m*nl  of  ironn* 
al  Bn*lon,  would  b*  aufllelani  to  quell  ihediaiurb- 
ane**.  It  waa  alao  urged,  that  th*  IVianda  of  go- 
f  emment  were  liulh  alrong  and  nuinaruua,  aitil  uiily 
walled  for  prn|)*r  aupimrt,  and  favourable  circuiii- 
Maneea,  to  tieclare  tliemaeKea. 

After  lung  and  warm  dabalaa,  and  one  nr  Iwu 
|<rol**l*,  ih*  minialerlal  ftlana  were  carried  by 
great  niajurillea.  In  cnnaeqnrnce  iherrni'',  nn  tin- 
9th  of  I'Vhruary,  1779,  a  join!  uddreaa,  Irum  both 
Imda  Hiid  cninmnn*  wna  iieaented  to  liia  miijaaty. 
In  which,  *>they  returneii  ilhinka  for  the  cuinmii- 
ainalinn  of  the  (npera,  ralaiive  in  llie  ainle  nf  the 
Briliah  ciiloiii>'i«  in  Ainaricn;  gave  it  na  Ihalr  opi- 
nion thill  a  rehrlliiin  actually  axialad  in  the  prn- 
*ince  of  MaMarhusaita ;  bea<Mighl  liia  mnjeaiy, 
that  he  would  take  the  moat  effectual  ineaaurea, 
to  SHfoic*  due  ob*dlcaca  t  j  th*  laws  and  outborliy 


af  ika  Wfftimt  l*gl*laiur*  t  aad  b*n«fi  bi  tba 
meal  a«l*ma  nMnnar,  in  aaaur*  kM  lM«|a**y,  ikai 
II  WM  Ibair  Htad  raMluilun,  al  tba  haaaid  ••!  Ibair 
lltaa  and  (itiifiarltaa,  tn  lUnd  by  bla  m*)aaiy  agiitnal 
all  laballiniM  iitiam|n*.  In  lb*  m«iniaM4n«a  >il  III* 
Juat  rigltia  u<  bM  mu^fj.  aad  of  ih*  Iwu  hunaaa 
of  |MrTMm*nl." 

Tha  lurda,  Klrhmnnd.  I'ravan,   Arrbar,  Ak«r 
aavanny,    l(iirblngb<mi,    Wnniniha,    rnuiian«y, 
Taoinginn,   I'linannby,  ClHilmondaly,    Abtngdiin, 
HulUnd,  t'littilan,  kilAiighiim,  Mianbn|ia,  MiaihN 
rnngbi    Kilaoiliiani,    mwl    Tank*r«tlla,   |ifiilaai>d 
agaliwl   ihl*  nddrau,  "italuundad  nn  lui    p«u|i*r 
IMrlMmanlary  inlarmatlun,   baing    inlrndnrad    by 
ralualng  In  auHkf    Iha   |ir*a*Hlall<Hi  nl    palllloM 
again*!   ll  i    aa  fulbiwlng   tba   rajarlinn  nf  ataiy 
mml*  nf  •innclllaiMin  I  aa  bnldlng  nul  nn  aubaKtn 
Itti  otter  of  r*ilr*>*  nl  |rla>«n*aa  i  itnd  a«  prnml* 
big  <«|>|Mirl  In  llii'ia  imnlaiara,  wlin  bad  InXamad 
AuMrM*,  ami  gr»*«ly  miaaandueiad  the  aWtlt*  uf 
Urvol  Hniam." 

My  lb*  addraaa  agalnal  whtek  ihl*  pmiaal  «aa 
eniarad,  lb*  |i*rlliiinanl  nf  Ureal  Hrllnln  (maaad 
tba  Ituhlrnn  In  Cnrinar  iwrlnda,  li  niighi  baa! 
lagad,  Ihal  Ih*  elaliiwnl  iha  rnlnnlaa  Maraunda- 
ltn*d.  and  ihai  ihair  nnanlnniua  taanlulinn  In  dalaiid 
Ihani  wita  unknown  i  hnl  allai  a  I'raa  icipiaaenlu- 
Hum  frnm  twaWa  |itni>tnraa  had  alatad  lliair  righia, 
and  pledged  th*ma*l«*a  lo  each  ulher  I*  auppnil 
them,  awl  thalt  dalarminalinn*  were  knnwn,  a  ra- 
anlullun  that  a  rabalhnn  aalually  aalalad,  and  that 
al  Iha  baaard  nf  ihalr  M*aa  ami  |iru|iarllaa,  Ihay 
•  nnid  •iiiimI  liy  hia  niiijaaly,  ngalnal  all  laballiiiiia 
allanipla,  wra  a  virluiil  daclnrMlnri  nf  war.  Iliilh 
(tartiea  were  now  buiind.  In  rnnaat|uani'a  nf  lliair 
own  acta,  in  aubnill  Iha  rnnlrnverav  In  a  darlanin 
nf  anna.  Imii*  waa  Joined,  by  iha  a|iprnb*linn 
(!nngraaa  had  given  In  iha  Nulfidk  raaulvaa,  and  by 
lhiaaub*ei|uant  julnl  adilraaauf  bnlh  hunaaa  nf  (Mr- 
liainant  In  hia  majaaly.  ll  la  prnbabia  Ihal  nailliar 
irnrly.  In  the  beginning,  iniandad  In  |n  lliiia  Car  i 
nut  by  ihe  Inarrulable  n|)eralluna  nf  I'rnvidance. 
aarh  waa  |M>rniiliad  tn  adn|ilaui'h  maaanraa  aa  nnt 
iMily  rant  ilia  rmpire,  but  Invnivad  ihani  bolli.  wilh 
ihair  nwn  rnnaani.  In  all  the  rulainlilaa  uf  a  Inng 
and  bloody  war.  The  anawer  frnm  itia  ihiuna.  In 
ilia  joint  iiddrraaaa  nf  |iarUamanl,  ennliiinad  aaaur 
anraa  nf  taking  tha  mual  a|iaaily  and  i-irarlii:il  nia.i- 
anraa,  for  aiiliirring  iliia  nlirdlancr  lu  Ihe  liiwa, 
and  aulllnrily  nl'  ilia  an|H'ania  lagialalnra,  Thia 
HMawar  i«aa  arrnintmnird  wilh  a  niaaaiige  to  iha 
cninmona,  in  whii'h  lliey  were  Inl'urinrd,  that  anma 
aiiginanlalinn  lu  tha  furrea  by  aeii  and  land  would 
lie  nrrraaiiry.  An  iiiiKniantallon  of  fnur  thouaand 
ihrae  hundred  anil  eighly-lhree  men  In  the  land 
liirraa,  and  uf  Iwn  ihniiaiind  aaanien  In  be  amplny- 
ed  fur  the  enauing  yrnr,  waa  accordingly  aakrd 
fur,  and  carried  villinut  dilllcnlly.  Wilh  the  Aral, 
ll  wii*  alaled,  thai  the  force  iit  lloalon  wuuld  be 
Ian  thouaand  men,  a  nuinbar  auppoaed  to  It*  auf 
rtcleni  fur  enfurcing  ilia  law*.  Uiher  achemea.  In 
addition  lo  a  mllilary  force,  were  thought  adviaa 
bla  for  pmmuting  Ihe  projected  oueroion  of  the  co 
l«nlea.  With  Ihia  view  a  punlahmeol  waa  pro|MJaed, 
*o  unlveraal  in  ila  u|)eraliun,  Ihul  It  waa  ei|iecled 
the  Inhabllania  nf  the  New  Knglund  enlnoiea,  lu 
oklain  a  riddance  of  Ita  heavy  iirceaure,  wnuld  in- 
tereal  ihemaolvea  In  procuring  a  general  aubml«- 
ainn  In  parliament.  Lord  Nurth  moved  fur  leave 
to  bring  In  a  bill  "  to  reelrain  th*  trud*  and  com- 
mere*  of  the  provlncea  of  Maaaaehuaetta  liay  and 
New  llnmpahire,  ihe  cnlonicanf  Connecticut,  and 
Rhnde  laland  and  Providence  Plantalinna  in  North 
America,  tn  Ureal  Krilain.  Ireland,  and  the  llrl- 
tiali  lalanila  In  the  Weal  Indiea,  and  lo  iirolilbii 
•uch  provincea  and  coloniea  from  currying  on  any 
Il>hery  on  the  banka  of  Newfoundland,  or  other 
placea  therein  to  b*  inenlinnad,  under  certain  con- 
ditinna,  and  lor  a  limited  lime."  The  nnilinn  for 
lliia  bill  waa  aup|Hirted,  by  daciaring,  thai,  na  the 
American*  had  refused  lo  trnd?  with  Ihe  mollirr 
cniinlry,  tliry  ought  nul  tn  be  itermilli'd  tii  iriide 
wilh  any  other.  It  waa  knnwn  lliiil  tliu  New 
Knglnnd  colonic*  curried  on  ii  circuiluua  trade 
and  Aahery,  on  the  bnnka  of  Newfoiindlnnd  to  a 
great  extent.    T<i  cut  ibera  off  I'roin  Ibl*  reaource, 


ilMjr  wat*  lagMaibwty  Ibfb'ddaii  la  M .  a»  I*  tm 
ry  *•  tarelan  Irati*  ll  waa  fmvtm—t,  ilM  MM 
w«H(*  h(  •  Itrga  body  wl  iwupla,  da|Nil«a>l  mt  mm* 
pbiynianl,  wnnki  creaia  a  tUnMur  In  IWvniar  nf  aa* 

•  mialllalMN. 

Tba  Hrillab  mInlMry  *t|M*la<t  »a  *«aM*  Ik* 
aawi*  iam|Hti  m  iba  unam|i4nyad  ,Niw  Kngl4i.d 
man,  iIm  I'ungrea*  maaai  i*  raiaa  by  ih<'  hum  lm> 
patiaiiiin  agiaaniani,  amungiha  ItniMh  inarabiHua 
and  manul'aalurvta.  The  iiniitun  liir  Ibt*  bill, 
brunghl  lulu  vtaw  lb*  wltnla  nl  iha  AinafM  an  ana* 
irnvaray.  Tha  nppaMarauf  ll  a*td,  Ihal  Ila  aiuali* 
atitaadad  ill*  aa*m|ilea  nf  hoallle  rignnr  WUB 
atnwadanamlaai  lor  thai.  In  iha  mual  daMgaruM 
war*,  Ihe  IWbing  eralt  waa  unlvaraally  a|Htrad>^ 
Tbay  daalrad  Iba  |HO|n>a*ral  lb*  bill  to  raanllael, 
ihal  be  had  ullen  afwken  of  tba  muhlluda  al 
Irtcnda  h*  li*d  In  tbo**  (wavma**,  and  ihal  miw  ba 
tunlnundad  lb*  Inaaeeal  wllk  Mn  gulll)  i  fiMaat* 
with  enemleai  end  litvalv*d  bit  awn  |iMll«aiia  In 
on*  cnmmun  rum  wiib  bla  a|  |MM*ra,  Tb*;  al- 
leged I'artbar,  ibM  lb*  bill  wau  d  n|i*rala  agalaal 
Iha  {leupleuf  Ureal  llillalni  a«  Iba  peapla  of  New 
Kngland  ware  In  debt  In  ihaM,  and  had  no  nlbei 
meaiia  nf  |Mying  thai  debt,  b  it  lliiuugh  Iha  Aab*> 
ry,  and  ilia  rirauilniia  iiatlj  da|Kimling  un  II.     ll 

•  aa  ubtarved,  thai  thw  l<<b*im<  n,  being  cut  all 
Ifum  aiiipbiymeni,  niu..  turn  auldierat  and  ibai, 
ibarelure,  wnile  lb*y  ware  provuklng  lb*  Amarl* 
rana  lu  raalalanra,  bv  one  a*l  of  a*la,  tbay  war* 
lurniahlng  iliain  wilh  tba  maaaa  of  namltlni  an 
aiiiiy  by  anulhar. 

'I  'la  favuureia  of  Iha  bill  denird  the  charge  a( 
aevarlly,  ullaglag  llim  ihe  culuniaia  cuuld  nul  rum- 
plain  ul  any  uialraaa  Ih*  bill  might  bring  on  th*iii, 
aa  they  nut  only  dracrveA  It,  but  had  aei  the  e|. 
ampie  i  and  Ihal  lliev  bad  entered  Inlu  unlawAal 
euniblnallona  lu  ruin  Ilia  inerehania  and  mauuiUe* 
luiaia  of  Ureal  Hrltaln.  ll  waa  aald,  Ihal,  if  any 
foreign  iMiwer  had  offered  a  aimilar  Inaull  or  lnjik< 
ry,  the  whole  nation  Wuuld  have  demanded  aatla- 
lacliun.  Thay  tunlanded  Ihul  It  waa  n  bill  nf  h«> 
inanlly  and  mercy  i  for,  aaid  thay,  the  culonlan 
have  incurred  all  the  iienaltlea  ol  reballlun,  and 
are  liable  lu  the  aevereal  mllilary  eaecullun.  In> 
aleid  of  Inllicling  the  eateni  of  what  they  deaar 
ted,  Ihe  bill  only  |irnpoaea  to  bring  Ihem  lo  Ihelf 
aanara,  by  raaliicllng  their  trade.  Tbay  urged 
larllirr,  thai  the  inaianre  wat  navaaaary  ;  for  aald 
lliay,  "ihe  Ainrrtcanahave  frei|nanlly  iin|maed  on 
na,  by  ihrealenInK  lu  wiihdiaw  iheir  trade,  koiiing 
ihiuugh  mari'anlila  inlluence  lu  bend  ihe  leglala- 
iiir*  lo  their  Uemandat  that  ihia  waa  the  third  lime, 
Ihey  had  thrown  the  cominerre  nf  Ureal  Urilain 
intuaalale  ufcunfuaiun  I  and  that  bulb  eolunlaa 
and  cuinmeice  weie  belter  lual,  than  preaaived  no 
audi  Irrina,"  Tliev  added  I'urllier,  that  lliey  niuti 
elllirr  r»liBi|uiali  tlieir  cunneaiun  wilh  Ainoriri, 
ur  Al  it  un  tuch  a  baaia,  «a  wunlil  prevent  a  rolura 
of  llieae  evila.  Thay  adinllird  ihe  billiu  be  cner 
cive  I  but  aald,  "  that  iht  eoareioii,  which  put  th* 
a|i*edieal  end  to  Ih*  liiapui*,  waa  eventually  iba 
moat  merciful." 

In  the  prugreaa  nf  the  bill,  a  petition  from  tha 
nierchnnia  and  Iradara  uf  London,  whu  were  Inla- 
reatad  in  the  American  cuiniiMrce,  waa  praaented 
againat  ii.  They  were  heard  by  their  agent,  Mr. 
Uavid  Hurcla^  |  and  a  varialy  uf  witneaaea  were 
examined  helure  the  bout*.  In  thccuurte  uflheir 
evidence  it  ap|iear*d,  that,  In  lb*  yanr  176-1,  th* 
four  provincea  of  New  Kngland  employed.  In  their 
a*v*r:il  ABhari*a,  no  leaa  than  fnrty-Ave  thouaand 
eight  hundred  and  eighty  Innof  ahipping,  and  aix 
thouaand  and  two  men  ;  and  Ihal  the  priiduc*  ul 
their  llaheriea  ihut  )ear.  In  foreign  niaikeia 
amuunled  tu  '^•i'it'i'Ml,  lUi.  alerling.  It  alao  ap- 
peared, that  the  Aaherie*  had  very  much  Increia- 
rdiiiice  that  time;  that  all  the  materiala  uaed  In 
Ihem,  except  aidt,  ami  the  timber  of  which  llis 
veaaela  were  built,  were  purcbuted  from  Ureal 
lirilain  ;  and  that  the  net  piucaeda  nf  the  Khula 
were  reiniiled  thither.  All  thia  infiiruintinn  waa 
diaregurdrd.  After  much  up|ioailion  in  liiilh  huntea, 
and  a  protett  In  the  house  of  lorda,  the  hill  wiia, 
by  a  great  majority,  flnully  ru'lAed.  Ho  Intaol 
were  iba  nlnlttrj  and  ^arllamtat  oo  tba  Mar 


■ 


««rlll«*<4  ••  Ma  •■•iHn|MMlim«al.  i'kajr  «w«i>*ivt>l 
III*  <tu«>*t«ii  t,r)»r»„  ail- 1  • «  auuiitiM*  la  b*,  •iiM 
)i4y,  Mrh«iN>r  ilo  'li  >>i|il  «b4iMlw»  ilt«i>  iUiiim, 
•nil  m  <)n>'»  |i«r  Hu  nil  Ilia  «>l«4iii4(i«  4>mIm( 
f^iM  «)>«r«l(nl)i  «N>|  fiimiHaiu*,  ui  •■•Mri  lu  niii 
laiM  maiMitraa  f»r  lh*l>  Mvuilljr. 

N.nra  lli*  ■[•.»  I7IIU,  ahan  a  Mlfatai)  nC  lUla, 
•Malallji  ilvlaimail  nil  iriawt  ul  ait  .\ni«iii  4N  •« 
»anua,  iMIla  manliiin  Ihi-I  loan  iii.ii|a  ul  ilial  •iili 
|»al  I  km  llta  tIavliUil  uMjorllji,  arlin  dilvil  oilh 
iha  mmnlfji  mn  ihl*  i»  vaaliiii,  aiiikuMaii'il  IiimI 
North  u»ra  mur*  In  |ir>«iiil  il  in  ilia  «l>»  nl  liia 
aoilHIIJriliaa.  Ha,  lliaraluta,  l>r>iiixtil  lliKi  |kiiI|4 
Man*,  »  arliama,  wlilrliliiiil  lliailuulila  laiiiiiiiiiaM 
ilMtan  iifholillni  rnrlb  iha  aambUnaa  ut  iMiiiiilia 
llnn,  ami  iha  |iriM|ia>'l  uf  an  aaaainanl  ul  lliillali 
la«aa,  kjr  •  iirmliirlKa  ratanua  liiiiii  Iha  ciiliiiilaa. 
Thia  rvMiluilun  |M«aail  uN  lb*  lIUili  nl  Kabtuaiy, 
•Ml  araa  •<  Iwlluwa  i 

"  HaaaiUail,  ihal,  whan  lb*  |M«arn«r.  ruuiisll, 
Mil  Maamblir,  ur  ganaral  auurt,  ul  »nj  nf  lita  iiu- 
iralji'a  pravUraa  iir  mluNtaa  In  Ainaiira,  aliall 
prn|NM«  la  inaka  |iru«i«iiiM  aacurdliif  lu  ilta  tun' 
iilillnw,  rlrrtimaianeaa,  aiial  •lluaiiuii  ul  auch  piu 
alnua  ar  (okin;,  fur  roiiuikullng  ihair  |itii|Miill<in 
fcr  iha  coniniiin  ilaf'anva,  auah  |iiii|Htrii<in  lu  ba 
ralaail  unilar  Ilia  niilhuflly  o(  th»  gaiiaral  ciiuil  ut 

Sanaral  aaaaiiihly  ol'aurli  |trii«liii'a  ui  lutuiijf,  itnil 
l«Maabla  b;  |Miill.<inaiil  i  anil  ahull  anxiiga  lu 
maka  |mt>lahin,  alwi,  Tor  iha  auiilMiil  nl  ilia  I'lvll 
|u*ariinianl,  aiul  iha  a  lininlalraliun  ul  jualjra  In 
Mrh  prutlnaa  ur  rulunjr,  II  will  ba  |iin|wi,  ll  auch 
propoauj  ah^ll  ba  «|i|iruitai|  Uy  hia  niujiti^,  anil  ilia 
Iwu  huuaaa  uf  iwrliainanl,  un'l  fur  aiilnng  ua  aiii'h 

firuviatun  ahall  ba  iiiaila  ari'iiiillii^l)!,  lu  lurhaar, 
n  raa|iai'i  uraiioli  |iru«liira  or  eulunv.  lu  l«vv  any 
daly,  I.1I,  ur  aaaaaaniani,  a»ra|M  unljr  auvli  ilulira 
aa  II  ina^  b»  ra|iaillanl  lu  runliniia  lu  laf«  ur  lu 
linimaa  lur  tlia  raiulallun  u(  cuininaiva  i  Iha  n*l 
|ifiiduiia  nC  Iha  iluliaa  laal  nianllunail,  lu  ba  carilad 
I'l  Iha  Hcouunl  ul'auch  iiruvlnea  ur  eulunv  raauac- 
U*aly." 

'i  hIa  *aa  Inirmlucail  hji  iha  mliilalar,  in  a  long 
apaachi  In  whirh  ha  aaaailail,  ihal  ll  aruultl  ba  an 
.'nlWIhbla  luiichaluiia  lu  Irjr  iha  Aniarlcana.  •■  ll," 
■■III  ha.  "ihalr  u|i|Ntajilnn  ba  iinly  liiiinilail  un  ll  a 
priocliilaa  whirh  lliry  praiaml,  ihay  iiiiiai  agrar 
wtlh  liila  |im|MiaMiuni  bin  II'  ihay  lia«a  ilaalgna  In 
coMlani|>lalinn,  illll'crrnl  Ooin  ihuaa  ihay  avow, 
ibalr  rrluaul  will  cunvlcl  ihaiii  uf  ilu|illi:ily,"  Tha 
o|i|iualilnn  lu  Iha  niinlalar'a  niullun  iiriglnnlail 
among  Ihoaa  wlu>  had  au|Miorlcd  him  In  |ire«iuiia 
quaalloiM.  Thay  ubjcclril  lu  iha  |iru|Niaal,  Ihut, 
la  alTactt  It  woa  an  acltnuwiadgniani  nl  autiialliiii|| 
griavoua  In  tha  idaa  ul'  taxing  Aniaiivi  by  iNirliu- 
manti  and  thai  ll  wna,  iharal'ura,  ail«|iurliir«l'runi 
Ihair  uwn  |irinri|ilca.  Thay  cunlandrd,  thiil  il  wua 
lni|Nru|Mir  lu  inaka  coneaaaluni  to  rebcia,  with  ■rum 
la  thair  handa  j  or  lu  anlar  into  any  inraaiirva  i'nr 
•  arlilamrnl  with  tha  Anirriuana,  in  which  lliuy 
did  not,  at  ■  prrliiiilniiry,  tckiiuwledga  tha  aii|ir«- 
macy  of  parliamant.  1  he  ininialar  waa  likrlv  In 
ba  lUaartad  by  aome  of  hia  iiarlixtna,  till  ullirra 
axpliinad  Iha  conaiatancyuriiia  achaine  willi  llioir 
formar  declarailona.  It  waa  aaid,  "  what  thall 
parliaman*  luaa  by  acceding  lu  ihta  rcaoluliun  7^ 
rial  Iha  right  n(  taxing  Ainrrica  :  fur  ihii  la  inuai 
npraaaik  roaarvvd.  Not  tha  proDlnble  oxeiciae 
of  Ihla  right  i  (n*  it  proputaa  lu  anfuri'o  the  unly 
aaaantial  part  of  luixiiiinn,  by  cninpclling  the  Amer- 
icana to  miae  nii<  only  wliut  ihey,  but  what  wr, 
think  reianniible.  \Ve  nra  not  guing  to  wiir  fui 
IrlAaa,  and  a  vain  (mint  o(  honnur ;  but  fur  aubalun- 
llal  revenue."  The  iiiiniaier  larther  declared, 
Ibat  he  did  not  ex|iect  hia  propoailion  to  be  gener- 
ally rnliaheil  by  the  Ainoriciina.  liul,  mid  he,  if 
it  do  no  good  in  the  culnniaa,  il  will  du  good  here. 
Il  will  unite  the  ^leopleur  England,  by  holdinu  nut 
10  them  a  dialinct  object  o(  revenue,  lie  lidded 
farther,  aa  il  teiida  to  unite  Kngliind,  il  ia  likely  tu 
4irun:te  America ;  fur  if  only  one  province  accept 
Iha  offer  'heir  conleileniry.  which  unly  niakea 
Ikam  formidable,  will  be  broken. 

fb*  oppoaara  of  mioiatry  atiacked  Iha  propoil- 
I'ff3^  with  Iha  eoiDbinad  force  of  wit  and  urgumant. 


WOUTM   AMKMOA. 

Thay  <iilm.wl«aria«l  iHt  iba  NMWMlalaMiy  af  bwtit 
m^  Intih  Ilia  aama  reanluibNi  aa  •  waaaura  *l  tun 
aaaahiH,  awl  m  *n  ««*arll<in  n(  aulKavlly.  Thay 
rainiikad,   ihul,   hilli'iln,  II   h4<l   baan    rnnaunllv 

Uiiiail,  Ibal  Ihay  bati  any  aunlaal  alHiur  xn  Anwr' 
Iran  ratannai  and  ihal  iha  whula  InuI  baan  a  ilia 
puia  ak<iu(  nbadlanaa  lu  ii«4a  Uwa,  ami  iha  g»n« 
r  il  Iaglal4ll«a  aulhiivlly  nf  iMfllamanI  i  bin  una 
mlnlalara  auddanly  vhiingad  lhair  languano,  4Hd 
|ivii|iuatil  lu  Iniaraal  iha  nallun,  and  aunania  ih* 
UMiiiiliii  ipra,  and  anlmuia  iha  anliliary,  by  par 
•  iM.li  ig  t.iKiii,  Ihal  II  la  nui  a  mnivai  lur  »m|ily 
liiinniir,  liul  Inr  iha  aai|ulalllun  iif  a  aubunllnl  la 
••niia.  |l  waa  aald,  thai  iha  Aiiiatl<  i«n«  wuubl  ba 
4a  alCarliially  laxad,  wllhnul  iHalr  runaani  by  ba- 
iHg  rnm|ia||ad  lu  pay  a  groaa  auni,  aa  liy  an  aggia- 

ra  ittmmik  dmiaa  la iba  ■•«■  amoiini i  andlhal 
•  arha«a  of  latallon  aaaaadad,  In  utipraaalnn, 
any  ihal  iba  rapaally  uf  mankind  b'ld  hllharin  da- 
Mad.  In  nihar  raaaa,  a  apaallla  aum  waa  demand- 
ad  I  and  iha  |ian|il*  mlabi  raaaimahly  praaumalhal 
Iha  raniulndar  waa  Ihair  own  t  but  bare  iha*  wara 
whiilly  In  tha  dark,  aa  la  iba  axtanl  uf  tha  de- 
mand. 

Thi«  prnimalilnn,  buwevar,  fur  eonelllallon, 
though  diaraltahad  by  mi.ny  of  tha  fVtamla  uf  mm- 
lairr,  waa  rarrlad,  nu  a  divlainn  of  two  hundred 
ami  aavaniy-fnur  lu  eighty  eight.  On  lu  tuna, 
mlaaiiin  lu  tha  enlnnlaa.  It  did  nut  prtHluea  iha  af- 
taela  nf  diaunlun  axpactad  tlom  11.  ll  wna  unanl- 
iM.iualy  rajai'lad, 

( hilar  pl.ina  I'nr  eonelllallon  wllh  tha  rulunlaa, 
fuundail  nn  iirlnclplaa  vary  dlllWraiil  from  ihuae 
which  wara  tha  baala  uf  lurd  Norlh'a  eunillialury 
niutlun,  wfia  trnughl  fnrwaid,  in  tha  hnuaa  nf 
I'uiiimuna  I  but  wlihuul  ri-relving  Ha  apiHnkaiiun. 
Tha  ninal  rininrknkla  uf  ibeaa  waa  piuiMiaed  by 
Mr.  Kdiniiiid  lluika.  In  a  a|i«ach,  wliirh,  fnr 
altenglh  uf  argunirni,  extent  uf  infuriniiliun,  and 
aublimily  uf  Inngiiaga,  would  bear  a  cumparlaun 
wllh  Iha  niual  llnialiad  parfuimanialhalanelanlur 
niodain  tlniaa  have  |irodurad  In  hia  inlriHlurllun 
lu  ihia  ailinirahia  apateh,  ha  axiiniiiied  and  ax- 
plained  iba  natural  and  arcblanlal  cireumatancea 
u(  Iha  cnluniaa,  with  raa|r*'*  ••<  alinailnn.  reamir. 
cae,  niimbar,  pnpulnliiin,  tumnierce,  lltheriea,  anil 
Hgrlriillure  t  and  fruin  theaa  cnnaiderutiuna  ahnwvd 
iheir  ini|Mirlnni'a. I lelhen  Inquired  Inlu their  liiicun- 
i|iierabla  aplrit  of  freednmi  which  he  Irwcd  lu  lla 
uriglnr.l  aoureaa.  From  Iheaa  eircuniainnraa,  he 
inferred  tha  Una  uf  policy  which  thuuld  ba  pur- 
aufil  with  regard  tu  Ainarlca.  lla  ahnwad  that  nil 
pro|ier  plana  nf  gnverninent  niiial  be  iidiipleil  lu  tha 
frelinga,  eilHhIiahad  habile,  and  received  uplninna 
nf  the  |ienple.  Un  llieae  princlplea,  Mr.  Iliirka 
reprubnied  all  plana  uf  gnvarning  the  culuniea  by 
furce;  and  pro|Miaad,  aa  tha  groiind-wurk  uf  hia 
iiliin,  thnt  the  culunlali  ahuulu  be  adniltted  to  an 
liilereal  In  tha  coiiatilution.  lla  than  went  into 
iin  liiatorlcnl  detail  of  tha  manner,  m  which  the 
liriliah  privilegea  had  been  axlaiided  to  Ireland, 
WaIra,  und  the  countiea  jmlatine  of  Cheater  and 
Diirliom  ;  the  ttale  uf  cnnfuiion  hefnre  thai  event ; 
:ind  the  hiippy  ciinaequencea  which  followed  it.— . 
lie  conlended,  that  u  communliation,  to  ihe  inein- 
bera,  of  .in  inlereat  in  the  conaliiutiun,  waa  the 
great  ruling  principle  of  Dritiah  guverninent.  lie, 
tlierefure,  pru|ioaed  to  go  back  to  the  old  policy 
for  governing  tha  coloniea.  He  waa  for  a  parlli- 
ineiiliiry  acknnwledgiiient  of  the  legal  competency 
nf  the  cnlonial  aaaenibliea,  fur  iba  iupport  of  their 
gnvernmrnt  in  (leace,  and  fur  public  aida  In  lime 
of  war.  He  muinlained  the  ftitililv  of  parliiinen- 
tary  Inxntlun,  aa  n  method  of  aupply.  lie  ttated, 
that  much  hud  been  given  in  the  old  way  uf  colo- 
iiliil  grant ;  thiit,  from  the  year  1718  to  1763,  the 
inurnula  of  Ihe  home  of  conimont  reiieatedly  ac- 
knowledged, tliat  the  cnlunica  nut  only  gave,  but 
gnve  to  aatiety  ■  and  thai,  from  time  tu  time,  in 
which  parliamentary  im|)uaiiiuu  hud  au|ie reeded  llie 
free  gil'la  nf  the  prnvincca,  there  wuamu'hdlacon- 
lent,  Hiid  liitle  revenue.  He,  therefit .%  moved 
aix  reaulutinna,  alTlrmuloiy  of  theae  fiicta;  unit 
grounded  on  them  reiolutiona,  fur  repealing  the 
ucu  complained  of  by  tha  Americana,  trualing  to 
the  liberality  of  their  future  volaniary  eoDtrlbu- 


Uttm.  Tbia  pliH  t.f  HinailMltaWt  i 
ImmrdliMa  paaaaluiba  wha  la  amfira,  awl  a  IMIHM 
ak«ili>nea  nf  Iba  mbinlaa,  lb»ui|b  ia«nmmaml«4 
by  ilia  ifharma  nl  Ilia  uhmI  patau.iaiia  abiiiiiaiMa, 
•ml  auiiiairlad  Ny  Ilia  inual  eniivinalng  xrgUMWaia, 
aaa  hy  »  g«*.ii  m<«)i>rliy  rafanlad. 

Mr.  II.  Ilaillay,  nut  diaeuttragad  by  iha  n«f« 
llva,  ahlab  ba<l  baan  (Ivan  lu  ,Mr.  Hurba'a  avbaiM^ 
cam*  fnra  lid  Wllh  amilhar  fur  iha  aama  p«irp«a«. 
Thia  prapnaad,  thai  a  knar  nf  iai|ii  tliiun  abawll 
ba  aanl  lu  Ilia  rulonlaa.  by  iba  aaaralary  nf  aiaW, 
un  a  ninlinn  IVnm  iha  hnuaa,  fut  a  vniiltibHllaN  I* 
Ih*  ai|Mna»aaf  lb*  ahnl*ani|Hra.  ||«  meant  M 
l*av*,  In  iba  prnvim-inl  aaaeiiibllaa,  iha  righl  I* 
judge  uf  iba  ax|wdlam  a,  aimiuni  and  appllaatlMi  M 
Iha  gram.  In  aunlblanta  thai  iba  aahMiMa  vaiihl 
give  rVaaly,  when  lallad  an.  In  Ibia  aMMfllHlbiMI 
way,  ba  moved,  lu  aiiauand  iha  aeia  tnmplalnad  »t 
by  Iha  Amarlaana.     'I  hia  waa  alao  rajaclad. 

Anulhar  plnn  waa,  digaaiad  In  private,  k«  Dr 
^'ranklln,  uii  |li  <  |iait  nf  the  Amailritna,  ami  Or, 
Kuiharglll  and  David  llarrlay,  un  kah^lf  of  lb* 
Itrlllah  minlalry.  TWfa  amMarad  a  diapoallbia 
lu  conreda  aomaihing  aonaidarabla  an  bath  ablaa  | 
but  Iha  whnia  rama  lu  nothing  In  ranaai|Hanca  •! 
an  Inrtatlbia  dalvriiiinatlnu  to  refnaa  a  rapaal  nl 
the  act  of  |Mirhaniani  fur  allaring  Iba  abarlararf 
gnvarnmenl  uf  ^liiaaaehuaatta.  Dr.  I'lankH* 
»gi**d,  ihni  iha  tan  daairuyad  ahnnid  ba  paid  fof  | 
Iha  lliinah  nilnlalara,  thai  Iha  Hiialun  port  a«l 
ahnuM  b*  r*|i«al*d  i  but  tha  latter  runiemlad,  "  thai 
iha  lata  Maaaachuaalla  Beta,  being  real  amaarf- 
inenia  nf  iheir  runailiullun,  niual,  flir  that  retaim« 
b*  cnntlniiad,  aa  well  aa  In  ba  a  alanding  axampbl 
nf  Ilia  |Mm»r  uf  pnrllaniani,"  I  hi  tha  ulhar  hami, 
II  waa  ilechireil  by  Dr.  Franklin,  '•  that,  while  iha 
|Hirllum*nt  rUlined  and  axerclaail  a  |Niwer  uf  Inter- 
mil  legjalallnn  fnr  tha  rulnniea,  nnd  nf  allarlag 
AHi*rlc.ilt  runalilutiuna  at  pleaaiire,  Ibvra  ruull 
*i»  no  agraaniant  i  na  ihal  wuulil  raiider  the  Ame- 
ricana unaafa  in  every  utivilaga  thay  anjuyail,  anil 
wnuld  leave  ihain  noililng  In  which  thay  coubl  t« 
aeciira." 

I'hla  ubalinala  adheranea  in  aupimrl  parliamanit 
In  a  'Hiwar  nf  alterint  Ihe  liiwa  nnil  chanaianftha 
prnvincei,  itartlcularly  tuanfurre  ineir  laieliiwa  lul 
new-iiiudelllnglharliurieradcuiiatiluliun  uf  .Maaaa- 
chuaalla, waa  tha  fatal  ruck,  by  duahing  un  whleh 
Ihe  empire  biuke  In  twain  I  fur  every  ulher  |Hiint, 
In  diapula  kaiwaan  Ihe  Iwu  cuunlriea,  aeamed  la  a 
fair  way  fnr  an  ainicabla  euniiiromlae. 

The  Aahery  bill  waa  apeedily  fulluwed  by  ano* 
thar,  fur  reatraining  tha  trade  and  cuniinarceufllia 
cnhinira  und  iirnvincea  nf  New  Jeraey,  I'rnnryl'a- 
nlii,  .Miiryliiiid,  Virginia,  and. '4uulh  I  arulina.  'I'ba 
reaanna  aaalgned  fnr  ihia  were  theanme  wllh  ihoaa 
offered  fur  the  ulher.  Theae  pruvlncea  had  iiilr.p- 
ted  the  conilnentul  aaaocialiuu.  The  Mritlah  iniu- 
later  thought  it  prugier,  that,  aa  they  hud  volunta- 
lily  interdicted  Ihemaelvea  from  trade  with  <ireal 
liritain,  Ireland  nnd  the  Weal  Indiea,  the*  ahoubl 
be  reatrainedfrnin  il  wiih  nil  nther  pirla  of  ihe  world. 
He  contended,  thnt  llie  iiihabllanta  uf  ilia  culuniea 
might  render  Ihia  net  a  dead  letter,  by  rellnquiaji- 
ing  their  nwn  reaolullona.aa  then  they  would  meet 
with  no  reatraini  in  carrying  on  trade  In  lla  incieni 
legal  channel.  Il  la  remnrkable,  that  three  of  tha 
aaaocialad  coluniea,  vii.  New  York,  Delaware,  anil 
North  ('arnlina,  wera  omitted  In  Ihia  reatiaining 
bill.  Whatever  might  be  the  view  of  tha  Rrltiab 
miiiialry  fnr  Ihia  diacrimination,  it  waa  cunaidered 
in  the  coloniea  a*  culculnted  to  (Mminote  diaunion 
among  them.  It  ia  certain,  that  the  coloniata,  ex-. 
empted  from  ila  operation,  might  have  reaped  a 
golden  harveai  from  the  exemption  in  their  favotir, 
hud  the*  been  diapoaed  to  avail  theinaelvea  of  it ; 
but  auch  waalhetem|iernflbe  llineB,that  ■  renno- 
elm  ion  uf  linuipilinlu  udvanlage  in  fuvou'  -'  '.ic 
public  wna  faahionnble.  The  ai-lfli>b  pisxi  .ii.., 
which,  in  acaauna  of  |H'uce,  are  tooonei  il..;  iui«i 
nf  qu.'irreU,  were  huahed  liy  the  piei>.ii<-t.  ..■' i.'(iii|. 
mun  dunger. 

The  exempted  coloniea  tpumed  I'.  roTiBreJ 
favour,  ind  aubmilifd  to  ihe  rettrainta  Imiic?;!  ;,ji 
their  leaa  favoured  neighboura,  ao  aa  lo  ba  aotial 
abaren  of  tbalr  fata.     The  iDilulgenca  giantaa  la 


THE    HISTORY   OF 


N*«  Yoik,  In  baloR  kapi  out  of  thli  mtralDing  i 
bill,  wu  eonildarad  hv  loine  ■■  *  pramlum  (or 
hrr  auiierior  loynllT  Her  iiMiiib'y  ImiI  rediioil 
'<!  a|i|iruvtt  lli«  prucnediiiKi  of  tlie  cuiiitrvM,  unil 
li»il,  ill  luiiiB  other  iiitlaiicen,  diiicuvereil  lean 
w:tiinili  tliKii  llie  neiKlibuuriiig  legisluliirea.  Much 
wiK  p«i«ole<l  fruiii  her  iiiudemtion.  At  the  very 
I  III-  Ihr  lirlliah  imrliiiriient  wiit  frnming  the  ret- 
•  raiiinii  iirln  juil  iiieit  toned,  the  conalitiilioniil 
iiiM.'inldjr  of  New  York  |ielitioned  for  a  redrew  of 
their  urievHiicei.  Oreat  itreu  had  been  liiid  on 
'III-  circuniitnnce,  that  CiinnreM  waa  not  a  leKiil 
menibly  ;  and  th«  want  of  cunititulinnil  aanclion 
li.iil  l>('i>u  amiKned  ai  a  reason  fur  the  neglect,  with 
wliit'h  their  iwiilina  had  been  treated.  Much  praise 
had  been  lavished  on  the  colony  of  New  York,  for 
its  nioderullon  >,  and  occasion  had  been  token,  from 
Iheir  refusing  to  approve  the  proceedings  of  the 
congress,  to  represent  the  resolutions  and  claims 
of  lliat  body  to  be  more  the  ebullitions  of  incendi- 
aries, than  the  sober  senliiiienli  of  the  tenipcmle 
cllixens.  It  wns  both  unex|)ectrd  and  confound- 
ing to  those  who  supported  these  opinions,  that  the 
reprenentnlion  and  remonstrance  of  the  very  loyal 
assembly  of  New  York  ^laled,  "  that  an  exemption 
fironi  Internal  taxation,  and  the  exclusive  right  of 
providing  for  their  own  civil  government,  and  the 
•dministration  of  justice  in  (he  colony  .were  ealprm- 
od  by  them  as  their  undoubted  and  unalienable 
rights." 

A  motion  being  made,  in  the  hntise  of  commons, 
for  bringing  up  this  representation  and  rcmon- 
Mrance  of  the  assembly  of  New  York,  it  was 
•mended,  on  the  suggestion  of  lord  North,  by  ad- 
ding, "In  which  the  assembly  claim  to  theiiiselves 
rights  derogatory  to,  and  incoiiaislent  with,  the 
legislative  authority  of  parliament,  as  declared  by 
the  devlamtory  act."  The  question,  so  amendpcl, 
being  put,  paused  in  the  uigative.  The  fate  of 
'Jiis  representation  extinguished  the  hojics  nf  those 
noderale  persons,  both  in  the  parent  state,  and  the 
colonies,  who  flattered  themselves,  that  the  dis- 
putes, suhsisiing  lielwerii  the  two  countries,  might 
be  accninmodnled  by  the  mediation  of  the  consti- 
tntiunal  nsspinblics.  Two  conclusions  were  dniwn 
from  this  transaction ;  both  of  which  were  un- 
friendly to  a  reconciliation.  The  decided  language 
with  wliichthe  loyik  assembly  of  New  Y'ork  claiin- 
mI  exemption  from  parliamentary  taxation,  proved 
10  the  people  of  Ureat  Britain,  that  the  colonists, 
however  tliey  might  diO'er  in  modes  of  opirasition, 
or  in  degrees  of  warmth,  were,  nevertheless,  united 
in  that  fundamental  principle.  The  rejection  of 
iheir  representation  proved,  that  nothing  more 
was  to  be  expected  from  proceeding  in  the  consti- 
tutional channel  of  the  legal  asseml>lies,  than  from 
the  new  system  of  a  continental  congress.  Solid 
revenue  and  unlimited  supremacy  were  the  objects 
of  Great  Britain  ;  and  exemption  from  parliamen- 
tary taxation,  that  of  the  most  moderate  of  the  co- 
lonies. So  wide  were  the  claims  of  the  two  coun- 
tries from  each  other,  that  to  reconcile  them  on 
uy  middle  ground  seemed  to  be  impossible. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

OoaseqimMes  in  Americs,  reiulllnf;  from  the  preceilinfr 
nBnMctiuna  of  Parliament ;  and  of  the  conuiienueiueDl  of 
hostilities. 

Thb  year  1774  terminated  with.an  expectation 
la  America,  that  a  few  months  would  bring  them 
%  redress  of  their  grievances.  But  the  probability 
of  that  event  daily  diminished.  The  colonists  had 
indulged  themselves  in  an  exfiertatioD  that  the 
people  of  Great  Britain,  from  a  consideration  of 
the  dangers  and  difficulties  nf  a  war  with  their 
colonies,  would,  in  their  elections,  have  preferred 
those  who  were  friends  to  peace  and  reconcilia- 
tion. But,  when  they  were  convinced  of  the  fid- 
Itcy  of  these  hopes,  they  turned  their  nttenti(Mi  to 
the  means  of  self-defence.  It  lim]  been  the  reso- 
lation  of  many,  never  to  submit  to  the  operation  of 
tlw  Ule  acts  of  parliament.  Their  numboi  daily 
iHUMMd    and  in  the  itune  propotiion  that  Great 


Britain  determined  to  enforce,  did  they  delermloe 
10  oppose.  Intelligenee  of  the  rejection  of  loni 
Chatham's  bill,  of  llie  ;iddreae  of  both  houses  of 
parliament  to  the  king  on  the  !)th  of  February,  and 
of  the  fishery  bill,  ariived  among  the  colonists, 
about  the  same  time,  and  diminished  what  re- 
mained of  their  flrsi  hopes  of  a  speedy  occommu- 
dation.  The  flshery  bill  excited  a  variety  of 
einoliuns.  The  obvious  tendency  of  it  waa  to 
starve  thousands.  The  severity  nf  it  did  not 
strike  an  Englishman,  for  he  viewed  it  as  a  meri- 
ted correction  for  great  provincial  offences.  But 
It  apfieared  in  the  blackest  eolours  to  an  Ameri- 
can, who  felt  no  consciontness  of  guilt,  and  who 
fancied  that  heaven  approved  his  zeal  in  defence 
of  liberty.  It  alienated  the  afTections  of  the  colo- 
nists, and  produced  in  the  breasts  of  thousands,  a 
haired  of  Great  Britain. 

The  penal  acts  of  parliament,  In  1774,  were  all 
levelled  against  Massachusetts;  but  the  fishery 
bill  extended  to  New  Hampshire,  Connecticut, 
and  Rhode  Island.  The  reasons  assigned  for  this 
by  lord  North  were,  that  they  had  aided  and  abet- 
ted Iheir  offending  neighbours,  and  were  so  near 
to  them  Ihnt  the  intentions  of  parliament  would 
be  frustrated,  unless  they  were  in  like  manner 
comprehended  in  the  prn|)osed  restraints.  The 
extension  nf  this  penal  slalule.  In  three  additional 
provinces,  operated  powerfully  in  favour  of  union, 
and  convinced  the  most  moderate,  of  the  increas- 
ing necessity  for  all  the  provinces  to  make  n  com- 
mon cause  in  tlieir  op|iosilion.  Whatever  might 
be  the  designs  of  parliament,  Iheir  acts  had  n  na- 
tural tendency  to  enlarge  the  demands  of  the 
Americans,  and  to  cement  their  confederacy,  by 
Hnn  principles  of  union.  At  first  they  only  claim- 
ed exemption  from  internal  taxation  ;  but  by  the 
combination  of  the  East  India  company  and  the 
British  ministry,  an  external  tax  was  made  to 
answer  nil  the  purposes  of  a  direct  internal  tax. 
They,  therefore,  in  consistence  with  iheir  own 
principles,  were  constrained  to  deny  the  right  of 
taxing  in  any  form  for  a  supply.  Nothing  could 
contribute  more  to  make  the  colonists  deny  the 
parliamentary  claim  of  internal  legislation,  than 
the  manner  in  which  it  wns  exercised,  in  depriv- 
ing them  of  their  charters,  and  passing  an  act  re- 
lative to  trials,  wliich  promised  indemnity  to  mur- 
derers. This  convinced  them  that  an  opposition 
to  so  injurious  a  claim  was  essenliallv  necessary 
to  their  security.  But  they  still  aJmitled  the 
power  of  parliament  to  bind  their  trode.  This 
was  ponccded  by  Congress  only  n  few  months  be- 
fore an  act  passed,  that  they  should  have  no  foreign 
trade,  nor  be  allowed  to  fish  on  their  own  coasts. 
The  British  ministry,  by  tlieir  successive  acts, 
impelled  the  colonists,  to  believe,  that  while  the 
mother  country  retained  any  authority  over  them, 
that  authority  would,  in  some  shape  or  other,  be 
exerted  so  as  to  answer  all  the  purposes  of  a  pow- 
er to  tax.  While  Great  Britain  stretched  that 
portion  of  controling  supremacy  which  the  colo- 
nists were  disposed  to  allow  her  to  such  an  extent 
as  covered  oppression  equally  grievous  with  that 
wliich  they  would  not  allow,  the  way  was  fast 
opening  for  a  total  renunciation  of  her  sovei'eign- 
ty.  The  coercive  measures  adopted  by  the  parent 
slate,  produced  a  disposition  in  the  colonies  to  ex- 
tend Iheir  claims  :  and  the  extension  of  their  claims 
produced  an  increasing  disposition  in  Great  Bri- 
tain to  coerce  them  still  more.  The  jealousy  of 
liberty  on  one  side,  and  the  desire  of  supremacy  on 
the  other,  were  reciprocally  cause  and  effect ;  and 
urged  both  parlies,  the  one  to  rise  in  their  demands, 
and  the  other  to  enforce  submission.  In  the  con- 
test between  Great  Britain  and  her  colonies,  there 
had  been  a  fatal  progression  from  small  to  greater 
grounds  of  dissension.  The  trifling  l.nx  of  3il.  |)cr 
pound  on  tea,  roused  the  jealous  iidiabitants  of  Bos- 
ton to  throw  310  chests  of  it  into  the  ocean.  This 
provoked  the  British  pariiamcnl  to  shut  up  their 
port,  and  to  new-model  tlieir  cliitrter.  Statutes 
so  tinconstitmional  and  alarming,  excited  a  combi- 
nation in  twelve  of  the  colonics,  to  stop  all  trade 
with  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  and  the  West  Indies. 
Their  combination  gave  birth  to  the  restnining 


acts  of  parliiment,  by  which  nino  at  the 
were  interdicted  all  other  trade  but  that  from  which 
they  had  voliinlurily  excluded  themselves ;  and 
four  of  these  nine  weie  further  devoted  to  famine, 
bv  being  forbidden  lo  Ash  on  their  own  coasts.— 
kach  new  resolution  on  the  one  side,  and  new  act 
on  the  other,  reciprocally  gave  birth  to  something 
from  the  apiwsing  parties,  that  was  more  irritating 
or  onprrssive,  than  what  had  preceded. 

The  beginning  of  strife,  between  the  parent  stale 
and  her  colonies,  was  like  the  letting  nut  of  wa> 
lers.  From  iiironsiderahle  causes  love  wiKchanQ 
ed  into  suspicion,  which  gradually  ripened  inin 
ill-will,  and  soon  ended  in  hosiility.  Prudeneti 
policy,  and  reciprocal  interest,  urged  llie  expedi- 
ency of  concession ;  but  pride,  false  honour,  mil 
misconceived  dignity,  drew  In  an  opposite  direo* 
lion.  Undecided  claims  and  doubtful  righti,  which 
under  the  influence  of  wisdom  and  humility,  mi((h' 
have  been  easily  compromised,  imperceptibly  wi ' 
dened  into  an  irreconcileable  breach.  Haired  ■ 
length  took  the  place  of  kind  affecilona,  and  tho 
calamities  of  war  were  substituted,  in  lieu  oflho 
benefits  of  commerce. 

From  the  year  1768,  In  which  a  military  force 
had  been  stationed  in  Boston,  there  was  a  constant 
succession  of  instilling  words,  looks  and  gesture*. 
The  inhabitants  were  exasperated  against  the  sol- 
diers, and  they  against  the  inbabilants.  The  for- 
mer looked  on  the  latter  as  the  instruments  of 
tyranny,  and  the  latter  on  the  former  as  seditioua 
riutera,  or  fraudulent  smugglers.  In  this  Irrita- 
ble stale,  every  incident,  however  trifling,  made  a 
sensible  impression.  The  citizens  apprehended 
constant  danger  from  an  armed  force,  in  whoso 
[Miwer  they  were.  The  soldiers,  on  the  other 
hand,  considered  themselves  in  the  midst  of  ene- 
mies, and  exposed  to  attacks  from  within  and 
from  without.  In  proportion  as  the  breach  be- 
tween Great  Britain  and  her  colonies  widened, 
the  distrust  and  animosity  between  the  people  and 
llie  army  increased.  From  the  latter  end  of  1774, 
hostile  ap|)earances  daily  threatened  that  the  flames 
of  wai  would  bo  kindled  from  the  collision  of  such 
inflammable  materials.  Whatsoever  was  done 
by  either  party  by  way  of  precaution,  fur  the  pur- 
poses nf  self-defence,  was  construed  by  the  oth  iv 
as  preparatory  to  an  intended  attack.  Each  dis< 
claimed  all  intentions  of  commencing  hnstiliii*^ 
but  reciprocally  manifesledsuspicinn  nf  the  cthiN  e 
sincerity.  As  far  as  was  practicable  willion,  an 
open  rtiplure,  the  plans  of^lhe  one  were  respec- 
tively liiwarted  ty  the  other.  From  every  ait> 
pcarunce  it  became  daily  more  evident  that  am  t 
must  ultimately  decide  the  contest.  To  sufl'er  an  - 
army  that  was  soon  expected  to  be  an  enemy, 
quietly  to  fortify  themselves,  when  the  inhabitants 
were  both  able  and  willing  to  cut  them  nfl'  appear- 
ed to  some  warm  spirits  the  height  of  folly.  Rut 
the  prudence  and  moderation  of  others,  and  es- 
pecially the  advice  and  recommendation  of  Con- 
gress, restrained  their  impetuosity.  It  was  a  for- 
tunate circumstance  for  tne  colonies  that  the  royal 
aimy  was  posted  at  New  England.  The  people 
of  that  noithern  country  have  their  passions  more 
under  the  command  of'^ reason  and  interest,  than 
those  in  the  southern  latitudes,  where  a  wanner 
sun  excites  a  greater  degree  of  irascibility.  One 
rash  ofi'cusive  action  against  the  royal  forces  at 
this  early  period,  though  successful,  might  have 
done  great  mischief  to  the  cause  of  America.  It 
would  have  Inst  them  European  friends,  and  weak- 
ened the  disposition  of  the  other  colonics  to  assist 
them.  The  patient  and  the  (lolitic  New  England 
men,  fully  sensible  of  their  sittiation,  siihniifted  to 
many  insults,  and  bridled  their  resentments,  In 
civil  wars  or  revolutions  it  is  a  matter  of  much 
consequence  who  strikes  the  first  blow.  The 
compassion  ofthe  world  is  in  favour  of  the  attack 
C(l,  and  the  displeasute  of  good  men  on  those  wno 
are  the  first  to  iiiibrtiv  their  hands  in  human  blood. 
For  the  space  of  nine  months  after  the  ari'ival  of 
(jenenil  flage,  the  behaviour  of  the  people  of 
Boston  is  partirulaily  worthy  of  imitation,  by  those 
who  wish  to  overturn  established  governments.^ 
They  oondueted  thehr  oppoi'tion  with  eiquWtc 


fi  nin*  ot  tha  eoloalM 
id*  but  lh«t  frdin  which 
iiiird  ilirmiiflviti ;  nnd 
:lirrilpviili-il  to  fnmine, 
in  llielr  own  ronitlt,— 
B  unff  »iilr,  milt  new  ict 
iivii  birth  to  •omsthlDil 
hnt  wai  more  irrilattng 
III  pterrilfil. 
otwreii  the  parent  «tat« 
the  lelling  out  of  wa> 
cnuiip*lov«  winchanQ 
^rndiinily  rl|ierivil  into 
hoitility.  Pruilencii 
eat,  urged  the  expedi- 
ide,  faUe  honour,  and 
t  In  an  oppoaite  direc* 
doubtful  righta,  which 
ini  and  humility,  mi((h' 
laed,  Itnpercejitibly  wl- 
lie  breach.  Hatred  n 
Ind  aHectlona,  and  tha 
itituted,  In  lieu  of  tha 

which  a  military  fore* 
in,  there  waa  a  conatant 
da,  looka  and  gealure*. 
icrated  Bgniiiat  the  §aU 
Inhnbiianta.    The  for- 
ts the  inatrumenia  of 
he  former  on  aeditioua 
{gleni.     In  thii  irrilt' 
twever  trifling,  made  n 
citizen*  apprehended 
irmeil  force,  in  whoao 
loldiera,  on  the   other 
ea  in  the  midat  of  ene- 
icka  from  within    nnd 
ion  na  the  breach  be- 
lter coloiiiea  widened, 
letween  the  |ieople  nnd 
ttlie  latter  end  of  1774. 
realrned  that  the  flninea 
ktt  the  colliaion  of  audi 
^hnlaoever   waa    dona 
recHiition,  for  the  pur- 
lonilnied  by  the  oth  iv 
ed  attack.     Each  dla> 
mmencing  hosiilitir*. 
iispicion  of  the  l&is  a 
racticable  witljon.  An 
he  one  were  reapec- 
ler.     From  every  a[)> 
ore  evident  that  am* 
onteat.     To  aufl'er  an  - 
led  to  be  an  enemy, 
when  the  inhabiianta 
cut  them  ofl'  appear- 
height  of  folly.     Rut 
n  ofothent,  and  ea- 
ommendation  of  Con- 
uoaity.     It  was  a  for- 
colonies  that  the  royal 
ngland.     The  people 
e  their  paasiona  more 
m  and  interest,  than 
des,  where  a  wanner 
of  irascibilitv.    One 
the  royal  fiirces  iit 
cccsaful,  might  have 
luie  of  America.     It 
lan  friends,  and  weak- 
lier coIiinicH  to  assist 
INilitic  New  Knglaiid 
itualion,  siibmifted  to 
eir  resentments,     In 
s  a  mntter  of  much 
te   first  blow.    The 
favour  of  the  Htliick 
rid  men  on  those  unn 
nils  in  Itnmnn  hinuil. 
hfter  the  nrviviil  of 
r  of  the  people  iif 
of  iiiiitntion,  by  thoM 
hed  governments.-^ 
I'tion  with  esquUt* 


3 

ft 

4 


THE    HISTORY  OF 


5I«»  Yoik,  In  baton  k'P'  <""  «>'  •hta  r««lr|ilnln»  i Br***'"  t>»»»'mi-—>  •«  rnfon-f.  HW  t^l'r  Jut 
III,    '     1  I         >it>;,i((.  fn.l    l.v    •i..Ml»     m  .1     >'<  . 


'<i  U|'|ii>i«r  (!<<r  I'lut  i<«'>liuK«  «>(  (h"  i 
llHii.    in    111(1.1     -aKvi    III»I  'I  ■ 
wiiiiii'li  tl.'Mi  ili>-  iip|j(libui.r>i.  I   ' 

WIU  >'!«1I4>C|('<I  llUIII   lll'l    IIMmI 

I  iir  ill*  Itrilmli  jurli '   >' 
Ini'iiri'i   i€>'M    jiirii  n,'t       »    ■ 

UM'ntliljf  bf  New  Vu.  - 

iholi  itjiriAinoe*.    (. 

llir  i'irr.uiiHil4rii  ' 

Ultiiibly  :  ai.  '  <    I 

liiid  l>'eii  n>-i!. 

wbii  Wi'  !•  I. 

ha<l  bi'mi  l.iv  '    ,    I .. 

lU  IIIOlllTUlHtfl 

Iheii  rriiwitiij;  i 


.1 


\ 


..l..jl»f 
iiMinCi'H^l'  Ik- li   trOUl 

f  »\>\>ri<\'  .,nt-    111  th« 

cnniitcM,  ui  fi'iir»«u  itir  !r».  !.ii,imim  ami  i ;  .inw 
oftliH!  ti«!y  III  lir  n.  *••  rh'  -f'  ullUKiim  i>(  i»''"  udi- 
■riea,  il)«i<  inc  nol.t.  •>  iitiiicni*  oi  the  temi '  rule 
ellbiMK.  Il  <•»«  i.'Ult  iiiiK\iii  1  it<l  aiii;  conlu.nd- 
inglu  ihowi  whr  •iKiporteit  llu  «•  upyii.  ^i.  tliii  tlws 
reprci-iMiiiuiiiu  ^A  rriiion->»raiic«!  ol  tlm  vei>  lipviri 
■iMinl<l,T  i>l  Ncur  Vur'>  ii!»lr  J,  "  iliat  111  'ieni|itloil 

Arom  intViiiVl  Mntiun,  •iiul  l)i<^  rxclutiv.:  iii^;<t  of  tip  iiiwtrM44,  nnluM  tKr>  wtin'   1 
proVulii>4  (or  'II-  ir  own  rivil  t;o>    rnnit  iit,  .iii.i  Ui«   compwricnitrd  io  tb*  piwpoii'il  re».ii  i 
•dmi.' '•tMiiuiKii^jnuiifi' 111 ihii<"loriy,»iTi"< HI.  ■lin- 
ed bjr  t)iv(n   ai  iln  ir  iimloiibuil  •ii'il  i>n<ili.  ivibta 
rigllla." 

A  nioCmn  bfiii^;  ui:<i!"  inih»tii>n«»  I  cttiii-iihi, 
for  bmniiii;:  u|)  iliii  iT|nT»«ii'iiii.ii  '»■'■  ffu.ati- 
■lnilK<>-  of  ihf  iw*rmhly  uf  N'cw^.ifli,  i'  •n- 
•meiJili'il,  on  tlio  «:  .j^eiliix-  if  Inn*  N'>  li,  1 
ding,  "111  wliirhlhn  4»«'iiiM\  c!  "Ill  III  llipui.  •  ;»<!• 
rIghlH  >lRrnK'.<ti>r>  lu,  ••iirl  inriiiiii|Ai«nt  «i>'  itte 
ltglil;ilivi»  r.illiiiriiv  of  p.lr^l^^Jll»nl,  a*  T'.rrl.i'  i  by 
the  di'i  I irdiory  »'■('•"  T'l-  i|iie»ti'jii.  "<•  aii.ii.  Vu, 
beiof  put,  |.iu'"!  in  ilir  in>Kiiii»c.  'Of  Itu-  of 
•Jlis  H'|i;es«'iiuiionext;i)Si<Uhnllh«  In  ;>r<  nl  iniMN> 
tloilrrjK-  |ifr««>r«,  bmii  iii  tin'  [wirenl  «tijl»<,  ;ii"l  tii# 
colonies.  » li.' flanereil  ibrin>i'Jvo.  llxit  iIm'  .li 
pateK,  n'ltisisliii^"  bcl'vi  I'll  llip  Kfi'tTouiitiirii.  n.  jl 
Deiici.i'iiiiMiil:ii«(J  by  till-  nii'''iiiion  <>f  tbo  <■  iruil- 
tutioiui  .msoniblii'ii. '  Touiuiicluiiiiri.i  »(!(<<  .Inwn 
ftoin  Oils  Ir.insiclinr.  ;  boili  ol'  nliich  v>rii.  on\ 
friemllv  ">»  f  r"iic.ili;>ticn..  Tli>'  itiriilril  l:iM';m]j[e 

1. 1  llir- 

'  msd 

iiilt,. 
on. 

•rO 
vi 


irith  \Wiir!iiln'  IfiyA  avmiml  !•'  Kl'Mev' Vuvk 
od  exviMtnioii  from  jiiiilinitif  nlniy  Isxiirmii,  pi 
to  thi>  proftti' of  liVf.-i'    1'ril.iiK,  tin'  ill'-  ci  1.. 
however  !(ib)  mitlht  dUiof  iii  ti  i-ih*  nf  .•ppi..' 
or  in  lii'tri*!  ••  "1  >mili(ili,   .  ^•(1',  «.;»!■  Uiielmi". 
In  Ihnt  fi.iiii  .ii.'IKkI  »h-.  .iiftl'"..     T)  ••  wjtr'i. 
ibeir  n  t>r«?»riilatwii    }i««w#<J,    »!i»'     .«th*:i;! 
WIIStK  !'■•  tX}v,-  t^A  fl    ■-'  •  "•        ''      ■  ■•     ■' >■ 

IUtioii»U-li.iiii...|  .if  il.. 
the  ni-"  fv-.tiii  i>l  i-  ^' 

re»on)i<:  jnii  iT.iiinr»i»'i  w.ijiroiijii  y  weirtu.'  < 
ofOtt'i;  idii.'.n,  «ai  (-xi^mifiiiMi  fiom  (>!>.riiii'i«o- 
Ury  lix.ititiit.tliat  of  ilio  n:r.-i  uw.Iit.. fti  i>f  i;ir  c<»- 
lonien.     .Su  wWe  »Me  llij-  cl:iiii«  ct  t!wt»'i> .. 
tries  Irnin  mch  oMujr,  ibi'  :•>  rfcunit*  il  •  > 
•ny  niM'clle  urimnd  mcuir"!  ti>  h'  ii»t>'"<<iibli . 


inline 
>Uii(ri>ce  u<   lb."  Mioittoi    >ti    liml 

.    \,    it    llir   H'ldrMW  111    'j'/lll    IrOWM    111* 

Ilii- kinu nil  itr  '.till  of  Kel,ii>,tiy.  itod 

...iioiy  Mil,   .inivrl  jiiifinu;  t)i«  ciiionin**, 
III   'III    •"Mil  tiiiie>   »iid     '111  iiimIu'i!  xliji    i« 
iif.i  o(  >l(«ii  Hist  liii|w«  iif  n  niweily  niK  i.iiM»ii- 
n        Tlie   fiilmry    bill   exi  ited   K'raritiy  ^i 
i<*.      Tli.:   obvliiiia   iriidoucy  u(  It   »aa  in 
iliniiK.inda.      The  •cmiiji   nf   it   4id    ncit 
'  NO  Kll|;ll^lltlMn,  for  lif>  tlnwi^il  It  ai  ii  iinii' 
oorr<'ft"'ii  fiir  lin  it  I'miiiiciiil  iiiIV'hi.:       IIiK 
4  .ij'l'  nitil  III  ilir  l.hickttsl  <o|iiunito  an  .•\iiieri- 

':.||,  "h..  IhIi  i|.|  rril|..i'il,.l«|i»..«  nf  ':lii|l,  Uiid  wli. 
dm..  '.  ItiU     b'.ivtii   ayj...,inj  lijj  v\.i\  iii   ilwfcii.-i. 

or  UMdj^r  It  «li«ii»t«4,li>«1iiAtiihtiii  #'  iIm  mIu. 
iikila.  mm!  Modaced  iu'lkf  brtwila  o(  ihutUMml  i,  a 
jiAirwl  of  urtti  Briialn. 

Tbo  pvnM  •«(•  »(  |iMR«mf<iit.  in  1)74,  wtro  ill 
lerclled  uKUoat  MiUMacbtvwna  i  ba>  'lie  fl«hery 
bill  eiiteiiued  to  New  tf.in;|w)iiri>.  'f'ooMclitut, 
ami  Rhud«  Talaii<1.  Tli*  unwonn  ii««ti,rir<f  f.ir  iLia 
by  lord  Norili  were,  ijmi  f\.ty  bad  aJ<'  .■  ami  iibet- 
imI  iho'f  oireiulmit  ntrlKb'ior  «,  aHir>.#m  an  Bfnr 
10 ibfiin  t|int  tiie  intdHbiM  of  {id:;i.>M<'ut  would 

llMli'r 

'I'hc 

<<ll(W)i'<u  of  ibU  f>*nal  niiitilf.  to  ilii(.>«-.ildiiiuiial 
i>io:'inn",  operHled  p<iw"fulN  i«  ''.»i  i.r  of  BDiini, 
and  cnnvinml  tbe  moat  iiuHi«r:.li^,  ot  ilir  Inccena 
\un  htr.MKiuy  1  »i  »n  the  priivini-ri  'v  niikx  n  coni- 
Minfi  il.  .  Ill  llicir  ("P'lsi:  •■!  \V  !i  il'vor  ruinlil 
'     "        nh'.  ui  paruixi.vui,  tt»»i  n"ta  biiij  •  ii»- 

1.  i.iciKy   lo   •nlsifKi  '^i"    leinnrirfii  fii    idi- 

AiiiisncariH,  »nd  I'l  ""o^cTi  rtmr  ''onfcilrriKJ  '  - 
iirin  iinni'i[il»i«  .  f  mtinn.  -St  (if<.i  iIk-v  only  cUvii 
I'd  eii«W[il,ii>ii  f  .11.  liilertisl  i.ian'ioi^  •.  bjt  liv  i^► 
fiiiiibiiinlior  oftbe  Fax  Indtt  (>oiii|i»iit  ami  (ho 
niiiMi  inini'.trv,  aii  external  lax  Wiia  ii.i.le  H' 
Runnel  .ill  i\]v  |»ir(<u«oa  of  a  ilirp<.t  iiilrrii  ii  1 1»> 
Tlir>.  ilierel'oro,  in  couaiiitniK'O   nith  ihoir  <'Wi| 

irinrip't'*,  wci'i  eonatraintd  lo  deny  the  n  <\r  of 
WMiiiv;  in  any  funn  fnr  a  auuply,  ivuliing  r.i.iid 
coniribt'te  more  lo  ninl.«  the  eolon^ma  mny4he 
.piirli:iiinntnry  <';(iin  of  internal  |pci-Tnfinn,  than 
ihe  uianner  in  which  it  wna-  f  xv.  i,i:il-,  m  depiiv. 
ing  tlictii  (if  ilirii  cbiirtm  ,  >nd  "...injj  mi  art  ru- 
lative  to  iiiaN,  ivliicb  iirsmiaud  ludeinnlty  tu  ruiir- 
derrr^.  Thl.M  cnOTince.i  >brin  tiiu'  vn  opiKiaition 
Ut  Ml  ihjuiiuii>i  .*  rKiim  wa4  eaaeutiallv  oocmiiary 
Ui  I'-nif  ancuii<T.  Hnt  liiey  I'HJ  a<f*njiii«d  th« 
jK  VI J  of  iradM^ent  lo  bM  iheti  iwrie.  This 
i»w»  ii.ni  nlm'  tij'  CuiijjreitH  0-ily  a  (iy  iMHitha  bn 


Ilia  lit i<itn\rffr^in  hy  •hii'l. 


'bar  e.^  .»«•• 


4ll  iilber  trade  hut  thai  Ir-.m  vNiinl 
Nrlly   o\<l   df-il   tlii-iii<el«i'«  :  wind 
1.  wi'ie  fitrlhirdiivoird  l»  iKint** 
'  1'  •  .  llali  (10  llicir  own  .-oaata."* 
I  i.i:  ilio  iiiii'  Niilr,  Hiiil  m'w  4i  ( 
'   I  .  ally  ji>..*ii  birth  ii  anrri'ihii  g 
"i>  iliat  wiin  iiiuiK  iriitall'ig 
'« ii.'i  linil  |iii'rf'li'il. 
•rl'.    ^ii'tvri'tn  iIk  |'iiit>i '  <ti«(a 
.  >■  li1.p  lliB  li'lting  UMi   ff  w». 
.   'il"  r.iiiK  abiVc  w.|p'  ii.>ii|( 
:   j;raitu:iilv   riprt  <!    niln 


I'     Mllllv.        I'.. 

,^  <liM(ta(,  urKi.||  tlit  t 

NK  IkMm.  faUfl  Jluiu- 

1),   AtHr  in  M  iipp(Mit( 

HM  ilMhlOU*! 


I. 
.1 


Mn 


Ull 


CHAPTHR  vrn. 


Oaaaeni. 


-'.«  ia    AniiTi.-;, 


Cranrnrii.itii-  of  Pnrliuiooi.' 

Nil.UUA. 


Kf  uliinir  fr.ihi  itif  p 
:  .i  .il  nftbniiouiaietii;! 


■Ibij' 
.1  111 


Tbi:  yesr  1774  IcrtuEuated  i»i»li  an  expert 
Id  Anc' 
«  redi> 
of  thai 
|odol|;r 
peopi:  •■'  • 
the  da.,?  -. 

ColonK'    ,    "      •■: 

those  \  -  » <■: ' 
tion.  H;iV,')irli 
licy  cf  i'is>"  'I. 

the  means  lU  .■! 

lation  of  many,  ■i.k^ii 

tbo  late  acta  of  parliament.    Their  number  daily 

tarf  ""^    and  in  the  lame  propoiiion  that  Great 


•!■; 


■lit!'.-! 


fact  p«.«»<-(',  t'tRt tb:._i  i»hu!tW  hi;'  <■  HO  forelfu 
Irtxle    I.   •  II..  ."«.!«<>  *?<ih  or.  therruwn  cii.isls. 

'file  iJn::*'  :•  M.  '.".,.**.;»  il  ""il  Mitet-^hti  acu, 
impelle.i  il;-.  ci.*  ..  ..«•,  i«  believ. ,  ihai  wMI"  tli.- 
Witlier  r.uiiS.oy  relaiiioH  any  tmllmrify  ovc.  An  *., 
that  autfiurity  woobi,  in  aome  ihape  oi'  other,  hi? 
•xected  »o  "»  to  ^iiicwer  all  the  purpiaeea  of  a  pow- 
er In  lax.  While  oitii  Ui'niu  ■wrutched  that 
|K>iiian  of  (-ijiitrrtlinj  i>ii(ir?iiuoy  •Sich  the  colo- 
nivtr  wi re diapuaci  t.i  ;illo»'  htir  <<■  such  nn  fxicni 
M  w><F«i-ed   Of>pr' isi.ii  tK{biitty  {;ci<'v..iit  will)  that 

•whith  »l>"f,v  rtouij  nol,  »ll(»w.  hf  w.'(y  ..  ..^  |a»i 
optJiid^  lor  a  total  r.jrinftp<»rwi.  i/f  her  8<iv<stT;i^ 
ty.  Tiae  c«erci*«  meaaiire.  i«ii,|>'<'d  by  ih*  pari'iii 
state,  [•r.,<tuc«U»dispoifttio«  in  'he^roloeiei  lo  eit- 
icod  their  claims :  and  >h..'«<:«<iiMuafloi>i«!'ir  cbnnia 
produced  an  iocirtaaii>|  ti^|Hiai<i'>n  in  (!'  c^i  Uri- 
tninto  coei-Le  them  atttl  m»n.  Tim  Jealoniv  of 
liberty  on  ou*  aide,  end  <5>«  deaire  of  ■  •  'rfroacy  <in 
I  lis  olher,  wcra  r'^Hu«<«%  caitai)  uoJ  ufiferi  -^aiid 
iirced  both  parties,  wi'*)**  if'  rise  in  their  dcmandt, 

.li  till' u-'-i  ,:>•■.■' >■•.:'    '...;.      iii    i..ii.'i 

iii«t  liptuceii  lire.it  li.KiBin  ii'.u!  her  .;:iii(iiiins.  tJiitc 

imi  bii;ii  .«  fhljl  pitoS!e>s<i"ii  from  siuali  lo  grmlcr 

tidiuiiisof  disxiuiion.     Thf!  Itiflin|s  lax  of?.!,  per 

pom  (I  I'll  tea,  roijs<"iV*l«c  Ji^wloiiiuilialiilauts  i'  Hr*- 

ton  lo  ilirow    lif*  cheaia  oi  it  inio  ihc  o, c^ii.  Thi* 

<;.'n»!iic('d  of  iliij.i  i!- !  tirovolicii  ibc  Iliiisli  ri»»li""i<ii'  lo  .'•I  il  np  llii?ir 

IV.  <l  li. -il  ■.'tlci:''   'I  1,1   port,  ii.Ml  to  iH'w  iiiod'''  ili< -I    <iiHier.       .Slali>t.'> 

1,1].!  I.pi  II  tbii  n-so-  so-ii>"0'i!i!'l!ilioiial  ..iitl  alartimn,  rxnht't]  a  roiiiio- 

'  nation  -ri  twelve  of  iliC'  tol'.nicH,  to  slop  all  trade 
with  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  and  the  West  Indies. 
Their  combination  gave  birth  to  the  restraining 


ton 

iliat  a  fott'  inoiitl.4  woii<(!  bri'.i;  l):em 
I'lcir  frwvnvm.     I'l.ii  t'le  si.;!,  liiiliqr 

.       i|v  .ritiillithbJ.        'llM.  I'OikLIII..  il.'ii 

.   -.   '.    ,   ill  ar    expectation   that  the 

.i(-j.ii.    I.,  .11  4  f.'.ooaideri'ion  of' 

•■>i  *,  ArKiilifi-  «f  1\  war    with    ibnir 

rti  .l'ii.i«  "Wiisiiis.   iiavi)  prefericil 

^■;.-   -  ■   im;*i.<'  aiid   reco.icilia- 


trieiipi>rai. 


wne  iniKi 
Ihey   In"!    ", 
four  of  Hi«.n 
by  l..'.i-  •■■ 
K...')    .'■' 
ini  il..    ■  ' 
I'luin  ih'' 
i»r  opiM ,  .» 

The  hr 
and  her    . 
tmii.     Kiif 
ei'  iiiio  Ml  -I 
iM-mll,   .1. 
ll>ijit<}i  unit  lei  .|*n 
tti^y  of  bonceanlnn 
mtacolioelTcd  distill 

lion.  UlNtteidedrlaBMBmhlffiiStfiil  right*. 
OndiT  'he  Infliii  nee  of  wladoiu  i«l«l  liunillily.  .  .iaij 
hvyii  berti  eaaily  co(liprr><-tl»Ml,  impererpii'  '\  >i 
dened  iiiio  un  iriecourile.lti.  .leach.  Hauf,)  a 
length  tivik  thn  fil.ice  uf  kind  .iireclloiia,  nml  ilto 
eabmillea  of  war  were  aubatlluiod,  in  lieu  of  .>mi 
benellia  uf  rimnterre'. 

From  the  ye»r  176>*,  in  which  n  mililary  Tortu 
111. I  iioen  ' 'aiid'.'jil  in  Ito/itnn,  there  waa  n«.ii'.l.iiil 
m'l c-a^KM  of  Inmhing  words,  loolia  luiU  fjeiiuie*. 
The  inlwbit.Miis  .lere  Mntperaied  n^^iiwl  C-  inl- 
ill  r,,  ai'.i  ihr>  .i|;ainBt  ihn  inhabiianta.  'D  e  fnr- 
niir  I.I'  1 1  '.I  on  Ihe  lallrr  as  tbo  inntrunHinit  of 
lyriMiy.  i  ..1  the  latter  on  tbe  former  a«  aeilninua 
rlo'niH.  <o  fraudulent  smugglers,  [n  this  iniii' 
Ilir  »t.  i«  f»e«yilriftdeDt,  however  lriflii»|,  n '...'•  a 
■.(••••iliii  r-'-.^nw',:-  T^j^ilit.riiK  nlniuJii'ii.l.'ii 
1     -  '•       '    -vWtJ    foi-e,   ill    vtllfiSf. 

■■  1      •olJieni,  •4>ti  ihe   o'lu-t 

♦jfcii.  .11-  ••;.••  ( v- !>••"(>  e«  in  the  ItiWtit  of  eue- 
p.l«*i  »(H|  •raix^.'.d  to  riJIarlca  (■■:»n  WttMtl  i;il(t 
•Voni  iithotif.  'n  pf»|>..rtii)n  r.i  liii"  hre  irh  'iv- 
i*i'<'ti  tireai  Hiilaio  iiiKl  her  eolotiiea  wi»ii'i..il, 
Ihe  diairunl  and  auiiucaUy  brtween  Ihe  people  .)• .{ 
llic  army  luerenaed.  From  ilie  latlerendof  177)., 
hoatil*  appe»raoce«  liaily  ihreBtmed  that  the  lianii'i 
nf  Will  would  be  ltiiidle(j  froiri  ihe  culliaion  at  aiieh 
iiiRanimable  Inaleriala.  Whalaoever  waa  dooii 
by  eiilier  party  by  way  of  preeaittioo,  Inr^t^  pin  • 
poaea  iif  aelf  ucfentte,  was  roiiiimod  by  the  orb  n 
as  iireparatory  ii  an  intended  attack.  Kaeb  m  . 
elauiiud  all  InK^otioixi  of  entrnnencing  h(i.iwi>iii>'« 
but  rrriprocjiily  manifest,  d^ii'^pieion  of  lb«<.' I  ■•■,  * 
aiovortty.  Aa  far  iis  wa.a  {unclie^ble  wtujjsti.  .>n 
<»pcnrupnire,  the  plane  of  the  one  wer*  rtspi  i. 
tirely  ihwiirted  ty  ihe  other.  From  ererv  •■\t- 
jiearance  il  beitame  daily  mot*  evident  that  "o  a 
iiiot  iiltliiiately  decide  tne  rotiteai.  To  -rtifli  r  tin 
ai-'iiv  that  »aa  anon  expecled  tn  h«  ;tn  <>n ms. 
(|uiefl"  to  fortify  theniseWea,  when  ttieiiihabii.ii.ii 
were  K"th  able  ami  willing  to  out  them  oflf  apfieiir* 
ed  Ui  some  warm  apirlla  ihe  hf^ight  tif  folly.  Km 
the  priKi-.fiee  and  iiioileriitioii  ofotherH  nml  e^. 
pociilly  the  ..ifvirr  am!  eronmienda(ii)u  of  <  ot - 
(;rr«»,  r'.«tr»iiied  their  imiiolnoKify,  ||  waa  a  lor- 
liinate  eirtinmstaiiei!  for  ^he  rrrtonies  that  the  royal 
aitiiy  ««  ponfrl  at  New  Fiigbintl.  The  |)eopl« 
of  that  iMHtiieri.  loiinrrv  liav'>  ilieir  paaaiona  niore 
tinder  thu  comiViniid  of  ri"n'>on  and  iuter»*l,  tban 
thoi'e  ij  the.  aontheiir  lai.tuilt  3,  «  here  a  wanner 
mtn  tririh'!!  a  prealer  degree  of  irascibility,  fine 
rahh  ijll'eiwiii'  action  atraitial  the  myal  foiee.s  at 
this  early  (icriiiil.  thouijli  aiicccSHl'iil.  niiitlit  liaf.i 
done  g«ea*  wiiscbief  to  tL,:  cauae  o(  Ameriea.  It 
woiild  have  lost  tlieni  Etiroj..  an  friends,  and  weak 
cned  tlie  diapuaition  of  tiie  other  roloniea  loniiKi  t 
lliem.  'I'hf  pain  111  and  the  politi:  Net*  Knjjlainl 
oieii.  fully  'eiisilili-  nf  their  !.it"'iiiei,,  «iihiiii<'ied  to 
many  itisult",  and  biidleil  ibeir  rewnfioi-ntii.  In 
civil  wars  or  revuliitioim  it  v»  a  tnucer  .if  niiieh 
con3t'(|uence  who  t'riUea  flie  fift  Uow.  Tbli 
eiiMipasdion  oft'ie  'Vorld  tsirt  fsvoiir  of  ij.e  iOti  e". 
cil,  and  llie  dinploasiiie  i  fe-md  men  i.o.lm'se  v.n.j 
'.  e  the  fir"?  to  iniliiiic  iti'ir  hattii  n  l.mr.a'.  Mi!i„) 
I  or  the  space,  of  nine  ioiiii,)i.i  al'iei  ihe  arvivii'  o; 
GetiPiiil  (.'lue.  ilic  ■.■•bivi.iiir  !.;  the  |  .pie  v\ 
llV.Hton  is  particuiai'y  noilliy  of  iniitiitiou,  by  llio3<i 
who  wish  to  overttini  established  governmenls.— 
Thej  eondueled  thehr  oppos'tion  with  eiquUta 


imdr  l>uttbiii  frf.in  %iiiri< 

■  I    'IhI    tllflHWittw  ;    oi^ 

irlliirili'vtiirrl  to  I«iii>flf 
I  on  llirir  owii  cowitt^- 
(ill  oni'  Nlilr,  Hiiil  no*  art 
IJi.tti  birth  |.>  mirrioihii  ^ 
ihiit  wiiH  iiiorr.  irtilatl/iii 
linil  |iinfe.|f(l. 
'"•iwc^n  llli  |H.«.r'  alAM 

•  r  llie  li'iiirifi  will  of  wt' 
I''  niii'ii  t  liiCc  Wip<  )i>ii|t 

([riutunllv   npii  /<!   (,itn 
I-    |]'><lllll(v.       I'l,     .    ,„ 

ui||iil  Ui«  '  • '    I. 
Mm  hoiMi       ,;.,i 

*  »  *n  iiprHMiifr  '..^«  . 
iJjVuStliilrighKi  .,1. 1, 
k>ni  ■tkntliuiiiiliijr. '  ''^fi 
■'iM>>\.  imp^rerptr  '.,  '•  i 
i!ik.  "leich.  lUiii-.i  » 
kind  .'iirKclloiw,  n.,0  .|,<| 
hitllutorl,  In  lieu  ui  .*« 

I  which  B  milil.ifV  ro/«« 
on,  there  waa  iir»,ir.t.irit 
rd«,  looli)  imj  cr^iijieM. 
|)i-r»f«il  n^iijini  i;  ..  tol- 
iiihnliiuntn.  T)  i  for- 
at  liio  In^trunwoik  of 
the  I'urmrr  n*  •nlxiMin 
igRlers.  fn  fhi»  -iiiiv 
owftver  lriflif>|,  n '.I,'  ■  n 
►**?*•'»•'""'  »|'i"^hi'iMl.'il 

."rin»i)  fo ,  III   wlioa.-, 

«i)IJieni,  mt  ih»   uMict 

es  ID  thettikbt  oOm,. 

■i>-\f  f  1H1   whhiti    niirf 

!»)»  r.i  ijii"   )n>i>.|cli  („.. 

h«r   c'llohiM  mitliriirj, 

briwudi  the  p«(i)ilp  3".<i 

a  ilm  latter  «rir( of  1771, 

Toatiiip.ltliiittlif  liiiiii.'* 

in  tli«  collUlon  msiKli 

.Vhalaoewr   imii    ijcti., 

jreraiifioii,  Inr^jb,-  |mi . 

poimmeJ  bv  tli«  <irll  ■!, 

'    '  MXitek, '  Kaeh  ui.. 

iknmi>nein{(  Hostiliiir^, 

'i^pieionof  ili«f,t|.^  « 

nittieiible  wH.;eti,  .m 

:he  one  wtrt.  rtmti  v- 

From  eitin  :i\>- 

i)r»  Rvideni  ihnt'urn  « 

iti-^l,     Ti»  iittflnr  an 

l^'!  to  he  ;<ri  <>/i.iin. 

when  ilie  inhkbii.m't^ 

cut  ihem  tiff  ap^ifitr. 

i^iclitnffnlly.      Hut 

if  othfrH    nnil  ii^. 

iiiirienilatiiiii  of  Coi  - 

-iiv.     1(  Vim  a  lor- 

't(iiii.'-it!iatthcr(._Viil   . 

lilcu.       'J'liP    |«rOplo 

IIiHii  jia»»i<iru  iiioro 

iml   iiiierwit,  tlun 

1,   "hrip  A  wanner 

ol  irasc'ibiiity.     (hie 

tlie  nijat   (ntcfn  m 

:cc$Nl'ul,   niinilii  liaii) 

iinr-  4>(  Amrrion.     Ii 

II)  IVien'l'.  ami  wiMk 

tiT  coloniut  toBSHi-t 

lollti".  New  Knghiiiil 

■iiioi,  jsiihuiirteil  to 

rriitifjui-ntii.     In  - 

0  iniufer  liC  inii<:h 
(ir^t    U,.«,     'J'ht, 

iVdiir  of  <},<•  lift;  I-'." 

1  iiipfi  c.i/  liw>»c  \!Ho 
'•<  11  l;iii|i»'i  Mi!i«l 
On  ;l-.e  luvirn'  ni 
'-■   the   I     i|,l,-  ,.; 

I  iiiiiliitiuu,  by  i]io3<i 
ed  governments.— 
ion  with  esquUt* 


;i 

H 

1 

fri 

(^ 

0 

■>! 

t) 

f-J 

>i 

b 

:ii 

-1 

el 

0 
r-4 

1 

■? 

h 

r^ 

t^ 

• 

f^ 

'? 

1 

j! 

^ 

?) 

g 

^ 

fl- 

t> 

ffORTII    AMKKICA. 


V%(r-- 


^ 


mlinm.  Tli^y  kvuIiIuiI  cvciy  kind  of  OMtrKgii 
■ml  violcni'C,  iirwinrvril  |H*iii'n  Hnil  k<>"<I  oriirr 
MD^iiK  llieiiiMiltii'K,  Diirnpiwriilly  riiniii|Hil  Ilia  ndiri 
cukiiiiiiu  In  iiiiikn  n  riiiiiiiioii  K.\u»n  Willi  llipin,  Hiiil 
I'liiliilrMvKiil  (ii'iii-riil  (i'ltin  mo  I'iri'i'liiiilly  ii^  In 
|irt'viiiil  III*  ilciliiu  iiiiY  iliiiiK  I'lir  lii<  royal  iiiiiHipr, 
wliili^  l)y  |tiiliiMii:«  mill  iiioili'riilloii  tlii'y  mri'i'iiril 
lIlioiiMilliri  I'roiil  <'i<ii«tiri'.  'I'IioiikIi  ri'milviMl  In 
lit'iir  im  loiix  iM  |iriiil«iir<>  iiiiil  iiolivy  ilictait'il,  ihry 
wi'ro  nil  llic  liiiio  iiri'|uiiiiiK  lor  tli«  liiil  ('ulruiiiily. 
'I'Id'V  wi'rit  I'liriimliiiiM  iIipiihi'Ivc*  wIiIi  iiriim  iiiiil 
aiiiiiiuiillioii,  iiiiil  IraliiliiK  llii'ir  iiilliliii. 

I'riivlKioiiH  wvri!  iiImi  collurlril  iiiiil  alornil  in 
ilill'nruiil  |iliicfi«,  |mrlioiilaily  at  (Joiicoril,  iiImiiiI 
Iwi'iily  iiiiliiit  IVuiii  lloKlon.  lli-iHiriil  lUn»,  iIioiikIi 
Kvuluiiit  I'ur  hi*  royal  iiiaKli-r'it  Intentm,  illM-overeil 
n  |ir«vailliiK  di'itlrti  o(  a  iiiniuoalile  nccomnioiliitlim. 
lie  wlitlietl  lo  |iri!vriil  lm»tiliii<>ii  by  iletirtvInK  the 
inlinliltiuilii  of  llie  ineuii*  iincvHiiary  for  ciirryinK 
llicin  on.  Willi  tliin  viiiw  lie  (IvtnrmlnRil  lo  ile»- 
iruy  lli«  Dloreii  wliivli  lio  knew  w«rii  collncteil  fur 
ihu  •upiMirt  of  u  iirovliicinl  army.  Wiitliing  to  lo- 
coiii|ili»li  llii*  willioul  hlooilalietl,  lie  took  every 
prvuaulion  lo  elfvul  ll  bv  ■iirprinc,  nnil  wliliuul 
■luriitinK  ihe  couiilry.  A I  cloven  o'clock  nt  ni^lit, 
April  llStli,  1775,  HW  grennilier.4  and  liEliI  Inlun- 
try,  ibe  (lower  uf  iba  niyul  nrniy,  eniharked  al  ihe 
C'uiiiinon,  Inndod  at  I'bipp'ii  liiriii,  nnil  iiinrcbed  for 
Concoril,  under  llie  coniiniind  of  Lieutenant  (.'o- 
lonel  Sniilil.  Nuilbcr  llio  iiecrecy  wiib  wliicli  ibii 
ex|iedilion  wa*  planned,  ihe  privacy  with  which  ihu 
lroo|M  inarched  out,  nor  an  order  that  no  one  in- 
liibiliiiil  ahould  leave  lionton,  were  HUtllcient  to 
prevent  intelliKencc  from  being  Kent  to  the  coun- 
try niililia,  uf  what  wait  going  forward.  About 
Iwii  ill  ibe  morning  I'M)  ui'  Ihe  Lexington  niililia 
had  asieinblud  lo  oppoito  them,  but  inlelligciicf 
reH|4-cling  the  regiilarii  being  uncertain,  they  were 
diMiiiiKHcd,  with  orilem  lu  appear  again  at  beat  of 
drum.  They  collected  a  second  time,  to  ihe  num- 
ber of  70,  between  four  and  live  o'clock  in  the 
morning,  of  the  I'.hli,  and  the  Itritinh  regulais 
Hoon al\er  ma'>  ihe<r  appearance.  Major  I'ilcairu, 
who  led  the  advanced  cor|M,  rude  up  them  and 
called  out :  "  Dl.spcrae,  you  rebeU;  throw  down 
your  ariiu  uiid  ditipetNc."  They  atill  continued 
in  n  bi>'*y  ;  on  which  he  advanced  nearer,  dis- 
charged bin  piNtuI,  and  ordered  his  xoldiemlo  lire. 
Thin  wan  done  with  a  huz/.».  A  dinperitiun  of  the 
militia  wan  the  cuimeiiui'iico  ;  but  the  firing  of  Ihe 
regulars  W3»  iicverlheluss  cuntinucd.  Individuals 
finding  they  were  lired  upon,  though  dis|)ersiiig, 
returned  the  fire.  Tliiee  or  four  uf  the  militia 
were  killed  on  the  green.  A  few  more  were  shot 
after  the'-  had  begun  to  di.H|)eiae.  The  royal  d«- 
tachiiieiii  pioceeded  lu  Concurd,  and  executed 
their  commission.  They  disabled  Iw4t  21  |iounder», 
threw  .OUOlb  of  ball  into  wells,  and  slaved  about 
•ixty  barrels  of  flour.  Mr.  John  Uutterick,  of 
Concord,  major  of  a  minute  regiment,  not  know- 
ing what  had  passed  al  Lexington,  ordered  his  men 
not  lo  give  Ihe  first  fire,  thai-  they  niighl  not  be 
Ihe  aggressors.  U|Hin  his  approaching  near  Ihe 
regulars,  ihey  fired,  and  killed  Captain  Isaac  Ua- 
vis,  and  one  private  of  the  provincial  minute  men. 
The  'fire  was  returned,  and  n  skirmish  ensued, 
•^hc  king's  Iroops  having  done  their  business,  be- 
gan their  retreat  towards  Boston.  This  was  con- 
!luc;ed  with  expedition,  foi  the  adjacent  inhabi- 
tants had  asstmblcd  in  arms,  and  began  lo  attack 
them  in  every  direction.  In  their  return  lo  Lex- 
ington they  were  exceedingly  annoyed,  both  by 
those  hIio  pressed  on  their  rear,  and  others  who 
pouring  in  from  all  sides,  filed  from  behind  stone 
walls  and  such  like  coverts,  which  supplied  the 
place  of  lines  and  redoubts.  At  Lexington  the  regu- 
lars were  joined  by  a  detachment  of'JOO  men,  under 
lord  Piercy,  which  had  been  sent  out  by  General 
Gage  lo  support  Lieutenant  Colonel  Smith.  This 
reinforcement  having  two  pieces  of  cannon,  awed 
Ihe  provincials,  and  kept  them  at  a  greater  distance  : 
but  they  continued  a  constant,  though  irregular 
and  scattering  fire,  which  did  great  execution. 
1'he  close  firing  from  behind  the  walls  by  good 
marksmen,  pit  the  regular  troops  into  no  small 
eon;'usioD :  but  they  nevertheless  kept  up  a  brisk 


retreating  fire  nn  the  milliin  and  minute  men.  A 
lillle  after  sunset  the  regulars  reached  Hunker's- 
hill,  worn  down  with  excessive  laligue,  having 
marched  that  ilay  between  llilrly  and  forty  nillea. 
( III  Ibe  next  day  they  crossed  the  Cbarleslown  Icrry, 
and  rrluriinl  to  Itustiin. 

There  never  were  more  than  'MM)  provincials  en- 
gaged at  one  lime,  and  nfien  not  so  many.  As 
some  lired  and  gave  out,  others  ciime  np  and  look 
their  places.  There  was  scarcely  any  discipline 
observed  among  Iheiii.  Ulllcers  and  privates  lired 
when  Ihey  were  ready,  or  saw  a  royal  iiiiiforin, 
willioul  wailing  for  the  word  of  cumiiiand.  Their 
knowledge  of  the  couiilry  enabled  ihem  to  gain 
op|M)rluiiitle«  by  crossing  fiebis  anil  fences,  and  lu 
act  as  Hanking  parlies  against  the  king'*  truo|M, 
who  kept  In  the  main  mad. 

The  reguinn  hail  sixty-five  killed,  one  hundred' 
and  eighty  wounded,  and  twenty-eight  made  pris- 
oners. Of  Ihe  provincials  fifiy  were  killed,  and 
thirty-eight  wounded  and  missing. 

As  arms  were  to  decide  the  cunlrovorsy.  It  was 
fortunate  for  the  Americans  that  the  first  bbiod 
was  drawn  In  Now  Kngland.  The  liihabitanis  of 
that  country  are  so  connecleil  with  each  other  by 
descent,  manners,  religion,  politics,  and  n  general 
equality,  that  Ihe  killing  of  »  single  individual  In- 
terested ihe  whole,  and  madn  them  consider  It  as 
n  common  cause.  The  blood  of  those  who  were 
killed  at  Ijexinglnn  and  (>'uncor<l  proved  the  firm 
cement  of  an  extensive  union. 

To  jirevent  the  |ieople  within  Uoston  froni  co< 
o|iemting  with  their  countrymen  without,  in  case 
of  an  assault,  which  was  now  daily  experteil,  lie- 
nenil  Gage  agreed  with  u  cniiimitlee  of  the  town, 
that  upon  the  inhabitants  lodging  Iheir  arms  in 
Faneuil-hall,  or  any  other  convenient  place,  under 
the  care  of  Ihe  selectmen,  all  such  inhabitants  ns 
were  inclined,  might  depart  from  the  town,  with 
their  families  and  olfects.  In  five  days  alter  the 
ralillcaliim  of  this  agreement,  the  inhabitants 
lodged  177S  niusquets,  U:M  pistols,  373  bayonets 
and  38  blunderbusses.  The  agreement  was  well 
observed  in  Ihe  beginning ;  but  after  a  short  time 
obstructions  were  thrown  in  the  way  of  its  final 
completion,  on  the  plea  that  persons  who  went 
from  lioston  to  bring  in  the  goods  of  those  wh  • 
chose  to  continiiH  wilhin  the  town,  were  not  pro 
perly  treated.  Congress  reiiionslrated  on  the  in- 
fraction of  the  agreement,  but  without  efl°ect.  The 
gciicral  on  a  farther  consideration  of  these  conse- 
quences of  moving  the  whigs  out  of  Uoston,  evaded 
it  in  a  manner  not  consistent  with  good  faith.  He 
was  in  some  measure  compelled  lo  adopt  this  dis- 
honourable measure,  from  the  clainourof  the  lories, 
who  alleged  that  none  but  enemies  to  the  British 
government  were  disposed  to  remove,  and  that 
when  they  were  a'l  safe  with  their  families  and  ef- 
fects the  town  would  be  sol  set  on  fire.  To  prevent 
the  provincials  from  obtaining  supplies  which  they 
much  wanted,  a  quibble  was  made  nn  the  meaning 
of  the  word  effects  which  was  construed  by  the 
general  as  not  including  merchandise.  By  this 
construction,  unwarranted  by  every  nile  of  genuine 
interpretation,  many  who  quilled  the  town  were  de- 
prived of  their  usual  resources  for  support.  Pass- 
ports were  not  universally  refused,  but  were  given 
out  very  slowly  :  and  the  bi'.siness  was  so  con- 
ducted that  families  were  divided;  wives  were 
separated  from  their  husbands  ;  children  from  their 
patent ;  and  the  aged  and  infinn  from  their  rela- 
tions and  friends.  The  general  dicovered  a  dis- 
inclination to  part  with  the  women  and  children, 
thinking  that,  on  their  account,  the  provincials 
would  be  restrained  from  making  an  assault  on  the 
town.  The  selectmen  gave  repeated  assurances 
that  the  inhabitants  had  delivered  up  their  arms ; 
but,  as  a  cover  for  violating  the  agreement,  Gene- 
ral Gage  issued  a  proclamation,  in  which  he  as- 
serted that  he  had  a  full  proof  lo  the  contrary.  A 
few  might  have  secreted  some  favourite  arms ; 
but  nearly  all  the  training  arms  were  delivered  up. 
On  this  flimsy  pretence  the  general  sacriflced  his 
honour  to  |K)licy  and  the  clamours  of  the  lories. 
Contrary  to  good  faith,  he  detained  many,  though 
fairly  entitled  by  agreement  to  go  out :  and  when 


he  wlmllltd  lh«  depertuni  of  niheri,  ho  wnuM  MM 
■lluw  them  to  remove  iheir  familka  ami  elfceta. 

The  provincial  congress  af  Maaaaehnseds,  wbVgk 
WHS  in  session  at  the  lime  of  the  LextnKlun  haul*, 
deiipstclD'il  iin  iiccounl  of  ll  lu  Gieat  Britain,  ae- 
comiiaiiieil  with  many  depositions,  tu  (irove  Ih  4 
the  British  tioo|m  were  ihe  aggressors.  They  aHt 
made  an  address  lo  Ihe  inhalnlanl*  of  Great  llri« 
lain,  in  which,  after  rmnplaining  of  their  suffer* 
ings,  they  say  :  ■•  These  have  nut  yet  ilelached  u* 
from  our  ruy  >•!  sovereign.  We  pruless  tu  be  his  loyal 
and  diitil'iil  auhieeis,  and  llioiigli  hardly  dealt  with, 
as  we  have  been,  are  atill  ready  with  our  lives  anif 
fortunes,  lo  defend  his  iwrson,  crown  and  dignity 
Nevertheless,  to  Ihe  persecution  and  lyninny  of 
his  evil  niiniairy,  we  will  not  lamely  aubniit.  Ap- 
pealing In  heaven  for  the  justice  of  our  cause,  wt 
determine  to  die  or  be  free."  From  the  e<  m- 
mencemcni  of  hostilities,  Ihe  dispute  between 
Gr'iat  Britain  and  the  colonies  took  a  new  direction. 

Intelligenrethat  llie  British  lroo|Nihad  marchrsi 
out  uf  Boston  Into  the  ruuntry  on  some  bustile 
purpose,  being  fnrwariled  by  expresses  from  one 
coiimiiiiee  lu  annther,  great  bodies  of  the  niililia, 
not  only  from  MHssachiisetIs,  but  ihe  ailjaeent  co- 
lonies, grasped  their  arms  and  marched  tu  oppuse 
them.  The  colonies  were  in  such  a  state  uf  irri- 
tability, thai  Ihe  least  shock  in  any  (mil  was,  by  « 
powerful  and  sympathetic  allection,  inslanlaneoua- 
ly  fell  IlirouKlioiit  the  whole.  The  Aniericanswlio 
lell  were  revered  by  their  countrymen,  as  ninrtyr* 
who  had  died  in  the  cause  of  liberty,  liesentmenl 
against  llie  British  burned  more  atrongly  than  ever. 
.Martial  rage  took  posaessionofthe  breasts  of  thou- 
sands.  Combinations  were  formed,  and  associa* 
lions  subscribed,  binding  the  inhabitants  to  on* 
another  by  the  sacred  lies  of  honour,  religion,  and 
love  of  country,  lo  do  whatever  their  public  bmliaa 
liiricted  for  the  preservation  of  iheir  lihertiM. 
Hitherto  the  Americans  had  no  regular  army. 
Frnrn  principles  ofptdicy  ihey  cnnlioiisly  avoided 
that  moRsnre,  lest  they  miKht  subject  themselves  to 
•  be  charge  of  being  aggressors.  All  Iheir  military 
I  laiions  were  carried  nn  by  their  militia,  anil 
umftr  the  old  established  laws  of  Ihe  land.  Koi 
■  ho  defence  uf  the  colonies,  the  inhabitants  had 
been,  from  their  early  years,  enrolled  in  companiea, 
and  taught  the  use  of  arms.  The  laws  for  ihit 
puriMise  had  never  been  belter  observed  than  foi 
some  nionths  previous  lo  Ihe  Lexington  battle. 
These  military  arrangements,  which  had  beep 
previously  adopted  for  defending  the  colonics  from 
hostile  French  and  Indians,  were  on  this  occasixe 
turned  acaiiist  Ihe  troops  of  the  parent  sl>tii 
Forts,  magazines,  and  arsenals,  by  Ihe  conslitii 
tiim  of  Ihe  country,  were  in  Ihe  keeping  of  hie 
majesty.  Immediately  nfier  Ihe  Lexington  battle, 
these  were  for  the  most  part  taken  possession  of 
Ihruiighout  the  colonies,  by  parlies  of  the  pro- 
vincial militia.  Ticonderoga,  in  which  was  a  smal' 
royal  garrison,  was  surprised  and  lakin  by  adven 
tiirerii  from  ditferenl  slates.  Public  money  which 
had  been  collected  in  consequence  of  previoua 
grants,  was  also  seized  for  common  services.  Be- 
fore the  commmenceineni  of  hostilities,  these  mea- 
sures would  have  been  condemned  by  the  moderate 
even  among  the  Americans:  but  that  event  justi- 
fied a  bolder  line  ofopposilion  than  had  been  adopt- 
ed. Sundry  citizens  having  been  pnl  to  death  by 
British  Iroops,  self  preservation  dictated  measures 
which.if  adopted  under  other  circnmstances,  would 
have  disunited  the  colonists.  One  of  the  most  im- 
portant of  this  kind  was  the  raising  an  nrmy .  Meu 
of  warm  tempers  whose  courage  exceeded  theii 
prudence,  bad  for  months  urged  the  necessity  of 
raising  troops ;  but  they  were  restrained  by  iha  ' 
more  moderate,  who  wished  that  Ihe  colonies 
might  avoid  extremities,  or  at  least  ihat  lliey 
might  not  lead  in  bringing  them  on.  The  provin. 
cial  congress  of  Massachusetts  being  in  session  ai 
the  time  the  battle  of  Lexington  was  fought,  vnte« 
that  "  an  army  of  30,000  men  be  immediately 
raised:  that  13,600  be  of  their  own  province, 
and  that  a  letter  and  delegate  be  sent  to  the  aeve 
ral  colonies  of  New  Hampshire,  Connecticut  and 
Rhode  Island."    in  consequence  of  thia  vole,  tin 


THE    IMSTORV    or 


I 


biuiMM  of  of  Neriillini  wu  bi>||uii  i  •»>i  in  h  •linn 
tine  n  pnivlalvual  irniy  »»»  |wrMtl<iil  in  llie  »icl- 
nily  oriliNiinii,  wIih'j,  lliougli  larbaluw  whul  liml 
hrcii  vulml  by  (he  p.oviiitiiil  coniireu,  wh>  iiiiiuIi 
■U|irriiir  In  iiiiiiibcra  u  llieriiyitl  urniy.  'I'll*  com- 
III  mil  III'  iliia  luri'S  was  givnn  In  (ieiirril  Wuril. 

Hull  Ilia  liriiidi  lruo|»)  ruiillncil  llieiimelvi'*  lo 
iliiMliin,  M  bclitro  (lie  IMlli  iil'  April,  thn  iiaieiiililhi^ 
mi  Aiiivric»niiriny,  tliuuKliiiiily  lurilm  |iiir|Hiiie  ul 
obaiTV  iliciii  iiikI  ilnlvncv,  wiiiiltl  liiive  umifureil  In 
llir  iiiiturn  ul'  ■  cliiillrii|;« ;  uiiil  wniilil  have  iiiaile 
many  li'<i<i  wiljin|^  lu  iiiiiiiort  the  iirii|ile  of  iMiiimu- 
rliii>«ili  i  but  allcr  the  MillUh  hail  i-nnininiiril 
ho<iiilitj<>ii,  ihv  name  inea»iire  wa*  ailo|iiril  wiiliciul 
tuliji-(llni{  the  uulhura  iil  It  to  miniirv,  uiiil  mill- 
'till  Kiviiig  ull'ence  ur  huKiirihiig  the  unliin.  'J'he 
Itvxingltin  battle  nol  only  I'uriilalieil  the  Americana 
•fiih  a  jumil'ying  n|iulo|iy  fur  riilaing  nn  army,  but 
iu|iired  Ihtim  with  itiaua  uf  their  uwn  pruweia. 
Aiiiiilit  the  moat  aniniiiteil  ilpcliiraliona  uf  aacri- 
Aciiig  furtune,  and  riaking  life  llielf  fui  the  aenii- 
rity  uf  American  righia,  u  lecret  aigh  would  fre- 
quunlly  eiicu|ie  fruin  the  bieaataof  her  moat  deter- 
mined friend*,  fur  frnr  that  they  cuiild  nut  atund 
befure  the  bravery  and  di8cl|iliiie  uf  Itritiali  truupa. 
liuary  aagea  wuuld  ahnke  their  heada,  and  aay  ; 
"  Vitur  cuuae  ia  goud,  and  I  wiah  you  aucceaa : 
but  1  fear  that  vuurundiacipliiied  valuur  muat  be 
oven  uine,  in  the  unequal  cunteat.  After  a  few 
Uiuuaanda  uf  you  have  fallen,  the  provincea  muat 
ulliiiialvly  buw  to  that  |iuw«r  which  h.ia  au  repeat- 
idly  h'i'iiblcd  France  niid  .Spain."  Su  cuiifidvnl 
aeretlio  Uritiah  of  their  au|i«riurity  in  uiina,  that 
ihey  at.Jined  deairoua  that  the  contest  might  be 
brought  lo  a  inilitnry  deciaion.  i^uine  of  the  dia- 
''iiguiahcd  aiieakera  in  parliament  had  publicly  aa- 
ierml  thai  the  nativea  of  Ainericu  had  nothing  of 
die  auldi«r  in  them,  and  ihat  they  were  in  iiu  ro- 
■pcct  qualifled  to  face  a  Uriliah  army.  European 
rihilosiophera  had  published  theoriea,  aelling  forth 
thai  not  only  vegelablea  and  liraata,  but  that  even 
men  legeiieraled  in  the  weatctn  hemiaphere.  Ue- 

fiartiiig  from  the  apirit  of  true  philosophy,  the^  ovcr- 
ooked  the  alate  of  aociety  in  the  new  worfd,  and 
charged  a  cuin|wrative  inferiority,  on  every  pro- 
duction thai  waa  American.  The  colonists  thein- 
■elves  had  imbibed  opinions  from  their  forefathers, 
Ihal  no  people  un  earth  were  equal  lo  thuse  with 
whom  they  were  about  lu  contend.  Impressed 
with  high  ideas  of  Urilish  su|H.-riut;tv,  and  dilhdent 
of  theinselvea,  their  best-informed  citizens,  though 
willing  lo  run  all  risks,  feared  the  consequence  of 
nn  ap|)eal  to  anna.  The  success  that  attended 
llieir  first  military  enlerprize,  in  some  degree  ban- 
ished theae  auggealiona.  Perhaps  in  no  subse 
queni  battle  did  the  Americans  ap|iear  to  greater 
advantage  than  in  their  first  essay  at  Lexington. 
It  is  alinuat  without  parallel  in  military  history, 
for  the  yeomanry  uf  ii  country  lo  come  forward 
in  a  single  disjointed  manner,  without  order,  and 
for  the  most  part  witliout  officers,  and  by  an  irre- 
gular fire,  lo  put  to  flight  troops  equal  in  discipline 
tu  any  in  the  world.  In  opposition  to  the  bold  as- 
■enionsofaome,  and  ihedesponding  fears  of  others, 
•X|ierience  proved  tliat  Americans  might  effectually 
resist  Uritish  troops.  The  diffulent  grew  bold  in 
their  country's  cause,  and  indulged  in  cheerful 
hopes  that  heaven  would  finally  cruwn  their  la- 
bours with  success. 

Soon  afior  the  Lexington  battle,  and  in  conse- 
quence of  llial  event,  nut  only  the  arms,  ammuni- 
tion forts  and  fortincations  in  the  colonies  were 
secured  for  the  use  of  tlie  provincials :  but  regu- 
lar forces  were  raised,  and  money  struck  for  their 
inp|iort.  These  military  arrangements  were  not 
confined  to  New  England,  but  were  general 
throughout  the  colonies.  The  deteimination  of 
the  king  and  |>arliament  to  enforce  submission  to 
their  acts,  and  the  news  of  the  Lexington  battle, 
came  to  llie  distant  provinces  nearly  about  the 
■ame  time.  It  was  supposed  by  many  that  the 
latter  was  in  consequence  of  tlic  former,  and  that 
General  Uage  had  recent  ordeis  (o  proceed  imme- 
diately 10  subdue  the  refractory  colonies. 

Fmin  a  variety  of  circumstances  the  Americans 
bad  |uod  reaaon  lo  conclude  that  hostilitiea  would 


•lion  he  carried  on  vigorously  In  Maaanchusntls, 
and  also  lo  apprehend  that,  sooner  ur  later,  I'ui'li 
province  weuld  be  the  lliflatra  of  war.  "  The 
iiiore  speedily  therefore,"  aaiil  ihry,  "we  are  pre- 
pared lor  thai  event,  ihe  belter  chance  we  have 
lor  defending  ourarlvca,"  Previous  lo  this  |H-riiiil, 
or  rather  to  ilin  lOilrAprll,  177<'>,  the  dispute  had 
been  carried  on  by  tlie  |wn,  or  at  most  liy  hmoi'Iu- 
tions  and  legislative  aiis  |  but  from  this  time  fur 
ward  it  was  conducted  by  the  •wiiril.  The  crisis 
waa  arrived  when  the  colonies  had  nn  alteriiative, 
but  cither  to  lubmit  to  the  mercy,  ur  to  resist  the 
|Miwer  of  Ureal  Britain.  An  iiiii'oiiiiiicrahle  Inve 
of  lilierty  could  not  brook  the  idea  of  subiiiis»inn ; 
while  reason,  more  Irnqierate  In  her  ileLisiiins, 
suggested  to  the  |)eeplc  their  insufliciency  lo  make 
elliictiial  op|iosition.  They  were  fully  apprised  of 
the  (lower  uf  Uritain  ;  they  knew  that  her  fleets 
covered  the  ocean,  and  that  her  fing  waved  In  tri- 
umph through  Ihe  four  quarlera  of  ihe  globe  ;  but 
ihe  animated  language  of  the  lime  was,  •'  It  is  bet- 
ter to  die  freemen,  than  to  live  slaves."  Though 
llie  justice  uf  their  cause  and  Ihe  inspiration  of 
liberty  gave.  In  thu  opinion  of  disinterested  judges, 
a  suiieriurity  to  the  writings  of  Americans,  yet  in 
the  falter  mode  of  conducting  their  opposition,  the 
candid  among  theinaelvea  acknowledged  an  infe- 
riority. Their  form  of  governmeul  wai  deficient 
in  thai  decision,  despatch  and  coercion,  which  are 
necesaary  lo  military  o|)eration8. 

Europeans,  from  llii'ir  being  generally  unac- 
quainted with  fire  arms,  are  Icm  easily  taught  the 
use  of  them  than  Americans,  who  are  from  their 
youth  familiar  with  these  instruments  uf  war;  yet 
un  other  nccnunta  they  are  more  susceptible  uf 
military  habits.  The  propoition  of  necessilious 
men  in  the  new  world  is  ainall  compared  with  that 
in  ihe  old. 

To  [irocure  subsistence  is  a  powerful  motive  with 
an  Euro|iean  to  enlist;  and  the  pios|)ect  of  losing  it 
makes  him  afraid  to  neglect  his  duty  ;  but  these  in- 
citements lo  the  punctual  discharge  of  military  ser- 
vices, are  wanting  in  America.  In  old  countries  the 
distinction  uf  ranks  and  the  snbmisainn  of  inferiors 
to  superiors,  generally  takes  jdace ;  but  in  the 
new  world,  an  extreme  sense  of^liberty  and  eqiial- 
hy  indisposes  to  that  implicit  obedience  which  is 
Ihe  aoiil  of  an  aiiny.  The  same  causes  which 
nurtured  a  rpirit  of  independence  in  the  colonies 
were  hostile  to  their  military  arrangements.  It 
was  not  only  from  the  difl'erent  stale  of  society  in 
the  two  countries,  but  from  a  variety  of  local  cau- 
ses, Ihal  the  Ameiicans  were  not  able  to  contend 
U\  urma,  on  equal  terms,  with  their  panint  stale. 
From  the  fust  settlement  of  the  liritish  colonies, 
agriculture  and  commerce,  but  especially  the  for- 
mer, had  been  the  favourite  pusuits  of  their  inha- 
bitants. Wnr  was  a  business  abhorrent  from  Iheir 
usual  habits  of  life.  They  had  never  engaged  in 
it  from  Iheir  own  motion,  nor  in  any  other  mode 
than  as  ap|>endages  lo  liritish  troops,  and  under 
British  establishments.  By  these  means  the  mili- 
tary spirit  of  the  colonies  had  had  no  opportunity 
of  expnding  itself.  At  the  commencement  of 
hostilities,  the  British  troops  possessed  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  science  and  discipline  of  war,  which 
could  be  acquired  only  by  a  long  series  of  applica- 
tion, and  substantial  establishments.  Their  equip- 
ments, their  artillery,  and  every  other  part  of  ihcir 
apparatus  for  war  approached  perfection.  To  these 
important  circumstances  was  added  a  high  nation- 
al spirit  of  pride,  which  had  been  greatly  augment- 
ed by  their  successes  in  their  last  contest  with 
France  and  .Spain.  On  the  other  hand  the  Ame- 
ricans were  undisciplined,  without  experienced 
oflicers,  and  without  the  shadow  of  military  eslab- 
lishmenla.  In  the  wars  which  had  been  previous- 
ly carried  on,  in  or  near  the  colonies,  the  provin- 
cials had  been,  by  their  respective  legislatures, 
frequently  added  to  the  British  troops:  but  the 
pride  of  the  latter  would  not  consider  the  former, 
who  were  without  uniformity  of  dress,  or  the  port- 
ncss  of  military  airs,  to  be  their  equals.  The 
provincial  troops  were  therefore  fur  the  most  part, 
assigned  to  services  which,  though  laborious,  were 
not  honourable. 


The  ignnrance  uf  liritish  |eii«raM  eaminsniIlM 
in  the  wiMiila  of  America,  sonietime*  involvM 
tliPin  In  dillii'iiliii'S  Iroiii  whirh  Ihey  l,nd  hann 
mure  than  oiire  lelievnl  by  th '  •iiperior  local 
knowlriliie  uf  ihn  inliiiiial  iriiops.  Thraeserviras 
Hi'ii'  Kiiiin  fiirgiilli'ii  s  and  llir  iiinment  the  troniM 
who  perliirinril  llii'iiiriiiilil  be  spari'illhi'y  were  ills- 
biiiiilrd.  fSueli  like  iilmtiii'lps  had  liilhi'riii  depress- 
ril  miliiiiry  lalriits  in  Aiiicriia  i  hut  they  wer« 
now  oV4'rconie  by  the  ardour  uf  llie  prople, 

In  the  year  l/7<'i,  a  martial  siiirit  pervaded  all 
ranks  uf  iiieii  in  the  coluiiii'4.  They  lielieved  iheil 
lilirrlles  tu  lie  in  ilaiiger,  iiiiil  were  generally  dia- 
iiiisril  lo  risk  their  lives  lor  tlirir  eslnblislimenl. 
riii'ir  ignorance  uf  the  military  art,  prevented 
iheir  weighing  the  chances  of  war  with  that  exact- 
ness of  calculation,  which,  if  indulged,  might  have 
damped  their  ho|ies.  Thev  conceived  that  there 
was  little  more  to  do  than  Aght  manfully  fur  their 
eountiv.  They  consoled  themselves  with  Ihe 
idea,  that  though  their  flrat  attempt  might  be  un- 
■uccesiful,  their  numbers  would  admit  of  a  repe- 
tition of  the  experiment,  till  the  invaders  were 
finally  exlerminaled.  Not  cnnsideriiig,  Ihal  in  mo- 
dern wars  the  longest  purse  decides  ofiener  than 
ihe  hingesi  sword,  they  feared  not  the  wealth  of 
Britain.  They  both  ex|ircted  and  wished  thai 
the  whole  dispute  would  be  speedily  settled  in  a 
few  decisive  engagements.  Elevated  with  ill* 
love  of  liberty,  and  buoyed  above  Ihe  fear  of  con- 
sequences, by  an  ardent  military  enthusiasm,  una- 
bated by  calculations  ahuut  the  extent,  duration,  or 
probable  issue  of  the  war,  the  |ieople  of  America 
seconded  the  voice  of  their  rulers,  in  an  appeal  li< 
heaven  for  the  vindication  of  their  rights.  Al  the 
time  the  colonies  adopted  these  spirited  resohi* 
lions,  they  possessed  not  a  single  ship  of  war,  no' 
■so  mucn  as  an  armed  vessel  of  any  kind-  It  hiu 
often  Deen  suggested  that  their  sea|Mirt  towns  lu; 
at  the  mercy  uf  the  navy  of  Great  Britain ;  ihi* 
was  both  known  and  believed,  but  ilisregarded. 
The  love  of  pro|)er?y  was  absorbed  in  the  love  of 
liberty.  The  animated  votaries  of  the  equal  rights 
of  human  nature,  consoled  themselves  with  the 
idea  Ihat  though  their  whole  sea  coast  should  he 
laid  in  ashes,  ihey  could  retire  to  the  western  wil- 
derness, and  enjoy  tlie  luxury  ot  being  tree ;  on 
this  occasion  It  was  observed  in  Congress,  by  Chria- 
topher  Gadsden,  one  of  the  .South  Carolina  dele- 
gates :  "  Our  houses  being  constructed  of  brick; 
stone,and  wood,  though  destroyed,  maybe  lebuilt, 
but  liberty  nnce  gune  is  lost  liir  ever. 

The  sober  discretiun  uf  the  present  age  will 
more  readily  censure  than  admire,  but  can  more 
easily  admire  ilian  imitate  the  fervid  zeal  of  the 
patriots  of  177i)  and  177<),  who  in  idea  sacrificed 
property  in  the  cause  of  liberty,  with  the  ease  that 
they  now  sacrifice  almost  every  other  considers* 
lion  for  the  acquisition  of  property. 

The  revenues  of  Britain  were  immense ;  and 
her  people  were  habituated  to  the  (layment  uf  large 
sums  in  every  furin  which  contributions  to  govern- 
ment have  assumed.  But  Ihe  American  colonies 
possessed  neither  money  nor  funds ;  nor  were 
their  |)eople  accustomed  to  taxes  equal  to  the  exi- 
gences of  war.  The  contest  having  begun  about 
taxation,  to  have  raised  money  by  taxes  for  carry- 
ing it  on,  would  have  been  impolitic.  The  temper 
of  the  times  precluded  the  necessity  ofattempling 
the  dangerous  expedient ;  forsiieh  was  the  eiiihii- 
siasm  of  the  day,  that  the  colonists  gave  up  both 
their  personal  seiAiices  and  theii  property  to  the 
public,  on  ihe  vague  promises  that  they  should  nt 
a  future  time  be  reimbursed.  Without  inquiring 
in  the  solidity  of  funds,  or  the  precise  period  of 
payment,  the  resources  of  the  country  were  de- 
manded on  general  assurances,  that  all  expenses 
of  the  war  should  ultimately  be  equalized.  The 
parent  stale  abounded  with  experienced  states- 
men and  officers ;  but  the  dependent  form  of  go- 
vernment exercised  in  Ihe  colonies,  precluded 
their  citizens  from  gaining  that  practical  knowl- 
edge which  is  acquired  from  being  at  the  head  of 
public  departments.  There  were  very  few  in  the 
colonies  who  understood  the  business  of  providing 
fur  00  army,  and  still  fewer  who  bad  expericot* 


viiaran  euminamtlM 
«<ini*iim«i  IiooUmI 
'"•li  i»ify  (.nil  haiin 

III  ■  •ii|irriiir  liiruj 
I'r".     'riif«wrvii«i 

Miniiiriil  lliit  iriiniw 
»|inr.'<hlii>y«»fr«i|i». 
111(1  liJl|ii-rliiilr|ir«M' 
ii'ui  hill  tUry  men 

ll'lllfl   |lt'll|llc. 

I  niiiril  |irrvHiUil  nil 
'I'lii-y  lirjjrtril  llirir 
Wfre  KKiirriiljy  di«- 
lirif  rxithljiiliniriic. 
ilnry  iirl,  nri-V(nl«il 
Wiirwiilii(intr»iic|. 
KliilKcit,  niiglit  linve 
niirrivril  ihgi  thnr* 
I  munliilly  fur  iheir 
nnnrlvrii  with  tha 
i-mpt  mixlit  be  iin- 
li)  ndniit  of  II  rrpa- 

iho  inmileni  wera 
l<leriii|t,  ihal  in  mo- 
teicteii  nnencr  tlian 

lint  llm  wealth  of 
I   anil  wialipii   ihai 
w'lliiy  urtilpii  in  i 
■;iemtH    with   lilt 
»e  the  fc»r  ol"  eon- 
y  rnlhuainnin,  una- 
fxtrnt,  (turaiinn.or 
wnpie  nf  Anifhca 
''»,  in  an  appeal  to 
••irriBhta.     At  ilia 
e  apirileil  reaulii- 
le  aliip  o(  war,  no- 
any  kind.     It  |,ni 
"fiilHirl  lowna  lii« 
rrnt  Hrilnin ;  (hi* 

hut  (liiireKnrdej. 
>r|l  in  ilie  loTc  of 
oCllie  pqiial  ri)(>iia 
nmelvra  with  (he 
)  coiitit  should  he 
>  Ihe  weaipin  wil. 
'I  iwinR  Irre ;  on 
niRi-esii,  by  Chria- 
li  Carolina  dele- 
itrucled  of  brick: 
may  be  lebuilt, 
tver. 

present  n^e  wii: 

e,   but  can  mora 

ervid  zenl  uftha 

idea  siicririced 

itii  Ihe  eaiie  ihul 

'llier  considera* 

iinniense ;  and 
•vMientoflari^e 
ilidim  tof(i)vern- 
"ericiin  coloniea 
incU;  nor  were 
qiiiil  to  tlinexi- 
>R  begun  about 
liixea  Cor  rarry- 
■  ■  'J'he  leniper 
y  ol'aiieiiiptiiig 
was  Ihe  eiiihii- 
'  fiiive  up  bnlh 
>ri)perly  to  the 
'hey  lihould  at 
hunt  inipiiriti); 
tise  period  of 
intry  were  de- 

I  all  cxptfitiea 
uali/.cd.  The 
ienccd  alalea- 
il  furiit  of  go- 
«■«.    precluded 

ical   kmiwl. 

II  Ihe  head  of 
cry  few  in  ihe 
a  of  providing 
id  axpericBM 


I 


THK   IIIITORY  or 


builiMMofof  nerulllnf  •Mbrnun  I  ■ml  tn  «  •lion  •iinii  hn  rnrrtnl  on  vigoroutly  In  MMWrliiiai'lu, 
HUM' ri  |iro«MMiiitl  iirnijr  OH*  |MriuUi|  in  ilia  «ii'|.  uml  ulao  lo  i«|i|it«li«ml  ihul,  montr  or  l.iirr,  rmli 
niiy  ol  lliMlon,  whit 'ii  lliuu(li  lnrlKluw  whxl  hull  |iiii«iiir«  wniilil  li»  lli*  iIiimiik  of  nmr.  ■■ 'I'hr 
hi'vii  volril  Itjr  ill*  |>  nviiiritti  i'oni|ti'»ii,  w>t«  iiiiirli  iiioii'  •jirpilily  llirri'lor'',"  aKiil  lliry,  "»■■  iirii  iiri'- 
•U|»'rMir  In  iiiiiiilii'r*  o  llir  roy>il  >iriiiy.  'I'liatuut>i  iMmt  ••••' '^"*  ~'  '  »  Lviu  ,  ii 
•    .  .■      .  __  —   -      >  ,,,.,1,11"     |'rt«luii> 

<    I    .uAi'fll,  17TA,  ilif   .    .      ■ 
'  I  •  il  on  by  )h«  iwn,  or  »i  oiiiai  !>}  iMwmi  '  1 
III  tf^'iii  iiiiti  m<|<;  bill  liuMi  llila  liufi  t'  r 
,<ll(  wiM  I  .,i,,lii<  ii>d  by  Ih*  •wiiril.      'lti«  <ii«w 
>.i>  iiirtani  whvo  lh«  n.lnn.ca  <>a<l  no  aUtiii<iii»-. 
•  .-.'-■   r  til  luiiinit  la  ili«  iii'  i.v,  m  10    <■;.    ii  ■ 
I  liin«l  iliit.ilti.      An    |iiii-iii|i|iiciHlil"    I' 
!   ii  cini.,1  II  It  bti'nk  I'l'    ili'u  •'!  turmiiaai  n. , 
.u,  i>mt  Willi  I  ithiH)   ivitiiii,  m>ir«   lrii>t«".Mti   In  hor  ilairkaiuna. 


'riiK  liinor  uit'»  n(  llrlllah  |rn«r«H  ciiminin4lna 
in  ill*  wiioila  111  Ainrrlni,  aitniflinira  ninolatn 
Uifiii   In  ilillli'iililr*  Irnni  whirh  lbt«  I'MI  *••••■• 


I 


III  Hill  III  lllla  I' 

ILiilik 

lliiahill,  II 
nil  Aiiirri 

ollat'l*  IIIUl    oil  lii  In  I 

llip  ihiliirt  I''    ■  cliiilli  ngr 

III. my  Ii'a4  wiling  I 

rliiiariia  I  I'll  ul|i-< 
hiiaiililira.  III'  •  <- 
•illijfi  liiill 


ill. 


i'imi"-t 
111   mi.. 


II.. 


Ill' 


ii 


,  »iii|  ih*"  I'     . 

iiinlil  III.  ajiii.   ' 

Mti.lll.tPall.iil  hill 

m    Amu  iuh  ;  > 

I      I. ill!    Ill    lln-    I 

'  ii.jitiiil  ^iint 


.41 


^iint 
'rh»" 


lilr 


K'li    |ituWM«. 

una  of  iiiiri- 
.•ii  liii  lliK  frit- 
I  Ml  ii'l  aieh  O'liilil  tra- 
il. ;i«*»t»ol  hri  mil.  iliitar- 
.ir  null  ilirv  1  i/ulH  nut  iiunil 
■  I  iliacijilmt.  ol'  Hrii>«li  Iroopa, 
...ImaO  iliptr  liiNil*.  .iiitl  a  ly  ; 
.  I.  .ml   I  wiah  Villi   auerrai: 


'till  K>**i>S    ' 
Uningloi,  I 
iillli  »  jual 
ni|Hrail  l) 
AniiiUl  lb   ' 
llciiiK  I'urll 
riiy  of  Am 
quaiilly  a* 
iiilnail  friai 
baliira  lli« 
llitiiry  aiiKi 
"  VtMir  cm 

bul  I  I'aiir  Ijai  ymir  iiiiiliici|)liii«iil  rulimr  niiial  be 
uvariuina,  u  ilia  iiaai|iril  runt"*!.  AOcr  4  I'rw 
ihouaaiiil*  III  ynii  h)i«a  tullrii,  Ihr  |iiiivi.i.  .  r  i.nl 
llllini'ituly  fcow  tu  ili.il  |Hiwrr  wliii  li  bn  an  raiiaul- 
mlly  h'i'nblcti  Knini  a  .iml  .S,  im,"  .So  riiiil)i|i>nl 
•  erallio  Uriiiali  oHhrir  «n|itiii)ritv  lu  iiiiua,  l!i?< 
they  •«  jiiii!ii  .1  -ii'iin  ii»<«l  ih«  c  ..Bl»a<  irut'i  h<« 
broMKhl  lu  »  >>..lil.«ry  Irrialon.  S'lma  ul 
'■ji);uwhcil  ii'ikiiu  10  |iutUiinM.N<  liml  |iii' 
icr'iil  ihiit  till  iiiiiico  Ml  'iiii><iii  .1  Inil  Ml  I .  .'  1.1 
<he  aulillar  l>t  ilvni.  »li'l  iiiil  may  wc»-  i.  if  ,r- 
•uaci  quulilk  il  »  lii'.i:  *  i'liliah  dtmj.  Km  11)1  •Hn 
'ihUoatiphan.  I  I  imlili.hrd  tlipimrr  ir>"  "g  I'ljilh 
IhJl  nut  only  i.-«|»ulilpa  mil  biuai. ,  l>ul  lh.it  -tvcii 
men  leiiaiiai      't  in  ihn  wnaiiun  h<iui«tiht-ir.  !>>.•- 

tilrtliiKlVonii'i'  «|iirtliiltrni"  |'iiilii""|>liy  iln'.i  ui»r- 
ookaiJ  ihe  »i  iii-ol  «i>i  laiy  in  ilif  n''*  *"rl>l.  ami 
rhiiriiPil  a  ciiiii|«iirii'in..  infaiioriiy,  'ni  i-»rry  |»n>- 
ilucliun  llml  IV .la  Aiiiriiriii.  'I'lia  ci.leni>is  iliam< 
«rlv«N  liiiil  in  ilii*.!  'ipinnMialiumiJii'ir  f.n'.  '.ilb»i'', 
thai  no  |wopi  •   111  e.irih  n-i"  irjinl  ti.  ihi.*.    with 


iiMiiti        I'll*   •llj|(»alai|  III  th(>  iiraiil'  it.  1^  ■iMiilt^i'K'liry  In  iii.ikt 


iml  ill*  Arn'ritkoa'allVi  iiiitl  u|i|iu«Uiiin.   'I'h*;'  aria  fiilly  jppiUnl  of 
t   ID  duty,  bill  Mita  |Miwrr  uf  llrlt.iln  j  Uta/  iioaw   that  liar  llrrta 
1;  iTarail  ilinicaao,   tml  t*i«i  liar  llnx  «4*iil   In  Irl 
ui'i|.|i  ihrouKh  llta  fnumiiit'ianiiii  tlia  (lnim  i  but 


Iha  uriiinaipil  lin^.i.H  'i.- miir  »iia,  '■  Ilia  I  el- 

Ifr  III  ilta  fiariiiiMi,  ihan  *•.  .  n  ftlqv^.'*  Thoiiuh 
III*  Jiialii  r  nf  ilicir  .  .niia  .'  I  lli«  iiia 'u.illiin  of 
librriy  I'.uaa,  ni  llir  ti|<inHMi  i.|  i|t.|...ii'ip«  -.  I  juitKi'*. 
Ii  aiipi  lumty  III  llin  «r'!ln|ta  nf  .Vinfii  -i.^.  yci  in 
Oia  I.IIrr  iniHle  i..  t.  niiuKliiiK 'li'-ii '.,>|'.  tillm  ,  ilir 
.'anrild  RimiMK  ib*ma«l>.;i  luikuow'  .liici  ^n  infa- 
llnrily.  Thaii  bum  .'  1  ;  nfr'nniani  »»n  Jeflcieul 
In  Omi  ili'i-itiun.  il««|mirh  .ii'l  ca*>i  :u' .  i{hii!h  arr 
naraa««rT  10  inllli.iry  spamtluna 

Kuropaana,   Inini  thrir    bai»ik  ('i  '■•■My    iinnr 
quaiiilri'  •I'll  III*  a'liia,  ara  la>-  v»^il\  laumht  llir 
us-  ti  Amarlr.'ta,  will,  .irf  fi.iinihiir 

♦.  I    Willi  (hr»"  lUilmi'tiila  of  war ;  yi>l 

x'j.iiiiiia  Ihra    aia  nxnd   •uacaplili^'  of 
'   bubila    •  t  till  |iin|Hiiti  I.'   i.i   n*oea«ilioua 
ii'iiii  III  I  III!  u«i«  »  otl't  la  "III.*!!  I  viiiitvi'.  \  V  11)1  ihai 
in  ihn  iilij. 

To  |iii>enrK  anluiHlanea  la:>po»»..<'"'  iH"m».        1. 
ao  Kunifiaani,  in'-t;  ,1^1!  ih«(Mi(i..    ■ 
nuKia  iiiiti  uf'-iiil  luiiFiflacI  iiiiilll')  .  I'll  ai' in- 

citrniriitaio  ili"  punctunl  iliaehariiai^l  niliiiiiy  atr- 
«l«a».arawiintiiiKin  Aniarica.  In  till  .  ..(.inii.-a  ih« 
itiatliictliin  nf  rii'ika  ,11. il  (ha  aubBil».-..iii  of  iiii.rinra 
lu  Mipailoni,   ifi'bitrally  lake*  jibi.  a  -   b<ii   in  thr 
naw  wiirl'l,  an  rxir>-Ma  n-nnr.  of  lit.  iiv  aiif|>(fii:il 
il'.  :ml>apO»r.i  lO  lli;.'  lUili^K^ll  iibaiLi-iicr  « liU'h  ia 
III*  aoulof  II"    >■  i.v.     i'lia  aama  imii>.  <  wliirli 
fhiini  ihvy   "Pra  uhmtl  lo  conlPMii.      Iiii|iiaaai!il  i  niirlurrtl  a  i^inl  <<f  indrpandaiirp  in  tin.   colniuta 
with  lii||h  iita.i^  iii'Hriliali  iiii|irrii>i.<v. -"iiil  liiilitltfnt  I  war*  Uoalil«  in  Hirir  milllaiy  ati.tni;pi(MnN.     It 
uf  Ihvinaclvaa.  lli'r  li»at  inbiripiiil  i:ili.v*na  iliuui;li  {  wiMi  out  only  'ij^n  lli«  (liflarPi:!  >uu«  uf  aor.iaty  in 

willinn  to  ruiP.ill  rwika,  law«i  ilia  i...ii*a'j!'iiiee  of  (ih-   ■ —  - 

nn  u|i|iaal  lu  Jima.     'I'lie   aui'iea*  thai  .  '    " 


'llini 
lliiii  » 
iipaa  ol 


-■  .«'       !iii 

■    (1^     'M- 

1 1  a  I  ,»!.  , 


nine  il 
tuiiut.  1: 


II  Iti*  . 


IWP  rou'  lni.i.  hnt  fiuni  a  Taiia.v  ii!°  Ini'iil  ciu 

ibji.  (|i«i  All  rin^^ia  wi're  oiil   ill  Ir  In  .  onlPtid 

irmt,  "in  ri^uj)  t»niia,  w'fh   lljair   y:iirnl   »l:ni:. 

'        I-  ilw  IMM  Li-llkiiii  .It  (rf  Ih*  HrilUl,   i:<ilrnli->. 

■(.'    Hi:  i«nd  cnmtiKrtL ,  hill  M|i*«i..|||y  Ilia  f.n 

'   .1   ;ii'   ,  I.  "1  '>«wo  Mil-        .itrltr  |mi.i.i:.»  uf  meir  inba* 

•in.j'ii    :  \V:i' wn«»  t.ii»ii,«.r«  »;  ■■     .ri;.  (p..ni  ihpi' 

•«aKl|  I ^yf  Ulir.      'Jtiajr  h»  !   i<  tn  r,igtif>t.ti  In 

mi  I  .  il   .  hu.  .»i««»' ('«jj  in.iiiiafl,  nor  In  my  oiher  inu'li' 
irri"|r>»««  *»»(.»*•... i,'i*.,j(>  Br'dah  i.mij.a,  .iml   uud' r 
[illtta.   BnlMliaal-.rtl     ^    .        -     |;,     I  .-*(  nlaJll^  if.- niltl- 
lu  any  in  the  wmlil.     In  <i|i|m»iii<iti  10  llii'  ii.ld  8»-'tary  »f«i«  n'l'.  S,     ;;.«!  nu  ii[>|Mini.niiT 

■erlionaofaonit  ,:uiil  iii"!li'..(i«odiin  fpiraoi  >.•!!•«,  jof  .iijiaiui   1;;   :■  .  :•.  •    ,     v'Uiiifiirimatil  ni 

espcrience  proi.  li  ihaiAniBi!c:iii«.iii(;bt  till .    .illy  jbiiaii'.iiaa,  llui   Hrlii-l.,  ■     .i|.i  •'■"Vj.-n^a  »u<.»|- 


llieir  liral  iiiihury  ■.•nH'tiiriictt.  in  aan.K  )<■>, 

i«hrd  llieae  aiijii-v.i.    ■<       *'■        ■  »   11/    11 

quant  bailie  i    '      -  i.4Ua  mfttr  ii 

advantage  tha-.  .i<i  *wu     it   i.. 

It  ia  aliiiual  w.:lx.  .<i  '|i:irall«!l  u 

for  Ihe  yeuinui.iy  .11   .<  al»«^ll^l^ 

in  R  ainKlc  dia;. -.:'.■' '   ""•nai. 

fur  the  moat  p.irt  viiboul  «lV.'~  . 

gulir  fire,  tu  pm  (.'  Ili^l.l  Iriopa  -  i|ii  'i  i" 


reaiat  Urillah  tri>ii|>«.      i'liiMliirnli-ni   ^°rt  »  '    iUiii)<id|{i  »l  rt«i  anienn   mil    I 


their  counlryV  k;hi<ii.,  uinl  imJiili.nl  in  1  li"«Kul 
ilo|H!a  that  heavoii  wbuM  .Inally  eruwn  llif  r  la- 
buura  with  aucr^.^  . 

Soon  afier  t^in  LexinKiou  bulllr,  and  lu  cinau 
qui'  i.'e  of  that  i">-nl.  not  only  ihe  iirin*.  nnniiini- 
tiun  lorla  and  1.  iUIh  aii-in*  in  th«  cotonlea  H-^xe 
■ecured  for  the  im.  iif  liiB  f'ri>viiii'i;»l, :  '  ni  115a- 
lar  forjea  were  rai»i"il,  .ind  munfy  Htrucfi  'ir  lliair 
■nfifMirt.  Theat'  iinlli.iry  jiranfii'TniMiln  •vi'-icinl. 
cnnlinrd   to    Nf'     lin'.liiii,    bui'wi-.     iai-'.i'mI 


.  which 

.imilica 


coulil  tif  uifnuirnd  oiUt  1 

tii'ii  ni'dnudatanlialaaivl.'  .■  ''J'ltilfi- 

iirt:ii(»,  ih*l«Krtillery  aiM...    >       1      ,.' 
iipp'.iraluafor«r.ra|nvu.u;  ■     i.   1.  i     ■     '1 
ini|'<irluni  circiuiiciiii^a  <>Ma.i.|t:vl  II  hi^       .  ...n. 
al  ajjirit  ofpiiiii-,  whic  h  htd  bcrr.  i;iri|*ly  an^mi  lll- 

Fmnoe  and  S|ialn.     C*n  Ihe  otharhami  fha  Amo- 

ri.  .li.»    w  MH  niilli.«riphllVi),     uri'lliJul    i.Nii"in.li<;nl 
ofl'irers,  and  >,  l^^,,    ■  i^m  t|)»dowof  n.ilii«r%  c»l:ib- 


ihruuKhuut  iht  .  '.ionien.  TI  ■  il'lriniin^ilioa  ijt^  ilishnu  .-la.  It.  (lia  wat»  wlmlihail  In-:  ••  (revimu 
Ihe  kini;  and  pc.li  .iin-nt  to  cnluice  suljuiis-siii'i  lo ;  Ij  rariini  on,  in  or  niii.r  'hit  rolri  i».  ll.n  prnvin- 
their  acta,  and  ihi'  ikw.  i.rihf  LixiniMJ"  '•all''!,  ''.'l"  '' >''  l'««u,  ii>  'Im-.  nuppctia*  iptisl.iuircii 
came  to  the  dif.i;ii.i' jn  •>.:.•:*  iit'Hy  ubi  .i'  the :  !ii-i|uenlly  addiil  M  'jl  ilrlli.sli  iiin.p? :  but  ilic 
■amo  time.  It  «:i>  tuitfiMfid  by  many  ih-it  tlic  pride  ol  iii«  hiiipr  tinnii)  nui  nonaidar  ih*  f'on.ier, 
latter  vim  in  coir  'iineni-;-  ■■(  (hi:  lariiivr.  aii't  ihil !  who  vfie  withoii:  niiiloriiiify  of  J;ps«.  or  ihe  (icrt- 
Geiieral  Uage  h  '  .(i-nl  oi.l.'ia  it)  pin,  <■  '  I'li^ir-!  ni^ita  of  niiluary  ain.  to  t«  their  pqnals.  Tho 
•Uiitcly  to  siibdi         t    t<  frart'irv  •  ■.t'^nt».''«  :  pr.iviniiol  lMU(«~»fr« '.hfli  ••>;!(.  tin  'Im  .mial  port. 

From  a  varies  ..    la-iigiinl  in  irrvi.reawhKt  Ituinghlabunuu*,  warn 

bad  good  reaaui  -  ..;- i.t  i.tinijutablu. 


■  nil   were    t  '1 

.    •  'i.     .  I  pir     !■  ..*,.,   .', 

III,  ...  ..    •t.M'l- 

ilml.m....  »iM«(>,  0  itMluliiad,  ni  ;  h"  '•*?• 
lUmiwd  iliair  iHtifa  Th-\  rnm-aiaarf  i'.«' ilicr* 
i».ia  litlla  mora  i..  il..  i>,»i'  A|hi  iridnfm  •  ...  .lirii 
•  uiinliy.     Thay    .  ..ii«.iI«mI    i|.».rw-lva. 

I  i  Iml  i!ioiinh  ihiir  ".!»<  iM  .i|.i  rv 
anrraaafiil,  llirir  iniinlian  niinl.l  aoiini 
lill.i'i  (Il  Iha  rajiarinianl,  nil  the  inv. 
(In  illy  cxliiniiii'iil.  Not  I'lNniilirinK,  ibm  i*  wm* 
itfrii  w«ra  ilif  Inntral  piiraa  liiirhlaa  nrttnar  ihait 
il.i  liin^aal  aword,  Ihry  frnied  ml  thr  «».ibh  »t 
llritali..  'Jury  bnih  aa|iad*d  nod  wlahr.l  iImI 
llip  «biilc  diapnii'  would  1.    appiiliU  amtlad  m  .> 

II  w  ili-tialu  rii'!,n(i.'iipnl«.  Klrvalcd  woh  ih* 
lii»n  111'  lihrriy,  an. I  iiimyrd  alinva  tlin  (m  n'  •  n- 
M.i|ii«.nrt  .  by  an  arilfni  inilltiii'y  rnihu'imain.  .>mv 
baled  ly  1  tlc!ll,ilbina,iboui  iliiti  xtrni,  I'liiaii.K.of 
piotinbla  !«aur  yf  ill*  war,  ihr  (leopli'  i.|  AmiiMtn 
atT.iiiil<.i|  ihi)  voiitp  nfth  r  rulr-a,  in  auamiani  n> 
lo-uaan  lor  Iha  niiwIlcatMii  nf  ilirir  rigliia.     im  ih* 

i-i"«  aaloikad  iliaaa   «i)irlla<i  reaolu- 
I  liiiKle  aliip  111  var,  n«' 
-.■I  olSlny  kind.     Il  I'ai 
1  ...    ;  Il  tht'ir  aa»|«iil  I. TBa  !ii; 

<iT7..»  <f»p  n:i>v  nf  Orcat  Bi.i.,iii,  iltia 
w««  ImjiIi  kiMMnii  ,iiid  balia»fil.  but  diaranaidail 
Til.  Ion.  ui  piv!)"ty  waa  ab.<or'  ad  in  tlip  iota  of 
librriv.  Thi>  Aoimiiii'd  volariaanflhi' ri|niil  ri|{hia 
ofliiinian  nmiira,  ronaided  t' >>nitalvi.a  with  ih* 
idrn  tb«l  iiniiiilh  thru  »liolr  aaa  i:oaai  alionlil  lie 
hiiil  in  aaho,  ihfy  ri'il.l  mire  'o  ih*  waaiain  wll- 
ilnriiaaa,  nnil  ai^^i  :iir  lumiiy'oi  n.ini;  t  1  .  on 
On  1 1- niiiii  il  waaiib»ar»ai;l  inriiiarf  •...  Il'  I'hria- 
tiipliir  tSndwIpn,  niia  ul  iha  Suuii,  1. ';«riiiiii.i  dal»- 
((.iica:  '  Oiir  hoiiara  baing  coi'atriiriril  nfbflrk, 
i.t,iiic»n.l  »uotl.thiiiii;lid«MrO).'.l.  maybe  irbvlll. 
but  liberty  oner  ^oni-  ia  Inai  (or  I'var. 

The  ,aiit.iT  dwormon  of  I  he  praaaiil  Hfit  wiV. 
iiti.H.  ri  ulily  laiiauia  th.in  nilniiic,  bin  1  i»i  nmr* 
.•  i-il)  adiniri'  than  iiniiai.  ihf  larMil  rral  ii('ih«i 
I«iii.jiii  oi  I ;■■'■>  and  I77'>,  who  111' lilt!  I  airnliced 
pmiiaru-  in  \h"  (.auan  J  :  1  ty,  wlih  iha  aaar  llml, 
ill.  y  win  aari'lin.r  utiii'isl  rii-iy  iiilii<r  roiiaidcra*' 
tiun  linr  ibf  a.'qiiiailiun  ul  piupcily. 

Tm»  iT'inuaa  it  Hrltain  »»ra  minioBita  ;  and 
h"i  ♦•Mh'  H,  it  lialiii.iiittd  loibe  |immii.  ;  riarpa 
■  ■  .  ,1:  (Vary  tiitmoliiih  ronlribiui.ina  ioji.>vprn- 
t<i«*l  U.viKa>..'r  il.  Hut  flip  Ainpririin  otoniet 
(lti»...«>4cd  npillni  iimnpy  nor  Iniidai  nor  ware 
tl.'ir  paopM  nccnaloir.'il  lt>  mxpa  pqiul  tn  t'laavl- 
jlnK-i-a  o(  W.11,  Tbt  riifilr..|  I  ;|.  iiiK  hi  :  ,'u  uh-  ut 
t:i>ati'<n,  10  havp  raiaeil  nionpy  by  \.i\r\  (nr  cTrry- 
"H  it  nil,  W'lUiil  Irivp  I'eiin  inipoliiic.  Tin-  lp.ii)i«r 
I't'  ..i.K-_d  |.i  .'ludpd  the  ripri'njiily  oi":iii';n]iijng 
'1,  ilaogeTi'iiia  i.^|.t  .lienf ;  foram  li  wa«  ihe  aiiiliti- 
M  .  ..>  rtfih.  il.Vj  thil  the  rolonidii  gnvi-  up  both 
llicr  |...'h..i,ja|  «eivicp«  mil  llinii  prnpirlv  to  the 
publi  111  >».•  •.■A^\\^  riviiiiiKti  ili.it  llipv  aliimld  111 
11  fviliir  !  llnin  K  iniiiliiirapd. .  Willioiit  iii'|nirini( 
in  Ih"  anjidify  ol  ;.ind(i,  ur  iha  ptptm  •  •in J  of 
](.iyi.ii'nt,  ill-  ra.«o(ir..v'  of  iha  PoilTiin  »i)'t»  de- 
iu..iii|(d  on  yen.  i..|  a»mii>.-i'.ps,  il^i  ;»li  .  kpi inea 
ofihpwui  shoiili)  n'iim:iip|v  l.a  ,-.ji  »lr..r  d  ■phn 
rmrciil  M:il»  .iIiiiiLnlfid  wi;|i  •i«n<- ir-i  >  ,1  «laira- 
imn  and  onippia;  but.llip  iiniin.iipi  (  1.  nn  rfjjo- 
!•  'rntrifnt  .'vi'icispi^  jo  id,'  rt.loiii.'a,  pri'Phidad 
ihi'ir  riUt.ina  fiom  yaimn^  thai  ;a:niriir«l  kiio»l< 
rdfi.'  ivliirh  iaacqnirat  t"i».ni  brin,:  ui  dia  haud.of 
pulil'i-  ■,!p|iiirtinciii»,  T^ffp  were  fvrr  l|.w  in  the 
ciifiMii  J  who  iioilpiaiiM'd  iIr.  i  'i..inp»»  of  pr'!vtding 
fur  an  isriiij,  and  itiiUewer  nho  bad  up*:,  a<« 


'I.  «..ni»i,mrt  ii„„|,;j 
■  olitrh  ititf  ),„)  t,..n 


I 

.. ,;,.,,. 

ihi>  II 

!»>...,,„ 

lF.h.„i 

«'i  III  ti 

Mr  III  i|  ,.  |. 

nl«l  - 


till 


*jMrii 


>tr«    I 


I 


in  Mio- 


»  inrtiil|r>>i|.  I  . 

1  rr>iii'|i|tr,i 

''»li'  rrijiili, 

'I  i'in»  ■(».• 

■"li    .i|.i   |., 

*»<llil  aillln, 
xll    lite    ll.r   ,'. 
",-''ltniii;,  ihii.  .„  „,„. 
'  U'Tlilm  n(\tmt   limn 
>•<[  K'l  II,,.  wp^hh  ,,r 
■ltd    mill   *l,j„.|    ,,,_,, 

MfvuifiJ    w,|^   ,(,, 
iln>»»   i|,n  fr„  o»^.,„. 

''■"»  '"'llll'lllllllll.  liMf 
'•-•  «frnl,  I'liii,;;,.,,,,,, 
I'l'anpli'  1,1  Aww.M!, 
"i|'"«,  1(1  «u»i>f»n|  ||> 

'liiir  rigli,,.      ,,  ,,„ 
t'nw   MiirlitHl  i)-iii|||. 
"jjle  Mi'|i  III  n»r,  no 
<>r-»iiy  kiiiil.     I,  ira, 
■ir  uraiM.ii  i„-ru»   Ij. 

•fr.rii  Hi.i;„o.  ih& 
••il.  biif  ili«rfm,Je.l 
"f'*'l  in  tlic  li.rx  nl 
Molihi-  ('i|iiii|  rijtliu 
I'  "liiirKi.,  w|(h  ihe 
<'!!  i:i>im  nlioiilil  lie 
^"'  III*  «-r*ii>in  ttll. 
r  III    r„.,„^   ,   .,,      ^,„ 

'  'Mii.rf.v,  i„  cjirt,. 
'Ui:.   <  ■irnim.,  rf,|». 


""lu-ffii  iilbriflf, 
•I.  may  in-  irhullt. 
'iffr. 

pfMiiiil  sjit  „)|; 
'•.  lull  i.iKi  nmra 
ifnid  xoal  orih« 
II  ide.i  niirrilirfiJ 
wlih  lhi>  t-aiif.  ,1,1,1 
iilliiT   rn,„i,(c,,.* 

riy. 

f  inmiPiMr  ;  and 
|'H>i,„  ;  Clarjie 
'iiii'iiis  lii;,,iv«>rn- 
"iiTicin  i.Ioniej 
l"ii«I>.i  Tier  were 

••'jIUl  I,-,  ■>„.„( 
»«  •'•:    'b    ulr  nt 

ii\i »  liir  tarry. 
•'•  'I'lir  If  ,11(1,., 
it>  <"!.ii.m|,iing 
'  »a«  the  PI, III,,. 
'^  e"v.-  ii|i  |„j,(, 
I'riipirly  in    i|,e 

'   Iil«-V    Stioilld  ,|| 

"■III  "••iiiiiiiiij 
'■'     i)  iif 

'1;  ,     M  ,  I-,,     ijp. 
■'"      ■   'I"  llliHIl 

"•"'ti    ri'f- 

'•••■'  iinirii. 

■■    '■    '•'!      .iKO- 

'     [•'.(•JiiileJ 
■'"■-1'   know). 

ill  ill*-  llCuJiif 

firr  lew  i„  ,|,p 
«»  oC  |if'-ivi(Jing 
■id   l>»p<;;.   ut. 


111 


?f 


X's    . 


4 


•Ik    , 


•Mil 

Itiiii  • 

fiillnl 
■It'  Ml 
«lll<l< 
«l  ilr' 
rnrlilli 
riiiirii 
Millli  I 
llin.ii 
■I  mil 
iilNl. 
fill*  III 
lh»nii 
Tli»( 

t«i<,ih 
yi>t  ml 
'I'l, 


NORTH  ANHRIOA. 


I 


|<u*Mi<iii  itl  iU»  niiiHr«4  ii)  lh»  riittiilrv,  >iimI  iIi> 
nMxl  (Ifntluitl  miiila  III  itffiwiAii  litrlli  Ha  f$«»i 
ir»,  *«t»  •iili|Hvu  «m(i  whX'li  ••  >ir<  *  •>uy  «t  ihf 
lliltuhllitnl*  Hfii*  iiri|iiriliili>il.  AmiikuimI  iimiimiiiiI 
turn  wpf  itlilliMl  whiil')>  ilrrtriKiH  .  iiii«l  ihiiiiililli* 
riiiinlty  MlinHililnl  wMli  'li»  iiiolril  1I411I  itliiih  ih«y 
urn  Mi.iiiiitiriuri'il.  y»>  Uii>r»  wm  iiriiKor  Uitif  iiiir 
(triiaia  riiiiiiuli  •»  aiiiiiily  i«n  uridir  wDli  llix  iii*<iiia 
<il  ilriKiiir.  'I  M  iiiiinlr>  MiM  il»>iiii|iii  liiiili  III 
liiilillriilKiM*  >ii»l  »ii||ini>'ra.  AimkUi  •<>  iihiiiy  ilu 
riiiiriiii'iiiriila,  lltora  wur*  •iiiii*  Ititlicrliiil  1  ItviMM- 
•liiiii  *•.  'I'll*  wiir  riiiilil  Mill  i'«  riiiiiral  iiii  liv 
llr*4l  MrMitiii,  liiit  »t  »  yrvii  il»iiil«.iiiiiiiti>,  uml 
m  liiiiiivn**  liaiMitK*.  Il  MM  v.iair  lor  lllllilMvra, 
ut  Ni.  J«ni<>«'«,  !•>  |iUiii'itni|Mi|ii«  1  um  hunl  wimiIi* 
I'll*  III' iha  iilltiri,  iriiiM  whiiiM  III*  xni'iilliin,  »l' 
Ih'iii,  In  ill*  wiHiiU  III  AiiKiUit,  «K«  •«|iri  i«mI. 
'I'lic  riiiinlry  wiia  an  »«l*iialve.  iiMil  ubiiiiiiilvj  an 
mui'l)  Willi  .Irrtliia,  lliKl,  liy  iiv>iriiiiilln|| -tiiil  ralrviil' 
If  it.  ih«  Aiiirrli'iina,  lliiiii|n  iIkji  vmilil  mil  ciiiii|iiiir, 
vvt  might  anv*  lli«in««Uxa  Irniit  hdiig  riin<(iiiiii'il, 
I'll*  miliiiiraodliaiiirtaiir  I'ltrlliiinvnl,  I'ur  rraliiiiii 
Ini;  III*  Ir^iiln  iililio  niiiinl**,  w»r«  iiioat  •<>r*ll*iil 
r«rrulllii(  iimriif  liir  I  'iiligr»aa.  'I'ivty  lin|Miaml  » 
n*r«aally  on  lliiiiiaiiiiila  In  liri'nin*  •iilillrra.  All 
itllicr  liualno*  bflnit  aiia|M<iMlpil,  lliii  wIkiI*  rMiilir 
•oaiif  ill'  riiunlry  wurn  h|>|'I  I'll  In  •ii|i|NirllnK  »n 
■riny.  'rimiigli  llic  rnlmiNia  w*r«  wtiiiiiiil  iliacl- 
pllni'.  Ihry  iNiaarnril  hiinv«  Vttliiiir.  'J'liiiiii(li 
lh»y  hull  nulllirr  unhl  nnr  alUnr,  lliry  |Hiaa«aavil  » 
liiin*,  In  llio  rnlliiialiiain  uf  lli<«ir  |miii|iIii.  I'u|iri, 
for  U|iwiirila  III' two  yrnra,  iiroiliirail  to  llirin  inorr 
Millil  iiil«iiiil;<K<<a,  llhin  M|Nilii  ilrrtmiil  I'riiiii  lii<r  an- 
|irrtilHiiinillni|  |iri>riiina  nipliila.  'riiiiiixli  tlipy  li;iil 
no  alil|M  to  iirotni  ijiiiir  trinlx  or  llirir  lowiia,  llipy 
liiiil  aliiiiilli'lly  rhniiiili  to  livi>  wllliniil  lliK  riiroii>r, 
linil  <<iitllliainani  rn.ill|{ll  In  riili  tlir  liitlrri  rnllirr 
llinn  aulinilt  to  llir  |iowrr  nl  llriliilii.  'I'litiy  lirllrv- 
•li  llicir  muait  lo  lipjiial,  unil  llinl  lii<  ivcn  ii|i|iriiV' 
ml  llirlr  «>  'rtlona  In  iliili-nrn  nl  llii-ir  rli{lila,  Kriil 
nrlllniitlilK  Iriiiii  aiii'li  iiioIIvki,  aiiiiiilii'il  llm  |ihi<'i< 
nrdlacliilin)'  |  uml  inaplri'il  11  I'niinili'iK'i'  iiiiil  mill- 
l»rv  Rrilniir,  wiinli  nvi'rlfU|H>il  nil  iliUli  iillna. 

KKalalwnrii  beinK  rpaiilvfil  ii|Hiii  liy  llir  Anirrl 
riina,  thi>  |illl|Mt,  tlix  jiiraa,  llix  hpnrli  iiml  tlin  bur, 
■xrrriilly  liihoiirfil  In  uiiilf  ninl  pnrniirtit|x  thvin. 
Thn  rlxruy  of  Nrw  Knxliinil  wrrx  a  niiini'riMia, 
Imrnril  iinil  rra|i<>rtiibli<  biiily,  wiiii  linil  11  K'"'* 
Mmniliinry  iivrr  llix  iiiinila  nl'  ilirir  hriirrii.— 
Thry  ninnrrixil  rpiiKJuii  iiiiil  piiirliiliaiii ;  iiml  In 
llialr  ••rniiina  iinil  (ir^yxra,  rriirrarnlril  tlix  eiiiiax 
of  Ainxiti'n,  »a  tlir  riilKx  nf  lii'iivril.  'V\\1  ayiinil 
of  Npw  York  ninl  IMilhilxIplilii  .ilaii  axnt  I'ntlli  11 
pRaloial  Icimr,  whlrli  wiia  |iiilillrly  rriid  In  tln-ir 
churrhra,  Till*  xiiiiK-atly  rpcninnirmleil  aiiili 
■rnllinrnia  iinil  rnniltiit,  iia  worn  •nlliiblx  lo  ihi'lr 
■llumlnn.  Wrilrra  iinil  prliilrn  I'nllnwcil  In  tlir 
rear  uflli*  preaclirra;  unil.  nxxt  In  llii'iii,  liinl  llii- 

frcRtrai  linnil  in  nnliniiltiii;  tlii'ir  I'liiintiyincn.— 
Ixntlmiixn,  ul'tliit  lixnrli  iimlnl'  ilii>  li»r,  ilnnli'il  llix 
rliiirin  III'  rrbellinn,  iiiiil  iuatlllril  tlin  rcalaliincc  nl' 
iho  culiinlaU,  A  illaliiirtlon  liinnilril  on  hiw,  hx- 
Iwecn  tliH  king  i<"il  lii"  inltiiatry,  wiia  Intrniliiopd. 
The  fornipr,  It  waa  rontpmlnl,  rniilil  ilii  no  wriiim. 
TIlP  crinip  ol'  trp.iann  wiia  rhiirKPil  on  the  hitler, 
for  ii«li>|{  tlie  loyal  niiiiip,  to  viirnlali  tlipir  own 
uiiriinaljtntlnnill  iiiPiianrP!i.  Tim  pimiae  ol'ii  niin- 
lalrriiil  war  became  common  ;  iinil  wua  iiapil,  iia 
a  iiipilliini  fur  reconciling  realatance  with  rIIii- 
llinnrp. 

Clooral  with  the  rpaoliilioii*  for  orKiinizinK  nn 
iiniiy,  waa  one  apiMiinllnK  tlin  'JOlh  (lay  olMuly, 
J77<i,  a  ilay  of  public  linmllinlion,  raaiiiig  anil 
pr.iyHr  lo  Almiiility  (liul;  "to  lilpaa  iliPir  iliihil'iil 
•nvprpliin  king  (iviirgp  ;  and  lo  inapire  lilin  with 
wiailoni  to  iliacern  anil  puraiii;  lliu  true  intereHt  of 
Ilia  aulijecta;  that  tlip  liritiah  nation  might  be  in- 
fluonceil,  to  regnril  the  ttiinga  that  belonged  lo  her 
peace,  berorc  they  were  hid  iVoin  her  eyea ;  that 
the  cnloniea  might  be  ever  under  the  care  and 
prntcctinn  of  a  kind  iirovidenne,  and  be  proapereil 
in  nil  their  intereata :  that  America  might  aaon 
behold  a  graciuiia  interposition  of  heaven,  for  the 
;-edreaa  of  her  many  giievancea,  the  reatoration  uf 
ber  iavideti  right,  1  ieconcliiiUoD  with  llw  p^- 


runt  aitiiit.  an  lafiiM  1  iinatHitllnnol  ami  llnniMiraliNi 

lolinili.'  '       I'll*  Inn  •«  whii'h  liiid  Iw'ii  vnllaan  i| 
IM    >|iiM<t>  Il  laoila,    wpua    aliiliiiiipil   In   viiiiiianlxnl 
pl,iir«,    I, It    gii  inline    III*   iiiiiMiiii,    Iriiiii    larlhar 
p«i  iiKliiiia    it  ili«  ii'giii  >ia  IriiMi  liiMliin.      Mreaal 
wntlia  wpiM     ilaii   vrai'ifd   In  ilill«tanl    pUraa,    lot 
lliu  mnia  piir|»ia«,      Willi*   bulb   |mrll««   wara  *l 
••in|>iiii<  ■••  •arrv  "It  almk  Iriini   ill*  aavaral   lal 
ainia,  Willi,  wliirii  Iha  hdy  of  lliialun  M  iigri'anblv 
divaraillail,  aiiiMlry  aklrnilalia*  Innk  idara.      'Ihuaa 
ware   nl   mil    aervira   In   III*    Aineiliana.     The* 
hablliiali-il  lliPiii  In  iliiMg'r  I  and,    |M>tlMi|M,  mm  li 
ul   Iha   innraga   nl  ubi   anblirra,    la   ilailtid   liiim 
III   r»|i«iliM«iiliil  I'liiitli'iinn,   Oial    iha  I'biinr*   ol 
«a(ii(iitn|  unhurt  Irnni  ang  iganiaa'a,  lamuvh  (ra« 
iMf  llian  ynnuK  rerrulla  aiiiiiNiaa. 

Abiiiil  ih«  lutfar  end  ol  May,  a  graal  pari  of  ilia 
ralnlurraiiienta  nrd«r*d  liniii  liraui  llrltatn,  aiilH' 
eil  Al  Minliin.  'I'liias  ItrllUh  ganeiala,  lliiw*, 
lliirgnyna  iHiil  Ollninn,  wlina*  behaviour  in  tlir 
pret  riling  «iir  hml  gained  lliein  great  repulallnn. 
nillved  uliniil  tlia  aanin  lima,  lipiiernl  Dag*,  iIiik 
ralnlnrpril,  prp|Rt>*d  fnr  ariing  wiih  innia  dn'i- 
aliin  I  but  belnta  ha  prii' iiadail  In  ■iliamlllPa,  ha 
I'nnt'PltPil  II  due  to  aiii'>«nt  rnrnia,  In  Mall*  a  |ifii' 
riainiillnii,  hiddiiig  liirlli  lollin  liihahllaiila  ihe  al- 
tprnaliv*  nf  pear*  ill  war.  lie  iliprelnra  nllprcd 
pardnn.  In  Ihe  klng'anaina,  Inall  wliii  alinnbl  I'nilh' 
with  lay  diiwM  tlivir  ariiia,  and  rptiirn  lu  Ihvir  rn. 
pecllv*  oiciipnlluna  and  (learpabl*  dutleai  aniepl- 
Ing  iinly  Irnni  the  bvnrlll  nllliat  |Kiriliin,  "  ManiiM'l 
Ailaina,  and  John  llanrnrk,  wliiiaa  iiH'em  ea  were 
aalil  In  lia  nf  Uin  llagiliiiiia  a  naluie,  lo  wimit  nl 
any  nllier  roiiatileralion,  than  that  of  condign  pun 
iahmrnt."  lie  alao  |>rni'lalniril.  ihal  not  niily  till' 
IHiraiiiia  abiivenaiiiPil  iind  exippted,  but  alao,  nil 
their  ailhrienla,  aaaniialea,  and  I'nrreapnmli'nia 
ahuubl  be  dvrin*il  guilty  of  iraanon  and  ri<li>i||liin  ; 
and  Ireutpd  areordlngly.  liy  lliia  proiUiiialinii, 
Il  waa  alao  derlared,  "thai  a«  the  cnuria  of  judi- 
caliire  were  ahlli,  iii.>rllal  law  ahiiuld  take  plaip, 
till  a  due  cuurae  nl  Juatica  ahnuld  be  re  ealaliliali. 
pil."  Il  waa  aup|Hiaeil  that  llila  prnclaitiiilion  waa 
a  prelude  to  hnatllllieai  and  pr(<|Mrallniia  were 
ari'iirdlngty  made  by  the  AniPrli.ina,  A  mnald 
erabli'  heiglil,  by  the  name  nf  lliinker'a  hill,  jiial 
al  thn  eiilranea  nf  the  peiiina.ila  of  Charlralnwn, 
waa  >i)  ailuated  aa  to  make  the  poaai>**luii  uf  It  n 
mutter  nf  great  rntiaeiiucnca,  lo  1  llher  of  the  ron- 
li'iirilng  (Mrtie*.  Orilera  were  llierel'ore  Uaued, 
by  the  pruvini  lal  ciimmandera,  thai  a  detniliriieiil 
of  a  ihouaand  inen  ahnuld  inlrrn^h  iiiMin  tliia 
heighl.  liy  aome  inlalake.  Itreed'a  hill,  high  and 
large  like  the  iithrr,  but  alinaled  nenn  r  liualon. 
waa  marked  nut  Inf  the  Intrenrhnienla,  Inalmd  of 
lluiiker'a  hill.  The  |iri>vlnclala  |>roreeiliMl  to 
Itreed'a  hill;  and  worked  willi  an  much  ililigpiice, 
that  betwepii  mldnighl  and  the  dawn  of  the  inorn- 
ing,  they  had  thrown  up  n  ainall  reduiibl  about 
eight  roda  aijuare.  They  kept  audi  11  pinluiiiid 
alienee,  that  ihey  were  not  heard  by  the  llniiih. 
on  board  their  veaaela,  though  very  near.  Theae 
having  derived  their  Ural  inforiiialinn  of  what  waa 
going  nn,  from  the  alght  of  the  worka,  nearly  coin- 
pletpil,  bei;an  anlnceaaant  firing  upon  them.  The 
pruvini'lala  bore  ihia  with  llrmiieaa;  and,  though 
they  were  only  young  aoldieii,  rnntlnued  to  la- 
bour till  they  had  thrown  up  n  aniall  breaat-wnrk 
extending  from  the  eaat  aide  of  the  redoubt  to  the 
biiliom  of  the  hill.  Aa  thia  eminence  overlonked 
lloalon,  (lenenil  Hnge  thought  II  neceaaary  lu 
drive  the  pruvinriala  fruiii  il.     Abuul  noun,  there- 


^  Hiiieii  thn  faat  of  llie   Niiievitea,  recnrilril  in  varrrit 
wril,   perliapa   thore   baa   iinl  hern  one,  wliirh  viaa  more 

Jpiierally  keiit,  wiih  aujliilile  (linnniiiiiniia,  than  llml  of 
Illy  *Mt  \77:i.  It  waa  no  rnrinHl  aervii-v.  The  whole 
liiMfy  of  Ihe  people  A<||  the  liiipnrlnni'e,  the  wrlKht  niul  the 
(lunger  of  thr  unequal  eoiiloal,  in  whieli  ihey  were  nhnut 
lo  engage;  that  every  ihinf  ilear  lo  iheui  waa  at  alako; 
anil  that  a  ilivinn  lileaainK  only  could  earry  llieni  throagh 
it  Buceoaafully.  Tliia  bleatfing  Ihey  iniplnred  with  their 
whole  aoiili,  poured  furlb  in  anient  auppticationa,  lain- 
ing  from  henna  deeply  peneiraleil  with  a  aenae  of  their 
iinworthineaa,  their  (le|wii(lenee  and  danger,  and  at  thn 
Faille  time,  linpreMMid  wiib  an  biimhle  confidence,  in  Iho 
iiiert'iea  anil  goodneiia  nf  thai  Heing,  who  had  pluniail 
ami  preaerveil  ihein  hiihnrlu,  auiiil  maay  danger),  in  tli« 
wildcrnea*  of  a  mm  world. 


Ibf*,  h*  itetaehed  .MajM  (latienil  ll««*  an4  llrtu 
lianaral  I'igni,  with  lb«  rt»ai«r  nt  III*  atmy,  tint' 
alallng  nl  Iniir  leallaliona,  law  eiiiiM|itiiilaa  nl  lli# 
graiiaailara  and  tail  Hi  light  Iniiiilrv  wHh  a  pro- 
IMirllun  ••  Itehl  ailillary,  In  rllail  ihia  bualti*** 
ril*a*  lriMi|m  I.iimIpiI  al  ,\|ioaiiora  |niImi,  inil  Inim* 
•d  altar  Limling  ,  bul  t*nMlii*d  In  ihal  |HMIIIolt| 
nil  Ihay  wrie  irii.liiriail  by  a  aepiiMil  dataaliinaM 
III  light  liilaniiy  and  gt*oadiar  viiwi|ieHiea,  a  bat- 
laliiiu  ul  laii.l  lureaa,  and  4  ballalluii  nl  mariii** 
niaklfig  In  Ilia  whni*  Hvnily  :HNHI  ni*w.  WhiU 
lb*  lr>iii|W,  wliii  Ural  landed,  wara  walling  lur  iliM 
r*Ui|i>re>nient,  ill*  prn«intiala  lur  then  lailhei 
•eeuriiy.  piillail  up  aiiiiii'  ailjuUilng  |Hiai  and  rail 
l*M«*a,  aiiiil  aal  lliani  duwn  m  lwn|i«ial*ll  linaa,  al 
a  aiiiall  dMiMiaa  fiuin  eavh  iilh*r,  and  lillad  ih« 
•|wi'*  baiwvwn  with  hay,  whieh,  having  b«*N  lata- 
ly  liiiiwad,  leinalnail  on  Ilia  ad)ar*nl  grnuiMl. 

The  king'a  lrno|i*  formed  In  two  hnea,  and  ad* 
vanved  ahiwU,  l,i  give  lh>*ir  arllllerv  lima  in  d«a 
mnliah  the  Aniariuan  wuvka,  WhiU  lh«  Mnilall 
wrra  advatM'liig  In  ihe  attack,  lliev  letiaived  uidatf 
to  burn  ('liDilealnwii,  Tliaaa  ware  not  (It**,  k« 
rauaa  Ihey  war*  llred  ii|hiii  IroiN  Ihe  liunaraln  lh'< 
liiwn,  but  I'inm  the  miliiury  |Mihcy  ■>(  depriving 
•neinlea  nl  a  cover  in  llii  11  a|i|itiiarh*a.  In  a 
alinri  tlnva,  ihia  ancM-nl  town.  1  n'laMltni  of  ibnul 
MM  buildinga,  rli|e||y  nl  wnnd,  waa  in  una  great 
blaa*.  Til*  lolly  aleeple  uf  ilia  iiiei  Mug  huua* 
formed  a  pyramid  ut  llie  above  the  teat,  and  alriieli 
ill*  aalonialied  eyea  of  numeroua  behiddara,  with 
4  inagnilleani  but  awliil  apetlaeU.  In  lliMinn,  ih* 
lieigllla  nf  every  kind  were  I'livered  wllh  ill*  rill. 
aeiK,  and  aiieh  nl  the  loog'a  lriin|i*,  aa  w*r*  nul 
on  duly.  The  hilla  nrniind  the  ail^arrnl  enuiiiry, 
wliii  II  alhirdeil  i  aala  and  dlallini  view,  wer*  «»;• 
riliiliil  by  the  inhubilania  of  the  rnniilry. 

rilnuaiiliila,  bnlli  wllhlll  and  willinill  liualon, 
were  an«lnua  a|H'el«inrauf  the  binndy  acene.  Th« 
hnniiiir  nf  llrlliah  lrnii|M,  beat  high  In  iha  breaaia 
III  many  I  while  olhera,  wllh  a  keenrr  aanalbllliy 
felt  Inr  the  lilierliea  of  a  greiil  iiid  glowing  coun- 
try, The  llrlliah  moved  on  alnwlv  i  which  ga«« 
llie  (irnvliiriala  a  beiier  oppnrliinlly  Inr  taking  aim. 
Tlip  latter.  In  general  reaervrd  tltemaelvea,  lU| 
llieir  adveraarlea  ware  within  ten  or  twelve  iiiilf  | 
but  tlipii  began  a  liirlinia  dlaeliiiige  nf  aniall  aima 
Thn  alrram  nf  the  American  lire  waa  an  Incaaaanl 
and  did  an  great  exei  iillon,  thiil  the  kmg'a  t'vi>^ 
retreated  In  diaorder  and  prerliiiiailon.  Th**i  1/ 
Drera  lallli'd  them,  and  pualied  ihem  fnrwaril  wliH 
thelrawordai  bill  they  rpluined  lo  the  altn<k  with 
gre»t  teluciance.  The  Aniprlcana  again  reaervwi 
llii  11  lire,  till  iheir  adveraarlea  were  naiii  1  »w4 
ilieii  fiiit  them  a  arciind  lime  lu  lllghl.  (leiierh! 
Ilnwe  and  ihenllirer*  rednubled  their  exprlii'M, 
and  were  again  aiicceaafiil  1  though  Ihe  aiild  an 
ili»<  "vered  11  great  averainn  lo  going  on.  liy  ihig 
lliii.  the  (Miwder  of  the  Americana  began  an  far  lu 
fail,  thai  they  weie  not  able  to  keep  up  tlin  anin« 
briak  Are,  The  liriliah  then  brought  aome  cannon 
In  bear,  which  luked  the  Inalde  uf  the  breail- 
worka  from  end  lo  end.  The  Ire  irnm  the  bIiIm, 
b.itieriea,  and  Held  nrtillery  waa  tinulileil ;  ih« 
anldiera  In  their  rear  were  goaded  on  by  their  of. 
licera.  The  redoubt  waa  attacked  nn  three  aide* 
ul  nnce.  Under  theae  circuniatancea,  n  retretl 
from  it  waa  ordered  :  but  the  ptovinciala  delay 
ed  and  made  reaiituiue  with  iheir  diachargrd  mua 
kela,  ai  if  they  had  been  cluba,  ao  lung,  that  lli« 
king'a  troopa,  who  en.^lly  niounird  the  work*,  had 
half  filled  the  redoubt,  before  it  waa  given  tip  to 
Ihem. 

While  llieae  nperationi  were  going  on  ai  t)i« 
brenat-work  and  ledoiilit.  the  liriliah  light  Inl'ai.iry 
were  nitempllng  to  force  Ihe  left  point  of  ihe  for- 
mer, that  they  might  lake  the  American  line  in 
flank.  Though  ihey  exhibited  the  moat  undaunted 
courpge,  they  met  with  nn  oppnaiiion  which  called 
for  ila  gre.iteat  exertion*.  The  provinciuU  re< 
aerved their  Are,  till  their  advennriea  were  near; 
and  then  poured  it  upon  the  light  infantry,  with 
auch  nn  iiiceaaant  atream,  and  in  a  directinn  ao 
true,  aa  iiinweil  down  their  ranks.  The  engagt- 
meiit  waa  kept  up  on  buth  aidea  with  great  reaohi- 
tioo.    Th«  pcrMTvring  exertion*  of  lti«  kloi'ti 


TMI  HIITOIIX   Of 


I  mMiM  •*(  tnmpti  tN«  Amvf tr^nt  in  r*ini*\. 
nil  itirt  •lta»t*«4  llMOltair  ni»in  kwl*  Im<I  klKli* 
liill  1  liw,  •linn  NcgHH,  •kiKi'Wil  'haiti  h<  low 
l>*f*M*<i«  ^  luf,  II  «uhI«I  twi  U*  »rtw«  ivil,  liut  Itv 
iWii'i  bing  iit^r  t'h4rt«ii»on  ■••k  ,  (••ly  i^tti  »i 
whii  li  a  Mri«li*>l  Uf  lb-'  •Ihil  nl  iti*  IH><*4iiii>  mmx 
lit  wM.  whI  III  lau  lliMi)n(  lH'<«ri«*.  I  Itn  lii»«« 
>i»>  •  lli«  k*|>t  H|i  M»iiM  IhX  iMrIk,  |>r>f>  iilpil  mi; 
^•««hI»ijIiI«  r«mlHfMiM««l  Iriim  )>iiiimK  llitir 
•»iMir«iiMin  mht  ••••  an']*!*!!  ^  l»i>  ilirl**  uliii 
ibll  itii  i)i»ii  mtt»i,  i>«*r  ih*  imtM  kimiiwI,  iiftiol 
IIhii  Mif  it|i|ir*h«*»l«m4iil'  lli«*««  (Miitlm  irfl  iinir**r«> 
Hii'i  •(••••liiipil  |iii««iNg  fi«»i  III  4IIVI  niir  ih«ir  til  II 
|ii4i<'iiii«.  «iir«  vmKiiiiI  •4>»]i  miIiiI  (•iiiinlAluiit 

I ).«  iminlMr  •>(  AmaiMnn*  r»t»i»>i.   niiiiiiinlnl 

MmI«      II    I  dNI,        ll     VM     tllllf^lKHtlDtl   iImI  III*  11111 

i|i«iii>ir<  »umM  |NMtl  Ilia  iijianlni*  ll)*;  linl  »*m 
•'I.  awl  HliMi'li  lmin«dUi*l)i  In  ANMilvitn  Im<*«I 
|H<<rtri<  «l  I'ltiiilif H<(«  I  kul  III*)!  «<liiiinrvil  Iiii  liir 

«llii'r  limn  Hunlitra  hill.  Tlwr*  ili*r  lhr«w  ii|i 
•»»k«  liif  ibair  "•»  ••••iirH».  'I'll*  (irii-iiKl.il* 
iliil  i*i«  Mm*,  iin  I'riMiwrl  litll,  In  Iniiil  iil  ili'iii 
Moil,  ovra  (imiiIiii|  tg'iliKl  an  allaik  I  uml  Imili 
••I*  III  a  k«<l  I  iindiintn  lu  i*c*lt«  im*.  'I'd*  hi— 
ll  It-'  |wnltMiil«  il«|ii*awMl  ill*  *|ilrlla  iiC  III*  Am* 
I'-aiia  1  ami  ill*  tf*al  luaa  u(  man  |iriHlur»<l  ili« 
aaiit*  «tl*i'l  «n  ill*  ItfllMli  't'hclr  luv*  livrn  l*w 
tallica  In  iiHiil*rn  aara,  in  olik  li,  all  riiiiiiiiaMm  *  a 
'<iiialil*t*il,  lh*r*  «aa  a  |r*alri  il*alriii'liiiii  nl  iiicii, 
lian  in  lliia  ahoit  *n|a|*ni*nl.  'I'll*  Inaa  nl  lli* 
llrliiali.  a*  *rknii«lnU*il  Uy  li*ii*riil  <l>iii*. 
•tlHKinlvil  ta  \Mi.  Nln«t*«li  rillllllllaalulirit  nl 
lltrra  «*r*  lilll*ii  anil  70  ninr*  w«r*  wiiiimlril. 
'I'll*  liMlilx  III' ({ii*h*r,  In  17i'UI,  wlilili  Ka««  llivul 
llrllain  lli*  prnxiii't  nl'l'anaila,  waa  iiiil  •uilraliiii'. 
,  tt  III  Hrlilali  i<nti'*ra,  aa  lh.«  tlliilr  nl  >i  alinlil  In- 
Irriii'liiiii'iil,  III*  wiirli  iMily  nl  a  Irw  limiia.  'I'lial 
III*  niMi *ia  Biiir*r»il  ait  niiitli,  lii'iil  liv  iiii|iiilril  In 
till  ll  li*ini|  uiniaii  il.  Nun*  nl  III*  iifiiniiiiiala  In 
llila  rn(«|*iiMnl  »*r«  rill*  nitn  i  liiil,  llir;  «*i« 
nil  (Oinl  iiiiirli«lii*n.  'I'll*  arliolrnrilirir  |ir*viiiiia 
iilil.lary  KiHtwl*ii(*  lia<l  li**>i  il*ii«'il  iVniii  liiiiil 
ln«,  iiinl  ill*  iirilinary  aMiiia*iii*n(a  iil'a|Hi)ltiiiii'n. 
Tliv  ili<«l*rily  wllirli,  It;  Innil  ImIhI,  llir;  li.nl  M- 
■|iiliril  ill  hilllMK  baaal,  liinla,  nml  niaika,  waa  ('«• 
(iillv  ii|i)iliril  In  tha  ilralriHIIiMI  nl'  llrillali  uinci-ra. 
Kriiiil  i|i*lr  tail,  miirli  I'linriiilnii  w>ia  *>|i<<i:l*<i. 
'I'll**  Mpra  ihrrtlora  |Hirtiriilarly  ajn|(lril  nut. 
.Mnal  III'  llioaa,  who  wfr*  n*»r  llii'  |h-i>iiii  nl'  IIpii*. 
ral  llnwr,  wi-m  allh*r  klll*<l  nr  wminili'il  i  Imi  itia 
«*iii'ral,  iliiiiith  ha  giaally  ruiMianl  liiiii><*ll,  wiia 
iinliiirl,  Tha  lllhl  Infanlry  ami  vr'Hi'lifa  li»l 
llirr*  I'niirllia  of  thnir  ni*n.  < H'nii*  iniiitmiiy.  mil 
ninrc   lli.iii   rt*a,  Hliil  of  aiinllici,  mil   iihiik  iIi.iii 

.I'nurtfPn  *acu|iail.  Th*  uiia«|i*cl*il  i*alalniire  nl' 
ill*  Aniarlrana  wa«  aiirh,  «a  wIih-iI  iiwiiy  ilia  r*- 
iiriiarli  iil'riiwarilir*,  whlrll  hail  n'l-n  raal  nil  ihrin, 
iiy  llipjr  *npiiilaa  In  lirlialn.  Tli*  aiilrllnl  rnmliicl 
u(  til*  llriliah  odlran,  nirrllnl  RnilitlitNiiiril  gtr^it 
•|i|tliint*:  Iml,  ih*  pritvlnciwla  wrr*  jiiaily  aiilillnl 
a  n  hirK*  |Hirtloii  nrtli*  lain*,  Tor  hiiviiiK  iiiiiilxlli* 
■liniKt  aarrtjiina  ol'tliplr  uil«*ra>irira  naii'aa.iry,  In 
4ltln<lii*  them  I'min  lliiaa,  whii^h  wero  lli«  wnrk 
aniv  iirii  ainal*  ni(ht. 

'tUr  Am*rican*  bat  (1»«  pl«ire*  nf  cnnnnn,  Tlipir 
kllleil  nninunlail  III  nna  liuiMlrril  nml  llmly-niiie; 
lh";r  wnuiiilril  ami  inlaaini  tu  thr**  hiiniliril  iiiiil 
fniirtfcn.  Thirty  nf  tha  rnrmar  fall  iiiln  ilir  IihimI* 
of  III*  runi|iiarora.  Thay  |iartiruliirly  ranrHllail  ilia 
ilaalh  of  (i*n*r»l  Warrrn.  'I'n  tlia  miraat  piitrint- 
tain  ami  moat  uniliiunteil  bnivary,  lia  uilil*il  tha 
rirliiaa  of  ilumaatii:  lif*.  tha  clnqiianra  nf  iin  nr- 
cniii|ili«he)l  oriitnr,  nml  Ilia  wiailnm  nf  :in  nhia 
•laiaaiiian.  A  rexanl  to  tha  liberty  of  liia  country 
only,  Inducail  him  to  niipnaa  lliii  maiianraa  of  ko- 
aermnpnt.  Ha  almail  not  at  n  aaimnilion  from, 
but  n  conlillon  with  the  mother  country,  i  le  took 
•n  ui-tive  iwrt  In  •lefcnri' of  Ilia  country  t  not  thni 
lie  niixht  be  appUuilpil,  uml  rpwnrilril  for  n  |Kitri- 
uliu  apiiit ;  but,  bacuuae  ho  w»a,  in  the  beat  aenna 
of  the  woril.  ■  real  patriot.  llnvinR  no  intereated 
ir  (wraomil  »iewi  to  nnawer,  the  friemla  of  liberty 
confliled  In  Ml  iniedritv.  The  aoumlneaa  of  hla 
juilvment.  tiid  Ilia  abilitiea  iia  ii  puhlir  apvnkrr, 
•DiblM*  afu  to  mnkea  diatinKilinlii'il  figure  in  pub- 
1m  cuuacU* :  bull  hif  lutrcjuitlity  uud  aclivu  xeal, 


film  III   ilir  null 

'  li,>  tk  14  >l|i|i,illili  >l 
>•  liA,  a  In  I  I  IM"*., 
l-t|ll'«l  |lfini  l|.tir« 


lnil>i«*i|  Ujla  riMintitii  >  ii  'n  |<I>'> 
I4f  y  Iin*       W  iiIiiii  1...11  •[•r  •  iiir 

•  iiialiir  4>ii*iiii.  bi<  I.  II  I  M. Mk  • 
i»hl*  ll  li«  hill  aa|NiiM*,l  li.iiii  III' 
l,ik*  lliin|iil*N  ll*  li>«il.  iiiiil  I"*  IliiniaUn  li* 
iliail  I  MHlfniaiill;  Imlntfil.  ami  iiiw«*r*ally  i«^>»l 
i*«l  Ml*  iMaiiv  iiirlii*'4  wiir*  1  i-li'lii-iiipil  in  iiii  »!*■ 
gaiit  •itlii||>iiiii,  i>iMi«ii  lif   '  )r    llii-'li.  In  laH||(M||a,  I 

•  l|l|l«|   III   IIhi    ||1||«I||IIM4   •llllfl  i  t  I 

I'll*  1111111014  nl  l'h4rl'<iii«in,  llNHiih  a  pia**  '•' 
(r*4l  Kill*,  >Jl<l  mil  iliaiiiiiriu*  til*  |ir>i<>i.(li<la.    ll 

•  «i  ila.l  l*»Mlm»nl  ami  •>*!  iiiIIhh  1  li_>  mil  ■"« 
>li>|nialii.in  to  •mIiiiiii.  Mm  Ii  <•  la  Ilif  I1I4I1  Imiril 
al4i«  III  lb*  f'lililic  iiilml,  ii*4«l  an  411.41  ihi*  iiiilillir 
mil  ■  III  |iiii|i<ii«,  «h*ii  jiMl  III  iiiiiiiipilliiin  Kiihj 
lili*ity,  llial  oiiiilaiy  *«illla4|rallnna,  lhi<il|h  th*; 
ilialiMaail  ami  mipnir*rMl»i|,  hiol  no  l«ml*m'y  In 
•iihiliia  Ilia  rnltiiiiala.  TItay  inigbt  anaoprinlh* 
nlil  «ii«lli|  I  but  w»ia  mil  <  ilrulalail  fill  ih*  iirw. 
wh'ra  tha  •  ir  «a*  und*il.ik*n,  lint  fur  1  I'huMii* 
III  inital*ra,  but  l„r  ■*riiiin|  *aa*iili,il  niilila  Tlia 
III  linn  at  llr**il  a  lull  nr  lliiiik*i'a  lull,  na  II  bita 
li**ii  I'nmni'     l«   r>ill*il,  prniliii nl  niaiin  uimI  «*ry 

lllipilil ml  I  I  •i|ll*M'«a.  ll  iaMglll  III*  llrillall  an 
Mini  It  laajwi'i  li,i  III*  \iii*rlraiia,  Iniranrh'il  li«liiml 
wiiika,  ibil  llii'ii  aiilia*i|ii*iit  ii|i*rilliiiia  »*rti  1* 
l,iril*il  »lih  a  riiiiilnii,  lb  ll  waal*il  away  4  wbnl* 
i'iiMi|Mli|ii,  III  triy  liilli.  piir|Hia*.  |i  mlileil  in  ib» 
rnllllili'm  *  li;ii  \iii>'ilriiiia  li*K,in  In  li.ivr  III  ibrlr 
own  aliililiva  ;  Iml  liilrrrni'va,  irrr>  lii|iiiiiiiia  In 
III*  liiliirp  inlcivaia  nf  Aiin-riia,  wvr*  ilrnwn  111011 
ih*  unnil  roniliii't  nf  lb*  new  Irniiiw,  nil  llin  nicimi 
rnhlpiliiy,  |i  iiia|iirpi|  anni*nlllii>i*iii||iii|  iii*iiili*ia 
III  Ciiiiiirpaa,  wtlh  •ilcli  lilnh  lilriia  »l  whiit  niliibl 
be  dun*  by  niilillii,  nr  men  pii||iii|*iI  fur  a  alinri 
trriH  of  *nhaliii*Ml,  ihiit  it  waa  lung  brfnt*  ibi-y 
iiaaantail  tn  lb*  ea'iibhaliiiipiil  nl.i  ii*riiMii*nl  uriiiy. 
Nnl  ilialllliilllalllllil  ill*  1  nnlloili'il  r«p||lniia  of  nn 
irmy,  llirnuih  a  ariira  nl  y*ara,  timii  the  hiiIIhiiI 
ellnrta  nf  th*  yi'nniiiiry  nf  ih*  i'iiiiiili>,  Inl  ilirirliy 
In  iiciinn,  lliey  wer*  alnw  In  iiiIiiiiMiiik  lit*  nnra 
ally  nf  (lerinaiirnl  triinpa.  They  cnncpiri'il  ih* 
I'liiinlry  nilKhl  b*  ili'lrmlnl,  by  lli*  nrr.ialiiiiiil  *«. 
*rlliilia  nf  h*r  aolia,  wllhiiilt  tti*  i<«|irnaa  ami  il.in 
ll*r  of  iin  iirmy,  *ni|ii|i*il  for  th*  wur.  In  lb*  pro- 
grraa  nf  liiia|i|i||pa,  aa  will  appriir  III  the  arijiirl. 
lb*  iiiiliiiii  biat  unit  ll  nf  tht'lr  llrat  nrdniir  1  wliili- 
IpiiiIiiiK  Hi*n  in  tb*  niiinvilaiif  Amerlcn,  triialinii  In 
ila  iiiniiiiiianca,  iiei(l*ciril  ih*  piii|i*r  liiiie  nf  ir 
rriiitlnii,  Inr  11  a*rl*a  nf  y*iira.  ^'nini  th*  wnm  nf 
|ipra*«rr»m'p  In  th*  nillllln,  and  lb*  wiint  nf  11  ilia 
I'iplinril  aMiiiliiiK  niniy,  tha  ciiiia*  fur  wliirli  »riiia 
wrrr  at  llrat  tiikrn  lip,  wiiaiiiore  lb, in  onrn  brniinht 
III  llin  brink  nf  ilrttrurlion. 


CIIAPTKR  IX. 

'I'll*  •i'rnnill'imiir*aaiii«*la;nrfaiilr*aan>tiiliirriini|ii>'ii 
I  ll  .\riiit  :  III  ikpa  ■iiiiilry  piililii'  aililrnaai'i, :  |irt|i|,,ii .  ilir 
Kiiiir,  Jki',    'I'laiiaai'liiiiia  in  Maaaachuai'iu. 

It  hna  nlr*adv  been  maniionpil,  ihiit  Conitrpaa, 
prrvioiia  In  Ita  ifiaaolulion,  on  th*  Slilh  oft  tctnlicr, 
17'il,  rpriiniinandeil  to  tha  coloiii*a,  to  clinnap 
MiPiiilirra  Inr  anothpri  to  iiippI  on  th*  lillli  ol 
.'Nlny,  MT-'i  t  linlpaa  tha  redreaa  of  uripviin'ira 
wM  pRflonaly  obiniiMd,  A  cirruhir  laitar  had 
lipcn  nililrpaai'il  by  bird  l)Hrtniiiiilh,  to  ill*  acvrriil 
I  nlniiial  Knvrrnnra,  rpqiiPaiInK  lliclr  Inlprlcri'iiip,  in 
prevent  tliP  iiiPPtinK  of  thia  aecond  conitrraa  ;  Iml 
iiiinialprliil  rpipiiaitlona  lind  loal  tln'lr  inlhipmi'. 
llrlcKiitea  wern  elecieil,  not  only  fur  the  twpjvp 
nilonicB,  thill  were  before  repreaenlcd,  but  nlao  fur 
the  pnriah  of  St.  John'a,  In  neoriiliii  iind,  in  July 
fnllowinK,  f'lr  the  whole  province.  The  tiiiic  lif 
the  ineplinil  of  thia  ancond  conKipaa,  wiia  nupo  111 
ao  diatiint  1  d»^,  that  an  vTixirtuntty  might  be  iif- 
foriled  for  iibtaininKlnformiilion  nf  the  pliinanilnpl- 
pil  by  the  Hririah  pHrlinmpnl  in  the  winter  of  I7'7 1, 
t77.'<.  Had  theae  been  fiivournble,  the  deleKiiIca 
wiiMJil  pithrr  not  hiive  met,  or  diaiirnpii  nfier  ii 
alinit  acaHinn  :  but  na  the  rpaoliiliiin  Wiia  then  llxeil, 
III  ciiiiipi'l  til*  aiibmiaainn  of  tile  culniiica,  nml  Iiih- 
tilitici   had  already  couiiucnccd  lh«  iiicvtiug  of 


I  'iingiaaa,  mn  ih*  t*i  )H  •<  Miiy.  whiali  mm  tt  iM 
r>*nii,.il,  k*«,iiM*  Aaa.l 

t  hi  llii  It  iii**iiii|,  llipy  th<ia*  l**«  Inn  Hanilai||tl^ 
Inr  llivir  piaatiUitl,  uh*I  t  barUa  I  li,,tiiiMii,it,  lai 
ilwii   oviaiaty.      Ihiili*    m*»<  ilut   M>     (innnfl 

lifil  ht'lnia  lliam  ll  •iiiii-l  »  III  J*)KM in,  III.  llii, 

lltal  III*  klng'a  lriHi|ia  w*i*  lb*  4tfgt*4«*iM,  111  Ilia 
Ui*  b.ilil*  ll  l,*«ingi,in,  iiig>lli»r  wnh  ■iniilry  pi. 
pata  talallv*  tn  lb*  gi«  il  «»*Hla,  wbn  li  hiid  liirly 
liiken  iMii**  in  M  laa  I,  liuaeiia  \Vh*r>'M|Hin  I  ini, 
(l*a*  l*Mil«*d  llarll  iiiin   i  p.iniHIIIIaa  nf  ill*  wltnM, 

ri    llli«     I I'iIMmI*! 1    llir    <l  Ila   lit      ^HHt|.il, 

I  ll,  «  |i>iii  i,p,lri|  III  llii.  •nil,  III!,  1,1  niiMli'|l|lii4 
1 11, 1  III  I  tin  I- *  a.  mIiIi  ll  III  iiUi  ,|  lilt'  .1,  la  nl  I  lib  If  jna* 
d*r*aa<ita  10  tb*  |hi<i  ypat 

'I'll*  tlly  and  ■  nunly  nf  ,N»w  Vink,  hntlnr  (^ 
pli*fl  In  I  iingrvaa,  for  advir*  how  ih*y  almiitd  rnn- 
lui'i  lh*iiw*l«*a  with  ••<gaid  to  th*  ltiHi|ia  ilipy 
*a|i*i'l*il  tn  land  llipi*  1  ih*y  w*ia  aiUlaad,  "t* 
III  nn  lb*  •l»li<ii«iii*,  an  king  .i*  Wlghl  b*  rnnatal- 
Pill  wuh  th*ir  aiifaiy  1  to  |i*imil  tha  Iiooim  In  r*- 
niiiln  III  lb*  hiitraria,  ao  long  aa  lh*y  nvbaiad 
iwai  *iibl«  I  bill  mil  |»  aiirtrr  fnrllll)  .iiinna  la  lia 
arailpil,  nr  uny  ala|ia  In  b*  Inkpn  Inr  1  Ulinig  nil 
ll*  cninniunlPiiiino  b*iw**n  lb*  town  nml  rniin- 
iiv."  ('iingrvaa  nlao  i*aiit«pd  1  "Th,!!  ptpnrla- 
loin  III  all  |Miiia  of  llniiah  AniriUM,  wlmli  bml 
mil  ailnplail  tlipir  aaaiirliilinn,  •lloiilil  iiiiiiipilii'ipjy 
I  aaaa  1"  ami  ihil,  "no  |i«ii»iaiiiii  iil  any  kind,  nr 
iiilipr  n>riiM,iri*a,  h*  liirniah*il  to  Ih*  llilllali  flab- 
*rl*a,  nil  ilin  Amatlcan  iiiaaia  ;"  and.  "  ibnt  nn 
lull  nl  ••«i'hiiiig*.  ilriill,  nr  order,  nf  any  nrtlirr  In 
ill*  Itiiiiah  aim*  nr  nany,  lh*iragpnia  nr  loiitiart- 
lira,  h*  r*r*lv*irnr  n*gniiai*il,  nr  any  nnin*y  inp- 
plied  tli*m,  by  any  (wiann  In  America  1  thai  na 
pinylainna  or  n*rpaaiiri«a  of  any  kind,  be  lurnialipd 
nr  aiippllpil.  III  III  Inr  lb*  iia*  nf  til*  Hiiiiah  ainiy 
III  ii.itv.  In  thr  nilniiy  nl  .Mnaaiii  linapiia  Hay  1  ili,it 
nil  ti'aai'l  *mpliiypd  In  lriina|Niiling  lltlllab  Irniipa 
III  America,  or  I'liim  on*  part  of  North  Am*ticii, 
lo  anolli*r,  nr  warllk*  alnrra  nr  priivlalona  fur  aiiid 
lliiii|M,  b*  lielglilcil  III  luriilali*d  with  plovlalona  or 
liny  11*1  paaiitlea."  Tli*a*  reanliiiiniia  nriy  hn 
I'onaiilprpil  aa  ih*  ciiniil*rparl  of  the  lliltlali  acti 
Inr  reairiiiiiiiiit  ilie  cnmmeice,  ami  prnhiliitiiig  ilie 
llalieiica  nl  the  cnliinlra.  Tb**  were  ciilcnliilnl 
to  briiiil  ilialipaa  iinlli*  llriliah  iaiiinila,  in  tb*  Wiat 
Iniliea;  itbiiap  cliirf  d*tieni|H|ic*  fur  aiihan'pnip, 
wna  on  ihc  iin|Hirtiilliiti  of  proviainiia  fromih*  Am*- 
ric  III  ciinliiiPiit,  Th*y  nlao  ncraainiipd  upw  dilFI- 
cullica  In  lh«  aiippnrt  of  th*  .Irlllah  iirmy  nml  llali 
priea.  Til*  inlniiiala  wpr*  in  much  Imlelilpil  in 
(Irent  jtiii.iin,  lint  govpiiimpiit  billa  for  th*  ninai 
pnri  Iniiml  among  iheiii  a  r*nily  ninrkPl.  A  w,i| 
in  III*  ciiliinipa  wna  iliPipfoia  mnile  auli^priiipiii  in 
coiiinierc*,  by  liicrpnaiiig  the  aniircca  of  rrniit- 
iniice,  Thia  rnnblail  llir  miillier  cniinlry,  In  n  grent 
degree,  lo  aiippiy  her  liinipa  williniii  ahipping  inn- 
hey  nut  nf  the  kiiigiliini.  Kriini  llie  ii|'Prntinn  ol 
llieae  ipaiiliiliniia,  nilviiiitigea  nf  lliia  iinliire  were 
not  only  nil  nil',  but  the  aopply  nl  ilie  llriliah  nr- 
my  wna  remlpred  both  prec.irinua  nml  cii|ipnaite 
In  conapipience  of  the  liileriliclinn  nf  the  Ameri- 
can I'lalieriKa,  gient  prnllla  were  etpecled,  by  llri- 
liah ,'iilvpiiliirera.  In  ihnl  line,  .^111  h  frpipiciiliy 
fiiumi  il  nniai  ronvpiiipiil  In  nlihiin  anpplipa  in  Am*- 
ricn,  Inr  iiirryiiig  nn  llicir  llalieiiea :  Iml,  na  (jrenl 
Mrilnin  linil  deprived  the  colnniala  nf  nil  beiieliia 
fioiii  llinl  i|iinrter,  lliey  now,  in  ijieir  turn,  inter- 
dieted  nil  aiipiiliea  from  being  fiiriiialicd  to  liriliati 
llalierilien.  'f'o  obvlnte  thia  uiie«pei-tpil  ptnbui 
rnaaiiieiit,  aeverul  of  the  *e>,ap|a  eiii|i|iiyrd  in  lliii 
buaineaa,  wpre  obliged  to  rptutnlinme  lo  bring  iiiit 
prn*iaiiina,  for  their  naaiicinlea.  Theae  reaiiiclivi 
reaoluliona  were  nut  no  mui  h  the  Pil'ect  of  reapii* 
•neiit,  na  of  |Miliiy.  The  coloiiiata  coneeivpil  llv 
by  iliatreaaiiig  the  llriliah  coumiprcp,  they  wnnlil 
increnae  ine  numtier  nf  th"«»  who  would  ir.tcicsl 
theniaelvra  in  their  liehnlf. 

The  new  congreaa  hud  convened  but  n  few  ilnya, 
when  their  veneruble  preaident,  I'eyiun  Rnndiil|i|i 
wna  under  the  neccaaity  of  returning  home.  On 
hia  (Icpnrliire,  J'.-'"'  Ilmenrli  who  had  bilelv  been 
priisciibed,  by  Oenernl  (Inge,  wna  unHniinniiAi) 
I'liiiaeii  lii.i  am  ceaaor.  The  object*  uf  drliber,: 
I  tiuu,  preaentvd  (u  tbii  new  coagraN,  wcrt,  if  pM 


NOm  M    AMR  RirA. 


ixrtxliii^  1>'tf,  hxi  tnttfii  lli*  itixiil.iii  ■>•  lltal» 

tan  il'«  iM«i1U  ivy  *l  iIhm«  in»**»f.  ftiitn  wliH'h 
rulMl  iM't  )Mt»ii  htiNOrly  nItMliixl  I  lt«j^  fouii'l  4 
»!#«  |Hirlt-iiM#ttl  i|t«|iai«»il  I**  mil  till  rtikt  in  luin 
IMHIiiirf  Oi«tr   •Mbiiii««iiHt       'I'huv  4t4M  HiHl«r«lti(iil. 

.»»lf     HilfHIIIMIr.llMIII     W-M    IIH|t«(|    il^l(H«l   lltMllt,  ilHll 

II*    iifiiilwrt   llriiily    •alililMliml    In    ih«ir    plitix 
||ilt<lliM«4     «»ri*      •-iiiitttitfiH  «•!.       liHIMfaffdiatll* 
ti  III  irrlX'l .  'iiiil  iniim  «>>■  il>iil;  *«|mi  i«i|       A>I 
ii«<l  IM  IliM,  ili»)r   h'til  iiifiirm.iMiiii,  lliii  ih*ir  mlvar 
Mr)**  Ihiil  IhIkii  iiiit««it>«»  tit  wrur*  Iha  lri»ii<lalii|i 
*mt  ■••  u|Mti«Mim  III  'li*  Imliiiti*  «iii|  I '.iiiitilMn*. 

Til*  I'lirtvliin  III  itf  rwliint«l«  IidIiih  t*»il>*il 
tfmu,  itnil  lliair i'im<|ii*M  •m|i|nimi| In  Im  in*«Mibl«, 
'ha  Itrtllali  inliii«lr)r  Jiiili«l.  lliil  X  »niilil  ba  fnr 
■  Urn  iHiarnal  nl  IhiiIi  I'lmnin**,  In  |ifiM-««il  In  llmt 
il(iirnii«  i>uur««,  whli  h  (irninlMil  ill*  •|H»ill««t  m 
iDlHinaiil  uf  ihclr  wtijarl.  Thay  hn|ia>l,  hj  pt»m 
Ing  III*  i'nlnni«t«  un  all  iftmrlvta,  >•«  lttllniiil.il> 
uiiihwiiMm,  anii  ulllttMlalj)  inlaMati  th*  ilfuattin  uf 
liMitirtn  bliinil. 

In  llila  >i«lul  rrlaU,  CnnaraM  h.iil  nnljr  *  rlinira 
of  iliflli'HllMa.  'I'll*  Nao  Vnilliinil  alalaa  liiiil  kI 
ramly  uiiiantoail  un  armjr,  ami  blnaknilail  (lanaral 
U>iga,  Tn  ilaavrl  Ihain  wniilil  lia>a  liaan  I'liiilrn 
fy  lii|illKlilail  fiillti,  iinil  In  aouml  iwliry  1  In  aiiii 
fNirl  iliatn,  wntibl  iiialia  iha  war  lanatal,  iiiiil  in 
•ul>a  all  iba  |irii«lnr**  In  ana  gaiiafal  pnimlarii 
nua  aiaia  nl  Imalllllv.  Tlia  raaulullan  iif  ilia  iian- 
|ila  III  f.i«iiui  af  ilia  lattar  wm  Maaii  i  ami  nnlji 
«>.ini)*il  |iiilill>'  aaiirllnn  for  lla  njiaraiion.  Con- 
liraaa  lliaralnia  rrauWail  1  "llial  liir  ilia  aniiraaa 
|iiir|Hiaa  nl  ilalaniling  ami  aariirlng  Ilia  riiloniaa 
ami  |ira<ar«in|  lliaiii  In  aalalv,  analnal  all  all*iii|Ha 
In  rarrjt  ilia  lila  aria  nf  iMillaiiiani  Into  aaai'uihin 
iiy  liirca  ul'  »xm;  lliay  ba  liiimailialalii  pul  In  a 
•lata  nf  ilal'anra  1  Itui,  aa  lliay  arlaliail  lur  a  raaln- 
railiMi  ufllHtliatmiiny.fnrmarljr  aiihatalint  haiwaan 
tlia  iiinlhar  rniinlry  ami  ilia  culonlaa,  in  ilia  (irii- 
iitiillnn  nf  llila  mnal  tiaatrahia  raronalllaiiun,  iir 
luiiiitila  ami  ilullfiil  paiiiinn  ha  praaanlail  lu  lila 
iiMjaaiy."  Ta  raalat,  aii'l  la  (lalllion,  vara  cnanal 
laaiiliilinna,  Aa  I'reainan,  Ihay  roiiM  mil  lamaly 
rubiiiil  I  but  na  liiyal  aiihjaria,  wlahlng  fur  paaca 
iia  fur  aa  waa  cmniiallhla  wllh  Ihalr  rl|lil>.  ihay 
iNM-a  I  tuia  In  lit*  •hamvlar  nf  iwiillnnara,  hiimhly 
•liiiail  l^alr  (triavaneta,  In  tha  rnnimiin  fuiliar  nf 
IM<  «iii|Hra.  To  illaaiiHila  itia  Canailuna  Iriim  en- 
■imrnlinK  aillh  Iha  llrlllah,  lliay  a«aln  aililraaaail 
ham  I  ra|ira*antiii||  iha  iiarnlciiiua  lamlancy  nl 
iha  l^iialiae  ant,  and  a|ml«glxln||  fnr  lhair  laklni 
ricniiilaruKa,  and  Croain  Polnl,  aa  maaauiaa  which 
«ara  dicialad  by  III*  |raal  law  uf  aalf-|Mcaar«a 
linn. 

Aliniil  iha  aama  lima,  Con|rta«  look  maaaiiraa 
fur  warillni  nf  ih«  danjar,  that  ihraalanad  Ihalr 
I'rniillar  liiliiihllania  frutn  Ilia  Indiana,  (.'onuiiia- 
•iiiiiara  to  iraal  wlih  tham,  wara  apftolntad  :  and  a 
•U|i|ilv  uf  Konda  for  ihalr  uaa  waa  nrdarad.  A  talk 
HFiia  hImi  |ira|iiirad  by  Coniraaa,  and  IrantiiiUtad  to 
lliain,  In  wliloh  tha  controvaray  batwarn  (iraal 
lintaln  and  har  eolonlaa  waa  axplalnad  In  a  fatnll* 
hir  liidiiin  atyla.  Tliay  war*  lold,  thai  tliay  hiid 
nn  i-niiearn  In  the  famlhf  quairal ;  and  wara  iirgad 
ny  ilic  tiaa  of  ancient  friandahip,  and  ■  ciimiiiun 
liir'li  |ilace,  toramiiin  at  linine;  kaap  their  hatchet 
kiiriail  darp;  and  to Juin  neither  party. 

The  nooel  iitiiation  of  Miiaaachuaetia,  made  It 
necaaaary  fur  the  ruling  powera  of  thai  province 
to  aafc  the  advice  of  Confreaa,  on  ■  vary  intereal 
ln|  aubjeel  1  "  Iha  taking  up  and  exereiaing  ihc 
liowera  of  civil  government."  Kor  many  inontha 
they  had  been  kept  loKelher,  In  tolerable  pence 
■ml  order,  by  the  force  of  ancient  hkbita ;  under 
Ihe  aimpio  aiyle  of  recommendation  and  advice 
fro'n  iHipular  bodiea,  invetted  wllh  no  legialalive 
auttiiirily.  Ilni.  at  war  now  niKed  In  their  bor- 
der».  and  a  nunieruu«  army  waa  actually  raiaed, 
anini*  innrr  efAi'ient  form  of  governmenl  beciinie 
nri't-Hniiry.  At  Ihia  eaily  day,  it  neither  com|iarl- 
cd  with  ilin  wiahea,  niir  tha  deaigna  of  the  colo- 
iiiala.  tu  ert'vl  fii'ina  of  goaernineni  lnde|ieadenl 
3l  (ii'eal  Urilain.  Congreaa,  iherafora,  recom- 
iMnd«4  ooly  Mieli  rtgulatloiM,  m  w«ra  iomwii- 


tMly  naeewMy  1  ami  ihaea  wave  ii»nni«i)iH,  M 
waar  a*  |ni«ilila,  In  ili«  tpiill  »»<>  anlMlxn**  >•!  Ilm 
liariar  1  .in>l  wata  iiiilji  in  |4«(,  lill  4  fit-ttrnt,  at 
liM  majaal^  •  «|i|Miiiiim«Mi,  *whI<I  cuiimm  I*  |itf - 
aril  >h«  tfiiUiny  41  <  imliitii  In  ll«  «  h4rl*i  | 

(>n  III*   >.iiiia   |itiiiti|ita«   ul    littaaally,    *)H>lh*v 
iM«uiM|iiiaii  ••!   •••*    |iii*«r<i   b«v4Hi*   uwivuidabU. 
riia  giaai  iiiiar>  iiuio  ihai  >l  iilv  iiink  (I  •>  •  lliii>M(li 
Mill  Ilia  tuliMii**,  |Niint«t|  lint  iha  iitti|irl«ry  n|  »«iiib 
lialiing  a  gaiiaritl    jiml  iinii  •        I  In*    »  •*   »•  rofil 
iimly  iluna  ,  and  Iir.    ^Mnklln  aim,  hml  liy    nif  4I 
4Mihiiriiy,  haan  dlainM*«d  Iruni  a  •iniilur  •niplny 
manl  «bwul  iliraa  y*4i«  li>(ura,  «i4«  4|i|Milnl>i|  by  ' 
hM  vuUNIty,  Ilia  h*4d  ul  Iha  new  d*|Milmanl.  I 

Wlilla  I  nHgraa*  ■••  ni4klng   arriHii'manla  Inr! 
iImii  |i«npuaaii   rnnlinvnial  army,  II    »—   Ibnuglil  | 
xpadlaui,  nNca  niiir*  tn  *dilra»«  ill*  inhabiianu  nl  1 
Uiaal  lliiuin  and  in  imliliah  inlhawuilil  a  daila 
ralluN  aalllniilniih  llivirraaatin*  fnr  taking  up  arm*  1 
In  ailUraa*   iha   *|ia*k*r  ami  ganllaman  nl  tha  »»■ 
•aMblv  ul  Janialra,  iind  ili*  inhiiblMntanI  IralamI  1 
and  ewn  In  iiralar  a  aacnMil  hunibia  fiatiilMii  In  th« 
king.     In  Ihalr  addrna  m  iha  inhabtlaola  nf  Ureal 
llrllain,   lliay    again    •tiidl<'4l*d  llianwalvaa,  Irnm 
Iha  cltitrga  nt  aiming  nl   liiil*|i*tHli>ni  y  I   liriilVHail 
Ihalr  willingnva*  m  ankmit  tn  th*  tavaral  arta  nl 
trade  and    Mavigallnti,  wlinh   wara  (laaaail    bafiira 
Iha  year  I7<l.i|  laraiillMlaiad  ihair  taaanna  Inr  r* 
Jacling   lurd    Nurlh'a  rnnrtllalniy    iiinttnn  |  atntad 
tha  harilahl)!*  lh*y  anllcod,  imni  Iha  njiariiiiiiia 
ul  ilia  riiyal  army  in  Hiiaiun  1  ami   liialnuatnl   ilia 
danger  lliat  the  liihabilaiita  ul  llrllain  would  I"'  In, 
uf  lualng  ihalr  fraadnin.   In  caaa   ihair  Ani*rii'4n 
brethren  wrra  auliiliiail. 

in  ihalr  daclHriitiiin,  aaltlng  furlh  ihalr  rauaaa  and 
nacaaally  uf  tliair  taking  up  arma,  thav  aimniara 
tad  iha  liijurlaa  Ihay  had  rat  alvail,  and  tha  matliiMla 
taken  by  the  llrlilali  mlniatiy  tu  cumfial  ihair  auli- 
liiiaaluni  ami  Ihfu  a^ld  1  "  we  lira  reduced  lu  the 
altarnaiiva  uf  cituiiaing  an  uncumlliluiial  aiilimla' 
alun  In  ihe  tyranny  uf  Irritatml  ininlatari,  nr  raata 
lance  by  I'uice.  TIte  lailar  I*  our  choice.  W'a 
have  iiiunled  tha  cnat  uf  ihia  enntaal,  und  Hml 
nothing  an  dreadful  aa  vuluntary  ainveiy."  They 
aeaartad  "  thai  furaign  aealatani'*  wna  unduubiadly 
attainable.'  Thia  waa  mil  I'uundad  un  any  private 
Inforinallon,  but  waa  tn  npinlon  derived  frum  Ihalr 
knuwicjga  uf  the  minclpiea  of  pulley,  by  which 
ataica  uaually  rui^uule  their  eonduvi  tuwarda  each 
other. 

In  iheiraddraaa  to  tha  apaakar  and  gaatlenian 
of  tha  aaaeiiibly  of  Janiaicii,  they  dilated  on  the 
arlilliaiy  ayalaniauf  the  Hrillah  niiniatry  1  and  In- 
formed thaiii,  that  In  order  to  obtain  a  redraaa  of 
Ihair  griavancea,  they  had  appealed  to  th*  Juatica, 
hunianitv,  and  Interaat,  of  lireat  llrililn.  They 
elated,  that  to  make  their  arheniea  of  non-ltnpor- 
laiinn  ami  nuneiiMirtation,  produce  the  dealred 
eti'ecta,  they  were  obliged  to  exieiid  them  to  the 
lalanda.  '■  K'roiii  that  neceaaity,  and  from  that 
alone,  aald  they,  our  conduct  haa  proceeded." 
They  concluded  with  aaylngi  "the  |Mcullar  aiiu- 
ation  of  your  laland  forblda  your  aaalatanoe  i  bul 
we  have  your  good  wiahea.  From  the  good  wiah- 
ea of  the  IViemla  uf  liberty  and  mankind,  we  ahall 
alwaya  derive  cnnaulalion." 

Ill  their  addreaa  tn  the  people  of  Ireland,  they 
recapitulated  their  grievanira  ;  elated  their  hum- 
ble pelitione,  and  the  neglect  vilh  which  they  had 
been  treated.  "  In  defence  of  our  peroona  and 
pro|ieriiefl  under  actual  violatlona,"  aald  they, 
"  we  have  taken  up  arme.  When  that  violence 
ahall  be  removed,  and  hoililillea  ceaaa  on  the  part 
of  the  Bgreieore,  ihey  ihall  ceoaa  on  our  part 
alto." 

Thete  taveral  addreiiea  were  executed  In  a 
maaterly  manner,  and  were  well  calculated  to 
make  frienda  In  Ihe  colonica.  Uut  their  iwtilion 
to  Ihe  king,  which  wna  drawn  up  at  the  aaine  time, 
produced  more  aolid  advniitHgea  in  favour  of  the 
American  cauae,  than  any  other  uf  their  produc- 
tiona.  Thia  waa  in  a  great  meaaure  carried 
through  Congreoa  by  Mr.  Dickintnn.  Several 
membera,  judging  frum  the  violence  with  which 
parliament  proceeded  againat  the  coloniet,  were 
of  opioioor  tbu  rmlwr  |Mlitkoiw  wen  augumj  i 


IHM  iM*,  vanky  (Mmh,  •  IHsihI  to  kt«ll  m;umiI*«, 

ail, I  ilaxiiad  lu  «  rarnnvilMiiun  •«  iMnaiiiuunihti 
prliit'>|il*t.  Higail  the  atiMilleHt-y  itMil  |NiM>y  »( 
|>yiaa.Hn>*ninr*.lh**n«M '<l*n  huiwlitw.  daatMt, 
a«,d  Rim  ^liiMn  In  lliv  cuirmimh  h*4i4  »*  Ihe  t|u- 
pl«*.  Til*  high  niiliiK'if  ili.i  l»M  liiaacairaiiHl  llM 
palrtullam  4n>l  ^bilitiva.  in. .  S(t  »'i  ili«  nnainliaf  t  !• 
i%*a«ni  III  ill*  nM'iaiii*.  iliou»i<  ili-f  f^'^lally  fiMi 
I  aivad  II  III  I)*  UbiMir  liwf  I  hr  iirill,,,^!!  u^/naj 
ii|inn,  waa  the  laurK  iil  .Mi  F.>ii  k.imv'.u's  |>Vn  '* 
ilii*  aniMiig  Hthar  lhln«t,  it  «•<••  •,>,!:  •■'t).  >u 
Miilwlihtlaiiding  ih*lr  •iillarlllei.  iVi*;  Icnl  irii'  i'<r 
Inn  high  a  tagaid  fur  ika  klngihnii,  Itinn  nil''', 
ihry  darlvail  their  nilgin,  lu  r*i|iiaai  tni  h  Mir'  „ 
■  ill.illnn,   aa  might,  lu  aay  inamn'r,  li<  i»'  ...i^^ 

with  har  dignity  ami  wallar*.  \iiiiili>.  .1  ,  y^ 
miijaaiy't  |iait<in,  family,  ami  gii«cii|ii,«.fi>,  »  '  ~ 
iha  ilavniiun  that  piinalpla  anil  »tlr>'.iM-<  , 
tplre  i  roniieried  wllh  tiiaul  llrllam  \X  \".  „,„». 
geal  Hat  Ihal  ran  unlle  aualety .  ^ni)  tin>l<iriH 
every  event  thai  landed,  In  any  iWgr**,  li'  »■  ihetl 
lh*m,  they  nut  iinly  innal  fervently  d>alivil  ihri'irr- 
mar  harninny,  balwaan  her  ami  th*  inliinlea,  in  h% 
raatnrad,  hut  that  11  runrnrd  mlnht  lie  atlabhahad 
balw««n  lli*m,  ii|Hin  tu  Arm  a  liaaia,  aa  In  |i*r|iat- 
itate  lla blaa*n<|*,  Mnlniarrii|il*d  hy  any  Inliiieilia- 
tentlniM,  111  am  roadlng  ganariillnitt,  in  hiilli  riiiiii' 
trie*.  Tliay,  iharalni*.  beauiight,  Ihal  hi*  iitiij**- 
ly  would  lie  planted  tu  dirari  Miniemnda,  hy  whii  h 
the  unilail  apidlrallnna  nf  hia  fallhlul  rnlnniala  lu 
Ibalhrnna,  in  purtiianra  nf  their  rnmiiinn  riiniirilt, 
might  ba  lm|irnvad  into  a  ha|ipy  and  pariiiiinani 
lernnrllialinn."  Hy  thi*  laal  riaiiaa,  rniigiaaa 
maani,  lliiit  the  mutnar  ruunlry  alinnid  iirii|aiaa  a 
plan  hir  eatabllaliing  by  cumpuct,  ttiniaililiig  like 
>lagna  (.'haria,  fnr  the  ridnuiea.  Tliay  did  not 
iilin  at  a  Intel  eaamptlim  from  lli*  rnuirnl  nf  |imi- 
llament  1  nor  were  they  unwilling  In  runlrilniia  In 
their  own  way,  to  the  e«|wnaea  uf  guveiiitiant  I 
hill  Ihey  fe;ireil  tlia  hurriira  nf  war  li-aa  thuii  tiib- 
miaalnn  to  unllniitad  peiliamentiiry  tiiprani-iy. 
They  datiied  nn  amiralila  riim|inct,  in  »|,irh 
ihiitblful,  umlaAiiad  |Milnia  thniihl  h*  aarailiiiiiad, 
•II  aa  lu  lecnre  thai  prn|Nirtlnn  uf  niilliniliy  niid 
liharly,  which  would  he  fur  the  general  gnuil  of 
iha  whole  empire.  They  fanriad  themaalvaa  in 
the  ronditlon  of  the  berona  at  Ktinnyin*il,<  g  wilh 
ihit  dilferenre,  that.  In  addition  to  o|ipuaing  ihe 
king,  they  had  alto  to  op|Niaa  the  parlinmriit. 
Thia  dinaranea  wea  more  nonilnni  lliun  real ;  lur, 
In  tha  latter  caaa,  the  king  and  (Milinment  aiood 
pracltaly  In  the  aame  relation  tn  the  fieuplr  nf 
America,  which  aubtiaied  in  the  fnrmrr,  beiwren 
the  king  and  people  of  Kngland.  In  both,  iHipitlar 
leadera  were  contending  with  the  aoveralgn,  fur 
the  nrivilegaa  of  tuhjecta. 

Thit  well  meant  (lelitlon  waa  preacnted  on  H"^ 
temher  Iti,  I77rt,  by  Mr.  Penn,  and  Mr.  |  »s  \ 
iind,  on  the  4lh,  lord  Dartmouth  infuinieil  iha.t,. 
"  that  to  It,  no  anawer  would  be  given."  Tlilt 
rlighl  coniribulad,  nol  a  little,  In  the  uninn  nirl 
liaraeverance  ofthe  eolonitlt.  Whan  preaard  I'y 
the  ciltmltlet  of  wir,  a  doubl  would  eonirftinirt 
itrloe.  In  themindtofacrupuhiuiperaona,  titnl  tliey 
hud  been  loo  haaty  In  their  oppoaitiun  to  the  pro- 
tecting, parent  atale.  To  tuch.  It  wai  iiaiial  10 
preaeni  the  lerond  petition  of  f'ongrraa  tn  the 
king  ;  obterving  Ihereun,  that  all  the  MoinI,  ami  nil 
ihe  guilt  ofthe  war,  mutt  be  charged  nn  liriliah, 
nnd  not  the  Amerlenncounaelt.  Though  the  co- 
lonlata  were  tccuttd,  In  a  apeech  from  the  throne, 
aa  meaning  only  'Mo  amute,  by  vague  eniirrt- 
tiona  of  ttttchmcnl  to  the  parent  atnle,  ami  the 
•trongetl  protctiallont  of  loyalty  to  their  king, 
while  they  were  preparing  for  a  general  revolt ; 
nnd  that  their  rebellioue  r«r  wna  manifeally  rnr- 
ried  nn,  for  the  purpote  of  eatahlithing  an  Inde- 
pendent empire :"  yet,  at  that  time,  and  lor  niun'ht 
alter  a  redreaa  of  grievancet  waa  ilirlr  ultiniiite 
aim.  Conaciout  of  thia  Intention,  and  utufnling, 
ill  the  aincerlty  of  Ihrir  ip'jia,  to  the  tuliiiiiaaive 
language  of  their  petitior,  Ihey  Illy  brooked  llie 
conieinpt,  wilh  which  iheir  Joint  tuppllcniiun  nne 
treated ;  and  ttill  worae,  ihnt  t-hey  thuulil  be  charj^ed 
from  the  throne,  with  tludied  duplicity. 

Notkiog  coutrilmMo  bmi*  to  ih*  racMH  af 


TiiK  HISTORY  or 


1) 


nvolntlonfi,  limn  nioileralinn.  Intempitraie  /,ral- 
oil  ovrmhnnl  Ihelr  ohjpct,  and  •ooii  »\ttm\  lh«ir 
I'orra  ;  wliiln  tlic  ?'i)iii  nml  <li'<|Muiiinn(e  |)rr9cvere 
lu  IliF  I'liil,  The  hulk  ol'lhu  ix-oiilr,  in  civil  cum- 
niotiiiiiii,  nrp  iiilliirncril  (oncliiiice  al'siilci,  by  llii* 
^irril  C(ini|>l)'«iiin  orilin  nienaurp*  U(ln|il('il  liy 
tlic  ■"nprrlivr*  piirlir*.  Whrn  llipie  nppiMr  In  hu 
ilictiilpti  liy  jn«l<ri!  >inil  priiilrnce,  iinil  In  he  nnin- 
flnenreil  hy  |i;iiiainii,  nrnbiliun,  or  nviiricr,  lliey  »re 
di»|Miiieil  lu  I'livniir  ihein.  Siicli  wni  llie  eirecl  of 
Ihi*  spcnml  pelilion,  Ihroiifih  a  lung  anil  iryinft  wnr, 
In  which,  men  ur«eiinus  rellccliunwere  ufken  eiill- 
ed  ii|Hin  tu  exmninellierpcliliide  nf  llieircundncl. 

Tlionith  .lie  rerutmlurnn answer,  lo  lliia  renew- 
ed iippliciitlunnrCunKreiiilo  Ihe  king,  wiiiiceniinr- 
ed  hy  nuiiihem  in  (ireiit  ririliiin,  as  well  as  in  the 
colunieH  ;  yet,  the  pitrli/nns  uf  the  niini»lry  viii- 
iilslied  ihu  iiieiinure,  as  prnper  and  ex|H>ilient. 
Tliey  coiitpndeil,  ihHt  llie  pelilion,  as  it  cunl:iiiied 
no  oU'vi's  orsiihiiiissiun,  was  unavailing,  as  a  grnuni; 
iPhrk  nl  ne4;ucialinn.  Nolhing  was  farllier  from 
ihe  tlionghts  of  Congress,  than  auch  concessions 
as  were  expe'-ied  in  (Jreiil  Itrituin.  They  con- 
ceived iheinselves  iniir'  liniied  against  than  sin- 
niiis;.  They  ci.il;;:"il  !  dress  oruiievances,  as  a 
11'  iller  ol'  riuht :  hut  wei.^  persuaded,  that  coiiccs- 
■iiMis,  for  this  purpose,  were  ants  of  justice,  anil 
not  of  lininiliaiiun ;  and  therefore,  could  not  he 
Jis^racefiil  to  those  by  whom  they  were  made. 
To  prevent  future  altercations,  ihey  wished  for  an 
aiiiicahle  coiiipaci,  (o  ascertain  the  extent  of  par- 
lianienlary  supremacy.  The  muther  country  wish- 
ed for  absolute  submission  tu  her  authority ;  Ihe 
rolonists,  for  n  repeal  of  every  act,  that  imposed 
taxes,  or  that  interfered  in  tiieir  internal  legisla- 
liuii.  The  ministry  of  England,  being  determin- 
ed nut  lo  repeal  these  acts,  and  Ihe  congress  equal- 
y  deterin'iied  not  lo  submit  lo  them  ;  Ihe  claims 
}f  the  two  countries  were  so  wide  from  each  other 
18  In  alTurd  no  reasonable  ground  lo  expect  a  com- 
promise. It  was,  therefore,  concluded,  that  any 
notice  taken  of  the  pelilion  would  only  alTord  an 
spportunity  for  the  culonies  to  prepaie  lliemselves 
or  the  last  extremity. 

A  military  opposition  to  the  armies  of  Cireal 
Britain,  being  resolved  uponby  Ihe  colonies,  it  be- 
came an  object  of  cunsequence  lo  fix  on  a  prnper 
purson  lo  cunduct  tl".t  opposition.  Many  of  the 
soiunisM  had  titles  of  high  rank  in  the  militia,  and 
leveral  had  seen  something  of  real  service,  in 
the  late  war  between  France  and  England  :  but 
the  ^  was  no  individual  of  such  superior  military 
expeiience,  as  lo  entitle  him  lo  a  decided  pre-emi- 
nence; or  even  lo  qualify  him,  on  that  ground, 
to  contend,  on  equal  terms,  with  Ihe  British  mas- 
ters of  he  art  of  war.  In  elevating  one  man,  by 
Ihe  free  voice  of  an  invaded  cnunlry,  lo  Ihe  coin- 
msnd  i»  thousands  of  his  equal  fellow  citizens,  no 
consideration  was  regarded  but  Ihe  interest  of  the 
comniunlly.  To  bind  Ihe  uninvaded  provinces 
more  closely  lo  the  common  cause,  policy  direct- 
ed the  views  of  Congress  lo  Ihe  south. 

Among  the  southern  colonies,  Virginia,  fur 
Dumben,  wealth,  and  influence,  stood  pre-eminent. 
To  attach  so  respectable  a  colony  to  the  aid  of 
Musachusetis,  by  seleciing  from  it  a  commander 
in  chief,  was  not  less  warranted  by  the  great  mili- 
tary genius  of  one  of  its  distinguished  citizens, 
than  diclaled  by  sound  policy.  George  Washing- 
inn  was,  by  an  unanimous  vote,  appointed  con- 
Diander  in  chief  of  all  the  forces  raised,  or  lo  be 
taised,  for  the  defence  of  the  colonies.  It  was  a 
fortunate  circtimstaiice  attending  his  election,  that 
it  was  accnmpanied  with  no  compelilion,  and  fol 
lowed  by  »'  envy.  Thai  same  general  impulse  on 
Ihe  punlic  mind,  which  lod  the  colonists  lo  agree 
in  many  other  particulars,  pointed  to  him  as  the 
most  pro|iar  person  for  presiding  over  the  military 
arrangements  of  America.  Not  only  Consress, 
hut  the  inhabilanfs,  in  the  east  and  the  west,  in 
the  north  and  Ihe  south,  as  wel!  before  as  at  Ihe 
time  of  embodying  a  continental  army,  were  in  a 
great  degree  unanimou  i  in  his  favour. 

General  Washinelon  was  born  on  the  22d  of 
February,  1732.  His  education  favoured  the  pro- 
duction 0   »  solid  miad,  and  a  vigorous  lady. 


Mountain  air,  abundant  exercise  in  Ihe  o|H>n  coun- 
try, the  wholesome  toils  of  the  chase,  and  the  ili< 
lighlful  scrr  s  of  rural  life,  expandeil  his  liiiilis  lo 
an  unusual,  graceful  and  well  proporliuned  size. 
His  yoiilli  was  spent  in  Ihe  acquisition  of  usclul 
kiiowleditP,  and  in  pursuits,  tending  lo  ihe  iin- 
proveineiit  of  his  fortune,  or  Ihe  brnellt  of  his 
coiiiilry.  Fitted  mure  for  iirlive,  than  I'm  specu- 
lative life,  he  devoted  the  greater  porilmi  of  !iis 
lime  10  the  liter:  but  this  was  amply  compensa- 
ted bv  hit  b<ing  frequently  in  such  situations,  as 
called  forth  the  p<iwers  of  his  mind,  and  strength- 
ened them  by  repeated  exercise.  Early  in  life, 
in  obedience  to  his  country's  call,  he  entered  llie 
military  line,  and  bej{an  his  career  of  fame,  in  op- 
posing that  power,  in  concert  with  whoso  iroo|M, 
lie  acquired  his  last  and  most  distinguished  ho- 
nours. Ho  was  aid-de-camp  In  lienend  Urad- 
dock  in  17t'K>;  when  thai  unfortunate  olficcr  was 
killed.  He  was  eminently  serviceable  in  cover- 
ing the  retreat,  and  saving  the  remainsof  the  rout- 
ed army.  For  three  years  after  the  di'feat  of 
Draddock,  George  Washington  was  commander 
in  chief  of  Ihe  forces  nf  Virginia,  against  the  in- 
ciirsiunsuf  the  French  and  Indians,  fronithi!  Ohio. 
He  continued  in  scrv<'-n.  till  the  rcducliun  of  Fori 
Duqutsne,  ITCvi,  gave  peace  to  Ihe  frontiers  of 
his  native  colon>,  Virginia.  >Soon  after  that  ev^nl. 
he  retired  to  hin  estate.  Mount  Vernon,  on  the 
banks  of  Ihe  Po.umar,  and  with  great  industry 
and  success  pnmiiMl  the  arts  uf  peaceful  life. 

When  the  procr.edings  of  Ihe  Kritish  parliament 
alarmed  the  colon-sis  with  apprehensions,  that  a 
blow  was  levelled  ai  their  liberties,  he  again  came 
forward  into  public  vIaw,  and  was  appointed  a  de- 
legate to  the  congress,  which  met  in  September, 
1771.  Possessed  of  a  large  proportion  of  common 
sense  and  directed  by  a  sound  judgment,  he  was 
better  fitted  for  the  exalted  station  to  which  he 
was  called,  than  many  others,  who,  lo  n  greater 
liril'iancy  o  pans,  frequently  add  the  eccentricity 
of  original  genius.  Engaged  in  the  busy  scenes 
of  life,  iio  knew  human  nature,  and  the  most  prop- 
er method  of  accomplishing  proposed  objecls.  His 
passions  W3re  subdued  anil  kept  in  subjec'ion  lo 
re.ison.  His  soul,  superior  lo  parly  spirit,  lo  pre- 
judice, and  illiberal  views,  moved  according  lo  the 
impulses  it  received  from  an  honest  heart,  a  good 
understanding,  common  sense  and  a  sound  judg- 
ment. He  was  habituated  lo  view  things  on  every 
side  lo  consider  them  in  all  relations,  and  to  trace 
Ihe  (Htssible  and  probable  consequences  of  propos- 
ed ineasutes.  Much  addicted  lo  close  thinking, 
his  mind  was  constantly  employed,  liy  frequent 
exercise,  his  understanding  and  judgment  expand- 
ed, so  as  to  be  able  to  discern  triilh,  and  to  know 
what  was  proper  to  be  done,  in  the  most  diflicull 
conjectures. 

Soon  al^er  General  Washington  was  appointed 
commander  in  chief,  four  major  generals,  one  ad- 
jutant general,  with  the  rank  of  a  brigadier,  and 
eight  brigadier  generals,  were  appointed,  in  sub- 
ordination 10  him  ;  who  were  as  follows  . 

Maj.  Generals.  ling.  Generals. 

1st,  Artemas  Ward.       1st,  Selh  Pomeroy. 

2d,  Richard  Montgomery. 

3d,  David  Woosler. 

4lh.  William  Heath. 

>^lh,  Joseph  Spencer. 

Clh,  John  Thoinas. 

7lh,  John  Sullivan. 

8lh,  Nalh.  Greene. 

General  Washington  replied,  to  the  president 
of  Congress,  announcing  his  appointment,  in' the 
following  words : 
Mr.  President, 

"  Though  I  am  truly  sensible  of  the  high  honour 
done  me,  in  this  appointment,  yet,  I  feel  great  ilis- 
tross  from  a  consciousness,  that  my  abilities  and 
military  experience  may  not  le  equal  to  the 
extensive  and  important  trust.  However  as  the 
congress  desire  it,  I  will  enter  upon  the  momentous 
duty,  niid  exert  ever''  power  I  possess  in  their 
service,  and  for  the  :■  i;iiri  of  the  cloriousrause. 
I  beg  they  will  aco  >  •  my  most  cordial  thanks,  for 
this  distinguished  Utsliuiony  of  their  approbation. 


2d,  Charles  Lee. 
3d,  Philip  Schuyler. 
4lh,  Israel  Putnam. 

.<djt.  General, 
Horatio  Gales. 


■■  Hut,  lest  some  unlucky  event  ihnuM  liappen, 
unfavourable  In  my  reputation,  I  bog  ti  may  he  re- 
memliered  by  every  gentleman  in  the  room,  ihiil  I 
this  day  declare,  with  llie  utmost  sincerity,  I  ilu 
not  think  myself  equal  lo  ihe  coininand  I  am  liitii 
ourcd  with. 

"As  lo  pay,  sir,  I  leg  leave  lo  assure  the  con- 
gress, that  as  no  p'  '-uiiiaiy  considrraliuii  coiiKl 
have  tempted  me  lo  i>  'cepllhis  arduous  empluv- 
inent,  r.l  the  expense  of  my  domestic  eave  and 
happiness,  I  do  not  wish  to  make  any  profit  from 
il.  I  will  keep  an  exact  accuuni  of  my  ex|ienses 
Tliose,  I  doubt  not,  ihey  will  discharge,  and  that 
is  all  I  desire." 

A  special  commission  was  drawn  up,  and  pre- 
■anted  lu  him,  and  ut  Ihe  same  tune,  a  uiiuniinoui 
residuliun  was  adupted  by  Cungiess:  "  Ihal  liiey 
would  maintain  and  assist  him,  and  adhere  lo 
him,  with  their  lives  and  fortunes,  tn  the  cair^e  ol 
.Xmerican  liberty."  Instructions  were  also  given 
him  for  his  government,  by  which,  nller  reciting 
various  particulars,  he  was  directed  ■  •■  lu  den'roy 
or  make  prisonnis,  of  all  persons  who  now  are,  m 
whu  hereafter  shall  appear  in  arms  against  tlin 
guild  peiiple  uf  the  colonies."  The  whole  w.ii 
Humiiied  up  in  authorising  him,  "  lo  order  and  dis- 
pose of  the  aimy  under  his  command,  as  might  he 
most  iKlvantageous  fur  iditaining  the  end,  for  which 
il  had  been  raised ;  making  il  his  special  care,  in 
discharge  of  the  great  Iriisl  cnmmilled  lo  him,  that 
the  liberties  uf  America  received  no  delrimeni." 
About  the  same  lime,  twelve  companies  of  rillo- 
inen  were  urdored  lu  be  raised  in  Pennsylvania, 
Maryland,  and  Virginia.  The  men,  lu  the  anioiiiii 
of  1 I3U,  were  procured,  and  forwarded  with  uri'at 
expedition.  They  had  lo  inarch  from  I  to  700 
miles;  and  ^'ot,  the  whole  business  was  coiiipleteil, 
and  Ihey  joined  Ihn  American  army  at  Cambridge, 
in  less  than  two  months,  from  the  day  un  which 
the  first  resululiun  fur  raising  them  was  agrei-iltu 

Cueval  with  the  residuliun  fui  raising  an  ariiiv, 
was  anuthcr  fur  emitting  n  sum,  nut  cxreciliiig 
tw  I  million  of  dollars,  in  bills  nf  credit,  foi  tin. 
defence  uf  America;  and  the  culunies  were  pled  t- 
ed  for  their  redemption.  This  sum  was  increasi<il 
from  time  lo  time  by  farther  emissions.  The  co- 
lonies, having  neither  money  nor  revenue  at  their 
command,  were  forced  to  adopt  this  expedient ; 
the  only  one  which  was  in  their  power  fui  sup- 
imrling  an  nrmy.  No  one  delegate  opposed  the 
measure.  So  gre,it  had  been  the  credit  of  the  fur- 
iner  emissions  of  paper,  in  the  greater  part  of  the 
colonies,  that  every  few  at  that  lime  foresaw  or  ap- 
prehended the  consequences  uf  unfunded  paper 
•missions:  but  had  all  the  consequences  which  re- 
■u.led  from  this  measure,  in  the  course  of  the  war, 
been  foreseen,  il  must,  nolwilhslanding,  have  been 
adopted  ;  for  it  was  a  less  evil,  that  there  should 
bo  a  general  wreck  of  pro|)erty,  than  that  the  ea- 
sential  rights  and  liberties  of  a  growing  cniinlry 
should  be  lost.  X  happy  ignorance  of  fiiluio 
everts,  combined  with  the  nrdonr  uf  Ihe  times 
prevented  many  reflections  on  this  subjei  i,  im) 
ga'e  credit  and  circulation  lo  these  bills  ufcreiiiC 

General  Washington,  soon  after  his  ap|M)intm>  nl 
lo  the  command  of  the  American  army,  set  o^t  (m 
the  camp,  at  Cambridge.  On  his  way  thither,  he 
was  treated  with  the  highest  honours,  in  ever) 
place  through  which  he  passed.  Large  detach 
ments  of  volunteers,  composed  of  private  genllo 
men,  turned  out  lo  escort  him. 

On  his  arrival  at  Cambridge,  July  3d,  177.'!,  h* 
was  received  with  Ihe  joyful  acclamations  of  Ihe 
American  army.  At  the  head  of  his  iroops,  he 
published  a  declaration,  previously  drawn  up  by 
Congress,  in  the  nature  of  a  manifesto,  setliud 
forth  Ihe  reasons  for  taking  up  arms.  In  this,  al- 
ter ennmeraling  various  grievances  of  the  colonies, 
,ind  vindicating  them  from  a  premeditated  design, 
of  establishing  independent  slates,  il  was  added  : 
» In  our  own  native  land,  in  defence  of  the  freedom 
which  is  our  liirthright,  and  which  we  ever  enjoy 
ed  till  the  late  violation  of  il :  for  the  protection  of 

Iour  property,  acquired  solely  by  Ihe  industry  ol 
our  forefathers,  and  ourselves,  against  violencn 
actually  ofl°ercd,  we  have  takuD  up  armi ;  wc  shall 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


HI 


•■vorj 
iletach 


liy  llmm  doarn  when  hiMlllUiei  ihMI  ceimonn  lliej 
^iiil  i>rilin  HKure^wra,  iinil  all  diinver  iiriliPit  ho- 
lliK  iHjii'wi«i|,  hIi^iII  lir  iPiiiiivpiI,  iiiiiI  not  heliirti  "     | 

WliitiidrniMil  WiixliiiiiiliMijiiliintlilin  AiiiKhLMnj 
nriiiy,  liit  rmiiiil  (lie  llrilMli  iiiirHiiclircl  on  iiuii-l 
krr'4  hill,  liivliiK  iilao  ilirea  lloiitiiiu  liiittttrien  In' 
iM,\Nili' rlv«r,  Hnil  ii  tnenly  iinn  hIiIj)  liulovy  iliej 
I'mrv,  liniwdHn  lioalon  iinil  Clmrlimiown.  Tliey 
li.iil  iiUo  iili;ill«ry  on  Co|Mn'fi  hill,  nnil  were nlroni;- 
ly  Jiiriiliiiil  on  llm  neck.  Tlio  Anirriciiiw  wore 
inirHiiuliHil  lit  Wininrhill,  I'rosiipci  hill,  iinil  Kox- 
bury  viiiiMiiiiiili:iilini(  willi  one  iinotlier  by  mniill 
{I'lHtii  ovei  II  ilJHliinoK  o(  (en  mileH.  There  were 
ulaii  |iiir(ie<  atiitlnned  in  leverul  townii,  along  (ho 
•eii  coiiitt.  They  hn^l  neidier  engineeri  (o  jiliin 
■uid'ble  work*,  iiuriiifncieni  looU  I'ur  their  erection. 

Ir.  the  Aiiiericiin  ciiinp.  wiia  collected  n  lurKe 
boily  itC  men  :  but  without  tlioae  cnnveniencea, 
wiiich  nncient  ealnlilinhinentii  hiive  introduced  lor 
(he  conilort  ol'  regular  nriniea,  liialeiid  o(  tents, 
fiiiln,  (now  rendoreil  uaeleMby  ihenbatruclinniior 
L'oinmiirce,)  were  applied  I'or  their  covering  :  but, 
even  ol' them,  there  was  not  ii  Hiifflcicncy.  The 
Aiiierlciin  mililiers,  liiivinK  joined  the  camp,  in  all 
(h:il  variety  oI'vlutliinK,  which  they  used  in  their 
daily  lalioiir,  were  without  unirunnity  ol'  dress, 
I'o  abolish  provincial  distinctions,  the  hunting 
•hirt  was  iiitrodiiced.  They  were  also  without 
(hose  heads  oI'depHrtinenta,  in  the  line  ofcoininis- 
taries,  or  qiiiirtermusteia,  which  are  neceasary  for 
the  regularund  economical  supply  of  armies.  In- 
dividuals, brought  to  cnmp  their  own  provisioni, 
un  their  own  horses.  In  some  parts  committees 
of  supplies,  worn  appointed,  who  purchased  ne- 
cessaries at  public  eHpenae,  sent  them  on  to  camp, 
nnd  distributed  them  to  such  as  were  in  want,  with- 
out any  rcKubirily  or  system.  The  country  af- 
'iirdvd  provisiona;  nnd  nothing  more  was  wanting, 
'.han  proper  systems  for  their  collection,  and  dis- 
'.ribuliou.  Other  articles,  though  equally  neces- 
sary, were  almost  wholly  delicient ;  and  could  not 
be  piocured,  but  with  dilTiculty.  On  the  4th  of 
August,  the  whole  stock  of  powder  in  the  Ameri- 
can lamp,  and  in  (hepubtic  maga/.ines, oflhefonr 
New  Kngland  pioviiices,  would  make  little  more 
than  nine  rounds  n  man.  The  continental  army 
remained  in  this  destitute  condition,  for  a  fortnight 
or  more.  This  was  generally  known  among 
themselves,  and  was  also  communicated  to  the 
British,  by  u  deserter  :  but  they,  suspecting  a  plot, 
would  not  believe  it.  A  supply  of  a  few  tons  was 
lent  on  to  llicin  from  the  committee  of  Klizabeth- 
lown :  but  this  was  done  privately,  let  the  adja 
cent  inhabitants,  who  were  equally,  destitute, 
should  stop  it  for  theirov/  .  use.  The  public  rulers 
ill  Massachusetts  issued  a  recommendation  to  the 
inhabitants,  not  to  fire  a  gun  at  beasr,  bird,  or  mark ; 
ill  Older  that  they  might  husband  their  tittle  stock, 
for  the  more  necessary  pur|ioses  of  shooting  men. 
A  supply  of  several  thousand  pounds  weight  of 
(Miwder,  was  soon  after  obtained  from  Africa,  in 
exchange  for  New  England  rum.  This  was 
managed  with  so  much  address,  that  every  ounce 
for  sale  in  the  British  Ports  on  the  African  coasts, 
was  purchased  tip.  and  brought  olffor  the  use  of 
the  Americans. 

Kmbarrassmenls,  from  various  quarters,  occur- 
red in  the  f'ormation  of  a  continental  army.  The 
appointment  of  general  officers,  made  by  Congress, 
w.is  not  satisfactory.  Enterprising  leaders  had 
come  forward,  with  their  followers,  on  the  com- 
niencement  of  hostilities,  without  scrupulous  at - 
teiiiion  to  rank.  When  these  were  all  blended 
together,  it  was  impossible  to  assign  to  every  offi- 
cer the  station  which  his  services  merited,  or  his 
/anity  demanded.  Materials  for  a  good  army 
were  collected.  The  husbandmen  who  flew  to 
arms,  were  active,  zealous,  and  of  unquestionable 
co-irage  :  but  to  introduce  discipline  and  subordi- 
nation, among  freemen  who  were  habituated  to 
think  for  themselves,  was  an  arduous  labour. 

The  want  of  system  and  of  union  under  proper 
beads,  pervaded  every  department.  From  the 
circumstance,  that  the  persons  employed  in  pro- 
fiding  necessaries  for  the  army  were  unconnect- 
■4  with  each  other,  much  waste  and  unoecessary 


delays  were  occasioned.  The  troop*  of  the  dif- 
ferent colonies  caiiio  into  service,  under  variant 
e.sialihxlimenls.  Moiiie  were  enlisted  with  (he  ex- 
press voiidiliiin  of  chiiosiiig  tlieir  ulficers.  The 
rations  rnriiislied  by  ilin  local  legislatures,  varied 
both  as  to  quantity,  quality,  and  price.  To  form 
one  unil'iiriii  mass  of  these  discordant  materials. 
Mild  to  subject  the  licentiousness  of  independent 
fieemen  to  the  control  of  iiiilliary  discipline,  was 
a  delicate  anddilficult  business. 

The  continental  army,  put  under  the  command 
oftjeneral  Washington,  amounted  to  14,,'iUU  men. 
These  had  been  so  judiciously  B(a(ioned  around 
Bos(un  as  to  confine  the  British  to  the  tuwii,  and 
to  exclude  them  from  the  forage  and  provisions, 
which  the  adjacent  country  and  islands  in  Boston 
bay  afforded.  This  force  was  thrown  into  three 
grand  divisions,  (ieneral  Ward  commanded  the 
right  wing,  at  Roxbury.  (ieneral  Lee,  the  lei), 
at  Prospect  hill ;  and  the  centre  was  coiiiinnoded 
by  (ieneral  Washington.  In  arraying  the  army, 
the  military  skill  of  Adjutant  (ieneral  (iateswusof 
great  service.  Method  and  punctuality  wore  in- 
troduced. The  ofiicers  and  privates  were  taught 
to  know  their  resjiective  places,  and  to  have  the 
mechanism  and  movements,  as  well  us  tlio  name 
of  nn  army. 

When  some  efi'ectual  pains  had  been  taken  to 
discipline  the  army,  it  was  found  that  llie  term, 
for  which  enlistments  hud  taken  place,  was  on  the 
point  o  expiring.  The  troops  from  Connecticut 
and  Rhodo  Island,  were  engaged  only,  till  the  1st 
day  of  December,  1775;  and  no  part  of  the  army 
longer  than  tlie  Isl  day  of  January,  1776.  ^iicli 
mistaken  apprehensions  respecting  the  fuli  .  nn- 
diict  of  Cireai  Britain  prevailed,  that  many  ilioiight 
the  assumption  of  a  determined  spirit  of  resistance, 
would  lead  to  a  redress  of  all  grievances. 

The  Massachusetts  assembly  and  the  continental 
congress,  both  resolved  in  November,  to  fit  out 
armed  vessels,  to  cruise  on  the  American  coast, 
for  the  purpose  of  intercepting  warlike  stores  and 
supplies,  designed  for  the  use  of  the  British  army. 
The  object  was  nt  first  limited  ;  but  as  the  pros- 
pect of  accommodation  vanished,  it  was  extended 
to  all  British  property  afloat,  on  the  high  seas. 
The  Americans  were  difltdent  of  their  ability  to  do 
any  thing  on  the  water,  in  oiiposition  to  the  great- 
est naval  power  in  the  world  ;  but  from  a  combi- 
nation of  circumstances,  their  first  attempts  were 
successful. 

The  Leu  privateer,  Captain  Manly,  took  the 
brig  Nancy,  an  ordnance  ship,  from  Woolwich, 
containing  a  large  brass  mortar,  several  pieces  of 
brass  cannon,  a  iarise  quantity  of  arms  and  ammu- 
nition ;  with  all  manner  of  tools,  utensils,  and  ma- 
chines, necessary  for  camps,  and  artillery.  Had 
Congress  scut  an  order  for  supplies,  they  could  not 
have  made  out  a  list  ..f  articles,  more  suitable  to 
their  situation,  than  those,  :hus  providentially 
thrown  into  their  hands. 

In  about  nine  days  after,  three  ohips,  with  va- 
rious stores,  for  the  British  army,  and  a  brig  from 
Antigua,  with  ruin,  were  taken  by  Captain  Manly. 
Before  five  days  more  had  elapsed,  several  other 
store  ships  were  captured.  By  these  means,  the 
distresses  of  th*:  British  troops,  in  Boston,  were 
increased,  and  supplies,  or  the  continental  army, 
were  procured.  Naval  captures,  being  unexpect- 
ed, were  matter  of  (riumph  to  (he  Americans,  and 
of  surprise  to  the  Brilish.  The  latter  scarcely  be- 
lieved, that  the  former  would  oppose  them  by  land, 
with  a  regular  army :  but  never  suspected,  that  a 
people  so  unfurnished  as  they  were,  with  many 
things  necessary  for  arming  vessels,  would  pre- 
sume to  attempt  any  t!:ing  on  the  seas.  A  spirit 
of  enterprise,  invigorated  by  patriotic  zeal,  prompt- 
ed the  hardy  New-England-men  to  undertake  the 
hazardous  business;  and  their  success  encouraged 
them  to  proceed.  Before  the  close  of  the  year. 
Congress  determined  •>  build  five  vessels  of  32 
gi.iis,  five  of  28,  ami  three  of  24.  About  this 
lime,  an  event  look  place,  which  would  have  dis- 
posed a  less  detcrmiiicil  people  to  desist  from  pro- 
voking the  vengeance  of  the  British  navy.  This 
was  the  burning  of  Falmouth,  in  the  Dorthernpart 


of  Massachusetts.  Cantiln  Mott,  In  the  Cuneciui, 
of  sixteen  iiins,  on  the  18th  of  Uclober,  177l)| 
deslroyed  lli'J  houses,  and  1278  stores,  and  olbci 
buildings  in  that  town,* 

This  spread  an  alarm  on  tho  const,  but  prodii* 
ced  no  dis|)osition  to  submit.  Many  iiiiived  from 
the  sea  iiurts,  with  their  families  and  etfecta  ;  but 
no  solicitations  were  preferred  to  obtain  Brilish 
protection. 

In  a  few  days  afier  the  burning  of  Falmouth, 
the  old  south  meeting  house,  in  Boston,  was  taken 
into  possession  by  the  British ;  and  destined  furn 
riding  school,  ami  tht  service  of  the  light  dragoons. 
These  proceedings  produced,  in  the  minds  of  the 
colonists,  a  more  determined  spirit  of  resistance, 
and  a  more  general  aversion  to  Ureal  Brilnin 


CHAPTER  X. 

Ticiindi'roga  taken ;  Canada  invaded,  and  rvsciiatsd. 

It  early  occurred  to  many,  that  if  the  sword 
decided  the  controversy  between  (Sreal  Britain 
and  her  colonies,  the  possi"«'<ion  of  Ticonderogu 
would  be  essential  to  the  necurily  of  the  latter 
Situated  on  u  proinontory,  formed  ut  the  junrtiou 
oftlie  waters  of  Lake  (ieorge  and  LakeChamplaiii ; 
it  is  the  key  of  all  coimiiunicatioii  between  New 
Vurk  and  Canada.  Messrs.  Deane,  Wouster, 
Parsons,  Stephens  and  others,  of  Connecticut, 
planned  a  scheme  to  obtain  possession  of  this 
valuable  post.  Having  procured  a  loan  of  1800 
dollars  of  public  money,  and  provided  »  suflicieni 
quantity  of  powder  and  ball,  they  set  olf  I'or  Ben- 
nington, to  obtain  the  co-operation  of  Colonel  Al- 
len, of  that  place.  Two  hundred  and  seventy  men, 
mostly  of  that  brave  and  hardy  |ienple,  nno  nr* 
called  green  mountain  boys,  were  speedily  colleci 
ed  at  (^astleton ;  which  was  fixed  on  as  the  place 
of  rendezvous.  At  this  place.  Colonel  Arnold,  who 
though  attended  only  with  a  servant,  was  prose- 
cuting (he  same  objecl,  unex|iec(edly  joined  the:r. 
He  hud  been  early  chosen  captain  ol  a  volunteet 
company,  by  the  inhabitants  of  New  Haven,  among 
whom  he  resided.  As  soon  as  he  received  news 
of  (he  Lexinglon  ba(tle,  he  marched  olf  with  his 
company  for  the  vicinity  of  Boston,  and  arrived 
there,  (hough  1,50  miles  dis(an(,  in  a  few  days. 
Immediately  after  his  arrival,  he  waited  nn  the 
Massachusetts  committee  of  safety,  and  informed 
them  that  that  there  were,  at  Ticonderoga,  many 
pieces  of  cannon,  and  a  great  quantity  of  valuable 
stores;  and  that  the  fort  was  in  a  ruinous  condi- 
tion, and  garrisoned  only  by  about  forty  men. 
They  appointed  him  a  colonel,  and  commissioned 


*  Captain  Moet  bad  been  frcqiicnlly  at  Falmniilh,  and 
wae  there  hotipiinbly  enlerliiincd.  AAfr  host  lilies  linil 
commenced,  ttiil  tiefore  serious  war  was  coiileinplnled, 
he  landi>'l  as  rorinerly;  but  not  as  an  rnemy.  Knitadier 
Thompsoii,  jnder  no  nrdcra  of  goveniinent,  look  him 
priaoner.  The  inhabitanta  intcrpoflod ;  and,  fr^in  mo. 
livea  of  justice  anil  oolif  v.  urred  and  acemnnlisbed  his 
uncondiiionai  diacharfie.  Th«  alTront  rankled  iu  tli* 
heart  of  the  captain.  He  soon  after  returned  with  t 
small  naval,  force,  and  gave  notice,  thai  he  waa  iinuer 
ordera  tn  reduce  the  town  to  aahes,  and  ihat  h*  nheuld 
begin  the  business  at  sun  rise,  (he  next  iiioniinf;  No 
rosinlance  waa  inaoe.  The  inhabilanls  einiilovi.  I 
Ihemselvesi.  during  (he  night,  in  removing  (heir  elfecl'i 
'I'lie  next  morning,  (he  (own  was  in  flames.  Mod's 
armed  nnval  forco~  lay  all  day  befoni  i(,  nnd,  wiiliou( 
cesKnlion.  threw  ahells.  carcasses,  and  hot  shot  into  il 
till  iia  desiriiction  was  completed.  This  being  dune. 
Captain  Moet.  willi  his  fleet,  drew  oiT.  Thus  (he  pride 
of  (ho  province  of  Maine  was  lahl  desolate,  in  one  day : 
and  139  families,  who,  S4  hours  before,  lived  in  ease  and 
comforl,  were  reduced  to  want,  and  had  no  shelter 
from  the  autumnal  s(onns,  and  approaching  winter. 
Fnlmoutb  had  formerly  been  (wice  sacked  by  Indians, 
Hiid  some  of  its  inhahilants  had  been  killed  by  them ; 
but  no  uc(  of  (heirs,  was  (o  be  compared  to  this  confta- 
Eniiion.  The  Indians  scalped  women  and  children  lo 
olilain  a  bnuntv.  Tliev  rul>bed  houses,  for  the  sake  oi 
plunder;  hut  Captain  Moet,  without  the  hope  of  gain, 
aiul  wiihnul  provocation,  destroyed  the  subsistence 
nnd  bloBttd  the  hopei  of  a  whole'  community.  A  new 
town,  like  the  phoenix,  has  arisen  from  ihe  ashes  of  *b« 
old .  and  it  now  in  flourishing  circumstannos.  Se« 
Sullivan's  History  of  tbs  District  of  Maine,  psf*  M 


an 


THE   HISTORY   OP 


him  lo  ralM  4U0  men,  and  to  like  Tieonderogi. 
The  leader*  oil  li«  part)  «hlch  had  previoutly 
leiiilHiivouMd  at  Caiileton,  dilinllted  Colunel  Ar- 
mild  lo  join  iheiii.  ll  wim  n)ireed  ilinl  (Jolonel 
Allen  alioiild  be  ihe  r.omni;iiider  in  ciiiel'  of  llie 
ex|ttHlilion,  <ind  ihat  CulunrI  Arnold  ulioiild  be  hi« 
iKNiNlant.  They  proci-eded  wiihout  delay,  and 
uirivi'd.  in  ihe  nighi,  at  lake  t'liamplain,  viiponilii 
to  'I'lr'Midi'rox^i.  Allen  and  Arnold  vroas  d  over 
uilliKi  men,  and  landed  near  llie  garrinoi  .  Thoy 
coiiivnded  who  (lio'tid  go  in  lira! :  but  ii  waa  al 
laat  ajcrerd,  ihul  ihey  ahould  bolh  go  in  ragelhcr. 
'I'liuv  advanced  abreail,  and  entered  Ihe  I'orl  at 
iliodiiwning  of  day.  A  sentry  anapped  his  piece 
at  one  ol'  ihem,  and  then  relrealed,  Ihrongh  Ihe 
covered  way,  lo  the  parade.  The  Americana 
lolloweil,  and  iiDinediaiely  drew  up.  The  com- 
mander, aurpriaed  in  hia  lied,  was  called  n|)on  lo 
surrender  Ihe  I'ort.  lie  aslied,  by  what  luthnrity  ? 
('iiioiiel  Allen  replied;  "  I  dvniand  ii  in  ilie  name 
ol'  Ihe  (ire.it  Jehov:ih,  and  o(  the  cwntiiienlal  con- 
gress " 

No  resistance  iras  in;i.<H ;  and  llue  liirl,  with 
lull  I  ieces  ol' cannon,  other  valiialile  •iu>re!i,  and 
48  prisoners,  I'rl!  :!ilo  llif  hands  of  ihe  Americans. 
The  boals  had  been  ser."  hack,  tor  the  remainder 
nl' Ihe  men:  lint  llm  biisiiicHs  wiisdonebrture  lliey 
l!oi  over.  <.'iil.  .Seili  Warner  was  sent  cirtl'  with  a 
pally  lo  lalii'  |iOH4»s.Hiiiii  ol  ( 'rown-I'diiil,  where  a 
serneaiil  and  nvelvi'  men  peilorined  ^arijson  duty. 
This  wa<  spci'ilily  eHcrled. 

Tiie  nexl  oliject,  calliiii;  fur  the  aii'-nlion  of  the 
Americans,  was  lo  ir  miii  the  cominaiid  i>(  hike 
C'liamplain  :  but,  lo  :,:;  onipllsh  this,  it  was  nei  es- 
«ary  for  them  In  ;^el  i.cssession  ol'a  sloop  of  war, 
'ying  al  Si.  John's,  ii(  the  oorlliern  extreinily  of 
'.lie  lake.  With  the  view  off  ipturing  ihis  sloop. 
It  was  agreed  :.'>  man  and  r.rni  a  schooner,  lying  M 
South  Hay  ;  thai  Arnold  chouldcoiniiiaiid  her,  and 
.hat  Allen  shr  id  command  foine  baileaux  on  the 
4ainc  expedi'  on,  A  favourable  wind  carricil  llir 
schooner  ahead  of  ihe  balleaux,  and  Colonel  Ar- 
nold gol  Immediate  possession  of  Ihe  sloop  by  sur- 
prise. The  wind  again  favouring  him,  he  return- 
ed, with  his  jiri/.e,  lo  Ticoiideroga,  and  rejoined 
(Jobiiel  Allen.  The  laller  soon  went  home;  and 
the  former,  with  a  number  of  men,  acreed  lo  re- 
iiiaiii  there  in  garrison.  In  this  rapid  manner,  the 
possession  of  Ticonderoga,  and  Ihe  command  of 
laka  Champlain,  was  obtained,  wiihout  any  loss, 
ny  a  few  determined  men.  Intelligence  of  these 
events  was  in  a  few  days,  communicated  to  Con- 
gress, which  met,  for  llie  first  time,  al  ten  o'clock 
of  ihe  same  day,  in  the  morning  of  which,  Ticon- 
deroga was  taken.  They  rejoiced  in  ihe  spirit  of 
enterprise,  displayed  by  llieir  countrymen  :  but 
feared  Ihe  charge  of  being  apjpessnrs,  or  of  doing 
any  thing  lo  widen  the  brcacli  between  (iieat  Bri- 
tain and  the  colonies  ;  for  an  accomodation  was, 
at  that  lime,  their  unanimous  wish.  They  ihere- 
I'ure  recommended  lo  the  committees  of  the  cities 
.ihd  counties  of  New  Vork  and  Albany,  to  cause 
llio  cannon  and  stores  lo  be  removed  from  Ticon- 
deroga to  the  south  end  of  lake  (>eorge,  and  lo 
t'.ik!  an  exact  inventory  of  them  :  "in  order  thai 
ihf/  iiiigtit  be  safely  returned,  when  the  leslora- 
liiin  jf  the  former  harmony  between  Great  Kritain 
.III :  'ie  colonies,  so  ardently  wished  for  by  the  hit- 
ler, slidiild  render  it  prudent,  and  consistent  with 
llii>  overruling  law  of  self  preservation." 

Colonel  Arnold  having  begun  his  mililnry  ca- 
reer with  a  series  of  successes,  was  urged  by  his 
native  inmetuosily  lo  project  more  exiensivo  opr- 
rations  ^,j,  on  the  13lh  of  June,  wrote  a  letter 
lo  Congress,  strongly  urging  an  expedition  into 
Canada,  and  nffering  with  2000  men  In  reduce  the 
•'hole  province.  In  his  ardent  zeal  to  oppose 
(treat  Britain,  he  had  advised  the  adoption  of 
olfehslve  war,  even  before  Congress  had  orga- 
nized an  army,  or  appointed  a  single  military  oITi 
cer.  His  iniportuniiy  was  at  last  sucrnRsfnl,  iis 
shall  hereafter  be  related  :  hut  not  till  iwo  moiiilis 
had  riapsed,  subsequent  lo  his  firsl  pro|>(>sitiiiii  of 
cond  iLting  an  expedition  against  (J^iiinli.  Such 
■  as  me  increasing  fervour  of  the  piiliiic  iiiind  in 
l',75i  that  what,  ia  the  early  part  of  ibe  year,  was 


deemed  violent  end  dangerous,  was  in  ill  pro^rttt 
pronounced  both  moderate  and  expedient. 

Sirliuy  Carlelon,  the  king's Kiivernor  In  Canada 
no  sooner  heard  thai  the  American*  had  surprised 
Ticonderoga,  and  Crown- I'oiiii,  and  obtained  the 
comma'd  of  lake  Champlain,  than  he  planned  a 
scheme  for  their  recovery.  Having  only  a  few 
regular  troops  under  hi*  conim;iiid,  li.i  endeavoured 
lo  induce  the  Cam  diana  and  Indiana,  In  co-operate 
with  him  ;  but  lliey  bolhdeclined.  lie  establish- 
ed martial  lav,  thai  he  might  compel  Ihe  inhabi- 
tant* to  tukr  arm*.  They  declared  themselves 
ready  to  defr  nd  the  province  ;  but  refuaed  lo  march 
out  of  it,  or  D  commence  hoatilitie*  on  their  neigh- 
bours. Ol  loiiel  Johnaon  had,  on  the  same  occa- 
sion, repented  conference*  with  the  Indians,  anil 
endeavoured  lo  influence  Ihem  to  lake  up  the 
hatchet;  but  they  deadily. refused.  In  order  to 
g'lin  their  co-operation,  he  invited  ihem  in  feast 
on  a  Bostonian,  and  to  drink  his  blond.  This,  in 
Ihe  Indian  style,  meant  no  more  than  to  partake  of 
a  roasted  ox  and  a  pi|)e  of  wine,  at  a  public  enter- 
lainment ;  which  was  given  In  induce  their  co- 
operation wiih  ihe  British  troops.  The  colonial 
patriots  all'ec<'.,i  >  ■  understand  it  in  its  literal  sense. 
It  furiii.,iied  in  ihei,  mode  of  explication,  a  con- 
venient handle  for  operating  on  the  passions  of  Ihe 
people. 

These  exertions  in  Canada,  which  were  princi- 
pally made  with  a  view  lo  recovei  Ticonderoga, 
Crown-Point,  and  the  command  of  lake  Cham- 
plain, induced  Congress  In  believe  that  a  formida- 
ble invasion  of  their  northwestern  frontier  was 
intended,  from  (hat  quarter.  The  evident  tenden- 
cy id  the  ({lichee  act  favoured  this  opinion.  Be- 
lieving it  10  be  Ihe  fixed  purpose  of  the  British 
ministry,  to  attack  the  united  coloniesonthat  side, 
they  conceived  that  they  would  be  inexcusable  if 
they  neglecleil  the  proper  nieaii!"  of  warding  oil 
so  terrible  a  blow.  They  were  also  sensible  that 
■  he  only  pralicable  plan  lo  cU'ecl  this  purpose,  was 
lo  inai.e  a  vigorous  attack  upon  ('aiiada,  while  it 
was  unable  lo  resist  tin-  unexpected  iinpressiiin- 
Their  success  at  Ticoiideioua  and  Crown-Point, 
had  already  paved  the  way  for  this  bold  enterprise, 
and  had  broken  down  Ihe  fences  which  guarded 
the  entrance  into  that  province.  On  the  other 
hand,  they  were  sensible  that  by  taking  this  step, 
they  changed  at  once  the  whole  nature  iif  lliewar. 
Kroin  defensive  it  became  oflTensive  ;  and  sulii-  •:ted 
them  lo  the  impiilalion  of  being  the  agressors. — 
They  were  well  aware  that  several  who  had  es- 
poused their  cause  in  Britain,  would  proliabjy  lie 
oifended  at  this  measure  ;  and  chargii  lliilli  wiiii 
heightening  the  mischiefs  occasioned  by  llic  dis 
pule.  They  knew  lhat  the  principles  ortcsisliiiice, 
as  far  as  they  had  hilherto  acted  upon  llieiii,  were 
abetted  by  a  considcrablo  parly  in  (ireat  Britain  ; 
and  that  to  forfeit  llieir  good  opinion,  iniglil  lie  of 
great  disservice.  Considerations  of  this  kind 
made  tlieiii  weigh  well  the  inipurlant  slep,  iiefore 
they  ventured  upon  il.  They,  on  llie  <illier  hand, 
reflected  thai  the  eloquence  of  Ihe  minorily  in  par- 
liameiit,  and  the  petitions  and  rcmoiislrunces  id'llie 
merchants  in  Ureal  Britain,  had  produced  no  solid 
advantages  in  llieir  favour ;  anil  that  they  had  no 
chance  of  relief,  but  from  the  smiles  ol  heaven  nn 
their  own  endeavours.  The  danger  was  |i|i'SHliig. 
War  was  tint  only  inevitable,  but  already  begun. 
To  wait  lid  ihey  were  allackcd  by  a  formidable 
force  al  their  backs,  in  llm  very  insiiinl  when  their 
utmost  exertions  would  be  requisite,  perhaps  insuf- 
ficient, to  protect  their  cities  and  sea  coasi,  against 
an  invasion  from  Britain,  would  be  Iho  summit 
of  folly.  The  laws  of  war  and  of  nations  jtistified 
the  forestalling  of  an  enemy.  The  colonists  main- 
tained that  lo  prevent  known  hostile  intentions, 
was  a  matter  of  self-defence.  They  were  also 
sensible  they  had  already  gone  such  lengths,  a* 
could  only  be  vindicatcif  by  anus;  and  thai,  if  a 
cerlain  degiee  of  success  did  not  atlcnd  llieir  r«- 
sistance,  ihey  would  lie  ;illlie  mercy  of  an  irritated 
Uiivcrninfiii.'aiid  tlii-ir  iiindeiiiliiin  in  llie  Kiiiglein- 
sMiice  III  ('iiirida.  would  he  an  iinavailil/g  (ilea  for 
indulgence.  'I'liey  were  also  encouraged  to  (iro- 
cecd,  by  certain  iufuruiation,  that  the  French  ipha- 


bilant*  of  Canada,  except  the  nobleaae  and  the  cicr 
gy,  were  as  much  disconienled  with  iheir  presen 
syateni  of  government  a*  the  British  seillers.  ll 
seemed  Ihcre.'iie  probable,  that  they  would  coo- 
alder  the  provincials,  rather  ua  frienda,  than  asenr- 
niles.  The  invasion  of  lhat  province  was  there- 
fore determined  upon,  if  fniind  practicable,  and  not 
disagreeable  lo  the  Canadian*. 

Congress  hail  committed  the  managrineijl  of 
llieir  uiililary  arrangeiiieiii*,  in  Ihis  norihcrn  de> 
larlmeni,  lo  (ienerals  Schuyler  and  Montgomery. 
^Vhile  ihe  former  remained  at  Albany,  to  attend 
an  Indian  treaty,  the  latter  wusaent  forward  to  Ti- 
conderoga, with  a  body  of  troop*  from  New  York 
and  New  Kngland.  About  ini*  lime,  (ienerai 
.Schuyler  addre**ed  the  inhabitant*,  Informing 
ihem,  "that  Ihe  only  view*  of  Cnngres*  were  lo 
restore  lo  them  Ihoae  rights,  which  every  tubjecl 
of  (he  British  Kmpiie,  of'thulever  religion*  senti- 
ments he  may  be,  ii  entitled  to ;  and  lhat,  in  the 
execution  of  these  (rust*,  he  had  received  the 
most  positive  orders  to  cherish  every  Canadian, 
and  every  friend  to  the  cause  of  liberty,  and  aacred- 
ly  lo  guard  Iheir  properly."  The  Americans, 
about  1000  in  number,  effected  a  landing  at  St. 
John's ;  which,  being  the  first  British  post  In  Ca- 
nada, lies  only  I  la  miles  lo  the  northward  of  Ti- 
conderoga. The  British  picqueli  were  driven 
into  the  fort.  The  environs  wa*  then  reconnoi- 
lered,  and  the  fortification*  were  found  lobe  much 
stronger  than  had  been  suspected.  Thi*  induced 
Ihe  calling  of  a  council  of  war,  which  recommend- 
ed a  retreat  lo  Isle  aiix  Noix,  twelve  miles  snulh 
of  St.  John's,  lo  throw  a  boom  across  Ihe  chan- 
nel, and  lo  erect  works  for  lis  defence.  iSoon  af> 
ter  this  event,  a  bad  stale  of  health  induced  (ieneia' 
Schuyler  to  retire  lo  Ticonderoga;  and  Ihe  com 
mand  devolved  on  (General  Montgomery. 

This  cnlcrpilsing  ulllcer,  In  a  few  days,  reiiiined 
lo  the  vicinity  of  St.  John's,  and  opened  a  battery 
against  ii.  Ammunitinn  was  so  scarce,  that  the 
siege  could  not  be  carried  on,  with  any  prospect  of 
speedy  success.  Tho  general  detached  a  small 
liody  nf  troops,  to  attempt  ihe  reduction  of  fori 
(Jhamblce,  only  six  milesdistanl.  Successallend 
ed  Ihis  enterprise.  By  lis  lurrender,  six  Ions  ti 
gun|iowder  were  obtained,  which  enabled  the  gene- 
ral lo  prosecute  the  siege  of  St.  John's  with  vigour 
The  garrison,  though  straitened  for  provi*inn*, 
persevered  in  defending  theniaelves  withunabaliiif 
iiirlitude.  Wli.Ie  Genera!  Mi>ntgomery  was proae- 
ciilliig  iIiIh  siege,  the  governor  of  the  province  col- 
'ec{ei|,  al  iMontieaj, about  800  men,  chiefly  miiiiia 


anil  liidiaiis. 


Ije  endeavoured  to  cross  the  rivei 
will)  ifijs  (iitce,  and  lo  lam.'  a*  Lou 


iwience,  wiin  i|ih  (ii 
quiel,  intending  III  priiceed  ihence  lo  attack  ihe  be- 
siegers: but  Colonel  Warner,  with  300  green 
mountain  boys,  and  a  four  pounder,  prevented  tho 
execution  of  the  design.  The  governor'*  party 
was  sufl'ered  lo  ciime  near  the  shore  ;  but  was  then 
lired  upon,  with  such  effect  as  to  make  them  re- 
tire, after  sustaining  great  lo.sa. 

All  account  of  this  all'air  being  communicated  in 
I  he  garrison  in  St.  John's,  .Major  Preslon,  tho 
commanding  nflicer,  surrendered,  on  receiving 
honourable  terms  of  capitulation.  About  500  regu- 
lars and  100  Canadians  became  prisoners  to  lh« 
provincials.  They  also  acquired  39  pieces  of 
cannon,  seven  mortars,  two  howitzers,  n.id  about 
800  stand  of  arm*.  Among  the  cannon  were  man; 
brass  field  pieces;  an  article  ot  which  Ihe  Ame 
ricans  weie  nearly  destitute. 

While  the  siege  of  St.  John's  was  pending,  Co 
loncl  Allen,  who  was  'clurningwilh  .ibout  86  mei 
from  a  lour  on  which  he  had  been  sent  by  his  gcho 
ral,  was  captured  by  ihe  British  near  Montreal 
Though  he  had  surrendered  in  action,  with  arm* 
in  his  hands,  under  a  verbal  capitulation  lhat  he 
should  receive  good  treatment,  he  was  loaded  with 
irons,  and  in  lhat  condition  se^t  to  England.* 


"CiiliiMcl  Allen,  aner  bis  cschangn,  pitlilinlicil  an  in 
If  rcHiiiiij  imrrntivi!  of  bis  rnptivily.  'J'lie  eriivo  nllpccil 
iijiiiiHi  liini  was  his  Inking  TiconilernEa :  and  il  wiis 
iiil'niled  that  he  should  bo  Irieil  far  lhi>,  as  an  s.'l  nl 
rciieiliuii.  From  bis  nirraiivo,  il  appears  thai  the  irons 
placed  on  him  were  uncoinmonly  nssvy,  snd  *o  fosteu 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


AfttrlhanducllonorSt.  Jolin'4,Ueiii)r»l  iMiiiil-   lii  Mmilrciil,  hihI  unmling  deluchinenl*  iiilu  tliOvr-  li;i(l  to  cut  lli^ir  way,  Tui  iiiilai  lu|(etliar,  tliruu||li 

lomery  proceciicd  lowunla  Mmiirfal.    Tli«  Irw   cut  purln  ot  dm  pruviiicv,  udvanceil  lowiirdii  ilm  loreiti  lu  i-nibiiriMMed,  tlml  tlioir  prngrcu  wu« 

Britiih  furcei  there,  uniilila  to  tliiiidlheii  li'iiiiiiil,    ca|iilil.     Ilia  little  uriiiy  urrlved  wtdi  «x|HMlitiiiii  only  I'uurur  live  iiideiu  duy.     Tlinconitint  liiliKna 

reuuiredl'uriarety  on  board  their  alii|i|iiiiK.  Ill  lii)|H'!t    ''•^loto  (jnt'licc.     Muccuia  Imd  liitlierlo  tiuwiird  uiiu^ted  iiiuiiy  to  IhII  aick.     One  third  ol'lliu  iiuiii- 

ol'eacapiog  duwii  the  river;  but  liiey  were   pre- j  every  ullenipi  ol'tieiierul  iMunlgoineiy ;  hut  his  ^«r  which  aet  out,  wut  I'rom  want  ol'  neceuiiriea, 

"          '    "                  '                      '        '    aituuliiiu    waa   neverlheluaa    very    eiiiburniitsiiiK.  obliged  lu  return ;  the  others  proceeded  with  una- 

Much  to  be  pitied  is  ihe  oiricet,  who,  having  been  baled  I'urlitude  and  conilunny.     I'lovialons  Kiew 
bred  to   arms,   in  the  slrict  uicipliiie  of  regular   nt  leuglh  so  acarce,  ihut  aoine  of  ihe  men  eul  iheii 

armies,  is  allerwarda  called  K  coiniiiaiid  men,  who  duga,carlouGli  boxea,  breeches,  uiid  shoes.    When 

curry  wilhlheui  the  spirit  olTreedoin  Into  ihetield.  |  they  were  an  hundred  miles  I'rom  any  habilalion, 


vented.  Ueneral  Fieicul,  who  was  oq  hoard 
with  leveral  officers,  and  about  I'JO  privates,  hav- 
ing no  chance ul' escape  subinilled  lobe  |)risoners 
on  lerini  o(  capitulallun.  Eleven  sail  ol  veaaels, 
with  all  their  coiilenis,  consisting  ol'  amtnunition, 
provisions,  and  intrenching  tools,  became  ihe  pro- 
jiertyofthe  pruvinciiili.  (Juvernor  Carlelun  was 
about  this  lime  conveyed  In  a  boat  with  inullled 
paddles,  by  a  secret  way  to  the  Three  Kivers,  and 
thence  to  Quebec  In  a  lew  days. 

When  Alunlreal  was  evacuated  by  the  troops, 
the  inhabitanis  applied  lo  General  Montgomery  I'ur 
■  capitulation.  He  informed  them  as  Ihcy  were 
dclenceless,  they  could  not  expect  such  a  conces- 
«ion  :  but,  lie  engaged,  upon  his  honour,  to  main- 
tain Ihe  individuals  and  religious  coinmunilieN  ol' 
ibe  city,  in  the  peaceable  enjiiymrnt  oftheirproii- 
eriy,  and  the  free  exercise  of  their  religion.  In 
«ll  liii  transactions,  he  s|ioke,  wrote,  and  acted 
with  dignity  and  proprieiv;  and  treated  Ihe  inha- 
bitants with  liberality  and  politeness. 

Montreal  which  at  this  lime  surrendered  to  the 
provincials,  carried  on  an  exiensive  trade,  and 
coiilained  many  of  those  articles,  which  rroin  the 
operation  of  the  resolutions  of  Congress,  could  nut 
be  iinfiorted  into  any  ofllie  united  colonies.  From 
these  stores,  Ihe  American  soldiers,  who  had  hith- 
erto sutTered  from  the  want  of  suitable  clothing, 
obtained  a  plentirul  supply. 

Ueneral  Monlgoinery,  after  leaving  some  troops 

cil,  llist  he  coiilil  not  lie  down  otlierwiio  ilisn  on  his 
btieW.  A  cliesl  was  his  spst  by  day  and  his  bed  hy 
iii^lit.  In  leliara  to  the  Uriliali  ireni^ral  Prescol,  he  urccil 
bia  claim  to  better  trealinnni,  on  llio  gruiind  ur  hia  Viu- 
nianily  and  polilencaa  la  alt  the  prisonera  lie  had  taken; 
•ul  iiu  acawrr  ever  vnino  to  his  hands.  Aftnr  ho  lind 
keen  MDl  ill  iruna  aa  a  aiato  prinuncr  to  Enf;laNd,  he  waa 
asm  back  as  a  prisuncr  or  wur  lu  America.  On  his  re- 
tarn,  when  Ihe  ileol,  on  board  of  which  he  waa  cnnflii- 
ed,  rendeEvoiised  at  the  (>'ovo  of  Ourk,  he  received 
from  (he  kindiieaa  of  Ihe  iiilialtilantK  of  that  city,  a  nlon- 
lil'ul  supply  fur  all  his  wauls;  hiil  llieir  bchcvulence 
wan  intercepted  by  Captain  ayiiioiida,  of  llio  Brilinh 
r  ivy.  who  awore  that  "  the  damned  AitieriC'tn  rehtls 
ahould  nut  be  so  feusled  hy  the  damned  rebels  of  Ire- 
land." After  much  bad  UHagc  in  a  cin'uiluus  vovage 
ha  was  Isnded  at  ilalifai,  aiek  with  the  icurvy,'  and 
there  put  in  prison.  Thence  he  was  sent  lu  New  York, 
aud  fur  a  few  iiionlhs  waa  admitted  to  hia  parole ;  hut 
n  AuKUst,  1777,  on  pretence  of  hreakini;  it,  was  cuulin- 
cd  4n  the  provust  jail.  Durini;  hia  residence  there,  lie 
waa  wimeaa  of  the  moat  horrid  scenes  of  0|mresHion 
and  cruelly,  to  Ihe  American  prisoners;  and  declnres, 
that,  I'roin  his  own  kniiwledne,  he  hail  no  douhl,  timt  up- 
wards of  2(10(1  of  them  |ierished  with  hunRer,  cold,  and 
sickness,  occasioned  by  Ihe  tilth  of  the  pinces  in  wliicli 
Ihey  were  conruierf,  and  Ihe  scanty  unwhulrnome  pro- 
visions, with  which  Iliey  wore  nerved.  He  fHrllier 
Blules,  that  till  llio  defeul  of  Ihe  lle.HHJiins  nl  Tri'iiliin, 
lu  Deceiuher,  177(>,  the  conquest  of  the  country  was 
eouKidered  as  certain ;  thai  ilie  riirrcilure  of  CHliles, 
and  the  execiiiion  of  the  leaders  of  the  rehellicm,  were 
spukeii  of,  aa  eveiita  near  at  hand ;  and  thai  the  severe 
In'nliiieiit  iil'  the  priHiinera  waa  rniiiided  on  the  idea,  lliat 
every  ihiiig  aliorl  of  imniediale  execution,  wus  heller 
Ihun  lliey  ns  rebels,  hnd  a  rifrhl  to  expert;  that  the 
liMini  iiiii;riii'riius  snd  rriiel  ineihoda,  by  slarvoiiiin,  and 
oiherwiHi',  were  udopieil  lo  compel  "ilieir  enli.liiieiii 
iutoihe  Itriiinh  wrvice;  lliat  many  aiiliniiilcd  lo  ilculli, 
In  prefereiii^e  to  iIihI  iiiod^  of  ohtaiiiinir  n  relespe;  thiit 
Ihe  haller  and  Ihe  iialhiwa  «  >re,  in  the  early  noriiids  of 
the  war,  ol'len  presented  ;.,  his  own  view,  as  ine  coufe- 
auenco  III'  his  nlmiiuncy  and  rehellinn;  hot,  afierwardK, 
niKh  coiiiiiinnd,  and  a  large  tract  of  lliii  eonqiicred 
Country  was  offered  him  on  condition  he  would  join  ihc 
British.  To  llie  l.ixt  he  rejilied :  "  tlial  he  viewed  their 
lifer,  of  contpieri'd  Iniied  slEiiea'  land,  to  be  similar  lo 
Ibal  which  tfin  devil  olTerod  lo  Jesus  Chiini;  to  eive 
him  all  the  kiiicdnms  of  the  world,  if  he  would  fiill 
down  niid  worship  liitii,  when  at  Ihe  same  time,  the 
poor  devil  lind  iifit  one  fniri  of  land  ii|tou  eartli."  A  re- 
view !••'  this  niirriitive  nnliirally  excites  ■peciilalioiix  on 
Ibe  nuiiieriiiis  execiiiinns.  uiid  exien»ive  confiricuiiouK 
which,  pniliiililv,  would  hiive  been  the  consequenee  of 
Ihe  fniliire  of  the  rr\Hltili<ui,  mid  inipht  to  excite  pnili- 
tude  in  the  brrcHt  of  evcrv  Aiiiericnu,  Ihat  Ihoi^e  rilinnim 
ine?siirei4  were  iireveuted,  liy  the  liiuil  -iiccess  of  tlioir 
■nns.  Colonel  Allen  wan  iiinlined  in  llie  priivoHt  joil. 
•I  New  V'ork,  till  May,  1778,  when  he  was  exchanged; 
■>■>  loibe  creul  Joy  of  bi*  country  restored  lo  activity 
II  ill  •vffTioe. 


The  greater  part  ul'  Ihe  Americans,  officers,  aa 
well  as  soldiers,  having  never  seen  any  service, 
were  ignoiani  of  their  duly,  and  feebly  impressed 
with  Ihe  military  ideas  of  union,  suhurdinalion  and 
discipline.  The  army  waa  continental  in  ii.ime 
and  pay  ;  hut  in  no  other  respect.  Not  only  Ihe 
troops  of  ditl'erent  colonies  conceived  thviiisclves 
independent  of  each  ()lher  ;  but,  in  some  instances, 
the  dill'eretil  regiiuenlH  of  the  same  colutiy  were 
backward  lo  submit  to  Ihe  orders  of  officers  in  a 
iiigher  grade  of  anollier  line.  Tliey  were  soon 
tired  of  a  military  life.  Novelty  and  the  lirst  im- 
pulse of  passion  had  led  them  lo  camp;  hut, 
the  approaching  cold  season,  together  with  the 
fatigues  and  dangers  incident  to  war  induced  a 
general  wish  to  reliii(|uish  the  service.  Tliough. 
by  Ihe  terms  of  their  enlisimeni,  Ihey  were  lu  be 
discharged  in  a  few  weeks,  they  could  not  biouk 
an  absence  from  their  homes,  for  that  short  space 
of  time.  The  ideas  of  liberty  and  independence, 
which  roused  the  colonists  lo  oppose  the  claims  of 
Ureal  13ritain,  operated  against  that  implicit  obe- 
dience, which  is  necessary  lo  a  well  regulated 
army. 

Even  in  European  states,  where  long  habits 
have  established  submission  to  superiors,  as  a 
primary  duty  of  the  cjinmnn  people,  the  difficulty 
of  governing  lecruils,  when  first  led  lo  ihe  field 
from  llie  civil  occupations,  is  great :  lo  exercise 
discipline  over  freemen,  accustomed  lo  »':l  only 
from  Ihe  impulse  of  llieir  own  minds,  rctpiired  nut 
only  a  knowledge  of  human  nature,  hutunaccom- 
inodaling  spirit,  and  a  degree  of  patience,  which 
are  rarely  found  among  otricers  of  regular  armies. 
The  troops  under  the  immediate  command  of  Uene- 
ral Montgomery,  were,  from  their  usual  habits, 
averse  to  the  ideas  of  subordlnatiou,  and  had  sud- 
denly passed  fruiii  duiiieslicease,  to  the  number- 
less wants  and  distictses,  which  are  incident  to 
marches  through  strange  and  desert  countries. 
Every  difficully  waa  increased  by  the  short  term, 
fui  which  they  were  enlisted.  To  secure  the  af- 
fections of  Ihe  Canadians,  it  was  necessary  forthe 
American  general  to  restrain  the  appetites,  and 
control  Ihe  licentiousmiss  of  his  soldiery ;  while 
the  appearance  of  military  harshness  was  danger- 
ous, lest  their  good  will  might  be  forfeited.  In 
this  choice  of  difficulties,  the  genius  of  Montgo- 
mery surmounted  many  obstacles.  During  his 
shoit,  but  glorious  career,  he  conducted  with  so 
much  prudence,  as  to  make  it  doubtful,  whether 
we  ought  to  admire  most,  the  goodness  of  the  man, 
or  the  address  of  Ihc  general. 

About  the  same  lime  that  Canada  was  invaded 
in  Ihe  usual  route  from  New  York,  a  considerable 
detachment,  from  Ihe  American  army  at  Cam- 
bridge, was  conducted  into  ihat  royal  province,  by 
a  new  and  unexpected  passage.  Colonel  Arnold, 
who  successfully  conducted  this  bold  undertaking, 
thereby  acquired  the  name  of  the  American  Han- 
nibal. He  was  detached,  with  a  thousand  men, 
from  Cambridge,  lo  penetrate  into  Canada,  by  as- 
cending the  river  Kennebcck,  and  descending  by 
the  Cliaudiere,  to  the  river  St.  Lawrence.  Ureal 
were  the  difficulties  these  troops  had  to  encounter, 
in  inarching  by  an  unexplored  route,  three  hundred 
miles,  through  an  uninhabited  country.  Inasoeud- 
iiig  the  Kcnnebeck,  they  were  cuiistantly  obliged 
to  work  upwards,  against  an  impetuous  current. 
They  were  often  compelled,  by  cataracts  or  other 
impediments,  to  land,  and  to  haul  their  battenux  up 
rapid  streams,  and  over  falls  of  rivers.  Nor  was 
their  inarch  by  land  more  eligible,  than  this  pas- 
sage by  water.  They  had  deep  swamps,  thick 
woods,  difficult  mountains,  and  craggy  precipices 
alternately  to  eugountar.    At  aome  places,  they 


urpros|iect  of  a  supply,  their  whole  store  was  di- 
vided, which  yielded  four  pints  of  Hour  lo  each 
man.  After  they  had  baked  and  eaten  their  last 
morsel,  lliey  liad  thirty  miles  lu  navel,  bef'oie  they 
could  expect  any  farther  supply.  Tlie  men  born 
up  under  these  complicated  distresses,  with  iha 
greatest  fortitude.*  Thoy  gloried  in  Ihe  ho|ie  of 
completing  a  march,  which  wouhl  rival  Ihe  famo 
of  similar  expeditions  undertaken  by  the  heroes  of 
antiquity,  tlaving  spent  thirty-one  days,  in  tra- 
versing a  liideous  wilderness,  without  ever  seein| 
any  thing  human,  Ihey  at  length  reached  Ihe  in- 
habited parts  of  Canada.  They  were  there  well 
received,  and  supplied  with  every  thing  necessary 
for  iheir  comfort.  The  Canadians  were  struck  with 
ainaxciiienl,  when  they  saw  this  armed  force  emer- 
ging from  llie  wilderness.  It  hnd  never  entered 
their  conceptions,  that  it  was  [mssible  lor  hiiiiiau 
beings  to  traverse  such  immense  wilds.  The  most 
pointed  insliuclions  had  been  given  to  this  corps, 
to  conciliate  Ihe  affections  of  the  Canadians.  Ii 
was  particularly  enjoined  upon  them,  if  the  siin  of 
lord  Chulhain,  then  an  officer  iiioiie  of  the  liritisli 
regiments  in  Ihat  piovince,  should  fall  into  their 
hands,  to  treat  him  with  all  possible  allention,  iii 
return  for  the  great  exertions  of  his  farther,  in  be- 
half of  American  liberty.  A  manifesto,  subscrlbeil 
by  Ueneral  Washington,  which  had  been  sent  fiuiii 
Cambridge  with  this,  delachmenl  was  circulated 
among  the  inhabitants  of  Canada.  In  this,  they 
were  invited  to  arrange  themselves  under  the 
standard  of  general  liberty;  and  were  informed 
that  the  American  army  was  sent,  not  lo  plunder 
but  to  protect  them. 

While  Ueneral  Montgomery  lay  at  Montreal, 
Colonel  Arnold  arrived  at  Point  Levy,  opposite  to 
Quebec.  Such  -.vas  the  consternation  of  the  gar- 
rison and  inhabitants,  at  his  unexpected  appear- 
ance, that  had  not  the  river  intervened,  an  imme- 
diate attack,  in  the  first  surprise  and  confusion, 
might  have  been  successful.  The  hold  enterprisu 
of  one  American  army,  marching  through  the  wil- 
derness, at  a  lime  when  success  was  crowning 
every  undertaking  of  another,  invading  in  a  dill'e- 
renl  direction,  struck  terror  into  the  breast  of  those 
Canadians,  who  were  unfriendly  lo  the  designs  of 
Congress.  The  embarrnssinenis  of  the  garrison 
were  increased  by  the  absence  of  Sir  Uiiy  Cmle- 
Ion.  That  gallant  officer  on  hearing  of  Moiiigo> 
mcry's  invasion,  prepared  to  oppose  him  in  ihe 
extremes  of  the  province.  While  he  was  collect- 
ing a  force  lu  attack  invaders  in  one  directinn,  a 
dili'erent  corps,  emerging  out  of  the  depths  of  an 
unexplored  wilderness,  suddenly  appeared  I'roni 
another.  In  a  few  days  Colonel  Arnold  -.lussed 
the  river  St.  Lawrence ;  but  his  chance  of  suc- 
ceeding by  acoupiie  main,  was  in  that  short  space 
greatly  diminished.  The  critical  moment  was  past. 
The  panic  occasioned  by  his  first  appearance  had 
abated,  and  solid  preparations  for  llie  defence  of 
the  town  were  adopted.  The  inhabitants,  both 
English  and  Canadians,  assoonasdangerpre.ssed, 
united  for  their  common  defence.  Alarmed  for 
llieir  property,  Ihey  were  at  their  own  request, 
embodied  for  its  security.  The  sailors  were  taken 
from  Ihe  shipping  in  the  harbour,  and  put  lo  the 
batteries  on  shore.  As  Colonel  Arnold  liail  no 
artillery,  after  parading  some  days  on  Ihe  height^ 
near  Quebec,  ho  drew  off  his  troops,  inlfiuuin(( 
nothing  mure  until  the  a^rrival  pf  Muniguiuery, 
than  to  cut  off  supplies  from  entering  ihe  garrison- 
So  favourable  were  the  prospects  of  the  unite^ 


*  Aaron  Burr,  allerwarda  vice-president  of  the  'Jni. 
led  Stales,  waa  one  of  hia  party.  He  was  then  al'oii 
twenty  yeara  old,  and  had  broken  off  from  his  lenl  itw 
(lios  that  ho  might  serve  on  bis  ezpcdilioq. 


THK    HISroHV    <»P 


i 
t 

I 


colonlfi  ■(  thU  period,  that  (Itneral  Miiiil|iiiiiiiiry 
•<*t  on  riinl  a  regiinrni  'I  Can»ili>ini,  In  b«  in  iliu 
piiy  ul'l^'onKrciii.  Jiiinei  LiviiiKatun,  ii  iiulivn  iiC 
New  Vortt  who  hail  lunK  reiided  in  Caniida,  wiin 
;|i|iuinlrd  lo  (he  cuniniand  Iheraol';  un<l  »vvcriil 
K'rniim  were  rngnned  for  Ihc  term  ul°  twelvu 
iiiiiillia.  'I'hu  inliubilanli,  on  both  aidva  u(  the 
iivcr  Ml.  Liiwrence,  were  very  friendly.  Kx- 
pivKHra  in  llie  einplity  uf  the  Americiini,  nriii 
ivi^liout  midratittiun,  bnckwardi  and  I'urwnrdii,  be- 
tween Alonirenl  and  (Quebec.  Many  individual! 
perriirniFd  lignid  aetvicei,  in  favour  of  the  inviid- 
loK  nrniy  Among  a  coniiderabie  number,  Mr. 
I'lice  alandt  coDipicuoui.  wlio  advanced  AUUU/ 
in  anecie,  for  their  u«e. 

\  arioni  cautet  had  contributeii  tu  atlavh  the 
inhabitant!  of  Canada,  especially  tlio»e  i>f  ilie  in- 
Irriur  claiieiito  the  Interent  of  Cookd^h,  and  tu 
iilirni^ile  their  aH'eclioni  from  the  government  uf 
(ireiit  Urilain.  The  contest  wiis  fur  liberty;  and 
'.here  is  something  In  that  auunJ  c:ii)tiv:itinK  tu 
the  mind  of  man,  in  a  slate  uf  uriKin:ii  simplicity, 
ll  was  for  the  colonies;  and  Canada  was  also  a 
colony.  The  onjec.i  uf  the  war  were  therefuru 
BupiMsed  to  be  for  (heir  common  aiUantage.  The 
;'urm  of  government,  lalely  im|MiscMl  on  them  by 
jct  of  parliament,  was  far  from  bring  so  free,  a» 
llie  constiiuliuns  of  (he  other  colonies,  and  wiis  in 
litany  reii|i«rla  particularly  o|)presaive.  Tlie  cuni- 
itiuii  peuple  had  no  representative  share  in  cn^ici- 
tiiit  lite  l»ws,  by  which  they  were  to  be  governed ; 
iind  were  subjected  (o  the  arbitrary  will  of  per- 
sons, over  whiiiii  (hey  had  no  control.  Distinc- 
liiiti:i  so  degr.iding  were  not  unobserved  by  llie 
ii:ilive  CaiiHiliaiis :  but  were  mure  ubvious  tu  those 
who  Ihid  known  the  privilege*  enjoyed  in  the 
tiriuliliouriiig  provinces.  i<everal  individuals, 
iilu'Mied  ill  Nuw  Kngland  and  New  York,  wiih 
lliu  hiuli  ideas  of  liberty,  inspired  by  their  free 
i.'oiiniilut'uns,  had,  in  ihe  interval  between  the 
peaci-  uf  I'aris,  17(i3,  and  the  commencement  uf 
llie  American  war,  iniKrated  into  Canada.  Such 
M'lisibly  felt  Ihe  dilVerence  between  Ihc  govern- 
iiiiMiH  lliey  had  left,  and  the  arbitrary  cnnslilution 
iiiipiised  on  them;  and,  both  from  principle  and 
a:iei!iiuii,  earnestly  persuaded  the  Canadians  lo 
make  a  commun  cause  with  the  united  colo- 
nies. , 

'riiough  motives  of  this  kind  induced  the  pcu- 
K^iiiiry  ul'tlie  country  lo  espouse  the  interest  i.f 
Ciiii!:iess,  yet  siindiy  individuals,  and  luine  whule 
iiiders  uf  men,  threw  the  weight  uf  their  inllnciice 
iiilii  the  uppusiie  scale.  Tlie  legal  privileges 
wiiicli  the.  KuiiKin  cathulic  clergy  enjuyuil,  made 
llieiii  averse  lu  a  change,  lest  they  sliuuld  he  en- 
d  iiii;rieil,  by  a  more  intimate  cunnexiun  with  their 
pi'ulesiiiiit  neighbuurs.  They  used  their  sup|iused 
ii.liiiMii.'e  in  the  next  wurld,  as  an  engine  tu  upe- 
1.1  i;  on  the  inuvemenis  ufllie  present.  They  re- 
fii-eil  alisululion  tu  such  uf  their  flucks  as  aliened 
tdi?  Americans.  Tills  interdicliun  uf  the  joys  of 
he  iveii.  by  ihusG  whu  were  supposed  (u  huld  the 
keys  uf  ii,  operated  powerfully  on  the  opinions 
and  piaciices  of  the  siiperMlitiuus  multitude.  The 
■eigiicurs  had  itiHnuniries  unknown  in  the  other 
colonies.  .Such  is  the  fondness  forpowei  in  eve- 
ry huiiiiin  breast,  that  revululiuns  aie  rarely  fi- 
v'ourrd  by  any  order  uf  men,  who  have  reason  to 
apprehend  that  their  futiiie  siluatinn,  in  caaeuf  a 
ciiiiiige,  will  be  less  pre-eminent  than  before. 

The  sagacious  (icneral  Montgomery,  no  less  a 
man  ofihe  world  than  an  oflicer.  discovered  great 
address  in  accommodating  himself  to  these  clash- 
ing interests.  Though  lie  knew  the  part  the  po- 
pish clergy  had  acted,  in  opposition  to  him,  yet  he 
conducted  towards  thcin,  as  if  lulatly  ignurant  of 
the  niattci  ;  and  treated  them  and  ihcir  religion 
with  great  res|)ec;  and  attention.  As  far  as  he 
was  authorised  to  promise,  he  engatied  that  their 
ecclesi^istical  property  should  be  secured,  and  llio 
fr'!e  exercise  of  (heir  religion  continued.  To  all, 
he  held  forth  the  flattering  idea  of  calling  a  con- 
vention uf  representatives,  freely  chosen,  to  in- 
glitu:?,  by  its  own  will,  such  a  form  of  govern- 
ment as  they  approved.  While  the  great  mind 
of  tkiiilliutrious  man,  wa» meditating  schemes  of 


liberty  and  happineaa.  a  iiiilllarv  force  was  cul- 
leciing  and  intniiiig  lo  oppose  iiiiii,  which  in  a 
short  liiiiu  pill  a  iicrioil  to  Ins  valuable  lite. 

At  the  liiiifl  the  Ainrricaiis  were  before  Mon- 
treal, (■•iii'ml  Carli'ton,  as  has  been  related,  •■■ 
caped  ihrongh  their  hands,  and  got  safe  lu  Uue- 
liec.  Ilia  presence  »u  itself  u  garrison.  I'lia 
confidence  repoHcd  In  his  lalcnK  inspired  Ihe  men 
under  his  cuiiimaiid,  lo  make  the  most  determined 
resialance.  Soon  alter  his  arrival,  he  issued  a 
proclanialion,  selling  forth :  "  That  all  (lerions 
liable  lo  do  militia  duly,  and  rpaiding  in  Quebec, 
who  refused  lo  iiiiii  In  runjunctlon  with  (ha  riiyal 
army,  should,  in  I6urdays,ipii(  (Quebec,  with  their 
laiiiilies,  and  withdraw  Iroiii  the  limits  uf  Ihe  dis- 
trirl,  by  ihe  first  uf  Derciiiber,  on  pain  of  being 
treated  nftt-rnards  iis  »pi(i4  or  rebels."  All  whu 
weie  unwilling  In  en  ii{>rr:iiK  with  the  liritish  ar- 
my, bi'liu  (bus  i\n]v)  ifii  III,  iho  remaining  inhabi- 
laiils,  iliuiigli  iiniiHed  lo  arms,  became,  in  i  lillle 
time,  su  lar  acipialnted  with  them,  as  to  li>-  very 
useful  in  defending  the  luwii.  Tliry  siipimrted 
fatigues,  and  siibinllti'd  tu  coiiiniaiid.  wiih  a  pa- 
tience and  cheerfulness,  ihatcuuld  not  be  exceed- 
ed by  men  faniiliari/.ed  in  the  hardshijis  and  siib- 
:irditiatioii  of  a  military  lili'. 

ticneral  Montgomery,  having  clfected  at  Point 
aux  Trciiibles  a  junction  with  Culoni-I  Arnold,  com- 
menced the  siegu  of  (Quebec.  Upon  his  arrival 
before  the  town,  ho  wrule  a  letter  lu  the  liritish 
governor,  recummeniliiig  an  iiiimediale  suriender, 
tu  prevent  the  dreadful  consequences  of  a  storm. 
Though  the  flag  which  conveyed  this  letter  was 
fired  upon,  and  all  coiniiiiinicatioii  refused,  (leneral 
Montgomery  found  oilier  iiicans  tu  cunvry  a  let- 
ter of  ihe  same  tenor  into  the  garrison:  but  the 
firmness  of  the  governor  could  not  be  moved, 
either  by  threats  or  dangers.  The  Americans 
soon  after  commenced  a  bombardment  with  five 
small  inorlars;  but  with  very  "Itle  effect.  In  a 
few  days  (ieneral  Montgomery  opened  a  six  gun 
battery,  at  the  distance  uf  seven  hundred  yards 
from  the  walls;  but  his  metal  was  too  light  to 
make  any  impression. 

The  news  of  (icneral  ?.Iontgomery's  success  in 
Canada  had  filled  the  colonies  wiih  expectations, 
that  the  conquest  uf  Quebec  would  soon  add  fresh 
lustre  tu  his  already  brilliant  fame.  He  knew 
well  the  consequences  of  popular  disappointment, 
and  was  of  opinion  that  unless  somelhiog  decisive 
was  iminediately  done,  the  benefit  of  his  pievious 
acquisitions  would,  in  a  great  degree,  be  lost  to 
Ihc  American  cause.  On  both  accounts,  he  was 
strongly  impelled  to  make  every  exertion,  fui  sa- 
tisfying the  expectatiuns  and  prumuting  the  inte- 
rest of  a  people,  who  had  honoured  him  with  so 
great  a  share  of  their  confidence.  The  govern- 
ment of  (treat  Uritain,  in  Ihc  extensive  province 
of  (^'anada,  was  at  that  time  reduced  to  the  single 
town  of  Quebec.  The  astonished  world  saw 
peaceable  colonists,  suddenly  transformed  into 
soldiers,  and  these  inarching  through  unexplored 
wildernesses,  and  extending  themselves  by  con- 
quests, in  the  first  moment  after  they  had  assumed 
Ihe  profession  of  arms. 

Towards  the  end  of  Ihc  year,  the  tide  of  fortune 
beg:iii  to  turn.  Dissensions  broke  out  between 
(Jolonal  Arnold  and  some  of  his  olBcers,  threaten- 
ing the  annihilaiion  of  discipline.  The  continen- 
tal currency  had  no  circulation  in  Canada,  and  all 
the  hard  money  furnished  for  Ihe  expedition  was 
nearly  expended.  Difficulties  of  every  kind  weie 
daily  increasing.  The  extremities  of  fatigue  were 
constantly  to  he  encountered.  The  American 
general  had  not  a  sufficient  number  of  men  to 
make  the  proper  reliefs,  in  llie  daily  labours  they 
underwent;  and  that  inconsiderable  number,  worn 
down  with  toil,  was  cunstanlly  exposed  lo  Ihe 
severities  uf  a  Canada  winter.  The  period  for 
which  a  iireat  part  of  his  men  had  enlisted,  being 
on  the  point  of  expiration,  he  apprehended  that 
they  who  were  entitled  lo  il,  would  insist  on  their 
discharge.  On  the  other  hand,  he  saw  no  pros- 
pect of  staggering  the  resuhilion  of  the  garrison. 
They  were  well  supplied  with  every  thing  neces- 
sary for  their  defence,  and  were  daily  acquiring 


additional  firmness.    The  estreinlly  of  winter  wua 
fast  approai'liing. 

Vttini  llieie  coinliined  circumstance*,  (Irtieru 
Monlgoiiiery  was  inipri'Nsi'd  willi  a  convicli'in.  thai 
the  siege  should  elilicr  be  laised,  u:  brought  tu  a 
summary  leriiiinaliun.  Tu  sliiroi  the  place,  wag 
Ihe  nnly  leasible  method  of  vU'ecting  '  v  l.il'il 
pur|M)se.  Hut  llii*  was  an  tinderiaking,  in  whikh 
success  was  but  barely  (HiK'ible.  (ileal  mindatrs 
aeldum  exact  calculators  i  f  dangei.  Nor  do  lliey 
minutely  ullend  lo  the  d.tncultiea  which  ubstruc- 
the  attainment  of  their  oojecta.  Kuiiuiie,  in  tua- 
tempi  uf  the  pride  of  man,  has  ever  had  nn  iiiHu- 
ence  in  Ihe  succear  or  failure  of  military  nnirr> 
prises.  Some  of  (be  grea(ea(  achievements,  uf  ihal 
kind,  have  owed  (heir  success  lu  a  noble  conleinpl 
uf  cummur,  lurms. 

The  upper  part  of  Quebec  was  surrounded  with 
very  s'rung  works,  and  the  acceas  from  the  luwer 
Inwn  waa  exceaaively  diflicult,  frum  its  almost  |ier- 
pendicular  steepnei*.  (leneral  iMootgumery,  iiuiu 
a  native  intrepidity,  and  an  ardent  Ihirat  for  glury 
uverlooked  all  these  dangers ;  and  resolved  at 
once,  either  to  carry  the  place  or  |ierish  in  the  ai 
tempi.  Trusting  much  lu  his  .^oud  fortune ;  con ' 
tiding  in  the  bravery  uf  his  trnups,  and  llieii 
readiness  to  follow  whithersoever  he  should  leal- 
and  depending  suniewhat  on  the  exlensiveness  nl 
the  wurks,  ho  determined  tu  attempt  'he  tuwn  by 
escalade. 

The  garrisunuf  Quebec  at  this  lime  consisted  uf 
abuut  15:20  men,  of  which  8(H)  were  militia,  and 
i!M  were  seamen  belonging  lu  the  king's  frigates, 
or  merchant  ships  in  the  harbour.  The  rest  were 
marines,  regulars,  or  Colonel  Maclean's  new-rais- 
ed emigrants.  The  American  army  cnnaisied  ul 
abuut  8(HI  men.  Sumo  had  been  left  at  Montreal 
and  near  u  third  of  Arnold's  detachment,  as  has 
been  relateil,  had  returned  to  Cambridge. 

(icneral  Montgomery,  having  divided  this  lililc 
force  into  four  detachments,  ordered  two  f'ints  tc 
be  made  against  the  upper  (own ;  one  by  Colono 
Livingston,  at  the  head  of  the  Canadians,  agains. 
St.  John's  gale  ;  and  the  other  by  Major  Kruwn 
against  Cape  Diamond ;  reserving  lo  himself  ar.o 
(Jolonel  Arnohl  the  two  principal  attacks,  agains* 
Ihe  lower  town.  At  five  o'clock  in  the  morning 
(ieneral  Montgomery,  advanced  against  the  lowei 
tuwn.  He  passed  the  first  barriei,  and  was  jiis' 
opening  to  attack  the  second,  when  he  was  killed. 
together  with  Captain  John  M'Hherson,  Caplaic 
Cheesman,  and  some  others.  This  so  dispiritei: 
the  men,  that  Colonel  Campbell,  on  whom  the  coiii- 
mand  devolved,  thought  proper  to  draw  them  off 
In  the  mean  time  Colonel  Arnold,  at  the  head  of 
about  'JM  men,  passed  through  St.  Koques.  ami 
appruacheil  near  a  two  gun  battery,  without  being 
discovered.  This  he  attacked,  and.  iboiigh  it  was 
well  defended,  carried  it;  but  wiili  coiisideralilc 
loss.  In  this  attack.  Colonel  Arnold  received  r. 
wound,  which  made  il  necessary  lo  carry  him  of] 
the  field  of  battle.  His  party  iicverllicless  coiiliiiii- 
ed  Ihe  assault,  and  pushine  on,  inaile  lliciiiselvri 
masters  uf  a  secund  barrier.  TliChP  brave  mci 
sustained  the  force  of  the  whole  garrison  fur  ilirtu 
hours ;  but  findiuK  themselves  hei'ip-"!  in,  and 
without  hopes  either  of  success  ,(  ef  or  retreat 
they  yielded  to  numbers  :<nd  the  advanlag('oii<, 
situation  of  their  adversaries. 

The  loss  of  the  Americans,  in  kiUed  and  wound 
ed,  was  about  100,  and  300  were  taken  pri-mncrs. 
Among  the  slain  were  Captain  Kendrlcks.  (..ii'iiie- 
nant  Humphries,  and  Lieutenant  (,'ooper.  Tlir 
behaviour  of  the  provincial  ttnops  was  such,  as 
might  have  silenced  those  who  had  repioaclicd 
them,  for  being  deficient  in  courage.  'I'he  most 
experienced  veterans  could  not  have  exceeded  the 
firmness  they  displayed  in  their  last  attack.  Tim 
issue  of  this  assault  relieved  Ihe  garrison  of  Que- 
bec, frum  all  apprehensions  for  its  safely. 

The  provincials  were  so  much  weakened,  as  lo 
be  scarcely  equal  to  their  own  defence.  However 
Colonel  Arnold  had  the  boldness  to  encamp  within 
three  miles  of  the  town,  and  had  the  address,  even 
with  his  reduced  numbers,  to  impede  the  convey- 
ance  of  refreshmenls  and  provisynos  into  the  gar- 


NURTII    AMERICA 


W* 


liMMi.    Hit  ttluallon  wi*  ctlrtmaly  ilifltculi.    He 

will  nl  an  hniiiciiae  tliMiinc*  rriiiii  lliote  pnrta, 
U'liHiicp  rllKCluul  ii»lii:iiii «  ciiiild  be  ex|)rulcil. 
Oil  Iii4  liril  fiilriiiu'e  iiilu  tlie  pruviiice,  Im  liuil  i>x- 
|ii  rlriii'Pil  iiiiicli  kliiil  trPHliiiFiit  rrcini  tlii*  iiiliiiM- 
•miiiIii.  Tlir  ( 'iiiiitilliim,  limjilei  belli);  titklv  in  llirir 
rKiilulioiiii  iiir  ii|il  III  be  biiinril  b^  mii'cvaa.  'J'lieir 
l|i«|iiii*iliiiii  III  uiil  lli«  Aiiicriciini),  brcninn  iliiily 
.'III  /«  iirpt'iirioiiH.  Ii  wim  rven  illll'ii'iilt  In  keep 
:lie  priiviiiciiil  liiinim  I'tiiin  rrtiiniinii;  tu  llieir  re- 
iiiertlve  liiime*.  Their  »iiirprings  were  ureal. 
Wliiln  iheir  nUveriiiiriea  were  riiiiilnrlnbly  huiiieil 
HI  (Quebec,  lliey  were  ex|Hiae<l  in  the  iipen  uir,  to 
(he  exlreine  ri|{<iur  o(  the  aeiiHon.  The  aeverlly 
iI'h  OhiiuiIii  wiiilerwiia  hr  beyiiiiil  nny  ihinK  Willi 
wliirh  (liiy  were  iiripminteil.     The  tnow  liiy  abiiul 

10  I-  'if   f'-p  on  n  level. 

Till*  ilaliveriini'P  iil'Qiiebec  mny  be  cnnniileretl 
»*  a  priiiif,  hiiw  iiincli  iiiiiy  be  ilnne  by  une  iiiiin,  I'lir 
lh(  pr^acivi'.inn  nl'  ii  country.  It  hUo  provea, 
lhi<  aoiii.rtainay  in  r  thort  time  helurmeU  uul  of 
•  he  .niiaa  urciti/r.n». 

Tli^  conflict  belni;  nvei,  Ihe  ill  will  which  hiid 
■iihaimeil,  (luring  Ihe  nie^e,  belwten  the  riiyiil  mill 
priivliiriiil  triinp^,  Kiive  w.iy  to  scntimenia  nl  liuiiij- 
iiliy.  The  Aiiiericiin»,  nlin  aiirrenilereil,  were 
trc;ilt'il  will)  kinilneai*.  Ample  provision  w»a 
miiile  liir  their  wuiinileil,  iinil  no  unnrccsHary  hcvh- 
lily  wiiaahown  In  any.  Few  men  have  everlalleii 
in  bailie  ao  much  renrelleil  by  biilh  aides  iia  Oe- 
ncral  iVIonlKoinery.  His  many  amiable  qualitiea 
nnil  priicureil  liiin  an  uncommon  share  nf  private 
iH'eclion,  and  his  great  abilities  an  eniial  proportion 
31'  piibliu  eaieein.  Heing  a  sincere  lover  of  liberty, 
'je  had  engaged  in  the  American  cause  Trom  prin- 
7  pie:  and  (|uitled  the  enjoyment  of  an  easy  fur- 
lUne,  and  the  higlicsl  domestic  felicity,  to  lake  an 
active  share  in  the  fatigues  and  dangers  of  a  war, 
nstiluled  for  the  defence  of  the  community,  of 
«liich  he  was  an  adopted  member.  His  well  known 
character,  was  nlniost  eijually  esteemed  by  the 
'riends  and  foes  of  ihe  aide  which  he  had  espoused. 
In  America,  lie  was  celebiated  as  a  martyr  to  the 
liberties  uf  mankind  ;  in'  (treat  Dritain,  as  a  mis- 
guided good  man,  sacrificing  to  what  he  supposed 

11  be  the  rights  of  his  country.  His  name  wai; 
nienliiined  in  parliament  with  singular  respect. 
Some  nf  the  most  powerful  speakers  in  that  illus- 
.rious  assembly,  displayed  ti.eir  eloquence  in  sound- 
ing his  piaise,  and  lamenting  his  fate.  Those  in 
parlicular,  who  had  been  hia  fellow  soldiers  in  the 

ate  war,  expatiated  on  his  ninny  virtues.  The 
minister  himself  acknowledged  his  worth,  while 
lie  reprobated  the  cause  for  which  he  fell,  lit 
concluded  an  involuntary  panegyric,  by  saying : 
"Curse  on  his  virtues  they  have  undone  his  coun- 
try." 

Though  the  invasion  of  Canada  was  finally  iiu- 
(uccessfiil,  yel  the  advantages  which  ihe  Ameri- 
cans gained  in  the  months  of  .September  and  Oc- 
tober, gave  fresh  spirits  to  their  army  and  people. 
The  boldness  nf  the  enterprise  might  have  taught 
Ureal  Hritain  the  fully  of  persisting  in  the  design 
of  subjugating  America.  Out  instead  of  preserv- 
ing ihe  union,  and  restoring  the  peace  of  the  em- 
pire, by  repealing  a  few  of  her  laws,  she,  from  mis- 
taken dignity,  resolved  on  a  more  vigorous  prose- 
ciiiion  of  the  war. 

The  tide  of  good  fortune,  which,  in  the  autumn 
of  177.'),  flowed  in  upoiT  (Jeiieral  Montgomery,  in- 
duced Congress  to  reinforce  Ihe  army  under  his 
'oiniiianil.  Chamlilee,  ,St.  John's,  and  Montreal 
lav.ng  surrendered,  a  fair  prospect  opened  of  ex- 
.'•'lliiig  ilie  llriiish  from  Canada,  and  of  annexing 
hat  province  lo  llic  united  colonies  While  they 
.vere  in  iniaginalion  anticipating  these  events,  the 
jriiiy  in  wliitli  lliey  confided  was  defeated,  and  the 
general  whom  lliey  so  highly  esteemed  slain 

TlieinlelliL'encetiansmilled  from  General  Mont- 
gomery, previous  to  his  assault  on  Quebec,  encour- 
ai;iil  Congress  to  resolve  tliat  nine  balalions 
shiiulil  be  kept  up  anil  niaintaincd  in  Canada. 
The  repulse  of  their  aruiy,  ilioiigh  discouraging, 
■lid  not  extinguish  the  aiilimr  of  the  Americans. 
It  wiia  no  sooner  known  at  head  quarters  in  Cam- 
lUgOi  tUin  General  Wasbingtoa  coDvened  a  coua- 


cil  of  war,  by  which  it  wri  resolved  :  "  That  us 
no  troops  could  be  spared  from  Cambridge,  the 
colonies  of  Masaachusetls,  Cuimecticiil,  and  New 
Hainpahire  should  lie  requested  lo  raise  three  regi- 
ments, and  liirward  Ihem  to  Canada.  Congress 
also  resolved  lo  forward  the  reinforcemnnis  previ- 
ously voled,  and  to  ralao  four  battaliona  in  New 
Vork,  for  the  defence  of  that  colony,  and  to  garrl- 
aon  Crown  I'oint,  and  Ihe  aeveral  poalt  In  the 
auulhward  of  that  fortreaa.  That  Ihe  army  might 
be  aupplicd  with  blanket*  for  lliia  winter  expedi- 
tion, a  committee  was  Rp|Hilnted  to  procure  from 
householders,  audi  aa  could  be  aiiarvd  from  their 
families.  To  olilain  a  tupply  of  hard  money,  for 
Ihe  use  of  the  nrmy  in  Canada,  proper  poraona 
were  employed  lo  exchange  |inper  money  for  siie- 
cie.  Such  was  the  enthusiasm  of  Ihe  limes,  that 
many  thousand  Mexican  dollars  w6ie  frequently 
exchanged  at  par,  by  individuals,  for  the  pafier  bills 
of  Congress.  It  was  also  resolved,  to  laise  acorpa 
of  artillery  for  this  aervice,  and  to  lake  into  the 
pay  of  the  coloniea,  one  thousand  Canadians,  in 
addition  lo  Colonel  Livingston's  regiment.  Moses 
Hazen,  a  n.itivo  of  Massachusells,  who  had  resi- 
ded many  years  in  Canada,  was  appointed  'o  the 
command  of  this  new  corps. 

Congress  addressed  a  letter  to  the  Canadians,  in 
which  they  observed :  "  Such  is  Ihe  lot  uf  human 
nalure,  that  Ihe  best  causes  are  subject  lo  vicissi- 
tudea  :  but  generous  aouls,  enlightened  and  warm- 
ed with  the  lire  of  libeity,  become  more  resolute  as 
diflicultlea  increase."  They  alaled  to  them,  "  that 
eight  battalions  were  raising  to  proceed  tu  their 
province,  and,  that  it  more  force  were  necessary, 
it  should  be  sent."  They  requested  Ihem  lo  seize, 
with  eagerness,  the  favourable  opporliuiily  then 
uti'ercd  lo  co-operale  in  the  present  gjoriuiis  en- 
terprise ;  and  advised  ihem  to  eslablish  associa- 
tions in  their  difl'ercnl  parishes  ;  to  elect  deputies 
for  forming  a  provincial  assembly,  and  for  repre 
aenting  them  in  Congress. 

The  cause  of  the  Americans  had  received  such 
powerful  aid  from  many  patriotic  publication!?  in 
their  gazetlea,  and  fiiiin  the  fervent  exhortations 
of  popular  preachers,  t  onnecling  Ihe  cause  of  li- 
berty with  theanimaliiig  principles  of  religion,  that 
it  was  determined  to  employ  these  two  powerful  in- 
sliuments  of  revolutions,  printing  and  preaching 
lo  operate  on  the  minds  of  the  Canadian.  A  com- 
plele  apparatus  fur  piinling,  together  with  a  prin- 
ter and  u  clergyman,  were  therefore  sent  into  Ca- 
nada. 

Congress  also  appointed  Dr.  Franklin,  Mr. 
Chase,  and  Mr.  f 'arrol,  the  two  first  of  whom  were 
ineinlieis  of  their  body,  and  Ihe  last  a  respectable 
gentlemen  of  the  Konian  Catholic  persuasion,  to 
proceed  lo  Canada  with  the  view  of  gaining  over 
the  people  of  that  colony  to  the  cause  of  America 


liiditDa  unfavourable  to  llieir  views.  A  wonMAi 
intccled  with  Ihe  amall-pox,  had  e>tber  been  aaiM 
out,  or  vulunlarily  came  out  of  Quebec,  and,  by 
mixing  with  the  American  soldiers,  propagated 
Ihai  scourge  uf  the  new  world,  lo  Ihe  great  dinii- 
nuiion  uf  Ihe  oti'ectivc  force  of  their  army.  Thu 
aoldiera  inoculated  themselves,  though  llioii  of- 
ficers issued  positive  uidera  lu  the  contrary,  liy 
Ihe  (lilt  of  May,  ao  many  new  ttuupa  had  arrived, 
that  Ihe  American  army,  in  name,  amounted  lo 
UUOU:  but  from  the  prevalence  uf  the  amall-pox, 
there  were  only  UUU  fit  fur  duly.  The  incrcaaiiig 
number  of  invalida  retarded  mililaiy  operaliona, 
while  the  op|Miaite  party  waa  buoyed  up,  with  the 
expectaliun  ihal  the  advancing  aeaaon  would  auon 
bring  them  relief.  To  theae  causes  of  ihe  de- 
clining interest  uf  Cungreas,  it  must  be  added  that 
the  utfectium  of  the  Canadiana  were  alienated. 
They  had  many,  and  well-founded  complainla 
aguiuat  the  American  aoldiera.  Unrealrained  by 
Ihe  terror  of  the  civil  law,  and  refuaiug  obedience 
tu  a  mililuiy  code,  the  hope  of  impunity,  and  the 
love  of  plunder  led  many  nf  the  invading  nrmy 
lo  practicea  not  less  disgraceful  lu  ihemselvea, 
than  injuriuua  lo  the  cause  in  which  they  had 
taken  arms.  Nut  only  the  common  aoldiera,  hut 
ihe  oflicers  of  the  American  army  deviated  in 
their  iiilercuuise  wiih  the  Canadians,  from  the 
maxims  ul  sound  policy.  Several  of  them,  hav- 
ing been  lately  taken  from  obscure  life,  were  giddy 
with  their  exaltation.  Far  frnm  home,  they  were 
unawed  by  thoae  checks,  which  communly  restrain 
the  ferocity  of  man. 

The  reduction  of  Chamblce,  St.  John's,  ond 
Montreal,  together  with  the  exposed  situation  ol 
Quebec,  being  known  in  Kngbiid,  measures  were 
without  delay  adupled  by  the  Uriiish  iiiinisiry,  lu 
introduce  into  Canada,  as  soon  as  possible,  a  foiue 
sullicicnt  for  the  double  purpose  of  lecovering 
what  they  had  lost,  and  of  prosecuting  otl'ensive 
operations  from  that  quarter  against  the  revolted 
colonies.  The  van  of  this  force  made  good  its 
passage,  very  early  in  May,  through  the  ice,  up 
the  river  St.  Lawrence.  'J'he  expectation  of 
their  coming  had  for  some  lime  damped  ihehopci 
of  the  besiegers,  and  had  induced  them  to  think 
of  a  retreat.  The  day  before  Ihe  first  of  the  Bri- 
tisli  reinforcements  arrived,  the  measure  was  re- 
solved upon  by  a  council  of  war,  and  ariange- 
uients  were  made  for  carrying  it  in'o  execution. 

(iovernor  Carletoii  was  too  (;rea(  ~.  proficient 
in  the  art  of  war.  In  delay  seizin^  tin  advantages 
which  the  consternaiiun  of  the  besieges,  and  the 
arrival  of  a  reinforcement,  atl'orded.  A  small 
detachment  of  soldiers  and  marines  fro'n  ihn 
ships,  which  had  just  ascended  the  rive,-  St. 
Lawrence,  being  landed,  and  joined  to  the  ,';ar- 
lison   in  (Quebec,  he  marched  out  at  the'<r  hei:d 


and  authorized  them   to  promise,  on  behalf  of  the  to  attack  the  Ainer'cans.     On  his  approach,  he 
united  colonies,  that  Canada  should  be  received  found  every   ihing  in   confusion.     The  (ale  be- 


Into  their  association  on  equal  terms ;  and  also 
that  the  inhabitants  thereof  should  enjoy  the  free 
exercise  of  their  leligion,  and  the  peaceable  pos- 
session of  all  their  ecclesiastical  properly. 

The  desire  of  efl'ecting  something  decisive  in 
Canada,  before  the  approaching  spring  would  per- 
mit relief  to  ascend  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  added 
lo  the  enlhusiasm  of  the  day,  encountered  difli- 
culties,  which,  in  less  animated  limes,  would  be 
reckoned  insurmountable.  Arthur  St.  Clair,  who 
was  appointed  colonel  of  one  of  the  Pennsylvania 
regiments,  received  his  recruiting  orders  on  the 
lOlh  of  January  ;  and,  notwithstanding  the  short- 
ness of  the  period,  his  regiment  was  not  only  rais- 
ed, but  six  companies  of  it  had,  in  this  extremely 
cold  8c;i'4on,  completed  their  march  from  Pennsyl- 
vani^i  ii>  Canada,  a  distance  of  several  hundred 
miles;  and,  on  the  eleventh  of  April  following 
jo  ned  the  American  army  before  Quebec. 

Though  Congress  anil  the  states  made  great 
exerlinns  to  support  the  war  in  Canada,  yet  fiom 
I  e  fall  of  Montgomery  their  interest  in  that  co- 
lony daily  declined.  The  reduction  of  Quebec 
was  an  object  to  which  their  resburces  were  in- 
adequate. 'J'hrir  unsuccessful  assault  on  Quebec 
mnde  au  impression  bQtb  on  tb«  Caoadiani  and 


siegeis,  abandoning  their  artillery  and  military 
stores,  had  in  great  precipitation  retreated.  In 
this  manner,  at  the  expiration  of  five  months, 
the  mixed  siege  and  blockade  of  Quibec  was 
raised.  The  fortitude  and  perseverance  of  the 
garrison  reflected  honour  on  both  oflicers  and  pri- 
vates. 

The  reputation  acquired  by  (jcneral  ('arlelon  lo 
his  military  character,  for  bravery  and  judiciouslj 
defending  the  province  committed  lo  his  care,  was 
exceeded  by  the  superior  applause  merited  front 
his  exercise  of  the  virtues  of  humanity  and  gene- 
rosity. Among  the  numerous  sick  in  t)ie  Ameri-. 
can  hospitals,  several  incapable  of  being  moved 
were  left  behind.  The  victorious  general  proved 
himself  worthy  of  success,  by  the  Irealmcnt  nl 
these  unfortunate  men  :  he  not  only  fed  and  clothr 
od  Ihem,  but  permitted  then  when  recovered  lo 
return  homo.  Apprehending  that  tear  might  make 
some  conceal  themselves  in  the  woods,  rathei 
than,  by  applying  for  relief,  make  themselves 
known  he  removed  their  doubis  by  a  proclama- 
tion, in  which  he  engaged  :  "  that  as  soon  aslheir 
health  was  restored,  they  should  have  free  liberty 
of  returning  to  their  respective  province^."  Tl)i« 
humane  line  of  conduct  was  more  iDj^rloui  tn  tbi 


TlIK    lilSTunV    OK 


i 

[ii* 

w 


«ii>wii  iif  III*  lemlfia  In  ih*  AmtrlcRn  council*, 
iImm  iIi«  •warily  |iinicliMil  bjr  olhcr  lirilUh  cnin- 
niiiiidiT*.  TliK  Iriily  poliitnt  »t  wril  u  liiiiniinf> 
(iriirml  Ciirlfiiin  iliiiniiM«il  lliru  prlMtiirr*  ullfr 
lilirriiHv  i>ii|i|ilViMK  ihair  wiiMa,  wllh  u  rariimnivii- 
ilxiiiin,  ■■  III  K<>  liuniF,  niliiil  llicir  iHini*.  nnil  krr|i 
thriiiiirlvrii  hiiiI  Ihrlr  nrtvhbuiiri  I'ruin  ull  iwiiitl- 
l>;iiiiin  ill  ilia  iinlmiipy  war." 

'I'll*  mimll  liirce  whiili  nrriveil  ill  iJiirbrc  rnrly 
ill  Majr,  <*»•  rulluwail  liy  ii«f«nil  lirllUnraiiiiiirntit, 
loiirihvr  Willi  ihe  liriiniwick  lriMi|M,  In  ancliii  rn|iiil 
■iiccaMlun,  llint  in  a  few  weaka  ilia  whula  wa« 
ralininlcil  al  13,000  men. 

Tlie  Americana  relreiilcti  rnrty-rive  iiiil«»  be- 
fore lliejt  >to|i|ieil.  AAer  »  aliort  liull,  lliey  prii- 
reetlrd  lo  the  .Sorrel,  at  ujiicli  pliice,  lliey  threw 
iipaoine  (IlKhl  woika  fur  thriraar«l^.  'I'hry  were 
there  joliird  by  tome  lintlalioni  coininK  lo  rrinl'orre 
them.  AboiillliialimeUenerKlTliumMa.lherom- 
nmniler  In  chief  in  L'linHilii,  wxa  aelxeil  with  the 
mnall-poa,  iind  ilieil;  hii«ing  forbiilden  hi*  men  to 
inoculate,  he  cnnfoimed  lo  hi*  own  rule,  and  re- 
liiaedtoavail  him*elf  of  thai  preciiulion.  On  Ilia 
death,  the  commiinl  devolved  »t  firiil  on  (ieneral 
Arnold,  and  uDerwnrda  on  (iencrni  Sullivan.  It 
•oun  became  evident,  lliil  the  American*  mual 
•ilmndon  Ihe  tvhole  province  ofC'anadii. 

h'rom  n  deaire  lo  do  aoiiirlhinK  which  miKliI 
rnunteibiihiiice,  in  the  minila  of  the  '  nnndiuiia,  the 
unl'iivouriible  imprr»<ion  wliich  llita  I'arther  rrlreiit 
HiMild  comiiiunlc»le.  Oeneiiil  Tlioir  ,«iiri  projected 
aiiHll»ckii|Mmtliel)rlti*hpoal  atxUt  Three  Kiver*. 
1'hia  Ilea  about  half  whv  between  (Quebec  iind 
.Monlreiil,  uiid  i*  ao  culled  from  the  vicinity  ofone 
>f  the  briiiiclipa  of  a  hirge  river,  whose  wiiter*  lire 
'.linchiirKed  through  three  iiiuutha  into  the  ijl. 
Liiwrencp. 

A  plan  ofoperalinn*  WH*iiEreed  u|Hin,  in  which 
t  wiia  delrriiiiiied  to  niiike  the  attack,  in  four  dif- 
ferent pliice*.  at  the  aime  lime  ;  and  very  early  in 
the  morniiiK,  in  the  hope  of  aurnriaing  the  enemy. 
Much  resoluliiin  was  diaciivered  in  it*  execution  : 
but  the  concurrence  of  too  many  circumalance* 
«aa  nrceaaiiry  to  rnaure  aucceaa.  The  expecln- 
'.lon  of  ainiultiinroiia  opcrationa  failed;  the  chance 
of  a  aiirpriae  was  lo«t.  The  aaaailania  were 
repulaed  and  driven  Home  niilfa  through  a  deep 
•wamp.  (ieneral  Tliomaon  and  Colonel  Irvine, 
with  200  men.  were  taken  priaonen,  and  about  iH 
were  killed.  The  los*  of  the  liriliah  waa  incon- 
aidemble. 

The  liriliah  forcea  having  arrived,  and  a  con- 
Bideiable  body  of  them  having  rendczvouaed  at 
the  Three  Rivera,  a  aerioua  pursuit  of  Ihe  Amer- 
ican army  commenced.  Had  air  (iuy  Carleton 
taken  no  paiiiM  lo  cut  off  their  retreat,  and  at  once 
attacked  their  post,  or  nlher  their  fortified  camp 
at  Sorel,  it  would  probably  have  fallen  into  his 
hap  '4 :  but  ell  her  ihe  hold,  though  unaucceaafulat- 
)'i>  k  at  the  Three  Rivera  had  taught  them  to  respect 
llieiii  >r  he  wished  lo  rediicethem  without  blood- 
tlied.  In  the  pursuit  he  made  three  divisions 
of  his  army,  and  arrangnl  them  so  as  lo  embrace 
the  whole  Americin  encaiiipiiient,  and  to  com- 
mand it  in  every  par^  The  lelieat  was  deliiyeil 
(o  long  thai  the  Americans  evacuated  Sorel,  c.ily 
about  two  hours  before  one  division  of  the  British 
made  its  appearance. 

Wilde  the  Americans  were  retrealine.  they  were 
daily  asaaiieil  by  the  remonstrances  of  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Canada.'who  had  "ilher  joined  or  befriend- 
ed lliein.  (ireat  numbers  of  Canadians  had  taken 
a  decided  part  in  their  favour,  rendered  thein«ssen- 
tial  services,  and  thereby  incur-ed  the  heavy  pen- 
alties annexed  to  thecriiiienf  supporting  rebellion. 
These,  though  Congress  had  -.isi-ured  llieni  but  a 
few  months  before,  "that  they  would  never  aban- 
don them  to  ihe  fury  of  their  common  enemies," 
were,  from  the  necessity  of  the  case,  left  exposed 
to  the  resentment  of  their  provincial  rulers.  Se- 
veral of  them,  ivith  tears  in  their  eyes,  exposlnla- 
leil  with  the  relieating  army,  and,  bewailing  their 
bard  fate,  prayed  forsiipport.  The  only  relief  the 
Americans  could  offer,  waa  an  assurance  of  con- 
tinued protection  ifthey  retreated  with  them  :  but 
t}>i*  wa«  4  iMid  alternatlTe,  to  men  who  had  wives, 


childran  and  immovajble  rlfects.  They  geiitial- 
ly  concllidrd,  that  11  waa  the  leaKiif  two  avila,  to 
caal  Ihemaelvea  on  tlie  mercy  nf  that  governmeni, 
againat  which  lliey  hud  ollended. 

The  diaireaaea  of  the  retreating  aimy  were 
great.  The  lliliuh  were  cloat  on  their  rear,  and 
ihreateiiing  tliani  with  deaiructiun.  The  unfur- 
nished scile  of  the  ciiloniea  in  point  of  ordnance, 
imp"  ,  U  a  neceaalty  of  preaerving  their  cannon. 
The  men  were  obliged  to  drag  their  loaded  bat- 
teaux  up  the  rapid*  by  mere  strength,  and  when 
they  were  to  the  waist  in  water.  The  retreating 
army  was  also  encumbered  with  great  number* 
labouring  under  the aiiiall  (hix,  and  other  diaeaac*. 
Two  regiiiienla,  at  one  time,  had  not  aalngle  man 
in  lieilth.  Aiiolher  had  inly  *ix,  and  a  fourth 
only  forty,  and  two  more  were  in  nearly  the  aame 
condition. 

To  retreat  in  face  of  an  enemy  i*  at  all  timea 
hazanlous:  bin,  on  this  nccaaiun,  it  waa  attended 
Willi  an  unuaual  properlion  of  embarraaametita,— 
(ieneral  Sullivan,  who  conducted  the  retreat, 
nevertheleas,  acted  nilh  au  much  judgment  and 
propriety,  that  the  baggage  and  public  atnroa  were 
saved  and  the  numerous  aick  brought  off.  The 
American  army  reached  Crown  Point  on  the  first 
of  July,  and  at  that  place  made  their  flrat  atand. 

A  ahort  time  before  (he  Ameiican*  evacuated 
the  province  of  Canada,  (leneial  Aiiinid  convened 
the  merchant*  of  Montreal,  and  proposed  to  them 
to  furnish  a  ((iianlity  of  specified  article*  for  the 
use  of  Ihe  army  in  the  service  of  Congress.  While 
they  were  deliberating  on  the  sulijecl,  he  placed 
sentinels  al  their  shop  doors,  and  made  such  ar 
langements,  that  what  waa  ai  first  only  a  reijaest, 
npcrated  as  u  command.  A  great  (|iiantily  of 
goods  were  taken  on  pretenre  that  they  were 
wanted  for  the  use  of  the  American  army,  hut  in 
their  number  were  many  articles  only  serviceable 
to  women,  and  to  persons  in  civil  life.  Hi*  nephew 
*oon  after  opened  a  store  in  Albany,  and  publicly 
disposed  of  goods  which  had  been  procured  at 
Montreal. 

The  |K>ssession  nf  Canada  so  eminently  favour- 
ed the  plans  of  defence  adnptod  by  Congress,  that 
the  province  waa  evacuated  with  great  reluctance. 
The  Americana  were  not  only  mortified  at  the  dia- 
appointment  of  llieir  favourite  scheme,  of  annex- 
ing it  as  a  fourteenth  link  in  the  chain  of  their  con- 
federacy ;  but  apprehended  the  most  serious  con- 
sequences from  the  ascendency  of  the  Bri'lsh  pow- 
er in  lli.it  quarier.  Anxious  to  preserve  a  footing 
there,  >hey  had  persevered  for  a  long  time,  in 
stemming  the  tide  of  unfavourable  events. 

'ieneral  (iates  was  ap(M>inted  to  command  in 
Canada,  Juno  17th,  1776:  but  oncoming  to  the 
knowledge  of  the  late  events  in  that  province,  he 
concluded  lo  slop  si  art  wiihm  the  limits  of  New 
York.  The  scene  was  henceforth  reversed.  In- 
stead uf  meditating  the  recommencement  of  offen- 
sive operations,  that  army,  which  had  lately  ex- 
cited so  much  terror  in  (L'annda,  was  called  upon 
to  be  prepared  for  repelling  an  invasion  threatened 
from  that  province. 

The  atteijtion  of  the  Americans  being  exclu- 
sively fixed  on  plans  of  defence,  their  general  offi- 
cers, commanding  in  the  northern  department, 
were  convened  to  deliberate  on  the  place  and 
means,  most  suitable  for  that  purpose.  To  form 
a  judgment  on  this  subject,  a  recollection  of  the 
events  of  the  late  war,  between  France  and  Eng- 
land, was  of  advantage.  The  same  ground  was 
to  be  fought  over,  and  the  same  posts  to  be  again 
contended  for.  On  the  confines  of  lake  (ieorge 
and  lake  (/'hamplain,  two  inland  seas,  which  stretch 
almost  from  the  sources  of  Hudson's  river  to  the 
St.  I,awrence,  are  situated  the  faniniis  posts  of 
Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point.  These  are  of 
primary  necessity  to  any  power  which  contends 
for  the  possession  of  the  adjacent  country  ;  for 
they  afford  the  most  convenient  st.ind  either  for  its 
annoyance  or  defence.  In  Ihe  opinion  of  some 
.American  officers.  Crown  Point,  to  which  the 
army  on  the  evacuation  of  Canada  had  retreated, 
waa  the  most  pro|>er  place  for  erecting  works  of 
defence ;  bat  it  was  otberwiao  determine,^,  by  tbo 


council  convened  on  thi*  occaalon.  it  waa  ales 
by  thair  advice  resolved  to  move  hiwer  down,  ami 
to  make  the  principal  work  on  the  •iiong  gti.unil 
east  of  Tieoiideriiga,  and  espri  Lilly  by  every 
mean*  to  emleaiour  to  iiiainiain  a  naval  aiipeti- 
otity  on  lake  Chaiiiiilain.  In  roiiliiriiiiiy  to  iliese 
resolutions,  (ieneriil  liules,  with  aliiiiit  l:j,'HI|l|nen, 
which  colleeied  in  the  course  of  llie  atiminei.  wa* 
Axed  in  comiiiand  at  Ticonderoga,  and  a  Heel  wu* 
con*trueted  al  Skeneaboroiigh.  Tin*  was  cariied 
on  wllh  *o  much  rapidity,  that  in  a  shuit  time  there 
were  afloat,  in  lake  Champlaiii,  one  sloop,  three 
achoonera,  and  aix  gondolas,  carrying  in  Ihe  whole 
M  guns,  M(i  swivels,  and  4-10  men.  Six  uthei 
ve**el*  were  alio  nearly  ready  for  laiinchhig  al 
the  aame  time.  The  fleet  was  put  under  tilt 
command  of  Arnold,  and  he  was  instructed  to 
proceed  beyond  Crown  Point,  down  lake  Cham- 
plain  to  the  Split  Rock ;  but  moat  |iereniptorlljr 
restrained  from  advancing  any  farther;  lor  **cu 
rily  againat  an  apprehended  invaaion  v.a*  the  ulli> 
mate  end  nf  the  armament. 

Tlieexpulsion  of  the  American  invadera  from 
Conaila,  wa*  only  a  part  of  the  Itrillali  deaigna  in 
that  Quarter.  They  urged  the  nurauil  no  larlher 
than  SI.  John's  :  but  indulged  in  a  hope  uf  being 
soon  in  a  rondltion  for  passing  the  lakes,  and  (Mi- 
netrating  ihiniigh  the  coiintiy  lo  Albany,  so  a*  to 
fotm  a  couiiniinication  wiih  New  York.  The  ob- 
ject* they  liad  in  view  were  great,  and  the  nbsta- 
clea  in  the  way  of  their  accomplishment  e<|ually 
so.  liefore  they  could  advance  with  any  proa, 
pect  of  aiicceaa,  a  fleet,  aupetior  to  that  uf  thn 
Americana  on  the  lakea,  waa  to  be  conatructed. 
The  maleriala  nf  aoine  large  vesaels  were,  for  ihia 
purpoae,  brought  from  Kngland  :  but  their  Iran* 
JMirtation,  and  the  labour  necessary  to  put  tlietn 
together,  reiiuired  both  time  and  patience.  The 
spirit  of  the  Itritish  comnianderii  ruse  in  pi(;|Mir- 
tion  to  the  difficulties  which  were  to  be  encoun- 
tered. Nevertheleas,  It  wa*  late  in  the  month  of 
'Jctober,  befnre  their  fleet  wa*  prepared  to  face  the 
A  meric->n  naval  force,  on  lake  Champlain.  Tlia 
former  conaiated  of  the  ship  Inflexible,  mounting 
18  twelve  pounders,  which  was  so  expeditiojaly 
constructed,  that  she  sailed  from  St,  John'a  'M 
days  al>er  laying  her  keel ;  one  achooner  mount- 
ing 14,  and  anothei  12  six  pounders;  a  flat  hot- 
tniiied  radeau,  carrying  aix  '.U  and  six  I'J  |mund- 
ers,  besides  howiixers,  and  a  gondola  with  seven 
9  pounders.  There  were  also  twenty  smaller 
vessels,  with  brass  fiehl  pieces,  from  9  tolil  poun- 
ders, or  with  howitzers.  Some  long  boats  were 
furnished  in  ihe  same  manner.  An  eipial  number 
of  large  boats  acted  as  ten>lera.  Resides  these 
vessels  of  war,  there  was  a  vast  number  destined 
for  the  transportation  of  the  aiiny,  ils  stores,  artil- 
lery, baggage  and  provisions.  The  whole  viat 
put  ii'ider  iliF  ,  ommand  of  Captain  I'ringle.  1  iiii 
naval  force  uf  the  Americans,  from  the  deficiency 
of  means,  was  far  short  of  what  was  brought 
against  them.  Their  piincipal  armed  vessel  was 
a  schooner,  which  mounted  only  \2  six  and  four 
pounders;  and  their  whole  fleet,  in  addilion  to  this, 
consisted  of  only  fifteen  vessels  of  iiiCeriiir  liircc. 

No  one  step  could  he  taken  towards  aiciim- 
plishing  the  designs ofthellrili.Hli.  on  llie  iiurlliern 
Ironlieis  of  New  York,  tdl  they  had  llie  coiiiinaHil 
of  lake  Champlain.  Willi  this  view,  their  fleet 
proceeded  up  Ihe  lake,  and  engaged  llie  .Ameri- 
cans. The  wind  was  so  uiifavmiiable  to  the  Rri- 
tish,  that  their  ship  Inflexible,  and  smne other  ves- 
sels of  force,  could  not  be  brought  liilo  ar'jon. 
This  lessened  the  inequalily  liotween  the  cuiileud- 
ing  fleets  so  much,  that  the  principal  dani;><;c  sus- 
tained by  the  Americans,  was  theloss  of  asrliiKui- 
er  and  gondola.  \t  ihe  ap|>ri>acli  of  niglii,  the 
action  was  disroniiniieil.  The  vaiiqiiJHlird  look 
the  advantage  which  the  darkness  airorded,  to 
make  their  escape.  This  was  ellV'cled  by  (iene- 
ral Arnold,  niili  great  judgment  and  alillliy.  By 
the  next  iiinrnins;,  the  whole  fleet  under  liis  com 
mand  was  out  of  sight.  The  Uriiish  piirsiieil  with 
all  the  sail  ihey  could  croivil.  The  wind  having 
become  more  favourable,  they  overtook  the  Ame 
ricaa.   anil  brought  them  to  actiin  ntif  t'reva 


NUKTM  4NBKICA 


PolM.  A  raiarl  tn|*|*iiwinl  •nuiitil,  and  whi  nail .  onliniirv  prudciica  waa  uhaarvail,  tlia  public  |Niai:a 
•upiwrlad  uii  bolli  •iilva,  I'lir  alioul  iwu  liuiira.  w»«  uiiUUliirlicd.  In  iilhor  cHiaa,  th«  iniriniirriuc 
Hiiiiiaol  III*  Aiiirriciiii  vcMfl*  mIiii:Ii  wpre  iiiii«l'»(»l  ul' (uvariiura,  uiid  Ilia  iin|irii)lrhl  wuiiiiCli  iil 
alirii  I  ravii|iril  III 'rii'iiiiclrriiK<>-  'l'w<>  Kiilliira  >iiiil  lli«  (leiiiili*,  uiilii'i|iHlril  Ihn  ealaiiiMica  ill  wiir.  Vir- 
(W«  giiiiiliiluii  ri'iiiHiiiril  Hiiil  rmlaioil  uii  iiiiri|iiar  kIiiih,  lliiiugli  llici*  wh*  mil  h  iiiiglc  Itriiiih  aulilivr 
fiirt'r,  Willi  H  ii|iiril  ii|i|Miini:liiiiK  lii  il«ii|irriilMili.  |  williiil  lla  liliiil,  wiiii,  by  llie  iiiiliacialiuii  ul  ila 
Uiit  III  Ilia  i(iillii-a  mnivk  Mini  w.i»  liikrii.     (ifiier.ir  giivariiur,    lurd    Uuiiniiira,    inviilvad   liir   aavrriil 


Ariiiilil.  lliiiiiuli  III*  kliaw  llml  In  mr.!)!!*  wim  Mil 
|H>aaibli*,  Hliil  III  rexitl  iiiiiiviiilliig,  )rl,  iiialrail  ol' 
aurrviiilvriim,  ili-lfiiiiiiiKil  ilim  lim  iwiiple  aliuuld 
mil  lii>riiiiia  priiiiiirra,  iiur  lila  vraaria  »  reiiiliiria- 
liieiil  III  llir  llriiiali.  'I'liit  aplrllril  reaiilulluii  waa 
axri'iiiril  with  ii  jinliiniriil,  i>i|iihI  Iii  iIic  buldiieaa 
Willi  wliii'li  II  liiiil breii  iiiloiilitil.  I Iv  run  the  Con- 
lirraa  KHJIry,  on  biiiird  wliiiJi  lie  wai,  liiKelherwilli 
lliM  IW«  Kiiiiiliiliia,  nil  aliiite,  in  auch  ■  |Hiailiun  aa 
flnubleil  liiiii  lu  land  lila  iiirn  mid  bluw  up  llie  «ea- 
acla.  Ill  llie  exei'Uliun  ul'  lliia  jicriluua  enlerpriae, 
lie  piiid  H  rtiiiiaiiilc  iilleiiliun  In  a  iniIiiI  ol'  lioiiuiir. 
Ilvilidiiol  i)uil  Ilia  own  Kullry  till  alia  wo'in  flamea, 
leal  llie  liriliali  •liiiulil  Imiird  lieriindalrlkeliiafliiK- 
'riin  rvaull  ul'lliia  urlloii,  lliou|{li  unl'HVourHble  lu 
llie  Aniericiina,  riiiaed  llie  repuliitiun  of  (leneral 
Arnold,  hi||lier  ihiin  ever.  In  iiddliion  in  ilie  lame 
of  II  Uruve  auldier,  lie  acquired  llial  of  an  able  aea 

The  American  iinviil  roicebciniinenily  deatrny- 
f'J  'he  Hriliali  liiid  undiapuleil  |Miaaeaaion  of  lake 
Chaiiiplain.  On  ihia  event,  a  lew  coiilinentiil 
'.ruii|)a  which  liiid  licen  at  Ciuwn  Point,  retired  tu 
rhclr  main  body  at  'rii'iiiiileri>|{a  (ieneral  (,'arle- 
lun  look  |Hia«eaNioii  of  llie  jjioiiiiil  froin  which  they 
had  reireateil,  and  wiia  there  Niion  joined  by  hia 
oriny.  lie  ariil  out  acvenil  rpcoiimiitering  par- 
liea,  and  iit  one  time  pnahed  lurward  »  atrun|{  de- 
Hchment  on  both  aidrH  of  the  lake,  which  ap- 
proached near  lu  TivniideroKn.  Some  liriliali 
ttcaaela  a|i|ieareil  at  the  aame  lime  within  cannon 
aliul  ol' llie  American  worka  ul  that  place.  It  i» 
pruliabte  he  hail  it  tiiconteinplatiuii,  ircircumatan- 
cea  I'avoured,  lu  reduce  the  poat;  and  that  the  ap- 
paieiit  atrenKlh  iirihe  wurka  realrained  him  fruni 
niakiiiK  the  alivmpl,  and  induced  hia  return  tu  Cu- 
n  ida. 

•Such  waa  the  termination  of  the  northern  cam- 
iiaiKD,  ill  I77U.  TltuUKh  after  the  aurrender  uf 
Slunlreal,  evacualiona,  defeala  and  retreala  had 
alaiioat  inlcriuptedly  been  the  lot  ol  ihe  Ame 
ricana,  yet,  with  reaped  lo  the  greM  object  of 
defence  on  the  one  side,  and  of  cuni]ueat  uii  the 
oilier,  a  whole  canipai|(n  waa  gained  lo  them  and 
lu!<l  In  iheiradveranrlea. 

The  HriliHli  had  cleared  Canada  of  ila  invadera 
and  deairnyed  ilie  American  Heel  on  the  lakea; 
yi'i,  from  ini|iediiiienla  thrown  in  Iheir  way,  they 
lalled  in  their  ulterior  deai):na.  The  delays,  con- 
' rived  by  (ieneral  (iatea,  retarded  the  liritiah,  for 
«i  great  a  part  of  llie  summer,  that,  by  Ihe  time 
Ihey  had  reached  Ticunderuga,  their  retreat,  on 
icciiiinl  uf  the  approaching  winter  became  iinmv- 
t'ialely  neccaaiiry.  On  the  part  of  the  Anieticana, 
aoiiie  men  and  a  few  armed  veasels  were  Iu.hI  ;  but 
time  waa  gained;  iheir  uriiiy  saved:  and  the 
frontier  of  the  adjacent  stales  secured  from  a  pro- 
jecieJ  invasion.  On  ihe  part  of  the  Hrilish,  the 
object  uf  a  campaiiin,  in  which  13,U00  men  were 
employed,  and  nearly  a  million  of  money  expended 
waa  rendered  in  a  great  meaaure  aboilive. 


CHAPTKR  XI. 

Ttinaacliona  In  Viraiiiiii ;  iho  Cariillnaa:  Oeor|;ia:  the 
aenoral  Ktair  of  nul>lic  iitriiiiH,  in  llir  ciiluiiiefl  in  1776. 
Trunuw'li'UiH  in  AlnKKUi-liiittutlH;  Gvuuualion  uf  Builon. 

I'l'liaa  alreiiily  been  mi'niionrd  that  the  colo 
nists,  fruin  ihi*  rising  of  (.'uiigress,  in  October, 
1771,  ami  parliciilarly  aCler  llie  Lexington  batllii 
*<'ic  altenlivc  lo  the  training  ofihcir  militia,  and 
m.il%iii)'  (lie  necessary  preparaiiuns  for  their  de- 
feilie. 

The  i-decls  of  their  arrangement,  for  thia  pur- 
puae  v'lried  with  circumatancca. 

'Wliere  Uiere  wcro  no  royal  tioapt,  and  whore 


muniha  in  dilllculliea,  litila  aliiirl uf  Ihuaa lo  which 
the  mhabilinla  of  Maaaachuaatla  waie  aubjecled, 
Ilia  lordahlp  waa  very  unlit  lu  ba  al  the  helm,  in 
Ihia  lemiwaiuoua  aaaaon.  Ilia  pnaaiona  |iredunii- 
naled  uver  hia  undeiatandiiig,  and  precipitated  him 
into  meaauraa  iiijuiiuua  bulh  lo  the  people  whom 
he  governed,  and  lo  the  Intereal  uf  hia  royal  maa- 
ler.  The  Virginiana,  from  the  earlieai  alaga  uf 
the  cnniruveray,  had  bean  in  the  forenioal  line  of 
the  opiKiaiiion  lo  the  claima  of  Ureal  liritaln;  but, 
al  Ihe  aame  time,  treated  lord  Dunmura  with  Ihe 
attention  that  waa  due  lu  hia  atalinn.  In  common 
with  the  oilier  provincea,  Ihey  had  taken  elleclual 
nieaauiea  lu  prepuro  Iheir  militia,  fur  Ihe  pur|ioaea 
uf  defence. 

While  they  wore  purauing  ihia  object,  hia  lord- 
ahiji  engaged  a  parly,  belonging  lo  a  royal  veaael 
In  Jamea'a  river,  lo  convey  anme  public  powdei 
I'rum  »  magazine  in  Williamaburgh,un  board  their 
ahip.  The  value  or  quantity  uf  the  jaiwder  waa 
incunaiderable ;  but  the  circiimalancea  unending 
ila  removal  begat  auspicioiia,  that  lord  Duniiiure 
meant  tu  deprive  the  inliubitania  of  the  means  of 
defence.  They  were,  therefore,  alarmed,  and  aa- 
aeiiibled  with  arnia  tu  demand  ila  reatituliun. 

liy  the  'nier|Misitiun  of  the  mayor  and  corpora- 
tion uf  Wiliiamaburgh,extreniltiea  were  prevented. 
He|Hir>a  were  aoon  afteiwarda  apread,  thai  a  se- 
cond allciupl  III  rob  the  iiiaga/.ine  waa  intended. 
The  inhabilania  again  took  arini  and  insiituled 
nightly  patioles,  with  a  determined  resolution  lo 
prutecl  it.  The  guvernor  waa  irritated  at  these 
cummutiuna,  and  in  the  warmth  uf  hia  tem|ier 
threatened  tu  aet  up  the  ruyal  atandard,  enl'ran- 
vhiae  the  negrues,  and  arm  them  agninst  their 
masters.  This  irritated,  but  did  not  inliuiidale. 
Several  public  meelinga  were  held  in  the  dlll'erent 
cuunties,  in  all  uf  which,  Ihe  removal  of  the  pow 
derl'rom  the  magaxine,  and  ihe  guvernur's  threats, 
were  entirely  cuiidcmned.  Some  uf  the  gentle 
men  of  Hanover,  and  the  nciglibuuring  cuunlies, 
assembled  in  arms,  under  the  cunduct  of  Mr.  Pat- 
rick Henry,  and  inarched  towards  Williamsburg, 
with  an  avowed  design  to  obtain  restiuitiiin  uf  the 
powder,  and  lu  take  nieasiirea  fur  securing  the 
public  treasury.  This  ended  in  a  neguliatiun,  by 
which  it  was  ai^reed,  that  payment  fur  the  powder, 
by  the  receiver  general  of  ilie  colony,  should  be 
accepted  in  lieu  uf  reatituliun  :  and,  that,  upuntlie 
engagement  of  the  iahabilanta  of  Williuinnburglo 
guard  bulh  the  treasury  ami  llie  maga/ine,  the 
ariiM  J  pariiea  ahuuld  return  to  their  habitations. 

The  ahtm  of  Ihia  nifalr  induced  lurd  Dun- 
uiure  >,<  send  hia  lady  and  family  on  board  the 
Kowoy  man  of  war,  in  Jamea'a  river.  About  the 
same  time,  hia  lurdship,  with  the  assistance  uf  a 
detachment  of  marines,  fortified  his  palace,  and 
aui rounded  it  with  artillery.  He  soon  ufter  issued 
a  pruclamatiun  in  which  Mr.  Henry  and  his  ussu- 
ciatcs  were  charged  wilii  rebellious  practices; 
and  the  existing  commolions  were  allribuied  to  a 
desire  in  the  people,  of  changing  the  established 
form  of  government.  Several  meetings  were  held 
in  Ihe  neighbouring  counlie<i,  in  which,  the  con- 
duct uf  Henry  and  his  associates  was  applaud- 
ed; and  resolutions  weie  adopted,  that,  at  every 
risk,  he  and  they  should  be  indemnified.  About 
thia  time,  copies  of  some  letters  fioni  governor 
Dunmor%  lo  the  minister  uf  Ihe  American  de- 
partment, were  made  public.  These,  in  the  opin- 
ion of  Ihe  Virginiana,  contained  unfair  and  un- 
just represenlatiuns  of  fads,  and  also  uf  their  .tem- 
per and  disposition.  Many  severe  things  were 
said  on  both  sides,  and  fame,  as  usual  maf,nilied 
or  misrepresc  'ted  whatever  was  said  or  dune. 
One  distrust  begat  another.  Every  thing  tended 
to  produce  a  spirit  of  disconleni,  and  the  fever  uf 
Ihe  public  mind  daily  increased. 
In  thia  itate  of  dUorder,  th«  gorenor  conTcnod 


the  general  aaaembly.  The  leading  mtillve,  Aif 
Ihia  unei|iectvd  meaaure,  waa  tu  procure  their  ap' 
probaliunand  aciepiaiice  of  the  tirmaoftha  :on- 
cilialury  muiion,  agiied  lu  m  paillameni,  on  llie 
^Uili  ot  the  precadiiig  l>'ebruary.  Illi  lirdihl,*) 
inlroduced  Ihia  lu  their  cuiiaiderallitii,  In  a  lung 
Mild  phinaible  apeetli.  In  a  lew  daya,  I  ey  pre- 
ariiied  their  adilreaa  in  answer;  in  whicl.  among 
ulhei  gruunda  of  rejection,  they  staled,  ll  at  "III* 
pru|Mia«d  plan  only  changed  the  I'urni  uf  uppita- 
aioii,  wilhiiUt  leaaeniiig  Ila  burden  ;"  but.  ihey  re 
lerred  the  pM|iera  for  a  final  delerniinaliun,  lu  Con- 
gieaa.  Kur  Ihemaalves  ihey  declared:  "We 
have  exhausted  every  niude  of  application,  which 
uur  invention  cuuld  suggeai,  aa  piujier  and  pruniie- 
Ing.  We  have  decently  remnnalratad  with  par* 
huiiienlj  they  have  added  new  iiijuriea  lu  the  uld 
We  have  wearied  uur  king  whh  aupplicaiiun  ;  ha 
hua  iiul  deigned  to  answer  u«.  We  have  apjiealed 
tu  the  native  honour  and  justice  of  ihe  liritiah  na- 
lion;  their  eti'oi  la  in  uur  favour  have  been  hilher- 
lu  inefi'ectual." 

The  aaaembly,  among  their  Aral  acta,  apuointed 
a  coiiiinittee  lu  inquire  intu  the  cauaca  of  the  lata 
diaturbancea  ;  and  iiarlicularly  tu  examine  Iheataia 
of  the  maguaiiiea  they  found  most  of  the  rainain- 
ing  powder  buried  ;  the  muakela  deprived  uf  llialf 
locka;  hr. I  spring  guns  planted  in  the  magaxine 

These illscuveriea  iiritated  llie|ieople,  and  ocev 
aioned  intemperate  expressiuns  uf  resenlnienl. 
Lord  Diinmore  quilled  the  |iiil.ice  piivalely,  and 
retired  on  board  the  Kowey  man  of  war,  which 
then  lay  near  Vork  Town.  He  left  a  ineaa,ige  lor 
the  house  uf  burgesses,  acnuainliiig  iheni,  ••  thai 
he  ihuught  it  prudent  tu  retire  lo  a  place  of  safety 
having  reason  to  believe  that  he  was  in  cunaiant 
danger  uf  falling  a  sacrifice  to  popular  fury.  He, 
h-vcrlheleas,  hoped  lliat  thry  would  proceed  in 
the  great  business  licfure  iheiii;  and  he  engaged 
to  render  the  cummunication  between  him  and  the 
house,  as  easy  and  aa  safe  as  puisible.  He  as- 
sured them  ihai  he  would  allend,  as  heretofore,  to 
the  duties  of  his  oDice;  and  that  he  waa  well  dis- 
posed to  restore  thai  harmuny  which  had  been  un- 


happily interrupted.' 
riiia  messai'e  iiri 


messajje  produced  a  joint  address  from  the 
council  and  house  of  biirge-i^ea ;  in  which,  they 
ri'pieaenled  his  lordship's  fears  tu  be  groundlesa 
and  declared  their  wiliiiigness  to  concur  in  any 
measuie  he  would  propose  for  the  security  ufliini 
self  and  family  ;  and  cuiicluded,  by  enlrealing  hi> 
return  lu  the  palace.  Lurd  Diinmore,  in  reply, 
justified  his  appteliehsiuns  of  danger,  fruni  the 
threats  which  had  been  re|i«ateilly  thrown  out 
He  charged  the  house  of  buruesses  with  cuiinlR. 
nancing  the  violent  proceedings  of  the  people,  ani* 
with  a  design  to  usurp  the  fxecuiive  power,  and 
siilivert  the  constitution.  This  produced  a  reply 
fraught  with  recnininalion  and  defensive  argu- 
ments. Kvery  incident  afforded  fresh  room  for 
altercation.  There  was  ,i  conlinued  intercourse 
by  addresses,  mesaagea,  and  answers,  between  the 
house  of  burgesses  and  the  Kuivey  ;  but  little  of 
the  public  business  was  conydeted.  Hia  lordship 
was  still  acknowledged  as  the  lawful  governor  of 
the  province:  but  did  nut  think  proper  to  set  hie 
foot  on  shore,  in  the  country  over  which  bis  fune 
lions  were  lu  be  exercised. 

At  length,  when  the  necessary  bills  were  ready 
fur  ratificaliun,  the  council  and  burgesses  jointly 
entreated  the  (;overnor's  presence,  to  give  his  as- 
sent to  ihemand  finish  the  session.  After  several 
messages  and  answers,  lord  Duniimre  peiemplnrily 
refused  to  meet  the  asHembly  at  the  capilul,  llicir 
usual  place  for  deliberation  :  but  said,  he  would  bo 
ready  to  receive  llicin  on  tlio  next  Monday  al  hia 
pre!>ent  residence  on  board  the  Kowey,  lor  the  pur 
pose  of  giving  his  assent  tosncli  bills  as  lie  sliniiid 
approve  of  Upon  receiving  this  answer,  llieliiui  •■,: 
of  burgesses  passed  resolulluns.  in  which  they  iie- 
clarcd,  that  the  messau'e,  reipiirini;  them  to  allend 
the  governor  on  board  of  a  sliiji  of  war,  was  a  high 
breach  of  their  rights  and  privileges;  that  they 
had  reason  lo  fear  a  dangerous  attack  waa  medi 
Uted  against  the  colony ;  and  it  was,  therefore 
their  opinioD,  liiat  they  ihould  prepare  for  Iba  pr* 


m 


Tiir  III8T0R  {  or 


111  - 

11 


MffMlon  «f  Ihctr  ttithit  rimI  hb»rll«*.  Afttr 
•Ipiio'ly  priirMiIni  liiy>illy  tii  iIih  klim,  wnil  nniliy 
'•'  III.    .l|l■ll'^r  I'iKiMlry,  ihry  lirnkp  ii|i  llirir  •r»liili. 

Tlir  Miv.il  liovriiiiiiriil  in  Virginlit,  Iriini  lliul  ilny, 
July  IDili,  Wi\tr,\Wi\  Siiiiii  iil'irrwiiriU,  H  mil- 
fnitii.ii  III  ilvlt-uiilr*  wiia  ■|i|Mi|iilril  In  auiiiil)!  lhi> 
pl.irr  III  llii>  iixvinbly.  A*  llir»r  liuil  iiiiliiiillril 
(>nnllilHiir«  rviMiwil  In  ihrni,  llii'ji  breuni*  nl  oncii 
IKiaanMi-il  III'  uiiilii||nril  illavr*linniir)>  |Miw«ia,  bnlli 
iriiialiilivn  iinil  ciffciillvt.  Tlify  rirtciaril  llib 
uiiltinriiy,  I'nr  lh«  arcnrtly  nf  tlicli  cniMllliivnia. 
Tliry  riilaail  anil  rnibu<ll(iil  on  irmvil  rnrce,  anil 
loiik  niKMurra  Air  |iiillin|  Ih*  colniijr  In  «  iima  uf 
drfcnrn.  Thry  publlahcil  n  j^itiincullnn  of  lliclr 
rnniliiel,  itnil  ul  fiirlh  iha  nccculiy  of  ill*  nun- 
■iirM  ihcy  hiid  iiloiiiail.  Ttiry  ronclnilpil  wlih 
|iriirr*i*<ina  nf  loyitlly,  mill  lUrlwrvil,  lliul  llinugh 
ihcv  wrn  ilMcrininril  m  c«»ry  liiiKarii  In  iniinluin 
llirir  right*  Rnil  i)ri«il»Ki>a,  It  wiia  iilan  ihrir  Axril 
iraoluliiin  lu  illaltanil  iiicli  Turcca  »■  wcra  raiafil 
fur  ill*  ilrlcnrc  nf  tlia  culuny,  wli«iit«*r  llicir 
dungrr  wwa  reinnveil. 

The  hcRilairnng  iwHloni  ofloril  Dunmnre  |iie- 
cl|iliiitv<l  him  Into  farther  rulliei.  With  the  Hitl  ul' 
iha  Inyitliala,  run  HWHy  nrgriiM,  nnil  anme  rrlgiilci 
Ihm  wrr*  on  ihn  •iHiion,  he  ealubliahed  h  ni»rin« 
tnrce,  Hy  drgrera  he  e(|iii|i|ieil,  iinil  iirined  ii  niiin- 
lier  nl'reaaria,  iirilltVrrpnl  kinila  mid  alKei,  In  nne 
nl  which  ho  ciinaliinlly  rrilded,  rxi!r|il  when  he 
wrni  on  •Ikiip,  in  a  hiiallle  nmnnri.  Thia  force 
Wu*  tiilriiluled  nnly  for  ilrpredulion,  nnd  never  be- 
came eqiiiil  tu  any  eaaenlliil  aervlce  Obnuiiinilit 
{irrauna  were  aelced  and  liiken  on  hoiiid.  Negrora 
were  ciiriied  olf ;  |iUntaliuMs  ravaged  ;  and  hniiaea 
bnrnl.  Theae  prut Fi-dlng*  oicaaioned  the  lending 
ot'aiiine  dvlachmenia,  of  ihe  newly-ntiaed  piuvin- 
tial  lorcea,  to  priileL  iherniiaia.  Thia  i'...:!iic<>d 
u  prt'dnlury  war,  from  which  neither  ho.Niur  nor 
beiitlit  could  hearqiilred.nndin  which,  .'very  aup- 

Illy  I'rum  the  aliore  was  piirchaaed  s>l  the  riak  of 
iluod.  The  forcea  under  hia  loidahip  atlemplrd 
!u  burn  Hampton:  but  the  crewa  of  the  royal 
vcaaela  employed  in  that  buaineat,  though  they 
lm>l  begun  to  cannonade  I',  were  an  aiinuyrd  by 
rillvmen  I'nim  the  ahiiie,  that  they  were  obliged 
loqnlt  iheir  alaiiiin.  In  a  few  ilaya  after  thia  re- 
pulao,  Nov  Till,  1775,  a  prnrlainatlon  wna  laaiied 
iiy  Ihe  governor  ilateil  on  board  the  ahip  WllliHin, 
ulf  Norfolk,  declaring  that,  ai  Ihe  civil  law  waa 
ni  preaciil  inauinclenl  in  puniah  treaaon  and  Irai- 
(lira,  martial  law  alioulil  take  place,  and  lie  exf- 
(Uled  througlil  the  colony ;  and  rri|uiriiig  all 
|i«rauiia  capable  of  briiring  arma,  lo  repair  In  Ilia 
inajealy'a  alandard,  or  In  be  ronaiilpred  aa  Irai- 
:iini.  Me  alao  declared  all  iiulciiied  aervuiila,  iir- 
i;roei  and  ulhera,  ap|i«rtaining  to  rebeln,  who  wcie 
ubie  and  willing  lu  bear  anna,  and  who  joined  hia 
inajeaiy'i  forcea,  lo  be  free. 

Among  the  cirrunialancea  which  indnrcil  the 
ulera  III  (ire:it  Itnlain  lo  count  on  an  eaiy  con- 
(jueat  of  America,  Ihe  great  nnnibrr  ul' alavca  bad 
a  ciiimiilerable  wclglil,  C)n  the  aea  cua»i  iiffive 
iif  the  moat  aontlierii  provincea  llie  niiiiibrr  of 
tilavea  exceeilcil  that  of  freemen.  Il  waa  aiip|MiH- 
cd  thai  the  proll'er  of  fieedom  would  delacli  ihvm 
from  their  inaalera'  intereal,  and  bind  them  by 
■Iroiig  Ilea  lu  aup|Kirt  the  royal  alanilurd.  Perhaps, 
uudrr  I'.iviiiirabie  circumatjncea,  iheae  expecla- 
tiona  iviiiilil  in  some  degree,  have  been  reali/.eil ; 
hut  I'xd  Diinmorc'a  indiacretiun  deprived  hia  royal 
nMuirr  of  lliia  rcaiiurce.  Six  monlha  had  el'^paed 
■i•'^v  Ilia  loriNlilp  first  threatened  ila  adoption. 
'Hkv'  negrttea  had  in  a  grcal  nieaaure  ceaaed  lo 
halieve  and  the  iiilitibilania  lo  fear.  Il  excited 
ieHiurpriae,  and  produced  leaa  eftVct,  than  if  it 
had  been  more  immediate  and  unexpected.  The 
couniry  was  now  in  a  tolerable  state  of  defence, 
and  t lie  force  for  protecting  the  negroea,  in  caae 
they  li:id  i  loscd  willi  hia  lordahip'a  oilier,  waa  far 
short  of  what  would  have  been  ncceaaary  for  their 
scciiiily. 

The  ifijMiy.  done  the  royal  cause  by  Ihe  bare 
proposal  of  the  Hcbeiiip,  far  outweighed  any  ad- 
vantage that  reaulted  from  it.  The  colonisia  were 
•truck  w'.tb  horror,  and  filled  with  detettation  of  a 
goTtmiMDt,  which  wa*  esarciwd  in  looteniDg  the 


haiiiUuf  aociely,  and  dcaiiuylngiliiiiiraiic  •*(lirll)l, 
The  union  anil  vigour,  which  were  given  lu  their 
op|Hiaillon,  waa  great,  while  the  addltioniil  force, 
acipiired  by  Ilia  loriUllip,  waa  ronaideiable.  Il 
nev*rllielea4  produced  aome  pllrct  In  .Norliilk  and 
the  adjoiningroiinliy,  where  hia hirdahlpwaa  Jollied 
by  levpial  liniidreda,  both  while*  and  blacka.  The 
governor,  having  once  more  got  fooling  nu  Iha 
main,  uniiiatd  hlmaelf  with  ho|i«i  of  acquiring  tha 
glory  of  leducing  one  part  of  the  province  by  inaaaa 
of  the  other.  Tha  provinciala  had  now  an  objacl, 
againai  which  they  might  direct  their  arnii.  An 
ax|ieditian  wa«  thtiafora  concerted  agaloit  the 
force  which  had  mkan  jMial  at  Norfolk. 

To  proiei  t  hia  adhercnta,  lord  Duiimora  con- 
alruclad  a  bm  at  the  greal  bridge,  on  iha  Norfolk 
aide  and  furni>lifd  il  with  artillery.  Tha  provin- 
ciala alao  forlilled  iheitiaelvea,  near  to  iha  •uiiia 
place  wiih  a  narrow  cauaeway  In  lliair  front.  In 
this  atata,  both  partie*  continued  qiilat  for  aoma 
daya.  Tha  royaliala  commenced  an  attack.  Cap- 
lain  Kordyce,  at  the  head  of  about  (iO  llrillah  gra- 
naditra,  paaaed  the  cHiiaewRv.an  t  boldly  inarched 
up  tu  ihe  provincial  Intreiichmenia  with  llxedbay- 
onala.  Tliry  were  eX|Niaed,  without  cover,  lo  the 
Draofihe  provinciala  In  fiont,  and  endladed  by 
another  part  of  their  wnrka.  The  brave  captain 
and  aeveral  of  hia  men  fell.  The  liautenaiil,  with 
others,  waa  taken ;  and  all  whn  autvivad  were 
wounded.  The  alavea  In  thia  rngagcmant  were 
more  prrjiidlelal  (u  their  llrillah  employara  than 
lu  Ihe  provinciala.  ('aptain  Kordyce  w»'*  Inlerrol 
by  tha  viclora,  with  military  honour.  Tha  Kiig- 
liah  priaonera  were  treated  with  kindneaa\  but 
tha  Aiiierlcaiis,  who  had  joined  the  king's  alan- 
dard, exparienced  Ihe  reaenlmenl  of  their  country- 
men. 

The  royal  forcea  on  Ihe  enauing  night,  evacu- 
ated their  |Hial  at  the  great  bridge  ;  lord  Dnniiiore 
shortly  afterwarda  abamloned  Norfolk,  and  retired 
with  his  |ienpleon  board  hia  shipa.  Many  of  the 
lories,  a  name  which  waa  given  to  those  who  ad- 
hered to  the  royal  intereal,  snughl  the  same  aay- 
luui,  for  themselves  nnd  moveable  elTects,  The 
provincials  took  |ioaaeaaion  of  Norfolk  ;  and  Ihe 
ilvel,  with  its  new  inrumbrancea,  removed  lo  a 
greater  dialance.  The  (lenplu  on  board,  cut  off 
from  all  |ie'jceableinlercourae  with  ihc  shore,  were 
dialreaaed  for  proviaiona  and  neceaaariea  of  every 
kind.  Thia  nccaaioned  aiindry  unim|mrtanl  ci<u- 
icsis,  between  the  provincial  forcea  and  the  armed 
sliipa  and  boala.  At  length  on  the  arrival  of  the 
Ijiverpool  man  nfwar  from  Kngland,  a  (lag  was 
sent  on  shore,  to  put  the  queation,  whether  they 
would  supply  his  majealy'a  alilpa  with  provisiiina  .' 

An  answer  was  returned  in  the  negative.  It  was 
then  (leiermined  lu  destroy  tfie  town.  This  waa 
carried  into  efl'ecl ;  and  Jan.  1,  177C,  Norfolk  waa 
reiliiied  to  ashes.  The  whole  loa*  waa  ealiiiiaied 
ai  :iilO,UO(ll.  sterling.  The  provincials,  lo  dejirive 
the  ships  of  every  source  of  supply,  destroyed  the 
liiMisea  and  planlalinns  near  Ihe  water,  and  obliged 
the  people  to  mov?  their  cattle,  provisions,  and  ef- 
fects, further  into  the  couniry. 

Lord  Duninore,  wiih  his  fleet,  continued  for 
aeveral  monlha  on  the  coast  and  in  the  rivers  of 
Virginia.  Ills  unhappy  followers  sufTercd  a  com- 
plication of  dialreaves.  Th'i  acarcily  of  water 
and  proviaiona,  the  closeness  and  filih  of  the  small 
vessels  produced  diseases  which  were  fatal  lu 
iiiaiiy,  ea|iecially  to  the  negroes.  Thoujih  his 
whole  force  was  trilling  when  compared  with  the 
resources  of  Virginia;  yet  the  want  nf  suitable 
armed  veaaels  made  its  expulsion  impracticable 
The  experience  of  that  day  evinced  Ihc  inadequa- 
cy of  land  foirccs,  for  the  ileleiice  of  a  maritime 
country ;  anid  the  exl'^nsivc  uiiachief  which  may 
be  done,  by  even  an  inconsiderable  marine,  when 
unopposed  in  its  own  uay.  The  want  of  a  navy 
was  both  seen  and  fell.  Sonic  arrangements 
lo  procure  one  were  therefore  made.  Either  Ihe 
expectation  of  an  attack  from  this  quarter,  or  the 
sufferings  of  the  crewa  on  board,  induced  hia  lord- 
ship, in  the  summer  of  1776,  lo  burn  the  least  va- 
luable of  hi*  vessels,  and  to  send  the  remainder, 
amountiog  to  30  or  40  tall,  to  Florida,  Bermuda, 


and  the  Wral  Indiea.  The  liu|w*  which  lord  Da* 
more  had  enlerlained  otaiib'luing  Virginia,  by  the 
cii  iqicrullon  of  Ihe  negiiie<,  terminated  with  this 
inuvemeiit.  Til*  iinhuppy  Africans,  who  had  pu> 
gaged  In  II,  are  said  lo  have  ainioat  univeiaally 
peiiahed. 

While  ihese  transatinms  weie  rallying  iin,  an 
other  scheme,  in  which  lord  l>uiimoreM,i<  a  P'i'iy 
in  Ilka  Miannrr  miscarried.  Il  was  in  conli  inpU 
tlon  to  raiaaaconaiderabl*  form  at  the  back  of  till 
colonies,  particularly  In  Virginia,  and  the  Carnll- 
nas.  Connelly,  a  native  of  I'ennsylvaniu,  was  ilia 
fraiiier  of  the  design,  lie  had  gained  the  appro. 
balion  of  lord  Dunmnre,  and  had  been  sent  lo  him 
by  Oeneral  (lag*  at  liiialon,  and  from  him  h*  tu< 
reived  a  comiiiiaaion  lo  act  aa  colonel  comm»ndaiil« 
It  was  intended  that  the  liiitish  garrisons  ul  l)e> 
troll,  and  aome  other  remote  a|Mila,  with  their  ar- 
lillaiy  and  uniinunilion,  should  be  subservient  lo 
this  design,  (.'onnelly  also  hoiied  fur  the  aid  o 
the  Canadians  and  Indians,  lie  was  nulhorixetl 
to  grant  coinininsinns,  and  tu  have  the  supremti 
direcliuii  of  the  new  forcea.  A*  anon  as  they  were 
In  readiness  he  waa  lo  |ieiietrute  through  \'ligiiiia, 
and  lo  meet  lord  Diinmorenear  Alexanihia.on  the 
river  I'ulomac.  Connelly  waa  tidten  upon  aiiapi- 
rioii,  hy  one  of  tiie  commitlepa  in  Maryland,  while 
on  Ilia  way  lo  ihe  scene  of  action.  The  pa 
pera  found  in  hia  poasesaiun  betrayed  the  whole. 
Among  these,  weie  a  general  akelch  of  the  plan, 
and  a  letlei  lioiii  liiril  l>uniiiore  lo  one  ol  the  In- 
dian chiefs.  He  was  impriaonrd,  and  the  paper* 
published.  So  many  forliinaie  escapes  liiduceil  a 
belief  among  aciioiia  Americana,  lliat  their  caiia* 
waa  favoured  by  heaven.  The  vnrluua  projects 
which  were  devised,  and  put  In  operallon  against 
■  hem,  pointed  out  Ihe  increasing  necesaily  of  iinioni 
while  the  havoc  made  on  their  coaals,  the  proll'ei 
of  freedom  In  their  alavea,  and  the  encoiiragenicii 
pro|Hiaeil  to  Indiana,  for  making  war  on  llieir  Iron 
tier  inhabilania,  quickened  iheir  resenlmenl  ugaini 
(ireat  llrilain. 

North  Cirolina  was  more  forliinale  than  VIrgi 
nia.  The  governors  of  both  were  |ierhapa  equally 
xealoua  for  the  royal  intereal,  and  the  people  nt 
both  equally  altached  to  the  cause  of  America  . 
bill  the  former  eaca|ied  with  a  amaller  porliim  il 
public  calamity.  .Several  regulations  were  nl  this 
lime  adopted  by  most  of  the  provinces.  Councils 
of  safely,  commilleea,  and  conventions,  were  com- 
mull  aubauliitea  for  legiilar  governnienl.  .Similar 
plans  for  raising,  arming  and  supporting  troops, 
and  fill  training  the  inililis,  were,  from  north  lo 
south,  generally  adopted,  In  like  manner,  royal 
governiir.4,  throughout  ihe  provinces,  were  exeit 
ing  themselves  in  attaching  the  people  lo  the 
Bclienics  of  (ireal  llrilain.  (ioveriior  Martin,  ol 
North  Carolina,  was  particulailv  y.ealoua  in  his 
business.  He  fort  Hied  and  armed  ilia  \r,  lice  at  New. 
berii,  that  it  might  answer  Ihe  doiilile  purpose  nl 
a  garrison  and  Iiiaga7.iiie.  While  he  was  thus  em- 
ployeil,  such  conimisiona  were  excited  among 
the  people,  that  he  thought  il  expedient  to  retire 
on  board  a  sloop  of  war  in  Cape  Kear  river.— 
The  |ieiiple  found  powder  and  various  military 
stores,  which  had  been  buried  in  his  garden  and 
^  ard 

liovernnr  Martin,  though  ho  had  abandoned  his 
usual  place  of  residence,  continued  hia  exerliona 
for  reducing  North  Caroliiin  to  obedience.  Ila 
particularly  aildrcssrd  himself  lo  the  reuiilalors 
and  Highland  einigranls.  The  foriiier  had  ac- 
quired this  name  from  attempting  to  regidale  ihe 
adminisiralion  of  juslice,  in  the  remote  seiile 
nients,  in  n  summary  manner,  subversive  of  the 
public  peace.  They  had  sull'ered  the  conaequen 
cea  of  opposing  royal  goveriiiii''nt,  and.  from  obvi- 
ous principles  of  human  nature,  were  disposed  lo 
support  the  authority,  whose  power  to  punish  they 
had  recently  experienced.  The  Highland  enii. 
grants  had  been  only  a  short  time  in  America,  and 
were  yet  more  under  the  influence  of  KurofiaaD 
ideas,  than  those  which  thuir  new  situation  waa 
calculated  to  insiiire. 

Governor  Martin  sent  commissions  among  Ihoao 
people,  for  raising  and  commanding  regimonte 


NORTH  AMIBI04 


init  h»  iraniid  on*  tii  Mr.  M'l)<inilil.  lo  nti  n« 
■  livtr  friii-rnl.     IIk  ulxt  »ii>  lliaiii  »  |iriicUin<ili<iti 

.■UIMIIMIIlllllll   ill)   |4>MIIIM.  nil  llimr  >llll'||l.tlll'l>,  III  i« 

|Htir  III  ilii-  rii)>il  aiiiiiil.ir'l.  'I'liK  w  i«  imxi  Inl  \>y 
llrmril  M  lluii.ilil,  hIidiiI  llir  iiihlillKUl  Ki'liiuiry. 
I'l'iiii  lllf  llrvl  iiili*llliii>ii(H  III  ilirii  ii«ii-iiililiiiK, 
IliiHiiihrr  •ii'iiiMiil  .Viiiiii".  Willi  •iiiiiH  |irii«iiit'i,il 
lrtMi|>«  mill  Mitliiiii,  mil'  •  iiiiii  |iii'i'w«  III  ('.luhitM, 
ilMii'lli*'!  Ill  ii|i|>ii<ii  lliriii,  ||t>  liiiik  |Hi««i>>*ii)il  III 
Kiii'k  llxli  liriilitr,  iiiiil  iliiKW  ii|i  »iiii«  wiirk*.  Iln 
liiil  mil  lirni  ilirri'  ni.iiijr  ilii)a,  wliaii  M'DiinitId 
i|i|iriiiii'linl  I  mill  aviii  n  Idirriu  MiMir^i  viicIikiiik 
llii>  Kiivrriiiir'a  |iiiii'liiiiiiiliiiii  hihI  iiiI«I»Iii||  limi  miij 
III*  (laiiy  III  jiijii  lliK  kiiiK'*  uliiiiiliitil  |  iiiiil  uiMiiiK, 
lllill  III  I'lKK  III  II  ii'liltiil,  lliry  iiMial  lia  lifiiltil  ila 
•nriiiira.  Tii  llila  Aliiiirr  ii>|illxil,  llial  ll«  iinil  hia 
illiri'ia  riiiMiilxiril  lliriiiarlti'a  Ha  i>ii|{a||i<il  ill  ii 
I'Mior,  llir  iiiiiiil  Kliiriiiua  hihI  Iiiii  uiiralilit  in  llir 
wiiilil,  lliii  ili-li'iH  e  ol'  niiitikiiiil  I  and  III  lila  llirii 
iiliriril,  lliiil  II M'Diiiirtlira  (Mriy  l»id  iliiwii  llii'll 
iirillit  lliry  aliiiiilil  lie  rc|-t>ivi>il  Ha  IririMlai  lull, 
jllii>iwia«  lliry  miixl  vii|)ecl  CMiiari|ueiic«a,  aiinl- 
hir  III  lliiiar  Hliirli  lliry  llirvHli-iiril.  Simii  Hfler 
llila,  Oviicral  .M'DiiiihIiI,  will)  liiainllirrenla,  |<vi^ll 
«d  iiii  III  join  (iiivvriinr  Mnriin  :  but  ColuiifU  Lil- 
I  niiiiiii  mill  ('Hinfll,  wiili  uliiiiit  UHMI  iiiUiiiii  men, 
li  Ilk  iiiiHiraaiiiii  .il'  Miiiirr'a  I  irt'k  liiiilne,  wliiili 
liiv  III  llii'ir  wiiy,  mill  tmtrd  a  aiiiHll  liiiniat  work 
III  afi'lirn  ihrinai'lvva. 

On  llm  iiiml  iiiiirninK,  lliD  IHiililHnd  riiiiiirnnla 
■llHckeil  llm  iMililiH  |Miatrd  ill  thr  litMlgp  ;  liiil  M' 
ririiil,  lliv  arciinil  iiiiMiiiiin»nd,  and  aiiin*  more  of 
Itirir  iilhcvra  lii-lii|{  killed  Hi  lliv  Ural  iiiiarl,  tli«y 
lli'il  Willi  |iri>i'l|ill>ili(iii.  (IriiKrul  M'Diiiiuld  wna 
'Hkrn  |iriaiiiii<r,  hmiI  iIi«  wliiiln  iil'ihn  parly  lirukrn 
i.nil  iliaiivrard.  'I'lii*  iivrrlliruw  priidiicrd  «nnap- 
qiirnri'a  vrry  liijiiiiiiiia  lu  llm  Hrlliali  inli*rval.  A 
royal  Urn  mid  miiiv  waa  rxprrtrd  iin  llie  ciiaal. 
A  jiiiieiliin  liiriiicd  b«lwri-n  tlii-ni  and  llm  IIIkIi- 
laiid  riiilKiaiita,  in  llm  Inleniir  conntry,  iiii)(lii 
li:ivi*  iii.ide  a  a«iiallilu  liiiiircaaiiin  on  llm  prnvini'i*. 
Kriiiii  an  fam-riifHa  In  do  aoiimtlilnu,  the  inanr- 
Efiila  preiiialnri-ly  Iniik  anna,  and  liehiK  iiriialii'd 
'jeliirv  llm  arilvul  of  priiprr  aupporl,  llirlr  aplrila 
«vr«:  an  rnliii'ly  lirokrn,  that  no  lulure  ell'urt  could 
:.«  rxprrled  Irinnlhrni. 

WIiiId  tim  war  raiird  only  in  Maaancliuaplla, 
farli  prnvinre  cnndliclrd  aa  il'  il  exiievled  In  lie 
llm  next  iittiuiki'd.  (leorKJii,  iIioiikIi  a  niajorily 
ol  ita  inliabilHiils  wrrn  al  liiai  aKiiinal  llm  iiiph- 
inrea,  yei,  abiiiii  llm  middle  ol'  (Ida  year,  Joined 
llm  ollmr  coliinira.  llm  inn  not  concurred  in  llm 
pelitloiia  I'rnin  ConKreaa  lo  llm  kinit,  tliey  petition- 
ed  by  tlii'iiiHelves  ;•  and  atiilrd  llieir  riKliI*  and 
)(rlevmu'ea,  in  firm  and  decided  laniiuaKe.  They 
almi  adnpled  (he  rniitiimntal  aaaocialion,  and  aeiil 
on  iheir  ilr|iiiiiea  lo  (,'oiiKn'aa, 

In  SiMilli  <  'arolina,  ilmre  waa  an  eagerneai  to  be 
picp:ired  I'nr  ilrlener,  wliirll  was  nol  aiirpiiaaed 
ill  :iny  iil'lhe  proviiicea.  Ke|;inmnla  were  raiaed  ; 
loria  were  liiiili ;  llm  iiiiliria  iraiimd;  and  every 
neceniarv  prepiralion  made  Cur  that  piirpoae. 
Lord  \Vllliaiii  Caiiipliell,  (lie  royal  governor, 
eiiileavniired  lo  fiirin  a  parly  Tor  the  anpport 
ul'  Kovernmeni,  and  was  in  some  decree  suc- 
eesHl'iil.  Dlalruaimi;  ma  per^niiul  aaiety  nn  ahore, 
uboiil  the  niiilille  of  iSeplember.  he  took  up  his 
leaiileiice  on  board  nil  armed  vessel,  then  in  the 
Irirliiiiir. 

The  royal  government  slill  existed  in  name  and 
form  ;  biil  the  real  power,  which  the  people  obey- 
ed, was  exerciaed  by  a  provincial  cnnjireaa,  n 
council  of  sal'eiy,  and  anlinrdinale  coninilttecs. 
'I'll  conciliate  the  frieniNhip  of  the  Indiana,  the 
popular  leaders  aenl  asnnll  supply  of  jiowder  into 
iliuir  country.  They  who  were  opposed  to  Con 
ftress,  embodied,  and  robbed  the  wagons  which 
were  employril  in  its  transpiirlaiion.  To  inflame 
the  minds  ol'  their  adherents,  they  propagated  a 
report  that  the  powder  was  intended  to  be  i;ivcn  lo 
the  Indiana,  Tor  the  purpose  of  masaacreini;  the 
I'liends  of  royal  government.  The  inhabitants 
(nok  arms,  s'line  to  support  loyal  iioverninent,  but 
niure  to  auppoit  (he  Aiiiericnn  measures. 

The  roya  is(i  acted  I'eebly,  and  were  easily 
•vciyowercd.    TLej  were  ditbeartened  by  the 


iuperlor  number*  that  oppoMtt  Ihtm.  Thtjf  every 
■  here  nave  wey,  end  were  olillgad  allhar  lu  liy  or 
IriHU  auliiiilaeioii.  Muhcil.illoiia  had  b««n  nude 
alioiil  till*  tuna  lor  rotal  Iniiea  lo  awa  Ilia  aiiiilh- 
am  proviiii'va;  bin  wilhoiil  elleil,  nil  Ilia  piii|ier 
•vHann  waa  otar.  tlim  •rliaina  I'nr  tin*  piir|iiiaa 
waa  Iruairiiiail  by  a  aingla  davlta.  i'rivala  inlel- 
ligeiiia  had  biiaii  reeeitad  nlaii  axpraaa  bamnaant 
lioiii  eir  .laiiiaa  Wiiihl,  giivatiior  of  (li)oi||i*,  lo 
(iaiiaral  (i.i||a,  llyTiiin,  the  nacaaaity  ul'oiduilnii 
1  |Hirl  ulllia  ruynl  army  to  Ilia  aiiiilhward  waaliilly 
alaiad.  'I'll*  axpras*  waa  wayluld,  end  conipvijed 
bv  two  genileinan  lu  daliaar  hi*  lalieii.  One  lu 
livoarni  Uage  wai  kept  beck,  end  aiiulher  une 
I'uiwurdad  in  ila  rouni.  The  aeel  and  hand  wiltln| 
ware  au  exactly  imitulad  lha(  the  deception  waa 
nu(  auapacied.  'i  he  Inrved  letter  waa  racelvail  and 
Hcled  upon.  It  la  atalad  llm  danree  or|Hi.ice  and 
iiaiii|uillly  to  ba  audi  aa  indurad  an  opinion,  (hat 
there  wua  no  nacaaaiiy  ur*eiidin||  royal  lluu|ia  lo  the 
aiiulhward. 

While  thaaa  atatei  were  ihu*  left  lulhamaelvaa, 
they  had  lime  and  op|iartunity  lo  ptapare  fur  ax- 
U«lMllli>«:  Ulid,  Inthe  mean  lime,  (he  rrianda  u( 
royal  govarnnmn(  ware  aeverally  crualied.  A 
aeriea  ol'^diaaalar*  followed  (he  royal  cauae  in  (he 
year  177>>.  (ieneralOave'a  unny  waa  cooped  up 
III  llnaion,  and  rendered  iiaeleaa.  lu  (ho  auutharii 
alalea,  where  a  aiiiall  force  would  have  made  an 
impraaaiun,  the  royal  governor*  were  unauppurt- 
ad.  Much  waa  done  lo  irrilale  the  eolunkli,  end 
lu  cement  thrlr  union ;  but  very  lldia,  aiilier  In  the 
way  uf  coni|ueat  and  conceaaion,  lu  aubijue  their 
apiriie  ur  conciliate  their  aU'ectlona. 

In  (hi*  year  the  |ieople  of  Aiiierict  generally 
looli  the  aide  ol  the  coloniea.  Kvery  art  waa 
made  use  of,  by  llm  popular  leader*,  lo  ntlach  the 
iiihabilanta  to  their  cauae;  nor  were  the  vutariea 
of  the  royal  inlereal  inactive :  but  little  linpree- 
ainn  wua  made  by  the  latter,  except  among  the 
uninfuriiied.  The  great  maaa  of  the  wealth,  learn- 
ing, and  influence,  in  all  the  aoullmrn  colonies,  and 
in  moat  of  the  northern,  wa*  in  favour  of  the 
Ameiican  cauae.  8ome  aged  (leraona  were  ex- 
ception* (o  (he  contrary.  Attached  to  ancient 
haliiia,  uiid  enjoying  the  fruit*  uf  their  indiielry, 
they  were  *luw  in  appruving  new  measure*,  aub- 
veraive  uf  the  former,  and  endangering  the  latter. 
A  few,  whu  had  basked  in  the  aunahine  of  court 
favour,  were  reairained  by  hnnnur,  princiiile,  and 
inlereal,  from  foraaking  the  founlnin  nf  their  en- 
joyments. Some  feared  the  (Niwerof  Hritain,  and 
oilieia  doubled  the  (leraeveraiiee  of  America  ;  but 
a  great  majority  resolved  to  hazard  every  thing, 
in  preference  (o  a  (aiiie  aubiniasl.in.  In  (he  be- 
ginning uf  the  year  1770,  the  culuniata  were  far- 
mers, merchanta,  aniUnechanics  :  but  in  its  close, 
they  had  assumed  (he  profession  of  soldier*.  .So 
sudden  a  tranaformation  of  so  numeroua,  and  ao 
diaiieraed  a  |ieople,  ia  without  a  parallel. 

This  year  was  also  remarkable  for  the  general 
(erminaliun  of  rnjfal  goveinment.  This  w.is  ef- 
fected without  any  violence  to  it*  executive  iifli- 
cers.  The  new  system  was  nol  so  much  forcibly 
iin|Hised,  or  designedly  ndnpled,  aa  introduced 
through  neceasiiy,  and  the  imperceptible  agency 
of  a  common  danger,  o|wrating  uniformly  on  the 
mind  uf  the  public.  The  royal  governora,  for  the 
moat  pait  voluntarily  abdicated  their  gnveriimenis, 
and  retired  on  board  shipa  of  war.  They  assigned 
for  reason  that  they  apprehended  personal  dan- 
ger ;  but  this,  in  every  instance,  was  unfounded. 
Perhaps,  thcae  representatives  of  royalty  thought, 
that  as  they  were  constitutionally  necessary  to  the 
administration  of  justice,  the  horrors  nf  anarchy 
would  deter  the  people  from  prosecuting  their  op 
position.  If  ihey  acted  from  this  principle,  they 
were  mistaken.  Their  withdrawing  from  the 
exercise  of  their  nfficial  duties  both  furnished  an 
apology,  and  iniluced  a  necessity  for  organizing  a 
system  of  governmeni,  inilrpendent  of  royal  au- 
thority. By  encouraging  opposition  to  the  popu- 
lar measures,  they  involved  their  friend*  in  dis- 
tress. The  unsuccessful  insurrections,  which 
they  fomented,  being  Improperly  timed,  and  un 
.eupported,  were  easily  overthruwn ;  aud  actually 


•irengthened  the  (lupuler  guneriiiiienl,  eihleb  ibvy 
iiiaanl  In  ileilroy, 

Aalliayaiir  lii.^ilraw  near  loa  rliiaa,  ijia  friend* 
uf  ('iingresaHpra  ambarraaavil  with  *  iiaw  dimeul' 
ly.  'Ilia  arniy  waa  lamiioniry,  and  only  i<n|ii|a«l 
lu  aarva  out  iba  ya.ir.  Tlia  nlijacl,  lur  which  ihe^ 
hiid  lakan  up  arnia,  waa  iinl  iiblainad,  Kvary  rie- 
anil,  who  h  Innl  piavioiialy  iiiilui  ad  (he  pruvinvca  la 
einbiiily  a  imlllaiy  lorca,  alill  axialad  and  wlili  In- 
1  reaaing  weight.   Il  waa  ihaialora  ieaolve<llii  furin 

new  army.  The  aame  lUllaring  Imiim*  were 
indulied,  that  an  *rmy  for  the  anauliig  year  would 
enawer  every  iiui|Ni*a.  A  cninmlltae  id  t'ongreaa, 
cunaiaiing  uf  Dr.  Kranklln,  Mr.  I<yneh,  •iid  Mr. 
Ilarrlaun,  ra|Mlred  to  head  i|u»rtai*  al  Caml>riilge  i 
and  there,  in  conjunction  with  Oaneral  Weahing- 
ton,  made  arrangamenta  ur  organielng  »n  eriny 
for  Ihe  year  177(1.  It  waa  preaumad  thai  theapiril, 
which  had  hiilmrio  u|ierHl*d  un  Ih*  yaonianry  ul 
Ihe  country,  would  induce  iiioal  of  the  aame  indi- 
vidiiala  to  engage  for  aiiiitlmr  twelvemiinthi  but, 
un  experiment,  it  waa  found  that  much  uftlieir  mi' 
litary  arduur  had  already  eva|N<raled.  T'le  Ural 
iinpulae  uf  paaaiun,  and  the  iiovalty  of  (he  acene, 
hid  brouglK  many  lu  the  Held,  who  had  great  ub- 
lecliuna  agaiiial  continuing  in  ihe  military  line.— 
rhev  found,  that  lo  be  aoblirri,  reipiirrd  aacrillcaa, 
of  winch,  when  they  aaaiinieil  that  character,  they 
hail  no  idea.  So  unacqualnt.^d  were  the  bulk  of  the 
(icuple  with  the  mude  of  carrying  un  modern  wuri 
(hat  aome  of  them  flaw  lo  irma,  with  Ihe  ileluaive 
ex|ieciilion  uf  aetihng  the  whulediapute,  by  a  few 
decisive  and  immediate  eiigagrinenta.  Kx|ierienca 
aoon  taught  them,  that  to  riak  life  in  a|ien  flghting 
waa  but  a  iiarl  of  a  auhlier'a  duly,  Several  »f  the 
inferior  ollicera  retired;  the  men  frequently  refuaed 
to  enlial,  uiileaaihey  were  allowed  lo  chiraae  their 
ulllccra.  (Jihera  would  nut  engage  unleaa  they 
were  indulged  with  furlnugha.  Kilty  wouM  ipfily 
together  fur  leave  of  absence;  indulgence  threiiien- 
ed  lea*  ruinoua  conaequencea  than  a  refusal  would 
probably  have  produced.  On  the  whole,  enlial- 
nienta  went  on  alowly.  Though  the  recruit*  foi 
the  new  army  had  not  ariived  ;  yel,  the  Cunnec 
licut  troopa,  whoae  time  expired  on  the  firat  uf  ])• 
ceinbei  could  nol  be  jieiauaded  lu  cuiillnue  in  aer 
vice.  On  their  way  hoiiic,  aeveral  of  them  wert 
alopped  bv  the  country  people,  and  compelled  la 
return.  When  every  thing  aeemed  lo  bee>|Miaed, 
by  the  departure  of  *o  great  a  part  uf  the  late 
army,  llm  inililia  were  called  on  for  a  leintHiraiy 
aid.  A  new  dilllculty  obalrucled,  a*  well  the  re- 
cruiting uf  the  army,  as  Ihe  coming  in  of  the  mili 
lia.  Sundry  (leraons,  infected  with  the  amall-iHix, 
were  eont  uut  uf  Huaion  and  landed  at  Point  Shir- 
ley. Such  waa  ihe  dread  uf  that  diaeaae,  that  the 
liritiah  army  ecarcely  excited  equal  terror.  So 
many  dilficultie*  lelarded  the  recruiting  aerrice, 
that  on  the  last  day  uf  the  year,  177.),  the  whole 
American  army  amounted  lo  no  mure  than  ilCJO 
men.  Of  the  rciarkable  evenia,  with  which  (he 
subaequen(  inqiorlanl  year  waa  reple(e,  it  wa*  nol 
the  least,  that,  whhin  muakei  shot  of  twenty  Hri- 
tiah  regiment*,  one  army  wa*  diabanded  and  aim- 
iher  enliated. 

All  this  lime  the  British  ironps  at  Boston  were 
suft'ering  the  inconvenience  of  a  blockade.  From 
Ihe  I'Jih  of  April,  they  were  cut  ort"  from  those 
refreshments  which  their  situation  required.  Theii 
supplies  from  Britain  did  not  reach  the  coast,  fur 
a  long  (iine after  ihey  were  expected.  Several  were 
taken  by  (he  American  cruisers,  and  other*  were 
lost  at  sea.  This  was  in  particular  the  fate  ol 
many  nf  their  coal  ships.  The  wani  of  fuel  wae 
particularly  felt,  in  a  climate  where  the  winter  i« 
both  severe  and  tedious.  They  relieved  them- 
selves, in  part,  from  their  sufl'erinits  on  this  ac- 
count, by  the  timber  of  houses,  which  they  pulled 
down  and  burnt.  Vessels  were  despatched  to  the 
West  Indies  10  procure  provisions  :  but  the  island* 
were  so  stniitened,  that  they  could  nrt'ord  lilile  as- 
sistance. Armed  ships  and  transports  were  onler- 
eil  to  (ieorgin,  with  an  intent  lo  procure  rice  :  bui 
tlie  people  of  that  province,  with  (he  aid  of  a  p:irly 
from  South  Carolina,  *u  cAeclually  op|ioicd  tlivm, 
that  of  eleven  ve*iel*,  only  two  got  <ilf  taf*  witk 


« 


I  ^ 


I 

>   f 


M 


I 


lllrtf  I •igiwa,  ll  ••■  iHil  III!  Ih>  tlnck  ul  ill*  (ur- 
tiiiin  Wilt  n«irl)  »«li>Mi<ir<l,  ilwi  ih«  irmitiiuMa 
•iiiin  Kiiitl'iiiil  'iiii-i«<l  ill'  |Hiiiiil  lliMioii,  iind  r*- 
ItfVfd  ilir  iliaiitHra  ul  llir  (|.iiti»iii. 

U  lull' llii>  iiiMi|i«  Kiihiii  iliK  liiira  wi-rii  i|i|ir» 
nrii'ivf  III  aiilli-iiiiil  liitm  w.mi  ul  |>cii«iaiiiiii,  lli> 
iri<i>i'«  •iiIkiui  Oft*  »i|iiiilly  un>ii«y  lur  wiiiu  ui 
rin|>l<iy<ii«ii>'  I'miI  la  liilmui  4111I  molinii  iiii  ili«ir 
liirii'*,  lliry  niulil  iioi  hriiiiit  ilio  iiMrilvilyiitiilriin' 
ftririiiriit  ul  H  CDinp  hl>>.  Kwrjr  •|ilr)l«  il«i  liiiiiiv<l 
II  liitiiur  iif  mi  iwMiill.  't'li*]f  |ir»lrriril  »  hiilil 
i|iirii  iif  *iii*r|irlM,  lii  ilmi  |nimi««  roillliiilii, 
wliM'li  Iwari  U|t  umUr  prtMnI  rviU.  « (ill*  II  oiiil* 
Iiii  I  >«iiunihl«  jiinciiii**.  To  ba  in  rcmlliitM  fur 
•n  •llriii|i4  i>f  lliM  kliiil.  I  eiiunvll  a(  war  rfioiii- 
M(«ihI*<I  IK  rail  In  7yM'l  inllill*  man,  Irnin  Nrw 
llKiii|ialilra  ur  Ciinnaeli  .'ill.  Till*  nuiiilivr,  iililiiil 
III  Ilia  lafllliir  Hrniv  hal'iira  Hoamn,  wniilil  lia«a 
niaila  iin  u|M>raitnii  Tirca  ofaboul  17.1)00 man. 

Tha  |iru»liii'lMU  lulmiirail  unilar  |ra«i  Inninva- 
niaiiraa  diini  ilia  want  uf  anna  anil  aniiiiunlllon..^ 
Vary  aarly  In  Ilia  conlad.  Ilia  kln|  uflirrHl  lirl- 
latn,  liy  (iriirlaniallun,  forhada  ilia  ai|Hirialliin  n( 
•arlilia  aloraa  lii  ilia  coliinlaa.  Uraal  anariliina 
hnJIwan  ina-lii  In  iiianulai'iura  talliirira  nml  (iin- 
puaiilar  1  hut  ilia  auiiiMv  wiu  alnw  uiiil  lnmlai|uiii*. 
A  a^rrrl  roiimiillaa  n(  (.'nnfiraa  linil  Itavn  niiiNiiiil' 
*<l,  villi  ainjila  |Niwar  la  My  In  a  aloik  nl  tlila  n«- 
craaary  iirlli'la.  Hum*  awilt  aalllng  vaaaala  liail 
saan  il»a|Mlrliail  lullic  rnaal  of  Alrlrn,  In  purvliaaa 
laliul  riMilil  b*  |>riM'tiri-ii  In  ilr4l  ilialiinl  ra||'*>ii'  A 
puny  I'ruiii  (Jliarlaainii  fiirrihly  lank  Rliniil  17,000 
ba.  uf  |Miwilar,  fruni  ■  vaairl  iiaar  ilia  bur  nf  Nl. 
Au(iialine,  Nnina  llm*  ahar,  Onniniiiilnra  llnp- 
kliia  alrlpiiail  I'ruvlilanca,  nna  nf  ilia  lialiama  la- 
lanila,  uf  a  'inanlllv  uf  ailillrry  ami  ainraa  i  but 
iha  whula,  |iruciirail  from  all  lliaaa  quarlara,  wiia 
far  aliurl  nf  a  aufflciancy.  In  nriirr  In  aupiily  Ilia 
now  aiiiiy  brfnia  lliialon,  willi  llianarcunry  iiieana 
if  •lel<-nc«,  an  a|i|illrallun  «na  innila  In  .Muaaarhu- 
talla fur  anna:  lull,  nn  mniiiinallnn.  ll  waa  fiiiinU 
tliHl  lliair  public  aliiraa  nlliinlril  only  !MlO.  OrtJara 
4>ia  Mauad  lo  |Hirt'biiM  lirrlonki  frum  privata  par- 
'I'na:  liul  law  hnd  any  lo  aril,  and  fawrr  would 
r  irl  Willi  tliam.  In  llie  iiionlli  nf  Kabrnaiy,  ihera 
warn  iWOO  nf  llie  Anirrinin  infantry,  who  ware 
Jaalilula  uf  arnia.  I'owdrr  waa  pqiially  acnrcr, 
•ml  yet  daily  nppliruliima  were  made  for  diviilenda 
if  llieainall  ipiunliiy  wliirli  waa  on  liniid,  fur  tlii< 
'Jeff  live  of  viiiioua  paria  llirratened  willi  invnaiun. 
The  eaalrrn  colonira  preaenled  an  iinuaiml  ainlil, 
A  iMiwrrfiil  Piiriiiy  aalely  enlrenclied  in  their  Ural 
cily,  while  11  fleet  wiia  ready  lu  tranaimit  iheni  lo 
any  |iart  uf  ihe  ruaal.  A  nunieruiia  liudy  uf  liiia- 
nuiidltien  wtia  reaoliilely  benl  on  upiMiaiiiun  i  bin 
willioiit  ihe  iiPcraaHry  arma  and  Rinniiiniliiin  for 
lelf'drfenca.  The  eveauf  all  were  lixed  on  (iene- 
ral  Waahiniitun  ;  ami  it  waa  iinrriianimbly  eaperl- 
•d,  that  he  wuulil,  by  a  buld  eaerlinn,  free  ilip 
•own  uf  Buainn  from  the  liriiiah  trooi)*.  The 
dangerouaaituatiun  of  public  all'aiia  led  him  lo 
conceal  ihe  real  ii^arcily  iifarma  nnd  Hniniuiiitiun  ; 
and,  with  that  iiiaKnaiiiiniiy  which  i«  ihiirucleiia- 
lic  n  Rreat  minda,  to  aulfer  hit  clinracler  lo  be 
nmailed,  rilher  than  vimhrale  hiliiaelf,  by  ex|Mi- 
aing  hit  many  wnnta.  There  were  not  waniing 
peraona,  who,  jud|Ein||  from  the  tujieriur  nunibera 
«f  men  in  the  American  army,  boldly  ntaerted, 
ihni,  if  ihe  commander  in  chief  were  not  deiiroua 
uf  pruliiiiKinK  Ilia  im|ioitiince  at  ihe  head  of  an 
■tiny,  he  miicht,  by  a  viKornna  trxerlion,  nam  \w*- 
teK<ioii  uf  Itotlun.  8ucli  aunKemiun*  were  TP|iurt- 
ed  !iiid  believed  by  tevcral,  while  they  were  nn- 
cnniradivled  by  ihe  general,  who  chute  In  rink  hit 
fame,  talher  than  ex|ioae  hit  army  nnd  hit  country, 

A|<rre»bly  to  the  requeit  of  the  council  uf 
Wiir.  iibuul  7000  of  the  mililia  had  lendexvouaed 
in  February,  (ieneral  Waihington  atated  to  hit 
nAiccra,  that  Ihe  Ironpa  in  camp,  lo);ellier  with 
the  leiiifurcemenla  which  had  betn  culled  fur, 
and  »  ere  daily  cuming  in,  would  amount  neiirly 
to  17,J0<)men;  that  he  hud  nut  [tuwd'tr  aufficienl 
fur  a  bombardment  ;  and  aaked  t);eir  advice, 
whether,  aa  reinforceincnti  might  bu  daily  ex- 
iicried  to  the  CDVoiy,  it  would  not  ho  prudent 
Mton  that  tfCBt  to«a  phce,  10  nuke  as  attauU 


__  TMK    HIMtORY    or 

on  III*  iUlii'il  liBKt.  Tlif  |>'u|>iM«iiiin  »*•  Mini. 
Ilvfd  I  hut  II  »>l«  ri-t'iimiiienilril  In  Ink*  |itiMP»iiiii 
of  Duii'beaivr  b'lulilt.  Tii  I'liniaal  ihia  ileaigii, 
and  In  divert  the  aii*nlliin  nl  lb*  |  irriaiin,  a  Imni 
buriiniviil  ul  ill*  Inwn  Iriiiii  ■illi*r  diri'i  lioiia  rum- 
lhr,ii.'rd,  ami  w.k  i  iriinl  on  liii  ibir*  iliiya,  wiili 
aa  iMiti  ll  bil«kiii*««  4«  ii  drlirlriil  aiitik  ul  iHiwilfr 
would  admil.  III  ibit  Itnl  eaaiiy,  ihi**  uf  ilir 
murlara  w»r«  liri)k*n,  *illi*r  Iruin  .1  iIpIviI  In  llii'ir 
i-onairuvllun,  ur,  mora  piuh,ibly,  I'rum  l|iiuruiii* 
uf  lb*  pru|i*r  moil*  uf  nainii  ib*m. 

Tba  hikIiI  uf  ilia  4lli  of  Marrh  wiit  Atad  U|Ntn 
lur  laklnn  |Niaa*niun  uf  Ikirchraler  lirialilt.  A 
rotding  parly  uf  ahoul  MJI)  man  l*d  ill*  wrty, 
Thrt*  war*  lullowad  by  1)1*  carta,  with  Ih*  in- 
lr*Mcliln(  Inula,  \'MU  uf  a  warklnf  |Mirty,  rum- 
miiiiiUd  by  I  Ieneral  Thuniut.  In  ih*  r*ar,  then- 
w*r*  mur*  than  Iwu  hiiiidii'd  raria,  luadad  wiili 
faai'inaa,  anil  hay  in  bumllet.  While  iha  r.innun 
wai*  playliitf  in  niliar  paria,  ilia  urealvtt  ailrm'* 
wua  k*|il  by  Ihl*  wurklng  parly.  Th*  arliv*  aaul- 
uftha  Indutlnuut  pruvinclalt  rumplaled  line*  uf 
delancv,  by  murning,  which  aaluniahrd  ih*  giiiri- 
aun.  The  dltfrrrnr*  liptwren  Dori'hraler  heiiihla 
un  ill*  *v«ninK  ul  llie  lih,  and  lb*  iiiurniug  ul  ih* 
Alh,  teeiiivd  lu  r**lia*  iha  lalea  uf  rumaiici>.  The 
adniiial  inlurmtd  lleiieral  lluw*,  that  if  the  .\m*- 
rican*  k*pl  puaaetiiuii  uf  lliet*  hiighla,  h*  wuubl 
nut  ba  able  lu  keep  una  uf  hit  mujaaiy'a  ahljia  In 
IIm  liaibuur.  ll  waa  therafure  determlnrd  in  n 
cuuncll  uf  war,  lu  aileiiipl  lu  dialoilae  lliam.  An 
angagemeul  waa  hourly  aa|H>oiad.  It  wua  inleml- 
ad  by  llanaral  W'aahmgiun,  in  ihiil  raae,  tu  lurre 
Ilia  way  lulu  llualun  wiih  lUUO  men,  wliu  were  tu 
have  ainbarkad  at  the  niuulh  uf  (,'anibriilge  rivrr. 
The  mililiahad  cuiua  furward  wiihgre.il  alartiieaa 
each  bringing  llirva  dayt'  pruviaiun,  in  ex|iecta' 
liun  uf  an  luimediala  ataaull.  The  man  were  in 
high  apiiiia,  and  impalienlly  wailing  loi  tha  upiieul. 
riiey  were  rrniiiided,  that  It  waa  Ihe  6\U  uf 
March,  and  were  culled  u|>un  tu  avenge  the  deuth 
uf  their  uuualrymen  killed  un  Ihal  day.  The  niuny 
amineucet  in  and  near  Ituttun,  which  nveiluukrd 
llie  gruuiid  un  which  it  wuae«|Mcled  that  ihe  cun- 
lending  |Hirliea  wuuld  engage,  were  rruwded  with 
numeruua  t|Miclalura  ;  but  (irneral  lliiwe  did  mil 
inland  tu  attack  iiiiiil  ihe  neat  day.  In  ili«  niglii, 
»  mutt  viulent  aluini,  and,  luwarda  niurning,  a 
heavy  lliiud  uf  rain,  came  un.  A  curnage  wua 
lltnt  pruvidenliully  preveiiled,  thai  would  piubably 
have  ri|ualled,  if  not  exceeded,  the  fatal  l/lli  of 
June  at  Uunker't  llill.  In  ihit  aitualion,  ii  waa 
agreed  by  the  liriliah,  in  cuuncil  uf  war,  tu  evacu- 
ate the  luwn  at  tuun  aa  |iuaaible. 

In  u  lew  d.iyt  ulirr,  u  tlug  came  nut  uf  lioatun, 
with  a  pa|)er  aigned  by  lour  aelertmi'ii,  mfuriiiiiig, 
"  thai  liiey  hud  upplled  lu  livneral  Kuberlauii,  who, 
un  utiapplicatiuu  luDeiieral  iiuwe,  waa  uulhuria- 
rd  lu  uaaure  them,  that  he  had  nu  iuleiiliun  uf 
biiriiiug  the  luwn,  unleat  ihe  lruu|it  under  hit 
Guiiimanil  were  niuleaivil,  during  their  embuicii- 
llun,  unit  their  drpurlure,  by  ihe-ariiied  furcewiih- 
uut."  W'henthia  paper  watpretenied  tulieiieral 
Wathinglun,  he  replieil,  ■■  that  at  it  wat  an  uiiau- 
llienliculed  pujier,  uiid  wilhuut  an  addrena,  and  mil 
ubilgatury  un  (Jenenil  lluwe,  he  cuuldlnke  nu  nu- 
lice  uf  it ;"  but  ul  ihe  tame  lime  intimated  hia  guud 
wiahet  fur  the  tccurily  ufthe  luwn. 

A  pruclumaliou  wut  itaued  by  (ieneral  llnwe, 
ordering  all  woollen  and  linen  guodt  lu  be  deliver- 
ed tu  Crean  liruah, Kt<|.  Shu|iawere  n|i«nedand 
alrip|i«d  uf  their  guodt.  A  licentioua  plundering 
luuk  place.  Much  wua  c:irried  ufT,  ami  mure  wut 
wanlunly  deatruyed.  Thete  irregulariliea  were 
furbidden  inurdert,  and  the  guilty  thieutened  with 
death ;  but,  uevertlielett,  gieut  niitchief  wat  cum- 
milled. 

The  liriliah,  ainuunting  lo  more  than  7000  men 
evacuuled  Hostun,  March  17lh,  I77G ;  leaving 
llieir  biirracka  atumling;  a  number  uf  piecet  uf 
cannun  tpikcd ;  fuur  lurue  iron  ai'u  mnrlart ;  and 
aiurea  tu  the  value  of  'M.iHUU.  They  deinolithed 
the  cattle,  and  knucked  iitf  the  iruninnt  of  ihe 
cannon.  Variou*  incidentacauaed  a  delay  of  nine 
daya  -.fter  iht  evacuation,  before  tbey  left  Nan- 
uakeliead. 


Tint  i<iiiliarr*iMin  w  i*  allaiiilrd  with  many  Mt 
ciMiialaiii  fa  ul  ilialr*aa  .tiid  i>mliariii<aiii>iii.  (In 
III*  dciKifiui*  III  ih*  f\*\  aiiiiv  liiiiii  llwaiiin,  • 
grr.ii  iiumlivr  ul  lb*  li,  liiiMiila,  .illai  lipil  i,.  ilwtt 
auvriri^ii,  anil  alraiil  01  piiliili'  rra*iiimenl,  iIiimM 
III  alhiniliio  ilii'ir  iiiiiiiiry.  f  ruin  lb*  gii'ui  iiiulil- 
liidi"  aliiiiii  III  dr|iii,i,  ih*r*  w.ia  Mil  piiaaililliiy  uf 
priiiuriiig  puii'b.it*rt  bir  llirir  luiinlMr*  ;  neilluii 
waa  lliei*  a  auini'l*nry  ul  vraai-la  lur  M<iiiiiii<. 
iilani  lrana|Minaiiiin.  .Mulu.il  ji',ili,iMi  .uliaiaird 
twlwarii  III*  army  and  navy  1  rarli  1  li.iinin::  iha 
utli*r  ua  Ih*  rana*  mI  ih*ii  1  uniifiun  iliaiioH.  Iha 
army  waa  full  of  .liaeuniaul.  Il*iiiliirii'iii«iiia, 
ihuughbiiigpiumiwrd.lMil  mil  arrived.  llMlliuIbi  *r« 
and  aulilii'ia,  lliunghi  lli*ma*lv*an*gl*i'ird.  Five 
muuili*  had  *la|ia*d  aiiira  lliav  had  receited  uny 
advira  ul  iheir  dftllniillun.  Want*  and  iiiiuiiva- 
iiirncea  incrraard  ihalr  ill  hiimuiir.     Tlirir  liileml- 


*d  •uyage  lu  llalilaa  anbi»rl*dlh*m  lu  gr*ui  ilau- 
gert.     Til*    cuual    *l    all    llm*t    haaiurduiia,    waa 


immineiilly  an  at  ihal  taiii|i*tinuut»i|iiliiuriial  ***• 
tun.  They  had  rttaiin  lu  frar,  thai  lli*y  wuiild 
be  blown  ulf  lu  Iba  Waal  lmli*a,  and  wlihuut  • 
auini'leul  tluck  uf  priivialiimt,  Th*y  were  alt«> 
giiing  tu  a  liiiirvn  cuunlry.  Tu  add  lu  Ihrir  diflt 
I'liliira,  ihia  dangeruii*  viiyngr,  when  cuiiipleled 
wua  iliri'i'lly  tu  niurli  mil  nf  llieir  wiiy.  Their 
biiameaa  lay  lu  III*  aiiuiliward  i  nnd  1  liey  were  guiiig 
niirlhwaid.  tlinler  all  Iheae  iliincnlllea,  imd  Willi 
ull  tlieaa  gluuiny  prniwi'l,  the  llepl  ■Imril  fui 
lluhfux.  Cunlrurf  (i>  ap|i*uriinrpa,  l|ii>  tuyiig^ 
Ibilhar  wat  liuili  aliuii  and  pruaperuiia.  They  r» 
iiialncd  lh*re  tome  lime,  walling  fur  rrinluica 
iiienii  and  inalrucliunt  Iriiiii  Knglaiid. 

When  the  luyal  Itvtt  and  army  depirled  frum 
Itualun,  a*v*rul  Bhi|M  wne  lell  behind,  Ini  ihn 
prulecliun  uf  vettela  ciiiiimg  frum  Knglaiid  1  but 
Ihe  American  firivulrera  were  au  alnrl,  lliul  ihey 
neverlhelatt  made  iiiuiiy  priaea.  .Sum*  uf  ihe 
vetaflt  which  Ihey  captured,  were  hideii  with  iif  iiia 
and  warlike  tluret.  .Sume  iraiia|Hirla,  wi  t>  <Hi|ia 
un  buurd,  were  aliai  lukeu.  Tlieae  hud  n  iinu 
the  hurbuiir,  nut  kiinwiiig  that  the  plutr  wuaevuiu- 
aled.  The  buula  empluyed  in  Ih*  rmbuikuliuii  uf 
the  liriliah  truu|M,  hud  acurce  eumpleli-il  lh"ir  bu 
aineaa,  when  lii'nrral  Wathinglun,  with  hia  uriiiv, 
murcliPil  Inlu  llualun,  lie  wua  ipcpivpiI  wiili 
iiiuikt  uf  apprnbuUuii  mure  llulleriiiK  lliuii  lliii 
|Kiin|Hi  uf  u  Iriiiiiipli.  The  inhaliiluula,  ri'leuanl 
irum  the  aevrriliet  ul  u  garrluin  life,  uml  fiiiiii  iha 
vuriuut  indigiiiliet  lu  wlmli  iliry  were  aiilijrrU'd, 
hulled  him  at  their  deliverer,  '1  he  evuciiulinii  nf 
llualun  hud  been  prvviiiualy  delprmiiied  ii|Hin,  by 
the  Itriiiah  miniairy,  Iriiin  principle*  uf  puliilcul 
ex|H'dieiicy.  Ilriiig  reanlved  lu  cuiry  un  lliu  war, 
fur  piirpiiaet  alli'ciing  ull  the  culuniea,  lliey  niu> 
crivi'd  u  cenliul  (Hmiiiuii  tu  be  preleriible  lu  llua- 
lun. I'ulicy  uf  this  kind  hud  iiidui  ed  the  uduiili  in 
uf  the  mi'uture  ;  but  the  American  vurktun  Ki  %• 
bury  ex|>cdiled  ila  executlun 


CIIAI'TKR  XII. 

llie  Pmcpeilinna  of  Ptrliamml,  afalii>l  llit  rulnnlra 
I77i-ll;  lliwraliuiia  in  Muulb  l.'arijliiia.  New  I'liik,  and 
New  Jerai-y. 

Tlir.  uperuliunt,  carried  on  nguiiiil  Itir  iinileit 
coloniea,  in  the  yeur  177^),  were  uduplrd  lu  i.utot 
uf  criminal  cumbinuliun,  among  aiilijerla  not  ir 
nrma.  The  inililary  nrrangemenia  fur  thai  year, 
were  iherel'ure  made  nn  lliuiileu  uf  u  Iriflliig  aildi- 
liun  tu  a  peace  etiubllahinenl.  ll  wua  either  nu 
known,  that  u  inujuriiy  of  the  Americana  had  dn- 
tetinined  to  retiat  ihe  iwiver  of  (irrut  llriluin. 
rulher  ihun  aiibniil  lu  the  cueiclve  luwa,  ur  ll  waa 
nut  believed  lliul  they  had  apirit  aiillirienl  lu  uc, 
in  cunl'uriiiily  tulhat  determinutiun.  The  |iiii|ien- 
aily  in  hiimuii  nature,  lu  believe  lliul  to  be  iriic. 
which  ia  wialivd  lu  be  au,  had  deceived  the  luynl 
tervanta  in  Amciicu,  uml  the  llrilish  miniairy  in 
Kngland,  au  fur  aa  lu  iiidnre  their  genetal  belief 
that  a  determined  tpirit  un  the  pun  of  guvein- 
nieut,  and  a  few  ihuuaand  trun|ia  to  aiip|iur(  tllll 
deunninMioo,  would  mi Uy  coid(iom  ihe  irouUet 


III 

/Vlll 
M'llH 

kll.. 

M  I. 

t. 

." 

•ViK 


NORTH    4MBRICA 


Irtl  I'rniii 
I,  I'oi  ill* 
llllll  I  lull 
liiil  ilii*^ 
«  III  III* 
kIiIi  iif  III* 

)'     <><i|i* 

n  iiiiii 

Hai-vrfcii- 

kiiliiiiiiir 

lll«ir  liii 
iiriiiy, 

I  Willi 

III  llin 
IfH^nl 
Voiii  III* 
ji-rlrcl, 
lull  III* 
Mill.  Iiy 
iiililinil 
ho  wur, 

IPV    lull' 

i>  lion- 
liijiiiin 

II  K>v 


iiiiiieft 
II  (.linn* 

mil  ii: 
»{  yo^ir, 
K  liilill- 
i«-r  iiu 

ml  iln- 
llritiiin. 

it   WH« 
III  ilC. 

iiii|i«n- 
p  Iriie, 
iii.vm 
i«irv  in 
lit'lJPl' 

UVPIII- 

rt  tlvit 
roubiM 


III  <\iiH>rH'«.  'I'lKir  miliiiiry  M|Mi>iiM»n«,  in  ili* 
yiMii  ln>V  i»tr  llKrulorii  viil«iiliti«ii  iin  ili*  tmill 

•  I  lllMlllalM  ll||llll'lllllgl)lll  I  l>ll|KI««l,l<Mllll<ll  DM  lIlP 

killl>'  Hilt  ui  l»»i«iiHg  4tii  u(^  iiiiMil  utiiiy.  'riiiiuuli 
M  Kil  livyii  ilvil.aiiil  by  |MtlMiii«iii  III  K'hruiiry, 
I  III.  Ill'll  I  Irlil'llhMi  rtulml  In  M  i»il>  llUMIU, 
««l  l(    »il<  llcri     ll'til'\>    I     lllill    ill*     tilliMIMU  Willi  III 

(lifi*  l>tt  idirl  iliiMr  ii|i|ittailiiiii liy  tin  tirtiiPtl  Inn  p. 

'I'Ik  ti<i«tiiir*  iiMil*  liy  III*  niiliiii  ul  liXiii^ 
Inii.ilio  I  iiiia<'i|ii»iii  iiiiliiarji  »ri«n|*iH*iil<  ii|ii|iiP'l. 
lii.i  li>  ,M«4i,u  liiiapiii,  mill  .iiivrvunl*  hi  I'liiifiKu, 
lii^pliin)  Willi  ilip  iIpIpiic*  uI  Itiiakir'*  nilliitll  i^iin- 
•|iiiril  III  |i(i>««  iImI  ill*  AiiMilcan*  w*ra  Cxr  Iruiii 
.••■iiiHi'iiiiiiMii|ilililii  uUviraurif*.  'I'll*  njllun,  llml 
iii||  iKcll,  Hif  u  dual  |iriiHi*ui<>n  ul  III*  liHliii|<|iy 
iIkimii*,  iMtiilvtil  In  II  cl«il  wiiri  wii«  ruiiii<'il  li>  i« 
riillpiliiiii  'rtiiiii|li  MUftiil  ciir|Niiiil*  IiihIIp*,  itnil 
•iiiiilry  illnllii||Ui<lipil  imiIkiiIuiiI*  In  (irviti  Itriuin 
wvr*  U|i|ii><ipi|  III  iiivri  mu  iiivixnip*,  yrl  llirr*  wj« 
RiiMjiiiiiy  lor  |Hii<'Pviliii||.  'I'll*  |iriil*  Mflhrniiiliin 
wii*  iiiitrKiPii  III  liiiiiililiiiii  ih*  I'oliMiiai*.  wIhi  hitil 
iliifpil  III  r>  lUI  ilip  |iiiw*r  wliirli  lh«l  lutaly  irliiiiipli- 
r>l  iivpr  iUp  i'iiiiiKiiipiI  I'lirip  ul  t'tiiiir*  iHiil  S|n*ln. 
Tlin  |iru<|i«cl  ul  li'PlMK  llinr  •iwii  r<liil««  friim  ii 
|i>irl  III  lliv  lip.ivy  >i«p<  I  li.ir^t'il  iliprriiii,  IniluiPil 
niiiiiliPM  III  llxr  [.iiiilril  kpihIpiiipii  III  llrP4il  llrlhiiii 
III  •ii|i|iuil  lli<-  •HUP  iiiv.ianrra,  'I'lipy  tuiitPiifPil 
lllPi'iiprrliiii  III  lliP  riiliiiiK'*  In  llP  llm  lyiual  ilirpcl 
Itiiiilii  ^^apl'llllll^  llipir  ciiiilnliiiliiiii  liiw.irila  aliik- 
lii{  lliP  II cilliiiiiil  ilrlil.  Ii  lliiPiiipil  liy  ihpa*  <i|il- 
nitiiid.  llii-y  mil  iiiily  jiiallllnl  lli*  uilit|iliuii  ol'iliiiir- 
cua  iiiPiiaiiiiw,  Inn  I'lipprliilly  riMiaPiiU'il  In  iirpacnl 
tililillniiiil  l,iiip»,  Willi  iliPiiiiii*  a|ilril  wliirli  inilii- 
Cfa  liiiii.uiia  III  |iri«  II*  lilp,  III  iiiKuiir*  nioiipy  liir 
liirwiiriliiiit  II  luwBiiil,  Itiiiii  llip  iPMiihulInn  ulwliti'li 
grpiil  |irullla  iiip  u«|ipiti''l. 

Iiiiiil  NnrillillM'|iriii  <  iiilnlatariirEngliinil,  nnit- 
Inii  liiiiiii'll  aiiiiiiiiripil  liy  an  iiiiiny  powprliil  iiile- 
ri"<la,  w;ia  Piii'iiiiriiKnIlii  |irnc«pil.  11*  hml  iilrpiily 
•uliiliiPil  *  |inwriliil  imriv  in  the  vity  nl'  l<iinilon, 
uiiil  liluiii|>liPil  n«pr  III*  kiial  liiiliii  cniiipiiny.  Tile 
•iiliiiiKainn  ul  ill*  I'liloiiipa  wiia  only  wiiniinK  In 
:uiii|ili'lp  iliP  iilury  nl' lila  iiiliiiiiilairHlinn.  I'rpvl- 
nil  ami  I'aa  riiiliiililpiipil  liiin  In  illt*iii|il  til*  irilll- 
una  liiiaiiipaa.  Ilii  IliillriPil  liliiiapll,  llmt  ih*  If- 
cnin|iliHliiiii>iil  III  II  wiiiilil  lint  nnly  rpaliir*  ppnc*  In 
tliii  I'liiiMin,  Inn  Kivp  nliiilliiiiii'y  In  lila  naiiip,  Ciir 
eiki'i'Piiiiiil  lliiil  uriuiyuriiia  (irpiluceaauri, 

Sinliwia  llm  iriiiiMir  III'  ii  itreiil  |Mrl  ol'  the  nn- 
'.Inii.iiiiilaiii'h  III*  iiiiiiiiiinua  vipwa  ul  it*  priiii*  inin- 
Utpr  i  when  the  iMrliniiieiit  wii*  cnnvpiicil,  un  the 
:j|iliul  Itciolipr,  177>V  In  the  iiwei'h  Irnin  the 
ihiinip,  iiipal  voiiiiiUlnii  were  inmle  orilin  leuilen 
in  llieriiiiiiiipa,  whuwer*  •nlil,  by  their  iniarP|ire- 
tpiiliiliniia.  In  liiive  Infuaeii  inlii  the  inindt  of  ihe 
i|p|iii|p<lniulliliiil*.nplnln>t«reiiU(nanttolh(irei>n- 
Biitiiiiuiiiil  atiburiliniilion  ;  nnii  aAprwHril*  In  liavo 
liriiK'Pilpil  In  ihei'nniinencfinrninf  hnalllitiei,  and 
■  III*  iiaiii|iiitiiMi  nfllir  whnle  |M>wpra  uf  govrmmenl. 
Ilia  iimjpaly  ilan  I'liiiriieil  liiaaulijrcl*  in  Am*rkB> 
wi'li  ■■  iiiPiiiiinK  only  in  nmiiap,  liy  vngiie  exprea- 
ainiia  nriillrrlnnrKl  to  the  parenl  alnte,  while  th*y 
wi'rn  prpp.ii  iiK  I'ur  ii  generHl  revolt."  Anil  he 
riirllii'i  ii«airlpil,  ••  ihiit  the  rrbelllniia  wiir  now 
IpvipiI  liy  iliPin  wua  becnine  more  i{pnpr»l,  niitl 
ir.nnilpaily  nirrieil  un  I'ur  the  piiiiinaeol'eatnlillah- 
)  IK  nil  iiiili'ppntluni  Pinpir*  ;  hihI  tlinl  il  hnil  bo- 
I'iniip  (III-  piirl  III'  wiailnin,  nnil,  in  ila  elTecti,  of 
i'li*iiii>iii'y,  III  jiiil  II  apppily  nnil  lu  Iheae  dianider*, 
by  tin-  iiiiinl  ilpcHivHPxnrlinna," 

Inruriiiiuiun  w»a  iiIhu  ){ivpn,  thnt  "  thn  moit 
fripiiilly  uH'pr*  ol'  lurpign  naaittiince  had  been  ro- 
ceiveil  ;  und  I  lint  hia  iniijealy'a  electoral  troop* 
were  ai-iit  In  the  fiarrlaon  of  (lihrnllnr,  and  Port 
Mxlihu,  ill  nriler  ihiit  ii  liiriie  number  nf  the  Piliib- 
lithcd  lurrea  uf  the  kiiiK'luin  niiiihl  be  npplied  to 
Ihe  niiiinlennnoe  uf  lla  niiihuriiy."  The  aeverily 
oftheaenaaprtiunawatmill^nleit  by  thiMtecluriilion, 
'>  lli.il  wlipii  ilie  iiiihiippy  mid  delinli'd  nniltilude, 
auiiinat  wlioiii  tlila  lore*  ahould  be  diiected,  would 
bi-cniiin  aviiaible  of  their  error,  hia  niajeaty  would 
be  reiiily  to  ri-ceivo  the  mialcd  with  tenderneai  nnd 
mercy  ;"  and  "  that  to  prevent  inconvenieucea,  he 
ahniilil  (live  nuthorily  to  certain  persona  un  the 
•pot,  tn  grant  general  or  particular  pardoiia  and 
indomiiitiei  toiuch  aa  ihouM  b«rli»posed  to  return 


Ml  Ihair  allaaiaiM*."     Th*  **nlini«nia  paprpaaad    iililig>d  In  a*r«*  *«  «  «ili«*ni  and  iImI  *»m\ttUHt^ 
in  Ihi*  *|i**t'n,  iiNal  ih*   h*4«y  t  harnaa  lh*l«in  IuhI    r4pli>pa  in  liPar  uriii*.   *('iinal  ll)*li   f*mill*4,  tklM' 


agaliMl  ih*  rnlnnwla,  wet*  rp  *•  linpil  in  aililrraaaa 
Iw  III*  king  liiiMi  tiiili  huiiai'a  III  parliaiiiaiii,  lull  mil 

•  libuMl  a  apiivlipil  pruiaal  in  lli*  liinia*  ul  lunl*. 
In  llila,  iiiiiPK'Pn  dMM*nliMX  ihrnilivra  laapiird  ill* 
AiiiPiif  an  War  In  ti*  "  niijnal  Hid  iiii|hiIiiiii  in  lit 
ptliiclpl*a,  and  lalal  in  ila  i'una*i|iirnrpa.  '  Tliay 
alaii  iIpi  laipil,  Itial  llipy  i  iiiiiti  mil  i  ntiapiit  to  an 
aililrraa,  "wlinli  iiiiflit  iIpi  «|«*  lila  iiiajaaly  and 
Ih*  piililli  liiln  »  IipIipI  nl  ill*  runDileni*  ul  lll»lr 
linua*  III  III*  pipaput  iiiiniaura,  who  hrtd  dla(rar*d 
p»rlMiii*ui  I  d*i'*i«»d  ih*  nation  I  loal  ill*  culu 
Mi*a  i  and  invulvtd  il>«ni  In  t  alvil  war  »|aln*t 
ilipir  (l*iir**l  lnt*r»«ia,  and,  U|Nin  ill*  iiiimi  un- 
jiiaiillabl*  Hrnnnda,  wiiiiiunly  a^tilllnii  iha  bluud 
III  iliiiuaiind*  ul  llitir  lallnw  siihjprla." 

Tha  awnviinn  uf  p*rllani«ni  baing  ublalnad  fur  a 

•  i(urinia  prna«riiiiun  iit  th*  Ainpiliaii  war,  aall- 
iiialaalnr  III*  public  arrvli'*  w*raa|r**d  i«.  nniha 
ld*a  ul  u|H>ralln(  againal  tha  rnbini**,  aa  ta  Un»- 
III*  ariii*d   luraign  |Hiwur.     Tn  Ihi*  pmiI.    it  wiia 

vitiad  la  einpluy  UN.INMI  apaiii nxl  •U.IMIfl  land 

lurt'aa  I  and  aiilhnrliy  waa  giti'ii  in  engage  fur- 
•Ign  infrtanailaa.  No  iiiiiiiali>  Iml,  In  any  pre- 
ceding  war,  eaerled  ihaiiiapltpa  iiiuii-  in  pmant  iiIh 
lilllilary  n|H*iHtMiii*  agalnal  alipii  iiii'iiiira,  ihuii  the 
preaant,  lninak*lh*  vnaiiing  raiii|i.ii  jii  dpi  i«l«»  of 
III*  diapnip,  bplwppu  ih*  iiiullipr  roiinlry  wmI  Ih* 
culunipa.  On*  Ugialaliv*  art  wa<  "till  wanling, 
lu  giv*  full  Plltiaey  in  the  inlpnilpil  pniaacullun  uf 
liuaiihiiaa.  Tlila  waa  brnughl  Inlu  parliuiiKiil,  in 
a  bill  inlardleling  all  trad*  and  IntPrcuurap  wilh 
lha  ihirlean  united  cubinlPa,  ,Nii«.  ■,il)ih,  I'm.V  liy 
it,  all  pro|i*ily  of  AniPricana,  whrihrr  uf  ahip*  ur 
guud*  un  ihn  high  Miia,  ur  in  harbuur,  waa  de- 
clared "(»  b*  fiirl'ejr«<l  tu  lha  caplora,  being  the 
iiincar*  and  crawa  ul  hIa  niajpaly'a  ahl|i*  uf  war." 
It  farther  enacted,  ■■  ilml  th*  in  taura,  Gr*w«  and 
oth*r  iMrauna  fuund  on  board  capturtd  American 
vesaela,  aliould  be  entpfed  on  buard  hia  iiia)eal«'* 
veaaala  nl  war,  and  ther*  considered  lu  be  in  hia 
iiiajesly'a  aervice,  lo  all  intenta  and  pui|Miaea,  aa 
if  lliev  had  entered  uf  Iheir  own  accord."  Tliia 
bill  alau  uulhurisad  lha  rruwu  lu  apitoint  enmniia 
siunara,  who,  over  and  above  granting  parduna  to 
individuila,  were  empowered  tu  "lni|uir«  inlu 
general  and  particular  grievances,  and  lo  daier- 
mine  whether  any  colony,  or  part  of  a  culuny,  hud 
returned  lo  that  state  of  obedience,  which  might 
entitle  It  tn  be  received  within  ihe  king'*  |>e  ice  und 
protection."  In  that  caae,  upon  a  decluruliun  from 
Ihe  commissioners,  ••  the  reslriclions  of  the  pru- 
|ioapd  law  were  tn  ceaae." 

It  will  (aid  In  favour  of  ihia  bill,  "  ihal  a*  the 
American*  were  already  Ini  atate  of  war,  ll  became 
necessary  thai  hosiilillea  ahuuld  be  carried  on 
agaliiit  itieni,  aa  waa  usual  agalnal  alien  eneinlea ; 
that  the  mure  vignruualy  and  extensively  niililury 
o|icratiuns  were  prnaeculed,  the  sooner  would  peace 
•nd  order  be  restored  ;  that  us  ihe  cuinmiaaiunera 
went  out  wilh  the  sword  in  one  hand,  and  lermaof 
concili'jiion  in  the  other,  it  was  in  the  power  of 
the  cnlnnlata  to  prevent  the  infliction  of  any  real 
or  apparent  aeverities.  In  the  proposed  alatute." 

In  npimaition,  it  waa  said,  "  that  Healing  Ihe 
Ameiicana  aa  a  foreign  nation,  waa  chalking  out 
the  way  fur  their  Independence."  One  member 
ubaerved,  thai  as  the  indlacriminate  rapine  of  pro- 
|ierly  authorised  by  the  bill,  would  oblige  the  colo- 
nists lo  coalesce  as  one  man,  its  title  ought  lo  be : 
"  A  bill  fur  carrying  mnte  elfeclually  into  execu- 
tion the  resolves  of  Congreaa."  The  clause,  for 
vesting  the  property  of  the  seizures  in  the  captors, 
was  reprobated  us  lending  to  extinguish  in  the 
breasts  ofaenmen  Ihe  principleaof  patriotism  ;  of 
national  pride  and  glory  ;  and  to  substitute  in  their 
ruom,  habits  of  cruelty,  of  pirucy  and  robbery. 
Uut  of  all  iiarta  of  lliis  bill,  none  waa  so  severely 
condemned  .is  that  clauae,  by  which  iiersons, 
taken  on  board  the  American  vessels,  were  indis- 
criminately compelled  lo  serve  aa  common  aailnrs 
in  Uritish  ihi|M  of  war.  This  was  said  lo  be  "a 
refineinent  of  tyranny  worse  than  death."  It  was 
alao  aaid,  "  that  no  man  could  bo  despoiled  of  hi* 
I  goodi  u  •  Ibreign  enamyi  aod  it  the  nme  liiw 


liPil.liii'uila  and  iuunli>,  and.  allpf  hving  |ilunil*f> 
ail  lliPiiiaplvxa,  li>  li«i  uiiiP  ll  I'liiiiiilirva  In  |ililnil»r* 
Ing  ilieii  lirpihivri,  w  lannasiiuiplpd,  p«r*|ii  tnorf 
pifiilps.  lliP  uiillawa  and  piipnii'anl  liniiian  aiirialV 
Tn  all  iliea*  liii|li  cliargea  lli*  iiiinMr)!  r*|di*« 
"  that  III*  ui***ui«  w  M  an  acl  >il  gia«a  and  LtinMr  i 
lui,"  aaiil  lli*y,  "  ill*  rr>wa  ul  Anienraii  vsaanlst 
Inalpail  ,11  Iwiiig  pul  lu  lUalli,  Hip  Ip^iiI  puiilabiiwiil 
ul  llipir  d*iii>iila.  a*  iiallura  and  r«li«la.  ar*  by  till* 
law  lu  b*  raisd  un  lli*  kiug'a  buuka.  andlrsaipd  «« 
if  ilipy  w*r*  un  th*  sain*  •uailing  wiih  a  graai  btidy 
uf  hi*  iiMisI  usalul  nnd  iaillilul  sulilcvla."  ll  w*« 
alau  aaid,  "  illal  lliair  |My  and  ainuluniants,  in  the 
•pivir*  uf  their  Uwlul  aut*r*igii,  wmihl  b*  t  cum- 
lieuaainin  fur  all  scruplaa  ihal  niiglil  an**  Ire  .11  the 
*ui>|Hi**d  vinlallun  ul  titair  prlniiipl**." 

In  ih*  iHugr*a«  uf  th*  d*b*l**  un  ihl*  kill 
liird  Manaliald  il*clai*d,  "Ihallh*  i|itp*iluna  u( 
iiilglnal  right  and  wrong  waia  nu  lunyar  in  b* 
cunai.l*r*d  |  thai  ihay  were  (ngagad  In  a  wai,  and 
iiiiiai  ua*  their  uiniuat  allnrta  tu  nhi*in  ih*  •iida 
pru|Hi**d  by  II  |  thai  th*y  niual  pillier  Aglil  or  lie 
piirauadt  and  Ihut  llm  Jtisflcr  uf  ill*  pans*  inuti 
giv*  way  In  th*  pr***nl  siinallun  "  F*rlia|ie  no 
aiii'pch,  in  ur  nut  »f  |NtrliHin*nl,  ii|ipr'tt*d  ninr*  *(• 
Ipuaivply  »n  ih*  lrrllat*d  minds  uf  ih*  enlmilsU 
than  tins  un*. 

The  grsat  ablllila*  and  prufnund  legal  know- 
Ipdga  ol  bird  Manaliald,  wara  biith  knuwn  and  ad- 
mired in  America.  Thai  Ihia  illusirluiis  urarle 
uf  law  shuuld  declare  fruin  th*  a*al  uf  Uglalii- 
linn,  ■■  Ihal  the  lustir*  uf  th*  caua*  was  nu  lun- 
l(*r  to  b*  r*garilpd,"  *xcli*d  Ih*  H*lnniahin*nl, 
•ltd  c*in*nled  the  union  uf  the  rulnnisis.  A 
number  of  lurds,  as  usual,  entered  a  spirited  |>m- 
teat  agalnal  th*  bill  1  but  it  was  carried  by  a  (real 
inajnrily  In  buth  houses  uf  parliament,  and,  tVr. 
Ul,  177/1,  received  the  ruyal  aaaeiil. 

Thia  law  arrived  in  the  culnnies  in  Marrh,  1770, 
Th*  elfects  resulting  fiuin  it  were  smh  as  hwi 
been  piedicted  by  ila  u|i|iuaprs.  It  not  only  uni- 
Ipil  llin  cnlnnips  in  rcaialiiiu  Ureal  liritaiii,  bill 
prnduced  n  lavuiirable  npiiiinn  nf  intle|MiiMlenee  la 
the  inindauf  ihuiisunds,  wliu  prevluusly  reprubi- 
led  that  measure,  ll  was  cunsiiUred  friim  N*w 
ilanip*hire  lu  Uenrgia,  as  a  legal  diacliurge  fmm 
nllegiancelu  Iheir  netiv*  suvereign.  What  w«a 
wanling  lo  prudnce  a  decided  inajnrily  of  the  nnr 
ly  fui  breaking  uil  all  cnnnexiun  with  Ureal  Urt 
lain,  waa  •iHiedily  obtained  from  the  Iriilalion  •(• 
cited,  by  ijie  hiring  of  foreign  lrnn|n  In  Agin  againit 
the  culoniats.  Thia  ineuaure  was  nearly  culncideni 
with  the  ralillcalion  of  the  prohihitor*  law  j  isl 
mentioned  ;  and  intelligenc*  of  buth  arrived  in  lb<» 
colonies  about  the  same  lime. 

The  treaties,  which  had  been  lately  eonrluded 
with  the  landgrave  of  lleaae  Casael,  lha  dl«k*  of 
llrunawick,  und  Ihe  hereditary  prince  of  lltsM 
Casael,  for  hiring  their  triinpa  lo  the  kingufOrtU 
r.rltuin,  to  he  pinplnyed  in  the  American  serviea, 
being  laid  before  the  house  of  commons,  n  motion 
was  made  thereon  for  referring  them  to  the  cum- 
luillee  of  supply.  This  occasioned  ■  very  inip 
resting  debate,  on  ihe  propriety  nf  einplnying  fu 
reign  iroo|ia  against  tha  Americans.  The  mea- 
sure was  supfMirted  nn  the  necessity  of  prnsecu 
ling  the  war,  nnd  the  impracticability  ol  raising  a 
sulhcient  number  of  domestic  levies.  It  was  alao 
urged,  "  that  foreign  trou|M,  inspired  with  the 
inililary  maxims,  ami  ideas  nf  implicit  siibmiaslnn, 
would  beleaa  npl  lo  be  biased  by  ihal  falae  lenity, 
which  native  aoldieri  might  indulge,  at  the  expeiue 
of  national  interest."  ll  waa  asked  :  "  are  we  to 
sit  Mill  anil  sulTer  an  unprovoked  rebellion  to  trr- 
niinate  in  the  formation  ofan  independent  hostile 
empire !"  "  Are  we  to  suH'er  our  colonies,  the 
object  ol  great  national  expense,  and  of  two  bloody 
wars,  to  be  lost  for  everto  us;  and  given  away  to 
stran<(ers,  from  a  scruple  of  employing  foreigo 
trou|>s  lo  preserve  our  just  rights  over  coloniea 
for  which  we  have  paid  so  dear  a  purchase  F  Aa 
the  Americans,  by  refusing  Ihe  obedience  and  tax- 
es of  subjects,  deny  themselves  to  be  a  part  of  tha 
Brltiah  empire,  and  make  ihenuetvat  foielgnara 


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THK   HISTORY  Or 


hMi  >iprmM  whk  high  M«m  af  Briibh  praw- 
•M  lati  bnvtrjr,  llMjr  wtit  ■nprtlwmWt  iImi  ihi 
fell  wouM  b«  tlihai  •II«mm  or  pMMtii,  mnI  ihm 
ilMjr  ihouM  Im  aallad  le  Imnwdlai*  •eOnn,  TIk  y 
wtrt  nnioiMd  In  ih*  virliiut  Umllnf  |>Imm  mi  i 
CharlMiea,  imi  ihctr  rwiiluilun  »*«  Aitd  to  in«(  I 
ibo  tavmloni  *i  ih«  wMtr'i  eilit.  mil  illtpnl*  tiny 
ImK  of  grouwl,  iruMlni  Iht  tv«nt  to  httttn. 

Bjr  iho  rtpnlw  of  ihl*  urtniiiMnt,  (ho  louilioni 
MMM  obiakntii  ■  rttplM  fVam  iht  ealMmlilM  of 
war.  Air  iwo  Mara  and  a  half.  Tha  dafeai  iho 
Briilah  mmi  wiih  at  Chariatlon,  aaamad  In  aniiM 
niMMvrt  10  aeaiHoikalanfla  iha  unibf ourabia  Ini- 
praaalaa,  mada  b*  ihalr  aiibaaaaaul  aueeaiaaB,  la 
Iha  ■enkwani.  Thraaghout  iha  wbola  rammKr, 
and  lUI  iha  elaaa  of  Iha  jtaar.  Conaraaa  liad  llilla 
t^  Ihan  iha  viaiaiy  on  Snillvan'a  laland,  lo  eno' 
aola  Ibam  undariha  *arioiia  afaanallons.  rairaaii, 
aad  dafeaia,  la  whieh.  aa  ihall  haraaAar  ba  rotaiad, 
Ihalr  armlaa  vara  obllgad  lo  anbmh.  In  avtry  olliar 
|ianaf  Iha  union.  Tha  a*  am  of  iha  aapadiilon  eon- 
iribiilad  graailjr  loaatabllah  ihaeauaa,  whIeh  ll  waa 
Imandad  lo  o*artai.  In  oppoaiilon  lo  iho  bold  aaaar- 
ilona  ofaoma,  and  Iha  daapandlnn  faara  ofoihera, 
aiptrlanea  provad  Ihat  Amarlea  mif  hi  alTaclualljr 
raala*.  a  Brlilah  Aaai  and  armv.  Thoaa  who,  IVoin 
lotaradad  mollvaa,  abatiad  ina  mjral  Rovammeni, 
aahamad  of  ihair  oppotlilon  lo  Ilia  alruiglM  of  an 
InAioi  paopla  far  Ihalr  daaraal  righia,  railriHl  Into 
abaeuilly. 

Tha  aflbcu  of  ihia  vlaiory,  In  animating  tha 
Amarleana,  wara  mueh  graatar  than  aonM  ba  war> 
rantad  by  tha  cirevmaianeaa  of  tha  aellon.  A*  it 
waa  Iha  flrat  altaab  mada  by  tha  Briilab  naty,  lla 
nnaaeaaaafnl  laaua  Inaplrad  a  cnnAdanca,  which  a 
more  aaaei  knowledge  of  military  ealeulatlona 
wonM  hare  eonaciod.  The  eiroumtianee  cf 
iu  happening  In  tha  early  part  af  Iha  war,  and  In 
one  of  Iha  weaker  nroVineee,  were  happily  in- 
atrumeatol  in  diepellini  the  gloom  which  over- 
ahadowed  the  minda  of  many  of  tha  eolanhia,  on 
hearing  of '.he  powarAil  fleet*  and  niinierou*  ar 
mlea  whiob  were  coming  again*!  them. 

The  eommand  of  the  force,  which  waa  de«lKnei 
to  operate  againai  New  York  in  ihl*  eam|micn 
waa  liven  to  admiral  lord  Howe,  and  hi*  bntthfii 
air  William,  ofllcera  who,  a*  well  from  their  por> 
aonal  eharaelera,  aa  the  known  bravery  of  liieii 
Aimily,  Mood  high  in  the  confldemte  of  the  Oriiiah 
nation.  To  Ihi*  •ervice,  wa*  allotted  a  vpry  unw. 
erful  army,  eonaiaiing  of  about  30,000  men.  Thi* 
force  waa  far  auperlor  to  any  thing  thai  America 
had  hitherto  aeen.  Tlia  troop*  were  amply  pro- 
vided with  anillery,  military  Mora*,  and  warlilie 
materiala  of  every  kind  i  and  wera  mpporteil  Ity  a 
numerona  fleet.  Tha  admiral  and  general.  In  ml- 
diiion  to  their  military  powen,  wera  appointed 
eomrol**lonera  for  raMorIng  peace  lothe  colonle*. 

Ueneral  Howe,  having  in  vain  waited  two 
montha  at  Hallfa*,  for  hi*  brother,  ami  iheea|>i><t- 
ed  nlnforaemeiila  fram  Eniland.  impatient  itf  fur 
Iherdelaya,  aailed  ftom  thai  harbour,  with  the 
force  which  ba  had  pravioualy  commanded  in  Bin- 
ton,  and  diraciing  hi*  couna  towani*  New  Yitil-. 
arrived  In  Iha  latter  end  of  June,  otrSaiHly  Hunk 
Admiral  lord  Howe,  with  part  of  the  reiiifiirt^H 
ment  from  England,  arrived  ai  Halifax,  auoii  iiiifi 
hi*  brother'*  depenure.  Without  droppiiiK  »nr.  Iiot 
he  followed  and  Joined  him  near  Staien  IhIhimI 
The  Britiah  general,  on  hia  approach,  found  Kvrr) 
part  of  New  York  laland,  and  the  moil  ex|Ntiii>i. 

Earta  of  Long  Uland,  fortifled  and  well  defended 
y  artillery.  About  AAy  Britiah  troniiHirt*  an- 
cnond  near  Staten  Uland,  which  had  not  been  mo 
much  the  object  of  attention.  The  inhabiiaiiti 
theraof,  either  fram  fear,  policy,  or  aAeotinn,  ex- 
preieed  graai  joy  on  the  arrival  of  the  royal  force* 
Oenent  Howe  wera  there  met  by  Tryon,  lain  gov 
ernorof  the  province,  and  by  several  of  the  toy' 
aliata,  who  had  taken  rafuge  with  him,  in  an  armed 
veaael.  He  waa  alao  joined  by  about  aixtv  per- 
eone  from  New  Jeney ;  and  801)  of  the  inliablianla 
of  Staten  Idand  were  embodied,  a*  a  royiil  militia. 
From  Ihaae  appearance*,  grant  hope*  wera  indulg- 
ed Ihat  aa  aoon  aa  the  army  waa  in  a  condition  ta 
paaainua  loto  tha  oonaiijr,  and  piotact  iIm  lafil. 


On  ika  athar  iMa,  tha  maaann  waa  aavaraW 
landamaad,  Tha  ■aaaariiy  af  tha  war  waa  dani- 
ad,  and  Iha  nallaa  waa  NMaaaniad  aa  diagraoed 
by  applyhig  la  ika  pally  priaaae  af  Oermany,  A>r 
atMaour  agalnM  kar  awn  raballlane  aubjecta.  The 
taadanay  of  Iha  axampla,  to  hMlnaa  the  Amarieana 
•  torm  alHMMea  with  (arain  pawaia,  waa  Mrong- 
ly  argod.  ll  waa  aaM,  »1blMno  tha  ealanlai* 
have  vaMwad  la  eonamli  Ibamaahraa  aiagly  la 
Ihia  BfdtMiia  aawaal,  whhaw  havhM  laeaaiaa  to 
IhfalgnaMi  b«lli  laiMl  laba  doAiad,  that  la 
Au«ia  ibay  will  ihtak  ilMmaalvaa  AillyiuaiUM, 
baib  by  wmi  aiampla,  aad  iba  hnva  m  aalf-pra- 
aawatiaa,  la  aapga  fcialgaaw  ta  aaalM  tham  la 
ippaalag  ibaaa  wareaaariaa,  wham  wa  ara  aboat 
la  iwapail  fctlbak  4a*>nwilaa.  Nar  la  It  daubi- 
I  til,  ibal  la  aaaa  af  ihair  appllaaihia,  Bniapaaa 
pawaiaafaiaaklbretiparlarlalbataftlMea  paliv 
prtaaaa  la  whaai  wa  mwa  aa  ab|e«il«  aiiad  Atr  ahi, 
will  aaaaldar  tbaoMahaa  to  ba  a^nuly  antliM  to 
laiaHhra  la  Iba'aaairal  balwaaa  im  aad  aar  eolo- 
■lae." 

Tha  luppaalllaa  af  tha  Amarieana,  receiving  aM 
A«m  Franaa  er  Spain,  waa,  an  tbia  aad  aeveni 
oihat  aeaaeioaa,  ridlenlad,  oa  the  Maa  that  ihaea 
poaar*  wanM  nat  dare  to  eat  to  Iheir  awn  eelonlae 
Iba  daniaiona  aiampla  af  aneanraglag  tbaea  of 
OtaM  Briiala,  la  eppeelngtbakr  aovaraign.  It « 
aleaaappaaad,  that  ibay  weuM  ba  laflnaaead  by 
eoaaldanilonaafftituradaBgar  ta  tbair  Amariean 
naaeaeeiana,  A«m  the  aMabliehment  of  an  Indapan- 
MM  ampira  In  their  vieiniiy. 

In  Ihia  eaeeien  of  parihimeat,  between  tha  Mb 
afOaiobar,  1775,  aad  the  S3d  af  May  1776,  the 
ultimata  plan  Ibr  mdneiniiha  cohtaiae  waa  com 
Ideialy  Aied.  Tha  Amaneine  wera  dechrad  eui 
af  the  royal  praiectioa  t  and  16,000  (onlgn  mar- 
eanariea  amphtyed  by  national  authority,  to  eflbci 
their  aubjugaiion.  'fbeae  meaanra*  hidiieed  Can- 
graaa.  In  iha  following  anmmer,  to  deelara  ihem- 
aalve*  indapaadeni,  and  lo  aeek  for  foreign  aid  i 
avanta  whiah  ahall  ba  hereafter  mora  rally  an 
plained. 

Parihimantary  aancihin,  for  carrying  on  tha  war 
agiiaM  tha  celoniat*,  aa  agahM  alien  enemlee, 
being  obtained.  It  became  neeeeeary  to  fli  on  a 
cammander  of  tha  royal  foreee  lo  ba  employed  on 
Ihia  oceaaim.  Thie,  ae  a  matter  of  riRbt,  waa.  In 
.he  Ant  InMance,  oflend  to  General  Oglethorpe, 
tbelouaderofUeorghi ;  aa  being  the  Ant  on  the 
liM  of  general  oflkera  To  the  aurpriae  of  the 
mInlMer,  that  reepeciabia  veteran  readily  aeeept< 
ad  the  eommand,  on  eondllion  of  hie  being  proper 
ly  anpporiad.  A  numaroae,  well-appointed  army 
md  a  powarftil  float  were  pramiaed  him ;  lo  whkh 
he  replied  s  "  1  will  nndertaka  iha  boahieee  with' 
out  a  man,  nr  a  ablp  af  war,  provided  yon  will  au- 
Ihoriae  ma  to  aaaura  tha  eoloniate  on  my  arrival 
amongthem,  that  yon  will  do  them  iuMice."  He 
added  farther  t  »I  kaow  tha  peapie  of  America 
wall,  and  am  eatiaAed,  that  bia  maJMiy  haa  not  in 
any  naitof  hiadomlalona,  mora  obedient,  or  mora 
loyal  aubjeete.    Yon  may  aaeara  tbair  obedience 

/  doing  ibemjueiieei  but  you  will  never  anbdae 
Ihem  by  Ibree  of  enaa."*  Thaee  opinlona,  *o  fc- 
vourable  lo  the  Americana,  proved  General  Ogle- 
thorpe lo  be  an  improper  paraoa  for  the  pnrpoae 
InMnded  by  the  Briiwh  minlMry.  Ha  wee  thurro- 
fara  paeeed  over,  aad  the  eomnuind  given  to  Sir 
William  Howe. 

It  wa*  taeolved  to  open  tha  aampaign,  with  aneh 
a  powerful  farea,  aa  »  would  look  down  all  oppoai 
lian,and  eflbotuaie  aubmlaaion  wilhont  bloodahed;' 
nnd  todlraei  iu  openiione  to  the  accompHahment 
of  ibree  objoela.  The  Ant  waa  the  ralief  of  Que  • 
bee,  and  the  raeavery  of  Canada ;  whieh  alao  in- 
cluded aaubaequeni  invaaion  of  the  north-wcMern 
frontien  of  the  adjacent  provincea.  The  leeond 
waa,  a  alroiil  iropreeiion  on  eome  of  the  eouthern 
oolooiei.  The  third  and  principal,  waa  to  take 
iweaenlon  of  New  Yory,  with  a  force  eufficiently 

*  TLi>  naecJoM  wm  coainunieiteil  lo  iIm  aullMir  by 
Hfiin'  Uuraaa,    E«|.  who  leceiirad  U  Inwi  (cnenl 


pawarfol  la  heap  paaaaaalaa  af  Hadana'a  river, 
and  (hrm  a  llaa  af  eemmualeailon  wkb  iba  royal 
arm*  In  Canada,  ar  ta  avenun  the  adjaeeni  eauairy . 
I'ba  penlal  aueceee  of  the  Aim  part  of  ihie  plan, 
ha*  been,  in  Iba  praeeding  chapter,  explained. 
The  execution  of  the  eeeoad  part  waa  eommliled 
to  Ueneral  Cllnlon,  aad  air  Peter  Piriier.  Tha 
former,  with  a  amall  fone,  havlag  called  at  New 
Yerii,  aad  aUa  vbiitad  in  Virginln  laid  Dunmore. 
the  hite  royal  gavarnor  af  that  colony,  and  Anding 
thai  nalhiag  eauM  ba  doae  at  aithar  plaee,  pro- 
eeadad  la  Cape  Fear  river.  At  that  plaee,  ho 
Itaued  a  ptoalamatlan  Apnm  an  baard  the  Pallaa 
inaaporl,  o^ag  IVaa  paidoaioall  auab  aaabonM 
lay  dawB  ibeir  arma,  eaeepting  Comallue  Hameti, 
MM  Robert  Hawa  i  bnl  the  laeanl  deAat  af  tha 
Ngulaion  aad  HIgfaiadar*,  raMraiaad  evea  their 
frienda  from  paylag  any  auaatlon  lo  thie  act  of 


At  Capa  Fear,  a  jnaetlen  waa  formed  between 
air  Henry  Clhuon  and  abr  Peter  Pariiert  the  lat- 
ter af  whiam  bad  aailed  with  hie  equadron  diracily 
IVaia  Europe.  Tliey  coneluded  to  attempt  the 
lednelloa  of  CbarloMon,  aa  being,  of  all  plaeoe 
wiibln  the  llaa  of  their  InMrucilone,  the  object*  at 
whiah  Ibay  eeuM  atrike,  with  tbogreateat  pro*- 
peei  of  advaataga.  They  had  8,800  land  foreee, 
whieh,  they  hoped,  with  the  co-operMlon  of  their 


abipping,  would  be  Ailly  euAlclenr 

For  eome  monihe  peel,  every  eiartion  had  been 
mada  to  pat  the  ealeny  of  South  Carolina,  and 

ipaetailly  Iu  eepital,  CharleMon,  In  a  reepeciabia 
paaturo  of  defence,  la  aubeervieney  to  tbia  view, 
worha  bad  been  eneled  an  Snilivan'e  laland,  which 
la  •itnated  eo  near  the  vbannel  leading  up  lo  the 
town,  aa  to  ba  a  convanleat  poM  for  annoying  vee* 
aela  approachiag  it. 

On  Iha  98th  of  June,  177S,  «ir  Peter  Pariier  at- 
tacked the  fort  on  that  ialaad  with  two  AAy  gvn 
abipe,  the  Briatnl  and  Eiparimenli  four  frigalee, 
the  Active,  Acteoo,  SoloMy,  and  Syron,  each  of 
>S  guna;  the  Spbyus  of  90  gone,  ibe  Frhmdebip 
armed  veaael  of  89  lunes  Ranger  aloop  and  Thun- 
derliomb,  each  of  8  guna.  On  tbe  fort  wera 
mounted  80  cannon.  96, 18  aad  9  penadara,'  Tha 
atuek  commenced  beireen  ten  and  eleven  hi  the 
foranooo,  and  waa  continued  for  upwarde  often 
boon.  The  garriaoo,  conelMing  or  374  ragulen 
and  a  few  militia  under  the  command  of  Colonel 
Moultrie,  made  a  moM  gallant  defence.  They 
Arad  deliberately ;  for  the  moM  part  took  aim,  and 
aeldom  miaeed  their  object.  The  ehipe  wera  torn 
almoM  to  piece* ;  and  the  killed  and  wounded  on 
boaid  exceeded  800  men.  The  loee  of  the  aar- 
riaon  waa  only  ten  men  killed,  and  89  wounded. 
The  fott,  being  built  of  palmetto,  wa*  little  dama- 

Ced.    The  ahot  which  atmek  ll  wera  ineflbctually 
uried  in  Iu  aoit  wood. 
General  Clinton,  had,aoma  time  befora  the  eo- 

Kagement,  landed  with  a  number  of  troopa  on  Long 
iland ;  and  it  wa*  expected  that  he  would  have 
eo-operaud  with  Sir  Peter  Parker,  by  croaaing 
over  the  narrow  peaaage,  which  dividee  the  two 
ielanda,  and  aitaeking  the  iort  in  iu  unAoiahed 
raar ;  but  the  extrame  danger,  to  which  he  muM 
unavoidably  have  expoted  his  men,  induced  him 
to  decline  the  perilon*  attempt. 

Colonel  Thompeon,  with  7  or  800  men,  waa 
aUlioned  at  the  east  end  of  Sullivan'a  iaiand,  lo 
oppoae  their  crossing.  No  serious  altempt  waa 
made  to  land,  either  Aram  the  fleet,  or  tbe  dMach- 
ment  commanded  by  air  Henry  Clinton.  The  Ar- 
ing  ceased  in  Ibr  evening,  and  the  ahipe  alipped 
Iheir  cablea.  Befora  morning,  thev  had  retired 
about  two  milea  from  the  island.  Within  a  few 
days  more,  the  troope  ro-embarked,  and  the  whole 
sailed  for  New  York.  The  thanka  of  Congress 
were  given  to  General  Lee,  who  had  been  sent  oa 
by  Coocrese  to  take  the  command  in  Carolina ,  \nA 
also  to  Colonels  Moultrie  and  Thompson,  for  their 
Kood  conduct  on  this  memorable  day.  In  compli- 
ment to  the  commanding  officer,  the  fort  waa  from 
this  time  called  Fort  Moultrie. 

During  thi*  engagement,  the  iohablunu  atood 
with  arms  in  their  hands,  at  their  respective  postt, 
prepared  to  receive  the  enemy  wherever  they  might 


NORTH   AMKRIOA 


w  af  RrliUh  imw' 
irtlMMi**  iImi  iht 
ir  pwMMl,  «ihI  ihM 
lai*  «cii»n.  Tlitjr 
umllnf  |iImm  mi  i 
i»  WM  Aitii  lo  in«(  I 
I,  iml  ilttpai*  tirwy 
«ni  to  hcafvii. 
riMni,  iIm  «ottih«ni 

ih*  enlumlitM  of 
.  Th«  4*kM  tho 
ii  Mtmtd  In  MHM 
I  unfiifounbli)  liii- 
iHMti  tueetMM,  la 
M  wholt  lumnHiri 
CnnirwN  IiihI  llill* 
in't  MtaiMl,  toenn- 
MMiloni,  Kirtiii, 
irmftw  ba  ralmni, 
kmli,lna?«r]roih«r 
ih««ii|MHliilone»n< 
MUM,  whieb  li  WM 
tnloiheboMRiiMir- 
Innfmnuroibera, 
» mlf  hi  •rrtciualljr 

ThoM  who,  Avm 
royal  novarnmenl, 
lia  atroKKlM  nf  an 
Ighla,  raiirH  Into 

In  animating  ih« 
iban  eonld  b«  war- 
tho  action.  A«  it 
»  Briilab  na?*,  ka 
inlhloiMO,  which  ■ 
llary  caleulatluM 
elreuimianca  cf 
ofiho  war,  and  la 
were  happily  !«. 
Bom  whicn  over- 
rihocolonhia,  on 
ml  niimerouc  a^ 
ibcm. 

ilch  waa  tlcalRnoi 
n  ihia  eamimicn 
and  hii  bruliini 
I  from  ihair  por- 
bravery  of  liwli 
Mto  of  the  Orillah 
iiied  a  »cry  imw. 
OUOmen.    Thia 
..  thai  Ainericn 
were  amply  pro. 
■M,  and  warlike 
aupponed  by  a 
icneml,  In  ml- 
were  appointed 
10  the  colonic*, 
walled   two 
and  ilieox|ii'i|. 
Impatient  u(  fiir. 
bour,  wiih  ilie 
manded  in  Bo*- 
inia  New  Yoil' 
|r  Sandy  Hunk 
'  the  reiufiinre 
ifwx,  aooii  iiitri 
onpiiiK  aiir.liiii 
Blaien  ImIhihI 
ill  found  Kv<>r> 
nioM  exiNwri, 
well  defended 
trHn*|Htrii  an- 
ad  not  been  mo 
he  inhabiiaiiK 
afleeiinn,  ex- 
ic  royal  force* 
ryon,  lalt  nor 
al  of  the  loy. 
1.  in  an  armed 
>ut  aixiv  per- 
he  inliobiiani* 
royul  mililla. 
were  Indulg- 
i  condition  to 
Uwlafrf. 


Ma,  tMh  Ntrtcfi  waiiM  llMk  to  ibeir  Mandwi, 
■•  wmM  AwtUlaia  Iht  MuImmm  of  ihe  object  of 
Ibt  eampilin. 

On  tho  fourth  da*  aAer  the  Britlah  iranaperta 
ippcared  oflf  Saudy  Viook,  Congraaa,  tbough  fully 
Informed  of  ihe  uambei*  and  appeinimcnu  of  tho 
force  about  to  be  employed  agaiwi  the  colonlea, 
ratlAed  their  famou*  deelaraiion  of  Indapendeoea. 
Thi*  wa*  publicly  read  to  the  American  army, 
ind  reeelvM  by  tliem  with  unfeigned  acclamatioua 
•f  Jo*.  Though  It  wao  wall  known  that  Oroai 
Briiain  had  trnployed  •  force  of  AA,000  men,  to 
war  upon  tho  new  formed  ataiei,  and  that  tho  con- 
Uuontal  arm*  wae  not  noarl*  equal  lo  half  thai 
number,  ano  only  engaged  tor  a  Ibw  month*,  and 
that  Oongrta*  wa^  without  any  aaauranco  of  for- 
•Igu  bM  t  yet  both  iho  American  olllcara  and  pri- 
/ate*  gave  avaty  evidenea  of  their  hearty  appro- 
Mlion  of  tho  decree,  which  aeverad  tlia  colonlea 
Aom  Great  Britain,  and  aubmlited  lo  tho  deciaiou 
of  the  eword,  whether  they  ehonid  bo  IVeo  Mate* 
or  conouered  prorlncea.  '■  Now,"  aaid  they, "  wo 
know  tho  ground  on  which  we  aiand.  Now  we  ara 
a  nation.  No  more  ihall  iho  opprobrioualarro  of 
rebel,  with  any  appearance  of  Jndloo,  bo  applied  to 
u*.  ShouM  the  lortnna  of  war  throw  ua  Into  ihe 
nandi  of  our  enemie*,  wo  may  expect  the  treatment 
of  prbonera,  and  not  the  punlihmeni  of  rebola.  Tho 
prne  for  which  we  contend  I*  of  ouch  magnitude, 
thai  wa  may  firaely  riik  our  live*  'o  obtain  it." 

Il  had  eariy  occurred  lo  Oeneral  Waahingion, 
that  ihe  po*iea*ion  of  New  York  would  be  with 
the  Britlah  a  (kfouriia  object.  Il*  central  aitua- 
llon,  and  contiguity  ,.  ilie  ocean,  enabled  them  to 
cairy,  with  faelliiy,  the  war  to  any  part  of  ihe  aea 
coaii.  The  po*ie**inn  of  il  wa*  rendered  Mill 
more  *alnable,  by  the  eaae  with  which  II  could  bo 
inainlnlned.  Surrounded  on  all  aide*  bv  water,  it 
will  defeniible  by  a  imall  number  of  Britiahahlpa, 
agalnai  adreraanea,  whoao  whole  navy  eonabied 
only  of  a  few  frigate*.  Hudaon'*  river,  being  na- 
vigiible  foi  (hine  of  the  largeat  alio  to  a  great  die- 
lance,  aflbrded  an  opportunity  of  levering  the  eaal- 
ern  from  the  more  iouihem  ilatea,  and  «m  praveai- 
!ng  alinoii  any  communleaiion  between  them. 

From  iheae  welt-known  advantagea,  it  wa*  pre- 
*i:med  by  the  Americana,  that  Ihe  Briiiah  would 
make  nieat  exertiona  to  elTect  the  reduction  of 
New  York.  General  Leo,  while  the  Britlah  were 
yet  In  poneuion  of  the  capital  of  Maaiaohuietu, 
nad  been  detached  from  Cambridge,  to  put  Long 
Island  and  New  York  Into  a  poalure  of  defence. 
Al  ilio  departure  of  the  Britiih  from  Boaton  be- 
unine  more  certain,  the  probability  of  their  inatant- 
ly  going  to  New  York  inercaaed  iho  neceetity  of 
collecting  a  force  for  ita  aafetv.  It  had  been  there- 
fure  agreed  in  a  council  of  war,  that  Ave  regl 
menta,  together  with  a  rifle  battalion,  ahonid 
march  without  delay  to  New  York ;  and  ihat  the 
tialea  uf  New  York  and  New  Jeraoy  ahonid  be 
requMted  lo  fumiih,  the  former  two  ihouaand,  and 
the  latter  one  thousand  men,  for  ita  immediale  de- 
fence. General  Waahingtoo  aoon  followed,  and 
early  in  April  fixed  hi*  head  quartera  in  that  city. 
A  new  diilribution  of  the  American  army  took 
place.  Part  was  left  in  Maanehusetl*.  Between 
two  and  three  ihouiand  were  ordered  to  Canada; 
out  the  greater  part  rendesvouaed  at  New  York. 

Eperience  had  taught  the  Americana  the  dif- 
ficulty of  attacking  an  army,  afker  it  had  efTected 
a  lodgment.  They  therefore  made  atrenuoui  ex- 
ertions to  prevent  the  Britiih  from  enjoying  Ihe 
advantagea  in  New  York,  which  had  reanlted  from 
'.heir  having  been  peimitted  Ic'  land  and  fortify 
.hemielve*  in  Boston.  The  sudden  commence- 
ment of  lioitllllies  in  Masiaehusetts,  together  with 
.no  previous  undisturbed  landing  of  the  royal  army, 
allowed  no  lime  for  deliberating  on  a  sy*tem  of 
war.  A  change  of  cireum*tance*  indicated  the 
propriety  of  fixing  on  a  plan,  for  conducting  the 
defence  of  the  new  formed  atatei.  On  thia  occa- 
aion.  General  Washington,  oiler  much  thought, 
dolermined  on  a  war  of  poata.  This  mode  of  con- 
dnotint  miliiar*  operations  gave  confidence  to  the 
.Americana,  and  it  both  retarded  and  alarmed  their 
•dTunriM.    Tho  ioidieia  in  Ihe  Amorican*  army 


vara  aaw  la«iae,aiid  kad  aat  yat  laamad  lo  aiaad 
uaaovarad  bafera  iha  iaatruMaata  af  death.  Ha- 
blluaiing  iham  lo  the  aound  of  Iba  aima,  while  the* 
were  ahalterad  fVom  daagar,  waa  oim  atop  lowarM 
inapiring  ibam  with  a  partloa  of  moalianiiBBi  aour- 
age.  The  Briiiah  ramambarad  Buakar'a  hill,  aad 
had  no  email  raveraaea  for  even  alighl  fartlAea- 
tlona,  when  defended  by  fireemen.  With  view* 
of  thi*  kind,  work*  wore  erected  la  and  about  New 
York,  oaLoBg  lahad,  aad  the  heighu  of  Harlam. 
Thaaa,  baaidaabaitariaa.  ware  AeM  redoubt*,  form- 
ed of  aarth,  wlih  a  parapet  aad  diuh.  Tha  far- 
mer weia  aamailmea  (irawad,  aad  iha  latter  pali< 
aadaad  i  but  ikay  wara  in  na  laatanea  farmed  to 
auaala  a  aiaga.  Slight  aa  they  wota,  iba  earn- 
paian  waa  aaariy  waaiad  away,  before  they  were 
aa  nr  radnead,  aa  lo  parmit  Iba  royal  army  to  pa- 
aatrnta  into  the  eoualry. 

Tha  war  haviag  lahaa  a  mora  importaal  Inm 
than  In  tha  ptaaadlag  year  had  been  foreaaan, 
Congree*  at  tna  apaning  af  tha  enropoign,  found 
thameehrea  daathute  ofa  force  sufficient  for  their 
dafaoea.  Tliay,  tharafore,  in  Juae,  deiarmlnad 
OB  a  plan  to  reinforce  their  cuntinenial  atmy,  by 
bringiag  into  the  field,  a  new  ai  eoiee  of  troope. 
that  would  bo  mora  permanent  ilnin  ihe  comiuou 
militia,  and  *ai  more  eaaily  raised  tlian  reguhir*. 
With  thia  view  they  Ineiituled  a  Hying  camp,  lo 
eonalal  of  an  Inlermodiata  corpa,  between  regular 
aoldiet*  and  mititia.  Tea  thousand  iiiro  were  call- 
ed for  from  theatatea  ofPanaaylvaal.i,  Marylaod, 
and  Delaware,  lo  bo  in  eonatant  aervlce  tu  the 
llrat  day  of  lb*  ensuing  December.  Congress  al 
Ihe  same  lima  called  for  13,800  of  the  commoa 
rollilU  flrom  Maaaaebuaalia,  Connaciieut,  New- 
York,  and  New  Jeraey.  Tho  men,  for  formiog 
tho  flying  camp,  were  generally  proeurad  (  but 
thera  were  great  defleienaiea  of  tha  militia  t  and 
many  of  thoao  who  obeyed  their  country'*  call,  ao 
far  aa  to  turn  out,  manlfeaied  a  reluelanca  lo  aub- 
mil  lo  the  neceaaary  diaeipline. 

Thedifllenlty  of  providing  tha  traopa  with  arm*, 
while  before  Boaton,  wa*  exceeded  bv  tha  •uperi- 
ordilBenlty  ofaupplylBflhemlnibeir  new  jmmI- 
lion.    By  the  return*  of  Ihe  garriaon  at  fort  Moat- 

SimeiT,  in  the  Highlaada.  ia  April,  U  appeared 
at  there  were  SOB  private*,  and  only  41  mu*- 
kets  fli  for  u«ot  In  the  garriaoo  al  fort  CobmIIu- 
lion,  there  were  196  man,  aad  oaly  68  mueket* 
fltfornae.  Fliota  were  alao  much  waatad.  Lead 
would  have  beea  equally  defleleat,  ha4  aoi  a  aup- 
ply  for  the  muaqnetry  Men  obtaiuod  by  •toippiag 
dwelliag  boueee. 

The  uBcertaiaty  of  tha  place  where  Iha  Britlah 
would  commence  their  operation*,  added  moeh  to 
tha  emberraaament  of  General  Waahington.  Not 
oaly  each  colooy,  but  each  aea-port  Iowa,  •nppo*ad 
liaelfiobetheobjectoftheBrltieh,  aod  wa*  ar- 
dent in  ita  aupplicationa  to  the  commander  hi  chief, 
for  hie  peculiar  attention.  The  people  (if  Masaa- 
ohuaetu  were  atrongly  impreieed  with  an  Idea,  that 
the  evacuation  of  Boaton  waaonly  a  feint,  and  that 
the  Britiab  atmy  would  *oob  return.  The*  were 
for  that  reaaoB  very  deeiroua,  that  the  eontlBenlal 
troopa  ahould  not  be  withdrawn  fVom  their  elate. 
The  inhabiunt*  of  Rhode  laland  urged,  in  a  hiag 
petition,  Ihat  their  maritime  aituaiion  axpoaed  them 
to  uncommon  danger,  while  their  great  jxertioaa 
in  fltting  out  armed  veaaela,  bad  deprived  tham  of 
many  of  their  ciliaena.  They  therefore  prayed 
for  a  body  ofcontiaental  aoldiora,  to  bo  ataiioned 
for  their  eonatant  and  peculiar  delbnce.  So  vari- 
oua  were  the  application*  for  troop*,  *o  nuinerou* 
theealb  for  arm*,  that  a  decided  conduct  became 
neeeeaary  to  prevent  the  feeble  American  force, 
and  Iha  defieieBi  atock  of  public  arma,  fVom  being 
divided  aad  aubdivided,  ao  a*  to  be  unequal  to  the 
proper  defence  of  any  oae  phuse. 

In  thia  eriela  of  particular  danger,  Ihe  people  of 
New  York  acted  withapirit.  Though  they  knew 
they  were  to  receive  the  fird  impreaaiona  of  the 
Briiiah  army,  yet  their  convention  reaolved,  "  that 
all  penon*,  reeiding  within  the  *ute  of  New  York, 
and  claiming  protection  from  it*  lawa,  owed  it  al- 
legiance; and  that  any  person  owing  it  allegiance, 
and  levying  war  again*!  the  Mate,  or  Mug  an  ad> 


boreal  la  iba  blag  af  Ofaov  RiMafa,  iHmM  ba 
deemed  guilty  aftiaaaatH  aadaatferdaalb."  That 
alao  raaolvad,  «tbai  aiM  Ibunb  af  Iba  militia  H 
Weal  Cboeter,  Dniabaaa,  aad  Onaga  aouatia*. 
abeuld  ba  CNtbwiib  drawn  out  far  iba  defeaca  af 
Iba  libariiaa,  prapany,  wivaa  aad  ablMrea  af  iba 
geod  peopta  af  iba  aiaia  t  la  ba  caatlaaad  hi  mt' 
viae  la  tha  Utn  day  af  Daaambar  i"  aad,  » ibM  a* 
the  lababitaaM  af  Kiag'a  aotiaty  bad  daiarmiaail 
aei  to  apaoea  the  aaaaay,  a  aammlilaa  ebauM  ba 
appahitad  la  iai|«ira  taHa  iba  auibaatlaiiy  af  ibaaa 
lapana,  aad  la  diaaiM  aad  aaaara  Iha  dliafhaiad  i 
la  ramava  ar  daaUoy  iba  itaah  af  grala,  and,  IT 
aaceaaary,  la  lay  iba  wbala  aaaalijr  waata." 

Tba  iwa  rayd  aaaNBtmlaaaub  Admiral  aad  G» 
■aral  Hawa,  Ibatubl  prepar,  balbra  ibM  tmrn- 


,  _jtMbl  prepar,  balbra  ib^  ...- 

■laaaad  Ibair  miUiary  apaialiaaa,  la  liy  what 
might  ba  daaa  hi  ihalr  atvil  aapaaliy,  laararda  af 
feotiag  a  ra-mlaB  baiwaaa  aiaai  BrIiala  and  tba 
aolaalea.  Il  waa  aaa  af  tba  fhM  aata  af  latd 
Ilewa,  la  aaad  aa  ehara,  a  ehfaular  latlar.  la  aa«a« 
ral  af  Iba  rayal  gavaraara  hi  Amatiea,  lafcwiag 
them  of  tha  lata  act  af  pafliamaal,  » fbr  raaiartag 
peace  lo  tba  cetoaiea.  aad  graaiiag  paidaa  la  meh 
aa  ahonid  daaarva  marevr  aad  deatriag  ihani  to 

fubllab  a  daolaruiaa  whiab  aeeaapaaMlba  lama. 
a  ibia,baiB(armadlba  aalaaialiaflbapawarwlib 
which  bia  bralber  aad  ba  wai«  lairaalad  i  af  graat* 
lug  geaeial  or  partieular  aaidoaa  lo  all  lliaa*,  wha. 
tbeugh  Ibay  bad  davklad  A«m  tbatr  alltgiaBaa, 
wara  wiiliag  la  raiani  la  Ibair  dMy  i"  aad  of  da- 
ehwiag,  "aay  eahiay,  prerhMa,  eaaaiy  ar  lawn, 
pott,  dialrloi  or  phee,  lo  ba  ia  tba  paaca  af  bk  ma- 
Jeaiy."*    Caagra**,  impraaaad  with  a  battaf.  tba 

*  Whb  tbaea  abealar  letaw*  to  Iba  javanMn,  Icvd 
How*  isBl  a  privaM  ea*  lo  Or.  Viaahniii  le  whiaba 
OMil  kmieallag  aaawar  waa  retaraad,  wattby  af  ever* 
The  lenir  aad  aaaarer  wwe  a* 


lerd  Ufa  fc  Pr.  .l^warWa. 

••  I  oaaaol.  av  wenby  IHsad,  paradl  the  latlwi  ma 
paieela  whiih  I  have  mm,  le  be  fia^ii,  whheet  addiag 
•  word  upoB  Iha  aaUiet  af  the  hiieileiia  aauemidia  ki 
wUob  oar  uabappy  diipalae  have  M(ac«d  aa. 

"  Voa  will  laaia  the  aalon  of  my  adiafaa  bum  iha 
gAcial  dimaiabii,  whiab  I  have  raiiBiaisaJsd  la  ho 
Ibrwaidid  by  dM  Muna  eaaveyaai*.  Bataioiag  all  dM 
laiBMlnna  I  avar  aayniiij,  le  a«e  oar  Jiftiaaaii  m- 
coaiaMdaiad,  I  iball  laasalve,  If  I  awil  widi  iba  diipo 
lilioB  hi  the  islselis,  wUah  I  wae  aoae  taaghl  la  ax 
pest,  dM  awil  dauarieg  beaaa  of  ptovlaf  servkaable  ia 
IbaahiailaardM  Vrnf*  p annul  lelliiladib  bypiaaiit 
lag  the  aatablisluaim  af  laidag  aiaae  end  ludaa  wlib 
Iha  aaloaieei  hot,  If  iba  <iip  rsiti<  ai^Hiaaa  af  Aaw 
rka,  aad  the  aniiilly  af  piavealiiai  Mr  imd*  fVeoi  aae 
ihif  bMe  Ibieiga  ihaaaala,  anal  Inap  aa  Kill  a  divUid 
people,!  lhalltlheaiavMyBrivaiaaawcUaa  pehlla  m» 
liv*,liiaal  baaiJIjrknial  thai  Ihii  la  aat  ihe  aiiaMol 
wbaiahithow  graal  ildsali  af  my  aaMlea  ara  le  ba  at- 
lahMd:  aad  dM  I  an  le  be  leoiar  daprivad  af  aa  iiy 
poflaallv  10  aHara  yao,  panioally,  ar  Ihe  legaid  wMi 
whiehlW'*«>      ''^•^         ' 


Dr.  Franklin  i-_- 

••  I  rM»iv*d  aa*  the  leima  year  laidahip  le  kindly 
Ibrwanlad  to  ma,  aad  bag  yea  to  aeaaat  ay  ibaaka. 

••The  oaelal  daspalibsa,    lo   whfak  you  ralitr  aw, 
eoBlaia  aolhtog  mora  Jbaii  what  w*  badsara^ialbf  i 
of  1      ■■  ■    -^        •     .    -      ..  I    . 


ad  to  aaMftaia  of  ua ;  bnl  il  can  have  no  eUwr  etihct 
than  Ihat  of  iairsasfav  oar  naanlmanli.  Il  ta  hnpaMi- 
bla  wa  aboold  Ihfadi  of  subodiiioa  lo  a  (oveienMol 
Ibat  has,  widi  dw  man  waaloo  baibarilv  aad  enwhy, 
burmd  our  defbacalna  Inwea  In  Iba  miOM  of  wiawr, 
neind  tba  lavafaa  to  nwnaeie  our  paaeaAil  fenuari, 
and  oar  ilavaa  to  muidtr  thafar  maawrs;  and  Is  avsn 
now  briagiag  fbrsign  lasrsanarlea  lo  ddoga  our  sallti-  ■ 
menia  wrai  oload.  Thiae  alroeloaa  lajarin  bi«a  ax 
liagaMnd  avar;  spark  of  aAelieo  fbr  that  psranl  cone 
irMdMl  we  once  Md  lo  dear;  but  «ars  h  poMibl*  lei 
ui  to  fbrget  and  Ibnriv*  dwm,  il  ia  not  paailbla  for  vou 
I  maaariw  Bridih  aaroo,  to  Ibrglva  the  paopis  jpou  have 
so  heavily  iniofad.  Y>u  can  navar  coolda  again  in 
Ihoae,  aa  fkllow  snUaels,  and  peimb  Iham  le  aaiay 
equal  ftaadom;  to  wbom  yoo  haow  vou  have  rlvaa 
loeh  JuM  eaasaa  of  lasliaf  aaailyj  and  this  most  haael 
yon,  wen  we  again  uadar  your  gavtramtal,  to  tadia- 
vour  lo  bnak  our  sptrtt,  by  Iba  sevnail  tyiamy,  ear 
obnraetiag,  by  every  maaas  in  your  power  our  grew. 
Bg  strangib  aad  pisspuily. 


mtTORT  or 


■rdw 


■  --- *  -*  Mm 


llM 

iImm  m  k«  tfMMf  ptkMui  la'ilw  N- 

Ml   MMVIMMMk     HMI   B   VMlfVM   01 

4.-ta*MMM  k«M  M  ibli  m»  Iwwr  aMnd,  iImhkIi 

•nO  bMMW  Of  mm  MMM  WM  iWOnOB  M  flVp|Mfft* 
WM  9f  |MM9(  MM  IM  MM  #i  |fMt  MNMIMn  10 

tMr  iwrMN  mm,  mwM  im  M  prataMHiy,  ln*« 


IM4«  ■  pawOfAll  pMIJP  IMT  NNMiMf  Um'  Ml  of 

wf  AfMhio,  ood  Ak  it>iialtlN|  wMi  Onol  Brilthii 
Mku  »tMo  li  uffammi  ihM  ibo  powtr  of  iho  iojml 
CMMMWoaon  «•■  Mila  «■!«  Ibu  M  |r«MK  jmt- 
,  Coagiwi  ipfiilii  (o  iho  goo4  mom  or  Iho 
lo.  fcr  Iho  Moonhy  orammi  m  tho  mi  of 
wo<Mto.  ThonMlMloolbrp«MMitaH|tho 
atirwiwr  Itiur,  Mi4  Iho  JMhmloo  of  iho  inrol 
roMMiHiooon,OMim«lMoiooMiihonoi;  "imi 
Iho  aood  fmili  or  Iho  UalM4  BMoo  wmj  bo  hi 
farwMl  of  whot  wMwo  oio  iho  iomwImIioi 


HHmOw  Mr  MMMVWIMI 

01  loafih  bo  eoo«tooo4,  ihot  Iho  milow  iloM  of 
Ihoir  eooMijr  to  to  Nfo  ho  llboittoo." 

Abooi  iho  MMO  iloM,  llo|o  WON  MM  Mhofo  by 
loni  Howo,  wttha  towor  dlfOcio4  lo  Ooorgo  Woih- 
loiUM.  Kaq.  «htoh  ho  roAMod  le  itciWo,  m  mm 
botof  tJdriMiJ  10  Mm  whh  iho  ilUo  dm  lo  hto 
nob.  In  hto  loiior  lo  CoofioM,  oo  ihto  Mtb)«ei, 
ho  wroio  M  IMIowo  i  •'  I  wo«M  ool,  oa  007  ooca* 
iioo,  MorMoo  OMOoltob  10  poooilllo  1  bui,  ia  ihto 
bwaaN,  I  dooHMd  h  ■  teiv  to  my  eeuairr  mmI 
apiMlMNMoi,  M  iailM  aa  wot  tM^oi,  whten,  la 
aaj  Mhtr  ihoa  a  pabUo  vlaw,  I  wavM  wUUailjr 


whM  iba  MMiOiWhb  oipooMiiaa  of  «hteh  tho  lO' 

I  BflMM  MM 


I  Ihow  I  aad  ihMlhn  lb*  whantll 


VamlMMriB  MoliMs  lb*  'blift  jmiimi  mU' 
rliiiiUiiliriiM.'  Kbf  pmm^ImIniI 


ml  uIm  WWl  Iho  MiNiMi.*    UH^MM^ 

•  p«M,Mb*  wWMltotabirdiiwM  MM* 
■M  kh  adMy  ba«  (iMa  mot  totMiip  p 
•rbb  ■■,  ar  Mwb  •  aMMkl  ■»  tMMn  la  mf, 
wMwMMilMiliy,  Ibal  I  MHah  i  Mai*  hr  Owl  ■ 

^^^         ^^1^^  ^^^^^^^— ^^^^^^^       ^^^^^^^       ^^^      ^^^^^B         1^^^ 


POWVfO  W  WMI 


■llliiiiii  bM  I  Mi 
•»■    Yvar 


■lM*,lk**"' 
■ban  af 
wnmimt  • 
iiinaitf  Mfwgib 

ua{  yit,  I  Uaw  Ma  mU  bar  abaaadk|  hU*  aaH 
ciMt  wMaai,  la  baUata  iba  will  a«ar  laba  aaab  «la 
iwy  aiiaiaiaa.  liar  Iha4aaaa  tm  aaa^aaat.  aa  •  war 
likr  iMiiiNi,  bar  laat  af  daaMaai  m  m aaNWaw  aM 
aail  har  tMral  kr  a  piaM  awnpalj'i  aa  a  naianiall 
ana,  oaaa  af  Ihaoi  lathhaaM  aaaaaa  af  waiv  wW  Jabi  la 
bala  ttmm  har  avaa  ataqp  *iaw  af  bar  Ma  UmaW,  aad 
cuaUaaalljr  gaai  baraa,  to  iban  lataaM  tfNaM  ana* 
iiliaoa,  H  thMraallva  balb  af  Ihwa  aad  «'  aaaaaia,  UM 
ihaif  RHM  Ha*a  aa  faiahtoaa  M  bar  to  Mm  aad,  m  iba 
rroiMdaa  fcfHjr  wata  la  aaal  af  iba  aaMM  af  la- 

'iaf  bjr  Iba*  pndMat  iba  aftata  dr  tbla  war;  Ihr  I  kaaw 


bjr  a  haaa,  Ibaadad  ahhar  ta  iha  laM  itfar  t  biH  ihaM  whiah  MUad  ap  iha  hmn 
itoaaflMrhMa  blaft  Mayaa*  apaadtly  rami  aad  t  aad  b*  ihalrioiura,  a  IVaa  euai- 


CaagiaH  apphmdad  hto  aaadaot 
hi  a  Miblto  laiolMtoa,  aad  aitha  NMallma  dliaai- 
ad  Ihat  aa  lailar  ar  naMaga  ohaaM  ba  rMalvad, 
aa  aajr  aeeaaloa  whaiarar,  (Vom  iha  aaamy,  by 
ihaeaaimaadarlaehtof,  ar  aihaia  Iha  camaiaa> 
daia  af  iha  Amaftoaa  araiVt  but  auah  m  waia  di* 
taoiad  la  Ihaa  hi  iha  aMiaelan  Ihay  aavarally 
analalaadc 

lima  aAar,  A^WmN  Qaaaral  Paltanaa 


maatoauoa  «m  npaaad  ihrauih  iha  appar  pan  af 
Iha  aiaia. 

Tha  Amartoaa  aimy,  In  aad  n«ar  Naw  Yorb. 
anwaaiad  la  ITSStS  man.  Tboaa  wara  inuaily 
aaw  liaapa,  aad  wara  dirblad,  In  many  ainiilt  vimI 
waaaaoMlad  aaala,  Mma  of  which  wara  lin»ra 
■iltoa  ramavad  fWim  aihara.  Tha  Uriilah  luioa 
Na»  Ymb  wm  ineraMtai|,  by  lr««|iiitiii 
aaeeaMhra  arrlv.il  liom  HallAi*,  Rouili  Carolina, 
riofida,  tha  Waal  ladtoa  aad  Kuraiwi  bni  aa 
maay  mfetNaa  drtoya  had  inbaa  piaaa,  thai  iha 
maalh  af  AaaiM  «m  (kr  advaaetd,  baiara  ihay 
waio  In  a  eaadlilMi  la  apaa  iha  aimpaiga. 

Whan  all  Ihian  wan  nadr,  iha  Briltoh  earn 
maadaia  laMhad  le  mabo  Ihalr  flm  aiiamjM  aa 
Laag  lalaad.    ThtowM  prafarrad  la  Naw  Yerh, 
M II  aboaadad  wlih  Umm  aappltoa  whtoh  ibair 
ibnM  naniiad. 

Tha  Briltoh  toadad  wllhani  appaaHtoa,  ba- 
iwMB  iwo  amall  lawaa,  Uiracbi,  ami  UmvaMad. 
Tha  Amartoaa  warba  pmaeiad  a  miwII  paalMula, 


•*aaal  ibavaaky.anr  hid,  »  ibiak  af  tof 
Ibaa  padkdaf  lb  aihata  af  tbla  wart  Ihr  I 
wM  C  ImhM  ba«a  iba  kiaaf  all  my 


tna  tbairabara  af  Iba  lUiaaib 

I  MW  WIMN|  mm    mm   (I   yMMM 


la  dw  wbala,  aad  ibM  a  paHbat  laaataa  af 

laana  atar  ba  bapad  tm.  Taar  to>i«bto  aay 
r  laaMBbar  *a  iaam  af  by  Mm  waMd  my 
wbm  M  yaar  md  ahaai'i^  bi  Laadaa,  yM 
rata  gaira  bm  aaaaelallaa  dail  a  rmawBlaUaa  adbl 
uka  libwa.  I  bad  Iba  wliftilaai  m  dM  Ibaaa  aapaeW- 
liana  ii«aapibMd,  aad  labaMatod  M  dw  eaawaf  tha 
miaehiar  I  waa  Whaaibn  m  priiam    My 


uBilar  Ibal  traaodlm  aad  ■abrahal  UaahaaaL  int, 
<bai  I  laahnd  iba  Mmdddp  af  many  wkaaad  fnd 
nMh  la  Ibal  eaaatty,Mdamaiw  Iba  laal  aama  Aan  to 
tba  laaafa  af  lara  Hawab 

■Tba  wall  fcaadad  aa•aaa^  aad  aaradl  am  M  my, 
albeUaa,  wbfeb  I  abaU  ahraya  bam  fer  yaorlaidaUp, 
BMka  hpataMloBMMawyaaaangad  bieaadaMiaca 
war,  Iba  nau  (raaad  af  wHBb,aa  iaaaribad  h  yoarM- 
lar,  ia,  •  Mm  amidlyof  pwraaHag  dw  Aaarleaa  ttada 
Anai  ftmimt  lam  twain  abm 
thai   aaiibar  tba   abtatoiaf  ar 


Tamabk 
[  aayttadib  haw 
■aamayjaady 


wpwonv     »■■•««    «a«MO|     na^waMaaa   'wvaoviwo   m  MaawamMw      -  ■■»  -•-•»»••»■•■    «*wanm  |Mava«wBwia  m  Minaii     |»«HiiiMiiM| 

wMaaalla  Naw  Yarh,  by  Oaaatal  Hawa,  whh  a|hafla|  Waltobani  bay  la  iha  toft,  ami  Mmchlai 

laMar  addnaaod  10  Oaorga  Waahlailaa,  fta.  dca. »--•••--.-— ..^-   ...    ..    -       . 

tu.  Ob  bb  laiarrtow  with  tba  at^iaat  |aaaral, 
WaaUBgiaa  daehuad  that  ha  waaM  dacuaa  n- 
ealvlag  aay  laitar  dhMiad  lo  him  m  a  prima 
paiooB,  whoB  It  rahlad  la  hto  miblto  ataiton.  A 
laag  aaalbnaaa  aaaoad,  la  whtoh  Iha  a^alaai 
gaaanl  abmrrad,  that  "  tba  eammhilaain  wan 
annadwlih  grMi  pawan,  aad  waiiM  ba  *aiy  hap- 
py ia  aflbailag  aa  aeaammadailaB,"  Ha  nwhrad 
tor  aHwar,  ••  iknl  ftam  what  appaaiad,  Ihair  pow^ 
anwanaalytognalpaidaBi  tintihay  who  had 
eaoMBitiad  ao  Ibuk,  waatad  aa  MrdM."  Baaa 
aftar  ihto  hMaraiaw,  a  laitar  0am  Hawa,  iMpaet- 
Ibk  Htoaaan,  whiah  wm  proparly  addnmad  ta 
WMBlagtaB,  WM  raaaltad. 

Whito  tha-Briitob,  by  Ihalr  maallbalaM  aad  da- 
eiaratiaBa,  wara  aBdaatavriag  ta  aapania  Umm 
whe  pnfcirrad  a  laeeaalitotieB  with  Graat  Briula, 
Itom  ihaM  wIm  wan  tlmftiaada  af  ladapaadaaea  1 
Caugnm,  by  a  limihr  paitoy,  wm  attamptlag  ta 
dalMh  iha  ibraigaafa,  who  Imd  aama  aiih  tha 
royal  traapa,  ftom  tba  aarrlaa  af  lito  Biitaato  om- 
Jaaly.  Bafen  baallllltoa  had  oomnMaaad,  tha 
failowlag  raMlatioB  wm  adaplaa  aad  airaalaied 
among  toaM«B  wlmm  It  wMlataadad  ta  eaonta  t 
"  Roaeiradi  thoi  Umm  alata?  will  rMatoa  ail  aaeh 
fbraigaanwhoalialltoara  ihaarmiMerhto  Britaa- 
ate  RMJaaly  ia  Amartoa,  aad  alMli  ehaM  la  baeaaM 
oMmban  of  aay  af  Umm  aialM ;  aad  iliay  almll  ba 
proteatad  la  iIm  A«a  aiarciM  af  llMir  raapMthra 
railgioBa,  aad  ba  iaratiad  wMb  tba  rigbia,  prlviia- 
gaa,  aad  lamiaBiliMaf  aailraa,  m  aaiablliliad  by 
UM  lawa  af  ibaM  alaiM :  aad  BMrMtar,  iliat  ilua 
caagiaM  will  pravMa  for  araiy  aneh  paiaaa,  flfty 
aerM  af  oMpproprtoiad  hada,  ia  Mma  of  iImm 
Maiaa,  to  ba  haid  by  bimaad  btoiialfa,  asabaolato 
proporty." 

Tlw  aumban  wlitob  wara  prapaiad  to  oppoM 
the  Briltoh,  wbaa  thay  abettld  dhambarb,  mada 
Umm  far  mum  Ubm  MuitoM  of  pracoodlog  to  tlioir 
praiaeiad  bad  oparattoM ;  but  tin  aapanorily  of 
llmir  aary  aaabwd  Umm  lo  go  by  walar  wiiiUMr- 
aaarar'tlimr  plaaaad. 

A  Briltoh  feity  gna  ihip,  whb  Mma  amallar 
raMala,MUad  up  loa  Naith  rirar,  wiilMntraaairiag 
aaydamaga  areaaaafuaae 
Oom  tiM  battafiM  af  Naw 
Rad-Baab,  aad  Oawraar'a 
wMBMda,withtwoiratiriaa,lo  daairay  tha  Bri 
UtbraaMblatha  Neitb  Rirar  s  bat  witbont  af- 


ar aaahM  aa,  tbrnbaa,  aa  balb  aifaal  aad  aa- 
aadi  am  piiraaliil  thai  aaal  and  BmamimaW 


-    .-,  ,  ,       JMhCuaylhawwhaadriaadh; 

aad  Ami  avM  lalim  will  aal  mra  Aram  aaam  dagiaa 
ar  Mihiaiar  Ibam  wba  bara  rolaataifly  aacagaa  ta 
eaadactb. 

••  I  know  yaar  frmt  amtiTa  in  eamioc  hiihar  waa  tha 
baoa  af  bdat  taaOranienttl  in  a   laeontnifcuiMi :  and,  I 


lb  Arad  npao 
anlBa-Haab, 


that  ta  ba  impoaiible,  on  aav 
larau  giran  yan  t{  prepiiaa,  y<i«  will  dwa  nluqaiab  M 

a  mora  hanaunUa 


Ibeliaffaay  itahig  mora  ibaa  Um  bonriag  af  a  laa 
dar.  Tbay  wara  abo  allMiwd  with  raw  jniUiaa, 
wiihlinlaaflbct.  AAar  mom  Uma,  iIm  Pbrnaia 
aad  Rom  maa  of  war  eama  doam  iIm  rirar.  aad 
joinad  iIm  float.  Eraiy  aflbit  af  |ba  Amaricaaa, 
from  ilMir  baltaitoaoa  land,  m  wall  m  tlMirasar- 
lioM  on  tba  aratar,  proved  iaaflbetaaL  TIm  Bri- 
ttoh  ahipa  paaaad  with  ton  Iom  tliaa  wm  geaenlly 
expected :  but,  nerarthaleaa,  tba  damage  tbay  ra- 
ceived  wutuch  m  deiertad  tlMm  from  fraquaaliy 
rapeating  the  aaparioMnl.  In  two  or  Uum  iaataa- 
caa,  Umt  aKaodad  North  rirar,  aadta  obo  or  two 


orar  to  Red  Haob  oa  iba  rif  hi  1  tha  E«m  rirar  ba- 
lag  Ib  Iba  rMr.  OenanI  SnIIWaa,  with  a  Mraag 
farca  wm  aaeamped  wlibia  Umm  warba  ai  Biook- 
Iva.  From  iha  aaal  aide  of  tba  nrrawa,  roM  a 
rtdga  of  bllb  eorarad  with  ibtoh  waad,  about  lira 
or  all  roltoa  la  tongih,  which  lermlnaiM  near  Ja- 
nmlea.  Thara  wan  ibrM  paaara  ibrangb  ihaM 
bllb ;  eae  aear  iba  Mrrawa,  a  aaeand  aa  Iba  Ftol- 
bnah  road  and  a  third  on  iha  Badlani  road ;  and 
Ihay  ara  all  dafaMlbto.  Tha  AmarieaM  bad  800 
BMB  an  aMb  af  Umm  raada ;  and  Cetonai  MIIm 
waa  ptaead  with  hto  baiialton  of  riflaman,  to  luard 
Iba  load  flrom  tha  MWb  of  iho  bllb.  to  Jamatoa 
aad  la  waiah  iha  laoitoM  of  iba  Briltoh. 

Oaaaralda  Hatolar,  with  hto  Haiatana,  laob  par 
at  rtaibuab.  In  Iba  araaing,  Auguai  96, 1776.  li 
Iba  Mtowlag  algbl,  tba  gnaiar  nan  of  iha  Briilal 
army,  aaanmindad  by  OaMral  Cllalaa,  nMrohaii  1 

Ella  tha  read  toadiag  raaad  Ihaaaaiarty  andofih 
lib  la  Jamatoa,  and  la  lara  the  toft  of  the  Ame 
Ha  arrirad  aboai  Iwo  houn  bafora  day 
wiUi  half  a  mito  af  ihto  road.  Oaa  af  hto  panica 
fall  la  with  a  pairal  af  Amarieaa  oAeara,  and  look 
llMm  all  prtoonaia,  wbloh  pra«ania«i  ibe  eiirl« 
Inaamtaalaa  of  lalalllgaaca.  Upaa  Iba  Am  »p' 
paaraaca  af  day,  Oaaaral  ClhMea  adraaced,  ant 
loob  pemamloB  af  Iba  balgbu  orar  wbieb  ibo  road 
GananI  Oram,  whtoh  tba  toft  wlnj,  ad- 
raaced aleag  Um  eoaat  by  tha  waal  lead,  aair  Iba 
aarrawai  but  ihto  wm  inlended  ebtofly  m  a  feint. 

Tha  gaard  whtoh  wm  aiaitoaad  at  ihto  road, 
flad  wiibaBt  nmblag  aay  raabtaaM.  A  few  af 
Ibam  wara  aftarwaida  nlilad,  aad  tord  Stiriina 
adraaced  wiUi  IfiOO  maa,  aad  laob  pomamlBB  af 
a  bin,  abanl  two  ibUm  Aom  Iho  Amoricaa  camp, 
aod  la  ftoal  ofaoaanl  Gnat. 

Aa  aiiMb  wm  mada  vary  aariy  ia  tba  mora- 
ing,  AugBM  S7, 1776,  by  tha  HaaaiaM  Aom  Ftol- 
buah,  uadar  Oanaiai  da  HalMer,  aad  by  Uaneral 
Gnat  aa  ibk  caael,  aad  wm  wall  aupparted  for  a 
caaaidanbto  Ume  ob  both  afaloe.  Tha  Americana, 
t'ho  oppoaed  GeaanI  da  Hotatar,  wero  Ant  in- 
formoii  of  ibo  appmch  af  GeMral  Clinlan,  who 
had  came  raoadoa  their  toft.  Thajr  immmadiaiely 
began  ta  ntrNt  to  their  nmp,  but  wero  ib.ei 
ceptcd  by  Iha  right  wiaa  nadar  Ganenl  Clinton, 
who  got  lata  iIm  rrar  af  ibafar  toft,  aad  atucked 
Ibam  with  hto  light  iafealra  and  dragoona.  wlillr 
ratnralng  to  thofr  lioM.  Tbay  were  driran  back 
Ull  the*  wera  bmI  by  the  Heeeton.  They  werx 
Ihna  allareaiaiy  elmaed  and  iniorecpled,  between 
OenenI  de  Hetoier  and  Gaaeral  Cliuoa.  Some 
of  their  ragimenta,  nerrrtbelaaa,  found  tbairway 
to  the  camp.  The  AmerKaaa  under  tord  Stiriing 
eaaaiaUngof  Cotonel  Milea'a  iwo  balaliona.  Colonel 
Altoe'a,  Colonel  Smallwood'a,and  Colonel  Hatcba'a 
raginMota,  who  wen  engaged  with  General  Gnwl, 
fought  with  great  reMluiwn  for  about  aia  Imbm. 
Tliev  wen  unimformed  of  their  moreiiMBla  mada 
by  General  Clinton,  till  Mme  of  iIm  troopa  uadM 
bw  command  had  tnTeiaad  iIm  whole  ettom  01 
tha  eonatiy  fai  their  rear.    Tbair  nmat  thin  wm 


CMMI 

*ulw 
Brilla 
ever  1 
rar  I 
ouuin 
Th 
a4M. 
Amer 
pertol 


M  mp  ilw  fcnwti 
murn,alViteum- 
iht  up|Mr  (Mit  of 

nmr  Naw  York. 
itM  «tr«  muMly 

many  nniill  hihI 
bkh  »«r*  lin*ra 
rh«  llrtllah  luis* 
iiBji,  by  lV««|iiffiii 

nouib  CiiruUm, 
Kuniiwi  but  Mt 
in  DiM«,  ibM  ib« 
i«M,  b«ror«  ibty 
••mgalga. 
Ibt  Brilltb  earn 
r  llrM  aiitmui  oa 
ra«i  M  Naw  York, 
pUaa  whkh  Ibair 

I  oppaaiibia,  ba> 
I  ami  Uravaaaad. 
imimII  paalaaula, 
ft,  aail  alraicblai 
iba  EaM  rtvar  ba- 
■a,  «iihaairoB| 
I  worlM  ai  Biaob- 
a  narrowa,  rnaa  a 
•oad,  about  Ava 
irmioaiaa  naar  Ja> 
m  ihroncb  Ibaia 
Moad  on  iha  Fbii- 
•dloRi  rwHi  t  and 
marioaaa  bad  800 
nd  Cotenal  Mllaa 
riflaman,  to  RUNrd 
bllla,  to  JawMlca 
Brlliah. 

aMfaiaa,  laoli  nor 
;uai96,m6.  li 
MRorihaBrliid 
intoa,  marvhadi' 
NMarivandofib 
laft  of  Iha  Ame 
oura  bafora  tiny 
M  of  hia  |Mrtia« 
oAcaia,  and  took 
rania^  tba  anrij 
MU  tba  dm  ap 
m  advanced,  anc 
V  which  tba  road 
tha  laA  wiuf,  ad< 
M  load,  nair  tha 
ihiafljr  aa  a  feint, 
•d  at  ibia  road. 
A  few  of 
bird  Stiriina 
jioaaaaaioD  of 
luarican  eanp^ 

riy  in  tha  mom- 
auuM  from  Ffaii. 
aad  by  Uaaaral 
aupfwrtad  for  a 
TbaAinaricant, 
r,  waro  ArM  in- 
al  Clinton,  wlio 

Bimmmedialely 
ni  waro  in.ei 
Janenl  Clinton, 
k,  aad  aiucked 
iragoona.  whilr 
ire  dritran  back 
.  They  were 
'pted,  between 
i^linton.  Soma 
found  their  way 
•r  bird  Stirling 
taliona.  Colonel 
olonalHateba'a 
lUeneralGiaot, 
bout  ail  bouM. 


Ik 


Iroopa  1 
bole  aslant  «« 
niMmt  thus  wm 


WORTH   AMIBIOA. 


laMlMftait  Vll  aovataL  iMMwIthalawilBg,  broke 
ihiMgk  aiul  got  Into  the  wood*.  Manv  threw 
lkeai)al«w  bMa  tba  nwrah,  Mma  ware  drowned, 
«imI  otiixia  pnrUt,iNl  In  the  mud  i  a  numldarabla 
nambai  t'avnpad  la  iliohr  liiiet. 

Tlie  kiag'a  lrao|«  diaplayed  g/ant  valnur  through- 
AUl  Iha  wtooto  dAy.  Tna  vivieiv  uf  the  grimiid  uo- 
CMioaed  n  MWuaakion  of  imall  engiigeineni^  pur- 
oulu  and  aUoalitart  whioh  liuied  lur  innny  hour*. 
Britlah  ditctplipat  bi  every  initauce,  iriiimphed 
ever  the  nnti^a  valour  of  raw  tioom,  who  had  ne- 
ver been  lo  nation,  uml  whu«e  ufncen  were  unao- 
quainted  with  the  a(inla|«aina  of  war. 

The  loee  of  tha  Britlah  and  HeMiana  waa  about 
•  too,  Tha  blllud,  wouwled  and  priiooan  of  the 
Americaaa,  ItMlitdliig  tboaa  who  ware  drowned,  or 
periahad  in  tha  wooda  or  mud,  eonaidarably  as- 
■eaded  a  thouaaiid.  Among  iba  priaonera  of  tba 
Utter  wara  taro  of  their  general  oMeara,  Sulli- 
van and  lord  Starling  t  3  eoloneli,  4  lieutenant  eo- 
lonek,  3  imOoib,  18  eaptalna,  43  liautananu,  and 
11  anaigna.  Smallwood'a  regimant,  Iha  oAleara 
•f  which  wara  of  tha  beat  Ihmiiiee  io  tha  aiata  of 
Maryhad,  auaulned  a  kiaa  of  SM  laaa.  Tba  Bri- 
iidi  aAar  their  victory  were  eo  impaluoua,  that  it 
wai  with  difficulty  they  couM  ba  laalmload  from 
attacking  the  American  Una*. 

la  Iha  lima  of,  and  aubaequeni  lo,  Iba  engace- 
mani,  Uaneral  Waahiogion  diaw  over  to  Long  la- 
land  Iba  rraataat  nan  of  hia  army.  After  he  had 
colleetad  hia  principal  force  there.  It  waa  hia  with 
and  hopo,  that  Sir  William  liowa  wouU  attempt 
to  ttorm  tba  woika  on  the  laland.  Tbaee,  though 
iiMufflcleM  to  atand  n  regular  aiaga,  ware  atrong 
enough  lo  reaial  a  coup  <la  main.  Tha  remem- 
brance of  Bunker'a-hill,  and  a  ^eabre  to  apare  hia 
men,  reatrainad  the  Britiih  Qeneral,  from  making 
an  aiaauli.  On  tha  contrary  he  aade  demonatro- 
iion<  of  imeeeding  by  aiege,  and  broke  ground 
within  three  hundred  vaida  to  Iba  left,  at  I'ui- 
oim'a  redoubt.  Though  General  Waa hington  wiah- 
ed  fitr  an  aaaault,  *X  being  ceitain  ilwiliia  worka 
would  ba  untanane,  when  the  Brilleh  batteriee 
aliould  be  IVilly  opene<l,  he  called  a  council  of  war, 
to  corault  on  the  meaaure*  proper  to  be  taken.  It 
waa  thw  determined,  that  the  object*  in  view  were 
in  no  degree  proportioned  to  the  dnnKer*,  (o  which, 
by  a  continuation  on  the  biland,  they  would  be  ex- 
|io*ed.  Conformably  to  thi*  opinion,  di«|iaiitiona 
were  made  for  an  immediate  retreat.  Thi*  com- 
menced aoon  after  it  wa*  dark,  from  two  pointi, 
the  upper  and  biwer  ferric*  on  the  EhM  river.  Gen. 
M'Dougal  regulated  tha  embarkation  at  one,  and 
Colonel  Knoi  at  the  other. 

The  intention  of  evacuating  the  Uland  hod 
been  *o  prudently  concealed  from  the  Americana, 
that  they  knew  not  whither  they  were  gains,  but 
»uppo*ed  to  attack  the  enemy.  The  field  artillery, 
tent*,  Inggage,  and  about  0000  men,  were  con- 
veyed to  the  city  of  New  York,  over  the  Kast  liver, 
mora  than  u  mile  wide,  in  leaa  than  13  hour*,  and 
without  the  knowledge  of  the  Britiah,  though  not 
(iOO  yarda  diataot.  Providence,  In  a  remarkable 
aianuer,  favoured  the  retreat.  For  eome  time 
-Aer  tha  American*  began  It,  the  aute  of  the  tide, 
and  a  atrong  noitbeaat  wind  made  it  impo**ible  for 
them  to  make  me  of  their  lail  boata  :  and  their 
whole  number  of  row  boata  were  iniufficient  for 
completing  ihe  buaine**,  in  the  couree  of  the  night : 
but  (bout  eleven  o'clock,  the  wind  died  away,  and 
aoon  after  aprang  up  at  aouth-eaat,  and  blew  freah, 
wliich  rendered  the  aail  boata  of  u*e,  and  at  the 
■ame  time  made  the  paaaage  from  the  laland  to  the 
city,  direct,  eaay  and  expeditiou*. 

Towarda  morning,  an  estreme  thick  fog  came 
up,  which  hovered  over  Lona  laland  ;  and,  by  cc 
eealing  the  Americana,  anahhtd  them  to  complete 
*heir  retreat  without  intenm|Kian,  though  the  day 
had  begun  to  dbwn  aom«  time  before  it  waa  finiah- 
ed.  By  a  miitabe  bi  the  tranamiasion  of  order*, 
the  Amerir  IB  linea  wen  evacuated  for  about  three 
quartera  of  «n  hour  before  the  laat  embarkation 
look  plaea  :  but  the  Britlah,  though  ao  near  that 
'heir  working  parthM  eould  be  diatlnelly  heard,  be- 
ing envelaped  in  Ihe  fog.  knew  nothing  of  the  mat 
ter.  The  iinea  were  repoaaaiaed,  ana  beM  till  aix 
o'claek  im  tlw  OMiaing. 


Whan  every  thiB|  asaapt  aoiM  heavy  eannoa 
waa  removed.  Gen.  MIMin,  who  aomiwwdad  Ihe 
rear  guard,  left  the  linae  and  under  Iha  cover  of 
the  log  got  oir  aoia.  In  about  half  an  hour,  tha 
fog  cTaarmI  away,  and  the  Britlah  entered  the 
worka  which  bad  liaenjual  relinaulahad.  Had  lb* 
wind  nut  •bifted,  llie  half  of  tna  Amerlaau  armv 
couki  aol  have  eroaaed  (  and  even  aa  It  waa,  if 
the  fog  had  not  concealed  tiivlr  rear,  il  mual 
have  bMn  diacovered,  and  couM  hardly  have  eacap- 
ad.  GenanI  Sullivan,  who  wu  taken  priaoner 
on  Long  laland,  wa*  Immediately  aeni  on  parole, 
with  tha  felbiwlug  verbal  meaaaga  from  lord  Howe 
to  eongroaa  i  "  that  though  he  couki  not  at  praaent 
treat  with  them  in  that  character,  yat  be  waa  vary 
deabroua  of  having  a  conference  with  aonia  of  tto 
membora,  whom  no  would  eoMMaraa  privtua  gen- 
llemeD  |  that  ha,  with  hiabratbar,  tha  Oanarnl,  bad 
Aill  power  to  eompromlaa  tba  dlipata  batwaaa 
Great  Britain  and   Amariea,  upon  larma  advanla- 

Kioua  lo  both  ;  that  ba  wlalied  a  eoBipaet  mighl 
aaitlad,  at  a  lima  whan  no  daelaiva  bbw  waa 
alruek,  and  neither  partv  eould  aay  it  waa  com- 
pelled to  enter  into  aucn  agreemant  (  that  wan 
thev  diapoaed  to  treat,  man*  Ihlnga  which  they 
had  not  yet  aaked,  might  and  ought  to  be  granted  | 
and  that  if  upon  eonfennce  they  found  any  pro- 
bable ground  of  accommotlatlon,  the  authority  of 
congreaa  would  be  afterward*  acknowledged  to 
render  the  treaty  complete." 

Three  daya  after  ihia  meaaaga  waa  received. 
General  Sullivan  waa  raqueitea  to  inform  lord 
Howe  I  •'  that  eongreae,  being  the  repreeentativae 
of  the  free  and  independent  atatee  of  America, 
cannot  with  propriety  aend  any  of  ilieir  memben 
to  confer  wiin  bla  lordahip  in  their  private  charec- 
ter* ;  but  that  ever  deairou*  of  eetaliliahing  peace 
on  reaaonablo  terma,  they  will  aend  a  coromitlea 
of  their  body,  to  know  whether  he  baa  any  autho- 
rity lo  treat  with  peraon*  autboriaed  by  congreaa, 
for  that  pnrpoae,  on  behalf  of  America,  and  what 
that  authoriiv  i*  ;  and  to  hear  auch  propo*itiona  aa 
he  (hall  think  At  to  make  reapacting  the  aame." 
Thev  elected  Dr.  Franklin,  John  Adam*,  and  Ed- 
ward Rutledge,  their  committee  for  Ihia  purpoae. 

In  a  few  day*  they  met  lord  Howe,  on  Slaten 
Inland,  and  wero  received  with  great  politeneea. 
Oil  ihrir  return  they  made  a  repon  of  their  confer- 
ence, which  they  aummed  up  by  laving ;  il  did 
not  appear  to  your  commktee  imt  hia  lordihlp'a 
commuwion  contained  any  other  authority  than  that 
eipreaaed  in  the  act  of  parliament ;   namely,  that 


n;)oieo4  at  laaa  baiMAehd  tarmi  than  they  •btalna^ 
about  aaven  yaara  aftar  i  but  Great  Brilahi  (Mm- 
(d  on  the  eertalnty  of  their  abaoluta'  eow|n«*i,  Pt 
unconditional  aubmbwion.  Her  oAbr*,  theralin, 
comported  *o  little  with  the  feeling*  of  Amaiiaa, 
that  they  neither  eauaed  demur  nor  diauahw, 
among  the  new  formed  alatea. 

Tha  unauccoMful  termination  of  the  aeibm  on 
Ihe  mih  lad  to  coniaquenee*  more  *ei  lonely  alarm- 
ing to  Iha  Amaricana,  than  Ihe  bi*a  of  their  men. 
The  army  waa  univanially  diaplrlted.  Tha  mili- 
tia nnonby  eompanie*.  Their  example  Infecip/ 
the  Tegular  regiment*.  The  Imiae  footing  «( 
which  the  militia  came  to  camp,  made  il  haaaraoiak 
lo  exeieiaa  over  them  that  diacipline,  without 
which,  any  armv  la  a  mob.  To  raatraln  one  part 
of  an  amy,  while  another  claimed  and  •leralaad 
tha  right  of  doing  aa  they  pleaaad,  waa  no  laaa  hn- 
practleabla  than  abanrd. 

A  eooacll  of  war  ncommended  to  aei  tri  ihn 
dafenaive,  and  not  to  riah  the  army  for  tha  aake  of 
Naw  Yarit.  To  ratroat,  aubiecied  the  commander 
in  chief  to  reAeetkma  painftil  to  bear,  and  yet  Im- 
polltie  toraftita.  To  aland  hi*  ground,  and,  by 
auflbrtng  hbneelf  to  be  aurroumled,  to  haaard  the 
Am  of  America  on  one  deelalve  engagement,  wa* 
contrary  to  every  rational  plan  of  defending  tha 
wide-eslended  atatee  committed  to  hi*  care.  A 
middle  Una,  between  abandoning  and  defending, 
waa  therefore  for  a  abort  time  adopted.  The  pun- 
lb)  atone  were  removed  lo  Doobe'*  ferry,  about 
twenty-als  mllee  from  New  York.  Twelve  thou- 
*and  men  were  ordered  to  the  northern  eitremiiy 
of  New  York  laland,  and  4,000  to  remain  for  IM 
defence  of  Ihe  elty  ;  while  '.he  remainder  oceupiail 
the  intermediate  apace,  with  orden,  either  lo  aup* 
port  die  city,  or  Kingabrldge,  aa  exigenciea  migni 
raoulre. 

Before  the  Britlah  landed,  it  waa  impoaalble  to 
tell  what  place  would  be  Ant  attacked.  Thia  made 
it  neccaaary  to  erect  work*  fur  Ihe  df  fence  of 
a  variety  of  placea,  aa  well  aa  of  New  York. 
Though  every  thing  wa*  abandoned,  when  ibn 
criai*  came  that  ehher  the  city  moat  be  relinqniall- 
ed,  or  the  army  riaked  for  it*  defence  ;  yet  from 
the  delay*  occaaloued  by  the  redoubt*  and  other 
worka,  which  had  been  erected  on  the  idea  of 
makina4he  defence  of  the  alatea  a  war  of  poata, 
a  whole  campaign  waa  lo*t  to  the  British,  and 
*aved  to  the  American*.  The  year  began  with 
hope*  that  Great  Britain  would  recede  from  her 
deroanda,  and  therefore  'verv  plan  of  defence  waa 


of  granting  paidon*,  with  *uch  eseeplian*  aa  Ihajona  temporarv   lystem.    The  declaration  of  indO' 


pendence,  which  the  violence  of  Great  Britain 
foreed  the  colonlea  to  adopt  in  July,  though  neither 
foreaeen  nor  intended  al  the  commencement  of  tha 
year,  pointed  out  the  neceaaitv  of  organising  an 
army,  on  new  term*,  correaponaent  lo  the  enlarg- 
ed object*  for  which  thev  had  reiolved  lo  contend 
Congreea  accordingly  determined  to  raiae  88  bat- 
tallona,  to  aerve  during  the  war. 

Under  Iheae  circumetances,  to  wear  away  ihe 
campaign,  with  u  little  miafortune  as  ponible,  and 
thereby  lo  gain  lime  for  railing  a  permanent  army 
againat  the  next  year,  waa  to  the  Americana  a  mat- 
ter of  die  laat  importance.  Though  the  comman- 
der in  chief  abandoned  those  work*,  which  hud  en- 
gro**ed  much  time  and  attention,  yet  the  advan- 
atUl  contbiuild  In  her  atate  of]  tage  reaulting  from  the  deUya  they  nccaaioned 
far  overbalanced  the  expense  incurred  by  theii 
erection. 

The  same  abort  aighted  politicians,  who  had 
before  censured  General  Waaliington,  for  hi*  cau- 
tiou*  conduct,  in  not  •lorming  the  BritUh  line*  al 
Bo*ton,  renewed  their  elamoun  against  him,  for 
adopting  thia  evacuating  and  retreating  ayatem. 
Supported  by  a  conacioiune**  of  his  own  integrity, 
ami  by  a  full  eonviction  that  those  measures  w^ie 
best  calculated  for  aecnring  the  inoependence  <^ 
America,  he,  for  the  good  of  his  country,  volnnla- 
rily  subjected  his  fame  to  be  overahaduwad  by  a 
temporary  cloud 

General  Howe,  having  prepored  every  Ihmg  for 
a  deaeent  on  New  York  isSand,  b'gan  to  li^  hia 
men  under  cover  of  ships  of  war,  lietween  Kepp'a 
bay  and  "Turtle  bay.  A  breast  vork  had  been 
eiaotad  in  tba  nciuit/,  and  a  pary  autioned  in  it 


commi**lonen  *ball  think  proper  to  make,  and  of 
declaring  America,  oi  any  part  of  it,  to  be  in  the 
king'*  peace,  on  •ubmi**ion.  For,  aa  to  the  power 
of  inquiring  into  the  etate  of  America,  which  hia 
lordahip  mentioned  to  u*,  and  of  conferring  and 
conaulting  with  any  peraon*  the  eommiaeioiMia 
might  think  proper,  and  rapreaenting  the  reault  of 
apch  conveiaation  to  the  minialry,  who,  provided 
the  colonlea  woukl  aubject  themaelvea,  after  all, 
mighl,  or  might  not,  at  tbeur  pieaaum,  make  any 
alterationa  In  Ihe  former  Inetructiona  to  governora, 
01  propoae  in  parliament  any  amendment  of  the 
acts  complained  of;  we  apprehend  any  expec- 
tation, from  the  effect  of  auch  a  power,  would  have 
been  too  uncertain  and  precarioua,  to  be  relied  on 
by  America,  had  aha 

dependence."  Lord  Howe  had  ended  the  con- 
ference on  hia  part,  by  expressing  hia  regard  for 
America,  and  the  extreme  pain  he  would  auffer  in 
being  obliged  to  distrecs  those  whom  he  ao  mueh 
regarded.  Dr.  Franklin  thanked  him  for  hia  n- 
guda,  and  aaauied  him  that  the  American*  would 
ahow  their  gratitude,  by  endeavoring  to  lessen  aa 
much  aa  poaaible,  all  pam  he  might  feel  on  theb 
account,  by  exerting  tbebr  utmoat  abilitiea,  in  tak- 
ing aood  care  of  themaelvea. 

TDoeoromittae  in  evenr  respect,  aoaintained  the 
dignity  of  coogiese.  Their  conduct  and  aemimenta 
were  aneh  m  became  their  character.  The  friends 
to  indepandance  rejoiced  that  nothing  reanlted 
from  thw  interview,  that  might  disunite  the  peo- 
ple. Congress,  IniMting  to  the  good  sense  of  their 
country  men,  ordered  the  whole  to  be  printed  for 
thair  iofemiatioii.    All  the  itatea  wotild  luvo  then 


HISTORT  or 


I*  tmptn  tkt  BrMih,  ki  cm*  of  iMr  MiMifltaff 
«•  MM.  Bal  M  iIm  Ant  MpminM*  of  dn|*r, 
llwy  iM  off  la  MoAidtoa.  Tb*  •omimador  la 
shtof  MiM  up  tnd  la  vnla  inimpiMl  lo  rally  ihom. 
TboU|h  Iho  Hriltoh  In  ■IrIiI  ilM  not  •icMtl  tlily, 
ho  eould  nol,  eillivr  bjr  cxampli,  InlraaljPi  or  lulho- 
riljr.  prtviM  on  ■  lupcrlor  forco  lo  iIumI  Ibeir 
|nma«i,  and  faro  that  IneonaldarabU  aombor. 

Un  iIm  day  iftar  Ihia  ahamornl  llt|hl  of  part  of 
llio  American  anny,  a  ihlriiilah  look  place  boiwccn 
two  ballalion*  of  light  Infliniry  and  Hlghlandcn, 
Mmmaadtd  by  Brinadlcr  Loalla,  and  lom*  daiach 
woata  A«m  lb*  AaMrieaa  anny,  undor  iho  com 
M*ad  of  LloHioaMii  Colonol  Knowlioa,  of  Coonoe 
Itaut,  and  Mi^or  Lollch,  of  Virginia.  Tb*  colonol 
•a*kllM,aad  ibanMjor  badly  wouadod.  Tboir 
MOB  btbavwl  wltb  grwit  brarary,  aad  hirly  b*at 
ibohr  adforaarl**  Aom  tba  Itold.  Moat  of^  lh«ao 
won  lb*  aaaM  m*a,  «bo  bad  diagraead  lli*nia*l«*a 
lb*  day  bafoi*.  by  ruaaiag  away.  Struck  with  a 
■aw*  of  abama  for  ibair  bt*  mUbobavioar,  tb*y  bad 
aMNad  tbaoia*!***  aa  volani**n,  and  r*qu«aiad 
lb*  •ommandor  la  eblaf  lo  glv*  lh*m  an  oportn- 
■iiy  lo  loliiovo  Iboir  boaoor.  Tbclr  good  conduct, 
al  tbi*  **eoBd  Migag*aMBt,  pni«*d  aa  aaildoio  lo 
tba  polaoa  of  iboir  oiampi*  on  ih*  pi«c*dlng  day. 
ft  doaMaatiatad  ibal  tba  Anaatlcaa*  only  wanted 
laaoluilon  aad  good  oMcan  to  bo  oo  a  footing  wltb 
Iha  Britlab  i  aad  Inapirod  thorn  with  hop**,  that  a 
liitlo  mora  oiporioaeo  would  onabto  Ibom  lo  aaaumo 
■ot  only  iho  namo  and  garb,  but  tb*  aplrlt  and  Arm- 
a***  of  ioldl<>n. 

Tho  AnMrieaaa,  having  ovacnatad  lb*  cllv  of 
New  York,  a  brigado  of  iho  Britiah  army  marched 
Into  It,  They  bM  been  only  a  few  day*  In  pm- 
•faalon,  when  a  draadftal  An  broke  out  and  con- 
Bumed  about  a  thouiand  honiei.  Dry  weather, 
and  a  briik  wind,  ipread  the  flamet  lo  iuch  an  cl- 
ient, that,  had  It  nol  been  for  great  exertlona  of  the 
Iroopa  and  aailora,  the  whole  city  muat  have  aharad 
llie  aame  Ikto.  After  the  Americana  had  evacu- 
ated New  York,  they  retired  lo  the  north  end  of 
Ih*  lahind  on  which  thai  citv  la  erected.  In  about 
four  weeka,  Geneial  Howe  began  lo  execute  a  plan 
far  cutting  oflT  General  Waahlngton'a  communica- 
tion with  the  eaatem  itatea,  and  cneloilnt  him  ao 
u  lo  compel  a  general  engagement  on  the  lahind. 
With  Ihia  view,  the  greater  part  of  the  royal  army 
noaied  through  Hellgate,  entered  the  aound,  and 
landed  on  Throg  a  neck,  in  Wealchealer  liounlv. 

Two  daya  after  they  made  Ihia  movement,  Uene- 
tal  Lea  arrived  Afom  hie  late  aucceaalul  command 
lo  the  loulbward.  He  found  that  there  wia  a 
prevailing  dlapoahion  among  the  oflioen  in  the 
American  army  for  remaialag  on  New  York  laland. 
A  council  of  war  waa  called,  in  which  General  Lee 
gave  auch  comrlneing  raaaoiia  for  quilting  it,  that 
th*T  reaolved  Immediately  to  withdraw  the  bulk 
of  the  army.  He  abo  preaaod  the  canediency  of 
•vacuiting  fort  Waahinglon  t  but  In  tula  ho  waa 
oppoaed  by  General  Greene,  who  argued  that  the 
poaecaalon  of  that  poet  would  divert  a  large  bodv 
of  the  eonmy,  from  joining  th«ir  main  foree,  and, 
in  conjunction  w'lh  fort  Lee,  woukl  bo  of  great 
oae  in  covering  the  tnnapoitation  of  pravlaiona 
ami  atorea  up  lb*  North  river,  for  tb*  aervieo  of  the 
American  troopa.  He  added  fiuther,  that  the  gar- 
riaon  could  bo  brought  oflT  at  any  time,  by  boata 
from  the  Jeney  aide  of  the  river.  Hia  opinion 
prevailed.  Though  the  ayatem  of  evacuating  and 
retrenting  waa  in  general  adopted,  an  exception 
waa  made  in  fiivonr  of  fort  Waahington,  and  9000 
men  were  aaaigned  for  iu  defence. 

Tho  royal  army,  after  a  halt  of  aix  daya,  at 
Throg'a  neck,  advanred  near  to  New  Rochellcc 
Od  their  march  they  anklained  a  conaiderable  loaa 
by  a  party  of  Ame/icana  whom  3eneral  Lee  poat- 
ad  behind  a  wall.  After  three  dayi.  General 
Howe  moved  the  right  and  centre  of  hia  army, 
two  milea  to  the  northward  of  New  Rochelle  ;  on 
the  road  to  the  White  Plkina :  there  he  received 
a  large  reinforeement. 

General  Waahinglon,  while  retreating  from 
New  York  Island,  waa  careful  to  mak*  a  front  tO' 
«aida  the  British,  from  Eaat  Chester,  almost  lo 
Whha  Plain*,  hi  order  to  aecure  the  nurch   of  i 


ibay  1 


iba*a  wba  wata  bablad,  aad  ta  Mrnd  tba  nmoval 
ofibaalah,  Ibaeaaaoa,  aad  ataro*  of  hi*  army 
Ib  ibU  Btaaaar  hi*  troop*  mad*  a  IUm  of  email  do' 
lached  aad  •nirenched  eampa,  oa  iba  aavaral  belghia 
and  strong  grounds  from  Valenllne's  hill,  un  the 
right,  lolhe  vicinity  of  the  While  IMalns,  un  the  tell. 

I'ho  loyal  army  niuved  In  iwu  columns,  and  look 
a  poeltloa  with  the  Bronx  In  front  s  upon  which 
tba  AmericaM  assembled  their  main  orce  al 
While  I'lain*  behind  Intrenchments.  A  general 
action  waa  hourly  expected,  and  a  coaaiderable  one 
took  place,  in  which  several  hundreds  fell.  The 
Americana  ware  commandod  by  G*n*ral  M'Dou- 

'  and  lb*  Britlab  by  General  Leall*.  Wbll* 
w*N  *ngag*d,  tb*  AoMrieaB  baggag*  waa 
oir  In  ralfvlaw  of  tba  Britlab  army.  Soon 
after  ihia,  Gaaeral  WaablagioB  ebangad  hi*  firont, 
bis  left  wing  atood  Ikal,  and  hia  right  fell  back  to 
aoBM  bilk.  Ib  this  poiihioa,  wblah  waa  an  ndml- 
rabla  on*  in  a  military  point  af  vl*w,  bo  both  dealr- 
•d  and  aapaatad  aa  aatlen  t  but  G*a*fBl  Hew*  d*- 
ellned  it,  and  draw  olT  bi*  foraoa  lowarda  Dobba'a 
farry.  Th*  Amwieaa*  aftcrwarda  mired  to 
North  Caatla. 

General  Waabingtoa,  with  a  part  of  hia  army, 
croaaed  the  North  rivar,  and  look  poet  In  the 
neighbourhood  of  fort  Lee.  A  force  of  about 
7000  men,  wa*  l*ft  at  North  CaMl*.  andar  G*n*ral 
La*. 

The  Aawricana  having  ntired,  Sir  William 
How*  d*i*rmin*d  lo  Impnv*  th*  opportunity  of 
Iboir  abaaaee,  for  Iha  r*du«llon  of  fort  Washing- 
ton. Thla,  tba  onlv  po*tth*  Americana  then  held 
onNeW'York  lalano,  waa  under  th*  command  of 
Colanol  Magaw.  Th*  royal  army  Biada  four  at- 
lacka  upon  H.  Tb*  Ant  on  th*  north  aide,  waa 
led  on  by  General  Kniphauaen.  The  aecond 
on  the  eaal  by  General  Matibewa,  anpport*d  by 
lord  Corawallla.  The  third  waa  under  the  di- 
rection of  Lieutenant  Cotonal  Stirling,  and  th* 
fourth  waa  commanded  by  lord  Peray.  The  Iroope 
under  Kniphauaen,  when  advancing  to  the  fort, 
had  lo  paaa  through  a  thick  wood,  whioh  wu  oc- 
cupied bv  Colonel  Rawlini;'*  regiment  of  riAemen, 
and  snlnred  very  much  from  their  well-directed 
Are. 

During  the  attack,  a  body  of  the  British  light 
Infantry  advanced  againat  a  party  of  the  Ameri- 
cans, who  were  annoying  them  frani  behind  rocka 
and  trees,  and  obliged  them  lo  dlapeise.  Lord  Per- 
cy  carried  aa  advaace  work  oa  hU  aide ;  aad  Lieu- 
tenant Colonel  Sterling  foreed  hia  way  up  a  ateep 
height,  and  took  170  prlaoneri.  Their  outworka 
being  carried,  the  Americana  left  their  linea,  and 
crowded  into  the  fort.  Colonel  Rahl,  who  led  the 
right  column  of  Kniphauaen'a  attaek,  puahed  for- 
ward, and  lodged  hia  column  within  a  hundred 
yard*  of  the  fort,  and  waa  then  aoon  joined  by 
the  left  column ;  the  garriaon  annrendered  on  terma 
of  capitulation,  by  whioh  Ih*  men  were  to  be  con- 
aldend  u  priaoaera  of  war,  aad  th*  ofllcon  to 
keep  their  baggage  and  aid*  am*.  The  numbar 
of  priaonon  aaaonnted  to  S700.  The  lose  of  the 
Bntlsh,  In  killed,  wounded,  and  miaaing,  waa  about 
1800.  Shortly  after  fort  Waahington  had  sur- 
raDd*rad,  lord  Corawallla,  with  a  conaiderable 
fore*,  p**a*d  ov*r  to  attaek  fort  L*«,  on  the  op- 
poeito  J*ra*y  sbora. 

The  garnaoB  waa  aaved  by  an  immediate  eva.v 
nation,  but  at  th*  exponae  of  their  artillery  and 
atorea.  General  Wuhington,  about  Ihia  time, 
retreated  to  Newark.  Having  abundant  reason, 
from  th*  poatore  of  aAhiia,  to  count  on  th*  n*c**- 
sliy  of  a  larthor  retreat,  b*  aaked  Colonel  Reed  ( 
••ahould  we  retreat  to  th*  back  part*  of  Ponnayl- 
vania,  will  the  Pennsylvaniana  aupport  ua  T"  The 
Colonel  replied,  if  th*  lower  conntiea  be  aubdued, 
and  give  up,  tlie  back  conntiea  will  do  the  aame. 
The  General  replied  :  *•  we  must  retire  to  Augusta 
county  in  Virginia.  Numben  will  be  obliged  to 
repair  to  ua  for  safely.  We  muat  try  what  we  can 
do  in  carrying  on  a  predalonr  war  ;  and,  if  over- 
powered, we  must  cross  Iho  Alfcgany  mountain." 

While  a  lido  of  success  was  flowing  in  upon 
General  Howe,  he  and  his  brother,  as  roynl  cora- 
i  miasioners,  issued  a  proclamation,   in  which  they 


•ommaaded  all  persona  aMMutM  ki  ansa  tnlar' 
hi*  majaaly's  goveromeat  lo  disbaad  i  awl  aU  g«« 
BonlorproThMlal  congreeee*  lo  iuka  Aw  ibali 
treasoiia*le  actings,  anif  to  relin<|Hleb  their  iMur|^ 
td  powitr."  They  also  declared,  ■•that  ovory 
persoowho  within aiaty  days  should  appear  befor* 
ihe  governor,  liemenuiil  guvernor,  or  coiniMiBdw 
inchkf  ofanyof  his  inHJesly'a  nnhialaa,  or  bafcra 
lb*  general  or  comiiiaiHling  oAleer  of  bla  m^iesiy'* 
foraes,  and  claim  the  beneAl  of  the  praclamatloa  | 
and  lesiuy  his  obedience  lo  lb*  tawo,  by  anbaerib- 
ing  a  certain  declaration,  should  obtain  a  ftill  aad 
free  panlon  of  all  masons  by  him  eommltled,  aad 
of  all  forfelinraa  and  psnaltlea  for  Ih*  aam*." 

Th*  term  of  time  for  wbleb  lb*  AaMrieaa  ool-  • 
dlen  had  engaged  to  serve,  eaded  la  Norambar  or 
D*c*mb*r ;  wlih  no  other  exception,  than  that  al 
two  companiee  of  artillery,  belonging  to  tba  aiata 
of  New  York,  which  were  engaged  for  lb*  war. 
Th*  army  had  been  organhurd  at  iha  «la**  of  lb* 
pr*c*dlng  yaar,  on  th*  fallaeloua  Id**,  that  aa  aa- 
commodailon  would  lak*  plae*  within  a  tw*lv*< 
month.  Kven  the  Aving  camp,  though  la*lltat*d 
after  the  proepect  or  that  event  had  vanlahed,  wa* 
•nllaied  only  lo  Ihe  Ant  of  December,  from  a  pr*- 
sumpikm  ibat  th*  campaign  would  tormlBat*  by 
that  time. 

When  It  waa  expected  that  th*  conqtMiDn 
wouM  retire  lo  winter  quartan,  they  eomm*ii«*d 
a  new  plan  of  openilona  mora  alarming  thta  all 
their  prevloua  conquests.  The  reduction  of  fort 
Waabingtoa,  Ihe  evacuation  of  fort  Lee,  aad  lb* 
dlmlnulwn  of  the  American  army,  by  the  depar- 
ture of  Ihoa*  whoa*  term  of  aervice  had  expired, 
encouraged  the  British,  notwithstanding  tba  aav*< 
rlty  of  lb*  wlnlor,  afld  the  badneae  of  the  roods, 
lo  panuo  tho  remaining  Ineonalderabla  continen- 
tal forae,  with  the  prospect  of  annihilating  it.  By 
Ihia  turn  of  aflhin,  the  interior  country  wa*  aur- 
prised  into  confusion,  and  found  aa  onamy  witbbi 
it*  bowels,  without  a  sufficient  army  to  op|>3aa  h. 
To  retreat  waa  the  only  expedient  left.  Thla  hav> 
Ing  commenced,  lord  Cornwalll*  followed,  and 
wu  close  in  th*  rear  of  General  Waahington,  w 
he  retreated  auecessively  lo  Newark,  lo  Bruaa< 
wick,  lo  Princeton,  to  Trenton,  and  to  the  Penn- 
sylvania side  of  Ihe  Delaware.  The  punuil  waa 
urged  with  so  mnch  rapidity,  that  the  rear  of  the 
one  army,  pulling  down  bridge*,  wa*  ofton  wlthia 
eight,  and  shot  of  the  van  of  th*  other,  buildlag 
them  up. 

Till*  retreat  into,  and  through  New  Jersey,  wia 
attended  with  almost  every  dreumslance  Ilia 
could  occasion  embarrassment  and  depreasion  of 
apirils.  It  commenced  In  a  few  daye  after  the 
Amer  cana  had  lost  8700  men  In  foil  Washiag- 
ton.  In  fourteen  daya  after  that  event,  th*  wboM 
Aying  camp  claimed  their  discharge.  Thl*  wa* 
followed  by  the  almost  daily  departure  of  others, 
whose  engagements  terminated  nearly  about  the 
aame  tim*.  A  AiRher  diaapporniment  hapt«ned 
to  General  Waahington.  Gale*  had  b*en  ndcred 
by  congreea  lo  aend  two  regiments  from  TiLonde- 
roga,  lo  reinfone  hia  army.  Two  Jersey  reel 
menta  wen  put  under  the  command  of  General  St 
Clair,  and  forwarded  In  obedience  to  this  order  • 
but  lb*  period  for  which  Ihey  were  enliated  was 
expired,  and  the  moment  they  entered  ibeir  own 
slate,  they  went  off  to  a  man.  A  few  officers, 
without  a  single  private,  of  these  two  nglments, 
were  all  that  General  St.  Clair  brought  to  the  aid 
of  the  retreating  American  army.  The  few,  who 
remained  with  General  Waahhigton,  were  in  a  most 
forlorn  condition.  They  consisted  mostly  of  th* 
troop*  which  had  garrisoned  fort  Lee,  and  had 
beencompelled  to  abandon  that  poat  so  suddenly, 
that  they  comiDenoed  their  retreat  without  tenta 
or  blankela,  and  without  any  utensils  to  dress  their 
provisions.  In  this  situation  they  performed  a 
march  of  about  ninety  miles,  and  liad  th*  addraa* 
to  prolong  it  to  thr  space  of  nineteen  daya. 

As  thl  retreating  Americans,  marehed  through 
the  country,  scarcely  one  of  the  inliabltants  joined 
them ;  while  numbers  were  daily  flocking  to  the 
royal  armv,  lo .  make  their  peace,  and  obtain  pro- 
tection.    They   aaw  on  the  one  aid*  a  numemuii 


HORTH   AMKRIOA. 


r(illM|utth  Ihalr  Murp> 
il«elira«l,  "ihu  wrwy 
■  ihouM  apfMRr  bafora 
vrrnur,  or  coinmaiidw 
iljr'i  lolonlaa,  or  btfbra 
I  ofliecr  of  hk»  m^jDiiy't 
itll  of  I  he  pracUmaltoa  t 
tha  !•««,  by  •ubMrib- 
ilMiuld  obtain  ■  ftill  •n4 
>y  him  comnilited,  tad 
■•  for  lh«  MiiM." 
I«h  iIm  AnMrtcw  mU  ' 
tndmi  tn  Noninbar  or 
ticopllon,  thaa  thai  M 
boloB|lBf  to  tha  aiata 
an|i|aa  for  tha  war. 
wdat  tha  claaa  aflha 
clout  lda«t  that  an  aa* 
plaea  within  a  twalva- 
imp,  though  laailratad 
ivent  had  *«olihad,  waa 
r  December,  fram  a  pre- 
[n  would  tomilaata  by 


i, and Aillelad  army,  daaaling  Ihalr 
•yaa  wMk  the  elaganaa  of  unlibrmliy  i  on  the  other, 
•  faw  poor  (allow*,  who,  Arnm  their  ihibby  elolh- 
hi|,  were  called  nimuffliM,  lleelni  for  Iheir 
lanty.  Not  only  the  cuniinon  prn|il*  ulianiml 
ildea  In  ihle  (loamy  ilaie  of  puollc  itffiilri ;  but 
ionio  of  the  leadlni  men  In  New  Jeniey  and  I'enn- 
•ylvinin  adopted  the  Mma  expedient.  Amnng 
Ibete  Mr.  (iailoway,  and  the  funilly  iif  llie  Allen* 
In  Philadelphia,  were  miiet  dUllniubhcil.  The 
former,  and  one  of  ih*  laller,  had  Mm  memben 
of  CoBcreia.  In  thia  hour  uf  advertlty,  ihey  came 
wllliln  the  Dritiili  linee,  and  iiirranilered  (hem- 
•el«n  to  the  eonnuentn,  alleging  In  JuillAcalInn 
of  lhair  conduct,  inat  though  they  had  Joined  with 
their  countrymen.  In  aeeklng  for  a  radraaa  of 
grietrance*  In  a  eonatltutlonal  way,  they  had  navar 
npprovad  of  tha  meaauraa  lately  adapted,  and  ware 
•a  particular,  at  all  timet  avana  to  indapandanca. 

Oa  tha  day  Uanernl  Waahlnglon  rairaaiad  over 
Iha  Dataware,  tha  Britlth  look  poteatalon  of  Rhode 
Itlaad,  without  any  lott,  and  at  tha  tama  time 
bloekad  up  Commodore  Hopklna*  tquadron,  and  a 
•lambar  oi  prirateert  at  Provldanca. 

In  thIa  period,  when  the  American  army  wa* 
rallnquithlng  lu  General  i  tha  people  giving  up 
tha  cauaa  i  tome  of  their  leadert  going  orer  to 
tha  anamy  i  and  tha  Britlah  eommandera  tnceaad- 
lag  In  arery  enterprlae,  Oeneral  Lee  waa  taken 
prMonar  at  Itaakanbridge,  by  Lieutenant  Colonel 
llareourt.  ThIa  eauiad  a  depraaalon  of  tpiritt 
MBong  the  Amerlcant,  ikr  exceeding  any  real  In- 
iury  tlona  to  their  aiaentlat  Interettt.  He  had 
neon  repaaiailly  ordered  to  coma  forward  with  hit 
dWIilon,  and  join  Oaneral  Wathlngton  i  but  thaaa 
ordert  were  not  obeyed.  ThIa  eircumitance,  and 
llie  dangeroua  criili  of  public  aflhlrt,  together  with 
bl*  being  alone,  at  tome  dlilance  from  tha  troope 
•liieh  he  commanded,  begat  auaploloot  lh:it  he 
shoae  to  fall  Into  the  handi  oftha  Brilith.  Though 
tbeae  apprehentiont  were  without  foundation,  thay 
produced  iheiame  exteniire  mliohlef,  aa  If  they 
Bad  been  realitlee.  The  Amerlcant  had  repotad 
extravagant  confldenoe  In  hit  military  talenit,  and 
experience  of  regular  Kuropean  war.  Merely  to 
bav*  lott  tuch  an  idol  of  the  ttatet,  at  any  time, 
would  hare  been  dietrettful ;  but  loting  him  under 
eireumttancet,  which  favoured  an  opinion  that, 
deipalring  of  the  American  oaiue,  he  nhoie  to  be 
taken  priaoner,  wat  to  many  an  extinguithment  of 
every  nope. 

By  the  advance  of  the  Brilith  Into  New  Jertey, 
the  neighbourhood  of  Philadelphia  became  the 
teat  of  war.  Thit  prevented  that  undiaturbed  at- 
tention to  public  buslneii  which  the  dellberationi 
of  Congratt  lequired.  They  therefore  adjourned 
ihamteTvea  to  meet  In  eight  daya  at  Baltimore,  re- 
Bolving  at  the  tame  time,  "  that  General  Wathlng- 
ton iMuld  be  pottetted  of  full  powert  to  order 
and  direct  all  thingt,  relative  to  the  departmeut, 
aad  thi  operatlont  of  war." 

The  activity  of  the  Britith  at  the  dote  of  the 
ctmnalgn,  teemed  in  tome  meature  to  compenaate 
for  ineW  tardlneta  in  the  beginning  of  It. 

Hitherto  ihev  had  lucceeded  In  every  tcheme. 
They  marched  up  and  down  the  Jertey  tide  of 
the  Delaware,  and  through  the  country  without 
nnv  moleatation.  All  oppotltion  to  the  re-ettab- 
liibnienl  of  royA  government  teemed  to  be  on 
the  polut  of  expiring.  The  Amerlcant  bad 
thus  far  acted  without  tyttera,  or  rather  feebly  ex- 
teuled  what  had  been  in'udicioualy  adopted. 
Though  the  war  wat  changed  from  itt  nnt  ground, 
a  redreta  of  grievancet,  to  a  ttruggle  for  tove- 
relgnty,  yet  aome  contlderable  time  elapied,  before 
arrangamaata  conformable  to  thIt  new  tyttem, 
were  adopted  ;  and  a  much  longer,  before  they 
were  carried  Into  execution. 

With  the  year  1T76,  a  retreating,  half-naked 
army  was  to  be  ditmitted,  and  the  protpect  of  a 
new  one  wat  both  diitant  and  uncertain.  The  re- 
cently attnmed  independence  of  the  ttatet,  waa 
Apparently  on  the  verge  of  diiiolution.  It  waa 
auppotad  by  minv,  that  the  record  of  their  exiet- 
•nee  would  have  been  no  more  than,  that  •'  a  fickle 
pooplo,  taaapuient  jf  tha  mtrainU  of  regular  go- 


vammani,  had  In  a  At  af  pwlna,  abollahad  that 
af  Great  Britain,  and  attabilahad  la  lu  room,  IVae 
eoniiliutloniaf  lhaIr  owBi  but  thete  new  eaiab- 
hthmenlt,  from  want  of  wliulom  In  their  rulen,  or 
of  apirlt  In  their  iMople,  were  no  tooner  formed 
than  annihilated.  The  leading  men  In  their  ret- 
pretlve  govemmantt,  and  the  principal  nienibert 
uf  C'ungrete,  for  by  thIt  name  the  Inturgenii  dla- 
ilngulabad  their  tupreme  eouncll,  were  hanged, 
and  their  eetatet  eoalltoattd.  Wathliijiton,  the 
gallant  leader  of  their  mlllianr  eitabllihmentt, 
worthy  of  a  belter  Ikie,  deierted  by  hit  army,  abaa- 
duned  by  hit  country,  ruthing  on  the  Ihlekeit  bal- 
lallont  of  the  fue,  provoked  a  friendly  British 
bayonet  to  deliver  hini  from  an  Ignomlnloiu  death." 

To  human  witdom  It  anpeared  probable,  that 
tueh  a  paragraph  would  aave  eloted  toma  tmall 
taetloa  In  the  hittory  of  Enghad,  treating  of  the 
American  troubles.  There  is  In  human  aAUrt 
an  uhlmnta  point  of  elevation  or  dapratslon,  beyond 
which  ihav  neither  grow  better  aor  worse  ;  but 
turn  back  In  a  eontnrv  eouiia. 

In  proportion  aadUHeuhles  increased,  Congrett 
redoubled  lie  exertiont  to  oppoia  thtm.  They 
addrettad  tha  ttatee  In  animated  language,  calcu- 
lated to  remove  their  detpondency,  renew  their 
hopat,  aad  conArm  their  retolullont. 

They,  at  tha  tama  time,  detpatehed  gentlemen 
of  character  and  Influence,  to  excite  the  militia  to 
take  the  Aeld.  Uanaral  Mlfllln  wat,  on  thli  oa- 
eatlon,  particularly  uteftil.  Ha  exerted  his  great 
abilities.  In  arousing  his  fellow  citlsens,  by  anima- 
ted and  airectlonate  addrettet,  to  turn  out  In  de- 
fence of  their  endangered  llbertlet. 

Congrett  alto  recommended  to  each  of  the  Uni- 
ted Statei,  '•  to  appoint  a  day  of  tolemn  fatting 
and  humiliation,  to  Implore  of  Almighty  God  the 
forglveneai  of  their  many  tint,  and  to  beg  the  coun- 
tenance and  atelilance  of  hit  providence.  In  the 
protecutlon  of  the  preteni  liut  and  necettary  war." 

In  the  daageroiu  titiullon.  In  which  every  thing 
dear  to  the  friendt  of  independence  wat  reduced, 
congrett  trantferred  extraordinary  powers  to  Ge- 
neral Waahlnglon,  by  aratolutk>n  expressed  in  the 
following  woiut ; 

"  Tha  unjuti,  but  determined  purpote  of  the 
Britlth  court,  to  entlave  thete  Vee  ttatet,  obvloiu 
through  every  delntlve  Intlnuatlonto  the  contrary, 
having  placed  thingt  In  tueh  a  tituallon  that  the 
veiv  exiilence  of  civil  liberty  now  dependt  on  the 
right  execution  of  military  power  ;  and  the  vigor- 
out,  deciilvecondnetnf  thete  being  iinpottible  to 
diilaut,  numerout,  and  deliberative  bodiet ;  thit 
Congrett,  having  maturely  contidered  the  pretent 
crliit,  and  having  perfect  lelbioce  on  the  witdom, 
vigour,  and  uprighineti  of  Oeneral  Wathlngton, 
do  heraby— 

"Retolve  that  General  Wathlngton  thall  be, 
and  he  te  heraby  vetted  with  full,  ample,  and  com- 
plete powert,  to  raita  and  collect  together,  in  tha 
molt  tpeedy  and  eifectual  manner,  from  any  or  all 
of  these  United  States,  sixteen  battalions  of  in- 
fantry. In  addition  to  those  alraady  voted  by  Coa- 
^ratt ;  to  appoint  ofllcets  for  the  taid  battauons  oi 
infantry ;  to  raise,  ofllcer,  and  equip  3000  light 
hone,  three  regiments  of  artillery,  and  a  corpe  of 
engineen ;  to  establish  their  nay ;  to  apply  to  any 
of  the  slates  for  such  aid  of  the  militia  as  he  shsll 
judge  necessary  ;  to  form  tuch  magazines  of  pro- 
visions, and  In  such  places  u  he  snail  think  pro- 
per ;  to  displace  and  appohit  all  ofRcan  under  the 
n.ik  of  Brigadier  General ;  and  to  fill  up  all  vacan- 
cies In  every  other  department  in  the  American 
armies  ;  to  take,  wherever  he  may  be,  whatever 
he  may  want  for  the  use  of  the  army,  if  the  inha- 
bitants will  not  tell  it,  allowing  a  raatonable  price 
for  the  tame ;  to  arrest  and  confine  persons  who 
rafute  to  take  the  continental  currency,  or  an 
otherwise  ditaflecled  to  the  American  cauie ;  and 
ntum  to  the  ttatet  of  which  they  are  citizeni, 
their  names,  and  the  nature  of  their  oifencei,  to- 
gether with  the  witnestet  to  prove  them  :  that  the 
foregoing  powers  be  vetted  in  Oeneral  Wathlng- 
ton, for,  and  during  the  term  of  lix  months,  from 
the  d»te  thereof,   unlett  suouer  determined  by 


la  this  houraf  asliamlly,  tha  atiaailaa  al  Caa- 
grsss  was  emnloyad  In  davlslag  ulana  to  sata  Iha 
stales  fhim  sinking  aadar  tha  aaavv  eaJanillM 
which  were  bosring  ihem  down.  It  le  mnarka. 
ble,  that,  neither  In  the  prassnl  condition,  llMttgh 
trying  and  severe,  nor  In  any  other  ttaaa  >'.  a  da- 
claraiton  of  Indepaadanee,  waa  Coagraas  lafluea* 
ced  either  by  force,  dittrais,  artlAee,  or  persuashia, 
to  sntsrtain  ihs  most  ditisnt  Idea  of  parchaslng 
peace,  by  raiurnlng  to  the  comlliloa  of  Brillsn 
subleols.  So  low  were  they  raduced  In  Iha  faoiar 
end  of  1770,  that  some  memben  dietruslftel  af 
their  ability  to  reilai  the  power  of  Great  Britala 
proposed  lu  suihorlta  their  eommlteloaen  at  tha 
court  of  France,  (whose  sppolntment  shall  ba 
heraafter  explained,)  to  traiianr  to  that  eoaatty 
the  same  monopoly  of  their  trade,  which  Great 
Britain  had  hitherto  alloyed.  On  examination.  It 
was  found,  that  coaeassions  of  this  kind  would  de- 
stroy the  foraa  of  many  argumei  s  beratofora  used 
in  fiivonr  of  Indepemhnce,  aa^  probably  dianalia 
their  citlaens. 

It  was  next  proposed  to  olTer  a  monopoly  of 
certain  enumerated  nillcles  of  produce.  To  thia 
the  variant  Interests  of  the  dlAerant  stales  ware 
so  diractly  opposed,  as  to  occasion  a  speedy  and 
decided  negative.  Some  proposed  oATsring  le 
France,  a  league  oflbnslve  and  dafansivs.  In  oasa 
shs  would  hssnlly  support  American  Indapaa- 
denee  i  but  this  was  also  rajscted.  Tha  mora  m^ 
llghieaad  mambera of  Congrass argued  i  "though 
the  friendship  of  small  stales  might  ba  purahaaail 
that  of  France  could  not."  They  all  eged,  that  IT 
she  would  risk  s  war  with  Gnat  Britain,  by  opaa- 
ly  espousing  their  cause.  It  would  not  ba  so  mueb 
Irom  the  prospect  of  dlract  advantages,  as  firom  a 
natural  desire  to  lessen  the  overgrown  power  of  a 
dangerous  rival.  It  was  therafora  sup|iosed,  that 
the  unly  inducement,  likely  to  Influence  Franca 
to  an  interference,  was  nn  assurance  that  tha  Uni- 
ted States  wen  determined  to  persevera  In  rafti- 
ting  a  return  to  their  former  allaglanee.  Inttead 
of  Uttening  to  the  terms  of  tha  royal  commission- 
ers, or  to  any  founded  on  the  Idea  of  their  rasumlag 
the  character  of  British  subjects.  It  was  iherafara 
again  resolved,  to  abide  by  their  declarad  indepaa- 
dence,  and  proAered  fraedom  of  trade  to  every 
foreign  nation  ;  tniating  the  event  to  providence, 
and  risking  all  consequences.  Coplee  of  loeaa 
reiolutlont  wera  tent  to  the  principal  conrtt  of 
Europe,  and  proper  partons  were  appointed  lo 
solicit  their  friendship  to  the  new-formed  stalaa. 
These  despatches  fell  into  the  hntds  of  the  Bri- 
tish, and  were  by  them  published.  This  waa  tha 
very  thing  wished  for  by  CongraM.  They  well 
knew  that  an  apprahenslon  of  weir  making  up  all 
difierancea  with  Great  Britain  was  the  principal 
objection  to  the  inletferance  of  foraign  courts,  fai 
what  was  sepresented  to  be  no  mora  than  a  domaa- 
tie  quaml.  A  raaolution  adopted  la  the  deepest 
dlstrate  and  the  wont  of  timet,  that  Congreaa 
would  llaten  to  no  terms  of  n-union  with  their 

Sirant  state,  convinced  those  who  wished  for  tha 
Ismemberment  of  the  British  empin,  that  it  waa 
.sound  policy  to  Inteifera,  so  far  as  would  praveat 
the  conquest  of  the  United  States. 

These  judicious  determinations  In  the  cabinet 
wera  accompanied  with  vigoraus  exertions  In  tha 
field.  In  this  crisis  of  danger  1000  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania militia  embodied,  to  ralnforee  the  conti 
nental  army.  Tha  merchant,  the  farmer,  the 
tradesman,  and  the  labonrar,  cheerfully  ralinquish- 
ed  the  conveniences  of  home,  to  performi  tha 
duties  of  private  soldiera.  In  the  severity  of  a 
winter  campaign.  Though  most  of  them  wen 
aceustomea  to  the  habits  of  a  citv  life,  they  slept 
in  tents,  bams,  and  sometimes  in  tne  open  air,  du- 
ring the  cold  months  of  December  and  January 
Then  were,  nevertheless,  only  two  instances  of 
aickness,  and  only  one  of  death,  in  that  large  body 
of  men,  in  the  course  of  tix  weeki.  The  delay, 
to  judicioutly  contrived  on  the  raireat  thran^ 
Jersey,  alTorded  time  for  thete  volunteer  ram- 
forcements  to  join  General  Washington.  Tha 
number  of  troops  under  bis  command  at  that  liinat 
fluctuated  between  two  and  three  thousand.    Ta 


m 

•Ml  fMMrl  u4  hf  •  liatoftatM  ■■4  MunMroua 
wkll  Ikb  we*MltlflnM«  fore*.  »m  rtaklai 
)  I  k«l  Ik*  uriaacy  af  iha  cm*  rtqutrtd  thai 
■MMtklM  abouM  IM  •ilaitptad.  Th*  ricrutiln| 
bwtMMt  wt  lb*  BropoMMl  iMw  eonltnaniitl  uriny, 
•MM*  MMrf,  wMh  iha  BriiUh  «ara  itrtf  lag  iha 
AMartaaM  bafora  ibam.  Tba  praMM  raaular 
MMkn  aouM,  aa  a  maliar  af  rU hi,  tn  laia  ibon  a 
waah,  abUm  ibair  dU«har|a,  ana  icarca  a  alnila 
narak  otktmi  lo  rappiy  <Mi'  |>taea.  Undar  ihaaa 
•iiaiuMUacaa,  iba  BoM  raaolullon  waa  formad,  o( 
iMraaabig  tMo  iba  aiala  of  Jaraay.  Md  aliackiai 
IhM  put  af  Iba  aaamjr  wbieb  waa  paatad  ai  Traa- 

WkM  Uh  Aaaciaaaa  ralraaiad  ofar  iha  Data 
«ii%  ika  baala  la  tba  vlataU*  atara  movad  out  of 
lha«mr«ftbairjmra«ani  ibia  amaiad  ibair  pro- 
gnai  b«M  Iha  Brhlab  eomnHwdara,  ta  Iba  Mcuri* 
nraf  aoa^Naal,  aaalMad  Ibair  army  In  Burllniton, 
liBJiloB,  Traalaa,  and  albar  loarna  of  Naw 
Jaraajr,  \m  daily  aipaeialloa  of  balmt  aaablad  to 
•foaa  lai*  Paaaavlt aaia,  by  maaaa orlca,  wbleb  la 
giMnlly  formad  about  Uwi  lima. 

or  all  a*anii,  oooa  laamad  lo  Ibam  mora  Im- 
■robablo,  lba«  ibai  ibaIr  laia  ralraallnc,  halfna- 
Md  aaaalaa,  abould,  In  Ihka  adrama  cold  aaaion, 
Ibea  about  and  eommanea  olhniUa  o|wrallont. 
Thay  Indnlgad  •hamaalvaa  In  a  degraa  of  caraiaH 
iMMMtlon  lo  ih4  poaalbllliy  of  a  lurprtea,  which, 
l>  tba  vklnky  of  an  anamy,  bowavar  euniampil- 
bla,  aau  novar  ba  JoallAad.  It  haa  baan  Mid  thai 
Coloaal  Rabl,  tba  eommondlni  offlear  in  Trenlon, 
balag  undai  aoma  a|ipr«lianaion  fur  thai  frontiar 


MiiTOftY  or 


poat,  appllad  to  Oanaial  Urant  for  a  lainforcemant, 
•ad  tbal  Qanaral  ralumad  for  aoiwer  t  "  Tell  the 
aolonal,  ha  la  very  aafa.  I  will  undartaka  lo  keap 
iba  paaca  In  Naw  Jaiiay,  with  a  corporal'i  guard." 
In  tba  avanlng  of  Cbrialmaa  day  Oeneral  Waah- 
nglon  roada  amngamenM  for  ra-croHiog  the 
Dalawaro  in  threa  dhrlaioM  ;  at  M'Konkey'a  far- 
•71  at  Traniott  farry  ;  and  at  or  naar  Bordenion. 
Tba  troopa  which  wara  to  hara  cnHM«d  at  tha  two 
•at  pbcaa,  wa  a  comraandad  by  Uanarala  Ewing 
and  Cadwaladt ,  who  made  every  aiertion  to  gal 

It,  that 

I  main 

r  Onnand  Washing' 


but  tha  t,danilly  of  Ice  waa  ao  giaal, 
rpoia.    Tha 
Ml  by  Unnan 
Mc'croaaad  at  M'Konkey'a  ferry  t  but  the  Ice  Tn 


ihar  ould  not  eflect  their  purpoie. 
caoy  which  was  commanded  oy  ' ' 


)  ii«ar  retarded  iu  paaaage  so  long,  that  It  was 

w  o'etock  in  the  morning,  before  the  artlllerv 
waU  ba  gotten  over.  On  landing  in  Jeney,  It 
was  fanned  into  two  diviaioot,  commanded  by  Ue- 
—wla  SullivwB  and  Oreen,  wlio  hod  under  their 
•Mnmand  Brigadiers  lord  Stirling,  Mercer  and  St. 
Chlr.  One  of  the  divisions  were  ordered  to  pro- 
••ad  on  tha  lower,  or  river  road,  the  other  on  the 
■ppar,  or  Pennington  mad.  Colonel  Stark,  with 
••■M  light  troopa,  was  also  directed  to  advance 
Mar  lo  tba  river,  and  to  possess  himfelf  of  that 
Mil  oftbe  town  which  la  bevond  the  bridge.  The 
dMalona  havini  nearly  tne  same  distance  to 
march,  were  ordered,  immediately  on  forcing  the 
out  guarda,  to  push  dlrectlv  into  'Trenlon,  that  they 
might  cluurge  the  enemy  before  ihey  had  time  to 
form.  "Though  they  marched  dUferent  roada,  yet 
Ibay  arrived  at  the  enemv's  advanced  post,  within 
threa  minutes  of  each  other.  The  out  guards  of 
Iha  Haasian  troopa  at  Trenton  aoon  fell  back  ;  but 
kapt  up  a  constant  retreating  Are.  Their  nuiln 
body,  boing  hard  pressed  by  the  Americans,  who 
had  already  got  poaseaslon  of  half  their  artillery, 
•tiempted  to  Ale  oAT  by  a  road  leading  towarda 
Princeton :  but  werv  cheeked  by  •  body  of  troopa 
thrown  In  their  way.  Finding  themselves  sur- 
Nundad,  thev  bud  down  their  arms.  The  num- 
bar  which  submitted  waa  23  officers  and  886  men. 
Batwaan  30  «ml  40  of  the  Hessians  were  killed 
■•d  woundad.  Colonel  Rahl  was  among  the  for- 
■Nr,  and  seven  of  his  officers  among  the  latter. 
Captain  Washiasion,  of  the  Virginia  troopa,  and 
iva  or  sis  of  the  Americnns,  were  wounded.  Two 
w^ite  killed,  and  two  or  three  were  frozen  to  death. 
The  detachment  in  Trenton'consisled  oftbe  regi- 
■antsof  RahU  Losberg,  and  Kniphausen,  amount- 
iag  la  tha  whole  to  about  VtOQ  men,  and  a  troop 
•fBiiliab  light  horse.    All  these  were  killed  orJd«islMd|nuhed  fonvajrd  thnirprittci|wlierea.aadj 


ripi«M4,  MMepi  aboal  HOb,  who  aaaapad  by  iho 
road  loading  lo  Bordanton. 

Tbo  British  had  a  strong  baitallMi  af  light  In- 
Aintrv  at  Prlnrelon,  and  a  force  yet  remslning  near 
Iha  |)el»war*,  snprlor  l»  the  American  army, 
lienoral  Waahlnglon,  Ihafernrr,  In  ihe  evening  of 
ihe  same  dav,  Ibaught  It  must  prudent  to  recruss 
into  Pennsylvania  wnh  hia  pHsonars. 

ThsalTeeia  of  this  auaeeseAil  enterprlaa  war* 
speedily  fell  In  leerultbig  lb*  American  aimy. 
About  mOO  regular  aoMi*i*,  who**  time  of  ser- 
vice waa  on  tha  point  of  eiplrtng,  agreed  to  serve 
•is  waeks  knger,  on  a  promised  gratuity  of  tan 
paper  dolhus  to  eaeh.  Men  of  InAuena*  w*i* 
sent  to  dUlbrant  parte  of  tha  country  to  rous*  tba 
nllltia.  Tha  rapln*  and  Imnollila  eonduet  of  th* 
Briikh  oparalad  mora  forcMy  on  th*  bihabltania, 
to  aipal  Ibam  from  the  ataw,  than  either  patriot- 
ism, or  iierauasion  to  provent  their  overrunning  it. 

Th*  lleseian  priaonara  taken  on  tha  Mih  being 
secured,  Ueneral  Waahlnglon  r*-erosaed  lb*  De- 
laware, and  took  poasesaion  of  Trenton.  Th* 
detachments,  which  had  been  disiributed  over 
New  Jersey,  previous  to  the  uaptura  oftbe  Haa- 
slans.  Immediately  after  that  event,  assembled  at 
Pilncelon,  and  were  Joined  by  Ihe  army  from 
Brunswick,  under  lord  Comwallls.  From  Ihia 
mnliion,  Jun.  ltd.  1776,  they  nroceeded  Inwards 
Trenton  in  gresi  force,  hoping  by  a  vigorous  onset 
lo  repair  the  Injurv  their  causa  bad  susinlned  by 
the  late  defeat.  Truly  delicate  waa  the  situation 
oftbe  feeble  American  army.  To  retreat  was  to 
haaard  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  and  to  destroy 
every  ray  of  hop*  which  had  begun  to  dawn  IVnm 
their  late  succeae.  To  risk  an  action,  wllh  a  su- 
perior force  Iu  front,  and  a  river  in  rear,  was  dan- 
gerous in  th*  extreme.  To  gel  round  the  advait. 
ced  party  of  Ihe  British,  and,  ay  pushing  forwarda, 
to  attack  in  their  rear,  was  deemed  nreferable  to 
either.  The  British,  on  their  advance  from 
Princeton,  about  4  P.  M.  attacked  a  body  of  Ame- 
ricana posted  with  four  AcM  pieces,  a  little  to  the 
northward  of  Trenlon,  and  compelled  them  to 
retreat.  The  pursuing  British,  bein^  checked, 
at  the  bridge  over  Sanpink  creek,  which  runs 
through  that  town,  by  some  Aeld  piecea,  posted  on 
the  oppoelte  banks  of  that  rivulet,  fell  back  ao  fkr 
as  to  ne  out  of  reach  of  thu  cannon,  and  kindled 
their  Area. 

The  Americans  wera  drawn  up  on  the  other 
side  of  the  creek,  and  In  that  position  remained 
till  nicht,  cannonading  Ihe  enemy  and  receiving 
their  Are.  Iu  this  critical  hour,  two  armies,  on 
which  the  success  or  failure  oftbe  American  re- 
volution materially  depended,  wer*  crowded  Into 
the  small  village  of  Trenton,  and  only  separated 
by  a  creek,  in  many  places  fordable.  The  Bri- 
tish, believing  they  had  all  ihe  advantages  they 
could  wish  for,  and  that  they  could  uaa  them  when 
thev  pleased,  discontinued  all  fiirther  operailona, 
ao«l  kept  themselvea  In  readiness  to  make  th*  at- 
tack nest  morning.  Sir  William  Eisklne  la  re- 
ported to  have  advised  an  immediate  attack,  or 
nt  least  to  place  a  strong  guard  at  a  bridge  over 
Sanpink  creek,  which  lay  in  the  rout*  lb*  Anwri- 
cans  took  to  Princeton ;  giving  for  a  reason  that, 
otherwise,  Washington,  if  a  good  general,  would 
muke  a  move  to  the  left  oftbe  royal  army,  and  at- 
tack the  post  at  Princeton  in  the  rear. 

The  next  marning  |ireeented  a  scene  aa  brilliaai 
on  the  one  side,  as  it  waa  unexpected  on  the  other. 
Soon  after  it  became  dark,  Oeneral  Washington 
ordered  all  hia  baggage  to  be  silently  removed, 
and  having  left  guanls  for  the  purpose  of  decep- 
tion, marched  iHth  hia  whole  force,  by  a  circui- 
tous route,  to  Princeton.  This  manoeuvre  waa 
determined  upon  in  a  council  of  war,  from  a  con- 
viction that  it  would  avoid  the  appearance  of  a 
retreat,  and  at  the  same  time  Ihe  hazard  of  an  ac. 
tion  in  a  bad  position ;  and  that  ll  wan  Ihe  most  likely 
wav  to  preserve  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  IVom 
falling  into  the  hands  of  the  British.  Oeneral 
Washington  also  presumed,  that  ftt>m  an  eagemeaa 
to  eflhce  the  impressions,  made  by  the  late  captur* 
of  the  I]essians  at  Trenton,  the  British  comman- 


ihM  of  euwa*  th*  remaiodet  ki  ih*  rear  *i  PiSS 
Ion  waa  MM  nMire  than  *«|nal  i*  kta  own.  Tha 
event  verilled  Ibis  aon^eeture.  Tb*iN*f**«bM» 
ally  lo  disguis*  the  dspariiire  of  lb*  Amarlcaaa 
Oom  Trviitun,  Ares  wera  lighted  up  In  IVuM  al 
I  heir  csrop.  'I'hssa  not  only  gave  appearaa** 
of  going  Iu  real,  btti,  aa  llama  caiinol  b*  s**a 
through,  concealed  from  the  Krlilsh  what  waa 
iransaaiing  behind  ibem.  Iu  this  ralaiiva  posliiaa 
iliey  wer*  a  piUar  of  Are  lo  lb*  on*  army,  and  a 
pillar  of  a  ebud  lo  the  other. 

Providence  ikvoured  this  movement  of  lb*  AaM« 
rican*.  Th*  weather  bad  been  for  s<iuie  time  sa 
warm  and  awwi,  inal  lb*  groan*  waa  suA,  and  tha 


aa  I*  b*  aeareely  pasaable  i  but  Iha 

<  ahanged  to  tba  notth-weel,  and  tba 

ground  la  a  aben  liwi*  waa  froaan  a*  hard,  that 


aly 


whaa  tba  Amerkaaa  took  up  their  Una  of  marah. 
thay  were  ao  more  retarded,  Ibaa  U  ibay  had  beea 
upon  a  solid  paveaieBl. 
U«B*nl  Waahlagtaa  r**ehed  Prlnaaiaa  early  la 


tba  Maralag,  January  3,  aad  woaM  bav*  eampMa- 
ly  surpriaad  the  Britiab,  had  not  a  pany,  <  "  ' 
was  on  iheir  way  to  Trantoa,  deeerlod  bb  I 


when  they  were  two  mile*  distant,  ami  aral  baeb 
couriera  to  alarm  their  nnsus|iectlng  .<blb<w  sol- 
diers In  their  rmir.  Tlieee  conelaled  of  th*  17th 
the  40tb,  and  Mth  regiment  of  British  Infiiairy, 
some  of  th*  royal  artillery  with  two  AaM  |>iec**, 
and  three  troopa  of  light  dragoona.  Th*  eantra  e< 
th*  Amaricans,  consisting  of  the  Philadelphia  ml 
liiki,while  on  their  Ibia  of  march,  was  briskly  ebarg 
ed  by  a  party  of  th*  Britiah,  and  gave  way  In  dS 
order.  The  moment  waa  critical.  UanerelWaah 
Inglitn  pushed  forward,  and  placed  himself  belweaa 
his  own  men  end  th*  British  i  wllh  his  boraa'a 
head  fronting  ihe  latter.  Tlie  Aiiisricans,  encou* 
raged  by  hia  example  and  eshortations,  mad*  a 
stand,  and  returned  the  British  Are.  The  general, 
though  between  both  |nrtles,  was  provMentlally 
uninjured  by  either. 

A  party  of  the  British  Ami  into  the  college,  aad 
were  there  attacked  with  Aeld  piecea  whloh  wara 
And  Into  It.  The  seat  of  the  muses  became  for 
some  lime  iIm  scene  of  action.  The  party,  which 
had  taken  refuge  In  the  college,after  receivmg  a  lev 
discharges  fiom  the  Americsn  Aeld  pirces,  eama 
out  and  surrendered  themselves  prisoners  of  war. 

In  Ihe  course  of  the  engagement  sixty  of  tha 
British  were  killed,  a  greater  number  wounded 
and  about  'MO  oft  hem  takitn  primnen.  Thereat 
made  their  escape,  some  by  pushing  on  lowartla 
Trenlon,  others  by  reluming  ti>ward*  Brunswick. 
The  Americans  lost  only  a  few :  bul  (.'olonels  Haa 
let  and  Potter,  and  Captain  Neal  of  the  artillery, 
were  among  the  slain.  OenenI  Mereer  receh>ad 
three  bayonet  wounds,  of  which  h*  died  in  a  short 
time.  He  was  a  Scotchman  by  birth  :  but  froa 
principle  and  aflisctlon  had  engaged  to  support  Iha 
liberties  of  his  adopted  eouiilry,  willi  a  zeal  equa. 
to  that  of  any  of  its  native  sons.  In  private  Ufa 
he  was  amiable,  and  his  cbaracler  aa  an  officer 
stood  high  in  the  public  esteem. 

While  they  were  Aghtlng  at  Princeton,  the  Hrl- 
tlsh  In  Trenton  were  under  arma,  and  ou  the  point 
of  making  an  assault  on  the  evacuated  camp  o( 
the  Americans.  With  so  much  address  had  th* 
movement  to  Princeton  been  conducted,  that 
though  from  the  crKlcal  ailuallon  of  the  two  armiea 
every  ear  may  he  supposed  to  have  been  o|)eu, 
and  every  watchfulness  to  have  been  employed, 
yet  Oeneral  Washington  moved  coiiiplclely  oH'lh* 
ground,  with  his  whol*  force,  stores,  baggage  anil 
artillery,  unknown  to,  and  unsuspected  by  hisad- 
versariee.  The  British  hi  Trenton,  were  so 
entirely  deceived,  that  when  they  heard  th* 
report  of  the  artillery  at  Princeton,  tbou([h  it  waa 
in  the  depth  of  wmter,  they  suppoaad  it  to  be 
thunder. 

Thnt  port  of  the  royal  army,  which,  having 
esca|ied  from  Priiicetrn.  retreated  towards  New 
Branswick,  was  pursued  for  three  or  four  milee. 
Another  party  which  had  advanced  as  far  as 
Maidenhead,  on  their  way  to  Trenton,  hearing  tha 
frequent  discharge  of  Are  arma  in  their  laar 
wheeled  nrund  aid  awichad  to  iha  aid  of  Iha 


KOKTR   AMBRIOA. 


MMofllMAaM* 

ir  lunMi  ilm*  m 
»iM  MiA.  mhI  lb* 
MMbla  I  but  Um 
rth-wmttiiMillM 
MM  M  bard,  Ihif 
tr  Una  af  imrtih 
U  Umjt  had  b«M 


ariaabfa 
1,  and  iral  bach 
!iln|  .fellow  mI" 
■(•Jol'  ilw  17ik 
BrUUh  Infaairy, 
iwo  A«M  placaai 
.  Thaeaelraal 
PbUadalithlaml 
rubfkkiyeharg 
KBva  way  la  dM 
Uanaral  Waak ' 
I  himMll'batwaMI 
Willi  his  bona'a 
iiicrkcana,  tncou* 
irlalioiUi  mada  • 
9.  The  lenaral) 
M  provtuentiaUy 

I  the  eollaga,  aad 

rrMwhien  wan 
luw*  bacama  fbf 
Plie  party,  which 
errrcelvlDgalaw 
sltl  pircai,  eaiM 
priMiiienof  war. 
icnl  lu'jt  of  th* 
umber  wounded 
nnrra.  The  reel 
hlnK  on  towania 
arJ*  llrunawiek. 
It  Culonel*  Haa 

of  the  artillery, 
Mercer  received 
•  died  in  a  ahoit 

irth  :  but  fmaa 
id  to  support  Iha 

ith  a  aeal  equa. 

In  private  Ulii 

inr  at  an  offlcec 


^^10     AiNOTIwMHt      Wy     MMVrvyMi 

iiamaadilMa*,  ilMMgli  aloaa  !■  their  rear 
•a  loaf  aa  la  gal*  llwa  fc«  iMMaaivee  la  mvva  alf, 
la  jatid  order,  to  PltMkemta. 

i«  ureal  waa  thaaoaaiernailwi  at  the  Briiiab  at 
Ihaaa  Maaaaaaiad  MovaMeats,  thai  they  lasianily 
••Ih  Traaia*  aad  Prinaaiea,  and  re 


ireaied  wlih  thair  whole  ferae  to  New  UrwMwIek. 
Tha  Amaricaa  mlUila  ealleeied.  and,  fermiag 
IhaiiMalvaa  lata  partlaa,  waylaid  iboir  aaemlee, 
aad  am  ihaM  aff  whaneoavar  aa  oppartuBlly  fwa- 
Mated,  la  a  few  daye  ihay  ovarraa  tha  Jaraaya. 
Ueoaral  Maawall  aurprleed  Kllaabathlawa,  aad 
loob  near  lOU  piiaonara.  Newark  waa  abaadoa- 
ad  I  aad  tha  iaie  eoaqaatara  ware  feraad  to  laaTO 
WoodbrMia.  Ttia  royal  Iroapa  war*  eoa4nad  te 
Aoibay  aad  Brunewiek,  wbtah  held  a  water  eoiH> 
muaicatlon  with  New  York.  Thaa,  la  tha  ehort 
apaaa  af  a  manib,  thai  pait  of  iareay,  whleh  Ilea 
beiwaaa  New  Brunewiek  and  Dalawara,  waa  both 
•eatrHaby  Iha  Biillah,  and  laeovarad  bv  Iha  Ahm. 
rteaaa.  Tha  ratraal  of  Iha  eonilaaatal  army,  Iha 
liotld  poliay  of  tha  Jaraoy  fenneta,  who  ehoaa  ra- 
ther to  eeeura  Iheir  praparty  by  aabmlialea,  than 
defead  II  by  reeisiaaeo,  Made  tha  Bililah  baUara 
Ihalr  work  waa  dooa,  and  Ihal  llltia  alaa  raoialaad, 
bnl  to  reap  a  harreel  of  plunder  aa  tha  reward  of 
Iheir  labeura.  Unraalralaad  by  the  tarrora  of  olvil 
law,  uaeonlrolled  by  tha  eeverliy  of  dleclphne,  end 
elated  with  their  lueeess,  the  loldien  of  the  royal 
army,  and  particularly  the  Ueislans,  gave  full  (oupa 
10  ine  aalfliib  and  farocioui  paMione  of  human  na- 
ture. A  eonqueted  eounlry  and  eubiniulng  inhabi- 
lame  praaenled  eaiy  plunder,  equal  (o  iTieir  un< 
bounded  rapacity.  Infanta,  children,  old  men  and 
women,  ware  airipped  of  their  blanket*  un<l  cloth- 
ing. Kurnllura  was  burnt  ur  oilier  wise  deiimyed. 
Domeatlc  anImaUwere  carried  olT,  and  the  people 
robbed  of  their  neeeaaary  houiehold  proviiiona. 
The  rapes  and  brutaliiiaa  committed  on  women, 
and  even  on  rery  roung  girls,  wouhl  shock  tha 
•ara  of  modesty  if  particttlarly  recited.  Tliesa 
fiolenees  were  perpetrated  on  Inhabitants  who  had 
lamalnad  In  their  housaa,  and  received  printed 
proteotiona,  signed  by  order  of  Iha  caninisnder  in 
chief.  It  waa  In  vain  Ihal  they  produced  lliete 
prolectiona  aa  a  safeguard.  Tha  Hessians  could 
not  read  them  i  and  the  British  soldiers  thought 
they  were  entitled  to  a  share  of  Iha  booty,  equally 
with  their  foreign  associates. 

Such,  in  all  ages,  haa  been  the  complexion  of 
Iha  bulk  of  armlee,  that  Immediate  and  leveK- 
punishments  are  Indispenslbly  necessary,  to  keep 
them  flrom  flagrant  enormities.  That  dlselplina, 
without  which  an  army  la  a  band  of  armed  plun- 
derera,  waa,  aa  Air  as  respected  the  Inhabitants, 
either  neglected,  or  but  feebly  administered  in  the 
royal  army.  The  soldiers  Andiug  they  might  take 
with  impuniiv  what  they  pleased,  were  more 
atroogly  urgea  by  avarice,  tluin  checked  by  policy 
or  fear.  Had  every  cltlaen  been  secured  In  his 
rights,  protected  in  his  property,  and  paid  for  his 
aupplles,  the  consequences  mlfpit  have  been  fatal 
lo  the  hopea  of  those  who  were  attached  to  inde- 
pendence. What  tha  warm  recommendatlona  of 
Congtesa,  and  the  ardent  applicationa  of  General 
Washinston  could  not  aflTeet,  took  place  of  its  own 
accord,  m  eonaequenea  of  the  plunaarlDga  and  de- 
rastations  of  the  royal  army. 

The  whole  country  became  faiatantly  hostile  to 
the  Invadera.  Suflisrera  of  all  parties  rose,  as  one 
man,  to  revenge  their  personal  Injuries.  Those, 
who,  flrom  age  or  Infirmltlea  were  incapuble  of 
bearing  arms,  kept  a  atrlct  watch  on  the  move- 
ments of  the  roval  army,  and,  from  time  to  time, 
communicated  information  to  their  countrymen  in 
arms.  Those  who  lately  declined  all  military  op- 
position, though  called  upon  by  the  sacred  tie  of 
liontiur  pledgMl  to  each  other  on  the  declaration  of 
independence,  cheerfully  embodied,  when  they 
found  submission  to  be  unavailing  for  the  security 
of  their  estates.  This  waa  not  done  originally  in 
eousemience  of  the  victories  of  Trenton  andPrince- 
ton.  In  the  venr  moment  of  these  actions,  or  be- 
fore the  news  of  them  had  ,clrGulated,  aundry  In- 
dtvUuals,  uidioowhig  of  Qeneral  Washhigton's 


Mrafooga  Ihawaalfaa  ea  tha  ptwodorata,  Tha 
dWpMia  orlglnaisd  abom  ptupsrty,  »t  la  other 
wonia,  aboai  iha  right  of  taiaiioa.  I'rnm  iha 
saoM  sauree,  si  this  time,  il  reealved  a  new  and 
fefalbia  Impulaa.  The  feroier,  who  could  ooi  iraaa 
lh«  eoaoaqaeaees  of  llrttiah  laaathm,  oor  of  Ama- 
rlcan  Indapendeoee,  felt  tha  Injuries  he  suslalaad 
fhim  tha  denredailoa  of  lleaaiious  Iroopa.  The 
inlllila  of  New  Jeisey,  who  had  hlilUrio  bohavod 
most  shawafttlly,  Itvm  thia  lima  forward  redeemed 
their  aharaaiar,  aad,  throughout  a  tedious  war, 
parfefiMd  aorvlaea  whh  a  spirit  and  dlaaiutloa,  la 
HMM*  roepaata,  equal  le  that  of  regular  aoldlara. 

Tm  vlaiorlaa  of  Traalon  aad  I'rineston  seemod 
to  ba  like  a  roaarroalloa  fVom  the  dead,  to  iha  dee- 
paodlag  Manda  of  ladopandanaa.  A  inekiacholy 
glooMB  hod,  la  tha  Am  twenly-Ava  days  of  Daeam- 
bar,  ovarapread  the  United  Siataa  i  but,  IVom  the 
memoraMa  era  of  tha  Ii6lh  of  tha  same  numth, 
tliair  proapacls  began  lo  brighten.  The  recruiting 
sarvlea,  which  for  aoma  lima  had  been  ai  a  aiaoo, 
was  aoaaaaafuMy  ranawod  i  aad  hopaa  were  aoea 
ladu|ged,  Ihal  the  eommander  la  ablaf  would  ba 
aaabiod  lo  lake  the  Aald  In  the  a|iriag,  with  a  par- 
maaaai  regular  ferea.  Oeneral  Waahlagtoa  ra- 
tlrad  to  Morrialowo,  thai  ha  might  aflTord  shelter  lo 
hia  auiliiring  army.  Tha  American  mllUla  had 
auadry  aueoaasful  skirmishes  with  delachmaola  of 
ihalr  adversaries.  Within  four  davs  after  the  af- 
felr  at  Prioaaton,  batweon  forty  and  Afty  Wablaek- 
era  were  killed,  wounded,  or  taken,  at  BurlngAeld, 
by  an  equal  number  of  the  same  New  Jersey  mi- 
litia, which,  but  a  month  before,  suffered  the  Dri- 
lish  lo  overrun  iheir  country  without  oppoaiiiun. 
This  enterprise  was  eonducled  by  Colonel  Silen- 
cer, whose  gallunlry,  on  ihe  occasion,  wss  rsward- 
ed  with  the  command  of  a  regiment. 

During  the  winter  movements,  which  have  been 
Just  related,  the  soldiers  of  both  arrolea  underwent 

fireat  hardahipa  i  but  the  Americana  auAfered  by 
ar  Iha  greatest.  Many  of  them  ware  without 
shoes,  though  marching  over  froien  ground,  which 
so  gulled  their  naked  feet,  that  each  step  waa 
marked  with  blood.  There  was  scarcely  a  tent 
Id  Iha  whole  army.  Tha  ciiv  of  Philadelphia 
had  been  twice  laid  under  contribution,  lo  provide 
them  with  blankets.  Ofllcers  had  bean  appointed 
lo  examine  every  house,  and,  after  leaving  a  aeaniy 
covering  for  the  family,  lo  bring  off  Iha  rest,  for 
the  use  of  the  Iroopa  in  the  Aeld  ;  but,  notwilh- 
slanding  these  exertions,  Ihe  quantity  procured 
was  far  short  of  decency,  much  lees  of  con.  Tort. 

The  olDccrs  and  soldiers  of  tha  Amei!  "-.i  i«rmy 
wereaboul  this  limn  inoculated  in  thr  -  -.-.itb')- 
ment  at  Morristown.  As  very  few  of  iit'.ir  iiad 
ever  liad  tha  small  pox,  tha  Inoculation  wu ..  iarly 
universal.  The  disorder  had  previously  spread 
among  them  in  the  natural  way,  and  proved  mor- 
tal lo  maay  ;  but  after  inoculation  waa  iniiwluoad, 
though  whole  regiments  were  inoculated  in  a  day, 
there  was  little  or  no  mortality  from  the  email 
■MM  ;  and  the  disorder  waa  so  slight,  that,  from  the 
beginning  to  the  end  of  it,  there  wu  not  a  single 
day  In  which  they  could  not,  and.  If  called  upon, 
would  not  have  tamed  out  and  fought  the  British. 
To  Induce  the  inbabllanta  lo  accommodate  officers 
and  soldiera  in  Iheir  houaeo,  while  under  the  email 
pox,  they  and  their  familiea  were  Inoculated  gra- 
tis by  the  military  surgeons.  Thus,  In  a  anort 
time,  the  whole  army,  and  the  inhabitants  in  and 
near  Morristown,  were  aubjeoted  to  tha  email  pox, 
and  with  vary  little  Inconvenience  to  either. 

Three  months,  which  followed  Iha  actions  of 
Trenton  and  Princeton,  passed  away  without  any 
important  military  enterprise  on  either  side.  Maj. 
Qen.  Putnam  was  directed  to  take  poet  at  Prince- 
ton, and  cover  the  country  in  the  vicinity.  He  had 
only  a  few  hundred  troops,  though  he  was  no  more 
than  eighteen  miles  dlmant  from  the  strong  garri- 
son of  the  British  at  Brunswick.  At  ono  period 
he  had  fewer  men  for  duty,  than  he  had  milea  of 
frontier  to  guard.  The  situation  of  General  Wuh- 
ington  at  Morristown  was  not  more  eligible.  His 
force  was  trifling,  when  coniiHired  with  that  of  the 
British ;  but  the  onewjr,  <uiu  hisawncouoliyinen, 


Tkoti  disayiiaa  waa  ah** 
b*  Ike  spaelMM  pa- 
fade  of  a  aooatderaMa  army.  Tba  Amerisan  o( 
Aeera  look  Iheir  siaibMi  la  poelUoas  uf  iltlAculi  iu> 
eees,  aad  kept  up  a  cooaiaM  sommunicsiiun  oiib 
eaah  aihar.  This  soeared  them  (turn  la«iili  awl 
aarptlaa.  Whila  Ihay  eavaiad  the  eountry,  ih^iy 
haroMod  the  feraglag  parilaa  of  the  Briilsh.  and 
oAoa  atiaekod  ihoia  with  aueeeea.  Uf  a  varleiy 
of  Ihoao,  tha  two  foUowlag  are  uleeiad  as  imMi 
worthy  of  aotlee.  UeaafoTUieklnean,  wlih  four 
huadnd  Jeraay  lalllila.  aad  Afty  of  the  Paanavl. 
vaala  rMaasaa,  aioeea*  Mlllataaa  river,  near  Bo* 
mersal  aawt-haoaai  ood  ouaakad  a  hurge  feraglag 
party  of  tha  Britlah«  with  so  moah  solru,  ibai  they 
abaodoaod  ihelr  somoy  aad  Aad.  Nine  of  ihem 
were  lakea  priaaaen,  ITofiy  wagoaa,  aad  apwarda 
of  oaa  huadrod  horaaa,  with  a  oooetdarable  booty, 
fell  Iota  the  hoada  of  ibtfaaaial.  While  the  Bri- 
lieh  ware  loadlag  ihalr  wagaaa,  a  alagle  oiaa  bo- 
gia  to  Are  oa  them  frooi  iha  wooda.  He  wu  eooa 
Jolaod  by  OMra  of  hla  aaliihbaNia,  who  comM  ooI 
palleaily  aaa  ibair  praparly  earriod  away.  After 
Iha  foragera  had  boaa  aaaoyod  for  aooM  iIom  by 
theea  unseen  markameo,  they  haalod.  oa  iha  ap- 
pearaoea  of  Uaneral  Dkklaaoo,  thai  ihay  waro  ai- 
laekad  by  a  auparlor  ferae,  ood  bogaa  a  preelpliala 
flighi. 

la  about  a  munib  after  Iha  alhlr  at  ■omarsoi 
cpurt-houso,  Colonel  Nelson,  of  Bruuawiek,  with 
a  delaehmant  of  ISO  millila  men,  aurprleed  and 
captured  at  Lawrence's  Nsek,  a  major  and  Afty* 
nina  prlvatee  uf  ilie  refugees,  who  were  In  British 

|WV. 

ThrouKliuut  the  campaign  of  1770,  an  uneoin- 
mon  degree  of  sickness  raged  In  the  American 
srniy.  Ilusbandmen,  Iransl'erred  at  once  from 
Ihe  conveniences  of  domestic  life,  lo  the  hardahipa 
of  a  Aeld  encampment,  could  not  accommodate 
themaelves  to  Ihe  sudden  change.  The  southern 
troops  sickened  from  tho  waat  of  aalt  provisions. 
Linen  shirta  ware  generally  worn.  In  contact  wlih 
the  skin.  The  salutary  Influence  of  flannel.  In 
preventing  the  diseases  of  cam|ia,  waa  either  un- 
known or  disregarded.  The  diBci|illne  of  Ihe  arm* 
was  loo  feeble  to  enforce  those  regulallona  which 
experience  hu  proved  lo  be  Indlspennbly  neeea- 
aary, fur  preserving  the  heahh  of  large  iNidlee  of 
men  collected  together.  Cleanliness  wu  also 
loo  much  noglected.  On  the  8th  of  August,  tha 
whole  American  army  belsre  New  York,  consist- 
ing of  17,325  men  \  but  of  that  number  only  10,AI4 
were  At  for  duty.  The  num^roua  alck  auffered 
much  from  the  want  of  necessarleo.  Hurry  and 
confuaion  added  much  to  their  distressM.  Theia 
wu  bealdea  a  real  want  of  the  roquiaiiaa  fer  their 
relief. 

A  proper  hoaplial  establishment  waa  bayood  iha 
ablliliM  of  Congresa,  eapeclally  u  Iha  pretloua 
arraogemanla  ware  not  entered  upon  till  Im  cam* 
palgn  had  begun.  Many,  perha|ia  aome  thonsanda, 
of  tha  Amoriean  army,  were  awapt  off  in  a  few 
months  by  aiekoaas.    The  eouotiy  ovary  whera 

firesented  the  mebneholy  sight  of  ooMiara  auffer> 
ng  poverty  and  diuaae,  without  Iha  aid  of  medi- 
cine or  attendance.  Those  who  aiuvlved  gava 
auch  aceounia  of  the  sufferings  of  iba  siek,  aa 
greatly  discouraged  tha  reeraitiag  oervlee.  A 
rage  m  plundering,  under  tha  pratoiMa  of  laking 
tory  property,  infeeted  many  of  tha  common  aol- 
diery,  and  even  some  of  iha  officers.  The  armjr 
had  been  formed  on  such  prineiploa,  la  some  oftho 
statea,  that  commisskmawera,  Inaeveral  instances, 
bestowed  on  persons  who  had  no  pratenaiona  to 
the  character  of  gentlemen.  Several  of  the  offl* 
eers  were  chosen  by  their  own  men  t  and  they  of- 
ten preferred  those  flrom  whom  they  expected  the 
greatest  indulgencM.  In  othereues,the  choieo 
of  the  man  wu  in  favour  of  thou  who  had  con- 
aented  to  throw  their  pay  into  a  Joint  stock  with 
the  privatee,  from  which  offlcera  and  men  drew 
equal  shares. 

The  arm^,  consisting  mostly  of  new  recruit! 
and  inexperienced  officers,  and  being  only  unga> 
[inth,  wu  very  deflcient  in  that 


ged  for  a  twelveiiionth, 

mechanism  and  disclpiine,  which  tina 


nym 


miTOKT  or  T«l 


KHMMMM*.  Mrftr.  md  <MmmMm  la  Um 

RMmEmWCMtnMM  4ifMnMlW  af  Um  ^mm 
ita  MMy,  llM  llMJP  iHMi  ««N  atgli 


MM  M,»llM  iMNkwIlitokaBMMtw.    TlM 

«MI  Nbwtf  f  tlw  itiilplai  aT  >  ■—»  — >  •— M 

Mm  Im4Ii4  iM«  l«  CMgiM  fcr  MM  Urn  b«|nr> 

wwJ*4  M  ■4»ptM<r|tlh  ■■'«>"■>■■""  t  "TJ 
lMM.»«MiMMMliMy.  "ikMllMaMMWikMM 

l«M  Ihf  IMI  In  llMMMlMar*MMiy,llmilMf 

itMMM  ft**  wtf  iMi«i*i  *»  ••»  ■yywwM  -ri 
iiinintt  lMMit)MM>  I'M  (V«|*MM  niHMiglH  b« 
mmmI.  iMMT  ihMi  iIm  ta^MTMMNa  a^wWM  mm! 

TIm  •mtakto' 


mm  mnt  A«m  campt  i 

I  af  Niti  prlaalpia  fatM  iba  tmr  af  iba  Mail 


mm.    TlM«t«litfiiMaMllMiiMl>*aaaw> 
AaTAaNHM  warn  Mljr  aaavfM,  to  aaM» 

IMh  itM  HflM  «l  IMMM  aaMM.  H4lllMI«lg»> 

iNcaM  aatlM  ptlMtptMarMMM  Mkadf, 
ilMir  a«a  ■afiililia  M  Ofaal  iiHala. 
•Ml  iMm  Maaa.  ikayimMarf  Ma 
laa  af  Uwli  aamtiyaMa.  aarfwan 


M  iIm  ttoii 

want  M  tafcwa  ihal  wttwHaailaa  aa4  a«itM  la 

tyutUihf  iliaatlWilaaa  arpMrtattwmaf  iha  aa* 
Mhaaa  af  aMllMlfNaarf  «ala«r. 
'hM  a*|Mf«a«ca  af  iwa  aaatfalgaa  a«taaa4  iha 


Ika  war.    TIm  RaMi  a*«iM  af  tWa  aaaMwa  WW 
aaaaar  hi  ikaMaaai 
¥lM  aaiHii^  .riTM  M  aat  aad  UH  H  kai 


1777.  TtM  BrMMi  barf  aaaalMlaa  Iha  .^.. 
tad  laaMi*  radMilaa  af  llMir  Na  aalaalM  i  bM 
ilMy  IbaatI  iba  waib  imm  Mlaall  af  aaaaaila*, 
llMa  WM  tapfaMii.  Tbajp  abally  MM  la  ibatr 
daal|Maa  ika  Muibara  mim.  la  Caaarfa,  ibaa 
raaawiail  what,  la  iba  pra««lla«  vaar.  ibajr  bai 
laal  I  4fa»a  iba  AawilaaM  aai  er  ibaif  iMMan. 
and  4aMfnjrad  ibair  Haat  um  iha  tab**  t  bni  ihajr  Ml- 
ti  la  Biahlat  ibalt  buaailail  tmprtMioa  ua  iba 


•ipMMHiMltiflllMlallliMllkM  IIM 

"  •»   pwiwy  infw   wwMV^  ^9w^9^9  iWBi 

WVfy  MIVMM9  9f  MllW  ##*#ySVMlMI  VNH  IIM  I'^V^ 

NV  V^MVBIMN  BVWMS^Vm      I'HV  VfnHA  CMHMIMly 

aaftttila<  a«abM«  ifca  alijr  af  Nm  Yatb.  aa4  llM 
a^wat  aaMMn  i  km  whaa  iba«  ».  ^aarf  ikato 
*teiaflM  MM  Na«  lanaa,  aad  iai<l»Wa4  ibaIr 

inaiaMaaM  aTabM  lba«  bad  laal. 
■Ir WllUaM  Haar^aAarbafbMMarijr NMlk* 


MIM 


w^*^  iiOTWfw  wj  !■  aaa 
^aa«t. 

Tba  war,  aa  iba  aart  af  Iba  AwMHaaaa.  wai 
bai  baraljr  bafaa.    HMbana  ibay  bad  aapgad 

WNA  l#NipMrVfy  PMMS|  WV  B  fMiMM  M  (VlWMMM  I 

b«i  lawanla  iba  alaM  af  ibto  ym  ibajr  mada  af 
laacaaiaaM  Mr  NMac  a  aanaaaaal  annjr.  M  aaa> 
laad  alib  Onai  BiMala  nr  iba  MvamlaMjr  tf  iba 
aaaairy.  Ta  ba*a  ibaa  M  Maad  ibwr  iiwind, 
«bb  iMlraaw  lavlaa,  wmi  inanaraf  graai  lai|Ma> 
MMa.  Ta  ibam  daiajr  wm  vtaiafy  i  aad  Ml  li 
ba  aaaquaiad  wm  m  aaii^iHW. 


HISTORY 


or 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


CHAPTER  I. 
or  ladipMdMM,  tlM*  ConMiiaiiaM,  imI  Uw  OoaMf 

IMlMk 

V II  ba  lawftil  Mr  MMdaab  M  nliaqnUh  ihalr 
nulw  Mil,  aad  paMua  Ibalrawa  bapplaaM  la  aihar 
laglaaa,  aad  aadaraibar  pallilaal  iMoelallaaa,  tba 
aanlaia  af  Naw  laglaad  wara  ai«ajr*M  tkt  lada- 
IMadaal,  m  M  awa  aa  abadlaaea  la  ibaIr  panai 
■HU,  bal  aaah  m  laaakad  fraa  Ikalr  valaataiy 
BMaM.  Wkat,  <br  aatafai  MafiMa  aftar  tba 
ahrMaa  aia.  wauM  hava  baao  aaUad  iha  hMilia- 
Maa  af  a  aaw  gowniMiM,  »m  by  aMdaia  ratea- 
naal  daaamlaaiad  aaly  aa  aataatiaa  af  tba  aM,  la 
Iba  Mm  af  a  dapaadtai  aalaay.  Thaagh  iha  pra- 
vaillag  ■e«laalaalt«al  aad  paMlaal  aiaada  laadad 
la  dagrada  Iha  aaadMaa  af  Iha  iatilari  af  Naw 
Kaghiad,  yat  Ihaia  wMahrna  a  My  than  whiah 
baUavad  hi  ihaW  aatmal  right  M  hdapaadaaea.— 
Thay  laaanad  to  flnl  [iriaalplaa,  aad  anaad,  that, 
M  thay  raeahrad  ftam  gnaatiiBMWt  aatniag  man 
Ihaa  a  ahaitar,  Mndad  aa  idia  aUaHafaavaialga- 
ty,  ihay  awad  H  aa  athar  nbadlaaai  Ihia  what  wm 
wrifad  tnm  aspnai,  ar  iamlMd  aaaiiaet.  It  wm 
aot  till  Iha  18th  aanliuy  had  laan  thaa  haValapfK 
ftl,  that  it  aaaunad  to  aay  munbar  af  tha  aaloa- 
tea.  that  ihay  had  aa  lataiaat  hi  bahig  dataehad 
fiom  Oiaat  Britaia.  Thair  attaathm  wm  Ant 
toraad  ta  Ihia  nibjaet,  by  tha  Brttiih  elatan  af  lax- 
■tloa.  Tbit  aiwoad  amalaaehaly  praapaet,  bannd- 
IcM  la  aattat,  aad  aedlaM  la  dniatlaa.  Tha  Boa- 
toa  port  act,  aad  tha  athar  aeia,  pawad  la  1774 
aad  177A,  wbfeh  ha*a  baaa  alxaady  tha  lubieet  of 
eommaai,  pragiaMlTaly  waakaaad  tha  atlaelmiaat 
af  tha  eoloaitta  to  tba  birth  piaea  of  ihafar  fan- 
Mhen.  Tba  commaaaemaat  of  boMilltiM  on  tha 
19th  of  April,  177S,  axhibltad  tha  paiaat  auta  hi 
aa  adioua  peiat  af  *iew,  aad  abatad  tba  originl 
diaad  af  aeparaliag  ten  It.    B«  aavanhelMa,  m, 


that  lima,  aad  fbr  a  twtWamoaih  lAar,  a  mi\jo- 
rliy  of  tba  eohiniMi  wUhad  furao  mora  lliaa  to  ba 
la-aMablishad  m  nibjaata,  M  thaIr  aiMiaBl  rights. 
In  177tl,ihaeolont«ubagaB  lo  Uksoihargroaad, 
aad  saalaad  thai  It  wm  for  IbaIr  Inlaratt  to  b«  fei 
avar  Mparaiad  Aram  Oraat  Britaia.  lo  hvoiir  o( 
thia  apialan,  It  wm  mM,  that,  In  caM  of  ibaUr  coa- 
tiaulag  rabjaets,  Iha  mothar  country,  ihoufh  iha 
ladraaMd  thalf  griavaaeaa,  might  at  pIcMura  ra- 
paai  almUar  appwMleM  t  that  tha  ongbt  not  lo  ba 
tmatad,  havhig  twiea  rMumad  tha  asareba  of  lax- 
atl*D,  aAar  It  bad  bMa  apparautly  rslhM|aMiad.— 
Tba  ihfaaiara  af  aaparatiaa  alao  urgad,  that  Or«M 
Britaia  wm  Jaatooa  af  Ihalr  laeraMlng  aumbart, 
aad  riaiag  grMtaaM  i  that  aba  would  not  oaarelM 

SifammaBt  for  thaIr  baaalh,  but  Mr  bar  awn ;  aad 
at  Iba  aaly  parmaaaal  Mcuriiy  for  Aroarieaa 
happhMM  waa,  w  daay  bar  iha  pawar  af  lBlarf•^ 
hig  wlihtbalrgovaraaMBlar  eomaiaraa.    To  a^ 
Ibat  thIa  pnrpaM,  thay  wara  of  opfaiioa,  that  It  wm 
BiBMMry  la  cut  tba  kaet,  whleh  coBBactad  tha  two 
aaaa^laa,  by  a  pnblk  raaiuMlatleB  of  aU  poUtlul 
aaaaaxtoM  balwaaa  tham. 
Tha  Amarieaaa  about  ihia  tbM  bagaa  tar  ba  faw 
laiMad  by  naw  vlawa.    Tha  mllliary  arraaga- 
Mta  af  Um  praaadfaig  yaar ;  ihalr  uaaspaetad 
■atoa,  and  ptatallhig  aaihnalaMii,  axpaaded  tha 
minda  of  thaw  laadara,  aad  alavatad  Iha  Mntlmanla 
of  tha  paaple.    DaeWva  maMurat,  which  wouU 
ha*a  baaa  kialy  rapnbaiad,  now  mat  with  appro- 
batloa. 

Tha  hf  oniara  el  anbordlBatloB  under  the  former 
eoaatituthiB  urgad  tha  advaatagM  of  a  aupren 
haad,  to  aaatrol  tha  dispnlM  of  faiiarfariog  coIobIm, 
aad  alM  tha  banaAia  which  flowad  flrom  unloa  i  thai 
ladapaadanca  wm  untried  ground,  and  should  not 
ba  aatarad  upon,  but  In  tha  but  eatremliy. 

Thay  flattered  themMlvM  that  Oiaat  Britain 
WM  Mihily  eoarinead  of  tha  determlBed  spirit  el 
Ainariea,  that  if  the  iiraaant  eoairorarsy  were 
eompmiiisad,  aha  wanld  not.  at  aa*  future  iieried 


rMume  an  iqlurious  eierclM  el  her  supreniaoyk 
They  were  iberefore  for  proceeding  no  hrthet 
than  10  delbad  ihamMlvM  la  the  character  of  sub- 
Jeeta,  trusiiag  that  ere  kag  Ibe  ptoMBt  boaiila 
meMurM  would  be  rellBqulaned,  aad  Iha  bsrmony 
of  the  two  couBiriM  ra-eetablishad.  The  flivonrcn. 
of  ihie  system  were  embarraased,  aad  all  ihair  ar- 
|nmettts  weabaaed,  by  the  peiMveraace  af  Great 
Britaia  la  her  MheniM  af  eoareioa.  A  prpbaUa 
hope  of  a  spwdy  repeal  al  a  few  mu  af  parliaimal 
would  have  giaaily  laeraasad  the  aumber  af  th«  m 
who  were  adrocatM  Mr  raaaneiliatioB  i  but  tlw 
certainly  af  Inlalllgeaea  to  the  contrary,  gave  a  I- 
diHonal  foree  W  Um  argwnenu  af  the  opposiM 
party.  Though  new  weight  wm  dally  thrown  la  lo 
tha  Mala,  la  which  tha  advaatagM  af  iadepeadeat« 
weighed,  yet  It  M  aot  preponderate  till  aoout  thiit 
ttma  in  1776,  when  latelllgeace  rsMhed  the  cahn 
■lau  of  tha  aat  of  parUameat  paased  In  December, 
1770,  Mr  throwing  them  nut  of  British  proteciioa, 
and  of  hiriag  faraica  troana  to  aseial  la  alfaetiag 
their  aaaquael.  KeepMtlag  tha  flrsi  it  wm  Mid, 
» thai  proieatloa  aad  allagiaaea  were  reeiproeal, 
aad  that  tha  taftiaal  af  Iha  Aret  wm  a  legal  ground 
af  JnatifleatloB  for  wkhhoMiag  the  ImI."  They 
eaaaidered  iboMMhrM  to  be  thereby  dlMhergeil 
IVom  their  allagiaaM,  aad  that  to  declaia  thom- 
Mlvaa  ladepaMaat,  wm  bo  HMra  than  to  am  ounce 
to  the  world  the  real  political  etatola  which  Qreat 
Britaia  had  placed  them. 

This  act  proved  that  the  coloaists  might  ca  isii 
tutioBaliy.daehuretheBMehrMlBdependeni;  lut  the 
blrlBgof  loreign  troope  to  aNka  war  upon  tbtim, 
damonetrated  tha  naceeelty  of  their  doiag  it  imiiw 
diately.  They  taaMnad  that  If  Qreat  Billaln 
called  Ib  the  aid  ofetrangera  to  emsh  them,  ilMy 
must  seek  similar  ralieffor  their  own  preMnrition. 
They  well  knew  that  this  could  not  be  expecied, 
while  they  were  la  amM  egaiaet  iheirMkBowledg- 
ed  eoferelgB.  They  had  therefi>ra  aaWa  ehaka 
of  dUBenlUN,  and  nnstaiihar  atak  foicigB  aid  M 


MllMl 

M  af  ( 

I 

lly.*««  IM  Ik 

iMVMIlllMmMl 

Irtltill  iiw|ilinly 
vYMk.  aMldM 


ilMir 


•f  M  Mini«4 


l*M*tflM7  9f  liM 

•4  iMr  fiMirf, 
r«f|i«M  lai|Mfti 


Dr.  IUmm^  Wuttf  HiManr  o(  (Im  '    wMIon  Im*  r«niva4  iM  kigiMM  ■iwwiiiwi  lor  iM  Mtaan  m 
liMd  tor  tw  ifMlifHiMM.  m4  Utajmu  mM  M  Im4  rH  rntfMim  toM  li."-t«noM  J.  LoMiii«k  IX.D, 


THE 


COMPLETE   HISTORY 


or  tm 


United  States  of  America, 


A  prpi 

of  pMrlllUMII 

lumUrofihtM 

itloa  I  but  ilw 

Urarjr,  ga**  •  |. 

tM  oppofiw 

11*  thrown  iBto 

'iad«|Miidflw« 

till  about  iKil 

ibad  iba  eah»> 

In  Dacambart 

|Uh  proiaeiloa, 

la  alTaellai 

it  waa  aaM, 

im  laelpraeal, 

>  lagal  groaBcl 

laat."    Tba* 

diaehariail 

lachura  thorn- 

to  am  aaaea 

which  Qraal 

I  mlihi  ca  Ml 
daDi;lnttka 
npon  llkiin, 
nlog  it  iniiiio- 
3raal  Biltaio 
iham,  tliay 
J  praianratloD. 
Iba  axpected, 
paekoowladgo 
palra  ehoiaa 
kiaigB  aid  af 


BY 


WITH  A 


Continuation  and  Appendix,  bringing  the  Work  Down  to  the  Present  Day. 


B-r  Pmov.   K.  Zj.   VrziLiZ^ZiLliCS. 


INCLUDING  A  COMPLETE  GENERAL  SUMMARY  OF  THE  EXISTING  CONDITION  OP  OUR  COUNTRY,  WITH   A 
COLLECTION  OF  STATISTICS  OF  AGRICULTURE.  COMMERCE.  NAVIGATION.  EDUCATION. 

MINING,  FINANCE,  RAILROADS,  ETC.,  ETC. 


NfiW  YORK: 
jrOiBXT    TSl.    j^ XT 33 S XI 8 O XT    6b    00:bC] 

Ai.  ss  CHAMBERS  STRSET. 

SAN  FRANCISCO:    A.   L.   BANCROFT    &    CO. 

1883. 


-A^N-Y-. 


V 


K 


rilcCOMNITTtE_tliA'iKllH,JI'irrr.ON,AliAM3,liVllfc3ION  i5iil.HN!\>i 


• 

•in 
sell 
cov 
the 
dm 
■he 

Tid 
10 

tha 

a;; 

.i 

nil 

do 

CM 

we 
ni 
fni 
ad 
ap 

M 

to 

«n 

__j^M' 

Vp' 

^^ 

UNITEP  STATES. 


iM  iMm,  Pt  eoMlsM  bi  lb*  ••kwani 
pttooa  tlliMiioD  of  mMmi*,  rarrylBi  on 
««  ftom  Iheir  own  rwMureaa,  tioih  agalMl  inair 
Wag,  and  aiich  mareaiiariaa  «•  ha  choia  to  amploy 
fcr  Ihalr  rabjaniton.  Naeaaaiiy,  not  ebolea, 
fenad  Umm  do  tba  doablon.  Submlialoii  without 
ebnliilag  a  radraia  of  ihalr  ariaTaneaa  wu  advo- 
oaiad  by  oona  who  poaaaaaad  tna  public  eonMenea. 


I  it  Iha  nopniar  laadara  inay  hava  aaoretly 
vlabad  for  Indapandanea  Orom  im  boglnDlDg  or 
tha  eomrovaray ;  but  thair  numbar  waa  amall,  and 
Ikair  aanilmanla  wava  not  nnarall}  known. 

Whila  Iha  public  mincrwaa  buanelni  on  thla 
MiMlAtI  anbjael,  aavaral  wrilaia  plaead  tfia  adf  an- 
Hfaa  of  Indapandanea  In  nrioua  polnia  of  vlaw. 
AwiBg  thaaa,  Thomaa  Palna,  In  a  pamphlai  nndar 
Um  algnatura  of  Common  Sanaa,  bakl  tha  moat 
diMlngulshed  rank.  Tha  atyla,  manner,  and  bn- 
guaga  of  thla  parformanea  wera  ealeubtad  to  In* 
laraai  tha  paaalona,  and  to  rouia  all  tha  aetlva 
powara  of  human  nitura.  With  the  riaw  of  ope- 
iBlIng  on  the  aentlmenta  oi  a  rallgloiia  people, 
aerlplnre  waa  pretied  Into  hia  aervlee ;  and  the 
power*,  and  even  the  name  of  a  king,  ware  ren- 
dered odiou*  In  the  eyea  of  the  nnnwroua  eolonlata, 
wiw  had  read  and  aiudled  the  hialory  of  the  Jewa, 
■a  racordad  In  the  Old  Teaumant.  The  folly  of 
that  pec  pie  In  revolting  firom  a  goTemmeni,  Initl- 
ttUao  bv  heaven  Itaeif,  and  the  oppraaalona  to 
irhleh  Inay  ware  aubjeetad  In  conaequenee  of  their 
loilIng  aPer  king*  to  rule  over  them,  ifforded  an 
•uellent  handle  for  prepo*ie**lng  th^  colonial*  In 
fliTour  of  republican  Institution*,  and  prejudicing 
tMm  again*!  kinglv  government,  Hereditarv 
■auce«kton  was  lumea  into  ridicule.  The  abaunl- 
ihr  of  aubiecllng  a  great  continen'.  to  a  amall 
uUnd,  on  the  other  *ide  of  the  globe,  wj*  repre- 
aanledlnanch  atrikinK  language,  a*  lolntereMihe 
honour  and  jiride  of  the  colonial*.  In  renouncing 
be  government  of  Great  Britain.  The  neceasity, 
iIm  advantages,  and  practicability  of  independence 
ware  forcibly  demonstrated. 

Nothing  could  be  better  timed  than  thla  per- 
formance. It  wa*  addra**ed  to  Areemen,  who  iiad 
Joat  received  convincing  proof,  that  Ureal  Britain 
had  thrown  them  out  of  her  protection,  had  en- 
■aged  foreign  mercenariea  to  make  war  upon 
tltem,  and  aerloualy  designed  to  compel  tlieir  un- 
conditional aubmlsslon  to  her  unlimited  power.  It 
found  the  colonists  most  thoronghly  alarmed  for 
their  liberties,  and  disposed  to  .do  and  auflTer  any 
t  hing  that  promised  their  establishment.  In  union 
with  the  feelings  and  sentiments  of  the  people.  It 
produced  surprising  eflTect*.  Many  thouaaada 
were  convinced,  and  were  led  to  approve  and  long 
for  a  aeparation  from  the  mother  country.  Though 
that  meaiure,  a  few  month*  before,  waa  not  only 
Inrelgn  from  their  wishes,  but  the  object  of  their 
abhorrence,  the  current  suddenly  becanae  so  strong 
fa  Its  favour,  that  it  bore  down  all  opposition. 
The  multitude  was  hurried  down  the  stream :  but 
some  worthy  men  could  not  easily  reconcile  them' 
selves  to  the  idea  of  an  eternal  aeparation  from  a 
country,  to  which  thev  had  long  iwen  bound  by 
the  most  endearing  ties.  Thev  saw  the  sword 
drawn ;  out  coula  not  tell  wnen  It  would  be 
aheathcd.  They  feared  that  the  diapetaed  Indi 
viduals  of  the  several  colonies  woidd  not  be  brought 
to  coalesce  under  an  efficient  government,  and 
that  after  much  anarchy  aome  future  Caesar  would 

Kasp  their  liberties,  and  confirm  himaelf  In  a 
rone  of  despotism.  They  doubted  the  perse- 
verance of  their  countrymen  In  eflTecting  their  in- 
dependence, and  were  also  apprehensive  that.  In 
«aaa  of  success,  their  future  condition  would  be 
laaa  happy  than  their  past. 

Some  respectable  individuals,  whose  principles 
were  pure,  but  whose  souls  were  not  of  that  firm 
texture  which  revolutions  require,  shrunk  back 
from  the  bold  measures  proposed  by  their  more 
adventurniis  countrymen.  To  submit  without  an 
appeal  to  hnavcn,  though  *ecretly  wished  for  by 
aome,  was  not  the  avowed  aentiment  of  any ;  but 
to  perwvere  in  petitioning  and  resisting  waa  the 
qraiem  of  some  miaguMed,  honeat  men.  The  fa' 
.wiiran  of  thia  op'nkta  were  generally  wanting  in 


that  dwMon  whkh  graape  m  great  akjaat^  and 
InlhMMad  by  that  limM  psiley,  whieh  dow  iia 
work  by  halves.  Most  '  >('  litem  dreaded  the  power 
of  Britain.  A  few,  on  ..le  Kora  of  Inlereel  or  an 
Mpaeiaaay  of  fkvoura  llrom  tha  royal  govarameni, 
renued  lo  aoneur  with  tha  general  voice.  Sohm 
of  the  aaiivea  of  the  parent  atale,  who,  having 
biely  sallied  In  the  colonlea,  had  not  yet  aa- 
ehangad  European  for  Amerkan  Idoaa,  togaiber 
with  a  few  othera,  eonaelenlljualy  oppoead  tha 
uoe  of  Congreaei  but  the  great  enlk  of  tha 
people,  and  aapeelally  of  the  aptrlMd  and  Indapen- 
dent  part  of  the  community,  oama  with  aurprialng 
unanimity  Into  tha  project  of  Independence. 

The  angamasa  tor  Independanca  reaiUtad  mora 
Awn  foaSIng  than  raaaonlng.  The  advantagee  of 
an  nnAttorad  trade,  the  praepocl  of  honour*  and 
amolumenla  In  adminlatarhig  a  now  govormani, 
ware  of  ihemaelvee  hieuflleient  motivee  for  adoM- 
ing  thla  boM  meunre.  But  what  waa  wanting 
(him  eonaklantlona  of  thla  kind,  wa*  naade  up  by 
tha  peraeverenee  of  Oreat  Britain,  In  bareehemee 
of  eoerclon  and  conqueat.  The  determined  re*o- 
lution  of  the  mother  country  lo  enbdoa  the  eolo- 
ni*t*,  together  with  the  plane  ahe  adopted  for  ao- 
compllahlng  that  purpoae,  and  Iheir  equally  deter- 
mined reaoltttion  to  appeal  to  heaven  rather  tbn 
aubmit.  made  a  declaration  of  Independenca  aa 
neceaaaiy  in  1776,  a*  waa  the  non-lmnortatlon 
agreement  of  1774,  or  the  a**umpilon  or  arm*  in 
1775.  The  laat  naturallv  reaulted  fiom  the  Aral. 
The  revolution  waa  not  forced  on  the  people  by 
ambitiou*  leader*  graaping  at  aupreme  power ;  but 
every  meaauia  of  it  waa  forced  on  Congre**,  by 
the  necc(*liy  of  the  ca*e,  and  the  voice  of  the 
lieople.  The  change  of  the  public  mind  of  Amer- 
ica, reapecting  connexion  with  Oreat  Britain,  la 
without  a  parallel.  In  the  abort  *pace  of  two 
yeara,  nearty  three  mllUona  of  people  passed  over 
from  the  Inve  and  duty  of  loyal  subjecu,  to  the 
hatred  and  resentment  of  enemle*. 

The  motion  for  declaring  the  colonic*  free  and 
independent,  was  Ant  made  in  Concress,  June  7, 
1770,  by  Richard  Henry  Lee,  of  Virginia.  He 
waa  warranted  in  making  this  motion  by  the  par' 
licular  Instruction*  of  hi*  Immediate  conetltueut*, 
and  alao  by  the  general  voice  of  the  people  of  all 
the  etaiaa.  When  the  time  for  taking  the  subject 
under  consideration  arrived,  much  knowledge,  in- 
genuity and  eloquence  weie  displayed  on  both 
sides  of  the  question.  The  debates  were  continued 
for  aome  timis,  and  with  great  animatioir.  In  theae 
John  Adam*  and  John  Dickinaon  took  leading  and 
opposite  part*.  The  former  began  one  of  hi* 
*p«echea,  by  an  invocation  of  the  cod  of  eloquence, 
lo  aaaiat  him  In  defending  the  claim*,  and  enfor- 
cing the  duty  of  hi*  countrymen.  He  etrongly 
urged  the  Immediate  dl**oluilon  of  all  political 
connexion  of  the  colonic*  with  Great  Biitabi, 
from  the  voice  of  the  people,  from  the  neceasity 
of  the  measure  in  order  to  obtain  foreign  assist- 
ance, from  a  regard  to  consistency,  and  from  the 
prospects  of  glory  and  happiness,  which  opened 
beyond  the  war,  lo  a  free  and  independent  people. 
Mr.  Dickinson  replied  to  this  speech.  He  began 
by  observing,  that  the  member  from  Massachu- 
setts, Mr.  Adauia,  had  introduced  hi*  defence  of 
the  declaration  of  independence  by  invoking  a 
heathen  god ;  but  that  he  ahould  begin  hla  objec- 
tion* toil,  by  aolemnly  Invoking  the  Governor  of 
the  universe,  so  to  Influence  the  minds  of  the  mem- 
bers of  Congress,  that  if  the  proposed  measure  were 
forthebenent  of  America,  nothing  which  he  should 
say  against  it  might  ibake  the  least  impression. 
He  then  urged  that  the  present  time  was  improper 
for  the  declaration  of  independence :  that  the  war 
might  be  conducted  with  equal  Tig':ur  without  it; 
that  It  would  divide  the  Amerii-ins,  and  unite  the 
people  of  Ureal  Britain  against  ihein.  He  then 
proposed  that  some  assurance  should  be  obtained 
of  assistance  from  a  foreign  p»wer,  before  they 
renounced  their  connexion  with  Ureat  Britain; 
that  the  declaration  of  independe/ice  ahould  be 


MMt  Ibrlhn  aatilMMM  artbuailMMi  4  l«4n> 
Mrmlnad  nnon,  bafon  ibajr  loat  algbl  aT  tiMI  Mb«> 
nal,  whieb  bad  bhherto  boon  tba  iMipIra  of  an  Ihilf 
diflbreneaa. 

After  a  Aill  dlaensaton,  lb*  nwaann  of  dacMag 
Iba  eolonlaa  ^M  and  bideMadeni  waa  apyravMk 
July  4ib,  by  naarly  an  unanimoua  voia.  Tba  aani« 
voraary  of  tba  day,  on  which  Ibb  gnat  avant  laab 
plaea,  baa  aver  ahMa  bau  aoaaoenlad  by  tba 
AnMriaaaa  to  lallglona  mittada,  and  *«Mlal  plea- 
anraa.    It  la  aanalilaraJly  tbtm  ai  tba  Mrtb-d^f 


of  their  I 

The  ael  of  iba  wilio4  •o.aaiaa,  for  aaparuilag 
tbaiaaalvaa  flrom  tba  govomnMM  of  Oraat  BiUaln, 
and  daebring  Ibair  Mapaadanea,  waa  •xpraaaM 
In  tba  followfiig  wordai 

Wban  ia  tba  eowao  of  baman  avncta,  U  ba« 
eonaae  naeaaaary  for  oaa  poopb  to  dbaohra  Iba 
political  baada  wbleb  bava  aoaaaeiad  tbaai  wkh 
another,  and  to  aaaama  aaaong  lb*  powora  of  tba 
earth,  ibo  aaparata  and  aqual  auiloa  to  wblab  Iba 
lawa  of  nalura,  and  of  natoia'a  (M  oaUtM  tbam, 
a  daceni  roapaci  to  Iba  optaioa*  af  BMuriibni,  ra> 
qalra*  that  they  ahonld  daelare  tba  aauaaa  whbb 
iiapal  tbam  lo  Ibo  aaparatioB  i 

«  Wa  hold  thaaa  truiha  to  ba  aalf-avldant  t  that 
all  man  ara  eiaatad  equal  i  thai  Ibey  are  amlowad 
by  ibaIr  Creator  with  eonato  vnalbnablo  rigbtt  i 
that  among  ihaae  are  llfo,  liberty,  and  tha  pur- 
anlt  of  happinea*  ( that  to  aaoun  thaaa  rigbtt, 
govonmonu  are  Inalitntod  among  men,  aariv- 
fag  tbair  Joat  powara  Aram  tha  conaant  of  Iba 
aovoraad ;  tbat  whenever  any  form  of  govemmant 
Dacomaa  daatructlva  lo  theee  ends,  it  1*  ih*  right 
of  Iba  peopb  to  alter  or  to  abolbh  It,  and  to'lnati- 
tula  new  government,  laving  It*  foundation  oa 
auoh  prineiplea,  and  organiaing  It*  pcwer  In  eneb 
form,  aa  lo  them  ahall  aeem  mo*t  likely  to  efTeel 
thehr  Mfely  and  happinea*.  Prudence,  Indeed, 
will  diclata  that  government*  long  establlshait 
shouM  not  ba  changed  for  light  and  transient 
cau**aiandaeeoidlngly,Bllexperieaceliaih*bown, 
that  mankind  are  more  dbpoaed  to  euffer,  wlilla 
evlb  ara  aaflbrabb,  than  to  right  themaelve*,  bv 
aboltoUng  Ibo  forma  to  which  they  ate  accualomad. 
But  whan  a  long  train  of  nbuae*  and  uaurpailona, 
punning  lavarlanly  the  aame  object,  evlnoa*  a  da 
algn  to  radiMO  them  under  abaoluie  despotbm,  it 
la  their  rigitt,  h  b  their  duty,  to  throw  oAT  aueh 
■ovemmanl,  and  to  provhle  new  guunl*  for  thait 
rutture  aaeurity.  Such  haa  been  the  patient  auf* 
ferance  of  ihMo  colonlea,  and  auch  la  now  the  no> 
ceaaily  whieh  conatnlna  them  to  alter  theli  for* 
mer  systems  of  government.  The  hbiory  of  Iba 
present  king  of  Ureal  Britain  b  a  history  of  ta- 
pealed  ii^unea  and  uaurpatlons :  all  having  in  dl- 
net  object  ibo  aalabllahment  of  an  absolute  tyranny 
over  theee  aiatea.  To  prove  this,  bl  facta  ba  aub> 
milted  to  a  candid  world. 

'•  He  haa  rafUsad  hb  aaaeni  to  lawa,  the  moat 
wholaaomo  and  necessary  for  the  public  good. 

"  He  haa  forbidden  hb  govamon  lo  paae  lawa 
of  Immediate  and  preaaing  Ironortance,  unbrn 
cuapended  in  their  operation  till  nia  aaaant  ahouM 
be  obtained;  and  when  ao  aiupended,  he  hM 
utterly  neglected  to  attend  to  them. 

"He  hu  rafuaed  to  pa**  other  lawa  foi  the 
accomodation  of  large  dblrictt  of  peoi^  un< 
le«*  lho*e  people  would  nlinquieh  the  rignl  of  n- 
presentation  In  the  Legislatun,  a  right Inoatima. 
Die  In  them,  and  forinldable  to  tyrants  only. 

*'  He  has  called  together  Legislative  bodies  a 
places  unusual,  uncomfortable,  and  distant  firom 
the  depositor;jr  of  thoii  public  record*,  for  the  sola 
purpose  of  fatiguing  them  Into  compliance  with  lib 
measures. 

"He  haa  dissolved  rapreeentative  houaea  re- 
peatedly, for  opposing,  with  manly  firmneaa,  bb 
invasions  on  the  riglila  of  the  people. 

"  He  has  refused,  for  a  long  time  after  aneh  dia« 
solutions,  to  cause  othen  to  m  elected :  wheraty 
the  legislative  powers,  incapable  of  annihitadoa, 
nave  raiurned  ti  the  people  nt  large  for  their  eiar 


the  condition  to  be  oflisred  for  this  assistance.  He  |  else ;  the  state  -  emainlng  In  tha  meantime  oapo^ 
Ukawlaa  elated  the  diapntaa  tbat  exuted  between  i  ed  to  all  the  danger  of  Invasion  from  aifthoat,  oM 
scronlgftbacolonba,  and  impned  tbtit  aqina[convulaiona  withm. 


frt 


«f  Ikrw  MMwi  far  ikM  imirpMii  »>itrii«it«|  ik* 
km  •.  MinntliMiion  of  IwrtlgMn  t  nAitiay  lo 
fmt  MlMn  u»  •MtHini*  tbtkr  mi|nrtlM  bhnw  i 
iNid  nWog  lb*  cowilUMM  of  b«w  tppiopriMtoM 

"  H*  hw  oWlrMMd  Iha  MimliitatntkM  of  Jm> 
iIm,  b«  nAiatag  hit  mmm  la  laws  far 
lag  jaaUilMry  powan. 

•' H«  hm  mad*  judgM  d«p«ad«ai  on  Ua  will 

■loon,  fur  ihe  teauia  of  tnair  oWeaai  aad  Um 

■wiiuiH  and  pajriaaal  of  (hair  lalariaa 

••  Ha  haa  araelad  a  nultliiida  of  naw  oAaaai 

'  Md  aaM  hltiiar  awanM  of  oAeaia  lo  iMma  o«r 

'  iwopla,  and  eat  oui  Ihalr  aubalanca. 

"Ha  haa  kapC  amoni  na.  in  ilmaa  of  paaeo, 
alandlng  armiaat  wlUiout  Iho  eonaoM  of  our  lo- 
,  ||lalaturaa. 

»  Ha  haa  albciad  to  roodar  Iba  mililaiy  indo- 
paodoni  of,  and  auiMiior  lo,  Iha  civil  powar. 

»  Ha  haa  eonbinad  wiihoihaia  lo  aui^l  ua  lo 
a  Juriadifliian  foiaign  lo  onr  conaliiuiion,  and  na- 
■cknowladgad  by  our  hwa;  giving  hla  aaaant  to 
thair  aet*  of  pretendad  loclalailon  t 

"  For  quarlaring  larga  bodiaa  of  atmad  Iroopa 
wtong  uai 

••  For  proiacilng  them,  by  a  mocl(  trial,  A«m 
pHalfhmanl  for  any  murdara  which  thay  ahouM 
•OMUiil  on  Iha  inbabltanta  of  tbaao  atatoai 

•'For  cutting  off  our  trada  with  all  partt  of  Iha 
worMi 

•*  For  impoiing  taxaa  on  ua  without  our  eoniant : 

"For  dapriving  ui.  In  many  oaaaa,  of  Iha  ba- 
WtStM  of  trial  by  jury : 

"  For  traniportlng  ua  beyond  aeu  lo  be  triad 
far  pretended  offence* : 

••  For  abollahing  the  Oree  eyatem  of  Engliih  lawa 
IB  ■  neighbouring  province,  ottabllahing  iherehi 
an  arbitrary  government,  and  enlarging  it*  bouada- 
liaa,  ao  a*  to  render  it  at  once  an  example  aad  At 
inatrument  for  Introducing  the  aaroe  abaoluta  rule 
knio  theae  oolonlea: 

'•'  For  taking  away  onr  charter*,  abolishing  oar 
laoat  valuable  lawa,  aad  alteriag  fuadanentally  the 
Ibmi*  of  our  goveranMnta; 

»  For  auapaading  our  owa  legtoblurea,  and  da- 
•bwing  themaelvea  Inveated  with  power  to  legiilato 
fer  u*  in  all  caaea  whatioever. 

~  He  ha*  abdicated  governmaat  bare,  by  de- 
daring  ua  out  of  hla  pcotaelion,  and  waging  war 
^gainU  u*. 

"Ha  ha«  plundered  our  aeaa,  ravaged  onr 
aoaata,  burnt  our  towa*,aaddeatroyadtho  Uvea  of 
Mur  people. 

"  He  1*,  at  thla  time,  traoaporliag  largo  armiaa 
•f  foreign  meicenariaa,  to  eomplate  the  work  of 
death,  deeolation  and  tytwanf,  already  begun  with 
eireumMancea  of  cruelty  and  parfldy,  aaareely 
paralleled  in  the  moat  baibaron*  agea,  aad  totally 
Mawortbv  the  bead  of  a  civilised  aatioo. 

"  He  na*  eonotrainad  our  fallow  eitiaene,  taken 
captive  on  the  high  aeaa,  to  bear  anna  againit 
their  eonnlir ;  to  become  the  executioaer*  of  thair 
Menda  and  brethren,  or  to  fall  themialvee  by  thilr 
handa. 

"  He  bar  excited  domeatic  faMoiraetioiia  amoagat 
na,  and  ha*  endeavoured  to  bring  oa  the  iababitaat* 
of  our  frontier*  the  mereileea  Indian  aavagea, 
whoae  known  rule  of  warfare  ia  an  oadictingniahed 
deatruction  of  all  agee,  aeaea  and  eonditioaa. 

•'In  every  atage  of  theae  oppreeeion*,  wo  have 
potitioned  for  rediei*  in  the  mo*t  bumble  term* : 
our  repeated  petitiona  have  been  anawered  only  by 
lopeated  iniary.  A  prince,  whoae  character  fa 
thna  marked  by  every  aet  which  may  define  a  tj- 
lant,  is  unfit  to  be  the  ruler  of  a  free  people. 

"  Nor  have  we  been  wanting  in  attention  to  our 
British  brethren.  We  have  wirned  them  from 
time  to  time  of  attempt*  made  by  their  legialitnre, 
to  exteud  an  uDwammtable  jnnadintion  over  na. 
We  have  reminded  them  of  the  circumstance*  of 
our  emigration  and  settlement  here.  We  have  ap- 
pealeil  to  their  nativo  justice  and  magnanimity ; 
and  we  have  conjured  them,  by  the  tie*  of  our 
•omiDn  kindred,  to  diaavow  theae  ueurpatioo*, 
■k  #1  aould  inevitably  intenupt  our  connexiooa 


MIBTORY  OF  THK 

mti  itnmffomhtm.    tVytaohwbawdaaf'te 
Iha  Mtaa  af  joaliaa  mi  af  aoMaiMMiy.    Wo 


aanalaaaa  tai  the  aaoaaaliy,  whiek 
daaoaaaaa  our  soparalloa,  aad  boM  ihea,  aa 
hold  the  raaiof  awakiadt  aaaailaa  ia  war,  la 


Uaitad 


oogbi 
ImIop 


••Wa,  tharalMW,  iho  ropraaaalaihwa  of  the 
Amaika,  la  geaaral  Coagraaa 
■blad,  appaallag  lo  ibo  SuproMo  Judge  of  tbo 
worid  for  tbo  reetiliMo  of  our  iateatioaa,  do,  ia  Iha 
naao,  aad  by  awborilv,  of  the  good  paopia  of  tbaao 
MHdy  ptullab  aad  deafara,  thai  tbaao 
are,  aad  of  rlgbi  onghl  to  bo, 
FftfiE  aad  INOBPfiNDKN'T  STATfiSi  that 
Ihay  ara  abaohod  flroai  all  allaglaaca  to  tbo  BrI- 
ilah  erowB  i  aad  that  all  poliileal  eoaaaxioa  bo- 
twooB  them  aad  iha  aiato  of  Ureal  Briiaia  ia  aad 
hi  to  bo  totally  dfaaehrad,  aad  thai  aa  Area  aad 
ipaadaai  aiataa,  ibay  have  (hll  powar  to  levy 
war,  cooaludo  peace,  eoiMract  alUaaoaa,  aatabliaa 
commataa,  aad  to  do  all  other  aett  aad  thbua 
which  faidopaadani  aiataa  oMy  of  right  do.  Aaid, 
for  Iha  auppott  of  lUa  doebration,  with  a  firm  !»• 
liaaea  oa  tboprotoctioa  of  Divlea  Providence,  wa 
mutually  pMga  to  aaeh  other  our  Uvea,  our  for* 
tnnea,  aaa  our  aaarod  boQonr. 

Joan  Hahcock,  Praaidanl. 
"Naw  HAnrauaa,      Joaiah  Banlott, 
William  Whipple, 
Matthew  Thornton. 
••  MAatAcauasTTB  Bat,  Samuel  Adama, 
John 

"  MA**A€aO*BTTa, 

'•RaoBB  laijtiiB,  dee. 

"  CORIIBOTICIIT, 


'  Niw  Yobs. 


Robert  Treat  Paine, 
Elbridge  Gerry. 
Stephen  Hopkina, 
William  EUary. 
Roger  Sherman, 
Samuel  Unntington, 
William  Williama, 
CNiver  Woleoti. 
William  Floyd, 
Philip  Livingaton, 
wla, 


•  Niw  JtaasT, 


"PBaHITLTAIliA, 


Fraaefa  Lam 
Lewfa  Monria. 
Richard  Stockton, 
Jolu  Witlierapooa, 
Fraaefa  Hopklaaon, 
John  Halt, 
Abraham  Cbrk. 
Robert  Morrfa, 
Bonjamln  Ruab, 
Benjamin  Franklin, 
John  Morton, 
Gaorge  ClyoMr, 
Jamae  Snuib, 
Gaorge  Taylor, 
Jamea  Wilaon, 
George  Roea. 
Caaar  Rodney, 
Thomaa  M'Kean, 
George  Read. 
Samuel  Chaae, 
WiUiamPaca, 
Thomaa  Stoao, 
Cbarlaa  Carroll  of  Camll- 

ton. 
Goorga  Wythe, 
Richard  Henry  Lee, 
Thomaa  Jefferaon, 
Benjamin  Hairiaon, 
Thomaa  Nelaon,  jnnr. 
Fraaefa  Llghtfoot  Leo, 
Carter  Braxton. 
Willfam  Hooper, 
Joaeph  Hewea, 
John  Pena. 
Edward  Rntledge, 
Thomaa  Heyward,  jnnr. 
Thomaa  Lvnch,  junr. 
Arthur  Middloton. 
Button  Gwinnett, 
Lyman  Hall, 
George  Walton." 
From   the    promulgation  of  this  declaration, 
eveiy  thing  aasumed  a  new  form.    The  Ameri- 
cana no  longer  appeared  in  the  character  of  sub- 


"DUAWAMM, 


•'  BfAmTtAIII>, 


"ViBaiiiu, 


••  Noara  Cabouba, 


'SoVtlCABOUIIA, 


'GBoaaiA, 


aia  anaa  agaiaat  ihato  i  

jaadaai  people,  lapolllag  the  atlaaha  Mmlm- 
vadlag  loa.  The  propoeltloae  aad  aunliai..  oa* 
mr  reeooeillatioa  were  dona  away.  Tho  t^mm 
waa  brougbl  to  a  ainglo  point,  whether  tbo  lata 
Brillah  aobaioa  ahould  ba  eoaquaied  praet'iaaa,  at 
fVoo  aad  Indepeadeat  alatae. 

The  deehratloa  of  ladapoadenee  waa  reud  pab> 
Italy  ia  all  the  ataiae,  aad  waa  welcomed  wllb 
Biaey  daatoneiniloaa  of  Joy.  The  paopia  waia 
encouraged  by  it  to  boar  up  nadar  Iho  eahmHiaa 
of  war,  aad  viewed  the  avifa  thay  aulbrod,  oaly  »• 
the  iboiB  thai  over  aaaompaaiaa  Iba  roea.  The 
army  raealvad  ll  with  partioufar  satfaAMiioB.  Aa 
br  aa  U  bad  validity,  so  Aur  U  aeeared  tbeui  liom 
auObriag  aa  rebels,  aad  haM  out  lo  their  vfaw  an 
objeet.  Dm  attoiameal  of  which  wouM  bo  aa  ada 
quato  reeompeneafor  tbo  toifa  aad  daagar*  of  war. 
They  were  aaiauiad  by  the  coneideratioa  that  they 
were  ao  longer  to  riak  thair  live*  for  tho  trilling 
purpoeo  of  procuriag  the  repeal  of  a  few  oppreealv* 
acta  of  parliament  t  but  for  a  new  orgaabution  of 
government,  that  wouU  for  ever  put  it  out  of  tho 
power  of  Great  Britain  to  oppreee  Ibom.  Tha 
flattoring  proapeeu  of  an  axleneivo  eonunereo, 
freed  firom  Britfab  realriellona,  aad  tbo  boaour* 
and  amolumeata  of  ofBeee  in  indepandent  state*, 
now  began  to  glitter  beforo  the  eyee  of  the  colon- 
fata,  and  meoncUed  Ihem  to  the  dUQpultiea  of  their 
ailualion.  What  waa  supposed  bi  Great  BriUla 
to  be  their  primary  object,  had  only  a  aoeondary 
influence.  While  they  were  charged  with  aim- 
ing at  Independence  from  the  impulse  of  avarice 
and  ambition,  they  were  ardently  wfahing  for  are* 
concllfatlon.  But,  after  they  had  been  compelled 
to  adopt  that  meaaure,  those  powerAil  prinelplea 
of  human  aciiona  oppoaed  ita  retraction,  and  all- 
mufated  to  lu  auppoit.  That  aeperation  which 
the  colonial  at  Aral  dreaded  aa  an  evil,  they  soon 
gloried  In  aa  a  national  bleaaing.  While  the  nifare 
of  Great  Britain  urged  their  peopfa  to  a  vlgoroua 
proaecutlon  of  the  American  war,  on  the  idea  that 
the  coIobUu  were  aiming  at  independoBce,  they 
bnpoeed  on  them  a  necessity  of  adopting  that  very 
measuie,  ami  actually  eirected  its  accompliahmenl. 
By  reijeatadly  charging  the  Americana  with  aim- 
ing at  the  erection  of  a  new  govemmoat,  and  by 
prooaoding  on  that  idea  to  aubdue  them,  predlc- 
tiona,  wbfah  ware  originally  false,  eventually  be- 
came Ime.  Whenthedecfaratlonoflndependooeo 
reached  Great  Britain,  the  partiaana  ol^minfatry 
triumphed  b  theiraagacity.  "  The  measure,"  said 
they,"  we  have  long  foreaeen,  fa  now  come  to 
naas."  Thay  inverted  the  natural  order  of  things. 
Without  reflecting  that  their  own  policy  had  forced 
a  revolutfan  contrary  to  the  oriclnal  deaiga  of  the 
colooista,  the  declaration  of  independence,  waa 
held  out  to  the  people  of  Groat  Briifan  aa  a  Jiisii- 
flcation  of  thoee  previoua  viofancaa,  which  weie  ita 
aOlclent  cause. 

The  act  of  Congress,  for  dissevering  the  coloniw 
ftom  their  parent  state,  waa  the  subject  of  many 
animadversions. 

The  eolonfata  were  said  to  have  been  precipitate 
in  adopting  a  meaaure,  from  which  theie  was  no 
honourable  ground  of  retretting.  They  replied 
that,  for  efaven  veais,  they  ^ad  been  incessantly 
petiticning  the  iDrone  for  a  ledreaa  of  their  griev- 
anaoa :  alnce  the  year  1765,  a  continental  Congrese 
bad,  at  thre^  sundrv  times,  stated  their  claims, 
and  prayed  (br  their  constitutional  righta;  that 
each  iMimbly  of  the  thtateen  colonlea  had  also, 
in  its  seperate  capacitv,  concurred  in  the  same 
meaatue;  that  from  the  perseverance  of  Great 
Biitain  In  her  schemes  for  their  coercion,  they  had 
no  alttmatlve,  but  a  mean  aubmissioo,  or  a  vigor 
ons  resistance ;  and  that,  as  she  was  about  to  in 
vade  thefa  coasta  with  a  large  body  ofmercenarieSj 
they  were  comnelled  to  declare  themselves  inde- 
pendent, that  they  might  be  put  into  an  immediate 
caMcity  of  solicltins  foreign  aid. 

The  virulence,  of  those  who  had  been  in  oppo 
aition  to  the  claims  of  the  colonista,  was  increased 
by  their  bold  act,  in  breaking  off  all  aubordination 
to  the  parent  ftate.  "  Great  Britain,"  said  they 
"  haa  foiwded  colonie*  at  great  oxpoBie ,  liu  im 


)  WM  Mud  p«l)> 

••loiHMd  wlib 


yM^^^2ft/» 


/iiu4 


'J(rim!jdami 


<5(*^^<=^^^^«^^  T3utth% 


lkH€^9m  ff^fi^ai  nmd  k^nij^ufui  t 


*  £ucr  tMOtriotit 


JAi^  2.*.»j^^  ^«ta-M«4 


irNITED  STATES. 


tmtwl  ■  iMd  of  4abu  ky  wan  on  iMIr  Mcounii 
km  pniMMd  Ihalr  MimMrt*.  ■nd  ni—d  ihem  lo 
til  lb*  «aiWM|««nM  lb*)f  pmmnm  ;  ami  now,  in  llw 
tnwlsnc*  of  mIuII  j»»n,  ralhar  than  pay  ihclr 
pro|Minion  of  lh«  common  ■apenaea  of  gnvrrn- 
m«ut,  Ihxjr  an(nil«t^lly  ranounce  all  connrxloii 
wllh  lb*  nuraa  of  ihalr  youth,  and  iha  prolmlrra* 
of  llivir  riprr  jraan."  Th«  American*  arknow- 
Mfiid  that  much  waadno  to  Uraat  lirllain,  fur  th« 
piotcolton  which  h«r  nary  pruciirrd  lo  the  conara 
■ml  tlin  commcre*  of  the  ciiluniM  ;  hiil  contriMleil 
thai  mach  waa  paid  by  lh«  lallcr,  iu  contmiurnca 
of  Ihe  rcilrlclioiia  ini|)oa«d  on  Iheir  cainmerce  by 
Iho  former.  "  The  charge  of  Iniralllude  would 
have  boon  Juat,"  aald  they,  '•  had  allenlance  been 
renounced  while  nrolecllon  waa  (Iren  |  but  when 
Ihe  navy,  which  rarmerly  aeoured  the  commerce 
and  aoaport  lowna  of  America,  began  to  dialreaa 
Ihe  former,  and  bum  ihe  latter,  the  prerioua  ubll- 

Jtitlone  lo  obey,  or  b«  grateful,  were  no  longer  in 
brce." 

That  the  colonlaia  paid  nothing,  iind  wouM  not 
pay  to  the  rapport  of  goremment,  waa  confMently 
■aaerted :  and  no  credit  waa  given  for  the  auma 
Indirectly  levied  upon  them.  In  conaoquence  of 
their  being  cohAned  to  the  conaumptlon  of  Hrhlah 
manufaeturea.  Bv  auoh  lll-fonmled  obiervntiona, 
were  ihe  people  nrOreat  Uritoin  Inflamed  agninal 
Iheir  fellow  auhjeela  in  America.  The  latter  were 
repreaenled  na  an  nngnileful  people,  refuairig  lo 
bear  any  part  of  the  ex|M>nae*  of  a  protecting  go- 
vernment, or  Iu  |Niy  their  proportion  of  a  heavy 
debt,  aaid  to  be  inciirri'il  on  their  nccourit. 

Many  of  the  inhuliilanl*  of  llrent  llrilHin,  de- 
calved  Inniatlera  of  f»i^l,  roiiaidered  their  Aiiieri- 
enn  brethren  aa  denrrviiig  the  aeverily  of  mililiiry 
coercion.  So  atrongly  were  the  two  counlriei 
riveted  together,  that  if  Uie  whole  trulh  had  been 
known  to  the  |>eople  of  both,  their  arpiirnliun 
would  have  been  acarccly  imwible.     Any  frHxihlo 

filnn,  by  which  luhjectlon  lo  Qreal  Brituin  cnuld 
mve  been  rrcuiiciled  with  Amorlean  aafety,  woulil, 
■I  any  lime  prcvioua  to  1776,  IwfO  met  the  appro- 
bation of  the  coloniau.  But  whUo  tbo  liiat  of 
power  and  of  gain,  blinded  tho  ralwi  of  Gieal 
Britain,  miaatiited  facta,  and  uneudld  r»|»mMito- 
tiona  brought  over  the  people  to  aecond  Ihe  InAilu- 
Blion.  A  few  honeat  men,  pro|ierly  authorited, 
niight  have  deviacd  meaaurea  of  comproiniae, 
which  under  the  influence  of  truth,  humility,  and 
roodemlion,  would  have  prevented  a  diamcnilier- 
ment  of  the  empire ;  but  these  viniiea  ccaxml  lo 
influence,  and  lalaehood,  haughtineaa  and  blind 
seal  uaur|>ed  their  placea. 

Had  Creal  Britain,  even  nAer  the  dcclHralion 
of  Independence,  adopted  the  magnaniinoua  reso- 
lulion  of  declaring  her  colonic*  free  and  iiKlepi-n- 
dent  ttatea,  lalorMt  would  have  prompted  tlicin  tu 
form  auch  ■  aoBMslon  a*  would  have  aFciirecl  lu 
Ihe  mother  eonntry  the  advantage*  ol'.lheir  com 
nierco,  without  the  exiienae  or  trouble  of  llit-ir  go 
vernmsnts.  But  misguided  piililicaronliiiuitd  the 
fatal  *yslem  of  coercion  and  comiurat.  Sfvcnil, 
on  both  side*  of  the  Allanlic,  have  called  the  de 
claralion  of  independence,  "  a  liold,  and  acciden- 
tally, a  lucky  s|)ecula(ion  ;"  but  subaei|uent  event* 
proved  that  it  waa  a  wiie  nieuiuire.  It  is  acknowl- 
edged, that  it  detached  some  liiiiid  friends  from 
■upi>urtiiig  the  Aiiirricnns  in  their  opposition  to 
Creal  Britain;  hut  It  increased  the  vigour  and 
unii.n  of  thoac,  who  ptiaaeaacil  more  fortitude  and 
peraeveiance.  Without  it,  tho  cohmials  would 
linve  had  no  object  adequate  to  the  dangers,  to 
which  they  exm  scd  thenmelvea,  In  cunlinuing  tu 
contend  with  Great  Britain.  If  the  interference 
*f  France  were  neccasary  to  give  succea*  to  the 
iCBiatance  of  tiie  Americans,  the  declaration  of  in- 
dependence was  «lao  nocoaaary:  for  the  French 
expreseiy  founded  the  propriety  of  their  treaty 
T'ltii  Congress  on  the  circumstance,  "  that  they 
found  tlio  United  Slates  in  possession  of  indepen- 
dence." 

Alt  polilical  connexion  between  Orcat  Britain 
rcii  ber  colonies  being  disaolved,  the  inslitnilun  of 
SfiW  forms  a'  guverniiicDt  became  unavoidable. 
Dm  Moetiity  if  this  was  so  nrgnnt  that  Congrew, 


before  tho  daclamilon  of  IndapondeiMe,  bad  n- 
oommaadod  In  the  rMpective  aMomblla*  ami  eon- 
vriMiuna  of  tha  United  Hlalei,  to  ailoiit  auoh  gi>- 
veriinianlB  aa  alioulil,  in  their  u|Hnion,  best  conduce 
lo  iIm  hap|>ineaa  and  eafaiy  of  their  conailtuent*. 

During  mora  than  twelve  months,  the  colonial* 
had  been  hekl  lugethar  by  the  force  of  aaelaol  ha- 
bila,  and  by  laws  under  Iba  limpl*  aiyla  of  raeom- 
iiieiidaliona.  Tha  impropriaiy  of  proceeding  In 
cuiirl*  of  iuatice  by  Ihe  aulhorilpr  of  a  aoverelgn, 
agaiiiat  whom  the  colonies  were  in  arms,  wai  lell- 
evident.  Tha  impoaslhillly  of  governing,  for  any 
length  of  lime,  three  mllllonanf  poopla,  by  the  tie* 
of  honour,  without  the  authority  of  law,  waa  equal- 
ly apparent.  Tho  rajaeiion  of  Brltlah  Miveraigniy 
iherafora  draw  aAar  It  tha  naeaaalty  of  fliing  on 
*ome  other  prineipla  of  govammanl.  Tha  genius 
of  the  American*,  ibair  ropabUeaahablu  and  aen- 
limenl*,  naturally  led  them  lo  aubaliluta  tha  ma- 
ie*ly  of  the  people,  In  lieu  of  di*carde<l  royalty. 
The  kingly  ofllce  was  drop|ied  ;  but  in  moat  of  the 
eubonlinale  departmenta  of  government,  ancient 
forms  and  nainea  are  retained.  Such  a  portion 
of  power  had  at  all  timea  been  exeroiaed  by  the 
people  and  Iheir  repreaentatlvea,  that  the  change 
of  aovereignty  waa  hardly  perceptible,  and  the  le- 
volution  took  place  without  violence  or  convulsion. 
Popular  elrcliona  elevated  private  citlaen*  lo  the 
same  ofllce*,  which  formerly  had  been  conferred 
by  royal  appoinlinenl.  The  people  fell  an  unin- 
terrupted continuation  of  the  blessings  of  law  and 
government  under  old  names,  though  derived  froirt 
a  naw  aovereignly,  and  were  scarcely  aensible  of 
any  chmige  in  their  |)olitical  conalilulion.  The 
checks  and  balances,  which  reatrained  the  popular 
aaaeiiibliea  under  tho  ruyal  government  wara  part- 
ly dropiied,  and  partly  retained,  by  aubatituting 
aomelhing  of  the  aame  kind.  The  temper  of  Iho 
|H>upl«  would  not  permit  that  any  one  man  how- 
ever exalted  by  ofllce,  or  dlalingulahed  by  abili- 
tiea,  aliould  have  u  negative  on  the  declared  sense 
(if  a  majority  of  their  representaliveat  but  the  ex- 
perience of  all  age*  had  taught  them  the  danger 
of  lodging  all  |iower  in  one  body  of  men. 

A  aecond  branch  of  legislature,  conai*tlng  of  a 
few  aelect  persona,  under  the  name  of  aanate,  or 
council,  waa  therefore  conatltuted  in  eleven  of  the 
thirteen atates,  andtheirconcurrenee  made  neces- 
sary 10  give  the  validity  of  law  to  tho  acts  of  a 
more  numerous  branch  of  popular  repreaentallves. 

New  York  and  Maaaaehuaetts  went  one  atep 
farther.  The  former  conatltuted  a  council  of  re 
vision,  consisting  of  the  Governor  and  Ihe  heads 
of  Ihe  judicial  departments,  on  whose  objectlona 
lo  any  proposed  law  a  reconsideration  became 
necessary ;  unleaa  it  was  confirmed  by  two  thirda 
of  botli  houses,  it  could  have  no  operation.  A 
xiiiiilar  power  was  given  to  the  Governor  of  Massa- 
chuaetta. 

(leorgia  and  Pennsylvania  were  the  only  alates 
whose  loglslatures  consisted  of  only  one  branch.* 
TliiMigh  many  in  these  states,  and  a  majority  in 
all  the  others,  saw  and  acknowledged  the  propri- 
ety of  u  compounded  legislature,  yet  the  mode  of 
creating  two  branches,  out  of  a  homogeneous 
mass  of  people,  was  a  matter  of  difficulty.  No 
diatiiiction  of  ranks  existed  in  the  colonies,  and 
none  were  entitled  to  any  rights,  but  such  as  were 
common  to  all.  Some  poaaessed  more  wealth 
than  others ;  but  riches  aiid  ability  were  not  al- 
ways associated.  Ten  of  the  eleven  stales, 
whose  legislatures  conalatad  of  two  branches,  or- 
dained that  the  membeia  of  both  should  be  elect- 
ed by  the  people.  Thia  rather  made  two  co-or- 
dinate houaaa  of  repreiantatives,  than  a  check  on 
a  single  one,  br  the  moderation  of  a  select  few. 

Maryland  adopted  a  singular  plan  for  consti- 
tuting an  independent  senate.  By  her  constitu- 
tion the  membera  of  that  body  were  elected  for 
live  years,  while  the  member*  of  the  house  of  dele- 
gates held  their  seats  only  for  one.  The  number 
of  aenatoTB  was  only  fifteen,  and  they  were  all  elec- 
ed  Indiacrimlnately  from  the  Inhabitants  of  any 
part  of  Ihe  ataie,  excepting  that  nine  of  them  were 


lo  be  reaidenis  on  iho  waat,  tmi  ata  «•  iba  aaai 
side  nf  the  (;hesa|iaako  bay.  They  ware  elaatad 
not  imiiiedialeiy  by  the  fieople,  bul  bv  slectnra, 
Iwo  from  each  county,  a|>poini  id  by  Mm  InhaM* 
laniB  lor  that  aoie  purpose.  By  these  regulatiiHM 
Ihe  aenal*  of  MarylaiHl  cumiateil  ol  men  of  infln 
eoee,  integrity  and  abilities,  and  aueh  a*  were  a 
laal  and  beneflclal  check  on  the  haMv  pmceedinga 
of  a  more  numeroua  branch  of  popular  repreMinl* 
alive*.  The  lawa  of  that  alale  were  well  digrM- 
ed,  and  it*  Interc*!  atendlly  ptiraued  with  |ieculiar 
unity  of  ayatem,  while  elsewhere  il  too  often  hap- 
panad,  In  the  flunciuatlon  of  public  oiaemblie*,  aiid 
what*  Ihe  leglahillvo  department  waa  nol  infllelont- 
ly  choeketi,  ihai  paaalon  and  party  pradomlnalarf 
over  prineipla*  aiitl  public  good. 


Pennaylvania  Iniiead  of  a  lagltlatlTa  eonneil 
aenate,  adopted  the  expedient  of  nn 
after  tha  aecond  reading,  for  the  inronnatlon  of  ika 


bllla 


inhabitunta.  Thia  hadli*  advantagaa  and  diaad- 
vantage*.  Il  prevented  the  preclpitaia  adaprt— 
of  new  regulallona,  and  gave  an  opportunll*  a( 
aacertainlng  iht  *en*e  of  the  people  on  thoaa  lawi 
by  which  lltey  were  to  be  bouno  i  bul  II  eantod 
the  spirit  of  discussion  Into  every  eomer,  ami  die* 
turbed  Ihe  peace  and  harmony  of  oeighbonrhoad*. 
By  making  the  biislnesa  of  governmeni  the  duty 
ot  everv  man,  it  drew  off  the  attention  of  manv 
from  Ihe  aleady  pursuit  of  Iheir  reepectlva  busl< 
ne*Be*. 

The  state  of  Pennsylvania  alao  adopted  anothai 
institulion  peculiar  lo  itself,  under  the  denomina* 
tioii  of  a  council  of  cenaor*.*  The*a  were  lo  ba 
chosen  once  every  aeven  veara,  and  were  autho 
rised  to  ln(]«lf»  whether  the  constitution  had  bean 
preaerved ;  whether  the  legislative  and  executiva 
branch  of  government,  had  performed  their  duty 
or  assumed  lo  themselves,  or  excerciaed  other  oi 
greater  ptiwen,  than  thoae  to  which  they  wero 
conatilutionally  entitled ;  lo  Inquire  whether  tha 
public  taxes  had  been  justly  laid  and  collect 
cd,  and  in  what  manner  the  public  monies  had 
been  disposed  of,  and  whether,  the  laws  had  been 
duly  executed.  However  excellent  (his  Insllla 
lion  may  appear  in  theory,  il  Is  doubtful  whethai 
in  practice  it  answered  any  valuable  end.  It  most 
certainly  opened  a  door  for  discnnl,  and  furnished 
abundant  matter  for  periodical  altercation.  Either 
from  the  dl*po*itlon  of  It*  inhabitants,  lis  form  of 
government,  or  some  other  cause,  the  pi^ople  of 
Pennsylvania  have  constantly  been  in  a  state  of 
fermentation.  The  end  of  one  public  controversy 
has  been  the  beginning  of  another.  From  Iho 
collision  of  partlea,  the  minda  of  the  cltlzena  wera 
ahariiened,  and  Iheir  active  powera  improved  :  but 
internal  harmony  has  been  unknown.  They  wh« 
were  out  of  place,  ao  narrowly  watched  thoae  wht 
were  in,  tiiat  nothing  injurious  to  the  ptiblic  coul  J 
be  easily  elTeeled  :  but  from  the  fliic  (nation  of 
power,  tmd  the  total  want  nf  |ierinani<nt  system, 
notUnf  great  or  lasting  cnuld  with  rafely  be  un- 
ilerMkan,  or  prosecuted  to  eflect.  Under  all  theso 
diaadnnitages,  the  state  flourished,  and,  from  tho 
industry  and  ingenuity  of  its  Inhabitants,  acquireJ 
an  unrivalled  ascendency  in  arts  and  manufactures. 
This  must  iu  a  great  measure  be  ascribed  lo  the 
Influence  of  the  hablta  of  order  and  indiutry  that 
had  long  prevailed. 

The  Americana  agreed  in  appointing  a  supremo 
executive  head  lo  each  state,  with  the  title  either 
of  governor  br  president.  They  alao  agreeil  in 
deriving  the  whole  powers  of  government,  either 
mediately  or  immediately,  from  the  people.  In 
the  eastern  states,  and  in  New  York,  their  giiver- 
nora,  were  elected  by  tha  inhabitants,  in  llielr  re 
apcctive  towns  or  counllea,and  in  the  other  states 
by  the  leglalalures;f  hot  in  no  case  was  theatnall- 
eat  title  of  power  exereiaad  from  hereditary  rii^ht. 
New  York  was  the  only  state  which  invested  its 
governor  with  executive  authority  without  »  ciiun- 
cil.t    Such  was  the  extrama  jealousy  of  power 


Allerad  by  subsequent  coavootioii*;  bothstatsa  bdvo 
now  a 


'  Abolished  bv  a  ■ubsequentceavcntion. 

t  Pennaylvania  baa  aince  adopted  Iho  popuUr  mode  of 
olccting  a  (overnor. 

}  Sevfral  aialea  hare  aince  sbMahMi  council*  aa  put 
orthoexecaliv*. 


HIITORV   or   THE 


Ik*  A«MttM  MMM,  iIhm  lb** 
4M  mm'iMmIi  pK|Mr  to  inM  ilw  mm  M  iMr 
rhuka  wtih  ih*  |iiiw«r  ofaiMuikag  Ihalr  own  da- 
WniitiMltviM,  wliliuul  ubllitni  blin  t*  iwiiiy  <■■•■• 
Id  lak*  iIm  Mj^toa  ul'  luoli  counaalloni  m  ihajr 
Ihvuibl  |iro|Nir  lu  mimliMM.  Tha  dtaMlvanlaga* 
•f  ihii  iiMiilulton  I'ltr  oHIwalgliail  tli  «(l>npln|«*. 
Had  iha  (ovariMtn  ■uccaadatl  by  baradlUry  r)||hl, 
■  aouiMfl  wiiuld  hava  baanultan  Mcawary  lu  aiip- 
pi  iIm  raal  want  ul'abtUltaa,  bul  whan  an  tmli' 
Vlinal  lia<l  baan  lalaclad  bjr  Iha  |iaopla,  aa  ilia  Hi- 
laal  iwpHin  fur  dtacharglni  iha  dultaa  of  ihia  ht|h 
daiwrtiiiaiii,  lit  faliar  him  wtlhacuunvllwaaallhar 
10  laaaau  hta  cupaeUv  ufduhig  (aod,  or  lo  lurnkah 
llhn  wlih  a  acraan  lor  duing  avti.  Il  daalroyad 
Iha  aaerarjr,  vkiour  Md  daaiwleh,  which  iha  aasu- 
llva  powar  ou|Bi  lo  poaaaaa  t  and,  bv  inalilna  cu- 
aoniianlat  acta  iIm  acu  of  a  body,  dlmlntahad  In- 
iUvMmI  naimiMlbtllly.  In  aoina  alalai  II  ireallv 
•■banoad  ina  tipanaaa  of  lovanimanl,  amTln  all 
MlanM  lu  opantkooa,  wliboui  any  aqultataDi  ad- 
vaaugaa. 

Naw  York  in  anothar  particular,  dlapliiyed  noil- 
Iwal  aaaaclly,  luparior  lo  her  nalghbuun.  Thin 
waa  In  nar  ciiunrll  uf  ap|MiinlnM<nl.  conalallng  of 
•na  Mnalor  from  aarh  iif  li«r  four  grral  vlrrlion 
dtMrlela,  aulhortaad  lu  deaignala  |>rupvr  (irraoiiii 
fer  Ailing  vaeanclra  In  ihe  rxf  ciittvn  departmenia 
of  gnvammcni.  Large  bndlaa  are  far  from  being 
Ihe  mnal  proper  ile|MMitiirira  of  ihe  |iowrr  uf  ap- 
polnllng  lo  ollicei.  The  aaaitliioua  allenllun  uf 
eandldalea  la  loo  a|K  lo  biaa  Iha  voice  of  indlvid- 
ula  In  popular  aaaembllea.  Haaldaa,  In  audi  ap- 
liolnlnionla,  lheteB|Ninalblllly  forthaeonduclofihe 
offlcerla  In  a  gieal  iiieaaura  annlhUaled.  The  con- 
currence of  a  aelecl  few  In  Ihe  nominallon  of  one 
■aenia  a  more  eligible  mode,  fur  aerurlng  a  proper 
em  )l,  Ihan  apiiolnlnienia  made  ellher  by  one,  or 
by  a  nuineroua  bodv.  In  the  former  caae,  there 
wouM  b«  danger  of  (tiTourlllam ;  in  the  latter,  that 
modeal  unaaaunilrf  merit  would  be  overlooked, 
'n  Rivoui  of  the  forward  uml  obaeiinioua. 

A  nilMlion  of  public  olHcera  made  a  part  of  moat 
of  tha  Anieiican  conaillutiona.  l-^reiiuent  electiona 
ware  required  by  all :  but  aevrral  reflned  allll  (m- 
ther,  and  deprirmi  ihe  electora  of  llio  power  of 
••ntlnuing  the  mine  oflTica  in  the  aame  handa,  af- 
m  a  apeciHed  length  of  lime.  Young  iHilitlcian« 
■uJdenly  called  from  the  ordinary  walk*  of  life, 
to  make  la»»  and  iiialilule  forma  uf  goveriiiiipnt, 
nrned  their  aitenlion  lo  the  hialnrica  of  nm  n-iil 
npublira,  and  the  writlnga  of  aiieculHlive  nifn  on 
the  aubject  of  gorcrnmenl.  Thia  led  them  inio 
Many  errora,  and  occaaioned  them  to  adapt  aiindrv 
npiniona,  unauiiable  totheaiale  ofaocielyin  Aini-- 
rkca,  aud  contrary  to  the  geuiua  of  real  republi- 
eaulam. 

The  principle  of  rotation  waa  carried  ao  far,  thni 
h  acme  of  the  alatea,  public  offlcera  In  llie  aeveral 
iapartmenta  acarcely  knrw  llirlr  official  duly,  till 
Ihey  were  obliged  lo  retire  nnd  (live  place  lu  ollicra 
■a  Ignonint  a*  lliey  had  be'rn  on  iheir  firal  upjioint- 
MMit.  If  ofTivfa  had  been  Inaliluled  fur  Ihe  benefit 
of  the  huldera,  the  policy  of  difTiiaing  ihoae  bene- 
flta  would  have  been  proper  :  but  Inaliluled  aa  ihey 
I  for  the  convenienre  of  the  public,  Ihe  end 


WM  marred  by  auch  fiequent  changea.  ]iv  con- 
ialng  the  oliiecia  of  choice,  it  diminlahed  the  pri- 
triUgea  of  eleclura,  and  frequently  deprived  them 
of  the  liberty  nf  chnoaing  the  man  who,  from  pre- 
*fc»u  expcnenre,waa  of  all  men  ihe  moat  aultable. 
The  favoureni  uf  ihia  ayalem  of  rotation  contend- 
ed for  It,  aa  likely  to  prevent  a  perpetuity  of  of- 
Aee  and  power  in  the  aame  Individual  or  family, 
ond  na  3  aecurityagainat  lieredilary  hononra.  To 
ibla  it  waa  repliiMl,  that  free,  fair  and  frequent 
olectiona  were  the  moal  naliiml  and  proper  aecu- 
ritiea,  for  the  liberliea  nf  the  people.  Il  produced 
■  more  general  diffuaiun  of  |Mililical  knowledge 
bul  made  mure  smallerera  than  adepta  in  the  aci- 
ence  nf  government. 

Aa  a  tarlliei  wearily  for  ihc  ronlinuance  of  re- 
pnblicnn  pitnciplea  in  the  American  conatltutinna, 
Ibey  agreed  in  prohibiting  all  hereditary  honoura 
Hd  dlatinction  of  ranka. 

It  WW  ono  of  th«  pocoliniliM  of  theae  now  fernH 


of  govarnmaM,  Ibai  all  loUalotiO  iilokllibniinH 

warn  abollabad.  HoariO  toialnad  ■  aooalllMtoiiol 
dialiacltun  bolwaan  ( 'lurlaltana  and  othara,  wllh  roa- 
pact  to  aleglblllly  to  olAea  1  bullba  tdaaofaupport- 
ing  ona  danuiulnallon  al  tha  aipanaa  of  olbora,  or 
of  ralatng  any  una  aor.l  of  ChriaUana  lo  a  legal  pro- 
ainliwoce.  waa  uulveraally  raprobalad.  '1m  alU- 
anca  bolwaan  church  and  alalo  waa  eomplolaly 
broken,  and  each  waa  laA  lo  auppurt  ktaalflndo- 
|i«iHlenl  of  iha  other. 

Tha  far-liinird  aiiclal  eompael  between  iha  peo- 
ple ami  Iheir  rulera,  did  not  amdy  lo  llie  United 
Hialea.  The  auvereignly  waa  In  Ihe  |H>ople.  In 
Iheir  auverelgn  ea|Nicliy,  by  Ihalr  repreaeulallvea, 
Ihey  agreed  un  forma  of  govammaut  for  iheir  own 
aaeurlly,  and  dauuiad  eartnin  Indlvlduala  aa  ihalr 
aganta  lo  aerve  iham  In  pubUo  atolloua,  agraeablv 
10  conatltullooa  which  Ihoy  piooaribod  for  their 
aonduci, 

Tha  world  haa  not  hitherto  eshlbited  ao  fair  an 
np|iurtunily  fur  promoting  aoclal  happlneaa.  It  la 
ho|ied  fur  ihe  hnnuiir  of  human  nature,  that  the  ra- 
aull  will  prove  Ihe  fallacy  of  ihoaa  theorlea,  which 
aup|M>ae  that  mankind  are  incapable  ufarlf-guvern- 
iiienl.  The  anclenta,  not  knowing  the  dnrlriiie  uf 
iriirfsriitallun,  were  aitl  in  Iheir  public  inrelintfK 
III  run  Inlu  cunfuaiun ;  out  In  America  ihbmude 
of  taking  ibeaenaaofthe  (leupla,  la  aowell  under- 
atood,  and  ao  completely  reduced  lo  ayalem,  that 
lla  moal  populnua  alalea  are  often  |ieacpahly  con- 
vened In  an  aaaembly  of  depiillea,  not  loo  large  for 
orderly  dellberatlona,  and  yet  repreaenling  the 
whole  In  equal  pioportlona.  Theae  popular  liranch- 
ea  of  leglalalure  are  minlalureplctureanf  the  com- 
munity, and,  from  the  mode  of  their  election,  are 
likely  to  bo  Inlluencad  by  iho  aame  inlereat  and 
feelinga  with  the  people  whom  they  repreaenl. 
Aa  a  f.irther  aecurily  for  their  fldellty,  lliey  are 
bound  by  every  law  they  make  for  their  conailiu- 
ania.  The  aaaemblage  of  ihoao  eircumalancea 
givea  aa  great  a  aecurily  that  lawa  will  be  made, 
and  government  admintatered,  for  Ihe  guud  uf  llie 
|ienple,  aa  can  be'expocled  from  the  Imperfection 
of  human  inatltutlonai 

In  thIa  abort  view  of  Iho  formation  and  ealabliah- 
ment  of  the  American  conatitutiuna  we  behold  our 
v)><>ciea  in  a  new  aiiualiou.  In  no  age  before,  and 
In  no  other  country,  did  r/ian  ever  iwaaeaa  an  elec- 
tion of  Iho  kind  of  governmeni,  umler  which  he 
woulil  chooao  to  live.  The  conaliliienl  parte  of 
the  anciniit  free  govemmcnla  were  thrown  to- 
gether by  accidact.  The  freedom  of  modem  Ku- 
rupean  goTernToenta  waa,  for  the  moal  pnrt,  ob- 
tained by  the  cooceaalona,  or  liberality  of  monareha 
or  military  leadera.  In  America  alone,  ruaaon  and 
liberty  concurred  In  thefurniationof  conaiituliona. 
It  la  true,  fmm  the  Infancy  of  polilical  knowledge 
in  Ihe  United. Statoi,  there  were  many  defecia  in 
their  forms  of  government :  bul  in  one  thing  they 
were  all  perfect.  They  left  lo  the  peopl  the 
INiwer  uf  altering  and  amending  them,  whenever 
Ihey  pleaaed.  In  Ihia  happy  peculiarity  they  pla- 
ced the  Bcience  of  pulitica  on  a  fuuting  wiln  the 
other  ariencca,  by  opening  it  to  improvementa 
from  experience,  and  the  diacoverica  of  future 
agca.  By  meana  of  thia  power  of  amending  Ame- 
rican^ conatitutiuna,  the  frienda  of  mankind  have 
fondly  ha|ied  that  oppresaion  will  one  day  be  no 
more ;  and  that  polilical  evil  will  at  leaat  be  pre- 
vented or  reatrained  wllh  aa  much  certainly,  by  a 
proper  eombinatinn  or  aeparation  of  power,  aa  na- 
tural evil  iaieaaened  or  pievented,  by  the  applica- 
tion of  the  knowledge  or  ingenuity  of  man  to  do- 
mestic purpoaea.  No  part  of  the  hialnry  of  an- 
cient or  modem  Kurope  can  fumiah  n  single  fact 
that  militates  against  thia  opinion  ;  since,  in  none 
of  its  governments,  have  the  principles  of  equal 
representation  and  checks  been  applied,  fur  the 
preservalinn  nf  freedom.  On  these  twn  pivula  are 
aiispended  the  liberliea  of  most  of  the  alalea. 
Where  they  are  wanting,  there  can  be  no  security 
for  liberty  :  where  they  exiat,  they  render  any  far- 
ther security  unnecessary. 

From  hiatory  the  citixona  of  the  United  Slates 
had  been  taught,  that  the  maxims,  adopted  by  the 
ruknof  Iho  eaitli,  that  ioeioty  waa  iiwtlttitod  for 


Ibo  aobo  of  Ibo  govornotai  awl  Ibal  ibo   

of  Ibo  Moay  wero  lo  bo  poalpwnad  lo  ibo  aomoati 

anea  of  Ibo  privllond  low,  bad  Ailed  iha  worM  wM| 
bloodalMil  and  wiekodnaaai  while  aa|iarlanaa  ImmI 
proved,  thai  il  la  Iho  Invariable  ami  natural  abo- 
racier  of  powar,  wbolbor  Inlruaied  or  aaaumed,  lo 
aiaood  lu  proper  llmlla,  ami.  If  uiii»i  rained,  lo  dt> 
vida  iba  woiM  Into  maalara  and  aUvea.  Tboy 
Ibarafora  began  upon  Iha  uppuaile  maxima,  ibM 
aoclaly  waa  Inalilulodi  nut  for  tha  govemora,  bul 
the  governed  t  thai  tha  inlereat  uf  iFia  few,  ahouM 
In  all  caaea,  give  way  lo  that  uf  the  inaiiyi  llial 
exrluaiv*  and  baradllary  iNrtvilegaa  were  uaaloao 
and  dangeroiia  Inatllullonalnaocioiy  |  and  thalan* 
irualed  autliorlllaa  ahoubl  be  liable  to  ftroquani  au4 
Iterlodlcal  reealta.  Wllh  them  tha  aovareignly  of 
ihe  iieopla  waa  mora  than  a  mere  theory.  Tha 
eharaelarlalie  uf  thai  aovarelgntv  waa  diaplayad  bjF 
their  authority  In  written  conaiituliona. 

Tha  rejection  of  Hrlilah  aoverelgnty  not  only  la* 
voUrd  a  necraalty  of  erertinf  lnde|ienile»l  eunatl* 
tuliona,  but  of  cementing  the  whole  t'niled  MulOl 
by  aome  coininon  bond  uf  uuiun.  The  act  uf  In- 
dependence did  nut  hold  out  to  the  world  Ihirteoa 
•overeign  alalea,  hut  a  common  a<iverelgnly  of  Ibo 
whule  in  Iheir  united  capacity.  It  Ihereluro  bo* 
came  neceaaiiry  to  run  the  line  of  diatlnellon,  bo« 
Iwen  Ibo  local  legislatures,  and  ihe  assembly  of 
slates  In  Congreaa.  A  commillen  waa  appolnlod 
for  digaaling  arilclea  of  confederation,  batwoo* 
Iha  alalea  or  united  colonies,  aa  they  were  tboM 
called,  at  Ihe  time  the  pruprloly  uf  declaring  Indo- 
|iendence  waa  under  debate,  and  auine  weeka  pro< 
viously  to  Ihe  adoption  of  that  meaaiire !  bul  Ibo 
plan  waa  not  fur  aixleen  iiiuntha  after  ao  Air  4t> 
gealed,  aa  lo  be  ready  for  coinmiinicaliun  In  Iho 
alalea.  Nor  waa  it  Anally  ratlAed  by  the  accaaalra 
of  all  Ihe  alalea,  till  nearly  three  yeara  nioro  bod 
elapsed.  In  diacuaaing  lla  articlea,  many  4lf> 
Acult  queationa  occurred.  Ona  waa,  to  atcorlala 
the  ratio  of  cuiilribuliuna  from  each  atate.  Two 
priiiciplea  preaenled  themaelvea;  nuinbe  a'f  poo* 
pie,  and  the  value  of  lamia.  The  laal  waa  pio« 
ferrP'l,  aa  being  Ihe  Irueal  biiruiiieirr  of  the  weallb 
ufnnliuna;  but  fVum  an  appreliendrd  Impraotlea- 
biliiy  ul  carrying  it  Intu  effect,  Il  was  auon  ralin* 
quislieil,  and  recurrence  had  lo  the  former.  Thai 
the  slates  should  be  represented  in  iiraportioii  lo 
iheir  iin|M>rlance,  waa  contended  by  liioae  who  had 
exienaive  territory :  butlhoac,  wno  were  ronAnei: 
In  aniall  dimenaiuna,  replied,  that  the  alalea  con- 
federnled  aa  individuala  In  a  state  uf  nanire.  and 
should  therefore  have  equal  voles.  The  large 
alalea  yieltled  the  (mini,  and  cnnaeulcd  Ih'it  each 
stale  ahould  have  an  equal  suAVage. 

It  was  not  easy  lu  define  the  |Hiwer  of  the  alato 
legislatures,  so  as  to  prevent  a  clashing  between 
their  jurisdiction,  and  thai  of  Ihe  general  govern- 
mem.  It  was  thuught  proper,  that  ti.e  former 
should  be  abridged  of  the  power  of  forming  any 
other  confederation  ur  alliance ;  of  laying  on  any 
im|)ost  or  duties  that  might  intefere  with  treallct 
made  by  Congreaa,  of  keeping  up  any  vessels  of 
war,  ur  granting  iettera  nf  marque  nr  repriaal. 
The  {lowers  of  Congress  were  also  deAned.  Of 
these  the  principal  were  as  fulluw :  To  have  iho 
sole  and  exclusive  right  of  determining  un  peaeo 
or  war;  of  sending  ur  receiving  amiiassadurs  ;  of 
entering  into  treaties  i\|td  alliances ;  uf  granting 
letters  uf  marque  and  reprisal  in  times  of  peace ; 
to  be  Ihe  last  resort  on  appeal,  in  disputes  be- 
tween two  or  more  stales;  lo  have  the  sole  and 
exclusive  right  uf  regulating  the  alloy  and  vaino 
of  coin ;  of  Axing  the  stanilard  of  weights  and 
measures  ;  regulating  the  trade  and  managing  ill 
affaira  with  Ihe  Indians;  eslalilishitig  nnd  regu- 
lating post  offices ;  tu  borrow  inun*!y,  or  emil  bllln 
on  the  credit  of  the  Unileil  Slates ;  tu  build  and 
equip  a  Navy  ;  to  agree  upon  the  number  nf  land 
furces ;  and  In  make  lequisiiiona  from  each  atoto 
for  its  quuta  of  men,  in  piuportion  tu  the  nunibei 
of  lis  white  inhabilanla. 

No  coercive  [luwer  was  given  to  Ihe  genera: 
government,  nor  was  it  invested  with  any  legio* 
lalive  power  over  individuals,  but  only  over  statoo 
in  thoir  corporate  capacitv.    A  powar  to  rigiibMi 


niIm 

l«ll»L _. 

llhawmrMvMl 
■*|wrt«iM«  ImmI 
J  iMiunil  •!••• 
or  mwumrH,  !• 
••iretiMd,  iiiill. 

■lavM,  Thajr 
•  niaitnw,  ihM 
lovrrnor*,  bul 
>M  !'»•,  ■houM 
li»  iiiiinjtt  ilwt 
I  »»ra  umI«m 
r  I  (imI  iImI  alio 
lo  Avquani  itMi 
invantgiilviif 

theory.  Th« 
M  dl«|ilii]ft<i  by 
»>n*. 

■ly  nol  only  III* 
M-nil«i)i  coiMll- 
t  Unilail  MUIM 

The  Id  of  ln> 

wurltl  ihlncM 
•riilgnhr  of  lb* 

Ihrreluni  b«- 
dlallnellon,  b«> 
t  laKnibl*  of 
waa  ipimtniad 
iilion,  betwMa 
liay  wrrc  thaa 
ilrcluriiit;  inila- 
line  WMiii*  pM- 
Murai  bul  iIm 
ilWr  M  flir  4t- 
ili'iillon  (n  iIm 

r«ura  niora  had 
ei.    minjr   dif> 

M,  lo  HCMtlia 

h  lUle,     Two 

uinbe  * '  f  pae* 

I  Imi  wu  pia. 

Iriifihe  wMlib 

(1  Impracliea- 

ru  iiion  ralin* 

furninr.     Thai 

l>ni|Mirtloii  In 

lioM  who  httd 

were  cnnflnei: 

he  eliiie*  eon- 

naturo,  nnd 

The   Inrne 

lied  th'il  ench 


er  urihe  mnta 
ihiiig  belweea 
Biieral  Kovem- 
Nt  li.e  rormer 
funning  any 
laying  ok  any 
I  with  Ireallot 
ny  Teuela  of 
)  or  repriial. 
drflncd.     Of 
To  have  I  ha 
ing  on  peaea 
laisadora ;  of 
of  granting 
nea  of  peace; 
disputei  ba- 
the loie  and 
oy  nnd  Talna 
weight!  and 
managing  ill 
ig  ami  regii- 
nr  emit  billn 
to  build  and 
niber  nf  land 
in  each  iMte 
the  nnmbai 

the  genera, 
h  any  legia- 
y  over  atmaa 
rto  rtgiilaia 


DNITBD  STATBI. 


,  af  la  niia  •  ra  -eaM  fhiiii  li.  ihoHib  balk 
aaMal  tl  la  Iha  wallbra  of  iba  union,  Mwla 
■a  pan  of  Ihia  Afal  Ibdaral  ayMam.  To  ramedy 
dlla  and  all  olhar  dafavia,  *  door  waa  lall  ii|ian  fur 
Mlroilucini  funhar  |Mru«|ahta«,  lullad  in  future 
■tMHMMamtaa. 

The  arllela*  ofeonfadarMion  ware  propoaad  al 
■  lime  when  iha  rlllaam  of  Amariea  ware  young 
In  Iha  aelenca  n(  pollltea,  ami  whan  a  commanding 
■anaa  of  <luly,  enfofead  by  Iba  (itaaaura  nf  a  eommon 
danger,  iirerluded  Ihanacaaally  of  a|Miwar  of  coin- 
piilalon.  The  anlhuataam  of  the  ilny  |a>a  auch 
•radii  and  eurranaf  to  |Mi|Mr  emiaatona,  na  made 
Ilia  ralaing  of  aupplla*  an  aaay  mailer.  The  aya- 
lam  of  fadaral  govammanl  »w,  Iharafora,  mora 
•aleulaiad  for  wEat  man  than  wara,  under  ihoaa 
olrcumaiancaa,  than  for  iba  languid  yearaof  paaea, 
whan  aallbhnaaa  uaurpad  Iba  place  of  publle  aplril 
■nd  whan  eradll  no  longer  aaalalad,  In  prof  Ming 
fcr  tka  aalgaMlaa  af  gorammani. 
Tkaaiparleneaof  afaw  yaara,  after  Iha  larml- 


Mllon  of  Iha  war,  pmrad,  aa  will  BDpaar  In  ila  pro' 

Cr  place,  thai  ■  rmlieal  change  of  the  whole  ayi- 
m  waa  naeaiaary  lo  iha  good  govornmanl  of  Iha 


CHAPTER     n. 

The  CaaipaifB  of  1777,  in  iIm  MIdilla  HlaMa. 

Boon  after  the  declaration  of  independenre,  the 
Kulhorily  of  Congreaa  woa  obtained  for  ralaing  an 
■rmy,  tkat  woulil  be  more  permanent  than  the 
tamporary  leriea,  which  Iney  had  preriuualy 
broughl  Into  ihe  Held.  Il  waa  at  Aral  pro|ioar(l  to 
laerutt  for  Ihe  indellnlle  term  of  the  war  t  but  It 
oaing  found  on  eaparlmeni,  thai  Ihe  hablta  of  the 
paopia  were  arerae  to  engagement!  for  auch  an 
uncertuln  period  of  leroice,  the  recruiting  olRcen 
ware  Inatnicted  to  offer  the  alternative!  of  enliating 
althar  for  Ibe  war,  or  for  three  yeara.  Thoae  who 
aimageil  on  Ihe  flrat  condition,  were  proiniaed  a 
banaued  arrea  oflnnd,  in  addition  lo  Iheirpny  and 
baiinly.  The  Iroope  raiaeil  by  Congreaa,  for  tlie 
•aiviceoflhe  United  Slatea,  were  caHed  contlnen- 
tnla.  Though  in  September,  1770,  il  had  been 
laaolred  lo  raiae  88  battaliona,  and  in  December 
following,  authority  was  given  to  UenemI  Wnah- 
Inglon  In  raiae  Iti  more,  yet  very  little  prngreaa 
liad  been  made  in  the  recruiting  biialneaa,  till  after 
Ihe  balllei  of  Trenton  and  Princeton.  .So  much 
time  waa  neceaaarily  conaumed,  before  theae  new 
reerulta  joined  Ihe  commander  in  chief,  that  lila 
whole  force,  at  Morriatown  and  the  aevernl  oiit- 
poata,  for  aome  time  did  nol  exceed  l.'MK)  men.— 
Vet  theae  llHH)  liept  mnny  thouaanda  nf  Ihe  llri- 
liah  cloaely  pent  up  in  lUunawick.  Almoat  every 
party,  that  waa  aent  out  liy  the  liiltcr,  waa  aiicceaa- 
fully  oppoaeil  by  the  former,  and  the  adjacent  coun- 
try preaerved  in  a  great  degree  uf  lnin(|iilllly. 

It  waa  matter  of  aatunlahmenl,  that  the  Hritlah 
auffered  the  dangeroua  Interval,  between  the  dif- 
banding  of  one  army  and  the  raiaing  of  another,  to 
paaa  away  without  doing  lomething  of  conae- 

Jiuence,  againat  the  remainlnp  ahadow  of  an  armed 
ores.  Ilitherto,  there  had  <>een  a  deficiency  of 
■rmi  and  ammunition,  ai  well  aa  of  men  ;  but  in 
the  ipring  aveiael  of  24  gum  arrived  from  France, 
■t  Portamoulh,  in  New  Hampahire,  with  upwarda 
of  11.000  atand  of  armi,  and  1000  barrel!  of 
powder.  Ten  thoiieand  atand  of  anna  arrived 
about  the  aaine  time,  in  aDother  part  of  the  Unilad 
Statea. 

Before  the  royal  army  took  the  Aeld,  in  prnaa- 
Rulinn  nf  the  main  buiineaa  of  Ihe  campaign,  twa 
cnterpriMPH  for  the  dealruction  of  American  aloraa 
were  undertaken.  The  fint  waa  conducted  by 
Colonel  Bird  ;  the  srcnnd  by  Major  General  Try- 
nn.  The  former  landed  23d  March  with  about 
ISOOmen  at  Peekakill,  near  SO  milea  from  New 
York.  Oeneral  Waahlngton  had  repeatedly  cau- 
tioned the  cominissarlea,  not  to  auffer  Inrge  qiian- 
(lliaaof  proviaiona  lo  be  near  the  water:  but  hia 
Pfwdant  advica  had  not  been  laga  led.    The  few 


Aaartcaaa,  wha  wara  Wadaaad  aa  •  jitanl  al 
Peahaklll,  aa  Iha  anpiaaali  af  Calaaal  BM,  NM 
the  priaalpal  ataranouaaa,  awl  rallrad  to  a  good 
INMlllon,  Iwoorihraa  milaa  dialanl.  The  loaa  of 
proviaiona,  forage,  and  otliar  valaabla  arlielaa,  waa 
eonatdarabla. 

Nujor  (ienani  Tryon,  wlik  a  dattchmanl  of 
aOUO  man,  ambarhaii  at  New  Yoiti,  a6lh  April 
and  paaaing  through  Iha  Hound,  landed  baiwean 
KalrflaM  and  Norwalk.  They  advanea<l  through 
tha  aonntry  without  Interruption,  ami  arrived  In 
abool  iwaniy  honra  at  Danbury.  ()n  their  ap- 
|imaeh,  Iha  few  eonilnanlaU  who  wara  In  tha  luwn 
withdraw  (Vom  il.  Tha  Briilah  began  to  bum  and 
daalroT  i  bul  abatalnad  ftrom  Injuring  tha  pioparly 
of  auen  aa  wara  raputad  lortaa.  Elgniaan  houaaa, 
800  barrala  of  porli  and  baaf,  800  barrala  of  (lour, 
SOOO  buabala  i>f  grain,  1700  lania,  aad  loma  olhar 
aitlalaa,  wara  loat  to  iha  AmarleaM.  Qananli 
Waaaiar,  Arnold,  and  Silllmah,  having  haaiily 
•ollaeiad  a  few  huadrad  of  tha  Inhabiianu,  made 
arraiigamanta  ftir  Inlamipiing  Iha  march  of  the 
nyal  daiaehmani  i  bul  Iha  arma  of  thoaa  who 
«ama  forward  on  ihia  amarganey  wara  lnjura«i  by 
aiaaaalva  laina,  and  Iha  man  wara  worn  down 
with  a  march  of  thirty  mitaa  In  iha  eouraa  of  a 
day.  Such  dbpoalilona  wara  naverthalaaa  made, 
and  aueh  poata  wara  lakan,  aa  anablad  Iham  to 
annoy  iha  Invndara  whan  ramming  to  thalr  ahlpa. 
General  Arnold,  with  about  000  man,  bv  a  rapid 
movamanl,  raachad  RIdga-Aald  In  thalr  ftoni,  Mr- 
lieadoad  Iha  road,  kept  up  a  briah  Are  upon  tham, 
and  anatainad  thalr  attack,  till  ihav  had  made  a 
lodgmani  on  a  lodge  nf  meka  on  hli  left.  After 
the  HriiUh  had  gained  ihia  •minanee,  ■  whole  pla- 
looB  lavallad  al  Ganaral  ArnoM,  not  mora  than 
thirty  yard!  dialanl.  Hia  horaa  waa  killed  ;  but 
ha  aacapad.  While  ha  waa  asirlcating  himaalf 
from  hia  horaa,  a  aoldlar  advanoed  to  run  him 
thraagh  with  a  bavonel  i  but  ha  ahol  him  dead 
with  hia  platol,  and  afterwarda  got  off  aafe.  The 
Amerieana,  in  aeveral  detached  partiea,  haraaaad 
the  rear  of  Iha  Driliah,  and  from  varioua  alanda 
kept  up  a  icatlering  An  upon  ihrm,  till  Ihay  raaeh- 
ed  their  ahipplng. 

The  Britiah  aocompllahed  tha  object  of  tha  ex- 
pedition I  but  it  coil  them  dearly.  They  had,  by 
computation,  two  or  three  hundrad  man  killed, 
wounded,  and  taken.  The  loia  of  tha  Amaricana 
wu  about  twenty  killed,  and  forty  wounded.^ 
Among  the  former  wai  lit.  Atwatar,  a  gentleman 
uf  character  and  inAuence.  Colonel  Lamb  waa 
among  the  latter.  General  Wooater,  Ihouch  ae- 
vuity  yeara  old,  behaved  with  the  vigour  and  apirit 
oryouth.  While  glorioualy  defending  the  llbertlea 
of  hia  country  he  received  a  mortal  wound.  Con- 
greaa reaolved,  that  n  monument  ahould  be  eracted 
to  hia  memory,  aa  an  acknowledgment  of  hia  merit 
and  aervicea.  They  alao  re!olved,  that  a  horaa, 
properly  capariioned,  ehould  be  pre!ented  to  Uen, 
Arnold,  in  their  name,  aa  a  token  of  thalr  appro- 
bation of  hia  gallant  conduct. 

Not  long  after  Ihe  excuraion  to  Dnnbanr,  Colo 
nel  Moiga,  an  enterpriaing  American  offlear  on 
lhe24lh  of  May  tranaiiorted  a  detachment  of  about 
170  Americana,  in  whale  boata,  over  the  Sound, 
which  aeparalea  Long  (aland  from  Connecticut ; 
burned  twelve  brig!  and  aloopa,  belonging  lo  the 
Britiab  ;  deatroyad  a  large  quantity  of  forage  and 
other  article!,  collected  lor  their  uaa  in  Sag-har 
hour,  on  that  lalami ;  killed  aix  of  their  aoldlen, 
and  brought  off  ninety  priaonan,  without  having 
a  aingle  man  either  killed  or  wounded.  The  Colo- 
nel and  hia  party  ratumed  to  Qnllford  in  twenty- 
live  hounfrom  the  time  of  their  departure,  haviug 
in  that  ihort  apace  not  only  completed  the  object 
of  their  expedition,  but  traveriad  by  land  and  wa- 
ter, a  ipace  not  lei!  than  ninety  milea.  Congreaa 
ordered  an  elegant  awoid  to  be  qreaented  to  Colo- 
nel Meigi,  for  nil  good  conduct  in  tliiaexpedltiiin. 

Aa  the  aeaion  advanced,  the  American  army, 
in  New  Jeraey,  waa  reinforced  by  the  aucceiiive 
arrivnia  of  recruit! ;  but  nevertheless,  at  the  open- 
ing of  the  campaign,  it  amounted  only  to  7,272 
men, 

Qraat  pains  had  baan  taken  to  racniit  Iho  Britiah 


at 

9 


aiMjf  wMi  Awarlaan  la*taa.  A 
Briga4taf  Oanatal  ha4  baan  aanfcirail  an  CKHtmi 
DelMiay,  a  loyallat  af  graal  InAuanae  In  New  Yatft« 
ami  ha  was  aulhoriaad  to  raiaa  three  batlnilnna.« 
Kvary  alforl  had  baan  maala,  lo  raise  tha  mm, 
both  wllhlaand  without  the  Hrlilah  lines,  ami  alaa 
IVom  among  the  American  prisonsn  i  but  with  «l 
Ibeea  aaerlMins,  only  AU7  w»ra  proetirad.  ('aniV 
land  Hklnnsr,  a  kiyalisi  wsll  known  in  Jsrsay,  wm 
alao  appolntsd  s  brigadier,  and  authorlaad  -•  vatM 
Ave  ballnlians.  Ureal  elforta  wera  mada  In  lin^ 
eura  racrotts  for  his  commsmi  i  but  ihair  wimla 
number  sniounisd  only  to  At7. 

Towania  tha  Liter  emi  of  Maji,  Qananl  Wash 
lagiun  quitted  his  wintsr  enesrapmant  at  Monria- 
town,  and  tmik  a  airong  poalilon  al  MkMlabroak. 
Boon  after  this  movamanl.  Iha  British  marahad 
ftom  Brunswick,  and  ailanded  ihalr  van  as  fhr  aa 
Somaiaai  court-Mluaa  (  bul  In  a  few  daya  raiumad 
lo  Ihalr  formar  station.  ThIa  anditen  change  waa 
owing  lo  the  unaxpacted  oppoatiion  which  seemad 
to  ba  aollaatlng  ftom  nil  quartan  i  for  tha  Jeraay 
mlllila  turned  out  in  a  very  aptrited  manner,  in 
oppoaa  tham.  Tha  aame  army  had  lately  marah* 
ad  through  Naw  Janay,  without  being  Armi  npon  t 
rod  even  small  partiea  of  them  had  aafaly  palrollail 
the  country,  at  a  dlstanaa  (Voni  their  eampi  bul 
axpailanee  having  proved  that  British  proiaciioaa 
wara  no  security  Tor  properly,  Iha  inhabitants  ga< 
narally  resolvsd  to  try  tha  elfeeu  of  rasisianea,  in 
praferanca  to  s  second  submission.  A  fortunaM 
mistake  gave  them  an  opportunity  of  aaaambllng 
in  great  loraa  on  this  enMrgency.  Signals  han 
baan  agraed  on,  and  bescona  eracted  on  high 
places,  with  lbs  view  of  communicating,  over  tha 
country,  Inatantanaous  Inislllgenee  of  the  aptwoaeh 
of  tha  Britiah.  A  few  houn  before  the  royal  army 
began  their  mareh,  the  signal  of  alarm,  on  Iha 
foumlation  of  a  falsa  report,  had  been  hoisted.^ 
Tha  Airmen,  with  arms  in  their  hands,  run  to  tha 
place  of  randexvoua.  from  considerable  distaneas. 
They  had  set  out  at  least  twelve  honra  befora  Iha 
Brilwh,  and  on  their  appearance  wera  collected  In 
formidable  numbera.  Whether  Sir  William  Howa 
Intended  lo  force  hia  way  through  the  country  lo 
Ihe  Delawara,  and  afterwarda  lo  Philadelphia,  c  r 
to  attack  the  American  army,  la  uncertain;  bul 
whatever  was  his  design,  he  suddenly  ralinnuished 
It,  end  fell  back  to  Brunswick.  The  British  army, 
on  their  letreal,  burned  and  destroyed  the  (am 
houaee  on  Ihe  road  ;  nor  did  they  apara  the  buikl 
ing!  dedicated  lo  tha  wonhin  of  Ibe  Deity. 

Sir  William  Howe,  after  nis  rf 'rant  lo  Rrun» 
wick,  endeavoured  to  provoke  uleneral  Washing 
Ion  to  an  engagement ;  and  left  no  manonvro  un 
Iriud,  thi  waa  calculated  to  induce  him  lo  quit  h's 
position.  Al  one  time,  he  appeared  as  if  he  hi* 
tended  lo  push  on,  without  regarding  the  army  op 
posed  to  him.  At  another,  he  accurately  examin- 
ed the  situation  of  the  American  encampiiienl, 
hoping  that  some  unguiinled  part  might  be  found, 
on  which  an  attack  might  be  made,  that  would 
open  the  way  to  a  general  engagement.  All  these 
hones  were  frustrated.  Gen.  Waahington  knew  tha 
full  value  of  his  situation.  He  had  loo  much  pene> 
irallon  to  lose  It  from  the  eiraumvention  of  mill* 
tary  inanauvraa,  and  too  much  temper  to  be  pro* 
vokeil  to  a  dereliction  of  It.  Ha  was  well  ap- 
prised that  it  was  not  the  Interaat  of  his  count^, 
to  commit  its  fortune  lo  a  single  aotion. 

Sir  Wllliara  Howe  auddenly  relinquished  his 
position  in  from  of  the  Americans,  and  retired 
with  hia  whole  fotce  lo  Amboy.  The  apparently 
retreating  British  were  punued  by  a  considerabla 
detachment  of  the  American  army,  and  Genera- 
Washington  advanced  from  Mlddlebrook  to  Quib- 
bletowo,  lo  be  near  at  hand  for  Ihe  auppon  of  hia 
advanced  partiea.  The  British  general,  nn  tha 
24th  June,  iparched  his  army  back  from  Amboy, 
with  great  expedition,  hoping  to  bring  nn  a  gene- 
ral action  on  equal  ground :  but  he  was  disapimint- 
ed.  General  Waahington  fell  back,  and  |K>!te<2 
his  army  in  such  an  advantageous  position,  as 
compensated  for  the  inferiority  of  his  numbera. 
Sir  William  Howe  was  now  fully  convinced  oi 
the  impoaaibiiity  of  tompalling  a  general  angagw> 


IIIITORV  or  TNI 


llM    M 

Liw«ni.  wlitia  ih*  r»HiMr]r  •••  HI  arnw.  mh<  ih* 
HMin  \ti>»r)ci«ii  Min^  in  Ikill  turi>»  tn  liln  r*«r.  Ila 
liMr*r'nr»  n>«ui)i»4  •■•  Aiitknjt,  mmI  itMiira  |«wmI 
i*ar  lit  MiHi*!*  Manti.  i<Ml«tn|  in  pruaMUia  tba 
nliiarta  »f  Ik*  i'i«iii|mIkm  h;  amilhar  ruiita. 

1>iiiin«  (li*  iM-fimt  III' ih»M  in«««iM«iil*,  iha  raal 
4Mliin«  III' Uriiar»l  llito*  <•«'•  inmilvail  In  wkacu- 
(Uy.  ThiiiKh  iKh  •»iiwin  I'lir  niiliurjr  oparaitiiaa 
vaa  Kilv.inrril  »n  lUi  *<  Ih*  iniiiilh  ill'  Jilljr.  y»t  III* 
4«'lvtiiiln«li>  nhjarl  ruulil  mil  bii  aMarlawail.— 
NiilhliK  iiii  liM  pufl  ha<i  hlllMrtn  taliaa  iilaca,  bul 
■llvnialalji  afl««t«lii(  aiMi  raliaaitN|.  Waalilni- 
lim'«  amKaiiwamaw  m  ibia  arrounl  vaa  tnaiaaMd, 
k*  liiMllt(«Nca  Ihal  HNfRoyM  waa  (•mtii|  tii  graal 
htt»  lowanla  Na»  Yard  IVom  Canaila.  A|i|ira- 
kandiiii  Ihal  fllr  WMImm  lluwa  aroukt  ulltmMaijr 
Muva  un  Ih*  Nonh  KWar,  awt  thai  hia  movamaala 
whtch  hMikail  anulhivanlljr  wara  lamia,  lh«  Amarl- 
•M  (aiMral  ilalacbad  a  M|ada  lo  ratnliinia  lh« 
MMlhani  liiviatim  of  bla army.  Huccaa«t«a  ail«lr«a 
wt  iha  Mlvanca  of  ilurgoyna  (liviiurMt  iha  Uiaa, 
Ikai  a  jiinciloa  oi  iha  two  rojial  anntM  naar  Albany 
WMtniamlmi:  NiinM  mnvamaaia  war*  lbar*A>r* 
■mnI*  by  Waahtnilon  lowanla  IVakablll,  and  on 
(h«  ntb*««til«  iio^anlaTranlon  t  whtia  lb*  i  lin 
■nny  *m  «iiram|iK<i  n«ar  lb*  (^lora,  In  raadtnaaa 
tomareli  alihar  In  lb*  nnnhnraiiulb.aalb*  inova- 
invnM  uf  NIr  Wllham  llnwa  ml|ht  rmjulr*.  Al 
Itnglh,  iha  main  ImnIv  uf  ilia  niviil  armv.  conalal- 
tag  of  Ihlfty -alt  Hrillaii  ami  llaMlan  baiiallona,  with 
■  rcRlmanl  n(  Itfhl  bora*,  a  loyal  pmvlnclal  cnrpa, 
«alM  iha  qnaan**  ran(«n,  ami  a  imwarfiil  artlllary, 
■mounllnR  In  lb*  whola  In  about  lU.UUO  incn,  da- 
panati  from  Samiy-hiiok,  awl  war*  raporlati  lo 
Mar  Miiilhwanlly. 

Aboul  Iha  lima  of  Ihia  amharcallon.  ■  latlarOnm 
BIrWIIIIam  How*  lo  (ianrral  liutKoyna  waa  In- 
WrtapMd.  Thli  eonlainml  Intalllganca,  Ihal  lb* 
Briltab  Iroopa  wara  daalincd  lo  N*w  llainpablr*. 
Th*  Inlandad  daoaptlon  waa  ao  auperflrlally  railed, 
thai,  In  eonjuneilon  with  iha  InlalHiianca  of  iha 
Britlih  embareillon.  it  produced  a  coiilrary  afreet. 
Whihin  on*  hour  alter  lb*  reception  of  lb*  Inier- 
Mpl*d  letter,  Waahlnglon  (are  ordera  lo  hi*  army 
I*  moT*  to  th*  aoulbward  ;  but  he  waa  Barenhe- 
M*  ao  much  Impraaaed  with  a  conrletloo,  that  It 
WM  th*  ini*  Intareat  of  Howe  to  mof*  towarda 
Burgoyn*,  that  be  ard*r*d  'h*  Am*rlcan  army  lo 
hah  fat  aom*  lime,  al  the  rirer  Delaware,  aua- 
peeling  that  llie  murenienl  of  the  royal  army  to 
the  aoulbward  waa  a  faint,  calculated  to  draw  lilin 
fcrther  from  the  North  River.  The  Brllinh  fleet, 
hating  aallcd  from  8and«-hoak,  waa  a  week  ai  aea 
b*for*  It  rrncbad  Cap*  ll*nlop*n.  At  thia  tim* 
■nd  plac*,  for  r*a«ona  that  do  not  obrloual-  occur, 
0*n*nl  Howe  gave  up  th*  ld*a  of  approaehing 
Philadelphia,  by  aaeenidlng  lb*  Delaware,  and  re- 
•olred  on  a  circuitoua  route  bv  the  way  of  the 
Chraapeak*.  Perhapa  he  counted  on  being  joined 
by  large  reinforcementa,  from  the  numeroua  torlea 
In  Maryland  or  Delaware,  or  perhapa  he  feared 
the  obalruetlooa  whieh  lb*  PennaylranlaiH  had 
planted  In  lh«  Delaware.  If  the**  were  hi*  rea- 
aona,  h*  waamlataken  in  bath.  From  the  torlea 
h*  reeeirad  no  adraoiag a  :  and  ftom  th*  obalrue- 
tlona  in  th*  rl**r,  hIa  abipaeould  have  reeaired  no 
detrimaoi.  If  he  had  landed  hia  troopa  at  Newoaa- 
tle,  whIeh  waa  14  milea  nearer  Philadelphia,  than 
Ihe  bead  ofCheaapeak*  bay. 

The  Uritlab,  after  they  had  left  the  Capet  of  the 
Delaware,  hud  a  ladloua  and  uncomfortable  p*a- 
aage,  belnc  twenty  dava  before  they  entered  the 
Capea  of  Virginia.  They  aaeended  the  bay,  with 
a  faTourable  wiml,  ^nd  on  the  Z.'Hh  of  Augual 
landed  at  Tnrkey-point.  The  circumatance  nf 
Ihe  Hritlah  putting  out  to  aea,  after  they  had  looked 
into  the  Delaware,  added  to  Ihe  apprehension  be- 
fore entert»ined,  that  the  whole  waa  a  feint  calcu- 
lated to  draw  the  American  army  further  from  the 
North  River,  ao  a*  to  nievent  liieir  being  at  hand 
to  oppose  »  junction  between  Howe  and  liiir- 
goyne.  Waabingtun  therefore  fell  back  to  auch  a 
■Mdia  atatlon,  at  would  enable  him,  either  tpeedi- 
^  W  imni  to  iha  North  Rivar,  or  adyanea  to  tha 


laavMg  Iha  (.'ap**  af  iba  Dalawaw,  wan  aai  baaMi 
•4  lar  naarly  ibra*  w**k*i  *a**pl  ihai  M  bwiou** 
or  iwl«*  bean  •**a  aaair  th*  aaaal  atoaring  anaib- 
waidly.  A  anunell  oT  aMeart  ««ii«*n«d,  Wlat  ml 
Au|iwl,  al  Neabamtny,  near  l*blladalpbta,  Hnanl- 
moHily  gave  H  aa  Ibair  afdakMi,  thai  llharlaalun. 
In  MuNib  I 'amilna,  waa  muat  probably  ibaIr  tib- 
jari,  aail  thai  M  would  b*  Impoaalbl*  for  the  army 
l»  iiiarrh  ihllliar  la  wawin  liir  Ila  raltaf.  Il  waa 
Iherelura  eunt'lililatl,  la  Iry  lo  r*natr  III*  kiaa  of 
Chartealou,  which  waa  cunaularMi  aa  unaviildaki*, 
eltbai  by  all*m|Ming  ttiMMlblng  on  Naw  York 
toland,  ar,  by  unillng  with  lb*  nortbarn  army,  lo 
give  mar*  *iraclHal  oppoalUon  to  Hurgnyn*.  A 
araall  ebanga  *f  |Niailtoa,  eaalbrmably  to  ihta  *«w 
ayalam,  look  |ilar*.  Tha  day  bafctr*  lb*  abov* 
r*aululi»B  waa  adopted  lb*  MrMlah  Ma*!  talared 
lb*  Cb**ap*iik*.  inlalllgenca  thereof  In  a  few 
daya  reached  the  'AnMrhaa  army,  ami  diaiwlleil 
iImI  inM  oI  uncanalnty.  In  wbteh  tlanaral  llowe'a 
inoveiiMola  had  beralol'or*  b**B  anvalopwl.  Th* 
American  truopa  war*  put  In  nMlon  lo  m**!  lb* 
Hrillab  armv.  Thair  nambera  aa  papar  amitunini 
lo  14,UUU  t  but  their  real  alTeellve  fore*,  un  which 
d*u*ad*a«*  might  b*  pkieeil  In  lb*  day  of  haul*, 
did  not  mu«b  aievad  bUUU  men.  Kvery  a|ip*ar- 
ane*  of  conHdaae*  waa  aaaumad  by  ihem  at  tb*y 
'   ihruugh  Philailelphia,  that  lit*  cllli 


might  b*  intimidated  from  jolnina  Ih*  Rrltlab  — 
Aboul  Ih*  aam*  llm*  numbara  of  the  principal  In- 
babitanla  of  thai  city,  baing  auapaoted  of  dMalfaa- 
tioB  to  ih*  American  eauaa,  w*r*  taken  into  eua- 
tody  and  aeul  In  Vlrilnia. 

8oon  after  .Sir  William  Howe  bud  landed  hia 
Iroopa  Id  MarylamI,  be  pu*  litith  a  declaralinn,  In 
which  he  iiiforined  the  Inhabiiania,  that  lie  bad 
iaauad  the  alruiletl  onlrr*  to  the  triMipa,  ••  fur  the 
pretervation  of  regularity  and  lood  diaeipliaa,  ami 
Ihal  Ihe  inual  exemplary  punianmaul  would  bt  in- 
flicted upon  Ihoa*  whu  ahould  dare  lo  plundet  iha 
£operly,ur  muleat  Ihe  peraona  of  any  of  hia  r.a- 
ilv'a  well  diapoaed  aubjecta."  Ha  t**nied  to 
fully  ajiprlaad  of  the  couaequencea,  which  had 
reaulled  triiin  the  Indiacriiniiiale  plunderinga  uf 
hia  army  in  Naw  Jertey,  and  determined  to  adopt 
a  mure  polite  line  uf  conduct.  Whatever  bit 
ktrdahip'a  intentiont  might  hava  bean,  they  w*r* 
by  no  moana  seconded  by  hia  troo|ia. 

The  royal  army  iel  uul  from  the  eaalem  haada 
of  the  Clieaupcak*,  September  3il,  with  a  aulrll 
which  promiiHid  to  cunipeiiaale  fur-th*  varioiit 
delay*,  thai  had  hitberin  wasted  Ihe  campaign.— 
Their  tenia  and  baggage  w*r*  laft  briiind,  and 
ihey  trusted  their  futnr*  aceomroodalion  to  auch 
quarter*  aa  thair  anr,  might  procur*.  They  ad- 
vanead  with  boldneaa,  till  they  were  within  two 
mile*  of  iha  American  armv,  which  waa  :h*n 
poalad  n*ar  Nawport.  Waahiaglon  aoon  chang*d 
hi*  poalllun,  and  look  post  on  tha  high  giuund 
near  Chadd'a  furd,  on  the  Brandywine  creel,  with 
an  Inientiun  of  diapuling  the  pataage.  It  waa  th* 
with,  but  by  no  nieaoa  Ihe  iDl*r*»t  of  Ih*  Ameil- 
cana  to  try  their  alrenglh  in  an  engagement.— 
Their  regular  Iroopa  weia  not  only  greatly  Infe- 
rior in  diacipllna,  but  in  nunibera,  to  the  royal 
army.  The  opinion  of  Ihe  Inliabltania,  though 
founded  on  no  circuinatancet  mor*  aubalantial 
than  their  wiahea,  Impoaed  a  tpeclet  of  neeettlty 
on  the  American  Ueneral,  to  keep  hi*  army  In 
front  of  the  enemy,  and  to  riak  aa  action  fur  Ihe 
aacurllv  of  Philadalphia.  Inalead  ol  I  hia,  had  he 
taken  Ibe  ridae  of  high  mountaina  on  hia  right,  the 
Britiah  muat  nave  respected  his  number*,  and  pro- 
bably would  have  followed  him  up  the  country.^ 
By  Ihia  policy  the  campaign  might  have  been 
waated  away  in  a  manner  fatal  to  Ihe  Invadera ; 
but  the  niajurity  nf  ihe  American  people  were  so 
impalieiil  uf  delays,  and  had  such  an  overweening 
conceit  uf  the  numbers  and  pruwest  uf  iheirarmy, 
that  they  could  not  comprehend  the  wisdom  and 
policy  uf  maniBuvres,  to  shun  a  general  engage- 
ment. 

On  this  occasion  necessity  ilictated,  that  a  taeri- 
lleaahoulil  be  made  on  the  altar  of  public  opinion. 
A  gaaeral  action  waa  therafor*  hazarded  on  Iha, 


lllh  af  Moplembaf.  TbM  Immi  ala**  al  Cbaii* 
Ibfil,  a«  Iha  Hiaadywla*  I  aaatail  sirmm  wUik 
amptl**  i4a*ir  MM*  i'bfMimM  aiaak,  n*ar  M*  *«• 
flui  wilb  lb*  rIvar  llaluwar*. 

Tha  riiyal  army  atlvanveil  si  day  braak  la  *•• 
rnlumna,  rnmnianiUil  by  Ii*ni>n4iit  general  Rni^ 
bauaaa.  ami  liinl  rnrnarallM.  Tha  Aral  louh  IM 
dirael  roail  In  I'hadd'a  Inwt,  ami  iiia<U  a  show  af 
pasalag  II,  In  fninl  nf  llie  main  bmly  of  lb*  Am*l^ 
cana.  Al  lb*  sania  llm*,  lb*  ollivi  rolunin  lunvail 
up  un  lb*  weal  atil*  iil  the  lliiiiHlywiti*  o  us  furhi 
croaaadbuih  lis  branabea,  ami  (ban  marrhml  dowa 
on  ila  eaal  atala,  with  lb*  view  uf  iHinlng  the  right 
wing  of  ib»ir  ailvarsarle*.  TbU  ihay  afl'artrd, 
and  euin|i»M»il  lliem  In  retreat  wllh  grant  biaa. 

(iensral  Kntpbauaeaamuaadlb*  Amarlcaaawilh 
th*  *pp*ar*nr*  uf  cruaaing  lb*  iiinl,  bul  did  not 
allampt  il  unlit  bird  tUtinwallla,  having  fm*a*4 
abnva,  ami  moved  down  on  lb*  ii|ipuslle  aid*,  had 
eiinimenml  bla  allm'k.  Knipbauaan  than  cruaa*4 
iIm  ford,  and  allarksil  lb*  triMi|i*  putted  for  lttd*> 
fence.  Th***,  after  a  aevere  mnlliet,  were  com* 
palled  to  give  way.  Th*  r*lr*al  of  lb*  AmeriaaiM 
amm  baeaina  general,  and  waa  continued  lo  Cheater, 
The  Anal  laaue  uf  battle*  often  depamla  on  email 
eiicumalanrea,  which  human  nriiilenreranmil  con- 
trill.  One  of  tliea*  occurred  bare,  and  prevented 
(ieneral  Waahliiglun  friim  eaerutlng  a  bold  deaign, 
tu  etfaci  whlr.li  hit  irun|M  ware  aciiialiy  in  mutlon. 
Thia  waa,  tu  erna*  the  llramlvwina,  and  allacb 
Kniphauaen,  while llenerulNullivan  and  lord  Mllr> 
ling  sliouhl  keep  Karl  Curnwallls  in  check.  Inlho 
must  eritiaal  mumeni,  Waahlniinn  received  lnl*U 
llg*ne*  which  he  waa  obliged  In  credit,  that  lb* 
ciilumn  uf  bird  (.'nrnwullia  had  liecn  iinly  making 
a  feint,  and  waa  reluming  lo  join  Knipliausen.^ 
This  prevented  the  eaeciiliun  ul'  n  plan,  which,  it 
carried  Inlu  elfect,  wuuld  pmbahly  have  given  * 
diH°erenl  turn  to  the  events  of  the  day. 

The  killed   and   wuumled.    In  Ibe  royal  armV) 

were  near  tix  liiindrrd.     The  loss  uf  the   Amen- 

cans  wii*  twice  iliut  nuiiilier.     In  llie  list  uf  Ihalr 

woumled  were  two  general  ufllcera,  the   Marqulo 

de  la  Fayette*  and  (ienerul  WuiHll'unl. 

*Aa  we  Intend  to  acatier  through  thia  work  soma 

biographical  nolicea  of  thot*  dislinguiahed  men 

who  took  an  active  part   In  Ihe  revolutionary 

war,  and  who  aaaltleii   In  Ihe  councllt  of  our 

nation,  we  thall  here  Introduce  the  great  and 

good  La  Fayelle.  from  the  |ien  of  that  emintnl 

ataletman  and  tehular,  John  Quincy  Adam*  ^ 

The  oration  waa  delivered  before  the  eongr*** 

ol  Ihe  United  Statet,  on  llie3ttt  of  December, 

18U4,  at  their  rcquetl,  and  exhibllt  the  Aneat 

view,  that  either  country  hat  produced,  af  tha 

patriot  and  warrior  of  both  heiiiiapher**  wivM 

name  is  given  to  Imniortalliy  on  every  hourtha. 

fllet: — Ed. 

ORATION. 


I'lillowHillUena  uf  tlw  Hxnit*  and 

Hout*  of  IUp:ea«nlBil>*a  of  llie  iriiliad  Statea  i 

Ir  the  authority  by  which  I  am  now  called  lo 
addreaa  you  ia  one  of  th*  highest  honours  that 
could  b*  conferred  U|iun  a  citizen  of  ihit  Union  by 
hi*  countrymen,  I  cunnni  diiteinble  to  myself  that 
It  einbracei  at  the  same  time  one  nf  the  must  ar* 
duouadutlea  that  cnuld  be  inqioaed.  Uialeful  In 
you  for  llin  honour  cunl'erred  u|ioD  me  by  your  in- 
vltalion,  a  aentimeot  of  irrepressible  and  fearful 
diflldence  abtorba  every  faculty  of  my  aoul  in  cun- 
lemplaling  the  magnitude,  llie  diHiculllea,  and  tha 
delicacy  uf  the  task  which  il  hat  been  your  pleu- 
lure  tu  amign  tome. 

I  am  lo  speak  to  the  North  American  ttuir* 
and  people,  assembled  here  iu  the  peraunt  nf  their 
honoured  and  conlidential  lawgivers  and  repre-, 
tentatives.  I  am  to  speak  to  them,  iiy  their  own 
appointment,  upon  the  life  and  clmraclcr  of  a  man 
whoaa  life  waa,  fur  nearly  tluaeacurayearii  lU*  hia* 


■••  M  ClMlii* 

Mraam  mkUk 
t,  Mitr  M*  tm 

y  braak  hi  ••• 

I  ArM  inult  llM 
mU  •  •how  mI 
I  III  lb*  Am«<t- 
ri>luHinnH>v«l 
rtiM  'o  lu  r»rki 
ifMrrhmi  ilnwa 
intng  ih*  rl|hl 
ih«y  nlhrlnl, 
I  |r»iit  l)NM. 
l^nMrlcMMwlill 
il,  but  illd  not 
Iwflni  rriMM4 
iMliK  aki*,  had 
Ml  iImn  CnHM*4 
Mimi  for  tU  «!•• 
Itm,  war*  com* 
ihf  AitMrtcaiM 
uml  lo  Ch*Mtr. 
ImimU  on  mimII 
iiror*nn)tlciin< 
iinil  nrnvnlni 
I  *  bolil  ilt«l|n, 
lulljr  in  mniloii. 
i«,  mul  Hllick 

ami  lonl  Nllf 
rliffcli.  In  lb* 
racatotij  Inlal- 
crailU,  Ihitl  lb* 
'H  only  maktng 
KnlpluMMn.^ 
plan,  whiah,  M 
hava  glvan  • 
ay. 

i<i  myal  army, 
uf  iliu  Anian- 
lie  IM  unhalr 
,  ih«  Marquis 
inl. 

i)a  work  lonM 
Ingiilnhad  maa 

rcTolnllonary 
ounclla  of  our 
th«  Kraal  and 
filial  anilMnI 
nvy  Adam*  ^ 

I  he  congrsat 
or  December, 
bill  llie  Antal 
iliiceil,  af  iIm 
libera*  wii>M 
very  haurllu. 


ledSlitati 
now  called  lo 
hooour*  Ihal 
ibi*  Union  bv 
loinyaelflliat 
r  llie  iiMMt  ar- 
Uialeftil  !•• 
ne  by  your  in- 
I  and  Tearful 
ly  a<iul  in  con- 
illlea,  and  lh« 
;cn  your  pleu- 

lorican  atiitra 
enonaoflhcir 
H  and  repre-, 
liy  their  own 
cicr  of  a  man 
^eara,  Ik*  hl*> 


VNITIO  tTATIli 


•fjr  af  llH  •Hrtllaad  warM  i  nt  i  aiaa,  of  whtM* 
■haraalar,  lu  a*y  Ibal  M  I*  InduMilubly  tdaiililUd 
Mllh  Iba  refulullon  uf  uur  )n<l«|Hi*<lan«*,  I*  lillU 
IHMia  llian  l»  innrlt  lb*  faaium*  ol  hia  chllilhiXHl  i 
Ola  iiMM.  Iba  paiMiMllod  liiM|M  uf  wll  I'iruiiiii 
avrlbad  libarly.  Nur  ran  II  *wi4|m  Iha  iimwI  •u 
lorltvMl  ulMervalluN,  lhal.  In  apeaklng  In  Iha  falhara 
of  III*  laud  u|Min  III*  III*  and  (  biwarinr  uf  l,*r«r- 
■fT(i  I  raiinul  lufb«ar  lu  luu<'hii|MiMlupl««  whkh 
■ra  yiil  daaidy  ruiituUinn  lb*  wiirhl,  iMlh  u{  «|ii- 
■hiu  and  »l  anlliin.  I  am  lu  walk  baiiwaan  burn- 
lug  pluuKlialiaraai  lu  lr*ad  U|Kia  Ara*  wlikh  hava 
nul  ««l  *«au  cullavlad  eliwlara  lo  euvar  lb*m> 

ll,  In  addraaalng  iliair  cnunlrymaa  H|ma  Ibeir 
aM*l  Impurlanl  InlaraaUi  lb*  (hralor*  of  Anilqull* 
war*  acaualoiaad  lu  b*|la  by  aupfdlcallon  In  ibair 
gwU  Ibal  nuiblni  unauliabi*  lo  b*  a*l4  or  unworthy 


lo  b«  baard  tnliihl  eacapa  fltoni  ibair  llpa,  bow 

ctbia  I*  my  obllc 
Aivour  of  Him  "  who  iou«b*«i  laalab'*  baltowad 


mu«b  aiar*  lorctble  I*  my  obll|tilaaio  Invok*  th* 


bpa  wllb  Ar*,"  nul  onl*  lo  *illn|Ulab  la  iba  mind 
a**ry  auncvjMlun  unadaplad  lu  ina  (randaur  ami 
Miblimil*  of  the  ihaina,  but  lu  draw  fruiii  Ih*  bu- 


•urn  of  l)i*  daapaal  runvlellun  lboM|bta  eunganlal 


aiMi 
to  lb*  m*rlla  which  It  lathe  duly  oflh*  diacuura* 
lo  unfoM,  and  wnrda  nul  unworthy  of  Ih*  dignity 
af  lb*  audltury  bcfura  whum  I  aptiaar. 

In  order  lu  form  a  Jual  eallmale  uf  the  \\(»  and 
•hancler  of  Lafavaite,  it  may  bn  neceaaiiry  lu  ad- 
vert, nul  unly  lu  ifia  clrcuiiMluncearunnavled  wllh 
i|jblnb<educallun,  aiidllnaiiiie,  bullu  lb*  |Nillllcnl 
coudlllun  uf  hia  cuunlry  and  llreni  Hrllain,  hrr 
aaliunal  rival  mid  adveraary,  at  the  lima  uf  hia 
birth,  and  duriuK  lii«  v»»ra  ul'  rlillilhiMid. 

(#u  Iha  aialh  iliiy  ul  Hcplmnber,  uiie  thuiianiid 
aavan  hundred  and  lift  v-acveii,  the  hereditary  Muii- 
arrb  uftlie  liriliah  laliinda  w»a  a  native  uf  llrr- 
many.  A  rude,  lllllenile  uld  aiildier  uf  Iha  wara 
for  Ine  Hpaniali  aiiccaaaiun  i  lilll*  veraed  even  in 
lb*  lauKuaKn  of  the  natlun  uver  which  he  ruled) 
•ducalad  lu  the  inaxiiiia  and  prinriplaa  uftlie  feu- 
dal law ;  uf  uiHiu  y  lirenliuiia  life,  and  of  iiiunil 
character  far  Iruiii  crediliible  i  he  alylrd  hiiiiaell', 
by  the  iiruce  uf  llud,  uf  (ireal  lirilain,  l''raiirr, 
and  lietaiid,  Kinn ;  but  there  waa  anulher  and 
r*al  lAiiK  uf  Kraiiie,  nu  betli<r,  pcrha|w worae, than 
blinaelf,  and  with  wliuni  he  waa  then  at  war.  Thia 
waa  Luuia,  the  lll\eenth  uf  the  name,  great  grand- 
Mtuuf  hia  iiiimediale  predrceaaor,  [iUiila  iheVuur- 
leeulli,  aunietiniea  ilenuiiiinHli-d  tlin  (irriil.  I'lime 
iwu  kinga  held  their  thrnnea,  by  the  law  ufliitrrdi- 
lary  auccaaaiun,  varluiialy  mmiined,  in  France  by 
tb*  Ruinaii  Cuthulica,  and  in  llritaiu  by  Prulealani 
nifuniied  cbriatluniiy. 

Tliey  were  at  war,  chiefly  for  conflicting  ciniina 
to  lb*  poaaeaalou  uf  the  weatrin  wildrriii-aa  of 
North  America!  a  urixe,  the cainbiliiivauf  which 
an  now  unfolding  lliemaelvea  with  a  grandeur  iiiiil 
magnifleenc*  unexampled  in  the  hialury  uf  the 
wurid  t  but  of  wliicb.  If  the  iinminiil  |MiaaeaaiuTi  hnd 
remained  in  either  uf  the  Iwu  priicra,  wliu  were 
alaking  their  kiiigduma  upttn  the  iaaue  uf  the  atrilis 
the  buH'ulu  and  tne  beaver,  wllh  th'ir  hiintor,  the 
Indian  aavage,  wuuld,  at  thia  day,  have  been  a» 
ihiiy  then  were,  the  unly  inhnhltnuln. 

In  lliix  war,  Oroiiuk  WAaniNuTON,  then  at  the 
au«  uf  twruly-fuur,  waa  un  Ihu  aide  uf  the  liritiah 
itnriiiHU  King,  a  yuuthfut,  Iml  heroi':  cumbatant; 
iiiiil,  in  the  anme  war,  lb*  father  uf  Lafiiyette  wna 
un  the  uppuaite  aide,  aapuBini  hia  lil«  in  the  heart 
uf  lleim.iny,  fur  thecauae  of  ihe  Kin^;  of  frunce. 

On  lliHt  day,  the  aiath  of  September,  one  thnu- 
amid  aevpu  hundred  and  Afky-aeven  wiia  born  Un- 
tir.hr  MoTiKR  DK  UsrMT.rr*,  at  the  Caalle  of 
(.'liavaiiiiic,  in  Auvprgne,  and  a  few  nrontha  after 
Im  birth  hia  father  fell  in  buttle  at  Miiaden. 

Let  ua  hern  nbaerve  the  influence  of  political  In- 
allliitiuna  over  ihe  deatiniea  and  tb*  eharactera  of 
mm.  (teorge  the  Second  waa  a  (leman  Prince ; 
he  hail  b.'cn  made  king  uf  the  Hritiah  laland*  by 
Ihe  accident  of  hia  birth  :  that  la  to  aty,  becauae 
-  hia  great  gmndmolher  had  bren  the  d  lughter  of 
JameatheKirit :  that  great  gr.inilmother  had  been 
married  to  th<>  King  of  ilolieiiiia,  and  her  youngeal 
daughter  had  been  married  lo  the  Elector  of  Han- 
Uaoig*  the  Svioud'a  father  wo*  her  ion, 


and,  whea  lam**  lb*  Hataarf  hat  Un  *ip*NmI 
fnini  bt«  ihruN*  and  bU  raaatry  by  lb*  ladlgaalkta 
uf  bla  iwufile,  revullad  agaliial  hi*  tyranny,  ami 
wbruhia  twit  iliiughlara,  witu  aiiaraadad  hint,  hml 
ilii-il  wllhoul  iaaiia,  llmirga  ill*  Kiral,  ih*  ann  uf 
lb*  Kl*rlri-a«  of  llanovar,  b«(am*  King  uf  Ureal 
Itriiain,  by  iIm  a*ill*m*nl  afan  act  of  |wrll*ni«iil, 
blamllng  lugalbar  Ih*  prlnal|d*  of  b*r*dllary  aur- 
eaaalun  wlib  lhal  o<  Kafurmad  f  nitaaiani  ehrMI' 
anIlT.  and  tb*  illea  uf  th*  ('kureb  of  Kngland. 

Tb*  ihriin*  uf  I'ranr*  waa  oaeuptad  by  virtu*  of 
th*a*m*  prliirliil*  ul  hereditary  auccaaaiun,  dlf- 
farenlly  mudiAnl,  and  blamUd  with  th*  ebrlallanlly 
of  Iha  aburrh  of  Rum*.  I'mm  Ibl*  Un*  •<  awe- 
eowloB  all  famahM  war*  lnfl*albl*  *a*lud*d.— 
Loul*  tb*  l>''lft**nih,  ai  lb*  ig*  of  aia  y**t*.  bwi 
b**om*  lb*  abaului*  a<i«*r*lga  of  I'raac*,  b**aa** 
h*  wai  Iba  gr**!  gramlaon  of  bt*  Immadlai*  pr*> 
4*e*a*af .  11*  wa*  of  tb*  iblnl  g*a*nik>a  la  de- 
a«*nl  Aromlh*  pr*e*dlng  king,  aad,  by  lb*  law  uf 
primogaallura  *ngrnft*d  upon  thai  of  llnoal  *ue**a- 
aion,  dial,  by  lb*  death  uf  hia  aneaalnr,  fiirlhwilh 
aiMC**d,l hough  In  child hond.lo  an  abaului*  thriine. 
In  |irefarenc*  lo  nuinrruii*  deacendania  from  lhal 
aam*  aneaalur,  then  in  the  full  vigur  uf  manhoml. 

Tb*  Aral  rertecliun  lhal  mual  urcur  lu  a  rallunal 
being,  in  conlamplating  Ihaa*  Iwn  reaulia  uf  the 

firliiclpl*  of  hereditary  anereaainn.  aa  reaurled  lu 
iir  deaig  Mating  th*  rul»r«  of  nallnna,  la,  that  two 
|i*raona  mure  unAl  lu  occupy  th*  thrnnea  of  Hrllain 
and  of  France,  at  th*  lliii*  of  their  r*ap*elive  an- 
ceaakina,  roiilil  ararrely  have  been  I'uiind  ii|inn  Ihe 
face  of  the  lllub*  i  Ueurgelha  Nernnd,  a  fiireinner, 
the  aim  and  grandaun  uf  furelgnrra,  burn  hrvoiiil 
the  aeaa,  educated  in  iincqMeniiil  mannera,  Ignu- 
rani  uf  the  cuiiaiiluliun,  nftlie  lawa,  even  of  Ihe 
language  of  th*  people  over  whom  he  waa  to  rule  ] 
aniriiouia  the  Fifteenlh,  an  infnnt,  inca|iable  uf 
diaceraing  hia  right  hand  fmin  hia  left,  Yet,  alrange 
aa  It  may  auund  lu  the  ear  uf  iinaophlaliraled  rea- 
aon,  the  Hritiah  nation  were  wndiled  tu  the  belief 
that  thia  act  of  aattlement,  Axing  their  eruwn  U|Nin 
Ihe  heada  nflhta  aucrt'iiaiun  of  total  atraiigera,.waa 
ihe  brighteal  and  moat  gluriuua  exempHllcatlun  uf 
their  naiiunni  freednm  i  ami  not  Ivaa  alrauK*,  If 
might  In  the  iin|ierfeciiun  uf  human  reaaun  cuulil 
aeein  alrange,  waa  lhal  deep  conviction  uf  Ihe 
French  iienpla,  at  th*  aame  period,  lhal  thtir  chief 
glorv  and  happineaa  cunaiated  in  the  vehemence 
uf  their  alfectlun  for  their  king,  becaua*  he  waa 
ileaceniled  In  an  unbroken  mala  line  uf  g*n*alugy 
from  Ml.  Lonla. 

One  of  the  fruilaof  thia  line  of  heredltanr  aue- 
ceaalon,  modlAed  by  aectarian  principlea  of  reli- 
gion, waa  lu  make  Ihe  peace  and  war,  ih*  happi- 
neaa or  miaery  of  lb*  neopi*  of  the  Hrillah  em- 
pire, dependent  upon  In*  fortunea  of  th*  Kleelo- 
rate  of  Hanover  ;  the  peraonal  domain  ofthair  Im- 
IMirled  king.  Thia  waa  a  reault  calamiloua  alike 
lo  the  |ieople  of  Hanover,  of  Hrllain,  ami  of 
France  ;  bt.t  It  waa  une  of  the  two  caiiaea  of  lhal 
dreadful  war  then  waging  between  them  ;  and  aa 
the  cauae,  *o  wa*  thii  a  principle  theatre  of  that 
iliaaalmua  war.  It  waa  at  Minilen,  In  the  heart  of 
the  Kleelurale  of  Hanovor,  that  the  father  of  La- 
liiycile  fell,  and  left  him  aa  orphan,  a  victim  tu 
lhal  war,  and  to  the  principle  uf  hereditary  auc- 
ceaaion  from  which  ll  emanated. 

Thua,  then,  it  waa  on  the  0lh  of  Seplomber, 
17A7,  the  day  when  Lafayette  waa  born.  The 
kinga  uf  France  and  Rritain  were  aealed  upon  their 
thrunea  by  virtue  of  the  principle  of  hereditary 
aucceaaiun,  varioualy  modiAed  and  blended  with 
diflerent  forma  of  religioua  faiih,  and  they  were 
waging  war  againat  each  other,  and  exhauating 
the  bliiod  and  treaaure  of  their  peopks  for  cauae* 
In  which  neither  ol  the  nation*  had  any  benafloial 
or  lawftil  Inlereat. 

In  thIa  WBi  the  father  of  LaAiyMta  fell  In  the 
cauae  of  hi*  king,  bnt  not  of  hia  country.  He 
waa  an  offleer  of  an  invading  army,  the  inalru- 
ment  of  hia  anvereign'a  wanton  ambition  and  luat 
of  conqiieat.  The  (leople  of  the  Electorate  uf 
Hanover  had  done  no  wrong  to  him  or  lo  hia 
country.  When  hia  aon  came  to  an  age  capable 
of  UDdentaDding  the  irreparable  Iota  thalM  had  auf-, 


Ikfwl,  *a4  ta  r*#**t  upaa  ib*  **a**  af  M*  IMha^ 
Ibl*,  ib*r*  w**  aa  dmp  uf  enaautamia  mlngl*4  In 
lb*  cap  IVnm  lb*  eunaltleraiiim  ihal  he  liMddl*.! 
for  hi*  ruunlry.  Ami  when  ilie  ynulhliil  mind  aa* 
aw*k»a*<l  lu  m*dii*ll<m  H|Min  lite  rithia  iM  mua- 
kin,l,  lb*  priaelpl**  »f  Ireedum,  ami  lb«url*a  af 
guvernitHinl,  'I  e4BntH  b*  dlllWiill  lu  perreli*,  la 
lb*  lllualralton*  of  hi*  uwn  family  let'oula,  i>a 
anaraaof  tbalavcralun  lu  liervdiiary  iul»,  |i*rh*pa 
Ih*  ma*t  dtMlngulahIng  fealiir*  of  hi*  |Hililie  d  uut* 
nhi**,  tmi  lu  which  h*  adherad  thruugh  til  lb* 
vl«la*tlud**  of  bla  lif*. 

In  lb*  a4iii*  war,  ami  at  lb*  anm*  lime,  (i*«rga 
Waahingti'n  wa*  armed,  a  kiyal  aubjact.  In  au|>- 
(NiH  of  hi*  king  I  but  lo  bim  lh*i  wa*  alau  th*  eauaa 
uf  hi*  rouairy.  Ill*  eommlaalon  wa*  aol  In  iba 
*rmy  uf  U*«rg*  lb*  M**and,  bui  la*a*4  uwUr  iba 
•ulbuilly  of  lb*  lulony  of  VIrglnl*,  Iba  pnivlaaa 
In  wbl*b  b*  r*eelvad  bl*  Mnb.  Oa  ib*  biird*rB  at 
that  (Ntivlne*,  ih*  war  in  lla  muai  horrid  form*  wta 
waged  I  nul  ■  war  of  merry,  ami  uf  rnarteay.  Ilka 
that  of  Iba  *ivillM*d  *mb«lil*d  Ugkin*  uf  Kiiropa , 
but  war  lu  th*  knif*  i  th*  war  uf  Inilina  aavag**, 
t*rrlM*  luman,  but  inor*  terrible  tulli*  l*ml*r**x, 
and  moat  lerrihle  in  helpleaa  Inliincy.  In  drfenca 
uf  hia  ruunlry  agaiiial  th*  ravage*  uf  anrh  a  war, 
Waahingiiin,  In  the  dawn  uf  nianhnud,  haal  drawa 
hia  awuril,  aa  If  fruvblenca,  with  deliherat*  pur- 
IMM*,  hail  aanclilied  fur  hini  the  imirllc*  uf  war, 
all'dalealabl*  and  uulialluwad  aa  It  la,  lhal  b* 
might,  in  a  caua*,  virluuu*  and  exahed  by  lla  mo- 
live  ami  lla  end,  be  trained  and  Ailed  In  a  rowg* 
niul  acliuul  lu  march  In  alUrlimea  the  leader  of  ha 
ru*a  in  ill*  war  of  hi<  cuiinirv'a  liiilr|ieiiilviic*. 

Al  ill*  liiiieiif  III*  birth  ul  l.al'iiyelle,  thia  wtr, 
which  waa  tu  iiiak*  him  a  faiherli'aa  rliilil,  and  In 
which  WaahiuKluii  waa  laying  hniad  and  il**p,  la 
the  defence  and  |iruleollun  uf  hia  native  land,  iha 
fuuiidatiun*  uf  hi*  unrivalled  riuiiiwii,  waa  but  la 
lla  early  atage.  It  waa  lu  ronlinun  Ave  year* 
lunger,  ami  waa  In  clua*  with  the  luiiil  extinguiah- 
ment  uf  the  cubinlal  duiiiiniiiii  uf  France  on  iha 
contiiirnl  uf  Nurlli  Aiiierli-a.  The  ili-ep  liumilin- 
liun  of  France,  and  Ihe  Iriiiiiipliaul  aaceiidaney 
un  thiacunlineiit  uf  her  rival,  were  the  Aral  reault* 

uf  ihia  great  naliunal  ■■unAici.     The npleie  ex- 

pulaiun  uf  France  fruiii  Nurlh  America  aeemeil  tn 
III*  au|Mirllalal  viaion  »(  men  lu  Ax  ihe  Hrillah 
puwar  uv*r  Iheae  exlenaivo  reviona.  un  fuumla- 
liuna  imiiiuvable  aa  the  everlaatiiig  hilla. 

Let  ua  (laaa  in  iiuagiiiatiuii  a  (irnuil  of  Only 
twenty  yaara,  and  alialit  ii|iuii  ihe  hunlera  uf  ili* 
rlwT  Hrandywine.  Waaliington  I*  auiiiinaniUr- 
in  chief  of  th*  armi**  uf  the  United  Mlalea  of 
America  I  war  ia  again  raging  In  the  heart  uf  hi* 
native  land  i  buatile  a/niiea  uf  une  anil  the  aama 
name,  bluod,  and  language,  are  arrayed  fur  batlla 
un  the  banka  uf  the  alreanii  and  I'hilailelphiM, 
where  the  United  .Slalea  are  in  ( 'iingreaa  aa**fic 
bled,  and  whence  their  deori'u  uf  iiide|iemlen«o 
haa  gune  forth,  ia  the  deatined  prixe  lulhe  cunflici 
of  the  day.  Whu  ia  that  tall,  alender  yuulh,  *«' 
fureign  air  and  aapect,  aearcely  emerged  fruin  tho 
yeara  of  boyhood,  and  freah  fruin  th*  walla  uf  a 
cnllege;  Aghliiig,  a  vuliinleer.al  (he  ableuf  Waab- 
iugtiin,  bleeding,  unruiiacioualy  tu  liimaelf,  and 
rallying  hia  men  tu  aecure  the  ri-lrrat  uf  the  acit 
lered  American  ranka  P  It  ia  ()ii,*i:ht  MoTiia 
DK  LArATRTTRi  th*  *on  of  tile  victim  uf  .Mindeni 
and  he  ia  bleeding  in  Ihe  cauae  uf  Nutth  Ainericaa 
iudeiiendence  anil  uf  freedom. 

Wepauae  one  inumenl  In  enquire  what  waaihll 
cauae  uf  North  American  indepciHlence,  and  what 
were  the  motivea  and  Induceiiieul*  tu  the  yuulhful 
atranger  lu  devute  hinuelf,  hbi  life,  and  fortune  lo  it. 

Th*  people  of  the  Hritiah  cokinie*  In  North 
America,  alter  a  controveray  of  ten  yeara'  dura- 
tion with  Ibeir  aovareigo  beyond  tb*  aeaa,  upon 
an  attempt  by  bim  and  hia  parliament  to  tax  thata 
wilhuut  their  cnnaent,  had  been  conalrained  by 
neceaaiiy  to  declare  themaelvea  independent ;  la 
diaaolvc  the  tie  uf  their  allegiance  lo  him ;  lo  r«< 
nounce  their  right  tn  ita  protection,  and  to  luauina 
their  ataliou  among  the  independeni  oiviliaed  aa* 
tiona  of  |he  earth.  Thia  had  been  dona  wllh  a 
dalibaration  and  aolaunitji  uoviimplai  ia  iha  km- 


mtTOftv  or  TNI 


IMy  ttt  ik*>  warMi  4mmi  tn  iIm  mH^  at  •  •'hill 

••r>  xlHtefMifl   M  tlitifMicf  IVwM  Mijr  •(   tkwM 

•  ltl<  li  tiir  ••'iiMitlva  tMftxw  iMtl  il**wl«i«i|  KHr»|w. 
'I  l»'  *.ir  )i»l  rM«n  h|i»«  *  iiHMitMM  lMt»**n  lb* 
ri|hi<iil  Ihii  |«ii|il«  itiHl  III*  |Hi»>r<  h(  Ihatr  |Ht 
•mill  Kill       'I'll*  illw uMtn^M,  III  ihn  |ifii(r«M  itl  iKa 

•  •»nini>i>r««,  IihI  iiiiviwiI  !••  lb*  ■■■••••iii|il«ll<i*t«  nl 
■!<'••   ill'    Itiat  IiiiiihIiiIIiiim  itf  •'It'll    «H'I*I«  «ihI   M 


lltrlliiiioiil        'I'h*  •«•  <•'  l»Hi«|WIMl«IH-«  M|4N  hf 

',  «IM  •  I 

b»M  hni 
I  ilio  hiMiiiiiiii*  III  Iho  ^ruiil  •l*«|i,  •ihI  lh«  il*lil(» 


iMU  •it»n  it|«in  *  iwiiy  I'ltmp  un  imfmt, 
»f  ilirv*  iioNrn  *  imimihI  ■•••  I"*  I  •ill  lb»M  hnk» 
<t|  ilio  hiMiiiiiiii*  III  III*  ^ruiil  li**!!, 
#n>iii>il.  tl«t  ih*  HrliMli  twrlinnicni  iKa  rl^hi  la 
|i>«  h*  (Wiiiila  iif  III*  rnliinl**  In  nnnlliar  baiill*' 
iitirr*.  niii  r»|»n»ni>il  in  lh«  Inifirtiiil  I*i|i<li4lur«  f 
rh»*  Mlflriiwil  ilivjr  had  i  III*  |i»i)|il«  ul  lh«  *uU»- 
Htva  InaMlllll  lltujl  h«i|  IMtl.  Tlfi*  ••!■  ••!•  yM» 
ml  pt"**)*"!  '••(••r*  iMy  r*m*  li*  M  l«*M«  I  mmI  ail 
iImi  l»|iiliiMt«  Miitrm  vf  |M<r«f .  (inI  «II  iha  mIini 
lt*«  nlvmanl*  nf  lt»«iUim  »»r*  MriillNMvJ,  il* 
Im««<I.  iMljfMHl,  •lol  »lHrl<|iM»<l,  Wlur*  ih*  llgbl- 
tN|  n(  lb*  liirrb  uf  Al*.  •»!  b«r  rrjr  u(  liit*<M  up- 
•N  l»lllii|  «ll|i  llw  iliig*  of  w»r. 

Wh'il  ill*  liny  III  I  iinlllrl  r*nM,  llip  i^^iia  nf  ib« 
t!«fil»M  will  n»i  nMDiil^  i'biiii('<l.  Tba  |i«a|il«  uf 
lliai  riiliinl**  b«il  mmniiiliHMl  ill*  rimuat  un  ib* 
frinrltil*  ttt  r*«l«iln|  lb*  InvMiun  u(  rhartortd 
rl(bi<i  Anl  liy  arinnirni  uml  mminalriinr*,  uihI, 
Nniilljr.  h«  amwiil  in  ib»  ••nnl.  Iliil  wlib  lb* 
•mr  mill*  Ini'  ii*i'i>Miiry  raprrla*  iif  M(iri>rii||H 
linw*n.  'rtK*  Hrrlarulhin  <if  tnil*p*nit«Hi'>>  jnali- 
IMhI  llwlf  •«  lb*  iMiIji  |Ht«*lhl*  iviiirily  liir  liiaiiir«r' 
Mil*  wriiii^*.  Il  H>Hl*il  llwir  iiiMiii  ill*  Oral  I'liiin' 
Jiiiliina  III  ih*  Uo  >il'  naliir*.  miil  lb*  Ini'inilraiithl* 
diirinii*  iif  buiiinu  rl|bla.  Tb*r»  wna  no  Iniigrr 
liny  (|ii*ailiiii  III'  lb*  riinailiulloniil  |Niw*ra  nl'  lb* 
Hi)ll>li|iHrli,iiit*nl,  or  iiftliirilml  niliinlnl  rlmrlrra. 
Thfiiirl'iirwiiril  lb*  Ainrrlniii  niilliin  aiiiiiiiirtml  iu 
*»lairiH-r  liy  war  i  nn<l  lb*  llilllab  iialliiii  by  wiir, 
vaa  ronlrhiliag  Ibr  i  iiiii|ii*al.  Aa,  Itvlwran  lb* 
I  *«)  p>iili*»,  lur  atnitl'' <|U»alion  al  laaii*  waa  In- 
4*ti*nil*iir*  I  bill  In  lb*  roiil'*il*rHI*  *«la|p|irii  nf 
lb*  Nnrib  Ainrrlran  I'mIhii,  lllwrly  i  imt  only 
ibrlr  own  lih*riy,  hiil  lb*  vilal  iirlnrtiil*  nl'  IiIm'Mv 
10  Ih*  whiili'  riirc  of  rivilUml  iniin,  wiia  Invnivi-il. 

Il  w:ia  III  llila  aliig*  of  lb*  roiiltli't,  ami  liiiiii* 
4hil*l)i  aflrrib*  Ib-rlarallon  nf  liiil*|Ninili-ni'*,ihji 
It  ilrrir  Ih*  Hll*iilion.  iinil  rnll*il  Into  arljiiii  lb* 
moral  acnalliiliiipa  ami  lb*  Iiii*II*<'|imI  r.Hiiili**  nl' 
Lafiiyiil*,  ili*n  in  lb*  niii*i**Mlb  y*ar of  bla  an*. 

I'll*  war  waa  r*i'oliitlonary.  II  Iwgiin  by  ilia 
liaaoliilinn  or  lb*  ilriiiab  |o**rnm*nl  In  lb*  rolo- 
<lt»*  ;  lb*  |i*o|il*  nf  whirb  w*r*  bv  llial  ofHirullon, 
I*ft  wliboiil  any  |«v*i'niii*nl  wdalrvri.  Tbry 
•i*r*  lb*n  HI  on*  nwl  lb*  aaiii*  ilin*  malnlalnina 
Ihclr  lnil*pvMt|pnt  nallnnal  rxlaifnc*  by  war.  anil 
forming  lirw  aorial  roni|Nivla  for  Ibclr  own  gov- 
•min*nl  th*nr*forwaril.  'fhn  ronalrurliun  uf 
rWII  aociriy  ;  lb*  *«|pnl  hiiil  lb*  llnillulluiia  nf 
organlM*il  |Mi»«ri  lb*  »*labliabni*nl  »(  »  avalrni 
of  go«*iiiin*nl  combining  lh«  gr*iii*ai  tiilargn- 
m«nl  of  imlivitlual  lib«rty  wilh  Ih*  iiioai  |i*i|pcl 
prtairrvaiinn  of  public  order,  «r«r*  lb*  ronliniiaj 
urcupalinn*  of  rwrrj  mlml.  Tli*  <'oiia*i|iiPii<'*a 
of  thia  aial*  of  ibinga  to  ih*  hialory  of  iiiaiiltiiid, 
■nil  *a|i*i>iHtly  of  Kiirnp*,  were  fiir*ae*n  liy  nniir. 
Kuropi-  aaw  nnlbing  linl  lb*  war ;  a  iM-opI*  alriig- 
gling  for  lih*rly,  and  againal  npiNrcaainni  and  lb* 
|M9flpl*  in  »v*ry  part  of  Kiirop*  ayin|Nilbi4*d  witb 
ill*  |t*ople  of  the  Amarican  cnlonl*a. 

Willi  ihrir  govcrnmvnti  it  waa  not  ao.  Tlia 
people  of  ill*  American  colon)**  were  imuigenM; 
■II  gnvarnmenli  abhor  iniurreetiun  ;  they  were  re- 
folled  colonial*.  The  great  m^rilinra  powora  of 
Kiirope  had  cnloniea  uf  Ibeir  own,  to  which  lb« 
tXHiiipIc  of  reaialence  againal  opiireaaion  inifbi  b« 
•oniagiou*.  The  Aiiirriran  coloniet  were  allg- 
Diatixed  in  all  the  official  acta  of  liriliah  gnvem- 
manl  aa  ribela;  and  rebellion  to  the  governing 
part  uf  mankind  i*  aalheain  of  wilchcraft.  The 
goeerninenta  of  Riirop*,  ihercfure,  were,  at  bean, 
on  the  aide  of  the  Rriliah  govnminenl  in  ihia  war, 
m4  tlie  people  of  Kurope  wure  on  the  aide  of  the 
American  people. 

Lafayette,  by  hia  imaitlon.  and  condition  in  life, 
■  •••  •■•  «t  IhoM  who,  gorentd  by  the  ordioary 


Hi»|Witi*a  wlM*!!  Inllw****  «ihI  ••Mi«»«t  ih*  •«mmI«*I 
hI  m»»,  w*mM  Imv*  *Metl  M  MutMWM  wllb  ibe 
Hrtiiah  ef  my*!  ••••«•. 

I.aiatall*  waa  kwrn*  a««b^**l  mt  lb*  meat  aiMn 
liii*  and  mn««  aplfiullit  nwtiaraby  nf  I'.Hrnp*,  «mI 
In  lb*  bi|b*al  lanli  nf  b*r  ptniid  aiHl  *bi>alr»H* 
nnhilily  M*  batl  l»*»M  ■•lH**«*d  *l  a  *mII*i*  »f 
tba  l'nlv*raM]r  •(  l*«fl*,  lb«iMled  by  lb*  ntyal  mw. 
mA**h«*  af  iHMtta  lb*  ^'«Mrl**Mb,  nmf  bMmlnM 
••r,  t'anlliMil  Kl*b*ll*a.  I.*n  an  ntplMM  In  *«ily 
vblMlMod,  wllb  III*  lnb*fllan**  ml  a  ptlweaty  tnt 
iHna,  h*  bad  b**M  iiMr>l*tl,*l  alai**n  year*  nf  ag*. 
•o  a  il*U|bl>r  nl  lb*  bona*  nf  Nnaill**,  lb*  niiwl 
•lMlRgm*b*il  family  nl  Ib*  bingdnm,  Mrarrely 
d**me«l  In  ptiblle  tonaldafeilan  Infarlor  in  ibai 
whkh  ware  lb*  rrawn.  ||*  eam*  Min  **il«*  lir*, 
ai  ih*  (bang*  Ittim  b<iy  In  man,  »  bHabnnii  ami  a 
lalb*r,  la  lb*  full  enjnymanl  of  *«*ry  iking  ibal 
***rl«*  rnalil  «ov*l,  with  a  «*naln  prwamrl  B*fnr« 
htm  of  ill  ihal  amblllnn  «iiitM«ra«*.  Ilappy  I*  hi* 
dnmaaiM  aKhailona,  IneapabI*  tnm  lb*  Mnlgnlly 
nf  hia  iialiir*,  nf*ii«*,  haired,  or  r*<*ng*,  a  III* 
of  •■  Igiiohl*  *•*•  aiul  ImManl  raiM**"  **em*il  lo 
be  ibal  arhlrb  naliiraand  fartun*  had  *nmbln*d  In 
pi*|Mr*  livliii*  lilm.  Tn  m*n  of  nrdlnaiy  iiioiiid 
ihl*  romlilliin  would  bar*  |*d  lo  allfaof  luaurloii* 
apathy  ami  avnaual  Indiilganee,  Murb  waa  lb* 
III*  Into  wblab,  from  ih*  oiwrallon  of  Ih*  earn* 
rsua**,  l<iMil*  Ih*  l'lft**nin  ha<l  aiinli,  wlih  hit 
hniiaahnid  iml  ronri,  whil*  LaAiyall*  waa  riaing 
III  nianhiHHl,  anrroiin<i*d  by  lb*  contamination  nf 
Ibali  r  lamiil*.  Had  bla  mihirat  *ndowMi*nta  b**n 
*i>*n  uf  lb*  higbvr  and  nnhl*r  order  of  anrb  aa  ad- 
h*r*  tu  vIrlH*,  ***n  In  lb*  lap  of  iiniapwrlly,  ami 
in  ill*  boaotn  uf  leinntailon,  n*  mluhi  hn«*  lived 
ami  dlvd  a  |Mll»rn  of  1^  nohdit*  of  h  r  Hire,  In  It* 
rlaaaad.  In  alkartlnma,  with  Ih*  I'lirann**  and  ill* 
.Monlaiiaifra  of  lb*  ag*  uf  l.oula  lb*  ^'ourl*enlh, 
or  wilhth*  Vlllara  or  lh»  himolgmina  of  ill*  eg* 
iniinrdialely  pr*''*ding  bla  own. 

Il'it  aa,  in  lb*  nrniHiiifiil  of  h*a**n  that  ndia 
ittrr  iiur  li**da,  ihrn  la,  among  ih*  etara  of  lb* 
Ural  iiiagnlliidr,  uue  ao  |ire'*iMlnent  In  aplendour, 
iia,  in  the  opinion  nf  aalronomera.  In  eMMtlliile  a 
riaaa  by  ilaidf !  ao,  in  the  fourt**n  liundrad  year* 
nl  the  Kreiicb  monarchy,  aiming  ih*  miilltliiiUa  nf 
great  and  iiiighiy  men  whirh  It  ha*  **ul*ed,  th* 
nam*  of  Lal'ayalle  alaiida  unrivalled  In  tha  willtude 
of  glory. 

fu  entering  upon  the  thrvahobl  of  lif*,  ■  p»r*er 
waa  lo  n|ien  before  him.  II*  had  lb*  opiinn  of 
the  court  and  lb*  camp,  An  office  waa  tendered 
lo  him  In  llie  liuuacholil  of  the  king'a  brother,  ih* 
count  de  I'rovence,  aince  aucceaaively  ■  royal  eaile 
and  ■  reinalaled  king.  The  aervltud*  and  inaclion 
of  ■  court  had  iiu  charm*  for  him  ;  he  iir*l*rred  a 
rommlaainii  in  the  ■riiiy,  and,  at  the  lime  "I'  the 
declaration  of  lnde|iendniice,  waa  a  eaptain  nf  dra- 
gonna  ill  gatrtaon  at  .Mela. 

There,  at  an  entertainment  given  by  hi*  rehilive, 
ibc  Murechal  de  Droglie,  the  cuiiimandani  "f  the 

Iilace,  tu  ihaduke  of  (iluuceairr,  brother  l<>  the 
Iritiali  king,  and  then  a  Irunaieni  traveller  thmiigb 
lliul  (Nirt  of  Krance,  he  learna,  na  an  incident  of 
InlplligPiive  received  thai  liinrnihg  by  Ihn  Kngllali 
lirlnie  Irnm  London,  Ibiit  the  rnnxreaa  nf  rrbela, 
ul  l'hiliid«l|ihia,  had  iaaiird  a  dpchirallnii  nf  iiide- 
|>en>li'iii'*.  A  cniiveraulinn  enaiiea  ii|Min  the  caiiaea 
which  have  contributed  to  produce  ihia  event,  and 
upon  the  cniiaenuencea  which  may  be  eape'cted  lo 
How  from  il.  The  imaginatinn  of  Lafayette  haa 
caught  acroB*  the  Atlantic  tide  the  airark  emitted 
from  the  declirallon  of  independence  ;  hia  heart 
haa  kindled  at  the  ahock,  and  before  he  alumben 
upon  hia  pllluw,  he  haa  reaolved  tu  devote  hia  lile 
•nd  forlune  to  the  cauae. 

'You  have  before  you  the  cauae  and  the  man.— 
The  aelf-devotion  nf  Ijafayetta  waa  twofold.  Kiral, 
Iu  the  people,  maint:iining  a  bold  ■nd  teeniingty 
deaperale  alrugglc  againal  oppreaiion,  and  for  na- 
tional exialence.  Secondly,  and  chiefljr,  to  the 
principle*  of  llipirdeelaraliuii,  whirh ihrn  Aral  un- 
furled before  liiaeyea  the  conaernitvd  alaiidard  uf 
hiinian  righla.  So  llinl  at»nilard,  wilhuiil  an  in- ; 
alant  uf  heaiiation,  he  repaired.  Where  it  wuuld, 
lead  hinii  il  ia  Marccly  probabU  thai  ha  blouaU'i 


•IWK  •ifnou,  Il  wa*  ibeii  l4*Ml**l  wMk  ih«  aiar* 
ami  a«rM*«  ml  ib*  AiM*tl*«n  •'•nam,  lliMimg  in  iIm 
bfOMM  hf>m  ih*  boll  »f  in>l*r*iMl****,  •«  l'biliui»«> 
phM  Nnr  aitntiil  a>««lr*.  n-ir  inlfur  amtMimu, 
<tti«M  imiM  hw  Umla)*tia  In  lb*  (Hi'bwriy  leailiaf 
In  ibAl  k4nn*f  Tn  lb*  kiv*  nl  *.ian  nr  |>l«»auia 
nnlbiiig  rnnM  b*  itMir*  >*|nil*iv«  Mnmeihing  may 
l>*  allnareil  In  lb*  baiilmga  nl  lb*  vixilhliil  hfcaal, 
•  b»«b  make  amiMi Inn  virin*,  ami  anmeilunit  iniba 
aplrll  nf  mllliary  •dvaniiir*.  imbilied  Irnm  hi*  )••»' 
teaamn,  ami  of  wbleb  b*  l*h  In  mmimm  wiib  niaity 
mbar*.  t'tmmma,  lUrmany,  I'niami,  riiriiiah*d  lo 
lb*  aiml**  of  ibM  anlow.  In  hhi  r*«nliillnnarv  airug- 
|l*  mi  InennataUrabI*  numbar  of  iiffi<  era  nl  high 
rank  ami  dl*llngHl*h*dm*rll.  Tbanamvnl  ISila*. 
kl  and  il*  halb  ar*  mtmhared  aiming  Ib*  HMflyr* 
nf  mil  lk**ilwm.  and  lh*lr  Mb**  r*|Hi**  in  nura4ii| 
abl*  bv  aid*  wHh  Ih*  ramNil«*d  bowa*  nd  Wan** 
and  nl  Mnnlgotnaiy.  To  ih*  vlrlu**  of  Laliyeiw, 
a  mwra  p<n<ra*l«d**(**raml  baptil*r*anbly  d*«ll> 
nl»*  w*r*  r***r«*d.  To  lb*  imiral  p'inrlpl*  of  p»> 
lllle*l  aalloN,  iha  *««rlllr**  nf  no  nlliar  mnn  w*M 
eum|iorabl*  In  hM.  Vnulb.  beahh.  fiiflun*  i  lb*  lb- 
vniir  of  hi*  king  i  lb*  •nioymeni  of  eaa*  and  |d**> 
aiir*  I  avcn  lb*  rbolr*a<  bleaalnganf  dnmeall*  fell, 
rliy  I  he  |*v*  their  ill  for  loll  ami  danger  In  a  die 
lani  laml.  ami  an  almoal  IhiiwI***  rana*  ^  but  H  waa 
lit*  raua*  of  liialle*.  ami  nf  III*  rigbia  nf  human  klml. 

Th*  r*aolv*  I*  Armly  rti*d.  ami  it  miw  r*iiiaiiia 
Iu  b*  rarrlrd  Into  *t*rnll-in.  (bi  lb*  7lh  of  II*. 
remlier.  17711.  Mlla*  |>*aii*.  then  a  a*rr*l  ■g*nl  itf 
III*  Ametlriin  Cnngreaaal  I'aria,  allpiilale*  with 
lb*  Mari|UI*de  l.alayell*  that  b*  aball  r»r*lv*  ■ 
riimmiaaion.  lo  dale  Irom  Ibal  day,  nf  miijnr  gena- 
ral  In  the  aimy  of  the  I'mi*)!  Nialeai  and  iha 
.MariiulaalliMilaiea,  In  relnrn,  ti<  il*|Nirl  wheifaad 
how  Mr.  Ileane  aball  judge  pin|i*r.  In  a«rv*  th* 
Tnlled  Hialaa  with  all  |NHMlbl*  «•■  •!,  wlilmut  imy  at 
*molum*nl,  rea*rvlng  in  bliiiaell  niily  the  lilieriy 
of  returning  to  Kuru|ie  If  hi*  lUniily  or  hia  klag 
ahoiibl  rei'all  him. 

Neither  bla  family  nor  bla  king  were  wlllln| 
that  he  aboirld  d*|wrl  i  nor  hinl  Mr.  Ileaiie  iha 
(Niwer,  either  to  conrliide  ihia  I'linlrarl.  itr  lo  hir 
niah  lb*  liieana  of  hia  lonvryiinre  In  Anivrlea 
Diffiriilliea  lia*  upbrfnre  him  iiiilv  In  be  i^a|)efa 
I'd,  niid  obaiarlea  tbliken  only  lo  li*  aiirninunted. 
The  day  after  the  algnuliire  nf  ihi'  rnnlruel,  Mr, 
Deaiie'a  aiiPiiry  la  aii|H'r<<rd*d  h^  the  arrival  of 
Ilortnr  lit'iilaimn  Kruuklinaiid  Arlhor  l,en  a*  hia 
rnlleugiie*  In  rnmmiaalnni  nnr  did  I  bey  thlnh 
iheiiiaelvea  aullioriapil  lo  ronbriii  hia  engagement*, 
Lnl'ayelte  la  not  In  liedlarniiraged.  Th*  'ommi*> 
aionrr*  eateniiale  nothing  ufllie  un|<rntiil>  ng  rni»- 
diliun  uf  their  cauae.  Mr.  Ileaiieiivowa  I  la  inahi* 
lily  lo  I'uriiiah  him  with  a  (Maauge  lo  tlia  I'iiIimI 
Stale*.  "The  more  dea|ierul*  lli*  raure,"  lajri 
Lafayette,  "iha  greiilrr  need  hua  il  of  iiy  a*r> 
vice*;  and  If  ,\fr.  Deane  haa  no  veaari  for  my 
lawaage,  I  aball  purrliaae  one  myaelf,  niiil  will  in- 
vera*  the  urcan  with  n  aeleried  minitany  uf  my 
uwn." 

Ulher  impedimenta  arlae.  Ilia  dei..,<n  bernme* 
kiinwn  In  the  liriliah  nndniaaadnr  nl  lb*  rniiit  of 
Vrrauillra,  whn  remnnalriiira  lo  ihe  French  go 
verniiieiil  aiiniiiai  il.  Al  hia  inalunie,  onlera  iirr 
iaaued  for  lb*  d*l*nlion  uf  llieveaael  purrlinat'il  by 
Ihe  .Marijuia,  and  lilted  out  al  llniil*;iiia.  hiiiI  fur 
the  arreatof  hia  |ieraon.  To  elude  the  Aral  ol'lheae 
ordera  the  veaael  ia  remnved  I'liini  Hnrdeaiu  lo 
Ihe  neighliuuring  |Mirt  uf  piiaange,  wiihin  the  do 
minion  of  S|min.  The  order  for  liia  nrreal  la 
eieculad ;  but,  by  atriilngem  iinil  diaguisi ,  he 
eacapaa  from  the  cuatudy  of  ibnae  ivho  hiivirhini 
In  charge,  and  before  u  aecund  order  rati  reiieb 
him  he  ia  aal'e  on  the  ot'ean  wave,  buuiul  tu  the 
land  of  iiidenendence  and  of  freedom. 

Il  has  been  neceaaary  to  clear  out  ihetraael  lot 
■u  iaiand  for  the  Weal  Indie* ;  but,  once  at  aen  he 
avjila  himaalf  of  hi*  right  a*  owner  of  the  ahip,  and 
eumpcia  hi*  eainain  In  ateer  for  llieahrreaof  eman- 
cipated .North  America.  He  liiiida  wl>b  hia  rum 
paniona,  on  ihe  '^.'ith  of  April,  1777,  in  .'<outh  C'a 
rnlina.  nut  far  I'ruiii  fMiarlealoii.  and  And*  a  mmt 
curdial  rece|iiion  and  huapilable  wekuma  iu  tba 
bouaa  of  Migor  Uugar. 


4  VMll  llM  m»r% 
,  IIW««H»f  tn  Itia 
*•,  •!  l'Kt|it>l»l< 

«l«iir  itmliiiHiw, 

iiiiiihinl  knmi, 
iiNciliiiiK  iHiha 
il  (mm  liM  licit' 

<l,  riiiiiiabMl  •■• 
liilliin>ir«  •)>u>- 
iWi  *r>  i>(  liiiin 
iMinaiil  I'liliM. 
n|  th»  HMtljrn 
|HM»  In  »Mr  MrtI 
HMM  »f  W«ri(M 
>•  •#  |<«riy»ll*, 
•rMnhtjr  iImi^ 

i)h*f  man  w*w 
riirlitn*  I  llwlh- 
r  VMM  (ml  |ila»> 
f  iliimmll*  f»||> 
linngiir  tn  ■  ill* 
inM  I  liNI  H  «M 
•ifhnnmnklmi. 
ti  now  rviniiliM 
III*  7i)i  III  !)■. 
•»<-riii«l«nlii/ 
•ll|Miliim  wHli 
•IihII  r»r»t««  ■ 
III  niiijiir  MKM- 
liHira  t  uni)  th» 
>\mti  whviirMid 
<r.  Ill  MPnr*  ih« 
wMliiiiil  iwy  ai 
Illy  I  lie  lilwr'l 
il;  ur  hli  lilag 

I  wrrf*  »lllln| 

^r.    Driinii  IM 

Imrl,  ur  to  l'iir> 

•>  tn  Anwtl*!! 

til  lifi  i(|iip<in 

I*  ■iirniiiiintad. 

I'liniruri,  Mr. 

tlii>  nrrlcni  of 

liir  l,rn  M  hll 

I   thry    think 

rni{iiKi<nu>iili, 

'I'liii '  iiinnil*- 

rniiiU  ti(  ran* 

iiwa  I  U  IMMhl- 

(II  tlia  IWiltml 

mu'*."  ujti 

It  III'  iiy  wr* 

crwri   liir  (ny 

r,  iiiMt  will  tn- 

■"iiany  ur  m/ 

k.^n  brriiiMt 

till*  I'liiirt  of 

Krpiicli  go 

r,  iirilrra  iirr 

piirrliiiai'iltiy 

r.iiix,  mill  lor 

I'  llml  iirilinm 

Hiirilrniiii  (n 

•Idiin  thi>  iln 

liU  nrmt  m 

illa)(iilsi,    hn 

lio  liiivirlimi 

I'r  I'Hii   rrneb 

kiiuiid  tu  tlie 

thntriuiol  loi 
inm  at  ma  he 
ihr  ■hip,  iml 
irrrmifrniiii- 
ri'li  hi*  rom 
in  Fiouth  Ca 
Anil*  a  mml 
Ivum*  to  lb* 


ViMi  4mmI  ot  liH*  tilntMiiniM  »tf»4kt!aZ 
M  ¥4  MMl4«n«a,  ••miMiiMif  ohIi  tha  Mm^laliji  mt 
MiMfl«*l  trnlh  all  ih*  Iniaraal  nf  rnicMiK'K,  la  no 
••U  llNiiaiH,  «N)I  «i  UniilUf  III  ika  iiinniiiix  nf  oH 
•hii  haar  m;  ih«i  I  |ia*a  iham  w>ar  »iii»Mil  tiM 
itiar  iiuiM*. 

I' rum  I  haitaadin  ha  pfncaailail  I ,  l*hlla<l*l|ilii.j, 
•hara  (ha  I  uiigr**a  iil  (ha  ra«iilu(l<in  vara  In  wa 
lUm,  ami  aliara  ha  iiltkrail  hia  aaitiraa  In  iMl 
tiiuaa       Mara,  again,  ha  »««  mai  allh  il|(l>«aliia«. 

•  hli  h.  III  man  II? iiriliiiar«  niliMla,  aiiulil  lii  "Span 
InauriiMiiiiiiittila.  Mr.  Ilvana'a  riiH(riir(«  »< ,. 
inniariMia,  ami  tnr  iilAi'aa  iil  rank  «•  high,  iImi  iI 
•*<  ini|maa«lila  (liay  ■himbl  lia  raltlWii  kf  iha  t  im- 
|taaa.  Ila  hail  altimlalail  Ini  (ha  aiiimlnlmanl 
af  ulhar  Majn*  llanaralai  ami,  in  tha  aaina  »»»■ 
Iran  with  (hat  u(  Laluyalia,  fur  alatan  nihai 
•Mrara,  IVnni  (ha  rink  nl  a  <  'ulunal  lii  ihal  iif  l.lau- 
lanant.     'I'n  InlriHlura   ihaaa  iiWraia,  atrangara, 

.•rarraljr  una  iif  wham  rnuM  »fi»»k  tha  hmgiiaga 
•fill*  cuuntry,  Intu  tha  Aniaikan  army,  tn  taCa 
nnk    ami    prarailanra  nrar    tha   n«tl«a   rllwana 

•  liitaa  arilant  iiairlnllani  hail  |Milnlail  (ham  tn  tha 
Man'lvd  u(  tnair  rniinlry.  runlil  mil,  wlihnut 
gltil  !rj''«<l«a,  nnr  •Ithniil  atrltliig  tha  hmmI 
mal  (tlaaana.,  na,  hara  liaamlnna  i  ami  (hia  anawar 
«aa  naraaaarlly  gloan  *a  wall  tn  LafayaltB  *a 
In  tha  uthar  iilttiar*  whn  hail  arrnin|Htnlail  him 
IVnin  Kuriitia.     Ilia  ra|tly  waa  an  iilCar  tn  aarva  aa 

•  »iiluiit>ar,  ami  wlihniit  |Niy.  Magnanimity,  ihua 
diainlaraaiail,  eniilil  nut  ba  raalatail,  nnr  tuuhl  tha 
•aiiaa  uf  it  ha  wnrthily  manifaataii  kl  ■  mara 
■rrr|Ha(ira  iiC  (ha  uffar.  On  tha  3Ul  of  July, 
1777.  iharaliira,  (ha  riilliiwing  raanlalinn  anrf  |Mt- 
Kiiihia  ar*  rariirilail  ii|Nin  ilia  iniirnulanf  rongrtaa  i 

'■  Wharaaa,  (ha  Mar)|illaila  Liifiiyaita,  nut  nfhta 

fraat  aaiil  In  (ha  ruiiiia  iif  III  riy,  in  which  (ha 
)nllail  NdKaa  ara  angagail,  hiia  laft  hia  hmlly 
■nil  cnnnatluna,  ami,  at  hia  nwn  at|wna«,  cnnia 
o«ar  tu  nltar  hia  aarvira  In  tha  Unltail  Htalaa, 
wllhiiul  |i»nalun  ur  imitlrnlur  ullnwanca,  ami  la 
uniiuiia  tn  riali  hia  Ilia  In  niir  niuMi 

••  Kaaolfail.  Th-it  hia  aarvlra*  lia  »cca|ria4l,  anil 
ihM.  In  riilialilariKiiiii  iirilla  aawl,  llliialrluiia  family, 
bmI  connaiiuna.  Iii<  hava  tha  riiiili  ami  t'ummla- 
•Inn  nl  Mi^iir  (iaiiaral  In  tha  uiiiiy  ul'  tha  L'nitail 
•lataa." 

Ila  hnil  lb«  lankandrnminlaaliin,  hut  no  riini- 
■anil  aa  a  Majur  (laiiaral.  With  lliia,  all  in-r- 
■anal  nnibitinn  waa  grutlAadi  hihI  whatavar  aar- 
viraa  ha  might  |M>rfiirm,  ha  f  uiiM  iiKain  nii  highar 
rank  In  (ba  Adiarlrun  army.  ThnliariiniriKa  nl' 
ollteara  alrratljr  In  tha  aarvUr.  at  liriiig  aiiiwraril- 
ad  in  cuminand  by  a  atriiiling  rnraignar,  wara  dla- 
armad  ;  nnr  wa«  tha  |irudrnra  ul'Cnngraaa,  |H>r- 
hapa,  wilhnilt  Ita  liiltuatira  in  wlthhnlillng  a  rnni- 
manii.  which,  but  for  ujiidginanl  (iramadir*  "ba- 
yiind  Iha  alnw  udvanrr  nfyrar*,"  might  h:i*a  haa- 
aniad  annirlliing  of  Iha  anorail  cauaa  llialf,  by 
Conn<laii<'a  toil  liaatily  baatowpil. 

The  d»y  iiRrr  ilia  diita  uf  lii*  eoininiaalnn,  ha 
waa  InlriMiiirad  tn  Waihingtnn  ruinmHmlar-in- 
chiaf  uf  tha  arnilaa  of  tha  rnnfadrratlon.  It  waa 
iha  rrltical  {larlnd  of  Iha  cumpalicn  nf  1777.  Tha 
Hrltiali  army  commiiiidrd  by  lord  lluwa,  waa  ad- 
vancing fruin  Ihr  hriid  of  I'llk,  tu  which  Ihry  had 
barn  lranaiMir(pd  by  ai-a  fro(n  New  York,  ii|Nin 
Phll»dp||i*ii».  Wiialiiiiglon  by  a  cnun(erHr(lng 
mnvaiiieiil  had  bi'm  H|iproiich(ng  from  hli  Una  of 
(lafrnrc,  in  Inn  Jamrvi,  toward  the  city,  and 
anived  there  on  the  lat  nf  Angital.  Il  waa  a 
inaeting  of  rnnganlat  aniila.  At  the  cloae  of  it. 
Waahlnglon  gave  the  yniithful  atranger  an  invita- 
tion to  make  tha  hend-qiiartrra  uf  tha  riimmnmlar- 
In-chlcf  hia  home  :  thnt  ha  ahoiilil  aatiililiah  him- 
Mdf  thereat  hia  own  lime,  and  runaidvr  liimarlf  nl 
til  llmea  one  of  hia  family.  It  waa  niitiinil  thai. 
,0  giving  thia  invitation,  he  aliuiild  remark  the 
(ontiaat  of  (he  ailuatlon  In  which  II  wimld  ,<lnrp 
ttlm,  wilh  that  of  eaae,  and  comfort,  and  liuu- 
nona  enjoyment,  which  he  had  left,  at  the  aplen' 
Old  court  uf  Loula  ihe  Sixteenth,  and  of  hi*  benii- 
llfUl  and  aecompllahed,  but  ill-fated  i|nean.  thru  at 
Iha  very  tummlt  of  all  which  rnn«ti(ulri«  (he  mm- 
Bum  eatimita  of  felicity.  How  deep  and  tiilemn  waa 
litto  contraat !    No  natlva  Atnaricun  hud  uiider- 


PiliTlD  ■T%T11 

I  ilia  Iftal  nf  Iha  aama  >arnailva.     Na 


iham,  aaia  l.aTayaiia,  hatl  lifniiahl   iha   fmm  (ft 
knia,  ul  hia  IMi,  tila  riirinna,  awl  hia   hiiminr,  (w  a 
..4uaa  nf  a  aiinntrv  Itiiaign  (n    hM   nwn      '!'»   I.) 
(.1  jada  Iha  anil  nf  fraailnm  waa  hi*  r.inntry       Ilia 
IKMrt  K'' Wnnwi  waa  tha  |inal  »l  .Ungar.      Ilia  Ara 
»i4»  «•!  life*  HaM  nf  balila.      Ma  araa|Mad  wnh  |nv 
tba  invMaimM  ul'  Wk^     «((•*,  ami  ia|ial*ad  fnith 
•tr)i  la    Iha  f.i.«i(i        I'lia    band   n(f  Imllaanliibia 
ftiaikltkip;  iha   f'i»iu|^»i|'  af  harnaa,  waa  aaalad 
iVum  ib«  DHf  hN>«>r  ..(Ibfia^'miaaoan,  In  bial  Ihrnngh- 
ml  i|i»ir  liTM,  a«4  ««  Uv«  In  th*  inanwiry  nf  aian 
'    ."J  Cwr  avar. 

Il  aja,  paihapa,  at  ih*  *(|f  j««iko»  n(  (ha  Ama- 
ricait  rn'tniniaaiunar*  in  Franca,  lK4l  Oila  iBvllalioa 
waa  gW^fl  b^  Waahlngtnn.  la  a  hittar  Irr^fn  fbam, 
nf  tha  ^hiir  M'y,  1777,  la  iha  rnmmiiia«  af 
fnraign  altalra,  ilira  onnnnnra  ihal  iha  Mar<|Mia 
had  ila|Nirlad  for  ilia  t'liKrd  !<lalaa  In  a  ahlfi  nf 
hia  nwn,  aranm|ianlad  by  aoinr  iltlicm  nf  iltallnr 
llaa.  In  nrilar  tn  aarva  In  nurarmla*.  'f^h)  uliaarva 
thai  ha  ia  atraadlngly  kalnved,  ami  ihal  avary 
btnly'a  gnml  wlaliaa  aiiand  him.  Thay  raiinnl 
kill  hn|Mi  ihal  ha  wdl  inaal  wilh  aiirh  a  raaapllun 
aawlll  inaka  iha  rnuntry  and  hia  aaiwdlltnn  agraa. 
able  In  hiin.  Thay  diilhar  any  that  Ihnaa  whn 
rananra  II  aa  lm|trudaiit  In  him,  dn  iiavaithalaaa 
amil  Hid  hia  a|arll  i  and  thay  ara  aatlallad  Ihal  ri- 
vllillaa  and  raa|iari  ah»*>n  In  hiin  will  ba  aarvlea> 
abl*  In  nnrranae  In  Kranca,  aa  plaaaing  nnf  nnty 
In  hia  |Mi»atlul  ralalliina  and  In  tha  riinri,  but  In 
tha  whnia  Kranrh  nation.  Thay  Anally  aild,  that 
ha  hwl  left  a  haaiiUfiil  yniiiig  wifa,  ami  for  har  aiika, 
partiralarlv,  thay  hii|M>il  thai  liia  bravary  ami  anlant 
daaira  tn  iflailngiilah  lilinaalf  wiiiibl  lia  a  lillta  ra- 
a(ralnad  by  (ha  gaiiarara  [  Waahlnglnn'a]  priiilrnra 
an  aa  not  In  |iarinli  hia  haing  hiianrdad  murh.  hut 
iipnn  anme  im|Hirlanl  ncraainn. 

Tha  head  ipiartara  nf  Waahlnglnn.  aarving  aa 
a  vnliintaar,  wilh  Iha  rank  and  enmmlaainn  nf  a 
.Ma}nr  llanaral  withniil  rnmmand,  waa  nrarlaaly 
tha  atatinn  ada|riad  tu  (ha  davaliinmanl  nf  hia  rha- 
racier,  tu  hi*  nwn  hnliiiiir,  and  •liiil  nf  tha  army, 
ami  to  the  priidant  tnanugamant  of  the  rimniry'a 
raiiaa.  To  him  II  waa  at  nnra  •  aavara  achnni  nf 
aaparianea,  and  a  rignrniia  laal  nf  merit,  lint  II 
waa  nut  tha  place  In  raatrain  him  Onm  aapnaiira 
In  danger,  Tha  time  at  which  ha  jnlnad  tha  camp 
waa  una  uf  pra-aminani  |ieril.  Tha  Rrillah  invarii- 
mant,  and  tha  cummander  in  chief  nf  ihe  Krlliali 
fnrrea,  had  imagined  thai  Iha  nuaaaaainn  nl  I'hi- 
l:nl*l|ilila,  eiimbliiad  wilh  that  nfihe  Una  ahing  tha 
llndaun  river,  fi'uin  the  Canadian  frontier  In  the 
riiy  nf  New  Ynrh,  wniild  ha  fatal  tu  iha  American 
ranaa.  Hy  the  rapture  nf  llurgoyne  and  hia  army, 
that  |Kinlon  nf  Ihe  project  auatalned  ■  total  dtfeat. 
The  llnal  laaiin  of  Ine  war  waa  Indeed  laalid  wilh 
Iha  capitulation  uf  the  17ih  ofOetobar.  1T77.  at 
.tnratngn  i  araled.  nut  wilh  Iha  aiibJii|allon.  but 
with  the  liide|icndance  uf  tha  North  American 
union. 

In  the  aoHlhern  campaign  tha  llrlliah  mm- 
maiider  waa  mora  aucraaaful.  The  fall  nf  Philn- 
ilelphia  waa  the  reault  of  the  balila  uf  Itrandy- 
wine,  on  the  lllh  of  HpMemlier.  Thia  waa  the 
Aral  action  In  which  Lalayelle  waa  engaged,  ami 
Ihe  Aral  jeaaon  nf  hia  (iracdcal  mill(ary  achool 
waa  a  leaaon  uf  miafortiine.  In  the  attempt  In 
rally  the  Ainrrlcan  troopa  in  their  rrlreal,  he  re- 
ceived a  muaket  hall  in  Ihe  leg.  He  waa  acarcely 
cnnacioiia  of  the  wound  till  made  aenaible  nf  it  by 
tha  loaa  of  blood,  and  even  then  ceaaed  no!  hia 
eaertlona  In  the  fleld  till  he  had  aecured  and  cov- 
ereil  the  retreat. 

Thiaraaualty  conAned  him  for  anme  time  to  hia 
lied  at  Philadelphia,  and  afterwanla  detained  him 
anme  daya  at  llelhlrhrni ;  hut  within  aia  werka  he 
ri-jiiliipil  the  liend-(|uanera  of  Waahlnglon,  near 
Whiteinarali,  lie  anon  became  ,  xinua  to  obtain 
a  command  equal  In  hia  rank,  ar.il,  in  tha  abort 
apace  of  time  Ihal  he  had  been  with  Ihe  coiriian- 
iler-ln-cliirf,  had  ao  thoroughly  obtained  hia  conA- 
drnre  na  to  arriire  an  eiirneai  aollcitalion  from  him 
tu  ( 'nncrraa  in  hia  THvoiir.  In  a  letter  to  C'ongreaa, 
of  (he  l«t  of  Nnvember,  1777,  he  aaya ;  "The 
Mnri|ui«  de  Lafayolta  la  astramaly  loUciioiM  of 


bavtng  a  amwimMwi  a«|ital  la  lUa  raab  I  do  Ml 
knnw  In  whnl  light  I'aHgraaa  wll  flaw  tba  malMf 
bnl  II  appear*  In  hh>.  rmm  *  annatalarallna  nf  bit 
lllnalrltiua  ttnil  inip>irunt  rtinnatkina,  Iha  allaab. 
mant  whlvk  ba  haa  nMnllaalail  tur  wi«>  aniiaa,  aa4 
(ba  annaanuanaaa  wlilt  h  hia  latum  In  iltaanai  mii^bi 
Brndnaa,  ibal  M  will  ba  advMabla  In  gtatlty  him  im 
Itia  wtahaai  *a<l  iN*  mnra  an.  aa  aaaaral  ganilamaa 
IVnm  I'lanaa,  whn  aama  nvar  wndar  atima  iMaHr< 
anaaa,  ha«a  $»»»  bark  ilMappniniad  In  ihalr  aapaa 
lall<iiia.  Ilia  rninlnal  Willi  raafiarl  In  ibamalamto 
In  a  tatiinrabla  |Niinl  nf  view  i  hating  lalaiaal< 
ad  bimaall  in  rannita  ibair  unaaainaaa,  and  ar(a4 
iba  lmpm|iflaiy  uf  ihalr  making  any  aalbvaw* 
abia  ra|ifaaanlallnaa  tt|mn  ibair  arrival  bama  | 
and  In  all  bla  lallara  ha  haa  idaaad  war  allflNM 
in  Iba  baal  ailnatlun  h*  pimiM  Baaldaa,  ba  li 
avnohla,  illariaai  in  bla  mann»«a  i  baa  aiada 
graal  ptufli'lanry  In  our  language  >  ai»i  I'rtuu  llw 
dlapualllun  h*  ttW  ii>*r«d  at  iba  baitic  of  P'-ttidf 
wine,  (Hiaaaaaaa  a  large  aliaia  uf  bravary  ami  m\Vt- 
lary  ardimr." 

I'arhap*  nna  nf  tlia   higbaal   anrnmlMma  avat 

Iirnnuunrad  uf  a  man  in  public  Ufa,  la  ihai  of  • 
ilalnrMn  aminani  fur  bla  firnlnund  arqualntanaa 
with  mankind,  wlm.  In  |mliiiing  a  graal  charaetaf 
by  a  aingia  lina,  aaya  that  ha  waa  Jiiai  r<|M'i|  •«  all 
iha  dulla*  nf  iha  lilgliaal  nfflcva  which  h«.  aliainad, 
ami  navar  ahnve  iham.  Tbara  ara  In  uiitia  man 
ijiialilla*  whirb  daaale  and  runaunia  tn  lliila  nr  n* 
valuable  pur|maa,  Thay  aaldimi  balnng  to  tha 
great  lianafaclnra  nf  manklml.  Thay  ware  not  tha 
ii'ialKIra  uf  Waahlngdin.  ur  uf  l.a('ay*((a.  I'ba 
(aatlmunlal  iilTarad  by  the  Ainmran  rummamjff 
tu  hia  yuung  IVIamI,  aOa  a  )iiiili"-lr!'ii  nf  sevaral 
muniha,  and  alter  the  aavara  laal  nl  ihr  «lMif*<l»ua 
day  nf  llriimlywine,  waa  |ir*rlarly  ailu|ilrd  in  Iha 
man  In  whuaa  favnur  it  wiia  glvan,  niid  tn  the  ob- 
ject whirh  II  waa  in  arrnnipllah.  What  aarnaal. 
neaa  uf  purpnaa !  what  aimrrlty  of  ennvlctlnnl 
what  energflir  almptlrltv  uf  eaprraainn  f  what 
ihiimugh  dellnratiun  uf  r  liiiriirler  !  The  nierlla  ol 
Lafayeile,  tn  ilia  rye  uf  Wiialiiiigian,  ara  (he  raa- 
diiur  and  griieruaily  uf  hia  iliaiHiailluni  (lie  inda- 
fadrable  lnilua(ry  uf  appllriidiin,  whIrh  In  tha 
riiurae  nf  a  frw  muniha,  haa  ulrenily  given  htm 
the  niaatary  nf  a  fureign  langiingri  guud  aenat, 
diarreiiun  nf  mannera,  an  iillribiite  nut  unlv  as> 
iiaiial  in  early  year*,  but  diiiibly  riiie  In  alliiinM 
with  thill  rnihuaiam  au  algnally  marked  by  hia 
aalfdeviitlun  tn  ihe  Amrrlr:in  railae  i  and,  la 
rruwn  all  the  real,  the  bravery  »nd  mlliiiiry  aruaa, 
au  brilliantly  manilratril  at  the  llramly  wine  Hart 
la  no  ramluin  prjlae  t  mi  iinmraning  imnagyria 
Thia  rluater  uf  nualitloa,  all  phiin  and  almple,  but 
ao  ai-ldum  foumi  in  uniun  tngrlher,  ao  genarai^y 
incompatible  wilh  one  another,  theae  are  ihe  pra> 
pertlea  eminanlly  Irualworlhy,  In  the  judgment  ol 
Waahlnglon  t  and  theae  »rr  the  profirrtlpa  whicli 
hia  diaeernmeni  haa  found  in  I.jifayrite,  and  whlell 
urge  him  (hua  earneady  to  adviae  the  grutiAcalioa 
of  hia  wiali  by  the  aaaigiimeni  of  a  command  equal 
tn  ''.•  rank  which  had  been  granted  to  hia  aaal 
and  hia  lllualrinua  name. 

The  rrrommendaliun  uf  Waahlnglon  had  Ita 
Immedhile  rlfrct ;  anil  uii  the  Aral  of  December, 
1777.  II  waa  rraolvrd  liy  Ciingreaa,  that  he  aliould 
be  infuriiird  it  wiia  highly  iigreriible  In  (/'ongreaa, 


that  the  Marqiiiade  Lal'ayrllr  ahuuld  ba  appointed 
lo  the  command  of  a  divlaion  In  tha  eonllnantil 
armv. 

lie  received  accordingW  auch  an  appointment , 
ami  a  plan  waa  organised  in  C'ongreaa  for  a  aecond 
invaaion  of  f.'anadn,  at  the  head  of  which  he  waa 
placed.  Thia  pxpedilion,  originally  projected 
without  conaiillulion  with  the  commander-in-chief, 
might  be  connecled  with  Ihe  lempornry  diaantia- 
faction  In  the  community  and  in  f'ungrraa.  at  tha 
ill  aucceia  of  hia  endeavoura  In  defend  PhiladeU 
phla,  which  rival  and  unlVlenilly  pariiaana  wera 
loo  ready  to  com|mre  wllh  the  aplenilid  leimina* 
lion,  by  the  capture 'if  Hurgoyne  and  hl«  army,  of 
the  northern  cninpnign,  iimlrr  the  command  of 
(trneral  (lalra.  To  fiirevluae  all  auaplcion  of  a  par 
licipatioii  in  Iheao  viewa,  Lafayette  proeaadad  to 
tba  aaitof  Congraaa,  and,  accapting  thai 


•Ik 


iiistORY  ot  run 


•hari*  whirh  i(  wm  |in>paM<l  lo  tunign  lu  hitn, 
•blainml  m  hi*  |Mrtlrulur  miiirai  lliitl  hit  nhuiilil 
ba  niiiKiiltiiTil  a*  »n  urtlrnr  ilKtwclicil  I'nini  (lie 
ariiijr  of  Wii<i|iiii||lnii,  iiiiil  In  miiulii  uiiilrr  liln  iir 
ilrm.  Ill)  tlirii  ri'|)iiiri'il  in  |M-ritiin  lo  Alhiiiiy,  lo 
(:iko  roiiiniiiiiil  u(  tliu  lriMi|M  who  wsrr  to  iiMriiihlfi 
HI  lli.it  |ilir«,  hi  orilnr  lo  croM  ihn  hikri  on  thn 
ke,  uiiil  Rtinrk  Momrvul;  but  on  nrrivhiH  hi  AI 
NiiT.  Un  IdiiiiiI  iioiir  of  the  |iroiniwil  |irr|Hiriitloii* 
•n  ff.moii'*" ;    ihov  were  iwyvt  flYrctni.      Con- 

K«Miionir  llnin  iillrr  rrhiii|iiiiihi'il  ihn  ilcKiiin,  Hnil 
e  Miiri|niii  Wiia  nnlneil  lo  rrjiihi  the  iiriiiy  at' 
WMhlimton. 

In  ihr  KurccrilhiK  month  of  Miiy.  hi*  nillitnr^ 
talent  wni  iliii|ilii}ie<l  by  the  iniuilerly  relrmit  el- 
flRted  hi  the  prHnence  of  mi  ovrrwhelniinK  inpe- 
tWirlty  of  the  eiiemy'i  furee  rroiii  (he  |io«iilloii  at 
llarren  Hill. 

iln  WM  loon  nftrr  iDrttinKulihril  nt  the  bnttl<>  of 
Nonninulh  ;  nnil  in  Seiilfinhfr,  1778,  ii  rrtoliition 
f  f  CoiiKrnM  ilecliireil  tiirir  hiRli  Hinae  of  hin  ler- 
ticpn,  not  only  in  the  Held,  but  in  hii  exertlnim  lo 
ronfilime  nnti  h«nl  <liiwenaiaii«  between  the  olll- 
r.cn  nf  the  French  lleet  uniler  the  commiinil  of 
Count  il'KiitninK  niid  Home  of  the  nnll'e  olTlcerRof 
our  Hrmy.  Theie  di*iienllonii  hiiil  arinen  in  the 
Brut  niompnia  of  co-o|iprHtion  in  the  acnticp,  and 
nad  llirciitrned  |>eriiicioim  coiinequnncea. 

In  ihe  month  nf  April,  I77<),  the  combined  wia- 
doni  of  the  Count  dc  Verneniien  »nd  of  Mr.  Tiir- 
■01,  the  Prime  Miniater,  and  Ihe  llnnnriernf  Loiiia 
ine  Sixternth,  hud  broufiht  him  to  the  conchiaion 
that  the  event  the  nioal  drairable  to  Kniiire,  with 
reitiird  to  the  controveray  between  Orent  Dritnin 
and  hrr  Amerirnn  ridoniea,  wna  thiit  the  inaurrev- 
tlnn  ahoiild  hnaiippn-aaed.  Thia  judKmeol,  pvino- 
uiK  oidy  ihe  totiil  tdiapni'e  of  nil  incml  coiiaiili-ni- 
iiona.  in  the  ratimiile,  by  tliean  eminent  atnteamen, 
rf  whnt  WHH  drainiMe  lo  Kninri',  had  iindt-rKone  ii 
•  real  change  by  Ihe  cloan  of  the  year  1777.  The 
.lievlamliou  of  Inde|M>ndence  had  changi'd  the 
:)aeHiion  hetweei,  the  parties.  The  |mpular  feel- 
nz  of  Kmnce  waa  nil  on  the  aide  ol  the  Aineri- 
c.nna.  The  daring  and  roninntin  nuivemenl  of 
Lafayette,  in  ilefiance  of  the  Bovernnicnt  itaelf, 
tlicn  highly  favoured  by  pulilic  opinion,  waa  fol- 
lowed by  iiniveraal  admiration.  The  a|Hintanpinia 
•pirit  of  the  (leople  gradually  apread  itarlf  even 
over  the  nuik  corruption  of  the  court ;  a  aiiapicioiia 
and  deci-ptive  neutrality  aurceeded  to  an  outrnHi- 
ble  excliiaiou  of  the  ioaurgenta  from  the  |Hirta  of 
Fmnre,  till  the  capilulalioii  of  liurgoyne  aatialied 
(he  t  :iHUiata  of  International  law  at  Veraaillea  that 
the  auppreaaion  of  the  inaiirrection  waa  no  biiiger 
Ihe  moat  deairable  of  events  ;  but  that  the  United 
8(atea  were,  de  facto,  aovereign  and  independent  ; 
and  that  France  might  conclude  a  treaty  of  com- 
merce with  them,  without  giving  juat  caiiae  of  of- 
fence lu  the  atep-mnllier  country.  On  the  Clh  of 
Febriirary,  177S.  n  treaty  of  commerce  between 
France  and  the  United  Statca  waa  concluded,  and 
with  it,  on  the  same  day,  a  treaty  of  eventual  de- 
fensive alliance,  lo  liike  effect  only  in  the  event  of 
Ureal  llritain'g  reaenting,  by  war  agninat  France, 
Jie  consummation  of  the  commercial  treaty.  The 
war  immediately  ensued,  and  in  the  summer  of 
177S,  a  French  Heel  under  ihe  command  of  Count 
d'Kstaing  was  sent  to  co-opcratc  with  the  forces 
of  the  United  States  for  the  maintenaDce  of  their 
independence. 

By  these  events  the  poailinn  of  the  Marquis  de 
Lafayette  was  essentially  changed.  It  became 
necessary  for  him  to  reinstate  himself  in  the  good 
■races  of  his  sovereign,  ofTended  at  his  absenting 
bmiself  from  his  country  without  pennisaion,  but 
gratified  with  the  distinction  which  he  had  ac- 
quired by  gallant  deeds  in  a  service  now  become 
tbfct  of  France  herself.  At  the  close  of  the  cam- 
paign of  1778,  with  the  approbation  of  his  friend 
and  patron,  the  commander-in-chief,  he  addressed 
4  letter  to  the  president  of  Congress,  representing 
ni*  then  present  ciicumstances  with  the  confidence 
6f  alVeciiou  and  gratitude,  observing  that  the  sen- 
timents which  bound  him  to  his  country  could 
■ever  be  more  proiwrly  spoken  of  than  in  the  pre- 
I  of  mea  who  bad  done  so  much  for  their  own. 


I  ■*  A*  hmg,"  conlinuad  he,  ■■  as  I  thought  I  could 
dia|Hiae  of  iiiyaelf,  I  mnile  it  my  pride  and  pleaaure 
to  light  under  American  colours.  In  defence  of  a 
cuuau  which  I  dare  iimre  particularly  call  uura, 
bvcauaa  1  had  the  good  fortuna  of  bleeding  for 
her.  Now,  sir,  that  Franca  la  Involved  in  a  war, 
I  am  urged,  by  a  aenae  of  my  duly,  aa  well  as  by 
Iho  love  of  my  country,  to  present  myself  before 
the  king,  and  know  In  what  iiianiier  he  juilgea 
pro|i«r  lo  emiiloy  my  aervices.  The  moat  agree- 
able of  all  will  alwaya  be  such  as  may  enable  me 
to  aerve  the  common  cause  among  those  whose 
I'riiindahip  I  had  the  happineaa  lo  obtain,  and  whuae 
fortune  1  had  Ihe  honour  lo  follow  in  leas  smiling 
limes.  That  reason,  and  others,  which  I  leave  to 
the  feelings  of  Ctmgresa,  engage  me  lo  bag  from 
them  the  liberty  of  going  home  fur  the  next  win- 
irt. 

"  Aa  long  as  there  were  any  hopes  of  an  active 
campaign,  1  did  not  think  of  leaving  iho  field ; 
now  that  1  ace  a  very  |ieaceable  and  undialurbed 
moment,  I  lake  thia  op|)ortunity  of  wailing  on 
oongieaa." 

In  the  remainder  of  the  letter  he  solicited  that, 
in  the  event  of  his  request  being  gnuUed,  he  miglit 
be  considered  ns  a  soldier  on  furlough,  lie:^rtily 
wishing  lo  regain  his  colours  and  his  esteemed 
and  beloved  fvllos-sohliers.  And  he  closes  with 
•  lender  of  any  services  which  he  might  be  ena- 
bled lo  render  lu  the  American  cause  In  his  own 
country. 

Un  the  receipt  of  this  letter,  accnmpanieil  by 
one  from  (jienerul  Washington,  recommending  to 
cuiigreaa,  in  terms  most  honourable  to  the  Mar- 
quis, u  compliance  with  his  request,  that  body  im- 
meiliately  passed  resolutions  grnoting  him  an  un- 
limited leave  of  absence,  with  periuiMyion  to  return 
lo  the  United  iStates  at  his  own  moat  convenient 
lime;  that  the  presitleni  of  Congress  shniilil  write 
him  u  letter  returning  him  the  thanks  of  Congress 
for  that  disinterested  xeal  which  had  led  him  to 
America,  and  for  the  services  he  had  rendered  In 
the  United  States  by  the  exertion  of  his  cuunige 
and  abilities  on  many  signal  occasions  ;  nnd  that 
he  minister  plenipotentiary  of  the  United  Stntes 
at  the  court  of  Versailles  shoidd  bo  ilirected  to 
c.itise  an  elegant  sword,  with  pruiMir  devices,  to  be 
made,  and  presented  to  him  in  the  name  of  the 
United  States.  These  resolutions  were  commu- 
nicated to  him  in  a  letter  expressive  of  the  sensibi- 
lity congenial  to  them,  from  Ihe  president  of  Con- 
gress, Henry  Laurens. 

He  embarked  in  January,  1770,  in  the  frigate 
Alliance,  at  Hoston,  and,  on  the  succeeding  l^th 
day  of  February,  presented  himself  at  Versailles. 
Twelve  months  had  already  elapsed  since  the  con- 
clusion of  the  treaties  of  commerce  and  of  event- 
ual alliance  between  Fnmcc  and  the  United  States. 
They  had,  during  the  greater  |Kirt  of  that  lime, 
been  deeply  engaged  in  a  war  with  a  common 
cause  against  great  llritain,  and  it  was  the  cause 
in  which  Lafayette  had  been  shedding  his  blood  : 
yet,  instead  of  receiving  him  with  open  arms,  aa 
the  pride  and  orinunent  of  his  country,  a  cold  nnd 
hollow-hearted  order  was  issued  to  him  not  to  pre- 
sent himself  at  court,  but  to  consider  himself  under 
arrest,  with  permissitm  'o  receive  visits  only  from 
his  relations.  This  ostensible  mark  of  the  royal 
displeasure  was  to  last  eight  days,  and  Lafayette 
manifested  his  sense  of  it  only  by  n  letter  to  the 
f'ouni  de  Vcrgcnnes,  inquiring  whether  the  inter- 
diction u|)nn  him  to  receive  visits  was  to  be  con- 
sidered as  extending  to  that  of  Doctor  Franklin.— 
The  sentiment  of  universal  admiration  which  had 
followed  him  at  his  first  departure,  greatly  increas- 
ed by  his  splendid  career  of  service  during  the  two 
yearsof  his  absence,  indemnified,  him  for  the  in- 
dignity of  the  courtly  rebuke. 

He  remained  in  France  through  the  year  1779, 
and  returned  to  Ihe  scene  of  action  early  in  the 
ensuing  year.  He  continued  in  the  French  ser- 
vice, and  was  appointed  to  command  the  king's 
own  regiment  of  dragoons,  stationed  during  the 
year  in  various  parts  i>(  the  kingdom,  and  holding 
an  incessant  correspondence  with  the  minister  of 
foreigD  afiUirs  aod  of  war,  urging  the  employment 


of  a  land  and  naval  force  In  the  aid  nftlM  Antli 
can  cauae.  "the  Maiquis  de  Liifav'lto,"  M* 
Dnrloi  Frankjin,  in  n  letter  of  Ihe  4in  of  Marrll, 
I7M0,  to  the  president  of  ( 'ongiess,  •■  who,  during 
Ilia  reaidence  in  France,  liaa  been  extremely  y.i-h- 
biua  ill  aiipiNtrting  our  cause  on  all  orraaiona,  re- 
turns again  lo  fight  fur  it.  He  is  infinitely  eateein- 
ed  nnd  beloved  here,  ant  1  nm  |ierauaded  will  do 
every  thing  in  his  jHiwerto  merit  a  continuance  ol 
the  same  allectloii  Iroiii  America." 

Immediately  iiOcr  Ills  arrival  in  the  United  States, 
it  was,  on  the  ITlh  ol  Alay,  17HI),  resolved  in  Con- 
gress, that  ihey  consider  his  return  lo  America 
lo  resume  his  command  aaa  fresh  proofof  the  dis- 
interested aeul  and  |ieraeverlng  utlachment  wl.ich 
have  justly  recommended  him  to  ihe  public  con- 
fidence and  apniause,  nnd  that  they  received  with 
pleasure  a  tenuer  of  the  farther  services  of  so  gal« 
iani  and  meritorious  an  officer. 

From  this  time  until  the  termination  of  lb* 
campaign  of  1781,  by  !<e  surrender  of  lord  Corn' 
wallis  and  his  army  at  Iforklown,  his  service  win 
of  Incessant  activity,  always  signalized  by  mili- 
tary talents  unsurpassed,  and  by  n  spirit  never  lo 
be  subdued.  At  the  time  of  the  treason  <d'  Aruold, 
Lafayette  was  accompanying  his  commander-in- 
chief  to  an  im|Hirlant  conference  and  consultatinn 
with  the  French  Oeneral,  Kochambenu  ;  and  titer,, 
as  in  every  stage  of  the  war,  it  seiHued  as  If  ti.e 
position  which  lie  occupied,  his  j)ersoiinl  charac- 
ter, his  individual  relations  with  Washington,  with 
the  officers  of  both  the  allied  armies,  and  with  the 
armies  themselves,  had  been  B|iecially  ordered  to 
promote  and  secure  that  harmony  and  mutual 
good  understanding  indis|>ensnble  to  the  ultliiinio 
success  of  the  common  cause.  His  |M)silion,  too, 
as  a  foreigner  by  birth,  a  Kiiro|iean,  a  volunteer 
in  the  American  service,  nnd  a  person  of  high 
rank  in  his  native  country,  |K>inted  him  out  ns 
peculiarly  suited  to  Ihe  pninful  duty  of  deciding 
iiptui  the  character  of  the  crime,  and  u|Min  the  fatu 
of  the  llrhish  officer,  the  nccomplice  and  victim 
of  the  detested  traitor,  Arnold. 

In  the  eurly  part  of  the  campaign  of  I7S1 
when  Cornwallis,  with  nn  overwhelming  force, 
was  spreading  ruin  nnd  devastation  over  the 
southern  |)uitioii  of  the  union,  we  find  Lafayette, 
whh  means  altogether  inadequate,  charged  with 
the  defence  of  the  territory  of  Virginia.  Always 
equal  to  the  emergencies  in  which  circiimsliin- 
ces  placed  him,  his  expedients  for  encountering 
and  surmounting  the  obstacles  which  they  cast 
in  his  way  are  invnriably  siam|H<d  with  the  pecu- 
liarities of  hischanicter.  The  troops  placed  un- 
der his  command  fur  the  defence  of  Virginia, 
were  chiefly  taken  from  the  eas'ern  regiments, 
unseasoned  to  the  climate  to  the  south,  and  preju- 
diced against  it  as  unfavourable  to  the  health  of 
the  natives  of  the  more  rigorous  regions  of  the 
north.  Desertions  became  frequent,  till  they 
threatened  the  very  dissolution  of  the  cor|>s.  In- 
stead of  resorting  to  military  execution  to  retain 
his  men,  he  appeals  to  the  syiiiputhios  of  honour. 
He  stales,  in  general  orders,  the  great  ilauger  and 
difficulty  of  the  enterprise  upon  which  he  is  about 
to  embark ;  represents  the  only  possibility  by 
which  it  can  promise  success,  the  faithful  ad- 
herence of  the  soldiers  to  their  chief,  ami  his 
confidence  that  they  will  not  abandon  him.  He 
then  adds,  that  if,  however,  aiiy*individual  of  the 
detachment  was  unwilling  to  follow  him,  a  pass- 
|)ort  to  return  to  his  home  should  be  forthwith 
granted  him  upon  his  application.  It  is  to  a  cause 
like  that  of  American  independence  that  resources 
like  this  are  congenial.  After  these  general  orders, 
nothing  more  was  heard  of  desertion.  The  very 
cripples  of  tile  army  preferied  paying  for  theirown 
transportation,  to  follow  the  corps,  rather  than  to 
ask  foi  Ihe  dismusion  which  had  becu  made  so 
easily    ccessible  to  all. 

But  how  shall  the  deficiencies  of  the  military 
chest  be  supplied  ?  The  want  of  money  was  hea- 
vily pressing  upon  Ihe  service  in  evciy  direction. 
W'here  are  the  sinews  of  war?  How  are  the  troops 
to  march  without  shoes,  linen,  clothing  of  all  des- 
criptioos  and  other  necessaries  of  life  I  Lifayeit* 


iMortlMAawil 
LnriiyriM,"  my 
i«  4111  n(  Marrn, 
■i  "  w>iii,iliirin| 
I  rxlrriiiely  xfu- 
ill  orniKiiiiiN,  ra- 
iiliiiilrlv  mlpcin- 
nrmiuilrtl  will  do 
n  coiilhiiiuiicu  III 

linirnllotlSlntfi, 
rimiilvi'il  in  Con- 
iirii  III  Anii>rlc« 

proiirofllinilit- 
Kiiehiiirnl  wMch 

till)  |iiililic  can- 
ny rcceivt'il  wllli 
irvicn*  of  w)  gal> 

rnilnntion  uC  lb* 
er  of  lord  Coni« 

hi*  ■orvlee  mm 
iiilixeil  by  mim 
n  aplrit  never  to 
enMiii  III' Arnold, 

cuininnniler-la- 
ind  coniiullntlon 
ihenu ;  nnil  iheri, 
LMtincd  as  11' (Ka 
|ier«nnnl  chiirnR- 
I'lwIiiiiKliin,  wi(h 
ifK,  nnd  wiili  iha 
niiilly  orilerod  (o 
my  anil  nmtiial 

III  llie  iillimnio 
liH  |Miaitinn,  Inn, 
■iin,  u  vulunlecr 

prrsnn  ul'  IiikIi 
ileil  liini  ont  aa 
Inly  nr  deciding 
ml  ii|Min  llie  I'ulu 
ilice  and  victim 


UNITKU   STATES. 


417 


luui found ihem  all.  Frotnihe  pilrinile  inrrchanli 
ill  lliilliiniirn  he  iihliinH,  uii  the  pleilKn  nl'  hut  own 
piM'xoiiiilcirilil,  u  loDti  of  niniiey  .iilKiiniile  to  the 
IJiiirliime  ill' I'le  mnlcrluiii  t  and  rriiiiilhjr»irliiinila 
III  III)'  iLiuuhim  ol'  the  iniinuineiilal  city,  evvn 
llii'ii  wiiriliy  III  lie  mi  culled,  he  oliluina  the  lod  ol' 
iii.iltiiiH  up  llieneHileil  )(.irin»iila. 

'I'lii'  ileiiiilH  ul'ihe  ciiinii»l|:ii,  I'riiiii  ita  unprninia- 
■  ir:  iiiilM'l,  when  (.'iiriiwiiiliii,  the  llriliah  coininan- 
dci,  cxniti'd  in  aiilii  ipaiiun  th»t  Ihe  boy  could 
Jill  v4('H|iii  him  nil  the  HiiirniiiiK  ol'  the  twin  re- 
liinliiK,  III  oinulalion  ol'  (('■ll»»ti'y  ^y  III*  Valium 
l-'reiichnien  ol'  VioineHiiil,  and  llie  American  I'el- 
low -Hold  lera  of  IjUlHyetle,  led  him  to  victory  at 
Viitkluwn,  iiiu^t  be  lel'l  In  the  recording  pen  nl' 
'laloty.  Kiilh  rriloubia  were  curried  nt  Ihe  point 
III'  the  iword,  and  Cornwulli*  with  averted  I'ace 
miireiidi'ifil  Ilia  aword  to  WaihliiKton. 

'I'hIa  wua  the  laat  vital  airuKKla  of  the  war, 
which,  however,  linKcred  ihiouKlt  another  year 
Mlhcr  III' iieKilliiition  thnn  ol' action.  Iinmedlu'lely 
iil'ler  the  lapitnlutlon  ul  Vorklown,  Lnlayelte  iiak- 
I'll  mill  iibtuineil  uKuin  ii  leave  ol'  abaence  to  viail 
hm  liiiiilly  and  hii  couiilry.und  wltlilhlacloaed  hia 
inilllary  service  in  the  licld  durinic  Ihe  revolu- 
liiinury  »"ir.  Iliil  it  wua  not  for  the  individual  en- 
iiiyiiiviiliil  Ilia  renown  lliiil  he  returned  to  h'raiice. 
The  leaiihiiiona  ol'ConKreiia  iiceoni|ianyinK  that 
vhich  )(»ve  him  a  dincreiionnry  leave  ol'ubaence, 
while  huniirary  In  the  higheal  decree  lu  him, 
were  ri|UHlly  inurked  by  a  k"""  "'  virtual  ere- 
deiiliub  lor  ne|{iilialion,  and  by  the  inial  ol'  cnnli- 
I'uiiiial  (Miwera,  tiigniher  with  u  letter  ul'ihe  warm- 
tm  ciiniinendalion  ul' Ihe  gallant  auliller  to  the  I'u- 
vour  ul'  his  king.  The  enaulng  year  waa  con- 
•iiined  in  preparuliona  I'or  u  I'urmidable  combined 
Kivncli  and  >Spnniah  expeditiun  againat  the  Kri- 
li!ih  lalunda  in  the  Weal  Indiea,  and  particularly 
llie  (aland  id' Jamaica  ;  llienco  to  recoil  upon  New 
Vork,  and  to  piinue  Ihe  uD'enalve  war  into  Cnna- 
d».  The  Heel  dealiiied  lor  this  Kivsinlio  under- 
l:ikiiif[  wiia  already  usseinblod  at  Cadiz  ;  and  La- 
I'liveiie,  apjioinled  the  chief  ul' the  atutl',  waa  there 
ri'aily  lo  embark  upun  Ihii  (lerilous  adventure, 
when,  on  the  3(lth  ol'  November,  178:2,  the  pre- 
liminary treatiei  ul'  peace  were  concluded  between 
hia  Urilannic  mijesty  on  one  part,  nnd  tlie  allied 
powers  of  France,  8|inin,  and  the  United  Slates 
of  America,  on  the  uther.  'I'bo  titat  Intelligence 
nf  this  event  received  by  tho  American  Congress 
was  in  the  cuinuiunication  uf  a  letter  fruin  La- 
fiyellc. 

The  war  of  American  Independence  Is  closed. 
The  people  iif  the  North  American  confedeialion 
arc  in  union,  sovereign  and  independent.  Lal'ay- 
e'le,  i,t  twoniy-live  years  uf  age,  has  lived  Ihe  life 
of  a  patriarch,  and  illuslrated  the  career  of  a  hero. 
Had  his  days  u|Min  earth  been  then  numbered,  and 
had  hiilhen  slept  with  his  fathers,  llluslriout  at 
'ur  ceiitnries  their  names  had  been,  bis  name,  lu 
/he  end  of  lime,  would  hu>e  transcended  them 
•II.  Kortnnale  youth  !  furtuiiate  beyund  even  ihe 
measure  of  his  companions  in  arms  with  whom  he 
had  achieved  the  glorious  consummation  of  Ame 
rican  independence.  His  fame  was  all  his  own  ; 
not  cheaply  earned  ;  not  Ignobly  won.  His  fel- 
liiw-soldierii  had  been  the  champions  and  defenders 
of  Iheircounlry.  They  rea|ied  I'or  themselves,  for 
iheir  wives,  their  children,  their  posterity  lo  the 
litest  time,  the  rewards  of  thoii  dangers  and  their 
toils.  Lafayette  had  watched,  and  laboured,  and 
liinghl,  and  bled,  n->t  fur  himself,  not  for  his  family 
iiuii  ill  the  first  instance,  even  for  his  country.  In 
Ihe  legendary  tales  of  chivalry  we  read  of  luurna 
meiits  at  which  a  foreign  and  unknown  knight, 
suddenly  presents  himself,  armnl  in  co:i>plete 
Heel,  and  with  the  vizor  down,  enters  the  ring 
lo  contend  with  Ihe  assembled  Hower  of  knight- 
hood for  the  pri/.e  of  honour,  to  be  awarded  by  the 
hand  of  beauty  ;  bears  it  in  triumph  away,  and 
disappears  from  the  astonished  multitude  of  com- 
petitors and  spectators  of  the  featii  uf  arms.  But 
where  in  the  rolls  of  history,  wheie,  in  Ihe  fictions 
of  romance,  where,  but  in  the  life  of  Lafayette, 
hu  been  seen  the  noble  stranger,  flying  with  the 
lti>mt*  of  bit  name,  bis  rank,  bis  aflluonce,  bi* 
98 


•aie,  h'l  dninestlo  bliss,  Ills  treasure,  bit  blood,  lo 
the  relief  of  a  snireriiig  and  diaiani  luml,  In  the 
biiiir  uf  her  deejirst  calamlly  i  baring  his  biisiim 
to  her  foes  )  and  nut  at  Ihe  trunsleiil  pageantry  u( 
■  lonrnair<enl,  but  for  n  succession  uf  live  veait 
tliarliig  iiHihe  vlnissilndi's  of  her  fiirlnii'  ;  always 
eager  In  apiiear  ul  Ihe  |hisI  of  danger  i  lemperlng 
the  glow  ol  youihfiil  ardour  with  the  cold  camion 
of  u  veteran  communiler  I  bold  utnt  during  In  ac- 
tion |  prumpt  in  execution)  rapid  In  pursuit i  fer- 
tile in  exiwdienli  i  iinallRlnable  In  retreat  |  often 
exposed,  but  never  surprised,  never  disconcerted  ; 
eluding  bis  enemy  when  within  his  fancied  grasp; 
bearing  upun  bint  with  irresistible  sway  when  of 
force  lo  cope  with  him  In  Ihe  conflict  nf  inns? 
And  what  is  this  but  the  diary  nf  Lafayette,  from 
the  day  nf  bis  rnllving  the  scattered  fugitives  of 
ilia  Hrandywine,  Inseniibia  of  the  blood  flowing 
from  bis  wound,  to  the  Harming  of  tba  rtdoubt  at 
Vorklown  7 

Henceforth,  as  a  public  man,  Lifayrlle  Is  to  bo 
considered  as  a  Kreiichman,  always  active  and 
ardent  lo  serve  the  Uiiiled  Slates, 'but  no  longer 
in  their  service  as  un  olTlcer.  Su  transcendenl 
hud  been  his  merits  In  ihn  common  cause,  that, 
to  rewuril  Ibem,  the  rule  uf  progressive  udvnnce- 
mcnt  in  iho  urmies  of  France  whs  set  aside  for 
him.  He  received  from  Ihe  minister  of  war,  a 
notifloallon  that  from  Ihn  day  of  his  retirement 
fr>Mn  the  siirvloe  uf  llie  United  Slates  as  a  Major 
(Jeneral,  at  the  close  of  the  war,  ho  sbuuld  hold 
the  same  rank  In  the  armies  uf  France,  to  dale 
from  the  day  of  ihe  capiiulalion  of  Lord  Cornwullis. 

Henceforth  he  is  a  Frenchman,  destliiad  to  per- 
form In  the  bistury  n(  his  counlrv  n  part,  us  pecu- 
liarly bis  own,  and  not  less  glorious  than  that 
which  ho  had  perfiirmnd  in  the  war  uf  independ- 
ence. A  short  porioil  of  profound  peace  I'ulliiwed 
the  great  triumph  of  freedom.  The  desire  of  La- 
fayette onoo  more  to  see  the  land  of  his  adoplliin 
and  tba  lasiKiiaies  of  his  glory,  the  fellnw.soldi<!rs 
who  bad  become  lo  him  as  brolbera,  and  the  fricid 
and  pnlrnn  nf  bis  youth,  who  had  become  lo  him 
as  I  father;  *ympalhl/.ing  with  their  desire  once 
more  lu  see  him  ;  lu  see  in  their  prosperity  him 
who  hud  flrat  cumo  to  them  In  their  afllictiun,  in- 
duced him,  in  the  year  nui,  tu  pay  a  visit  to  the 
United  States. 

On  the  4tli  uf  August,  of  that  year,  be  landed 
at  New- York,  and,  in  the  space  of  Ave  months 
from  that  lime,  visited  hia  venerable  friend  at 
Mount  Vernon,  where  he  was  then  living  in  re- 
tiremenl,  and  traversed  ten  stales  of  the  union,  re- 
ceiving every  where,  from  iheir  legislative  assem- 
blies, from  the  municipal  bodies  of  the  cities  and 
towns  tbroiigb  which  he  passed,  from  the  officers 
of  the  army  his  late  associates,  now  reaioreil  lo 
the  virtues  and  occupations  of  private  life,  and 
even  fiom  the  recent  emigrants  from  Ireland  who 
had  come  to  adiint  fur  Ibelr  ciiiintry  the  self-eman- 
cipated land,  addresses  of  gratulal'lon  and  of  jny, 
the  elfusiuns  of  be.irts  grateful  In  tho  enjoyment 
uf  the  blessings  fur  the  possession  of  which  they 
had  been  so  largely  Indebted  lu  bis  exertions ;  and, 
finally,  from  Ihe  United  Slates  uf  America  In  Con- 
gress assembled  at  Trenton. 

On  Ihe  9lh  uf  December  it  was  resolved  by  that 
body  thai  a  committee,  lo  cunsist  of  one  member 
from  each  stale,  should  bn  a|ipolnteil  to  receive,  and 
in  Ihe  name  of  Congress  take  leave  uf  the  Marquis. 
That  they  should  bo  Instructed  tu  assure  him 
that  CiiiigreMS  conlimied  to  entertain  the  same  high 
sense  of  his  abilities  and  xeal  to  promote  the  wel- 
fare of  America,  both  here  and  in  Kurnpe,  which 
they  bad  frequently  expressed  and  manifested  on 
former  occasions,  and  which  the  recent  marks  of 
his  ixiHution  lo  their  commercial  and  other  Inter- 
ests had  |ierfectly  ciinArined.  "  That,  as  bis  uni- 
form and  unceasing  atlachinent  to  this  country  has 
resembled  that  of  a  patriiilic  citizen,  Ihe  United 
Slates  regard  him  with  particular  alli'ctiim,  and  will 
not  ceasu  to  feel  an  interest  in  wh:ilcvcr  may  con- 
cern bis  hiinoiir  and  prospcriiy,  and  llial  tliiiirbcst 
and  kindest  wishes  will  always  atletid  him." 

And  It  was  fartlii'r  ri'scilvcd,  lliat  a  Idler  hn 
written  to  bis  must  Cbrisiiun  Majesty,  tu  be  signed 


by  Ills  excellency  the  preddent  of  Cungrtss,  aa> 
presslve  of  the  high  sense  which  Ihe  United  Str.iaa 
III  Congress  assembled  enlerlain  uf  the  neal,  lalenls, 
and  meriliirious  services  nf  the  Marquis  dc  La- 
fayette, and  reciiimneiidiug  bini  to  the  favour  aud 
patronage  of  his  iimjesly. 

The  first  of  these  resulutluns  was,  on  Ihe  next 
day  curried  into  execution.  At  a  solemn  inter- 
view  with  the  comnilllee  of  Congress,  received  In 
their  ball,  and  addressed  by  the  clialrnian  of  tbalf 
committee,  John  Jiv,  the  purport  of  these  resolu- 
tions were  communicated  to  him.  He  replied  In 
terms  of  fervent  sensibility  for  the  kindness  mani- 
fested personally  lo  himself;  and,  with  altiulona 
lu  the  slluatiun,  the  prospects,  and  Ihe  duties  of 
the  people  nf  this  country,  be  puinled  out  the  great 
interests  which  be  believed  it  indispensible  to  their 
welfare  that  they  should  cultivate  and  cherish.  In 
tba  following  niemorable  sentences  the  ultimata 
ubjecti  of  his  solicitude  are  disclosed  In  a  tone 
deeply  solemn  and  impressive: 

"  May  this  immense  temple  of  IVeedom,"  sal  i 
he,  "  ever  stand,  a  lesson  to  oppressors,  an  ei- 
ample  tu  the  oppressed,  a  sanctuary  for  Ihe  right* 
uf  mankind !  and  ,  lay  those  happy  United  State* 
attain  that  complete  splendour  and  prosperity  whict 
will  illiistrate  the  blessings  of  ibeir  government 
and  for  ages  to  come  rejoice  the  departed  soul*  of 
ill  founders." 

Fellow-citixens !  Ages  have  passed  away  since 
these  words  were  spoken ;  but  ages  are  the  year* 
uf  the  existence  of  nations.  The  founders  of  thia 
immense  temple  of  freedom  have  all  departed, 
save  here  and  there  a  solitary  exception,  even 
while  I  speak,  at  the  imint  of  taking  wing.  The 
prayer  uf  Lafayette  Is  not  yet  consummated.— 
Ages  upon  ages  are  still  to  pass  away  before  it 
can  have  lis  full  accomplishment ;  and,  for  its  full 
accomplishment,  his  spirit,  hoverin;;  over  our 
beads,  in  more  than  echoes  talks  around  these 
walls.  It  repeals  the  prayer,  which  from  his  lip* 
fifty  years  ago  was  at  once  a  parting  blessing  and 
a  prophecy;  for,  were  it  )Ni8slble  fur  the  whule 
human  race,  now  breathing  the  breath  of  life,  to 
be  assembled  within  this  ball,  your  orator  would, 
in  your  name,  and  in  that  of  your  constituenis,  ap- 
peal to  them  to  testify  for  your  fathers  of  ibe  last 
generation,  that,  so  far  as  bas  depended  upon 
them,  the  blessing  of  Lafayette  has  been  prophecy 
Yea  !  this  immense  temple  of  freedom  still  stands, 
a  lesson  to  oppressors,  an  example  to  the  oppri's*. 
eil,  and  a  sanctuarv  for  the  rlgnts  of  mankind.— 
Yes  !  with  the  smiles  of  a  benign  mt  providence, 
Ihe  splendour  and  prosperity  of  these  happy  United 
Slates  have  illustrated  the  blessings  of  iheir  p« 
ernmeni,  and,  we  may  humbly  hope,  ha%e  rejai,««> 
the  departed  ^uls  of  Its  founders.  Foi  the  paat 
your  fathers  and  you  have  been  resiionslble.  The 
charge  of  the  future  devolves  upon  you  and  ipon 
yuur  children.  The  vestal  Are  of  freedom  is  in 
your  custody.  May  the  souls  of  its  departed 
founders  never  be  called  lo  witness  its  extinction 
by  neglect,  nor  a  soil  upon  the  purity  of  ita  keep- 
ers! 

'Witb  Ibis  valedictory,  Lafayette  took,  as  he 
and  those  who  heard  him  then  believed,  a  final 
leave  of  the  people  of  the  United  Slates.  He  re- 
turned to  France,  and  arrived  at  Paris  on  the  2.5th 
of  January,  HR.'i. 

He  connnueii  to  take  a  deep  interest  in  the  coin 
cerns  of  the  United  States,  and  exerted  his  influ- 
ence with  the  French  government  to  obtain  ru- 
duclions  of  duties  favourable  to  their  commerce 
and  fisheries.  In  the  summer  of  1786,  he  visited 
several  of  the  German  courts,  and  attended  tho 
last  great  review  by  Frederic  the  Second  of  bU 
veteran  army ;  a  review  unusually  splendid,  and 
specially  remarkable  by  the  atten'dance  of  mau/ 
of  the  most  distinguished  luilitary  commanders  ot 
Kuropc.  In  tie  same  year  the  legislature  of  Vii- 
ginia  manifested  the  continued  recollection  of  hm 
services  reiuleied  to  »ho  people  of  that  comnimi- 
wealth.  by  a  complimentary  token  of  gratitude  not 
less  hiinouralile  than  it  was  unusual.  They  re- 
solved that  two  busts  uf  Lafayette,  to  be  execured 
I  by  Ihe  celebrated  sc  jJptor,  'Houdon,  sbouU  bo 


HISTORY    OF   TIIF. 


prMvmd  M  ihalr  •xpenM;  tine  oh  o(  ilinni 
tbottld  b«  plieed  In  Ihair  own  leglalillve  hsil,  and 
lb*  ollMr  praicnlcd,  In  ihcir  namii,  in  ihe  munici- 
pal nHlborlllci  of  ihr  cliy  u(  I'lirii.  It  wu  uccur- 
dlngly  prtMinlfd  by  Mr.  JeH'rnon,  lh«n  miiiUler 
piffniiiulentiirjr  iif  llio  United  Slatri  In  France, 
■nd,  iiy  the  permlulonof  Limii  the  Sixteenili,  wus 
nrce|ited,  Rnd,  with  aiiproinlate  tuleiniiity  pliiced 
In  DIM  or  lira  lialU  of  thn  Hotel  de  Ville  of  the 
nielropollt  of  Franc*. 

\V«  have  gone  Ibrough  one  alkge  of  the  life  of 
Lal'ajelt* ;  we  are  now  to  ico  him  acting  upun 
iinotner  theatre  i  in  a  cauie  etill  eisfnlially  the 
pame,  but  in  Ihe  application  o(  lu  prlnclplei  to  hii 
own  country. 

The  iniinedialely  originating  quentlon  which 
occuiioned  the  French  revolution,  wai  the  kame 
with  thai  Irom  which  the  American  revolution  had 
iprung !  taxation  of  the  people  without  their  cun- 
(enl.  For  nearly  two  centurlea  the  kingii  of 
France  had  been  accudomed  to  levy  taxui  u|)on 
Ihe  people  by  royal  ordinances.  Hut  it  wa*  ne- 
eenary  tliiit  thene  ordinance!  ibould  be  rpgiiitercd 
D  ihe  iwrliamf  nt«  or  judicial  tribunal* ;  and  theae 
parliament!  i:l<.t:T'«d  Ihe  right  of  remonstrating 
•gainiit  them,  and  aonicrimei  refuied  Ihe  regiitiy 
of  them  ilaelf.  The  memuera  of  the  parliamenta 
held  their  ofticei  by  purchase,  but  were  appointed 
by  the  King,  and  r/ere  subject  tu  banishment  or 
ImiHlsonment,  at  hi*  pleasure.  Louis  the  Fif- 
teenth, lowanis  the  close  of  his  reign,  had  aim- 
Uihed  the  patliaments,  but  they  had  b»en  restored 
at  the  accession  of  hi*  successor. 

The  finance*  of  the  kingdom  were  in  extreme 
disorder.  The  minister,  or  comptroller  general 
de  Calonne,  after  attempting  various  projects  for 
obtaining  the  supplies,  the  amount  and  need  of 
wliich  he  was  with  lavish  hand  daily  increasing, 
bethought  himself,  at  last,  of  calling  for  Ihe  coun- 
•el  of  other*.  He  prevailed  u|)on  the  king  to  con- 
voke, not  the  state*  general,  but  an  asHcmbly  of 
notable*.  There  was  something  ridiculous  in  the 
very  name  by  which  thi*  meeting  was  called  ;  but 
it  con*i*led  of  a  eelection  from  all  the  grandees 
ind  dignitaries  of  the  kingdom.  The  two  bro- 
ther* of  the  king ;  all  the  princes  of  the  blood  ; 
archbishop*  nnu  bishops,  duke*  and  peers;  the 
chancellor  and  presiding  members  of  the  parlia- 
ment*; di*tlngui*hed  members  of  the  noblesse, 
and  the  mayor*  and  chief  magistrate*  of  a  few  of 
the  principal  cilie*  of  the  kingdom,  constituted 
thi*  a**emDly.  It  was  a  representation  of  every 
interest  but  that  of  the  people.  They  were  ap- 
pointed by  the  king :  were  members  of  the  highe*t 
■ri*tocracy,  and  were  assembled  with  the  design 
that  their  dellberalions  *hould  be  confined  exclu 
•ively  to  Ihe  eubjects  eubmitted  to  their  consider 
■lion  by  the  minieler.  These  were'  certain  plans 
devised  by  him  for  replenishing  the  insolvont  trea- 
■ury,  by  assessments  upon  the  privileged  classes, 
the  very  prince*,  nobles,  ecclesiastics,  and  magis- 
trate* exclu*ively  represented  in  the  assembly  il- 
aelf. 

Of  thi*  meeting,  the  Marquis  de  Lafayette  wan 
•  member.  It  wa*  held  in  February,  17S7,  and 
terminated  in  the  overthrow  and  banishment  of 
.he  miniater  by  whom  it  had  been  convened.  In 
Ihe  fiical  concerns  which  abaorbed  the  care  and 
attention  of  others,  Lafayette  took  comparatively 
little  interest.  His  views  were  more  comprehen- 
•ive. 

The  assembly  consisted  of  one  hundred  and 
thirty-seven  persons,  and  divided  itself  into  several 
sections  or  bureaux,  each  presided  by  a  prince  of 
the  blood  Lafayette  was  allotted  to  the  division 
under  the  presidency  of  the  Count  d'Aitois,  the 
younger  lirother  of  the  king,  and  since  known  as 
Charles  the  Tenth.  The  propositions  made  by 
Lafayette  werti 

1.  The  tuppi  .ksion  of  lettres  de  cachet,  and  the 
abolition  of  all  arbitrary  imprisonment. 

2  The  cMablishmeiit  of  religious  toleration, 
Muf  the  restoration  of  the  protestants  to  their  civil 
right*. 

3  The  convocation  of  a  national  assembly,  ra- 
pNteatiog  Ihe  people  of  France ;  personal  liberty 


religlous  liberty;  and  a  representative  assembly 
of  the  |)vople.     These  were  hi*  demand*. 

I'he  Ural  and  apcoml  of  lliem  priidiired,  |)rr- 
Imps,  nt  the  lime,  no  dri-p  iiiiprcHainii  upun  llir 
ua«ciiibly,  iioru|iontlio  public,  Arliilrury  iiiipriaiin- 
nieiil,  and  tli«  religious  peraecutiim  of  the  pro- 
Icaiaiit*  had  bt'cuino  universally  odiou*.  They 
were  worn-out  Instrumenta,  even  in  the  hands  of 
tliuse  who  wielded  them.  There  was  none  tu  de- 
fend tb*ni. 

Hut  the  demand  for  a  national  assemiiit  startled 
the  prince  at  Ihe  bead  of  the  Bui«au.  Wnat !  said 
Ihe  Count  d'Artois,  do  you  ask  the  states  gene- 
ral T  Yes,  sir,  wa*  Ihe  answer  of  Lafayette,  and 
forsomething  yet  belter.  V  ou  desire,  then,  replied 
the  prince,  that  1  should  lake  in  wilting,  and  rep<irt 
to  Uie  king,  that  the  motion  to  convoke  the  states 
(general  has  been  made  by  the  Mari|uis  de  La- 
layette  1  "  Yes,  sir ;"  and  the  name  of  Lafayette 
was  accordingly  reported  to  Ihe  king. 

The  asaeinbly  of  notables  wa*  diaaolved.— De 
Colonne  was  displaced  and  banished,  and  his  suc- 
cessor undertook  to  raise  the  needed  funds,  by  the 
authority  of  royal  edicts.  The  war  of  litigation 
with  the  parliaments  lecommenced,  which  termi- 
nated only  with  a  positive  promise  that  the  stales 
general  should  be  convoked. 

From  that  time  a  total  revolution  of  govern- 
ment in  France  was  in  piogress.  It  has  been  a 
solemn,  a  sublime  often  a  most  painful,  and  yet 
in  the  contemplation  of  great  results,  a  refresh- 
ing and  cheering  cnnlemplalinn.  I  cannot  follow 
it  in  its  uverwhelming  muhitude  of  details,  even 
as  connected  with  the  lil'e  and  character  of  La- 
fayette. A  second  assembly  of  notables  auccecd- 
eJ  the  first ;  and  then  an  assembly  of  the  stales 
general,  first  to  deliberate  in  separate  orders  of 
clergy,  nobility,  and  third  estate ;  but,  finally 
constituting  itself  a  national  assembly,  and  form- 
ing a  constitution  of  limited  inonarcliy,  with  an 
hereditary  royal  executive,  and  a  legisfaturo  in  a 
single  assembly  representing  the  people. 

Lafayette  was  a  member  of  the  slates  general 
first  assembled.  Their  meeting  was  signalixcd 
by  a  struggle  between  the  several  orders  of  which 
they  were  coiii|)o8cd,  which  resulted  in  breaking 
them  all  down  into  one  national  assembly. 

The  convocation  of  the  state*  general  bad,  in 
one  respect,  operated,  in  Ihe  progres*  of  the 
French  revolution,  like  the  declaration  of  Inde' 
pendence  in  that  of  North  America.  It  had  chang- 
ed the  question  in  controversy.  It  v/ns,  on  the 
part  of  the  king  of  France,  a  concession  thai  he 
had  no  lawful  power  to  tax  the  people  without 
their  consent.  The  states  general,  therefore,  met 
with  this  admission  already  conceded  by  the  king 
In  the  American  conflict  the  British  government 
never  yielded  the  concession.  They  undertook 
to  maintain  their  supposed  right  of  arbitrary  tax 
alion  by  force  ;  and  then  the  people  of  the  colonies 
renounced  all  community  of  government,  not  only 
with  the  king  and  parliament,  but  with  the  nritish 
nation.  They  reconstnicted  the  fabric  of  govern 
raent  for  themselves,  and  held  the  people  of  Bri- 
tain as  foreigners;  friends  in  pence;  enemies  in 
war. 

The  concession  by  Louis  the  Sixteenth,  im- 
plied in  the  convocation  of  the  states  general,  was 
a  virtual  Rurionder  of  absolute  |iower;  an  ac- 
knowledgment that,  a*  exercised  by  himself  and 
his  predeeejsors.  It  had  been  usurped.  It  was,  in 
substance,  an  abdication  of  his  crown.  There  was 
no  power  which  he  exercised  as  king  of  France, 
thn  lawfulness  of  which  was  not  contestable  on  the 
same  principle  which  denied  him  the  right  of  tax 
alion.  When  the  assembly  of  the  states  grmoral 
met  at  Versailles,  in  May,  1780,  there  was  but  a 
shadow  of  the  ro/«'.  authority  left.  They  felt 
the  power  of  the  nation  was  in  their  hands,  and 
they  were  not  sparing  in  the  use  of  it.  The  re- 
presentatives of  the  third  estate,  double  in  num- 
bers to  those  of  the  clergy  and  the  nobility,  con- 
stituted themselves  a  national  assembly,  and,  as 
signal  for  the  demolition  of  all  prlvilei;ed  orders 
refused  to  deliberate  in  separate  chambers,  and 
thus  compelled  the  reprcsentativou  of  the  clergy 


and  nobilitv  to  merge  their  separate  axiatenoe  In 
the  general  mas*  of  Ihe  popular  if  preaentatlon. 

Thus  the  edifice  of  society  was  to  bo  rocon< 
alnicted  in  FriiMcr  as  it  had  been  In  Ainurira.— 
riie  king  made  a  feeble  ailempl  tu  oviirawe  ilio 
sMembly,  by  calling  regiinenla  of  troops  to  Vcr- 
saillea,  and  aurrnuiiding  wtllilliem'lie  liallol  tlicir 
meeting.  But  there  w»>  defection  in  the  army  it- 
self, and  even  the  iiersim  of  the  king  somi  reiiHi'd 
III  be  at  his  own  dispoaiil.  On  the  lllh  ol  Ji'<y, 
nW,  in  the  midst  of  the  fermenlatiiin  which  liaij 
succeeded  the  fall  of  the  monarchy,  and  while  Ihe 
assembly  was  surrouniled  by  armed  soldiers,  La- 
fayette pre*enled  to  them  hUdeclarallon  of  rights) 
the  flnl  declaration  of  human  right*  ever  proclaim- 
ed in  F.urope.  It  wa*  adopted,  and  became  tho 
baai*  of  that  which  Ihe  a*acmbly  promulgaleil  wilM 
their  conatltutlon. 

It  wa*  In  this  hemiaphere,  and  in  our  own  coua> 
try,  that  all  ita  principles  hud  been  Imbibed.  At 
Ihe  very  moment  when  the  ilerlaralion  was  pre> 
sented,  the  convulsive  struggle  between  the  expir- 
ing monarchy  and  the  new  born  but  |Nirteiiloua 
anarchy  of  the  I'ariaian  |Mipulace  was  taking  place. 
The  royal  pali<re  and  the  hall  of  assembly  wera 
surrounded  with  troops,  and  insurrection  waa 
kindling  at  Paris,  In  the  midst  of  Ihe  populur 
cnmnintiun,  a  deputalinn  oi  sixty  members,  with 
Lafayette  at  their  head,  was  sent  Irom  Ihe  asserabi* 
to  tnin<|uilli7.e  Ihe  people  of  Paris,  and  that  Inef* 
dent  was  the  occasion  of  the  institution  of  the  na- 
tional guard  throughout  the  realm,  and  of  llie  np- 
poinlnienl,  with  the  approbation  of  the  king,  of 
Lafayette  as  their  general  commandrr-ln-chief. 

This  event,  without  vacating  his  seal  In  the  as- 
sembly, connected  him  at  once  whh  the  military 
and  the  popular  movement  of  the  revolution.  The 
national  guard  was  the  armed  militia  of  the  whole 
kingdom,  embodied  fiir  the  preservation  of  order, 
and  the  protection  of  iiersonsand  property,  as  well 
as  for  the  establishment  of  the  liberties  of  the  peo 
pie.  In  his  double  capacity  of  commander  general 
of  this  force,  and  ofa  representative  in  Ihe  consti- 
tuent asaembly,  his  career,  for  a  period  of  mom 
than  three  years,  was  beset  with  tiie  most  Immi- 
nent dangers,  and  with  diflicultie*  beyond  all  hu- 
man power  to  surmount. 

The  ancient  monarchy  of  France  had  crumbled 
Into  ruins.  A  national  assembly,  formed  by  an 
irregular  representation  of  clergy,  nobles,  and 
third  estate,  afier  melting  at  the  lire  of  a  revolu- 
tion into  one  body,  had  transformed  itself  into  a  con- 
stituent assembly  representing  the  people,  had 
assumed  the  exercise  of  all  the  poweit  n^  ir'^vern- 
ment,  extorted  from  Ihe  hands  of  the  king,  and  iit. 
dertaken  to  form  a  constitution  fur  the  French  na» 
lion,  founded  at  once  upon  the  theory  of  human 
rights,  and  upon  the  preservation  of  a  royal  here 
ditary  crown  upon  Ihe  head  of  Loiii*  the  Sixteenth 
Lafayette  sincerely  believed  that  such  a  syatein 
would  not  bo  absolutely  incompatible  with  Ihe  na- 
ture of  things.  An  hereditary  monarchy,  surround- 
ed by  popular  institutions,  presented  Itself  to  hia 
imagination  as  a  practicable  form  of  governiiieni 
nor  is  it  certain  that  even  to  his  last  days  ho  ever 
abandoned  this  persuositm.  The  clement  of  lir 
reditary  monarchy  in  this  constitution  was  indcej 
not  congenial  with  it.  The  prototype  from  which 
the  whole  fabric  hail  been  drawn,  had  no  siirIi 
element  in  its  composition.  A  feeling  of  genero> 
sily,  of  compassion,  of  commiseration  with  the  un- 
fortrnale  prince  then  upon  the  throne,  who  had 
been  his  sovereign,  and  for  his  ill-fated  family, 
mingled  itself,  perhaps  unconsciously  to  hiin.Holr, 
with  his  well-reasoned  faith  in  the  abstract  princi- 
ples of  a  republican  creed.  The  total  abolition 
of  the  monarchical  feature  undoubteoly  bclonf^ed 
to  his  theory,  but  the  family  of  Bourbon  had  still 
a  strong  hold  on  the  all'ections  of  the  French  \wu 
pie  ;  history  h:iil  not  made  up  a  record  favourable 
to  the  esiablisliment  of  elective  kings ;  a  strong 
executive  head  wan  .ibsiilutcly  necessary  to  curb 
the  Impetuosities  of  the  people  of  France:  and 
the  same  doctrine  which  tiiayed  uihiii  the  fancy, 
and  crept  upun  the  kind-ticarted  benevolence  o( 
Lafayette    waa  ad  opted   by  a  largo  maioriljr  id 


UNITED   STATES. 


fit 


■I*  «xiM«ii«e  (n 
rpr«MnUtlon. 
im  Id  bo  rnoon> 
n  in  Aiiiunrii.— 
Ill  HViirimii  (he 
'  rnin|n  In  Vi'r- 
I'lir  lialliil  liii'ii 
n  iiitlittiiniiv  it- 
inn  nniin  riMMiMl 
e  11  111  (il  .Illy, 
iliiili  wliicli  li;iil 
ly,  niiJ  while  ilm 
eil  loiilier*,  Ijii- 
irntlnn  of  rixhta  | 

II  ever  proclaim- 
mill  beciime  ihe 
•romulgaleil  witM 

inuur  nwncoua- 

III  iiiibibeil.  At 
riitlitn  WH»  pre- 
ilween  tlieexpir- 
I  but  pnnenluuf 
fii*  IskiiiK  place, 
•r  uKHnnibljt  were 
laiirrrctiun    wat 

o(  Ihe  pop'.ijur 
r  meinhcm,  with 
om  ilie  nuMinbly 
a,  and  ihnt  Inef' 
iiilun  nl'the  ni> 
I,  anil  of  Ihe  ap- 

of  ihe  kinn,  ol 
inilcr-in-chier. 
in  ami  In  lliH  aa- 
«ilh  th«  niililary 

rrvuhiiinn.  The 
ilia  of  iho  whole 
rvallon  n(  order, 

properly,  aa  well 
iriieaof  ihe  pro 
iimander  general 
re  in  Ihe  conati- 
[iirriud  of  more 

he  moat  immi- 

beyond  all  hu- 

had  crumbled 
formed  by  an 
noblea,   and 
re  of  n  revolii- 
itaelf  inloacon- 
people,   liii'l 
wen  {/  c^vrrn- 
king,  and  bli- 
the French  na- 
lenry  of  humiio 
"  a  royal  here 
Ihe  Sixteenth 
aiich  a  Hyal(>in 
ble  with  the  na- 
rchy,  aiirround- 
ed  itaelf  to  hla 

)!OVRrniiienl 

at  day*  ho  ever 

lenient  of  lir 

ion  wna  indeed 

pe  from  which 

had  no  mieh 

ing  of  genero- 

m  with  Ihe  un- 

ronc,  who  had 

l-faleil  fiimily, 

laly  to  hiiiMoir, 

ibatraci  princi* 

total  alinlilion 

ItMlly  liiOonf^ed 

irlxm  had  atiU 

c  French  p«u 

iird  fiivouralile 

i|;a ;  ii  NiroiiK 

laaary  lo  curb 

France :  and 

mil  the  fancy, 

icnevotcnce  of 

0  maioriljr  «l 


It  0  nalinnal  itaeinbly,  aanclioiicd  by  ihe  iiiirragea 
3\'  iia  moal  intelliiteni,  virtiiuua,  and  patriotic 
niriiiiittra,  and  waa  I'uialiy  eiiilioilird  in  thai  ruyul 
dciiHicriicy,  llirreaull  of  their  lalioiiri,  aeiil  lorlh 
lo  lliii  wiiild,  under  the  (juaranty  of  niiiiiberleaa 
outhx.  Ha  tliu  coiHlituliou  of  France  fur  all  after- 
Ihne. 

Uiit,  diirinK  ihe  tame  |M>riod,  alter  Ihe  Aral 
iiiei-liiiK  ol  the  alaiea  Ki'iicral,  and  while  they 
were  in  'ictual  conltici  wiih  the  vxpirlni;  eiieri;leii 
of  ilie  uruwii,  and  w.tli  tli«  •<tidutive  pritUei{«*  of 
lln'clerity  and  nubdily,  anotlier  (lorlenloua  power 
bail  iiriarn,  and  entered  v.'iih  terriAc  activity  into 
Ilie  cuiilro,'eraiea  of  the  lime.  Thia  waa  the 
power  of  popular  inaurreclion,  organized  by  volun- 
tary aaaoci'.ilioni  of  cluba,  and  impelled  to  ac- 
linn  by  the  municipal  autburilie*  of  Ihe  city  of 
I'aria. 

The  firaimovementa  of  the  people  in  the  atale 
III  inaurteclion  took  place 'on  the  12lh  of  July, 
178!),  and  laaued  In  thedeatruction  of  the  Haitllle, 
«iid  ill  the  murder  of  its  governor,  and  of  several 
oilier  iieiaona,  bung  up  at  lainp-poala,  or  torn  to 
piecoa  liy  the  Irensied  multitude,  without  form  of 
tri^il,  and  without  shadow  of  guilt. 

The  U'latille  had  kng  been  odious  as  the  place 
nf  Ronllnenieiil  of  peraoiia  arrested  by  arbitrary 
rders  for  oH'fiices  against  Ihe  government,  and  ita 
dealriiclion  wna  hailed  by  moat  of  Ihe  friends  of 
lioerly  throughout  the  world  as  an  act  of  patriot- 
iani  and  inagnaniinily  on  the  part  o(  the  people.— 
The  brutal  ferocity  of  the  murders  wasoverlooked 
or  palliated  in  Ihe  gloiy  of  the  achievement  of  raxing 
',o  its  fniindalions  the  execrated  citadel  of  doa|Mil- 
jm.  Unt,  as  the  summary  justice  ofinaurrection 
.tan  inanifcat  itaelf  only  by  deatruclion,  the  exam- 
ple once  set,  became  a  precedent  for  a  aeries  of 
years,  fur  scenes  so  atrocious,  and  forbutcheiies  so 
merciless  and  horrible,  that  memory  revolts  at  the 
task  of  recalling  them  to  the  mind. 

It  would  be  impossible,  within  the  compass  of 
this  discourae,  to  follow  the  details  of  the  French 
revolution  to  the  Anal  dethronement  of  Louis  the 
Sixteenth,  and  the  extinction  of  theconaliiutional 
cuiiiaiLliy  of  France,  on  the  tOth  of  August  1792. 
During  that  iieriod,  the  two  distinct  powers  were 
ill  eontinual  operation ;  sometimes  in  concert  with 
each  other,  sometimes  at  irreconcilable  opposition. 
0(  these  {Hiwera,  one  was  the  people  of  France, 
<cpreaeiiled  by  the  Parisian  |Mipulace  in  insurrec- 
tion ;  the  other  was  the  (leople  of  France,  repre- 
aenled  succeaaively  by  the  constituent  assembly, 
which  forn<ed  the  constitution  of  1791,  and  by  the 
legislative  assembly,  elected  to  carry  it  into  exe- 
culion. 

The  movements  of  the  insurgent  power  were 
nccaaionally  convulsive  and  cruel,  without  miliga- 
liiin  or  iiirrcy.  Guided  by  secret  springs ;  prompt- 
ed by  vindictive  and  sanguinary  ambition,  directed 
hy  hnnda  unseen  to  objects  of  individual  aggran- 
dizement, its  agency  fell  like  the  thunderbolt,  and 
swriit  like  Ihe  whirlwind. 

The  proceedings  of  the  assemblies  were  deli- 
berative and  intellectual.  They  began  by  grasping 
at  Ihe  whole  (lower  of  the  monarchy,  and  they 
Aiiiahed  liy  sinking  under  the  dictation  of  Ihe  Pa- 
rinian  populace.  The  constituent  assembly  num- 
brred  among  its  members  many  individuals  of 
greiil  iibiliiy,  and  of  pure  principles,  but  they  were 
overawed  and  domineered  liy  that  other  represen- 
latiun  of  the  people  of  France,  which,  through  the 
inslrumentalily  of  the  jacobin  club,  and  the  muni- 
cipality of  Paris,  disconcerted  the  wisdom  of  the 
wise,  and  scattered  to  the  winds  the  counsels  of  the 
prudent.  It  was  impossible  that,  under  the  per- 
turbations of  such  a  controlling  power,  a  constitu 
lion  suited  to  Ihe  character  and  circumstances  of 
Ihe  nnlion  should  be  formed. 

Through  the  whole  of  this  period,  the  part 
performed  by  Lafuyettft  was  without  parallel  in 
history.  The  annals  of  Ihe  human  race  exhibit 
oo  other  iiiataiice  of  a  position  comparable  for  its 
uointerniilted  perils,  its  deep  responsibilities,  and 
Ita  providential  issues,  with  that  which  he  occupi- 
ed as  commande  general  of  the  national  guard, 
mi  m  •  leading  liicmber  of  the  constituent  as- 


sembly. In  Ihe  numerous  Insurrecllons  of  the 
people,  he  saved  the  lives  of  multitudes  devoted 
as  vicliina,  and  alwaya  at  the  mual  immineiii  hu- 
/.Hid  of  hia  own.  Un  the  jth  and  Uth  of  Uctubur, 
liMU,  he  saved  the  livea  of  Louis  the  Sixteenth, 
and  of  hia  (|ueeii.  tie  esca|ied,  time  alter  time, 
the  daggers  sharpened  by  princely  conspiracy  on 
one  hand,  ami  by  |iop  ^lar  frenxy  on  the  other,  lie 
wilneanod,  too,  without  being  able  lo  prevent  it, 
llin  bulcliery  of  Fouleii  before  hia  eyea,  and  the 
reeking  heart  of  llerthier,  torn  from  hia  lifeless 
trunk,  waa  held  up  in  exulting  triumph  before  him. 
Un  this  occasion,  and  on  another,  he  threw  up  hia 
commission  as  commander  of  Ihe  national  guards ; 
but  who  could  have  succeeded  him,  even  with 
equal  power  to  restrain  theae  volcanic  excesses  I 
At  the. earnest  solicitation  of  those  who  well  knew 
that  his  place  could  never  be  supplied,  he  resumed 
and  continued  in  the  command  unlil  the  solemn 
proclamation  of  the  constitution,  upon  which  he 
deAnilively  laid  it  down,  and  retired  to  private  life 
u|)on  bis  estate  in  Auvergne. 

As  a  member  of  the  constituent  assembly.  It 
ii  not  in  the  detailed  organisation  of  the  govern- 
ment which  they  prepared,  that  his  spirit  and  co- 
operation i'l  lo  be  traced.  It  is  in  the  principles 
which  he  proposed  and  infused  into  the  system. 
As,  at  the  Aist  assembly  of  uolables,  his  voice  had 
been  raised  for  the  abolition  of  arbitrary  imprison- 
ment, fur  the  extinction  of  religious  intolerance, 
and  for  the  representation  ol  the  people,  so,  in  the 
national  assembly,  besides  the  declaration  of  rights, 
which  fumed  the  basis  of  the  conitilution  itself, 
he  made  or  supported  the  motions  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  trial  by  jury,  for  Ihe  gradual  emanci- 
pation of  slaves,  for  Ihe  freedom  of  the  press,  for 
Ihe  abolition  of  all  titles  of  nobility,  and  for  the 
declaration  of  equality  of  all  the  citizens,  and  the 
suppression  of  all  the  privileged  orders,  without 
exception  of  the  princes  of  the  royal  family. 
Thus,  while  aa  a  legislator  he  was  spreading  the 
principles  of  universal  liberty  over  the  whole  sur- 
face of  the  state,  as  commander-in-chief  of  the 
armed  force  of  the  nation,  he  was  controlling,  re- 
pressing, and  mitigating,  as  far  as  it  could  be  ef- 
fected by  human  power,  the  excesses  of  the  people. 

The  constitution  was  at  length  proclaimed,  and 
the  constituent  national  assembly  was  dissolved. 
In  advance  of  this  event,  the  sublime  spectacle  of 
the  federation  was  exhibited  on  the  14lh  of  July, 
1790,  the  Arst  annivsrsary  of  the  destruction  of 
the  Bastille.  There  was  an  ingenious  and  fanciful 
association  of  ideas  in  the  selection  of  that  day 
The  Bastille  was  a  stale  prison,  a  massive  siruc' 
lure,  which  had  stood  four  hundred  years,  every 
stone  of  which  was  saturated  with  sighs  and  tears, 
and  echoed  the  groans  of  four  centuries  nf  op- 
pression. It  was  the  very  type  and  emblem  of 
the  despotism  which  had  so  long  weighed  upon 
France.  Demolished  from  its  summit  to  ilsfoun 
dation  at  the  Arst  shout  of  freedom  from  the  |ieo 
pie,  what  day  could  be  more  appropriate  than  its 
anniversary  lor  the  day  of  solemn  consecration  of 
the  new  fabric  of  government,  founded  upon  the 
rights  of  man  1 

I  shall  not  describe  the  magniAcent  and  melan 
choly  pageant  of  that  day.  It  has  been  done  by 
abler  hands,  and  m  a  style  which  could  only  be 
weakened  and  diluted  by  repetition.*  The  reli- 
gious solemnity  of  the  mass  was  performed  by  a 
prelate,  then  eminent  among  the  members  of  the 
assembly  and  the  dignitaries  of  the  land ;  still 
eminent,  after  surviTing  th»  whole  circle  of  sub- 
sequent revolutions.  No  longer  a  falher  of  the 
church,  but  among  the  most  diatingiiished  laymen 
and  moat  celebrated  statesmen  of  Franco,  his  was 
the  voice  to  invoke  the  blessing  of  heaven  u|)on 
this  new  constitution  for  his  liberated  country; 
and  he,  and  Louis  the  Sixteenth,  and  Lafayette, 
and  thirty  thousand  delegates  from  all  the  con- 
federated national  guards  of  the  kingdom,  in  the 
presence  of  Almighty  God,  and  of  Ave  hundred 
thousand  of  their  countrymen,  took  the  oath  of 


*  In  Iho  Address  to  the  youag  men  of  Boatoo,  by  Ed' 
ward  Everett. 


Adiliiv  of  Ihe  nation,  lo  Ilia  cunsiliuiion,  and  all 
■ava  tna  monaroh  hlmialf,  lo  the  king.  Ilia  cur* 
responding  oiih  waa,  of  Adelliy  to  discharge  Ih* 
duties  of  his  high  ofAoe,  and  lo  the  people. 

Alas !  and  was  il  all  false  and  hollow  1  had  theaa 
oaths  no  mors  subatauca  than  Ihe  breath  Ibal 
ushered  them  lo  the  winda  1  It  was  lm|ioisibls  la 
look  back  upon  ihe  short  and  turbulent  aiislenea 
of  this  royal  democracy,  to  mark  tha  fraqusM 
paroxysms  of  popular  frsnsy  by  which  It  wss  aa- 
sailed,  and  the  catastrophe  by  which  II  psrlshsd, 
and  to  bolieva  that  the  vows  of  all  who  swors  W 
support  il  wsre  sincere.  But,  as  well  might  tb« 
sculptor  of  s  block  of  maible,  aftsi  exhai'sllng  hia 
genius  and  his  art  In  giving  It  a  beautiful  huinaa 
lorm,  call  God  to  witness  thai  it  shall  perform  all 
the  functions  of  animal  life,  as  the  coDsUiusnl  aa- 
sembly  of  Francs  could  pledgs  the  fslth  of  hs 
membaia  that  ihelr  royal  democracy  should  work 
as  a  permanent  organised  form  of  government.^ 
The  declaration  o7  rights  contained  all  the  princi- 
ples essential  10  freedom.  The  frame  of  govern. 
ment  was  radically  and  irreparably  defective.  Tha 
hereditary  royal  executive  was  itself  an  inconsis- 
tency with  the  declaration  of  rights.  The  legis- 
lative iwwer,  all  concentrated  in  a  single  assembly, 
was  an  incongruity  still  more  glaring.  These  wera 
both  departures  Irom  the  system  of  organisation 
which  Lafayvtio  had  witnessed  in  the  American 
constitutions :  neither  of  them  was  approved  by 
Lafayette.  In  deference  to  the  pievailing  opiniona 
and  prejudices  of  the  times,  he  acquiesced  in 
ihein,  and  he  was  destined  to  Inour  the  most  im- 
minent hazards  of  his  life,  and  lo  make  the  sacriAca 
of  all  thai  gives  value  'o  life  itself,  in  faithful  ad- 
herence to  that  coiisliiution  which  he  bad  swum 
to  sup|iort. 

Shortly  after  his  resignation,  as  commandei 
general  uf  the  national  guards,  the  friends  of  liber- 
ty and  order  presantad  niin  as  n  candidate  for  elec- 
tion as  mayor  of  Paris  ;  but  he  had  a  competitor 
in  Ihe  peraon  of  Pethion,  more  suited  to  Ihe  party, 
pursuing  with  inexorable  rancour  the  abolition  o( 
the  monarchy  and  the  deatruclion  of  the  king ; 
and,  what  may  seem  scarcely  credible,  the  remnant 
of  the  party  which  still  adhered  to  the  king,  tha 
king  himself,  and,  above  all,  the  queen,  favoured 
the  election  uf  the  jacobin  Pethion,  in  preferenca 
lo  that  of  Lafayette.  They  were,  too  fatally  fir 
themselves,  successful. 

From  the  Arst  meeting  of  the  legislatlva  assem- 
bly, under  the  constilulTon  of  1791,  the  destrue. 
lion  of  the  king  and  ;'  the  monarchy,  and  the  es- 
tablishment of  a  repu'olic,  by  means  of  the  popular 
passions  and  of  popular  violence,  were  the  deb- 
berate  purposes  of  iu  leading  member*.  Tha 
spirit  with  which  the  revolution  had  been  pursuHL 
from  the  time  of  the  destruction  o*"  the  Bastille, 
had  caused  the  emigration  of  great  numbers  of  the 
nobility  and  cleri^y  ;  and,  among  them,  of  the  two 
brothers  of  Louis  the  Sixteenth,  and  of  several 
other  princes  of  his  blood.  They  had  applied  to 
all  the  other  great  monarchies  of  Europe  for  as- 
sistance to  uphold  or  restore  the  crumbling  monar 
chy  of  France.  The  French  reforjiets  them- 
selves, in  the  beat  of  their  political  fanaticiim, 
avowed,  without  disguise,  the  design  to  revolu 
lionize  all  Europe,  and  had  emissaries  in  every 
country,  o|ienly  or  secretly  preaching  the  doctrine 
of  insurrection  against  all  established  governments. 
Louis  the  Sixteenth,  and  his  queen,  an  Austrian 
princess,  sister  lo  the  Ein|ieror  Leopold,  were  in 
secret  negociation  with  the  Austrian  government 
for  the  rescue  of  the  king  and  royal  family  of 
France  from  the  dangers  with  which  they  were  - 
so  incessantly  beset.  In  the  Electorate  of  Treves, 
a  part  of  the  Germanic  empire,  the  emigrants 
from  France  were  assembling,  with  indications  o( 
a  design  lo  enter  France  in  hostile  array,  to  elTeel 
a  counter-revolution  ;  and  the  brothers  of  tha 
king,  assuming  a  position  at  Coblentz,  on  the  bor- 
ders of  their  country,  were  holding  councils,  jbo 
object  of  which  was  to  march  in  arms  to  Paiia, 
to  release  the  king  from  captivity,  and  to  restMV 
the  ancient  monarchy  to  the  dominion  of  abaoluis 
power. 


HISTORY  OV   THB 


.«  I 


I 


TIm  kiDg,  who,  mn  b«for*  kit  forcid  leeapl- 
MM*  of  (h«  eomiltailon  of  I'H,  bad  mid*  an  ud- 
■uortHl'ul  atif  mM  lo  •■capo  Afom  bto  palaea  pr<- 
•on,  WM,  )n  A|iril,  1703,  raduo«<i  la  lh«  humilia- 
ting necpuily  oCdacUring  wiragalntt  tha  verjt  lo- 
varelKno  who  wcio  arming  iheir  iialliini  lo  retcue 
hWn  from  hii  rrvollad  aubj«cti.  Thrae  aniilfii, 
•irh  of  Ai^y  ihouMnd  men,  wcra  levied  to  meet  the 
•uiernendea  of  ihia  war,  and  ware  placed  under 
the  ei  jtinand  of  Lucknar,  Koohambaau,  and  La- 
Al*etta.  Aa  ha  naiaad  through  Paria  to  go  aud 
•dia  the  command  of  hla  army,  ha  appeared  before 
Um  teglalallve  aaiambly,  the  prealdent  of  which, 
'  hi  aMraaalni  him,  aald  that  the  nation  would  op- 
Boaa  to  their  anemlea  the  cooalUuiioa  and  La- 
nyaiie. 

But  the  anemlea  to  the  conatitution  were  within 
tha  walla.  At  thW  diitance  of  time,  when  moat  of 
the  men,  and  many  of  the  paMiona  of  thoie  dayi, 
have  paaaed  away,  when  the  French  revolution, 
and  ita  reanlla,  ihould  he  regarded  with  the  aeurch- 
Ing  eye  of  philoaophical  apeculiition,  at  leMun*  of 
experience  to  after  agci,  may  it  even  now  be  per- 
mitteJ  to  remark  how  much  the  vlrtuea  and  the 
arimei  of  men,  iii  timet  of  political  convuliion,  are 
modified  and  characteri;:*d  by  the  circuniitancei 
in  which  they  are  placed  7  The  great  acioni  ul'tlir 
liemendoui  scenea  uf  revolution  in  tluiae  llineii 
were  men  educated  in  achouU  of  high  civilization, 
and  in  the  humane  and  benevolent  precepli  of  the 
chriilian  religion.  A  imall  portion  of  them  were 
(rleioiiiand  dr;iraved  ;  hut  tht  great  majority  were 
wound  up  to  mudncH  by  that  war  of  conflicting  in- 
tareataand  abioniing  pniaioni,  enkindled  by  a  great 
convaltion  of  the  locfal  ayatem.  It  haa  been  »«id 
by  a  great  maater  of  human  nature— 

■*  In  peere,  ihera'a  nothinir  ao  beeomea  a  man 
^  Ai  iiMMlcal  •liilnaa    lud  hmnililj;; 
*  But  when  Ihe  li  ail  uf  war  hliiwa  in  your  eara, 
'  IVwn  iinilitia  ilie  action  of  ilis  ligar." 

Ite  faithlully  did  the  people  of  France,  and  the 
laaderi  of  their  factions,  in  that  war  of  all  the  po- 
litical elcinentt,  obey  that  injunction.  Who,  that 
lived  in  that  day,  can  remember  ?  who,  since  born, 
can  read,  or  bear  to  be  luUI,  the  horrors  of  the  20lh 
of  June,  the  lOthof  August,  the  2d  and  3d  of  Sep- 
tember, 1792,  of  the  31st  of  May,  1793,  and  of  a 
multitude  of  others,  during  which,  in  dreadful  siic- 
•assion,  the  murderers  of  one  day  were  the  victims 
of  the  next,  until  that,  when  the  insurgent  popu- 
lace themselves  were  shot  down  by  tliousaoda,  in 
the  very  streets  of  Paris,  by  the  military  legions  of 
the  convention,  and  the  rising  fortune  and  {'"■<*■■ 
of  Napoleon  Bonaparte  t  Who  can  remember,  or 
read,  or  hear,  of  all  this,  without  shuddering  at  the 
•icht  of  man,hia  fellow-creature,  in  the  drunkenness 
of  political  frenay,  degrading  himself  beneath  the 
condition  of  the  cannibal  savage  T  beneath  even 
the  condition  of  the  wild  beast  of  the  desert  7  and 
who,  but  with  a  feelina  of  deep  mortification,  can 
reflect,  that  the  rational  and  immortal  being,  to  the 
race  of  which  he  himself  belongs,  should,  even  in 
hia  most  palmy  stale  of  intellectual  cultivation,  be 
capable  of  this  self-transformation  to  brutality  7 

Id  this  dissolution  of  all  the  moral  elements  which 
regulate  the  conduct  of  men  in  their  social  condi- 
tion ;  in  this  monstrous,  and  scarcely  conceivable 
apectacle  of  a  king,  at  tlie  head  of  a  mighty  nation, 
In  secret  league  with  the  enemies  against  whom 
he  has  proclaimed  himself  It  war,  and  of  a  legisla- 
ture conspiring  to  destroy  the  king  and  constitution 
«o  which  they  have  sworn  allegiance  and  support, 
Lafayette  alone  is  seen  to  picaetre  his  fidelity  to 
the  king,  to  the  constitution,  and  to  his  country, 

"  Unshaken,  unsedncait,  uaterrifiml, 

"  His  loyally  he  kept,  hia  love,  his  zeal." 

On  the  Kith  of  June,  1792,  four  days  before  the 
first  vi  ilation  of  the  palace  of  the  Tuilleries  by  the 
popubce  of  Paris,  at  the  instigation  of  the  jnco' 
bins,  Lafayette,  in  a  letter  to  the  lei;islative  assem- 
biy,  had  denounced  the  jacobin  club,  an<1  called  up- 
on the  assembly  to  suppress  them.  He  nfierwnrds 
repaired  to  Pans  in  person,  presented  hiinselfat  the 
bar  of  the  assembly,  repeated  his  dennnciation  of 
Jk»  club,  aud  took  maasurei  for  suppressing  their 


mcetiD|a  bv  fore*.  Ha  propoead  also  to  tha  king 
kimielf  to  furnish  him  with  inaaiia  of  withdrawing 
with  hla  family  lo  Compaigna,  where  ha  would 
have  been  nut  of  tha  reach  of  that  ferocious  nnd 
blood-thirsty  miillilude.  The  Assembly,  by  a  great 
majority  uf  votes,  suaiHiiinl  llie  principle*  uf  hi* 
letter,  but  the  king  declined  his  proffered  assist- 
ance lo  enable  him  to  witliilraw  from  Paris ;  and  of 
those  upon  whom  he  c^llrd  to  march  with  him, 
and  shut  up  the  hull  where  the  jnciibina  held  their 
meeilugs,  not  more  than  thirteen  persona  present- 
ed themselvaa  at  the  appointed  lima. 

He  returned  to  his  army,  and  became  theneo- 
forth  tha  special  object  of  jacobin  resentment  and 
revenge.  On  the  8lh  of  August,  on  a  preliminary' 
measure  to  the  intended  insurrection  of  tho  lUth, 
the  question  was  taken,  alter  several  days  of  da- 
bate,  upon  a  formal  motion  that  he  should  be  put 
in  Bceusatkin  and  tried.  Tha  last  remnant  of  free- 
dom in  that  aasembly  was  then  seen  hv  the  vote  up- 
on nominal  appeal,  or  yeas  and  nays,  in  which  four 
hundred  and  lorly-sU  votes  were  fur  rejecting  the 
charge,  and  only  two  hundred  and  iwenty-fuur  fur 
sustaining  it.  Two  days  after,  the  Tuilleries  were 
stormed  by  popular  insurrection.  The  unrortunute 
king  was  compelled  to  seek  refuge,  with  his  family, 
in  the  hall  of  the  logialalive  asaeinbly,  and  esca|ied 
from  being  lorn  to  pieces  iiy  an  infuriated  multi- 
tude, unly  to  pass  from  his  palace  to  the  prison,  in 
his  way  tu  the  scafliild. 

This  revolution  thus  accomplished,  anniliilated 
tho  constitution,  the  government,  and  the  cause  fur 
which  Lafayette  had  contended.  The  people  of 
France,  b^  their  acquiescence,  a  great  (Hirtlun  of 
them  by  direct  approval,  confirmed  and  sanctioned 
the  abolition  of  the  monarchy.  The  armies  and 
their  commanders  took  the  same  victorious  side  : 
not  a  show  of  resistance  was  made  to  the  revolu- 
tionary torrent,  not  an  arm  waa  lifted  to  restore  the 
fallen  monarch  to  his  thione,  nor  even  lo  rescue  or 
protect  his  ptnon  from  the  fury  of  his  Inexorable 
foes.  Lafayette  himself  would  have  marched  to 
Paris  with  his  army,  for  the  defence  of  the  con- 
stitution, but  in  this  dis|M)sition  he  was  nut  second- 
ed by  his  troops.  After  ascertaining  that  the  ef- 
fort would  be  vain,  and  after  arresting  at  Sedan 
the  roembert  of  the  denutation  from  the  legislative 
assembly,  sent,  after  their  own  subjugation,  lo  ar- 
rest him,  he  determined,  as  the  only  expedient  left 
him  to  save  his  honour  and  his  principles,  to  with- 
draw both  from  the  army  and  the  country ;  to  pass 
into  a  neutral  territory,  and  thence  into  these  Uni- 
ted States,  the  country  of  his  early  aduptiun  and 
his  fond  partiality,  where  he  was  sure  of  finding  a 
safe  asylum,  and  of  meeting  a  cordial  welcome. 

But  his  destiny  had  reserved  him  for  other  and 
severer  trials.  We  have  seen  him  struggling  for 
the  support  of  principles,  against  the  violence  of 
raging  ractiona,  and  the  fickleness  of  the  multi- 
tude ;  we  are  now  to  behold  him  in  the  hands  of 
the  hereditary  rulers  of  mankind,  and  to  witness 
the  nature  of  their  tender  mercies  lo  him. 

It  was  in  the  neutral  territory  of  Liege  that  he, 
together  with  his  companions,  Latour  Maubourg, 
Bureau  de  Puzy,  and  Alexander  Lameth,  was  la- 
ken  by  the  Auslrians,  and  transferred  lo  Prussian 
guards.  Under  the  circumstances  of  the  case,  he 
could  not,  by  the  principles  uf  the  laws  of  nations, 
be  treated  even  as  a  prisoner  of  war.  He  was 
treated  as  a  prisoner  of  slate.  Prisoners  of  state 
in  the  monarchies  of  Europe  are  always  presumed 
guilty,  and  are  treated  as  if  entitled  as  little  lo 
mercy  as  to  justice.  Lafayette  was  immured  in 
dungeons,  first  at  Wcsel,  then  at  Magdeburg,  and. 
Anally,  at  Olmutz,  in  Moravia.  Dy  what  right  7 
By  none  known  among  men.  By  what  authority  7 
That  has  never  been  avowed.  For  what  cause  7 
None  has  ever  been  assigned.  Taken  by  Austri- 
an soldiers  upon  a  neutral  territory,  handed  over 
to  Prussian  jailors ;  and,  when  Frederic  William 
of  Prussia  abandoned  his  Austrian  ally,  nnd  made 
liis  separate  pence  with  repiiblicnn  France,  he  re 
transferred  his  illustrious  prisoner  to  the  Aiistri 
ans,  from  whom  he  had  r(!ceived  liiiii,  tlint  he 
might  be  deprived  of  tlie  hiessing  of  roBninin<;  liis 
liberty,  even  from  tho  hands  of  peace.  Five  years 


waa  lb*  duration  of  Ihia  ImprisoniMnl,  ■girayalM 
by  every  indignity  that  could  make oppieasloi. bit- 
ter. '1  hat  it  was  impi>d«d  .la  linprlsnninuiit  fn« 
life,  was  nut  unly  freely  4vuived,  but  signiflcanlly 
iiinde  known  tu  him  by  hla  jailors ;  and  while, 
with  alfrcled  precaution,  the  nieaiis  ufierinlnatin| 
his  aulferlnga  by  hia  uwn  act  were  removed  irom 
him,  Ihe  barbniity  of  III  usage,  of  unwhuleaoine 
food,  and  of  iiealiferious  atmuaphere,  waa  applieu 
with  inexurable  rigour,  at  if  to  abridge  the  daya 
which,  at  the  same  lime,  were  rendered  at  liir  aa 
possible  insupportable  to  himfalf. 

Neither  the  generous  sympa'hiei  of  the  gallant 
toldier,  (ieneral  Filapatrick,  in  Ihe  British  huuso 
of  commons,  nor  the  |ienonal  solicitation  of  Wash- 
ington, president  of  the  United  States,  speaking 
with  the  voice  of  r.  grateful  nilion,  nor  ine  per 
auaaive  accents  of  domestic  and  coiijiit:al  affection, 
imploring  the  monarch  uf  Aiiaiiia  fur  the  release 
of  Lafayette  could  avail.  The  unsophisticated 
freling  uf  generous  nature  in  Ihe  hearts  of  men,  at 
this  outrage  uiion  justice  and  humanity,  wus  manW 
fosled  in  another  form.  Two  individuals,  private 
citisens,  one,  of  the  United  Sislns  of  America, 
Francis  lluger,  the  other,  a  native  oi*  the  Klecto- 
rate  of  llaiiuver.  Doctor  Erick  Bullmann,  under- 
took, at  imminent  haxard  of  their  lives,  to  supply 
means  lor  his  escape  from  prison,  and  their  per- 
sonal uiil  to  its  necomplisliment.  Their  design 
was  formed  with  great  address,  pursued  with  un- 
tiring perseverance,  and  executed  with  undaunted 
intrepidity.  It  was  frustrated  by  accidents  beyond 
the  control  of  human  sagacity. 

To  his  persecutions,  hrwever,  the  hand  of  awiao 
and  just  Providence  had,  in  its  own  time,  and  in  its 
own  way,  prepared  a  terniinalinn.  The  hands  ol 
the  Einficror  Francis,  lied  by  mysterious  and  in- 
visible bands  against  the  indulgence  uf  mercy  to 
the  tears  of  a  more  than  heroic  wife,  were  loosen* 
ed  by  llie  mure  prevailing  eloquence,  or,  nther, 
were  severed  by  Ihe  conquering  swurd  of  NapoUne 
Bonaparte,  acting  under  instructions  from  the  cxe- 
lulive  directory,  then  swaying  the  destinies  o' 
France. 

Lafayette  and  his  fellow-sufferers  were  still  un- 
der the  sentence  of  proscription  issued  by  the  fao. 
tiun  which  had  destroyed  the  constiliilinn  of  1791, 
and  murdered  the  ill-fated  Louis  and  his  queen..— 
But  revolution  had  followed  upon  revolution  since 
tlie  downfall  of  the  monarchy,  on  the  10th  oi 
August,  1792.  The  federative  republicans  of  tho 
Giroiide  had  been  butchered  by  the  jacobin  reppb- 
licans  of  the  mountain.  The  mountain  had  been 
subjected  by  the  municipality  of  Paris,  and  tha 
sections  of  Paris,  by  the  reorganiantion  of  parties 
in  the  national  convention,  and  with  aid  froir  ha 
armies.  Brissot  and  his  federal  associates,  Imo 
ton  and  hit  party,  Robespierre  and  his  sulinlleiii 
demons,  had  successively  perished,  each  by  '.he 
measure  applied  to  themselvei  which  they  had 
meted  out  to  others ;  and  as  no  cxperimeiH  .if  po 
litical  empiricism  waslo  be  omitted  in  the  medley 
of  the  French  revolutions,  the  hereditary  execu 
live,  with  a  single  legislative  assembW,  waa  kuc- 
ceeded  by  a  constitution  with  a  legislature  in  twi 
branches,  and  a  five-headed  execuiive,  eligible, 
annually  one-fifth,  by  their  concurrent  votes,  anc 
bearing  the  name  of  a  directory.  This  was  the  go 
vernnient  at  whose  instance  Lafayette  was  finall] 
liberated  from  the  dungeon  of  Olmula. 

But.  while  this  directory  were  shaking  lo  iheii 
deepest  foundations  all  the  monarchies  ofEniopo  ; 
while  thay  were  stripping  Austria,  the  most  putent 
of  them  all,  piecemeal  of  her  territories  ;  while 
they  were  imposiog  upon  her  the  most  humiliat- 
ing conditions  of  peace,  and  bursting  open  hei 
dungeons  lo  restore  llieir  illustrious  countryman 
to  Ihe  light  uf  day  and  the  blessing  of  a  personal 
freedom,  they  were  themselves  exploding  by  in- 
ternal combustion,  divided  into  two  factions,  each 
conspiring  the  destruction  of  Ihe  other.  Lafayette 
received  his  freedom,  ordy  to  see  the  two  mem- 
bers of  the  directory,  who  had  taken  the  warmest 
inti^rest  in  effecting  his  lilieration,  outlawed  and 
pruscribed  by  their  colleagues :  one  uf  them.  Car> 
not,  a  fugitive  from  bis  country,  lurkins  in  binidik 


UNITKD   STATES. 


m 


WRrmeil 
wed  and 
Bm,  Car* 


■MMa«M*p«  panuil ;  and  tbaulhcr  Hnrllirlemjr, 
d«pnrt«d,  with  My  mtmttm  o(  the  IcK'ilntive  aa- 
iciitklii  wilhiiui  luriii  III  Iriul,  or  «ven  of  lagnl  prn- 
II  M,  lu  (ha  |M!atil«iilial  cliiimle  iil'  (liiiiiiiii.  All 
lhi>i  wui  iluiiv  Willi  (lie  apiiraballiin,  vaiircaieil  In 
llii<  iiMiil  iin(|niiliil<iil  lerina,  iil  Nu|Hil«iin,  mid  with 
e<i-ii|i«riiiiiiii  III' Ilia  army.  U|Min  liring  inlurnied 
01  lliv  •iicueu  iil'lliia  I'ride'a  \)Uit«>  lia  wrulc  lo 
b«  diri'i  liiry  iliul  lie  liiiil  with  hiin  unti  Imiidrtid 
iliiiiiHaiid  iiirn,  u|K)n  wliiiin  tli«y  iiii){lit  irly  to 
caiiKo  III  lie  rmpeiMpil  all  lh«  nieiinurea  that  Ihry 
aliiiulil  lake  tu  etiabliali  liberty  upon  aolld  fouiidu- 
ttuiia. 

Two  ycnra  nflnrwanla,  anollier  rcrolution,  di- 
#rclly  auconipliHlii'il  by  Napoleon  hiinacif,  ileinn- 
Uahed  t(i«  direrliiry,  the  vunatilutlun  nf  the  two 
CoiiiiuiU,  and  lliii  Milid  liberty,  lo  (he  aup|Hirt  ol' 
which  ihH  liiiiidred  ihiiuanml  men  had  beeii  pledg- 
•d,  HiidiiitriiiliiceilHiiiillivi  viinalilulion.  wiih  Ituiiu- 
^r(e  hiiiuell'  I'lir  iln  exevutive  head,  aa  (he  lira(  ul° 
three  coiiaula,  liir  live  yeura. 

Ill  (ha  interval  lie(wcen  thnie  twn  revniutloni, 
L'lfaynte  reaideil  I'ur  nlioiK  two  ycara.  Oral  In  the 
Daniah  territory  of  llolatoin,  mid,  ufkorwarda,  a( 
I1(rech(,  ill  (he  llatiiviHii  repnblir..  Neither  of 
Iheiii  had  been  virvc(«d  by  in«aiia  or  in  a  inannnr 
wliich  could  (MiaHibly  meet  Ilia  approbation,  lint 
the  conaular  Bovernineiit  coinnieiiced  with  broad 
profca'iona  ol  republican  piinGiplea,anlhelai(h  of 
which  h<>  returned  to  France,  and  for  n  aeriea  of 
yoara  realded  in  privacy  and  retirement  upon  hia 
Mthto  of  Ln  Orange,  flere,  in  the  cultivation  uf 
hia  farm,  and  the  enjoyment  of  domeatic  felicity, 
emtiilterod  only  by  the  loaa,  in  1807,  of  that  anKol 
tipon  earth,  the  partner  of  all  the  viciaaitiidea  of 
Ilia  lil'e,  he  employed  hia  lime,  and  witneaaed  the 
upward  flight  and  downward  fall  of  the  aoldior  and 
•port  of  fortune,  Nnpolooii  Uonaparte.  He  had 
•uon  perceived  the  hullowiieaa  of  the  consular  iiro- 
feaaiona  of  pure  republican  principlea,  and  withheld 
himnelf  from  all  participation  in  the  Koverninent. 
In  IHO'i,  he  was  elected  a  moinbor  of  the  general 
council  of  (he  depaitment  of  Upper  Loire,  and,  in 
declining  the  appointment,  took  necaaion  to  pre- 
sent a  review  of  hia  precedin!(  life,  and  a  pledge 
of  hia  perseverance  in  the  principlea  which  he  had 
pruvioualy  suatained.  "  Far,"  aaid  he,  "  from 
the  acene  of  public  alfaira,  and  devoting  myaelf  at 
laat  to  the  repoae  of  private  live,  my  ardeni  wishes 
are,  that  external  peace  should  aoon  prove  the 
fruit  of  those  miracles  of  glory  which  are  oven 
uow  aurpasaing  the  prodigies  of  the  preceding 
campaigna,  and  that  internal  peace  ahould  be  con- 
•olidaled  U|)on  the  essential  and  invariable  foun- 
dationa  of  true  liberty.  Happy  that  twenty-three 
Veara  of  vicisaitudes  in  my  fortune,  and  of  con- 
•lancy  to  my  principles,  authorize  me  to  re|)ent, 
that,  if  a  nation,  to  recover  its  rights,  needs  only 
the  will,  they  can  only  be  preserved  by  inflexible 
fidelity  lo  its  obligation." 

When  the  first  consulate  for  five  years  was  in- 
vented as  one  of  the  steps  of  the  ladder  of  Napo- 
leon's ambition,  he  sullered  Sieves,  the  member  of 
the  directory  whom  he  had  used  as  an  inatrumcnt 
for  casting  olT  that  worse  than  worthless  inititii- 
lion,  to  prepare  another  constitution,  of  which  he 
took  as  much  as  suited  his  pur|»se,  and  consigned 
the  rest  lo  oblivion.  One  of  the  wheels  of  this 
new  |)olitical  engine  was  a  conservative  senate, 
forming  the  peerage  to  sustain  the  executive  head. 
This  body  it  was  the  interest  and  the  policy  of 
Napoleon  to  conciliate,  and  he  filled  it  with  men, 
wlio,  through  all  the  previous  stages  of  the  revo- 
lution, had  acquired  and  maintained  the  highest 
resiieclabiliiy  of  char.icter.  Lafayette  w.is  urged 
with  great  eamestni'ss,  by  Napoleon  himself,  to 
take  a  seat  ir.  this  senate ;  but,  aller  several  con- 
ferences with  the  first  consul.  In  which  he  ascer- 
tained the  extent  of  his  designs,  be  peremptorily 
declined.  His  answer  to  the  minister  of  war 
(niLpered  hi?  refusal  with  a  generous  and  delicate 
compliment,  alliMlingat  the  same  time  to  the  po- 
liliiin  wliich  theconsistency  of  his  character  made 
»  his  duty  to  occupy.  To  the  first  consul  him- 
■elf,  in  temu  equally  candid  and  explicit,  he  said, 
■  Uui,  from  I M  dinction  which  'jublic  afl°ain  were 


takiiig,  what  he  already  law,  and  what  It  was  aaay 
to  foresee,  it  did  not  seem  suitable  to  his  character 
to  enter  into  an  order  of  ihings  contrary  to  his 
principles,  and  in  whirh  he  would  have  lo  con- 
tend wiilioiit  success,  as  without  public  utility, 
against  a  man  lo  whom  he  was  Indebted  for  great 
•ibligatiniis." 

Not  lung  afterwards,  when  all  republican  prin- 
ciple was  so  utterly  prostrated,  that  he  was  sum- 
moned lo  vole  on  the  ((uestion  whether  the  rili/.en 
Nii|ioleon  Uonajiarte  should  be  consul  for  life, 
Lniayelto  added  to  his  vote  Ihe  following  com- 
ment ;  "  I  cannot  vole  for  such  n  magistracy  until 
the  public  liberty  shall  have  been  aufilciently 
guaiantied  i  and  In  that  event  I  vote  for  Najioleon 
Uonaparte." 

He  wriilo  nt  the  lame  lime  to  the  first  consul  a 
letter  ex|>lan»tory  of  his  vote,  which  no  republi- 
can will  now  read  without  recognizing  the  image 
uf  inordinale  and  triumphant  ainbiiion  cowering 
under  the  rebuke  of  disinterested  virtue. 

"  The  18th  uf  Brumnire,  (said  this  letter)  saved 
France ;  and  I  feU  myself  recalled  by  the  liberal 
professions  to  which  you  had  attached  your  ho- 
nour. Since  then  we  have  seen  in  the  consular 
(lower  that  rcparatory  dirlalorship  whiith,  under 
the  auspices  of  your  genius,  has  achieved  ao 
much ;  yet  not  so  much  as  will  be  the  rcnturatlon 
of  liberty.  It  is  impossibls  that  you,  UenemI,  the 
first  of  that  order  of  men  who,  to  comi>are  and 
seat  themselres,  take  in  the  compass  of  all  ages, 
that  you  iliould  wish  such  a  revolution  ;  io  many 
vinlnries,  8<i  much  blood,  so  many  calamities  and 
prodigies,  should  have  fur  the  world  and  for  you 
no  oilier  result  than  arbitrary  government.  The 
French  people  have  too  well  known  their  rights 
ullimately  to  forget  them  ;  but  perhaps  they  are 
now  better  pre|Kirod,  than  in  Ihe  time  of  their  ef- 
fervescence, to  recover  them  usefully ;  and  you, 
by  the  force  of  your  character,  and  of  the  public 
confidence,  by  the  superiority  of  your  talents,  of 
your  position,  of  your  fortune,  may,  by  the  re-es- 
tahlishmenl  of  liberty,  suimount  every  danger,  and 
relievo  every  anxiety.  I  have,  then,  no  other  than 
patriotic  and  personal  motives  for  wishing  you  this 
last  addition  to  your  glory ;  a  permanent  magistra- 
cy ;  but  it  is  due  to  the  principles,  the  engage- 
ments, and  the  actions  of  my  whole  life,  (o  wait, 
before  giving  my  vote,  until  liberty  shall  have 
been  settled  upon  foundations  worthy  of  the  nation 
and  of  you.  I  liojie,  general,  that  you  will  here 
find,  as  heretofore,  that  with  the  iierseverance  of 
my  political  opinions  are  united  sincere  good 
wishes  personally  to  you,  and  a  profound  sentiment 
of  my  obligations  to  you." 

The  writer  of  this  letter,  and  he  to  whom  it  was 
addressed,  have,  each  in  his  appropriate  sphere, 
been  instruments  of  transcendent  power,  in  the 
hands  of  Providence,  to  shape  the  ends  of  its  wis- 
dom in  the  wonderful  story  of  the  French  revolu- 
tion. In  contemplating  the  part  which  each  of 
them  had  acted  upon  that  great  theatre  of  human 
destiny,  before  the  date  of  the  letter,  how  strange 
was  at  that  moment  the  relative  position  of  the 
two  individuals  to  each  other,  and  to  the  woild  ! 
Lafayette  was  the  founder  of  the  great  movement 
then  in  progress  for  the  establishment  of  freedom 
in  France,  and  in  the  European  world ;  but  his 
agency  had  been  all  intellectual  and  moral.  He 
had  asserted  and  pioclaimed  the  principles.  He 
bad  never  violated,  never  betrayed  them.  Napo 
leon,  a  military  adventurer,  had  vapoured  in  pro- 
clamations, and  had  the  froth  of  jacobinism  upon 
his  lips  ;  but  his  soul  was  at  the  point  of  his  sword 
The  revolution  was  to  Lafayette  the  cause  of  hu 
man  kind  ;  to  Napoleon  it  was  a  mere  ladder  of 
ambition. 

Yet,  at  the  time  when  this  letter  was  written, 
Lafayette  after  a  series  of  immense  sacrficca  and 
unparalleled  suflerings,  was  a  private  citizen 
railed  to  account  to  Ihe  world  for  declining  to  vote 
for  placing  Napoleon  at  the  head  of  the  French 
nation,  with  arbitrary  and  indefinite  powerforlife; 
and  Napoleon,  amid  professions  of  unbounded  de- 
votion to  liberty,  wag,  lo  the  fhce  of  mankind, 
ntcendioj  the  ste^j  gf  gq  ))ored|tai]r  imperigl  and 


royal  throne.  Such  was  their  relative  poiltlMl 
then !  what  is  it  now  ?  Has  history  a  lesson  Am 
mankind  mure  inatrucdvs  than  (hi  cnn(rast  and 
(he  piirallrl  of  their  fortunes  and  Iheir  fata  T  Time 
and  chance,  and  the  finger  of  I'rovidenee,  which, 
in  every  deviation  from  the  p.ilh  of  justice,  re- 
serves or  opens  to  itself  an  avenue  of  return,  has 
brought  eai  h  of  these  mighty  men  to  a  close  of 
lilV,  congenial  to  the  character  with  which  ha 
travelled  over  its  scenes.  The  consul  for  life, 
Ihe  hereditary  em|ieriir  and  king,  expires  a  cap- 
tive on  a  barren  rock  in  the  wilderness  of  a  dts- 
tant  oceans  separated  from  his  iin|ierial  wife; 
separated  from  his  son,  who  survives  him  only  to 
pine  awav  his  existence,  and  die  at  the  moment  ol 
manhood,  In  the  condition  of  an  Austrian  prince. 
The  apostle  of  liberty  survives,  again  to  coma 
furwaro,  the  ever-consistent  champion  of  her  cause, 
and,  finally,  to  close  his  career  In  peace,  a  repub- 
lican, without  reproach  in  death,  as  he  had  bees 
without  fear  throughout  life. 

Hut  Napoleon  was  lo  be  the  artificer  of  his  own 
fortunes,  prosperous  and  adverse.  He  was  rising 
by  Ihe  sword  ;  by  the  sword  he  was  destined  t(» 
fall.  The  counsels  of  wisdom  and  of  virtue  fell 
tiircrless  u|iuu  his  ear,  or  sunk  into  his  heart  only 
lo  kindle  resentment  and  hatred.  He  sought  no 
farther  personal  intercourse  with  Lafayette  ;  and 
denied  common  justice  lo  his  son,  who  had  entered 
and  distinguished  himself  in  the  army  uf  Italy, 
and  from  whom  he  withheld  tlir  promotion  justly 
due  to  his  services. 

The  career  of  gloi^,  of  fame,  and  of  power,  of 
which  the  consulate  for  life  was  but  the  first  step, 
was  of  ten  years'  continuance,  till  it  had  reached 
lis  xenilh ;  till  the  astonished  eyes  of  mankind 
beheld  the  charity  scholar  of  Brienne,  emperor, 
king,  and  prote<^tor  of  Ihe  eonfcderalion  of  the 
Rhir.e,  bannufeiing  at  Dresden,  surrounded  by  a 
circle  of  tributary  crowned  heads,  among  whom 
was  seen  that  very  Francis  of  Austria,  the  keepei 
in  his  castle  of  Olinuls,  of  the  republican  Lafay- 
ette. And  upon  that  day  of  the  banqueting  at 
Dresden,  the  star  of  Napoleon  culminated  from 
the  equator.  Thenceforward  it  was  to  descend 
with  motion  far  more  rapid  than  when  rising,  till 
it  sank  In  endless  night.  Through  that  long  period, 
Lafayette  remained  in  retirement  at  La  Urango. 
Silent  amidst  Ihe  deafening  shouts  of  victory  from 
Marengo,  and  Jena,  and  Auslerlilz,  and  Friedland, 
and  Wagram,  and  Borodino ;  silent  at  the  confla- 
gration of  Moscow  ;  at  the  passage  of  the  Bere- 
sina ;  at  the  irretrievable  discomfi'ureof  Leifwig ; 
at  the  capitulation  at  Ihe  gates  /  Paris,  and  at  (ha 
first  restoration  of  the  Bourbons,  under  the  ri 
spices  of  the  inveterite  enemies  of  France ;  ts 
little  could  Lafay'tte  participate  in  thf  measures 
of  that  restnn'ion,  as  in  the  usurpations  of  Napo- 
leon. Louis  the  Eighteenth  was  quartered  U|>onthe 
French  nation  as  the  soldiers  of  the  victorious  ar- 
mies were  quartered  upon  the  inhabitants  of  Paris. 
Vet  Louis  the  Eighteenth,  who  held  his  crown  at 
the  gift  of  the  conquerors  of  France,  the  most 
humiliating  of  the  conditions  im|>osed  uiMin  the 
vanquished  nation,  afliected  to  hold  it  by  divine 
right,  and  to  grant,  as  a  special  favour,  a  charter, 
or  constitution,  founded  on  the  avowed  principle 
that  all  the  liberties  of  the  nation  were  no  mora 
than  gratuitous  donations  of  the  king. 

These  pretensions,  with  a  coiresponding  course 
of  policy  pursued  by  the  reinstated  government  ol 
the  Bourbons,  and  the  disregard  of  the  national 
feelings  and  interests  of  France,  with  which  Eu- 
rope was  re-modelled  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna, 
opened  the  way  for  the  return  of  Nafioleon  from  ' 
Elba,  within  a  year  from  the  lime  when  he  had 
been  relegated  there.  He  landed  as  a  solitary  ad- 
venturer, and  the  nation  rallied  round  him  with  rap- 
ture. He  came  with  promises  to  the  nation  of 
freedom  as  well  as  of  independence.  The  allies  o( 
Vienna  proclaimed  against  him  a  war  of  extermi- 
nation, and  re-invaded  France  with  armies  exceed- 
ing in  numbera  a  million  of  men.  Lafayette  had 
been  courted  by  Napoleon  upon  bis  return.  H« 
was  again  urged  to  take  a  seat  in  the  house  of 
peers,  but  peremptorily  decliiwd,  from  wwaiw  (• 


IIIHTORY   or    THE 


IM  handUanr  eharMiir.  il«  hud  rcAiMd  lo  ra- 
MOM  kb  mkor  MbUitjr.  aiid  proiMiatl  ■giilaii  tb« 
•OMlUullon  of  Iha  rmDlra.  and  iha  addtlioniil  acl 
•Mailing  Iha  Imparial  baredllanr  ciown  upon  ilia 
fcmil*  of  Napokon.  Hut  ha  omrad  hlnwril' »»  a 
tonilMafii  for  alaellon  m  a  inambar  of  Ilia  |iii|iiiliir 
N|irataniallT«  chanibar  uf  iha  laiMaluir,  anil  wiit 
MMnlmoualy  ahotcn  by  iha  claelunil  colltga  of  liU 
dapartmanl  to  thai  ilalloa. 

Tba  ballla  of  Walarloo  waa  Iha  ImI  dciparala 
alninla  of  Na|wle«n  lo  raeovar  hi*  fallvn  fi>rtunii», 
tad  (la  laaua  fliad  hia  daallny  fora«ar.  He  eiicn|)cd 
•itnoal  alona  (Vom  Iha  Held,  and  raluiiiad  a  funiiiva 
to  Paria,  projaellng  lo  dliaulve  by  ariiiad  forta  iha 
teglalallva  aaaambly,  and,  aaauming  a  dictalurial 
powar,  lo  iavy  ■  naw  army,  and  Iry  iho  das|i«rale 
akaneaa  of  anolhar  batlla.  Thia  iiurpoia  waa  do- 
fealad  by  iha  anargy  and  nrommlluda  of  Larayvtie 
At  hia  Inalaneelha  aaaambly  adoplcd  ihiwc  raaolu- 
tlona,  ona  of  which  declarad  ihain  In  parmananl 
aaaaion,  and  danounaad  any  allanipl  lo  dliaoWa 
•bam  aa  ■  arimo  of  high  iroaaon.— 

Aftw  Blaabla  and  fralUeaa  allampl  of  Napoleon, 
Ihrough  hb  broibar  Lueten,  loubiaiii  fniin  ilie  a«- 
Minbly  ilgalf  Blamporarydlclalorlal  puwar,  ha  ab- 
ilfaiad  the  Imparial  crown  In  favour  of  hia  infani 
■Mi ;  bul  hia  abdieallon  could  nol  raliave  Franca 
1t9»  Iha  daplorabia  condilloo  lo  which  he  had  ra- 
laeaJ  net  France,  IVom  iha  day  of  iha  ballla  of 
Walerloo,  waa  al  the  mercy  o<  ihe  allied  monarcha ; 
and,  aa  Ihe  laal  acl  of  Iheir  revenge,  Ihey  |[ave 
her  again  lo  Ihe  Bourfaoiii.  France  wn*  conn  rained 
lo  receive  ihem.  Il  waa  al  ihe  poini  of  the  biyunel, 
and  real^lance  waa  of  no  avail.  The  legiilntive 
Maenibly  ii|(pointed  a  proviaional  council  of  govern- 
mem,  and  commiaaionera,  of  whom  Lafayette  was 
ona,  lo  negociaie  with  the  allied  armlea  then  rapid- 
ly advancing  upon  Paria 

The  alliea  manifealed  no  diipoiillon  lo  negoti- 
ate. They  cloaed  ihe  doon  of  Iheir  hall  upon  the 
repreaeniativea  of  the  people  of  France.  They 
reacHled  Loula  Ihe  Eighteenth  upon  hia  throne. 
Agalnat  iheaa  meaaurea  Lafiiyelle  and  the  mein- 
bera  of  the  aaaembly  had  no  meana  of  reaiatance 
left,  aave  a  fearleaa  proleal,  lo  be  remembered 
when  the  day  of  freedom  should  return. 

From  Ihe  lime  of  thia  second  restoration  until 
Ilia  death,  Lafayette  who  had  declined  accepting 
a  aeat  In  the  hereditary  chamber  of  peera,  and  in- 
flexibW  refused  lo  resume  hia  title  of  nobility, 
though  the  charter  of  Louis  the  Kighteenth  hnd 
teatured  Ihem  all,  waa  almost  constantly  a  member 
of  the  chamber  of  deputies,  the  popular  branch 
of  the  legislatuiv.  More  than  once,  however,  the 
influence  of  the  court  was  successful  in  defeating 
hia  election.      Al  one  of  these  intervals,  he  em- 

Eloyed  the  leisure  aflbrded  him  in  revisltiog  Ihe 
Fniled  Slatea. 

Forty  years  had  einpsed  since  he  bad  visited  and 
taken  leave  of  tliem,  at  the  close  of  the  revolution- 
ary war.  The  greater  part  of  the  generation  for 
and  with  whom  ho  had  fought  his  flrsl  fields,  had 
paaaed  away.  Of  the  two  inillinna  of  souls  to 
whose  rescue  from-  oppression  he  had  crossed  the 
ocean  iu  1777,  not  one  in  ten  survived.  But  their 
plaeea  were  supplied  by  more  than  Ave  limes  their 
number*,  their  descendants  and  successors.  The 
sentiment  of  gralitnde  and  affection  for  Lafayette, 
far  from  declining  with  the  lapse  of  time,  quicken- 
ed in  spirit  as  il  advanced  in  years,  and  seemed  to 
multiply  with  the  increasing  numbers  of  the  people. 
The  nation  bad  never  ceased  to  sym|iathize  with 
his  fortunes,  and,  in  every  vicissitude  of  his  life, 
had  manifested  the  deepest  interest  in  his  welfare. 
He  had  occasionally  expresiied  his  intention  to  visit 
once  more  the  scene  of  his  early  arhievementa, 
and  the  country  which  hnd  rcquiieil  his  services  bv 
■  just  estimate  of  their  value.  In  February,  1824, 
•  solemn  legislative  act,  unanimously  pnsseU  by 
both  houses  of  Congress,  and  approved  by  the  pre- 
■Ideiit  of  the  United  States,  charged  the  chief  m  ■ 
g!str:ite  of  the  nation  with  the  duty  of  communica- 
ting to  him  the  aasurances  of  grateful  and  affection- 
•ti  iitlachment  atill  cherished  fur  him  by  the  gov- 
•nment  and  peo|de  of  the  United  States,  and  of 
.mdniBg  Id  him  a  national  ship  with  suitable  ac- 


riiinmodalluii,  fur  his  conveyniien  lo  ibis  coun- 
tiy. 

Ten  years  have  jiuMed  awny  since  the  occurrence 
of  that  event.  Miiire  then,  the  iiirtease  of  popu- 
liitlon  within  riiH  liiirilrrs  nf  our  uniiin  exrerds,  In 
minilirri,  llin  wlicile  iiish  iif  ihiti  iiil',iiit  ruminunily 
III  wliimr  lilierlira  lie  liiid  drviiled,  in  early  youth, 
his  lil'a  aiHl  liirliiiie.  Hia  companions  and  fellow 
soldiers  of  the  war  of  lndr|N>iidence,  of  whom  a 
scanty  reiniiani  still  existed  in  Join  in  Ihe  universal 
shiiul  of  welcome  with  which  he  landed  upon  our 
•liorrs,  have  been  since,  in  Ihe  ordinnry  coura*  of 
nnlure,  dropping  awny  \  pass  but  a  few  short  yean 
miirr,  and  mil  un  iiidlviduul  of  that  ganarallon  with 
which  he  lulled  and  bled  in  ihe  cauae  of  human 
kind,  up<in  his  first  npiiearanca  on  tha  field  of  hu- 
man action,  will  be  left.  The  gallant  offlcar,  and 
distinguished  representative  of  the  iieople,  al  whose 
iiiollon,  u|ion  this  floor,  Ihe  invilallon  of  the  nation 
was  glven^iha  chief  magiatrate  by  whom.  In  com- 
pliance with  Ihe  will  of  the  legislature,  it  was  ten- 
dered^he  surviving  presidents  of  the  I'nited 
Hiates,  and  their  venerable  compeer  aigners  uf  tha 
declaration  uf  inileiiendence,  who  Mceivad  himlo 
the  arms  of  private  nriendship,  while  mingling  their 
voices  in  the  chorus  of  public  exultation  and  Joy, 
are  no  longer  here  to  shed  Ihe  tear  of  sorrow  upon 
hia  departure  from  ibis  earthly  scene.  They  all 
precetled  him  in  the  iranslniion  to  another,  and, 
we  trust,  a  happier  wurld.  The  active,  energetic 
manhomi  of  the  nation,  of  whose  infancy  ha  had 
been  the  protector  and  benefactor,  and  who,  by  Ihe 
protracted  feslivilies  of  more  than  a  year  of  jubi- 
lee, manifested  to  him  their  sense  of  the  obliga- 
liotia  for  which  they  were  indebted  to  him,  are  al- 
ready descending  into  the  vale  of  yeara.  The 
children  of  the  public  schools,  who  thronged  In 
double  files  to  pass  in  review  before  him  to  catch 
a  glimpse  of  his  countenance,  and  a  smile  from  his 
eye,  are  now  among  the  men  and  women  of  the 
land,  rearing  another  generation  lo  envy  their  pa- 
renta  the  joy  which  they  can  never  share,  of  having 
seen  and  contributed  lo  Ihe  glorious  and  Iriuniphant 
reception  of  Lafayette. 

Upon  his  return  to  France,  Lafayette  waa  re- 
ceived with  a  welcome  by  his  countrymen  scarce- 
ly less  enlhusiaalic  than  that  with  which  he  had 
been  greeted  in  this  country.  From  hia  landing 
al  Havre  till  he  arrived  at  hia  residence  at  La 
Orange,  il  was  again  one  triumphal  march,  ren- 
dered but  the  more  striking  by  the  interruptioni. 
and  obstacles  of  an  envioua  and  jealoua  govern- 
ment. Threata  were  not  even  apared  of  arresting 
him  as  a  criminal,  and  holding  him  responsible  for 
the  apontaneoua  and  irrepreasible  feelings  mani- 
fested by  the  people  in  his  favour.  He  was,  very 
soon  after  his  return,  again  elected  a  member  of 
the  chamber  of  deputiea,  and  thenceforward,  in 
ihul  honourable  and  independent  station,  was  the 
soul  of  thalateadfaat  and  Inflexible  party  which  ne- 
ver ceased  to  defend,  and  waa  ultimately  dealined 
to  vindicate  the  liberties  of  France. 

The  government  of  the  Bourbons,  from  the  time 
of  their  restoration,  was  a  perpetual  struggle  to 
return  to  the  Satumian  times  of  absolute  power. 
For  Ihem  Ihe  sun  and  moon  had  stood  still,  not,  as 
inthf  miracle  of  ancient  story,  for  about  a  whole 
day,  but  for  more  than  a  whole  century.  Reseated 
upon  their  thrones,  not,  as  Ihe  Stuarts  had  been  in 
the  seventeenth  century,  by  the  voluntary  acl  of 
Ihe  same  people  which  had  ex|ielled  Ihem,  but  by 
the  arm*  of  foreign  kings  and  hostile  armies,  in- 
stead of  aiming,  by  the  liberality  of  Iheir  govern- 
ment, and  by  improving  the  condition  of  Iheir  peo- 
ple, to  make  them  forget  the  humiliation  of  the 
yoke  imposed  u|ion  them,  Ihey  laboured  with  un- 
vieliiing  ten»city  to  muke  it  inure  galling.  They 
ilinarmed  Ihe  national  guards;  they  cramped  and 
crippled  the  right  of  suffrage  in  elections ;  they 
perverted  and  travestied  the  institution  of  juries  ; 
they  fettered  the  freedom  of  the  press,  and  in  their 
external  policy  lent  themselves,  willing  instrmenis 
to  crush  the  liberties  of  Spain  and  Italy.  The  spi- 
rit of  the  nation  was  curbed  but  nol  subdued.  The 
principles  of  freedom  proclaimed  in  the  declaration 
of  right*  of  1789  bad  taken  too  deep  root  to  be  ex- 


tirpated. Charlaa  the  Tenth,  by  a  gradnal  Intio* 
dnriinn  Inin  hia  rnnnella  of  ihs  most  Invetemle  al» 
hetrnis  In  the  anlirrvnliiiinnnry  gnverninem.  wit 
preparing  ihrwiiy  I'nrllie  nnnihilalinn  uf  iheihar- 
ler  and  of  the  lenlalalive  rrprespnlHllun  of  the  paa« 
pie.  In  priiptirtioM  iis  this  p'ln  H|ipruanlied  In  lit 
maturiiy,  llie  resislnnre  ul  llm  nallun  to  its  ne- 
romplishiiienl  acr|iilreil  runsislency  and  organ- 
iaation.  Tha  lime  had  been,  when,  hv  the  reslria> 
lions  u|ion  the  right  of  suHVage,  and  the  conlrol 
of  the  piess,  and  even  of  ihe  Ikeednm  of  dehnle  In 
the  laglslalure,  the  »p|Mwiilon  in  the  chamber  nl 
dapulie*  had  dwindled  down  lo  not  more  than 
ihlny  mambera.  Bul,  iimlera  rapid  succession  ul 
Incompetent  and  un|iopular  adininlslrallons,  ihe 
majority  of  the  house  uf  deputies  had  passed  from 
Ihe  siile  nf  the  court  to  Ihnt  of  Ihe  fieople.  In* 
August,  1R39,  the  klns.cnnfidintin  his  imaginary 
strength,  rvorganiaed  his  ministry  by  the  appnint- 
menl  of  men  whoae  reputation  wna  itself  a  pledge 
of  Ihe  violent  and  daapcrale  dealgns  in  cnntemphi- 
lion.  Al  ihe  Ant  meeting  of  the  leglslalivn  assem- 
bly, anaddres*  lo  Ihe  king,  signed  by  two  hundred 
and  Iwenlv-one  out  of  four  hundred  membera,  de- 
clared to  him.  In  respectful  terms,  that  a  concur- 
rence of  sentimenla  between  hia  ministers  and  the 
nation  waa  indiapensible  lo  the  happlnesa  of  thn 
people  under  his  government,  and  tnal  this  con- 
currence did  not  exist,  lie  replied,  that  his  deter- 
mination was  iiniiiovahle,  and  diasolved  the  assem- 
bly. A  new  election  was  held  ;  and  ao  odious 
throughout  Ihe  nation  were  the  measures  of  the 
court,  that,  of  Ihe  two  bundled  and  twenty-one 
members  who  hiid  signe<l  the  address  against  the 
ministers,  more  than  two  hundred  were  ie-elect«il. 
The  oppoaition  had  also  gained  an  accession  ol 
numbeis  In  Ihe  remaining  part  of  the  deputations, 
and  it  waa  apiwrent  that,  upon  the  meeting  of  the 
aaaambly,  the  court  party  could  not  be  sustained. 

Al  this  crisis,  Charles  the  Tenth,  aa  If  reaolved 
lo  leave  himself  not  the  shadow  of  a  pretext  to 
complain  of  hia  expulsion  from  the  throne.  In  de- 
fiance of  the  charier,  lo  the  observance  of  which 
he  had  solemnly  sworn,  Issued,  at  one  and  llie  same 
lime,  four  ordinancea ;  the  first  ofwhich  suspend- 
ed the  llbertv  of  the  presa,  and  prohibited  the  pub- 
lication of  all  the  daily  newspapcra  and  other  |ieri- 
odical  journals,  but  by  license,  revokable  at  plea- 
aure,  and  renewable  every  three  inonlhs  ;  the  se- 
cond annulled  the  elections  of  deputies,  which  had 
just  taken  place  ;  the  third  changed  ihe  inniln  ol 
election  prescribed  by  law,  and  reduced  nearly  iiy 
one-half  the  numbers  of  the  house  of  deputies  ic 
be  elected ;  and  the  fourth  commanded  the  new 
election*  lo  be  held,  and  Axed  a  day  fur  the  meet 
ing  of  the  assembly  to  be  w  constituted. 

These  ordinances  were  the  immediate  occasinn 
of  the  last  revolution  of  the  three  days,  termina- 
ting in  the  final  expulsion  of  Charles  llie  Tcnll- 
from  Ihe  throne,  and  uf  himself  and  his  Kmiily 
from  the  territory  of  France.  This  was  effened 
by  an  insurrection  of  the  people  of  Paris,  which 
buret  forth,  by  s|)onl8neous  and  unprpmeilitiilcii 
movement,  on  the  very  day  of  tho  promulgatinn 
of  the  four  ordinances.  The  first  of  these,  the 
suppression  of  all  the  daily  newspapers,  seeinc*  as 
if  studiously  devised  to  provoke  instantaneous  re- 
sistance, and  the  conflict  of  physical  force.  Had 
Charles  the  Tenth  issued  a  deci-ee  to  ahut  up  all 
the  bakehouses  of  Paris,  it  could  not  have  been 
more  fatal  lo  his  aulhoriiv.  The  condiictnis  ol 
Ihe  proscribed  journals,  by  mutual  engp'-'i.:  'r. 
among  themselves,  determined  to  conside:  ^  '  v.'-- 
dinance  as  unlawful,  null,  and  void ;  and  this  was 
to  all  classes  of  the  people  the  signal  uf  resistanre. 
The  ptihiishfrs  nf  twu  uf  the  journals,  suniinuiied 
immediately  liefure  the  judicial  tribunal,  wcri-  jus- 
tifled  in  their  resistance  by  the  senl>-ure  nf  the 
cuurt,  pronouncing  the  ordinance  null  and  void.  A 
marshal  uf  France  receives  the  coininaiiils  nf  tlie 
king  lo  disperse,  by  force  uf  arms,  the  population 
uf  Paris  ;  but  the  spontaneous  resurrection  of  the 
national  guard  organizes  at  once  an  army  todefeinl 
the  liberties  of  the  nation.  Lafayette  is  a^Mlii 
called  from  his  retreat  at  La  Grange,  and,  by  iho 
unaniraou*  voice  of  the  people,  confirmed  by  *ucli 


VNiruu  STATKR 


r  ■  |rmiii«l  IniiiH 
i)Ml  iwfntfmim 
invrrniiivai.  WM 
iiinii  iirihfii.har* 
iHiliin  iif  III*  iwo* 
i|>|iniiirli«il  III  III 
niilliiM  tit  It*  na* 
iiic*  nnil  nriiii. 
PI),  hv  lh«realr<e« 
,  nnil  ihti  ronirol 
liiin  of  (Irhnle  In 
the  ch»inh*r  nt 
niil  mora  Ihiin 
pill  miccCMlon  nj 
iiinlntnitioni,  tli« 
liHil  puMTil  rmm 
th«  people.    In* 
In  hi*  Imnnlnnry 
'  h^  the  eppnlnt- 
M  itMiir  «  p|eil||a 
na  in  ci>ntainpl:i> 
leililallrn  ueenf 
I  ny  two  liundrrd 
cii  membcra,  de> 
ii  thai  •  concur- 
ninlilera  and  llm 
hapninaw  o(  iha 
h)  that  lhi»  rnn- 
d,  that  liladeter- 
oWed  the  aaaein- 
;  and  ao  odloiia 
menaurea  ol'  llio 
and  lwenljr-oii« 
ilreaa  analnal  iha 
were  ie-alecl«d. 
an   acceaainn  ol 
llie  depulatlnna, 
f  meeting  of  tlia 
I  be  aualalned. 
h,  aa  ir  reaotveil 
of  a  preleai  to 
le  throne,  in  de- 
vanve  of  which 
ne  and  the  aaint 
which  auapend- 
hibited  the  pub- 
I  and  nthar  jierl- 
voliable  at  plea- 
nontha ;  the  no- 
iliea,  which  had 
)d  the  inniln  ol 
lueed  nearly  ny 
!  of  dcputiea  Ic 
aniled  the  new 
.  for  the  meet 
luted. 

ediRie  oecaaion 
dtiys.  tenninn- 
ries  llie  'IV  nth 
and  hiK  f'tinily 
is  wns  eirecteil 


layWiM  of  Iha  lajiUlaliva  aaaeuibly  a*  went  able 
!•  mael  for  coinniun  viiaaulluitmi  at  that  trying 
tinartancy,  la  afiln  pUced  at  llie  head  ul  lliu  iiu 
IhiMN  Kuard  aa  Iheir  coiuiiiiinili-r-iii  cliivl.  He 
uiuuied  the  cuiiiiiiand  on  the  •fi'iiiid  iliiy  iif  llie 
eondicl,  and  on  the  third  (Jharlea  the  Triilli  hail 
•eaaed  to  reign,  lie  Ibriimlly  aiiilicalinl  ih«  crowu, 
■ad  hia  aon,  the  duke  d'Aiigoulenie,  rennuiiccil  hia 
prateiiaiuna  lu  the  aurceaaion.     Hut.  huiiibla  lini- 

•ira  of  Naiwleun,  even  in  aubiiiiiliiig  lo  their 
ewD  degradation,  Ihey  clung  to  the  liial  guap  ol 
bereditaiy  away,  by  iranaiiiiiling  all  their  cTHiiii  of 
duininiuuloihaorph:incliildoflliedMl>«  ile  Herri. 

At  an  early  alnge  of  the  revolution  of  1 7Mtl,  La- 
byalla  had  decliireil  it  aa  n  principle  Ihiil  inaiir- 
netlon  againat  lyrania  waa  the  nioal  aiicred  of  du- 
llaa.  ile  had  borrowed  ibia  aauiiineni,  perha|ia, 
ttom  Iha  mono  of  JeH'eraon— ••  Keliellion  to  tyninia 
te  obcdiaaca  to  (iod."  The  iirinciple  itaelf  ia  aa 
Mund  aa  lla  enunciation  ia  daring.  Like  all  gene- 
nl  maxima,  li  la  auace|Mlbla  ol  very  dangeroua 
thliaaat  Iha  leal  of  lla  truth  ia  aaclualvely  in  the 
•orreeinaaa  of  ita  application.  Aa  forming  a  |iurt 
of  Iba  political  creiid  of  hafnyette,  it  haa  not  been 
ia*araly  crilioiaed ;  nor  can  it  be  denied  that.  In 
iha  ax|iarlanoa  of  the  French  revolutiona,  the 
caaea  in  which  popular  Inauireclion  haa  been  re- 
avrted  to,  lor  llie  eatinctlon  of  exialiiiK  authority, 
have  licen  ao  frei|uenl,  ao  uiijuatiliable  in  Ibeir 
•iliaca,  aoalniciouain  Iheir  execution,  ao  dcatruc- 
live  lo  lilierty  in  their  conaeipiencea,  Ihiit  ihe 
frienda  of  freedom,  who  know  thai  ahe  cuu  exiat 
only  undei  the  aupremacy  of  the  law,  have  aoine- 
llniea  felt  themaelvea  conatrained  lu  ihrink  from 
the  developenient  of  abairaci  truth,  in  the  dread  of 
liie  danger  with  which  ahe  ia  aurrounded. 

In  the  revolution  of  the  three  duya  of  I83U,  it 
waa  Ihe  aleady,  culm,  but  inHoxible  adherence  of 
Lafayetle  to  Ihia  maxim  which  decided  the  lute  of 
Oie  liourbona.  After  the  atrugglea  of  the  |H)ople 
nad  commenced,  and  even  while  liberty  and  (wwet 
were  grappling  with  each  other  for  life  or  death,  the 
depuliea  elect  lo  llie  legialntlve  naaembly,  then  at 
Paria,  held  aaveral  meeliuga  at  Ihe  houae  of  Iheir 
sollengue,  Laflitte,  and  elaawhere,  at  which  the 
fueatlun  of  reaialanca  againat  the  ordinnncea  waa 
warmly  debated,  and  aversion  to  thni  reaiatanee  by 
force  waa  the  ienlimeni  predominunl  in  the  miiida 
of  a  inajorily  of  the  niembera.  The  hearts  of  aoiiie 
of  Ihe  moat  ardent  patriots  quailed  within  them  at 
the  thought  ol  another  overthrow  of  the  moniirchy. 
All  the  horrible  recollections  of  the  reign  of  terror, 
the  massacre  of  the  prisons  in  September,  the 
butcheries  of  the  guillotine  from  year  to  year,  the 
headless  trunks  of  Itrisaut,  and  Danlon,  and  Kobea- 
pieire  and  last,  not  least,  the  iion  crown  and  acep- 
Ire  of  Na)ioleon  himself,  rose  in  hideous  succes- 
sion before  them,  and  huuntcd  ineir  imagiuationa. 
They  detested  the  ordinances,  but  lioiied  that,  by 
negotiation  aiid  rcmonafance  with  the  recreant 
king,  it  might  yet  be  possible  lo  obtain  the  revocu' 
tlon  of  Ibem,  and  the  substitution  of  a  more  liberal 
ministry.  This  deliberation  wus  not  concluded 
till  Lalayetle  appeared  among  them.  From  that 
moment  the  die  was  cast.  1  hey  had  till  then  no 
military  leader.  Louis  Philip|ia  ol  Oi.eans,  had 
1:01  then  been  seen  among  th !  ;i. 

In  all  the  changes  of  government  in  France, 
from  the  first  assembly  of  notables,  lo  that  day, 
there  never  had  been  an  act  of  authority  present- 
ing a  case  for  the  'air  and  juai  application  of  the 
duty  of  resistance  aguinst  oppression,  so  clear,  so 
unnueatioiiable,  so  flagrant  as  this.  The  violations 
of  the  charter  were  so  gross  and  palpable,  that  the 
BIOS'  determined  roynliHt  could  not  deny  them. 
The  musk  had  been  hiid  aside.  The  sword  of 
despotism  had  been  drawn,  and  the  scabbard  cast 
away.  A  king,  openly  forsworn,  had  forfeited 
every  claim  to  allegiance  ;  niid  the  only  resource  of 
ibe  ■n'jtion  ogainst  him  w»8  resistance  by  force. 
This  was  the  oi>!ulon  of  Lafayette,  and  he  declar- 
•d  himaelf  ready  to  take  the  command  of  the  Na- 
tional Guard,  should  the  wish  of  the  people,  already 
declared  thtu  to  place  him  at  the  head  of  this 
tpootaoeous  moTement,  he  confirmed  by  hia  col 
iMfVMof  the  legUlativo  assembly.    The  appoint 


niani  waa  accotdiiiHly  conferred  U|mn  bim,  and  iba 
second  day  aliviwaiila  I 'harlv*  >•>•  'I'vitth  and  his 
laiiiily  wt'if  liimlivn*  to  a  lorviKii  land. 

I''raiice  wim  wiilioiii  a  govrruineiil.  Hha  might 
(hen  ba«H  iiiiialituli'd  linavlf  a  tepubllc,  and  such 
waa,  uniiuulilrdly,  the  aapirullon  of  a  very  large 
|Hiriii>ii  III  iivr  |Hipiil>itioii.  Hut  with  another,  and 
yet  larger  |HirlMiii  III  lirr  jieople,  the  niinie  of  re- 
public wiia  iiloiitilled  with  the  memory  of  Uobea- 
pivrru.  It  waa  held  in  execration  |  there  waa  im- 
mhieiil  danger,  if  nut  abaiilule  certainly,  that  the 
aliempt  lo  organiae  a  republic  would  have  been 
Ihe  aigiial  for  a  new  civil  war.  The  name  of  a 
republic,  too,  waa  liulelul  to  all  the  neighbouraof 
Franca  |  to  iba  coufedcraiy  of  eni|ieron  and  kinga, 
which  had  twice  replaced  the  liourbona  U|Min  iTie 
throne,  and  wlio  might  be  propillali>d  under  the 
dlaap|iointnient  and  luorlillcation  of  the  result,  by 
the  retention  of  the  iiaiiieof  king,  and  Iheaubalitu- 
lion  of  the  aemblance  of  a  liourlion  lor  the  reulity. 
The  pi'ople  of  France,  like  the  Cardinal  de  Jleta, 
mure  than  two  ceiiluriea  before,  wanted  a  deaceiid- 
anl  from  Henry  the  Fourth,  who  could  speak  Ihe 
language  of  the  I'ariaian  |Kipulace,  and  who  had 
knowu  what  It  waa  lo  be  a  plebeian.  They  found 
him  in  the  iieraon  of  Loula  l'hillii|ie,  of  Urleana. 
Lafayette  hiniaeif  waa  Gom|ielled  to  comproiiiiae 
with  Ilia  priiiciplea,  purely  and  ainiply  lepubljcun, 
and  to  accept  him,  lirst  aa  lieuleniint  general  ul 
the  klugdoiii,  and  then  aa  hereditary  king.  There 
waa,  perhaps,,  in  Ihia  determination,  beaidea  the 
motivea  which  operated  u|>on  othera,  a  conaidera- 
lion  of  disinleteated  delicacy,  which  could  be  appli- 
cable onlv  lu  himaelf.  If  the  republic  ahuuld  be 
claimed,  he  knew  that  the  chief  magiatracy  could 
be  delegated  only  lo  himaelf.  It  muat  have  been 
a  chief  luugislracy  for  life,  which  at  hia  age,  could 
only  b'.ive  been  fur  a  abort  term  of  yearn,  indejien- 
dent  of  the  extreme  dangers  and  dilllculties  to 
himself,  to  bis  family,  and  lo  his  country,  in  which 
the  iNisilian  which  he  would  have  occupied  might 
have  involved  them,  the  Inquiry  could  not  esca|ie 
his  forecast,  who  upon  bis  demise,  could  be  bis 
successor }  and  what  must  be  Ihe  |iosiiion  occupied 
by  him  F  If,  at  Ihal  moment,  be  had  but  s|)oken 
the  word,  he  might  have  closed  his  career  with  a 
crown  upon  hi*  head,  and  with  a  withering  blast 
upon  his  name  to  the  end  of  time. 

With  the  duke  of  Orleans  himself,  be  used  no 
concealment  or  disguiae.  When  the  crown  was 
oll'ered  to  that  prince,  and  he  looked  to  Lafayette 
for  consultation,  "  you  know  (said  be)  that  I  am  of 
the  American  school,  and  partial  to  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  United  Slatea."  so,  it  seems,  was  Louis 
Philippe.  "  1  think  whh  you,"  said  he.  "It  is 
iiii|ioasible  to  puss  two  years  in  Ihe  United  States, 
without  being  convinced  that  their  government  is 
the  best  in  the  world.  Uut  do  you  tbmk  it  suited  to 
our  present  circumstances  and  condition  T"  No, 
replied  Lafayette.  "  They  require  a  monarcby  sur- 
rounded by  (mpular  institutions."  So  thought  also, 
Louis  Philip|ie  ;  and  be  accepted  the  crown  under 
the  conditions  upon  which  it  was  tendered  to  bim. 

Lafayette  retained  the  command  of  Ihe  national 
guard  so  lung  as  it  was  essential  to  the  eettlement 
of  the  new  and  old  things,  on  the  basis  of  order 
and  of  freedom  ;  so  long  as  it  was  essential  to  con- 
trol the  stormy  and  excited  passions  of  the  Pari- 
sian people ;  so  long  as  was  necessary  to  save  Ihe 
ministers  of  the  guilty  but  fallen  monarch  from  ihe 
rash  and  revengeful  resentments  of  their  conquer- 
ors. When  this  was  accomplished,  and  the  people 
bad  been  preserved  from  the  calamity  of  shedding 
in  peace  the  blood  of  war,  be  once  more  resigned 
his  coiniiiaud,  retired  in  privacy  to  La  Uraiige  and 
resumed  his  post  as  a  deputy  m  the  legislative  as- 
sembly, which  he  continued  to  hold  till  the  close 
of  life. 

His  station  there  was  still  at  the  head  of  the 
phalanx,  supporters  of  liberal  principles  and  of 
constitutional  freedom.  In  Spain,  in  Portugal,  in 
Italy,  and,  above  all,  in  Poland,  the  cause  of  liberty 
ha4  been  struggling  against  the  hand  of  power, 
and  to  the  last  hour  of  bis  life,  they  found  in  La- 
fayette a  never-failing  friend  and  patron. 

In  his  last  illness,  the  stimdin|  which  h?  (leld 


in  the  hesru  of  mankind  waa  aiteeled  by  Jm  fcr> 
mal  reaoliilton  of  the  houae  nf  dsiHillee,  seal  M 
make  inipiirtescuncsrnlughiecondilbin  |  aiid.d« 
Ing,  aa  he  dul,  lull  of  yeuia  and  of  glory,  M«af,  M 
the  hiaiiiry  of  iiiJiiikliid,  haa  a  {irlvate  Indlvlduet 
depHrtsd  mure  univeraally  lamsnied  by  the  whole 
generation  of  men  whom  he  baa  left  behind. 

tiuch,  Irglalalora  of  the  North  American  Con- 
federate  Union,  waa  the  life  of  (lllbert  Molier  da 
Lafayette,  and  the  record  of  hia  life  la  Ihe  delinea 
lion  of  his  character.  Couaidar  hlin  as  one  bu 
man  being  of  one  thousand  mllliuna.  In*  cniempo- 
rarie*  on  Ibe  surHice  of  the  lerraquemia  globe.— 
Among  that  Ihousaml  milllone  seek  for  an  object 
of  comparison  with  bim  1  aseume  for  thn  standard 
of  cominrison  all  the  virtues  which  exalt  the  cha- 
ncier of  man  above  that  of  Ihe  brute  creation, 
lake  Ihe  ideal  man,  little  lower  than  the  angels, 
mark  the  qualities  of  the  mind  smi  hrsrt  which 
entitle  bim  to  this  station  of  pre-eminence  In  the 
scale  nf  crested  belnga,  and  inquire  who,  that 
lived  In  the  eighteenth  and  nineteenth  centuries 
of  the  christian  nra,  combined  in  himaelf  so  many 
of  those  quallliea,  ao  little  alloyed  with  tliosa 
which  belong  lo  thai  eurlbly  veaiure  of  decay  In 
which  the  immortal  spirit  is  enclosed,  as  Lal'ay* 
ettp. 

Pronounce  him  one  of  the  first  men  of  his  age, 
and  vou  have  yet  not  done  him  Justice.  Try  him 
by  that  teat  lu  which  he  sought  In  vain  to  stimu- 
late Ihe  vulgar  and  selfish  spirit  of  Napoleon  \ 
class  bim  among  the  men  who,  to  com|Ntre  and 
seat  themselves,  must  lake  in  Ihe  cum|>aas  of  sU 
ages ;  turn  back  your  eyes  upon  Ibe  records  ol 
time !  summon  from  the  creation  of  the  world  to 
this  day  Ihe  mighty  dead  of  every  age  and  every 
clime  ;  and  where,  among  the  race  ol  merely  mor- 
tal men,  shall  one  be  found,  who,  as  ihe  benefac- 
tor of  his  kind,  shall  claim  to  lake  precedence  ol 
Lafayette  f 

There  have  doubtless  been.  In  all  ages,  meo, 
whose  discoveries  or  inventions,  in  Ihe  world  nl 
matter  or  of  mind,  have  opened  new  avenues  to 
the  dominion  of  man  over  the  material  creation  ; 
have  increased  his  means  or  his  facuhies  of  enjoy- 
ment ;  have  raised  him  lu  nearer  approximation 
to  thai  higher  and  hapnier  condition,  the  object 
of  his  bo|ics  and  aspirations  in  bis  present  slate  ui 
existence. 

Lafayette  discovered  no  new  principle*  of  ptdl- 
lies  or  of  moral*,  ile  invented  nothing  in  ecionca. 
lie  disclosed  no  new  jihenomenon  in  the  laws  of 
nature.  Born  and  educated  in  Ihe  highest  order 
of  feudal  nobility,  under  the  most  absolute  mo 
narchy  of  Euro|ia,  in  posseesion  of  an  affluent  for- 
tune, and  mailer  of  himself  and  of  all  biacapabiti- 
tie«  at  the  moment  of  attaining  manhood,  ih* 
principle  of  republican  justice  and  of  social  equali- 
ty took  possession  of  his  heait  and  mind,  as  if  by 
inspiration  from  above,  lie  devoted  himself,  hi* 
life,  his  fortune,  bis  hereditary  honours,  bis  tow- 
ering ambition,  his  splendid  hopes,  all  to  the  causa 
of  liberty.  Ile  came  to  another  hemisphere  to 
defend  her.  He  became  one  of  Ihe  most  eflcctiva 
champions  of  our  Independence  ;  but,  that  once 
achieved,  he  returned  lo  his  own  country,  and 
thenceforward  took  no  part  in  the  controversies 
which  have  divided  us.  In  the  events  of  our  re- 
volution, and  in  the  forms  of  policy  which  we  have 
adopted  for  the  establishment  and  perpetuation  ol 
our  freedom,  Lafayatte  found  Ihe  most  perfect 
form  of  government  He  wished  to  add  nothing 
to  it.  He  would  gladly  have  abstracted  nothing 
from  it.  Instead  of  the  imaginary  republic  ol 
Plato,  or  the  Utopia  of  Sir  Thomas  More,  he  looii 
a  practical  existing  model,  in  actual  operation 
here,  and  never  attempted  or  wished  more  thin  to 
apply  it  faithfully  to  bis  own  country. 

It  was  not  given  to  Moses  to  enter  the  promised 
land ;  but  he  saw  it  from  the  summit  of  Pisgah.— 
It  was  not  given  to  Lafayette  to  witness  the  non- 
summation  of  his  wishes  in  the  establishment  of  a 
republic,  and  tlie  extinction  of  all  hereditary  nih 
in  France,  His  principles  were  in  advance  of  the 
age  and  hemisphere  in  which  he  lived.  A  Boar- 
^iMn  still  reign*  on  the  ^|\^t9^9  of  FraniM,  and  i|  in 


HISTORY  or    THE 


MM  fer  MioMrMinkitilM  itito  k«  vMch  km  r*)|iM. 
TIm  BtMMiptM  of  •l*rit«ii  iiiMi  bcriiitiiry  pnwar, 
MvnoM  tn  rtluf  mm  iinlnii  In  ht«  MrMtn,  ltd*  iIm 
rvil  aiMJithll*  ruM*  III' Viiik  aiMl  LanraMvi,  niiijr 
piMi(|mM III  urtanhna iIm  hid  oonlllcl  lowhich  lli*« 
fciiiM  Hllliiialtlji  r.inM,  Tli*  Ilia  ol'llia  imlrlarrh 
m*'  Hill  liinii  »iiiiii|rh  liir  ilia  ilavakipninii  iil  lil« 
wliiila  |Niliiir»l  lyaiani.  lu  Anal  acciini|illaliniaiil 
la  III  ilia  wiinib  uf  liina. 

Tha  anlicl|Nillon  itflhla  avani  la  ilia  mora  crr> 
lain,  IVtim  Iha  coiwldarallnn  thai  all  iha  prinel|il»« 
fer  which  liahyaltt  roniandail  wara  iirHriicnl.  Ha 
na«ar  ln«lul|ail  himaalf  In  wllil  ami  rmieiliil  iiiacu- 
lalinna.  Tha  prinei|ila  n(  liaiaillmrjr  powar  was, 
III  hia  opinion,  iha  bauaiirallirpuiiliran  llharly  In 
Kuroiia,  UnablaloaxllniuUh  ll  Inlliaravolullun 
of  IKH),  ao  Tar  aa  eoncarnail  iha  cliirl'  tiiniiiiirnrjf 
of  ilio  nation,  Lafnyalla  lind  iha  iHiliiruriliin  uf  wa- 
liiy  II  aliollahaU  wllh  rafaranre  lu  Iha  \trttafr.  An 
hanwillarjr  crown,  airlpl  uf  ilia  •ii|i|Hirl  which  ll 
nmy  darlva  from  an  harrilimry  |irerN||r,  howavar 
coinpalibla  with  Aaiallc  ilai|iuliaiii,  I*  nn  aiioinaijr 
la  iha  hialor;  of  iha  chrliiiun  woiltl,  and  In  Iha 
Ihanry  of  Iraa  novarnnianl.  Thare  la  nu  nriiuinani 
|iraducilile  afalual  iha  rxinlrnra  iif  nn  hrrrilitnry 
iworaga,  bul  appllaa  wilh  iinKriiviilrd  wriKJit  iivainm 
iha  lrHiiiinii»>liin,  fmiii  alrr  In  mm,  of  nn  hatrdiliiry 
•lown.  Tha  prrjuiliraa  nnil  piiaaiiina  of  llin  |ieaplc 
•f  Kmnca  ralavtail  Iha  priiirlple  of  inharilcil  power, 
In  Tirty  •lalion  of  public  iriiai  axcapllni  iha  (Imt 
MBit  lil|(na*l  of  (ham  all ;  bul  thara  thajr  cluiifi  lo 
ll,  n»  did  iha  Uraelllea  of  old  lu  the  lavury  dailiaa 
ifKgy|>t. 

Thia  la  nut  iha  lime  or  the  place  for  ■  diiquiil 
linn  upon  ilia  coiii|Niriilivr  inarlla,  aa  a  ■jfalrin  of 
iniiv«iniiienl.  of  a  rapulilic,  iind  a  monarchy  aur- 
rounded  by  republican  inaliluliona.  Upon  thIa  aub- 
Ji'CI  there  lanmimg!  ua  nodivaralty  of  opinion  ;  and 
If  ll  alioul'l  tnkn  the  people  of  Franca  anolher  half 
ci'iiluiy  ul  inteiniil  and  mtrrniil  wnr,  of  duKxIiug 
ind  deluaiva  gloriea;  of  un|Ninilleled  Irlumpha, 
huiiiiliiiling  rvvenes,  Hii'lbillerdlaappolntmeiita,  to 
•ellle  it  to  their  aiitiafaclion,  tha  ultimate  reaull 
can  only  brioK  them  to  the  point  where  we  have 
•loud  from  the  day  of  the  declaration  of  liideueu- 
dence ;  to  the  point  where  Lafuyetta  would  iiaire 
brouiiht  them,  aiid  to  which  he  looked  oa  a  con- 
iuinmatlon  devoutly  to  be  wialird. 

Then,  too,  and  then  only,  will  be  the  time  when 
the  character  of  Lafayelle  will  be  npprecinted  at 
it*  true  value  throuKhout  the  civilixcd  world.— 
When  tha  principle  of  hereditiirydoiniiiiun  ahnll  be 
exiiiiKuialied  In  nil  the  inaiitiitiona  of  Kmiice ; 
arken  government  ahnll  no  loniier  be  considered  na 
property  tronamiuible  from  aire  tn  aon,  but  as  a 
trust  coinmitied  for  a  limileil  lime,  mid  then  lo  re- 
turn to  the  people  whence  it  cnine ;  hs  n  burdensome 
duty  tn  be  discharged,  and  not  as  a  reward  to  be 
■bused ;  when  »  claim,  any  claim,  to  political 
power  by  inheritance  ahnll,  in  the  estimation  of 
the  whole  French  people,  be  held  as  It  now  Is  by 
the  whole  people  of  the  North  American  union  ; 
then  will  be  the  time  for  contemplating  the  cha- 
racter of  Lafayette,  not  merely  In  tlie  events  of  his 
life,  but,  in  the  full  dcvelnpinent  of  hia  inlellectual 
conceptions,  of  his  fervent  nsplralions,  of  the  la- 
bours and  perils  nnd  sacrifices  of  his  long  and 
eventful  career  upon  enrlh;  nnd  thenceforward, 
till  the  hour  when  the  trump  of  the  nrchangel  shall 
■onnil  to  announce  that  time  shall  lie  nn  more,  the 
name  of  Lafayette  nhail  alanil  enrolled  uimn  the 
annnlsof  our  .-ace,  high  on  the  list  of  the  pure  and 
dUioterested  benefactors  of  mankind. 

Lafayette*  was  a  French  nobleman  of  high 
rank,  who,  animated  with  llie  love  of  liberty,  had 
left  hia  native  country,  and  otfeied  hia  aervices  to 
Congreaa.  While  in  France,  and  only  nineteen 
yeiut  of  age,  he  eapouned  the  causn  of  ihe  Ame- 
ricans, with  the  most  diiiinterealed  and  gviierous  ar- 
dour. Having  determined  lo  join  them,  he  com- 
municated his  intentions  to  the  American  commis- 
sioner*, at  Paris.  Tlioy  jiially  conceived,  that  n 
pali'un  ol  to  much  importanre  wmilil  be  of  service 
lo  their  cause,  and  encouraged  his  design.  Before 

■lea  pag*  aa. 


ha  had  amkartiad  ftam  Franea,  lntalll|enca  arri- 
ved In  F.uni|i»,  that  tha  Amerkan  Insurnnia,  rt- 
iliirrd  III  VilHN)  men,  were  Heelng  through  Jeraay, 
hel'iire  n  llriilah  liirre  iif  IHI.IItlll.  I'lulei  theaa  rlr- 
riinisl'inrrs, Ihe  Aniariian  riimmluiiinersul  I'aria 
ihnughi  ll  bill  hiiiiesitoiliiauxila  him  from  ilwpra- 
■em  priiaerulliin  of  hia  iierlloua  eiilerprtaa.  It  was 
in  vainlhst  lliey  nrled  an  randid  a  purl.  Ilia  «»al, 
III  serve  n  ilialreaaril  riiiinlry,  was  not  nbated  b« 
her  mialiirtiMira,  Having  embarked  In  n  veaoel, 
wlilrli  he  purchased  liir  Ihe  iiiir|Miap,  ha  arrived  at 
( 'hnrleaion,  early  In  1777,  am)  auon  aliar  joined  tha 
American  nriny.  Conireaa  resolved,  that,  "In 
ronsi«lerallon  of  hia  ne'il,  llliiatrloua  family  and  eon- 
iieshms.  ha  should  have  Ihe  rank  of  major  gana- 
nil  in  their  nrmy."  Iiide|ien<lenl  of  the  riak  he  ran 
na  an  American  nlhrer,  he  haaarded  hia  large  for- 
liine  In  ronse(|uenre  of  Ihe  Inwa  of  France,  and 
alao  iha  riinliiiPiiient  of  hia  |ieraiin,  in  cnaa  of  cnp- 
lure  when  on  hia  way  to  the  I'nited  Hiulea,  with- 
out the  chance  of  baiiig  nrkniiwledged  by  any  na- 
tion I  for  hia  court  had  forbidden  hia  procaadinf  to 
America,  and  had  ileapatrheil  ordera  to  have  him 
conlined  In  the  Weal  Iniliesif  found  in  that  quarter. 

Thia  gallant  nobleman,  who,  under  alltheae  dia- 
nilvanlagea,  had  ilemiinalraled  his  good  will  lo  the 
Onited  Stales,  rer>'ived  a  wounil  in  hia  leg  at  the 
battle  of  llrandywiiie  ;  but  he  neverllieless  cuntin- 
uml  in  the  Held,  and  exerted  himself  both  by  word 
and  example  in  rallying  the  Anierirans.  Other 
foreigners  of  distinction  alao  ahared.in  the  engage- 
ment. I'ouni  PulaakI,  a  Polish  nobleman,  thu 
same  who  a  few  yean  before  carried  olf  king  Stnn- 
Islaua  from  hia  capital,  though  surrounded  with  a 
numerous  body  of  guards,  and  a  Kiissian  army, 
fought  wilh  the  Americana  at  llrandywina.  lie 
was  a  ihunderh<dt  of  war,  and  always  sought  fur 
the  iioat  of  danger  as  the  post  of  honour.  Soon  af- 
ter this  engagement,  Congress  ap|iointed  him  com- 
mander bf  liorae,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier. 

Howe  iieraevered  in  hia  acheme  of  gaining  the 
right  flank  of  the  Americana.  This  was  no  less 
atendily  pursued  on  the  one  side,  than  avoided  on 
the  oilier.  Wnahmgion  came  forward  in  a  few 
daya  with  a  resolution  of  risking  another  action. 
He  accordingly  advanced  as  far  aa  the  Warren 
tavern,  on  the  Lancaater  road.  Near  that  place, 
on  the  18lh  September,  both  armies  were  on  the 
|Miint  of  engaging,  with  their  whole  force  :  but  were 
prevented  by  a  moat  violent  atorm  of  rain,  which 
continued  for  a  whole  day  and  night.  When  the 
rain  ceased,  the  Americans  found  that  their  am- 
munition was  entirely  ruined.  Hefure  a  proper 
supply  was  procured,  the  British  marched  from 
their  (losition  near  the  White  Horse  tavern,  down 
towards  the  Swedes'  ford.  The  Americans  again 
took  post  in  their  front ;  but  the  British,  instead  of 
urging  an  action,  began  to  match  up  towards  Read- 
ing. To  save  the  stores  which  had  been  deposited 
in  that  place,  Washington  took  n  new  |ioailion, 
and  leA  the  British  in  undisturbed  posaeasiun  of 
the  roads  which  lead  to  Philadelphia.  His  troops 
were  worn  down  wilh  a  succession  of  severe  du- 
ties. There  was  in  his  army  above  a  thousand 
men  who  were  barefooted,  and  who  had  |ierforiued 
all  their  late  movements  in  that  condition. 

About  this  time,  the  Americans  aiHlained  a  con- 
siderable loss  by  n  night  ntlack,  conducted  by  Qeo- 
eral  Orey,  nn  a  detachment  of  their  troops,  which 
was  cncam|)cd  near  the  Paoli  tavern.  The  out- 
posts and  pickets  were  forced  without  noise,  nbout 
one  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  the  20th  of  Septem- 
ber. The  men,  when  they  turned  out,  unlbrtu- 
nntcly  paraded  in  the  light  of  ihrir  Urea.  This  di- 
rected Ihe  British  how  and  where  to  proceed. 
They  rushed  in  U|ian  them,  and  put  about  300  to 
death,  in  a  silent  manner,  by  a  free  and  exclusive 
use  of  tho  bayonet.  The  enterprise  was  conducted 
with  so  much  ailiircss,  that  the  loss  of  the  asaail- 
ants  did  not  exceed  eight. 

Congress,  which  after  a  short  residence  at  Bal- 
timore, had  returned  to  Philadelphia,  were  obliged 
a  second  time  to  consult  their  gafely  by  fllsbl — 
They  retired  at  first  to  Lancaster,  and  afterwards 
to  Yorktown. 

TiM  balk  of  Um  Biittob  umjr  being  left  in  Qer- 


mnntown,  HIr  William  llowa,  wlih  a  amell  pw, 
ma«le  his  triumphal  oniiy  Inin  PhlladalpbIa,  •••  tiM 
!<flih  of  He|tt*iiili»r,  and  was  racalvari  with  the 
hearty  weh'iiiiie  ul  numerous  clllaens,  who,  cithet 
Itiini  I'onselenre,  cnwnrdire.  Interest,  or  prineliila, 
had  hitheito  aepanilad  llieiiisalvaa  from  Iha  clase 
of  aclive  whiga. 

The  iNMsssaion  of  Iha  largaat  city  In  the  United 
Slates,  tugather  wllh  the  dispersion  of  that  (ramt 
counrll  which  hail  hareiulurerumlut  lad  their  |mb- 
he  altliirs,  ware  reckoned  by  the  sltonslgbted  ae 
devialae  of  their  fate.  The  aubnilsslnn  of  cou«< 
Iriaa  after  the  conquest  of  their  capital,  had  oftea 
been  a  thing  of  course  i  but  In  the  great  coateal  fot 
the  auverel|ntv  of  the  Hulled  Mtataa,  theiueslloa 
did  not  rest  with  a  ruler,  or  a  Iwdy  of  rulera  i  not 
was  it  to  lie  determined  bv  iha  puasasaiun  or  loaa 
of  any  particular  place.  It  waa  Ihe  publlu  mind, 
Ihe  aenlimenla  and  opinions  of  the  yeomanry  of  iIm 
country  which  were  to  decide.  TiioukIi  Piiiladel- 
phia  had  become  the  raBidaiK.'e  of  Ihe  Hritiahaimy, 
vol  ns  king  as  Ihe  mnjurily  of  the  (leopla  of  the 
United  Htales  weie  op|Niaed  to  their  government, 
the  country  was  unsulMlued.  Indeed  it  was  presu- 
med by  the  mure  discerning  |M>liliilans,  that  Ihe 
luxuries  of  a  great  city  would  ao  far  enervate  Ihe 
llriliah  Iroups,  as  lo  lnilia|H>ae  them  fur  Ihoae  ac< 
live  exerlioiia  tu  which  ihey  were  prompted,  while 
inconveniently  eiicuui|ied  in  the  oiteii  ciiuutiy. 

Tu  take  oil  iheimpreaaiun  the  British  aucceases 
might  make  In  France,  tu  llic  prejudice  uf  Amer- 
ica, Di.  Franklin  gave  them  an  iiigeniuua  turn,  by 
ohaerving,  "  ihat  inatead  of  aaying  Sir  WillmiK 
Howe  had  taken  Philadelphia,  it  would  be  more 
uru|ier  tu  auy,  Philadelphia  had  takeu  Sir  William 
Howe." 

Una  of  the  Ant  objects  of  the  British,  after  they 
bad  gotten  |)ossession,  whs  to  erect  butteries  to  com  • 
mand  the  river,  and  to  iirulecl  the  city  from  any 
assault  by  water.  The  British  shipping  w^re  prn- 
vented  frum  ascending  the  Delaware,  by  onsirun- 
lions  hereafter  tu  be  described,  which  were  Axnd 
near  Mud-Island.  Philadelphia  though  possessed 
by  the  British  army,  was  exposed  tu  danger  from 
the  American  vessels  in  tho  river.  The  American 
frigate  Delaware  of  'M  guns,  anchored  within  ttOfi 
yards  of  the  uiiAiiishvd  batteries,  and,  being  see- 
oiided  with  some  siiialler  vessels,  cuumienciO  a 
heavy  cannonade  U|)un  the  batteries,  tower)  but 
U|N)n  the  falling  of  the  liile,  she  ran  aground.  Be- 
ing briskly  lireil  u|ion  from  the  town,  while  in  ihit 
condition,  she  was  com|K'lled  to  surrender.  The 
othei  American  vessels,  not  able  lo  resist  the  lire 
from  the  batteries,  after  losing  one  of  their  number, 
retired. 

Cieneral  Washington  having  lieen  reinfnrced  by 
ii.'iOO  men  from  Peokskill  and  Virginia;  and 
having  been  informed,  that  (leneral  Howe  had  de- 
tached a  considerable  jiart  of  his  force,  fur  redu- 
cing the  fort*  on  Itio  Delaware,  conceived  the  do- 
sign  of  attacking  the  British  |Kist  at  (jeriiiaiilown. 
Their  line  of  encampment  crossed  the  town  at 
right  angles  near  its  centre.  The  left  wing  ex- 
tended lo  Ihe  Schuylkill,  nnd  was  covered  in  front 
by  Ihe  mounted  and  dismounted  chasseurs.  The 
queen's  American  rani;«rs  and  u  baltaliun  of  light 
infantry  were  in  front  of  the  right.  The  40lh 
regiment,  with  another  battalion  of  light-infantry, 
were  posted  on  the  Clieaniit-hill  road,  three  quar- 
ters of  a  mile  in  advance.  Lord  Cornwallis  lay 
at  Philadelphia  with  four  baialions  of  grenadiers. 

A  few  of  the  genenil  ofhcers  of  the  Aiiieriran 
army,  whose  advice  was  requested  on  the  occa- 
sion, unanimously  rccominendud  an  Hltarli :  and 
it  was  agreed  ilial  it  shoulil  be  made  in  itillercut 
places,  to  produce  the  greater  confusion,  anil  li 
prevent  the  several  parts  of  the  Briliah  forces 
from  allbrding  support  tu  each  oilier.  From  an 
apprehension,  that  the  Ameiicans,  through  the 
want  of  discipline,  would  not  persevere  in  a  lung 
attack,  it  was  resolved  that  it  should  be  siidilen 
and  vigurous :  and  if  unsuccessful  lo  be  fiiUnweil 
by  an  ex|ieditious  retrr-it.  Thu  diviNinns  of . 'Sul- 
livan and  Wayne,  flanked  by  Conway's  liriKade, 
were  to  enter  the  town  by  the  way  of  Cliesnut- 
hill,  while  General  Annatrong  wi:h  the  ['vnna^l- 


UNITID  RTATKS 


nnka  nllUI*  ((mmiM  («lt  iluwu  ili«  Miin*i»wri]f  td  lugailMrt  la  iIm  miMMr  immI  for  makliii  lb* 
riiai)  mil  gitln  ilix  Irll  mul  tmr  nl  ili*  Mniiaii.  I'lmmUltun  of  whirv**.  In  iltf|i  witiar.  N««tnil 
'I'lir  ili«i>l»iM  itMimniii*  mill  Sl*>|ihi>ii<.  lliiikHil  \>y  l.irn*  |MMiila  ul  btiirilvil  iruH  |iriijtcllii||  iliittii  tha 
i>ri>iiui|.(l«  liri||.iili<,  wt>i«  III  iiiiicr  Uy  llm  liiii.i-  rour,  wrr*  miiiaaail  lu  llio  U|||hii  |Mru  uflli*  cIm- 
kilu  riMil.  'I'll*  iiiilili.i  III'  M  ryl.iiiil  mihI  Jrruiy.iiKiU'ila  IriM,  iiihI  lh«  wIiiiI*  wi<«  aiMili  kiiIi  •Iniica, 
miliar  tiaiiaritU  MiiijiIIwim<iI  mihI  h'liriiiiiii,  wura  iiiltoiM  lu  lia  uliniil  Inur  (rn  iimU'r  W4l»r  nl  liiw  ll'lc 


•Mri'li  b«  Ilia  iilil  V  :iV  ntail.  uiiil  (u  I4II  u|iuii  ilia 
trar  if  iliair  nulit. 

LiirJ  Miiiliiin,  Willi  Nt'li'it  iiiiil  M^uwdH'ii  bri- 
liila,  war*  lu  liiriit  m  iir|Miil  ii<>iir»a.  'I'lia  Aiiia- 
liriiM  (mkiim  lliair  iiiiuclt  iiliiiul  •iiiiriM,  tin  tha  till 
of  Ueiuber,  i>ii  iba  40111  ritxiinaiil,  miil  11  liuiiuliuii 
of  huhl  iiifitiilrjf.  Tlir<i<  iwu  ]ur|M,  haliig  ubligail 
10  rairant,  wara  |Mir«iiiiil  iiiiit  ilia  «ill<iga,  On 
lliair  rairaal,  Liaulnimiil  (.'iiliiial  Mu'K'u*'!  "''I' 
■i«  cuiii|miliii*,  liiuk  |H>«l  ill  Clirw'a  airiinii  «liilia 
hoilM,  whiclility  III  fruiii  uf  Ilia  Aiiiariuaiia.  i''ruin 
an 'iiitiaraiica  III  lli)*  iiiiliiiiry  iii.iiiiii  iif  navar  laitv- 
Ing  u  I'url  piiaaaaafl  hy  niiKiiriiiy  In  iha  raar,  il  waa 
rraulxil  lu  iiiimi'Ii  ilm  piiriy  In  iha  liuiiaa. 

In  Ilia  niritii  iiiiia  (Iriiaral  Oraniia  ||iil  up  wllh 
lli<ci)li|inn,  mill  allM'kail  Iha  niilil  wliij.  (.'uliiiial 
M4lliawa  ruuleil  11  purlv  ul'llia  llrllUli  u|i|iiiaa(l  lu 
him,  klllail  aavariil,  anil  Inuk  110  iiriaitiiarai  but 
finiii  ibe  ilitrknraa  of  iha  iliiy,  lual  ai||lil  uf  tha  bri- 
^tiila  III  which  lia  balutij|«(l  i  iml.  ha«ln||  ai>|HirNiad 
l.otD  III  waa  lakaii  |iilauiicr,  wllh  hla  wliula  raiii- 
uieiil ;  iniJ  iha  iiriauiiura,  whom  ha  hiiil  |iri>»loualy 
Ukcii.  wan*  rala^iiiail.  \  niimliarof  lh«  lruu|M  in 
firaana'a  illvlalun  were  alti|i|wil  by  Iha  hall  of  Iha 
(ittjr  bafure  Chr*  a  huuaa,  Naur  una  half  uf  iSia 
Aii.orlian  army  rrnmliiail  fur  aunia  Unia  at  ihut 
{ilice  Inacllva.  |u  iha  maiiu  lima,  Oanaral  Oray 
lOii  uii  ihraa  bitlliiliuii*  of  iha  third  hrlmiida,  and 
•tliickad  with  vlnoui  \  ahHrji  vunlaal  folluwad. 
Two  Hrlllah  raglincnia  ^flacked  nl  Iha  aama  lima 
iin  Iha  >i|i|ioallii  aide  uf  the  luwn.  Oanarul  OrHnt 
it.  '«d  n|i  Iha  tOih  rrvlnirnl  lu  the  wld  uf  Ihuae 
vhn  ware  tngiijifd  wiih  (lierna'a  culuinn. 

Tr.a  inoiiilnii  wiia  foKity.  Thia,  by  runcaalliig 
Hif  true  alliiulliin  uf  tliH  (inrllea,  uccaaiuned  mia- 
iRkca,  '.ind  miide  au  much  ciiullon  iiacraawry  »* 
^\l^«  the  Hrifiah  lime  10  racuvar  fruin  Iha  alfacta 
of  thair  liral   anrprlKa.     Krum  tlieae  cauara,  Iha 


'I'hair  |irudi||iuua  waijihl  and  airanuih  could  nui  l.id 
lu  allaci  tha  daalrusilun  uf  any  naaaal  which  citiiia 
U|Mtu  iham.  Thirlv  of  lliaaa  machinaa  waia  aiink 
abuui  ihiaa  hundratlyardabaluw  furl  Miniin,  au  aa 
lu  airalvli  in  a  diagoiwl  llM  acriMa  lb*  shaniial. 
'I'lia  uiily  o|ian  |iaaaa|«  laA  waa  balwaaii  iwu 

Iiiara  lying  cluaa  to  Iha  lurl,  anil  ihal  waa  aauurad 
ly  a  alrung  boom,  and  rould  uol  ba  approachrd  but 
In  II  diraci  Una  lulha  buiiarv.  Anulharfurlllkialion 
waa  rraviad  on  a  high  bank  on  tho  Jaraay  abura, 
callad  UUIiiig(|iorl.  And  op|ioalla  to  thia,  nnuibar 
ranga  uf  cha«au*-ila-frUa  waa  da|Hiallad,  lawning 
uiily  a  narruw  and  ahoal  channal  un  Iha  ana  alda. 
'I'hara  waa  alao  a  laiii|H>iary  liuilary  of  Iwu  baav* 
ciiiinon,  at  Ilia  iiinuihof  Munlua  craak,  abuul  half 
way  Iroiii  Kad-Uank  lu  |lilliiiga|H>rf. 

I'lia  lirlliah  wara  wall  appriaad,  Ihil,  without 
tha  cuininaiMl  uf  Iha  DeUwara,  lhalr|iuaaaaaion  of 
I'hilailelphia  would  ba  of  nu  advanlaga.  Thay 
thaiafoia  airalnad  •'■ry  iiar«a,  lu  o|ion  llin  n:i«i- 
gnilou  uf  that  rivar.  Tu  thia  and  lurd  llnwa  hhd 
aiirly  tiiken  tha  inunt  alfacliKil  meHauraa  fur  cun- 
dueling  Iha  Ileal  and  lranii|Mirla  ruund,  fiiini  Iha 
(Jhaaapraka  tu  tha  Deliiwara,  and  draw  ihoin  up 
on  iha  I'annayliauli  tbura,  frum  JUady-Ialuod  tu 
Nawciiilla. 

Karly  InOotobar,  ndotachmant  IVomtha  Dritlah 
army  crnaacd  tha  Dalawara,  with  ■  vlaw  uf  dla 
lodging  tha  Ainaricnna  frum  Hilllngaport.  Un  ita 
appruiii'h  the  placa  wu*  rvacunled.  Aa  Iha  aeaaon 
ailviincr.il,  mure  viguroua  manauraa  fur  romovlug 
the  ubalruclluna  ware  cnncarlad  between  tha  ge- 
neral nnd  Iha  admiral,  llattariea  were  erected  on 
the  Peniiaylvnnia  ahnro,  to  aaolal  In  dlalodglng  the 
Americana  from  Miid-laland.  At  the  aama  lime, 
('uuni  Donop  with  2000  m?n,  having  cruaaed  into 
New  Jeraay,  up|M)aile  to  I'liilBdal|inta,  marched 
duwn  on  tha  eaalern  aide  uf  the   Delaware,  to  at 


Kiily  prtMiiiaiiiK  np|M*iimncra  un  the  pint  uf  the  aa-  lack  the  redoubt  at  Kcd-li»nk,  which  wiia  delvnilcil 


•all inia  wrre  ai>" 'lily  reveraed.  The  Americiina 
left  the  Aelda  .t  ilv,  nnd  all  effurta  10  rally  them 
were  iaelfccli  al.  Lurd  ('urnwallia  arrived  with 
!i  paity  uf  light  horae,  nnd  joined  in  llm  purauit. 
Thia  waa  cuiilinued  for  aiuiie  milea.  The  liiaa  uf 
ina  ruyal  army,  iiicliiiliugllie  wounded  nnd  prlann- 
era,  waa  nhuiit  M>,  Amung  their  ainin  were 
Hrigadier  (icneral  AKnew.and  Kieuienuni  Culuiiel 
Hiril.  The  loaa  uf  ihH  Americnna,  iiicludliiK  lOU 
priaunera,  waa  nbuiit  IIHU).  Amung  their  alaiii 
were  Oenenil  Nnah  and  hla  'aid-de-cuinp  Mujur 
WithcrM|Kiim. 

.Soon  alter  thia  bntlle  the  nriliah  left  Germnn- 
town,  and  turned  their  principnl  nllenliun  townrda 
epening  a  free  communicatiun  beiwi*en  their  army 
anil  their  ahlpping. 

Much  induatry  and  ingenuity  had  been  exerteil 
for  the  aecurliy  uf  I'iiihiilelplii^i  on  the  wntei  aide. 
Thirteen  gnlliea,  twu  lloHlIng  linttcriea,  Iwu  zebecka, 
one  brig,  une  aliip,  beaidea  a  number  of  nrined 
buala,  lire  ahipa  and  rnfla,  were  cunairucled  or  em- 
ployed fur  thia  piiriMiac.  The  Aiiicriciina  niao  hnd 
built  a  fun  on  Mutl-laliind,  to  which  they  gave  the 
nnine  of  Kurt  Mlfllin,  nnd  erected  ihcreiin  a  cun- 
Bideniblo  bnllery.  Thia  iaiand  ia  udiiiirubly  ailii- 
aied  fur  the  orectinn  of  worka  In  annuy  ahipping  on 
their  wny  up  the  Dehiwure.  It  lies  near  the  raid- 
•lle  II'  .he  rivnr,  about  seven  miles  below  Pliila- 
Utlphia.  No  veaaela  of  burden  can  come  up  hut 
by  il)e  main  ship  I'hauuel,  which  passes  cliiae  to 
Mud-island,  uiid  ia  very  narruw  for  more  than  a 
mill  below.     OpiHiaite  lu  Fort   Mlfllin  there  is  a 


bv  about  400  men,  uiidi^r  the  cominaiid  uf  Colonel 
(ireene.  The  nttock  Immediately  comnMneed 
by  a  smart  cannonad-j,  under  cover  of  which  the 
cuuiil  advanced  to  (ha  reduubt.  Thia  placa  wna 
intended  for  n  much  larger  garrlaon  than  was  then 
in  il.  It  had  Iheiefure  become  neceaaary  lo  run 
a  line  through  Ihu  middle  and  evacuate  one  part  of 
it.  That  (Mill  wna  easily  carried  by  the  assail- 
ants, on  whi'jh  they  Indulged  in  luud  hu/.xas  fur 
their  supposed  victury.  The  gurriaon  kept  up  a 
severe  and  well-directed  lire  on  theinby  whiuh  they 
were  compelled  lo  retire.  They  suHvrcd  not  only 
in  the  aasnull,  but  In  the  oppronch  to,  and  retreat 
from  the  fort.  Their  wbolo  loss  In  killed  and 
wnmidcd  was  about  400.  Count  Donopwas  mor- 
tally wuunded  and  taken  prisoner.  Coogma  re- 
aolved,  lu  present  Colonel  Greene  with  a  sword 
fur  hia  good  conduct  un  this  occasion.  An  attack, 
made  about  tho  same  time  on  Fort  MilHin,  by 
men  of  war  and  frigates,  was  not  more  success- 
ful ihnn  the  assault  on  Red-Bank.  The  Augusta 
ofCt  guns,  and  the  Merlin,  two  of  tha  veasels 
which  were  engaged  in  It,  got  around.  The 
foimer  waa  ftred,  and  blew  up.  The  latter  waa 
evacunted. 

Though  the  flnt  attempts  of  tha  British,  for 
o|iening  the  navigation  of  the  Delaware,  were  un- 
auccesslul,  they  canied  their  puint  in  another  way 
that  was  unexpected.  The  chevnux-de-frise,  ha- 
ving been  sunk  some  considerable  time,  the  current 
of  the  water  was  diverted  by  this  great  bulk  into 
new  ihnnnela.     In  consequence  thereof,  the  pas 


height,  called  U-'d-tiank.  This  nverlouks  not  only  sage  between  the  islands  and  the  Pennsylvania 
ibe  river,  but  the  nei<!hi>iiuring  couuiry.  On  this  shure  was  so  deepened  as  to  admit  veasels  of  con- 
aminoncn,  a  respeclable  tatlery  was  erected.  He-  sidernblo  draught  of  water.  Through  this  passage. 
iA'CPii  these  Iwu  forlressca,  which  are  half  a  mile  the  Vigilant,  a  large  ship,  cut  down  so  as  to  draw 
distant  froinencholher,  the  American  naval  nrina-  bm  little  water,  mounted  with  24  pounders,  made 


nent,  fir  the  defence  of  the  river  Delaware,  made 
Its  harbour  of  retreat.  Two  ranges  of  chevaux- 
de-frise  were  also  sunk  in  tie  channel.  These 
eoniiatad  of  large  pieces  uf  tiiiber,  strongly  fram- 


her  way  lo  a  positiyn  from  which  she  might  enfi- 
laile  the  works  on  Mud-Island.  This  gave  the 
Urilish  such  an  advalilage,  that  the  post  was  no 
longer  tenable.     Llautanaat  Colonel  Smltii,  wb<° 


had  with  graal  gallantry  dafbmlad  tha  IWl  Ufa*  Ik* 

Inner  simI  of  .HepiaMiber,  tu  tli*  I  Ithiif  NutaMlW, 
living  wouiiilml  waa  ramiived  to  tha  main.  WUb 
in  iWa  iluya  altar  hia  ruiiHtval.  Major  Thayei  w|m 
IIS  a  viiluulrar  hml  iiubly  ull'ered  lu  takt  eharg*  tt 
I  hi*  dxiiiirroua  |nmI,  was  uliligeil  In  avaauala  It. 
Tht*  rviinl  did  mil  lake  plara  till  Iha  wuika  wer* 
eiillialy  liaiil  iliiwn,  avrnr  plara  uf  cannon  dia> 
iuoHiit«d,  and  una  ol  ilis  llrllish  *hl|ia  a«i  near,  that 
•ha  ihraw  graiiiidiia  lulu  iba  furl,  and  killed  Iha 
man  uncovered  In  lh«  plailorm.  Thalr<)0|ia,  wha 
hnd  au  brnvelv  ilpfriideil  Fori  >llinin,  made  a  aalii 
rriraal  In  Itailllank.    INinireM  volailsworda  lo  b« 

fivan  tu  lieuianani  anioual  Minlih  and  cuinmodora 
laalawuud  litr  tltalr  gallant  defanea  of  ibaDahiaraia 

Within  thraadnya  altar  Mud  Island  waa  avaaa- 
mad,  Iha  garrlaun  was  alao  withdrawn  from  Had* 
Hank,  unihe  npproneb  of  t,ord  Curnwnllia,  at  tba 
head  of  a  large  foica  prapareil  In  aaaault  II.  Muma 
of  Iba  American  gnlliea  aiMl  nrined  veaaala,  aaca* 
|M>il  by  keeping  cloae  In  with  tha  Jersey  shore,  to 
places  of  security  ahtive  IMiiladslpbia  1  I'UI  aa*an< 
liien  of  lliam  w«ie  abiindunad  by  their  orawa,  and 
Ami.  Thus  the  lirlliah  gained  a  free  eoininunl- 
cnlinn  bslwean  lliair  army  and  ahiiiping.  Tbit 
event  waa  lu  ibem  very  dealrabla.  Thev  had  beea 
prevluiialy  obliged  to  diaw  their  pruviainn*  from 
Chratrr,  a  dlalnnce  of  lllieen  miles  at  aoms  riak, 
and  a  crrtnin  great  ex|H>ni«.  Tha  lung  prutraclei' 
drfrnre  of  the  Delaware,  deranged  tha  pinii*  ot 
the  lirlliah,  for  the  remninilpr  of  the  camiialgD, 
and  conarmienily  aavrd  the  ndj»renl  country. 

About  thia  time,  tha  chair  of  (Congress  beeanMi 
vacant,  by  the  deiwrture  of  Mr.  liuncuck,  after  ha 
haddischarged  the  duties  of  thni  ufllceio  great  ae- 
ceplance,  two  years  and  live  months.  Henry  Lau- 
reiia,  of  .South  f.'arolina,  waa  unanimuualy  elected 
hi*  successtir  on  ihe  Isl  of  Noveniber.  He  had 
been  in  Kugland  for  some  yean,  aniecedant  lo  tho 
hostile  detenninations  of  pnrli'imeiil  against  tha 
colnnles  1  but  Aniling  the  dispute  growing  seriuua 
be  conceived  that  honour  and  duly  called  hlin  It 
lake  pari  with  hla  native  cniintry.  He  had  bboi 
warmly  solicited  la  stay  in  Knglaml;  and  oiTar* 
were  iiindn  him  not  only  lo  secure,  but  lo  doable 
hi*  American  ealnte,  in  ease  uf  his  conthiuing  It 
reside  there ;  but  these  were  refiiseil.  To  a  pai 
ticular  friend  in  Londun,diaau.iding  him  frum  com 
ing  out  tu  America,  he  replied  on  the  Olh  of  No- 
vember 1774,  when  at  Falmouth,  on  the  puliil  ol 
emhnrking,  "  I  ahall  never  forget  your  friendly  ■(' 
tenliun  tu  my  inteieat ;  but  I  dare  not  return.  Your 
minialen  are  deaf  lu  information,  and  aeem  beni 
on  provoking  unnecesanry  eonleat.  I  think  I  ha*a 
acted  ihe  part  of  a  fallhtui  subject.  I  now  go  ra- 
solved  still  to  labour  fur  pence  ;  at  Ihe  same  lima 
determined  in  the  last  event  to  stand  or  fall  with 
my  country." 

When  Sir  William  Howe  was  auceeeding  io 
every  anierprise  in  Pennaylvnnia,  inleihgenee  ar 
rived,  as  shall  be  related  in  the  next  chnptar,  thai 
(Seneral  Hurgnyne  and  his  whole  army  had  aur 
rendered  prl«oiiera  of  wnr  to  the  Americans." 

(ieiierai  Washington  anon  afterwanis  received  • 
conaidomble  reinfiircement  from  the  northern  umiv 
which  had  accomplished  this  great  event.  Wliu 
this  increased  force,  betook  a  position  at  and  near 
Whilemnrah.  The  roynl  army,  having  succeedatl 
in  removing  the  obstructions  in  Ihe  river  Delaware, 
were  ready  for  new  enterprises.  Sir  William 
Howe,  on  the  4lh  of  December,  inarched  out  of 
Philadelphia  with  almost  his  whole  forck ,  expect- 
ing lo  bring  on  a  general  engagement.  The  next, 
morning  he  appeared  on  Chestnuthill  in  front  o(, 
and  about  three  miles  distant  from,  the  right  wing 
of  the  Americans.  On  the  day  following,  the  Brit- 
ish changed  their  ground,  and  moved  lo  the  right 
Two  days  after,  tliey  moved  still  farther  to  tho 
right,  and  exhibited  every  appeannce  uf  an  inten 
tion  to  attack  the  American  encaiiipiiienl.  Somo 
skirmisher  took  place,  and  a  general  action  was 
himrly  expected  ;  but  inaleail  Ihereuf.  un  the  morn- 
ing of  the  next  dny,  Dcceinlier  Oih,  after  vnrioua 
marches  and  counterinarcheH.  ihn  ilrillah  filed  ofi 
from  the  right,  by  two  or  three  ditrereni  rouica,  ia 
iiil'  uiarch  for  Pnlladalphiit. 


iiiiToiir  or  THK 


Ttl*  iMMMhM  afllaMnil  WMlitM|laii,  tn  •  mtlt- 
%ny  |Milnl  nl'  •!•«»,  mM  ii<lmtriihl»,  lln  win  an 
Mlilallll*  III  III*  i«ilvilMlit|(l>«  III  II,  lllll    lIlP    lilDKI'll 

vmt  u(  Hir  Wdliititi  llim*  Cor  Mima  ilnya  riuilil  mil 
•lliira  liini  IriMii  II.  In  iiiii«»i|u*iii'»  iitili*  mlii 
lii»i'«iN«Hl  liiiii|jirM>»i«»il,  ha  h*ii  mil  In  miji  |irr 
ctillMg  IwrMnl  nl  lli*  tam|Ml(n  Imci*  In  *n  »>(iii«l 
••••iliiHin  liii  «  trn»t»{  »nKMii»ni»iil.  Tliaii||h  Im 
•«id*Nllv  «l«lw«l  la  Im  miiirliMl,  ytl  Iw  wuiilil  nul 
iolini|iiMli  4  |Ni,iiiiiiii,  Iniiii  wliii  li  |i«  )tii|i)>il  III  r* 
|Mir  ilir  Milaliiriiiii**  iri  lit*  ^iiiit|MlKn  M»  riiiilil 
•Mil  (will  «»,  lliHl  Ui-iirriil  lliiw*  wtili  »  vli'liiriiilM 
■nn*.  kimI  lllll  litlKly  inliil'iitr*)!  wllh  Iniir  llitiu- 
•MhI  in^n  Iruiii  Naw  Yiiili,  •hauM  (nm*  uul  o( 
Plilla«l«l|ililit,  onljt  In  rfiurn  ihlihar  iig»ln.  ll* 
llMNlur*  (maiinHMi,  ih*l  in  oolil  ih*  ilwiimr*  nl 
•Mcll  •  iiinfviiiviil,  llw  llrlllah  coinnMml'r  wiiulil 
IhHN  ■  Mnm  nl' mllllarjr  hnnnnr,  b*  rnmiMillril  lii 
MMck  hlin.  ihuugh  uinlai  (ram  illmtUnniai**.^ 
Whan  li»  fuuiid  nini  caiilinu*  nfaniiaglng,  ami  In- 
ellnlilg  In  Ilia  lal),  a  ilaring  liaalgn  waa  fnrmati 
which  wcniil  h4«a  K<>»naiaculail,  nail  ilia  Itrillali 
•llWf  aimllniiaU  In  lh«>ir  pnalllun,  or  inutad  a  lillla 
CkltlMr  III  (lit  l«A  "(  *hN  Amarlcan  arnijr.  Tliia 
VM  lo  huva  ail«m|Ma<l  In  Iha  iilghl  tii  aiiriirlac 
Phtln<lal|ihia.  'I'ha  nrcvaaarjr  pr»|i«rall«n*  for  ihU 
littifHiMi  wcra  iniula  i  bul  ilia  ralraul  o(  Ilia  ilililah 
piwrvMail  lla  aiaeullon. 

Huun  aOar  Ihaa*  avania,  (ianaral  Sniallwmiil 
•till  a  cunalileralila  forca,  »aa|Mniail  al  Wilnilnu- 
to«,  nn  ihr  hanka  nf  Ilia  Dalnwarc  |  ami  Waaliliig- 
lull,  wllh  Ilia  main  army,  rallraillo  wlnlari|uail«r« 

al   ValUy  rorgo,  10  mllaa  from  Phllail*l|ihla 

'rill*  puallloii  wna  iircfarrail  lu  illaliiiil  ami  innra 
eoinliirlahla  vllliigaa,  a*  living  cnlculiilril  lu  ulvc 
iha  iiioal  aklamlra  aaciirlijr  iii  Ilia  eiiiiiitrv.  Tlir 
Amarlcan  army  inlghl  liava  hcan  Irucknl,  by  ili« 
9laod  of  ihali  laal,  In  marching  wllliuiil  ahiiaa  iir 
nocklnga  orar  Iha  haril  froien  groiinil,  bclwaen 
IVhllamarah  and  Vall«v  Forge.  Miima  huiitlraita 
*r  Iham  war*  without  blankali.  Under  llieae  clr- 
eumalancea,  lliey  had  lo  all  down  In  a  wnnil.  In 
iha  lallar  end  of  December,  and  in  build  hula  dir 
lliair  accommodation.  Thia  mode  nl  |iniciirlnit 
winter  qnanera.  If  not  entirely  niivul,  hiia  lirrii 
nraly.  If  ever  pracllaed  In  iiiiidrm  wiir.  'I'lir 
cliMrftilneaa  arltn  which  the  general  and  hia  army 
tubmilled  to  apand  a  aavare  winier,  in  aurh  tit- 
eumalancaa,  rather  than  leave  the  ciiiinlrv  rx- 
poaed,  by  retiring  farther,  demunatraled  ai  well  their 
nntriollam  aa  llieii  fixed  reauliiiion  in  auH'i-r  evrry 
Maanvenlence,  In  iireference  to  aiibiniaaion. 

Thua  ended  the  campaign  nl'  1777.  Thnucli 
Sir  William  llowe'a  army  had  been  crowned  with 
Iha  moat  lirillinni  aucceaa,  having  giiined  iwo  cun- 
•iderable  vicloriea,  and  been  equally  triumpliiuil  in 
many  amaller  aelion*.  yet  the  wlmle  aiiuiunl  iif 
Ihi*  tide  of  good  fiirlune  wua  iiii  mnre  linn  a  gnml 
winter  lodging  for  hiatrno|M  in  Philiiili*l|ihin  wliilai 
the  men  under  hia  cutnm:ind  |Miaaeaaed  no  innrr 
of  the  adjacent  country,  than  whnt  ihey  immedi- 
ately coininamlrd  with  iheirarma.  The  Cun^reiia, 
It  ia  true,  wn*  cniniwiled  lu  leiive  the  Ural  ariit  nl' 
their  deliheraliona ;  and  the  nrealeat  city  in  Ihr 
United  Slalei  changed  a  number  of  ila  whig  inba- 
bltanla  for  ■  numernua  royal  army ;  but  it  i»  »»  true 
Ih^*  iha  mindaof  the  Americana  were,  if  |>naaililr. 
retire  hoalile  lo  the  rlHinii  of  Oreat  Urilnin  than 
ever,  and  their  nrmy  had  gained  ai  much  by  die- 
cijiliiie  nnd  experience,  aa  cuin|)ena:itcd  I'ur  ila  di- 
miniiliun  by  delenta. 

The  etmlanrthia campaign  were  adverae  lollie 
taneuinn  lin|ica,  which  had  Mco  eaMrtaioed  of  ii 
(perdy  cun(|iiea(  of  the  revolted  enluniea.  Kr|)cHt- 
ed  prnofa  hud  been  given,  tb~'  though  Wiiahing- 
lun  will  vrry  forward  lo  ■inn^.n*  when  he  thought 
h  lo  Ins  ;iilvjnuge,  yet  it  waa  impoaaihie  for  the 
royal  cnmiiiiiniler  In  bring  him  !■•  »."iun  agaih.it 
bis  conaent.  By  ihia  mode  of  conducling  ili<>  de- 
fence of  the  new  formed  alatea,  two  .CHinpaigna 
had  been  waited  away,  anih  llii>  work  which  waa 
originally  allotted  for  one,  waa  atill  iinfiniMliril, 

An  Bi.count  of  aoniu  niiscelUneoiia  tranaiictlona 


ky  ikwwl  fefljr  voluniaera, 
pa  lead  kj  night,  on  ih«  Mb  af  Juljr.  ftvm  War 
wiek  nark  In  Klmda  laUml,  awriirUed  (leneriil 
I'taariitt  In  lila  i|iiart*r«,  ami  bniugnl  hlin  ami  nne 
of  hia  alda  aala  iilf  In  the  ronllnenl.  Tllongh  lh*y 
lia«l  a  |iaaaii|H  nl  ten  milea  by  water,  thev  eluded 
the  ahl|M  III  war  and  guard  b«iala,  whicn  lay  all 
iiiiind  the  lalaiid.  The  enler|irlaa  waa  nimiurtvd 
wllh  ao  mueb  alhince  ami  atldreaa,  thai  there  waa 
mi  aliiriii  among  iha  llrlllah,  llll  the  nilnnel  and 
Ilia  partjr  had  nearly  rearhed  the  eonlineni  wllh 
iheir  iwlae.  l'iingreaaaa«in  after  roenUed,  thai  an 
elegant  eword  ahouki  be  preaanwd  to  LlemeiMnl 
I  'iiliinel  llariiin,  aa  ■  leatUMonUl  i  f  iheir  aeiMa  of 
hia  gallant  behaviour, 

It  haa  ilready  been  mentioned  ihalCongrtMe,  In 
the  latter  ami  nf  Nnvember,  l*'/5,  aulhnrlaed  the 
capture  nfvaaaela,  laden  with  atorea  nr  relnforo- 
menufiir  their  enenilea.  On  the  iCki  of  March, 
17711,  iliey  ealemled  thia  parmlaalon  ao  fkr,  aa  to 
aulboriM  ibeir  hlhabUaMa  lo  At  out  armed  veaeela, 
to  erulaa  on  the  enenilea  nf  the  United  colonlea. 
The  Americana  tiaoeeforlh  devoted  themeelveato 
privateering,  and  were  very  aucreaeAil.  In  the 
rourae  of  the  vear,  ihey  made  many  valuable  rap' 
lurea,  partlculady  of  luimeward  b<iuml  Weal  In 
dlaaMUt  The  particular*  ciinnni  be  enumerated 
but  gnod  iudgei  have  cnlculalad,  that  within  nine 
miiniha  alter  i:>»ngreee  auihiiriaad  |irivaleerlng,  ihe 
liriliah  lus*  in  vapiurea,  excluaive  of  trana|Mirti 
and  guvernmenl  amre  ahliie,  exceeded  ii  million 
Merllng.  They  found  no  dllTleully  In  aelling  their 
priaea.  The  |Miita  of  France  were  npen  to  ilirm, 
linth  in  Kurii|ie  ami  in  Iha  Waal  Iniiira,  In  the 
latter  they  were  i<dd  without  any  diaguiae  i  but  in 
the  former  a  greater  regard  waa  iiald  lu  ap|iear- 
anre*.  0|)en  lalea  were  nut  permitted  in  the  har- 
bours of  France  al  particular  limea  i  bul  even  then 
llwjr  w«ra  made  al  the  entrance,  or  oAlng. 

In  Ihe  French  Weal  India  lalanda,  the  Inhabit 
ants  not  only  purchased  prlxes,  brought  In  by  ihe 
American  cruisers,  but  fitted  out  iirlvateer*  under 
American  colours  and  conimlaalona,  and  made 
captures  of  liriliah  vessels.  William  ninghiini,  of 
Philadelphia,  was  stationed  aa  the  agent  of  Cun- 
greaa,  at  MMftlnleot  and  ha  took  an  early  and  ac- 
tive part  In  arming  privaleera  in  8i.  Pierre,  to  an- 
noy and  cruise  against  Hrilish  prnpeny.  The  fa- 
vourable dispusltion  of  Ihe  Inhahiinnts  furnished 
him  with  an  opportunity,  which  he  aucceaaflilly 
improved,  not  only  to  diatresa  the  Ilriiish  com- 
merce, bul  lo  sow  the  eaeds  of  disconi  between 
the  French  and  English.  The  American  priva- 
teers also  found  countenance  In  some  of  the  |iorte 
of  .Spain  ;  bul  not  ao  readily  nor  ao  universally  as 
In  those  uf  Franca.  The  Hrilish  look  many  of  the 
Ameiican  veasels.  Such  of  them,  as  wer^  liiden 
wllh  provisions,  proved  a  aaasonable  relief  to  their 
West  India  Islands,  which  olheiwlse  would  have 
sulfered  from  the  want  uf  those  auppllea,  that  be- 
fore the  war  had  been  usually  procured  from  the 
neighbouring  continent. 

The  American  privateers,  in  Ihe  year  1777,  In- 
creased in  nunibera  and  boldness.  They  insulted 
the  coaata  of  Ureal  liritain  and  Ireland,  in  a  man- 
ner that  had  never  before  been  atlemiHed.  Such 
was  .their  spirit  of  adventure,  that  it  became  ne- 
cessary In  apiHiini  a  convoy  for  the  protection  of 
the  linen  nliips  from  Dublin  und  Newry.  The  Ge- 
neral Milllin  privateer,  after  makinK  refieated  cap- 
tuies,  arrived  at  Hrral,  and  saluted  the  French  ad- 
miral. This  was  returned  in  form,  as  lu  the  voa- 
scl  uf  an  independent  power.  Lord  Sturmont, 
the  llritiah  ambassador,  nt  the  court  of  Versaillee. 
irriliited  ut  the  counlannni;a  given  lo  the  Ameri- 
cana, threatened  to  return  immediately  lo  London, 
iinlcHa  aatisHx^tlon  were  given,  and  dill'erent  mea- 
sures waa  adopted  by  France.  An  order  was  is- 
sued in  consequence  of  his  application,  requiring 
all  American  vessels  to  leave  the  ports  of  his  moat 
chrisiiun  mnjesty  :  but  though  the  ord'^r  was  \mn- 
live,  so  many  evasions  were  practised,  and  the  exe- 
cution of  it  was  ao  relaxed,  that  it  produced  no  per 


C'llAPTKR    III. 

The  Nnfllier*  f'aa<|Mil(n  tt  ITTT. 


will  ohise  thia  chapter.     Lieulcnaril  Colonel  llnr- 1  maneot  diacouragement  of  Ihe  beoe.'''cial  inter- 
too,  of  u  militia    •(imeot  of  the  atate  of  Rhode  jeoatN. 


To  ellVel  a  fVee  rnmmiiniealinn  beiwaaa  Now 
York  amICaimda,  *mll»niaini*inlhsnavlg4l|«>niif 
Iha  Inlarinadlsie  lakes,  were  |irlnrljHil  ohieeiawllll 
Ihe  Hrlllah,lniliaram|ialgniiri7}7.  Tile  Aaier- 
leans  peeauinlng  tin  this  had  bean  early  atlanilv* 
In  their  sevutMy  In  that  qnnrlar.  They  hud  ie< 
stilved  III  riinalruel  a  furl  on  .Mount  liiilv|iemlenea, 
an  eminence  adjoining  Iha  strait  on  whlrh  Tn  on- 
deriiga  stands,  and  nearly  upiMMllsto  thai  lortraae. 
They  had  alao  r>isalved,  luahairuet  the  navlgainm 
of  tlie  strait  by  ealasoona,  to  be  sunk  lu  tlie  Water, 
ami  Joined  ao  aa  to  aerve  al  Iha  eanie  time  fur  a 
bridge,  between  the  furtlAeallnns  on  the  anal  and 
west  sides  of  It  |  thai.  In  mevent  the  liriliah  finiii 
drawing  iheir  small  rrall  nvar  land  inio  Lslia 
(ieorge,  ihe  paaaage  nf  that  lake  ahouki  be  ob- 
alrurteil  i  that  Fort  Mchuyler,  the  same  which  had 
formerly  been  called  Fort  Ntanwix,  should  h<i 
sirenglheiied,  and  other  forllAcatliMit  erected  near 
the  Mohawk  river.  Kequlalllona  were  made,  hf 
Ihe  commanding  nlKcer  in  the  department,  I'l-r 
111,1101)  men,  aa  neceaaary  for  the  aecuriiy  of  ihia 
ilialrict.  The  adjiicant  alatea  were  urged  lo  fill  up 
their  rerriiils,  anil  in  all  rea|iects  to  be  in  readiiiesa 
for  an  active  rnm|Mlgn. 

The  Hrilish  ministry  were  very  sanguine  in  l!ieir 
ralculaliona,nnlhecoiiaeqiieiiceaiifrormin7alin>ol 
comniunlcatiou  between  New  York  and  ('a  u  la. 
They  conaldrred  ihe  New  Fngland  (leoiile  the a<iii| nl 
the  confederacy  ,and  promised  iheinaelves  inu'li  i  y 
severing  iheni  from  all  free  cominunicatliin  .'ilh 
the  neighbouring  slates.  They  hoped,  when  ihia 
was  arroiiipllalieil,  lo  be  able  lo  aiirround  llieiii  •« 
ell'ecliiHllv  with  lleria,  ariiiiea,  ami  Indian  allies,  iia 
lu  com|iel  iheir  aubmlssiou.  Animated  with  tliesA 
ex|iectallona,  they  left  nothing  undone,  which  bli 
fair  fiir  insuring  lua  succesa  of  their  plans. 

The  regular  troo|ia,  Hrilish  and  Herman,  allotia  ' 
lo  this  service,  were  upwards  of  7UIH).  As  null 
!ery  iironaiderrd  lo  be  pnrliculiirly  useful  In  ia 
Ainericun  wur,  where  nuioeroiis  inliiiliitanis  are  to 
be  driven  out  of  wumla  a  .il  li.jinesaea,  this  pan  of 
the  service  was  parliru  >i  ,  atleiided  lu.  The 
brass  train  sent  out  wna  |vvhn|Mtlie  fineat,  and  lh« 
most  excellently  supplied,  both  ts  to  olUcera  and 
men,  that  had  ever  been  allulli'd  to  second  llio 
n|ieralinns  of  an  equal  force.  In  addi'ion  to  iIm 
reKulars,  it  was  supposed  that  the  Canadians  m"! 
the  loyaliaia.  In  ihe  neighbouring  alatea,  woiili  .dd 
■urge  reiiil'orcenicnia,  well  calculated  lor  the  |iecu- 
liur  uulure  of  ll><  senice.  Arms  and  ucroii:rk- 
iiienls,  were  uccordingly  pnivliled  to  supply  lliein. 
Several  nations  nf  savages  had  ajau  been  ini'vcnl  L> 
lake  up  the  halrhol,  us  allies  lo  his  Hiiiaoiiic  ma- 
jesty. Not  unl,y  the  hununily,  but  the  |Nillcy  ol 
employing  them  wai  qi>estioneil  in  Ureal  Dritain. 
The  iip(Misers  of  it  contended  that  Indiina  wi  r* 
capriciuiis,  inconstant,  and  intractable  ;  their  nipi.- 
cily  iDsatiiile,  and  Iheir  uctiiins  cruel  and  bariia 
runs.  At  the  same  time,  their  services  were  rep- 
resented uncertain,  and  their  engagements  wilhout 
the  leaat  claim  lo  confidence.  On  Ihe  other  liiind, 
the  !>i!il  of  Hrilish  iiiinialera  for  reducing  the  re- 
volted colonies  was  so  violent,  aa  to  make  them,  in 
their  excessive  wrath,  forget  llial  Iheir  advrrMiriea 
were  men.  They  contetiiled,  lliul  in  iheircircuin 
alanoea  every  appearance  uf  lenity,  liy  iiiclling  to 
disubediencr,  nnd  thcreliy  iiicriMiaiiig  Ihe  ubjecu 
uf  puiiishiiient,  wiia  evcniuiilly  cruelly.  In  Iheir 
upiniun,  piirliiil  severity  was  general  mercy,  and 
tlio  only  inotliud  of  spemllly  crunlilng  the  ruljelliuD 
was  lo  envi'lo|H'  its  nliPlliirN  in  such  coinplii  ated 
dialresa,  na  by  rciiileriiig  ihi-lr  situnlion  inlolcra- 
hle,  would  iiiukc  llli'iii  wIUImk  lo  acrept  Ihe  prof- 
fered bleaalngs  of  peace  unil  Hri'urily.  The  xentl- 
tueiils  of  llioau  who  were  for  eniploying  Indiana 
against  the  Americana  pruviilli'il.  Presents  were 
liberally  ilistribulcd  anuiiiij;  tlivni.  Induced  by 
these,  nnd  also  by  tlirir  iniiale  thirst  for  war  and 
plunder,  they  poured  forth  their  warriora  in  aueb 
ubundanve,  that  their  numbers  threatened  to  b«  «■ 
incumbrauve. 


irNITKI)   NTATRl. 


ilnih*niifl|:tii.4i«>r 

'liirli*itliih|««|«»||k 
U;l  TlM>AM<r- 
••n  Mrljr  kiuriIi* 
•r.  'rii»ji  hull  tf. 
Mini  liiilr|WM<lrM«, 

II  »n  which  'riiiin. 
•tl*  li*  that  liirlraw. 
irMcl  iha  n4«t|[iiiiiii| 

•link  In  ih»  *iti*r, 
•  Mni«  lima  I'l.r  a 
ma  on  iha  »a»t  mil 
nl  III*  llrllUh  rroiii 
>r  land  Into  Luka 
aka  •IhiuIiI  b«  iih- 
haaainawhU'hhitd 
laiiwli,  •hoiilit  h<i 
alloiit  arrflail  naar 

III  mm  niada,  hy 
la  ttfiwrlnirnl,  li-r 
ha  aacurllji  iif  ijit* 
»ra  uriad  iii  nil  up 
la  lu  ba  III  reailiiiaaa 


TW  «MI  Ibraa  4aail«*il  fur  ihia  mivu'v  wiia  ptti 
MMtaf  Ika aanimaad  III  l.laulanant  tUiirml  llnr 
loyiia,  an  ulltei*!  ahiiaa  abtllilva  «»ia  wall  kiiiivn, 
ami  whuaa  aiilrll  uf  f  alar|iflaa  itml  lliiral  liir  miiIiU- 
ty  lniMK  ciMilil  mil  tw  vtmailiiil,  11*  wii*  •upimrOil 
k)  Mnjof  Uaiiaral  I'IiiIi|m  nl  ilm  uiillli'rjr,  oliii  hiul 
aaialiliilioil  >i  •nliil  >»|iiiMlliHi  lijr  hia  kihhI  hiihIiicI 
iliirlni  ilia  Ula  wur  In  lii'iiiinn),  iiml  hy  .^liijiii  'I* 
nriill  lUlilaw'l,  mill  llnuaillor  Urii<-rit(  H|ir*r|i  ,  iif 
lhaU>rinan  lriMi|M,  inn'ilii-r  oiih  iIm<  IliiiiahUaiia- 
ril*  I'luaar,  I'uwal  uiiil  lluiiiillnii,  all  offlciin  iif 
itkHiniulahril  Miaill, 

Tha  lirlllali  hail  »l*u  iinilUinilail  miaaaaainn  iif 
Iba  N*>i|Mllun  III'  Ituka  I  ;hnin|iluln.  Thalr  iimrlna 
I'urva  iharaiin,  wiih  whii^h  In  ih*  fifaoaillnt  rnni' 
palan  Ihay  hail  lUairnyril  iha  Amarlcan  aliliiiilnK 
•ulna  Ukra,  wiiaiiiil  iinly  aniira,  lull  uii<i|i|Hiaril. 

A  cuiialilrrnlila  liirra  waa  Icll  In  l.'anailii  for  ll> 
Marnal  aaeurlljr  i  anil  Sir  Unjr  Cailaliin'a  inllllary 
•oroinaiiil  wiia  r»alrl«l*illotha  lliiilla  of  Ihal  prn- 
«ln««.  Tliuuib  Ilia  Kiillah  inlnlair*  altrlbnlril  Iha 
■raaarvallon  ul'  Cuiiailu  lu  lila  nblllllaa  In  177A  anil 
1770,  yal,  by  ihalr  urrangaiiiunla  fur  ilia  yaiir  1777. 
baarw  unly  callril  u|ioii  '  <  wl  a  aaroinlaiy  |>arl,  In 
Nbaarvlanry  lo  Iha  (rami  .  >|iiiilliioneoninilllaillo 
Uanaral  Itiiriioyiia.  Ilia  baliHrlour  iin  llila  iicca- 
alun  waa  i^onliirinabla  in  iha  (rauliiaaa  ofhia  nilml. 
Inalaail  ol  lhwarliii||  or  ralanllni  a  larvlca  which 
«i|»  .virtually  lakan  out  of  hIa  haiiila,  hii  apiillail 
iilnraair  in  •upfMirl  mimI  forwaril  It  In  all  lia  (larla, 
Willi  iha  aaina  iHllianea  aa  If  tha  arriin|aniaiil  hail 
baan  aiillrrly  hi*  own,  ami  vuniinlllail  to  hli.ualf 
lur  maciilliin. 

Tlia  plan  nf  Iha  IliliUh,  lor  lhair  pnijaclail  L 
rupllun  Into  iha  norili-waatarn  I'muliar  uf  Naw 
Ynrk,  cniialatail  uf  two  parla.  (lanarni  Uurgoyiic 
wllh  iha  inahi  body  wua  lu  advanca  by  tha  wiy  ul 
.aka  (Jhainpliiln,  with  poallira  urdara,  aa  haa  baan 
Wid,  to  lore*  hIa  way  lo  Albany,  or  ul  laual  lo  fnr 
aa  to  eltacl  ajuia-liun  wllh  iha  royul  uriiiv  froni 
Naw  York.  A  doliichinani  wualo  aacanJ  tha  riv- 
»r  8l.  liHwrenrv,  »•  I'uraa  laka  Ontario,  nnd,  from 
Ihal  quartar.  lo  |M>nrlmle  tuwaril*  Albany,  by  Iha 
wny  of  Iha  Mohawk  rirar.  Thia  waa  iiul  iindar 
Iha  eoinmaiid  nf  Llautanant  Culonal  nl.  Lagar, 
llid  cunaialad  of  about  two  huiidrrd  lirlllah  Iruupa, 
a  reKinirntof  Naw  Yoik  loyaliala,  raiacd  and  coin- 
luanded  by  8ir  John  Johnaon,  nnd  ii  lurxe  body  of 
•BVRdM.  LieulPiiHnl  lii-iipr.il  liiirt(oyiir  urrivrd  in 
(jiiabao  oniha  lilh  uf  MHy.iindeicricd  ulldilini'iii-r 
lo  proaaciile  in  dun  limn  tha  olijecli  of  tha  axiHiill- 
llnn.  lie  procaadad  up  luka  C'hiinipluin,  nnd  iuiid- 
rd  iicnr  ('rnwn-Point.  At  ihii  place  ha  inel  Iha 
Indiana,  VUih  June,  Knve  t ham  a  wiir  fonai,  and 
made  a  iiieech  lu  them.  'I'hli  waa  well  calcula- 
ted to  excite  lliein  lo  take  port  wiili  ihe  royal 
army  i  but  at  the  aaine  lime  to  reprria  their  bar- 
barliy.  lie  iminlcdly  lurb^ide  thoinloihed  blood 
when  not  upiioaed  in  uriiii,  and  cummandrd  ihni 
aged  men,  women,  and  children,  and  priioneri 
iiiould  be  held  aacrad  from  ihe  knife  and  the  hnich- 
el,  even  in  the  heal  of  actual  conlUcl.  A  reward 
wa«  proniiaed  for  priwinera,  and  a  levcre  inquiry 
Ihreiilcned  fur  acal|Mi ;  tliouKh  |iermiaaion  was 
Ijranted  lo  lake  lliem  from  thuae  who  were  previ- 
uualy  killed  in  fair  op|Miailiun.  Tlieaerealriclioni 
were  not  aulHcienI  In  realrain  their  burbarillea.— 
The  Indiana  having  decidedly  taken  part  with  the 
Orlliah  army,  (ieneral  Iturgoyne  iaaued  a  procla- 
nialion,  calculated  to  aprend  terror  nmong  the  in- 
hiibitanti.  The  nnmberauf  hia  Indian  aaaocintei 
were  niKgnined,  and  llieir  enK«riiea«  to  be  let  lunae 
to  llieir  prey  described  in  ImkIi  aounding  words. 
The  fuico  of  the  British  armies  and  Deals,  iirvpn- 
led  lo  crush  every  purl  of  the  revolted  coinnies, 
was  also  displayed  in  |)oni|H>iia  lun|!iini:e.  Kncuur- 
Rlteiiienl  and  eiiipluyiiirnt  wein  priimlNed  to  ihnsc 
who  should  assist  in  the  re-cslublishmeni  of  legnl 
government,  and  security  held  out  to  Ihe  peace- 
able and  industrious,  who  cunrniiied  in  iheirhuhi- 
lalions.  All  the  cnliiinilies  uf  war,  iirniyed  in  ihrir 
niuat  terrific  forms,  were  denounced  against  those 
who  should  persevere  in  a  military  opitosilion  to 
the  royal  forces. 

(ieneral  Uurgoyne  advanced  with  hi*  army,  on 
iht  JOtb  of  June,  to  Crown  Point.    At  tlu*  place 


ha  laauvilorilrra,  nf  whirli  ilia  following  wortla  sii' 
*  |Niil  I  "  Til*  army  ainbiiika  lu  niorrnw  In  a|i- 
piuach  lh«  •iiainy.  Tha  aeivliea  rr>|ulr*>l  on  this 
eB|wdlllon  sra  rrlilral  and  runapicuous.  Ihirlng 
our  priigrssa  oaciialon*  may  uci  ur.  In  which  no 
dlinauliy.  not  labour,  nor  Ilia,  are  In  ba  re|itrd«d. 
ThIa  iirmy  miiai  nul  rairaat."  Kriinil'ruwn  I'ulnl, 
iha  iiiysl  iiriny  proraadail  lu  ln«*al  Tl<'iiiid*ruiis. 
(In  lhair  apiiroach,  ihay  ailvanead  wiih  «'|nal  sau- 
lion  and  urdar  on  buih  sides  the  Iska.  whila  ihrlr 
navsl  lure*  ka|M  In  lis  ranlra.  Wlihin  a  few  days, 
Ihay  had  surroumtMl  ihraafnurlhs  ul  iha  Amarl- 
eanwotka,  at  TlaoMlaraia  and  Muuni  iMlapaml- 
anea  i  anil  bad  alau  advanead  a  wiirk  on  Nu|*r-hlll, 
so  lar  lu«arda«om|il*ll(in, lliai  In twaniy-four  houit 
It  would  have  baan  ready  lo  u|)an,  In  lb**a  clr- 
ciiinatanaaa,  (lai«nl  Hi.  Clair,  tha  (ommnndlni 
ufficar,  raaolvad  lo  •aacuala  Iha  poat ;  bul  eon- 
calving  II  Mudanl  tu  lake  tha  aanllnMnta  of  iha 
ganiriil  ufnoirs,  ha  aiillad  a  rounell  of  war  on  iha 
ui'taslon.  ll  was  r*|ira*anlad  lo  Ihia  council,  thai 
lhair  whole  nunibai*  were  nolsufflclantio  man  one 
half  uf  Iha  wiiiks  I  that,  aa  tha  whole  must  ba  on 
conalani  duly.  It  would  ba  linpoaalbla  fur  ihain  In 
siislain  the  nccsssary  fallgua  for  any  length  of 
lima  t  and  that,  as  Iha  place  would  ba  cumplalsly 
Invested  un  all  sidsa  within  a  day,  nnlhing  but  an 
Iminadlala  avuciiatlun  of  iha  posts  could  save  lhair 
troop*.  The  situation  of  (lenerul  Nl.  (^'lair  was 
aaiinanlly  rmbarrastlng.  Nueh  wssllia  ronOilaiice 
of  III*  Hialitsin  the  fancied  sltenglh  of  Ihls  |hisI, 
and  In  iha  supposed  au|ierlurilv  uf  forrc  fiirlla  d* 
feuc*,lhal  lo  retreat  wilhout  rlaking  anucllun  could 
nul  lad  uf  drawing  on  him  ihe  eaecrviion  uf  the 
mullltud*.  To  *land  *llll,  and,  by  auflerlng  him- 
self  lo  be  *urround*d,  In  rUk  hi*  whola  army  for  a 
slnula  post,  was  contrary  to  tha  true  tnleresi*  of 
the  Stale*,  lu  ihi*  trying  aliuatlon,  with  Iha  iina- 
nlinou*  ipptobiitian  of  a  council  uf  hi*  general 
oinetn,  ha  tdopled  iha  heroic  reaiilaiion  of  aacri- 
llclng  parsunal  raputallon  tu  aave  hi*  army. 

Tn*  iiasumptlon  of  confldenl  appearance*,  by 
the  garrlwin,  htd  induced  iheir  sdveraaiiea,  to  uro- 
cecil  wllh  caution.  While  from  thi*  Gnu*a  they 
were  awed  into  reiDool,  the  avicuatlon  wai  cum- 
pleled  wllh  ao  mncii  aecrecy  and  eipcdillon,  Ihal  a 
cunaiderable  |Nirtuftlie  public  alure*  were  aaved, 
and  Ihe  whola  would  have  been  embarked,  hud  not 
a  violent  gnle  of  wind  prevented  ih*  boat*  from 
reaching  their  daiion. 

Tba  work*,  abandoned  by  tha  American*,  were 
chielly  the  old  French  line*  con*lrucl*d  In  Ihe 
late  war  between  Vranca  and  Kngland,  which  had 
been  repaired  the  year  before,  and  were  In  good 
order.  New  work*  were  began  on  Ihe  mount ;  bul 
there  wa*  neither  time  nor  *trenKlh  of  hand*  lo 
complete  I  hem.  A  great  deal  of  limber  had  been 
felled  between  ihe  ea*l  creek  and  the  foot  of  Iha 
iiiuuiit,  lo  ralurd  the  nppruache*  uf  ihe  Uritiah.  All 
the  redoubt*  on  the  low  ground  were  abandoned, 
for  want  of  men  lo  occupy  them.  Tlieee  work*, 
togelher  wllh  ninety-three  piece*  of  ordnance,  and 
a  large  collection  of  provieion*,  fell  into  the  hand* 
of  the  Hriliah. 

The  evacuation  of  Ticonderoga,  July  Ct,  wa*  the 
eubjeetofn  *evere  acrutiny.  Congreaa  recalled 
their  general  olHrer*  in  Ihe  northern  department, 
and  ordered  an  Inquiry  into  their  conduct.  They 
alao  nominated  Iwo  gentlemen  of  eminence  In  the 
law,  to  a(*i*t  the  judge  advocate  in  pro*ccutlng 
that  inquiry,  and  np|>oinled  a  committee  of  their 
own  body  to  collect  evidence  in  *upport  of  Ihe 
charges,  which  were  on  this  occasion  brought 
against  Ihem,  General  St.  Clair,  from  llie  ne 
cessily  uf  the  cnae,  submitted  to  this  innovation 
in  the  mode  of  conducting  courts  martial;  but  in 
behalf  of  the  nrmy  prulesied  against  its  being 
dmwn  into  precedent.  Charges,  uf  no  lea*  magni- 
tude than  cowardice,  Incupiicity  and  treachery, 
were  liroiight  forward  in  court  against  him,  and 
believed  by  many.  The  public  mind,  *ore  with 
ihe  luss  of  Ticonderoga,  and  apprehensive  of  gene- 
ral distress,  soughtlo  ease  iiselfby  throwing  blame 
upon  Ihe  general.  When  Ihe  tituation  of  the 
army  permitted  an  inquiry  imo  hi*  conduct,  he  wa* 
honourably  acquitted,    la  the  coune  of  hU  trial,  it 


<<  mad*  III  ni       << 
lirvn  early  iiiIIf.i  i    i. 
norihein  |M>ala,  y  ' 
llurgiiyiia,  iha  w'lnl' 
waa  only  'MW  ronlim 
au|i|ili»il  and  wuiae  hmim 
nf  lh>lr  iitiMilicra,   ihey 


I 

i.titmiMim 

»    .1 

,1     tslklll' 

h  (.f  •*•* 

.rti 

.  ll 

fi  opiftef 

Ma 

'HH 

•nditiii, 

<«f 

rlllll 

..  iiiaadh 

tiff 

h<-ni 

■■■nh 


•alvra  uf  Xngur  hill,  iiur  III    ''I'lh  i»-,   i 

Iha  lurniar  iMininmiiiUd  lh«  onrks,  hr.ih  nl  'I 
ileruga,  and  MnunI  lnd*|ieni|i<nt'p,  and  ill*  laliai 
waa  of  greet  lni|Mn*nV«  for  roiniAunleailon  wlili 
lake  (Iroria,  ami  had  been  fnrllAed  Iha  yam  !••' 
fur*  wllh  ihal  view.  To  ih*  quaailon  which  ha>l 
bean  r*|i«aladly  naked  i  "  why  waaihe  avarunllun, 
If  raalljr  neceaeery,  dalayad  till  iha  Aiiieiiran* 
ware  *u  nearly  aunrsundail,  as  to  ocrimlon  ili*  kiae 
of  such  valuable  Mora*  f"  ll  wassnsweied:  llial 
■■  IVum  varlaii*  elrenmalenre*  li  nnm  liii|  immioI*  Ihi 
(lanaral  N(.  ('lair  In  gel  early  Information  of  Ik's 
iiumbar*  opnasad  lo  hini.  The  savages,  whoM 
iha  Mrlllah  kept  in  iVonI,  delerrrd  ainall  recun- 
Hollering  partle*  f^oni  approarhing  ao  near  ■*  lo 
make  in*  diaeoveil**  of  their  nuiiibar*.  I,*ige 
parti**,  from  Ih*  nature  of  iha  ground,  roubl  no* 
nava  been  aupiiortad  wlihout  riaking  a  general  ac< 
lion,  From  in*  eumbined  nneration  or  Ihaaa  rlr< 
cumalanca*,  ihe  number*  of  iliespptoachlng  royul 
army  were  aireclually  eonee*led  from  the  gam 
aun,  till  ih*  van  of  Iheir  furea  appaarad  In  Aill 
view  befiira  il." 

The  relrsttiing  army  embarked  a*  miicliof  iheir 
baggage  and  *lnr*a  aa  ihey  had  any  prn*|Mcl  uf 
auving,  and  d*a|Nilrlied  it  under  cunvoy  of  live 
armed  galliea  lo  Skeneaboiuugh.  Their  main 
body  Inok  lla  ruule  tnwarda  Iha  aama  place  by 
way  of  C**llelon.  Tha  lirlllah  were  no  auonai 
apprized  of  ihe  retreat  of  Ihe  American*  than  Ihay 
puraued  them.  (Ieneral  Kraxrr,  at  the  head  or 
the  light  trooiM,  advanced  on  Ihtir  muin  body. 
Major  (Ieneral  Reideeel  wa*  alao  ordered,  with 
ihe  greater  part  of  the  llrunawicktruo|M,  tunarrh 
In  ill*  aaiiie  directlun.  Oeneisl  lliirgnyne  in  pei  - 
*on  conducted  the  puraull  by  water.  The  n&« 
atrucilon*  to  the  navigation,  not  having  been  com- 
pleted, were  aoun  cul  through.  The  Iwo  frigilea 
the  Koyal  (leorg*  and  Ihe  Inflexible,  logelhei 
with  the  gun  boat*,  having  rflrcied  their  paaauga, 
puraued  wllh  ao  much  riipidily,  that  in  the  courae 
of  a  day  the  gun  buula  came  up  wlih  and  allncked 
Ihe  American  galliea,  near  Nkeneaborough  Fall*, 
On  Ihe  approach  of  the  frigatea,  all  op|M>aition 
ceu*ed.  1  wo  of  the  gallic*  were  taken,  and  threo 
bluwn  up.  The  American*  act  Are  lo  their  work*, 
mill*,  and  ballcaux.  The^  were  now  lelll  in  the 
wood*,  dealilute  of  provialona.  In  llil*  forlorn 
situation,  Ihey  ninde  Iheir  rsca|ie  up  Wuod-cieeb 
lu  fort  Anne,  llrigadier  Fittxer  iiursiied  the  re- 
treating Americana,  and  on  the  7tli  July,  came  up 
wllh  and  attacked  them.  They  made  a  gallant 
reaistaiice,  but,  after  tustaining  cunsidemble  lus% 
were  obliged  lo  give  w-iv. 

Lieutenant  Colonel  Ilall,  with  Ihe  9th  British 
regiment,  wa*  detached  fiom  Skenesborough  by 
Oencral  Burgoyne,  to  lake  jmisI  near  fori  Anno. 
An  cngngenienl  ensued  helweenthia  reginieiit  nnd 
a  few  Aiiiericuns  \  but  the  latter,  ufier  a  coiiilicl 
nf  Iwo  hours,  llied  the  fort,  and  retrenled  to  fort 
KdwRrd.  The  destruction  of  Ihe  gnllic*  nnd  bal- 
lcaux of  the  American*  at  Skenesborough,  and 
the  defent  of  their  roar,  obliged  (Ieneral  St.  Clair, 
in  order  lo  avoid  being  between  two  fires,  to 
change  the  route  of  his  mnin  body,  unil  lo  turn  off 
from  Casllelon  to  the  led.  AHer  a  fatiguing  and 
distressing  march  nf  seven  days,  he  juineil  (irnerni 
Schuyler  at  fort  Edward.  Their  eumbined  I'lircea 
inclusive  of  ihe  militiu,  not  exceeding  in  Ihe  whnle 
4,400  men,  were,  on  the  approach  uf  (ieneral  Bur- 
goyne, comfielled  lu  retire  farther  into  the  coun- 
try, bordering  on  Albany. 

Such  was  the  rapid  torrent  of  success,  whidi, 
in  this  periud  uf  the  campaign,  swept  away  all  up- 
posiiiun  from  before  the  royul  army.  The  ufTicor* 
and  men  were  highly  elated  with  iheir  good  for- 
tune. They  considered  their  toils  lo  be  nearly  at 
ao  end  ;  Albany  to  be  within  their  grasp ;  and  thn 
conquest  of  the  adjacent  proviocM  rea«ce<l  to  m 


it»f    •IMI.I.MIilt  IH  III*    M|»lltttn    •>•     IllCtI     t.UIII|>«>«H 

Mhihvm,  >m  |)«4l»i  llion  ih«tf  ktM  ul  |hmi«,  oi 

Uiimiy     «.iil     IlimlM.        Ill";    wura    UI||nM)MI>  i    M 
oitiiiiiii   ivawluitxH.     'lU'ir  un<|M«Un«l   (Vitjitiit 

III  K,   HI    llllilllMllllUIMl  (ulllHIMhlU    •«•    CUMIllatVtl 
IMMt    •!  »l»tMi'        All    ••IMUMtll  «ilH    llllllwml,  (iMl    lll« 

»Hi  III  riMii  I  oj*  u««r,  ut   iImI   (Im  l«iiti*>   ivaMI 

.IMOmIIIi*    iiiIwiimI*,     WUIlltl     Mlia     Muljr   lU     IIMtkv 

iir  1 1  maul  ili«ir  •MbiiiMaMHi  ntur*  ItuiHillMtiif' 
I  km  Iviiur  aliHib  lit*  kiw  ul  't'l«uiMl«iu|it  tffml 
litwuklHtui  iIm  M**  knglMMl  MiilM  mm  |i«*l  i 
itui  ii«>*iili«l<iM  aw  likiiuMtlua  la  |HiiitMM  Mlaijr 
ky  •ulMHiwMii,  «|i|i*iii«tl  In  my  i|uafU«.  Tbcji 
iliil  Mil  uwk  iiu<J*i  iti*  «|i|it«lMiMk>N  ul  tl«N|«i,  km 
•vimJ  •all  iigiiut  ■imJ  Mimiimh. 

'lit*  ru|«i  iMf,  aliar  ilMw  lutamMt  *«aila- 
u*ti  tur  •uiiia  iU;«  In  MitM**lHWuugbi  »*ilia(  lui 
llimr  Mulii,  l>«(git||*  luitt  |>ru«Mun.  In  iIm  ntaiia' 
lima,  tiauaritl  tiui4u;u«  ^ul  luilh  •  iwucktnwlMNi, 
tH  <»Ufk  !••  aaliati  unUm  lukukiwaia  ol'  iba  t4fit 
tjVMi  iiiaiw*,  lu  wiMi  a  iia|MilalMHi  uf  laa  ur  aHiia 
iwiwiu*,  Iruiii  lliair  ia*)i*cii«a  lv»a*lu|ia,  lo  niaal 
I'iiIiimI  Htkrif  *l  (.'ullaiuu,  un  iha  I6«h  ul'  July. 
'I  li«  iiiMi|Mi  ucia  II  ilia  Mill*  timabudljr  tni|)la;M 
III  u|iaHtM(  •  rwtti,  aiHl  t:l«ariii|  a  craak,  In  laiuur 
tliair  wlxnca,  aiHl  luu|waa  |ia««i|a  lur  ttia  cuii- 
frymica  ul  lli'ir  aiura*.  A  |iailjr  ul' iha  rutal  ar> 
my,  •iMvh  Umi  baa*  tail  bablatl  il  TMuiHltruga, 
•  ••  at|u«ll)f  indualrluiM  in  cair)iin(|un  bunla,  iwu- 
tlaluiM,  faaaaUi  autl  bitllaaut  utai  Imnl  inlu  Laka 
(iauriia.  An  Imiiiamliy  ul  Jabuur  In  avar;  ijuar- 
lt<r  «rM  naraaaaryi  bul  aniiiiaiail  m  itiajr  «ara 
aiilh  |iaal  •iirraaaaaaotl  luluia  bu|iaa,  Ibajf  dura- 
laiilaiJ  lull  Nwi  ii*n||ar. 

Kniin  hkiiiiaab4iruu|h,  Oaa.  Hur|n>naillnclail 
hla  vuuraa  bcrua*  ilia  luuiili}  lu  Kurl  Kiiwani,  un 
lliMiautt't  Kivar.  'I'liuugli  ilia  tlialanva  in  u  rigbl 
llni  IruM)  una  lo  ili«  ullwr  la  bul  a  law  iiiilai,  yal 
Micb  M  'li*  iMi|irai-iH:abla  nuliira  ul'  Iba  euuiiirjr,  ami 
ani'b  MrtK  ilia  arlillclaliliinculliaalbruwn  Inhiawajf, 
■liHi  nf  ally  aa  many  ilaya  wcra  vuilkuiiimi  aa  Ilia 
lialaiica  uuaati  u«ar  In  a  iliraci  liua  wuulil  ha«a 
liiraaiiraJ  lu  nillaa.  'I'ha  Aiiiarlcana  uiitiar  Ilia 
liirvcllun  ul  (Jan.  Hchuylar,  bad  cut  luria  liaaa 
(HI  liulh  aiUaa  ul'lba  ruaii,  au  Ibat  lliav  fall  acruaa  tl 
with  lliair  biau«lMa  lularwuttiin.  Tlia  laca  ul  lb* 
cuunlry  aiaa  likawiaa  au  lirukan  wilb  craaka  aiiii 
iii.iraliaa,  lli,il  tbry  bail  liu  laaa  iban  lurly  briilgra 
lit  cui  auuvl,  iiiitt  ul  wbicli  waa  ■  lua-wurk  u»rr  a 
niuiitaa.  iwu  uiilea  in  aatanl.  Tbia  iTilAcull  march 
iiiiKhl  liiivr  b«au  avuldcil,  had  (lauaral  Uurgiiyn* 
lillrn  baik  Iruin  Ckaiivaburuufb  lu  'I'lcundcruga, 
and  ibaiM-aiirucacdcd  by  Laka  lianrga  ;  bul  ba  iTa- 
cliiiad  ibia  ruulc,  Iruiii  an  a|i|irclH)uaiun  ihal  a  ret- 
ruKraila  iihiiIuii  un  hia  part  wuuld  abata  the  |>aiilc  ul' 
lh«  enemy.  He  bad  aim  a  auaplviun  thai  aunie 
delay  might  be  uccaaiuned  by  the  American  garri- 
wiu  at  Kuil(ieiirK«;  aa  in  oiaa  ul'  bia  taking  lhal 
luuia,  thry  might  aal'rly  cuullnua  lu  reaial  lu  iha 
laai  eaiiFiiilty,  having  uiien  in  Ibeirraara  place  uf 
ri-lreal.  On  Ihe  nther  hand  it  waa  praauined,  thai 
aa  auun  aa  they  knew  thai  ibe  ruyal  aiiiiy  waa 
nurcbiug  in  a  diiectiun  which  waa  likely  tu  cul  ulT 
tliiiir  rvtreiil,  thry  wuuld  cunault  tbeir  aalely  by  a 
KeuMiiiable  evac'::«!iun.  In  addiliun  tu  Ibeae  rea- 
wiiiD.  Iitt  liail  the  advice  and  pcrauaaiun  ol'  Culunel 
Vikenr.  'i'bal  geiitleinau  bad  been  recummendad 
lu  liini  aa  a  |N.Taon  nrufier  lu  be  cnnaulled.  Ilia 
land  wtia  lu  aliu.ited,  ibat  the  uiieningufa  ruid  be- 
•wern  Kurt  Edward  and  Mkeneaburuugh,  wuuld 
grvuily  enhaiue  it*  value.  Tliia  circumataiice 
iiiighi  have  made  him  mure  urgent  in  hia  rccum- 
iiirndatiunaul'that  route,  ea|i«ciallvaince,  bring  the 
aliiirteiil,  it  bid  Talr  lur  uuiling  tua  ruyal  iuleraal 
with  (Nivate  cnnvenianee. 

'I'll*,  niiiniun  Turmed  by  Qeneral  llurgoyne  of  the 
eH'ictuI'  Ilia  direct  inovemeni  i'rum  .Skeiieaburuugli 
lo  Koit  Kdward,  on  lh«  American  gurriaun,  wan 
verified  by  ihe  event ;  fur  being  apprehenaive  ul' 
having  their  retreat  cut  otr,  Ihev  abandoned  their 
fort,  and  burnt  ibeir  veaaela.  The  navigation  of 
hie  Ueorga  baiog  Ihcreby  left  free,  provnionaand 
wan  bniufU  forwud   tnm    Fp(< 


NifToiiY  or  Tim 


III 


I'a 


Uaaf|a,  M  ilw  Aim  — rtgabto  mm  tl 
Klvai.  'I'bia  M  a  dMaaaa  nf  lA  mltaa,  aixl  lb« 
lu.itl*  ul  dillli  uli  |i«wiiga.  'I  Im  laliiaaia  (HmbliMi 
IWU  ul  lawl  and  »ai*i  varnaga,  lugailwr  wilh  lb* 
iiMiilht  laHl  mvan*  itl  liaN«|iuilalMih  ami  rivaaalv* 
raiNa,  •aiiwd  •imb  daUya,  ihai,  at  lb«  aiMt  ul  M- 
laaa  daya,  ibvra  waia  aui  nwr*  than  lunr  day*'  ihu- 
VMMN  Itfitugbiluraard,  war  abuia  laa  baiiaaui  in 
lb*  il(*r.  Iba  diHtvulliaa  ul  ibM  runoyam*,  a* 
wall  a<  ul  lb*  marah  ibrungb  iba  wililaiuaa*  Iruin 
Mkaavabttfuugh  lu  I' an  Kdward,  ware  auauuHl*f*d 
anal  avarrama  by  lb*  iwyal  army,  wiib  a  apirM  and 
alarrliv  wblcli  cauM  ••lb*  aMvadad.  At  langlk, 
u«  Iba  JINh  of  July,  altar  HMradtbIa  AMIgua  aad 
labuur,  llanaial  Hurguyna,  and  aa  army  uadar  bia 
cuNiNiaMl  raaebad  Kart  Kdwani,  a«  lludaon'a  Riv- 
er. I'lMlf  aiuhallu*,  an  aceumpUablad  wImi  fur 
a  long  itma  had  baa*  ih*  vbjaal  af  ibair  bupaa, 
waa  unuaually  graal. 

While  Iha  Hrlilab  wata  ralanlail  In  ibaIr  ad 
vaaca  by  Iha  atMnbinad  difflculliaa  al  aaiura  aad 
an,  avaM*  loab  ptaaa,  which  pravad  iha  wladum 
ami  |ini|illatyuf  iIm  ralraal  IVum  Tiaundaruga.— 
'I'ha  army,  aavad  by  lltal  maaiia,  waa  balwaau  iba 
InhabliaMa  and  (iaaaral  Uurguyna.  Thia  abated  the 
paBM  al  Iha  paopla,  and  bacaiua  a  canlr*  ul  rvmlaa- 
voiia  fur  tbain  lu  ra|ialr  in.  (In  ilia  uihar  liand, 
had  Ibay  aluud  ih*ir  gruuml  al  Titundvruga,  ihay 
iiiual,  lu  iba  urdinaiy  eouraa  uf  aventa,  aiiber  bav* 
been  cul   lo  piacaa,  ui   aurrsndarad  ihvniaalvea 

rlaonar*  of  war.  la  either  eaaa,  aa  (Janaral  Hi. 
lair  i*praa«alad  In  hia  alaganl  drianc*  i  "  Kear 
and  dianiay  would  have  alaaad  un  the  iiihabiunia 
I'fom  iIm  lala*  opinton  lhal  had  bean  lurmed  of  the 
alranglh  uf  ihaaa  uoaU  t  wringing  grief,  and  muping 
malanebuly,  wuuld  bava  rtlind  Ilia  habiialitina  ul 
ibuaa  wliuaa  daaraat  cunnailuna  ware  lu  thai  ar- 
my I  and  a  lawleaa  h«ai  uf  rufflana,  »*l  luuaa  fruni 
avaiy  lucial  pilnclple,  wuuhl  have  ruamed  al  large 
Ihruugb  Iba  dafencaleaa  cuunliy,  while  baiida  ul 
aavagca  wuuld  have  eaiiied  liavuc.davaaraiiun  and 
terror  bafuia  (ban.  (iraal  part  of  the  8  tale  uf 
New  York  niual  have  aubiiiilled  lo  Iba  cuni|uerur, 
and  In  II  ba  wuubl  bava  fuund  the  niaana  lu  pruae- 
rule  hiaanccea*.  Ha  wuubl  bava  bean  able  ef- 
fectually tu  have  GO-n|iaralrd  wilh  Uanaral  Huwa, 
anil  wuuld  probably  au«n  have  bean  In  Iba  aama 
cuunlry  with  hini  i  thai  country  wbaia  iha  lllua- 
iriiiua  Waahinglun,  vtib  an  infariur  furca,  madaao 
gluriuua  a  aland,  bul  wliu  muat  have  bean  ubilgad 
III  retire,  if  both  armiea  had  cuina  u;>un  him  at 
unca  t  urb*  niighl  bava  bean  furced  lu  a  general 
and  drciaiva  aciioa,  in  uofavuurabla  circuinalancea, 
whereby  iha  hupaa,  Iha  now  wallfuunded  hupea  ul 
America,  uf  liberty,  naaca  and  aal'ety  might  bava 
been  cul  ulf  fur  ever.''  Much,  Il  waa  apiiraliendad, 
wuuld  liava  been  Ihe  cunarquencea.  If  ilia  Ameri- 
can niiitbern  army  had  nut  retreated  from  Iheir  poal 
ul  Ticunderoga.     Very  dUfaranl  aventa  look  place. 

In  a  few  daya  alter  Iha  evacuation,  Ueneral 
Schuyler  iaaued  a  pruelamaliun,  calling  lu  the 
minda  uf  the  InbabltanU  the  late  barbaritiea  iind 
deaulallona  uf  (ha  royal  army  in  Jeraey  ;  warning 
them  that  they  wuuld  be  dealt  with  aa  tnitura,  if 
thry  juineil  the  liritiah,  and  rci|uiring  Iham  with 
their  anna  to  re|Mir  to  the  American  alandard.— 
.Numrroui  partiea  were  alao  employed  In  bringing 
uti'  imbllc  aturra,  and  in  liilling  tree*,  and  thruwing 
uliatructiunainlbe  way  uf  the  advancing  royal  ar- 
my. Al  Ural,  an  unlveraal  |>anio  intimidaled  the 
inhabitunta  ;  bul  lliry  aoon  recuvared.  The  lawa 
uf  aelfprraervalion  o|ieraled  in  their  full  foiee,and 
dlll'uacd  a  general  uctlvily  through  Ihe  adjacent 
atatra.  The  furiiinlltira  uf  convening,  dnihing 
and  omcering  the  militia  were  In  many  Inatancea, 
dia|>enacd  with,  lluodreda  alesed  their  Arelucka, 
iind  marched  on  the  general  call,  without  waiting 
fur  the  ordrra  of  their  immediate  commandera.— 
The  Inhiibitanta  had  no  meana  of  aecurity,  but  to 
abiindun  their  liabitaliona,  and  lake  up  anna.— 
Evrry  individual  aaw  the  necraaily  of  becoming  a 
tem|Mir»iy  auldier.  The  terror  excited  by  the  In- 
diana, initead  of  diapoaing  the  inhabilanta  lo  court 
Uritiah  pruteclion,  lr.id  a  contrary  ell'ecl. 

The  frienda  of  the  royal  cauae,  ai  well  aa  ila 
•neiniea,  lulfered  bom  (hair  IwUicriiiiiniXo  barba- 


M'Ciaa  ateHad  aa  waivavaal  butviM.  Thia  yauM 
lady,  la  lb«  lnn«**nr*  wl  yiittih,  aad  ih*  bbtum  al 
baauly  I  lb*  daiighlaf  u4  a  alaady  hif  niM,  and  a» 
gaged  lu  ba  NMfviad  lu  a  Ittliiah  i>in<  *r,  waa,  04 
Iba  very  day  uf  liar  inUMiled  niiplMla.  maaaacrvii 
by  iba  aavaga  auadMrl**,  allaabad  In  iba  IIimmS 
army.*  OavaaWn  waa  thereby  given  lu  iiiilanA 
Ilia  papulae*,  and  lu  klarkan  ilia  ruyti  •'.  u*«.— 
Tba  aruahla*  u(  ilia  Indwoai  and  lb*  r  lua*  !• 
which  (hay  ware  engaged,  w»ra  aawi'ialed  logo* 
lb*r,  and  pvaaanlad  M  an*  viaw  la  Iba  akumad  M- 
habliania.  That,  wboaa  imaroal  li  waa  lu  dr*« 
furlh  iba  mllMU  Intuiipuri  •(  Aiwarlcan  indtpaMt* 
•Mca,  airanaly  aapraaaad  ihalr  aieeralMna  uf  Ih* 
army,  which  aubiiniied  in  aacapl  af  Indian  a'li 
and  luudly  aaiidaitiixd  lhal  guv*rnin*nl  wbl«h 
(ouhl  fall  auah  aiM>li*riaa  aa  ware  tab  ulatrd  Hut 
lo  aubdua,  but  in  •aiarmiaala  a  liaa|ib<  wh»m  ibay 
alfavled  to  reclaim  aa  aubjaci*.  Their  eruel  iiud* 
uf  warfare,  pulling  la  death,  aa  well  iba  ainiliiig 
infant  and  iha  dafanaalaaa  famala,  m  iba  reaKimg 
arinad  man,  aaellail  an  unlveraal  aplrll  uf  rvtial- 
anea.  In  ennjuncllun  wlih  olbar  elrennialani  ea, 
It  Impraaaad  un  lb*  niliMl*  of  tba  Inhabilanta  a 
general  cunvictlun  thai  a  vigurnua  dalermined  up. 
|HMHIiin  waa  the  unly  altarnaiiv*  fur  lb*  pr*a«rv4> 
ilun  uf  tb*lr  |iru|i*rty,  ibeir  rblldrrn  and  tliall 
wivea.  Cuuld  lli»v  have  tnilulgrd  lb*  ba|M  uf  aa* 
rurlly  and  firutacllun  while  ib*y  remained  peace, 
ably  nl  their  humea,  they  wuubl  have  luund  many 
•  ii'Uaea  bir  drrlinlng  lu  aaaum*  lb*  |irul*a*lun  uf 
auldiera  I  bul  whan  they  cunlraatnl  ih*  dangnraiif 
a  manly  realatanea,  with  ibuaa  nf  a  paaaiv*  iniiu- 
llun,  they  choao  the  former,  a*  Iha  leaal  of  two  Ul'- 
avuldabla  *f  Ila. 

All  the  feeble  aid,  which  ilia  royal  armv  rrrei*> 
ed  from  their  Indian  aualllarlea,  waa  IntniHy 
uverbalanred  by  lb*  udlum  II  bruugbl  un  lliv>, 
cauae,  and  by  Inni  daternilnad  apirll  of  opiwaiiwn 
whii'b  the  dread  uf  Ihalr  aavaga  eruehlea  eaciinl 
While  danger  waa  ramola,  iha  preaamg  chIIk  ul 
Cungreaa,  and  uf  the  general  olnern,  lur  llii>  in 
habitanta  In  ba  In  raadlneaa  lo  opjiuaa  a  diatuiit  lua, 
were  unavailing,  or  lardlly  aieculed  t  bul  nii  mjimi- 
er  had  Ihev  recovered  from  the  Itral  lm|ir*aaluiii  o( 
the  geneial  |ianlc,  than  ihey  turned  out  wllki  un- 
eiampled  alacrity.  The  ownara  of  llie  aoll  cuiiia 
fuiward  with  thai  arduur,  which  Iha  love  un  deal 
cunnealuna  and  uf  uru|ierty  Inapirea.  .\iii  iiriiiy 
waa  apeedlly  iNiured  furlh  frum  the  woiiiil*  aia' 
mountain*.  When  ihev  who  had  begun  ibe  re- 
treat were  nearly  waaled  away,  the  aplrit  uf  lh« 
country  iinmedialely  au|iplled  lliclr  place,  with  • 
much  more  formidable  lurce.  In  addiliun  liitheaa 
incltemeula,  it  waa  early  cunjectured,  lhal  tlia 
royal  army,  by  puahing  fuiwanl,  wuubl  he  au  en- 
tangled a*  not  lu  ba  able  to  advance  ur  reireiit  un 
equal  lama.  Men  of  ablblie*  and  of  *liH|nenca, 
intluenced  with  ibia  aiiiedatlon,  haroiiigued  ih* 
inhabilanta  in  their  aeveral  town*,  and  ttt  forth  In 
high  culuuring  Iha  crueltlea  nf  the  aavage  aiiailia- 
rie*  of  (ireal  llrilain,  and  the  fair  inriiapecta  uf 
capturing  the  whule  furce  uf  their  rni' mlea.  ■■'rniii 
the  cumliined  Inlluance  uf  ihrae  ciiiiiM!ii,  the  Ante, 
riciiii  army  auun  amuuiited  lu  upwaiil*  uf  1U,UUG 
men. 

Whlla  Durgnyna  waa  forcing  hi*  way  duwn  lo> 
varda  Albany,  Ml.  Leger  waa  cu-u|ieraling  with 
hlin  in  tlie  Miihawk  country,  lie  had  aacended 
the  River  Ht.  Lawreiice,  croaaed  LakaUnlario,  and 
commenced  Ihe  aiege  of  Kurt  Schuyler.     Ou  lb* 

*  'I'lila,  lliuiinh  Iru*,  waa  mil  praiimlilainl  barlwrily.— 
Tlie  clruuiiwlaiHiaa  wnn  aa  fiilluw  1  Mr.  Jiiiwa,  hrr  limiir, 
fruin  an  aniii'lv  fur  h«r  aafel}',  «n(ii|ri'il  »iiiia  liuliaiM 
lu  rriiiovii  her  friiiii  aiuiing  llii-  Aiiii-ricntia,  ami  pniiniai'd 
111  rewaril  ih*  prraon  nlui  alioulil  liriitK  hi<r  aafu  Iti  hiin| 
wilh  a  barrul  u(  riiiii.  'I'wu  u(  !'«  Indiana,  who  had 
cuiivevail  hor  Mnie  ilialaiirr,  011  ihu  way  lu  hrr  inlaad- 
ril  hunhitlKl,  illa|iuliiil,  which  ul  ihrni  aliiiilhl  |irva*al 
lii.r  III  Mr.  JiMii^a.  liuth  wprr  aiiaMiiia  for  the  rnward* 
On*  <>r  thrill  killml  hnr  wilh  hia  iiiinahawk.  In  pmvant 
lliD   iitlior    rriiiii   ri»-i!ivin(    il.       llurKuyii*    oblic*il    ih* 

_ !.    .    uii   lliH  iiiiinl 

|iul  him  in  dualli. 


Indiana  lo  il«li>cr  uii  ill"  iiiiinli.n'i,  and  Ihrralanad  la 
iiul  him  In  dualli.  Ilia  lirr  waa  unly  aparad,  U|Hin  ih* 
Iniliana  a^rrriMg   In  Irrnia,  which  the  frneral   ihoiigh 


wuuld  b«  Ilium  clllcaciuua  than  an  aiai  utioa,  in  prevani^ 
big  aindar  niiKbiala. 


UNITID  tTATIf 


MfmMl)  ttt  lltM  il«tmfcm«Hi  ")  >lb>  n»f *t  Mmy,  •« 

Mm  III  iha   mihn  miliil*  iif  '  li«  paiu  «il|iM«nl,  lur 
llin  rvlial  uIiIm  |itrt)<iiii. 

t*t.  Ii>(»r,  «<•!«(■  Hi  ilia  '  ,,nMWHi«iiiiM  a(  ImIm(| 
Iil4<  k>iltn  liM  irtmrh**,  iIki><  '*«»  'i\t  Jiihn  JiiIm 
••III,  will)  »iiM«  InrtM  anil  khIi  ii.  iii  M«  In  iim 
liiiah,  anil  iiMarraiM  ilia  aiiW^i.cini  milHU.  'I>i« 
tlraui'in  iiHik  alfaal.  'I'll*  nanaial  ami  hia  iml 
Ikik  «»r*  aitriwiaaiJ  un  tlw  Ath  <.r  Auaiial  i  kill  m 
•atal  mH  ilia  intlMna  «i«ri<  nvtcrihalaaa  klUail  hj 
Ihalr  lira  A  »nn»  «(riin(\i^  •>  fulUwatl,  Homa 
■•I  llarkln  •r'l  man  ran  nil  ,  liiki  liar*  |MMlail  'hain- 
•altaa  baliuitl  lii|a,  anil  ruiil'iiM  'I  In  llfhl  *i\ih  lira- 
tarjr  ami  aitaaaaa.  'I'll*  Iwim  uN  Iha  alila  of  iha 
AmarU'ana  waa  1(10  kllka>l.  baaiilaa  tka  wniiaHlad. 
AiKong  Ilia  litrmarwa*  <h«*r  lallani  l«<Hlar,  OatM' 
r«l  Marklinar.  Nanariili  iif  lliair  klllatl  and  wuiiml- 
•li  wara  |iftnrlpnl  lnliiiitiii»<ila  u(  llial  |Mtl  uf  Ilia 
taiiMiiy.  I'liliinal  Ni  l.rgar  avallail  liiniaalC  nf 
Ilia  lairiir*t«llail  iin  Itiit  iKeaatun.  ■nilaiiilfataiir- 
•il  by  alriiHi  raiiiairiii  iliiiixuf  tnillan  tHirliarlly,  In 
lnllinMl4la  ilia  garilaiMi  luiii  an  linniailiala  aiiiran- 
•Jar.  Ha  aant  vailinl  mill  arlllan  iiiaaaaiaa,  "  i\»- 
maiiillni  ilia  •iirranili>'r  of  iha  riirl,  anil  alailni  iha 
lni|NtMiliilll*  nl'  iliiiiir  nlilalning  ratlrf,  aa  Ihalr 
AlaniN  iiiiilkr  (lanaiml  lUrklmar  wara  «nllr«ljr  nil 
olf,  anil  a<  llanariil  lliirKiiyna  hail  I'lin'ail  hIa  way 
tbtiiiuh  Iha  riHintrYi  iinil  waa  ilail*  racai»ln|  iha 
•uliiiila»ii>n  iif  Ilia  Mihalilianla."  Ma  r* nraaanlail 
••  Iha  |Hiln<  li»  hull  liikan  In  uiOan  iha  Inillana,  ami 
ta  nhtain  aiiu  4||»ii«anU  rriini  ihrm,  Ihal  In  raaa  ol 
■n  lmiiii'illiil>>  •iirianilar  i<«ar]r  man  in  Iha  garrlaon 
tlioiilil  lia  •|Mr*il ;  iiml  |iarllrulnrljf  riiil»ri|ail  on  iha 
( Irriiirialnni'p,  "  lliiil  ilia  Imlliiiiawvrii  il»lariiiini>il 
In  ciMi  III' lliiilr  nirallni  wlih  fiirlhar  ii|i|Hi*llliin, 
10  iiiiiaiiii'ra  mil  iinly  ilia  unrrlaon,  hill  rvrry  man, 
wiiMian  nr  rhilil  In  ilia  Miiliiiwk  rniinlry."  I'lilo- 
II'' I  (lHM«'»ori,  who  nttninanilail  iha  ritrl,  rapllail, 

iliiit  lialnii  by  Iha  llnllail  Nuiaa  anirualail  wilh 
IJTK  I'hnriia  nl'lha  k""'*"I<>  '**  <*■<*  ilal'milnril  In 
ill  rami  II  III  ilia  Inat  axlranilty,  aialnal  nil  anainlaa 
•  lialavar,  wllhiiul  any  roiii'f  rn  lurlha  conaai|uan- 
C'la  iifiliilnf  hi*  limy." 

ll  lialiiii  taaolvail,  innii|ni  Iha  ihrait*  of  Inillnn 
birhiiiiilra,  In  ilrrimil  llir  rorl,  I<laul»nnnl  Colonal 
Willrl  niiilrriiiok,  In  riinjiincllon  wlih  Maulananl 
Niiii'kwall,  III  (l*a  Inl'iiriiiiillnn  to  lliclr  rallnw-cill- 
Miia,  iifihv  aliiia  nf  ilia  jiirrUnn.  1'liaaa  two  ml- 
vtiiliiriMia  iifflnara  piaaril  liy  night  lhruU|ll  Iha  ha- 
•laili'r*'  wnrka,  anii,  u(  Iha  liiiaiiril  of  railing  Inio 
Ilia  hiiiiiU of  a>i*»i(ea,  anil  aiiirprlnK  rroiii  llinii  iho 
•r«.:rlly  nriorliirn,  tiinila  ihrlr  wiiy  for  (lAy  niilaa 
Ihriiiiuli  ilimKara  anil  illlltciilllaa,  In  orilar  to  prn- 
rura  rrliffriir  ihair  liralagail  aawiclalaa.  In  the 
manntlnia,  tlia  Hrltlah  ciirrlail  on  Iheir  nparallnna 
wlih  aiu'h  Iniluatry,  that  In  Iraa  than  Ihrat  wccka 
they  liiiil  iiilvancril  wllhin  lAO  yania  nflha  foil. 

Th«  hmvt  giirrlann,  la  lia  hour  nf  danKrr,  waa 
nnl  roriiollrn.  (ianariil  \rnolil,  with  n  bngaila  of 
ciinliiiantiillrniipa,  hiiil  ^rn  |)r«vi(iiialy  ilclnchail 
liy  (ionrml  Mcliiiylrrror  their  rrlicr,  iinil  wua  than 
naiir  at  hiinil.  Tiial  Mchuytrr,  who  hnil  bren  taken 
U|i  by  ihe  Americana,  nnaiiaplcion  of  being  n  apy, 
wua  proinlaeil  hIa  lil'e  niMlhlaealiite,  on  conaiilerii- 
tlnnlhnt  he ahniilil  goon  anil  iiUrm  the  Inillana, 
w.ili  «iirhreiireaenlii(luna  of  the  niiiiibera  march- 
ing iiit»in«l  inein,  »•  woutil  occnaion  their  relrent. 
Me  iiimieilliiicly  pronreileil  to  the  c:iinporthe  In- 
liiina,  nnil,  being  nhle  lo  convene  in  Iheir  own 
Inngnngo,  iiilurineil  them  that  vaat  niimbera  of 
hiMlile  Amerlranawere  nevral  hanil.  They  were 
thoroughly  rrlghteneil,  and  determined  to  go  off. 
Ht  Leger  uaed  ev^ry  nrt  to  retain  iheiii ;  bul 
nuthing  could  change  Iheir  determination.  It  la 
the  cir.irucieristii'  «f  Iheae  people  on  a  reverae  of 
fortune,  to  belrny  irreaoluiliin,  and  »  lot»l  want  of 
tlinl  eon^lancv.  which  la  nrceaaary  lo  alnigglo  wilh 
diffi  rultiea.  'I'hav  had  found  Ihe  fort  alronger 
•nd  belter  defentled  thnn  wna  expected.  They 
had  Inal  aevrrnl  liend  men  In  their  engngeinenl 
wiihtienenil  Herkimer,  iinil  had  gotten  no  plunder. 
Theae  circumatiinrca,  :iildi'il  to  the  certainly  oflhe 
•p|iruiich  of  a  reinfiircemeni  to  their  ailrcraariei, 
wlihrh  they  believed  to  be  much  gremer  than  il 
WH,  uiada  tbem  quit*  IninieKble.     Part 


•f  iMin  iMiaMI*  ilaaaMMwd,  ami  IM  ramMmMf 
lkfaaian«d  i«  fiilluw,  If  iha  Hilllah  dl4  mM  Imnw- 
•iMialy  rairaai  'I'hia  m«ii«Hra  waa  *4»|M*d,  ami, 
MNlka  iriil  »{  Angual,  lli*  aiaga  mm  r*ta«d.  Kiuni 
lh«  (liaunlar,  na«aal<in«>l  by  iha  pfamplianry  nf  iha 
iMlhtna,  Iha  lania  ainl  niurh  of  the  aritllary  itnd 
ainra*  »f  Ilia  tn»ff'*>  (all  mlii  iha  hamla  u(  iha 
ia«il««n.  TIm  dlaawaiaNlad  aavagaa,  aaaaparaiad 
by  lhair  III  riirliina,  ara  mM.  un  ihalf  lairaai,  lu 
hat*  ruMMd  ibalr  Hrlllali  Mawilalw  of  than  bag 
gag*  and  mwvlalniM. 

Whilatha  bM  of  Karl  Nalmylar  w—  In  anapa aaa, 

II  aaa  Hrrail  10  llaaaral  llMrgiiyaa,  un  haarlng  af  Ma 
baiNg  baalagail,  fhal  aauddan  ami  rap*<l  movainaM 
fufward  wuuM  b«  nf  iha  hiiimmi  eaNaai|uaa«a.  Aa 
iba  ptlnalpal  furca  uf  hw  mlferaarlaa  waa  iii  fninl 
balwaan  him  ami  Albany,  ha  bnpail  by  ail«4nclng 
an  ihain,  In  reduce  iham  la  iha  naeaaall*  of  Aght 
ing,  or  af  raiiaating  out  of  hIa  wa«  ta  New  k.Kg' 
land.  Mad  the*,  i'  <i«ul<l  an  allaak,  ralraatad  m|> 
iha  Mabawk  Ritai,  ihay  would,  In  eaaa  af  N|.  t,»- 

Sar'a  aurraaa,  hara  put  llianiaelvaa  balwaan  two 
rea.  Mail  ihay  ralraalad  to  Allmny,  II  waa  aup 
puaad  thair  aliuailun  would  huv*  Iman  warae,  aa  a 
co'oparailon  IVoni  Naw  York  wua  eipaclad.  ila- 
aldaa,  in  caaa  uf  ihal  muvamaiil,  iiii  iipnortunily 
would  have  baan  given  fur  a  Jnm'iMn  ul  llurgnyna 
and  Ht.  Lagar.  To  hava  rallrad  inmi  iha  ai-ana 
u(  action  by  Allng  ulT  fur  Naw  ^Ingl.iinl,  aaamed 
lu  ba  iha  onU  opanlng  laA  for  ibatr  I'^i  a|Mi.  Wilh 
aucb  vlawa,  Oanaral  llurgnyna  |Nruiiiia«il  hiinaalf 
■real  advantagea,  Oom  aJvanalng  rapidly  luwxrda 
Albany.  TFia  principal  iilijeciiiin,  agalnal  iliia 
(iriilacl,  waa  iha  dimeully  uf  furnlahing  provialoaa 

III  Ilia  Iruojia.  Tu  kaap  up  a  enmmiinicuilun  wlih 
Kiirl  lleurga,  an  aa  to  ubiain  fnini  ihal  garrlaon, 
ragulur  luppllea,  at  a  dialanca  daily  Increaaing, 
waa  wholly  Imvructlcabla.  Tha  Advantagea,  wliiih 
wara  axiMviail  from  Ihe  proiMwed  meaaure,  were 
tou  daaaling  lu  ba  aaally  ralln<|ulahad.  Though 
iha  Inipuaalblllly  uf  drawing  provlaiuria  fruni  tha 
•loraa  In  lhaIr  rear  waa  known  and  acknowledged, 
yet  a  bona  waa  Indulged  ihnt  thay  might  ba  alaa- 
whara  oatalnad.  A  plan  waa  iherel'ora  fornieil  to 
rfian  reaoureaa  (Vom  tha  plentiful  farm*  uf  Ver- 
mont. Kvary  day'a  account,  and  |Mirtleutarly  ilie 
Inforiiiollan  of  C'olunal  Hkana,  Induced  Hiirgoyne 
lo  balieva,  Ihal  ona  deMriptlun  of  the  Inhubllanla 
In  ihni  country  wara  panic  atruck,  and  ibal  another, 
and  b«  far  tha  inoal  numaruua,  were  frienda  lo  the 
Itrlllali  Intaraal,  and  only  wanted  the  appearance 
uf  a  prolccling  power  lu  abow  ihainaalvea.  Kcly- 
ing  on  ibta  Inlalilganca,  ha  daiaehad  AOO  man,  100 
Indiana,  and  two  Aald  plaeaa,  which  ha  aup|ioaad 
would  ba  fully  aufltciant  for  tha  axpadltlon.  The 
command  of  ihia  forea  waa  given  to  Liaulanani 
Culonel  Haum  t  and  II  waa  auppooad  that  with  II 
he  would  ba  euabled  to  wlaa  u|M>n  a  magailne  uf 
•uppllaa  which  tha  Amai'eana  had  eollecled  at 
Hennlngion,  and  which  waa  only  guarded  by  mili- 
tia. It  wna  nlau  inlandad  lo  try  tha  tamper  uf  ibe 
Inhiibitnnta,  and  to  mount  Ihadragoona. 

Lieutenant  Colonal  Hnum  waa  Inalruolad  to  keen 
Ihe  regular  force  poated,  whila  tba  light  Iroopa  fell 
lhaIr  way  t  and  tu  avoid  all  danger  of  baiiig  aiii- 
roundad,  or  of  having  hia  retreat  cut  olT.  Uul  ha 
proceeded  with  leaa  caution  than  hIa  periloua  lilu- 
alion  required.  Confiding  In  tha  numbara  and  pro- 
inlaeil aid  of  thoae  who  were  depended  upon  >a 
frianda,  he  praeumed  too  much.  On  approaching 
the  place  ol  hia  deatlnatlon,  ha  found  tha  American 
militia  itronger  than  had  been  auppoaed.  He 
I'lerefura  took  poat  in  tha  vicinity,  entrenched  bia 
party,  and  deapalched  an  expreia  to  Ueneral  Dur- 

?;nyne,  with  an  account  of  hla  iiluatlon.  Colonel 
irey  man  waa  detached  to  reinforce  him.  Though 
every  exertion  waa  made  to  puih  forward  thi«  re- 
inforceroant,  yet  from  the  impracticable  dee  of  Iha 
country  and  defective  meana  of  transportation, 
thirty-two  houra  ela|)acd  before  they  had  marched 
twenty-four  mllea. 

(ieneral  Starke,  who  commanded  the  American 
militia  at  llennington,  nttnckeil  Colonel  Haum,  be- 
fore the  junction  of  the  Iwo  royal  detncnmvnia 
could  be  etfeoted.  On  thia  occnsioii,  about  8(X) 
uDdlacipilaed  militia,  without  bajrooeu,  or  ■  alDgla 


^^rmw  V*  ^pa^^ar^i  aiv^vN^v  oma  VW^^MV  O^V 

iritapo,  advaMageuiMly  paaia4  beblorf  hMraiivli' 
iiwuia,  tuiHIaltair  Willi  iIm  baai  arma,  ami  delantlaj 
■  nil  iwu  |il«>aa  at  atllllary.  Tha  AaM  piavaa 
waia  taken  Ifuin  iha  (laiiy  t  uinmun  lad  by  I  wluaoi 
Haum,  and  ilia  greaiaai  |iarl  ul  bin  dalaahmeal 
waa  auliai  killail  uf  laplured. 

I  Mi4iaf  llaneral,  JiiNa  Nt*aa*,  the  «•«  af  Arebl 
bubt  M.,  a  nailva  uf  llluagnw,  wit*  iitariivd  Hi  Ire^ 
ImwI,  waa  bum  41  l.aiiiliiiHUfry,  N.  ||.,  Aug.  kH 
U)M.  la  llM  hie  liirlbai  rauiuveU  lu  IWi-vlUld 
naw  Maaabeater  an  the  .MarriMN«.  Wbila  ,.a  • 
baallag  aaiimlillaa  ha  waa  labaa  prleunar  by  ti 
Ml,  I'raacia  ImlMaa,  la  I7M,  bal  waa  auoa  r» 
daaniad  »l  aa  aa|MMM  »t  lOU  dullara,  pHl4  kf 
Mr.  WliaalwilgblalUualaa.  Turaiaa  ihia  munay 
lia  repaired  aa  oaalliar  banilng  aapaduiuH  lu  ib« 
Amliuaeaggia.  lia  aAerwarda  aerved  la  a  aom- 
puay  uf  fuagara  wlih  Kagera,  baing  madaa  aa^ 
lalM  la  IIM,  Ua  bearing  of  ilia  baiile  uf  l^alug- 
tun  ba  repaired  tu  (.'ambililga.anil,  reaiavlaga  a» 
lunel'e  cummlaaloa,  anltoiad  In  Ilia  Mate  day  HUC 
men.  Me  luughi  In  tha  baiila  of  Itreod'a  bill 
Juna  17,  I77A,  lita  reglinenl  farming  ib«  Mt  u< 
Iha  line,  and  reputalng  ihraa  ilmoa  b*  Ibalt 
doadiy  lire  Ibe  veteran  Welali  lliadaara,  mUo  ind 
luuglil  at  Muidan.  Ilia  unly  defenee  waa  a  lalj 
laiitie,  liuverad  with  Imy,  lu  icariiibla»  bioaal- 
wurk.  In  May  177(1  ha  pruraedad  fruni  Naa 
Vuik  lu  Canada.  In  ilie  attack  on  Traalua  ha 
vuiiunaniUd  tha  van  uf  iba  right  wing.  Ua  waa 
alau  engugrd  In  the  battle  uf  Prinraiua.  iMa- 
uieaaed  al  being  neglected  In  a  Hal  of  aroiMolluiia, 
ha  rvaignad  Ui>  tommiaalon  In  .March  1777  and  re- 
iirvd  lu  hla  farm.  In  order  to  Inipada  Iba  pragreaa 
uf  Uurguyne,  he  prupoaad  lu  Iha  cauaall  of  Naw 
llam|iahire  lu  ralaa  a  bwly  uf  iruopa,  aad  bll  uiwa 
hia  rear.  In  Ilia  battle  uf  Ueniilngtua,  an  called, 
ihuugh  fought  all  mile*  nurib  weal  from  H.,  In  iba 
buidara  ul  New  Yuik,  Malurday  Aug.  10,  1777,  be 
defamed  Culuuel  Uauiii,  kdiing  U07  and  nnikliig  IMi 
priaoneii.  The  plaaa  waa  near  Van  Hchiiack'a 
nulla,  (ilenonitoaled  by  Burguyne  .Slanleuick  null*.) 
uu  a  branch  ufllie  Huuaucboallad  by  Dr.  liulmia 
Wulluuu  creak ;  bv  ulbara  Walluuinaack,  and 
Walluiiiachaick,  and  Luuma-cburk.  Tbi*  event 
awukeued  cuulidenea,  and  led  tu  tba  capture  d 
Uurguyne.  (N'  thuaa  wIm  fuuglit  In  ihi*  ba  ■!», 
Ibe  iiaiiia*  of  T.  Allen,  J.  Orr,  and  ulbara  are  •»■ 
curded  lu  thia  voluiiia.  In  Ne|il.  be  anllaied  n  iif* 
and  larger  furea  and  Julned  Uatea.  In  I77(i  >•» 
1770  h*  aarved  in  Kbuila  laland.  and  lu  I'Sv  li, 
Mew  Jaraey.  In  17N1  he  boil  tlia  cumnH.n  i  uf  iba 
nurtliern  deunrtment  at  Huratuga.  Al  Ilia  cluae  of 
the  war  he  bid  adieu  lu  public  ompluy  nienla.  In 
lalS  Cungraaa  vuiad  biiii  a  panalun  uf  tiO  dullara 
par  inuuth.  Ha  died  May  8,  IfSTi,  aged.  OJ. 
He  waa  buried  on  a  aiiiall  hill  near  iha  Merri- 
mac  I  a  granite  obali*h  h»a  lheiiM:riplioi»— "  MiiJ. 
(Jen.  Sliirk."  A  meiiiuii  uf  hia  life  waa  publiaii- 
ad,  annexed  tu  reml.iiarencea  of  the  French  wiir. 
I'i.  isai.— Allen'a  Uiug.] 

Culunei  Ureyman  arrived  on  the  aaina  ground, 
ami  un  the  lume  day  ;  but  nut  till  tha  aollun  waa 
uver.  Inalaad  uf  meellnj{  hia  friend*,  la  ba  ex 
pectad,  he  fuund  bimaetl  briakly  attacked.  Thia 
waa  begun  by  Culunei  Warner,  who,  with  hia  con 
tinantal  regiincul,  having  been  *ent  fur  at  Muir 
cheater,  cuiiie  op|Miriunely  at  thi*  time,  and  ww 
well  *up|)urled  by  Starke'a  militia,  which  hud  jiial 
defeated  the  party  commanded  by  Colonel  Uhuiii 
Brevman'i  iroope,  though  fatigued  with  their  pre- 
cadlng  march,  behaved  with  great  reaolutiun  ;  but 
wera  at  length  com|ialled  lo  abandon  their  artillery, 
and  rdlreat. 

Id  theae  two  aetiona,  tha  Americana  'ook  foui 
bmaa  Aold  piocea,  twelve  braa*  druma,  !2A0  dragoon 
aworda,  4  ammunitioD  wagona,  and  about  700  pri- 
aoufa.  Tbair  loaa,  incluaiva  of  the  woumied,  waa 
about  100  men. 

Cungiea*  reeolved,  ••  ibat  their  thank*  he  nra- 
aenled  lo  Ueneral  Starke,  of  the  Now  llampahire 
militia,  and  the  olllcers  and  troope  under  hi*  com- 
maud,  fur  their  brave  and  lucceesful  attack  iiiioa, 
and  *ignal  victory  oviir,  Ihe  noemy,  in  their  liaaa 
at  BaningloD,  and  alao,  that  Brigadiar  Siaifta  b» 


IIIBTORY   OF    THE 


. 


•pi-oiiiteil  a  briitadtor  gaii«ral  In  (ha  army  of  tlir 
tJiiilrtI  Mliilea."*  Nevar  wara  tlianka  mora  da- 
arrva  lly  brilowail.  Tlia  uvarlhruw  of  Iheita  tle- 
Urliiiiiinl*  wua  ilia  lint  link  hi  ii  Krunil  cliiiiii  o( 
atpiiii,  which  llnally  draw  iliiwn  ruin  on  ilia  whola 
riiyiil  nriiiy.  The  cuiillilaiica  witli  which  llie 
Ania'icuii*  were  iimiiirrd,  on  Ihidinn  thaiiiMlvra 
alila  lu  dalaal  rcKiilai  Iroopi,  produtrd  sur|irii<liiK 
•ll'ncla.  It  HiiiiniiIrd  their  exertion*,  miii  lllled 
llinii  Willi  rx|i«cliitioii  ol'  I'lirllier  •iicre*iici. 

'I'liHt  .iiilliiiry  pride  which  la  the  aoul  of  an  ar- 
iiiv,  Wii.  nurtiirad  by  Ihe  cunlurad  artillery,  and 
other  ;io|iliiea  of  victory.  In  proportion  to  Ihe 
elvviilion  of  the  Americana,  waa  Iha  deprnaiion  of 
iheirRdvvMRriea.  Accuilomed  loaucceaa,  aa  ihoy 
liiid  bren  in  Ihe  precedioK  |)iirl  of  the  CHinpiiiiin, 
lliey  felt  unufiiiil  nionilicHtionfroni  Ihia  uiiex|M;cl- 
rd  check.  TIioukIi  it  •li<l  nol  diiniiilih  their  cour- 
ifo,  it  abated  their  conHdenca.  It  ia  nol  auav  to 
•  numerate  all  ihe  dianatroua  conwquencea  which 
reiulted  to  Ihe  royal  army,  from  lh«  failure  of 
their  exiwdition  l«  Henn.iiKton.  Thaaa  were  ao 
«xienai«e,  that  their  ln«*  of  men  waa  the  lean  cou' 
aiderable.  It  demnKed  every  plan  for  puahing  the 
advantages  whirh  liiid  been  prevlouily  obtained. 
Among  other  cnibnrnissiiirntit,  it  reduced  UenenI 
iiurgoyne  to  the  iilteriialivo  of  balling,  till  he 
brought  forward  suppliea  from  fort  George,  or  of 
advancing  without  them  at  the  riak  of  being 
Rtarred.  The  former  being  adopted,  the  royal 
army  waa  detained  from  Augual  Itith,  to  Se|Hem- 
ber  13th.  Thia  unavoidable  delay  gave  lime  and 
opportunity  for  the  Americana  to  collect  In  great 
numbers. 

The  defeat  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Baum,  waa  the 
flrsi  event  which  for  a  long  time,  had  taken  niace, 
in  f.ivour  of  the  American  northern  anny.  Kroin 
December,  177<'5,  it  had  experienced  one  misfor- 
tune trending  on  the  heels  of  another,  and  defeat 
kuccerding  defeat.  Kvery  movement  had  been 
pither  retreating  or  evacuating.  The  aubsequeni 
tntiisacliona  piesent  a  remarkable  contrast.  For- 
tune, which,  previous  to  the  battle  of  Bennington, 
li»d  not  for  a  moment  quilled  the  Britiiih  standard, 
seemed  alter  that  event,  totally  to  desert  il,  anil 
go  over  to  Ihe  opposilo  parly. 

Alter  the  evacuation  of  Ticonderoga  the  Ame- 
ricans hud  fallen  back  from  one  place  to  another, 
till  tliey  at  laat  fixed  at  Vanshalc's  Island.  8oon 
alter  this  retreating  system  was  adopted,  Cong;ress 
recalled  Iheir  general  officers,  anil  put  Ucnetal 
(iatfs  at  Ihe  head  of  their  northern  army.  His 
arrival,  on  the  lUtli  of  August,  gave  fresh  vijiour 
III  the  exertions  of  the  inhabitants.  The  militia, 
flushed  with  their  recent  victory  at  Bennineton, 
pullecled  in  great  numbers  to  his  standard.  They 
fuion  began  to  be  animated  with  a  hope  of  caplur- 
iiig  the  whole  British  army.  A  spirit  of  adven- 
ture burst  forth  in  many  dilferent  points  of  direc- 
tion. While  General  Burgoyne  was  urging  his 
preparntions  for  advancing  towards  Albany,  an 
enterprise  was  tindertaken  by  General  Lincoln  to 
recover  Ticonderoga,  and  the  other  posts  in  Ihe 
rear  of  the  royal  army.  He  detached  Colonel 
Brown  with  500  men  to  the  landing  at  lake  George. 
The  colonel  conducted  his  operations  with  so  much 
address,  that  on  the  13th  September,  he  surprised 
all  the  out-posts  between  the  landing  ai  the  north 
end  of  lake  George,  and  the  bodv  of  tlie  fortress 
at  Ticonderoga.    He  also  took  Mount  Defiance 


*  In  an  armn^ement  of  Kcaeral  olheera,  made  by  Con- 
giesB,  in  the  preceding  year,  a  junior  officer  had  been 
proinolpd  while  Slarke  was  neglected.  He  bad  writ- 
tea  loConKrcM  on  lliin  subject,  and  hii  lellera  were  laid 
on  Ihe  lable.  He  quilled  the  mnny,  and  relimi  lu  liia 
Aimi:  but  on  the  approach  of  Iiurgoyne,  accepted  a 
brigadier**  commiagion  and  a  separate  command  from 
New  Hampsliire.  Aa  ilieir  officer  he  achieved  Ihii 
victory,  and  iransmilted  an  official  account  of  it  lo  the 
execii'tive  of  that  8tale.  Cnn^rrftfi,  lieiiring  of  it,  inqui- 
red, why  tliey  were  uninforuied  un  tlin  nubject  T  Slarite 
answered,  that  hitt  cnrrcKpuiiilencc  witli  ttieir  htuiy  wan 
stoned,  a>  Ihev  had  iiit  attended  lo  hia  IskI  lellera. 
rhev  look  Ihe  Aint,  and  promoted  liiin.  Slarkn  wax  Inn 
Bucb  nfa  patriot  lo  reruae  his  aervlcea,  ihnuch  hia  nilli- 
tary  feelinga  were  hurt;  and  Coiigreaa  waa  too  wIho  to 
sund  on  etiquelto,  when  their  countrv's  iutereat  w.w  at 
alakt. 


Mtoe^ 


and  Mount  Ho|ie,  the  Krencli  lines,  and  a  blouk- 
linuse,  !2U'j  batteuux,  s'veriil  gun  boats,  and  an 
Hriiird  sloop,  together  with  ii'M  priitoiiurt,  iiiul  at 
the  same  lime  released  100  Americans.  Ilia  own 
loss  was  Irilliiig. 

Colonels  Brown  and  Johnson,  the  latter  of  wliuiii 
had  been  detached  with  -'iOO  men,  lo  ntteiiipt  Moiin*. 
Independence,  on  examination  found  that  lliu  re- 
duction of  either  that  post  or  of  Ticonderoiia  w.is 
beyond  their  ability.  When  the  necessary  slorua, 
lor  thirty  days  subsistence,  were  brought  forward, 
from  lake  George,  General  Burgoyne  gave  up  all 
cominunlcullon  with  the  magaaine*  in  hia  real, 
and,  on  the  13th  and  Ulh,  ciossed  Hudson's  river. 
This  movement  was  Iha  subject  of  much  discus- 
sion. Some  charged  it  on  the  lm|)etu»aity  of  the 
general,  and  alleged  that  it  was  premature,  before 
he  was  sure  of  aid  from  tlie  royal  forces  iwated  in 
New  York  ;  but  he  pleaded  the  iieremptory  orders 
of  his  au|ieriora.  The  rapid  advance  of  Burgoyne, 
and  es|ieclally  his  passage  of  the  North  river, 
added  much  lo  the  Impracticability  of  his  future  re- 
treat ;  and,  In  conjunction  with  subsequent  events, 
made  Iht  total  ruin  of  hia  army  in  a  great  degree 
unavoidable. 

Burgoyne,  after  croaaing  the  Hudson,  advanced 
along  its  side,  and  in  four  days  encamped  on  the 
heights,  about  two  miles  from  Gates's  camp; 
which  was  three  miles  above  Stillwater.  Tlie 
Americana,  elaled  with  their  aucceaa  at  Benning- 
ton and  fort  Schuyler,  thought  no  more  of  retreat- 
ing, but  came  out  to  meet  the  advancing  British, 
and  engaged  them  with  firmness  and  resolution. 
The  attack  began  a  little  before  mid-day,  Septem- 
ber lOtb,  between  the  acouting  parties  of  the  two 
armies.  The  commanders  on  both  sides  supported 
and  reinforced  their  respective  parlies.  The  con 
Diet,  though  severe,  was  only  partial  for  an  hour 
and  a  half;  but  after  a  short  pause,  it  became 
general,  and  continued  for  three  hours  without 
any  inlermisalon.  A  constant  blaze  of  fire  waa 
kept  up, and  both  armies  seemed  lobe  determined 
on  death  or  victory.  The  Americans  and  British 
alternately  drove,  and  were  driven  by  each  other. 
Men,  anil  particularly  officers,  drop|>ed  every  mo- 
ment, and  on  every  side.  Several  of  the  Ameri- 
cans placed  themselves  in  high  trees,  and,  as  often 
aa  ihey  could  distinguish  an  officer's  uniform,  took 
him  off  by  deliberately  aiming  at  his  person.  Few 
actions  have  been  characterised  by  more  obstina- 
cy in  attack  or  defence.  The  British  repeatedly 
tried  their  bayonets,  but  without  their  usual  suc- 
cess in  Ihe  use  of  that  weapon.  At  length,  night 
put  an  end  to  the  ell'usion  of  blood. 

The  British  lost  upwards  of  500  men,  Including 
Iheir  killed,  wounded  and  prisoners.  The  Amerl 
cans,  inclusive  of  ihe  missing,  lost  319.  Thirty-six 
out  of  forty-eight  British  matrosses  wjie  killed  or 
wounded.  The  C3d  British  ref;imcnt,  which  was 
fiOO  strong,  when  it  left  Canada,  was  reduced  to 
60  men,  and  4  or  5  officers. 

This  hard-fought  battle  decided  nothing ;  and 
little  else  than  honour  was  gained  by  either  army : 
but  nevertheless  it  was  followed  by  important  con 
sequences.  Of  these,  one  was  the  diminution  of 
the  zeal  and  alacrity  of  the  Indians  in  the  British 
army.  The  dangerous  service,  In  which  they  were 
enjjaged,  was  by  no  means  suited  to  their  habits 
of  war.  They  were  disappointed  of  the  plunder 
Ihey  expected,  and  saw  nothing  before  them  but 
hardships  and  danger.  Fidelity  and  honour  were 
too  feeble  motives  in  the  inds  of  ravages,  to  re- 
tain them  in  such  an  unproductive  service.  By 
deserting  In  tV>  season  when  their  aid  would  have 
been  most  useful,  they  furnished  a  second  instance 
of  the  impolicy  of  depending  upon  them.  Very 
little  more  perseveinnce  was  exhibited  by  the  Ca- 
nadians, and  other  British  provincials.  They  also 
abandoned  the  British  standard,  when  they  iound, 
lliat,  Instead  of  a  flying  and  dispirited  enemy,  they 
had  a  numerous  and  resolute  force  opposed  to  them. 
These  desertions  were  not  the  only  disappointments 
which  (lencral  Burgoyne  experienced.  From  the 
commencement  of  the  expedition,  he  had  promised 
himself  a  strong  reinfiirccment  from  that  part  of 
the  British  army,  whiqh  was  stationed  at   New 


Votk.  Ho  ileiMiiided  un  its  being  able  to  force  lit 
way  to  Albany,  and  to  join  him  there,  or  in  the  vi- 
cinity. This  co-operation,  tliuuiih  altempleil,  f  ill> 
ril  iiilherxeciitioii,  while  llie  ex|ieclalion  of  il  con- 
tributed lo  involve  liliii  ill  some  dillicullies,  lo  which 
lie  would  mil  olherwiau  liuvu  been  exposed. 

General  lliiigoynv,  on  the  ^Ist  ol  .Seplciiibcr, 
received  intellijienco  in  ryplier,  that  .Sir  Henry 
Clinton,  who  than  ciiiiiiiiainleil  in  New  York,  in- 
tended to  make  adivuraioii  in  his  favour  by  ailack- 
ing  the  fortresses  which  the  Americans  had  erect- 
ed on  Hudson's  river,  to  obstruct  the  intercourse 
between  New  York  and  Albany.  In  answer  ui 
this  communication,  he  despatched  In  .Sir  Henry 
Clinlon  some  trusty  |iei'sons,  with  a  full  ucenunt  of 
his  situation,  and  with  instiuclluiis  lo  press  Ihe  iiu- 
ineiliatu  execution  of  tlie  proposed  ro-operatioii ; 
and  In  assure  him,  that  he  was  enabled  in  point  ol 
provisions,  and  lixod  in  his  resolution,  lo  hold  his 
present  position  till  the  IStli  of  Oclobw,  in  ths 
hopes  of  favourable  events.  The  reasonable  ex- 
liectution  of  n  diveralon  from  New  York,  founded 
on  this  intelligence,  mado  il  disgraceful  lo  retreat, 
and  at  the  same  time  improjier  to  urge  oll'ensivo 
o|ieralloiis.  In  this  |H>siure  of  afl'airs,  a  delay  of 
two  or  three  weeks,  in  expectation  of^the  promi- 
sed co-operation  from  New  York,  became  ne'.ii- 
snry. 

In  Ihe  meantime,  the  provisions  of  the  royal 
army  were  lessening,  and  the  nuimallon  and  num- 
bers of  the  American  army  increasing.  The  New 
England  |>eople  were  fully  sensible,  that  their  all 
was  at  slake,  and  ut  the  same  time  sanguine,  that, 
by  vigorous  exertions,  Burgoyne  would  be  so  en- 
tangled, that  his  surrender  would  be  unavoidable. 
Every  moiiicnt  made  the  situation  of  the  British 
more  critical.  From  the  uncertainty  of  receiving 
further  supplies.  General  Burgoyne  on  the  1st  ol 
October  lessened  ihe  soldiers'  prnvisloiis.  The 
12lh  of  October,  the  term  till  which  the  royal  army 
had  agreed  lo  wait  for  aid  from  New  \  ork,  was 
fast  approaching,  and  no  intelligence  of  the  ev- 
|>ected  co-opeialion  had  arrived.  In  th'^  alarm- 
ing situalion, it  was  thought  pro|)erlo  m:ikeamove- 
mcnt  10  the  left  of  the  Americans.  The  bodv  ol 
troops  employed  for  this  purpose,  consisted  of  ItiOO 
chosen  men,  and  was  comma:ided  by  Generals 
Burgoyne,  Philips,  ReidcscI,  and  Frnxer.  As  (hey 
advanced,  tliey  were  checked  by  a  sudden  and  im- 
petuous attack,  on  the  7th  of  October  :  but  Major 
Ackland,  nt  the  head  of  the  British  Grenadiers, 
sustained  it  with  great  firmness. 

The  Americans  extended  their  attack  along  the 
whole  front  of  the  German  troops,  who  weie  |>oated 
on  the  right  of  the  grenadiers;  and  tliey  also 
marched  a  large  body  round  their  flank,  in  ordirto 
cut  oflT iheir  retreat.  To  op|iose  this  bold  enter- 
prise, the  British  light  Infantry,  with  a  part  of  ths 
24lh  regiment,  were  directed  to  form  a  second  line, 
and  to  cover  Ihe  retreat  of  the  troops  into  tha 
camp.  In  tlie  mean  time,  the  Americans  pushed 
forward  a  fresh  and  strong  reinforcement,  to  renew 
the  action  on  Burgoyne's  left.  That  pa  rt  of  his 
army  was  obliged  to  give  way;  but  the  light  infan- 
try, and  24th  regiment,  by  a  quick  movement  came 
to  its  succour,  and  saved  it  from  total  ruin. 

The  British  lines  being  ex|iosed  to  great  danger, 
the  troojis  which  wtre  nearest  to  them  letiirned  for 
their  defence.  General  Arnold,  with  a  brigade  of 
continental  troops,  pushed  for  the  works,  possessei] 
by  lord  Balcarras,  at  the  head  of  the  British  light 
infantry  ;  but  the  brigade,  having  an  abbarts  to 
cross,  and  many  other  obstructions  to  surmount, 
was  compelled  to  retire.  Arnold  left  hia  brigade, 
and  came  to  Jackson's  regiment,  which  he  ordered 
Instantly  to  advance,  and  attack  the  lines  and  re- 
doubt in  their  front,  wb  ch  were  defended  by  Lieu- 
tenant Colonel  Ttreyma  i  at  the  head  of  the  German 
grenadiers.  The  assailants  pushed  on  with  rapid- 
ity, and  carried  tlie  works.  Arnold  was  one  of  the 
first  who  entered  them.  Lieutenant  Colonel  Brey 
man  was  killed.  The  tioops  commanded  by  hini 
retired  firing.  They  gained  their  tents  about  30 
or  40  yards  from  their  works  ;  but  on  finding  that 
the  assault  was  general,  they  gave  one  fire,  after 
which  some  retreated  to  the  British  camp,  but  oib 


UNITED   8TATK8. 


« 


ilui(  nlile  to  forca  Its 
I  tliure,  or  in  the  vi- 
iui(liiilliiiii|)leil,  r.ill- 
ix|>i*(:liitlnii  ol'it  cuii> 
(lillicullir*,  to  which 
)t'i'ii  nxiHiaed, 
:jliit  ol  .SrplPiiilicr, 
ler,  tliiit  Sir  llriiry 
mI  ill  New  York,  ill- 
liiit  favour  hy  iiiihuI(- 
iiiericiiiia  liiiil  vrcvt- 
riicl  llie  iiilercourM 
nnv.  Ill  ntmwvr  Ui 
ili;lic(l  to  Sir  Iletiry 
vilh  a  full  iicrnuntof 
ioiia  tn  preiis  llie  ini> 
|ioscil  i'o-u|ieriilioii ; 
■  eiiiililcil  in  point  o( 
lolulion,  to  hold  hit 
of  Oclubw,  in  tlia 
The  reiuonabia  ex- 
New  York,  rounijcil 
lisKmcoriil  to  retreat, 
ir  to  urge  olVensivo 
if  aflairs,  h  ilejjy  of 
latioii  o(^the  proml- 
'ork,  liecaiiie  neoM- 

vlaions  of  the  royal 
aiiiin:ilioa  and  nuin- 
creudinK.  The  New 
•ii;iil>le,  that  their  all 
time  sanguine,  iliut, 
I'lie  would  he  ao  en- 
lUld  be  unavoidable, 
ilion  of  the  British 
ertainty  nf  receiving 
Koyne  on  the  lat  ol 
ra'  prnvisioiii.  The 
«hiehthe  royal  army 
oni  New  \  ork,  wui 
!lli|;eiive  of  llii>  ov. 
ed.  In  th'j  alarm- 
j|ier  to  m:>ke  a  move- 
ana.  The  bodv  at 
)e,  conaisled  of  IfiOO 
iided  by  Oenerals 
d  Fra/.er.  As  <licy 
a  Budden  and  im- 
lober  :  but  Major 
ritish  Ureoadi-}ra, 


iiidi 

JflU 


:\r  attack  along  the 
who  weie  |>ostod 
;  and  they  ilso 
flank,  in  ordtrto 
this  bold  en(«r> 
with  a  part  of  the 
form  a  second  line, 
troops  into  tha 
Americans  pushed 
ircement,  to  renew 
That  part  of  his 
lut  the  light  infan- 
:k  movement  came 
total  ruin, 
^d  to  great  danger, 
them  leturned  for 
with  a  brigade  of 
works,  possessed 
the  British  light 
ng  an  abba!'a  to 
ins  to  surmount, 
i  \e(i  his  brigade, 
which  he  ordered 
the  lines  and  re- 
efended  by  Lieu- 
lad  of  the  German 
edon  with  rapid- 
Id  was  one  of  the 
int  Colonel  Brey 
nmanded  by  hint 
r  tents  about  30 
It  on  finding  that 
iveone  fire,  after 
>h  camp,  bul  oth 


cm  threw  down  their  arms.     The  night  put  an  end 
to  the  action. 

[Mujiirtinifml  llrnrnicT  AiiNoi,n,  inlhn  Ame- 
rit'aii  iiiiiy,  and  inlaiiinUH  fur  ileaerling  the  cauae 
iif  hiaciiiiiilry.  la  aiippiianl  to  liiiv)i  hi'en  a  di^acniid- 
uiit  III  lliMii'illi:!  Ariiiild,  iiovrrniirof  Khiidu  Inland, 
kIiii  niii'i'i'imIi'iI  KiiKrr  Wllliaiiia  in  that  iillire  in 
1(li)7.  I  to  wiiH  brt'd  un  .ipolln'cary  with  a  Dr. 
Ijaliiriiii,  will)  waa  ao  iilpaaril  with  hini,  aa  tn  give 
liiiii  I'.jOII  Hii'rlliig.  r  rum  ITOM  to  1707  hu  cum- 
liiiii'd  till!  biiainras  of  a  druggiat  wiih  that  of  a 
liiHikMcllcr,  at  New  tiavnn,  Ciin.  Being  captain 
iif  a  volunteer  company,  after  hearing  of  the  battle 
of  Ijexinglon  he  immediately  marched  with  hia 
ciimiiaiiy  for  the  American  head  quarters,  and 
rrarhed  (.'ambrld|re,  April  2'J,  1775.  He  waited 
on  (he  MassachiiHetts  committee  of  safety  and  in- 
formed lliein  of  the  defenceless  state  of  Ticnnde- 
rogn.  The  committee  apjioinled  him  a  colonel, 
and  commiaaioned  him  to  raise  Tour  hundred  men, 
and  to  take  tliat  fiirtreaa.  lie  proceeded  directly 
to  Vermont,  iinil  when  he  arrived  at  C'aatleton  was 
uilendrd  by  one  servant  only.  Ilcie  he  joined  Col. 
Allen,  anil  on  Mav  10th  the  fortress  was  taken. 

In  the  fall  of  1775  lie  was  sent  by  the  com- 
niaiider  in  chief  to  |>enelratn  through  the  wilder- 
ness iif  the  District  of  Maine  into  ('annda.  )le 
ciimnirnccd  his  march  Sept.  10,  with  about  one 
tliouaanil  men,  ciiiiaiating  of  New  Kngland  infan- 
try, aoine  volunteers,  a  company  of  artillery,  and 
three  coinpaniea  of  rillemen.  One  diviaion,  that 
of  C'ol.  Knna,  wiia  obliged  to  return  from  Dead 
river  from  the  want  of  proviaions;  had  it  pro- 
ceeded the  whole  pnity  might  have  fieriahcd. 
The  gieateat  haiilsliipa  were  endured  and  the  most 
appalling  diniciittieasurinnniiled  inlhiaexpedition, 
of  whirfi  iMiiJor  Meiga  kept  u  journal,  and  Mr. 
Henry  aUo  piibliaheil  an  account.  The  army  was 
ill  the  wihlerneas,  between  fort  Western  at  An- 
ffiiata  and  the  lirat  aettlemenla  on  the  Chaudiere 
n  (.'anaila,  about  5  weeka.  In  the  want  of  prn- 
/ialonsCapt.  Dcarhiirn'a  dog  was  killed,  and  eaten, 
even  the  feet  and  skin,  wiili  gooil  ap|iotite.  As 
the  xrmy  arrived  at  the  lirat  sellleinenia,  Nov.  4lh, 
the  intelligence  necessarily  rcai-heil  Quebec  in 
:)ne  or  two  days;  but  a  week  or  fortnight  before 
lliia,  (iov.  Cramahe  had  been  apprised  of  the  ap- 
proarh  of  this  army.  Arnold  had  imprudently 
sent  a  letter  to  Schuyler,  enclosed  to  a  friend  in 
({iieliee,  liy  ait  Indian,  dated  Oct.  lit,  and  he  was 
himself  riMivinceil,  from  the  preparations  made 
lor  his  reception,  that  the  Inillan  had  betrayed 
liiin.  Nov.  <5th  the  troops  arrived  at  St.  Mary's, 
10  or  12  miles  from  Quebec,  and  remained  there 
3  or  I  days.  Nov.  9lh  or  10th  they  advanced 
te  Point  Levi,  opposite  Quebec.  torty  birch 
taiines  li.iving  been  collected,  it  was  still  found 
neecasary  to  delay  crossmg  the  river  for  3  nights 
on  the  account  ol  a  high  wind.  On  the  l-ltli  the 
wind  moderated;  but  this  delay  was  verv  favour- 
Blile  to  the  city,  for  on  the  13th  Col.  M'Lean,  an 
active  officer,  arrived  with  80  men  to  strengthen 
llie  g:irrisoii,  which  already  consisted  of  more  than 
n  lliiMisaiid  men,  so  as  to  render  an  assault  hone- 
ksa.  Indeed  Arnold  himself  placed  his  chief  de- 
|ii'iii!ence  on  the  co-operation  of  Montgomery. 

On  the  llth  of  Nov.  he  crossed  the  St.  Law- 
rriice  in  the  night ;  ami,  ascending  the  precipice, 
V  liii'h  Wolfe  had  climbed  before  him,  farmed  his 
aiiiiill  corps  on  the  height  near  the  plains  of  Abro- 
hniii.  With  only  about  seven  hundred  men,  one 
third  of  whose  muskets  had  been  rendered  useless 
in  the  march  througli  the  wilderness,  success  could 
nut  be  ex|>ectrd.  It  is  surprising,  that  the  garri- 
son, consisting.  Not.  14th,  of  1 120  men,  did  not 
march  out  and  destroy  the  small  force  of  Arnold. 
After  parading  some  days  on  the  hcigths  near  the 
town,  and  sending  2  flags  to  summon  the  inhabit- 
ants, he  ictlred  to  Point  aux  Trembles,  twenty 
miles  above  Quebec,  and  there  waited  the  arrival 
of  Montgomery,  who  joined  him  on  the  first  of  De- 
cember. The  city  was  iimnediatoly  besieged,  but 
'he  best  measures  hail  been  taken  for  its  defence. 
The  able  Uen.  Carleton  had  entered  the  city  with 
6U  men  Nov.  20ih.  On  the  morning  of  the  last 
oay  of  the  year  an  assault  was  made  on  the  one 


side  of  the  Lower  town  by  Montguniery,  who  was 
killed.  At  the  Mme  time  Col.  Arnold,  at  the  head 
of  about  three  hnndiieil  and  flftf  en  men,  made  ii  des- 
peratu  attack  on  the  oppoalle  aide.  Advancing 
with  the  utmost  intreplilily  along  the  St.  Charles 
through  a  narrow  path,  exposed  to  an  incessant  fire 
of  grape  shot  and  muakelty,  a*  he  apprnached  the 
first  barrier  hn  received  a  musket  ball  In  the  left 
leg,  which  shattered  the  bone.  He  was  compelled 
to  retire  on  foot,  dragging  '  uiie  leg  after  him,' 
near  a  mile  to  the  hospital,  having  hist  60  men 
killed  and  wounded,  end  three  hundred  prisoners. 
Although  the  attack  was  uniuereaiful,the  blockade 
of  Quebec  WM  continued  till  May  1770,  when  (he 
aimy,  which  wat  in  no  condition  to  lisk  an  assault 
was  removed  to  n  more  defensible  position.  Arnold 
was  cninnelled  to  relltiquiih  one  iioslil\er  another, 
till  the  ISlh  of  June,  when  he  quitted  (Janada.  Af- 
ter till*  period  he  exhibited  greet  bravery  In  the 
command  ol  the  American  fleot  on  Like  Cham- 
plain. 

In  August  1777  he  relieved  fort  8chuyler  under 
the  command  of  Colonel  (lanaevoort,  which  was 
Invested  by  Colonel  Si.  Leger  with  an  army  of 
fVoni  fifteen  lo  eighteen  hundred  iiinn.  In  the  bat 
tie  near  Stillwater,  Sept.  lUth,  lie  conducted  him 
self  with  his  usual  intrepidity,  being  engaged  In 
cessantly  for  four  hours.  In  the  iiriion  ot  Octo 
ber  7th,  afler  the  British  had  been  ilrlven  into  the 
lines,  Arnold  pressed  forward  and  umlera  tremen- 
doua  fire  assaulted  the  works  thriini{hnul  their 
whole  extent  from  right  tu  left.  Thu  Intrench- 
menis  were  at  length  forced,  and  with  a  few  men 
ho  actually  entered  ihe  works  t  but  his  horse  being 
killed,  ami  he  himself  badly  wounded  in  the  leg, 
he  found  It  necessary  to  withdraw,  and,  as  it  waa 
now  almost  dark,  to  iieaist  from  the  attack.  Be- 
ing rendered  unfit  fur  active  service  in  conaequence 
of  his  wound,  after  the  recovery  of  Philadelphia  he 
wat  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  American 
garrison.  When  he  entered  the  city,  he  made  the 
houaeof  Gov.  Penn.lhe  best  house  in  the  city,  his 
head  quarters.  This  he  furnished  in  a  very  costly 
manner,  and  lived  far  beyond  his  income.  He  had 
wasted  the  plunder,  which  ho  had  sei/.ed  at  Mon- 
treal in  his  retreat  from  Canada  ;  and  at  Philadel- 
phia he  lyas  determined  to  make  new  acquisitions. 
He  laid  his  hands  on  every  thing  In  the  city,  which 
could  be  considered  as  the  property  of  those,  who 
were  unfriendly  tu  ihecauae  of  his  country.  He 
was  charged  with  oppression,  extortion,  and  enor- 
mous charges  u|ion  tlie  public  in  his  accounts,  and 
with  applying  the  pnbl'c  money  and  property  tu  his 
own  private  use.  Such  was  his  conduct,  that  he 
drew  iiiMm  himself  the  odium  of  the  inhabitants  not 
only  ot  the  city,  but  of  the  province  in  general.  He 
was  engaged  in  trading  s|)eculations  and  hud  shares 
in  several  privateers,  but,  was  unsuccessful.  From 
the  judgment  of  the  commissioners,  who  bad  been 
appointed  to  insfiect  his  accounts,  and  who  had 
rejected  above  half  the  amount  of  his  demands, 
he  appealed  to  Congress  ,  and  they  apjiointed  a 
committee  of  their  own  body  lo  examine  and  settle 
the  business.  The  committee  confirmed  the  re- 
port of  the  commissioners,  and  thought  they  had 
allowed  him  moru  than  he  had  any  right  to  expect 
or  demand.  By  these  disappointments  he  became 
iriltated  and  he  gave  full  scope  to  his  resentment. 
His  invectives  against  Congress  wore  not  leu  vio- 
lent, than  those,  which  he  had  before  threwn  out 
against  the  commissioners.  Ho  was  however  soon 
obliged  to  abide  tho  judgment  of  a  court  martial 
upon  the  charges,  exhibited  against  him  by  the  ex- 
ecutive of  Pennaylvania,  and  he  was  subjected  to 
the  mortification  of  receiving  a  reprimand  from 
Washington.  His  trial  commenced  in  .Tune  1778, 
but  such  were  the  delays  occasioned  by  the  move- 
menis  of  the  army,  that  It  was  not  concluded  until 
.Tanuaiy  36th,  177!).  Thesentence  of  a  reprimand 
was  approved  by  Congress,  and  waa  soon  after- 
wards carried  into  execution. 

.Such  was  the  humiliation,  to  which  Clenonil 
Arnold  waa  reduced  in  conaequenco  of  yielding  to 
the  temptations  of  pride  and  vanity,  and  indulging 
himself  in  the  pleasures  of  a  auniptiiinis  table  and 
expensive  equi|>ago      Kruin  this  tiiiiu  his  proud 


spirit  revolted  from  ihe  cause  of  America.     H« 
turned  his  eyes  to  West  Point  as  an  acquisition 
which  would  give  value  tn  treaMin,  while  its  lose 
would  inlllcl  a  mortal  wound  on  hia  former  friends. 
He  addresaed  himself  to  the  delegation  of  New 
York,  in  whicli  state  hia  reputation  was  peculiarly 
high  and  a  member  of  Congress  from  this  state  rn- 
cnmmeuded  hini  lo  Washington  for  tho  aervlcn, 
which  he  desired.     The  same  application  lo  the 
commander-in-chief  was  made  not    long    after 
wards  through  (Jen.  Schuyler.     Washington  ob 
served,  Ihal  as  there  was  a  prospect  of  an  active 
campaign  he  should  be  gratilied   «/lth  the  aid  ol 
Arnold  In  the  field  ;  but  iniimaled  at  Ihe  same 
time,  that  he  should  receive  the  ap|Miinlnirnt  re- 
quested. If  It  should  be  more  pleasing  to  hini.  Ar- 
nold, without  discovering  much  solicitude,  repair- 
ed to  camp  In  the  beginning  of  August,  and  re- 
newed In  person  the  solicitations,  which  had  been 
before  indirectly  made.     He  was  now  offered  the 
command  of  the  left  wing  of  the  army,  which  waf 
advancing  against  Now  York  ;  but  he  declined  it 
under  tho   pretext,  that  In  consequence  of  hia 
wounds,   he  was  unable  tn   perform  the   active 
duties  of  the  field.     Without  a  suspicion   of  hia 
patriotism  he  was  Invested  with  the  command  of 
West  Point.    Previously  to  his  soliciting  this  sta- 
tion, he  had  in  a  letter  to  Colonel  Beverly  llobin- 
son  signified  his  change  of  principles  and  his  wish 
to  restore  himself  to  the  favour  of  his  prince  by 
some  signal  proof  of  his  repentance.     This  letter 
openml  to  him  a  correspondence  with  Sir  Henry 
Clinton,  the  object  of  which  was  to  concert  tho 
means  of  putting  the  important  post,  which  be 
commanded,  into  the  imssession  of  the  British  ge- 
neral.    His  plan,  it  is  believed,  was  to  have  diuwn 
the  greater  pan  of  his  aiiny  without  the  works  un- 
der the  pretext  of  fighting  the  enemy  in  the  deliiue 
and   to  have  left  unguarded  a  designated   pase, 
through  which  the  assailants  might  securely  ap- 
proach and  surprise  the  fortress.     His  troo|Mi  he 
intended  to  place,  so  that  they  would  bo  coin|ieileil 
In  surrender,  or  be  cut  in  pieces.     But  just  as  bit 
scheme  was  ripe  for  execution  the  wise  Disfiosei 
of  events,  who  so  often  and  so  remarkably  inter 
posed  in  favour  of  the  American  cause,  bliisted  hit 
designs. 

Maj.  Andre,  after  his  detection,  apprized  Ar- 
nold of  his  danger,  and  the  traitor  found  opportn. 
nily  to  escape  on  board  the  VuUure,  Sept.  2o,  1780, 
a  few  hours  before  the  return  of  Washington,  who 
had  been  absent  on  n  journey  fa  Hartford  Con. 
On  the  very  day  of  his  esca|io  Arnold  wrote  a  let- 
ter to  Washington,  declaring,  that  the  love  of  hit 
country  had  governed  him  in  his  late  conduct.  ait4 
requesting  him  to  protect  Mrs.  Arnold.  She  n  tn 
conveyed  to  her  husband  at  New  York,  and  hie 
clothes  and  baggage,  for  which  he  had  written, 
were  transmitted  to  him.  During  Ihe  exertions, 
which  were  made  to  rescue  Andre  from  the  de- 
struction, which  threatened  him,  Arnold  had  the 
hardihood  to  interpose.  He  appealed  to  Ihe  hu- 
manity of  the  commander  in  chief,  and  then  sought 
to  intimidate  him  by  stating  the  situation  of  many 
of  the  principal  characters  of  South  Carolina,  who 
had  forfeited  their  lives,  but  had  hitherto  been 
spared  through  the  clemency  of  the  British  gene- 
ral. This  clemency,  he  said,  could  no  longer  ii 
justice  be  extended  lo  Ihero,  should  Major  Andr 
sufter. 

Arnold  was  made  a  brigadier  general  in  the 
Bf  itish  service ;  which  rank  he  preserved  through- 
out the  war.  Yet  he  must  have  been  held  in  coit- 
teinpt  and  detestation  by  the  generous  and  honour 
able.  It  was  impossible  for  men  of  this  descrip 
lion,  even  when  acting  with  him,  to  forget  that  he 
wat  a  traitor ;  first  the  slave  of  his  rage,  then  pur- 
chased with  gold,  and  finally  secured  by  the  blood 
of  one  of  the  most  accomplished  officers  in  the 
British  army.  One  would  suppose,  that  his  mind 
could  not  have  been  much  at  ease ;  but  he  had 
proceeded  so  far  in  vice,  that  perhaps  bis  re- 
ficctions  gave  him  but  little  trouble.  "  I  am  mie 
taken."  says  Washington  in  a  private  letter,  •*  il 
at  this  lime  Arnold  is  undergoing  the  toimenie 
of  a  nicuial  holl.    Uc  wauta  feeling.    Fromi 


-A 


HISTORV  OF   THE 


I 


I  af  his  «hanielar.  whieh  hi*e  lately  com*  to 
mjr  kiiowl«'l|a,  h«  wcmi  lo  hiire  bceDw  hacknled 
In  crime,  lo  IoM  to  all  Mniie  o(  honour  mil  ihRmc, 
(bat  while  bit  fiiGullleiitlll  enable  him  to  continue 
hi*  aonlid  pursuit*,  there  will  be  no  time  for  re> 
niitrse." 

Arnold  found  it  neeeisary  lo  make  some  exer- 
llon*  lo  secure  the  sttachment  of  hi*  new  friends. 
With  the  hope  of  alluring  mnnv  of  the  discontent 
cd  to  Ills  standard,  h«  published  an  address  lo  ths 
iiiliHliliants  of  America,  la  which  he  endcsToured 
to  justify  his  conduct.  He  had  eneoautared  the 
danner*  of  the  Held,  he  said,  Aram  appreheasloa, 
that  tlie  rifhtsaf  his  country  were  In  danger.  He 
had  ae«|ale*ced  In  the  declaratloa  of  Independence. 
(houRh  he  thonght  It  precipitate.  But  th«  rejee 
'km  of  the  overtures,  nwde  by  Oreat  Urltaln  In 
1 778,  and  the  French  alliance  had  opened  his  eyes 
l»  the  ambltloas  views  of  those,  who  would  sacrl- 
llce  the  happiness  of  their  conatry  to  their  own 
■ggrandlaement,  and  had  made  him  a  conArroed 
h>yallst.  He  srtfully  mingled  assertions,  that  the 
principal  member*  of  Congress  held  the  people  In 
Mvereign  contempt.    Thn  wu  fallowed  In  about 

■  fortnight  by  «  proelamailoa,  addressed  "  to  the 
•ffieers  and  soldiers  of  the  continental  army,  who 
have  the  real  Interest  of  their  country  at  heart, 
■nd  who  are  determined  to  be  no  longer  the  tools 
Md  du|ieR  of  Congress  or  of  France."  To  induce 
the  Americsn  oflleer*  and  soMleta  to  dec^rt  the 
cause,  which  tliey  had  embraced,  he  represented, 
that  the  corps  of  camlry  and  Infantry,  which  he 
was  authorised  to  raise,  would  be  upon  the  same 
footing  with  oiher  troops  In  the  British  service; 
tLnt  he  should  with  pleasure  sdvance  thtMe,  whose 
valour  he  might  witness ;  that  thr  private  men, 
who  joined  him,  shouM  receive  a  bounty  of  three 
guinras  each,  besides  payment  at  the  tull  value 
ntr  horses,  arms,  and  accoutrements.  His  object 
was  the  peace,  liberty,  and  safety   of  Amenca. 

■  You  ate  promised  liberty,"  he  exclaims,  "  but  Is 
'li»re  a  ■  Individual  in  the  enjoyment  of  it,  aaving 
your  opiiTsmrs }  Who  smong  you  dare  speak  or 
write  whi  t  he  thinka  against  the  tyranny,  which 
I  <k  nibbeil  you  of  your  property,  imprisons  your 
persons,  dtgsyou  to  the  field  of  battle,  and  I*  de- 
luding your  rountry  with  your  blood  1"  "  What," 
lie  exclalrn  again,  "  ia  America  now,  but  a  land 
of  widows  orphans,  and  beggara?  As  to  you, 
who  have  been  soldiers  In  the  continental  army, 
can  you  at  this  day  want  evidence,  that  the  funds 
III  your  countnr  are  exliausted,  or  that  the  mnno- 
grni  have  applied  them  to  their  private  uses  T  In 
either  caae  you  surely  can  no  longer  continue  in 
llifir  service  with  honour  or  advantage.  Yet  you 
have  hitherto  been  their  supporters  in  that  cruelty, 
which  with  equal  Indifference  to  yours  aa  well  a* 
to  (he  labour  and  blood  of  others,  is  devouring  a 
niiiniry,  that  from  the  moment  you  quit  their  co- 
lours will  be  redeemed  from  their  tyranny." 
Tbeae  proclamationa  did  not  produce  the  effect  de- 
signed, and  In  all  the  hardships,  snffieriags,  and  ir- 
ritations of  the  war,  Arnold  reiiuuns  the  solitary 
instance  of  an  American  officer,  who  abandoned 
the  side  first  embraced  In  the  contest,  and  turned 
bis  sword  upon  his  former  companions  in  arms. 

He  was  soon  despatched  by  Sir  Henry  Clinton 
to  make  a  diversion  in  Virginia.  With  about  1700 
men  he  arrived  in  the  Chesapeake  in  Jan.  1781, 
and  being  supported  by  such  a  naval  force,  as  was 
suited  to  the  nature  of  the  service ;  he  committed 
f  itensive  ravages  on  the  river  and  along  the  un- 
urotected  i:aau.  It  is  said,  that  while  on  this 
tx|ieilitlon  Arnold  inquired  of  an  American  cap- 
Uin,  whom  he  had  taken  prisoner,  what  the  Ame- 
ricans would  do  with  him,  if  he  should  fall  into 
tbeir  hsnds.  The  oflleer  replied  that  they  would 
cut  oflT  his  lame  leg  ind  buiV  it  with  the  honours 
of  war,  and  hang  the  remainder  of  his  body  in 
gibbits.  After  his  recall  from  Virginia  bo  coo- 
aiicled  an  expedition  against  his  native  state,  Con- 
necticut. He  took  fort  Trumbull  Sept.  6ih  with 
inconsiderable  loss.  On  the  other  side  of  the  har- 
r»ur  Lieut.  Col.  Eyre,  who  commanded  another 
detaetament  made  an  assault  oo  fort  (iriswold,  and 
•Ilk  the  (rvatest  difficulty  entered  the  works.  An 


{officer  of  the  conquering  troops,  asked,  who  com- 
manded  f  "  I  did,"  aiiiweied  Colonf  I  Lrilynrd, 
*'  but  you  do  now,"  and  prcnented  him  his  sword, 
which  was  in»lanlly  plunged  into  his  own  biisiim. 
A  merciless  •lauKhlerrnnimenced  upon  the  brive 
garrison,  who  hail  ceased  lo  resist,  until  the  greater 
imrl  were  either  killed  or  wounded.  Al\i>r  burn- 
ing the  town  and  the  stores,  which  were  in  it,  niid 
thus  thickening  the  limrels,  with  which  his  brnw 
was  adorned,  Arnold  returned  to  Nuw  York  in  8 
days. 

From  the  conclusion  of  the  war  to  his  death 
Qeneral  Arnold  resided  chiefly  In  England.  In 
1786  he  was  at  St.  John's,  New  Brunswiek,  en- 

Figed  In  trade  and  navigation,  and  again  in  1700. 
or  aome  cause  h«  became  very  unpopular  in  1792 
or  1793,  wu  hung  In  efllgv,  and  the  mayor  found 
It  necessary  to  read  the  riot  act,  and  a  comiiany 
of  Iraops  was  called  to  ouell  iha  mob.  Repairing 
to  the  West  Indies  in  1794,  a  French  neet  anchor- 
ed at  the  same  Island ;  be  became  alarmed  lest  he 
should  be  detained  bv  the  American  allies  and 
past  the  fleet  concealed  on  a  raft  of  lumber.  He 
died  In  Gloucester  place,  London,  June  14,  1801. 
He  married  Margaret,  the  daughter  of  Edward 
Shippen  of  Philadelphia,  chief  iustiee,  and  a  loy- 
alist. General  Green,  It  is  said,  was  bis  rival.— 
She  combined  faaeinating  manners  with  strength 
of  mind.  She  died  at  London  Aug.  24,  1804, 
aged  43.  Hia  sons  were  men  of  property  in  Ca- 
nada In  1829.  His  chaiacter  presents  little  to  be 
commended.  His  daring  courage  may  indeed  ex- 
cite adminlion ;  bat  it  waa  a  courage  without  re- 
flection and  without  principle.  He  fought  bravely 
for  hia  country  and  he  bled  In  her  cause  ;  but  his 
country  owed  him  no  returns  of  gratitude,  for  his 
subsequent  conduct  proved,  that  he  had  no  honest 
regard  to  her  interests,  but  was  governed  by  sel- 
flsn  consldeiations.  His  progress  from  self-indul- 
gence to  treason  was  easy  and  rapid.  He  was 
vain  and  luxurious,  and  to  gratify  his  /'<■'  ly  desires 
he  miMt  resort  to  meannen,  dishonesty,  and  extor- 
tion. These  vice*  brought  witii  them  disgrace  ; 
and  the  contempt,  into  which  he  fell,  awakened  a 
spirit  of  revenue,  and  left  him  to  the  unrestrained 
influence  of  hu  cupiditv  and  passion.  Thus  from 
the  high  fame,  to  which  his  bravenr  had  elevated 
him,  he  descended  in'o  Infamy.  Thus  too  he  fur- 
nished new  evidence  of  the  infatuation  of  the  hu- 
man mind  in  attaching  such  value  to  the  reputa- 
tion of  a  soldier,  which  may  be  obtained,  while'the 
heart  is  unsound  and  •verv  moral  sentiment  is  en- 
tinly  depraved.— Allen's  Blog.  Die] 

This  day  was  fatal  to  many  brave  men.  The 
British  oflleer*  suflered  more  than  their  common 
proportion.  Among  their  alain.  General  Fraaer, 
on  account  of  hia  distinguished  merit,  was  the  sub- 
ject of  particular  regrat.  Sir  James  Clark,  Bur- 
goyne'a  aid-de-canip,  was  mortally  wounded.  The 
general  hitnself  had  a  narrow  escape :  a  shot  pasa- 
ed  throueh  hi*  hat  and  another  through  hi*  waiat- 
coat.  Majora  William*  and  Ackland  were  taken : 
the  latter  wounded. 

The  loss  of  the  American*  waa  inconsiderable. 
General  Arnold,  to  whose  irapetuusity  they  were 
much  indebted  for  the  success  of  the  day,  was 
among  thelrwnunded.  They  took  more  than  200 
prisoners,  besides  9  pieces  of  brass  artillery,  and 
the  encampment  of  a  German  brigade,  with  all 
tbeir  equipage. 

The  mval  troo[i*  were  under  arm*  the  whole  of 
the  next  day,  in  expectation  of  another  action ;  but 
nothing  more  than  skirmishes  took  place.  At  :his 
time.  General  Lincoln,  who  reconnoitering,  reciev- 
ed  a  dangerous  wound  ;  an  event  which  was 
greatly  regretted,  as  he  possessed  much  of  the  es- 
teem and  confidence  of  the  American  army. 

The  position  of  the  British  army,  after  the  ac- 
tion of  the  7lb,  was  so  dangerous,  that  an  imme- 
diate and  total  change  becume  neccsaary.  This 
hazardous  measure  was  executed  without  loss  or 
disorder.  Tbe  British  camp,  with  all  its  appurte- 
nances, was  removed  in  the  course  of  a  single 
night.  The  American  general  now  saw  a  fair 
prospect  of  overcoming  the  armv  opposed  to  bim, 
without  exposing  hi*  own  to  the  dan|^n  of  another 


battle,  His  mciisurrs  wrre  therefore  prlnclpatt* 
cHlcuhted  tonitofflhrlr  retreat,  and  prevent  their 
rpi-riviiig  an;'  furllier  supplies. 

While  (ienetal  liiirKuvne  was  pushing  on  toward* 
Albany,  an uiisuci'emil'iil  iilteinpt  tii  relieve  hlin  woe 
iniide  liy  the  Hriiinh  ruiiiiiiiiiiiler  In  New  Yiirfc. 
Kor  this  piirponn,  Ocloker  .'nil,  Sir  Henry  Cliiilea 
cuiidurted  iin  ospeilltion  up  lliiiliion'a  river.  Thi* 
rnnaiitted  iirabniil  U(KH)  men,  and  wiii  acvnmpanind 
by  a  suitable  naval  force.  After  making  niiiiiy 
feints,  he  landed  at  Stony  Point,  iiinrched  over 
the  mountains  to  fort  Montgomery,  and  attacked 
the  difl'errnt  redoubts.  The  garrison, cominanile  I 
by  Governor  Cllnlun,  a  hmii  w'  'riij'lgent  jITi- 
rer,  made  a  gallant  resistance  t  but  as  tlie  post  jisd 
been  designed  principally  lo  prevent  the  m«aS"7  ( 
shiiM,  the  works  on  the  land  s.i9  ««.«  mcunipltil 
and  untenable.  When  It  began  to  grow  dark  nti 
the  6th,  the  British  entered  the  fort  with  fixed 
bayonets.  The  loss  on  neither  side  was  great. 
Governor  Clinton,  General  Jame*  Clinton,  and 
mo*t  of  the  ofllcera  and  men  efiecled  their  escape 
undercover  of  the  thick  amoke  and  darkness  that 
sndilenly  iirevailcd. 

The  reiiucilon  of  this  post  ftimlshed  the  British 
with  an  opportunity  for  opening  ■  passage  up  the 
North  rivers  but  instead  of  pushing  forward  to 
Burgoyne's  encampment,  or  even  to  Albany,  they 
spent  several  days  in  laying  waste  the  adjacent 
country.  The  Americans  destroyed  fort  C'onstl- 
tution,  and  also  set  file  to  two  new  frigates,  and 
some  other  vessels.  General  Tryon  at  the  same 
time  destroyed  a  settlement  called  Continen.al  Vil- 
lage, vhich  contained  barracks  for  1600  men,  be- 
sides many  stores.  Sir  Jame*  Wallace  with  a  fly- 
ing squadron  of  light  frigates,  and  General  Vaug- 
han  with  a  detachment  of  land  forces,  continued 
on  and  near  the  river  for  several  days,  desolating 
the  country  near  its  margin.  General  Vaughan  ou 
the  ISthOctobersocompTetelyburnedKsnpua.a  fine 
flourishing  village,  that  a  single  houae  was  nut  lefl 
standing,  tlinugb  on  his  approach,  (hu  Americans 
had  left  the  town  without  making  any  resistance. 
Charity  would  lead  us  to  suppose  that  these  devas- 
tations were  designed  to  answer  military  purposes. 
Their  authors  might  have  hoped  to  divert  the  at- 
tention of  General  Gates,  and  thus  indirectly  re- 
lieve Geiioral  Burgoy  ne ;  but  If  this  weie  intended, 
the  artifice  did  not  take  eflect. 

The  prese.-vation  of  property  waa  with  the 
Americans  only  a  secondary  object.  The  captur- 
ing of  Burgoyne  promised  such  important  cnniie- 
quences,  that  they  would  aot  sun°er  any  other  cim- 
Sideration  to  interltre  with  it.  General  Gates  did 
not  make  a  single  moremenl  that  leaaened  the  pro- 
bability of  efliecting  his  grand  pur|iose.  He  wrote 
an  expostulary  letter  to  Vaughan,  pait  of  which 
waa  in  the  following  terms;  "  Is  it  thus  your  king's 
generals  think  to  make  converts  to  the  loyal  caiiiie  ? 
It  is  no  less  surprising  than  true,  that  the  measures 
they  adopt  to  aerva  their  master  have  a  quite  con- 
trary eflect.  Their  cruelly  establishes  the  glori- 
ous act  of  independence  u|ion  the  broad  baiiia  of 
the  resentment  of  the  ficople."  Whether  |)ollcy 
or  revenge  led  to  thi*  devastation  of  projierty  is 
uncertain  ;  but  it  cannot  admit  of  a  doubt,  that  it 
was  tar  from  being  the  most  efl'ectual  method  m* 
lelieving  Burgoyne. 

The  |iassage  of  the  North  river  was  made  so 
practicable  by  the  advantages  gamed  on  the  fitb 
of  October,  tli'at  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  with  hia  whole 
force,  amounting  to  3000  men,  might  not  only  have 
reached  Albany,  but  General  Galea'*  encampment, 
before  the  12th,  the  day  till  which  Burgoyne  had 
agreed  to  wait  fur  aid  from  New  York.  While 
the  British  were  doing  mischief  to  individuals, 
without  serving  the  cause  of  their  royal  master, 
ihty  might,  by  pushing  forward,  about  13G  miles 
in  six  days,  have  brought  (iaies's  army  Hctween 
two  fires,  at  least  twentv-fuur  hours  before  Bur- 
goyne's neceaaity  coui|iolled  his  submission  to  ar 
tides  of  capitulation.  Why  they  neglected  thi* 
opportunity  of  relieving  their  sulfering  brethren, 
about  36  miles  to  the  nnrthwaid  of  Albany,  wh«k 
they  were  only  about  100  miles  below  it,  bu  M» 
er  yet  been  (atisfactorllv  explaionl 


U  Nil  ED   STATK8. 


»n(on  princlpatt* 
I.  mid  prevcul  ihwr 

fiiiiihlnit  on  tnwnrd* 
t  til  rrlicvp  him  wm 
Irr  in  New  Yurk. 
.Sir  Hcnrjr  Cliiiioa 
iiIdoh'i  river.  Thlt 
il  w»i  ■ct.'imipiinliid 
.rter  inHliInx  niiiny 
lint)  tiiDrcheii  over 
niery,  niiil  NiliivKtid 
irrlton,  cimiiniinila.) 
w*  'rii'.genl  :!>• 
bill  Rttlie  piiti  Imd 
Item  »h«  •»«•'"  T  J 
i9  ««.•  iiicunipkii 
inn  10  grow  dark  on 
the  Tort  with  Aiti'd 
ler  tide  wiie  greiit. 
line*  Cllnion,  mid 
iflected  llieir  escHpe 
it  and  iliirkneM  thnt 

umlihed  the  BriiUh 
IK  ■  uiuRse  up  ihr 
punhins  rorwRrd  to 
ven  to  Allmnyf  ihey 
wHite  the  iidJHceiil 
itroyed  furl  Ciuiiill- 

0  new  rrlgalei,  and 

1  Trvon  at  the  name 
led  Conllnen.HJ  Vil- 
la for  IdOO  men.  be- 
I  Wallnce  with  a  fly 

and  General  Vaug- 
id  forcei,  continued 
ral  dayi,  deaolating 
Uriieral  Vaughanoii 
burned  Ksnpus.a  fine 
le  liuune  wnn  not  left 
lach,  lliu  Americiin* 
kinfi  any  rexiatance. 
naellint  iheteileviia- 
!r  military  purpoaea. 
•d  to  divert  the  lit- 
thua  indirectly  re- 

f  this  weie  intended, 

irty  wai  with  the 
ijeci.  The  captiir- 
;h  important  c<in»e- 
luflfer  any  other  cnn- 
General  Oatea  did 
|at  leuened  the  pro- 

tiur|)ose.   He  wrote 
,  lan,  paa  of  which 
it  thua  your  kinic'a 
to  the  loyal  cauae? 
I,  that  the  measurea 
ir  have  a  quite  con- 
[tabliahea  the  glori- 
the  hrond  baaia  of 
'     Whether  |>olicy 
ilion  of  pro|ierty  ia 
of  a  doubt,  thnt  il 
Tactual  methoil  ui 

jrlver  was  made  ao 
1  gained  on  the  Alb 
|ton,  with  his  whole 
ninht  not  only  liava 
lites'a  enciinipinent. 
fich  Uurguyiie  had 
tw  York.  While 
liel'  to  individuals, 
Ihelr  royal  maaler, 
fi,  about  136  miles 
es's  army  between 
I  hours  before  Bur- 
I  suhiniiision  to  ar 
liey  neglected  ihia 
|ufrerin(  brethren. 
1  of  Albany,  whm 
I  beluw  it,  bat  bm 
kril 


nalea  poalud  1400  men  on  Iha  heights  opposite  I  a  republican  in  America.  He  was  a  acbolar,  well 
the  lords  of  8aialuga,  and  iiOOOniore  in  the  rear,  versed  In  history  and  the  Latin  classics.  While 
M  prevent  a  rrlreiit  to  furl  KdwartI,  and  IJJOO  lit ,  he  was  just  hosptlabia,  and  generous,  and  possess 


a  lord  liiitlier  U|>.  liurgoyiie,  rrceivinK  intelligence 
nf  ilifse  iiiiivemeiita,  uimcludeil  Ihui  (inles,  nieunt 
lu  turn  Ilia  right.  This,  if  eti'ecied,  would  have 
entirely  eiicluned  him.  To  nruld  being  hemmed 
III.  h«  rrsolved  un  an  immediate  retreat  to  Sariito- 
gK.  Ilis  hiispital,  with  the  aick  and  wounded, 
were  necessarily  left  behind ;  but  Ihey  were  re- 
ciiiiiiiieiiiled  luthe  humanity  of(teneralUales,  and 
vrnivitd  from  him  every  Indulgence  their  situation 
required.  When  (leneral  Burgnyne  arrived  at  8a- 
■HiugH,  he  found  that  the  Aiiieri..in8  had  poated  a 
:iin>id«rHble  force  on  the  opuosiie  heights,  to  iin- 
ifivde  his  passage  at  that  fora. 

[Miijur  (ieneral  Hokatio  Uatkb,  ■  major  gene- 
mi  in  the  army  of  ihe  United  8tatea,  was  a  nnlive 
<>f  Kiigland.  In  early  life  he  entered  the  Brltlah 
army,  and  laid  the  foundations  of  his  future  inllllary 
excellence.  He  wua  aid  to  Uun.  Monklon  at  llio 
capture  of  Marlinlco  ;  and  after  the  peace  of  Aix 
lu  C'liap|H>lle  he  was  among  the  first  iroops,  which 
laiiiled  at  Halifax  under  Ueneral  Cornwallis.  He 
was  with  Uraddock  at  the  lime  ol  hie  defeat  in 
mo  ;  and  was  shot  through  the  body.  When 
peace  waa  concluded,  lie  purchased  an  estate  in 
Virginia,  where  he  resided  until  ihu  cummence- 
menl  oftlie  American  wai  in  177.'),  when  he  waa 
appuinled  by  Congress  adjutant  general,  with  Ihe 
rank  of  brigadier  general.  He  accompanied  Waah- 
ingtiin  to  Cambridge,  when  he  went  to  take  com- 
mand of  Ihe  army  In  that  place.  In  June  1776 
Uiiles  waa  amiointed  to  the  command  of  the  army 
of  Canada.  He  wassuiierseded  by  UeneialSchuyler 
in  May  1777,  hut  in  August  following  he  took  the 
place  of  Ihe  officer  in  the  northern  department. 
The  success,  whicli  attended  his  arma  lo  the  cap- 
ture of  Burgoyne  in  October,  filled  America  with 
iov.  Congreas  passed  a  vole  of  thanks  and  order- 
ed a  medal  of  gold  to  be  presented  to  him  by  the 
president.  His  conduct  towards  bis  conquered 
enemy  was  marked  by  a  delicacy,  which  does  him 
llie  highest  honour.  He  did  not  permit  his  own 
iroops  to  witness  the  mortification  of  the  British 
in  depositing  their  arma.  After  Gen.  Lincoln  was 
taken  prisoner,  he  waa  appointed  June  13  1780 
,  to  the  command  of  the  aoutheru  departmen:.  Aug. 
16,  he  was  defeated  by  Cornwallis  at  Cimden. 
He  was  superseded  Dec.  3,  by  Oen.  Greene; 
liut  was  in  1788  reatotred  lo  hla  command. 

After  the  peace  he  ntired  lo  hla  farm  in  Berkeley' 
county,  Virginia,  where  be  remained  until  Ihe  year 
1790,  when  he  went  to  reside  at  New  York,  hav- 
ing first  emancipated  hla  slavea,  and  made  a  pe- 
cuniary provision  for  such  aa  were  not  able  lo  pro- 
vide for  themselves.  Some  of  them  would  not 
■nave  him  but  continued  in  hla  family.  On  hla 
arrival  at  New  York  the  freedom  of  the  city  waa 
presented  lo  liim.  In  1800  he  accepted  a  seat  in 
the  legislature,  but  he  retained  it  no  longer,  than 
lie  conceived  his  services  might  be  useful  to  the 
cauae  of  liberty,  which  he  never  abandoned.  Hia 
political  opinions  did  not  aeparate  him  from  many 
renpectable  cillaens,  wiiose  views  difTered  widely 
friini  ills  own.  He  died  April  10, 1806,  aged  77. 
His  widow  died  Nov.  20, 1810.  A  few  weeks  be- 
fore lliu  death  he  wrote  to  lib  friend.  Dr.  Mitchill, 
then  a:  Washington,  on  some  business,  and  closed 
hia  letter,  dated  Feb.  27.  1806,  with  the  following 
words :— "  ?.  am  very  weak,  and  have  evident  algns 
of  an  approaching  dissolution.  But  I  liave  lived 
long  enough,  since  I  have  lived  lo  aee  a  mighty 
people  animated  witli  a  spirit  lo  be  free,  and  gov- 
•rned  by  transcendent  abilities  and  honour."  He 
tf  laiaed  hla  faculties  lo  the  last.  He  look  plea- 
sure in  professing  his  attachment  to  religion  and 
his  firm  belief  in  tlie  doctrines  of  chrisllanity. 
Tho  will,  which  waaynade  not  long  before  his 
death,  exhibited  the  humility  of  his  faith.  In  an 
article,  dictated  by  iilmself  he  expressed  a  sen^e 
of  his  own  unworihlness,  and  his  reliance,  solely 
on  llie  intentesslon  and  sufferings  of  the  Redeemer. 
In  another  |inragraph  he  directed,  tliat  his  body 
ahould  be  privately  buried,  which  was  accordingly 
4one.  I}eneral  Gates  was  a  whig  ia  England  and 
89 


ed  a  feeling  heart,  Ills  manners  and   de|iorlineiit 
yet  Indloiited  hia  military  churauter.— 

AUen'i  Bioff.  Die.] 

To  prepare  the  way  fora  retreat  to  lake  George, 

Burgoyne  ordered  a  delachmeni  of  artificers,  v.lth 

a  strong  escort  of  British  and   provincials,  lo  re- 

fiiir  llie  bridges,  and  open  ilie  road  leading  thillrar. 
'art  of  tiie  escort  waa  witlidrawn  on  other  duly  | 
and  Ihe  remainder,  on  a  slight  attack  of  an  Ineon- 
slderablo  parly  of  Americans,  ran  away.  The 
workmen,  thua  left  wlihoul  support,  were  unable 
lo  effect  the  business  on  which  they  had  been  sent. 
The  only  piactlcable  route  of  retreat,  which  now 
remained,  was  by  a  night  mareli  to  fort  Edward. 
Before  this  attempt  could  be  made,  scouts  return- 
ed with  inlelligence,  that  the  Americans  wei  j  in- 
trenched opimslte  to  those  fords  on  Ihe  Hudson's 
river,  over  which  It  was  propoaed  to  pass,  and 
lliat  Ihey  were  also  in  force  on  tho  high  ground 
between  fort  Edward  and  fort  George.  They  had 
al  the  same  time  parlies  down  the  whole  shore, 
and  posts  so  near  as  lo  observe  every  motion  of 
tlie  royal  army.  Their  position  extended  nearly 
round  Ihe  British,  and  was  by  the  nature  of  tlie 


around  in  a  great  measure  secured  from  attacka. 
The  royal  army  could  not  stand  Its  ground  where 
il  waa,  liom  Ihe  want  of  the  meana  necessary  fur 
subsistence ;  nor  could  il  advance  towards  Albany, 
wiihonl  attacking  a  force  greatly  au|>erlorin  num- 
ber ;  nor  could  It  retreat  without  making  good  its 
way  over  a  river,  in  the  face  of  a  strong  party,  ad 
vaniageously  posted  on  the  opposite  aide.  In 
case  of  either  attempt,  the  Americans  wer?  ao 
near  as  lo  discover  every  movement ;  and  by  meana 
of  their  bridge  could  briog  tlielr  whole  force  to 
operate. 

Truly  distressing  was  the  condition  of  the  royal 
army.  Abandoned  in  the  most  critical  moment  by 
Ifaeir  Indian  alliat,  unsupported  by  their  brethren 
in  New  York,  weakened  by  the  timidity  and  de- 
sertion of  Ihe  Canadians,  worn  down  by  a  series 
of  incessant  efforts,  and  greatly  reduced  in  their 
numbers  by  repealed  battles,  they  were  invested 
by  an  army  nearly  three  limes  their  number,  with- 
out a  possibility  of  retreat,  or  of  replenishing  their 
exhausted  slock  of  provisions.  A  continual  can- 
nonade pervaded  their  camp,  and  rifle  and  grape 
shot  fell  in  many  prts  of  their  lines.  They  ne- 
vertheless retained  a  great  share  of  fortitude. 

In  the  meantime,  the  American  army  was  hour- 
ly increasing.  Volunteers  came  in  from  all  quar- 
ters, eager  to  ahare  in  Ihe  glory  of  dealroylng  or 
capturing  those  whom  they  considered  as  llielr 
most  dangerous  enemies.  The  12lh  of  October 
at  length  arrived.  The  day  was  spent  in  anxioua 
expectation  of  its  producing  something  of  conse- 
quence. But  aa  no  proapeci  of  asaislance  appear- 
ed, and  their  provisions  were  nearly  expended,  the 
hope  of  receiving  any,  in  due  time  for  their  relief, 
could  not  be  farther  indulged.  General  Burgoyne 
thought  proper  in  the  evening,  to  take  an  account 
of  the  provisions  left.  It  was  found  on  inquiry, 
that  they  would  amount  lo  no  more  than  a  seamy 
aubslstenee  for  three  days.  In  this  slate  of  dla- 
tress,  a  council  of  war  waa  called,  and  it  was  made 
so  general,  at  lo  comprehend  both  the  Held  oflicert 
and  the  captaina.  Their  unanimoua  opinion  was, 
that  their  present  situation  justified  a  capitulation 
on  honourable  terms.  A  messenger  was  there 
fore  despatched  lo  begin  this  business.  General 
Gates  in  the  first  instance  demanded,  that  the  royal 
army  should  surrender  prisoners  of  war.  He  also 
proposed,  that  Ihe  British  ahould  ground  their 
arms:  but  General  Burgoyne  replied,  "Thlaani' 
cle  is  inadmissible  In  every  extremity ;  sooner 
than  this  aiiny  will  conaent  lo  ground  their  arma 
In  their  encampment,  they  will  rush  on  the  enemy, 
determined  to  lake  no  quarters.'' 

After  various  messages,  a  convention  was  set- 
tled, by  which  it  was  substantially  stipulated  as 
follows :  "  The  truops  under  General  Burgoyne,  to 
march  out  of  their  camp  with  the  honours  of  war, 
and  the  artillery  oftheentronchmenit  to  Iha  verge 


of  the  river,  whart  thaaimaand  artillery  are  lo  ba 
lel\.  The  arms  to  be  piled  by  word  of  command 
from  their  own  oftlcers.  A  tnm  passage  to  b« 
granted  to  the  army  under  Liaultnani  General  Mur* 
guyiie  to  Great  Britain,  upon  eondillon  of  no 
serving  again  in  North  America  during  the  pre- 
sent contest  t  and  the  port  of  Boalon  to  oe  assigned 
for  the  entry  of  the  tiana|ions  to  receive  the 
troo|is.  whenever  General  Howe  shall  so  order. 
The  army  under  Lieutenant  General  Burioyne  lo 
march  lo  Massachusetts  Bay,  by  the  easiest  route, 
and  to  be  quartarad  In  or  near  lo  Boston.  The 
tr.)opt  to  be  provided  with  provitiona  by  General 
Galea's  orders,  at  the  same  rate  of  raiiona  at  Ilia 
Iroops  of  hia  own  army.  All  officers  to  retain 
their  carriages,  bal-hnrtes,  and  no  baggage  lo  be 
molested  or  searched.  "The  offleera  not  lo  lie 
aeparaled  from  iheir  men.  The  officers  to  be 
quartered  according  to  their  rank.  Alicorpa  what- 
ever of  Lieutenant  General  Burgoyna'a  army,  lo  be 
Included  in  the  above  artiolea.  All  Canadians, 
and  itersona  belonging  lo  the  Canadian  ealablish- 
ment,  and  other  followers  of  Ihe  army,  to  be  per- 
milled  to  return  to  Canada  ;  lo  be  conducted  lo 
the  Aral  Brillah  post  on  lake  George  :  lo  be  sup- 
plied with  provisions  at  the  other  troo|ia,  and  to  he 
bonnd  by  the  same  condition  of  not  serving  during 
the  present  contest.  Passports-  to  be  granted  ta 
three  officers,  to  oarrv  despatches  to  Sir  William 
Howe,  Sir  Guv  Carlelon,  and  to  Oreal  Britain. 
The  officers  to  be  admitted  on  iheir  |rarale,  and  to 
be  permitted  to  wear  their  side  arms." 

Such  were  the  embarrassments  of  the  royal  ar- 
my, incapable  of  aubsistlng  where  it  was,  or  ol 
naking  its  way  lu  a  better  tituallon,  that  these 
terms  were  rather  more  favourable  than  Ihev  had 
a  right  to  expect.  On  the  other  hand,  it  would  not 
have  been  prudent  for  the  American  general  at  the 
head  of  an  army,  which,  though  numerous,  con- 
sisted mostly  of  militia  or  new  levies,  lo  have  pro- 
voked the  despair  of  even  an  inferior  number  o( 
brave,  disciplined,  regular  Imopt.  General  Gates 
rightly  judged,  that  the  beat  way  to  teeure  hit  ad- 
vanlagea  waa  lo  ute  them  with  moderation.  Soon 
after  tne  convention  wat  signed,  Ihe  American* 
marcBed  into  their  linet,  and  were  kept  there  till 
the  royal  army  had  depothed  their  annt  at  Ihe 
place  appointed.  The  delicacy,  with  which  tbi* 
businesa  wat  conducted,  reflected  honour  on  tho 
American  general.  Nor  did  the  politenete  of 
Galea  end  here.  Every  clreuinatanee  waa  with- 
held, tluil  could  constitnie  a  triumph  In  the  Ameri 
can  army.  The  captive  general  wat  received  by 
hit  conqueror  with  retpect  and  kindnete.  A  nnm> 
berofibe  principal  oincen,  of  both  nrmiee,  met 
at  General  Oatert  qnartert,  and  fora  while  teem- 
ed to  forget,  in  tocial  and  convivial  pleaturet,  that 
they  had  Dean  enemiei.  The  conduct  of  Genelrd, 
Burgoyne  in  (hit  interview  with  General  Uatet 
waa  truly  dignified ;  and  ibe  historian  it  at  a  lota 
whether  to  admire  most,  the  magnanimity  of  tho 
victoiiout,  or  the  fortitude  of  ihe  vanquitbed 
general. 

The  Briiitb  troope  partook  liberally  of  the  plenty ' 
that  reigned  in  the  Ameriean  army.    It  waa  the 
moit  acceptable  to  them,  at  they  were  dettltute  ol 
bread  and  flour,  and  had  only  as  much  meat  left, 
aa  waa  sufficient  for  a  day's  tubsitleoce. 

By  the  convention  which  hat  been  mentioned, 
5791)  men  were  lurreodered  priionert.  The  siek 
and  wounded  loft  in  camn,  when  the  Briiitb  re- 
treated to  Saratoga,  logetner  with  the  numben  of 
tlie  Briiitb,  German  and  Canadian  troope,  who 
were  killed,  wounded  or  taken,  and  who  had  detert- 
ed  In  the  preceding  |iart  of  the  expedition,  were 
reckoned  to  be  46^.  The  whole  royal  force,  ex- 
clusive of  Indians,  wat  probably  about,  10.000.— 
The  stores,  which  the  Amarieant  acquired,  were 
considerable.  The  captured  attillery  consisted  of 
35  brass  field  pieces.  There  were  also  4657  mus- 
kets, and  a  variety  of  other  uteful  and  much  want- 
ed articles,  which  fell  into  their  hands.  The  con- 
tinentals in  General  Gates's  army  were  nine  thou- 
sand and  ninety-three,  the  militia  four  ihouaand  one 
hundred  and  iwentv-nine ;  but  of  the  former  two 
thousand  one  bundled  and  three  were  (lolii  or  o* 


inrl«U|b,  MMi  llfs  hunUiad  imi  dxu-lwo  of  lli« 
l«Mr  were  in  ihe  um«  lUiiKitoa.  Th«  numbtr  of 
Jm  inilillu  WH»  c-iiniiHiillv  lluclunting. 

Tli«  KriMiritl  cxulliliunal'iha  AniertcaiM,un  re- 
toiving  ihti  ugr«vHl>l«  liiielliKanee  uf  llie  cnnventioii 
01' ijiiruiugu,  ilUiinnoti  tlicin  of  much  ol'  lliair  re- 
M'liiineiil.  The  liuriilnRtnnd  devulaliuni  which 
li.iii  tukeii  pliics  were  ■iifflvicnl  tu  have  inflaineil 
Uieir  iiiiiuU :  but  private  l'eeliiii(»  were  in  j  grcHl 
nieamire  ulnnrlicO  by  (he  cunaidemlinn  ut  the  many 
iiilv;iiiiHKea<  wliicli  (lie  capture  ol'to  large  m  »tmy 
|iriiniiwiil  lu  the  new  I'urmed  alatea. 

lu  II  ahurt  time  alter  the  con««niion  waa  aigned, 
Uvnerul  Uutea  mored  forward  to  atop  Ihe  devaaia- 
liunt  u(  the  Uritiah  on  the  Noitb  river  ;  buton 
liemiiig  ut'  the  fate  of  Hurgoyne,  Vaughaa  and 
Wiillwce,  retired  to  New  York. 

About  the  aume  l^<ie,  the  liritiah,  who  had  been 
left  III  the  'rear  of  (be  royal  ari^v,  deatroycd  their 
I'uniioii,  and  ubiiiidoiiiiig'ricunueruga,  retreated  to 
Canada.  The  wliole  country,  after  ex|ierieiiuing 
"itr  aeverul  inunllia,  the  coiifuaiuna  of  war,  waa  in  a 
uiiiiiieni  rentiired  to  |i«ifect  tranquility. 

'iriiM  waa  lh«  Ktiel  »nd  drjudion  of  Britain,  on 
ra<:eivinx  the  iiiio|ii|(ei)<:u  of  the  fate  of  Uurgoyne. 
Th«i!X|iedi(iunvuiiiiiiiltc-l  ti>  him  had  been  under- 
liikeu  witli  (he  mum  cuiifideiit  liopea  of  auccvas. 
Tliv  quality  uf  tlie  truu|M  he  cuiiiinunded  waa  audi, 
that  I'ruiii  their  bravery,  directed  by  hia  zeal,  ta- 
leiiia  and  cuuraj{e  It  waa  preaumed  that  all  the 
iiurlhein  purtaufthe  United  Statea  would  be  aub- 
dueil  befute  the  end  of  Ihe  campaign.  The  good 
furiuiie,  which  furaume  lime  fulluwed  him,  juali- 
iled  tlieae  exiwcialioiia:  but  the  cataatrophe  proved 
Ihe  fully  of  planning  diatant  ex|N!ditiana,  and  of 
pruievling  lemole  cunqueata. 

The  conaequeneea  of  thvae  great  eventa  vibrated 
round  the  world.  The  capture  of  Burgnyne  waa 
Ihe  hinge  on  which  ihi  revolution  turned.  While 
it  eiicuuraged  the  iMtraeverance  uf  the  Americana, 
3y  well-grounded  iiopea  of  final  aucceaa,  it  ii  '■rea- 
aed  the  eiiibarniaainenlnfthat  minialry,  which  had 
au  invll'ectually  laboured  to  compel  their  aubinia- 
aiuo.  Op|K>aiiioa  lu  their  meaaurea  gathered  new 
ttrengtii.  aud  loniiedaatunibling  block  in  the  road 
10  cuuqueat.  Thia  prevented  (ireat  Uritaru  from 
■cling  with  that culler.led  furce,  which nn  union  of 
acntiiiicula  and  councila  would  have  enabled  her  to 
Men.  Hitherto  the  beat  inforiiied  Americana  had 
double  of  aucceaa  in  ealabliabing  their  independ- 
ence :  but  hencefurward  their  language  waa:  "Thai 
whaieverinigbt  be  tin  event  uf  their  preaeni  atrug- 
gle,  they  were  fur  ever  loat  tu  Ureal  Uritaiii."  Nor 
were  they  deceived.  The  eclat  of  capturing  a  brge 
army,  ol  Uritiah  and  Uerinan  regular  iroope,  aooo 
procured  iheiii  powerful  frienda  in  Europe. 

luimediately  after  the  aurrender,  Uurgoyne'a 
lhiO|M  were  inarched  to  Ihe  vicinity  of  Uoalon. 
On  their  arrival,  ihev  were  quartered  in  the  bar- 
racka  uo  Wiuter  and  Proafiect  hilla.  The  gene- 
ral conn  of  Maaaachusella  paaaed  proper  reaolu- 
tiooa  for  procuring  auilabia  aecoinmodationa  for 
the  piiaonera ;  but  from  the  general  unwillingneaa 
of  the  people  to  oblige  them,  and  from  the  feeble- 
nasa  uf  thai  authority  which  the  republican  ruleis 
had  at  that  lime  over  the  property  of  their  fellow 
ftitiisena,  it  wna  impoaaible  to  provide  immediately 
fur  au  large  a  number  of  officera  and  aoldiers,  in 
auuh  a  manner  aa  their  -convenience  required,  or 
as  from  the  aniclea  of  convention  they  might 
fidunably  ex|i"il.  The  offlcert  remonstrated  lu 
'Jeaeral  Hurgoyne,  that  aix  or  aeven  of  them  were 
crowded  lugethei  in  one  room,  without  any  regard 
to  their  reapeclive  raoka.  In  violation  of  the  sevenili 
•ntele  of  the  convention.  Burgoyne,  on  the  14th 
of  November,  forwarded  this  account  to  Galea, 
•nd added,  "the public  faith  ia  broken."  This 
letter,  being  laid  before  Congresa,  gave  an  alarm. 
It  cnrroborjled  an  apprehension,  previously  eiilsr- 
tiined,  that  the  captured  troops,  on  their  embar- 
cation,  would  make  a  junction  with  Ihe  British 
garrisona  io  America.  The  declaration  of  the 
general,  that  "  the  public  faith  waa  broken,"  while 
in  the  power  of  Congresa,  waa  conaidereii  liy  ihem 
as  destroying  the  aecurity  which  they  before  had  in 
Itif  p<!ifun»)  honour;  for  io  every  event  be  might 


HISTORV  or   THR 


adduce  hia  pravioua  notice  to  Jualify  hia  Allure  eon- 
duet.  1'hey  therefor*  rcaolveil  <  •'  Thai  the  em- 
barcaliuuuf  Lieutenant  (leneral  Burgnyne,  and  the 
trou|ia  under  his  cummand.be  |Hiat|iuned,  till  adia- 
tincl and  explicit  ratilicaiion  of  the  convention  of 
Saratoga  be  pia|)erly  notilled  by  the  court  of  Ureal 
lirltain  to  Congres*." 

Burgoyne  explained  the  inleniinn  and  eonalrur- 
llun  of  III*  passage  objecinl  tu  in  his   letter,  and 

{iledged  himself,  that  his  nffluers  wuuld  Juin  with 
lini  in  stgningany  instrunient  that  iniKht  be  thought 
ne«ea«ary  fur  conltrming  the  convention  t  but  Con- 
graee  would  no  recede  from  tlieir  resolution.  The* 
alleged,  that 't  bad  be«n  oOen  aaaened  by  their  ad- 
veraariea,  that  faitb  was  not  to  be  kept  with  re'jela;' 
and  that  therefore  they  would  be  deuieot  in  alien- 
lion  to  lb«  intereata  of  Ibeir  conslitueols,  If  they 
did  nol  require  an  authentic  rallAcation  of  the  con- 
vention by  national  aiithorily,  before  Ihev  parted 
with  Ihe  captured  irnnps.  They  urged  farther,  that 
by  the  law  of  nattona,  a  coin|iacl,  broken  innne  ar- 
ticle, was  nu  longer  binding  in  any  ulher.  They 
made  ■  distini^linii  between  Ihe  suspensiun  and  ab- 
rogation ofihe  convention,  and  alleged,  that  ground 
to  sus|)ei:t  an  intention  to  viiilaln  it  was  a  jiislifying 
reaaon  forsiis|ieiidlng  its  excciilion  on  tlieir  part, 
till  it  waa  properly  ratillcd.  The  desired  ralilina- 
lion,  if  Ureal  Britain  wna  seriously  dis|msed  to  that 
ineasure,might  have  been  obtained  in  a  few  nionlhs, 
and  Congiese  uniformly  declared  themselves  will- 
ing to -carry  it  into  full  eflecl,  us  soon  nsthey  were 
secured  of  its  observance,  by  pro|ier  authority  on 
the  other  side. 

About  eight  months  afterwards,  certain  rnynl 
commiMioners,  whose  official  functions  shall  be 
hereafter  explained)  made  a  requisition  respecting 
these  troops;  olfered  Io  ratify  the  vonvenlion;  and 
required  |iermission  for  their  embarcatiop  Un 
inquiry  il  was  fuuiid,  that  they  had  no  authority  to 
do  .my  thing  in  the  matter,  which  would  be  obli- 
gatory on  Great  Britain.  Congress  therefore  re- 
solved, "  that  no  ratification  of  the  convention, 
which  may  be  tendered  inconsequence  ofpuweis, 
which  only  reach  that  case  by  cnnsiruciioii  and 
implication,  or  which  may  aubjecl  whatever  is 
transacted  relative  to  il,  to  Ihe  future  approbation 
or  diaapprobation  of  the  parliament  of  Great  Bri- 
tain, c^n  be  accepted  by  Congreaa." 

Till  the  capture  of  Burgoyne,  the  powera  of 
Eurn|ie  were  only  apectalora  of  Ihe  war,  between 
Great  Britain  and  her  late  colonies,  but,  soon  aft«r 
ihal  event,  they  were  drawn  in  to  be  parties.  In 
every  period  ul  the  controversy,  the  claims  of  the 
Americana  were  patronised  by  aundry  res|ieclabie 
foreigners.  The  letters,  addressee,  and  other  pub  > 
lie  acts  of  Congreaa  were  admired  by  many  who 
had  DO  |ieraonal  inierrai  in  the  contaat.  Libeny 
is  so  evidently  the  undoubted  right  of  mankind, 
that  even  they  who  never  poeaeaaed  il,  feel  the 
propriety  of  conteoding  for  il ;  and  whenever  a 
|ieople  take  up  arms,  eillier  to  defend  or  to  recover 
it,  iliey  are  sure  of  meeting  with  encouragement 
or  good  wishes  from  the  hieoda  of  humanity  in 
every  part  of  the  r/orld. 

From  Ihe  operation  of  these  principles,  the 
Americans  had  the  esteem  and  good  wishea  of 
multitudes  io  all  pana  of  Enro|ie.  They  were  re- 
puted to  ba  ill  used,  and  were  represented  aa 
a  resolute  and  brave  psople,  determined  to  re- 
sist oppreaaion.  Being  both  pitied  and  ap- 
plauded, generotu  and  sympathetic  seniimeola 
vere  excited  in  their  favour.  These  circum- 
staocea  would  have  operated  in  every  case;  but 
in  the  present,  the  cause  of  the  .\mericans  waa 
patronised  from  additional  motives.  An  universal 
jealousy  prevailed  against  Great  Britain.  Her 
navy  bad  long  tymuniaed  over  ibo  nations  of  Eu- 
rojie,  and  demanded,  ■•  a  matter  of  right,  that  Ihe 
ships  of  all  other  powera  should  strike  their  saila 
to  her  ns  mistress  of  the  ocean.  From  her  eager- 
ness to  prevent  supplies  going  to  her  rebellious 
colonials,  as  she  called  the  Americans,  the  vemels 
of  foreign  powers  had  for  some  lime  past  been 
subjected  to  searches  and  other  interruptions, 
when  steering  towards  America,  in  a  manner  that 
could  not  but  he  impatiently  borne  by  indepeodoat 


nalhine.  That  prhle  and  inaolanu*  which  broiigkl 
un  the  American  war,  had  loi.g  diagiiaied  ii^ 
neighbours,  and  made  thsm  rejoice  at  her  misfur 
tunes,  and  ••pecially  at  the  proapeel  of  diamein 
bering  her  overgrown  enipiaa. 


CHAPTER   IV. 

The  AllianM  bslwssa    fnuM*   aad    Ike    Uaitsd  Sisirft 
Th«Caai|Mi|aaf  1778. 

Soon  after  Inlalllgene*  of  Iha  capinra  of  Bur> 
goyne'a  army  reached  Europe,  iba  court  of  Franca 
concluded  at  Paria,  treallaa  of  alliance  and  com- 
merce with  the  United  Slalea.  The  eircumsun- 
ces,  which  led  to  this  great  event,  deserve  to  be 
panicularly  unfolded.  The  colonists  having  taken 
lip  arms,  uninfluenced  by  the  enam'es  ol  Great 
Britain,  condur'ed  their  npposhion  fur  saveiU 
months  after  they  bad  raised  iroopa,  and  cmltte>l 
money,  without  any  reference  to  foreign  powera. 
They  knew  il  to  be  the  iniereal  of  Europe,  to  pro- 
mote a  aepaiatinn  between  Great  Britaiu  and  bet 
culuniea ;  but  as  they  began  the  conical  with  ne 
ulher  view  than  to  obtain  a  redreaa  of  grlevanceu, 
they  neither  wished,  in  the  first  period  of  tli>!lt  oppo- 
sition to  involve  (ireat  Britain  In  a  war,  nor  In  prn- 
cure  aid  to  themselves  by  paving  court  to  bei 
enemiea.  The  policy  of  Great  6rilaiii,  iii  atleiupl- 
ing  to  deprive  the  Americans  of  arms,  was  the  Arsi 
event  whit'h  made  it  necessary  for  them  to  aeek 
I'uieign  connexions.  At  the  lime  she  was  urging 
military  preparations  to  compel  their  siibmisuon, 
she  forbade  the  exportation  of  arms,  and  solicited 
Ihe  commercial  |iowers  of  Europe  to  co-operate 
with  her  by  adopting  n  similar  prohibition.  To 
frustrate  the  views ofGreat Britain,  Cnngreaa,  he- 
sides  recommending  the  domestic  manufacture  ol 
the  matoriala  for  militcry  stores,  appointed  a  ae- 
cret  committee,  with  powers  to  piocure  on  their 
acbouul  arma  and  ammunition,  and  also  employed 
agents  In  foreign  countries  for  the  same  purpose 
The  evident  advantage,  which  France  might  da 
rive  from  Ihe  continuance  of  the  diap'.  it  and  Iha 
countenance  which  Individ  uala  of  that  eonoiry  daily 
gave  to  the  Americans,  encouraged  Congresa  to 
send  a  political  and  commercial  agent  to  tliat  iiing- 
dom,  with  Inatructions  to  solicit  Its  friendahip,  and 
to  priiciire  military  atores.  Silas  Deaoe,  being 
choseri  for  this  purpose,  sailed  for  Franca  early  in 
1776,  and  was  aoon  after  hia  arrival  at  Paria  in- 
alructed  to  aound  Count  da  Vergennea,  Ihe  French 
minister  for  foreign  affaire,  on  the  subject  of  lb« 
American  controversy.  As  the  public  mind,  for 
reasons  which  have  been  mentioned  closed  againil 
Great  Britain,  It  opened  towards  other  oaliooa. 

On  the  11th  of  June,  Congress  appointed  a  com 
mittee,  to  prepare  a  plan  of  a  treaty  to  be  propo 
sed  to  loreign  powets.  The  discussion  of  this  no 
vel  subject  ensaged  their  allnntion  till  the  latte 
end  of  September.  'While  Congreaa  waa  delibera 
ting  thereon,  Mr.  Deane  waa  soliciting  a  su|iply  u< 
arras,  ammunition,  and  soldler'a  clothing  for  lh«i. 
service  a  sufficiency  for  lading  three  vessels  wa* 
soon  procured.  What  agency  the  government  ol 
France  had  in  furnishing  those  supplies,  or  whether 
they  were  sold,  or  given  as  presents,  are  questions 
which  have  often  been  asked,  but  nol  salisfacioiily 
answered  ;  for  the  business  was  so  conducted  that 
the  iranaaction  might  be  made  to  aasunie  a  variety 
of  complexions,  as  circumstances  might  render  ex- 
pedient. 

It  was  most  evidently  the  Interest  of  France  la 
encourage  Ihe  Americans,  in  their  opposition  to 
Great  Britain ;  and  it  was  true  policy  to  do  this  by 
degrees,  and  in  a  private  manner,  leal  Great  Brit 
ain  might  take  Ihe  alarm.  Individuals  are  some- 
times influenced  by  considerations  of  friendship 
and  generosity ;  but  interest  is  the  pole  star  by 
which  nations  are  universally  governed.  It  is  cer 
tain  that  Great  Britain  was  amused  with  declara 
lions  of  the  most  pacific  dispositions  on  the  part  of 
France,  at  the  time  the  Americans  were  liberally 
supplied  with  the  means  of  defence ;  and  It  la 
equa  ly  certain,  that  this  was  (he  true  line  of  policy 


laiitit  which  braiiaht 

loi.R  dligniied  Tim 

vjotce  »l  lirr  inldur 

proipect  of  (liaimin 


IV. 

Id    Ik*    Uaiifil  SMwa 
riTTB. 

the  ciptura  of  Bur* 

,  lb*  euurt  of  FraPM 

r  illlanca  and  com- 

.    Tha  eireumalan- 

STaol,  deianra  to  Im 

olonltta  hiving  lakan 

la  anam'et  of  Ureal 

ipotltioD  for  aeveril 

IrooM,  and  cmilleil 

I  lo  foroign  powai*. 

it  of  Europe,  to  pre- 

reat  Briiaiu  and  hei 

the  conleit  wlib  M 

sdreii  of  grlavanceii, 

I  period  of  lli^it  oppo- 

In  a  war,  nor  to  pro- 

paving  court  to  hei 

It  firitniii,  ill  niteiupl- 

of  arma,  wtia  the  Aral 

■y   for  lliein  to  aeelk 

lime  ihe  wai  urging 

lel  their  aiibniisalon, 

if  anna,  and  aolicited 

uro|ie  to  co-operate 

lar  prohibition.     To 

rilain,  Cnngresa,  he- 

eilic  manufacture  oi 

irca,  appointed  a  ae- 

I  10  piocure  on  their 

n,  and  alto  employed 

Ir  the  aame  purpoaa 

li  France  might  da 

the  diap;  t«  and  the 

I  of  that  eoumrjr  daily 

u  raged  Congrraa  to 

al  agent  to  t>Mt  kiag- 

:il  ita  friendahip,  and 

Siba  Deane,  being 

I  for  France  early  in 

arrival  at  Paria  in- 

irgennea,  the  French 

1  the  aubject  of  tha 

he  public  mind,  for 

lioned  cloied  againal 

da  other  oaliona. 

eia  appoinlfid  a  com 

treaty  to  be  prop* 

liicuiaion  ofthia  no 

mion  till  the  lalte 

n^reaa  wni  delibera 

oliciting  a  aufiplv  as 

r'a  clothing  (or  th«i. 

three  veuela  wa* 

the  government  ol 

aupplies,  or  whether 

lenls.  are  queslioni 

lit  not  aaliitfactotlly 

go  conducted  that 

to  aatuine  a  variely 

ea  might  render  ex- 

itereit  of  France  te 
their  oppoiilion  to 
policy  to  do  ihia  b« 
er,  teat  Great  Brit 
lividuals  are  Rome- 
tiona  of  friendahip 
is  the  pole  star  uy 
ovemed.  It  is  oer 
used  with  declara 
lions  on  the  part  of 
cans  were  liberally 
defence ;  and  it  ia 
c  true  line  of  policy 


UNITED   STATES. 


13/  |ii»iiiiiiiii<  l^iil  ilmiiiviiilifriniMii  iif  ihe  llrllisli 
>iii|Mir,  Willi  I  KriiiLu  liail  uii  iiilere<l   in  iiciiniii- 

^il"!!!!!)!. 

(JiiiuH'u  KiiKW.  ilint  11  iliinlniillim  of  till' ovi-r- 
|!ri»  II  |>iiw<'i  ul'  llriiiiiD,  eiMild  nut  liul  I)«iI«kimIiIx 
III  Kiiiiin'.  Siirit  Willi  ili«  jut*  ul  llur  |iiii<H«a4iiiii« 
UII  lliii  I'liiiliiieiil  ut  Niiiiii  Aniriiua,  Ity  llie  |i«iire 

ul'  l*>lli«  ill   I((i3,   Hllll  HJtll  liy    lIlV   nipllUII  of  1111111)1 

tlioiia.iiiilii  III' lirr  wiilurii  in  17o>i,  iiiiieci'ileiil  In  ii 
Jsi'iMriiliiiii  iif  wiir.  nils  Miil!tt  liiivi-  liven  miiiielliiiiK 
moi'u  llniii  liiiiiiuii.  iioltii  liiivr  rejiiiiiMl  m  iiii  ii|i|iiir- 
lliiiliy  iirili'iiirimiiiK  nil  iiiii:iiiiil  mill  liiniililiililu  ri- 
■'III.  llvMiilriillie  iiivri-titiiiK  iiiiv.il  »ii|i«riitiiiy  iil' 
Uiviil  llritaiii,  licr  viihi  reauureen,  nut  only  In  liur 
aiicieiil  iloiiiiniuni,  but  in  culuiiica  gruwinK  diiily 
u  iiuiiibers  anil  woiiltii,  ailJml  lo  the  hauKhlineu 
>if  her  lliiK.  made  lirr  lliii  olject  both  of  terror  and 
•  iivy.  It  wii«  ihe  inlcreil  ul  Cunitiru  to  apply  to 
ilie  court  uf  Kriiiici),  iniil  it  tviis  llie  interest  uf 
Kranru  lu  liMien  |u  llieir  ii|i|ill(M<i<in. 

Cuiixr«iM,  liiiviiig  iiitrciHl  on  llie  plan  of  the  Irea- 
ty,  whlvli  lliKy  iiilemleil  lo  iirujiose  lo  lii»  Mum 
Clirixliiiii  MiiJBHiy  pruceedeil  lii  elect  cunimiuiiin- 
in  lu  Kulicil  iis  Hi:i'F|itiine«.  Ur.  Kniiiklln,  Siliia 
Deiiiie,  mill  TIiuiiiiih  Jetl'erson  were  cliuNeii.  Tlii' 
Inner  declltiiiii;  lu  svrve,  Arthur  Lee.who  whs  then 
ill  Liiiiduii,  mill  hiid  boon  scrviveiible  lo  his  ciiuii- 
try.  in  h  viiriely  uf  wnys,  was  elecled  in  his  ruuiii. 
Il  WHS  remilvrd.  tliul  no  meinlier  sliuuld  be  Ht  lib- 
criy  lu  iIIvuIkc  iiiiy  lliing  niore  uf  llirse  trniisac- 
tiiiiia  llinn  ••  thittCuii)tress  liiid  Inkeiisueh  slepsna 
lliey  juitued  iiecessHry  fur  ubiHiiiiiiK  furelKii  nllian- 
I'cs."  Tlie  secret  cuiiiiiiillee  were  directed  lu 
niiike  an  elfectiial  ludKeiiient  in  France,  uf  len 
tliiiusHiid  piiiimis  slerlliiK,  subject  lo  the  order  uf 
llipse  cuiiiiiiiMsioiiers.  Dr.  Kianklin,  who  wiis 
riiipluyc'l  lis  HKcnl  in  llie  business,  mid  afleiwHrds 
isiiiiiiisier  pleiii|H>l;iiliiiry  lit  llie  court  of  Kraiice, 
aras  ill  iKisseasioii  of  a  ftrenler  pra|iurtiuii  of  furriKii 
uiii'!,  ihun  Htiy  other  native  of  Aniericn.  Ky  tlie 
Jim  of  supiriurubililies,  and  wiih  bin  IbwadvunlU" 
gi>9  in  eiirly  lile,  lie  had  allained  the  highest  eini- 
aeiice  Hiiiunu  iiion  of  leiirnliig.  niiil  in  in-iiiy  inslitn- 
CCS  emended  the  cinpire  of  science.  His  genius 
hHa  «»si  Hiid  (ompruliensive,  mid  will,  equal  ense 
tnvcsliuHlcid  Ihe  iiiysieries  of  pliilufopliv,  and  the 
;:<bvriiiihiol  pulitivs.  HIsfiiineHsn  pliilosoplier 
t.<il  re.icheil  hs  far  as  human  natiiie  is  iiolislied  ur 
rclihed.  Hii  philanthropy  knew  no  bounds.  The 
prus|i«riiy  and  happiness  of  the  human  race  were 
objects  which  at  all  limes  had  attracted  hia  atlen- 
liiin.  Disgusted  wiih  Ureal  lirilain,  and  glowing 
Willi  the  must  ardent  love  fur  the  liberlies  of  his 
oppressKil  native  country,  he  left  London,  where 
he  tiHd  resided  some  years  in  Ihe  character  of  agent 
fur  several  uf  the  colonies,  early  in  1775 ;  returned 
to  Philadelphia;  and  immediately  afterwards  was 
elected  by  the  legislature  of  Pennsylvania,  a  mem- 
ber of  Congress.  After  his  appointment,  to  solicit 
the  interesisofthe  United  Slates  in  France,  he 
sailed  for  that  country  on  the  27lh  of  Octulier, 
1770.  He  was  no  sooner  landed,  13th  of  Decem- 
ber, than  universally  caressed.  His  fame  had 
sinonihed  the  way  for  his  reception  id  a  public 
charHcler. 

[Bc'ijamimFkankliii,  a  philosopher  and  states- 
m»n,  WHS  burn  in  Boston,  Massacliuselts,  January 
17,  1706.  His  father,  who  was  a  native  of  Eng- 
land, was  a  soap-boiler  and  tallow-chandler  in  that 
town.  At  the  age  ofeighl  years,  he  was  sent  to  a 
prammar  school,  but  at  the  age  of  ten.  his  father 
ie:|uired  his  services  to  assist  him  in  his  business. 
Two  years  afterwards,  he  was  bound  an  apprentice 
lo  his  biother,  who  was  a  printer,  in  this  employ- 
ment ho  made  great  proficiency,  and  having  a 
taste  for  books,  he  devoted  much  of  his  leisure 
lime  to  reading.  So  eager  was  he  in  the  pursuit 
of  knowledge,  that  he  frequently  passed  the  greater 
fiart  of  the  night  in  his  sludies.  He  became  ex- 
pert in  the  8ocralic  mode  of  reasoning  by  asking 
questions,  and  I lius  he  sometimes  einbarnissed  per- 
sons of  understanding  superior  to  his  own.  In 
1721,  his  brother  began  to  print  Ihe  New  England 
Courant,  which  was  the  third  newspaper  published 
in  America.  The  two  preceding  papers  were  the 
BoMin  Nawt  Latter  and  Boston  Qazeiie.  Youog 


Kiaolilln  wriiie  n  iininhrr  of  essays  lor  llie  CnuranI 
wliicli  were  an  well  ri'ceived,  h«  Ui  eiiciiura^i'  linn' 
til  cuiiliiiiie  III*  lilriaiy  l.iiiuura.  To  lliljiruvii  Inn 
l)iu,  III-  rt'iiiiUi'il  lu  iiiiilHlu  Aililiiirirs  H|ii>cla 
nil.  Till!  iiieiliuil  wlilcli  li«  tiiok,  wiii  lo  iiiiike  ii 
siiiiiin^iiy  III' II  pajHir,  ul'ler  lie  hail  retil  II,  and  in  a 
lew  iliiy.i,  wlieii  lie  hail  ruriiulleii  llie  exjireiialiiiis 
III' llie  aiilhiir,  lu  eiiilvavuiil  lu  rraUiru  il  lu  lis  un- 
Kiiial  form,  ily  lliis  iiieaiia  lie  was  laiiiilil  his  cr- 
lori),  uiiil  jieri^Kivt'il  lliu  iiuccsmiy  ul'  lieiiig  iiiiiir 
fully  Hei|ualiileil  willi  lliu  ■yiiiniiiiiiiuH  ivimls  of  llie 
laii||ii.ii'e>  III)  wa<iiilii:li  unaisleil  aliu  ill  ai:qiliriilK 
I  lavilily  and  vaiicly  ul'  ex|iiesiiiun  by  wnluig  po- 
etry. 

At  this  early  jieriud  the  perusal  of  Slmftsbury 
and  Culllns  made  him  completely  a  sceptic, 
and  he  was  fund  uf  disputing  upon  the  subject  'A 
religion.  This  circusiance  uanaed  hlin  lo  lie  re- 
garded by  pious  men  Willi  abliorience  ;  aiduiillila 
account,  as  well  us  on  accuuni  uf  the  ill-  reulniciit 
which  he  received  I'riini  hia  brulher,  lie  d  ilvrinineil 
lo  leave  Biislon.  Ills  deiiarliiie  was  aiillluled 
by  the  (Missessiuu  of  his  iniletiliire,  whicli  his  bru- 
Ihcr  had  given  liiiii  aliuut  the  year  17'-^:t.  iw  ■  <'ro>ii 
Iriendship,  but  because  ihe  general  cniiii  Had  jirii 
liibiled  iiiiii  I'luiii  pllllli.1llill^  llir  New  Kiigiaiiil 
Courant. and  ill  urderlliat  it  nii::lii  lie  coiiiliicled 
under  the  name  iil'lteiijaniin  Fiaiikiin.  He  private- 
ly went  uii  board  laluup,  and  auoii  arrived  al  New 
York.  Finding  nu  einpluyiiieiil  here,  he  pursued 
his  way  tu  Pliiiadeljihla,  and  entered  ilie  city  wiili- 
uut  a  Irieiid,  and  with  unly  a  dollar  in  his  puckei. 
Purchasing  suiiie  tolls  at  a  baker's  Bhi<;>  he  put 
one  under  each  urni,  mid  eating  a  third,  walked 
lliiuugh  several  streets  in  searuli  uf  a  liMl|iinu. 
Tlieie  were  at  this  lime  two  (iriiilers  in  Plilladel- 
phia,  Mr.  Andrew  Dradl'urd,  and  Mr.  Keimer,  by 
ihe  hitler  of  whom  he  was  employed.  Sir  William 
Keith,  Ihe  governor,  having  been  informed  that 
Franklin  was  a  young  man  of  prninlsi.ig  talents, 
invited  him  lo  his  house,  and  tr'^ated  him  in  the 
most  friendly  manner.  He  advised  him  lo  enter 
into  business  fur  himself,  and,  to  accomplish  this 
object,  tu  make  a  visit  to  London,  in  order  that  he 
might  purchase  the  iiecessaiy  articles  fur  a  prim- 
ing uirice.  Receiving  the  promise  of  assistance, 
Franklin  prepared  himself  for  Ihe  vnyage,  and  uii 
applying  fur  letlera  of  recumiiiendation,  previously 
to  sailing,  ho  was  told,  that  they  would  be  aent  on 
board.  When  the  letter  bag  was  a|>ened,  there 
was  DO  packet  for  Franklin  ;  and  he  now  discover- 
ed, that  the  governor  was  one  of  those  men,  who 
love  to  oblige  every  body,  and  who  substitute  the 
most  liberal  professions  and  offers  in  the  place 
of  active,  aubsiantial  kindness.  Arriving  in  Lon- 
don in  1724,  he  was  obliged  lo  aeek  employment 
as  a  journeyman  printer.  He  lived  to  economically, 
that  he  saved  a  great  part  of  his  wages.  Instead 
ufdi  inking  six  pints  of  beer  in  a  day,  like  some  of 
his  fellow  labourers,  he  drank  only  water,  and  he 
persuaded  some  of  ihein  lo  renounce  the  extrava' 
gance  of  eating  bread  and  cheese  for  breakfast, 
and  to  procure  a  cheap  soup.  As  his  principles 
ul  this  time  were  very  loose,  his  zeal  to  enlighten 
Ihe  world  induced  him  to  publish  his  dissertation 
on  Uberly  and  necessity.in  which  he  contended  that 
virtue  and  vice  were  nothing  mote  than  vain  dis' 
tinctions.  This  work  procured  himthe  acquaint- 
ance of  Mandeville,  and  others  of  the  licentious 
class. 

He  returned  to  Philadelphia  in  October,  172C, 
as  a  clerk  to  Mr.  Denhain,  a  merchant,  but  the 
death  of  that  genileman  in  the  following  year,  in- 
duced  him  to  return  to  Mr.  Keimer,  in  the  capa- 
city  of  foreman  in  his  office.  He  was  very  useful 
to  his  employer,  for  he  gave  him  assistance  as  a 
letter  founder.  Ho  engraved  various  ornamenia, 
and  made  printer's  ink.  He  soon  becan  business 
in  pailnership  with  Mr.  Meredith,  but  in  1729,  he 
dissolved  the  connexion  with  him.  Having  pur- 
chased of  Keimer  a  paper,  which  had  been  con- 
ducted in  a  wretched  manner,  he  now  conducted 
it  ill  a  style  which  attracted  much  attention.  At 
this  lime,  though  destitute  of  those  religious  prin- 
ci  pies,  which  give  stability  and  elevation  to  virtue 
he  yet  bad  diseerDineot  eaougb  to  b«  eoDTinocdi 


that  irnih,  prnbily,  and  sincerity,  would  promol* 
Ills  iiili'ri'at,  and  lie  welul  to  liiinintlir  wiir|i|,  and 
lie  iTMilveil  III  rrsprrl  iliem  In  his  cundiicl  Th* 
expi-iiai'a  ul  lilHi'slablialimenl  iiiliuaiiirss,  notwilli 
taiiiliiii;  his  iiidiialiy  and  •ciiiirtiiiy,  bruughl  hirn 
iiilu  eiiibiirrasninents,  riiiiii  wliiili  lie  was  tellrved 
liy  llie  griieruua  uaalalaiii'H  ul  Wllliiiui  Culeman 
Mild  ItuliHii  lirare.  In  aildillun  tu  his  ulhei  cm- 
pliiyiiieiita,  lie  now  upeiied  a  small  slatiuner* 
aliup.  Bui  the  I'lainia  III  liuaiiieas  did  nut  rxlin- 
guiali  his  luate  I'lir  litrratnte  luid  science.  H» 
luiiiied  a  club,  wlijch  lie  called  "  'i'he  Juntu," 
uiimpuseil  ufllie  iiiusi  iutelliKeiit  uf  his  ucquHia> 
taiice.  Queations  u(  niuiulily,  iwlil'ics,  philoso- 
phy, were  discussed  every  Friday  evening,  ami 
the  insiiiulion  was  continued  almiiat  forty  yean. 
As  busks  were  frequently  quoted  in  the  club,  and 
as  the  members  had  bruuKiil  their  liuuks  logelhai 
lur  inutu:il  iidvuntaije,  he  was  led  lo  form  the  plan 
uf  a  public  library,  which  was  carried  into  eH'iol 
in  1731,  and  became  the  foundaliun  of  that  noble 
iiistiiutiun,  the  present  libniry  cuin|iany  uf  Phila- 
Ivlphia.  In  173'^,  he  begun  to  publish  Poor  Rich'- 
urd's  Almanac,  which  was  enriched  with  niuxiina 
of  rriigulily,  le'iiperance,  industry,  and  Integrity 
Sii  gri'iil  waa  ii>i  lepiitallun,  thai  he  sold  len  thou- 
sand aiiiiiially,  and  il  was  cuiiliniied  by  hlin  about 
twenty-five  years.  The  maxims  were  cullecie*' 
in  Ihe  last  ulmunac  in  the  form  uf  an  address  call 
ed  the  Way  lu  Wealth,  which  hat  appeared  lnT< 
riuiis  pnblicatiuns.  In  1736,  he  was  ap|Niinltd 
isluik  ufllie  general  assembly  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
in  1737,  pustmastet  of  Philadelphia.  The  first  fira 
cumjiaiiy  was  funned  liy  him  in  173S.  When  the 
fruiitier  of  Peiiiiaylvania  were  endangered  in  1744, 
and  an  ineH'rclual  allempt  was  made  to  procure  a 
iiiililia  law,  he  proposed  a  voluntary  association 
fur  tlie  defence  of  the  pnivince,  and  in  a  short 
lime  obtained  ten  thousand  nnmes.  lu  1747,  be 
was  chosen  a  member  uf  Ihe  assembly,  and  con- 
liniied  in  this  station  ten  yenrs.  In  all  important 
discussions,  his  presence  was  considered  aa  india- 
pensable.  He  beldnin  spoke,  and  never  txhibiled 
any  oratory  ;  but  by  a  single  observation  he  some', 
limes  delerniined  the  fate  of  a  question.  In  tha 
King  controversies  with  the  proprietaries  or  iheir 
governors,  he  took  Ihe  most  active  part,  and  dis  - 
played  a  firm  spirit  of  liberty. 

He  was  now  engaged  for  a  number  of  yenra  in  a 
course  of  electrical  ex|ieriments,  of  which  he  pub- 
lished an  account.  His  great  discovery  was  tha 
identity  of  the  electric  fluid  and  lighlninc  Th't 
discovery  he  made  in  the  summer  of  1753.  To 
the  upright  slick  of  a  kite,  he  aiiuched  an  iron 
point ;  llie  siring  was  of  hemp,  excepting  the  |mrl 
which  he  held  in  his  hand,  which  was  of  silk  ; 
and  a  key  was  fastened  where  the  hempen  ttrina 
terminated.  With  this  apparatus,  on  the  approacn 
of  a  thunder  storm,  he  raised  his  kite.  A  cloud 
passed  over  it,  and  no  signs  of  elciriciiy  appear- 
ing, he  begun  tu  despair;  hut  observing  Ihe  loose 
fibres  of  his  string  lo  move  suddenly  toward  an 
erect  position,  he  presented  his  knuckle  to  the  key, 
and  received  a  siroog  spark.  The  success  of  this 
experiment  completely  eslublished  his  iheoiy.  The 
practical  use  of  this  discovery  in  securing  house) 
from  lightning  by  pointed  conductors,  is  well  known 
in  America  and  Europe.  In  17-13,  he  wa*  ap- 
pointed deputy  postmaster  general  of  the  Itriiish 
colonies,  and  in  the  same  year,  the  academy  of 
Philadelphia,  projected  by  him,  was  eslablislied. 
In  1754,  he  was  one  of  the  commissinners,wlm  at- 
tended the  congress  at  Albany,  to  devise  the  best 
means  of  defendingthe  country  against  the  French. 
He  drew  up  a  plan  of  union  lor  defence  and  gene 
ral  government,  which  was  adopted  by  the  con 
gress.  It  was  however  rejected  by  the  board  of 
trade  in  England,  because  il  gave  too  much  power 
to  the  representatives  of  the  people  :  and  it  was  re- 
jected by  the  assemblies  of  the  colonies,  becaus* 
it  gave  too  much  power  to  the  president  general 
After  the  defeat  of  Braddnck  he  was  npjioinled 
colonel  of  a  regiment,  and  he  repaired  lo  the  fion- 
tiers,  and  built  a  fort. 

Higher  employments,  however,  at  length  called 
hiu  from  bii  country,  which  ha  was  daatinad  ia 


HISTORY  or    TIIK 


•tntmnr*  iin>ctually  m  iw  ■nnl  la  CniUmii 
•htiMr  ba  wh  moi  m  1797.  Th«  Uimp  aai,  bjr 
whteh  iha  Brlilih  mintiiry  wUhad  lo  hmlUartM 
iha  AinarleaiM  lo  pay  lnaa*  lo  ilia  inolhar  ooun- 
iry,  r««lvail  lliM  (ova  of  llbarljr  whicii  had  l«<l 
tlialr  (onfathtn  lo  a  cuiintrjr  »( llinl  lima  a  ila- 
■nrl  i  mill  iha  coliiniffa  riiriiiKil  n  Cnn|rru,  ihaAnl 
)ili-ii  of  wlikch  liail  baaii  coiiiinuiiiciila<l  lolliaiiihy 
Dr.  Franklin,  at  ibe  cunferancea  at  Albany,  In 
l7ol.  Tlia  wRr  llwt  waa  juil  lariiilnalail,  anil  Iha 
eixillona  maila  by  iham  In  luititorl  II,  huil  (Wen 
tlicni  a  cnnvlcllon  oflhair  atran|th ;  Ihay  oppoaaii 
llila  maaaura,  and  Iha  minlalar  ga«a  way,  duI  ha 
raacrtcd  iha  niaana  of  renawkn^  Iha  attempl. 
Onca  caullonad,  howavar,  ihcy  ramaload  on  thair 

Suiird;  llbarty,  cheriahad  by  ihalr  alarma,  look 
arpar  root  i  and  iha  rapid  circulation  of  Idaaa 
by  maana  of  nawtpapara,  for  the  Iniroduclion  of 
which,  ihay  wara  Indabted  lo  iha  printer  of  I'hi- 
ladalplila,  unilad  them  logalhcr  lo  ratlat  evary 
iraih  enierprlaa.  In  the  year  17(36,  llila  primer, 
called  lu  the  bar  of  Ilia  Iioum  of  eoiiiinoni,  uniler- 
wenl  that  famoiii  interrngalury,  which  placed  the 
name  of  Kmnklin  a*  high  In  |K>lllica,  ni  in  nalurnl 
phlloaophy.  rrnin  that  lime  he  defended  the  eaiiia 
of  America,  wiili  a  Armnaia  and  modamllon  he- 
coming  a  great  man,  pointing  out  lo  the  minia- 
try  all  the  errora  they  cominltiad,  and  the  con- 
tequeneea  they  would  produce,  till  the  period 
whan,  the  tax  on  lea  meeting  the  •tnie  oppoai- 
'.lor  aa  the  atamp  act  had  done,  Knglimd  iilind- 
U  hncled  heraelf  capable  of  auhjecting,  by  force, 
:nraa  million  of  men  determined  to  be  free,  at  a 
diaianea  of  one  thnuaand  leiiguea. 

10  1796,  ha  flailed  Holland  and  tiermany,  and 
received  (he  grealeat  marka  ol  attention  from 
menof  aeienee.  In  hie  paaaage  through  Holland, 
he  learned  from  (he  wa(erman,  (he  efl'ec(  which 
Iha  i'.minuiion  of  the  quantity  of  water  in  eanala 
haa  In  impeding  (ha  progreaa  of  boala.  Upon  hia 
mum  to  Kngland,  ha  waa  led  to  make  a  number 
•f  axparimenta,  all  of  which  tended  tocoDArm  the 
•kaaivaiion. 

In  the  ibllowing  year,  he  IraTelled  into  France, 
when  he  met  with  no  leaa  fHTourable  recepdon  (han 
he  had  eiperieneed  in  Germany.  He  waa  in(ro- 
dneed  (o  a  number  of  literary  charactera,  and  to 
the  king,  Loola  XV. 

He  relumed  to  America,  and  arrived  in  PhlU' 
4elphia  in  the  beginning  of  May,  1775.  and  waa 
raeeived  with  all  tnoae  marka  of  eateem  and  af- 
feclloii,  which  hia  eminent  aervieea  merited.  The 
day  after  hia  arriral  he  waa  elected  by  the  legia- 
luure  of  ^ennayUania,  a  member  ofCnngreai. 

Almoat  imniediaiely  on  hia  arrival  from  Eng- 
land, he  wrole  lettera  to  aome  of  hia  frienda  in 
that  country,  in  a  atrain  Alted  to  inapire  lofty  Ideaa 
of  the  virtue,  reaolutioo,  and  retourreaa  of  the  co- 
loniea.  "  All  America,"  aaid  he  to  Dr.  Priealley, 
'•  la  eiaaperaied,  and  moie  Armly  united  than  ever. 
Great  frugality  and  great  induatry  are  become 
faahiooable  hera.  Britain,  I  con-,lude,  haa  lost 
her  eoloniea  for  ever.  She  la  now  giving  us  auch 
miserable  apeciiuena  of  her  government,  that  we 
•hall  ever  detest  and  avoid  it,  aa  a  complicnlion 
of  robbery,  murder,  fair'ne,  Are,  and  peatilence. 
If  you  flatter  yourselves  with  beating  ua  into  aub- 
nlasion,  you  know  neither  thn  people  nor  the 
country.  You  will  have  heard,  before  this  reaches 
you,  of  l)ie  defeat  of  a  great  body  of  your  Iroopa 
by  ihe  country  |>eople  at  Lexington,  of  the  action 
at  Hunker  a  hill,  lie.  Enough  baa  happened,  one 
would  think,  lo  convince  your  ministera,  that  the 
Air.sricana  will  Aght,  and  that  thia  la  a  harder  nut 
to  crack  (han  they  imagined.  Britain,  at  the  ex- 
pense of  three  millions,  baa  killed  one  hundred 
and  AAy  Yankees  thia  campaign.  During  the 
same  time,  aixly  thouaaod  children  have  been  born 
in  America.  From  these  data,  the  mathematical 
head  of  our  dear  good  friend.  Dr.  Prici',  will  ea- 
sily calculate  the  time  and  expenae  neceasanr  to 
hill  ua  all,  and  conquer  our  whole  territory.  Tell 
,  aa  be  aometimea  has  his  doubts  and  despon 
I  about  our  Armneaa,  that  America  ia  deier- 
I  and  unanimoua." 

11  waa  in  tU°a  varied  toce  of  exultation,  resent 


iiMBI,  and  deAance,  that  he  privately  comunleatsd  i 
with  Europe.  The  auain  of  the  pa|*era  r«s|icci> 
Ing  Ibe  Britiah  government  and  nation,  whivh  ha 
prepared  for  Cungreaa,  was  deemed  by  hia  cul- 
league*  loo  indignant  and  vituperative  i  to  such 
a  pitch  were  his  fealioga  excited  by  the  injuries 
and  sutferings  of  his  cuuntiy,  and  so  anxious  wiia 
ha  that  the  •IrongesI  impalus  should  be  given  lo 
Ihe  national  spirii.  Ills  anger  and  hia  abhurreni-e 
wen  real  ;  ihey  endured  without  abatement  dur- 
lag  the  whole  continuance  of  the  ayslam  wblcli 
provoked  them  i  they  wore  a  complexion  which 
lendeied  il  im|ioaaible  lo  mistake  them  for  the  off- 
spring of  |)ersonal  pique  or  conBlitutlonal  iirilabi- 
lily  ;  they  had  avinJictlva  power,  a  corrosive  en. 
argv,  proportioned  lo  Ibe  weight  of  hia  eharaciar, 
and  the  dignity  of  Ihe  aeDllinanu  from  which  they 
aprung. 

It  waa  In  this  year  that  Dr.  Franklin  addressed 
that  memorable  and  laconic  epistle  to  his  old  friend 
and  eompaniun,  Mr.  Striihan,  then  king'a  primer, 
and  member  of  the  Hriiiih  parliaiiieot,  of  which 
the  following  is  a  correct  copy,  and  of  which  a 
fiic-simile  is  given  in  the  last  and  iiiOKt  correct 
addition  of  bis  works : 

Philadelphia,  July  I,  177.V 
Ma.  STaAHAif, 

You  are  a  member  of  parliament,  and  one  of  that 
majority  which  has  doomed  my  country  to  destruc- 
tlun.— You  have  begun  to  burn  our  towns,  and 
murder  our  people. — Look  U|)on  your  hands  .'^ 
I'hey  are  slained  with  the  blood  of  your  relatione! 
You  and  1  were  long  friends !— You  are  now  my 
enemy,  and  1  am,  Yours, 

B.  FRANKLIN. 

In  October,  1775,  Dr.  Franklin  was  appointed 
by  Congress,  jointly  with  Mr.  Hairison  and  Mi 
Lynch,  a  committee  to  vialt  the  American  camp 
at  Cambridge,  and,  in  conjunction  with  the  com- 
mander Id  cnlef,  (Qeneral  Washington,)  to  endea- 
vour lo  convince  the  troops,  whose  term  of  enlist- 
ment waa  about  to  expire,  of  the  necessity  of  theii 
cootinuing  in  the  Aeld,  and  peraevering  in  the 
cauae  of  their  eonnlry. 

He  waa  afterwarda  sent  on  a  mlaaion  to  Canada, 
to  endeavour  to  unite  thai  country  to  the  common 
cause  of  liberty.  But  the  Canadiana  could  not  be 
prevailed  upon  to  oppoae  the  meaaurea  of  the  Brl 
tiah  government. 

It  waa  directed  that  a  printing  apparatus,  and 
baoda  competent  to  print  In  French  and  English, 
abould  accompany  thia  mission.  Two  papen  were 
written  and  circulated  very  extensively  through 
Canada ;  but  it  was  not  until  after  the  experiment 
had  been  tried,  that  it  waa  found  not  more  than  one 
person  in  Ave  hundred  could  read.  Dr.  Franklin 
was  accuatomed  to  make  Ihe  best  of  every  occur- 
ence, and  auggested,  that  If  it  were  intended  to 
send  another  mission,  it  should  be  a  mission  com 
posed  of  achoolmaslera. 

He  waa,  in  1776,  appointed  a  committee,  with 
John  Adams  and  Edward  Rutledge,  to  inquire 
into  the  powera  with  which  lord  Howu  waa  invest- 
ed in  regard  to  the  adjuatmeni  of  our  diflTerencea 
with  Great  Britain.  When  hia  lordship  expressed 
hia  concern  at  being  obliged  to  distress  those  whom 
he  so  much  regarded.  Dr.  Franklin  assured  him, 
that  the  Americans,  out  of  reciprocal  regard, 
would  endeavour  to  lessen,  aa  much  aa  possible, 
the  pain  which  he  might  feel  on  their  account,  by 
taking  the  utmost  care  of  themselves.  In  the  dis- 
cussion of  the  great  question  of  independence,  he 
was  decidedly  in  favour  of  the  measure. 

Id  July,  1776,  he  waa  called  to  add  to  hia  fede- 
ral dullea,  (hose  of  president  of  a  convention  held 
at  Philadelphia,  for  Ihe  purpose  of  giving  a  new 
constitution  to  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,.  The 
unbounded  conAdence  reposed  in  his  sagacity  and 
wisdom.  Induced  the  convention  lo  adopt  his  fa- 
vourite theory  of  apinral  executive  and  single  le- 
gislature,  which  the  experience  of  modem  tiinea 
aa  justly  brought  into  diarepute.  It  may  be  aaid 
to  be  the  only  instance  in  which  he  rherished  a  spe' 
culatlon  that  experimeDt  would  not  conArm. 


Fianklin  early  conjaeturad  that  It  would  beeoiM 
necessary  fur  America  to  apply  to  aome  forelga 
|M>wer  lor  asssiaianoe.  To  prefNire  the  w.iy  f>»r 
this  slap,  and  asoartain  the  probnblliMr  of  ha  sue- 
cess,  Jie  hud,  towards  the  r lose  of  075,  opened, 
uiidri  the  sanction  of  Congress,  a  cirre»|Hiiii|»nce 
Willi  llulliuid,  which  ho  managed  with  iidMiiiiible 
juilgineni,  as  may  ba  iierceivriTby  his  leliM  In  Mr 
DuniHs,  of  Anislerdani  of  December.  17Vli,  ron- 
laiiicd  In  the  Afth  volume  of  Ihe  Ai  lerioan  edilluu 
of  his  works.  Whan  al  the  and  of  1776,  our  af. 
falls  had  assumed  ao  threatening  an  aspect,  the 
liopea  of  Congrass  were  naturally  turned  lo  Europe, 
and  (o  France  particularly,  ibainvetaraie  and  moal 
nowcrful  rival  of  England.  Every  eye  rested  oa 
Franklin  aa  a  providential  lastrameal  fur  sustain- 
ing the  American  cause  abroad  |  and  though  he 
had  repeatedly  sigiiiAed  from  Londun,  his  deter- 
minalion  lo  revisit  Kuro|ie  no  more,  yet,  having 
coiisecralod  himself  anew  lu  the  punull  of  natlua. 
al  inde|M)ndence,  he  accepted  without  hesllatioDi 
in  his  seventy-Arst  year,  the  ap|Hiinimeiit  of  eon^ 
missiooer  plenlpoleiiii»ry  to  Ihe  cojrt  of  Franca. 

lie  wished,  iHirlly  with  a  view  lo  proteel  Mi 
person.  In  case  ol  captiiie  on  ihe  voyage  aeroae 
the  Atlantic,  lo  carry  with  him  propoaitlena  for 
(leace  with  England,  and  submitted  to  the  secral 
comniittf  e  of  Congress,  a  scries  of  aiticles,  wbiell 
his  grandson  has  published.  We  are  especially 
struck  with  that  one  of  them  which  asks  Ihe  ces 
sion  to  the  United  Staiea,  of  Canada,  Nova  8co 
tia,  the  Floridas,  dec.  ;  and  the  explanation  an 
nexed  to  Ibe  article  by  this  long  sighted  staieaman, 
ia  not  a  Utile  remarkable.  "  U  ia  worth  our  while 
to  uH'er  such  a  sum  -^—  for  the  countries  lo  be 
ceded,  since  the  vacant  landa  will  in  time  sell  for 
a  great  part  of  what  we  aball  give,  if  not  mora ; 
and  if  we  are  to  obtain  them  by  oonqueat,  after 
perhaiM  a  long  war,  they  will  probably  cost  ua 
more  than  that  sum.  It  ia  abaolutely  necesaary 
lor  us  to  have  them  for  our  owa  security  i  and 
though  the  aum  mn"  jeein  large  to  the  prcaeni 
generation,  in  less  ih.n  half  Ihe  term  of  yeara  al- 
lowed for  their  payment,  it  will  be  lo  the  whole 
United  Statea  a  mere  trifle."  Who  does  not,  o: 
raading  thia  paaaage,  recollect  with  gratitude,  ai . 
feel  disposed  to  honour  aa  a  maater-alroire,  ihe  nur 
chase  of  Louisiana,  acoompllsbed  by  FrankilD'a 
successor  in  the  mission  to  France  F 

In  the  month  of  October.  1776,  our  philosopher 
set  sail  on  thia  eventful  mlMlon,  having  Ant  da. 
poaltcdin  the  handa  of  Congreaa,  all  Ihe  money  ha 
could  raiae,  between  three  and  four  thouaand 
pounds,  aa  a  demonatration  of  hia  conAdence  ia 
their  cause,  aod  an  locenlive  for  those  who  migb 
be  able  lo  assist  It  in  Ihe  same  way.  Ilia  paaaage 
to  France  waa  abort,  but  extremely  boiattniua 
During  aome  part  of  the  month  of  December,  be 
remained  at  the  country  aeat  of  an  opulent  friewt 
of  America,  Id  Ibe  neighbourhood  ofNanta,  In  -.t- 
derto  recover  from  the  faliguea  of  the  voyage,  „ad 
lo  ascertain  the  posture  of  Americau  aflaira  at 
Paris,  before  be  approached  that  capital.  With 
his  usual  sound  discretion  he  forebore  to  asaume, 
at  the  moment,  any  public  character,  that  he  migbl 
not  embarraaa  the  court  which  il  waa  hia  provlncn 
to  conciliate,  nor  aubject  the  mission  to  (he  haxaril 
of  a  diagraceful  repulse. 

From  the  civilities  with  which  be  was  lo  aded  by 
the  gentry  ofNanta,  and  the  surrounding  country, 
and  the  lively  aatlsfaclion  with  which  ihey  appear 
ed  to  view  his  supposed  errand,  he  drew  auguries 
that  animated  him  in  the  discharge  of  his  Arst  du- 
ties at  Paria.  The  reception  given  to  him  and  hie 
colleagues,  by  M.  de  Vergennes,  the  niioistei  for 
foreign  affaira,  at  the  private  audience  to  which 
they  were  admitted,  towarda  the  end  of  December, 
was  of  a  nature  to  strengthen  his  patriotic  ho|ies, 
and  eminently  to  gratify  bis  perennal  feelings. 
The  particular  policy  of  the  French  cnbinei  did 
not  admit,  at  this  period,  of  a  formal  recngnitinn 
of  the  American  commiasioners.  Franklin  ab- 
stained from  preasing  ameaaurefor  whii'h  circum- 
stances were  not  ripe,  but  urged,  without  delay,  ia 
an  orgumeDtative  memorial,  Ihrprayei  of  C(ii||reM 
for  lubaiRDtial  ■Ui-couit. 


L 


VNITKD   STATES. 


d  lliiit  li  would  batoiM 
ppljr  lu  MniM  fiiiatga 
|ir«|Hini  III*  w.iy  |'>ir 
prubiibiliMr  of  Mi  lufl- 
lun  uf  B76,  opanml, 
•M,  n  e«rm|Mtiiil*nct 
iniagid  »Mh  iHliiiiiiihl* 
ltd  by  III*  Ivllri  lo  Mr 
DcRcmbar.  17V(i,  ron- 
rilic  Ai  irriciin  cilillub 
tiid  o(  1776.  our  if- 
Kning  in  aiptel.  ihr 
nil*  luriwdlo  Enrupa, 
iha  Invtlarale  and  inoal 
Evary  ajra  raiiad  oa 
iilrumaol  for  tutlaln- 
road  I  and  ihouiih  ha 
m  Londun,  lila  tlciar< 
no  more,  yci,  havlnH 
itha  punuli  ofnalion- 
ed  wiihoul  haitlatlon, 
apiHiliiimaiii  of  com- 
ihaco'jrtol'Franc*. 
vlaw  lo  protael  Ml 
on  iha  voyaia  aeroaa 
hint  propoaillona  fof 
ibmliied  to  Iha  aaeral 
iriaa  of  atllcle*,  wbieli 
.  Wa  ara  etpaclally 
m  which  atka  iha  eaa 
r  Canada,  No«a  8ca 

I  Iha  axplanalion  an 
ong  tig  hied  alaiaanian, 
"  It  ii  worth  our  whlla 
>r  ihe  counlriei  lo  ba 
da  wdl  In  lime  lell  for 

II  give,  if  not  more; 
m  by  oonoueal,  alter 
will  probably  coal  ua 
I  abiolulaly  neceaaary 
urown  arcurilyi  and 

large  to  Ihe  preaani 
the  term  of  veara  at- 
will  be  lo  the  whole 
'  Who  doea  not,  o; 
let  with  graliiude,  at . 
i)a*ier-«lro|re,the  pur 
{iliahed  by  Kraokiln'a 
'rapcef 

1770,  our  philoaophai 

lion,  having  Aral  da- 

reaa,  all  the  money  ha 

and    four  thouaand 

of  bia  conAdenca  Is 

for  thoao  who  mlgb 

le  way.     Ilia  paiaagt 

ixtremehr  boiit»rQu* 

•nih  of  l)ecember.  ba 

ofnn  opulent  frienit 

'hood  orNanti,ln  :t- 

ei  of  the  voyage,  und 

American  aflaira  u 

thnt  capital.     With 

forebore  to  aaaume, 

meter,  thai  he  might 

h  it  waa  hi*  provlncn 

uisaion  to  Ihe  liaaaril 

ich  he  waa  lo  nded  by 
lurrounding  country, 
tt  which  they  appear 
d,  he  drew  nuguriea 
barge  of  his  first  du- 
given  lo  him  and  his 
ics,  the  niinislei  for 

oudience  to  whirh 
lie  end  of  Decrmber, 

his  patriotic  hopes, 
>  peraniial  feelings. 
French  cnbinei  did 

formal  recognition 
■nera.  Franklin  ab- 
'e  for  whirh  circuin. 
)d,  without  delay,  la 
irpiaveicfCcogreal 


ilUlnry  jirraeni*  no  other  ease  In  which  the 
(ilri^au  nf  a  |MopU  Hbriind  dailvsd  so  much  as- 
laiill^il,  illrarl  alil  I'riim  Ilia  auspices  of  an  Indlvl- 
diiiil;  there  Is  no  olhitr  Insliinca  ol'a  coiicurranca 
of  i|iinlilies  In  a  niillnnal  missionary,  so  full  and 
of'|N)rliine.  Koraigii  nssisiance  liml  bttcnnie.  n*  ll 
Wiis  lliouiihl,  inilis|iensiiblii  for  llie  rtscu*  of  llie 
colonies  I  I  ranta  wna  the  only  siifflrliinl  auallaryt 
and  by  hrr  Iniorvanllon,  ami  iha  iiillueiK'as  of  her 
capitis  I  alone,  could  any  couiilaiiuni:e  or  supplies 
b«  eafieoied  from  any  oilier  Kuro|iean  jiuwer. 
Ilcr  court,  though  niitnrally  anxious  for  llie  dia- 
membermenl  of  iha  Hrilish  empire,  shrunk  from 
the  risks  of  a  war  i  and  could  be  pievenled  from 
alagnatlng  In  Irreaolulion  only  by  a  strong  currant 
of  public  opinion  I  Her  people,  already  louehad 
by  Iha  enusas  and  moilves  of  Ihe  colonial  alruggia, 
required,  however,  some  striking.  Immediate  cir- 
cumstance, lo  ha  excited  lo  a  clamorous  sym|iKiby. 
It  waa  from  Paris,  iIimi  ihe  impulse  necessary  lo 
foster  ami  fruelifv  ibis  usefulenlhusiasni  waa  lo  be 
received,  as  well  by  the  whole  Kuioiieiin  continent 
as  by  the  masa  of  the  French  nation.  At  tliv 
lime  when  Franklin  appeared  In  Paris,  the  men 
of  leltera  and  of  aciance  possessed  a  remarkable 
ascendancy  over  all  movement  and  judgment ; 
they  gava  the  lone  lo  genetal  opinion,  and  con 
tributad  to  deelda  mlnlalerlal  policy.  Fashion,  loo, 
had  no  Ineonaidarable  abate  In  moulding  public 
sentlmani,  and  regulating  events ;  and  at  this 
epoch,  beyond  any  olhar.  It  waa  determined,  and 
liable  to  b«  kindled  Into  paaalon,  by  anamaloua,  or 
fanciful  external  appearancaa,  however  trivial  In 
ihemaelvea,  and  moral  aaaoclatloDa  of  an  olevaied 
or  romantic  eaal. 

Obaarving  iba  predllieilon  of  the  people  of 
France  for  iba  American  cause,  the  rapid  dilTusion 
of  a  lively  sympathy  over  the  whole  contineot,  ihe 
devotion  of  the  ll'erory  and  faablonable  circlea  of 
Paris  lo  bla  ouiecta,  the  diligent  prepamtlona  for 
war  made  dally  in  France,  and  Iba  froien  meln  of 
all  the  continental  powera  towarda  Ureat  Britain, 
Franklin  did  not  allow  himself  lo  be  diacournged 
by  llie  reserve  of  the  court'  of  Vera.iillea ;  and,  in 
order  to  counteract  ita  natural  effect,  and  that  of 
other  advarae  appearancaa  upon  the  resolution  of 
bis  countrymen,  be  emphatically  detailed  those 
circumstances  in  hia  correspondence  with  Ame- 
rica ;  adding,  at  the  same  time,  accounia  of  the 
lomealic  embarraaameols,  and  growing  deapalr  of 
the  enemy. 

When  Ihe  nawa  of  the  aurrender  of  Burgoyne 
reached  France  in  October,  1777,  and  produced 
there  an  explosion  of  public  opinion,  he  seized 
upon  Ihe  auspieloua  crisis,  lo  make  his  decisive 
enbrt,  b*  urging  the  most  peiauasivu  motives  for 
a  formal  recognition  and  alliance.  The  epoch  of 
Ihe  treaty  concluded  with  the  court  of  Versailles, 
en  Ihe  6tn  of  February,  1778,  la  one  of  the  most 
splendid  in  bla  dauling  career. 

In  conjunction  with  Mr.  John  Adams,  Mr.  Jay, 
and  Mr.  Laurena,  he  signed  the  provisioniil  arii 
cles  of  peace,  Nov.  30,  1782,  and  the  definitive 
Irenly,  September  30,  1783.  While  he  wna  in 
France,  he  waa  nppointed  one  of  Ihe  commission 
<!rs  to  examine  Mesme''s  animal  magnetism.     In 

1784,  being  desirnua  nf  reiuruing  to  hia  native 
<ouniiy,  be  reoueated  that  an  ambassador  might 
be  appointed  in  bia  place,  and  on  tlie  arrival  of  his 
successor,  Mr.  Jefferson,  be  immediately  sailed 
Air  Philadelphia,  where  he  arrived  in  September, 

1785.  He  waa  received  with  universal  applause, 
lod  waa  aoon  appointed  president  of  the  supreme 
executive  council.  In  1787,  he  was  a  delegate  to 
the  grand  convention,  which  formed  thecnnstilu- 
lion  of  the  United  States.  In  this  convention  he 
had  differed  In  some  points  from  Ihe  majority,  but 
»laen  the  articles  were  ultimately  decreed,  he  aaid 
ie  his  colleagues,  "  We  ought  lo  have  but  one 
opininn  ;lhe  good  ofourcountry  requires  that  the 
neolution  should  be  unanimous ;"  and  be  signed. 

On  the  17th  of  April,  1790  in  the  eighty-fourth 
year  of  bis  age,  be  expired,  1 1  the  city  of  Phila- 
delphia; encountering  this  last  solemn  conflict, 
*Kh  the  aaioe  philosophical  tranquility  and  pious 
ra*i|iiation  to  the  wilt  of  heaveui  which  had  di»- 


tlngiilsliad  him  Ibrough  all  the  various  avenia  of 
bia  life. 

lie  was  inltrrad  on  the  lilsl  of  April,  and  Con- 
gress ordered  a  general  monrnliig  fur  him 
Ihiougbout  Ainailca,  uf  one  month.  In  France, 
llie  'ixpieasioii  of  public  grief  waa  scarcely  less 
snlliuainsllc.  There  the  event  waa  solaninlxed, 
undnr  the  direction  of  the  munlcl|Nilily  of  Paris, 
'>y  funeriil  urullons,  and  the  national  assembly, 
Ills  deiiili  lining  announced  In  a  very  eloquent,  and 
putbettc  discourse,  decreed,  that  each  of  ihe  mem' 
bars  should  wear  mourning  fur  three  days,  "  In 
commemurallon  of  the  event  ("  and  i hat  a  latter 
of  condolence,  for  the  Irreparable  luas  they  bad 
sustained,  should  be  directed  lolhe  Ameiican  con- 
gress. Honours  extremely  glorious  lo  his  memory, 
and  such,  it  haa  been  remarked,  as  were  never  be- 
t'ure  |>ald  by  any  public  body  ol  one  nation,  lo  Ihe 
ciliaer  of  Hnullier. 

He  lies  burled  In  the  nnrtb-wesi  corner  of 
Christ  church-yard  ;  distinguished  from  the  sur- 
rounding dead,  by  the  huinilily  of  his  sepulchre. 
He  Is  covered  by  a  small  murble  slab,  on  a  level 
with  the  surface  nf  Ihe  earth  t  and  bearing  the 
single  inscilpllon  of  bis  name,  with  that  of  his 
wile.  A  niunumeni  sufRcienlly  cniresponding  to 
the  plainness  uf  hia  manners,  little  suitable  to  the 
splendour  of  his  virtues. 

He  bad  two  children,  a  son  and  a  daughter,  and 
several  grand-children,  who  aurvlved  liim.  The 
son,  who  had  been  governor  nf  New  Jeraey,  un- 
der the  British  government,  adhered,  during  Ihe 
revolution,  lu  the  n.yal  pnriy,  and  s|ient  the  rC' 
mainderof  hia  life  in  England.  The  daughter 
married  Mr.  Baclie,  of  Philadelphia,  whose  de 
scendants  yet  reside  in  that  city. 

Fianklin  enjoyed,  during  the  greater  part  of  hia 
life,  a  hralihy  conatltution,  and  excelled  in  exer 
cises  of  kirenglh  and  activiiy.  In  alature.  be  was 
abuve  Ihe  middle  aize,  manly,  athletic,  and  well 
proportioned.  His  countenance,  na  it  Is  repre- 
sented in  his  portrait,  is  dialinguislied  by  an  air  of 
serenity  and  satisfaction  ;  the  natural  consennen- 
ces  of  a  vigorous  temperament,  of  atrengtn  of 
mind,  and  conscious  integrity ;  It  la  also  marked, 
in  visible  characters,  by  deep  thought  and  ioflexi' 
ble  resolution. 


Ooctcr  Fianklin,  Nllas  l)*ane,  awl  Arthur  Lm). 
having  randexvuused  at  Paris,  on  lheSt8ilio|i*nM 
Iheir  business  In  a  privali  aiidieni-s  wiih  count  dn 
Vergannes.  The  congress  could  not  liiive  applied 
lo  the  court  uf  France  under  mora  favourable  dr. 
cunislancrs.  The  throne  waa  filled  by  a  prince  In 
Ihe  dower  nf  his  age,  and  animated  wIlli  ll;e  de- 
sire uf  rendering  hi*  mign  illustrious.  Count  dt 
Vergennes  was  not  lesa  remarkable  for  exiensiv* 
(Miliiical  knowledge,  than  for  true  greatness  uf 
mind.  He  had  grown  old  In  the  bablta  of  govern- 
Mem,  and  waa  oonvloead  thai  couquoals  ar*  neither 
ibaauresi  nor  lira  ahortaai  way  lo  aubstantial  fame. 
Ha  knew  full  w«ll  that  no  success  In  war,  how< 
ever  brllllanl,  could  ao  efTaelually  promola  the  —- 
curlly  of  France,  aa  tha  emanclpallon  of  the  colo- 
nies of  her  ancient  rival.  II*  bad  Iha  auperior 
wladoiii  lo  discern,  that  there  war*  no  present  ad- 
vaniaKcs  lo  be  obtained  by  unequal  lenns,  ihal 
wnulil  com|iensale  for  those  lasting  beneflla  which 
were  likely  lo  flow  from  u  kind  and  ganeroua  be- 
ginning. Instead  of  grasping  at  loo  much,  or  ta- 
king any  advaniagea  of  ihe  humble  situation  of  tb« 
invaded  coloniea,  ba  aimed  at  nothing  mora  than, 
by  kind  and  generoua  terma  to  a  dialreaaed  coun- 
try. In  per|)etuaie  the  aeparation  which  had  already 
taken  place  between  the  component  parte  of  an 
empire,  from  the  union  of  which  hi*  sovereign  hail 
much  to  fear. 

Truly  ditncult  waa  the  line  of  conduct,  which  tha 
real  Interest  of  the  oatlon  required  of  the  ministers  ol 
hi*  Mott  Christian  Majesty.  A  haughty  reaerve 
would  have  discouraged  the  Americans.  An  o|ien 
receptlon.or  even  •  legal  counlananc*  of  their  depu- 
ties migbl  have  alarmed  the  rulera  of  Ureal  Brit- 
ain, and  disposed  them  to  a  eompromlaa  with  Iheir 
coloniea,  or  bav3  brought  on  an  immediate  rupluie 
between  France  and  England.  A  middle  line,  aa 
preferable  lo  either,  waa  Iberofore  pursued.  Whilst 
the  French  govemroeni  (1777)  prohibited,  threat- 
ened, and  even  puniahed  the  Americans  ;  pri- 
vate peraona  encouraged,  supplied,  and  supported 
them.  Prudenca,  ai  well  as  policy  required,  thai 
France  should  not  be  over-baaty,  in  openly  espous- 
ing their  cause.  She  was  by  no  means  fit  fur  wai. 
From  the  alale  of  her  navy,  and  the  condition  of 
her  foieign  trade,  ahe  waa  vulnerable  on  every  aid*. 
The  whole  life  of  Franklin,  hia  meditationa  and'Hcr  Iradrngpcople  draaded  the  thougbiaofawaf 
his  labours,  have  all  been  directed  to  public  utili- '  with  Qreat  Britain,  aa  they  would  thereby  be  ex- 
ty;  but  the  grand  obiect  that  be  had  alway  a  in '.posed  lo  great  losses.  These  eonslderoliuii*  vrrs 
view,  did  not  shut  bis  heart  againal  private  friend- {atrenglbcned  from  another  qutrter.  The  p«ic( 


ship  ;  he  loved  bit  family,  and  hie  friends,  and  wa* 
extremely  beneficent.  In  society  he  was  senten- 
tious, but  not  fluent ;  a  listener  rather  than  a  talk- 
er ;  an  informing  rather  than  a  pleaaing  companion : 
impatient  of  inierruplion,  he  often  mentioned  the 
custom  uf  the  Indians,  who  always  remain  silent 
some  time  before  they  give  an  anawer  to  a  quoa- 
lioii,  which  ihe^  have  heard  attentively;  unlike 
some  of  the  politeal  aocieties  in  Europe,  where  a 
sentence  can  acarcely  be  Aniahed  without  Inter- 
ruption. In  Ihe  midst  of  his  greatest  occupations 
for  Ihe  liberty  of  hi*  country,  he  had  some  physi- 
cal cxperlineut*  alwaya  near  bira  in  bis  closet ; 
and  llie  sciences,  which  he  rather  discovered  than 
atudled,alTarded  biro  acoDlinual  aource  of  pleasure. 
He  made  varioua  bequest*  and  donation*  lo  cilie*, 
public  bodies,  and  Individuals. 

The  fullowing  epitaph  was  written  by  Dr.  Frank- 
lin, for  himiell^  when  he  was  only  .wenty-tbree 
years  of  age,  aa  appeara  by  tlie  original  (with  vz- 
rioua  correctiona)  found  among  hia  papera,  an: 
from  which  this  is  a  faithful  copy. 
"  The  body  of 
BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN, 

PRlllTER, 

(Like  the  cover  of  an  old  book. 

Its  contents  torn  out. 

And  atript  of  its  lettering  and  gilding,) 

Liea  here,  food  for  worms  : 

But  the  work  shall  not  be  lost. 

For  it  will  (a*  he  believed)  appear  once  more, 

In  a  new,  and  more  elegant  edition, 

Revised  and  corrected 

THE  Aui'HOR," 


Europe  waa  *uppo*ed  to  be  unetabh,  froica  pr*' 
vailing  belief,  that  the  speedy  death  of  ihe  elector 
of  Bavaria  was  an  event  extremely  probable.  But 
the  principal  reason  which  Induced  a  delay,  was  nn 
opinion  that  the  dispute  between  the  mother  coun- 
try and  the  colonies  would  be  compromised.  Willi- 
in  the  thirteen  years  immediately  preceding,  twice 
bad  the  contested  claims  of  t,:e  two  coui<lriea 
brought  mattera  to  the  vurgo  of  extrcinily.  Tulce 
had  the  guardian  genius  of  both  inler|Nis«il,  and  re- 
united them  in  the  bonds  oflnve  and  alfeclion.  ll 
was  feared  by  the  aagacious  ministry  of  Fraiici . 
that  Ihe  preient  rupture  would  terminate  in  III): 
same  manner.  These  wise  obseivers  of  human 
nature  apprehended,  that  their  loo  eaily  inter- 
ference would  favour  a  reconciliation,  and  that  liiit 
reconciled  rarlles  would  direct  their  united  force 
against  the  French,  aa  the  disturbers  of  ihir  do- 
mestic tianquility.  It  had  not  yet  entered  into  the 
heartsof  the  French  nation,  that  it  was  possible 
or  the  British  American  colonists,  to  join  with  their 
ancient  enemies  against  iheir  late  friends. 

At  this  period,  Congres*  did  not  co  much  ex|iect 
any  direct  aid  from  France,  as  the  indirect  relict 
of  a  war  between  that  country  and  Great  Briiaiii. 
To  subserve  this  design,  they  resolved  that  "ibeii 
commissioners  at  tho  court  of  Fnnce  should  bn 
furnished  with  warranta  and  commiaaions,  and  au- 
thorised to  arm  and  fit  for  war  In  the  French  popy, 
any  number  of  veasels,  not  exceeding  six,  at  thu 
expense  of  the  United  State*,  to  war  upon  British 
property ;  provided  they  were  aatisfied  this  mea- 
sure would  not  be  diaagreeable  to  the  couit  of 
France."  This  reeolation  waa  carried  into  effect « 
and  in  thp  jtu  1777,  mariiie  officer*,  with  Awf*  i 


IllHTORY    OV    Til  K 


•itu  commtMlun*,  buili  miI*iI  out uC  l>'r»nili  |Nirii, 
mmI  viirtvil  |irlii*i  ol'  UrItUh  iiruparly  tiilo  lliviii. 
Tlivy  I'liiilil  iiul  |>iui'iiri>llirir  I'liiiiloiiiiiiiiluii  iiillin 
rniiri*iil  Kriinrr,  imr  nrll  llinii  inililiily  t  liiil  llii'ji 
nrvDrllirli'a*  IimiimI  wii^<  uiiiI  liiriiiiii  In  liini  lliviii 
llilii  iniinrv.  'I'lin  riiiiiiii.iliilrit  ul'  llirva  vraola 
Mrrrr  »iMiiviline*  |MliiUli>*il  hji  itiilliottly,  In  |ilriiai< 
llir  Kii|illalii  hnl  Ihry  wtro  ulliincr  c;irrM«il  Iruiii 
miiillirr  i|iiitit«r,  li>  |i|ritaa  lh«  Am* rtrnna, 

Wliilf  |iriviii)<  ii||i<iiia  (Ml  lli«  |iiirl  iillhii  l/iilltil 
Butrcwi'rD  tiiilfitvnuitiig  Id  omtiroll  iIm  iwu  mi 
Ituiia,  lli)<  AiiifriiMii  I'liiniiiUaiuiinn  wria  iirnliiK 
ill*  inililalrrii  id' liia  iiiiial  Clirialiiin  Miijrat"  loiii- 
ct|il  llin  Irriily  |iri)|Hiaril  hy  ('imitriaa.  '{'dry  ri> 
CVivr.l  iiaaiiiiiiii'ra  ul'llie  kimiiI  walira  uf  llin  I'Olirl 
nl  Kiuiic*  t  ImiI  wti*  Iriiiii  limit  in  lliiir  iiiliirnicil, 
lliil  lliv  liii|Hii>uiil  Iriiniuctiiiiia  rmiiilrril  liiiilii-r 
riiiiKiilrniiliiii,  mill  wcia  riijiiiiinl  iii  nbarrvr  ilii- 
iiiiiai  |iriiliiiiiiil  a«cr»i'y.  Miiilora  ri'inilnnl  liiilna 
lliirliiiiiiiiK  aliiirrniiii  Dtrriiilii'r  177(1,  till  Drri'iii- 
brr  1777.  I'liviiliriiruiiriitfaiiii'iit  :iiiil  imlilir  ilia- 
cuunlciiiiiire  waia  iilieriiiitril  i  lull  liiilli  •iiil'*il  us- 
t'liiiiiiig  III  Ilia  cnm|ilr<iliin  of  iii'wa  rrniii  Aiiiriicii. 
'I'lir  ilrCenl  un  l<iill,t  laliinl,  llir  ri-iiiirliiiii  iirNrw 
Yurk,  Hiid  Ilia  ir.ilii  ul'  illaiialruiia  rvriila  In  177(1, 
uliirli  llNire  iilrraily bepniiiriillnnril,  aniik  llircrp 
Jll  u(  (lie  Aiiii'iiciina  vrry  Inw,  himI  ubiilpil  iiiiiuli 
ul'  ilia  niillnniil  iinlnur  fnr  llirir  aiiiiiMirl.  Tlivir 
iUl>aci|lii'ntaui'c«aaiia  ill  'rmilon  iiiiil  I'tliicetniii'l' 
iKcitil  lliaaa  lMi|irraainn»,  uiiil  rrkiiiJIvil  iii'tivH  xral 
ill  iliair  brliall'.  'I'lie  cnpliiin  nl  liurxnyn«  llxvil 
llli'aa  waTttrlng  |Nilillca.  The  aiii'craa  nf  llir 
Aiiifrli'iiiia,  III  iliii  fiiiiiiiiilKii  ttl't777,  plm^pil  ihiiin 
iiii  lilitli  urnuiiil,  Tii«ir  niiinily  liml  (iinvnl  ila«ll 
rni-iiililiilila  In  Driliiln,  iinil  llieii  l'rlrMil>lii|i  bririiiiie 
ilfoniilile  In  Kruncr.  Iliivln)t  lirlpoil  llieiiiaalvaa, 
llicy  rnuiid  il  leai  lillTlcull  lnubi<ilii  litlp  rruin  otii- 
am.  The  amiie  iiilvreat,  which  hiiherlo  hml  di- 
rpi'leillhecnuil  ul'  Krniicelo  iitein|MirlainK  (Htlicy, 
now  icquliad  dri'iaive  cnnducl.  Prevjoua  delay  hiid 
liivniired  (he  diimaiiiliernicut  of  the  eiii|iir«  :  bin 
iHrtlier  prnvrHaliiiiilinii  bid  I'uir  lo  prumnle  miriiai 
aiii'li  u  leileriilitllluncr  nl'lhediajuhiled  piirta ul'llie 
Hiiiiah  riii|iin>,  iia  wunid  b«  no  leaa  hualile  lu  llie 
Inlareala  III  KrHHca,  ihin  ii  re-uninn  ul' ila  leveril 
iwrta.  The  newa  ufllie  capltiilminn  nf  SHral'igH 
I'ffached  Knincs  vrry  auily  in  Deermber,  1777, 
The   American  depuiiea  look  ihni  op|Hirliinily  In 

Crra*  fnr  an  iicceptanca  o(  llie  Irciily,  which  had 
ei^ii  under  ennaideriiinn  fur  (he  prevedinif  twelve 
iliniithf.  Tha  I'lplure  nf  llurvoyne'i  iiriiiy  cnii- 
«tnced  ilia  Krrnch|lli»llhe  o|i|Hiaj(innurilse  Aiiie- 
rkuiia  In  llrtnl  Hiilnin  wna  nol  llic  wnrk  of  ii  lew 
men  whu  had  Kiillen  [lower  in  llieir  h.iniU,  bill  ul' 
the  great  budy  ofthe  |ienple ;  and  waa  likely  In 
be  Anally  aiicceaal'ul.  Il  waa  lliereruro  deicrniiiied 
lu  Hike  them  by  the  hand,  and  publicly  lu  capuuae 
their  laiiae. 

'I'he  cnmniiaainiieranrr'nngrcaann  the  l(!tli  De- 
eeiiilier,  1777,  were  inrnnmtd  by  .Mr.  (Jerard,  uiie 
ul'tlie  aecreiariea  iil'ihe  king'a  cnuncil  ul'  atalc 
"iImi  It  waa  di'cidcd  m  ai.'kiiowli'ili(elhe  indepen- 
dciire  III' the  L'niled  tSlalea,  and  lu  make  a  Irualy 
with  iliein;  that  In  the  trr.'.iiy  nn  advaiitaKo  wmiid 
be  liken  nl' their  aitualinn,  in  obtain  leriiia  whicli 
ollirrwise.  It  wniild  mil  be  convi'iilHiil  lor  them  In 
nQiee  m;  that  Ilia  Muat  Ohrmllan  .Mujeaty  dcMlred 
the  treaty  nni-e  made  aliuiiM  be  durable,  and  their 
iiliilly  In  anliHiat  fnrever,  which  cunid  nol  !in  ex- 
pected, ifeiicli  natinn  did  not  find  an  interest  in  ila 
:oniinn»iirc,  a«  well  iia  In  ita  cuininenceinenl.  It 
wna  therefore  intended,  that  the  terms  of  the  ireaty 
ahould  he  auch  ai  the  new  funned  atateawuiibl  be 
willing  to  agree  lu,  if  they  had  been  long  aince 
eaiabllahrd,  and  In  the  fnllneaa  of  atrenglh  and 
power,  and  auch  as  they  ahonid  approve  when  llint 
lime  ahnuld  come;  that  hia  most  chriatian  majes- 
ty was  fixed  in  his  delerininniinn  nut  onlv  lo  ac- 
knotrledte,  but  lo  support  (heir  independence ; 
thai  in  doing  this  he  m'  ;lit  probably  soon  be  en- 
gaged in  a  war ;  yet  hi  should  not  ex|iect  any 
compensation  from  the  bnited  States  on  that  ac- 
count. Nor  WHS  it  pretended  thru  he  acted  wholly 
lor  their  sakes,  since  besides  his  real  good  will  lu 
iliein,  il  waa  manifestly  ihe  interest  of  Fnince, 
liM  the  powmroffio^ad  abould  be  diminished, 


^y  the  saiMnlltMl  oflM  eelMltaa  trmn   iia  govern- 1 
llieiit.     The  nnly  aomlllitin  Iia  aliuiilil  ipr|nirr,  and 


How  far  ihia  Interlarama  nf  iha  aiiuil  of  rrmoi 
r,in  be  jnatilird  by  the  laws  uf  iialiuiia,  il  la  iiul  ibt 
laly  un.  wonlil  In',  iliai  llie  I'nlli'd  Si.nra,  in  iioi  I'lovini"  ol  liiafiiry  in  ileihlH,  Alv.iaurea  nl  tin* 
|i»,Ki!  In  lie  iiiaili',  alionlil  Kivi>  lip  llieir  lniii'|>i'n' i  kliiil  am  mil  ileicrinliieil  by  aiiairai  I  laaaoiiiiig. 
ilviii'i'  ami  ii-inili  lo  iIh'iiIiiiIm-mi  e  ot  the  lliilial|l  The  piraeiil  Iprliiiiia  nl  a  liallon,  ai.il  ||ie  prubilile 
linvrriiiiii'iil."  At  any  liiiii'  |iii'vliiiialy  ■■  the  KlihU'niiai'ipM'iii  I'a  ol  liiaa  or  gam,  liilliieuie  inoi*  lli.,n 
uf  Dvcaintit'r,  1777,  when  .>lr.  (irrard  made  llie 'lliv  ilecniona  ol  sprniluuva  iiihii  ><u(li«e  II  In 
Inragoinii  diM'laralinn,  It  waa  in  the  power  nl  the 
liriliah  miiiiair)  to  have  piidrd  the  Anieritnn  war, 
imi  In  have  eaiablialied  an  ulliiinre  wllli  Ihc  United 
tllalea,  thiil  wnuld  have  been  of  great  aervira  lo 
IhiiIi  i  bill  finm  the  aanie  lianKhtineaa  which  fur 
•onie  time  Inid  piedoniliiaird  lu  their  cnuncils,  and 
bhiidrd  tliein  lo  their  liiteipala,  they  neglected  In 
iinjirove  lliefaviiiiralilenppMrtiiiilly. 

(.'oiifiiriiialily  In  tlm  pii'hniliiaiira  prnimied  by 
>lr.  lieraiil,  Ids  imiat  rliriatian  niajealy  hnula  the 
lOlli.  on  llieliili  nf  KVlirnaiy,  I7|M,  eidered  Into 
Iri-aiiea  ol  aiiiiiy,  cniiinieiRe,  anil  allliiii'a  with  the 
I  lined  i^talea,  on  llie  linuiiig  of  llie  niiisl  |ierl'erl 
i'i|U  dity  and  lei  Iprncity.  \\y  the  laiier  nl  tliaae, 
that  illiisirliina  nioiiiiri'll  beianie  the  guarantee  ul 
llieir  anvereiKiiiy,  lnilr|i,<iiile'ire  and  commerce. 
On  a  review  nftlie  ciiiiiliicl  ofthe  Kreiich  niliila- 
try,  in  the  Americana,  the  foiiner  iip|H'ar  lo  have 
acted  unll'ormly  I'rniii  a  wlae  ri'iiard  lo  nallniial  In- 
tereat.  Any  line  of  nimliict,  dillereiil  from  that 
which  they  adopted,  iniiEJit  have  nveiael  the  niea- 
allies  which  they  wiahed  In  ealabliah.  Had  they 
pretended  In  act  I'riiiii  illalnteicaled  princlplea  nf 
Heneroaity  In  Ihe  diatreaaed,  the  known  aelllahneaa 
of  human  nalnrc  wniibl  hiive  contradicted  Ihe  ex 
iravaganl  pretenainn.  Ily  iivnwing  the  real  nin 
live  of  their  cunduct,  ihey  fnrniahed  such  n  prouf 
of  candour  as  begat  conllileiice. 

The  terms  uf  reciprnclly,  un  which  ihey  con 
Iracied  with  the  I'niled  States,  were  nu  leas  ro- 
cummcnded  by  wiae  policy  than  diclated  by  true 
magnanimity.  As  there  was  nutlilng  exclusive  in 
ihe  tieaiy,  an  upeiiiiig  waa  left  for  Ureal  liritaln 
lu  close  Ihe  war  when  she  plenicd,  with  ill  the 
advantages  fur  future  commerce  that  KrLnce  liad 
atlpulated  for  herself.  This  jiidlcinus  ineaaure 
made  the  eatabllaliment  of  American  independence 
Ihe  cuimiiun  cause  of  all  the  commercial  iiowers 
of  Kuro|>e;  for  ihe  i|ueslion  then  was,  whether  Iha 
trade  ofthe  United  .States  should,  by  the  subver- 
aion  of  their  independence,  be  again  nionu|Millsed 
by  (irent  Drltaln,  nr,  by  the  estabiishnunt  uf  il, 
laid  upen  un  equal  terms  In  all  the  wiirld. 

In  national  events,  the  public  atlenliun  is  gene- 
rally fixed  on  the  inuvementa  of  arnilea  and  lleels. 
.Mankind  never  fall  lo  do  hoina,;e  lu  Ihe  able  ge- 
ncial,  n,id  expert  admiral.  To  thia  ihey  are  justly 
entitled  :  but  as  great  a  tribute  ladue  lollieslalea- 
iiian,who,  from  a  more  elevated  statiun, determines 
on  iiieaaurca  In  which  Ihn  general  safety  and  wel- 
fare of  empires  are  involved.  This  glory.  In  a  par- 
lii'Ular  manner,  belongs  lo  the  cuunlde  Vergennes, 
who,  us  his  .Must  (.'iiriatian  Majesty's  minister  fur 
foreign  all'airs,  conducted  the  conleiences  which 
tcrmliiEiied  in  these  treaties.  While  the  ministers 
of  Ilia  Uritannic  Majesty  were  pleaaing  themselves 
with  the  Haltering  idea  uf  permanent  peace  in 
Knrope,  liiry  were  nut  leas  stirpriHcd  than  pruvo- 
kcd  by  hearing  uf  the  alliince,  which  had  taken 
place  between  his  Most  Ch-iatian  Majesty  and  the 
IJnited  ,States.  This  even',  ihongli  often  fureluld, 
was  disbelieved.  Tliezcal  uf  the  itritish  ministry 
to  reduce  the  colonies,  blinded  them  tc  danger 
fruin  every  ulherquaiter.  Forgetting  that  inter- 
est guvcrns  public  bodies,  perhaps  more  than  pri 
vatc  (leraona,  they  suppuscd  that  feebler  mulives 
would  out-weIgh  ita  ali-cotnmanding  iiillnence.  In 
lent  un  carrying  into  execution  theolncci  uf  their 
wishes,  tliey  luncled  that,  because  Fiance  and 
.Spain  had  colonics  of  ihelrnwn,  they  would  refrain 
Iruin  aiding  or  libelling  the  revolted  Urilish  colo- 
nies, Irom  the  fear  of  establishing  »  precedent 
which  at  a  future  day  might  nperalc  ajialnst  them- 
selves. Transported  with  indignation  against  their 
latu  fellow  subjects,  they  were  an  inraliiated  with 
the  American  war,  as  loaup|)osu  that  trilling  evils. 


ineiiliiiii,  that  the  Kieinli  «»i'iil|iiilei|  theniseUns 
Iroiii  ill*  heavy  chaigea  biiiuglit  ugalnat  llisiii,  by 

lliis   a nary  inuda  of  iraaoiiing  i    •'  Ws    have 

lound,"  aaid  lliey,  ••  tha  lata  cnluniasof  lireal  Itii- 
tain  in  actual  |Hiasesslnn  uf  iiide|MiiiiUnee,  anil  in 
tlia  eaarclsa  nl  iha  prariigHllvas  uf  suveraignly.    Il 
Is  nut  our  buslnasa  In  iiiqiiira,  whether  ihey  hail,  nr 
had  nut,  snincleni  reason  lu  wiihdiaw  llieinsalvas 
Iruiii  the  government  ol  (Iraal  lirltain,  and  lueraul 
an  Independent  one  uf  thair  uwii.     Wa  are  lu  cun- 
duct towards    natinna,    agreaablv  lu  tha  puhiic  il 
alale  In  which  wa  lliid  them,  wiihuiit  Inveaiigainig 
huw  they  acquirail  il.  Ohartviii|  them  in  be  (ode 
|i«iideiil  in  tact,  we  were  liuund  lo  anp|Hiae    lliey 
ware  an  uf  right,  and  had  ilia  aama  libariy  lo  make 
trealtea  with  them,  aa  with   any    ulher   suvereigii 
|iower,"     They  alsu  iilleged,  tliul   Ureal  lirilaio 
could  nol  cuinjdain  uf  llieir  inleilerence,  since  alir 
had  set  ihetii  llie  example  nnly  a  lew  years  befure, 
III  supiHirling  Ihe  Corsicans  in  up|Hisiiinn    lo  the 
court  ul  Fi  nice.     They  had  beanies   many  well- 
founded  cnmplalnis  against  llie  Uruish,  whose  aim- 
ed   veaaels  had  lur  inuntlis   |nis|   lurassad  llieli 
cuinmerce,  un  the  idea  uf  (ivevenling  an  illicit  Had* 
with  Iha  revulied  culuiiiea. 
_  The  marquis  de   la  Fayrlle,  wliuae   leltais  tu 
France  had  a  cunslderahle  sliare  in  preparing  ihe 
naliun  tu  paiiuuise  the  United  States,  was  aminig 
the  lirst  In  llie  A  met  lean  ,ai  my  who  icteivcd  the 
welcunie  lidlni|a  uf  the  tieiily.     In  u  tiaiis|Mirl    ul 
joy,  mingled  wiib  an  ell'ualon  uf leara,  he  eiiibraceij 
Ueneral  Washiiigtnii,  exclaiming,  "  tlie  kiigniy 
master  has  acknuwledged  yunr  independence,  and 
entered  inluan  alliance  with  yuu  fur  ils  eslabliah- 
tiieiil."     The  lieail-lelt  jiiy,  which  spiead   froir 
bieasi  lo  breast,  exceeded  descriplluu.  'J'he  seve- 
ral brigades  assembled  by  urder  ul  the  cuniinandei 
in  cliief.  Their  chaplains  ulliated  up  public  Ihunks 
to  Almighty  Uud,  and  delivered  discuuraeaauliable 
lo  the  uccaalon.    A  feu-de-juie  waa  Hred,  and,  nn  a 
proper  aignal  being  given,  the  air  reauunded  with 
iiuaieas.     ••  Lung  live  the  king  uf  France,"  iKivred 
lurlhfrum  the  breaat  uf  every  private  in  tlie  arii  «. 
The  Americana,  having  in  their  own  atrenglh  liir 
three  yeara  weathered  the  stnrms  uf  war,    lancletf 
llie  |Hirl  uf  (leace  tu  be  in  full  view,  Refilelu  w'lb 
the  sanguine  hu|iesuf  vigurnusyouih,  Ihey  I'lesii- 
nied  that  Britain,  wliuse  northern  army  had  been 
reduced  by  their  sole  exertions,  would  iiul  cuiitinua 
the  unequal  conteal  with  Ihe  combined    fuice   uf 
Fiance  and  America.     Overvaluing  llieiruwn  Ini- 
puriancu  and  undervaluing  tho  rcsuurces  uf  their 
adversaries,  ihey  were  templed  lo  indulge    a  dan- 
getuiis  conlldence.  That  they  inighl  nut  be  lulled 
intu  carelessness,  Cungress  made  an  aiilmaled  ad- 
dress to  them.  In  which,  after  reviewing  the  lead- 
ing features  uf  ihe   war,  they   inlurined    them  : 
"  They  must  yet  expect  a  severe   coiillict  ;  thai 
though  foreign  alliances   secured  their   indepen- 
dence, Ihey  cuuld   uul  secure   their  cuuntry  fruin 
devaslMi.."!.'' 

The  hUiance  between  F'rance  and  America  had 
not  been  concluded  three  days,  beliiro  It  was  knuwn 
lu  the  British  ministry;  and  in  leaa  than  five 
weeks  more,  March  13lh,  it  was  ulTicially  cuiiimu- 
n'  ^ated  lo  Ihe  cuurt  of  Lnndun,  in  a  rescript,  de- 
li ered  by  the  French  ambasaiidur,  to  lord  Wey- 
ninnth.  In  this  new  siiualiun  of  nll'uiiis,  there 
weie  some  in  Uieai  Britain  who  advocated  il,> 
measure  of  peace  with  America,  un  the  looting  o 
independenco  ;  but  the  point  of  lioiiour,  n  hicli  had 
before  precipilaled  the  natinn  intu  ihe  war,  pic 
dnininatcd  uverthe  vuiceuf  prudence  and  inieri'st 
The  king  and  parliainent  uf  <iieat  liriiaiu  n'suKci 
to  pnnishthe  h  rencb  nailun  fur  ireaiin^  wiih  ilitir 
subjects,  which  th  y  termed  "an  uui.roviAcil  au- 
liuth  distant  and  uncertain  would  induce  the  court  gresslon  on  the  honour  of  the  crown,  ai:d  e»i  n- 
uf  France  lu  neglect  nn  upportunity  uf  securing  |  Hal  interests  of  tlie  kingilnm."  And  ai  ili«  Aame 
great  and  immediate  advanugea.  I  time,  a  vain  hope  was  indulged,  ibai  tha  alliauca 


UNITED  8TATCI. 


irihii«ottiiiir'l''riiic«t 

il  imliidia,  II  la  hui  iIk 
■'  Alviiaitrra  iil  i'im 
i}r  iiliairni'l  iimaiiiiiii||, 
11)111,  iii.il  ilir  |iruliilili> 
.  Iiilliieiiiti  MiiiiH  III,,,, 

lifii  r<uMi«ti  II  1,1 
>i  iil|uil»i|  iliriiiai-ltna 
ililil  uXMiiwi  iliciii,  bjr 
MiiiiDK  I  ••  W«  li.ita 
ciiloiiiiiaodiraNI  lli|. 
iiilf|i«iiil«iie«,  niiij  In 
■I  ul  luviircinnly.    || 

whtlhar  llivjf  IiimI.  iir 
whhilriw  lliHinMliTM 
I  llrlliin,  :iiiil  luirtul 
"M.  W«  «r«  III  cuii> 
xiblv  lu  III*  iHiliiie  il 
wtilluiii  tntraiigiiiinii 
villi  llirni  III  Im  tmia 
ml  III  aiiiiiHiatt  iin'y 
Willi*  lilicrijr  til  iiiukv 
my  iiljinr  auvvrxiiiii 
•  iliiil  (Jrriil  liriLiiB 
ilcil«rriii:i>,  •hivv  alif 
il;  »  low  ytitn  liaCura, 

III  ii|i|Hjalliiiii  III  ilio 
bvaiilva    iiiiiiiy  wv||. 

cUrillali,  whdarnim- 
imal    liJiuaavil  ilicjt 

laniiiig  an  illivit  uuda 

>e.  wliuaa   Icitcri  lu 

iHie  in  |)r«|iiiriiiK  ilia 

(I  MlHlea,  w.ia  iiiiiiiiig 

ii>  wliu   iccititi'tJ  i>i« 

lu  »  tiiiiiK|Hirl    u( 

jriaura,  lie  aiiibnicad 

iiiiig,  ••  Ilia  kii||i,iy 

iir  liideiieudriica,  uml 

iron  fur  ill  aaubliali- 

wliic'li  «|>ir>i>l   Iriiir 

>cri|iilun.  'J'he  ■«««. 

tt  III  Ilia  cuiiiinaii(iai 

tail  u|i  jiublii'  ilmnka 

i<J  tllai-ouraciauiiibia 

wiia  llrcd.  anil,  im  a 

Ilir  reioiinded  wiili 

ol' France,"  (Pirrad 

lirirule  in  iha  uii.  «. 

ir  own  alrenglli  lui 

rniaulMinr,    liiiiciai: 

view.  Kr|il«i<)  w'lb 

yaiilli,  limy  I'lcaii- 

i«rn  army  Innl  been 

.  would  iiul  voiitinua 

coiiibinvU    luree   »l 

luing  ilieiruwn  Im- 

>  rcauurcei  u(  llivjr 

to  iniluiKO    :i  iliiii- 

iiiIkIiI  mui  be  Inlji-d 

■lie  iin  miiiiialedaiN 

reviewjii);  ilie  icml. 

inluriiiKd    ilieni  i 

'ere   conllicl  ;  ilml 

red  their    iiiilc|irn- 

llieir  cuuulry  f'ruin 

iinil  Anicricii  Imd 
lielore  il  waa  kiiuwn 

in   li'M   ihiiii   live 
«  ofrieiully  ruininu- 
I.  ill  u  reKoripl,  lie- 
I'lor,  lu  lord  Wey- 
ii    ol'  iit)iiii;a,   ijicrr 
lio    lulviK'iiied   it.i 
I,  on  the  luuliii);  o 
lioiiour,  uliii'liliud 
iiKi  ilie   war,    |iir 
ilfiire  iiiid  iiiieri'm 
ill  iiriliiiii  ii'siiiUi'i' 
UtMiina  Willi  II, I'll 
III  uii|.ri>viAi'>l  ni>- 

ruwn,  Ui:d   rsx  n. 
And  111  ilia  siime 

(bat  tba  alliauc* 


kaiwaan  Kranca  and  ilia  Unilail  Hlalaa,  which  waa 
Mppttaail  In  liava  url||in«la<l  In  |HMaion,  nililil  ba 
rfiamilvtil.  'I'liK  n<)lioii<il  |ir(<nilirva  aKHiiial  the 
KreiK  II.  lull  livrn  an  liialillvM  liilo  lli«  niliida  ol 
^'.nilliiliiiien,  anil  nl'  lliair  \n  arlean  /faceinlinla, 
lliiii  II  wiia  aiiiiiMiaad  pr  icllcibla,  by  npuollullnna 
liid  I  niiraialoiia,  lit  delacll  ilia  Unilml  Sliilaa  fruni 
ihfir  raw  aUiauca,  andra-unlla  lliainln  Ilia  |mi«iil 
■liila. 

t  Irven  diya  aAai  the  traaly  briwarn  Kmnea 
ind  AinnricH  li.id  bean  coni^lmlrd,  I7ili  Kebrunry. 
,li«  ilrillah  miiiialer  Inlrnduci'd  into  Ilia  lioua*  n( 
eniiiiiinnaa  iirojaell'or  cnnciliiillnn,  rounded  on  ilia 
lilaii  III  obUlninK  a  ra-union  of  Ilia  new  aitiea  with 
(lii-.ii  Itrliiiln.  Tliia  eunalaird  of  Iwn  bill*,  with 
III.-  I'lillnwinii  llllaa  i  "  A  bill  fin  d*clarln|  Ilia  in- 
laiiilon  h(  Oreiii  liriliiin,  cnncerninK  tlia  exerciaa 
III'  tlia  rliilil  III'  lin|Hiaiii(|  laaaa  wilhln  Ilia  majealy'a 
ciiliiiiiea,  iirovini'eannd  pl.inlalinna  In  North  Ama- 
M'.i  i"  aiiii  II  bill  "  to  anabi*  hia  inajealy  to  appninl 
eoininl»ioiiar«  wllli  aufflcianl  pnwara,  In  Irani, 
auiiaiil.  and  aurea  npnn  Ilia  mi-nna  nf  qnla'lnfi  Iha 
diaorilara  now  aiilnialinRin  certiiln  of  Ilia  coluniaa, 
iilaiiliillona  and  proaincea  o(  North  Ainarkca." 
Tliaae  hilU  weir  liitriied  through  both  lionaaa  of 
pnrlliiiiiunt,  iiiid  lialora  lliay  niiaaed  into  nrla.  waia 
r,,i|iieil  mid  aeni  »i-io>  >  the  Alliiiilic,  In  lord  and 
UeiieMi  liuwa.  On  their  arrival  in  Anierica,  lliay 
Mere  aani  by  a  fl'iii  to  coni|reaa  al  Yurkiown 
Whan  lliey  were  reeaived,  Ulal  April,  coniireaa 
Wiia  iinlnl'nriiied  nl'  the  treiily  which  their  coiiiinla- 
•loiiera  hud  liiialy  unnclnded  ill  I'liria.  For  up- 
■viifla  nfii  yeiir,  tliey  had  nut  received  one  lino  of 
nl'oriniillon  frnin  them  on  iiny  aubjeci  whatever. 
Our  jiiicket  had  in  that  time  been  received  i  bul 
<ll  ihe  letlera  therein  were  taken  nut,  befure  It  waa 
put  on  board  the  veaael  whirh  brnui|ht  tt  from 
PrNiioe,  and  blank  pn|>era  put  In  their  alond,  A 
toiDinillaa  ol'C'oniireaa  waa  appointed  to  examine 
three  billa,  and  ra|iort  on  them.  Their  report  waa 
bruimhl  in  the  fnlluwInK  day,  and  waa  unanlnioualy 
•doiMeil.  By  It  they  rejected  the  projioaala  of 
Qrtat  Britain. 

The  vigornua  and  Arm  langiiaKe  In  which  CoU' 
freaa  expicaaed  their  rt-jrclion  of  llirae  olfera  con 
•Idered  in  cnnneaion  with  the  ciicnmalance  nf 
their  being  wholly  ignorant  of  the  late  treaty  with 
Franca,  eahibil*  the  ginwing  aeranity  nf  furlltnde. 
While  the  royal  rommiaaionera  were  Induatrioualy 
circulating  tneae  billa  In  a  paiilal  and  aecret  man- 
ner, aa  if  they  *u*|ircleit  nn  inientiiin  of  cnnceal- 
Inglhem  from  the  common  (lenple.Coniireaa  truat- 
Ing  to  Ihe  good  aenaeof  iheirconaliluenta,  ordered 
ihein  to  be  forthwith  printed  for  the  pnlilio  infor' 
maliun.  Having  dirrcied  thealfairaof  their  coun- 
try with  an  hnneat  reference  to  ita  welfare,  they 
had  nothing  to  fear  fi^om  the  people  knowing  and 
judging  for  ihemaelvea.  They  aubinitted  the 
whole  in  the  public.  Their  rr|M>rt,  nfler  aoine  gen 
eral  remarka,  on  the  bill,  concluded  as  follows: 

"  From  all  whicli  il   ap|ienra  evident  to   your 
enmmiitee,  that  the  aaid  billiwcre  intended  to  r)i« 
rale  u|ion  the  hopes  and  frnrs  of  the  good  people 
of  these  stales,  so   aa  to  create  divisions  among 
them,  and  a  defection  frnm  the  common   cause, 
now,  by  the  blessing  nf  Divine  Providence,  draw- 
ing near  tu  a  favournhle  issue  ;  that  they  are  the 
sequel  nf  that  insidiious  plan,  which,  from  the  days 
uf  the  stamp  act,  down  to  the  present  limn,   htlh 
Involved  this  country  in  contention  and  lilondahedt 
and  that,  as  in   other  cases,  so  in  this,  although 
circumstances  may  force  ihom  nl  times  to  recede 
from  their  unjustifiable  claims,  there  can  be  no 
doubt  they  will,  aa  heretofore,  upon  the  first  fa 
vourable  occasion,  again  display  that  lust  nf  donii 
nation,  which  bath  rent  in  twain  the  mighty  em 
pireof  Uritain. 

■■  UiMin  the  whole  matter,  the  committee  beg 
leave  to  report  it  as  their  opinion,  that  as  tlie  Ame' 
ncansunited  in  this  arduous contestupon  principles 
of  common  interest,  for  the  defence  of  common 
ri(;bl»  and  privileges,  which  union  hath  been  ce- 
mente^l  by  common  calamities,  and  bymutual  good 
o<Xi:dj  acd  afTection,  so  the  great  cause  for  which 
Ibey  contend,  and  in  which  all  mankind  are  inter- 
MtM  muM  derive  ita  ■uoeeae  from  tba  continnanM 


>f  that  union.  Wheiefure  any  man  or  body  of 
man,  who  should  |iiraiim*  to  tmik*  anyaeparai*  or 
,Mitlnl  ronvenllon  or  Hgrpeinenl  with  cuininUaiiin 
jra  uiidsr  Ilia  rrownof  (liaal  llrllain,  or  any  uf 
lliaiii,  iiiiglil  III  b«  cnnaldrreil  and  trealad  aa  o|Hin 
and  avowed  eiiaiiilea  of  ihean  tlnlled  Nialea. 

And  farlhar.  your  eomniiilea  lira  laava  to  ra- 
|airt  II  as  lliair  opinion,  thai  thasa  iJnIlad  Hlalaa 
cannot,  with  propriety,  hold  any  eonferenca  with 
•ny  roinmisalonars  on  the  |Mn  of  (ire^l  Hiltain, 
unleaa  lliry  ahull,  aa  a  preliminary  therein,  aiiher 
wtlhdraw  their  llasla  and  armlaa,  or  elte,  In  poel- 
tlve  and  napres*  terms,  nckaowladge  tb*  lnde|ien- 
denre  uf  the  said  stataa. 

And  Inusmiich  aa  It  appears  In  be  the  design 
of  the  enemies  nf  thaae  states  In  lull  them  Into  a 
fatal aecuiityt  to  ihe  end  thai  ihey  may  act  with  a 
becoming  weight  and  im|iorlunce.  it  ia  Ihe  opinion 
uf  yourcomniTllee,  that  ihe  saveral  slates  be  culled 
U|mn  to  use  the  most  sircnunua  eaertlona,  to  have 
their  rcapecllv*  quutaa  ofcontlnanlal  truo|M  In  Ihe 
field  aa  aoon  aa  possible,  and  that  ell  the  inlliila  of 
ihe  aald  slulcsbe  held  in  readiness  tu  act,  as  occa- 
sion may  require," 

The  conciliatory  bills  were  s|)aadily  followed  by 
royal  commissioners,  depuleil  to  solicit  their  rti- 
cepllon.  Ooveroor  Juhnslone,  lord  (,)arliale  and 
Mr.  Fden,  appointed  nn  this  business,  attempted  to 
open  a  neguclation,  on  the  sulijecl.  They  re- 
qiiealed  (Jeneral  Washington, on  the  Olhof  June, 
lo  furnish  a  paaapnrt  fur  their  aeeielary,  Dr.  Ker< 
Kusnn,  with  a  teller  from  tliem  to  Congress ;  hut 
this  waa  refused,  and  the  refiisat  was  unanimously 
appruved  by  Congress.  They  then  forwarded,  in 
lbs  usual  olinnnel  uf  communtcalion,  a  letter  ad 
dnissed,  ••  To  hIslCxcetteney  Henry  Laure.is,  the 
president,  and  other  tho  members  of  Congress," 
in  which  tliry  communicated  a  copy  of  itieir  com- 
mission, and  of  itie  acta  of  parliament,  on  which  it 
was  founded  ;  and  they  uflTered  to  concur  in  every 
satisfactory  and  Just  arrangement  towards  the  fol- 
lowing nmong  other  purposes  i^ 

To  ennsent  to  ■  cessation  of  hostilities,  both  by 
sea  and  land ; 

To  restore  free  Intercourse  ;  to  revive  mutual 
afllecliou  ;  and  renew  the  common  benefits  nf  na- 
tnraliiiation,  through  the  several  porta  of  ihia  e|n- 
pile  ; 

To  extend  every  freedom  to  trade  that  our  re- 
spective interests  can  require: 

To  agree  thai  no  military  forces  shall  be  kept 
up  in  the  diU'ercnt  slates  of  North  America,  with 
out  the  consent  of  the  gensral  Congress,  or  paitl 
cular  asaemblies  ; 

To  concur  in  measures  calculated  to  discharge 
the  dehis  of  America,  and  lo  raiae  the  credit  and 
value  of  the  pajier  circulation ; 

To  perpetuate  our  union  by  «  reciprocal  depu- 
tation of  an  agent  or  ngenta  from  the  diflTerenl 
stales,  who  shall  have  the  privilege  of  a  seat  and 
vuicn  in  ihe  parlianient  of  Great  Britain ;  or  If 
sent  from  Britain,  In  that  case  to  have  n  seat  and 
voice  in  the  asaemblies  of  the  different  states  to 
which  they  may  be  deputed  respectively,  in  order 
lo  attend  the  several  interests  of  tboae  by  whom 
Ibey  are  deputed  ; 

In  shori,  lo  establish  the  power  of  the  respective 
legislatures  In  each  particular  state  ;  to  settle  its 
revenue,  its  civil  and  military  eatablishment  :  and 
lo  exercise  a  perfect  freedom  of  legislation  and  In 
ternal  government,  so  that  the  British  atates 
Ihrnughnut  North  America,  acting  with  ns  In  peace 
and  war  under  one  common  sovereign,  may  have 
the  Irrevocable  enjoyment  of  every  privilege,  that 
is  short  of  a  total  separation  of  Intereata,  or  con 
sislent  with  that  union  of  force,  on  which  the  safe 
ty  of  our  common  religion  and  liberty  depends. 

A  decided  negative  having  been  already  given, 
previous  to  the  arrival  of  the  British  commission- 
ers, to  thoomitures  contained  in  the  conoiliatpry 
bills,  and  intelligence  of  the  treaty  with  France 
having  in  the  mean  time  arrived,  there  was  no 
ground  left  for  farther  dehheratlon.  President 
Laurens,  therefore,  by  order  nf  Congress,  on  the 
27th  of  June,  relurneil  the  Allowing  answer: 
» I  have  received,  the  letter  from  your  excellen- 


eiea,  nf  the  Uih  Inaiani,  with  ilia  cnelaaureo,  end 
l.ililih«mhcfiir*Ciini|tsaa.  Nuihing  bHIanearnaal 
ili'alr*  to  aii'ire  ilia  lariharalTualnn  nf  human  bhiiid 
could  have  liidiired  iheinio  rrid  «iin|i«r,  'Antal»> 
III]  eiiireaalooa  an  diarrs|M<ctful  In  nia  .Moai  Chrla* 
lliin  Mujesiy,  the  aiiud  and  grant  ally  uf  iheae 
alitira  I  or  lo  cniialiler  pro|NMllloiia  audiiogalury 
luthn  honour  nf  an  lnd*|i*ndent  nation. 

"The  acta  uf  Ilia  Hriilah  parllnirnt,  the  rom- 
mlaaion  from  your  soveialgn,  and  your  Isliai,  au|>- 
pnaeihe  people  uflheae  stales  lo  besubleclsof  the 
crown  of  (treat  Britain,  and  are  fnumled  nn  the 
Idea  of  de|Mndence,  which  ia  utterly  inadiniaaaiila 
**  I  am  farther  dirreiad  In  Inform  youreacelirn 
clea,  thai  Congraaa  are  tnellnad  lo  peace,  nnlwtih 
aianitlng  the  unjuat  ctalma  from  which  ihia  wm 
nrlginaled,  and  ibe  savage  manner  In  which  it  halii 
been  ronducted.  The*  will,  therefore,  be  ready 
to  enter  u|ian  Ihaennaldarallonof  a  treaty  of  |ieare 
and  coinmerce,nnt  InconatsianI  with  lieatles  already 
aubaiallng,  whan  the  king  of  (Iraat  Britain  ahall 
demonalrate  a  aincere  dispttalllon  for  that  pur|ioae. 
The  only  solid  prnnf  nf  this  dispoaillon  will  lis,  an 
explicit  acknowledgment  nf  the  tnda|i*ndance  of 
tlieaa  aintea,  or  Ilie  wlibdrawing  hia  fleets  and 
uriiiiva." 

Though  Congress  enuld  nnt,  consistently  with 
national  honour,  enterun  a  diacuastonoftbalarms 
pro|Hiaed  liy  Ilie  lirilisli  commisslnners,  yet  some 
individunis  of  their  body  ably  prnved  theprnprieiy 
nf  rejecting  them.  Among  theae  Unuverneur 
Morria  and  William  Henry  Drayton,  whh  great 
force  of  argument  and  itoignancy  of  wit,  justified 
the  deciaive  ineaaiircsadopled  by  their  coiinlryiiien. 
Asllie  Briliah  plan  for  cnncilialion  was  wholly 
founded  on  the  Idea  of  Ihe  alatrs  returning  In  their 
allegiance,  it  was  no  sooner  known  than  rejected 
In  addition  to  ihe  sacred  ties  of  pligliled  faith  and 
national  engagements,  tlie  teadeis  in  Congiesa  and 
the  legislative  assemblies  In  Amerle.i  liad  tasted 
ihe  sweets  of  power,  and  were  In  full  possession  ol 
its  blessings,  with  a  fiiir  prospect  of  retaining  them 
without  any  foreign  control:  Thn  war,  liavlng 
originated  on  the  part  uf  Ureat  Britain  finm  a  tual 
of  power,  had  In  its  progress  compelled  the  Ame- 
cane  in  self-defence  lo  assume  and  exercise  tie 
highest  prerogatives.  The  passions  of  human  na- 
ture, which  induced  the  former  to  claim  power, 
operated  no  leas  forcibly  with  the  latter,  ngalnat 
the  relinquishment  of  It.  After  the  colonies  hr.d 
declared  themselves  Independent  slates,  had  !«• 
Iiculedty  pledged  their  honour  to  abide  by  thi,t  le- 
claralinn,  hailunder  the  amites  nf  heaven  main- 
tained it  for  three  campaigns  without  foreign  aid 
aAerthe  greatest  innnarch  inKuro|ie  had  entered 
into  a  treaty  with  ihem,  and  guaranteed  their  ir 
defiendence :  after  all  this  lo  expect  papular  ten 
deis,  in  the  enjoyment  of  power,  voluntarily  to  re- 
tire from  the  helm  of  government,  to  the  languid 
lodifl'erence  of  private  life,  and  while  they  violated 
national  faith,  at  the  same  time  to  depress  their 
country  from  the  rank  of  sovereign  states  to  that 
of  deiiendent  prnvtnces,  was  not  more  repugnant 
to  universal  exfierience,  than  to  the  governing 
principles  of  the  human  heart. 

The  high-spirited  ardour  of  citizens  in  the 
youthful  vigour  of  honour  ami  dignity,  did  not  so 
much  as  inquire,  whether  greater  political  happi- 
ness might  bo  expected  from  elosiog  with  the 
proposals  of  Great  Britain,  or  by  adhering  lo  their 
now  alliea.  Honour  forbade  any  bqluncing  nn  the 
subject ;  nor  were  its  dictates  disobeyed.  Thoiigli 
|>eace  was  desirable,  and  the  oflersofUrcal  Britain 
so  liberal,  that,  if  proposed  iu  due  liii^e,  they  would 
have  been  occeptable ;  yet  for  the  Americans,  af- 
ter they  had  declared  themselves  Independent I 

at  their  own  solicilation  obtained  tlie  aid  of  France, 
lo  desert  their  new  alliea,  and  leave  them  expoa  }d 
to  Briliah  reaentment,  Incurred  on  their  account, 
would  have  argued  a  total  want  of  honour  und 
gratitude.  The  folly  of  Great  Britain,  in  expect- 
ing such  conduct  from  virtuous  freemen,  could 
only  be  exceeded  by  the  baseness  of  Ameriea,ha4i 
her  citizens  realised  that  expectation. 

These  oflfers  ol  conciliation  In  a  great  menmir« 
originated  In  an  opinion  that  thyepugreaawHfti^ 


IMNTORY  or    THI 


' 


(MiflMl  ^y  •  thalMMt,  •mi  lK*i  ih*  ir**!  IhhI«  oI  iIw 
|i«n|il«  •«•  htiMtU  la  lnil«p«n<l»w«»,  unit  wall  liwii*- 
Mil  !•  rauNlU  Willi  llrtm  llrlimn.  'I'h*  Uiiti  <il' 
thoM  MWrlMiM  «M  iru*.  nil  •  ••rum  parioil  iif 
Ihr  «<>nla*l  I  but  ihul  |wrlu<l  ••«  •Iii|m«iI.  Wllh 
llii>ir  n*»  iMuallun,  ■(•w  u|HniniM  iiml  allitrliHivnU 
bi  I  Uli*n  |>l<«r*.  'I'ha  |mlllii'»l  rataiullim  iil' III* 
|.»«rMMi*n«  «■•  laaa  •«li*nriltMr)r  than  Ihal  oC 
|lii'  •Ijri*  iihI  ntiinn^r  n(  ihlnliliii  In  llin  Cnllail 
Hi  iI^*.  TIm  Iml^lwniUiil  Ain«ilo*n«cllM«na  au* 
•  till  Miliar  •)i««i  aiiil  haani  wllh  iillicr  •an,  llian 
wImn  ihay  wara  In  iha  aomlUloii  of  llrlllah  iubl«ri>. 
Tlia  narrownaaa  of  aanllmanl.  which  prcvalwU  In 
Ki)|lami  lowaiila  Vranca,  naloii|ara«lMml  amiini 
ih^  Ainarlaana.  Tha  Brillah  cumnilMliMMr*  un- 
•piHlaaH  of'lhla  raalalianga  In  Ihapublln  iiilml.  •«- 
.wi'Uil  lo  kMp  a  hulil  on  lhaelil««nauf  lh«  Uiillail 
Hiaua.  bjr  thai  llllbonlll*  which  Ihcy  InlirflCil 
from  ilMii  furahlhara.  Praiiinilni  thai  iha  ki«a  uf 
paaea,  ami  iha  ancMol  national  anll|Mlli)t  lo  Kranca 
would  counurbalanaa  all  olhar  ll*a,  lliry  llaltarad 
Ihamaalvaa  thai,  bjr  panavaranea,  an  iin|Nra«ilnn 
lifatinbl*  lo  (iraM  Britain  inl|hl  yai  ba  inaila  on 
Iha  mla«i  nf  Amarka.  Thvy  ihaiafora  ranawad 
llMir  artbnalo  opan  a  naioclallon  wlih  I'onirraa 
In  ■  lallar  of  iha  lllh  of  July.  A*  lha«  had  baan 
nformad,  In  anawar  to  ihalr  prac^dlnn  lallaroflhc 
JOihof  Juna.ihalaaaipllali  acknowladgmani  of 
tha  lmlap*Mlaa«a  of  Iha  Unllad  tilalai,  or  a  wlih- 
drawing  of  Ihalr  Mvcla  and  armlaai  inuil  (irpcada 
M  •niniaea  on  th*  conihUralltin  nf  a  ircaly  of 
paaeCi  andaa  nalthcr  branch  of  ihlaaliarnalWa  had 
•aan  compllad  wllh,  ll  waa  raaoUad  by  ('ongrcaa 
Ihal  no  aiawar  ahould  ba  glvan  lo  ihair  raluralcd 
•pullcallon. 

In  addition  to  hia  publle  awrtlona  ••  a  eommla- 
•lnnaf,ao««rnor  Johnalona  andaavourad  lo  oblalo 
lit*  objaola  on  which  ha  ha<l  baan  aanl,  by  opanlng 
■  prIraM  eurraa|MMidan«a  with  anma  of  tha  mem- 
Mn  of  Congraaa,  and  olhar  Amarlcana  of  Inlliiaiica. 
H«  In  particular  addraaaad  himaalf  by  latter  to 
llriiry  Lauran*,  Joaaph  Raad,  and  Roliart  Morrla. 
Ilia  lollar  lo  liaury  Laaraoawaalo  thaia  worda; 

>•  DCAR  Si«, 

"  I  bag  lo  tranafar  lo  my  friand  Dr.  Fargiuon, 
Iha  privala  oirilitea  which  my  frianda  Mr.  Miiii' 
ling,  and  Mr  Oawald,  raquaai  In  my  bahulf.  Ila 
la  a  ir.an  of  ilia  utinoat  probity,  and  of  iha  highaal 
tatuani  In  iharaiiubiie  of  leliara. 

"  If  you  ahould  follow  thaaiampla  of  liiitain,  in 
iha  hour  of  har  inaolance,  and  aand  ua  back  with- 
out a  liaating,  I  ahall  hope,  ftam  private  friandaliip, 
thai  I  maybo  parmitladloaae  Iha  country,  and  tlia 
worthy  churaetara  ahe  haa  cihibitad  to  Ihr  world, 
■pan  making  tha  raquaat  in  any  way  ynu  may  point 
•ul." 

'fb*  followiag  anawar  wu  immmadlaialy  wiitiao : 

•'  York  TWn,  /un<  14,  1778. 

Dbab  Sir. 

Yaaterday,  I  waa  lionoiirad  with  your  fiivour 
•I  the  10th,  and  thank  you  fur  tha  trantniiaaion  nf 
Ihoaa  from  my  denr  and  worthy  frienda,  Mr.  Oa- 
vald  and  Mr.  Mannini(.  Had  Dr.  Kerguaon  been 
Iha  bearer  nf  theaa  papeia,  I  iliould  hare  ahown 
thai  grnlleman  every  degree  of  leaped  and  alien- 
liun,  that  liniea  and  clrcuinalnncea  admit  of. 

"  Ii  ia,  air,  for  Ureal  Britain  to  determine, 
•bather  bar  commiaaionera  ahall  return  unheard 
bv  the  reptaaantativea  of  Iha  United  Slatea,  or  re- 
vive a  frieudahip  with  the  citiiena  at  large,  and  re- 
main among  ua  aa  long  aa  they  pleaae. 

"  You  are  undoubtedly  acquainted  wllh  Iha  only 
tarma  upon  which  Congreaa  can  treat  for  accom- 
pliahing  Ihia  good  end;  lei  ma  from  which,  al- 
though writing  in  a  private  chnracier,  I  inny  ven- 
Inia  lo  aaaart  with  great  aaauranee,  they  never 
will  recede,  even  admilling  the  continuance  of 
hoatilo  attampu,  and  lhat,,from  the  rage  of  war, 
the  good  people  oftheae  alalet  ahall  be  driven  to 
•omiiMMso  ■  treaty  weatward  of  yonder  moiintiiiiia. 
And  parmit  me  to  add,  air,  aa  my  huniblo  opinion, 
Iha  true  InlarMl  of  Qreat  Britain,  In  the  preaciit 
•dvanca  orourconiaat,  will  be  found  lo  conarin- 
logoor'   ' 


■•  ( 'uMgrraa  til  no  lioiir  have  b^^n  haughty  I  but 
lo  au|i|Mi<«  iliai  ili^if  tnliiila  »f  \**»  Miin  41  lli^ 
pi^Miii,  lliiin  ihry  Kir*  wlivn  il«aitliil(  nl  all  fur- 
rign  Mill,  anil  •««it  willtiiui  *«|wi'i»iiiin  »(  *n  al- 
li.iiifo  ;  wli«M  u|mn  a  day  nl  grnvial  |iiihhu  faaling 
anil  humlllallnn  in  lltrtr  Itniia*  nf  wiinhlis  and  In 
(nraavnia  uIIIihI,  lh*y  r«a«ilv«il,  •■In  hiiltl  nu  cun- 
l»r*nc«  ur  lr«>iiy  wlih  any  roinintaatuncra  on 
III*  |Mrl  nl'  lltval  llillain,  nnleaa  lli»y  ahall,  aa  n 
|irf>llinlnary  ilinaiu,  •illitir  wlilidriiw  lliair  llaala 
anil  artiitca,  nr  In  |N>alllv»  anil  •inifaa  larma  ae- 
knuwlmlg*  ill*  iiid»|Mn(Uitca  of  ihaaa  alaUa," 
would  b«  Irrallunal. 

At  a  prn|i«r  lima,  air,  I  ahall  think  myaalf 
highly  hiiniiurad  by  a  iwranital  altaniMn,  and  by 
vnnlrihiiiing  lo  render  avar«  part  of  tlicaa  alalaa 
n|rr»alil«  lo  ynu  I  but  tinilliha  baai*  of  mutual 
fiinltilrneo  ahall  ba  *al:ibllahml,  I  b^ll^va,  air, 
neiilMr  rnriiier  priviil*  CrMndahiii,  nor  any  olhar 
conalilerulinn  can  litlliianc*  I  'nngr^aa  to  conaant, 
that  even  (Inveinnr  Jnlinaliin*,  a  gentleman  who 
haa  been  ao  deaarvadly  •aUcmml  In  Amtrica,  ahall 
a«e  the  country.  I  liuve  hut  one  voice,  and  Ihal 
ahall  be  agalnat  ll.  But  l«t  ma  Intreat  you,  my 
lUar  air,  d»  nol  lience  conclude  that  I  am  daAciant 
In  air*olion  lo  tiiy  ulil  frienda,  through  whiiaa  kind- 
ni>aa  I  have  uhiainril  tha  liuniiur  of  lite  |irrarnl 
riiirra|Mind*nre,  nr  thiil  I  am  nol,  with  vary  gr^at 
peraunni  rea|«rcl  iitid  ratrein, 

"  8lr,  your  inoal  ubmllnnt, 

"And  moat  huiiihlo  ••rvani, 

••IIKNKY  LAUKKNH. 

"The  honourable  Uko.  Johnitunk,  Kaq. 
••  Philadelphia." 

In  a  latter  to  Joaeph  Reed,  of  April  th«  1  llh, 
llovernor  Jnhnalnne  aald,  "  The  man  who  can  ba 
inalrunienlul  in  bringing  ua  all  In  uci  once  more  In 
harmony,  and  to  itnlle  logetlier  the  varlnua  itowera 
which  llila  conleat  haa  drHwn  forth,  will  daaerve 
more  from  the  king  and  iienpte,  from  |)atrlotiam, 
humanity,  and  all  the  tender  Ilea  that  are  alfected 
by   llie  (|uarr«l  and   reeoncllinllon,  than  ever  waa 

Jet  bealowed  on  hiintnn  kind."  Un  the  lOth  of 
une.  he  wrnie  lo  Kolirri  Morria  ;  ••  I  believa  the 
men  who  have  cunducled  the  alfaira  of  America 
incapable  of  being  iiilluenced  by  imiironar  molivea  t 
but  In  all  aiich  tranaiicliuna  there  la  rlak.  And,  I 
think,  that  whoever  vanlurea  ahuuld  be  aecured,  al 
the  aania  liiite  that  honour  and  amolument  ahould 
naturally  follow  the  furtuna  of  iboae,  who  have 
•leered  ihe  veaarl  In  the  •torm,  and  brought  Iter 
aafely  in  |ioit.  i  think  Woahlngton  and  the  preai- 
denl  have  a  right  to  every  Aifour,  that  grateful 
naliona  cnn  beaiow,  if  they  could  once  more  unite 
our  intereal,  and  apara  iba  miaeriea  and  devaita- 
liona  of  war." 

To  Joaeph  Reed,  private  information  waa  com- 
municated, on  the  Jtat  June,  that  it  had  been  in- 
tended by  (iovernor  Jnhnatone,  to  offer  him,  that 
in  caae  of  hIa  exerting  hli  abilitlaa  lo  promote  a 
re-union  of  Ihe  two  countrlea,  If  conaiat^nt  with 
hli  pilnciplei  and  judgmant,  ten  thouaand  nounda 
•terling,  and  any  ofllea  In  tha  coloniea,  within  hia 
majeaty'a  gift.  To  which  Mr.  Reed  replied  i  •■  I 
am  not  worth  purchaaing  ;  but  auch  «•  I  (m,  Iha 
king  of  Ureal  Britain  la  not  rich  enough  lo  do  it." 
Congreaa  on  Ihe  9ih  July,  ordered  all  lettera.  re- 
ceived by  inembera  of  Congreaa  from  any  of  Ihe 
Brillah  eommiadoner,  or  iheir  agenia,  or  from 
any  lubject  of  ihe  king  of  Great  Britain,  of  a  pub- 
lic nature,  to  be  l.iid  before  them.  Tha  above  let- 
tera and  information  bring  comni  unicated.  Congreaa 
reaolved ;  "  that  the  aame  cannot  but  be  conaldered, 
na  direct  altentpia  to  corrupt  their  integrity,  and 
that  it  ii  incompalible  with  the  honour  of  Congreaa. 
lo  hnid  any  manner  of  correipondence  or  inler- 
courae  with  the  aald  (ieorge  Jnhnatone.  Eaquire  ; 
ea|)ecially  lo  negnciate  with  him  upon  aHalra  in 
which  the  cauae  nf  liberty  ia  inlereated."  Their 
determination,  wah  thereaaona,  waa  expreaied  ex- 
preaaed  in  the  form  of  ■  declaration,  a  copy  of 
which  waa  aigned  by  the  preaideni,  and  lent  by  a 
flag  to  Ihe  commiaaionera  at  New  York.  Thia  waa 
anawered  by  Governor  Johnitone,  by  an  angry  pub- 
lieatioB,  iu  wbicbb*  daai«d,  or  axpUiiMd  away 


what  had  b»*H  altannl  aiiaiMl  him.  I.iifd  (  ar- 
italu,  air  llviiry  I  liiili'ii,  iiiiil  .Mr.  KiUn  ilanied  hav 
Ing  any  knnwUilga  iil  lh«  mallei  ih^rgail  nit  III* 
••riMir  Jnbntliitiii. 

Th*  cninniiuinn<>ra,  I'.illing  In  ihnlr  allrmpia  in 
nagitrMU  wiilt  InngrcM,  hml  tin  raanurm  l»ll,  hiil 
lo  |i«rauad«  lit*  Inhabilunia  lo  ailopl  a  line  nl  run- 
duel,  rouiiiar  to  iltxt  III  ili»irr»pr*a«nl.ili«*a.  'In 
titia  purfMia*  ihey  piiblialiail  a  tiijiiilralu  aiMl  priiaU 
inalliin  adilrvaMid  l»  l'iin||raaa,  lit*  aaacinblii'a,  and 
all  Mthara.  th^  li«a  inh^blKnla  nf  lit*  tiilniiiea,  in 
which  th*y  oba«iv*d  i  "  Tlt^  iwliry  aa  wall  aa  iIm 
kanavulanea  of  Ureal  Britain  have  ao  far  rlt*ck*d 
Iba  axtramea  of  war,  whanlhey  tcinUd  In  dtairaaa 
»  p«o|da  Mill  eon^ltUrmi  ••our  fallow  aubjaata,  and 
lo  daaolala  a  country  ahorlly  lo  bacom*  •  aourca  nf 
mutual  advantaga  I  but  whan  that  country  |irol*aa«a 
Iha  unnatural  daai||n,  not  only  uf  aalntnging  h*r. 
aelf  from  ua,  but  ol  mortgaging  haraell  and  har  ra- 
aouroaa  lo  our  anemlca,  lite  whole  roniaat  la 
changed  I  ami  Iha  queatlon  la.  how  far  Ureal  Brlt< 
ain  niav,  by  every  meana  in  her  |M>«ar,  ilealruy, 
or  lenJer  uaaUaa  a  connaalon  cimlrived  for  hai 
ruin,  and  for  tha  aggraudiaamanl  of  Kiance.  Uii< 
der  auch  circumalaneea,  tha  lawa  of  aKif-praaarva- 
lion  muai  direct  lite  conduct  of  Ureal  Britain  t  ami 
tf  the  Brillah  rnloniea  ahall  Iwcuiii*  an  acceaaloo  W 
Krance,  will  direct  Iter  to  render  that  aeceaaiun  af 
aa  llttia  avail  aa  puaaibia  to  her  anamy." 

Congreaa,  upon  being  informed  of  thadaaignof 
tha  coiiitiilaalottrratocticulale  iheae  iia|iera.dacli»- 
red  that  the  agenia.  ainplnyed  In  liiatrtbula  iha 
manifeatua  and  prorlamaliun  of  the  cummlaaionera^ 
wera  nut  aniilled  lo  protectlun  front  a  flag.  They 
alao  recommended  to  the  arveral  aliiiea  lo  aecuM 
and  keep  them  In  cloae  vuaiuily  ;  but  that  ibay 
might  nut  amtear  lo  hnod-wink  their  uonalituenta, 
Ihay  ordered  the  maolleatua  and  pinclamalino  In  ba 
printad  in  Ihe  uewapaiiera.  The  prnpoaula  of  iha 
commiaaionera  were  not  mnre  favourably  received 
by  the  |ieople  than  they  had  been  by  (?ungreaa.  la 
aoma  pUcea,  the  flaga  containing  them  wera  not 
recaived,  but  ordered  Inataitlly  lo  denarl  |  In  utb' 
era,  they  were  received  and  forwarded  lo  Of  ■ 
greaa,  aa  Iha  only  pro|ter  tribunal  to  lake  co^uf 
■anca  of  them.  In  no  one  place,  not  iininediatel} 
uoinmaoded  by  the  Brillah  army,  wiia  Ihtreuny  at- 
tempi  lo  accejH,  ur  even  to  ilultlirrate  no  the  |iia. 
prietry  of  cloatng  with  the  oll'era  of  Britain. 

Todeler  the  Hritiah  from  executing  theirtlireaia 
of  laying  wiiale  ihecountry,  Congreaa.  on  Ihe  llUtli 
ufUctnber,  publiahed  to  Ine  wurldareaolulionand 
manifealo,  iu  which  thfy  concluded  with  tha«« 
worda : 

"  We,  Iharafore,  the  Congreaa  of  the  United 
Stataa  of  America,  do  aolemnly  declare  and  pro- 
claim, that,  if  our  eneniiea  preaume  to  execula 
Iheir  threata,  or  peraiat  in  their  preaeni  career  of 
barbarity,  we  will  take  auch  exempliiiy  vengranco 
aa  ahall  deter  olherafiom  a  lik<  rnnduct.  We  ap- 
peal to  that  Uod  who  aeiirchelli  the  hrarta  of  nicii, 
for  the  rectitude  of  our  inlenlloita ;  and  in  lila  huly 
preaence  we  declare,  that,  114  we  nre  nol  innved  by 
any  light  and  hiiaty  auggeatinna  nf  untter  and  re- 
revenge,  ao.  through  every  (loaaible  change nflbi- 
tune,  we  will  adhere  lo  thia  aur  deterininHtioit." 

Thia  waa  the  laal  eflort  ofOreit  Britain,  in  tha 
way  of  nepooiation,  lo  regain  her  coloniea.  It 
originated  in  folly  and  ignorance  nf  the  real  atatn 
of  afTalra  In  America.  She  had  begun  with  wrong 
meaaurea,  and  had  now  got  into  wrong  lime.  Ilvr 
conceaaiona,  on  thiaoecaaion,  were  an  implied  jua 
liAcaiion  of  the  reaialance  of  ihe  coloniala.  By  ol 
fering  to  concede  all  that  they  nt  Aral  naked  for, 
ahe  virtually  acknowledged  heraelf  10  have  be4>B 
Ihe  aggreaaor  in  an  uniual  wnr.  Nothing  could 
be  more  favourable  to  the  cementing  nf  tliKlViend- 
ahipoflbe  new  alliea,  than  thia  unancceaaful  negn- 
ehition.  The  alatea  had  an  npporlunity  of  pviii. 
cing  the  aincerity  of  their  engugementa,  and  Franca 
abundant  reaaon  to  believe  that,  by  previ-niiiii; 
their  being  conquered,  her  favourite  ROlietnp  iiilpa' 
aaning  the  power  of  Ureal  Britain,  would  be  aeuw 
rad  bajand  tha  loaeb  of  aceidaol 


CNITCn  RTATBt. 


i:  UFTKR    V. 

Sftnii  ih»  uiinlntttan  of  lh»  eiiiiip«t|n  nf  1777 
llif  IIiiimIi  4riii«  rrllitil  la  wlnlvr  i|iurl*r«  in  I'titl' 

•  l>  lt>tii»,  »nil  III*'  Aiiiarlran  •rmjf  In  VM*y  Korf  ■ 
I'll*  iMiiiiM  •nj»>«il  (I77N)  itll  lliH  riiMoanlcm •« 
«hi<'li  «n  iiiMilfiil  illy  HltiinUil,  wliiU  iha  Uil*r, 
mil  hill  bIuiIkiIi  iiiil  inor*  ihtii  iiiii*  itn  ill*  |iiiini 
Dl  •Mr*lng,  ••r*  ■atlHrini  IIm   M«*rlljt  of  »  (ulil 

•  inur  In  ii  hutltii  ciinp.  Il  »•«  well  lor  ihain, 
llial  lb*  BrIiUh  moil*  nit  ilKiniM  la  dUluib  iImiii, 
whil*  til  Iht*  dttlllui*  tuniillion. 

Thawlniar  ami  tiirlng  |mm«<I  »m»y  wIiImui  »t>y 
mur*  ramarliiibia  •¥•*!•  In  alllicr  •riii*.  iIih  •  (tw 
•u<««Nful  •MurtluMuf  partlMrrom  PhlliMl*l|>lil« 
In  (h*  nalghbnurlni  cuuMry,  fur  ih*  pur|iuM  of 
brlnilni  In  lupitllfi,  or  il«flrayln|  |Hro|i«ri«.  la 
■>M  oflhaM,  •  iHirljf  of  ih*  Urillin  iwactftltil  lu 
llotiltnion,  •oil  ih*r«  buinati  <uur  alora-hoiiMa  full 
n(  iiaalul  noinmoillilaa.  Halora  Ihajr  raluinaii  lo 
I'lilltdalphU,  ibajf  burnail  loo  Crlgaiaa,  nin*  ahl|M, 
•U  prlviuar  iloop*,  iwanlyihraa  brlfa,  wliti 
■umbar  of  doopa  and  acliuonar*. 

Nuon  iltarwirda,  in  axcuiaioii  (torn  Naw|wr« 
•■a  mada  by  MM)  llrlllah  and  llaaalana,  un<l«r  ilia 
coinnund  or  LWulananl  Culunal  Camuball.  Thaac, 
liavlni  lamlad  In  ilia  nl||lit  of  iha  'iith  ul  Mity, 
marahad  nail  murnlng  In  two  budlaa,  Itia  nna  for 
Warran,  Iha  oihar  lor  Klekamull  river.  Tliay 
daalroyad  aboiil  70  Hal  bolloincd  buala,  and  biimad 
a  i|UiiMliiy  uf  plli'li,  lar  and  plank.  Thny  ".iao  acl 
lira  lu  llio  inaaling  huiiai*  al  Warran,  and  a«»in 
dwclllnn  hnuaaa.  Al  ilrUiul,  lliay  bi.Miad  iha 
vliurch  and  IM  hotiaaa.  Hararal  olliai  lioiiaaa  »* ra 

ttlundarad  t  and  woman  wara  airipfiad  of  lliali  ahoa 
Mieklea,  gold  rlnga  and  handkarcliial'a. 

A  Kranch  aquadrun,  cunalaling  of  12  ahlpaof  iha 
Una  and  4  Irlgala4,nninniandad b«  (^ounl  D'Kalalgn, 
■allad  from  Toulon  fui  Amarlca,  auon  allitr  in* 
imaiy  had  baan  agraad  ii|ton  balwaan  ilia  Unllad 
8iaiaa  and  Ilia  king  of  Franca.  AAar  •  paaaaga  of 
87  diiya,  Iha  count  arrived  July  Olh,  at  the  en- 
Irunca  of  ilia  Oelawara.  From  an  apprahanaion 
of  aoinalhing  uf  Ihia  kind,  and  fiom  Iha  |trotnact  oi' 
graaler  aacurily,  Il  waa  raaolrrd  In  (iraat  lirilnln. 
furlliwllli  10  avncuale  Philadalphia,  and  lo  coneen- 
Irata  Iha  royul  furca  in  ilia  oily  and  harbour  of  Naw 
York.  The  vnminltaiuiiera  brought  out  the  order* 
fur  till*  inoveinenl  s  but  knew  nothing  of  the  mat- 
ter. It  had  an  unfriendly  Influenea  on  their  propo- 
aad  neioclkilloo*  |  but  II  wn*  indiapanaably  necea- 
a»ry,  fur  If  the  French  fleet  had  blocke<i  up  the 
Delaware,  and  the  Americana  bealegad  Philadel- 
phia, the  eacape  ufllia  itritiah  fruin  either,  would 
hare  been  acarcaly  poaaible. 

The  royHl  army,  on  the  18lh  of  June,  paaaed 
over  the  Dolnwara  Into  New-Jeraey.  Waahing 
tun,  liaring  penetrated  Into  theirdeaign  of  erucui' 
tiiig  Philadelphia,  had  pravioualy  daiachod  ( jenenil 
Maawell'a  brigade,  to  oo-o|ierate  with  the  Jeraev 
inilllln,  for  ubatnicting  their  progreaa.  The  Briliah 
were  Incumbered  with  an  anormoua  baggage, 
which,  together  with  the  impedimenta  thrown  In 
their  way,  greatly  retarded  their  march.  The 
American  nrmy,  harlng.  In  purault  of  the  Brltlah, 
cro9<ied  ihe  Delaware,  aix  hundred  men  were  im- 
mediately driachad  under  Colonel  Morgan.tn  rein- 
force Ueneral  Maxwell.  Waahington  hnlled  hia 
iroo|ia  when  they  had  marched  to  the  vicinity  of 
I'l  iiicelnn.  The  general  offlceni.  In  the  American 
uriny,  leventeen  in  number,  being  aaked  by  the 
cuininander  in  chief  i  "  Will  it  be  adviaable  to  has- 
nrd  a  general  action  I"  Aflaen  of  ihem  anawered  in 
ihn  nei{Hliva  ;  but  recommended  ■  detnchment  of 
la'iOO  men,  to  be  immediately  aent,  in  net  a*  occa- 
<ion  might  aerve,  on  the  enemy'a  lefk  flank  and 
rear.  Thla  waa  immediately  forwarded  under 
General  Scott. 

When  Sir  Henry  Clinton  had  advanced  to  Allen- 
town,  be  determined,  Instead  of  keeping  Ihe  direct 
course  towards  Staten  Island,  lo  draw  towards  the 
aaa  coast,  and  lo  push  on  towards  Sandy  Hook 
Ckaanl  WMhlogton,  oa  racaiviag  iattU>|sact 


thai  Nir  Henry  waa  |ini«*edltig  In  that  dliciilun, 
luward*  .Mn  nimiiilh  ruiirl  h»uM.d«>|MUh*il  llNMi 
man  undvr  tlaoarul  Wayiie,  i«iid  moI  iIic  Al  iii|iiia 
lie  la  Fayell*  lu  lake  Koniinand  uf  ihs  wliule  atl- 
VKiicad  ui|>*,  wllh  uiiler*  lu  •*!«*  the  Aral  lair  »|> 
purliiiiliy  ul  atlackliig  ihe  ehaniv'areiir.  Ilanaral 
l.ea,  whu,  h  ivlng  beau  littaly  a  >iTiang»d, had  joined 
ihe  army,  waauifsrvi^  lliia  I'liiiiniand  i  but  liedrcll- 
lied  II,  a*  ha  waa  iii  prinrlple  agaiiial  haaaiding  an 
aiiai'k.  The  whola  arinv  lulluwail  al  a  proper 
dMIanca,  for  aiippurling  in*  advanced  eur|<«,  and 
r«a«.had  Cranbarry  iha  n*xi  muiHing  Mir  llanr* 
i;iinlaa,  sanaibl*  uf  ih*  apiiruach  o?  the  Ainarl- 
cana,  placed  hia  gren*<li*rs,  light  infiinlry  andcbaa- 
aaui*  In  hi*  rear,  and  bla  bangaga  In  hi*  front. 

(Uaaral  Washington  incrvaaad  hi*  ad»inc*d 
corp*  wllh  two  brlgadea,  and  a*nl  llvnvral  l,*», 
whu  auw  wiahed  fur  the  eomniami,  lo  luk*  clurga 
of  Ihe  whule  s  andfulluwed  with  ih*  maniaiiny  lu 
give  II  *upp<irl.  On  the  nasi  morning, urilvr*  were 
•ant  In  l,c*,  lo  mot*  un  and  allark,  unl*a*  lh*r* 
ahuuld  b*puw*rfulr»**un*lulh*  contriry.  Wh*n 
Waabinglonhiid  maichad  about  Av*  mil**  lo  *ii|»- 
|Hiil  III*  advanced  rurpa,  h*  found  th*  whol*  uf  ki 
letrvailng  by  Lee'a  urdria,  and  wilhuut  having 
made  any  op|Mi*iliun  of  <!on**qu*nca.  Washing. 
Ion  rod*  uii  to  l<*n,  and  pru|Nt**d  crrlnin  f|ii**lluiiB 
lu  hini,  which  Implied  canaure.  Lee  answered 
with  wsrmlh  and  unaultabla  language.  The  com- 
mander In  chief  nriUred  ColuutI  Htawart'a  and 
ll*ul*nant  colunel  Kainsay'a  bailaliona  tufurmun 
a  piece  uf  gruund,  which  hi<  judged  aultabia  fur 
giving  a  check  lu  tli*  advancing  enemy.  Lee  waa 
I  hen  aikrd,  if  he  would  cniiiniiiml  un  that  gruund  i 
lu  winch  ha  cunaenled,  and  was  ordareiTlu  take 
pro|iar  menaures  fur  checking  the  anainy  i  to 
which  he  replied,  '■  vour  order*  ahall  be  obeyed, 
and  I  will  not  be  the  Aral  to  leave  the  Aeld 
Waahington  then  ruda  to  Iha  main  army,  which 
was  furmrd  with  llir  utinual  ex|ieditlon. 

[C'HABLrs  Lr.K,  H  majur  general  in  the  army  uf 
the  United  Slate*,  was  burn  In  Wales  and  was 
the  son  nf  John  Lee,  a  colonel  in  Iha  Urilish  ser- 
vice. He  entered  the  army  at  a  very  early  age  i 
but  though  he  |M>«sess«d  a  milllary  spirit,  lie  waa 
ardent  In  ikil  puiauit  nf  knowledge.  Ifeacouired 
a  competent  akill  in  (treek  and  Latin,  while  his 
fondness  for  travelling  made  him  acquainted  with 
he  Italian,  Siraniah,  Oerman,  and  French  langUB' 
ges.  In  MM  he  came  to  America,  and  waa  an 
gaged  In  the  attack  upon  Ticonderoga  In  July 
17AH,  when  Abercromble  was  defeated.  In  1763 
he  bore  a  colonel's  commission,  and  served  undei 
Burgnyne  lu  Portugal,  where  he  much  distinguish- 
ed himself.  Not  long  afterwarda  he  entered  Into 
the  Polish  service.  Tiiough  he  was  absent  when  the 
stamp  act  passed,  he  yel  by  his  letters  seilously 
sup|ioited  the  cause  of  America.  In  the  years 
1771,  1773,  and  1773  he  rumbled  over  all  Europe 
During  thie  excursiun  he  was  engaged  with  an 
nfllver  In  Italy  in  an  aflair  of  honour,  and  he  mur- 
dered hia  ontagnnist,  escaping  himself  with  the 
loss  of  two  Angers,  (laving  lost  the  favour  of  the 
ministry  nnd  the  hopes  of  promotion  In  conan 
qnence  of  his  political  senliinents,  ha  came  to 
America  in  Nov.  1773.  He  travelled  through 
the  country,  animating  the  colonias  lo  resistance, 
In  1774  he  wis  Induced  by  the  persuasion  of  his 
friend,  Ueneral  (iates,  to  purchase  a  valuable  tract 
of  land  nf  two  or  three  thouaand  acres  In  Derke 
lay  county,  Virginia.  Here  be  resided  till  ihn 
following  year,  when  he  resigned  a  commission, 
which  he  held  in  the  British  service,  and  accepted 
a  eonimissinn  fii>m  Congress,  annolnllng  him  ma- 
jor general.  He  accompanied  Wsthlngton  to  the 
camp  at  Cambridge,  where  he  arrived,  July  2, 
1775,  and  waa  received  with  every  mark  of  re 
sped.  In  the  beginning  of  the  folluwing  year  he 
was  despatched  to  New  York  lo  prevent  the  Bri- 
tish from  obtaining  possession  of  the  city  and  the 
Hudson.  This  trust  he  executed  with  great  wis- 
dom and  enerpy.  He  dianrmed  all  suspicious  per- 
sons on  Long  Island,  and  drew  up  a  test  to  be  of- 
fered 10  everyone,  whoae  attachment  to  the  Ame- 
rican cauae  was  doubted.  Hia  bold  measure*  car- 
riad  tarrar  whararw  ha  appaarad.    Ha  aaam*  to 


have  b«*ii  veiy  luitd  nf  thla  appUaslla«  af  a  laal , 
lor  lo  *  Ivliar  lo  III*  (irraiilanl  of  I'ongraaal*  l«i 
lucnia  hull,  thai  ha  hid  i.ikan  lli*  liberty  a«  Naw« 
purl  lo  ailiiiloMlvi  In  *  number  id  Ihe  loll**  «  f«tf 
•iioog  uitil',  oil*  arilrl*  uf  wbtah  w**,  l>t*t  that 
•liuuld  uli*  anna  In  dalen**  ul  lli*tr  counlry,  'I 
ihillail  u|Min  by  t.'uiigria*,  and  h*  r**ainm*nd*,  thai 
ibwnMiiauia  aliiiuldb*  ailo|il*d  In  rvlcrans*  la  *ll 
ih*  lotMsIn  Aiii*ri«a.  Thus*  finwiica,  wbnnilglM 
rafua*  lo  liika  M  h*  ihouglil  aliuuld  be  i:*rri*d  lula 
ilia  liiierior.  Being  aani  ni*  Ih*  aoulhain  **l»nla<k 
ss  aomtiMndei  uf  all  the  forces,  whlvhahouMlhara 
b«  ralaad,  h*  dllfu**d  »n  ardour  sinong  ih*  Mildlaiak 
which  w»«i*il*nd*d  by  ih*  mo*l  **rut*iy  «*■■■■ 
quanaa*.  In  Uci.  by  thadlreeilonufCongroaalw 
rtpsirad  to  the  norihain  army.  A*  h*  w**maMll 
Inii  from  the  lluda<in  througn  N*w  J*rs«y  lo  AtrH 
*  Juneilon  wllh  Wsahlngtnn  In  P*Bn*ylvanl*,  ha 


7iiltt*<l  hia  camp  In  Murrla  cuualy  to  raeoaaatlra. 
mill*  *nipbiyin*ni  h*  «*nt  to ih*  dl*«anea of ihtaa 
mil**  from  III*   camp  and  enlared  a  hausa  for 
hreakfMl.     A  British  rolonel  became  a*qaalata4 
ith  hit  situation  by  Iniareepling  a  couoiryman, 
charged  wllh  a  l»ii*r  from  him,  and  waa  aaabM 
lo  take  hini  |irls<inar.     Ha  was  Insinntly  mauaiail 
on  a  hnrae  without  hie  cloak  ami  hal,  and  aarrlatl 
aafely  In  New   York.     Ii*w»*  ddalnod  llll  April 
or  ,\iay  177N,  whan  ha  waacxehanged  fur  Uanaiiil 
Preacult,  taken  at  Newmtrl,     He  waa  very  aoon 
eniaged  In  the  belli*  of  Monmuuth.     H*lng  da. 
laclwd  by  Ih*  commander  In  chief  to  make  aa  al  • 
tacku|ion  thervsr  of  the  enemy,  Waahington  was 
pressing  forward  to  support  him  June  iMih,  wbaii 
lo  hia  astonishment  be  j'uund  lilm  retreating  with- 
out having  moila  a  single  elluil  to  maintain  bla 
gruund.     jtleeling   him  in  these  eireunietancaa, 
without  any  praviou*  notice  of  hi*  plana,  Waali- 
Inglun  addrassed  him  In  terms  of  soma  warmth, 
(<ae,  being  onlered  tocheck  the  enemy,  cooduaied 
himaelf  wllh  his  usual  bravery,  and,  whan  Ibrcaii 
from  the  ground  on  which  he  had  been  plaead, 
brought  oir  bla  troopa  In  good  order.     Bui  bla 
haughlv  tamper  could  not  brook  tba   Indignity, 
which  ha  believed  to  have  been  olfeiad  bim  on  tba 
Aeld  of  battle,  and  he  addressed  a  letter  to  Wash- 
Ington,  requiring  reparation  fur  ih*  injury.     Ha 
was  on  the  30th  arrested  for  dUubedleiiea  if  or 
dets,  fur  misbehaviour  before  the  enemy,  and  fo. 
dlsres|iacl  to  the  commander  In  chief.    Of  thesa 
charnea  he  was  found  guilty  by  a  court  martial,  al 
which  lord  Stirling  prtaldad,  and  ho  waa  *i:i»t 
cad  to  b*  suspended  for  one  year.     Ha  %,t,amiaC 
himaelf  with  bla  accustomed  ability,  and  his  ra 
treat  aeems  to  be  juatlAed  from  the  eIrcumelaBaa 
of  hia  having  advanced   up'in  an  enemy,  whoa* 
strength  was  much  greater,  than  waa  appreliaarf* 
ed,  and  from  his  being  In  a  situation  with  t  innraH 
in  his  rear,  which  would  ( reclude  him  Irom  a  ia« 
treat,  if  the  British  shoubl  have  proved  vintorioua 
But  his  dlsrasprctful  letters  lo  the  commander  la 
chief  II  is  not  easy  to  justily.     His  snspenaioa 
gave  general  salisfuctlon  to  the  army,  for  he  waa 
suspected  of  aiming  himself  at  the  supreme  com- 
mand.    Afler  the  result  of  bis  tiial  was  conArm- 
ed  by  Congress  in  January  1780,  he  retired  to  bla 
estate   In  Berkley  county,   where  he  lived  in  a 
style   peculiar  to  himaelf.    (.lias*  windows  and 
plaster   would   have  been  extmragancea  In  hi* 
house.    Though  h*  had  fur  bla  coinpnnloos  a  few 
select  authora  and  hia  dogs;  yet,  as  he  found  hi* 
situation  loo  solitary  and  IrksiMne,  he  sold   hia 
farm  In  the  fall  of  1783,  thai  in  a  dlflerent  abode 
he  might  eii)nv  the  converaatinn  of  mankind.     Ha 
went  to  Phimaelphla  and  took  lodgings  in  an  inn. 
AAer  being  three  or  four  days  in  the  city  be  waa 
sailed  with  a  fever,  which  terminated  his  life  Oct 
2,  1783.    The  lust  words,  which  he  utteied,  were 
"stand  by  me,  my  brave  gren-idiera."  . 

In  his  person  Ueneral  Lee  was  rather  above 
the  middle  else,  nnd  his  remarkable  nqiitline  nose 
rendered  bis  face  somewhat  disagreeable.  Ha 
wa-t  master  of  n  most  genteel  adilrrss,  but  waa 
rude  in  his  manners  anil  excessively  negligent  in 
his  nppeanince  and  behuviuur.  His  nppelile  was 
so  whimsical,  that  he  was  every  where  a  most 
Ircublaaoma  guasi.    Two  or  ibfea  doga  uatial(y 


•I    —I        » -•  •    ■ 

(MI»«m|  him  mkfntmf  h*  ••ni.  \t  •«  iilttiff  Ml 
•M  ktitt*  4H<t  »kl*,  ctmt  •Itil  miirli  ii>*«»l<i)Mn' 
|4miM(lh»  -tH>»ri<>.initfHi*  \^  lilt  •ifiKiiii*  |iii«rr< 
■if  Niiiial  •ml  II  hiilli-inl  Imrji  h«  •>••  •  inrocl  'MhI 
tl»«'iii<  •  kiMiml  MlinUr,  oiiil  li*  k««li  wrni*  ikhI 
tfm\t  liw  HKliiia  l<ini|ii<i|«  Hiilt  tmili'l*!*.  Inrrc, 
mhI  Ii«<in(«.  IIw  i*m|Wr  •»•  ••••».  Tlia  hi* 
ii»«  Ml  III*  lifi>,  I*  lliii*  >Im>  ihitn  ih*  h)*tHr^  iif 
4*>|HiiM.  iiiiiirrcl*,  iM  ilucl*  In  •••ry  pan  iil  ili» 
•iithl,  ll#  •••  ttMliiHii*,  miiiilrhiii*.  Inimnml, 
MHiMiiu*.  himI  iniilaiMi.  Ill*  (if inri|il>«,  »•  wniiM  k* 
•  k|i*ri«il  iMiiii  hi*  I  hnr*!  )»r,  w>i»  niiMl  *hMiil*n' 
mi.  *)Mi  h«  tiilN'uM  Mar*  i«n«l  u(  rtligmn.     11* 

CihlnhMt  itlMiul  ih«  j»»t  ITtttI  •  |Mm|ihl%'i  nn  Ih* 
•|mn*n«»  af  rvMlntHf  ('•hmIii.  AA»r  h  t  ilvaih, 
NWNtum  of  his  III*.  vhIi  hi*  »MM«*  an  I  laliara, 
*«r*  imkltaltMl,  Wmn.  I71HI.     I<*«'*  manrnlra.) 

A  warm  * ■mmmmI*  immmliawljl  anmniaiicail  km 

V*n  lh«  Hrlllah  ■•'•I    Ani»rir*n  aillllarji.  anal  a 

ltaa«jl  lt>ln(  halwMn  lit*  aalvantM  linnpa  of  iIm 

MrlliaH  arnif,  anal  ihai  l«n  baiulinn*  which  ll»n«- 

V    Ml  Wa*hlB|i«n  h*«l  hahaal.     'I'll***  aiuaial  ihair 

ai«HMl.  nil  ih*jt  »*r*  l«t*rml«»il  wllh  •  ran  nf 
I*  Hrliiali  irmjr.  I.l*ui*n*nt  <'nhin*l  Kamaay, 
ill*  tnmmanalcr  of  »«•  »f  iham,  wm  wiiundatl  anal 
••kMi  prlaafMr,  (i«n*ral  l<**  rnnilniical  Mil  th* 
kM  <Ni  ilw  IWM  of  haul*,  anil  b*au|hl  ulTlh*  ivar 
•C  iIm  iflrraling  lroai|n. 

Til*  cli*«li  iIm  lliMlah  i*r*l«*il  gav*  llni*  in 
•Mill*  a  ilia|NMll«iin  af  lli*  \»(i  wing,  anil  arrnnil 
Mn*  ail  III*  AnMiMail  aimy  in  Ih*  wnaial,  anal  iin  Ih* 
t«niii*nr*  luwiikh  L**  »a«  ralraailng.  (hi  Ihla, 
•niii*  raiiiHin  war*  |ilne*il  by  lorii  Mllrling,  wliai 
C«nim*»-I*a<  ih*  l*A  wingi  which,  wlih  lli*  in- 
•fwriiiliii.  Ill  anin*  |iarll*a  itf  Inriinlrji,  wirrrliially 
Nai|i)i*il  ih*  iidrani-*  iif  Ih*  Hrlllah  In  thai  i|iiiina>r. 
livimral  Ur**ii*  Iniik  a  very  »al¥anuji(nii*  iMial- 
llun,  am  III*  il«ht  i>r  liiril  Nllrlin|.  Th*  llrllUli 
Mtpni|Mril  in  mm  III*  loO  Hunk  uflh*  Amrrlcmi*, 
l<Hi  wcr*  ra>|iul*ril.  'Vh*j  ulwi  mail*  a  nin¥*ni*nl 
I*  ih*  rlihi,  wiih  a*  lliil*  aiiec*Mt  fur  (ir«*n* 
•nil  Brllll*r*  ilUiippailnlval  lh*lr  il**lgii.  Wajrn* 
•ilvavtcil  with  a  haidy  oriruniia,  anilka>|H  up  ana*- 
**r*  mil  w*ll  ilircclcil  a  Ai*,  thai  Ih*  Hrlllah  w*r* 
tvi>'<  iaim|i*tl*il  in  |l«*  way,  'I'licv  rcllrcil  inil 
:iM  k  ill*  |«*lllun,  whii'h  Lr*  Iml  brhir*  nrriiiilril. 
V  iia'iiliigiiin  rr*ol**il  In  attack  llirin.  nnil  oril*r*il 
•»*iii  ml  I'liair  to  niaiv*  roiinil  iipnn  llirlr  rUlit  anil 
I  ianifra!  WaHHirunI  tii  lh*lr  kft ;  but  tlicy  rniilil  not 
H*t  wiiliin  irai'h,  bvfur*  II  waa  ilaik.  Thraa  i*- 
k*iiial  i*il  am  ill*  gniunil,  which  they  hail  been  all- 
•*el*il  III  iiccii|iy  iliiriiig  ilia  night,  with  iin  Inun- 
llatn  III  atiarklng  f  iirly  ncxi  iiiiirnln|  i  ami  the 
Miiiin  hanly  Uy  «n  lli*ir  anna  In  the  n*lil,  lu  be 
rtaily  fur  auiiimrtlng  ihcni. 

(i*nrr»l  WH*lilngtiin  rvpaiiril  hiniarif  In'hia 
«la>Bk,  uiiil*r  «  Iraa,  In  hn|ic«  of  rcnawlng  ilia  ;ii-- 
Ihin  lb*  11* al  day  i  liiil  lh**e  hnpr*  w*r*  frnKlmieil. 
Tha<  Hrllhli  lriMi|M  ninrch*al  away  in  the  nif  hi.  In 
auch  iilainra  that  (ia-ni-r»l  Piior,  thiiugli  vi>ry  near 
llirin.  knew  nailliiiigiiflliFlr  ilr|i>ir'ure.  1'liry  la-fi 
beliiiiil  tha>iii.  4  iiffiiFi*.  iiiial  iibaiiil  41)  |irivii!i-a,  hII  an 
bH<lly  wiiiinilcil,  tliiii  lliry  ciniM  nail  be  triiiuvi-il. 
Tlip  lliiiiah,  June  W,  piiraueilllieirniiirrh  wjijioui 
fanlier  inierriiptliin,  anil  anon  lenclieil  the  nrigh- 
baiiirliiiiHl  afSunily  llnuk  without  the  liia*  nf either 
•heir  covering  fiarty  nr  baggage.  The  Anierlilin 
geni-ral  ilerlined  all  farilirr  purauit  of  the  riiyiil  ar- 
my, mill  Minn  after  driiw  nC  hia  lrno|M  In  the  lioriler* 
of  the  North  river.  Tlif  .uaaofthe  Anierienna,  in 
billuil  iind  wounded,  wna  iibout  2'Vi.  The  Inaa  of 
the  royiil  armv,  incluaive  of  priaoncrs,  waa  iihoiil 
3A0.  Lieul.  Colonel  Mnncklon,  one  of  the  lirit 
tall  alain,  on  jceount  of  hia  aingiilar  ineril  wa* 
IMiiveraiiliy  Uinenttd.  Colonel  Monner  of  I'enn- 
•ylvania,  and  Major  Dickenaon  of  Virginia,  ufK- 
Cera  higliiy  eaieenied  by  iheir  cnunliy,  fell  In 
ihi*  engagement.  The  enioiiona  of  llie  mind, 
added  to  fmigiie  in  a  very  hot  day,  brought  on 
■ilch  a  fmal  aiippreaaion  of  the  vitiil  powern,  that 
•oiufl  of  the  Americana,  and  .59  nf  the  Uriliah 
were  fnund  dead  on  the  Held  of  battle,  without  any 
naika  of  violence  upon  iheirbodie*. 

Il  iaprnbuble,  ih»t  Waahington  intended  to  lake 
fanher  notice  of  Lee'a  conduct  in  the  day  of 
I  bal  tho  Itiiai  eonH  net  brook  tb«  ai|iiw- 


Ml  ■  T  »  H  Y   or    T  M  K 

ieSTKyTh*  l)i«Hi*r  *i th*!*  Ilval iiiiallin.i>M| 
•  rol*  hliii  Iwii  |Mwiiin«i*  l*ii*r».  Thia  n? e,iMim' { 
rd  hi*  b>iiig  laairaied,  and   liiuiighl  In  trlxl.      Th* 

I  h*rg*<  •aliikiud  «g4ln*l  hlin  •*>*  i 

lai.   I'nr  dMuhedian**   ii(  nrilei*.  In  nnt  ailavk 
lug  ih*  vn«niy  nn  III*  VNih  itf  Jun*,  a|r*«*bli*  lii 

l*|l*«l*d   |H*I|H*I|IIM*. 

Wdly.  Knr  mMli*h*vl<iNr  h*latr*  th*  *n*my,  an 
ill*  *«in*ii*y,  bv  making  «nua«***aa«ry,dM»nl*r. 
ly.  and  ah'imarul  r»ir*«i. 

Jdly.  ^'nr  dl*i**|i*i'l  lo  Ih*  tommandar  In  (hl*f 
lo  Iwa  Mlier*. 

Afiar  a  i»alioH*  haaring  bafora  a  eourl  maiilal. 
It**  wa*  lound  gnlhy,  and  aanla««*d  lo  b*  ana- 

Ii*ml*d  fmm  anv  rnminand  In  th*  armlaa  nf  the 
Inliad  Mial**,  lair  Ih*  l*rm  of  ana  year  i  bul  ih* 
**roiiali'h*rga  w*aaaft*n*d  by  th*  caurl  martial 
who  lailieir  awani  nnly  I'nunaf  hini  guilty  of  mla 
beliaiiiiur  balnrelli*  cnaiiny,  by  mailing  an  unii* 
raaaary,  ami  In  aaiine  f*w  Inaianrea,  a  diaairdfily 
ro<r*ai.  Many  wer*  di*pl*aa*il  wlih  ihia  aenienc*. 
Th*y  argnad,  "thai  by  the  tenor  of  l,»*'aord*ra 

II  wa*  *ubmlll*d  lo  hi*  diacratlon,  whether  lo  at- 
tack nr  not  I  anal  alaai,  thai  th*  llm*  and  manner 
ware  to  be  ilet*rmin*d  by  hia  own  Judgni*nl  i  that 
at  on*  llm*  li*  intended  lo  altaik.  but  altered  hia 
opinion  on  npimrentty  good  grounda  i  thai  tli*  pro- 
prl*lv  nf  an  allni'k,  riinald*riiig  ih*  aii|ierloilly  ol 
the  lliiilah  ( 'avalry,  and  th*  o|i*nneaaof  the  ground, 
waa  very  qiiaaiHinabie  ;  and  that,  tliuiigh  II  might 
have  dkilreaaed  the  enemy')  r*ar  In  th*  Oral  In- 
atane*,  Il  woiibl  probably  havebrnughl  on  a  gan*- 
rill  action,  befnr*  th*  advancfd  euriia  coiibl  have 
been  aupiNtrleil  bv  Ih*  main  biHly,  wlilch  waaaom* 
mile*  In  lit*  rear.  •■  If,"  aaid  tliey,  "  Lea'a  Judg- 
ment were  agalnal  attacking  th*  enemy,  ha  rnuld 
not  bi>  giiiliy  nf  diaobeying  an  ord*i  mr  lliiit  pur- 
|M>a*,  wliii'h  wa*  auaii*iid*d  on  th*  condition  of  hia 
own  jipiwiibiiiion  iM  III*  in*ii)ur*,"  Tli*y  alau 
contended,  ihiii  n  auaiienalun  from  ennimand  waa 
not  a  aufflclviil  punialmiani  for  luacriiiiea,  il  really 
guilty,  Th*y  llierefor*  inferri'ifi  a  preauniptlon  of 
III*  inniicenc*  from  the  lenient  Mnleno*  of  hia 
judge*  ihough  ihar*  wa*  a  iliverally  of  opinion 
relmiv*  to  the  Ural  and  aecond  charg**,  all  ware 
iigreed  in  pronouncing  him  tuilly  of  aliaraapecl  lu 
the  conmianderin-i'hli-f.  Tlie  Americana  had  fof' 
inerly  idullavd  Uaneral  La* ;  bul  aunia  nflhemnnv 
want  to  the  up|Miaile  ealreine,  and  without  any 
fuundntlain  pronounce.)  him  liaatheruiia,  or  dellcl 
ant  in  courage.  Ilia  temper  waa  violent,  and  hia 
iiiipiitience  of  aubordlnntion  had  led  lilin  uOen  to 
ipiiirrel  wiih  thoae  whom  he  waa  bound  toreafiecl 
iind  obey  ;  bul  hi*  courage  and  Adelity  cuuld  nut 
lie  qiieatloned. 

Soon  aflar  the  baltl*  of  Monmouth,  the  Atne- 
riciin  iirmy  took  iwai  nt  the  Whit*  I'liiina,  a  few 
niiira  beyond  Klnga-bridge  t  and  the  Uiillali, 
though  nnly  u  few  mile*  diatani,  did  no!  inoleat 
them.  Tliey  remained  in  Ihia  poaitiun,  frniii  an 
riirly  day  in  July,  till  ii  lute  one  in  the  uulunini 
Jiiid  llirn  the  Ainrrlciin*  retiied  lo  Miildle  llroiik 
ill  Jeraey,  where  they  built  ihemaelvea  liuta  in  the 
•aiiie  iniinner  ai  they  had  done  at  Valley  Kiirg* 

Imiiiedintely  on  the  departure  of  the  liriiiahfrom 
Philadelphia,  Congieaa,  after  an  aliaence  of  nine 
niiintlia,  returned  to  the  former  leal  of  their  de' 
hbefutiiina.  Hnun  aflei  their  return,  6th,  Augual, 
they  wnio  culled  u|ioii,  to  give  a  public  audience 
to  II  iniiiiaier  |deni|M>lenliury  from  the  court  of 
!•' ranee.  Tho  |ier*oo  apiminted  to  ihia  office  wa* 
.M.  (Icraril,  the  aaine  wiio  hud  beeo  einphiyed  in 
the  ncgoci'.itiona,  antecedent  to  the  Ireaiy.  The 
arrival  and  icception  of  a  ininiater  friini  Krnnce, 
innile  a  atrong  imprcMion  on  Iba  minda  of  th* 
A  merican*.  They  fell  the  weight  and  Importance, 
to  which  they  were  liaen  among  nation*.  Thai 
the  »aine*|Nit  which  in  lea*  than  i  century,  had 
been  the  reaidence  of  aavagca,  ahould  become  the 
the;itre  on  which,  the  reprraeniaiivea  nf  a  ntw< 
free,  and  civilixed  nation,  gave  a  public  audience 
lo  a  ininiater  plenipotentiary,  from  one  of  the  old- 
eat  and  moat  powerful  kingdoina  of  Europe,  alford- 
ed  ample  materiala  for  philuauphic  cootemplatioo. 
That  In  leaa  tbao  three  year*  from  Ihe  day,  on 
which  ao  Htwar  waa  refustd  by  Oreat  Brilaio  to 


iIm  mMMiI  *w|i|d(aMiMM  of  ibo  •••hNiiM*,  pt«yHi|| 
liir  peaee,  tibarl*  nnd  Oiilblf,  th^vahaMiliI,  iia>in  in- 
l»|ieiid«nl  |wii|ii*,  he  hiiniiiiieil  wilh  ih*  ixlileiti  • 
III  a  miiiMirr  Irmn  lb*  ■■iiiil  nf  Knanre,  Ptr>>il>i| 
ih*  *tp*i'l>alliin  III  lb*  moat  atingiiliie  Aiii'ili  'in*. 
Th*  palrinia  id  ib*  new  wiiilil  i*>iilied  "t  their 
iniml*  lh**«  IraiKiirlliiii*,  »iih  lie«rl  lell,  atili*. 
faeiinn  i  whil*  ih*  deviiui  wei*  led  li>  aalnilro 
that  I'rnvlalenee,  whlah  had.  In  mi  alwit  a  •|n<i*, 
•Ulloncd    III*   I'lilled  .'<l*le*   among    lb*    liamef* 


r 

■II 


III  III*  *«rth,  anal  alolhsd  ih*(n  in  rolie*  ol  **»• 
ralgmy. 

Th*  Hrltlah  had  b«r*ly  *ampl*l*al  th*  r*maV4l 
nfth*lr  ll**t  and  army,  IVoin  th*  |)*l*wat*  awl 
l>hil*d*l|'i<u,  to  the  harbour  and  iity  •(  N*w 
York,  wli,  ,1  ih»y  r*«*lv*d  lnl*lllg*nc*,  iImi  a 
rraneh  ll**i  wa*  *«  th*  coaM  of  Am*il«*.  Thia 
wa*  cnnimanded  by  roiinl  l>'K*l*lgn.  and  *•«•(•• 
ed  nf  twelv*  ahiiM  iil  th*  line  end  thr**  frigaM*, 
Among  III*  fiiriner.Mn*  tarried  (NI  guna,  *nath*i, 
NO,  anil  al«  71  gun*  each.  Thali  AiH  nbject  w*« 
th*  aiirpii**  of  lord  llaw*'*ll**l  In  the  l)*liwar*  | 
bul  lh*y*rriv*d  Iimi  lal*.  In  naval  hMiiry,  ih*ni 
ar*  f*w  mot*  naimw  »M»f»:  than  that  i«f  lb* 
Hrlllah  rte*l,  nn  ihl*  oeraaliiii  II  conalated  only 
III  ai«  114  gun  ahl|ai,  ihre*  nl  J),  and  l»o  »l  4l). 
with  aoiiie  lilgatea  mid  aliiiitn.  Moat  of  ilk*** 
hid  been  lung  on  **r«li'e,  iiimI  wer*  In  ii  bud  run- 
illtlon.  Their  fiiire,  when  coin|Hired  wlih  that  nf 
th*  Krenrhfteel,  wa*  uigre.illy  lolerlair.  ihiil  had 
the  latter  readied  the  miiiilh  nf  the  Delaware,  la 
7A  day* from  ila  Ivuvliig  Toulon,  their  raplnre.  in 
the  ordinary  coin**  of  *venli,  would  hiiv*  lirrn 
inevllabl*.  Thi*  wa*  inevenled  by  th*  vailiiiia 
hindrani'e*  whiaih  retiirded  I)  Kataign  In  hi*  tiiy 
age  to  the  term  of  N7  day*  1  in  ill*  laat  eUtven  ul' 
winch  liird  llowe'alleel  not  only  i|ullleil  the  |)rlit 
waie,  bul  reiiched  th*  h.iibour  of  New  Vml,, 
U'Kalaign,  dlaap|Milnled  In  hia  Aral  arliaiiie.  pin. 
aued,  and,  July  Itth,  apiwaied  iilf  Sandy  llnnk. 
Ameritianpilolaaif  ih*  Aral  ahilitle*.  pruvidrd  Im 
ill*  pur|Mi**,  went  on  board  hi*  Ileal,  Ainiiiig  liieiii 
wer*  |i*r*<in*,  who**  cliciinialaiic**  placed  lliem 
abov*  the  ordinary  tank  of  pilol*. 

Th*  alglil  of  III*  Krench  fleet  rniited  all  lli*  ae- 
tiv*  |Maaion*  of  Iheir  adverwiiie*.  Traii*|Mrl*d 
with  indignatiiin  agiiinal  ilie  Kreiich,  fur  inleilei 
ing  in  what  they  called  a  domaaile  i|uarrel.  llit 
liriliah  dlapluy«d  a  *piril  of  aeal  nnd  bravery  which 
1  ould  not  II*  •«c*eded.  A  llioii»and  volun'eeri 
w*r*  de*|Mitcheil  from  their  triin*|Nirt*  to  man  lli*l» 
fleet.  The  inaater*  iind  male*  of  the  iii*ri:h>tni- 
men  and  trader*  nt  i\ew  Vnik,  look  Iheir  *latliii>* 
al  tliii  gun*  Willi  the  roniiiinu  aiiilora.  IHhera  p'«i 
to  aeu  In  liglit  veaai'la,  to  wati'li  the  moliuna  mi' 
theli  aneniiea.  The  oltirer*  mid  piivalea  of  lib* 
liilliah  nimv  roiiti-niiril,  with  ao  much  eHKeinciM, 
to  aerve  on  liiiiiiil  llie  iiia-ii  ail  wiir  na  marine*,  lit  i| 
il  lieruii)*  netraaiiry  lu  deiiile  Ihe  |Niilil  of  'u  nutiK 
by  Im. 

The  Kreni:li  fleet  ciiine  lo  unclior,  anil  <i'nn 
tinned  tailliiiiit  the  Hunk  I'lir  eleven  dnya.  Diiirini) 
llila  time,  llm  liriliah  liiiil  tliv  iiiiiriilliiiilion  ii*  Hie 
ing  the  bliia'kiide  nl  llieir  fleet,  iiliil  ill*  rn|iiiiiii'  nl 
aliiiul  VO  veaaeU  iiiiiirr  Khiiliaii  a'lilour*.  (Ni  llin 
22d,  the  Kienrli  fleet  iippeured  iiinler  weigh.  Il 
wa*  nn  anxioiia  moiiii'iil  in  ilie  lliiliali.  'I'lu'V 
aup|Miaed  that  ('iiuiit  |)'i.'la<.ilun  wnnld  Innr  In* 
way  into  the  '|»rbuni.  nnd  iliiii  iin  eiiiiiiui-iiiiiii 
would  be  the  t:oiiaei|iieiice.  Kvrry  lliinii  iiiili 
them  waa  nt  atnke.  N'oihiiig  ieat  lh:iii  ileKiriii'inni 
or  victory  would  have  ended  the  i  iiiiicnt.  lillii. 
Aral  had  lieun  their  Im.  the  vnal  fleet  of  iniinii  una 
and  viulualiera,  and  the  army,  niii«i  hiive  liilji'ii. 
The  piluU  on  board  the  French  fleet,  ile  Kin  il  it 
lo  be  iinfioaaiblelu  carry  Ilia  large  ahipa  ilDii-nf 
over  the  bar.  on  account  of  Iheir  ilraiiglit  nf  wiiii-r. 
D  KalHign,  on  that  account,  and  by  the  iiilvii'e  of 
Uenurjl  Waahington,  left  the  lliiiik  and  aailril  I'm 
Newport.  Hy  hi*  departure  the  Itriliali  fleet  hud 
a  aecond  e*ca|ie;  for  had  he  remained  nt  the 
Hook  but  a  few  daya  longer,  the  fleet  of  Admiral 
Byron  mual  have  ifillen  into  hi*  hnnda.  I'Lut  of- 
fleer  had  been  leot  out  to  relieve  loni  Hove,  who 
had  aolieltad  lo  b*  recalled  ;  and  Ihe  Aee'  imdaf 
ind  had  b*«a  laot  to  ralafoiao  tlwt  which 


ONITKD  bTATiea. 


|l»l>IHtM<,    )HI|1|M 

>Mh  ih*  )><)■)•»■« 

|iilii»  Aini>rlri«ii«, 
t««i>l«»il  IX  |h*tf 
Iir4r)  !*!•,   Kill*. 

•       I'll    III     Mlllltf* 
<l  •ImiII     «    •|RII  •, 

i»n|  III*  imam* 
n   ntti**  itf  ••••• 


knit  I  (N  pf*«l<iiMl)r  UN  lli«  niKMl  af  AnttiU*. 
\>ImiIii«I  Hyiitii'*  MfMiMliiiii  It*!  Mwi  Willi  Imil  ■•• 
li>r,  iikI  MM  •«|»ii«i*il  In  illlUivnl  •liiinM.  Il 
mm  rtiMvrili  •r>iMvrii*li  IttwIiVM,  ili«ithutvtl,  n* 
Mli«i«i<*  iltmi||«il.  VVllliiN  viglil  ill)*  «li»i  lli> 
Irpiiiiiio  iif  ill*    krtHili    rtvfi.  Ill*    It*  MHO  H,  I  ha 

ll.lKMlllMkll>,   III*   '   flllllllllll,  *IhI  ill*  (    lltll»i«ll  •• 

•  ■>l>lii^l«   III  M.ilul)!    Ilmill. 
Ill*   ii*kl    mitiMiil    III    (iiiiiil     |l'K«liil|n   »•• 

•!  Itliiiil*  laliixl.  Ill    mIiii'Ii  ill*    llilikli   h.»4 

Imi*ii  III    |><i»»»i<iii   iliw*   |)*i*iiilMr.    IDM.     A 

•  iiiiihiiivil  iill.ii  k  >i{|iiliial  II  Oil*  liriiUitiaii,  III  whitib 
M  w.K  iiirvvil  lli.il  U«ii*i  il  Nullit'in  thuukl  •nm 
Htiiiiil  ill*  Aiii*ni'  III  liiiil  lull.'**.  Nui'li  KM  lh« 
t>Mrrii*M  III  III*   |i*ii|il*  III   111  ii|Mf»ia  hIiIi  llt*lr 

IHIMI  >llll*«,  HMll  III  I  lllllllUlll  otii  i|i*]r  uf   •uia***, 

lliiii  •mil*  •liiiiKiiiiiU  III  iiiiluiii»*ii  *ii(»(*il  In  III* 
•rrtii*.  'I'll*  iiiiliiu  iif  M***iii.'liii»ail*  !•<••  uiMtt 
III*  iiiiMiiiiiiil  iif  ll>ii*r»l  ll.iiiaiHili.      Til*   iiijiiil 

II  >ii|M  nil  III*  i«liiiil,  hiifiiig  Imtlji  h*iin  rdiiluriiail, 

•  ir*  iiliiiiil  IMHJH.  HiilliOHir*  liirr*  wh«  kIiiiuI 
IIIIMNI       l.iiril  lliiw*  liilliioriM'iiiiiil   lI'KtUIKii. 

Riiil  *  willilii>i||lil  iif  KIliiiU  UUihI,   ill*    Sny 

*lii>r  ilii-  ^'i*iii'lill»»l  *iil*r*il  ill*  Imrliiiiir  III' New- 
|Niil,  'I'll*  llilll>ll  ri«*(  r<r*»ilril  ilin  ^'r«ncli  In 
(immiI  III  iiiiiiilirr.liiii  Milt  liir*)liir  In  *lf«rll««  liiri* 
iii'l  wrinlil  III  iiMhil.  On  III*  n|i|i«iii4ni'i<  iif  Inril 
lliiwr.  ill*  Ki*iii  II  mliillritl  |iul  mil  to  a*ii  wlili  hi* 
nliiili'  liiii  *  l»  rnitiit*  lilin.  Willi*  llin  Iwn  rum 
Miiiiil*i»  w*i*  *ii*iiliig  llirir  n>i««l  •kllllii  K>ilil  rv- 
•fi'i  li»*ljr  ill*  iiil«4iiliiK*«  iif  |iiniiiiiii,  »  alrmiliiila 

III  wiMil  r;im*  uii,  wliull  Kr*iilljiil<iiiMK*il  lli*alii|M 
III!  Iiiiili  aiilii*.  Ill  ibl*  rmilllcl  iif  ill*  *l*in*nl*, 
Iwii  im^iIhI  Kh'IH'Ii  allllM  w*r*  ilUiiiii*l*il.  Til* 
l<iiii{ii*iliii'  ul  (Klgnii*.  I)'kiali<ign'<uwiitlii|i,  snti 
liKiiiil  iill  Iwr  itiiiau  iiiiil  riiijilvr,  wu*  iilliii'li«ii  by 
ill*  lt«iiiiwii  iililO  |||iMa,  ciiliiiniinil*il  bji  (,'ii|i4»in 
lliiwuin.  'I'll*  •mil*  *»*niiiK,  III*  I'rralun  uf  Ml 
iniia,  Ivll  In  Willi  ill*  'riiiiniinl  nC  HO  luni:  villi 
iiiilv  I  i>r  iiHiiniiiiinl  •lumlinn,  iinil  muitlii'il  li*r  wiili 
•iiiill  I  bnl  iiikIiI  pill  iin  •iitl  Iu  ill*  rnKM;iiiiirnt. 
Hill  a.ill  u(  ill*  Krriicli  •((iiHilron  rini*  U|i  In  III* 
nliilil.  wlilt'li  tiivril  III*  ilUubltil  •lii|M  Iriim  inji 
fiirilirr  nlUrk.  'I'll*!*  wn«  iiii  tlilii  ur  v«»miI  ln«l 
•n  alllirr  ililr.  Tlis  llrlilah  aiillvr*!!  lata  In  Ilia 
Hiirin  lllitn  lliair  *ilir*ranrl*« ;  yrt  anuiiKli  lumali* 
H  ncccaaary  In  rvliirn  Iu  N*w-Vuilt,  fur  iha  iiiir- 
piiae  iil'ramilnt.  'I'll*  Kraiirli  llr*l  imiii*  In  un- 
(liui,  iin  ill*  Ulllli  of  Aiiiiual,  nmr  Iu  Kliniln  lalanil ; 
bill  aiilli'il  mi  ill*  :^<il,  Iu  Unalun.  lirliir*  ili*)f 
Miilril,  lianaiiil  liirrii*  mill  ilia  Miirqulad*  In  Kny- 
fllr  w*iil  nn  lioHril  ill*  l<unKiieiluii,  Iu  cunaiill  un 
liimailira  iimiifr  In  b*  |Mii«iiril,  Tlirv  urK*il 
D'Kaiiilitn  Inralurii  wjlliliiallral  Inlu  III*  Imrbuuri 
bnl  liU  |iriiii'i|iiil  iilDi'via  w*i*  u|ilHia*il  In  |||«  lil*ii- 
inr*.  anil  iirnlealnl  iiniiiiial  II.  II*  |i;iij  bren  In- 
■lnirl*il  In  nn  In  liiiainn,  H  Ilia  (li-Pi  iiicl  willi  iinjr 
niial'iirlnnr.  IlianD'ni-ra  Inaialnl  un  lila  rriialiiKln 
|iriiai-enlii  iIip  rx|i*iliilun  iiitiijnat  Itliuile  laluiiil, 
llmi  liv  iiiiiilil  cunluriiilu  lliciirilcr*  ul'lliair  com- 
mull  aii|ii-riura. 

II|Hinili«  rpliirnnriipncml  (2r*«ne  iinil  tlic  Miir- 
inia  iIk  II  Kiivi'ilp,  mill  llirlr  rp|inrlin|{  llie  lie- 
Irriiiiiiuiliin  iii'Ciiiiiit  l)'K*liii||n,  ii  |iriiivat  wiia 
ilriiwii  ii|i  :iiii|  arm  in  Imn,  wliii:li  wiia  alnneil  by 
Jiiliii  Sniliviiii.  N'lilluinii'l  (ir*«ii*,  Jnlin  lliinrock, 
l.liliivi-i,  K/ckifl  Ciiniel,  WillMiii  \Vlil|i|ile,  Jnhh 
'I'vli'r.  Siilmiinn  (lovill,  Jnn.  h'llcunnHl,  Tlipy 
|.riiii'aliiil  iiKiiiiial  |l|p  cnunl'*  liikin|{  llie  lli-al  Iu 
lliiatmi,  »•  ilrmuiiliiry  In  Iti*  liiiiiiiiir  ul'  Kr.inre, 
cmitiiiry  iiilli*  liileiiiiiiiinr  liia  niiial  (!|irl»liiin  Mil- 
I'aiy,  mill  ill*  luiprt^alaur  lii*  niillnn,  iltialrui'llve  In 
th*  lii.Klii'4l  ilrurr*  to  ill*  w«ir>ire  iif  llie  Unllril 
Sliiie*.  anil  lilulily  iiijiirloua  in  ili*  nllinnca  lornicil 
lalnrrn  lli«  Iwo  nnlioiia.  Ilml  D'KaiuiKn  iiriiae- 
tiil*il  lilt  urtalniil  (ilmi  within  ilie  iMrboiir,  eillier 
hrfnro  or  liiinieiliiili'ly  iiflrr  llie  puraiiil  nl'  Inril 
llnwe,  l>i*  reiliiclimi  nniie  liriliali  pual  on  Kliud* 
laliiiiil  wiiulil  liiive  liii*n  prnbnble  I  lull  Ilia  ile|Hii- 
liire  in  ilir<  liral  inalHtirn  Iiipokiii:!!  iIi*  Hriliali  lleei, 
and  in  llii-  aecmiil  rriini  Rliod*  lalmid  in  llnatnn, 
rriiatniied  llie  wlinlu.  P<>rlia|M  ('nuni  D'KaliiiKn 
llo|icil  liy  aoiii*lliiiiK  brilliiiiil  lo*li;ii:*  llie  iiiiprra- 
■Inn*  nijde  by  liia  hiieriiilur*  hi  New  Vork.  Orli* 
miKliI  llHV*  lliouglit  il  imprudent  in  alake  hi*  wlinle 
ImI,  wIiUb  u  biwrbour  |NiMMaed  b/  bit  •nemiaa. ' 


AAar  bla  ahlM  bail  aMllbraiibatb  tt»m  baiil*  anal 
iba  alarm,  ili*  Iviiat  nl  liialiMDMailwiM,  lb*  im|«H' 
luniiy  ul  hi*  ulll«*f*i  •iitl  hi*  antMiy  Iu  hat*  hM 
abi|w  apxillly  i*IMi*il,  Hilnln  ban*  walghail  wiih 
hnii  Iu  ••III  iliixlly  liif  lluaiun.  U'b*i*iar  war* 
III*  raitaiiii*  wliidh  IimIhi*iI  him  In  *il«|M  thai  m«« 
atirail,  iba  AmarMnn*  war*  (raalljf  diaaiiiMAcil. 
'i'liay  iiini|il>ilii*illiMi  lli**  hail  iiiiiuir*il  fraal  ■« 
|iaiiaa  ami  il*H||*r,  umlar  ilia  |i«im|M«I  ul  ilia  ntual 
allWallta  •»  aiMralluN  i  ibal  dapawiling  ibaraua, 
tb*«  ImiI  riakait  lh*ir  ll*a*  an  an  labiml  wlwr*. 
wIlMitl  natal  |iral*>.lMn,  (bay   vara  elMaail  Iu 

Siardaitbir  ilangar  I  Ibat  InlhlaaltualluiHUkiy  w*ra 
lial  tiaavrlad,  ami  aDarwaida  lulally  abawlMMd,  al 
a  lima,  vlian,  by  (wraavailiiii  In  iha  uriginal  |iian, 
ib*y  liail  ••ll-(ruunii*4  ba|i*a  ml  aftaady  auaaaaa. 
IJiidar  ili*aaiippr*li*nalaii*,  ilia  diacuiil*Bl*il  mill- 
iia  w*iM  bum*  in  au«b  crnwil*,  Ibal  tha  lanular  ar 
my  wblab  ranMlnad,  waalndangar  ul  b*liigcul  uff 
I'rum  » r*ir»*i.  In  ibaaa  •nibanaaalni  «lr*iinn<»»- 
«»*,«ian*ial  Nulllvan  aalrlcaud  hlmaall  wlibluil(- 
m*ni  4nd  aUilily.  lla  bafan  Iu  aaiid  ulf  ma  h*B>y 
•rilll*ry  and  li*|||a|a  vn  iba  IMib,  ami  relraaiad 
liiiin  hia  llnaa  un  iba  nlthl  q(  iba  WUb.  Il  bml 
b*an  that  day  i  '  ad  In  a  cnunall  uf  war,  lo  ra- 
inuira  Iu  Iba  i  '  lb  uf  iba  laland,  fcrlliy  Ibair  ramu, 
aarura  a  an  >..nunleallon  wllblba  main,  ami  hnlil 
ill*  iriiniid  IIII  II  cuuM  ba  knuwn  wbalbar  Iha 
Krvnvh  rtaai  wnuld  ralurn  lo  ihalr  uaalalanca.  Tba 
.^larnuMda  la  Lafayatla,  by  datlrauf  bla  aaaoclaiaa. 
aai  ulV  fur  lloalan,  In  reouaal  Iba  anaady  ralurn  of 
iba  Krancb  liaat.  Tu  llilaCuunl  d'KaiKlin  wnuld 
nul  cnnaani  :  bul  lia  mad*  a  apirllad  ulfar  In  land 
<li*  lrnii|i*  under  bla  euminand.  ami  cn-u|taral*  vltb 
ill*  Aniarlean  land  ruina*  agalnat  Kboda  laland. 

Hulli«»n  ralranlad  wllh  graNl  order  i  bul  ba  had 
nnl  b**n  lla*  hour*  ai  Iha  mirth  and  uf  tha  lalund, 
when  hi*lrua|i*  waaArad  u|iun  by  III*  llrlilah,  wlw 
hid  pnraiiail  lliein,  nn  dlaeu*arln||  their  reliaal. 
'I'he  piirauii  waa  iniida  by  Iwo  |inrll**  and  un  Iwu 
rumla;  toona  wnaop|NiaidCulnnal  Henry  II.  |jl>- 
Inialun  I  lo  tha  ulh*r  juhn  Laurena,  uid-de  cump 
lo  llenerul  Wiiahliiyluii,  and  eiicli  uf  ihein  had  n 
cuiiiniund  of  ll(bt  iruiip*.  In  lb*  Aral  inaiinee 
thet*  IikIii  irooiM  war*  compelled  by  au|i*riur  nuin- 
lieri  to  Rivt  way ;  bul  iheV  ke|il  up  ■  r*lre*lln| 
Are.  On  beinii  reinforced,  ibey  |»«a  their  pur- 
aiirraii  check,  and  at  len||lh  repulaed  them,  lly 
ilriireea  tha  action  became  in  anme  r*a|ierl«  |en- 
eriil,  iiiid  near  |!MX)  Aineilcan*  were  eni|a|ted. 
The  liiaa  on  audi  ilda  waa  balwaan  two  and  three 
hundred. 

Lord  ilnwe'a  flael,  with  air  Henry  f'llnton  ami 
abuul  4000  Iruupa  on  IhiiimI,  beini  iren  olf  the 
coaal,  (i«ii*r»l  Mulllvnn  concluded  Imiiiediiilely  lo 
evar.nale  Ithode  laland.  Aa  llie  aentiiea  of  bnlh 
Hrniiea  were  within  400  ynrda  uf  each  niher,  the 
i{rrm*al  ciiulinn  W!ia  nrceaaaiy.  'I'u  cuver  llie  <le- 
aiKuof  reirealiiin,  the  ahow  nl  raaiataiice  and  cun- 
linunnce  on  the  lalund  waa  kepi  up.  The  retreat 
waa  inuda  In  the  night,  and  Marly  comiileted  by 
twelve  o'clork.  Towarda  the  In*!  of  II,  lira  Mnr- 
qiiiade  Lulbyeltt  relumed  from  lluaion.  He  hud 
roiln  ihilher  fioni  Rhode  lalund,  a  diatunce  of  7U 
milea,  in  acven  houra,  and  relumed  in  aia  and  a 
hull'.  Anxloua  to  partake  in  the  eogugeinant,  hia 
iiiiirliAcnliun  wua  nul  little  ul  Beiny  ubaenl  nn  the 
iliiy  bel'ure.  He  wua  in  time  tu  bring  olf  the  pic- 
uueta,  nnd  other  pnrliea  that  covered  the  retreat  of 
ill*  American  army.  Thia  he  did  in  excellent  or- 
der. Not  a  mun  ■•«•  left  behind,  nor  waa  iba  aniull- 
eel  article  loat. 

The  braveiy  nnd  k<><><1  coiiihict  which  John  Lau- 
ren* diiplnyed  on  thia  uccnaion,  were  excelled  by 
Ilia  republican  iiiaiiuanimily,  in  declining  a  inililR- 
ry  ciimmiaiun,  which  wua  conferred  on  him,  by 
the  repreaenlHlive*  of  hi*  country.  Congreia  re- 
Milved,  thai  he  ahoulil  ba  preaedted  with  a  conti- 
nental commi*aion,  of  lieutenant  colonel.  In  teitl- 
iiiony  of  the  aenae  which  they  entertained  of  hia 
patriotic  and  apiriled  aervicea,  and  of  hia  brave 
I'tinilui'l  in  aeverul  uclinna,  purliculurly  In  that  of 
Klinde  laland,  on  the  2Dth  uf  Aunuat. 

On  the  next  duy  he  wrol'  X.  Congreia  a  letter, 
expreaaing  "  hia  firatiluda  lorth*  unaipaoted  hon- 
out  wbichiLajr  war*  pUiNil  lo  aonftr  Uin«  isd  iho 


•MlMa«IM«  M  w«ukl  ba**  alktrilad  bim,  eotiM  bo 
liaa*  *>>*|ii*d  la  alilmui  l«i)iiilng  lb* 'itbl*  nl  lb« 
uflUara  in  ili*  llw*  ul  ih*  army,  and  dnlni  an  ■•!> 
d*ni  iii|Mail>*  In  Ilia  iiull*«gH**,  In  lb*  family  n«  iIm 
•  umnimiiUr  in  >bi«l  TImi  huaiiii  b«*n*ap>«lt 
Inr  ill  III*  inntnUmn*  nr*'ialnii*d  in  III*  army  Hy 
illapulaa  nl  niiili.  Il*  lial.l  Ilia  trKiii|iillliiy  uf  it  iint 
ilaar,  Iu  Im  iii*iiuni*iii.il  In  ilMiniltitig  li,  miil  ili*i*> 
lui*  iNir*al*d  l'nH«r*a«  la  auiiinaa*  lb*lt  ••aulta, 
nrd*riHg  lilm  lb*  aummlaaiun  ul  lieulemml  «iiluii«l 
•nd  Iu  ««*ep«  hi*  ainaera  ibatik*  luf  tba  Mtiende*! 
huiiuMr." 

Wilb  Iha  abnrilva  aipadKlMi  la  Hbarilo  laUml, 
ibare  waa  an  and  tu  lb*  (dana,  wbiab  were  In  lbi« 
Aral  iain|Ml«n  ufujaeiad  by  iba  allie*  ul  C'imiraao 
l»r  a  *n  ufwralian.  Th*  Amarleana  had  bean  in- 
loalaated  wlib  hope*  uf  the  mual  d*iil*i«*  idnan- 
t*a*a  I  bul  in  *«*ry  Inaianc*  lh*y  w*i*  dia«|i)iaiHl- 
ed,  |,urd  How*,  wllh  an  InlermrHy  of  lurve,  nul 
•inly  pr*a*r«*d  hi*  awn  A**!,  bnl  «uunl*i*«l*d  aiul 
il*l*al*d  all  ih*  •l*w«  ami  »ll*m|M*nf  rnuni  O'Ka* 
lalgn.  Th*  Kr*ncli  A**l  galn*il  no  dir*«l  *d>an> 
i*|*a  fur  the  American*  i  y*l  ili*lr  arrital  waa  of 
gr*al  a*r«ii'*  tu  th*lr  eau**.  lUald**  daranging 
the  plana  of  tba  Hrlllab,  II  carried  rnnvietiun  l« 
their  minda,  lli«l  hia  nioel  (Jhrlatlan  Maieaiy  l>M 
a*rliMial«  dlafHiaad  to  luppurl  Ihani.  'I  ba  gami 
will  nf  their  new  alllea  waa  manif**i*d  tu  lb*  AmO< 
ilran*!  ami  though  II  had  lulled  in  (miduelng  ibo 
elfecia  *«|i*et*d  from  ii,  th*  liiilura  waa  ebargotl 
to  winda,  w»alb*r,  ami  iinavnnUbla  lHclHanla.~> 
Numecenauredl.'uunl  D'Kalalgni  bill  while  iboy 
atlem|ileil  to  eunaula  thein*el«ea  by  ihruwlng 
blame  un  him,  they  fall  ami  ackmiwladged  thiM 
obligation  to  iha  li'raneh  natiun,  ami  were  encour- 
aged to  |i*ria«ere  In  tba  war,  from  tha  hu|ia  ibal 
lielier  fuituna  wuuld  alland  their  fuiura  co-uparo- 
lion. 

Sir  Henry  Cllntno,  Anding  thai  ilia  American* 
had  leit  Ithwie  laland,  returned  lo  New  York  I  bu* 
direrted  llenerul  llrey  lo  |iroceed  to  lledfnrd  anil 
the  neighbniirbood,  where  aeterul  American  (irl- 
«al*«r«  reaurted.  Oo  reaching  the  iduee  aflbeir 
ileatination,  the  generHl'i  parly  Inmled,  and  In  • 
few  houra  deitroyed  aliuul  aeventy  auH  *f  tbl|h 
iilng,  bealdea  a  number  of  amull  cialt.  Tli*y  a^ao 
tiuinl  niuguain**,  whurvea,  itorea,  warobulMtai 
veaaria  on  th*  alnrka,  and  a  cnnaMerabIa  nuinbat 
nf  dwelling  hiiiiara.  'I'he  building  bi  ned  in  llad- 
I'nrd,  were  raliiiiuled  In  be  wurih.CUO.liUOaterllng. 
Tha  uther  arliclea  ilealruyed  were  wnrlh  inuoli 
iiinrt,  Tba  ruyal  lrun|Mi  prnceeded  lo  Marllia'e 
Vineyard.  There  they  dealroyed  a  few  veaetU. 
and  made  a  irtiiilaillun  uf  the  militia  ariiM,  ibt 
public  muney,  ,iUU  oxen,  and  IMNHI  ibaais  whUh 
wua  complied  wilb. 

A  ainiilur  expedition,  under  the  command  of 
C'a|iluin  Kriguann,  waa  Hbniil  theauiiie  time  under- 
taken uguinal  Little  K.gg-llurbnur,  niwhichplaoo 
llie  Americana  hud  a  number  of  privaiaera  andpri 
sea,  nnd  ulan  lome  ault-worka.  Several  uf  ibo 
veaaelagul  iiITi  but  nil  ihul  weie  fuund  wera  da- 
atroyed.  I'revinua  tu  ihe  embniralionuf  ibo  Hil- 
liah  from  Kgg  Hurbourfor  ,New  Yuik,CH|iluin  Ker- 
guiun  with  '.i,''iO  men,  aurpriaed  und  pui  lo  death 
ubuut  <'iO  uf  n  iHirty  of  Ihe  Americana,  who  wert 
inalcd  in  the  viciniiy.  The  ultack  being  made  In 
the  night,  litlla  or  no  ipiurtir  wua  given. 

The  loaa  auatuined  by  the  liritiah  In  thain  leve- 
ral  excuialona  wua  trilling;  bul  tba  advunlage  wua 
conaidernble.  from  the  aiippliea  they  procured,  and 
the  check  which  waa  given  lo  the  American  priva- 
teeri. 

One  nf  tha  moat  dlanatroui  eventa,  which  occur- 
red at  thia  period  of  tha  cimpnign,  waa  tbo  aur- 
iiiiae  nnd  mnaaacre  ofun  Aniericun  regimetii  of 
light  dngonni,  communded  by  Lieu'enanl  Cnlnnel 
linylor.  While  employed  in  a  dctucheil  aiiualinn, 
to  Iniercepi  and  wutcn  a  llriliah  foraging  tinny, 
they  took  up  their  lodging  in  a  burn  near  Tappun. 
The  officer  who  cnnimnnded  the  party  which  aur- 
priaed Iheni,  waa  Major  ( lenerul  llrey.  He  acqui- 
red the  name  of  the  *'  No  Hint  (ienRral,"  frnin  hia 
common  practice  of  urduring  the  men  under  hia 
command  to  lake  tba  Ainti  out  of  their  muikoM 
thai  ihaj  migbi  bt  oeaAnad  in  tbo  m«  ofiMf  tmj- 


HISTORY   OF    THE 


MMil.   Apany  ofmihlla,  «hlrlib«d  iMcniuiloncdUnipiaii  by  procceillnf  from  north  in  Mitilh  but 


i 


!  ;! 


I 


CI    ;l! 


M  iha  roiid,  by  which  the  lirUlth  ailtiincail, quilted 
Iheir  |N>(tii,  wilhoul  ttictiiK  iiiiy  iiulka  lu  Culonel 
Hiiylur.  Thit  diaocdirljf  cunducl  wu  lli*  occMion 
•I'  iha  dUuilcr  which  rullowt'il.  Orcjr'a  iiivn  pro- 
Mailed  With  «uch  •llaiice  and  addrrti,  that  Ihay 
•ul  olfa  •itriiaam'i  (Mlrul  wjlhiiul  iioiaa,  and  iiii- 
toundad  old  TapiHin  wtlhnul  being  diacovered. 
Thojr  ihar.  ruahrd  In  upon  Haylor'a  regiment,  while 
rhey  wrr*  in  u  prul'uund  aleep.  Incapable  of  da- 
feiK'it  iir  lexiiiaiica,  cut  ufT  from  a«ary  proapact  of 
aellini  llieir  livpadeur,  ihaaurprlaeduraguonaaued 
fur  i|iii«rtera.  Unmoved  by  Ihair  aupplleallona, 
Ibair  adveraarlaa  appltad  Iha  bayonet,  and  eonlln- 
ued  ita  repeated  ihruala,  while  objacla  could  be 
found  in  which  any  aigna  of  Ufa  appeared.  A  few 
eaca|ied  ;  and  othera,  after  having  received  IVom 
Ave  lu  eleven  bayonet  wounda  In  the  trunk  of  the 
body,  were  reatored  In  a  courae  of  lime,  to  perfect 
liealth.  Uaylor  himaelfwaa  wounded  but  not  dan- 
geroualy.  He  luat  in  killed,  wounded  and  taken, 
§7  privalea  out  of  10-1.  About  40  were  made  prla- 
ouera.  Theae  were  indebted,  for  their  Hvea,  to 
the  humauiiy  of  one  uf  Urey'a  captalna,  who  gave 
quarlera  to  thn  whole  fourth  truofi,  though  contra- 
ry n>  the  ordera  of  hit  auucrior  offlcera.  The  cir- 
•umatance  of  ihe  aiiack  being  made  in  ihe  night, 
•  hen  neither  order  iinr  diacipline  can  beobaerved, 
may  aiwlogiaa  in  aome  degree  with  men  of  n  cer- 
tain deacrinlinn,  for  ihia  bloody  acene.  It  cunnot 
be  inaiotained  thai  the  lawa  uf  war  require  that 
^uarlera  ahould  be  given  In  aimilar  aiauulta ;  but 
the  lovera  of  mankind  muat  ever  contend,  that  the 
lawa  of  humanity  are  of  auperior  obligation  to  thote 
•f  war.  The  truly  brave  will  apare  when  realat- 
ance  ceaaea,  and  in  every  caae  where  it  can  be 
dona  with  aafety.  The  perpelratora  of  auch  ac- 
tiooa  may  jiially  be  denominated  (he  enemiea  nf ra- 
ised aocieiy.  Aa  far  aa  their  example  nvalla,  It 
tenda  lo  arreat  the  growing  humanity  of  modern 
tiinca,  and  lo  revive  the  barbariam  of  Oothio  agea. 
On  iheae  principlea,  the  maaaacre  ofCulonel  Hay- 
jwr'a  regiment  wiia  the  aubjeeaof  much  complaint. 
Tbe  particular*  it(  it  were  aaccrlained,  by  the  oalha 
•f  aundry  ci.iJvile  wiineaaea,  taken  belore  Uover- 
■or  Livingato.N  jf  Jeney  ;  and  the  whole  waa  aub- 
■itiad  to  the  judgment  of  (he  public. 

In  the  aummer  of  thit  year,  an  exiwdlllon  waa 
nadenaken  againat  Eaat  Florida.  Thia  waa  re- 
■olved  upon,  with  the  double  view  of  proiecting  the 
alate  of  tieorgia  from  depredation,  and  of  cauaing 
«  diveifion.  Qeneral  Robert  Howe,  who  con- 
ducted it,  had  under  hia  command  aliout2000  men, 
■  few  hundred  of  whom  were  continental  troopa, 
and  llie  remainder  militia  of  the  «i:iIp«  nf  .Siiuth 
Carolina  nod  Ueurgia.  They  procutnled  as  far  aa 
Kl.  Mary'a  river,  and  without  any  oppoailion  of 
conaeqnenee.  At  thia  place  the  Itrltiah  had 
erected  a  fort,  which  in  compliment  to  Tunyn, 
goveriMir  of  ihe  province,  waa  called  by  hie  name. 
On  the  approach  of  Ueneral  Howe,  they  destroyed 
(hia  fort,  and  after  aome  alight  skirmiahing,  re- 
treated lowarda  St.  Augustine.  T'.ie  season  was 
more  fatal  to  tbe  Americana,  than  any  opposition 
llipy  ex|ierienced  from  their  enemiea.  Sickneaa 
and  d«;ith  raged  to  auch  a  degree,  than  an  imme- 
diate ivtreat  became  neccasary ;  but  before  thia 
was  effected,  they  lost  nearly  one-fourth  of  Iheir 
whole  number. 

The  loyal  coinmissionera  having  failed  in  their 
attempt*  to  induce  Ihe  Americana  lo  resume  the 
charHCtnr  of  British  aubjects,  and  the  successive 
plaiiH  of  cu-u|i«raiion  between  the  new  alliea  hav- 
ing hUo  failed,  a  solemn  pause  ensuml.  It  would 
acein  aa  ifdie  cominiaaioners  indulged  a  hope,  that 
the  cilizenaof  the  United  Statea,  on  finding  a  dia- 
appointmeotoftheirexpectationafrom  the  French, 
would  re-consider  and  accept  the  offers  of  Great 
ltri(ain.  Full  time  was  given,  both  for  (he  circu- 
lation of  (heir  manifes(o,  and  for  observing  ita  ef- 
tiects  on  the  public  mind  :  but  no  overtures  were 
wade  to  them  from  any  quarter.  The  year  was 
Itawtag  near  to  a  close,  before  any  interesting  ex- 
IMditiofl  waa  undertaken.  With  thia  new  era,  a 
■•w  ntMm  waa  introduced. 

HiiMtto  tlweoaqHtM  of  tht  tuiet  had  bvan  tf- 


that  order  waa  henceforth  Inveitkd,  and  the  aoiiih 
em  slates  became  the  nrtiicipal  theatre,  on  which 
the  liritiah  cummeneed  their  ulfenaive  opernlions. 
(lenrgis,  being  one  of  the  weiikest  sla(e8  in  (he 
union,  und  a(  (lie  annie  (iine  abounding  In  pruvis- 
iona,  wris  marked  ou(  aathe  Ar^t  object  uf  miewed 
warfare.  Lieutenant  (Jolonel  (janipbrll,  an  u  nicer 
nf  known  courage  and  ability,  enibar«  nl  from  New 
Vork  fur  Savannah,  ii7ih  November,  with  a  force 
of  about  'HMO  men,  under  the  convoy  of  aome  ahipa 
nf  war,  commanded  by  Commodore  Hyde  I'arker. 
To  make  more  aura  of  auccess  In  lh«  anierprlac. 
Major  Ueneral  Frevoal,  who  commanded  ;he  royal 
foreea  in  Kaat  Florida,  waa  directed  lo  advance 
with  ihem  into  Iha  aoulhern  extremity  of  Georgin. 
The  fleet  that  aalled  from  New  York,  in  about 
three  weeka  elTecied  a  landing  near  the  mouth  of 
Ihe  river  Savannah.  From  ine  landing  place,  a 
narrow  causeway  of  six  hundred  yarda  in  length, 
with  a  ditch  on  each  aide,  led  through  a  awamp. 
A  body  of  the  British  light  Infantry  moved  for- 
ward along  this  causeway.  On  their  advance, 
they  received  a  heavy  Are  from  a  small  party  un- 
der Captain  Smith,  posted  for  the  purpose  uf  im- 
(leding  their  passage.  Captain  Cameron  waa  killed ; 
but  the  Briliah  made  their  way  good,  and  com- 
pelled Captain  Smith  to  retreat,  (ilenerni  Howe, 
the  American  oflHcer  to  whom  Ihe  defence  uf 
(leorgia  waa  committed,  took  his  station  on  the 
main  road,  and  poaled  hia  little  army,  consisting 
of  about  600  con(lnen(als,  and  a  few  hundred  mi- 
li(ia,  be(ween  the  landing-place  and  the  (own  of 
Savannah,  wi(h  the  river  on  hia  left  and  a  nioriiss 
in  front.  Thia  dlaposidon  announced  grea(  diffi- 
euldea  (o  be  overcome,  before  the  Americans  could 
be  dislodged.  While  Colonel  (Campbell  was  mak- 
ing (he  neceaaary  arrangenien(a  for  (hia  purpose, 
he  received  Intelligence  from  a  negro,  of  a  private 
path  through  the  awamp,  on  the  right  of  the  Aine 
ricana  which  lay  in  sucti  a  aituatioo,  that  the  Bri- 
liah troops  might  march  through  it  unobserved. 
Sir  Jamea  Baird,  wi(h  (he  ligh(  infamry,  was  di- 
rec(ed  (o  avail  himself  of  (hia  path,  in  order  to  turn 
the  right  wing  of  the  Americans,  and  attack  their 
rear.  Aa  soon  aa  it  was  supposed  that  air  James 
Baird  had  cleared  his  passage,  (he  Bridsh  in  fion( 
of  the  Americans,  were  direc(ed  to  advance  and 
engige.  Howe,  Anding  himself  nKacked  in  the 
rear  aa  well  na  in  the  front,  onlerea  an  immediate 
retreat.  The  Biitish  pursued  with  great  execu 
(ion;  (heir  victory  waa  complete.  Upwards  of 
100  of  the  Americans  were  killed.  Thir(y-eigh( 
ofHcers,  41.'>  priva(es,  48  pieces  of  cannon.  Si.') 
mor(ara,  the  fort,  with  its  ammunition  and  stores, 
the  shipping  in  (he  river,  a  large  quan(i(y  of  pro- 
visiuns,  with  the  capital  of  Qeurgia,  were  all,  in 
the  apace  of  a  few  hours,  in  (he  possession  of  the 
conquerors.  The  broken  remains  of  the  American 
army  retreated  up  the  river  Savannah  for  aeveral 
miles,  and  then  took  shelter  by  crossing  into  South 
Carolina. 

Agreeably  to  instruelioni,  Guneral  Prevost  had 
marched  from  East  Florida,  about  tbe  same  time 
thai  (he  embarcadon  (ook  place  from  New  York. 
After  encountering  many  difficulties,  (he  king's 
troops  from  St.  Augustine  reached  (he  inhabited 
parte  o'f  Oeorgia,  and  there  heard  the  welcome 
tidings  of  the  arrival  and  success  of  Colonel  Camp- 
bell. Savannah  having  fallen,  the  fort  at  Sunbury 
surrendered.  Oeneral  Prevost  marched  (o  Sa- 
vannah, and  took  (he  command  of  the  combined 
forces  from  New  York  and  St.  Augustine.  Pre- 
vious lo  his  arrival,  a  proclamation  had  been  is- 
sued, to  encourage  the  inhabitants  lo  come  in  and 
submit  (o  (he  conquerors,  with  promises  of  pro(ec- 
(ion,  on  condidon  (hat  wi(h  (heir  arms  they  would 
support  royal  government. 

Lieu(enant  Colonel  Campbell  acted  with  great 
|)olicy,  in  aecuring  the  submission  of  the  inhabit- 
ants. He  did  mure  in  a  short  lime,  and  with  com- 
paratively a  few  men,  towards  the  re-esliiblish- 
ment  of  the  British  interest,  than  all  the  gencnil 
officera  who  had  preceded  him.  He  not  only  ex- 
tirpated military  oppotidon,  but  subverted  for  some 
tioM  •Ttrf  MM  of  Npublican  goTernmeat,  and 


iiaved  the  way  fur  the  ra-eaiabllshmanl  of  »  royal 
legislature.  Oeorgia,  soon  after  Ihe  radvctlon  ol 
Ita  capital,  exhihiied  u  singular  apeclacle.  It  waa 
the  only  ataie  of  the  Union,  In  which,  after  Iha 
declaration  of  indp|Mindence,  a  legialnlive  body 
waa  convened  under  Ihe  authority  of  Ihe  crown  of 
(ireat  Britain.  The  rnoileralinn  and  prndcnce  uf 
Lieutenant  ColonelCanipbell  were  mureaucccasfui 
in  recu'iciling  the  minds  of  the  citlxens  lo  their 
fttrmer  constitulion,  than  the  severe  ineasnrea 
which  hail  been  generally  adopted  by  olhei  Biitish 
cuminaiiders. 

Thoarrora  oftha  Aral  yanra  of  ihe  war,  forearf 
oa  Congreaa  aaina  uaafnl  raforma,  In  the  year  1778 
Tha  Insufficiency  oftha  provlalon  maita  for  Iha 
support  of  the  officera  of  their  army  had  inducail 
many  resignations.  From  a  conviction  of  the  ju^ 
lice  and  policy  of  making  commissions  valuabk ) 
and  from  respect  lo  the  warm,  but  disinterested  re- 
commendations of  Ueneral  Washington,  Congress 
resolved:  "that  half- pay  ahould  be  allowed  lo 
their  officers,  for  ihe  term  of  seven  years,  after 
the  expiration  of  their  service."  Thia  was,  after- 
wards, extended  lo  Iha  end  of  their  lives :  and 
Anally,  that  was  commuted  for  full  pay,  for  Am 
years.  Resignations  were  .ifterwarila  rare;  and 
the  alales  reaped  the  beneAl  of  experienced  offi> 
cers  continuing  in  service,  till  the  war  was  ended. 

A  system  nf  more  regular  discipline  was  In- 
troduced into  the  American  army,  by  the  industry, 
abiliiies,  and  judicious  regulaliuns  of  Baron  da 
Steuben,  a  moat  excellent  disciplinarian,  who  had 
served  under  Ihe  king  of  Prussia.  A  very  im- 
|)ortanl  reform  look  place  in  the  medical  depart- 
ment, by  apiMiinting  different  officers,  lodiacharga 
the  directing  and  purveying  business  of  the  mill* 
tary  hospitals,  which  had  been  before  united  in  Iha 
same  hands.  Dr.  Rush  was  principally  instrument 
lal  in  affecting  this  beneflcial  alteration.  Soma 
regulations,  which  had  been  adopted  for  Inildng 
(he  prices  ofcomniodides,  being  found  not  only  iin> 
practicable,  but  injurious,  were  abulished. 

The  Randolph,  an  American  frigate  of  36  gimi 
and  three  hundred  and  Ave  men,  commanded  by 
Captain  Biddle,  having  sailed  on  a  cruise  from 
Charleston,  fell  in  with  (he  Yarmouth,  nf  64  guns, 
and  engaged  her  in  the  night.  In  about  a  q,uarler 
of  an  hour,  the  Randolph  blew  up.  Four  men 
only  were  saved,  U|Min  a  piece  of  her  wreck. 
These  had  subsisted  four  days  on  nothing  hut  raie 
water,  which  they  sucked  from  a  piece  of  blanket. 
On  the  9th  day.  Captain  Vincent  of  the  Yarmouth, 
though  in  chase  of  a  ship,  on  discovering  thjin, 
suspended  the  chase,  and  took  them  on  boird 
(/'iiptuin  Uiilille,  who  perished  on  board  Ihi  l.«a> 
dulph,  was  universallv  lamented.  He  was  in  iha 
prime  of  life,  and  li:id  excited  high  nxpectatioria 
uf  future  usefulness  lo  his  country,  as  a  bold  ani 
skilful  officer. 

[Nicholas  BinoLE,  captain  in  the  .<Lmerican 
navy,  during  the  revolutionary  war,  was  burn  ir 
the  city  nf  Philadelphia,  in  the  yearl7.'>0.  Among 
the  brave  men  who  |)erished  in  the  glorious  strug- 
gle for  the  inile|iendencenf  America,  Captain  Bid- 
die  holds  a  distinguished  rank.  Ilis services,  atui 
the  high  expectations  raised  by  his  military  geniuk 
and  gallantry,  have  left  a  strong  impression  of  hia 
merit,  and  a  profound  regret  that  his  early  fata 
should  have  disappf>inled,  so  soon,  the  ho|ies  o( 
his  country. 

Very  early  in  life  lie  manifested  a  partiality  for 
the  sea,  and  before  the  ago  of  fnurteen  he  had 
made  a  voyage  to  Qnebpc.  In  the  following  year, 
1765,  he  sailed  from  Pliihulelphia  to  Jamaica,  and 
the  Bay  of  Honduras.  The  vessel  left  the  bay  in 
(ho  latter  end  of  December,  1765,  bound  lo  Anti- 
gua, and  on  the  second  day  of  January,  in  a  heavy 
gale  of  wind,  she  was  cast  uway  on  a  shoal,  called 
the  Northern  Triangles.  After  remaining  two 
nights  and  a  day  upon  the  wreck,  the  crew  took 
lo  their  yawl,  the  Inng-hnat  having  been  load  and 
with  great  difficulty  and  haxard,  landed  on  ono  of 
the  small  uninhabited  islands,  about  three  le-iguea 
distant  from  the  reef  upon  which  they  struck 
Here  they  staid  a  few  days.  SoPif  proTiiioM 
were  procured  from  the  wreck,  and  their  boat  wai 


UNITED    STATES. 


iae    froia 

(6^  HUM, 
(lii»rt»r 

'oiir  men 
licr  wreck. 

,  but  raiB 

'bliinkel. 
Yarninulli, 
ting  ihitn, 
boird 

I  Ik  '■.«»• 
<vn!i  in  iha 
ipeciatioii* 

bull!  ani 

Americnn 
born  ir 
Among 
oiissiriii;- 
plain  Bid- 
vieea,  anJ 
iry  xenint 
ion  or  hill 
Parly  (nut 
lio|ies  o( 

tinliry  Tor 
lie  had 
ng  year, 
laica,  and 
he  bay  in 
"  to  Anti- 
n  a  heavy 
I.  culled 
line  two 
rew  took 
lost,  and 
n  ono  of 
leiguM 
•truck 
rovitioM 

boMWM 


•Au«d.  Ai  li  «M  too  amall  to  earnr  Iham  ill  olT, 
thay  drew  loti  to  deiaimino  who  iliojld  ramain, 
■ml  vounji  Biddia  wa*  among  tlia  number.  Ma, 
and  Ilia  three  cuin|ianton(,  lutrereil  extreme  hard- 
ahi|Mi  for  want  of  |irnviiiion*  und  kouiI  water ;  and, 
''ihongh  vuriuu*  oirortt  weie  nimie  for  their  relief, 
tl  wai  neatly  two  moiitha  liefure  lliey  aucceeded. 

Such  a  icene  nf  dangera  anil  aulfering  In  Iha 
aommencament  ufhia  career,  would  I  ave  diarou- 
raged  ayouih  of  ordinary  enlarprise  and  jitntiu- 
ranca.  On  him  it  produced  no  audi  aflfect.  The 
aoolneia  and  promptitude  with  which  he  acted,  in 
Iha  midil  of  perili  iliat  alarmed  the  oldeat  teamen, 
gave  a  aura  nreaaga  of  iha  force  of  hit  ahinotar. 
and  after  ha  nad  returned  home,  be  mada  tararal 
European* oyagea,  in  which  he  acquired  a  thorougb 
knowledge  of  aeamanthip. 

In  the  year  17^0,  when  a  war  between  Oraal 
Drilain  and  Spain  was  expected,  In  conaequenca 
of  the  ditpula  relative  to  Falklnnd'a  laland,  na  want 
to  London,  in  order  to  enter  the  British  navy.  Ha 
look  with  him  letters  of  rncommandation  from 
Thomas  Willing,  Eao.  to  his  brother-in-law,  Cani. 
Sterling,  on  board  nt  whose  ship  he  served  riir 
(ome  time  as  a  midshipman.  The  dispute  with 
Spain  being  acrommoilated,  he  Intended  to  leave 
the  navy,  but  was  perauiided  hy  Captain  Sterling  to 
remain  in  the  service,  promising  that  be  would  use 
ill  hia  interest  to  get  him  promoted.  His  ardent 
ininil,  however,  could  not  rest  satisfied  with  tha 
iiiacliviiy  of  hi*  situation,  which  he  was  impatient 
to  change  for  one  mora  suited  to  his  disposition 

In  the  year  1773,  a  voyage  of  discovery  was 
undertaken,  at  the  request  of  tha  Royal  Society 
in  order  to  ascertain  how  far  n.ivigatlon  was  prnc 
tiiiible  towards  the  North  Pole,  to  advance  the 
discovery  of  the  north-west  passage  into  the  south 
seas,  and  to  make  such  astronomical  observations 
as  iniglu  prove  serviceable  to  navigation 

Two  veaseU  ihe  Race  Horse  and  Carcase,  were 
Sited  out  fur  the  expedition,  the  command  of  which 
■*'M  given  to  Captain  Phippa,  afterwards  lord  Mul- 
grave,  The  peculiar  dangers  to  which  such  an 
undertaking  was  exposed,  induced  the  government 
10  take  extniordinarv  precautions  in  fitting  out  and 
|trepaiing  the  vessels,  and  selecting  tha  crews,  and 
■  |Hisliive  order  was  issued  that  no  boys  should  ba 
received  on  board. 

To  the  bold  and  enterpiising  spirit  of  young 
Hiddle,  such  an  expedition  had  great  attractions, 
lixiremely  anxious  to  join  it,  he  endeavouied  to 
procure  Captain  Sterling's  permission  for  that  pur- 
pose, but  he  was  unwilling  to  part  with  him,  and 
v.'ould  not  consent  to  let  him  go.  The  temptation 
was,  however,  irresislabte.  He  resolved  to  go 
and  laying  aside  his  uniform,  ha  entered  on 
board  the  Carcase  before  the  mast.  When  he  first 
went  on  board  he  was  observed  by  a  seaman  who 
had  known  him  before,  and  was  very  much  iitlach 
ed  in  him.  The  honest  fellow,  thinking  that  he 
must  have  been  degraded  and  turned  before  the 
insist  :n  diagrace,  was  greatly  affected  at  seeing 
lilm,  but  was  equally  surprised  and  pleased  when 
he  learned  the  true  cause  of  the  young  officer's 
disguise,  and  he  kept  his  secret,  as  he  was  re- 
quested to  do.  Impelled  by  the  same  spirit,  young 
Horatio,  afterwards  lord  Nelson,  had  solicited  and 
obtained  permission  to  enter  on  board  the  same 
vi-sael.  These  youthful  adventurers  are  both  said 
lo  have  been  »p|ioinled  cockswains,  a  station  al- 
ways assigned  to  the  most  active  and  trusty  sea- 
men. 'I'he  particulars  of  this  expedition  are  well 
known  to  the  public.  These  intrepid  navigators 
penetrated  as  far  as  the  latitude  of  eighty-one  de- 
gires  and  thirty-nine  min  utes,  and  they  were,  at 
one  time,  Rnclos<;d  with  mountains  of  ice,  and  their 
vessels  rendereiJ  almost  immoveable  for  Ave  days 
at  the  hazard  of  instant  destruction  .  Captain  Bid- 
dia kept  a  journal  of  his  voyage,  which  was  after- 
wards lost  with  him. 

The  commencement  nf  the  revolution  gave  a  new 
turn  to  his  pursuits,  and  he  tepaired  without  delay 
to  the  standard  of  his  country.  When  a  rupture 
between  England  and  America  ap|>eared  inevita 


Camdan  ■■Hay,  flttad  for  tba  dafanca  of  Iha  Dala- 
wara,  lia  found  ibia  loo  Inaotiva  a  aarvlea,  and 
whan  tha  laal  wat  iHaparlng,  under  Commodore 
Hopkins,  for  an  axpadillon  against  New  I'rnvi- 
danca,  ba  applied  fur  a  command  in  tha  fleet,  and 
was  immedlataly  appointaJ  commandar  of  tba  An- 
drew Ooiia,  a  brig  uf  14  |una  and  I'M  man.  Paul 
Junes,  who  was  then  a  liaulanani,  and  waa  going 


on  tha  axpadition,  waa  dlsting- 
BIddIa,  and  lolroducad  lo  hit 
of  merit. 

Bafora  ha  allied  from  Iba  ea, 
Ineidani  oocurrad,  wbloh  mark 
Irapidity.  Haaiing  iliJi  Iwo  • 
vassal  wara  al  Latvltlown  m  {r'l 
lani  on  tbora  for  iham,  but  ba  ra. 


-•d  by  Captain 
t  nt  an  olAcar 


malion  Ibal  Iha  two  man,  with  a. 
armed  Ibamtalvat  barrlcadoad  Iha 


''  Dalawara,  an 

ia  paraonal  in- 

lara  from  hia 

'-'■  officer  waa 

""^wllhlnfor- 

^       «,  had 

'    iwora 

ihay  would  not  ba  takan  i  that  Iba  J  uf  tba 

town  had  baan  tent  for,  bul  wara  ai  „..  to  open 

Iha  door,  iha  priionert  thraataning  to  shooi  tha  Art! 

man  who  aolerad/   Captain  BliFdla  immadiataly 

want  lo  Iha  pritoii,  tuoompunied  by  a  midtblpman, 

and  ealling  lo  ona  of  tha  deserters,  whose  name 

waa    Qraen,    a   atoul    resolute    follow    ordered, 

him  to  opan  Iba  doort  ha  repllnl  thai  ha  would 

not,  and  If  altampted  lo  enter,  he  would  shoot 

him.    Ha  then  ordered  tha  dour  to  ba  forced, 

and  eotering  singly  with  a  pistol  in  each  hand,  he 

called  In  Uraen,  who  waa  prepan-il  to  Are,  and 

said,  "  now.  Urean,  if  you  (to  not  Hike  good  aim, 

you  ara  a  dead  man."     Daunted  by  his  manner, 

their  resolution  failed,  and  the  uiililia  coming  in 

secured  Ihein.    They  afterwards  declared  to  tha 

oAflcar  who  furniahes  Ihit  account,   thai  it  wat 

Captain  Biddla's  luiik  and  manner  which  had  awed 

them  into  submission,  fur  that  they  had  determined 

to  kill  him  na  soon  as  h<i  came  into  the  room. 

Writing  from  the  ca|iea  lo  hia  brother,  tba  tale 
Judge  Biddia  he  siiys,  "  I  know  not  what  may  be 
our  fata ;  ba  It,  liuwever,  what  il  may,  vou  may 
rest  assured,  I  will  never  causa  a  bluth  in  the 
cheeks  of  my  friends  or  countrymen."  Soon 
after  they  tailad,  tha  tmall-iiox  broke  oul  and  ra- 
ged with  graal  violanea  in  tha  fleet,  which  waa 
manned  onleAv  by  New  England  seamen.  Tba 
humanity  of  Capi.  BIddle,  always  prompt  and  aC' 
live,  was  employed  on  thia  occasion  lo  allaviata 
Iha  ganaral  diairata,  by  all  the  meant  In  lit  power. 
Hia  own  craw,  which  was  from  Philadelphia,  be- 
ing tecure  againti  the  distemper,  he  took  on  board 
great  numbers  of  tlie  tick  from  the  other  veiseis. 
Every  pan  of  bit  vettel  wat  crowded,  the  long- 
boat wat  fitted  for  tlieir  accommodation,  and  he 
gave  up  hit  own  col  lo  a  young  midshipman,  on 
whom  he  bestowed  the  greatest  attention  lilt  bis 
death.  In  the  mean  whlla  ha  slept  himself  upon 
the  lockers,  refusing  Ihe  repeated  solicitations  of 
ills  officers  to  accept  their  nirths.  On  their  arri- 
val at  New  Providence,  ilsurrendere<l  without  op- 
liosilion.  Tha  crew  of  the  Andrew  Doria,  from 
the  crowded  situation,  became  sick,  and  before  she 
left  Pruvidence,  there  were  not  men  enough  capa- 
ble nf  doing  duty  to  man  the  boats ;  Capl.  Biddle 
visited  them  every  day,  and  ordered  every  neces- 
sary refreshment,  bul  they  continued  sickly  until 
they  arrived  al  Now  Lonilon. 

After  refitting  at  New  London,  Captain  Biddle 
received  ordert  to  proceed  off  the  Bankt  of  New- 
foundland, in  order  to  intercept  the  transports 
and  storcahi|)s  bound  to  Boston.  Before  he  reach- 
ed the  banks,  he  captured  two  shi|is  from  .Scotland, 
with  400  higliland  troops  on  board,  destined  for 
Boston.  At  this  time  ilia  Andrew  Doria  had  not 
100  men.  Lieutenant  Josiah,  a  brave  and  excel- 
lent officer,  was  put  on  board  one  of  the  prizes, 
with  all  the  higliland  officers,  and  ordered  to  make 
the  first  |iart.  Unfortunately,  about  ten  days  af- 
terwards, he  was  taken  by  the  Cerberus  frigate, 
and  on  pretence  of  his  being  an  Englishman,  lie 
was  ordered  to  do  duty,  and  extremely  ill  used. 
Captain  Biddle  hearing  uf  the  ill  treatment  of  Lieu- 
tenant Josiah,  wrote  to  itie  admiral  at  New  York, 
that,  however  disagreeable  it  was  to  him,  he  would 


ble,  he  returned  to  Philadelphia,  and  soon  after  hit  I  treat  a  young    man   of  family,  believed  to  be  _ 

anrival.  ha  waa  appointed  to  tlie  commaad  of  thai  ton  of  lord  CraatoD,  who  waa  Uien  hit  prisoner,  [tpired 'by  hit  profetsional  conduct  and  »itioai;lbal 


In  lb*  manner  Ihay  Iraated  Lieutenant  Joaiah 
Ha  alto  applied  lo  bla  own  government  in  be- 
half of  thit  injured  offlcar,  and  by  the  iiroeeadinga 
of  Congrete,  on  ttie  7th  of  August,  1776.  it  m|>. 
pears,  '•  thai  a  tatter  from  Capiuin  Nicholas  BId- 
dIa to  the  marina  commitlae,  was  laid  Iwfore  Con- 
gre tt  and  read :  whereupon,  Rvaulveil,  That  (ieno- 
rat  Wastilngton  be  directed  to  propose  an  axchanga 
of  Lieutenant  Josiah,  for  a  lieutenant  of  tlia  navy 
of  Ureal  Britain  i  that  the  general  renr.onstrata  tu 
lord  Howa  on  iba  cruel  traatmani  Liautanani  Jo« 
aiah  baa  mai  with,  of  which  Iba  eongrass  bare  ra- 
calvad  undoubted  information."  Liautanani  Jo- 
aiah waaaxehangad,  after  an  imprisonmapi  of  Ian 
montba.  After  the  eapiura  of  tba  ahipa  wiin  kt 
blgbtandart,  lucb  waa  Captain  Biddla'a  acilvlit 
and  aueeeta  In  taking  pilaat,  that  wiian  ha  arilvae 
In  Iha  Dalawara,  ba  had  but  Ave  of  tha  erew  with 
whleh  he  aalled  from  New  London,  the  roM  hav- 
ing baan  dialrlbuted  am.  ig  tha  captured  veisalt, 
and  their  placea  tuopllad  by  men  who  had  entered 
from  the  prlsea.  Ha  had  a  great  number  of  pri- 
soners, thai,  for  soma  daya  before  ba  got  in,  ha 
never  left  ibe  deck. 

While  ha  wat  thus  tndefatlgably  engaged  In 
weakening  the  enemy's  |iower,  and  advancing  hia 
cnuntry't  interett,  he  wat  disinterested  and  gener- 
ous In  alt  that  related  to  hit  private  advantage. 
Tha  brave  and  woithy  oppouent,  whom  Iba  ehanea 
of  war  had  thrown  in  hit  power,  found  In  blm  n 
patron  and  friend,  who  on  more  than  one  oceation, 
wat  known  lo  retlore  lo  tha  vanqiiitbad  iba  fruila 
of  victory. 

In  the  latter  and  of  the  year  1776,  Capt.  Biddia 
waa  appointed  lo  the  command  ol  Ihe  Randolph, 
a  frigate  of  Ibirty-two  gunt.  With  hia  uiual  ao. 
tivitv,  ho  emoloyed  averv  exertion  to  get  her  rea- 
dy for  tea.  The  difficulty  of  procuring  American 
seamen  al  that  lima,  obliged  him,  in  order  lo  man 
hia  abip,  to  laka  a  number  of  Britith  teamen,  who 
were  pritonara  of  war,  and  who  bad  requeued 
leave  to  enter. 

The  Randolph  aaltad  from  Phihidelphia.  lo  Fe- 
bruary, 1777.  Soon  after  the  got  lo  tea,  her 
lower  masts  were  discovered  to  be  unaound,  and. 
In  a  heavy  gale  of  wind,  all  her  mam  went  by  tlm 
board.  While  Ibey  were  bearing  away  forCbaitee 
Ion,  the  Engliah  aaitort,  with  tome  others  of  tha 
crow  formed  a  detign  to  lake  the  abip.  When  al  I 
wat  readv,  they  gave  three  cheert  on  the  gun- 
deck.  By  the  decided  and  resolute  conduct  ol 
Captain  Biddle  and  his  officers,  the  ring  leaden 
were  teized  and  punished,  and  the  rest  submitted 
without  farther  resistance.  After  refitting  al 
Charleston,  as  speedily  as  possible,  he  sailr<*  on  a 
cruise,  and  three  days  after  he  left  the  bar,  ne  fell 
in  with  four  sail  of  vessels,  bound  frnin  Jamaica 
to  London.  One  ofthem,  called  the  True  Briton, 
mounted  twenty  guns.  Tlie  commander  of  tier, 
who  had  frequently  expressed  to  his  passengers  his 
hopes  of  falling  in  with  the  Randolph,  as  soon  as  he 
perceived  her,  made  all  the  sail  he  could  from  her, 
but  finding  he  could  not  escape,  he  hove  to,  and 
kept  up  a  constant  fire,  unlit  the  Randolph  hid 
bore  down  upon  him,  and  was  preparing  for  a 
broadside,  when  he  hauled  down  his  colours.  By 
her  superior  sailing,  the  Randolph  was  enabled  to 
capture  tlie  rest  of  the  vessels,  and  in  oii«  werk 
from  the  time  he  sailed  from  Chailestun.  Cii|> 
lain  Biddle  returned  there  with  his  prizes,  wliicl. 
proved  to  be  very  valuable. 

Encouraged  by  tils  spirit  and  suereiis,  the  stair 
of  South  Carolina  made  exertions  foi  Ailing  out 
an  expedition  under  his  command.  His  iinm* 
and  the  |)ersonal  attachment  to  him,  urged  foi 
ward  a  crowd  of  volunteers  to  serve  with  him, 
and  in  a  short  time,  the  shin  General  Moultrii^ 
the  brigs  Fair  American,  and  Polly,  and  the  Notre 
Dame,  were  prepared  for  sea.  A  nelncliment  of 
fifty  men  from  llie  first  regiment  of  Soutli  Caro 
tina  continental  infantry,  was  ordered  to  act  at 
marines  on  board  the  Ranilolph.  Such  was  tha 
attachmeni  which  the  honourable  and  ami'  bic  de- 
portment of  Captain  Biddle  had  iinpresseti  during 
I  his  slay  at  Charleston,  and  such  the  confidence  in- 


HISTORY  or  TUB 


^'f 


■  KCBfinl  einulmlon  parradwi  lh«  eorpi  lo  ha«* 
(III  honour  ol'  Mrving  under  III*  eommani.  Thi 
iniir  of  iluijr,  iilUrii  aencruui  euiniia;liiun  mnong 
lb*  oHIoar*,  w»i daoidied  (oCaplaln  Joor,  and  Lieu- 
tnmnla  Qray  and  Simin  ina,  wIiom  gallunt  conduct. 
M»i  thai  of  llialr  braro  dalHohnicni,  did  Juilice  tu 
Id*  btgli  charact<>r  of  the  raglineal.  Ai  aoon  u» 
Iha  Randolph  waa  rofllled,  and  •  now  inainnixit 
oblalnad  in  place  of  ona  which  had  been  atruck 
with  llgblntng,  ah*  drnpi  down  to  Reballlon  Ruudi 
wlib  her  llilla  aquiidron.  Their  luMntion  whi  io 
•tiaek  the  Caryalbil  frigate.  Ilia  Peraaua  twenty- 
fcur  gun  aliip,  the  Hlchinbrook  of  aUtMn  |un«. 
wd  a  privataer  which  had  bcao  crulalng  off  tha 
bar,  and  had  much  annoved  the  trade.  They 
war*  detained  a  contlderable  lime  In  Rabellioo 
Road*,  after  they  were  ready  to  aall,  by  contiary 
windi,  and  want  of  water  on  the  bar  for  the  Ran- 
dolph. Aa  aoon  aa  tbey  got  over  the  bar,  they 
•lood  to  the  eaatward.  In  exnectatlon  of  falling  In 
with  (he  Rritiah  cruiaen.  The  next  day  (hey  re- 
look  a  dlamaiied  ahlp  from  New  England ;  aa  ahe 
bad  no  cargo  on  board,  they  look  out  her  crew, 
aix  light  guni,  and  aome  atoraa,  and  aet  her  on 
Are.  binding  that  the  Brltiih  ahlpa  had  left  the 
coaal,  they  proceeded  lo  the  Weit  Indlea,  and 
rruined  to  the  eaatward,  and  nearly  In  the  latitude 
of  Btrbadoet,  for  aome  daYa,  during  which  lime 
Ihey  boarded  a  number  of  French  and  D  Jtch  ahlpa, 
ind  took  an  Engllah  aohooner  from  New  York, 
bound  lo  Orenada,  which  had  mtatakan  the  Ran- 
dolph for  a  Britiah  frigate,  and  waa  taken  poaaea- 
aion  of  before  the  miatake  waa  dicovered. 

Un  the  night  ofthe  7th  of  March,  1778,  the  fatal 
accident  occurred,  which  terminated  the  life  of  Ihia 
eacellent  offlcer.  For  aome  daya  preriouilv  he 
had  expected  an  attack.  CaptaioaBlake,  a  brave 
officer,  who  commanded  a  detachment  ofthe  ae- 
eond  8«ttth  Carolina  regiment,  aervingaamarioea 
on  board  the  General  Moultrie,  and  lo  whom  we 
■re  IndelHed  for  aeToral  of  thaeoaniBg  puiiculara, 
dined  Mi  board  the  Randolph  two  dava  before  the 
MgagenMnl.  At  dinner  Captain  Bidrileaaid,  "We 
have  been  cruiaing  here  for  aome  lime,  and  hare 
•poken  a  number  of  veiieli,  who  will  no  doubt 
five  infonniitian  of  ua,  and  I  ahould  not  be  aur- 
prised  if  my  old  ahip  ahould  be  out  after  ua.  Aa 
lo  any  thing  thxl  carriea  her  guna  upon  one  deck, 
(  ihiak  myielf  a  match  for  her.  About  3.  P.  M. 
4l'llM  7th  of  March,  ■  eignal  wae  made  from  the 


Randolph  for  a  aail  to  windwiird,  in  eonaequence 
of  whicn  the  iquadron  hiiuled  upon  a  wind,  In  ur 
der  lo  iiMak  lirr.  Il  wu«  four  o'clock  before  ahe 
could  be  diilinctty  aeen,  when  ihe  wai  iliacnvernl 
to  be  »  ship,  though  aailia  ncHred  andciinia  bel'nie 
the  wind,  alia  liaothe  apiiearance  of  u  liirKe  •loop 
with  only  n  iqnaro  aail  aet.  About  aeven  o'elock.tlie 
Randolph  being  to  windward,  hove  to  ;  tlieMoul 
trie,  being  about  one  hundred  and  Afty  yardt  ailern, 
and  rather  in  leeward,  alim  hore  to.  About  elKhl 
o'olouk  the  Uriliah  aliip  Ared  a  iliol  juit  ahead  of 
the  Moultrie,  and  haiiiid  her;  the  unawer  waa. 
the  Polly,  of  New  York  )  U|)on  which  >hu  imme- 
diately haulfdhwr  wind,  and  hailed  the  Randolph. 
She  waa  l*jC^or  the  Aral  time,  diicovered  tu  be 
a  l"'4|'''^/'o|^  After  aereral  queitiooa  aiked  and 
anaar''*'  ilk  ahe  waa  ranging  up  nioiigiide  the 
Rai*  ^"^'t  and  had  got  on  net  weather  quarter, 
IiieuHiiant  Barnea,  of  that  ahip  called  out,  "  Tliia 
la  the  Randolph,"  and  ahe  immediately  hoiated 
her  colour*  and  gave  ihe  enemy  a  brondiide. 
Shortly  after  the  action  commenced,  Capt.  Diddle 
received  a  wound  in  the  thigh  and  fell.  Thia  oc- 
caaionnd  aome  confuainn,  aa  it  waa  Ard  thought 
that  he  waa  killed.  He  aoon,  however,  ordered  a 
chair  to  be  brought,  aaid  that  he  wa*  only  (lightly 
wounded,  and  being  carried  forward  cncoumged 
Ihe  crew.  The  *lem  of  the  enemy'*  *hip  being 
clear  of  the  Randolph,  Ihe  captain  ofthe  Moullrie 
gave  orlera  lo  Are,  but  Ihe  enemy  having  ahol 
ahead,  ao  aa  to  bring  Ihe  Randolph  between  them, 
the  tail  broadaide  of  the  Moullrie  went  into  the 
Randolph,  and  it  waa  thought  by  one  of  the  men 
aaved,  who  waaatationed  on  the  quarter-deck  near 
Capt.  Biddle,  that  he  waa  wounded  by  a  allot  from 
Ihe  Mouhrie.  The  Are  from  the  Randolph  wna 
conaiant  and  well  directed.  She  Ared  nearly  three 
broadaide*  to  the  enemy'*  one,  and  ahe  appeareil, 
while  Ihe  battle  laated,  to  be  io  a  continual  blaxe. 
In  about  twenty  minute*  after  the  action  began, 
and  while  the  aurgeoo  waa  examining  Captain 
Biddle'*  woniMi  on  the  quarter  deck,  the  Ran- 
dolph blew  up. 

The  ennmy'a  *e«eei  waa  the  Britiah  ahip  Tar- 
mouth,  of  *ixty-four  gun*,  commanded  by  Capuia 
Viaceni.  So  cloaely  were  they  engaged,  that  Ca^ 
ttia  Morgan,  of  the  Fair  American,  and  all  bm 
craw,  thought  that  it  waa  the  enemy'*  *lilp  that 
had  blown  up.  He  alood  for  the  Varmouth,  aad 
had  a  trumpet  in  hi*  hand  to  hail  and  inquire  b 


Captain  Biddle  wiia,  when  li«  iliaiNivi-ri'il  lii«  mla> 
lake.  Owing  lu  the  dl«ililvil  coiiililion  ul'  the  Yn 
inoiilli,  the  oilier  vpm<>U  ciiviiidmI. 

The  ciiime  of  llie  «ii|iloiiiun  wim  nevei  aicer- 
Inined,  but  il  Is  reiniirkiilile  lli;il  JMl  bvl'ore  ba 
•ailed,  after  the  cleik  liiiil  c  <|iicd  ilie  aiiiiiiiU  and 
ordera  for  iha  iiriiied  vvaw  t  lluii  iiccoinpanlad 
him,  he  wrole  at  the  fool  of  ilieiii,  "In  caaeof 
coining  to  HRlion  in  the  ni|||it  lie  vury  tiirel'ul  of 
vour  magn/inea."  The  nuinlifr  of  priaona  on 
board  the  Randolph  wii*  tlirea  hiiiidied  hiiiI  Afteen. 
who  all  |ierl»hed  except  four  men,  who  were  loae- 
ed  about  for  four  diiy*  on  a  pIvcH  of  ilio  wreck  ba* 
fore  Ihey  were  diacovered  und  iiikeii  up.  From 
the  inforinalloo  of  two  ofllieae  men,  wliowtreaf- 
lerwardein  Philadelphia,  and  iif  ooiiio  individual! 
in  Ihe  other  veetela  ofthe  sipiivlron.  we  have  been 
enabled  to  atain  aome  pariicnhiia  of  thia  unfortu 
nate  event,  in  addition  to  Ihe  iiccount*  given  of  il 
ity  Dr.  Raniaay  in  hi*  Hiaiorv  ofllie  Aincricnn 
Revolullon,  and  Id  hi*  lliaiory'  ofthe  Revoliillon 
of  South  Carolina.  In  ilie  former  work,  ihe  lii*< 
toriun  tliua  conclude*  Ilia  HRconnt  of  tli«  action  : 

Captain  Biddle,  wliu  |ierlalicd  on  lioiird  the  Ran 
dolpli,  wua  universally  liiinenied.     lie  waa  in  the 
prime  of  life,  nnd  liitd  exciiod  high  ex|iectaliona 
of  future  uaefiilnes*  tu  hianuunlry,  ua  u  bold  and 
akill'iil  naval  otncer." 

Tlina  promalnrcly  fi^ll,  nl  the  ago  ofiwenty-ae* 
veil,  as  gallant  an  olllcer  m  nny  coiiolry  ever 
boasted  of.  In  the  ahort  carror  which  I'rovideiice 
allowed  to  him,  he  disptnyrd  all  tlioae  qu.ililic* 
which  conalilulea  greal  soldier;  brave  lo  excess, 
and  coiiaiiminntitiv  skilled  lu  hi*  professsioii.— 
Amer.  Biog.  Die] 

Major  Talbot  took  (he  Brillsh  *cliooner  Pigo(, 
of  8  (welve  iMiundei*,  n*  *lie  lay  on  the  eastern 
side  of  Rhode  lahiiid.  The  inujur,  with  a  iiiimbei 
of  troops  on  boanl  n  small  vessel,  made  directly 
for  Ihe  Pigot  in  the  night,  and  siisiuining  ihe  Aio 
of  her  marines,  reierved  liis  own  till  he  had  ma 
his  Jib-boom  through  her  fore  shrouds,  lie  tiir-j 
Aredaomr  cannon,  threw  in  a  volley  of  muilietnr, 
loaded  with  bulleis  Miid  buckshot,  nnd  immedlnlel} 
boarded  her.  The  captain  iiiHile  a  gallaoi  rasiu 
■oce  but  wai  not  eecomled  by  hi*  crew.  Miijoi 
Talb)'.  aoon  gulnrd  undialnihe  J  possession,  aint 
sanieu  olf  liia  pri/.e  in  ant'eiy.  Conureaa,  sia  ' 
reward  of  his  mcril,  piviKiiiud  hlin  with  ihecoMi 
miasion  oflii-uleiiunt  ciilonvl 


li 


UNITED  STATB8. 


iMivcri'il  hill  mi»> 
iiKiii  ui'ihii  Yar 

'UK  niivei  iMW' 

j.i4l  bvCiire  Im 
I  lli«  niiinulH  nml 
lilt  iicGuiii|)anla4 
«iii,  "  111  cit»»  of 

vvrv  tiirHl'ul  of 
r  n\  (ivriiiiiii  on 
iilinil  mill  fliteena 
,  who  were  liiM- 

iil'ilii)  wreck  Im> 
k«ii  up.  From 
iviii  wild  w%raaf- 
OHIO  liidlvliluiili 
im,  we  liiive  beeo 

of  lliia  unrtirtu 
Jiliilii  Klveii  of  il 
il'llie  Aiiicrlr.nn 
'the  Kevulmloii 
ir  wiirk,  ihe  lii«< 
t  III' the  nisliim: 
I  liiMiril  the  RiiD 
lie  Willi  hi  the 
l|li  exiieclatiiim 
y,  ui  u  liuld  iind 


THE 


HI8TORY   OF   THE   UIVITED  HTXTEH—CorUmued. 


CHAPTER     VI. 
Caiiip*i(n  of  ITTSi 

TimoooHOUT  the  year  1779,  the  Biiliiih  leem 
10  hHTe  iiHiied  nl  little  more,  In  the  ilute*  to  Ibe 
Dorlliwnrd  of  Carolina,  than  ilidreunnil  Uepreda- 
liiiii.  Having  imblicly  announced  their  reeolution 
of  nmking  "  the  culoniea  or  ai  little  avail  at  |Hia- 
lible  to  their  new  connenioni,"  they  pliinned  luo- 
ijiy  rxpedilioni,  on  tliia  principle. 

Une  of  theia,  coniiatiiig  of  both  a  naval  and  land 
I'lirec,  w»a  coniiniiiod  to  Sir  Ueorge  Collyer  and 
General  Msiltliewa,  who  made  a  deacent  on  Vlr- 
p\m.  TIk  -  lileii  lur  Porisinouih,  and  on  their 
ai'riv:il  liiuk  n  -"ion  of  that  defenceleia  town. 
'riie  reina'  '  oik,  on  the  op|HMlte  aide  o( 

the  river,  <:     rae  into  their  handi.    The 

Americans  <-  <  :  aoine  of  their  own  vetaela; 
bill  iiihcra  wne  made  priiea  bv  the  Invaders.  The 
Uriii.tli  guards  marched  18  miles  inthe  night,  and, 
arriving  at  SulKtlk  by  morning,  proceeded  to  the 
destruction  of  vessels,  uaval  stores,  and  of  a  large 
tiiagiiEine  of  provisions,  which  had  been  deposited 
in  that  place.  A  similar  destruction  was  carried 
on  at  Kemp's  landing.  Shepberd's-gosport,  Tan- 
ner's creek,  and  other  places  in  the  vicinity.  The 
rriguies  and  armed  vessels  were  employed  on  the 
same  business,  along  the  margin  of  the  rivers. 
Tliiee  thousand  hogsheads  of  tobacco  were  taken 
»t  I'urtsmnulh.  Every  house  in  Suffolk  was 
burnt,  except  the  church,  and  one  dwelling  house. 
The  houses  of  several  private  gentlemen  in  (he 
country  shared  the  same  fate.  Above  130  vessels 
were  either  destroyed  or  taken.  All  that  were 
U|)on  the  stocks  were  burned,  and  every  thing  re- 
alive  to  the  building  or  fitting  of  ships  was  either 
carried  oflf  or  destroyed.  After  demolishing  Fort 
Nelson,  and  setting  fire  to  the  store-houses,  and 
other  public  buildings  in  the  dock-yard  at  Gos- 
purl,  the  British  embarked  from  Virginia,  and  re- 
turned Willi  their  prizes  and  booty  safe  to  New 
Vurk,  in  thu  same  month  in  which  they  had  left  il. 
Tills  expedition  into  Virginia,  distressed  a  number 
of  ils  inhabitants,  and  enriched  the  British  forces, 
but  was  uf  no  real  service  to  the  royal  cause.  It 
was  presumed,  that,  by  involving  the  citizens  in 
losses  and  distress,  tliey  would  be  brought  to  re- 
flect on  Ihe  advanlases  of  submitting  to  a  power, 
agiiinst  which  they  had  not  the  means  of  defend- 
ing tlieniselves :  but  the  temper  of  the  times  was 
iinfiivuumbln  to  these  views.  Such  was  the  high 
toned  state  of  the  American  mind,  that  property 
had  comparatively  lost  its  value.  It  was  fashion- 
able to  suffer  in  the  cause  of  independence.  Some 
hearty  whigs  gloried  in  their  losses  with  as  much 
priile  as  others  gloiied  in  their  possessions.  The 
nritish,  supposing  the  Americans  to  be  influenced 
hy  the  eonsideraiions  which  bias  men  in  the  lan- 
guid scenes  of  tranquil  life,  and  not  reflecting  on 
the  sacrifices  which  enthusiastic  patriotism  is  will- 
ing to  make,  proceeded  in  their  schemes  of  dis- 
UMS;  but  the  morn  extensively  they  carried  on 


Ihit  mode  ofwarfiira,  Ihe  more  obetaelesthey  en- 
ated  to  the  re-union  of  (he  euiplrw. 

In  about  Ave  weeks  after  the  termination  of  Ihe 
ex|Mdition  (o  Virginia,  a  similar  one  was  proJen(ed 
against  the  exposed  margin  of  Connecticut.  (lov. 
1  ryon  waa  appointed  to  the  coiiiiiiand  of  about 
i!600  land  forces,  eninloyed  on  tiiis  Imsineae,  and 
Im  waa  supported  by  Ueneral  Uartli.  'I'lie  transpnrtt 
which  conveyed  these  troopc,  were  covered  by  ■ 
suitable  numDar  of  armed  vessels,  commanded  by 
Sir  Ueorge  Collyer.  They  proceeded  from  New 
York,  by  the  way  of  Hell-gate,  and  landed  at  East 
Haven.  The  royal  commanders  made  an  address 
to  the  inhabitants,  in  which  they  invited  them  to 
return  to  (lieir  duty  and  allegiance,  and  promised 
protection  to  all  who  should  remain  peaceably  in 
llieir  usual  place  of  residence,  except  the  civil  and 
military  officers  of  the  government.  It  also  stated, 
"  that  their  property  hy  within  the  grasp  of  that 
power,  whose  lenity  had  persisted  in  its  mild  and 
noble  efforts,  though  branded  with  the  most  unwor- 
thy imputation;  that  the  existence  of  a  single 
house,  on  their  defenceless  coast,  ought  to  be  a 
constant  reproof  of  (iieir  iniratitude ;  that  they, 
who  lay  ao  much  in  the  British  power,  afllnrded  a 
striking  monument  of  their  mercy,  and  tlierefore 
ought  to  sei  Ihe  Aral  example  of  returning  to  their 
allegiance." 

One  of  the  many  addresses,  from  which  Ihe 
above  extract  is  taken,  waa  aant  by  a  flag  to  Colo- 
nel Whiting,  of  the  militia  near  Fairfield.  The 
colonel  waa  allowed  an  honr,  for  hla  answer;  but 
he  had  scarcely  time  to  read  it,  before  the  (own  was 
in  flamea.  He  nevertheless  relumed  the  follow- 
ing answer:  "Connecticut,  having  nobly  dared  to 
take  up  arm*  againal  the  cruel  deapoliam  of  Great 
Britain,  and  the  flamea  having  preceded  the  an- 
swer to  your  flag,  they  will  peraial  to  oppose  to 
the  utmost  the  power  exerted  against  injured  in- 
nocence." The  British  marched  from  their  land- 
ing to  New  Haven.  The  town  on  their  entering 
it,  was  delivered  up  to  promiscuous  plunder,  a  few 
instances  of  protection  excepted.  The  inhabitants 
were  stripped  of  their  household  furniture  and 
other  moveable  property.  The  harbour  and  wa- 
ter side  were  covered  with  feathers,  which  were 
discharged  from  opened  beds.  An  aged  citizen, 
wlio  laboured  under  a  natural  inability  of  speech, 
had  his  tongue  cut  out  by  one  of  the  royal  army. 
Af\er  perpetrating  every  apecies  of  enormity,  but 
that  of  burning  houses,  the  invaders  suddenly  reem- 
barked  and  proceeded  by  water  to  Fairfield.  The 
militia  of  tliat  place  and  the  vicinity,  posted  them- 
selves at  the  court-house  green,  and  gave  consider- 
able annoyance  to  them,  as  they  were  advancing, 
but  soon  retreated  to  the  back  of  the  town.  On 
the  approach  of  the  British,  the  town  was  evacu- 
ated by  most  of  its  inhabitants.  A  few  women 
remained,  with  the  view  of  saving  their  protierty 
They  imagined  that  tlieir  sex  would  protect  them 
They  also  reposed  confidence  in  an  enemy  who  had 
been  formerly  famed  for  liumanity  and  politeness ; 
but  they  bitterly  repented  their  presumption.Parties 


of  Ihe  royal  army  erftered  Ihn  deserted 
of  the  Iniiabltnntai  broke  open  desks,  imnkn,  alo* 
eats  and  chests,  and  (ook  everv  (liing  of  vain*  thai 
came  In  tlieir  way.  They  robbed  the  women  of 
their  buckles,  rings,  bonnets,  aprons  and  handfcar* 
chiefs.    They  abused  them  with  iha  foniest  Ian* 

guage,  threatened  their  livee,  a«J  prasenled  Iha 
ayonets  to  their  bieasis.  A  sucking  Inhnt  waa 
plundered  of  part  of  ite  olothing,  whil*  iha  bayo- 
net was  presented  to  the  breasi  of  II*  mother. 
Towards  evening,  they  began  to  bum  the  hon***, 
which  they  had  previously  plundered.  The  wnm*a 
begged  Ueneral  Tryon  to  sp«re  the  Inwn.  Mr. 
Sayr*,  the  episeopal  minister,  who  had  snlTrred 
for  hi*  aiiaehmeni  to  Ihe  royal  cause,  Joineil  Iha 
women  In  their  re))u*si* :  but  (heir  Join(  suppliea 
(ions  were  disregarded.  The^  (hen  begged,  that 
a  few  houses  might  be  spared  for  a  general  shelter. 
Tbi*  wa*  at  first  denied  i  but  at  length  Tryon  eon* 
sented  to  save  the  building*  of  Mr.  Burr  and  of 
Mr.  Elliot,  and  also  that  the  houses  for  pnblla 
worship  should  be  spared.  After  his  depantiro  oa 
the  nut  morning  with  the  main  body,  tha  raai 
guard  eonslsiing  of  Germsn  yeagera  set  Art  It 
every  thing  whikh  Tryon  had  spared ;  bnl  on  thait 
departure  the  inhabitants  extinguished  the  Aaniaab 
and  saved  aoine  of  the  houses.  The  militia  waM 
joined  by  numbers  from  the  countiy,  who  sneeaa* 
slvely  came  in  to  their  aid ;  but  they  were  loo  few 
to  make  eflTeetual  opposition. 

The  British  in  this  excursion,  also  burned  Eait 
Haven,  and  the  greatest  part  of  Green's  farms,  and 
Ihe  flourishing  town  of  Korwalk.  A  considerabia 
number  of  ship*,  either  finished  or  on  the  stock*, 
with  whale-boats,  and  a  large  amount  of  atoresand 
merchsndize,  were  destroyed.  Particular  ac- 
counts of  these  devsstations  were,  in  a  short  lime, 
transmitted  bv  authority  lo  Congress.  By  ihesa 
i(  appeared,  that  there  were  burnt  at  Norwalk,  twn 
houses  of  public  worship,  80  dwelling  houaaa.  81 
barns,  22  stores,  17  shop*.  3  mill*,  and  ff  ve**alat 
and  at  Fairfield,  two  hou***  of  public  worship,  'J 
dwelling  house*,ll  bnni(,and*everal  etore*.  Thero 
w^re  at  tb*  same  linia,  a  number  of  eertiflcaiea 
transiT.uei  Ir  Ueneral  Washington,  In  which  sun> 
dry  persons  oi  veracity  bora  witoea*  on  oith  (o  va- 
rious act*  of  brutality,  npine  and  cruelty,  com 
mitted  on  aged  person*,  women  *nd  prisoner*. 
Congre**,  on  receiving  **li*faciory  attestation  oi 
the  ravage*  of  Ihe  Btitith,  in  thi*  and  other  simi- 
lar expeditions,  resolved ;  "  To  direct  their  ma- 
rine committee  lo  lake  the  most  effectual  mea- 
sures, to  carry  into  execution  their  manifesto  of 
October  30th,  1778,  by  burning  or  destroying  tlio 
towns  belonging  the  enemy  in  Great  Britain  or  Iha 
the  West  Indies:"  bnl  their  resolve  was  never  car- 
ried into  effect. 

The  elder  citizens  of  the  United  States,  who 
had  grown  up  with  habits  of  love  and  attachment 
to  the  British  nation,  fell  the  keenest  sensatiooa 
of  regret,  when  they  contrasted  the  years  17>i9 
and  1779.  The  former  was  iheir  glor^,  when  ia 
the  days  of  their  youth)  they  were  dupoaad  ta 


HISTORT  or   THE 


; 


kaMt  of  lb*  bonoan  of  ihtlr  common  couniry : 
k«i  iho  laiicr  AIM  ihom  wtih  dliirtM,  not  oiiljr 
for  wbM  ihojr  luflbrml,  but  fnr  tho  il*|nidilion  of 
•  oouniry  ina*  rnTcrcd  ■■  iha  naial  mU  of  iholr 
roroAilhon.    Tha  nno  cnnohlail  lh«  British  miM 


•llh  thoeonqueti  of  Crown  Point.  Otwaio,  Mon- 
Iml,  Ouoboe,  »diI  the  wholo  prcvlnco  or  Cinada. 
Tho  ot  bar  was  romarliabi*  only  fortbtbumini  of 


■•■Bsinot.  atort>bona«a,  doeb-yuda,  tho  town*  of 
Kairiiald  aid  Nonralb,  and  liMriM|ao«ral  dislroaa 
or  a  dafaoeolMa  poaautry. 

Tbo  tiros  and  dostruotlon  whieb  aecomponlod 
Ibis  sipodlilon,  wore  ssvsrsly  eonsnrod  by  tbo 
Amaileans,  and  apologlssd  for  b*  tbo  BiiiUi  in 
a  siy  unsa«MhMory  manner.  Tbo  faitlsr,  la  Ibsir 
vklieation,  allogod  that  lbs  bouMS  which  tbsy 
had  burns4  gavs  sbolwr  to  tbs  Amarlcaut,  whilo 
Ihav  (Irod  from  iham,  sad  on  oihar  oecaslooa  eon- 
raalad  tholr  ratrsal. 

Tryon,  who  was  a  cl* II  lofsraor  as  wall  ss  s 
isnsrsi,  undertook  tbo  Juatlneatlon  of  tbs  msssurs, 
on  piinciplos  of  policy.  ••  1  sbovM  bo  tsry  sorry," 
said  bo,  ••  if  tbs  dssinieiioa  of  Ihsss  f  illagas  would 
ba  thought  lass  loconoilesbis  with  hamiwlly,  than 
tbs  la«s  of  my  country,  my  duty  to  (Iw  king, 
and  tho  laws  of  arms.  Ths  nsurpsts  bsfo  pro- 
faiiadly  plaesd  tbslr  hopes,  of  severing  the  em- 
pira,  In  avoiding  dsoisivs  aeiioas;  upon  lbs  waain 
of  the  British  treasures  \  and  upon  the  esespe  of 
ibsir  own  propsny,  during  the  pralraetion  of  lbs 
war.  Tbsir  power  is  supported,  by  the  general 
dread  of  their  tyranny  aiid  threats,  praciMod  to 
inspire  a  eraduhnis  mulliltuls,  with  a  presumptu- 
ous canfldenee  In  our  forfaearsiMS  i  I  wish  to  de- 
tect this  delusion."  These  davasutians  wsro  the 
subject  of  an  slegint  poem,  written  on  tlie  spot,  a 
few  da^s  afterwanis,  by  Colonal  Humphreys. 

While  the  Briiish  were  proceeding  in  imso  do- 
solsiing  aperationa,  Washington  was  eallsd  upon 
fnr  continental  iteops ;  hut  ns  could  snare  very 
few.  He  durst  not  detach  largely ;  as  he  sppra- 
bended  that  one  deeign  of  the  Britiah  in  theao 
•naremeote  was,  to  draw  off  a  proportiou  of  hie 
army  from  Wast  Point,  to  farour  an  intsndod  al- 
turk  on  that  Important  post.  General  Parsons, 
ihougb  closely  connected  with  Oinneclicat,  and 
ilinugb,  from  his  small  force,  ho  waa  unable  to 
make  auccessfnl  opposition  to  the  invaders,  yet, 
iniiead  of  pressing  Uanoral  Washington  for  a  large 
deiiichineot  of  contioental  troops,  wrote  to  him  as 
followi :  ••  The  British  may  probably  distress  the 
•:ountry  axeeedinghr,  by  the  ravagea  they  will 
coiiiinii :  but  I  wonfd  rathsr  see  all  the  towns  on 
the  coast  of  my  country  in  dames,  than  that  the 
euemy  should  posseae  West  Point. 

The  iohabilaoti  feared  much  more  than  tliey 
auflered.  They  eipectod  that  the  whole  margin 
af  tl'sir  country,  190  milee  in  extent,  would  suffer 
the  late  of  Fairfield  and  Norwalk.  The  aeaaon 
of  the  year  added  much  to  their  diffleultiee;  aa 
tbe  close  attention  of  tha  farmera  to  their  harvest- 
lag  ccnld  not  be  omitted,  without  hasaidiog  Iheir 
auoeistenee.  These  feara  were  not  of  long  dura- 
lion.  In  about  ten  daya  aher  the  landing  of  tbe 
British  troops,  an  order  was  issued  for  their  im- 
mediate return  to  New  Yorii.  This  they  effected, 
ill  a  short  time,  and  with  a  loss  so  inconsiderable, 
that,  in  the  whole  expedition,  it  did  not  exceed 
one  hundred  end  Aftv  men. 

While  the  British  were  successfully  making 
ibria  desultory  operations,  tbe  American  army 
was  incapable  of  covering  the  country.  The  for- 
mer, by  means  of  their  superior  marine  force,  hav- 
ing the  command  of  tlie  numerous  riveiii,  baye, 
and  harboura  of  the  United  Slatee,  had  it  in  their 
power  to  make  deseems,  where  they  pleased,  with 
an  expedition  that  could  not  be  equalled  by  the 
American  land  forces.  Had  Washington  divided 
liis  anny,  conformably  to  tbe  wishes  of  ths  invad- 
ed citissos,  he  would  have  subjected  his  whole 
force  to  Im  cut  up  in  detail.  It  was  iberefore  his 
uniform  practice,  to  lisk  no  more  by  way  of  cover- 
ing the  country,  than  waa  coosistsnt  wiih  the  ge- 
aeral  safety. 

His  armjr  was  poaied  at  some  distaocs  from 


Briitah  bead  quaneia  in  New  York,  and  on  both 
sidss  of  lbs  Nurih  RIvsr.  The  resr  tbsreof,  con- 
sisting of  300  infsntry  snd  100  csvslry,  undsr  tho 
comiiiaiid  iil'Cuionel  Anthony  Walton  Whits,  pn- 
Irolled  cuniliintly,  fur  lereml  months  in  front  of 
lbs  Urillib  lines,  and  keiH  s  constant  watch  an  the 
Bound,  and  on  the  Norin  River.  This  ootpe,  bad 
sundry  skirmlshss  with  psrtiss  of  ths  Briiish,  and 
waa  patllenkiriy  ueefUl  in  ebeeking  their  sxour- 
alsae,  aod  la  proauiiog  snd  sommunlcsiing  Intel- 
ligenee  of  Ibeir  movements. 

Abaul  Ibis  lims,  Gsnsral  Pntaam,  who  bad  been 
siailoaed  with  a  reepeetableeommand  al  Rssding, 
hi  Caanoeiieut,  whoa  oa  •  vlalt  to  bis  out-poet,  at 
Harsa-Nsak,  was  attacked  bv  aovemor  Tryon, 
with  about  1000  men.  Oeneraf  Putnam  had  only  a 
plequat  of  IM  men  and  two  iron  ioM  piecee.  with- 
out Iwraea  or  drag-ropas.  Ha  however  pisnisd 
his  esnnon  on  tbs  high  ground,  nsar  ths  msstlng- 
house,  and,  by  ssvsral  flres,  retsrded  the  advsne- 
logenem*.  snd  continued  lo  maka  oppoeltion,  till 
be  perceived  tbe  enemy'e  boisa,  supponsd  by  the 
infantry,  waa  about  lo  ebarge.  Ueneral  Putnam, 
after  ordering  tbe  piekei  lo  provide  for  Ibeir  aafe- 
ly,  by  retiring  to  a  awamp  inaeooaaible  to  horae, 
plunged  down  the  pradpice  al  the  church.  Thla 
ta  ao  aieep  as  to  hsve  artiAeial  alalra,  eompoaed  of 
nearly  oM  biudred  ataooaiaps,  forihescccramo- 
datioa  of  foot-paassngere.  The  dragoona  stopped 
short,  without  vsniunng  down  Iho  abrupt  deeilvl- 
IV,  Slid  before  Ibay  got  round  tha  brow  of  tbs  bill, 
Putnam  waa  Ikr  enough  beyond  Ibalr  reach.  Of 
the  many  balls  that  were  Ared  at  him,  all  mlaeed 
exaepc  aoe,  which  went  through  hie  bat.  Ha  pro- 
ceeded lo  Stamford,  and  having  atrengthened  hie 
picquet  with  some  militia,  faced  about,  and  pursu- 
ed Gov.  Tryon  on  hie  return. 

[IsaABi.  roTiiAM,  a  maior-general  in  the  army 
of  Iho  Uailed  Sutea,  waa  born  al  Salem,  Massa- 
ehusatts,  Jaauary  7, 1718.  His  mind  was  vi^or- 
one,  but  it  waa  never  cultivated  by  education. 
When  be  for  the  Arat  time  went  to  Boelon,  he  waa 
inanlied  for  hie  maiicity  by  a  boy  of  twleo  hie 
aiaa.  After  bearing  bis  aarcasms  uaiil  bia  gaod 
nature  was  entirely  eshsustsd,  ha  altneked  and 
vanquiabed  the  unmannerly  fellow,  lo  the  great 
diversion  of  a  crowd  of  spsetstors.  In  running, 
lesping,  and  wreatlingMie  almoal  alwaya  bore 
away  the  prbw.  In  1^9,  be  removed  to  Pom- 
fret,  in  Conaecilcal,  wbera  he  cultivated  a  con- 
alderabia  tract  of  land.  He  had,  however,  to  en- 
counter man*  diAlouliies,  and  among  bis  troublea, 
the  depredations  of  wolves  on  his  sbeep-fold  waa 
not  tbe  least.  Inonenighteeventy  fine  aheep  and 
goats  were  killed.  A  sha  wolf,  who,  with  bsr  annual 
wbslps,  bad  for  aavsrsl  yesrs  inleeted  the  vicioity, 
being  considered  as  tbe  principal  eauae  of  the  ha- 
voc, Mr.  Putnam  entered  into  a  combination  with 
a  number  of  bis  neighbonre  to  bunt  alternately,  till 
they  ahould  deatroy  her.  At  length  the  hounda 
drove  her  into  her  den,  and  a  number  of  persons 
soon  collected  with  guns,  straw,  Are,  and  autphur, 
to  attack  tbe  common  enem*.  But  the  doga  were 
afraid  to  approach  her,  and  the  fumes  of  brimstone 
could  not  force  her  from  the  esvsm.  It  wss  now 
ten  o'clock  at  night.  Mr.  Putnam  propoaed  to  his 
blsck  servsnt  to  descend  into  the  csve,  sod  shoot 
tbe  wolf;  but  ss  the  negro  declined,  he  resolved 
to  do  it  himself.  Having  divssied  himself  of  his 
coat  and  waiateoat,  and  having  a  long  rope  fasten- 
ed round  his  legs,  bv  which  be  might  be  pulled 
back  It  a  concerted  aignal,  heeotereil  the  cavern, 
head  foremoat,  with  a  biasing  torch,  made  of  strips 
of  bitch  bark,  in  bis  hsnd.  He  descended  firteen 
feet,  passed  along  horizontally  ten  feet,  and  then 
began  the  gradual  ascent,  which  is  sixteen  feet  in 
length.  He  slowly  proceeded  on  his  hands  snd 
knees,  in  an  abode  which  was  silent  aa  the  house 
of  death.  Cautiously  glancing  forwards,  be  dis- 
covered the  glaring  eye-balls  of  the  wolf,  who 
started  st  the  sight  of  his  torch,  gnashed  her  teeth, 
and  gave  a  aullen  growl.  He  )minediately  kicked 
the  rope,  and  was  drawn  out  with  a  friendly  cele- 
rity, and  violence,  which  not  a  little  bruised  him. 
Loading  his  gun  with  nine  buck  shot,  and  carrying 


It  In  one  hand,  while  ha  hekl  tha  torch  with  iIm 
other,  he  descended,  a  second  lime.  As  bs  ap* 
proschad  the  wulf,  slis  howled,  rolled  her  ryes, 
•nnp(Md  bsr  teelli,  dri>|)|ieil  her  head  brtween  livr 
lest,  and  wat  evidently  un  the  |)uinl  uf  ii|iilngina 
at  htm.     Al  (Ins  niiiinenl  he  Arrd  at  her  lieiid.  Htia 


found  liinisall' drawn  out  uf  the  cn«r.  tliiv- 
ing  lefieshed  liimssif,  he  ugiiln  deueiided,  and 
ssissd  the  wolf  by  her  ears,  kicked  the  rii|i«,  iind 
bis  eoropanions  sbovs,  with  nu  small  exiillation, 
dragged  ibem  both  out  together. 

During  tha  French  war  he  waa  appointed  to 
command  a  company  of  tbe  Aral  troops  which 
wsra  raised  in  Connecticut,  In  llS'i.  lie  render- 
ed much  service  to  the  srmy  In  ths  nslghbourhnod 
of  Crown  Point.  In  I7M,  while  nesr  Ticnnde- 
rags,  ba  waa  rspesisdiy  In  tbs  most  Imminent  diin- 
gcr.  Ho  CMsped  In  sn  sdvsnturs  of  ons  nixlM 
with  twslve  bullel-holee  in  his  blanksl.  In  Au- 
gust he  wss  sent  out  with  several  hundred  men  to 
watch  the  motions  of  tbe  enemy.  Being  ambus- 
caded by  a  |iany  of-equal  numbers,  a  general,  hut 
Irregular  action  look  place.  Putnam  had  dischnr- 
ged  his  fusss  ssvsral  times,  but  st  Isngth  it  missed 
nre  while  Its  muiils  wss  prssenled  lo  the  breast  of 
a  ssvsga.  Tbe  wsrrior  with  his  lifted  hntchel, 
aod  a  tnmendous  war-whoop,  compelled  him  to 
aurrender,  and  then  bound  him  lo  a  tree.  In  the 
course  of  the  sction  the  psrtiss  changed  iheir  |)o- 
aition,  so  ss  to  bring  ibis  tree  directly  between 
Ibent.  The  balla  flew  by  him  Inceieantly ;  many 
atiuek  the  tree,  and  aoine  passed  thruugli  his 
elolhee.  The  enemy  now  gained  possession  of 
ths  ground,  but  being  afterwards  driven  from  the 
Aeld,  they  carried  their  prlsoosrs  with  them.  At 
night  he  waa  stripped,  snd  s  Aro  wss  kindled  to 
roast  him  alive.  For  this  puipose  they  led  him 
Into  a  dark  forasi,  stripped  him  nsked,  and  bound 
him  to  a  tree,  and  piled  dry  bruab,  with  other  fuel, 
at  a  smsll  distance,  in  s  circle  round  him.  They 
seeorapanied  their  Isbours,  ss  if  for  his  funersl 
dirge,  with  scresms  snd  sounds  icimiiable  but  by 
aavaga  voieea.  They  then  aet  the  piles  on  Are. 
A  suddsn  sbowsr  dsmped  the  rising  flame.  Still 
they  strove  to  kindle  it ;  st  Isst  the  blase  ran 
fieraely  round  the  circle.  Major  Putnam  soon  be- 
gan to  feoi  tbe  scorching  best.  His  hands  were 
so  tied  that  he  could  move  his  body.  He  often 
ahifted  sMes  ss  the  flre  spprosched.  This  sight, 
st  the  very  idea  of  which,  all  but  aavages  must 
shudder,  afforded  tbe  hlgheel  diversion  to  his  in- 
bumsn  tormsniors,  who  demonstrated  the  delirium 
of  their  joy  by  correspondsnt  yells,  dances,  and 
gaaliculations.  He  ssw  clearly  that  hie  flnal  hour 
waa  inevitably  come.  He  aummoned  all  his  reso- 
lulinn,  and  composed  bis  mind,  so  far  ss  the  cii- 
cumstsnces  could  admit,  to  bid  an  eternal  farewell 
to  all  he  held  most  desr.  To  quit  the  world  would 
scarcely  have  cost  him  a  single  pang ;  but  for  the 
idea  of  home,  but  for  the  remembrance  of  domes- 
tic endesrmenis,  of  the  affectionate  partner  of  hie 
aoul,  aod  of  their  beloved  offspring.  His  thought 
wss  ultimately  Axed  on  a  happier  state  ofexistence, 
beyond  the  tortures  he  was  beginning  to  endure. 
The  bitterness  of  death,  even  of  that  death  which 
is  accompanied  with  ihe  keenest  agonies,  was,  in 
a  manner,  past:  nsture,  with  a  feeble  slruKf^le, 
was  quitting  its  last  hold  on  sublimary  things, 
when  a  French  officer  rushed  through  the  crntitd, 
opened  a  wa*  by  scattering  the  burning  brands, 
and  unbound  the  victim.  It  was  Molsng  himself, 
to  whom  a  savage,  unwilling  to  see  another  hu 
roan  victim  Immolated,  had  run  and  communicated 
the  tidings.  That  commandant  spurned  snd  se- 
verely reprimanded  the  barbarians,  whose  noctur- 
nal powwas  and  hellish  orgies  he  suddenly  ended 
Putnsm  did  not  wsnt  for  feeling  or  gratitude. 
The  French  commander,  fearing  to  trust  him  ainue 
with  them,  remained  till  he  cnuld  safely  deliver 
him  into  ihe  hands  of  his  master. 

The  ssvage  approached  his  prisoner  kindly,  anu 
seemed  to  treat  him  with  particular  affection.  He 
offered  him  some  hard  biscuit ;  but  finding  that  he 
could  not  chew  them  on  account  of  the  blow  ha 
had  received  from  the  Frenchman,  this  mora  hu- 


ONITCO   STATR8. 


M  torch  wlik  Ik* 
ilm*.  A*  hi  ap- 
I  rolled  h«r  ejrei, 
head  briwccn  livr 
M)iiii  u(  ii|iiingln| 
J  H(  tier  liaiid,  hiiiI 
rilin  ciivn.  Hiiv- 
I  dcietiidfd,  and 
rd  llie  ro|Ki,  iind 
iiniill  cxiiltiilloa, 

WM  oppololcd  10 
ni  iroopt  which 
'yt,  H«  rond«r> 
i«  neighbourhood 
!•  n«ir  Ticnnds- 
oil  Immtnenl  dim- 
irt  of  ona  niglM 
klankai.  In  Au- 
il  hundred  nien  lo 
Being  ambus- 
ira,  a  geiiaral,  but 
inamhaddlachnr- 
It  length  II  miineil 
)d  10  the  breast  of 
la  lined  lintchet, 
ompelted  hlin  to 
10  0  tree.  In  the 
ihanged  ihetr  po- 
dlreclljr  between 
leasaanlljr;  many 
ned  thruugli  hia 
sd  posseaslon  or 
I  driven  from  lb* 
>  with  them.  At 
re  was  kindled  to 
Me  they  led  him 
laked,  and  bound 
I,  with  other  fuel, 
und  him.  They 
r  for  his  funeral 
Inimitable  but  by 
>i4  pilea  on  Are. 
Ing  flame.  Still 
t  the  blase  ran 
Putnam  aoon  be- 
Hia  banda  were 
ody.  He  oAen 
Thla  aighi, 
aavages  muat 
etsion  to  bis  in- 
ited  the  delirium 
lie,  dances,  and 
lat  hia  flnal  hour 
ned  all  hia  reso- 
far  aa  the  cii- 
etemal  farewell 
the  world  would 
mg ;  but  for  the 
ranee  of  domes- 
:e  partner  of  hie 
His  thought 
ate  of  existence, 
ning  to  endure, 
■at  death  which 


Id 


igunies,  was,  m 
^eeble  struggle, 
blimary  things, 
ugh  the  crowd, 

urning  brands, 
dolang  himself 

e  another  hu 

communicated 
l>urned  and  se- 

whose  noctur- 
uddenly  ended 
or  gratitude. 

trust  him  ainue 
safely  deliver 

ner  kindly,  anu 
'  aflTection.  Ha 
Anding.  that  he 
)f  the  blow  ht 
thia  moro  ha- 


■Mn«  aavagn  soaked  some  of  the  bisouit  in  water, 
and  made  liiiii  suck  the  |Mil|)-llke  |iiirt.  Deiermln- 
ad.  luiwever,  nut  tii  low  jiis  <:H|ilive,  the  refresh 
nieiil  being  IliMnlii'd,  lie  Itiiik  llie  iiiu<:c»siim  I'nmi 
hia  feat,  and  tied  ihein  to  una  of  his  wriats)  then 
dirvoiiiiK  liiin  to  he  down  on  liis  buck  on  the  bare 
gruunil  le  stretched  one  arm  lo  its  full  length, 
Mild  lii>  .lid  it  last  to  a  young  tree  :  the  other  arm 
wusHnieniled  and  liiiunil  in  ihe  smne  inaniier:  his 
lags  were  sireltlied  a|iHrt,  and  riiateiied  to  two 
*a|illiiga.  'I'lien  a  nuindrr  nf  tall,  but  slender 
poles  were  nut  down,  wliicli,  wliii  some  long 
hushes,  were  laid  across  his  body  from  lieiid  lo  Tuot : 
«u  e^cli  side  liiy  as  many  Indians  aa  could  oonve- 
lieutly  And  lodging,  in  order  to  (ireveul  the  possi- 
bility of  hia  escape.  In  ihia  diaagreaable  and 
painful  iiosiura  he  remained  till  morning.  During 
Um  niglit,  the  longest  and  moe(  dreary  con- 
ceivable, our  hero  used  to  relate  that  ha  felt  a 
.  ay  of  clieerfulnese  come  oasuslly  aeroaa  bla  mind, 
■ml  could  not  even  refrain  from  arallin|  whan  he 
reflected  on  thia  ludicroua  group  for  a  painter,  of 
which  he  biinself  was  Ihe  prineinal  Agure. 

The  neat  day  he  was  allowed  his  blanket  and 
moccasins,  and  |iennitted  In  march  without  car- 
rying any  |Mck,  or  receiving  any  insult.  To  allay 
hie  eatreiiia  hunger,  a  litlle  bear'a  meat  waa  given, 
which  he  aucked  through  hia  teeth.  At  night  the 
party  arrived  at  Tieonderoga,  and  the  prisoner  waa 
placed  under  the  care  of  a  French  guard. 

The  aavHgea,  who  had  been  prevented  from 
glutting  their  diabolical  Ihirat  for  blood,  took  tbia 
apimrluiiiiy  of  manifeating  their  malevolence  for 
the  disapiMiiniment.  by  horrid  grimaeea  and  angry 
gealuresj  but  they  were  suffered  no  more  to  oAer 
violence  or  petaooal  indignity  to  him. 

After  having  been  examined  by  the  Marquis  de 
Montcalm,  Major  Putnam  waa  conducted  to  Mon- 
treal by  a  French  officer,  who  treated  hlra  with 
Ihe  greateal  indulgence  and  humanity. 

At  this  place  were  several  prisoners.  Colonel 
Peter  Schuyler,  remarkable  for  hia  philanthropy, 
generosity  and  fiiendship,  waa  of  the  number.  No 
aooner  had  ha  heard  of  Mtijor  Puinam'a  arrival, 
than  he  went  to  ti.e  interpreter'a  onartera,  and  In- 
quired whether  he  had  a  provincial  major  in  hia 
oualody.  lie  found  Major  Putnam  in  ■  comfort- 
leas  condition,  without  coat,  waiaieoat,  or  hose  ; 
the  remnant  of  hia  clothing  miserably  dirty  and 
ragged,  hia  beard  long  and  aqualid,  hia  lege  torn 
liy  thorns  and  briera,  hia  face  gashed  wUh  wouiida, 
und  swollen  with  bruiaes,  (yolonel  Schuyler,  ir- 
ritated beyond  all  auATerence  at  auch  a  eight,  could 
•earcelv  rastniln  his  speech  within  llmlu  consist- 
rnt  with  the  (Nudeoce  of  a  prisoner,  and  the  meek- 
neaa  of  a  chrlallan.  Major  Putnam  waa  Immedi- 
ately treated  according  to  hia  rank,  clothed  in  a 
decent  manner,  and  supplied  with  money  by  this 
liberal  and  ayin|nlhetie  patron  of  the  diatressed  ; 
and  by  his  aaslaiance  he  wna  aoon  after  exchanged. 

When  Qeneral  Amiierat  waa  marching  aeroaa  the 
country  to  Canada,  the  array  coming  to  one  of  the 
lakes,  which  they  were  obliged  to  pass,  found  the 
French  bad  an  armed  vessel  of  twelve  guns  upon 
it.  He  waa  in  great  distress,  his  boats  were  no 
match  for  her,  and  she  alone  waa  capable  of  sink- 
ing his  whole  armv  in  that  situation.  While  he 
was  pondfring  what  ahould  be  done,  Putnam 
comes  to  him,  and  says,  ••Qeneral,  that  ship  must 
be  taken."  "  Ay,"  says  Amherst,  "  I  would  give 
the  world  she  waa  taken."  •'  I'll  take  her,"  aays 
Putnam.  Amherst  smiled,  and  asked  how  7  "  Give 
me  some  wedges,  a  beetle,  (a  large  woodnn  ham- 
mer, or  maul,  uaed  for  driving  wedges.)  and  a  few 
men  of  my  own  choice."  Amherst  could  not  con- 
ceive how  an  armed  vessel  was  to  be  taken  by 
four  or  Ave  men,  ■  beetle  and  wedgea.  However, 
he  granted  Putnam'a  request.  When  night  came, 
Putnam,  with  hit  materiala  and  men,  went  in  a 
boat  under  the  veasel'a  atern,  and  in  an  instant 
drove  in  the  wedges  between  the  rudder  and  ship, 
and  left  hei<."'  In  the  morning,  the  sails  were  seen 
fluttering  about ;  she  was  adrift  in  the  middle  of 
Ihe  lake ;  and  b«iag  preaenlly  blowa  aahoiv,  waa 
•Mi^tikw. 

•0 


At  the  eommeneaiiMnl  of  hoetilltiea  between  the 
colonies  and  the  mother  enuniiy,  Colonel  Puinnm, 
on  lieiiiinguf  ihe  battle  nl  LrxiMxion.ieft  his  pluuith 
in  the  middle  of  llie  Aeld,  anil  iviiiioiil  changing 
Ills  dollies,  re|Mlred  to  Ciimbridge.  ri'':ng  in  n  slo- 
gle  day  one  hundred  miles,  H*  oaa  soon  appoint- 
ed a  miijot-geiieial  in  Ihe  provincial  army,  and  ra- 
lurnnig  lu  Ciiniieciicut,  he  made  no  delay  In  bring- 
ing on  a  body  of  iioo|ia. 

Among  oilierexanipleaof  pntriotism  that  might 
be  rvlaled,  the  following  la  from  a  living  witness. 
The  d'jvthat  the  report  of  the  battle  of  Lexington 
reHcheiJ  liainsiable,  a  eomiainy  of  militia  immadi- 
alely  assembled  and  marciied  olf  to  Cambridge. 
In  the  front  rank  there  was  a  young  man,  the  aun 
of  a  respectable  farmer,  and  his  only  chiM.  In 
marching  from  the  village,  aa  they  paased  his 
house,  he  came  out  to  meet  them.  Tiiere  waa  • 
momentary  halt.  The  drum  and  flfa  paused  for 
an  Instant.  The  father,  aappreseing  a  strong  and 
evident  emotion,  said,  "Qod  be  with  you  all,  my 
frienda  I  and,  John,  if  you,  my  son,  are  called 
into  battle,  take  care  that  you  behave  like  a  man, 
or  else  let  me  never  see  your  face  again  I"  A 
tear  stsried  into  every  eye,  and  the  march  waa 
resumed. 

Not  long  after  his  appointment,  the  commander 
of  the  British  army,  unwilling  that  ao  valuable  an 
oAlcer  should  act  In  oppoaltion,  privately  Convey- 
ed to  him  a  propoaal,  that  if  he  would  quit  the  rebel 
party,  ha  might  rely  on  being  made  a  major-gene- 
ral iu  the  Britiah  eslabliahment,  and  receiving  a 
great  pecuniary  com|ienaation  for  hia  services; 
but  he  spurned  the  oHer.  On  the  16th  of  June, 
1775,  it  waa  determined,  in  a  council  of  war,  at 
which  Qeneral  Putnam  assisted,  that  >  fortiAed 

Kist  ahould  be  established  at,  or  near  Bunker'a 
III.  Qeneral  Putnam  marched  with  the  Aral  de- 
tachment, and  coininenced  the  work :  he  waa  the 
principal  agent  or  engineer  who  traced  ihe  lines  of 
.he  redoubt,  and  he  continued  most,  if  not  all  the 
night,  with  the  workmen ;  at  any  rate,  ha  was  on 
the  spot  before  sun-rise  In  Ihe  morning,  and  had 
taken  bla  atatiou  on  the  top  of  Bunker'a  Hill,  and 
participated  lo  the  danger,  aa  well  aa  the  glory  of 
that  day. 

When  the  army  wasorgaolied  by  OeneralWaab- 
ington  at  Cambrldge,Qeneral  Putnam  waa  appoint- 
ed to  command  the  reaerve.  In  Aug.  1776,  he  waa 
stationed  at  Brooklyn,  on  Long  Island.  After  the 
defeat  of  our  army,  on  the  27lh  of  that  month,  he 
went  to  New- York,  and  was  very  serviceable  in 
the  city  and  neighbourhood.  In  October  or  No- 
vember, he  waa  aent  to  Philadelphia  to  fortify  that 
city.  In  January,  1777,  he  was  directed  to  take 
post  at  Princeton,  where  he  continued  until  spring. 
At  this  place,  a  aiok  prisoner,  a  captain,  requested 
that  a  irlend  In  i3  British  army  at  Brunswick, 
might  be  sent  for,  to  aasist  him  in  making  his  will. 
Putnam  was  perplexed.  He  had  but  flfty  man 
under  his  command,  and  did  not  wish  to  have  hia 
weakness  known :  but  yet  he  was  unwilling  to 
deny  the  request.  He,  however  sent  a  flag  of 
truce,  and  directed  the  oflScer  to  be  brought  in  the 
night.  In  the  evening,  lights  were  placed  in  all 
the  college  windows,  and  in  every  apartment  of 
the  vacant  houses  throughout  the  town.  The  of- 
Acer,  on  his  return,  reported,  that  Qeneral  Put- 
nam's army  could  not  conaist  of  leas  than  four  or 
Ave  thousand  men.  In  the  spring,  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  a  aeparaie  army.  In  the 
iiighlands  of  New  York.  One  Palmer,  a  lieuten- 
ant in  Ihe  lory  new  levies,  was  detected  in  the 
camp:  Governor  Tryon  reclaimed  him  as  a  British 
officer,  thre4tening  vengeance  if  he  was  not  re- 
stored. General  Putnam  wrote  the  following  pithy 
reply : 

"SlK. 

"  Nathan  Palmer,  a  lieutenant  in  your  king's 
service,  was  taken  in  my  camp  as  a  apy ;  he  waa 
tried  as  a  spy ;  he  was  condemned  aa  a  spy ;  and 
be  shall  be  hanged  as  a  spy. 

"Israel  Pothak." 

"  P.  S.    Afternoon.    He  la  hinged." 


After  the  hiae  of  fort  Monlgoinary,  llie 

mandarin  chief  determined  to  buibi  another  lbr< 
illicaiion,  and  he  directed  General  Putnam  to  lis 
on  II  s|iot.  To  him  belongs  the  praiaa  of  h.islng 
chosen  Wesi  Point.  The  campaign  of  1779! 
which  was  principally  a|ient  in  strengthening  tiM 
works  at  lliia  place,  Aniahed  ihe  military  career 
of  Putnam.  A  piiralylio  afi°ection  lm|iairud  iIm 
activity  of  his  body,  and  ho  passed  ihe  remainder 
of  hia  daya  In  retirement,  reiaining  his  relish  far 
enjoyment,  his  love  orpleaaantry,lila  strength  of 
memorv,  end  all  the  faculliea  of  his  mind. 

Ha  died  at  Brookllne,  Coonectieut,  May  89^ 
1700,  aged  aavcnty-two  years. 

Kegeri'  Amtr.  Biog.  Die,] 

The  campaign  of  1779,  though  barren  of  Im- 
portant events,  waa  distinguished  by  one  of  lb* 
most  gallant  enterprleea,  which  took  place  In  lh« 
course  of  the  war.  This  was  the  eapiare  of  8to< 
ney-Poiot  on  the  North  river.  General  Wayn«, 
who  had  the  honour  of  eonduotlng  thia  enterprlaa, 
at  noon,  on  the  10th  of  July,  set  out  at  the  head  of 
a  alrong  detachment,  of  the  most  active  Infantry  In 
the  American  army,  and  completed  a  march  of 
about  14  milea,  over  bad  roads,  bv  eight  o'clock  In 
Ihe  evening.  The  detachment,  being  then  within 
a  mile  aud  t  half  of  ita  object,  waa  halted  and 
formed  ir.to  columns.  The  genersi,  with  a  few  of 
his  officers,  advanced  and  reconnoitred  the  work*. 
At  half  past  eleven,  the  whole  moved  forward  lo 
the  attack.  The  van  of  the  right,  eonalsting  of 
150  volunteers,  under  the  command  of  Llentaoanl- 
Colonel  Flurry,  advanced  with  unloaded  muakala, 
and  Axed  bayoneis.  These  were  preceded  by 
twenty  picked  men,  who  were  partieuUily  instruct- 
ed to  remove  the  abbatla  and  other  obalructlona. 
The  van  of  the  left  waa  led  by  Major  Stewart, 
and  advanced  with  unloaded  muskeu  andjixed 
baycineta.  It  waa  also  preceded  by  a  aimllar  for- 
lorn hope.  The  general  placed  blinaelf  at  th« 
head  of  the  right  cofumn,  and  gave  the  moat  pointed 
ordera  uot  to  flie,  but  to  depend  aolely  on  the  bay- 
onet. The  two  eolumna  directed  their  allacks  to 
opposite  polou  of  the  works,  while  ■  detachment 
engaged  the  attantion  of  the  garrison,  by  a  feint  la 
their  front.  The  approaohea  were  more^liffieull 
than  had  been  apprehended.  The  worba  were  de- 
fended by  a  deep  morass  which  waa  abm  at  thai 
time,  overflowed  by  the  tide.  Neitherthe  moraeo, 
the  liouble  row  of  abbatla,  nor  the  atrengih  of  tlio 
works,  dam|ied  the  ardour  of  the  asaallanta.  In  tho 
face  of  a  moat  tremendous  Are  of  muaketry  and  of 
cannon  loadod  with  grape-ahot,  thoy  foreeil  theii 
way  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet,  through  every 
obatacle,  until  both  eolumna  met  in  the  centre  of 
the  works,  at  nearly  the  aaroe  inatant.  General 
Wayne  as  he  passed  the  last  abbatla,  waa  wounded 
in  the  head  by  a  musket  ball ;  hut  nevertheless  in- 
sisted on  being  carried  forward,  adding  aa  a  rea- 
son, "  that  if  be  died,  he  wished  it  might  be  in  the 
fort."  Lieutenants  Gibbons  and  Knox,  who  led 
the  forlorn  hope,  escaped  unhurt,  although  the  first 
lost  seventeen  men  out  of  twenty,  and  the  laat 
nearly  as  many.  The  killed  and  wounded  of  the 
Americans  amounted  to  ninety-eight.  The  killed 
of  the  garris<<n  were  sixty-three,  and  the  number  of 
their  prisoners  543.  Two  flags  two  standarda,  fif 
teenpiecea  of  otdoance.  and  a  considerable  quan- 
tity of  military  atorea,  fell  into  the  handa  of  the 
conquerors. 

The  vigour  and  spirit  with  which  this  enter- 
prise was  conducted,  was  matter  of  triumph  to  the 
American.  Congress  gave  their  Ihanka  to  Gene- 
ral Washington,  "  for  the  vigilance,  wisdom,  and 
mngnanimily  with  which  he  had  condnpted  tho 
military  operationa  of  the  atates,  and  which  were, 
among  many  other  aignal  intances,  manifeated  m 
hia  ordera  for  the  above  enterpriae."  They  alao 
gave  thanka  to  General  Wayne,  and  ordered  a  gold 
medal,  emblematical  of  Ihe  action,  lo  be  struck, 
and  presented  to  him.  They  directed  a  silver  ono 
to  be  presented  lo  Lieutenant  Colonel  FIcury,  and 
another  to  Major  Stewart.  At  the  same  time  they 
passed  genei;^!  resolutions,  in  honour  of  the  om- 
eort  aod  nan,  but  patticdarly  dotlgaatiDg  LitiM» 


HISTORY    OP   Till 


;i 


■M  ChIomI  Vhttry,  Mi^r  8M«nift,  LtanwiMMi 
OibkoM  ■nd  Kmi.  To  lh«  two  lalMr,  ami  ibo 
lo  Mr.  Arcntr,  ih«  $(nnn\'t  voluniNr  ilil-da- 
camp,  ihay  (ava  iha  rank  of  cwplaln. 

Tha  olamancy  ihoiiru  lo  lli«  vanqulthad,  waa 
uni««nall}f  applauilail,  Tha  euilom*  of  war,  and 
Iha  rceani  barbarillaa  al  Fairflald  and  Norwalk, 
aioiilil  hava  bean  an  apology  hi  Iha  can<|iiarora, 
had  ihcy  put  Iha  whola  narriiun  lo  iha  aworil ;  but 
Iha  aaaHilania  no  laaa  ganaioiia  Iban  brava,  eaaaad 
lo  daalroy,  aa  aoon  aa  ihair  advaraariaa  caaiail  lo 
roiUl.  Upon  iha  caplurt  of  Slonay-Poini,  Iha 
ftclora  lurnad  lla  arllllarjr  aialoal  Varplank'a 
Potni,  and  Arad  upon  ll  whh  aJTaei,  ihai  iha  ahlp- 
|iln|  In  lla  rielnlljr  eul  Ibair  eablaa  and  fall  down 
iba  rWar.  Aa  aeon  aa  Iba  nawa  of  Ibaaa  a«anla 
raaahad  Naw  York,  praparailona  wara  inaianlly 
mada  lo  rallava  Iha  lallar  poK,  and  lo  racofar  iha 
formar.  Il  by  no  meina  acnordad  with  iba  cau- 
lioua  iirudenca  of  Waablnilon,  lo  riak  an  angaga- 
inent  for  (ilhar  or  both  of  inam.  Ha  iharafora  ra- 
uiof  ad  ih  J  cannon  and  alorea.  dealrojpod  iha  worka, 
and  avaiiualad  Iha  ea|Hured  poal.  Sir  tlcnry 
<.'lin(pu  raaalnad  poaaaaalon  of  Stonajr  Point  on 
tha  third  lUy  nAai  lla  caplura,  and  placed  In  ll  a 
atrong  garrlaon. 

Tha  aiiceaaaful  enterpniui  of  Iha  Atnorteana  at 
Slonay  Point,  waa  apaedily  followed  bjt  iinother, 
which  equalled  It  In  boldntM  of  dealgn.  Thia  waa 
ihe  Burprlaa  of  tha  Brillah  f;«rrlaon  at  Paulua 
Hook,  oppoalle  to  New  York,  wMeh  waa  efleoied 
by  Major  Lee,  with  about  3S0  mab  Major  Suth- 
eiland,  llie  eoromaodanl,  with  a  ouinbar  of  Hea- 
tiana,  cot  oflT  aafe  lo  a  amall  block-houac,  on  iha 
left  of  tlie  fort  i  but  about  30  of  hit  men  were  kill- 
ed, and  160  lukan  priaonera.  The  loaa  of  the 
Americana  waa  Inconalderable,  Major  Lee  In 
3unforinlly  lo  the  ordera  he  had  received,  made  an 
linmediaM  retreat,  without  waiting  to  deatroy  either 
the  bairaoka  or  Iha  artillery.  Coogreae  hon- 
oured him  with  their  ihaoka,  and  ordered  a  medal 
of  gold,  emblematical  of  the  affair,  to  be  atruck, 
and  preaented  lo  him  aa  a  reward,  "  for  hla  pru- 
ience,  addreae,  and  bravery."  They  alao  paaaed 
rcaolutiona  applauding  liia  humanity,  and  aipreaa- 
bg  their  high  aenae  of  tha  good  conduct  of  hie 
lioopa  t  ana  at  the  aime  lima  ordered  a  eonaidara- 
bla  donation  in  money  lo  be  diatilbuted  among 
ibem. 

Theeeadvantagea  were  more  than  counterbalan- 
ced, by  an  unaucceaaful  atlempl,  made  b«  ihe  stale 
of  Maiaaohuaetta,  on  a  British  post  al  Penobscot. 
Colorel  Macleane,  by  ihe  direction  flf  Sir  Henry 
Clinton,  landed  with  a  detachment  of  660  men, 
from  Halifax  on  the  banka  of  Penobscot  river,  in 
the  eastern  confines  of  New  England,  and  pro- 
ceeded soon  after  lo  conatroel  a  fort  in  a  well- 
chosen  aiiuation.  Thia  occaaioned  an  alarm  at 
Boaton.  To  counteract  the  eatabliabment  of  ihe 
poal,  vigoroua  meaaurea  were  reaolved  up<in. 
That  ormed  veaaela,  iranaporta,  and  aailora,  might 
be  aecured  for  an  expedition  whicb  waa  imme- 
diately projected  for  thia  purpoae,  an  embargo  for 
forty  days  waa  laid  by  the  elate  of  Maaaaohusella, 
•n  all  their  ahipping.  A  eonaiderable  armament, 
vonsislinEof  JSanned  veaaela,  besides  Iranaporta, 
was  fills  a  out  with  eximordinary  expedition,  and 
put  undir  Ihe  command  of  Commodore  Sallonatal. 
Tlio  Urgest  veaael  in  this  fleet  was  the  Warren  of 
3'j  guns,  18  and  12  poundera.  The  olhera  varied 
friiin  24  to  12  guns.  A  body  of  land  forces,  coin- 
niiindfld-by  General  Lovel,einbaiked  on  ihia  expe- 
dition. On  Ihe  SSth  of  July,  the  American  fleet, 
consisting  ol  37  sail,  appeared  off  Penobscot. 
(Jolonel  Mucleane  had  four  daya  before  gained  in- 
furinnlion  of  what  was  intended  against  him.  This 
Induced  him  to  redouble  hla  exertions  in  alrenglb- 
ning  hia  fort,  which  waa  in  an  unflnlahed  atate. 
Two  of  Ihe  baations  were  untouched.  The  re- 
naining  two  were  in  no  part  above  five  feet  high. 
The  dilch  waa  only  about  three  feet  deep.  There 
«aa  no  platform  laid,  nor  any  artillery  inouuled. 
The  American  general  on  hia  Ihnding,  aummoned 
tue  colonel  to  aurrender,  whicb  being  refused,  he 
iwacecded  to  erect  a  battery  at  the  dlaiaace  of  570 


yaida.  A  cannonading  eomnienead,  and  waa  kepi 
up  for  about  a  fortnight,  but  without  any  eonsldar- 
abla  elbet.  While  ihe  bosic|ars  waie  making 
preparation  for  an  assault,  wbirh  Ihey  h:id  in  im- 
medlals  cuiiteiiiMJHlinn,  Mir  ( i«ii.j(e  Cullyer  *j>|M!i«r- 
ed  In  full  view,  with  NaqiiadriMihir  Iha  rriiefoftlie 

fiarrlsun.  lis  had  salleil  I'riiin  Mandy  Hook,  on 
learing  of  Ihe  intended  allnck  on  Colonf  I  Mio- 
leane's  |nrty,  and  iu  about  eleven  daya  arrived  In 
the  river  Penobscot.  His  marina  force  consisted 
of  ihe  Kaisonnsbie,  nf  61  guns,  and  Ave  frigates. 
The  Americana  al  Aral  made  a  show  of  resistance ; 
but  they  Intended  no  more,  than  lo  give  the  irana- 
porta time  lo  move  up  the  river,  thai  the  troopa 
might  have  an  opportunity  of  landing,  and  making 
their  aacapo.  Tne  superior  force  and  weight  or 
metal  of  the  Ralaonnable  was  Irresistible.  A  gene- 
ral flight  on  the  one  side,  and  a  general  chaao  on 
the  other,  took  place.  Sir  Qeorge  destroyed  and 
took  aevenleen  or  eighteen  armed  vessels.  The 
American  aoldlera  and  aailora  hail  lo  return  a  great 
part  of  their  way  by  land,  and  lo  explore  their 
rouie  through  thick  wooda. 

While  Ihe  war  languiabad  aa  to  great  objectain 
ihe  country  where  il  originated,  ll  waa  raging  on  a 
new  element,  and  involving  distant  countries  in  its 
wide  spreading  flame.  Hoalililies,  between  the 
fleets  of  France  and  Qreat  Britain,  were  carrying 
on  in  both  the  Indies,  and  In  tha  Kuropean  aeaa, 
aa  well  aa  on  the  coast  of  America.  Hla  Most 
Catholic  Majealy  waa  also,  about  thia  lima.  Induced 
lo  take  ■  decided  part  with  France,  agalnal  Oraal 
Britain. 

To  Ihe  aurprlae  nf  many,tha  Marquia  D'  Almo- 
dovar,lhe  Spanlah  ambaaaador,delivered  a  manlfea' 
loto  LordViaeountWeymouth.amounling  lo  a  dc' 
elaratlonof  waragalnat  Great  Britain.  Thia  event 
had  often  been  predicted  by  the  minority  In  the 
Brillah  parllrmenti  but  diabelieved  by  iho  minla- 
try.  Tha  latter  reaaoned,  "  that  Spain  could  have 
no  Intereal  In  joining  iheir  adversaries ;  that  aha 
had  colonlea  of  her  own,  and  could  not  aei  ao  bad 
an  example  lo  them,  aa  lo  give  an^  countenance 
lo  Ihe  Americana."  Il  waa  alao  said  "  that  Spain 
waa  naturally  attached  lo  Great  Britain."  They 
were  ao  ftir  impoaed  upon  by  their  eagerness  lo 
effect  the  conqueat  of  ihe  United  Statea,  aa  lo  be- 
lisvo  that  to  ba  true  which  they  wished  lo  be  so. 
The  event  proved,  that  the  polities  of  foreign  pow- 
en,  are  not  reducible  to  flxed  prioclplea.  Some- 
limea  one  intereat  claahea  with  anatk<ir ;  and  it  la 
not  alwaya  the  caae  that  tha  atrongeet  preponder- 
ates. Whether  the  Influence  of  the  French 
counsels,  or  the  prospect  of  recovering  Gibraller, 
Jamaica,  and  Florida,  or  the  pressure  of  recent 
injuries,  determined  the  court  of  Spain  to  adopt 
Ihia  meaaure,  It  la  Impoaaible  with  certainty  to  de- 
cide; but  circumstancea  make  It  probable,  that 
Ihe  hope  of  regaining  Gibraller  and  Jamaica  waa 
the  principal  Inducement. 

The  aiiuation  of  Gnat  Britain  waa  at  thia  time 
truly  dialreaaing.  She  waa  weakened  and  dia- 
traeted  by  an  unnatural  war,  in  which  victory  pro- 
duced no  advaniagee;  but  defeat  all  lla  natural  ef- 
fects. In  tha  midst  of  thia  wasting  contest,  in 
which  her  ability  to  raduce  hep  revolted  colonies, 
though  without  foreign  aid,  waa  doubtful,  ahe  waa 
suddenly  involved  In  a  new  and  much  more  daU' 
serous  war,  with  one  of  the  graaiest  powen  in 
Europe.  At  the  very  time,  while  she  waa  engag- 
ed in  thia  double  warfare,  against  old  friends  and 
old  enemies,  hia  Most  Catholic  Majesty  added  his 
force  lo  that  of  her  numerona  foea. 

In  thia  aiiuation,  a  dereliction  of  the  American 
war  was  recommended,  by  some  leading  charac 
ten  in  the  nation ;  but  every  proposition  of  that 
kind  was  overruled ;  and  assurances,  from  both 
houses  of  parliament,  were  given  to  his  majeily, 
'■  to  support  him  in  carrying  on  the  war  against  all 
hia  enemies." 

From  these  events,  which  only  nfTected  the 
United  States,  as  far  as  they  increased  the  enih:ir- 
rassmenta  of  Great  Britain.  I  return  to  relate  llie 
transactions  which  took  place  in  Iheir  own  limits. 
In  the  year  1779,  though  the  war  was  carried  on 


for  Utile  mora  than  diaircae  or  depredation,  la  Ifea 
northern  slalaa,  the  re-eatabllahmeni  of  BiilMl  |»> 
vernmeni  was  seriously  aliempted  In  Carolina  smI 
(leoigla.  After  ihe  reduction  of  Savannah,  a 
great  part  nf  iha  slsle  of  Georgia  was  restoied  la 
ine  king's  peace.  The  royal  army  In  that  quar* 
ler  wasslranglhenrdhy  a  numerous  relnforcenieni 
from  Kaat  Florltla,  and  the  whole  was  put  undet 
iha  command  I'l  Ma)or  Geneial  Hrevoat.  Tha  fore* 
ihen  in  Gear  la  gave  a  serious  alarm  to  tha  adja- 
cent stales.  There  were  al  that  time  but  few  con> 
llnental  lr»n|is  in  (ieoigia,  or  South  Carolina,  and 
acarcaly  anv  In  North  Carolina  i  as  during  the  lala 
tranquility  in  the  southern  states,  they  bad  bee* 
detached  to  aarvc  In  iha  main  ataiy,  eoininaodad  b| 
Waahlngion.  Abodyofmllltia  wMnlaod  andaani 
forward  by  North  Camllna,  lo  aid  bar  nelghboni* 
These  joined  Ihe  continental  troopa i  but  not  til 
they  had  icirealed  out  of  Qeorgia,  and  taken  poal 
In  Nnulh  Carolina.  Towarda  tha  eloaeof  the  Veai 
177N,  General  Lincoln,  at  therequeal  of  the  ifala- 
galea  of  South  Carolina,  waa  appointed  by  Con- 
graaa,  to  lake  iha  command  ofthalraouthamarmy, 

Thia  conalsted  only  of  a  faw  hundrad  conllnan- 
tale.  To  aupply  the  deficiency  of  regular  aoldlera, 
a  considerable  bodv  of  millllu  waa  ordarad  to  join 
him  I  but  the*  added  much  mora  to  hla  numbiii% 
than  to  hia  rtnctiva  force. 

They  had  not  yet  learned  Iha  Impllelt  obedience, 
neceaaary  for  military  operatlona.  Accnaiomad 
to  activity  on  their  farma,  they  could  nol  bear  tbo 
languor  of  an  encampment.  Having  grown  up  III 
habita  of  freedom  and  independence,  tne*  reluct 
anily  aubmitted  lo  martial  dieelpllne.  T  <•  royal 
army  al  Savannah,  being  reinforced  by  the  junc- 
tion of  the  troops  from  St.  Augustine,  was  In  con- 
dition to  exiend  their  imsis.  The  Aral  object  waa 
10  lake  possession  of  Port  Royal,  In  South  Caroli- 
na. Major  Gardiner,  with  two  nundrad  men,  being 
detached  with  thia  view,  landed  on  tha  iaiand  i  bat 
General  Moultrie,  at  the  head  of  an  equal  number 
of  Americana,  In  which  there  were  only  nine  regn* 
lar  soldlen,  attacked  and  drove  them  off.  Thia  ad- 
vantage waa  iirlnclpally  gained  by  two  AeM  plecea, 
which  were  well  aerved  by  a  party  of  Cbarlealoa 
miliila  artillery.  The  Brillah  lost  alnsoal  all  theic 
offlcen.  Tha  Americana  had  eight  men  killed, 
and  twenty-two  wounded.  Among  the  former 
waa  Lieutenant  Benjamin  Wilklna.  an  artillery  of 
ficer  of  great  merit,  and  a  citlsen  of  diatinguleiie(f 
virtue,  whose  early  fall  deprive!  a  nnmeniua  ft 
mily  of  their  chief  support.  He  waa  the  Ant  ol< 
Acer  of  South  Carolina  who  loat  hla  life  in  aup- 
porting  hla  Independence.  Thia  rapulae  reainlnM 
the  Brillah  from  attemplint  any  Immediate  enter- 
priae,  lo  the  northward  of  Savannah;  but  they  fli- 
ed  poala  al  Ebeneaer,  and  Augnaia,  andextendw^ 
themaelvea  over  a  great  part  of  Georgia.  They 
also  endeavoured  to  atranglhen  Ihemselvea,  ay  re- 
inforcementa  from  the  toriee,  in  the  weatem  aet- 
tlemenu  of  Georgia  and  Carolina. 

Emissariea  were  aent  amtmg  the  Inhabitants  of 
that  description,  to  encourage  them  to  a  general 
insurrection.  They  were  aeanred  that.  If  they 
embodied  and  added  Ih  ir  force  lo  that  of  the 
klug'a  army  in  Georgia,  they  would  have  aueh  ■ 
decided  superiority,  as  would  make  a  apeedy  re- 
turn to  their  homes  practicable,  on  Ibeii  own  terma. 
Several  hundreda  of ihem  accordingly  randeavona- 
ed.  and  set  off  lo  join  the  royal  forcee  at  Auguau 
Among  those  who  called  themselves  loyalista  thera 
were  many  of  the  most  infamoua  cbaractera. 
Their  general  complexion  waa  that  of  a  plunder 
ing  banditti,  more  aoliciloua  for  boot*,  than  for  the 
honour  and  an  interest  oftheir  royal  master.  At 
every  period  before  the  war,  the  western  wilder- 
ness of  the  colonies,  which  extended  to  the  Missis- 
sippi, afforded  an  asylum  for  ihe  Idle  or  disorderly, 
who  disrelished  ihe  restraints  of  of  civil  society. 
While  the  war  raged  the  demands  of  militia  duty 
and  of  taxes  cnnlribuled  much  to  the  peopling  of 
those  remote  settlements,  by  ho.ding  out  proapeeti 
of  exemption  from  the  control  nf  government 
Among  these  people,  the  royal  emissaries  had  sue 
cessfully  planted  the  standard  of  loyally  (  aB>!  o 


UNITKD   STATES 


in 


prtdtiloii,  hi  iha 
■ni  of  BikiM  !•• 
J  )n  C'iroltM  «mI 
of  Sivwrniah,  • 
I  wna  railoiMi  It 
iiijr  In  thai  quar* 
u*  rainforcanienl 
I  wai  |Hi(  undw 
r««oii.  Thaforei 
Urin  to  th«  adja- 
lliti*  bullaweon- 
mil  Carolina,  and 
aadurlnithalai* 
(,  Ihty  had  btaa 
y,  coinimadad  by 
aa  ralaad  aod  atiM 
I  h«r  ntl|hboni» 
oa|«t  but  ooiill 
a,  and  lakan  pual 
■  eloaaofihairaai 
|utal  of  ibt  data* 
[ipolnlod  by  Can< 
iiraauihanianny> 
undred  eonlluan- 
fragularaoldlara, 
w  ordarad  lo  Join 
a  10  hia  auniMr% 

npileli  obodianet, 
M.  AcenaloiiMd 
ould  not  boar  iho 
ivlng  grown  up  la 
inca,  ilia*  reluct 
ilina.  7  le  rojral 
read  by  Ihe  June- 
allna,  wu*  In  eon> 
he  Aral  ohjaol  waa 
l,ln8ouibCaroll- 
lodrad  man,  being 
inlhaialand)  but 
r  an  equal  number 
re  only  nine  regu> 
em  oft.  Tbia  ad< 
r  iwo  Held  placett 
ly  of  Cbarleatoa 
It  almoat  all  their 
light  men  killed, 
long  the  rormer 
an  artillery  of 
of  diatinguiaheif 
a  numeruua  fr 
waa  the  Aral  ol> 
It  hia  life  In  aup- 
repulae  reatrained 
Immediate  enter- 
lah;  but  they  At- 
aia,  and  extended 
Georgia.  They 
lemaebrea,  ay  re- 
the  weaiem  aet- 

ke  inhahitanta  of 

lem  to  a  teneral 

«d  thai.  If  ibey 

to  that  of  Ihe 

luld  have  aueh  ■ 

ike  a  apeedy  re- 

thaii  own  terma. 

ngly  rendearoua* 

ircea  at  Auguaia 

'ea  ioynllata  tfacra 

loua   eharactera. 

latofa  plunder 

Miiy,  than  for  Ihe 

tyal  maater.    At 

weatem  wilder- 

ed  to  the  Miaaia- 

IdleordiaorJerly, 

ol  ci*il  aoeiely. 

■  of  militia  duty 

the  peopling  of 

ng  out  proapeeta 

of  goTemnient 

iaaanes  had  sue 

loyally!  *"■'•  • 


ikM  eiMB  waa  a  great  preportlonof  ihou,  wlin,  In 
ihe  uii|iei  country  »(  tlia  Ciirollnit*  nimI  (Iroriiiii, 
ciUed  tltaiMMlfta  Ihe  king'*  friaiiila.  Tlicy  hjitl 
Ml  MMiii«t  riiiliiiilirtl,  mill  bKKiKHli'lr  niiiri:h  In  jiijii 
lira  riiyiil  army  iil  Aunumii,  lliuu  llivy  ciiiiiiii«iir«il 
Mich  iiM'ana  of  |>iiiiiili<rlng  lliffit«lriicflrwH>tilii- 
inriiu.  lliiu*iKh  which  !li»y  piimml,  u*  hiiluccil  tiia 
irdarly  lohabllanl*  to  turn  nut  lo  npfNiae  thrin. 
Crhn'-I  I'lukaoa,  willi  nliuul  ;1U0  men  of  ilia  littler 
".barMler,  liiimniiliilMlji  |iuriu«il,  aiiilcNineup  wllli 
llmni,  (letir  KciilK-crtiak.  An  acllon  took  itineo, 
which  Ualail  ihrea  qinuirni  of  an  liuiir.  Tlie  to- 
ri«a  ware  lolally  roulnd.  Alioul  forly  of  tliriii 
warn  killitil  i  and  l»  thai  nuiiiliar  waa  lliair  Iviiiler 
Colonel  llovd,  who  hail  he«n  arcraily  employed  by 
Briliah  iMilliorily  lo  cullcot  anil  head  Ibam.  Hy 
ihia  aeliun,  the  Urillah  were  diaconceiled.  The 
loriea  ware  dia|iaiiail.  Some  ran  quite  off.  Other* 
went  lo  their  hum**,  and  caal  thamialvea  on  the 
mercy  of  their  euunlry.  Tlieae  were  Hied  by  the 
inwa  of  South  Carolina  for  oAendlng  again*!  an 
act,  called  Ihe  aedllion  act,  which  had  been  |iaa**d 
ainca  the  rerntiilion,  for  thr  aecurily  of  the  new 
government.  Seventy  of  them  were  condemned 
to  die  I  but  the  aenieuoe  waa  only  executed  on  Ave 
of  their  ringlaadera. 

Aa  the  Itritiah  extended  their  poal*  on  Ihe  Ueor- 
gi*  aide  of  Savannah  river.  General  Lincoln  Axed 
encampment*  at  Black-awamp,  and  nearly  oppoaite 
•0  AugualM  on  Ihe  Carolina  aide.  From  iheaa 
|Mi*ta,lie  formoil  a  plan  of  rioaaing  into  Georgia, 
with  Ihe  view  of  limiting  liie  Briliih  lo  the  low 
country,  near  the  ocean.  In  the  execution  of 
ihia  dealKn  General  Aah,  with  IfiOO  North  Ciiro- 
linamllllin,  and  a  few  regular  lroo|M,  after  crouing 
the  river  Siivannah,  look  a  |ioaitlon on  nrlar-creek : 
but  in  II  few  dnya  lie  waa  aurpriaed  by  Lieutenant 
Colonel  Prevoai,  who,  having  made  a  circuiioua 
march,  of  about  00  niilea,  came  unexpectedly  on 
nia  rear,  with  aboiil  900  men.  The  mililin  were 
thrown  Into  eonfuaion,  and  (led  at  Ihe  Aral  (ire. 
One  hundred  and  Alty  of  the  Americana  were 
Milled,  and  162  were  taken.  Few  had  any  chance 
:>f  eacaping,  but  by  eroaaing  Ihe  Savannah  :  .n  at- 
tempting  which,  many  were  drowned.  Ol  thoae 
wlio  got  oAT  *<ife,  a  gieat  part  returned  home.  The 
number  tlinl  rejoined  Ihe  American  camp,  did  not 
exceed  4/M)  men.  The  few  continentala  under  Co- 
lonel KIberi,  made  a  brave  reaiatance ;  but  the  aur- 
vivor*  of  them,  with  their  gallnol  leader,  were  at 
liial  £oni|ielied  lo  aurrender.  Thia  event  deprived 
(leneril  Lincoln  of  one  fourth  of  hia  numbers, 
and  opened  a  communication  between  the  Briliah 
tlifi  Imlians,  and  the  loriea  of  North  and  South 
(.'iirolinH. 

Inexperienced  in  the  art  of  war,  the  American* 
were  aiihjfvt  In  llio*e  rever*ei  of  fortune,  which 
uaiially  attend  young  wildler*.  Unacquainted  wiih 
miliiar'  «lf»tiif(ema,deAcinnt  in  discipline,  and  not 
broke-  fl  habiia  ol  implicit  obeillence,  they  were 
often  ■..rprlseil,  and  had  lo.  learn  by  repeated  mis- 
fortunes the  necessity  of  subordination,  and  the 
advanlaKes  of  waichfulnnss  and  discipline.  Their 
■umbers  in  the  (ield,  to  those  who  are  acouainled 
with  Kiiro|)eiin  wars,  must  amMar  inconsiderable ; 
hul  such  Is  Ihe  difference  ol^  Ihe  elate  of  aoclely, 
•ad  of  tlie  impulation,  in  the  old  and  new  world, 
that  in  America,  a  few  hundreda  decided  objects 
of  eaiial  magnitude  wiih  those,  which,  in  Europe, 
would  liiive  called  into  the  Aeld  as  many  Ihou 
sands.  The  pri/.e  contended  for  was  nothing  less 
thun  the  sovereignty  nf  three  millions  of  people, 
and  of  Ave  liundred  millions  of  acres  nf  land  ;  and 
yet,  from  the  icinote  situation  of  Ihe  invading 
powers,  and  Iho  thin  population  of  the  invaded 
•tales,  eapeciiilly  in  the  southern  extreme  of  the 
union,  this  momentous  question  was  mateiially  af- 
fected by  tlie  consequences  of  battles,  in  which 
only  a  few  hundreiU  eni;»f!ed. 

The  series  of  dianslers,  wliich  had  followed  the 
American  arms,  since  the  landing  of  the  British 
Dear  Savannah,  occasioned  well-founded  appre- 
henaiona  for  the  safety  of  the  adjacent  states. 
The  militia  of  South  Carolina  wu  therefore  put 
•a  a  beitsr  footing,  and  a  regiment  of  oavalry  wai 


raiaed.  John  Kulledge,  a  Carolinian  of  the  moat 
llalinguiahcd  abllillea,  wnt  called  lo  Ihe  chair  nf 
Kovernineol  by  sn  ainioal  iinanimnua  vole,  and,  In 
iiiiiiatioii  of  the  ancient  republic  of  Rome,  Invealed, 
III  coiijucllon  with  hia  council,  with  dictatorial 
|Miwer*.  By  virtue  of  his  authority,  ha  convened 
H  large  body  nf  the  mllltlii,  neiir  the  centre  of  the 
slate,  that  they  might  be  In  constant  rendine**,  to 
march  whithersoever  public  aervlcc  required,  '''he 
oilglniil  pliin  iif  iirneiriitlng  into  Georgia  wna  .e- 
*umed.  I'art  ol  the  American  force  waa  •tatloned 
on  Ihe  north  side  of  tli-i  Huvannah,  at  I'urrysburgh 
Mnd  Black-swamp,  while  General  Lincoln  oiid  the 
main  army  cruaaed  into  Georgia  near  Auguata. 
General  Prevost  availed  hiroaelf  of  the  critical 
moment,  when  the  American  army  had  aacended 
lAO  milea,  towards  the  source  of  the  Savnnoah, 
and  crossed  into  Carolina,  over  the  aame  river, 
near  to  ita  mouth  with  about  S4(X)  men.  A  con- 
siderable body  of  Indiana,  whoae  friendahip  ihe 
British  had  previously  secured  were  aaaociated 
with  litem  on  this  expedition.  1  he  superior  Bri- 
tish force,  which  crossed  Savinnah  liver,  aonn 
com|ielled  General  MouMrie,  who  waa  charged 
with  Ihe  defence  of  Sourh  Carolina,  to  retire. 
Lincoln,  on  receiving  inform  auii  of  these  move- 
ments, detached  300  of  hi*  light  troop*  lo  rein- 
force Moultrie  ;  but  proceeded  with  the  main  army 
lowarda  Ihe  capilol  of  Georgia.  He  wus  induced 
to  pursue  his  original  Intention,  from  an  Idea  that 
General  Prevost  meant  nothing  more  than  to  di- 
vert him  by  a  feint  on  Carolina  i  and  because  his 
marching  down,  on  the  south  side  of  the  river  Sa- 
vannah, would  occasion  but  little  additional  dehiy, 
in  repairing  lo  Its  defence.  When  Lincoln  found 
that  Prevost  was  seriously  pushing  for  Charles- 
ton, he  re-crossed  ihe  Savannah,  and  pursued  him. 
The  British  proceeded  in  their  march  by  the  main 
raid  near  the  aeucoaat,  with  but  little  oppoahlon; 
and  in  the  mean  lime,  the  Americana  retreated 
before  Ihem,  towards Chnrlealon.  General  Moul- 
trie, who  ably  conducted  this  retreat,  hud  no  ca- 
valry lo  check  Ihe  advancing  foe.  Instead  of  hia 
receiving  relnforrements  from  the  Inliubltnnis,  as 
he  marched  ilii-nii"*!  the  -....niry,  he  was  aban- 
doned by  mjny  ol  the  militia,  'vho  went  to  iheir 
homes.  Their  familiea  and  pro|.  ^rty  lay  directly 
In  the  route  of  the  invading  army.  The  abaance 
of  Ihe  main  army  under  Lincoln,  it.  ^  retreat  of 
Moultrie,  the  plunderings  and  devaslat.  una  of  the 
invadera,  and,  above  oil,  the  dread  of  the  Indian 
savagea,  who  accompanied  the  royal  ai.,./,  .^ii- 
fused  a  general  panic  omong  the  inhabitants.  The 
terror  of  each  Individual  became  a  aource  of  ter- 
ror lo  another.  From  the  ^nAuence  of  these 
causes,  many  were  induced  lo  apply  for  Btitiab 
protection.  New  converts  lo  Ihe  royal  atandard 
endeavoured  lo  ingratiate  themselves  with  Iheir 
protectors,  by  encouraging  them  to  attempt  the 
reduction  of  Charleaton.  Being  in  iheir  power, 
they  were  more  anxioua  lo  frame  intelligence  on 
the  idea  of  what  waa  agreeable,  than  of  what  waa 
true.  They  repreaented  the  inhabitants  as  boing 
generally  tired  of  the  war,  and  wishing  for  |)eace. 
at  all  events.  They  also  stated  that  Charleaton 
was  incapable  of  Much  resistance.  These  circum- 
stances, combined  with  the  facility  with  which  the 
British  marched  through  the  country,  induced 
General  Prevost  lo  extend  hia  plan,  and  push  for 
Charleston.  Had  he  designed  il  at  first,  and  con- 
tinued his  march,  with  the  aame  rapidity  with 
which  it  was  begun,  the  town  would  probably  have 
been  carried  by  a  coup-de-niain ;  but  he  halted 
two  or  three  days,  when  advanced  near  half  the 
distance.  In  that  interval,  every  preparation  was 
made  by  the  South  Carolinians,  for  tlie  defence  of 
their  capital.  All  the  houses  in  its  suberbs  ivere 
burnt.  Lines  and  abbatis  were,  in  a  few  days, 
carried  across  the  peninsula,  between  Ashley  and 
Cooper  rivers,  and  cannon  were  mounted  at  proper 
intervals  on  its  whole  extent.  Though  this  visit 
of  the  British,  especially  an  attack  on  Ihe  land 
side,  waa  unexpected;  yet  in  a  few  days,  great 
preparations  were  made,  and  a  force  of  33(X)  mea 
assembled  in  Charleston  for  ita  defence. 


The  mala  body  indbagngaof  the  Briiiehana*, 
being  le(t  on  Ihe  aouih  sTiTa  of  Ashly  river,  aa  •«• 
vdnced  delaehineni  nf  000  men  croaatd  the  A'.rry, 
and  appeared  before  the  town.  In  the  Mieaiitime. 
fjincoln  was  marching  on  as  faal  **  jioaaible,  fo« 
Ihe  relief  of  (,'harlealoni  but  as  hi*  arrival  »'t< 
doubtful,  and  the  criaia  haiardoua,  lo  gain  lima 
waa  a  mailer  of  consequence.  A  whole  day  waa 
therefore  apeni  in  exchange  of  Aags.  Conimis- 
sinners  from  Ihe  garrison  were  inatrueled  "  to  pro- 
nose  a  neutrality,  during  the  war  between  Grtit 
Britain  and  America!  and  that  the  nueatloo, wba 
ihrr  the  stste  shall  belong  In  Great  Britain,  or  la- 
main  one  nf  the  United  Siataa,  be  delermlaad  bjf 
the  treaty  of  peace  between  these  iwwers."  Tka 
British  commandera  refused  ihia  advantageous  ttm 
fer,  alleging  that  they  did  not  come  in  a  leglslaliva 
ca|iacily,  and  insisled,  ll.al  aa  the  inhabitant*  and 
others  were  in  nrma,  they  should  aurrender  prison- 
ers of  war.  ThIa  being  refiiaed,  Ihe  carrison  pre- 
iwred  for  an  Immediate  aaaaull ;  but  Ft  ws*  not  nl- 
temnled.  In  the  night  of  Ihe  eame  day,  Mi^or 
Benjamin  Huger,  commamling  a  nariy  without  iIm 
lines,  was,  through  mistake  killed  by  his  euunlry- 
men.     This  was  a  loss  indeed.     The  liberality, 

f[eoerosily  and  public  spirit,  which  diatingiiialiad 
d>Ti  as  a  citiaen,  added  lo  great  p«)lillciil  and  mili- 
tary talents,  rendered  hia  untimely  death  Ihe  sub- 
ject of  universal  regret.  By  hia  fall,  ihe  countr.e 
was  deprived  nf  one  nf  lis  Ainiest  and  most  usefiij 
friends,  and  Ihe  nrmv  lost  one  of  ita  brighleal  or- 
nameiita.  Prevost,  learning  bynn  intercepted  let- 
ter that  Lincoln  was  coming  on  in  his  rear,  retreat- 
rd  from  Charleaton,  and  (lied  oA'  with  his  whola 
force  from  the  main,  to  Ihe  Islands  near  ibn  sea, 
tliiit  he  might  avoid  being  between  Iwo  Area.  Both 
ariiiloa  encamped  In  the  vicinity  of  Cbarleeioo, 
watching  each  others'  moliona,  till  Ihe  80th  of 
June,  when  an  attack  waa  made  with  about  ISMN) 
Americans  on  6  or  700  nf  ihe  Brilisli,  advaola- 
geoualy  posted  at  Stono  ferry.  The  latter  had  re- 
double with  a  line  of  communication,  and  Aeld 
piecea  in  the  intervals ;  and  Ihe  whole  waa  secur- 
ed wlih  an  abbati*.  By  a  preconcerted  plan,  a 
feint  wii*  to  have  been  made  from  Janie*  hland, 
with  a  body  of  Charleston  militia,  at  the  moment 
when  General  Lincoln  began  the  attack  from  the 
main ;  but,  from  miamanagemeni,  they  diti  not 
reach  their  place  of  destination,  till  the  action  waa 
over.  The  attack  waa  continued  for  an  hour  aai 
twenty  miaui~  ••id  the  aasailanU  had  iha  adeaa* 
■age  ,  lui  the  appearance  ol  a  reioioreamen^  'm 
prevent  which  the  feini  Avm  Jamea  Island  wae 
intended,  made  their  retreat  necessary.  The  loaa 
of  the  Americana  in  killed  and  wounded  was  about 
100.  Among  the  former  waa  Colonel  Roberta,  an 
artillery  officer  of  dialinguished  abilities.  Having 
been  brad  to  arm*  in  his  native  country,  Englami, 
ha  had  baan  particularly  servleeab.'e  in  diff>iaing 
military  knowledge  among  the  less-informed  Ame- 
rican officer*.  In  iha  short  interval  between  hi* 
being  wounded  and  his  dying,  he  was  vlaited  on 
the  Aeld  of  baltia  by  his  son.  Captain  Roberts,  of 
hi*  own  regiment.  The  expiring  father  presented 
his  sword  lo  his  sc.i,  with  an  exhortation,  lo  be- 
have worthy  of  it,  and  to  use  il  in  the  defence  of 
liberty  and  his  country.  After  a  abort  converaa- 
lion,  he  desired  him  lo  return  to  his  proper  stat'ron 
adding  for  reason,  "  that  there  he  might  be  useful; 
but  to  liiin  he  could  be  of  no  service." 

Iinmediatoly  after  this  attack,  Ihe  American  mil- 
itia, impatient  of  absence  from  their  homes,  m- 
lumed  to  their  plantations ;  and  about  the  same 
time  the  British  left  the  islanda  adjacent  loCharle^- 
lon,  retreating  from  one  to  another,  till  they  arriv- 
ed at  Port-royal,  and  Savannah.  A  considerable 
garrison  was  left  at  the  former  place,  under  Colo- 
nel Mailland :  but  the  mnin  body  went  lo  Savannah. 

This  incursion  into  South  Carolina  contributed 
very  little  to  the  advancement  of  Ihe  royal  cause ; 
bat  added  much  lo  the  wealth  of  the  officers,  sol- 
dier*, and  followers  of  the  Britiabarmy ;  and  (till 
more  to  the  distresses  of  tht;  inhabitanu.  Hia 
iwee*  under  the  command  of  General  Pia?oai, 
ipread  themselves  over  a  considerable  part  of  Ibi 


HISTORY   OK   TIIK 


I 


italMil  MtitoMMi*  af  th*  mm*.  »•*  "Imn  iImh 
•N  iIm  fewMi  wbMa  lalMbtwiiu^  ta  prapMitoa  m 
Ifea  n«MWr  •#•!■*••.  Thart  «m  matk  )o  ■iii»il, 
Ml  Ittllt  I*  raiM  lb*  Invailira.  Small  Mrtlti 
•laiiail  almuM  •*«r]i  houM,  iimI,  uiioppk.Md,  tuuk 
•ihiiiattr  iht^  cIium.  TtMy  not  only  rillail  iIm 
Inliabllvnii  ol  huuMhold  furnhur*,  bulofiiiMiIng 
■(iparal,  munrj,  iini*,  intl  ulhur  |wrMin«l  urim- 
n>«nii.  K*trjt  iiUc*,  In  ihtir  ltn«  of  marcbi  •»■ 
fwrivncad  iha  anacla  nf  llialr  raiwelijr, 

8uon  altar  iha  affiilr  of  8lono,  iha  conilnanlal 
forcta,  unilar  ilia  command  of  Lincoln,  railrcd  lo 
ShaMon,  a  haalihy  aliuatloo  In  Iha  *lcinli)f  of  Uaaa- 
foil.  Boib  armlaa  nmatnad  In  thair  raapacilva 
v.MampmaMa,  illl  lb*  •rrivnl  of  a  Francb  fUai,  on 
•b«  coaai,  rauaad  ib«  aibola  country  to  Immadlaia 
•aiiviiy. 

Count  D*Ealal|n,  aftar  rapalring  hia  flaai  at 
Bowon,  aallad  for  tba  Waal  Indian.  Ilarlng  la- 
•tbad  InMruettona  IVom  tba  king  lila  muaiar.  to 
Ml  In  eonccri  with  th«  forraa  of  tlia  Unliad  Siiica, 
and  balng  atroniljr  aollcllad  by  Uanaral  Lincoln, 
JTrtaklanl  Lowndaa.  (iovarnor  Rull«d||».  and  Mr. 
i'lumbird.  conaul  of  Franca,  In  Cliarlailiin,  lie 
tallad  frniii  in«  V.Vat  Indiaa,  Saptambar  l«l,  for 
Iha  Amailcan  eonllnanl.  with  a«|)aclailon  of  ion- 
(Icrlng  a*Mnllal  arrvlca.  In  o|Mnilln|  agiiinil  llif 
rommon  anamy.    Ha  airlrad  on  tlia  coaat  itf  Ocor- 

Bin,  with  n  llaal  conalaiing  of  Iwanly  aail  of  llie 
na.  two  of  00  guna.  and  alaren  friiiila*.  Ilia  ap- 
paaranca  waa ao une«|iccl»d,  iliul  ilia  Kx|i«iini«nl 
man  of  war,  of  00  guna.  commanded  by  8ir  Juiiiai 
Wallaca.  and  three  frigataa,  fell  Into  hIa  liiind*. 

Aa  aoon  aa  hIa  arrlral  on  the  coaat  waa  known, 
fiaaeral  Lincoln,  with  the  army  under  hia  com- 
mand, marched  for  the  ticlnit*  of  Savannah  :  and 
onlera  were  given  for  the  militia  of  Ueorgia  iind 
South  Carolina  to  rendeavoua  near  the  aame  place. 
The  Brilbh  were  equa'ty  diligent  In  |ire|miiiig  for 
Iheir  defence.  Oreal  numtwra  were  eiii|iloyed, 
both  by  day  and  night,  in  atranglhening  and  ex- 
lending  their  llnea.  The  American  militia,  fluah- 
«d  with  tho  hope  of  apeedily  eapelling  ihe  Uriiiili 
from  their  aoulharn  poaaeaeiona.  turned  out  with 
aa  alacrity,  which  far  auriwiaed  their  exertlona  In 
Iba  preceding  camituign.  D'Kal:iign.  before  the 
arrivHl  of  Lincoln.  demHnded  the  aurrender  of  tlie 
town  to  ihe  arma  of  France.  Prevoit.  In  hia  an- 
awer.  declined  aurrendering  on  a  general  aummona, 
and  raquaeted  that  apeclAc  termaahould  be  pro|>oi- 
cd,  to  which  ha  would  give  an  anawer.  'I'lie  count 
replied,  that  It  waa  the  part  of  the  beiiegeil  to  pro- 
poaa  larma.  Pravoal  tnen  naked  for  a  auapenaion 
of  hoalilltlea,  twenty-four  houra,  for  preparing  pro- 

Eir  tarma.  Thia  waa  Inconaiderately  gnnted. 
afbia  the  Iwonljr-four  houra  elapaed.  Lieutenant 
Colooal  Malllaad,  with  aeveral  hundred  men,  who 
had  been  ataiioned  ai  Beaufort,  made  their  way 
through  many  obalaclea,  and  Joined  the  royal  army 
in  Havannih.  The  garrlaon,  encouraged  by  the 
arrival  of  ao  reapectable  a  force,  determined  on 
realatance.  The  French  and  Americana,  who 
formed  a  junction  the  evening  nAer,  were  there- 
fore reduced  to  the  neceaaity  of  atorming  or  be- 
alegiog  Ihe  garriaan.  The  reaolution  of  proceed- 
ing by  alege  being  adopted,  aeveral  daya  were  con- 
aanied  in  prenaring  for  it ;  and  In  the  meantime, 
Ihe  workanf  ilie  garriaon  were  hourly  atrengihen- 
rd,  by  the  labour  of  aeveral  hundred  negroea,  di- 
r;Atil  by  the  able  engineer,  Major  Moncrief. 
Tha  beiie|(era,on  the  4th  of  October,  opened  with 
nine  mortari.  thirty-ieven  plecea  of  cannon,  from 
the  land  aide,  and  fifteen  from  the  water.  Soon 
after  the  commencement  of  the  cannonade,  Pre- 
voal  aollcited  for  leave  to  aend  the  women  and 
chiMren  out  of  town.  Thla  waa  refuted.  The 
combined  army  luspeeted.  that  a  deaire  of  aecret 
ing  the  pinnder.  lately  taken  from  the  South  Ca- 
roliniana,  waa  covered  under  the  veil  of  huiiianliy. 
It  waa  alao  preaumed  that  a  refusnl  would  px|ie- 
diie  a  aurrender.  On  a  report  from  the  engineer). 
Ihal  a  contiderable  time  would  be  neceassiry  to  re 
duce  the  garriaon  by  regular  approachei.  it  waa 
Jotermiaed  to  make  an  aatault.  Thia  meaaure 
•aa  Ibtcad  aa  Caant  D'Ettaiga  by  hii  marina  of- 


tttn,  wha  rawaaatraled  agaiaat  bla  aaaltaalaf  la 
riah  aa  valaabla  a  iaai,  tm  a  daageraaa  aaaai.  la 
Iha  harrieana  aoaaoa.  and  al  ao  gnat  a  diaianea 
from  the  there,  lhal  It  might  be  aurprlaad  by  a  Uri- 
tith  Keel,  completely  rapairtd  and  fully  manned. 
In  a  few  daya,  the  linat  of  the  betiegara  nilglil 
have  been  carried,  into  ihe  woikt  of  the  beaiegml  | 
but  under  ihete  cilllcal  cireumatancea,  no  I'aiiliar 
delay  could  be  adinillad.  To  aaaault  or  raiaa  (he 
titge  waa  the  only  %ltf  rnatlvo.  Prudence  wauM 
have  dictated  the  laiiei  i  bul  a  tente  of  honour 
determined  tha  beaiegera  lo  ada|)l  the  fanner. 
Two  feleta  were  made  with  the  couaiiy  mlliiU, 
aad  a  real  attack  aa  Spriag-hill  battery,  early  In 
Iba  aiaralag  af  iba  9lb,  wlili  3000  Freacb  Iroapa, 
000  caatlaeatala,  and  300  of  tba  lababltaaia  of 
Cbaileetaa.  Theaa  boldly  marched  up  la  tha  linea, 
under  the  commaad  of  D'Eaiaign  and  Lincoln  t 
bul  a  heavy  and  well-directed  fire  from  Ihe  batte- 
riea,  and  a  croaa-fira  from  iha  galliea,  threw  the 
front  of  their  columna  into  confutiun.  Two  aland- 
arda  ware  neverihelaaa  planted  on  the  Uriliah  ra- 
dnubta.  A  retreat  of  Ilia  aaaiiilania  wiia  urdeied. 
after  they  had  tiooil  ihe  enemy'a  fire  fur  fifty-live 
niinutet.     l^ount    D'tltlnign  and  Count  Pulaiki 

re  both  wounded.  Tlie  former  tligliily  ;  but 
the  latter  iiiurtNlly.  Six  hundred  and  liiirty-aeven 
of  the  French  and  upwurda  of  two  liuiidreM  of  the 
continentala  and  iniliilw  were  killed  or  wounded, 
(leneial  Prrvotl.  Lieutenant  Colonel  M;titland.  and 
Major  Muncrief,  detervedly  acquired  (real  lepula- 
lion  by  ihit  tuccetaful  defence.  Tlie  force  of  the 
garriaon  wnt  between  two  and  three  thoiiiand.  of 
which  about  ISO  were  inililin.  The  dainnge  aua- 
tained  by  the  bealeged  waa  trifling,  at  ihey  fired 
from  behind  worka,  and  few  of  the  aatailiinla*  fired 
at  all.  Immediately  after  thia  untuccettful  aaanult, 
the  militia,  almoat  uuiveraally.  went  lo  their  homea. 
Count  D'Ettaign  re^mbaikadbiatroopa  and  anil 
lerv,  and  left  the  coniinent. 

While  the  alege  of  Savannah  waa  |iending,  a 
remarkable  enterprlaa  waa  elfected  by  Colonel 
John  While  of  the  Qeorgia  line.  Captain  French 
had  taken  pott  with  about  100  men  near  tha  river 
Ogechee.  aome  time  before  the  alege  began. 
There  were  alao  al  the  tame  idnce,  forty  cailon 
on  board  uf  five  Uriliah  veaaeit,  four  of  which 
were  armed.  All  ibeae  men,  logether  with  the 
veaaela  and  130  atand  of  arma,  were  aurrendered, 
October  lat,  to  Colonel  While,  Captain  Elholm 
and  four  othert,  one  of  whom  waa  the  eolonera 
lervnnl.  On  the  preceding  night,  Ihia  email  party 
kindled  a  number  of  firea  in  diflereni  plaeea,  and 
adopted  the  parade  of  a  large  encampment.  By 
theae,  -id  a  variety  of  deceptive  atratagema. 
Captain  French  wae  Impreaaed  with  an  opinion, 
that  nothing  bul  an  inatant  aurrender,  in  conformi- 
ty to  a  peremptory  aummona,  could  aave  hia  men 
(torn  being  cut  to  piecea  by  a  auperlor  force.  He 
therefore  gave  up,  without  making  any  realatance. 

Thia  vlail  of  the  fleet  of  hia  Moat  Chriatian  Ma- 
jeaiy  to  the  coaat  of  America,  though  unauceeaa- 
ful  aa  to  it*  main  object,  waa  not  without  utility  to 
Ihe  United  Slatea.  It  ditconcerted  the  meaaurea 
alieadv  digeated  by  the  Britith  commandert,  and 
cauaed  a  eonaiderable  waate  o(  time,  before  they 
coald  determine  on  a  new  plan  of  operaliona.  It 
iilao  occationed  the  evacuation  of  Rhode  laland  : 
bul  ihia  wna  of  no  advantage  to  the  United  Slatea, 
For,  of  all  the  blundera  committed  by  the  Britith 
in  the  courae  of  the  American  war,  none  waa  great- 
er than  their  etationing  6000  men,  for  two  yean 
and  eight  montht,  on  that  lalaiid,  where  they  were 
loat  to  every  purpoae  of  co-operaiion,  and  where 
they  could  tender  very  liltle  more  aervice  to  the 
royal  eauae,  than  could  have  been  aflbrded  by  a 
couple  of  frljiBtea  cruiaing  in  the  vicinity. 

The  aiege  being  raiaed.  the  conlinental  troopa 
retreated  over  the  river  Savannah.  The  viciati- 
tiidea  of  an  auiumnni  atmosphere  made  a  aevere 
impreaaion  on  the  irritable  fibres  of  men,  exiinuited 
with  fatigue,  and  dejected  by  defeat.  Inpia|inr- 
lionto  the  toweling  hopes,  with  which  the  expedi- 
tion waa  undertaken,  waa  the  depression  of  spirits 
subaequaat  to  ita    failure.    Tba  Georgia  eiilea 


isIm  bad  aaaaMbM  IVam  all  qaartaia  ta  i 
ikamaalvea  af  ibair  aeiaiaa.  waia  a  laaawi  ihM 
obliged  to  flee  from  thi'lr  cauatry  and  posafMloiit. 
Tha  most  gloomy  appralienduos.  retpaciliig  ilie 
aouihern  ataiea,  took  poaaeielou  of  the  minus  of 
the  iieople. 

'I  hut  ended  the  aoulharn  campaign  of  1770, 

ithout  any  lliing  dacltire  on  alllitr  aide.  Allot 
one  year,  in  which  iha  lirlliah  had  overrun  iha 
tiata  of  Ueorgia,  for  100  milea  I'niin  ilia  nea  coaal, 
and  had  |ienelral*d  aa  far  na  the  linat  of  «:hNrlea> 
tun,  they  were  reduced  lo  their  nrlgiiinl  limits  la 
Savannah.  A'l  thair  achamea  of  co-o|ieratiun  wiib 
the  loriea  bad  fiiiled,  sad  tha  a|iirtia  af  that  ahMa  M 
tba  inhabiianta,  by  sucaeaaWa  diaappaialmantai 
were  thoroughly  broken. 

The  campaign  al  1770  la  raaiarhable  far  Iba  fea 
bla  eaenioas  al  Uia  A  awfleaaa.  Aeeideaial  cava- 
es  which  bad  previously  escited  ibeir  ectlviiy, 
had  in  a  grant  maaaura  ceneed  ta  have  Influence. 
An  enthusiasm  for  liberty  made  them  campnrativa- 
ly  disregard  proiierty,  and  brave  all  daagen  la  tba 
Aral  years  of  ina  war.  The  auceeaaaa  af  lliair 
arma  near  the  beginning  of  1777,  and  tha  bupae  af 
capturing  llurgovne'a  army  In  the  ahiaa  af  it,  to* 
gather  with  tho  briak  circulation  af  a  large  i|uan< 
lily  of  p«|ier  money,  in  gofMi  eradii,  made  that  year 
bothacliveand  dacialva.  Theflatleriag  proepeeia 
Inapired  by  the  alliance  with  France  in  1778,  baa* 
iihed  lilt  feara  of  the  auccasa  of  the  raTotutioa  i  but 
the  failure  of  every  tclienie  of  co-operation  prodtt- 
cad  a  detpoodancv  of  mind  unfavourable  to  grant 
exertiona.  InateaJ  of  driving  the  Britith  oul  of  tba 
country,  aa  the  Americana  vainly  presumed,  iIm 
campNlgna  of  1178  and  1770  terminated  wliiioul 
any  direct  advantage,  from  tha  French  fleet  aeni 
to  their  aid.  Expecting  too  much  from  their  al> 
ilea,  and  then  failing  In  theaa  expeelallona,  they 
were  less  prepared  to  proaecute  tho  war  with  their 
own  reaourcea,  than  the*  would  bavo  been,  if 
D'Eaiaign  had  nut  touched  on  ihoir  coast.  Thali 
army  was  reduced  in  iti  aunbera  and  badly 
clothed. 

In  the  first  yean  of  tha  war.  tha  mereantlla 
character  was  loai  in  tha  military  spirit  of  tba 
timea;  but  In  the  progreae  of  it.  the  inhabiianta, 
cooling  in  their  entnualaam,  gradually  returned  ta 
their  former  habita  of  Inrrative  business.  Tbia 
made  dialinetions  between  the  army  aad  tba  citi- 
aena,  and  was  unfriendly  to  military  exertions. 
While  eeveral  foreign  events  tended  lo  the  embar> 
raaament  of  Great  Brilaia,  and  indirectly  to  the 
eatabllshmeni  of  Independence,  n  variety  of  inter- 
nal causes  ralsxed  the  exertions  of  Ihe  Americans  | 
and  for  a  time,  made  it  doubtful,  whether  they 
would  ultimately  be  Independent  citiaena.  or  con- 
querad  aubjeeia.  Among  iheee,  the  daily  depre> 
elation  of  their  billa  of  credit,  held  a  diailnguiahed 
pie-eminenoe.  Thla  so  materially  affected  every 
department,  as  lo  merit  n  particular  diacuaalon. 
The  anbjeel  lo  pravent  an  intermplion  of  tba 
thread  of  Ihe  narraliye  ia  treated  in  a  separata 
chapter. 


CHAPTER   VII. 

Of  Continaalal  Paper  Cunreaey. 

In  tba  modem  mode  of  making  war,  money  ia 
not  leaa  eaaential,  than  valour  in  the  field,  or  wis- 
dom in  the  cabinet.  The  longest  puree  docidea 
the  fate  of  coutending  naliona,  aa  often  as  tha 
longeal  aword.  It  early  occurred  lo  the  foundera 
of  Iha  American  empire,  that  Ihe  eatahliahed  rava- 
nuea  of  Great  Britain  mual,  eventually,  overbal* 
anee  Ihe  audden  and  impetuoua  aalliea  of  men, 
contending  for  freedom,  on  ihe  spur  of  Ihe  occa- 
aion.  and  without  the  permanent  meana  of  defence ; 
but  how  to  remedy  the  evil  puxsled  their  wisest 
politicians.  Gold  and  silver,  ss  far  aa  waa  known, 
liad  not  a  physical  existence  in  the  country,  in 
any  qnaolity  equal  ti  the  demanda  of  war;  nor 
cnula  they  be  procured  from  abroad  ;  as  the  ebsn  - 
nela  of  commarca  bad  been  previously  shut,  hj 


VNITBD   ■TATBI. 


NlMi  M 

ilnw 
y  iihI  puMVMtan*. 
Ill,  r««|i«citii||  iIm 
1  of  Idt  iiitiiJt  u( 

Rinpalgn  of  1170i 
illlitr  ltd*.     Alioi 

hull  ovtrruii  ih« 
rroin  ill*  M*  i'u(M, 
r  IIr«  u(  k.'bNilM- 
r  nilytnitl  liiiilii  ti 
r  eo-a|Mr«ltun  «llb 
iu  at  ibai  flM*  M 

iltMppolaiaiMHk 

•riiibl*  for  lb*  r*« 
Aealdanltl  mm* 
liml  tbcli  Milvtijr. 
10  bur*  luAuane*. 
ibam  aomparailva- 
lalldaaiaralM  Iba 
luccaaaai  of  lliakr 
'.  ami  iha  bupaa  of 
ha  aluaa  of  li,  lo- 
n  of  a  Urga  qu»ii> 
lit.  matla  ihal  jrcar 
lallarininfoapaow 
inca  In  1778,  ban- 
ha  rtToluiloB  i  but 
••opaniloii  proiltt- 
'a«ourabl*  lo  fraal 
tBrliliboiilaf  iba 
nljr  iiraauiMtt,  iIm 
■rminalad  wliiioul 
Franch  lltel  lanl 
uch  fioin  iliair  al< 
aipaeiiilona,  the* 
iha  war  wllh  ihnli 
iild  bava  baan,  \t 
hoir  euaat.  Thalf 
nbara    and  bidljr 

r.  Iba  marcaiitila 

iiarv  apirii  of  iho 

I,  Iha  Inhabliania. 

duall*  laiurnad  le 

I  bualoaaa.    Thla 

irmjr  and  iba  elil- 

nllilnrjf  axaillona. 

dad  to  iba  atnbar- 

lodiraclly  lo  iha 

varlat;  of  Inlar- 

ihaAmericaiia; 

ful,  wbaibar  Ibey 

ciilaana,  or  con- 

Iha  daily  danre- 

Id  a  diatinfuithsd 

lly  aAaeled  amy 

loular  diaeuaalon. 

atmption  of  ih« 

ad  In  a  aaparaia 


urraney. 

ng  war,  money  la 
ha  flald,  or  wia- 
puraa  doeidea 
aa  oflen  aa  the 
to  tha  foundera 
aalahlithad  rare- 
ntually,  orerbat- 
aalliaa  of  men, 
^r  of  Iha  occa* 
laana  of  defence; 
led  their  wiaeit 
rai  was  known, 
the  country.  In 
da  of  war ;  nor 
d ;  aa  the  ehan  - 
ioualy  abni.  h7 


Mm  «*lMMafy  aaaaatalton  of  Cangraaa,!*  auapand 
IbratM  trade.  America  baring  nerct  been  muob 
InaeiTin  any  dirtvl  way,  ami  being  wiihoiit  aalab- 
llahail  g(tt«riiin*iila,  and  *t|NicUlly  n«  alia  Wiia 
euiileodMin  ag  ilnal  wlial  wa*  Imvly  I  iwful  aulho- 
rity,  could  nut  immedialely  proceed  lu  laiHllon. 
Baeltlea,  aa  the  eonieat  wa*  on  the  auhjaci  of  laa- 
ation,  the  laying  of  laaaa  ailaquile  to  the  eaigen- 
aia*  uf  war.eran  ihuugli  it  Lail  been  iiruellcalile, 
would  hiive  been  iin|iulMia.  'I'lie  only  iilaustble 
ex|ieilieol.  In  ilieir  puwer  to  ailo|H,  waa  tha  einis- 
alun  u(  bille  uf  cretlil  reprcMnting  a|taeie,  under  a 
public  eugagaiiient  la  be  ultimately  aunk  by  equal 
laiea,  or  aacb^ngail  I  ir  gold  ur  lilrer,  Thl<  i>rae> 
Ilea  had  been  I'ltniiliar  from  the  Aral  aaltlei<  it  of 
Ibe  colonies,  awl,  under  |iro|ier  resiilcilii'  .,  had 
been  found  highly  adranlagaoua.  Their  resolu- 
tion, to  raiae  iin  aimy  in  June,  1770,  was  there- 
bre  folh>wed  by  another  to  emit  billa  of  credit,  to 
the  amount  uf  two  millions  of  dollars.  To  thiil 
«um,  on  the  iUlh  of  the  neat  month,  it  was  re- 
aoUed  to  ado  inuther  million.  Fur  their  redemp- 
tion the*  ptedgi  J  llie  confedetaled  colonies,  and 
diierted  each  colony  to  And  waya  and  meana,  to 
aink  its  proiMrtion  and  quota.  In  four  annual  pay- 
menla  i  ihe  Aral  in  be  made  on  or  before  the  laat 
of  November,  1770.  That  lime  waa  Aaed  upon 
from  an  expacislion,  that,  prarioua  to  Ita  arrival, 
Iha  conlaai  would  b*  brouihlloa  oonolualon.  On 
iie  Will  of  November  1779,  an  aallmata  having 
been  made  by  Congrer  •  of  the  public  eipenaea  al- 
ready incurred,  orTikelv  lo  be  Incurred,  In  carry- 
big  on  their  defence,  till  the  lOlh  of  June,  1776, 
It  waa  reaolved  to  emit  a  farther  aum  of  three 
milliona  of  dollara,  to  be  rcleemed,  aa  the  former, 
by  four  annual  payinenta  ;  the  Aral,  lo  be  made  on 
or  beforo  the  last  day  of  November,  1783.  It 
waa,  at  th*  aaine  time,  determined,  that  tha  quolaa 
•f  billa  lo  be  redeemed,  by  each  calany,ahould  be 
In  a  relative  proportion  lo  their  res|>eclive  num- 
btirsof  inhabllanli.  Thia  estimate  waa  calculated 
lo  defray  aipeusea,  lo  the  10th  of  June,  1776, 
•n  the  Iden,  that  an  accommodation  would  take 
place  before  that  lime.  Hitherto  all  arrange 
■tenis,  both  for  men  and  money,  were  temporary, 
■nd  founded  on  the  auppoaed  probability  of  a  re 
eonciliatioik  Early  in  1776,  Congreaa  obtained 
Information,  that  Ureal  Britain  had  contracted  for 
16,000  foreign  mercenwriea,  to  be  aont  over  for 
Ihe  purpose  of  subduing  America.  Thla  enforced 
the  nrceaaitv  of  attending  their  plan  of  defence, 
beyond  Ih*  lOth  of  (he  next  June.  They,  iherc' 
fore,  on  the  17th  of  February,  1776,  ordered  four 
milliona  of  dollara  to  be  emitted,  and  on  the  9lh 
of  May,  and  Ihe  22d  of  July  following,  emitted 
ten  milliona  more,  on  the  same  security.  Such 
was  the  animation  of  the  times,  that  these  several 
emissions,  amounting  in  the  aggregate  to  twenty 
milliona  of  dollars,  circulated,  fur  several  months, 
wiilioiil  any  depreciation,  and  commanded  the  re- 
aources  of  the  country  for  public  service,  equally 
with  Ihe  same  sum  of  gold  or  silver.  The  United 
Stales  derived  fur  a  considerable  lime,  aa  much 
beneAt  from  lliia  paper  creation  of  their  own, 
though  without  any  eaiablished  funds  for  its  sup- 
port or  redemption,  as  would  haveresulted  from  a 
free  gift  of  aa  many  Mexican  dollara.  While  the 
ministry  of  England  were  puxxling  themselves  for 
new  luxes,  and  funds,  on  which  to  raiae  their  aup- 

filies,  Conitress  luised  theirs  by  resolutions,  direct- 
ng  pH|ier  of  no  intrinsic  value  lo  be  struck  oflT,  in 
form  of  |iromiasnry  notes.  But  Ihere  was  a  point, 
both  in  lime  and  quantity,  beyond  which  this  con- 
gressional alchemy  ceased  to  operate.  That  time 
waa  about  eighteen  months  from  the  date  of  their 
Aral  einisainit,  and  that  quantity  about  twenty  roil 
liona  of  dollars. 

Independence  being  declared,  in  the  second  year 
of  the  war,  and  the  object  for  which  arms  were  at 
Aral  assumed  being  changed,  it  was  obvious  that 
more  money  roust  be  procured.and  equally  so.that, 
if  billa  of  credit  were  mnltiplied  beyond  a  reaaou- 
able  aum  for  circulation,  they  must  neceaaarily 
depreeiato.  It  waa,  therefore,  on  the  3d  of  Oclo- 
bor,  1776.  rMolved  to  borrow  five  milliona  of  dol- 


;  and.  In  Iha  HMMh  folhiwing,  a  biiiery  era* 
set  on  footi  for  obtaining  a  farther  aum  on  loan. 
Tha  expanses  uf  the  war  ware  so  grsat,  ihst  the 
muney  arising  fronihiitli,  lliiiOKhi'oiisidiirahle.was 
far  shiiil  uf  a  aullti'leoKy.  The  rulers  ul'  Anieilva 
thought  it  atill  preiiiHliire  to  urge  taxation.  They, 
therelore,  reileciied  Ih*  ex|ie<llent  uf  I'ltiiher  emia 
aions.  The  ease,  wllh  which  the  means  of  pro- 
curing aupplies  were  furnished,  bv  striking  oAT 
bills  uf  credit,  and  ihe  ioadiii«aeor  the  |ieopl*  lo 
receive  them,  proin|ried  Congress  to  multiply  them 
beyond  the  llmlls  of  prudence.  A  diminution  uf 
their  value  was  the  unavoidable  consequence.— 
rhis  at  Aral  wassrurcely  |iercelvable  i  but  it  dally 
incraaaed.  The  aeal  of  Iha  people,  neverlhele«a, 
BO  far  nverhalaneed  the  nice  mercantile  calcula 
liona  of  Intereal,  that  ihe  campaigna  of  1776,  and 
177H,  were  not  aAected  by  Ihe  de|ireclatinn  uf  the 
(leper  currency.  Congreaa  foreaaw  that  this  could 
not  long  be  the  caae.  Il  was,  therefore,  o«  the 
'HA  of  November,  1777,  recommended  lo  Ihe  se- 
veral Slates,  to  raise  by  luxes  Ihe  sum  uf  live  mil- 
lions of  dollars,  for  Ihe  sorvlce  of  the  year  I77H. 

Previously  to  this.  It  had  been  resolved  to  bor 
row  larger  sums  t  and  fur  the  encouragement  of 
lendera,  it  was  agreed  to  pay  the  Interest  which 
should  acciue  theraon,  by  bills  of  exnlisiige,  pay 
able  In  Franca,  out  of  monlea  borrowed  there,  lur 
the  ua*  uf  Iha  Unhed  Blatea.  This  lax  unfuriii 
nataly  hiled  in  aeveral  of  lb*  atalee.  From  the 
imntiaaibility  of  procuring  a  auffleieticy  of  money, 
eilner  from  loana  or  laiaa,  the  old  expedient  of 
Airther  emiaaiona  wa**relteralad  i  but  the  value 
decreaaed  aa  the  quantity  increased.  Congreaa, 
aniioua  lo  put  a  alop  to  the  increase  of  their  bills 
of  credit,  and  lonrnvide  a  fund  for  reducing  what 
were  laaued,  called  upon  the  states  on  the  Isl  of 
January,  1779,  lo  pay.  Into  Ihe  continental  trea- 
sury, their  reapective  quolaa  of  Afteen  milliona  of 
dollars,  for  the  service  of  that  year,  and  of  aix 
milliona  annually  from  and  after  in*  year  1770,  aa 
a  fund  for  reducing  their  early  emiaaiona  and  loans. 
Such  had  been  the  inlslaken  ideas,  which  origi- 
nally prevailed,  of  the  duration  of  Ihe  conteit,lhal, 
though  Ihe  war  waa  raging,  and  the  demanda  for 
money  unabated,  yet  the  period  had  arrived,whl<:h 
had  been  originally  Aied  upon,  for  the  redemption 
of  the  Aral  emissions  of  Congress. 

In  addition  In  these  Afteen  millinna,  called  for 
on  the  lal  of  January,  1779,  Ihe  •tatea  were,  on 
the  21st  of  May  following,  called  upon  lo  furnish, 
for  public  service,  within  the  current  year,  their 
reapectlvo  quolaa  of  forty-Ave  milliona  of  dollara. 
Congreaa  w'ahed  to  arreal  the  growing  deprecia- 
tion, and,  therefore,  called  for  laxea  In  largo  sums, 
proiMirtioned  lo  the  demanda  of  Ihe  public,  and  also 
to  the  diminished  value  of  their  bills.  These  re 
quisltiona,  though  nominally  large,  were  by  no 
means  aufficlent.  From  the  Auctunting  atate  of 
the  money,  il  was  impoasible  lo  make  any  certain 
calculations;  for  it  was  not  two  days  of  the  same 
value.  A  aum  which,  when  demanded,  would  have 
purchased  a  sufficiency  of  Ihe  commodities  wanted 
for  the  public  service,  waa  very  inadequate,  when 
the  collection  was  made,  and  Ihe  money  lodged  in 
Ihe  treasury.  Tli*,depreciation  began  at  different 
periods  in  different  atatea  ;  but  in  general  about 
the  middle  of  the  year  1777,  and  progreasively  in- 
creased for  three  orfouryeara.  Towards  the  last 
of  1777,  the  depreciation  was  about  two  or  thtee 
for  one.  In  1778,  it  advanced  from  two  or  three 
for  one,  lo  Ave  or  aix  for  one ;  in  1779,  from  five 
or  six  for  one,  to  twenly-aeven  or  twenty-eight  for 
one  i  in  1780,  from  twenty  aevcn  or  twenty-eight 
for  one,  lo  fifty  or  aixty  for  one,  in  the  first  four 
or  five  months  of  that  year.  Its  circulation  was 
afterwants  partial  ;  but  where  it  passed,  it  soon 
depreciated  to  150  for  one.  In  some  few  parte,  it 
continued  in  circulation  for  the  firet  four  or  five 
montha  of  1781  ;  hut  in  this  latter  period,  many 
would  not  take  it  at  any  rate,  and  they  who  did,  re- 
ceived it  at  a  depreciation  of  aeveral  nuDdrada  for 
one. 

As  there  waa  a  general  elamoar  on  account  of 
the  flood*  of  moMy,  whiohi  at  •ucoeaa'tTe  perioda, 


ha4  deluged  lb*  state*.  It  wa*  roaoleml.  In  Oatabar, 
1779,  llinl  no  liirtlier  aum  sliouM  be  laeued,  on  eny 
acrounl  whatever,  than  «hal,  wlian  ailded  lo  lb* 
presviil  siiin  In  circulation,  would  in  the  whole  lio 
rquKi  iwii  hundred  nMlllons  of  dollars.  Il  waa  al 
the  same  lime  reaolved,  that  Congress  should  enill 
only  such  |nrl  of  the  sum  wanting  to  make  up  two 
hundred  millions,  aa  ahuiild  be  ubeululcly  rece*< 
sary  fur  tha  |iublla  exigencies,  before  adenuele  aup> 
plies  fuuhl  be  otherwise  oiiialnsdi  relying,  ml 
such  supidirs,  iin Ihe  eaertiuiis ol  the  several  iHIM. 
Thla  waa  foreibly  reiireaanird  In  a  circular  iMMr 
from  Congreee lo  their  eonalliuents  i  and  iboMaMt 
ware  earneelly  entreated  in  preveni  Ihatdelug*  of 
evils,  which  would  flow  from  their  negleeling  Ml 
furnieh  adaquala  supplies,  for  the  wania  of  ih« 
confederacy.  The  earn*  circular  letter  ststed  Ihn 
praol Icnbilliy  of  r*d**mtng  (11 1 he  bills  of  Cungrese, 
Hi  pur,  with  gold  and  ailver,  and  rejected,  with  In* 
dlgnaliun,  the  auppoailion  that  the  elates  would 
ever  tarnish  llirir  iredil,  by  violating  public  fiiiih. 
Three  strung  declarations,  in  favour  of  the  pa|Hi| 
currency,  deceived  many  to  re|Nise  conAden'-e  in 
it  lo  their  ruin.  Nubscquent  events  eomtielleil  Con 
gross  to  ada|H  Ihe  very  meaaura  In  1780,  which, 
ill  the  preceding  year,  they  had  ainearely  repro- 
bated. 

From  the  non-cninpliance  of  the  stales,  fV.ngrese 
was  obliged.  In  a  short  lime  after  ihe  dale  uf  iheir 
circular  letter,  to  issue  such  a  farther  quanllly,  as. 
when  added  to  previous  emissions,  made  ihe  sum 
uf  200  millions  uf  dollars.  Besides  this  iinmrnsa 
sum,  the  paper  emissions  of  llie  dlAiirenl  slate* 
amounted  to  many  milliona;  which  mixed  with  tha 
continental  money,  and  added  In  lis  depreciation. 
What  was  of  very  little  value  before,  now  liecamo 
less.  The  whole  waa  aoon  ex|iended ;  nnd  yet, 
from  Ita  Increased  depreciation,  the  inimedlala 
wanu  of  Ihe  army  were  not  sup|ilied.  Tlio 
source  which  for  Av*  year*  had  enablqd  Congreea 
to  keep  an  army  In  the  Aeld  being  exhausted,  ()e> 
neral  Waahington  waa  reduced,  for  some  time,  !• 
the  alternative  of  disbanding  his  iroo|is,  nr  of  aup< 
plying  them  by  a  military  foiee.  He  preferred  tha 
laliar  |  nnd  ihe  Inhabitant*  of  New  York  and  N*«r 
Jersey,  though  they  felt  the  injury,  eaw  the  na 
cessity  and  patiently  aubmitted. 

The  atatea  were  next  called  upon  lo  furnisll 
in  lieu  of  money,  determinate  quantitiea  of  beef, 
pork,  Aour,  and  other  articles,  for  the  use  of  tho 
army.  Thla  waa  called  a  requisition  for  speclAo 
supplies,  or  a  lax  In  kind;  and  waa  found,  un  ex- 
periment, lo  be  so  difficult  of  execution,  so  incon* 
venieni,  partial  and  expensive,  that  il  wus  speed- 
ily abandoned.  About  this  lime,  Congiess  re- 
solved U|)oii  another  ex|>eJient.  This  was  to  issua 
a  new  sfiecies  uf  pa|)er  money,  under  the  gunrun 
tee  of  the  several  atatea.  The  nid  muney  was  to 
be  called  in  by  laxea ;  and,  as  soon  us  brought  in, 
to  be  burnt;  and  in  lieu  thereof, one  dollar ufllio 
new  waa  to  be  emitted  for  every  iwenly  of  the 
old:  so  that  when  Ihe  whole  two  hunUreil  milliiMia 
weie  drawn  in  and  cancelled,  only  ten  inilllons  of 
the  new  should  bo  issued  in  their  place!  four- 
tenths  of  which  were  lo  be  subject  to  the  order  of 
Congress,  and  the  remaining  six  tenths  to  the  or- 
der of  the  aeveral  statee.  These  new  bills  wer* 
lo  be  redeemable  in  apecle,  within  aix  years,  and 
to  bear  an  interest  al  the  rate  of  Ave  per  cent,  to 
be  paid  also  in  apecle,  at  the  redemption  of  tlio 
bills,  or,  at  Ihe  election  of  the  owner,  annually  in 
bills  of  exchange  on  the  American  couimissioiieia 
in  Europe,  at  four  shillings  and  sixpence  for  each 
dollar. 

From  the  execution  of  these  resolutions,  il  wa* 
expected,  that  the  old  muney  would  he  cancelled  ; 
that  the  currency  would  be  reduced  to  a  fixed 
atandard  ;  that  the  atatea  would  bo  aupplied  with 
the  meana  of  purchasing  tha  specific  suppliea  rar 
quired  of  them;  and  that  Congres*  would  bp  fur- 
nished with  efficient  money,  to  provide  fqrtheexl- 
gancie*  of  the  war.  That  titeae  good  elfeeta 
would  have  followed,  even  though  tha  reaolutloiM 
of  Congreaa  had  .bsen  carried  into  asecutioD,  ia 
''ety  queationable :  but,  from  the  partttl  eomptt* 


Mrljr  miHl«,  iiimI  ib«  m«  iM|Mf  •••••rml  itty 
Itlll*  pitrpuM.  Il  WM  ll«|Miii  bjf  f *r]ft»(  Ih*  irnuml 
orrmltl,  ihul  (.'angrvM  wiiulil  imn  «  M|MlMittn  iil 
Ida  iiiliritniii(Ka,  whieli  r**ull*<i  rrnm  thatr  Aral  |M- 
|i«r  »«|mhImiiI  1  bill  lh»M  hw|N>(  vara  nf  •hurl  ilu- 
Miiuii.  Hjr  ihia  ltm«,  itiurh  nfilM  |M|HiUr  anihii- 
■imni  h<i<t  •|Mnl  iimIC,  mil  cunAtlaiMa  In  |iulill« 
an(ii jaiiiani*  «»•  ai  a  luar  abb,  Tlia  a«am  |Nro«»il, 
llial  vratlii  I*  iifliMt  tlaliaala  a  nalura  lu  ba  •(mil- 
ail  Miili,  Mini  van  only  ba  niamialMiii  hy  liuaaaljr 
ami  iiuiMiiiwItljr.  Tm  lataral  a*padlaM«  |>rii|MM- 
ail  by  Cuairaia  IWr  ralalnt  aupftilaa,  haflng  riiMaii, 
■  artala  I'ulluivaiii  vai*  liiUra*«l«|  la  iha  aucaaw 
•f  llta  raauluiloM.  Tha  iwilkulaia  o(  liita  »it  n- 
hiail  amoai  iha  publla  atanuof  Iha  yaar  UNI,  tn 
•htch  II  look  |ilaa«.  Homa  obaarvaiktiia  an  ilial 
ptImiiMF  InMrumaM  af  Amarlaan  Indrpamianca, 
ilia  olil  conllnanlal  bilk  afciailli,  •hall  fur  ilia  |iraa- 
anl  chiaa  llita  lubiaal. 

Il  woulil  bata  Man  linpoaaibia  lo  liava  tarrlaii  on 
•ha  wiri  •tiboul  aomalhlni  In  Iharorni  orinonajr. 
Thara  wu  iplrU  anoiigh  In  Amarlaii,  in  bring  to 
II. «  NalJ  of  Mllla  aa  many  of  bar  auna,  aa  would 
lia%j  oHl-numbarad  iba  armlaa  of  (haul  lirllaln, 
and  lo  haia  rialiad  ihalr  I'ala  on  a  ganaral  angaga- 
man!  i  bul  Ibia  waa  iha  very  thing  tliay  ought  lo 
avoid.  Tbalr  prlnelfial  bo|ia  lay  In  avacualing,  ra- 
liaaling  and  |irutraatlng,  to  lla  ulnioal  langlh,  a 
niar  of  iwiii,  Tba  conllauad  aiartiuna,  naetaaary 
foi  ibka  (fiaalaa  of  dafanca,  could  nut  ba  aifiactail 
from  iba  lin|ialuoua  aalllaa  of  nillllU.  A  ragular, 
parniamani  army  bacwma  nt caMary.  Though  tba 
anihuaiaam  of  ilia  llniaa  might  hava  dU|ianaad  with 
|<fr*anl  iwy,  yal,  without  ul  laaat  aa  much  iiionay 
a*  would  >U|i|Mirt  tliam  In  tlia  itald,  tba  moat  |ia- 
trlutic  army  inuii  ba«a  dl<|ianad. 

Tha  lm|NiHlbillly  of  tba  Aniarleana  procuring 
gold  and  allver,  a«an  fur  that  purpoaa,  doubtlaaa 
««lgh»d  with  tba  Hriliih  aa  an  ancouragainani,  to 
irlngiha  coniriiveray  lotlia  daciaion  of  iha  iwurd. 
WliHl  tbvy  knew  could  not  ba  dona  hv  ordinary 
maaiia,  waa  acconipliabad  by  ihoaa  which  wara 
aairaordlnary.  Pa|iar  of  no  Intilnaio  «alua  waa 
made  to  anawar  all  tba  purpoaan  of  gold  and  aiUer, 
and  to  aupporl  tba  ei|M>naea  nl'  five  cain|iaigna. 
Tbia  waa  in  antiie  degree,  owing  lo  a  previuua  con- 
lidrnve,  which  bad  been  begotten  by  honealy  and 
fldelily,  indiacbarging  the  engaKeiiieniaur  govern- 
ment. Krnni  New  York  lo  Oeuigia,  lliera  never 
bad  been,  in  mallera  relating  to  money,  an  liiatanca 
of  a  breach  of  public  faith.  In  the  acarcily  of  gold 
and  ailver.  many  einergaaciea  had  Impoud  a  na- 
ceaaity  nf  einiltiog  billa  of  credit.  Theaa  had 
linrii  uniformly  hiiiI  honeitly  redeems  J.  Tha  bllla 
'il  L'lingieu  tj>!ing  thrown  into  eirculatlot  on  thia 
l.ivoiiriible  fouoduiiun  of  pubilo  eonManca,  wara 
irmlily  received.  Tba  enlbuaiajia  of  the  people 
Liiiiinbiited  lu  the  aaiiM  eflect.  That  the  endao- 
urrril  liltertiea  of  Ameriu.i  otigbt  to  be  defended, 
iiiiil  iliMi  the  credit  of  their  paper  waa  caaeolially 
iifcciiiiary  lo  a  proper  defence,  wrra  npiniona  en- 
itriven  on  llie  heartaofu  great  majaiily  of  iha citi- 
/.fiia.  It  wim,  therefore,  n  |miiit  of  honour,  and 
i-uiiaidered  aa  a  |(art  of  duly,  lu  tnke  the  billa  freely 
HI  llifir  full  value.  Private  gain  waa  ihenio  little 
r'tgiirilvd  that  the  whig  ci(i/.ena  vera  willing  lo  run 
nil  llie  bnsarda  incid«ntHl  lo  billa  of  credit,  rather 
than  injure  the  cauae  of  their  country  by  under- 
valuing iia  money.  Kvery  thing  human  haa  ita 
value  diminialied  from  the  increaae  of  lie  quantity. 
Re|i«aled  Kiniitions  begat  that  natural  deprecia- 
Iktn,  which  reaulla  from  an  exceaa  of  quantity, 
rhia  was  lii'l|M>d  on  by  variniin  cauaea,  which  af- 
fected the  credit  of  the  money.  The  enemy  very 
ingeniuuily  counterfeited  (heir  bills,  and  indus- 
triously circulated  their  forgeries  through  the  Uni- 
ted S>ates.  Congresa  allowed,  lo  their  public 
aicBola,  a  commisaion  on  tha  amount  of  their  pur- 
ehaaes.  loalaad  of  exerting  themselves  lo  pur- 
chase low.  ihatr  bad,  therefore,  an  interest  in  buy- 
lag  at  high  prfeaa.  So  strong  was  the  force  of 
fnJtaiiWi  IBM  Um  Bihitb  mode  of  aupplyiog  w 


HiNTORY    or    TNI 

mloa  by  aunlracl  roukl  nul  fur  a  lung  lime,  obfain 
the  apprubatlim  ul  t  'ungrvaa.  While  tbvsa  eaiises 
oparalad.  i  unlblviira  In  ilia  puhlic  waa abaling,  and, 
at  the  sum*  lioie,  iImI  laiviiui  and  |ialrlutlsiH.  whnh 
disragaidnl  liiiarval,  wiia  dally  ileillning,  Tupra- 
•ant  urrftiird  llin  lUprariallon  nl  lliair  (Mtier  inu- 
ney,  t'ungr>>a«.ill*mpl>dlii|iiii|iiiacr*illl  liy  maane, 
wliirli  wrvrkxl  |iii«Kta  pr»|i«ily,  and  liijiirad  the 
inur.ila  of  III*  ii*ii|il»,  oiihuui  anawaring  iha  and 
fnopuaad.  'I'liey  let  ■•••inisndad  lu  iha  alalaa,  lu 
|NMa  the  lawa  fur  ragulalli.g  ilia  piicaa  ul  labour,  ami 
iifall  sorts  iif  t  uiiimiMllilaa  I  and  fur  runAscaling 
and  selling  the  estates  of  luites,  and  Innastlng  tba 
money,  arising  fruni  the  sales  ihersof,  In  loan- 
ulltca  rerlillcalea.  As  nisny  of  iboaa  who  were 
dMalTeelrd  lu  Iha  rsvuliilion,  sbaulutaly  refused  lo 
Iska  ihe  bills  ul  I  'ungrsaa,  avau  in  the  Aral  alaga  of 
tha  war,  when  tlia  real  and  nominal  value  waa  tha 
aama  with  the  view  of  cuuiilerneling  their  niaebl- 
naliuya,  ('ungieaa  early  rarummeiided  lb  ihe  slalea, 
lo  |iaaa  laws  fur  making  Iha  |Hi|i»r  money  a  legal 
landar,  at  ita  numinal  value,  lu  ihe  discharge  uf  bu- 
na Ihie  dabia,  llniugb  cunirscied  to  ba  |Mid  In  gold 
or  ailver.  With  iha  aama  views,  they  faitbar  re- 
commended,  that  laws  sliouM  he  (tasaed  by  each  of 
tba  Slalea  ordaining  that,  *■  whoaoever  should  ssk 
or  racaiva  mure.  In  ibair  hllla  of  credit  fur  gold  or 
silver  or  any  s|iaciaa  of  monev  whatsoever,  than 
tha  numinal  sum  thereof  In  npanish  dollara,  or 
more  In  llie  said  bills  for  any  commudltles  whatso- 
ever, than  the  ssine  could  ba  purcbaaed,  from  tba 
ssme  |ieraon.  In  gold  or  ailver,  or  olfer  to  sell  any 
oommodillea  for  gold  or  ailver,  and  refuaa  lo  aall  tba 
aama  for  the  saiil  bills,  shall  ha  deeiiiad  in  onemy 
lo  the  liberlies  of  the  United  8lales,  and  forfeit  the 
pro|ierly  au  sold  or  offered  for  sale."  The  lawa 
which  ware  iwiaed  by  tha  states,  for  ragula 
ting  Iha  prices  of  labour  and  commodilies,  were 
found  on  experinirni  In  be  visionary  and  iinpracli 
cable.  They  only  operated  on  the  patriutic  few, 
who  were  dia|M>seil  to  saciiflce  every  thing  in  the 
causa  of  their  country,  nnil  who  iinplicilly  obeyed 
every  mandate  of  their  rulers.  Others  disregarded 
them,  and  either  refuaedlnparl  with  their  commo' 
ditiea,  or  demanded  and  obtained  their  iiwn  pricea. 

These  laws.  In  the  lirst  instance,  made  au  arii 
flcial  scarcity,  and,  had  they  not  been  repealed 
would  siiun  have  made  a  real  one;  fur  men  never 
exeniliemaelvea,  unless  they  have  the  fruit  uf  their 
eaerlions secured  lolbem,  and  at  their  uwndisposal. 

The  coiillacalion  and  sale  of  the  pro|ierlv  of  lo- 
ries, for  the  most  purl,  brought  bul  very  little  into 
ihe  public  treasury.  The  aalaa  were  generally 
made  on  credit,  bdiI,  by  the  prograaaive  depraelt- 
lion,  what  waa  dear,  at  tha  lima  of  Iha  purchoaa, 
wa*  very  cboap  at  the  lima  of  payment.  The 
most  extensive  mischief  resulted  in  the  progress, 
and  towards  the  close  of  the  war.  from  tha  opera' 
lion  uf  the  laws  which  made  the  paper  billa  a  ten' 
del.  In  the  discharge  of  debts,  contracted  payable 
in  gold  or  silver.  When  tbia  measure  waa  flrsi 
adouied,  little  or  no  injustice  resulted  from  it ;  for, 
at  ilial  time,  the  paper  bills  were  equal,  or  nearly 
equal  In  gold  or  silver,  of  the  same  nominal  sum. 
In  Ihe  progresaof  the  war,  when  depreciation  look 
place,  the  case  was  materially  altered.  Laws, 
which  were  originally  innocent,  became  eventually 
tha  oecaaion  of  much  injustice. 

The  aged,  who  bad  retired  from  tha  aeenea 
nf  active  business,  to  enjoy  the  fruits  of  their  in- 
dustry, found  their  substance  melting  away  to  a 
mere  pittance,  insufTicicnt  for  the'"  support.  The 
widow,  who  lived  comfortably  on  :he  bequests  of 
a  deceased  husband,  experienced  a  fruatration  of- 
all  his  well-mean',  tenileinras.  The  laws  of  ihe 
country  lnler|)osed.  and  comiielled  her  to  receive  a 
shilling,  where  a  |)ound  was  lier  due.  The  bloom- 
ing virgin,  who  had  grown  up  with  an  unquestion- 
able title  to  a  lilwral  pnlrimony,  was  legally  strip- 
ped of  every  thing,  but  her  p«-rsnnal  charms  ard 
virtuea.  The  hapleaa  orphan,  instead  of  receiv- 
ing from  the  handa  of  an  executor,  a  competency 
fowl  out  ia  btuiiieii,  WH  obliged  lo  gives  AdiI 


diaaliaiga  nn  iba  imymant  uf  ata  pen«a  In  ibe 
iMiiml.  In  many  Inalsneea,  Iha  earnings  «f  a  king 
life  uf  esia  and  dillgent'e  war*.  In  tha  sfMce  of  t 
few  yrara,  r'dnred  lu  a  lulling'  aum.  A  few  ftar- 
auna  •a«a|i*il  lliaaa  sllrrling  ralamlllea,  by  sssrfl 
ly  ir4iisl»rlng  Ih'ir  bonds,  ur  by  llying  rrum  III 
|iiea«iira  or  nelghbourliuud  oflhair  ilehlurs.  'I'M 
■Vila  whii  h  ossulted  from  Ihe  leisl  leiidei  nf  tliaaa 
iia|ier  bills,  were  foreign  linm  the  Inlsnilona  ol 
rungress,  ami  uf  the  slate  legislatures,  il  Is  blM 
Just  ce  to  add,  farther,  that  a  great  prupoillon  ef 
Iham  flowed  from  tgnuranee.  Till  the  year  I7MS 
when  tha  bills  fell  lo  forty  fur  one,  It  was  dealgned 
by  moal  nf  the  rulera  nf  Amariea,  and  hellevadhy 
a  great  malority  of  tba  peo|do,  that  the  whole  aiiin 
In  circulaliiun  would  he  appreciated  by  a  rediirlion 
of  Itaquanlily,  so  aa  Anally  to  ba  equal  lu  gubl  ur 
allvar.  In  every  deiwrtmenl  nf  gnvernmani,  tha 
Americana  erred  from  Ignoranea  i  but  In  rune  so 
much,  as  In  that  which  related  to  money. 

Nui'h  were  the evila  which  resulted  irum  irii|M>i 
mnney.  On  Iha  other  band,  Il  waaihe  onailiMt  ul 
gnud  to  many.  Il  waa  at  all  liniea  the  |Niur  man'* 
friend.  While  il  waa  current,  all  kimla  of  lalioui 
very  readily  found  their  reward.  In  the  Aral  years 
of  lbi<  war,  none  were  Idia  Arom  want  of  employ- 
meni ;  and  none  were  empli.yed,  without  having  il 
In  their  power  to  obtain  ready  payment  for  ibelt 
aervlces.  To  that  class  uf  people,  whuaa  daily 
labuur  was  their  sup|inrt,  the  depreclalion  waa  nn 
disadvantage.  Kx|iending  their  money  as  fast  nt 
they  received  II,  they  always  prncurrd  its  full  «■• 
lue,  Tba  raversa  waa  the  case  with  the  ii«;b,  •! 
Ihoaa  whowera  dia|ioaad  In  hoarding.  No  agn« 
rian  law  ever  bad  a  mora  extensive  o|ieratlun,  IMn 
continental  mnney.  That,  fur  whirh  ihe  (iracabi 
lost  their  lives  in  Rome,  was  (leacFahly  elTectad  !■ 
the  United  Slalea,  by  tba  legal  tender  uf  theaa  iie< 
predating  bill*.  Tha  poor  became  rich,  and  lb* 
rich  became  poor.  Money  lemlera,  and  ihey  whoa* 
cireuiiiatances  enabled  them  lo  give  credit,  war* 
esaenlially  Injured.  All  that  Iha  money  lost  In  il* 
value  wa*  M  much  taken  from  their  capital ',  bul 
tha  active  andindualrlouslndamnlAed  ihemaelves, 
by  conforming  the  piice  of  their  services  lo  the 
present  state  of  ihe  depreciation.  The  ex|H>rienca 
of  this  time  inculcated  un  youth  twosaliitary  ea- 
sons  t  the  imiiollcy  of  dr|H>iiding  on  paternal  .ic- 
quisilions,anathe  necessity  oftheir  ownexeili.ir* 
They  who  ware  in  debt,  and  imsaeaaed  prn|Nf  i,i 
of  any  kind,  could  easily  make  the  latter  exim 
gulsh  ibe  former.  Kvery  thing  thai  was  useful, 
when  brought  lo  maikcl,  reedily  fonrd  a  purcha 
aer.  A  ttw  eallle  wnnld  jiay  for  a  cr«nforinhl« 
houae  I  and  a  good  horse  for  an  Improved  |ilaiin 
tlon.  A  small  |)artof  the  productions  uf  a  f.iiin 
would  discharge  the  long  out-standing  accoiiiil«, 
due  from  its  owner.  The  dreams  of  the  gnlilrii 
age  were  realised  lo  Ibe  poor  man  and  the  dehinr ; 
bul  unfortunately  what  these  gained,  waa  just  au 
much  takan  from  others. 

The  evilsof  depreciation  did  not  terminate  with 
the  war.  That  the  lielpleas  part  of  Ihe  cuininii- 
nily  were  legislatively  ileprivrd  of  their  pru|icrty, 
was  among  the  lesser  evils,  which  rraiilted  from 
the  legal  lender  of  the  depreciated  billa  of  credit. 
The  iniquity  of  the  laws  enslrnnged  the  minds  of 
many  of  Ihe  cillsena,  from  the  habits  and  love  of 
justice. 

The  nature  of  obligations  waa  so  far  changed 
that  he  waa  reckoned  the  honest  man,  who,  from 
principle,  delayed  lo  pay  his  debts.  The  mounds 
which  government  had  erected,  to  secure  the  ob- 
servance of  honesty,  in  the  commercial  iniprcourae 
of  man  with  man,  were  broken  down.  Tliiie  and 
Industry  soon  repniied  the  losses  of  properly, 
which  Ine  chixens  auataineil  during  tlin  war ;  but 
both,  for  a  long  lime,  failed  in  elTactng  the  talol 
which  waa  then  communicated  to  their  principles.* 


*  This  was  wrillen  in  1778,  aiiica  which  prriiHl  a  new 
-..nKlitutinn,  good  lawa,  an<l  s  viforoua  sdniiiii«trati"a 
of  Juatice,  have  sIKicied  a  ows'derable  aawikimtioa  la 
Iha  Morala  of  tha  labaMlant*. 


UNITKD  tfATlta. 


H     pVUVw    In    IRV 

itrntni*  nf  •Iting 
III  ih*  •|mf«  nl  • 
lint.     A  fnw  fwr- 
<iiHI*t,  bv  Mcrrl 
lljrini   rrom  Ik 
ir  lUbtnr*.     'I'M 
•I  lunil*!  itfllMM 
i«   tniinltuiM  at 
iiiirM.     Ill*  but 
rul  iifiipoMlon  •< 
til  int  jrvnr  I7MK 
I,  tt  «ii»il»t|n»«l 
I,  iimI  hfllrfoil  by 
■I  iht  whol*  •iim 
•lihy  I  rriliH'lNtn 
I  •quill  lu  iitkl  Hi 
|nf«rnni«nl,  ilia 
I  bui  In  nitn*  to 
mnnrj. 
uliol  rmm  i>k|m>i 

••th«  IICCIttllMlllI 

••  lh«  |NMir  m»n'« 
kImU  (if  liiliuuf 
In  llio  llr»l  jrxnr* 
wint  n(  riniiliiy- 
williiinl  hiivlni  il 
■vnirnt    for  ihrii 
|ila,  whiMa   tMf 
irKclullon  wM  nn 
niiinay  ■•  fiid  mt 
iiirril  til  full  ?■• 
wtili  tlia  itith,  •! 
rilinx.     No  am* 
(It  ii|M>ri(lliin,  IMN 
hti'li  the  (iraeaU 
cviibljr  rITfelad  la 
iniltr  iirihaMiie* 
ima  rich,  and  tba 
*,  anil  ihny  whoa* 
Hint  crudtl,  war* 
I  munay  lull  In  tta 
llialr  cnpitnl;  bul 
ilAail  ihaniirlvri), 
r  larvli'at  in  ilia 
Tlia  «x|Ntrl«nca 
Iwuiiiliilary   ra- 
il on  pHitirnnf  ac- 
Ir  ownrxerlMi** 
•aaMril    |iriitnf  1/ 
tha  Imtrr  ealiii 
dial  wni  iimI'iiI, 
fuacd  a  |iuicha 
vr  a  cr^nfnrtnbla 
Improved  pinnii 
ctton*   of  II  I'aiii: 
iinding  Rirciiiiiili, 
n»  of  the  giililni 
D  and  (III!  ilpliiiir; 
ncd,  will  jiim  *u 

ot  Irrmlnala  Willi 
of  the  cominii- 
}f  Iheir  property, 
Il  rrDuiii'il  from 
i>d  bllUnf  rrrdil. 
ged  iha  mindi  of 
ablu  and  lofc  of 

*n  fur  ehnnged 
innn,  who,  from 
i.  The  mound* 
lo  nPiMire  llienh- 
erciiil  iniprrourae 
iwn.  'riina  mid 
men  of  properly, 
ing  llin  witr  ;  bill 
pflautng  Ihe  Inlnl 
their  principle*.* 


'hlcli  periml  *  tu<* 
vui  >iimiiiiiilrali"a 
bl«  aBMikjratioa  la 


lilAPTKR  VIII. 

Uf  hkNaaa  aadiiiKJMiiHn  mm  ika  ladtna  faiialrji. 

Wlian  Ilia  Kngtiah  aukiiiaa  oera  (Iral  pUnlad 
In  Norih  Ainarua,  iha  I'ouolrt  »m  MihHhiifil  by 
■limaruM*  liiba*  ol  Indlwna,  »li«  |»lnci|wlly  lup- 
putlad  llieiiwatfe*  by  lUlilng.  Iiuoling,  and  by  ih* 
a|maiann»i*  |H«ditriiniMo(  nalur*.  Tha  nru  and 
arniaul'  K  unipaan*  mmiii  gavalhaman  aaaaadanry 
o>ai  aurh  unlulnrad  aaragei.  Had  ihaUiitrun- 
detiiaodlltair  Inlaraal,  uwl  baan  guided  by  ai|ilitl 
of  unwn,  Ihay  wonbl  aoim  h««a  ai|wllad  iha  In- 
radara  i  and  la  thai  eaaa,  ihay  might  now  balluu- 
iMilnfi  la  Iha  iMxaaaalon  »f  Ihair  awelenl  larrt- 
loitaa  aad  Imiapandanra.  Hy  dagraaa,  tha  ubi  tn> 
habllama  aiara  clraumaartbad  wlihtn  narrower 
llmlla  I  and,  by  aoma  alranga  f^lalliy,  thatr  nuiii- 
ban  have  baan  coaalanlly  lanantng.  Tha  namaa 
•f  eirhiua  nattona,  which,  In  the  weanlaenlh  e*n- 
lury,  bnaalad  of  aataral  thouundi,  nra  now  known 
•Illy  lo  Ihoao  who  ara  fond  of  miiioua  rptemcliea. 
Many  ara  lolally  aillnal  i  and  mliera  canihow  nn 
mora  Iban  a  faw  iiraggllni  ludioidiiaU,  the  reiii- 
nanla  of  ihoir  flillan  graatnai*.  TIihI  au  many 
Irtbaa  ahould.  In  lo  ihuil  a  time,  loaa  both  thetr 
country  ami  ihalr  naltonal  aatatanta.  taiin  etent 
Rarcaly  to  bo  paralleled  tn  tha  hlaluiy  of  thn 
world.  Npirliuuiia  liquori,  ihaamall  |Mia,  and  an 
•bridgniani  of  larrlloiy,  to  »  panpla  whow  mnde 
of  Ilia  naadad  an  eaieniive  range,  enila  which 
chtally  raaiiliad  from  the  nelghlioiirhood  of  Kuro- 
Banna,  wara  among  Iha  principal  earaaa  of  their 
■aatructlnn.  Tlia  rellactlana,  whtcii  ara  aaclled 
ly  retlawing  tha  haxio  mada  among  tha  nalira 
(loprlalora  of  ihta  new  world,  ara  In  aoma  dagraa 
allarlalad  by  ila  cnunlarmrt.  Wliilo  ona  aat  of 
tnhabtiania  waa  Inaanatbly  dwindling  away,  an- 
othar,impro*liig  In  tha  ana  of  civil  and  aoctal  life, 
waa  growiag  In  numbara,  and  rapldiv  Ailing  up 
their  plaeaa.*  Aa  thaemtgranli  from  Kuro|ia,and 
thaii  deacandania,  aatanded  Iheir  poaaaaainoa  on 
llio  lea  cnaat,  tha  aborlglnei  retired  from  it.  By 
Oil*  gradual  advance  of  the  ona,  and  ralliing  of 
Iha  other,  the  former  alwayi  preaanled  an  ailan- 
liva  fronliar,  to  iha  ineuralnna  of  the  taller.  Tha 
Kuropaan  emigrania,  from  an  avidity  for  land,  tha 
pnaaaiainn  of  which  ia  the  ultlmaia  ol.Jaci  of  hu- 
man avarice,  ware  prona  lo  aiMtinachnn  tha  larrl- 
tortea  of  the  Indiana  i  while  Ihe  Indiana,  from  ob- 
vioui  principle!  of  human  Datura,  bahald  with  con- 
cern the  deerendaMa  of  Iha  ancient  proprielora 
oircumacribed,  In  thetr  territory,  by  the  deicend- 
ania  of  thoa*  atrangeie,  whom  their  fiilhera  had 
pernillted  lo  remile  among  them.  From  theaa 
■iiu«ri,  undea|ieriiilly  rroin  the  licenliuua  conduct 
oCdienrderly  IndivlduaU,  of  both  Indiana  and  while 
people,  there  ware  frequent  Interruptioni  of  tha 
peace  in  tholr  oontlguoua  aeltlemenla. 

In  the  war  between  France  and  Kngland.whlch 
commenced  in  1775,  both  purtlei  paid  aaiiduoua 
atlenlinnm  tha  Aboriginei.  The  former  auceeed- 
ed  In  aeciirlng  the  greater  number  of  adherenti ; 
bul  Ihe  auperior  auccaaa  of  the  latter.  In  the  pro- 
greu,  and  at  llie  termination  of  the  war,  turned  Ihe 
enireni  of  Indian  ulfectiona  and  inlerevt  in  iheir 
favour.  When  the  Uiaputa  between  (Ireut  Hritiiin 
■nd  her  coloniei  began  to  grow  lerioua,  the  friend 
ihip  of  the  Indiana  became  a  malter  of  cnnie- 
quence  to  both  pnrtlea.  Stretching  for  flHeen 
hundred  milea  along  the  whole  nnrlh-wealern  frnn- 
I'.ar  of  thecolonici.  they  were  to  them  desirable 
lilendi,  and  formidable  enemlei.  Aa  terror  waa 
one  of  the  enginea,  by  which  Ureal  Britain  in- 
tended to  enforce  the  aubmiaaion  of  the  eoloniea, 
nothing  cnul  t  be  more  conducive  to  the  excite- 
ment of  thia  paaaion,  than  the  co-operationa  of  In- 
dium. Policy,  not  cruelly,  led  to  the  adoption  of 
Ihlii  ex|)edlent  :  but  it  waaofthntover-reAned  ape- 
liea  which  eoonteracti  haelf.  In  the  competition 
for  the  friendabip  of  the  Indiana,  the  Britlah  had 


•dvantagoa,  far  •iiprlnf  to  imy  noaaeiaed  by  the 
roloiiwu.  'I'lia  e«|iiil>iiin  itf  III*  f'lenchrroiii  t'a- 
niidi,  an  eveiii  whirh  had  taken  plar*  only  aboi 


thirlran  yeaia  belorv,  m»*  aiill  Ireah  in  ilia  nt*Mim  v 

ilh 
lit  ol    lie  Hill 
liuo|n,     'I'll*  Dial  »l*|ia  taken  by  IM  lo'iigraaa,  to 


of  niunv  uf  the  aavagea,  ami  had  Inapiriol  ili«i>i  wii 
high  ld*M  uf  III*  niMriial  iu|i*rt>Hllf  ol    lia  " 

IM  lu'ili 


*  Il  baa  been  eompiited,  tbil  6ra  bundrad  ciiillud 
haroan  beiaga  may  eqoy  life  in  planljr  and  comfurl, 
wbero  ealr  one  aavage  draga  out  a  adaarablo  eiialance. 


oppoae  lirvai  llrllalo,  pul  II  out  of  llielv  fNiwer  to 
(ralil'y  Itw  Indiana.  Much  waalltaelfei  tiillh*  Ron- 
iiii|MiiUlioii  agivamani  ol  1771.  While  lireat 
Hritaln  had  arraaa  lu  tha  prlnci|ial  Indian  Irtbaa. 
thruugh  Canada  un  ihe  north,  and  Flurula  on  thn 
aouth,  and  waa  abundantly  ablo  to  aupply  their 
I'liiny  wanta  the  culontaia  had  debarred  tlieinaajvea 
irom  lm|Hiri tag  Ilia  artlelea,  which  wart  •aeeaaaiy 
lur  tha  Indian  trade, 

It  waa  unluniinaie  fur  the  rolonlea,  that,  ainre 
ill*  iiciie  III  I'uria,  lilKl,  lli*  liananciliin*  with 
Ihe  Imliana  had  be«n  moiily  carried  on  liy  auiier- 
lni*ndanta,an|MilRl*d  ami  |iatd  by  the  king  of  (treat 
Briiain.  Tneae,  being  under  ubllgaiioni  lo  the 
crown,  and  eaiieciHnia  of  farther  favour*   from  II, 

generally  uaed  their  tnAuenie  with  the  Indiana,  to 
ehall  of  ihe  iiiolher  country,  and  agalnal  Ihe  co- 
lunlea.  Thry  inatnualed  into  the  niliida  of  lli* 
uniuformed  a^vagee,  that  Ihe  king  wiia  their  nuiu- 
ral  prulecliir,  iigiiinat  the  encruarliing  colonlatai 
and  llml,  If  the  latter  aili  ceeded  in  ilieir  opimal- 
linn  to  (Ireal  llrltain,  they  would  neat  aim  at  the 
eallr|ialtonuf  thetr  red  neighboura.  By  auch  re- 
preaenlaliona,  aeconded  with  ■  profuilon  of  prea- 
enta,  the  nliachmeni  of  the  Indiana  waa  pre-en- 
gaged, in  aup|Hirt  of  Ihe  llrlliahtntereat. 

riie  Amertciiiia  were  not  unmindful  of  tlieia- 
vngea  un  their  frontier.  They  appointed  coinmla- 
alunera  lu  explain  tn  them  the  grounda  of  thetr 
diapuie,  ami  to  cultivate  their  friendahip,  by  traa- 
tiai  and  preaente.  They  endeavoured  lo  perauada 
iho  Indiana,  that  tha  quarrel  waa,  by  no  meana, 
lelaltve  lo  them  i  and  that,  tharafure,  they  ibould 
take  purl  with  neither  aide. 

For  the  greiiler  rnnvenienca  of  managing  the 
intercuuraa  between  tlio  colunlea  and  the  Indiana, 
the  latter  were  divided  Into  three  departmenla,  the 
northein,  aoutliarn,  and  middle  l  and  commiaaion- 
eri  were  appointed  for  each.  C'ongreaa  alao  la- 
aolvad  tn  iin|iartaiid  dialribute  among  thoiu  (luit- 
abla  asaortment  of  gooda,  to  tha  iimounl  offorty- 
thouaand  |N>unda  sterling,  on  account  oflbo  United 
Stalci ;  but  thia  waa  not  exeeutad.  All  tho  ei- 
•rtiuns  of  Congress  were  inauflloieni  for  tho  secu- 
rity of  iheii  weatern  frontiers.  In  almoat  every 
period  of  the  war,  a  great  majority  of  tho  Indiana 
took  |iart  with  (ireat  Brilinn,  againat  Iha  Ameri- 
cana. Mouth  Carolina  waa  among  tho  llrst  of  tho 
atalea,  which  experienced  the  elTecM  of  Brliiah 
influence  over  the  Indiana.  The  Cherukeea  and 
the  Creeka  Inhabit  landa  not  far  dialant  from 
the  western  settlements  of  Carolina  and  Oeor- 
gia.  The  inlercoune  with  tlieso  triboa  had,  fur 
aeveral  yeara  prior  to  iho  Amerioan  war,  bsen 
exclusively  committed  lo  John  Htuarl.  an  offl- 
eer  uf  the  crown,  anil  devoted  to  the  royal  in- 
terest. Ills  great  influence  was  wholly  exerted 
In  favnur  of  Great  Brilnin.  A  plan  wiia  aetlled 
by  him  In  concert  with  the  king's  governors  and 
other  ruyal  aervants,  lo  land  a  royal  armtd  force 
in  FInrida,  and  lo  proceed  with  it  to  the  western 
frontier  of  the  southern  states ;  and  there  In  con- 
junction with  the  toriea  und  Indians,  to  fall  on  the 
friends  of  Congresa,  at  (he  aame  lime  that  a  fleet 
and  army  ahould  invade  them  on  the  aea  coaat. 
The  whole  aclieine  waa  discovered,  by  the  cap- 
ture of  Moses  Kirkland,aneof  the  principal  agents 
employed  in  its  execution,  while  he  was  on  his 
way  lo  Oeneral  UnKe  with  dlatialcliea,  detailing 
the  pnrtlculars,  and  soliciting  tho  requisite  aid  to 
accomplish  it.  The  possession  of  Kirkland,  and 
of  his  papers,  enabled  the  Americana  (o  lake  such 
steps,  as  in  a  great  degree  fruatiated  the  viewa  of 
the  royal  aervanta ;  yet  ao  much  was  cnrriad  into 
efllect,  that  the  Cherokee*  began  their  maaaacres, 
a(  (he  very  time  (he  British  fleet  Mtaaked  'he  fort 
on  Sullivan'a  island.  The  uodliturbed  (ranquill- 
(jr,  which  (ook  plaee  itt  So*  |i  Caroliqn      li  ll)« 


■d|iifen(  Slates,  aflir  lb*  HiHIab   bad  MM  hi 

tliair  daaigna  agaiiiai  iheni,  In  ilia  aptingand  sum- 
111*1  III  17)11,  giive  an  up|NiriHnliy  lur  cwiy.ag  waf 
tiilw  the  Imlian  rounlry.  Thie  was  ilur»e,  not  sii 
niiivh  to  ^Ntah  wliai  was  |hi*I,  aa  to  |ir«vaiit  all 
luiur*  «u  n|iavailon  between  ihe  liidtane  anil  Uri- 
ttah,  in  that  quailer. 

VliglNia,  North  Carul'na,  Nuulh  <!*rnlin'i.  *«4 
(leuigia,  sent  about  tli"  •<inia  tune,  a  ruiiatdera. 
ble  furse,  wbteh  iraverarj  the  Indian  aelileoienia, 
burned  their  lowiia,  and  dvalroysd  llietr  Aekls  of 
cum.  Above  Ave  huiMlied  uf  llie  (.'herokees  wcro 
obliged  flum  the  wain  uf  pruvMone,  to  take  re- 
fuge I*  Florida,  and  wri*  there  fad  at  thoeipena* 
uf  III*  Uriltab  government,  Theaa  unfortunate, 
nitaled  pooplo  aiied  fur  iieaee,  In  the  inoal  aubnila- 
aive  terme,  and  e«on  aflerwarda  aaeenled  to  a 
treaty,  by  whieblhey  ceded  a  sonslderablo  part  of 
ilieir  Und  lu  Moulb  Carolina.  Tha  deelalan  witli 
which  thie  expedition  wao  runducied,  ItHlmidaleil 
the  Cborokeea,  fui  aoaM  yeara  from  farther  hua> 
itllttes. 

Very  diflbreni  wm  iIm  casa  of  thoaa  Indiana, 
who  ware  In  the  vicinity  of  the  Briiteh  poets,  and 
cunitguuus  lullie  fruulter  uf  ihe  northein  and  mid- 
dle alalas.  The  presents  which  they  eonllnuidly 
received  frnm  Kn|land,  the  iiiduairy  of  the  llititsli 
agents,  and  the  influence  of  a  great  number  nf 
American  relugeea  who  had  taken  elielter  among 
them,  o|iarattiig  un  their  native  paaaion  for  laptne, 
excited  them  to  frequent  hostile  exnurstona.  (.'iil< 
onel  John  llutler,  ii  (.'onnectlcut  lory,  and  llraitdl, 
a  half  Indian  by  blood,  waie  Ihe  |)rinct|ial  leaders 
uf  the  aavagea  in  theae  expedllluna.  The  vaal 
extent  of  frunlier,  and  leinota  aituallun  of  the  ael- 
tlemenla,- (ugediar  with  the  exact  knowledge 
which  the  relugeea  |ioaaeaaedof  the  country,  madn 
it  practicable  fur  even  ainall  parlies  toduexteiialva 
mischief. 

A  ilorm  of  Indian  and  torv  vengeance  hunt  lo 
July  1778  with  particular  violence  on  Wyoming,  a 
new  and  flourishing  eelllemenl  on  the  eakimii 
brsnch  uf  llie  8usquelionnah.  Unfurtunalely  fur 
the  aecurllyofihe  inhihilanta,  the  soil  wasclalitied 
both  by  (Jonneetlcut  and  Pennsylvania.  From  iho 
collisiun  of  conlriidiclory  claims,  founded  on  rnysl 
cliagiers,  the  laws  nf  neiihar  were  '  'eadily  enforced. 
In  thia  remote  selllement,  where  -oveinment  was 
feeble,  (he  (nrlea  were  under  less  control ;  and 
could  easily  aaaamble  undieeovered.  Nevertho> 
less,  twenty-seven  of  them  were  taken  and  scpl  la 
llirtford,  in  Cnnnactlcul :  but  (hey  were  iilier- 
warda  releaaed.  These  and  other*  of  (he  aitnio 
description,  instigated  by  revenge  against  the 
Americans,  from  whom  some  of  ihem  had  sulTereil 
banishment  and  loss  uf  prn|)erty,  made  a  common 
cause  whh  the  Indiana,  and  attacked  the  Wyoiniiitf 
setlleineni,  wiih  their  combined  forces,  eiutinii:,<d 
at  1100  men,  009  uf  whniii  were  Indiiins.  Tli« 
whole  was  commanded  by  ('uluiiel  lulin  Butler,  • 
Connecticut  torv.  One  of  the  furls,  which  liiid 
been  euiislructed  fur  tin  security  of  the  inliabi- 
tanta,  being  very  weak,  aurrendered  In  this  parly  | 
but  some  nf  the  garrison  had  previnualy  retired  to 
ihe  principal  fort  nt  Kingston,  called  Forty-Fort, 
Colonel  John  Buller  next  demanded  the  aurrender 
thereof.  Colonel  /ebiilon  Buller,  a  continental 
officer,  who  conimaiidod,  sent  a  messnge  to  him. 
proposing  a  conference  at  a  bridge  without  the 
fort.  Thisbeing  agreed  to, Colonel  Zebulon  Bul- 
ler, Dennison,  and  some  other  ofllcers  repaired  to 
the  place  appointed ;  and  they  weie  followed  by 
Ihe  whole  gairison,  a  few  invalide  excepted. 
Nune  of  the  enemy  appeared.  The  Wyoming 
people  advanced,  and  aupposcd  that  the  enemy 
were  retiiiog.  They  continued  lo  march  on.  till 
they  were  about  three  miles  from  ihe  fori.  They 
then  saw  a  few  of  the  enemy,  with  whom  tbey  ex- 
changed lome  (hot ;  bul  they  p.reaently  ioiiniT  them 
eelve*  ambu*o^ded,  and  atlaeked  b  i  the  whole  bodv 
of  Indian*  and  tariea.  They  fought  gallanlly,  till 
their  retreat  to  the  fort  waa  cut  ofl'.  Universal 
eonftialon  ensued.  Of  417,  who  bad  marched  out 
of  tha  fort,  about  360  wara  Inatand*  alain.  No 
^uwrnrt  war*  |lyeo     Colnof I  Johii  B«lltr  aialii 


IIINTORY    or    TIIM 


1  • 


t»mmL4tk»»mfPM!i0tat  Vnttffmtt.  tHMOM 
Mn*4  M,  tmiu  mimIm  •!  caiMMlMM*,  ky  vliMit 
lit  •<b«MW  Ik*  ffit  ihaftt*  ••f«  la  k«  (MHrarf 
M  lliam.  TH«  tN>M»*,  (mmMIihi  •!  ihtrtjr  nMn 
•Ml  !••  HawtrM  •••nan.  war*  ■wintDinl  ■■•  «i«w 
ika  MtM^N«lM«iMh,  (ml  r«tr»«)  inntuih  th«  wimmI* 
l«  N»f<iMm|itmi  tauMijr.  TIm  nmmI  hI  ih«  wai' 
Ur«4  «a<itaf«ba4|Matla«Mljr  f*iMa4,  MmallyiMitH 
•ha  aamla  la  NafthamjMaiii  allian  itavM  itia  rl«ar 
la  NwflkitmMflaal.  la  IliM  raifaai.  lama  aamaa 
aaia  lialltaratl  ul  alMMfaa  km  tlia  aaailt,  aail  maNy 
tNlRira4  Itmm  w»M  af  |wa»totaaa.  Nataral  «l  iha 
■aiiltn  ai  WjramtiHI  hM  *raata4  |aatl  kaaaaa  aa<l 
iMrati  aa<i  mMa  iwy  taaaManMa  tNi|wa*amaaM. 
Tbaaa  aa^  iha  alhaf  batiaaa  la  ilia  (Mtalljf,  vara 
daMia«a4.  Tkak  Iwraaa,  aalila,  Miaait  aatl  iMtf*, 
aiara  Mr  iIm  maM  put  ktllatl,  »f  ilrl«»a  •«*;  kj 
ika  aaamjr. 

A  lM|a  |i»af  Utawaf  iha  mala  lahabiuali,  atra, 
Im  aaa  ilay,  »laM|llUraii.  In  *  Ma«l«  •n|»|iim*nl, 
•aar  WO  aamaa  w^f  maiia  atUwat,  ami  •  much 
graaia*  asmkar  af  (lllMraa  waia  l«A  filhatlM*. 

naail  tAai  Iha  ilMliaaltaa  uflha  NVjramtng  mi 
Hamaal,  ••  aipadlllna  wa«  tirrMil  iin  a|»lnM  iha 
Ia4t«aa,  k*  t.'alaaal  Bullar  uf  iha  i'«na«)!l«*nl« 
lfa<i|M.  Ila  aad  hia  pailjf  h«»ln|  atlnvil  ih*  hand 
at  III*  Dalaaara.tlal.  Im.  m*rc)i*il  iloan  Iharttar 
far  iwarfajrt,  aad  ikaa  alraak  acruaa  ilia  cnunl'y  lu 
tka  Hiia<|nahan«ak.  Tbay  biiml ai ilaaiinyati  ili«  In 
4l«n  «lH«(a«,  balk  tn  that  i|uartrt,  an^l  iha  olliar  ««l 
llamaala  i  bMl  Iha  lahabtlaaiaatcniMHl.  Tha  4aalruc' 
llun  waa  ailaiMlaii  fur  aavarni  niiira,  u«  balh  altlaa 
afllia  (luai)uahana»k.  Tha  tlillli  uliiaa  which  Cu- 
hiaal  nuilar'amananeaualara)!,  inihMai|iaillitaa, 
•ara  uneummonly  (raal.  Thajr  wara  nliltfail  la 
'.any  |irii«ia)nna  on  Ihclr  barka,  ami  ihua  luailail, 
fra<|uanlljt  lu  wada  ihrough  craaka  aad  rt«an.  \(- 
l*r  iti*  tail  uf  a  kaid  march  Ihajt  aara  uhlinad  lo 
riiiliirarhHIy  ntghla,  and  haarjiialna,  alihoulartn 
Iba  niaana  of  kaa|iin|  ihalr  anna  dry.  Thay  com- 
plaiail  iha  aipadtllon  la  aiilaan  day*.  Akoul  foar 
•aakaultar  (>'ulun*l  Bullar'a  raiura,  aama  hundrada 
af  Imltana,  »  lar|a  body  af  lorlaa,  and  ■koui  My 
r*(utar*  aniarad  ('liarry  Valley,  atihtn  iha  Mala 
iif  New  York.  Tliay  mada  an  iiniuccaaaful  •!• 
icinpl  on  Kort  Aldan  i  hul  ihay  killed  and  acalpad 
lliin*-l»o  of  Iha  Inhabtlanla,  moally  woman  and 
i-hlldran  ;  and  alao  Colonal  Aldan  and  lenMtdlara. 

An  cRiiadlllon  which  waa  lo  liara  lakan  placa 
nndar  lltnry  llamlilon,  llauianani  lurarnur 
af  Dalrrll,  furlDnalaly  fur  ilia  Virginia  buck  aal- 
llara.  aialnai  whom  ll  waa  principally  diraelad, 
fall  tlimiiih  In  conaaquanc*  of  iha  aplrliad  eon- 
diivl  uf  (.'ulnnel  Clarka.  Tha  objacl  of  iha  a«|w 
diilon  waa  ritanaira,  and  many  Indiana  wara  an- 
|ta||e<l  In  ii.  llamlilon  look  (Mial  al  Hi.  Vincaniiaa, 
In  iha  wluiar.  lo  ha«a  all  llilnia  In  raadlneaa,  fur 
Intndlng  ilia  American  aalllainanta,  aa  anon  aa  tha 
aanwin  ol  iha  yaar  wuiild  |icrinll.  (.'larke,  on 
hrarluf  ih^l  llHiiilttun  had  weakanad  himacif,  by 
•anding  away  »  cnntlderabia  part  of  Ilia  Indlnna, 
■lalnal  iha  Iruiiilar  wliiera,  furmed  the  reauluilun 
af  atlacklnn  I*'"'-  ***  l'"  *"*'  *<i|)*<l>*ul  fur  !"•- 
ranlinftlia  miachlrfa  which  wrro  dealinad  agalnal 
hia  cuunlry.  After  aurmounlini  many  diffleulliea, 
be  arrived  wilh  13U  men,  unexpccledly  al  8l. 
V'incennea, 

'I'lie  inhibiianta  of  ihe  luwn  Immediilety  aur- 
renilnmd  on  iha  V3<l  Feb.  1770,  in  ihe  Amerl- 
•ant:  and  Haaimed  litem  in  uking  ihe  furl.  The 
•CXI  day  II  iniillon,  wilh  Ihe  garrlaon,  were  made 
pr'aonen  dC  war,  un  ariicica  uf  capliulalion. 
Clarke,  on  hearing  that  i  conrny  of  llriiiah  guoda 
■nd  proviaiona  waa  on  ila  wav  from  Delroil,  de- 
laeliei*  a  party  of  aixly  men,  wlilrh  mrl  ihem,  and 
made  ^iiaeuf  the  wliuln.  Hy  thia  wril-condticled 
■ml  apirlled  allaek  nn  Hamillon,  hia  intended  ex- 
ftedilinn  waa  nip|ieil  in  llie  bud.  Colonel  Clarke 
traniiiiliird  to  the  cnuncil  of  Virginia,  lellera  and 
papera.  relating  lo  Lieutenant  Governor  iUmlllon, 
Pbillpda  Jean,  jualice  of  peace  for  Delroil,  and 
William  Lamolha,  eiplain  of  roluniecrt,  whom  ha 
■ad  mada  priaonafa.  Tha  board  reported,  that 
llMniliea  had  loaliad  iha  ladliM  lo  parpairUe  tlialt 
I  cimalliaai  «■  Um  dafancclaa*  iababii- 


anla  ul  iha  Uniied  Nlaiaai  bad  aanl  aaMldarakta 
dalaahmaaia  uf  ladtaaa  agalaal  ibaf»aoliar*|  had 
apimlniad  a  graal  aatiNail  nf  Ikam.  la  meet  b)m 
and  •anvari  Ilia  «|wr«ll«a*  *(  Iha  aaeulag  «am 
paigni  liiid  (itan  alaadtaf  lawarda  fur  aaalMi 
«nd  liail  liaalad  Anteilaan  |iri«un*f«  al'h  crHaHy 
Thay  alaa  r*|H>ri*il.  ilial  !>■  t»»H  waa  Ihe  wllltng 
and  auidlal  inaitiiinatii  ul  llinidiim  i  atd  thai  La* 
nmlh*  Wi«a  ra|ilai»«(  lli*  nuluniaar  •«al|.lng  parliea 
af  lailiaaa  ami  mrlaa,  who  want  nm,  Imm  lima  lu 
■  una.  ua<l*r  |*nor»l  uidera  lu  ipara  Neither  men, 
•iiiiian,  nar  nliiMran.  Thay  iherafure  ranalder' 
Ing  Ihem  a*  tl  olijaaia,  aa  wham  la  kagmllia  wark 
af  reiatiaaloa,  atlalaad  iba  gavaraar  la  mu  ibem  hi 
Ima*  I  aaaAita  ihem  In  iba  duageaa  af  iba  puMle 
jail  I  debar  ihem  iha  ua*  of  |iaa.  Ink  and  paper  i 
and  eaclad*  Ibem  from  all  eaaaeraa,  eiiept  wlib 
Iheir  ke»|i*r. 

Calunel  llmiea  Va*  NhaIck,  wMb  MyUva  mea, 
marvhail  Hum  full  Ncbuylar  lo  Iha  Oaaadaga  aal- 
llamenis  and  nn  Ih*  liNh  of  April,  kuraad  Iba 
whula,  ronalMlng  nl  •bunl  llAv  huuaea,  lugelber 
with  a  laig*  quaNilly  uf  pruvlaluaa.  Iluraaa,  aad 
Moak  «f  atai*  kind,  were  killad.  The  arma  aad 
•niwalilun  uf  the  Indiana  war*  allhar  dealrayed 
ur  bioughl  uir,  and  lliair  aeltlamania  were  laid 
waala.  Twelve  Indiana  were  kllledi  aad  lhlrly< 
fuiir  made  priannara.  Thia  eapadllloa  waa  per 
furmail  in  leaa  than  all  daya,  and  wllltnul  the  laaa 
uf  a  tliigU  man. 

In  ihta  niannar,  ilia  aavage  perl  af  Iha  war  waa 
carried  un  In  America.  Waal*,  and  aimiellmea 
cruelty,  ware  iiilllcird  aad  ralarled,  with  InAnlle 
variety  af  acanea  uf  hurror  and  diagual.  The  •*!' 
Ilab  uaaalona  of  human  nature,  uniealrained  by 
aorlHl  Ilea,  bruka  over  all  buiinda  of  dacancy  or 
hiimanlly.  The  American  rvluivea,  wliu  had  fled 
to  the  ardern  wildarneaa.  Indulged  ihtir  paaaiun 
fur  rapine  by  aaauniing  the  culuui  and  dieae  of 
Imllana.  At  uthai  timea,  ihey  acted  aa  guides, 
and  eondueted  theaa  mercilaaa  nvagera  Inia  aueh 
aelllcmenia,  aa  alfunled  Ihe  moal  valuable  booty, 
and  the  falieai  proapeet  of  eacapa.  The  aavagea, 
encouraged  by  Brillah  |>reaenia  and  ageola,  and 
ted  on  by  American  refuieea  well  acquainted  with 
(he  aounlry.  and  who  cluaked  the  moat  cnoaum- 
mala  villany  uiidar  tha  aiieriuua  name  of  loyally, 
aaiended  their  depredaliuna  and  iimrdaia  far  and 
near. 

A  particular  detail  of  the  devealatlnn  of  proper- 
ly I  of  the  diatreaa  of  nuinbera,  who  eaoaped  onlv 
by  fleeing  lo  Ihe  wooda,  where  they  aubaialed, 
without  covering  on  ihe  aponlnnenua  productions 
of  Ihe  earth)  and  of  the  batharoua  tnurilera  which 
were  cuinmilted  on  peraona  of  every  age  and  aaa, 
would  be  auflleianl  lo  All  every  hreaal  with  horror. 

In  atindrv  eapeditlona,  which  bad  been  cariled 
un  agnlnalthe  Indiana,  ample  vengeance  had  been 
liiken  on  aome  of  Ihem  ;  hul  llieae  iMrlial  auccrtaea 
nrodueed  no  laatlng  benefll.  The  lew  whneaca|iad, 
had  ll  In  their  power  to  make  thouaanda  miaerable. 
For  the  permanent  aecurily  nf  Ihe  frontier  Inhabi* 
lania,  it  waa  reaulved,  in  the  vear  1779,  lo  carry 
a  deciaive  eapedillon  in.'o  the  Indian  country.  A 
eonaiilerable  body  of  cnutinental  truo|ia  wereaelecl- 
ed  for  thia  purpoae,  anti  put  under  the  command  of 
Ueneral  Sullivan. 

The  Indians  who  form  Ihe  rnnfederacy  of  Ihe 
ail  natinna,  commonly  called  the  Mohaaka,  were 
the  ohjeela  of  thia  «a|M>ditiun.  They  Inhabit  that 
immense  and  fertile  lr:icl  of  country,  which  Ilea 
between  New  England,  the  middle  alntes,  and  the 
province  of  Canada.  They  hiid  been  adviaed  by 
Congress,  and  they  had  promiaed,  In  obaerve  a 
neutrality  in  the  war ;  but  they  anon  departed  from 
thia  line  of  conduct.  The  Oneldaa  and  a  few 
others  wsra  friends  lo  the  Ameiiranst  bull  great 
majoritv  look  part  decidedly  a|(ainsl  llieiii.  Over- 
come by  the  preunta  and  proniiaea  of  Sir  John 
Johnston,  and  other  Hritiah  agents,  and  by  their 
own  native  appetite  far  depiedatlon,  ibey  Invaded 
the  fronllera,  carrying  alaughler  and  davaalilion 
wherever  Ihey  went.  From  the  vicinity  of  iheir 
•eltlements,  to  the  inhabited  parts  of  iba  Ualiad 
Suta*.  tba|  facllllitttl  tba  iaroMU  af  tha 


mwia  Udiaaa.  Maab  waall 
Ibetr  espKlMaa.  Wbaa  Ik 
bM  way  la  lb*  ImlMa  *naniry,  bs  waa  jnlaad  bt 
lb*  Amarleea  gaaerat,  Cltalaa,  wMb  apwaida  af 
IINM  Mten.  Tti*  Miter  m*<l*  hi*  way  dawn  iba 
Maaqaabaaaah,  by  a  ataguUr  aaairivaaee.  1'ha 
wream  ml  water  In  iImi  river  waa  law  hiw  la  lia«« 
Ilia  baiiaaMi.  T»  remedv  tbla  la«aa*aaiaa*e,  h« 
»»«**d  wlib  great  laduMry.  *d«m  aeraaa  ibaaMiirib 
»l  the  kkaibsega,  ab«ab  taaae  af  tba  saarsaa*f 
Iba  rteer  MiMquebaaaab.  Tba  kAa.  bataa  aaa 
siaaily  swppliml  ky  apriaaa,  saaa  raaa  la  thalialgbl 
uf  iba  dim.  Ueneral  (Tllataa  baelM  |al  bla  bal< 
taaa*  rawly,  apaaad  a  pasasga  ibsangb  iba  dans 
far  tb«  water  la  flaw,  Tbla  ralaa4  lh«  river  •• 
btgb.  that  ba  w*a  eaiMad  la  embark  all  bla  iiaape, 
aad  la  flaai  ibam  dawn  la  Ttaga.  Ry  ibM  aief 
ilan  ibay  aaan  jalaad  lalllvaa. 

I  nra 
Tb«] 
lapai 


Tba  fa<IUaa,  la  bearing  af  tba  aapadltlaajwa* 
lied  aialnel  ibem.  c  ted  wHb  flrmaeas. 
eolleeted  ibalrsirangili,  laakpiiaiaaaiMB  af  | 


jeeied  a|alnel  ibem.  ctad  wHb  flrmaeas.    Tbsy 

led  ibair  sirangili,  laak  anataaalua  af  era 
groand,  and  farllllad  !•  wllb  jadgmeat.  liei.Jiil 
Mulllrsa,  an  Iba  Mib  At  giiataliaakedlbamhiibaif 
warko.  Tba*  b*d  •  aanaanada  Uf  mara  lba« 
iwa  baurai  bat  iba'.  gava  way.  Thia  eagaga* 
meat  pravad  daaiai<a.  After  iba  iranabaa  wara 
faraedi  tha  ladtaaa  .lad  wlibaat  making  any  attempt 
la  rallf.  Tha  r  iHMlarnallaa  oecaeUaed  among 
ibam  n«  Ibla  lafeal  was  an^raal,  thai  ihev  gaira 
up  all  Mae*  of  farther  leelelaaea,  Ae  the  Amerl* 
cane  advanaed  lola  Ihalr  aaitlamanla,  iba  Indiana 
retreated  before  ibem,  wtlhuul  ibrnwing  ai>y  ub- 
atructhtna  la  ibeir  way.  OeaarsI  Mulllvaa  pane- 
iratml  lata  Ihe  heart  nf  Iha  euuatiy  Inhaklied  b) 
III*  Muhawka,  and  a|ir**d  deaulailon  every  where, 
Muny  aelllemenia  In  Iba  furm  af  lawaa  waie  de- 
etrayed  All  llielr  llahla  of  corn,  and  wh«|t«er 
waa  In  a  state  of  cuhlvallun  underwent  tba  aama 
file.  Haareely  any  llilag  la  the  furm  af  a  buitsa 
waa  lei)  staadlag,  nor  was  in  Indlaa  to  ba  seen. 
To  Iha  snrprtaa  of  tba  Amarteana,  ibay  found  lb« 
lamis  abaul  iha  luillan  lowiia  well  euliivatxd,  and 
ibair  houaaa  both  large  ami  eommodluua.  Tha 
({uantlly  af  corn  dealioyad  wae  Immenaa.  (hr- 
ehaids.  In  which  were  ssveral  hundred  hull  iraee, 
were  cut  down  t  end  of  them  men*  appaired  to 
have  been  planied  fur  -  'ong  aeries  of  years.  Their 
gardeaa,  refdenlshed  wiiii  s  vsrleiy  of  useful  «ege- 
tables,  were  laki  waele.  The  Americana  wara  aa 
full  of  reaenlment  agaiiiat  the  Imliana  r<ir  the 
many  oulragea  the*  had  auflTared  froir.  ihem, 
and  ao  bant  on  making  the  eipaditlon  decisive, 
that  the  ofllcer*  and  auldlera  cheerfully  agree! 
to  remain,  till  they  had  fully  cumpleled  the  dr 
atrucllun  of  the  aaltlemenl.  1  he  au|iptic*ulMainei| 
In  Ihe  country  leaaeaed  the  Incunvenlence  uf  1111111 
rallone.  Tha  eara  of  corn  were  aa  leiiiiirkjl  ly 
large,  that  many  of  ihem  meaaureil  iweniytwu 
Inches  in  length.  Neceeeily  suggested  a  novel 
ei|i*dient  for  pulverising  the  grama  theteuf.  The 
auldiers  |ierfuraled  11  few  of  their  camp-keitleawiih 
bayonets.  The  protrusions  occaalaned  iherrhy 
formed  •  rough  surface,  and,  byrubbiog  ilie  ems 
of  corn  Ihereon,  a  cuarae  meal  waa  produced,  wlilcli 
waa  easily  cunverted  into  agreeable  nouiiihmeni. 

The  Indiana,  by  thia  deciaive  ei|>edition,  beiuii 
mada  to  feal,  in  the  moal  sensible  manner,  thus* 
eslsmities  they  wera  wool  to  Inflict  on  nthera,  be- 
eama  cautious  and  timid,  Tha  auHv riiigalhey  h»d 
undargona,  and  ihs  dread  of  a  refieiiiiun  urilieni, 
in  ease  of  their  provoking  the  resentment  of  the 
Amerlcsns,  damped  the  ardour  of  ihelr  warriors  for 
msking  incursions  into  the  Ameilcen  seitleinents. 
The  frontiers,  though  not  rssloied  la  perfect  trsn- 
quilliy,  eipcrienced  en  eiem|ilion  fioin  a  great 
proportion  nf  the  calamities,  lo  which  ihey  had  been 
lately  Involved. 

Though  tlieie  good  conaequencee  reaulted  from 
thia  expedition  ;  ypl,  lieroie  lie  leiininatiiin,  several 
ilelached  parlies  nf  Imlinna  dislisiaeildinerentaet> 
llementa  in  Iha  United  Siaiea.  A  parly  of  siiiy  In- 
diana, and  twenty-seven  white  men,  uudrr  HrHnilt, 
attacked  Iho  Minislnk  settlement  on  the23il  July, 
and  burnt  tan  bouses,  twelve  bsrns,  a  fort  and  two 
■Utoi  •a4earrtadaffm»cbpluiidar,tngailiar  alib 


HltTOBV   lir  TMI 


Th«  HitHiM  ftiMN  llMh*«  tarf 

•to  MatHIV,  •••  Ito    (mxHIll  wf    UW,  •••(•■•Ml    (iirf 

|l«|«>lt»<l  ll>«IM  I     Iml  «illllHllMll«  HaDIHtK,   lll<l(  !)••]) 

••••  •iit|«M«i|  »n>i  il«i«i<i*il.  .t)H>Hi  iltM  ilm* 
UfHvritl  M  illiKi'MtiH  kihI  t'liliin*!  I'likoM.  lMili»f 
^WHlli  I  '«iiiliii.«,  vMOiKil  ill*  liMli'tn  •Miinlr\,  mIi*- 
<i(  M  III  iIh>  Iruiiiivr  i>l  lliali  tuia,  Amiiki  ^'^^l,  11 IV, 
lii«>'i<nl  itiiii  it«*i>i>jr«4  Ik*  twin  «4  »inhi  luwn*,  iiimI 
iMMivil  H|««n  ili«  liiilhtii*  i«m(i«lH(  liMMMtll iialji 
iiviH  iImw  Uia  IkiInuiiuh*,  HMw  HMtf*  r«iH«M  muI^ 

(•••Ml*. 

Ill  Om  aMiM*  iMMMh,  •  'nluii«l  Ilmii4li«*4  ••flt|*4 
Mi*N>ii»Mlitl«tii«<lHMiii*|tianl  lb*  MMtg*,  Mni>> 
Mt,  mhI  *t«««<«  IihImm*.  IU  I«A  l*Miil»M|h  •hb 
tw^  (•••I.,  m4  •*•  |i»iM  At*  aMii  I  InvhttklliM; 
to  M#  -(nuil  1(01)  mil**  r»*m  ito  riifi.aM  4Mtntj»4 

•  MttMSM  M  llHtNM  bMM  IWl  At*  hlMMl*««i  •«#••  tt 


Tto  MM*  •<  N«*  Yaffe  «MNtM«<l  to  N(lbr  In  IM 
'VMt'tar.  I^iim  liuitaiM  turf  itolr  inj  mmmU)**. 
'rt«««i  bHfM  My  to«i*»t,  iM  Ibiiji-Mt*!!  bmiM, 
■4*  |ifHMi|Ml  |Mr<  arf  (,'>it«|atof)!.  ■  tn*  will*- 
••••M  ■torn  M  HillrafrBM  AMmuji.  Ttojr  ■ImiIm' 
iMtiMi  (••Mijp-M*tn  touM*  M  Nt'hotorM.  AiitiiM, 
ntO.  twi  laaMy  M  Nnfiiiaa'*  er*«k.  la  (bitul 
iva  aiMilto  •MarwarUt,  ihay  matlt  a  aaaaml  In ap- 
liaa.  aail  atlaahail  Minna  Arablai  Caaaaulraia  ami 
VatolMfla,      At  iba  uma  ilmr,  that  IamI  wmi*  a 

Sraal  aiiant  of  euHnirjr  4lMHt  (to  Miihavk  ritar, 
illail  a  aumtor  of  ilia  aaiilaia,  ami  ma<la  maajr 
Itrlaaaara. 

TIm  C'torakaa  Imllaaa,  ha«la|  IWrgallaa  iha  taa- 
W^uaaaaa  uf  (travuklail  Ito  AinarlxHia  la  Intaila 
Itoir  aaiilamaiiia.  In  ilia  jraar  I77M,  maila  an  la- 
auralun  tnlu  Nluaijr  Nl»  iltairtcl,  laHuiMh  Carolina, 
■aaaacrail  auma  fUmiliaa,  aa«l  baraatl  aaf  aral  tou- 
•aa.  liaaaral  PMhana,  la  17(11.  collaalail  ■  pari) 
•fito  nillllta,  anJ  paaairalad  lain  Itoir  caunlry. 
Tbia  lia  accnni|illahad  la  liturlaaa  ilajra,  al  Ito  toad 
af  304  huraainan.  la  ihal  iliort  a|M«a,  to  bnraail 
Jilnaaa  luwna  and  vlllagaa,  blllad  a|i«anlanf  fartjr 
Imilsna,  and  laitk  a  nunibar  u(  priaonata.  Nuloaa 
af  hia  party  waa  killail,  anil  only  l«o  vara  wniind' 
••t.  Nona  nf  ito  aiiiadlllnna  a^alnal  iha  L'tora- 
kaan  bad  baaa  |n  mpld  ami  daclalva  aa  Ihla.  Tha 
Amarlaaaa  did  not  a«pand  Ihraa  rauada  of  ammtt* 
•lllon,  and  yal  only  ihtaa  Indiana  aacapad.altar  to«- 
lag  toanonca  aaan.  Oallilaoceaalaaanaa'amlanc- 
raaarul  inmla  of  A|biln|  itom  waa  Inlroducad.  Tha 
AnMrlean  milliM  rualiail  furward  un  horaabaek.iiid 
ibirgadlha  IndUna  wllh  drnwn  awurda.  Tha 
raaqutahtd  (,'harulia«t  again  auad  for  ptaea,  In  iha 
Hioai  aukmlaaiva  latin*,  and  uliialnad  It  i  but  aol  llll 
■lifjr  had  iHTonilaad,  ihal  liialaad  of  llataning  lolba 
aUriea  uf  iha  royalUla,  Inailgaiing  ihent  to  war, 
tliay  would  liallvar,  to  ilia  auihorliy  of  iha  aula  of 
Mouth  Carolina,  all  who  ahould  •lail  iham  on  thai 
•rrand. 

Tnwarda  Iha  and  of  iha  war.  In  1789,  that*  waa 
■  bnibarou*  and  unpiurokad  maMaera  of  aoina 
cirlllaad  Indian*,  who  had  baan  aallled  near  tha 
Muaklntiim.  Thaaa,  uiidar  iha  Influanea  of  iom* 
nluiia  tnlaaloaarlaa  of  Iha  Moravlun  parauaalon, 
iiadbaan  fortnad  Inloaoina  dagraa  of  olvll  and  ra- 
liglou*  ordar.  Tliay  abhnrrad  wnr,  and  would  lak* 
ao  part  Iharaln,  giving  lor  rauaon  ihal,  •'  iha  Uraal 
Bainf  did  not  muka  men  to  daattoy  man  i  bul  to 
'wva  and  N**i*l  aaeholhar."  From  a  lu«a  ofpaaea, 
ihey  advhail  thuaa  of  itoir  own  colour,  who 
vara  bant  on  war,  lo  dasiat  Avm  ll.  Thoy  ware 
al*o  led  froinlkuinanliy,  lo  inform  Iha  white  people 
of  ilieir  dangev,  when  Ihey  knew  that  itoir  aelile- 
Pieni*  were  about  lo  be  Invaded.  Thia  proroked 
llie  hiMlile  Indiana  loaucha  degree,  Ihnt  ihey  cat' 
rieil  llieae  paelAe  iienpie  nuite  away  from  MiiakiO' 
gum,  lo  a  bunk  of  8i«iidu*ky  Creek.  They,  Andinv 
corn  dear  and  acarcein  Iheir  new  habilatiun*,  ob- 
tained liberty  lo  come  back,  in  the  full  of  the  aame 
year,  in  Bluakingum,  thai  they  might  eollecl  Ihe 
craiia  thny  had  planted  before  their  removal. 

When  tbe  wlilia  people,  al  and  near  Mononga- 
hall,  toard  Ihal  a  numaer  of  Indiana  were  at  the 
Moravian  lowna,  on  iha  Maaklogum,  they  gave 
tM  that  Ihalr  iMaatloaa  wera  hoailla.  without 
m  fcitlHrlaftilfy.lWerihaasraMadthaObte, 


m>4  p«*  la  4aalk  Ibaaa  bannlaaa,  laaOiaatva  pea 
pla,  ibanab  Ibay  made  aa  reaiataaee.  In  aaalm 
iMity  la  inetr  rallahia*  |itiii«iiil**,  ih**a  ,>|hi«<I<in« 
(MIMHlly  (ukwilil*)!  •»  llxir  li'inl  1*1*,  Wliliuiil  al 
laH>|iliHM  la  4«*<«uy  l)iai«  iiiH)>l*>|ii»  t/|i<«4r>l<iil 
■ilMaiy  Ml  ihi*  pv'iAa  >*••  ••r*  lilll«<l  bjt  in'n 
•  to,  wbila  (lie)  iialbd  ihamaal»e('hiieilrtaaia»« 
imtfe  ileaervitia  »f  ito  a«nHi  uf  aavaga*.  Ilian  ihu** 
■  Imm  I  toy  tniiumaaly  niHrderaiJ, 

llaaa  altar  ibta  aa|ita*«ked  maaeaere,  a  |«ny 
af  Am*rt««aa  aa«  aai  far  Naadaefey,  la  daetray  ito 
ladlaa  >»waa  la  Itot  pan  i  bat  ito  Dalawaraa, 
Wyaadate,  aail  attor  ladlaaa  appaaed  itoni.     Aa 

paapla  tvaia  kllM,  aad  aavavel  were  lafcaa  Mla- 
onaie.     Amaaa  iha  hMter  weta  Caloaal  CvawiUnl, 

ead  hie  eaalalaw.  Tto  aalaael  waa  aaarMleed 
la  iba  maaae  af  tbaee  ladlaiie.  wto  wera  meaaa' 
ared  at  ito  Navavlaa  lawaa.  Tto  attor  priaoaera 
were  pat  la  death  with  ito  lamatowb. 

'I'braui  boat  tto  Aaiarteaa  war,  ito  daaalaiiaa 
braaght  by  tto  ladleae,  um  tto  IVaatler  aatllameaia 
Mt'thaUalted  Ntatae,  ead  aa  the  Indiana  b*  ito 
Amerlcaaa,  waa  aaMclaal  la  Okelta  eawpaeaiaa  la 
ito  moat  abilurole  toarta. 

Nat  aaly  mea  and  warrlara,  but  woman  and  chil- 
dren, were  ladkerimtnaialy  murdareii,  while  whole 
aalllemeata  were  lavaltad  la  ptomtaauaaa  daaala- 
itnn.  Kaeb  waa  made  a  aeaarga  la  Ito  attor  i 
and  Iha  unavatilwbia  calamHiea  af  war  wore  rea- 
dared  doubly  dletreMlng,  by  Ihe  diaparalan  af 
famlliva.iha  braakiag  up  of  aeillemeaia,  and  an 
addition  of  aavege  ciueltlea,  lo  the  moat  aiien- 
aiva  devaalallon  of  itoae  thlaga,  wbleb  aaaduee  'a 
iba  aumfori  af  bumaa  Ufa, 


CHAPTER    IX. 

Caaqialga  af  I7H  hi  tto  leatbera  Atalea. 

Taa  iHeaeaeAil  dafenaa  of  B«vaaaah,  logeiher 
wbh  lto*ubeei|uenidopartareefCaHat  IVKaiaiga, 
Aram  ito  anael  of  tto  Ualted  iitatee,  [I7M>)  eoon 
diealpaiad  ill  appraheaelaaa,  pvaviaualy  antertaia- 
ad  for  tto  aafety  af  New  York.  Tbaaa  ekrean. 
alaneea  pointed  aut  la  8tr  Heaty  Cllalon,  the  pia- 
prleiy  of  renewing  alTeaetve  operalioaa.  Having 
eflected  nolbiag  of  iMportaMe,  far  tto  two  pre* 
ceding  aamiMigna,  ha  luraad  bia  alleallan  auulh- 
wardty,  ana  regaled  himealf  with  flattering  prae* 
paeia  af  eaay  eanqneat,  amoag  Iha  weaker  alaiea. 
The  auilaUoneee  of  tha  climate  far  winter  opeia- 
tloae,  iha  riehaaee  of  the  country,  and  lie  dietaace 
IVom  aappart,  daalnnaled  South  Carolina  ae  a  pva- 
par  ab)acl  af  antarprioa.  No  aooner,  tberafura, 
woo  tha  departura  aft  to  Freneb  fleet  haowu,  ibai 
Sir  Hanry  Clintan  enmmltted  iha  cammaad  of  tto 
royal  army,  la  New  Yarfc,  to  Lieutenant  Ueneral 
Kniphauaaa,  and  emberkeil  for  Ito  aoutbward  with 
four  flank  totlaliaaa,  twelve  raglmania,  and  a  coriw, 
Briiieh,  Ueaalan  and  provincial,  a  powerful  de- 
tachment of  artillery,  900  cavalry,  logeiher  with 
an  ample  aupplv  of  mUliary  atorea  awTpravlalona, 
Vice-admiral  Aibulhaol,  with  a  aallabla  naval 
force,  undertook  to  convey  the  troope  to  tto  place 
of  their  deatination.  AAar  a  ladioua  aad  danger- 
oua  paaaage,  la  which  part  of  iheirordaanao,  moat 
of  their  artillary,  and  all  their  eavalrv  horaaa  were 
loal,  the  fleet  arrived  at  Tytoe  In  Ueorghi,  Jan. 
91,  1780.  In  a  few  daya,  tto  tmnaporta,  with  the 
army  on  toard,  aallad  from  Havannah,  for  North- 
Edieto.  AAer  a  abort  paaaage,  on  tto  4ih  of  Keh- 
ruiry,  the  iroopa  made  good  ibeir  landing,  about 
thirty  mllaa  from  Cbarlaalon,  and  took  poaaeaaion 
of  Jnhn'a  laland  and  Slonii  ferry ;  and  eooa  aAer- 
wardaof  Jama*  laland,  and  Wiippon-cul.  A  bridge 
waa  thrown  over  ito  can'it,  and  part  of  iha  royal 
army  took  poai  on  tha  touka  of  Aablay  rivar,  op- 
poeita  to  CbarlaatoB. 

Tha  aaeambly  of  tha  Mate  waa  altling  whan  tha 
Brlileb  landed)  bul  broke  up  after  " dalagatlng to 
OovamorRntladgo,  lod  faen  of  hi*  aonaell,  as  ha 
••uM  f ••vfltUaMlj  aoMtdt,  •  fawar  l*  do  avary 


thtag  aaaeeaavy  Me  taa  ptwis  gaaw,  aaeepi  ieaia# 
«w«y   ito  l»<b  •#  a  ellWaa,  wt*ba««  a  biial  •rial.'' 

IK*  ■••ernar  ImmeilMvly  ardofad  ito  milNld  It 
leniUaiwu*.  TbwMibito  Mnaaaiiy  ••agraal,  tea 
•ilMyarf  (ba   p<>«*ln(  vxH,      A    Ufu«l>iNMiian  wia 

aaoad  ky  ih*  autarixir,  Hadar   nia  aaintHrilinat) 

wwera,  la^aiiiHg  auoli  ntito  mtlliM,  laWKra  rvga 
laily  dtaAed.  and  all  ito  tatobtlanta  aad  nwnait 
»f  |i*npeily  la  ibi  lawn,  la  lepatv  lo  Ibe  Aatar'eaa 
•teadard,  aad  )ai«  Ito  garrteoa  Imaiedlately,  wade* 
paia  af  aaaAaeallaa. 
Tto  ladtaaa  paaeaga,  fVam  New  Yavk  la  Tykaa, 

lava  tto  Aaiavlaeaa  itoa  la  AhiM  Ctorlaeiaa, 
him,  lageitot  wMh  iba  laaoM,  wMah  tto  fwyal 

ibat,  \mimm4  tM  Heavy  (.'Haiaa  la  diMpaieha*  m^ 
dar  lo  Haw  Yavk,  Ito  retalbnaiiiaaii  af  ma*  atal 
Ha  alM  diraeied  Ma)af  Oeaavat  Praeaolt 
•a  eaa4  aa  la  bliM  twelve  htiMrad  maa,  l^am  tba 
gavrlauti  af  •avaaaah.  Rrtgadlar  deaavat  Panar> 
aoa,  al  ito  bead  af  tbla  delaabMaat,  made  bla  way 
gaad  aver  iba  Mavaaaa|^,  aad  ihvuagb  tto  lalar* 
maillata  caaairy  |  and,  anan  nnarwariU  lalnad  Nil 
llaary  CItala*,  aaar  tha  toaks  af  Aeblay  nver. 
Tto  layal  AMcea,  wMbatM  dela*,  pvaaeeded  la  Ito 
•lege.  Al  Weppoa  mt  Jamaa  lalaad,  Itoy  formed 
I W,  aad  araeiad  foitlAeatlaaa,  batb 
lal  laland  and  an  tto  inaiti,  appaaMa  ta  tto 


V 


a  deaal,  Merohl 

tta  thai  laland  an4  an  Ito  Hiatal,  appaaMa 

aaaltora  and  weaiera  eiiramtllaa  of  i.'harlaeiaa. 


Aa  adraneed  party  araaaed  Aahlay  river,  ami  aaaa 
altarwarda  brake  gruuad,  at  the  diaiaaee  »f  elavatl 
buadred  yerde  fram  tto  Amarlean  worke.  At  aaa- 
ceaalve  pertode,  itov  eiecied  Ave  baltartaa  aa 
(/'barlealoii  neck.  The  ^arrtaon  waa  aniially  aaai- 
duuaa.  In  preparing  fur  ti*  ilafanee.  Tto  worka, 
which  bad  beea  prevlau»ly  blown  uts  ware  *«reagth> 
enad  and  eileadad.  Linaa  aad  raduiible  weie  «u«. 
ilnaad  aeraae,  (Vom  (.'u»tiei  to  Aaliley  river,  la 
front  of  Ito  whole,  wae  s  etrang  abhaila,  ami  a  wei 
ditch,  made  by  paaaing  a  eaaal  from  Iha  beada  of 
wainpe,  wbleb  run  in  oppoeite  direellone.  Be- 
tween ihe  abballa  and  ito  liiiea,  deep  hohie  wera 
dug  et  almrl  intervale.  The  llnea  were  made  par- 
ticularly Mrang,  on  tto  right  and  l*A,  and  aoeon- 
atructed,  ee  lo  raka  the  wel  dllch,  hi  almoel  to 
wtola  Client.  To  aeeure  tto  centra,  a  boro-worll 
ImmI  been  erected,  which,  toing  cloaed  during  tto 
•lege,  farmed  a  kind  of  citadel.  Warka  were  aba 
thrown  up  on  all  ■idea  of  the  town,  wb*te  a  laml- 
l»g  waa  |ir«olieabla.  Thuugh  Ihe  line*  ware  na 
mora  than  Aeld-worka,  yet  Nir  Henry  I'llntnn 
trenled  them  with  the  raa|ieetful  huinaga  of  Ibrea 
parallele.  From  the  3<l  lo  iho  lOih  of  April,  ilia 
Aral  parallel  waa  completed  i  and,  iiniiiediately 
afterwania,  tha  town  waa  aiiinmiinad  lo  lurrender, 
(hi  tto  lUtb,  Ihe  batlerle*  were  opened,  and,  from 
thai  day,  an  almuat  ince**Bnl  Are  waa  kf|it  up 
Atouline  lima  the  batleriea  weie  opened,  a  work 
wae  thrown  up,  near  Wnmlo  river,  nine  milea  from 
Iowa  t  and  another,  at  lie'>i|)fipre'*  |.iiint,  lo  lire- 
aarva  tha  communication  with  the  country  by  wa- 
ter. A  |ioet  wea  alao  ordeied  al  a  fairy  over  the 
Santae,  lo  favour  the  coming  In  of  reinfurcemenlo, 
or  Ihe  retreat  of  tha  garriaun  when  naaaeeary. 
The  BrItiah  marina  force,  cun*i«iing  of  one  ahip 
of  AAy  guiia,  two  offuriy-foui  lan*.  lour  of  thirty- 
two,  and  the  Sandwich  armml  ahip,  cruaaeil  iho 
bar  in  front  of  Retollion  road,  and  anchored  in  Firo 
Fathom  Hole.  Tto  American  force,  onpoeail  la 
thie,  wae  tto  Bricole,  which,  though  pierced  for 
forty-four  gnna,  did  nol  nMiuni  half  ofiliat  numtor, 
two  of  thirty-two  gunc,  one  of  iwenty-eight,  two 
of  Iweniy-aia,  iwo  of  twenty,  end  tha  brig  Noira 
Dome  of  aixieen  gone.  The  Ant  object  of  jia  com- 
mander, Ciiiiiniodiire  Whi|i|tle,  waa  to  pievent  ad- 
miral Arbuihool  from  croaalog  the  bar;  bul,  on 
lltrthar  asaminaiion,  tbia  waa  found  lo  be  iinprnc- 
llcable.  Ha  tlierafore  fell  back  lo  Fort  Moultrie, 
and  afterwarda  lo  Cbarlaalon.  Tbe  era".  *„;{ 
guna  of  all  hie  vaarela,  aicepl  one, '  eii:  ("ii  u\i 
ahora  lo  reinforce  Ilia  batleriea. 

Admiral Arbuthnot, oa thaOtho''  iinl,  w«i|,;i«d 
anetor,  at  FIva  Fathom  Hole;  ai>  *.  «i(:i  ihc  ad 
vaniaga  af  a  Mroof  ooottorly  wii -'  ;>ij  lluviap 
tida,  panad  Pait  Movhita,  vtohoui  Mopnlas  it 


UNITED   STATUS. 


■1' 


i 


1 


MMi*  U I  ■nd  iBvlioMd  Mir  llw  ramaim  or  Furl 
JoKiMon.  Colonel  Pinvlincjr,  who  CMinniRndid  oo 
Sullivin'i  t»<ind,  k«|it  ii|)  »  biuk  mid  w«ll-dlr«cl«d 
lira,  on  iha  flitiM  in  ilirlr  imHiige.  To  prirtnl 
Iha  rnjrni  irnKid  ••mcI*,  fioni  running  Into  Cooper 
river,  eleven  veuel*  were  lunk  In  the  chinnel, 
oppawlie  lo  ihe  eirlianiie.  'I'lie  bHtierlee  of  llie 
bMlegera  toon  obliiliird  h  iU|i«rioriiy  nver  thoM 
of  ihe  loun.  The  I'uiiiirr  had  lwen(y-one  mor- 
lar«  end  royvU;  llie  Uiirr  only  iwo.  The  regit- 
lar  force  in  the  gurrieon,  wn*  much  Inferior  lo 
thM  ul'  '.lie  beaiegan.  Few  of  Ihe  niililia  could 
b«  perauaded  lo  leave  llieir  planlaliona,  and  reia> 
force  ilialr  brethren  lo  the  capital.  A  cjrop  wia 
rormad  il  Mook'a  corner,  lo  keep  up  iha  commu- 
nieaiioo  baiwaen  the  lowo  and  conniry  i  and  iha 
milllia  vlihoui  iha  linea,  were  requeued  lo  rea- 
daavoua  Ihara ;  bul  ihia  wai  turpriaed,  and  rouied 
bjr  Lleuienaol  Colonel  Tarlelon.  The  Briliah 
having  now  lata  lo  fear,  eilended  themielvea  lolha 
aaatward  of  Cooper  river.  Two  hundred  and  fifty 
horaa,  and  600  Infantry  were  detached  on  Ihii  acr- 
vica,  April  16 ;  but  neverfheleai,  the  weak  alale 
of  the  tarrieon  made  il  improper  lo  detach  a  num- 
ber aufflcianl  lo  attack  thai  email  force. 

About  ihia  lime.  Sir  Uviiry  Cliolon  received  a 
reiaforeemenl  of  3000  men,  from  New  York.  A 
council  of  war  agreej  that  "  a  retreat  would  be 
mended  with  many  diitreeiiog  inconveniencee,  if 
Dot  allocelher  impraclienble ;"  and  adviied,  "  that 
eflcra  ot  capitulation,  before  their  aflaira  became 
more  critical,  ahould  be  made  lo  Ueneral  Clinton, 
which  might  admit  oflhe»rmy'i  withdrawing,  and 
afford  lecurity  to  the  |icnon«  nnd  property  of  the 
khabilanK."  Tlieie  lerniii,  being  pro|N)ted,  were 
luMantly  rejected  ;  but  the  garriaon  adhered  lo 
lliem,  in  bopea  that  auccoura  would  arrive  from 
Ihe  neigbouring  1111108.  The  bare  offer  of  ca- 
pitulating diapirited  the  gurriaiin;  bul  they  con- 
tinued lo  reiiat,  in  eipcctiiiion  of  favourable  evenli. 
The  Britiah  apeedily  completed  the  inveatiiure  of 
Iha  town,  both  by  land  and  water.  After  Admiral 
Arbuthnot  had  paiied  Sullivan'ir  laland.  Colonel 
Pinckney,  and  IfiOof  the  men  under  liia  command, 
ware  withdrawn  from  that  |ioat  to  Charleaton, 
The  fort  on  the  island  was  surrendered  on  the  6th 
of  May,  without  opposition,  loCaplkin  Hudson  of 
the  royal  navy.  Un  Ihe  same  day,  the  remains 
of  the  American  cavalry  which  escaped  from  the 
late  surpiiae  at  Monk's  corner,  were  again  surprised 
by  Lieutenant  Colonel  Tarlelon,  at  Laneau'a  ferry, 
en  Saniee ;  and  the  whole  were  either  killed,  cap- 
tured, or  dis|tersrd.  While  every  thing  pioagiered 
with  Ihe  British,  Sir  Henry  Clinton  begun  a  cor- 
ies|Nmdence  with  Uenernl  Lincoln,  and  renewed 
hia  former  offers  to  the  garrison,  in  case  of  llieii 
aurrender.  Lincoln  was  dis|Mised  to  close  with 
ihem,  as  far  as  they  respected  his  army ;  but  some 
demur  was  made,  with  a  view  of  gaining  belter 
lorms  for  the  citizens,  which,  it  whs  ho|ie(J,  might 
be  obtained  on  a  confeience.  This  was  asked ; 
but  Clinton,  instead  of  granting  it,  answered,  "  that 
hostilities  should  re-commence  nt  eight  o'cli-r.k." 
Nevertheless,  neither  party  fired  till  nine.  The 
garrison  then  re-commenced  hostilities.  The  be- 
siejiers  immediately  followed  ;  and  each  cannon 
aded  the  other,  with  unusual  briskness.  The  Brit 
iah  lialteriei  of  the  third  purallel  opened  on  this 
vccasion.  Shells  and  carcasses  weie  thrown,  into 
jimnst  all  parts  of  the  town,  and  seveial  houses 
were  liurned.  The  cannon  and  mortars  playeil  on 
Ihe  garrison,  at  a  less  distance  than  a  hundred 
yards.  The  Hessian  chasseurs  were  ao  near  the 
American  lines,  that,  with  their  rifles,  they  eould 
easily  strike  any  object  on  ihsm  The  British, 
having  crossed  the  we*  ditch  by  sip,  advinceii 
within  Iwenty-llva  yards  of  the  American  works, 
and  were  ready  or  making  a  general  assault  by 
tiod  and  water.  All  expectation  of  succour  was 
at  an  end.  The  onhr  hope  left  was.  that  9000  men, 
the  flower  of  the  Biilish  army,  seconded  by  a  na- 
val force,  might  fail  in  farcing  extensive  lines,  de- 
fended  by  less  than  3000  men.  Under  these  cir 
cumataDcea,  the  aiege  was  protracted  till  the  11th 
•f  Majr.    On  that  day,  a  great  number  of  ciiiaaot 


addressed  Ueneral  LIneoln  in  a  petition,  expreaaing 
their  aoouiesence  in  the  terms,  which  Sir  Henry 
Clinton  nad  offered,  aud  fai|uested  his  aceaplinco 
of  iliam.  Un  Ihe  recaption  of  this  patitlon,  Uaaaral 
Lincoln  wrote  lo  Sir  Henry,  and  oflered  to  accept 
theiarma  before  proposed.  The  royal  command- 
ers, wishing  lo  avoid  the  extremity  of  a  storm.and 
unwilling  to  press  lo  unconditional  aubmission  an 
enemy,  whnsa  friendship  they  wished  toconcil'ste, 
returned  a  favourable  anawer.  A  capiiulatinn  was 
signed  on  iha  18th  of  Mav,  and  Major  Ueneral  Les- 
lie look  (wseassioa  of  the  town,  on  iha  next  day. 
The  loea  on  both  aldea  during  the  siaga  was  nearly 
equal.  Of  the  klug'a  troops,  76  were  killed,  and 
189  wounded.  Of  the  Americana,  80  wore  killed, 
and  140  wounded.  Upwarda  of  400  pieces  of  ar- 
tillery were  antreodered.  By  iha  artielea  of  ca- 
pitulation, the  garrison  waa  to  march  out  of  town, 
and  deposit  their  arms  in  front  of  the  works ;  but 
the  drums  were  not  to  beat  a  British  march  nor  Iha 
colours  to  ba  uocaiad.  Tha  eootinenlel  troope 
and  seamen  were  to  kaap  their  baggage,  and  re- 
main prisoners  of  war,  lili  exchanged.  The  mili- 
tia were  to  be  permitted  lo  return  lo  their  respec- 
tive homes,  aa  prisoners  on  parole  ;  and  while  they 
adhered  to  their  parole,  were  not  to  be  molested  by 
the  British  trnopa,  in  |>ersan  or  property.  The  in- 
habitants of  all  conditions  were  to  be  considered, 
as  prisoners  on  parole,  and  lo  hold  their  property, 
on  iho  same  terma  with  the  militia.  The  officers 
of  the  army  and  navy  were  to  retain  their  servanta, 
swords,  pistols,  and  baggage  unsearched.  They 
were  permitted  lo  sell  their  horses ;  bul  not  lo  re- 
move ibem.  A  vessel  was  allowed  to  proceed  to 
Philadelphia,  with  Ueneral  Liocolc's  despatches 
unopened. 

The  numbers  which  surrendered  prisoners  of 
war,  inclusive  of  the  militia,  and  every  adult  male 
inhabitant,  wore  above  5000  ;  but  the  proper  gar- 
rison, at  the  time  of  the  surrender,  did  not  exceed 
!id00.  The  precise  number  of  privates,  in  the  con- 
tinental army,  was  1977 ;  of  which  number  500 
were  in  the  hospitals.  The  captive  officers  were 
much  more  in  proiiortion  than  the  privates,  and 
conaistedofone  major-general,  six  brigadiers,  nine 
colonels,  fourteen  lieutenant  colonels,  fifteen  ma- 
jors, eighly-four  captains,  eighty-four  lioulenanta, 
thirty-two  second  lieutenants  and  ensigns.  The 
gentlemen  of  the  country,  who  were  mostly  militia 
officers,  from  a  sense  of  honour,  repaired  lo  the 
defence  of  Charleston,  though  they  could  not  bring 
with  them  privates,  equal  to  their  respective  com- 
mands. Tlie  regular  regiments  were  fully  officer- 
ed, though  greatly  deficient  in  privates. 

This  was  the  first  instance,  in  which  the  Ameri- 
cans had  attempted  to  defend  a  town.  The  unsuc- 
cessful event,  with  its  consequences,  demonstrated 
the  policy  of  sacrificing  the  towns  of  the  union,  in 
preference  lo  endangering  the  whole,  by  risking 
too  much  for  their  defence. 

Much  censure  waa  undeservedly  cast  on  General 
Lincoln,  for  attempting  the  defence  of  Charleston. 
Though  the  contrary  plan  was  in  general  the  best, 
he  had  particular  reasons  to  justify  his  deviation 
from  the  example  of  the  commander-in-chief  of 
the  American  army.  Charleston  was  ihe  only 
considerable  town,  in  the  southern  extremity  of 
the  confederacy,  and  for  its  preservation.  South 
Carolina  and  the  adjacent  states  seemed  willing  to 
make  great  exertions.  The  reinforcements,  pro- 
mised for  its  defence,  were  fully  sufficient  for  that 
purpose.  The  Congress,  and  the  states  of  North 
and  South  Carolina,  gave  Ueneral  Lincoln  ground 
to  expect  aa  army  of  9900  roan,  to  second  his  ope- 
rations :  but,  from  a  variety  of  causes,  this  army, 
invluling  h>  m'liiia,  was  little  more  than  one- 
third  of  that  number.  Aa  long  as  an  evacuation 
was  practicable,  he  had  such  assurances  of  sup- 
port, that  he  could  not  attempt  it  with  propriety. 
Before  he  could  be  ascertained  of  the  futility  •■ ' 
these  assurances,  the  British  had  taken  auch  a 
position,  that  a  retreat  could  not  be  successfully 
made. 

Shortly  after  the  surrender,  the  commander-in- 
chief  adopted  sundry  measures  to  induce  the  in- 


habiisnts  to  return  lo  ihair  allai|laB«o.  It  waa 
staled  lo  Ihem,  in  a  handbill,whieD,  though  with- 
out a  nBms,seemad  lo  flow  from  authority,  "thai 
tha  heliiing  hand  oi  every  roan  was  wanting,  lore- 
establish  |ieace  and  good  government ;  Inal  Iha 
oommander-io-chief  wished  not  lo  draw  ihei'.  'nto 
danger,  while  any  dcubt  could  remain  of  his  suc- 
cess ;  bul,  as  that  was  now  cenain,  he  trusted  that 
one  and  all  would  heartily  join,  and  give  effect  to 
necessary  measures  for  thai  pur|M»«."  1'bose 
who  had  families  were  informed,  "  tlinl  they  would 
ba  permitted  lo  remain  at  home,  and  form  a  militln, 
for  the  maintenance  of  peace  and  good  order; 
bul,  from  thoae  who  had  no  familiea,  it  was  ex> 
peeled,  that  they  would  cheerfully  osaist,  in  driv- 
ing their  oppreasors,  and  all  the  miseries  of  war, 
from  their  boidera."    To  auch  it  was  promised, 

that,  when  on  service,  they  would  bo  alkwed 
pay,  aminuoilion,  and  proviaions,  in  Ihe  same  man- 
ner as  the  king's  lioopi."  About  Ihe  same  lime, 
Sir  Henry  Clinton,  in  a  proclamation.  May  88,  de- 
clared, "that  if  any  parson  should  thenceforward 
ap|iear  in  arms,  in  order  lo  prevent  Ihe  eslsbllsh- 
menl  nfhis  majesty's  government  in  that  country, 
or  should,  under  any  pretence  or  aulhoiily  what- 
ever, attempt  to  compel  any  other  person  or  per- 
sons ao  to  do,  or  should  hinder  the  king's  faithful 
subjects  from  joining  his  forces,  or  from  perform- 
ing those  duties  their  allegiance  required,  such 
persons  should  be  treated  with  the  utmost  severi 
ty,  and  their  estates  be  immediately  seised  for  con- 
ffscaiion."  Sir  Henry  Clinton  and  Admiral  Ar- 
bulhnol,  in  the  character  of  commissionera  for  re 
storing  peace,  offered  lolhe  inhabitants,  June  Isl, 
with  some  exceptions,  "  pardon  for  their  |iaet 
treasonable  offences,  and  a  reinsiatemeni  in  the 
possession  of  all  those  rights  and  immunities, 
which  they  heretofore  had  enjoyed,  under  a  free 
British  government,  exempt  from  taxation,  except 
by  their  own  leiisUtures." 

The  capital  having  surrendered,  the  next  ob- 
ject with  the  British  was,  lo  secure  the  genera, 
submission  of  the  whole  body  of  the  people. 

To  this  end,  they  posted  garrisons  in  different 
parts  of  Ihe  country,  lo  awe  the  inhabit»iils. 
They  also  marched,  with  ui>.*Brdl  of  8000  men, 
towards  North  Carolina.  This  caused  an  imma 
diale  retreat  of  soma  parties  of  Americans,  who 
had  advanced  into  the  northern  extremity  of  South 
Carolina,  with  the  expectation  of  relieving  Charles, 
ton.  Among  the  corps  which  had  come  forward, 
with  that  view,  there  was  one  commanded  by  Colo 
nel  Buford,  which  consisted  of  three  or  four  hun- 
dred continental  infantry,  and  a  few  horsemen. 
Colonel  Turleton,  with  about  seven  hundred  horse 
and  foot,  advanced  in  front  of  the  British  army,  ia 
quest  of  this  parly.  After  a  rapid  march  ol  one 
hundred  miles  in  fifty-four  hours,  he  came  up  with 
them,  at  the  Waxhaws,  and  demanded  their  sur- 
render. This  being  refused,  an  action  ensued. 
Buford  committed  Iwo  capital  mistakes  in  tlili  af- 
fair. One  was,  sending  his  wagons  and  artillery 
away,  before  Ihe  engagement.  The  wagons  iiiii{ht 
have  served  as  a  breast  work,  lo  defend  his  iiteu 
against  the  attack»  of  Ihe  cavalry.  Another  mis 
Idke  was,  ordering  his  men  not  lo  fire,  till  the  ene 
my  were  within  ten  yards.  A  single  dischariie 
made  but  little  impression,  on  Ihe  advancing  Brit- 
ish horsemen.  Before  it  could  be  re|ieated,  the 
assailants  were  in  contact  with  their  adversaries, 
cutting  them  down  with  their  sabres.  Tlio  Ameri- 
cans, fip'Jing  resistance  useless,  sued  for  qiiar 
lers ;  but  their  submission  produced  no  cessation 
of  hostilities.  Some  of  them,  after  they  had  ceas- 
ed to  resist,  lost  Iheir  hands;  others  their  i.rnis; 
and  almost  every  one  was  mangled  with  a  succes- 
sion of  wounds.  The  charge  was  urged,  .ill  five 
out  of  six  of  the  whole  number  of  the  Americans 
were,  by  Tarleton's  official  account  of  this  bloody 
ecene,  either  killed  or  so  badly  wounded,  as  to  be 
incapable  of  being  moved  from  Ihe  field  of  battle  ! 
and  by  the  same  account,  this  took  place,  though 
ihey  made  such  ineffectual  opposition,  as  only  lo 
kill  Ave,  and  wound  twelve  of  the  British.  Lord 
Cornwallis  bellowed  onTirletonhighancomiiuna, 


UNITED  ITATBI. 


for  thia  tn  irprlM,  mil  reeomiiMnileil  him,  in  ■ 
•pecial  mannar,  lu  rujral  favour.  'I'hia  barbaroua 
maatarra  xitre  a  mora  wiiiguiiiary  turn  lo  iha  war. 
Tarlecoir*  (|iiarlcri  becaiiiD  prurarbial  i  anil,  in 
the  aubM(|Uiint  balllei,  a  ■iiiril  uf  levanKa  gave  a 
karner  piIkb  lo  military  raaaotmfni. 

Sir  linnrjt  Clinlon,  having  left  aboill  4000 
mm  for  iha  aouihrrn  lervice,  embarked  early  in 
June,  wiih  llie  iniiin  army  fur  New- York.  On  hia 
ile|Mrliire,  ihe  cominiiiKl  devolvail  on  LieulenanI 
(leorriil  CiirnwHilU.  The  aeaaon  of  the  year,  the 
eonililion  of  ilie  army,  anil  the  unaeliled  alal*  of 
South  Ciirolln:),  im|ieileil  Iha  Immediate  invaaion 
of  North  Carolina.  Karl  Cornwallia  deapatehed 
Inatruciiona  to  the  principal  loyaliati.  In  that  alaie, 
lo  attend  to  the  hHrveii,  pre|iare  proviaiona,  and 
remain  quiet.  Hia  lordahip  coininilled  the  care 
of  the  from ier  lo  lord  Rawdoo,  and,  repairing  to 
Chnrlealnn,  (levnted  hia  princi|Kil  ottenlion  lo  ihe 
coiniiirrcinl  nml  civil  reKiilationa  of  South  Caro- 
lina. In  ihe  meantime,  the  impoaaibilily  of  fleeing 
with  their  fiimiliea  and  elTecia,  and  the  want  of  an 
army,  to  which  the  militia  of  the  ataie  might  re- 
pair,  induced  the  people  In  the  country  to  abandon 
all  aclieniea  of  farther  reiiataoee.  At  Beaufort, 
I  'am'l*n.  and  Ninely-Six,lhey  generally  laid  down 
their  arma,anl  ••ibmitted  either  aa  priaonera  or  av 
•iibjnct*.  Kxcepiing  theexiremitiea  of  theatate, 
bonlering  nn  North  Carolina,  the  lohabininu,  who 
did  not  flee  out  of  the  country,  preferred  aubmia- 
•ion  lo  reaiiianc^  Thia  waa  followed  by  an  un- 
uaual  culm,  and  ihe  Britiah  beliaved,  that  the  aiate 
wna  thoroughly  conquered.  An  opportunity  wna 
DOW  given,  to  make  an  experiment,  from  which 
much  waa  expected,  and  for  the  omiasion  of  which. 
Sir  Henry  Clinton'a  predeceiaor.  Sir  William 
Howe,  iiad  ueen  aevereiy  cenaureo.  it  nad  been 
conAdently  aaaerled,  that  a  majurlty  of  the  Ameri- 
cana were  well  afTected  to  the  Britiah  government, 
and  that  under  projier  regulationa,  aubaiantlal  aer- 
vice  might  be  expected  from  them  in  realoring 
tb*  Bonaiiy  lo  peace. 

At  thweriaia,  every  biaa  in  favour  of  Congreaa 
waa  removed.  Their  armiea  in  Ihe  aoulharn  alatea, 
were  either  captured  or  defeated.  There  waa  no 
rnfiiilnr  force  lo  the  aouthward  of  Pennaylvania, 
which  waa  aufficienl  to  awe  Ihe  frleoda  of  royal 
government.  Every  encouragement  waa  held 
forth,  to  thoae  of  the  Inhabitanta,  who  would  with 
atma  aupport  the  old  conatitution.  Conflacation 
and  deiilli  were  threatened  aa  the  conaequence  of 
oppiiiilDg  iia  ru-eaiahliahmenl.  While  there  waa 
no  reitular  nrin^,  within  four  hundred  milea,  lo  aid 
Ihe  I'rieiuU  of  independence,  the  British  were  in 
^irce,  |HMted  over  all  the  country.  The  people 
were  lima  left  to  th<*inaelve»,  or  niher  airongly 
im|>elled  to  abandon  an  apparently  ainking  cauae, 
and  arrange  themselvea  on  ihe  aide  of  the  conquer- 
era.  Under  iheae  favourable  circumalancea,  the 
«n|ipriiiient  waa  made,  for  aupporling  Ihe  Briliah 
inlereDi  by  llie  exertion  of  loyal  inhabilnnta,  unaw- 
od  liy  American  armiea,  ur  republican  deinagoguea. 
It  soon  appeared,  that  the  diagiiise,  whicli  I'ear  had 
imposed,  subsisted  nn  longer  than  the  prtisent  dan- 
ger, and  ihalthemindaof  the  iieople,  though  over 
awed,  were  actuated  by  a  hostile  spirit.  In  nroae 
culing  Ihe  scheme  fur  ublainlng  a  niililary  aia  from 
Ihe  inhabiianis,  that  iranquilily,  which  previoussuc' 
cesses  had  procured,  was  dislurbeil,  and  that  us 
cendency,  which  arms  hud  guined,  waa  interrupted. 
The  inducement  to  submission  with  many  was,  a 
hope  of  iibiaining  a  respite  from  the  calamitiea  of 
war,  under  the  shelter  of  British  pinteclion.  Such 
vere  not  less  astonished  than  confounded,  on  Hnd- 
tng  themselves  virtually  called  upon,  lo  take  up 
arms  in  support  of  royul  government.  This  was 
dune  in  Ihe  I'ullowing  muuner.  Alter  the  inhabit- 
ants, by  the  speciuus  pruinises  of  protection  and 
aecurity,  had  gcnerully  subiiiited  as  subjects,  or 
taken  their  parole  as  prisoners  of  war,  a  procla- 
nation  was  issued  by  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  which 
aet  forth,  "  that  it  waa  proper  for  all  persona  to 
lake  an  active  part,  in  aettling  and  aecuring  hia 
majesty's  government ;  that  all  the  inhabitanta  of 
Iha  province,  who  were  then  priaonera  on  parole, 


tboao  lakM  !■  Fort  Moultrie  and  Cbarlesiun,  and 
auoh  aa  won  in  leiual  conAnament  cxcapiad, 
aliould,  from  antiiAerlha  iWlh  of  June,  be  freed 
from  their  paroiea,  and  realored  to  all  ihe  rights 
nodduilea  balongini  lo  eiliMiia  and  inhubiiunis; 
and  that  all  persona  under  ihe  description  above 
ineniioned,  who  ahould  afterwards  nejiilect  lo  re- 
turn to  their  allegianeei  and  lu  his  majesty 'a  gov- 
ernment, ahould  be  conaidered  aa  eneniiea  and 
relMla  lo  lb*  aama,  and  treated  accordingly."  It 
waadeaigned  by  thia  arbitrary  change  of  Ihe  po- 
litical condition  of  the  inhabitanta,  to  bring  them 
Into  ■  dilemma,  whloli  would  fuica  them  lo  lake 
an  active  pari  In  aaltling  and  aecuring  the  royal 
govainmenl.  It  involved  a  majority  in  the  necaa- 
aity  of  oilhar  fleeing  out  of  the  country,  or  of  be- 
coming a  Briliah  miliiin.  With  ihia  proclamation, 
the  declenaion  of  Briliah  authority  commenced  ; 
for  though  ihe  Inhabitanta,  from  moiivea  of  fear 
and  convenience,  had  generally  aubmiited,  the 
greaieai  pail  of  them  reialned  an  afTection  for  iheir 
American  brethren,  and  shuddered  ol  the  thought 
of  taking  up  arma  agalnal  them.  Among  aucC  it 
waa  aaid,  •>  If  we  mual  flgbl,  lei  It  be  oo  the  aide 
of  America,  our  frienda  and  eounirymen." 

A  great  number  considering  this  proclamation 
aa  ■  dUoharga  from  Iheir  paroles,  limed  themselves 
in  self-defence  being  induced  iberelo,  by  the  royal 
roenaeea,  thai  thav  who  did  not  return  to  iheir  al- 
legiance, aa  British  aubjecia,  mual  expect  to  be 
tiealed  aa  rebela.  A  greater  number  from  being  in 
the  flower  of  the  Britiah,  exchanged  their  paroles 
aa  priaonera,  for  ihe  protection  of  aubjecia ;  but 
Ihia  waa  done  in  many  cases,  with  a  aeciet  leser- 
vation  of  breaking  the  cumpulaory  engagemenl, 
when  a  nroiier  opportunity  should  present  itself. 

A  parlT,  alwava  attached  to  roval  government, 
though  iney  had  oonfurnied  loihe  lawa  of  the  aiate, 
rejoiced  in  the  ascendency  of  the  royal  arma  ;  but 
IMlr  number  waa  inconaiderable.  In  eom|wrison 
with  Ihe  multitude  who  were  obliged  by  neeeaaiiy, 
or  induced  by  convenience,  lo  accept  of  Britiah 
proMsilon. 

The  precautlona,  taken  lo  prevent  the  riaing  of 
the  royaliaia  In  North  Carolina,  did  not  anawerthe 
end.  Several  of  l^:i  Inhabitanta  of  Tryon  county, 
under  the  direction  of  Colonel  Moore,  look  up 
arma,  and  were,  in  ii  few  daya,  defeated  by  the 
whig  militia,  commanded  bv  Ueneral  Rutherford. 
Colonel  Bryan,  another  loyalial,  though  aqnally  in- 
judicloiia  aa  to  lime,  waa  aucoaaaful.  He  reached 
the  71al  regiment  ataiioned  in  the  Chentre,  with 
■bout  HOO  men,  aaaembled  from  Ihe  neighbourhood 
of  the  river  Vadkin. 

While  the  conqiierora  were  endeavouring  to 
strengthen  the  parly  fur  ro^al  government,  the 
Americana  were  not  inattenlive  lo  Iheir  inlereata. 
(lovernor  Kutledge,  who  during  Ihe  aiege  of 
Churlealon,  had  been  requcaled  by  Ueneral  Lin- 
coln lo  go  out  of  town,  waa  industriously  and  suc- 
cessfully negnciating  with  Nurlh  Carolina.  Vir- 
ginia, and  Congress,  lo  obtain  a  foice  for  checking 
the  progrcH  of  Ihe  British  arms.  Represenlu- 
tiuns,  10  the  same  effect,  hud  also  been  made  in 
due  time  by  Ueneral  Lincoln.  Congreaa  ordered 
a  considerable  detachment  from  their  main  army, 
tn  be  tnurched  to  the  aouthwnrd.  North  Carolina 
alao  ordered  a  large  body  of  inililia  lo  take  the 
field.  Aa  Ihe  Britiah  advanced  lo  the  upper  coun- 
try of  South  Carolina,  n  considerable  number  of 
determined  whiga  retreated  before  them,  and  took 
refuge  in  North  Carolina.  In  thia  claaa  waa  Colonel 
Sumler,  a  diatinguished  |iaillaan,  who  waa  well 
qualified  for  conducting  military  opeialions.  A 
parly  of  exiles,  from  South  Carolina,  made  choice 
uf  him  for  iheir  leader.  At  the  head  of  ihia  little 
bund  of  freemen,  ho  returned  lo  his  own  sUile,  and 
took  the  Held  against  the  victorious  British,  after 
Ihe  inhabilania  liad  generally  abandoned  all  ideaa 
of  farther  resistance.  This  unexpected  Impedi- 
ment to  the  extension  of  British  conquests,  roused 
all  the  passions,  which  disappointed  ambilion  can 
inspire.  Previous  successes  hud  flattered  the  royal 
commandera  with  hnpes  of  distinguished  rank, 
among  the  conqueror*  of  America;  but  the  re- 


newal of  hoslililiaaobacured  the  pleasing  |Nm 
Klushed  with  Ihe  vicluriea  they  had  guiiied  in  tba 
first  of  the  campaign,  and  believlii;(  every  thing 
(old  llieiii,  I'uvouralilu  tu  Iheir  winlies,  lo  be  true, 
they  conceived  iliul  Ihey  had  liiile  lu  feai  ob  the 
suuih  aide  uf  Virginia.  When  experience  refuted 
these  hopes,  Ihey  were  trans|)urted  with  indignn- 
lion  Bgaliiat  the  inhabiianis,  and  cuiifioed  acveni 
of  ihein,  un  suspicion  uf  their  being  acceasaty  lo 
the  reuoininenvemeiit  uf  hosiililies. 

The  first  vlfurl  uf  renewed  warfare  wna  on  July 
IStli,  two  montlia  after  ihe  fall  of  Charleaton,  when 
133  uf  Colonel  Sumlei'a  corpa  attacked  and  louiad 
a  delachineni  of  ihe  royal  forcea  and  militia,  whieb 
were  posted  in  a  lane  at  Williamson's  planlaliun. 
Thia  waa  the  Aral  advantage  gained  over  the  Brit- 
ish, aloce  iheir  landing,  in  the  beginning  of  the 
year.  The  steady,  persevering  frienda  of  Ameil- 
ca,  who  were  very  numerous  in  Ihe  norlh-wealein 
fronlier  of  Souih  Carolina,  turned  out  with  gteu* 
alacrity,  to  join  Colonel  Sumter;  though  opiwaitlan 
to  the  British  government  had  entirely  craaed,  in 
every  other  part  of  the  elate.  Hii  lroo|ie,  in 
a  few  days,  amounted  to  600  men.  With  Ihia  In- 
creaae  of  atrenglh,  he  made  a  apiriled  attack  on  a 
parly  of  the  Brilish,  at  Rocky  Mount :  but  as  he  had 
no  urtdlery,  and  they  were  secured  undercover  uf 
earth,  filled  in  between  logs,  he  could  make  oo  iin- 
pressiun  ii|ion  llieni,  and  was  obliged  lo  retreat 
Sensible  that  the  minds  of  men  are  influenced  by 
enterprise,  and  that,  to  keep  militia  together,  ii  ia 
neceasary  to  employ  them,  thia  active  parlisan  at- 
tacked another  of  ihe  royul  detachments,  consist- 
ing of  the  Prince  of  Wales's  regiment,  and  a  Inrgp 
body  of  lories,  posted  at  the  Hanaing-rnck.  The 
Prince  uf  Wales's  regiment  was  almost  totally  dei- 
iroyed.  From  278,  it  was  reduced  to  nine.  Tha 
loyalists,  who  were  of  lliul  party  which  hud  iidvun- 
ced  from  Noith  Carolina,  under  Colonel  Bryan, 
were  disfieraed.  The  panic  occasioned  by  the  fall 
of  Charleaton  daily  abated.  The  whig  militia,  un 
the  estremilieaof  the  atate  formed  ihemaelvea  into 
partiea,  under  leudera  of  iheir  own  choice,  and 
aometimes  attacked  delachmentaof  the  Briliah  ar- 
my, but  more  frequently  those  of  their  own  coun- 
trymen, who  aa  a  royul  militia,  were  co-operating 
with  theking'a  forcea.  While  Sumter  kept  up  ihe 
apirlla  of  the  people,  by  a  succession  uf  gallant  en- 
terprises, a  resfieclable  continental  force  was  ad- 
vancing through  the  middle  stales,  for  the  relief 
of  their  southern  brethren.  With  the  hopes  of  re 
lieving  Charleston,  orders  were  given,  Muroli  zO, 
for  the  Maryland  and  Delaware  troops  to  march 
from  (leneral  Washinglun's  head  quarters,  to  South 
Carolina;  but  the  quurter-master-general  was  un- 
able to  put  this  detachment  in  molioa,  aa  aoon  a* 
was  intended. 

The  manufacturers,  employed  in  providing  fo. 
the  army,  would  neither  go  on  with  their  buai- 
ness,  nor  deliver  Iho  articles  they  had  completed  ; 
declaring  they  had  suflered  so  much  from  the  de- 
preciation of  the  money,  that  Ihey  would  not  part 
with  their  properly  without  immediate  paynienl. 
Under  these  embarrassing  circumstances,  Ihe 
southern  states  required  an  aid  from  the  northern 
army,  to  be  inarched  though  the  Intermediate 
space  of  800  miles.  TheMaryland  and  Delaware 
troop*  were,  with  great  exertions,  at  length  ena- 
bled to  move.  After  marching  through  Jersey  and 
Pennsylvania,  they  embarked  at  the  head  of  Elk, 
April  16,  landed  soon  afterwards  at  Pelersbiirgh, 
nnd  thence  proceeded  Ihinugh  the  country  towards 
South  Carolina.  This  force  was  at  Arst  put  under 
the  command  of  Major  General  Baron  de  Kalb,  and 
afterwards  of  Ueneral  Uates.  The  success  of  the 
latter,  In  the  northern  campaigns  of  1776  and 
1777,  Induced  many  to  believe,  that  his  presence, 
na  commander  of  the  southern  army,  would  re- 
animate the  friends  of  independence.  While  Baron 
de  Kalb  commanded,  a  council  of  war  had  advised 
him  to  Ale  ofl°  from  Ihe  direct  road  to  Camden,  to- 
wards Iho  well  cultivated  settlements  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  the  Waxhaws  ;  but  General  Gates,  on  taking 
the  commands,  did  not  conceive  this  movement  to 
be  necessary ;  aupposiog  It  lo  be  uoit  for  lb*  m 


HISTORY  or    TIIR 


ft 


M- 


taraM  of  III*  *l«IM,  llim  ti*  ilmulil  prucccd  liiiina- 
illmrly  Willi  III*  iiriiiy,  uii  ihe  iliurlriit  roml,  lu  llie 

vlctuiljp    oflllv  Uiilmh  Hue |Mii«nii.     TUU  ltd 

•  lirtiiixli  II  liiirrrii  ciiiiiitry,  ill  |iii»iiig  iivrr  wliich, 
llir  AMierii'Hiiii  wtvrrrit  IkII  llie  uvurcily  iif  |iru- 
vmiiiim.  Tlirir  iiiuriiiurii  lircHiiie  iiiiifiblr,  uiiil 
tbvre  were  tlning  i(p|i«i<rHiicri  of  inuliiiy ;  but  tlic 
•fnceri).  who  iliHreil  every  cnlHiiiily  In  ciiiniiiuii 
with  llie  |iii«iitrii,  iiiler|NitV(l,  anil  cunciliiileil  lh«iii 
111  II  iiiiliriit  luireriiiive  u(  tlieir  liiirit  hil.  They 
priiici|Nillviiib«itie)l  on  lean  entile,  picked  up  in  the 
wimmU.  Tlie  whole  army  w»t  under  ilie  neceuiiy 
oruaing  (reen  corn,  ami  peaclie*,  in  llie  place  ol' 
bread.  They  were  tiibii<leii  for  leverul  day*  on 
Ihe  latter  alone,  Dyaenterlea  became  cuinmon,  in 
conieqiience  orihie  diet.  The  heal  orihe  aeaion, 
Ihe  uahealthineta  of  ihe  eliinale,  together  with  in- 
tiifficienl  and  unwholeaonie  food,  threatened  dee- 
irnciion  to  the  army.  The  common  aoldieia.  In- 
kialcad  of  detponding,  began  after  lome  lime  to  be 
m*ny  with  their  mitloitunea.  They  u«ed  '■  ttarva- 
lioir'^M  a  rant  word,  and  tied  with  ench  oilier  in 
Surleaqiiiiig  their  aitualion.  The  wit  and  humour, 
diaplayed  oo  ihii  occnion,  contributed  not  n  little 
to  reconcile  them  to  Iheiraiiflieringa.  The  Anierl 
can  army,  having  made  its  way  through  ■  country 
of  piiie-hiirrena,  iand-liilli,  and  awani|m,  reached 
Clefmont,  thirteen  niilea from  Camden,  on  the  I3lh 
of  Aii^nm,  The  next  day.  General  Stephen*  nr 
rived  with  a  large  body  of  Virginia  militia, 

A*  the  American  army  approached  South  Ca- 
rolina, lord  Rawdnn  concentrated  his  force  at 
Ca'  itlen.  The  retreat  of  the  Britiib  from  their 
iiUt-|KMli,  the  advances  of  the  American  army,  and 
'.he  imiMililic  conduct  of  the  conquerors  Inwards 
their  new  subjects,  concurred,  at  this  juncture,  to 
■traduce  a  generil  revolt  in  fuvour  of  Congress 
The  (leople  were  daily  more  ilissntisfied  with  their 
■iluation.  Tired  of  war,  they  had  submitted  to 
Uriiiah  government,  with  the  exjiectalion  of  bet 
lering  liwir  condilion ;  but  they  soon  found  their 
mistake.  The  greatest  address  should  have  been 
practised  towards  the  inhabitants,  in  order  lo  second 
•lie  views  of  the  parent  slate,  in  re-uniting  the  re- 
volted colonie*  to  her  government.  That  the  |>eo- 
|>lt  might  be  induced  lo  return  to  the  cniidition  of 
•ubjecls,  theii  mind*  and  all'eclions,  as  well  as  their 
armies,  ought  to  have  been  conquered.  This  deli- 
cate task  was  rarely  atleniplod.  The  oflicers, 
privates,  and  followers  of  the  royal  army,  were 

Senerally  more  indent  on  amassing  fortune*  by  plun- 
«r  and  rapine,  than  on  promoting  a  re-union  of 
the  dissevered  members  of  Ihe  empire.  Instead 
of  increasing  the  number  of  the  real  fi  lends  to  royal 
sovernmeni,  ihey  disKuated  those  that  they  found. 
The  high'spirllcd  cilinens  of  Caroliii:i,  impatient 
of  their  rapine  and  insolence,  rejoiced  in  the  pros- 
pect of  freeing  their  country  from  its  oppressors. 
Motives  of  this  kind ;  together  with  a  prevailing 
attachment  to  the  cause  of  inde|iendence,  induced 
many  tobreak  through  all  lies,  lojnin  General  Gates; 
and  more  to  wish  him  the  cninpleiest  success. 

General  Gates,  on  reaching  the  frontier  of  South 
Carolina,  issued  a  proclamation  inviting  the  patri- 
otic citicens,  "to join  heartily  in  rescuing  them- 
•elvesand  their  country,  from  the  oppression  of  a 
government,  imposed  on  thcni  by  the  ruffian  hand 
of  conquest.  He  also  gave  "assurances  of  for- 
Civeoessand  pe -feci  security,  to  such  of  ihe  un- 
lortunate  citizens  as  had  been  induced,  liy  the  ter- 
ror of  sanguinary  punishment,  the  menace  of  con- 
Aecation,  and  the  arbitrary  measures  of  iniliiary 
domination,  apparently  to  acquiesce  under  the 
British  government,  and  to  make  a  forced  decla- 
ration of  allegiance  and  supiKirt  to  a  tyranny, 
which  the  indignant  souls  of  citizens,  resolved  on 
lireedom  inwanlly  revolted  at  with  horror  and  de- 
testation; excepting  from  this  amnesty,  only 
those  who,  in  the  hour  of  devastation,  had  exer- 
elicd  acts  of  barbarity  and  depredation,  on  the  per- 
aont  and  property  of  their  fellow  citizens."  The 
■rmy,  with  which  Gales  advanced,  was,  by  the 
vrival  of  Stephen's  militia,  increased  nearly  to 
4000  men ;  but  of  this  large  number,  the  whole 
Mfaltr  focM  wai  only  900  infantry,  and  leveoty 


cavalry.  On  the  approach  of  Gates,  Karl  Com- 
wnllis  hastened  from  Charleston  to  Camden,  and 
ariived  ihere  on  the  Ulli  of  August,  The  force, 
whicli  his  lordship  found  colleited  on  his  arrival, 
was  not)  liiliinlry,  and  'Ml)  cavalry.  This  inte- 
rior number  wnulil  h:ive  jusiiAed  a  retreat ;  but  lie 
ohiise  iiitlier  to  slake  bis  fortune  nn  the  decision 
of  a  batile.  On  the  night  of  the  lAlh,  he  march- 
ed from  Ciimden  with  his  whole  force,  intending 
lo  attack  the  Americans  In  their  camp  at  CIrr- 
nioiit.  In  the  same  night.  Gates,  after  ordering 
his  baggage  to  the  Waxhaws,  put  his  army  in  mo- 
linn,  wiih  an  intention  of  advancing  lo  an  eligible 
(Misition,  about  eight  miles  from  Camden,  I'he 
American  army  was  (Kdered  to  march  at  ten  o'clock 
P.  M,  In  Ihe  following  orderi  Colonel  Armand'a 
advance  cavalry ;  Colonel  Poltersfleld's  light 
infantry,  on  the  right  flank  of  Colonel  Armand,  in 
Iiidian-lile,  two  hundred  yards  from  the  road  ;  Ma- 
jor Armstrong's  light  infantry,  in  the  same  order 
as  (.'nioiiel  Polterlield's ;  on  the  left  flank  of  the 
legion,  advanced  guard  of  font,  coin|iosed  of  Ihe 
advanced  picquets ;  Arst  brigade  of  Maryland ;  se- 
cond brigade  of  Maryland ;  division  of  North  Ca- 
rolina; Virginia  rear  guard;  volunteer  cavalry, 
upon  the  flank*  of  the  baggage,  equally  divided. 
The  light  infantry  U|ion  each  flank  were  ordered 
to  inarch  up  and  supiMirt  the  I'avalry,  if  it  should 
he  attacked  by  the  British  cavalry ;  and  Colonel 
Armand  was  diiecied,  in  that  case,  to  stand  Ihe 
attack  at  all  events. 

The  advance  of  both  armie*  met  In  the  night, 
and  engaged,  Sninn  of  the  cavalry  of  Armand'* 
legion  being  wounded  in  the  tint  Are,  fell  hack  on 
other*,  who  recoileil  so  suddenly,  that  the  first  Ma- 
ryland legimeni  was  broken,  and  the  whole  line  of 
tlie  army  was  thrown  into  confusion.  This  Arst 
impression  atriick  deep,  and  dispirited  the  militia. 
The  American  army  soon  recovered  its  order. 
Both  they  and  their  adversaries  kept  their  ground, 
and  occasionally  skirmislied  through  the  night. 
Cobnel  PoiterAeld,  a  most  excellent  officer,  on 
whose  abilities  General  Gales  particularly  depend- 
ed, was  wounded  in  the  early  part  of  this  night  at- 
tack. In  the  morning,  a  aeverc  and  general  en- 
gagement took  place.  At  the  Arst  outset,  the  great 
body  of  the  Virginia  militia,  who  formed  the  left 
wing  nf  the  army,  on  being  charged  nith  fixed 
bayonets,  by  Ihe  British  infantry,  threw  down  their 
arms,  and  with  the  utmost  precipitation  fled  from 
the  field,  A  considemblepart  of  the  North  Caro- 
lina militia  followed  the  unworthy  example  (  but 
Ihe  continentals,  who  formed  the  right  wing  of  Ihe 
iirmy,  inferior  as  they  were  in  nuinbeis  to  the 
British,  stood  their  ground,  and  maintained  the 
conflict  with  great  resolution.  Never  did  men  ac- 
quit themselves  heller.  For  some  time  Ihey  had 
the  advantage  of  their  opponents,  and  were  in  pos- 
session of  a  considerable  body  of  prisoners.  Over- 
powered at  last  by  numbers,  and  nearly  surrounded 
by  the  enemy,  they  were  com|ielled  reluctantly  lo 
leave  the  ground.  Injustice  lo  the  North  Caroli- 
na militia,  it  should  be  remarked,  that  part  of  the 
brigade  commanded  by  General  Gregory  acquilied 
themselves  welt  They  were  formed  immediately 
in  the  left  of  the  continentals,  and  kept  the  field 
while  they  had  a  cartridge  to  Are.  General  Greg- 
ory himsell  was  twice  wounded,  by  a  bayonet,  in 
bringing  ofl  his  men  ;  and  several  of  his  brigade, 
who  were  made  prisoners,  had  no  wounds  except 
from  bayonets.*  Two  hundred  and  ninelyAmerican 
wounded  prisoners  weie  carried  into  Camdi^n,  after 
this  action,  206  of  whom  were  continentals,  S2  were 
North  Carolina  militia,  and  two  were  Virginia  mi- 
litia. The  resistance  made  by  each  corps,  may 
in  some  degree,  be  estimated  with  the  number  of 
wounded.  The  Americans  lost  the  whole  of  their 
artillery,  eight  field  pieces,  upwarils  of  two  hundred 
wagons,  and  the  createst  part  of  their  baggage, 
.\linost  all  their  officers  were  separated  from  their 
respective  commands.  Every  cnrps  was  broken 
in  action,  and  dispersed.    The  fugi'ives,  who  fled 


'  Thisdslulwasfumiiihsdby  Ur.  Williamsun,  surgeon 
gensial  of  the  North  Carolios  uiilitia,  who,  after  the  batlls, 
wsBI  Ibio  Caiudsa  wUb  a  flag. 


by  the  common  road,  were  pursued  above  twenty 
mile*  by  the  horse  of  Tarleton'*  legion  ;  and  tho 
way  was  covered  with  arms,  baggage,  and  wag. 
ons.  Baron  de  Kalb,  ihe  second  in  coiniiianil,  a 
brave  and  ex|ierienced  officer,  was  taken  prisoner, 
and  died  on  the  next  day,  of  hi*  wounds.  He  was 
a  German  b^  birth,  but  bad  long  been  in  the  Kronch 
service,  Cnngre**  reeolved,  thai  a  monument 
■hould  be  erected  to  his  ineinory,  in  AnnaiMilis, 
with  a  vary  honourable  inscription.  General  lliiili. 
eilord,  of  North  Carolina,  was  wounded  and  takro 
prisoner. 

The  royal  army  fought  with  great  bravery  ;  bul 
the  coniidetenes*  of  their  victory  was,  in  n  great 
degree,  owing  lo  their  suiieriorily  In  cavalry,  and 
ihe  precipitate  flight  of  the  American  militia. 
Their  whole  lo«*iaauppo*ed  lo  have  amounted  lo 
arveral  huiHlred*,  To  add  lo  Iha  ilialreMes  of  the 
Aniciicans,  the  defeat  of  Gale*  was  immediately 
tallowed  by  the  aurprtoe  and  dispersion  of  Sumter's 
corps,  while  the  former  was  advancing  near  to 
the  British  iirmy,  the  latter,  who  had  previously 
taken  post  between  Camden  and  Cliarlestoii,  took 
a  number  of  prisoners,  and  captured  sundry  British 
stores,  together  with  dieir  convoy.  On  hearing 
of  the  dnieal  of  his  Sk'nerior  officers,  he  began  to 
retreat  with  his  prisoner*  and  store*,  Tarlelon 
with  his  legion,  and  a  deiachmenl  of  infantry,  pur- 
sued with  such  CI  lerily  and  address,  as  to  overtake 
and  surprise  this  party,  nl  Kisblng  creek.  The 
British  rode  into  theircamp,  before  they  were  pre- 
pared for  deferce.  The  retreating  Americans, 
having  been  four  days  wiih  little  or  no  sleep,  were 
more  obedient  in  ihe  calls  of  nature,  than  attentive 
lo  her  Arst  law,  self-preservation,  Sumter  hud 
taken  every  prudent  precaution  to  prevent  a  sur- 
prise ;  bul  his  videttes  were  so  overcotne  with  la- 
ligue,  that  they  neglected  Iheir  duty.  With  great 
difficulty  he  prevailed  on  a  few  to  stand  their 
ground,  for  a  short  lime:  but  the  greater  nan  ol 
his  corps  fled  to  the  river,  or  the  woods,  lie  loit 
all  his  artillery ;  and  his  whole  detachment  was 
either  killed,  captured,  or  dispersed.  The  prison 
era,  he  had  lately  taken,  were  all  retaken. 

On  Ihe  17th  and  I8th  of  Augnsi,  about  1,50  n( 
Gates's  army  rendezvoused  at  Charlotte,  'I'lieso 
had  reason  lo  apprehend,  that  they  would  In;  im- 
mediately pursued,  and  cut  to  pieces,  Tlivie  was 
no  magazine  of  provisions  in  Ihe  town,  and  it  wa* 
without  any  kind  of  delnnce.  It  was,  therefore, 
concluded  lo  retreat  to  .Salisbury,  A  ciicumstan- 
tial  detail  ol  this  retreat  would  he  the  picture  of 
complicated  wretchedness.  There  were  mote 
wounded  men  than  could  be  conveniently  rarnea 
ofl  The  inhabitants,  hourly  expecting  llieKrilifit 
to  advance  into  their  sellleinenl,  and  generallv  in- 
rending  lo  iloe,  could  not  attend  to  the  accnn'imo- 
dation  of  the  sufliering  stihliers.  Objects  of  distress 
occurred  in  every  quartet.  There  were  many  whe 
stood  ill  need  of  kind  assistance  ;  but  there  were 
few  whn  could  give  it.  Several  men  were  to  bn 
seen  with  out  one  arm  ;  and  some  without  anv 
Anxiety,  pain  and  dejection,  pnverly,  hurry  aiid 
confusion,  marked  the  ginoiny  scene.  Under  these 
circumstances,  the  remains  of  that  numerniis  ainiy, 
which  had  lately  caused  such  terror  to  the  friends 
nf  Great  Britain,  retreated  lo  Salisbury,  and  soon 
afterwards  to  Hillsborough,  General  (iatcs  had 
previously  retired  lo  the  latter  place  ;  and  was 
there,  in  concert  with  the  government  of  North 
Carolina,  devising  plans  of  defence,  and  for  renew- 
ing military  otierations. 

Though  there  was  no  army  to  oppose  lord  Corn- 
wallis,  yei  the  season,  and  bad  lieahh  of  his  army, 
restrained  him  from  piirsulnt  his  conquests.  By 
ihe  complete  dispersion  of  the  conlinenlal  forces 
Ihe  country  was  in  his  power.  The  present  mo- 
ment of  triumph  seemeil,therefore,the  most  favour 
able  conjuncture,  for  breaking  the  spirits  of  those 
who  were  attached  to  independence.  To  pteven 
their  future  co-operation  with  the  arn-Vs  nf  Con- 
gress, a  severer  policy  was  henceforward  adopted. 

Unfortunately  for  the  inhabitants,  this  was  taken 
op  on  grounds,  which  involved  thousands  in  di*- 
irtM,  urd  not  a  few  In  lb*  Ioh  of  life.    Th« 


UNITEU   8TATCH, 


m 


bout  1,10  of 

III!'.     Tliexo 

utild  li<!    im- 

Thcii*  wn* 

and  ii  wns 

tlicreriirr, 

citciiiniiian- 
piclure  of 

wfre    miirit 

iilly  cnrrira 
(III-  lirilixt 

i-iiprally  in- 
in<!iiriiin»- 
<>r  iliatrmi 
innny  who 
licre  wci* 

wfte   III  1)^ 

illiiiul  liny 
hurry  Riid 

Under  tlieiie 
rolls  HI  my, 
tlie  iVipiida 
nnd  siiun 
Oiiles  had 
;  nnd  wai 
uf  North 
for  rrnew- 

lord  Corn- 
Chill  nrmy, 
nests.  By 
till  forces 
eseni  mo- 
lost  liivoiir 
s  of  those 
To  {itevfn 
«s  of  (Jon- 

adopted. 

wKs taken 
ids  in  dl«- 
life.    Th* 


ftnltsh  eooMivMi  ihanMclvM  hi  poMMtion  of  lb*  |  Mrnmenl,  lord  Cnrnwnllli,  In  ibout  four  wMkiif- 

ttr  hit  vIcMrjr,  Htplemhcr  16,  Inuad  a  proelama- 
linn,  for  the  teqnestriiliiin  of  all  ealatea,  belonging 
tu  llie  Relive  fitenilauf  indapondrnce.  liy  this,  h« 
cunalituted  "  John  (Jruden,  coinniiisioner,  with 
full  power  and  aiilhaiily,an  the  receipt  of  an  or- 
der or  warrant,  lo  inka  iiilo  his  imtaeiiion  the 
rsiatca,  both  rexl  and  penonal,  not  includad  In  iht 
cupilulation  of  r;i  -leston,  of  those  in  the  aervice, 
or  Hcting  under  ilie;'ulhority  ofthe  rebel  Congressi 
and  also  the  es  ales  both  real  and  personal,  of 
those  iiersons  wi  n.  by  an  open  avowal  of  rebel 
lioua  principles,  or  by  other  nolnriuua  acta,  mani 
tested  a  wicked  and  desperate  perseverance,  Inop' 
posinn  the  re-establishment  of  hia  majealy'a  juti 
aod  lawful  authoHly.''  Ii  waa  further  declared, 
■' that  any  person  or  neraona  nbslru  cling  or  im 


rigliis  of  aoTtralgntjr,  offr  ■  eenquered  eounlry, 
and  iliiil,  therefore,  ihe  elfuna  ofthe  clliaent,  lo 
aaseil  their  inde|iendenee,   eipoaed  ihein   lo  the 
penal  consequences  of  Ireaaon  and  rebellion.     In- 
lUiPiiced  by  iheae  oplniona,  and  iranapnrled  with 
IniliKiiation  against  Ihe  inhabitants,  they  violated 
the  rights,  held  sacred  between  independent  hostile 
iiaiiuna.    Ordera  were  given  by  lord  Cornwallis, 
•■  that  all  the  inhabilanta  of  Ihe  province,  who  had 
snbnutted,  and  who  had  taken  part  in  thia  revolt, 
ahould  be  punished  with  the  greatest  rigour  ;  that 
iliey  ihnuld  be  imprisoned,  and  their  whole  pro- 
|ierty  taken  from  inem,  or  destroyed."     He  also 
ordered,  in  the  most  positive  manner,  "  that  every 
militia  man,  who  had  borne  arms  with  the  lirilish, 
and  afterwards  joined  Ihe  Americans,  should   be 
put  lo  death."     At  Auf  utta,at  Camden,  aid  else 
where,  several  of  the  inhabitants  were  hanged,  in 
consequence  of  these  orders.     The  men  who  suf- 
fered had  been  compelled   by  the  necessities  of 
their  fainilies,  and   the  prnspecl  of  saving  their 
property,  lo  make  an  involuniary  submission  loihe 
royal  cniiquerora.     Kxperience  soon  taught  them 
the  inefficncy  of  these  submissions.     This,  in  their 
opinion,  absolved  them  from   Ihelr  obligiitions  to 
•up|Nirt  the  royal  cause,  and    left  ihitm  at  liberty 
lo  follow  their  inc'l>'  aliens.     To   treat   men  ihus 
circuiiislanced,  wiili  the  severity  of  punishment, 
usually  inflicted   on   deserters  and  traitors,  might 
have  a  political  tendency  lo  discourage  farther  re- 
volts ;  but  the  impartial  world    muat  regret,  that 
the  unavoidable  horrora  of  war  ahould  be  aggra- 
va'.fd,  by  such  deliberate  cll'iisiona  of  human  blood. 
NutwitliHlanding  the  decisive  BU|ieriority  ofthe 
ItritiHh  armies,  in  South  Carolina,  several  of  Ihe 
niiiHi  resfiectable  citizens,  though  'n  ihe  power  of 
tlifir  coni|iierors,  resisted  every  leinplatioft  lo  re- 
iniiie  the  cliaiacter  of  subjects.     Tu  enforce  a  ge- 
neral submission,  orders  were  given  by  lord  Curn- 
uallis,  immediately  after  this  victory,  lo  tend  out 
of  8oii<h  Carolina  a  number  of  its  principal  cili- 
KPiis.   Lieutenant  Governor  Gadsden,  most  of  the 
Livil  and   militia  otiicert,  nnd   some  others,*  who 
had  declined  exchanging  their  imroles,  lor  Ihe  pro' 
It'ctioii  of  Uriiish  subjects,  were  taken  up,  August 
87,  put  on  board  a  vessel  in  Ihe  harbour,  and  aent 
III  St.  Augustine,  lieneral  Moultrie  remonatrated 
againal  the  confinement  and  remoTal  of  these  gen- 
llenien,  *s  contrary  to  iheir  Itighia,  derived   from 
the  capitulation  of  Charleston.     They,  at  the  same 
lime,  challenged  their  adversaries  to  prove,  that 
any  part  of  their  conduct  merited  expulsion  from 
their   country   and  families.     They  received  no 
farther  salisfuction,  than  thai  Ihe  measure  had  been 
"  adopted  from  motives  of  |>olicy."     To  convince 
the  inhabitants,  that  the  conquerors  were  terioutly 
lesolved  lo  remove  from  the  country,  all  who  re- 
fiuml  lo  become  subjects,  an  additional  number  of 
above  twenty  ciliMnsf  of  South  Carolina,  who  re- 
mained prisoners  on  parole,  were  sent  oflT  lo  the 
same  place,  in  less  than   three  months.     General 
Kulhnrford  and  Colonel  Isaacs,  both  of  North  Ca- 
rolina, who  had  been  lately  taken  near  Camden, 
were  associated  with  them. 

Tu  compel  the  re-esiabliahment  of  British  go- 


pediag  the  taid  ccmmistiontr,  tn  the  execution  of 
hit  duly,  bjr  the  cnncealmeai,  or  removal  of  pro- 
perty, or  otherwise,  should,  on  conviction,  be 
punished  aa  aiding  and  abetting  rebellion." 

An  adherent  to  independence  waa  now  eonsid- 
ered  aa  one  who  courted  exile,  (loverly,  and  ruin. 
Many  yielded  lo  the  teinpintion,  and  became 
Hritleh  aub^ecu.  The  mischievoiH efleois  of  tlav- 
ery.  in  facilitating  theconquesiof  liic  cnuntry,  now 


*  'I'licir  nnmei  were;  Kilward  Blako,  Jolm  Budd, 
U(4)ea  Cuvhran.  Jolm  EJwtnlM,  TliomaH  Ferguson, 
.'^for^e  CUi^K,  William  Haaisl  Gibbes,  William  Hall, 
I'lomsfi  Hull,  Thi-'nas  Hevwsr.i,  Jr.  Isaac  llnlmet, 
K,t-iianl  Hiilson,  Wiliam  Johnff-jn,  Kev.  John  Kewia 
William  Livingsloa,  John  lA>ved«v,  Richard  Lushinf- 
ii»n.  William  Maaaey,  Kdward  M^Broady,  Atexander 
Muiilirie,  John  Mowatt,  Joha  Neiifvillc,  Edward  North, 
lo,<enh  Parker,  John  Krni'af  Hoyaa,  David  lUmaay,  Ja- 
sobRrnd,  ilueh  Rutledec,  Edward  Rulledcr,  John  San- 
tum  Thoina^  Savasc,  Tboinaa  Sinelalen,  Joaiah  Smiih, 
Janiea  llsinlHlen  Thoinaon,  Peter  Timothy,  John  Todd, 
and  Anthony  Tooiner. 

4  Their  namea  were ;  Joarnh  Bee,  Rkhard  Berearord 
Jiihn  Berwick,  Daniel  Bonrneaux,  Benjamin  Cmlworlh, 
Henry  Crouch,  Julin  Splalt  Crinpa,  Edward  Oarrell 
Daniel  lie  SaMi)!*ure,  George  A.  Hall,  Thomaa  Grim- 
hall,  Nuble  Whinil>erly  Jnnca,  William  Lee,  William 
liOKan,  Arthur  Middleton,  Chriatonher  Petera,  Bei^amin 
PMwII,  8a-qnfll  Prideau.  Philip  aniith,  Benjamin  Wal- 
ler, Jamet  Wakefield,  Edward  Wvyman,  Morton  Wil- 
Uaiaa. 


became  apparent.  As  the  slavet  liail  no  interest 
at  stake,  the  subjugation  of  Ihe  ai.iie  was  a  matter 
of  no  consequence  to  then,.  Inaii-ad  of  aiding 
in  ilt  defence,  tliey,  by  a  variety  of  moans,  threw 
the  weight  of  their  little  iiilluence  inio  tlie  oppo- 
site scale. 

Though  numbers  broke  through  all  the  ties 
which  bound  them  in  aup|iort  the  cause  of  Ameri- 
ca, illuslrioua  aacriAces  were  made  at  the  shrine  of 
liberty.  Several  nf  the  richest  men  in  the  slate 
sulfered  their  fortunea  to  remain  in  the  |iowar  and 
possession  of  their  conquerors,  rather  than  alain 
their  honour  by  joining  ihe  enemiei  of  iheir  coun- 
try. The  palriolism  ofthe  ladies  contributed  much 
lo  this  Armneat.  They  crowded  on  board  priton 
thipt,  and  other  placet  of  conAnemeni,  to  tolace 
their  auffering  country  men.  While  the  eooqnerort 
were  regaling  thcinaelvet,  at  conaerta  and  asaem- 
blies,  they  could  obtain  very  few  of  the  fair  aex  lo 
associate  with  them ;  but  no  aooner  was  an  Amer- 
ican officer  introduced  aa  a  priioner,  than  hit  com- 
pany wai  sought  for,  and  bis  person  treated  with 
every  potsible  mark  of  attention  and  reaped.  On 
other  ocraaions,  the  ladies,  in  a  great  roeature,  re- 
tired from  the  public  eye,  wept  over  the  ditlrettea 
of  iheir  country,  and  gave  every  proof  ofthe  warm- 
ett  attachment  to  itttulTering  cante.  Among  the 
numbert  who  were  baniihed  from  Iheir  familiet, 
and  whote  property  waiteircd  by  the  conquerort, 
many  examplet  could  be  prddueed,  of  ladiea  cheer- 
fully parting  with  their  tons,  husbanda,  and  brolbert; 
exhorting  them  lo  fortitude  aod  peraeveianea ;  and 
repeatedly  entreating  them  never  to  tuffer  family 
attachmenit  lo  interfere  with  the  duty  they  owed 
lo  their  country.  When,  in  Ihe  progreta  of  the 
war,  they  were  also  comprehended  under  a  general 
sentence  of  banishment,  with  equal  resolution  they 
parted  with  their  native  country,  and  the  many  en- 
dearments of  home,  and  followed  their  husbands 
into  prison-ships  and  distant  landt,  where  they  were 
reduced  to  the  neceiiity  of  receiving  charity. 

Animated  by  such  examplet,  at  well  at  by  a  high 
tense  of  honour,  and  the  love  of  their  country,  a 
great  proportion  of  the  gentlemen  of  South  Caro- 
lina deliberately  adhered  to  their  Aral  resolution  of 
risking  life  and  fortune  in  support  of  their  libertiea. 
Hitherto  the  royal  forcea  in  South  Carolina  had 
been  attended  with  almott  uninterrupted  succeas. 
Their  standard  ovarsprcad  the  country,  penetra- 
ted into  every  quarter,  and  liiumphed  over  all  op- 
position. 

The  British  ministry,  by  thit  flattering  poature 
of  afliiirt,  were  once  more  intoxicated  with  Ihe 
hope  of  tubjugating  America.  New  plant  were 
formed,  and  great  expectationi  indulged,  oftpedi' 
ly  re-uniting  the  disaevered  membert  of  Ihe  em- 
pire. It  wat  now  asserted,  with  a  conAdence  bor- 
dering on  presumption,  that  tncbtroopi  at  fought 
at  Camden,  put  under  tucb  a  commander  aa  lord 


Comwallla,  would  toon  tillrpaie  rabellloti  m  ti^ 
feeiually,  aa  lo  leave  no  vettlio  of  li  In  Amartoa. 
The  Hritlah  ininiiiry  and  army,  by  an  Impiout  eon* 
fldpiice  in  llieir  wisdom  and  pruwesa,  wara  duljr 
prepared  lo  give.  In  their  approaebing  downfall,  § 
useful  lesson  to  the  world. 

The  disaster  of  the  army,  under  ncneral  Gniaft 
overspread,  al  Aral,  the  Atca  of  American  affahra, 
with  a  diamal  gloom  i  but  the  day  of  pnisperiljria 
the  United  States,  began,  as  will  aniiaar  In  the  aa< 
quel,  I'rom  that  moment,  to  dawn.  Their  pnnpeeta 
brightened  up ;  while  those  of  their  enemies  wera 
obscured  by  disgrace,  broken  by  defeat,  and  al  laat 
covered  with  ruin.  Klatad  wlib  Ihelr  vloioriaa^ 
the  cnnqueiora  grew  more  insolent  and  rapaeloua« 
while  the  real  friends  of  Independence  baeama  raait 
Iota  and  detetrmlaad. 

Wa  have  laan  Sumter  penetrating  Into  Soalll 
Carolina,  and  le-eoiiimeneing  a  military  oppotllloa 
to  Briliah  government.     Soon  after  that  event,  ha 
wat  promoted  by  Governor  Rulledge,  lo  the  rank 
of  brigadier  general.     Abuat  tlie  same  lime,  Ma- 
rion was  promoted  to  Ibe  same  rank,  who,  in  lb* 
north-eastern  extremity  of  the  Male,  tuceeNfally 
lirotecuted  a  timilar  plan.     Unfnrnithed  with  Iha 
meano  ofdefence.  he  wat  obliged  to  take  pnatatalnii 
nf  the  lawt  of  the  taw-mills,  and  to  convert  them 
into  horsemrn't  twordt.     So  much  waa  he  di*< 
treated  for  ammunition,  that  he  hat  engageil,  when 
he  had  not  three  rounds  lo  each  man  ol  hit  parly. 
Al  other  times,  he  has  brought  bis  men  into  view, 
ihoBgh  without  ammunition,  that  be  might  make* 
abow  of  numbert  lo  the  enemy .     For  several  weeka 
he  bad  under  hia  command,  only  aeveni  v  men.   At 
one  lime,  hardabipa  and  dangers  reduced  that  num-  . 
ber  lo  3S ;  yet  wVh  Ihit  Incontlderable  number, 
be  tecured  bimaclf  In  Ihe  iiildtl  of  tunrounding 
foot.     Viriout  tcheroea  were  tried  lo  detach  iha 
inhabilanta  from  co-operating  with  him.    Major 
Wemyt  burned  teoraaof  houteeon  Pedee,(iyDch'a 
creak,  and  Black  river ;  belonging  to  tucb  aa  wera 
tnppoted  to  do  duty  with  Marion,  or  lo  be  tubtar- 
vient  to  hia  views.    Thia  bad  an  effisct  dUferenl 
fiom  what  wat  Intended.     Revenge  and  detpaii 
ro-operated  wit^  patriolltm,  ;o  make  Iheta  mined 
men  keep  the  Add.     Having  no  lioutet  to  thellei 
them,  the  cam|M  nf  their  countrvmen  became  Iheii 
homes.     For  teveitl  montbt,  Marion  and  hia  part* 
were  obliged  lo  tieep  iD  the  open  aii,  and  lo  abet- 
ler  themtelvet  In  iha  locettea  of  deep  awampa. 
From  thete  retreaia.  they  tallied  out,  whenever 
an  opportunity  of  harratting  the  enemy,  or  of  aer- 
ring  Iheir  country,  pmenled  Ittelf. 

Oppotilion  to  Brilith  government  wat  not  wholly  i 
confined  lo  the  partiet  commanded  by  Sumter  an4 
Marion.  It  waa  at  no  lime  altogether  extinct,  la 
ihe  extremitiea  of  the  tiaie.  The  disposition  lo 
revolt,  which  had  been  excited  on  the  approach  of 
General  Galea,  waa  not  exlinguisbed  by  hit  defeat. 
The  tpirit  of  Ihe  people  wat  overawed;  but  not 
subdued.  The  teverily,  with  which  revoltera. 
who  fell  into  the  handt  of  the  British,  were  treat- 
ed, induced  those  who  escaped,  lo  pertevere,  and 
leek  tafety  in  twami* 

From  the  lime  of  the  general  tubmitaion  of  the 
inhabitants,  in  1780,  paina  had  been  taken  lo  in- 
crease the  toyal  force,  by  the  eo-ofieration  of  llio 
yeomanry  of  the  country.  The  Briliah  persuadnd 
the  people  lo  form  a  royal  mililia,  by  repretenling 
that  every  prospect  of  lueceedlng,  in  iheir  schema 
nf  inde|iei:denee,  waa  annihllaiad |  and  that  a  far 
ther  opposition  would  only  be  a  prolongation  of 
their  disiressei,  if  not  their  niter  ruin.  Majoi 
Ferguson,  of  ibe  71tl  regiment,  wat  particularlj 
active  in  thit  builnett.  He  visited  ibe  settle 
nienis  of  the  ditaflecled  lo  the  American  cause 
nnd  collected  a  corps  of  mililia  of  ibat  description 
from  which  much  active  lervlce  waa  expected 
He  advanced  lo  the  north-western  seltementt.  It 
hold  connnunication  with  the  loyalistt  of  both  Ca- 
rolinai.  From  his  presence,  together  with  assur- 
ances of  an  early  movement  of  the  royal  anny  inio 
North  Carolina,  it  was  hoped  that  the  frienda  of 
royal  government  would  be  routed  to  acthrity,  in 
the  aarvica  of  thair  king.   !■  the  meantime,  every 


HISTORY  or   THR 


I 


i 

i 


f*' 


It  '*> 


ur|ia| 
lioiit,  u  luun  M  lh«  MMon,  ■wT  lh«  Mala  of  lb* 
■Icrm,  wuiilil  parniil. 

i'hal  «|)irll  ofenlerprlM,  whteb  Sitilraiily  baan 
manlioiiad,  m  b«|inn)n(|  lo  ravlva  among  iha  Ama- 
rivdn  niiliiU,  abuul  thia  lima,  promplcil  Colonal 
l.'lHrke  lu  maka  an  atlampt  on  Iba  Brlliah  puit  al 
Auguila,  in  Uaorfia  s  but  in  lliia  ha  fallad,  ami  waa 
ubliged  lo  relraal.  Major  Farguaon,  wilb  l>ie  hope 
ol'  iularcaiHiag  hU  party,  kapt  naariha  mountalna, 
aiiil  at  eonaidcrabladiauiMia  from  aupporl.  Thaaa 
ciruunwlanoaa,  logallMr  with  ika  dapradaUona  of 
Iha lojfaltala,  induca4  ihoi*  hardy  rapabiicana,  wno 
raaida  on  iha  waal  aida  of  Iha  Allaghaoy  imtuniaioa, 
lo  form  an  aoiarurlaa  for  raduelai  ihal  dlatinguiah- 
ad  mniaan.  Thia  waa  dona  of  ibalr  own  molion, 
wiiiioul  any  diraclion  from  Iha  gOTarnmcBU  of 
America,  or  from  iha  offlcara  of  iha  conUaaalal 
army. 

'rhcre  waa,  wiihoul  anyapparontdaalgn,  •  pow- 
erful Gombinaiiou  ol'iarcral  dalaahad  eommandara, 
ul  Ilia  adiaeani  aiaiaa,  wiih  Ihalr  raapeollva  com- 
inanda  of  mlhlia.  Colonal  Caaapball,  of  Virginia, 
Coloi:sla  Clavaland,  Shelby,  8a*lar,  aad  M'Dowel, 
of  Norlh  Carolina,  logaihar  with  Colonala  Lacy, 
Uawihorn  and  Hill,  uf  South  Carolina,  all  ran- 
ileivouaed  together,  with  a  number  of  man  amount- 
ing  lo  1600 ;  though  they  ware  under  no  gaoaral 
coiiiiiiand,  and  lliuugh  they  were  not  called  upon, 
lu  embody  by  any  common  aulhoiity,  or  Indeed  by 
any  authority  at  all,  but  Ihal  of  a  geoeral  impulae 
of  their  own  minda.  They  had  ao  little  of  the 
lucchanitin  of  a  regular  army,  that  Ihe  colonela, 
by  cumiiiun  cunaeot  commanded  each  dny  alter- 
Dalely.  The  hardshipa  Iheia  volunleera  under- 
went were  very  great.  Some  of  them  aubaUled, 
for  weeka  tngelher,  without  taaling  bread,  or  aalt, 
ir  apiritJou*  liauun,  and  alepl  in  the  wooda  with- 
3iit  blankeia.  The  running  atreara  ouencbed  thair 
lliiml.  Al  night,  the  earth  alfurded  them  a  bad, 
■nd  Ihe  haavana,  or  al  moat,  the  limba  of  Iraaa 
were  their  only  covering.  Eara  of  corn  or  pom- 
pioiia,  thrown  into  the  fire,  with  oocaaiooal  auppUaa 
of  beef  or  veaiaoo,  killed  and  roaated  in  tba 
wood*,  were  the  chief  articlea  oT  their  proviaiona. 
They  hac'.  neither  commiaiariea,  quarter-inaalen, 
not  More*  of  any  kind.  Tliev  aelected  about  a 
lliouaand  of  their  beat  men,  and  mounted  them  on 
ihcir  Heewat  hone*.  Theae  atucked  Major  Fer- 
gufon,  7ll'.  October,  on  Ihe  top  of  King'a  moun- 
tain, near  ihe  confinaa  of  North  and  South  Caro- 
lina. The  Americana  formed  three  partiea.  Colo- 
nel I.ncy  of  South  Carolina  le<l  one,  which  at- 
tacked on  the  weal.  The  two  other*  were  m- 
mabded  by  Colonela  Campbell  and  Cleveland ;  ae 
nf  which  attacked  on  the  aaat,  and  the  other  in  the 
centre. 

On  ihiaoccaaion.  Colonel  Cleveland  addreaaed  bia 
party  in  the  following  phun  unvarnUhed  language : 
••  My  brave  fellowa !  we  have  beat  the  loriea,  and 
we  can  beat  them.  They  are  all  coward*.  If 
ihey  had  the  apirit  of  men,  thejt  would  join  with 
their  fellow  citiaena,  in  aupporting  the  indepen- 
dence of  their  country.  When  engaged,  you  are 
not  lo  wail  for  the  word  of  command  from  me.  I 
will  abow  you  by  my  example,  how  to  fight.  I  can 
undertake  no  mora.  Every  man  muat  conaider 
birmelf  a*  an  ofBcer,  and  acl  from  hia  own  judg- 
ment. Fire  a*  quick  a*  you  can,  and  aland  a*  long 
■«  you  can.  Wnen  you  can  do  no  better,  get  be- 
hin  I  treea,  or  retreat ;  but  I  beg  of  you  not  lo  run 
quite  olf.  If  we  be'repulaed,  let  u*  make  a  point 
lo  return,  and  renew  the  fight.  Perhapa  we  may 
have  bei'er  luck,  in  the  second  attempt,  than  in  the 
fiiat.  If  any  of  you  be  afraid,  auch  have  leave  lo 
iMira,  and  tney  are  requeated,  immediately,  to  take 
tbemaalvee  off." 

Ferguaon  wilh  great  boldoea*  attacked  the  aa- 
aailanl*  with  fixed  bayonets,  and  compelled  them 
Hiicceuirel/  to  retire  :  but  they  only  fell  back  a 
liitie  way  and  getting  behind  treea  and  rocki,  re- 
tiewnd  lhe>r  fire,  in  ulmost  every  direction.  The 
itriiish,  beinn;  uncovered,  were  aimed  at  by  the 
AiuericHn  luarkaiiien  ;  and  many  of  them  were 
•  aiii.  Aiiuuuanal  uuinberof  the  killed  were  found 


•hot  !•  Iha  head.  Ridaman  took  blT  rifiaman,  with 
auch  aiaelnaaa,  Ihal  they  killed  each  oilier,  when 
taking  eight,  ao  •Ifeclually  ,lhat  their  eye*  remained, 
after  they  were  dead,  one  aliul,  and  ilia  other  often, 
in  the  uaual  manner  of  markimen,  when  levelling 
at  ihei,  olijeci.  Major  Ferguaon  displayed**  much 
bravery,  a*  wa*  puMible,  in  hia  aitualion  i  but  hi* 
encampineni,  uii  the  top  of  the  niouiilain,  wa*  nol 
wellchoaen;  a*  ii  gave  the  Aineiivaii*  an  upiwr- 
lunily  of  covering  lliemtelve*  in  iheir  aiipriiaciie*. 
Had  lie  pursued  hi*  march,  on  charging  and  driving 
the  first  part  of  the  militia  which  gave  way,  he 
might  have  gol  off  with  moat  of  hia  men ;  but  hia 
uocooouerabla  apiril  di*dained  either  lo  flee  or  to 
lurreodor.  After  a  aevere  conflict,  he  received  a 
mortal  wound.  No  chance  of  eacap*  being  left, 
and  all  proapect  of  *uccc**ful  re*i*tanc*  being  at 
ao  and,  the  conical  wa*  ended,  by  the  *ubmi**ian 
of  the  aurvivor*.  Upward*  of  800  became  priaon- 
era,  and  tiH  were  killed  and  wounded.  Very  few 
of  the  aaaailania  fell  ;  but  in  their  number  waa 
Colonel  Williima,  a  diatlnguiahad  mililia  officer,  io 
Nioalv-Six  diatrict,  who  had  been  very  active  in 
oppoaing  the  re-eatabliilinient  of  liriiiah  govern- 
ment. Ten  of  the  royal  militia,  who  had  surren- 
dered, were  hanged  by  iheir  conquerors.  They 
were  provoked  lu  this  measure,  by  the  severity  uf 
the  British,  who  had  lately  hanged  several  of  ilie 
captured  Americana,  in  South  Carolina  nnd  Ueor- 
gia.  They  also  alleged,  that  the  men  whu  suffered 
were  guilty  of  previous  felonies,  for  which  their 
lives  were  forfeited  by  the  laws  of  the  land. 

The  fall  of  Ferguson  waa  in  itself  a  great  Inaa 
to  the  roynl  cause.  He  pos*e**ed  superior  abili- 
ties aa  a  paitisan,  and  hia  apiril  of  enter|irise  was 
uncommon.  To  a  diatingnlibed  capacity  fur  plan- 
ning great  deaigns,  he  alao  added  the  practical 
abilities,  neeesaary  lo  carry  them  into  execution. 
The  uoexpeeted  advantage,  which  the  Americana 

iiained  over  hi.<i  and  hia  paity,  in  a  great  degree 
ruMraied  a  wall-concerted  acbeiae,  for  atrangihen- 
ing  the  British  army,  by  the  co-operation  of  ihp 
torv  inhabitants,  whom  lie  had  undertaken  to  dia- 
cipiine  and  prepare  for  active  aervice.  The  total 
rout  of  the  party,  which  had  joined  Major  Fergu- 
son, operated  as  a  check  on  the  future  exertiona  of 
the  loyaliat*.  The  *ame  timid  caution,  which  made 
them  averse  In  joining  their  countrymen,  in  oppo- 
aing the  claim*  of  Great  Britain,  reatrained  ihem 
from  risking  any  more  in  support  of  the  royal 
causi*.  Henceforward,  they  waited  lo  aee  how 
the  sc'jiea  were  likely  lo  Incline,  and  reserved  them- 
selves till  the  British  army,  bv  iu  own  unai*iited 
efforts,  ahould  gain  a  decided  auperiorily. 

In  a  few  week*  after  the  general  action  near 
Camden,  lord  Cornwallia  left  a  email  force  in  iha 
village,  and  marched  with  the  main  army,  towards 
Saliabury  i  intending  to  puah  forwards  in  that  di- 
raetioD  While  on  his  wa^  thiiher,  the  North 
Carolina  miUtia  were  very  indualrious  and  suc- 
cessful, in  annoying  hi*  detachment*.  Riflemen 
frequently  penetrated  near  hi*  camp,  and,  from  be- 
hind treea,  made  aure  of  Iheir  object*.  The  late 
conquerors  were  exposed  to  unseen  dangera,  if 
they  attempted  to  make  an  excuraion  of  only  a  few 
hundred  yards,  from  their  main  body.  The  de- 
feat of  Major  Ferguaon,  added  to  these  circum- 
stances, gave  a  aerioiia  alarm  to  lord  Comwallis ; 
and  he  soon  after  retreated  to  Winnaborough.  As 
he  retired,  the  militia  took  several  of  bis  wagons ; 
and  aiogle  men  often  rode  up  within  gunahol  of  his 
army,  discharged  ihehr  piecea,  and  made  their 
escape.  The  panic  occasioned  by  the  defeat  of 
Qates,  had,  in  a  great  meaaure,  worn  off.  The 
defeat  of  Ferguson,  and  ihe  conaequent  retreat  of 
lord  Cornwallia  encouraged  the  Ameiican  militia 
to  take  Ihe  field ;  and  the  necessity  of  the  limes 
induced  Ihem  to  submit  to  stricter  discipline. — 
Sumter,  soon  after  the  dispersion  of  his  corps  on 
the  18th  of  August,  collected  a  band  ofvoluci^en, 
partly  from  new  adventures,  and  partly  fron,  those 
who  had  escaped  on  that  day.  With  these,  though 
for  three  months  there  waa  no  continental  army 
in  the  state,  he  constantly  kept  Ihe  field,  in  sup- 
|H>rt  of  Ameiican  independeace.     He  varied  bis 


position  from  lima  lo  lima,  about  Knoree,  Binad, 
and  Tyger  rivers,  and  had  I'irqueiit  skirniiibM 
Willi  his  udvrraaries.  Having  mounted  hia  lul- 
lowers,  ha  infesied  the  Hiitish  |artles  with  Ire* 
queiit  Incursions  ;  beat  up  Iheir  qiiarler*  i  inter. 
cepleil  their  convoys;  and  so  harassed  them  wilh 
siivcrasive  alarms,  that  their  inovetnenls  cnuld  nol 
be  iiiudtf,  but  with  caution  and  difllcully.  Hli 
aiiiiil  uf  eiilrr|iiisn  waa  ao  particularly  iiijiiriuils  to 
the  Hritisli,  ibat  thev  laid  sundry  plana  I'ur  dnstruy- 
ing  his  force  :  but  they  all  failed  in  Ihe  execuliun 
He  was  allncked,  Noveniner  13lh,  at  lirunil  rivet 
by  Majur  Wamya,  commandinga  cnriM of  infantry 
and  dragoooa.  In  thia  action,  the  British  wera 
defeated,  and  thair  commanding  officer  taken  pn- 
aoner.  E  ighl  data  nfterwarda,  November  80th,  ha 
was  attacked  al  Black  Stocks,  near  Tygar  river, 
by  Lieutenant  Colonel  Tarlalon.  The  attack  waa 
begun  with  170  dragoons,  and  80  men  of  the  63d 
regiment.  A  conaiaerabia  part  of  Sumler'a  force 
had  been  thrown  Into  a  large  log  barn,  from  the 
afiertureaof  which,  they  fired  m  aecurily.  Many 
of  the  63d  regiment  were  killed.  Tarleinn  charged 
wilh  his  cavalry,  but,  being  unable  lo  ilislodge  the 
Americans,  he  retreated,  and  Sumter  wa*  left  in 
quiet  posaesslon  of  Ihe  field.  The  loas  of  the 
liriiiah  in  thia  action  was  considerable.  Among 
their  killed  were  three  officers.  Major  Money 
Lieutenants  (libson  and  Coiie.  The  Ameiicnn* 
lo*t  very  few ;  but  Oeneral  Sumter  received  a 
wound,  which,  for  aeveral  month*,  Interrupted  hi* 
gallant  enlcrprises,  in  behalf  of  his  country.  His 
seal  and  activity  in  animating  the  mililia,  when 
they  were  discouraged  by  re|ieated  defeats,  and 
Ihe  bravery  and  good  conduct  he  displayed,  in 
sundry  attacks  on  the  British  delachinenis,  pro- 
cured him  Ihe  applause  of  his  countrymen,  and  the 
thanks  of  Congress. 

For  the  three  months,  which  followed  ihe  ilefeat 
of  the  American  army  near  Camden,  (Seneral  Oatca 
waa  industriously  preparing  to  lake  the  field.— 
tlavlng  collected  a  foice  ul  Hillsborough,  he  ad- 
vanced lo  Salisbury,  and  soon  afteiwards  to  Char- 
lotte. He  had  done  every  thing  in  his  power,  to 
repair  the  injuries  of  his  defw.  and  was  again  Ir  a 
condition  to  face  the  enemy  ;  but  from  that  influ- 
ence, which  popular  opinion  has  over  public  af- 
faire, in  a  commonwealth.  Congress  resolved  to 
su|ieraede  him,  and  to  order  a  court  of  inquiry  .t 
be  held  on  his  conduct.  This  was  founded  on  » 
former  resolve,  that  whoever  lost  a  post  should  bo 
subject  lo  a  court  of  inquiry.  The  cases  were  ae 
ways  parallel ;  he  had  lost  a  battle  ;  but  not  a  postr 
The  only  charge,  that  could  be  exhibited  against 
General  Gates,  was,  that  he  had  been  defeated. 
His  enemies  could  accuse  him  of  no  military 
crime,  unless  that  to  be  unsuccessful  might  be  so 
reckoned.  The  public,  sore  with  their  losses, 
were  desirous  of  a  change  ;  and  Congress  found  il 
necessary  lo  gntitf  them ;  though  at  the  ex|)ensa 
of  the  feelings  of  one  of  their  best,  and,  till  August 
1780,  one  of  their  most  successful  officers.  Vir- 
ginia did  not  so  soon  forget  Saratoga.  When 
General  Galea  waa  at  Richmond,  on  hia  way  home 
fiom  Carolina,  the  house  of  burgesses  of  that  state 
unanir.ioualy  resolved,  December  18th,  "  that  a 
committee  of  lour  be  appointed  to  wait  on  General 
Oa'e.i,  and  aasure  him  of  their  high  regard  and 
esteen;  that  the  remembrance  of  his  former  glo- 
rious aervice*  could  not  be  obliterated,  by  any  re- 
vereeof  fortuni?, ;  and  that  ever  mindful  of'^  his 
great  merit,  they  would  omit  nn  opportunity  ol 
testifying  to  the  world,  the  gratitude  which  the 
country  owed  to  him,  in  his  mditary  character." 

These  events,  together  wilh  a  few  unimportant 
skirmishes,  not  worthy  of  being  particularly  men- 
tioned, closed  the  campaign  of  1780  in  the  ■obthern 
elates.  They  affonled  ample  evideni  e  of  the  folly 
of  prosecuting  the  American  war.  Though  British 
conquests  had  rapidly  succeeded  each  other,  yet 
no  advantages  accrued  lo  ihr  victors.  The  mind* 
of  the  people  were  unsubdi  ed,  or  rather  more 
alienateil  from  every  idea  of  returning  to  their 
former  allci;iaiice.  Such  wii<)  their  temper,  that 
the  expense  uf  retaining  tlivin  in  subjection,  would 


UNITBD   STATRS. 


Cnortv,  llioti). 
ml  •kirniUliM 
unidl  hif  I'ul- 
rtici  »llh  Ire- 
inrlcn  ;  inirr 
■cil  lliani  wlih 
ivnii  could  nol 
iiniMiliy.  IIU 
ijr  iiijiirioii*  lu 
inn  lor  ilrilrojf- 

lll«  CXCI'UIMIII 

11  lironil  rlvri 
)riNi  o(  mriinlr) 
Hrlllih  were 
doer  Inlian  pn- 
tmbarSOth,  ha 
r  Tygar  rWer, 
rhe  Riiicli  wn 
inn  of  ihe  63<l 
Dumter'i  Turca 
uirn.  rroin  Iha 
curtly.  Muny 
irlaion  chargeil 
lo  illiloilyc  the 
ter  wan  left  in 
lie  low  of  iha 
nlile.  Among 
MHJor  Money 
he  Ameiicnni 
ler  received  a 
nlerni|iled  hii 
country.  Hi* 
millliH,  when 
dvfeali,  and 
diii|ili«yed,  in 
chinenm,  pro- 
ymen,  and  Ilia 


have  rvcendnd  all  Iha  proHli  ul  iha  conquaal.  Bril- 
bh  Kirrla4ini  kept  down  o|ian  r(iliiaiica,  In  iha  i\- 
Ainlly  ol'llia  placet  where  lliay  ware  aalabltahedi 
bul  a*  luon  ■(  ihey  w«re  withdrawn,  and  ihe  peo- 
ple lel't  lo  ihemirlvei,  a  epiril  of  revolt,  hotlile  lo 
(liem  llrllain,  alwaya  diaplayed  iUeir;  and  the 
■laiidwrd  of  liide|ieiideiice,  whennoever  it  wnt  pru- 
dently raiaed,  never  wanted  followera,  Hinon|  Iha 
aniivn  and  epirited  pail  of  Ihe  cointuunity. 


CHAPTER     X. 

Cainptifn  of  1780,  In  the  Northern  Blale*. 

Whilk  the  war  raged  In  South  Carolina,  iha 
campaign  of  17H0,  in  ihe  northern  alalee,  wae  bar- 
ren ndmiNirlanl  evenle.  Al  the  cloee  ul'llia  year 
1779,  the  American  norlheru  army  look  poal  at 
Morrietnwn,  and  biiill  themeelvee  hula  agreeably 
lu  the  pinctice  which  had  been  Ant  introduced  ai 
Valley  Forge,  Thla  poailion  waa  well  calculated 
lo  cover  llie  country,  from  the  incuriiona  of  the 
Jlritiah,  being  only  twenty  inilea  from  New  York. 

Lord  Stilling  made  an  ineirecluni  attempt,  in 
Janiiiiry,  I78(>,  In  luriiriae  a  parly  of  the  enemy 
un  Slaien  Ulanil.  While  he  was  on  llie  iaiaiid,  a 
number  of  (leriiona,  from  Ihe  Jersey  side,  (wsaed 
ovei,and  plundered  the  inhabitants,  who  had  sub- 
inltled  lo  the  Hrilish  govurnmenl.  In  these  limes 
of  confusion,  licentious  persons  Aied  themselves 
neai  the  lines,  which  divided  the  British  from  the 
Americans.  Whensoever  the  opportunity  oH'ered 
lliny  were  in  the  habit  of  going  within  Ihe  seltle- 
meiils,  of  the  op|Misile  patty,  and,  under  Ihe  pre- 
tence iif  distreiaing  their  enemies,  commilted  Ihe 
most  shniiiefiil  depredations.  In  the  first  months 
of  the  year  1780,  while  the  royal  army  was  weak- 
ened, by  the  expedition  against  Charleston,  Ihe 
Hrilish  were  apprehensive  for  their  safety  in  New 
Yolk.  The  rare  circumstance  which  then  existed, 
<if  a  connexion  hrtween  the  main  and  York  Island, 
by  iroans  of  ice,  seemed  to  invite  lo  Ihe  antar- 
prise  ;  bul  the  force  and  equipments  of  tba  Anier' 
ican  arniv  were  utiei|ual  to  it.  Lieutenant  Gane' 
r»l  KnipliiiuHen  who  ih  n  commanded  in  NeW' 
York  apprehending  such  a  design,  embodied  ihe 
inhabitants  of  the  city,  as  a  militia,  for  ita  defence. 
They  very  cheerfully  formeil  themselves  into  coin- 
paoiea  and  discovered  great  seal  in  the  service. 

An  incursion  was  made  into  Jersey,  from  Now 
York,  with  Ave  thousand  men,  commanded  by 
Lieutenant  Ueneral  Kniphansen.  They  landed  at 
Klixa  .'  ihtown,  and  proceeded  lo  Connecticut 
farms  In  this  neighbourhood,  lived  the  Rev.  Mr. 
James  Caldwell,  a  Presbyterian  clergyman,  of 
great  activity,  ability  and  influence  ;  whose  suc- 
cessful exertions,  in  animating  the  Jersey  militia 
lo  defend  their  rights,  had  rendered  him  particu- 
larly obnoxious  to  the  British.  When  the  royal 
forces  were  on  their  way  into  the  country,  a  sol- 
dier came  In  his  house  in  his  absence ;  and  shot 
his  wife  instantly  dead,  by  levelling  his  piece  di- 
rectly at  her,  through  the  window  of  the  room  in 
which  «he  waa  silling  with  her  children.  Her 
body,  at  the  request  of  an  officer  of  the  new  levies, 
was  moved  to  some  distance,  and  then  the  house, 
and  every  thing  in  it  was  reduced  to  ashes !  The 
Hrilish  burnt  about  twelve  other  houses,  and  also 
llie  Presbyterian  church  ;  and  then  proceeded  lo 
Springfield.  As  they  advanced,  ihey  were  annoy- 
ed by  Colonel  Dayton,  with  a  few  militia.  On 
tiieir  approach  lo  the  bridge  near  the  town,  they 
were  farther  opposed  by  General  Maxwell,  who, 
with  a  few  continenl.il  troops,  was  prepared  to  dis- 
pute its  passage.  They  made  a  lialt  and  soon  af- 
ter returned  lo  Klizabelhtown.  Before  they  had 
retreated,  the  whole  American  army  at  Morria- 
lown  marclied  lo  oppose  them.  While  this  royal 
deuivhineni  was  in  Jers^,  Sir  Henry  Clinton  re- 
turned, with  hia  victorious  Hoops,  from  Chaileston 
lo  New  York.  He  ordered  a  reioforcement  lo 
Kniphausen ;  and  the  whole  advanced  a  second 
time  towards  Springfield.  They  were  now  op- 
posed by  tteiMral  Qieene,  with  a  considerable  body 


of  contlnantal  troopa.  Colonel  Angel,  with  his  re- 
|lm«nl  and  ■  place  of  artillery,  was  posted  to  ta- 
cure  the  bridge  in  from  of  the  town.  An  engage- 
ment look  place.  Nu|iarior  numbers  forced  llie 
Americans  to  retire.  General  (ireene  look  iMist 
with  his  iroo|is,  on  a  range  of  hills,  in  hofies  or  be- 
ing attacked.  Instead  ol  this,  the  Hriliali begin  to 
burn  Iha  town.  Near  Ally  dwellinn-houMs  were  re- 
duced lo  aslies.  TheUiilish  then  retreated  i  but 
were  pursued  by  the  enraved  milillu,  till  they  en- 
tered Kliaabelhtown.  The  next  day,  Ihey  set 
out  on  their  return  to  New  York.  The  loss  of. 
Ill*  Americans  in  the  action  was  about  eighty; 
and  that  of  the  British,  was  sup|msed  to  be  more. 
It  is  difflcull  to  lell  what  was  tiie  precise  object  of 
thia  expadltion.  Perhapa  the  royal  commandais 
hoped  to  get  posaassion  ofMorrislown,  and  to  da- 
stmy  the  American  stores.  Perhniia  they  Aattared 
themselves,  that  the  Inhabitants  were  so  dispirited, 
by  the  recent  loss  of  Charleston,  that  they  would 
submit  without  resistance ;  and  that  the  soldiers 
of  the  continental  army  would  desert  lo  them :  but 
if  these  were  their  views,  they  were  disappointed 
in  both.  The  firm  opposition,  made  by  the  Jersey 
fanners,  contrasted  with  the  cihmIuoI  of  the  same 
lieople.  In  the  year  1776,  made  il  eviileni,  that  nol 
only  their  aversion  lo  Great  Hriliiln  riintinued  in 
full  force  ;  bul  that  ihe  practical  Imhiis  of  service 
and  danger  had  improved  the  cntintry  militia,  so 
as  to  bring  litem  near  lo  an  equality  with  regular 
troopa. 

By  such  desultory  operations,  were  hostilities 
carried  on,  at  this  lime,  in  the  northern  states.  In- 
dividuals were  killed,  houses  were  burnt,  and  much 
miachief  dona;  bul  nothing  was  effected  which 
tended  eithar  to  reconcilement  or  subjngalinn. 

The  loyal  Americana,  who  had  lied  within  the 
British  lines,  commonly  called  refugees,  reduced 
a  predatory  war  Into  aystem.  On  their  petition  to 
Sir  Henry  Clinton,  ihey  had  been  in  Ihe  year 
1709,  Mrmllted  to  set  up  a  distinct  goverment  in 
New  York,uoderajuris<liction,  called  the  honour- 
abla  board  of  associated  loyalists.  They  liad  some- 
thing like  a  fleet  of  small  privateers  and  cruisers, 
by  the  aid  of  which  they  ommllted  various  depre- 
dations. A  party  of  them,  who  had  fomierly  b«' 
longed  lo  Massachusells,  went  to  Nantucket,  hriike 
open  the  warehouses,  and  carried  off  every  thing 
that  fell  in  their  way.  They  also  carried  ofl'two 
loaded  briga,  and  two  or  three  schooners.  In  a 
proclamation  left  behind  them,  they  observed. "that 
Ihev  had  been  deprived  of  their  property,  and  com- 
pelled lo  abandon  their  dwellings,  friends  and  con- 
nexions ;  and  that  ihey  conceived  themselves  war- 
ranted by  the  laws  of  God  and  man,  lo  wage  war 
against  their  persecutors,  and  lo  endeavour,  by 
every  means  in  their  power,  lo  obtain  compensa- 
tion for  their  auflerings."  These  associated  loy- 
alisu  eagerly  embraced  every  adventure  which 
gratified  eiliier  their  avarice  or  their  revenge. 
Their  enterprises  were  highly  lucrative  to  them- 
selves, and  extremely  distressing  to  the  Americans. 
Their  knowledge  of  the  rountry  and  superior 
means  of  transportation,  enabled  them  lo  make 
hasty  desenis,  and  successful  enterprises.  A  wa: 
of  plunder,  in  which  the  feelings  of  humanity  were 
often  suspended,  and  which  tended  to  no  valuable 
public  purpose,  was  carried  on,  in  this  shameful 
manner,  from  the  double  excitements  of  profit  and 
revenge.  The  adjoining  coasts  of  the  continent, 
and  especially  the  maratime  parts  of  New  Jersey, 
became  scenes  of  waste  and  havoc. 

The  distress,  which  the  Americans  suflTered, 
from  Ihe  diminished  value  of  their  currency, 
though  felt  in  the  year  1778,  and  still  more  so  in 
the  year  1779,  did  not  arrive  to  its  highest  pilch, 
till  ine  year  1780.  Under  the  pressure  ofsulferings 
from  this  cause,  the  officers  of  the  Jersey  line  ad- 
dressed a  memorial  lo  their  state  legislature,  set- 
ting forth  "that  four  months'  pay  of  a  private 
would  not  procure,  for  his  family,  a  single  bushel 
of  wheat;  that  the  pay  of  a  colonel  would  not  pur- 
chase oats  for  his  horse ;  that  a  common  labourer 
or  express  rider  received  four  limes  as  much  a^  an 
American  oflficer."    They  urged,  "  that,  unless  a 


siwady  and  ampja  raiMdy  waa  provldad,  lb*  total 
dissolution  of  their  line  waa  iiHvii,ibl«  i"  atMl  ton 
eluded  with  saying,  "  that  their  pay  should  «iih#i 
be  made  up  in  Mexican  dollars,  or  iii  tomelhlna 
equivalent."  In  addition  to  Iha  insuffii'lnicy  or 
their  pay  and  sup|Mirt,  uthar  causes  of  discontenl 
prevailed.  The  oiiKliial  idea  of  ii  coiiliiiental 
army,  lo  be  raised,  {uiid,  subsisted,  iiiiil  rvitulalod 
U|M>n  an  aqu:il  and  unil'uriii  priiii'Iple,  had  been  In 
a  great  maatiire  excliaiigcd  for  state  establish- 
ments.  This  niischcvions  measure  partly  origi- 
nated from  necessity;  for  stale  credit  was  nol 
quite  so  much  depreciated  as  continental.  Con- 
gress not  poeeessing  the  means  of  sup|)oriing  their 
army,  devolved  Ihe  business  on  the  component 
parts  of  the  confederacy.  Some  stites,  from  their 
internal  ability  and  local  advantages,  fuinishad 
tiiair  irnope  not  only  withclothinit,  but  with  many 
conveniences.  Olhsra  supplied  them  with  sum* 
necessaries,  but  on  a  more  contracted  sciile,  A 
few,  from  their  parlioularsituation,  could  do  liltla 
or  nothing  al  all.  The  officers  and  men,  in  iha 
routine  of  duly,  mixed  daily,  and  compared  cir* 
cunistances.  Those  who  liired  worse  than  othera. 
were  dissatisfied  with  a  service,  which  made  such 
injurious  distlncliuiis.  From  causes  of  this  kind, 
superadded  lo  a  compliialion  of  wants  and  sufltir- 
ing,  a  disposition  to  mutiny  began  lo  show  ilselt 
in  the  American  army.  This  broke  forth  into 
full  action,  airtong  the  soldiers,  stationed  al  Fori 
Schuyler.  Thirty-one  of  ilie  iiieii  of  that  garrison 
want  off  in  a  body.  Being  pursued,  sixteen  of 
them  were  overtaken :  and  thirteen  of  the  sixtran 
were  Instantly  killed. 

About  Iha  same  lime,  two  regiments  of  Cbo* 
necticut  troopa  mutinied,  and  got  undei  arma. 
They  determined  to  return  home,  or  to  gain  tub* 
sistence  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet.  Their  oF- 
ficera  reasoned  with  them,  and  urged  every  argu« 
ment,  that  could  interest  their  pride  or  their  paa- 
sions.  They  were  reminded  of  their  good  eon 
duct,  and  of  the  iin|ioriant  objects  for  which  the* 
were  contending  :  bul  their  answer  was  "  our  suf- 
ferings are  loo  great,  and  we  want  present  relief.' 
After  much  exposlula'inn,  they  went  to  their  huts 
While  the  army  was  in  this  feverish  slate  if  die* 
content,  from  Iheiraccumulalad  distresses,  a  print- 
ed pa|>er  addressed  to  Ihe  soldiers  of  the  conti- 
nental army,  was  circulated  in  the  Aiiiericau  camp. 
This  was  in  the  following  word  :  "  The  lime  it 
at  length  arrived,  when  all  the  artifices  and  falsa 
hooda  of  Ihe  Congress,  and  of  your  commande:*. 
can  DO  longer  conceu'  from  you  the  miseriea  of 
your  situation.  You  are  neither  fed,  clothed,  nor 
paid.  Your  numbers  are  wasiinz  away  by  sick- 
ness, famine,  and  nakedness,  and  rapidly  so,  by 
the  period  of  your  stipulated  seivices  being  ek> 
pired.  This  is  now  the  period  to  fly  fVora  slavery 
and  fraud. 

"  I  am  happy  in  acquainting  ihe  old  coiinlrymeii, 
that  the  affairs  of  Ireland  are  fully  settled ;  and  thhl 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  are  united,  as  well  from 
interest  as  fiom  affection.  I  need  not  tell  you, 
who  are  born  in  America,  that  you  have  been  cheat- 
ed and  abused.  You  are  both  sensible,  that,  in  or- 
der to  procure  your  liberty,  you  must  quit  your 
leaders  and  join  your  real  friends  who  scorn  to  ' 
impose  upon  you,  and  who  will  receive  you  with 
o|)en  arms,  kindly  forgiving  all  your  errors.  You 
are  told,  you  are  surrounded  by  a  numerous  mili 
tia.  This  it  also  false.  Associate  then  together; 
make  useofyoui  firelocks ;  and  join  the  British  ar- 
my, where  you  will  be  permitted  Indispose  of  your- 
selves as  you  please." 

About  the  same  time,  or  rather  a  lillle  before, 
the  news  arrived  of  the  reduction  of  Charleston, 
and  the  capture  of  the  whole  American  anuthern 
army.  Such  was  the  firmness  of  the  common  sol- 
diery, and  so  strong  their  attachment  to  the  cause 
of  their  country,  that,  though  danger  impelle^  want 
urged,  8  id  British  favour  invited  them  to  a  clianga 
of  sides  yet,  on  the  arrival  of  but  a  scaiity  supply 
of  meat,  for  their  immediate  subsistence,  military 
duty  waa  cheerfully  performed,  and  no  uncomuMa 
dcaortion  took  place. 


HISTORY   or   TUB 


■  i 


:i 


|i ' 


ii*  iiMI  •tra  Ik*  BtecMlltM  of  III*  AMtriMn 
tmy,  ihKl  WiitliliiKitin  wh  ubhgtil  lu  gull  on  ihn 
mtgitunttn  ul'ihit  MdJMCtnl  fi>uiili«>,  Cur  •(Mctlltiil 
nunnlill**  nl'|irii*iiiuii»,  lu  ba  (umilitiJ  hi  ■  gi«tii 
liumliar  oI'dHjii.  Al  ollirr  iIiiim,  Ira  wiiicaiii|wl- 
M  lo  uriiil  uiil  tltlHcliinanli  ul  hi*  iriiu|M,  lii  lik* 
|Mutiaia>M  III  lIlD  iNilliI  ul'  llm  liHJiiinrl,  Tilll  ex- 
|Miliciil  HI  leiiKlli  lulled  ;  I'ui  lli«  vuuiilrjr  In  lh«  «!• 
cliilijf  bi  Ilia  arinjr  afl'ordail  no  Iwiliar  luppllta. 
Tliatr  Mn|NrrMiiiaiiU  waru  not  nnl}f  liijuiluuiluiha 
ninriil»  and  diavi|ihiia  o(  ilia  army  t  bul  landad  lo 
al>«niiia  ilia  Hltavliunaufllia  |Ma|tla.  Much  ofllia 
au|t|Hirl  winch  iha  Ainariean  lanaral  had  pra* loui- 
hr  aimriancad  IVuin  iha  lohabllanu,  procaadad 
Iroin  iha  dlffaranca  oflraaimanl  Ibajr  raeaifad  from 
fbair  own  arinv,  eomparad  wllh  wlial  Ihay  aulfarad 
fromth*  Brillin.  Tha  lanaral,  whom  Iha  Inliabl- 
•  •nia  hilharlo  renarded  a*  lliair  prolacior,  had  now 
no  uliarnalive,  bui  to  diaband  hiairoopa,  or  to  aup- 
pnrl  Iham  bjr  furca.  Tha  ailualiun  o(  Waahing- 
Ion  waaeiniiianlly  ainbiirraHmi.  Tha  army  lookad 
lu  bini  for  proviniuna,  ihe  inliabllanf^  for  prolaclion 
of  ihair  praficriy.  To  aupiily  iha  ona,  iiid  not  of- 
fand  Ilia  olliar,  •erined  lillla  laaalhan  an  linpoaai- 
blliiy.  Tu  praa<ii«e  order  and  eubordinalion  hi  an 
army  ofrraerepublicani,  even  when  wall-fad,  paid 
and  clolhad,  would  have  bean  a  work  of  dillloully ; 
bul  raiain  Ihain  In  aervlce,  and  realraln  ihem  wllh 
diaciphne,  when  dettiiuic,  nol  nnly  of  ihe  comforla, 
bul  ufien  of  ihe  naceamilea  of  life,  required  ad- 
draaa  and  abiliiiaa  of  such  inainiluda,  at  are  raral* 
found  in  humnn  nalure.  In  ihia  choice  of  dlfflcHl- 
Ilea,  Waahinidon  nol  only  kaiK  hli  army  logalher, 
bul  cunducied  wiih  ao  muchdiacralion,  aalocoin- 
niand  ilie  apprubaiion  both  of  ihe  army  and  of  ihe 
ciilaaiia. 

So  greal  a  acarclty,  In  a  counlry  uaually  abouod- 
li^^  «ilU  proviniuiia,  appeara  axiraordioary ;  bul 
'arioui  laiura  h<iil  concurred,  about  ihla  lime,  to 
pnNiuce  kn  unpreceilenied  deficiency.  Theaaaaona 
both  lo  1779  and  1780  were  unfavouiabia  lu  iha 
crope.  The  laboura  of  tha  huabaodroen,  who  wero 
Mtaciieo  o  the  cauae  of  independence,  had  been 
frcqueni.T  iiilerrupled  by  the  callafor  mililia  duty. 
Thuac  who  caied  for  neither  aide,  or  who,  from 
prloriD.ea  of  leligion,  held  the  unlawfulneaa  of 
wjr,  or  who  weie  aeorelly  altaehed  to  iha  royal 
interaal,  had  been  rery  deAclani  in  Indualry.  Such 
auniisiiinea  reasoned,  that  all  labour  on  iheirfarma, 
beyond  a  bare  aupply  of  iheir  own  necesailiea,  waa 
unavailing  ;  but  the  principal  eanie  of  the  auffer- 
inma  of  ihe  army  waa,  the  dally  diminiabing  value 
of  the  contlnenlal  hilla  of  credit.  Tha  farmera 
found,  that  ihe  longer  thav  delayed  the  payment 
of  laiea,  the  leaa  quantity  oteountrv  produce  would 
diicharge  the  atlpulated  aum.  They  alao  obaar- 
ved,  that  the  longer  they  kept  iheir  grain  on  hand, 
Ihe  more  of  the  paper  currency  waa  obtained  in 
exchange  for  it.  Tbia  either  diacouraged  iheni 
from  anlllng,  or  mada  them  vei^  lardy  in  coming 
to  market.  Many  accreted  their  proriaioni,  and 
denied  having  any ;  while  oihera,  who  were  con- 
tigioua  lo  the  Brltlah,  aeeretly  aold  lo  them  for 
gold  or  ailver.  The  patiioliam,  which  at  the  com- 
roeocement  of  the  war,  had  led  ao  many  lo  aacrl- 
lice  property,  fur  the  good  of  their  country,  had,  in 
a  ereat  degree,  aubaided.  Though  tliey  alill  re- 
tained their  good  wiihea  for  the  cause,  yet  ibaaa 
did  not  carry  ibem  ao  far,  aa  lo  Induce  a  willing- 
neaa  in  exchange  the  hitrd-earned  produce  of  Ihair 
farroa,  for  a  paper  currency,  of  a  daily  diminiahlag 
value.  For  proviaiona  carried  lo  New  York,  the 
farmera,  received  real  money ;  but  for  what  waa 
carried  lo  the  Americana,  they  only  received  pa- 
per. The  value  of  the  Aral  waa  known ;  of  Ihe 
•iher  dailT  varying,  and  in  an  unceaaing  piogrea- 
•ion,  from  bad  to  worae.  Laws  were  made  against 
thia  inlercourae ;  bul  lliey  were  executed  In  the 
manner  laws  uniformly  have  been.  In  the  evasion 
of  w4ich  multitu'tM  mid  an  immediate  interest. 

In  addition  to  these  disasters  from  short  crops, 
and  depreciation  money,  disorder  and  confusion 
pervaded  the  departments  for  supplying  the  army. 
Systems  for  these  purposes  bnd  been  hastily  adopt- 
Mi  and  wera  very  iaaiie«|uate  to  the  end  propDaad. 


To  pravlda  for  an  army  uiidai  ihe  beat  aalabliah- 
menis,  and  with  a  full  Miilliary  chest.  Is  a  work  of 
difficulty  I  and  ihuuiih  gusnitil  by  ihsprrcHiiliuns 
which  lime  and  exitrriittira  have  sugiiosml,  ii|H>ni 
a  dour  lu  many  I'rauiU  :  but  It  wns  ilie  hard  vmr 
ofthe  AniaricMiis,  lu  be  called  iin  tndluliarKelliia 
duty,  witliuill  siiffirirnt  kmiwlrdiia  ul'  llie  biiaiiiess, 
and  under  ill  digaaiad  ayaleins,  and  wllh  a  |iH|iei 
currency  ihal  wiia  nul  two  days  of  ihe  s;inie  viilue, 
Abuses  crept  in|  frauds  wets  practised  s  and 
eeufioiny  waa  exiled. 

To  obviHle  iheaa  evlla,Con|taaa  adopted  Ihe  ex- 
pedient of  sending  a  committee,  ol'lhairown  mam- 
bera,  lo  the  camii  of  their  malBarniy.  Mr.  Schuy- 
ler, of  New  York,  Mr.  Peabudy,  iif  New  ilnmp- 
shlre,  and  Mr.  Matthews,  uf  8uuili  Cnrulina,  were 
appointed.  They  were  furnished  with  ample 
powera  and  Inairoctions  to  reform  abuaes,  to  alter 
preceding  ayalems,  and  lo  aalabliah  new  ones  in 
Iheir  room.  This  committee  proceeded  in  camp, 
in  May,  17S0,  and  thence  wroie  sundry  letters  to 
Congress  and  ihe  alalea  ;  In  which  they  confirmed 
Ihe  repreaanlaiiona  previously  made,  uf  the  dis- 
treasea  and  disordara  every  where  previilenl.  In 
particular,  they  alaled,  ••  that  the  army  was  un- 
paid for  Ave  moniha ;  thai  llaeldom  had  more  than 
ail  dava'  provisions  in  advance ;  and  was  on  several 
oceaaiona,  for  aundry  aueeeaslve  days,  witlinul 
meal  I  that  the  army  wns  destitute  of  mrsge  ;  thitl 
the  medical  department  had  neither  augar,  colfee, 
lea,  chocolate,  wine,  nor  apiriluoua  liquura  of  any 
kind ;  that  every  denartmenl  of  the  army  was 
without  money,  and  nad  not  even  the  ahadow  of 
credit  left ;  that  Ihe  patience  of  the  auldieis,  worn 
down  by  the  pressure  of  complicated  suflerings 
waa  on  tha  point  of  being  exhausted." 

A  tide  of  misfortunes,  from  all  qiiarlera,  was,  al 
thla  time,  pouring  In  upon  the  United  Stales. 
There  appeared  not,  however.  In  their  public  bo- 
dice, the  ainalleai  disposition  to  purchase  safety, 
by  coDceseion  of  any  aort.  They  aeemed  lo  rise 
in  the  midst  of  their  dislrcMes,  and  lo  gain  alrenglli 
from  the  preaaure  of  calamities.  When  Congress 
could  neither  cummand  money  nor  credit,  fur  the 
subsistence  of  their  army,  the  cilisena  of  Philadel- 
phia formed  an  asaociation,  lo  procure  a  supply  uf 
necessar'  aiticlea,  for  iheir  auflering  auldiera. 
The  aum-of  300,000  dollara  waa  aubacribed  in  a 
few  days,  and  converted  into  •  bank ;  Ihe  princi- 
pal deaigo  of  which  waa,  lo  purchaac  provisions 
for  ihe  troone.  In  the  most  prompt  and  efficacious 
manner.  The  advantages  of  this  institution  were 
great,  and  particularly  enhanced  by  the  critical 
lime  in  which  It  waa  Insliluled.  The  loss  of 
Charleston,  and  the  aubsequent  British  victories 
in  Carolina,  produced  cflecta  directly  the  reverae 
of  what  were  expected.  It  being  ihc  deliberate 
reaolution  of  the  Americana,  never  to  return  to  the 
government  of  Ureal  Britain,  auch  unfavourable 
eventa,  as  threatened  Ihe  aubveraion  of  indepen- 
dence, operated  aa  incentives  to  their  exertions. 
The  patriotic  flame,  which  had  biased  forth  in  the 
beginning  of  Ihe  war  was  rekindled.  A  willlng- 
neia  to  do,  and  to  aufler,  in  the  cauae  of  AmericHn 
liberty,  waa  revived  in  the  breaalc  of  many.  These 
diapoailiona  were  Invigorated  by  private  auur- 
'ancas,  that  hia  Moat  CTiriatian  Majealy  would,  in 
the  eouiae  of  the  campaign,  send  a  powerful  ar- 
mament to  their  aid.  To  excite  the  states  to  be 
in  readineaa  for  Ihia  event,  Cnngiess  circulated 
among  them  an  addicaa,  of  which  the  following  ia 
a  part :  "  The  crisis  calls  for  exertion.  Much  is 
to  be  done  in  a  little  time ;  and  every  motive,  that 
can  stimulate  lb<i  mind  of  man,  preaenta  itself  to 
view.  No  period  hae  occurred  in  thia  long  and 
gloriouaalruggle,in  which  indecision  would  be  so 
destructive  on  the  one  hand,  and  on  the  other,  no 
conjuncture  has  been  more  favourable  to  great  and 
deciding  effbrta." 

The  powen  of  the  committee  of  Congress,  in 
the  American  camp,  were  enlarged  so  far,  as  to 
auilioriao  them  to  frame  and  execute  such  plans 
as,  in  tneir  opii^'nn.  would  most  eflectually  draw 
furth  the  resuurcesul  tne  couofry,  in  co-operating 
with  the  armament  expected  from  Franoc.   InUtU 


character  Ihc*  wrote  aundry  Icllcra  lo  the 

siiiniiUllnii  lliem  in  viKuruus  vxeiiliins.     It  waa 
rtiireed  to  iiiHke  arrangemeiila  lor  brhigliiv  liiiuiha 

field  IkVINIUeKeviiveMie I  lu  ciill  iiiillie  atatcs 

lur  a|iecifiii  Biippliea  ul  every  lliinii  iiei'taB.iry  lor 
ilieir  siip|Niit.  'I'u  iililHiii  ilie  iiii'ii,  it  wm  |itu- 
|iuard  III  i:iim|ilvle  llie  rr||iiliir  reuliiieiilii,  li;  drxhs 
IriiiM  tlie  iiiiliiiii.  Mild  lu  iii.iltii  U|i  wliiil  'liry  fell 
«liiirl  uf  U/t.lHH)  ellet'livra,  liy  r  illiiiii  luilli  iiiuic 
ul  llie  iiiililiii.  K»eiy  iiiiilite  ciiiiniiieil  In  riiusc 
llie  iii'tlvily  ul'tlie  iiiri;ililliilils.  'riii'»li»ea,  iieiilU 
exiiiiuaied  by  the  war,  nnleiilly  winlied  Inr  lla  ter- 
iiilnHliun.  Anu|i|Mirtiiiiliv  imw  nll'i-ied  I'lii  •irlltuig 
a  decisive  blow,  that  miglit  al  uiice,  aa  lliry  siil>- 
(Nised,  rid  the  country  uf  lla  diatreaaea.  The  unly 
thing  required  un  tlia  iHirl  uf  the  Hulled  Mlalea 
waa  tu  bring  into  the  Arid  il<1,(KN)  men,  and  la 
make  clfeclual  arrangeiiienis  fur  Ihair  sup|iort« 
The  tardiness  of  deliberation  in  Congress  was,  id 
a  great  msasnra  done  awiiy,  by  the  full  powera 
given  to  their  conimille*  in  camp.  Accurate  call- 
mates  were  miide  of  every  article  uf  supply,  tie- 
leasiiry  fur  the  ensuing  ciiiiipaign.  These,  and 
ulao  Ihe  niiniliers  of  men  wanted,  were  assigned 
lo  the  ten  nurlliern  siiilea,  in  pru|ioillon  lo  Iheir 
abililles  and  numbers.  In  ciinfiirmily  lu  these  re- 
quisiliuns,  viguruiis  reaulutluiis  were  Hilu'pled  for 
vntrying  them  inin  elfeet.  Where  vnlunlarily  en- 
liatiiieuls  fell  aliurt  uf  the  nrupuaed  nuiiibrr,  the 
deficiencies  were,  by  the  laws  uf  several  staloc, 
lu  be  made  up  by  ilriifts  or  lots  from  the  mililia. 
The  towns  In  New  Kiiuliind,  and  the  counties  In 
the  middle  stales,  were  rea|iei'tively  ciilled  un,  for 
a  siievified  nunilier  of  men.  Such  wiiathe  Real  of 
ihe  people  in  New  Kngliind,  that  neiihbuqrj  would 
olten  club  lugetlier,  to  engage  one  of  Iheir  number 
lo  go  into  the  nimy.  Being  wiilmul  tminey.  In 
cunfurmiiy  to  the  priiclice  usual  in  theeailysiagcc 
uf  sociely,  lliey  |wi<l  lur  inllltHry  duly  with  cattle. 
Twentv  head  were  frequently  given  aa  a  reward 
fur  eighteen  muiiths'  aervice.  Maryland  directed 
her  lieuiennnts  uf  cuiiniies  lo  class  all  Ihe  proper- 
ty, in  their  res|ieclive  cuunlies  into  aa  many  equa 
classes,  as  there  were  men  wanted  ;  and  each  cliisa 
w»s  by  law  ubiiied,  wiihin  len  day  iheieuAer,  to 
furnish  an  able  bodied  reeriiil,  tu  serve  during  the 
war ;  and,  in  case  uf  llieir  neglecting  or  refiisiiii 
so  lo  do,  the  county  lieuleiianla  were  aulhurlsed 
lo  prucure  men,  al  their  expense,  at  any  rule,  nol 
exceeding  fifteen  |iounds  in  every  hundred  |iuuiid« 
wurth  uf  pro|)erty,  classed  agreeably  lu  the  law. 
Virginia  also  cliiued  her  citisens,  and  called  u|ion 
the  respeclive  classes  liir  every  Al'teenlh  man  foi 
public  service.  Pennsylvania  cuncentniied  the 
requisite  power  in  her  president  Jus«|ili  Reed,  and 
authorised  him  to  draw  forth  the  resources  of  the 
slate,  under  certain  liinitatiuns ;  and,  if  neceaaary, 
to  decliire  martial  law  over  the  slate.  The  legia- 
lative  part  of  these  complicated  arrangements  was 
speedily  passed;  but  ihe  execuiiiin,  though  un- 
commonly vigorous,  lagged  far  behind.  Few  oc 
casions  could  occur,  in  which  it  might  lo  fairly  fa> 
tried,  to  what  extent,  in  conducling  a  war,  a  va- 
riety of  willa  might  be  brought  lo  act  in  unison. 
The  result  of  ihe  ex|ierimeiit  was,  that,  however 
favourable  republica  may  be  lo  the  liberty  and 
happiness  ofthe  peupla,  in  the  time  of  peace,  they 
will  be  greatly  deficient  in  Ihal  vigour  and  deapaicli. 
which  military  operation  require  unless  ihey  iiiii. 
late  the  policy  of  monarchies,  by  cuinmitting  tin 
executive  departments  of  government  lo  Ihe  direc- 
tion of  a  ainglo  will. 

While  these  preparations  were  making  in  Amei 
ica,  the  armament,  which  hud  been  promised  by 
his  Most  Christian  Majesty,  was  on  its  way.  As 
soon  as  It  was  knnwn  in  !■  ranee,  that  a  resolution 
was  adopted,  tu  send  out  troops  lo  the  United 
Slates,  the  young  French  nobility  diacovered  the 
greatest  zeal  to  be  employed  (,:>  that  service.— 
Court  favour  was  scarcely  ever  solicited  with  more 
earnestness  than  was  the  honour  of  serving  under 
Washington.  The  number  uf  applicants  wasmiicb 
greater  than  the  service  required.  The  dispoM- 
lion,  lo  support  the  American  revolution,  wac  apt 
ODiy  prcvaleot  in  Ibc  court  of  Fnooa,  bul  it  mi 


•r»  )o  ih« 

lirilliiii*.     Il  »M 

r  brtiiutiiK  iiiliiiha 

I  irnll  iMillin  ulnMl 

ini{  iiKi'fu.irji  lut 

iiii'ii,  M    w«*  |iriH 

llliiii>iil>,  l>>  ilrMll* 

|i   wliiil   'lirji   1*11 

llllllK    I'llllll    Mini* 

iiii'iiiicil  III  riiUM 

'riii-nliiie*,  iiii.iil% 

irioliril  liir  ll«  l«r- 

illVifil  I'm  mriking 

iicr,  w  tlirjt  iiili- 

riiMr*,     'I'lia  iinljp 

Ihn  UiiUsii  Muiei 

(XX)  men,  ami  !• 

i>r   lliair  aupfiork 

Ciin||r»H  waa.  In 

t  Ilia  full  powart 

11.  Acciirala  at(i> 

\e  of  aii|i|ily,  na- 

Inn.     'J'lieia,  and 

!il,  wnre  HMtgnatl 

rii|Miiliiin  III  lliair 

iniiilji  III  llirna  ra> 

wrra  nil<i|il«ii   lor 

re  rnlunlarily  en- 

»eil  niiiiiber,  ilia 

iif  aeverHl  alalot, 

rriiin  ilia  miliiia. 

Ill  iliv  ciiiinlici  la 

rrly  ciilleil  iin,  for 

ii:li  wiinlhexeHl  of 

iifiilliliiii)rj  would 

neofilirlr  number 

illiiiul  money,  in 

in  iheeHilyaiNnaa 

f  duly  with  callla. 

liren  a*  a  reward 

ilHrylaiid  diiecled 

•a*  all  Iha  proper 

mo  aa  many  eqiia 

|d  ;  and  encli  vlnaa 

My  llii>iR»rier,  Iv 

««r*e  diirinK  llie 

etiiHI  or  rrluaiiiji 

warn  Hullioriaea 

al  liny  rule,  nof 

liuiidrrd  piiiiiida 

ewbly  to  llie  law, 

iind  CHlleil  u|ton 

firitienlli  man  Tot 

oncenlriiied   the 

i>f«|ih  Reed,  and 

reaourcea  ol'ihe 

and,  \(  neceaaary, 

late.     The  legia- 

irraniteinenia  waa 

Ion,  thoiigli  un- 

liiiid.     Pew  oc 

iiiglit  ao  lairly  b> 

ting  a  war,  a  ««• 

to  act  In  uiiiion. 

a,  thill,  howevei 

the  liberty  and 

ne  of  peace, they 

uranddeapaicli. 

unleaa  iliey  iiiii- 

coinniiliiiiK  tli< 

nent  lolhediroe- 

making  in  Amei 

en  promised  by 

on  ila  w»y.     As 

that  a  reaohilion 

to  the  United 

dtacorered  lb* 

thai  aervic*.^ 

cited  with  mure 

r  serving  undei 

icants  waa  miivb 

The  diapou- 

ilution,  WM  net 

DM,  but  it  Ml 


1 


HISTORY  or  Till 


.■Mttus  cf  ih*  Awirto"'^ 


11  i  i' 


k; 


iiil 


MIM 

niif  A*  iitiii 

»  '    n  II.   iff  |>uilil 
.•■ti  III  Mngiti  u,\- 

«li»   ui   liir    iiiii;    h"  •.    . 
>r  lliip(tMllt*<ll«  « 
MNkIi  iiiii  Inn  i|. 
tV«i>ilii  ilir  diti'i 
MI|)|iMt  will!  Ii  M       ^ 

hf     »>)Mr|riH 

Mill  iht  III' 
Ik*  I'  »*»  • 
iNHniiif'  !' 
(*i<i%  ill 


I    ..  I.  Ul  I'l- 

'  <l  ImiI  |ir««iuii*- 

i«iii<     iirnrrriiml 

.  .      ii**  rpi  i'luixl  Irutn 

.;ii  Mill)  wtist  Ihaji  MiUkreil 

,  >-lllll4l.  ViwIM  ill-  i>  iMlii- 

1.1    llirll  |ti..im.l.if,  li*ll  nu* 

.Imhiinl  hu  II     '|n.  nrlil  tlip- 

.  M.      I  li»  ■iiMMiiin  ul  Wuliliig- 

■  i>  "•iiiliicuMdinn.    'I'll*  "It  >»  tiiiikiiil 

I  II ,  ...i-K.  ilir  iiihdiiKntafor  iiMiiruiiiia 

JMin  |«rii|irii_K       Tu  lU|>|il«  Old  niic,  .luii  not  of- 

i«l     w  ullivr,  trrmwi  lllllr  lr»ih:iii  nn  iii||m>mI- 

lui^.     'I'll  |irii«ri«v  ardsr  iinil  •ubtfiilmiiion  iinin 

liMf   if  III' iii|mtilk.iii».  •■'   'I  •lirn  *•  I  rt«4.  |>m<l 

Mii:  I  liiMii>il,  <•       III  h  It'll  li'iiii  H  «iiiku>   !illi<:i^iy  i 

bm  ri-uiii  lliriii  II.  .1.  tv.i^n,  villi  rem riiii  tl.rni  wild 

d><ci|iltnB,  wliKinltnliitiir,  iiol  only  Dl'lhr    oniC'irtfi 

kill  u:ivii  ul  lli«  uiM  iituli''*  "(  lilr,  mjuir*!!  4il- 

4ii"^  •ml  :iliiliii«<  ur<MCi.  iHiiKiiliU'' '   '•4i«rm«lv 

foiiHil  in  liuiii  iinalurt.      Iiitkwt?!)    «  iirdllllruf 

tlM,  W'm»Iiiiuioii  imM  'iiiIt  kefA  hi>  ana*  io||«llifr, 

bill  iiiriiliii.li'd  Willi  «•>  i.i«i:h'*l»«' ""»<••    •lloci.iii 

IMKiiii  till*  4|>|>''     "••••>  kitbrtf  ikr  amy  ;<ni|  of  ilia 

lili«fi  • 

Sv  I'*    .'   4  »-rfc:i  II*,  M  4 

lac  ■••  J   ft  •"• 

lai'iKitii  •  •!' 


■I- 


«>ii||iiir 

•  1., 


ilir  ah  iitmw  «( 


iiiii,>  .<^'i  iJlyalMUuil 
•  •  mira.  <  linat;' ;  Uui 
"i',  iibiiui  (III*  iimi'.  tw 

i\<i^nry.  'l'li«Miii<i>ni 
ix  iiiil'ui'iiKiiilil    lu  ilin 


pir»(tU''«  .^  .    , 

koth  lit    I.  ill    III,!    i,'*' 

crop*.  Tli<-tat>»ui»Mi  iliiihiitl>jniiiii»ii.  who  nrra 
HllaviiKii  o  llir  C4U«r  >  f  iiulapaniliinci',  hi>I  bucn 
fr'.ijUrKi.y  i'iti-iiii|)t«(l  by  iliu  calU  Tin  iiiililiailnty. 
I  iiiitr  will!  c4i(>i|  lor  iieiihnr  hhIk,  nr  •!. .i  lium 
finiiriu.M  'il  ii-li-iiiii,  h»M  ilif  •inUwfulni'M  of 
^M,  or  olio  *uif  •nctrlly  atlach<!il  !'■  .'lo  rnyul 
inUreti,  I  '•!  brni  *«ry  itrfirinn'  in  inilu>>i /■  Such 
•iiiiiftliiiPt  tedtiineii,  that  all  iiiuuruii  0i  irfiriiia, 
b«yiinii  »  hun  iU|i|ilv  ul'  llieir  nwn  nrc>i*«liia«.  wa* 
uiiiivjilinK  ;  bul  llie  (•mih'mmI  runt*  v(  lb'  luffi'r- 
iu|i  ul  >iii>  «  «y  ««»,  iiK-  'I  •;'•  i*.  •  ""''Tiitr  '■■I"'" 
of  ihe  ri<iU'n«"f«l  'ilia  'm 
ruiiml.  ili.v  i)>.-  t<>  ,  >'  > 

•CuxM, lit* !««•  f bMUiii)  i-lV  I 
iltartuiia',  lb"  ■.••I'll'  'wl  till.. 
»«•!.  ^M' ill.   '.iiaii*' lliay  lla|M  (>•«»  HI*-'-    •,.  »iv" 
ill'-   moi     bi  tht  |.  nwr  caireuc*  »*•  vbtaincil  Id 
ex'  .iu>i(r  lur  II.     Thw  'ilhrr  tlnronragMi  iViam 
from  tclliag.  ir  in-,  le  Ih'in  v(i_y  '.••.Ijr   ui  tomlac 
to  iiailifi.      M'nv         iiieil  lhi>ir  pK»»iaioil»,  anil 
tlriin'ij  Imvinir  <ny ;  while  oii  rrs,  wl-.<i  Hi.ia  ooo- 
liji|iou»  III  Ilia  lirilul),  socially  auld  lu  •In-—  iut 
((olil  (II  »ilv.r.     Till-  ji.iiiiiiiiaro,  wluch  at  ih»i"'>M 
ni«nceiii«iil  urthe  war,  li.iit  iaiI  au  many  lo  nacii- 
ftri-  |irupaiiy./i)r  Ihe  fnu6  nfthoir  country,  hail,  m 
u  '^rr;!!  ilrcri-r,  ^u.SjiiJkI.     TIioiirIi   iIipj  aiill  te 
iif-il  ill-  'r  goiiil  wish' "I  ior  tlie  CiiiH>,  Vftl  uiaaa 
4i<!    Kit  carr)  il     i   no  fur,  m  to  iniluce  »  wilHo^- 
<r»«  111  e»'-b;i''o«'  ihr  '.  inl  r.irneil  |ifoJ>iac  of  (iiti* 
f«>it«,  lar  a  |><i|i<a  ciirrc'ii'Vi  "I  »    'j.'y  diiriiiiahlnn 
••111'!.     F".  |>ruviai<in«  carried  It)   New  Voi..,  i!ie 
ftirftenk,  rii4:ei'Ad  leul  iiiuot-/ ;  but  fur  wli.it   was 
'.•    ',  iii^iiiarti!!.  :h»y  milv  mcniveii  im- 
.     '  '*   .uc     1^1  vi^i*   Uiiown;  uf  ihe 
■,:     Hid  in  ,1;.  'uiceaamii  piO|;re.i' 
X.  V   4»wrre  niuJc  againii' 

I'rt:    I'trculrd    .n  llia 
'•en,   III  the  er-iiiiuu 
■  ■  -i-^rdiati*  r  '''ri*  i. 
;'"ini  short  i'i:.|i«, 
•nd  depreciation  money,  diaoraer  auu  t.uiuuv:«  . 

agcrvidad  the  deparlmenu  Tor  aupplying  the  aimjr. 
'atema  for  theie  purnoaoa  had  been  haallly  adopl- 
I  and  wero  vary  :Dadei)uaia  lo  the  end  propOMd. 


aKi 

t'iJa   - 

ITi:<n'i*  I 

I.'  i'  W^K  II  tr. 

la  aJUdii 


••    '     •-  .rm»  niwlai  ih«  b««<  tMablloh- 

V     till*!,  ••«  »iirk  III 

I'Iril  liy  ihr  |<rri  iiiiiiiii* 

>,.<    11  11 1   bii<«  iiiggi  <ipil.  ii|i#ii4 

imuda  '   bii'  |l   wh^  ilir  iMrd  r*.i* 

■    11      »,  'II  II*  "jinl  ii'i  'It  •lM<'lur;''  ihi< 

.    «iiliuiii  •tiini'ii'iiilii'  iwlriliiii  III' iht  huainiKa, 

.tihlrr    III  I.  ^•4lai|   •vnifliK,  ai.it  ollli    -<  )i4|Mi 

tmretiry  ilial  w  ••  mil  litDitiiya  i.i  iiin  4.1111*  >,i!ii<*. 

Abiia«<   rrrfN    iii    (iiiiiiU    •<■'•     pritcMtnl',    <nd 

rrnMiiiy  »4>  •  tll'il. 

Ti   i>b«i4i*  iliKa  *vil4, ' 'oiiKi*     I  I  iiiio'l  ihnrt- 
n»i||r«t  iiCi)raillii||  *  riiiiiMiilli<«.  ul  llicira*ii  liiriii 
n»r*,  lullierHinpul  ilirir  inain  .umy.      Mr.Nrhi>v 
l»t,  iif  Naw  Ymli.  Ml.  I'aahuily,  i>f  .Nn*  llaiiip 
.•hue.  arid  Mr.  Mnllhr**  .il  8ui|lii  (  anHnt,  wi-rr 
a|i|Nilnlai|        '''hey    wer*    luinUhKd   with   iiiii|ilr 
piiWKit  ami  Inalrui'liuna  lu  rariirtn  abuavi,  lo  allrr 
("••ediiif  ayitf-in*   411J  In  i-^mblith  ii*»    »■  <  in 
Ih'ir  lunin       Tliia  fiiinn  ••••»  |iiin.a».|fit  i«  1  amp, 
III  Mny.  tiMI.  aii'l  iiimi'i'  wriiia  •innliir    m  m  ii> 
('•iii(r>«<  iiiiil  lliaal.iii'4  ;  in  uliiiih  ihi.)  .  oiiNttii*'! 
llir    rr|ira««i>lallaii4  |iii>riui>4lv  made,  ul  iIk    I  • 
Iraatci  and    ili«iitil«ia  avart  wlir-r*  ijir'ilviii       la 
|iailiriilar,  lhi*y  lUl'il,    ■•  IN^'    ihe  anny    n  ' 
paiil  Tur  llur  mni'lha  ,  til  tin  tritium  Iml  iniiivi'  4ti 
til  dayi>°  pruvKiuiK  111  ailrani"      and*.'    -ii  «»>■  rul 
iM'caaiuna,  I'lr    auiidry    .iii«r>.<tiii 
mral ;  ihal  lli«  army  <h«  il'tiiiiiir 
ilir  madii'al  d«|vii'in«nt  hml  na-i- 
lea,  cliuruUii',  wiiir    in  4|>irii'ii.i 
lilild  I   Ihal    i-T'.y    driiirlniam    ■■! 
liihoiii  ninney,  an4  had  iix  rx  . 
credit  I'll  i  Ihal  thx  (n'limri  »(  it  "  auMirta,  mor 
duarn  hy  the    ).ii>aaiir*  cl  ■  umpliOKinl   •uHniin)!* 
waa  on  ih*  |inini  n(  litini  riL  ukUiI." 

A  lidn  nf  :iii<l>irluii>  4,  Iron  .ill  v)ii4f"  ■• 
ililii  liiiir,  pouriiii;  in  ■■)••  1  ilia  Pii  i*  i 
Tlieif  «|ip<iarri|  1  •  1  h.  w-«ri,  In  ilinr  (•"Hlia  I'u. 
iliea,  this  aiiiall*  1  i|i4||\.i««  ,,ii>  lu  pun  hat*  "alvly. 
by  cnncvamun  of  ar>  •  n  VIm»»  aerni'l  |«  riaij 
in 'he  ini'l^l  t>f  III' -r  >l  I  ,»  «  .iitd  loKatfaiioi.^lii 
frnin  Ihe  pirnaiirc  ul  i-tl*  u.i'-t  Wlier  ''wifrtu 
could  nriihei  ■•"•■i  '    >■    i»»  nui  1  fdit.  liir  ilia 

•  iiliaitli-me  of  ihei'  u.-.i.  ii« 'ill' 'n4  of  I*hil4ilal 
pliia  foriiiK'l  m  a«at>ri«ii.>ii.  iiipr>i<-iiri*  *  <upplv  ul 
11(11  1 4aary  ailirlaa  fui  li  rir  «iillrrla|{  aul<lirr«. 
The  auio  uf  .•(Xl.UtlO  dull  ira  ««•  m  li^t-riU'd  In  » 
lew  d<i>4.  an'  .'•  iivtrit'l  into  a  baiili  .  'h*  nrmci- 
',Mi,  d««if:B  rl  'liKh  »iM,  10  purcliikM  ihuvkiMiiui 
lt»r  tlw  lri>u(M.  In  Ihe  nuKl  promm   jfil  alRavinua 

111>      ..  ''N^    j-i  I  .|;..4      .  "     •  .    .  ;     I,  I.  .. 


-  -liiiiCr.iit 

•  '•i»rn  lullir 

|Iu\-rilil'»^»»'    ..  ;i  .     '. 

e»»"U,  ..-  II. ■•■^  . 

denci",  optrai'-il   ••  ■■•     nit.  m-n       .    . 

The  patriolii:  flame,  wiiiihhii'l  liU'-.i  i-u' r. 
Haifiiinii  ':  .if  .  ■ .    wm  w»«  r«'i>lutfl'  •<        %    • 
neta  10  do,  •Oi!  u  »H(S»r   11  il^,'    ■■tmt^i  Afc- 
lilfi'v,  «ai  retired  i"  tb«-tMt«.«»«    ■■iM■■'^  •■  •• 

•liapoTMiooa   wore    iii<i^»»  twi    <  <  ip«l. 

aiKva,   .'au  hia  Mn<M  l.'kAatlAt.   >*-     .  •  I      n 

ifw  <Tt'ii»e  of  Ihe  i-atufi'-j-i:    m  »••  1 

ma-i      •  lu  iheir  aid       To  «•  '  .  '  .  > 

Ml  rewiii .  .'I  Mil   il'X  *>a<>:.  "rl 

axioiK  them  an  addieaa,  u'  ' 

a  pi*n  .  '  !'li«  rrisiii  r.alli  Ui(  •  ■  - 
I'l  be  Hnni  'i  u  litilelim*)  maiilNr;  ..>«,  :t>il 
ran  siiiniilata  thi  III -III  i>f  ■<  V  .irt**,,!^  I'eelf  In 
rie...  N'l  penod  li.xs  •'<.««•-'.*  n  J»<»  »'«,.  .' 
{[ioriuua  'llru|;^!(',1n  whtrh  inatt" i«M«4  wodlil  he  ao 
di  riicnifo  on  the  one  i-i-r-j*,  ,.w!  »,,  ••*  -(lier  no 
r.i.i.juiiciiirc hii  beeumoia  iVvonnbie  lo  i(rc«l <i:'.d 
de(:iiliiii  effort."." 

The  power*  of  the  -mnini.it*  nf  Cunf  ie«j,  in 
il.»  A'.nrriian  ciinip,  I'-r*  ealarned  10  f.ir,  an  lo 
vi'iio'-ii.   thiiii  III   I'  i  III!  rnn  lit  ■   inch   pinna 

aa,  in  tneir  opiitina,  wuuiii  mutt  efl'fi  lually  dnw 
forth  the  reaourceaol  ine  country,  in  co-oparating 
with  Iha  wrmaiaant  aipaelad  firom  Franea.   lalUa 


cbanaiar  iliajr  wiaia  attiidrji  iMian  la  Iha 
aiiii.iilji'.i     •'•«  •.•  aiauriiua  eieiibina.     Il 


.f^'inrd  ti.   ,  .  1 

Hild  .ti,  »■ 

lui  •|>ei'lli' 

iliell  ilipi'i.   . 

p««'  I  '.I  ri  i»i  ' 

Irttin  ilia  iii'iii 

4I11111  111  .I.Miiai  I  > 

ul  ih»  Miililia.     k." 

ill*   «i'li»'H    ilf  !l 

•'aliiiii4|pii     '       'I 
iiiinilNin       %iiii|' 
I  i|)ii<i«r  liliiw.  Ihal  imai 
|Ki4»d,  rid  iha  ruukiit  uf  !'•  > 
'liiiiK   i''(|iilf>iil   iiw  III*  , 
wua  III   liiinK   inlu    the   'i>ii< 
iiiulia  rll*i:iiial    ai'   .'i(<im«iii>i 


lillMgll.  J^lltlll  'hi. 
.   .ill    .III  ll,.'     U.      .• 

iin  iii'ie'"iiiy  III* 

tl   waa  |iii»- 

iiiioiii*.  Iiy  iloiiia 

1  wjiiii  iliey  fait 
I   I.  iih  iiHiie 

.      Ill  .;    Ill  mitae 

■  i:':r*   iiriilt 

lir  114  let 

'  'I  miikiiiii 

•  iHay   MiiH 

''II*  iinly 

jiee 

ml  la 

.  •mmrl. 


'Iha  Uril  i.raa  ul  ilrlilii  imiiin  in  I  unut***  •  >  .  in 
.1  Hiaiii  niti4<iiia  iloor  -iw.if,  by  ili*  lu..  |M*w*>a 
Kivn  lu  il)»ii  cuiiiililller  In  1  iiii|i.  Acritrafr  ■•it- 
iiidiri  wrtr  iii.iilii  uf  errrv  iiiii  le  ul  aiipply,  ue- 
ie».ir*  f'lr  ilie  riniiiuK  Cinupaiuii.  Thrac,  'jnd 
4l«u  the  niiniliera  ui  iiirn  wan'ril,  wcte  uHI|Iiied 
10  Ihe  leii  iiiirlliern  aiiilra.  lu  |irii|H>iliiiii  lu  tl.iur 
44>ili<iii«  and  nuiiiliara.  lu  rnniurtiiiiv  lu  iIip4*  ta 
'I  I.  VIKUIUII4  iciiilii'Idiia  wura  m|ii|iiiil  lor 
.  ill' 111  iiilii  'li  1  Wli"!'  nuliiniiiiily  rn- 
.  hII  aliuit  ul  llie  piiip.Keil  iiiiiiiliri.  ilia 
'I . '  icMiui  •  were,  by  iha  hi»4  ul  lavrril  •!  ilea. 
••  nii'iv  ii'i  hy  ilnifti  1  liiit  fiuni  llie  niiliiia. 
,'•««  •■iwua  in  Ni'W  rualnnl,  acl  ilie  I'umii'i  m 
(be  M.#'4|4  oaioa,  win  rripn 'ivrly  r.iilled  on,  I'oi 
.•  aiM-.  i4rt.'i  uiiUib*  «i  111'*  lilniih  •••ihaarul  uf 
Ihe  |ieopl«  III  .S*»  I-  ual  mil,  ilml  oeii|liliui|r<  wuiild 
,i'-i  .  -tl-  .  f  lit,,.  i„  iit:4irr  'r  III  'ill  .■  iiiiiiilicr 
M.  '11^  Hlfltulil  itiuiir,  .  I 
II  pr.H^iiee  uiual  in  iheeiiily  aiHitea 
ul  r  >,  ili*y  |Miiil  lur  'iiill<4ry  duly  wiib  I'liiile. 
f#»i.i»  l.riul  wei*  lr*<|iicuilj  Rleen  :i4  a  ii-ward 
I'.r  ri{ililprii  muiilha' ••'rviLP.  Aliryliii'l  ilii'Clnd 
her  lieitirniiiila  nl  1  miiiiiea  lu  i:Ih««  hII  Ilir  pr<i|ivf' 
I),  in  Ibvii  i*»|ieclii>r  luii'  'ir  iiiio  ••  iiiiiiiv  riji':! 
I  Iit4a*t,  ft  iliurf  WF'v.  men  tv.ioieil ;  iinil  emli  cl.taa 
wi<  t  '  I4W  ubliinl,  wiihiii  irii  d^iy  ilii'ii-iiliei,  lo 
itiiiii  II  an  iilit*  b"  .1  II'I  .'(It.  :it  ••■iv**  diiniitf  tlia 
war  ■  null,  in  •.»••  .••  ''loii  .  iHrvi  ik  or  rrlii"!!!!* 
•o  10  dii,  r«  UH '•?  t44«wii.iM'<  warn  •t'lliiiriaea 
loi'iu"!!!!'  >.     '.,  M  il»»ii  *x|ieiui*,  al  .in>  "«ir.  nol 

eiirfit  ««   •» 1 1*     mm  in  erery  liiiiidir''  |ii'ii   da 

wauiVi        vi-»\tt  n.   vlawd   aKreenhly  lo  ilm  law, 

^  ...  I'lMrd  hni  rili/.dia.  iind  rijleil  ii|M)n 

ta  1  litaea  Im  evniy  tjllnrnih  nini   lui 

.p"       I'riuuylv'iuiii    eoiiceiilr.iii'.l    ih' 

1 1I  iHiwai  in  her  pri'^i'li'iii  Jntejih  Kci'il.  imil 

4r>l  hiin  lu  di.  w  lurili  the  r»«(iurc(!4  of  ill* 

4UIII    uiKlnr  ce'iHin  liiniuliuna  ;   ami    if  lieoaaary, 

Ik  itrriiiir  iiMitial  Uw  over  tli*  "liite.     '"'li"  l"' 14. 

it'll  of  llie««  cuiiiplii  iiiil  itir'iiigrineiii4  wna 

•       !t   ii..44<iI;  but  the  *«*ciiiiun,  Ihotiiih  mi- 

.  ii'ilt  vluorou'i  liceeil  liir  liehiiid.      Vvm  »t 

I'uiild  ucciir,  inwirii'i  il  uiiKb' ^o  I  lirly  l-" 

.  .  wlini  nmrnt,   in  rciniluiiiiij;  a  war,  a  tri. 

■  k   vi  iftlU   iiiifrlii  he  biuuilil  to  net  in  iiMi4iin 

■  r  f*auli  ivf  ,lii' rxfieritneni   wii       ili;it,  liownfi 

.a  i|Uii'   I     lepiiblick  iiiiiv    lo   i»   lli*   lilifrty  iind 

i.ppineaa  nf  the  people,  lu  the  liini!  uf  jiiacii,  ilicy 

i«ill  be  gremly  dnliciriil  in  ih^il  viKuiir.iiid  ilpi(p:tlrli, 

i^hich  inilii'.irv  a|)«r:iliiiii   n-ipiiir  uulfin  ilu't  uui 

'ale  tl'.p  |«i!ii'.v  of  mi/ii.ircliic.<,    .y  cuiiiitiiiliiul  llii 

.'A.x-ulive   '•■iiiir"Tu'ni«  of  gotrornnieni  tiilliedirec- 

itiiii  ui  H  atnKli*  will. 

Willie  llitso  piepnraliii'i"  wpib  m^Uin.,  in  .\niei 
ica,  the  arinani!  Ill,  tthnii  huil  liefii  )..iui',fd  liy 
St  Mo«i  ('hrimi  I  M.ijf-"Vi  >•  it  on  i'<  way.  Aa 
«.ion  i>  it  w-i'.  Imuwii  in  ('"iitni^e.  I'l.'  .1  iinuhiliuo 
U.I4  ndopted,  tu  aeni'  cut  trnitiia  ib  'he  tJniled 
SulM,  III?  yniiiiu  Kieiith  nub.'  :,  .'^niernd  iba 
gie-iieal  7,r:l  In  1."  cnu  1.  »«  •  .-ul  aervic*.— 
Cuiirl  fKVuur  ivin  -irii.  »i  »»i.  riti  'xiili  iimie 

ctrnenineaii  thin  wn  I'll  .■  .'Hi  ir  uf  •*r»iii(i  uni|e' 
W'.ifhinuloii.  Til*  imti  i>^i  .■•  «pplii:ani»  wuamiKo 
grcutnr  th;iii  the  ae'-if*  rftjuircJ.  Thii  diapuai- 
IHin,  tu  auupori  thi  A'i"':i:"ii  rptnilinion,  waa  Uo' 
odI;  praealtnt  in  Iba  eoiut  of  ynmoa,  but  it  am 


'.J-J 


IM«  !•  IIm 
MDkM*.      I*   ••* 

I  I  ,iii  iiij  iL '  'I.  '■• 

'ItK     )ti<>'«allll>V     |)M 

I'lrit,   M    ••»•  tMU- 

rliii'iil'.  I>y  ilt"ll« 

III   oliiM    >liM   f»ll 

|.  ilh   iiMii* 

<    1    l»  (i<U»« 

r>ir«   tiriit_% 

|.ir  ii«  in 

'»r  miibtiii^ 

.  ilwjr  »it|»- 

"I,*  "nlji 


|j.  A«'ri4r«i<r  ••il- 
ir  ill  »ii|i|>lj,  ii»- 
11(11,     'I'lirti-,   ami 

ml,  W«l«     ilMJlllK'll 

iii|Miiliiiii  l»  it.i-ir 
triiiiif  III  ilin*  i< 
wwr*  Mi|i,))iril  liir 
'ir  >oliinlNiil)r  rn- 
i»n\  iiiiiiilirr.  ilia 

lit   (nvrril  Hi  il«s. 

rioni  III*  niilliin. 
I'l  III)'  I'liiiMirt  10 
>rlji  r.4ll(il  on,  for 
i(;l<  •ollidrxl  u( 

ii«l(lilmMr«wi)iil<l 

..  ..I  'III  ,■  iiiiiiiticr 

irliiiiil  iiiuilv^  ,  I  I 
in  ihnriiil.irtiuitM 
f  'tiiijf  wlib  iiiiilt. 

■  ivrii  :i4  »  lf«<iril 
lI.iryixiMl  iliirulnd 
hm  nil  llir  |ir<i|iri- 
iitti  H«  iiiiinv  tl]v^ 
tl  ;  ;tnil  «>ii  li  I  l>i«« 
liy  llii'iiMlini,  (v 
I  •*■!««  iliiriiitf  (lie 
i'<  H(  or  rrliniiu 
'  wurn  iii.iliorinea 
ni  •iH".  nM 
iiiiitii'  j»i'ti  .iti 
III,  III  ilin  liiw. 
ii>l  c^illeil  n|ion 
rnlh  mill  liil 
iri»l!lr.llril  ihi' 
«n|ih  K  iTil,  iinil 
iiiiircfi  of  ill* 


Ih 


if  iirvi'Mitry, 

•I'll.,  i-./i,. 

'iiiiii*inMii^  wai 

in,  tliiMii.'li  nil- 

ml.     hV«  (>t 

inli^  ^(1 '  lirljr  l.» 

tfi  n  war,  a  *a- 

nrt  in  iiiii«iin 

i|i;iT,  liiiv*i»>'-i 

Ur    lilH-rlv    .nl.l 

d"  ,'ttiic(t.  lUy'y 

ir  .mil  ilpiipiiit  li, 

tllilt*HH  llli'^    lllli 
OlllllllMIMIi    III' 

iirni  III  lilt  iiir*e> 
Tiiltin'^  III  Amci 

Ml     |.i.iil'-.»(l     lljl 

>n  ii  I  i»4y.     A« 

f  .t  i/««Jiitt(it] 

■■     iM*  llnilwl 

<  .  1,  fr»il  III* 

■I  XTvIc*.— 

it  ^  Miili  imu« 

I  norvin^   unit*' 

uuiii«  wiismtica 

'V\u:  <li«pii*l- 

liiiion,  wM  uo* 

•,  llUl  it  HDI 


• 

f 

9 

s 

if** 

C 

r4 

^ 

^, 

H 

•^ 

8 

C 

fc 

? 

1. 

e 

&. 

*. 

© 

1 

gj 


c 
6' 

K 


»   y 


U  MITKD  KTATII. 


nl  itw  n'MNin      Tti*  •iml  fiKwUf  nf  lb*  *IM««,  M  In  atMltta  Iham  In  , 
I  atvi'ttxl  III*  itriloK)  oulivaiililiD  lliKH   '<fliMi.il  tiiiadiiiiit  ut  utiMlilni    N«»  Vaife.lwiM^  •*••  tbMi  ■nl«ii4hMil  duulM*  •! 
KiCMi'h  irunjm      'riM'ii«lMh>>  •xtlcil  IruHi  KMMi'a    Wlivii   ilio  ■•|i»  i>iUim<    iif  lltai   AiiMrW'iN*  t>««»|  Htlaltly,  ••!  WiMlilitKlwM,  m  lh«  UN«H«aa«fta»fl  MMtl 
III  iIm  I<i  lit  V|i«,  II'O.  Ill"*  ili'lii.ii  rmuli  >i  |ki>i  r>ilMtil  m  ilia  IhkIhxI  (iiIi  h,  'iixi  wlHiNlti«y  ••?•  Im^mIa  •wlilHif,  iMtMvlitl  tt  ink*  lin|»iM«)M«  llnM  •••• 

H  lli«  I'liii'il  Ml  il««,  nil  III'  miilli  III  Jill;  IhIImw-  '  grim  l<ir*>iiilii*<«  <il  iir>|Mr  iiloii,  In  kii  hi  •ii»««tt   nur  •httwlil  km  witMliiig  In  «  liraiMl.  •NlcH  h*  kMV 

ng.  Oil  III  <i  il  If.  lit  itin  ur«itl  mi;  III  III*  Atiiril  '  •iitt  ilimr  ulliat,  tiii'lliapii**  nifKcit  iImi  INiiiiti  il* 
nil*.  M  iIh  r>iiii)r  itriiv»l  •■  IIimxI*  UUml,  wiili  (tuii'liaii  lnnl  •iiii>>l  I'lir  ti'mm*.  Til*  iiWit|i|Hiiii« 
•  •i|iiii<it'»i  III  MKcii  »iil  lit  III*  liii*.  nv*  Itig.il*!, '  iiiaiil  HI  ■•  atlt«iiia|;  iiiitrilMyMig.  'I'll*  Aitl«>li'>«iM 
•im|  Dva  ai-iail*!  Ill  mail  ««»a>l>  11*  hliaoiaa  luiii  i  liiil  ii'iul*  iimuimmiikiii  xarilim*,  nnllia  lilan  wl  r* 
•■  >ril  14  iW*l  III  iiiiii<|iiiii>.  oiili  liiiir  iilil   Kiaiii'll U>*l<iii>M  'MlIi  ii  mil  limii  lliair  allwa.  »*  waitlil  ait- 

iir  iMxiiit,  (laahlaa  Ilia  |i-«i<iM  ilit   l,>iii«iiii,  ami  a  alila  lliain  lu  In;  all**  III  il  *!■(*  Iw  New  YuiIi.mU 
*:■   iiliiiii  iii  arlillarjr,  iiiih'inniiig  m  lli*  wivda  lu Orlka  *<i»i*  Uai'laiaa   blii«.     'I'lMir  ■•••ilng  •« 


iMNIUinaii,  iiiiilaii  Ilia  roiiiiii  mil  u(  Lil'illaninl  O*- 
lli<r><M '•iilHl  ila  Ritrlliimbaii,).  'I'lt  Ilia  ^i»mi>Ii,  nil' 
liiaillii*  |Mt««**<iiin  w.i*  |l«an  ut  ilia  furl*  ami  bal- 
larw*  iin  ilia  kI.iihI  i  ami  h;  llialr  •lariifii*  Iha; 
w*r«Miitn  pill  III  a  lil«h  •«'ii*uril*rait«*,  An  aJ- 
ilfaai  of  •iiiigriiiiiliillitn,  UiiMi  Ilia  ganarul  aaaaiii- 
h\y  af  ill*  aiHia  iil  KIkmI*  laliaiiil,  waa  |>r**antail  l» 
'.'.ii^nl  'ta  Riialiainhaau,  In  which  III*;  aipiaaaail 
■■  ihalr  rniMl  iraliliil  •*iia*  iif  Iha  ina(iiaiilmiiii* 
Nkl  iitriiril*<l  III  ilia  Uiiilail  Nuia«,  b*  lli*l'  llliia- 
Irliiut  Iriaml  »iiil  all;,  Ih*  mniiirch  uf  r'nini'*  \  aiiJ 
wlot  ||.i>a  roaiiriiiiia*  of  aiai;  aavilliin  In  ihalr 
jHiiaai,  I'lir  ili*  aiiiililli  iil'lh*  Hanoh  lure**,  with 
all  MiDiDiar  uf  •*lr*«liin*nl*,  ami  nacaaaaila*  fur 
taiiilaiiiit  iha  avrnlea  li  >|i;  mil  nnraailila."  Ru- 
<  liiiiiili*  III  ilaiiliiirii  In  im  *n««*r,  "  ihil  ha  only 
biiMiifhl  ii«*r  III*  •aiigiMril  nfa  mueh  grfiilar  Ana*, 
wlilrh  wi««  il**linail  I'ur  lhair  alili  aiiillhal  ha  wa* 
jiiil*r*<l  hy  ih*  klnv,  hi*  mialar,  In  ataur*  Iham, 
ihal  III*  wliiila  iiiiai«r  ahmilil  ba  a«artaii  fur  Ihalr 
•U|itMiri."  "'I  ha  Kiaiivh  Irnnpa,"  ha  1*1)1, "  waia 
miliar  llie  airlelaal  iliari|ihn*,  ami,  anllng  iinilar 
lliaurilrra  nf  lianaral  Waihlnglim,  wnuM  ll*a  wllh 
Ilia  Ain*rlgiiii4  aa  lir*ihr«n."  Ila  ralurnail  ihalr 
riiiii|illiiiaiila  b;  iin  iiaaiiriiica,  "  llial.  a*  bralhran, 
mil  iinl;  hi*  own  III*,  but  iha  ll«a(  ufalllhiiaa  un- 
liar  Ilia  I'liinmnnil  wai-*  liavulail  lo  ihalr  aarvii:*." 
WiiahiiKliin  larniiiinanilail.  In  piiblln  iinlar*  lo 
ih*  Anirrlnaii  olHv*!*,  a*  »  lyiiilio!  nf  filanilahlp 
anil  iifai.'tiiMi  fur  lh»lr  alliaa,  tu  aiaiir  lilavli  aiul 
whita  eiii'liiiilaa,  ilia  groiiml  lulia  iifllia  rtnlsulour 
ami  III*  raliaf  )if  ih*  aacnnii. 

'I'ha  I'raniih  iniii)!*,  iinliail  both  In  Inlaraal  and 
illnrlkir.  wllh  Iha  Aiiiarlvana,  nrilciiily  longail  fur 
in  iippo*'«inl';  In  an  nparala  wlili  ih*iii,nnaiinl  llic 
cumiiinn  an*ii>y.  Tha  cnnlinvnlal  ariii;  wlahail 
I'ur  III*  a^in*  with  aqiial  Hnliiiir.  Un*  cliciiinalann* 
uliiiie  aeaiiHiil  iinfavniiriibia  lo  Ihta  aplrll  of  aniar 
pria*.  'I'lii*  wa*  iha  ileAriani  cinlhing  of  tha 
Aiiiirle^n*.  Sum*  whnia  lln**,  nffleer*  *•  wall  «• 
inaii.  warn  ahwbb*  i  rml  a  grvnl  nroporllnn  of  iha 
priviiiaa  war*  willtoiil  ihlrU.  Much  iron|M,  lirnuglil 
aliiiitiaiila  nf  «lll*«,  fully  etiid  In  iha  aUgwiica 
of  unil'iiiniliy,  niuai  linva  baan  moia  or  !*•*  thin 
man.  In  I'ael  nn  ilatruilitinn  on  Ilia  cnnlraal, 

Aihiilral  Arliiilhnol  liail  nnly  fiiiir  aail  cf  Ih*  Una, 
nl  Naw  York,  whan  M.  lia  Tcrnay  anivail  Ml 
RIiihI*  lalantl.  Thi*  infariorlty  wa*  In  thraa  day* 
ri«icia«il  by  tha  arrWal  of  Ailinhal  Ura****,  wllh 
•ix  aall  of  iha  lina.  Tha  Brillth  nilminil,  having 
now  I  ■iifiarinrily,  procaeilail  lo  Rhoile  liianir 
liraoon  illaniiovr*)!,  lliiii  the  Franch  wara  paiifaeily 
•enir*  from  iitiunk  hy  aaii.  Sir  Hanry  Cilnlnn, 
wli'i  hull  renriiaii  in  Ih*  i»ecedlng  mnnin,  wllh  hia 
vlRiiirioii«li.ta|ia  froiii  Chaiieaton,  ainharkad  about 
MMO  nf  Ilia  bmi  'nan,  ami  pr  icaadad  aa  far  aa  Hun- 
linildnn  liay,  on  Lnng  laian  i.  with  Ilia  apparani 
daatgn  of  roneiirrinc  with  tha  Briliah  fl«el,  In  at- 
m^kini •!)■  r>:r>cl:  fori;* at  'Vhnd*  Uland.  When 
tliia  •no«aiiianl  tniik  place,  Waahincion  i*l  hi*  ar- 
my in  iiiuiion,  and  proc««did  lo  Peakakill.  Had 
,Sir  Henry  Clinton  prouuiiiail  whatapfiaared  (o  ba 
Ilia  daaivK  ••  wH*  intciidrd  to  atliick  New  York  In 
hia  a'liifiice.  Pr«.jinrMtion4  wera  made  for  thai 
pur,Hi*e;  but  Sir  lli  nry  Cli.ilon  inalanlly  turned 
Uiui<l,  from  lluntlngUnnbny,  toward*  New  York. 
In  'lie  ineanllma,  the  French  fleet  and  army 
buing  buit.!:>'d  up  al  Rhode  Uland,  wera  ineapaoi- 
lateil  from  to  niw.-:<tinK  with  til*  Amei  iuana.  Hop** 
wera  n*«ertlielen  in'lulged,  that  iiy  ihn  arrival  of 
■ootlier  fleet  of  hi*  Mitl  Clirialian  M  ijeaiv,  then 
la  tba  Waal  India*  undei  'he  coimr.and  of  Count 
<■  Ottinhtfi  lit*  iupariority  wonld  ba  m  mnah  lo 
»l 


IMiiUtlonawaia  Inn  miini»nll***ll*d  wllh  the  diMl. 
Amtihaf  citin|Mi||ii  w.ia  antlcl|Mt*d,  and  naw  «li«de« 
w*r*  aililad  to  lli*  >Ih*u  rbiiid,  whluli,  lor  loiiia 
lliil*  |ta«l,  liiiil  nraraliailowad  Ain*rloan  ilTair* 

Tha  c*m|Mign  of  I7HU  pa**aii  away  In  tha 
nnriharn  aiaiaa,  »a  It  i«  baan  r*l«iad,  In  «uaea**l«a 
diaapiHilnlmaiiia,  ami  raiiaialad  dl«lr***a«.  Til* 
aountry  W4*  aahaiiataill  Ih*  i!untln*iit*l  aumney 
xapiilng.     Til*  army,  for  want  of  aubalalam  r,  wa* 


k*iH   inaillf*,  mill   hruoitlog  u«*r   II*  euUmill**. 
Whil*  lli*a*  diaati'Mt  w»i*  ii|i*iily  m*niiriMg  ili* 
lulo  of  III*  Aiii*ili'*n  oiiOM,  lr*:ii!li*rv  wii*  aiUnlly 
uilil*rmlMlng  II.     A  dialiiigui*li*doini'ar  *nga|*o, 
fur  a  (llpulaud  •uiii  of  inuitvy,  to  h*lra;  Into  the 
hand*  of  ill*  llilllah.  an  liu|Hirliiiil  pml  vomnilllad 
to  III* ear*.     (l»n»ri«T  Ainulil,  who  ciiiikiulit*d  till* 
fvul  *rMiia,  wa*  a  native  of  Ctinnaciiuiui,     Thai 
atat*,  raiiiarkabi*  fur  ill*  piirll;  uf  il*  iiMtiNlt,  for 
It*   i*piihliciin  prliK'lpl«i  mid  laitrloliaiit,  wu*  fix 
birth  plane  uf  a  man,  to  whuin  nun*  of  Ih*  ulliai 
atata*  Im«*  prudiio'ad  an  ai|i|iil,  ||a  had  b«*n  among 
lb*  Aral  In  tak*  oiinriii*  Hguinai  (ir*iil  llrllain,  aU'l 
lu  widan  the  brt>.<ch  l*tw**ii  the  parent  Mat*  mid 
III*  eoluni**.     Ilia  dUtingulalicd  miliMiV  litlrnt* 
hud  pru(!Or*il  him  *v*ry  honour*  grairfiil  couiiir; 
eould  baalow.     I'liaia  mid  pmiilrra  had  markail  him 
a*  a  aiiiLibleaubjet'l  fur  Ilia  ilia  i|i;  uf  ihair  talriil*. 
il*  |Hia*«ta*d  an  abvat*!!  ••at  in  iha  henna  uf  lila 
eouiiir;iii*u,  and  wu«  In  tha  full  rnjiiymanl  nf  • 
aubatantlal  fame,  fur  iha  purelinae  uf  ohich,  the 
wealth  of  world*  nughl  lo  hi'*  been  liMullltiient. 
Ill*  country  had  noi  only  loadad  lilin  with  honour*, 
but  furgi**u  him  hi*  criiiie*.     Thuiiitli,  in  hia  «e- 
coiint*  againal  ili«  atat**,  lli«re  wa*  much  room  lo 
•ll*|i*cl  fraud  and  iin|Niailiun,  yd  lli*  rrrollactlon 
of  hi*  giillanlry  and  guod  conduct,  in  a  irreal  maa- 
aura  aarved  a*  a  cloak   to  co**r  iha  wliul*.     II* 
who  had  been  priidigiil  of  life,  In  hi*  country'* 
aiuaa,  wa*  indulged  in  exlruordinaiy  damamla  fur 
hi*  aarvlca*.     The  generoiliy  of  the  •tat**  did  no' 
keep  pace  with  the  ekiruoagaoca  uf  their  favourite 
oAcar.     A  aum|Muuiu  table  and  ax|i*iiaiva  equi- 
page unaupiKiriad  by  the  reaoiircet  of  private  lor- 
tune,  unguarded  l>y  ilie  virtue*  ofarunnmy  and 
good  management,  anon  increated  hi*  dehti  beyond 
a  (loMibiliiy  nf  hia  dlacliiirgiiig  them,     lli*  love  of 
pleiiaure  produced  the  love  of  money  ;  and  ihal  ax- 
tinguiahad  all  aanalbility  to  the  obligationanf  honour 
and  duty.     The  call*  of  luxury  were  preaaing,  and 
damunued  grNtiflcHllon,  though  al  the  expania  of 
fame  and  country.     Cnnlriicta  were  made,  ipecu- 
iNilon*  entered  into,  and  parlneiihipa  inatilulad, 
which  could  not  bear  inveaiigiiiioii     Oppraaalon, 
extortion,  mieaiinlieation  of  public  money  and  pro- 
|ierty.  furnialied  iiim  with  with  the  farther  mean*  of 
gmtll'ying  Ilia  favourite  paaaion*.     In  theie  elr- 
cumitancea,  a  cliinga  of  aide*  alTorded  lite  only 
hope  ofevadi^/l  icrutlny,  and  al  the  aame  lime, 
held  out  a  proapeet  of  raplaniahing  hia  axhauilad 
coflera.     The  diapoiltlon  of  tha  American  force*, 
in  tha  year  1780,  aubriled  an  opportunity  of  ao- 
comnlianing  ihia,  in  niiich  lo  the  advantiga  of 
the  Britiih,  that  they  could  w*ll  aHiird  a  liberal 
reward  for  tha  benelfcial  treachery.     Tha  Ameri- 
cnn  army  waa  itnlloned  in  the  ttrong  hold*  of 
tha  Highland*  on  both  (idea  of  the  North  River. 
In  thi*  arrangement,  Arnold  lolicited  for  the  com- 
mand of  Weal  Point.    Thi*  ha*  been  called  tha 
Uihraltar  of  America.     It  was  built,  after  (he  loia 
of  Fort  Montgomery,  for  the  defence  of  the  North 
River,  and  wna  deemed  the  moat  pioper  for  com 
manding  it*  navigation.     Rocky  ridge*,  riling  one 


w**  III*  •*,(!  «f  valour,  ■li**ffHll;  granted  Kla  !•• 
•0**1.  and  liilrwaiad  lllni  willt  ihe  Impnflanl  |M*la 
Arnukl,  rtiu«liiv*ai«d  wllh  iiVHinniml,  aarrladana 
nagodallitn,  wllh  Nir  llanr;  t'llninn,  by  whiaHM 
wa*  agi**d  lhai  lb*  Iiiinmi  •houbl  m«k*  a  diaf#- 
MiMn  af  Im*  tbfvaa,  whiab  w>  ukl  en«bl*lh«  lalltr 
io*MrpflM  W**«  Pmnl,  Hml*v*Huh*lr*NMM«*n*a«« 
that  fa*  waubl  bav*  ih*  ga>»l*WH  m  fomplatai*  m 
liM  |H»wei,  ibal  tba  iraopa  mu*«  *lili*r  lay  wani 
lhair  a(nMiirb*«uli«|i«a***.  ThaaMaal  af  ihilg 
n»giial»4li*n  wa*  ih*  •lr»ng**i  paat  of  Iha  ARU-fM 
«an*  I  ih*  illorniiglil'ar*  uf  cnmiiiMnli'«llain,  balwaan 
ill*  •**l*rn  ami  nintliern  alal**  i  and  wna  iba  !•• 
IKMllniy  uf  lb*lf  iii««l  valuabi*  Mikm,  Tb«  faMi 
of  It  would  hav*  b**n  «*v*ral«  fell. 

Th*  ageni  •ivi|ilriv*<l  in  lliia  iwiorialinn,  »n  iIm 
|Mit  nfMir  lUory  Clitiinn,  waa  .Muinr  Andre,  *d)i»« 
lint  g*ii*ral  uf  ib*  lliiiiah  army,  n  young  nAaar 
of  Kr*:it  hu|M»,  iiH'l  uf  iiiK'oiniiiiiniiHirli.  N'lura 
hail  li*iiow*il  un  kiiin  in  ii  i  ><ii  laala  fur  lileralur* 
and  ill*  All*  art*,  wliliili,  lit  iii.Jiia«riou«i'Hlll**ll«m 
had  b**o  gr*atl;  iinpr»»*d.  II*  |Hia****«d  ni*t>| 
ninUbl*  ()iialili«a,  and  v»iy  grant  n,  romiiliabmanMi 
Ilia  Adality,  lii^ailivr  wiililil*  plni'iami  rharaelar, 
*inin*ntl;  ltii«i(  liini  for  thi*  kuain*** ;  but  hia  high 
lilan*  of  rniiiluiir,  nod  hia  nblior*iir*  of  du|>llei(]|, 
mild*  liim  ln*x|Hir(  m  prni'tiaing  ibu**  *ilaafd«< 
caption  which  II  r*niiir*d. 

[JoHiv  A>imK.aid  il«-raiii|iiiiNlrll«nrvClln<M) 
nod  ailjulnnt-g»ii*rnl  ofih*  Hrlii'li  army  In  th*r«< 
volutluitmy  war,  wna  born  In  Eaglanii  in  1749f 
III*  fnlhar  waa  i  native  of  (i*n*va,  and  a  conaulof  • 
abl*  I'Mrrhanl  in  the  Levant  trade  \  ba  died  la 
1701).  Young  Andre  wni  daatined  to  mercantile 
hualnea*,  and  *lt*nil«d  hia  Uiher'* counting  hnii**, 
nn*r  having  apani  *um*  yrnra  fur  hi*  aduaaiion  it 
Oanav*.  II*  Ar*l  *ni*r*d  Iha  army  in  January 
1771.  Al  thi*  lima  he  had  a  Miiin|  iltachinenl 
In  llonoria  Sneyd,  who  nn«n*arde  married  Mr, 
Kdg*worth.  In  1779  he  vialiad  thr  enuri*  of  Har* 
many,  and  laturnml  In  KngI  lod  lu  1773.  Ila  l>ind> 
ad  al  PhilnilKliihia  in  Nnpi.  1774,  a*  llautemunt 
of  tha  Royal  Engllah  Fuail«*r*t  ltd  imin  pro- 
c**d*il  by  way  of  Bualon  lo  ('anaiU  to  join  hi*  ra- 
gimanl.  In  I77A  he  waa  ijken  priaoner  by  Mom* 
gumery,  at  St.  Jubn'ai  but  waa  aharwarda  a|. 
I  iiangad,  and  appointed  eaplatn.  In  tba  auMMMr 
uf  1777  ba  wai  ippointad  aid  to(ianeniiara«.ati4 
wna  praaani  at  the  ang*g*m*nti  in  N*w  Jenay 
and  Penniylvanla  in  1777  and  1777.  On  tha  ia> 
(urn  ofOenenl  Gray,  lie  wae  »|ipolnted  aid  toOa- 
iifral  Clinton.  In  1780  ha  wii  iiromotad  ;a  iha 
rank  uf  major,  and  made  ■djutiM  lanaral  of  iba 
Briliah  army. 

Aftar  Arnold  had  inlimatad  to  tha  Britiih,  la 
1780,  hia  intention  of  delivering  up  Weal  Point  ta 
ihem,  Major  Andre  wiii  lelected  a*  tha  pcraon,  lo 
whom  the  maturing  of  Arnold'*  treaaon  and  Itta 
arrangamania  for  in  execution  ihould  be  commit- 
led.  A  eorreapondsncn  waa  fur  lome  lime  carried 
on  between  Ihem  under  k  mercantile  diiguiia.  •n'' 
tha  feigned  name*  nf  fluitavui  and  Anderaoni 
and  at  length  to  facilitate  tlieii  oommunieationa. 
the  Vulture  aloop  of  war  moved  up  tha  North  River 
and  took  a  itatioo  convenient  for  Iha  purpoae,  but 
not  ao  near  ai  to  excite  luapieion.  An  interview 
wna  nitreed  on,  and  in  Ihe  night  nf  September  21, 
1780,  lie  wai  taken  in  a  boat,  which  waa  ili"<|inteb- 
ad  for  Ihe  purpoae.  mid  carried  to  the  bench,  with 
oul  the  poll*  of  both  armiea,  underapaaa  fur  John 
Anderaou.  Ha  met  OenernI  Arnnid  at  lli*  houia 
of  n  .Mr.  Smith.  While  the  confnrenee  wai  yet 
unAniihed  dayllitlll  ipprniiohed ;  and  lo  ivoid  iba 
dnnger  ol  diicnvery.  il  w.ia  pro|ma*d  lliii  he  ibouM 
remain  concealed  till  the  luoceeding  night.  Ha 
ia  iinderatood  to  have  reluied  to  ba  earried  Willi- 
In  the  Americnn  poala,  but  Iha  promiie  mada  him 
by  Arnold  lo  reipect  tliii  objeclioo  wai  not  ab> 
lerved.     He  wii  carried  wilhla  iham  eantiaiy  M 


bahiad  aaoibar,  readarad  it  laeapabla  of  bait^(  la- 1  hia  wiahai  and  agaiaat  hia  ka^M|*«    Ha    am 


NItTORV  or  TNI 


w^iiMi  •#  •  !«•  kMtoa  taM  iin»ii  M  Ik* 

HPPVw    WiW    BwwW^^B    »B  ^WP»  V^WW  W^W*         V  W^B  W^W* 


;  i4J 


VkMMM  aMH  mIimimm*  MIM  tfgMM  »•• 

MM  PM  M  #  pMMI  MiM  flf  #l9lll9V  I  MM  fMMVMf  A 

jmIw  Ik*  k>%mM  MMM i^  J«Imi  A>4twii.  i»  pi*- 
•m4  m  iIm  p«M«  Mf«to«  «■  ilM  WMt*  PMm,  m 
■•••f  tf  Im  iIwmIh  r*«»f  •  b*  Ml  •••  M  lu*  rttam 

M  Inv  •^•MWJ  ••  IIM  WMf  (M##M|MMww  ■•  •••Ww* 

Mnitlli,  mmI  fM«4  Ik*  atilN  ••  Cww^Hil.  TN  MM 
wwntac  Im  tniM<  ilM  llwlwM  ••  Ktwf '■  r*r»y 
M  IlM  tMt  (Mt.  A  Hill*  iMjTMirf  ih*  t'rMMi, 
•nitik,  4MiNtii|  Mm  mDi,  Im4«  Mm  wImn.  II* 
bwl  |NMM<I  all  iIm  gwM^  mhI  piMlt  MM  lh«  r*-ul 

•IIImIM    MMIttclMI,    Mil    WM    INMMtllltg   ••  N*« 

YMk  hi  |Mi^cl  Mturtiy,  wImh  ll«|iMmli«>  VM, 
•M  af  IM  iKit*  mllMtonM*,  «iIm  m»n  »mftn<t»A 
mMk  Mhara  tw  MatMlnc  |M'****  b*l«*«n  iti*  lln«« 
•f  iIm  •••  MNitoti  (iwtiiihig  Mwiilaiiljr  fmin  hM 
fMtri  tM«  ib«  riMti,  MMMtl  iIm  ratM  af  kM  lift- 
ilhi  m4  Mn|«tMi4  kl*  karw.  iiMi««i  M  |H*<lNf  tni 
ktt  pMii  AmIi*.  wkk  •  WMI  af  Mlf-|inn»intaw, 
•  kick  ran  ba  Mtrlkuiatl  anU  la  •  klml  ptavMaaca, 
Mk«4  ika  ma*  kaaiUjr  vkata  Im  l»aln«ga<l,  *a<i  balni 
aM«»ra<l. "  la  balaw."  rapliail  twwMdtataly.  "  ami 
Milai."  lltlkaailatlafatikliMairiabaHHrlilak 
adUar.  aa  ariaal  btMiaaia,  aaij  kafiail  (hm  ha 
migkl  aal  ba  ilaiakaail.  Tkaalhar  laamlhilaman 
•amtni  mp  al  ikU  mamaal,  'la  tliaaavaratl  kia  mla- 
lafcai  bwltiwiaaawiae  lalaiara^atf  ll.  Ilaa(fcra4 
lliam  kia  purM  aail  ■  valuabia  aalak.  *a  aklak  ka 
«l4ail  Ika  maal  lam|Nta|  (iramlaaa  ol  am|ila  raaanl 
ami  iNriMMM  praf  tataa  from  ika  gi>**rnm*M,  tf 
ilMjr  •auM  aarmli  kirn  la  aMa^  i  bai  bla  aflkra 
••M  t^atum  wMkaul  kaallallaa. 

Tka  mlltita  iMa,  vkaM  namaa  arara  Jnkn  PaaM' 
hif.  Dathi  WUkama,  aail  Imm  Vaa  Wiri.  pra 
wi^ti  la  taarak  Mm.  Tka*  feaad  eanaaalati  la 
kka  baaia  aiMi  raiaiaa,  la  ArMM'a  kaadwrlilng, 
•f  iha  Miia  af  ika  fortaa,  ar^MMa,  aarf  ilafaMM 
M  Waal  Paial  aa4  Ma  ilapaadaMaa,  artltcal 
mmHm  aa  ika  vorbtt  and  aa  aailmaia  of  Ik*  mm* 
anilaarlljr  amplajrail  la  iham,  wMk  aikaf  tniaraailaji 

yipara.  Aadra  «m  aarrlati  bafoia  Llaul.  CoT 
amwia,  ika  aflt«ar  eommandlni  ika  acoailai 
panla*  a*  ika  Ikaaa,  aa4  raganlloM  af  ktniMlf,  and 
aalf  tailaM  for  ik*  Mfoi*  af  ArnoM,  ka  iilll 
■MMialB*4  ika  akaraaiar  wklak  k*  kad  aMamad, 
Md  N^ttatMd  Jamaaa*  la  Infarm  ki*  camiMndtng 
aMaar  ikai  Aadaraaa  •**  Ub*a.  A  l*ll*r»M  *«• 
•afdiagljr  Mat  la  AimM.  tad  Ika  Iraliar,  ikM  ba- 
•amiag  acaaaiaiad  aiik  kl*  daagar,  **cBp*d.  Tk* 
MtrMlv*  af  ika  bmnraf  ikl*  laiiar,  Mr.  Balamaa 
Allaa.  la  gWaa  la  ika  abaiak  of  kl*  llfo  i  ll  dilfcr* 
b  M**ral  raapMi*  fram  ika  MMaai  af  tka  aililr 
la  ik*  Ea«y*laf  dl»  AmariaaM.  aad  ikraaallckt 
■MM  *ii«um*MM**  wkkk  kav*  b***  k*f*Mlar* 
■M*aM. 

A  baard  af  gaaaral  alHear*.  of  vkiek  Malar 
GaMral  OrMM  «m  praaldaat.  md  tka  twa  feralga 
gaaarala,  Lafayatia  aad  8i*ab*a.  vara  iMmbais, 
«M  aallad  la  Npori  a  prMlM  ttaia  af  ika  cxm  of 
Aadra,  wko  kad  acbMwIadgad  klinMlf  adjoMnt* 
gaaaral  af  Ik*  BriiMi  army,  aad  ta  datarmlM  la 
•kal  cbaraatar  ha  wm  to  ba  aanald*rad,  and  to 
what  paalakmani  ha  vaa  liabl*.  Ha  racalrad  from 
ik*  board  *v*r)r  mark  of  Indulgaat  allanllon  i  and 
fram  a  Maw  of  Juallea,  aa  wall  m  of  dall«.iey,  ka 
WM  lafarmad  am  Ik*  Aral  apaning  of  Ika  aiamlna- 
liaa,  tkal  ka  wm  al  perfMl  Ikbrrt*  not  In  anawar 
any  laiarrogalory  wklak  might  amoarraM  hi*  oara 
'Mliag*.  Bui  h*  dlidainad  »«*ry  eraalon.  and 
fiaahly  aabaavladgad  •T*ry  thing  which  w*«  nia> 
Mflal  M  kia  eandamnallon. 

"  1  MMM,"  Mid  h*,  •'  10  hold  a  eommunlcalinn 
wlik  «  g*a*ral  aflear  of  the  Amarican  army,  hy 
'  r  af  im  avo  cQminandcr.    I  aoicrcd  ilw 


wBw#  I  piMMI  WMM  HMM  W    Wm  •Jf  IMP  MIMS  Wi* 

ikartty.     I  aaad  m  rNaapiMw.     I  kM  ka*«d  ik*«  ■ 

IWVMMCIM  MImAV  IM4    W^WH^M  •?  Iw>    •••MB  R9 

lMdl*k*a,*a4ikaika**aw«d,  ikai  ka  aa«M  nMMi 
•a  ga  M  fbr  M  ka  kad  jwm  Ii*  raaiatNig  ika  aatka- 
rky  af  kM  blag.  Tka  Hrlilak  oaaMwaaaar  wm  will- 
lag  la  aiiaad  la  Mm  ik*  king'*  rIaaMaay,  yaa,  kl* 
bawMt,  M  kapaa  m  alkiM  atkar*  la  da  ik«  Mma 
I  aMM  M  piaM  I  I  aaamlaad  m  work*  i—  I  ^aly 

rMMWV  BM  vVHiNVVWVsVIVN^  MPI|  WW  Vw  ^^/         2 

rMfi*  M  tka  umy,  aad  M  NMba  haawa  aN  I 
kad  l**raad  tmm  •  g*Mi*l  allUM  m  »*ttr  camp. 
I*  ikia  Ika  aA«*  af  •  apy  t  I  aat *r  akawM  ka*a 
Miad  la  tkal  NgM.  aait  wkai  I  kava  doM  la  nal  la 
•ka  naiBM  of  i  apjr.  I  kava  naiad  aalikar  yaur 
alMnglk.  M  aakamaaaa.     If  tk#*a  ba  wnng  la  Ika 

'•  Tka  aMca  af  a  ap«,  a  aaMiar  kaa  a  rigki  in  ra- 

Mat  bwl  M  ***fy  *nd  IkMk  aammantaallaM wMk 

aallMr  army,  I  M*ar  kaard  wm  t rimlnal.     Tk* 

alMam*'ir>**a  whiah  follawad  *Aar  my  tnlarrMw 

wkk  go  'fal  AraoM,  wet*  nat  la  my  powar  la  ana* 

•ral.     11*  alana  had  ih*  managaatanl  nf  ik*m. 

ll  la  aald  Ihai  I  ifida  In  dlagalM.  I  lud*  fur 
Mrarliy.  Inang.  aa  liir  urn  I  wm  aM*,  kal ofh«r  ihita 
arlmlnal  daada  Induaa  nna  in  il*  Ihla.  I  wM  nal 
bound  lo  waar  my  unifnrm  aoy  langar  ihaa  ll  wm 
aipadlaM  or  polMla.  I  Main  iha  m*"**  M  a  apy  i 
braad  my  olfaaaawlihaam*  uikar  llil*.  if  Ittkanga 
not  ik*  puniahiiMni,  I  lt«-i**rh  you.  ll  I* nul  daaih 
I  faar.  I  am  buayad  abnta  It  liy  a  canMl»u«n*M 
•f  having  lnl*nd*d  I*  dlMhwrg*  my  duty  la  an 
hniMiurabla  manna  r. 

■'  Plana,  ll  I*  Mid,  war*  found  wllh  m*.  Thia 
la  iru*  I  but  th**  w*r*  not  miM  i  y*t  I  mual  lall 
you,  haaaatly,  tMt  lh*y  woubl  kava  baan  commu 
nUaiad,  If  I  (tad  not  baan  lak«n.  Thay  wara  aaai 
b*  gvMral  ArnoM  lo  Iha  Htlibh  rnmmamlar,  and  I 
ahaaM  hava  d*llv*r*d  iham.  I'rom  iha  boimm  of 
my  k**rt  I  amim  tk*  ikongkl  of  allampilag  lo 
MrMa  myMlf  hy  erimlnaling  anoikar  i  but  m  far 
M  1  a«  •an**rn*d,  ik*  irulk  *h*ll  k*  told,  wka***r 
*allbr*.  ll  WM  tka  allaglaM*  af  (laMral  ArMbl 
tkal  I  aama  aat  ta  aMiir*,  ll  wa«  (Wlr  la  nr** 
ihai  1MB*  ■  brav*  aMcar  wauld  ba  glaa,  at  Ikia 
lima,  la  kava  bMn  abia  la  lairM*  kl*  atap  I  M 
kaal  w*  kav*  baan  M  Infarmad.  Shall  I,  wha 
aaai*  snl  la  Mgnclat*  ihl*  Bllag|*n«*  only,  b* 
trMl*d  M  aM  wka  aama  lo  apy  out  ika  waabnoM 
af  •  **mp  f  If  ihaM  bciIom  ara  ahba  I  hav*  la 
laarn  my  maral  aod*  *mw. 

"  0*nll*m*n  *<llc*r*,  b*  It  andanlood  that  I  am 
aaauppllc*Bifar  maiay  I  tkal  laahoalyfiamOW' 
alpotoM*,  nal  from  kuman  bolag*.  Ju*il«*  I*  all 
I  claim  I  Ikai  luMlc*  whl«k  I*  nalthar  awayad  b« 
M*Judl«a  Mr  dlMancd  by  paaalon  i  bul  tkal  wklah 
jlaw*  fram  kaoaambl*  mlada,  diraciad  by  virtuoua 
d*l*rmla*tloM.  I  kMr,  g*nll*iii*a,  I'lal  my  eaM 
I*  llk*aad  la  tkal  af  Capiala  Hal*,  la  1776.  f  hava 
kMrd  af  kim  and  kl*  mMartaaM.  I  wlah  ibai  la 
all  that  dIgnlAM  man,  tkal  adarM  and  alavalM  kU' 
iMa  aatara,  ikai  I  ca«M  ba  Mmad  wlih  thai  a«- 
•ompllakod,  bat  aafortyaMa  oAcrr.  HI*  Aim  wm 
wayward  and  mailaialyi  ka  wh  cut  offyaiyoun 
gar  Ikaa  I  naw  am,  Bul  our*  ara  not  parallal 
«aM*.  Ha  waal  ani  kaowing  ihai  h*  w«*  aMum 
lag  tk*  •k*rMl*r  af  ■  apy  i  h*  look  all  It*  llablllllM 
on  hi*  h«ad,  at  th*  r*qu**l  of  hi*  graat  commaa* 
dar.  H*  wm  rndy  la  m**i  what  h*  aMumad,  and 
■11  it*  can*aqu*acM,  Hia  daaih  th*  law  of  aaiioM 
MMlloMd.  It  may  ba  eampllmaniary  to  eompar* 
m*  with  him,  Mill  It  would  b*  unjuai.  II*  lonk 
hi*  lif*  in  hi*  hand  whan  h«*Mam*dih*  character 
and  ih*  dlagnlM.  IaMum*dnadlaguiM,narloob 
upoa  myMlf  any  othar  eharaclar  ihat  ihil  of  a 
Briliah  ofllear,  who  had  bu*io*M  to  tranMcl  wlih 
■n  American  olllccr. 

"  In  Am,  I  aak  not  *v*n  for  laailc* ;  if  you 
want  a  victim  to  Ih*  nam**  of  ihoM  fallen  un 
limoly,  I  may  h  wall  ba  ihai  victim  m  anoihcr.  I 
hava  in  iha  mMl  undiiguiMd  mannar  giv*n  you 
•v*ry  hcl  in  ih*  e*M.  I  ralyonly  on  ih*  prnp*r 
eonainielio*  of  ihoM  lael*.  Lei  me  be  cailail  any 
ibiog  bul  •  apjr.    I  am  not  a  ipjf ;  I  biv*  axuiii' 


****pa.  If  ba  ikawffM  prapat  m  M  da.  TkM  wa*. 
M  I  aaMalvad,  my  d^ty.  I  bapa  ika  g*ll*M  al- 
A«*v,  wka  WM  tk*w  anawaplafM  of  kia  gaaaral» 
aW  BM  ba  aaadamaad  for  ika  miHlarf  arrar  ka 


'•  I  fortkar  aiaia  ikM  Rmlik,  wka  wm  ika  mt 
diamaf  aammuataatlaa,  did  not  k*«w  anv  mo  af 
otH  aoafoMM*,  *a**p«  ik*i  ik*r*  •»*  wm*  m< 
***aMy  for  Mara«y.  H*  wm  aaanMl  I*  tarioM 
aMlMi*  for  OaMral  AtnaM,  and  from  all  iha  Iniar- 
*aarw  I  kad  wMk  Mm  i  aad H  wm  SaMih  who  leal 

I  iM*  draaa-aaM  af  arlmaaa,  m  being  inM  b« 
UaMnI  AraaM  Ikai  aw  bwalnaM  wm  af  ikat  pri- 
vate natuM  Ikai  I  dM  aat  wlak  ta  ba  bMwn  by 
Rnghak  *r  Am*rl«*M  i  I  da  not  believe  that  ka 
kad^evea  a  anapialwa  of  my  errand,  llnme  yitur 
wralk  akauM  foil  if  aa  an)  aM.  I  bMW  your  ar 
falm  hMk  gloamy,  bat  that  la  m  reMaa  why  I 
akaahl  baM*rin*«d.  My  deaik  ma  da  yaar  eaaan 
M  goad.  MdllaM  of  IVleada  la  yaar  Mraggia  la 
Kngland  yna  will  bw*  if  you  eoadema  m*.  I  My 
nai  Ihla  by  way  af  ihraal,  for  I  baaw  brave  mat' 
ara  mil  awed  by  ih*m  i  nar  will  br*v*  m*n  b*  via 
diviive  baeaiiM  ihey  ara  deepaadlag.  I  ahaaM  M' 
iMva  eald  a  ward  kad  M  not  b**a  for  ika  aplnlaM 
al  ath*r«  whiek  I  am  baund  la  reapMI. 

■•  I  have  done.  TkaMateMe  yaw  iMvday  ma 
nanne *  will  go  dnwn  la  paaterlly  witk  aUMdiag 
(rem  ilMilnrlneae,  aa  Iha  page  af  kiMary  |  *adM 
iiiimanlty  *nd  hoaaur  maib  ihla  Jav'a  daaialaa, 
vuur  niiMa  each  and  all  of  ywa,  will  b*  r*m*m 
li*r*d  by  both  aallan*  whaa  ihay  have   grawa 

Sraaiar  and  mora  powerful  ihaa  ihey  mw  ara  i 
HI  if  mlafarlUM  bafol*  m*,  I  akall,  la  ilm*.  kav* 
nil  dn*  kaaaar*  paM  la  my  manwry.  Tka  maiiyr 
ia  bepi  la  rainambr*Ma  wkaa  ilia  tribanal  that 
rondemnad  him  laforgalian.  I  irual  Ikia  liaaoar 
able  court  will  balMva  hm  whea  I  My,  ihal  wli  ii 
I  h*d  *pab*n  eoiM*  IVam  m  Mla  foar*  af  ■  c»«. 
ard.     I  hav*  doM." 

Th*  cauri  d*llb*r*i*d  foag,  Bad  M  Imi  (am*  la 
Ih*  davialon,  that  .Majnr  Andr*  wm  ■  apy,  and 
ouglit  lo  aullbr  death.  Ii*  wm  **lm  m  ■  pkila 
Mphar  wk*a  Ika  award  of  ik*  *aar(  wm  r*M. 

'\\m  moralag  af  iha  N  af  Oaiabor,  I7flt 
dawMd  upoa  ina  Am*rl«*a  army.  ThI*  liaM 
WM  ll«*d  for  Ih*  *i*aullaa  af  iha  priaaMr.  It 
WM  waM  dlaiBMa  fVam  tka  prtaaa  ta  tka  piM*  af 
aiMiaiiaa,  aad  ikia  ika  prlMMt  d**lr*d  i*  walk 
Tk*M  kad  b**a  aaiM  fog  darfog  iki  algki,  wkich 
waa  MW  Mitllag  abmM  tka  Mrraaadiag  maantaina 
SaiM  af  tka  kavMkad  kagua  la  waar  aa  auium 
B*l  appMrsM*,  Tka  amiy  wm  drawa  aui  ta 
wliMM  Ika  aad  ap**iMla.  H*  paeMd  ikrengh 
Afo*  af  Mldi*r*,  un  wkoM  pabt  facM  mi  ika  ul- 
moal  RMhMkoly.  bawlag  lo  every  on*  k*kMw. 

A*  tka  pilMMr  aawM  wiihin  vlght  of  th*  gal 
lowt,  ha  Inraad  ta  tka  oAeera  wko  were  wiih 
kim,  and  mM,  "  CoaM  not  ihi*  hav*  been  other- 
wIm  t"  H*  WM  BMwerad,  m.  "  Wall,  then,' 
mM  h*,  "  ll  I*  only  on*  p*ng.  I  am  raennelled 
to  my  death,  bbt  Ml  la  iha  manMr  of  il.  Sol- 
dier*, b*ar  wilBBM  ihal  I  dl*  lib*  a  brave  man." 
Ilia  mani*  air  i  hi*  ehaek,  freih  aa  from  morn- 
ing eiarulM  i  hia  MrvM  Arm  aa  aver  wem  in  a 
human  fram*  t  hi*  MA*Md  ion*  of  vole*  i  hi* 
awMlamll*  i  w*r*  all  witn**Md  by  th*  apaciaior*^ 
and  M  h*  waa  l*UMh*d  kilo  eternllv,  a  groan  In 
voluntarily  bural  Atom  ibaboliom  ofovny  boaom 

Th*  grNlMI  *iar«len*  w*r*  mad*  by  air  Hanry 
Clinton,  lo  wliom  Andre  wm  particularly  dear,  lo 
raacua  kim  froM  hie  fate,  ll  waa  at  Aral  rapre* 
HOled,  Ihat  he  came  on  ahora  under  the  aanclinn 
of  a  flag  ;  bul  Waabinglon  rrlurned  an  aniwer  lo 
Ciialon,  in  which  ha  aialad,  that  Andre  himMlf 
diMlalmed  iha  preleil.  An  Inlerview  waa  m<al 
firopoMd  beiween  Lieut.  Gen.  Robenaon  and  (}*■ 
neral  Oraene  i  bul  no  facia,  which  hild  not  befDre 
Laen  conaMered,  were  made  known.  When  every 
other  exertion  failed,  n  ieiler  from  Arnold,  Allad 
with  ihreaia,  waa  praMnted. 

The  lyinpelhy  excited  among  Ihe  American  of- 
Accra  by  hi*  fill*,  wm  a*  univetMl  at  It  \»  unuiiMl 


li»,      TiM*  •••■ 

•I  kM  (aMfnli 
MtMMT  •»•»  b* 

MM*)  mt  m>'»( 
t  m»»  M»m«  )••• 

IIIM»I   M  IMNtlM 

•m  all  it«»  IM«r- 
BmiH  ak*  I**! 
•  kctMf  )»M  hv 
•MM  iImm  |wt< 
M  k«  kM»K  bjr 
k«ll*»«  I  Km  h« 
il.  (InnM  jxmr 
I  kiMi«  yviif  •(' 
I  rvMMi  Khjr  I 
«  4a  yawr  mmm 

■Jam*  m*.  I  Mf 

kiMa  krat*  mai 
rat*  Man  ka  «tii 

»■•    I  alMMMlM' 

Ikf  iha  aftniau 


a  Amariein  af- 
^t  U  \«  HnMiui 


tv  ant  w  a99fllMfla|  aiMl  iivaaRataia  ina  aiavn  af  Mmi 
aka  (Mlllmtl  «imI  Iha  kunMiiMt  n<  ihiMa    aba  ka 
tH)«i|  itta  iHtnMkHMiil.     In  I14I  ih*  knn**  nl  An 
4n  a*>«  ilHg  H|«  »tni  mtilail  lu  kta  ■«ii«*  taatl  liy 

j«'«l  waaiLtia.— >,»  | 

I'd  tittxHf  itia  iia«»**a>)r  cammuakaihHM,  ika 
Vahata  »kmft  al  aur  b<t4  kaan  |Ma<tMM*l)r  Maitaaatl 
la  itia  Nufilt  Nttrr,  na  aawr  ih  AinaM  •  |ma4«  m 
aa«  |N*»lt«*kla,  alikwitl  tCHlnf  •M«|i«<>t«a.  Ha 
ftif*  llita,  •  aiMlan  >Nfm|Htn<iiiH«*.  kaiaaaii  AraaW 
aa<t  A»<4i«.  Mrt  kaaa  l»i  oitna  (ima  **r»i«i|  aa. 
aatlaf  ili*  Ik  iMMa*  Honix  aflluMMtM*  •ml  Aattar- 
•HN.  A  k<Hii  *••  MHi  •(  nl|til  Ifam  •)••  (liara,  la 
tlirb  Mojar  Amlra.  (Nt  l«a  falMfa,  ArnMli  ntat 
•iim  «l  Ina  (mmH,  atllMHl  Iha  fKMl*  al  (Mkar  ttmy. 
TiMif  ktMKiaa*  aM  imi  RaMkail,  III!  H  aaaiaa  aaat 
tka  ilaaa  af  4a<r.  fnr  Aailia  la  ralHfa  lu  Ika  VmI- 
luit.  AriiaM  lubl  htm  ka  muM  ka  «»a«aalai(  llll 
Ilia  Ra«i  nl(lil.  I'nr  ibal  parfiaaa,  ba  m*»  can- 
iluri*<(  alililn  nn*  nf  iha  AniaiHian  piMla,  and  «nn' 
llnaail  aiili  AritoMilia  fitlliialHg  itfj.  'I'ba  k«al 
Man  raluMil  hi  rarrjt  liiiti  back  iha  nail  nl|M,  »a 
Iba  Vuliura,  I'rnin  baing  ai|iaaa<l  lalba  Ara  afaama 
raniHin,  bruuihl  M|i  la  annojp  bar,  bad  ibaniail  bar 
INMlilan.  Antlra'a  raiura  In  Naa  Yarb,  kjr  laml, 
aaa  ihan  ilia  nnlji  |>ra«llrabla  inoda  nftaa»|M>.  Tn 
favuiir  *lita,  lia  atvlianiail  bla  Hmriirin,  ahlab  lia 
katl  hlibarlu  warn  iimlar  a  aiirlnHl,  fnr  •  antnmwn 
cuiil ;  •»*  ttiinl*ha<l  wlih  a  Itaraa,  anil,  uailar  Ilia 
nawa  nf  Jubn  AiKlaiwm,  ailh  a  |Maa|inrl,  "In  gm 
In  ikallBaanl  Whiia  Hluina,  nrlnaar,  II  ha  lliaughl 
(Wiipar  I  ha  baliu  «n  piibllii  bualnaaa."  Ma  a<(- 
ranaaii  ahHia  ami  undlalHikail,  a  iraal  pan  af  Iha 
|iajf,  Wlian  ba  ibniiihl  biinaaif  alinnal  aul  nf 
ilaniar,  lia  aaa  ain|i|<ail  by  ibraa  iil'lha  Nar  Yurk 
mllllla,  ahit  ana,  altb  ulbara,  acnnilni  balwaan 
:lia  ou)'|*iaia  nf  iha  iwn  arinlaa.  Major  AniJra, 
Inalvail  uf  iwuiliirinn  hia  |M«a,  aakcil  iha  man  aha 
*la|i|iatl  bini,  "  ahar*  ha  lMli>n|ai|  lu."  Ha  aaa 
aiiaaarail,  ••  lu  balna,"  maanlni  Naa  York.  Ha 
lhan  rapllail,  ••  an  do  I,'*  rfaelaraii  hlinaalf  ■  Brll- 
Uh  oAatr,  ami  praaaail  ihai  ha  nil|lii  not  ba  lU' 
lalnaJ.  Ha  aiion  iliariivarail  bla  mlalaka.  Hia 
taplura  pruraailail  lo  laairh  him.  Humhjf  papara 
wara  litunil  In  bla  (Maaaaalnn.  Thaaa  wara  aaeral- 
•4  In  Ml  kiHiia.  ami  wara  In  Arnnlil'a  hanU-wrlllnf. 
Tbajr  tanlalnad  aaiiri  raliirna  uf  Iha  Mala  of  Iha 
fortao,  anlnnnca,  ami  lialancaa,  ai  Waal  Pnlnl, 
alib  Iha  aiiljlarjr  aiiiaia,  ailllcal  ramarka  on  iha 
anrka,  iCe. 

Amira  ulTarnl  hIa  capiota  a  puraa  af  cold  md  a 
naa  valuakia  waicb.  If  Ihcjr  wiiiild  lal  lilin  paaa  i 
anil  twimaiirni  priivialon,  and  fiiliira  prumollun,  If 
lliay  wuulil  I'lintry  and  HrrnmiHiny  lilin  lo  Naa 
Viirk.  'I'ba*  nobly  iliail»|n«d  ilio  prolTarad  krika, 
•nd  dalltrrrd  him,  u  prlwmar,  lit  Liaulanani-L'oln- 
nal  Jiimaatiii,  who  eoinmandad  iha  aeouilng  par- 
tita. In  ittilmtiny  of  iha  blih  aanaa,  aniaililnad 
iif  lh«  *lrlnoita  ami  |ialrliille  condticl  of  John  Paukl- 
IHK,  David  Wiltlaitta,  and  laaae  Van  Warl,  iho 
I'ipluia  uf  Andrr,  ('nnima  rrioUtd,  "that  aaeh 
•f  thrin  ttraWa,  annually,  two  liunilrad  dulUrt  In 
tpat'ia,  durlni  Ufa ;  thai  iha  board  of  aai  ba  dl- 
rtciad  III  tiriitura  for  a ach  of  ihain  a  alUar  madal, 
on  una  aiila  of  which  ahoiil,!  ha  a  ahiald  allb  lltia 
l«tcii|Hlait,  Fidelity,  anil  on  Iha  olhar,  Iha  follow. 
In(  ttioliu,  vittcli  Amor  Palria  t  and  thai  ihaaom 
ntaiidar-lni'hlefbe  rai|utal«d  lo  praMnliha  aanta, 
Willi  Ilia  ihanka  ul'  Connraaa,  for  lliair  Adallly,  and 
tlia  atnliirni  atrairn  lliry  had  randarad  thrlr  coun- 
try." Aiidra,  wbrn  ilrllirrrrd  to  Jatiiaaon,  con- 
linuad  lo  rail  hitttacif  liy  ih«  name  of  Andaraon, 
and  atkrd  laara  lo  aanil  a  hilar  lo  Arnold,  lo  ae 
fualttl  hint  with  Anderaon'a  dalenllon.  Thla  wai 
loronaldrralaly  uranlcd.  Arnold,  on  iba  raffipl 
of  ihU  hiltef.  abandonad  e»ary  Ihlngi  and  want 
on  board  Iha  Vuliura  ainop  of  wiir.  Liautananl- 
Colooal  Jamcaoti  liirwarilcd  lo  Waaliinglon  ali  thr 
pa|iart  found  on  Anilra,  inj(eibcr  with  a  latlar  |W- 
ing  an  aecouoi  of  Iha  whole  alTalr  |  but  the  ax- 
pratN,  by  taking  a  dinVranl  lotlla  from  the  gana- 
ral,  who  war  laturninii  from  a  cunfersnce,  at  Ilarl- 
M,  with  C'junt  da  RocbaiMbaiu,  inlaaad  blin. 

rbit  cauaad  auch  a  d«l»y  aa  gave  Arnold  lime  lo 
•likct  bia  atcapa.    The  lama  pwikai,  wblch  de- 


PIIITIP  IT  A  Tift        

taN^MpMHiklJiMia'aaaittiHa,  braagbi 
a  Mm*  tnm  mm,  to  vkiab  ba  aaaaa4  ' 


and  abaraalar,  and  aadaatawrail  ta  afcaa  ibal  h« dbi 
titmm  andar  iba  4aa«itp«taa  mt  a  apy.  TIta 
latlfi  aaa  aapraaaad  in  tvriita  af  dignity  atlliMMl 
tnanlaiNia.  and  alapalngy  aMbaal  ataanaaaa.  Ha 
atatad  tbarata,  ibal  ba  kabl  a  anrraapwrnlaitaa  aiib 
a  |i«ra«n,  umlar  ilia  ardaia  af  bla  gaaaral  i  tbal  ibia 
atianitan  aani  a»  farther  tbaa  maailn|  ibal  paraaa, 
an  Haairiti  gfound,  far  Iba  parpaaa  ailnialllgaiMa  i 
and  Ibal,  agaiaai  bM  a«l|Ntlaila>n,  bla  Intantlaa,  aad 
attbaul  bia  baaaladga  kafaraband,  ba  aaa  kraagbl 
aHbIn  iba  Amarlaanpaaia,  and  liad  la  aaaaartliM 
aaaana  fkwM  ibam.  Haln|  taken  an  bla  rainrn,  ba 
aaa  bairayad  liHa  the  tile  aandMbin  af  an  enemy 
In  dtogntaa.      Hm  pilnalpal  ratiMeal   mf,   tbal, 

Wbaiaaar  bla  Ittla  migbl  be,  a  daaanay  af  treat' 
mam  mlgm  ka  okaeraej,  ablab  va«M  mark,  tbal, 
lliaagb  Hnfaflnnaia,  ba  aaa  branded  allb  natblng 
that  aaa  Jiabaaourabia,  and  tbal  ha  aaa  Inralun- 
lardy  an  impttaiur. " 

Waablugtun  ralWrrad  iba  abate  aaae  tn  the  et- 
amlnaiwn  ami  daaialon  af  a  buaid,  aonala4ln|  of 
fcurlaan  gaaaral  nlA«att.  Un  bla  aiamlnalloni 
Andia  vofiinianly  awnfeaaad  ataiy  thing,  that  re 
laled  lo  biinaall,  and.  |tartl«ularly,  ibal  ha  did  nat 
auina  aalinia  under  ilia  |HolaatMa  of  a  Hag.  Tba 
kuaid  dill  mil  aianiliia  a  aingia  wl*n«M|  but  fnuttd^ 
Ibair  rafwrl  on  hia  nan  conlaaaion.  In  title 
ibey  alatad  Iha  fulliialng  facta  i  ■'  Tbal  M'lliir  An- 
dre came  an  altora,  an  Ilia  night  of  llta  jlat  af 
Ne|itanikar.  in  a  iirirata  and  aaatel  mannar  i  that 
ha  changed  lila  ilraaa  allhin  the  Amerlaaa  linea, 
and,  under  a  faigiiad  nama,  ami  diagulaad  babll 
(laaaad  ihalr  worka  i  Ibal  be  waa  laHen  In  a  dia- 
gulaad baliil  whan  un  bia  way  lo  New  York  i  and 
thai,  whan  lakan,  aairaral  |Miiara  wara  found  In  bia 
puaaaaaiun,  which  contained  Inlalligance  fur  the 
enemy."  Krom  Ibaaa  facta,  iba*  farther  reported 
il  aa  Ihalr  opinion,  •■  that  Major  Andre  ought  lo  ba 
conaldareil  aa  a  ap*  |  and  that  agreeably  lo  the 
Inwa  and  uaagea  of  nalluna,  ha  ought  to  aulTar 
death." 

Sir  Henry  Cllntan,  Ltautanani-UananI  llabart- 
•on,  and  tiia  lata  Aineriean  general  Arnold,  aiola 
praaalng  letter*  lo  Watblnglon,  lo  pfavanl  Iba  da- 
clalon  ol  >b*  board  of  general  offlaer*  from  being 
carried  Into  effect.  ArnaM  In  pnrlleular  urgeii, 
ibal  erery  'bing  done  by  Malor  Andi*  aaa  dun* 
by  bia  parlleular  rai|uaal,  and  at  a  lima  whan  ba 
waa  the  acknowledged  commanding  oAeer  in  the 
deparlmanl.  He  euntended,  "  that  be  Itad  a  right 
to  tranaact  all  ihaaa  roallara,  for  which,  Ibougb 
wraog.  Major  Andm  ought  not  lo  aulfai."  Aitd  In- 
larvlaw,  alao,  took  place  belwtan  Oanaral  Robarl- 
aon,  on  the  part  of  the  Britlah,  ami  Ueneni  Ureene, 
on  the  pert  uf  the  Amerleana.  K**ry  thing  waa 
urged  by  tba  former,  that  Ingenuity  or  bumauliy 
could  tuggeal,  for  averting  lite  propoaed  aiacu- 
Ikin.  Oraana  made  a  pro|N>alllon  for  dalifering 
np  Andre  fnr  Arnold)  but  ihic  could  not  be  ac- 
ceded to  oy  the  Brillah,  without  oUatidlng  agalnat 
atary  principle  of  policy .  Aobarlaon  urged.  "  that 
Andre  went  on  ahore,  under  the  aancllonofa  flag, 
and  that,  being  then  In  Arnold'a  power,  ha  waa 
nut  acflouniabla  fur  hia  aubaa<|uant  actlona,  which 
were  aald  lo  ba  eompulaory."  To  Ihia  II  waa  re- 
plied, thai  ■■  he  waa  employed  In  the  eieeulion  of 
meaaurea,  very  foreign  from  the  objacia  of  llagaof 
truce,  and  auch  aa  they  were  never  meant  lo  au- 
ih'iriae  or  countenance  i  and  that  Major  Andre,  in 
the  ciiuiaa  of  bla  eiamlnillon,  had  candidly  eon- 
ffMcd,  that  It  waa  impotaible  for  him  to  au|ipoaa 
that  ha  came  on  ahura  under  the  aanetlon  of  a 
flag,''  Aa  f Ireene  and  Roberlaun  differed  ao  wide- 
ly, both  In  iheir  alaiement  of  facia,  aud  the  infer- 
eiicea  iliey  drew  from  them,  the  latter  propoaed  to 
the  former,  thai  the  opiuiuna  of  dialnteretted  gen- 
llaiiien  might  be  taken  on  the  aubjaet,  and  nomi- 
nated Kniphauaen  and  Ruchambaau.  Robartion 
alao  iirgeil,  llinl  Andre  poaaeiard  a  great  ahar*  of 
Sir  Henry  Clinlon'a  eileem  ;  and  that  h*  would  b* 
luAnllely  obliged,  if  he  ahuuld  h*  aparad.  Ha  of- 
fered, that,  In  cate  Andre  were  perrotlled  lo  r*- 
tura  Willi  him  lu  New  York,  any  peraon  wlwMveri 


— ,  - JWW    BVVWlVVIMV    •    ^^^^B    "^•^»    W"^"     RfB^Wii    M* 

•bleb  b*  ••d**fa((f|M  WMattlpaio  A»4«*.  ky  m 
knawledglng  biitiaatf  <ka  «atliM»  «r  ai#»y  part  ai 
hi*  eandaei,  "and  fnaiiMuMf  >aaia»ait  aa  (Ma 
aamlng  fcam  tb«  Yaltura,  atidar  |  flag,  nbieli  b« 
bad  *mM  ht  tbal  puriMM-"  H»  dc«ltin*4f  tba4,  4 
Andt*  aaflbfrnl,  h*  abauild  ik^wV  hlmaaif  |i  anal  In 
banaur  la  nHalMe.  Hi  Mae  abaan*-*,  ~  llui 
fcny  af  Iba  mMmImI  tntwbHaaia  af  Hou>^'  ''*W. 
lly  htmui  Ibal*  bvae,  aba  b^.|  [ix\fh 


l)n 


eria  b**n  afniad.  aniy  ibratigb  ib« 

Nnian.  bat  aba  *a«M  a<„  iix 


'"^wacf  »/ 


••Ml 

Mt»  ItaMy  C'Na 

bl* HMtay,  If  Mi^  Andm aatfcr|4 ;  ««  •<'««t  C^ktk 
aawM  pvaMMbly  open  a  Man*  ofbla«da»i> '  ,  „  .nack 
bnmanMy  miMi  raeak."  II*  *at^"->t«>|  tlTaaMag- 
Ian,  by  bl*  awn  hanaiir,  and  <kt  M>«  «aka  af  kn- 


III*,  MN  I*  (wflbr  an  nnliMi  Mai*«t«a  to  MMh 
tba  Ufa  af  An4f*  i  bat  If  imi  aarnlni  *k«MtM  be 
dkagaidad,  an4  And**  •tiflkr,  b*  aalM  li*a**a 
and  earib  la  wlinaaa.  that  ba  ahM*  waakl  kaJuM- 
ly  anaaarabia  for  the  tnrranta  af  Maad,  that  miglv 
b*  aplH  In  aoaaa^aenee." 

Kvery  eaerlian  wm  made  k*  lb*  rayal  •iim- 
mamlara  ta  Mva  Andrei  but  akbaat  eflket.  It 
aM  the  general  apialaa  af  the  Amartaan  army, 
ibat  bla  hib  WMfarfaiiedi  and  tbal  nallaaal  dig. 
nity,  and  Mund  pallay  rei|alr*il,  lb*l  th*  fMf*  iur« 
•baubl  ba  aieeiad. 

Aadre,  ibaagh  eaparla*  la  th*  lervara  af  daMllt 
wMi*d  la  dl*  Ilka  a  aakllai.  Ta  abtain  lliia  Ik- 
vaur,  b*  wiet*  ■  Uilar  la  Waahlnglna,  freagbt 
allb  Mailmaala  af  mllManp  dignity,  fram  an  ad- 
karana*  to  tk*  uaagM  of^war,  It  waa  not  ikaugkl 
proper  la  grant  thla  ra^neal  t  but  hia  dallaeey  w** 
aaved  from  th*  pain  af  r*c*lvlng  a  negative  an* 
•war,  the  guard  whieh  altandad  bim  In  bla  ann> 
Anainanl,  marched  altb  him  in  Ih*  ptM*  of  *•*- 
eulbt*.  The  wav,  nvar  which  ba  paaMd.  ••• 
eroaded,  on  each  aide,  by  anilaua  apeMalar*, 
Their  MMlbllit*  waa  alrongly  Impraeaad,  by  b*< 
holding  a  well  ilraaeed  youth  lo  tba  Maam  af  bf^, 
of  a  paauharly  engaging  p*rann,  mlati  and  aap**i, 
devoted  ta  Immediate  aiacuilan,  MaJM  AntfM 
walked  allb  flimnaaa,  eoMpoeura  and  dignity,  ka- 
tw**n  two  ofllcor*  of  hia  guard,  hki  arm  Ming 
bMked  In  ibelra.  Upan  Maing  lb*  pf*mr*ilan^ 
■I  th*  fbtal  apM,  h*  aakad,  wHn  aama  tIagN*  M 
concarn,  "  wual  I  die  In  thla  manMir  f "  He  wm 
lokl.  It  WM  unavoidable,  11*  r*pM*d.  "  I  am  *•• 
ooneltod  lo  mf  Ibi*.  but  not  to  lb*  mad*  i"  but 
•oan  aubjolnad,  '•  It  will  ba  but  •  mamantary  pang." 
He  aManded  the  ean,  with  a  plaMing  aounianaM*, 
and  with  a  degree  of  compMur*.  which  *ielted 
the  admiration,  and  malted  the  haaria  of  all  lb« 
•peclalura.  He  wm  aahed.  when  the  faicl  mo- 
ment waa  at  hand.  If  ba  had  any  thing  to  My  f 
Ha  iMwered,  "  nothing  bul  to  requeat.  that  ynu 
will  wltaaM  to  the  world,  that  I  dir  like  a  brav* 
man."  Th*  •uee**ding  mom*nta  eloMd  th*  af- 
fading  Mane. 

Thla  aieautlon  waa  the  aubjael  of  M*er«  *•■• 
aurM.  Barbarity,  cruelty,  and  murder  wor*  pl*a- 
llfully  ehargad  on  th*  Americana  i  but  the  Impar- 
tial oil  all  nation*  allowed  thai  It  waa  warraniati 
by  the  UHgaa  of  war.  It  eannol  ba  eond*mn*d, 
wiilioiii  condamning  iha  mailmaof  Mlf-proMrva- 
lion,  which  hav*  unlfoimly  guided  th*  prMilc*or 
hoalila  nallona.  Th*  An*r  f**llng*  nf  humanity 
would  have  been  gmilAed,  by  diapnnaing  with  lb* 
rigid  maiima  nf  war,  lo  favour  of  w  diatlnguiabed 
an  officer  t  but  ihoM  fMllnga  mnat  ba  eontrollefl 
by  a  regard  for  the  public  Mfely.  Such  waa  lb* 
dialreeeod  atat*  of  tna  American  army,  and  •• 
abundant  were  Iheir  cauMa  of  complaint,  that  Iher* 
«H  much  to  f*ar  IVom  ine  conugbpa  nalnr*  af 
lreachar«.  Could  it  have  b**n  r*dueed  lo  a  e*r> 
tainty,  tnat  titer*  were  no  mora  Amolda  in  Amoft 
iok.  uarhap*  Andra'a  Mia  might  have  been  apand  | 
bul  the  neeeaaity  of  d'.MOuraging  farther  pbita  flsad 
hia  fata,  and  atampaJ  it  with  lb*  aaal  of  political 
nacaMlt*.  If  eonjacturea  in  lit*  boundlaM  fl*M 
of  poaoibi*  contln.|'<nciM  wei*  to  b*  iadulgad,  || 
micht  b*  laid,  tb-it  it  waa  mora  «oa*MMDt«o  «• 


HISTORY   OF  THE 


It! 


\d 


Itnd  humanity,  to  i*k«  oni  M;  than  by,  lll-ilmad 
laniiy,  lo  lay  a  foundilloa,  which  probably  woulti 
uecn*lon  not  only  iha  lo«i  of  ninny,  but  cndiin|tr 
Iha  Miil»|i«iiilancc  iifa  (rant  cnunlry. 

TIidiikIi  a  rraaril  lii  ilie  publin  iulely  linpoiad  a 
niiccHily  ul'  iiiniclln||  tho  rli(iiuri  o(  inHrtial  luw, 
yei  llio  rura  wnrili  <il  iliii  iinliirlunHia  odlcar  inada 
hi*  unli»|i|ty  enta  ilm  iiibjcci  ul'  univaraal  rogral. 
Noi  uiiiy  HniDnn  iha  iwriliana  of  royal  govarn- 
inani,  bul  >iiiiuug  Ilia  flrmeil  AmariGan  rapubll- 
•'ina,  ilia  frlandly  laar  of  aympalliy  Traaly  flowad, 
lor  llie  car'v  falloflhla  amiabia  young  man.  8oma 
condamiMu;  olhara  liiallAad  i  but  all  ttiralled  tha 
fatal  tanieuea,  which  put  a  |)arlod  lo  hia  viiluabia 
lifa. 

Thia  grand  project  larmlnnled  with  noolharal- 
leralion,  In  raapcci  of  the  liiltlah,  than  thnt  of 
Iheir  exchanKing  one  ol°  ihelr  beat  olRoar^y  fur  llic 
wont  man  lii  the  AnierivHii  nriny.     ArnolU  mm 
iinmeil'ialely  apitoinled  iibil^Hdiei-ganaial,  In  the 
aemce  of  the  king  uf  Uri-Ml  lirilaln.     The  failure 
til  ilie  teller  'e,  re*|iecllni|  Wvtl  Point,  made  it  lie- 
leaaiiry  fur  him  lo  d'    'ef  the  cloud,  which  uver- 
tliadowed  hi*  rhni     .«r,   by  the   performuiice  uf 
aoine  signal  lervice  I'ur  liit  new  ninatera.     The 
condition  of  Iha   American  nrmy  aAurdad  him  a 
proi|icct  of  doing  something  of  cunte<)Mence.  He 
flattered   hiinielj,  lh»l  by  the  allurementa  of  piiy 
and  prumoiiun,  he  should  beuble  to  rniae  a  numer- 
ous lurce,  fruiii  the  illtlresned  Aiiiriican  suliliery. 
lie  therel'ure  tuuk  nielhmU  I'ur  iiccoinplislilug  thlt 
pnrpuie,  by  oliviulliig  their  •cruplei,  and  wu^kiug 
on  their  pusa'ioiia.  Hia  Rrtl  public  ineutiire  waa,  an 
gddresadlrecledtotlieiuliHbitHiiliiofAmerica,  duied 
from  New  York,  Get.  7,  178U,  Ave  dnys  after  An- 
dre'a  evecniinn      lu  this,  he  endeuvnured  lo  justi- 
fy hiiiiaelf  fur  deserting   their   cause.     He  snid, 
"  that,  when  he  Arst  eugiiged  in  it,  he  conceived 
the  rights  uf  hia  country  tu  be  in  dunger,  and  that 
duly  and  honour  culled  liiin  lu  lier  defence.     A  re- 
dreas  of  grievancea  wns  his  unly  aim  and  object. 
He,  however  acquiesced  in  the  declarutiun  of  in- 
de|ietidence,  iihhough  he  thnught  it   pieci|iitiilc. 
Bul  the  reasons  that  were  then  offered   to  justify 
that  measure,  no  longer  could  exist ;  when  Oreiil 
Britain,  with  the  ngien  arms  of  a  p.ireni,  oti'ered  to 
rmhiace  them  usc'.ildren,  iiudio  grant  the  withed- 
Ibr  i«dress.     From  the  refusil  of  these  prupusals, 
and  the  ratificatiun  of  the  French  alliance,  all  his 
ideas  of  the  justice  and  |Kilicy  of  the  war  were  lu- 
laliy  changed,  and  from  that  lime,  he  had  become 
H  professed  loyalist."     ile  acknowledged  thai,  '•  in 
these  principles,  he  had  only  retained  his  annn  and 
command,  fur  an  up|Mirluniiy  to  surrender  them  to 
Ureal  Brilain."     This  address  was  soon   fulluwed 
by  another,  insciihed  to  the  officers  and  snidiers  uf 
the  conlinenlal  army.     It  was  inlendcd  to  induce 
them  to  follow  his  example,  and  engage  in  the 
royal  service.     He  informed  them,  that  he  was 
authorised  to  raise  a  corps  of  cavalry  and  infantry 
bho  were  (o  be  on  the  same  footing  with  the 
other  troops  in  the  British  service.     To  iillure  the 
private  men,  three  guineas  were  offered  lo  each, 
besides  payment  for  their  horses,  arms  and  accou- 
trements.    Rank  in  the  British  army  was  also  held 
out  to  the  American  oflicers,  who  would  recruit 
and  bring  in  a  certain  number  of  men,  proportioned 
lo  the  dilfercnl  grades  in  military  service.     These 
offers  were  proposed  lo  unpaid  soldiers,  who  were 
auiTering  from  the  want  of  both  food  and  clothing, 
and  to  oflicers  who  were,  in  a  great  degree,  obli- 
ged tosup|)ort  Miemselves,  from  their  own  retour 
ces,  while  they  were  spending  the  prime  of  their 
day,  cad  risking  their  lives,  in  the  unproductive 
•ertrice  of  Congress.     Though  Ihey  were  urged 
a  time  when  the  paper  currency  was  at  its  lowest 
•bb  of  denreciatiun,  nnd  the  wants  and  distresses 
of  the  American  aiiny  were  at  iheir  highest  pitch, 
yet  they  dii!  not  produce  the  intended  effect  on  a 
•incia  sentinel  or  officer.     Whether  the  circnm- 
HMces  of  Arnold'k  case  added  new  shades  to  the 
crime  of  desertio  i,  or  whether  the  prnvidcnlial  es- 
;n|ie  from  the   deep   laid   scheme  against  West 
Point,  gave  a  higher  tone  lo  the  firinnest  of  the 
Americ^i;  toldieryi  caonoot  ba  unfolded ;  but,  from 


ihaa*  or  tome  other  causes,  d«f<erliun  wholly  ceas- 
ed, at  this  rei.  irkabia  period  of  tha  war. 

It  is  matter  of  reproach  In  the  United  Stales, 
tli.il  Ihey  bruughl  iolo  public  view  a  man  of  Ar- 
nuld'i  cliaraclar;  bul  it  Is  to  the  hunouruf  human 
nulurn,  that  a  great  revululinn,  and  an  eight  years' 
war,  piuduced  bill  one  such  example.  In  civil 
contests,  fui  offirera  to  change  sides  has  nut  been 
unusual  1  but  in  tha  various  evtnis  of  the  Ameri- 
can war,  and  among  Iha  many  regular  officers  il 
called  lo  the  field,  nothing  occurred,  that  bore  any 
resemblanee  lo  tha  character  uf  Arnold.  Hia  sin- 
gular case  anforeaa  the  policy  of  conferring  high 
trutia,  exelualvaly,  on  man  of  clean  handa,  and  of 
withholding  nil  public  confldenee  from  those,  who 
ara  tubjaeted  to  tha  dominion  of  pleaaiire. 

A  gallant  anier|irise  of  Major  Talinadge,  In  ihe 
course  of  ihia  campaign,  shall  eliwe  this  chapter. 
Ha  crossed  the  sound  lo  Long  Island,  with  eighty 
men,  Nov.  28ih ;  made  a  circuitous  march  o( 
twenty  milea  In  Furtfienrgc,  and  reduced  il,  with- 
out any  other  loss,  than  that  of  une  private  man 
wounded.  He  killed  and  wounded  eight  uf  the 
enemy,  captured  a  lieutenant  culonel,  n  captain, 
and  fifty-five  privates. 


same  forca  was  also  lakai>:  bul  aflarwarda  Mlaltf 
lost.  Four  esca|)ed  I  two  of  them  being  Kraal  ly 
damaged.  The  Spanish  admiral  did  nul  strike, 
till  his  ship  was  reduced  to  a  mere  wreck.  ('aplaJB 
Macbrlile,  uf  the  Bieiifaiaani,  lu  whom  hesiiiick, 
disdaining  lo  convey  Infecliun,  even  lo  an  eiii'iny, 
infurined  lilni,  that  i  iiiallKnant  sni»ll-|  ux  prevail- 
ed  onboard  the  Bit  <faisant;  and  uH'rrn  I  lu  |H'rinil 
the  Spanish  piisunera  lo  slay  on  boanl  the  Pliir- 
nix,  rather  than,  by  a  removal,  to  rx|Mise  llieiu  In 
the  tmall-|iox,  trusting  to  the  ndmirura  huiiuur, 
that  no  advantage  would  be  taken  of  the  circuin- 
Blanea.  Tha  proposal  waa  cheerfully  embraced, 
and  the  eondiiions  honourably  obtetved.  The  con- 
sequence  of  this  im|iortanl  victory  was,  Ihe  imme- 
diate and  cnmnlela  relief  of  (libnilier.  This  be- 
ing dope,  Rodney  proceeded  In  the  West  Indies, 
The  Spaniards,  nevertheless,  persevered  with 
steadiness,  in  their  nriiiinal  design  uf  reducing 
nibraltar.  Tlijy  seemed  lo  be  entirely  absurlic.k 
n  that  olijecl.  Tha  garrison,  aOer  some  lima, 
began  again  lo  suffer  the  inconveniences  whici' 
Auw  from  deficient  and  uiiwhulrsniiie  food:  hulir 
April,  17SI,  complete  relief  was  ubiained  iIiiuukL 
ihe  intervention  of  a  British  fleet,  commanded  by 
Admiral  Darby. 

The  court  of  Spain,  mnrlifled  by  these  repealed 
disappointments,  determined  to  niake  greater  ex> 
rrtions.  Their  wurks  were  carried  on  with  mnrt 
vigour  than  ever.  Having,  on  an  ex|)erimcnl  of 
twenty  mnntlit,  found  the  inefflcncy  of  a  blockade, 
ihey  resolved  totry  the  elTects  of  a  boinbardineni 
Their  liatleries  were  mounted  with  guns  uf  'h* 
heaviest  metal,  and  with  mortars  of  the  largrHt  di 
mensiuns.  These  disgorged  lorrenls  of  lire  on  i 
narrow  epol.  Il  seemed  as  if  nol  only  the  wuika 
hut  the  rock  Itaelf  must  have  been  overwh«liiii-d 
Alldisllnciinn  of  parts  was  Inst  in  flame  and  siiiuke 
This  dreadful  cannunade  continued  day  and  niiilil, 
almost  incessantly,  fur  three  weeks ;  in  eveiy 
twenly-four  hours  uf  which,  lOO.UOUIhs.  of  iiiiii- 
powder  were  consumed,  and  between  liiur  and  AOOfl 
shot  and  shells  went  through  the  town.  It  then 
slackened  ;  but  was  nut  intermitted,  one  whole 
day,  for  upwards  of  a  twelvemonth.  The  fatigue* 
of  the  garrison  were  extreme;  bul  the  loss  of  men 
was  less  than  mieht  have  hern  expected.  For  tha 
first  ten  weeks  of  this  iinexainpird  bunibardiiieni, 
the  whole  number  of  killed  and  wounded  was  about 
300.  The  damage  dnne  lo  the  works  wns  trifling. 
The  houses  in  town,  aknut  •WO  in  number,  weie 
muslly  deslrnyed.  Such  of  the  inhahitanta,  a* 
were  not  buried  in  Ihe  ruins  uf  their  houses,  ri 
torn  to  pieces  by  the  shells,  fled  lo  the  remote 
parisofthe  rocks;  but  destruction  followed  lliein 
to  places  which  had  always  been  deemed  si-ciirc. 
No  scene  could  be  more  deplorabi-  Mutherl 
and  children,  clasped  in  each  oinera'  arms,  wtr* 

ISO  completely  torn  lo  pieces,  thnt  it  seemed  inure 
like  an   annihilation,  than  a  dispersinn  of  theii 
shattrred  fragments.      Ladies,    of    the    grealett 
single  person;  anil  lived  loreieni  successive  uays,  sensibility,  nnd  most  delicate  constiluiion,  deeni- 


CHAPTER     XI. 

Porrif  n  AlTsiri,  connecl«(l  wiih  ilie  American  Itavulutioii, 
17U0,  i;81. 

That  spark,  which  ArsI  kindled  at  Boston  grad- 
ually expanded  ilself,  till  sundiy  of  ihe  nations  uf 
Kiiro|ie  were  involved  in  its  widc-sprunding  flame. 
France,  Sjiain,  and  Holland  were,  in  Ihe  years 
1778,  1779,  nnd  1780,  successively  drawn  in  for  a 
share  uf  ihe  general  calamity. 

These  events  had  an  direct  an  influence  on  Ihe 
'American  war,  that  a  short  recapitulation  of  them 
oer.omes  nacessary. 

b  ton  after  his  Most  Catholic  Majesty  had  de 
ctareu'  war  against  Great  Hril:iin,  expeditions  were 
carrieti  on  by  Don  Calves,  the  S|>anish  governor 
of  Louisiana,  against  the  British  settle  ments.  in 
West  Florida.  These  were  easily  reduced.  The 
conquest  of  the  whole  province  was  completed  in 
a  few  months,  by  Ihe  reduction  uf  Pensacula,  M»y 
litb,  1781.  The  .Spaniards  were  not  so  successful 
in  their  attempts  against  Oibialler  and  Jamaica. 
They  had  blockaded  the  former  uf  these  places,  un 
ihe  land  side,  ever  since  July,  f779;  nnd  suun  af- 
terwards invested  it  as  closely  by  sea,  aa  the  nature 
of  the  gut,  and  vaiiety  of  wind  and  weather,  would 
(lermit.  Towards  Ihe  cli>se  uf  the  year,  the  gar 
rison  was  reduced  lo  great  straits.  Vegetables 
tvere  with  great  difficulty  to  be  gut  at  any  price  ; 
but  bread,  the  great  essential  buth  uf  life  and 
health,  was  most  deflclent.     Qovernor  Elliot,  who 


on  ihirty-lwo  ounces  of  that  nutritious  grain 

The  critical  situation  of  (jibraller  culled  fu>  .e- 
Mef.  A  strong  squadron  wnu  prepared  fur  tliM  pur- 
pose, and  the  command  of  it  given  lo  Sir  George 
Rodnfey.  He,  when  on  his  way  thither,  fell  in 
with  fifteen  sail  of  merchantmen,  under  n  slight 
convoy,  bound  from  Si.  Sebastian  lo  Cadiz,  and 
captured  the  whole,  July  10th,  1780.  Severd  uf 
Ihe  vessels  were  laden  with  provisions,  which  being 
sent  into  Gibraller,  proved  a  seasonable  supply. 
Ill  eight  days  afterwards,  he  engrigcd,  near  Cape 
St.  Vincent,  with  a  Spanish  squndrnn,  uf  eleven 
sail  of  the  line,  commanded  by  Dun  Juan  de  Lan- 
gnra.  Early  in  the  actinn,  the  Spanish  ship  ,San 
Dumingo,  mounting  70  guns,  and  carrying  6C0 
men,  blew  up ;  nnd  all  or  huaril  pe'ished.  The 
actiun  continued  with  gre:  '  vigour,  on  both  sides 
fur  ten  hours.  The  Spani'ih  admiral's  ship,  the 
Phcenix,  of  80  guns,  and  ihree  of  70,  were  carried 
Intu  a  British  purt  The  San  Julian,  of  70  guns, 
was  taken.  A  I'  "  enant,  with  70  British  seamen, 
wns  put  on  bo-1''  ,  but,  us  she  nn  on  shore,  the 
victon  becamb  priMoers.    Another  ship  of  the 


ed  themselves  happy  to  be  admitted  lo  a  fe\v 
hours  of  repose,  in  the  casements,  amidst  the  noise 
of  a  crowded  soldiery,  and  the  groans  of  tha 
wounded. 

At  the  first  onset,  GenernI  Elliot  retorted  nn 
the  besiegers  a  shower  of  fire,  but  foreseeing  the 
difficulty  of  prucuring  supplies,  he suon  retrenched, 
and  received  with  comparative  unconcern,  the 
fury  and  violence  of  his  ivlversaries.  By  the  lal- 
Icr'end  of  November,  \hn  besiegers  had  bruughl 
their  works  lo  that  state  of  perfection  which  they 
intended.  The  care  and  ingenuity  employed  iipcn 
them  were  extraordinary.  The  best  engineers  of 
France  and  Spain  had  united  iheir  abilities,  and 
both  kingdoms  were  filled  wiih  sanguine  expec- 
tatinns  uf  speedy  success.  In  this  conjuncture, 
when  all  Europe  was  in  su«|iensc,  concerning  the 
fate  of  the  garrison,  nnd  when,  from  the' pruiligi- 
nus  efforts  made  fur  its  reduction,  inniiy  believed 
that  i:  could  nol  hold  out  much  longer,  a  sally  was 
projected  and  executed,  that  in  ahutit  Iwo  honrs 
desiioyed  those  works,  on  which  so  much  tiiiM 
skill,  and  labour  bud  been  expandad. 


UNITrn  8TATKH. 


Fur  the 

inriliiieiili 

Miiaiihiiul 

HDlriflinK, 

ibftr.  weie 

ihilHiilii,  Ht 

liouiirii,  ri 

rrmota 

iweil  iliein 

111  Hi'viiro. 

Miitlicri 

IDS,  wtrt 

nied  iiiiire 

of  llipii 

ftrPHtvtt 

on,  <l«eni- 

to  n  re\» 

the  niiiM 

of   the 

lorletl  nn 
ef'mg  tlis 
trenclieil, 
c«rn,  tlie 
ilie  Im- 
broughl 
liivli  tliey 
yeil  itpcn 
ineers  iif 
iliei,  nnd 
c  expec- 
jiinctiire, 
rnitiK  tha 
'  |irnili|{t< 
JielieveJ 

8.1II)'  will 

ro  hnnrt 
cb  tiiM 


Ako<i]tol'!{<MX)cli<n«iiiii*ii,  untlnrihe  cntiiiiiiiiiil 
•f  BrlRiiiiar  Oaneiiil  Kiim.  iiiiircliftil  iiiil  Hhoiii  two 
oVIui'k  III  tli«  iiiiiriiiiiK.  Niivpiiiber'.27tli,uiiil,  iillhv 
i;iine  iimtiim,  iiiiiilu  u  KCiiHial  iitiucit,  nii  tlm  wliiili- 
KXlrrliir  rrnul  iil'  tint  liiitm  iil  tlii'  braii'tiftH,  'I'lie 
Spiiiiiiii'K  K*'*'  **"*,'  "'■  """y  •itii'i  "iiil  iiliiiiiiliiiiril 
'lii'ir  wiirkH.  'I'lie  |iliiijri'iiiuiiil  iiilillur^iiii'ii  <i|irvii(l 
tlieir  (III*  Willi  mii'li  rii|ii(lliy.  Iliiil,  in  11  litllr  liiiir, 
overy  tliiiiK  ciiiiihiinlililii  who  In  lliiiiir*.  Tliriiinr- 
IHia  Hint  riiiiiiiiii  weie  i)|iikt!il,  iiiiil  llii'ii  bvija,  jiliil- 
rmiitii,  mill  ciirriiiudD  iii'«li'iiyi'il.  Tlin  iiiiiuiiy.iiirii 
bl«w  li|i,  iiiif  iillcr  iiiiiillier.  'I'lie  Iuh*  iiI'  tlio  ilit- 
tiiiihiiipiit,  wliiuliiiuuuiii|iliitlicil  <ill  lliin  ilcitriictiiiii, 
wiu  laciiiifiJt'iiibie. 

'I'lim  iiiiexiieviuil  event  iliiconcnrlcil  tlm  beii|e)|- 
«r:i ;  but  tliry  miiiii  rectiviiieil  rriiiii  tli«lr  HlHriii, 
uiiil,  with  II  |H!rae*eriiiii.'s  iiliiioiil  iieciijiur  tu  llmlr 
liutiiiii,  ileteriiiineil  lu  go  on  with  (lie  aiefia.  Their 
tiibnaqupiil  exertiotii,  anil  reiteraleil  dei'aatii,  ihiill 
be  related  in  the  oidcr  ol'tiine  in  which  they  took 
plHce. 

While  the  S|mniiirils  were  uriiing  the  iieiie  n( 
Ciibriilrir,  11  nvheiiie,  |ireviiiuiily  I'liiicerted  with  the 
Kreiiuh,  wim  in  11  iinin  uf  exeeullun.  Thi)  cun- 
fiateil  of  two  piirM.  The  object  ul'  the  lirat,  con- 
cried  lietwoen  the  French  uiid  .S|MiniHrili«,  win  no 
IrHii  lliiin  the  coiii|iieal  olMiiniiiicii,  'I'lie  iilijecl  ol' 
the  Hrciiml,  in  which  the  French  und  the  AniericHiia 
weie  |i:irliea,  w^H  the  rediictiuii  ol'New  Yurk.  In 
cii'iriiriiiily  lu  I  hilt  |iliin,  the  inoniircha  of  Knince 
anil  S|iiiiii,  e:irly  in  the  yenr  1780,  iiaaenibied  » 
liirce  ill  the  Weal  Iiiiliea,  auperior  to  tinit  of  the 
lii'iiiHli,  Their  cuinbiiied  (leeta  niiiounted  lu  thirty- 
lix  aail  uf  the  line,  iind  their  bind  fuicea  were  in  a' 
inrrea|iondenl  priipurtion.  Hy  !ictin|{  in  concert, 
they  liuped  tu  inuke  rapid  cuD(|U«Hla  in  the  Weal 
Iniliea. 

Kiiruiniilely  fur  the  Britiah  interest,  thia  great 
lioalile  fuice curried  within  ilaelf  the  ciinae  uf  ita 
uun  overlhiuw.  The  Spaiiiah  iriiupa,  fiuni  beiiix 
tuo  much  crowded  on  board  iheir  lr»iia|iorta,  were 
seized  with  11  mortiil  und  cutiliigiuua  diateiiiper. 
J'hia  apreiid  through  the  French  fleet,  nnd  land 
furcea,  tiawell  iia  their  own.  With  the  hopes  of 
trrcalinit  iia  pin)(reaa,  the  Spaniurds  were  landed 
In  the  French  iaiiinda.  Hy  iheae  ditiislrons  cveiila, 
the  aiiirit  uf  enterprise  whs  d»in|)ed.  Tlie  combi- 
ned lieeta,  linviu);  neither  effected,  nor  atteniplod 
iiiy  thing  of  cunae(|uence,  desiatrd  from  the  prune- 
cullun  of  the  uhjecia  oflhecaiiip»ii(n.  The  failure 
of  tlie  first  part  uf  ihe  plan  occHsioned  the  liiihire 
of  the  second.  Count  de  Uuichen,  Ihecnniinander 
of  Ihe  French  fleet,  who  was  to  have  fiiljowed  M. 
de  Teriiay,  and  to  have  co-upenited  with  Wash- 
InKloii,  instead  of  cor,  ng  to  the  Ainericiin  conti- 
nent, suiled  with  a  hir^e  convoy,  collected  from  the 
French  islands,  directly  lu  France. 

The  abortive  plans  of  ihe  French  ard  Spaniards, 
operated  iliiecily  against  the  interest  ufihe  United 
Stales;  but  ihiawas,  in  a  ahort  lime, counterbalan- 
ced, by  the  increased  enibarriissinents  occasioned 
to  (ileal  Riiiain,  by  the  armed  neutrality  uf  the 
liiirihern  |Hiwera,  anil  liy  a  rupture  with  (loiland. 

The  naval  anperioriiy  uf  Ureal  Hritain  had  lung 
hern  Ihe  subject  of  regret  and  ufenvy,  As  it  was 
Ihe  intctcal,  an  it  seeiiieil  to  be  the  wish  of  Kiiro- 
|iean  suveieitiiis,  tu  avail  iheiiiaelves  of  (he  present 
favunrahle  moment,  tu  effect  an  huiniliatiunuf  her 
niaralinie  grandeur.  That  the  flag  of  all  natiuna 
roust  alrike  to  Uriiish  aliipa  of  war,  could  not  be 
nilierwise  than  niortifylng  to  inile|iendent  aove- 
reigns.  Tliis  haughty  demand  was  nut  their  only 
ctiuse  uf  complaint.  The  activity  and  number  of 
Itritiah  privateers  had  rendered  them  objects  uf 
lerriir,  nut  only  to  the  commercial  shipping  uf  their 
tiicmics,  but  to  the  many  vessels  beluuging  to 
iitlier  puwers,  that  were  employed  in  trading  with 
Ihcm.  Various  litigations  had  taken  place,  be- 
tween the  coniinanilers  of  Uriiish  armed  vessels, 
nnd  those  whn  were  in  the  service  of  neutral  pow- 
ers, roa|)«cting  the  extent  of  that  commerce,  which 
was  consistent  with  a  strict  and  fair  neutrality. 
The  Itruiah  insisted  on  the  lawfulness  of  Beijing 
■applies,  which  were  about  to  be  carried  to  tlieir 
In  the  habit  of  coicinaDding  oo  the  sea, 


they  ronaidered  (Kiwer  and  tight  to  besynonymuui 
leiiiis.  As  other  natiiiiis,  frutii  a  iltead  uf  provo- 
king their  vengeaiii'ii,  hiid  aiibiiiitted  to  th<  ir  claim 
of  ilnniiniiiii  on  lliiiiiii'iin,  lliry  fancied  theiiiaelves 
invi'sli'd  with  iiiiilKiiily,  to  I'linlrol  ilin  commerce 
of  inili'penilent  nalinna,  when  it  Inteifered  with 
thnli  viea  a,  The  eiiipieas  uf  Kuasiu  took  the  lead, 
in  estalilialiing  a  system  uf  inaraliiiin  laws,  which 
lenileil  tu  siiliveri  the  claims  uf  (treat  jtiilain. 
Her  trading  veasels  liiid  lung  been  harassed  by 
Uriiish  aearchea  and  sei/iirea,  iin  pretence  ultheir 
carrying  iin  a  comineice,  incunsiatent  with  neu- 
trality. The  nreaeiit  ciiais  laviiured  the  re-ettiib- 
liahmeiil  of  llin  laws  of  nations,  in  place  uf  the 
uaiirpaltuns  uf  (Jreat  Itiilain, 

A  declaration  was  published  in  February,  1780, 
by  the  empress  uf  Kusaia,  addressed  tu  the  courts 
of  London,  Versailles  and  Aladrid.  In  this  it  was 
obaerved,  ■•  that  her  liniHirial  nii^mly  had  given 
such  convincing  proofi  of  (hetlrlct  regard  ahe  had 
for  Ihe  rights  of  neutmllty,  and  the  liberty  of  com 
inerce  in  general,  that  It  miulit  have  been  huptd 
her  iin|iailial  conduct  wuuhlliave  entitled  lieriub 
jects  10  the  eiijuyinent  uf  the  advantages  belonging 
to  neutral  nattuiis.  Kxperieiico  had,  huwever, 
jiruved  the  cunlrary.  Her  subjects  had  been  mii- 
iesteil  in  their  navigaliun,  by  the  ships  and  priva- 
teers uf  the  belligerent  powers,"  Her  iiiajesly 
therefore  declared,  "that she  fuiinil  it  neceaaaiy  to 
lemove  these  vexaliuna,  which  had  beenufl'ereil  lu 
the  cuninierce  uf  Kiiasia;  but,  befiiri'  she  came  to 
any  seriuns  measures,  she  thuiight  il  just  andeijui- 
table,  to  expose  to  the  world,  and  particularly  tu 
the  belligerent  puwers,  the  principle  li«  had 
adopted  lor  I'or  cundiict  ;  which  were  lluw  ; 

"That  neutral  ships  sliuuld  onjiiy  a  lnuMiaviga- 
tioD,  even  fruin  port  tu  purl,  and  iin  the  cuaslsuf 
the  nations  at  war;  that  all  elfecls,  beluuging  tu 
the  belligerent  (Niwers,  should  bo  looked  on  as  free 
un  board  such  neulral  ships,  with  an  exception  of 
places  actually  blocked  up  ur  besieged  ;  and  with 
a  proviso,  that  they  do  nut  carry  to  the  enemy  con- 
traband articles."  Theae  were  limited  by  an  ex- 
planation, so  as  to  "comprehend  only  warlike 
stores  and  ainmunitiun."  Her  imperial  majesty 
declared  that,  "she  wa3  flrtnly  resulved  to  main- 
tain these  principles,  and  that  with  the  view  of 
protecting  the  cuiiimerce  and  navigaliun  uf  her 
aubjects,  she  had  given  nrders  tu  fit  ui;t  a  consid 
eraule  part  uf  her  naval  force."  This  declaration 
was  ciiinmunicalcd  tu  the  .Slates  Ueneral;  and  Ihe 
empress  of  Russia  invited  thoni  lo  make  a  coni- 
mun  cause  with  her,  so  far  as  such  a  utiiuu  might 
serve  lo  protect  commerce  and  navigation.  Sim- 
ilar cumiiiunicatiun  and  invitations  were,  also, 
tiiado  tu  the  courts  ufCupenhagen ;  Stockholm, 
and  Lisbon,  A  civil  answer  was  received  fruni 
the  court  uf  (Ireat  lirifain,  and  a  very  cordial  one 
fioiii  the  couit  uf  France.  On  this  occasion,  it 
was  said  by  his  Moat  Chrlstiau  Majesty,  "that  what 
Iter  imperial  majesty  claimed  fruui  llin  belligerent 
puwers,  was  nulhing  mure  Ihan  the  rules  prescribed 
tu  the  French  navy."  The  kings  of  Sweden  and 
Ueniiiaik,  alsu,  formally  acceded  lo  the  principles 
and  ineaaures,  proposed  by  the  empress  of  Russia, 
The  Slates  (ieneral  did  the  same.  The  i|iieen  of 
Purliigal  tef'used  tu  cuiiciir.  The  puwers  engaged 
ill  this  association  resolved  to  support  eacli  other, 
against  any  uf  the  belligerani  naiiuns,  who  should 
violate  the  principles,  which  had  been  laid  duwn, 
in  the  declaration  of  the  einptess  of  Russia. 

This  cumbination  assumed  the  name  of  Ihe  aim- 
ed neutrality.  Ity  it  a  resiiectable  guarantee  was 
procured  to  a  commerce,  from  which  France  and 
Spain  procured  a  plentiful  supply  of  articles  es- 
sentially conducive  to  a  vigoruut  prosecution  of 
the  war,  The  usurped  authority  of  Great  Uritaln, 
on  the  highway  of  nature,  received  a  check.  Her 
embarrassments,  fruni  this  source,  were  aggrava 
ted  by  the  considerallun,  that  they  came  from  a 
power,  (  I  whose  frir.iilsliip  she  had  confided 

About  the  same  tlmu,  the  enemies  of  CJrcat 
Rritain  were  increased,  by  the  addition  of  the 
Slates  Qeneral.  Though  these  two  powers  weie 
bound  to  each  othori  by  the  obliQatloai  of  treitiaa, 


4» 

the  ninduct  ol  the  Litter  had  lunf  been  consider- 
ed rather  hoatilt  than  friendly.  Few  ICuro|M>ant 
had  a  greater  prnpec;  uf  advantage  from  Ainarl- 
raiiinilepeiiilenie,  tha;  the  Holljinilera.  The  cod- 
ipieai  iif  the  l;iiiied  .Slates  would  have  regained  In 
(ireal  Hritain  a  miinopidy  of  their  trade  ;  bnl  thu 
esiablishmeiil  uf  their  inde|i«iiilence  promised,  lu 
other  nations,  an  ef|Ual  ciiaiiie  uf  parlicipatiiiii 
therein.  As  coinmeice  is  the  aiiiil  of  the  (Tiiileij 
Neilierlanils.  tu  have  neglecteil  the  present  oppur 
liiiiiiy  uf  extending  il,  would  have  been  a  devia- 
tiiiii  from  their  esiabliahed  maxims  of  (Hilicy,  For- 
mer treaties,  framed  in  distant  (leiiods,  when  ollifr 
views  were  predominant,  opposed  but  a  feeble  bar- 
rier to  the  claims  of  preseijt  interest.  The  paslgo- 
neiailon  found  it  tu  their  advanlage  lu  seek  th* 
friendship  and  proleclion  of  (ireal  Hritain.  But 
they,  who  were  now  on  the  stage  of  life,  had  similar 
Inducements  to  seek  fur  new  cliaiiuola  uf  trade. 
Though  this  could  not  be  done,  whhout  thwarting 
the  views  of  the  court  of  London,  their  reeolleclinu 
of  former  favours  was  not  suffleient,  tu  curb  their 
immediate  favourite  paasion. 

From  the  year  1777,  Sir  Joseph  Yoike,  ihe 
Hiiiiah  minister  at  the  Hague,  has  made  sundry 
repreaeiitaliuiis  to  their  high  mightinesses,  of  the 
'  indosiine  commerce,  cariied  on  between  their 
subjects  and  the  Americans.  He  pariii.iilarly 
stateil  that  Mr.  Van  (iraaf,  the  governor  of  .St. 
F.nalalia,  had  permitted  an  illicit  commerce  with 
the  Ameiicans;  and  had,  at  one  lime,  relumed 
the  salute  of  a  vessel  carrying  their  flag.  Sir  Jo- 
seph, iherel'ore  demanded  a  formal  disavowal  of 
this  salute,  and  Ihe  dismission  and  immediate  re- 
call uf  (Juvernor  Van  (Iraaf.  This  insolent  de- 
mand was  answered  with  a  pusillanimous,  tempo- 
rising reply. 

On  Ihe  12lh  of  September,  1778,  a  memorial 
was  presented  lo  Ihe  Stales  (ieneral,  fruni  Ilia 
merchants  and  others  of  Amsterdam,  in  which 
they  coniidaiped  that  their  lawful  commerce  waa 
obstructed  by  the  ships  uf  his  Britannic  majesty 
On  the  22d  of  July,  1779.  Sir  Joseph  Yurke  de- 
inanded  of  Ihe  Slates  (jeneral  the  succours  slip 
ulated  in  the  treaty  of  1678;  but  this  was  not 
complied  with.  Friendly  declarations  and  un- 
friendly actions  followed  each  other  in  alternate 
succession.  At  length,  a  declaration  uas  publish- 
ed by  the  king  uf  (ireut  Hritain,  by  which  it  wai 
announced,  •'  that  the  subjects  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces were,  hencefurth,  lobe  considered  upon  the 
iaine  fouling  with  oilier  martial  imwers,  nnt  |iri- 
vileged  by  treaty."  Thruughnut  the  whole  of  this 
period,  Ihe  Dutch,  by  means  of  neutral  |Hiris  con- 
tinued lo  supply  the  Americans  ;  and  the  Knglith 
tu  insult  and  intercept  their  naviitalinn  :  but  open 
hostilities  were  avoided  bv  bulh.  Tlie  furineraimeri 
principally  at  ihe  ;,suis  01  a  .ucralive  commerce; 
the  latter  lo  remove  all  obstacles,  which  stuud  in 
the  way  uf  iheir  favourite  scheme  uf  cunqiiering 
the  Americans.  The  event,  which  occasiuned  a 
formal  declaration  of  war,  was  the  capture  of 
Henry  Laurens.  In  the  deranged  state  of  tiie 
American  finances,  that  gentleman  had  been  de- 
puted by  Congress,  tu  sulicit  n  loan  from  their  ser- 
vice, in  the  United  Neihorlands  ;  and,  also,  to  ne- 
gociale  a  treaty  between  them  and  the  United 
States.  On  his  way  thither.  September  3.  1780, 
he  was  taken  by  the  Veslal  frigate,  commanilsd  by 
Captain  Kepplo.  He  had  thrown  his  papers  over- 
board ;  but  many  of  them  were  recovered,  without 
having  received  much  damage.  His  papers  being 
delivered  to  the  ministry,  were  carefully  exaiiiin- 
od.  Among  them,  was  found  one,  purporting  to 
be  a  plan  of  a  iieaty  uf  amity  and  cunimeroe,  be. 
tween  the  states  of  Holland  and  the  United  Slates 
of  America.  This  had  been  originally  drawn  up, 
in  consequence  of  some  conversation  between 
Williar .  Lee,  whom  Congress  had  appointed  com- 
miasioner  to  the  courts  of  Vienna  and  Berlin,  si  d 
John  de  Neufville,  merchant  of  Amsterdam,  as  • 
plan  of  treaty,  destined  10  be  concluded  hereafter: 
but  it  had  never  been  pro|)osed,  either  by  Con|(?esi 
or  the  states  of  Holland :  though  it  had  receisej  tha 
approbation  ol  the  Pei^sionary  Van  Bsrkel,ud  of 


«t 


IIIMTUK  Y    OK   TIIK 


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kw 


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llw  t'llji  urAmalciduiti    A*  tin*  wmuuI  uii  iiltlciHl  i  eewiiy  •iiitriidrr  U|  mil;  rt'ciiiiinii-iiilini  llir  Inwn 
|M|M:r,  Hiid  liud  iirver  btto  rcud  tii  i.'ouKrew,  lli«{«iid  ll»  iiiliiibilunli,  lo  llin  kiiiiwii  mid  uauHl  viciii- 


oiiKiuitl  KM  |l*cn  lu  Mr.  Liur(ai,Ha  |ia|H-riliul 
liMlttil  l»  UMIul  In  lilm,  Id  IiU  |irojci'ied  iirRuiiit- 
lluiiii.  Tliii  uiiMUlliriilic  pi)|H-r,  winch  will  iii  Mr. 
L'<urrii«'  (lUMruiuu  by  ui'i'idenl  mid  wliicli  wui 
>u  iiritrljr  tuiik  in  llie  iirMii,  pioved  llie  uccuiion 
ul'  a  iiiiliuiiiil  wur.  Til*  couit  uf  Uieal  Hrlluln 
wiH  highly  uHciidcd  nt  il.  Tlia  \mftt  iiieil',  mid 
MiiiM  titliai*  rclulingtu  llie  lain*  tubjccl,  wi-re  ile- 
liicrad  lo  the  |iiiiite  ul  Urmiga,  who,  un  llie  lUih 
<ii'  Nu«enibcri  UiU  iheiii  bcluie  ihe  i  aiei  of  llul- 
iHiid  mid  We*l  Kiritluiid. 

Sir  Jow|ih  Yorke  iireMnled  ■  mc  noriul  in  llie 
Stmee  Ueiierul,  lu  which  he  mefiud,  "  ihul  ilie 
|iii|i«i«  ol  Mr.  Laureoi,  who  aiylod  hiniiell  pieni- 
Ovut  ul'  iha  preleiuled  CoogicH,  had  I'uniiiheJ  ihe 
(liacoverjf  ol  a  plot,  uncaanipled  io  ihe  aunala  uf 
ll)n  republic;  (hat  it  appeared  by  llieie  papeia, 
that  Ilia  gan'JeiiMii  uf  Ainaterdaiu  Ind  bven  en- 
gaged in  a  clandeetine  ciitrcapoiidence  wiih  Ihe 
Aiiiativan  lebela,  Iruni  the  iiiuoik  ul  Aiigual,  1778 ; 
aud  that  iniiruciioii*  mid  luU  ^woer*  had  been 
given  by  tlicn,  lur  iW  cuuclumua  vl  a  tieuly  uf 
amiiyi  wiih  rebela,  olio  wcie  iMw  •ubjecia  of  a 
tuvercign,  lo  wliuni  the  republat  ««•  umied  by 
llie  cluaeat  eiigH){einenla."  He  ilinwlure,  in  the 
iianie  ol  In*  uiuaier,  Ueiiiuiidrd  ii  foruwl  diaavowal 

III  lliia  iiieguUreuiiduci,  ii|iniuipt  aMialucliun  pro- 
puitioiieil  lu  iIki  ull'eiice.mid  hii  exeiii^ilary  puniah- 
nieiit  ul  ilm  (iciiaiuiiury  Vun  ltrrk«<l.  mid  In*  ac- 
tuinplivra,  »■  ili'iurbera  ullhe  public  iwace,  and 
tioUieix  ul  iliK  liiwa  ul' iiHiiuna. 

'rii«  i)l»lea  Ueiieiul  diau¥uweil  the  inlendeil  Irea- 

IV  III  iliecily  ul  Ainmerdiiin,  mid  eii){iiKeil  lu  proae- 
iii.iMlie  iwiiaiunary.  uveuiilinK  <o  the  liiwa  ill'  llir 
I'uuntry  ;  but  ihia  wai  nut  deemed  autlafiiclory. 
iSir  Jiiarph  Vurke  wh*,  on  Ihe  2Ulli  of  December, 
uiderrd  lu  withdraw  I'roir  the  llugue,  and,  auun 
Hllrrw^inla,  ii  inanilcaio  aguinal  llio  Dutch  waa 
I  iiblialivtl  in  London.  Thia  waa  I'ullowed  by  an 
iiUt-r  III  cuuncil,  "  thai  general  repiiaala  be  giaiit- 
■'■I  agHiiial  Ihe  ahjiia,  gouda,  and  aubjecti  ul'  the 
Stall'*  liriierul."  Whatever  miiy  be  ihuuglit  of  the 
piiiic)'  ul  till*  iiieaaure,  ila  bulilneaa  niuat  be  iid- 
nineil.  Great  Uritain,  .iiready  at  war  wiili  the 
United  Stalea  uf  America,  and  the  munarchie*  of 
I'runie  and  Spam,  delibcialely  ic*olved  on  a  war 
Kitli  ilulluiid,  al  a  time  when  she  might  have 
uvuidt'd  u|ieii  liualilitie*.  tier  apiril  waa  s<ill  far- 
llier  evinced,  by  the  conaideratlon,  that  alie  waa 
dchcrted  by  her  frienda,  and  without  a  aiiigle  ally. 
Uieat  mualhave  been  her  reaourcea,  to  anp|>urt*o 
cxlenaiie  a  war,  again*!  ao  many  huatile  suve- 
leign*  ;  but  ihi*  very  abiijiy,  by  prnving  that  her 
overgrown  |iower  wa*  dangerous  to  tlic  peace  of 
turo|ie,  I'urniahed  an  a|)olugy  for  their  combina- 
liun  againat  her. 

A  war  wiih  Holland  being  resolved  upnn,  the 
aloriii  ufUritiah  vengeance  fiist  buret  on  the  Dutch 
iaiaiid  of  St.  Euaiaiia.  Thia,  though  intrinsically 
uf  little  value,  had  lunglieen  the  seal  of  an  exten- 
aive  cummerce.  It  waa  the  grand  freepnrt  of  the 
Wral  liidiea,  and,  as  such,  waa  a  general  market 
and  magazine  lu  all  natiuns.  In  cuusequence  uf 
ila  nentraliiy  and  situation,  together  with  ila  un- 
bunnded  freeduin  of  trade,  il  reaped  the  riclitil 
harvent  uf  cnninierce,  during  the  seasons  of  war- 
fare amuiig  ila  neighbours.  It  was,  in  a  particular 
manner,  a  cuovenieul  channel  of  supply  to  the 
Americans. 

The  liland  is  a  natural  fortification,  and  very 
callable  uf  being  made  strong  ;  but,  as  in  inhabit- 
ant* were  a  motley  mixture  of  transient  persons, 
wlir.!;'  -nientunlhe  gaina  uf  commerce,  iliey  were 
fi  .'  'olicitous  to  acquire  pru|ierty,  than  alieniive 
lo  improve  those  meana  of  security,  which  the 
island  alforded. 

Hit  Ueorge  Rodney  and  General  Vatighan,  with 
■  large  fleet  and  army,  snrrnunded  thia  island,  and 
pn  the  3d  Februaiy,  1781,  demanded  a  surrender 
Ibareof,  and  of  ils  defiendenuiea,  within  an  huur. 
Mr.  de  Graaf  returned  fur  answer,  "  iliai,  being 
■IMriy  incapable  of  making  any  defence  against 
liw  C>rca  wbicb  iniittied  ibe'islan  I,  he  must  of  ue 


eney  of  Hrillsh  eommandara." 

The  wealth  acciimulaled  in  ihi* barren  spolwas 
prodigious.  The  wliiile  Island  aeenied  lu  ba  one 
vast  iiiagaaine.  The  aiorehouiea  were  lilted,  and 
the  bea>^h  covered  wilii  valuable  cunimodiilea, 
T'.  eae,  on  a  mntlrraie  calculaiiiwi,  were  rsliiiiuled 
lu  be  wotlh  above  ;t,(MMI,(l(IO't«rling.  All  thia  piu- 
petly,  lugether  willi  wli  .1  wa^liiiiid  unlheialand, 
waa  iiidiacrimlnalely  ^eiaed,  and  declared  lu  be 
conllacaled.  This  valuable  booty  waa  farther  in- 
creased by  new  arrivals.  The  conquarura,  for 
some  lime,  kejit  up  Dutch  colours,  which  decoyed 
a  number  of  t  rrnch,  Dutch,  and  American  vessels 
into  their  hand*.  Above  l.OU  merchanl  veaaels, 
most  uf  which  were  richly  laden,  were  captured. 
A  Dutch  frigate  of  'JH  guns,  and  five  small  armed 
vessels,  shurtd  llie  same  fate.  The  neighbouring 
island  of  8l.  Martin  and  Saba  were  in  like  man- 
ner reduced.  Just  before  the  arrival  of  Ihe  Urit- 
ish,  lliirly  large  ships,  laden  with  Weal  India  cuin- 
modities,  had  sailed  from  Kuslalia  for  Holland, 
under  the  convoy  of  a  ship  uf  sixty  guns.  Admi- 
ral Rodney  deapulched  the  Monarch  and  Panther, 
with  the  .Sybil  frigule,  in  purauil  of  this  fleet. 
The  »'!,iile  i.''  it  waa  overtaken  and  captured. 

The  Dutch  Vest  India  company,  many  of  llie 
cilisens  of  Amsterdam,  and  several  Americans, 
were  great  sufTereis  by  Ihe  cipture  of  this  island 
and  the  confiscation  of  all  property  found  therein, 
which  immediately  followed  ;  but  the  lirilish  mer 
rlinnts  were  much  mnresn.  Tlieae,  confiding  in 
ihe  acknowledged  neiilinlily  of  the  island,  and  in 
arts  uf  parliament,  hud  acciimulaled  therein  great 
qnanlilies  uf  Weal  India  produce  a*  well  a»  uf  Ku- 
rofieaii  goods.  Tlir^  slated  their  hard  case  lu  Ad- 
miral Rudney  and  Ueiieral  Vuuglian,  contending 
that  their  connexion  with  ihe  captured  island  was 
under  the  tinclinn  of  acts  of  parliament,  and  llial 
their  cummvice  had  been  cniiducled,  accurding  (u 
the  rules  and  maxims  of  Hading  naliluns.  Tn  ap- 
plicallons  uf  this  kind  II  w»a  answeied,  "that  Ihe 
island  waa  Dulch  ;  every  thing  in  il  was  Dutch, 
and  under  llieproiccijiin  iif'hr  Dutch  tlag  ;  and  as 
Dtilch  il  should  be  healed. 

The  severity,  wiih  which  the  victors  proceeded, 
drew  on  iliem  pointed  censures,  iiol  only  frum  Ihe 
immediate  sufl'erers,  but  from  all  Kurope.  It  must 
lie  supposed,  that  lliey  were  filled  wiih  lesentment, 
for  the  supplies  which  the  Americans  received 
llirough  this  channel ;  hut  there  is  als;  .eiHoii  lo 
suspect  that  the  lore  of  f;aiii  waa  cloaked  iiiiilcr 
the  specious  veil  of  iialiiiiial  policy. 

The  horrors  of  a  tiiiivcrsal  havoc  of  pio|ii'ity 
were  realised.  The  incrchanls  aiiij  trailers  ivcic 
ordered  t.i  give  up  Ihi'lr  bnii|(S  nf  iiiiH'Miondeiicc, 
iheir  leiterx.  and  also  invenloilcs  of  all  llieir  ef- 
fects, inclusive  of  an  exact  accoiinl  of  all  money 
and  plate  in  their  pnasesslnn.  The  Jews  weie de- 
signated as  olijecis  nf  particular  rcseiiliiient.  They 
were  ordered  to  give  up  the  keys  uf  their  stores; 
lo  leave  their  wcalih  and  merchandise  behind 
ihein  ;  ami  to  depart  Ihe  island,  without  knowing 
the  place  of  llieir  dcstinalinn.  From  a  nalurai 
with  lo  be  furnished  with  the  means  of  supplying 
their  wants,  in  the  place  oflheir  future  residence, 
they  accreted  in  their  wearing  apparel,  gohl,  silver, 
and  other  articles  of  great  value  and  small  bulk. 
The  policy  of  these  unfurtunale  Hebrew*  did  not 
avail  lliein.  The  avarice  of  the  conqueror*  eflec- 
lually  counleiacled  iheir  ingenuity.  They  were 
stripped,  searched,  and  despiilleil  nf  iheir  money 
and  jewel*.  In  this  state  of  wretchedness,  many 
of  tiie  inhabiianis  were  transported  as  outlaws,  and 
landed  on  St.  Chrislopher's.  The  assembly  of 
that  island,  wiih  great  humanity,  provided  for 
ihein  auch  articles  as  their  situation  required. 
The  Jew*  were  soon  followed  by  the  Americana. 
Some  of  these,  though  they  had  been  banished 
from  the  Uiiiied  .Slates  on  account  of  their  having 
taken  part  wiih  Gieat  Britain,  were  banished  a 
second  lime,  by  ihe  conquering  troops  of  the  sov- 
ereign, III  wliote  service  ihey  had  previously  suf- 
fered.    The  French  merchant*  and  traders  were 


next  oideted  nil'  the  ialainl ;  and,  lastly,  ihx  ultra 
Dulch  war*  obliged  to  suliniil  to  the  aaiiM  mth 
lenca.  Many  upuleni  prrauna,  In  cunaequenea  of 
Ihaaa  proreadinga,  wire  iiiaiaiilly  reduced  lu  •»■ 
ireiiie  Indigence. 

In  Ihe  mean  lime,  public  aale*  were  adverll*od, 
and  iieriun*  uf  all  nalioiia  Inviied  lu  becomo  pur* 
chaaeri.  Tha  iabmd  of  Si.  Kualaila  lieoaino  ■ 
acene  of  ronalani  aucllona.  There  n'  -r  wii*  • 
batter  market  for  buyer*,  The  Imme  ,  inliliNi 
exiHieed  fur  *ala,  reduced  the  pricL  ..  .nany  ar* 
licle*,  far  beluw  their  original  coal.  Many  of  Ihn 
cominudlllea  auld  on  ihlaoccaaion,  brcanic,  in  ihn 
handaof  Iheir  new  purchaaera,  aa  efleclual  au|>> 
pile*  to  Iha  enemie*  of  Great  Hritain,  a*  ihrjr 
could  hava  been  in  caaa  ihe  ialrnd  had  not  hern 
captured.  The  apirit  of  gain,  which  led  iho 
trader*  of  Si.  Ku*latla  lo  aacrlHce  Ihe  inlervM*  of 
Great  Britain,  influenced  the  conqueror*  lo  do  the 
•ame.  Tha  frienda  of  humanity,  who  wlah  ihat 
war  wa*  exierminaled  from  Iha  world,  or  entered 
into  only  for  iha  allainment  of  iialioiial  juslice, 
must  ba  gratified,  when  they  are  told,  that  llii* 
uiiexam|iled  rapacity  was  one  link  in  the  great 
chain  of  cauaea,  which,  aa  herpufler  ahall  be  ex- 
plained, greatly  cuntrlbuled  lu  the  rapture  of  a 
large  Uriilah  army.  In  Yorklown,  Virginia  ;  an 
event  which  gave  (leace  lo  cnulending  nnlion* 
While  Admiral  Rodney  and  hia  ollicera  were  be. 
wildered,  in  the  aales  of  cunfiacated  proiHrly,  al 
St.  Kuslalia,  and  especially  while  his  fleet  wa* 
weakened,  by  a  largo  delaclinient  sent  oH'  lo  con- 
voy their  huiily  lu  Great  llrilaiii,  ihe  French  were 
silently  executing  a  well-diuesled  acheine,  which 
assured  iheni  a  naval  au|ieiinrily  on  the  American 
cnaal,  lo  the  total  ruin  of  Ihe  Htitisll  interest  In 
the  United  State*. 


t'llAPTKR     XII. 

The  rovnil  of  llis  Pciiaylvanm  line;  of  pari  of  the  Jer> 
My  tronpa :  illilrennra  of  iha  Aiiirriean  army ;  Ar- 
nold's liivailon  uf  Vlriiiiii*. 

Tiiouoii  general  Ainulil*  address  lo  his  country- 
men produced  no  ellecl,  [1781]  in  detaching  in<i 
soldiery  of  America,  from  the  unpruducliveseruca 
uf  Cungress,  iheir  aleudinesscnuld  not  bo  account- 
ed fur,  from  any  nielioraiion  of  iheir  circuinsiances. 
They  still  remained  wilhuul  pav,  and  wiihnul  such 
cliiihing  as  ihe  *eu*un  reouired.  They  could  not 
he  iiiiliiced  lo  enter  the  Hritish  service  ;  but  their 
I  iinipiicaled  distres*e«  al  length  broke  out  into  de- 
liberate mutiny.  Thi*  event,  which  had  been  Ion  j 
expected,  made  it*  first  ihrealening  up|ieaiance.  in 
the  Pennsylvania  line.  The  cniinnon  soldier*, 
enlisted  in  that  slate,  were,  for  the  moat  pari,  na- 
tives of  Ireland  :  but  though  not  bound  lu  Ameri- 
ca, by  the  incidental  tie  of  birth,  ihey  were  infe- 
rior lo  none  in  discipline,  courage,  or  aiiuchment 
lo  the  causo  of  independence.  They  had,  on  nil 
previous  nccaaions,  done  iheir  duly  to  admiiaiiiiii. 
An  ambiguity,  in  llie  terms  of  their  eiilislnient, 
furnished  a  pretext  lor  iliiir  cnnduct.  A  great 
part  of  them  were  enlislei*  lur  three  yeatx,  ii* 
during  the  war.  The  three  years  were  expiicil  ; 
and  the  men  insisted,  ihut  llie  choice  of  staying  in 
going  remained  with  them,  while  ihe  ofliceis  con- 
tended that  the  choice  was  in  Ihe  slate. 

The  mutiny  was  excited,  by  the  non-cominia- 
(ioned  officer*  and  private*  in  the  night  nf  ihe  \< 
of  January,  1781,  and  soon  became  so  universal, 
in  Ihe  line  uf  ilial  slate,  aa  to  defy  all  oppoaiiiun. 
The  whole,  except  llitee  regiments,  upon  a  siunal 
forihe  purpose,  turned  nut  under  arms  without  the  it 
oflficers.  and  declared  fur  a  redress  nf  grievances. 
The  officers  in  vain  endeavoured  lo  quell  Iheiii. 
Several  were  wounded,  and  a  captain  was  killed 
in  utienipiini!  it,  Gener  '•  Wayne  presented  his 
pistols,  a4  if  about  lo  fire  on  iliein  ;  they  held  their 
bayonets  to  his  breast,  and  said:  "we  lovn 
and  respect  you  ;  I  ut  if  you  fire,  you  are  a  dead 
man.  We  are  not  ,;oing  lo  the  enemy.  On  iho 
coolrar;,  if  they  were  now  to  come  out,  yo2'boMt4 


UNITKU   8TATK8. 


ommi*- 

IliKTSll!, 

iii«iiiiiri. 

outllicir 

II  Iheiii. 
•  killril 
nieil  Ilia 
M  Iheir 
e  lovo 
a  ilrnd 
On  iho 
'boni4 


•M  U1  ll|(lil  iiniler  )'4Mir  iirilera,  wlili  »•  iniicli  uIuk- 
rlly  un  e«rr;  bill  w«  will  im  Imiiivr  be  hiiiiiiwiI. 
W'a  lire  ilelrrmlneit  tin  iililiiiniiig  w\m  !■  our  jiiM 
due."  Dml'  lii  HriiuiiiriilaHnil  eiilreiiliea,  llirjr,  lu 
Oie  number  iil  130U  nioveil  off  In  ii  huil>.  Iriiiii 
Miirrlxnwn,  iind  priiereileij,  In  riiihI  uriler,  wiili 
llieirHrin«Hiiil  klxneltl  plecei.  In  I'rliicptnn.  TIik)' 
tlennil  lein|Hiriiry  olTlGeri  rriiin  llielt  own  boily, 
■ml  iip|Niinleil  n  *«iV«hii(  iiiHJiir,  wlio  liuil  (iiniit'rly 
drwrleil  Irdiii  lli«  liriliali  iiriny,  In  be  llii:ir  com- 
niitiidrr.  Oeiii'iHl  Wiiyne  roiwnrilpil  (iruviiiuii* 
■I'lerilirm,  In  (iievenllheir  (ilunilerinK  lliecuuiilry 
for  llieir  nubiiiiiieiica.  'I'liry  inviiUed  no  iniin'i 
(mifiri'ly,  liirllipr  ilmn  llieii  iinmeiliule  neceuillr* 
iiiHile  uiiHVuliliiblu.  Thin  wns  reuilily  ■ulinilleil  lu 
by  llie  InliiihiunU  ;  wliolmd  been  long  iiaril  (ocx- 
icIlonM  u(  ilie  •nine  kind  levied  for  ainiilar  |iur- 
(loieii,  by  ilieir  lawful  ruleri.  They  |irore»ed  iIihI 
lliey  liiid  no  object  In  view,  but  loubliiin  whiil  wna 
jimlly  due  lo  lliein.  nor  were  llieir  iicliuns  incnn- 
linlenl  Willi  ihni  iirufeaiion. 

('oimrcH  ieni  »  coininillce  of  llieir  body,  con- 
•iMinK  of  UenernI  ijnlliviin,  Mr.  MHllliewa,  Mr. 
Allee,  nnd  Ur.  Wtlher*|iaon,  to  procure  an  uc- 
roniinodiiiion.  The  revollcm  were  resoluio  in  r«- 
runing  Hiiylcrmi,  ofuliiRli  n  redress  ofiheir  griev- 
luces  Whs  not  ihe  foundnlion.  Kvery  ihing  usked 
•r  llieir  counliy,  lliey  iui)(ht,  at  any  lime,  afler  the 
tilh  i>(  January,  have  obtained  I'lnm  the  Uriliah,  by 
pasiiiifi  over  into  New  York.  This  ihey  rel'uscd. 
Their  tulTerinns  had  exhausted  their  patience,  but 
not  iheir  patriotism.  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  by  con- 
fidential mriscniiers,  ofTered  lo  lake  lliein  under 
the  prolecliun  ol'the  Urilish  government ;  lo  par- 
don all  Iheir  past  ntrcnces;  lo  have  the  pay  due 
llicin  from  Congress  faithrully  made  up,  without 
any  rxpectaiion  o(  military  service  in  return,  al- 
though it  would  be  received,  irvolunlarily  oH'ered. 
ft  was  recommended  to  them  to  move  behind  the 
South  river,  and  it  was  promised,  that  a  detach- 
ment of  Dritiah  troops  should  be  in  readiness  for 
their  protection,  aa  soon  as  desired.  In  the  moan- 
lime,  the  troops  passed  over  from  New  York  to 
Staten  Island,  and  the  necessary  arrangements 
were  made  for  moving  thain  into  Netv  Jersey, 
whensoever  lliey  might  be  wanted.  The  royal 
commander  wis  not  lesa  disappointed  than  sur- 
priied,  lo  find  that  the  railhrul,  ihuiigh  revolting 
•ol(lier<i,  disdained  his  otTera.  The  messengera 
t(  .Sir  Henry  Clinton  were  seized,  and  delivered 
to  General  Wayne.  President  Reed  and  General 
Potter  were  appointed,  by  the  council  of  Penn- 
sylvania to  Rccoinmodale  maltera  with  the  revolt- 
era.  They  met  them  at  Princeton,  and  agreed  lo 
dismiss  all  whose  terms  of  enlistment  were  com- 
pleted, and  admitted  the  ifaihofeach  soldier  lb  be 
evidence  in  hia  own  case.  A  board  ofonicera  tried 
»m\  condemned  the  British  apies ;  and  they  were 
instantly  executed.  President  Reed  oflered  a  purse 
II.  one  hundred  guineas  lo  the  mutineers,  as  a  re- 
ward for  their  fidelity,  in  delivering  up  the  s)iiea; 
but  they  refused  to  accept  it,  saying,  "  that  what 
they  had  done  was  only  a  duly  lliey  owed  their 
country,  and  that  they  neither  desired,  nur  would 
receive  any  reward,  but  the  approbation  of  that 
cuuntry,  for  which  they  had  so  often  fought  and 
bled." 

By  these  healing  measures,  on  the  17lh  Janu- 
ary, the  revolt  was  compleiely  quelled;  but  the 
complaints  of  the  soldiers  being  founded  in  jus- 
lice,  were  fust  redressed.  Those  whose  lime  of 
service  was  expired  obtained  their ''ischarges  ;  and 
others  had  their  arrears  of  pay  in  a  great  measure 
in.ule  up  to  them.  A  general  amnesty  cljsed  the 
business.  On  this  occasion,  the  cuminander-in- 
chic-f  Slated  in  a  circular  letter,  to  the  four  eastern 
stales,  ilie  well-founded  complaints  of  his  army  ; 
and  the  linimnslbllity  of  keeping  thein  together,  un- 
der the  pressure  of  such  a  variety  of  suft'erings. 
General  Knox  w^is  requested  lo  be  the  bearer  of 
these  despatches  ;  and  to  urge  the  statesto  an  im- 
incdlaie  exertion  tor  the  relief  of  the  soldiers.  He 
visited  Maatacbuactia,  New  Hampahire,  Connec- 
ticut, and  Rhode  laland  ;  and,  with  great  aarnest- 
Mu  lod  aqaal  aucceu,  dctrrihcd  the  wants  of  the 


army.  Alaasncliusetls  i{ave  Iwenty-fuur  silii-r  ihil 
lars  lu  each  man  of  her  line  |  and  also  furniaheil 
ilieiii  with  somechilhing.  Oilier  atales,  about  the 
same  lime,  iiiadit  similar  advances. 

The  spirit  of  miiliiiy  ninved  contagious.  About 
oneliuiiilied  anil  sixty  ol  the  Jersey  tiuops  follow- 
eil  the  exiiiiiple  of  ihe  Peniiaylvaiiiu  line  ;  but  they 
did  iiul  conduct  with  equal  spirit,  nor  with  equal 
prudence.  They  committed  sundry  acts  of  outrage 
against  particular  ofllcers,  while  Ihey  all'ecird  lo 
be  submissive  to  utiicia.  Major  (ieneral  Howe, 
with  a  considerable  force,  was  ordered  to  lake 
inethoda  for  reducing  them  to  obedience.  Con- 
vinced that  there  was  no  medium  between  dignity 
and  servility,  but  coercion,  and  thai  no  other  reme- 
dy cuuld  be  applied  without  the  deepest  wound 
lo  the  hcrvire,  ho  determined  to  pioceed  against 
them  with  decision,  (irneral  Howe  marched 
from  Kingwood  about  nitilnight ;  and,  by  the  dawn- 
ing of  the  next  day,  had  his  men  in  four  dill'ereiil 
positions,  lo  prevent  the  revulters  from  making 
their  esca|H).  Kvery  avenue  being  secured.  Colo- 
nel Barber  of  the  Jersey  line  was  sent  lo  them, 
with  ordcia  immediately  lo  parade  without  arms  ; 
and  lu  march  ton  particular  snot  of  ground.  Some 
hesitation  appearing  among  tiiem.  Colonel  Sproal 
was  diiecled  to  advance  ;  and  only  five  minutes 
were  given  lo  the  mutineers,  lo  comply  with  the 
orders  which  had  been  sent  them.  Tliis  had  its 
effect ;  and  they,  lo  a  man,  marched  without  arms 
lo  Ihe  appointed  ground.  The  Jersey  uflicersgave 
a  list  of  the  leaders  of  the  revolt ;  upon  which  (ie- 
neral Howe  desired  Ihein  lo  select  three  of  the 
greatest  ofienders.  A  field  court-martial  was  pre- 
aenlly  held  upon  iheae  three  ;  and  they  were  unani- 
mously sentenced  to  death.  Two  of  them  were 
executed  on  the  spot ;  and  the  executioners  were 
aelected  from  among  the  moat  active  in  the  mu- 
liny.  The  men  were  divided  into  plaloons,  made 
public  concesaiona  to  Iheir  oflTicera,  and  promiaed, 
by  future  good  conduct,  to  atone  fur  paat  olfences. 

Theae  muliniea  alarmed  the  alatea;  but  did  nol 
produce  |)ermanenl  relief  to  the  army.  Their 
wants,  with  respect  lo  provisions,  were  only  par- 
tially supplied,  and  by  expedients  from  one  short 
tune  lo  another.  The  most  usual  was  ordering  an 
officer  to  seize  on  proviaiona  wherever  found.  Thia 
differed  from  lobbing,  only,  in  ila  being  done  by 
authority,  fur  the  public  service,  and  in  the  of- 
ficer being  always  directed  to  give  the  proprietor 
a  ci^rtificale,  of  the  quantity  and  quality  of  what 
was  taken  from  him.  At  first,  rnme  reliance  was 
placed  on  these  certificates,  as  vouchers  to  support 
a  future  demand  on  the  United  Stales;  but  they 
soon  became  so  common  as  to  be  of  little  value. 
Recourse  was  so  frequently  had  lo  coercion,  both 
legislative  and  military,  that  the  people  not  only 
lost  confidence  in  public  credit,  but  became  im- 
patient under  all  exertions  of  authority,  for  forcing 
iheir  properly  fiom  iheni.  That  an  army  t.!iould  be 
kept  together,  under  such  circumsiancea,  au  far 
exceeds  credibility,  as  to  make  it  necessary  lo  pro- 
duce some  evidence  of  the  fact.  The  American 
General  Clinton,  in  a  letter  to  Waahinglon,  dated 
at  Albany,  April  IGlh,  1781,  wrote  as  followa  : 
"  there  is  not  now  independent  of  Fort  Schuyler, 
three  days'  provision  in  the  whole  departnieni,  for 
the  troops,  in  case  of  an  alarm,  nor  any  pros|iect 
of  procuring  any.  The  recruits  of  the  new  levies, 
I  cannot  receive,  because  I  have  nothing  to  gi.e 
them.  The  Canadian  families  I  have  beenoblignl 
to  deprive  of  their  scanty  p.ltance,  contrary  to  every 
principle  of  humanity.  The  quarter  master's  de- 
partment Is  totally  useless.  The  public  armory  has 
been  shut  up  fur  nearly  three  wc;^ ks,  and  a  total 
suspension  of  every  mllilary  operation  has  ensued." 
Soon  after  this,  Washington  was  obliged  lo  apply 
9000  dollars,  sent  by  the  state  of  Massachusetts 
for  the  payment  of  her  troops,  to  the  use  of  the 
quarter  master's  department,  to  enable  him  to 
lrans|)ort  provisions  from  the  adjacent  states.  Be 
fore  he  consented  to  adopt  this  ex|>edient,  he  hqd 
consumed  every  ounce  of  provision,  wbiph  had 
been  kept  as  a  reserve  in  the  garrison  of  West 
Poiot :  and  bad  strnined  imiprea*  by  milU^r^f  fore* 


to  so  great  an  extent,  the',  there  was  leaauli  It 
apprehend  the  inliabilania,  Irrilaied  by  such  Irs.  - 
queiil  calls,  would  prooeed  In  dangeiona  Insurrea 
Huns.  Kurt  Scliujfler,  West  Point,  and  the  post* 
up  the  Nurlh  river,  were  on  llie  |iolnl  ol  bcin^ 
abandoned  by  iheir  alarving  gurrisons.  At  ihw 
(leriod  of  the  war,  there  was  Utile  or  no  circula- 
ting inediuin,  either  in  Ihe  furin  of  paper  or  s|iecl«t 
and  in  the  neiglibourliuod  of  Ihe  American  army, 
there  was  a  real  want  of  necessary  priivisioiii. 
'I'lie  deficiency  of  the  former  occasioned  manf 
Incoiivenleneea,  nnd  an  unequal  dlairibiilion  of 
the  buidena  of  ihe  wari  but  the  inaulflcicncy  of 
the  latter  had  well  nigh  dissu'ved  Ihe  aripy,  aiiit 
laid  the  country,  lu  every  direction,  open  to  Brit- 
ish excursions. 

These  events  were  nol  unforseen  by  the  ruler* 
of  America.  From  ihe  progressive  deprecialioii  ol 
Iheir  bills  of  ciedil.  It  hud  for  some  lime  past  oc- 
curred, that  the  period  could  not  he  far  distant, 
when  they  would  cense  lu  clrciilste.  This  crisis, 
ardently  wished  fur  by  the  enemies,  and  dreaded 
by  the  friends  of  American  iiidefiendence,  took 
place  in  17N1 ;  but  without  realising  ihe  lio|)es  of 
the  one,  or  the  fears  of  the  other.  New  resuurce* 
were  providentially  o|(ened;  and  the  war  was  ear- 
ned on  with  the  same  vigour  as  before.  A  great 
leal  of  gold  and  silver  was,  about  thlatime,  Intro- 
luced  into  the  United  Slalea,  by  a  beneficial  trade 
wiih  the  French  and  Spanish  West  India  islands, 
and  by  means  of  the  French  army  in  Rhode  Island. 
Pathetic  reiiresenlatinns  were  made  to  the  minis 
lersof  his  Most  Christian  Majesty  by  Washington, 
Dr.  Franklin,  and  particularly  by  Lieutenant  Colo- 
nel John  Laurens,  who  was  sent  lolhe  court  of  Ver- 
sailles as  a  special  minister  on  this  occasion.  The 
king  of  France  gave  the  United  Slalea  a  sub  ,idy 
of  six  millions  uf  livies,  and  became  their  security 
fur  ten  millions  more,  borrowed,  for  llieir  use  in  the 
United  Netherlands.  A  regular  svsleni  of  finance 
was  alao,  about  this  lime,  adopted.  All  mailers, 
lelativc  lu  the  treasury,  the  supplies  of  the  army, 
and  their  accounts,  were  put  under  the  dlrectioa 
of  Robert  Morris,  who  arianged  the  whole  witb 
judgment  and  economy.  The  Issulngofpaperino- 
n«y,  by  ihe  aulhorlly  of  government,  was  disoon> 
ilnued,  and  the  public  engagemants  were  made 
payable  in  coin.  The  inlroductiun  of  so  mueh 
gold  and  ailver  together  with  llieae  judicious  do- 
mestic regulalioiis,  aided  by  the  bank  which  had 
be,!n  erected,  I'ne  preceding  year,  in  Philadelphia, 
extricated  Congress  from  much  oftheir  embarrass- 
ment, and  put  it  in  their  \mmtt  to  feed,  clothe,  and 
move  their  army. 

About  the  same  lime,  the  old  continental  money, 
by  common  consent,  ceased  lo  have  currency. 
Like  an  aged  man,  expiring  by  the  decays  of  na- 
ture, without  a  sigh  or  groan,  it  fell  asleep  in  the 
handa  of  ila  laat  poaaeaaors.  By  the  acale  of  de- 
preciation the  war  was  carried  on  Ave  years,  for 
little  more  than  a  mllllnn  of  pounds  aterling ;  and 
two  hundred  millions  of  paper  dollars  were  made 
redeemable  by  five  milliuns  of  silver  ones.  In 
other  countries,  such  measures  would  probably 
have  produced  popular  insurieclions;  but,  in  the. 
United  States,  they  were  aubmllled  to  without  any 
tnmulu.  Public  faith  waa  violated ;  but,  in  the 
opinion  of  nioal  men,  public  good  waa  promoted. 
The  evils  consequent  on  depreciation  had  taken 
place,  and  the  redemption  of  the  bills  of  credit,  i)t 
their  nominal  value,  aaoriglnnlly  promiaed,  insiei\d 
of  remedying  the  distresges  of  the  suffeveirs,  yould, 
in  many  cases,  have  increasfi)  lU<'ni>  *>}  subjecf- 
Ing  their  small  remain*  pf  p(n|>«riy  tq  exoibiia^t 
taxation.  The  nnnoey  had,  in  i«  great  nieaaut« 
gone  out  of  tl)B  htinds  of  the  priginal  prtiprieturf 
and  was  in  the  pa|(easlun  of  others,  who  ha^  pb- 
laincd  it,  at  a  rule  of  fuhie  not  exceeding  what  wa* 
fixed  upon  it,  by  the  (ca'o  of  depreciation. 
'  Nothing  could  aflbtii  a  sironeor  pippf,  that  Ihe  re* 
sistance  of  Ameripa  lo  Great  Biili^."'  was  gronodcd 
in  the  hearts  ul  the  pf  opie,  than  tlifiii  events.  T« 
receive  paper  bill*  qf  crfidit,  is*u«d  witbcat  any 
funds,  and  lo  give  propefty  iq  eschtfii|efor  iNca, 
bi  equal  t«  gold  of  aihiw,  ^auMMtnted  ll^  >,^ 


HISTOIIY    OK   TIIK 


n 


m 


!>.;' 


iii 


;     i 
I. 


knd  enlliualNiim  wMli  which  iha  wwr  wii*  b«Kun;' 
km  lo  cnnMiil  HI  Ihfl  (xlinclinn  nl'ilic  Diimn,  iiflerl 
u  rurreiiny  <irn«fi)i«iiirii,  wilhoul  any  iiilcqiiHle  pro-  j 
rlnlon  MiKil*  fur  ilirir  l'iiliir«  itiileiii|iliuii,  wim  inure 
Ibiiii  would  huvB  bcfii  liuriin  by  miy  |)cu|ilr,  w)iu| 
ciiiicvlvffl  ilril  llii'ir  lulrm  IihiI  w|iHriilv  liilerval* 
nr  vivwit  I'ruiii  lliitiiitplvra.  Tim  ileiniitx  iil'  iin«! 
kliiK,  mill  llie  i-iiiiiiiiiiiiin  n(  ■>  liiwl'iil  mirti'iiaor, 
jHVft  iilicn  cxelieil  gieiiier  conimutinnii,  in  royiil 
|iivrriiiiii-iitii,  lliiiii  louk  |ihiri>  in  lli«  I'nllfil  Siiitci), 
uii  llir»iiilileiiriilliii:tioii  iil'llicir  whole  rtirieiil  iii>>- 
hry,  'I'lir  |ieo|ile  khw  ihw  iiecMKily  which  i!oiii|Htl- 
Iril  llirir  riilert  lo  iii;i  in  ilie  miinner  ihey  hiiil  iloii« ; 
mill,  livinK  w«ll  vonviiiceil  lliiii  the  koiiiI  uI'  ihe 
ciiiiiilry  wii«  iheir  iilijevi,  quielly  •nhniillod  lo  iiieH- 
•uiKii,  whi':li,  uniler  other  cirruinnliiiivri,  would 
Uiircely  have  b«eu  expiiiled  by  ihe  liven  mid  liir- 
tunea  ul'  iheir  uiilhon. 

While  the  American*  were  aunerinir  the  rom- 
nlicHlad  calumiliea,  which  iiiiioduced  the  year 
17H1,  ihair  adveraariea  wrre  variyinK  on  llie  niiiai 
eaienaive  plan  of  nperiitioiia,  which  Jiiid  ever  been 
utieiiipied  aliice  llie  war.  Il  hiid  olien  been  ob- 
ieclcJ  lu  the  llriliah  cumtnnndera.  Ilial  ihry  had 
not  rondurled  ihe  war,  in  the  m:inner  niuat  likely 
to  ell'ecl  llie  aubjiiitallonofllie  revolled  |irnviiicea. 
Militaiy  criiica,  in  piiriicniiir,  fuiiiid  rmilt  wiili  them, 
liir  keepinfia  liirKe  iiriny  idleal  New  York,  which, 
Ihey  avid,  ifproiicily  applied,  would  htvo  been  aui- 
fiuii-nt  III  make  auvceaaliil  impreaaiom,  at  one  and 
Ihe  ariine  lime,  on  aeveral  ol'llie  atalef.  The  Brit- 
ish aeeiii  lo  have  ralctilaled  the  cainpuiitn  ol  1781, 
Willi  11  view  lo  make  an  ex|icriinent  of  llie  com- 
iiariilive  nieril  ol'  tliia  mode  orconiliicting  military 
apuiatiii..  The  war  raged  in  that  year,  not  only 
in  the  vicinity  ol'  liiillali  head  titinrlera,  at  New 
York,  but  in  (iroiKi",  South  Carolina,  North  Ciio 
liiia,  and  in  Virginia.  The  latter  alate,  from  its 
peculiar  ailiialion,  and  rroin  the  modes  of  building, 
iihintinit,  and  living,  adopted  by  the  inhabitanta,  ia 
particulaily  exposed,  and  lira  at  the  mercy  of  what- 
ever army  ia  iiiaaler  of  the  Cheaapeake.  Theae 
circunrtancea,  together  with  the  pre-eminent  rank 
which  Virginia  held  in  the  confedemcy,  |iointed 
0'i>  the  propriety  of  making  that  stile  Ihe  object 
ul  particular  attention.  To  favour  Lord  Cornwal- 
tia'a  designs  in  the  aonthern  states,  Major  General 
Leslie,  with  about  2000  men,  had  been  detached 
from  New  York  to  the  Chesapeake,  in  the  latter 
end  uf  1780;  but  subsequent  events  induced  his 
lordship  to  order  him  from  Virginia  lo  Clurleaton, 
with  the  view  ofhia  more  elfeclually  co  jpcrallng 
with  the  aimy  under  hia own  immediate  command, 
ijuon  after  the  depaiture  of  (Jeneral  Lealie,  Vir- 
ginia was  again  invaded  by  another  party  from 
New  York,  This  was  commanded  by  Ueneral 
Arnold,  now  a  brigadier  in  the  royal  army.  Hia 
force  conaiated  of  about  1600  men,  and  waa  sup- 
|iorted  by  audi  a  nnniber  of  armed  vessels,  as 
enabled  him  lo  commit  extenaive  ravagea,  on  the 
unpiotected  coaata  of  that  well  watered  country. 
The  invadera  landed  abont  fifteen  milea  below 
Kichinond,  and  in  two  days  nnrclied  into  the  town, 
where  they  destroyed  large  quantities  of  tobacco, 
salt,  rum,  sailcloth,  iic.  Succeaaive  excursions 
weie  made  lo  aeveral  other  placea,  in  which  the 
royal  army  cominitied  aimilar  devaatationa. 

Jn  about  a  fortnight,  they  marched  into  Ports- 
mouth, Jamiaiy  20ih,  and  began  lo  fortily  it.  The 
loss  they  aiistained  from  the  feeble  opposition  of 
Ihu  dispersed  inhabitants  was  inconsiderable.  The 
havuc  made  by  General  Arnold,  and  the  apprehen- 
sion uf  a  design  to  fix  a  permanent  post  in  Vir- 
Sinia,  induced  General  Washington  to  detach  the 
larqiiis  de  la  Fayette,  wiih  1200  of  the  American 
infantry,  to  that  state  ;  and  also  to  urge  the  French 
in  Rhode  Island  to  co-nperate  with  him,  in    at> 

dmpting  lo  capture  Arnold  and  hia  party.  The 
French  commanders  eagerly  closed  wnh  the  pro- 
posal. Since  they  had  landed  in  the  United  Slates, 
po  proper  opportunity  of  gnilirying  iheii  pasiion 
for  military  fame,  had  yet  presented  itself.  They 
njoiced  at  that  which  now  ofl°ereO,  and  indulged  a 
'tbMfful  hope  of  rendering  essential  service  to 
(heir  alliMi  by  ciittiog  off  ihe  retreat  of  Arnold'! 


(letly.  Willi  lliia  view,  Ihi'lr  Heel,  with  l.'MM)  ad- 
dllivnal  men  on  Imard,  aallril  fiiiMi  Khode  Island, 
March  Sill,  fur  Virginia,  D'Kalourhca,  who  aiiice 
llie  death  oi'do  Ti>riiay,  in  tin-  pircrdlng  l>i<ceiM- 
Iter,  had  comni^indeil  llie  HVeni'li  lleel,  iirpvliiiiato 
the  aalling  of  hia  whole  naval  force,  ileapiitchrd 
the  Kveilli',  a  nixty-liiiir  gun  slilp,  and  two  jrigalea, 
with  ordcii  III  ilcotriiy  ihn  llriliah  alilpa  and  frigales 
in  the  (.'li>-4:i|HMki'.  Theae  tiiiik  or  ilealroyed  ten 
vraaela,  and  capliired  tlin  Riiiiinliia,  of  foriyfiiiir 
giina,  Arbullinot,  with  a  llriliah  lleel,  aaibtd  from 
Giirdiner'a  \y,i\,  in  piiiaiilt  of  D'Kiitouchea,  The 
liirmer  overtouit  and  eiigaceil  tlm  latter  off  the 
i.a|H<a  of  Virginia.  The  llriliah  had  the  advantage 
ofmoiii  giiiia  than  iIk-  h'ri'iirli ;  but  the  latter  were 
much  more  atrongly  manned  than  the  former. 
The  conlest  between  Ihe  Heels,  thus  nearly  bal- 
anced, ended  without  the  loaa  of  a  ahip  on  either 
aide  ;  but  the  Itrilixli  obtained  the  fruita  of  victory, 
au  l':ii  :ia  Id  liii>iriiie  the  whole  aoheme  of  their 
advaraaric'4.  I  nelleet  of  hia  Moat  Chriatian  Ma- 
jealy  relumed  lu  Klioile  laland,  wm'iiiiiI  effectini: 
the  object  of  the  expeiliiiiiii.  Tlim  waa  Ariiohl 
saved  from  the  iiniiiinciit  ihnuur  uf  falling  Into 
the  liaiida  of  liia  exaspi-tiited  <'i>iinlryinen.  The 
day  liet'iirc  the  Kieiicli  lleet  returned  to  Newport, 
March  2.0th,  a  cmiviiy  arrived  in  the  C|iesa|ieake 
from  New  Voik,  with  Major  General  Pliili|>a,  and 
about  2000  men.  This  diatingiiiahed  officer,  who, 
h'lving  been  taken  at  8aratni::i,had  been  lately  ex- 
changed, waa  appointed  coinmaiidrr  of  llio  royal 
forcea  in  Virginia.  Plillipa.ind  Arnold  auon  made 
a  junction,  and  carried  every  thing  before  them 
They  aiicceaaively  defeated  llinsn  bodies  of  mili- 
tia which  came  in  their  way.  The  whole  country 
waa  open  to  their  excuraiona.  On  their  embar- 
caiion  from  Porlsiiiouth,  a  detachment  viaiied 
Yorktown  ;  but  the  main  body  proceeded  to  Wil- 
liamaburg.  On  Ihe  22d  of  April,  they  reached 
Chickapowing,  A  party  proceeded  up  that  livcr 
ten  or  twelve  milea,  and  dealrnyed  much  profierty. 
On  the  24ih,  they  land"  '  at  City  point,  and  aoun 
afterwards  marched  for  Peteraburg,  About  one 
mile  from  the  town,  they  were  oppoaed  by  a  small 
force  commanded  by  Baron  Steuben ;  but  this, 
after  making  n  gallant  resistance,  was  compelled 
to  retreat. 

At  Petersburg,  on  the  27th,  they  destroyed  4000 
hogsheads  of  tobacco,  a  ship,  and  a  number  of 
small  vessels.  Within  three  days,  one  party 
marched  lo  Chesterfield  court-house,  and  burned  a 
range  of  barracks,  and  300  barrels  of  l!our.  At 
the  same  lime,  another  party  under  the  command 
of  Ueneral  Arnold  marclied  to  Osbnine'a.  About 
four  miles  above  that  place,  a  small  marine  force 
was  drawn  up  to  oppose  him.  Genera!  Arnold 
sent  a  flag  to  treat  with  the  commander  of  this 
fleet ;  but  he  declared  he  would  defend  it  to  the 
last  extremity.  Upon  this  refusal,  Arnold  ad- 
vanced with  some  artillery,  and  fired  upon  him 
with  decisive  effect  from  Ihe  banks  of  the  river. 
Two  ships,  and  ten  small  vessels  loaded  with  to- 
bacco, cordage,  flour,  &c.  were  captured.  Flour 
8hi|>s,  live  brigantines,  and  a  number  of  small  ves- 
sels were  burnt  or  sunk.  The  quantity  of  tobacco, 
taken  or  destroyed  in  this  fleet,  exceeded  2000 
hogsheads;  and  the  whole  was  effected  without 
the  l6ss  of  a  single  man,  on  Ihe  side  of  the  British 
The  royal  forces  then  marched  up  the  fork,  till 
they  arrived  at  Manchester  on  the  30ih.  There 
they  destroyed  1200  hogsheads  of  tobacco.  Ri 
turning  thence  they  made  great  havoc  at  War- 
wick. They  destroyed  the  ships  on  the  stocks, 
and  in  the  river,  and  a  large  range  of  rope  walks. 
A  magazine  of  500  barrels  of  flour,  with  anumber 
of  warehouses,  and  of  tan-house:i,  all  filled  with 
their  respective  commodities,  were  also  consumed 
in  one  general  cnnflagation.  On  the  9th  of  May, 
they  returned  to  Petersburg  ;  having,  in  the  course 
of  the  preceding  three  weeks,  destroyed  property 
lo  an  immonae  amount.  With  this  expedition. 
Major  General  Pliili|is  terminated  a  life,  which  in 
ail  ila  provious  operations  had  been  full  of  glory 
At  early  periods  of  his  military  career,  on  differ 
eat  oceasiooi  of  a  prooediog  war,  he  had  gained 


ihe  approhalioniifl'rini'M  Ferdinaiiil,  i  nderwhlim 
liu  liiiil  aervi'il  in  Geriiiniiy.  Aa  an  o.ltcrr  he  wut 
iiniviMaally  ailiiiiied.  Tlniitiilt  iiiilrliiii'ilifti|,>«ai*- 
lationa,  iciii'.nitli'il  by  llin  trimpa  iiiiilfr  lila  mm- 
maiid,  may  be  vimliiMted  iiii  tin-  prlni'i|ileaof  ihiiae 
who  hiibl,  lliiit  the  riiilila  ami  Uvu  ul'  wiir  are  nf 
equal  obligation  with  ilii<  riiihti  i>nd  liiwa  of  huma- 
nity ;  yet  the  Irii  nila  uf  hia  tame  hive  reaaiin  to 
regret,  that  he  did  not  die  ihiee  woitka  snoiicr. 


CI.APTKU   XIII. 

Cainpaif  n  of  1781      «1|M-raiinii>  In  iba  two  Cariillnaa  anj 
(tiM>ri(i.i. 

Tiilsuriieaseswhich.witha  fewcliecka,  followed 
the  llriliah  anna,  since  Ihey  had  reduced  Savan- 
nah and  Charleaion,  rncouraged  tliein  In  pnraue 
'.heir  object,  b^  advancinii  from  aniilh  lo  nniih,  A 
vigorouainvaaion  of  North  Carolina  waa  iherefnra 
nriijecied,  fiirlhelinaineaaoflhe  winter,  which  fnl- 
lowed  General  Gmea'a  defeat,  Tim  Americana 
were  aenaible  of  Ihe  neceaaity  nf  leinl'iircing  and 
aiipiHirting  their  aoiitherii  army  :  but  were  ileaiitiilii 
of  the  meana  of  doing  II.  Their  norilii'rn  army 
would  not  admit  of  being  farther  weal<'-i<»'l :  •.■..a 
was  there  time  to  marc-li  over  llie  intervening  ilia- 
lanceofaeven  hundred  milea;  but  if  men  could 
have  been  procured,  and  time  allowed  fiirnnrchiiig 
them  lo  South  Carolina,  money,  for  defraying  the 
unavoidable  exprnaea  of  their  tranaporlation,ciinld 
not  be  commanded,  either  in  Ihe  l.iller  end  of 
1780,  or  llic  firai  mnntlia  of  1771.  Though  (Nm 
Kreaa  waa  unable  to  forward  either  money  or  men, 
for  the  relief  of  the  aonthern  atalea,  they  did  wliiit 
was  equivalent.  They  sent  them  a  general  wlioae 
head  was  a  council  and  whose  military  talciils 
were  equal  lo  a  reinforcement.  The  noniinaiiun 
nf  an  officei,  for  this  important  tiuat,  waa  left  to 
General  Waahingion.  He  mentioned  (ieiirni! 
Greene,  adding  lor  reason,  ■■  that  he  wa<  an  uf 
ficer,  in  whoae  abilitiea  and  integrity,  from  i  lot  ^ 
and  intimate  experience,  he  lied  the  most  euli.e 
confidence." 

[Nathaniel  Grek.nk,  a  Major  General  in  the 
American  army,  durinit  Ihe  revolutionary  wir,  wai 
burn  near  Ihe  town  of  Warwick,  in  Rhode  laland, 
in  the  year  1741.  liu  icceived  but  a  scanty, 
chance  education,  when  a  boy,  but  po.iaeasiul  suf- 
ficient sagacity  to  aee  and  feel  Ilia  deficiency,  ilia 
fattier  waa  an  honest  blacksmith,  extenaively  en- 
gaged in  making  heavy  work,  but  poaaeaaed  liitlu 
if  any  knowledge  beyond  ihat  of  reading  the  bible 
or  almanac,  nr  being  enabled  lo  write  well  enough 
to  keep  a  day-book,  in  which  lo  charge  hisneigli- 
bour  with  his  work.  But  Nathaniel  was  not  con- 
tenled  with  this,  he  sought  books,  became  hia  own 
iiiatri:cter,  and  made  rapid  progress  in  sever.il 
branches  of  knowledge.  Those  portions  of  ancient 
history,  which  treat  of  wars  and  the  exploita  ol 
heroes,  were  the  most  attractive  lo  the  young 
Quaker;  and  while  he  wore  his  plain  beaver,  his 
mind  was  filled  with  the  nodding  pinnies,  and  bur- 
nished armour  of  ancient  days.  F'rom  the  work- 
shop, in  which  he  waa  engaited  with  liisf  father,  ho 
was  electet^  to  the  General  Assembly  of  Hhoile 
laland,  to  represent  the  ancient  town  of  Warwick, 
the  place  of  his  birth.  He  was  in  that  body,  when 
a  proposition  was  made  lo  raise  a  consideiable  mi- 
litary force,  for  the  exieencies  of  the  limes.  He  had 
ahown  his  laste  for  military  life,  in  aiiiiidepenileiit 
company,  raised  previously,  in  expectation  of  the  ne- 
cessity ofusinK  force  to  protect  theinselvea  in  the  ex- 
ercise uf  their  rights.  Wilhaaagaciiy  and  fnreslgliL 
seldom  found  in  a  popular  aaaenibly,  the  legialaliirp 
of  Rhode  Island  took  him  from  the  ranks,  and  gave 
him  the  command  of  the  whole,  with  the  rank  oi 
biigadier  general.  He  accepted  the  commanil,  and 
marched  forthwith  lo  the  headqnarteraofihe  Aiiik- 
lican  aimy,  at  Cainbriiliic.  Thekecceye  nf  Winli- 
ington  soon  marked  Greene  for  a  soldier  Fie  a.i\v 
the  great  military  chieftain,  in  the  yorihful  oiticer, 
whose  maiden  sword  had  not  then  been  ticdicj. 
In  August,  1776,  after  having  been  but  » lii^lc  mure 


CNITKD    STATK«. 


iini|ihiinl  ov«r  nil  wliii  iinMiilril  liiiii.     Tliero  whs  rqiiii'ly  i|iiii|irriiiit  liir  lliii  AiiiriiirHn  iiriiiy  lit  ga 


«n 

than  •  yatrin  ill*  ttr*l«a,  lis  wm  ciiMiini«*iitn«(l|  who  war*  fuai  tv  III*  cnunirjr,  but  amonK  ihntaiwtih  ii,  In  rreo»artii|i  lli«  riiiinlr«.  Tlili  KrciM 
•  major  |«n«r«l,  iiiiil  lliln  wlllioui  any  iiiiiriiiiir  who  nwail  hlin  a  drbl  ol'  gnillliKla,  iia,  how.  nhjeel  ohII«iI  I'lir  ilia  iiiilirilrniirl*  iiC  biilli.  Much 
Iriim  liny  ona.  iia  wm  with  lli«  Hiiny  at 'rranioii  aver,  lived  down  anvy  and  imdicc,  and  rona  tri- 1  Wi<i«  iIih  niniiiliiin  uriha  rniinlry,  iliiil  il  waaalinnal 
jnd  i'lini'aiun,  iiml  liud  u  tli'iie  in  lliiil  aniar|irii«a, 
Ml  liiriuiuic  I'lir  lliR  iMiiite  id' llin  rrvidiiliiin,  lln 
raa  al  ilia  bullla  iil'  OariiMiilown,  mid  I'ur  III*  kihiiI 

oiidiirl  Wilt  lionuiiriibiy  iiivnliiinrd  by  tlia  viiin- 

i.iiidrr-lii-cliid'.     Sit  I'ully  liiid  (Ireanaditciplinril 

liR  rHaiiiiri'Vit  III' III*  iniiid  iIihI  WiiiliinKlon  iir|{rd 

dm  I.I  ill)  Ilia  duiia«  id'  niiHrlrrnMHiar  Kenanil  lit 
Ilia  .iriiiy,  liidiRVinK  lli.il  tin  wiiiild  llnd  wiiyi  nnd 
iii«ii>ia,  iImi  nil  iiiliar  niun  ciiuld.  Tliana  dutii'* 
waiH  |ii-rl'iiriiird  by  liiin  wliila  lia  atill  lield  lil«  rank 
ill  llin  liiia.  Kvary  llilntf  liiid  Kiiiin  wroMK  lor  iha 
liirrioia  m  ilie  mmiiIi.  Tlia  ilrlliilivonnlderad  Ihu 
w,ir  IK  aiidad,  >uiiili  ol'llia  Poloiini',  whan  Onnanil 
tirfviia  WHD  aaiil  by  Ctanariil  W.iHliinxlon  In  iha 
SoMiliarii  dlKlricl.  lie  I'uund  llii*  army  ha  wns  lo 
Giiiiiiimiid  In  :t  iiioti  wraiched  condlllun  ;  a  inara 
nkelaion  o(  iniliifiy  I'urce,  wiiated  down  lo  lh»l 
Niiiia  bv  Kword,  I'liinine,  iind  daiarlion.  iMnny  of 
Ilia  i;iiiii|).iiiiut  were  wor«e  ihiin  KiiUtiiira  tiitterdn- 
ni.iliuns  I'lir  lliKy  were  not  only  covered  wiili  tnt», 
bu(  were  literally  niiHed  in  a  wbilnr  inootli.  The 
biMva  .Moritiin  wua  with  him;  and  the  very  nem 
■ii'iMlli  alter  Oreeiie  airivad  in  the  ili.ttrict,  I'liURhl 
Ilia  b.ilile  ofllie  C'ow|ieni,  one  of  the  moat  dis- 
linKnialied  afTairs  in  the  annah  of  the  rcvolution- 
aiy  war.  The  proud  and  hriiveTailelon  wan  beaten 
'lya  liirce  smaller  thin  Ilia  own,  mid  iwo-lhirils  of 
Ihat  liirua,  raw  militia.  In  March,  1781,  Ureena 
MiaJe  an  iiilack  on  Ilia  enemy  iil  (iuill'ord  Court 
liiiune,  and  uiler  n  smart  action,  was  I'orced  to  re- 
peat ;  but  Iha  liritinh,  thnuith  victorious,  were  so 
eri|i|iled  that  tliay  were  obligod  to  make  u  retro- 
grade inoiion,  havini:  gained  no  ailvnnlnij;e  by  their 
iminlnal  success,  (ireena  next  alteiii|ited  ihu  re- 
duction ul'  Camden,  and  had  n  battle  with  lord 
Itawdun ;  but  throui{h  the  bad  conduct  of  one  of 
:lie  regiments  under  his  command,  Ueneral  Oreena 
was  corniielled  to  reireat,  but  lust  no  honour  by 
Ihe  fight.  Kawdon,  like  Cornwallis,  was  obliged 
tc  reireat  siiiin  al'ler  the  engaKement.  For  some 
liMia  alter  lliis  the  American  army  was  victorious, 
anil  several  Torts  gariisoned  by  the  Uritish,  sur- 
rendered;  but  the  enemy's  force,  being  nuginent- 
td  by  reinforcements,  the  tide  was  changeil,  and 
Ihvy  again  obtained  the  control  of  South  Carolina. 
Ureene,  however,  was  not  dismayed  nor  subdued ; 
he  said  in  the  piide  of  his  soul,  and,  in  the  cnn- 
•ciousiiess  of  his  jMiwcrs,  "  1  will  recover  the  coun- 
try, or  die  in  the  'attempt."  The  battle  of  Eutaw 
Springs,  followed  ;  Oreene's  hi  my  was  victorious, 
■lid  lliecoiise(]uences  were  favourable  to  the  Amer- 
ican cause.  It  was  a  hardfoughl  battle;  five 
liundred  of  the  Anietican  army  were  slain,  and 
more  than  double  that  number  of  the  Uritish.  To 
the  dinicultles  that  at  this  lime  encompassed  Gen- 
eral Ureene,  was  added  that  of  'reason  in  his 
camp.  Misfortune  had  broken  U'jwn  somii  men 
from  whom  betler  things  wereenjiected  ;  but  ener- 
gy, and  a  kind  providence,  detivered  him  from  all 

the  snares  that  suiroundei!  Iilm.     Rebelliun  was 

hushed  by  well-timed   severity,   and    confidence 

ri'slo.ed  in  the  camp.     Our  llinils  will  not  allow 

u:ito  dwell  longer  oii  the  hardnhips,  tlie  exertions, 

atid  '.he  successes  of  our  aouihern  army,  during 

this  eventful   period ;  the  details  would  require 

volumes,   and    happily   these  have   already  been 

written,  by    men   of  genius  and    reaaarcli.     The 

aurreniler  of  Cornwallis,  December  17,  1782,  put 

an  eiiil  to  the   hnrdiihlps  ul  the  American  army, 

and  liiil  ilie  louiidailoii  (or  an  honouialde  peace  fur 

llie  ciivilry.     (jcneial  (ireene   now  levlsited  his 

iiMlve  stile,  anti  was  received  with  every  mark  of 

Dllen:loii.     Notwlihslaiidin!;  all  he  had  sufl'eied  at 

ihe  siiuih,  he  was  slill  pleased  with  it,  and  remov- 
ed his  family  to  Georgia,  In  IISC);  but  he  did  not 

lite   <i  ng  to  enjoy  the  life  of  a  southern  planter- 
He  -li'.Ml  siiddeiiiy.  on  the  l.^th  of  June,  1786, 

lfavin>!    behind    him    a    wife    and    five    cliildien. 

Cnngreis  voted  him  a  monument,  bin  it   h.is  nev- 
er beiMi  erected.     Greene  had  lo  encounter  ene. 

inies,  sharp  and   severe  enemies,  who  were  de- 

tarmined  to  deUroy  liini ;  Dot  ooly  among  those 


about  hiin  in  all  his  iransacliiinsf  an  undeviating 
honetly,  h  persavaranca  and  hardihood  worthy  the 
best  ages  ol  the  world,  lie  clalmad  no  linaiil 
hiinoiirs— he  had  no  ndvenlltloiis  support,  iie 
broke  from  the  thraldom  of  ilie  religious  prajii- 
dices  of  ihe  sect  in  which  he  was  born  and  edu- 
cated ;  but  he  retained  all  their  tirmnass  of  pur- 
|Miae  and  hitegrily  of  character.  His  life  is  u 
proof,  and  although  time  and  chance  hapfivnalh 
lo  all,  slill  a  great  man,  may,  under  our  free  sys- 
tem of  i;nverntnenl,  be  Ihe  builder  of  his  own 
fame.— Ko.] 

The  army,  after  its  defeat  and  dis|iertlon.  In 
the  lliih  of  August,  1780,  rendezvoused  al  iillls- 
borough,  in  the  latter  end  of  the  year,  they  ad- 
vanced in  Charlnttelnwn.  Al  this  place  General 
Gates  transferred  iha  command  lo  General  Greene. 
The  manly  lesignalinn  of  the  one  was  equalled 
by  the  delicate  disinterastadncaa  of  Ihe  other. 
Kapressions  of  civility,  and  acisoffriendsliip  and 
ailenlion,  were  reciprocally  exchanged.  Greene, 
upon  all  occasions,  was  the  vindicator  of  Gates's 
reputation.  In  his  letter*  and  conversation,  lie 
uniformly  maintained,  that  his  predecessor  had 
failed  in  no  part  of  his  military  duty;  and  that  he 
had  deserved  success,  though  he  could  not  com- 
mand It. 

Within  a  few  hours  after  Greene  look  charge  of 
the  army,  a  report  was  made  of  a  successful  en- 
terprise of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Washington.  Ileing 
out  on  a  foraging  excursion,  he  had  penetrated 
within  thirteen  miles  of  Camden,  lo  Clermont,  the 
seHt  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Rigley,  of  the  Uritisli 
militia.  This  was  fortified  by  a  block-house,  en- 
compassed by  an  abballa,  nnd  defended  by  upwards 
of  one  hundred  of  the  inhabitants,  who  had  sub- 
mitted lo  the  British  government.  Lieutenant 
Colonel  Washington  advanced  with  his  cavalry, 
and  planted  Ihe  trunk  of  n  pine  tree,  so  as  to  re- 
semble a  field  piece.  The  lucky  niomen'  was 
seized,  and  a  peremptory  demnnd  of  nr.  immediate 
surrender  was  made;  »lien  the  garrison  was  im- 
pressed with  the  experiaiion  of  an  immediate  can- 
nonade, in  case  of  their  refusal.  The  whole  sur- 
rendered at  discretion,  without  a  sliot  on  either 
side.  This  fortunate  incident,  through  tlie  super- 
stition lo  which  most  men  are  more  or  less  subject, 
was  viewed  by  the  army  as  a  presage  of  success 
under  their  new  commander. 

When  General  Greene  look  ihe  command,  he 
found  the  troops  had  made  a  practice  of  going 
home  without  permission,  ataying  several  days  or 
weeks,  and  then  returning  to  camp.  Determined 
to  enforce  strict  discipline,  he  gave  out,  that  he 
would  make  an  example  of  the  first  deserter  of  the 
kind  he  caught.  One  sucli  being  soon  taken,  was 
accordingly  shot,  at  the  head  of  the  army,  drawn 
up  to  be  spectators  of  the  punishment.  This  had 
the  desired  eirectt  and  put  a  slop  to  the  dangerous 
practice. 

The  whole  southern  army  at  this  time  consiii'ud 
of  about  2000  men  ;  more  than  lialf  of  whom 
were  militia.  The  regulars  had  been  for  a  long 
lime  without  pay,  and  very  deficient  in  cloihing. 
All  souices  of  supply  from  Charleston  were  in 
possession  of  the  British  ;  and  no  imported  article 
could  be  obtained,  from  a  distance  less  than  two 
hundred  miles.  The  procuring  of  provisions  for 
this  small  force  was  a  mailer  of  ditticulty.  The 
paper  currency  was  depreciated  so  far,  as  lo  be 
wholly  unequal  to  the  purchase  of  even  such  sup- 
plies '.IS  the  country  atl'urded.  Hard  money  hud 
not  a  physical  existence  in  any  hands  accessible  lo 
Ihe  Americans.  The  only  resource  left  for  sup- 
plying (he  army,  was  by  the  r  ')itrary  mode  of  im- 
p-ess. To  sel'/.o  on  the  properly  of  the  inhabit- 
ails,  and,  at  the  same  time,  to  preserve  their  kind 
alfectliins,  was  a  ■llttidill  business,  and  of  delicate 
'.ricculiun  ;  but  of  ihe  uliiinst  moment,  as  it  fur- 
i.lshed  the  army  with  pi ovisions,  without  impairing 
the  disposition  of  the  inhabitants    lo    co-operate 


I'lirward  or  aland  ailll.  In  ihe  liisl  caaa,  every 
thing  was  ha'/.ardeil ;  in  the  laal,  ihaconddtiie*  ,it 
iha  people  woiilil  be  liial ;  and  with  it  ail  piiw|Nirl 
of  being  supported  by  iliem.  The  iiiipalieiice  ol 
ihe  siilfering  exiles  and  others  led  them  lo  urgt 
the  ailoptioii  of  rash  meaatires.  The  mode  of  up- 
|Hialtioii  they  ptalarred  was  the  least  likely  lo  af- 
fect their  uliimain  wishes.  The  iialnre  of  llit 
country,  thinly  inhabiied,  abonniling  with  swain|« 
and  covered  with  woods;  ihe  incoiisiilarible  force 
of  the  American  army,  ihannmlier  ofiha  disalliacl- 
e'l,  and  the  want  of  magamines,  weighed  with  (]cn< 
eral  Greene  lo  prefer  a  partisan  war.  By  close 
application  to  Ilia  new  profession,  he  had  acquired 
H  scientific  knowledge  oftha  princlplaaand  maxima 
for  conducling  wars  in  Kuro|i* ;  bill  considercc 
them  as  often  inapplicable  to  America,  Wlier 
ihey  were  adapted  lo  hi*  tircunialancea,  he  used 
ihem;  but  ofiener  ilrviated  from  ihaiii,  nnd  foHow- 
ed  Ills  own  piacticaljiidgmant,  founded  on  a  coin 
prehensiva  view  of  his  real  situation. 

With  an  inconslilerabia  army,  miserably  prnvi 
ded.  General  (ireene  took  Iha  field,  againsi  aaiipe 
lior  ilhtiah  regular  fore j,  which  had  marched  in 
triumph  two  liundred  'nllasfiom  I  lie  aea  coast,  and 
was  flushed  'with  sr.rcessive  victories  through  ■ 
whole  campaign.  Soon  alter  he  liMik  Ihe  com- 
ninnd,  ha  divide'.  Ids  force,  and  sent  (ieneral  Mor« 
gan,  with  a  res;)ectable  detachment,  to  the  western 
extremiiy  of  ^loiiih  I'arolinH;  and,  about  ilia  same 
lima  niarche  I  with  the  main  body  to  liicks's-creek, 
on  the  nort!i  side  of  the  Pedee,  op|>usiie  to  Chervw 
Hill. 

AHer  ,ha  general  submission  of  the  militia,  in 
the  yerr  1780,  a  revolution  took  place,  highly  fa> 
voural.le  to  the  interest  of  America.  Tlie  resi« 
ilenci  of  the  British  army,  instead  of  increasioK 
the  r,>al  friends  lo  roval  j<overnnienl,  diminished 
tlieii  number,  and  added  new  vigour  to  the  opfm.- 
site  iiariy.  The  British  had  a  |mis|  in  Ninety-Six, 
for  lliirteen  months,  during  which  tiniv  the  coun- 
try vas  filled  with  rapine,  violence  and  murder. 
Appi'cations  were  daily  '.lade  for  redress;  yet,  in 
that  w^iole  perl'.,,!,  tlicre  was  nul  a  single  instance 
wherein  punishment  was  inflicted,  either  on  the 
sobhery  or  the  lories.  The  people  soon  found, 
that  there  was  no  security  for  their  lives,  liberties 
or  properly,  under  the  military  government  of  Brit- 
ish officers,  regardkss  of  their  civil  rights.  The 
peaceable  citiKens  were  reduced  to  that  uncommon 
distress,  in  which  they  had  more  to  feaj  from  op- 
pression, than  resistance.  They  therefore  most 
ardently  wislied  for  an  American  force.  Under 
these  favourable  circumstances.  General  Greene 
detached  General  Morgan,  to  take  a  position  in  that 
district.  Tlie  appearance  of  this  force,  a  sincere 
taclimant  to  the  cause  of  inda|)endence,  and  tlie 
impolitic  conduct  of  the  British,  induceil  several 
persons  to  resume  their  arms,  and  load  in  concert 
wiih  tlie  cnnllnenlal  troops. 

'When  this  irruption  was  made  into  Ihe  districl 
of  Ninety-Six,  lord  Cornwallis  was  far  advanced 
in  his  preparaiions  fnv  the  invasion  of  North  Caro- 
lina. To  leave  General  Morgan  in  his  rear,  was 
contrary  to  military  policy.  In  order  therefore  lo 
drive  him  from  his  station,  and  lo  deter  the  inhab- 
itants from  joining  him.  Lieutenant  Colonel  Tarle- 
ton  was  ordered  lo  proceed,  with  about  1100  men, 
and  "  push  iiiin  to  the  ulmosi."  He  had  two  field 
pieces.and  asupeiioiilyofinfanlry.inlhepro|iorllon 
of  live  to  four,  and  of  cavalry  in  the  pioportion  of 
three  to  one.  Besides  this  in  eqnality  of  force,  two 
thirds  of  the  troops  under  General  Morgan  were 
militia.  With  these  fair  prospects  of  success 
Tailelon  engaged  Morgan  at  tlie  Cowpens.  on  the 
17th  of  January,  with  the  expectation  of  drivin); 
him  out  of  South  Carolina.  The  latter  drew  up 
his  men  in  iwo  lines.  The  whole  of  the  southern 
militia,  with  I'.H)  from  North  Carolina,  were  |iul 
under  tlie  command  of  Colonel  Pickens.  TheM 
formed  the  first  line,  and  weie  advanced  a  few  bus 


m 


IIISTOKV   OV  TIIK 


'     <! 


df«4  ]iiriU  iMfan  iIm  mcoikI,  with  onluri  iii  rurin 
nn  III*  riihl  M  ihn  wcan'l,  wtion  I'ufi'td  lu  ralim. 
Thr  M>coni(  liMeiiiitlalKilof  ill*  liglil  liil'inlry,  mill 
•  cnrin  iit'  Vtrilnm  milill*  riltaiiKii.  LMiilrniiiii 
Ciiliinal  Wmlitiif  lull,  wllli  lili  inimlrjt,  mihI  iiltiml 
fui1]r-<l««  miltliit  man,  mounlnl  itail  cijui|i|i«il  wtili 
■wiiril*.  wcr«  liriwii  u|i  m  miiiid  illaiitiiu*  in  llm 
raitr  nt'lh*  «hul«.  Th«  o|Ma  wiiuil,  in  wlilclillicy 
wur*  lorNMil,  WM  ntiiher  Mcureil  in  Iroiii.  Hiinlt, 
]r  rear.  On  ih*  liii*  of  ill*  [Iriliih,  llie  liglil  li*- 
ftiin  inhmitj  aiMi  fuiilcan,  lliuuiili  wiirii  iluwn 
Willi  •xlraiiM  Oili||U«i  war*  nrtlercii  la  Turin  in  (Inc. 
n«ror«  ihit  orilar  •■«  etaculed,  llie  line,  lliuu||li 
I'nr  from  htint  aomiilaia,  wa*  lad  lu  ilia  Miuck  by 
TarlMon  hiinMli'.  Tliay  aUvancciJ  wiili  ■  ahuui, 
■ndjmurtd  ia  ■ninecuuiii  Araaf  muakciry.  C'ulii- 
nal  Pitkcaa  diraeitd  iliv  men  under  liii  euiniiHnd 
lo  ralaiii  ihair  Are,  llll  ihe  Hrillili  were  wiiliin  luilv 
or  Aftjrjtird*.  Thieardrr,  ihoiigli  aiacuioJ  wiili 
Krail  Armnaa*.  «*■  ool  iufflcieni  in  r*|wl  llieir  ad- 
vaneinf  (oaa.  Tlia  niililia  fell  liack  ;  but  were 
aoon  rallied  by  (heir  nfltcere.  The  liriiiali  uiKan- 
red.  and  •nga(ed  the  aecoiid  line,  whicli,  alter  an 
itballnala  conAiel,  wnt  cuiniielleil  lo  relreai  lu  llie 
cavalry.     In  Ihiaciiaia,  ('uluiiel  Wialiinglun  niiiJe 

■  aucceieful  charge  on  Tarlelon,  who  wa*  culling 
dawn  Ihe  militia.  Lieutenant  Culunel  llowuril,  al- 
ninal  at  ilia  aHine  inonieni,  (Hilled  llie  cuntiiientul 
lraa|w,  and  rliargrd  wiili  Hxttl  bnyuiiela.  The  ei- 
aiiiple  waa  InalnnlW  fullowed  by  ibe  iiiiliiia.  Nu- 
tiling  cuuldeicrrdlhM  uiliinialHiienl  and  coiiluaion 
nf  tlia  Britiah,  occaainned  by  ibrae  unexiirctrd 
charge*.  Their  advuiice  Tell  back  un  their  rear, 
anil  riiminMaicHled  a  |ianic  to  the  wliiile.  Turle- 
liiii'a  iMei-eaaf  atllllery  wereaeixed  by  the  Aiiieri- 
ciina ;  and  I  lie  greateai  conl'iuiun  luuk  |d:ica  ainung 
hia  iiil'aniry.  While  lliey  were  in  tliia  aliKe  ul' 
rfiaitnler, lientcnaHtcidiinel  lluwiird  ciilledtuiheni, 
(o  "lay  dciwi.  their  iirina,"  and  prumiaed  llieiii 
good  qiiurlrri.  t.'uiiie  hniidredaacce|Ked  llieuller, 
and  aiirrendtrod.  The  Aral  battalinn  of  the  71at, 
«iiillwtiHrlii»lili(htin(iiuiiy  eain|Mniea,  laid  duwn 
their  ariHi  lit  Iba  American  inihiia.  A  party, 
«abt<tb  had  been  lel'l  aoiiw  dialan'a  in  the  rear,  tu 
^uard  >he  baggage,  waa  ibe  only  >iudy  of  inlaiiiry 
liiat  racajicd.  Tlie  olficef  af  lliat  ilelacbmenl.un 
bearing  of  Tarlelon'*  del'eal,  ileattoyrd  a  iii-<<' 
Itarl  ul'  llie  bacgiige,  and  nlrealed  lu  lord  tjurn- 
M.illia.  Three  liuiidied  iifllie  British  were  killed 
ur  wuunded,  and  above  live  hundred  firiauner*  ta- 
ken. Kigitt  hundred  inuakeia,  two  Arid  piecea, 
|tiirly-Ave  baggage-wagona,  and  one  hundred  dru- 
C'lon  boraea  lell  iaiu  Ihe  haiida  uflbe  conqueror*, 
riie  Ainerir  <*  had  uiily  twelve  lueii  killed  and 
aixiy  wou  <i'  I. 

(leiieral  M(>i^;iii**  good  conduct,  nnlhiamemn- 
R<btu  d:iy,wa«  liuuitured  byCuniireaawilha  guM  nie- 
d^il.  Tliey  alau  (irei'^nled  inedula  ul'ailverlu  Lieu- 
UMiant  Cidoiiehi  Waaliinitlon  and  Howard,  »  aword 
l»  ('ohiiiel  I'ickeua,  a  bievel  iiiHJurity  to  Edwaid 
Oilr*.  llie  general'*  aiddecamp,  and  a  cajHaincy 
lo  Baron  (ilawtheck.  Lieutenant  Colonel  Tarlo- 
lon.hilhertu  triumphant  in  a  variety  urakiriniabea, 
on  this  uccaaion  lout  hi*  luurela,  though  he  waa 
*up|Kifted  by  the  7ih  regiineiii,  one  baliidiun  of  the 
71ai,  and  two  cuinpaniea  ol'liKht  infantry  ■  and  hi* 
repiijac  did  mure  easenlial  injury  to  tlio  British  iii- 
leresit  than  w»*  equivalent  lu  all  the  preceding 
xlvantagea  lie  had  gained.  It  waa  the  Aral  link  in 
a  chain  of  cauaea,  which  Anally  drew  down  ruin, 
both  in  North  and  .South  Carolina,  on  the  royal  In- 
lereal.  That  iin|ietiiosity  of  Tsirlelon,  which  hiid 
acquired  him  great  reputation,  when  on  former  oc- 
CHsioii*  he  had  auiiiriveil  an  incaulinus  enemy,  or 
iiltacked  a  panic-alruck  niililia,  wa*  at  this  iiin>^ 
the  oceaaion  of  hi*  ruin.  Iiiipalienl  of  delay,  he 
eogaged  with  fatigued  troopa,  and  led  ihein  on  to 
action,  before  they  were  (iroperly  funned,  and  bn- 
iore  the  reserve  had  taken  its  ground.  He  waa 
al*o  guihy  of  a  great  oversight,  in  not  bringing  up 

■  column  of  cavalry,  lo  support  and  improve  the 
advantage*  be  bad  gained,  when  the  Americans 
reireaierf. 

Lord  Camwallia,  though  preparing  to  extend  hi* 
,  OMlliwardljr,  wa*  not  ioaltaalive  to  the 


'•nurily  of  Month  Carolliia.  B**lda<  the  force  al 
Charlaalon,  he  left  a  eoneiil* rilile  bndv  of  Irunpe, 
under  the  oommandnf  lord  Rawdnn.  The**  were 
priiicipnily  staliuned  al  Camden,  from  which  a*n- 
trill  ailiMliuii  tli^  might  eiiaily  he  drawn  forth  to 
drfend  Ihe  frontiers,  or  lo  auppiesa  iniurrrctloni. 
Tofacllilalatha  intended  n|iaralion*,  ngninst  North 
Carolina,  Major  Craig,  with  a  detachment  of  nboni 
thiee  hundrdl  men  from  ('harleston,  and  a  small 
marine  force,  look  poaaeasinn  of  Wilminglnn. 
While  llieaa  arrangainanl*  ware  making,  Ibe  year 
17NI  commenced,  wiihlha  fairest  pin«|iects  In  Ihe 
British  government.  The  arrival  ofOeneral  Les- 
lie in  Chiirleaton,  with  hi*  late  comiiiiind  In  Vir- 
ginia, gave  Karl  Cornwallia  a  derided  superiority, 
and  enabled  him  In  allempi  Ihe  railuelion  nf  Nurih 
('arnlina,  with  n  force  suflflcienl  tu  bear  down  nil 
probable  opimsillnn.  Arnold  wa*  before  him  In 
Virginia,  while  South  Cnrolina,  in  hi*  rear,  wa* 
coniideied  aa  completely  auhdued.  Mi*  loidahip 
had  much  to  hu|ie,  and  little  l<i  fear.  His  admir- 
er* flattered  him  wiih  the  ex|ieclation,  that  hia 
victory  al  Cnmdon  would  prove  but  the  dawn  of  his 
glory  ;  and  that  ilie  events  of  Ibe  approaching 
campaign  would  iniiiioitalixe  his  name  ua  the  con- 
queror, al  least  of  (lie  aoulhrrn  states.  Whilst 
lord  ('ornwalliswaa  indulging  these  pleasing  pros- 
pects, he  received  iiiiidligence,  no  leas  unwelcome 
ihaii  unex|teuttil,  that  Tarleton,  his  favourite  of 
Acer,  in  whom  ho  placed  the  greatest  conlldence 
iiialead  of  driving  Morgan  oul  of  the  country,  was 
completely  defeated  by  him.  This  suipriaed  and 
MiorliArd,  but  did  iioldiacouriige  liislunlahip.  He 
hoped,  by  vigorous  exertions,  aoon  to  obtain  repa- 
rulion  for  the  laie  disaslrou*  event,  and  even  tu 
recover  what  he  had  lost.  Willi  the  expecintioii 
of  retaking  the  prinonera,  captured  at  the  ('ow- 
pens,  mid  lo  ubiiieiale'  the  impression  made  by  the 
issue  of  the  lule  action  al  thai  place,  his  lordship 
instantly  determined  nn  the  pursuit  of  Oeiieral 
Morgan,  who  had  moved  olf  towards  Virginia  wiih 
his  prisoners.  The  movements  of  the  royal  army, 
in  consequence  nftliisdelermination,  induced (Jen- 
eril  (Jreene  immediately  to  retren.  from  Hlcki's- 
creek,  lest  the  British,  by  crnss.ng  the  up|)er 
dources  of  Ihe  Pedee,  should  get  between  him  and 
the  detac'ciient,  which  was  encumbered  with  ihe 
prisoner*  In  this  critical  siluation.  General 
Oreene  left  the  main  army,  under  the  command 
of  (ieneral  Huger,  and  rude  150  miles  through  the 
country,  lo  join  the  detachment  under  (ieneial 
Morgan  ;  that  he  might  be  in  lioni  of  lurd  Ccrn- 
waliii,  and  direct  the  motions  of  both  divisions  of 
Ilia  army,  so  as  to  form  a  speedy  junction  between 
them.  Immediately  of  the  :iction,  on  thn  17lli 
of  January,  Morgan  sent  on  hia  prisoners  unlera 
projier  guard  ;  and,  having  made  every  arrange- 
ment in  his  puwer  for  their  security,  rctrealeil 
Willi  expedition.  Nevertheless  the  Biitish  gained 
ground  upon  him.  Morgan  intended  lo  croM  the 
mountains  with  his  deiacliineiii  and  prisuners,  that 
he  might  more  elfectually  secure  the  latter ;  but 
(ireene,  on  hia  arrival,  ordered  the  prisoner*  tu 
Charlutteville,  and  directed  the  troo|is  tu  Uuilford 
court-house  ;  to  which  place  he  had  also  ordered 
Ueneral  Huger,  to  |iroceed  wiih  the  main  army. 

In  this  relreai,  the  Americans  underwent  hard- 
ships'almost  incredilde.  Manyoflhem  |>erl'irnied 
this  march  without  ahoea,  over  frozen  ground, 
whicli  so  gashed  theirnaked  feel,  that  their  bliioil 
marked  eveiy  siepof  their  progress.  Tlicy  were 
sometiiiies  without  meat,  often  without  (lour,  and 
always  without  spirituuua  liquors.  Their  march 
led  through  a  barren  country,  which  scarcely  af- 
forded necessaries  fur  a  few  straggling  inhabitants. 
In  this  severe  season,  also  wiih  very  little  clothing, 
they  were  daily  reduced  to  the  necessity  of  ford- 
ing deep  creeks,  and  of  remaining  wet  without  any 
change  of  clothes,  till  the  heat  of  their  bodies,  and 
occasional  Area  in  the  wood*  dried  their  tattered 
rags.  To  all  the*e  difficulties  they  submitted,  with- 
out the  loss  of  a  single  sentinel  by  desertion.  Lord 
Cornwallis  reduced  Ihe  quantity  of  his  own  bag- 
gage ;  and  the  example  waa  followed  by  the  of- 
Iceri  undnr  his  command.     Every  thing  not  oe- 


ca«*ary  In  action,  or  lo  iha  axlMcnea  af  Iha  lro«|M 
wa*  dealroyad.  No  wagon*  ware  raaarvrd,  e»- 
capl  thnsa  loaded  with  liospiisl  stores,  sail,  ana 
aminunlllon,  and  four  empty  nnra  for  ihf  use  of 
Ihe  alrk.  The  royal  army,  encouraged  by  lli< 
•sample  nf  his  lordahlp,  anhinlited  to  every  lia'rl 
ship  with  rheerfnhiess.  Tliry  hehrbl,  wilhiiill 
murmuring,  Iheir  mnsl  valuable  hamage  ilr«iri>y 
ad,  and  their  aplrllunu*  liquors  slaved,  when  lln  « 
were  entering  on  hard  •ervica,  and  unilar  rirriiin. 
stances  which  precluded  every  prosfiei't  iif>ii|i|ilv. 

The  British  had  urged  the  puraull  with  somiirh 
rapidity,  thai  they  reached  the  Catawba,  on  tllfl 
evening  of  tha  same  day  on  which  their  Arrini  hi|. 
versaries  had  crossed  it.  Before  Iha  next  morning 
•  heavy  fall  of  rain  made  that  river  Impasaalile, 
The  American*,  conAdenI  of  the  lu*lica  nf  their 
causa,  Gonsidarad  this  avani  as  an  Inlerpoallinn  of 
Providence  in  their  favour.  It  I*  earlain  thai.  If 
the  rising  of  the  river  had  taken  place  a  few  honrJ 
earlier,  (Ieneral  Morgan,  wiih  hi*  whule  detach- 
meni  and  SOU  prisuners,  would  hare  scarcely  had 
anv  chance  of  esca|ie,  When  die  fresh  had  sub- 
sided, so  far  a*  lo  leave  Iha  river  forduble,  n  laign 
iiro|iurliun  of  the  king's  lrnn|Mi  received  nrdara  lo 
be  in  readiness  lu  man  h  al  one  o'clock  In  Ihe 
morning.  Feints  had  been  made  of  |>asaing  »l 
several  dilferent  fords ;  but  the  real  attempt  wa* 
made  on  the  latof  Kebriiarv  atafnidiiear  McCow- 
an'*,  Ihe  north  bank*  nf  wliich  wre  deleniled  liv  ii 
small  guard  of  iitihlia  commanded  by  (ieneral  Da- 
vidson. The  British  matched  ihtoiiKh  the  rivri 
upwards  of  Ave  hundred  yards  wide,  and  almul 
three  feel  deep,  sustaining  a  constant  lire  from  the 
milllia  on  the  npimsiie  bank  without  returning 
till  they  had  made  good  their  pasiage.  The  liitlr 
infantry  and  grenadier  coinp.iniea,  a*  soon  as  lliey 
reached  ihe  land,  dis|ierseil  the  Americans,  (ien-- 
eral  Davidson,  the  brave  leader  of  the  latter,  wa* 
killed  at  Ihe  Arsi  niiael.  The  militia  thioiighoiil 
the  neighbouring  sell  leinenis  were  dispirited,  and 
but  few  of  lliem  cuiild  be  fiersuaded  to  lake  or  keep 
Ihe  Aeld.  A  small  paily,  which  collecied  aboul 
le-  miles  from  the  ford,  waa  attacked  and  ilit|H>rs. 
ed  by  Lieutenant  (;i>lonerrarleton.  All  the  ford* 
were  abandoned,  and  the  whole  royal  army  erunuri', 
over,  without  anv  further  up|Misition.  The  paaaage 
of  the  (Catawba  being  elfeclHil,  the  American*  con- 
tinued lo  flee,  and  the  British  lo  pursue.  Tlio 
former,  by  exfiedilious  movements,  crushed  the 
Yadkin,  partly  in  flats,  and  partly  by  fordinit,  on 
the  second  and  third  day*  of  February  ;  and  se- 
cured llieir  boats  on  Ihe  north  side,  'riioiiuh  iha 
British  were  close  in  their  tear,  yel  the  want  of 
boats,  and  the  rapid  rising  of  Ihe  river  from  pre- 
ceding rains,  made  the  crossing  iin|Hissible.  This 
second  hiiir-breadih  escape  wasconaiilereil  by  iha 
Amcrliaiis  aa  a  farlher  evidence,  that  their  cause 
was  favoured  by  luiiiven.  Tli.it  llipy,  in  two  suc- 
cessive instances  shoiild  eflect  iheir  piissaKr, 
while  their  pursuers,  only  a  I'kw  miles  in  llii  ii 
rear,  could  not  lollow,  iiiipressi'd  the  ri-liuiuus 
people  of  that  sellleiiient  wiili  such  senliiiieiils  of 
devotion,  as  added  fresh  vigour  lo  their  exertions, 
in  behalf  of  American  indepenilence. 

The  British,  having  failed  in  iheir  Aral  sclicine 
of  passing  the  Vadkin,  were  idiliueil  lo  cross  hi  ilia 
upper  fords;  hut  lirl'ure  this  wiis  coiiiplettid,  ihe 
two  divisions  of  ihe  American  army  made  a  jnnc 
lion  at  Uuilford  cuuil  limisc  on  the  seventh  •■fhVb 
ruary.  Tlioiigli  this  had  talteii  pLice,  their  cuiu 
bined  numbers  were  so  inferior  lo  iIik  Itiilisli,  iliil 
Ueneral  Uieene  could  not  with  any  propriety  risk 
an  action.  He  iherelore  called  a  coiiiicil  iifiil- 
licers,  who  unanimously  coiiciirrvd  in  opinion,  that 
he  ought  to  reliri!  over  ihe  Dan,  and  to  avoid  i.n 
engaKement  till  lie  was  reinforced.  Loiil  Curn- 
walli*,  knowing  the  inferiority  of  the  Amertran 
force,  conceived  ho|ies,  by  gelling  between  (Jeticr.il 
Greene  and  Virginia,  to  cut  his  retreat,  inter- 
cept his  supplies  and  reinfurcemenis,  ac!  oblige 
him  lo  fight  under  many  disadvantaget..  Willi 
this  view,  hi*  lordship  kepi  Ihe  npfter  couniiy, 
where  only  the  rivers  ara  fordable ;  aupposing 
thai  hi*  adversaria*,  from  Ibe  want  of  a  sntBcieol 


UNITED  MTATBS. 


of  fl«u,  eoulcl  ii«>t  make  good  thoir 
pMMga  in  ihn  diiap  water  beluw,  or  in  caia  of 
Jwir  ktwmiiting  it,  hn  nxpeotud  tn  ovortaks 
•nti  fureo  iniiiii  to  aution  U'iiiro  thiiy  noiild 
emit.  In  lhi«  oxixjotution  ha  wtii  tlucuivad, 
Ounnral  (.)rt>nntt,  ny  giMKl  manngoment,  «lii- 
dad  lii>  iurdtliip.  Diu  Hritiah  iirgud  lliiiir 
puroiit  witli  lu  mitoh  rapiility,  that  thu  Ameri- 
can light  tr(M)i>«  weru  on  thu  14th  compelled  to 
ratira  upwiir(li«r40  milui.  l\y  tho  nioit  indo- 
ftttigabiu  exortioni  goncral  Oroentt  hati  that  day 
tranii|H)rted  hit  array,  artillery  and  baggngo, 
ovar  tha  civar  Dan  into  Virginia.  Ho  rapid 
waa  tho  piirtuit,  and  to  narrow  thu  oiutape,  that 
thu  van  uf  the  puriuing  Uritiih  juat  arrivud  ai 
the  rear  of  the  Amurioani  hod  croi»ed.  Thu 
hardahipianddiliioultio*,  which  the  royal  army 
had  unuurgone  in  thit  march,  were  uxceudud 
by  the  murtiKcation,  that  all  their  toil*  and  ox- 
ertioni  wuro  to  no  purpoie.  They  conceived 
t  next  to  impoisiblu  that  gonural  Greono  could 
Moapo,  without  ruooiving  a  duciaivo  blow. 
I'hey  therolbro  oheorrully  iubmitted  to  dilR- 
cultiui,  of  which  thoy  who  r«aidu  in  cultivated 
countries  can  form  no  adequate  ideal.  Allcr 
iturmounting  incredible  hardihipi,  when  they 
faiiciud  thomielvei  within  graip  of  their  object, 
•liey  diioovered  tliat  all  thuir  hopeb  were 
LIuated. 

Tho  continental  army  being  ilrivcn  nut  of 
North  Carolina,  carl  Cornwallia  thought  tho 
oitportunity  favourable  for  aaiemblingtno  loy- 
•liKti.     With  thif  view  ho  lul\  tho  Dan,  and 
procoedod   to   HilUborough      On  hia  arrival 
there,  he  erected  the  king'a  atandard,  and  pub- 
liahud  a  proclamation,  inviting  all  loyal  aub- 
jecta  to  repair  to  it  with  their  arms  and  ten 
Jaya  provialon,  and  oaauring  them  of  hia  ruad- 
inoaa  to  concur  with  them  m  effectual  measures 
for  auppressing  the  romains  of  rcliellion,  and 
for  the  re-establishment  of  good  order  and  con- 
stitutional government.     Soon  atlcr  the  king's 
standard  waa  erected  at  HilUlHjruugh,  some 
hundreds  of  thu  inhabitants  rodo  into  tho  British 
camp.     They  seemed  to  bo  very  desirous  of 
peace,  but  averse  to  any  co-operation  for  pro- 
curing it.     They  acknowledged  tho  continen 
tals  were  chused  out  of  tho  province,  but  ex- 
pressed their  apprehensions  that  they  would 
•oon  return,  and  on  the  wholo  declined  to  take 
kny  decided  part  in  a  cause  which  yet  appear- 
ed dangerous.     Notwithstanding  the  indiffer- 
ence or  timidity  of  tho  loyalists  near  Hills- 
norough,  lord  Cornwallis  hoped  for  substantial 
aid  from  thu    inhabitants!  between   Haw  and 
Deep   river.     He  therefore  detached  lieuten- 
ant colonel  Tarleton  with  450  men,  to  give 
countenance  to  the  friends  of  royal  government 
in  that  district.     Oreene  being  informed  that 
many  of  tho  inhabitants  had  joined  his  lordship, 
snd  that  they  were  repairmg  in  great  numbers 
to  make  their  submission,  was  apprehensive 
thut  unless  some  spirited  measure  was  immo- 
(liately  taken,  the  whole  country  would  be  lost 
to  thu  Americans.     He  therefore  concluded, 
at  every  hazard,  to  recross  the  Dan.  This  was 
(Inne  by  the  light  troops,  and  these  on  the  next 
day  worn  followed  by  the  main  body  accom- 
paiiied  with  a  brigade  of  Virginia  militia.     Im- 
mediately  after  the  return  of  the  Americans  to 
North-Carolinii,    some  of  their   light  troops, 
commanded  by  general  Pickens  ana  lieutenant 
ctlonel  Lee,  were  detached  in  pursuit  of  Tarle- 
tfa,  who  had  been  sent  to  encourage  tho  in- 
•urrectiun  of  the    loyalists.     Three   hundred 
•ad  fifty  of  thes«  tones,  commanded  by  colo- 


n«l  Pyle,  whan  on  thair  way  to  Join  tha 
British,  fell  in  with  this  light  American  narty, 
and  mistook  thom  fur  tho  myal  dutaenment 
sunt  fur  their  support.  Tha  Americana  attack- 
ed them,  laliouring  under  this  inialake,  to  groat 
advantage,  and  cut  them  down  aa  they  were 
crying  out.  "  Ood  save  thu  king,"  and  ma 
king  itmtestatiuns  of  their  hiyalty.  Natives  uf 
tho  liriliah  colonies  who  woru  orthis  character, 
moru  rarely  found  maroy  than  Kuropnan  sol- 
diers. Thay  ware  considered  by  the  whig 
Americans  as  being  cowards,  who  not  only 
wanted  spirit  to  dofund  their  coiistitulional 
rights,  but  who  unnaturally  co-onarated  with 
•(rangers  rn  flxing  thu  chains  of  foreign  dom- 
ination on  themselves  and  countrymen.  Many 
of  thom  on  this  occasion  suffored  the  extremity 
of  mijitary  vengeance,  Tarleton  was  refresh- 
ing his  legion,  about  a  mile  from  this  scene  of 
slaughter.  Upon  hearing  tho  alarm  he  ro' 
croaaed  tho  Haw  and  returned  to  Hillaborough 
On  his  retreat  he  cut  down  several  of  the  roy 
aliaU,  as  thoy  were  advancing  to  join  the  Bnt' 
ish  army,  mistaking  them  for  the  rebel  militia 
of  the  country.  Those  events,  together  with 
tho  return  of  the  American  army,  overset  all 
the  schemes  of  lord  Cornwallis.  The  tide  of 
public  sentiment  was  no  longer  in  his  favour. 
The  roeniiting  servioo  in  behalf  of  the  royal  army 
was  entirely  (topped.  Tho  absence  of  tho  Amer- 
ican arm  v,  for  one  fortnight  longer,  might  have 
turned  the  scale.  The  advocates  for  royal 
government  being  discouiaged  by  these  ad- 
verso  accidents,  and  being  also  generally  defi- 
cient in  that  ardent  zeal  which  characterised 
thu  patriots,  could  not  bo  induced  to  act  with 
confidence.  They  were  so  dispersed  over  a 
largo  extent  of  a  thinly  settled  country,  that  it 
was  difficult  to  bring  them  tounite  in  any  common 
plan.  They  hod  no  superintunding  Congress 
to  givo  system  or  concert  to  their  schemes. 
While  each  littlo  dintrict  pursued  separate 
measures,  all  wore  obliged  to  submit  to  the 
American  governments.  Numbers  of  them, 
who  were  on  their  woy  to  join  lord  Cornwal- 
lis, struck  with  terror  at  tlio  unexpected  re- 
turn of  tho  American  army,  and  with  the 
unhappy  fate  of  their  brethren,  went  homo  to 
wait  events.  Their  policy  wu  of  that  timid 
kind,  which  disposed  them  to  be  more  atten- 
tive to  personal  safety,  than  to  tho  success  of 
either  army. 

Thoi.gh  goncral  Greene  had  recrossed,  liis 
plan  was  not  to  venture  upon  an  immediate  ac- 
tion, but  (o  keep  alive  the  courage  of  his  par- 
ty— to  depress  that  of  the  loyalists,  and  to  har- 
rass  the  foragers  and  detachments  of  the  Brit' 
ish,  till  reinforcements  should  arrive.  While 
Greene  was  unequal  even  to  defensive  opera 
tions,  ho  lay  seven  days  vithin  ten  miles  of 
Cornwallis'  camp,  but  took  a  new  position 
every  night,  and  kept  it  a  profound  secret 
where  the  next  was  to  be.  By  such  frequent 
movements,  lord  Cornwallis  could  not  gam  in- 
telligence of  his  situation  in  time  to  profit  by  it. 
He  manoeuvred  in  this  manner  to  avoid  on  ac- 
tion, for  three  weeks,  during  which  time  he 
was  oflon  obliged  to  ask  bread  from  the  com- 
mon soldiers,  naving  none  of  his  own.  By 
the  end  of  that  period,  two  brigades  of  militia 
from  Nortli-Carolina,  and  one  from  Virginia, 
together  with  four  hundred  regulars  raised  for 
eighteen  months,  joined  his  army,  and  gave 
him  a  superiority  of  numbers.  He  therefore 
determined  no  loneer  to  avoid  an  engagement. 
Lord  ComwrallU  utving  fought  for  this,  no 


onger  delay  look  plaoe  on  eith'T  aid*.  Tk« 
American  army  consisted  cf  alto.*,  4400  nimi 
of  which  more  tfian  one  half  were  militift. 
Tlie  British  of  aliouta4«0,rliieHy  tmopa  rrowr 
veteran  in  victorica.  The  former  waa  drawn 
up  in  thren  liiiea,  Tho  front  ooni|MMed  ol 
Nnrih-Ca'ntlina  militia,  thu  second  of  Virginia 
militia,  the  third  and  last  of  coiitini-ntal  Inions, 
commanded  fiy  gi-nural  Hugoraiidcolonol  Wil- 


liams. AfUir  a  brisk  r.annonaita  in  front  the  British 
advanced  in  three  columns.  The  Hessians  on  lh« 
right,  the  guards  in  the  centre,  and  lieulenanl  oul* 
onol  Webster's  brigade  on  tho  luf\,  and  attaekad 
the  front  line.  This  gave  way  when  their  adver- 
saries were  at  the  disUnce  of  140  vards,  and 
was  occasioned  by  the  misconduct  of  a  colonel, 
who  on  tha  advance  of  thu  enomy,  called  out  to 
an  officer  at  some  distance  "tliat  he  would  be 
surrounded."       Tho    alarm    was    sufficient  i 
without  inquiring  into  the  prolmbilitv  of  what 
had  been  ii\)udiciously    suggested,  the  militia 
precipitately   quitted  the  field  :  As  one  good 
officer  may  sometimes  mond  the  face  of  afiairs, 
so  the  misconduct  of  a  bad  one  may  injure  a 
wholo  anr.y.     Untrained  men  when   on  the 
field  are  similar  to  each  other.     The  difference 
of  their  conduct  depends  much  on  incidental 
circumstances,  and    on   none  more  than  tha 
manner  of  their  being  led  on,  and  tho  quality 
of  the  officers  by  whom  they  oro  commanded. 
The  Virginia  militia  stood  their  ground,  and 
kept  up  their  firu  till  they  were  ordered  to 
retreat.     General  Stevens,  their  commander, 
had    posted    40  rifleman  at  equal  distances, 
twenty  paces  in  the  rear  of  his  brigade,  with 
orders  to  shoot  every  man  who  should  leave 
his  post.     That  brave  officer,  though  wounded 
through  the  thigh,  did  not  quit  the  field.     The 
continental   troops,    were   lost  engaged,   and 
maintained  the  conflict  with  great  spirit  for  an 
hour  and  a  half.     At  length  the  discipline  of 
veteran  troops  gained  the  day.     They  broke 
the  second    Maryland    bri^de,  turned    the 
Aniencon  loll  flank,  and  got  in  rearof  the  Vir 
ginla  l»rigade.     Thev  appeared  to  be  gaining 
Greene's  right,  which  would liave  encircled  the 
wholo  of  the  continental  troops,  a  retreat  waa 
therefore  orderetl.     'J'his   was  made  in  l.ooi 
order,  and  no  farther  than  o>  er  the  reedy  fork, 
a  distonco  uf  about  three  miles.     Greene  hal- 
ted there  and  drew  up  till  he  had  collect«tl 
most  of  tho   strogglers,  and   then  retired  to 
Speedwell's  iron  works,  ten  miles  distant  fronr 
Guilford.     The  Americans  lost  4  pieces  of  ar 
tlUery  and  two  ammunition  wagons.       The 
victory   cost  the  British   dear.     Their  killed 
and  wounded   amounted  to  several  hundreds. 
The  guards  lost  colonel  Stuart  and  three  cap. 
tains  besides  subalterns.  Colonel  Webster,  an 
officer  of  distinguished  merit,  died  of  his  wounda 
to  the  great  regret  of  the  whole  royal  a. -my. 
Generals  O'Hara  and  Howard,  and  lieutenant 
colonel  Tarleton,  were  wounded.     About  30C 
of  the   contlnenl.ils,  and   one  hundred  of  the 
Virginia    militia,    were    killed  or   wounded. 
Among  the  former  was  major  Anderson  of  the 
Maryland  line,  a  most  valuable  officer,  of  tha 
latter  were  generals  Huger  and  Stevens.    The 
early  retreat  of  the  North-Carolinians  saved 
them  from    mucli  loss.     The  American  army 
sustained  a  great  diminution,  oy  the  numerous 
fugitives   who   instead  of  rejoining  the  cbisw 
went  to  their  homes.     Lord   Cornwallis   sua 
fered   so  much  that  he  was  in  no  condition  In 
improve  tlie  advantages  he  had  gained.     The 
Bntish  hod  only  the  naaM.  the  Anermaa,  •»' 


HIBTORT  or  THE 


IIm  fiMHl  oohtvqticiiM  •'•  of*  virntry.  Oaner*! 
Qfvrn*  rwirralrii,  urni  InnI  Cornwallii  knpt  Ihn 
Rvlil.  lull  iMiih\«itli«liiiiiliiii(  lliti  lirituli  iiii)>ri>M 
■n  Nitrtli-f^ariiliim  <*/»*  tnim  Oint  lUy  niiiiinl, 
8o<>n  iiAi'r  ihi*  nrlinn,  InnI  Coniwnlliii  iuiii'tl  • 
|irnrlitini>lii)n  M'tlinK  I'ortli  Ilia  rititi|>liili)  viclury,  I 
•Mil  calliiiK  im  til  luyal  iulijiTU  III  lUml  liirth,  iimI  I 
kkn  an  aitilvo  |iart  in  rviliiriiitf  (inlvntiul  ^nnd  \ 
fnv«mm«nl,aiidotlrringa|iariloiinn(lnnir«>fflion 
lo  all  rohali,  murtiKrer*  vxcniitcil,  vcno  would 
•urramJar  ikaniMilvai  on  or  Fwlont  iliu  20th  of 
April.  On  tka  twxl  dmy  af lor  ihii  prtieliimalion 
WM  iMiiad,  hit  Inrdihiii  M\  hit  hotpiial  tml  70 
wnuMiod  man,  with  tha  numaruiit  loyalial*  in 
tha  vieinity,  and  bagan  a  inarch  towardi  Wil- 
mington, which  had  tha  appraranca  of  a  ro- 
traal.  Migor  Crmig,  who  for  tha  purpoM'i  of 
ooHipcrMin*  with  nit  lordthip,  had  liean  lU* 
tionad  at  Wilmington,  wat  not  alilo  to  opan  a 
waiar  eominunieaiion  with  tha  Britiih  army 
whila  tliay  warn  in  tha  upper  c«iuntry.  Thu 
dittaiMO,  ina  narrownattofCa)i«-Fear  nvor,  tlia 
oommanding  alavatiun  uf  iti  hankt,  and  the 
hottihi  M-ntiinentt  of  the  inhtbitantt  on  each 
■  di  of  it,  forliade  the  attempt.  The  doititule 
eoiidition  of  the  Dritith  armVi  mado  it  neccitary 
to  go  to  tht'iK  auppliui,  which  fur  theie  ruotont 
•ould  not  bci  bmiight  to  thnm, 

Oenaral  Orceiio  no  loonvr  rrceivod  infor- 
iCAtion  of  ihia  movement  of  luiil  ('omwallia, 
than  ha  put  hia  triiiy  in  motion  to  follow  him. 
At  hfl  liml  no  meant  of  providing  for  the 
wrouiided,  of  Kit  own  and  tho  Dritiah  forcct,  he 
arroto  a  k  ter  ta  the  nvighboring  inlinbitantt  of 
the  Quaker  pertuaaioii,  m  which  he  mentioned 
hia  being  brought  up  a  Quaker,  and  urged 
*Jiem  to  take  cure  of  the  wounded  on  both  lidot. 
Hit  recommendation*  prevailed,  and  the 
^uakeri  iiipplied  the  hoapitalt  with  every 
comfort  in  their  |>ower. 

The  Amcricani  continued  the  purtuit  of 
Cornwailia  till  they  hud  arrived  at  Kumssy'i 
niill  on  Hcpp  river,  but  for  good  rcasoni  ile- 
fitted  from  following  him  any  farther. 

Lord  ComwalliM  halted  and  rnfreahcd  hia 
army  for  aliout  three  weekt  at  Wilmington, 
•lid  then  marched  acroatthe  couutry  to  Tutpra- 
burg  in  Virginia.  Hefore  it  was  know.i  that 
hit  iiirdthip  had  determined  on  this  movement, 
the  bold  retolution  of  returning  to  South-Car- 
olina was  formed  by  general  Greene.  This  ani- 
mated the  frienda  of  Congrcaa  in  that  quarter. 
Hiid  the  American  army  uillowed  hia  lordahip, 
tbnioutliern  atotea  would  have  conceived  them- 
■I'lves  conquered  ;  fortheir  hopcaand  feara  jire- 
vuiled  Juat  as  the  armiea  naarched  north  or  auiith. 
T  i<  ugh  lord  Cornwallis  marched  through 
V'litb-Carolina  to  Virginia,  yet  at  the  Ameri- 
can army  returned  to  South-Carolina,  the  people 
co'i-idi'ied  that  movement  of  bit  lordthip  in  the 
L^M  of  a  retreat. 

While  the  two  armiei  were  in  North-Caroli- 
na the  whig  inhabitants  of  S<iuth-Cdrolina  were 
niiiniiited  by  the  gallant  exertions  of  Sumter 
and  Marion.  These  diatlnguislied  partizans, 
while  surrounded  with  enemies,  kept  the  field. 
Though  the  continental  army  was  driven  into 
Virginia,  they  did  not  despair  of  the  common- 
wenith.  Having  mounted  their  followers, 
their  motions  were  rapid,  and  their  attacks  un- 
expected. With  their  light  troops  they  inter- 
cepted the  Britsh  convoys  of  provisions,  infes- 
lea  their  out-potts,  beat  up  their  quarters,  and 
»nmiied  their  detacliments  with  such  frequent 
tdunu,  that  they  were  obliged  to  be  always  on 
•hair  gaui.    In  the  watMra  extremity  of  the 


ttala,  Humtar   wae  powerfully   tupportad  by 
cohmelt    Nial,    Lacy,  Hill,    wine,    liratton, 


Mrandon,  and  othrrt,  eaeh  of  whom  held  militia 
eoniniiaaiona,  and  had  many  IViendt,  In  the 
north-eastern  exlroniiiy,  Marion  rrceivod  in 
like  manner  great  amialance  from  the  artive 
r<iertiona  of  ctilonals  Peter  Horry,  and  Hugh 
Horry,  lieutenant  colonel  John  Itaxter,  colonel 
Jamvt  I'oslell,  m^or  John  I'oatell,  and  mi^or 
John  Jamea. 

Tha  inbabitanli,  either  at  affection  or  vicini- 
ty indurnd  thrm,  arranged  ikemaelvca  under 
tome  of  the  militia  ofTicert  and  performed  many 

f[allant  enterpriiet,  Theae  aingly  were  of  too 
iti  ic  eonaequence  to  merit  a  particular  relation, 
but  in  general  they  ditplayed  the  delrrminrd 
tpirit  of  the  iMopfa  and  amharratted  the  Brit- 
ith.  One  m  which  miger  John  Poatell  com- 
manded may  terve  at  an  illuatration  of  the 
tpirit  of  the  timet,  and  particularly  of  the  in- 
iriiTrrence  for  pro|ierty  which  then  prevailed. 
Captain  Jamet  de  Peyalor  of  the  royal  army, 
with  2d  grrnadion,  having  taken  pott  in  the 
houae  of  the  mnjor't  father,  the  migor  potted 
hit  amall  ronimond  of  31  militia  men,  in  aueh 
poaitiont  la  ciimmanded  its  doorK,  and  deman- 
ded their  turreiuti't',  Tliia  lieing  refuted,  he 
set  fire  to  un  out-hoiite,  and  wat  proceeding  to 
bum  that  in  which  they  were  |ioated,  and  noth- 
ing but  tlie  inimedinte  subniiaaionof  the  whole 
party  restrained  him  from  sacrificing  hii  futher't 
valuable  prn|ierty,  to  gain  an  advantage  to  )iia 
country. 

While  lord  Cornwnllis  woa  preparing  to  in- 
vade Virginio,  general  Greene  determined  to 
rc-commonce  onenaivo  military  operations  in 
the  southern  extreme  of  the  oonrederacy,  in 
preference  to  puraiiing  hit  lordahip  into  Vir 
ginia.  Gencrul  Sumter,  who  had  warmly  ur- 
ged thia  measure,  wat  atiout  thia  time  authori- 
tcd  to  raiae  a  state  lirigade,  to  be  in  service  for 
eighteen  months.  He  had  also  prepared  the 
militiu  to  co-operato  with  the  returning  conti- 
nentals. With  these  forces  an  offensive  war  was 
re-commenced  in  South-Cnrnlina,  and  piose- 
cuted  with  spirit  and  success. 

Before  Greene  set  out  on  hia  march  for  Caro- 
lina, he  tent  orderi  to  general  Pickens,  to  pre- 
vent tuppliet  from  going  to  the  British  garri- 
sons at  Ninety-Six,  and  Augusta,  and  also  de- 
tached lieutenant  colonel  Lee  to  advance  be- 
fore the  continental  troops.  The  latter  in 
eight  days  penetrated  through  the  intermediate 
country  to  general  Marion's  (]uarteri  upon  the 
Saiitee.  The  main  army,  in  a  few  more  days, 
completed  their  morch  from  Deep  river  to 
Camden.  The  British  had  erected  a  eliain  of 
posts  from  the  capital  to  the  extreme  districts 
uf  the  state,  which  had  regular  communications 
with  each  other.  Lord  Cornwnllis  being  gone 
to  Virginia,  these  became  objects  of  crtcrjirize 
to  the  Americana.  While  general  Greene 
was  marching  with  his  main  iorco  ngninst 
{'amden,  fort  Watson,  which  lay  between 
r'iiinden  and  Charleston,  was  invested  by  gen- 
eral Marion  and  lieutenant  colonel  Lee.  The 
besiegers  speedily  erected  a  work  which 
overlooked  the  fort,  though  that  was  built  on 
an  Indian  mount  upwards  of  30  feet  high,  from 
which  they  fired  into  it  with  such  execu'.ion 
that  the  besieged  durst  not  show  themselves. 
Under  these  circumstances  the  garrison,  con- 
sisting' of  114  men,  surrendered  by  capitu- 
lation. 

Camden,  before  which  the  main  Ameinean 
army  wat  encamped,  it  a  village  titii^ted  on  a 


plain,  covarad  on  the  south  aid  eatt  tide*  IM 
tha   Walerre   and  a   «r«'eh,  the  wealern  aM 
northern  by  aix  reiloubta.     It  wna  defendeil  hji 
'ord    Kawdon   with   about  OM)   men.      Tha 
American  army,   ronaialing  only  of  aliout  an 
eipial  numberof  rontinetiliila,  and  bel'Mreii  I'ao 
and  three  hundred  militia,  >«:ia  iiiieqii'il  it.  iha 
laak  <if  carrying  thit  poat  by  atnrm,  or  tf  com- 
pletely investing  it.    General  (ireene  .hrreliua 
tiMik  a    fffKHJ  iMiallion  about  a  niile   dialunt,  in 
expectation  of  alluring  thcgHriianii  nut  of  iheii 
lines.     Lord  Rawdon  armed  hia  whole  4i>i're, 
and  with  great  spirit  tallied  on  tht  9£th.     At 
engagement  entued.     Victory  for   annie  timu 
evidently  inclined  to  the  Americana,  but  in  iho 
progreas  of  the  action,  the  prenitture  retri'nt  o* 
two  companiet  eventually  occtaioned  the  do 
feat  of  the  whole  American   army.     Creeno 
with  hit  uiual  firmneai,  inatantly  tookmeaaiirea 
to  prevent  lord  Rawdon  from   improving  tl.n 
tucceaa  ho  had   obtained.     He   retreated  «  ilh 
auch  order  that  most  of  his  wounded  nnd  nil 
his  artillery,  togrthrr  with  a  number  of  prison- 
era,  were  carried  off.     The  Britiah   retired  If 
Cnmden,  and  the    Americtni  c>ncnmped  oboi  I 
five  milea  from  their  former   (Msition.     Tlnir 
loss   was  U'tween  two  and    thn'e  hundred. 
Soon  after  thia  action  general  Gn-ene,  kmiW' 
ing  tlmt  the    British  gnrriaon   could  not  •iiliaiat 
long  in  Camden  wilhoiit   fieah  atippliea   from 
Charlenlon  or  the  country,  took  auch  iinaitioiis 
aa  were  most  likely  to  iirevent  their  getting  any. 
Lord  Rawdon  received  o  reinforcement  ol  t 
or  flOO  men  by  the   arrival  of  colonel  Wntson 
from  Pedee.     With  this   increase  of  atrengili, 
he  attempted  on  the  next  day  lo  compel  gen- 
era' Greene  to  another  action,  but  fiuind  it  to 
be   impracticable.     Failing   in   thia  de<<ign  l.u 
returned  lo  Camden  and  burned  the  jail,  mills, 
many  private   houses,  and  a  great  (ten!  if  hia 
own  baggage.     He   then  cvnciinled  llie  p<i«t, 
and  retired   to  the  aoiithwurd  of  Siintee.     Hia 
lordship  discovered  na  much  prudence  ine\u- 
cuating  Cnmden,  oa  he   hod  shown  bravery  in 
its  defence.     The  fall  of  Fort  Wotaon  broku 
the  chain  of  communication  with  Charleston, 
and   the  position  of  the  American    arm«,  in  • 
great  measure  intercepted  siqiplies  from  the 
adjacent  country.     The  British  in  Suuth-Coro- 
lina,  now   cut  from   nil  communication   wilL 
lord  Cornwollis,  would  have  hnzarded  tlic  cap- 
ital, by  keeping  Inrge    detachments   in  their 
distant  out-posts.     They  therefore  rr  solved  to 
contract  their  liinita  by  retiring  within  the  ,Sn 
tee.     This   measure   animated  the   friends  of 
Congress  in  the   extremities  of  the  slate,  and 
disposed  them  to  co-operute  with  the  Americnn 
army.     While  Greene  liiy  in  the  neighboiliood 
of  Camden,  he  hung  in  one  doy  eight  soldiers, 
who  had  deserted  from  his   ormy.     This  hod 
such  effect  afterwords  that  there  was  no  deser- 
tion for  three   months.     On   the  day  after  the 
evncuntiL  n  of  Cnmden,  the  post  nt  Ornnfeburg, 
con^iisling  of  70  British  militia  and  IS  regulars, 
surrendered  to  general  Sumter.     On  the  next 
day  Forte  Motte  capitulated.     Thia  was  situa- 
ted above  the  fork  on    the   south  side  of  the 
C'ongnree.     The  British  bad  built  their  works 
round  Mrs.  Motte's  dwelling-house.   She  with 
great  cheerfulness  furnished   the  Americant 
with    materials    for   firing   her    own   liouse. 
These  being  thrown  by  thcnt  on  iti  roof  sooi 
kindled  into   flame.     "The  firing  of  the  house, 
which  was  in  the  centre  of  the  British  works, 
compelled  the  garrison,  consiiting  of  165  meiit 
to  lurrender  at  diacretion. 


UNITED  STATES 


111  tw  I  dkvi  nitir*  ■*  •  UHlUh  •VMuatad  ibair 
piKl  at  Ni'iMiti'i  fnrry,  rimI  lUilmyrd  •  Kr»*l 
n*i'l  of  tht'ir  •liirio,     (Hi  ihn  tiny 


loll, 
furl    (liiiiiliy,  Kirrimnt'tl  \iy  'JM  mrn,  nimlly 


iilliiwinKi 

n,  niiiilly 

i.iyn  iiiililiB,  •iiri'«<nili<n'il  to  linili'Mtiit  colorit'l 


vera!  of  tmllnidvi,  iha  lova  nfpliiiidvr,  nrivil* 
|iii|U«,  ali'l  aMVii^vnru  i)rilia|Hi«iliiiii,  Iru  to  HC' 


l,i'i>.  Vitry  ddvunfiigiiiiu*  latriiia  wnrn  ^vi'ti 
tlii-in,  rniiM  an  ■|i|irt'liriiiii)ii  ttiul  lord  Itkwdoii 
wiia  in«rrhin|{  lii  tlmir  rtilivl'. 

'I'litiir  htgffnffo  WM  iraiiroil,  in  which  wm 
III'  liiili-d  milininiMiM)  qiiMlity  nl'iilundiir.  Tba 
Amiirieaii  military  wvro  much  uii|ruated  at  thi 
it'rin*  allowrd  th«  ((BrriMin,  and  diienvim'il  a 
di>poiitinn  to  bn-iik  tha  enpitiilation  iind  kill  the 
|iri<oiiitr«  i  but  Greenn  railrainod  them,  by  do 
rlitritig  in  tha  moat  prrrt'mptory  manner,  that 
liK  would  initanlly  put  tri  aoath  any  one  who 
■houlil  iilfi'r  violonco  to  thoio,  who,  by  aurrrn- 
d<<rin((,  wrrr  iindor  hia  prtiti'ction. 

(Jonrnd  Mnrion  with  a  imrty  of  militia,  mar- 
rlii'il  nlinut  this  lin)i>  to  ut-orgrtown,  and  b«- 
p\n  ri'i;uliir  rtpproochua  against  ihii  Dritiih  pn«t 
III  tliiit  pliico.  On  till!  Hi«l  night  after  hi^  niiii 
liiiil  brokon  ({rdiind,  their  advcramica  evncua- 
tril  their  worki,  an<l  retreiileil  to  Charleaton  | 
aliiirlly  ai\er,  oiio  Mi^iiaon,  an  inliiiliitaiil  of 
Miiiitli-Ciiriilinn,  who  had  Joineil  thn  Drillah, 
n|i|ieiired  in  an  aoned  vuaael,  nnd  ilutnandod 
iirrmiDaion  to  land  hia  mm  in  t)ie  town.  Tliia 
\h-\u'^  refilited,  he  aent  a  few  of  tliem  aahoro 
mil  act  firo  to  it,  I'pwanla  of  forty  hoiiaoi 
tveri)  apcudly  reduced  to  uahra. 

Ill  tho  rapid  manner  juat  related, the  Rritiah 
nat  aix  poNta,  and  nliniiiloneil  all  the  north-nna- 
'.erii  extreinitiea  of  .Soiith-Cnrolina.  They  itill 
"etaiiii"!  potseaaion  of  AugUHtnand  Ninety-Six, 
II  nhl'tion  to  their  poata  near  thn  acn  coaat. 
Iiiiini'iliately  afterfhe  aurrender  of  fort  CIranby, 
lieiiteimnt  eolonel  Leu  began  hia  inarrh  for  Au- 
j[ilMa,  mill  in  four  daya  completed  it. 

The  Uritiah  poat  at  Silver- Hluff,  with  a  field 
piece  and  considerable  alorea,  aurrcndurod  to  a 
ili'liiolimciit  of  Leu'a  le|;ion  commanded  by 
rnptnin  Iliuliilph.  Leo  on  hia  orrival  at  Au- 
piiafajoined  Pickeiia,  who  with  a  bo<ly  of  mili 
•ia  had  for  aomo  time  poat  taken  poat  in  the  vi' 
I'iiiity.  They  jointly  carried  on  their  approa 
chea  againat  fort  Cornwallia  at  Au)(ii9ta,  in 
whirli  colonel  Drown  commanded.  Two 
untteriea  were  erected  within  30  v»rdi  of  tho 
■jarapet,  which  overlooked  tho  fort.  From 
.hese  ominencea  the  American  riflemen  ahot 
iito  tho  inside  of  tho  works  with  succoas 
Tho  pirriaon  buried  themselves  in  a  great  moa 
sure  under  pfround,  and  obstinately  refused  to 
capitulate,  till  tho  necessity  was  so  pressing 
I  hat  I!  very  man  who  attempted  to  firo  on  tho 
•esiegora,  was  immediately  shot  down.  At 
ength  when  fartlier  resistance  would  have 
been  madness,  the  fort  with  about  .300  men  lur- 
-ciidercd,  on  honorable  terms  of  capitulation 
Tho  Americans  during  tho  siege  had  about  for- 
ty men  killed  and  woundsd.  After  tho  sur 
render,  lieut.  colonel  Griorson  of  tho  British 
militia,  was  shot  by  tho  Americans.  A  re- 
ward of  100  guineas  was  offered,  but  in  vain, 
for  the  perpetrator  of  the  perfidious  deed. 
Lieutenant  colonel  Brov.-n,  would  probably 
have  shared  the  samo  fate,  had  not  his  conquer- 
ors furnished  him  with  an  escort  to  tho  royal  gar- 
rison in  Savannah.  Individuals  whose  pas- 
sions were  inflamed  by  injuries,  and  exaspera- 
ted with  personal  animosity,  were  eager  to 
srratify  revenge  in  violation  of  t)ie  laws  of  war. 
Murders  had  produced  murders.  Plundering, 
assassinations,  and  house  burnings,  had  become 
common.     Zeal  for  the  king  or  the  Congress 


w«r*  lh«  utiMraibU  muiivas  of  action  i  W  in  M-^n  iImm  |whlmitailT«iiiiiim  wkm  frabia  nilii^ 

aliandiiiii*d  tlmnisalvra  to  di  apair,  ai.nptrd   lh« 
uiily  I'Xiivdiwnl  now  M\  him,  that  of  aveidiiiK  nn 
•ii|(«K«lii«iil  till  the  Hritiah  fiircr  ahoiild  br  di 
vidvd.      Lord  Kauilnn,  who  by  riipid  maiibna 
w»a  near  Niiirly-Mia  at  ihr  timn  nl  the  naamill 

fiuraiindthrAniericanaaafarKatht'  MiKirerriirr 
lut  without  ovcrlakiiiff  them.  I>t>ai<llii^  IVntR 
this  Iruilleaa  piirsiiil,  li«  diew  iiH'a  imiiI  of  lii» 
Ibraa  from  Nimily-Hix,  and  Hand  a  dt'lnrhmi'nl 
ai  tha  Coni^aren.  Oun<>nil  (irmir,  on  hraring 
that  iha  Hrilish  forra  was  divided,  iiierd  rIkiuI 
to  giva  tham  battle.  LnnI  Mawdon,  nn  leaa 
surpriied  than  alarmed  at  this  uiieaprrlpil 
movement  of  his  lately  retreating  foa,  abandon 
ad  tho  Cnngaree  in  two  days  after  he  had  reach 
ed  it,  and  marched  to  Orangrbiirfih.  (ienenk 
Ur«>enu  in  his  turn  puriiied  and  ofTert-d  him 
battle.  Hia  lordahip  rvniild  not  vatitiira  nut, 
Rtiil  hi*  adveraary  was  too  weak  to  Rtia.-k  him 
in  hii  encampment,  with  any  prospect  ul 
success. 

Keasons  similar  In  those  which  induord  Ira 
British  to  evacuate  Canidrn,  weighed  w.  h 
them  about  this  time,  to  withdraw  their  tmofit 
from  Ninety-Six.  While  the  Anieriran  army 
lay  neari  >rangeburgh,li«'utpnanl  colonel  Criigor 
having  evacuated  the  poat  he  had  gallantly  dP'- 
fended,  was  marching  with  the  troops  of  that 
garrison,  through  the  forks  of  Edisto,  to  join 
lord  Rawdon  ut  Orangrhurgh.  Oenernl 
Ureene  lieiiig  unable  to  prevent  their  junction, 
and  still  less  so  to  stand  hefore  their  combined 
force,  retired  to  the  high  hills  of  Santee.  The 
evacuation  of  Camden  having  tieen  effecteil  by 
atriking  at  the  poats  below  it,  the  same  man* 
otuvri)  was  now  attempted  ti,  induce  the  Brit- 
ish to  h-ave  Orangeburgh.  With  thi*  view, 
generolSumteranJ  Marion,  with  their  brigades, 
and  tho  legion  cavalry,  were  detanheii  to 
Monk's  corner  and  Dorchester.  They  moved 
down  different  roads,  and  commenced  sepanito 
and  ■ucce*Bful  attack*,  on  convoy*  and  de'aeh- 
ments  in  the  vicinity  of  Charleston.  In  this 
manner  was  the  war  carried  on.  While  the 
British  kept  their  force*  compact  the^  could  not 
cover  tho  country,  and  the  American  general 
had  the  nnidenee  to  avoid  fighting.  When 
thry  divided  their  army,  their  detoehment* 
were  attacked  and  defeated.  While  they  were 
ii^  the  upper  country,  light  partiea  of  Ameri- 
cans annoyed  their  small  posts  in  the  lower  set- 
tlements. The  people  soon  found  that  the  late 
conqueror*  were  "ot  able  to  aflbrd  them  theii 
promiacd  protection.  The  spirit  of  revolt  be 
camo  general,  and  the  royal  interest  declined 
daily. 

The  British  having  evacuated  all  their  post* 
to  tho  northward  of  Santce  and  Congaree,  and 
to  tho  westward  of  Edistoeonceived  themselves 
able  to  hold  all  that  fertile  country  which  is  in  a 
great  meaaure  enclosed  by  these  river*.  They 
tliorefure  once  more  re*umed  their  ctation,  near 
the  junction  of  the  Wateree  and  Congaree 
This  induced  general  Greene  to  concert  far 
ther  measures  for  forcing  them  down  toward* 
Charleston.  He  therefore  crossed  the  Wateree 
and  Congaree,  and  collected  his  whole  force 
on  tho  south  side  of  the  latter,  intending  to  act 
ofFons'vely.  On  hi*  approach  the  British  re- 
tired about  40  mile*  nearer  Charle.aton,  and 
took  post  at  tho  Eutaw  springs.  General 
Grecno  advanced  with  2000  men,  to  attack 
them  in  their  encampment  at  this  place.  Hi* 
forco  was  drawn  up  in  two  line* ;  The  firat 
waa  ^composed  of  militia,  and  tlw  Nooad  tt 


tion*  whit'h  warn  diagracvful  lo  human  naiurv 
Much  wa*  tha  atala  ui  |Nirli«*  in  the  vicinity  uf 
Savannah  river,  and  auch  tho  aaa*|)aralion  of 
whiga  againat  lories,  and  of  lories,  against 
whiga ;  and  so  much  hail  tkay  sulVerad  from 
and  inflicted  on  each  other,  that  tha  law*  of 
war,  and  the  preeapt*  of  humanity,  allorded 
but  a  feeble  security  fur  the  nbsarvanca  of  ca- 
pitulation* on  either  side.  The  American  otil- 
cer*  aaartad  lhom*alvo*  to  prociira  to  their 
pri*onar*  that  lafaiy  %«hich  many  of  the  inhab- 
itant*, influenced  hv  a  remembrance  of  the 
suffering*  of  thenKelve*,  and  of  ihair  friand*, 
weni  unwilling  to  allow  them. 

While  operations  were  carrying  on  againat 
tha  small  posts,  Greene  proceeded  with  his 
main  army  and  laid  siege  to  Ninety-Six,  in 
«  hich  lieutenant  Colonel  Criiger,  with  upwards 
III  I'tOO  men,  wa*  advantagei>ii<ily  posted.  On 
the  lef\  of  the  besieger*  was  a  work  erected  in 
the  form  of  a  star.  On  the  ri^'lil  was  a  strong 
blockade  fort,  with  two  block  house*  in  it, 
Tho  town  wa*  also  picquctted  In  with  strong 
lionuot*.  and  *urrounded  with  ii  ditch,  and  a 
lauK,  near  the  height  of  a  common  pornpet. 
Tho  besiegers  were  more  numerous  than  the 
baaiegcd,  but  the  disparity  was  not  gnat. 

The  siege  wa*  pro*ecutod  with  indefatiga- 
bio  indu*try,  Tho  garrison  defended  them- 
Bolve*  with  spirit  and  address.  On  the  morn- 
ing after  thu  siege  lM>gan,  a  party  sallied  from 
tho  garrison,  and  drove  the  advance  of  the  li«- 
*iegor*  from  their  work*.  Tho  next  night, 
two  strong  block  batteries  were  erected  at 
tho  distance  of  360  yards.  Another  battery  20 
feet  high,  wa*  erected  within  220  yards,  and 
siKin  afbnr  a  fourth  ono  was  erected  within  100 
yards  of  the  main  fort,  and  lastly,  a  rifle  bat- 
tery was  erected  30  feet  high,  within  30  yards 
of  tho  ditch  ;  from  all  of  which  the  beaiegcra 
fired  into  the  Britiah  works.  Tho  abbatia  was 
turned,  and  a  mino  and  two  trenches  were  so 
far  extended,  as  to  bo  within  six  fcot  of  the 
ditch.  At  that  interesting  moment,  intelligence 
was  convoyed  into  the  garrison,  that  lord  Raw- 
don was  near  at  hand,  with  aljout  2000  men  for 
their  relief.  These  had  arrived  in  Charleston 
from  Ireland  after  the  siege  began,  and  were 
marched  for  NiiMMy-Six,on  the  seventh  day  aAer 
thev  landed.  In  these  circumstances,  gen- 
eral G  rconc  had  no  alternative  but  to  raise  the 
seige,  or  attempt  the  reduction  of  tho  ])laco  by 
assault.  Tho  latter  wa*  attempted.  Though 
thu  assailants  displayed  great  resolution,  they 
failed  of  success.  On  this  gen.  Greene  raised 
the  siege,  and  retreated  over  Saluda,  Hia  loss 
in  the  assault  and  previous  conflicts  wa*  about 
160  men.  Lieutenant  colonel  Crugcr  dcscr 
vcdlv  gained  great  reputation  by  this  success- 
ful oolcnce.  Ho  was  particularly  indebted  to 
major  Greene,who  had  uravely  and  judiciously 
defended  that  redoubt,  for  the  reduction  of 
which,  tho  greatest  exertions  had  been  made. 
Truly  distressing  was  tho  situation  of  the 
American  army.  When  they  wore  nearly 
master*  of  the  whole  country,  they  were  com- 
pelled to  seek  *afety  by  retreating  to  it*  ut- 
most extremity.  In  this  gloomy  situation 
Greene  wa*  advised  to  retire  with  his  remain- 
ing force  to  Virginia.  To  suggestions  of  thi* 
kind  he  nobly  replied,  "I  wilfrecover  South- 
Carolina,  or  die  in  tho  attempt."  This  distin- 
guished officer,  w  hose  genius  wo*  most  vigorous 


HIHTOIIY  or  Tllfe 


n 


fi 


1 


1^ 


•ontiiMMul  iraop*.  At  iIm  Amm^mmt  adywi- 
*■>!  ibajr  Mi  in  wiik  iw«  Mni««  of  iIm  Nriilth, 
Ihratt  or  Attir  NC'la*  ft-ltMa  of  ihoir  .rniin  army. 
TlirM  Iwing  I  Stilly  MUakail  wmn  niliml. 
Tha  miliit*  ceMinuKti  u>  nuniiM  tnti  lira,  (ill 
Oik  •ciwm  K— w  fanafal,  aiHi  (ill  ih«y  wnra 
iitiligwl  I*  giv*  way.  TiMy  wtum  wall  «ii|t 
|M>riail  by  liM  coMtaanlal  iitiapa.  In  iha  htii' 
(«it  nf  Iha  aalion  tioUinal  O,  William*,  ami 
iHiiilanani  eulumil  Campball,  wilk  iha  Mary- 
'uiiii  anil  Virginia  conunanlala,  okargati  with 
irailatl  arma.  Nothing  aiMilil  lurpaM  iha  in- 
Ini|ii4liiy  of  btilk  nWaari  mmI  man  nn  ihii  no- 
caaion,  Thay  rualMdoningDodorHarthrmigli 
a  haavy  Mnnottada  ami  a  ikowar  of  muihairy, 
Mriih  auah  unahakan  rraoluii^.,  ihai  ikay  bora 
Jiiwn  all  bafiira  iham.  Liauianant  eolonal 
L'ampliall,  whila  bravaly  laading  hit  men  on 
to  ikai  luekiaHfiil  eharga,  raaaivad  a  mortal 
wiiiinJ.  AAar  hr  ha<i  nlli*n,  ha  in<|iiira<l  who 
KMVtt  way,  ami  baing  inrormatl  thai  ihn  liritiih 
wt>n  fliraitig  in  alt  quartan,  replied,  "I  die 
niiitfinlatl,"  and  immedialnly  nx|iired.  The 
llriiidi  were  vigitrouily  piinuad,  and  iipwani* 
iiCMOof  thnm  warn  taken  pritonara.  (In  their 
n'tri'at  they  iMik  |tn«t  in  a  itriing  brick  houie 
and  in  a  pioquatiM  garden.  Knim  iheio  ad 
vunlagnnu*  poaitiont  they  renewed  the  action 
Four  tm  poundert  were  ordered  up  before  the 
houia  from  under  cover  of  which  the  Dritiili 
wer<i  firing,  Tha  Americana  were  corapallad 
toli«vatlMi(e  pieeei  and  mire,  lint  thry  left  a 
atron^  plRipii't  on  thii  Held  of  battle,  and  only 
retreated  tu  the  neared  walur  in  their  rear.  In 
(he  tvaning  of  the  next  day,  litiutt^nant  colonel 
Hliiart,  who  commanded  the  Britiih  on  thii 
ocration,  left  tevnnty  of  hi*  wounded  men  and 
•  ihouaand  stand  of  arm*,  and  moved  from  the 
Rutaw*  toward*  Charleiton.  The  loaa  of  the 
liritiah,  inoluiive  of  priaoiien,  waa  upward*  of 
1 100  men,  that  of  the  Ameriuani  above  AGO,  in 
wh'oh  number  were  *ixtv  officer*,  Congrei* 
honored  general  Greene  ior  hi*  good  conduct  in 
thi*  action,  with  aOritiih*tandard  and  a  golden 
irKnlul.  They  alio  voted  their  thank*  to  the 
diin-rent  eiirpi  and  their  commanden. 

Soon  after  thi*  engagement,  the  American* 
retired  to  their  former  i>o*ition  on  the  high 
hill*  of  .Sanlee,  and  the  Britiah  took  poit  in  the 
vicinity  of  Munk'*-Comer,  In  the  clo*e  of  the 
yt-ar,  general  Greene  moved  down  into  the 
lower  country,  and  about  the  *ame  time  the 
Uritiih  abandoned  their  out-|K)it(,  and  retired 
with  their  whole  force  to  the  quarter  hou*e  on 
Charle«ton-neck.  The  defence  of  the  country 
wai  given  up,  and  the  conquoron,  who  had 
lately  carried  their  arm*  to  the  nxtremitie*  of 
the  *tate,  *eldom  aimed  at  any  thing  more  than 
to  *ccuro  thomselvei  in  the  vicinity  of  the  cap- 
ital. The  crop*,  which  had  been  planted  in 
the  spring  of  the  year  under  Britiih  auspice*, 
and  with  the  expectation  of  affording  them  tup- 
pliei,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Americans  and 
adminiatored  to  them  a  *ea(onabl>)  relief.  The 
battle  of  Eutaw  may  be  considrred  as  closing 
the  national  war  in  South-Carolina.  A'  few 
excursions  were  afterwards  made  by  the  Brit- 
iih, and  sundry  small  cnterprizes  were  execu- 
ted, but  nothing  of  mora  general  consec;ucnce 
than  the  loss  of  property,  and  of  individual 
lives.  Thus  ended  the  campaign  of  1781,  in 
South-Carolina.  At  its  commencement  the 
British  were  in  force  over  all  the  state ;  at  iu 
eljie  they  durst  not,  but  with  greot  precaution. 
VMiture  twenty  miles  from  Cliiirlcston.  History 
■inids  bat  iirw  inttancct  of  commanders,  who 


kava  achieved  •»  miirh  with  ("lual  mean*,  as 
was  done  by  ganaral  (iraena  in  iIm)  thnrt  space 


Mnai 
kill  a 


liilla  or  no  nppnsilinn  trnm  ike  ilSipersvtl  hi> 
babilanls.  In  Ivm  than  a  mimlh  ilia  tnarvh 
(Viim  Wilmin^Mnto  t'«ti>ribiir|(  wnariimiilried, 
Tha  ktlar  huti  iNian  ftt«d  upon  »<  'he  |)Ucr  nf 
ml  half  naked  army  kail  rarulesvniia,  in  a  privaia  rorr<'<iH<ii<lt'rii'e  with 
gnnernl  I'hillipa.      My  itna  •  >>iiil  .iiitlinn  of  Iha 


ll«  oiMinad  iha  i)am|taif(ii 
ria,    but    closed     it  with 


nf  a  IwnlvHOionth. 
with  gloomy    pnia 

glory.     His  un|Nii< .      _         _ 

lo  ronlenti  with  valaran  aoldiara,  •iippliail  wilh 
every  thing  that  the  wralih  of  lirilain  or  the 
plunder  of  (Carolina  eo  iM  pnieure,  Under 
"  these  diaativanlagea,  hn  com|NilU*d  atiiNiriiw 
niimhars  tn  rati rn  from  (he  extremity  of  iha 
Male,  and  confine  themselves  in  iha  capital  and 
iis  vicinity.  Hail  mit  his  mind  be«n  of  tha 
flrmest  laxlura,  he  Vfould  have  liaen  diacoura- 
ged  I  but  his  enemies  foumi  him  a*  fnrmiilabla 
on  the  evening  of  a  defeat,  as  on  the  morning 
afUr  a  victory 


CHAl'TKK  XIV, 

Csmpalfusf  1711.— Opseillaa*  la  VIrslalai— ('ornwallU 
aapluraal  t— N«»  Uiajaa  ihalrot*''' 

It  ha*  already  been  mentioned  that  lord 
Comwalli*,  loon  after  the  battle  of  Guilfiird, 
marched  lo  Wilmington  in  North-Carolina. 
When  he  had  completed  that  nmrch,   variou* 

flan*  of  operation  were  preaenled  lo  hi*  view. 
t  wa*  *aid  in  favour  of  hi*  pniceriling  *oiMh- 
wwdly,lhal  the  country  between  Wilniingtan 
rikI  (^iindiMi  wii*  )iiirn<n  ntui  nf  ilililciill  pna- 
ange — that  an  ombarkntion  for  ('linrli'aton 
would  lie  both  tedioua  nml  di*gracerul— tlinl  n 
Jnnction  with  tho  niyal  force*  in  Virginia,  and 
tha  pro*ecutinn  of  *olid  operations  in  that 
«|iiarter,  would  bo  the  most  effectual  pkn  for 
rffecting  and  securing  tha  submission  of  the 
more  southern  states.  Other  arguments,  of 
apparently  equal  force,  urged  his  return  to 
Snuth-Camlina.  Previous  lo  his  departure  for 
Virginia,  h«  hod  received  information  that 
general  Orpcnc  had  begun  his  march  for  Cam- 
den, and  hu  hail  reason  froan  past  experience  to 
fear  that  if  he  did  not  follow  him,  ine  inhabi- 
tants by  a  second  I  o volt,  would  give  the  Ameri- 
can army  a  superiority  over  the  small  force  M\ 
under  lord  Kawdon.  Though  his  lordship  wiia 
very  apprehenaivo  of  dsncerfrom  that  quiirter, 
he  noped  that  lord  Rawdon  would  bo  able  to 
stand  nisground,orthat  general  Greene  would 
follow  the  royal  army  to  Virginia,  or  in  tho  most 
favourableeventhe  flattered  himself,  that  by  tho 
conquest  of  Virginia,  the  recovery  of  South- 
Carolina  would  be  at  any  time  practicable  His 
lordship  having  too  much  pndo  to  turn  back, 
and  preferring  the  extensive  scale  of  operations 
whicn  Virginia  presented,  to  the  narrow  one 
of  .preserving  past  conquo*!*,  determined  to 
leave  Carolina  to  its  fate.  Before  the  end  of 
April,  he  therefore  proceeded  on  his  march, 
from  'Wilminoton  towards  Virginia,  To  favour 
the  passage  of  the  many  rivers,  with  which  the 
country  is  intersected,  two  boats  were  mount- 
ed on  carriages  and  taken  alonff  with  his  army, 
Tho  king's  troops  procecdea  scvcrnl  days 
without  opposition,  and  almost  without  intelli- 
gence. Tiin  Americans  made  an  attempt  ot 
Swift-Creek  und  afterwards  at  Fishing-creek  to 
stop  their  progress,  but  without  any  oficct.  The 
Britivh  took  uie  shortest  road  to  Halifax,  and 
on  their  arrival  there  defeated  several  parties 
of  the  Americans  and  took  some  stores  with  very 
littlo  loss  on  their  side.  The  Rounoke,  'he 
Mohcrrin,  and  the  Nottaway  rivers  were  suc- 
cessively crossed  by  the  royal  army,  and  with 


7 

riiysl  fiirra  pnivionaly  riii|iln)i-il  m  Virginis, 
with  the  Iroiiiia  whirli  lisil  iiinrrhi'il  I'pnni  Wij. 
mington,  lt>rd  ('amwsllH  ws<i«i  liir  hrsil  of  a 
very  |mwerful  army.  Thia  jiinrijim  >\«aai'arre. 
ly  roniplelad,  when  li>rd  rornv,uilia  rrrcivrd 
lord  flawjiin's  re|Mirt  of  ilm  ailvanlnire  lie  hiid 
trained  over  general  (Jr«'«<iir,iin  ihr  VAih  i/iliu 
l>ii<reiliiitf  month.  AImmiI  llir  anmi'  tiiiii'hi*  ri'- 
ceiveil  itiformalinn  thai  ibrex  tiriliili  ri'K>nu<nls 
had  sailed  fnmi  ('ork  fiir  ('hnrli'iton. 

Thean  two  evenia  eaaeil  hia  liiiml  nf  nil 
anxiety  fjr  Hoiilh-Ciiniliiis,  snd  iiiapirrd  him 
wilh  lirillianl  ho|iea  of  a  ginrioua  rnnipaign, 
Ha  conaidered  himai'lf  na  liitving  slrrady  aiili- 
i|iii?il  iMilhlliii  f'arolinaa,  nml  iia  U'tng  in  a  fiiir 
■way  In  inereaau  lii«  militury  fmiie,  by  llia>  lulilj. 
lion  of  Virginia  In  the  lial  nfliia  rnn<|iii'ata,  My 
the  late  ciimliiiialiim  nf  the  mynl  Inri-ea  undi-r 
Phillina  and  ('nniwallis,  siiil  by  the  rerrnt 
arrival  of  ari'infnrri'nieMi  iif\MH)  nu'n  dirrclly 
from  NewY'>rk,  Virpiiiiali«'e«rm'  tlii' principal 
thcAlrc  nfii|ii-nitinna  r>irlliii  ri'inninili'r  nf  the 
campaign.  Tlie  rnrniuliiliji-  rorri',  ihiis  rnllcct- 
pii  in  nni<  IiikIv,  rnllpil  for  llii'  vigiirniia  excr- 
tiona  nf  llii;  I'rit-nda  iirinili'|H'n(li>iire.  Tlii>  de- 
li'iiaivn   ii|ir-ratiniia,    in    n|ipnailuin  In  it,  wrra 

Iiriiii'i|iiillv  •■nlriialnl  tn  lliii  NLiriiiiia  ilii  la 
''nvi'tii'.  Karly  in  ihn  yriir  lii>  find  U't'n  de- 
tached from  the  siain  AnirricHn  nrmy  on  nn 
i'X|iedilioii,  the  nl(jii-cl  nf  which  wan  h  ro-np«ra- 
linn  with  the  French  fleet  in  caiilunng  vfiit-rai 
Arnold.  On  the  failure  of  thia,  the  Marquis 
marched  hock  as  far  as  tlio  hrsd  nf  KIk,  There 
he  received  nn  nnlnr  In  reliirn  tn  Virginia  lo 
opfiose  the  Hritiah  fnrrra,  which  had  lifrnma 
more  fiirmidulile  by  the  arrival  nf  a  rnnaidrmliia 
reinforeement,  under  genrmi  Philipa.  Ha 
proceeded  without  dfliiy  to  Itichrniuid,  and 
arrived  there  the  day  lielnre  ihn  Hritinh  reach- 
ed Maneheater,  nn  tnonp|M)«iie  niiln  nf  Jnmrs 
river.  Thus  was  the  rnpilnl  nf  Virginia,  olthul 
time  filled  with  almost  nil  the  military  atnrva 
of  the  state,  saved  from  iinminrnt  danger.  So 
great  was  the  surwrinrity  nf  niinilirra  nn  the 
aide  of  the  Urilish,  that  Ine  Mnrqiiis  had  helnre 
him  a  labour  of  the  grcnteat  difficulty,  and  was 
pressed  with  many  rmbiirritssmcnts.  In  the 
first  moments  of  the  ri.<ing  tempest,  and  till  ho 
could  provide  against  its  iilmoat  rape,  he  began 
lo  retire  with  his  little  army,  which  consist<<d 
only  of  about  1000  regulars,  SOOO  militin,  and 
CO  dragoons. 

Lord  Comwallis  advanced  frnrnPrtpraburg 
to  James  river,  which  ho  omssod  at  WesUi'.vn, 
and  thence  marching  throii^'li  Hanover  county, 
crossed  the  South  Anna  or  Pomunkcy  river. 
The  manpiis  followed  his  motions,  but  at  a 
guarded  distance.  Tho  superioiity  of  the 
British  nrmy,  especially  of  their  cavalry,  which 
they  easily  supplied  with  f>ofld  h.irses  from 
the  stables  and  pastures  of  private  gcnt.emcn  in 
Virginia,  enabled  them  to  traverse  the  country 
in  all  directions.  Two  distant  expeditions 
were  therefore  undertaken.  The  one  was  to 
Charlotteville,  with  the  view  of  capturing  the 
governor  and  assembly  of  the  state.  The 
other  to  Point  of  Fork  to  destroy  stores.  Lieu- 
tenant colonel  Tarlcton,  to  whom  the  first  was 
committed,  succeeded  so  for  as  to  disperse  tha 
assembly,  capture  seven  of  its  members,  and 


nfl 

toil 
illlS 
'•I. 

>In. 

r 

ihwr 
will 
Jnn 
tioii 
a  eh 
snd 


UNirrO  STATftl. 


tn  tUaii"<>y  li  Kr<>til  ((iMnliiy  of  Mora*  M  mhI 

Kx'ir  I'linrliiiiavilla.  TIim  itlhar  »«p«t|ili(»n, 
vvlilch  wii<  •'onimilliitl  III  limilKnaril  coIoihiI  Him- 
•iw,  wiu  niily  in  |Mirl  •iii!r«Mriil,  for  tha 
^ntrriimn*  liwl  prrvimialy  runiovril  lh«  mo«l 
fifrliiMr  •iiiia*  n  >m  |*iiinl  ol'  l''>irk.  In  ilia 
(ninrMi  iii'lluiMi  manha*  aiiil  niiiinlarmari'lia*, 
iiliMi'ntx  i|ii«iilili««  of  |>riiparly  warn  ilatinty- 
»i|,  mill  Kiinilry  imimportani  •kirmi<ha«  Imik 
ilitirti,  Tha  ItriliiH  mailn  many  |iarii»l  eon- 
iiii>al«,  Km  tliVM  want  Milium  iiflon|(aril  II  ml  inn 
•hanlhairanaHimiimanu.  Tha  yoiinK  man|uii, 
arilh  •  \ixj(rrti  ol  priiilanKo  that  wmilil  hava 
Jona  liionour  In  an  oM  loMiar,  aetati  »it  nan- 
tiiMltly  on  iha  dafanaiva  ami  maJa  lo  liidieioui 
*  ehnlan  of  potlt,  ami  ihowml  «o  miiah  vigour 
and  dwiif^n  in  hi*  movemanli,  at  to  pravani 
tny  ailvnntaini  liainK  lakan  nf  hit  waakna**. 
In  lii*  eirniiinitanriu,  not  in  bo  daitroyad,  wai 
iriiim|ih.  Ha  afTarioil  a  jiiiKiion  ■(  Rarroon- 
fonl  with  ganrrnl  Wavnn,  who  waa  at  iha 
haailof  800  Penntylvaiiinni.  While  tliitjiine- 
lion  wan  n>rniin|{,  (ha  liriliih  got  betwfan  iha 
Ami'rirnn  itrmy  and  ilt  tloraa,  which  hiul  lM><>n 
-^'inovi'd  from  Itirhmond  lo  AlVicmarlii  old 
loiirl'hoiiaa.  Tho  pi)f«c»«ion  of  ihowi  win  un 
iliji'fl  willi  Imth  nrmifn.  Tho  nian|iiii  hy 
'iiri'rd  miii-rlii'i,  got  within  n  fow  niili-n  of  lln« 
Ilrili<h  iiriny,  whi-n  thry  wi'ro  two  day* 
iniirrh  from  Allmmnrlo  old  roiirt-hoiinr.  Tlin 
llrilmh  )(i'iiiiriil  eoiiailort'il  hioHi'lf  im  mira  of 
liii  ndviTMiry,  for  liv  kni'W  that  iho  itorr*  wrif 
hi*  iiliji-et ;  and  lit'  i'<iiiri>ivi<d  it  iinprartiriililr 
for  llix  iiiiurf]ili«  to  |,^<t  liatwi'fn  him  nrid  tli(> 
Mori'n)  lint  liy  a  rond  in  paaain^f  which  hr 
liliirlil  Ih'  nltiirktid  lo  advanliii^i'.  Thn  nmr- 
iiiii»  hiid  tho  niidra«<  lo  «')itrlrnio  himfi'lf  from 
lliia  ililllt  iilty,  liy  opfninjf  in  the  ninlit  a  noaror 
roiiil  til  Allii'mnrlii  olil  roiirt-hoiim',  which  hnd 
lioi'it  long  disiiai'd  and  wn<  much  cmliiirra<i«- 
I'd.  To  ihfl  iiirpriio  of  lord  (?iirnwnlli*,  the 
iii,iri|iii«  lUod  hiniHolf  tho  ni'xt  day  bi'twoon  ihp 
Mrltiuli  nrmy  and  ihn  Amrrirnti  «lon'».  Lord 
('ornwnlliii,  flmlins  hii  nchiimo*  friiilralrd,  fi'll 
Imck  lo  Riehr.toml.  Ahout  thia  limo  iho  mnr> 
quia'  army  waa  rcinforcinl  l>y  Striilion'a  iroojia, 
nnd  liy  militin  from  ihii  pnrla  adjacrnt.  IIu 
fiillowi'd  loril  Cornwnllia,  nnd  hnd  tho  nddrcaa 
lo  impri'ta  him  with  no  idea  that  tho  Amoricnn 
nrmy  wna  much  ^n-nter  ihnn  it  roally  waa. 
Ilia  hiriNhip  (hcriiforo  nilroutr*d  to  Williama- 
liiirir.  Tliudiiy  nftor  iha  main  body  of  the 
Hritiah  army  arrived  th«ro,  thoir  rrnr  wna  «• 
tiirkcd  by  nn  American  light  oorna  under  colo- 
nel Diitlur,  and  aualninod  n  cimaidnrablo  Iimm. 
About  tho  timn  lord  (Cornwnllia  rcnchod 
WiUinmabiirgh,  h«  rucoivcd  intolligoncc  from 
Now- York  autting  forth  lh«  dnngttr  to  which 
tiio  rovnl  nrmy  in  ihnt  cily  wna  exposed  from 
H  oomliiiii'd  nttnck.that  wna  anid  lo  Im;  threaten- 
ed by  the  French  nnd  Americnna.  Sir  Henry 
t.'linton  ihoreforu  required  a  dotnchmcnt  from 
eiirl  Cornwnllia,  if  he  wna  not  engaaei  innny 
important  cnierprizn,  nnd  rccommnnaod  to  him 
n  lieuUhy  atation,  with  nn  nmple  delcnaive  force, 
till  the  dnngor  of  Now- York  wna  diaponed. 
Lord  Cornwnllia,  thinking  it  oxpcdioni  to  com- 
|iiy  with  thi*  requiiition,  nndjudgin^  'hit  his 
nommnnd  nfterwnrda  would  not  bo  adcqunio  to 
itinintnin  hia  proacnt  poaition  at  Willinmaburg, 
determined  to  rotiro  to  Portamouth.  For  tho 
execution  of  this  project,  it  ww  neeeasarv  to 
crciaa  Jamea  river.  The  mnrquia  de  ia  t'nyetto, 
conceiving  thia  to  bo  a  favornble  opportunity 
for  actinr  offensively,  advanced  on  tno  Rriliah. 
Oeneral  Wayno,  relying  on  thu  information  of 


•  aiMintryman,  thai  tha  main  ImmIv  of  ih«  Bril- 
iah  had  eroaaad  JaKMt  rivaf,  nuah«d  forwarda 
with  alHiiit^OO  light  iriKipa  in  harraaa  ihrir  raar. 
(?iinlniry  lo  hia  aaiwrlalinna,  ha  foiiitd  ihfi 
whiila  llritiah  army  drawn  up  raajy  lo  oppnaai 
him.  tin  inalanlly  rnncaiwil  thai  iha  liral 
imxla  uf  aalricating  liimaalffViim  hia  pardiiua 
ailiialinn  would  li«,  In  aaauma  •  ImiM  enunla- 
nane«,  and  angagn  hi*  ailvaraariat  befom  ha  al' 
lamplril  lo  rolrval.  Hn  iharvfnra  praaaad  on 
fur  aoma  limn,  and  urgtid  an  allack  with  apiril 
iMifora  ha  fall  bark.  Lord  Oomwalllia,  pnrliaiia 
aiiaiMieling  an  anibiiaeada,  did  not  piiraua.  liy 
ihia  bold  mamnuvra,  Wayna  got  utt  wlih  but 
lillla  loaa. 

In  iha  eouraa  of  ihaaa  vtrioiia  mnvamrnia, 
the  Rriliah  werajiiinad  by  fnwof  ihaiiiliabilatila 
andaramalyby  any  ofihenaiivaa.  Thi'  Virjfinl- 
ana  for  tha  moat  |iarl  cither  Joinad  tha  Ameri- 
cana, or,  what  m  a«  much  nioro  common,  k«|<f 
out  of  the  way  of  the  Hritiah.  To  purchaa«i 
aafvty  bv  aubmiaaion,  wna  ihi'  policy  of  vary 
frw,  anil  ihaae  warn  for  thu  iiuol  inirt  nativea 
of  Hritain.  After  aarl  Cornwiilli«  dad  cruaa«>d 
Jamea  river,  ha  marched  for  ri'iimnouih,  Hk 
had  previoualy  Inhen  the  nr<i'>«iiry  •trpa  for 
complying  with  tho  rrtfiiiailion  n!'  air  li<<nry 
Clinton,  lo  aond  njmrt  of  hia  cixnmntid  In 
New-York.  IlullH'liirii  they  anili'd.nn  rxpreaa 
•rrived  from  air  Hi-nry  ('liiilnn  with  n  Ifller, 
nxpreaaing  hia  prrferrnrn  of  Williaiiiabiirgh  to 
Pnrtamniith  for  lli*-  reaidi'nce  nf  the  army,  and 
kitili'airt>  ihiit  Oil!  1*iiinl-('iimfiirt  or  Hampton 
ma<l  •hull  111  Ini  iii>ciir<-d  na  n  alalinn  for  line  of 
liattle  ahipa.  The  riiininnndcr  in  chief,  at  the 
aanie  lime,  allowed  hia  lonlahip  in  detain  any 
pari  or  the  whole  of  ihu  forcea  iimler  hia 
commariil,  for  completing  ihiaaervlce.  On  ex 
aminatiiui,  llnmolon  rond  waa  not  approved  nf 
aa  a  alation  for  inn  navy.  It  lieing  a  principal 
object  of  the  campaign  to  fix  on  a  alrong  per 
mnnent  |ioa(  or  place  of  nrmt  in  the  Cheaapeakn 
for  the  aeoiirity  of  both  the  army  and  navy,  and 
Poriamoiith  and  Hampton  roaii  having  both 
bi-en  pronounced  unfit  for  thai  purpoae,  I  ork 
Town  and  nioucettor  Poinia  wore  coiiaidernd 
aa  moat  likely  to  accord  with  the  viewa  of  the 
royal  eommandcra.  Portamouth  wa«  there' 
fure  nvncunted,  and  ita  gnrriaon  trtnafcrrod 
In  York-Town.  Lord  Cornwallia  availnd 
himiielf  of  air  Henry  Clintnn'a  pormiaaion  to 
relnin  ihn  whole  force  under  hia  command,  and 
improaaed  with  the  noceaaitv  of  eatablialiing  a 
alrong  ninen  of  nrma  in  the  Cheaapeakn,  opplied 
bimaeltwith  induatry  to  fortify  hit  new  poala  ao 
at  to  render  them  tonnblo  \-y  nit  pniaent  army, 
nmounting  to  7000  men  ngitinat  nny  force  thnt  nn 
auppoaed  likely  to  b«  bniughtagainat  them. 

At  thia  period  the  offieert  of  tho  Dritiah 
navy  expected  that  their  fleet  in  the  Weal-In 
dioa  would  Join  them,  nnd  that  tolid  oporationa 
in  Virginia  would  in  a  ihort  time  re-commence 
with  increaaed  vigour. 

While  they  were  indulging  thcte  hopea, 
count  do  Unuae,  with  a  French  fleet  of  28  anil  of 
tho  line  from  the  Wcat-Indiea,  entered  the 
Che*ap«nke,  nnd  about  the  inme  time  intelli- 
gence arrived,  thnt  tho  French  nnd  Americnn 
nrmici  which  hnd  been  Intcly  atntioned  in  the 
more  northern  itntca,  wore  ndvancingtownrda 
Virginia,  Count  do  Gm.^ie,  without  loai  of 
time,  blocked  uo  York  river  with  three  hrge 
ahipt  and  aome  frigntea,  and  moored  the  prinoi' 
pal  part  of  hit  fleet  in  Lynhnvcn  bay.  Three 
thoutand  two  hundred  French  troopt,  brought 
in  thia  fleet  from  the  Wetvlndiet,  oommwiMd 


by  ike  Mar^ia  da  Ml.  (Hnmni,  war*  ditontharm* 
•il  and  anon  aA»r  fortnod  a  jMnrlMin  wilh  ike 
coiiiiiwnul  Irinipt  und«r  lb*  manpiia  ila  la 
Fayelio,  and  tha  w  tinla  lo»k  pnal  al  WillMma 
burg.  An  attack  on  thu  liirea  vtatmiandeil. 
but  Mifora  all  ilin  arranganwnla  auliaorvirnl  >a 
ilt  aaoaulinn  ware  Itaad  U|H>n,  liUMrtofaAeai'ty 
dale  ill  rtaplamlior  ware  rvceivail  by  kird  Torn- 
walliafmm  air  Henry  Clintnn,  anmiunamg  that 
ho  would  du  hit  utmoal  lo  rainforce  the  royal 
army  in  the  Chvaapeakti,  or  make  avnry  divor 
aion  in  hia  |iow«r,  and  thai  admiral  DiKby  waa 
hourly  oxpoeMd  on  llio  e«iaal.  Uii  iba  rrer ini  n| 
(hit  inlelligwnee  earl  Comwallit,  not  thinking 
himaelf  jualified  in  baiarding  ati  rngagrmenl, 
abandoned  the  rnaolulion  of  ailacking  thu  cnm-' 
limed  force  of  Fayello  and  hi.  Himon.  Ii  it  the 
province  of  kiilory  i>)  relate  what  hat  happen 
ed,  and  nollo  indulge  ctM^elumt  in  ilia  bnun(l< 
Iraa  field  of  eontinganciea  |  niharwiae  il  might 
lie  added  that  earl  Cornwallia,  by  ihit  ehang* 
of  opinion,  loat  a  favorable  op|Nirtunily  of  ex* 
•ricaiing  himaelf  from  a  comiiinaliun  of  hoaiiU 
I'orcn,  which  by  farther  concenlrali<<n  aoon  li*- 
riimn  irreaiatlbla.  <hi  the  other  hand  if  an  at- 
tack had  \i*«it  made,  and  that  had  proved 
iinaucceaafiil,  hn  would  havn  lieen  rhnrged 
with  raahiiraa  in  not  wailing  for  ll  a  promiaed 
cn-o|)orBlion.  (h\  the  aniiie  uncertain  ground 
of  ciirgecluring  what  ought  lo  have  liren  don« 
It  might  be  anid  that  the  knowledge  ear* 
Coriiwallit  had  of  public  tfiiiirt  would  hava 
jiiatiHed  him  in  nliandoning  York-Town,  in 
iiriler  In  return  to  Knuth-Carolina.  Itaeeniaat 
though  thia  would  have  Iwen  hia  wia«<alplan| 
but  either  from  an  opinion  thil  hia  inalrurliona, 
lo  atnnd  hia  ground  wore  |H)*ilive,  or  thai 
effectunl  relief  wta  nroliable,  hia  lordahip 
thought  p(M|)er  to  riak  every  thing  on  ih* 
iaaiie  of  a  aiece.  An  allenipt  wit  made  to 
burn  or  dialiHlge  tbe  French  ahipt  in  the 
river,  but  none  lo  evacuate  hia  poata  at  thia 
early  period,  when  thai  mcaaura  waa  prae- 
ticablo, 

Admiral  Greavei,  with  30  tail  of  the  line, 
made  an  ''ITort  for  the  relief  of  lord  Comwallil 
but  without  effecting  hia  pur]ioan.  Wh«n  ht 
appeared  iilT  iho  cape*  nf  Virginia,  M.do  Graaw 
wont  out  to  meet  him,  anilnn  iiideciaive  en 
gagemcnt  took  place.  Tho  Hntiah  were  willing 
to  renew  the  action  i  but  de  Ornate  for  good 
irenaona  declined  it.  Hiachivf  object  in  coaning 
mn  of  the  capea  waa  to  cover  a  French  <leet 
nfoighl  line  of  battle  ahipt,  which  wna  expeo> 
li'>l  from  Rhodu-Ialand.  In  ciiiiformily  to  • 
preconcerted  plan,  count  de  narrtia,  comman* 
der  of  thia  fleet,  hnd  aailed  fur  the  Cheaa|N!ake, 
aliout  the  aame  time  do  Qraaao  aailed  from  iha 
Weat-ltidiea  forthe  tnmo  place.  To  avoid  the 
Kritiah  fleet  he  had  taken  a  circuit  by  Bermuda* 
For  fear  thnt  tho  Dritiah  fleet,  might  intercept 
him  on  hia  approach  toihe  capea  of  Virginia.  <ie 
Grnaao  came  out  to  be  at  hand  for  hia  protection. 
While  Oreavea  and  de  Orotae  were  inanwuv- 
ring  near  the  mouth  of  the  Chcaapeake,  count 
de  Barraa  paaaed  the  former  in  the  night,  and 
got  within  tho  cnpea  of  Virginia.  Thia  gave 
the  fleet  of  hia  moat  chrialian  mnjeaty  a  decided 
auporiority.  Admiral  Oreavea  aoon  took  hit 
departure,  and  M.  do  Grnaao  re-enlercd  tlw 
Chesapeake.  All  thit  time,  conformably  to 
•hn  well  disrcated  nian  of  the  campaign,  th* 
French  and  the  American  forcot  were  marck 
ing  through  the  middle  ttatet  on  their  way  to 
Yurk-iown.  To  undcrttand  in  their  proper 
floniMxion  the   great   events  shortly  to   h* 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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III 


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lam  Mis 

Ui  lU   |22 
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Photographic 

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Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

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(716)872-4503 


^ 

o 


o^ 


HISTOKT  or  THB 


it  U  MaMMty  to  go  baik  Md  MM 
iIm  fMBOto  ewMM  whieh  brou^lit  on  tkia  grMt 
•ootbuwiion  of  Amu  ud  amiMi  whieh  pu'  « 
^ri,>i  ta  ih*  war. 

Tm  iUI  of  CharlMloii  in  May  1780,  ud  the 
toiqpi«w  rout  of  th«  wmihom  AnMriwn  army 
■  Ailgttit  following,  togathar  with  tha  iiioraa* 
«g  inability  of  tha  Anianoaii*  to  oarry  on  the 
0wr,  gava  a  terioiu  alarm  to  the  friend*  of  in- 
dspemlenee.  In  thia  low  abb  of  their  aflUra,  a 
palhatio  MateoMM  of  their  diatreatea  waa  made 
totheirilluatrioua  ally  the  king  of  Fianee.  To 
give  giealai  aflieaey  to  their  aolieiiationa.  Con* 
graa*  a|ipointed  lieutenant«oloael  John  Lau- 
rana  their  epeeial  ofiiniiler,  and  direetad  hin 
%lUr  repainag  to  the  eoart  of  Venaillea,  to 
urge  the  neceiwiqr  of  apeedy  and  efTeetoal 
aueeour,  and  in  paitieuhur  to  iMieit  for  a  loan  of 
■oaay,  end  the  eo^iperatioa  of  a  French  fleet, 
in  atttempting  aome  important  enterpriie 
againat  tha  common  enemy.  Hia  great  abflitiea 
ai  an  oflieer,  had  been  often  diaplayed ;  bat  on 
thin  occaMon,  the  auperior  talenia  of  the  ilatea- 

nagooiator  were  called  forth  into 


man 

action.  Animated  a*  he  waa  with  the  ardor  of 
thu  wannest  patriotism,  and  feeling  most 
sensibly  for  the  distresses  of  his  country,  his 
whole  soul  w-aa  exerted  to  interest  the  court 
of  Franee  in  giving  a  vigorous  aid  to  their 
allies.  Hia  engacimr  manners  and  insinvadnff 
address,  procured  a  favorable  reception  to  his 
representations.  He  won  the  hearts  of  those 
wno  were  at  the  helm  of  public  aflhirs,  and 
inflamed  them  with  ceal  to  assist  a  country 
whiiae  cause  was  so  ably  pleaded,  and  whose 
anfTerings  were  so  pathetically  represented, 


At  this  crisis,  his  most  christian  mqestv  gave 

ilfc 


h's  Amerlvan  allies  a  subsidy  of  six  miliiona  ol 
K«T«s,  and  became  their  security  for  ton  mil' 
lir  ns  more  borrowed  for  their  use  in  the  United 
Nittherhinds.  A  naval  co-operation  waa 
promised',. and  a  coi\junet  expedition  against 
their  common  foes  was  projected. 

The  American  war  was  now  so  far  involv- 
•mI  in  the  consequences  of  naval  operations, 
that  a  superior  French  fleet,  seemed  to  be  the 
only  hinge  on  which  it  was  likely  soon  to  take 
a  favourable  turn.  The  British  army  beine 
parcolled  in  the  diffS»rent  sea  ports  of  the  Uni- 
tod  States,  any  division  of  it  olocked  up  by  a 
Freaeh  fleet,  could  not  long  resist  the  superior 
sombined  force,  whieh  might  be  brought  to 
operate  against  it  The  marquis  de  Castries 
who  directed  the  marine  of  Franco,  with  great 
precision  calculated  the  naval  force,  whicn  the 
British  could  concentre  on  the  coast  of  the 
United  States,  and  disposed  his  own  in  such  a 
manner  as  ensured  him  a  superiority.  In  con' 
furmity  to  these  principles,  and  in  subserviency 
to  the  dcslni  of  the  campaign,  M.  de  Orasso 
saiM  in  March  17S1,  from  Brest,  with  26  sail 
of  tie  line,  several  thousand  land  forces,  and  a 
larg )  convoy  amounting  to  more  than  200  ships. 
A  email  part  of  this  foroe  was  destined  for  the 
East-Indies,  but  M.  de  Orasse  with  the  greater 
part  sailed  for  Martinique.  The  British  Hect 
then  in  the  West-Indies,  had  been  previously 
veakoned  by  the  departure  of  a  squadron  for 
4w  protection  of  the  ships  which  were  employ- 
ed in  carrying  to  England  the  booty  which  hod 
been  taken  at  St.  Eustatius.  The  British  ad- 
mirals Hood  and  Drake,  were  detached  to  in- 
tercept the  outward  bound  French  fleet  com- 
manded by  M.  de  Grasse,  but  a  junction 
between  his  force  and  eight  ships  of  the  line 
e«d  ono  oi'fiO  guns,  which  were  previovsly  at 


Maniai^Muid  8t  DomingD,  waa  nevartlwlaM 
•flheiad.  By  thia  eombination  of  ftvsh  shiiw 
IVoffl  Europe,  with  the  Freneh  fleet  previously 
in  the  West>Indies,  thev  had  a  decided  aupe- 
riority.  M.  de  Orasse  having  finished  his  bu- 
ainesa  in  the  West-Indies,  sailed  m  the  begin- 
ning of  August  with  a  prodigious  convoy. 
After  seeing  this  out  of  danger,  he  directed  his 
eourse  for  the  Chesapeake,  and  arrived  there 
as  iMa  boen  related  on  the  diirtieth  of  the  same 
month.  Five  days  before  Ua  arrival  in  the 
Chesapeake,  tha  Freneh  fleet  in  Rhode-Island 
sailed  ibrllio  sama  place.  Theae  fleets,  not- 
withstanding their  original  distaneo  from  the 
seene  of  action  and  from  each  other,  coincid- 
ed in  their  operationain  an  eitraordinary  man- 
ner, for  beyond  the  reach  ol  Tiiliteiy  calcula- 
tion. They  all  tended  to  one  objeet  and  at  one 
and  the  same  time,  and  that  ol^eet  was  neither 
luiown  nor  suspected  by  the  British,  till  the 
proper  season  for  eonnter-action  waa  elapsed. 
This  eoineidence  of  favourable  circumstencea, 
extended  to  the  marches  of  the  French  and 
American  land  force*.  The  plan  of  operations 
had  been  so  well  digested,  and  waa  so  faith- 
folly  exeouted  bv  the  different  commanders, 
that  general  Washington  and  count  de  Rocham- 
beau  had  passed  the  British  head  quarters  in 
New- York,  and  were  considerably  advanced 
in  their  way  to  York-town,  before  count  de 
Orasse  had  reached  the  American  coast  This 
was  effected  in  the  following  manner.  Monsr. 
de  Barras,  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
French  sauadron  at  Newport,  arrived  at  Bos- 
ton with  aespatehes  for  count  de  Rochambeau. 
An  interview  soon  after  took  place  at  Wethers- 
field,  between  general  Washington,  Knox, 
du  Portail,  on  the  part  of  the  Americans, 
and  count  do  Roohamdeau  and  the  chevalier 
Chastolleux,  on  the  part  of  the  French.  At 
this  interview,  an  eventoal  plan  of  the  whole 
campaign  was  fixed.  Thia  was  to  lay  siege 
to  New- York  in  concert  with  a  French  fieet, 
wdich  was  to  arrive  on  the  coast  in  the  month 
of  August  It  was  agreed  that  the  French 
troops  should  march  towards  the  North-river. 
Letters  were  addressed  by  general  Washing- 
ton to  the  executive  officers  of  New-Ham])- 
shire,  Massachusette,  Connecticut  and  New- 
Jersey,  requiring  them  to  fill  up  their  battalions, 
and  to  have  their  quotas,  6200  militia,  in  readi- 
ness, within  a  weelc  of  the  time  they  might  be 
called  for.  Conformably  to  these  outlines  of 
the  campaign,  the  French  troops  marched 
fVom  Rhode-Island  in  June,  and  early  in  the 
following  month  joined  the  American  army. 
About  the  time  this  junction  took  place,  general 
Washington  mareiied  his  army  from  their 
v/inter  encampment  near  Peeks-kill,  to  the 
vicinity  of  Kinnbridse.  General  Lincoln 
fell  down  the  ^rth-nver  with  a  detachment 
in  boats,  and  took  possession  of  the  ground 
where  fort  Independence  formerly  stood.  An 
attack  was  made  upon  him,  but  was  soon  dis- 
continued. The  British  about  this  time,  re- 
tired with  almost  the  whole  of  their  force  to 
York-Island.-  General  Washington  Imped  to 
be  able  to  commence  operations  against  New- 
York,  about  the  middle,  or  at  farthest  the  lat- 
ter end  of  July.  Flat  bottomed  boats  suffi- 
cient to  transport  5000  mep  a'ere  built  near 
Albany,  and  Ijrouu^ht  down  Hudson's  river  to 
the  neighbourhood  of  the  American  army  be- 
fore New- York.  Ovens  were  erected  opposite 
to  Staten  Island,  for  the  use  of  the  French 
troops.    Every  movement  waa  mado  whieh 


if  and 


wu  introchifltory  to  tka  WMnnaneeniaBt  oi  !■■ 
aiege.  It  wu  not  a  little  mortifying  to  general 
Washington,  to  find  himself  on  the  second  ot 
August  to  be  only  a  few  hundreds  stronger 
than  he  was  on  the  day  his  army  first  moved 
from  their  winter  quarters.  To  have  fixed 
on  a  plan  of  operations,  with  a  foreign  officer 
at  the  head  of^  a  respectable  force  :  to  have 
brought  that  (prce  IVom  a  considerable  distance, 
in  confident  expectation  of  reinforcements  suffi- 
eiently  hirge  to  eommenee  effective  operations 
agunst  the  oommon  enemy,  and  at  the  same 
time  tohave  engagemenuin  behalf  of  the  states 
violated  in  direct  oppocition  to  their  own  in- 
terest, and  in  a  manner  derogatory  to  his  per- 
sonalhonour,  was  enough  tohaveexoited  storms 
and  tempests,  in  any  mind  less  calm  than  thai 
of  general  Washington.  He  bore  this  hard 
trial  with  his  usual  magnanimity,  and  co'ntiint- 
ed  himself  with  repeating  his  requisitions  to 
the  stales,  and  at  the  same  time  urged  them  by 
every  tie,  to  enable  him  to  fulfil  engagementa 
entered  into  on  their  account,  with  the  com- 
mander of  the  French  troops. 

That  tardiness  of  the  states,  which  at  othet 
times  had  brought  them  near  the  brink  of  ruin, 
was  now  the  accidental  cause  of  real  service. 
Had  they  sent  forward  tlieir  recruits  for  the 
regular  army,  and  their  nuuias  of  militia  as  was 
expected,  the  sieee  of  New- York  would  have 
commenced,  in  the  latter  end  of  July,  or  early 
in  Aujgust  While  the  season  was  wasting 
away  in  expectation  of  these  reinforcements, 
lord  Comwallis,  as  has  been  mentioned,  fixeti 
himself  near  the  capes  of  Virffinin.  His  sitiia 
tion  there,  the  arrival  of  a  reinforcement  of  3000 
Germans  from  Europe  to  New-York,  the  su- 
perior strength  of  that  garrison,  the  failure  ol 
the  states  in  filling  up  their  battalions  and  em- 
bodying dieir  militia,  and  especially  recent  in- 
telligence from  count  de  Grasse,  that  his  de- 
stination was  fixed  to  the  Chesapeake,  concurred 
about  the  middle  of  August,  to  make  a  totai 
change  of  the  plan  of  the  campaign. 

The  appearance  of  an  intention  to  attack 
New- York  was  nevertheless  kept  up.  While 
this  deception  was  played  oflT,  the  allied  army 
crossed  ttie  North-nver,  and  passed  c.r  by  the 
way  of  Philadelphia,  through  the  inten.ediau 
country  to  York-town.  An  attempt  to  rtduce 
the  British  force  in  Virginia  promised  success 
with  more  expedition,  and  to  secure  an  object 
<if  nearly  equal  importance  as  the  reduction  of 
New- York.  No  one  can  undertake  to  sny 
what  would  have  been  the  consequence,  if  the 
allied  forces  had  persevered  in  their  original 
plan  ;  but  it  is  evident  from  the  event,  that  no 
success  could  have  been  greater,  or  more  con- 
ducive to  the  establishment  of  their  schemes, 
than  what  resulted  from  their  operations  in  Vir- 
ginia. 

While  the  attack  of  New- York  was  in  seri- 
ous contemplation,  a  letter  from  general  Wash- 
ington, detailing  the  particulars  of  the  intended 
operations  of  the  campaign,  being  intcrceptP(^ 
fell  into  the  hands  of  Sir  Henry  Clinton. 
After  the  plan  was  chanfffd,  the  royal  com- 
mander was  w  much  under  the  impression  of 
the,  intelligence  contained  in  the  intercepted 
letter,  tliat  no  believed  every  movement  towards 
Virginia  to  be  a  feint,  calculated  to  draw  nfl 
his  attention  from  the  defence  of  N»w-York. 
Under  the  influence  of  this  opinion  he  bent  hi* 
whole  force  to  strengthen  that  post,  and  suffered 
the  French  and  American  armies  to  pass  hin 
without  any  moleatation.    When  tha  beat  op 


UNITED  STATES. 


IDMBtnt  of  tiM 

iiytng  to  fpiwroi 
in  tho  tecontl  ol 
mdred*  itrongnr 
my  first  movod 

To  kavo  fixud 
K  foreign  officer 

force !  to  hiivo 
ilerablo  dittanco, 
nforccnienittuffi- 
Mtive  oporationi 
Mid  kttko  wma 
ahalf  of  the  ttntet 
to  their  own  in- 
;«tory  to  hit  per* 
ive  excited  itormi 
>M  calm  than  thai 

0  bore  thit  liard 
iiity,  and  contont* 
it  re(]ui»itiont  to 
■e  urged  thrm  ky 
ilfil  engagement* 
,  with  the  con* 

>i,  which  at  othet 
the  brink  of  ruin, 
e  of  real  icrviee. 
ir  recruit!  for  the 
II  of  militia  at  wa* 
Vork  would  have 

1  of  July,  or  early 
son  was  wasting 
le  reinfercrmcnts, 

mentioiird,  fixpd 
rginia.  His  situn 
itorcemcntofSOOO 
>Iew-York,  thesu- 
ison,  the  failure  ol 
l>attalion*  and  vm- 
jiecially  recent  in* 
rasse,  that  his  de* 
apeako,  eoneu  rred 
to  make*  totai 
npaign. 

itention  to  attack 

kept  up.     While 

IT,  tJie  allied  army 

passed  c.T  by  the 

I  the  interr.ediato 

attempt  to  reduce 

promised  success 

secure  an  object 

the  reduction  of 

undertake  to  sny 

onsequence,  if  the 

in  their  original 

the  event,  that  no 

ater,  or  more  con- 

if  their  schemes, 

operations  in  Vir- 

York  was  in  scri> 
)m  general  Wash- 
irs  of  the  intended 
being  intcrceptet', 

Henry  Clinton. 
_.  the  royal  com- 
the  impression  of 
in  the  intercepted 
(lovement  towards 
tted  to  draw  oil 
JO  of  N«w-York. 
pinion  lie  bent  his 

post,  and  suft'ered 
rmies  to  pass  bin 
Vhen  the  beat  op 


Bortttnity  of  striking  at  them  was  elapsed,  then  i 
wr  lh«  first  time  he  was  brought  to  believe  | 
that  the  allies  had  fixed  on  Virginia,  for  tha 
theatre  of  tlieir  combined  operations.  A  r  truth 
may  be  made  to  answer  the  pvrpuiios  ofdooep- 
lion,  so  no  feint  of  attacking  Now- York,  could 
have  been  more  successful  than  the  real  inten- 
tion. 

In  the  latter  end  of  August,  the  American 
army  began  their  march  to  Virginia,  from  the 
neighbourhoodof  New- York.  Qoneral  Wash- 
ington hod  advanced  as  far  as  Chester,  before 
he  received  the  news  of  the  arrival  of  the  fleet, 
eommanded  by  monsieur  de  Graaso.  Tho 
French  troopa  marched  at  the  same  time,  and 
for  the  tame  place.  In  the  course  of  this  sum- 
mer they  patted  through  all  the  extenaive  te^ 
tlementt  which  lie  between  Newport  and  York- 
Town.  It  seldom,  if  ever  happened  before, 
diat  an  army  led  through  a  foreign  country,  at 
to  great  a  distance  from  their  own,  among  a 
people  of  different  principles,  customs,  lan- 
guage, and  reliffion,  behaved  with  so  much  re- 
gularity. In  their  mareh  to  York-Town  they 
had  passed  through  tM)0  miles  of  a  country 
abounding  in  iWiit,  and  at  a  time  when  the 
most  delicious  productions  of  nature,  growing 
on  and  near  the  public  highways,  presented 
lioth  opportunity  and  'emptation  to  grati^ 
their  appetites.  Yet  so  complete  was  their 
discipline,  that  in  this  Ions  march,  scarcoan 
instance  could  be  produced  of  a  peach  or  an 
apple  being  taken,  without  the  consent  of  tho 
inhabitants.  General  Washington  and  count 
f!«cbarobeau  reached  Williamsburg  on  tho  14th 
ofS<)ptember.  TheywithgeneraloChastelleux, 
dii  tortail,  and  Knox  proceeded  tJ  ^.al*.  count 
de  Orosse  r>n  board  his  ship  the  VCa  ii  Paris, 
and  agreed  on  a  plan  of  operations. 

The  countoftorwards  wrote  to  Washington, 
that  in  ease  a  Critish  fleet  appeared,  "  he  con- 
ceived that  he  ought  to  go  out  and  meet  them 
at  sea,  instead  of  ntiking  an  engagement  in  a 
cnnfinod  situation."  This  alarmed  the  general. 
He  sent  tho  martiuis  di  i  la  Fayette,  with  a  letter 
to  dissuade  him  from  vhe  dangerous  measure. 
This  letter  and  the  pcnuasions  of  the  marquis 
had  tho  desired  ttF^ot. 

The  combined  forces  proceeded  on  their  way 
to  York-Town,  partly  by  land,  and  partly 
down  the  Chesapeake.  The  whole,  together 
with  a  body  ofVirtrinia  militia,  under  tho  com- 
mand of  general  Nelson,  amounting  in  the 
aggregate  to  13,000  men,rondezvoused  at  Wil- 
liamsburg on  the  26th  of  September,  and  in 
five  days  after,  moved  down  to  the  investiture  of 
York- Town.  The  French  fleet  at  tho  same  time 
moved  to  the  mouth  of  York-river,  and  took 
a  position  which  was  calculated  to  prevent  lord 
Cornwallis,  either  from  retreating,  or  receiving 
succour  by  water.  Previously  to  the  march 
from  Williamsburg  to  York-Town,  Washineton 
gavo  out  in  general  orders  as  follows ;  "  If  tho 
enemy  should  bo  tempted  to  meet  the  army  on 
its  march,  the  general  particularly  enjoins  the 
troops  to  place  their  pnncipal  reliance  on  the 
bayonet,  tnat  they  may  prove  the  vanity  of  tho 
boost,  which  the  iBritish  make  of  their  peculiar 
prowess,  indeoidingbattleswith  that  weapon." 

The  combined  anny  halted  in  the  eveninf , 
aoc-it  ♦.wo  miles  from  York-Town,  and  lav  on 
their  arms  all  niffht.  On  the  next  day  colonel 
Scammell,  an  omcer  of  uncommon  merit,  and 
of  tho  most  amiable  manners,  in  approaching 
the  outer  works  of  the  British,  was  mortally 
woundod  tod  ttkon  prisoner.  About  thit  time 
32 


earl  Cornwallit  received  a  letter  from  lir  Hen- 
ry Clinton,  announcing  the  arrival  of  admiral 
Diffby,  with  three  thipt  of  the  line  from  Europe, 
ana  tne  determination  of  tho  general  and  flag 
officer!  in  New- York  to  embark  6000  men  in 
a  fleet,  which  would  probably  sail  on  tho  6th 
of  Ootobei^^that  this  fleet  consisted  of  23  sail 
of  the  line,  and  that  joint  exertions  of  the  navy 
and  army  would  bo  made  for  his  relief.  On 
tho  night  after  tho  receipt  of  this  intelligence, 
earl  C^>mwallis  quitted  nis  outward  position, 
and  retired  to  one  more  inward. 

The  works  erected  for  the  security  of  York- 
Town  on  the  right,  were  redoubts  and  bat- 
teriet,  with  a  line  of  atoekade  in  th?  rear,  A 
marihy  ravine  lay  in  front  of  the  right,  over 
which  wat  placed  a  large  redouot  The 
moraat  extenaed  along  the  centre,  which  wu 
defended  by  a  line  of  ttookade,  and  by  batteriet. 
On  the  left  of  the  centre  wat  a  homwork  with 
a  ditch,  a  row  of  freize  and  an  abbatis.  Two 
redoubts  were  advanced  before  the  left.  The 
combined  forces  advanced  and  took  possession 
of  tho  ground  from  which  tho  British  had  ro' 
tired.  About  this  time  the  legion  cavalry  and 
mounted  infantry ,  passed  over  tho  river  to 
Gloucester.  General  do  Choisy  invested  the 
British  post  on  that  side  so  fully,  as  to  cut  ofl* 
all  communications  between  it  anJ  the  country. 
In  the  mean  time  the  royal  army  was  straining 
every  nervo  to  strengthen  their  works,  and 
their  artillery  was  constantly  employed  in  im' 
peding  thn  operations  of  the  combined  army. 

On  tho  9th  and  10th  of  October,  tho  French 
and  Americans  opened  their  batteries.  They 
kept  up  a  brisk  and  well  directed  fire  from 
heavy  cannon,  from  mortars  and  howitzers. — 
The  shells  of  the  besiegers  reached  tho  ships  in 
the  harbor ;  tho  Charon  of  44  g^ns,  and  a 
transport  ship,  were  burned.  On  the  10th,  a 
meaienger  arrived  with  a  despatch  from  Sir 
Henry  Clinton  to  earl  Cornwallis,  dated  on  the 
30th  of  September,  which  stated  various  cir 


doubt  in  a  few  minutM,  with  the  loaa  of  8 
killed  and  28  wounded.  Lieutenant  colonal 
Laurens  personally  took  the  commaijdiujg 
officer  prisoner.  His  humanity  and  that  of  hia 
associates,  so  overcame  their  resentments,  that 
they  spared  the  British,  though  they  wer« 
chorffcd  v/hen  they  went  to  the  assault,  to  i» 
mcniber  New-London  (the  recent  massacres  at 
which  placo  shall  bo  hereafter  related)  and  to 
retaliate  by  putting  tho  men  in  the  redoubt  to 
the  sword.  Being  asked  why  they  had  diso- 
beyed orders  by  bringing  them  ofl*  as  prisoners^ 
they  answereu,  "We  could  not  put  them  to 
death,  when  they  begged  for  Uieir  lives." 
About  five  of  the  British  were  killed,  and  the 
rest  were  captured.  Colonel  Hamilton,  who 
conducted  the  enterpriie,  in  his  report  to  tha 
marquis  de  la  Fayette,  mentioned  to  the  honour 
of  his  detachment,  "that  incapable  of  imitating 
examples  of  barbarity,  and  forgetting  recent 
provocations,  they  spared  every  man  who  ceased 
to  resist." 

The  French  were  eoually  succeuful  on  their 
part.  They  carried  the  redoubt  assigned  to 
them  with  rapidity,  but  lost  a  considerable 
number  of  men.  These  two  redoubts  were 
included  in  the  second  parallel,  and  facilitated 
tho  subsequent  operations  of  tlie  besiegers.— 
The  British  could  not  with  propriety  risk  te> 
]>eated  sallies.  One  wat  projected  at  thii 
time,  contisting  of  400  men,  commanded  by 
lieutenant  colonel  Abercrombie.  He  procee- 
ded so  far  as  to  force  two  redoubts,  and  to  spike 
eleven  pieces  of  cannon.  Though  the  officers' 
and  soldiers  displayed  great  bravery  in  thit 
enterprize,  yet  their  success  produced  no  ct" 
sential  advantage.  The  cannon  were  soon  un- 
spiked  and  rendered  fit  for  service. 

By  this  time  the  batteries  of  the  besiegeri 
were  covered  with  nearly  a  hundred  pieces  of 
heavy  ordnance,  and  the  works  of  the  besieged 
were  to  damaged,  that  they  could  scarcely 
show  a  single  gun.    Lord  Cornwallis  had  now 


cumatances  tending  to  lessen  the  probability  of  no  hope  left  but  from  offering  terms  of  capitU' 


relief  being  ot)tainod,  by  a  direct  movement 
from  New- York.  Earl  Cornwallis  was  at 
this  juncture  advised  to  evacuate  York-town, 
and  after  passing  over  to  Gloucester,  to  force 
his  way  into  the  country.  Whether  thit  move- 
ment would  have  been  tucoessful,  no  one  can 
with  certainty  pronounce,  but  it  could  not  have 
produced  any  consequences  more  injurious  to 
tho  royal  interest,  than  those  which  resulted 
from  decliningthe  attempt.  On  the  other  hand, 
hod  this  movement  been  made,  and  the  royal 
army  been  defeated  or  captured  in  the  interior 
country,  and  in  the  mean  time  had  Sir  Henry 
Clinton  with  the  promised  relief,  reached  York- 
Town,  the  precipitancy  of  the  noble  earl  would 
have  been  perhaps  more  the  subject  of  censure, 
than  his  resolution  of  standing  his  ground  and 
resisting  to  tho  last  extremity.  From  this  un- 
certain ground  of  conjectures,  I  proceed  to 
relate  real  events. 

The  besiegers  commenced  their  second 
parallel  200  yards  from  the  works  of  the 
oesieged.  Two  redoubts  which  were  advan- 
ced on  the  left  of  tho  British,  greatly  impeded 
tho  progress  of  the  combined  armies.  It  was 
therefore  proposed  to  carry  them  by  storm. — 
To  excite  a  spirit  of  emulation,  the  reduction 
of  the  one  was  committed  to  the  French,  of 
the  other  to  the  Americans.  The  assailants 
marched  to  the  assault  with  unloaded  arms ; 
having  passed  the  abbatis  and  palisades, 
they  attacked  on  all  sides,  and  carried  the  re- 


lationor  attemptingan  escape.  Hedetemiined 
on  the  lattec  This,  though  less  practicablo 
than  when  first  proposed,  was  not  altogethor 
hopeless.  Boats  were  prepared  to  receive  tho 
troops  in  tho  night,  and  to  transport  them  to 
Oloueester-Point.  After  one  whole  embarka- 
tion had  crossed,  a  violent  storm  of  wind  and 
rain  dispersed  the  boats,  employed  on  this 
business,  and  frustrated  the  whole  scheme.  The 
royal  army,  thus  weakened  by  division  wat 
exposed  to  increased  danger. 

Orders  were  sent  to  those  who  had  passed, 
to  recross  the  river  to  York-Town.  With 
the  failure  of  this  scheme  the  last  hope  of  the 
Britsh  army  expired.  Longer  resistance  could 
answer  no  good  purpose,  and  might  occasion 
the  loss  of  many  valuable  lives.  Lord  Corn- 
wallis therefore  wrote  a  letter  to  general 
Washington,  requesting  a  cessation  of  arms  for 
24  hours,  and  that  commissioners  might  be 
appointed  to  digest  terms  of  capitulation.  It 
is  remarkable  while  lieutenant  colonel  Laurens, 
the  officer  employed  by  general  Washington 
on  this  occasion,  was  drawing  up  these  articles, 
that  his  father  was  closely  confined  in  the 
tower  of  London,  of  which  earl  Cornwallis  waa 
constable.  By  this  singular  combination  of 
cirenmstances,  his  lordship  became  a  prisoner 
to  the  son  of  his  own  prisoner. 

The  posts  of  York  and  Gloucester  were 
surrendered  by  a  capitulation,  the  principal 
articles  of  whicn  were  asfollows :    Tho  troopa 


HISTORY  or  TRB 


./ 


t»  bspriioiMrs  ofwartoOonimM,  •nd  the 
Mval  rera*  to  Frane*.  The  officen  to  retain 
iheir  tide  tmu  end  privMe  property  of  uvury 
kind  t  imt  all  pronertv,  obvinufly  Imlnnging  to 
OieinhalMtanU  of  the  United  Statea,  to  h  i  iiihjfci 
to  be  roolaimed.  The  aoldier*  to  be  kept  in 
Virginia,  Maryland  and  Pennaylvnnia,  and  to  hii 
aupplied  with  the  tame  rationi,  at  are  allnwud 
to  toMiera  in  the  aerviee  uf  Congresi.  A  prn- 
portkm  oftheofficara  tomareh  into  the  country 
with  the  priaonera  i  the  reit  to  be  allowed  to 
proceed  on  parole  to  Europe,  to  New- York, 
or  to  any  other  American  maritime  pnii 
in  poaieaaion  of  the  British.  The  honour  of 
marchinv  out  with  colours  flying,  whivh  had 
been  reiused  to  gen.  Lincoln  on  his  giving  un 
Charlealon,  was  now  roftisod  to  oarl  Cornwal- 
is  t  and  general  Lincoln  was  appointed  to  re- 
eeive  the  submission  of  the  royal  army  at 
York-Town  precisely  in  the  same  way  his  own 
had  been  conductedf,  about  18  months  bcfon*. 

Lord  Gorrwallis  endeavoured  to  obtain 
permission  for  the  Briliiih  and  German  troops  to 
return  to  ibeir  respective  countries,  undi^r  no 
sther  restrictions  than  sn  engagement  not  to 
serve  against  France  or  America.  Ho  also 
tried  to  obtain  an  indemnity  for  those  of  the  in- 
habitanu  who  had  joined  him  |  but  ho  was 
obliged  to  recede  from  the  former,  and  also  to 
aonsep<  that  the  loyalists  in  his  cnmp  should 
be  g"  /en  up,  totho  unconditional  mercy  of  their 
eor.itrymen.  His  lordship  nevertheless  ob- 
^•.ned  permission  for  the  lionetta  sloop  of  war 
.opass  unexamined  to  New- York,  lliis  gave 
an  opportunity  of  screening  such  of  thorn,  as 
were  most  obnoxious  to  tho  Americans. 

The  rosiilar  troops,  of  Franco  and  America, 
employed  in  this  siege,  consisted  of  oljout  7000 
of  the  former,  and  SSOO  of  tho  Inttor  ;  and  they 
were  assisted  by  about  4000  militiii.  On  tho  part 
of  the  combined  army  abotit  300  wcro  killed  or 
wounded.  On  the  part  of  the  British  olmut 
fiOO ;  aodTO  were  taken  in  the  redoubts,  which 
were  carried  by  assault  on  the  14th  of  Octo- 
ber. The  troops  of  every  kind  that  surren- 
dered prisoners  of  war  exceeded  7000  men, 
but  so  great  was  tho  number  of  sick  and 
woiinded,  that  there  wero  only  3800  capable 
'.f  bearing  arms.  The  French  and  Amnricon 
eBgioeers  and  artillery,  merited  and  received 
tha  highest  applause.  Brigadiers  gonornl  du 
Pertwland  ICnox  wore  botli  promoted  to  tho 
rank  of  m^or  generals,  on  account  of  their  me- 
ritorious services.  Lieutenant  colonel  Gouvion 
and  captain  Rochefontaine  of  the  corps  of  en- 
gineers, respectively  received  brevets,  tho  for- 
mer to  the  rank  of  a  colonel,  and  tho  latter  to 
the  rank  of  a  major. 

Congress  honoured  general  Washington, 
count  do  Rochambeau,  count  do  Grasso  and 
the  officers  of  tho  different  corps,  and  the  men 
under  thorn,  with  thanks  for  their  services  in  t)ie 
reduction  of  lord  Comwallis,  Tho  wholo  pro- 
ject was  conceived  with  profound  wisdom,  and 
the  incidents  of  it  had  been  combined  with  sin- 
gular propriety.  It  is  not  therefore  wonderful, 
that  fro.i)  the  remarkable  coincidencn  in  all  its 
parts,  it  was  crowned  with  unvaried  success. 

A  British  fleet  and  an  army  of  7000  men, 
destined  for  the  relief  of  lord  Cornwallis,  arri- 
ved olTthe  Chesapeake  on  the  84th  of  Octo- 
ber ;  but  on  receiving  advice  of  his  lordship's 
lurrender,  they  returned  to  Sandy-hook  and 
New- York.  Such  was  tho  fate  of  that  general 
from  whose  gallantry  and  previous  siiccesKcs 
iha  ipeedy  conciueit  of  the  louthcrn  states  luul 


been  so  confidently  expected. .  No  event  du- 
ring the  war  bid  mirer  for  oversetting  the  in- 
dt'pemliiiice  ofnt  least  a  part  of  lliocoiifedura- 
oy,  than  his  complete  victory  at  Cnmden  ;  hut 
by  tho  conirtjiienros  of  thiit  action,  his  lordnhip 
liccanie  tlio  occasion  of  retulering  that  a  revo- 
lution, which  from  his  previous  success  was  in 
danger  of  terminating  in  a  reliollion.  The 
loss  of  his  armv  may  be  considered  as  the 
closing  sceno  ot  tho  continental  war  in  North 
Amerfea. 

The  troops  under  tho  command  of  lord 
Comwallis  had  spread  waste  and  ruin  over  the 
face  of  all  the  country  for  four  hundred  miles 
on  tho  sea  coast,  and  for  two  hundred  miles  to 
the  westward.  Their  marches  from  Charleston 
to  Camden,  from  Camden  to  the  river  Dan, 
from  tho  Dan  through  North-Carolina  to 
Wilmington,  from  Wilmington  to  Petersburg, 
and  from  Petersburg  through  many  parts  of 
Virginia,  till  they  finally  sottled  in  York-Town, 
made  a  route  of  more  than  eleven  hundred 
miles.  Every  place  through  which  they  pus- 
sed  in  these  various  marches,  experienced  llic 
effects  of  their  rapacity.  Their  numbers 
enabled  them  to  go  withersoever  they  pleased, 
their  rage  for  plunder  disposed  them  to  take 
whatever  they  nad  tho  means  of  removing,  niid 
their  animosity  to  tho  Americans  lei  tlicm  of\en 
to  the  wanton  destruction  of  whnt  thoy  could 
neither  use  nor  carry  off.  By  their  means 
thousands  had  been  involved  in  distress. 

The  reduction  of  such  an  army  occasioned 
unusual  transports  of  joy,  in  tho  breasts  of  the 
wholo  lx)dy  of  tho  people.  Well  authenticated 
testimony  asserts  that  tno  nervrs  of  some  were 
so  agitated, as  to  produce  convulsions,  and  that 
nt  least  one  man  expired  under  tho  tide  of  plea- 
iiire  which  flowed  in  upon  him,  when  informed 
of  his  lordship's  surrender.*  Tho  jieoplc 
throughout  the  United  States  displayed  a  social 
tri;]mph  and  exultation,  which  no  private  pros- 
perity is  ever  able  fully  to  inspire.  General 
Washington,  on  tho  day  af\er  tho  surrender, 
ordered  "that  those  who  were  under  arrest 
should  be  pardoned  and  sot  at  liberty."  His 
orders  closed  as  follow*.  "  divino  service  shall 
bo  performed  to-morrow  in  tho  different  brig- 
ades and  divisions.  Tho  commander  in  chief 
recommends,  that  all  the  troops  that  are  not 
upon  duty  do  assist  ot  it  with  a  serious  deport- 
ment, and  that  sensibility  of  heart,  which  the 
recollection  of  the  surprizing  and  particular  in- 
terposition of  providenco  in  our  fitvour  claims." 
Congress,  on  receiving  tho  official  account  of 
tho  great  events  which  had  taken  place  at 
Yorktown,  resolved  to  go  in  procession  to 
church  and  return  public  thanks  to  Almia:hty 
God  for  tho  advantages  they  hod  gained.  Th<<y 
also  issued  a  proclamation  for  "religiously  obser- 
vingthrough  tho  nniled  States, the  13th  of  I)e- 
coml)er  as  a  day  of  thanksgiving  iind  prayer. ' 
Tho  singularly  interesting  event  of  captivating 
a  second  royof  army,  produced  strong  emotions 
which  broke  out  in  all  tho  voriety  of  ways 
with  which  tho  most  rapturous  joy  usually  dis- 
plays itself. 

While  tho  combined,  armies  were  advancing 
to  tho  siogo  of  Yorktown,  nn  cxciirsion  was 
made  from  Now- York,  which  was  attended 
with  no  small  loss  to  tho  Americans.  General 


•  Tlin  (IiKir  knppfr  of  Coni?n!i'»,  nn  npoil  ninn,  dioil 
HiiiM^nly,  innnPfliHtely  nftfr  lipnriiiit  nf  tlin  rnptiirti  of 
lunl  Cnriiwallin'  iiriuy'.  'I'liin  ilcnili  wnn  iiniverwlly  as- 
crUicit  lu  a  vioicut  uiiiutibn  or  jiulitical  Juy 


Arnold,  who  had  lately  rotumed  iVom  Virginia 
was  appointfd  to  conduct  an  expedition,  the 
objector  which  was  tho  town  of  Now-Londoi 

his  native  country.  Tho  trofips  employed 
therein  wero  landed  in  twodetachmcnts  on  i-och 
side  of  theharlN)ur,  The  one  wos  commanded 
by  lieiiteniint  colonel  Eyer  ond  the  other  by 
general  Arnold.  The  loiter  met  with  little  o|>- 
position.  Fort  Trumbull  and  a  redoubt  which 
was  intended  to  cover  the  harbour,  not  being 
tenable  wore  evacuatod,and  the  men  crossed  the 
river  to  Fort  Griswold  onGroton  hill.  This  wa« 
furiously  attacked  bv  lieutenant  colonel  Eyert 
the  garrison  defenifod  themselves  with  gn^at 
rosoiiition,  but  ai\or  a  severe  conflict  of  forty 
n-.iniites,  the  fort  was  carriiidbv  the  assailants. 
Th'j  Americans  had  not  more  than  six  or  seven 
men  killed  when  tho  British  carried  their  lines, 
but  a  severe  execution  took  place  afterwards, 
though  resistance  had  ceased.  An  officer  of  the 
conquering  troops  imiuired  on  his  entering  the 
fort,  who  commanded.  Colonel  Ledyard  an- 
swerct),  I  did,  but  vou  do  now,"  and  presimted 
him  his  sword.  The  colonel  was  immediately 
run  through  the  body  and  killed.  Between  30 
and  40  were  wounded,  and  about  40  were 
carried  off  prisoners.  On  tho  side  of  the  British 
48  were  killed  and  140  wounded  :  Among  tho 
latter  was  niiyor  Montgomery,  and  among  the 
former  was  colonel  Eyer.  About  10  vessels 
loaded  with  the  effects  of  tho  inhabitants,  re- 
treated up  the  river,  and  four  others  remained 
in  tho  Imrliour  unhurt,  but  all  excepting  these 
wore  burned  by  tho  communication  of  fire  from 
tho  burning  stores.  Sixty  dwelling  housesand 
84  stores  were  reduced  to  ashes. 

Tho  loss  which  the  Americans  sustained  oy 
tho  destruction  of  naval  stores,  of  provision! 
and  merchandize,  was  immense.  General  Ar 
nold,  having  completed  tho  object  of  the  expe- 
dition, returned  in  eight  days  to  New-York. 
Tho  Americans  lost  many  valuable  men,  and 
much  uf  their  possessions,  by  this  incursion, 
Imt  the  cause  for  which  they  contonded  wasiin- 
injiirod.  Expeditions  which  seemed  to  have  no 
higher  oliject  than  the  destruction  of  jirojierly, 
alienated  their  affections  still  farther  from  Brit- 
ish government.  They  were  not  so  extensive  us 
to  answer  the  ends  of  conquest,  and  the  mo- 
mentary impression  resulting  from  them,  pro- 
duced no  lasting  intimidation.  On  the  other 
hand,  they  excited  a  spirit  of  revenge  against 
the  authors  of  such  accurnulated  distresses. 

The  year  1781  terminated,  in  all  parts  ol 
the  United  States,  in  favour  of  the  Amer'cnns. 
It  begon  wl:  'cnKness  in  South-Carolina, 
mutiny  in  New-Jersey,  and  devastations  in 
Virginia  ;  nevertheless  in  its  close,  the  British 
I  were  confined  to  their  stnmg  holds  in  or  near 
New-York,  Charleston,  and  Savannah,  una 
their  whole  army  in  Virginia  wos  captured. 
They  in  course  of  the  vear  had  aojuireu  much 
plunder  by  which  individuals  wcro  enriched, 
Imt  their  nation  was  in  no  respect  licncfitt(>d 
The  whole  campaign  passed  away  on  thoir  part 
without  one  valiia)>le  con<|Ucst,  or  the  acijulHi- 
tion  of  ajiy  post  or  |ilacc,from  whichh!(>'hcr  nur 
poses  wero  answered,  thon  destroying  purilio 
stores  or  distressing  individuals,  and  enriching 
tho  officers  and  privates  of  thoir  army  and  navy 
Tho  important  services  rendered  by  France  to 
tho  Americans,  cemented  the  union  of  tho  two 
nations  with  additional  ties.  Tho  orderly  inof- 
fensive behaviour  of  tho  French  troops  in  tho 
United-States,  contrasted  with  the  havoc  ot 
property  made  by  tho  Bri'Jsh  io  tluiL  narchiM 


VNITID  8TATS8. 


If  luitainpil  (ly 
of  proviiioiii 
,  Guiioral  Ar 
et  of  the  oxpc- 
lo  New-York, 
aljle  men,  niij 
is  incuniicn, 
loiulcd  wnniin- 
nnd  to  hnvR  no 


•atunioiM,  WM  tilflDtly  iitrninff  tho  our 
I  of  popuUr  aiteem  in  favour  of  liio  former, 
Htd  working  •  revolution  in  tho  niinji  of  tho 
inhabitants,  great! v  coiuluoiva  to  tliu  citahliih- 
n«nt  of  that  which  had  taken  place  in  the  go- 
varnment  The  prnperty  of  the  iiilmbitanM 
of  Rhoda-Ialand,  rMMived  no  iluinn^o  of  unv 
•oeount  fW>m  th*  French  troopft,  iluriri);  their 
•lavon  month*  raaidence  ainnti^'  iliciii.  The 
toldiera  wara  ntkar  a  guard  tlnm  u  nuidunco  i 
Tha  oitiiaM  mat  with  no  inttMriiiitinn  when 
proaaculing  thair  lawful  buaiiiL-M,  oidior  by 
night  or  day,  and  were  treated  with  avary 
mark  of  aMontion  and  retpaet. 
Whila  tha  progma  of  tho  Britlah  array,  in 
arch  of  I""     "     "       ~     " 


a  eirvuitoua  march  of  1100  milei  iVom  Oharlaa- 
ton  to  Yorktown,  waa  marked  vrith  rapine  and 
desolation  |  the  march  of  the  French  troops 
irom  Rhoda-Island  to  the  same  place,  a  dis> 
lance  nearly  equal  in  a  right  line,  was  produc- 
tive of  no  moonvenience  to  the  intermediate 
inhabitants.  They  were  welcome  suests 
wherever  they  came,  for  they  took  nothingr  by 
fraud  or  force,  but  punctually  paid  for  all  tnoy 
wanted  with  hard  money.  In  a  contest  where 
the  good  will  of  the  people  had  so  powerful 
an  influence  on  its  final  issue,  such  opposite 
modes  of  conduct  could  not  foil  of  producing 
their  natural  effects.  The  moduration  and 
justice  of  the  French,  met  with  its  reward  in 
tho  general  good  will  of  the  people,  but  the 
violence  and  rapine  of  the  British  contributed, 
among  other  tnings,  to  work  the  final  over- 
throw of  all  their  schemes  in  Amorica. 

On  the  last  day  of  this  year.  Doc.  31,  17S1, 
Henry  Laurens  was  released  from  bis  long  con- 
finement in  the  tower  of  London.  He  had 
been,  committed  there,  as  already  related,  on 
the  6th  of  October  1780,  "  On  suspicion  of 
ligh  treason,"  after  being  examiiitid  in  the  pre- 
sence of  lord  Stormont,  lord  Qeorge  Oer- 
maine,  lord  Hillsborough,  Mr.  Chamberlain, 
Mr.  Justice  Addington,  and  others.  The  com- 
mitment was  accompanied  with  a  warrant  to 
tho  lieutenant  of  the  tower  to  receive  and  con- 
fine hira.  Their  lordships  orders  were  "  To 
confine  him  a  close  prisoner ;  to  be  locked  up 
every  night ;  to  be  in  tho  custody  of  two 
warders ;  not  to  suffer  him  to  be  out  of  their 
sight  one  moment,  day  nor  night ;  to  allow  him 
no  liberty  of  speaking  to  any  person,  nor  to 
permit  any  person  to  speak  to  him ;  to  deprive 
nira  of  the  use  of  tho  pen  and  ink ;  to  suflTer 
no  letter  to  be  brought  to  him,  nor  any  to  go 
firom  him."  Mr.  Laurens  was  then  fifty-five 
year*  old,  and  severely  afflicted  with  the  gout 
and  other  infirmities.  In  this  situation  be  was 
conducted  to  apartments  in  the  tower,  and  waa 
shut  up  in  two  small  rooms  which  together 
made  about  twenty  feet  square,  with  a  warder 
for  his  constant  companion,  and  a  fixed  bay- 
onerc  under  his  window,  without  any  friend  to 
converse  with,  and  without  any  prospect  or 
even  the  means  of  correspondence.  Being 
debarred  tho  use  of  pen  ana  ink,  he  procured 
pencil*,  tchich  proved  a  useful  subtlilute.  After 
a  month's  confinement,  he  w&s  permitted  to 
walk  out  on  limited  ground,  but  a  warder  with 
a  sword  in  his  hand  followed  closo  behind. 
This  indulgence  was  occasionally  taken  for 
about  three  weeks,  when  lord  George  Gordon, 
who  was  also  a  prisoner  in  the  tower,  unluck- 
ily met  and  asked  Mr.  Laurens  to  walk  with 
htm.  Mr.  Lauren*  declined  the  offer  and  in- 
stantly retonied  to  his  apartment.  Governor 
Gora  caught  at  this  transgression  of  order*| 


and  lockad  him  up  for  37  day*,  though  ih*  at 
lending  warder  exculpated  him  IVom  all  blame, 
At  llie  end  of  that  time  tha  governor  ralentud 
so  far,  as  to  |>ormit  his  prisoner  to  walk  on  the 
paiade  bol'uro  the  door,  but  this  honor,  as 
eoming  from  him,  was  refused.  General 
Vamon,  on  hearing  of  what  had  passed,  gave 
orders  that  Mr.  Laurens  should  be  permitted 
to  walk  out,  and  tliis  exercise  wa*  in  conse- 
quence thereof  resumed,  after  an  intermission 
of  two  months  and  a  half. 

About  this  time,  Feb.  86,  an  old  friend  and 
maroantila  correspondent,  having  solicited  the 
■aorelarie*  ofstateforMr  Laurens'  ankurKement 
on  parole,  and  having  offered  his  whole  fortune 
as  security  for  his  good  conduct,  sent  him  the 
folkiwing  message  i  "  Their  lordships  say,  if 
you  will  point  out  any  thing  for  the  oenent  of 
Great  Britain,  in  the  present  dispute  with  the 
colonies,  you  shall  bo  enlarged.  This  pro- 
position filled  him  with  indignation,  and  pro- 
voked a  sharp  reply,  part  of  which  was  in  the 
following  words:  "  I  perceive  from  the  mes- 
sage you  sent  me,  that  if  I  were  a  rascal  I 
might  presently  get  out  of  the  tower,  but  I  am 
lyt.  You  have  pledged  your  word  and  for- 
tune for  my  integrity.  I  will  never  dishonor 
you  nor  myself  I  can  forseu  what  will 
come  to  paas.  Happen  to  me  what  may,  I  fear 
no  possible  consequences." 

The  same  fiiend  soon  after  visited  Mr.  Lau- 
rens, and  being  left  alone  with  him,  addressed 
him  as  follows,  "  I  converse  with  you  ttiis 
morning,  not  particularly  as  your  friend,  but  as 
the  friend  of^  Great  Britain.  I  have  certain 
propositions  to  make,  for  obtaining  your  liberty, 
which  I  advise  you  should  take  time  to  con- 
sider." Mr.  Laurens  desired  to  know  what 
they  were,  and  added,  "  That  an  honest  man 
required  no  time  to  give  an  answer,  in  a 
case  where  his  honour  was  concerned.  If," 
said  he,  "  the  secretaries  of  state  will  enlarge 
me  upon  parole,  I  will  strictly  conform  to  my 
engagement  to  do  nothing  directly  or  indirect- 
ly to  the  hurt  of  this  kingdom.  I  will  return 
to  America,  or  remain  in  anv  part  of  England 
which  may  be  assigned,  and  surrender  myself 
when  demanded.'  It  wa*  answered,  "  No, 
sir,  you  must  stay  in  London  among  your 
friends :  The  minister*  will  oilen  have  occasion 
to  send  for  and  consult  you :  You  can  write 
two  or  three  lines  to  the  ministers,  and  barely 
say  you  are  sorry  for  what  is  past :  A  pardon 
will  be  granted:  Every  manna*  been  wronr, 
at  some  time  or  other  of  his  life,  and  shouM 
not  be  ashamed  to  acknowledge  iL"  Mr.  Lau- 
rens replied,  "  I  will  never  subscribe  to  my 
own  infamy,  and  to  the  dishonour  of  my  chil- 
dren." He  was  then  told  of  long  and  painful 
confinement,  and  hints  were  thrown  out  of  the 
possible  consequences  of  his  refusal :  To 
which  he  replied,  "  I  am  afraid  of  no  conse- 
quences but  such  as  would  flow  from  dis- 
honourable acta." 

In  about  a  week  ailer  this  interview,  major 
general  James  Grant,  who  had  long  been  ac- 
quainted with  Mr.  Laurens,  and  had  served 
with  bim  near  twen^  years  before,  on  an  ex- 
pedition against  the  Cherokee  Indians,  visited 
tiim  in  the  tower,  and  talked  much  of  the  in- 
conveniencies  of  his  situation,  and  then  ad- 
dressed him  thus  :  "  Colonel  Laurens,  I  have 
brought  paper  and  pencil  to  take  down  any 
propositions  you  have  to  make  to  the  adminis- 
tration, and  I  will  deliver  them  myself."  Mr. 
Lauronf  replied,  "  I  have  pencil  and  paper. 


but  not  one  proaoailioa,  beyond  repeating  a  r* 
quest  to  be  enlarged  on  parole.  I  had  wal 
weighed  what  eonsoquenoa*  might  folkiw  )» 
lore  1  entered  in  the  present  diapute.  I  Uiek 
the  path  of  justice  and  honour,  and  no  personal 
evils  cause  mo  to  shrink." 

AlKiut  this  time  lieutenant  colonel  John  Lan* 
nn;  the  oldest  son  of  Henry  Lauren*,  arrivad 
in  France,  as  the  special  mini*t*r  of  Congiasib 
The  father  wa*  reauested  to  write  to  thti  sea 
to  withdraw  himselr  fVom  the  court  of  Fraaaat 
and  a**uraiica*  were  given  that  it  would  cf^ 
rate  in  hi*  favour.  To  iheae  request*  he  repliadt 
"  my  *on  i*  of  age,  and  ha*  a  will  of  hi*  own  | 
if  I  *hould  write  to  him  in  the  term*  you  ra* 
que*t,  it  would  have  no  effect:  Ha  would 
only  oonclude,  that  confinement  and  par* 
suasion  had  sofVened  me.  I  know  him  to  tie  a 
man  of  honour)  he  love*  me  dearly,  and  wouU 
lay  down  his  life  to  save  mine  |  but  I  am  aura 
he  would  not  sacrifice  hi*  honour  to  cava  my 
life,  and  I  applaud  him." 

Mr.  Lauren*  penciled  an  address  to  tha  ■oo> 
retaries  of  stato  for  the  use  of  pen  and  ink,  la 
draw  a  bill  of  exchange  on  a  merchant  in  Loa* 
don  who  was  in  his  debt,  for  money  to  answer 
his  immediate  exisences,  and  to  request  that  hia 
youngest  *on  might  be  permitted  to  vi*it  him, 
for  the  purpo*e  of  concerting  a  plan  ibr  lua 
farther  education  and  conduct  in  life.  Thia 
wa*  delivered  to  their  lord*liipst  but  they, 
though  they  had  made  no  provision  for  tha 
support  of  their  prisoner,  returned  no  answer. 
Mr.  Laurens  wa*  thus  left  to  languish  in  coa^ 
finement  under  many  infirmities,  and  without 
the  mean*  of  applying  his  own  resources  on 
the  spot,  for  his  immediate  support 

As  soon  as  Mr.  Laurens  had  completed  a 
year  in  the  tower,  he  was  called  upon  to  pay 
9/  7«  10(2  sterling  to  the  two  warders  for  at- 
tending on  him.  To  which  he  replied,  "  I  waa 
sent  to  the  tower  by  the  secretvies  of  stato 
without  money  (for  aught  they  knew) — their 
lordships  have  never  suppliea  me  with  any 
thing — It  is  now  upwards  of  three  month*' 
since  I  informed  their  lordships  that  the  fund  1 
had  hitherto  subsisted  upon  was  nearly  ex- 
hausted, and  prayed  for  leave  to  draw  a  biUoa 
Mr.  John  Nutt,  who  was  in  my  debt,  whitii 
they  have  been  pleased  to  refuse  by  the  most 
grating  of  all  denials  a  total  silence,  and  now 
a  demand  is  made  for  9/  7«  lOd,  If  their 
lordships  will  permit  me  to  draw  for  monoy 
where  it  is  due  to  me,  1  will  continue  to  pay 
my  own  expenses,  but  I  will  not  pay  the  war* 
dens  whom  I  never  employed,  and  whose  at- 
tendanoe  I  shall  be  glad  to  disperae  wiili." 

Three  weeks  after,  the  secretaries  of  atato 
consented  that  Mr.  Laurens  should  have  the 
use  of  pen  and  ink,  for  the  purpose  of  draw- 
ing a  bill  of  exchange,  but  they  were  taken 
away  the  moment  that  business  was  done. 

Aoout  this  time  HeniY  Laurens,  jun.  wrota 
an  humble  request  to  ford  Hill*boroug)i  for 
permission  to  see  his  father,  whkh  his  lonlship 
refused  to  grant  He  had  at  first  been  per- 
mitted to  visit  his  fkther  and  ooavenw  witn 
him  for  a  short  time;  but  these  inter  view* 
were  no  longer  permitted.  They  neverthe- 
less oeoanonally  met  on  the  lines  and  saluted 
each  other,  but  durst  not  exchange  a  singla 
word,  le*t  it  might  occaaion  a  aecond  enufina 
ment,  similar  to  that  which  lord  Georgo  Oof^ 
don  had  been  aeeesaary. 

A*  the  year  1781  drew  near  a  elo**,  Mr. 
Lanieiu'iuffbrings  in^etowerl 


k 


i\ 


THE    HI8T0BY   OF 


mNv  kMtwu,  mi  •juivti  aomptmim  \nVfihr' 
'r,Midodlvni  amiiwi  lb«  •ulkon  of  Ut  €«»• 
It  had  Mcn  alao  (bund  by  th*  inefll' 


•MV  of  mMV  BlMmpU,  that  no  conoaMiont 
•ould  b«  obtained  Oom  him.    It  wu  thorefor* 


molvvd  to  mImm  him,  but  diffloultiM 
■bout  tho  mod*.  Mr.  Laurant  would  not  oon* 
■ant  to  anv  aet,  which  impliad  that  ha  waa  a 
Britiak  au^jaot,  and  ha  had  baan  committad  aa 
iaoh,  on  eharga  of  high  traaaon.  Miniatara,  to 
tatrieato  tbamialvaa  fVom  thia  difRculty,  at 
langth  propoaod  to  laka  bail  for  hia  apnaaranaa 
at  tka  eourt  of  King'a-Banch.  Whan  tha 
wordaof  tha  raoogniaanea,  "OurSorarain 
Lord  tha  King,"  wara  raad  to  BIr.  Lauraaa,  ho 
rtpliad  in  opan  eourt,  "Nut  mv  Soveraign," 
M 1  with  thia  daelaration  ha,  with  Mr.  Oiwald 
and  Mv.  Andaraon  aa  hia  aaouritiaa,  antarad  in- 
to an  obligation  for  hia  appaarmnea  at  tha  ooort 
of  King'a-Banoh  tho  naxt  Baatar  farm,  and  for 
notdofartinc  thenca  without  leave  of  the  oourt 
Thua  eiide«i  a  ioitf  and  painful  faree.  Mr. 
Lauranawaaimmadiateiyreleaaed.  When  tha 
tfana  of  hia  appearance  at  court  draw  near,  he 
waa  not  only  diaeharged  from  all  obligationa 
to  attend,  but  waa  requetted  by  Lonf  ShaU 
bama  to  go  to  the  continent,  in  lubaerviencv  to 
•  aehame  ibr  making  P«Me  with  America.  Mr. 
Laurana,  ttartled  at  the  idea  of  being  raleated 
without  any  equivalent,  aa  he  had  uniformly 
heU  himieff  to  oe  a  priioner  of  war,  replied, 
that  "  Ha  durat  not  accept  himaelf  aa  a  gift, 
and  that  aa  ConmM  had  onoe  offered  lieu> 
tenant  general  Burgoyne  for  him,  he  had  no 
dkwht  of  their  now  giving  lieutenant  general 
aari  Comwallia  for  the  lame  puriwte." 


oriwt 


CHAPTER     XV. 

rtawat  tt  prinoMfi,  ntt  of  tha  diwwim  of  Uw 
iahakMMU. 


MAtn  cireumitanoea  concurred  to  make  the 
AoMrican  war  particularly  calamitous.  It  waa 
•riginally  a  civil  war  in  tne  eidmation  of  both 
pardea,  and  a  rebellion  to  ita  termination,  in 
the  opinion  of  one  of  them.      Unfortunately^ 


the  obligatory  ibree  of  the  law  of  nationa  in 
•uch  caaea.  The  refinement  of  modem  agea 
haa  stripped  war  of  half  ita  horrors,  but  the 
aystenu  of  soma  illiberal  men  have  tended  to 
re-produce  the  barbarism  of  Oothic  timea,  by 
wiuiholding  the  benefita  of  that  refinement 
from  thoae  who  are  effecting  revolutions.  An 
enlightened  philanthropist  embraeos  the  whole 
human  race,  and  enquires  not  whether  an  ob- 
1«et  of  distress  is  or  is  not  an  unit  of  an  ac- 
knowledged nation.  It  is  sufficient  that  he  is 
a  child  of  the  same  common  parent,  and  capa- 
tie  of  happiness  or  misery.  The  prevalence 
•f  auch  a  temper  would  have  greatly  lessened 
tka  ealamities  of  the  American  war ;  but  while 
from  eontracted  policy  unfortunate  captives 
ware  considered  as  not  entitled  to  the  treat- 
■ant  of  prisoners,  they  were  often  doomed 
whkoiit  using  guilty,  to  suffer  the  punishment 
turn  to  criminaTs. 

The  first  American  prisoners  were  taken  on 
ika  17th  of  June,  1774.  These  were  thrown 
indiscriminately  into  the  jail  at  Boston,  without 
■ny  consideration  of  tiicir  rank.  General 
Washington  wrote  to  general  Oase,  Aug.,  11, 
1775,  ou  *iu»  subject,  to  wUch  ue  latter  an- 


awarad  hf  aasarting  thai  tho  ■  priaonara  had 
baan  traaiad  with  eara  and  kindneaa,  though 
indisoriminataly,  "  aa  ha  acknowledged  no 
rank  thu  was  not  derived  (Vom  the  king."  To 
which  general  Washington  replied,  "  You  af- 
faet,  air,  to  daapiae  all  tank  not  derived  fVom 
tha  aama  souroa  with  your  own  i  I  cannot  con- 
eoiv*  one  mora  honorable,  than  that  whieh 
flowa  ftom  tha  unaorraptad  choice  of  a  brave 
and  Am  people,  iIm  purest  source  and  original 
fountain  of  all  power." 

General  Oarlaton,  during  hia  eomnand,  con- 
ducted toward  the  Amariean  priaonara  with  a 
degree  of  humanity,  that  reileeted  the  greatest 
honooron  hia  eharaetar.  Before  he  ooflunenoed 
hia  operationa  on  the  lakea  in  1776,  he  shipped 
off  those  of  them  who  were  ofllioera  for  New- 
England,  but  previously  aupplied  them  with 
uvery  thing  requisite  to  majie  their  voyhge 
comfortable.  The  other  priaonara,  amounting 
to  800,  were  sent  home  by  a  flag,  after  exact- 
ing an  oath  from  them,  not  to  serve  during  the 
war  unless  exchanged.  Many  of  these  keinff 
almost  naked  were  eomlbrtably  clothed  by  his 
orders,  previously  to  their  being  sent  off. 

The  capture  of  general  Lee  proved  calam- 
itoua  to  several  individuals.  Six  Hessian  flelcl 
officera  were  offered  in  exohangm  for  him,  but 
this  waa  refused.  It  was  said  by  the  British 
that  Lee  was  a  deserter  fivm  their  service,  and 
as  such  could  not  expect  the  ind'jitmnees  usu- 
ally given  to  prisoners  of  war.  Tne  Ameri- 
cans replied,  that  as  ha  had  resigned  his  British 
commission  previously  to  his  accepting  one 
from  the  Americans,  he  could  not  he  consid- 
ered as  a  deserter.  He  was  neverthelesa  con 
fined,  vratched,  and  guar  jad.  Congress  there' 
upon  resolved,  that  general  Washington  be 
directed  to  inform  general  Howe,  that  should 
the  proflhred  exchange  of  eeneral  Lee  for  six 
field  olReers  not  be  aeoepted,  and  the  treatment 
of  him  aa  above  mentioned  be  continued,  the 
principles  of  retaliation  should  occasion  five  of 
the  said  Hessian  fiekl  officers,  together  with 
lieutenant  colonel  Archibald  Campbell,  to  be 
detained,  in  order  that  the  sud  treatment  which 
seneral  Lee  received,  should  be  exactly  iu' 
flicted  on  their  persona."  The  Campbell  thus 
designated  as  tne  subject  of  retaliation,  was  a 


for  mankind,  doubts  have  been  entertained  of  humane  man,  and  a  meritorious  officer,  who 


had  been  captured  by  some  of  the  Massachu' 
setts  privateera  near  Boston,  to  which,  from 
the  want  of  information,  he  was 
soon  after  the  British  had  evacuated  it  The 
above  act  of  Congreaa  waa  forwarded  to  Mas- 
sachusetts, with  a  reouest  that  they  would  de- 
tain lieutenant  colonel  Campbell  and  keep  him 
in  safe  custody  till  the  fitrther  order  of  Con- 
gress. The  council  of  Massachusetts  exceed- 
ed this  request,  and  aent  him  to  Concord  jail, 
where  he  was  lodged  in  a  gloomy  dungeon  o:' 
twelve  or  thirteen  feet  square.  The  attend- 
ance of  a  single  servant  on  his  pnrson  was  de- 
nied him,  ana  every  visit  from  a  fnend  refused. 
The  prisoners  captured  by  Sir  William 
Howe  in  1776,  amounted  to  many  hundreds. 
The  officers  were  admitted  to  parole,  and  had 
some  waste  houses  assigned  to  them  as  quar 
ten ;  but  the  privates  were  shut  up  in  the  cold' 
est  season  of  the  year,  in  churches,  sugar 
houses,  and  such  like  large  open  buildings. 
The  severity  of  the  weather,  and  the  rigor 
of  their  treatment,  occasioned  the  death  of 
many  hundreds  of  these  unfortunate  men. 
The  filth  of  tho  places  of  their  confinement, 
in    consequence  of  fluxes  which  prevailed 


among  them,  waa  both  oflVnaive  uti  J■■M•^ 
oua.  Seven  dead  bodies  have  been  aeee  kl 
one  building,  at  one  time,  and  all  l>inf  !• 
a  situation  shocking  to  humanity.  Tho  pi» 
visions  served  out  to  them  were  defleieat 
in  quantity,  and  of  an  unwholesome  qual* 
ity.  Those  suffering  prisoners  were  get  arally 
pressed  to  enter  iniu  the  HritisL  sorviee,  t  at 
hundreds  submitted  to  death,  rather  thaa 
praeura  a  melioration  of  ihair  eireumslaneea 
oy  enlisting  with  the  enemies  of  their  coun- 
try. After  general  Washington's  successea 
at  Trenton  and  Princeton,  the  American 
priaoners  fared  somewhat  better.  Those  who 
snrvived  were  ordered  to  bo  sent  out  fur 
exchange,  but  some  of  them  fell  down  dead 
in  the  streets,  while  attempting  to  walk  la 
the  vessels.  Others  were  so  emaciated  thai 
their  appearance  was  horrible.  A  apeedjr 
death  closed  the  scene  with  many. 

The  American  board  of  war.  Dee.  1,  1777, 
after  conferrina;  with  Mr.  Boudinot,  the  com- 
missary-general  of  prisoners,  and  examining 
evidences  produoea  by  him,  reported  among 
other  things,  "  That  tk«M  were  000  privaloa 
and  300  officers  of  the  AmenL«i  .  my,  pri- 
soners in  the  city  of  New- York,  and  about 
COO  privates  and  60  officers  priiuners  in 
Philadelphia.  I'hat  since  the  beginning  of 
October,  all  these  prisoners,  both  officers  and 
privates,  had  been  confined  in  prison  ships  or 
the  Provost:  That  from  the  best  eviilence 
the  subject  could  admit  of,  the  general  allow- 
ance of  prisoners,  at  most,  did  not  exceed 
four  ounces  of  meat  per  day,  and  often  an 
damaged  as  not  to  lie  eatable  i  That  it  had 
been  a  common  practice  with  the  British,  on 
n  prisoner's  beinv  first  captured,  to  keep  hint 
three,  four  or  five  days,  without  a  morsel 
of  meat,  and  then  to  tempt  him  to  enlist  to 
save  hia  life:  That  there  were  numerous 
instances  of  prisoners  of  war  perishing  in  aC 
tliC  agonies  of  hunger." 

About  this  time  there  was  a  i(>rct'2.g  r{ 
merchants  in  London,  for  the  purpose  of  rais- 
ing a  aum  of  money  to  relieve  tne  distrosioa 
otthe  American  prisoners  then  in  England. 
The  sum  subscribed  for  that  purpose  amounted 
to  4647/.  lAs.  Thus  while  numan  nature  waa 
dishonored  by  the  cruelties  of  some  of  tho 
British  in  America,  there  waa  a  laudable  dia- 
play  of  the  benevolence  of  othera  of  the  same 
nation  in  Europe.  The  American  sailors,  when 
captured  by  tne  British,  suffered  more  than 
even  the  soldiers  that  fell  into  their  handa. 
The  former  were  confined  on  board  prison 
ships.  They  were  there  crowded  togeuier  in 
such  numbers,  and  their  accommodations  were 
so  wretched, that  diseases  broke  out  and  swept 
them  off  in  a  manner  that  was  sufficient  to  ex 
citti  compassion  in  breasts  of  the  least  sensi. 
bility.  It  has  been  asserted,  on  as  good  evi- 
dence, as  the  case  will  admit,  that  in  the  last 
six  years  of  the  war,  upwards  of  eleven  thou- 
sand persons  died  on  board  the  Jersey,  one  of 
these  prison  ships,  which  was  stationed  in 
East  river  near  New- York.  On  many  of 
these,  the  rites  of  sepulture  were  never  or 
but  very  imperfectly  conferred.  For  some 
time  after  the  war  was  ended,  their  bonea 
lay  whitening  in  the  sun,  on  the  shores  of 
Long-Island. 

The  operations  of  treason  lawa  added  to  the 
calamities  of  the  war.  Individuals  on  both 
sides,  while  they  were  doing  no  more  thaa 
ihey  mppcKi  to  be  their  duty,  were  inveWod 


UNITBD   aTATI& 


hldM|MM) 


•f  Mpiial  mkoM. 


The  AiMriMiM,  in  eonbrmity  to  l)w  uwmI  mv 
"        *  lorall 


Itjr  of  mlioM,  il«mud««l  tho  alUgiaiiM 
WM  rNidad  unong  thrin,  but  Mvanl  of  tlMM 
prafiimd  iho  lata  toy%\  |pv«rniMni,aiKl  won 
mtfomA,  whan  opportunity  offiirad.lo  tupport 
II  Whilo  thay  aotad  in  eonformity  to  tkata 
MMimanla,  tba  lawn  anaoted  for  tha  Mourity 
af  the  naw  mvammant,  oondamnad  ikora  to 
daath.  Hara  ia  tha  lot  of  a  paopla  involvad 
in  nivil  war  t  for  in  lueh  oirounutancaa  tha 
Krai  of  indiridual*  may  not  only  ba  Ugally 
Ibrfoitad,  but  Juilly  takan  iVom  thoaa,  who 
have  aotad  aolalv  firom  a  tonia  of  duty.  It  b 
lo  ba  wiahad  that  loma  mora  rational  moda 
than  war  might  ba  adoptad  for  deciding 
national  eontantiona  i  but  of  all  wart,  thoaa 
which  are  oalled  eivU  are  moat  to  be  dreaded. 
They  are  attended  with  the  bittereat  reaent- 
menta.  and  produce  the  greateat  quantity  of 
human  woei. 

In  the  American  war,  the  diatreaaea  of  the 
country  were  aggravated,  fVom  the  oircum- 
Btanca  that  every  man  waa  obliged  aome  way 
or  other,  to  be  in  the  public  aervice.  In  Eu- 
rope, where  military  opemtiona  arc  carried  on 
by  armies  hired  and  paid  for  the  purpoie,  the 
common  people  partakn  but  little  of  tho  oala* 
mitiea  of  war;  out  in  America,  where  the 
whole  |)eoplo  were  enmlled  aa  a  militia,  and 
where  both  lidea  endeavored  to  strengthen 
ihomielvei  by  oathi  and  by  laws,  denouncing 
the  penaltiei  of  treaion  on  those  who  aided  nr 
abetted  the  opposite  party,  the  sufferings  of  in- 
dividuals were  renewed,  as  often  as  fortune 
varied  her  standard.  Each  side  claimed  the 
•»«peration  of  the  inhabitant),  and  waa  ready 
to  jmnish  whan  it  was  withheld.  Where 
•ither  party  had  a  decided  superiority,  the 
eommon  people  were  comparatively  undis- 
turbed ;  but  the  intermediate  apace  between 
the  contending  armies,  waa  aubjeot  to  the 
alternate  ravages  of  both. 

In  the  first  institution  of  the  Amenean  go- 
vernments, the  boundaries  of  authority  were 
not  properly  fixed.  Committeea  exercised  le- 
gislative, executive,  and  judicial  powers.  It 
U  not  to  be  doubted,  that  in  many  instances 
these  were  improperly  used,  and  that  private 
resentments  were  often  covered  under  the  spe- 
cious veil  of  patriotism.  The  sufferers  in 
passing  over  to  the  royalists,  carried  with  them 
a  keen  remembrance  of  the  vengeance  of  com- 
mittees, and  when  opportunity  presented, 
were  tempted  to  retaliate.  From  the  nature 
of  the  case,  the  original  offenders  were  less 
frequently  the  objects  of  retaliation,  than  those 
who  were  entirely  innocent.  One  instance  of 
severity  begat  another,  and  they  continued  to 
increase  in  a  proportion  that  doubled  the 
evils  of  common  war.  From  one  unadvised 
step,  individuals  were  often  involved  in  the 
loss  of  all  their  property.  Some  from  present 
appearances,  apprehending  that  the  British 
Would  finally  conquer,  repaired  to  their 
itandord.  Their  return  after  the  partial  storm 
which  intimidated  them  to  submission,  had 
Uown  over,  wiu  always  difficult  and  often 
bapoasible.  From  this  single  error  in  judg- 
nant,  such  were  often  obliged  to  seek  safety 


It  WW  iMppjr  ftir  tkoae,  wIm  haviiif 
■p  their  mmaa  on  the  natnra  of  the  aa 
invariably  followed  the  dielatea  of  their 
aeienees,  for  in  every  inatanoe  they  ei\|oyed 
aelf-approbation.  Though  they  could  not  be 
deprived  of  this  reward,  they  were  not  alwaya 
aueoeaaful  in  aaving  their  property.  They 
who  varied  with  the  tiroea,  in  uke  manner  often 
mitaad  their  oMeet,  lor  lo  auch  it  iVaquently 
happened  that  taay  ware  plundered  by  both, 
and  lost  the  eateem  of  alL  A  few  saved  their 
credit  and  their  property  |  but  of  ihaae,  there 
wu  not  one  for  every  hundred  of  thoae,  who 
were  materially  ii\Jured  either  in  the  one  or 
the  other.  Tm  Ameriean  whigs  were  exas- 
perated aninat  those  of  their  fellow  oitiaens 
who  Joined  their  enemiea,  with  a  resentment 
which  waa  &r  more  bitter,  than  that  which 
they  harbored  against  their  European  adver- 
aanea.  Feeling  that  the  whole  atrength  of  the 
statea  waa  searoely  aufReiont  to  protect  them 
against  the  Britiah,  they  could  not  brook  the 
desertion  of  their  countrymen  to  invading 
foreij^ra.  They  teldom  would  give  them 
credit  for  acting  from  principle,  hut  generally 
aupposed  them  to  be  influenced  either  by 
cowardice  or  interest,  and  were  therefore  in- 
clined to  proceed  against  them  with  rigor. 
They  were  filled  wyth  indignation  at  the  idea 
of  fighting  for  the  pro|iorty  of  such  as  had 
deserted  their  country,  and  were  therefore 
clamorous  that  it  should  bo  seixed  for  public 


persecution,  'and  loudly  complained  '  that 
merely  for  supporting  the  government  under 
which  they  were  born,  and  to  which  they 
owed  a  natural  allegiance,  they  wero  doomed 
to  suffer  all  the  penaltiea  due  to  capital 
offenders.  Those  of  them  who  acted  Irom 
principle  felt  no  consciousness  of  guilt,  and 
could  not  look  but  with  abhorrence  upon  a 
government  which  inflicted  auch  severe  pu- 
nishments on  what  they  deemed  a  laudable 
line  of  conduct. 

Humanity  would  shudder  at  a  particular  re- 
cital of  the  calamities  which  the  whigs  inflicted 
on  the  torios.and  the  tories  on  the  whigs.  It 
is  particularly  remarkable  that  on  both  sides, 
they  for  the  most  part  consoled  themselves 
with  the  belief  that  they  were  acting  or  auf- 


morol  right  and  wrong  never  vary,  political 
innocence  and  guilt  cjianges  so  much  with  cir- 
cumstances, that  the  innocence  of  the  suffisrer, 
and  of  the  party  that  puniahea,  are  often 
compatible.  The  distresses  of  the  American 
prisoners  in  the  aouthem  states,  prevailed 
particularly  towards  the  close  of  the  war.  Co- 
lonel Campbell,  who  reduced  Savannah, 
though  he  had  personally  suffered  from  the 
Americans,  treated  all  who  fell  into  his  hands 
with  humanity.  Those  who  were  taken  at 
Savannah  and  at  Ashe's  defeat,  suffered  very 
much  from  his  successors  in  South  Carolina, 
The  American  prisoners,  with  a  few  excep- 
tions, had  but  little  to  complain  of  'till  after 
Gates'  defeat.  Soon  after  that  event,  sundry 
of  thera,  though  e.ntitled  to  the  benefits  of 
the  capitulation  of  Charlo8ton,were  separated 
from  their  families  and  sent  into  exile ;  others, 


10  Vifgimn  and  PM- 
Upwwdi  of  OM  thoiiaond  peraoot 
wero  thrown  «pon  tho  ehority  of  their  fellow 
eitiaona  in  tho  moro  northern  slates.  This  80> 
vare  traatmeiit  waa  the  oeeaaion  of  rvtaliatinf 
on  the  fhmiliea  of  thoae  who  had  taken  part 
with  the  Britiah.  In  the  first  months  of  the 
year  1781,  tho  British  were  in  force  in  tlio  ro< 
naotosi  tettlemonta  of  South-Carolina,  but  aa 
their  limita  were  contracted  in  tlie  course 
of  the  year,  the  male  inhabiunU  who  JoirodI 
them,  thought  proper  to  ratira  with  the  royal 
army  towaraa  tno  eapitol.  In  retaliation  nr 
the  expubion  of  the  wivea  and  ehildron  «# 
tho  whig  Americana  Awn  thia  ttaio,  govonwr 
Rutlodge  orderod  tho  brindiora  of  miUlio^  lo 
send  within  tho  British  linoo  die  AtmiUoo  of 
Bueh  of  the  inhabilanta  aa  adhered  to  thoir 
interoat.  In  oontoqueneo  of  this  order,  aa4 
especially  in  eonaeauenoe  of  the  ono 
which  occasioned  it,  several  hundredaof  lMlp> 
leaa  women  and  ehildron  wero  redueed  to 
groat  distress. 
The  refugees  who  had  fled  to  New- York, 
sro  formed  into  an  association  under  Sir 
Henry  Clinton,  for  the  purposes  of  retoliatiag 
on  the  Americans,  and  for  roimbursing  tho 
leases  they  hod  sustained  (Vom  their  countty* 
men.  The  depredations  thev  committed  in 
their  teveral  excursions  would  fill  a  volume, 
and  would  answer  little  pur]ioso  but  to  excite 
com|>assion  and  horror.    Towards  the  close  of 


service.      The   royalista  raised   the    cry    of  the  war,  thoy  began  to  retaliate  on  a  bolder 


aeale.  Captain  Joshua  Huddy,  who  command- 
ed a  amall  party  of  Americans  at  a  block 
house,  in  Monmouth  county,  New-Jersey,  waa, 
after  a  mllant  resistance,  taken  prisoner  by  a 
party  oftkese  refugees.  He  waa  brought  to 
New- York,  April  2d.  and  thera  kept  in  eloao 
custody  fifteen  days,  and  then  told  "  that  he  wao 
ordered  to  be  hanged."  Four  daya  after,  he 
waa  sent  out  with  a  party  of  reftigeea,  and 
hanged  on  the  heights  of  Nliddleton.  The  fol- 
lowing label  waa  affixed  to  his  breast  i  "We 
the  refugees  having  lung  with  grief  lieheld  tho 
cruel  murders  of  our  brethren,  and  finding  no- 
thing but  such  measures  daily  carrying  into 
execution ;  we  therefore  determine  not  to  suffer 
without  taking  vengeance  for  the  numeroua 
cruelties,  and  thus  begin,  and  have  made  uae 


foring  in  a  good  cause.    Though  the  rules  of  of  captain  Huddy  as  the  first  object  to  present 


by  continuing  to  support  the  interest  of  those 'in  violation  of  the  same  solemn  agreement, 
to  whom,  in  an  hour  of  temptation,  they  had  were  crowded  into  prison  ships,  and  de- 
devoted  themselves.  The  embarrassments  on  prived  of  the  use  of  their  property, 
both  sides  v/ere  often  so  great,  that  many  in  I  When  a  general  exchange  of  prisoners  was 
the  humbler  walks  of  life,  could  not  tell  what  effected,  the  wives  and  children  of  those  in- 
oourae  wu  beat  to  pursue.  I  habitanta  who  adhered  to  the  Americans  wore 


to  your  view,  and  further  determine  to  hang 
man  for  man,  while  there  is  a  refugee  existingi 
Up  goes  Huddy  for  Philip  White."  Tho 
Philip  White  in  retaliation  lor  whom  Huddy 
was  hanged,  hod  been  taken  bv  a  party  of  tho 
Jersey  militia,  and  Mraa  killea  in  attempting 
to  make  his  escape. 

General  Washington  resolved  on  rotaliathm 
for  this  deliberate  murder,  but  instead  of  imm^ 
diately  executing  a  Britiah  ofBeer,  he  wrote  to 
Sir  rienry  Clinton,  that  unleaa  the  murderori 
of  Huddy  were  given  up,  he  ahould  be  under 
tha  necessity  of  retaliating.  The  former  being 
refuaed,  captain  Atgill  waa  deaignated  for  thai 
purpose.  In  the  mean  time  the  British  iiistit*> 
ted  a  court  martial  for  the  trial  of  captain  Lip- 
pencutt,  who  was  supposed  to  be  the  principal 
aennt  in  executing  captain  Huddy.  It  appear- 
ed in  the  course  of  tnis  trial,  that  Bovemoi 
Franklin,  the  president  of  the  boanf  of  aaso- 
ciated  loyalists,  gave  Lippeneutt  verbal  ordera 
for  what  he  did,  and  that  he  hod  been  deaigna- 
ted as  a  proper  subject  fur  retaliation,  ha^nnr 
been,  as  the  refugees  stated,  a  persecutor  iS 
the  loyalists,  and  particularly  aa  havinf  booa 


RItTORY   OF   TBI 


ahiaf  omu. 


MMMMMMl   In  hMgiM  llMhM  Idwafd^ 

vWlM^kMROM^llMI    JmHBllnB.      TiM 

•owl  IwviM  oaMiiUrad  iIm  whoia  OMlMr, 
■■«•  Ikair  opMioM,  "  That  u  wiMt  Lipptmavtl 
Sd  «M  iMi  iIm  oAct  it  imUm  or  ill  wiU, 
Imt  prncM^oil  Awn  •  eoHvialion  ikol  ii  wm 
Im  duly  to  obo]^  iho  ordon  of  iho  hoard  of 
diroaloro  of  inotwud  lovtUaMi  uid  m  bo  dU 
not  dinibt  tkoir  hovinf  mil  Mlhorily  lo  givo 
■•Mh  ordort,  bo  wm  not  guilty  of  tko  rouMor 
laid  10  hi*  ebargo,  and  ibaralbra  iWy  Mquiltad 
nim." 

Sir  OttjT  CarUlon,  wbo  a  liltia  bafiira  thii 
tima  bad  boon  appointod  oommandor  in  ahia' 
of  iba  Britiab  army,  in  a  lailor  to  gonaral  Wash 
ington,  aaoompanying  ibo  trial  of  Lipponoutt, 
doelarad  "  tbat  notwitbalanding  tha  ao<|uittal 
if  Lipponoutt,  ha  roprobaiad  tho  nMaauro.and 
gave  aaauranaaa  of  proaoeuting  a  ftrtbar  en- 
quiry."  Sir  OuvCarloton  about  tho  Miao  tima 
broko  «p  dw  wMfd  of  aaaoeiatod  loyaliata, 
wbiob  provanted  a  ropotitiou  of  (imuaras- 
eoMoa.  Tha  war  alio  drawing  naar  a  eloao, 
iho  motivoa  for  rataliation,  aa  tonding  to  pro- 
vont  oibor  mnrdar8,in  a  graat  maaiuro  oaaaed. 
In tbamaan  timo ganeralwaahingtoi. roeaivad 
a  letter  froin  il.o  ootint  da  Vargannea  interoa- 
ding  for  eajHainAigill,  which  waa  alto  aecom- 
paniod  wita  a  vary  palhetie  one  from  bia  mo> 
thor,  Mr8.Asgill,totMeount  Copiea  of  thoae 
iovaral  letter*  ware  forwarded  to  Conmaa, 
Nov.  7tb,  17S4,  and  loon  after  they  reiolved, 
"  tbat  tbo  eommander  in  chief  be  directed  to 
•at  captlain  Atgill  at  liberty."  The  lovera  of 
Iramanity  ntjoieed  tbat  the  necoi aity  of  retali- 
ation waa  aupereeded,  by  the  known  humanity 
•f  tka  n«w  commander  m  chief,  and  atill  mora 
by  tha  well  founded  protpect  of  a  tpeedy 
•MMO.  Aigill,  who  had  reoaivod  every  mdul- 
gmeo,  and  who  bad  been  treated  with  all  poa- 
■ibia  politenoM,  waa  raleaaad  and  permitted 
lo  go  Into  Now- York. 


CHAPTER     XVI. 


Okafaifa  ariTtX 


Ponica  •naif  aad  aigoohilloaa. 


Amu  the  capture  of  lord  Comwallia,  sen* 
oral  Waabington,  with  the  greatoat  part  of  bia 
force,  returMd  to  tbo  vicinity  of  New- York. 
He  waa  in  no  condition  to  attempt  the  reduc- 
tion of  that  pott,  and  the  royal  army  had  good 
reaaon*  for  not  urging  hoituitiea  without  their 
line*.  An  obatruction  of  the  communication 
between  town  and  country,  tome  indeoimve 
•kirmiahea.and  predatory  esoursion*,  were  the 
principal  evidence*  of  an  existing  itate  of  war. 
Thi*  in  a  great  measure  was  aUo  the  caao  in 
South-Carolina.  FroroDeeerober  1781,  gene- 
ral Greene  bad  po**e*sion  of  all  the  state  except 
Charl<<ift:ii  and  the  vicinity.  The  British 
■onotimes  aallied  out  of  their  lines  for  the  ao- 
uuuition  of  property  and  provision*,  but  never 
Air  the  purposes  of  conquest  In  opposing 
one  of  these  near  Combahee,  lieutenant  colo- 
nel John  Laurens,  an  accomplished  officer,  of 
tmeommon  merit,  was  mortally  wounded. 
Nature  bad  adorned  him  with  a  lar?e  propor- 
tion of  her  choicest  gifts,  end  these  were 
highly  cultivated  liy  an  elegant,  useful  and 
piaetieal  education.  His  patriotism  was  of 
me  most  ardent  kind.  The  moment  he  waa 
•f  •«(  be  broko  oft  from  the  amusement* 


■i  •■  bia  arrival  in  AwarUa,  i»> 
iiMUv  JotiMd  tka  trnf,  Wkareovar  tk«  war 
ngaa  oMMi,  thara  waa  bo  to  be  found.  A 
dauntlaaa  bnvary  waa  tb«  least  of  bi*  vir> 
tuaa,  and  an  aaeoaa  of  it  hia  graatoal  foibla. 
Hia  varioua  lalania  Atlad  him  to  abin*  in 
oouria  or  eampa,  or  popular  aaaambliaa.  H« 
had  a  heart  to  aonamvo,  a  head  to  aoatriva,  a 
longiM  to  parwiada,  and  a  baad  to  axami 
•ahamaa  of  iba  moat  aalanaiv*  utility  lo  hia 
•ountry,  or  ralhar  lo  mankiod,  Ibr  bia  aniargwl 
philaauiropy,  kaowiag  no  bmiada,  ambraead 
tha  wboU  human  nam.  Thia  axaallant  young 
who  waa  tha  prid*  of  hia  oountrv,  iba 
idol  of  tha  army,  and  aa  oraaaaant  of  numan 
nature,  kiat  hia  IMb  in  tha  S7lh  year  of  hia 
ago.  in  an  aaimportaat  ahirmiah  with  a  fo- 
raging party,  la  tha  vary  laat  monanu  of 
tha  war. 

At  tb*  oommaaaanMBt  of  tha  year  178S,  tho 
Britiab  bad  a  mora  axl^naiva  rang*  in 
Georgia,  than  in  anv  other  of  tho  Unilad 
State*,  but  of  thi*  Im^  were  aoon  abridgwl. 
Prom  the  uaaueeaaaAil  i**ua  of  the  aiaaull  on 
Savannah  in  1779,  that  atata  had  eminently 
•ufTarad  tho  da*olation*  of  war.  Political 
haired  raged  to  *uch  a  degree  that  the  blood 
of  ill  eitiien*  wa*  daily  ihed  by  the  hand*  of 
each  other,  contending  under  tho  name*  of 
whig*  and  tones.  A  few  of  the  friend*  of 
the  revolution  kept  together  in  the  western 
settlements,  and  exereiMid  the  powers  of  inde- 
pendent government  The  whole  extent  be- 
tween these  and  the  capital,  Vra*  subjuct  to 
the  alternate  ravages  of  both  parties.  After 
the  surrender  of  lord  Cornwallis,  gonoral 
Greene,  being  reinforced  by  tho  Pensvlvania 
line,  waa  enabled  to  detach  general  Wayne 
with  a  part  of  the  southern  army  to  Georgia. 
General  Clarke,  who  commanded  in  Savan- 
nah, on  hearing  of  their  advance,  sent  orders 
to  hi*  officer*  in  the  out  posts,  to  bum  as 
far  aa  they  could,  all  the  provisions  in  the 
country,  and  then  to  retire  within  the  lines 
at  tha  capital.  The  country  being  evacuated 
by  the  British,  the  governor  came  with  hi* 
council  from  Augusta  to  Ebonecer,  and  re- 
•atabliahad  government  in  tho  vicinity  of  the 
sea  coaat 

Colonel  Brown,  at  tho  head  of  a  conside- 
rable force,  marched  out  of  the  garrison  of 
Savannah,  May  81,  1782,  with  tho  apparent 
intention  of  attacking  the  American*.  Gene- 
ral Wayne,  by  a  bold  manoeuvre,  got  in  hia 
rear,  attacked  him  at  12  o'clock  at  night,  and 
routed  hi*  whole  party.  A  large  number 
of  Creek  Indian*,  heauded  by  a  number 
their  chief*  and  a  Britiab  officer,  nude  a  fu- 
riou*  attack  on  Wayne'a  infantry  in  the  night 
For  a  (ew  minutea  they  poa*e**ed  thenuelvea 
of  hi*  field  piece*,  but  they  were  coon  re- 
covered. In  the  meantifne  colonel  Whits, 
with  a  party  of  the  cavalrv,  came  up,  and 
pre**ed  nard  upon  them.  BMh  aidea  engaged 
in  cloie  quartan.  The  Indian*  di*playM  un- 
common bravery,  but  at  length  were  oom- 
pletelv  routed.  Shortly  after  thia  affiur,  a 
perioa  wa*  put  to  the  ealamitiea  of  vrar  in 
that  ravaged  itate.  In  about  three  month*  at 
tor  the  capture  of  lord  Cornwallis  was  known 
in  Great  Britain,  the  parliament  resolved  to 
abandon  all  offensive  oporations  in  America. 
In  consoquonce  thereof,  every  idea  of  con- 
quest being  given  up,  arrangements  were 
mode  for  withdrawing  the  roval  forces  from 
of|G«K>i);ia  and  South  Carolina.    Peace  wa*  re- 


10  Georgia,  after  it  had  hat»  aawMJi 
•f  ihraa  years  in  p«a*e**ion  of  iha  Miil^ 
and  had  liaen  ravaged  nearly  AaM  om  •■• 
iraaM  to  the  other.  Ii  i*  amnpwMd  dMI  At 
*iaM  kM  by  the  war,  one  thouaawlof  iii  aili 
■ana,  baaide*  (bar  thouaand  alavasb  la  •h«m 
•«•  moniha  aftar  tho  Uritiah  kA  U«nrf>a,dMgr 
hi  lika  manner  withdrew  ihair  fcr*«  Amb 
Soaih  Carolina.  Tha  lahabilaau  ofOrrla* 
tea,  who  had  remainod  iharain  while  it  mw» 
pniaawad  by  th«  Britiab,  Ml  ihoawakva*  h«^ 
py  ia  being  delivered  A«m  the  aeveriliea  «l 
a  garriaon  life.  The  exiled  eitiaena  aolleeied 
mm  all  quarur*  and  took  pn*aa*ainB  of  iheit 
eataia*.  Thu*  in  leaa  ihaa  lliree  year*  Ama 
tlie  Unding  of  the  Britiah  in  Souia-Csrolina, 
ihay  withdrew  all  their  (breea  Aom  it  la 
that  time  the  oitiiena  had  aallbred  aa  aae»« 
malatioa  of  evil*.  There  wae  aeareely  aa 
inhabitant,  however  obaeure  ia  «^haraetar  of 
remote  in  station,  whether  ha  r^niained  Im 
lo  one  party  or  changed  with  the  ttaes,  wh* 
did  not  partake  of  ine  general  diiirea*. 

In  modem  Europe  im  revoluliona  of  puh> 
lie  affUr*  aeldom  di*lurb  the  humble  obteuri* 
IV  of  private  life  I  but  the  Amorioan  revolu* 
Hon  involved  the  intereat  of  every  family 
and  deeply  afTcctod  the  fortunea  and  happ'.. 
no**  of  almost  every  individual  in  the  United 
of]  State*.  South-Carolina  lost  a  great  number 
of  its  oitixons,  and  upward*  of  20,000  of  ita 
slave*.  Property  was  sported  with  by  both 
parties.  IlcslJes  those  who  fell  in  battle  or 
died  of  diseases  brouffht  on  by  the  war,  roanv 
were  inhumanly  murJered  by  private  assa**i- 
nationt.  Tho  country  abounded  with  widowa 
and  orphans.  The  severities  of  a  militarv  lile 
co-operating  with  the  climate,  destroyed  the 
hohlths  and  live*  of  roanv  hundreds  of  the 
invadinff  arm  v.  Excepting  those  who  ea- 
richod  tnemielve*  by  plunder,  and  a  few  *u» 
ce*sful  speculators,  no  private  advantage  waa 
gained  by  individuals  on  either  side,  but  aa 
ex|ierimental  conviction  of  the  folly  and 
madness  of  war. 

Though  in  the  year  1782  the  United  States 
afforded  few  groat  eventa,  the  reverse  wae 
the  case  witli  the  other  powera  involved  ia 
the  consequences  of  the  American  war. 

Minorca,  after  a  tedious  siege,  *ttrrendered 
to  the  Duke  de  Crillon  in  the  *ervico  of  hia 
most  catholic  m^esty.  About  the  same  time 
the  settlements  of  Oemarara  and  Essequibo, 
which  in  the  preceding  year  had  been  takea 
by  the  British,  were  taken  from  them  by  the 


'rench.  The  Rallani  marquis  de  Bouille  ad* 
of|ded  to  the  aplendor  of  hi*  fonner  fame  hf 
reducing  St  Kitta,  the  former  at  the  ekiae  ol 
the  year  1781,  and  the  latter  early  in  the  year 
1782.  The  iaiand*  of  Nevi*  and  Montaemt 
followed  the  fortune  of  St  Kitta.  Th« 
French  at  thi*  period  *eemed  to  be  establiah 
ed  in  the  West-Indiea,  on  a  firm  foundatioa 
Their  island*  were  full  of  excellent  troopa^ 
and  their  marine  force  wa*  truly  reapectabm. 
The  exertion*  of  Spain  were  al*o  uneom« 
monly  great  The  atrcngth  of  the*e  two 
monarehiea  had  never  before  been  *o  con*pi. 
cuoiuly   di*played  in    that  quarter    of  iJm 

S'obe.  Tbeir  combined  naviea  ammmted  to 
reescore  ships  of  the  line,  and  these  were 
attended  with  a  prodigious  multitude  of  fri* 
gates  and  armed  vesseb.  With  thia  immense 
force  thoy  entertained  hope*  of  wreiting  from 
hi*  Britannie  maieaQr  a  grear,  part  of  fail 
Weat-Indja  ialaadi. 


UNI TID    STATSa 


•JoTiMato 


United  StatM 


h  *•  MMMiiM.  llw  BrWili  mMmy  pra-j 

KnI  •  Mnmi  Mfudtvn,  for  |)m  prntDCUiNi  uf 
r  powMiMoM  in  that  quartar.  Tkiit  waa 
MNiiiMiMUd  by  admiral  KixiiMy,  ami  aiiMiurii- 
•d,  aftar  a  juiwlion  with  Hir  Haniual  lluad't 
■miadron,  ami  iha  arrival  of  ihr««  itiiiM  fVam 
Waal  Britain,  to  30  lail  of  t>i«  linn. 

It  waa  iIm  <iMip  of  ««iini  da  Uraiaa,  who 
•oaiiiaMM  iha  rraneli  llaai  al  Martini<iua 
aiMttnliiiff  10  34  tail  of  itia  lina,  lo  proeaad  lo 
llia|MMiioU  and  ^n  lh«  Spaniah  aomiral  Don 
fclano,  who  wiih  iixtoan  ihipa  of  tha  lino 
and  a  eomidarabia  land  forca  waa  wailing 
ibr  hia  arrival,  and  to  maka,  in  eonoart  with 
Um,  an  attack  on  Jamaica 

Th«  Britiah  admiral  wiabad  to  prevant  ibia 
Junelion,  or  al  laail  to  foreo  an  enoagainanl 
Dafora  it  waa  alTeclad.  Admiral  Rodnay  oamo 
■p  with  tha  count  da  Oraiaa,  toon  aTker  ba 
had  lat  out  to  Join  tha  Spaniah  flmit  at  Ili*< 
paniola.  Partial  anganmenta  took  placa  on 
Iha  throa  Rrat  daya,  altar  thoy  came  near  to 
aach  other.  In  ihaia,  two  of  tha  French 
ahijua  were  ao  badly  damaged,  that  they  were 
obUgad  to  quit  the  fleet.  On  the  nnxt  day  a 
general  engagement  took  place  i  Tbia  liegan 
at  leven  in  the  morning,  and  continued  till 
paat  aix  in  the  evening.  There  waa  no  ap- 
parent auporiority  on  either  aide  till  lictwoon 
twelve  and  one  o'clock,  when  admiral  Rodney 
broke  the  French  line  of  battle,  by  bearing 
down  upon  their  centre,  and  penetrating 
through  it.  The  land  forcea,  doatinod  fur 
the  expedition  againat  Jamaica,  amounting  to 
9000  men,  were  diatributod  on  iKiard  the 
French  fleet.  Their  ahipt  were  theraforo  ao 
crowded,  that  the  alaughtor  on  board  waa 
prodigioua.  The  battle  waa  fought  on  both 
aidea  with  equal  apirit,  but  with  a  very  un- 
equal iaaue.  The  French  for  near  a  century, 
bad  not  in  any  naval  on^gemont  beon  ao 
completely  worsted.  Thoir  fleet  wai  little 
lata  than  ruined.  Upwarda  of  400  men 
were  killed  on  board  ono  of  the  thipi,  and 
the  whole  number  of  thoir  killed  and  wound- 
ed amounted  to  leveral  thouaandi,  whilo  the 
loM  of  the  Britiah  did  not  much  exceed  1100 
men.  The  French  loat  in  thii  action,  and  the 
Bubiequont  punuit,  eight  ihips  of  tho  lino. 
On  board  the  captured  shipi,  waa  the  whole 
train  of  artillery,  with  the  battering  cannon 
and  travelling  carriagea,  intended  for  the  ex- 
pedition aeainit  Jamaica.  One  of  them  waa 
the  Ville  de  Paris,  ao  called  from  the  city 
Paria  having  built  her  at  ita  own  oxpente, 
and  made  a  present  of  her  to  tha  king.  She 
had  cost  four  milliona  of  livres,  and  was  ea- 
teenied  the  most  magnificent  ship  in  France ; 
ibe  carried  110  guns  and  had  on  board  1300 
uan.  Thia  was  truly  an  unfortunate  da^  to 
count  de  Oraase.  Though  hia  behaviour 
throuKhout  the  whole  action  waa  firm  and 
Intrepid,  and  hia  resistance  continued  till  ho 
ui  tit<>  more  were  the  only  men  loil  stand- 
ing upon  the  upper  deck,  ha  wraa  at  laat 
oHiged  to  strike.  It  waa  no  small  addition 
to  h.t  uisfortunes  that  he  waa  on  the  point 
«f  fnrming  a  junction,  which  would  havo  set 
bim  above  all  danger.  Had  thia  taken  place, 
tho  whole  British  naval  power  in  tho  Woat 
Indiqs,  on  principles  of  ordinary  calculation, 
would  have  licon  insufficient  to  have  pro- 
vented  him  from  carrying  into  effect,  schemes 
of  the  most  extensive  consequence. 

Tlu!  sliins  of  tho  defetttcd  fleet  fled  in  i 
*ariet;>  of  lircctions.     Twenty-three  or  twcn 


tv-lbur  tail  made  tba  beat  af  tbair  wa«  la 

Ca|M  Franeiiis.  This  waa  all  tliai  remaiaad 
in  a  h<Nty  uf  that  Huet,  which  waa  lately  au 
formldal>io.  liy  thia  signal  vietorv,  the  da- 
na  of  France  and   Mpain   ware   /ruairaiod. 


signa  of  r  ranee  and  npain  war 
No  farther  entorpriaaa  were  undertaken 
against  tha  fleets  or  |H>ssi<saiona  of  Oreal 
ifritaiii  in  tho  West-Indies,  and  aueh  mea- 
sures only  ware  embraced,  as  aaemed  raqui- 
aite  for  the  purpotos  of  safety.  When  the 
nawa  of  adniiraf  Ididney's  victory  raaehed 
Great  Britain,  a  general  Joy  waa  difluaed  over 
the  nation.  Before  there  had  iMion  mueh 
despondoncy.  Their  kisses  in  the  Chesa- 
peake and  in  iha  Weat-lndies,  together  with 
tha  incrwiaing  number  of  their  enemies,  had 
depresaad  tlie  s|iirita  of  the  great  body  of  tha 
pt'opluj  but  the  advantages  gained  on  the 
ISthuf  April,  placed  them  nn  high  ground, 
cither  for  ending  or  prosecuting  tM  war. 
It  waa  fortunate  for  the  Americana,  that  this 
succeta  cT  tha  British  waa  poaterior  to  their 
loaa  in  Virginia.  It  so  elevated  the  spirits 
of  Britain,  and  ao  deprosaod  the  hopea  of 
France,  that  had  it  taken  place  prior  to  the 
surrender  of  Lord  Cornwallis,  tbat  event 
would  have  been  less  influential  in  dis|ioaing 
tho  nation  to  peace,  As  the  catastrophe  of 
Vork-town  closed  tho  national  war  in  North- 
America,  ao  tho  defeat  of  de  CSraase,  in  a 
groat  muaaure,  put  a  period  to  hoatilitiea  in 
tne  Wost-lnilios. 

Other  decisive  events  soon  followed,  which 
disposed  another  of  the  belligerent  powers 
to  a  [laciflcation,  Gibraltar,  though  succes- 
sively ruliovod,  still  continued  to  tw  besieged. 
Tho  reduction  of  Minorca  inspired  the  Span- 
ish nation  with  fresh  motives  to  perseverance, 
The  Duke  do  Crillon,  who  had  noon  recently 
auccossful  in  tho  siego  of  Minorca,  was  ap- 
nointnd  to  conduct  tho  siege  of  Gibraltar,  and 
It  was  rcso!vcd  to  employ  the  whole  strength 
of  tho  Spanish  monarchy  in  seconding  his 
o]H)rations.  No  moans  were  neglected,  nor 
expense  spared,  that  promised  to  forward 
the  viewa  of  the  boaicgerk.  From  the  failure 
of  all  plana,  hitherto  adopted  for  effectintf  the 
reduction  of  Gibraltar,  it  was  rcsol."?!  to 
adopt  new  ones.  Among  the  varic  >'  (.rO' 
Jects  for  this  purpose,  one  which  hau  b  en 
formed  by  the  Chevalier  D'Arcon,  waa  dfc,  m- 
od  the  most  worthy  of  trial.  Thia  waa  to 
construct  such  floating  batterica  aa  could  nei- 
oflther  be  aunk  nor  fired.  With  this  view  their 
bottoms  were  made  of  the  thickest  timber,  and 
their  sides  of  wood  and  cork  long  aoaked 
in  water,  vriib  a  large  layer  of  wot  aand 
between. 

To  prevent  the  elibcta  of  red  hot  balls,  a 
numl>er  of  pipes  were  contrived  to  carry  wa- 
ter through  every  part  of  them,  and  pump* 
were  provided  to  koep  these  constantly  sup- 
plied with  water.  Tho  people  on  board  were 
to  bo  sheltered  from  the  fall  of  bombs  by  a 
cover  of  rope  nottinir,  which  waa  made  alo- 
ping,  and  overlaid  with  wet  hidea. 

These  floating  batteries,  ton  in  number, 
were  made  out  of  the  hulls  of  largo  vessels, 
cut  down  for  the  purpose,  and  carried  from 
28  to  10  guns  each,  and  were  aeconded  by 
80  large  boats  mounted  with  guns  of  heavy 
metal,  and  als<)  by  a  multitudo  of  frigates, 
ships  of  fbrcc,  und  some  hundreds  of  small 
orafV. 

Gonoral  Elliott,  the  intrepid  defender  of 
Gibraltar,  waa  not  igaorvtt  that  mventkm  of 


a  paavUar  bind  wara  prapafail  i  _ 

but  knew  notbing  of  ibair  aonairaaiiea.    Ha 

navarthalasa  providefi  ftir  avarv  aifaM»> 
suiica  of  danger  that  aouU  ba  fciataaa  af 
imagined.  The  I3ib  day  of  aaBtawbar  *M 
flaed  u|M>n  by  the  baaiogara  tor  inabiiif  • 
grand  attack,  whan  the  now  (nvanlad  ■■ 
ehines,  with  all  tha  united  powera  ef  gMii> 
powder  and  artilUry  in  their  nigheal  ttala  tl 
improvement,  want  to  ba  calkd  into  aaiia* 
Tha  combined  fleeia  of  Franca  and  Spaia  la 
the  liay  of  Oibraltor  amounted  lo  48  tail  al 
the  line.  Tbair  baltarias  were  oovanKi  wiik 
1A4  pieces  of  heavy  brasa  cannon.  Tba 
numhara  employed  by  land  and  sea  agaiaal 
the  fortress  were  ostimatad  at  one  hundra^ 
thousand  men.  With  this  force,  and  bv  lb* 
fire  of  300  cannon,  mortars,  and  howliaan^ 
fWim  the  adjacent  iathmut,  it  waa  intended  la 
attack  every  part  of  the  British  works  at  oim 
and  the  same  instant  The  surrounding  hilla 
were  covered  with  people  asacmbled  to  ba« 
hold  the  spectacle,  The  cannonade  and  boen* 
bardment  was  tremendous.  The  showers  ol 
shot  and  shells  from  tha  land  batteries,  and 
the  ships  of  the  besiegers,  and  from  the  va- 
rioua  worka  of  tho  garrison,  exhibited  a 
most  dreadful  seene.  Four  hundred  piecaa 
of  the  heaviest  artillery  were  playing  at  tba 
same  moment.  Tho  whole  Peninsula  seem- 
eil  to  bo  overwhelmed  in  the  torrents  of  lira, 
which  were  incessantly  poured  u|Hin  it.  Tba 
Spanish  floating  liatteries  for  some  time  an* 
swered  the  expectationa  of  their  framera. 
Tho  heaviest  shells  often  relMiunded  froaa 
their  tops,  whilo  thirty-two  p<iund  shot  made 
no  visible  impression  upon  their  hulls.  For 
some  hours,  tho  attack  and  defence  were  ao 
eqiinlly  supported,  as  scarcely  to  admit  any 
appearance  of  siiiieriority  on  cither  side. 

The  constnictum  of  tho  liatlering  shipa 
was  so  well  calculated  for  wiihstanding  tna 
combined  force  of  fire  and  artillery,  that  they 
seemed  for  some  timo  to  bid  demincu  to  tha 
powers  of  the  heaviest  ordinance.  In  the  af> 
tomoon  the  effects  of  hot  shot  became  visi> 
bio  At  first  there  waa  only  an  appearance 
of  smoke,  but  in  the  course  of  the  night,  aftar 
the  fire  of  the  garriaon  had  continued  about 
19  hours,  two  of  the  floating  batteries  wera 
in  flames,  and  several  more  were  visibly  be- 
ginning to  kindle.  The  endcavoura  of  tba 
besiegers  were  now  exclusively  directed  to 
brin^  off*  the  men  from  tho  burning  vessela, 
but  in  this  thoy  were  interrupted.  Captain 
Curtis,  who  lay  ready  with  12  gun  boats,  ad> 
vanced  and  fired  upon  them'  with  such  order 
and  expedition,  aa  to  throw  them  into  confu* 
aion  before  thoy  had  finished  their  buaineat. 
They  fled  with  their  boats,  and  abandoned 
to  their  fate  great  numbers  of  their  peopla. 
The  opening  of  day-light  disclosed  a  moat 
dreadful  spectacle.  Many  were  acen  in  tbo 
midat  of  tho  flames  crying  out  tor  oelp, 
while  others  were  floating  upon  pieces  ol 
timber,  exposed  to  equal  danger  from  tho 
opposite  element.  The  generous  humanity 
of  the  victors  er|iiallcd  their  valour,  and  waa 
the  more  honorablo,  na  the  cxertiona  of  it 
exposed  tbnm  tn  no  less  danger  than  thbao  ol 
active  hostility.  In  endeavourinix  to  save  tho 
lives  of  his  enemies,  cnprair  Curtis  nearly 
lost  his  own.  While  for  the  most  benev<>< 
lent  purpose  he  was  aloner  side  the  floating 
batteries,  one  of  them  blew  up,  and  sonna 
beary  pieeea  of  timber  fell  into  hia  boat  a«i 


WMS  MVM  nwB 


SmM  MMttOM.  MM  « 

IwviMbW  ilMiniMioii. 

TIm  •RaniM  of  ImnMiiilv  to  m  fMfliy) 
■mUr  tiMh  airauniMMtaM  of  immnMilMla  ■» 
lion,  •ml  imMmlinf  tUngar,  amil!irT«ii  nior* 
Inia  l.oT4:«ir  ihM  •iniUI  ha  Mi|uir«il  bv  iIm  moal 
»p\vn.iA  Mrini  of  vMtitrW*.  Ii  in  Mma  4«- 
f  rr«  iilxoiiriNl  lh«  impraMtnn  ma<U  to  lli«  dia- 
•tivaiiiMa  <>f  human  naiura,  hjr  iha  mailnaaa 
of  mankind  in  daatroving  aaab  Mh»r  by  wati*- 
All  war*.  Tha  Noaling  Miiariaa  wara  all  aoih 
MOMd.  Ttia  violanoa  o(  thair  aiiilotion  waa 
Miak  aa  la  bum  npan  doon  and  windows  al  a 

rl  diaunea.  Boon  aAer  iha  dadruelinn  of 
Ikwiing  baiuriaa,  lord  Hiiwa,  with  34 
■kipa  al  ika  Una,  brought  lo  iha  brara  nrriaon 
M  ampla  aupply  of  avary  thing  wanM,  aiihar 
Ibr  tiwir  tiinport  or  ihair  dafenea.  Tbia  eom- 
plaia  rulinr  of  Mibralur,  waa  tha  third  da- 
oiiiva  avanl  in  tha  eouraa  of  a  iwalvamonlh 
whieh  flivourod  iba  r«-«alablithiiianl  of  •  g»< 
Mral  paaca. 

Tha  caplura  of  iha  Drilith  army  in  Vir- 
ginia— lh«  d«<ri>at  of  count  do  Qraiaa,  and  tha 
daiiruetion  of  tha  Snaniah  floating  baltariaa, 
inculeatad  on  nroat  Ilritain,  Franca  and  Spain, 
llw  policy  of  ihaathing  tho  tworJ,  and  Mop 
ping  tha  ctl\iiion  of  human  bl(H>d.  Each 
nation  found,  on  •  roviaw  of  pait  ovonti,  that 
tlioiigh  their  lotMa  were  groat,  thoir  gsitii 
Wi-re  little  or  nothing.  By  urging  tha  Ainari- 
•an  war,  (Iraat  Britain  had  inoreaied  bar  na- 
tional debt  one  hundred  millioni  of  pounds 
sterling,  and  wasted  tha  livaa  of  at  least 
ftO,O0O  of  her  subjects.  To  add  to  her  inorti- 
ficaiioii  she  bad  brought  all  this  on  horself,  bv 
pursuing  an  o^|ect  the  attainment  of  which 
•vemed  to  bo  daily  leaa  probable,  and  the  bo- 
noflts  of  which,  even  though  it  could  have 
been  attained,  wore  very  problematical. 

While  Ureal  Britain,  France  and  Spain 
vmre  sueccisivoly  brought  to  think  favourslily 
of  peace,  tlio  United  States  of  America  had 
the  consolation  of  a  public  acknowlodgmeni 
of  their  imlopendeneo  by  a  second  power  of 
Biiroiie.  This  was  elTecled  in  a  great  mea- 
■u:e  by  the  addrosa  of  John  Adams.  On  the 
OMpture  of  Henry  Laurona,  be  had  been  com- 
missionod  Jan.  1,  1781,  to  bo  the  minister 
plenipoientiary  of  Congress,  to  the  suies 
general  of  the  United  Provinces,  and  was  also 
empowered  to  negooiato  a  loan  of  money 
among  the  Hollanders.  Soon  after  his  arrival 
be  presented  to  their  biEh  mightinesses  a  rae< 
morial,  in  which  he  iniormed  thom  that  the 
United  States  of.  Ameriet,  had  thought  fit  to 
send  him  a  commission  with  fiill  power  and 
instructions,  to  confer  with  them  eonoaming  a 
treaty  of  amity  and  commerce,  and  that  they 
had  appointed  him  to  bo  their  miiiister  pleni- 
potentiary to  reside  near  them.  Similar  info^ 
mation,  was  at  the  same  lime  communiealed  to 
llw  stadtholdor,  the  prineo  of  Orange. 

About  a  year  after  tho  presentation  of  this 
memorial,  it  waa  resolved  "  that  the  said  Mr. 
Adams  was  agreeable  to  thoir  high  might- 
s,  and  that  he  should  be  acknowledged 


in  quality  of  minister  plenipotentiary."  Be- 
foi«  this  was  obtained,  much  pains  had  been 
taken  much  ingenuity  hod  been  exerted,  to 
convince  the  nihir*  and  people  of  the  states 
nueral,  that  they  had  an  interest  in  connect- 
mg  themselves  with  the  United  States.  These 
KDreseiiUiions,  together  with  some  recent 
Micoesiia  in  thoir  eontaatt  on  iha  lea  with 


HUTOKY  or  THl 

Ofsai  tMtdm,  aa^  liMiir  o«Umi 


Mlaffvalf  oMoisfagoa  Umw  lo 
iba  (aooml  power  at  Hitre|M,  Id  ■abaowbNigo 
Anariean  IndajwnJoMO. 
Mr.  AdaHM  mvIm  MiiMii  ibia  point,  pnt- 


iko  iwgaaianoii  of  a  iroaly  of  amiiy 
■fw  Smwooii  iho  two  coMMrWs. 
Tkia  waa  in  •  fliw  iwrnilia  aemludod,  to  tho 
rooiproaal  saiisfcailon  of  both  partiua.  Tho 
same  saaaass  whiab  aUendad  Mr,  Adams  in 
ihoaa  nogooiaiioiiai  ooMiaaod  lo  lolkiw  him  in 
obuiaing  a  loan  of  nsonoy,  whiah  was  a  moat 
saaanwabla  Mipply  lo  kia  alnoal  aahausiad 
•ottntty. 

Mr.  Jay  bad  far  noarlv  ikraa  yaara  past  e«- 
•ned  eaual  abililiaa^  and  equal  imlusiry  wiih 
Mr,  AdanM,  in  eadoavoring  lo  negnciata  a 
Iraaiy  batwoon  tho  Unilod  Siaiaa  antlhis  moat 
eaiholio  majosly,  but  bis  aaoniona  wara  not 
•rownad  with  ef|aal  suecosa. 

To  gain  tho  friendship  of  the  Spaniards, 
Congrasa  passed  sundry  rasohttlona,  nvouring 
tho  wiaboa  of  his  most  oalholie  m^jeaty  to  re- 
annoa  the  two  Floridas  lo  his  dominions. 
Mr,  Jay  was  inslrueted  to  eontomi  for  the  right 
of  the  United  States  to  the  fieo  navigation  of 
the  river  Mississippi,  and  if  an  ox  press  ac- 
knowlodgmeni of  it  could  not  be  obuined,  he 
was  rostniin«d  from  acceding  to  any  iiipula- 
tion,  bv  which  it  should  be  relin<|iiiihiMl. 
But  in  rVbriiary  1781,  when  lord  Cornwallis 
was  making  rapid  progress  in  ovomnniiia  tho 
southern  states,  and  when  the  mutiny  of  the 
Pennsylvania  line  and  other  unfavorable  cir- 
eumalanees  depressed  the  spirits  of  the  Ame- 
ricana, Congress,  on  the  roeomnirndation  of 
Virginia,  directed  him  lo  recotle  from  his  in> 
siniciions,  so  far  as  thev  inaiit  on  the  free  na- 
vigation of  that  pan  or  the  river  .Mississippi, 
which  lies  below  the  thirty-first  degree  of  north 
latitude,  and  on  a  free  port  or  ports  lielow  the 
same  )  provided  such  cossion  should  be  unal- 
terably insisted  on  by  Spain,  and  provided  the 
fVeo  navigation  of  tho  said  river  above  the 
said  degree  of  north  latitude  should  Imi  ao- 
knowlod^od  and  guaranteed  by  his  catholic 
mojoity,  in  common  with  his  own  suMects. 

These  propositions  wore  maiiu  to  the  minis- 
ters of  his  most  catholic  migesly,  but  not  ac- 
cepted. Mr.  Joy  in  his  own  name  informed 
thom,  "  That  irtho  accepianeo  of  this  oflvr 
should,  together  with  tho  proposed  alliance, 
bo  postponed  to  a  gonoral  p^ace,  the  United 
Slates  would  ceaso  to  consider  themselves 
bound  by  any  propositions  or  olTers  he  might 
then  make  in  their  behalf." 

Spain  having  delayed  to  aooept  iboae  terms, 
whieh  originated  more  in  neeeaaity  than  in 
poliey,  till  tho  crisis  of  Amariean  independ- 
enoo  was  past,  Congress,  apprehensive  that 
their  offered  relim^uiobmont  of  the  free  navi- 
niion  of  the  Mississippi  should  at  that  late 
hour  be  aceopted,  instruetad  their  minister 
"  To  forbear  making  any  overtures  to  the 
court  of  Spain,  or  enloring  into  any  stipula- 
tions, in  consequence  of  any  which  he  had 
previously  made."  Tho  ministers  of  his  most 
catholic  m^esty,  from  indecision  and  tardiness 
of  deliberation,  let  slip  an  opportunity  of 
gaining  a  favourite  point,  whicn  from  the  in- 
creasing numbers  or  tho  western  settlements 
of  the  United  States,  seems  to  be  removed  at 
a  daily  increasing  distance.  Humiliating  of- 
fers, niado  and  rejected  in  the  hour  of  distress, 
will  not  readily  bo  ranawad  in  the  day  of 


ll  waa  anfmmi,  aol  aaU  by 

Imoffioaaa.  mn  by  naiiy  la  lagl 
apiara  of  bird  Cumwallls  wa 


Amorioaaa.  Inn  by  naiiy  la  laglaiMi.  lUii  iba 
•apiara  of  bird  Cumwallls  woaki  InsiaMly 
dxpoM  the  nation  lu  itaaea  |  hut  whairvar 
might  have  be«n  the  wish  or  the  inlaresi  of  la* 
people,  ihe  Ameriaan  war  was  too  maab  iba 
nvimrila  of  ministry  lo  be  relinquii 
oiii  a  struggle  fur  its  aontinuanca. 

JuM  after  inielligeiiea  arrived  of  ii,«  ( 
lation  of  Vork-Town.  the  king  of  Ofaat* 
BrilaiM,  in  bia  ipaeab  in  parliamoni,  dealafad 
"  That  ba  aboaU  not  answer  iha  iniM  aaai* 
milled  Ui  tho  aovarsign  of  a  liaa  people,  if  ba 
•onseitied  lo  laaHlkM  eiiber  lo  bia  own  de«i« 
of  jieaee,  or  to  their  temporary  ease  and  r»> 
lief,  iht.se  essential  rights  and  paraananl  In* 
terests,  ijmin  ihii  mainlainanra  and  praserva> 
lion  of  which  the  fiiture  strength  and  saaarky 
of  the  country  niiisi  for  ever  oepand."  Tba 
detrrniined  language  of  this  speaab,  poinliag 
lo  the  continuance  of  the  Ameriaan  war,  waa 
echoed  liack  by  a  m^riiy  of  both  lords  aai 
cornmuna, 

In  a  few  days  afVer,  it  was  moved  in  iha 
hoiiie  of  commons  that  a  resolution  ihould  ho 
oilonlnd  declaring  it  to  be  their  oiiiniim  "  Thai 
alt  farther  attempts  to  reduce  tfie  Americans 
to  olifilience  by  force  would  bo  inelTrrtual, 
and  ir\jiirious  to  the  true  interests  of  (ireal 
llritsin."  Though  the  deliata  on  this  lubicel 
was  continued  till  two  o'clock  in  the  morning, 
•  ml  though  the  op|iosition  received  additional 
•trength,  yet  the  question  was  not  carried. 
The  Minu  ground  of^  argument  was  siMin  gone 
over  again,  and  the  American  war  underwent, 
fur  the  fourth  time  since  the  beginning  of  tha 
session,  a  full  discussion  |  but  no  resolution 
disapproving  its  farther  prosecution,  could  yet 
obtain  the  assent  of  a  m^ority  of  the  mem- 
liars.  The  advocates  for  peace  becoming 
daily  more  numerous,  it  was  moved  by  gnn> 
oral  Conway,  "  That  an  hiimliln  address  bo 
presented  to  his  mi^jesty,  that  he  will  ba 
pleased  to  give  directions  to  his  ministers  not 
to  pursue  any  longer  the  impracticable  ol^ooi 
of  reducing  his  miuesiy's  revolted  colonies  by 
force  to  their  allegiance,  by  a  war  on  the  con 
tiiient  of  America?'  This  brought  forth  a  ro 
petition  of  the  former  arguments  on  the  sub 
joct,  and  engaged  tho  attention  of  the  hotua 
till  two  o'clock  in  the  morning.  On  a  diviaiou, 
tho  motion  fur  (he  address  was  lost  by  a  sin^la 
vote.  In  the  course  of  these  debaioa,  wbila 
the  minority  were  gaining  ground,  tho  minialry 
were  giving  up  one  point  after  another.  I'hoy 
at  first  consented  that  the  war  should  not  ba 
carried  on  to  the  same  extent  aa  formerly-^ 
thun  that  there  should  bo  no  internal  conii 
nental  war— next  that  ihero  should  be  no  oihor 
war  than  what  was  necessary  for  the  defenoa 
of  the  posts  already  in  their  possession — and 
last  of  all,  none  but  against  tho  French  in 
America. 

The  ministry  as  well  as  the  nation  began  to 
bo  sensible  of  the  im|Milicy  of  continental  ope- 
rations, but  ho|)er.  that  they  might  gain  their 
point  by  proseciitVig hostilitins  at  sea.  Every 
opposition  was  therefore  made  by  them 
against  the  total  Jereliction  of  a  war,  on  tho 
success  of  which  they  had  so  repeatedly 
pkdgod  themselvei,  ami  on  the  continuance  of 
which  they  hold  their  places.  GenerafCon* 
way,  in  five  days  after,  brought  forward 
another  motion  expressed  in  difrerenl  wordfc 
but  to  the  same  effect  with  ikal  which  kaJ 
bean  lost  by  a  single  vota.    Tbia  cauaod  a 


UNITBD   STATia 


lk«  —mint.  Il  WM  iliM  iMV*4  M  «it"**ra 
Ow  4>Um  itil  Um  IMi  of  Manli.  Tlim 
■mmtmI  fcf  iIm  •JhwrMMHi  IIA,  mmI  aniMi 
II  M4. 

TIm  ofifiiMi  nMNiiNi,  ami  m  aiMraM  lo  iIm 
ktn«  fiiriMil  u|inii  ika  ivmluiMin,  tr«r«  ikm 
»rrM>il  wiikiHil  •  ilivUlon,  •ml  Um  adtlrMt 
«rM  onlanhl  to  b«  praMUlaJ  I7  tiM  wlwia 

To  ikM  kU  nM\)«M^  tiMwtrttl.  "ikM  in 
pvrwiMim  n(  ikair  adviM,  b*  wouUi  uka  mmIi 
MMMUM*  M  •kuiilii  •ppiNir  to  him  moat  con- 
duaiva  to  tlia  r«*iiir«iw>n  <tf  k*rmniiy  IwlWMii 
(IfMl  IMuin  •rui  ika  ravultnd  aoloniM." 
TIm  tkMilu  of  iha  hou«a  war*  v«ta<l  for  ikia 
MMwar.  Hut  ika  nardad  lanfiwsa  tkaraof, 
not  iiMOMtttant  with  iknkar  koatilitlN  •gmiiwl 
Amafka,  logatkar  wilk  eikar  tutpickiut  air- 
tuinMiiMwa.  Induead  |anar»l  Conwajr  lo  mova 
•iMMkar  raaolmion,  aMoraMaJ  in  tha  moat  da> 
eiaiva  Unmsga.  Tkw  wu  lo  ika  fullowinf 
affbatt  "TbUlka  houaa  would  aonaidar  h 
anamiaa  lo  kia  m^|aaly  and  iba  eountry,  all 
ikoaa  wko  akould  advita  or  by  any  maana  at- 
lamp!  ike  Airtkar  proaaculion,  of  ofTanaiva 
war,  on  ika  eoniinont  of  Nortk-Amarica,  for 
ika  purpoaa  of  rfduoing  tha  coloniaa  lo  oIm- 
dianea  by  forea."  Thii  tnoiion,  after  a  feabl* 
oppiiaition,  waa  carried  without  a  diviaion,  and 
put  a  |H(riiMl  tu  all  that  chicanary  by  which 
miniatara  maani  to  diitingiiiih  balwetm  a  |irii- 
■aoulion  of  ofTaniive  war  in  Nortk-Amarica, 
and  a  total  dnroliction  of  it.  Thia  reaulntiun 
aiul  iha  prccodin^  addroaa,  to  which  il  had 
roforence,  may  b«i  cotiaidarad  aa  tha  cloaing 
aaano  «f  the  American  war.  Aa  it  waa  made 
•    narliair.sntary    war,    by  an  addraaa  iVom 

Jarliamon:  for  ita  proiaeution  in  Februanr 
77A,  il  now  waa  no  longer  ao,  by  an  ad- 
droaa fWim  tha  moat  nunioroua  houio  of  the 
aama  |iarliament  in  17N9,  for  ita  diieontinu- 
anca.  A  change  of  miniatry  waa  tho  oonia- 
«|uenee  of  ihia  total  change  of  that  political 
ayitem  which,  for  aovon  yearn,  had  ciirectod 
the  aflaira  of  ()roat  liriiain.  A  new  adminii- 
Iration  wat  formed  under  tha  auipicea  of  the 
marquia  of  Rockingham,  and  waa  compoaod 
of  charactera  who  oppoaed  the  American 
war. 

It  haa  been  aaid  that  tha  now  miniator  ati- 
pulated  with  the  court  before  ho  entered 
into  office,  that  there  ahould  In)  poaro  M'ilh 
the  Americana,  and  that  the  acknowledgment 
of  their  inde|iendence  should  nut  lie  a  bar  to 
the  attainment  of  it.  Soon  after  the  mnniuia 
of  Rockingham,  on  whom  Great  Uritain  relied 
with  a  well  placed  confidence,  for  extrication 
from  surrounding  embarraaamonta,  departed 
thia  life,  ami  hia  much  lamented  death  fur 
■ome  time  ubtcured  the  agreeable  proapects 
which  had  lately  begun  to  dawn  on  the  na- 
tion. On  tho  decease  of  tho  noble  marquis, 
earl  Shelburne  was  appointed  his  auecoaaor. 
To  lomove  conatitutional  i"'t>odimenta  to  ne- 
goaiate  with  tha  late  Britisli  .  iilonioa,  an  act 
of  parliament  waa  paasod,  granting  to  the 
erown  powers  for  negooiating  or  concluding 
a  Keiwral  or  particular  peace  or  truce  with 
tka  wlfj'.e,  or  with  any  part  of  the  coloniea, 
and  <br  sotting  aaide  all  former  lawa,  whose 
operations  were  in  contravention  of  tliat 
ponoae. 

SvOny  Carlaton,  who  waa  lately  appoint- 
ail  to  the  ooimnand  of  the  royal  army  in 
Nuth  Amcrioa,  yna  imiruetod  to  use  hia  on- 


af  OfMiBrWa 


fcrMffvlof  k 


MMmilMlMiMI  Wllk 


Ha 

kMiar  10  fsaanl  WaakliMiaN,  Inlbmliig  kirn 
af  ika  lata  proaaailiiy  or  parliamani.  ami  af 
iko  dlapaaiiioM  ao  mvowakk  in  AmaHaa. 
wklak  ware  pravaleni  In  Oroal  Uriiain,  and 
al  iIm  aama  lima  aotiaiiad  a  paaaiion  for  kia  aaa- 
ratory,  Mr.  Morgan,  lo  puv  a  viaii  ki  Oongrasa. 
Ilia  ra«|uaat  waa  raAtaail.  Tka  appliaalion 
Ibr  il,  witk  iu  eonaomiiani  airaumaiancaa, 
wara  eonaidarad  aa  introduaitiry  lo  a  aakama 
fl>r  opanlna  nagnaiatitMM  witk  Conaraaa  or  tha 
alalaa,  without  tka  annaurranea  of  tkair  alliaa. 
Tkia  eauaad  no  amall  alarm  ami  gave  riaa  to 
aundry  raaolutiona,  by  wklek  aavaral  autaa 
daalarsd,  that  a  propoailkM  from  tka  anamy 
lo  all  or  any  of  ika  United  Staiea  lor  paaea 
or  iruaa,  aaparalo  from  their  alliaa,  waa  in- 
admiaaakbi,  Ooagraaa  not  long  aAar  ra- 
aolirad,  "ikal  ikoy  woukJ  not  enter  into  tha 
diisuaaion  of  any  overturaa  for  paciflaaiion, 
but  in  aonManeo  and  in  concert  witk  his 
moal  chriadan  majaaly,  and  aa  a  proof  of  this, 
tkay  roeommonded  lo  tha  aavaral  sutas  to 
past  lawi,  that  no  aul^jaet  of  hia  Uritannic 
m^aaty  coming  directly  or  indirectly  from 
any  part  of  tka  Oritiak  dominiona,  ba  admit- 
ted into  any  of  tka  United  Htatea  during  the 
war."  Thia  decisive  eomiuol  extinguished 
all  hnpds  that  Great  Uritain  might  have  en- 
tertained, of  making  a  separate  peace  with 
America.  Two  of  iba  Ural  aovoreigns  of  Eu- 
rope, tha  Empraaa  of  Ruaaia  and  the  Empe- 
ror of  Germany,  wera  the  mediaiora  in  ae- 
compliahing  tha  great  work  of  peace.  Buck 
waa  tha  state  of  the  eonianding  partiaa,  that 
tha  intareasaion  of  powarftil  mediaiora  waa 
no  longer  noeaaaary.  The  disnoailion  of  place 
Great  Ilritain,  to  roooeniio  tho  inuenendonee 
of  the  United  Statoa,  nad  removed  tho  princi' 
pal  difficulty,  which  had  kitherto  obatructad 
a  grneral  pacification.  It  would  bo  curiuua 
to  trace  the  successive  ste|ia  by  which  tho 
nation  waa  brought  to  thia  measiim,  so  irre- 
concilable to  their  former  deelarationa.  Va- 
riniia  auxiliary  causes  might  be  called  in  to 
account  for  tnis  great  change  of  tho  public 
mind  of  Great  Britain,  but  tho  sum  of  tho 
whole  must  lie  resolved  into  tkia  aimpla  pro- 
position, "That  it  was  unavoidable."  A  atata 
of  perpetual  war  waa  ineonaiatant  with  tha 
interest  of  a  commercial  nation.  Evan  the 
loniror  continuance  of  hoatilitiea  waa  for- 
bidden by  every  principle  of  wiaa  policy 

The  avowed  object  or  the  alliance  between 
Franco  and  America,  and  tha  atcady  adha> 
rence  of  both  partiea  to  enter  into  no  nego- 
ciaiiona  without  tha  concurranoa  of  awsh 
other,  reduced  Great  Britain  to  the  altomativa 
of  continuing  a  hopeleaa  nnproductive  war, 
or  of  negociating  under  tha  idea  of  rocogni- 
ling  American  indepandanee.  Thia  great 
change  of  the  public  mind  in  Groat  Britain, 
favourable  to  American  indopendene,  took 
place  between  November  1781,  and  March 
178S.  In  that  interval  Mr.  Laurena  waa  re- 
leaaed  from  hia  oonRnement  in  the  tower. 
Before  and  after  hia  releaae,  he  had  fVequent 
opportunitiea  of  domonatrating  to  paraona  in 
power,  that  from  hia  peraonal  knowledge  of 
the  aontimenta  of  Congreaa,  and  of  their  in- 
atructiona  to  their  miniatera,  every  hope  of 
peace,  without  the  acknowledgment  of  in- 
dependence, waa  iUnaory.  Seven  yoara  ax- 
parioDM  had  prorad  to  tho  nation  that  tha 


Tm 

pfMtioaMn  I  iWy  mm  malvij  aaMi  m» 
viaiion,  thai  tka  raaognitiew  of  tkair  lwdapai> 
danaa,  waa  an  indiajwaaikle  pralimtnary  la 
tka  datarminaiioii  of  a  war,  frnan  ika  aoniima 
anaa  of  wklek.  naiikar  pmAi  n«>r  konotir  waa 
to  ha  aatpiiraii.  Tha  (trida  of  Giaal  RriialR 
fur  a  king  lima  rasistail,   but  tkal  aourping 


pasaitm  waa  obliged  to  yiaki  lo  tka  oitpaHiif 
inNuanea  of  iniereal  Tka  faaliaga  of  tka 
great  btnly  of  tka  paopU  wara  no  kingar 
tu  tie  eonlrulkd,  by  ika  konnur  nf  mluialara, 
or  rofliantie  idaaa  of  national  dignity.  At  tka 
elnaa  nf  tka  war,  a  ravolution  waa  aibaiaJ 
in  the  aaniimania  of  the  Inkabitanta  of  Oraal 
Ilritain,  not  leaa  ramarkabla  tban  wkal  In  tka 
Iw'ginning  of  il,  took  place  among  tka  alii* 
aana  of  America. 

Indanantbiiiea  which  waa  naitkar  ikottitii  of 
nor  wished  for  by  tha  latter  in  the  vear  1774, 
ami  1774,  liaeama  in  tka  praar  177i  tkair  lb> 
vouriie  ui()oet,  A  rocognitiun  of  thia,  wkiall 
throughout  iha  war,  had  been  with  few  aa* 
ceptiiins  the  object  of  abhorrenea  to  tka  Brit- 
ish nation,  Ixicnme  in  the  year  I7SI,  a  popn 
kr  meaaure  in  tiraat  Britain,  aa  tka  maana  cl 
putting  an  emi  in  a  ruinoua  war. 

The  conimiMioner*  fur  iiegneiating  paaoa 
on  the  |mrt  of  the  Uniieil  Htatea,  wera  Jokn 
Adams,  Bei^amin  Franklin,  John  Jay,  and 
Henry  Lnurens.  On  the  part  of  Great  lirt* 
lain.  Sir.  Fiiiherliert,  ami  Mr.  Oswald.  Pro- 
visional articlea  of  |N)ace,  between  Great 
Ilritain  and  the  United  Hlales  were  agreed 
upon  by  these  gentlemen,  which  were  to  lia 
inaerted  in  a  Allure  treaty  of  peace,  to  lie  ft- 
nally  concluded  between  the  partiea,  when 
that  between  Great  Britain  am]  France  took 
By  these  tho  independence  of  tha 
slates  waa  acknowledged  in  it*  fiilleat  axteiit. 
Very  ample  iHiundarics  were  allow tc'  ii*n\, 
which  comprehended  the  fertile  and  exten- 
sive countriaa  on  both  aidea  nf  tha  OhiC| 
and  on  the  east  side  of  the  Mississinpi,  ir 
which  waa  the  residence  of  upwarda  ut  twen- 
ty nationa  of  Indiana,  and  particularly  of  tha 
nva  nationa,  who  had  long  been  the  friend* 
and  alliea  of  Great  Britain.  An  unlimited 
right  of  fishery  on  the  banks  of  Newfoundland, 
and  other  placea  where  both  nations  had  here 
lofora  been  accustomed  to  fish,  waa  Ukewisa 
confirmed  to  the  Americana.  From  the  no» 
eeaaity  of  tha  eaae,  tho  loyaliata  wera  aaeri* 
fieed,  nothing  mora  tlian  a  aimple  rocommen 
dation  for  raatitution  being  atipulatod  in  thai* 
favour.  Five  daya  after  these  praviaiund 
articloa  warn  aisnad,  tha  Britiak  parliamai4 
mat  They  umbrwenl  a  aavera  parliament* 
wj  discuaaion.  It  waa  aaid  by  the  oppositioa 
that  independence  beinv  raoogniood,  ovary 
thing  ceded  by  Great  Britain  required  an 
equivalent ;  but  that  while  they  my  iip  tha 
many  posu  they  held  in  the  United  Btalao^ 
an  immanaa  extent  of  north  and  weatom  tar- 
ritory,  a  participation  in  tha  Air  trade,  ai;d 
in  the  fiaheriea,  nothing  waa  atipulated  it 
ratum. 

It  muat  ba  acknowladmd,  that  the  mini»> 
tera  of  Congraaa  procured  for  their  country 
men  better  terma  than  they  had  reason  to  ex 
pect  I    but  from    a   combination   of  cireum 
atancea,   it  waa  acaraely  poasible  to  end  tho 
war  vrithout  similar  cuncesaiona  on  the   part 
of  Great  Britain.     By  the   alliance  b<?tween 
Franca  and  America,  thera  could  be  i>o  pea— 
wilhoiit  icdepandenoe.    That  onoa  gitMi^ 


TETUT 


b  9m,  iIm  bwihrtii  •giwil  ii|Mm  «m« 

Mv*  h«M  •/  Uiila  af  M  MM  iw  U»Ml  Uritolii, 
mi  MigiM  if  riliiiiw4  Imv«  givMi  m  uiimIuw 
Is  •  Immm  war. 

TIm  mm  of  iIm  bjralMtt  wm  MMloubiaiily 
•  banl  m»,  bM  MMvnUabW,  tnm  lb*  aom' 
•■  MMlimtow  af  iIm  UaitiNi  Htalaa.    TU 
iwUtHaw  angafwl  m  fcr  m  iU/ 
>  wmtmriui,  mi  Cwngtaaa  JiU  all  iW  Uwy 

i|   bwl  ttUa  WM   M   RMM 

iiiMflyMraaaiiMiMiMiiliairaaM  toiiiai^ 
,  Ibf  iIm  iMtriMM  ut  Making  iImm 
To  iMva  luMiaii  ON  mora,  uaJar 
aaak  atfWMMlaMaa,  woukl  Kava  baa*  at|iiU»- 
laM  la  Myiag  iImi  Umm  aliauU  ba  no  paaM. 
Il  ia  ITM,  MMb  Mara  wm  a«|iaaia<l  Uwn  tka 
wianinianilitlnni  of  ConfWM,  ttian  raMJiad 
Awn  ibaai  i  bal  ibU  wm  mrt  iba  aonaaquanM 
•f  iaMption,  bMl  of  mMumlanunJing  iha 
■tMmIm  of  iba  aonMaraliun.  In  aonfurmily 
ia  iIm  latur  ami  tpirit  of  iba  Iraaiy,  ConfrvM 
■rgati  in  Mrong  Urma  iba  pfoprtaty  of  irak- 
hf  FMliiulioa  lu  iba  loyaiiMa,  mi  to  (imcuM 
il  WM  bayond  ibair  powar.  In  iba  ammaiion 
pwJMaJby  iba  war,  wben  iba  Amaric«n« 
MMweivail  Inair  libartiea  to  be  in  danger,  and 
dwl  ibatronly  Mfvly  eonaiatotl  in  obaylng  ihuir 
Maral  baaJ,  ibay  yialtled  a  mora  unraMrvnl 
abadianM  la  iba  rvaommaiitlaiiona  of  CungroM, 
iImm  ia  uaualty  paid  lo  iha  doerav*  nf  ika  nioai 
■fbkrary  aovaraigna.  Hut  ika  caaa  wm  widaly 
M!*>«nl,  wh«n  al  iha  cIhm  of  iha  war,  a  nwa- 

i  waa  rdeomimindud  in  diraci  o|ipoaition  to 
Mi*  pn^udicaa. 
Il  WM  iha  gnMral  opinion  of  iha  Amari- 

,  ibai  iba  aonliniianM  of  ika  war.  and  iha 
Mperily  with  wbiab  it  bad  boon  earrifd  on, 
WM  murm  owing  to  iba  machliiatl<i«ia  of  ihuir 
•wn  aaantrymen,  who  had  takan  part  with 
ffMnl  gtvarLiaont,  than  In  their  Dntiah  ena- 
Waa,  It  U  Mrtain  that  iha  former  had  been 
MMI  aaiiva  in  predatory  a«euraii>na,  and  moat 
ferwaid  in  aMuea  of  blood  and  murder.  Their 
luMwkidga  of  iba  eounlry  enabled  ibait  lo  do 
miaebiaf  wbiab  never  would  have  ooeurred  lo 
Siiropaaa  Midiara.  Kfany  powerful  paaaiona 
ut  buman  nature  oparalad  againat  making  roa- 
rilvtMM  to  man,  wno  wara  tnua  eonaidewd  m 
ika  autkora  of  w  great  a  akare  of  tka  public 


Tkara  wara  doubtlaM  among  the  loyaliala 
Many  wortky  ekarMlara— friamb  to  peace,  and 
lovaia  of  Juatwa  t  To  auah,  reatiiution  wai  mi- 
dtMiUadly  diia,  and  to  many  aueh  it  waa  made  i 
but  k  !•  one  of  the  many  mlamiiiM  incidnnt  to 
war,  that  the  inaoeanl,  from  tka  impoaaibility 
af  duerimination,  are  often  involved  in  tke 
iiMi}  diatiMa  wiik  tka  guilty.  Tka  return  of 
dia  Miyaliila  lo  tkair  former  plaeea  of  reai- 
4mm,  wa<  m  much  diareliahad  by  the  whig 
•.t^ma  af  An'ariea,  m  tka  pnpoaal  for  roim- 
•■nitg  tkair  ;^nlbaatad  profiarty.  In  aundry 
fkaiM*  eiMnmitleM  were  formed,  wkiok  in  an 
wbltrary  manner  oppoaed  tkeir  peaceable 
iMidanM.  Tka  aober  and  diapaaaionala  citi- 
MM  exerted  ikemMlvea  In  cheeking  ikeae  ir> 
TCfular  meMurea  t  but  aueh  waa  the  violence 
W  patty  apirit,  and  ao  relaxed  were  the  ainewa 
•f  govamment,  that  in  onpoaition  to  loeal 
avtkority,  and  tke  private  interference  of  Uie 
jrxi'.eoua  and  modorato,  many  indecent  out- 
ngM  wara  eommitted  on  tka  peraou  and  pro> 
party  af  iha  rataminf  toyaliaia. 


wnToat  o9 yum 

AmarlMM  wka  baJ  aiiMkad  ibamaalvM  iw 
tka  ruyal  mum.  Haiiig  a<iNi|wlbMl  lit  de|iart 
ikair  Hailva  aminiry,  many  of  ikem  wara 
uMigad  In  lake  ap  ibalr  almdM  in  the  Inboa- 
pilabb  wiUa  iif  nova  Heiilia,  <ir  im  the  barren 
aktirvauf  iha  llahamit  lalamU.  I*arltanianlary 
relief  waa  e*lantli>d  in  iham,  but  ihia  wm  nib- 
Ukmi  with  dJUttlty,  and  diatribuiad  wilb  a 
partial  band.  Muma  wba  iavanMd  plauatbia 
latoa  of  Wyalty  an<l  diairaaa,  reeaivMl  mMh 
nwM  than  ibay  ever  pmaeaaed  i  b«ii  athara, 
laM  arlAil,  wara  not  half  reimburwd  for  ihair 
aetaal  hiaMa,  The  Uilb  of  the  aulTuringa, 
Mbaeouent  la  ibe  paaaa,  among  the  Amari- 
aaaa,  llall  to  the  abara  of  the  merahania,  and 
oikara,  who  owed  money  in  England.  From 
tba  aparaliona  of  the  war,  remllUncea  were 
impoMibU.  In  the  mean  lime  paymenla  were 
made  in  America  hv  a  deprMiating  paper,  un- 
der the  aaiiciiiin  of  a  law  which  mailn  il  a 
Ugal  lander.  The  unhappy  peranna  who  in 
tbia  manner  aufTt'rvd  |Hiyinonl,  could  not  apoly 
it  to  iheealingiiithnMinl  nf  their  forxign  ili'lita. 
If  they  reiaiiMiil  in  ihoir  hamla  the  tiMjMir  which 
WM  paid  to  thrm,  il  daily  drcrraat'il  in  value  i 
If  they  invaaled  il  in  public  a»cimiiea,  from 
iha  daneirney  of  Ainda,  thfir  aitiiation  waa  nn 
bettor  i  If  they  piirchaMHl  lami,  aueh  wua  ih«> 
auiierabumtaiire  of  trrrilory  ceded  by  the 
poMe,  thai  il  fell  grt'aily  in  value.  Under  all 
ibaM  emiiarraaiiniriiri,  the  American  debtor 
WH  by  treaty  iMniiid  to  make  iiaymenia  in 
MMcie  of  all  nil  htma^iU  ilvUa,  due  in  (irrat- 
llrttain.  The  llriiifih  merchant  wm  matorially 
injured  by  being  kiipt  for  many  yvara  out  of 
hia  capital,  and  the  American  waa  oAan  ruinetl 
by  being  ultimately  held  lo  pay  in  apeeia  what 
ka  received  in  |iaper.  Enough  wm  auffereil 
on  both  iidoa  In  make  the  iiihiiliitania,  aa  well 
in  Ureal  Britain  m  in  America,  doiirvcato  war 
M  one  of  the  groatoat  ovila  incident  to 
humanity. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

'fh*  Malf  nf  pank*  |  \\»  mlirantafa*  mil  illaHl««iu*fM 
of  tha  HKtoliiikHi ;  lu  laliMaea  aa  Iha  niiatla  aail 
monl*  el'  iha  atilaaaa. 

Pnaviova  to  ihu  American  revolution,  lh« 
inhahitanta  of  the  liritiah  coloniea  were  uni- 
veraally  loyal.  That  three  milliona  of  aueh 
aubjecta  ahould  break  ikrougk  all  former  at- 
taehmenta,  and  unaninumaly  adopt  new  onea, 
could  not  reaaonably  ba  expected.  The  re- 
volution bad  ita  enemiea,  M  well  m  ita  frionda, 
in  every  period  of  the  war.  Country,  religion, 
local  |>oliey,  aa  well  m  private  viewa,  ntwrated 
in  diapoaing  the  iiihabitanta  to  take  diflorcnl 
aidea.  The  Now-England  provinoca  being 
moally  wuled  by  one  aort  of  pmmlo,  were 
nearly  of  ona  Mntimant.  The  iniluence  of 
pbtoemen  in  Beaton,  together  with  the  connex- 
lona  which  they  had  Tormed  by  marriagea, 
had  attached  aundry  influential  ebaractera  in 
that  capital  to  the  Britiah  inlerMt,  but  thcM 
were  but  m  the  dual  in  the  baUnee,  when 
compared  with  the  numeroua  induncndent 
whig  yeomanry  of  the  country.  The  anmo 
and  other  cauaea  produced  a  lareo  number  in 
Now- York  who  wore  attached  to  royal  go- 
vernmont.  That  city  had  long  been  head 
quartera  of  the  Britian  army  in  Amiirica,  and 
many  bbtrmarriagea  and  other  connaxiona, 


mmm  ,4  ikair  Iral  Ikmiliea. 

Tke  |iraaiMa  ol  e<«W»bng  aalatea  kad  pf» 

vaiUd  In  NawYofk  Wa  muek  greater  aalaM 
ikan  in  any  of  ibe  e(k«f  itmviMaa.  Tka  f». 
verntira  ikvreof  bad  biag  Men  in  ike  ha  Mt  af 
litdulgin|  ihvir  RivmtfilM  «>ih  eairavigaal 
grania  or  land.  Tbia  kad  MtiriMiuvad  ika  di» 
liMlitHi  of  landlord  and  laaaM.  1'herv  wm 
ikareliire  in  New-York  an  ariaiorraiia  |<arty, 
r*a|M>aiabl«  fur  namberr,  wralih  and  In* 
fluanre,  which  had  muck  to  (arf^miada* 
{•endenM.  Tka  aity  wm  alaa  divuWd  into 
jianiea  by  lite  InAMnea  of  twnamiiant  and  nu< 
mariHta  Ikmiliea.  the  Livlngnona  and  Ihh 
laMaya.  Th«M  having  been  long  aMuaU>n>» 
od  to  oppuM  each  other  at  a'ealiona,  e««kl 
rarely  he  brought  lo  unite  in  any  |mliii«<al 
meaaurea.  In  ihia  eoniniveray,  ona  aimnal 
univeraally  Innk  part  wilk  Amerwa,  tka  oiker 
with  Ureal  Ilriiain. 

The  Iriali  in  America,  with  a  Ikw  eacaptiora. 
were  allaeked  In  indr|irn«l«nce.  TSay  ki«| 
Hed  from  nppreMion  in  iheir  itativa  riHiMiy, 
and  could  not  bnmk  the  idea  that  il  akould  (•!• 
low  ilwni.  Tkeir  national  prrpnaaaaaloM  in 
favor  of  liberty,  were  atrvii||ihened  by  ihaiir 
rrligiou*  opinion*.  Tkeywrni  preakylarlaoai 
niiit  |M<u|i|»  of  that  drnoninaiioM,  for  roaaoiia 
h«<rc«Ai<r  lo  lie  explained,  wrrti  ninally  wh'ipi 
The  Mcolch.  on  the  other  hand,  though  ih^i 
had  rormerly  aacriflcetl  muck  to  liberty  in  ibeir 
own  ctiunlry,  were  generally  di«|Maed  lo  aup« 
|M>rt  the  claima  of  Ureal- Ilriiain.  Tlwir  n» 
lion  for  iome  yeara  pMl  had  experienrad  a 
large  pro|M)rtion  of  royal  favor.  A  Vary  tW 
aurtl  aaaociaiion  wm  made  by  many,  bclWMS 
the  oauM  of  John  Wilkva  and  tba  mwm  of 
America.  The  former  kad  rendered  kliBMlf 
H)  univeraally  odioua  lo  ihe  Hrolcb,  that  ma^y 
of  them  were  prejudiced  againat  a  mum, 
which  waa  lo  ridiculnualy,  but  ganarally  aaa» 
cialed,  with  that  of  a  man  who  had  ITmaaly  !» 
aulied  their  Hiiiole  natitm.  The  iliilierar  ra* 
flvctiona  caai  by  ionio  Americana  on  ihe  whola 
body  of  the  Kcotch,  aa  favourera  nf  arbitrary 
power,  reatraini^d  high  apirited  individual  ar 
that  nation  from  Joining  a  nt'opio  who  tuapact 
ed  tlieir  kive  of  lilierty.  Buch  of  them  aa  ad- 
hered lo  tho  cauae  of  indriiendenre.  waM 
aleady  in  their  allachment.  1  he  army  and  th* 
Congreaa  mnked  among  thuir  boat  offiaata^ 
and  moat  valuable  inemlwra,  aoma  individuala 
of  that  nation. 

Such  of  the  Oermana,  in  America,  m  poa 
MaMd  tho  mcana  of  information,  were  gcMr 
ally  dutermined  whiga,  but  many  of  them 
wore  too  liitlu  informed,  to  be  able  to  chooM 
their  aido  on  proper  ground.  They,  eapecially 
aueh  of  them  aa  reaided  in  tho  interior  coun< 
try,  were  from  their  not  underatanding  the 
Engliah  Irnguage,  far  behind  moat  of  tha 
other  inhahitanta,  in  a  knowledge  of  tke  merila 
of  the  diapute.  Their  diiaflection  wm  rather 
pMaiv-\  .Axn  active  t  A  conaiderable  part  of  il 
aroan  I'rom  principloa  of  religion,  for  aome  of 
tlieu  lecta  deny  the  lawfulneaa  of  war.  No 
people  have  proapered  more  in  America  than 
the  Uermana.  None  have  aurparacd,  and  but 
fuw  have  ei|uallod  them,  in  induatry  and  otiici 
republican  virtiica. 

Tho  groat  body  of  toriea  in  the  aouthe'n 
atatei,  waa  among  thu  lettlcrf  on  thoir  wenMrn 
frontier.  Many  of  thcie  wnro  ciiaordorly  per 
aona,  who  had  fled  from  tho  old  acttlomenia,  to 
avoid  tha  realrainta  of  civil  governinea^   Tlioif 


f  ••!■*■«  kaii  |N» 
Mb  irmitor  atlMl 

l)«  )!!«••.       TIm  gl»> 

wn  in  iKa  K«  Ht  «f 
Willi  ••inivtgMl 
MrtHliivail  iIm  (t^ 

MMM.       Ttl»fW   WW 

•rialiirralia  |<arly, 

«f>aliK  aiHl  In* 
In  t>  ar  fVom  iiMt»> 
•Ut*  iIivmJviI  into 
rn  mmmM  antl  iiu* 
lnfMiNta  ami  tka> 
•■  loM  aaaualoiii- 
I  tiMUmia,  •fHtitl 
I  in  tky  |iotiu>«l 
mny,  imm  •IrmiM 
AiMinr*,  iIm  o<b«r 


ir  Miiv*  riHintty, 
I  iltal  it  alMuid  lit. 
|ir«<poaaM«ioM  in 
•ii||t>i«n«J  by  Uioiv 
I'm  prvaltytarteMH 
latitiii,  fi>r  roaaniM 
fcrv  iiKMiljr  wk'gi 


•■IImI  r«ful«i<ifa. 


if  tmJtmm. 
TIm  a«|MiM«  aiMi  JilfUulijr , 


•/  alitainliiif   Otm   >|««i«<iiii  of  foiiru,  nifttiixi 
a-lhiMvua  ami  <Klt«>f  artinlnaU.  k*<l  iii>l<i<i'il 


mttdff  |to>r«iin«,  atHMtl  ika  jra«r  1770,  in  uli» 
iIm  a«««>iiiim<»f  ih«  taw*  Infai  itiair  itwii  hiMiila, 
tn  «■>«•••  itf  lK«  romiHW  •rltlaniHinf*,  IhiiN  •iI' 
N»rtK  •n>l  lii)iilM7aritlin«.  In  |ii|rii4)iiii|(  ■'riinoa, 
fcrwM  aa  wall  aa  aulMianaa,  iii>t*l  In>  rvi(«rtlihl. 
Fmim  niM  MbuMlinn  In  ika  fnrmar,  tmna  i>f  ihaatf 
mgnlMiifa,  ilMNitli  iMfHapa  aiming  ai  nniking 
ImH  wk<M  llMjr  UMMiglil  rlgkl,  aiNiMiiillail  many 
nOiiwa  bntk  Miiiial  law  ami  Jikimi*.  Ily  ilwitr 
viitlaiM  p«  ^MdinM  r«(ul«r  (ov«rnin«»i  wa« 
IHYMirMMl.  Thia  draw  on  ilMm  ik«  vantfvarMiM 
of  nijral  fuvarnwra,  TIm  nigiiUiora  havinir 
tullttmii  f^tm  ikair  liAntla,  war*  alow  In  n|i|Mia« 
•)t  aatokllaliad  (ovamnMiil,  wkoa*  imwar  In 
ptmlali  iImjt  Mai  rManlly  •njmiimnm<\.  Ap- 
pnthantling  ihal  lh«  maaauraa  nf  Citnifr»»» 
war*  lilia  ikair  nwn  mgulallnK  •rhanttta,  an>l 
Imrini  ikal  thay  wnuUI  larmin«M  in  ihn  Mtn« 
JitagMaabIa  ennaai|iiana0a,  iImv  ami  ihvir  ad- 
baranU  war*  ganarally  upii^iMil  to  ilta  ravolu- 


Mnn  a 
Tli. 


in  the  iouth#'n 

on  their  wekwm 

re  (iiiordi^rly  per 

lid  lottlemmti,  to 

•veifuiMaf   Tlioif 


Im>  'Ylia  pra«l>yl«ri«n«  ami  imirporHlnnl*, 
W*r*  alinnal  iinivarMlly  atlaithvtl  tn  tlin  m)>a- 
tiraa  nf  CnnKnit*.  Thnir  n>liKinua  •noiniiiK 
•ragiivarnad  on  ihn  n<piiltli<;iin  plan. 

Frnm  in<l«|i«<iiili*n<^n  ihoy  hail  miinh  tn  hniH*, 
bul  fWtm  Oroal  llrilain  if  Anally  lurrpttriil, 
thay  kaJ  roaann  In  fi-nr  lh«  i<tlnlinahm«<iit  nf  a 
•burak  kiorareky.  Moat  nf  iha  npiaropid  miii- 
ialira  nf  tk«  nnrlharn  prnvinrr*,  wnnt  |M*n*iiiri- 
•ra  Ml  ihi*  iKtiinty  nf  ihn  liritiik  Knv«rnintiiil. 
TKn  gmab'*!  (Mrt  nf  ihairnlnrffy  ami  many  nf 
llMir  laiiy  in  thi<M  pmvim-at  w«m  than'f(iri> 
diMMiaad  It!  iiippnrt  a  nnnnaxion  with  (iroHt 
Bniain.  Tlis  ppiaenpal  olnr^y  in  ihotit  •ntiili- 
•m  pmvinona  being  undxr  no  ttirh  liini),  WKn> 
•Ann  among  iha  wariiiKit  whiga.  Mmna  nf 
Umin  fnrnanainK  tlia  downfiill  nt  ruli){inii«  ui- 
Ubliakmnnta  frnm  tlio  iiiRreta  nf  thn  Anii*ri- 
cana,  wara  law  aotivu,  bul  in  gonornl  whun' 
iticir  ohureh  waa  abia  In  iiippon  it«>ir,  ilinir 
elargy  and  laity,  ssalntialy  aiipntiand  tho  cniiMi 
uf  indanandanofi.     (ireat  palni  wnra  tak)<n  to 

Siiraiiaiia  them,  that  thnm  who  ha<i  ttcon  r«ll<<d 
itannlara,  wera  aiming  to  alMillak  thn  npiieo* 
pal  iitiabli*hmanl.  In  mitka  way  fnr  ihoir  own 
•naltalinn,  but  the  gnn<l  Mnm  nf  thn  prnplr, 
ri'ilraiiind  them  frnm  giving  any  credit  tn  tlir 
iliirniiniled  auggaatiun,  R«ligin<i*  eniitmvurty 
wnt  hiippily  kept  out  nf  view  i  Tho  well  in- 
f  irniitd  nf  all  dennminationa  were  cnnvinced, 
ihiit  the  cimtett  waa  fnr  their  eivil  righta,  and 
ihitrufora  did  nnl  lufTor  any  other  enniidera- 
ttiona  tn  intorfera,  or  disturb  their  union. 

Tlia  ipmkert  wit)i  a  few  exeeptinn*  were 
•veriatu  indeptMidxnco.  InPennaylvuniathey 
were  numemiii,  and  hod  (lower  in  their  handi. 
Revniutloni  in  gnvcmmunt  are  rarely  patron- 
bad  by  any  bndy  of  men,  who  foraaae  that  a 
diminution  nf  their  own  importance,  ii  likely 
lo  result  frnm  the  ehaiifa.  Quakers  frnm  mh 
■10U1  principles  were  averoe  to  war,  and  tliertv 
ti>r«eoiild  not  befrinndly  to  a  revolution,  which 
could  only  lie  eflected  by  the  sword.  Several 
individuals  scpnniti'd  from  thvm  nn  account  of 
their  principles,  nnd  following  the  impulse  of 
their  inrlinaliiins,  joined  their  countrymen  in 
arms.  The  services  Amerirn  received  from 
twouf  their  society,  general*  Ori'ene  and  Mif- 
flili>  made  some  ninentls  for  the  embarrass- 
■M^  wUeh  the  disaflactMn  of  the  great  body 


_         irNITIUMTATIt 

af  ikalr  paaph  aaaaaiaiiaJ  la  iIm 
ika  aafl««  frtaaja  nf  imjapaailaaaa 

Ik*  aga  ami  lam|MrMHaM  af  MlvUaala 
kail  ort«n  an  lnrt>i«iM)a  in  Astng  tlMir  paiMiaai 
fl)i«r««i«r,  (Nil  nivn  ware  saklnm  warw  wiitga. 
Thoy  anitid  mil  raliak  ika  graal  akaagaa  wkwb 
wars  daily  taking  plaaa.  Altaakvd  in  anaiani 
lornis  aiiilkaliiu,  ikvy  anuki  mil  raadily  a«c<Hi»- 
imnialM  ikaiiisaUaa  bi  naw  ayslamat  K»w  of 
ika  vary  riak  ware  aaltva  In  fnrwantinf  iha 
rav<4uii>m.  Tkia  waa  ramarkaMy  iIm  •»!»  la 
the  aaaiarn  and  ayjia  aiaiaai  bwl  ika  mvarm 
look  plaaa  in  ika  toaikarM  aairenM  of  iha  sun- 
fadaraey.  Tkare  war*  la  ae  narl  nf  Amariea, 
m<ir«  lUiarminad  wklga  than  Ika  n|nil«nl  slave, 
hiildara  in  Virginia,  iha  Camllnaa  ami  (ivnrgia. 
Thaacliva  amrsniriled  pa>1  nf  ika  cnmmunily, 
wko  fall  ihemaalvaa  [wisaassad  itt  laWnls,  that 
wnuki  raisa  ikem  In  aminenea  in  a  fraa  govern- 
mani,  hinged  for  ilia  astabliskmeni  of  lmle|M>n- 
iuni  rmislilulinus  I  Hut  lliiMa  who  were  in 
imaaasaion  nr  exparialinn  of  royal  Aivnur,  nr 
of  pmmoiiim  from  (ireat  Hriiam  wiaheil  iliai 
iha  e'iniieainn  lieiween  the  iiarani  slala  and  ika 
ooloriea  might  Imi  preserved, 

The  ynung,  llie  ardent,  the  ambiliniisami  ihi 


enterpriainif  were  inoally  whigs,  but  ihe  phleg. 
mnlln,  ibe  timid,  iha  inlervsled  and  ibnan  win 
wanted  decision  wera,  in  general  favourers  nf 
( treat  llrilain,  oral  least mily  tha  lukewarm  in- 
ai'livn  frieriils  of  iii>le|Nniilenee.  The  whigs  re- 
aaivud  a  great  n'iiifort'ement  from  the  n|ienilion 
nf  eonliiienlal  money.  In  iha  year  I77S,  1770, 
and  in  llie  flrsi  monlha  of  1777,  while  iha  bills 
of  enngri'ss  were  in  gniHl  oreilit,  the  efleels  nf 
lh«*m  wem  the  same,  as  if  a  foreign  |>nwerha>J 
made  llie  United  Hiaias  a  liresaint  of  twenty 
miilinns  of  silver  dnilara.  The  cireulalinn  of 
ao  large  a  sum  nf  ninnay,  and  tha  empliiyment 

Jiven  tn  great  numliera  in  providing  lor  the 
imariean  army,  increased  ilia  nuimiara  ami 
invigorated  ihe  aeal  of  tho  friends  to  tha  revn- 
lulinn  I  nn  the  same  principles  the  American 
war  was  |iatninised  in  England,  by  the  many 
cnniraetora  "id  agenta  fnf  tianaporting  and 
supplying  the  Itritiah  army,  lit  Imlh  eases 
the  incnnvenienc  i;i  nf  iiiturrupled  rommerco 
were  lessened  by  the  emplnymoiit  which  wnr 
and  a  dnmestio  circulation  nfmniiey  substitut- 
ed in  its  room.  The  convulsions  of  war  affnrd- 
ed  a.xeelleni  shelter  fur  desperate  debtnra. 
The  spirit  nf  the  times  revnited  against  drag- 
ging tn  jails  fnr  debt,  men  who  were  active  and 
xenlous  in  defendini;  iheir  country,  and  on  tho 
oilier  hand,  those  who  owed  more  than  they 
were  worth,  by  going  within  the  British  linea, 
and  giving  themselves  the  merit  of  sulTering 
on  the  score  of  loyally,  nntonly  put  their  cred- 
itors to  deflanee,  but  sometimes  obtained  pro- 
motion or  other  s|)ccial  marks  of  royal  favour, 
Tho  American  revolution,  on  the  one  hand, 
brought  forth  groat  vices  |  but  on  the  other 
hand,  it  called  forth  many  virtues,  and  gave 
occasion  for  the  display  of  abilitos,  which  but 
fnr  that  event,  would  have  been  lost  to  the 
world.  When  the  war  began,  the  Americans 
were  a  mass  nf  husbandmen,  merchants,  me- 
chanics and  Rsberman  ;  bul  the  iiccessitiea  of 
the  country  gave  a  spring  to  ihe  active  pow- 
ers of  the  iimnbilants,  and  set  them  nn  think- 
ing, s|H-aking  and  noting,  in  a  line  fur  beyond 
that  to  which  they  hod  lieen  accustomed.  The 
difleronco  liotwecn  nations  is  not  so  much  ow- 
ing lo  nature,  as  to  education  and  circumstan- 
ces. While  tho  Americans  were  guided  by 
tiie  leading  atringi  of  iIm  mother  country,  ibey 


All  dM  Wfaiiiiiaaia  «f  giHr* 
labitaiMd  aad  sarrMiMi  Tor  i 


vrnmaal  •aia  w 
ihvm,  Ix  I  M4  li] 
la  ika  yaai  )  77A  ami  1774,  iko  mui.try 
haiag  •adtlanly  ikrown  inlo  a  stlua'mn  il«l 
naatfad  ika  alillllie*  of  all  lis  anaa,  ikeaa  itea 
•rally  •nu^'  iheir  plaaaa,  aark  aranrding  lu  iIk 
IwBl  of  kia  inelinaiiun.  A*  ibay  ssveraTly  |mr* 
aued  ikair  il()ert  with  ardoar,  a  vast  asiiahaMai 
of  ika  kun.  in  aiiHd  speedily  Hdbiwad,     Tkw 


iiaplayaii 
ll  waa 


111  ll  alf  In  a  variaiy  af  ways. 


lim  d  ikal  ika  lalanla  Inr  ■•••• 
linaa  ilid  nm  li  Tor  in  kind,  Iml  nnlv  m  dagr— , 
I'min  iknaa  wkirk  wera  necessary  Rtrtka  pm^ 
•r  disakaraa  nf  iha  nnlinary  businasa  oi^aivil 
•orialy,  In  ihe  tmslla  that  was  nacasiunad  b« 
ilia  war,  few  Inalanras  rnuld  lia  pmduaad  ar 
any  |wrauii  wkn  mmla  a  Mgura,  or  wko  laadar* 
ed  essrntiai  servires,  bul  f^m  among  ikaas 
wkn  hail  given  sperimans  nf  similar  lalaMa  la 
llieir  res|ircliv«  prnlesainns.  Tknae  who  IVuni 
indiikinca  ur  dis«i|Hilinn,  had  liaen  of  little  ser« 
vira  In  ika  rnrnniunlly  in  lima  nf  peace,  war* 
roiiiid  mpially  unserviceable  in  war.  A  Ikw 
ynung  men  were  exreplinna  In  ibia  geaaral 
rule.  H<ime  of  ihese,  whn  had  indul|pid  !■ 
youihl'iil  follies,  brnke  nf  fVnm  ihoir  vicioM 
cnurses,  and  on  ihe  pressing  rail  if  llieir  Cfiun* 
try  liecame  iim  fill  st*rvsnls  of  llie  public  |  but 
llie  great  bulk  of  ihnsa  whn  wera  iha  aaliva 
inslrumeiits  nf  rsrrying  nn  the  revnliilion,  waft 
self  made,  industr;iiiis  men.  These,  wImi  ay 
their  nwn  exertinna  had  eslablishad  or  laiu  a 
roiindatioii  for  establishing  |iers«)nal  iiiJepan' 
dence,  were  most  generally  Iriulaii,  and  m.isl 
suoeaisrully  emiiloyed  ia  establishing  that  of 
llieir  enunlry.  In  (hesu  limes  nf  aoliun,  a'aa* 
siralediiratinn  was  fiiumi  nf  less  service  lliaa 
goml  natural  |iarla,  guided  by  enminin  sewaa 
and  sound  judgment. 

Hoveral  names  cnuld  iie  menlinned,  nf  'indi- 
viduals whn  without  the  kiinwbidgit  nf  any 
other  language  than  iheir  mnther  tnngiie,  wioM 
nnl  only  arcuralely,  bul  elegantly,  nn  puldU 
business.  It  seemed  aa  if  the  war  nnl  only 
rmpiired,  but  created  talents.  Men  whoa* 
minds  were  warmed  with  the  love  of  libertv 
and  whose  abilities  were  imprnved  by  daily 
((xorciso,  and  sharjiened  with  a  laudable  am> 
bitioii  tn  servo  ihvir  distressed  cnuiitry,  spoba^ 
wrote,  and  actifd,  with  an  energy  fur  surpaaa* 
ing  all  ox|ieelnliuns  which  couldlte  reasonably 
fliunded  on  their  previniis  aeiiiiiremenls. 

Tho  Americans  knew  but  little  of  nne  anoM> 
er,  provinus  to  tho  revoluiinn.  Trade  and 
business  hod  brought  the  inhabitants  of  ihair 
seaiMirls  acquainted  with  each  other,  bul  iIm 
bulk  of  the  people  in  the  interior  enunlry 
were  unacquainted  with  their  fellow  eiiiaena. 
A  continoiitul  army,  and  Congress,  eompoaad 
of  men  frnm  all  the  states,  oy  tVaely  iniji* 
ing  tnueiher  were  assimilated  into  one  moaa 
Individuals  of  Iwlh,  mingling  with  the  cititeas^ 
disseminated  principles  of  union  among  them. 
Local  pn>judices  abiited.  By  frequent  eoUk> 
siun  asperities  were  worn  oil,  and  a  foiindatioa 
was  laid  fnr  the  establishment  of  a  nation,  ott 
of  discordant  materials.  Intermarriages  b*> 
tween  men  and  womon  nf  different  stales  wera 
much  mnro  cnmmnn  than  lieforu  the  war,  anJ 
liccnme  an  additional  cement  to  tliu  union. 
Unreasonable  jealousies  hod  existed  lielweeti 
the  inhabitanti  of  the  eastern  snd  southera 
states;  but  on  becoming  better  acipiaintea 
with  each  other,  these  in  a  groat  measure  ani^ 
aided.    A  wiser  policy  prevailed-    Man  nfUk 


HlSTORYpF  THE 


•nl  mimi*  led  tiM  wty  in  diieouncing  loeiil 
ditltiMtionf,  ami  the  greM  body  of  tne  people, 

<t  .4CIIIII  nil  rvaion  ffnl  the  batter  of  projuJice, 
riiiriiit  that  their  h«<ft  intoretti  would  l<e  inoit 
(''iiinDtoil  by  luch  pmctieei  and  •entimontt  as 
u'Mift  )'iivourabln  to  unNin.  Reli^out  bigotry 
hftJ  liniKun  in  upon  the  |ieMso  of  variuui  lecti, 
Uffirt!  the  Amrrinnn  war.  This  woa  kf  lit  up 
t-y  partial  eatablinhmpnta,  and  by  a  dread  that 
tm>  ohurrh  of  (Ciigland,  through  the  power  of 
tho  moihor  country,  wimhl  lie  made  to  triumph 
oviT  a"  other  denominationt.  Theie  appre- 
himiioi,*  went  done  away  by  the  revolution. 
The  different  tecti,  having  nothin|f  to  fear 
from  each  otber.  Ditmiued  all  religious  con- 
♦roverty. 

A  propoial  for  introducing  bithnpi  into 
Amurica  before  the  war,  had  kindled  a  flame 
among  the  ditionten  ;  but  the  revolution  wai 
no  wioiiBr  aecompliahcd,  than  a  icheme  for  that 
pur|M>i«  waa  ntirfected,  with  tho  consent  and 
approbation  or  all  those  sects  who  had  provi- 
oualy  opptised  it.  Pulpits  which  had  formerly 
been  shut  to  worthy  men,  liecause  their  heads 
hod  not  been  coiisocratud  by  the  imposition  of 
the  hands  of  a  bishop,  or  of  a  presbytery,  have 
nnco  the  establishment  of  independence,  Iteon 
reciprocally  opened  to  each  other,  whensoever 
Oie  public  convenience  required  it.  Tho  world 
will  soon  see  the  result  of  an  experiment  in 
politics,  and  iio  nblo  to  determine  whether 
tho  happiness  of  society  is  increased  by  roli- 
^ous  establishments,  or  diminished  by  the 
ftint  of  them. 

Tbouah  schools  and  colleges  were  gcnersliy 
■h  tup  during  the  war,  yet  many  of  tho  arts  and 
•oiences  wore  promoted  by  it.  The  geography 
of  the  United  Stales  before  (he  revolution  was 
Vit  little  known  ;  but  the  marches  of  armies, 
and  the  cperatlGns  of  wsr,  gnve  birth  to  many 
geogrfcp'iiical  inquiries  and  discoveries,  wiiicn 
stherwise  would  not  have  been  made.  A  pas- 
■innate  fondness  for  studies  of  ibis  kind,  and 
the  growing  importanc.  of  the  country,  exci- 
ted one  of  Its  sons,  tho  Rev.  Air.  Morse,  to 
travel  through  every  state  of  tho  union,  and 
•mass  a  fund  of  topographical  knowlcd^,  far 
exceeding  any  thing  heretofore  communicated 
to  ihn  public.  The  necessities  of  the  states 
k-d  to  the  study  of  tactics,  fortification,  gun- 
nery, and  a  variety  of  other  arts  connected 
witli  war,  and  diffused  a  knowledge  of  them 
among  a  {icncuablo  |>cople,  who  would  other- 
wise have  had  no  inducement  to  study  thenS. 

Tho  abilities  of  ingenious  men  were  directed 
to  make  fartlier  improvements  in  the  art  of  de- 
■troyiiiK  an  enemy.  Among  these,  David 
Busnnell  of  Connecticut  invented  a  machine 
ibr  submarine  navigation,  which  was  found  to 
wiswer  the  purpose  of  rowing  horizontally  at 
any  given  depth  under  water,  and  of  rising  or 
aiuking  at  pleasure.  To  this  was  attached  a 
magazine  of  powder,  and  the  whole  wat  con- 
trived in  such  a  manner,  as  to  make  it  practi- 
eable  to  blow  up  vessels  by  machinery  under 
them.  Mr.  Bushnoll  also  contrivid  sundry 
other  curious  machines  for  the  at.iioyance  of 
British  shipping;  but  from  accident  they  only 
■ucceeded  in  part.  He  destroyed  one  vessel 
in  charge  of  commodore  Symonds,  and  a  sec- 
ond one  near  the  shore  of  Long  Island. 

Surgery  was  one  of  the  arts  which  was  pro- 
moted by  th*^  war.  From  the  want  of  hospi- 
tal* and  other  aids,  the  medical  men  of  America, 
had  tew  op|>ortiinitics  of  perfecting  themselves 
m  tUi  ait,  the  thorough  knowlodgo  of  which 


can  oaly  be  •eauirod  by  praetioe  and  observa- 
tion. The  molanokoly  events  of  battles  gave 
the  American  students  an  opportunity  of  see- 
jng,  and  learning  more  in  one  day,  tn.in  they 
could  have  acquired  in  years  of  peace,  ft 
waa  in  the  hospitals  of  the  United  States,  that 
Dr.  Rush  first  discovered  the  method  of  curing 
tho  luck-jaw  by  bark  and  wine,  added  to  otiior 
invigorating  remedies,  which  has  since  boon 
adopted  with  success  in  Europe,  as  well  as  in 
the  United  States. 

The  science  of  government,  has  bn<>n  more 
generallv  diffused  among  the  Americans  by 
means  of  tho  revolution.  The  policy  of  Great 
Britain  in  throwing  them  out  of  her  protection, 
induced  a  necessity  of  establishing  inde|ien 
dent  constitutions.  This  led  to  reading  and 
reasoning  on  the  subject.  TIm  many  errors 
that  were  at  first  committed  by  unex|>ericncod 
statesmen,  have  been  a  practical  comment  on 
the  folly  of  unbalanced  constitutions,  and  in- 
judicious laws.  The  discissions  cnncorning 
the  new  constitution,  gave  birth  to  much  reason- 
ing on  the  subject  of  goveriynont,  and  par- 
ticularly to  a  series  of  letters  signed  Publius, 
but  really  the  work  of  Alexander  Hamilton, 
in  which  much  political  knowledge  and  wis- 
dom were  displayed,  and  which  will  long 
remain  a  monument  of  the  strength  and  acute- 
ness  of  the  human  understanding  in  investiga- 
ting truth.* 

When  Qroat  Britain  first  liegan  her  en- 
croachments on  the  colonies,  there  were  few 
natives  of  America  who  had  distinguished 
themselves  as  speakers  or  writers,  but  tne  con- 
troversy between  the  two  countries  multiplied 
their  number. 

The  stamp  act,  which  was.  to  have  taken 
place  in  17C5,  employed  the  pens  and  tnnirucs 
of  many  of  the  colonists,  ana  by  ropoated  eX' 
eieise  improved  their  ability  to  serve  their 
country.  The  duties  imposed  in  17C7,  called 
forth  tho  pen  of  John  Dickinson,  who  in  a 
series  of  letters  signed  a  Pennsylvania  Farmer, 
may  be  said  to  havo  sown  the  sei-ila  of  the 
revolution.  For  being  universally  rvml  by  the 
colonists,  they  universally  enlightened  tlie.-n  on 
the  dangerous  consequences,  likely  to  result 
from  their  being  taxed  by  the  parliament  of 
Great  Britain. 

In  establishing  American  Tnde]>cndence,  the 
pen  and  the  press  had  merit  equal  to  that  of 
the  sword.  As  tho  wor  was  the  people's  war, 
and  was  carried  on  without  funds,  the  exer- 
tions of  the  ormy  would  have  been  insufRcient 
to  effect  the  revolution,  unless  the  great  body 
of  the  people  had  been  prepared  for  it,  and 
also  kept  in  a  constant  dis)>o8ition  to  oppose 
Great  Britain.  To  rouse  and  unite  the  innab- 
itants  and  to  persuade  them  to  patience  for 
several  years,  under  present  sufferings,  with 
tht  hope  of  obtaining  remote  advantages  for 
their  posterity,  was  a  work  of  diflficulty ;  This 
was  effected  in  a  great  measure  by  the  tongues 
and  pens  of  the  well-informed  citizens,  and  on 
it  depended  the  success  of  military  oiierations. 

To  enumerate  the  names  of  all  those  who 
were  successful  labourers  in  this  arduous 
business,  is  iinuoSkible.  The  following  list 
contains,  in  nearly  alphabetical  order,  the  names 
of  the  most  distinguished  writers  in  favour  of 
the  rights  of  America. 


*  The  Dr.  is  mimaken  In  awardiair  to  Hamillon  alonn 
the  honour  of  wrilinz  the  "Federaliat."  Mont  of  the  let- 
ters which  compon  Inis  invaluable  work  are  rrom  hia  pen, 
but  Mbera  wore  contributed  by  his  compatriols  Jajr  and 


John  Adams,  and  Samuel  Adams,  of  Bo» 
ton;  Bland,  of  Virginia;  John  Dickinson,  ol 
Pennsylvania;  Daniel  Dulany,  of  Anna|)olist 
William  Henry  Drayton,  of  South  Carolina; 
Dr.  Franklin,*  of  Philadelphia ;  John  Jay, 
and  Alexander  Hamilton,  of  New- York ;  Tho- 
mas Jefferson,  and  Arthur  Lee,  of  Virginia  | 
Jonathan  Hyman,  of  Connecticut ;  Governor 
Livingston,  of  New-Jersey ;  Dr.  Moyhew,  and 
James  Otis,  of  Boston ;  Thomas  Paine,  Dr. 
Rush,  Charles  Thompson,  and  James  Wilson, 
of  Philadelphia ;  William  Tennant,  of  South 
Carolina ;  Josiak  Quinoy,  and  Dr.  Warren,  ol 
Boston.  These  and  many  othera  laboured  in 
enlightening  their  countrymen,  on  the  sub. 
ject  of  their  |iolitical  interests,  and  in  anima- 
ting them  to  a  proper  line  of  conduct,  in  do- 
fence  of  their  liberties.  To  these  individuals 
may  be  added,  the  groat  body  of  clergy,  espe- 
cially in  New-England.  Tho  printera  of  news- 
pa|>ers,  had  also  much  merit  in  the  same  way. 
Particularly  Edes  ond  Gill  of  Boston ;  Holt, 
of  Now- York;  Bradford,  of  Philadelphia;  and 
Timothy,  of  South  Carolina. 

The  early  attention  which  had  been  paid 
to  literature  in  New-England,  was  also  emi- 
nently conducive  to  the  success  of  tho  Ame- 
ricans in  resisting  Great  Britain.  The  univer- 
sity of  Cambridge  was  founded  as  early  as 
1636,  and  Yale  college  1700.  It  has  been 
computed,  that  in  the  year  the  Boston  port  act 
was  passed,  there  were  in  tho  four  caslxm  co- 
lonies, upwards  of  two  thousand  graduates  of 
their  colleges  dispersed  through  tlieir  several 
towns,  who  by  their  knowledge  onil  abilities, 
were  able  to  influence  and  direct  the  great  bo- 
dy of  the  people  to  a  proper  line  of  conduct, 
for  opposing  tho  encroachments  of  Great  Bri- 
tain on  their  liberties.  The  colleges  to  tlia 
southward  of  New-Ensland,  except  that  of 
William  and  Mary  in  Virginia,  were  but  of 
modem  date  ;  but  ihcy  had  been  of  o  stand- 
ing sufliciontly  long  to  havo  trained  for  pub- 
lic service  a  considerable  number  of  ihe  youth 
of  tho  country.  Tho  college  of  New-Jersey, 
which  was  incorporated  about  28  ycara  be- 
fore the  revolution,  had  in  that  time  educa- 
ted upwards  of  300  persons,  who,  with  a  few 
exceptions,  were  activti  and  useful  friends  of 
independence.  From  tho  influence  which 
knowledge  had  in  securing  and  preserving 
the  lilierties  of  America,  tho  present  genera 
tion  may  trace  the  wise  policy  of  their  futhera, 
in  erecting  schools  and  colleges.  They  :nay 
also  learn  that  it  is  their  duty  to  found  more, 
and  support  all  such  institutions. 

Wittiout  the  advantages  derived  from  thnie 
lights  of  this  new  world,  the  United  Statos 
would  probably  havo  fallen  in  their  unequi 
contest  with  Great  Britain.  Union,  which  was 
essential  to  tho  success  of  their  resistance, 
could  scarcely  have  taken  place,  in  the  mea- 
sures adonted  by  an  ignorant  multitude.  Much 
less  could  wisdom  in  council,  unity  in  system, 
or  perseverance  in  the  prosecution  of  a  lung 
and  self-denying  war,  oe  expected  from  an 
uninformed  people.  It  is  a  well  known  fact, 
that  persons  unfriendly  to  the  revolution,  wen 
always  most  numerous  in  those  parts  of  tho 
United  States,  which  had  either  never  been  il- 
luminated, or  but  faintly  warmed  by  the  rays 
of  science.  The  uninformed  and  tho  inisin 
formed,  constituted  a  great  proportion  of  tluiss 
Americans,  who  preferred  tli'j  leading  strir.j^ 
of  the  parent  slate,  though  oiiuruacbing  on 
*  Baio  in  Boaloo. 


Adami,  of  Bot> 
III  Dickinion,  ol 
y,  of  ATinK|>nlit| 
South  (lanilina; 
hia;  John  Jay, 
few-York;  Tho- 
tee,  f>f  Virginia  | 
;ticut ;  Qovornor 
Dr.  Mayhew,  and 
>mM  Paine,  Dr. 
id  Janioi  Wilton, 
unnant,  of  South 
J  Dr.  Warren,  ot 
;hen  laboured  in 
en,  on  the  sub- 
1,  and  in  anima- 
r  conduct,  in  do- 
these  indlviduaU 
y  of  clergy,  ospe- 
i)riiitor«  of  nowi- 
in  the  lame  wav. 
of  Boston;  Holt, 
Philadelphia;  and 

h  had  been  paid 
id,  wa.<i  also  emi> 
coss  of  the  Ame- 
tuin.    The  univer- 
indod  as  carlv  ai 
00.     It  has   been 
10  Boston  port  act 
bo  four  caslnrn  co- 
isand  graduates  of 
ough  their  several 
lm\ge  and  abiiitips, 
lirect  the  great  bo- 
or lino  of  conduct, 
lents  of  Great  Bri* 
ic   colleges  to  tlia 
id,  oxcupt  that  of 
pnia,  were  but  of 
d  been  of  a  atand- 
3  trained  for   pub- 
imber  of  the  youth 
go  of  New-Jersey, 
)out  28  years  be- 
1  that  time  educa- 
t,  who,  with  a  few 
1  useful  friends  of 
influence    which 
g  and   preserving 
10  present  genera 
icy  of  their  futliura, 
leges.     They  may 
ty  to  found  more, 
tiuns. 

derived  from  these 
the  United  States 
n  in  their  uncqui 
Union,  wliich  was 
f  their  resistance, 
place,  in  the  mea- 
nt multitude.  Much 
oil,  unity  in  system, 
tsecution  of  a  lung 
expected  from  an 
B  well  known  fact, 
;he  revolution,  were 
those  parts  of  thu 
lither  never  been  ii- 
trarmed  by  the  rays 
ned  and  the  misin 
;  proportion  of  tluua 
tli'i  leading  string 
igh  encjroachingop 


UNITED  STATES. 


dMir  niMrtiaf,  to  a  ftovcmmrnl  of  tbnir  own 
nountrvnifn  and  fallow  oilitana. 

A*  fiteraturo  had  in  th«  Hrst  instance  favour- 
ad  the  revolution,  so  in  its  turn,  tlio  revolution 
promoted  liteiyture,  The  study  of  eloquuncn 
■nd  of  the  l>elles  lettret,  waa  more  succeaafully 
prosecuted  in  America,  after  the  disputes  bn- 
tWHttn  Groat  Britain  and  her  colonies  began  to  Iki 
serious  than  itevor  had  been  before.  The  vari- 
ous orations,  addresses,  letters,  dissertations  and 
other  literary  performances  which  the  war 
made  necessary,  called  forth  abilities  where 
they  were,  and  excited  the  rising  generation 
to  study  arts,  which  brought  witn  tnom  their 
own  reward.  Many  incidents  afforded  mate- 
rials for  the  favourites  of  the  muses,  to  display 
their  talents.  Even  burlesquing  royal  procla- 
mations, by  parodies  and  doggerel  poetry,  had 
groat  oflecls  on  the  minds  of  the  ixiople.  A 
celebrated  historian  has  remarked,  that  the  song 
of  Lillibullero  forwarded  the  revolution  of 
16S8  in  England.  It  may  be  truly  affirmed, 
that  similar  productions  produced  similar  ef- 
fects in  America.  Francis  Ilnpkinson  rendered 
essential  service  to  his  country,  by  turning  the 
artillery  of  wit  and  ridicule  on  the  enemy. 
Philip  Preneau  laboured  tucoestfully  in  the 
same  way. 

Royal  proclamations  and  other  productions 
which  issued  from  royal  printing  presses,  were, 
by  the  help  of  a  warm  imagination,  arrayed  in 
such  dresses  as  rendered  them  truly  ridiculous, 
Trumbull,  with  a  vein  of  original  Hudibrastic 
hums'ir,  diverted  his  countrymen  so  much 
with  tSe  folliesof  their  enemies,  that  for  a  time 
th^y  forget  the  calamities  of  war,  Humphries 
twined  d:a  literary  with  the  military  laurel,  by 
superadding  the  fume  of  an  elegant  poet,  to 
that  of  an  acrorii^ilished  officer.  Barlow  in- 
creased the  fame  of  his  country  and  of  the  dis- 
tinguished acto'  s  in  the  revolution,  by  the  bold 
dssign  of  an  ej  ic  poem  ably  executed,  on  the 
idea  tliat  Colunbus  foresaw  in  vision,  the  great 
scenes  that  w-dre  to  be  transacted  on  the  thea- 
tre of  that  new  world  which  he  had  discover- 
ed. Dwight  struck  out,  in  the  same  line,  and 
at  an  early  ])eriod  of  life  finished  an  elegant 
Worit,  entitled  the  Conquest  of  Canaan,  on  a 
plan  which  has  rarely  been  attempted.  The 
principles  of  their  mother  tongue,  were  first 
unfolded  to  the  Americans  since  the  revolution, 
by  their  countrymon  Webster.  Pursuing  an 
unbeaten  track,  he  has  made  discoveries  in  the 
genius  and  construction  of  the  English  language, 
which  had  escaped  the  researches  of  preceding 
philologists.  These,  and  a  group  of  other 
literary  characters,  have  been  brought  into 
view  by  the  revolution.  It  is  remarkable,  that 
of  these,  Connecticut  has  produced  an  unusual 
proportion.  In  that  truly  republican  state, 
every  thing  conspires  to  adorn  human  nature 
with  its  highest  honours. 

From  the  latter  periods  of  the  revolution  till 
tlio  present  time,  schools,  colleges,  societies, 
ar.d  institutions  for  promoting  literature,  arts, 
manufactures,  agriculture,  and  for  extending 
human  happiness,  have  been  increased  far  be- 
yond any  thing  that  ever  took  place  before  the 
declaration  of  independence.  Every  state  in 
the  union,  has  done  more  or  less  in  this  way, 
b<it  Pennsylvania  has  done  the  most.  The 
following  institutions  have  been  very  lately 
founled  in  that  state,  and  most  of  them  in  the 
lime  of  the  war  or  since  the  peace.  An  univer- 
•itv  ;?  tlie  city  of  Philadelphia  ;  a  ccllege  of 
pfiynoiatj  in  the  same  pUc«;  Dickinson  coi.ege 


ar  Carliala;  Franklin  college  at  Lancaster ; 
the  protettant  episcopal  academy  in  Phildel- 
phia  t  academies  at  Ynrktown,  at  Germantown, 
ut  Pittsburgh  and  Washington  ;  and  an  acodo- 
my  in  Philadelphia  for  young  ladies  ;  tociutins 
for  promoting  political  onqiiiriea ;  fortho  medi- 
cal relief  of  the  poor,  under  the  title  of  the 
Philadelphia  dispensary ;  for  promoting  the 
abolition  of  slavery,  and  the  relief  or  free 
negroes  unlawfully  held  in  Londavo  ;  for  pro- 
pagating the  gospel  among  the  Indians,  under 
the  direction  of  the  united  brethren ;  for  the 
oncouragementof  manufactures  and  the  useful 
arts ;  for  alleviating  the  miseries  of  prisons. 
Such  have  been  some  of  the  benofioial  efTocts, 
which  have  resulted  from  that  expansion  of 
the  human  mind,  which  has  been  produced  by 
the  revolution,  but  these  have  not  l>oen  without 
alloy. 

To  overaet  an  established  goverment  un- 
hinna  many  of  those  principles,  which  bind 
individuals  to  each  other.  A  long  time,  and 
much  prudence,  will  be  necessary  to  reproduce 
a  spirit  of  union  and  that  reverence  for  govern- 
ment, without  Mvhich  society  is  a  rope  of  sand. 
The  right  of  the  people  to  resist  their  rulers, 
when  invading  their  liberties,  forms  the  corner 
stone  of  the  American  republies.  This  prin- 
ciple, though  just  in  itself,  is  not  favourable  to 
the  tranquility  of  present  establishnonts.  The 
maxims  and  measures,  which  in  the  years 
1774  and  177S  were  succesfully  inculcated 
and  adopted  by  American  patriots,  for  overset- 
ting the  established  goverment,  will  answer  a 
aimilar  pnrpoae  when  recurrence  is  had  to 
them  by  faetioua  demagoguei,  for  disturbing 
th«  ftwat  government!  uiat  were  ever  de- 
viaed. 

War  never  iails  to  injure  the  morals  of  the 
people  engaged  in  it.  The  American  war,  in 
particular,  had  an  unhappy  infliionco  of  this 
kind.  Being  begun  without  funds  or  regular 
establishments,  it  could  not  be  carried  on  with- 
out violeting  private  rights ;  and  in  its  progress, 
it  involved  a  necessity  for  breaking  solemn 
promises,  and  plighted  public  faith.  The 
failure  of^  national  justice,  which  was  in  some 
degree  unavoidable,  increased  the  difficulties 
of  performing  privote  engagements,  and  weak' 
oned  that  sensibility  to  the  obligations  of  pub- 
lic and  private  honour,  which  is  a  security  for 
the  punctual  performance  of  contracts. 

In  consequence  of  the  war,  the  institutions 
of  religion  have  been  deranged,  the  )>iiblic 
worship  of  the  deity  suspended,  and  a  great 
number  of  the  inhabitants  deprived  of  the  ordi' 
nary  means  of  obtaining  that  religious  knoW' 
ledge,  which  tames  the  fierceness,  and  sofVens 
the  rudeness  of  human  passion  and  manners, 
Many  of  the  temples  dedicated  to  the  service 
of  the  most  high,  were  destroyed,  and  these, 
from  a  deficiency  of  ability  and  inclination,  are 
not  yet  rebuilt.  The  clergy  were  lefl  to  suf- 
fer, without  proper  support.  The  deprecia- 
tion of  the  paper  currency  was  particularly 
injurious  to  them.  It  reduced  their  salaries 
to  a  pittance,  so  insufficient  for  their  mainten- 
ance, that  several  of  them  were  obliged  to  lay 
down  their  profession,  and  engage  in  other 
pursuits.  Public  preaching,  of  which  many 
of  the  inhabitants  were  thus  deprived,  seldom 
fails  of  rendering  essential  service  to  society, 
by  civilizinsr  the  multitude  ond  forming  them 
to  union.  No  class  of  citizens  have  contributed 
more  to  the  revolution  than  the  clergy,  and 
none  have  hitherto  suffered  more  in  conte- 


quence  of  it.  F-tim  the  dimunitinn  of 
number,  and  the  p«viury  to  which  they  hava 
been  subjected,  civil  gnverment  has  lost  many 
of  the  advantages  it  fornii^rly  drrived  fmn 
the  public  instructions  of  that  useful  order  cf 
ni<>n. 

On  the  whole,  the  literary,  pniitica'.  an4 
military  talents  of  the  vitizcns  of  (ho  United 
States  nave  been  improvrd  by  the  ruvolittion, 
but  their  moral  character  is  inferior  to  what  it 
formerly  was.  So  great  is  the  change  for  tha 
worse,  that  the  friends  of  public  order  ara 
loudly  called  upon  to  exert  llieir  utmost  abili* 
ties,  in  extirpating  the  vicious  principles  aiid 
habits,  which  have  taken  deep  root  during  Jia 
late  convulsions. 


CHAPTER  AVm.  ;  ^ 

Tbn  iliMharf«  of  lh«  Anwrkan  arniyi  Tho  naslMMa 
oTNew-Vork  i  The  rfRiniiatiiin  or<Jen,!nil  WaahiMtal 
Arranf(PniPnls  iif  Cniicmia  fiir  ilinpiMinK  nf  IhsJMMal. 
•m  territory,  ami  payin*  llirir  ilplim:  The  jialiiisa 
of  Ihe  Blnteii  after  iho  |n-iico  :  The  inefliraey  of  Ihi  ai^ 
licliia  of  lh«  confeileraiiiin ;  A  irrunil  roKenlM  (it 
amenilinir  ilie  K""'""''!!! :  'I'lie  new  •'i>nii|iliill<iia  t  0«». 
eral  Waahinnton  appfiiiiteil  I'reakleDl!  Aa  adtlMaa  la 
llie  paopi*  of  llie  UniU<l  Ulaloa. 

While  the  citizens  of  the  United  Statea 
were  anticipating  the  blessings  of  peace,  their 
army,  which  had  successfully  stemmed  tha 
tide  of  British  victories,  was  unntwarded  for 
its  services.  The  States  which  had  been  rea* 
cued  by  their  exertions  from  slavery,  were  in 
no  condition  to  pay  them  their  stipulated  due. 
To  dismiss  officers  and  soldii^rs,  who  had  spt^nl 
the  prime  of  their  days  in  serving  their  coun- 
try, without  an  equivalent  for  their  labours,  or 
oven  a  sufficiency  to  enable  them  to  gain  a  de- 
cent living,  was  a  hard  but  iinnvoidable  case. 
An  attempt  was  made,  March  10,  17S3,  by 
anonymous  and  seditious  publications*  to  in- 
flame  the  minds  of  the  officers  and  soldiers, 
and  induce  them  to  unite  in  redressing  their 
own  grievances,  while  they  hnd  arms  in  their 
hands.  As  soon  as  General  Washington  was 
informed  of  the  nature  of  these  papers,  he  re- 
quested the  general  and  Held  officers  with  r  no 
officer  from  each  company,  and  a  proper  re- 
presentation from  the  staff  of  the  army,  tc  aa- 
scmble  on  an  early  day.  He  riglit'y  judged 
that  it  would  be  much  easier  to  divert  from  a 
wrong  to  a  right  path,  than  to  recnl   fatal  and 


hasty  steps,  after  thev    had  once  been  takea 
■      .ly        ■ 
improved  in  preparing  them  for 


The  period,  previously 
officers,  was  improved  i 


to  the  meeting  of  tho 


tho  adoption  of  moderate  measures.  General 
Woshington  sent  for  one  officer  af\er  another, 
and  enlarged  in  private,  on  the  fa  s  conae> 
quences,  and  particularly  on  the  loss  oi  ch» 
racter  to  the  whole  army,  which  would  result 
from  intemperate  resolutions.  When  the  offi- 
cers were  convened,  the  commander-in-cn'.el 
addressed  them  in  a  speech  well  calculated 
to  p<>lm  their  minds.  He  also  pledged  him- 
selt  to  exert  all  his  abilities  and  influence  in 
thpir  favour,  and  requested  them  to  rely  on  tha 
faith  of  their  country,  and  conjured  them,  "aa 
they  valued  their  honour,  as  they  respected  the 
rights  of  humanity,  and  as  they  regarded  the 
military  and  national  character  of  America,  to 
express  their  utmost  detestation  of  the  man. 

*  The  not  very  enviable  honour  attached  to  Iha  a» 
thorahip  of  one  ut  the  moat  high-toned  of  iheae 
aee,   is,    by    good    authority,  caafefrad  (.poa   ' 
James  AmuliMig. 


HISTOIty  OF  THR 


whs  WM  atumptinf  to  epan  iIm  flood-gatet  of 
■ivil  diMOid,  Mid  delun  their  rising  ampira 
with  blood."    Oanaru  WMhington  thon  n- 


Th«  mindf  of  thote  who  had  heard  him 
were  in  luoh  nn  irritable  itate,  that  nothini^ 
'jut  thvir  mntt  ardent  patrin*ism,  and  hii  un- 
boiindeil  iiifluotiee,  nreventod  the  proposal  of 
raati  rut«lutioni,wliieh,  if  adopted,  would  havu 
Mllied  the  glory  of  seven  years  service.  No 
reply  whatever  was  made   to  the  Genorars 

reh.  The  happy  moment  was  seised,  while 
minds  of  the  offieers,  softened  by  the  elo- 
qMBnc*  of  their  beloved  commander,  were  in 
■  yielding  state,  and  a  resqlution  was  unani- 
■Musly  adopted,  by  which  they  declared, 
"  that  no  circumstances  of  distress  or  danger 
should  induce  a  conduct  that  might  tend  to 
sully  the  repuution  and  glory  they  had  ac- 
I ;  that  the  army  continued  to  have  an 
ken  confidence  in  the  justice  of  Congress 
air  country  ;  that  they  viewed  with  ab- 
',  and  rvjeetod  with  disdain,  the  infa- 
npuiitions  in  the  late  anonymous  ad- 
ii  the  officere'of  the  army."  Too  much 
Itnlot  be  given  toQeneral  Washington, 
aliimism  and  decision  which  marked 
lift,  in  the  whole  of  this  sorious  trans- 
acting Perhaps  in  no  inttanoe  did  the  United 
Stater  reaive  from  Heaven  a  more  signal  de- 
'.iven{pce,  'through  the  hands  of  the  comman- 
ler-in-chiiQ 

Soon  afVer  these  events,  Congress  completed 
a  resolution  which  had  been  fur  some  time 
pending,  that  the  officers  of  their  army,  who 
preferred  a  sum  in  gross  to  an  annuity,  should 
be  entitled  to  receive  to  the  amount  of  Bve 
yearf  fidl  {my,  in  money,  or  securities  at  six 
per  cent,  per  annum,  instead  of  their  half  pay 
lor  life,  which  had  been  previously  promised 
to  them. 

To  a\'oid  the  ineonvenienee  of  dismissing 
a  great  number  of  soldiers  in  a  body,  fur- 
loughs were  freely  granted  to  individuals,  and 
after  their  dispersion  they  were  not  enjoined 
to  return.  By  this  arrangement  a  critical  mo- 
ment was  got  over.  A  great  part  of  an  un- 
paid army,  was  disbanded  and  dispersed  over 
the  states,  without  tumult  or  disorder.  The 
privates  generally  betook  themselves  to  labour, 
and  crowned  the  merit  of  being  good  soldicra, 
by  becoming  good  citiaens.  Several  of  the 
American  officera,  who  had  been  bred  mecha- 
nics, resumed  their  trades.  In  old  countries 
the  disbanding  a  single  regiment,  even  though 
fully  paid,  has  often  produced  serious  conse- 
quences; but  in  America,  where  arms  Lad 
been  taken  up  for  self  defence,  they  were 
peaceably  laid  down  as  soon  as  they  became 
unnecessary.  As  soldiers  had  been  easily  and 
speedily  formed  in  1775,  out  of  farmers,  plant- 
en  and  mechanics,  with  eoual  ease  and  expe- 
dition in  the  year  1783,  tney  dropped  their 
adventitious  character,  and  resumed  their  for- 
mer occupations.  About  80  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania levies  formed  an  exception  to  the  pre- 
vailing peaceable  disposition  of  the  army. 
These,  in  defiance  of  their  officers,  set  out  from 
Lancaster,  and  marehed  to  Philadelphia  to 
■eek  redress  of  their  grievances,  from  the  ex- 
•eutive  council  of  the  state.  The  mutineers, 
in  opposition  to  m  ice  and  entreaties,  persisted 
in  their  mareh,  til  1  they  arrived  at  Philadelphia. 
They  were  tliere  joined  by  some  other  troops, 
who  were  <|uanered  in  the  barracks.  The 
whole,  amounting  to  upwards  of  300  men, 


mtrriMd  with  Axed  btyonala  and  drums,  to 
th«  ataMhouae,  in  whieh  Conmss  and  thu  su- 
preme aseeutiro  couneil  of  Pennsylvania  held 
their  taaaiona.  They  placed  guanls  at  every 
door,  and  sent  in  a  written  massage  to  the  pro- 
vident and  council  of  the  state,  and  threatened 
to  let  loose  an  enraged  soldiery  upon  them,  if 
they  were  not  gratified  as  to  their  demand 
within  90  minutes. 

The  situation  of  Conmss,  though  they 
were  not  the  partio'ilar  object  of  tha  soldiers' 
resentment,  was  far  from  being  agreeable. 
After  being  about  three  hours  under  duresse 
thev  retired,  but  previously  resolved  that  the 
autnority  of  tha  United  States  had  been  cross- 
ly inwilted.  Soon  after  they  left  Philadelphia, 
and  fixed  on  Princeton  as  the  place  of  their 
next  meetinr.  General  Washington  inimedi* 
ately  ordered  a  large  detachment  of  his  army, 
to  march  fur  Philadelphia.  Previously  to  their 
arrival,  the  disturbances  were  quieted  without 
bloodshed.  Several  of  the  mutineers  were 
tried  and  condemned,  two  to  suffer  death,  and 
four  to  receive  corporal  punishment,  but  thoy 
were  all  afterwards  pardoned.* 

Towards  the  close  of  the  year.  Congress 
issued  a  proclamation,  in  which  the  armies  of 
the  United  States  were  applauded,  "  for  having 
displayed  in  the  progress  of  an  ordiious  and 
difnoult  war,  every  militlry  and  patriotic  vir- 
tue, and  in  which  the  thanks  of  their  country 
were  given  them,  for  their  long,  eminent  and 
faithful  services."  Congress  thon  declared  it 
to  be  their  pleasure,  "that  such  part  of  their 
federal  armies,  as  stood  engaged  to  serve  du- 
ring the  war,  should  from  and  after  the  third 
day  of  Noveml>er  next,  be  absolutely  dis- 
charged from  the  said  service."  On  the  day 
preceding  their  dismission,  Nov.  2d.  Qencrnl 
Washington  issued  his  farewell  ordera,  in  the 
most  endearing  language.  After  giving  them 
his  advice  respecting  their  future  conduct, 
and  bidding  them  an  afrcctionate  farewell,  he 
concluded  with  these  words;  "May  ample 
justice  he  done  them  here,  and  may  the  choi- 
cest of  Heaven's  favours,  both  here  and  here.- 
after,  attend  those,  who  under  the  divine  aus- 
pices have  secured  innumerable  blessings  for 
others.  With  these  wishes,  and  this  benedic 
tion,  the  commander-in-chief  is  about  to  re- 
tire from  service ;  the  curtain  of  separation 
will  soon  be  drawn,  and  the  military  scene,  to 
him,  will  bo  closed  forever." 

With  great  exertions  of  the  superintnndant 
of  finance,  four  months  pay,  in  part  of  several 
yeara  arrearages,  wore  given  to  the  army. 
This  sum,  though  trifling,  was  all  the  immedi- 
ate recompence  the  states  were  able  to  make 
to  those  brave  men,  who  had  conducted  their 
country  through  an  eight  yeara  war,  to  peace 
and  independence. 

The  evacuation  of  New- York,  took  place 
in  about  three  weoks  after  the  American  army 
waa  discharged.  For  a  twelvemonth  preced 
ing,  there  had  been  an  unrestrained  commu- 
nication between  that  city,  though  a  British 
garrison,  and  the  adjacent  country.  The  bit- 
terness of  war  passed  away,  and  civilities 
were  freely  intarenanged  between  those,  who 
had  lately  soi^ht  for  opportunities  to  destroy 
each  other.  General  Washington  and  gover- 
nor Clinton,  with  their  suites,  made  a  public 
entry  into  the  city  of  New- York,  as  socn  as 
the  royal  army  was  withdrawn.  The  lieute- 
nant goverrior.and  members  of  the  council,the 
officera  of  the  American  arrny,  and  the  citizens, 


followed  in  an  elegant  procession.  It  wm  ■» 
marked  that  an  unusual  proportion  of  thaat 
who  in  177(i,  hail  fled  from  New- York,  war* 
by  death  out  oflT  from  partaking  in  the  gana 
ral  joy,  which  flowed  in  upon  tm-ir  fullow-eiti' 
sens,  on  returning  to  their  ancient  haliitations. 
The  ease  and  afHuence  which  they  enioved  in 
in  the  days  of  their  prosperity,  made  t}ie  s«ve« 
rities  of  exile  inconvenient  to  all,  and  fatal  to 
many,  particularly  to  such  as  were  ailvanrvd 
in  life.  Those  who  survived,  both  felt  and 
expressed  the  ovarflowinss  of  joy,  on  finding 
their  auffbringa  Mid  aervieaa  rewarded  with 
the  recovery  of  tlieir  country,  the  expulsion 
of  their  enemiaa,  and  tha  establishment  of  thoir 
indapendenee.  In  the  evening  there  was  ■ 
display  of  fireworks,  whieh  exceeded  every 
thing  of  tha  kind  before  aaen  in  the  United 
States.  They  commenced  by  a  dove's  de- 
scending with  Ml  olive  branch,  and  setting  fire 
to  a  niiinin  battery. 

The  hour  now  approached  in  which  it  he- 
came  necessary  for  General  Washington  to 
take  leave  of  his  officera,  who  had  been  en- 
deared to  him  by  a  long  series  of  common 
suflerings  and  dangon.  This  was  done  in  a 
solemn  manner.  The  officera  having  pravi- 
nusly  assembled  for  the  purposi.  General 
Washington  joined  them,  and  calling  for  a 
glass  of  wine,  thus  addressed  them.  "  With 
a  heart  full  of  love  and  gratitude,  1  now 
take  my  leave  of  you.  I  most  devoutly  wish 
that  your  latter  days  may  Imj  as  prosperous  and 
happy,  as  your  former  ones  have  been  glori- 
ous and  honourable."  The  officers  came  up 
successively,  and  he  took  an  aflTectionate  leave 
of  each  of  them.  When  this  affecting  score 
was  over,  Washington  left  the  room,  and 
passed  through  the  corps  of  light  infantry,  to 
the  place  of  embarkation.  The  officera  follow- 
ed in  a  solemn  mute  procession,  with  dejected 
countenances.  On  his  entering  the  burge  to 
cross  the  North  river,  he  turned  towards  >he 
companions  of  his  glory,  and  by  waving  his 
hat,  liid  them  a  silent  adieu.  Some  of  t)-em 
answered  this  last  signal  of  lespeet  and  affec- 
tion with  teara,  and  all  of  t>iem  hung  upon 
the  barge  which  conveyed  him  from  their 
sight,  till  they  could  no  longer  distinguish  in 
it  the  person  of  their  beloved  commnndor-in- 
chief. 

A  proposal  was  made  to  perpetuate  the 
friendahip  of  the  officera,  by  forming  them- 
selves into  a  society,  to  be  named  after  the  fa- 
mous Roman  patriot  Cineiiinatus.  The  'Ex- 
treme jealousy  of  the  new  republics  suspect 
ed  danger  to  their  liberties,  fron,  the  union  of 
the  leaden  of  their  late  army,  and  es|>ccially 
from  a  part  of  the  institution,  which  held  out 
to  their  posterity,  the  honour  of  being  admit 
ted  membera  of  the  same  society.  To  obvi 
ate  all  grounds  of  fear,  the  general  meeting  of 
the  society,  recommended  an  alteration  of  their 
institution,  which  has  been  adopted  by  eight 
of  the  state  societies.  By  this  recommenda- 
tion it  was  proposed  o  expunge  overy  thing 
that  was  hereditary,  and  to  retain  little  else 
than  their  original  name,  and  a  social  charita- 
ble institution  for  perpetuating  their  peraona 
friendships,  and  relieving  the  wants  of  their  in 
digent  brethren.  General  Washington,  oi 
the  approaching  dissolution  cf  thi)  Americai: 
army,  by  a  circular  letter  to  tne  goverr  ors  or 
presidents  of  the  individual  states,  gr.ve  hii 
parting  advice  to  his  countrymen ;  and.  with 
all  the  charms  of  eloquence,  inculcated  the  n» 


TTKITEn    HTATRS. 


Mion.  1 1  wu  f» 
oportion  nf  thoM 
New- York,  wer« 
he  gam 
lloweid 
noient  Imliitnlitini, 
ti  thny  nnioved  in 
ty,  in«de  the  tevfif 
to  all,  and  fiiliil  to 
«  were  luivaneed 
'ed,  both  ffllt  and 
)f  joy,  oil  flndina 
•  rawardod  with 
rv,  the  expuliion 
iblithment  of  thoir 
ning  there  waa  ■ 
exceeded  every 
•en  in  the  United 
by  a  dove'i  de- 
ih,  and  letting  fire 


•Miky  of  vniuii,  Juttiea,  auboniiMdon,  and  oC 
■ucii  pnneiplea  and  prae^eea,  ■•  their  new 
iituation  required. 

The  army  being  di«b*ndad,  iIm  enmmiind- 
•r>in>ohi«f  proooewd  to  Annapolii,  then  t)i«  mmt 
of  OongreM,  to  reiign  hia  oomniiMion,  On 
hia  way  thither,  he  duliverod  to  the  ouniptrol- 
ler  in  Philadelphia  an  aecounl  of  th«  expen- 
diture of'all  tho  publio  money  he  had  ever 
rMoived.  Thia  waa  in  hia  own  hand  writing, 
and  every  entry  wu  made  in  a  ve-^  particu- 
lar manner.  The  whoto  lum,  which  in  the 
flourae  of  the  war  had  paited  through  hia 
handi,  amounted  only  to  14,470/.  1m.  Od, 
itorling.  Nothing  waa  charged  or  retained  aa 
a  reward  for  peraonal  aervioei,  aqd  actual 
diabunementi  had  been  managed  yith  auoh 
economy  and  nJelity,that  they  were  all  cover- 
ed by  the  above  moderate  aum. 

Ill  every  town  and  vilUge,  through  which 
the  general  piutod,  he  wat  met  by  publio  and 
private  demonatrationa  of  gratitude  and  joy. 
When  ha  arrived  at  Annapoli*,  he  iiifurmud 
Ciingreaa  of  hit  intention  to  atk  leave  to  roai^n 
tho  commiMion  ho  had  the  Ikonour  to  hold  in 
tliuir  aervioe,  and  desired  to  know  their  plea- 
■ure  in  what  manner  it  would  be  moat  proper 
10  Ixi  done.  They  reaolved  it  ahoulJ  lie  in 
a  public  audience.  When  the  day  fixed  for 
lliut  pur|Hiaa  arrived,  a  grunt  number  of  dia- 
tinguiahed  pononagcs  uttonded  the  intoreHting 
acuno.  At  a  jiropur  moment,  general  Waah- 
•ngton  adJruaauil  Thomaa  MilJlun,  the  preai- 
dent,  ill  the  full.iwing  words : 

"  Mr.  Praaidint, 

"The  aruat  e\ontson  which  my  roaignation 
dopondu  J,  liaving  at  lungth  taken  place,  I  have 
r.uw  the  honour  of  oflering  my  iincoro  con- 
gnitulationt  to  Congreas,  and  of  pruacnting 
:iiyaolf  liefure  them  to  inrrcnder  into  their 
hands  tho  trust  oomn.itted  to  mo,  and  to  cluiro 
the  indulgence  of  retiring  from  tho  service 
of  n:y  country. 

"  Happy  in  the  confirmation  of  our  indo' 
|)endeiice  and  sovereignty,  and  pleased  with 
the  opportunity  aflTorded  tho  United  States  of 
boooniing  a  respectable  nation,  I  reaign  with 
Batiafacti(m  the  appointment  I  accented  with 
diffidence;  a  dimdenco  in  my  abilir'.,-v<  to  ac- 
conipliah  ao  arduoua  a  task,  which,  however, 
waa  superceded  by  a  confidence  in  tho  recti- 
tude of  our  cause,  the  support  of  the  su- 
preme power  of  the  union,  and  the  patronage 
of  Heaven. 

"The  successful  termination  of  the  warhar 
verified  the  most  sanguine  expectations,  and 
my  gratitude  for  the  interposition  of  Provi- 
dence, and  the  assistance  I  have  received  from 
my  countrymen,  increas<^s  with  overy  review 
of  the  momentous  contest. 

"  While  I  repeat  my  obligations  to  the  army 
in  general,  I. should  do  injustice  to  my  own 
feelings  not  to  acknowledge,  in  this  (ilace,  the 
peculiar  services,  and  distinguished  merits  of 
the  persona  who  have  been  attached  to  my 
person  during  the  war:  it  was  impossiblo  the 
choice  of  confidential  oflRoers  to  compose  my 
family  should  have  been  more  fortunate  ;  per- 
mit me,  sir,  to  recommend  in  particular  tho^.; 
who  have  continued  in  the  service  to  the  pre- 
sent moment,  as  worthy  of  the  favourable  no- 
tice and  patronage  of  Congress. 

"  I  consider  it  as  an  indjaponsablo  duty  to 
elose  this  last  solemn  act  of  my  official  life,  by 
commending  the  interests  of  our  dearest  coun- 
*3  to  iboppteotion  of  Almightj^  Qovl,  and 


ihosa  who  have  the  tuperintcndanoaof  them,  |ara  evils  in  national  aonvulsian,  avail  whm  aSi 
** eessitaiod  by  the  most  justiflablo  eauaaa,  will 


to  Hia  holy  keeping. 

"Having  now  nnishc  I  the  work  assigped 
me,  1  retire  from  the  grat  theatre  of  action; 
and  bidding  an  anbotionata  farewell  to  this  au- 
giiat  iNidy,  under  whoao  orders  I  have  long 
acted,  I  here  offer  my  eommiasion,  and  take  my 
leave  of  all  (ha  employmenu  of  publio  life." 

To  thia  the  President  returned  the  follow- 
ing answer  t 

"  Tho  United  States,  in  Congrma  assembled, 
receive  with  emotkins  too  ameting  for  utter- 
ance, the  solemn  resignation  of  the  authorities 
under  whioh  you  have  led  their  troons  with 
auccoaa,  through  a  perilous  and  doubtful 
war. 

Called  upon  by  your  country  to  defend 
its  invaded  rights,  you  accepted  the  sacred 
charge  before  it  had  formed  alliances,  and 
whilst  it  waa  without  friends  or  a  government 
to  siipport  you. 

"  You  have  conducted  the  great  military 
contest  with  wisdom  and  fortitude,  invariably 
regarding  tho  rights  of  the  civil  power  through 
all  diaaatura  ami  changes  ;  you  have,  by  the 
love  nnd  confidence  of  ycur  follow  citisona, 
enabled  them  to  diaplsy  their  martial  genius, 
and  tranamit  them  to  posterity ;  you  have  per- 
severed till  these  United  States,  aided  by  a 
mafrnunimous  king  Ad  nation,  have  lieen  ona- 
blud,  under  a  just  Providence,  to  close  the 
war  in  freedom,  aafety  and  independence  ;  on 
which  happy  event  wo  sincerely  join  you 
in  congratulations. 

"  Having  defended  the  standard  of  liberty 
in  this  now  world— liaving  taught  a  lesson 
useful  to  those  who  inflict,  and  to  those  who 
fuel  oppression,  you  retire  from  the  groat  thea- 
tre of  action,  with  the  blessings  ofyour  fol- 
low-citixens ;  but  the  glory  nf  your  virtues 
will  not  terminate  witn  your  military  com 
man<! ;  it  will  cuntinuo  to  aniinato  remotest 
ages.  We  feul,  with  you,  our  obligations  to 
(he  army  in  general,  and  will  pwtieularly 
charge  ourselves  with  (ho  interest  of  those  con- 
fidential (illlcurs,  who  have  attended  your  per- 
son to  this  ufibcting  moment. 

"  Wo  join  you  in  commending  tho  interests 
of  our  dearest  country  to  the  protection  of 
Almighty  Qixl,  liesccching  Him  to  dispose  tho 
hearts  and  minds  of  its  citizens,  to  improve 
the  opjMirtunity  aflbrdod  them,  of  becoming 
a  hapny  and  respectable  nation  ;  and  fur  voi;, 
we  address  to  Him  our  earnest  prayers,  that 
a  life  so  beloved  may  be  fostered  with  all  His 
care  ;  That  your  days  may  l>o  happy  as  they 
have  been  illustrious,  and  tlint  Ho  will  finally 
give  you  that  reward  which  this  world  can- 
not give." 


CHAPTER  XIX, 

WARHINOTON'a  ADMINISTRATION. 

In  every  department  of  nature  violent  ef- 
forts are  succeeded  by  a  corresponding  ex- 
haustion ;  and  the  struggles  of  a  nation  for  li- 
berty and  independence  aflTord  no  exception  to 
thia  universal  law.  From  the  evils  insepa- 
rable from  such  contests,  the  pusillanimous  and 
the  sordid  may  urge  arguments  in  favour  of 
what  they  deem  a  prudent  and  profitable  sub- 
mits! venoss  to  arbitrary  sway;  out  the  lover 
of  fiecdom,  while  he  will  not  deny  that  there 


still  scorn  to  evade  them  by  a  base  servility  | 
and  ill  does  it  lieeome  those  who  have  ren* 
dered  such  evils  inevitable,  to  attempt  to  oast 
the  odium  of  them  on  the  noble  and  solf-de* 
nying  eflitrts  of  tho  patriot. 

The  exhausting  efftKt  nf  their  exertions 
was  felt  by  the  people  nf  the  United  Statee 
for  a  considerable  period  after  peace,  as  wel! 
aa  independence,  had  boen  secured.  The  en- 
thusias.ii  uf  a  popular  contest  terminating  in 
victory,  began  to  subside,  and  the  saoriflena  01 
the  revolution  soon  became  known  and  ft  It 
The  claims  of  those  who  toiled,  and  fohglit, 
and  suflTured  in  the  arduous  struggle,  wei* 
strongly  urged,  and  the  government  had  Mi- 
ther  resources  nor  power  to  satisfy  or  to  aW 
lence  thom.  The  federal  head  had  no  sepa- 
rate or  exclusive  fund.  The  menihen  of  Com- 
gress  depended  on  the  states  which  they  re- 
spcetivciy  represented,  even  for  their  own 
maintenance,  and  money  fiir  national  purposea 
could  only  bo  obtained  by  retpiisitions  on  the 
diflTeront  members  of  the  confi^deraoy.  On 
them  it  became  necessary  immediately  to  eall 
for  funds  to  discharge  the  arrears  of  pay  doe 
to  " 
est 


'  funds  to  discharge  the  arrears  of  pay  < 
the  soldiers  of  thu  revolution,  and  the  inter> 
on  tho  dnbt  which  the  government  had 
been  compelled  to  contract.  The  legislaturaa 
of  the  dinurent  states  n^ceived  these  requisi- 
tinnswith  respect,  listened  to  the  moiiltorr 
warnings  of  Congreas  with  duference,  and 
with  silent  and  inactive  ac<]iiicacence.  Their 
own  situation,  indeed,  was  full  uf  embarrasa- 
ment.  The  wraith  of  the  country  ha<l  bt-en 
tutally  exhausted  during  the  revolution.  Jaxaa 
could  not  be  collected,  liecause  there  wsii  :i< 
money  to  represent  the  value  of  the  li'.r'c  poi-» 
sonal  property  which  hnd  not  been,  and  the 
land  which  could  not  be,  destroyed ;  and  com 
mcrcc,  thoiieh  preparing  to  biuvt  from  ita 
throld^in,  hud  not  yet  hud  time  to  lestore  to 
the  unniiul  proiluce  of  the  country  its  exchange- 
able value.  The  states  owed  each  a  heavy 
debt  for  local  services  rendered  during  the  re 
volution,  fiir  which  it  was  bound  to  provide, 
and  each  had  its  own  domestic  govcmmei  t  to 
support.  Under  these  circumstances,  it  is  w* 
surprising  that  each  state  was  anxious  to  re- 
tain for  its  own  benefit  the  small  but  rising 
revenue  derived  from  foreign  commerce  ;  and 
that  the  custom-houses  in  each  commercial  city 
were  considered  as  tho  most  valuable  sourcea 
of  income  which  tho  states  possessed.  Each 
state,  therefore,  made  its  own  regulations,  iti 
tariff*,  and  tonnage  duties,  and,  as  a  nntura. 
consequence,  the  different  states  clashed  with 
each  other;  one  nation  became  more  favoured 
than  another  under  tho  same  circumstancea ; 
and  one  state  pursued  a  system  injurious  In 
the  interests  of  another.  Hence  the  conft* 
dence  of  foreign  countries  was  destroyed ; 
and  they  would  not  enter  into  treaties  of  com- 
merce with  the  confederated  government, 
while  they  were  not  likely  to  be  carried  into 
effect.  A  general  decoy  of  trade,  the  nse  ot 
imported  merchandise,  the  fall  of  produce,aiid 
an  uncommon  decrease  of  the  value  '£  lands, 
ensued. 

The  distress  of  the  inhabitants  was  Rontinn* 
ally  on  the  increase;  and  in  Massacb'iaetta, 
where  it  was  most  felt,  an  insurrection  of  a 
serious  character  was  the  consequence.  Neai 
the  close  of  the  year  17P6,  the  populace  a^ 
sembled  tn  the  niunbei  of  two  thousand,  im 


tllK'tORY  OP  THl 


Mm  Minli«wmlarn  p«rt  of  iIm  tiaia,  mhI,  chixM- 
tnf  DanWI  Shayi  tliair  loMlnr,  daimnditd  ihiit 
:h«  ciillootiiin  of  dubto  tliould  b*  tu*|>«itd«d, 
4iul  tliat  tha  UiipiUiuro  ihiiuid  tuthuriM  iha 
•miMiun  of  paixr  tn<>n«y  for  gonanil  ciroiiU- 
lioii.  Twru  iMMliut  uf  militia,  dnwn  rrom  thoM 
part*  of  tha  atata  whara  diiafl'aotion  did  not 
oravail,  wnra  immadiataly  datpatehad  againit 
(ham,  ona  undar  tha  oommand  of  (.^noral 
Lincoln,  tha  othar  of  Oanaral  Shapard.  Tho 
liMflactad  wara  ditnaraad  with  lata  difficulty 
Jiaii  bad  Itean  apprananded,  and,  abandoning 
rhnir  teditious  purpoaaa,  aeoaplad  tha  proffar- 
id  indamnity  of  tha  govarniamt. 

Tha  tiiiM  at  langth  ewiM  whan  iha  public 
mind  fav*  taJMna  of  baing  uraparad  for  a 
ahanga  in  Um  floaatilution  of  tna  ganaral  gt»- 
vernmant— M  oeeumnea,  tb«  naoaatiry  of 
arhieh  bad  long  baan  Ibrataan  by  Wathinston, 
ind  moat  of  tha  diatinguiahad  patriota  of  that 
neriod.  Evil  had  aeeumulated  upon  evil,  till 
tha  maat  bocama  too oppraaaiva  to  ba  nndured, 
and  tha  voica  of  the  nation  eriad  out  for  relief. 
The  firat  deeiaiva  maaaurea  proceadad  from 
the  merchanta,  who  eama  forward  almoat  ■!• 
raultanaoualy  in  all  parti  of  the  country,  with 
repreaentntiona  of  tha  utter  pmatrstion  of  the 
mereantila  intareata,  and  petitiimi  for  a  ipendy 
•nd  efficient  remedy.  It  wua  ahown,  that  the 
■dvantaf^a  of  ihia  moat  important  inurce  of 
national  proaperity  were  flowing  into  tht.  hiinds 
of  foreifrneri,  and  that  the  native  mnrolmnti 
were  aulTerinff  for  tha  want  of  a  jutt  proloc- 
tinnaild  a  uniform  lyiteni  nf  trade.  Tho  wine 
■nd  reflecting  were  convinced  that  aomo  deci- 
ded eflTorta  wara  necoaaary  to  atrengthon  tlio 
Sinenl  government,  or  that  a  dinaolution  of 
■  union,  and  perhapa  a  dovaatating  anarchy, 
would  be  inevitalile.  Tho  firit  itop  towHrd* 
a  general  rt'fonnotion  waa  rnthcr  accidental 
iLan  premeditated.  Certain  c^ticcna  of  Vir- 
ginia and  Maryland  hud  formed  o  iclicmo  fur 
promntinu'  the  navigation  <if  iho  Potomac  and 
Chc«a|N>ako  Bay,  and  commiiiioncri  were  ap- 
pointed by  thoie  two  itutca  to  meet  at  Alex- 
andria, and  deviae  aome  plan  of  operation 
These  peraon*  mailn  a  viait  to  Mount  Vamon, 
nnd  while  there,  it  wa*  proponed  among  tham- 
lelvea  that  mora  important  objecta  ahould  bo 
connected  with  the  purpoae  at  firat  in  view, 
and  that  the  atate  gnvernmenta  ahould  be  loli- 
cited  to  appoint  other  commitiioncri,  with  en- 
larged power*,  instructed  to  form  a  plan  for 
roamtaining  a  naval  force  in  tho  Chcaapcaka, 
and  also  to  fix  upon  *ome  *v«tem  of  dutic*  on 
export*  and  import*  in  which  lioth  itatc*  ihoula 
agree,  and  that  in  the  end  Congrci*  ahould  be 
petitioned  to  allow  theae  privitegea,  Thia 
project  was  approved  by  the  logiilature  of 
Virginia,  and  commiasioncr*  were  accordingly 
appointed.  The  lame  legislature  passed  a  ra> 
iolution  recommending  tho  design  to  other 
■tatea,  and  inviting  them  to  unite,  by  their  com- 
ini*9ianer«,  m  an  attempt  to  established  such  a 
•yatem  of  commercial  relationa  aa  would  pro- 
mote general  harmony  and  pmaoerity.  Five 
itatea  only,  in  addition  to  Virgiiua,  acceded  to 
thia  proposition,  namely,  Maryland,  Delaware, 
Pennaytvania,  New-Jeriey,  and  New- York. 
From  theae  atate*  commi*(ionur*  aaiembled  at 
Annapolis,  but  they  had  hardly  entered  into  a 
diacussion  of  the  topica  which  naturally  forced 
Jiemselves  into  view,  bofuro  they  discovered 
the  power*  with  which  they  were  inatnieted 
lo  be  *o  limited,  a*  to  tie  up  their  hand*  from 
■flbctipf  any  purpoae  that  could  be  of  eiaea* 


tial  utility.  On  tUii  aaaoynt,  a*  weti  aa  from 
the  ciroumalanea  that  ao  few  atataa  ware  re- 
preaantad,  they  wisely  declined  deciding  on 
any  important  measure*  in  reference  to  the 
partieular  subject  for  which  they  had  come 
together.  This  eonvention  is  memorable,  how- 
ever, a*  having  baan  tha  praluda  to  the  one 
which  followed.  Before  the  commissioners 
adjourned,  a  report  wa*  ag^ed  u|ion,  in  which 
tha  nece**ily  ot  a  reviaion  and  reform  of  the 
articlea  of  the  old  federal  compact  was  strong- 
ly urged,  and  which  contained  a  recommen- 
dation to  all  the  atate  legialaturea  for  the  ap- 
pointmeatof  deputiea,  to  nMat  at  Philadelphia, 
with  more  ample  powera  and  instructions. 
Thia  propoaal  waa  eventually  carried  into  ef- 
fect, and,  in  conformity  with  it,  a  convention  of 
dalentea  from  the  several  *tale*  met  at  Phila- 
delphia in  May,  1787.  Of  thia  l>ody  of  emi- 
nent statesmen,  George  Washington  was  elect- 
ed prasident.  They  deliberated  with  closed 
doors  during  a  period  of  four  months.  One 
party  in  the  convention  was  anxioua  to  enlarge, 
another  to  abridge,  tha  authority  delegated  to 
the  general  government.  This  wa*  tho  fir*t 
germ  of  parties  in  th)>  Unltod  States ,  not  that 
material*  waro  wanting,  for  the  diaaenaiona  of 
the  revolution  bad  left  behind  aome  bittameaa 
of  apirit  and  feeling*  that^ly  awaited  an  op- 
portunity for  their  diacloiore.  The  divisions 
in  the  C4>nvcntion  proved  the  foundation  of 
many  a  *ubae<|uent  struggle.  At  length  a  con- 
stitution wo*  agreed  on,  which,  after  being  re- 
|iorted  to  Congre**,  wo*  submitted  for  ratifica- 
tion to  convention*  hi^Id  in  the  resfiecti^e 
states.  Thia  constitution  diflers,  in  many  im- 
portant particular*,  from  the  articles  of  confu- 
deratlon;  and,  by  its  rogulations,  connects  the 
*tato*  mora  clo*ely  fi^iither,  under  a  cenoral 
and  (upreme  government,  composed  of  three 
departments,  legislative,  executive,  and  judi- 
cial; and  invested  u-ith  powers  essential  to 
it*  belBg  respected,  both  by  foreign  nation* 
and  the  state*  who*e  intere*t  it  wa*  designed 
to  *«cure.  The  proviiions  and  characteristic* 
of  this  Interesting  and  important  political  code, 
will  receive  tho  consideration  to  which  they 
are  fco  Juatly  entitled  in  another  department 
of  our  work. 

Aa  that  porty  which  wo*  desirous  to  extend 
the  powera  of  the  constitution,  had  been  the 
mo*t  anxious  for  the  formation  nf  this  system, 
and  the  mo*t  sealou*  advocate*  for  its  adop' 
tion,  it  almo*t  naturally  followed  that  the  ad 
mini*tration  of  it  wa*  committed  to  their 
hand*.  Thia  party,  which  might,  from  their 
opinion*,  have  been  denominated  luitionalists, 
or,  in  more  modern  phraseology,  centralist*, 
acquired  the  iiame  of  federalist*,  while  the 
M>pellation  of  anti-federalists  wa*  given  to 
their  antagonists.  The  latter,  ardently  attach- 
ed to  freedom,  imagined  that  nilera,  possessing 
such  extensive  sway,  such  abundantpatronage, 
•ad  such  independent  tenure  of  office,  would 
become  fond  of  the  exercise  of  power,  end  in 
the  end  arrogant  and  tyrannical.  The  for- 
mer, equally  devoted  to  the  cause  of  national 
liberty,  contended  that  to  preserve  it  an  ener- 
getic government  was  necessary.  They  de- 
scribed, with  pov/erful  eflTect,  the  evils  actu- 
ally endured  trom  the  inefficiency  of  the  con- 
federation, and  demanded  that  a  trial  at  least 
should  be  made  of  the  remedy  proposed. 

In  eleven  states,  a  majority,  though  in  some 
instance*  a  *mall  one,  decided  in  favour  of  the 
•onstitution.    Provision  wu  then    made  for 


the  aleetion  of  the  offieem  to  eotnpooe  the  e» 
euiitivn  and  legialativn  department*.  In  tiM 
highest  station,  the  elector't,  by  a  uiiinimous 
vote,  placed  the  ilhiatrioiii  Waaliingtiin  ;  and 
lo  the  office  of  vice-iirt'siilenl,  by  a  vote  near- 
ly unanimous,  they  eU'vati'tl  .lohii  Ailiima,  who, 
ill  stations  less  conapiiMioii*,  hud,  with  rq-jal 
patriotism,  rendered  impurlnnt  services  to  his 
country.  On  tiie  3.1tl  of  April  the  piesideiil 
elect  arrived  at  New- York,  whnre  ho  was  re- 
ceived by  the  governor  of  the  state,  and  con- 
ducted,  with  military  honour*,  through  an  im- 
mense enncourae  of  people  to  the  apartnienta 
>rovidud  for  him.  Hera  be  received  tha  *a- 
utation*  of  foreign  minbtora,  public  liodies, 
|Militical  eharaeter*,  and  private  citiien*  of 
diatinction,  who  preased  around  him  to  offitr 
their  conKratulttliin*,  and  to  expre**  their  joy 
at  seeing  the  man  who  had  the  confidence  <n 
all,  at  the  head  of  tho  American  republic.  On 
the  30th  of  April  the  president  was  inaugura- 
ted. Having  taken  the  oath  of  office  in  an 
open  gallery  adjoining  the  si>nate  clmmlier,  in 
the  view  of  an  immense  cnncoiirso  of  people^ 
who  attested  their  joy  by  loud  and  repeated 
acclamations,  he  returned  to  the  senate  cham- 
ber, where  he  delivered  the  following  a|>- 
propriate  address  ; 

**  Fallow  eillMni  uf  Ihe  H«mt«, 

Bnd  of  Ih*  HouM  o(  R<ipn>Miiiiilivm  i 
"  Among  the  vicissitudes  incident  to  life,  no 
event  could  have  filled  nie  with  greater  anx- 
ieties, than  that  nf  which  tho  notification  was 
transmitted  by  your  order,  and  received  co 
the  14th  day  of  the  present  month.  On  the 
one  hand.  I  was  summoned  l>y  my  eountiy, 
whose  voice  I  can  never  hear  hut  with  v<ia*- 
ration  and  love,  from  a  retront  which  I  had 
chosen  with  the  fondest  nreaunctioi.,  and,  !■ 
my  nattering  nopcs,  witn  an  immir.uble  deci- 
sion, a*  the  (laylum  of  my  declining  year*  ;  a 
retreat  which  wi>*  i-endereil  every  day  more 
necesaary  as  well  as  more  dear  to  me,  by  the 
addition  nf  habit  to  inclinatinii,  and  of  frequent 
interruptions  in  my  health  to  the  graiiual 
waste  committed  nn  it  by  time.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  magnitude  and  difficulty  of  tho  trust 
to  which  the  voice  of  my  country  called  me, 
being  sufficient  to  awaken  in  the  wisest  and 
most  experienced  of  her  citizens,  a  distrustful 
scrutiny  into  his  oualifications,  could  not  but 
overwhelm  with  aes|K>ndonce,  one,  who,  inhe- 
riting inferior  endowments  from  nntiire,  and 
unpractised  in  the  duties  of  civil  administra- 
tion, ought  to  lie  peculiarly  conscious  of  his 
own  deficiencies.  In  this  conflict  of  emotion*, 
all  I  dare  aver  is,  that  it  has  been  my  faithful 
study  to  collect  my  duty  from  a  just  appreci- 
ation of  every  circumstance  by  which  it  might 
be  affected.  All  I  dare  hope,  is,  tliat,  if  in  ac- 
cepting this  task,  I  have  been  too  much  sway- 
ed by  a  grateful  remembrance  of  former  in- 
stances, or  by  an  aflectionatc  sensibility  to  this 
transcendent  proof  of  the  confidence  of  m} 
fellow  citizens,  and  have  thence  too  little  con 
suited  my  incapuclty  as  well  as  disinclination, 
for  tho  weighty  and  untried  cares  before  m», 
my  error  will  be  palliated  by  the  motive* 
which  misled  me,  and  its  consequences  ba 
judged  by  my  country,  with  some  share  of  ths 
partiality  in  which  they  ori^'inated. 

"Such  being  the  impression*  under  which 
I  have,  in  obedience  to  the  public  summons, 
repaired  to  the  present  station,  it  will  be  pecu 
liarly  imoroper  to  omit,  in  thi*  first  official  act, 
nty  fervent  aupplicadons  to  that  Almighty  B« 


o  «ninpaiM  tha  »if 
mrtinenti.  In  Um 
<,  Uy  ■  uiiinimout 
WniiliiiiKtiiti  I  UHi 
nt,  hy  ■  vntit  nrar* 

John  Ailiimii,  who, 
I,  hiul,  with  pqaal 
ftiit  i«r«ioui  to  hia 
pril  the  pieiitleirf 
,  whfire  he  wm  r«* 
the  itAte,  and  con* 
in,  thrnugh  an  im- 

to  the  apartniontt 
•  received  thn  ■•• 
on,  public  bodiei^ 
[irivato  citiient  of 
rniuid  liim  to  otlWr 
)  exfireis  their  Joy 

the  confidence  of 
'ican  republic.  On 
Jent  wai  inauffuim- 
ilh   uf  office  111  u 

ienntn  cliamlNir,  in 
tncouno  of  peuplou 
loud  and  repeated 
;o  the  tenato  chain* 
the   following   aji* 


M*,  who  rulM  ovar  tha  univona,  who  pre- 
•iJea  in  tha  eouneiU  of  nations,  and  whoia 

Srovidential  aidi  can  lupply  every  human 
■feet,  that  hia  benediction  may  ooniecrale  to 
Itia  libertie*  and  happineii  oi  the  people  of 
tha  United  8tatei,  a  government  inttituted  by 
ihemielvei  for  theie  euential  purpoiei,  and 
may  enable  every  initrument  employed  in  its 
Mliniiiiiitration,  to  execute  with  lucoeu  the 
ftineliont  allotted  to  hit  charge.  In  landering 
thia  homage  to  the  great  At^thorof  avary  pub* 
Ko  and  private  good,  I  aiiure  myaelf  that  it 
axpreMaa  your  lentiment*  not  lata  than  my 
own  ;  nor  thoae  of  my  follow  citiiana  at  large 
\m»  than  either.  No  people  can  be  bound  to 
acknowledge  and  adore  the  inviiibia  hand, 
which  conduct*  the  afTaira  of  man,  mora  than 
the  people  of  the  United  Sutea.  Every  atap, 
by  which  they  have  advanced  to  tha  eharao- 
tar  of  an  independent  nation,  aeenu  to  have 
been  dittinguiahed  l>y  tome  token  of  provi- 
dential agency.  And  in  the  important  revolu- 
tion jutt  aceompliahed  in  tha  iVitam  of  their 
jnited  govommont,  the  tranquil  deliberation*, 
and  voluntary  content  of  ao  many  diatinot 
eommunitiea,  firom  which  the  event  hot  re- 
aulted,  cannot  be  compared  with  the  meant 
by  which  mott  govemmenta  have  been  et- 
tablithod,  without  tome  return  of  piout  grati- 
tude, along  with  an  humble  anticipation  of  the 
fitture  bletiingt  which  the  put  teem  to  pre- 
»»1^.  Thete  reflectioni,  anting  out  of  tha 
pretent  critii,  have  forced  themielvo*  too 
ttrongly  on  my  mind  to  be  tuppretted.  You 
will  join  vrith  me,  I  trutt,  in  thinking  that 
there  are  none  under  the  influence  of  which 
tlie  proceedingt  of  a  new  and  free  government 
ear  more  auipicioutiy  commence. 

"  By  the  article  establithing  the  executive 
department,  it  it  made  the  duty  of  the  Presi- 
dent, '  to  recommend  to  your  cnntideration 
such  measures  as  he  shall  judge  necessary  and 
expedient.'  The  circumstances  under  which 
I  now  meet  you,  will  acquit  me  from  entering 
into  that  subject,  further  than  to  refer  to  the 
great  constitutional  charter  under  which  you 
are  assembled,  and  which,  in  deftning  your 
IMWers,  designates  the  objects  to  whion  your 
attention  is  to  be  given.  It  will  be  more  con- 
sistent with  those  oircurastancet,  and  far  more 
congenial  with  the  feeling  which  actuate  me, 
to  lubttitute,  in  place  of  a  recommendation  of 
l>articular  meaiuret,  the  tribute  that  is  due  to 
the  talents,  the  reetitude,  and  the  patriotiim 
which  adorn  the  charactert  telectedfto  devise 
and  adopt  them.  In  these  honorable  qualifi- 
cations, 1  behold  the  surest  pledget,  that,  as 
on  one  side  no  local  prejudieo*  or  attachments, 
no  separate  views  nor  party  animoaitiet,  will 
misdirect  the  oomprehentiva  and  equal  eye 
which  ought  to  vrstch  over  thit  great  attem- 
Ixage  of  eoiumunitiea  and  intereata ;  to,  on 
toother,  that  the  foundations  of  our  national 
policy  will  be  lud  in  the  pure  and  iiilmutabla 
principles  of  private  morality ;  and  the  pre- 
eminence of  free  government  be  exemplified 
by -all  the  attributea  which  can  win  tha  affec- 
tions of  its  citisens,  and  command  the  respect 
of  the  world. 

"  I  dwell  on  this  prospect  with  every  satis- 
&ution  which  an  ardent  love  for  my  country 
tan  inspire.  Since  there  is  no  truth  more 
Anroughly  established,  than  that  there  exists 
in  the  economy  and  course  of  nature,  an  indis- 
■olubln  union  oetween  virtue  and  happiness— 
b«lw«an  duty  and  advantage— -between  the 
33 


CitlTBD 

fanalna  maxims  of  an  honest 

mous  policy,  and  the  solid  reward*  of  public 


oTn 


STATBB. 

and  nugnani- 


protfiarity  and  felicity  ;  since  wa  ought  to  be 
no  less  persuaded  thai  the  propitious  smiles 
of  Heaven  can  never  be  ex|iected  on  a  nation 
that  disregards  the  eternal  rules  of  order  and 
right  whion  Heaven  itself  has  ordained  ;  and 
since  the  preservation  of  the  sacred  fire  of 
libertv,  and  the  destiny  of  the  rapubliean 
modal  uf  govamment,  ara  Juatlv  oontidarad  a* 
iltt^y,  parhapt  aa  Jinmltjf,  ttMad  on  tha  ax- 
parimant  intrusted  to  tho  handi  of  tha  Amari- 
ean  people. 

"  Batidai  tha  ordinary  objaet*  tnbmitled  to 
your  oara,  it  will  remain  with  your  Jadgmant 
to  daeida,  how  far  an  axereita  of  tha  ocoa- 
aional  power  delegated  by  tha  fifth  artiela  of 
tha  oonttitntion,  it  rendered  expedient  at  the 
pratant  juncture  by  the  nature  of  objactiona 
which  have  bean  urged  againtt  tha  tyttam,  or 
b^  tha  dagrea  of  inquietude  which  baa  given 
birth  to  Uam.  Inttead  of  undertaking  par- 
tieular  reeommendationt  on  this  tubieot,  in 
which  I  could  be  guided  by  no  lightt  de- 
rived fW>m  olHeial  opportunitiet,  I  thall  again 
give  way  to  my  entire  confidence  in  your  dit- 
comment  and  purauit  of  the  public  good.  For 
I  assure  myself,  that  whilst  you  carefully 
avoid  every  alter^lin  which  might  endanger 
tha  benefits  of  a  united  and  effective  govern- 
ment, or  which  ought  to  await  the  future  les- 
sons of  experience  ;  a  reverence  for  the  char- 
aetaristie  rights  of  freemen,  and  a  regard  for 
the  public  harmony,  will  sufficiently  influence 
your  deliberations  on  the  question,  how  fkr 
the  former  can  be  more  impregnably  fortified, 
or  the  latter  be  safely  and  advantageoualy 
promoted. 

"  To  the  preeading  obaervations  I  have 
one  to  add,  which  will  be  mott  properly  ad- 
dreited  to  the  Houte  of  Repretentativea.  It 
concemt  mvielf,  and  will  therefore  be  at 
brief  aa  possible.  When  I  was  first  honoured 
with  a  call  into  the  tervice  of  my  country, 
then  on  the  eve  of  an  arduoua  struggle  for  itt 
libertiet,  the  light  in  which  I  contemplated 
my  duty  required  that  I  ahould  renounce 
every  pecuniary  compentation.  From  thia 
resolution  1  have  in  no  instance  departed. 
And  being  still  under  the  impressions  which 
produced  it,  I  must  deeline,  as  inapplicable  to 
mvself,  any  share  in  the  personal  emoluments, 
which  may  be  indispensably  included  in  a 
permanent  provision  for  the  executive  depart- 
ment ;  and  must  accordingly  pray,  that  the 
pecuniary  estimates  for  the  station  in  which  I 
am  placed,  may,  during  my  continnance  in  it, 
be  hmited  to  such  actual  expenditures  at  the 
public  g^ood  may  be  thought  to  require. 

"  Having  thua  imparted  to  you  my  tanti- 
menta,  aa  they  have  bean  awakened  by  the 
occaaion  which  bringt  us  togatSer,  I  ahalf  take 
my  present  leave ;  out  not  without  resorting 
once  more  to  the  benign  Parent  of  the  human 
race,  in  humble  supplication,  that  since  he  has 
been  pleated  to  favour  the  American  people 
with  opportunities  for  deliberating  in  perfect 
tranquillity,  and  dispositions  for  deciding  with 
unparalleled  unanimity  on  a  form  of  govern- 
ment, for  the  security  of  their  union,  and  the 
advancement  of  their  happiness ;  so  his  divine 
blessing  may  be  equally  eoHtpieuout  in  the 
enlarged  views,  the  temperate  consultations, 
and  the  wise  measures  on  which  the  auecess 
of  this  government  must  depend." 

In  tbeir  answer  to  thit  speech,  the  aanate 


'  Til.       ' 


tay,  "  I  ha  unanimout 
body  in  your  favour. 


It  aufl^M  of  Jm  oImIm* 
ly  in  your  favour,  i*  paeuliarlv  axprwativ* 
of  Uia  gratitude,  oonfidenca,  and  afiTaetion  of 
tha  citiaens  of  America,  and  it  tha  hi^haal 
testimonial  at  once  of  your  merit,  and  thai" 
esteem.  We  are  *en*iDle,  air,  tha(  nnihing 
but  tho  voice  of  your  fellow  eitiaan*  could 
have  eallad  you  from  a  retreat,  ehoaan  with 
the  fonda*t  pradilaation,  endeared  by  habit, 
and  eonaacratad  to  tha  repoaa  of  daelininf 
yaara.  Wa  njjoioa,  and  with  n*  all  Amarian, 
that,  in  obadianca  to  tha  call  of  our  comflaoa 
country,  you  have  raturnad  onea  mora  lo 
publie  Jile.  In  you  all  partiaa  eonfidai  :■ 
jfou  all  intarattt  unite  t  and  wa  have  no  dnnbl 
that  your  pait  tervieet,  great  at  they  hav« 
been,  will  be  equalled  by  your  futura  axar* 
tiont  I  and  that  your  prudence  and  tagaeity, 
M  a  ttatetman,  will  tend  to  avert  the  dannra 
to  which  we  were  expoted,  to  give  ttabiliqr 
to  the  pretent  government,  and  dignity  ana 
splendour  to  that  country,  which  your  tkill 
and  valour,  at  a  toldier,  to  eminently  eontri* 
buled  to  raise  to  independence  and  to  empire." 

The  affection  for  tne  pertoii  and  charaeter 
of  the  Pretident  with  which  the  antwer  of  tha 
Houte  of  Repretentativea  glowed,  promiaed 
that  between  thit  branch  of  the  legitlaluru 
alto  and  the  executive,  the  mott  harmonioua 
co-operation  in  the  publio  tervice  might  bn 
expected. 

"  The  repretentativea  of  the  people  of  tha 
United  State*,"  *ay*  thit  addrett,  "  pretent 
their  eongratulation*  on  the  event  by  which 
your  fellow  citiaens  have  atteated  the  pre- 
eminence of  your  merit  You  have  long  hold 
the  firtt  place  in  their  etteam.  You  nave 
often  reoaiTed  tokent  of  their  affection.  Yon 
now  possess  the  only  proof  that  remainad  ot 
their  gratitude  for  your  services,  of  their  reve- 
rence for  your  wisdom,  and  of  tlieir  eonfl* 
dence  in  your  virtues.  You  ei^y  tha  high- 
est, because  tha  truest  honour,  of  being  the 
first  magiatrate,  by  tha  nnanimoua  ehoico  of 
tha  freest  people  on  tha  fiuia  of  the  earth. ' 

After  noticing  the  wnrml  eommunieationa 
made  in  the  speech,  intense  of  deep  felt  re- 
spect and  affection,  the  answer  eoncludea 
thus : 

"  Such  are  the  seiitimants  with  whieh  wa 
have  thought  fit  to  addroM  you.  They  flow 
from  our  own  hearts,  and  we  verily  believa 
that  among  the  milliona  we  repretent,  there  it 
not  a  virtnou*  oitiien  whoae  heart  will  diaown 
them. 

"  All  that  remaina  it,  that  we  join  in  your 
fervent  tupplieationt  for  the  bleitingof  heaven 
on  our  country;  and  that  we  add  our  own  for 
the  choioeit  of  these  blessings  on  the  moat 
beloved  of  her  citiaens." 

The  government  being  now  completely 
organiaed,  and  a  system  of  revenue  a*tab> 
lished,  the  President  proceeded  to  make  ap 
pointments  of  suitable  persons  to  fill  the  of 
noes  which  had  been  created.*  After  a  k 
boriout  and  important  aettion,  in  which  per- 
fect harmony  tnbsisted  between  the  exaeu* 
tive  and  the  legialature,  congress  adljoumed 


*  At  (he  ImmI  oflho  dcMrtment  of  •ut*  he  plsesd  Mr. 
Jallarwm ;  al  Iha  head  oT  UM  liCMurr,  Coloiisl  Hanrilloa 
■t  Iha  hesH  of  Um  war  dfMrlimnI,  G«Mml  Kaoz :  In  lb* 
office  ofaltoniey-feiMraliEdniuiMi  Randolph;  at  the  head 
of  the  judicial  department,  Mr.  Hj.  The  aieociate  Juo- 
ticea  were  John  Rulledge,  of  South  Caiolina,  James  WU- 
aoo,  of  PennavWania,  waiiam  Cuahing,  of  HasMcfaa* 
aetti,  Robert  Hairiaoo.  of  HalryUad  and  Joha  Blail  <( 
Viiiiaia. 


M  Uw  tSX  of  SaplamlMr  lo  th*  lint  Mondky 
in  iIm  •iieoMding  Janawry. 

At  Um  Mst  MMioa  of  ConMNM,  wkieh 
•ommoiieod  in  Jtnuuv,  1790,  Mr.  Hamilton, 
iIm  SHoreiary  of  iha  Traaaury,  mada  kit  cale- 
braiad  roport  upon  tka  publio  dabta  eontraewd 
during  tka  ravolutionary  war.  Taking  an 
abia  and  enlarged  view  of  tka  advanlagea  nf 
publie  eradit,  ba  raeommendad  that  not  only 
iko  daistt  of  iha  ooniiMaiilal  ConcroM,  but 
tkuM  of  tlM  fliMai  ariMHf  from  tnair  exar- 
tiona  ia  iIm  oomnoa  oaoaot  ikould  ba  funded 
or  aaaumod  by  iIm  mmisI  goTemment ;  and 
Ibat  proviaMNi  ako«ld  be  made  for  |>ayinf|  ibe 
intereat,  by  impoeing  tMoe  on  eettain  artmlaa 
of  luxury,  and  on  (piriu  distilled  witbin  tbe 
eounlry.  The  report  of  tbe  Seoretary  waa 
largely  diaeaaaed,  and  witb  great  force  of  ar- 
gUHMiit  and  eloquence.  In  conclusion,  C'nn- 
mas  pataed  an  act  for  tka  sMumpiion  of  ike 
State  debti,  and  for  funding  tho  national  dulH. 
By  tbe  provitiona  of  tbia  act,  >I,AOO,000  ilol 
lara  of  tbe  Sute  debta  were  aatumed  in  ipe- 
ciAo  proportional  atid  it  was  particularly 
enaeted,  tbal  no  oertiHcate  ahould  lie  received 
from  a  state  creditor  whiob  could  be  "  aaoer- 
leaned  to  bave  been  iaaued  for  any  purpose 
other  than  compensations  and  expenditures 
for  services  or  supplies  towards  tbe  prosecu- 
tion of  tbe  late  war,  and  tbe  defence  uf  tbe 
United  States,  or  of  soma  part  tbereof,  during 
tbe  same."  Tkus  was  tke  national  debt 
lUnded  upon  principles  wkiok  considerably 
leaaened  tbe  weight  of  tbe  public  burdens, 
and  gave  much  satisfaction  to  the  publio  cre- 
ditors. Tbe  produce  of  the  sales  of  tbe  lands 
lyinc  in  tbe  weatem  lerritorv,  and  the  surplus 
pnMuct  of  tbe  revenue,  alter  satisiying  the 
•ppropriationa  which  were  charged  upon  it, 
with  the  addition  of  two  millions  which  the 
Presideat  waa  authorised  to  borrow  at  five 
per  cent.,  constituted  a  sinking  fund  to  be 
apiilied  to  the  reduction  of  the  debt  The 
silect  cf  these  measures  was  great  and  rapid. 
The  ptirmanent  value  thus  given  to  the  debt 

twodiued  a  result  eoual  to  the  roost  favourn. 
lU  anncipations.  The  sudden  ineresae  of 
monieil  capital  derived  from  it  invigorated 
eommcreo,  and  consequently  gave  a  new 
atinittlua  to  ajriculture. 

It  haa  already  been  stated,  that  when  the 
new  government  waa  first  orgmnixed,  but 
eleven  statea  bad  ratified  the  constitution. 
Afterwards  North  Carolina  an  J  Rhode  Island, 
the  two  diaaenting  states,  adopted  it;  the_ 
former  in  November,  1789,  tbe  latter  in  May,' 
1790.  In  1791,  Vermont  adopted  it,  and  ap- 
plied to  Congreu  to  be  admitted  into  the 
Union.  An  act  was  also  passed,  dcclarino' 
that  tbe  district  of  Kentueky,  then  part  of 
Virginia,  ahould  be  admitted  into  the  Union 
on  ue  1st  day  of  J  una  in  the  succeeding  year. 

During  the  year  1790,  a  termination  was 
put  to  tbe  war  which,  for  several  years,  had 
raged  between  tho  Creek  Indians  and  the 
state  of  Georgia.  Pacific  overtures  were  al- 
so made  to  the  hostile  tribes  inhabitinir  the 
banks  of  tbe  Seiota  and  the  Wabash.  These 
being  rejected,  an  aimy  of  fourteen  hundred 
men,  commanded  by  General  Harmar,  was 
daapatebed  against  tbum.  Two  battles  were 
(ought  aaar  Ghillicothe,  in  Ohio,  between  suc- 
cessive detachments  from  this  army  and  the 
Indians,  in  which  the  latter  were  victorious, 
Emboldened  by  these  successes,  they  con- 
linMod  lo  make  more  vif^orous  attacks  upon 


H I STORlf  OF  THB 
the  firontier  'iteitWmenu.  wkiek  auflWred  all  tke 
diatrossing  calamities  of  an  Indian  war.  Ad- 
ditional traopa  were  raised,  and  tke  eommand 
of  tke  wkole,  amounting  to  nearly  two  tkou- 
sand  men,  was  given  to  Uenersl  Ht.  Clair. 
By  desertion  and  detachments,  ihii  force  was, 
however,  mdiiood  lo  fourteen  kundrtd,  when, 
on  tke  3d  of  Nnvemlier,  1701,  ihey  encamped 
a  (kw  miles  from  tke  villages  on  the  Miami. 
But  balbre  sunrise  the  next  mominK,  just  aiWr 
the  troope  were  dismissed  firom  the  parade, 
ihay  were  attaeked  unexpeetedly  by  the  In- 
diana. Tho  new  levies,  who  wore  in  front, 
rushed  baek  in  eonftision  upon  the  regulars. 
Tbe  latter,  however,  with  great  intrepidity, 
advaneed  into  the  midst  of^tho  enemy,  who 
retired  from  covert  to  covert,  keeping  always 
beyond  reach,  and  again  returning  aa  soon  as 
the  troops  were  recalled  from  pursuit  At 
length,  after  a  contest  of  three  or  four  hours, 
St.  Clair,  whose  ill-health  disabled  him  from 
performing  the  active  duties  of  commander, 
determined  to  withdraw  from  the  field  the 
remnant  of  kis  troops ;  fortunately,  the  victo- 
rious Indiana  prelerred  tho  plunder  of  the 
camp  to  pursuit,  and  the  vanquished  continued 
their  retreat  unmolested  to  tne  frontier  settle- 
ments. In  this  battle,  the  numbers  engaged 
on  each  side  were  suppo||^  to  be  equal.  Of 
the  whites,  the  slaughter  was  almost  beyond 
example.  Six  hundred  and  thirty  were  killed 
and  missing,  and  two  hundred  and  sixty  were 
wounded^-a  loaa  which  proves  at  once  the 
obstinaoy  of  the  defence,  and  the  bravery  of 
the  assailanta.  On  receiving  information  of 
this  disaater.  Congress,  resolving  to  proaeeute 
the  war  with  increased  vigour,  made  pro- 
vision for  augmenting,  by  enlistment,  the  mili- 
tarv  force  or  tbe  nation  to  five  thousand  men. 

In  the  course  of  this  yev  waa  completed 
the  first  census  or  enumeration  of  the  inhabit' 
ants  of  the  United  Slates.  They  amounted 
to  3,9S1,3S6,  of  which  number  696,665  were 
slaves.  Tbe  revenue,  according  to  the  report 
of  the  secretary  of  the  treasury,  amounted  to 
4,771,000  dollars,  the  exports  to  about  nine- 
teen, and  the  imports  to  about  twenty  mil- 
lions. A  gnat  improvement  in  the  ctreum- 
stancea  of  the  people  began  at  this  period  to 
be  visible.  The  establishment  of  a  firm  and 
regular  government,  and  confidence  in  tlie 
men  whom  they  had  chosen  to  administer  it, 
save  an  impulse  to  their  exertions  which  bore 
tnem  rapidly  forward  in  the  career  of  proS' 
perity. 

Pursuant  to  the  authoritv  contained  in  the 
several  acts  on  the  subject  of  a  permanent  seat 
of  the  Kovernment  of  the  United  States,  a  dis- 
trict often  miles  square  for  this  purpose  was 
fixed  on,  comprehending  lands  on  both  sides 
of  the  River  Potomac,  and  the  towns  of  Alex- 
andria and  Georgetown.  A  eity  was  laid 
out,  and  the  sales  which  took  place  produced 
funds  for  cariying  on  tke  necessary  public 
buildings. 

The  war  in  Europe  bad  embraced  those 
powers  with  whom  the  United  States  had  the 
most  extensive  relations.  The  French  peo' 
pie  regarded  the  Americans  as  their  brethren, 
bound  to  them  by  the  ties  of  gratitude;  and 
wuen  the  kinss  of  Europe,  droading  the  es- 
tablishment of  republicanism  in  her  borders, 
assembled  in  arras  to  restore  monarchy  to 
France,  they  looked  across  the  Atlantic  for 
sympathy  and  assistance.  The  new  soverii 
ment,  recalling  the  minister  whom  w  king 


bad  appointed,  despatcked  Ike  eitiien  Genei 
of  ardent  temper  and  a  tealous  republiean,  ta 
supitly  his  place.  In  April,  1799,  ke  amvrd 
at  C/'Karludon,  in  South  Carolina,  where  Km 
was  received  by  the  Governor  and  tbe  ciii- 
lens,  in  a  manner  expreisive  of  iheir  warm 
atiachmonl  to  his  country,  and  their  cordial 
approbalinn  nf  the  change  of  her  institution* 
(■  laiterad  by  his  reception,  and  prosunung 
that  the  nation  and  the  government  were  a^ 
tuated  by  similar  feelings,  ha  undertook  to 
authoriie  tke  fitting  and  arming  of  vessels  ia 
tkat  port,  enlisting  men,  and  giving  commit 
sions  to  cruise  and  commit  koatilities  on  na- 
tions with  whom  the  Unitod  Statea  were  at 
peace ;  captured  vessels  were  brought  into 
port,  and  the  consuls  of  France  assumed,  un* 
iler  the  authority  of  M.  Genet,  to  hold  courta 
of  admiralty  on  them,  lo  try,  condemn,  and 
authorise  their  sale.  The  declaraiion  of  war 
made  bv  France  against  Great  Britain  and 
Hollana  reached  the  United  States  early  in 
the  same  month.  The  President,  regarding 
the  situation  of  these  states,  issued  his  pro- 
clamation of  neutrality  on  the  9th  of  May.  in 
July,  be  requested  the  recall  of  M.  Genet, 
who  was  soon  afterwards  recalled,  and  sue 
ceeded  by  M.  Fauchet, 

After  the  defeat  of  St.  Clair  by  the  Indi- 
ans, in  1701,  General  Wayne  was  appointed 
to  command  the  American  forces.  Takiii|i| 
post  near  the  country  of  the  enemy,  he  made 
assiduous  and  long  protracted  endeavours  to 
negotiate  a  peace.  Failing  in  these,  he  marchod 
against  them  at  the  head  of  three  thousand 
men.  On  the  90th  of  August,  1704,  an  ac- 
tion took  place  in  the  vicinity  of  one  of  the 
British  garrisons,  on  the  banks  of  tke  Miami 
A  rapid  and  vigorous  charge  roused  the 
savages  from  their  coverts,  and  they  were 
driven  more  than  two  miles  at  the  point  of  tha 
bayonet  Broken  and  dismayed,  tkey  fied 
without  renewing  tke  combat  In  tkis  deei- 
sive  battle,  the  loss  of  the  Americans  in  killed 
and  wounded,  including  officers,  wae  one 
hundred  and  seven.  Among  the  slain  weal 
Captain  Campbell  and  Lieutenant  Fow  m, 
both  of  whom  fell  in  the  first  charee.  Tka 
American  troops  engaged  in  the  battle  did  not 
amount  to  nine  hundred ;  the  number  of  In- 
dians was  two  thousand.  After  remaining  on 
tbe  banks  of  tke  Miami  three  days,  during 
which  time  the  houses  and  cornfields  above 
and  below  the  fort  were  burnt.  Gen.  Wayne, 
on  the  28th,  returned  with  the  army  to  Au 
Glaize,  havinff  destroyed  all  the  villages  and 
com  within  fifty  miles  of  the  river.  The  In- 
dians still  continuing  hostilities,  their  whole 
country  was  laid  waste,  and  forts  were  erected 
in  the  heart  of  their  settlemenu.  The  efilMl 
of  the  battle  of  the  20th  of  August  was  in- 
stantly and  extensively  felt  To  the  victory 
gained  by  the  Americans  is  ascntied  tne  les 
cue  of  the  United  States  from  a  general  war 
with  the  Indians  northwest  of  the  Ohio ;  and 
its  influence  is  believed  to  have  extended  to 
the  Indians  in  Georgia.  In  1795,  a  treaty 
was  concluded  at  Grenville,  which,  long  and 
faithfully  obsiirved,  gave  peace  and  security 
to  the  frontier  inhabitants,  permitting  the  su- 
perabundant population  of  the  eastern  states 
to  spread  with  astoniehing  rapidity  over  the 
fertile  region  northwest  of  tho  Ohio. 

The  year  1794  is  distinguished  by  an  in- 
surrection in  Pennsylvania.  In  1791,  Con 
gresa  had  cacted  laws,  laying  dutiea  upon 


I  «iliMn  Grn*^ 

I  rapvbliMD,  ta 
7»3,  Im  •m»rd 
ilink,  whera  h« 
ir  and  tb<>  cili- 
of  ih«ir  warm 
d  thiiir  cnrJial 
her  inititutioMb 
•nd  praiunung 
nin«nt  warn  u^ 
■  undartook  19 
1^  of  vcMaU  ia 
giving  commit 
oatilitiat  on  iw 

Butat  waia  U 
«  brought  into 
Be  tiiumed,  un- 
t,  to  hold  eourla 
,  oondemn,  knd 
claration  of  war 
eat  Britain  and 

Sutei  early  in 
dont,  regarding 

iitued  hia  pro* 
)th  of  May.     in 

II  of  M.  Uenel, 
oalled,  and  tuo 


VNITBD   STATSS. 


I  diatilUd  within  thu  United  8tala«,  andi 
I  atilla.  From  the  aomruencenient  of  the 
ttinn  of  thuMi  lawi,  eombinatioti*  were 
tirmed  in  the  four  wt>ilorn  oountiea  of  Penn- 
aylvania  to  defeat  them,  ami  violence  wai 
repeatedly  committed.  In  July  of  the  prA. 
aeiit  year,  alniut  one  hundred  |ieraoni,  armed 
with  gunt  and  other  weaponi,  attacked  the 
houM  of  an  inspector  of  the  revenue,  and 
wounded  *»me  peraoni  within  it.  Thay 
auiied  the  ilianihal  of  the  divtrict  of  PaniMyi> 
vania,  who  had  been  praviouily  fired  on  while 
in  the  aaeeution  of  hit  duty  by  a  party  of 
armed  iiian,  and  compallad  him  to  ontar  into 
otipulation*  to  forbear  iha  oxaeution  of  hia  of- 
fice. Both  the  inipeetor  and  iha  marihal  ware 
obliged  to  fly  from  that  part  of  iha  enuntry  to 
iha  «aat  of  government  Thete  and  many 
other  outrairei  induced  Preaident  Waahing- 
ton,  on  the  7th  of  Aurutl,  to  iiaua  a  procla- 
mation, commanding  tna  inaurgcnta  to  dia- 
paroe,  and  warning  all  peraona  against  aiding, 
abetting,  or  comforting  the  perpetralora  of 
iheoe  ireaaonablo  acii,  and  rmjuiring  all  offi- 
cers, and  other  oiiixens,  aeeordinff  to  their  re- 
spective dutiea  and  the  lawa  ofthe  land,  to 
exert  their  utmost  endeavours  to  prevent  and 
suppress  such  dangerous  prooeedinga.  On 
the  Sftth  of  Septombor  the  President  issued  a 
second  proclamation,  admonishing  the  insur- 
genta  |  ioreibly  desoribinff  the  obstinate  and 
perverse  spirit  with  which  the  lenient  propo- 
sitions of  tne  government  had  been  reoeived  t 
and  declaring  his  Axed  determination,  in  obe- 
i<ience  to  the  duty  assigned  to  him  by  the  con- 
stitution, "  to  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faith- 
fully executed,"  and  to  reduce  the  refractory 
to  obedience.  Fiilaen  thousand  men,  placed 
under  the  command  of  Governor  Lee,  of  Vir- 
ginia, were  marched  into  the  disaffected  coun- 
ties. The  strength  of  this  anny  rendering 
resistance  desperate,  none  was  oflered,  and  no 
blood  waa  shed.  A  few  of  the  most  active 
leadera  were  seiaed  and  detained  for  legal 
prosecution.  The  great  body  of  the  insur- 
gents, on  submission,  were  pardoned,  as  were 
vim  the  leadera,  alVer  trial  and  conviction  of 
tit,itson.  The  government  acquired  the  re- 
spect of  th«j>eople  by  this  exertion  of  its  force 


ond  their  affection  by  this  display  of  its  lenity, 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  haid 
each  been  incessantly  complaining  that  the 
other  had  violated  the  stipulations  contained 
in  the  treaty  of  peace.  The  former  was  ae- 
Kused  of  having  carried  away  neg^roes  at  the 
close  of  the  revolutionary  war ;  and  of  re- 
taining in  her  possession  certain  military  posts 
situated  in  the  western  wilderness,  and  within 
ihe  limiu  of  the  United  States.  The  latter 
were  accused  of  preventing  the  loyalista  from 
rof^ining  possession  of  their  estates,  and 
Oritlah  subjects  from  recovering  debts  eon 
tracted  before  the  commencement  of  hostili- 
ties. For  the  purpose  of  adjusting  these  mu- 
tual coir  plaints,  and  also  for  concluding  a 
commert  lal  treaty,  Mr.  Adams  had  been  ap- 
pointed, in  1785,  minister  to  the  court  of  St. 
James ;  the  British  ministry  then  declined  ne- 
gotiating on  the  subject;  but  after  the  consti- 
tution o  1789  waa  ratified,  ministera  were 
interchanged,  and  the  discussion  was  prose- 
cuted with  no  little  zeal.  In  1794,  Mr.  Jay 
being  then  minister  from  the  United  States,  a 
treaty  was  concluded,  which,  in  the  spring  of 
ihe  next  year,  waa  laid  before  the  Senate. 
Tkat  bod^  adviaad  the  Preaident  to  ratify  it, 


on  condition  that  an  alteration  okould  be  made 
in  one  of  the  articlea,  The  damoeratie  party, 
however,  exclaimed  in  intamparate  language 
against  most  of  the  stipulations  it  eontained  ; 
and  the  partisans  of  France  swallad  the  cry  of 
etindemnation.  Public  maetinga  were  held 
in  various  parts  of  the  Union,  at  which  reso- 
lutions wore  passed  expressing  warm  disap- 
probation of  tne  treaty,  and  an  earnest  wish 
that  the  President  would  wilkbold  his  ratifi- 
cation. General  Waahington,  believing  that 
an  a4|uatnieni  of  difTereneea  would  conduce 
to  the  prosperity  of  the  republie,  and  that  the 
treaty  tieforo  him  waa  the  bail  UmI  eould,  at 
that  lime,  ba  obtained,  gave  it  his  aaoent,  in 
deflanea  of  popular  clamour,  and  isaiied  his 
proelamation  staling  ita  ralifieation,  and  de- 
claring it  to  be  the  law  of  the  land.  The  pre- 
dominant party  in  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives  expressed  surprise  that  this  proclama- 
tior.  should  be  issued  before  the  sense  of  the 
House  was  taken  on  the  subject,  as  they  de- 
nied the  power  of  the  President  and  Senate 
to  eompwle  a  treaty  without  their  sanction. 
In  March,  a  resolution  passed,  requesting  the 
Preaident "  to  lay  before  the  House  a  copy  of 
the  instruetioiM  to  the  minister  of  the  United 
States,  who  necotiatad  the  treaty  with  the 
king  of  Great  Bijpin  communicated  by  his 
message  of  the  1st  of  March,  together  with 
the  correspondence  and  other  documents  rela- 
r"i  to  the  said  treaty,  excepting  such  of  the 
said  papera  as  any  existing  negotiation  may 
render  improper  to  be  disclosed.''  This  re- 
solve plaeiad  the  Preaident  in  a  situation  of 
high  responsibility.  He  knew  that  the  ma- 
jority of  the  House  entertained  the  opinion 
that  a  treaty  was  not  valid  until  they  had 
acted  upon  it  To  oppose,  in  a  Boremmant 
constituted  like  that  of  the  United  States,  the 
popular  branch  of  the  Legislature,  would  be 
attended  with  haiard,  and  subject  him  to 
much  censure  and  abuse ;  but  considerationa 
of  this  nature  make  but  weak  impressions  on 
a  mind  supremely  solicitous  to  promote  the 
public  interest.  Upon  the  most  mature  dc' 
liberation,  the  President  conceived  that  to 
grant  this  request  of  the  House  would  estab- 
Pish  a  false  and  dangerous  principle  in  the  di- 
plomatic transactions  of  the  nation,  and  he 
gave  a  denial  to  their  request  in  an  answer 
eminent  for  mildness,  firmness,  and  perspicu' 


strength  of  parties  waa  fully  irM,'  M^ii 
clearly  appeared  that  the  (real  m^ionly  ww« 
disposed  lo  rally  around  ine  Kxeeutiva.  lis, 
numerable  petitions  were  presented  lo  Ca» 
gn>M,  praying  them  to  make  the  requwiM 
appropriations.  Unwilling  to  take  upon  lhem« 
selves  the  conseiiiinnnes  of  n<«iatiiig  the  pulv 
lie  will,  they  yieldr<l  to  this  rail, 

The  conduct  of  Spain  towards  iha  Unilad 
Stoles  had  always  been  cold  and  unfriandly. 
She  feared  lest  the  princiftles  of  liberty  and 
the  desire  of  independence  should  find  their 
way  into  her  contiguous  American  provineaa. 
At  length,  becoming  involved  in  a  war  with 
Pranee,  ambarrasaed  at  home,  and  intimi- 
dated bv  the  unauthoriied  prepamtiona  which, 
under  IIm  auspiees  of  Genet,  were  making  In 
Kentucky  to  invade  Louisiana,  sha  intimateii 
her  readiness  to  eonelude  a  satisfketory  treaty, 
ahould  an  envoy  extraordinary  be  sent  to 
Madrid  for  that  purpose.  Thomas  Pinckney 
was  accordingly  appointed.  In  October, 
179S,  a  treaty  was  signed,  securing  to  the  cili- 
xens  of  the  United  States  the  free  navigation 
of  the  Mississippi  to  the  ocean,  and  the  privi- 
lege of  landing  and  depositing  cargoes  at 
New  Orleans. 

Daring  this  year  also  a  treaty  was  con- 
eluded  with  the  regency  of  Algiers,  with 
which  the  republic  was  previously  at  war.  It 
stipulated  that  the  United  Stotes,  in  con- 
formity with  the  practice  of  other  nations, 
shouUi.  as  the  price  of  peare,  pay  an  annual 
trfoute  to  the  sovereign  of  that  country. 

The  last  two  or  three  years  had  witnessed 
several  changes  in  the  important  offices  of  the 
nation.  On  the  first  day  of  the  yi;«r  1794, 
Mr.  Jeflbrson  resigned  the  office  oi  secrriaiy 
of  stole,  and  waa  aucceeded  by  Mr.  Ran- 
dolph. He  had  performed  the  duties  of  that 
office  with  extraordinary  ability,  and  to  ll  a 
entire  satisfaction  of  the  President.  He  waa 
considered  the  leader  of  the  republican  party, 
ei^oying  their  highest  confidence  and  warm- 
est attocnment  On  tho  last  day  of  January, 
1795,  Mr.  Hamilton  retired  firom  the  office  o'. 
secretary  of  the  treasury.  He  possessed  dis- 
tinguished tolents,  and  had  exerted  those  to- 
lento  to  estoblish  order  where  all  was  confli 
and  to  raise  from  the  lowest  depression 
His  complete  suc- 
reputotion,  and  to 


the  credit  of  the  country, 
cess  grcatlv  exalted  hia 


ity,  which  concluded  with  the  following  brief  him  the  federalisto  felt  a  sincerity  of  attack 


recapitulation  of  the  argument ;  "  As,  there- 
fore, it  is  perfectly  dear  to  my  understanding 
that  the  assent  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives is  not  necessary  to  the  valiaity  of  a 
treaty;  as  the  treaty  with  Great  Britun 
exhibito  in  itself  all  the  objeett  requiriiil|[  le- 
gislative provision,  and  on  theae  the  papera 
called  for  can  throw  no  light;  and  as  it  is  es- 
sential to  the  due  administration  of  the  govern- 
ment, that  the  boundaries  fixed  by  the  consti- 
tution between  the  different  departmento 
should  be  preserved ;  a  Just  regard  to  the 
constitution,  and  to  the  duty  of  my  office,  un- 
der all  the  dreumttances  of  this  case,  forbid 
a  compliance  with  your  request" 

A  resolution  moved  in  the  House  to  make 
the  necessary  appropriations  to  carry  the  Bri- 
tish treaty  into  efrect,  excited  among  the  mem- 
bers the  strongest  emotions,  and  gave  rise  to 
speeches  hie[hly  argumentotive,  eloquent,  and 
animated.  The  debate  was  protracted  until 
the  people  took  up  the  svbjeot  In  their  re- 
I  spective  eorporattooa,  meetings  were  hal/,  thn 


ment  equalled  only  by  that  entertoined  for 
Washington.  He  was  peculiarly  obnoxious 
to  the  republican  paity,  and  was  accused  by 
them  of  partiality  to  England,  and  of  miscon- 
duct in  office.  After  the  closest  scrutiny,  his 
official  character  was  acknowledged,  by  his 
enemies,  to  be  without  stoin.  He  waa  suc- 
ceeded by  Oliver  Wolcott  At  the  dose  o» 
the  year  1794,  General  Knox  reaigned  the 
office  of  secretary  of  war,  and  Colonel  Pick- 
ering, of  Mossachusettt,  was  appointed  in  his 
place.  In  August  Mr,  Randolpn,  having  lost 
the  confidence  of  the  President,  and  having 
in  consequence  retired  from  the  administra 
lion,  Mr.  Pickering  was  appointed  his  sue 
cessor  in  the  de])artment  ot  stole,  and  James 
M'Hcnty,  of  Maryland,  was  made  secretary 
of  war.  No  republican  being  now  at  the  heaa 
of  any  of  the  departments,  many  of  the  lead 
ers  of  that  party  withd>«w  their  support  iVom 
the  administration ;  but  the  confidence  of  the 
people  in  the  integrity  and  patriotism  of  thePra- 
iident  experienced  not  the  slightest  abawmant. 


■WidllW 


rapwoiia  aonlkiMd  lo  b« 


II 


•oarMof  rtiMioik  M.  FmmIm  aWf^  iIm 
•dMinMUmlion  with  MntirMnu  of  koatility  lo 
tho  •IliM  oTUm  UnilMl  Suioi,  with  pMtialiijr 
fur  iboir  fornMr  foat,  wid  ur^d  lh«  adoption 
•if  •  MNirM  mora  bvourablo  lo  iho  oauM  of 
iibort/.  Mr.  Morria,  ika  miniitar  In  Pari*, 
•Mvinf  iMttrrad  ika  diaplaaaura  of  ikoaa  in 
fowar,  waa  raaallail  at  inair  raquail,  and  hia 
•>aea  auppliad  by  Mr.  Moaroo.  Baiag  an 
.rdant  rafNibliaan,  ha  waa  raoaivad  in  Um 
nMMt  raapaalftil  mannar  by  ika  eonvantion, 
who  daaraad  ikal  Uia  flaga  of  iba  iwo  rapub- 


liea,  antwinad  lofatkar,  abould  ba  autpai 
in  iha  lagialativa  Mil,  aa  a  nark  of  ikair  aur- 
iial  union  and  (Kandakip.  M.  Adat  waa  ap> 
uointad  loon  aAar  lo  aueeaad  M.  Fauekat 
If  a  broufkt  wilk  kim  ika  aoloura  of  Franoo, 
'vkiek  ka  wm  inalruatad  bv  tka  aonvantion  lo 
proNant  lo  tka  OongraM  or  ika  Unilad  Stoiaa. 
Thay  waro  raeaivad  by  tka  Praaidant  wilk 
oktraordinanr  earamoniaa,  Iranamillad  lo  Oon- 
great,  and  aftarwarda  dapoailad  in  ika  muional 
archivM.    But  FnuMO  raquirad  of 


r  ika  Unilad 
>Siale«  mora  tkan  proftaiiowa  and  kopaa,  and 
mora  than  by  Iraaty  ika  waa  aniillod  lo  claim. 
8ha  wiahad  lo  nwaa  ikam  a  party  in  the  war 
■ho  waa  waging  wilk  ika  daapoli  of  Europn. 
Failing  in  ihia,  and  Jaaloua  of  the  more  inti- 
mate relationa  eonlraeled  with  her  principal 
etiomy,  England,  aha  adopted  regulaliona 
jighty  ii\junoua  to  American  eommeroe,  di- 
rveting  her  cniitera  to  capture  in  certain  oaaet 
the  voMelf  of  the  Unitad  Siatea.  In  oonae- 
quenoo  of  ikeae  regulaliona,  aeveral  hundred 
veatela,  loaded  wilk  valuable  cargoai,  were 
taken  while  proaeouling  a  lawful  trade,  and 
:he  whole  confiaeaied.  Believing  that  the 
righta  of  the  nation  were  not  auerted  and 
vindicated  with  auflReiont  ipirit  by  Mr.  Mon- 
roe, tke  Preaident  recalled  kim,  and  Charlet 
C.  Pinckney,  of  South  Carolina,  waa  ap- 
pmntad  in  kia  aiead.  In  the  lummor  of  1796, 
na  kfttka  United  Siatea,  inatrueied  to  u«e 
avaiy  afbrt  compatible  wilk  national  honour, 
to  raatora  tke  amicable  rehuiona  which   had 


onea  aubaiaiad  between  tke  aiaier  republio. 
Aa  tka  period  for  a  new  election  of  a  Presi 
dent  of  tka  United  States  approached,  after 

Elain  indicatioiu  that  the  public  voice  would 
a  in  kia  favour,  and  wken  Ite  probably  would 
kava  been  okoaan  for  tke  third  lime  unani- 
moualy,  Waakincloa  determined  irrevocably 
lo  withdraw  lo  uie  aeclusion  of  private  life. 
He  publiaked,  in  September,  1796,  a  fare- 
well addreaa  lo  tke  people  of  the  United 
Siatea,  which  ought  to  be  engraven  upon  the 
hearla  of  hia  countrymen.  In  the  moat  ear- 
neat  and  alTeeiionala  manner  he  called  upon 
them  to  cheriah  an  immoveable  attachment  to 
the  national  union,  to  watch  for  ita  preierva- 
tion  with  jealoua  anxiety,  to  discountenance 
even  the  sugsestion  that  it  could  in  any  event 
be  abandonM,  and  indignantly  to  frown  upon 
the  first  dawning  of  every  attempt  to  alienate 
any  portion  of  the  country  from  the  rest. 
Overvrown  military  esublishmenta  he  repro' 
aented  aa  particularly  hostile  to  republican 
liberty.  While  he  recommended  the  moat 
implicit  obedience  lo  the  acts  ol  the  eslab- 
liaked  government,  and  reprobated  all  ob- 
■traetions  to  the  execution  of  the  ^laws,  all 
aMPkinations  and  associations  under  what- 
•rer  plauaible  character,  with  the  rsal  deaign 
M  difMt,  control,  oouutcract,  or  orvrmwe  im 


HISTORY  OF  THl 

ragnlir  daliharaliow  and  •^fkm  of  tka  aeiiall 


tvlad  aulkariiiaa,  ka  wishod  alao  to  _ 
agaiiM  ika  spirit  of  iaaovaliM  upon  ika  priii> 
aipba  of  tka  eonslilulion.  Aware  thai  ika 
energy  of  ika  system  migkl  be  enfeebled  by 
allaraliona,  ka  ikougkt  ikat  no  akange  skould 
be  made  wiikoul  an  evident  naeeasily  |  and 
tkal,  in  so  axlenaivo  a  country,  aa  mvek  vigour 
•a  is  eonaialani  wilk  likarty  waa  indiapanaa- 
bla.  On  ika  oikar  kand,  ka  pointed  out  ika 
daf  r  of  a  real  daapotian,  by  breaking  down 
tka  pattitiona  batwaan  tka  aavaral  depart- 
mania  of  govamnMM,  by  deeiroying  tke  ra- 
oiproaal  akaaka,  and  aoasolidaiing  Ika  difar- 
eat  powers.  AfaiMt  ika  apirit  of  parly,  ao 
peculiarly  bananu  in  an  elaetiva  government, 
na  ttltared  kia  moat  solemn  remonsiraneea,  aa 
well  aa  againai  inveteraia  antipathies  or  paa- 
sionala  anaekmanla  in  resneei  to  foreign  na- 
tions. While  ha  thought  ikat  the  Jealousy  of 
a  free  people  ought  to  ba  constantly  and  im- 
partially awake  against  the  wiles  of  foreign 
influence,  ke  wisMd  that  good  failh  and  jus- 
tice should  ba  observed  towards  all  nations, 
and  peace  and  harmony  cultivated.  In  his 
opinion,  honesty,  no  !«■«  in  public  than  in  pri- 
vate affkirs,  was  always  the  best  poliey.  Pro- 
vidence, he  believed,  had  connected  the  |ier- 
manent  felicity  of  a  natia^  with  its  virtue. 
Other  aukj^acta  to  which  ha  alluded,  were  the 
importaaea  of  eredit,  of  economy,  of  a  redue- 
tioa  of  ika  publie  debt,  and  of  literary  instiiu- 
liona  I  above  all,  he  recommended  religion  and 
morality  aa  indiapensably  necessary  to  politi- 
cal prosperity.  This  address  to  the  people 
of  tka  Unilad  Slates  was  received  with  the 
highest  veneration  and  gratitude.  Several  of 
the  stata  lenalalures  ordered  it  to  be  put  upon 
their  joumals,  and  every  cititen  considered  it 
as  tka  Upey  of  the  noost  distinguished  Ameri- 
can patriot. 

On  tke  7lk  of  December,  1796,  the  Presi- 
dent for  the  last  time  met  the  national  legia- 
lature.  In  kia  apeech,  aAar  taking  a  view  of 
the  situation  of  the  Unilad  Slates,  regardless 
of  opposition  and  censure,  he  recommended 
the  attention  of  Congreas  to  those  measures 
which  ke  daemad  asaential  to  national  inde- 
pendenee,  konour,  and  prosperity.  On  tke 
4tk  of  Marek,  1797,  he  allendad  the  inaugU' 
ration  of  his  sucooasor  in  oflkie.  Great  sensi' 
bility  was  manifested  by  the  members  of  the 
Legislature  and  other  distinguished  charae- 
tera  when  he  entered  the  Mnale  chamber, 
and  much  admiration  expressed  at  the  com' 
plaoenca  and  delight  he  manifeaied  at  seeing 
anotker  clothed  witk  the  authority  with  which 
he  had  himself  been  invested.  Having  paid 
his  itffectionate  compliments  to  Mr.  Adams, 
aa  president  of  the  United  States,  he  bade 
adieu  to  the  seat  of  government,  and  hastened 
lo  the  delights  of  domestio  life.  He  intended 
that  his  journey  should  have  been  private,  but 
the  attempt  waa  vain ;  the  same  affectionate 
and  respectful  attentions  were  on  this  occa- 
sion pawl  him  which  he  had  received  during 
his  presidency.  In  kia  retirement  at  Mount 
Vernon  he  gave  the  world  tke  glorious  exam 
pie  of  a  man  voluntarily  disrobing  himself  of 
the  highest  authority,  and  returning  to  pri- 
vate life,  with  a  character  having  upon  it  no 
stain  of  ambition,  of  covetousness,  of  profu- 
sion, of  luxury,  of  oppression,  or  of  injustice; 
while  k  waa  adorned  with  the  presence  of 
virtuea  and  graces,  brilliant  alike  in  the  shade 
of  retiremaiit  and  in  the  glare  of  public  life. 


Tai 


nHAPTlR  U. 

AMHNnrmATfoN  or  mm 
iirruaoM. 


Wmw  the  determination  of  WaakiiiglDN 
not  again  to  aeeept  of  tka  praaidentakip  laA 
open  ina  kick  oAce  to  tka  eampoiiiieM  of  ik* 
Madera  of  tka  graal  poliiiaat  iiartlka,  no  asa^ 
don  waa  spaiad  tkmugkoui  tka  Union  to  giva 
sveeoaa  to  tkeir  raapoetWa  alaima.  Tka  Mda* 
ralista,  daairinc  tkal  ika  ayatam  of  meaauiM 
adopiad  by  Waakingum  Mtould  ba  pursued, 
and  dreading  tka  influence  of  Freneh  senn* 
menu  and  principles,  made  the  mmi  active 
efforta  to  elect  John  Adams.  Th«  rapuhH< 
eana,  believing  their  oppommu  lesa  (Krndty 
ikan  ikemselves  lo  tke  maxims  of  liberty,  ana 
loo  muck  devoted  to  tke  Britiak  nation  and  la 
British  institutions,  made  equal  exertiona  t« 
elect  Thomas  Jefferson.  The  result  waa  tka 
choice  of  Mr.  Adama  to  hu  Ptesideni,  and  Mr. 
Jefferson  lo  be  Viea-President. 

The  President  was  inaugurated  en  the  4tli 
day  of  March,  and  made  the  following  speeeh  i 
Wken  it  was  first  pereeivod,  in  early 
timea,  that  no  middle  course  for  America  re- 
mained, between  unlimited  submission  lo  a 
foreign  Legislature  and  a  total  independenea 
of  its  claims ;  men  of  reflection  were  less  ap> 
prebensive  of  danger  from  the  formidable 
power  of  fleets  and  armie*  they  must  deter- 
mine to  resist,  than  from  ihoae  contests  and 
dissensions,  which  would  certainly  arise,  con- 
cerning ine  forma  of  govcrpmenl  to  be  insti- 
tuted over  the  whole,  and  over  the  parte  of 
this  extensive  eounlry.  Relying,  however, 
on  the  purity  of  their  intentions,  the  justice  of 
their  eause,  and  the  integrity  and  intalliceneo 
of  the  people,  under  an  overmling  Prov!< 
denee,  whieh  had  so  siipially  proieeled  ikia 
eounlry  from  tke  flrtt  |  the  renresenlMivas  <<i 
this  nation,  than  consisting  of  nttl*  fpora  than 
half  ita  praaent  numbera,  not  only  oroke  to 
piacea  the  ekaina  wkieh  ware  (broing,  and  ti.o 
rod  of  iron  that  waa  lifted  up,  and  mnhly  eut 
aaunder  tke  lies  which  had  bound  iben,  and 
launeked  into  an  oeean  of  uncertainty. 

"  Tke  leal  and  ardour  of  tke  people  during 
the  revolutionary  war,  supplying  the  rihce  '.« 
government,  commafidad  a  degree  of  order, 
sufficient  at  least  Ar  the  temporary  preserva- 
tion of  society.  Tke  confederation,  which 
was  early  felt  to  be  neeessary,  was  prepared 
from  the  models  of  the  Batavian  and  Helve- 
tic confederacies,  the  only  examples  which 
remain,  with  any  detail  and  precision,  in  his 
tory,  and  certainly  the  only  ones,  which  thw 
people  at  large  had  ever  considered.  But, 
reflecting  on  the  striking  difference,  in  m 
many  particulars,  between  ihia  country  and 
those,  where  a  courier  may  go  from  the  seal 
of  government  to  the  frontier  in  a  single  day, 
it  was  then  certainly  foreseen  by  some,  who 
assisted  in  Congress  at  the  formation  of  iv 
that  it  could  not  be  durable. 

"  Negligence  of  its  regulations,  inattention 
to  its  recommendations,  if  not  disobedience  to 
its  authority,  not  only  in  individuals,  but  in 
states,  soon  appeared  with  their  melancholy 
consequences ;  universal  languor,  jealousies, 
rivalries  of  states ;  decline  of  navigation  and 
commerce;  discouragement  of  necesMryman'j- 
factuiea ;  universal  fall  to  the  valwa  of  ~ 


ni,  intttentKm 
iiobedieiico  to 
iduali,  but  in 
melancholy 
ir,  jealousies, 
avigation  and 
eessarynwio 
aliMcf  Imk 


■M  tSalr  pradnMi  mintampi  or  |iu>iliii  witi 
yritm  him  t  loss  of  eonaiiferaiiAn  and  omdii 
with  foniKii  nalioM)  and  al  Wniflh,  in  di»- 
wntonts,  animn*)ii<it,  aomMiiaiions,  purtial 
•onvantinns,  ami  inaurnKilion,  ihraaianing 
ioiiM  graal  naliiinal  ealaniily. 

"  In  this  dang[arou(  rriais,  iha  paopU  of 
Aimtriea  war*  not  abandonml  hy  their  iiiiial 
gwid  Sanaa,  pratanea  of  mind,  iwaolution,  or 
itMgfity,  Maaauras  wara  piirsuatt  m  oomNin 
•  plan,  to  form  a  mora  porfael  union,  aalab- 
'isn  Jusiiaa,  inaura  domestic  tram|uilliiy,  pro- 
vidv  for  iha  aiNnnion  dafence,  promota  iha 
■Miaral  walAira,  and  saaura  iha  blasainn  of 
nbartv.  Thn  publia  dUauisilkm,  diseaaaiona, 
and  JalibaralimM,  issued  in  iba  preaanl  happy 
•onslituiion  of  gotrammani. 

"  Bmployad  in  tha  servioa  of  my  eountry 
abroad  durinc  the  wbota  aottrsa  of  ihaaa 
Iransaotions,  1  flrst  saw  tha  eonstitution  of 
ika  United  flutes  in  a  ft>raipi  eountry.  Irri- 
tated by  no  litarary  alterealion,  animated  by  no 
publia  debate,  heated  by  no  party  animosity, 
I  read  it  with  great  satisfkoiion,  as  the  result 
of  good  heads,  prompted  by  mod  hearts ;  h 
•n  experiment,  liettar  adapted  to  the  genius, 
aSaraeter,  situation,  and  relations  of  this  na- 
tion and  eountry,  than  any  whieh  had  ever 
been  proposed  or  suggested.  In  its  general 
prineiples  and  great  outlines,  it  was  eonform- 
able  to  sueh  a  system  of  government  as  I  had 
ever  most  esteemed  |  and  in  some  states,  my 
own  native  state  in  partieular,  had  eoniribntad 
to  establish.  Claiming  a  right  of  sullVsge  in 
eommon  with  my  fellow  eitiaens  in  the  adop- 
tion or  rojeetion  of  a  eonstitution,  which  was 
to  rule  me  and  my  postarity,  as  well  as  them 
and  theirs,  I  did  not  hesitate  to  express  my 
approbation  of  it  on  all  occasions,  in  public 
and  in  privaM.  It  was  not  then  nor  has  been 
since  any  objection  to  it,  in  my  mind,  that  the 
Bxeeutive  and  Senate  were  not  more  perroa- 
nont.  Nor  have  I  entertained  a  thought  of 
pmmoting  any  alteration  in  it,  but  such  as  the 
peiiple  tMmselves,  in  the  course  of  their  ex- 
penence,  should  aee  and  feel  to  be  necessary 
or  expedient,  and  by  their  representatives  in 
Congress  and  the  stata  legislatures,  accord- 
ing to  the  constitution  itself,  adopt  and  or- 
dain. 

"  Returning  to  the  bosom  of  my  country, 
after  a  painfulseparation  from  it  for  tan  years, 
1  had  the  honour  to  be  elected  to  a  station 
Under  the  new  order  of  things,  and  1  have 
repeatedly  laid  myself  under  the  most  serious 
ebligations  to  support  the  constitution.  The 
operation  ofit  has  equalled  the  most  sanguine 
expectations  of  its  friends ;  and  from  an  ha- 
bitual attention  to  it,  satisfaction  in  itM  ad- 
ministration, and  delight  in  iu  effecta  upon  the 
peace,  order,  prosperity,  and  happiness  of  the 
nation,  I  have  aot^uired  an  habitual  attachment 
to  it,  and  veneration  for  it. 

"  What  other  form  of  government,  indeed, 
ean  so  well  deserve  our  esteem  and  love  t 

"  There  may  be  lUtle  solidity  in  an  ancient 
idea,  that  congregate  s  of  men  into  cities  and 
rations  are  the  most  pleasing  objeeta  in  the 
sight  of  superior  intelligences :  but  this  is  very 
certain,  that  to  a  benevolent  human  mind 
there  ean  bo  no  spectacle  presented  by  any 
nation,  more  pleasing,  more  noble,  m^estio, 
or  aug^ust,  than  an  assembly  like  that,  which 
has  so  often  been  seen  in  uiis  and  the  other 
dtamlwr  of  Conyrass  -of  a  government,  in 
wUoh  iha  •XMOtiva  tntthoritgr*  m  wall  m  that 


irNITRH   HTATEg. 

rit'  the   Legislature, 


ol    all  lilt)    tiriiiirliii« 

a««rei««il  by  iMiindii*  H>lMitad  al  regular  p«> 
riraU  liy  ih»ir  iifiglilMiiiri,  to  make  and  aao' 
mill  Uw«  lor  ihu  irriMtral  gotMl.  Can  any 
thing  ••M'ntial,  any  Ining  niiira  than  mare  or- 
namont  and  ileonralion,  \te  added  to  this  by 
rolies  or  diamnmis  t  ('an  authority  bo  more 
amiable  or  n*ipeelable,  when  it  deseonds  ftnm 
accidents  or  institutions  ostaMishnd  in  raiiMMa 
antiquity,  than  when  it  springs  fresh  f^Nn  the 
hearts  and  Judgmems  of  an  honest  and  en- 
lightened people  t  For,  it  is  tha  people  only 
that  are  represented  i  it  is  their  power  and 
mi^esiv  that  is  reflected,  and  only  for  their 
good,  in  every  legitimate  government,  under 
whatever  form  it  may  appear.  Tha  eiist- 
enee  of  sueh  a  govemment  as  ours  Ibr  any 
lenfi|th  of  time,  is  a  Aill  proof  of  aganoral  dis- 
semination of  knowledge  and  virtue  through- 
out the  whole  body  of  the  people.  And 
what  object  of  consideration,  more  pleasing 
than  this,  can  be  presented  to  the  human 
mind  1  If  naticmal  pride  is  ever  Justill^le  or 
exeusa)>le,  it  is  when  it  springs,  not  (Vom 
power  or  riches,  grandeur  or  glory,  but  from 
conviction  of  national  innooenoe,  information, 
and  benevolence. 

"  In  the  midst  of  these  pleasing  ideas,  we 
should  be  unfsithful  to  ourselves,  if  we  should 
ever  lose  sight  of  the  danger  to  our  libertiea, 
if  any  thing  partial  or  extraneous  should  in- 
fect the  purity  of  our  free,  fair,  virtuous  and 
independent  elections.  If  an  election  is  to  be 
determined  by  a  mi^jority  of  a  single  vote, 
and  that  can  m  procured  by  a  party  through 
artiAoe  or  corruption,  the  govemment  may  be 
the  choice  of  a  party,  for  Us  own  ends,  not  of 
the  nation  for  the  national  good.  If  that  soli- 
tary suffrage  ean  be  obtained  by  foreign  na- 
tions, by  flattery  or  menacea,  by  naud  or  vio- 
lence, by  terror,  intrigue,  or  venality;  the 
govemment  may  not  be  the  choice  of  the 
American  people,  but  of  foreign  nations.  It 
may  be  foruign  nations  who  govern  us,  and 
not  we,  the  people,  who  govern  ourselves  i 
and  candid  men  will  acknowledge,  that  in 
such  cases,  choice  would  have  little  advantage 
to  boast  of,  over  lot  or  chance. 

"  Such  is  the  amiable  and  interesting  sys- 
tem of  govemment,  (and  sueh  are  some  of  the 
abuses  to  which  it  may  be  exposed,)  which 
the  people  of  America  have  exhibited  to  the 
admiration  and  anxiety  of  the  wise  and  virtu- 
ous of  all  nations  for  eight  years  ;  under  the 
administration  of  a  eitiaen  who,  by  a  long 
course  of  great  actions,  regulated  by  pru- 
dence, justice,  temperance,  and  fortitude, 
conducting  a  people  inspired  with  the  same 
virtues,  and  animated  with  the  same  ardent 
patriotism  and  love  of  liberty,  to  independ- 
ence and  peaco,  to  increasing  wealth  and  un- 
exampled prosperity,  has  merited  the  crati- 
tude  of  his  fellow  citiiens,  commandea  the 
highest  praises  of  foreign  nations,  and  se- 
cured immortal  glory  with  posterity. 

"  In  that  retirement,  which  is  his  voluntary 
choice,  may  he  long  live  to  ei\joy  the  delicious 
recollection  of  his  services,  the  gratitude  of 
mankind ;  the  happy  fruits  of  them  to  him- 
self and  the  world,  which  are  daily  increasing, 
and  that  splendid  prospect  of  the  future  fur- 
tunes  of  his  country,  which  is  opening  from 
year  to  year.  His  name  may  be  still  a  ram- 
part, ana  the  knowledge  »hat  he  lives,  a  bul- 
wark against  all  open  or  seoNt  9IW»i;<«  of  |iii 
oouiury't  peaoe. 

:.-  i«*t-' 


"  this  oxami 
the  imitation  of 
of  Citntraaak  and 


Sm   kM  MOn  fMOMItaaiM0o  tR 
ia nii,byUdtMa«wt 

by  tko  va<M  of  tho  larisla 
turns  and  the  people,  thrmigkoui  the  nallm. 
"On  thia  suhiaet  it  might Iwcama  nw  betM» 
to  be  silent,  or  to  speak  with  diMdenee  |  but, 
aa  somaihinv  may  bo  expeetod,  ike  ooaasion 
I  hope,  will  be  admitted  aa  an  apology,  if  1 
venturo  to  s«y,  that,  if  a  prefaraneo,  uptm 
prineipb,  of  a  iVao  republican  govamnwnt, 
formed  upon  long  and  serious  rtfleetion,  after 
a  diligent  and  impartial  inquiry  after  trulk  i  if 
an  allaakment  to  tna  oenatimtion  of  tko  Unitod 
States,  and  a  eonsei^ntioiM  determination  to 
lunport  n,  wnU  It  shall  be  ahared  by  ih* 
judgmeuU  and  wishes  of  tko  poople,  ei. 
prassad  in  iho  ntoda  praaaribad  In  it  t  if  a  ra- 
speetftil  aitaMioii  to  th«  eonatiinlioM  of  th« 
individual  states,  and  a  oonaunt  MMtion  and 
delieaey  towards  the  state  goTermnoiitot  if 
an  equal  and  impartial  ragard  to  the  righta^ 
interesta,  honour,  and  happineaa  of  all  tho 
states  in  tha  Union,  without  prafenne*  or  re- 
gard to  a  northern  or  southern,  easMrn  or 
weatem  poaition,  their  varioua  political  opi« 
nions  on  essential  points,  or  thair  personal  al- 
tachmenu  |  if  a  love  of  virtuoua  man  of  all 
partiea  and  denominations ;  if  a  love  of  sei- 
enro  and  tatters,  and  a  wish  to  paironiao  every 
rational  affbrt  to  entourage  aohools,  eollogus, 
universities,  aeadomies,  and  every  inatitution 
ibr  propagating  knowledge,  virtue,  and  rali- 

£'on,  among  all  ehuaes  of  tha  people,  not  only 
r  their  benign  influence  oa  tha  nappiness  o< 
life,  in  all  ito  aiagas  and  elaaaes,  and  of  society 
in  all  ita  foroM,  but,  as  the  oidy  means  of  pre- 
serving our  constitution  (Vom  ita  natural  er.«- 
mies,  the  spirit  of  sophistry,  tha  spirit  of  parly 
the  spirit  of  intri|[ue,  profligacy,  and  corrMp. 
lion,  and  tho  posttlenca  of  foreign  influan««% 
whieh  is  tho  angel  of  destruction  to  eleetive 
govammenta ;  ita  love  of  equal  laws,  of  jus- 
tice and  humanity,  in  the  interior  administra- 
tion i  if  an  inclination  to  improve  agriculture 
commerce,  and  manufaetures,  for  necessity, 
convenience,  and  defenee)  if  a  spirit  of  equi- 
ty and  hunwnity  towards  tho  aboriginal  na- 
tions of  America,  and  a  dispoaition  to  melio' 
rato  their  condition,  by  inclining  them  to  bo 
more  friendly  to  us,  and  our  oitisena  to  bo 
more  friendly  to  them  |  if  an  inflexible  deter- 
mination to  maintain  peace  and  inviolable 
faith  with  all  nations,  anid  that  system  of  neu- 
trality and  impartiality  among  the  belligerent 
powers  of  Europe,  which  has  been  adopted 
by  tko  govemment,  and  so  solemnly  sanc- 
tioned by  both  Houses  of  Congress,  and  ap- 
plauded by  the  legislstures  of  the  states  and 
the  public  opinion,  until  it  shall  be  otherwise 
ordained  by  Congress  ;  if  a  personal  esteem 
for  the  French  nation,  formed  in  a  residence 
of  seven  years  chiefly  amons  them,  and  a  sin- 
cere desire  to  preserve  the  friendship,  which 
has  been  so  much  for  the  honour  ana  interest 
of  both  nations;  if,  while  the  conscious  honour 
and  integrity  of  die  people  of  America,  and 
the  internal  sentiment  of  their  own  power  and 
energies  must  be  preserved,  an  earnest  en- 
deavour to  investigate  every  just  cause,  and 
remove  every  colourable  pretence  of  eonfi- 
plaint ;  if  an  intention  to  pursue,  by  amicably 
npgutiation,  a  reparation  tor  thp  iijuries  that 
have  been  cotnmitM  on  the  comiptrce  of  our 
fcUow  citif em,  by  whatover  nation ;  and  il| 
success  cannot  b«  obtained,  to  lay  tho  laet« 
b»(br«  th#  Lf gistotON,  that  the^  aifq^  ((^ 


iMw  wfcti  BttUwf  mmumM  *•  b<iiMHtr  •!»[ 
Ulwwi  uir  iW  j|ovnii—rt  aiMl  ii*  cwimuhi- 
•Mta  ii«MMN4 1  a  •  rMolmicm  in  tin  ^uMiao,  ■• 
(kr  M  m*)r  fbfMMl  upmi  ma,  •!  all  iinwi,  ami 
•o  ail  iMlioiM,  Mid  nMUMain  mMa.  rri«iHlihi|), 
WhI  haiwvnfoiiM,  wilk  aII  IM  world  i  if  an 
umImiIi«ii  ixmlklaiKi*  in  ih«  hommr,  fiitirit,  ami 
tvamtrmM  of  ih*  AiiM>rican  p««i|)l«,  on  wkirli 
I  Imv«  an  oAmi  kaaanlvtl  mv  all,  ami  imvnr 
kocn  <i«««ivMl  I  if  aUvUMl  tJ*M  nf  lk«  kt«h 
daaliwiai  of  ikia  aiMinlry.  ami  of  my  own  Ju* 
liaa  lowarda  il,  IbundtHi  on  a  knowlMtf*  of 
itM  Moral  priiiaipiM  aaJ  inlallMiiual  impruvo- 
aiMMa  a^TuM  paopl*,  daaply  onuravan  on  my 
nM  in  aarly  Itfc.  ami  not  olwouratl  Ihii  •«• 
•tMil  by  aaiMriaiiM  and  aga  i  ami  with  kum- 
bk  rvvaraiiM  I  ib«l  it  my  duly  to  add— if  a 
va— ration  for  iIm  ralifion  of  a  |wopl«,  who 
■rafcaa  aad  aall  tlwrnnilva  Ckriaiiana,  ami  a 
laad  rMalMiM  lo  eonaidar  a  daeani  raapaat 
for  aiinaliaaity  ainong  Ik*  baat  raaammanda- 
tioM  ibr  lb*  publia  aarviaa,  can  anabia  ma,  in 
any  dagraa,  to  oomply  witb  your  witkaa,  it 
aliail  bo  m*  Mronuoua  andaavour,  ikai  ihia  a«- 
laaiiMM  ii^neiioM  of  iba  two  Uouaaa  abali  mM 
bo  wiilMMt  ailbel. 

"  Wiib  ibia  fraat  aiamnbi  bafora  ma  t  witb 
tba  aonao  aod  apirit,  ibo  raiib  and  bonour,  iba 
duty  aod  iMoroat  of  ibo  lama  Amariean  neo- 
Ilia,  piadgod  lo  aupport  tbo  aonatilution  or  iIm 
lliiilod  Staiaa,  I  aniartain  no  doubt  of  iia  eon- 
linuanoo  in  all  iu  anar||y  j  and  my  mind  ia 
praparod,  witltout  baaiiation,  to  lay  myaalf 
andar  ibo  moat  aoiamn  obligationa  lo  aupport 
It,  lo  iIm  utmoat  of  mv  powar,    . 

"  And  may  ibat  Boinf,  who  ia  aupramo 
ovar  ail,  tbo  patron  of  oniar,  tlio  fountain  of 
iuitiaa,  and  tka  prolaator,  in  all  agaa  of  iba 
world,  of  virtuoua  libarty,  eontinua  bia  bloaa- 
ing  upon  ibia  nation  and  ila  govammani,  and 
giva  II  all  poaaibla  auceaaa  ami  duration,  eon> 
aiiMnt  wiin  iba  and*  of  bia  providanea." 

Mr.  Piorkna^  bad  bean  appointad  mini> 
alar  planipoiantiary  lo  tka  Franob  republio  in 
1790.  Tim  objaet  of  kii  miaaion  waa  auiad, 
in  kia  leiiar  or  erodanoa,  to  lia,  "  lo  maintain 
tkat  good  undaratand.ng  wkiek,  from  iko 
eommaneamant  of  tka  aliianca,  kad  lubaialad 
batwaan  tka  two  naiiona ;  and  lo  efTaea  un- 
favourablo  impraaaiona,  baniik  auapieiona,  and 
raatoro  tkat  cordiality  wkiob  waa  at  onea  ibe 
evidaneo  and  pladga  of  a  friandly  union."  On 
impacting  bia  laitrr  of  credanea,  ika  diractory 
announced  lo  kim  tkeir  detarmination  "  not  to 
raceiva  anotker  miniiter  planipotanliary  from 
tbo  Uniiad  Slatea,  until  afler  ihe  nanu  of 
griataneaa  dainanded  of  tha  American  govern- 
manl,  wkick  tka  Frenck  republic  had  a  rigkt 
to  axpecl  from  il."  Tke  American  niiniater 
waa  afterward  obliged,  by  a  written  mandate, 
to  quit  the  territoriea  of  the  Frenck  republic. 
Beaidea  other  hoatile  indicaliona,  American 
vaaaela  were  captured  wherever  found  ;  and, 
under  the  pretext  of  their  wanting  a  doou- 
mont,  with  which  the  treaiv  of  commerce  had 
bean  uniformly  underatood  to  diapenie,  they 
wore  condemned  aa  prisea. 

In  eonaaquence  or  ihia  lerioua  iUte  of  the 
relationa  with  France,  the  Preaident,  by  pro- 
elamation,  aummoned  Congreaa  to  meet  on 
the  Ifilb  of  June;  when,  in  a  firm  and  digni- 
fied apeoch,  he  atated  the  great  and  unpro- 
voked Jutragea  of  tba  French  government. 
Having  Fomtioned  a  diapoaition  indicated  in 
dM  oxocudve  directory  to  aeparate  the  people 
""       '"'*  from  tboir  govammont,  "  lueh  at- 


HIHTOftY    or   TWB 

•••Mi|ii*?'  Ii»'  Hiltltxl,  "  AU|ifil  l«»  Iw  raiMillad 
wilk  «  iltirKiiiM  whirk  akalt  ctMiviiMu  liranca 
and  all  lltf  wniM  llial  wa  are  n<tl  a  dagradad 

fM><i|il«,  kiimilmli'd  umior  a  nilonial  (ptril  of 
■>ar  aiMl  Mniaa  ol'  inf«>riiiriiy,  Hlli'd  lo  Iw  ika 
miMnlita  in*lrum«>MUol'tiireign  iiiHutiiH'r,  and 
r«K>rill«>M  III'  nalionai  htmoitr,  charavlar,  and 
iiiu<rral."  IU  tiKiiraaard,  however,  kia  wiah 
fur  an  aeronimiNlalion,  ami  hii  pur|MMia  nf  al- 
lam|Mini(  il.  "  Kalaiiiing  •nil  iIm  dvaira  wkiak 
kaa  unilormly  Iwan  manifaalod  by  tha  Amari- 
ean govariinianl  lo  praaarva  peace  and  friand- 
•hip  wilk  all  naiiona,  and  lialiaving  ikal  nai- 
ihar  iKa  honour  nor  ika  inlaraal  of  tka  Uniiad 
Hialaa  aliaoiulaly  forbade  ika  repelilinn  of 
advanoaa  for  aaauring  ihaaa  daairabia  ot^Jaata 
with  Franea,  ha  ahoukl,"  lie  aaid,  "  inatilulo  a 
freak  attempt  al  nngiMialion,  and  akould  not 
fbil  lo  promote  and  aacalaraM  an  aaaommo* 
dalkin  on  terma  oomiiaiibia  witb  iba  rigbla, 
dutiea,  iniarrtia,  and  honour  of  ika  naiMm." 
In  tka  mean  time,  ka  aamaaily  recommendad 
it  to  Congreaa  lo  provide  aNaciual  maaiuroa 
[if  defunce. 

To  make  a  ImI  eflVirt  lo  olilain  reparation 
and  aacuriiy,  thrae cnvoja extraordinary  ware 


inled,  at  the  head  uf  whom  waa  Uanaral 

knay.      By   their   initruciiona,  "  Paaea 

and  laaoncilialiun  ware  lo  be  puraued  by  all 

with  ike  bonour  and  tke 


appoi 
PincI 


meana  compatible 
fkiik  of  ike  Uniiad  Hiale* ;  but  no  national 
nngagemento  were  lo  lie  impaired  |  no  inno- 
valiona  to  ka  permitted  upon  ikoaa  internal 
rasulationa  for  iko  praaervaiion  uf  pei 
which  had  been  deliberately  and  uprightly 
aalabliabed  |  nor  ware  tha  richu  of  tbo  go- 
vammani lobe  aurrandared."  Tbeaa  amiiaaaa 
dora  alao  the  directoiy  refuaed  to  reeaiva. 
They  were,  however,  addreaaed  by  paraona 
verbally  inatruclad  by  Talleyrand,  tha  mini- 
ater  of  foreign  relationa,  to  make  propoaala. 
In  explicit  tvrnii,  iheae  unofficial  agenia  de- 
manded a  large  aum  of  money  before  any  ne- 
goliation  could  be  o|iened.  To  thia  inaulling 
demand  a  decided  negative  waa  given.  A 
compliance  waa,  nevertheleaa,  repeatedly 
urged,  until  at  length  the  envoya  refuted  lo 
hold  with  them  any  furtker  communication. 

When  theae  eventa  were  known  in  the 
Uniiad  Sutea  they  excited  general  indigna' 
lion.  Tka  apirit  jf  party  appeared  lo  be  oX' 
tinci.  "  Million*  for  defence,  not  a  cent  for 
tribute,"  reaounded  from  every  quarter  of  tke 
Union.  The  treaty  of  alliance  with  France 
waa  declared  bv  Congreaa  lo  be  no  longer  in 
force  i  and  authority  waa  given  for  capturing 
armed  French  veaaela.  Proviaion  waj  made 
for  raiaing  immediately  a  tmall  regular  army, 
and,  in  caao  eventt  ahould  render  it  expedi' 
ent,  for  augmenting  it.  A  direct  tex  and  ad' 
ditional  internal  dutiea  were  laid.  To  com' 
maud  the  armiea  of  the  United  Steiea,  Preai' 
dent  Adama,  with  the  unanimoua  advice  of 
the  Senate,  appointed  George  Waahington. 
He  consented,  out  with  great  relucUnce,  to 
accept  the  ofRce,  declaring,  however,  that  he 
cordially  approved  the  meaaurea  of  the  go- 
vernment. 

The  firat  act  of  hoatilitv  between  the  two 
naiiona  appeara  to  have  been  committed  by 
the  Inaurgeiite,  which  was  in  a  abort  period 
after  ao  aignaily  beaten  by  an  American  fri- 
gate. The  achooner  Retaliation,  Lieutenant- 
Commandant  Bainbridge,  being  deluded  inte 
the  powar  of  ihi*  veaael,  waa  captured  and 
earriad    into    Guadaloupo.      Sovoral   othor 


Umiad  rttatea  armoiir 
|iany  wiib  ika 


In  aoM 


vaaial*  were 
Haiaiwiion,  and  puratiad  by 
ilia '  Kranok  tipiadrun,  but  ware  probably 
Mvad  from  aaiilura  by  tka  addrvH  of  Itiau- 
laimni  Haiiiliridgo,  wbo,  Iwing  aakinl  by  ika 
Fmncb  ('omiiMKlora  what  wa*  iha  fiirea  tit 
ika  vaaaala  rkaiatl,  axaggaralad  with  ao  muan 
ailrailnaaa  a*  in  induaa  kim  lo  raeall  kia  akipat 
Tha  Conatollalion  want  In  tea  under  the  cum* 
mand  of  (7a|Main  Trillion.  In  Keltruary, 
17M,  ka  aiMounlared  tka  Inaurgania,  and,  af- 
ter a  cloaa  action  of  about  an  hour  and  a  kaif, 
aam|iallad  kar  to  alrika.  Tka  rate  of  iho 
CoiMMllaii«m  waa  ikirty-lwo  guna,  ikal  of  ibo 
InaurgaMo  forty.  Tko  lormar  bad  ihraa  men 
wounded,  one  of  whom  abortly  after  died, 
none  killed  |  iko  latter  kad  itiny-ono 
wounded,  and  Iwenty-nino  killed.  TbM  via- 
lory,  wbiab  waa  ao  brilliant  and  deciaiva,  wilk 
•uck  a  woodarftil  diapariiy  of  kiaa,  gave  great 
oalal  to  tko  viator  and  to  iko  navy.  Commo- 
dora  Trualon  again  pul  to  aea  in  ike  (.on- 
atollaiion,  being  daatinad  to  renew  bia  lri« 
umiiba,  and  the  kumiliaiion  of  tka  foe.  In 
February,  1800,  be  fell  in  with  tka  Ven- 
geance, a  Frenck  akip  of  Afty-four  guna,  wilk 
wkiek  ke  began  an  engagement  thai  laaiad, 
with  groat  obaiinaay  and  apirit  on  both  aidaa 
fttim  eight  o'clock  in  ika  evening  till  one  in 
ike  morning,  when  the  Ventfrance  waa  com 
plelely  ailenoed,  and  aheered  oH'.  The  Con- 
aiellalion,  having  loat  her  mainmaai,  waa  loo 
much  ii\}ured  lo  puraue  her.  The  Captain  ol 
the  Vengeance  ia  taid  to  have  twice  aurren- 
dared  during  the  conleal,  but  bia  aignala  wato 
nol  undaratmid  rmidal  iho  darknoaa  of  nigiw 
and  tbo  eonfution  of  battle. 

The  United  8ialoe,  ibua  vietorioua  in  ariBf 
at  home  and  on  the  ocean,  commanded  tko 
reaped  of  their  enemy  |  and  the  direeuwy 
made  overturea  of  |ieace.  The  Preaident  inr 
mediately  appointed  miniilera,  who,  on  I'lrit 
arrival  al  Paria,  found  the  executive  aulh  'ty 
in  the  poaaeaaion  of  Bona|iane  aa  flrit  conaul. 
They  were  promptly  received,  and  in  8i>p- 
tember,  1800,  a  treaty  waa  concluded  aaii*' 
factory  lo  both  eouninea. 

Tha  aervicea  of  Waahington  had  nol  been 
required  in  hia  capacity  of  command«<r  in 
chief;  but  he  did  nol  live  to  wilneat  the  ro- 
atoration  of  peace.  On  Friday,  December  1.1. 
while  attemiing  aome  impnivementi  upon  hi* 
ealate,  he  waa  expoaed  to  a  livbt  rain,  wincn 
welted  hi*  neck  and  hair.  Unapnrehenaiva 
of  danger,  ha  paaaed  the  afternoon  in  hi*  uiual 
manner ;  but  at  night  wa*  *eiced  with  an  in- 
flammatory alTection  of  the  windpipe,  attended 
by  fever,  and  a  quick  and  laborioua  reipira- 
tion.  About  twelve  or  fourteen  our.coa  of 
blood  were  taken  from  him.  In  the  moniing, 
hia  family  phyaioian.  Dr.  Craik,  waa  aent  for ; 
but  the  ulmoal  exertiona  of  medical  (kill  were 
applied  in  vain.  Believing  from  the  com- 
mencement of  hi*  complaint  that  it  would  he 
mortal,  a  few  houra  before  hia  departure,  end 
afler  repealed  efTurta  lo  be  underatood,  he  auc- 
ceeded  in  expreaaing  a  deaire  that  he  might 
be  permitted  to  die  without  being  diiquieted 
by  unavailing  attempt*  to  reMuo  him  from  ki* 
fate.  Wken  he  could  no  longer  *wbI)ow,  he 
undreaaed  him*eir  and  got  into  bed,  there  tr 
await  hi*  di**olution.  To  hi*  friend  and  pay 
■ician  he  *aid,  with  difficulty,  "  Doctor,  I  am 
dying,  and  have  been  dying  for  a  loiifr  time  | 
but  lam  not  afraid  to  die."  Reipiration  be 
eame  more  and  mora  contracted  and  imparfbot 


•mi  purMMtt  hf 
warn  |im>i«Ujr 
Mldrru  III'  laidu- 
inn  Mkt<<i  Uy  i)m 
w»»   iha  (ttnm  of 

i»tl  with  ■»  mticn 
II  nraall  hi*  iKifiA 
•  umUr  itiM  cum* 
In  I'VttriMi'jr, 
iur|pin(«,  •mi,  af- 
I  liuur  ami  •  lislf, 
riM  rata  of  I>m 
f  un*.  iImi  of  iIm 
•r  liad  ihnia  man 
onljr  afWr  ilJMi, 
r  h«<l  forty -oiM 
illmi.  TliM  vio' 
ihI  daeiiiva,  with 
r  l«M,  pva  uraat 
mivy.  Ciimmo< 
■••  in  ih«  t!oN* 
I  rnnaw  kit  iri« 
of  ik«  tim,     In 

with  ih«  Van- 
t-four  rm*,  with 
nant  iTiat  laiiad, 
'it  on  both  lidaa 
■ninif  till  utm  iit 
:r*n««  WM  cum 
I  off-.  Th«  Con- 
linmail,  wai  loo 

Tha  Captain  ol 
It  iwioa  lurran' 
Ilia  iif  nala  waia 
•rknaaa  of  niflM 

icioriout  in  luiBf 
flommamlad  Ik* 
i  ika  diraeciiry 
la  Preiideiit  im 
•,  wlio,  on  i*if'» 
eulive  auth  'Iv 
at  flnt  caniiil, 
id,  and  in  8<'p- 
Donoluded  mim- 

»n  had  not  liaan 

commander  in 

wilneit  iha  ro- 

Decenibar  1.1, 

'menti  upon  hia 

cht  rain,  wincn 

Tnapnrahentiva 

loon  in  kit  uiual 

iied  with  an  in- 

dpipe,  attended 

lorioua  reipira- 

leen  our.cet  of 

In  the  moniing, 

,  wai  lent  for ; 

dieal  skill  were 

Prom  the  com- 

bat  it  would  he 

departure,  and 

iniood,  he  lue- 

that  he  might 

inff  disquieted 

o  him  from  hit 

ir  twallow,  he 

bed,  there  tc 

riend  and  p'ny 

'  Doctor,  1  aK 

I  \onfi  time  ] 

tetpiralion  be 

and  imparlaai 


UNITin  STAIII 


•»  Btmr^MT  aiglM,  wkan 


tMiining  ika  IWU  patmtlim  of  kia  imallaM, 
Im  aipirad  wilkowi  a  atrnf  (la.  Tkua,  In  tka 
•ial«<«i|hlh  year  of  hit  ana,  died  tka  i«lk«<r 
of  hit  iioHniry.  InlalliKanaa  of  ihit  event, 
•a  it  rtpidljr  tpraail,  prtHluaad  i)H)nlana«ut, 
daap,  and  unanTaaiad  Kru'f,  tui|(aiNliiitf  avary 
other  tkuufhl,  and  abwirliMiK  rvary  JiiniranI 
Ibalinv.  Cwnarata,  than  at  tfttiun  at  I* hila- 
dalpliia,  iminadiataty  adjourawd.  ()n  attam- 
kling  the  naal  day,  iha  houta  of  rapratanla- 
livat  ratiilvati,  "  that  iha  tiiaakar'*  ehair  atiowkl 
lia  thniudad  in  blank,  aiul  the  tnrmbera  wear 
black  during  the  ttitaion;  and  ihol  •  joint 
eommiltae  ikould  Im  appointed  to  davito  ihi 
moal  tuilabia  manner  of  pay  inn  konour  lo  tka 
maimtry  of  iha  man  llrti  In  war,  flrat  in  _ 
and  Arti  in  iha  haarta  of  hit  eountryman." 
Tha  tanala  of  tha  IJnilad  Hiatat,  in  an  ad 
dratt  lo  ilia  pratidanl  on  ihii  tnalanehoty  o« 
•aaion,  indulged  ikair  |Mlrioiia  prido,  while 
ihey  did  not  irantcma  tha  ImiiiiuI*  of  truth, 
In  aiiaaking  of  their  Waahingion.  "  Anaiani 
and  imtdarn  namat,"  taiti  inay,  "are  dimi- 
nished liafora  him.  Ctreatnest  and  guilt  have 
too  often  been  allied  |  but  hit  fama  ia  wkitar 
than  it  it  brilliant.  The  dettruyart  of  nationa 
atood  altashad  al  the  mi^etly  of  hit  virtuet. 
Il  reproviid  iho  intainparanee  of  their  am- 
bition, and  darkened  tha  tplamiourof  victory. 
Tl:a  loene  is  elosed,  and  we  are  no  longar 
anxious  Inst  misfortune  should  sullv  kit  glory  i 
ho  kaa  iravallad  on  to  the  end  of  hia  Journey, 
and  earned  with  him  an  increksing  weight  of 
hnnourt  ha  has  depoailad  it  safely  where 
misfortune  eannot  tarnish  il,— wkaro  malieo 
oar>not  blast  it." 

Aeeordins  to  the  unanimout  retolution  of 
CunRroiw,  a  fuiwral  prooetsion  moved  from  tha 
teeisTali  ve  hall  lo  the  Oorman  Lutheran  ohureh, 
wherti  an  oration  was  delivered  bv  Oanansl 
Lee,  a  repreaentalive  from  Virginia.  The 
procession  was  grand  and  solemn  |  the  ora- 
tion impressive  and  eloquent.  Throughout 
the  union  similar  marks  of  affliction  were  ax- 
liibitad  |  a  whole  people  appeared  in  mourn- 
ing. In  every  part  of  the  republic  funeral 
orations  were  delivered,  and  tne  best  talents 
of  the  nation  were  devoted  to  an  expression 
of  the  nation's  grief. 

In  the  ^car  ISOO  the  seat  of  govommeni 
of  the  United  States  was  removed  to  Wash- 
ington, in  the  district  of  Columbia.  After 
eongratutatingthe  people  of  the  United  Slates 
on  the  assembling  of  Congress  at  the  perma' 
nent  seat  of  their  govurnmont,  and  Congrett 
on  the  pros|iect  uf  a  residence  not  to  be  chang. 
ed,  the  president  said,  "  It  would  be  unbecom' 
ing  the  reprvM-ntatives  of  this  nation  lo  as- 
aemble  fur  the  first  time  in  this  solemn  tem- 
Die,  without  looking  up  to  the  Supreme  Ruler 
'•f  the  univnrse,  and  imploring  nis  blessing. 
May  this  territory  be  tlia  resiiHnca  of  virtue 
and  happiness )  In  this  city  may  that  piety 
and  virtue,  that  wisdom  and  magnanimity,  that 
constancy  and  seir-govemmont,  which  adom< 
•d  the  great  character  whose  name  it  bears,  be 
for  ever  held  in  veneration  I  Here,  and 
throughout  our  country,  may  simple  manners, 
pure  morals,  and  true  religion,  flourish  for 
•rar." 

At  this  period  a  presidential  election  agpiin 
•ocurred.  From  the  time  of  the  adoption  of 
the  00BStitution,the  republican  party  had  been 
gnJMlly  increasing  in  numbers.  The  two 
~  -^iMing  w»\r  nearly  equal,  the  conutt 


inapirad  both  with  uneiHMMnn  aMionr.  Tka 
latlaralitit  tupportml  Mr,  Adamt  ami  (lanaral 
rmeknay  i  tha  rapublicana,  Mr.  Jeffarton  and 
Citlonal  llurr.  The  two  lallar  raeaivad  • 
small  m(^ofiiv  of  tha  alaetnral  votes  )  and  aa 
ihay  raeaivaU  alan  an  aqital  number,  iha  sa- 
la«^iion  of  una  of  iham  to  Im  prasidani  de- 
volved u|Mm  tka  hnusa  of  ra|»ra«afH«livat. 
After  thirty -ft  va  Irialt,  during  wkiak  tka  iMi- 
lion  fall  intanaa  stdieimda,  Mr.  JalTaratm  waa 
ekosan.  Calonal  Hurr  raaaivad  tka  votaa  of 
tka  fnderalitit,  and  Inat,  In  eantaauanaa,  the 
•onllJani.e  of  kis  former  friends.  By  tha  pro- 
viaiuna  of  ika  ronttiiMion  ka  baoMwa,  of 
rouria,  vIca-pratiJent.  On  kia  Inaugurslion, 
Mr.  JelTarsaii  made  ika  fbllowing  apaaek  lo 
both  kouaaa  of  Congfta. 

«  rrisoJ*  taJ  MI*w.«Masatk 
"  Called  upon  to  undertake  iha  duties  of 
tha  first  eaaeutiva  ofRca  of  our  eounlry,  I 
avail  myself  of  the  prasanea  of  that  poflion 
of  my  (alhiwcillaana  which  is  here  aaaambled, 
lo  expresa  my  grateful  thanks  for  tha  Ikvour 
wiik  wkick  ikay  kave  Iwen  pleased  to  look 
towards  me,  to  declare  a  tineara  eontciout- 
nata,  that  tka  task  it  above  my  lalanu,  and 
tkat  I  approach  il  with  ikosa  anxious  and  aW' 
ful  pratentimenU,  which  tha  iraatnatt  of  the 
charge,  and  tha  weaknott  of^my  powart,  so 
Justly  inspire.  A  rising  nation,  spread  over 
a  wide  and  flruitful  land,  traversing  all  the  seas 
with  the  rich  produetiona  of  their  industry, 
engaged  in  eomnieree  with  nations  who  feel 
power  and  forget  right,  advancing  rapidly  to 
dastiniea  beyond  the  reach  of  mortal  aya) 
when  I  eonlemplaia  thate  trantcendent  ob- 
Jecit,  and  tee  the  honour,  tha  kappinast,  and 
iha  hopaa  of  this  beloved  counliv  committed 
lo  the  ittue  and  the  autpieat  of  ihia  day,  1 
thrink  from  the  contemplation,  and  humble 
mytelf  before  the  magnitude  of  the  under- 
taking. Utterly,  indeed,  ahould  I  daipair, 
did  not  the  pretence  of  many,  whoa  I  hare 
tee,  remind  me,  lliat  in  tka  otnar  higil  autko- 
ritiei  provided  by  our  contdtutkm,  I  tkall 
find  retourcet  of  witdom,  of  virtna,  and  of 
•eal,  on  which  to  raly  under  all  diffieultiat. 
To  you,  then,  gentlemen,  who  ara  charged 
with  the  tovereign  funetiont  of  lagialation, 
and  to  thoae  ataoeiated  with  you,  I  loiak  with 
encouragement  for  tkat  guidance  and  tup|iort 
which  may  enable  ua  to  ataar  with  tafaly  tka 
vettel  in  wkick  wa  ara  all  embarked,  amidst 
tka  conflicting  elemanU  of  a  troubled  war  U. 

"  During  tbo  contest  of  opinion  througk 
which  we  have  past,  tka  animation  of  diteua- 
tiont  and  of  exertions,  haa  aomadmaa  worn 
an  aspect  which  might  impoae  on  atranmrs 
unused  to  think  freely,  and  to  apeak  and  to 
write  what  thoy  think  ;  but  thia  being  now 
decided  by  the  voice  of  the  nation,  announc- 
ed accormng  to  the  rulea  of  the  constitution, 
all  will  of  couraa  arrange  themselves  under 
the  will  of  the  law,  and  unite  in  common  ef- 
forts for  the  common  good.  All  loo  will 
bear  in  mind  this  sacred  principle,  that  though 
the  will  of  the  m^orit^  it  m  all  caiet  to 
prevail,  that  will,  to  be  rightful,  mutt  be  rea- 
tonable  ;  that  the  minority  pottett  their  equal 
righu,  which  equal  lawt  must  protect,  and  to 
violate  which  would  be  oppression.  Let  us 
then,  fullow-eitiiens,  unite  with  one  heart,  and 
-one  mind,  let  ua  restore  to  soeial  interoourae, 
that  harmony  and  afTeetion  without  which, 
liberty,  and  even  Kft  itttU^  ara  but  iimrj 


iMiiffa.  And  Im  m  nita*,  liM  iMvtm  |^ 
niakad  thtm  imu  kml  Umm  PaligkMM  Iwlalariiaa 
under  wkiak  mankind  to  lanaVM  Md  tullkf- 
a«|,  we  have  vat  jplnad  litUa,  if  w«  amiMa- 
nance  a  ptilitieal  inlulafanaa.  aa  despmla  atid 
wiakad,  and  aapabla  of  aa  kilter  ami  MtHNiy 
|iaraacuiitMM.  During  tka  ikniaa  ami  convitl- 
sions  of  tka  anaiaM  worhi,  during  ika  ago. 
niaing  tpaama  of  inftirlMad  man,  aaaktng 
ikrottgk  blood  and  slaagktar  kis  kmg  kial 
likarty,  it  waa  not  wonderAil  ikai  ika  agiift- 
lion  uf  tka  bilkiwt  ikottkl  reaak  avail  ikiadla- 
laM  and  paaaafttl  akora  |  tkat  ikia  akouM  ka 
mora  fkll  and  fcarad  bv  tome,  and  laaa  by 
oikara  >  and  tkauhl  divide  opiniona  aa  to  ma^ 
suraa  of  mtHf  |  but  avarjr  diUkraiwa  of  opt- 
nion  ia  aal  a  difll>raiiaa  of  prinaipla,  wa 
kava  aaUad  bv  diikrant  namaa  bratkran  of  ilw 
•  prineipb.  Wa  ara  all  rapttbliawM  i  wa 
all  Ibdafalisla.  If  ikara  be  any  amoeg  aa 
wko  woukl  wish  to  diaaolva  iliia  Union,  or  la 
ekanga  its  republican  form,  hrt  ikam  aiaad 
undisiurbad  aa  monumante  of  ika  aaJbly  with 
wkick  error  of  opinion  may  ha  toWralad, 
where  reason  is  left  free  to  combat  it.  I 
kmiw,  indeed,  tkat  aoma  konasi  man  fWar  ikal 
a  republican  government  cannot  be  strong  t 
that  thia  government  ia  not  strong  enaugh. 
Hut  would  tka  konast  patriot,  in  ika  full  iida 
of  succasaf\il  axparimanl,  abandon  a  gnvarn- 
ment  wkick  kaa  to  fkr  kept  us  free  ami  firm, 
on  tka  theoretic  and  visionary  fear,  that  thia 
govammani,  ika  worU't  beat  hope,  may,  by 

rtaibilily,  want  energy  to  praaerve  iitalf  I 
irutt  not.  I  baliava  tkit,  on  tka  contrary, 
ika  ttrongett  govermnant  on  aartk.  I  baliava 
it  tha  only  one,  where  even  man,  at  the  ca!l 
of  tke  law,  wouM  fly  to  tna  ttaiidard  of  the 
law,  and  would  meet  invationa  of  tka  pubbt 
order  aa  kit  own  penonal  eoncem.  Sonw 
timet  it  it  taid,  tkat  man  eannot  be  tnittaj 
wiik  tke  government  of  kimself  Can  ka 
then  be  Iruttad  with  tka  govemmant  o( 
otkartt  Or,  kava  wa  found  angelt  in  ika 
form  of  kingi,  to  govern  kim  1  Let  kiatory 
anawer  tkit  quetlion. 

"  Let  us  iken,  witk  courage  and  confldeneo, 
purtue  our  own  federal  and  republican  prin- 
ciplea  I  our  attention  lo  union  and  repraaanl- 
ativo  government.  Kindly  aeparated  by  na- 
lura  anid  a  wida  ocean  from  tka  e«iermin» 
ting  havoc  of  one  quarter  of  tke  globe  |  too 
kigh  minded  to  endure  the  dagradationt  of 
the  others  I  posaatting  a^chosen  country ,with 
room  enough  for  our  descendanis  to  ibe  ihoii- 
sandtk  and  thousandth  generation,  entertain- 
ing  a  due  tanta  of  our  equal  right  to  the  usa 
t  our  own  Ihcultiea,  to  the  acquititiona  of 
our  own  induttry,  to  honour  ana  confidenou 
(him  our  fellow-citiicnt,  retulling  not  from 
birth,  but  from  our  actions  and  iheir  tenae  of 
them,  enlightened  by  a  benifpi  religion,  pro- 
fested  indeed  and  praetited  in  varioua  forma, 
yet  all  of  them  inculcating  bonetty,  truth,  tem- 
perance, gratitude,  and  tna  love  of  man,  aa- 
linowledginp  and  adoring  an  overruling  pro- 
vidence, which,  by  all  its  dispensations,  provoa 
that  it  delights  in  the  happiness  of  man  here, 
and  his  greater  happiness  hereafter ;  with  all 
these  blaaaings,  what  more  ia  necetaary  to 
make  ua  a  happy  and  proaperous  people  t 
Still  one  thing  more,  fellow-citiiens,  a  wiaa 
and  frugal  ^^ovemment,  which  shall  restraia 
men  from  iiyuring  one  another,  ahall  laavfi 
them  odwrwiae  tree  to  regulate  t^|i  ^n 
purtuiu  of  ipdvttrj^  V^.  W'f*9''fmm»  m 


llliTORY  or  TNI 


ClMttka*MllM  MM*  drU^Hir  iK. 
hiMi  li  km  mtmJL  TM>  b  iIm  Mm  ut  gnml 
■MMMMMli  mU  ikU  U  wmwry  lu  •!•>•• 
Mi  tWahi  of  mif  IblMiiiM. 

"  AkwH  M  aMar,  Mlitw-oillMMM,  <Hi  iK*  •<■ 
•fvia*  nf  iltiltM  wMctt  •ofnpfakaml  awry 
iMnf  Jaw  Mut  v»lu*)il«  lit  ym,  \H  U  i»nt|Mir 
jfwi  tkaultl  HNtlaraiiiiMi  wkal  I  ilaam  In*  ••' 
IMNUI  prtwatpl—  of  imr  |fitv*rniNaM,*ml  i>im- 
M^aaiMl*,  lltaa*  wItiaK  oMffKi  la  cHaiM  ila  atl- 
■WmMmii.  !  will  ««miff»»«  iKam  wiilttn 
riM  narrowMt  iwnwaa  lltay  will  lia«r,  tuitnif 
liM  gwwril  iKliMipb,  biH  MM  all  in  Itmiu* 
liMMt  Byml  Mi4  aiMl  jmiIm  to  all  man, 
•f  wiMMvsf  tMa  or  pamiMion,  Mlifinwa  vf 

MIHNMffWi  MM  WMMM  IrMfMl* 


ikif  wMi  all  —lUm,  MNugHnf  •IIIamm  wiiti 

MMM  t   llM  MppMfl  Of  IM   ilM#   ||OV0nilMMa 

ki  •!!  liMir  ricMi,  m  iIm  naai  MMpMaM  ttt- 


'  Mr  iltwaatta  f^nneama,  mm! 

bulwwlu  aMmliMl  •nii-ra|Hihli«Mi 

1 1  ikw  ■rmrviimi  of  ilto  fonorol 

in  m   wholo  aoiMtitutiaMl  vi- 

■r,  M  UM  iImmi  MMlior  of  nur  paoaa  at 
•i  ami  mlHy  abroaJi  a  Jaaiona  aaro  of 
Ika  riilM  of  oloaiion  by  iKo  pooplo,  a  mild 
•ml  mm  aorvaoiivo  of  abmaa  wbioli  ara  lop> 
pod  by  llio  aword  of  ravoluliaii  wImm  paaoo- 
•Mo  romadioa  aro  unprovidod  i  abaolulo  aa- 
■wiaaeanoo  in  iho  doaiiiona  of  Um  mi^orily, 
Um  vital  prineipio  of  rapobiloa,  Aticn  which 
ihoro  ia  imi  opp^oi  ImM  to  fnrea,  tho  vital  prin- 
•iplo  and  inMiiadiata  paroni  of  ilotpotiini  i  a 
wod  diMiplinod  militia,  nur  boat  rolianeo  in 
poaMi  and  for  tha  Im  momonta  of  war,  till 
rngular*  may  roKovo  ihom  t  tho  aupramaey 
ufiho  oivil  ovar  tho  military  authority  i  ecu- 
mtmy  in  tho  publio  oaponao,  that  labour  may 
Im  lightly  bunlonod  i  iho  honott  paymant  of 
our  oiilita  and  laorod  proaorvatiun  of  tho  pub- 
lio faith  I  anoouraffomont  of  afrieultura,  and 
of  ooMimarea  aa  ilt  handmaid  t  the  diffbtion 
of  infiirmation,  and  arrangomant  of  all  abuioa 
at  tho  bar  of  iho  publie  roaaon  t  froodom  of 
relifion  i  Aroodom  of  tho  preaa  t  and  firoadoro 
of  poraon,  undar  tha  protoetion  of  tho  hahtiu 
eorpui  {  amT trial  by  jurioa  impartially  tolaei- 
ad.  Thaaa  prineiplaa  form  tno  bright  eon- 
atollaiion,  whieh  haa  frono  bofora  ua,  and  vui- 
dad  our  itopa  throucn  an  ago  of  ravolution 
and  rofermation.  Tno  wisdom  of  our  aaget, 
and  the  blood  of  our  horoea,  havo  boon  de- 
voted to  their  atummont  i  they  ihould  bo  tho 
•raod  of  our  politieal  faith,  the  teat  of  civie 
{■atruetion,  the  louehttono  by  which  to  try 
llw  aervieea  of  ihnwt  we  truit)  and  should 
wo  wander  from  thorn  in  momenta  of  error 
or  of  alarm,  let  ui  hasten  to  retrace  our  steps, 
and  to  regain  tlie  road  which  alone  leada  to 
poaee,  liberty  and  safety. 

"  I  repair,  then,  fellow-oitiaent,  to  the  post 
jfou  have  assigned  me.  With  experienre 
onough  in  subordinate  offices  to  have  seen  the 
dilReulties  of  this,  the  greatest  of  all,  I  have 
learned  to  expect  that  it  will  rarely  fall  to  the 
lot  of  imperfect  man,  to  retire  from  this  sta- 
tion with  the  reputation,  and  the  favour,  which 
bring  him  into  it.  Without  pretensions  to 
that  high  ounfidenee  you  reposed  in  our  first 
tad  greatest  revolutionary  character,  whose 
pr»  eminent  services  had  entitled  him  to  the 
Irat  plaeo  in  hia  country's  love,  and  destined 
Ibr  him  tha  &irest  page  in  the  volume  of  faith- 
Ihl  kistory,  I  aak  so  much  oonfldenoo  only  as 
■ay  giva  gftnaaa  and  eflbot  to  tba  lapl  ad< 
-^-'^ — '—I  of  jrov  afaiia.    I  iiiaU  omn  go 


wninfl  ihriHiKh  ilalUwi  id'  jitdgmoiM.  Whoa 
rlffhl,  I  (ImH  iiltan  \m  lh«Mif  h*  wmnf  by  ihiMa 
wh4i«a  |MMili>nt«  will  •«««  rnmmanil  •  view  •>• 
iha  wImiIm  gnHiiiil.  I  aah  ^iHtr  HMlntaviMw 
Hir  my  own  arriira,  whtah  will  «w*»r  ha  tn- 
laiiliHiMl  I  and  ytHf  (up|m*l  againal  tho  »r- 
mrs  i)f  iilKart,  wkii  may  aiiiiilamn  what  ihay 
wiMibi  mM,  if  Mian  in  all  il*  |Nina,  Tha  ap 
l>r«tli«ii<>n  implml  l>y  ynur  t»(tt»fc,  is  a  (real 
0i>nMiUii<in  Ut  me  fur  iha  imm  ;  and  my  fiilure 
siilieiliNiM  will  ha,  In  retain  ih*  gtxid  opinHm 
of  ihosa  who  hav*  ImMftwad  il  In  advanaa,  to 
aonriliala  ihal  of  others,  by  iliNng  iham  all  tho 
IPmnI  in  my  pow-ar,  and  la  bo  insirumenlal  to 
the  happiness  and  IVomIimn  nf  all. 

"  Ralying  then  on  ihe  paimnafa  of  year 
good  will,  I  advanaa  with  obodioaao  to  the 
worh,  ready  to  raliro  from  it  whoaevar  you 
liaeama  sensible  how  mueh  beuar  ahoieea  il 
ia  in  your  power  to  maka.  And  may  ihal 
iniiiile  Power  which  rules  tho  dealiniea  of  the 
universe,  lea<l  our  councils  to  what  is  best, 
ami  give  ihrm  a  favourable  iaauo  for  your 
IMMce  and  itrtisperily," 

A  saeond  eanaus  nf  tha  inhabiiania  nf  the 
Unilod  Sums  waa  completed  in  1801.  They 
amounted  to  A,3IO,74t,  having  in  ten  years 
inereaaod  nearly  one  million  four  hundred 
thousand.  In  the  same  number  of  years  the 
exports  increased  Atim  ninatern  to  ninety. 
four  millions,  and  ihe  revenue  fmni  4,771,000 
to  1>,OM,000  dollars.  This  rapid  advance  in 
the  earner  of  prosperity  has  no  parallel  in  the 
history  of  nations,  and  is  to  bo  attributed  prin- 
cipally to  (he  instituiitms  of  the  country,  wkich, 
lonirmg  e<|ual  privileges  to  all,  gave  to  the 
entorpriM  aiiti  industry  of  all  fi<m  seopa  and 
full  encouragement. 

In  IHOa,  the  sute  of  Ohio  waa  admitted  into 
the  union.  It  was  formerly  a  portion  of  the 
north-weslnrii  torritory,  for  the  government 
of  which,  in  1787,  an  ordinanea  was  passed 
by  tha  continental  Congress.  In  thirty  years 
from  its  first  settlement,  the  numbar  of  it«  in- 
haliiunis  exceeded  half  a  million.  Tha  state 
nf  Tennessee,  whieh  waa  pravioualy  a  part  of 
North  Carolina,  and  whion  lies  betwaan  that 
state  and  tha  river  Miaaisaippi,  had  baan  ad- 
mitted in  1700. 

The  right  of  deposit  at  Naw  Ortanns,  eon- 
eaded  to  the  eitiiens  of  tha  United  States  by 
Spain,  and  nooessarv  to  the  people  nf  the 
western  oountry,  had,  until  this  period,  been 
flreelv  ef\|oyod.  In  Oetober,  the  chief  officer 
of  that  eitv  prohibited  tho  exercise  of  it  in 
future.  Thia  violation  of  a  solemn  engage- 
HMnt  produeed,  throughout  the  states  ofOhio 
and  Kentucky,  indignant  elamour  and  violent 
eommotion.  In  Congress  a  proposition  was 
made  to  take  possession  by  force  of  the  whole 
province  of  Louisiana;  but  a  more  pacific 
course  was  adopted.  Knowing  that  the  pro- 
vince had  lieen  ceded,  although  not  trans- 
ferred, to  Franco,  the  president  instituted  a 
negotiation  to  acquire  it  by  purchase.  In 
April,  1803,  a  treaty  was  concluded,  convoy- 
ing it  to  the  United  Slates  for  fifteen  millions 
or  dollars.  Its  acquisition  was  considered 
by  the  United  Statoa  of  the  greatest  import- 
ance, as  it  gave  them  the  entire  control  of  a 
river  which  is  one  of  the  noblest  in  the  world. 

At  this  period,  also,  there  was  another  im- 
portant acquisition  of  territory.  The  friendly 
tribe  of  Kaskaskia  Indians,  reduced  by  wars 
and  other  eauaes  to  a  few  individuals  who 
wara  onabla  to  dafaiid  thamsahraa  against  the 


notglibaarla(  irihaa,  tr»i>siiinad  ita  anwairy  ta 
tha  IfnMoil  Nlaleai  reaarving  only  a  salR 
rianay  la  maintain  Hs  nwmhrr*  In  an  agiiaiili 
lural  way.  Tha  ••i|HiUiiiin«  nn  iha  |iart  n| 
ihe  I'iMlail  Niairt  wara  to  rilanil  In  iham  pa- 
imnage  ami  iimiarliim,  and  to  gtva  t.i  iham 
rarlsin  annual  al<U,  in  monay,  tm|>i»m«nl*  M 


rhtHae. 


monay,  tmi>i»m«f 
•gfiauiliini,  «ml  nihar  arlirlrs  »f  Inair  r^ 
Tni«  radad  rnunlry  aiiamU  along  iha  Ml» 
MMi»|H  IV«im  the  moHlh  of  iha  llllnfiit  lo  and 
up  tna  (Niio  I  and  i«  asiaamail  a*  *mongtlM 
most  (bnile  within  the  liiniis  uf  tha  union 

Tha  Unllad  Miaiaa  had  ftir  soma  iima  ai^>y 
ad  iha  uadlapaled  repoaawf  paara,  with  only 
MMi  eaaeMlna,  Tripoli,  tha  least  atHMi«leralihi 
of  iha  Harbary  states,  had  made  demands, 
(banded  neither  in  right  ao,  in  sompael,  and 
had  deaoaneed  war  on  the  lliilura  of  the 
Amariean  gnvemmeM  to  comply  with  them 
bafora  a  gtven  day.  The  prasnlent,  on  thia 
oeaaaioa,  sent  a  small  squadron  of  frigaiea 
into  the  Madiiarranaan,  with  assuraneas  to 
that  power  of  iKe  sinaare  desire  nf  the  Ame, 
riean  g«)varnmeni  lo  remain  in  paaee  i  Imi 
with  nnlers  to  protect  our  eommarca  against 
the  (hraaianad  allaek.  It  was  a  seasonable 
and  salutary  meastira  i  fer  the  hay  ha<i  al- 
ready declared  war  |  and  the  American  cor. 
marre  in  the  Mediterranean  waa  blnckadml, 
while  that  of  the  Atlantic  was  in  peril.  The 
arrival  of  the  s<|us«lmn  diiifM>llad  the  danger. 
The  InsnrgenW,  which  ha<l  ^••wn  so  honour- 
ably added  to  the  Ameriean  navy,  and  the 
Pickering,  of  fourteen  guns,  the  former  com- 
manded by  Captain  FInichar,  the  latter,  by 
Captain  Hillar,  were  lost 


n  the  equinnelial 

In  IMI,  the  Bn- 

fourteen  guns.  Captain  flierreii, 


gale,  in  Septemlvir,  1800, 

rprise,  or  " 
fell  in  with  a  Tri|mliliin  ship  nf 'war  of  ai|uat 


force.  The  action  continued  three  hours  and  a 
half,  the  corsair  fighting  with  great  oluiinaey, 
and  even  desperation,  until  she  struck,  having 
loat  fifty  killed  and  wounded,  while  ihe  Kn- 
terprise  had  not  a  man  ii\jured.  In  1903, 
Commodore  Preble  assumed  the  command 
of  the  Mediterranean  stiiiadmn,  and  aflnr 
humbling  the  emperor  of  Morocco,  who  had 
begun  a  covert  war  upon  American  cnm- 
meree,  enneentraled  most  of  his  force  before 
Tripoli.  On  arriving  olT  thnt  iiort,  Capuin 
Bainbridge,  in  the  frigate  Philsdeliihia  o( 
forty-four  guns,  was  sent  int>i  the  hnrlHiur,  lu 
reconnoitre.  While  in  eager  pursuit  of  a 
small  vessel,  he  unfortunately  advanced  so  fsi 
that  the  frigate  grounded,  an<l  all  atti  in|.(s  to 
remove  her  were  in  vain.  The  s<>a  around 
her  was  immediately  covered  with  Tripolitan 
gunboats,  and  Captain  Bainhridgo  was  com 
polled  to  surrender.  This  miirornine,  which 
threw  a  number  of  accomplished  officers  and 
a  valiant  crew  into  oppressive  ImnJage,  and 
which  shed  a  gloom  over  the  wlmla  nation,  ss 
it  saemed  at  once  lo  increase  the  difllciiliies  ot 
a  peace  a  hundred-fold,  was  soon  relioved  by 
one  of  the  most  daring  and  chivalrous  exploits 
that  is  found  in  naval  annals.  Lieutenant 
Stephen  Decatur,  then  one  of  ConitnoJura 
Preble's  ^-aballerns,  proposed  a  plan  for  re- 
capturing or  destroying  the  Piiilndelphia. 
The  American  squaaron  was  at  that  time 
lying  at  Syracuse.     Agreeably  ro   tho  plan 

froposed,  Lieutenant  Decatur,  in  the  kflch 
ntrepid,  four  guns  and  seventy-five  men,  pro- 
ceeded, under  the  escort  of  ihe  Syren,  Cap 
tain  Stewart,  to  the  harbour  of  TriiMili.  Thf 
Philade'phia  *ay  within  half  gun-shot  of  th» 


Tim 


I  MIlW,  m4  ••••fai  «»MUaf*  tnJ  f««n 
tMlaJ  liar  wtih  j««lf>ii«  vI(>Un''v 
iMrtpial  •ill«f«J  iKa  haHkiur  dtmtt^, 
•iH^I  n'aliiali  In  iIm  nvantn*,  tnil  die 
mI  in  KVIll'ig)  namr  llw  I'hiUilBlpllU,  Ihi 
IWMiii  Ian  aiMl  vlavan  tiVliwh,  wuhmil  K«vin|| 
•waliaiMiil  •tiipixiiin  itf  h»r  h<Mlila  liaalrfii*. 
TVi*  vaMal  hail  liaan  ra|)<>initl  from  iha  Tri- 

dilan*,  ami,  aaaiiniinii  on  ihi*  iifaailoti  *Mr 
mar  naliimal  aiiiMaranna,  w»«  |tarmiirad  u, 
warp  al<>nK«ii|«,  iiiHlar  ika  allafvii  itratam'd 
Ikal  (ka  KmI  liwt  all  Kar  annhiir*.  Tka  m<i 
Mani  iSa  vmmI  eama  ia  «»niit(ii,  Daaalur  and 
kit  ftillowara  laapaJ  nn  Uiaril,  ami  mmn  ovmt- 
wkalmail  •  araw  wklck  wa*  pmmhmA  wUk 
•nnatamalinn.  Twanljr  n(  Iha  TripollMlM 
wnra  hitlait.  All  ika  lurntuMliM  kaUarWa 
tiainf  n|M>na<l  iipnn  ika  IliiUdalplim,  ik*  waa 
bnmadiaialjr  •"•  on  Ara,  anii  n<)«  aMniionad  until 
iknroiigkly  wr«p|Miil  in  llamaii  wk«n,  a  (W- 
vourintf  braaaa  (iirinifinf  ii|i,  ihn  liiintiiiil  an- 
tlWalM  hartalf  from  kur  ttmy,  ami  miImiI  (ri- 
•mpkanlljr  mil  of  ika  karlxtiir  aniiti  ika  linkl 
of  ika  ooiirtafraiiiin.  Not  iha  (liKklnd  Unm 
enaurrail  nn  iha  iiJn  of  ika  Amariean*  to 
(Haila  ika  ■plamlour  of  ika  anlarprian. 

In  July,  IM4,  (TomnvNliira  Pralila  hrotifkl 
tofolkar  all  ki«  rornK*  Itafora  Tri|Hili,  italMr- 
minail  til  irv  ilia  allWet  of  a  iMimbartiimini. 
Tka  anamy  fiiit  inif  Mnt  ••inMi  of  ki)  yiinlmat* 
•ml  ifallny*  Milhoiil  ika  raafal  ika  nutulk  of 
ika  karliour,  Iwoilivuioni  of  Ainorioan  tfiin- 
biiala  wara  forinail  for  tka  piif|MMa  nf  atiMking 
ihain,  wkila  tka  lartfn  va««ali  Kuitilad  tka  Imi- 
laria*  anil  town.  On  ikn  3d.  of  Auguil  ihi* 
plan  w«i  put  in  axaeuiion,  Tka  niuadmn 
■ppmankad  Mrithin  Kun-*hol  nf  tka  town,  ami 
iifianail  a  tramemliiiu  Am  uf  tknl  and  tkalli, 
wkiek  wti  m  pniinplly  rvtiirnad  by  ika  Tri- 
poliian  lialiaria*  and  tkippiii^.  At  tka  mom 
liiaa  tka  two  diviaion*  nf  KUiilioati,  ika  flr«l 
undar  tka  onmmanil  of  Cauiaiii  Soniara,  ike 
■anond  uiidtir  Caplain  Stiiplian  Ilaeatur,  wko 
kad  iMian  pruinoti>d  ai  a  reward  for  kit  lata 
Mhiavamoni,  advanovj  a^init  tkoM  nf  the 
anamy.  Tka  wpiadmn  wai  alMUt  iwo  kouri 
under  ika  enemy'*  liattnrie*,  genemlly  within 
pi«inl>(hoi,  ranging  hy  tkum  in  dcliliorala  tuo- 
eaMiun,  altarnaiely  tilnnninff  their  fire*,  and 
Uunoking  iti  tkunder*  intn  the  very  palaoe  of 
tka  ba*haw;  while  a  more  aiiimattHl  battle 
wa*  ranging  in  another  ipiarter.  Simiiltane- 
oiialy  with  the  boinl>anlmenl  the  American 

KiiifMiati  liaj  oloM'd  in  deaperale  conflict  with 
a  uneray.  Captain  Decatur,  bearing  down 
upon  one  of  superior  forco,  aoon  carried  ker 
ny  Imardinir,  when,  taking  hi*  prixe  in  tow, 
ka  grappled  with  another,  and  in  like  nMnnar 
lran*fitrred  the  Rghl  to  the  enemy'*  deck.  In 
the  flerce  encounter  which  followed  tki*  le- 
ennd  attack,  Capuin  Decatur,  having  broken 
hi*  *wnrd,  olo*ed  with  the  Turki*h  com- 
nmnder,  and  both  falling  in  the  *truggle,  gave 
him  a  mortal  wound  with  a  iii*lol-*hol,  jii*t  a* 
the  Turk  wa*  rai*ing  hi*  dirli  to  plunge  it  into 
ki*  breaiu  Lieutenant  Trippe,  of  Cantain 
Di<]atur'«  *(|uadrnn,  had  boarded  a  thiid  larga 
gunlraat,  with  only  ono  midihipman  and  nine 
man,  when  hi*  boat  fell  off*,  and  led  him  to 
wagathe  unequklflght  of  eleven  againM  thirty- 
Mil,  which  wa*  trie  number  of  the  enemy, 
Oouraga  and  re*olution,  however,  converted 
tki*  devoted  little  band  into  a  forinid*ble  ho*t, 
whiok,  after  a  (anguinary  conte*t,  ob  iged  the 
■ni—miia  foe  to  yield,  with  the  lou  of  four- 
IMB  killad  and  aavan  woundad.     I.*rutan«nl 


PWITBD  tTATH. 

Tripfa  raaoivMl  alavtin  «ih»H  wmtada,  aa>i  kad  | 
iKrva  of  ki«  l>arf  y  woHinlfhl,  bwl  n««M  killml  I 
M«k«>riil  homliarififMini*  ami  alliiak*  otvaaxlmt 
»Mh  irfSntr  »i  mtorval*  ikrouakoiil  ika  monlk. 
ti»f  tiUw  d*«  d»Mk  and  >1avaa«aittm  w»m 
puurMk  MitAr  TrifMili  '  ik  UMaaring  |Mr«av«- 
iHMiri*.  aaak  titat'ti  ^ii'oliiiing  tnMana**  of  va- 
lo»r  «*i4  d<Hroi».lo»iiii  4^,-;'ck  will  gtve  lualra 
to  hiMiiry  Tkc  ayaa  ii^  JSitrfffm  war*  draw* 
i.o  ike  iiKit  wfciMW  a  young  taalitm,  *MrMly 
a*  .urfoil  into  wilinw,  WM  aifnany  ukaaliaiMf 
>K«  r'.Mpolin  and  UwUm  iiillf)*),  to  wkoM 
»onM  of  ha-  rMoai  iMwariU  fonrvtmmhfl  w«fa 
tkan  paying  fnbuia. 

On  Ika  Mto#  Ai|Ma«k«r,  CommodofB  Pra- 
kb,  Ir  ofAif  10  try  new  FspeHiiMMa  of  m»- 
MoyOMo,  4alofMiinod  to  *aad  a  ffritakip  into 
iko  aoomy'*  koHMtur,  Tko  Intrniiii  t^m  At 
tad  out  Air  ikitaarvlao,  boiiif  NlkM  wiik  pow- 
der, akolU,  and  otkar  atMnbttMlbU  mMariala. 
Captein  Hoinora,  wko  kad  oAan  boon  tko  emu- 
looa  rival  nf  I>Motur  In  tko  aoroor  nf  glonr, 
wa*  appoiniad  to  nnnduai  kar  in,  kaving  fnr 
ki*  aaanaiala*  in  tka  kaiardoo*  ontorpri*o 
Lioulonani*  Wadawortk  and  Itraal,  all  volun- 
loora.  Tko  Argui.  Viaan,  and  Nauiilua, 
war*  In  convoy  tko  Intropid  a*  far  u  tko 
mnutk  nf  tko  korbour.  Captain  Homora  and 
Moiitonani  Wadiwortk  mawlo  okoioa  of  two 
nf  tkn.lkiaiMi  Imat*  in  tko  aquadron,  mannod 
wiik  piekad  crow*,  to  bring  ikom  oul.  At 
aigkl  u'eloek  in  tko  evening  ike  •tiMid  into  tka 
harbour  with  a  mtMlarale  braeie.  Several 
*hot  were  Arod  at  ker  from  tko  haitaria*.  8ko 
kad  miarly  gained  kar  place  of  doMination 
wkan  (ha  expUtded,  without  kaving  mad* 
any  of  tko  *ignal*  praviouily  eoneortad  to 
■kow  tkal  tka  crow  wa*  «afo.  Nigkt  kung 
over  tka  dreadful  flala*tropho,  and  loft  the 
wkolo  iquadrun  a  prnv  to  tko  mo*l  painful 
anaiaty.  Tko  eonvoy  knvered  atmul  ino  kar- 
Uiur  until  *unri*e,  when  mi  remain*  could  Im 
iliieovered  oithor  ofthe  Intrepid  or  her  boat*. 
Doubt  wa*  turned  into  eartainty,  thai  tko  had 
prematurely  blown  up,  a*  one  of  the  anomy'* 
gunlMMi*  wa*  ob*orva<l  to  bo  mitaing,  and 
■evaral  nthor*  muek  *hatterod  and  damaged. 
Commodoro  Preble,  in  hi*  aeeount,  *ay*,  thai 
he  wa*  lad  to  bolieva  "  that  tkoio  boat*  were 
detached  IVom  the  enemy'*  flotilla  to  intercept 
the  ketch,  and  without  *u*pecting  hor  to  bo  a 
fire*hip,  the  mi*aing  boat*  hml  auddenly 
iMianied  her,  when  the  gallant  Somer*  and 
the  heroe*  of  hi*  party  ob*erving  the  other 
three  boat*  *urrounding  them,  and  no  pro- 
*peet  of  oMiape,  determined  at  once  to  prefer 
dfeath,  and  the  deatruction  of  the  enemy,  to 
captivity  and  torturing  *lavery,  put  a  match 
to  the  train  leading  directly  to  the  magazine, 
which  al  once  blew  the  whole  into  the  air,  and 
terminated  their  exidenoa;"  and  ho  add*, 
that  hi*  "conjecture*  retpeeting  tki*  aflTairare 
founded  on  areaolution  whickC^ptain  Somer* 
and  Lieutenant*  Wad*wortk  and  I*rael  had 
formed,  neither  to  bo  taken  by  the  enemy, 
nor  aulTer  him  to  get  poaaa**ion  of  the  powder 
on  board  iho  Intrepid."  Soon  after  the*e 
event*.  Commodore  Preble  gave  up  the  com- 
mand in  tho  Mediterranean  to  Commodore 
Barron,  and  returned  to  the  United  Statea, 
Hi*  eminent  *ervice*  were  onthu*ia*tically  ae> 
knowledged  by  hi*  admiring  fellow-oitilen*, 
aa  well  of  tho*e  of  hi*  a**ociate*  in  arm*, 
"  who*o  name*,"  in  the  expreuive  language 
of  Congres*  on  the  occaaion,  "  ougrht  to  live 
in  the  recollection  and  affection  of  a  grate- 


•  lamplo    til  fiiliiro    gea* 


MttmMfy, 
r«g*r<l«d  •*  an 
lion* 

Wkilo  iko  *rt<;a>irtH«  ramoinad  WAin*  Trv 
iHtli  oikar  ilfad*  of  kanH«m  »ar*  |ierlhf*|oA 
William  K«ion,  wli.i  katt  tiaan  *  toftain  ki 
ika  Amafir«n  arnty,  wa*,  »t  tko  wOonmnm** 
mani  of  ikia  war,  aoiMiil  *i  Tuni*.  Ho  l.'wM 
koaama  a<it|>i*in<«d  wiik  llamai  (?aramoil]r, 
wknm  a  yuungor  Imiikar  kail  avulitdod  fwm 
Ik*  ikrono  nf  Tripidl.  Wiik  kirn  ko  eo« 
an  aanodiiww  agalnai  ik*  rwitning 
*overoign,  anal  ropairod  ui  ika  UniiatI  Siaio* 
Iff  oktaia  pofmiaaiiin  and  ike  m#an*  to  uador- 


it.  Parmiaaion  wa*  graacml.  (ko 
oporaliiNi  of  tko  *<)uailran  reaummi-nfind,  and 
•oak  poonniary  a*ai*iaii«*  a*  eould  bo  aoarOal 
wa*  ailbfdad.  To  miaa  an  army  in  mffffot, 
and  kad  it  to  atiaak  tko  uturpor  in  kt*  ■ii>- 
miniona,  waa  tko  pn^al  wkiak  kad  keen  aon- 
oertod.  In  tko  beginning  of  ISM,  Baiun  mot 
Hamol  ai  Aloaandrta,  and  wa*  anpeiniatl 
gonotral  of  ki*  furoe*.  On  tka  4tk  of  Mitfth. 
at  iko  kead  of  a  raapoelable  body  of  mnanlad 
Arab*,  and  alaiut  *ovaniy  CkrlMian*,  ha  aol 
nut  fur  Tripoli.  Hi*  mute  lay  aoruaa  a  da- 
•art  one  tkouaand  mil**  in  aatonL  On  hi* 
marek,  ka  aneounloroti  peril,  fatigue,  and  »\f(- 
faring,  tko  dotoriplion  of  which  would  r»- 
*aml>Io  tko  oaaggoraiWn*  of  ronmHFP  On 
tko  SOtk  of  ApnC  having  bean  Afty  dar*  ('fl 
the  march,  ho  arrived  baiiira  Uoriio,  a  Tripn- 
liian  city  on  the  Modilarranaaii,  and  Amnd  in 
the  karbnur  a  part  of  tlia  Amorican  Mpiadron 
doalined  lo  •a*i*i  kirn.  Ha  learnt  al*o  tkal 
tko  ucurpor,  kaving  roaoived  notice  nf  kie  ap. 
pmook,  had  rai*aira  ennatdFrablo  army,  anj 
wa*  ikan  wiikin  a  day'*  marok  of  tko  «iiy. 
No  time  wa*  ikerefore  lo  be  lo*l.  Tko  neat 
morning  ko  *uffimoned  the  governor  lo  *iir- 
render,  who  returned  for  aiiawar,  "  My  kaad 
or  your*."  The  cily  wa*  a**auliod,  and  after 
a  contaM  of  two  hour*  and  a  half,  po**o**ion 
wa*  Rained.  Th«i  Chri*tian*  *ufr«r*d  *av*r*ly, 
and  ine  general  wa*  *liKktly  wounded.  Oreal 
exertion*  ware  immoi»ate1y  made  lo  fortify 
the  eily.  On  the  (kk  of  Mav  it  wa*  atuekad 
by  tko  Tripolitan  army.  Allkough  ten  limea 
more  numerou*  tkan  Baton'*  band,  ike  aa- 
*ailant*,  after  per*i*ling  four  kour*  in  tko  al- 
tempt,  were  compelled  to  retire.  On  ike  lOlk 
nf  June  anotkor  battle  waa  fought,  in  wkiek 
the  enemy  were  defeated.  The  next  iay  Jm 
American  frigate  Con*tiiution  arriveo  in  ino 
harbour,  which  *fl  lerrihed  the  Tripolitana 
that  they  fled  precipitately  to  the  de*ort.  Tkf* 
frigate  came,  however,  to  arreat  tho  opor» 
lion*  of  Eaton  in  the  mid*t  of  bu  brilliant  and! 
*ucce**ful  career.  Alarmed  at  ki*  progre*e, 
the  reigning  baahaw  kad  olTered  term*  of 
peace,  whicn,  being  much  more  favourable 
than  hail  before  tieen  oATered,  were  accepted 
by  Mr.  Lear,  the  authorised  agent  of  the  go- 
vernment. Sixty  tkou*and  dollar*  were  given 
a*  ran*om  for  the  unfortunate  American  pri- 
miner*,  and  an  eiigarement  wa*  made  to  with- 
draw all  *upp(irt  from  Hamet.  The  nution, 
proud  of  the  exploit*  of  Eaton,  regretted 
thi*  diplomatic  interference,  but  the  treaty  waa 
aubaequently  rotifiod  by  the  prcaidont  ami 
aenate. 

During  the  year  1804  the  Delaware  Indiana 
relinquianed  lo  the  United  Slate*  their  title  la 
an  oxlonfive  tract  eaat  of  the  Mi**i**ippt,  ba> 
tweoB  tho  Wabaih  and  Ohio,  for  whien  tkey 
were  to  reeeive  annuitio*  in  aninaU  and  im 


IIIBTORy  OF   THR 


!  I 


f 


Jh. 


aA 


ptomonli  f(ir  •{(nculturo,  aiid  in  oihi-r  iiim'i>«-  i 
imriat,  Thii  wni  an  itnimrtnnt  aciuiiiition, 
nntonl^  foritinxtnnr  anil  furtility.biit  rivcaiiM*, 
by  iticommainliriglliiiUhiofor  ihreo  hiintlri'il 
milea,  and  nearly  half  ihnt  d'litancn  tlio  Wn- 
buh,  the  produce  of  the  lellled  country  could 
be  aafely  conveyed  down  thoie  rivnra,  and, 
with  the  oeaaion  recently  made  by  the  Km- 
kaakiaa,  it  nearly  eonioliJated  the  |)oi(u<«ioni 
of  the  United  Slatea  north  of  the  Ohio,  from 
Lake  Erie  to  the  Miuiiaippi. 

Early  in  the  fullowinc  year  Mr.  JefTenon 
waa  re^leeted  to  All  tne  preiident'a  chair, 
by  the  decided  m^ority  of  lixty-two  votei 
■ounat  aixteen,*  eireumitMice  which  he  view- 
ed aa  mi  indieation  of  a  great  decay  in  the 
atrenph  of  the  federal  pMty.  Qeorge  Clinton 
waa  alao  elected  vice-preaioeut 

The  Amerioan  government  at  thia  period 
benn  to  be  aeriouily  affected  by  the  conteit 
whieh  waa  raging  in  Europe.    Under  the 

Saidanee  of  the  aplendid  talents  of  Napoleon 
le  military  proweit  of  France  had  brought 
most  of  the  European  nationi  to  her  feet, 
England,  however,  still  retained  almost  un- 
disputed command  of  tlie  ocean,  expelling 
every  hostile  navy  from  the  seas.  America 
prolued  from  the  destruction  of  the  shins  and 
commerce  of  other  natiot.i  j  oeing  neutral, 
Iter  vessels  carried  from  port  to  port  the  pro' 
ductions  of  France  and  the  dspenivct  k'.r.g 
doms ;  and  also  to  the  ports  of  those  kingdoms 
the  manufactures  of  England :  indeed,  few 
aliips  were  found  on  the  ocean  except  those 
of  the  United  States  and  Omat  Britain. 
These  advantages  wore,  however,  too  great 
to  bn  long  enjoyed  unmolested.  American 
ships  carrying  to  Europe  the  produce  of 
French  colonies  were,  in  the  early  stage  of 
the  war,  captured  by  British  cruisers,  and 
condemned  by  their  courts  as  lawful  prizes  ; 
and  now  several -European  pnits  under  the 
control  of  France  were,  by  British  orders  in 
council.dated  in  May  ISOG, declared  in  a  state 
of  blockade,  although  not  invested  with  a  Brit- 
ish fltM-t;  and  American  vessels  attempting 
to  enter  those  ports  were  also  captured  ami 
condemned.  France  and  her  allies  suflered, 
as  well  as  the  United  States,  from  those  pro- 
ceedings; but  her  vengeance  fell  not  so  much 
upon  the  belligerent  as  upon  the  neutral  party. 
By  a  decree,  issued  in  Berlin  in  November, 
1806,  the  French  emperor  declared  the  Brit- 
ish islands  in  a  state  of  blockade,  and  of 
course  authorized  the  capture  nf  all  neutral 
vessels  attempting  to  trade  with  those  islands. 
From  these  measures  of  both  nations  the 
commerce  of  the  United  States  severely  suf- 
fered, and  their  merchants  loudly  demanded 
of  the  government  redress  and  protection. 

This  was  not  the  only  grievsnre  to  which 
the  contest  between  the  European  powers 
gave  rise.  Great  Britain  claimed  a  right  to 
search  for  and  seize  English  sailors,  oven  on 
board  neutral  vessels  while  traversing  the 
ocean.  In  the  exercise  of  this  pretended 
right,  citizens  of  the  United  States  were 
seized,  dragged  from  their  friends,  transported 
to  distant  parts  of  the  worid,  compelled  to 
perform  the  duty  of  British  sailors,  and  to 
Bf(ht  with  nations  al  peace  with  their  own. 
Against  this  outrage  upon  personal  liberty  and 
the  rights  of  American  citizens,  Washington, 
Adams,  and  Jefferson  had  remonstrated  in 
The  abuse  continued,  and  every  year 
to  its  aggravation.     In  June,  1807,  a 


oirrumstanoM  occurred  which  lii^hl.v  iinil  ^imt- 
ly  incensed  the  Aniorirnns.  The  (Vig.iln 
Chrinpenke,  being  ordunnl  on  a  cruise  in  ihe 
Mediterranean  sea,  under  the  command  of 
Commodore  Barron,  sailing  from  Hampton 
Roads,  was  come  up  with  by  the  British  ship 
of  war  Leopard,  one  of  a  squadroi,  then  at 
anchor  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States. 
An  olfieer  waa  sent  from  the  Leonard  to  the 
Chesapeake,  with  a  note  from  the  eapuin 
respecting  some  deserters  from  some  of  his 
Britannic  mi^csty's  ships,  supposed  to  be 
serving  as  part  of  the  crew  of  the  Chesapeake, 
and  enclosing  a  copy  of  an  order  from  Vice- 
Admiral  Berkeley,  requiring  and  directing 
the  eommandera  of  ships  and  vessels  under 
his  command,  in  case  of  meeting  with  the 
American  frigate  at  sea,  and  without  the 
limits  of  the  United  States,  to  show  the  order 
to  her  captain,  and  to  require  to  search  his 
ship  for  the  deserters  from  certain  ships 
therein  named,  and  to  proceed  and  search  for 
them !  and  if  a  similar  demand  should  be  made 
by  the  American,  ho  was  permitted  to  search 
for  deserters  from  their  service,  according  to 
the  customs  and  usage  of  civilized  nations  on 
terms  of  amity  with  each  other.  Commodore 
Barron  gave  an  answer,  purporting  thnt  he 
knew  of  no  such  men  as  were  described  ;  that 
the  recruiting  officers  for  the  Chesa|K>ake  had 
been  particularly  instructed  by  the  govern- 
ment, through  him,  not  to  enter  any  (loscrtert 
from  his  Britannic  majesty's  ships;  chat  he 
knew  of  none  such  being  in  her;  that  he  was 
instructed  never  to  permit  the  crow  of  any 
ship  under  his  command  to  be  mustered  by 
any  officers  but  her  own ;  that  he  was  dis- 
posed to  preserve  harmony,  and  hoped  his 
answer  would  prove  satisfactory.  The  Leo- 
pard, shortly  aner  this  answer  was  received 
oy  her  commander,  ranged  along  side  of  the 
Cheaaiieake,  and  commenced  a  heavy  (ire 
upon  tier.  The  Chesapeake,  unprepared  for 
action,  made  no  resistance,  but  having  suffered 
much  damage,  and  lost  three  men  killed,  and 
eighteen  wounded.  Commodore  Barron  or- 
dered his  colours  to  be  struck,  and  sent  a 
lieutenant  on  board  the  Leopard,  to  inform 
her  commander  that  he  ccmsidered  the  Chesa- 
peake her  prize.  The  commander  of  the 
Leopard  sent  an  officer  on  board,  who  took 
possession  of  the  Chesapeake,  mustered  her 
crew,  and,  carrying  off  four  of  her  men,  aban- 
doned the  ship.  Commodore  Barron,  find- 
ing  that  the  Chesafieake  was  very  much  in- 
jufed,  returned,  with  the  advice  of  his  offi- 
cers, to  Hampton  Roads.  On  receiving  infor- 
mation of  this  outrage,  the  president,  by  pro- 
clamation, interdicted  th"  harVjours  and  wa- 
ters of  the  United  States  to  all  armed  British 
vesuels,  forbade  intercourse  with  them,  and 
ordered  a  sufficient  force  for  the  protection  of 
Norfolk,  and  such  other  preparations  as  the 
occasion  appeared  to  require.  An  armed  ves- 
sel of  the  United  States  was  despatched  with 
instructions  to  the  American  minister  at  Lon- 
don to  call  on  the  British  government  for  the 
satisfaction  and  security  which  this  outrage 
required. 

Bonaparte  having  declared  his  purpose  of 
enforcing  with  rigour  the  Berlin  decree  ;  the 
British  government  having  solemnly  asserted 
the  right  of  search  and  impressment,  and  hav- 
ing intimated  their  intention  to  adopt  mea- 
sures in  retaliation  of  the  French  decree,  the 
President  recommended  to  Congress  that  the 


ai'iiiiien,  shiiis,  and  merchandise  of  the  UnilM 
Slates  should  be  detained  in  port  to  preaenr* 
(hem  from  the  dangers  vhirh  threatened  rhem 
on  the  ocean;  anJa  law  Uying  an  indeRnit* 
embargo  was  in  consequence  enacted,  A  few 
days  only  had  elapsed  when  information  was 
received  that  Great  ISritain  had  prohibilea 
neutrals,  except  upon  most  injurious  condi* 
tions,  from  trailing  with  France  or  her  allies, 
comprising  nearly  every  maritime  nation  ol 
Europe.  This  was  followed  in  a  few  weeks 
by  a  decree  issued  by  Bonaparte,  at  Milan, 
declaring  that  every  neutral  vessel  which 
should  submit  to  be  visited  by  a  British  ship, 
or  comply  with  the  terms  demanded,  should 
he  cnnflscatud,  if  al\erwards  found  in  his  {lorts, 
or  taken  by  his  cruisers.  Thus,  at  the  date 
of  the  embargo,  were  oi.  >rs  and  decrees  in 
existence  rendering  liable  to  capture  almost 
everv  American  vessel  sailing  on  the  ocean. 
In  the  New  England  statos,  the  emborgo, 
withholding  the  merchant  from  a  career  in 
which  he  had  lieen  highly  prosperous,  and  in 
which  he  imagined  that  he  might  still  ne  fa- 
voured by  fortune,  occasioned  discontent  and 
clamour.  The  federalists,  more  numerout 
there  tlian  in  any  other  part  of  the  union,  pro- 
nounced it  a  measure  unwise  and  oppressive. 
These  representations,  and  the  distress  which 
the  people  endured,  induced  a  zealous  oppo 
sitinn  to  the  measures  of  the  government. 

The  president,  in  his  message  on  the  open- 
ing of  the  tenth  Congress,  stated  the  continu- 
ed disregard  shown  by  the  belligerent  na- 
tions to  the  neutral  rights,  so  destructive  to 
the  American  commerce ;  and  referred  it  to 
the  wisdom  of  Congress  to  decide  on  the 
course  best  adapted  to  such  a  state  of  things. 
"  With  the  Barbary  powers,"  he  said,  "  we 
continue  in  harmony,  with  the  exception  of  an 
unjustifiable  proceeding  of  the  Dey  of  Ai((iers 
towards  our  consul  to  that  regency,"  thu  cha- 
racter and  circunistanrea  of  which  he  I. id  fie* 
fore  Congress.  "With  our  Indian  neig  ibour* 
the  public  peace  has  been  steadily  mt  intain- 
ed.  From  a  conviction  that  we  conside  •  them 
as  a  part  of  ourselves,  and  cherish  with  sin- 
cerity their  rights  and  interests,  the  attach- 
ment of  the  Indian  trilies  is  gaining  strength 
daily,  is  extending  from  the  nearer  to  the 
more  remote,  and  will  amply  requite  us  for 
the  justice  and  friendship  practised  towards 
them.  Husbandry  and  nousehold  manufac- 
ture are  advancing  among  them,  more  rapidly 
with  the  southern  than  the  northern  tribes, 
from  circumstances  of  soil  and  climate ;  and 
one  of  the  two  great  divisions  of  the  Chero- 
kee nation,  has  now  under  consideration  to  so- 
licit the  friendship  of  the  United  States,  and 
to  bo  identified  with  us,  in  laws  and  govern- 
ment in  such  progccssive  manner  as  we  shall 
thiiil'  best." 

Mr.  .Telferson,  following  iind  confirming  the 
example  of  Washington,  determined  not  to 
continue  in  office  for  a  longer  term  than  eight 
years.  "Never  did  a  prisoner,"  says  the  pre- 
sident of  the  American  republic,  "  released 
from  his  chains,  feel  such  relief  as  I  shall  on 
shaking  off  the  shackles  of  power.  Nature 
intended  me  for  the  tranquil  p.ursuits  of  sci- 
ence, by  rendering  them  my  supreme  delight 
But  the  enormities  of  the  times  in  which  I 
have  lived  have  forced  mo  to  take  a  part  in 
resisting  them,  and  to  commit  myself  on  the 
boisterous  ocean  of  political  passions.  I  thank 
Ood  for  the  opportunity  of  retiring  from  theft. 


ITVITED   STATES. 


007 


Wttkaal  flMMHM,  tad  Mnyiii*  witk  m*   th«  iiml  neknnwleiifred  law.     Haw  long  their  ar<  haeoma  me  hero  to  iipcak  ;  I  may,  ho' 
I  MnMlilig  proofi  uf  puhlM   ■pprobatinii,  i  liitrnry  edicts  will  bo  cnntiniiud  in  ipito  nf  the '  \>o  pardoned  for  not  tiipprciiiiiK  th*  ayi 


ming  the 
not  to 
han  eight 
the  pre- 
ruluanvd 
shall  on 
Naturo 
ts  uf  sci- 
delight. 
which  I 
part  in 
f  on  the 
I  thank 
cm  the^ 


I  la«v««vary  thing  in  the  hands  lif  men  so 
•bU  to  taka  oara  iif  them,  that  if  we  are  des- 
liiiad  to  meet  miafurtunet  it  will  be  because 
no  human  wisdom  ouuld  avert  them." 


CHAPTER     XXI. 

AUMINMTBATION  OP  MR.  MADISON. 

Mil  JirPBRMN  was  succeeded  in  the  pre- 
■Idenoy  by  Mr.  Madison.  He  stated  in  his 
inaugural  address,  that,  "  Unwillins  to  depart 
from  examples  of  the  most  revered  authority, 
I  avail  myself  of  the  occasion,  now  presented, 
to  express  the  profound  impression  made  on 
me  by  the  call  of  my  country  to  the  station, 
to  the  duties  of  which  I  am  about  to  pledge 
myself,  by  the  most  solemn  of  sanctions.  So 
distinguished  a  mark  uf  confidence,  proceeding 
from  the  delilicrate  and  tranquil  suffrage  of  a 
free  and  virtuous  nation,  would,  under  any 
eircumstances,  have  commanded  my  gratitude 
and  devotion,  as  well  as  filled  me  with  an 
awful  sense  of  the  trust  to  be  assumed.  Viv 
der  the  various  circumstances  which  give  pC' 
culiar  solemnity  to  the  existing  period,  I  feel, 
that  both  the  honour  and  the  responsibility, 
allotted  to  me,  are  inexpressibly  enhanced. 

"  The  present  situation  of  the  world  is  in' 
tteed  without  a  parallel ;  and  that  of  our  coun' 
try  full  of  difliculties.  The  pressure  of  these 
tjo  is  the  more  severely  felt,  because  they 
oavo  falion  upon  us  at  a  moment,  when  na- 
tional pmspenty  being  at  a  height  not  before 
attained,  the  contrast  resulting  from  this 
change  has  been  rendered  the  more  striking. 
Under  the  benign  influence  of  our  republican 
institutions,  and  t)i«  maintenance  of  peace  with 
all  nations,  whilst  so  many  of  them  wore  en- 
gaged in  bloody  and  wasteful  wars,  the  fruits 
of  a  just  policy  were  enjoyed  in  an  unrivalled 
growth  of  our  faculties  and  resources.  Proofs 
of  this  were  seen  in  the  improvements  uf 
agriculture ;  in  the  successful  enterprises  uf 
commerce ;  in  the  progress  of  manufactures 
and  useful  arts ;  in  the  increase  of  the  public 
revenue,  and  the  use  made  of  it  in  reducing 
the  public  debt;  and  in  the  valuable  works 
and  establishments  every  where  multiplying 
over  the  face  of  our  land. 

"  It  Is  a  precious  reflection,  that  the  transi' 
tion  from  this  prosperous  condition  of  our 
country  to  the  scene,  which  has  fur  some  time 
been  distressing  us,  is  not  chargeable  on  any 
unwarrantable  views,  nor,  as  f  trust,  on  any 
involuntary  errors  in  the  public  councils.  In- 
dulging no  passions  which  trespass  on  the 
rights  or  the  repose  of  other  nations,  it  has 
been  the  true  glory  of  the  United  States  to 
cultivate  peace,  by  observing  justice,  and  to 
entitle  themselves  to  the  respect  of  the  na- 
tions at  war  by  fulfilling  their  neutral  obliga- 
tions with  the  most  scrupulous  impartiality. 
If  there  be  candour  in  the  world,  the  truth  uf 
these  assertions  will  nut  be  questioned.  Pos- 
terity at  least  will  do  justice  to  them. 

"This  unexceptionable  course  could  not 
avail  against  the  injustice  and  violence  of  the 
belligerent  powers.  In  their  rage  against 
each  other,  or  impelled  by  more  direct  mo- 
tives, principles  of  retaliation  have  been  intru- 
duead,  aqually  contrary  to  universal  reason 


demonstrations,  that  not  oven  a  pretext  fur 
them  has  been  given  by  the  United  Htntua, 
und  of  the  fair  and  liberal  attempts  to  indut..: 
revocation  of  them,  cannot  be  anticipated. 
Assuring  myself,  that  under  every  vicissitude, 
rlia  determined  spirit  and  united  councils  of 
the  nation  will  be  safe-guards  to  its  honour, 
and  its  essential  interests,  1  repair  to  the  post 
assigned  me  with  no  other  discouragement 
than  what  springs  from  my  own  inadequacy 
to  its  high  duties.  If  I  do  not  sink  under  the 
waight  of  this  deep  conviction,  it  is  because  I 
find  some  support  in  a  consciousness  of  tho 
purposes,  and  a  confidence  in  the  principles 
whiah  I  bring  with  me  into  this  arduous  ser- 
vica. 

"  To  cherish  peace  and  friendly  intercourse 
with  all  nations  iiaving  correspondent  disposi- 
tions ;  to  maintain  sincere  neutrality  towards 
belligerent  nations ;  to  prefer,  in  all  cases,  ami- 
cable discussions  and  reasonable  accommoda' 
tion  of  differences,  to  a  decision  of  them  by  an 
appeal  to  arms ;  to  exclude  foreign  intrigues 
and  foreign  partialities,  so  degrading  to  all 
countries  and  so  baneful  to  free  ones ;  to  foster 
a  spirit  of  independence,  too  just  to  invade  the 
rights  uf  othera,  too  proud  to  surrender  our 
own,  too  liberal  to  indulge  unworthy  preju- 
dices ouraelves,  and  too  elevated  not  to  look 
dnwn  upon  them  in  others ;  to  hold  the  union 
of  the  states  as  the  basis  of  their  peace  and 
happiness ;  to  support  the  constitution,  which 
is  the  cement  of  tho  union,  as  well  in  its  limit- 
ations  as  in   its  authorities;    to  respect  the 
rights  and  authorities  reserved  to  tne  states 
and  to  the  people,  as  equally  incorporated  with 
and   essential  to  the  success  of  the  general 
system ;   to  avoid  the  slightest  interference 
with  tha  rights  of  conscience  or  the  functions 
of  religion,  so  wisely  exempted  from  civil  ju- 
risdiction ;  to  preserve,  in  their  full  energy, 
the  other  salutary  provisions  in  behalf  of  pri- 
vate and  personal  rights,  and  uf  the  freedom 
of  the  press ;  to  observe  economy  in  public 
expenditures ;  to  liberate  the  public  resources 
by   an  honourable  discharge   of  the   public 
debts ;  to  keep  within  the  requisite  limits  a 
standing  military  force,  always  remembering, 
that  an  armed  and  trained  militia  is  the  firm- 
est bulwark  of  republics,  that  without  stand- 
ing armies  their  liberty  can  never  be  in  dan- 
cer, nor,  with  large  ones,  safe ;  to  promote, 
by  authorized  means,  improvements  friendly 
to  agriculture,  to  manufactures,  and  to  exter- 
nal as  well  as  Internal  commerce ;  to  favour, 
in  like  manner,  the  advancement  of  science 
and  the  diffusion  of  infurmatiun,  us  the  best 
aliment  to  true  liberty ;  to  carry  on  the  be' 
nevolent  plans  which  have  been  so  meritori- 
ously applied  to  the  conversion  of  our  abori- 
ginal neighbours,  from  tho  degradation  and 
wretchedness  of  savage  life,  to  a  participation 
of  the  improvemen.8  of  which   the  human 
mind  and  manners  are  susceptible  in  a  civil- 
ized state  : — as  far  ts  sentiments  and  inten- 
tions such  as  these  can  aid  the  fulfilment  of 
my  duty,  they  wiU  be  a  resource  which  can- 
not fail  me. 

"  It  is  my  good  fortune,  moreover,  to  have 
the  path  in  which  I  am  to  tread,  lighted  by 
examples  of  illustrious  services,  successfully 
rendered  in  the  most  trying  difRculties,  by 
those  whohave  marched  before  me.  Of  those 
of  my  immediate  predecessor,  it  might  laast 


thy,  with  which  my  heart  is  full,  in  ihe  rich 
reward  he  ei^joys  in  tho  benedictions  uf  a  le- 
lovad  country,  gratefully  b«stowed  for  ex 
altad  talents,  zealously  devoted,  through  s 
long  career,  to  the  advancement  of  its  highest 
interest  and  happiness.  But  the  source  tn 
which  1  look  for  the  aids,  which  alone  can 
supply  my  deficiencies,  is  in  the  well  tried  if 
teAinnee  and  virtue  of  my  fetlow-citicana 
and  in  the  councils  of  those  representing  them 
in  the  other  departments  associated  in  the  care 
of  the  national  interests.  In  these,  my  confi- 
dence will,  under  every  difficulty,  be  best 
placed ;  next  to  that,  we  have  all  bean  en- 
couraged to  feel  in  the  guardianship  and 
guidance  of  that  Almighty  Being,  whosa 
power  regulates  tha  destiny  of  nations,  whose 
blessings  have  lieen  so  conspicuously  dis- 
pensed to  this'  rising'  republic,  and  to  whom 
we  are  bound  to  address  our  devout  gratitude 
for  the  past,  as  well  \.»  our  fervent  supplica- 
tions and  best  ho|>es  for  the  future." 

One  of  the  first  acts  of  Congress  under  tha 
new  president  was  to  repeal  the  embargo  , 
but  at  the  same  time  to  prohibit  all  intercourse 
with  France  and  England. 

In  the  non-intercourse  law  a  provision  was 
inserted,  that  if  either  nation  snould  revoke 
her  hostile  edicts,  and  the  president  should 
announce  that  fact  by  proclamation,  then  tho 
law  should  cease  to  be  in  force  in  regard  ic 
the  nation  so  revoking.  On  the  23d  of  April, 
Mr.  Erskine,  minister  plenipotentiary  from  his 
Britannic  majesty  to  the  United  States, 
pledged  his  court  to  repeal  its  anti-neutral  de- 
crees by  the  10th  of  June ;  and,  in  conse- 
quence of  an  arrangement  now  made  with 
tne  British  minister,  the  president  proclaimed 
that  commercial  intercourse  would  be  re- 
newed on  that  day  ;  but  this  arransement  woa 
disavowed  by  the  ministry;  and,  m  October 
Mr.  Erakine  was  replaced  by  Mr.  Jaeksoi,, 
who  soon  givine  offence  to  the  American  go- 
vernment, all  further  intercourse  with  him 
was  refused,  and  he  was  recalled. 

The  Rambouillet  decree,  alleged  to  be  de- 
signed to  retaliate  the  act  of  Congress,  which 
forbade  French  vessels  to  enter  the  ports  oi 
the  United  States,  was  issued  by  Bonaparto 
on  the  23d  of  March.  By  this  decree,  all 
American  vessels  and  cargoes,  arriving  in  any 
of  tho  ports  of  Franco,  or  of  countries  occu- 
pied by  French  troops,  were  ordered  to  ba 
seized  and  condemned. 

On  the  1st  of  May,  Congress  passed  an  act, 
excluding  British  and  French  armed  vessels 
from  the  waters  of  the  United  States ;  but 
providing,  that  if  either  of  the  above  nations 
should  modify  its  edicts  before  the  3d  o( 
March,  ISll,  so  that  they  should  cease  to  vio> 
late  neutral  commerce,  of  which  fact  the  pre- 
sident was  to  give  notice  by  proclamation,  and 
the  other  nation  should  not,  within  threa 
months  after,  puraue  a  similar  course,  com- 
mercial intercourse  with  the  first  might  ba 
renewed,  but  not  with  the  other. 

In  August  the  French  government  assured 
Mr.  Armstrong,  the  American  envoy  at  Paris, 
that  the  Berlin  and  Milan  decrees  were  re- 
voked, the  revocation  to  take  effect  on  tho 
first  day  of  November  ensuing.  Confiding  in 
this  assurance,  the  president,  on  the  second 
day  of  November,  issued  h!s  proclamation, 
declaring  that  unrestrained  tommarea  witk 


HISTORY   OF    THE 


VimiMU  vri*  •llowoJ,  but  (Imt  nil   inliircuiii'*!' 
wi'.h  Ortat  lirilain  wiu  |iniliibilnil. 

Ure'it  Britain  hsviriK  prMvioiialy  ox|iri>!t»til 
■  witlin^iioM  to  rupniil  nur  ortlart,  wnimnvrr 
Frerca  thiiuld  rapeal  her  ilecreei,  wai  iidw 
ealled  upon  by  tha  Ameriean  envoy  Co  fiiltil 
that  engagement.  The  nritiih  miniilry  ob- 
Jeoled,  however,  that  tne  French  decrooi 
eould  not  be  coniidered  ai  ropoalod,  n  hitter 
from  tke  miniitor  of  itate  not  being,  for  tha*. 
purpote,  •  doauHMnt  of  iuffieiant  authority ; 
and  ttill  Mraif(«d  to  enforce  the  order*  in 
eouneil.  For  tkit  puruoia  British  ihipi  of 
war  wei«  Mattonad  belora  tha  principal  har- 
boura  of  iIm  United  Stataa.  All  American 
marchamtiaan,  departing  or  returning,  warn 
boardad,  aaarehad,  and  many  of  tham  lant  to 
Britiik  U'MM  ai  legal  pn*M-  I'll"  enntampt 
in  wbir.b  tha  Brituii  onlcera  held  the  Ropuo- 
liean  navy,  in  ana  inatance,  led  to  an  action. 
ComBaodora  Rogara,  in  the  Preiident  frigate, 
mat  m  tha  avaninr  a  veaael  on  the  eoait  of 
Virginia:  hahailea;  but,  instead  of  receiving 
tn  answer,  waa  hailed  in  tuni,  and  a  shot  was 
fired,  which  strtiek  tha  mainmast  of  the  Pre- 
sident. Tha  fire  was  instantly  returned  by 
the  commodore,  and  continued  for  a  few  mi- 
nutes, when,  finding  his  antagonist  was  of  in- 
ferior force,  and  that  her  guns  were  almost 
silenced,  ha  desisted.  On  hailing  again,  an 
answer  was  given,  that  the  ship  was  the  Bri- 
tish sloop  of  war.  Little  Belt,  of  eighteen  guns. 
Thirty-two  of  her  men  were  killed  and 
a-oundod,  and  the  ship  was  much  disabled. 

For  several  years  the  Indian  tribes,  residing 
cear  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi,  had  occu- 
pied themselves  in  murdering  and  robbing  the 
white  settlers  in  their  vicinity.  At  length  the 
frontier  inhabiunts,  being  seriously  alarmed 
■>y  their  hostile  indications,  in  the  autumn  of 
1811  Governor  Harrison  resolved  to  move  to- 
wards the  Prophet's  town,  on  the  Wabash, 
with  a  body  of  Kentucky  and  Indiana  militia, 
■  nd  the  fourth  United  States  regiment,  under 
Colonel  Boyd,  to  demand  satisfaction  of  the 
Indians,  anil  to  put  a  stop  to  their  threatened 
hostilities.  His  expedition  was  made  early  in 
November.  On  his  approach  within  a  few 
miles  of  the  Prophet's  town,  the  principal 
chiefs  came  out  with  offers  of  peace  ond  sub- 
mission, and  requested  the  governor  to  en- 
camp for  the  night ;  but  this  waa  only  a  trea- 
cherous artifice.  At  four  in  <;he  morning  the 
camp  was  furiously  assailed,  and  a  bloody 
contest  ensued ;  the  Indians  were  however 
repulsed.  The  loss  on  the  part  of  the  Ameri 
cans  was  sixty-two  killed  and  one  hundred 
and  twenty-six  wounded,  and  a  still  greater 
number  on  the  side  of  the  Indians.  Oo  vernor 
Harrison,  having  destroyed  the  Prophet's 
town,  and  established  forts,  returned  to  Vin- 
ccnncs. 

In  November  reparation  was  made  by  the 
nritish  for  the  attack  on  the  Chesapeake. 
Mr.  Foster,  the  British  envoy,  informed  the 
secretary  of  the  United  States,  that  he  was  in- 
atructed  to  repeat  to  the  American  govern- 
ment the  prompt  disavowal  made  by  his  ma- 
jesty, on  being  apprized  of  the  unauthorized 
act  of  the  omcer  in  command  of  his  naval 
femes  on  the  coast  of  America,  whose  recall 
from  a  highly  important  and  honourable  com- 
mand immediately  ensued,  as  a  mark  of  his 
majesty's  disapprobation;  that  he  was  au- 
thoriiad  to  oiFer,  in  addition  to  that  disavowal 
00  dtopvtof  hia  royal  lugfaneas,  the  inunedi- 


attt  re stiiriiluin,  as  fur  a*  circumstances  would  I  post  above  Detroit,  had  surrendered  to  a  larm 
ntlinil,  ofthi)  men  who,  in  consenuenoe  of  Ad-  body  of  British  and  Indians,  who  were  rum* 
iniriil  llerki.!f>y's  orders,  were  iiiroiblv  taken  ing  down  the  river  in  numbers  sutfieient  to 
o'lt  of  the  Cliusa|N>ake,  to  the  vessala  from  overwhelm  the  American  forces.  Panic- 
which  they  wore  taken ;  or,  if  that  ahip  were  struck,  Oeneral  Hull  hastoni<d  back  tn  Dptroit. 
r.o  longer  in  commission,  to  such  a  seaport  of  General  Hrook,   the  commander  at  Maiden, 


*.he  United  States  as  the  American  govern- 
mont  may  name  for  the  purpose ;  and  that  ho 
was  also  authorized  to  otter  to  tho  Ameriean 
government  a  suitable  paouniarv  provision  for 
the  sufferers,  in  conaaauence  or  tne  attack  on 
the  Chesa|>oake,  including  tha  familie*  of  those 
seamen  who  fell  in  tha  action,  and  of  the 
wounded  survivors.  The  president  acceded 
to  these  propositions!  and  tha  officer  com- 
manding the  Chesapeake,  then  lying  in  the 
harbour  of  Boston,  waa  instnictod  to  receive 
the  men  who  were  to  be  restored  to  that  ship. 
The  British  envoy,  however,  oould  give  no 
assuranca  that  hi*  government  waa  disposed 
to  make  a  satisfactory  arrangement  of  the  sub- 
ject of  impressment,  or  to  repeal  the  order*  in 
council.  These  orders,  on  tne  contrary,  con- 
tinued to  be  enforced  with  rigour ;  and,  on 
the  restoration  of  a  freo  commerce  with 
France,  a  large  number  of  American  vessels, 
laden  with  rich  cargoes,  and  destined  to  her 
ports,  fell  into  the  power  of  British  cruisers, 
which,  since  1803,  had  captured  nine  hun- 
dred American  vessels. 

Early  in  November,  1811,  President  Madi- 
son summoned  the  Congress.  His  message 
indicatinyr  an  apprehension  of  hostilities  with 
Qreat  Bntain,  tha  committee  of  foreign  rela- 
tions in  the  house  of  representatives  reported 
resolution*  for  filling  up  the  ranks  of  the  ar- 
my ;  for  raising  an  aaditional  force  of  ten 
thousand  men ;  fur  authorizing  the  president 
to  accept  the  services  of  fifly  thousand  volun- 
teers, and  for  ordering  out  the  militia  when  he 
should  judge  it  necessary  ;  for  repairing  the 
navy  ;  and  for  authorizing  the  arming  of  mer- 
chantmen in  self-defonce.  A  bill  from  the 
senate,  for  raising  twenty-five  thousand  men, 
after  much  discussion,  was  also  agreed  to  by 
the  house. 

The  American  Congress,  although  continu- 
ing the  preparations  for  war,  still  cherished 
the  hope  that  a  change  of  policy  in  Europe 
would  render  unnecessary  an  appeal  to  arms 
till  May  in  the  following  year.  "Towards  the 
close  of  that  season,  the  Hornet  arrived  from 
London,  bringing  information  that  no  prospect 
existed  of  a  favourable  change.  On  the  Ist  of 
June,  the  president  sent  a  message  to  Con- 
gress, recounting  the  wrongs  received  from 
Great  Britain,  and  submitting  the  question, 
whether  the  United  States  should  continue  to 
endure  them,  or  resort  to  wart  Tiio  mes- 
sage was  considered  with  closed  doors.  On 
the  18th,  an  act  was  passed,  declaring  war 
against  Great  Britain ;  and  the  next  day  a 
proclamation  was  issued.  Against  this  de- 
claration, however,  the  representatives,  be- 
longing to  the  federal  party,  presented  a  so- 
lemn protest,  which  was  written  with  great 
ability. 

At  the  time  of  the  declaration  of  war,  Gene- 
ral Hull  was  also  governor  of  the  Michigan 
territory,  of  which  Detroit  is  the  capital.  On 
the  12th  of  July,  with  two  thousand  regulars 
and  volunteers,  he  crossed  the  river  dividing 
the  United  States  from  Canada,  apparently 
intending  to  attack  Maiden,  and  thence  to 
proceed  to  Montreal.  Information  was,  how- 
aver,  received,  that  Mackinaw,  an  American 


piirsiind  him,  and  erected  hatlories  opposite 
Detroit.  The  next  day,  mi-cting  with  no  ru- 
sistance,  Oeneral  Hrook  resolved  tn  march  di- 
rectly forward  and  assault  the  fort.  The 
American  troops  awaited  the  approach  nf  tliii 
enemy,  and  anticipated  victory  |  but,  tn  their 
dismay.  General  Hull  opened  a  correspond- 
ence, which  ended  in  the  surrender  of  tho 
army,  and  of  the  territory  of  Michigan.  An 
event  so  disgraceful,  oeourring  in  a  quarter 
whore  success  was  confidently  anticipated, 
caused  the  greatest  mortification  and  amaze- 
ment throughout  the  Union. 

General  Van  Rensselaer,  of  the  New  York 
militia,  had  tho  command  of  the  troops  which 
were  called  the  army  of  the  centre.  His  head- 
quarters were  at  Lewiston  on  the  river  Nia- 
gara, and  on  the  «)pposite  side  waa  Queens- 
town,  a  fortified  British  post.  The  militia 
displaying  great  eagerness  to  be  led  against 
the  enemy,  the  ireneral  determined  to  cross 
the  river  at  the  head  of  about  one  thousand 
men  ;  though  successful  at  first,  he  was  com 
pellcd,  after  a  long  and  obstinate  engagement, 
to  surrender.  General  Brook,  tho  British 
commander,  fell  in  rallying  his  troops. 

"The  army  of  the  north,  which  was  under 
the  immediate  command  of  General  Dearborn, 
was  stationed  at  Greenbush,  near  Albany,  ant 
at  Plattsburgh,  on  Lake  Chamolain.  Fmm 
the  latter  post,  a  detachment  marched  a  short 
distance  into  Canada,  surprised  a  small  body 
of  British  and  Indians,  and  destroyed  a  con- 
siderable quantity  of  public  stores,  (hher 
movements  were  anxiously  expected  by  tho 
people;  but,  after  the  misfortunes  of  Detroit 
and  Niagara,  the  general  deemed  it  inexpe- 
dient to  engage  in  any  important  enterprise. 

While,  on  land,  defeat  and  disgrace  at- 
tended the  arms  of  the  republic,  on  tne  ocean 
they  gained  victories,  which  compensated  their 
loss,  and  relieved  their  wounded  pride.  On 
the  10th  of  August,  Captain  Hull,  command 
ing  the  Constitution,  of  forty-four  guns,  fell  in 
with  the  British  frigate,  Le  Guerriero,  She 
advanced  towards  the  Constitution,  firing 
broadsides  at  intervals ;  the  American  re- 
served her  fire  till  she  had  approached  within 
half  pistol  shot,  when  a  tremendous  cannon 
ade  was  directed  upon  her,  and  in  thirty  mi 
nutes,  every  maat  and  nearly  every  spar  being 
shot  away.  Captain  Dacres  struck  his  flag.  CM 
the  crew,  fifty  were  killed  and  sixty-four 
wounded;  while  tho  Constitution  had. only 
seven  killed  and  seven  wounded.  The  Guer- 
received  so  much  injury,  that  it  was- 
thought  to  be  impossible  to  get  her  into  port, 
and  she  was  burned.  Captain  Hull,  on  his 
return  to  the  United  States,  was  welrdmnd 
with  enthusiasm  by  his  grateful  and  admiring 
countrymen.  The  vast  difference  in  the  num- 
ber of  killed  ond  wounded  certainly  evinced 
great  skill,  as  well  as  bravery,  on  the  part  ol 
the  American  seamen.  But  this  was  the  first 
only  of  a  series  of  naval  victories.  On  tha 
18th  of  October,  Captain  Jones,  in  the  Wasp, 
of  eighteen  guns,  captured  the  li'rolic,  oi 
twenty-two,  after  a  bloody  conflict  of  three- 
quarters  of  an  hour.  In  this  action  the  Ameri- 
cans obtuned  a  victory  over  a  tupanor  foroa) 


UNITED   STATES. 


I  flag.  O) 


MmI,  on  ihair  part,  but  eight  were  killed  ani 
woundadi  while  on  that  of  the  enemy  ■)H>ut 
•ightv.  The  Waip  was  onfortiinately  cap- 
tvitMl,  loon  aA»r  her  victory,  \>y  a  Uritiali  ihip 
of  the  line.  On  the  SAth,  the  tr\f(Mo  Unituil 
State*,  eommandod  by  Canlnin  Docatur,  cap- 
tured the  Britiih  frigato  ^lacudullian.  Inthi* 
iMtanee,  alto,  the  disparity  of  Ium  wa*  a«to- 
nUhingl V  great :  on  the  part  of  the  enemy,  a 
haadreii  and  four  were  Killed  and  wounded ; 
OR  that  of  the  Americana  but  eleven.  The 
Uaiied  States  brought  her  priia  aafely  to 
New  York.  A  raoit  datperate  action  waa 
feught,  on  the  39th  of  December,  between  the 
OoMtitution,  of  forty-four  gunt,  then  com- 
manded by  Captain  Bainbridge,  and  the  Bri> 
tiah  frigate  Java,  of  thirty-eigtit.  The  com- 
bat continued  more  than  three  hours  |  nor  did 
the  Java  strike  till  ahe  was  reduced  to  a  niero 
wreck.  Of  her  crew,  a  hundred  and  aixty- 
onu  were  killed  and  wounded,  while  of  that 
of  the  Constitution  there  were  only  thirty-four. 

These  naval  vict<irioa  wore  peculiarly  grati- 
fying to  tho  feelings  of  the  Americans  {  they 
wore  gained  in  tho  midst  of  disastomoii  lunj, 
and  by  that  data  of  citizens  whose  rights  had 
bean  violated ;  they  were  gained  over  a  na- 
tion whom  long-continued  success  had  taught 
to  consider  themselves  lords  of  tho  sea,  and 
who  had  confidently  affirmed  that  the  whole 
American  navy  would  soon  be  swept  from  the 
ncoan.  Many  British  merchantmen  were  also 
captured,  both  by  tho  American  navy  and  by 
privateers,  which  issued  from  almost  every 
port,  and  wore  remarkably  auccossful.  Tho 
niiml>or  of  prizes  mode  during  tho  first  seven' 
nionths  of  tne  war  exceeded  Avo  hundred. 

At  tho  commencement  of  the  session  of 
0<in{|;ress,  held  in  the  autumn  of  1812,  the 
president,  in  bis  massage,  stated  that  immo' 
diately  aAer  tho  declaration  of  war,  he  com 
miinicated  tc  the  British  govornmont  tho 
terms  on  which  its  progress  might  be  arrested ; 
that  these  terms  were,  the  repeal  of  the  orders 
in  council,  the  discharge  of  American  seamen, 
and  the  abandonment  of  the  practice  of  im- 
pressment; and  that  tho  ministry  had  de- 
clined to  accede  to  his  offers.  Ho  also  stated 
that,  at  at.  early  period  of  the  war,  he  had  ro- 
reived  official  information  of  the  repeal  of  tho 
orders , in  council;  that  two  propositions  for 


enter  into  such  conventional  regulation*  of  the 
commerce  between  the  two  countrioa  as  might 
be  mutually  advantageous.  The  two  fint 
named  envoy*  prucL'udod  to  join  theiroolloaguo 
at  St.  Pctiiribiirgh,  where  no  then  was  as  re- 
idem  minister  from  tho  United  Slates.  A 
commission  was  also  given  to  the  envoys,  au- 
thorizing them  to  conclude  a  treaty  or  com- 
merce with  Russia,  with  a  view  to  strengthen 
the  amicable  relations,  and  improve  the  beno- 
(leial  intoroourse,  between  the  two  eountria*. 
On  tho  94th  of  May,  Congress  was  convened 
by  proelamation  of  the  president  Laws  wero 
enaotad,  imposing  a  direct  tax  of  three  mil- 
lions of  dollars;  authorizing  the  collection  of 
various  internal  dutiasj  providing  for  a  loan 
of  seven  and  a  half  millions  of  dollars ;  and 
prohibiting  the  merchant  vessels  of  the  United 
States  from  sailing  under  British  license*. 
Near  tho  doae  of  the  aossion,  a  committee  ap- 
pointed to  inquire  into  tho  subject  made  a  long 
report  upon  the  spirit  and  manner  in  which 
tho  war  had  been  conducted  by  tho  British. 
The  scene  oi  the  campaign  <ir  1813  was 

Srincipally  in  the  north,  towards  Canada. 
Irigadier-Oeneral  Winchester,  nf  the  United 
State*  army,  and  nearly  five  hundred  men,  of. 
fleer*  and  *oldiers,  were  made  prisoner*  at 
Prenchtown,  by  a  division  of  the  British  army 
from  Detroit,  with  their  Indian  allies,  under 
Colonel  Procter.  Colonel  Procter  leaving 
the  American*  without  a  guard,  the  Indian* 
returned,  and  deed*  of  horror  followed.  The 
wounded  officer*  were  dragged  from  the 
hou*e*,  killed,  and  acalped  in  the  street*, 
The  building*  were  *et  on  fire.  Some  who 
attempted  to  escape  were  forced  back  into 
tho  flames,  while  other*  ware  put  to  death  by 
the  tomahawk,  and  left  ahockingly  mangled  in 
the  highway.  The  infamy  of  thia  butchery 
doe*  not  fall  upon  the  perpetrator*  Alone,  but 
extend*  to  those  who  were  able,  and  were 
bound  by  a  solemn  engagement,  to  restrain 
them.  The  battle  and  inas*aore  at  Fronch- 
town  clothed  Kentucky  and  Ohio  in  mourn- 
ing. Other  volunteers,  indiornant  at  the  trea- 
chery and  cruelty  of  their  foes,  hastened  to 
the  aid  of  Haralson.  He  marched  to  the  ra- 
pid* of  the  Miami,  where  he  erected  a  fort, 
which  he  called  Fort  Meigs,  in  honour  of  the 
governor  of  Ohio.    On  the  1st  of  May  it  was 


an  armistice  hod  been  made  to  him,  both  of  invested  by  a  large  number  of  Indian*,  and 


which  he  had  rejected,  as  they  could  not  have 
been  accepted  without  conceding  to  Oreat 
Uritniii  tho  right  of  impressment.  The  re- 
iection  of  these  propositions  was  approved  by 
the  national  representatives,  who,  far  from 
abandoning  the  ground  they  hod  taken,  adopted 
more  vigorous  measure*  for  the  prosecution 
of  the  war. 

While  the  war  was  proceeding  in  America, 
a  friendly  power  abroad  interposed  for  its  ter- 
mination. Soon  after  the  spring  *ei*ion  of 
Congress,  an  ofTer  was  communicated  from 
tho  emperor  of  Russia  of  his  mediation,  as  the 
common  friend  of  tho  United  States  and  Great 
Britain,  for  the  purnoso  of  facilitating  a  peace 
oetween  them.  The  offer  was  immediately 
accepted  by  the  American  government,  and 
provision  made  foi  tho  contemplated  negotia- 
tion. Albert  Oallatin,  James  A.  Bnyard,  and 
John  Quincy  Adams,  were  appointed  com 
raissionors,  and  invested  with  tho  requisite 
powers  to  conclude  a  treaty  of  peace  witn  per 
■on*  clothed  with  like  powers  on  the  part  of 
Otmt  Britain.    They  were  also  authorized  to 


by  a  party  of  Britiah  troop*  from  Maiden,  the 
whole  commanded  by  Colonel  Procter.  An 
un*ucco*sful  attempt  to  rai*e  the  siege  was 
made  by  Qencral  Clay,  at  the  head  of  twelve 
hundred  Kentuckians ;  but  the  fort  continued 
to  be  defended  with  bravery  and  skill.  The 
Indian*,  unacou*tomed  to  *iegcs,  became  wea- 
ry and  discontented  ;  and,  on  the  8th  of  May, 
they  de*erted  their  allie*.  The  British, 
de*pairing  of  success,  then  made  a  precipitate 
retreat. 

On  the  northern  frontier  a  body  of  troops 
had  boon  assembled,  under  the  command  of 
Oenoral  Dearborn,  at  Sackett's  Harbour,  and 
groat  exertions  were  made  by  Commodore 
Chauncey  to  build  and  equip  a  squadron  on 
Lake  Ontario,  sufficiently  powerful  to  contend 
with  that  of  the  British.  By  the  25th  of  April 
tho  naval  preparations  were  bo  far  completed, 
thai  the  general  and  seventeen  thousand  troops 
Wero  conveyed  across  the  lake  to  the  attack 
of  York,  the  capital  of  Upper  Canada.  On 
the  27th,  an  advanced  party,  commanded  by 
Brigudier-Oeneral  Pike,  who  was  born  in  a 


camp,  and  brad  a  soldier  from  his  b!  rth,  landed, 
although  opposed  at  the  water's  edge  by  a  su< 
iNirior  force.  After  a  short  but  severe  coi^ 
llict,  the  British  wero  driven  to  their  fonifica- 
tion*.  The  rest  of  the  troops  having  landed, 
the  whole  party  pressed  forward,  carried  the 
first  battery  b^  assault,  and  wara  moving  to* 
wards  the  main  works,  when  the  English  ma- 

fazine  blow  up,  with  a  tremendous  explosion 
urling  upon  tho  advancing  troops  immense 
quantities  of  stone  and  timber.  Numbers 
were  killed  i  the  gallant  Pike  received  a  mor* 
tal  wound ;  the  troops  halted  for  a  moment, 
but,  recovering  from  the  shook,  again  pr«s*ed 
forward,  and  soon  gained  possession  of  the 
town.  Of  the  British  troops,  one  hundred 
were  killed,  nearly  three  hundred  were 
wounded,  and  the  same  number  made  priso- 
ner*. 

The  oldest  of  the  expedition  attained,  the 

auadron  and  troop*  returned  to  Sackett  a 
arbour,  and  aubiequently  *ail«d  to  Fort 
George,  *ituated  at  the  head  of  tho  lake.  Af- 
ter a  warm  engagement,  the  Briti*h  abandon 
ed  the  fort  and  retired  to  the  heights,  at  tho 
head  of  Burlington  Bay. 

While  the  greater  part  of  the  American 
army  was  thu*  employed,  tho  Briti*h  made 
an  attack  upon  the  important  poat  of  Sackett's 
Harbour.  On  the  27tn  of  May,  their  squadron 
appeared  before  the  town.  Alarm  guns  in- 
stantly assembled  the  ci'°zen*  of  the  neigh- 
bourhood. Oeneral'Brown'*  force  amountud 
to  about  one  thou*and  men ;  a  alight  breast- 
work was  haatily  thrown  up  at  the  only  place 
where  the  Britidi  could  land,  and  behind  thia 
he  placed  the  militia,  the  regulars,  under  Co- 
lonel Backus,  forming  a  aecond  line.  On  the 
morning  of  the  29th,  one  thousand  Britiih 
troops  landed  from  the  squadron,  and  advan- 
ced towards  the  breast-work ;  the  militia  gave 
way, but  by  the  bravery  of  the  regulars,  under 
the  skilful  arrangement  of  General  Browr., 
the  British  were  repulsed,  and  re-embarked 
so  hastily  as  to  leave  behind  most  of  their 
wounded. 

The  sea  coast  was  hara**ed  by  predatory 
warfare,  carried  on  bylanre  deuchmenu  from 
the  powerful  navv  of  Great  Britain.  Ono 
aauadron,  atationed  in  Delaware  Bay,  captur- 
ed and  burned  every  merchant  vemel  which 
came  within  its  reach,  while  a  morn  powerful 
squadron,  commanded  by  Admiral  Cockburn, 
destroyed  the  farm-house*  and  gentlemen's 
seats  along  the  shore  of  Chesa|>eake  Bay. 
Frenchtown,  Havro-de-Orace,  Fredricktown 
and  Georgetown,  were  aacked  and  burnt. 
Norfolk  was  saved  from  a  similar  fate  by  the 
determined  bravery  of  a  small  force  etationed 
on  Craney  Island,  in  the  harbour.  A  furious 
attack  waa  made  upon  Hampton,  which,  not- 
withstanding the  gallant  resistance  of  its  small 
garrison,  was  captured. 

The  ocean  wo*  the  theatre  of  sanguinary 
conflicts.  Captain  Lawrence,  in  the  *loop  ol 
war.  Hornet,  on  the  23d  of  February,  met 
the  British  brig  Peacock,  and  a  fierce  combat 
ensued.  In  less  than  fifteen  minutes  the  Pea- 
cock struck  her  colours,  displaying  at  tho  samo 
time  a  signal  oi"  distress.  The  victors  hnstefi- 
ed  to  the  relief  of  the  vanquished ;  the  same 
strength  which  had  been  exerted  to  conquer 
was  equally  ready  to  save ;  but  the  Peacock 
sank  before  all  her  crew  could  be  removed, 
carrying  down  nine  British  seamen,  and  three 
bravo  and  generous  Americans.    On  Ul  ■» 


n« 


HISTOHY  Cr    THK 


II* 


I  w  iIm  Uniliid  Suim,  OipMiii  L«wrmM 
WM  promoMd  to  ika  aommuMl  of  iIm  triffum 
OlMMpMka,  than  in  ih*  harbour  of  BoMon. 
For  Mreml  woaka  iho  Britbh  flrtnto  Shtn- 
■on,  of  oqiwl  forao,  had  boon  eruiaing  baforo 
lb*  {MR)  and  Captain  Broka,  har'eominand- 
•r.  had  annoanoaJ  hia  with  to  moot,  in  tingla 
ooKbat,  an  Amoriean  fHgata.  InflaoMd  bv 
thia  aballang*,  Captain  Cawronoo,  althoum 
kia  eraw  waa  juat  onliatod,  Mt  anil  on  iko  fat 
of  Jvno  to  aoM'tko  Skannon.  Towaida  oiro- 
mnf  of  tko  aama  day  tkoy  mot,  and  inataailjr 
ongagad,  witk  uwaaamplad  Airjr.  In  a  vorv 
fcw  minataa,  and  in  fvMii  reeoawion,  tha  tail- 
ing maator  of  tko  Chaaapaaka  waa  killed, 
Oapiain  Lawranoa  and  tkiao  UaMoaaata  waro 
aovaraly  wounded,  ker  rigging  waa  ao  out  to 
pieeea  that  the  fell  on  boaratlio  Shannon,  Cap- 
tain Lawrence  received  a  aaoond  and  mortal 
wound,  and  waa  earried  bolow ;  at  thia  inatant 
Captain  Broke,  at  the  head  of  hia  marines,  gal- 
lantly boarded  the  Chawpeaka,  when  renit- 
anee  eeaaed,  and  and  the  Ameriean  flag  wu 
atruck  by  the  Britiah.  Of  the  eraw  of  the 
Shannon  twenty-four  were  killed  and  flftv-iii 
wounded.  Of  that  of  the  Oheaapaake,  forty- 
eight  were  killed  and  nearly  one  hundred 
wounded.  This  unnxpeeted  defeat  impelled 
tho  Amerioana  to  leek  for  oireuroatanoei  eon- 
aolinr  to  their  pride,  and  in  the  Joumali  of 
the  day  many  iueh  were  stated  to  have  pre- 
ceded and  attended  the  action.  The  youth- 
ful and  intrepid  Lawrence  waa  lamented,  with 
•orrow  deep,  linei  i,  and  luting.  Whan 
sarried  below,  he  waa  aaked  if  the  eolaurs 
ah  tuld  be  itruck.  "  No,"  he  replied,  "  they 
anall  wave  while  1  .ive."  Deliriou*  feom  as- 
OBM  of  tiilfering,  he  continued  to  exclaim, 
"Don't  (rive  up  the  ahipl"— an  expreaaion 
eonsocrated  by  hia  sountrymen.  He  uttered 
but  few  other  word*  during  the  four  daya  that 
he  survived  his  defeat. 

Tho  next  encounter  at  sea  waa  between 
the  American  brig  Argus  and  the  Britiah  brig 
Pelican,  in  which  the  latter  was  victorious. 
Soon  after,  the  American  brig  Entarprise, 
eomtiianded  by  Lieutenant  Burrows,  captured 
the  British  brig  Boxer,  commanded  by  Cap- 
tain Blyth.  Mth  commanders  were  killed 
m  the  action,  and  were  buried,  each  by  tho 
other's  side  in  Portland. 

While  each  nation  waa  busily  employed  in 
equiping  a  sauadron  on  Lake  Erie,  Graneml 
clay  remained  inactive  atFort  Meigs.  About 
the  last  of  July,  a  large  number  of  British 
and  Indians  appeared  Mfore  the  fort,  hoping 
to  entice  the  sarrison  to  a  areneral  action  in 
the  field.  Amr  waiting  a  few  days  without 
succeeding,  they  decamped,  and  proceeded 
to  Fort  Stephenson,  on  the  river  Sandusky. 
This  fort  was  little  more  than  a  pioketinar,  sur- 
rounded by  a  ditch,  and  the  garrison  consist- 
ed of  but  one  hundred  and  sixty  men,  who 
were  commanded  by  M^or  Crognan,  a  youth 
of  twenty-one.  The  force  of  the  assailants 
waa  estimated  at  about  four  hundred  in  uni- 
Ibrm,  and  as  many  Indians ;  they  were  re- 
pulsed, and  their  loss  in  killed,  wounded,  and 
priaoners,  is  supposed  to  have  exceeded  one 
hundred  and  fifty,  those  of  the  remainder  whn 
were  not  able  to  escape  wore  taken  off  du- 
ring the  night  by  the  Indians.  The  whole 
Iocs  of  Major  Croghan  during  the  siege  was 
one  killed  and  sevpn  sliehtly  wounded.  Almut 
thM*  the  next  raorninff  the  British  snilod 
4sMr»  das  river,  leaving  oehind  them  a  boat 


containing  clotliing  and  considerable  military 
stores. 

Hy  the  exertions  of  Commodore  Perry,  an 
American  squadron  had  been  fitted  out  on 
Lake  Erie  early  in  September.  It  consisted 
of  nine  small  vessels,  in  all  carrying  fifty-four 
guns.  A  British  squadron  had  also  been  built 
and  equipped,  unaer  the  superintandence  of 
Commodore  Barclay.  It  consistad  of  six  ves- 
sels, mounlinffsixtv-tkree  guns.  Commodore 
Perry,  immediaMly  sailing,  offbrad  battle  to 
his  adversary,  and  on  tha  10th  of  September, 
the  British  eomraaader  left  the  harbour  of 
Maiden  to  aeeept  the  offer.  In  a  few  houra 
the  wind  shifted,  giving  the  Americans  the 
advantage.  Perry,  forming  the  line  of  battle, 
hoisted  his  flag,  on  which  were  inacribed  the 
words  of  the  dving  Lawrence,  "Don't  give 
up  the  ship."  Loud  husxaa  iVom  all  the  ves- 
sels proclaimed  the  animation  whieh  thia  mot- 
to inapired.  About  noon  the  firing  com- 
menced I  and  after  a  short  action  two  of  the 
British  vessels  surrendered,  and  the  rest  of 
the  American  squadron  now  Joining  in  the 
battle,  the  victory  was  rendered  decisive  and 
complete.  The  British  loss  was  forty-one 
killed,  and  ninety-four  wounded.  The  Ame- 
rican loss  waa  twenty-eaven  killed,  and  nine- 
ty-six wounded,  of  which  number  twenty-one 
were  killed  and  sixty-two  wounded  on  buard 
the  flag-ship  La wrence.wLose  whole  comple- 
ment of  able  bodied  men  before  the  action 
waa  about  one  hundred.     The  commodore 

Sve  intalligence  of  the  victory  to  General 
arrison  in  these  words:  "We  have  met  the 
enemy,  and  they  are  ours.  Two  ships,  two 
brigs,  one  schooner,  and  one  sloop.'  The 
Amencana  were  now  masters  of  the  lake;  but 
thd  tarritory  of  Michigan  was  still  in  the  pos' 
session  of  Colonel  Procter.  The  next  movo' 
menta  were  aninst  the  British  and  Indians  at 
Detroit  and  Maiden.  General  Harrison  had 
previously  assembled  a  portion  of  tho  Ohio 
militia  on  the  Sandusky  nvar;  and  on  tha  7th 
of  September  four  thousand  from  Kentucky, 
the  flower  of  the  state,  with  Governor  Shelby 
at  their  head,  arrived  at  his  camp.  With  the 
co-operation  of  the  fleet,  it  waa  determined  to 
proceed  at  once  to  Maiden.  On  the  27th  the 
troops  were  received  on  board,  and  reached 
Maiden  on  the  same  day ;  but  the  British  had, 
in  tbe  mean  time,  desti«yed  the  fort  and  pub- 
lic stoies,  and  had  retreated  along  the  Thames 
towards  the  Moravian  villages,  together  with 
Teeumseh's  Indians,  amounting  to  twelve  or 
fiiieen  hundred.  It  was  now  Ksolved  to  pro- 
ceed in  pursuit  of  Procter.  On  the  6tn  of 
October  a  severe  battle  was  fought  between 
the  two  armies  at  the  river  Thames,  and  the 
British  army  was  taken  by  tbe  Americans. 
In  this  battie  Tecumteh  was  killed,  and  the 
Indians  fled.  The  British  loss  was  nineteen 
regulars  killed,  and  fifty  wounded,  and  about 
six  hundred  prisoners.  The  American  loss, 
in  killed  and  wounded,  amounted  to  upwards 
of  fifty.  Procter  made  his  escape  down  the 
Thames.  On  the  SO^.K  of  September  the 
Americans  took  possession  of  Detroit,  which, 
on  the  approaen  of  Harrison's  army,  had 
l>een  abandoned  by  the  British.  Preparations 
were  now  made  for  subduing  Upper  Canada, 
and  taking  Montreal ;  but  owing  to  the  diffi- 
culties attending  the  concentration  of  thci 
troops,  and  perhaps  also  to  the  want  of  vizour 
in  the  commanders,  that  project  was  aoan' 
doned,and  the  army  under  wilk;rv<c  march' 


ing  to  French  Mills,  there  encamped  for  the 
wmtor.  Thia  abortive  issue  of  the  campaigi 
occasioned  murmurs  tliroughout  the  nstiin, 
and  the  causea  which  led  to  it  have  never 
been  fully  developed.  Tho  severeNt  cens-.ire 
fell  upon  General  Armstrong,  wio  was  se- 
cretary of  war,  and  upon  General  Hampton 
The  latter  soon  after  resigned  his  kumroissior 
in  the  army,  and  Oeneraf  Isard  was  selected 
te  command  the  post  at  Platubuigh. 

Mi^urGeneral  Harrison,  commanJur  in 
chief  of  the  eighth  mihtaiy  district  in  the 
United  States,  issued  a  proclamation,  atating, 
that  the  enemy  having  neen  driven  fW>m  tha 
territory  of  Michigan,  and  a  part  of  the  army 
under  his  command  having  taken  poseessioc 
of  it,  it  became  necessary  that  the  civil  govern- 
ment of  the  territory  should  be  re-established, 
and  the  former  officers  resume  the  exercise 
of  their  authority.  He  therefore  proclaimed, 
that  all  appointments  and  commissions  which 
have  been  derived  from  British  officers  wore 
at  an  end ;  that  tho  citixens  were  restored  to 
all  the  rights  and  privileges  which  they  en- 
joyed previously  to  the  capitulation  made  hv 
General  Hull  on  the  lAth  of  August,  ISli, 
and,  until  the  will  of  the  government  should 
bo  known,  directed  that  all  persons  having 
civil  offices  in  the  territory  of  Michi^n,  at 
the  period  of  the  capitulation  of  Detroit, 
should  rosumo  the  exercise  of  the  noweni 
appertaining  to  their  offices  respectively. 

The  United  States  squadron,  chased  by 
Commodore  Hardy  witn  a  superior  naval 
force,  had  taken  refuge  in  tbcharnnur  of  New 
London,  where  tha  decayed  and  feeble  stalo 
of  the  fortifications  afforded  a  precarious  de- 
fence. Tho  menacing  appearance  of  the  EIri- 
tish  squadron  at  the  entrance  of  the  harbr  t ', 
and  the  strong  probability  that  tho  town 
would  be  destroyed  in  the  conflict,  which  had 
been  long  expected,  produced  among  the  iii- 
habitanU  the  greatest  consternation.  In  this 
moment  of  alarm,  the  major-general  of  tho 
third  diviaion,  and  the  brigadier-ennersl  of  the 
third  brigade,  considered  themsiclves  justified 
at  the  earnest  entreaty  of  the  citizens,  in  sum- 
moning the  militia  te  their  assistance.  Go- 
vernor Smith,  of  Connecticut,  approved  this 
proceeding,  and  immediately  forwarded  sup- 
plies, and  adopted  measures  of  defence. 
"  On  this  occasion,"  said  the  governor  to  the 
legislature, "  I  could  not  hesitate  as  to  the 
course  which  it  became  my  duty  to  pursue. 
The  government  of  Connecticut,  the  last  U* 
invite  hostilities,  should  be  the  first  to  repel 
aggression." 

The  Indians  at  the  southern  extremity  of 
the  union  had  imbibed  the  same  hostile  spirit 
as  those  at  the  north-western.  They  had  been 
visited  by  Tecumseh,  and  by  his  eloquence 
had  been  persuaded  that  tho  great  spii  it  re- 
quired them  to  unite  and  attempt  the  extirpa- 
tion of  the  whites.  In  tho  fall  of  1812,  • 
cruel  war  was  carried  en  by  the  Creeks  and 
Seminoles  against  the  frontier  inhabitantt  of 
Georgia.  General  Jackson,  at  the  head  of 
two  thousand  five  hundred  volunteers  from 
Tennessee,  marched  into  the  cou«>try  of  the 
Indians.  Overawed  by  his  presence,  they  de- 
sisted for  a  time  from  hostib.ty  ;  but,  after  hia 
return,  their  animosity,  burst  forth  with  in- 
creased and  fatal  violence.  Dreading  their 
cruelty,  about  three  hundred  men,  women, 
and  children,  sought  safety  in  Fort  Mimnu, 
in  tbe  Tcnsaw    settlement.    Although  f» 


UNITED  STATBa. 


Ml 


unpad  ferllM 
tha  eampaifi 
ut  the  niiton, 
it  have  iMver 
'erem  eani'.ira 
wi  o  wai  Ml- 
ira'  Hampton 
II  Lummitiior 
I  wat  iaiectad 
u.gh.  ^ 
iimmanuur  in 
iiitriel  in  tha 
ation,  alating, 
van  fWMn  tha 
rtoftha  army 
en  poaaaaaior 
a  civil  Kovarn- 
ro-ailabliihed, 
t  tha  exereita 
re  proclaimed, 
niiiioni  which 
officara  wora 
ra  reitorud  to 
hioh  they  en- 
ttion  made  Ity 
August,  1813, 
nment  ihould 
enons  having 
'  Michis^an,  at 
n  of  Detroit, 
f  the  nownni 
pectivcly. 
n,  chaied  Ly 
uperior  p*val 
irnour  of  New 
id  feeble  itato 
precnrioui  de- 
uce of  the  Etri> 
r  the  harbc  t ', 
lat  the  town 
ict,  which  had 
tmong  the  iii> 
itiun.  In  thia 
eneral  of  thg 
<nneral  of  tha 
ves  justified 
izens,  in  sum- 
istance.  Qo- 
pproved  this 
rwarded  sup- 
of  defence, 
vernor  to  the 
ate  as  to  the 
ty  to  pursue, 
t,  the  last  hi 
first  to  repel 


quant  wamiaga  of  an  intended  attack  had 
hMn  given  them,  vat,  at  noonday,  on  th» 
30th  of  August,  they  were  surprised  by  a 
|Ntriy  uf  aix  hundred  Indiana,  who,  with 
axes,  cut  their  way  into  the  fort,  and  drove 
.lie  people  into  the  houses  which  it  enclosed. 
To  tnasa  they  set  Are,  Many  persons  were 
liurnt,  and  many  killed  by  the  tomahawk. 
Only  seventeen  escaped  to  carry  tha  horrid 
tidings  to  tha  naignbouring  stations.  The 
whites  resolved  on  vengeance.  Again  Oa- 
naral  Jaekaon,  at  the  haul  of  three  thousand 
five  hundred  militia  of  Tennessee,  marched 
into  the  soutbam  wilderneas.  A  dataohmant 
under  Qenaral  Coffee  enoountering  at  Tallus- 
hatchia  a  body  of  Indians,  a  sanguinary  con- 
flict ensued.  Tha  latter  fought  with  daspa- 
ralion,  neither  giving  nor  receiving  quarter, 
until  nearly  every  warrior  had  perished.  Yet 
still  was  the  spirit  of  the  Creaks  unsubdued, 
and  their  faith  in  victory  unshaken.  With  no 
little  sagacity  and  skill  they  selected  and  for- 
tified another  |iosition  on  the  Tallaoosa, 
called  by  themselves  Tohopeka,  and  by  the 
whites  Horse-shoe  Bend.  Here  nearly  a 
thousand  warriors,  animated  with  a  fierce  and 
determined  resolution  were  collected.  Three 
thousand  men,  commanded  by  General  Jack- 
son, marched  to  attack  this  post.  To  prevent 
excape,  a  detachment  under  Oeneral  Coffee 
encircled  the  Bend.  The  main  body  advanced 
to  the  fortress ;  and  for  a  few  minutes  the  op- 
posing forces  were  engaged  muzzle  to  muzzle 
at  the  port-holes ;  but  at  length  the  troops, 
leaping  over  the  walls,  mingled  in  furious 
combat  with  the  aavaees.  When  the  Indians, 
fleeing  to  the  river,  Mheld  the  troops  on  the 
opposite  bank,  they  returned  and  fought  with 
'.ncrcased  fury  and  desperation.  Six  hundred 
warriors  were  killed  ;  four  only  yielded  them- 
selves prisoners ;  the  remaining  three  hundred 
escaped.  Of  the  whites,  fiiVy-nve  were  killed, 
and  one  hundred  and  forty-six  wounded.  It 
was  deemed  probable  that  further  residtance 
would  be  maide  by  the  Indians  at  a  place 
called  the  Hickory-Ground  ;  but  on  General 
Jackson's  arriving  thither  in  April,  1814,  the 
principal  chiefs  came  out  to  meet  him,  and 
among  them  was  Wetherford,  a  half-blood, 
distinguished  equally  for  his  talents  and  eru 
elty.  "  I  am  in  your  power,"  said  he,  "  do 
with  me  what  you  please.  I  have  done  the 
white  people  all  the  harm  I  could.  I  have 
fought  them,  and  fought  them  bravely.  There 
was  a  time  when  I  had  a  choice ;  I  nave  none 
now,  even  hope  is  ended.  Once  1  could  ani- 
mate my  warriors ;  biit  1  cannot  animate  the 
dead.  They  can  no  longer  hear  my  voice; 
their  bones  are  at  Tallushatchie,  Talladega, 
Emuckfaw,  aud  Tohopeka.  While  there 
was  a  chance  of  success  I  never  supplicated 
peace  ;  but  my  people  are  gone,  and  I  now 
ask  it  for  my  nation  and  myself."  Peace  was 
concluded,  and  .  General  Jackson  and  hii 
troops  enjoyed  an  honourable  but  short  repose. 
It  was  the  declared  intention  of  the  British 
to  lay  waste  the  whole  American  coast,  from 
Maine  to  Georgia.  Of  this  intention  demon- 
stration was  made  by  their  descent  upon  Pet- 
tipauge,  and  the  destruction  which  followed 
in  that  harbour.  Early  in  April,  a  number  of 
British  barges,  supposed  to  contain  about  two 
hundred  and  twenty  men,  entered  the  mouth 
of  Connecticut  river,  passed  up  seven  or 
eight  miles,  and  came  on  shore  at  a  part  of 
Saybrook  called  Pettipauge,  where  they  de- 


atroyod  about  iwonly-fiva  vessels.  Guards  of 
militia  war*  placed  without  delay  at  nearly 
all  the  vulnonblo  points  on  th«  seaboard,  and 
where  troopa  eould  not  bo  stationed,  patrols 
of  vidattea  ware  constantly  maintoined. 

On  tha  SAth  of  April,  Admiral  Cochrane 
declared,  in  addition  to  the  ports  and  places 
blockaded  by  Admiral  Warren,  all  the  re- 
maining ports,  harbours,  bays,  creeks,  rivers, 
inlets,  outlets,  islands,  and  sea  coasts  of  the 
United  Statea,  from  Blaok  Point,  on  Long 
laland  Sound,  to  tha  northern  and  eastern 
boundaries  between  the  United  Slataaand  the 
British  province  of  New  Brunswick,  to  be  in 
a  state  of  strict  and  rigorous  blockade.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  president  of  the  United 
States  issued  a  proclamation,  declaring  that 
the  blockade  proclaimed  by  the  British  of  the 
whole  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States, 
nearly  two  thousand  miles  in  extent,  being  in- 
capable of  execution  by  any  adequate  force 
actually  stationed  for  the  purpose,  formed  no 
law(\il  prohibition  or  obstacle  to  such  neutral 
and  friendly  vessels  as  may  choose  to  visit  and 
trade  with  the  United  States;  and  strictly  or- 
dered and  instructed  all  the  public  armed  ves- 
sels of  the  United  States,  and  all  private  arm' 
ed  vessels  commissioned  aa  privateers,  or  with 
letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  not  to  inter- 
rupt, detain,  or  molest  any  vessels  belonging 
to  neutral  powers,  bound  to  any  port  or  place 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States; 
but,  on  the  contrary,  to  render  all  such  vessels 
all  the  aid  and  kind  offices  which  they  might 
need  or  require. 

The  pacification  in  Europe  ofTered  to  the 
British  a  large  disposable  force,  both  naval 
and  military,  and  with  it  the  means  of  givini 
to  the  war  in  America  a  character  of  new  ani 
increased  activity  and  extent  The  friends 
of  the  administration  anticipated  a  severer 
conflict,  and  prepared  for  greater  sacrifices  and 
greater  sufferings.  Its  opposers,  where  diffi- 
culties thickened  and  danger  pressed,  were 
encouraged  to  make  more  vigorous  efforts  to 
wrest  the  reins  of  authority  from  men  who, 
they  asserted,  had  shown  themselves  incom- 
petent to  hold  them.  The  president  deemed 
It  advisable  to  strengthen  the  line  of  the  At- 
lantic, and  therefore  called  on  the  executive 
of  several  states  to  organize  and  hold  in  rea- 
diness for  immediate  service  a  corps  of  ninety 
three  thousand  five  hundred  men. 

The  hostile  movements  on  the  northern 
frontier  were  now  becoming  vigorous  and  in- 
teresting.  In  the  beginning  of  July,  General 
Brown,  who  had  been  assiduously  employed 
in  disciplining  his  troops,  crossed  the  Niagara 
with  about  three  thousand  men,  and  took  pos- 
session, without  opposition,  of  fort  Erie.  In 
a  strong  position  at  Chippewa,  a  few  miles 
distant,  was  intrenched  an  equal  number  of 
British  troops,  commanded  by  General  Riall. 
On  the  4th,  General  Brown  approached  their 
works ;  and  the  next  day,  on  the  plains  of 
Chippewa,  an  obstinate  and  sanguinary  battle 
was  fought,  which  compelled  me  British  to 
retire  to  their  intrcnchments.  In  this  action, 
which  was  fought  with  great  judgment  and 
coolness  on  both  sides,  the  loss  of  tne  Ameri 
cans  was  about  four  hundred  men,  that  of  the 
British  was  upwards  of  five  hundred.  ■  Soon 
aflerwards.  General  Riall,  abandoning  his 
works,  retired  to  the  heights  of  Burlington. 
Here  Lieutenant-General  Drummond,  with  a 
large  reinfixvemeDt,  jcuned  him,  and  aaiumiog 


the  command,  lad  book  tho  army  towaida  iIm 
American  camp.  On  tha  SMi  waa  fo..ght  Hm 
battle  of  Bridgewater,  which  began  at  four  in 
the  aflamoon,  and  continutid  until  midnight 
After  a  desperate  conflict,  the  British  troopa 
were  withdrawn,  and  tha  Americana  left  in 
possession  of  the  field.  The  kisa  on  bMli 
sides  waa  severe,  and  nearly  equal.  Oen*> 
rals  Brown  and  Scott  havinv  both  been  ••• 
varely  wounded,  the  command  devolved  upon 
General  Ripley.  He  remained  a  few  houra 
upon  tha  hill,  eoll«<,ted  the  wounded,  aiid 
than  returned  unmoesied  to  the  camp.  Thia 
battle  was  fought  near  the  cataract  of  Niagara, 
whose  roar  waa  sileneed  by  the  thunder  ot 
cannon  and  tha  din  of  arms,  but  was  distinetly 
heard  during  the  pauses  of  the  fight  The 
American  general  found  his  force  so  much 
weakened,  that  he  deemed  it  prudent  again  to 
occupy  fort  Erie.  On  the  ^th  of  August  it 
was  invested  by  General  Drummond  with 
five  thousand  troops.  In  the  night  between 
the  14th  and  10th,  the  besiegers  made  a  during 
assault  upon  the  fort,  which  was  repalled 
with  conspicuous  gallantry  by  the  garrison, 
the  former  losing  more  than  nine  hundred 
men,  the  latter  but  eighty-four.  1'he  siege 
was  still  continued.  On  the  2d  of  September, 
General  Brown,  having  recovpit  d  from  his 
wounds,  threw  himself  into  the  furt,  and  took 
command  of  the  garrison.  For  their  fate 
groat  anxiety  was  felt  bv  the  iiation,  which 
was,  however,  in  some  deffreti  removed,  by 
the  march  from  Plattsburgh  of  five  thousand 
man  to  their  relief.  AlUir  ai  hour  of  eloso 
fightinff  they  entered  the  fbn,  having  killed 
wounded,  and  taken  one  thou«and  of  the  Bn« 
tish.  The  loss  of  the  Americans  was  also 
considerable,  amounting  to  more  thai  favo 
hundred.  On  the  21st  ot  Septenibei  the 
forty-ninth  day  of  the  siege.  General  IVruin- 
mond  withdrew  his  forces. 

The  march  of  the  troopa  from  Plattsar:rab 
having  lefl  that  post  almost  defenceless,  '.he 
enemy  determined  to  attack  it  by  land,  and,  at 
the  same  time,  to  attempt  the  destruction  of 
the  American  flotilla  on  lake  Champlain. 
On  the  3d  of  Septembi.-.  Sir  George  Pro- 
vost, the  Kovemor-seneral  of  Canada,  at  the 
head  of  fourteen  thousand  men,  entered  the 
territories  of  the  United  Slates.  On  the  6th 
they  arrived  at  Plattsburgh.  It  is  situated 
near  lake  Champlain,  on  the  northern  bank 
of  the  small  river  Saranac.  On  their  ap« 
proach,  the  American  troops,  who  were  post- 
ed on  the  opposite  bank,  tore  up  the  planks  o 
the  bridges,  with  which  they  formed  slight 
breast-works,  and  prepared  to  dispute  the 
passage  of  the  stream.  The  British  employ- 
ed themselves  for  several  days  in  erecting 
batteries,  while  the  American  forces  were 
daily  augmented  by  the  arrival  of  volunteera 
and  militia.  Early  in  the  morning  of  the  Ilth, 
the  British  squadron,  commanded  by  Com- 
modore Downie,  appeared  off  the  harbour  of 
Plattsburgh,  where  that  of  the  United  States, 
commanded  by  Commodore  Macdonough, 
lay  at  anchor  prepared  for  battle.  At  nine 
o'clock  the  action  commenced.  Seldom  has 
there  been  a  more  furious  encounter  than  the 
bosom  of  this  transparent  and  peaceful  lake 
was  now  called  to  witness.  Dunng  the  naval 
conflict,  the  British  on  land  began  a  heavy 
cannonade  upon  the  American  lines,  and  at- 
tempted at  aifferent  places  to  cross  tho  Sa- 
but  as  often  as  the  British  advanoed 


ranac; 


HISTORY  or    THB 


U 


,€ 


km  iIm  wMar  ilMjr  wara  mwIM  by  •  d*- 
MriMiiv*  An  from  iIm  miliiia.  At  iMif-pati 
•lawa  tha  ihoul  of  vicuirjr  kaaid  alona  tha 
Aiaariaan  liiwi  •nnounead  tha  ratult  of  tha 
bailia  on  ika  laka.  That  daprivail  nf  naval 
aid,  in  tha  aftarnoon  tha  Britiah  withdraw  to 
their  inlranahmanta,  and  in  tha  niaht  thajraom- 
iMii>n«MHl  a  praeipitala  ratraat  Upon  tha  laka 
Iha  Amariaaa  loaa  waa  ona  hundrad  and  Ian  | 
tha  British  oaa  kuadrad  and  ninatjf-four,  ba> 
aidaa  pritonara.  On  land,  tha  Amariaan  loaa 
waa  ona  hundrad  and  ainalatn  i  that  of  iha 
Brili*h  haa  baan  aaiinaiad  aa  high  aa  two 
thouMnd  Bva  hundrad. 

Tha  inhabitanii  of  tha  middla  and  Mutham 
atalaa,  anticipating  a  mat  augmanution  of 
tha  EngUah  forea,  and  waeaitain  whara  tha 
blow  would /all,  mada  axariiont  to  plaoa  every 
axpoaad  poailion  in  a  poMura  of  defence. 
About  tha  middla  of  Auguit,  a  Britiih  tiiua- 
dron  of  batwean  Rtiy  and  lixty  mil  arrivfj  in 
the  Chaiapaake,  vith  troop*  d«itiii«<l  for  tha 
attack  of  Waahingt>n,  tha  capital  of  the  United 
Statei.  A  body  of  fiva  thouwnd  of  thorn 
having  landad,  an  action  w««  fimght  at  Bla- 
daniburgh,  six  inilet  from  Wanliiii^^toii.  Oena- 
ral  Winder  commanded  tha  wliolu  Americaii 
foroe ;  Commodore  Barney  the  HotilU.  Tha 
Britiih  were  commanded  liy  Mi^or-Qaneral 
Rott  and  Rear-Admiral  Cociiburn.  Tha 
Americana  were  repulsed,  and  the  Britiah  ad- 
vanced toward*  the  capital.  A  body  of  mili- 
tia had  been  aiiembled  in  this  emarganoy; 
but  the  preaiJent  and  head*  (if  departmanta, 
on  roviewina  the  f<irca  brought  out  for  de- 
fence, deipaired  of  (ucceM,  and  diipenad. 
General  Rn*«,  at  the  head  of  about  iaven  hun- 
dred men,  took  poMaiiion  of  Wathington,  and 
burned  the  eapitol,  or  •enate-houte,  the  pre- 
sident'* houae,  and  public  office*,  the  arsenal, 
the  navy  yard,  and  the  bridge  over  the  Poto- 
mac. The  lo*a  of  the  Britiih  in  this  expedi- 
tion wa*  nearly  a  thouiand  man,  in  killed, 
wounded,  and  mii*ing' ;  the  Ion  of  the  Amen- 
ean*  was  ten  or  twelve  killed,  and  thirty  or 
forty  wounded.  Commodore  Barney's  hone 
was  killed  under  him,  and  himself  wounded 
in  the  thigh  and  taken  prisoner ;  but  he  was 
paroled  on  the  field  of  battle  for  his  bravery. 
The  eapture  of  Washington  reflected  no  credit 
upon  tnose  by  whom  it  ought  to  havo  been 
jafeiuied  i  but  the  destruction  of  the  national 
adiflces  was  still  more  diseraenful  to  the  cha- 
racter of  the  invaders.  'The  whole  eiviliied 
world  exclaimed  against  the  act,  as  a  violation 
of  the  rules  of  modem  warfare.  The  canitals 
of  most  of  the  European  kingdoms  had  lately 
been  in  the  power  of  an  enemy  j  but  in  no 
instance  had  the  conqueror  been  guilty  of 
similar  conduct.  The  act  was  also  as  impoli- 
tic a*  it  was  barbarous ;  it  naturally  excited  an 
indignant  spirit  throughout  the  republic,  and 
led  Its  inhabitants  to  vie  with  each  other  in  ex- 
erting all  their  faculties  to  overcome  the 
mvagers  of  their  country. 

After  the  capture  of  Washineton,  the  Bri 
tish  army  re-embarked  on  board  the  fleet  in 
tho  Patnxent,  and  Admiral  Cockbum  moved 
4own  that  river,  and  proceided  up  the  Chesa- 
make.  On  the  29th  of  August,  the  corpora- 
tion of  Alexandria  submitted  to  articles  of 
capitulation,  and  the  city  was  delivered  up  to 
ehe  British.  On  the  llth  of  September,  the 
British  ndmiral  appeared  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Patapsco,  I'oiirtcen  miles  from  Baltimore,  with 
a  faat  of  siii|>s  of  «  ar  and  timnsports  amount- 


ing to  iifty  sail.  Tha  next  dav  six  thousand 
troopa  ware  landed  at  Nbrlh  Point,  and  com- 
maneed  their  march  towards  tha  city.  In  this 
march,  whan  tha  furamost  ranks  ware  harassed 
by  a  brisk  flra  from  a  wood,  Mi^or-Oeneral 
Ro**  wa*  mortally  wounded.  A  battle  wa* 
fought  on  thi*  day.  The  American  force*, 
tha  militia,  and  this  inlutbiunt*  of  Baltimore, 
mada  a  gallant  dafiinoe,  but  were  compelled 
to  ratiaal  i  the  Britiah,  however,  abandoning 
the  attaaspl  lo  gat  poiaassinn  of  tha  city,  re- 
tirad  to  thair  shipping  during  tha  night  of  tha 
13tk  of  Saptambar. 

On  tha  oeaan,  the  Esaax,  eommandad  by 
Captain  Porter,  after  a  bleody  combat,  strucK 
to  a  Britiah  frigate  and  sloop  of  war,  whose 
united  foroe  was  much  superior.  The  Ame- 
rican sloop  Peaoook  oapturad  the  Eperviar 
of  equal  foroa.  The  sloop  Wasp,  command- 
ed by  Captain  Blakely,  oapturad  the  Rein- 
daar,  and  afterwards,  in  the  same  oruixo,  sank 
tha  Avon,  both  of  superior  force.  She  mada 
savaral  othei  prises,  but  never  returned  into 
port)  she  probably  foundered  at  sea. 

The  closing  scene  of  this  unnecessary  and 
disgraeeftil  war,  the  nwe  detestable  whan 
oontemplated  as  a  series  of  human  sacrifices 
for  the  preservation  of  a  commercial  system, 
was  creditable  to  the  genius  and  bravery  of 
the  American  republic.  The  operations  of 
the  British  in  Louiciana  were  commenced  by 
a  small  expedition,  the  naval  part  under  the 
eommand  of  Captain  Parcy,  and  the  troop* 
under  Colonel  NichoU*.  They  landed  and 
took  forcible  poiie**ion  of  Pen*acola,  and 
were  aided  by  the  Spaniards  in  all  their  pro- 
ceedings! they  collected  all  the  Indians  that 
would  resort  to  their  standard ;  and  Colonel 
Nteholls  then  sent  an  officer  to  the  piratical 
establishment  at  Barrauria  to  enlist  tho  chief, 
Lafltte,  and  his  followers,  in  their  cause;  the 
most  liberal  and  tempting  ofl'ers  wore  made 
them.  These  people,  however,  showed  a 
decided  preference  for  the  American  cause ; 
they  deceived  theEna;li*h  by  delay;  convey- 
ed intelligence  of  their  design*  to  the  Gover- 
nor at  New  Orleans,  and  offered  their  services 
to  defend  the  country.  Disappointed  in  se- 
curing their  aid,  the  expedition  proceeded  to 
the  attack  of  fort  Bowyer,  on  Mobile  point, 
commanded  by  M^'or  Lawrence,  with  one 
hundred  and  thirty  men.  The  result,  how- 
ever, was  a  loss  to  the  besiegers  of  more  than 
two  hundred  men ;  the  commodore's  ship  was 
so  disabled  that  they  set  fire  to  her,  and  she 
blew  up,  and  the  remaining  three  vessels, 
shattered  and  filled  with  wounded  men,  re- 
turned to  Pensacola.  While  the  British  thus 
sheltered  in  this  place,  where  they  wore  bu- 
sily occupied  in  brineing  over  the  Indians  lo 
join  them.  General  Jackson  formed  an  expe- 
dition of  about  four  thousand  men,  regulars 
and  militia,,  to  dislodge  them.  He  summoned 
the  town,  wa*  refused  entrance  by  the  Span- 
ish governor,  and  his  flag  of  truce  was  nred 
upon ;  the  British  soldiers  being  in  the  forts, 
where  their  flag  had  been  hoisted,  in  conjunC' 
tion  with  the  Spanish,  the  day  before  the  Ame' 
rican  forces  appeared.  Preparations  were 
immediately  made  to  carry  the  place;  one 
battery  having  been  taken  by  storm,  with 
slight  loss  on  either  side,  the  governor  sur- 
rendered, the  English  having  previously  re- 
tired on  board  their  ships.  The  forts  below 
which  commondedthe  passage,  were  blown  up 
and  this  enabled  the  English  fleet  to  put  to  sea 


General  Jatiksoii  iIii'ii«*vui!iihIi!<I  ihiiMpai«*a 
larritory,  and  niamliol  liin  tmops  hank  lo  Mo- 
bil* and  New  Orleans,  whlrli  lie  ri'arliej  on 
lhi<  second  day  of  Urnini'n'r.  Having  !•• 
viewed  a  corns  nf  voliiiitcers  (lie  Hay  of  Ida 
arrival,  ho  immvdiati'ly  prorrxilril  lo  visit 
every  pcMt  in  tho  neighbourhood,  lo  give  or- 
ders for  addinff  iiirliticntioiM,  and  vslaFiliihing 
defensive  works  and  oiiiposl*  in  every  s|m)| 
whara  the  enemy  might  lie  expooled,  is  there 
wa*  tho  gmaleit  uncurtaiiity  where  a  landing 
would  be  made;  ho  mingled  with  the  oitiiens. 
and  inftiaed  into  the  greater  part  hi*  own  *pi> 
it  and  energy.  By  hi*  nrcsence  and  exhorts 
lions  they  were  animalud  lo  iixtirlionsof  which 
before  llicy  wtrc  notauppoaed  to  Im  ciipNblu 
All  who  could  wield  a  spade,  or  rarry  a  mns- 
kel,  were  either  nut  to  work  upon  the  forlifi- 
cations,  or  trained  in  the  art  of  dufeiiding  iheni. 
The  Misiissinpi,  upon  the  eastern  bniik  oi 
which  New  Orleans  stands,  flows  to  the  ocean 
in  several  channels ;  (uie  leaving  the  main 
itreani  bIhivo  the  eiiy,  runs  rnst  of  it,  and 
form*  in  it*  courio  lake  Poiicharirain  and 
lake  Borgno.  Early  in  Decomlier,  the  Brit- 
iah entered  thi*  channel  with  a  force  of  ahonl 
eiffht  thouiand  men,  a  part  of  whom  had  just 
loii  the  ahure*  of  the  Che*apt*ake,  the  re- 
mainder having  arrived  direct  from  England. 
A  *ma)l  squadron  of  gunboats,  under  Lieute- 
nant Jones,  was  dea|>atchi-d  to  oppose  llieit 
passage  into  the  lake.  These  were  met  by  a 
superior  force,  and  after  a  spirited  conflict,  in 
which  the  killed  and  wounded  of  the  British 
exceeded  tho  whole  number  of  the  Ameri- 
cans, they  were  compelled  to  surrender.  The 
loss  of  the  gunboat*  left  no  mean*  nf  watch- 
ing the  movement*  of  the  enemy,  or  of  ascer- 
taining where  tho  landing  wouid  be  made. 
Orders  were  siven  for  increased  vigilance  at 
every  post;  tne  peopio  of  colour  wero  form- 
ed intDabattalion;  the  offer  of  the  Barratarans 
to  volunteer,  on  condition  of  pardon  for  pra- 
viou*  offences,  if  they  conducted  themselve* 
with  bravery  and  fidelity,  wa*  accepted.  Ge- 
neral Jackson,  after  applying  to  the  legisla- 
ture to  suspend  the  act  of  habeas  cormu,  and 
finding  that  they  were  consuming  these  ex- 
treme moments  in  discussion,  proclaimed  mar- 
tial law,  and  from  that  moment  his  means  be- 
came more  commensurate  with  the  weight  of 
responsibility  ho  had  to  *u*tain. 

On  tho  22d,  the  Britiih  bavins  landed,  took 
a  position  ncnr  the  main  channel  o  the  river, 
about  eight  miles  below  the  city.  In  the  eve- 
ning of  tne  23d, General  .Tackionmade  a  sud 
den  and  furious  attack  upon  their  camp.  They 
wore  thrown  into  disorder;  but  they  soon 
rallied,  and  fought  with  a  bravery  at  least 
equal  to  that  of  the  assailants.  Satisfied  with 
the  advantage  first  gained,  he  withdrew  hit 
troops,  fortified  a  strong  position  four  miles 
below  New  Orleai.a,  and  supported  it  by  bat- 
teries erected  on  the  west  bank  of  tno  river, 
On  the  28th  of  December,  and  the  1st  '',«  i. 
uary,  vigorous  but  unsuccessful  attacks  . -•■iM 
made  upon  these  fortifications  by  tho  Eng- 
lish. In  the  meantime,  both  armies  had  re- 
ceived reinforcements;  and  General  Sir  E 
Packenham,  the  British  commander,  resolved 
to  exert  all  his  strength  in  a  combined  attack 
upon  the  American  positions  on  both  sides  of 
the  river.  With  almost  incredible  industry 
he  caused  a  canal,  leading  from  a  creek  emp- 
tying itself  into  lake  Borgne  to  tho  main 
channel  of  the  Mississippi,  to  be  dug,  that  ha 


Ill))  lh«M;>ai>(n 
)>•  Imrk  III  \io> 

•  n'nr\ip4   on 
lUvitiff  !•• 

lie  day  of  Ua 
•"clnl   to    viiii 
i>d,  lo  >iv«  or- 
III  (<iilan|jihin|| 
in  I'very  iptii 
octeil,  «■  ihnrn 
tinrn  ■  Umlinpf 
th  ihs  oitiieiM, 
t  hi*  cwn  ipi> 
e  aiKi  exhorta 
'lioriiiif  which 
Ui  Im)  ciiimlilu 
r  rorry  a  niii« 
>on  thn  forlifi> 
iftMidinK  iheni. 
itfrn    Itniik  of 
'I  to  the  nuFan 
iiig  thit   main 
i«t  fif  it,  and 
chanrain  and 
ilwr,  the  Brit> 
Force  of  ahonl 
homi  had  jim 
fake,  the  re> 
rom  Enelnnd. 
jndor  Lioutn< 
oppoie   theii 
■fire  met  hy  a 
e<l  conflict,  in 
of  the  Britiah 
»f  the  Ameri- 
•render.    The 
am  of  watch> 
',  or  of  aacnr- 
lid  k«t  made, 
vigilance  at 

•  were   fiirm- 
I  DarmtnranH 


Ion  for  pro- 

themieivet 

pted.  Qe- 

legiila- 


II 


cormu,  and 
;  theie  ex- 
aimed  mar- 
mean*  be- 
weigfht  of 


anded,  took 
the  river, 

In  the  eve- 
nade  n  iud 
amp.  They 

they  goon 
•y  at  leaai 
itisfled  with 
thdrew  hii 

four  milei 
d  it  hy  hat 

tno  river. 

Ist    ■'•./:.,.. 

tacks  .'>.';« 
the  Enp- 

es  had  re- 

ral  Sir  E 
ri'solvcd 

ned  attack 

th  sides  of 
industry 

reck  emp- 
tho  main 

%,  that  ha 


t    ; 


W^ 


MIfTORT  or    THI 


Im»  iIm  wsMr  tMy  war*  tm  wJM  by  •  d«- 
MruMtv*  lb*  (Vmi  iIm  miliiWi  At  Mli'-paal 
•l«VM  iha  •haul  of  vifilory  Im«rI  *lon|  iha 
AiMiiwin  liimt  •nnouneail  ilia  rawtll  ol  ih* 
twIlU  on  lbs  Uka.  Thu*  ila|irivail  of  Mval 
•id,  in  iha  aAarnuon  iha  Britiih  wilbdrew  lo 
ihairinlranebmanu,  aiid  in  iha  nivht  ihajf  oom- 
iHiMMiaii  •  praaipiuia  rairau.  tJpnn  IM  Wb* 
iha  AmarioMi  Iom  wm  una  bx-  ' 
iba  Briliah  o«#  bw<' 

•idaa  priton*  '  <«  </    '•< 

waa  ona  h'     •  ••••. 

Briliah  )'      I'     '  '.jgs^icil  v  ^  Y**  *' 
iboutap         '  '  v',f^ 

Tb-      ^  1  *M>'/r  iW<  M'Jn  *»  «4  M 
aula*    •  jMi<k,>^>(j(  I  ^nr*!  rtifm&ift'mn  o< 
iKa   I'  ,*.»«  (orra,  'inu    M.veH.iUI   whoiu  tUa 
l'lo\|f   A.H!il  jail,  uu.btM.^r  »ii<(»|iUa«avary 

r^    "ixoioii    ,1*  n  c'C*''  •    "'    lUfaiKia, 
:•  v  Um  iai'''f  <  "T  \ui(i)<t.  t  DriiKh  aiiu«- 
''  •<  fitijf  aiiii  •ixi..    •.lil  ari-iftNi  in 

i(  >  .r  wiih  truiip* '  ">.i>ii''UI«r  Um 

•I  Mk  .>'  tv  t«)iirigi->n,iHa  rupiKii  .1  aiallniitrf 
Aitiaii      A  bixiy   <(  Hvn   iliou     ul   af 
having  imuliir),  an  action   w«»  i  mi^  iI  k. 


nnxt  day  lia  ihouMnd 
i'oim,  and  «nm' 


inK  u>  Hlly  Mil,  Tha 
troop*  war*  landad  al  •North 
manead  ihair  marah  tnwanii  tha  eity.  In  llii* 
maroh,  whan  tha  liiramiMl  rank*  wara  hara**ad 
liv  a  bri*k  Hr«  IVoni  a  wmid,  Mi^or-Oanaral 
lie**  wa*  mortally  woundod.  A  liatllu  wa* 
fought  on  thi*  day.  TIm  Amariean  foroKii. 
••■  •  ''■■«.  *ii,l  ilii'  Ir  l.»li'Hiiii  iM  Uii]tinior>'. 
-.  <r  *  ;(Hlli>nr  ill  it-tioti,  l»ii  »i>ra  a«nu>aUad 
•  fUrn,  thx  Britwii,  lM)4ivri.  thaadnaif 
il       ii|om|i:  to  frt  p<  H«r«Mnn  '  i"    f  V.  ra 

ilir 


dm  liiir)(li,  fix  lukli'i  from  Wi«ltiii|{tMk  OaM>  ittiipiM'''''''   vnt.   (ha  nwa    J' 


ral  Wiiiiio,  ooiumaii'liid  il»i  wiiolu  Xmrnttma 
fortio  ;  Coiiiiri'Mlort)  Hanmy  'lu'  Il 
British    w>rrv'  riniini,inJ>->l    Uv    *" 
Riiit*    iiii'l    nr«r-Aklniii«t    *.  < 


.U 


Anicricnn*  wi-rp  re| 

vaiicr'!  tiiwnnU  Ot*- 

tm  hM\  »  •     - 

but  1^* 

on  «•«!.*     ,:     . 

(encn,   lU'tp-tirutl  ol 

OaniMul  U<iM,  atthe  li.'ii,1<>r  iIuhi 

jrocl  Dli'fi,  nil  It  p:>«M"«ilion  of  \ 


BntUbjX 
4|roinUi* 


l.-||ViiWMa, 


(• 
,..t  1(1. mgt' 

ii'i.caM,  ititil  ^u||in*ad, 
I  (•vfiirlran- 


biiri>"(l  rhn  ru|tilo!,  ur  MMuitc  juih,',  iIm  |in> 
■idriii'i  hou4p,  aiv)  puliiic  iitfii.<  <,  loa  arWnai, 
the  Msvv  y«nl,  ami  tlio  WiHg"  ov  iha  Voto- 
mar.  Tlio  lo«*  of  thr>  Lrii,<h  in  thia  axpMlU 
tion  WA*  m-nrly  a  thuumii.ii  mi-n,  in  kiiM, 
wouiiJi<il.  atu)  iii:iMng  ;  the  lou  orOtv  Amari* 
eani  w»s  tpii  or  tw«K-t  kilU'l,  nn<{  ,.t»l*»y  qr 
forty  «<■"'! mled.     Commf><lofo  fJumny't  lKjr*o 


l.«l 


Obi  lim  «■**■,  iha  KMst,  aiHa.  «•• 
CapltiAjPwtLA  tilUr  a  Ua<i4y  ^.i. 
I  a  BfiM  IrifM*  and  *' 


titair  •liiu|iiiig  uui 
inpHiiiifx'r 

""  !•  1   b» 

t)  runk 
u)  a  nniMI  »lgM«  ant!  '^-fi  «f  w-',  «rb<>i.< 
unitad  Im*  tva*  mM-h  sniiafMir  Tb«  ^  m- 
ricM  ittMMlPaaO'Xtk  .'«pMrwl  A*  Jk'vw*'  «< 
of  aqMl  lorm.  f  iw  >.  >op  Wag»t  arxi  •' . 
"d  by  Cafxai'i  fiUwiy,  oa^Ma^"  ii,<  '.<!•< 
dMf,  mmI aAar 'Vanh,  i*  iJm  immkc  <ru<'>,  >,ink 
tb«  Avon,  hn>*:  of  aupariiir  I'iKi .  i',i,>  .■^tuio 
•araral  otbai  un'aa*,  Vnit  n«va  rt^tntmnti  tnto 
|K>ni'(K«  pr>>lK>lily  foun>l«rcHl  at  *«i^ 

Tha  QliMiri'X  *«<-iia  of  Uua  unri«<M<r»,.  ,    1  . 


\lllM|l| 

.. ■,».!,« 


aoiMarnpktf!!  •>  a  acciOa  of  Lumar    •m  '  i< 
TIm  Ibr  iba  pniaanraiioiiof  a  ooin:>i,M«i»,'   ,^ 

.<rO*1Jpt[WM  Cf<4H>U«  to  Ul«  K'W""  w'-i  I'/nVvry 

pubbc     Til*    iiwnktiai'' 
iaiaiia  war*  c  iiVMni''  1 
a  MWiU  "xpadiliuii,  Ihf  naval  |»rt   niulnr 


.1 ' 


'  !t{  MiJer  liirii,  O"  I 
>!,,-))  «nii  takaii  " 


waa  kil 
in  tl: 

MTou'il  Oil  cJn!  •*' '  ■; 
The  <■*.'• 
upon  I  •   .       . 

^•(hnite'l  i  '.fM  •'«-•  '<"»'  'i«lio'.  of  It!. 
•diflrc^t  wm  »till  innro  di»|rr»<"ful  <•» 
racier  of  ilm  invailer*.     Tim  "^ 
worlil  (•■(r.lalrn''it  «j;iiiii»t  t!i«  n"  »'  - 
;>f  thi-  riilo.  111'  HKilern  v/urf  ;;<•       Ih 


hm..*"'  ■r-ni»d'S^5>|** 


00ini««nil"'>f  Cnpuiii  r..ipy.  anj  in. 
C<t)nnal  Nii-hoUi      ▼»•  y   Ian 
took  fhitsOilo   peaaeaniun  »(  Piiiuu' 
warn  aidadby  tha  S'saSk.d*  II,  I'll 

c«'«^irigi|  tbay   oollMfitad    ,;!   the  '  .      -f 

woald  rannrt  to  'tir"r  »i«n.Ja(»*  i>,<v    ■ 

Nl-I.iilli  thiui  (tiiu  t<i  >>fBoer  u    .^    p   •*., 
e*t  .>rKliinont  at  IWrartria  ir '  a^ai  Hiii  ^.■ 
Labile,  anil  hi*  |b?!"W(tr!.,  ■    •  •■.r  eauaai  eh,- 

BinKi  llttpra;  aaj  fc'irr     1,^       '.r,  wen-      ijilo 
tfiin*.   -Hiaka    pnopk>,   Ku-HdVer,   ahcvri^'l   >i 
di-nidaJ      ..(braiif<>  A«i-  ih<    4n.iTi<i«r  c 
til' '    lec^^radllwKnKlttb  io  dobky;  cr        « 

<Ki  dMigifiw*  g/fbatr4iM^i^-  >^' •>•'■'' 


(lanaral  Jatikxni  ihan  ••vunntlud  ih«Mj>Mi  la 
larritorv,  and  niar«ilit>il  hi*  iriHifM  Imrk  in  >i«v 
bila  and  Nuw  Orlaaim,  wlilrli  ha  rt-arlin^  on 
tb«  around  lUy  of  Ui'i'nin'n'r.  Ilaviii|f  ra< 
viawad  a  corii*  nf  viiliiiirt-t<r*  ilin  day  oif  hk 
arrival,  he  imini'ilimi-iy  |iriiri<m|(>i|  to  vi*i| 
airarypoat-t    ■,'  1,.  .h,    i  ,  (;iva  or- 

.I.TT    r.ir   .11!       I  .  .!    .-.liil.i    -lnll| 

itahw^ra  *..»  ,  r,v  jpM 

whore  tboaiM""  .',*<ih>'ia 

wa*  thti  |fr»«n"  «  Imiijiitii 

would  ha  moifi .    .  .  ••itiiimp 

*4id  tiil'uM'il  into  u^  !*>««««  .■^>. ,  n^  wwn  ii|>i. 
it  aud  riirri^y,  Hjr'c  ..  .  in*.m^ 
liiiiii  they  wrre  anmitti.i*  I" 
Iwifiiro  lli*'^  warn  raitaup)"  ■ 
AH  whocoulii  wialii  n  *pail<  r. 
k'lt,  w«rf  ciihttr  iiiii  r(i«.  >  j..  :■ 
'  HlWMii, iir  tr«iii«<l  III  Pi.  itri  "i'lUli-iMlmi,-  il  rii.. 
I'll  Mi»«i>^!|i|ii,  upon  rti"'  i'4kiuni  hunk  ol 
s>  I  cii  Naw()rh»ait*  iirnrnU,  flow* ;  <  ihr  i^-.vaw 

'D  aeverni   I'liiiuiioln;    iim<    l<'avii<;f   tlic    Mimii 

'urtlii    «!i  i\c   tim    oitv.  run»    rnm   nl    n,     .h.l 

-w*   in   ii>   auunui    Wxr  I'ont^liirlntin    u.il 

1.^     Bo"    f       K  irly   in    P<-c.Mnbar,  iln    Hril 

'     11-       .  Kiixcharoel  Witli  h  firn-  iif«l.ui(| 

<i;    illi'.MMMii  ii.vM.it  |Nirl  {>r  \ti..  I'l  l,nr!  juet 

ill-   «hiirr(  of   'li'-   fUiumiMiMilii.,   tli<<   rii- 

t   '    ■  •  ('.(ini  KnirUiid. 

ili<i»^i  "  iimlwr  Linultf- 

1       ''  .    i.,    ilppoMI    'Uuii 

fixMl^i'  J".      .  i*^-  M,ti«  iiivt  fty  K 

«l'""    •  .  «  ifuriUNj  riinfni;!,  in 

"  '     '     '    -••     •'  ill"*  u  >unii«nl  i.\'  ihr  Uritiih 

V  hul«    iiiiiiibor    .il'  till     A  .uci-i- 

■•^  iK^re  cii-i,j»i|liJ  ti»  «arri'n()i!r.    'I'liv 

In    jfiinboafi   li'ft  >Mi,tni'ttn<  iif  woin)i. 

•  ;     ii.'ni')»«iiifiili<  nf  iHf  mieiiis ,  .ir  of  nmor- 

i.ii.  ;){    tvherr   tli<>  landing   wnimi   tw   iiiimIk. 

)ril(  r*  wara  Kiv«>n  for  incrtMiwd  vigiluii.  i-   al 

livery  |i<>»t.j  thn  p«<.i|)lc  rf  . njmir  \v«iri)    funn- 

*.l  ■|it'i»bn't,»iii>n;  lir  mi;        '''     '*        '     ' 

ii'  •oluulaur,  o»'   p<M>>!'»'rii 


..indat  lMvii,| 
/*  iniinll  MTii 

Hilt  .llttll'*       ' 


5»cp»  .,  ■  ^fsa-  -..wm 


of  mil' t  (if  the  Kiir(i[)#nn  kui,jili)iTn  iivj  n^eijr 
been  in  tbii  r'^wer  ofan  enemy  1ml  in  no 
instanr-  liml  i.iu  lomi'iawr  b'-oii  ""-itiky 
aimiliir  con.luot.  Tli«  <i-!.  'K%r  ■■.''■•  1'  nupoli- 
tio  a*  it  VMS  bariiarouii ;  it  uat  jrsHy  oxoitM  an 
indignant  B])iiii  tliroughout  the  repurtlio,  and 
leJ  It*  inlial)it.iriui  to  vifl  with  each  oilier  in  »«* 
erting-  -n!  their  facultii'i  to 
lltvaff  "I  of  thrir  country. 

Ami  •■  ■!«  i-ftp'.uro  of  Wtt»hin(^tun,  the  Bri- 
tiih a  •-  I  m^ftlkud-oii  biKirrI  llir  fl^t  in 
tho  P*  >  1'  ^.1'!  Aflminil  Cockbnni  moved 
down  t.iD'  •  ,•»<!  pmiw^Hoii  ujrtba '.'In  H3 


•^krUo**  !«> '   M.  "...J  iho>  get'v  I.  fi 
«.»»irf»(.,     t,*ia»i'.;Mii(rt<>  I  'ri  »/' 
*  Aa  etpedisjoa  jgx       ...1  •/» 
■W  «ai»«fc  1*'  tin  0.»'w»w,  in*  te(i .  ■•  (.Kiijt, 

|MMMMMm(  tar  lliglot  IAWt"..'  .jnr 

•attanidp«ii4rd>  awl  Bkiwy  mim.    T  how 

•,  »■«»  I'M  ♦'  •H«''»i*K,  ,.    r (,.-,,, 

knmlr«>!roi7.>,  diav<i'iiT>  .    r       tdp ' 
»o  dfaaMnd  thar.  tbay  «<»t  Urn  :  i   tk. 

blew  fj>,  >iid   'ho  roiiSaiiiiii' 
)lb»tle»«<<«n<]  fill,  t   vith  v»(iui 
wmaJw*  P--i»i«'      '      Wh'AtL  ■ 
faHalterad  IS  •-.IM  p'- ri     .     rr 


th«eii»- 
jIviliMd 
<noWion 
capital* 


I 

1  .'-all  br»v^r\ 
neral  J  •.  ^ 

■  .n>  t. 
K„.l  .,.•  I. 

lt-.«    .    I!    I    I.' 

{tilll    IMV,   .. 

<r.MifiH  ni.. 

t 


\"X 


V 


*iiy  oeo«pii:<l  in  Ur.ijJiMj;  ocer  il>>-  *  .-.■ 
low  Iboir,  0««>«r*t  .Urltmn  formrti  ni: 


iioake. 
tion  oC 
•iapitiii 
rhe  B: 
British 
Patapf 


ditio))  of  abcmt  Snir  :i  -ii^Md  I9*^l1^ 
!umI  fi^lHJU,  n«  (KKl^Kfr  'h.iii.  if. 
ovorcoino  d|^  Ant  tuia-n,  wiu  refuwa  fi.'ru.i  ■•  ', 
"  nib  govei*op,jBid  hii  flj^if '.  I 
upon ;  the  Bnub  (ol  Jji^  '.t 
whori)  thrir  flag- lij^^oii^  ■' 
tion  with  t*"*"  SprviAJi.'fJie  ,|i, 

ri<         'oic.?3    apponreii.       J' 


•fiitil 

hu 

•  •  ■■  to 

r„,  .am 
II"  'Killed 
na  >S 


ip'iii 
foi-*-^ 


iJi>  ,1..    ''  ^  f^i   A iiTn'it.  the  corpora    i.nirieflint«ly  mudo  lo  eofy 
.\l-y    .    ■       ■  :i).r.ilT«'cl    to  nrliol<)«  of  battery    baviii?  Wen    tnkfi 

iitoii,  nnil  rni<  citv  -Wi  li-livi-r*!}  "^  (o   <ligbl  loss  on    eiu.er  »idt'.  ';l> 

'.'II.     Oil  tho  liili  o»'  ^eptrrnbrr.  tbo 

ii/inr>il  nr>pe»roi|  ai  tho  inonili  of  tha 

■•>  '".  ,  ih.«?nni!lo»  from  Haltimnr",  with 


eiii.er 
reiiilorod,  tho  Enpl'  li  rni'. ; 
lire'J  <■)!.  boaril  tlioir  jni)>f 
whirh  coni'"  I'ldoil  the  pom' 


till 
■1  11  Piinnil 

:  •  :■  .-   Olf-  V 
imrn'ioo'i 
thr   pi-.  ■ 
by    utiiiii; 

|..ri  V 

,..   f>:f   ■■^■ 


*  If  ;> 


a  'ool  of  ^liipi  of  «  «•  " "'1  lr«!iSf>'  rfd  «mi«i,a-  i »»*!  ihi?  enabled  ibt-  Kufjlub  Stmt  to  pw 


I.,  'Krmtar'aiix 

I  i   iiirtloii  fur  j.m- 

K'lt.'il   iheniiitilvf* 

..'■....  ...wT.-! ,       -,  .,  V.,,    hcc'I'I'm!.  (f»i- 

jneralJiiK  iiijf  lo  (iha   li-gl^li,- 

1  Te  '  lit'  hnhen  coit»i.i,  uud 

,.   coiMuinins;  tneiie  ex- 

■  I  iiKHioii,  pio' luinicil  nmr- 

.'u!  II, I'll  .  lit.  llii  nicun*  !«!• 

■  ■    iiife  will  the  wel^rht  of 

■'  nad  to  miMaiii.  • 

tho  Prilipli  111 vinif  landed,  liKik 

■••  ■  (ill!  miiii,  rliiu.ne.  o    the  river, 

•  *■    "mle.»  Ix'low  the  riry.    Inthuevo. 

li.'-i.        .—  iSd.Oor.erBlJuikiion  mdde  n  Hud 

ii<      ^   .'      'iowHHilarff  lipWi)  tbiipfuiiip.   They 

w.    -        »*n' into  di.virdor:    iml  they   nooi: 

V  1   fini^lii  witii  d  bravery   at  l«niii 

li.iif  of  Oip  Hssailarif*.      Satisfied  v.  "h 

iiifiuro  first  iminod,  >io    wididrpw    bii 

*■•       ■ ,  .'iriillid  n   stroiiff  position   four  mile* 

'.'■  '  ■!  .^(jw  Orion  I  14,  nnd  »i'!iportcil  it  by  bal- 

.      uretled  oil  iho  west  I'link  of  in"   river, 

■  8Sdi  of  Poroinber,  iii'd  the  1st  of  .fun 

1   \.  .iv'.iriMis  but  iinsi     .csidid   iitturks  were 

1  .I*    upon  tbesfl   fortific;itior,«   by   the  Kn>i- 

>'.       In   ibo   iiKiantiino,  hotli  nrmic*  bad-  n:- 

:  I    rflinfoicemHnt!! ;    jiiii    (leiicral  .Sir  K 

f.Hrkeiihain,  lli«  niitiib  romrniiiide",  reoolveJ 

•n  ciort  all  bin  stM-nj^th  in  i.     niibiricd  tiitick 

upon  tbo  Ariiericnn  )>o»itioii«  on  '101)1  »ide,s  ol 

the   river.      Witli  Hlni'<»'   ixitidible  industry 

he  run  1.  d  a  oannl,  !e»>lii  jj  froi«:  n  crp.>k  unip- 

tyini*   it.sclf   into   lake   li'ir^fie   to    tho   i.:aia 

ctniniud  of  tlir.  Mi*si!<ip>.\  to  Ije  dug,  that  b* 


'i 


J 


iNli'ft  i)i)<S>>aii  (11 
<>|i«  liark  III  \|n> 

\m  rt>arliii4  un 
r.      Ilnviiii^  r«> 

ttm  liny  of  kia 
crnilnl    10    vi*i| 

"wi,  I,)  t;i«»  or* 

«    tlMljiMI^ 

« >'ilili>n» 
B.  ^  »<vn  ipi. 
n'Htti     «Imii1ii 

'  tilth 

^,'.1,1,. 


'<■  '   '"lini;  Of  I,,. 

1 ti    hiiiik  ol 

iw»  f  1  ihi'  u.iran 
iViii|r  the  iiKii) 
«'n»l  of  ii,  iii.l 
iiuiliiu-lniiii  itiid 
tah»i,  til.    Hrii 

<  r.iriT  iiialxiitt 

Nt  lit  III  li*'l  juai 
'tPiikf,   the  rii. 

,  umlitr  Ll«i<l«- 

U    ri|lp<iMI    liiui: 

w  iil^  iiivt  hy   H 

r'tUxi  uunfiicl,  III 

I  I'l'  ihe  Unti.li 

•il'  llii    .Aiiirri. 

iirrcnilfir.    Tin- 

ioBn«  i)f  \viit(!*i. 

iiy,  iir  of  nuiflr- 

'iiiii   tm  iiiH<li<. 

il   Mgiliiih  I     al 

iir  wtiri)   I'liriM- 

I'lf  'Wraisr'ttiiA 

'iirilofi  for  j.m- 

!<l   tht'm«»)iv«.« 

arc*  piii-i!.  <»«. 

Lo  firm   !f'gi-i|i.. 

•#«  rurpm,  uiiij 

ing  iLi'Di'  I'x- 

iiincil  nmr- 

)i!-i  iticbns  III- 

llio  wpijriii  of 

[.'lanrii'J,  tmik 
I'  ilif  rivir, 
111  lliu  tin;. 
i"H'i«»  H  nud 
mrtip.  Tlmy 
It  (lioy  idoi: 
pr_v  Ht  l«Bii| 
[Satisfied  V.  h 
•illii!r<!w  Ml 
four  tnile« 
[fid  If  l>y  1)01- 
in"  river, 
|r  l.n  of  Jill) 
Imtiickn  u»ri> 
IV  the  En^t- 
iiii-'n  bad*  TK- 
icral  Sir  E 
|e'-,  rod'ilvpil 
()mcd  :ii!i»ck 
.itli  sidfs  ol 
ll..'  iiiduntry 
Icrr.'k  «riip- 
tlio  i.;ain 
lug,  ihat  Ik* 


i 


t  I 


VltlTID  fTATIt. 


•  Mrt  of  Iti*  ImmI*  tMl  •nWUry  I nn  fiif  t  liiifta  ntoimiiii,     Hui  MfilWr  alitti 
ilM  rivar.     On  lb*  Tik  of  Janunrv,  tVomitn    iha    mi)riiiny,  iho   ?nu*kiilry    k«<i  rfi«M><l. 

Thai  wh<il«  iilain  nn  ih«  M,  ••  *i->  lh«  liiU 
III'  iha  rivnr,  mint  lK«  m«ii  In  lh«  vfiif*  f>f  iK* 
walnr,  wiia  «<iv»n<il  «kilh  iha  Mriliin  tolilivra 
who  hail  I'alltin.  AhiMI  (our  huiMirml  wiiuimI- 
till  pritiiriori  warn  l«lMn,  bimI  •!  WmI  tlnuhla 


iIm  mDVamanU  ohMrvail  in  iha  liriliah  ramp, 
(  fpaatiy   mimIi  wm  •nii<ii|Hiii<il,     Thit  wm 


■•ilaMrly  on  ika  Rlh.  Tha  llril;*h  InxifM, 
formad  in  a  alixa  aiilumn  nf  ahiiul  livly  man 
In  fmni,  ihaman  *koul<lt>rinK  lh»ir  niiitkuli, 
kit  aarryinK  faMiinai,  ami  mnia  with  latliUri. 
tiivan««<l  luwanU  iha  Amainnan  forlilloalioii*, 
friim  whanca  an  ineaMant  Hra  wai  kapl  up  on 
iha  column,  wkloh  donlinuail  loatlvanaa,  iin- 
III  iha  maakalry  of  iha  lnMi|>«  of  Tannaiiaa 
■  ml  Kanluaky,  joinati  with  iha  Hra  ol'iha  ar- 
llllary,  bagan  l»  maka  an  ininraaaion  on  il 
wkiah  toon  tkraw  il  inloeonAiiion.  For  toma 
lima  ika  Briliih  offloara  iiinoaciiad  in  aniina* 
ling  ika  ooiiraga  of  ihair  InMi^M,  tnaking  ikam 
■dvaiMa  obliqiialy  to  tha  left,  in  avoid  Iha  Hra 
of  •  ballary,  avary  diicharga  fVom  whinh 
opanad  tha  oolunin,  and  mowad  down  whola 
ftlaa,  whiah  wara  almoal  inalanlanaoualy  ra- 
plaoad  by  n«w  truopa  eoinin|t  up  oIom  altar 
tha  Aral  i  but  Uiaia  al*o  aharad  th«  lama  fata, 
until  at  laai,  aftar  twantv-flva  minuiaa  conti- 
nual (Iring,  tkmuKh  wkieh  •  Taw  plaitinna  ad 
vanoad  to  iha  adga  of  tha  ditch,  tha  column 
•ntiraly  broha,  and  part  of  the  Iroopa  dir 

Kraadl,  and   ran  to  take  ilioller  among  tha 
•kaa  on  the  right.     Tha  rait  retired  to  tha 
ditak  where  they  had  bean  whan  Aral  par 
•eived,  four  hundred  yurdi  from  the  Amari- 
•an  linei.  Tkeni  the  omnarawithwimn  dilileul- 
Iv  rallied  their  trooiii,  and  a^niti  drrw  thorn  up 
Air  a  aaeond  altacK,  the  loUlinra  having  laid 
down  their  knapMcki  at  thaiul)(a  of  the  ditch, 
that  ihny  might  be  lew  eneumbarad.      And 
now  for  the  leeond  time,  the  column,  reoruitad 
with  the  Iroopa  tliat  formed    the   rear,   ad- 
vanced.    Again  it  was  received  with  the  aame 
galling  Are  of  muaketrv  and  artillery,  till  it  at 
tail   bfoka  again,  ami   retired  in  the  utmoat 
eoiifnaion.     In  vain  did  the  officara  now  en- 
deavour, aa  before,  to  revive  the  courage  of 
their  men  |  In  no  piirpoie  did  thev  itrikolhem 
with  the  flat  of  their  iwordu,  In  force  thnm  In 
advance ;  they  were  ininniilile  of  every  thing 
out  dangxr,  and  law  nnthinff  but  death,  wliirh 
had  itriiok  ao  many  of  their  onmradi>a.     Thii 
ntlack  had    hardly  bagiin,    when  the  nritiili 
commander-in-chief,  Sir  Edward  Packonhnrn, 
full  •  victim  to  hia  own  intrepidity,  whilii  en- 
deavouring to  animate  hia  tronpi  with  ardour 
for  the  aaiaiilt.     iSonn  aAor  hit  fall,  two  other 
generaU,  Keane  and  Gibln,  were  carried  off 
the  fleld  of  battle,  dangernuily  wounded.     A 
great  number  of  officera  of  rank  had  fallen  ; 
the  ground  over  which  the  column  had  march 
ed  WH  itrewed  with  the  dead  and  wounded. 
Such  slaughter  on  their  aide,  with  icarcely 
uny  Iota  on  the  American,  apread  cnniterna 
lion  through  the  Briliih  ranka,  ai  thev  were 
now  convinced  of  the  impoiiibility  of  carry 
ing  the  linoi,  and  law  that  even  to  advance 
waa  certain   death.     Some    of    the    British 
troopa  had  penetrated  into  the  wood  towards 
the  extremity  of  the  American  line,  to  make 
•  false  attack,  or  to  ascertain  whether  a  real 
one  were  practicable.     These  the  >'oona  un- 
der General  Coffee  no  sooner  perceived,  thnn 
they  opened  un  them  a  brisk  fire  with  their 
rifles,  which  made  them  retire.     The  greater 
part  of  those  who,  on  the  column's  being  re- 
pulsed, had  taken  aheltor  in  the  thickets,  only 
escaped  the    batteries   to  be    killed  by  the 
nusketry.     During  the  whole  hour  that  the 
' ,  the  American  fira  did  not  alack- 
S4 


that  iiiimliar  of  woumiad  men  asratiad  into 
lh«  lirilish  camp  I  ami  a  siMi-a  nf  ground,  aa- 
lamling  from  tha  ditrh  of  tha  Amarican  lines 
In  that  on  which  the  aiiamy  draw  up  his 
trnops,  two  humirad  and  fifty  yards  in  lanoth, 
Ity  alHiut  two  hundred  in  lireadlh,  waa  Pita- 
rally  covered  with  nan,  ailhar  d««d  or  ia- 
varely  wounded.  Parhapa  a  graatar  dispa- 
rity nf  biaa  never  occurred ;  that  of  tha 
Hrilish  in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisonara,  in 
this  attack,  which  was  not  made  with  sufllcinni 
judgment,  and  which,  liaaidcs,  was  amiiar- 
raised,  by  unforsaan  ciraumiuiicas,  was  up- 
ward! of  two  ihouiaml  man  |  the  killvd  and 
wounded  of  the  Americana  waa  only  iMrlttn. 

The  event!  of  the  Huv  on  the  wait  side  of 
iho  river  praaent  a  striking  initanca  of  tha  un 
certainty  of  military  oparelioni.  There  the 
Ainerieani  were  thrice  tha  numliar  of  thair 
brave  aiMilanli,  and  wara  pniteelnd  by  in- 
Irenchmenli  i  but  thev  ingloriuuilv  fled.  They 
were  ciniely  purauoii,  until  the  liritith  party, 
receiving  intnlligence  of  tha  defeat  of  the 
main  army,  withdrew  from  puriuit,  and  re- 
crosieil  the  river.  They  then  returned  and 
resumed  possaasion  of  their  intrenehmenti. 
General  Lambert,  upon  whom  the  command 
of  the  British  army  had  devolved,'  having 
loll  all  hopes  of  auccaas,  prepared  to  return  to 
hia  shipping.  In  hii  retreat  he  was  not  mo- 
lested; General  Jackson  wisely  resolving  to 
haaard  nothing  that  he  had  gained,  in  attempt- 
ingto  gain  still  more. 

The  Americans  naturally  indulged  in  ecsta- 
sies of  Joy  for  this  signal  victory.  Te  Deum 
was  sung  at  New  Orleans,  and  every  demon- 
stratinn  of  gratitude  manifeated  by  the  inhabit- 
ants of  the  union  generally.  In  speaking  of 
gratitude  on  this  occasion,  however,  we  must 
not  omit  a  ludioroua  instance  of  the  meanneas 
which  partv-spirit  will  aometimea  exhibit. 
The  state  of  Louisiana  passed  votes  of  thanks 
to  several  of  the  officera  concerned  in  the  de- 
fence, and  omitted  General  Jackson.* 

Although  the  results  of  the  war  had  been 
honourable  to  the   American   arms,  a  large 


lloritOn  of  iha  ik^  i) 
iaml  stalaa  wara   itnioixin^l 
maasurei  of  the  adm'i     '  » 
mir  of   Miteaahuiatli 
roiirl  nf  that  ilala  |  iha  Ian 
iieiit  was  alMial  to  hohl  iia 
•anion  I  ami  (he  lagislaluri' 


*  TIm  rxiMun  fur  ihi>  omlnion  wm,  ihiil,  whll*  thay 
were  wrnnKliriK  nnil  ilrlavinir  to  iiiHprmI  thi  kmhtmt  t«r* 
fm»  in  ■  ninmrnt  of  th«  iiiimI  impcrioiii  iiM«Mily,  iIm 
(•meral,  lo  hvh  ths  cuiiiitry,  procliinwd  minial  law.  In 
conirqiiPiirs  nf  ilia  uiiiiwiun  of  ilwnlii  by  ihi  ItfiiUlnM, 
•oim>  of  ihfi  ciiinrni  of  N«w  Orltinii  priMntad  in  iddmi 
III  Ihn  urnrnil  j  th«  inawtr  to  which  (a  hifhly  ehiraeWria- 
llc  of  Ihc  iialiani  nfficor.  now  pn>aiil«nl  M  the  Unilid 
Hiataa:— "  Althnufh  born  and  liivii  in  tha  land  of  fnv- 
dom,"  aiya  iha  (rnrni, "  popular  Amour  haa  alwiyi  hnn 
with  ma  I  aMonilary  olijoci.  My  Aral  wiah  in  polilioil 
Mr*  hia  been,  lo  ba  iiaaftil  lo  my  country.  Yal  I  im  lUM 
inainaibta  In  llin  good  opinion  of  my  Rllow^iliiani;  I 
would  do  much  In  obliin  it ;  but  I  cinnot,  fbr  this  pur- 
poaa,  aacrinre  my  own  conacieiica,  or  whit  I  coneiivi  to 
na  tha  iiilcraala  of  my  country.  Theae  piinciplai  hm 
prapirrd  ma  lo  racaiva  wilh  (iial  ntiaOiction  Iha  iddraaa 
you  niva  pnaantad.  Tha  Am  wiah  nf  my  hairt,  Iha 
•afcty  of  our  country,  haa  ha«n  aecompllahad ;  ind  il  if- 
fonia  me  Ihc  (rcalcat  happiiMaa  In  know,  that  Iha 


, ,  .M  u»  »   , 

'  tlta  goVf 
•    llr<      M'  >•<" 

iir-rii*  (  4i»iaa,. . 
,1  ^I'lii  aivniHi 
laaiilaluri'  d  Kf^ncja  laJHi.i 
aim  aiianililed.  Whan  thaia  lavaral  bodia* 
mat,  what  ihould  U  dona  in  ihii  unaaampla(l 
ilaia  nl  alDiira  liacama  a  lulyaei  of  moat  i» 
lamn  ileiiliaralinn.  To  iniiire  unity  of  vicwa 
ami  concert  in  action,  tha  lagiilalura  of  Maa* 
saohiisalti  proimaad  a  '  Confarenaa'  by  dal»> 

Rates  from  tha  la|ialaturaa  of  tha  New  Kng> 
tiid  stales,  and  itf  any  other  alalaa  thai  miaM 
accede  to  the  measare.  Their  reaolution  Ibr 
ihia  purjNisa,  and  the  airaular  lettar  aecon* 
iianying  it,  show,  that  tha  duty  propoaad  I* 
lie  assigned  to  these  delegates  was  merely  I* 
devise  ami  recommend  lo  the  states,  maaaurat 
for  ihair  security  and  defence,  and  such  maa* 
sures  as  were  "  not  repugnant  lo  thair  federal 
tibligaiiona  aa  mamban  or  ihn  Union."  Tha 
prn|iosilion  was  readily  assenlad  In  by  several 
italei,  ami  tha  delegates  appointed  in  pursil* 
anee  of  il  mat  al  Hartford,  on  tha  ISth  of 
December  following.  The  convention  ra- 
commended,  I.  Thai  the  slates  thay  represar.t 
lake  meaauraa  lo  protect  their  citlaena  frooi 
"  foraibia  draughta,  eonacripiiona  or  Impresa- 
ments,  not  autnoriied  by  the  constitution  of 
the  United  States."  S.  That  an  earnest  a» 
iilicalion  he  made  lo  the  government  of  tha 
United  Htales,  requesting  their  consent  to 
some  arrangement,  whereby  the  stalea  aepa« 
ralnly,  or  in  concert,  may  take  ii|M>n  them* 
selves  the  defence  of  their  territory  againsi 
the  enemy,  and  that  a  raasonabia  iiortion  of 
the  taxes  collected  within  the  slates  be  appro- 
priated  to  thia  oMact,  3.  That  tha  taveral 
govemora  be  autnoriied  Lv  law  to  employ 
iiie  military  foree  under  their  command  in  aa 
silting  any  state  requesting  it,  to  repel  the  in 
vasions  or  the  public  enemy.  4.  Thai  a«vo< 
rel  amendmenta  of  the  constitution  of  tk« 
United  States,  calculated  in  their  view  to  pro- 
vent  a  recurranca  of  the  evils  of  whit  k  tnay 
complain,  be  proposed  by  the  states  t>  ey  re- 

firesent  for  adoption  either  by  the  state  legis- 
atures,  or  by  a  convention  chosen  by  tha 
people  of  each  state.  Lastly,  That  if  tha 
application  of  these  states  to  the  govammeif. 
or  the  United  States  should  be  unsuccessful, 
and  peace  ahould  not  be  concluded,  and  tha 


taken  to  teriiie  lliia  object,  have  met  tha  ipnrobiliini  of 
thoaa  wlio  have  hail  the  beat  opportunlltei  of  jodfinf  of 
their  propriety,  and  who,  from  thair  Tirioui  nlitioai, 
niiihl  lie  auppoaed  tha  moat  nady  to  eaniun  inv  which 
had  been  improperly  raanrlad  to.  Tha  diatlnellon  yoa 
draw,  irenllemen,  between  ihoaa  who  only  daeliim  ibout 
civil  riihta,  and  ihnaa  who  fluht  to  miinliin  than,  ihowi 
how  juat  and  prnclicil  n  knowlcdira  you  hiva  of  Iha  traa 

Srinciplea  of  libartr — without  auch  knowladfa  ill  tbaery 
I  uaeleai  or  miachieToua.    It  ia  miliar  of  lurprln,  Ihit 
thay  who  bout  thatniclirsi  Ihi  ehiaipioai  of  thcsa  H(hti 


lad  pririlaiaa,  ahould  nnl,  when  thay  win  Inl  pal  ia 
dinffar  by  iIni  protilimition  of  niirtiil  liw,  hiti  maal 
faatad  ihit  litnly  aanaibillty  of  wblrh  Ihav  hi««  ilnea 
mida  ao  mlanlitloui  a  displiy.  So  Ibr,  nowitir,  wia 
thia  from  btiag  Ihi  «•••,  thil  tnii  maiaun  aol  ooly  mm^ 
than,  Ibi  opan  lupport  m  Ihoaa  who,  whan  thair  country 
wia  inndad,  thouiht  raalaiinei  a  olrtua,  and  Un  aikal 
approbation  of  ill,  but  ivan  ranlnad  Iho  porticKlir  rieoei- 
mandiitoo  ind  aacounKinwnl  of  miay  who  now  in*ai|li 
tho  moil  bittiriy  ifalnal  iu  It  wu  ml  iimII  •  tielory, 
•acurad  by  ihil  vary  nuiiura,  bid  laaaanad  tho  diniar 
which  oecialoMd  Ibi  raiorl  lo  il,  Ihil  iha  pniaal  lbalin( 
(uirdlini  of  our  il||hli  dinovarad  llwl  tho  eammindinir 
nnanl  oiiKhl  lo  hiTO  lulbnd  hia  poili  to  ba  ibandonad 
tnmuf h  tho  intarftnnea  of  i  AiraifB  ■(tnl— hia  nnka  to 
ba  ihlnnad  by  daaartio«,ind  kh  wholi  irmy  to  ba  brafcaa 
lo  piaeei  by  mutiny ;  whUl  yal  ■  powarAil  hm  o<  mo 
•namy  mminad  on  our  eoiil,  lod  wilhia  h  Ikw  hours 
nil  of  your  cily.  Undor  Ihaao  einumilincM,  MIow- 
•oldlan,  roar  molution  lo  lal  olhan  docliim  iboul  pri«l- 
li|n  iiid  eonitituliomi  riihta,  will  mrir  draw  upon  voo 
tha  chirgo  of  beint  iadMonnl  to  Ihoio  lanllBiibIa  blai- 
ainga;  your  ittiehmenl  to  tlnm  hii  baan  pnrad  by  a 
atfoAgir  titli — Ihit  of  hi'iiif  nobly  fan(ht  to  pmarro 
thim.  You,  who  hi«a  ihai  rapporlod  inim  igifaiit  tba 
opan  pnHmioni  of  ■  powarflil  anamy,  will  navar,  I  Iruat, 
lurrtmlrr  Iham  lo  iha  undarhind  niiehiniliooa  of  awe 
who  itind  aloof  in  tin  hour  of  parfl,  lad  who,  whca  tha 
dinrar  ia  gam,  elafaa  to  ba  Iha  'difciitos  of  yoar  «iai4> 

iHltSB.'" 


HItTOKY  or   TNI 


wwMt  U  iMf  iK>  bU«,  U  ••fwiliaM  fcv  iIm 
bgtelHiirM  af  i^«  M*«fal  iwi  lo  •pf^tm 
WiW|aW*  lo  •nmSir  runvanlUit,  l<>  mvri  ai 
Boaln*,  In  Jmiw,  «.'K  Mall  powart  •m'  m 
•InMHiiMM  M  iKa  a«i||anav  of  •  ariti*  •  i  in»- 
—mnm  mik^  raffmra,  TIm  affbrl  of  ihata 
jirraaaJInga  ipon  ik«  publia  mimt  in  ika  •(- 
griavad  Mala*,  waa  alika  taaaimalila  ami  mIu 
Ury,  TIm  vary  prup<iaat  lo  aall  aaonvaniMin, 
•M  Um  a«tl!ilaiM«  rapaaaJ  in  tha  mim  data* 
fMad  to  iW  irttat,  larvad  graailjr  ut  atlav  iKa 
mmIbwi,  and  to  inapir*  aonMdaiiaa  and  hopa. 
Nor  WM  Um  inAiMMa  of  ibia  iMidy  u|hhi  iIm 
Mllmal  oooMlla  laaa  paraapiibia.  wiihin 
iliMO  wmIu  aAor  Um  ^i^tfmmnx  uf  ih» 
ConvontioM  ami  iho  pwbilMlion  of  ikair  ra- 

C,  M  art  p«Mod  both  kouaaa  of  ika  imUomI 
ilaiara,  mhI  raoaivad  Um  aignalura  of  Um 
pwatdam,  aulliortalnf  and  ra<)iiiring  him  lo 
'*  roaoiva  into  iIm  wrviaa  of  Uia  Unitad 
flMiaa  VKy  aerpa  of  irtxipa  whiah  may  hava 
baoM  or  HMy  bo  raiMd,  orfaniaatl,  and  uA- 
•orad,  undar  ibo  auinorily  of  any  uf  ilia 
■Uloa,"  to  bo  "  amployad  in  iho  tlata  raiaing 
Um  mnm,  or  an  aifioininf  Mala,  and  not  alao- 
wImto,  oaoopt  with  iha  aonaoot  of  Um  aao> 
fliilivo  vX  tko  atato  rotaipf  ein  aamo."  lla- 
Nho  iIm  oowimiaatonaw  wm  war*  aom  in  aun- 
i»f  wiUi  tko  gorommonl  aould  rooeh  WaaH> 
ington,  %  bill  paaaod  ih*  aonoia,  providinf  for 
iko  paymant  of  tha  mmpa  and  militia  alraady 
•allad  into  larviaa  undar  iha  aulhorily  uf  iha 
atataa.  Tha  arrival  uf  iha  uraarv  of  paaeo  at 
ihia  Juneiuro,  randanNi  all  IWtner  pruoaod* 
inM  unnaeaaaary. 

Uurinf  Uio  uroaoding  yaar  iho  Dritiah  go- 
«omnMnt  had  daolinad  to  Iroal  undar  Uia  ma- 
diaUon  of  Ruaaia,  and  a  diraet  nocoiiaiion 
had  boon  agraod  on.  Ohani  waa  uUimataly 
doMrminod  aa  iho  plaea  of  meutinK  |  and  in 
Um  anlunin  of  1814  tha  eo'nmiMiunurt  pmao- 
aulod  ihoir  labouri,  but  at  flrat  wiih  very 
dottbtAil  aoeeaaa.  By  tho  S4ih  of  Deeanibar, 
a  iraaly  waa  agraad  u|ion  and  lignvd  by  the 

Glcnipotontiarioa  of  iho  reapoctivo  powara  al 
lb«nl|  and  in  Pabruary  of  iho  folluwinj; 
yoar  it  roeoived  tha  ralincalion  of  iha  proai* 
doni. 

Whik  Um  poopio  of  tho  United  Slalea  wera 
njoiein*  at  tho  return  of  poaeo,  iheir  atteniion 
waa  ealM  to  a  now  aeono  of  war.  By  a  moa- 
aago  (Wnb  tbo  proaident  to  tho  houM  of  rapro< 
ioatetivoa,  with  a  report  of  iho  aocroury  of 
■taia,  it  appeared  that  the  doy  of  Algiera  had 
violonUy,  and  without  Juat  oauao,  obliged  tha 
oonaul  of  tho  United  Statoa,  and  all  tho  Anwri- 
•an  eiiiaona  in  Algiera,  to  leave  that  place,  in 
violation  of  tbo  treaty  then  aubaitting  Lot  wo«n 
tko  two  naliona  |  inat  ho  had  exacted  from 
llw  oonaul,  under  pain  of  immediato  impriaon* 
mont,  a  large  aum  of  money,  to  which  na  bad 
no  iuat  claim ;  and  that  theao  acta  of  violence 
and  outrage  had  been  followed  by  the  capture 
of  at  loaat  one  Airorican  voaaal,  and  by  tko 
aoiauro  of  an  American  eitiien  on  board  of  a 
iMutral  veaael ;  that  tho  captured  poraona 
wore  vet  hold  in  captivity,  with  the  excep- 
tion Of  two  of  thorn,  who  had  been  raniomed; 
dutt  every  otfort  to  obtain  the  releaie  of  the 
oOMra  had  proved  abortive  \  and  that  there 
waa  amno  reaaon  to  believe  they  were  held  by 
ih*  doy  aa  neana  by  which  ho  calculated  to 
•stort  Aom  the  United  Statoa  a  degrading 
maty.  The  preaident  obaerved,  that  tho 
MsaMiofationa  which  rondored  it  unnecoMaiyJ 


aitai  ammponaaa  to  aMwoMoao  noav i lo  itpafa> 
IMIM  no  IM  part  nf  ika  Iftiilad  N«»l»«,  wi'Pa 
RAW  larmlnated  hyiK*  |wara  wiih  Urt«l  llri 
lata,  MrhMiH  uiienad  Uw  priMiwrl  uf  an  ««li«» 
and  valiiabbi  iraila  uflhai'  xitiaana  wilhm  \\m 
ranii*  uf  ika  Alfarin*  aruMtirt  |  ami  ra«i>m 
iiMiiidad  lo  f 'ungraaa  iho  eiin«ld«raliun  uf  an 
act  il««larinK  lla  vaiatonen  nt  a  alaln  <>f  war 
thilwiian  Ilia  irnilnd  Mlitira  aiut  tha  cUy  uf 
Altiwra,  and  uf  auah  |iruvi«iuti«  a*  niiulil  ■>« 
ro«|uiaila  litr  iha  pniaaeulion  nf  it  in  a  aurrwH- 
Ail  taaua.  A  eummilluo  of  (!nngr«M,  lu  whom 
waa  ralarrad  a  Itill  "  tn*  ika  pnitarliun  uf  tho 
otMnmaraa  of  tko  Uaitod  Staiaa  againat  ih« 
Algarino  eruiaera,"  aAor  a  aialemaiii  of  facu, 
DuncludMl  ihoir  report  by  aipraaaing  ihair 
uniind  upinina,  "  that  the  ai>y  of  Algirra  run- 
•idara  kia  Iroaly  with  tha  Unilail  ?(uii-*  a*  ai 
an  and,  ami  ia  waging  war  with  ihnm  |"  and 
in  Marab,  war  waa  iWclarod  againat  tko  Algu- 
rinaa. 

An  aanadilinn  waa  immodialaly  <)rtlan*il  l» 
tha  Modilarranoan,  undur  lh«  aommand  of 
Oummoduro  Dainliridga.  Tho  M|uailri)n  in 
advaneo  on  that  Mrvioo,  umiar  CuinnuMluro 
Dvaalur,  Iuat  nul  a  mumint  aftnr  ita  arrival  in 
the  Mi'dilerranaan,  in  aceking  iho  naval  I'lireo 
nf  tha  enemy,  then  eruiaing  in  that  U'a,  and 
iticcaedud  in  ea|)ltiring  Iwo  nf  bia  ibi|M,  unn 
nf  tham  oummantlad  by  iba  AlK«rin«  admiral, 
Tha  Amrrioan  ciimtiiamli<r,  after  thia  dfinun- 
■tratiiin  of  akill  and  prown**,  hailenitd  lu  ib« 
port  uf  Algtan,  whtiro  ho  raaJily  nblaiiiol 
peace,  in  the  alipulaled  trnna  nf  which  ihu 
righia  and  honour  nf  the  United  Hiatua  wrru 
parliaularly  cunaultnd,  by  a  |i«r|Mtliial  rulin- 
quiahmenl,  on  tho  part  or  the  duy,  nf  all  pre- 
tonaiuna  to  tribute  from  thnm.  fbn  irnpraa- 
aiona  ihiia  mail*,  ilrvngtlii'iifd  by  aulMM«|u«nt 
Irariaadiuna  with  the  n*gonci«a  of  Tunia  and 
Tripoli,  by  tha  ap|M)aranco  ufthe  larger  form 
which  fullnwod  under  Commndnre  liain- 
bridge,  and  by  the  judioioua  precautionary  ar- 
rangamenta  lol\  by  him  in  that  ()uartor,  af- 
foriTud  a  reaaonablo  proa|)ect  of  futura  leou- 
rity  for  tbo  valuable  portion  of  American  com- 
merce which  paaau*  wiihin  ruach  of  the  Har- 
liarv  uruiaera. 

Pre«i4ent  Madiaon,  in  hit  meaaage  to  the 
congreat  of  1916,  having  adverted  In  the 
peace  of  £urope  and  to  that  of  the  United 
Statra  with  Great  Briuin,  aaid,  ho  had  tbo 
"  aatiafaction  to  alate,  generally,  that  they  rc' 
mained  in  amity  with  foreign  powera."  Ho 
proceeded  lo  aay,  that  tho  poature  uf  aflTaira 
with  Algiera  at  that  montent  waa  not  known  | 
but  that  the  dey  hail  found  a  prftoxl  fur  com- 
plaining of  a  violation  of  tho  laat  treaty,  and 
preaontmg  aa  the  alternative,  war  or  a  renew- 
al  of  the  former  treaty,  which  atipulated, 
among  other  things,  an  annual  tribute.  "  The 
anawer,"  aaya  the  preaident,  "  with   an  ex- 

J  (licit  doclaralion  that  the  United  States  pre- 
isrred  war  to  tribute,  required  hia  recognition 
and  obaervance  of  the  treaty  laat  made,  which 
aboliahoa  tribute,  and  the  alavery  of  our  cap- 
tured citizens.  Tho  roault  of  the  anawer  hia 
not  Ijcon  received.  Should  he  renew  hia 
warfare  on  our  commerce,  wo  rely  on  the  pro- 
tection it  will  find  in  our  naval  force  actually 
in  the  Mediterranean.  With  the  other  Bar- 
bary  states  our  affairs  have  undergone  no 
change.  With  reference  to  the  abongines  of 
our  own  country,"  he  continues  "  the  Indian 
tribes  within  our  limits  app<>ar  also  diapuand 
tu  remain  in  peace.    From  several  of  tbom 


iNirekaawa  nf  handa  kavo  hmn  waila,  pariMl 
larly  favmtrabU  lo  Ika  wtskaa  and  saawrMyal 
our  fniniwr  awllbimania  aa  wall  aa  In  iko  §» 
naral  intoptiaia  uf  ika  naimn.  In  soma  iaaHMN 
rva,  ika  lillna,  ikoiiKh  not  aMpfinrlad  by  Am 
jiPtMif,  and  nlaaking  ikum  uf  uoo  Irilio  wilk  Uto 
riaima  ut  anullmr,  kava  ln>»n  aalinfUMkad  kjf 
iluiibUi  piirrhaaoa,  llw  Iwrwvulanl  (mliay  of 
ika  l/iiili<d  Hiaira  pral'>>rnng  ika  aii(;m»i,iaU 
»k|i«ii«t  lu  ika  kaaant  i>f  diunn  iii|>iilira,  nf 
lo  lb*  aiiliirramvnl  uf  jitalira  afainal  a  faablo 
and  unliilurtiil  |taupla,  by  maana  involving  nt 
ikrvalaiiiiig  an  i>(niaiiin  of  blond.  I  am  happy 
to  add,  Ikal  iko  Iranmiililv  wklok  has  Iwaa 
realurmi  among  ili«  Iriboa  inamaolvaa,  aa  wall 
aa  lialwean  lk«tni  and  nor  own  MtpHlallnn. 
will  flavour  ika  r<>«iimMion  of  too  woik  el 
aivilisalion,  wkick  ka«f  made  an  anaourag* 
ing  prugraaa  among  soma  liihaa  i  aial  ikal  llio 
faoilily  is  inrreaaing  fur  rilaiuiing  ikal  divi> 
dad  and  iiMiividual  nwnorskip,  vvnick  raiala 
now  in  moveablo  pmporly  only,  in  iha  anil 
ilavlf  I  and  of  thus  aaubliahlng,  in  the  cut* 
liira  and  impmvamanl  nf  it,  ika  Inia  fminda- 
lion  fur  a  Iranail  f^um  ika  kabila  uf  a  aavago 
lo  ibfi  nrla  and  roniforia  nf  ativial  lifo." 

Tha  iluiibiriil  alalauf  ike  rrlaliuna  Iwlween 
ika  United  Ntalaa  and  the  dey  nf  Algiurs,  iw 
wbli'.h  the  praiaidant  alliulMi'  in  his  mwaaage,. 
vroae  aitbvr  fmni  a  aining  ilnpulan  nf  tha  bivw 
of  KXtortion  in  the  doy,  or  from  iho  inHiipmiai 
of  aoiiui  foreign  perannagea  |  the  riaiiig  ilitf- 
fxruncKa  were,  hnwovor,  axlllvd  by  the  jirut- 
dniit  nianagnmoni  nf  lliii  Amrrican  cnnaul, 
Mr,  Hhalnr,  and  peace  haa  not  ainea  b««u 
bnikon  on  tha  (lart  of  the  Algerines. 

An.(ng  the  incidenia  of  domeaiie  inipi-rai 
which  iiidieale  the  rapid  growth  and  im'rvaa 
ing  prosperity  of  the  republic,  wo  may  no- 
tii'x  thu  formation  nf  the  territory  nf  liuJiana 
into  a  atalH,  and  ita  admiaaion  into  the  iiinlim  t 
the  pnigreaa  of  canals  in  various  alali<a ;  iho 
inaiiiuiion  of  a  national  bonk  |  and  ih»  arri- 
val of  many  thoiiaand  emigraiila,  ohii*ll'7  IWiri 
Great  Hrilain,  Treaties  war«,  durimir  *';a 
year,  negnliated  with  the  Choctaw,  'Chi>:ka> 
aaw,  and  Cherokee  Indiana,  eeditug  laigo 
norUona  of  their  reapeelivo  terrilorira  lo  Ilio 
United  Stairs,  and  acknowledging  their  InUo 
to  bo  under  the  prolaclion  of  ine  rapub^ie 


CHAPTER     XXIU 

AOMINISTaATIANa  Of  JAMia  MObaOl,  JOHN 
HVINCV  AIIAMi,  AND  rART  'or  THAT  or 
ANONBW  iAcaaoN. 

Thb  events  of  the  exisunf,  generation  can 
never  be  considered  fully  rpe  for  the  histo- 
rian; wo  have  therefore  b<.en  concise  in  our 
narrative  of  recent  transartii>ns.  The  closing 
chapter  uf  this  narrative,  altlwjuah  comprising 
a  period  of  eighteen  yejrs,  will  exhibit  stiR 
mora  atrikingly  a  happy  brevity,  through  the 
absence  of  events  wkick  constitute  the  ch<a'' 
maiorials  of  history ;  and  our  earnest  hope  is, 
that  every  aiieceeili>ig  docaile  will  (lussess  an 
equally  diminished  claim  on  the  historic  pea 
—an  indication  that  an  interchange  of  benevo- 
lent acts  constitutes  an  incraaaing  proporuon 
of  national  proceedings,  giving  little  to  record, 
but  much  to  enjoy.  Ambition  and  the  love 
of  glory,  the  brilliant  ,  ut  delusive  ofTsnimn 
of  disordered  siinds,   may  excito  to  uueM 


ONITID  ITATIt. 


hiietaw,  'Chwik*- 


iiaiilioi,    JOHN 
«r    THAT   or 


,  gnnaration  can 
for  the  hitio* 


ktg  HMW  I*  iMwIllml I  liiK  th»y  ar*  it««it« 
«rIiMk,  wlilliB  ttiay  gmlilV  ih*  priilw  itt  •  few, 
MiMl  iIm  ^piiitwM  til'  <i'i't«ii<t<l«»i  ami,  Ilka 
l»Mtly  Ibtitit,   aiifwatl   !>'>  '1-    IwrMifiil    tnrtiiaiMa 


llinmgK  (liaian*  iptnanii  .<i         I  iiiIki*  iIm  IiimM 
.am 
iinh   nmnlriliuia    In  ih*  aillKiy 

r»i»' 


•.I 


•m«h  <li 
and  iiaa 


ftam  III'  'fiiilii  .'7  l|l<>'y>  >(•••  K'l* 


laJly  III 
ami   Miianmi*  witi 

mant  of  life  wilKar,  aiiiv  k(ivM  |ila«n  ut  iha 
unoii*  nmwlh  of  Pitnr~ii'»iii«  Mrvuil*,  wIliifMi 
tiiiMwimi  ara  ilMaliml,  Mi'l'"^i,  wiik  |ff»f|tiniu« 
■iiloiirt,  lull  whaM*  lUm  ihu  iluM  <J  litl- 
l«rn«M  anil  il««|iair, 

A  liraiinMiatMO  |Hi«iil<<ii  u>  ika  aitiMiUiiliiin 
uf  iha  (fiiilatl  MlaliK^.  aim  lamia  In  ali^tilp 
our  nraaaiil  lalwurai  -^itm  hialnry  ut  iha  l/nlt- 
ail  Hutaa  durinn  (ha  maMimlar  of  iha  pariiNl 
wa  pr<i|NMa  III  inaluila  mlalinK  ahiaHv  !••  maa- 
•lima  «f  intarnal  lonprnvamanl,  whiah  ara, 
f»r  iha  moal  nan,  «onil>i«ia<i  by  iha  miftani- 
iva  (talaa,  ami  mil  by  lh«  fprniaral  fnvarn- 
manl,  iha  arr*n||anMM«  of  iha  worh  iiaoai**- 
rily  Iraiwfar  nur  iMilina  of  ihaia  iranaaolion* 
h)  a  aiiliaaiiiMiil  twoliun,  whioh  will  iraat  of 
ihiiin  ill  aonnanlioM  wilh  lh«  alalialiM  •mi  to- 
|Mi|(ra|ihy  of  ihu  tlala*  in  whinh  ihay  have 
viiciirrau. 

Tha  tarm  of  Mr.  Mailiaon'a  admlniatmlion 
lmviiiKaxiiiii«il  in  iha  yaar  1X17,  Jamaa  Mon* 
roa  wa»  iiiaiiKuratail  tiraaidunt,  ami  Danial 
l>,  Tomjiliin*  vuia- praaiilaiit,  Uii.  hi*  iiia^ii- 
ralion,  Mr.  Monroa  ilalivanitl  (ha  fiillowing 
a<liim«i  lu  both  houaa*  of  otinxmta  i— 

"  I  aboiilil  Im>  (laMilula  of  faaling,  if  I  was 
•ml  daaply  allWelail  by  iha  ttning  proof  whioh 
my  ralliiw-oiiiMna  hava  givan  ma  of  iheir 
coiiAJanoa,  in  oallinK  ma  lo  tha  hinh  olilca, 
whoa*  funnliona  I  am  alioul  to  aaiiima.  A* 
ilia  anpraatiun  uf  ihair  giMMl  opinion  of  mv 
lomliinl  in  iho  piililio  Mirvioa,  1  dariva  fVom  it 
t  craliflaalion,  whioh  ihoaa  who  ara  eonaoioua 
V  bavin)(  dona  all  that  ihav  could  to  merit 
't,  can  klona  foal.  Mv  aanaitiility  it  inoraaM'd 
by  a  Juit  ailimala  of  tha  iin|iortaiio0  of  lh« 
iruil,  anil  of  tha  naturu  and  exiont  uf  ila  dii- 
liaa  I  wilh  ihu  propar  diioharga  of  which,  ihr 
hiKhaat  intarcata  of  a  ((mal  and  (rea  p«*o|ilfl 
ara  inlimataly  cunnncted.  Cunaeioua  of  my 
own  JaHuianey,  I  eannul  anier  on  thoan  iliitloa 
without  gruat  anxiatv  fur  tha  raaiill.  Prom 
a  Ju«t  raaponaibilily  I  will  nevnr  ihrink  |  cal- 
Bulaling  with  conRdanoo,  that  in  my  brat  ef- 
forts to  prorooto  tha  publio  welfara,  mv  mn- 
livaa  w'ul  alwaya  be  >4uly  appraoialod,  and 
my  eonduet  ba  viowud  with  tnat  candour  and 
iiidulganea  whioh  I  hava  exparianoed  in  other 
ttationa. 

"In  eommaneing  the  duliat  of  tha  chief 
•xeeiitiva  ofRea,  it  naa  been  tha  practice  of 
the  diatingiiiahad  mem  who  hava  ffona  Itcforo 
me,  In  explain  the  prinoiplea  wnich  would 
govern  them  in  their  reapective  adminiitra- 
tiona  In  following  thei>>  venerated  example, 
iny  attention  ia  naturally  drawn  to  tha  great 
uaiiMS  which  have  contributod,  in  a  principal 
tisgree,  to  produce  the  present  happy  condi- 
ti'in  of  the  United  States.  They  will  best  ex- 
plain the  nature  of  our  duties,  and  shad  much 
light  on  the  policy  which  ought  to  ba  pursu- 
ed in  future. 

"  Fn>m  the  (<»mmencement  of  our  revolu- 
tion to  the  present  day,  almost  forty  years 
Ave  elapsed,  and  from  the  ostablishmant  of 
this  constitiitiiMi,  twrnty-eight.  Through  this 
whole  term  the  govnrnmcnt  has  bean  what 
■ay  anphutically  be  called,  self-govayvncii:! 


•mi  what  has  Iwan  iha  aMkrl  I  Tn  whaiavar 
aki^uM  wa  liipw  mir  ailaniMHn,  whalhar  il  ra- 
lalaa  In  tmr  ftirvlgn  or  dtMnaaila  •onaarna,  wa 
And  ahtimUnl  aauMi  in  fuliaiiala  impaalva*  In 
iha  asaallam'a  of  mir  inalllultona.  Iliirln*  a 
MrNMl  IVaMKhl  willi  iliHUulliaa,  and  inarkml 
liy  vary  ailratinlinary  avanis,  iha  Unilad 
malaa  hava  MoupkhoiI  liayond  aaampla. 
Thalr  riiiaans,  liulivtdiially,  hava  liaan  happy, 
and  iha  nalion  priia|Mrtiiia. 

Uiidnr  ihia  ronsllliilion,  our  mimmarra 
h«a  Iman  wiaalv  rag^iilalad  with  Riraign  nation*, 
ami  lialwaan  l)ia  alalaa)  naw  slalas  hava  haan 
admillad  Into  our  union |  our  larrilury  haa 
baan  aniargati,  by  fair  and  homiurabla  iraaly, 
ami  wilh  graal  a<i  vantage  lo  iha  original  aialaai 


iha  alalaa   raafiai'livalv,  prtManlatI  by  iha 

naiir  viiidar  a  miki  paraaial  ay*- 
tpm,  agaliiat  fiir«>i|<ri  dangara,  and  ai^nying 
within  ihair  saparala  spheres,  by  a  wisa  par- 
lilion  of  ptiwar,  a  jiisl  prouorlion  of  tha 
•tivaraignly,  hava  improved  tnair  pnliea,  ax- 
landed  their  sadlnnwinls,  and  altaina«l  a 
•irangih  and  maiiiriiv,  which  ara  iha  liaat 
pr<Hira  of  wholasoma  laws,  wall  ailminialarad 
And  if  w*  Imik  lo  the  condition  nf  individu 
ala,  what  a  proud  a|iafliaal«  does  il  exhibit  1 
()n  whom  haa  opjirusaion  fallen  in  any  iiuar- 
larof  our  union!  Who  haa  baan  dnprivad 
of  any  right  of  paraon  or  pr«|Hiriy  I  Who 
raalrainaii  in  ofltiring  his  vows  in  iha  nuMla  in 
whioh  ha  prefers,  lo  iha  Divinn  Author  of 
his  iM'ingt  It  is  wall  known,  that  all  ihaaa 
bleasiiiga  hava  baan  ei^uyed  in  ihair  fulloat 
iixtent  t  and  I  add  with  peeuliar  aatisflieiion, 
that  thara  haa  been  no  example  of  a  capital 
puniahmeni  being  inAielad  on  any  one  for  the 
crime  of  high  traaaon. 

Some,  who  might  admit  tha  nompelnnoy 
of  our  gnvemmant  In  these  lieneflcnnl  duties, 
might  Jiiubi  it  in  trials  which  put  to  the  txtt 
its  strtingth  and  efflcinncy,  as  amemlier  of  the 
great  community  nf  nations.  Here,  loo,  ex- 
perience lias  afliirded  us  the  most  saliafaelnry 
prtMtf  in  its  favour.  Just  a*  this  constitution 
was  put  into  action,  savaral  of  the  principal 
stalea  of  Europe  had  become  much  agitated, 
and  some  of  them  seriously  convulsed.  I>e- 
•Iriictivo  wars  ensued,  which  have,  of  late 
only,  Imen  terminated.  In  the  course  of  these 
conflicts,  the  United  Stalaa  received  great  in- 
jury from  several  of  tha  parties.  It  was 
(hnir  interest  to  stand  aloof  m>m  the  contest; 
to  demand  Justice  from  the  party  committing 
the  iniury  |  and  to  cultivate,  by  a  fair  and  hu- 
nuuraiile  conduct,  the  fViendship  of  all.  War 
iNicamc,  at  length,  inevitable,  and  tha  result 
has  shown,  that  our  government  is  equal  to 
that,  tho  greatest  of  trials,  under  the  most  un- 
fiivuurablo  oireumstsnces.     Of  tho  virtue  of 


tho  people,  and  of  tho  heroic  exploits  of  the 

,  the 
speak. 


nrmy,  tlie  navy,  and  the  militia,  I  naad  not 


"  Such,  then,  is  the  happy  govamnwnt  un- 
der which  wa  live  i  a  government  adequate 
to  every  purpoaa  for  which  tha  soeial  eompact 
is  formed  ;  a  govamment  elective  in  all  its 
branches,  under  which  every  oititen  may,  by 
his  merit,  ubtain  the  highest  trust  raeo^iiad 
by  the  constitution  |  which  contains  within  it 
no  cause  uf  discord  |  none  to  put  at  rariance 
ono  portion  of  the  community  with  another; 
a  government  whioh  protects  every  oitiaan  in 
the  full  enjoyment  of  his  rights,  and  is  able  to 

firotoot    the    nation    agunat    ii\juttieo    from 
breign 


tkhar  siiwaiJaraihiw  af  iIm  Mfii"**  (■^■•* 
admtinialt  a*  ••  ihartali  aw  aawi  «a| 
rling  In  lh<  gtivamiMaM  wkiah  aaiMMM  Ik 
Kiiriiinaia  ••  wa  am  tn  mtr  |mlMia*!i  liMtil»> 
liims.  wa  Kva  mH  baan  laaa  an  m  atbar  air* 
riiinaiaiH-i'i,  nn  whtah  imr  prtiaiiarlly  awl  h*f^ 
piiiaa*  awanlialiy  da|iand.  HiHtaMd  wilhia 
iha  laiM|iarala  «»iia,  ami  aatamling  ihfiHifll 
many  il«KPaaa  of  lalUuila  along  the  Allamie, 
iha  Uriiiud  Hialaa  ai^oy  all  Ika  varlalirai  of 
•ilimala,  ami  mtmry  iirndiialtun  inaident  M 
ihal  |N>rliiin  of  ilia  glolia,  l*an«lraliug,  iiilar> 
nally,  lo  iha  graal  laaas,  and  liayoml  iha  soiiraa 
of  iha  graal  rivers  whlahsummunitiala  ihruugh 
our  wnola  inlarinr,  no  aounlry  was  ever  ka|»- 
|Har  wilh  raspoat  lo  iu  domain.  Illasaad  Iwi 
with  a  fartlla  anil,  our  pniduaa  haa  alwaya 
Iwan  yiry  aMimlanl,  leaving,  even  in  yaara 
iha  laaal  Avourable,  a  surplus  for  tha  wants  of 
our  fallow  man  in  iMhar  oounlnes.  Hush  ia 
our  |iafluliar  falisity,  that  thara  ia  not  a  pan  nf 
nur  union  thai  ia  mil  partieularly  inlaraaled  in 
preaarving  il.  Tha  graal  agnaullural  inla< 
rasi  of  tha  nation  proafiar*  under  ila  pmlea* 
liun.  Loeal  iniareaia  are  not  lass  foaiamd  by 
it.  Our  fallow-eitisans  of  iha  mirlh,  engagad 
in  navigation,  flml  graal  anoouragamanl  ia 
liaing  made  tha  Ikvourad  earriars  of  the  vast 
pruclueliuna  of  the  other  [loniona  of  iha  United 
Htataa,  while  tha  inhabitanla  of  ihaaa  ara  am- 
ply raoompanaad,  in  ihair  turn,  by  iha  nursery 
fur  aaaman  and  naval  force,  thus  formed  and 
reared  uii  for  tha  support  of  our  oommor. 
rights.  i)ur  manufactures  And  a  goneroua 
encouragnmant  by  tha  policy  which  patron* 
ises  iliiiiiattic  industry  I  and  the  surplus  of 
nur  priMluee,  a  steady  and  proAiabIa  market 
by  liMinl  wanU,  in  laaa  fhvourad  parts  at  hotna 

"Much,  than,  being  the  highly  favoured  ear. 
dition  of  our  country,  it  is  the  inlarasi  of  every 
oitixen  to  maintain  la     What  ara  the  dangara 
which  menace  ust     If  any  exist,  ihey  ought 
to  be  ascertained  and  guarded  against. 

"  In  explaining  mv  santimanta  on  this  sub> 
jeet,  it  may  ba  asked,  what  raised  us  to  tho 
prosent  happy  suta  t  How  did  wa  aecom* 
plish  the  revolution  t  How  ramedy  the  da- 
fuels  of  tho  Arst  instrument  of  our  union,  by 
inl\ising  into  tha  national  government  sum« 
oient  power  for  national  purposes,  without 
impairing  the  iust  rights  of  the  states,  nr  allecl- 
ing  those  of  indivkliialst  How  susuin,  and 
pass  wilh  glory  lhrou|(h  the  late  wart  Tha 
govemmani  haa  been  in  the  hands  of  tha  peo- 
ple. To  tha  Daople,  therefore,  and  lo  tho 
faithful  and  able  depositories  of  their  trust,  ia 
the  credit  due.  Had  the  people  of  the  United 
Stalaa  baan  edueated  in  different  principlaa 
had  thav  baan  less  intelli^i,  loss  independ- 
ent, or  less  virtuous,  can  it  be  believed  that 
we  should  hava  maintained  tha  same  steady 
and  consistent  career,  or  baan  biassed  with  tha  ' 
same  luocass  1  While  than  tha  constituent 
body  rauins  iu  present  sound  and  healthful 
sute,  every  thing  will  bo  safe.  They  will 
choose  competent  and  faithful  rapresantativei 
of  every  departniont  It  is  only  when  tho 
people  become  ignorant  and  corrupt,  when 
they  degenerate  into  a  populace,  that  they  aro 
incapable  of  exerciaing  the  sovereignty.  Usun 
patiun  is  then  an  easy  attainment,  and  a  usur- 
per soon  found.  The  people  themselves  bo- 
come  the  willing  instruments  of  their  own 
debasement  and  ruin.  Let  us  then  look  to 
the  greav,  cause,  and  endeavour  to  prcservo  il 
in  full  forea.    Lot  us,  by  all  w  se  and 


HISTORY   OP    THK 


tutioMl  iiMMurat,  promote  intolliiranea  •tnung 
iIm  paople,  u  tb*  bMt  m««n«  or  premrving 
our  libartiM. 

"  IHngart  fltim  •bro«J  are  not  leit  i)i)«nrv- 
inc  of  UMntion.  Bxi>«riencin^  thn  fortune  of 
otnar  nations,  the  lTnito<J  Htatei  mny  be  a^itin 
involved  in  war,  anil  it  may,  in  that  event,  l>o 
the  otijoct  of  the  advereo  pany  to  ovumttoiir 
government,  to  break  our  jnion,  and  demolish 
ut  a*  •  nation.  Our  diitanoe  from  Europe, 
ud  the  jual  moderate,  and  |>aeifio  (mlioy  of 
our  govemmont,  may  form  some  leourity 
•gkinat  thete  danger*,  but  they  ought  to  Im 
Mitiflipaled  and  guarded  against.  Many  of 
our  oitiiona  are  engaged  in  eommeree  and 
■•vigation,  and  all  or  them  are  in  a  certain  de- 

KM  dependent  on  their  prosp>erous  state. 
any  are  engaged  in  the  fisheries.  These 
intereatt  aro  exposed  to  invasion  in  the  wars 
between  other  powers,  and  we  should  disre- 
gard the  fkithful  admonition  of  experience  if 
we  did  not  expect  it.  We  must  support  our 
rights  or  lose  our  character,  and  witn  it  per- 
haps our  liberties.  A  people  who  fail  to  do 
it,  ean  scarcely  be  said  to  hold  a  place  among 
independent  nations.  National  honour  is  na- 
tional property  of  the  highest  value.  The 
•entiment  m  the  mind  of  every  citizen,  is  na- 
tional strength.  It  ought  therefore  to  be 
eherished. 

"  To  secure  us  against  these  dangers,  our 
«xie«t  and  inland  frontiers  should  be  fortified, 
our  army  and  navy  regulated  upon  just  prin- 
ei|ktes  as  to  the  furae  of  each,  be  kept  in  per- 
fisel  order,  and  our  militia  be  placet^  on  the 
best,  practicable  footing.  To  nut  our  exten- 
sive coast  in  such  a  state  of  defence,  as  to  se- 
cum  our  cities  and  interior  from  invasion,  will 
lio  attended  with  expense,  but  the  work  when 
finished  will  be  permanent,  and  it  is  fair  to 

Crpvume  that  a  single  campaign  of  invasion, 
y  a  naval  force  superior  to  our  own,  aided 
by  a  few  thousand  land  troops,  would  expose 
as  to  greater  expense,  without  taking  into  the 
estimate  the  loss  of  property,  and  distress  of 
our  citizens,  than  wouia  be  sufficient  for  this 

£reat  work.  Our  land  and  naval  forces  should 
B  moderate,  but  adequate  to  the  necessary 
purposes.  The  former  to  garrison  and  pre- 
eerve  our  fortifications  and  to  meet  the  first 
invasions  of  a  foreign  foe ;  and,  while  consti- 
tuting the  elements  of  a  greater  force,  to  pre- 
•erve  the  seienoe,  as  well  as  all  the  necessary 
implements  of  war,  in  a  state  to  be  brought 
into  activity  in  the  event  of  wai.  The  latter, 
retained  within  the  limits  proper  in  a  state  of 
peace,  might  aid  in  maintaining  the  neutrality 
of  the  United  States  with  dignity  in  the  wars 
of  other  powers,  and  in  saving  the  property 
of  their  citizens  from  spoliation.  In  time  of 
war,  with  the  enlargement  of  which  the  great 
°  naval  resources  of  the  country  render  it  sus- 
eeptible,  and  which  should  be  duly  fostered 
in  time  of  peace,  it  would  contribute  essen- 
tially both  as  an  auxiliary  of  defence,  and  as  a 
powerful  engrine  of  annoyance,  to  diminish 
the  calamities  of  war,  and  to  bring  the  war  to 
ft  speedy  and  honourable  termination. 

"  But  it  always  ought  to  be  held  promi- 
nently in  view,  that  the  safety  of  these  states, 
and  of  every  thing  dear  to  a  free  people,  must 
depend  in  an  eminent  degree  on  the  militia. 
Invasions  may  be  made,  too  formidable  to  be 
tMisted  by  any  land  and  naval  force,  which  it 
«nmld  oomport  either  with  the  principles  of 
•■r  govonuiient,  or  the  circumstances  of  the 


United  ritntvs,  to  maintain..  In  such  cimes, 
recourse  must  bo  hnil  to  the  great  h(Mly  of  the 
people,  and  in  a  maniii'r  to  proilnne  llie  lii-it 
•tfiVct,  It  is  cif  the  hi^htfst  iniliortance,  tliiire- 
fore,  that  tlii'y  Ihi  so  orgnnizt'd  nml  traimul,  as 
to  be  propart'd  for  any  timerguncy.  The  ar- 
rangement should  be  such,  as  to.  put  at  the 
coinrnund  of  the  govnrnmnnt  the  ardi'nt  pa- 
triotism and  youthful  vigour  of  the  country. 
If  formed  on  equal  and  just  prinoiplfs,  itcan- 
iiot  be  oppressive.  It  is  the  crisis  which 
pjakes  the  pressure,  and  not  the  laws  which 
provide  a  remedy  for  it.  This  arrangement 
should  be  formed  too  in  time  of  peace,  to  be 
lietter  prepared  for  war.  With  such  an  or- 
ganization of  such  a  people,  the  United  Htates 
liave  nothing  to  >iread  from  foreign  invasion. 
At  its  approach,  an  overwhelming  force  of 
gallant  men  might  always  be  put  in  motion. 

"Otiier  interests  of  nigh  importance  will 
claim  attention,  among  which  the  improve- 
ment of  our  country  by  roads  and  canals,  pro- 
ceeding always  with  a  constitutional  sanction, 
holds  a  distinguished  place.  By  thus  facili- 
tating the  intercourse  between  the  states,  wo 
shall  add  much  to  the  convenience  and  crim- 
fort  of  our  fellow-citizens;  much  to  the  orna- 
ment of  the  country ;  and,  whut  is  of  a  greater 
importance,  we  shall  shorten  distances,  and  by 
making  each  part  more  accessible  to,  and  do- 
pendent  on  the  other,  we  shall  bind  the  union 
more  closely  together.  Nature  has  done  so 
much  for  us  by  intersecting  the  country  with 
so  many  great  rivers,  bays,  and  lakes,  ap- 
proaching from  distant  points  so  near  to  each 
other,  that  the  inducement  to  oomplcto  the 
work  seems  to  be  peculiarly  strong.  A  more 
interesting  ipoctacio  was  perhaps  never  seen 
than  is  exhibited  within  the  United  States ;  a 
territory  so  vast,  and  advantageously  situated, 
containing  objects  so  grand,  so  useful,  so  hap- 
pily connected  in  all  their  parts. 

"  Our  manufactures  will  likewise  require 
the  systomatiti'  and  fostering  care  of  the  go- 
vernment Possessing,  as  we  do,  all  the  raw 
materials,  the  fruit  of  our  own  soil  and  indus- 
try, we  ought  not  to  depend  in  the  degree  we 
heve  done  on  the  supplies  from  other  coun- 
tries. While  we  are  thus  dependent,  the  sud- 
den event  of  war  unsought  and  unexpected, 
cannot  fail  to  plunge  us  into  the  most  serious 
difficulties.  It  is  important,  too,  that  the  cap- 
ital which  nourishes  our  manufactures  should 
be  domestic,  as  its  influence  in  that  case,  in- 
stead of  exhausting,  as  it  may  do  in  foreign 
hands,  would  be  felt  advantageously  on  agri- 
culture, and  eveiy  other  branch  of  industry. 
Equally  important  is  it  to  provide  at  home  a 
market  for  our  raw  materials,  as  by  extend- 
ing the  competition,  it  will  enhance  the  price, 
and  protect  the  cultivator  against  tho  casual- 
tics  incident  to  foreign  markets. 

"  With  the  Indian  tribes  it  is  our  duty  to 
cultivate  friendly  relati.ns,  and  to  act  with 
kindness  and  liberality  in  all  our  transactions. 
Equally  prober  is  it  to  persevere  in  our  ef- 
forts to  extend  to  them  the  advantages  of  civili- 
zation. 

"  The  great  amount  of  our  revenue,  and 
the  flourishing  state  of  the  treasury,  ore  a  full 
proof  of  the  competency  of  tho  national  re- 
sources for  any  emergency,  as  they  are,  of 
the  willingness  of  our  fellow-citizens  to  bear 
the  burdens  which  the  public   necessities  ro- 

auire.     The  vast  amount  of    vacant   lands, 
le  value  of  which  daily  augments,  forms  an 


iidilitional  resource  of  gntst  extent  aij  dur«< 
litin.  These  reHoiircen,  lietides accomplishing 
cverv  other  iieceaiHry  purpose,  put  it  c  im 
pli'tely  in  the  power  oi  the  United  Htatos  tr 
discharge  the  national  di^bt  at  an  enrly  iHirimI, 
I'unce  IS  the  Itest  time  for  improvninoiit  and 
pn>paration  of  every  kind ;  it  is  in  fieaoe  thai 
our  commerce  flourislies  most,  that  taxes  are 
most  ennily  paid,  and  that  the  revenue  is  most 
productive. 

"  Tho  executive  is  charged  nflioially,  in  the 
departments  under  it,  with  the  disbiirsementol 
the  public  money,  and  is  responsible  for  the 
faithful  application  of  it  to  the  purposes  for 
which  it  IS  raised.  The  legislature  is  the 
watchful  guard  over  the  public  purse.  It  is 
its  duty  to  see  that  the  disbursement  has  been 
honestly  made.  To  meet  the  requisite  re- 
sponsibility, every  facility  should  be  aflcirded 
to  the  executive  to  enable  it  to  bring  the 
public  agents,  intrusted  with  the  public 
money,  strictly  and  promptly  to  account. 
Nothing  should  be  presumed  against  them  | 
but  if,  with  the  requisite  faculties,  the  public 
money  is  suffered  to  lie,  long  and  uselessly, 
in  their  hands,  they  will  not  ne  the  only  de* 
faulters,  nor  will  the  demoralizing  effect  be 
confined  to  them.  It  will  evince  a  relaxation, 
and  want  of  tone  in  the  administration,  which 
will  be  felt  by  the  whole  community.  1  shall 
do  all  that  I  can,  to  secure  economy  and  fidel- 
ity in  this  important  branch  of  the  adminis- 
tration, and  I  doubt  not,  that  the  legislature 
will  perform  its  duty  with  equal  zeal.  A 
thorough  examination  should  be  regularly 
made,  and  I  will  promote  it. 

"  It  is  particularly  gratifying  to  me,  to  en- 
ter on  the  discharge  of  these  duties,  at  a  i!ni<] 
when  the  United  States  are  blesse>^  with 
peace.  It  is  a  state  most  consistent  with  theii 
prosperity  and  happiness.  It  will  be  my  sin- 
cere desire  to  preserve  it  so  far  as  depends  oi, 
the  executive,  on  just  principles  with'sll  na- 
tions, claiming  nothing  unreasonable  of  any. 
and  rendering  to  each  what  is  its  due, 

"  Equally  gratifying  is  it,  to  witrees  the 
increased  harmony  of  opinion  which  pervades 
our  union.  Discord  does  not  lielong  to  our 
system.  Union  is  recommended,  as  well  by 
the  free  and  benign  principles  o(  our  govern- 
ment, extending  its  blessings  to  every  indivi- 
dual, as  by  tho  other  eminent  advantages  at 
tending  it.  The  American  people  hare 
encountered  together  great  dangers,  hi.J 
sustained  severe  trials  with  success.  They 
constitute  one  greot  {iimily  with  a  common 
interest.  Experience  has  enlightened  us  on 
some  questions  of  essential  importance  to  tho 
country.  The  progress  has  been  slow,  dic- 
tated by  a  just  reflection,  and  faittiful  regard 
to  every  interest  connected  with  it.  To  pro- 
mote this  harmony,  in  accord  with  the  prin- 
ciples of  our  republican  government,  and  in 
a  manner  to  give  them  the  most  complete 
eflTect,  and  to  advance  in  all  other  respects  the 
best  interests  of  our  union,  will  be  the  object 
of  my  constant  and  zealous  exertions, 

"Never  did  a  government  coir.meiico  un 
der  auspices  so  favourable,  nor  ever  was  sua 
cess  BO  complete.  If  we  look  to  the  histci-y 
of  other  nations,  ancient  and  modern,  we  find 
no  example  of  a  growth  so  rapid,  so  gigantic ; 
of  a  people  so  prosperous  and  happy.  In 
contemplating  what  we  have  still  to  pe.'form, 
the  heart  of  every  citizen  must  expand  with 
joy  <«vhon  he  reflecta  how  near  out  gi.  vera* 


xinnt  aiKl  dni» 
■  BOcomiilUhini 
■r,  put  It  r  im 
Tiiitvd  HtMO«  to 
an  «nrly  iNiritid, 
inrovmnoiit  and 
II  in  |H<noe  that 
',  that  laxdi  arc 
revenuu  ianiott 

officially,  in  the 
diibiirMimontof 
(mniikle  for  th« 
he  purpotei  fur 
(iilature  ii  the 
lie  purse.  It  il 
lement  liai  been 
ie  requiiite  re- 
tuld  be  afltirdrd 
il  to  bring  th« 
ith  the  public 
:ly  to  account. 
J  againit  them  | 
Itieii,  the  public 
tr  and  utnlriialy, 

be  the  only  dn- 
ilizing  effect  be 
nee  a  relaxation, 
liitmtion,  which 
munity.  I  (hall 
snomy  and  fidel- 

of  the  adminis- 
it  the  legislature 

equal  zeal.  A 
Id   be  regularly 

ng  to  me,  to  en- 
duties,  at  a  finio 
re  blesser*.  with 
listent  with  iheii 
will  be  my  sin- 
as  depends  o<. 
cs  with' all  na> 
isonable  of  any, 
its  due, 

to  witness  the 
which  pervades 
l)etong  to  our 
ided,  as  well  by 
ol  our  govern- 
to  every  indivi- 
advantages  Ht 
people    hni'K 
dangers,    ai.J 
success.     They 
th  a  cotnmoii 
lighteneii  us  on 
portancc  to  the 
oeen  slow,  dic- 
faithful  regard 
th  it.     To  pro- 
(vlth  the  prin- 
titnment,  and  in 
most   complete 
her  respects  the 
II  be  the  object 
ertions. 

conr.muiico  uii 
ir  ever  was  sua 
to  the  histci-y 
nodem,  we  find 
lid,  so  gigantic ; 
ind  happy.  In 
still  to  pe."form, 
St  expand  with 
•r  ouTgi  v«rD> 


,1: 


lit 


HISTORY   OP    THE 


>llM  •«•  •.■• 


tulioiwl 

our  libai 

•'IHi^ 

ins  of  Ml 

other  nM  •  i».  .  ■>'  I'niti'il  Sim 
involved  in  wnr,  itml  it  mnj 
the  objeoi  t>t'flM<  ndvoi*  f^ 
government,  lo  brcnk  i>ir  '• 
ut  M  »  ritiion.  Oil''  iW  > 
and  the  j'l.tt  tm>il<"'»t»  •^<'  ■ 
our    govrnii'ii'M' 


«•,  promote  intelligence  amnng  I  United  Stntci,  to  inni 
»k*  t«M»  nuuuw  ot  Dreforvingl  recourw  mu«t  bo  hnd  tc 


ntain.     In  inch  ciinea, 
to  the  ffrent  UnIv  of  tho 


.-,1. 


ill.'  !ii'«t 


•I  \ 


nr'-m*- 


nnf 


■t  im|'>ii'«noi',  iliiTt'-lplutt  y  in  i!ii»    pii« 
>.  V.I  <1  nni]  tiitiii)><l,  DijiiiiK  linrKu  )•«  imtujiM 
'I'lii' iip-l  I'lviri-    14    he  lifiiit 


ui.v  iiimrn-'ir'y. 


ndditioniil  reiniircu  (if  gnmt  extent  aiiJ  dura* 
tion,     ThiisH  maoiircHa,  lM)iideiaccomiil'!»hin| 
■'  ■  I'  <•  ini 

•utiK  It 

IXIlOl). 

riii  ^<'id 


ii„ 


II. 


•gunit  t 
•ntieipeti 
our  eitii 
iMvigktio 
«TM  de) 
Many  a* 
intaretta 
between 
gmrd  the 
we  did  t. 
rights  or 


.  nMiiKMi-cp    '.nd 
•  •   ^^r,'.l  \"n  in  a  .rrtain  do- 

litM  n'liorion.  'Dime 
•il  'n  i  vasiion  in  tlie  ware 
.T^,  Hnd  wn  should  diar*. 


be 


,1 


'uid   tie  inch 
the    (.'iivciiim.'nt  the   ttrci.  nt 
vontlil'il   >  \f>i)\it  of  tlin  ••oiinfry 
"  jiiiti  km]  jiiKt  |>nMiM|i'.  .  ^  nn 


«i  >.o.  put  lit  tlirt 

l" 


ninM| 
«ii»l« 


.  of  iioi  be  o|li|^r(Neiv»«  It  |a  mm  cmm*  w 
\..-.v  »«•';  -ity  Mil(N94|l»  preeeiirif,  nnd  n«ldw  I«t«  w 
'  "•r'hk  .  :  bn  fllMfiNa/Mnody  for  it.^  Tbia  arranffer 
9.     y,i>.r.\   at  ibpwld  m  fermad  too  in  tiaan  af  peai-t.  u 


Nvliitit 
l.ich 
arraiHreniuu; 
pcai"«i   to  \ftt 
bnHiH  jfj<ap»T«d  iiif  war.     With  *iink  «..  ..r- 
ganhwn^ifaueh  apeopla,  '^ "  UmI)'  ^tatvt 
hav^  nnihin^  to  d'WM  tK>m  IWi." -o  rvfiion. 
At  jjl^  ! ;  jiroaebf  an  overwhelming  £«f<M  of 
ga|^iit,Blen  mi«[ht  always  be  put  in  ii^Hn. 't' 
"OUier  inteteata  of  high  irnpuMA(Ks»T  wiii 
limonitliiii  of  oxpti'.rre  V  eWm  attention,  among  wbMi  thu  itt<»*^<tv*< 
e.Tirfict  it.     Wo  ranHt  mipno'-i.  our  nnnt  oftouriMitKry  by  rnnd*  arid  uaual*.  p^f>- 
>*.•  i.iir  clmraclLT,  aiul    with  '.'  ner*  oeediiiff  alwajw  with  aaonatiiufi. 'ml  .■    ■   .  ,'^ 
hapa  our  fiiiertifti.     A  poiiplc  who  fnil  t«  do  'i<Jd^  ■'•  distin(fuinbed  pl"'-c.     By  ilnis   iVerii- 
it,  can  •cmroily  l.a  iiiiJ  tn  hold  a  [ilac*  inoinij^  '•i''«>g  the  interciiirw  l'r..>  n-n  tho  ibtt 
independent  nuiioiis.     Nationul  linnu"  i»  na- 


tional proiicrty  of  lio  'iij|h«i.t  v»hi«.  Th» 
aentiment  in  ihu  mind  of  i  "rr^  «ui^i-n,  m  «»• 
tional  It'-)',  i^ili.  I;  littf^ht  •'u^mJUru  to  be 
okeriihed,  ' 

"  To  •"O'ln*  '!•  ttg»i.'i»t  (h«ie  'Kn;'!-™,  imr 
cxwat  ami  inland  ♦Vyntirr'  Uioidd  Ik\  h.rr  i/<l, 
our  army  ^r.^  navy  rc/^iiAUti  upwi  jmt  priti- 
eiplea  a*  <■>  'H<'  i-i^f  ■  '    >•;  i-  nt  In  jh>  • 

feel   ordsr,  aoi  \"t!  <  >  .     pincnu,  nn  tliu 

beat  practirabie  fi>«R,i.r;  To  iii..  ...i  ,  <feti- 
i(iv«  eoasi  in  -ttich  «  irti>t«  of  dnfcnce,  a»  to  •'•• 
cum  our  cilicn  -iml  inlp-i'ir  froi.i  inv.nion,  will 
li«  atteniled  with*».xpi'n«e,  liut  the  vfvrk  ofhco 
fini«hed   Will  b.;   [K^rmanent,  and  it  is  ftiir  to 

Cmume  that  a  sing!)  (^nmpnign  of  invanion, 
y  a  nava!  force  superior  to  .>nr  ovn,  aid^d 
by  a  few  th'.',i«auii  ;a.ii'I  troops,  would  '^xpoie 
OS  to  greater  exfionsu,  withunt  takintr  into  ^fl 
entimatp  tlio  lo>»«  o(  prup<»r»y,  ajij  ^istr.>a»._^ 
our  citii;oii«,  than  would  n,.  "itficicnt  ti 

great  work.     Our  i.^'id  and  nayhl  f'>ic<-.t 
a  mode,  »»«,  bui,   -^Iwijant*.   to  lti<;  p-'v 
purposex.     TV«  *,«•«»»«■  f*  jji*"*.  -i 
aerve  our  rw.,4(»#*i»^(#  \v  «•    mpo- 
invaaion*  of  «  ;'  -*i^ij  •".(.  '    *. 

tuting  thft  olt'RjiTrta  '.fa  jsfr.  ,i' 
aerve  the  irie'ice,  at  I*'.-!'  m  .«  ;*-: 
impleroonte  of  war,  in  a  «tatij        *" 
into  activity  in  tho  event  o'  wa- 
retained  ^v.rhin  'i.c  limit*    •••«•<'   , 
peace,  giipht  iii.i  in  nwints 
of  the  United  Status  \ni. 
of  other  power.;,  and  in  s'tv-ni;  th"' 
of  their  ciiizHn*  f^-om  h-pouatiun.     In  ti^l^iSr  iite: 


shall  add  much  lo  tZc  ..i.t.  m-.-  and  o.ro 
flirt  of  our  le9ow<«fl'zi)us  I  uiiiuli  to  thu  oina 
mentof  tbe  (..mntfy;  nnd,  whatis  of  agi^iver  ennfined  tathem 
iinp.vrtan'ra,  we  uhnU  ah(irtu«i<listAaoiM,  aiwl  \>\ 
making  oaoh  part  more  aocoaaiblfl  to,  and  .  '•■- 
pendent  r>n  the  tether,  wo  shall  bind  the  uhtion 
ir.bre  olonly  Mtieth^r.  Nature  has  di'^<'  "o 
inufli  for  us  hv  i.itei^ciRting  the  ountry  -vifK 
t.'i'iy  jrronf  riv.irs,  bay*,  atid  lak  n.  up- 
preaching  from  dismnt  |>nittta  »o  »>■  :  to  .?.,oh 
Mtrttr;  that  the  ind'trftmont  to  oornpJuUi  rh,. 
worJi  seems  to  be  peculiarly  Tfrorig.  A  '  iir<> 
inhsrestioK  Rpe1:t"<->ti  wa*  perhr^ris  ii-n-w  wvi. 
than  i»  cxttibii.'d  within  the  L'mted  ^ntfi^ii;  aj  wtif 
tiarriUly  so  vast,  and  advanta|rnou!>ly  iit0a'<'»l,  I  nenrc. 


pr.'pHr«Bnn«d  'very  k(»j. 

our  i!oni'.  ."i.  fl.   i-i«li«.«.  . 

most  of'ily  ^«»•^,  and  thu;    " 

proiliiclivi". 

"  The  oxccntu  •  IS  ehari/  .<] 
depatiniPiifs  tinder  it,  with  the  &•  < 
th.'  pulili'-  nioiiey,  and  is  y*»i-  ■•■•il 
f>  ihful  appliention  ct  it  i<>  'h*  tnii 
whieh  it  is  riiisoj.  Tho  le(r: »»•»«» -o 
witrhfiil  f^iinrd  over  the  ptd>l.ii  v.«s»» 
Its  duty  1.1  ».e  that  the  (l'.«'  .  rwiiHji* 
honestly  made.  To  meet  the  nsqitwisai  •<<■. 
»|i'>nsili''.ity,  every  farljiy  slioiild  Ui  altiiMrl 
tn  tho  exocittivn  to  enable  it  to  bring  the 
public  agents,  intriisled  with  thu  public 
monry,  strictly  and  promptly  to  nrrnuiir. 
Notliii.-'  should  be  tiresiimed  ngaitist  them  j 
but  if,  with  the  requisite  fscultiea,  the  piibhc 
money  is  suuVuv.l  '..  lie,  lonff  tn.d  n4ele»»ly, 
IP  llu;ir  huridi.  they  will  not  no  the  otily  rle. 
fki  '...•r^.  nor  wili  tho  der:  iji'lizinp  '^Wnr-.f  be 
It  will  ev'ne^ea  ri'laxi  i.'.ii, 
and  want  (ifriiiie  m  th'.  nlounisiration,  which 
will  be  feltl^y  the  wdoie  eomioinity.  I  khajl 
,l(>  nil  that  I  cm.,  to  Rr.'t  -.'  ic-jt  j.  v  iru4  fidcl. 
ity  in  tbia  inifu^rr^ti  l.riiii.  h  of  the  miiniiits- 
'fntion,   nmi    1  .J..iit>».  n..!,  mat  the  '  .'.tiilBUnc 


dp*  that 

■•  iiost 

nn 

ii. 

«      -.Vf 

1 

»       Il  It 

k«»»«»,-n 

OonCniimilf  objects  fo  grand,  su  luse.ii 
pily  QOnneeted  in  till  their  pans. 
'  "Onr  maw^icturat  wMI   likewW  reqniro 

tlwtyaitiBnitf'iwd  f.-iiw:-./  •.i---:''  tV-  tro- 
,_  ..i^lWftMMlMft     VnuH'inf;.  a»  -      -i-.  aU  tko  i  iw 

ior4H^NM<t''M*«  <k*  Ma«f  «wt  -m*!  »rii  mnA  itidus- 
immf49WM';lf~  ><*<>*  »»«*  ***  *5g«»*  •«  ''  "  dea;r.'0  we 
'     WMj*  a«  tfe*  Wifwna*  Atx".  :<tli«>- 
^#|||M  siW«WMWi«l6p«|Hi«; 


will  p.'iliimi  US  .'  "y  with  e<pi»l  real.  A 
thorough  oxmn'oation  should  ^le  recriihirly 
made,  and  I  »  ill  promote  it. 

"  If  is  parti"iilaifly'(!rntifyiiiir  to  me,  to  en- 
ter .III  the  d.d,  '  '  i;;e  i.t  th.?si    ^,>'>  ■.'■:  a  time 
the    I 'iiiied  Stiites*iire   Messi'd  -with 
Il  is  u  state  m".^t  ronsi«»ent  with  theii 
«[>- f  (irosperity  ond  happiness.     '•  will  lie  my  sin- 
>;cre  dci'ire  to  prcjurv  (;  il  »  .  (i>r  an  dep<hds  oi, 
ihe  executive,  on  jost   prinrip!<«  wjth'oli  nn- 


tion-i,  claimin.' 
and  ■•••iideiii'K  t 

'■  K.j.is!!y  ^ 
itifjt'-rf'd  t  .. 
on- lour  union 

ud-i»yi'ein.      ' 


the  iV.-i. 
ment,  c  v 
dual,  i'  • 
fend ;     ■ 


war,  with  t!  o  enlarwemeot  .if'wl;lrh  ihegrfltf 
naval    -eaourceg  of  the  cointry  remJf  i-  ^  ■*^~- 
eoptible.  ind  which  shui'Id  bu  dilv  (' 
io'  tim-  of  iviace.  it  would  ontiibut.-  etwti- 


tially  I«)i:.  m  in  a^jxiliary  uf  dafonce,  aiw^iria  |(fednwM  nnd  Ubejality  in  ilf 
powerfl  .;,£-<»  i/  uiioyanco.  to  diMfMab  Bqwaliy  proper  *■  it  to  per* 
the  oalati>iti«i;r  ^^  \''ur,  nod  to  briuj^  llin  isA  i^iibrtato'cuend  tdtheiu  the  ml. 
a  apeedy  a-i  i  ■•  "i  ■  r-s>»le  terminatior,. 

"Bur.  i*  5;ivn>5  ■  '^  •  ".  held  promi- 
nently ill  view,  tUd  ■<■:  if  these  '1!<Xiih. 
andof  e-";cy  th!!Mf.d''i«  ..  .  '  >,  j>e<)pte,'mii3t 
depend  in  a'l  eiamenl  :.,■:  ^;  ,'„«>  mdltia. 
Invasions  niay  bo  made,  v.  .i  '  -  iikbie  lo  be 
IMiatOu  ny  any  Und  and  iiav..'  <  .  ■,■  ,.ii.c.k  it 
woold  eomport  either  witli  the  principles  uf  j 


iif  «V  «a>"i»OKlit'ytd  «i.s.,in»e«h»d, 

-1^^  't'  "iJtsi  the  mnst  s«Tioiis 

iit.  rflifm+Wif,  too,  tbnt  the  cap- 

MWJMfc.!-^  1  I"  «tniAt)&«ture«  ahoiitd 

ij«lJ^lli|Wfc«SJft-       ^»- ..Y-  te   ('.it.  «•.•.-.-    :- 

JO  It  m  i|   dii  hi   lor.    ,(» 

"^ttttra^ft^nfiriT  on  a^H-joiristitatit 

lir^'tk   nmnflh  <)f  industry.  I  iiiiert*t. 


»«AM«|ii*    ^1 
K-'^Jh'-:  t^<a*»* 


HM»tl>!     »'l 


•••»s«<«bi«  of  si.y; 

I  •.f   its   dui!. 

t    it,   to  wiinens  tho 

/.ion  whrh  perx'ihles' 

...'<  oof  lieloiij;  to  our 

'-  -iommiiided,  as  well  bv 

■  .     (.o  princ;ple»  of  oiii  p  .« em- 

•  ..  tts  !ile«S'  ijj(8  to  every  mdivi- 

ft-wf  eminent  advnntujres  at 

■ .       Xmtrihan    p'eople    h.\i» 

;i-     gi-ral     danijers,     nr  :\ 

•i^vfi'tj  xnti-t  wiih   success.     They 

.;'•    gWftt  family  with  ..  cor.irnon 

.  .      _ _  ..   I     -  Kigertenee  haa  cnlijojhieneji  us  on 

,a 4tW|lil'!  rli   t  I.,    luov'  '     St.  homo  a  son    •  ij-t.-".*  >.  «  o"«  ,  •' niinl  iinporlniKe  to  the 
'"Wi*  n.n'"7ful<',  ns  l»y  extend  'en; ui'ry.      riiB  pnigTcis  has    neon  slow,  die- 
.  ^  »#*i*,    .  jHTtli  «iih^m>a   'iiv  pice,  Itated  by  a  just  roHectioji,  i>iid  Cm'  fil  regard 
.1  '•.iitJWstBr  Mi.-»in»t  W     .  isUhl-|to  ee«rv  interest  connected  with  it.     To  pro- 
mo'.; this  \i  irmony,  in  aconi   »vith  the  prin- 
.;iules  of  our  republican  ^joveriiment,  nod  in 
.1  mannor  to  giv,-    tliein  the  most   complete 
effect,  auii  lo  iidvfincH.inalliitber  'r- itiecta  the 
best  iuterfsts  of.ou.  umon,  wil!  ho  tl. '  olvjecl 
of  my  constant  and  r.ealon..*  exertions.    - 

"Never did  a  government  cofr.meuco  liU 
der  aiiijj!c.?s  so  favourable,  nor  over  wns  sue 
tlic  flourishiiij^  .state  of  the  treiutfiry  .jifi.' a  fulljrass  so  complelo.  If  we  look  So  the  hisfir.'j 
proof  of  tho  competonry  of  th*  n-.tMinal  re-jof  oth.'i-  mitions,  anr^ien:.  and  nuije-..,  u  «>  fiixt 
•.I'lrces  for  ony  einergencv.  as  .'•■•■  ^  urti,  of.tto"  exumpio  of  a  growth  so  rap'tl,  m>  jriganlic  ^  . 
iHo  will     j^    >    '•"  .  i    rellow-cit««\->»  ■  '.■  b<Nu-iof  a  people  So    prosnei-ims    ami  happy.      In 


l.v  !.•  fint'gn  tTiarkixs 

^itb  •..-    titdian  tribes  it    ' 
Itmltiruti)  t'.'itiidty  mlatiotM,' and 


».ir  du!\  !■ 

(..   act    ^.■'i  • 

i.iar)Wcti.7Ui. 

|)«rieir«»B  in  om-  ef- 

.lv«iita(f««-«sf.:l«'iii 

aatior. 

"Tho  preat   iimount  of  ouf  Tt»i'm»'j,  mid 


jthii  iiiii'dens  which  the  .judilic 
uiru.     The  viiit  aniou/it   of 


\z 


ne 


■*  re 
bnils, 


•W  gDvanuneDt,  or  the  oircumitancoa  of  the  |  the  value  of  which  daily  augments,  forms  an 


r  ritenip'.ating'  what  we  have  sdii  to  pe.-fonn, 
the  heart  of  every  oitiieu  i  uut  expanu  wuh 
joy  'm'hen  he  reilecu  Luw  nmar  out  gi  voih' 


ent  >IkJ  dim> 
locnmiilUhini 

">•»  If  r  »m 
■^•iitHK  ir 
'  ,  )H'noil. 

Ill  K'ld 

..rk  thai 
...  «  :ii-» 
.    w  iiont 

.ha 

...il  •»i« 

»    »n.  1" 

«tiM«im    *   ti« 

1!    V''»P«*  •'  «« 

;   nnqiiwiw    •^' 
lid  Ut  »<*iintr  \ 

to  bring  tiMt 
\\  iho  public 
y    tn     ncriiuiif. 

nguittst  thorn  | 
ticiV  the  public 
;  and  ii«el«»»ly, 
^w  the  iVily  ''"• 
liriiuT  c"'""*  **• 
<io  a  rcla.tt  iii.M, 
KirHtion,  wliuili 
;>  initv.  I  ^bllil 
'1'  I.  t  11^  fUlpl- 
of  ll«*  mJininlfi- 

ihp  '  ".^islBUllO 
wjiial  ISC*'.  A 
il   bp  ivtnilarly 

I8r  to  nil*,  to  I'ti- 

!;>>.■."■•■  a  liirio 

^   lli'imrtl  -with 

tpnt  wirli  ibpn 

II  Ip*-  my  iiiiV' 

wiih  oil  :m» 
M>i  itbiu  of  «iiy. 
Jut!, 
tvitnffn  llio 
h  pon'inlt'd' 
H^loiig  to  (iiir 
A,  88  well  by 
ot  oiii  IT'"  Pin- 
c'vory  in(b>'i- 
a<lvnrfa^"»  hi 
•^tt'onjp     ha  I  ft 
)aiis;pr(i,    nr  :1 
i'-ot;a'<.     Tliey 
tb  !■  (•oramoii 
t^luc'iiniii  lid  oi, 
lorln'Kf  til  tilt? 
tonn  hlow,  tlic- 
f,iH'  fil  rrpiiH 
1  il.     To  ))ro- 
vvith  the  prin- 
riimrtit,  luid  in 
tno8t   complete 
er  '■•  'T>prrfl  thfl 
II   l-.o  tl.  ■  ilbjfCj 

nionii.    " 
cotT.mt.'tico   iin 
r  evi!!*  wn«  muj 
to  thu  hist.r.-j 

loJ'""',   \' ''  fil"' 

J,  M)  gigantic  i 
ml  liappy.  Jit 
null  to  ptr.-fi>nn, 
lit  expnnti  vf  it'll 
ur   our  g< ''*'•'•** 


il.t.i 


ttH 


I    Ix 


UNITED  8TATK8. 


■ent  Km  kpproMhad  to  pwfcotioii  t  that  in 
mpMt  to  It,  w«  btva  no  ••wntial  impror*- 
mam  to  mtka ;  th«t  tha  grett  objaet  ii  to  pra- 
Mrva  it  in  iha  aiiantial  principle*  and  fcaturaa 
whieh  oharactarita  it,  and,  that  it  it  to  ba 
duna,  by  praierving  tha  virtua  and  enlightan- 
ing  tha  minda  of  tha  paople  |  and  aa  a  toouri- 
ty  againtt  foreign  dangen,  to  adopt  aueh  ar- 
rangamenla  aa  are  indtapenaable  to  tha  tup- 
port  of  our  indepandnnoe,  nur  righti,  and  li- 
bartiea.  If  we  p«r«evare  in  the  oaroer  in 
whioh  we  have  uvanoed  to  far,  and  in  the 
path  alraady  traead,  we  cannot  fail,  by  the  fii- 
vour  of  a  graoious  Providanee,  to  attain  the 
bigk  deatiny  whieh  leema  to  await  ua. 

"In  tha  odminiMration  of  the  iiluatrioua 
men  who  have  preceded  me  in  thia  high  lU- 
tion,  witk  tome  of  whom  I  have  been  con- 
neetad  by  the  olotett  tiea  from  early  life,  ex 
amples  are  preaented,  whioh  will  always  lie 
fiiund  highly  inttructive,  and  uieful  to  their 
aucoettora.  From  thai*  I  shall  endeavour  to 
derive  all  tha  advantages  which  they  may  af- 
ford. Of  my  immediate  predecessor,  under 
whom  ao  important  a  portion  of  this  groat 
and  successful  experiment  has  been  made,  I 
shall  be  pardoned  for  expressing  my  earnest 
wishes  that  ha  may  longeiyoy.inhis retirement, 
the  affection*  of  a  grateful  country,  the  best 
reward  of  exalted  talent*,  and  the  most  faith- 
ful and  neritoriou*  services.  Reiving  on  the 
uid  to  be  derived  from  the  other  cfepartmeuts 
uf  the  government,  I  enter  on  the  trust  to 
which  f  have  been  called  by  the  suffrages  of 
my  fellow-oitiiens,  with  my  fervent  prayers 
to  the  Almighty,  that  He  will  lie  graciously 
pleased  to  continue  to  us  that  protection, 
which  He  haa  already  so  conspicuously  dis- 
played in  our  favour." 

During  this  year  the  republic  received 
another  accession  by  the  erection  of  the  terri- 
tory of  Mississippi  into  a  state,  and  its  admis- 
aion  into  the  union.  By  the  act  of  admission 
it  is  providnd,  that  the  public  lands,  while  be- 
longing to  the  United  States,  and  for  five 
years  irom  tha  day  of  sale,  shall  be  exempted 
from  all  taxes;  that  land*  belonging  to  the 
eitisens  of  the  United  States  rosidine  without 
the  state,  shall  never  be  taxed  higner  than 
lands  belongiag  to  persons  residing  within 
the  state:  and  that  the  river  Mississippi,  and 
the  navigable  rivers  and  waters  leading  into 
It,  or  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  shall  be  com- 
mon highways,  and  for  ever  free  of  toll  or 
duty  to  all  the  citizens  of  the  United  States. 
In  return  for  this  concession,  Congress  provi- 
ded, that,  after  paying  a  debt  to  Georgia  and 
indemnifying  certain  dainunts,  five  per  cent, 
of  the  net  proceeds  of  the  public  lands,  lying 
within  tlie  state,  shall  be  devoted  to  the  mak- 
ing uf  roads  and  canals  for  the  benefit  of  the 
state. 

In  the  summer  of  this  year  an  expedition 
was  undertaken  against  East  Florida  by  per- 
sons claiming  to  act  under  the  authority  of 
some  of  the  revolted  Spanish  colonics.  The 
leader  of  this  expedition  styled  liiroself  "Cit- 
izen Gregor  M'Gregor,  brigadior-goneral  of 
the  armies  of  the  united  provinces  of  Now 
Grenada  and  Venezuela,  and  general  in  chief, 
employed  to  liberato  the  provinces  of  both 
the  Floridas,  commissioned  l^  the  supreme 
governments  of  Mexico  and  South  America." 
The  porsons  that  combined  for  this  purpose 
took  possession  of  Amelia  Island,  at  the  mouth 
of  St.  Mary's  River,  near  the  boundary  of  the 


The  president,  appriaad  of 
•red  an  expedition,  eon- 


state  of  Oeorgia. 
this  transaction,  ordai 

sisting  of  naval  and  land  forces,  to  repel  the 
invaders,  and  occupy  the  island.  A  squadron, 
under  tha  command  of  J.  D.  Henley,  yrith 
troops  under  the  command  of  James  Banhead, 
arrived  off*  Amelia  Island  on  the  SSd  of  De- 
eember,  and  tha  next  day  took  possession  of 
it,  hoistinfif  the  American  flag  at  Femandina. 
The  president,  in  a  message  to  Congress  rela- 
tive to  the  capture,  obaerved,  "  In  expelling 
these  adventurers  fVom  these  posts,  it  was  not 
intended  to  make  any  eonqnest  from  Spain, 
or  to  ii\jnre,  in  any  degree,  the  cause  or  the 
colonies."  The  real  reason  of  the  measure 
seems  to  have  been,  that  the  invasion  ir^.ir- 
fered  with  endeavours  which  were  itita  ma- 
king on  the  part  of  the  United  State  <  to  ob- 
tain the  eession  of  the  Floridas  ;rom  the 
Spaniards. 

In  the  following  year  the  union  received 
the  accession  of  another  state,  that  uf  Illinois. 
At  the  time  of  its  admission,  tho  government 
of  the  United  States  granted  to  the  state  one 
section  or  thirty-sixth  part  of  every  township 
for  the  support  of  schools,  and  three  per  cent, 
of  the  net  proceeds  of  the  United  State*  lands 
lying  within  the  state  for  the  encouragement 
of  learning,  of  which  one  sixth  part  must  be 
exclusively  bestowed  on  a  college  or  univer- 
sity. The  constitution  happily  provides,  that 
no  more  alaves  shall  be  introduced  into  the 
state.  In  1819  the  Alabama  territory  was  ad- 
mitted as  a  state  into  the  union ;  and  the  Ar- 
kaniaw  territory  was,  by  an  act  of  Congress, 
erected  into  a  territorial  government  In  the 
following  year  the  distnct  of  Maine  was  se- 
parated  from  Massachusetts,  formed  into  a  dis- 
tinct state,  and  admitted  into  the  union. 

During  this  vear  the  American  congress 
did  themselves  honour  by  providing  more  ef- 
fectually against  carrying  on  the  slave  trade. 
The  enactment  declared,  that  i:  any  citizen 
of  the  United  States,  being  of  the  ship's  com- 
pany of  any  foreign  ship  or  vessel  engaged 
in  the  slave  trade,  or  any  person  whatever 
being  of  the  crew  or  ship's  company  of  any 
ship  or  vessel  owned  by,  or  navigated  for, 
any  citizen*  of  the  United  State*,  *hall  on 
foreign  (hore  *eize  any  negro  or  mulatto,  not 
held  to  service  or  labour  by  the  laws  either  of 
the  states  or  territories  of  the  United  States, 
with  intent  to  make  him  a  slave,  or  shall  de- 
coy or  forcibly  bring  or  receive  him  on  board 
with  such  intent,  he  shall  be  adjudged  a  |Hrate, 
and  on  conviction  shall  suffer  deatn. 

A  treaty  for  the  cession  of  the  Floridas 
was  concluded  at  Washington,  February  S2, 
1819,  between  Spain  and  the  United  states. 
In  the  year  1821  it  was  reluctantly  ratified  by 
the  king  of  Spain,  and  possession  waa  taken 
of  those  provinces  according  to  the  terms  of 
the  treaty.  On  the  1st  of  July,  General 
Jackson,  who  had  been  appointed  governor 
of  the  Florida*,  issued  a  proclamation,  declar- 
ing "that  the  government  heretofore  exer- 
liised  over  the  said  provinces  under  the  autho- 
rity of  Spain  has  ceased,  and  that  that  of  the 
United  States  of  America  is  established  over 
the  same ;  that  the  inhabitants  thereof  will  be 
incorporated  in  the  union  of  the  United  States, 
as  soon  as  may  be  consistent  with  the  princi- 
ples of  the  federal  constitution,  and  admitted 
to  the  enjoyment  of  all  the  privileges,  rights, 
and  immunities  of  the  citizens  of  the  United 
States;    that  in  the  meantime  they  shall   be 


maiMoiaedead  fntuttad  bllM  ftw 
naent  of  their  Ubertjr,  prowrty,  ami 
(poa  they  profcaa  i  tliat  all  hwa  and 


'«.tL 


pal  regulatione  whieh  were  fai  •nAmmm  m 
the  oeaaatioa  of  the  late  gc  vommeM  rMiMhl 
in  full  foree,  and  all  civil  (rfRcerseharfed  wMi 
their  execution,"  with  certain  exeennnu  aid 
limitations,  "are  continued  in  their  fUMMlDna." 
On  the  7th  of  July,  the  eolonel  commmdoat, 
Don  Joae  Oallava,  commissioner  on  the  part 
of  his  Callwlie  nii|je*ty,  made  to  M^jo^Oen*- 
rol  Jaek*on,  the  commissioner  of  the  Uniied 
Statoi,  a  delivery  of  the  keys  of  the  town  of 
Pensaeola,  of  the  arehivee,  docnmeBta^  and 
other  articles,  mentioned  in  the  invoniorie^ 
declaring  that  ho  roleaaee  from  their  oMk  or 
allegiance  to  Spain  the  eitiwns  oiiid  iakoU* 
tantt  of  West  Florida  who  may  choeaa  lo  n> 
main  under  the  dominion  of  the  United  State*. 
On  the  same  day.  Colonel  Joseph  Coppin- 
ger,  governor  of  East  Florida,  issued  a  pro* 
clamation  to  the  inhabitants,  announoing  UMt, 
nn  the  10th  day  of  this  month,  "jtmudon 
will  bu  given  to  Colonel  Robert  Kitler,  the 
commissioner  legally  authorised  bv  tho  United 
States."  The  American  authoritie*  were  ae- 
cordin^ly  put  in  possession  of  the  Floridaa. 

During  this  year  Missouri  was  admitted  aa 
a  sute  into  the  union,  forminv  the  eleventh 
state  added  to  the  thirteen  confederated  states 
whioh  signed  the  declaration  of  indoMnd- 
ence,  making  the  present  number  of  tho 
United  Sutes  twenty-four.  The  proposition 
for  the  admission  of  this  state,  whieh  was 
brought  forward  in  the  session  of  1819,  pro- 
duced .vehement  discussion  in  the  congress, 
and  excited  an  intense  interest  throughout  the 
whole  union.  The  inhabitants  of  Missouri, 
the  territory  having  been  eonsidered  aa  a  part, 
of  Louisiana,  had  derived  from  their  connex- 
ion with  the  Spaniards  and  French  the  custom, 
which  they  deemed  equivalent  to  the  right,  of  ' 
possessing  slaves ;  it  was  proposed,  however, 
in  admitting  the  territory  to  the  privileges  of 
a  state,  to  prevent  the  increase  and  to  insure 
the  ultimate  abolition  of  slaveiy,  by  the  inser- 
tion of  the  following  clause  ;— "  Provided, 
that  the  further  introduction  of  slavery  or  in- 
voluntary servitude  be  prohibited,  except  tat 
the  punishment  of  crimes  whereof  the  party 
shall  have  been  duly  convicted ;  and  that  hD 
the  children  bom  within  the  said  state  after 
the  admiuion  thereof  into  the  Union  shall  bo 
free  at  the  age  of  twenty-live  years."  Judg- 
ing from  the  previous  views  and  measure*  of 
the  general  gi9vemment,  in  similar  and  analo- 
gous oases,  it  could  hardly  have  been  eoinec- 
tured,  that  the  result  of  proposing  sadh  a 
limited  and  qualified  restriction  would  be 
doubtful.  The  house  of  representatives,  after 
a  short  but  animated  debate,  refused  to  pas* 
the  bill  without  the  restriction ;  but  the  senate 
refused  to  pass  the  bill  with  it;  consequently 
the  bill  itself  was  lost,  and  Missouri  stall  con- 
tinued under  her  former  territorial  govern- 
ment. Such  was  the  rapidity  with  which  the 
several  proceedings  passed  in  the  two  houses 
of  congress,  that  it  was  scarcely  known  be- 
yond its  wdls  that  such  a  question  was  agi- 
tated, before  it  was  decided.  When,  how- 
ever, it  came  to  be  generally  known  what 
{irinciples  had  been  advanced,  what  votes  had 
>een  given,  with  what  ardour  and  vehemence 
the  advocates  of  slavery  had  urged  their  de- 
mands,  not  merely  upon  '  he  justice,  the  ree« 
son,  and  goc  i  senso  <f  Congress,  but  upon 


HIJTORY  OP   THR 


Umw  iniarMU,  ilMir  pr^wlioM,  wmI  tkair 
ftMt,  by  bow  tUmlar  a  nM^rity  •  mMMra 
kad  bMti  chaokad,  whioh,  in  Utn  e*tim»tion  of 
■Mn«  of  tha  (wM  friond*  at  Amarican  libarty, 
WOUM  bava  kiaan  produotivu  of  inoalculablo 
•ad  inlarroinabia  miiobief*,  it  excited  a  feel- 
ing of  univenal  turpriia  anil  alarm.  It  ii  in- 
•(raotive  to  obaerva  that  many  nf  the  itancheit 
■dvoeatea  of  liberal  ideas,  who  ilulighioJ  in 
appropriating  to  themMilves  exolutivuly  ihu 
name  of  rapublioani,  tuflbred  their  joalouiy 
af  the  interference  of  tha  oonffreii  in  the 
internal  ffovcmment  nf  an  individual  itato,  to 
•ngaga  tnem  on  the  lide  of  tha  perpetuatora 
of  alavery,  Jefferion,  who  prided  himielf 
ia  being  th«  devoted  friend  of  liberty,  thua 
•sprwatea  himielf:  "  The  real  question,  as 
•oen  in  tba  iUta  afflicted  with  this  unfortunate 
popuUoMh  .4  ••«  our  alaves  to  b«  presented 
with  ftwedom  aud  a  daggar  1  For,  if  Con- 
gress has  tbapoweT  to  regulate  tha  condition* 
of  the  inhabitanu  of  lh«  auiea  within  the 
aulas,  it  will  be  but  another  exaroise  of  that 
power  to  declare  that  all  shall  be  free.  Are 
wa  tlien  to  see  again  Athenian  and  Lace- 
danKtnian  confederaciea  1 — to  wage  another 
Paloponaeaian  war  to  settle  the  ascendency 
between  themt  Or  ia  this  the  totoin  of 
aaerely  a  servile  war  t  That  remains  to  be 
seen  {  but  not,  I  hope,  by  you  or  me.  Surely 
they  will  parley  awhile,  and  give  us  time  to 
get  out  of  the  way."  The  eonsoquenoe  of 
ibis  combination  of  tho  advocates  of  the  so- 
vertiignty  of  individual  atntos  with  those  who 
make  a  traiRo  of  the  bodies  of  their  follow 
men,  was  the  passing  of  the  bill  for  the  admis- 
sion of  Missouri  in  the  naxt  session  of  the 
congress,  without  the  restricting  clause ;  a 
eiroumitanoa  whioh  oeeasioned  tha  deep  re- 
gret and  mortiHcation  of  most  of  tho  inhabi- 
tants of  the  northern  states,  and  excited  feel- 
ings which  it  has  been  feared  by  many,  may 
ultimately  lead  to  a  dissolution  of  the  union. 

No  ciroumstancea  of  particular  interest  in 
tha  transactions  of  the  general  government 
noourred  till  the  year  1834,  when  articles  of 
a  convention  between  the  United  States  of 
America  and  Orcat  Britain  for  the  suppres- 
sion of  tha  African  slave  trade,  were  sub- 
scribed at  London  by  plenipotentiaries  ap- 
pointed for  that  purpose.  By  the  flrst  article, 
tha  commanders  and  commissioned  officers  of 
each  of  the  two  high  contracting  parties,  duly 
authoriied  by  their  respective  governments  to 
cruise  on  tlie  coast  of  Africa,  America,  and 
tha  West  Indies,  for  the  suppression  of  tha 
alava  trade,  are  empowerad,  under  certain  re- 
•trictions,  to  detain,  examine,  capture,  and  de- 
Uvor  over  for  trial  and  acHudication  by  some 
competent  tribunal,  anv  snip  or  vessel  con- 
eernad  in  tha  illicit  traffic  of  slaves,  and  ca^ 
rying  the  flag  of  the  other. 

In  tha  spring  of  this  year  a  convention  waa 
also  concluded  between  the  United  States  of 
America  and  the  emperor  of  Russia.  By  the 
third  article  of  this  convention  it  was  agreed, 
"  that,  hereafter,  thoni  shall  not  be  formed  by 
the  citixens  of  the  United  States,  or  under  the 
authority  of  the  said  States,  any  establishment 
upon  the  northern  [north-west]  coast  of  Ameri- 
ca, nor  in  any  of  the  islamls  adjacent,  to  the 
north  of  fifty-four  degrees  and  forty  minutes 
of  north  latitude ;  and  that,  in  the  same  man- 
ner, there  shall  be  none  foimed  by  Russian 
•ttbjects,  or  under  the  -  authority  of  Russia, 
■POth  of  tha  sama  parallel  ' 


This  year  is  signalisati  in  American  history 
by  the  visit  of  the  venerable  La  Fayelle,  on 
the  oxpniss  invitation  of  ('ungrnss.  Ilu  ar- 
rived in  the  harbour  of  Now  York  on  the  l.'lth 
of  August,  and  proctimled  to  tho  rnsidenou  o( 
tha  vioe-prnsidont  at  Statnn  Island.  A  com- 
mittee or  the  corporation  of  tha  city  of  New 
York,  and  a  ^ruat  number  uf  distinguished 
oitisens,  proceeded  to  Slaten  Island  to  wel- 
come him  to  their  capital.  A  splendid  escort 
of  steamboats,  decorated  with  the  flags  of 
every  nation,  and  bearing  thousanda  ot  citi- 
xens, brought  him  to  tha  view  of  assembled 
multitudes  at  New  York,  who  manifi'stcd 
their  joy  at  beholding  him,  by  acclamations, 
and  by  tear*.  At  tha  city  hall  the  officers  of 
tha  city  and  many  citisans  were  presented  to 
him  i  and  ha  was  welaomed  by  an  address 
from  the  mayor.  While  ha  was  at  New  York, 
ioputations  from  Philadelphia,  Baltimore, 
New  Haven,  and  from  many  other  cities,  ar- 
rived with  invitations  for  him  to  visit  them. 
AAer  remaining  a  few  days  at  New  York,  he 
proceeded  to  Boston,  whore  ho  met  with  the 
same  cordial  reception.  The  general  soon  af- 
ter returned  to  Now  York,  visited  Albany  and 
the  towns  on  Hudson  river,  and  afterwards 
passed  through  the  intermediate  states  to  Vir- 
ginia. He  returned  to  Washington  during 
the  session  nf  Congress,  and  remained  thuro 
sovoral  weeks.  Congress  voted  him  tho  sum 
nf  two  hundred  thousand  dollars,  and  a  town- 
ship of  land,  as  a  remuneration,  in  uart,  of  his 
services  during  the  war  of  the  revolution,  and 
as  a  testimony  of  their  gratitude. 

General  Lafayette  was  present  at  the  im- 
posing ceremony  of  laying  the  corner  stone  of 
the  Bunker  Hill  Monument,  oa  tha  17lh  of 
June,  ISSa,  to  which  he  hod  been  invituU  by 
the  Association  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  u 
memorial  to  those  which  fell  in  the  battle  of 
June  17,  1775. 

In  tho  year  183S,  John  Q,uincy  Adams  was 
inaugurated  president  of  the  Uiiitod  States, 
and  John  C.  Calhoun,  vice-president  On 
his  inauguration,  Mr.  Adams  delivered  the 
following  address  to  both  houses  of  congress ; 

"  In  compliance  with  a  usage,  coeval  with 
the  existence  of  our  federal  constitution,  and 
sanctioned  by  the  example  of  my  predeces- 
sors, in  the  career  upon  which  I  am  about  to 
enter,  I  appear,  my  fellow-citizens,  in  your 
presence,  and  in  that  of  heaven,  to  bind  my- 
self by  the  solemnity  of  religious  obligation, 
td  the  faithful  perfomuince  of  the  duties  al- 
lotted to  me  in  ttie  station  to  which  I  have 
been  called. 

^*  In  unfolding  to  my  countrymen  the  priu' 
ciples  by  which  I  shall  be  governed,  in  the 
fulfilment  of  those  duties,  my  first  resort  will 
be  to  that  constitution,  which  1  shall  swear, 
to  the  best  of  my  ability,  to  preserve,  pro- 
tect, and  defend.  That  reverad  instrument 
enumerates  the  powers  and  prescribes  the 
duties  of  the  executive  magistrate ;  and,  in  its 
first  words,  declares  the  purposes  to  which 
these,  and  the  whole  action  of  the  govern- 
ment, instituted  by  it,  should  be  invariably 
and  sacredly  devoted:  to  form  a  more  perfect 
union,  establish  justice,  ensure  domestic 
tranquility,  provide  for  the  common  defence, 
promote  tho  general  warfare,  and  secure  the 
blessings  of  liberty  to  the  people  of  this 
union,  m  their  successive  generations.  Since 
the  adoption  of  this  social  compact,  one  of 
these  generations  has  passed  away.    It  is  the 


work  ol'  our  forafathurs.  Adminislarad  by 
some  of  its  nioal  aniinxnt  men,  who  aanirihii* 
ted  In  iis  formation,  ihriHigh  a  mnst  evenlAil 
periml  in  ihe  annals  of  ihu  world,  and  through 
nil  thovicisaituJes  of  peace  and  war,  iiieidanlal 
(o  the  condition  nf  assneiatcd  man,  it  haa  not 
disappointed  the  holies  and  aspirations  of 
ilioso  illustrious  benefactors  of  their  age  and 
nntinii.  It  lias  promoted  the  lasting  welfara 
nf  that  country  so  doar  to  us  all ;  it  has,  to  an 
pxtent,  far  beyond  the  ordinary  lot  of  hu- 
manity, securvd  the  freedom  and  h&ppinesa 
nf  this  |>e(iple.  We  nnw  receive  it  as  a  pre- 
oinus  inheritance  from  those  to  whom  we  ara 
indebted  for  its  astablishmant,  daubly  bound 
by  the  examples  which  thay  hava  left  us,  and 
by  the  blessings  which  wa  hava  at^uyed,  a* 
the  fruits  of  their  labours,  to  transmit  tha 
same,  unimpaired,  lo  tha  sucoaeding  gene- 
ration. 

"  In  the  compass  of  thirty-sis  yean  since 
this  great  national  covenant  was  instituted,  a 
body  of  laws,  enacted  under  ita  authority, 
and  in  conformity  with  its  provisions,  has  un- 
folded its  powers,  and  carried  into  practical 
operation  its  effective  energies.  Subordinate 
departments  have  distributed  the  executiva 
functions  in  their  various  relations  to  foreign 
afTairs,  to  the  revenues  and  expenditures,  and 
to  the  military  force  of  the  union,  tiy  land  an<? 
sea.  A  co-ordinate  department  of  the  jiidict 
ary  has  expounded  the  constitution  and  laws\ 
settling,  in  harmonious  coincidence  with  tho 
Ingifllutive  will,  numerous  weighty  questions 
of  construction,  which  the  imperfection  of 
human  language  had  rendered  unavoidable. 
The  year  of  jubilee,  si'- .e  the  first  formation 
of  our  union,  haa  just  elapsed  ;  that  of  tha 
declaration  of  our  independence,  is  at  hand. 
The  consummation  of  both  was  eflectcd  by 
this  constitution. 

"Since  that  period,  a  population  of  foui 
millinns  has  multiplied  to  twelve;  a  territory 
bounded  by  the  Mississippi,  has  been  extend- 
ed from  sea  to  sea;  new  states  have  been  ad- 
mitted to  the  union,  in  numbers  equal  to  thosu 
nf  the  first  confederation;  treaties  of  peace, 
amity,  and  commerce,  have  been  concluded 
with  the  principal  dominions  of  the  earth;  the 
people  (if  other  nations,  inhabitants  of  regions 
ac(|uired,  not  by  conquest,  but  by  compact, 
have  been  united  with  us  in  the  participatioa 
of  our  rights  and  duties,  of  our  burdens  and 
blessings ;  the  forest  has  fallen  by  the  axe  of 
our  woodsmen;  the  soil  has  been  made  to 
teem  by  tho  tillage  of  our  farmers  ;  our  com- 
merce has  whitened  every  ocean ;  the  domin- 
ion of  every  man  over  physical  nature  has 
been  extended  bv  the  invention  of  our  artists; 
liberty  and  law  have  marched  hand  in  hand; 
all  the  purposes  of  human  association  have 
been  accomplished  as  effectively  as  under 
any  other  government  on  the  globe;  and  at  a 
cost  little  exceeding,  in  a  whole  generation, 
the  expenditure  of  other  nations  in  a  single 
year. 

"  Such  is  the  unoxaggerated  picture  nf  our 
condition,  under  a  constitution  founded  upon 
the  republican  principle  of  equal  rights.  To 
admit  that  this  picture  has  its  shades,  is  but  to 
say,  that  it  is  still  the  condition  of  men  upon 
earth.  From  evil,  physical,  moral,  and  ]ioli- 
tical,  it  is  not  our  claim  to  be  exempt.  Wa 
have  suffered,  sometimes  by  tho  visitation  of 
heaven,  through  disease;  often, by  the  wrongs 
and  injustice  of  other  nations,  even  to  the  ex 


UNITKD   8TATK8. 


•vMilM  of  w»r|  ami  laMly,  hy  <li«MMioni 
unainK  ourMtvM— diiMiMioni,  n«ir)ii>|M,  in- 
■nnarabln  (Voiiilhtt  niiliiyinHnt  of  Ircriliiiti,  liiit 
wliieh  h»v«,  morn  tnan  oncn,  •|i|hiiiit(I  to 
ihroattin  (he  ditwilulion  oftha  union,  unci,  with 
il,  tha  uArthruw  of  all  ihn  nryoyiniint*  of  our 

Rrotont  lot,  anJ  «ll  our  fartlily  ho|M!«  of  thn 
itunt,  Tha  oauMt  of  thntn  liiaiitiniiioii*  hitvn 
barn  varioui;  founiliHl  ujioii  ilifTfrnncoi  of 
•peciiintion  in  tho  theory  of  rtipulilionn  go- 
trommiint;  upon  confliminK  vinwi  of  policy, 
n  our  rxUtiunt  wilk  forniKn  natioiiii  u|Min 
Jnalouiiai  of  partial  and  Motional  intoniil,  ag- 
gravated by  prpjudioei  and  prepomotiioni 
whiuh  tlrangera  tu  each  other  are  ever  apt 
to  entertain. 

"  It  i«  •  lourea  of  gratifloation  and  of  en- 
eouragenient  to  me,  to  obaorve  that  the  great 
reiult  of  thi(  experiment,  upon  tho  theory  of 
human  right*,  hat,  at  the  oloia  of  that  gxn«*ra- 
tion  by  whleh  it  waa  form<N),  been  crowned 
with  tuoeota,  equal  to  the  mott  languino  ex- 
pectation* of  It*  founder*.  Union,  juatice, 
tranquillity,  the  common  defence,  the  gonariil 
welfare,  and  the  ble*«ing*  of  liberty,  all  havu 
oaen  promoted  by  tho  govnrnment  under 
^^hich  we  have  lived.  Standing  at  thii  point 
of  time  t  looking  back  to  that  generation 
whiqh  ha*  gone  by,  and  forward  to  that 
which  i*  advancing,  we  may,  atonco,  indulge 
in  grateful  ex'.iltation,  and  in  cheering  hope. 
From  the  expertiinoe  of  tho  pait,  we  dnrivo 
initructive  leiion*  for  the  future.  Of  tho 
two  great  political  parties  which  have  divid- 
ed the  opinion*  and  feeling*  of  our  eountry, 
the  candid  and  the  just  will  now  admit,  that 
ooth  have  oontributed  iplendid  talents,  *pot- 
;e«a  integrity,  ardent  patrintiam,  and  disinter- 
Mted  saeRfiee*  to  the  formation  and  adminis- 
tration of  thi*  government;  and  that  both 
bare  required  a  liberal  indulgence  for  a  por- 
tion of  human  infirmity  and  error  The  re- 
volutionary war*  of  Europe,  commencing 
preoiiely  at  the  moment  wnun  the  govern- 
ment of  the  United  State*  first  went  into  ope- 
ration under  thi*  constitution,  excited  a  col- 
lision of  *entiment*  and  of  lympathios  which 
kindled  all  the  passions,  and  embittered  the 
conflict  of  parties,  till  the  nation  was  involved 
in  war,  and  the  union  was  shaken  to  its  centre. 
"  This  time  of  trial  embraced  a  period  of 
flro  and  twenty  years,  during  which  the  poli- 
cy of  the  union  in  its  relations  with  Europe, 
constituted  tho  principal  basis  of  our  political 
divisions,  and  the  most  arduous  part  of  tho 
action  of  our  federal  government.  With  the 
catastrophe  in  which  thn  wars  of  the  French 
revolution  terminated,  and  our  own  subse- 
quent peace  wit%  Qreat  Britain,  this  baneful 
weed  of  party  strife  was  uprooted.  From 
that  time,  no  diflerence  of  principle,  connect- 
ed either  with  the  theory  of  government,  or 
with  our  intercourse  with  foreign  nations,  has 
existed,  or  been  called  forth,  in  force  sulHcient 
to  sustain  a  continued  combination  of  parties, 
or  to  give  more  than  wholesome  animation  to 
the  public  sentiment  or  legislative  debate 
Out  political  creed  is,  without  a  dissenting 
voice  that  can  be  heard,  that  tho  will  of  the 
people  is  tho  source,  and  the  happiness  of  the 
people  the  end,  of  all  legitimate  government 
upon  earth — that  the  best  security  for  tho  be- 
noiiconee  and  the  best  guarantee  against  the 
abuse  of  power,  consists  in  the  freedom,  the 
purity,  and  the  frequency  of  popular  elec- 
tioiM>>tbat  the    general  government  of  the 


union,  and  the  s«|Nirata  gnvemninnt  of  the 
states,  am  all  sovareigntif*  of  limited  pow- 
ers, fi'JlDW-u'rvnnls  of  thn  same  ninslprs)  un- 
controlliMi  within  thnir  respective  sphere*  | 
unnontriillalilu  but  by  encroaohmiints  upon 
rnch  othiir-— that  thn  ilrmest  aticurity  of  |ieacn 
is  thn  preparation,  during  |)rac«,  of  the  da- 
fuiicus  of  war— that  a  rigorous  ei'onomy  and 
accountability  of  piililie  exiiendiliims,  snould 
guard  Bgninst  thn  aggravation,  and  alleviate, 
when  |ioisibi«,  the  burden  of  taxation — that 
the  military  should  Ihi  kept  in  strict  suliordi- 
nation  to  tho  civil  power—that  thn  freedom  of 
thn  press  and  of  roliuious  opinion  should  Iw 
inviulato— that  thn  policy  of  our  country  is 
peace,  and  thn  ark  of  our  salvation,  union, 
aril  artiolns  of  faith  upon  which  we  are  all 
now  agreed,  If  there  nave  boon  those  who 
doiibtnd  whother  a  confederated  represent- 
ativo  democracy  wnre  a  government  compe- 
tent to  tho  wise  and  orderly  management  of 
the  common  concerns  of  a  mighty  nation, 
thosu  doubts  have  boon  dispcllnd.  If  there 
have  buen  projocts  of  partial  confudoracius  to 
lie  erected  on  tho  ruin*  of  the  union,  they  have 
been  scattorod  to  the  winds ;  if  there  have 
been  dangnrous  attachment*  to  one  foreign 
nation  and  uitipathie*  againit  another,  they 
have  been  extinguished.  Ten  years  of  peace, 
at  home  and  abroad,  have  assuaged  tho  ani- 
mosities of  political  contention,  and  blended 
into  harmony  the  most  discordant  clcmnnts  of 
public  opinion.  There  still  remain*  one 
effort  of  magnanimity,  ono  sacrifice  of  preju- 
dice and  passion,  tu  be  made  by  the  indivi- 
duals throughout  the  nation,  who  have  here- 
tofore followed  the  standards  of  political 
party.  It  is  that  of  discarding  every  remnant 
of  rancour  against  each  other;  of  embracing, 
as  countrymen  and  friends,  and  of  yielding  to 
talents  and  virtue  alone,  that  confidence  which, 
in  times  of  contention  for  principle,  was  be- 
stowed only  upon  those  who  wore  tho  badge 
of  party  communion. 

"  The  collisions  of  party  spirit,  which  ori- 
ginated in  speculative  opinions,  or  in  different 
views  of  administrative  policy,  are,  in  their 
nature,  transitory.  Those  which  are  founded 
on  geographical  divisions,  adverse  interests  of 
soil,  climate,  and  modes  of  domestic  life,  are 
more  permanent,  and  therefore  perhaps  more 
dangerous.  It  is  this  which  gives  inestimable 
value  to  the  character  of  our  government,  at 
once  federal  and  national.  It  holds  out  to  us 
a  perpetual  admonition  to  preserve  alike,  and 
with  equal  anxiety,  the  right*  of  each  indivi- 
dual state  in  its  own  government,  and  the 
right*  of  the  whole  nation  in  that  of  the 
union.  Whatsoever  is  of  domestic  concern- 
ment, unconnected  with  the  other  member*  of 
the  union,  or  with  foreign  lands,  belongs  ex- 
clusively to  the  administration  of  the  state  go- 
vernments. Whatsoever  directly  involves 
the  rights  and  interests  of  the  federative  fra- 
ternity, or  of  foreign  powers,  is  of  the  resort 
of  this  general  government.  The  duties  of 
both  are  obvious  in  the  general  principle, 
though  sometimes  perplexed  with  difficulties 
in  the  detail.  To  respect  the  rights  of  the 
stote  governments,  is  the  inviolable  duty  of 
that  of  the  union ;  tho  government  of  every 
state  will  feel  its  own  obligation  to  respect 
and  preserve  the  rights  of  the  whole.  The 
prejudices,  every  where  too  commonly  enter- 
tained against  distant  strangers,  aro  worn 
away,  and  the  jealousies  of  jarring  mterests 


are  allayed  liy  the  eompoaition  and  fUMlioM 
of  thn  gmat  national  councils,  anniwlly  •» 
sninblnil  from  all  quarter*  of  the  union  at  ihb 
place.  Hern  the  di*lingui*hnd  nan  (Vom 
every  aaciion  of  our  oountry,  while  meatinff 
to  dalibarata  upon  tho  great  iniarosi*  of  ih«*e 
by  whom  they  men  deputed,  laarn  In  ealimale 
tha  talent*,  and  do  juatice  to  tha  virtue*  of 
nach  other.  Tho  harmony  of  the  na'ion  ia 
promoted,  and  the  whole  union  i*  knit  U^ 
Ki^thrr,  by  the  sentimenU  of  mutual  respeel, 
the  habiu  of  social  intaraourae,  and  tha  ties  of 
|teraonal  friendship,  formed  between  the  re 
presentativa*  of  it*  *averal  |>aru,  in  the  per 
formance  of  their  (ervice  at  thi*  metropoli*. 

"  Passing  from  this  general  review  oif  the 
purpose  and  iiyunoiions  of  the  federal  eoiMti- 
tution  and  their  resulu,  a*  indicating  ike  Ant 
trace*  of  the  path  of  duty  inr  the  diaoherge  of 
nw  public  trust,  I  turn  to  the  administniioM 
of  my  immediate  predecessor,  as  iha  •eeond. 
It  ha*  passed  away  in  a  period  of  profouml 
peace;  how  much  to  the  aatisfaction  of  our 
country,  and  to  the  honour  of  our  eounlry'a 
name,  is  known  to  you  all.  Tha  great  fee 
ture*  of  hi*  policy,  in  general  eoncurrene* 
with  tho  will  of  the  legitiature,  have  beei^ 
to  cherish  peace,  while  preparing  for  d*- 
fonsive  war ;  to  yield  exact  justice  to  otW 
nations,  and  maintain  the  rights  of  our  own  | 
to  cherish  tho  principle*  of  freedom  and  of 
equal  right*,  wherever  they  were  proclaimed  | 
to  discharge,  with  all  possible  promptitude, 
the  national  debt ;  tu  reduce,  within  the  nar- 
rowest limit*  of  efficiency,  the  military  force  I 
to  improve,  the  organization  and  discipline  of 
the  army  ;  to  provide  and  sustain  a  school  of 
military  science  ;  to  extend  equal  protection 
to  all  the  great  interests  of  the  nation ;  to  pro- 
mote the  civilization  of  the  Indian  tribes  ;  and 
to  proceed  in  the  great  *y*tem  of  internal  im' 
provementi,  within  the  limits  of  the  constitu* 
tional  power  of  the  union.  Under  the  pledge 
of  these  promises,  made  by  that  eminent  oiti- 

n,  at  the  time  of  his  firat  induction  into  thia 
office,  in  his  career  of  eight  years,  the  interna, 
taxes'  have  been  repealed  ;  sixty  million*  of 
the  public  debt  have  lieen  difcharged ;  Lie- 
vision  has  been  made  for  the  comfort  ana  re* 
lief  of  the  aged  and  indigent  among  the  aur- 
viving  warriora  of  the  revolution  ;  the  regu- 
lar armed  force  ha*  been  reduced,  and  ita 
conatitution  revi*ed  and  perfected;  the  ac- 
countability for  the  expenditura  of  publie 
money*  ha*  been  more  effective;  the  Flo- 
ridaa  have  been  peaceably  acquired,  and  our 
boundary  has  been  extended  to  the  Pacific 
ocean;  the  independence  of  the  southern  na- 
tion* of  thi*  hemisphere  has  been  recognised 
and  recommended  by  example  and  by  coun- 
sel, to  the  potentate*  of  Europe ;  progrea*  haa 
been  made  in  the  defence  or  the  country,  by 
fortification*,  and  the  increaae  of  the  navy  to- 
wards theeifectual  suppression  of  the  African 
traffic  in  slaves;  in  alluring  the  aboriginal 
hunters  of  our  land  to  the  cultivation  of^  the 
soil  and  of  tho  mind ;  in  exploring  the  inte- 
rior regions  of  the  union ;  and  in  preparing, 
by  scientific  researche*  and  aurveyi,  for  the 
further  application  of  our  national  retource* 
to  the  internal  improvement  of  our  country. 

"  In  thi*  brief  outline  of  the  promise  and 
performance  of  my  immediate  predecessor, 
the  line  of  duty,  for  his  successor,  is  clearly 
delineated.  To  pursue,  to  their  consumma- 
tion, thoae  purpoies  of   jnp'nvNnent  in  oar 


nilTOlY  OP  THI 


•nMM  aMMUtlon,  IwNitvlMi  i>r  nMommemUtl 
k»  Mm,  will  ambrM*  iIm  wkola  aphant  of  my 
owigalioni  To  tha  lopio  uf  iniarnal  im- 
pmvanMM,  arophaiiaallv  urKntl  by  hitn  «l  hit 
UMUguimtion,  I  racur  with  peculiar  •■liirmiion. 
It  ia  lliM  (ln>m  whiuh  [  am  ounvinoatl  ihal  iha 
unborn  millioni  of  our  ptialarity,  who  am,  in 
futura  aga«,  to  peopla  lliia  oontliirnt,  will  Jo- 
riva  ihair  mnii  Airvani  Kratiiudu  to  the  found- 
art  of  iha  union  I  thai,  in  whioh  the  beneflcant 
Mlion  of  iia  governniani  will  Im  inoit  deeply 
fall  and  aoknowladged.  The  niagniflcenoe 
Mid  tplandour  of  Ihair  publio  worki  are  among 
iha  imparittMbla  gloriat  of  tha  ancient  raniili- 
liea.  tIm  roada  and  aquaduelt  of  lloma  iiave 
liMii  tha  admiration  of  all  aAer  agot,  and 
iMva  turvivad  thoutanda  of  yaart,  aftar  all  har 
sonquattt  hava  been  twallowed  up  in  det- 
potiam,  or  beoome  the  tpoil  of  barbarian*. 
Bonw  diveraity  of  opinion  nat  prevailed  with 
r*g«rd  to  tha  powara  of  Congrata  for  legida- 
tion  upon  omecta  uf  thia  naturv.  The  most 
raapeotful  doiaranea  ia  dua  to  doubtt  origi- 
iMling  in  pure  patrtotiam,  and  tuitained  hy 
Tanaratad  authonly.  But  nearly  twenr  v  yean 
hava  paatad  tinea  uia  eonitruetion  of  the  fine 
iMlianal  road  waaoommenoed.  The  authority 
(br  itj  eonitruetion  wat  than  unquoitionnd. 
To  how  many  thnuiandt  of  our  countrymen 
hM  it  proved  a  lieneflt  t  To  what  tingle  in- 
dividual  hat  it  over  proved  an  injury  1  Re- 
peated liberal  and  eandid  diteuuiont  in  the 
iagiilature  have  conciliated  tho  tentimentt, 
•nd  proximatud  the  opiniont  of  enli||;hton<)d 
•indt,  upon  the  quettion  of  eoniututionai 
sower.  I  o%nnoi  but  hope,  that  by  the  tame 
)r<  eott  of  friendly,  patient,  and  pertevoring 
delilienition,  all  oonititutional  objectiont  will 
ultimately  ha  removed.  The  extent  and 
limitation  of  tha  powert  of  the  general  go- 
rernment,  in  relation  to  thit  trantcendontly 
important  intorett,  will  be  tettlod  and  ackiiow- 
ladged,  to  tho  common  tatiifiiction  of  all,  and 
•very  ipeculative  temple  will  be  lolved  by  a 
practical  public  bletiing. 

"  Fullow-citiaent,  you  are  aoi]uainted  with 
the  peculiar  circumitancet  of  the  recent  elco- 
lion,  which  have  roiultod  in  affording  mo  the 
opportunity  of  addreiiing  you,  at  thit  time. 
You  have  'aeard  the  expotition  of  the  prin- 
uiplet  which  will  direct  me  in  the  fulfilment 
of  the  high  and  tolemn  trutt  impoted  upon 
me  in  thit  ttation.  Lett  pottetMid  of  your 
eonfidence  in  advance,  than  any  of  ray  predo- 
eeatort,  I  am  deeply  contcioui  of  the  protpect 
that  I  thnll  ttand,  more  and  oftener,  in  need  uf 
your  indulgence.  Intentioni,  upright  and 
pure ;  a  heart  devoted  to  the  weltare  of  our 
country,  and  the  unceaaing  application  of  all 
the  facultiet  allotted  to  me,  to  her  lervice,  are 
all  the  pledget  that  I  can  give,  for  the  faithful 

Seriitrmance  of  the  arduout  dutiei  I  am  to  un- 
ertake.  To  the  guidance  of  tho  legitlative 
eounoilt ;  to  the  aitiitance  of  the  executive 
and  tubordinato  departmentt ;  to  the  friendly 
eo-operation  of  tho  respective  ttate  govern- 
menta;  to  the  candid  and  liberal  lupport  of 
the  people,  to  far  at  it  may  be  deserved  by 
bonett  induttry  and  zeal,  I  thall  look  for  what- 
ever auccett  may  attend  my  publio  tervice : 
Mid  knowing,  that,  except  the  Lord  keep  the 
city,  the  watchman  waketh  but  in  vain ;  with 
fervent  lupplications  for  hit  favour,  to  hit 
everuling  Providence  I  commit,  with  lium- 
Me  but  fearlett  confidence,  my  own  fato,  and 
llw  fiitora  datticies  of  my  country." 


In    Auguti,   IMO,   Lalkynita   rapnirwl  tn 

Wathingtiiii,  111  take  leave  of  tlia  pr*«idant, 
and  hit  luat  liHik  iil'  llii>  IuimI  through  whioh  Iw 
had  |Hu«iiil  n»  a  Wiirtilli'il  vii-tor,  rnoniviiig  tlin 
honiiigii  ol'  nalioiit,  III*  wiu  the  hiimagn  of 
the  lumrl  |  llui   otlt<rliiK«  lui  rvorivnd  was  tl>a 

f[riititud<)  ;if  an  eiiliKhti'iivd  (Miople.  "  Thn 
Ktt  thrao  wvekt  whii.h  ho  t|H>nt  in  lb*  Unitiul 
Stiitet,  wit*  exmi'iliiigly  wiill  approprintod  j 
and,  no  doubt,  after  inucn  ruHnetioii,  by  him— 
for  he  it  a  n:«n  not  more  roinarkablu  fur  the 
purity  of  hit  motives,  than  an  obtorvance  of 
every  right  rule  of  conduct,  a  deviation  from 
wiiicn  might  lead  to  a  tutpyion  of  any  of 
them.  Thit  induced  him,  after  wilnetaing  the 
magnifloont  ceremony  at  Botton,  on  tha  anni- 
vertary  of  the  battla  of  Hunker't  Hill, 
leiturely  to  return  to  tho  city  of  Watliington, 
(vititing  many  of  bit  personal  friondt  in  the 
way,  and  reviewing  the  battla  fluid  at  Brandy- 
wine,)  that  hit  latt  momenta  might  be  given 
up  to  a  brief  retidenco  in  what  mutt  be  ineta- 
pnorieally  regarded  at  the  heart  qf  Me  natiim, 
neing  the  teat  of  itt  government,  where  the 
chief  aguntt  of  milliont  of  their  fullow-citi- 
aent  are  gatlinntd  together,  to  execiitn  the 
lawt,  and  dittributa  that  moral  force,  for  the 
pretervation  of  harmony,  which  rightfully  bv- 
longt  to  inttitutiont  bated  upon  tho  tolf  com- 
petency of  a  free  people  for  tho  tnlf-manage- 
ment  of  their  own  affkirt ;  and  it  wat  hero 
that  Lafayette  mentally  looked  over  the 
whole  republic— the  twenty-four  toveruigntiet 
which  ha  had  visited— and,  with  feelings 
which  no  honest  man  will  envy,  but  tuch  at 
every  honourable  one  would  detire  tn  potteit 
for  nimtolf-^roflected  on  what  he  had  teen, 
and  indulge  the  fond  hopet  of  what  this  ra- 
tion, of  Mrhich  he  wat  a  dittinguished  builder, 
would  attain,  before  the  expiration  of  that  pe- 
riod of  time  usually  allotted  to  men  now 
living  i  and  hit  tender  heart  mutt  havn  seem- 
ed to  melt  within  him,  at  tho  remembrance  of 
tho  tcenet  through  whioh  ho  hod  patted  in  the 
dark  dayt  of  the  revolution,  contrattod  with 
the  triurapht  of  hit  Journey  through  the  '  land 
of  the  Tree.'     Not  the  tnumpht  of  the  con- 

3ueror,  before  whom  the  entlavod  bow  to  the 
utt,  and  by  their  own  debatcmont  endeavour 
to  win  the  favour  of  the  opnrotsor ;  but  grow 
ing  out  of  tho  best  affections  of  the  human 
mmd,  for  kindnotiet  rendered,  when  a  weak 
people  moit  needed  them,  that  they  might  be- 
come ttrong,  and  litugh  the  opprettor  to  the 
tcorn  and  contempt  that  tyranny  meritt. 

"  From  tho  city  of  Wasliiiip;ton,  the  po- 
litical heart  of  the  nation,  ho  mailo  delightful 
excurtiont  into  Virginia,  in  which  it  happened 
that  three  out  of  all  the  oretidentt  which  we 
have  had,  yet  retided  at  citixont — diitinguiah- 
ed  over  their  fellowt  only  by  the  right  of 
franking  their  letters,  except  in  their  private 
virtuet,— and  thit  it  all  the  dittinction  that  the 
conttitution  ollowtt— no  peniion,  no  prece- 
dent, no  other  privilege  than  that  of  being  en 
abled  to  corretpond  through  the  pott-oiHces 
with  their  old  friends  and  acquaintances,  free 


auraUma,  Im  wm  tmoommuMA  \f 

pratident  of  tha  mpublie,  and  mat '  Hy  ihu 
venerable  chief  juttiee  of  iha  ITniled  Hitli's, 
a  fellow  toldiar  also.  What  meelingi  wi-ra 
these  of  the  ^reat  and  the  good!  Wi*  can  en* 
tertninsonin  idra  of  tho  tentationtVhirh  thay 
protliioed,  but  language  would  fail  to  give  ut* 
terance  lo  it,  and  we  thall  not  attempt  an  im- 
|KMtil)ility. 

"  The  latt  dayt  of  hia  vitit'wera  properly 
tpent  by  F^iifayette  in  the  nalion't  hoiite,  on 
the  invitation  uf  iu  preient'  iiottettor,  tha 
chief  magistrate  of  tha  United  Statat.  Mr. 
Adama  wat,  in  hit  early  youth,  a  fkvourit* 
with  the  general,  having  muck  paraonal  com* 
munication  with  him  |  and  of  hia  ditpoaitiiHi 
and  abilitpr  to  repretont  tha  hotpitality  vyi 
fueling  of  tho  milliont  of  ftt*  people  ovaf 
whoaa  alTaira  he  presides,  tkara  could  not  ba  • 
doubt.  Lafayette  was  at  home,  in  the  national 
house,  in  the  city  of  Wathington,  and  in  th« 
heart  of  a  family  which  had  every  inducement 
that  can  operate  on  tha  human  mind  to  make 
him  comfortable  |  thit  woa  hit  abode  till  the 
moment  of  hit  departure,  to  emiiark  in  tha 
Brandy  wine,  named  in  eoropliment  to  him,  and 
peculiarly  fitted  for  hit  accommodation— hei 
'  giddy  mast*  bearing  the  ttripet  and  the  tiart, 
her  botom  lo  contain  the  perton  of  our  guest  i 
man  of  whom  it  may  bo  said, '  take  him  all  in 
all,  wo  ne'er  shall  look  upon  his  liko  again,' 
unless  he  shall  again  visit  our  thoret  i  one 
that  wat  the  tame,  great  and  good,  in  prot- 
pority  and  advoraily— grateful  fur  kind  oflicet, 
forgiving  of  imuriet,  lealout  to  confer  bene- 
fita^modett  wnen  at  on  the  pinnacle  of  hu- 
man glory,  dignified  and  collected  in  the  proud 
pretence  of  kingt.  But  1  mutt  not  proceed— 
if,  after  Mr.  Adamt'  ditplay  of  elo<|uence  and 
power,  he,  who  commanua  wordt  and  they 
obey  him,  honettly  confette<! '  a  want  of  [w 
guage  to  give  utterance  to  hit  feelinga'— wh« 
among  ut  may  attempt  it  1  I  thall,  tnerefara 
proceed  to  notice  tome  of  the  thingt  which 
happened  at  the  departure  of  Lafayette,  with 
thit  timple  remark,  that  if  thera  it  any  Ame- 
rican who  can  read,  unmoved,  Mr.  Adam's 
valedictory  addrett  to  him,  or  the  reply  of  the 
general  to  that  addrett,  I  would  not  putsett 
that  man's  heart  for  his  fortune,  though  lie 
wore  a  CroDsua. 

'*  The  7th  inst.  was  the  day  appointed  for 
his  departure.  The  civil  and  military  autho- 
rities,  and  the  whole  people  of  Wasnington, 
hud  prepared  to  honour  it.  The  banks  were 
closed,  and  all  butinett  tutpended  )  and  no- 
thing else  engaged  attention,  except  the  cere 
monies  prescribed  for  the  occasion. 

"  At  ?bout  12  o'clock,  the  authorities  of 
Wathington,  Qeorgetown,  and  Alexandria, 
the  principal  officers  of  the  general  govern- 
ment, civil,  military,  and  naval,  some  membera 
of  Congress,  and  other  respected  strangera, 
wi  re  assembled  in  the  president's  house  to 
taice  leave  of  Lafayette.  He  entered  the 
great  hall  in  silence,  leaning  on  the  marahal  ol 
the  district,  and  on  the  arm  of  one  of  the  pre- 
of  expense !     He  had  before  visited  one  of  sident't   tont.     Mr.  Adama  then,  with  much 


the  lion-hearted  of  the  revolution,  the  retolute 
and  devoted  pretident  Adamt ;  and  the  other 
ex-prcsidonti  were,  the  author  of  tho  decla- 
ration of  independence  ;  a  soldier  who  spilled 
hit  blood  in  tup|x>rting  it ;  and  he  to  whom, 
perhapt,  more  than  any  man  living,  we  are  in 


dignity,  but  with  evident  emotion,  addretted 
him  in  the  following  termt  ;— 

"  '  Qenoral  Lafayette :  It  has  been  the  good 
fortune  of  many  of  my  dittin^ithed  follow- 
citixent,  during  the  courae  of  the  year  now 
elapted,  upon  your  arrival  at  their  retpectivo 


debted   for  the  pretent  happy  conttitution  of  plaeea  of  abode,  to  greet  you  with  the  wol< 
the  United  States.    And  in  one  of  those  ex-  come  of  the  nation.    The  leu  pawing  tank 


VNITMD   STATIS. 


kyilM  prMont 
M  mat  by  tho 
ITnilrii  Hittfii, 
mnrlitiK*  wit* 
II  Wi'  c«niin« 
nnt  which  thay 
I  I'til  lo  niv*  ut« 
•tioinpt  in  im- 

w«r«  properly 
ion't  hoiiM,  on 

JMWMMor,  iha 
Sutai.     Mr. 
uh,  •  (Wvouriia 
i  pcrtomi  eom« 
hi*  diipotitiiHi 
hoipiulity  ft-t4 
«•  people  ov«f 
«  could  not  )m  • 
t,  in  the  naiioaal 
igton,  mhI  in  th« 
eery  indueamenl 
n  mind  lo  rnaka 
lit  abode  till  the 
i  emiiark   in  the 
ment  to  him,  and 
mmiMlation— hei 
Mil  and  iha  liar*, 
ion  of  our  gueii  i 
, '  take  him  all  in 
I  hit  liko  again,' 
our  ihorea  t  one 
id  good,  in  prot- 
I  fur  kind  oiKcei, 
I  to  confer  Lene> 
I  pinnacle  of  hu- 
icted  in  tho  proud 
lit  not  proceed— 
>f  elo<|uenoe  and 
words  and  they 
'  a  want  of  Urt. 
I  feelinn'— wh« 
•hall,  therefore 
jthe  thintfs  which 
~  Lafayette,  with 
ere  if  any  Ame> 
ed,  Mr.  Adam'i 
the  reply  of  the 
uld  not  puMeu 
;uno,  though  lie 

ly  appointed  for 
*  military  autho* 
j  of  Waahington, 
|The  banks  were 
pnded  |  and  no< 
ixcept  the  cere 
iiion. 

authorities  of 
Lnd  Alexandria, 
[general  govom- 
|,  some  members 
acted  strangers, 
lent's  house  to 
|e  entered  the 
the  marshal  ol 
I  one  of  the  pre- 
lien,  with  much 
|tion,  addressed 

I  been  the  ^od 

[lished  fellow- 

[the  year  now 

(heir  respective 

with  the  wol* 

p^«•ing  taak 


devolve*  upon  me,  of  bidding  you,  in  the  I 
I  of  the  nation,  atliau. 

'  It  ware  no  lunger  seasonable,  and  would 
be  superfluous,  to  rt'capilulatn  lh«  rvmnrkubl* 
incidents  of  your  earlv  life-^inoidanls  which 
usnelalad  your  name,  rurtunas,  a  id  rnpiitation, 
in  imperishable  connexion  with  the  ind«pand- 
eiiee  and  history  of  the  North  American 
anion. 

"  '  The  part  which  you  nerformad  at  that 
imporunt  juncture  was  marked  with  charac- 
turs  so  peculiar,  that,  msiising  the  fairest  fable 
of  aniiquity,  it*  iiaralliil  could  scarcely  be 
found  in  tne  amlktnlie  record*  of  human 
history. 

"  ■  Vou  dulilierately  and  porseverinily  pre- 
ferred toil,  danger,  the  endurance  of  every 
hardship,  and  the  privation  of  everjr  comfort, 
in  defence  of  a  holy  cause,  to  inglorious  ease, 
and  the  allurements  of  rank,  affluence,  and 
unrestrained  youth,  at  the  most  splendid  and 
fascinating  court  of  Europe. 

"  *  That  this  choicn  was  not  less  wise  than 
magnanimous,  the  sancltM  of  half  a  century, 
and  the  gratulations  of  unnumliered  voices,  all 
unable  to  express  the  gratitude  of  the  heart 
with  which  your  visit  to  this  hemisphere  has 
iieen  welcomed,  afford  ample  demonstration. 

"  ■  Whan  the  contest  of  freedom,  to  which 
you  had  repaired  as  a  voluntary  champion,  had 
closed,  by  the  complete  triumph  of  her  cause 
in  this  country  of  your  adoption,  you  returned 
to  fulfil  the  duties  of  the  philanthropist  and 
patriot  in  the  land  of  your  nativity.  There, 
in  a  consistent  and  undeviuting  career  of  forty 
ysars,  you  have  maintained,  tnrough  every  vi- 
•  ••ituile  of  alternate  success  and  disapnoint- 
ment,  the  same  glorious  cause  to  which  the 
firstyearsof  your  active  life  had  lieen  devoted, 
the  improvement  of  the  moral  and  political 
condition  of  man. 

"  '  Throu)(hout  that  long  succession  of  time, 
the  ))eoplo  of  tho  United  States,  for  whom,  and 
with  wnom,  you  had  fough;  tho  buttles  of 
liberty,  have  been  living  in  tho  full  possession 
of  its  fruits  ;  one  of  the  happiest  among  the 
family  of  nations.  Spreading  in  population  ; 
enlarging  in  territory ;  acting,  and  siifTuring 
according  to  the  condition  of  their  nature ;  and 
laying  the  foundations  of  tho  greatest,  and  wo 
humbly  hope,  the  most  beneficent  power  that 
ever  regulated  tho  concerns  of  man  upon  earth. 

" '  In  that  lapse  of  forty  years,  the  genera- 
tion of  men  with  whom  you  co-operated  in  the 
conflict  of  arms,  has  nearly  passed  away.  Of 
the  general  oflioers  of  the  American  army  in 
that  war,  you  alone  survive.  Of  the  sages  who 
guided  our  councils ;  of  the  warrior*  who  met 
the  foe  in  the  field  or  upon  the  wave,  with  the 
exception  of  a  few,  to  whom  unusual  length 
of  days  has  been  allotted  by  Hcavon,  all  now 
sleep  with  their  fathers.  A  succeeding,  and 
even  a  third  generation,  have  arisen  to  take 
their  places;  and  their  children's  children, 
while  rising  up  to  call  them  blessed,  have  been 
taii|;ht  by  them,  as  well  as  admonished  by 
their  own  constant  enjoyment  of  frendom,  to 
include  in  every  benison  upon  their  fathers, 
tho  name  of  him  who  came  from  afar,  with 
them,  and  in  their  cause,  to  conquer  or  to  fall. 

"  The  universal  prevalence  of  these  senti- 
ments was  signally  manifested  by  a  resolution 
of  Congress,  representing  the  whole  people, 
and  all  the  states  of  thin  union,  requesting;  tho 
president  of  the  United  States  to  communicate 
lo  you  aaeumnces  of  the  grateful  and  affection' 


at*  attachment  of  tbi*  govermneni  and  P«opW, 
and  desiring  that  a  national  ship  might  Iw  em- 
phiyrd,  at  your  convenience,  fur  your  paaaage 
to  Inn  borders  of  our  country. 

"  '  The  invitation  was  Iransmitteil  to  you  by 
my  venerable  predecessor  i  himself  Uiund  to 
you  by  the  strongest  ties  of  personal  friend- 
ship, himself  one  of  those  whom  the  highest 
honours  of  his  country  had  rewarded  for  blood 
usriy  shed  in  her  cause,  and  for  a  long  life  of 
devotion  to  her  welfare.  Uy  him  the  services 
of  a  national  ship  ware  placed  at  your  dis- 
posal. Your  delicacy  preferred  a  more  pri- 
vate conveyance  and  a  full  year  ha*  •lap**d 
since  vou  landed  upon  our  shores.  It  were 
scarcely  an  exaggeration  to  say,  that  it  has 
lieen,  to  the  people  of  the  union,  a  year  of  un 
interrupted  festivity  and  ei\joyment,  insuired 
by  your  presence.  You  have  traversed  the 
twenty-four  state*  of  this  great  confederacy 
You  nave  been  received  with  rapture  by  tlie 
survivors  of  your  earliest  companions  inarms: 
You  have  lieen  hailed  as  a  long  absent  parent 
by  their  children,  the  men  and  women  of  the 
present  age  i  And  a  rising  generation,  thu  hope 
of  future  time,  in  numuera  surpassing  tne 
whole  population  of  that  day  when  you  fought 
at  tho  head  and  by  the  sid*  of  their  fore- 
fathers, have  vied  with  the  sca-nty  remnant*  uf 
that  hour  of  trial,  in  acclamations  of  joy  at  be- 
holding tho  face  of  him  whom  they  feel  to  be 
the  common  benefactor  of  all.  You  have 
hoard  the  mingled  voices  of  the  past,  tho  pre- 
sent, and  the  future  age,  joining  in  one  univer- 
sal chorus  of  delight  at  your  approach  i  and 
the  shout*  of  umiiddcn  thousands,  which 
greeteil  your  landing  on  tho  soil  of  freedom, 
have  followed  every  step  of  your  way,  and 
still  resound,  like  the  rustling  or  mar/  waters, 
from  every  eorner  of  our  land. 

" '  You  are  now  about  to  return  to  the 
country  of  your  birth,  of  your  ancestors,  of 
your  posterity.  The  executive  government  of 
tho  union,  stimulated  by  the  same  feeling 
which  had  prompted  tho  congress  to  the  de- 
signation of  a  national  ship  for  your  accom- 
modation in  coming  hither,  ha*  destined  the 
first  sorvioo  of  a  fngate,  recently  launched  at 
this  metropolis,  to  the  less  welcome,  but 
equally  distinguished  trust,  of  conveying  you 
home.  Tho  name  of  the  ship  ha*  added  one 
mora  memorial  to  distant  region*  and  to  future 
o^ei,  of  a  stream  already  memorable,  at  once 
in  the  story  of  your  suffering*  and  of  our  in< 
dependence. 

"'The  ship  is  now  prepared  for  your  r«< 
ception,  and  equipped  for  sea.  From  the  mO' 
ment  of  her  departure,  the  prayer*  of  millions 
will  ascend  to  Heaven  that  her  passage  may 
lie  prosperous,  and  your  return  to  the  bosom 
of  your  family  as  propitious  to  your  happiness, 
as  your  visit  to  this  scene  of  your  youthful 
glory  has  been  to  that  of  the  American  people. 

"  *  Go  then,  our  beloved  friend— return  to 
the  land  of  brilliant  genius,  of  gpenerous  senti- 
ment, of  heroic  valour;  to  that  beautiful 
France,  the  nursing  mother  of  the  twelfth 
Louis,  and  the  Fourth  Henry  ;  to  the  native 
soil  of  Bayard  and  Coligni,  of  Turenne  and 
Catinat,  of  Fenelon  and  D'Aguesseau.  In 
that  illustrious  catulogue  of  names  which  she 
claims  as  of  her  children,  and  with  honest 
pride  holds  up  to  the  admiration  of  other  na' 
tions,  tho  name  of  Lafayette  has  already  for 
centuries  been  enrolled.  And  it  shall  hence- 
forth burnish  into  brighter  fame ;    for  if,  in 


*Aar  day*,  a  Pren*bw  (kail  b*  mUmI  ••  toi 
di«au  tne  gkwMMt  of  hi*  nailM  kjr  (hat  •• 
one  individual,  during  lb*  age  in  wkiek  wa 
liva,  the  blood  of  loi\y  Mlrioti*m  shall  maMla 
Ire  of  CO 


in  hi*  cheek,  the  fir*  of  eonaawa*  viitaa 
sparkle  in  kia  aye,  and  be  shall  praaauaaa  iIm 
name  of  Lafaveiu.  Yet  we,  loo,  aad  «mt 
•bildren,  in  liia  and  after  death,  *ltall  akiia 
you  fur  our  own.  Yoa  are  oar*  by  thai 
mora  than  palriotie  *elf-devolioM  wilk  wlHab 
you  Hew  to  the  aid  of  our  father*  M  iIm  ariai* 
of  tnoir  fate.  Our*  by  thai  long  *ariaa  al 
year*  in  wkieli  vou  have  ebarWiad  u*  ia  yoav 
regard.  Our*  by  thai  unakakan  taaliaiaMt  af 
gratitude  for  your  (orviee*  wkiah  i* a  | 


portion  of  our  inhoriianaa.  Oar*  by'lkal  tia 
of  kiva,  stronger  than  deaik,  wkiek  baa  Unkad 
your  name,  for  the  endl***  aga*  of  Imm,  mVk 
the  name  of  Washington, 

'"At  the  painftil  mootentof  parting  fram 
you,  wa  take  comfort  in  tba  tMugkl,  that 
wherever  you  may  be,  lo  th*  la*t  pulaation  ol 
your  heart,  our  country  will  ba  aver  praaani 
to  your  aiTactions ;  and  a  cheering  eoaaohoiaii 
assures  us,  that  we  are  not  eallad  to  Mirrow 
most  uf  all,  that  wa  ahall  **a  year  fkaa  no 
more.  Wo  shall  indulge  the  pleasing  aniici* 
paiion  of  beholding  our  friend  again.  In  tka 
meantime,  specking  in  the  name  of  tha  whole 
people  of  the  United  Stales,  and  at  a  lo**  only 
for  languagu  to  give  utterance  to  that  foaling 
of  attachment  with  which  the  heart  of  tho  na 
tion  beats,  as  the  heart  of  one  man^I  bid  yoa 
•  reluctant  and  afToetionale  farewell.' " 

To  which  Orneral  Lafayette  made  tka 
following  answer  r^ 

" '  Amidst  all  my  obligation*  to  th*  general 
government,  and  partieularly  to  you,  sir,  ita 
respected  chief  raaffistrate,  I  nave  moat  thank* 
fully  to  acknowledge  the  opportunity  given 
Tie,  at  this  soUmn  and  painfbl  moment,  la 
present  the  p«o|<M  of  the  United  State*  with 
a  parting  tribut*  of  profound,  inaxpreseibla 
gratitude. 

" '  To  have  bee.v  in  tha  infant  and  eritieal 
days  of  these  stah-s  adopted  by  them  a*  a 
favourite  ion,  to  Kavv  participated  in  the  tnila 
and  peril*  of  our  unsp><t(ad  struggle  for  inda* 
penJence,  freedom  ana  a<)ual  rights,  and  in 
tha  foundation  of  tha  Ama.-iean  era  of  a  new 
social  order,  which  ha*  already  nervaded  thi*^ 
and  must,  for  the  dignity  and  t«appine»*  ol' 
mankind,  auccessiveiy  pervade  «*vqry  part  ol 
the  other  hemisphere,  to  have  nsceived  al 
every  stage  of  the  revolution,  a^l  during 
forty  year*  after  that  period,  from  tKa  people 
of  the  United  States,  and  their  re^«»>sent*« 
lives  at  home  and  abroad,  eonliniial  M>vk*  ol 
their  confidence  and  kindness,  ha*  beM.  'ha 
pride,  the  encouramment,  tha  support  "i  m 
long  and  eventful  life. 

" '  But  how  could  I  find  word*  to  aekno« 
ledge  that  *erie*  of  welcome*,  those  un 
bounded  and  universal  displays  of  pubiie  af 
fection,  which  have  marked  each  step,  each 
hour,  of  a  twelve-months'  progress  through 
the  twenty-four  states,  and  which,  while  they 
overwhelm  my  heart  with  grateful  delight, 
have  most  satisfactorily  evinced  the  concur 
rence  of  the  people  in  the  kind  testinHSiies,  in 
the  immense  favours  bestowed  on  ne  by  tha 
several  branches  of  their  representatives,  in 
every  part  and  at  the  central  seat  of  tho  con< 
federacy. 

" '  Yet,  gratification  still  higher  awaited  mat 
in  tho  wonder*  of  croatioa  and  inprovMMMl 


HIMTORY  or   Till 


I  my 


•y«,  In  Ik*  un- 


^nll«lad  mm!  Mtlf-Aiti  k*p|>in*M  nf  ih«  tmn 
pla,  in  ikvir  rapul  pri>i|irrtl)'  aiiil  intiiml  ui- 
twriljr,  puMie  and  nrivaln,  in  a  |trai!iiea  of  kimhI 
•nUr,  iIm  apfwrniafa  of  una  frr«Ji>m,  anii  a 


,  ika  Anal  arbiwr  of  all  ilif- 
AmltiM,!  !»•*•  kad  prnudly  In  raenKniMi  a 
■Mull  ot  lk«  nipiibliMn  prinfliplnf  for  wkiek 
w«  knv*  liMtgki,  and  a  nloriinit  dvmonairaiiiin 
to  lk«  MOM  umid  and  pr«Judie«d  mindi,  of  ikn 
Mfariority,  ovar  dcfradinf  ariatoerany  or 
daapotiam,  of  popular  Innilution*  fiiundml  on 
liw  pbin  ri|kta  of  hmh,  and  wkani  ika  Ineal 
ifku  of  cvarv  tMiian  ar«  prvaarvad  undar  a 
onatUaiional  bond  of  union.  Tka  ekariaking 
■f  Umu  uaion  baiwaMi  tka  ataiaa,  at  il  kaa  baan 
tlw  fcrvwatl  inlroatjr  of  our  frnal  palamal 
Waakhigloii,  aiid  will  avar  kava  tka  dying 
prky*!*  of  avary  Amariean  palrint,  ao  it  k«« 
j—oiiw  tka  iaarad  plo«i|r»  of  ika  amaneipation 
of  iIm  world,  an  otijaal  in  wkiok  I  am  tianpy 
to  nbaarvo  tkat  tka  Amariean  paopla,  wniln 
ikajrgiva  tka  animating  exampla  of  luecrurnl 
fl«a  mMiltttUma,  in  ratum  fur  an  avil  entailed 
<ipo«  iham  by  Kuropa,  and  of  wkiek  a  liberal 
■M  •ullfktonad  aanae  ia  every  wkara  more 
•nd  Horw  gmMrally  fell,  ikow  tkamaelvet 
Wf*n  day  mora  anxioutly  intereatad. 

**  'And  now,  air,  knw  ean  I  do  Jiiatlee  In 
my  doap  and  lively  feelinfra  for  ikn  aMii- 
imwae,  moat  neeuliarly  valued,  of  your  nuti'nm 
umI  (Handakin,  for  your  an  very  kind  rofur- 
•iiaae  to  old  time*,  to  my  beloved  asaneiiitoi, 
to  tka  vieiaaitudea  of  my  life,  for  your  affect- 
kaf  pialura  for  ike  bleming*  poured  hy  the 
Hveml  generationi  of  llie  American  |ieople 
Ml  tka  ramaining  day*  nf  a  deligkted  vetomn, 
Ibr  your  afleetionata  remark*  on  ikt*  md  knur 
of  aaparation,  on  tka  oountry  of  my  birtk, 
IWII,  I  ean  my,  of  Ameriean  aympathiei 
Ml  lk«  kopa  so  noeoaaary  to  me  of  my  (ceinir 
igwn  tka  eimntry  tkat  ka*  deif^ned,  near  kalf 
■  cmtuiy  ago,  to  oall  mo  kenf  I  ikall  eon- 
tant  myaalf,  refraining  from  iiinerfluoua  n>pa- 
titiona,  at  onee,  before  you,  (ir,  and  tki*  re- 
•paeiad  eimle,  to  pruolaim  my  cordial  con- 
nrmation  of  every  ona  of  tke  aentimenti 
wbieb  I  kava  bad  daily  opportunitie*  publicly 
to  utter,  from  tke  time  wken  your  vencraliln 
pradaeeaaor,  my  old  brotkar  in  arm*  and  friend, 
Irmnamitted  to  ma  tka  konourable  invitation  of 
Oongraa*,  to  tkia  day,  wken  you,  mydeariir, 
wkoao  friendly  eonnexion  witk  me  daiea  from 
your  earliest  youtk,  are  going  to  coniign  me 
to  tka  proteetion,  oeroaa  the  Atlntitic,  nf  the 
Imroio  national  flag,  on  board  tlin  aplendid 
•kip,  tka  name  of  wkioh  ha*  not  been  the 
loaat  iaitaring  and  kind  among  the  number 
baa  Ikroura  conferred  upon  me. 

" '  Qod  bleaa  you,  *ir,  and  all  who  surround 
ua.  Ood  blesa  the  American  (leople,  each  of 
tkair  states,  and  tke  federal  government.  Ac- 
Mpt  tkia  patriotic  farewell  of  an  overflowing 
Imart ;  auck  will  be  its  lost  throb  when  it 
B— si»s  to  beat' 

"  Aa  tke  last  sentence  was  pronounced,  the 
gMieral  advanced,  and,  while  the  tears  poured 
•var  bis  venerable  check,  again  took  the  pro- 
■idant  in  kit  arm* — ^he  retired  a  few  paces, 
but  overcome  by  his  feelings  again  returned, 
•nd  uttering  in  broken  accents,  *  God  bleu 
you  I'  fell  once  more  on  the  nock  of  Mr. 
Adams.  It  was  a  scene,  at  once  solemn  and 
nioving,  as  the  sighs  and  stealing  tears  of 
mMiy,  who  witnessed  it,  bore  teatimony. 
liMnag  raeovered  his  self-posseuion,  the  gen- 


eral sirelelwd  nut  his  hands,  and  was,  in  a  umi 
meni,  turmiinilxd  by  ika  grwotinn  of  ik« 
whole  asarmlily,  who  pr«<«Mii!  uihiu  him,  each 
Kagnr  to  miar,  parkaps  for  ikn  Isat  lima,  ikal 
beloved  kamt  which  was  o|>enad  so  froely  for 
our  aid,  whan  aid  was  to  praeioui,  and  wkioh 
gra*|wd,  wilk  Arm  and  umlavialing  hold,  the 
tieal  whieh  to  bravely  h«lp«d  lu  achieve  our 
daHveranaa,  Tka  aipraaaion  whieh  now 
liaamed  from  the  faeeorihiiiaxaltrd  man  wat 
of  the  flneu  and  m(Mi  touehinc  kind.  The 
hero  was  lot!  in  the  father  and  the  friend  i 
lignily  melted  into  aulidund  •ffttelion,  and  the 
frianti  of  Washington  teemaAo  lineur  wilk  a 
mournful  deligkt  among  ike  tons  of  his  adopt- 
ed country,  A  contidorabia  period  wat  then 
oeeupied  in  eonverting  wiih  varioii*  individu- 
als, while  rafVeakmant*  ware  nretenied  to  the 
eompany,  Tha  moment  of  dapariura  at 
length  arrived,  and,  having  onee  more  pretted 
tha  hand  of  Mr.  Ailami,  lia  entered  the  ba- 
roueha,  accompanied  by  the  teorelarint  of 
•tale,  nf  tke  trentury,  and  of  the  navy. 

Tke  parting  lieing  over,  the  carriage  of 
the  general,  preceded  by  ihn  cavalry,  the  ma- 
rine corps,  and  Cnptain  Edwarilt'  riflo  enrpt, 
and  followed  by  the  carriagot  containing  ihe 
corporate  authoritint  of  iho  cities  nf  the  dit- 
Irici,  and  numeroiii  military  and  high  civil 
officer*  nf  the  government,  movnd  forward, 
follnwed  by  the  remaining  military  com- 
pnniei.  In  taking  u,i  tha  etoort,  tha  whole 
column  moved  through  the  court,  in  front  of 
the  pretidnnt't  mansion,  and  paid  him  the  pat- 
ting taliitn,  aa  ho  ttood  in  front  to  receive  it. 
The  whole  tecne--the  pealt  of  artillery,  the 
animating  loundt  of  numerou*  military  bandt, 
the  preaenee  of  the  vait  concourse  of  people, 
and  the  oceation  that  aitambled  them,  alto- 
gether produced  emotion*,  not  eaiily  do- 
terilied,  but  which  ovary  American  will 
readily  conceive. 

"On  reaching  the  l>ank  of  the  Potomac, 
near  where  the  Mount  Vernon  *tcom  vettel 
wat  in  waiting,  all  the  carriagct  in  the  pni- 
cetiinn,  except  the  goneral't,  whet)lod  nff,  and 
the  eitiaent  in  them  aiiemhled  on  foot  around 
that  of  the  general.  The  whole  military 
IkmIv  then  patted  him  in  review,  at  he  ttood 
in  tne  barouche  of  the  pretident,  attentlod 
by  the  tocrctarie*  of  itate,  of  the  treaaury, 
and  of  the  navy.  Af\or  tho  review,  the  ge- 
neral proceeded  to  the  ateam  vei*el  under  a 
laluto  of  artillery,  turrounded  by  aa  many 
citizent,  all  eager  to  catch  the  latt  look,  at 
could  prett  on  tha  large  wharf  |  and,  at  four 
o'clock,  thit  great,  and  good,  and  extraordi- 
nary man,  trod,  for  the  latt  time,  the  toil  of 
America,  followed  by  the  blettings  of  every 
patriotic  heart  that  lives  on  it. 

"  As  the  vessel  moved  off,  and  for  a  short 
time  after,  the  deepest  silence  was  observed 
by  the  whole  of  the  vast  multitude  that  lined 
the  shore.  Tho  feelings  that  pervaded  thorn 
waa  that  of  children  bidding  a  final  farewell 
to  a  venerated  parent.  The  whole  remained 
gaaing  after  the  retiring  vessel,  until  she  had 
passed  Oreenloars  Point,  whore  another 
salute  repeated  the  valedictory  loundt  of  re 
tpoct,  and  thete  again  were,  not  long  after, 
echoed  by  the  heavy  guna  of  fort  Wailiing- 
ton,  and  reminded  us  of  tho  rapidity  with 
which  this  benefactor  and  friend  ol^  our  coun 
try  was  borne  from  it. 

"  The  general  was  accompanied  to  tho 
Brandy  wine  by  the  tecrotary  af  tho  navy,  the 


mayors  of  ika  Ihraa  rilias  of  tka  distriat,  iIm 
enmmander  in-ekief  nf  iha  army,  tka  genarala 
of  ihn  militia  of  the  ditlricl,  (,'oniniiM|iir« 
Rainbridgt',  and  several  other  genllemrn." 

The  IrHiiaaetinnsltelweenihe  IJnilKil  ^taa 
antl  iha  Indian  Irilies  hnva  oeraiioned  rnnaid* 
arable  ditciistion  among 'ha  philanlknipitta  of 
iNilk  the  new  ami  the  nld  world  |  wa  tkall, 
tkarefore,  nnlioa  tha  trtiatiot  which  wan 
formed  tomewkat  particularly.  In  Febniary, 
a  ireahr  wat  oonoludrd  with  tha  (!reek  na- 
tion of^  Imlians.  Tha  eommistinners  nn  tka 
part  nf  the  United  Slates  rapretenird  to  tha 
rrankt,  that  it  it  the  |mlicy  and  with  nf  ika 
gnnoral  gnvernmeni,  that  ika  taversl  Indian 
triliat  within  the  limits  nf  any  nf  iha  slates  of 
tho  union,  should  remove  to  larrilnry  to  ba 
designated  on  the  west  tide  of  tka  Mittitaippi 
river,  at  well  for  the  better  pmtenlinn  and  ta< 
curity  of  the  said  tribes,  and  their  improve* 
ment  in  oiviliaa'inn,  as  lor  the  purpose  of  en- 
abling the  United  Hiatet,  in  thit  instance,  to  com- 


piv  wilk  a  compact  entered  into  wilktlia  ttata 
ul^  Oaorsia,  on  the  S4ih  of  April,  1809.  Tha 
cliirft   of  iha  Creak  towns   assented  to  tka 


reatonablnnett  of  ika  pmiMMilion,  and  ex- 
iretted  a  willingnett  to  migrate  beyond  tha 
Vfittittippi,  those  of  Tokaubatrkee  excepted, 
Tha  Craeka  accordingly,  by  tke  flrst  article 
nf  the  treaty,  ended  to  the  TJnited  Hiales  all 
the  lands  within  the  Imundaries  of  the  stale  of 
Georgia  now  occupied  by  them,  or  to  whiek 
they  have  title  or  claim,  lying  within  certain 
described  boundariet;  and  by  the  teennd  it 
waa  aerced,  that  the  United  Slatpt  will  give 
in  excnanse  for  tho  landi  hereby  aeipiiretltha 
like  ijuantity,  acre  fur  sere,  westward  of  tha 
Mississippi,  on  the  Arkansas  river.  Otiiei 
stipulations  favourable  to  the  equitable  elaima 
nf  the  emigrating  parties  were  made  |  parti* 
aularly  that  a  deputation  may  be  sent  to  ex* 
oinre  tho  territorv  herein  ofTured  them  in  ax- 
change  ;  and  if  tne  same  be  not  acceptable  to 
ihem,  then  they  may  select  any  other  territory 
west  of  the  Mittittippi,  on  Red,  Canadian, 
Arkantat,  or  Mittouri  rivers,  the  territory  oe- 
eupied by  tho  Cherokues  and  Ckoctaws  ex* 
cepted;  and  if  the  territory  to  be  selecteo 
shall  be  in  the  occupancy  of  other  Indies 
trihet,  then  the  United  Slates  will  extinguish 
the  title  of  such  occupsnts  for  the  benefit  of 
the  said  emigrants. 

The  Kan«as  Indians,  by  treaty,  ceded  to 
the  United  States  all  their  lands  both  within 
and  without  the  limits  of  Missouri,  excepting 
a  reservation  boyon<l  that  state  on  the  Kansaa 
river,  about  thirty  miles  square,  including 
their  villages.  In  consideration  of  this  ces- 
sion, the  United  Stales  agreed  to  pay  three 
thousand  five  hundred  didlars  a  year  for 
twenty  years;  to  furnish  the  Kansas  imme- 
diately with  three  hundred  head  of  cattio, 
three  hundred  hogs,  five  hundred  fowls,  three 
yoke  of  oxen,  and  two  carts,  and  with  suck 
farming  utensils  as  tho  Indian  superintendent 
may  deeic  necessary  j  to  provide  and  sup- 
port a  blacksmith  fur  them ;  and  In  employ 
persons  to  aid  and  instruct  them  in  their  agri- 
culturnl  pursuits,  as  tho  president  may  derm 
expedient.  Of  the  ceded  lands,  thirty-six 
sections  on  the  Big  Blue  river  were  to  be  lai(# 
out  under  the  dircution  of  the  president,  and 
•old  for  the  suppurt  of  schools  amonff  tho 
Kansas.  Reservations  were  alto  made  fui 
tho  benefit  of  certain  half-breeds ;  and  other 
stipulatiomi    maUially  wtia&ctory.    It 


wu 


tim  mini,  llal  M  MtvM*  M««nfa  th«tl  \m 
tokMi  by  iIm  Imikmt  m  iIm  vtolMmn  nf  ihair 
ri«liM|  bul  ikM  Uiay  tliall  inaka  »\w\r  rum- 
|>Uinl  III  lk«  •U|wrinMiHianl  •>?  nihor  (K*I)I, 
•mi  nxniva  ju'licu  in  •  Jii»  coiirwt  of  Uw  | 
•nd  il  WM  iHlly  •KiwaJ,  thai  itm  Kkiimi  iw- 
lion  ih«ll  navnr  illaiMtM  oflhrnr  Umla  >¥ilk<ml 
lk«  nonMnI  of  tha  \7nila>l  Mliiixt,  ami  ihal  ilia 
INiilad  Huiai  thall  tlwajfi  Imva  iha  ttvn  right 
Ml' iKiviKKlion  in  ilia  walura  of  iliii  Kmiaa*. 

A  immy  WM  alaii  aoiioliiilail  wiili  lli4i(tr«al 
•ml  l<iiiM  Ot»ff»;  ti  Hi.  Iioiii*,  MiMouri. 
Tha  Kanaral  priiii!i|il«i  of  ihi*  ira^ly  »r»  Out 
Mma  M  ihoM  of  llin  ira^ly  with  ihii  Kahmi. 
Tlta  lntii*n*  ouda  all  thair  Und*  in  ArkaiiM* 
•nd  alaawhara,  •nd  than  rtiMirva  •  dcfliiad 
larrilory,  waMof  iha  Mi««<ttiri  lina,  AIVy  niilat 
M|U«r«  I  an  •g«nl  In  ha  pannittad  In  ra«idn  on 
tha  nMar%«lion,  and  tha  Unilad  Hiatal  luh^va 
tha  ri||hl  of  fraa  navimiion  in  all  tha  watari 
on  tha  iraol.  The  ifniled  Hula*  nay  •n  in- 
niiity  of  lavan  ihoiKand  dollar*  for  twaniy 
yuar*  |  furnifh  forthwith  lis  hundred  lu-aii  of 
eattia,  mi  hundred  hog*,  ona  thousand  fowl*, 
tan  yoka  of  axon,  six  carta,  with  fHrminv 
jlandki,  par*on*  to  toaiih  tha  Indian*  a^riFiil- 
tiira,  and  ablaflkamith,  ami  Itiiild  a  coinimMJiou* 
dwalliny-huuM)  for  aaoh  uf  tha  four  principiil 
chiaf*,  at  hi*  own  villuga.  RaMirvalioii*  w.ra 
mada  for  the  oilnliliiihinoni  of  a  fund  ''ir  tli« 
*up|iorl  of  *olimil*  fur  the  lieiiafit  of  tht  Oiiiua 
children  I  and  nroviiion  wa*  madu  fui  llm 
baiiaflt  of  tha  llarim.  ly  niinionary  ontaliliitli. 
menL  Tha  Unilod  Stale*'  aim  aMuiiiu  cor- 
lain  debt*  due  from  certain  ohi<if*  of  ih« 
irilMi*;  and  agree  to  dolivar  at  the  0*u)re  vil- 
la)(«*,  a*  M;an  a*  may  lie,  four  thnuiiiiiil  dol- 
lar* in  inerohandi*e,  and  two  thou*and  *ix 
hundred  in  huriHi*ami  their  wquipinnnti. 

In  May,  a  gananil  convention  of  p«*nce, 
amity,  navigation,  and  comniaree,  betwrnn 
thu  Unitml  Slate*  of  America  and  the  ri'piililic 
of  Colombia,  wa*  aignnd  by  the  pru*id<!iit,  al 
Waiihinal<(n. 

The  fmieth  nnniveriary,  iho  jiiliiloa,  a*  il 
wa*  termad,  of  American  inde|H>ndencn,  wa* 
oliKirved  ihroughoMt  ihe  *laui*  with  xri'iit  on- 
ihutiaam,  and  wa*  rendered  additionKlly  inlor 
etting  by  the  remiirkablu  oiroumatancu  thiil 
both  Adam*  and  Jefrer*on,  uminont  men 
amone  the  father*  of  their  country,  diuj  on 
that  (fay. 

Mr.  Ailam*,  in  a  moaiage  to  Con)(rcii,  ra- 
commended  a  naval  academy,  and  urgud  the 
appropriation  of  money  for  *ucli  an  natablinh- 
mont ;  but  ConKret*  did  nnl  move  far  in  the 
buiine**.  He  alto  rocommendml  ihoort'ction 
of  an  obaurvatory,  that  the  Unilod  Slntt'i 
might  not  lie  behiiid  the  nation*  of  Europe  in 
iketr  aatronomical  knowlodKe.  Thi*  wa*  aUo 
neglected,  Tho  next  election  wa*  the  all  on- 
gTO(*ing  •iibject  of  tho  politician*,  in  nvory 
quarter  of  tho  country,  and  forbade  any  im- 
provement* ill  *ciBm'o  or  lutlora.  Toward* 
the  cioao  of  hi*  administration,  twenty  lliou 
(and  diillars  were  appmprialed,  to  lio  paid  by 
instalment*,  for  statuary  to  fill  *omo  niches  in 
tho  cast  front  of  the  capitol,  and  a  luitable 
artist  engaged  to  repair  to  Italy,  to  commence 
his  laltours.     He    received   his    in*triiction* 

«om  Mr.  Adams,  who  had  designed  tho  oriia- 
ents  of  the  pediment  on   tho  front  of  tho 
Mme  building. 

Mr.  Adams  lived  in  harmony  with  his  cabi- 
nrt,  although  they  were  maduof  difTuront  ma- 
kwiab  from  himtelf.    He  ttruggled  hard  to 


VNITID   STATU. 

firtiva  that  a  prasMlaNl  «a«tld  aal  wilkotil  *Mtyi 
lUl  hi*  siicjas*  did  mil  warraM  itia  aonaluaMin 
that  (itvh  a  ooursa  could  »\i»t  \m  wisely  pur- 
suml.  Many  warn  iiuirtiAad,  and  nut  a  law 
di<ap|Htiiil«d,  to  son  iIiomi  who  kml  mada  m> 
affurt  to  bring  in  iha  ailministration,  raraiva 
tha  reward*  which  balongtid  to  hi*  political 
friuiids,  Mr.  Ailam*  was  iini|ua*tiunalily  tha 
most  Irarned  of  all  the  rhiuf  magislratps  iha 
nation  ha*  hail.  Ha  r<*e«i«ad  alt  foreign  am- 
liaaaailor*  wilhoul  an  interiirnlar,  and  salisHud 
all  that  ha  was  artiiiaintatl  with  thair  inolhnr 
tongun.  His  learning  and  his  openness  of  di*- 
(Ntsiliim  did  notMug  iii  insure  hi*  second  viae- 
lion.  Tha  tiila  of  parly  was  not  to  be  stem- 
m»>l  by  learning  and  enlarged  view*,  (lane- 
ral  Jackson  wa*  aleeled  by  a  large  m^ority. 

In  tha  year  I8S8,  Congra**  madu  provi- 
lion,  by  law,  for  certain  offlcar*  of  the  revo- 
lutionarv  army.  Tha  debt  of  Jiuliee  hail  iMien 
long  dnlayed.  Thousands  had  descended  to 
the  grave  in  pnvartv,  with  complaints  on  their 
lip*  aguin*t  ihe  ruler*  uf  the  IbimI.  All  the 
wise,  patriotic,  and  elotfuent  of  both  house*  of 
('ongre**,  were  on  tha  *ide  of  the  veteran  *ol- 
lior*.  Strong  argument*  were  used  in  iheir 
cauMi,  The  chairman  of  the  eonimiltee  which 
rt*|iurled  tho  bill,  made  the  fulluwing  forcible 
remark*  :— 

"  Mr.  Pre*idenl,  (*ai<l  he,)  it  haa  become 
mv  duly,  *ir,  a*  ehairman  of  the  eommiltre 
Who  ru|Kirtod  thi*  bill,  to  explain  tha  origin 
and  character  uf  it,  I  regret  that  thi*  duly 
has  not  devolved  upon  some  abler  repre*ent- 
ative  uf  the  interests  of  the  petitioner*  |  but  I 
regret  it  tho  le**  as  my  colleagues  on  the  com- 
mittee po**v**  every  quality  of  both  the  head 
and  heart  to  advance  thixe  inleroat*,  and  will 
no  doubt,  hereafter,  bo  aecnnded  by  an  indul- 
gent attention  on  the  part  of  the  aenale. 

"  Who,  then,  air,  are  the  venerable  men 
that  knock  at  your  door  t  and  fur  what  do 
they  a*k  1  They  are  not  auppliant*  for  mere 
favour  or  charity,  though  we  all  know  that 
nothing  but  the  proud  apirit  which  helped  to 
(iistain  them  through  the  distresses  of  our 
revolution,  ha*  withheld  most  of  them  from 
reliance  for  daily  bread  on  the  aim*  provided 
by  the  present  peiiiion  act.  No,  sir,  they 
come  a*  petitioner*  for  their  right*.  They 
eumu  a*  the  remnant  of  that  gallant  liand,  who 
onliated  your  continental  army,  who  disci- 
plined it*  rank*,  who  planned  it*  enterprise*, 
and  led  the  way  to  victory  and  independence. 
Confiding  in  the  plighted  faith  of  Congress, 
given  in  the  form  uf  a  solemn  compact,  they 
adhered  to  your  cause  through  evil  report  and 
good  report,  till  tho  groat  drama  closed  ;  and 
they  now  ask  onl v  that  the  faith  so  nlighted 
may  bo  redeemed.  Amid  tha  wreck*  from 
time  and  di*ea*e,  during  almost  half  a  century, 
short  uf  two  hundred  and  fif\y  now  survive, 
nut  of  two  thousand  fuur  hundred  and  eighty, 
who  existed  at  the  oloso  of  the  war.  Bven 
this  small  number  is  falling  fast  around  us,  as 
the  leaves  of  autumn;  and  this  very  morning 
a  gentleman  before  mo  ha*  communicated  the 
information,  that  another  of  the  most  faithful 
among  them  ha*  just  pas*ed  *  that  bourne 
whence  no  traveller  return*.'  It  behoove*  u*, 
then,  if  wa  now  conclude,  in  our  prosperity 
and  greatness,  to  extend  relief,  either  from 
oharitv.  gratitude,  or  justice,  to  do  i:  quickly. 

"  Aly  grcnt  anxiety  is,  in  the  outset,  to  pre- 
vent any  misapprehension  of  the  true  grounds 
on    which    ttw    appropriation    ia    (ounded. 


TkrotiflMM  lU  wMa  Uiaify,  iIwm  bM 
disfHwiiMm  to  eanaur*  tha  imMivea  of  polUy  ar 
ika  .lid  enngrasa.  They  adoptad  such  iiiaa> 
■ura*  a*  tha  aaiganoia*  and  naraaatlia*  of  lh» 
lima*  fiiread  u|Hin  ihami  ami  now,  when 
ihmaaaignncias  have  erased,  il  i*  just,  a*  w*U 
aa  ganaroua,  to  give  *uah  faliaf  a*  the  nalura 
of  Ilia  eaaa  -nay  damand. 

A  vary  grval  iibslaelo  to  tha  •uoeaa*  nl 
tkii  maaaura,  heralofora,  ha*  Itaan  a  pravalanl 
opinion,  that  thata  ^laiilionar*  are  *aeking 
companialion  merely  for  loiia*  •ii*lainad  un 
(ha  daprveiation  of  oontinanlal  money  and 
earlillealas  raeaivnd  for  their  munlkly  wage*  | 
whereas  from  thair  Aral  memorial  in  A,  1), 
ISIO,  lo  tha  prasani  Mitaion,  thay  kava  inva* 
riably  reaiad  on  tha  non-parlbmianaa,  by 
Congras*,  of  a  distiiMl  and  indapandanl  aon* 
tract.  All  the  lo**a*  on  iKair  monliil;|f  wag**, 
they  bora  in  common,  and  ar«  willing  In 
forego  in  common  with  many  in  iha  waiCa  of 
civil  life,  and  with  tha  krava  •oldiara  iindar 
thair  command.  Thia  i*  iha  plain  and  da> 
ciaive  rea*on  why  mine  but  omear*  are  am- 
bracad  in  tha  present  bill.  Tha  eonlraci  or 
which  ihry  rely,  wa*  mada  with  ika  offiaara 
alone  t  and  gallant  and  unfnrtunaia  a*  war* 
ika  *nldier»,  ihe  officer*  have  andurad,  ami 
wilt  continue  in  amiure,  without  repining, 
atill  *evarer  *uffuring*  IVom  tha  worthlaa* 
mcr.oy  and  cartifleaie*  received  fur  ibair 
wage*  I  liecaii*e  those  losaea  ware  parhapa 
too  large,  and  too  general  in  alt  da|ianmenla 
of  life,  ever  lo  warrant  the  expeetntian,  or 
practicability,  of  eomplf  la  remuneration.  I 
nava  aaid  severer  •ufTering*  on  ihii  account  bjr 
the  officer* ;  beoau*e  the  money  received  for 
wave*  before  A.  D.  1780,  worth  only  on* 
dollar  in  tha  hundred,  wa*,  to  the  olReora,  tha 
only  mean*  to  purchaaa  camp  eqi-.ipaga  and 
clothing,  that  were  furnished  to  the  soldier* 
out  of  the  public  arsenal*)  and  becauaa  tiie 
aoldier  often  received  be*ide*  bounties  both  al 
heme  and  from  Congre**. 

"  Let  it  then  be  di*tinctly  underttood,  that 
notwithalanding  thi*  di*i>anty  againcl  the  offi 
cer*,  no  *uch  lo*se*  or  depreciatioiis  form  any 
part  of  the  foundation  for  this  bill.  A  mo< 
menl's  attention  to  the  history  of  that  period, 
will  show  the  true  ground  of  the  appropria< 
lion.  After  (his  unequal  pressuri*  had  ci<n« 
liniied  nearly  three  year*— after  the  officer* 
lied  *ustained  their  spirits  during  that  trying 
period  under  such  disadvantage*,  by  the  fore* 
of  thn*e  principle*  that  led  them  at  flr*t  to 
join  in  the  pledge  In  the  cau*e,  of 'their  live*, 
iheir  fortune*,  and  their  *acred  honour  |'  after 
their  private  re*ource*  had  become  nearly  ax- 
hau*led  in  *upplying  tho*a  want*  thair  coun- 
try wa*  unable  rather  than  unwilling  loiatiafy, 
there  aroie  a  stale  of  things  which  led  to  eor- 
tain  proceedings  by  Congre**  in  relation  to 
half  nay. 

"  "The  prospect  had  nearly  vanished,  that 
any  honoiiraUe  accommodation  could  be  ef 
fected  with  the  parent  country.  The  contest 
seemed  likely  to  become  more  severe,  and  to 
bo  protracted  for  many  yearn;  and  it  war  obvi- 
oui  that  many  of  the  officer*  thu*  impover- 
i*bed  and  diiheartened,  inu*t  actually  reaign 
in  order  to  provide  them*elve*  with  decern 
clothing,  and  to  maintain  their  familie*.  and 
aecure  any  «uu8i*tence  for  advanced  life,  or 
that  they  muat  receive  *ome  assumnee  ol 
future  indemnity,  if  they  continued  in  aer* 
vice,  and  ilwnjontl  •ywy  thinf  aba  IP  Aik 


HIMTORY 


•fiUit 


•*  li  WM  ikan  iImI  iIm  fMaiv*  of  M*]r  I'lih, 

l17n,  framing  Kolf-iw/,  (if  only  ••*«•  v»«i«, 
ai  all  who  minllniiwl  in  (arvia*  till  ikia  •(<>«•  iil 
Um  war,  wa*  |ia*«aii. 

"  Tkia  (hnrt  iMrwMl  of  Half-pay  wa*  ili<t 
(•Iwil,  ralhar  bjr  IM  waul*  iif  ('unnruM  l»  |>r<H 
fiilo  a  limK«f  <••••,  than  fruiM  an  iintir«iai<)*i 
I14I  II  W»»,  In  IPUIK,  •ulRaM'nl,  iir  in  ari'inl 
iiii'ii  wiin  any  Minilar  •^«i«m  in  thn  armic*  nl 
l^irii|H>.  HaiMiw,  a  eommiiiwti,  M»y  U4ih, 
li'TU,  r«|M»rt«>il  a  raatilulion,  allnwiiiK  h»\ffmy 
titf  ItHi  lu  iIm  miim  alaaa  nf  iidlanr*,  ami  jii«il,y 
gntumkHj  it  on  lit*  grval  ritlit  ikojr  wvr*  r^llxil 
l»  •MtHiM»r,  INI  Ihair  gn>nt  itiinirinn  aixi  la 
rriMMM,  of  yitulk,  aai*,  h«alik,  ami  rurliiiio,  in 
Iko  canaii  of  ikoir  eouniry,  IIm  ik«  want  <il 
WwurcM  in  C?iinKr«M.  imlur»<<  ih»m  in  {mi*! 
Mwio  ikia  aii^l,  ami  on  iIm  I7lk  iif  Aiit(ii«i, 
Itn,  III  uffM  iiiMin  ikn  rti«)MrlivH  Male*  lk>> 
aa|Miji<>Miy  iif  ailupliiiir  •nek  a  niMiliilion,  ami 
of  itltHlKinjr  for  iu  fulHIiiMnii  ikair  iInIi*  r«- 
Mwrmia.  Tka  ptiwor  iif  lh«  ilalna  nvnr  ikiw 
raaoufMia,  waa  niuek  mom  •irxriiva  ihan  ikat 
•f  ik*  nonftiiUraliiin  nvnr  ika  alaln*.  Ii<il  •m-h 
warn  ika  ^finaral  ((liHim  ami  il»i|MimlKiiry  iit° 
Iko  limM,  ikal  nm  a  linKln  •lain,  )<irii|il  I'l-iin- 
ayivawa,  eiini|iliml  wilk  ilia  n^ciinimnniUiiuii. 
Tko  ottffuiMiy  ninliniiutl  10  ilaprwcialii  »nort« 
«n<i  mtira,  daily  t  ika  nlHflura,  in  many  in- 
•Uno«a,  war*  ullarly  iinalil*,  liy  ihwir  wkiilf 
pay,  lu  pnwiira  liaennt  apparal  I  irt'auin  hml 
panalralad  ika  camp  in  ikn  poracin  of  ArnoM  1 
Ckariaatim  kail  baaiL  iiirramli>rail  1  Lincnlti 
Mptiirad  I  Ualaa  liorHalml  al  (^atiiiinn  t  lli« 
•oulkarn  tlAlna  ovarrun  ky  Cmnwalli^i  our 
•oldiory  katl  kraoflMi  iliMioiira|{>'<l ;  itml  tlif 
graat  military  laaiiar  of  ika  mvolulion  knti  In-- 
•oflM  •onvineed,  ami  Had  ur^rad,  with  hit  uiiu- 
■I  anorgy,  upon  Conf(r*»»,  iliai  ika  adofnioii 
•f  ikia  nMoluiion  wai  almiMt  ilm  only  |H>«ii)ili< 
■Mtkitd  of  raUininf  tkv  army  loKiilkvr.  Hii- 
i»r  iuek  apiMlliiiK  oimim^Uiicti*,  ('onKrcM 
paaaad,  on  ika  Silk  nf  (klnUir,  A.  1).  I7W). 
|k«  rotolulion,  yykieh  I  yvill  now  uko  iku 
Uliorty  to  raad  1 

•••RoaoSvad,  Tkat  ika  offlcnra  wkn  ikall 
•ontinuo  in  ika  •arvira  to  iha  ami  of  ika  war, 
■Iwtl  alao  ko  aniilled  10  kalfjwy  ilurinK  lifu  ; 
I  from  ike  timo  of^lkuir  rvduction.' 


21 


TNI 


(1  U.  8.  Lawa,  698.) 

'•Tllit,  wilk  ono  or  two  iiikaeiiuanl  roaolu- 
tiona,  •■plaininf  and  modifying;  iu  provi^ivni 
w  In  particular  paraona,  eoniitilulei  ikn  f^r^ol 
foundation  of  ika  liill  under  eoniidaration. 
Tko  promiaa  waa  mott  lolemnly  ami  d«lilMi- 
rataly  mada  i  tko  eonaideralion  for  it  waa  am- 
ple, and  moat  iionourakly  performed  ky  ike 
ofllcera !  and  yet,  on  tko  part  of  Con(;niia,  ill 
Mipulationa  kave,  in  rov  opinion,  never,  to  tkii 
day,  boon  eaniubly  fulfilled.  Aa  to  tka  bind- 
ing offeer.  or  tke  compaot  on  Confrreaa,  nobody 
Mil  pratend  to  doubt.  I  akali,  tnorcfore,  not 
waato  •  aingla  moment  in  tke  diwiuiiion  of 
ibat  point  But  I  admit  tkat  tke  offioort  worn 
Irat  Mund  to  (larfurm  tke  eomlilion  fiiitkfully, 
of  aerring  to  tke  oIomi  of  tke  war,  kowever 
lone  or  diiaatmu*.  Did  tkey  do  it  t  Hiitory 
and  tradition  muit  oonvineo  all,  tkat  ikroiigk 
iefiMt  aa  well  at  victory,  tlioy  cliniM;  to  our 
Ibrtunea  to  the  uttermo»t  moment  of  ihe  ilni^r- 
•le.  They  were  actuated  by  a  ipirit  ond  iii- 
Klligenee,  tke  iiireat  friiaranroe*  of  tuck  fide- 
V»f.  Moatof  tkemhod  invoalifrated,  and  well 
J,  the  principiea  in  diapute,  and  to 


on  ika  ftra*  alariM  »f  war,  wilk  at)  '?  4  ariltNtf 
of  a  MaiHli«k  falkarlnK,  at  ik*  aommnn*  nH  thm 
H»ty  aro**.  Ami  11  m  iml  piwlry,  ikal  i>«i«  iif 
my  own  ralali***,  an  nltlrwr,  U>i>g  iinex  mi 
iil>ipa,  wkan  ih*  alarm  mm  Ri*an  al  hating- 
Inn,  Whl  t»f  lk«  Uiilnd  Avid,  itia  a<ir|iHi  nf  ki« 
fklkar  unburi'ii  1 

■  (la*  limk  Iw  '•<N  H|NHi  iho  Kl«r, 
llukaj  (mm  tMmyn  llw  (•■H«rl«f  b<*r, 

ami  kaalciK'ii  III  iltivtila  ki«  own  IiI'm  Io  ikn 
Mtyallon  of  ki«roiinlry.  In  ihe  •aino  iliity  — 
in  |iarfiirmin|r  thair  |iarl  nf  lhi<  aiim|iaiii,  10 
•erya  faiikfullv  10  Ike  clnaa  df  iko  war,  ihmw 
pelllinnvra  vmiuraii  ike  fmal*  nf  winirr,  nftiin 
kalf  •kiijlerrd,  kadly  fmi,  badly  riolhml,  ami 
badly  paid.  Ond  forbid  ihal  I  •kniilii  aaaf  ■ 
Krrala.  Tk>*  nakod  irnlk  i^  aironKPr  ihaii  any 
eokmring  of  fanry.  Wii  kava  ihu  auihorily 
of  ikair  ciNnmamli'r,  ihai  ikay  warn,  at  liini<*, 
in  •iirh  a  rniidiiinn  a^  in  Iw  uiialiln  and 
a^kaim*ii  to  n'rvive  iki'ir  frii'nd^  |  lint  tiavnr, 
I  kxliavn,  loalk  In  fare  llmir  viirmixa,  Tknir 
palk*  ware  a<im«lim«a  marked  by  ihnir  liliHMi — 
llieir  fliiiiraKu  ami  eonalani'y  Irted  by  fi-fiiiiiMil 
alarm*,  by  ainbiiaraJe,  and  ike  |iilrlii<ii  l>allli< ) 
km  Ihey  never  fallt'rvd  I  and  when,  Inwartia 
ike  eloae  of  tke  war,  neKlrrl  on  ihe  {lart  of 
(7nnKm<,  ai  to  ihrir  mmillily  \viiki->,  miukl 
kave  jnatitleil,  umler  mo«t  rimiinalMnri<^,  dia- 
unii'l  ami  dialruat;  ami  wlit<n  at  NuMbnrK 
Inay  wore  leiniHni  with  llie  inalilinna  laiiiil, 
ikal  if,  rt>limiiii(binK  thi>ir  arm*  and  ri<lirtn)( 
kome  with  the  prniniM'*  made  In  ihem  nn- 
fiilfilled,  ikey  would  *  gii  «tnrvi>,  and  Im  fnr- 
Kulleii  1'  yul  limy  ditiianilx'il  in  |M<ace,  ami  ex- 
pre*M>d  tlioir  '  nnikukfit  eoiilldenee  in  iku 
jualicv  of  C'oiiKreaa." 

"  Waabinalon,  kimai-lf,  drolared  in  iiib- 
■tanoe,  that  by  mean*  of  ihii  n<aolve  tlie  ntH- 
cor»  were  inapirt'ii  10  make  rem>wi<d  rxer- 
tiona ;  to  foi'l  a  •••rnrily  for  tbeinat'lve*  aiiii 
farnilte*,  wbivh  fiialiled  lliein  to  linviiln  evi>ry 
faiHiliy  to  ibii  rominnn  canae  |  and  (lint  ihiia 
waa  an  army  ki>pt  iii((i>ihi>r,  wblrh  nilii>rwi«« 
mnat  hiive  itiaaolvini,  and  wn  pnilinlily  bnvt' 
lN*nn  niimiH-lli'd  In  paaa  agiiin  under  the  yokr 
of  colonial  •erviinile, 

"  For  all  tbia  tidvlity  to  llio  perfornianri>  of 
ikelr  part  of  the  roni|Mict,  the  nflici-ra  kave 
been  duly  lliaiikiol  by  many  ron)(n-a«>*,  and 
applauded  by  the  world.  Tliey  have  occu- 
pied a  conapicuoii*  niche  in  toaati,  ode^,  ami 
orationi,  ami  wime  of  ihem  have  animated  the 
canvata  and  brnalhed  in  marble. 

"  But  baa  ihepromiietolhemof  half-imy  ever 
been  either  literally  or  •ubatantially  fiillillrd  T 
That,  lir,  ii  tlie  im|Hirtanl  queatlon.  1  answer 
not  lilerallv,  by  any  pretence,  from  any  ipiar- 
ler.  No  half-pay,  aa  inch,  baa  ever,  for  any 
length  of  time,  been  either  paid  or  provided 
for  one  of  the  potitionera.  Almoat  ai  little, 
■ir,  can  there  be  a  pretence  that  it  baa  been 
■ubatantially  fulfilled.  No  kind  of  fulfilment 
hat  lieen  attempted,  except  in  tlie  commuta- 
tion act,  pataed  March  32d,  1783. 

"  That  act  grew  out  of  objeotiona,  in  tome 
of  the  itatni,  to  the  ay^em  of  half-pay  aa  a 
lyatem,  becaiiae  notatnctly  republican  in  theo- 
ry, and  liecauae  every  ihini;  of  a  penaion 
cntrarter  lind  liecome  ao  odioua  by  ila  alniae 
in  tome  g(>vernmenta,  in  the  maintenance  of 
hirelinfra  who  had  porfurmed  aucrut  and  dia- 
repulnlilu  ai'rvice. 

"  Some  of  the  ofReera  being  anxinua  to  ro- 
mova  any  formal  objection,  poiitionttd  Cun- 


hf 


•waftlinf 


b*a 


mnila  nf  imlamniNing  aMi  fanaartring  

Nil  iippoaiiiiin  k*>r  lieen  mail*  l<i  ike  amnttnl 
■If  »*|ii«  iif  ilm  hitif  |iay,  ami  ikereftira,  aa  ap- 
(wara  in  ike  riimmulalmn  act  llaelf,  tke  nln- 
ff  eaiwried,  if  a  rkana*  look  plaee,  a  full 
'  pi|iiital»nr  in  value  10  ika  kalf  imy  fop  life. 

"  Hut  inaivMi  of  aiirk  an  efpiivaleni.  Con- 
graaa  ga«v,  by  ikal  art,  wlial  y»a*  fWr  altorl  of 
an  i<ipii>alrnl,  wkelker  we  rpHanl  the  |iar- 
liriiUr  *||ea  at  lk*l  lime  nf  ihoan  priitiiiiiera, 
iir  iheir  iverani  *Ke  wilk  ikn  oiKrr  ofHeer*,  or 
ihv  pi',  xl  ihey  kave  aelnally  ainao  lived. 
I'nnKftia*  gave  only  five  year*'  nill  fav  In  lk« 
yiMingett  in  ike  Sne,  ami  jnal  aa  muck  Io  lhi» 
I'lilr^l  I  Irvaling  ike  ofllcer  nf  Iwenly-Hve,  aai 
mil  likely  In  live  any  longer  ikan  kimufaavaik- 
ly  I  ami  aubjerling  ike  former  Io  lake  for  kia 
hall'iiav,  whirk  ka  wat  eniilled  In  for  hit 
mIiiiUi  life,  nf  probalily  ikirly-flve  yrara,  iko 
•aine  ainall  aiim  iiealiiwed  nn  kim  not  likely 
In  live  ten  nr  fourteen  y<<f   : 

'■  If  we  hiok  In  ike  ■«  .-rage  age  nf  all  ikil 
■  itltrer*  at  that  lime,  the  rtiinmulanon  wa*  tlili 
imiiieipiale.  That  age  w*a  probably  mil  over 
•  hirly  I  none  kave  pretended  Io  eonaider  il 
over  ikirly-fivei  ami  nn  alt  obaervkliona.  In 
•iinllari'liinalea,  and  all  ■'alculationa  nf  aiinuily 
lalilea,  auch  (leraona'  livat  would  lie  likely  Io 
eniemi  lieyond  thirty  yeara,  and  ihu*  Iheir 
half  pay  for  life  lie,  nn  an  average,  wnrlh  llw 
Kroa*  aum,  I'a  frnnli,  of  at  leaal  aevrn  yeara 
full  pay.  Any  gentleman  can  leal  the  ge- 
neral areiiracy  nf  fheoe  reaiilla,  liy  a  refereneo 
In  I'rire'*  Annuity  Table*,  and  to  Milne  on 
Aniiuilie*.  In  KnglamI,  Hweden,  and  Prance, 
it  will  lie  aeen  tliiit  a  peraon  of  thirty  yenri  ol 
age  i*  aacerlained  to  he  likely  to  llvalbiiiy- 
fiiiir  more  |  and  of  ikirly-flve  yeara  of  agu, 
to  live  niMtuI  twenly-eigkt  more.  An  ann  Jity 
forlhiriy-fuur yeara  ia  wortk  a  fVaclion  mer* 
than  fourteen  liniea  ila  annual  amount,  if  paid 
in  a  groa*  aum  in  advance)  and  o  e,  fnl 
nvenly-ei|(ht  yenra,  only  a  fraction  la««  tka» 
fiMirteen  timea  ila  annual  amount,  Ho  that 
ai>ven  yeara'  full  pay  ia  aa  near  a  fair  rommu. 
laliiin  for  the  half  pay  for  life,  taking  tkeir 
average  age*,  aa  ran  well  be  calculated,  m  aa 
It  nri'eaaary  for  the  preaent  imfuiry. 

"  Agniii  I  If  we  advert  to  Ihe  real  facta,  aa 
•inre  develo|ied,  ikeae  |ielilionen,  kail  tko 
riiniiniitalion  act  not  paiaed,  nr  not  been  at  all 
binding,  would  now  receive  lwenly-t«u,  in 
atead  of  five  yeara'  full  nay,  aa  ikey  hkve  aur 
vived,  ainco  ika  eloae  ol  tlie  war,  uvatr  l.rly- 
four  yeara. 

"Congreaa,  a*  if  cnnaeioua  that  the  preaaurn 
of  (he  timea  had  driven  them  'o  pruonao  a  iuIh 
alitute  for  the  -atlf  pay  iir  .*in>,  not,  in  any 
view,  aufllcient  or  equivalent,  aa  regarded  tho 
younger  ofKcera,  who  alone  now  turvive  and 
aik  fur  redrcia,  provided  in  the  comnmlation 
act,  not  that  eacn  officer  might  accept  or  rav 
ject  It  at  pleaaure,  but  that  it  ahould  lake  ef* 
feet,  If  accepted  within  certain  periodt,  nut 
excepting  aix  montha,  by  majnritiea  in  tho 
aevefal  linea  of  the  army.  The  moat  iiitliien* 
tial  otRoera  in  any  line,  are  of  courae  (he  elder 
and  aiiperior  onea.  To  theae,  aa  a  general 
rule,  five  yeara  fuU-pay  waa  a  fair  equivalent; 
nnd  ky  their  exortiona  the  conimulatitn  wak 
aoce|>led  by  majoritiea  in  moat  nf  the  line*, 
and  no  prnviaion  ever  aflerwnrda  made  for 
auch  officera,  aa  were  either  abaent  or  preionti 
and  diaoenling. 

"  No  ovidenco  can  now  lie  found,  I 


ONITID   HTATRI. 


____    hi4M 

bi  iHii  MiwMtM 
Idrrfiif*.  ••  •]>■ 
It**!!",  iKk  "IW- 
ill  y\»r»,  •  hill 
If  imy  fur  li('i>. 
i|iiiviil»lil,  Cub- 
*•«  (Wr  tKurl  iif 

r>K*ril  ik'  !*•'' 
»•«  priikiniirr*, 
tktir  o(K««ir»,  "f 
lly   liiMW  li»»J- 

fkill  ly  lo  th* 
id  mitcn  lu  ih» 

Iwrnly-Mvo,  «• 
in  himiifiaviiik- 
r  lo  laliii  fur  hi* 
il»il  III  tor  )>)• 
■flvii  y»tri,  ili« 
1  him  not  likol.V 

[K  •Kii  of  all  lltM 
iiiKtiiin  WMtlill 
rolwhly  IM)!  iivrr 
I   In  eoii«Hl«r  it 
)>liM>rv»tt<>n«.  in 
•liiiniiif  ■itniiiiy 
iiulii  \m  likrlv  In 
,  anil    itiiia  Inoir 
rrafr,  worlh  ilia 
irail  •Jfvrn  y»art 
an   Wt  ilia    |t»* 
II,  liy  a  rr(vn>titm 
iiicl  lu   MiliMi  on 
dm,  and  Franr», 
if  ihirly  yura  "• 
Ay  to  live  thirty- 
va  yfara  of  igu, 
Lra.     An  annJiiy 
_  fVaciion  n><<r« 
amuuni,  if  |miUI 
J  ;    and   o  a,  f'l 
Trantion  )••«  iha* 
mtiunl.     80  lliat 
.r  a  fair  niininU' 
lifr,  lakinK  ihKir 
ealeulalad,  <«r  aa 
iiqiiiry. 

Iha  nial  facit*,  aa 
lioncn,  hail  itni 
nr  not  h<>«B  at  all 
tweniy-t»u,  in 
at  ihry  hfcvi-  «ur 
war,  ovaif  I'.rly- 

ihat  the  |ir«>uur» 
•o  nruooao  a  «ul>- 
.•ifr,  not,  m  any 
,  aa  rrgardrd  the 
low  iurviva  and 
lh«  commutation 
ght  a«c«pt  or  n»- 
t  ihould  take  »•(• 
:ain  pffrioda,  nvt 
ijnriiiei  in  iho 
he  molt  infliien- 
eourae  the  aldvr 
ae,  ai  a  ^noral 
fair  nquivalenii 
:ommutatitn  wa^ 
oat  of  the  linea, 
wnrdi  made  for 
ibiient  or  preaont, 

found,  bowavafi 


I  a 


•I  an)  MMfiianM,  even  Wy  niajnriiiea,  in  any 
ol'llwi  linaa,  lill  aAar  iha  aipiraiiim  of  iha  at* 
niiHilli*  pr«i««r|li»d.  Hitl  a  r«|Mirl  uf  ih«  M>rn< 
lary  u(  war,  daU>d  Oai'ihar  31,  I7n>'l,  (K  Jiittr- 
n«U  of  CiincrvM,  111,)  •num*ral«*  larlain 
iin«<«  arul  in<(i«uluala,  thai  hail  ih«n  aifniltod 
itiPir  ara»plant'«,  ll  would  Iw  dilKriill,  a« 
mi||lil  km  B«|Mi«lad,  lo  And  »m<mg  iha  Didi 
viiriiaUnam»d,omi  wh«>Mill  lurvivaa.  Thow, 
lltrn,  ih«  votinKral  and  now  lurvivinif,  muai 
liitvii  fuliavvply  ihe  iiwit|iialily  prii|MMMd  |  anil 
if  niiMt  of  ihani  h«il  not  bvun  aliwnt  on  fur- 
kMinh,  hy  •  reaoWa  of  Ciinfreaa,  aAar  iiea4-a 
waa  aa)witlmi,  prnliahly  «ven  nmortliea  in  iha 
hiwa  would  nevar  hava  iMmn  obtaiiwd.  Tka 
aurliNralaa  war*  inadn  out  for  all,  without  a|i- 
plivalion,  and  l«ft  with  the  aK»nl*  1  no  olhvr 
proviaion  waa  matin  for  ihoae  aniilird  lo  half- 
|Niy,  and  it  raniaiiMid  with  the  younvor  olR- 
r«r*lor*«eiva  ihoaa  rvrliflralaa  or  nulnlnK. 

"  ItuI  it  ia  miial  nianifual,  that  ConttruM  had 
no  iMfal  riKhl  lo  lake  away  from  a  •inKJa  ulli- 
evr  hi*  vi>at«J  half  pay  for  Ufa,  wilhoiil  Rivinf 
nun  •  full  atpiivalant  |  or,  lo  aay  iha  Iraal, 
what  tka  oNlaor  ahoukl  frraly  and  dialinctly 
aaaunt  lo,  a*  a  full  eipiivalant.  It  would  l« 
roiilrary  lo  the  alamnntary  prineiplaa  of  IvKia- 
lalion  and  Juriaprudanca  1  and  a  minority  of 
ihii  linoa  oould  no  mora  himl  iha  minority  on 
itiia  aulijuat  of  private  righla  of  pro|i«rly,  than 
lli«y  could  hind  Contfraaa,  or  the  itatva,  on 
'|iii>«liona  uf  piilitiea.  Thia  point  naad  not  b« 
*r|(i|iiil  lo  men,  who,  like  thoao  around  me, 
liavM  walflhnd  the  diacuaaiona  and  iltiriaiona  in 
lliia  poiinlry  the  laat  quarttir  of  arantury.  But 
no  aunh  individual  aaaent  waa  aaknl  here  1  it 
waa  indiied  dprlared  to  lie  uaeleaa  for  any  mi- 
nority of  iiidi«iiliiala  lo  diaaent  |  the  aommu- 
'.iilion  not  havinu  h«en,  jii  any  view,  •  fiill 
mpiivaliinl,  individual  aaannt  rannot  fairly  he 
prHaiiined.  The  auliaenuiint  taking  of^  the 
ei-rlilliialea  waa  merely  laainK  all  that  waa  pro- 
viditil,  and  all  they  could  gel,  without  any 
jirfii'iiun  thai  they  liMik  it  aa  a  full  and  fair 
Kijiiivalenl.  And  honce  il  followa,  thai,  on 
lliii  lownat  computation,  two  yeara  more  full 
piiy  are  nuceaaary  to  make  any  tiling  like  a 
auhatantial  fulfllmont  of  the  compact  on  the 
|Nirt  uf  Congreaa,  In  truth,  twenty  yoara 
Bora  would  M  }*u  than  the  (Mniionara  could 
nghtflilly  eUlin  now.  If  the  eommuution  act 
had  never  paaaed  |  or  if  the  poailion  waa 
clearly  eataliliahed  that  the  commutation  act, 
M  to  thnm,  waa,  undur  the  cireumatanoea,  en- 
tirely null  and  void,  To  aay  that  auch  a 
tranaaction,  reaorted  to  under  the  praaaure  of 
the  tiniea,  and  finding  no  apology  except  in 
the  aecurity  and  neenaailiea  of  that  praaaure, 
•hould  not  he  relieved  againat  when  the  proa- 
Mro  ia  over,  and  our  meana  have  become  am- 
ple, ia  to  make  a  mockery  of  juatice,  and  to 
profane  every  principle  of  good  faith. 

"  Rut  conaider  a  little  farther  the  hiatory  of 
thnie  proceeding*,  on  the  luppoiition  that  the 
Rve  yeara  full-i>ay  waa  an  ample  equivalent  to 
all.  Waa  it  either  paid  or  leourej  to  them  in 
iueh  manner  aa  to  become  any  thing  like  a 
aubatantial  fulfilment  of  the  proiniie  t  Though 
the  act  allowed  Congreaa  to  give  the  ofRcera 
money  or  leeuritiea,  and  though  theae  laat 
^ight  be  in  the  form  preicribed  for  other 
erMttora,  yet  the  act  contemplated  giving 
them  money  or  money'i  worth,  elie  it  ooubly 
vitiated  the  former  engagement  to  give  them 
hal^y  for  life.  The  vorv  nature  of  half- 
faf,  or  of  any  commutation  lor  it,  impliai  that 


r-|)ay 


ll  alimiU  be  aelaally  |mii-I,  or  a«i  aeanreal  aa 

to  ralae  iKe  tntniry  >»h<'ii>'trr  11  tweomea  due. 
Th»y  Were  h«re  iiii,iii>l*i|  aa  nivaiia  I'lir  inmi*- 
iliaiM  mainlenanna  nr  tmtinrH  in  lh»««  wkn, 
liy  |ie»««,  would  lie  iliriiwniiiil  of  ihfir  arcua- 
liimeil  anipUiymaiil  and  aiip|M)rt.  Thia  1*  Inn 
plain  fur  furllier  llluairaimt.  |  and,  in  conliir- 
Miily  wilh  iheaa  virwa,  Coegrvaa  forlhwilh 
lilvrtetl  a  loan  in  Kurnfie,  aiHi  paid  in  mnnvy 
all  iha  fiirvign  oiftcera  unlillril  to  ike  rofiiniii- 
lalliin,  Itui  liow  wurt'  llie  (H<lillon»ra  ln>aled  t 
They  did  not  olilain  a  dollar  in  money,  and 
even  ihalr  eerlifUalea  were  mil  ilelivered  lill 
aia  ur  nine  nioniha  after  their  right  to  half-|Niy 
aerruadi  and  when  received,  an  fiir  from  lie- 
ing  aeeured  by  pledgeaor  reipiiailiona  rendar- 
ing  them  valuable  aa  money,  the  nfflcera  could 
not  obtain  for  iham  in  the  market  over  une- 
hf^h  of  iheir  nominal  amuuni.  The  rpe»i|Ma 
given  for  theae  earllAealea  truly  omilled  to 
•late  that  they  were  in  lill  payment,  of  either 
the  eoniniutalinn  1  .ha  hall-|iay.  By  aurh 
maana  theae  petitionera,  lo  auppi;/  the  then 
eaialiiig  wanta  of  iheniael  ea  and  familiea, 
which  waa  the  legitimate  ol.^rrl  of  iMilh  the 
half-|iay  and  ila  eointniitalion,  in  Iki^t  realiied 
only  one,  inatead  of  five  yenra'  fulUiiav  ;  or 
only  two  yeara'  halfpay  inatead  of  nalf-| 
for  life, 

"  If  thia  waa  a  aubatantial  fiilfllmeni  of 
the  pnmiiae  to  them,  I  think  il  would  lie  diffi- 
cult lo  define  what  would  have  lieen  a  ilrfee- 
live,  deluaive,  and  iinaubalanlial  fiilfllinenl. 
ilul  it  hna  lieen  anggeated,  that  the  iH-lilionera 
might  all  have  retained  their  certiHcalei  lill 
afterward*  futided,  and  in  that  event  have  ea- 
ca|ieil  hwa,  Oan  genlleinen,  however,  forget 
that  the  very  deaign  of  half-pay  waa  lo  fur- 
niah  food  and  riiimeni,  and  not  a  fund  lo  lie 
dep<iaited  in  bank  for  pnalerily  1  And  that, 
though  the  iiae  iif  a  <i)orlion  of  it,  if  all  had 
liaen  paid  at  once,  niiglit  have  been  poalpnneil 
lo  a  future  |>i<riod,  yrt  their  ncci-aailiea  utterly 
forbade  moat  of  them  from  not  reaorling, 
forthwith,  lo  a  aingle  year'a  pay,  which  waa 
the  entire  value  of  the  whole  certiflcale.  ll 
ia  another  part  of  ihedialreaaing  liiatory  oflhia 
caae,  that  if,  on  the  contrary,  i>vi<ry  iifHcer 
had  retained  hi*  certificatu  lill  fiindvil,  hi*  loaa 
on  il  would  have  lieen  very  near  one  third  of  ila 
amount.  But  on  ihi*  point  I  *hall  not  dwell, 
aa  ita  particular*  ara  mora  raaani  and  familiar. 
It  will  aufflee  to  call  lo  your  minda,  that  thu 
proviaion  made  for  the  payment  of  theae  cer- 
tificate* in  A.  I).  1700,  wa*  not  by  money,  nor 
virtually  to  their  full  amount,  but  by  opening 
a  loan,  payable  in  thnae  certificate*,  and  a 
acrip  of  atock  given  for  them  on  thcMi  ter-n*i 
one  third  of  the  principal  waa  to  draw  no  in- 
lere*t  wluitevor,  tor  ten  year*;  and  all  the  in- 
tereit  then  due,  wa*  to  draw  lhereal\er  only 
three  per  eenL  'Without  going  into  any  cal- 
oulationa  of  the  value  of  dilTerent  kind*  of 
atOLk,  under  difTerent  cireumatancea,  it  i*  ob- 
viou*  that  *uoh  a  payment  or  *ecurity  waa 
not  worth  *o  much  by  nearly  a  third,  a*  the 
money  would  have  been  worth,  or  a*  acrip 
would  have  been  worth  for  the  whole  then 
due  on  lix  per  cent  intere*t 

"  It  i*  true  that  thia  loan  wa*,  in  form,  vo- 
luntary ;  but  it  i*  equally  true,  that,  aa  no 
other  provifion  waa  made  for  payment,  no  al- 
ternative remained  but  to  accept  the  term*. 
Hence,  if  the  officer  aold  hi*  certificate  from 
neee**ity,  he  obtained  only  ono  fifth  of  the 
aniouat  therein  promi*ed:or,if  ke  retained  it,lw 


alttotnad  anly  alMiial  iwa  t 
'  What  rendvr*  I  In*  air 


tklMlaafifcali 

ircuMatanea  attll  1 
alriking,  wemtraelvra  hate  IB  ikia  way  aavetl, 
and  rriluaeil  our  nalMieal  deU  lielnw  what  il 
would  ha»a  lieen,  many  millmnaof  dnlkir^— 
f^im  eighteen  In  Altean,  1  balteva  [  and  yet, 
Intiw,  in  uer  prnaperily,  haariaia  ta  rvalira 
what  waa  token  in  pan  fram  ihaaa'eery  men, 
and  w her  nm  fVom  iham,  taken  fUm  uikert 
on  aeciiunt  of  their  apeaaUliaaa  on  ikeaa 
very  men,  and  their  aaancialea  in  ariwa.  ll 
waa  at  the  lima  uf  the  fUnding  thoughl  jual, 
and  altempled  by  atime  uf  oer  ableal  alate*. 
men,  lo  provide  *««ie  retrilMttinn  In  ike  ori- 
ginal holder*  of  rertifiealea  for  ike  kiaaaa  thai 
had  lieen  aaatained  on  ihean— to  provide  in 
anme  way  a  partial  realnralion.  Hat  the  im 
hereni  dllKeuliy  of  the  aul()eel,  and  the  low 
ilale  of  our  rranureea,  prevented  ua  from 
rompleting  any  auch  arrangement,  though  wa 
wure  not  prevented  IVom  aaving  in  the  g» 
vernment,  out  of  lha*a  very  eerllHealea,  and 
aimilar  one*,  len  time*  the  amount  now  pro< 
poaed  for  iheae  fieliliuner*. 

"  ()n  iki*  Mate  uf  facta,  then,  I  knld  ihaaa 
enneluaion*  1  that  what  ia  boneal,  and  mnrak 
and  honourable,  lietwaen  debtor  and  creditor 
in  private  life,  ia  »n  in  publie  life.  Thai  ■ 
creditor  of  the  jiublie  ahnuld  be  treated  wil^ 
at  leaat  ripial,  il^  not  greater  kindneaae*,  thaa 
iha  creditor  of  an  individual.  That  whan 
the  eniliarraaamenia  of  a  debtor  give  riae  to 
a  miHle  of  |iaymenl  altogether  inadequate  lo 
what  ia  Juaily  due,  and  thia  kind  of  payment 
ia  furred  upon  the  creditor,  by  the  neceaailiat 
of  either  party,  the  deblnr  ought,  when  r«^ 
lievail  from  hia  emiiarraaamenti  or  iiere**ilie*, 
lo  make  ample  rrdilutiun.  That  it  ia  the 
dictate  of  9yi¥ry  moral  and  honnuralile  :'ee  ing 
lo  aunply  the  deficiency  |  and  e>|ierially, 
■hould  iho  deblor  do  ihi*  where  tlie  inade 
iiiiacy  waa  more  than  four  Aftha  of  ike  w  Imlt 
ili'bt ;  where  the  debtor,  by  a  part  nt  ,!ie  ar- 
rangement, aaved  milliona  to  contribute  t« 
hi*  iire*enl  (iroaparily,  and  where  the  debt 
iiaeir  waa,  aa  in  tna  praaani  aaaa,  ike  price  nt 
blood  laviahad  for  the  creditor,  the  waga*  of 
ihoaa  *iifrering*  and  Inila  which  aeeured  our 
praaeni  liliertina,  and  fill  the  brighleat  page  of 
glory  in  our  counlry'a  hiatory.  Thu  great 
military  leader  of  the  revolution  ha*  given  hia 
lanctiunto  thia  meaaure,  in  the  alrungeat  lernia. 
when  calling  to  mind  tka  lion  heart*,  ami 
eagia  e;jre*,  that  had  aurrounded  and  anaiain 
ed  nim  in  all  hi*  arduoua  Iriala,  and  reflrctinu 
that  they,  not  loldier*  by  pmfe*sion,  nor  air. 
venturer*,  but  ciliten*,  wilh  lender  lie*  ii< 
iiindred   and  friendahip,   and   with  cheerii.g 

{iro*pect*  in  civil  life,  had  abandoned  all  to 
bilow  him,  and  to  aink  or  *wim  with  the 
*acred  cauie  in  which  ha  had  aniiatad,  he  in- 
voked lowarda  them  thajuatiea  of  bi*  country, 
and  exprr**cd  the  fulle*t  confldaace,  that  '  a 
country  reacucd  by  their  arma,  will  never 
lca\  e  unpaid  the  debt  of  gratitiida.' 

*'  It  i*  not  lo  ba  forgotten,  ibat  a  ■Ma*ura 
like  thi*  would  remove  a  *uin  from  odt  hia- 
tory. It*  moral  influence  on  our  populaliim, 
fa)  future  war*,  for  war*  we  ma*t  axpeet,  agaia 
and  again  i  ita  con*onanee  with  iboie  religion*, 
aa  well  a*  moral  principle*  of  perfect  juttiee, 
which,  in  a  republic,  are  the  anchor  and  >al 
ration  of  all  that  i*  valuable ;  it*  freedom,  1 
tni*t,  from  political  prejudice  and  parly  fcet 
lag,  all  rrengtban  the  other  reaaot*  ttt  ha 
ipeedy  adopiioib 


HISTORY  OP   THR 


:k 


"  Nor  h«VR  all  th«  impuuiioni  •tfainil  it  ■■ 
k  local  mraiure,  b««n  M  all  well  founded. 
What  i«  right  or  jtiti  in  regard  to  eontracti,  ii« 
right  with<iut  regard  to  the  ratldenlie  of  indi- 
vidual*, whether  in  the  eait,  the  weit,  or  the 

'  louth.  But  independent  of  that  eoniidera- 
tion,  ihti^  venerable  worthiei,  though  once 
much  more  numeroui  at  the  north  thin  elie- 
where,  have  tinco  followed  the  enlerpriioi  of 
their  children,  and  puthed  their  own  broken 
fi>nunei  tn  every  section  of  the  union.  It  ia 
impoMible  to  obtain  perfect  accuracy  ai  to 
their   number*  and   reiidenee.     But  by  cor- 

'  reiponding  and  verbal  inquiriet  it  it  atcertain- 
•d,  that  four  or  five  lurvivu  in  New  Harap- 
ahire;    from  thirty  to  thirty-five  in   Maua- 

'  chiiiettt  and    Maine  |  five  or  six  in  Rhode 

'  Island  ;  five  in  Vermont ;  sixteen  in  Connoc- 
lieut ;  twenty  in  New  York ;  twelve  in  New 
Jersey;  eignteen  in  Pennsylvania;  three  in 
Delaware;  twelve  in  Maryland  ;  thirty-three 
to  thirty-eight  in  Virginia  and  Kentucky  |  ten 
to  twelve  in  Ohio ;  twelve  or  fifteen  in  the 
Carolinas;  and  five  or  six  in  Georgia.     As 

'  by  the  annuity  tables,  something  Tike  two 
hundred  and  f.uy  ought  now  to  be  alive,  the 
computations  have  been  made  on  a  medium 
of  two  hund'ed  and  thirty,  between  the  num- 
ber aioertaioed  and  the  conjectural  number. 

"  The  question  then,  is  of  a  general  public 
nature,  ana  presents  the  single  point,  whether, 
in  the  iatn  language  of  an  eloquent  states- 
nan  of  N^w  \ork,  these  veterans  shall  any 
limger  lenwin'  living  raonumentsof  the  neglect 
of  tbeir  country.'       • 

"  All  tli<t  foro'.gn  officers,  whose  claims  *««ted 
en  <hr  itme  resolve,  were,  as  I  have  oefore 
|]at«>i,  p.-omptly  paid  in  specie ;  and  their  il- 
Iii»<.ricas  leader,  Lafavetto,  by  whose  side 
those  petitioners  faced;  equal  toils  and  dan- 
gers, has  been  since  loaded  with  Itoth  money 
and  applause.  Even  the  tories,  who  deserted 
the  American  cause,  and  adhered  to  one  so 
much  loss  holy  and  pure,  have  been  fully  and 
faithfully  rewarded  by  England  :  and  it  now 
remains  with  the  senate  to  decide,  not  wheth- 
er the  sum  proposed  slmll  liu  boatowed  in 
Here  charity— however  charity  may  bless  both 
lim  that  gives  and  him  that  takes  ;  nor  in  mere 
gratitude— however  sensible  the  petitioners 
may  be  to  the  influence  of  either;  but  wheth- 
er, let  these  considerations  operate  as  they 
may,  the  officers  should  be  remunerated  for 
their  losses,  on  those  broad  principles  of<ner- 
tml  justice  which  ere  the  cement  of  society, 
and  which,  without  a  -vound  to  their  delicacy 
and  hcmest  pride,  will,  in  that  event,  prove 
the  solace  and  staff  of  their  declining  years. 

"  I  shall  detain  the  senate  no  longer,  except 
to  offer  a  few  remarks  on  the  computations, 
oil  which  the  sura  of  one  million  one  hundred 
thousand  dollars  is  proposed  as  the  proper  one 
fur  filling  the  blank.  Various  estimates,  on 
various  hypothesis,  are  annexed  to  the  report 
in  this  case,  and  others  will  doubtless  occur  to 
diflTurent  gentlemen.  But  if  any  just  one 
•mounts  to  about  the  sum  proposed,  no  cap- 
tiwjs  objection  will,  I  trust,  be  offered  on  ac- 
«lo>  nt  of  any  trifling  difference.  It  is  impossi- 
ble, in  such  eases,  to  attain  perfect  accuracy ; 
but  the  estimates  are  correct  enough,  proba- 
bly, for  the  present  purpose. 

"  The  committee  have  proposed  a  sum  in 
gross  rather  than  a  half-pay  or  annuity,  be- 
cause more  appropnate  to  the  circumstances 
i>f  the  3aae,  and  because  more  acceptable,  for 


the  reasons  thai  originally  gave  rise  to  the 
eoromuiation. 

"  On  the  ground  that  these  officers  were,  in 
1783,  Justly  entitled  to  two  years  more  full- 
pay,  as  a  fair  equivalent  for  half-pay  during 
life  I  and  there  Iwing  two  hundred  and  thirty 
of  them  of  the  rank  supposed  in  the  report, 
their  monthlyi>*y  would  be  about  thirty  dol- 
lars each.  This,  for  two  years,  would  bu 
seven  hundred  and  twenty  dollars  ooch  ;  or 
one  hundred  and  sixty-five  thousand  six  hun- 
dred dollars  due  to  these  petitioners  at  the 
close  of  the  war,  over  and  above  what  ihey 
then  received  certificates  for.  The  interest 
on  that,  for  forty-four  years,  would  b«  four 
hundred  and  thirty-seve;n  thousand  one  bun 
dred  and  eishty-four  dollars,  which,  added  to 
the  principal,  make  six  hundred  and  two  thou- 
sand seven  hundred  and  eighty-four  dollars 

"  If  to  that  be  added  what  tney  lost  on  their 
certificates  by  depreciation,  which  at  four 
fifths  was  three  hundred  and  thirty-one  thou' 
sand  two  hundred  dollars,  and  the  sum  with' 
out  any  interest,  on  the  depreciation,  amounts 
to  nine  hundred  and  thirty-three  thousand  nine 
hundred  and  eighty-four  dollars ;  or,  with  in- 
terest, to  more  than  a  million  and  a  half;  or, 
if  the  depreciation  be  considered  seven-eights, 
as  it  really  was,  the  sum  would  be  still  larger. 
On  the  other  hand,  if  nothing  be  allowed  fur 
depreciation  on  the  certificates,  but  one-third 
be  considered  a*  lost  in  funding,  that  one-third, 
in  A.  D.  1791,  would  lie  about  two  hundred 
and  four  thousand  two  hundred  and  forty  dol- 
lars, and  interest  since  would  swell  it  to  six 
hundred  and  forty-five  thousand  four  hundred 
and  thirty-four  dollars,  which  added  to  the  two 
years'  pay  not  received,  and  interest  on  that 
pay,  makes  the  whole  one  million  two  hun- 
dred and  forty-eight  thousand  two  hundred 
and  eighteen  dullars.   * 

"  Another  view  of  the  case,  which  scorns  to 
me  the  most  technical,  and  which  steers  cl(>ar 
of  any  difficulty  about  the  loss,  cither  by  de- 
preciation or  niiiding,  will  lead  to  about  the 
same  result  as  to  the  amount.  It  is  this.  On 
the  ground  that  seven  years'  full-pay  was  the 
smallest  sum  which,  in  A.  D.  1783,  could  \te 
deemed  a  fair  equivalent  fur  the  half-pay  for 
life,  then  the  petitioners  got  certificates  fur  only 
five  sevenths  of  their  hulf-pay.  Or,  in  other 
words,  five  sevenths  of  their  half-pay  was  ex- 
tinguished and  paid.  The  other  two  sevenths, 
then,  hasannually  accrued  since,  and  will  con- 
tinue to  accrue  while  the  petitioners  survive. 
This  two  sevenths  being  fifty-one  dollars  and 
forty-two  cents  per  year,  to  each  officer,  or 
eleven  thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty- 
six  dollars  to  these  officers,  would  amount  at 
this  time  to  five  hundred  and  twenty  thniiaand 
three  hundred  and  forty-four  dollars  ;  and  the 
interest  accruing  on  it  during  only  thirty-five 
years,  would  make  it  exceed  the  one  million 
one  hundred  thousand  dollars' proposed.  The 
amount  is  fairly  reached  by  this  view  of  tjie 
case,  without  a  single  cent  for  either  depre- 
ciation or  loss  in  funding,  and  thus  docs  not 
indirectly  touch  a  single  fact  or  principle 
upon  which  a  similar  allowance  could  be 
made  to  any  bodybesides  these  officers.  Gal- 
lant, and  merilorious,  and  suflTering,  as  were 
the  soldiers,  and  none  could  bo  more  so 
worthy  and  affectionate  as  may  have  been  the 
surviving  widows,  and  distinguished  as  may 
have  been  many  of  the  oflicers'  heirs,  for 
filial  and  generous  devotion  to  smooth  their 


declining  years ;  they  all  stand  on  thiiir  iiwr 
eases  and  merits  None  of  them  have  linen 
referred  to  the  committee  who  reporlfd  this 
bill,  and  they  can  all  be  provided  for  other- 
wise, this  session,  or  hereafter,  if  thought 
proper.  Let  the  present  appropriation  ho 
tried  first  on  its  own  grounds,  and  then  by  snb- 


seouont  amendments  of  this  bill,  or  by  ni>w 
bills,  let  an  appropriation  for  other  classes  of 
persons  be  also  tried  on  its  own  grounds. 
All  I  ask  and  entreat  is,  that  if,  either  in  strict 
law  or  in  justice,  whether  grounded  upon  the 
<iriginal  defective  commutation,  the  deprtxia- 
tion  of  the  certificates,  or  the  loss  in  funding, 
any  member  is  convinced  that  the  sum  pro- 
posed to  these  officers  is  a  fair  one,  that  he 
will  first  consider  the  case  of  the  officers,  and 
support  this  motion.  If  any  think  •  different 
sum  mora  pro|)er,  I  hope  they  will  propose 
that  sum  in  due  time;  and  thus  let  the  sense 
of  the  senate  be  fully  expressed  upon  one 
case  at  a  time,  and  upon  the  only  case  iiow 
duly  before  us.  In  tnis  manner,  only,  can 
any  thing  ever  be  accomplished. 

"  The  amount  of  the  sum  now  propos<>d, 
cannot  be  objected  to  on  the  grounds  that 
doubtless  caused  the  losses  and  sufferings 
which  we  are  now  seeking  to  redress.  The 
country  during  the  revolution,  and  at  its  close, 
would  hardly  nave  been  unwilling  to  bestow 
twice  the  amount,  had  its  resources  permitted. 
Rut,  now,  such  have  been  our  rapid  advoiicps 
in  wealth  and  greatness,  by  means  of  the 
rights  and  lil>erties  of  the  valour  of  these  men 
contributed  so  largely  to  secure;  that  the 
very  public  land  they  dc^fendcd,  if  not  won, 
yields  every  year  to  our  treasury  more  than 
the  whole  approprialiun.  One  twentieth  of 
our  present  aunual  revenue  exceeds  it.  A 
fraction  of  the  cost  of  the  public  buildings— 
the  expense  of  two  or  three  ships  oi  the 
line— one  tenth  of  what  has  l»pen  saved  to 
our  national  debt  in  the  funding  system— a 
tax  of  ten  cents  per  head  on  our  popiilalinn, 
only  a  singlo  twelvemonth,— either  of  them 
would  remove  all  this  reproach. 

"But,  whatever  might  be  the  cost,  I  would 
say,  in  all  practicable  cases,  be  juat  and  A'nr 
not.  Let  no  illiberal  or  evasive  feeling  liluat 
the  hopes  of  these  venerable  patriots.  Much 
longer  delay  will  do  this  as  etTt'ctiiallv  as  a 
hard  hearted  refusal ;  since  the  remains  of 
them  are  almost  daily  going  down  to  the  city 
of  silence.  Either  drive  them,  then,  nt  once 
from  your  doors,  with  taunts,  and  in  despnir, — 
or  sanction  the  claim.  So  far  as  ri-gnrds  my 
single  self,  before  I  would  another  ycor  en- 
dure the  stigma,  of  either  injustice  or  ingrati- 
tude to  men  like  these,  I  would  vote  to  stop 
every  species  of  splendid  missions  ;  I  wniilij 
cease  to  talk  of  Alleghany  canals :  (  would  let 
the  cnpitol  crumble  to  atoms  for  want  of  ap- 
propriations, and  introduce  retrenchment  froii 
the  palace  to  the  humblest  door-keeper. 

"  It  has  formerly  been  said,  that  if  these  offi 
cers  are  relieved,  so  must  be  those  of  the  latf 
war.  But,  deserving  as  were  these  last,  tho 
cause  in  which  they  fought  required  much  infe 
rior  sacrifices — they  were  nntcontendingunder 
the  stigma  of  traitors,  liable  to  the  halter — they 
were  liberally  and  promptly  paid ;  and  what* 
ever  small  depreciation  may  have  existed  in 
the  treasury  notes  taken  for  their  monthly  pay, 
it  was  infitiltcly  less  than  the  losses  sustuiiicd 
by  these  petitioners  on  their  monthly  pay,  and 
for  which  they  neither  ask  nor  expect  relief. 


UNITED   STATES. 


nd  on  thtrir  iiwr 
them  havp  |ji'i.>n 
ho  rvpcirti'il  thii 
ivided  for  iithur' 
\{ioT,  if  thnwKhl 
ipproiiriBliiih  \m 
■lid  tnen  \>y  aiib- 
I  hill,  or  hy  new 
'  other  elaiM'i  of 
I  own  grniimli. 
if,  either  in  itrirt 
Dundod  tipon  tha 
on,  the  drpn'cia- 
9  lot!  in  fiindinf^, 
lat  the  turn  pro- 
fair  one,  that  he 
'  the  ofBceri,  and 
think  •  dlflerrnl 
hey  will  proposo 
thus  let  the  «'n«o 
■etied  upon  one 
ie  only  caio  iiow 
inner,  only,  cun 
led. 

n  now  propnm>d, 
he  ground*  that 
>s  and  tuflerinii:! 
to  redress.  The 
n,  and  at  its  clnsi>, 
willing  to  brslow 
lources  nrrmillt^d. 
ur  rapiu  advnncrs 
jy  means  of  I  he 
lour  of  th«so  men 
secure;  that  the 
dcd,  if  not  won, 
eiisury  more  than 
Dne  tw»)nlielh  ol 
te  exceeds  it.  A 
iblic  huildiiigs — 
'60  sliip*  of  the 
as  l>evn  saved  to 
nding  systeni-~a 
our  popnialinn, 
nithcr  of  them 
ach. 

the  cost,  I  would 
be  juBt  and  fear 
isive  feeling  lilu.it 
DRlriots.     Much 
elfectuallv  ns  o 
the   remains  <i( 
down  to  the  city 
em,  then,  at  once 
and  in  despair,^ 
nr  as  regards  my 
another  year  en- 
justice  or  ingrati- 
>iild  vote  to  stop 
issions  ;  I  would 
nals  :   (  would  let 
.  for  want  of  ap- 
itrencliinent  frora 
oor-keeper. 
,  that  if  these  offi 
those  of  the  lat» 
re  these  last,  tho 
quired  much  infe 
contendingunder 
the  halter— they 
paid ;  and  what* 
have  existed  in 
heir  monthly  pay, 
9  losses  sustHuied 
monthly  pay,  and 
or  expect  relief. 


"  On*  other  ennsideration,  and  I  will  at  this 
time  trouble  the  senate  no  lunger.  The  long 
lapse  of  time  since  the  claim  originated  has 
been  objooled  formerly  to  its  success.  Uut 
what  honest  individual  shelters  himself  under 
•  atatute  of  limitation,  if  conscious  that  his 
promise  has  not  been  substantially  fulfilled  1 
Under  such  circumslAncos,  it  is  no  defence, 
cither  in  the  court  of  oonseionce  or  in  a  court 
of  honour)  and  Congress  have  often  shown 
their  liberality  in  waiving  it,  where  expressly 
provided  to  bar  an  apiilication. 

"  Here  no  express  bar  has  over  been  pro- 
vided. Before  their  first  application,  the  offi- 
cer* waited  till  A.  D.  1810,  when  old  age  and 
inArmity  rendered  them  more  needy,  and 
when  many  years  of  prosperity  had  rendered 
their  country  mure  able.  However  numerous, 
and  technical,  and  evasive,  may  have  been  the 
objection*  since  interposed,  let  it  not  be  fsr- 
gutten,  that  in  performing  their  portion  of  the 
oonipaot,  however  neglected  as  to  food  or 
wages,  they  never  wore  heard  to  plead  ex- 
oii*e*  or  evasions,  however  appalling  the  dun- 
gor,  whether  roused  by  a  midnight  alarm  or 
invited  to  join  a  forlorn  hope. 

"  Like  others,  too,  it  may  be  imputed  to 
them  in  derogation,  that  they  were  '  military 
chieftains.'  But  if,  as  such  for  a  time,  they 
did,  like  othors,  nobly  help '  to  fill  the  measure 
of  their  country'*  glory;'  so;  like  others  of 
that  class,  they  have  often  distinguished  them- 
selves in  forums,  cabinets,  and  halls  of  legisla- 
tion. 

"  Whatever  '  honour  and  gratitude'  they 
have  yet  received,  is  deeply  engraven  on  their 
hearts;  but  they  now  also  need— and  they 
ask,  only  because  tlioy  need,  the  additional 
rewards  of  substantial  justice. 

"  it  remain*,  air,  for  us,  whose  rights  they 
defended  and  saved,  to  say  whether  they  shall 
hinger  ask  that  justice  in  vuin." 

On  the  4th  of  March,  1839,  General  An- 
drew Jackson  took  the  oath  of  office.  His 
course  as  a  military  commander  had  been 
wonderfully  successful,  and  in  all  republics, 
the  military  chieftain  has  been  held  in  the 
highest  consideration.  He  was  not  bred  a 
statesman,  nor  had  he  been  considered  as  a 
leader  in  senates ;  but  he  was  energetic, 
prompt,  and  fearless.  He  was  initiated  in 
war  on  the  borders  with  the  Indian  tribes,  and 
his  name  was  a  terror  thnniglinut  the  nations 
then  hostile  or  friendly  to  the  United  States. 
His  successful  defence  of  New  Orleans  had 
excited  theadmiration  and  awakened  the  grati- 
tude of  the  American  people.  His  inaugu- 
ral speech  was  short,  and  full  of  promises  in 
the  way  of  reform.  "  Follow-oitizens,  (said 
III!,)  about  to  undertake  the  arduous  duties 
tiiat  t  have  been  appointed  to  perform,  by  the 
choice  of  a  free  people,  I  avail  myself  of  this 
customary  and  solemn  occasion,  to  express  the 
gratitude  which  their  confidence  inspires,  and 
to  acknowledge  the  accountability  which  my 
situation  enjoins.  While  the  magnitude  of 
'heir  interests  convinces  me  that  no  thanks 
can  be  adequate  to  the  honour  they  have  con- 
ferred, it  admonishes  me  that  the  nest  return 
1  can  make,  is  the  zealous  dedication  of  my 
humble  abilities  to  their  service  and  their  good. 

"  As  the  instrument  of  the  federal  consti- 
tution, it  will  devolve  on  me,  for  a  stated  pe- 
riod, to  execute  the  laws  of  the  United  States ; 
lo  auperintend  their  foreign  and  their  confed- 
srate  relation* ;  to  manage  their  revenue ;  to 


command  their  force* ;  and,  by  eommunica- 1  that  I  should  be  excuied  for  omittipf  their 
tion*  to  the  legiilaturc,  to  watch  over  and  to  mention  aooner  than  for  enlarging  on  their  im« 


promote  their  Interests  generally.  And  the 
principles  of  action  by  which  1  shall  endea- 
vour to  accomplish  this  circle  of  duties,  it  i* 
now  proper  for  me  briefly  to  explain. 

In  adtninistering  the  law*  of  Congress,  1 
shall, keep  steadily  in  view  the  limitation*  a* 
well  as  the  extent  of  the  executive  power, 
trusting  thereby  to  discharge  the  function*  of 
my  othce  without  transcending  its  authority. 
With  foreign   nation*  it  will  be  my  study  to 

( (reserve  peace,  and  to  cultivate  friendship  on 
air  and  honourable  term* ;  and  in  the  adjust- 
ment of  any  diflerance  that  may  exist  or  arise, 
to  exhibit  the  forbearance  becoming  a  power- 
ful nation,  rather  than  the  seniibility  belong- 
ing to  a  gallant  people. 

"  In  such  measure*  as  I  may  be  called  on 
to  pursue,  in  regard  to  the  rights  of  the  sepa- 
rate states,  I  hope  to  be  animated  by  a  pro|)er 
respect  fur  those  sovereign  member*  of  our 
union ;  taking  care  not  to  confound  the  powers 
they  have  reserved  to  themselves,  with  those 
they  have  granted  to  the  confederacy. 

"  The  management  of  the  public  revenue— 
that  searching  operation  in  all  governments- 
is  among  the  mostdelicate  and  important  trusts 
in  ours  ;  and  it  will,  of  course,  demand  no  in- 
considerable share  of  my  official  aolicitude. 
Under  every  aspect  in  which  it  can  bo  con- 
sidered, it  would  appear  that  advantage  must 
result  from  the  observance  of  a  strict  and 
faithful  economy.  This  I  ^lall  aim  at  the 
more  anxiously,  both  because  it  will  facilitate 
the  extinguishment  of  the  national  debt — the 
unnecessary  duration  of  which  is  incompatible 
with  real  inde|iendence — and  liecause  it  will 
counteract  that  tendency  to  public  and  private 
profligacy  which  a  profuse  expenditure  of 
money  by  the  government,  is  but  too  apt  to 
engender.  Powerful  auxiliaries  to  the  attain- 
ment of  this  desirable  end,  are  to  bo  found  in 
the  regulations  provided  by  t)io  wisdom  of 
Congress,  for  the  specific  appropriation  of  pub' 
lie  money,  and  the  prompt  accountability  uf 
public  officers. 

"With  regard  to  a  proper  selection  of  tho 
subjects  of  impost,  with  a  view  to  revenue,  it 
would  seem  to  me,  that  the  spirit  of  equity, 
caution,  and  compromise,  in  which  the  consti- 
tution was  formed,  requires  that  the  great  in- 
terests of  agriculture,  commerce,  and  manu- 
factures, should  be  equally  favoured  ;  and 
that,  perhaps,  the  only  exception  to  this  rule 
should  consist  in  the  peculiar  encouragement 
of  any  products  of  either  of  them  that  may  be 
found  essential  to  our  national  independence. 

"  Internal  improvement,  and  the  diffusion 
of  knowledge,  so  fur  as  they  can  he  promoted 
by  the  constitutional  acts  of  the  federal  go- 
vernment, are  of  high  importance. 

"  Considering  standing  armies  as  danger- 
pus  to  free  governments,  in  time  of  peace,  I 
shall  not  seek  to  enlarge  our  present  establish- 
ment, nor  disregard  that  salutary  lesson  of 
political  experience,  which  teaches  that  the 
military  should  be.  held  subordinate  to  the 
civil  power.  The  gradual  increase  of  our 
navy,  whose  flag  has  displayed,  in  distant 
climes,  our  skill  in  navigation  and  our  fame  in 
arms ;  the  preservation  of  our  forts,  arsenal*, 
and  dock  yards  ;  and  the  introduction  of  pro- 
gressive improvements  in  the  discipline  and 
science  of  both  branches  of  our  military 
vicE,  are  so  plainly  prescribed  by  nruiioncs, 


portaiu;e.  But  the  bulwark  of  our  defence  is 
the  national  militia,  which,  in  the  present  stale 
of  our  intelligence  and  population,  mu*t  ren- 
der  u*  invincible.  A*  long  a*  our  Koverr, 
ment  i*  administered  for  the  good  of  the  pe» 
pie,  and  i*  regulated  b^  their  will ;  a*  lontf  u 
It  *ecure*  to  u*  the  righu  of  p«r*on  and  oi 
property,  liberty  of  conscience  and  of  the 
pres*,  it  will  be  worth  defending  t  and  *o  long 
a*  it  i*  worth  defending,  a  patriotic  militia 
will  cover  it  with  an  impenetrable  »gu.  Par- 
tial injurie*  and  occaaional  mortification*  we 
may  he  subjected  to,  but  a  million  of  armed 
freemen,  po**e**ed  of  the  mean*  of  war,  car. 
never  be  conquered  by  a  foreign  foe.  To  any 
just  system,  therefore,  calculated  to  strengthen 
this  natural  safe-guard  of  the  country,  1  shall 
cheerfully  tend  all  the  aid  in  my  power. 

"  It  will  be  my  sincere  and  oonaiant  desire 
to  observe  towards  the  Indian  tribe*  within 
our  limit*,  a  juit  and  liberal  policy  ;  and  to 
give  that  humane  and  oonaidorate  attention  to 
their  right*  and  their  want*  which  are  con- 
sistent with  the  habit*  of  our  government,  and 
tho  feelings  of  our  people. 

"  The  recent  demonstration  of  public  sen 
timent  inscribes,  on  the  list  of  executive  Ju 
ties,  in  character*  too  legible  to  be  overlooked, 
the  task  of  reform  ;  which  will  require,  par 
ticularly,  the  correction  of  those  abuses,  that 
have  brou§jht  the  patronage  of  the  federal  go 
vernment  into  conflict  with  the  freedom  oi 
elections,  and  the  counteraction  of  tliooo 
causes  which  have  disturbed  the  rightful 
course  of  appointment,  and  have  placed,  or 
continued,  uower  in  unfaithtu.  or  incompotcnl 
hands. 

"  In  the  performance  of  a  task  thus  gene- 
rally delineated,  I  shall  endeavour  to  select 
men  whose  diligence  and  talents  will  insure, 
in  their  respective  stations,  able  and  faithfu 
co-operation — depending,  for  the  advance- 
ment of  the  public  service,  more  on  the  in- 
tegrity and  zeal  of  the  public  officers,  than  on 
their  numbers. 

*'  A  diffidence,  perhaps  too  just,  in  my  own 
qualifications,  will  teach  me  to  look  with  reve- 
rence to  the  examples  of  public  virtue  left  by 
my  illustrious  predecessors,  and  with  venera- 
tion to  the  lights  that  flow  from  the  mind  that 
founded,  and  the  mind  that  reformed,  our  sys- 
tem. The  same  diffidence  induces  me  tr 
hope  for  instruction  and  aid  from  the  co-ordi- 
nate branches  of  the  government,  and  for  the 
indulgence  and  support  of  my  fellow-citizenc 
generally.  And  a  firm  reliance  on  the  good- 
ness of  that  Power  whose  providence  merci- 
fully protected  our  national  infancy,  and  has 
since  upheld  our  liberties  in  various  vicissi- 
tudes, encourages  me  to  offer  up  my  ardent 
supplications  that  he  will  continue  to  make 
our  beloved  country  the  object  of  hi*  divine 
care  and  gracious  benediction." 

General  Jackson  at  once  filled  up  his  labi- 
net  with  men  devoted  to  his  cause.  Martin 
Van  Buren,  of  the  state  of  New  York,  waa 
appointed  secretary  of  state.  He  was  a  selt 
made  man,  and  had  secured  the  votes  of  hi; 
native  state  for  governor,  which  office  he  held 
when  he  received  his  appointment.  Samuel 
D.  Ingham,  of  Pennsylvania,  was  appointed 
secretary  of  the  treasury.  He  had  been  ■ 
-member  of  the  houseof  representatives  in  the 
national  legislature,  and  was  thought  a  straighit 


HISTORY  Of   THE 


torney-oviivral, 
oral  MiiiiNction. 


forward,  pbin  man.  Jnhn  H.  Eaton  was 
RMula  woretary  of  war,  Ha  had  been  a  wna- 
for  fmm  Tennetiee,  and  wa«  the  personal 
friund  of  Ouneral  Jaokion.  John  Uranoh  waa 
ap|Kiin(ed  to  fill  tho  office  of  secretary  of  the 
uavy.  The  qualification*  ho  had  for  this  offica 
went  n  >•  known  to  the  nation  at  large,  but  they 
preiutncd  the  executive  wai  fully  aware  of 
them,  before  ho  hnd  elevated  him  tu  that  of- 
tioe.  John  M'Phenon  Berrien  wn  made  nt- 
Thii  appointment  gave  gen- 
He  wa*  at  the  time  ot  his 
appointment  a  aenator  from  Qeorgia,  and  ct-le- 
lirabfd  for  hia  acquirements,  eluciiicncc,  and 
disorimination.  He  had  shown  his  talunts  as 
well  in  the  high  jodicial  councils  of  the  nation, 
as  in  the  senate  of  the  United  States.  John 
M'Lean,  who  had  held  the  ofRce  of  post  mas- 
Inr  general,  was  transferred  to  tho  bench  of 
the  sopremc  court  of  the  United  States,  and 
William  T.  Barry,  of  Kentucky,  was  put  into 
iho  office  which  Mr.  M'Lean  liad  filled  with 
•o  ni'joh  reputation,  that  not  a  man  of  note  in 
Ihe  country  wixhed  him  removed.  A  general 
sweep  was  made  of  men  in  office  not  favoura- 
ble to  the  administration.  This  was  justified 
upon  political  grounds,  as  a  course  of  true  poli- 
cy, and  in  full  accordance  with  the  genius  of 
the  governmenL 

The  relations  of  the  United  States  with 
foreign  countries,  were  in  a  prosperous  situa- 
tion. Some  little  misunderstanding  existed 
with  the  Bntish  government,  in  regard  to  tho 
West  India  trade,  which  was  arranged  by  the 
pleni potent  ary  to  the  court  of  London,  Mr. 
Louis  M'Lane  ;  but  this  was  of  no  great  im- 
portance, although  thought  so  at  tho  lime. 

In  1832,  the  cholera  raged  in  tho  United 
States,  and  gave  great  alarm  to  the  whole 
population  ;  but  the  number  of  deaths  was  not 
great. 

Tho  boundary  lino,  a  subject  of  dispute,  has 
not  Uteiy  been  a^tated. 

The  people  of  South  Carolina  had,  before 
this  time,  broached  some  doctrines  in  regard 
to  state  rights,  notarknowlcdged  by  the  great 
body  of  the  union.  The  quugtion  was  most 
ably  argued  in  Congress,  particularly  by 
Colonel  Hayne,  a  senator  frmn  South  Ciiro- 
lin*,  on  the  one  side,  and  by  Mr.  Webster,  of 
Massachusetts,  on  the  other. 

The  attention  of  the  people  was  attracted 
by  this  discussion,  and  an  immense  majority 
of  ttiem  were  deridedly  against  the  doctrines 
avowed  by  Camlina.  Although  the  state  of 
South  Camlina  assumed  an  attitude  of  defi- 
aitce,  President  Jackson  at  once  took  a  most 
decided  course.  He  was  supported  by  the 
gieat  body  of  the  people.  He  issued  a  pro- 
clamation, which  we  shall  insert,  fraught  with 
all  the  sound  doctrines  of  the  old  school.  This 
manly,  hold,  and  decided  course,  made  him 
tenfoKl  more  popular  than  before. 

"  W  liereas,  a  conventjon  assembled  in  the 
state  of  South  Carolina,  have  passed  an  ordi- 
nance, by  which  they  declare,  *  That  the  seve- 
ral acts  and  parts  of  acts  of  the  Congress  of 
the  United  States,  purporting  to  bo  laws  for 
the  imposing  of  duties  and  imposts  on  the  im- 
pottAtion  of  foreign  commodities,  and  now 
naving  actual  operation  and  effect  within  the 
United  States,  and  more  especially'  two  acts 
for  the  same  purposes,  passed  on  the  29th  of 
May,  1828,  and  on  the  14th  of  July,  1832,  are 
'anautlioriied  by  the  constitution  of  the  United 
Scatea,  and  violato  the  true  meaning  and  in- 


'wnt  thereof,  and  are  null  and  void,  and  no 
law,'  nor  binding  on  the  citisens  of  that  state 
or  its  officers  i  and  by  the  said  ordinance,  is 
furthtwr  declantd  to  be  unlawful  for  any  of  the 
constituted  authorities  uf  the  state,  or  of  the 
United  States,  to  enforce  the  payment  of  the 
duties  imposed  by  the  said  acts  within  the 
same  state,  and  that  it  is  the  duty  of  the  legis- 
lature to  pass  such  laws  as  may  be  necessary 
to  give  full  cff<)ct  to  th?  said  ordinance, 

"  And  whereas,  by  the  said  ordinance  it  is 
further  ordained,  that  in  no  cass  of  jaw  or 
equity,  decided  in  the  courts  of  tho  said  state, 
wherein  shall  be  drawn  in  question  the  vali- 
dity of  the  said  ordinance,  or  of  the  acts  of 
the  legislature  that  may  be  passed  to  give  it 
cfl'ect,  or  of  the  said  laws  of  the  United  States, 
no  appeal  hhall  bo  allowed  to  the  supreme 
court  of  the  United  States,  nor  shall  any  copy 
of  the  record  be  permitted  orailiiwed  lor  that 
purpose,  and  that  any  person  attempting  to 
take  such  appeal  shall  be  punished  as  for  a 
contempt  of  court: 

"  And,  finally,  the  said  ordinance  declares, 
that  the  people  of  South  Carolina  will  main- 
tain the  said  ordinance  at  every  hazard  ;  and 
that  they  will  consider  tho  passage  of  any  act 
by  Congress  abolishing  or  closing  the  ports  of 
the  said  state,  or  otherwise  obstructing  the 
free  ingress  or  egress  of  vessels  to  and  from 
the  said  ports,  or  any  other  act  of  the  federal 
government  to  coerce  the  state,  shut  up  her 
ports,  destroy  or  harass  her  commerce,  or  to 
enforce  the  said  acts  otherwise  than  through 
the  civil  tribunals  of  tho  country,  as  inconsist- 
ent with  the  longer  continuance  of  South  Car- 
olina in  the  Union;  and  that  tho  people  of  the 
said  state  will  thenceforth  hold  themselves 
absolved  from  all  further  obligation  to  main- 
tain or  preserve  their  political  connexi(m  with 
the  people  of  the  other  states,  and  will  forth- 
with proceed  to  organize  a  separate  govern- 
ment, and  do  all  other  acts  and  things  which 
sovereign  and  independent  states  may  of  right 
do ; 

"  And  whereas,  tho  said  ordinance  pre- 
acrilies  to  tho  people  of  South  Carolina  a 
course  of  conduct  in  direct  violation  of  their 
iliity  as  citizens  of  the  United  States,  contrary 
to  thi!  laws  of  their  country,  subversive  of  its 
constitution,  and  having  for  its  object  the  de- 
struction of  the  union — that  union  which,  coe- 
val with  our  political  existence,  led  our  fa- 
thers, without  any  other  ties  to  unite  them 
than  those  of  patriotism  and  a  common  cause, 
through  a  sanguinary  struffgle  to  a  glorious  in- 
dependence— thot  sacred  union,  hitherto  in- 
violate, which,  perfected  by  our  happy  consti- 
tution, has  brought  us,  by  the  favour  of 
Heaven,  to  a  stale  of  prosperity  at  home,  and 
high  consideration  abroad,  rarely,  if  ever, 
equalled  in  the  history  of  nations.  To  lire- 
serve  this  bond  of  our  political  existence  from 
destruction,  to  maintain  inviolate  this  state  of 
national  honour  and  prosperity,  and  to  justify 
the  confidence  my  fellow-citizens  have  reposed 
in  me,  I,  Andrew  Jackson,  President  of  the 
United  States,  have  thought  proper  to  issue 
this  my  PROCLAMATION,  stating  my 
views  of  the  constitution  and  laws  applicable 
to  the  measures  adopted  by  the  convention  of 
South  Carolina,  and  to  the  reasons  they  have 
put  forth  to  sustain  them,  declaring  the  course 
which  duty  will  require  mo  to  pursue,  and 
appealing  to  the  understanding  and  patriotism 
of  the  people,  warn  them  of  the  consequences 


that  must  iiieviialily  result  friun  an  observanea 
uf  the  dictates  of  the  convention. 

"  Strict  duty  would  require  of  .lie  rothina 
more  than  the  exercise  ot  those  powers  v  ilh 
which  I  am  now,  or  may  hereafter  he  invested, 
for  preserving  the  pence  of  the  union,  and  fur 
ihe  execution  of  the  laws.  But  the  imposing 
aspect  which  opposition  has  assumed  in  this 
case,  by  clothing  itself  with  state  aulliorily, 
and  the  deep  interest  \\]  ich  the  |>eople  of  the 
United  Slates  must  all  feel  in  preventing  a 
resort  to  stronger  measures,  while  there  in  • 
hope  that  any  thing  will  Iwyinlded  to  reasai,- 
ing  and  remonstrance,  perhaps  demand,  and 
will  certainly  justify  a  full  exposition  to  South 
Carolina  and  tho  nation  of  the  views  1  enter* 
tain  of  this  important  question,  as  well  as  a 
distinct  enunciation  of  tho  course  which  mv 
sense  of  duty  will  require  me  to  pursue. 

"  Tho  ordinance  is  founded,  not  on  the  in- 
defeasible right  of  resisting  acts  which  are 
fdainly  unconstitutional  and  too  oppressive  to 
le  endured  ;  but  on  the  strange  position  that 
any  one  stato  may  not  only  declare  an  act  ol 
Congress  void,  but  prohibit  its  execution— 
that  they  may  do  this  consistently  with  the 
constitution — that  the  true  construction  of  that 
instrument  permits  a  state  to  retain  its  place  in 
the  union,  and  yet  be  bound  by  no  other  of  its 
laws  than  those  it  moy  choose  to  consider  as 
constitutional.  It  is  true,  they  add,  that  to 
justify  this  abrogation  of  a  law,  it  must  be  pal- 
pably contrary  to  the  constitution ;  but  it  is 
evident,  that  to  give  the  right  of  resisting  tuwi 
of  that  description,  coupled  with  the  uncon- 
trolled right  to  decide  what  laws  deserve  that 
character,  is  to  give  the  power  of  resisting  all 
laws.     For,  as  by  the  theory,  there  is  no  op- 

rieal,  the  reasons  allegi-d  by  the  state,  good  nr 
tad,  must  prevail.  If  it  should  be  said  that 
public  opinion  is  a  suKiriciit  check  against  ihc 
abuse  of  this  power,  it  may  be  nsked,  why  it 
is  not  deemed  a  sulfieient  guard  against  ihe 
passage  of  an  unconstitutional  act  by  Con- 
gress. There  is,  however,  a  restraint  in  this 
last  case,  wnicn  makes  tho  assumed  \ower 
of  a  stato  more  indefensible,  and  M  !.,cfi  does 
not  exist  in  the  other.  There  are  two  op» 
peals  from  an  unconstitutional  act  passed  by 
Congress — one  to  the  judiciary,  the  other  to 
the  people  and  the  states.  There  is  no  ap- 
peal from  the  slate  decision  in  theory,  and  the 
prao^'-^al  illustration  shows  that  the  courts  nre 
shut  against  an  application  to  review  it,  both 
judges  and  jurors  lieing  sworn  to  di'cide  in  its 
favour.  But  reasoning  on  this  siibjert  is  su- 
perfluous, when  our  social  compact  in  express 
terms  declares,  that  the  laws  of  tho  United 
States,  its  constitution  nnd  treaties  made  un- 
der it,  are  tho  supreme  luw  of  the  land — and 
for  the  greater  caution  adds,  'that  the  judges 
in  every  state  shall  be  bound  thereby,  any 
thing  in  the  constitution  or  laws  of  any  stale 
to  tho  contrary  notwithstanding.'  And  it  mav 
be  asserted  without  foi-  of  refutation,  that  no 
federative  government  ;ould  exist  without  a 
similar  p-ovision.  Look  for  a  moment  to  the 
consequence.  If  South  Carolina  considers  the 
revenue  laws  unconstitutional,  and  has  n  right 
to  prevent  their  execution  in  the  port  ot 
Charleston,  there  would  be  a  clear  constitu- 
tional objection  to  their  collection  in  every 
other  port,  and  no  revenue  could  be  collected 
any  where,  for  si!  imposts  must  be  equal.  It 
is  no  answer  to  re|.eat,  thot  an  unconstitu- 
tional law  is  no  kw,  so  long  as  tho  question  of 


UNITED  STATES. 


■n  ubiervanM 

)f  .1IU  niithina 
it  p<)wiT«  V  itn 
I'r  hv  invc»it'J, 
union,  and  'ur 
t  thf  imposing 
■siimetl  in  tlilii 
into  nulliorit^r, 
!  |>o<iplB  of  Ine 

provtinting  * 
vliilo  tlicri)  in  t 
KleJ  to  i'na<toi,> 
I  dfiiiund,  and 
liition  to  South 

views  I  cntcr- 
1,  as  well  as  a 
irso  which  mv 
[n  pursue. 
,  not  on  the  in- 
icts  which  srn 

0  opprnisive  to 
go  position  that 
I'clnre  an  act  ol 
its  execution— 
tcnily  with  the 
struction  of  that 
Dtain  its  place  in 
y  no  other  of  its 

1  to  consider  as 
ey  add,  that  to 
,  It  must  b«!  jial- 
iition;  hut  it  i* 
nf  resisting  law» 
with  the  uiicon- 
iws  deserve  that 
:r  of  resisting  all 
,  there  is  no  np- 
lie  state,  good  or 
lid  lie  snid  thnt 
leck  against  ihc 
p  iisked,  why  il 
inrd  against  the 

net  liy   Con- 
restraint   in  ihis 
assumed  \ower 
lid  M '.icfi  does 
re  are   two  ap- 
net  |insBcd  hy 
■y,  the   other  to 
tiere  is  no  ap- 
theory,  and  the 
the  courts  nro 
review  it,  liolh 
to  decide  in  its 
is  Biilyert  is  »u- 
pact  ill  exprecs 
of  the   United 
'Rties  made  un- 
the  land — and 
that  the  judges 
d   thereliy,  any 
vs  of  any  stalt; 
■.'     And  it  may 
illation,  that  no 
exist  without  a 
moment  to  the 
la  considers  the 
and  has  a  right 
the   port  ol 
clear  coiistilu- 
jtion   in  evi-ry 
.Id  he  collected 
t  be  equal.     Il 
an  unconstitu- 
tho  cjuestiouof 


Its  leifaliiy  it  to  b«  dMidad  by  lh«  •lata  itself; 
fur  uvury  law  oparuing  iiuuriouily  upun  any 
local  iiiturost  will  be  perhaps  thought,  and 
eertainly  represented,  at  unconstitutional,  and, 
as  haa  been  shown,  there  is  no  appeal. 

"  If  this  doctrine  had  been  established  at 
an  earlier  day,  the  union  would  have  been 
dissolved  in  its  infancy.  The  excise  law  in 
Pennsylvania,  the  embargo  and  non-inter- 
course  law  in  the  eastern  atates,  the  carriage 
lax  in  Virginia,  were  all  deemed  unoonslitu- 
tiunal,  and  were  more  unequal  in  their  opera- 
tion than  any  of  the  lawi  now  complained  of  i 
hut  fortunately  none  of  thoaa  ilatei  diioovered 
tha>  they  had  the  right  now  claimed  by  South 
i>i<^lina.  The  war  into  which  we  were 
(bre<]d,  to  support  the  dignity  of  the  nation 
and  the  rights  of  our  citizens,  might  have  end- 
ed <n  defeat  and  disgrace  instead  of  victory 
and  honour,  if  the  states  who  supposed  it  a 
ruinous  and  unconstitutional  measure,  had 
thought  they  possessed  the  right  of  nullifying 
the  act  by  which  it  was  declared,  and  denying 
supplies  for  iu  prosecution.  Hardly  and  un- 
equally as  those  measurea  bore  upon  several 
memliers  of  the  Union,  to  the  leeislatures  of 
none  did  this  efficient  and  peaceable  remedy, 
as  it  is  called,  suggest  itself.  The  discovery 
of  this  important  feature  in  our  constitution 
wss  reserved  to  the  present  day.  To  the  states- 
men of  Soiith  Carolina  belongs  the  invention, 
and  upo-.  '  citizens  of  that  state  will  unfor- 
tunatel;  f^ '  '  'ils  of  reducing  it  to  practice. 
"If*  )  of  the  state  veto  upon  the 

laws  ot  '  :  'm  carries  with  it  internal  evi- 

dence of  >u  impracticable  absurd'.  :v,  our  con- 
stitutional history  will  also  afford  abundant 
proof  that  it  would  have  been  repudiated  with 
.ndignation  had  it  been  proposed  to  form  a 
feature  in  our  government. 

"  In  our  colonial  state,  althoueh  dependent 
on  another  power,  we  very  early  considered 
ourselves  as  connected  by  common  interest 
with  each  other.  Leagues  were  formed  for 
'•ommon  defence,  and  befr  d  the  Declaration 
'i>f  Independence  we  were  known  in  our  ag- 
if  regate  character  as  thb  UNiriD  Colonies 
irr  Ambrioa.  That  decisive  and  important 
s'ep  was  taken  jointly.  We  declared  our- 
selves a  nation  by  a  joint,  not  by  several  acts, 
and  when  the  terms  of  our  confederation  were 
reduced  to  form,  it  was  in  that  of  a  solemn 
league  of  several  states,  by  which  they  agreed 
that  they  would  collectively  form  one  nation 
fur  the  purpose  of  conducting  some  certain 
domestic  concerns  and  all  foreign  relations. 
In  the  instrument  forming  that  union,  is  found 
an  article  which  declares  that  'every  state 
shall  abide  by  the  determination  of  Congress 
on  all  questions  which  by  that  confederation 
should  be  submitted  to  them.' 

"  Under  the  confederation,  then,  no  state 
could  legally  annul  a  decision  of  the  Congress, 
or  refuse  to  submit  to  its  execution ;  but  no 
provision  was  made  to  enforce  these  decisions. 
Congress  made  requisitions,  but  they  were 
not  complied  with.  The  government  could 
not  operate  on  individuals.  They  had  no  JU' 
diciai^,  no  means  of  collecting  revenue. 

"  But  the  defects  of  the  confederation  need 
not  be  detailed.  Under  its  operation  we  could 
(caroely  be  called  a  nation.  We  had  neither 
prosperity  at  home  nor  consideration  abroad. 
This  state  of  things  could  not  be  endured,  and 
our  present  happy  constitution  was  formed, 
bnt  tonned  'O  vain,  if  this  fatal  doctrine  pre- 


vaila.    Il  was  formed  for  important  objects  i     "  The  next  olgection  is,  that  iha  laws  ia 
that  are  announced  in  the  preamble,  made  in  question  operate  unequally.    Tkia  ol^jeetioa 


the  name,  and  by  the  authority  of  the  people 
of  the  United  States,  whose  delegates  framed, 
nd  whose  conventions  approved  it.  The 
most  important  among  these  objects,  that 
which  it  placed  first  in  rank,  on  which  all  the 
others  rest,  is  'to /arm  a  more  perfect  Union.' 
Now,  is  it  possible  that  even  if  there  were  no 
axpreta  provision  givinff  supremacy  to  the 
constitution  and  laws  of  the  United  Statits 
over  those  of  the  states— it  can  be  conceived, 
that  an  instrument  made  for  the  purpose  of 
'Jbrminga  more  perfect  Union'  than  that  of  the 
confederation,  could  be  so  constructed  by  the 
assembled  wisdom  of  our  country,  as  to  sub- 
stitute for  that  confederation  a  form  of  uovern- 
ment,  dependent  for  its  existence  on  the  local 
interest,  the  party  spirit  of  a  state,  or  of  a  pre- 
vailing faction  in  a  state  1  Every  man  of 
plain,  unsophisticated  understanding,  who 
neari  the  question,  will  give  such  an  snswer 
aa  will  preserve  the  union.  Metaphysical 
subtlety,  in  pursuit  of  an  impracticable  theory, 
could  alone  nave  devised  one  that  is  calculated 
to  destroy  it. 

"  I  consider,  then,  the  power  to  annul  a 
law  of  the  United  States,  assumed  by  one 
state,  incompatible  with  the  exittence  of  the 
Union,  eontradicted  txmreuly  hy  the  Utter  tff 
the  ConititulioH,  unauthorized  by  itt  tpirit,  in- 
eoneietent  with  every  principle  on  which  it  wai 
founded,  and  destructive  of  the  great  object 
for  which  it  woe  formed. 

"  After  this  general  view  of  the  leading  prin- 
ciple, we  must  examine  the  particular  appli- 
cation of  it  which  is  made  in  the  ordinance. 

"  The  preamble  rests  its  justification  on 
these  grounds  :— It  assumes  as  a  fact,  that  the 
obnoxious  laws,  although  they  purport  to  be 
laws  for  raising  revenue,  were  in  reality  in- 
tended for  the  protection  of  manufactures, 
which  purpose  it  asserts  to  be  unconstitu- 
tianal ;  that  the  operation  of  these  laws  is  un- 
equal; that  the  amount  raised  by  them  is 
greater  than  is  required  by  the  wants  of  the 
government;  and,  finally,  that  the  proceeds 
are  to  be  applied  to  objects  unauthorized  by 
the  constitution.  These  are  the  only  causes 
alleged  to  justify  an  open  opposition  to  the 
laws  of  the  country,  and  a  threat  of  seceding 
from  the  union,  if  any  attempt  should  be  made 
to  enforce  them.  The  first  virtually  acknow- 
ledges that  the  law  in  question  was  passed 
under  a  power  expressly  given  by  the  consti- 
tiition,  to  lay  and  collect  imposts  ;  but  its  con- 
stitutionality is  drawn  in  question  from  the 
motives  of  those  who  passed  it.  However 
apparent  this  purpose  may  be  in  the  present 
case,  nothing  can  oe  more  dangerous  than  to 
admit  the  position,  that  an  unconstitutional 
purpose,  entertained  by  the  members  who 
assent  to  a  law  enacted  under  a  constitutional 
power,  shall  make  that  law  void  ;  for  how  is 
that  purpose  to  be  ascertained  il  Who  is  to 
make  the  scrutiny  ?  How  often  may  bad  pur- 
poses be  falsely  imputed  1  in  how  many  cases 
are  they  concealed  by  false  professions?  in 
how  many  is  no  declaration  of  motive  made  1 
Admit  this  doctrine,  and  you  give  to  the  states 
an  uncontrolled  right  to  decide,  and  every 
law  may  be  annulled  under  this  pretext.  If, 
therefore,  the  absurd  and  dangerous  doctrine 
should  be  admitted,  that  a  state  may  annul  an 
unconstitutional  law,  or  one  that  it  deems  such, 
it  will  not  apply  to  the  present  case. 


may  be  made   with  truth  to  every  law  that 
has  been  or  can  be  passed.     The  wisdom  oi 
man  never  yet  contrived  a  system  of  taxation 
that  would  operate  with  perfect  equality.     H 
the  unequal  operation  of  a  law  makes  it  un- 
constitutional, and  if  all  laws  of  that  descrip- 
tion may  bo  abrooated  by  any  sute  for  that 
cause,  then  indeed  is  the  federal  constitution 
unworthy  of  the  sliffhtest  effort  for  its  preser^ 
vation.    We  have  hitherto  relied  on  it  as  the 
perpetual  bond  of  our  union.    We  hare  re- 
ceived it  as  the  work  of  the  assembled  wisdom 
of  the  nation.     We  have  trusted  to  it  ss  to  the 
sheet  anchor  of  our  safety,  in  the  stormy  times 
of  conflict  with  a  foreign  or  domestic  foe.  We 
have  looked  to  it  with  sacred  awe  as  the  pal 
ladium  of  our  liberties,  and,  with  all  the  so 
lemnities  of  religion,  have  pledged  to  eack 
other  our  lives  and  fortunes  here,  and  our 
hopes  of  happiness  hereafter,  in  its  defence 
and  support.    Were  we  mistaken,  my  coun- 
trymen, in  attaching  this  importance  to  tho 
constitution  of  our  country  t    Was  our  devo- 
tion paid  to  the  wretched,  ineflicient,  clumsy 
contrivance,  which  this  new  doctrine  woulc 
make  it  t    Did  we  pledge  ourselves  to  the 
support  of  an  airy  nothing,  a  bubble  that  must 
be  blown  away  by  the  first  breath  of  disaffec- 
tion t      Was  this    self-destroying,   visionary 
theory,  the  work  of  the  profound  statesmen, 
tho  exalted  patriots,  to  whom  the  task  of  con- 
stitutional reform  was  intrusted  T     Did  the 
name  of  Washington  sanction,  did  the  states 
deliberately  rati^,  such  an  anomaly  in  the 
history  of  nindaniental  legislation  t    Mo.    We 
were  not  mistaken  I     The  letter  of  this  great 
instrument  is  free  from  this  radical  fault :  its 
language  directly  contradicts  the  imputation ; 
its  spirit,  its  evident  intent,   contradicts  it. 
No,  we  did  not  err  I     Our  constitution  does 
not  contain  the  absurdity  of  giving  power  to 
make  laws,  and  another  power  to  resist  them. 
The  sages,  whose  memory  will  always  be 
reverenced,  have  given  us  a  practical,  and,  as 
they  hoped,  a  permanent  constitutioiial  com- 
pact.    The  Father  of  his  country  did  not  af- 
fix his  revered  name  to  so  palpable  an  alisur- 
dity.     Nor  did  the  states,  when  they  severally 
ratified  it,  do  so  under  the  impression  that  a 
veto  on  the  laws  of  the  United  States  was  re- 
served to  them,  or  that  they  could  exercise  it 
by  implication.     Search  the  debates  in  u\\ 
their  conventions— examine  the  speeches  o:' 
the  most  zealous  opposers  of  federal  aulhoritv 
—look  at  the  amendments  that  were  proposed. 
They  are  all  silent^— not  a  syllable  uttered,  not 
a  vote  given,  not  a  motion  made,  to  correct 
the  explicit  supremacy  given  to  the  lawa  of 
the  union  over  those  of  the  state*— or  to  show 
that  implication,  as  is  now  contended,  could 
defeat  it.    No,  we  have  not  erred !     The  con- 
stitution is  still  the  object  of  our  reverence, 
the  bond  of  our  union,  our  defence  in  danger, 
the  source  of  our  prosperity  in  peace.     It  snail 
descend,  as  we  have  received  it,  uncorrupted 
by  sophistical  construction,  to  our  posterity ; 
and  tne  sacrifices  of  local  interest,  of  state 
prejudices,  of  personal  animosities,  that  were 
made  to  bring  it  into  existence,  will  again  be 
patriotically  offered  for  its  support 

"  The  two  remaining  objections  made  by  the 
ordinance  to  these  laws  are,  that  the  sums  in- 
tended to  be  raised  by  them  are  greater  than 
ate  reqjiired,  and  that  the  proceeds  will  be 


HISTORY  or  TRB 


. 


oMiiiaiioMUy  aniplayML  Thm  eoiwiiiu- 
•Km  baa  givm  wpwwly  to  OongfaM  lb*  right 
of  raiting  nranna,  aiid  of  datarminiiMP  the  lum 
th«pablwosig«aaioawiUro«|uii«.  TIwmmoo 
htvo  no  eontrol  ovor  tho  OMreiM  of  tkii  right, 
nthor  than  that  wUeh  iMuItt  (Vom  tho  power 
o(  changing  tho  rapratoMativoa  who  aboM  it, 
and  ihua  prueiiro  rodrota.  Oongroii  may  un- 
doubiadly  abuio  thia  diaerotionary  power,  but 
the  tamo  may  bo  aaid  of  itthora  with  whieh 
they  are  vetted.  Yet  tho  diteretion  mutt  ox* 
itt  tomowhera.  Tbo  oonttitution  hat  given  it 
to  tho  rapretantadvotof  all  tho  people,  cnoehed 
by  tho  repretentativea  of  tho  ttatet,  und  by 
the  otoc<ttive  power.  Tho  South  Carolina 
e>>nitructSon  civet  it  to  tho  legitlature  or  tho 
eonvontion  ofa  kinglo  Mate,  where  neither  tho 
people  of  the  diflhront  ttatet,  nor  tlie  ttatet  in 
itieir  teparato  capaeity,  nor  tho  ehivf  magif 
trate  elceted  bv  tno  poople,  have  any  repro- 
tenlntioni  whieh  it  tho  mott  ditereet 
ditp<Mition  I'.f  tho  power  t  1  do  not  aak 
you,  fellow.eitiient,  «fhioh  it  the  oontlitutional 
diipoti'tlon— that  inttrumetii  apeakt  a  language 
not  to  bo  mitunderttOod.  But  if  you  wore 
aatembled  in  general  convention,  which  would 
you  think  the  t^tt  depotitory  of  thit  diiero- 
tionary  power  in  tho  latt  retort  t  Would  you 
add  a  elaute  giving  it  to  each  of  tlie  ttatet,  or 
would  you  tanction  the  wite  pravitiont  al- 
ready made  by  your  conttitution  1  If  thit 
ihouid  be  the  retultof  your  deliberationt  wlion 
providing  for  the  future,  are  you— can  you'^ 
be  ready  to  ritk  all  that  we  nold  dear,  to  ri- 
tablith,  for  a  temporary  and  local  purpoae, 
that  which  you  mutt  acknowledge  to  bo  de- 
itructlve,  and  even  abiurd,  at  a  genen.l  provi- 
lion  t  Carrv  out  the  eontequencet  of  thit  right 
vetted  in  the  diflbrent  ttalot,  and  you  mutt 
oeroeive  that  the  oritit  your  conduct  pretent* 
at  thit  day  would  recur  whenever  any  law  of 
the  United  Statet  ditpleated  any  of  the  ttatet, 
and  that  we  thould  toon  ceate  to  be  a  nation. 

"  The  ordinance,  with  the  tame  knowledfl;o 
of  the  futura  that  oharaeteriiet  a  former  ob- 
jection, telli  you  that  the  proeeedt  of  tho  tax 
will  be  unconttitutionally  applied.  If  thit 
could  be  atoertained  with  certainly,  the  objec- 
tion would,  with  more  propriety,  be  reterved 
for  tho  law  to  applying  tho  prooeedt,  but 
luralv  cannot  be  urged  againtt  the  lawt  levy- 
ing tne  duty. 

"  Thete  ara  the  allentiont  contained  in  tho 
ordinance.  Examine  them  terioutly,  my  fel- 
low-citiaent,  judge  for  younolvei.  I  appeal 
to  you  to  determine  whether  thev  are  to  clear, 
to  convincing,  at  to  leave  no  doubt  of  their 
correetneti ;  and  even  if  you  thould  come  to 
thit  ooncluiion,  how  far  they  juttify  the  rock- 
leti,  dettmcti  ve  courte,  which  you  are  directed 
to  purtue.  Review  thene  objectiont  and  the 
concluiiont  drawn  from  them,  once  more. 
What  are  they  t  Every  law,  then,  for  raiting 
revenue,  according  to  the  South  Carolina  or- 
dinance, may  be  nghtfully  annulled  unlett  it 
be  to  framed  at  no  law  ever  will  or  can  be 
framed.  Congrett  have  a  right  to  patt  lawt 
for  raiting  ravenuo,  and  each  ttate  hat  a  right 
to  oppote  their  execution  two  rightt  directly 
oupoted  to  each  other ;  and  yet  it  thit  abiur- 
dity  tuppoted  to  be  contained  in  an  iniitrument 
drawn  tor  the  exprett  purpoie  of  avoiding 
c-illisiont  between  the  ttatet  and  the  general 
government,  by  an  atiembly  of  the  must  en- 
lightened itatetmen  and  purcit  patriots  over 
embodied  for  a  similar  purpose. 


"In  vain  hava  theto  tagot  dacJared  that 
Ooograaa  ahall  have  power  to  lapr  and  eolleet 
taut,  dtttiat,  impoatt,  and  exeitat  in  vain 
have  they  provided  that  they  thall  have  power 
to  paaa  lawt  which  thall  bo  necettary  and 
proper  to  carry  thote  powen  iw>  execution  | 
that  thoto  lawt  and  that  conttJMion  thall  ba 
tha  '  anpremo  law  of  the  lamn  tnd  that  the 
Judgee  in  every  ttata  ihall  be  bound  thoraby, 
any  thing  in  tha  conttitution  or  lawa  of  any 
ttata  to  the  contrary  notwithttanding.*  In 
vain  have  tho  people  of  the  tevoral  ttatet  to- 
lemnly  tanctionod  thete  provitiont,  made  them 
their  paramount  Uw,  and  individually  twom 
to  tupport  them  whenever  tlie^  wera  called 
on  to  execute  any  office.  Vain  provitiont  1 
ineflbctual  rettrietiont  I  vile  profanation  of 
oathtl  miterabte  mockery  of  legiilation  I  if 
a  bare  minority  of  tho  voten  in  any  one  ttate 
may  on  a  nal  or  tuppoted  knowledge  of  the 
intent  with  whieh  a  law  hat  been  pMted,  de- 
clare themselves  free  from  itt  operation— tay 
hera  it  gives  too  little,  there  too  much,  and 
operates  unequally— >here  it  tuflera  trtidei  to 
ba  free  that  ought  to  be  taxed,  there  it  taxes 
thote  that  ou^ht  to  be  free — in  this  case  I'.ie 
proeeedt  ara  intended  to  be  applied  to  pur- 
potet  which  we  do  not  approve,  in  that  tho 
amount  raited  it  mora  than  is  wanted.  Con- 
|[rast,  it  it  true,  ara  invested  by  the  constitu- 
tion with  the  right  of  deciding  these  questions 
according  to  their  sound  discration.  Congrass 
is  composed  of  the  raprasentatives  of  all  the 
states,  and  of  all  the  people  of  ali  the  states; 
but  WB,  part  of  the  people  of  one  state,  to 
whom  the  conttitution  has  given  no  power  on 
the  subject,  from  whom  it  has  exprassly  taken 
it  away— we,  who  have  solemnly  agreed  that 
thit  constitution  shall  be  our  law— -im,  mott  of 
whom  have  tworn  to  tupport  it — we  now  ab- 
rogate thit  law,  and  twear,  and  force  othen 
to  twear,  that  it  shall  not  be  obeyed,  and  we 
do  this,  not  because  Conerets  have  no  right  to 
pats  such  laws,  this  we  do  not  allege ;  but  be- 
cause they  have  passed  them  with  improper 
views.  They  ara  unconstitutional  from  the 
motives  of  those  who  passed  them,  which  we 
can  never  with  certainty  know ;  from  their 
unequal  operation,  although  it  it  impossible 
from  the  natura  of  thinn  that  they  should  be 
equal ;  and  from  the  disposition  which  we 
prasumo  may  be  made  or  their  proceeds,  al- 
though that  disposition  has  not  been  declared. 
This  is  the  plain  meaning  of  the  ordinance  in 
relation  to  laws  which  it  abrogates  for  alleged 
unconstitutionality.  But  it  does  not  stop  there. 
It  repeals,  in  express  terms,  an  important  part 
of  the  constitution  itself,  and  of  laws  passed 
to  give  it  eiTect,  which  have  never  been  al- 
leged to  be  unconstitutional.  The  constitu- 
tion declares  that  the  judicial  powers  of  tho 
United  States  extend  in  cases  arising  under 
the  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  that  such 
laws,  tho  constitution,  and  treaties,  shall  be 
paramount  to  the  state  constitutions  and  laws. 
The  judiciary  act  prescribes  the  mode  by 
which  the  case  may  be  brought  before  a  court 
of  the  United  States  by  appeal,  when  a  state 
tribunal  shall  decide  against  this  provision  of 
the  constitution.  The  ordinance  declares 
there  shall  be  no  appeal ;  makes  tho  state  law 
paramount  to  the  constitution  and  laws  of  tho 
United  States;  forces  judges  and  jurore  to 
swear  that  they  will  disregard  their  provi- 
sions; and  even  makes  it  penal  in  a  suitor  to 
attempt  relief  by  appeal.     It  further  declares 


that  it  shall  not  ba  lawAil  for  tha  authontiat 
of  tho  United  Stotat,  or  of  that  ttate,  to  en- 
ibrea  tho  payment  of  duliet  impoted  by  tha 
ravanna  Uwt  within  itt  limitt. 

"  Hera  it  a  law  of  tha  United  Sutet,  not 
oven  pratended  to  bo  unconttitutional,  re- 
pealed by  tha  authority  ofa  tmall  m^ority  nl 
tha  votara  of  a  tingle  tuu.  Hera  it  a  pro- 
vition  of  tho  conttitution  whieh  it  tolemnly 
abroitated  by  the  aama  authority. 

"On  tnch  expoaitiona  and  raatoningt,  tha 
ordinanca  groundt  not  only  an  aaaartion  of  tha 
right  to  annul  tha  lawa  of  which  it  eomplaint, 
but  to  enforee  it  by  a  threat  of  toeoding  from 
the  union,  if  any  attempt  it  made  to  execute 
them. 

"  Thit  right  to  teeede  it  dedueed  from  the 
natura  of  the  oonttitution,  whieh,  they  ttv,  is 
a  compact  between  toveraign  states,  who  nave 

tiraterved  their  whole  toveraignty,  and,  there- 
bra,  are  tubject  to  no  tuperior ;  that,  because 
they  made  the  compact,  they  can  break  it 
when,  in  their  opinion,  it  hat  been  departed 
from  by  the  other  slates,  Fallaoiout  at  thit 
courm  of  rationing  is,  it  enlists  tttte  pride,  and 
findi  advocates  in  the  honest  prejudices  oi 
those  who  have  not  studied  the  natura  of  our 
government  sufficiently  to  see  tho  radical  ei 
ror  on  \%'hich  it  rests. 

"  The  people  of  the  United  Stotet  formed 
the  constitution,  acting  througlv  the  ttate  le. 

fislatures  in  making  the  compact,  to  meet  and 
iscuss  itt  provisions,  and  acting  in  separate 
conventions  when  they  ratified  those  provi- 
sions ;  but  the  terms  uted  in  iu  eonstruction, 
show  it  to  be  a  government  in  whieh  the  peo- 
ple of  all  the  states  collectively  ara  rapro' 
sented.  We  are  onb  reopLB  in  tho  choice  oi 
the  president  and  vice  president  Hera  the 
states  have  no  other  agency  than  to  diieet  the 
mode  in  which  the  votes  shall  be  given.  The 
candidates  having  the  migority  ofall  the  votes 
are  chosen.  The  electors  of  a  majority  nt 
states  may  have  given  their  votes  for  one  can- 
didate, and  yet  another  may  be  chosen.  The 
people,  then,  and  not  the  states,  are  repre- 
sented in  the  executive  branch. 

"  In  the  house  of  representatives  there  it 
this  dilTerance,  that  the  people  of  one  state  do 
not,  as  in  the  case  of  presioent  and  vice  pre 
sident,  all  vote  for  tne  same  officera.  The 
people  of  all  the  statet  do  not  vote  for  all  the 
members,  each  state  electing  only  itt  own  rep- 
resentatives. But  thit  creates  no  material  dis- 
tinction. When  chosen,  they  are  all  repre- 
sentatives of  the  United  States,  not  represent- 
atives of  the  particular  state  from  which  they 
come.  They  are  paid  by  tho  United  Slates, 
not  by  the  state  ;  nor  are  they  accountable  to 
it  for  any  act  done  in  the  performance  of  their 
legislative  functions  :  'and  however  they  may 
in  practice,  as  it  is  their  duty  to  do,  consult 
and  prefer  the  interests  of  their  particular  con 
stituents  when  they  come  in  conflict  with  anv 
other  partial  or  local  interests,  yet  it  is  their 
first  and  highest  duty,  as  representativet'of  tho 
United  States,  to  promote  the  general  good. 

"  The  constitution  of  the  United  States,  then, 
forms  a  government,  not  a  league ;  and  wheth 
er  it  bo  formed  by  compact  between  the  states, 
or  in  any  other  manner,  its  character  is  th« 
same.  It  is  a  government  in  which  all  the 
people  are  represented,  which  operates  di- 
rectly on  the  people  ind  vidually,  not  upon 
tho  states  ;  they  retained  all  the  power  tlicy 
did  not  grant.      But  each  state  having  ex 


UNITED  STATES. 


•n 


ropre- 

there  il 
lUte  do 

vice  pre 
irs.     The 
Tor  all  the 
own  rep« 
terial  dis> 
ill  repre. 
«pr«ient- 
hich  they 
i  Slates. 
it)tahle  to 
;u  of  thi^ir 
they  may 
,  consult 
lulnr  con 
with  anv 
It  is  their 
vet  of  the 
il  good, 
itei,  then, 
id  wheth 
he  states, 
ir  is  tho 
all  thu 
urates   di- 
not  upon 
wor  tlscy 
iving  ex 


^fMMly  parlad  willt  lo  HMnv  powan  m  to  con- 
stitute jointly  with  the  oiner  timtat,  »  ungia 
nation,  cannot  from  that  period  powesa  any 
right  to  secede,  becauM  such  secession  does 
not  .-<>ak  a  league,  but  destroys  the  unity  of  a 
nut  .n  (  opd  any  iiyury  to  that  unity  is  not  only 
a  liruaeb,  which  would  result  from  the  contra- 
vention of  a  compact,  but  it  is  an  offence 
agaiiut  tlio  whole  union.  To  say  that  any 
state  may  at  pleasure  secede  from  the  union, 
is  10  say  that  the  United  States  ore  not  a  na- 
tion ;  beeauM  it  would  be  a  solecism  to  oon- 
tend,  that  any  part  of  a  nation  might  disoolva 
.'ts  connexion  with  the  other  part*,  to  their  in- 
jury or  ruin,  without  committing  any  offenoe. 
Mecowion,  like  any  other  revolutionary  act, 
may  be  morally  Justiflad  by  the  extremity  of 
oppression  |  but  to  coll  it  a  constitutional  right 
is  confounding  the  moaning  of  terms  |  and  can 
only  be  dona  through  gfon  error,  or  to  de- 
ceive tho^  who  are  willing  to  assert  a  right, 
hut  would  pause  before  they  made  a  revolu- 
tion, or  incur  the  penalties  consequent  on  a 
failure. 

"  Borause  the  union  was  formed  by  com- 
pact, it  is  said  the  parties  to  that  compact  may, 
when  they  feel  themselves  aggrieved,  depart 
from  it:  but  it  is  precisely  because  it  is  a  com- 
pa«f  that  they  cannot.  A  compact  is  an  agree- 
ment or  binding  obligation.  It  may,  by  its 
let  ns,  have  a  sanction  or  penalty  for  its  breach, 
or  It  may  not  If  it  contains  no  sanction,  it 
may  be  broken  with  no  other  consequence 
than  moral  guilt ;  if  it  have  a  sanction,  then 
the  broach  incurs  the  designated  or  impliet) 
penalty.  A  league  between  independent  na- 
oons,  generally  nas  no  sanction  other  than  a 
moral  one ;  cr,  if  it  should  contain  a  penalty, 
IS  there  is  no  jommon  superior,  it  cannot  be 
enforced.  A  government,  on  the  contrary,  al- 
'■vays  has  a  sanction,  express  or  implied  ;  and, 
in  our  case,  it  is  both  necessarily  implied  and 
expressly  given.  An  attempt  by  force  of 
arms  to  destroy  a  government,  is  an  offence, 
by  whatever  means  the  constitutional  compact 
may  have  been  formed;  and  such  govern- 
ment has  the  right,  by  the  law  of  self-defence, 
lo  pass  acta  for  punishing  the  offender,  unless 
that  right  is  modified,  restrained,  or  resumed, 
by  the  constitutional  act.— In  our  system,  al- 
though it  is  modified  in  the  case  of  treason, 
vet  authority  is  expressly  given  to  pass  all 
laws  necessary  to  carry  its  powers  into  effect, 
and  under  this  grant,  provision  has  been  made 
for  punishing  acts  which  obstruct  the  due  ad- 
ministration of  the  laws. 

"  It  would  seem  superfluous  to  add  anv 
tiling  to  show  the  nature  of  that  union  which 
connects  us;  but  as  erroneous  opinions  on  this 
subject  are  the  foundation  of  doctrines  the 
most  destructive  to  our  peace,  I  must  give 
4ome  further  development  to  my  views  on 
this  subject.  No  one,  fellow-citizens,  has  a 
higher  reverence  for  the  reserved  rights  of  the 
states,  than  the  magistrate  who  now  addresses 
you.  No  one  would  make  greater  personal 
sacrifices,  or  oiRcial  exertions,  to  defend  them 
from  violation;  but  equal  care  must  be  taken 
to  prevent  on  their  part  an  improper  interfe- 
rence with,  or  resumption  of,  the  rights  they 
navo  vested  in  the  nation.  The  line  has  not 
been  so  distinctly  drawn  as  to  avoid  doubts  in 
some  cases  of  the  exercise  of  power.  Men  of 
Iho  besf  'intentions  and  soundest  views  may 
differ  in  tneir  construction  of  some  parts  of 
tlirf  constitution :  but  there  are  others  on  which 


ditpMiionato  refloetion  can  leavo  no  donbt. 
Of  this  nature  appaon  to  ba  tha  aaaamad  ririit 
of  laaassion.  It  resu,  as  wa  have  aaan,  on  tna 
alleged  undivided  sovereignty  of  tha  itataa, 
and  on  their  having  formed  in  this  iovaraign 
capacity  a  compact  which  is  called  tha  consti- 
tution, from  which,  because  thay  made  it,  thav 
have  the  right  to  soeada.  Both  of  these  poai- 
tiona  ara  erroneous,  and  soma  of  tha  argumanta 
to  prove  them  so  have  bean  onticipatad. 

"  Tha  Itataa  Mvarolly  have  not  ratoinad 
their  antira  lovareignty.  It  hoi  baan  ihown 
that  in  baeoming  parti  of  a  nation,  not  mem- 
ban  of  a  laacua,  thav  lurrendarad  many  of 
thair  aiMntiarparti  or  Mveraignty.  Tha  nght 
to  moka  traatiai— declare  war— Aevy  iaxaa— 
axareiie  excluiiva  judicial  and  lagiilativa 
powan,  wara  all  of  them  funetioni  of  lova- 
reign  power.  The  itates  then,  for  all  these 
important  purposes,  were  no  longer  sovereign. 
The  allegiance  of  their  citiieni  wai  trani- 
ferrad,  in  the  first  instance,  to  the  government 
of  the  United  States— they  become  American 
citizens,  and  owed  obedience  to  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States,  and  to  the  laws 
made  in  conformity  with  tha  powers  it  veiled 
in  Congraii.  Thu  loit  poiition  hoi  not  been, 
and  can  not  be  denied.  How  then  can  that 
state  be  said  to  ba  lovareig^  and  indepand' 
ent,  whoie  citizens  owe  obMience  to  laws  not 
mode  by  it,  and  whose  magistrotai  ore  iwom 
to  diiregard  those  laws,  when  they  come  in 
conflict  with  those  paiied  by  another  1  What 
ihowi  conclusively  that  the  states  can  not  bo 
said  to  have  reserved  an  undivided  sove- 
reignty, is,  that  they  expressly  ceded  the  right 
to  punish  treason — not  treason  against  their 
separate  power — but  treason  against  the 
United  States.  Treason  is  an  offence  against 
lovereignttf,  and  sovereignty  must  reside  with 
the  power  to  |iunisli  it.  But  the  reserved 
rights  of  the  states  are  not  less  sacred,  because 
they  have  for  their  common  interest  made  the 
general  government  the  depositoiy  of  these 
powers.  The  unity  of  our  political  character 
(as  has  been  shown  for  another  purpose)  com- 
menced with  its  very  existence.  Under  the 
royal  government  wo  had  no  separate  charaC' 
ter^-our  opposition  to  its  oppression  began  as 
United  Colonies.  We  were  the  United  States 
Under  the  coi  '.ideration,  and  the  name  was 
perpetuated,  and  the  union  r>^ndered  more  per- 
fect, by  the  federal  co:istitution.  In  none  of 
these  stagos  did  v;e  consider  ourselves  in  ary 
other  light  than  as  forming  one  nation.  Trcia- 
ties  and  alliances  were  mode  in  the  name  of 
al}.  Troops  were  raised  for  the  joint  defence. 
How,  then,  with  all  these  proofs,  that  under 
all  changes  of  our  position  we  had,  for  desig- 
nated purposes  and  with  defined  powers,  cre- 
ated national  governments— how  is  it,  that  the 
most  perfect  of  those  several  modes  of  union 
should  now  bo  aonsidered  as  a  mere  league, 
that  may  be  dissolved  at  pleasure?  It  is  troro 
an  abuse  of  terms.  Compact  is  used  as  sy- 
nonymous with  league,  although  the  true  term 
is  not  employed,  because  it  would  at  once 
show  the  fallacy  of  the  reasoning.  It  would 
not  do  to  say  that  our  constitution  was  only  a 
league ;  but,  it  is  laboured  to  prove  it  a  com- 
pact, (which  in  one  sense  it  is,)  and  then  to 
argue  that  as  a  league  is  a  compact,  every 
compact  between  nations  must  of  course  be  a 
league,  and  from  such  an  engagement  every 
sovereign  power  has  a  right  to  seced«.  But 
it  has  been  shown,  that  in  this  sense  the  states 


•ra  not  lovaraiiii  and  that  avan  if  thay  wara 


oblige. 


araimi 
and  tha  natioMTeoiMtitttlioB  had  baaDfemad 
by  eompact,  thara  would  ba  no  right  in  anv 
ona  itata  to  axonarata  itaalf  ftom  Iti  ol 
tioni. 

"So  obvious  OM  tho  raaaona  whleh  forbid 
this  saoesston,  that  it  is  nacassary  onlv  lo  al- 
lude to  them.  Tha  union  was  formaa  for  tha 
benefit  of  all.  Il  was  prodiioad  by  mutual 
saorificas  of  iniarasts  and  opinions.  Can  ihosa 
sacrificaa  ba  raaallad  t  Can  tha  sutas  who 
ma([nanimously  surrandarad  thair  tilla  to  tha 
tamtorias  of  tha  want,  raeall  tha  grant  1  Will 
tha  inhabitants  of  tha  inland  stataa  agree  to  pav 
tha  duties  that  may  ba  imposed  wiuiout  tnair 
assent  by  those  on  tha  Atlantic  or  the  Gulf 
for  their  own  benefits  1  Shall  there  be  a  fref 
port  in  one  state,  and  onerous  duties  in  anoth- 
er t  No  one  believes  that  any  right  exists  in 
a  single  state  to  involve  all  tha  others  in  thesa 
and  countless  other  evils,  contrary  to  tha  en- 
gagements solemnly  made.  Evatv  one  must 
sea  that  the  other  states,  in  self-defence,  must 
oppos(<  at  all  haiards. 

"  These  are  tha  alternatives  that  are  pre- 
sented by  the  convention — a  repeal  of  all  tha 
acts  for  raising  revenue,  leaving  the  govern 
ment  without  the  means  of  support;  or  an  ae- 
ouiescence  in  the  dissolution  of  our  union  by 
tiie  secession  of  one  of  its  members.  Wlien 
the  first  was  proposed,  it  was  known  that  it 
could  not  be  listened  to  for  a  moment.  It  was 
known  if  force  was  applied  to  oppose  the  ex- 
ecution of  the  laws,  that  it  must  be  repelled 
by  force— that  Congress  could  not,  without 
involving  itself  in  disgrace,  and  the  country  in 
ruin,  accede  to  the  proposition ;  and  yet,  if 
this  is  not  done  in  a  given  day,  or  if  any  at- 
tempt is  made  to  execute  the  laws,  the  state 
is,  by  the  ordinance,  declared  to  be  out  of  the 
union.  The  majority  of  a  convention  assem- 
bled for  the  purpose  have  dictated  these  tern  s, 
or  titfaer  this  rejection  of  all  terms,  in  tlio 
name  of  the  people  of  South  Carolina.  !>:  is 
true  that  the  governor  of  tha  state  speaks  of 
the  submission  of  their  grievances  to  t.  conven- 
tion of  all  the  states;  which,  he  says,  they 
'sincerely  and  anxiously  seek  and  desire.' 
Yet  this  obvious  and  constitutional  mode  of 
obtaining  the  sense  of  the  other  states  on  tho 
construction  of  the  federal  coropac,''.,  and 
amending  it,  if  necessary,  has  never  been  at- 
tempted Dy  those  who  have  urged  the  state  on 
to  this  destructive  measure.  The  state  might 
have  proposed  the  call  for  a  general  conven- 
tion to  the  other  states ;  and  Congress,  if  a  suf 
flcient  number  of  them  concurred,  must  have 
called  it.  But  the  first  magistrate  of  South 
Carolina,  wljen  he  expressed  «  Lope  that,  *  on 
a  review  by  Congress  and  the  functionaries  of 
the  general  government  of  the  .-nerita  of  the 
controversy,'  such  a  convention  will  be  ac- 
corded to  them,  must  have  known  that  neither 
Congress  or  any  functionary  of  the  general 
government  bos  authority  to  call  such  a  con- 
vention, unless  it  be  demanded  by  two-thirds 
of  the  states.  This  suggestion,  then,  is  another 
instance  of  the  reckless  inattention  to  the  pro 
visions  of  the  constitution  with  which  this  cri- 
sis has  been  madly  hurried  on,  or  of  the  at ' 
tempt  to  persuade  the  people  that  a  constitu 
tional  remedy  had  been  sought  and  refused 
If  the  legislature  of  South  Carolina 'anxiously 
desire'  a  general  convention  to  consider  th«ir 
complaints,  why  have  they  not  made  npplicii- 
tion  for  it  in  the  way  the-  constitution  poiii's 


HISTORY  OF  THE 


Mit  TlMMMrtioiitlMtilMy'MraM(ljrio«k' 
it  U  MOipWMly  MgMivMl  by  iIm  orotMion. 

"  Thi*.  UiM,  it  tW  potilira  in  whiah  w« 
tund.  A  iimU  RNOority  of  iIm  eitiMM  of  on* 
•Uta  in  iIm  union  kav*  alaelMi  liolegatM  lo  « 
■lata  eonraniion  I  llMt  aonvanbon  kaa  ordainad 
tbai  all  Uia  ravanua  lawi  of  iha  Uniiad  Suiaa 
mutt  ba  rapaalad,  or  that  thay  ara  no  lonwr 
a  mambor  of  tbo  union.  Tba  mvarnor  of  Um 
Mala  baa  raaomniaMlad  to  tba  lagialalttro  tba 
raiting  of  an  army  to  aarry  iba  aaoaation  into 
aflbet,  and  tbat  ha  may  ba  ompowarad  to  giva 
elaaraneaa  to  raaiala  In  tba  nama  of  tha  itaia. 
No  act  of  violant  oppoaiiion  to  tba  lawi  baa 
yai  baan  eommittod,  but  tueb  a  tiaia  of  ihingt 
It  hourly  apprabandad,  and  it  it  iba  intant  of 
ibit  inttrumant  to  raooLAiM,  not  only  that  the 
duty  impoaad  on  ma  by  tha  eonttitation, '  to 
taka  cara  that  tha  lawt  na  flutbAillv  axaeutad,' 
thall  ba  parfbrmad  to  tbo  axtent  or  tha  powert 
alreajy  invailad  in  ma  by  law,  or  of  luch 
olhert  at  tha  witdom  of  Oongratt  thall  devite, 
and  intrutt  to  me  for  the  purpoae;  but  to 
warn  tha  eiliiant  of  South  Carolina,  who  have 
been  deluded  into  an  oppotition  to  the  lawt, 
of  the  dannr  they  incur  by  obedience  to  the 
illegal  and  ditorganiiing  ordinance  of  the  con- 
vention—to exhort  ihoae  who  have  refuted  to 
support  it  to  pertevere  in  their  determination 
tn  uphold  the  conititution  and  lawt  of  thoir 
country,  and  to  point  out  to  all,  the  periloui 
tituation  into  which  the  good  people  of  that 
ttate  have  been  led — and  that  tlie  course  that 
they  are  urged  to  pursue  it  one  of  ruin  and 
ditgraee  to  the  very  ttala  whote  rightt  they 
affect  to  tcppa:^ 

"  Fellow-citiaena  of  my  native  «tKte  I — Let 
me  not  only  admoniih  you,  at  the  flr^t  magit- 
tiate  of  our  common  country,  not  to  incur  the 
penaltiet  of  itt  lawt,  butuie  the  influence  that 
«  father  would  over  hit  children  whom  he  taw 
iiuking  to  a  certain  ruin.  In  that  paternal 
feeling,  let  me  tell  you,  my  countrymen,  that 
you  ara  deluded  by  men  who  are  either  de- 
ceived themtelvet,  or  with  to  deceive  you. 
Mark  under  what  preteocet  you  have  been 
led  on  to  tbe  brink  or  inturrection  and  treaton, 
on  which  yoa  Mand  1  Firtt  a  diminution  of 
the  value  of  your  ataple  commodity,  lowered 
by  over  production  in  other  quartert,  and  the 
eontequent  diminution  in  the  value  of  your 
landt,  were  tbe  tola  effbct  of  the  tarilT  lawt. 
The  effbct  of  tbota  lawt  are  confettedly  inju- 
riout,  but  the  evil  vrat  greatly  exaggerated  by 
the  unfounded  theory  you  were  taught  to  be-' 
lieve,  that  itt  burdent  were  in  proportion  to 
your  exportt,  not  to  your  eontumption  of  im- 
ported articlet.  Your  pride  wai  routed  by 
the  attertion  that  a  tubmitiion  to  thote  lawt 
wat  a  ttate  of  vattalage,  and  that  reiittanee  to 
them  waa  equal,  in  patriotic  merit,  to  the  op- 

fiotition  our  fathers  offered  to  the  opprettive 
awt  of  Ghfeat  Britain.  You  were  told  that 
thit  oppotition  might  be  peaceably — might  be 
conttitutionally  made— that  you  might  enjoy 
all  the  advantaget  of  the  union,  and  bear  none 
of  itt  burdens. 

"  Eloquent  appealt  to  your  patsiont,  to 
your  ttate  pride,  to  your  native  courage,  to 
your  tente  of  real  injury,  were  uted  to  pre- 
pare yon  for  the  period  when  the  mask  which 
concealed  the  hideous  features  of  dmpnion 
■hould  be  taken  off*.  It  fell,  and  you  were 
made  to  look  with  complacency  on  objects 
which,  not  long  since,  you  would  have  re- 
garded with  horror.     Look  back  at  the  arts 


which  have  brought  you  to  this  state — look 
forward  lo  iba  contoquancat  to  which  it  mutt 
inaviublv  lead!  Look  baek  lo  what  waa 
flrtt  tola  you  aa  an  inducement  to  enter  into 
thit  dangerout  eourte.  The  great  political 
truth  waa  repeated  to  you,  that  you  had  tha 
revolutionary  right  of  retitting  all  lawt  that 
wore  palpably  uneonttitutional  and  intolera- 
bly opproativa  i  it  wat  added,  that  tha  right 
■ja  nullify  a  Uw  rattad  on  tha  tame  prinaiple, 
but  that  it  waa  a  paaaaabla  ramadv  !  Thit 
charaetar  wbieh  waa  given  to  it,  maJa  you  ra- 
eeiva,  with  too  much  eonfldone,  iha  aaaartiona 
that  were  made  of  tha  uneonatitutionality  of 
of  tba  law,  and  its  opprasaivo  effacts.  Mark, 
my  fallow-eitiient,  tnat  by  iha  admittion  of 
your  leadert,  the  unconttititiiinalily  mutt  be 
falfiMe,  or  it  will  not  juttiiV  either  retittanee 
or  nullification  t  What  it  the  meaning  of  the 
word  palpahU,  in  tha  aenta  in  which  it  it  here 
uted  t  that  which  it  apparent  to  every  one  ; 
that  which  no  man  of  ordinary  intellect  will 
fail  to  perceive.  It  the  unconstitutionality  of 
these  laws  of  that  description  t  let  those  among 
your  leaders  who  once  approved  and  advo- 
cated the  principle  of  protective  duties,  an- 
swer tho  question)  and  let  them  choose 
whether  they  will  be  considered  as  incapable, 
then,  of  perceiving  that  which  must  have  lioen 
apparent  to  every  man  of  common  understand- 
ing, or  as  imposing  upon  your  confidence,  and 
endeavouring  to  mislead  you  now.  In  either 
case,  they  are  unsafe  guides  in  the  perilout 
path  they  urge  you  to  tread.  Ponder  well  on 
thit  circumttance,  and  you  will  know  how  to 
appreciate  the  exaggerated  language  they  ad- 
draaa  to  you.  They  are  not  championt  of 
liberty,  emulating  the  fame  of  our  revolution- 
ary fathera ;  nor  are  you  an  oppretted  people, 
contending,  at  they  repeat  to  you,  against 
worse  than  colonial  vassalage.  V ou  are  free 
members  of  a  flourithing  and  happy  union. 
There  a  no  tattled  detign  to  opprett  you. 
You  have  indeed  fell  the  unequal  operation  of 
lawt  which  may  have  been  unwisely,  not  un- 
constitutionally passed ;  but  that  inequality 
must  necessarily  be  removed.  At  the  very 
moment  when  you  were  madly  urged  on  to 
the  unfortunate  course  you  have  oegun,  a 
change  in  public  opinion  had  commenced. 
The  nearly  approaching  payment  of  the  pub- 
lic debt,  and  the  consequent  neceitity  of  a  d> 
minution  of  dutiet,  had  already  produced  a 
contidemble  reduction,  and  that  too  on  tome 
hrticlei  of  general  eontumption  in  your  ttate. 
The  importance  of  thit  cnange  was  under- 
rated, and  you  were  authoritatively  told,  that 
no  further  alleviation  of  your  burdens  was  to 
be  expected,  at  the  very  time  when  the  con- 
dition of  the  country  imperiously  demand  such 
a  modification  of  the  duties  as  should  reduce 
them  to  a  just  and  equitable  scale.  But,  as  if 
apprehensive  of  the  effbct  of  thit  change  in 
allaying  your  discontents,  you  were  precipi- 
tated into  the  fearful  state  in  which  you  now 
find  yourselves. 

"  I  have  urged  you  to  look  back  to  the 
meant  that  were  uted  to  hurry  you  on  to  the 
position  you  have  now  assumed,  and  forward 
to  the  consequences  it  will  produce.  Some- 
thing more  is  necessary.  Contemplate  the 
condition  of  that  country  of  which  you  still 
form  an  important  part!  Consider  its  govern- 
ment, uniting  in  one  bond  of  common  interest 
and  general  protection  ko  many  different 
states,  giving  to  all  their  inliabitanti  the  proud 


title  of  AiiaaioAN  Citimns,  proti>eting  their 
eommarea,  securing  their  literalura  and  tha 
arts,  fbeilitatinv  ibaTr  intereommunieatioii,  de> 
fending  their  froniicrt,  and  makins  their  nana 
retpactad  in  the  remotest  paru  of  the  earth  I 
Consider  tha  extent  of  its  territory,  its  in- 
eraating  and  happy  population,  its  advance  ir. 
arts,  which  render  life  agreeable,  and  tha 
tcianeat  which  elevate  the  mind  I  See  cdiiea- 
tion  tpraadi>,g  the  lighu  of  religion,  morality, 
and  giinaral  information,  into  every  cottage  in 
thit  wide  extent  of  our  tarriloriet  and  tutrt 
Behold  it  at  tha  atylum  where  tba  wretched 
and  tho  oppretted  nnd  a  rafiiga  and  tupport  I 
Look  on  ihit  pieluro  of  happineta  and  honour, 
and  tay — ^wi  too,  «>■  oiTiUNi  op  Amrrioai 
Carolina  it  one  of  these  proud  ttatei  t  her 
armt  havw  defended,  her  oett  blood  hat  ce- 
mented thit  happy  union  I  And  then  add,  if 
you  can,  without  horror  and  remorse,  thit  hap- 
py union  we  will  ditsolve — this  picture  of 
peace  and  prosperity  we  will  deface — thit 
free  intereourie  we  will  interrupt — these  fer- 
tile fields  we  will  deluge  with  blood— the  pro< 
teciion  of  that  slorious  flag  we  renounce — tho 
very  name  of  Americans  we  discard — And  for 
what,  mistaken  men  t— for  what  do  you  throw 
away  these  inestimable  blestingt — for  what 
would  you  exchange  your  thare  in  the  advan- 
tsget  and  honour  of  the  union  T  For  the 
dream  of  a  separate  independence^  dream 
interrupted  by  bloody  conflicts  WMh  your 
neighbours,  and  a  vile  dependence  on  a  foreign 
power.  If  your  leaders  could  succeed  in  et- 
tabliihing  a  teparation,  what  would  be  yvtt 
tituation  1  Are  you  united  at  home— are  yoi^ 
free  from  the  apprehension  of  civil  discord, 
with  all  its  fearful  consequences  t  Do  our 
neighbouring  republics,  every  day  suffering 
some  new  revolution,  or  contending  with  some 
new  insurrection-^o  they  excite  your  envyl 
But  the  dictates  of  a  high  duty  oblige  ma 
solemnly  to  announce  that  you  cannot  succeed. 
"  The  laws  of  the  United  States  must  be 
executed.  I  have  no  discretionary  power  on 
the  subject — my  duty  is  emphatically  pro- 
nounced in  the  constitution.  Those  who  told 
you  that  yoa  might  peaceably  prevent  their 
execution,  deceived  you ;  they  could  not  have 
been  deceived  themselves.  They  know  tha< 
a  forcible  opposition  could  alone  prevent  tho 
execution  or  the  lawt,  and  they  know  'hat 
such  oppotition  must  be  repelled.  Thuir  ob- 
ject is  disunion;  but  be  not  deceived  by 
names ;  disunion  by  armed  force  is  TaiiAioN. 
Are  you  really  ready  to  incur  itt  guilt  1  If 
you  are,  on  the  headt  of  the  instigators  of  the 
act  l>e  the  dreadfi'l  consequence,— on  their 
heads  be  the  dishonou:  but  on  yours  may  fall 
the  punishment— on  your  unhappy  state  wili 
inevitably  fall  all  the  evils  of  the  conflict  you 
force  upon  the  government  of  your  country. 
It  can  not  accede  to  the  mad  project  of  dmu- 
nion,  of  which  you  would  be  tne  first  victims 
—its  first  magistrate  cannot,  if  he  would, 
avoid  the  peformance  of  his  duty— tho  conse- 
quence must  be  fearful  for  you,  distressing  to 
your  fellow-citizens  here,  and  to  the  friends  of 
good  government  throughout  the  world.  Its 
enemies  have  beheld  our  prosperity,  with  a 
vexation  tnoy  could  not  conceal— it  was  a 
standing  refutation  of  their  nlavish  doctrines, 
and  they  will  po;nt  to  our  discord  with  a  tri> 
umph  of  malignant  joy.  It  is  yot  in  your  power 
to  aisappoint  them.  There  is  yet  time  to  show 
tbat  the  descendants  of  the  Pinckneyt,  tba 


UKITin  STATU. 


fijfi, 


■■■TII4I*,  Ui*  RiitlwIicM,  M<l  of  Iha  thoiiwiul 
otlMT  niune*  whirh  wlorn  ths  pitirvi  of  yonr 
rvTolnlloDAry  lildory,  will  not  nhnmlnii  th»t 
nimi,  to  lupiHirt  which,  mi  innny  of  them 
fiiiiKlit,  and  blcil,  anil  dltxl,  I  a<Uaro  yon,  im 
yon  honour  thoir  memory— m  ynu  love  thi> 
rAna*  offroeilom,  to  which  they  detllonted  Iheir 
Hve«— IM  you  prlie  the  pcAco  of  your  ooimiry, 
the  llree  of  Iti  bmt  oitUeni,  and  your  own  fiilr 
fume,  to  retrace  your  itepo.  flnatch  from  the 
•rohlvee  of  yoar  t'tte  the  dlmrKanlilng  edict  of 
h*  convention — bid  Ita  member*  to  re-awemble 
and  promuloate  the  decided  cxprenloni  of  yonr 
will  to  remain  In  the  path  which  nUme  can  con- 
duct you  to  laftty,  pmaperlly,  and  htinour — toll 
them  that,  compared  t«)  dliunlon,  all  other  evilit 
•re  light,  becaoN  that  bringi  with  it  an  acoU' 
innlatTon  of  all — declare  that  ynu  will  never 
take  the  field  nnleaa  the  itnr-ipaugjvd  banner  of 
your  oountrjr  iball  float  over  vuu :  that  yon  will 
not  b«  ftigmatlied  when  doaii,  and  dlihononred 
and  ecomed  while  you  live,  a*  the  anthor*  of 
tlie  flmt  attack  on  the  conatltntlon  of  your  coun- 
try t— Ita  doitroyer*  you  cannot  be.  You  may 
dlxtarb  ita  pcoco— you  may  Interrupt  the  oouree 
of  Ita  proap«rity— you  may  cloud  Ita  reputation 
fttr  ataDllltv— but  ita  tranquillity  will  be  rtwtureil, 
Ita  proaiierity  will  return,  and  tlie  itain  upon  ita 
national  character  will  b«  tranaforred,  and  re- 
lunln  an  eternal  blot  on  the  memory  of  thoie 
who  cnuied  (he  dlrorder. 

«  Fellow-cltlien*  of  the  United  Stateit— The 
threat  of  unhallowed  dliunlon — the  namon  of 
thoM  once  reeneoled,  by  whom  it  ie  uttered— 
tiie  array  of  military  force  to  iupport  It— denote 
the  approach  of  a  crisis  in  our  affalm  on  wiilch 
tlie  continuance  of  our  unexamided  proHpcrity, 
our  political  exlstenoo,  and,  iHirhaiM,  that  of  all 
A-oo  sovernroonts,  may  depend,  i'lie  coi\)iiuo- 
tnro  domnndvd  a  free,  a  fbll,  and  explicit  eiiun- 
giation,  not  only  of  my  intentions,  but  of  my 
principles  of  action ;  and,  as  the  claim  was  nx- 
■erted  of  a  right  by  a  state  to  annul  the  laws  of 
the  anion,  and  even  to  seoode  t^om  it  at  plea- 
wre,  a  tVank  exposition  of  my  opinions  in  rclu- 
ti<<n  to  the  origin  and  form  of  our  government, 
and  the  construction  I  give  to  the  instrument 
by  which  it  was  created,  seemed  to  be  proper, 
llaving  the  fullest  contldonoe  In  the  iustness  of 
the  legal  and  constitutional  opinion  or  mv  dntleti 
which  lius  been  exprcneed,  I  rely  with  equal 
eunlidenco  on  your  undivided  sup|iort  In  my  dv- 
terinlnatiou  to  execute  the  laws — to  preitorve 
the  union  bv  all  oonstitutiunal  mea'is- to  arrest, 
If  possible,  by  ino<lerato  but  firm  measures,  the 
necessity  of  a  recourse  to  force ;  and  If  it  bo  the 
will  of  heaven  that  the  reourrenco  of  Its  primuvul 
cnrse  un  n:un  for  the  shedding  of  a  brothor'n 
blood  should  fall  U|ion  our  liind,  that  it  be  not 
called  down  by  any  ott'ensive  act  on  the  part  of 
the  United  States. 

"Fellow-citizens!  The  momentous  case  Is 
before  yon.  On  yonr  undivided  support  of  your 
government  depends  the  decision  of  the  great 
question  It  iovolvos,  wliether  your  sacred  union 
will  bo  preserved,  and  the  blessings  it  secures  to 
ns  as  one  people  shall  be  per|>etuated.  No  one 
can  doubt  that  the  unanimity  with  which  that 
decision  will  be  expressed,  will  be  such  as  to 
inspire  new  oontldenoo  in  republican  iustltntions, 
and  that  the  prudence,  the  wisdom,  and  the 
courage  which  it  will  bring  to  their  detenoe,  will 
tronsinlt  them  unimpaired  and  invigorated  to 
our  children. 

"  May  the  great  Rnlor  of  nations  grant  tliat 
tho  signal  bleaslngs  with  which  ho  has  favoured 
ours,  may  not,  by  the  madness  of  party,  or  per 
■outtl  ambition,  be  disregarded  and  lost:  und 
may  his  wise  providence  bring  those  who  have 
produced  this  crisis  to  see  the  foUy,  before  they 
iieel  the  misery  of  civil  strife :  and  inspire  a  re- 
turning veneration  for  that  nnion  which,  if  we 
may  dare  to  penetrate  hia  deaigns,  he  haa  ohoaen 
aa  the  only  meana  of  attaining  the  Ugh  deattaiiaa 
to  which  we  may  reaionably  aiplFe.'' 


Tht  laiignafe  of  the  proclamation  la  too  pra- 
dons  til  lie  forgotten.  Tha  second  election  of 
General  Jackson  waa  of  a  decided  oharaotsr. 
The  iippoaltlun  was  overwhelming.  AfUr  this 
event,  he  iimdo  a  tour  ta  the  eastern  and  north- 
ern stiitpK.  Kvery  where  he  waa  rocelvetl  with 
unthuslimm.  I'arty  feelinir*  wore  fiirgotten,  and 
the  president  alone  was  convlilereil.  A  '>ravo 
and  goiierous  people  received  a  gallant  nni 
ninndor,  with  avery  demonatratlnn  of  renpent 
and  ailmlratlon.  Tlie  most  ancient  unlTerslty 
In  the  country  iiiado  him  a  Doctor  of  Laws.  lie 
vlalteil  Hunker  Hill,  snw  the  plalna  of  Lexington, 
ground  aaorvd  to  the  descendanta  of  the  Pilgrims, 
and  returned  with  their  warmest  wlahaa  n>r  his 
pmaperlly. 

The  refusal  of  the  President  to  sign  the  bill 
for  rochartering  the  United  State*  Hank  haa  al 
really  Itoon  noticed.  In  the  present  year,  ho 
went  atlll  fUrther,  and  gave  order*  to  withdraw 
the  government  dopoMU  fVoia  that  Institution 
and  fti  branches,  and  to  placj  them  in  the  local 
bank*,  lie  defended  this  meaaure  In  a  long 
letter  addressed  to  the  Oiininet,  on  tho  18th  of 
September.  Ills  aoouaatlons  were  denied,  and 
It  was  contendoil  that  his  measure  was  nncon- 
stitutlonul.  Hut,  on  whioliever  side  the  right 
and  hiw  might  be,  tho  conduct  of  the  President 
led  to  disastrous  results  In  the  mercantile  world. 
The  deposits  being  withdrawn,  the  bank  necos- 
xarlly  dimlniiiliod  Its  Issues,  and  lesseueil  Its  dis- 
counts; all  operations  of  bnyliig  and  selliug 
wore  thus  discouraged  and  lnipe«led ;  a  stagna- 
tion of  trailo eiisueu;  property  was  depreciated ; 
and  liaiikriiptoles  anu  follurea  were  multiplle<l 
on  all  sides. 

During  the  year  1834.  tho  United  States  oon- 
tinuetl  to  be  agitated  by  the  consequences  of 
che  acts  of  the  I'resident.  The  llouse  of  Kepro- 
sontatives  was  inundated  with  petitions  for  the 
restoriition  of  the  public  money  to  the  vaulta  of 
tho  bank;  but  the  majority  of  tho  members 
were  favorable  to  the  measures  of  the  President ; 
whll.it  tho  Hcriute  was  arrayed  in  open  hostility 
to  his  meaiutvo,  u.A  :«iU8e.^  to  confirm  his  ap- 
pointment of  directors  for  the  bank  on  behalf 
of  the  government  shares. 

In  New  York  and  other  cities,  he  public  op- 
position to  the  President's  raeasurok  was  viclont 
In  tho  extreme ;  whilst  the  interior  o'  the  coun- 
try, having  little  or  no  sympathy  with  the  irr<-".'. 
trading  luid  moneyed  interest*  of  the  commer- 
cial cities,  wore  generally  favorable  to  the  policy 
of  tho  President.  The  election  of  member*  to 
tho  llouse  of  Representatives  of  this  yoar,  re- 
sulted In  adding  sixteen  or  twenty  to  the  former 
luivjority  lu  favor  of  the  President.  One  of  tho 
results  of  this  measure  was  tho  partial  substitu- 
tion of  a  metallic  for  a  paper  circulation  through- 
out the  union.  It  has  neon  computed  that  ft'om 
the  beginning  of  January,  1888,  to  July,  1884, 
on  ozcuBS  of  over  twenty-two  million*  of  specie 
was  imported  into  tho  country. 

In  his  message  of  December,  1884,  the  Presi- 
dent called  attention  to  the  rcyection,  by  the 
French  Chamber  of  Deputies,  of  tho  bill  for  the 
indemnification  of  tho  United  Slates  for  losses 
sustained  in  consequence  of  tho  Berlin  and  Mi- 
Ian  decrees.  He  suggested  to  Congress  retalia- 
tory measures,  and  his  whole  message  breathed 
u  warlike  spirit.  The  Senate,  however,  differed 
t>om  the  President  upon  the  subject;  and,  after 
much  deliberation,  imanlmously  adopted  the 
following  resolution  on  the  14th  of  July,  188S 
''  That  it  is  inexpedient  at  present  to  adopt  any 
legislative  measure*  in  regard  to  the  state  of 
nffuirs  between  this  country  and  France."  The 
llouse  of  Representatives  unanimously  agreed 
to  two  resolutions:  "1.  That,  in  the  opinion 
of  this  House,  the  treaty  with  France  of  July 
4th,  1881,  should  be  maintained,  and  its  ezeou' 
tion  indated  upon.  2.  That  the  Committee  of 
Foreign  Affairs  ahould  b«  discharged  ttom  tof 
thar  oonddaration  of  ao  mnoh  9f  the  Praaident'* 


mesMm*  aa  relate*  to  commercial  r**lrlolloBi^  a* 
to  reprisal*  on  the  oomtnarc*  of  Fraarei" 

The  French  minister  was  recalled,  th*  Am«irt' 
can  government  being  at  the  earn*  tima  asaured 
that  the  bill  ahould  nevertheleei  be  preaantad 
to  the  Chamber*.  Mr.  Livingston  waa  ln*tmet*<l 
to  return  home  In  the  event  of  the  refUaal  of 
the  French  government  to  pay  the  money.  A 
bill  paa«ed  the  Chamber*,  authorijing  the  pay- 
ment of  the  money,  after  aatbAiotory  eiplana* 
tlon  had  been  given  to  Fraooe  of  th*  Preaident'* 
language.  In  Deoember,  th*  Praaldant  met 
Oongre**.  and  deelarad  that  there  waa  nothing 
to  explain ;  and  that,  In  any  event,  he  would 
never  allow  a  foreign  power  to  foL.id  demanda 
upon  the  Interior  and  ofDolal  communication* 
of  one  department  of  th  j  American  government 
with  another.  Uraat  Britain  then  tanderad  her 
mediation,  and  both  partiea  aooapted  the  offer. 
During  till*  year,  the  whole  debt  at  tha  United 
State*  wa*  paid  off.  Tb*  minority  which  th* 
friend*  of  tha  Preeldent  had  secured  In  on* 
branch  of  the  leglsbture,  rendered  all  the  elTort* 
of  III*  opponenta  to  rechartar  the  bank  abortive, 
and  It*  concern*  were  consequently  wound  up. 

On  the  IBth  of  July,  a  party  of  Semlnola 
Indian*  cro**ed  their  bound*,  near  the  Hog's- 
Town  settlement,  for  tha  purpose  of  hunting. 
They  separated,  and  agreed  to  meet  ogain  on  a 
certain  diiy.  On  that  day  five  of  them  were  mat 
together,  when  a  |>arty  of  white  men  came  by, 
and  coiiiinenced  flogglDg  them  with  their  cow- 
whip*.  Two  other  Inuian*  came  up,  and  fired 
u|Kin  the  whites,  who  returned  the  nro.  Threa 
whites  were  wounded,  and  one  Indian  killed  and 
one  woundod.  On  tiio  6th  of  August,  Dolton, 
a  mail  carrier,  was  killed,  and  the  Indian*  re» 
fused  to  deliver  the  murderer*  np  to  Justice. 
In  September,  a  party  of  Miokosuokoa  Indians, 
led  by  the  celebrated  Osceola,  wayluid  and  shot 
Charley  Omathla,  a  powerful  fHendly  chief,  who 
wo*  ionrnoying  witn  hi*  daughter.  Qouerol 
ClinoL,  who  commanded  a  email  force  in  tlil* 
section  of  the  country,  obtained  a  body  of  aiz 
hundred  and  fifty  militia  from  tho  Oovernor  of 
Florida,  and  commenced  operation*  againat  them 
on  the  Oulthlacooche  river. 

On  the  28d  of  December,  two  companie*  of 
the  United  Statu'  army,  under  command  of 
.Mi^or  Dade,  marched  from  Tampa  Bav  for  Camp 
*"-j  ^-..M  timaborongh  Bridge,  lL\)or  Dada 
sent  a  letter  to  Captain  Belton,  urging  him  to 
forward  a  siz-pounaer  which  had  been  left  bei' 
hind.  Horses  were  procured,  and  the  piece  waa 
received  by  the  detachment  that  night.  Soon 
after  the  six-pounder  Joined  the  column,  a  shot 
was  heard  In  tne  direction  of  the  advanced  guard, 
which  was  soon  followed  by  another,  wlien  a 
volley  was  suddenly  poured  In  on  the  tVont  and 
left  flank.  Half  the  men  were  killed  or  wound- 
ed at  the  first  fire;  and,  nntil  several  voUeya 
had  been  received,  not  an  enemy  could  be  seen. 
The  Indkns  fired  lying  or  squatting  in  the  groia, 
or  fWim  behind  pine  trees.  The  infantry  threw 
themselves  behind  trees,  and  opened  a  ehorp 
discharge  of  musketry.  Several  pounds  of  oau< 
nister  wore  fired  ttom  the  cannon ;  and  the  In- 
dians temporarily  retreated.  The  detachment 
instantly  proceeded  to  form  a  breastwork  by 
felling  trees,  but  had  icaruelT  commenced  whea 
the  enemy  returned  to  the  fight.  The  infantry 
Immediately  took  shelter  behind  trees;  but  they 
were  all  gradually  out  down  by  the  overwhelm- 
ing force  opposed  to  them.  When  all  resistanoa 
hod  ceased,  the  Indian*  leaped  into  the  breaat- 
work,  and  stripping  off  the  anna  and  ocooutre- 
menta  from  the  dead,  carried  them  away. 
Forty  or  fifty  negroes  then  oi^me  np  on  horse- 
back, tied  their  onimob  fast  to  trees,  and  com- 
menced butchering  the  wounded.  When  all 
were  sqppiMed  to  be  dead,  they  stripped  tha 
clothing  off  all  the  bo^ea,  and  departed  in  tba 
■ante  dur««tion  with  the  Indiana,  taking  tha  oaa- 
non  with  them.    Of  eight  offloai*  and  om  Imr 


IIMTORT   Of  TIIC 


4iwl  mmI  two  privalM^  but  ftwr  wimi|mn1  tllr* 
ham  lh«  mmm  it  lh«  mIIoo,  on*  at  whom  wm 
ikot  lh«  dM  tftM-  lh«  Iwlilt. 

DariiM  In*  yoir  IMS,  nuoh  •loltomant  wm 
Mt  In  Iha  Haulbcrn  Hial«<s  In  coaMqnKiic*  of 
tiM  iU»fd  •llbria  of  th*  fH«nib  of  th«  •b<iliiliin 
••r  (lavcrjr  to  dliMnlMt*  tbair  iluolrin«a  »nii>nn 
Um  ilnM*,  which  In  man*  dImm  br»k«  uut  In 
ndMmNbbMi 


rtntand 

Th*  mnn«y  dn«  Ibr  d«prtd«Uon«  uniUr  th« 
Barlln  uA  Mlhw  dMrtM,  ww  r*Mlv*d  fh>in  th« 
Fnneh 
■orplm 

mimd  In  Oo«ip-Mi  nbbat  Iha  dUpoaal  uF  the 
Nrplua  raTanna,  whioh  wat  now  kvpt  in  *tala 
bnalia,  lalaetod  by  tho  mxntnrj  of  tha  traiwury. 
Tba  aipiratUin  uf  tha  ohartar  of  the  I'nilvd 
Htataa'  Bank  waa  ftdlnwixl  by  tha  eraatlim  of  a 
larica  nanibar  of  itiito  hniik*,  wIuhw  oajiltal  wa* 
chlafly  nominal,  tlio  InriieMt  Iwloa  ttia  Uiiltud 
Btatca'  Uank  of  ronniylvania,  wItTi  a  cnplul  of 
thlrty-flve  niilllona  of  diillani.  Tlio  itront  In- 
craaaa  of  tha  rlroiilatlnK  modlnin  wliii'li  fullowctl 
tha  oraatlon  ot  thtna  bankis  pnMliuwd  niiil 
nourinhad  all  mantiar  of  wild  KiMK^iilittlimi,  par- 
tlcuUrly  In  nnapiiruprlntod  piilillo  lantU.  The 
money  ret-elvud  troni  their  mdo  Inorenned  to  an 
unprecedtinte<l  amount.  Tlivy  wvre  paid  for  in 
nottM  of  tho  bunk*,  whtrli  tbv  bind  aKi'iitii  roii- 
Toyed  to  tho  bank^  who  re<'t'ivud  tlivtn  tn  lii< 
Immediately  baiiied  ayaln,  the  Kiivcrniiicut  boinit 
rrudlted  with  tha  amount  of  the  noto*  on  tht> 
boiiki  of  the  bank.  Thcau  cratllta  u|ion  many 
of  tha  wcatern  banki  wera  already  greatly  l>v- 
yond  their  liiimediato  mcana  of  pavnient,  and 
ware  rapidly  Inoreaalnit;  many  fvarluK  that  If 
tlio  pmctioo  were  allowed  to  continue,  tho  crvd- 
ita  would  ultima*  ly  b«  worth  nothing  to  the 
government.  A  troaiury  circular  woa  iMOod, 
whtvli  prohibited  the  receiving  payment  of 
lunda  In  any  currenry  but  epeole,  and  allowed 
DO  Hilee  to  lie  made  uxoept  to  actual  sottlem. 

Thia  cirouhw  did  not  otve  general  latlHfiiatlon, 
and  Oontfreia  paiMid  a  bill  deiliniating  and  con- 
Itninjc  within  certain  bonnda  toe  revenuea  of 
tlie  United  Mtatea.  Tho  bill  providing  that  tho 
note*  of  (peole-paying  bauka  tbould,  in  certain 
conea,  lie  taken  In  payiiiont,  was  rotaincxl  by  the 
rrcaidont  until  alter  the  ai^juurnment  uf  Con- 
Breaa,  thua  preventing  II  from  boouming  a  law. 
Ula  reaiona  he  publUhod  after  he  bad  retired 
from  the  preaidency,  aa  foUowa : — 

Statmii  of  tht  Prnident  for  rttaining  tk*  bill 
lUiifnating  and  limiting  the  funds  rectitabU 
/or  tht  rtttnun*  </  the  United  Slate*. 

"  WtMrniouton,  Mnek  8,  lUT, 
■•  t  tmtin  19,  r.  a. 

"  The  bill  from  the  senate,  entitled  '  An  act 
designating  and  liinitinc  the  t^inds  receivable  liir 
the  revoiines  of  tho  United  States,'  come  Into 
uiy  hands  yoHterday,  ot  2  o'clock,  p.m.  On 
perusing  it,  1  found  its  provisions  so  complex 
•iiid  uncertain,  tbut  I  dvoiiied  it  nccessarv  to 
obtain  the  upiniuu  of  tlie  Attorney-general  of 
the  United  States  on  several  important  questions 
touching  its  construction  and  effect,  Dofore  I 
cuuld  decide  on  the  dinposition  to  be  mode  of 
it.  The  Attorney-general  took  up  the  subject 
immediately,  and  his  reply  was  reported  to  me 
this  da^  at  0  o'clock,  p.  m.  Aa  thia  officer,  after 
•  carotol  and  laborious  examination  of  the  bill, 
and  a  distinct  expression  of  hie  opinion  on  the 
points  prop(  sed  to  him,  still  came  to  the  con- 
clusion that  the  construction  of  tho  bill,  should 
it  bacoma  a  law,  would  be  a  subject  of  mnoh 
parplexity  and  doubt  (a  view  of  the  bill  entirely 
colncideot  with  my  own),  and,  aa  I  cannot 
think  it  proper,  in  a  matter  of  such  vital  in- 
tureft,  ana  of  snob  constant  application,  to  ap- 
prove a  bill  iu  liable  to  diversity  of  interpreta- 
tiiiu,  and,  more  especially,  as  I  bava  aot  had 
tiuM,  iiaid  tba  dntiea  oonstantly  preaalng  on 
no^  to  giv«  tb*  wl^Jeot  that  deliberate  «oiwder> 


atlon  whli'li  Ita  ImiNirtanea  damaoda,  I  am  eon- 
■Iralned  tn  ruluin  Iha  bill,  without  anting  deltnl- 
tlvcly  Ihfrvuii ;  and,  to  iha  mid  that  mv  raaMinn 
I'lir  this  iilvp  may  b*  flilly  undsntiNNl,  I  shall 
oaiiw  thia  paper,  with  tho  opiiiiiin  of  tha  Altor- 
nvy-gvii«ral,  and  the  bill  in  question,  to  be  da- 
IHisitad  III  tha  department  of  atala, 

"Ammaw  JaoEaoH." 

tn  the  middlu  of  tha  year  Congraaa  a^loamed, 
anil  the  oxiituiiient  of  the  prasidantlal  alaotlon 
fiillowetl,  (leiivrul  .lackaun'*  Mciind  term  having 
explratl.  Thu  friunds  of  Iha  existing  admlni^ 
tratloii  •iipportoil  Martin  Van  Huran  of  Mew 
York,  who  was  the  mora  easily  aleotad  flrom 
iIm  clri'uinstanoa  that  three  dllfcrant  oandidatas 
wera  opposed  to  him.  Tha  next  year  openad 
u|ion  the  |ie<iDleof  the  lTnlte«l  Statea  under  vary 
iuausiiiclous  cirviiinstuiices.  A  sense  of  approach- 
ing disasters  porvadbd  all  olaasas,  and  tlia  spirit 
of  unlionndeil  s|>evnUllon  waa  snooaadad  bv  one 
of  general  Icsnondenoy  ami  distrust.  Many 
eirurtu  wuro  iniuio  by  thu  iiiercliants  and  bankers 
to  avert  tlieiii,  but  with  very  partial  suocais, 

louring  the  winter  kmIou,  a  bill  waa  brought 
before  Congress,  rvcogiilxing  the  indenendeiM'a 
of  Texas,  'iliu  consideration  of  It  wasu  liowevvr, 
|KMt|Hinud,  uiid  a  salary  was  approiirlatod  for  a 
Texiiii  cliarge  d'utrnii-e>4,  wlionever  the  President 
kIkmiIiI  tliiiik  pro|ier  to  appoint  one.  This  he 
did  before  the  close  of  his  Hdiiiiniiitratlon. 

The  Indian  war  was  continued  in  Florida  du- 
ring thu  your  18S(I.  On  the  6tli  of  January, 
Hvu  persons,  tho  fiuiilly  of  a  Mr.  Cooley,  were 
murdered  at  his  residenoa  on  New  Itlvor,  about 
twelve  miles  ft-oin  Ca|ie  Florida.  A  few  davs 
irevioniily,  a  buttle  was  ftiught  at  a  ford  of  tfie 
)uitliluoooelu>e,  in  which  a  small  and  unsuii- 
|_>orted  liody  ot  the  troo|is  were  attacke«l  by  a 
force  nearly  three  times  their  number,  tho  ene- 
my being  repulsed  Iwfore  a  reinforcement  could 
cross  to  their  aid.  Whilo  those  oueratlons  were 
passing  in  West  Florida,  the  plantations  and 
settlements  in  the  neighborhood  of  St  Augus- 
tine were  ravaged  by  the  enemy,  the  inhabi- 
tants siain,  and  tho  negroes  token  away ;  Gen- 
oral  ilornandez,  who  was  in  command,  being 
too  weak  to  oti'er  any  resistance.  Oeneral  Oaliies 
hud  collected  a  body  of  volunteers  fVoiu  Louisi- 
ana, nnd,  near  the  end  of  February,  moved 
down  the  OiiithUcooehce.  A  skirmish  hap^ 
poned  at  Oeneral  Clinch's  croiv<lng-iilao«,  another 
on  the  2eth,  and  a  third,  in  which  numbem 
wer:  engaged,  on  the  Stfth,  when  Oeneral 
Gaines  was  wounded  in  the  under  lip.  These 
sklrmlshea  continued  till  tho  Sth  of  March, 
when  Osooola  douandtd  a  parley,  which  was 
broken  up  without  any  sutisfactorv  conclusion. 

Uoforo  closing  our  account  of  Oeneral  Jock- 
son's  administration.  It  is  proper  to  notice  the 
troubles  with  the  Indians  on  our  north-western 
ftvDtier,  colled  Black  Uawk's  war. 

In  the  summer  of  the  year  18f  9  difficulties 
with  tlio  savages  broke  out,  owing  Tia.-tly  to 
their  dittiatisfaction  with  the  stipuiatioiis  in  tho 
Prairio  du  Chien  treaty  of  1828,  and  partly  to 
the  ii\justioe  of  the  settlors  towards  their  red 
neighbors.  Eight  of  a  party  of  twonty-fnur 
Chippewas,  on  a  visit  to  Fort  Snolliug,  wore  all 
killed  or  wounded  by  a  party  of  Sioux,  four  of 
whom  were  afterwards  captured  by  the  com- 
mander of  the  garrison,  and  given  up  to  the 
Chippewas,  who  immediately  shot  them.  Red- 
Ulrd,  the  Sioux  chietj  chose  three  companions, 
and  they  set  about  seeking  revenge.  Four  or 
Ave  whites  were  kilted  bv  them,  when  General 
Atkinson  captured  Red-tiird  and  a  party  of 
hostile  Wirinebagoes,  in  the  country  of  tbot 
tribe.  Red-Bird  died  in  prison  soon  after ;  and 
bis  companions — one  of  whom  waa  Vbe  cele- 
brated Bhtck  Hawk — wore  released  from  coU' 
finement  Black  Hawk  immediately  commenced 
inciting  hoatUity  among  the  already  disaffected 
trib««|  among  whom  tha  Baca  bore  a  prominent 


part.  Towarda  July,  (lanaral  Oainaa  marcM 
to  tha  Hars'  vlllaga,  and  Ihav  hnniMy  sued  IN 
pea<«,  which  was  granted.  Mranwhila  a  party 
of  them,  under  Black  Hawk,  niiirdere<l  twenty, 
eight  of  Iha  fl>lendly  ManonilnlcM,  snd  recniawl 
tha  MkHisslppi  to  tha  Unds  which  tliov  had 
coded  to  tha  United  Htalsa.  General  Atklnnon 
marohe<l  after  him  ;  and,  at  Dixon's  Ferry,  on 
Itook  Klver,  May  I  Sth,  IMO,  luanied  that  a 
party  of  two  hundred  and  seventvn  'a  man, 
under  Mi^  Billlman,  hail  Immii  attacked  at 
Syoamora  CMek  on  Iha  pr«oa<llng  day,  while 
Incentiously  uarchlng  after  tha  Indians,  and 
loat  a  great  many  of  their  number,  tho  Indioua 
having  snflbred  but  llltb. 

The  cholera  broke  out  among  the  trtMipa  In 
July,  and  whole  ooinpanlaa  were  nearly  broken 
up ;  in  one  Inatanoe,  nine  only  surviving  out  of 
a  corps  of  two  hundred  and  eight.  Twelve 
Indiana  were  killed  by  Oeneral  IhHige's  men  al 
Galena,  and  sixteen  others  afterwards  fell  by 
hia  armik  aliout  fortv  miles  nroni  Fort  W'innu« 
bago.  Meanwhile,  Oeneral  Atkinson,  with  an 
army  greatly  superior  to  that  of  lilnck  Il.iwk, 

Kuraued  him  thmngli  tracklesa  forests,  iilwiiys 
iiding  himself  no  nearer  his  enemy  at  tho  end 
of  his  Journey  than  he  had  been  at  Its  com* 
nienoeiiient.  Finally,  however,  Uhiok  Hawk, 
■Hieing  the  necessity  of  bla  asooiie,  and  that  it 
couluuot  bo  effectffll  with  his  whole  force,  soul 
his  women  and  children  down  the  MisHUippI 
In  btiats,  many  of  whicli  fell  into  thu  hands  of 
the  whites.  About  four  hundred  of  tlioin  wore 
encamped  on  Bad  Axe  River,  where  tlioy  vera 
disoovoreil,  on  tho  lat  of  August,  by  the  stenino 
boat  Warrior,  which  had  been  sent  up  the  Ui^ 
sisslppl  with  a  email  force  on  board,  In  hopes  of 
Hnding  them.  In  the  action  which  ensued, 
twentv-three  Indians  were  killed  and  many 
wounded,  without  any  hiss  to  tho  troops.  Alter 
the  Hglit,  tho  Warrior  returned  to  i'ralrlo  dil 
Chien,  and,  before  she  ooubi  return  next  morit> 
ing,  Oeneral  Atkinson  had  engaged  the  Indians. 
The  Warrior  Joined  the  contest,  and  the  Indiana 
retreated  4ith  considerabki  loss,  thlrty-slx  of 
tlieir  women  and  children  being  taken.  KIght 
of  the  troops  were  killed,  and  seventeen  wuimd* 
ed  in  this  engagement.  Black  liuwk  was  now 
pursued  over  Wisconsin,  and  overtaken  In  an 
advantageous  position  at  the  foot  of  a  proaipiue, 
over  which  the  army  liod  to  pasa.  Tho  Iiw 
dlons  fonght  with  the  fury  uf  tigers,  leaving  one 
euvert  for  another,  and  were  only  routed  at  the 
point  of  the  bayonet.  Notwithstanding  tha 
smallneaa  of  his  force,  which  scarcely  numbered 
three  hundred  men,  Black  Hawk  maintained 
the  buttle  fur  three  hours,  when  ho  barely  es- 
caped, with  the  loss  of  all  his  papers,  and  one 
hundred  and  tifty  of  his  bravest  worrlors,  among 
whom  wos  New]iop,  his  second  in  oommnnd. 
A  party  of  Sioux  now  volunteered  to  pursue 
the  remainder  of  tho  enemy,  of  whom  tliey  suc- 
ceeded in  killing  about  one  hundr  .d  nnd  twenty. 
Tho  groat  chief  liimseU'  was  tinally  captured  by 
a  party  of  Winnobogues,  and  given  up  to  Gen- 
eral Street,  at  Prairie  du  Chien.  Treaties  wore 
then  made  with  the  rest  of  tho  Sacs,  tho  Foxes, 
and  tho  Winnobogoes,  by  which  tho  United 
States  acquired  some  very  voluablu  lands  on 
fovoroble  terms, — BUok  Hawk,  his  two  sons, 
and  six  of  the  principal  chiefs  were  retained  as 
hostages.  The  chief  and  his  son  wero  carried 
to  Washington  to  visit  the  President,  receiving 
many  valuable  presents  on  their  route.  Tliey 
returned  to  their  hoiuea  by  way  of  Detroit,  and 
were  liberated  at  Fort  Armstrong,  Rock  Island. 
in  IlUnois,  in  August,  1888.  Ho  having  been 
by  the  treaty  dep^ed,  Keokuk  was  mode  chief 
of  the  tribe,  and  Bkck  Hawk  settled  on  the 
Misaisaippi. 

In  tlie  early  part  of  the  year  1887,  Gonorai 
Santa  Anna,  who  had  been  taken  prisoner  at 
the  battle  of  San  Jacinto,  and  subsequently  ob- 
tained bis  liberty  ttaax  bla  Texan  oaplor%  visited 


CNITCD  STATKl. 


ffMhlngtoM,  whMiM,  tlkt  •  •hart  ttay,  Im  miIUiI 
iir  MaiIoo,  in  •  Cnltwi  HUlw  vwmI  nf  war. 

On  tb«  4tk  of  Msrnh,  ih«  Urm  of  (Uncrnl 
jMkikin'i  prualiliiiinjr  •i|ilr»<l,  anil  Martin  Van 
Hnran.  whiHw  tIuw*  nf  jicncral  |Mi||ii]r'ouln«l<l«<l 
with  tn<«M  of  hi*  urwlMHtMiir,  tamji  piMmwIon  of 
III*  ohalr.  Aftar  Uaulnii  a  valailkitiirjr  aiMrww, 
Iha  lata  I'raaldMt  rallrad  to  lila  raalilanoa  In 
Taunaaiaa. 

OIIAnUR  XXIIt. 

TAN  BOaiNt  ADMINUTRATIOM. 

Laatrint  tha  honors  and  earaa  of  (r'varnmaal 
to  hk  inmaaaor,  PraililanI  Jaokaon  '  ilrarad  to 
tila  countryman  a  valadlotorjr  atldram  and  naarlv 
tt  tha  iaina  tlma  apiwarad  tha  Inaiiuural  ipoaoL 
of  tha  naw  Hraniilant  s— 

"  Unllka  all  that  hava  praoadod  ma,"  wa*  tha 
laiiKUiiKa  of  thta  inaiilftiato,  "  tha  raTimiilon  that 
Ritvu  iia  eiUtance  at  a  nation,  wa«  aohlevad  at 
tha  parlod  of  my  birth ;  and  whibt  I  oontam- 
|ilitto,  wlih  grataftal  ravaranoa,  that  mamorabie 
av«nt,  I  fiial  th*t  I  balong  to  a  laiar  aga,  and 
Ibat  I  ninjr  not  aipaot  my  oonntrjrman  to  waigh 
iiur  aotluus  with  tha  laroa  kind  and  partial 
band.'* 

Tha  naw  Praaldant  waa  aearraljr  aaatad  in  hb 
•hair,  whan  tha  ittorm,  ao  Ion*  oollaollng  Itattlf, 
bunt  Qjion  tha  lomnierolal  olaiaw.  It  won  at 
Kaw  Uriaana,  th  .t  tha  flrat  flUlur«<a,  of  any  oon- 
•cquanoa  vara  daolarad;  but  Naw  York  ftd- 
lowud ;  tha  oanka  tbnnd  tha  demand*  u|ion  their 
fund*  Inoraoaa  with  ft-iahtfhl  rnpiditv,  while, 
what  waa  yet  more  ominuna,  their  oironktlun 
returned  UDun  them.  '1  he  alarm  broke  out  int«i 
a  panic ;  tlien  came  a  general  "  rnu  "  n|iou  the 
bank*;  and  a  few  dav*  more  luffluad  to  bring 
•built  the  nlmuat  nnivertol  auepenalon  of  oaiih 
payiuonta.  It  haa  been  ooropnted  that  In  New 
lurk  no  lea*  than  two  hundred  and  Hfty  hoow)* 
•topped  payment  in  tha  couna  of  tha  flr*t  three 
waeka  in  April.  The  bank*  of  that  citv,  I'hlia- 
dalpbia,  Bo«ton,  Haltimore,  Albany,  and  other*, 
eaiwed  to  pay  apaole.  The  maiiunotli  Bank  of 
the  United  Statea  Itaeif  bunt  to  tlie  taiiipeat,  and 
luitatad  tha  axadiple  of  the  re«t. 

A  meeting  of  the  oitlzeiia  of  New  York  wa* 
bald,  a  oominlttee  appointed  to  wait  upon  the 
I'reaideut,  and  requu«t  hiiu  to  annul  the  apeoie 
olroular,  to  poctuone  ooninienoing  action*  upon 
the  unpaid  bond*,  and  call  an  eztra  aaMlon  of 
Congreia.  Their  addra**  to  him  itated,  that 
"under  a  deep  impreicion  of  oonflning  their 
deolarutlons  within  mo<larate  llmlta,  they  alflrm- 
•d,  that  the  value  of  their  real  e*lato  had,  with- 
in the  hut  liz  month*,  depreciated  more  tlinu 
forty  million*  of  dollar* ;  that  within  the  preced- 
ing two  month*  there  had  been  more  than  two 
hundred  anA  tilty  failure*  of  hou«e*  engaged  In 
extauaive  bu*inu*a ;  that  within  the  laine  period 
a  decline  of  twenty  mllliona  had  occurred  in 
their  local  atocka,  including  thoae  railroad  and 
cunal  lncur|ioration*,  which,  though  chartered  In 
other  HtaUw,  depended  chledy  upon  New  York 
for  their  *ale ;  that  the  ImmeuM  amount  of  mor- 
ohuudiaa  in  their  worehougea  had,  within  the 
•aiiie  period,  fallen  In  value  at  leoat  thirty  per 
cent.;  that  within  a  few  weeks  not  laaa  than 
twenty  thouHand  individual*,  depending  upon 
their  daily  labor  foi  their  doily  bread,  had  been 
diaohargud  by  their  employer*,  booauie  the 
mean*  of  rotainiug  them  were  ezhauated ;  and 
that  a  complete  blight  had  fallen  upon  a  com' 
munity  herotot'oru  ao  active,  enterprising,  and 
proaperou* :  the  error*  of  our  rulem,"  they  *aid, 
*^  bad  produced  n  wider  degolatiun  than  the  pes- 
tilence which  depopulated  our  street*,  or  the 
oonflagratiou  which  laid  them  in  aabe*.'' 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  aa  aoon  aa  the 
•uspeneion  of  oath  payments  became  general, 
gave  order*  to  the  revenue  collectors,  to  receive 
nothing  but  apecle,  or  paper  convertible  into 
VMia  on  damiuid,  in  payment  of  tha  revenne 


botHk,  {riven  by  Iradan  In  lh«  emma  at 
u—».  Meanwhlia  tha  dlilraM  apreail  Ilka  a  pea- 
tiUnra  thrnnah  tha  varloii*  ramHlcatlona  of 
wN'iaiy.  I'lililio  work*,  railway*,  ami  eanal*. 
ware  brought  to  a  atand;  ttia  ■hlpwrlghl  and 
htdldvr  dliiiii«MHl  Ihalr  inun ;  tha  mann7lK<tnr*r 
cinaad  hi*  diNir*;  one  *antiinant  pervaded  all 
elaaia*.  tlia  anilcipatlon  of  nniveraal  ruin,  ami 
Imllvidiiai  baggnry,  Tlia  admlnlatratlon  ma<la 
•avaral  andeavora  l»  raatora  tha  flnanolal  affliir* 
of  tha  country  to  their  Airmer  oonditlon,  and  an 
•itra  aaaalon  of  OonvraM  wa*  eonvanad  on  tha 
4lh  of  Haptamlxr ;  the  l>re*ldent,  In  hia  maaaaga, 
oonflning  liiinM>lf  lo  tha  flnanolal  condition  of 
tha  Mtuntry.  Tha  (Hand*  of  the  admlnlatratlon 
triumphed  in  tha  alaotlon  Ibr  Hpaaker  of  the 
llonaa  of  Keprasantatlvea,  Mr  I'idk  being  re- 
eliMiied.  A  bill  waa  nwaad  *u*pandlng  the  pay- 
ment of  the  fourth  Biatalment  of  lurplu*  rev*- 
nua  to  tha  Hiatea,  nntil  tha  l*t  of  Janiinrv,  irtSt). 

Anothvr  bill  wa*  paaaed,  anthoriiing  tiie  iMne 
of  trvaanry  note*,  aiiual  to  any  daflclency  that 
might  enntie,  with  h>ur  mllliona  of  dollar*  by 
way  of  reierve,  at  any  rata  of  intaraat  not  ax- 
cae<linit*ix  per  cent.,  to  lie  flxa<l  by  the  Secretary 
of  the  Trea*ury.  A  hill  for  the  exten*ion  of  the 
payment  of  revenue  Ixtndi,  for  a  abort  iioriiMl, 
and  another,  autliorlting  the  warehousing  in 
Ixind  of  im|M)rtod  gtHMN,  for  a  term  not  exoeeil- 
lug  three  yoora,  were  alio  puiaed  during  tho  *e*' 
•Uin, 

lint  a  bill,  organising  a  8ub-treaanry  Syatem, 
whereby  tlie  nation  ahonld  become  Ita  own 
banker,  which  the  friend*  of  the  administration 
miHle  great  clforts  to  carry,  wa*  lo*t  in  the 
Houie  of  Keiiresentntlve*;  after  a  very  warm 
debate,  that  llonso  rosolretl  to  |ia*t|iona  tlio  ftir 
tlivr  consiilorntlon  of  the  nieaaure  until  the  next 
Hoiwidn.  Tliu  war  with  the  Beininulo  Indians 
oontiniie<l  during  the  year  to  employ  the  arm* 
of  tho  United  Statea  in  Florida.  Tho  troop* 
*aooee<le<l  In  taking  the  great  chief  Osceoln.  or 
Powell,  whosarnptiiro.  It  wim  thought,  would  ba 
followed  bv  the  auhmlsslon  of  hia  tribe.  Treaties 
wore  conoludod  with  HIam  and  Muscat,  which 
promised  considerable  commercial  beneflt. 

Oongroaa  raasaembied  on  the  4th  of  I>ocambir, 
when  the  Prealdent  sent  In  hi*  roeiaage,  in  which 
tlie  rolatlona  with  Mexico,  which  had  recently 
become  oonfbaed,  tho  flnanoaa,  foreign  relation*. 
Indian  affairs,  military  and  naval  mattera,  and 
the  post-offloe,  were  treated  at  some  lengtli 
The  message  oondnded  by  inviting  Oongres*  to 
a  thorongh  and  careftil  revUion  of  the  local  goV' 
emmant  and  Interesta  of  the  DIatrlct  of  Oohun' 
bia,  which  had  been  "  left  to  linger  bahlnd  the 
rest  of  the  Union;  its  codes,  civil  and  criminal, 
being  not  only  defeotiva,  but  full  of  obaoleto  or 
irconvenient  provisions ; "  and  the  District,  al 
thongh  selected  as  the  seat  of  the  Legialaturo, 
had  never  received  "  that  special  and  compre- 
hensive legislutioUj''  which  its  sltnation  particu- 
hirly  demanded.  The  annual  report  of  the  Sec- 
retory of  the  Treasury  was  received,  in  which  the 
receipts  for  the  voar  were  eatlmated  at  nearly 
twenty-three  mllliona,  five  hundred  thousand  dol- 
Urs,  which,  added  to  the  surplus  remaining  in 
the  treasury  in  1886,  gave  the  sum  of  sixty-nine 
millions,  four  hnndrad  thousand  djUars,  in  his 
bonds.  The  expenses  of  tha  year  when  met, 
would  rednoa  that  anm  to  about  one  half  its 
present  amount. 

During  the  eorlv  part  of  the  session  of  OoU' 
gress,  the  Canadian  rebellion,  and  tha  border 
conflicts  to  which  It  gave  rise,  occupied  the  at- 
tention of  that  body,  whoaa  prooeodings  wore 
marked  by  a  becoming  forbearance,  even  at  a 
moment  when  out  of  doora  the  ezoitement  of 
the  more  inflammable  portion  of  the  oommunlty 
wsa  at  iU  height.  The  President  forbade,  bv 
proclamation,  the  interference  of  Amerioan  oiti- 
zans  in  the  war,  and  ordered  the  United  Statea 
Marshal  to  ezecnte  warranta  tipon  all  thoaa  who 
should  violate  the  national  neutrality.    General 


■•oM  waa  ordarad  lo  tho  fhMilar  wttk  • 


MMlkm 


aflbrta  w*r«  making,  an  aAlr  oeenrrad  «m  ika 
fhmtUr,  which  prodoeail  aaah  lU-AMlinff  Ihr  • 
tlma,  throughoat  the  United  Siataa.  A  pam  ai 
tha  Patrioia  had  made  a  randeivow  on  Mavy 
Island,  In  tha  Niagara  River,  oppoaii*  lo  whlao^ 
oit  tha  American  side,  waa  a  small  vtllaga^  da^ 
nominated  tort  BehkiMar.  On  tha  nighl  uT  the 
tMth  of  DeeembMr,  a  small  steamboat,  eallad  tha 
Oaroline,  waa  moored  Ihara)  InlalhMnaa  of 
wbloh  was  eonvsyad  lo  Oohwal  M'Ifab,  earn 
mandar  of  tha  Oanadfaw  miUila  on  the  oppoalto 
side.  Ha  had  aoapaolad  bar  of  earrying  ammn- 
nitiun  and  anppllaa  to  tha  Patrioia,  and  ha  ro> 
aolvad  to  destroy  bar.  Ila  aeeordlngiv  da> 
spatcliad  a  partv  of  militia  In  boala  Ibr  tbi*  par* 
p<isa.  Aftar  a  abort  souflle,  they  baoama  maalara 
of  the  vessel,  and  than  •ailing  her  on  Am,  they 
snfferetl  her  to  drill  In  flamee  down  tlie  Kalb  of 
Niagara,  fleveral  persona  were  killed  In  Iba 
afl>av.  Tbi*  olrounwtanca  oooaalonMl  a  eorraiN 
iMmtfenea  between  the  Secretary  of  Stale  and 
Mr.  Fox,  the  Hritlah  mlni*tar  at  Waahington,  of 
rather  an  angry  nature;  and  after  a  long  debate, 
a  bill  for  the  preservation  of  neutrality  wua 
paasod  by  Oongr««a,  and  the  matter  drop|ied. 

A  bill  giving  a  right  of  |iro-«niption  to  the 
Hnat  aettier*  on  uniM'ciipied  publlo  liinds,  wii* 
pa**ed  during  the  sosaion,  In  conformity  with  the 
recommendation  of  the  President.  The  Sob* 
treaaurv  bill,  one  of  the  cardinal  |iolnta  of  policy 
of  the  Van  liuren  partv,  waa  again  debated  at 
full  length,  and  (nhmmI  the  Senate;  but  ita  recep- 
tion in  the  llous'j  of  Kepraaentatlvaa  waa  lea* 
favorable;  and  In  June,  It  wa*  utiimataly  ro« 
Jeoted  by  a  vote  of  one  hundred  and  Iwenly-flve 
to  one  hundred  and  eleven.  During  thia  year 
(1888),  the  banks  Ibronghout  the  United  Statea 
gcneraJiy  rasnmed  apecle  payment*.  The  eflTecta 
of  the  commercial  catastropiia  were  rapidly  *nN 
»lding ;  credit  revived,  the  uroepeota  of  trade  lu 
the  autumn  ware  encouraging,  and  the  harveat 
waa  abundant.  In  the  fall,  the  electlona  held 
throughout  the  Union,  continued  the  obange  la 
the  member*  of  the  Van  Buren  party  In  Oon* 
greia,  which  bad  been  oommenoed  In  IStT,  and 
the  administration  found  llaalf  likely  to  loaeeren 
the  small  minority  which  remained. 

The  oonteat  between  the  State  of  Maine  and 
Qreat  Britain  raapeoting  the  north-eaatem  boun< 
dary,  began  In  the  course  of  the  year  to  assume 
a  threatening  upeot.  The  north-weatem  bona- 
dariea  were  flied  by  a  treaty  with  Kussiii,  ard 
land  added  to  the  territory  of  the  United  ISUtea 
by  the  removal  of  the  tribe  of  Oherokeea  west 
of  the  Missl*slppL  The  war  with  the  Senilnolaa 
still  continued.  Tezas  withdrew  her  appSloation 
for  odmisaion  into  the  Union :  but  her  consul  at 
New  Orleans  was  recognized  by  the  President 
who  issued  a  public  notfce,  according  to  him  the 
enjoyment  of  all  such  tlinctions  and  privllegoa 
as  are  allowed  to  consuls  of  the  roost  flivored 
nations.  At  the  end  of  the  year,  when  the 
second  Canadian  outbreak  occurred,  a  new  pro- 
olsmatlon  was  Issued  by  the  President,  calling 
on  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  preserve 
ueutrolity,  and  declaring  the  protection  of  the 
country  forfeited  by  those  wiio  should  invade 
the  territory  of  Great  Britain  with  boatile  in* 
tentions. 

A  convention  for  flxing  the  boundarlee  of  the 
United  States  and  Tezaa  WMOondudedat  Waah- 
ington, on  the  aSlh  of  April  Treatiaa  had  been 
concluded  between  the  United  Statea  anu  the 
Peru-Bolivian  confederation,  and  also  with  the 
King  of  Greece. 

In  his  message  to  Congress  on  the  reasaam- 
bliug  of  that  body,  the  Prealdent  touched  upon 
the  removal  of  many  of  the  Indiana  west  of  the 
MIsdsaippi.  He  then  aUted  that  no  olBolal  oom> 
munioatlona  had  passed  between  the  govenunent 
and  the  cabinet  of  Great  Britain,  ainoe  the  Ian 
oommnnieation  to  Oongreaa.    The  Preridesf 


IIIITORT  or  THI 


mat  kewvvar.  MMiml  iImi  iIm  oflW  lu  mtmUU 
k  «M?MilkHi  Ihr  iIm  •MoinlnMnl  nf  •  jutal  mnik 
■iMm  of  MwrtT  MM  MpiorailoM,  wimM  h» 
■M  M  llM  part  of  bar  M^|«rty'»  goffrnaMinl  In 
•  «MM<H«lar7  ifirtt,  mhI  prora,  ir  MnmiMftil,  id 
Im  m  ImwrtMt  itof  lowanla  th«  AmI  •■UiMt- 
MMl  of  IM  OMUrvvorajr. 

Tbo  diMMrfuii  of  Ibo  oooMlo*  of  Iho  •bollilon 
of  iloTtrjr  ImmI  •!  Wngtn  boon  ciim|)l«i«ljr  |>r«- 
eliuM  bjr  on  Ml  uf  Ctmcron,  whirli  |HMMd,  itt 
Iho  boi|{**lH  of  lb*  Mwton,  •  Mric*  of  rvailif 
UoM  lo  lb«l  oAmI  by  Iho  ovorwholmlMC  moliir- 
lijr  of  oM  handrwi  Md  alMljr-olcbl  lu  •Ti,  Tli« 
•lailod  fbollHfi  orwMoii  by  im  roooni  mlllaiun  uf 
Ibo  eittaow  of  Iho  Ualiod  8uio«  utd  ih«  luhlMU 
of  Vklorta,  o«  tbo  bor«l«n  of  l.,<iwor  ('mnmU, 
bad  Maroaiy  tabttdod,  wbon  III*  raUiluiia  u(  ih* 
Iwo  ooaalrMi  woro  oaoo  mora  In  tli*  way  uf  lia- 
oooiiaf  irafoly  eoaproroiaad  by  ao«urranc«a  In 
tho  aoataalod  dUlriot  batwaan  Malnr  and  Naw 
BrttMwtok.  It  wouM  appaar  that  towarda  Iha 
oad  of  Janoanr,  IMt.  a  numarona  band  uf  Hrlllih 
•al^aoU  ln*aiM  tbo  portion  of  iho  Hrltlah  tarri 
lory  hi  dkipaU  batwaan  IIm  Unliad  Hula*  and 
Oraal  Britain,  which  b  waurad  by  tlio  rlv«r 
Arooalook,  and  euuiinlliad  aitamlva  ilapredn- 
lluM  by  oBltlng  down  Ilia  llmbar.  An  artiiwl 
furoa  wia  aant  Into  Iha  dUlrlot  lo  hindar  ilia 
aariTlng  off  of  Ibo  timbor.  Tbia  dona  thay  war* 
to  ratnm  hom* ;  but  (br  lb*  iaixttra  uf  Mr. 
M'Inlyro,  Iha  Amoriaaa  Und  aaant,  whan  li« 
waa  in  th*  Ml  of  putllaff  blmaalf  Into  oominunl- 
•atlon  with  th*  amut  avpoinlad  by  Mr  J.  Iiar> 
r*y,  Uovamor  of  Maw  Brunawlcli,  lu  watoh  Ilia 
Iruapaiaan  whom  tbo  oflloar  uf  MaiM  bad  b*«n 
eotniulMlonad  to  driva  off.  In  ralallailun.  Ilia 
Eiigikh  wardan,  Mr.  M'LaagbllD,  wa«  nuw  ar- 
raitad,  and  eoDvay*d  a«  a  boalaffa  lu  Uaiigur. 
Tliaa*  proo**din«  war*  follow*d  by  ioiu*  angry 
eurr**|ioBd*iio*  D*tw**ii  QuT*mur  Fairtlald  and 
81r  Julin  llarrcy,  and  th*  muuI*  of  both  HUta* 
baoan  tariuualy  to  prapar*  for  boatltltl**. 

Both  prIauMrt  w*r«,  how*v*r,  aoun  llb*ratMl 
on  parol*,  and  th*  uiioaiilun  tranaf*rr*d  lo 
Waablngton.  8*r*ral  latt*r«  panad  b*two*n 
Mr.  Fox,  th*  Britiah  minlaiar.  and  Mr.  Furaytb, 
which,  with  a  in*ii*g*  Awn  th*  Prealilani,  ware 
laid  bafor*  Congr**!.  Many  apaaoh**  war*  inada 
In  tliat  body  ;  aavaral  of  tba  niambar*  adrocal* 
log  a  ftirclbl*  oocnpanoy  of  tba  territory,  wblUt 
th*  oth*ra  war*  mora  paoiHoaliy  inolinad.  Tbu 
In  both  bouioa  oluiod  by  r*l'*rrlng  tba 


matlar  to  th*  cominllta*  on  foreign  nll'aink  who 
raooinmandad  In  thair  report  that  puwcr  iboubl 
be  giraa  to  th*  Praaident  to  rabe  a  provlilonal 
ami/  daring  the  Oongreaalonal  roceaa  ;  that  up- 
proprlation*  aboold  m  made  for  furtlflcalluni, 
and  Iha  immediate  repair  and  b'lUdlng  uf  new 
v****k  of  war,  and  that  th*  Praaident  iihonld  be 
Inatruoted  to  repel  any  inva*iua  uf  the  territory 
of  the  Union  In  Mala*.  It  ww  moreurer  r^ 
uumiMnded,  that  a  ipeclal  lulnlater  ahonld  be 
ieni  to  Enghuid,  The  leaalon  of  Congreia 
■hortly  after  came  to  an  wtd.  Tlio  war  excite- 
ment In  lb*  nortb-eaiit  iuoii  begun  to  Bubsldo, 
and  Meaar*.  Radge  aud  Featbemtunliaugb  were 
inba*qa*ntly  tent  oat  by  the  Briiiih  guvemment 
to  oondnct  a  new  investlgatiun  of  the  nUl  do- 
batabl*  territory. 

Qreat  dismay  woa  created  In  the  commercUl 
world  towarda  tlie  cluiw  of  the  Tear,  by  the 
■utpenilon  uf  apeoie  payment*  on  the  part  of  the 
United  Sutes  Bank,  on  the  Sth  or  October. 
Her  example  waa  followed  by  all  the  bonk*  In 
K«w  York,  PbUodelpbla,  Baltimore,  Virginia, 
and  the  interiur  uf  Penngylvaulu. 

The  retult  of  the  eluutlon  which  occurred 
daring  th*  recear  of  Cuugreaa  waa,  that  the 
Government  had  a  amoll  majority  iu  that  body : 
but  the  two  parties  wure  nearly  equally  Islonced 
IB  th*  Uooa*  of  Repreaeutativea,  until  the  middle 
of  Ja)y,  whan  flva  ntembera  of  th*  N*w  Jersey 
deligatinn,  whoa*  teaU  bad  been  oonteatad,  were 
added  to  tha  adminlatratlon  party,  who  thai 


galnatl  Ihe  aMiaiMlaitry.    On  Ilia  t4lk  of  IWem-.  the  4*panm«nta  uf  war  and  Ihe  nary.     Nm 
Mr,  IWItt,  llia  PraaMsnl'i  maaaag*  waa  deliver- j  Ma    ulbar    rlisnua*    In    Ihe    •iirntlfa    ii4ll«'«a 
a«l,  and  rm'«lv*4|  the  tint  smlon  of  Oongrawi.    Il  ware  made,  and  a  total  rhaiiva  In  ailinlnUirativ* 


•laiail  that  wlili  A)nilgn  nHinirlai',  Iha  ralatlnna 
of  tha  iriiv«rntiiant  mnilnaMl  anilmbla.  lie 
IbrriHl  tit  tha  ai-rlral  of  tha  roinmlaalonara  iif 
axphirallofl  and  ■nrvay  of  the  norlh-aaatarn 
bonndarv.  lie  alwi  ilittvil  llial  tba  troiililaa  In 
(Canada  nitd  (>«rt>a<l.  TrvnllM  of  mmnif  me  bsil 
b*«n  inada  with  ll«t  King  o(  Hardlnla,  and  lb* 
King  of  Iha  Nuiriarliink  Tlia  rslallun*  with 
Mexiflo  and  Thuim  wvra  loiirliMl  upon,  l<i(*th«r 
with  Hnanca,  tlia  pml-offica,  an<l  Iha  beat  nMlhoal 
uf  kae|ilnii  lli«  |.ulillo  ruvsiine.  More  than  half 
>f  til*  nii'Matfti  wan  im<i'|||>ImI  with  a  diaensston 
on  Ilia  evila  of  tlix  Ainarlmn  liaaUng  ays'am, 
and  a  ulalsinsnl  of  Ilia  "  nintiltiilional "  aa  well 
other  uljactlons  aniertslned  by  lilm  to  th* 

lablUliiiiant  of  a  National  Bank,  while  al  the 
Mtme  tliiia,  lia  pri>|HM«il  tlint  the  public  r*venne 
abuiitil  Im  k«pt  In  a  Mparala  and  imlepeodent 
treasury,  and  col|*«i*d  In  gold  and  sllrtr.  Th* 
Maine  and  New  Brunswick  boundary  qneatlon 
miutlniiad  Ibis  y«ar  •till  lo  keep  up  a  faellni 
itt  Irrllallon  twtween  Knglaiid  and  Amarbia— ami 
a  long  and  rwrltnlnalurv  mrre«|Mindanc*  on  the 
•iil\|ai't  iiMik  tilao«  In  th*  month  uf  March,  be- 
tween Mr.  Fux,  the  Kniillah  ininiatar  awl 
Mr.  Forsyth.  It  was  concluilwi  by  Mr.  Fux,  In 
a  briaf  rvply  to  Mr.  Forsyth's  iMt  latUr,  ataling 
that  be  would  transinlt  tlia  ooiiiiiianloatlon  lu 
hvr  iiii^aaty'a  guvarninant  In  Knaland,  and  that 
until  b*  racalTad  insiruoiluns  from  home,  be 
wuiiid  nut  angag*  in  aorr«s|>onden<<e  on  the  sub' 
lent.  In  June  tie  aildiessad  anuther  letter  to 
Mr.  Forsyth,  in  which  he  stated  that  the  moat 
proiuiiient  auiong  the  vauaea  of  fsiiura  In  paat 
nagoiUtluna.  bad  been  a  want  of  correct  inlbma- 
tiun  aa  to  the  tupograpblool  features  and  pbv- 
sical  character  of  the  ouuntry  In  dispute.  In 
con(«<|uenoe  uf  hia  stalamanta,  and  tba  reoom' 
roendatioD  uf  the  PrealdenI,  a  bill  waa  passed  in 
Cungreaa,  approprbiting  twanty-flve  thuasand 
dolUrs  toward*  tlia  expenaea  of  the  survey  of  th* 
dbuuted  territory. 

During  the  vacation  of  Oongreaa,  the  election 
for  Presiilent  waa  held  ;  Martin  Van  Buren  and 
William  II«nry  llarriaon,  being  the  two  candl' 
datea.  The  ebolc*  of  th*  nation  Ml  upon 
Ooneral  Harrison,  who  was  elecUd  by  a  large 
maturity. 

The  negutlatlona  reapeellnB  the  buundariea 
of  the  United  BUtoa  and  the  Britiah  Provincea, 
and  of  the  United  Btatea  and  Texaa,  ware  staled 
by  Ihe  President  in  his  meaaage  to  Cungreaa 
In  January,  1S41,  to  b*  in  a  slat*  of  progression. 
Th*  Stat*  of  th*  public  flnanc**.  and  the  re- 
duotion  of  *xp*ndltaree  daring  hi*  administra- 
tion were  dwelt  upon,  and  be  oloaedSrlth  a  long 
vindication  of  bia  own  financial  policy.  But 
little  busineaa  waa  done  during  th*  aeaaion  of 
Oungresi^  which  doaed  on  the  Sd  of  March, 
and  on  the  4tb,  WlUbun  Henry  Harrison  waa 
Inaugurated  President,  and  John  Tyler,  of  Vir- 
ginia, Viee-Preaidant  of  tho  United  Btatea. 


on&Frrai  xxrv. 

HAUHOim  ADHIHUTIATION, 

Unlimitad  confidence  in  the  ahiUty  and  In- 
tegrity of  the  new  Prealdent  appear*  to  have 
been  entertained  br  the  people.  11*  waa  elected 
by  a  majority  to  deolaive  aa  to  leave  no  donbt 
reapecting  their  diapoaitlon  towards  himaelf 
General  Uorrison,  coming  into  offloo  by  the 
tattVage*  of  a  party  in  direct  oppcaition  to 
that  which  elected  and  had  taitainod  hi*  prede- 
oeaaor,  reorganlxed  the  cabhiet  by  appointing 
Mr.  Wobater,  of  Mattachaietto.  to  tha  office 
of  Secretary  of  SUte,  and  Mr.  Ewlng,  of  Ohio, 
to  that  of  Secretary   of  the  Tr«awiry,  whUa 


maasnraa  was  antlrliMlatl.  The  tlsla  nf  ilia  mux 
marrlal  and  Dnanrisl  raUllniis  of  iha  poiiniry 
war*  MMMldcrad  to  li*  an  crlltiml,  Ihsl  t  siH-i'int 
Ion  of  (^ingrass  was  ordsrsd  for  lb*  iinr|i<ip« 
of  taking  tliKsa  alrita,  wbb'h  wars  ilssniao  axMiti* 
tUI  lo  llis  rsalorallon  of  I'reillt  and  ronHdaut-e 
smong  tha  trailing  anil  manuflirlnrinH  xltwas,  aiul 
Incrsniilng  tba  rawnnl  of  sgrloiiltiirid  (iHiiwlry. 

In  lb*  Inanmral  addrvsa  of  (lenoml  llarriaoiii, 
his  vlawa  of  IM  prini<l|ilaa  of  the  American  irov 
*nim*nt  war*  ftolly  *xpl*lMd,  and  hU  daUmliia- 
lioa  I4i  earrv  their  exeoailon  Into  tAbet,  Hdetiiii- 
Iv  exnreamf.  In  conetiiding  hIa  addraaa,  be  sayt^ 
''Fellow  ritliens:  being  ftilly  Invvstail  with  thai 
high  olHre  to  which  the  |Htrtlallty  of  my  conn- 
trynen  haa  called  ma,  I  now  take  an  atUcilon- 
at*  l*ava  of  you.  Yon  will  b*ar  with  viu,  to 
vonr  bomea,  the  raneinbrsnre  uf  th*  pledaa  I 
have  ihia  day  given,  to  discharge  all  the  high 
dntlee  of  my  exalted  station  aueording  to  tna 
beat  of  ny  ability  i  and  I  shall  enter  u|Min  tliuir 
performance  with  entire  conlldenee  iu  the  su|w 
port  of  a  Just  and  gsnarons  naoiila." 

But  these  professions  and  Itils  system  of  pol> 
Icy,  General  Harrison  was  deallntid  navsr  to 
have  the  opportanlty  of  raallxlng— Ills  elevation 
to  lb*  high  ufflo*  of  First  MaglsiraU  of  th*  Un- 
Ion,  fbrnlshe*  a  striking  and  msUncholy  *xain> 
pi*  of  th*  unp*rtalnty  of  human  gr«ain«ss ;  for 
on  th*  morning  of  in*  4th  of  Auril,  bcfure  b* 
bad  delivered  lu  Uungress  a  single  message,  ha 
exuired  at  Washington. 

UeMral  llarrlsun  waa  In  the  sIxty-Dinlh  year 
of  hia  age ;  he  died  within  one  munih  of  hi*  in- 
augnratloii,  and  woe  the  first  President  who  died 
in  ofllce.  On  the  Sth  of  April  the  pablle  were 
admitted  lu  view  the  remains  of  tba  Ute  Presi- 
dent. Ilia  c«>rpa*  waa  placed  in  a  leaden  oufiln, 
with  a  ruufcd  lid,  and  a  gbM  cover  over  It.  Tli* 
whole  was  covered  with  a  bhuik  velvet  pall, 
trimmed  with  silver  Uc*.  Th*  Ain*rai  took 
plao*  on  th*  7th.  Th*  corps*  waa  born*  ftfoin 
the  Prcaldent's  house,  and  was  denosited  In  tha 
Clongregationid  Ueinetery ,  The  oruer  uf  the  cere- 
mony waa  very  impuaing;  the  procession  ex* 
tended  over  two  milce  of  space,  aud  was  the  luug- 
est  ever  witneesed  in  Woahington. 

A  santiment  of  the  prufuundeat  grief  pervaded 
every  part  uf  the  Union  on  tbia  meiauclioly  oc- 
casion. A  national  fast  was  proclaimed ;  and 
the  atfeotlon  and  rvspotit  uf  the  iieoplo  were  teatl* 
Had  by  *vary  speoles  of  publlo  deiuouatralioo. 

OBATTEK  ZXT. 
TTLKR*  ADMimaTBATIOH. 

According  to  the  Ounstitntion,  Mr.  Tyler  now 
b«oaiM  President ;  be  arrived  at  Washlnglun  uo 
the  0th  of  April,  IMl,  and  was  iiniuedUtely 
twom  into  olUce.  Mr.  HoutliartI,  who  had  bevn 
elected  Preeident  of  the  Senate,  pro  ttmport,  a 
few  days  before  the  close  uf  the  lust  susslun  of 
Oongraai,  became  Vice-President.  Uo  the  Sth 
the  MW  President  Issued  an  address,  suited  to 
tha  oocaaion,  In  which,  after  lauionting  the 
deceat*  of  Qeneral  Harrison,  he  expressed  hi* 
intention  of  carrying  Into  practice  during  hi* 
administration  of  lb*  gov*rnmont,  what  lie  con- 
ceived to  have  been  that  gontiemau's  principle)*. 
The  cabinet  obuaen  by  General  Uurrisuu,  waa 
retained  in  office. 

On  tbo  Slat  of  Mav,  the  Twentv-Seventh  Cun- 
greaa of  the  United  States  assembled  at  Washing- 
ton, when  Mr.  Whit*,  of  Kentnckv,  a  member 
uf  the  administration  party,  woa  cboaan  Speak* 
er  of  the  House  of  Kepresentatives,  by  a  mi^r- 
ity  of  tbbty-aeven.  A  meaaage  was  transiulited 
to  Oongreaa,  in  wUoh  th*  Pr«*id«nt  propoa*d 


Mr.  B*ll,  of  TMincaae*,  and   Ifr.  Badgar,  of  that  th*  nation  diould  reimburse  the  faouly  of 
North  Carolina,  war*  appobitad  to  pnda*  0T*r  Qraaral  Harrison,  for  th*  axpanaaa  h*  noat  bava 


riflTID  ITATIt. 


yn 


I  In  Ultnir  nfHf  Itir  m>  ihitrt  •  IIim.  tlln 
vlaw*  with  ri'iinnl  to  fnrvlgn  |Kiliry  wtra  itf  it 
|iAi>IMo  rhitnu'Ur.  unit  nn  liii|  orlaiit  iihunMa  li»it 
iiikKn  \iUf»  In  (lirvlirn  mUiloiM,  ■liii'«  In*  \mn 
•t-Mloii  ofCiiiiirr**.  Ilu  lUlwl  lh»t  III*  MiMiin 
•liiiwa  III*  iHiiiiilitllon  III  Im  MwntMn  MlllhiM, 
•ml  ihnt  It  hml  ■■•iiiliUil  In  twtnty  tlir««  yvara. 

H«v(>mI  liii|Hirtiiiit  nultJw'U  w*r«  prtMintMi  btr 
M>niit4«r«iliin  iliirliiK  ih*  •|)«rUI  Mwlon  ut  Con- 

fruM-'A  lilll  ftir  ••iwtilUlilna  •  n«w  lUnk  ttl  Ilia 
'nitfil  HiiiiM,  liowavar,  wliloh  wia  nmwkUrMl 
III*  I'lirillniit  niMaiiN  of  ih«  mhIiiii,  mm»  iUfe«t«<l 
by  tha  Praalilvnl'i  rafUial  of  hU  •i>n«liir»— a 
M««tni|  hill  wiu  nr»|Mirail,  ttUr  cnawiTuilon  li«- 
Iwaan  tha  I'mltlant,  hia  rahlnat,  and  «an«in 
niambara  at  tha  liDnaa  iif  KtiiiraaanlatlTM  i  ami 
wliaii  iliU  bill  waa  <l*<b«l«<l,  bjr  •  aaonwl  ai«r> 
elM  uf  Iba  naialWa  pnwar,  all  lb*  mambara  ot 
tha  rablnal,  ainapt  Mr,  Wabator,  raalfnati  Ihalr 
utlti^M— Tba  alavatad  ohorMlar  of  tha  Haoratarjr 
■>r  Htata  i)l<l  mil  nravant  bla  motlvaa  ftir  ratalii- 
lr|  iiffloa  trom  baintf  tlarnly  quaatlonad  at  tha 
tlina;  but  It  la  now  oonil<lara<l  a  moat  fortunata 
rlrciiniKlAnca  for  tha  country  that  ha  illil  not 
aUnilon  liU  |HMt.  Tha  ImiNirianoa  of  hia  aub- 
M<)ni'nt  MrrUu'a  In  nrranglng  tha  larma  of 
traat*  with  Uraal  llrltain,  ara  unWanally  raco(> 
nliad, 

Animatail  iIIwiiimIoim  took  ploov  n|N)n  tha  oaaa 
of  Aluianiler  McI^hI,  who  hml  baan  arraatwl  In 
N«w  York  noil  t'omiiiltlvil,  on  tha  aliarK»  of  balna 
concvmoil  In  tha  attaok  u|Min  tha  Carolina,  and 
tha  nmrdar  of  Dnrftw,  an  Amarloan  nitlivn,  ona 
ofthapartlaa  klllatt  on  that  oooaalon.  Ilia  ra- 
laaia  wa«  damandad  by  tha  Hrltlih  mlnUtar,  who 
•l|;nlll«<l  that  a  oomplianaa  with  hta  damand  waa 
•Mvnilal  to  tha  prawrvallon  of  tha  good  nndar- 
itandinu  which  had  hithartu  baan  manlfaatad 
bvtwaan  tha  two  oountrlaa.  Tlia  I'raaldvnt  r*. 
fiiwd  to  ooniphr  with  tha  damand,  aud  much  tu- 
cttoMiant  waa  lilt  throughout  the  oountry.  The 
trial  of  McLeod  took  tiUre  at  irilnn,  In  the  State 
of  N«w  York,  In  Uotober,  and  ho  waa  uci|ulttad, 
an  lUlbl  having  baean  iworn  In  evidence.  Thua 
tannlnated  thiii  nopleaMint  affair,  which  Mamad 
Hkaty  at  one  time  to  Involve  IIm  two  nation*  In 
•  war,  and  uxoltad  angry  feeling*  on  both  ildea 
of  the  Atlantic. 

Ilcfor*  tho  I'loxa  of  the  upeclal  aaaaion,  Con- 
grcM  powHNl  a  bill  for  tho  dimribution  of  the 
pmcevdn  of  the  piililln  land*,  which  received  the 
UKMiiit  of  tho  I'rvniilont.  Tlilii  ineaaara  bad  for 
many  yean  buen  ur^od  upon  Congraia  by  Henry 
C\%y,  who  had  r«|>eaUHlly  pre|>ar«d  bill*  for  the 
narpo*a,  one  of  wlilcli  wa«  pa**ed  by  both 
uranche*  of  tha  natlonitl  leaiilatore,  but  waa  da- 
feated  by  the  oinlMion  of  l>r«Hldont  JaokioD  to 
return  it  with  hit  lignature  bcfbra  tha  clo*e  of 
the  i***ion. 

On  the  reaaaembling  of  Congreai  at  tha  oloia  of 
tha  year,  an  Important  auljeot  of  diapate  iprang 
up  between  Ureal  Britain  and  tha  United  State*, 
reapccting,  the  "  right  of  learoh"  claimed  by  the 
furiiir.  power.  The  debate  waa  brought  up  in 
Congrea*  by  a  ulauao  in  the  meiaaae  of  the  Pre** 
ideiit  at  the  oomtuvnooment  of  the  (e**ion,  ao- 
comiianled  by  a  copy  of  correapondenoe  between 
Lord*  Palmenton  and  Aberdeen,  and  Mr.  Btev 
enaon,  the  American  mlnliter  at  London.  The 
nature  of  thia  dlnputo  will  be  beat  undentood 
hroui  Mr.  Htevenauira  own  account  of  it, 

"  Tlie  government  of  Great  Uritain,  with  that 
of  other  nation*,  reganllng  the  AfHoon  ilave 
trade  aa  a  great  evil,  unitoil  in  meaauro*  for  it* 
abulltlon.  For  that  pur|>o*e  liiw*  were  poaied 
and  treatic*  concluded,  giving  to  the  veaael*  of 
ouch  of  the  contracting  portie*,  the  mutaal  right 
of  aearcli,  under  certain  limitation*.  Independ- 
ent uf  theae  treatie*,  and  under  the  princlpleii  of 
public  law,  tbi*  right  of  »earob  could  not  b«  ex- 
erclaed.  The  United  Sutea  were  invited  to  bo- 
come  a  party  to  theae  treatlea ;  but  for  raaaona 
which  they  deemed  aatiafaotory,  and  growing 
•Bt  of  tha  paonllar  oharaetar  of  thair  inatttU' 


lliNM  ami  avalam*  of  g<>v*mM*«i.  ikay  il*ann«d 
lining ni,  1'li»y  ilaamad  It  ln*«|MHll«)>t,  aodar  »  y 
moiirHriitliin  iir  In  any  furni,  in  yUliI  Ilia  right  »l 
liiivlnil  tlivir  vaaaala  avarrlmd  or  lnl>'  '(fbratlwilh 
In  tliiM  ut  iianr*,  ii|Min  lb*  high  ***• 

"  In  Ih*  m»an  llnicw  mhii*  ut  \Vm  i'owara 
who  war*  (larllaa  in  Ihea*  Iraallaa,  and  olhara 
who  rahimul  to  liaronia  an,  I'onlliiiMtl  In  priaw- 
nui*  tliair  ■iitvu  iritllln ;  ami  to  •nabl*  Ihain  to 
do  a»  with  mnra  alfacl,  thay  raanrlad  to  iha  iim 
ot  Mag*  of  oihar  nalloiM,  but  imira  |inrll<tii- 
lorlv  lliat  of  Iha  irnitwl  Huia*.  To  pravani  thU, 
iinif  anforr*  her  I  rant  lea,  Ureal  Hrilain  dauinad 
It  liniMirlanI  that  hrr  oraUara  in  the  AfVli^an  amw 
ahonld  have  'he  rivht  nf  ilatalnliig  and  examin- 
ing all  Viwaala  navlguliiig  IIiom  aaaa,  for  Iha  pur- 
poa*  of  a«tariainliig  thvir  national  cbaraolar. 
Agalnal  till*  prwtllo*  ilia  goveruineul  of  tJu> 
II  lilted  MtattM  prolaatail,  and  Iha  numarou*  oaaaa 
out  uf  which  III*  praaant  dlieuaaioa  haa  artaan, 
baoain*  aulj*«ita  of  i<uniplalnl  aud  BagulUtlou 
batwuen  the  two  govarniiiunta." 

A  clrciiiiiatauca  mourrad  al  tha  chiae  of  the 
pravioua  year,  connected  with  the  quealion  of 
Ih*  right  of  t*arch,  which  thraalaned  to  produce 
unulaMant  oona*i|u«ii('M,  and  make  iu  a*tllain*nt 
atlU  mora  dUBcult.  Hmiia  nvgriNM  had  b«*n 
earrlad  off  from  th*  ooiint  of  Afriua  by  a  H|nib- 
l*h  aUver  oailad  Ih*  Armialail.  They  rua*  in  re- 
volt during  th*  middl*  pa*Mg*,  aalaed  the  ahlp, 
and  murdarad  aom*  of  tli*  craw.  Thay  afler- 
warila  hwdod  In  th*  Unitwl  Htalaa,  where  Ihuy 
were  trietl  for  the  murder*  and  aoi|ultt*d.  In 
thi*  oa*a  th*  Aniurican  government  reftiaad  to 
raougni**  th*  right  of  *lav*  trading,  and  deoidad 
that  any  kind  of  raatatanc*  waa  iawrui  on  th* 
part  of  of  thoa*  who  wer*  forcibly  torn  from 
their  native  oountrv,  Tha  Hnanlah  ownvr*  tie- 
manded  that  the  alavea  thould  b*  given  up  to 
b*  tried  In  a  territory  *iil\)*ct  to  th*  orown  ol' 
Spain ;  but  their  oklin  waa  dlaallowed. 

On  tha  87th  of  Octobar,  tli*  brig  C'raole,  of 
Richmond,  Virginia,  boand  to  New  Orleana, 
aailad  from  llanpton  Koadi,  with  a  cargo  ol 
merohandl**,  and  about  on*  hundred  and  iliirty- 
flva  ahive*.  On  tha  7th  of  November,  aonie  ol' 
them  rua*  npon  the  crew  of  the  ve**el,  murdanxl 
a  paiaenger  named  Howell,  who  owned  »oiu*  of 
them,  and  wounded  the  captain  dangeruuiily. 
When  they  hod  obtalnwl  ooiupleta  poaaemlon, 
tha  brig  waa  taken  into  the  port  of  Naaaan,  in 
th*  ialand  of  New  I'rovldence,  wliuro  at  the  re- 
quaat  of  tha  Amarioan  ooniul,  a  guard  wa*  placed 
on  board  to  prevent  the  eecape  of  the  mutineer*. 
Nineteen  of  tli*  elavaa  were  ideutitled  aa  having 
>artlclpated  In  the  deed,  and  thev  were  placed 
.n  ooidlnemant  until  further  order*.  The  re- 
mainder we4  *at  at  liberty,  notwitbatandlng  tliu 
demand  of  th*  American  Oonaul  that  thoy  almulil 
be  aent  to  th*  United  State*.  Tlio  Uowrnor 
of  New  Providenc*  Juatifled  thI*  prucuudlng  on 
th*  ground  that  th*  ilavea  became  tk'ee  on  land- 
ing in  a  Britiah  territory,  aud  that  he  could  not 
recognize  anv  right  of  dominion  over  them, 
claimed  by  American  owner*.  An  eameat  re- 
monttrano*  wa*  ralaed  on  thi*  ocoaaion  in  the 
Southern  Slat**,  whar*  th*  Britiah  government 
waa  charged  with  abetting  piracy  and  murder. 
But  th*  oaa*  of  th*  Armiatad  fUrniahed  a  prece- 
dent agaloat  the  aiirrender  of  the  ahtvc*  who 
mutinied  on  board  the  Creole.  Tlie  reault  wa^ 
that  the  Dluoteeu  Incarcerated  in  tlioJallatNn*- 
*au  were  not  given  up,  but  were  tried  there,  tlio 
re*t  being  luluweJ  to  depart  wherever  they 
pleoied. 

During  thi*  year  the  Preeident  gave  proof* 
that  he  did  not  intend  to  allow  the  veto  with 
which  the  oonatitntion  Intrusted  him,  to  be  an 
Ineffeotiv*  inatrnment  in  hi*  band*.  A  bill  for 
the  eztenaion  of  the  celebrated  Oompromlie  Aot, 
waa  flrat  auhieoted  to  th*  nia  of  thhi  power;  and 
a  n*w  tariff  bill,  which  followed,  iharad  th* 
•aiM  &t*.  In  8*pt*mber,  however,  •  modified 
bill  waa  paaad,  to  which  h*  gar*  hi*  oon«*nt 


HI*  indapandoni  aivfeia*  nf  Ik*  veto  fmrnm^ 
liitwavar,  wiva  gnitl  oiK'ni'a  to  Ih*  parlt  I* 
wliiMii  i)i«  i'r«»lilviit  iiwaillilaaUvailiin  loiiffla*| 
«n<l  a  coniinllUd  wita  iip|Hiinli'il,  »liii  ra|Hirlaq 
avninal  the  onuna  ha  timl  piiratiml.  A  pnitaal 
rollowad  on  Iha  |Hirt  of  tha  l'ra>ldanl.  In  which 
ha  luvvliilia  agiilnal  tin.  unfairnaaa  and  uneonali* 
lulloiiallly  of  iliti  ri<|Hiri 

\»  aavarni  i|iiaat|oiM  lii»<l  nocMrrMl  belwaan  lh« 
llrliUh  and  Aiiii'rii'au  viiblnau,  of  *ii  irritating 
ilAltira,  HIr  Itiibarl  I'vrl  ilalariiiinmi  loaand  Uiril 
Aabbarlon  aa  a  •pai'lui  iiiiib«a»,Mlor  to  Iba  tJnllail 
Hialaa,  rUtthad  with  lull  |Hiwar>  to  alTacI  an  am* 
loable  aiUualmant  of  all  v»»k»  of  dlopula  balwaea 
(he  two  ifovamnienla.  ilia  lorilahlp  arrived  In 
Naw  York  on  Iha  lal  of  April,  and  procaadad  im< 
luwllataly  to  alTvcl  th*  omaol  of  hla  iiiiaalan.  If* 
waa  mat  by  Mr,  Walwlar,  tha  H*eralary  of  Hut*, 
on  th*  part  of  the  United  Htalaa,  ami  Ihalr  n^ 

S Illation*  war*  brouglit  to  a  cioa*  in  Auguat. 
n  lb*  tflh  of  that  month  a  treaty  waa  aignad  by 
Iha  two  planliHitantlarlva,  with  n  provlaion  tha*. 
it  wa*  to  be  duly  ratlHad  ami  a  mutual  axeliann 
of  iiillllcailon*  Iu  take  place  In  London,  In  Mi 
moiiili*  lyom  that  dat*.  Bv  thi*  trvaty,  the  lin* 
of  the  Norihaaatorn  Boundary  waa  aaiiM  by  a 
lulnuta  naograpiiUal  d«a<iriptlon  of  the  country 
through  which  It  waa  to  run.  It  waa  abo  allr>- 
ulatatl  that  Ureal  llriuin  and  the  Ihiilad  Hialea 
•iMiubl  each  nMlnlHln  on  tho  ooitat  of  Africa  a 
aulllolaiil  a<|iiadrim  or  naval  force,  carrying  not 
IvMi  than  •ighty  guna,  for  the  |Mir|Mi*o  of  anforo' 
Ing  aaparatvly  and  rwapactlvely  Hie  biwa,  righu, 
and  obligatlona  uf  each  of  Ilia  two  cnnntrlaa,  for 
Iha  lupprwulon  of  llie  *lava  Iruiie,  Bolli  partiaa 
to  the  treaty  abo  agruud  to  unit*  in  all  bvcom 
Ing  repreaantatlona  and  ramonatraiirv*  with  thoaa 
(lowtir*  within  frhoa*  doinliiloiia  ainve  morkeli 
were  allowed  to  exUt ;  and  to  urge  uiMin  all  auch 
power*  th*  propriety  and  duty  of  ckwing  Mcb 
market*  ut  uiice  and  for  over. 

The  treuly  wiw  rntllliMl  by  th*  Senate  on  Iha 
20tli  of  Aiigiint,  imi,  and  on  the  Slat  of  tli* 
•umu  iiiuiitli,  Cungreaa  aiUourned,  alter  a  IuInh 
rinui  auiwlou.  In  wlilvh  were  paaavd  nliiotv-liv* 

fiubllu  oclK,  ihlrleeii  Joint  reMtidlun*,  aud  on* 
luuilrud  and  «lgiity-nine  private  billa.  Two 
otlii<r  puliiio  bilu  wer*  uaaaed,  which  wer*  d*< 
i'vated  by  the  veto  of  the  Pruiidvnt,  and  twu 
more  war*  dufoatud  bv  not  recaiving  tha  exeoii< 
tivu  avprovul  bet'oro  Ilia  ohMe  of  the  ae**lon. 

Un  the  reaaaembling  of  Congreaa,  the  prlnoipal 
aultjuct  of  uttcution  wu*  itiil  the  plan  for  the  £«■ 
che<|uer.  Tiiat  wlilcli  waa  iireaeutod  by  tha 
Sfcretary  of  the  TruuMury,  and  racoiiiiiiended  by 
the  Prvaldeut,  however,  wan  rtjected  by  tha 
Uoua*  of  Itupreaentutlvoa  (one  hundrea  anil 
ninety-three  to  ulglituun),  Januarv  iiUth,  l(it3. 

In  May,  ItMU,  Mr.  WvliHttir  resigned  hUoHioe, 
oa  Secrvtury  of  hiale,  uiid  wna  luoceeded  by  llugh 
S.  Legare,  Attorney  Uunurai,  who  died  aoon  after 
ut  Boatou.  In  July,  1M8,  the  cabinet  of  tha 
Preaideut,  wo*  a*  follow*: — Alwl  P.  Upahur,  of 
Virgiuhi,  Secretary  of  State;  John  C.  Sjieiicer, 
of  New  York,  Secretary  of  the  Truiuury  ;  Jaiue* 
M.  I'orfer  of  Puiiiiaylvania.  Huoretury  of  War; 
Duviil  llonslmw,  of  Moawicuuaett*,  Secretary  of 
tlie  Navy ;  Cliorlua  A.  Wlckliffe,  of  Kentucky, 
Poatmaitcr  Ueneral ;  John  Nelaon,  of  M;  ryUnd, 
Attorney  Uonerol.  Congre**,  however,  at  ita  next 
acmion,  rel'uaod  to  coutirm  the  nomination  of 
Muwra.  Porter  and  lieuahaw,  and  the  Preaideut 
nominated  WllUaui  Wilkin*,  of  Penniyivuuiu. 
Svcretary  of  Wur ;  and  Thomn*  W.  Gilmer,  of 
Virginia,  for  Bcorotary  uf  the  Navy,  wlio  wer* 
conUrmed  by  tho  Senate. 

Mr.  Upahur,  the  Secretary  of  State,  and  Mr. 
Gilmer,  Secretory  of  the  Navy,  Utut  their  live* 
by  the  •spluslon  of  one  ot  the  iorge  gun*  of 
th*  Staanublp  Prinoaton.  on  the  Potomac,  and 
Jdo.  0.  Oalboun,  of  South  Carolina,  waa  appointed 
Secretary  of  Stat*,  and  John  Y.  Maaon,  of  Vir> 
ginia,  8«or«tary  of  tha  Navy.  Mr.  Spencer,  la 
May,  1844,  radgnad  tha  oiBoa  of  Secretary  ofth* 


BUTOIIT  fjf  Tn«_ 


Ttiwwify,  mmI  wm  mmmmiM  by  (Uiiff*  II,  MVk, 

AllllMtll  III*  ttMMl  lm«NM'l*«ll  •**»!«  •!  Ih«t'|>l*» 

pI  lh<'  AiUulMUirAihiii  III  Mr.  TyUr,  «im  iba  im- 
■hilUlliin  ><t  »  titliwtlt  IfMly  «llh  Chlnit,  \ij 
V»Mi  ''iiatiliiM,  lb*  niWIiiMoili-r  In  llml  itiKH- 
try,  In  IM4|  und  IImi  ••HNHnibNi  iif  T«(iM 
IrMljr,  ni»>l*M  WanhlnaliMi,  A|ifll  lllh  IMI,  lijr 
%wf«i«r]r  t'alhiNin,  iMi  iH«  imM  iif  ih*  I'miImI 
NiaMa,  mnI  Utmn.  Vm  ZmmIi  m<I  IUn<l«n>in, 
Ml  Ih*  ^rt  o/  TtiM.  T^  Airwaf  irvaljr  wm 
•unliaad  hj  OuMfTMa,  b«l  tka  Uiiaf  r^twl  i 
M  ll  WM  rrUwrt  iImI  tl  wawM  Iw  mwla  lU 
ttopp>M  **"—  to  Ml.  TjrUr'*  mmmIihi  Iu  • 


Al  iIm  traat  Mrtlomri  runvvnilnn  h«l<|  In  lUI- 
Nmni^  to  May,  IS44,  lUnry  l^Uir  •><  KaniMaky, 
m>i  Timo4m«  yraHnfltntyan  iir  N*«  J«rwy, 
w«r*  mwImImI  b*  Mm  "rblf*  Air  lb«  rr«il<Uti«y . 
Mr.  Vm  BarMi,  U  ib«  dtntMriiila  Mtnvvnllon, 
fM*l*«l  ■  lllaraniy  of  I'^m,  b«l  balnt  mipiiwHl 
lo  lb«  •nnaiAllmi  of  T«im^  ww  imiI  iMMnlnalMl. 
A(Ur  atahl  bdhrttar.  Jm***  K.  Pnlk,  of  T«nnt»- 
Ma,  r*Mlrtil  lb«  munliMlon  fi>r  l*r«<rfiWni,  •n<l 
miM  Wrifbt,  nTHow  Yn*k,  Ibr  VIra  l>rwl.li<iil 
b«l  iw  lib  ilaelliiklluii,  (Imnv*  M.  DuIIm of  I'inn 
•ylvMla.  WW  cboMKi  m  bi*  minmI. 

Th*  MoiHli  uf  Mr.  T>  Irr  aiao  h«li| «  r<inT«ntl«n 
•biHil  ib«  Min*  ilims  Mil  h<>  wm  |)I*(<m|  b«fiir« 
Ibfl  iiet>|i|«  M  a  r«n<lt<l«!«  A>r  rvvln'Ikin ;  lint 
ybhAnn  to  tlia  iwrniiiwliia*  iif  hU  fyi*nil«,  li« 
wlthOraw,  In  Ibvnr  of  Maori.  I'lilk  iikI  Italics 
wbo  war*  •Icelail  aflar  n  vary  •lellInK  nmtaat. 

On  Ilia  IM  uf  March,  IMA,  rvaoltitlniM  wara 
mmmhI  by  Conoraaa,  wimlttlnii  Yviaii  liilo  Ilia 
tnlon,  anil  wblfli  wara  apiimvad  by  Mr.  Tylar. 
Tba  laat  act  nC  Mr.  TrUr  waa  itanoinlnalMl  *>  tha 
piNikat  Talis"  wbMitoaiarvlMil  by  liulillny  tlia 
rivar  ami  harUir  aiifimpnadou  Itlll  ovar  ilia  tinia 
•iMH-IMvil  by  tha  ronatitutltin.  Ybo  wliiiliiUtrn- 
tlon  of  Mr.  Tvlvr  enilail  on  iba  M  of  Marrh,  anil 
ba  ralirati  (rum  uIHm  without  tho  ragral  of 
•Itbar  party. 

OHAITU  MXn, 

POI.R1  ADMIHIafRATIOM. 

Jama*  Knoi  Polk  waa  InaiiiriratMl  Pronlilcnt 
nf  iIm  Unitail  Huteis  ox  thii  4ih  vt  Miiri'li,  1H43, 
In  the  pnaanoa  of  a  vnni  iimrourM  ut  iwoiilu 
i>uiii  all  part*  iif  tba  ITnltwl  Htalea.  Un  •rrWInR 
at  iIm  cnpitol,  tha  I'ranhlvut  atari  awl  tha  Kx- 
I'ra*itlant  anwratl  Ihu  Hwnala  Thniiiliar.  A  pro- 
eaMlun  wiia  liara  funnati,  when  tliay  prorvailail 
lo  tlw  platform  on  tba  aiwt  fttint  uf  tlio  capliul, 
IWini  wblcli  Mr.  Polk  Uallrarad  hi*  InaiiKural 
adilraM. 

Chlaf  Jnatlea  Tanay  atlminlslarml  tha  oath  of 
ofttra,  iiiiil  Mr.  I'nlk  iIcvuUmI  tho  rvniainitvr  of 
tha  lUy  torvot'lvlnit  thvcunKmiulatlumi  uf  hi* 
fHcnda.  Ilia  rahint-t  cuiihIhiwI  of  JainM  Hii- 
ohanan,  of  I'vuiwylvmila,  Harrvlary  of  Htato ; 
Hubert  J.  Walkar,  ol  Miiwiwiiipl,  .Sacrvlary  of  Ilia 
Yrviwury;  W.  L.  Mart'y,uf  Nuw  York,  Hccretnry 
of  War ;  Oeorpo  Kanrrult,  uf  Mumiituhuaeltis  Hec- 
rvtary  uf  the  Navy ;  Oiivo  .lohiiaon,  uf  TeuneMea, 
I'twtiiiaiitar-KeDoral ;  und  Jubn  Y.  Maauo,  of  Vlr 
giiiia,  Attorn«y-y»ii«rHl. 

1'ho  ltr*t  act  of  liiipuriancu  of  the  new  ndinln' 
latratlon,  won  tho  fultUinriit  of  the  annaiattoo 
of  TexuD.  The  term*  iirupuaml  by  CongreM,  at 
Ihai^loiie  of  Tylur'anJiiiinlatraiion,  were  aooeiited 
by  Ti'Xan,  and  »  itnte  iiiiiiititiition  adopted,  and 
aho  waa  rvailv  fur  admlMioii  into  the  L'nion. 
frvnident  I'ulk,  In  hln  tint  annual  mvaiage,  ro- 
ootiiiiieiiilud  (Juii)(rv«4  to  i>»m  a  bill,  recognlxtng 
Tttxiia  UH  a  niiiter  atate.  lie  lUxo  culled  tbii  utten- 
liiin  of  Uungroiw  to  the  ilUpute  in  reUtion  tu 
Uregon,  and  urge,!  them  to  demand  the  whole 
3f  tliat  territory,  notwhhtiandiiig  tha  olalnia  of 
Great  Britain.  A  reduction  of  tba  dntle*  under 
tba  taritr  of  IMS  waa  alao  raoonniandad,  the 
Airtbar  raatriotion  of  baokinc  operationa,  and 
I  Ibr  tlia  natioDal  danDoa. 


btttWMt,  aifaalaily,  tba  pru^Maa  altara- 
ibm  nf  IM  tariff  iniaaad  (raal  alarm,  |Mrib<Ml.irlj 
In  Iha  tiiiiniilW)  liirlan  itUlrlft*,  wh«r»  ll  hml  Irnrn 
niiilvralixHl  al  Iha  >tartl<ia,  Ihac  iIm  rrMtiUnI 
«*«  ail  ailtiiral*  of  lhl«  law  uf  la41l. 

Tha  iinly  ulwiaria  r>iii*lnlna  Iu  >ilialra<'l  tho 
iiri|nliilllon  nt  Taiaik  wm  Iha  mnaatil  of  ihal 
nalliin'a  ('iifi«r»M.  iWfura  Ibvlr  m'llufl  nptm  ll. 
Iinwatar,  M'Xins  who  had  narar  rwi>|tltl«ail 
tliair  lnil«t>«nil>n<'a,  aaumail  an  upiMwIiiii  a*|im<t ; 
tha  mInUlvr  *l  Waahlnitlon  dmnaailMl  hk  iia|iar*, 
ami  iIm  Amarlaan  anvuy  waa  ilaiiUnl  aA  mitn- 
munk<all««a  with  Mailni.  Hnarlal  nilnMvra  war* 
aiiHitntad  lo  a>Ua<t  Ilia  dtmi-nlly  \  hut  wllhoni 
•iiaaaaa,  ami  It  waa  valdatii  lhal  tlw  only  rawirl 
wiHikl  iw,  an  afipanl  lo  wni*.  Maaiillm*,  Taiant 
by  an  a«l  of  bar  Ufklalura,  li«<>aina  oiia  of  the 
•laliw  of  IIm  I'iiIoo. 

Til  larllT  Uw  waa  repaalad  In  Iba  winter  nf 
IMA  a,  ami  anolhar  •mMllntad,  mlWd  th«  la- 
rlltor  itHt  ThU  naw  iHrllf  r*<liii-e<l  rha  •lutla* 
uiwtn  all  artkliM,  and  waa  hallwl  with  Kri'iil  illa- 
m*y  and  IndlKhniion  throiigtinat  Ilia  north  and 
nMiitiia<>liirlnK  illalrlrl*.  A  Iraatv  waa  abai  nin- 
I'lildad  with  (Iraal  llrllaln,  hy  wnli'h  iiiir  rialm 
to  Iha  whole  of  (>r*((iiii  waa  aiit  aalda,  and  the 
hoiiiiilarv  Una  llxeil  al  49'  AU'  north  litllliiila. 

It  will  lia  n<ni*mlwra<l  that  on  Iha  Itlh  day 
of  April,    III44,  dnrlnn  Iha  ailniiiilatrnllon  of 


Prraldanl  Tyltr,  a  treaty  of  annexation  lialwarn 
Taiaa  and  Iha  United  Huiaa  waa  alKii»|  hv  joint 
(■■NnniMunara,  bat  not  railllail  hy  tha  ttnltril 


ll 

Hinlia  Hanala.  On  tbn  Ut  of  Marrh,  IM'.,  Ih* 
t'lmcrea*  of  tha  t'nlta<l  Hialaa  paaaad  a  raaidutlon 
ailnJttIng  bar  into  tha  Union,  u|M>n  I'artain  I'oii- 
dllluna,  to  wblrh  bar  aiaant  wm  raquirad.  After 
grave  dallberation,  tha  etaautiva  l/'ongraa*  of 
that  pountrv  afeaptad  tba  pMptiaitlona,  and  tliua 
waa  etim-ludad  Iha  Important  act,  by  which  the 
vaat  larrltory  fumiarly  cadatl  lo  H|iain  hy  the 
Klorida  trvaly,  waa  raalorail  loonr  ■tuvcrnmunt. 
During  Ihia  time,  Muxleo  hail  fortnally  protoalvd 

rnat  lb*  coura*  of  Iha  Unilail  Hlitlois  and  aflvr 
iirallniinariaa  liad  bean  aattUd,  the  Mexican 
niinUlvr  at  Wvliingtun.  Iu  a  note  to  tha  Hacru- 
ratarv  nf  Htale,  date<l  March  (lib,  IMS,  aiatud 
that  It  waa  "an  act  of  nggrciaion.  the  niiait  un- 
Jiiat  whicli  oan  he  found  racardi'ii  in  tha  annnU 
of  inodarn  hUlory ;  nainelv,  that  of  dt>*|iolling  a 
IVtendly  nation.  Ilka  Mexioo,  of  a  coiiahleruble 
portion  uf  bar  larrltory."  He  alao  proteaicil 
iigalnat  tba  raaulutlon  of  annexntlon,  aa  being  iin 
lilt  "  whereby  tha  provlnoa of  Yexaa,  an  Intogrid 
portion  of  tha  Mexican  tarrltury,  la  agreed  and 
Hiliuittu<l  into  the  Anifricui)  Union,"  ilaled  that 
Ilia  mlaalon  tu  tha  United  dtatea  had  teriiilnatud, 
and  demanded  hla  paiaporta,  which  were  given 
hlin,  and  he  returned  to  Mexioo.    ^ 

Alfaira  cuntlniiud  in  tbia  oondltlffli  until  Hvp- 
teuilier,  when  the  Secretary  of  Htata  waa  authur- 
lied  hy  the  I'realdent  to  ini|iilre,  lliruuuh  the 
United  HtateacoDaul  at  Mexico,  if  tlw  Mi'xiciin 
government  would  i-ouaent  to  raceire  an  Aiuuri 
can  anvuy,  cluthed  with  full  puweni  to  wttle  all 
dllHcultiea.  A  favurnble  rcaiiuuae  wua  roceive<i< 
but  it  waa  requaated  that  tlie  American  nuviii 
force  might  be  withdrawn  trvm  Vera  Crui,  whilu 
neguthttiuiM  were  pending.  Thia  rvquent  waa 
granli<<l,  and  n  mlniatvr  with  full  powera  wut  to 
Mcxiuu.  He  reached  Vera  Orui  on  the  UUth  uf 
November,  IMS,  but  found  that  tba  politica  uf  the 
countrv  had  nuderguue  an  unfavorable  change 
toward*  the  United  Htatea. 

I'realdent  llerrera,  who  had  alwayi  been  an 
advocate  uf  peace,  waa  oppoeed  by  a  atrong  party 
under  General  I'aredei,  who  fuiinded  hi*  rebel- 
lion  principally  upon  the  aasertlun  that  General 
Hemira,  In  cunacntliig  tu  receive  the  peace  niin- 
iilar  uf  the  United  State*,  iutendvil  tu  aepatato 
the  territory  of  Mexico,  by  granting  the  ilepart- 
ment  of  Tesaa  to  a  boatfla  ooantnr.  Prior  to 
tbi*  raballioo,  Uerrara.  it  la  baliaTao,  waa  favor- 
able to  a  paaoeftal  MttlaiiMOt  of  all  diiBoaltiaa; 
bat,  alaimad  bjr  tha  Uuctti  of  Paradaa,  adoptad 


lb*  anbaMT  Kmfm  af  fafMag  *»  raaalfa  Ik* 

miaUtar,  *lili<Hiab  ha  h«<l  |iru«iila*i|  in  4m  an, 
Tk*  pHni't|Htl  r*M>in  aaaiaxwl  A>r  atiltag  thai 
waa,  lhal  iIm  mliiUiar  tiiwl  ihiI  vnma  apuM  a 
MWtrt/  nilaalnn,  relating  aiilaly  lo  tha  TalMi|*aik 
IMi,  hal  hi*  ditllaa  alao  l.ieiiiilixl  a  conaldaralloM 
of  Ilia  kina-illapNlml  iialragaa  a|Ni«  Iba  tag  aa4 
■illliaiia  of  Ilia  iwHintry, 

On  the  liHh  of  l>ei>anih*r,  IMA,  Haaaral 
llarrani  raalatnaal  the  iiraaldvnry,  ami  lie  w*a*«» 
raaihHl  bv  raratU*  wltliout  o|ip«iatikja.  On  Iba 
III  of  klareb.  IMA,  tha  AMart<<an  *n«o;  ad 
draaaad  Ilia  Mailaan  minlatar  nf  Hirvlgn  allklr*, 
r*<|itaallng  that  hi*  craiWatkila  might  Iw  pra- 
aanta<l  lo  Iba  new  government,  In  order  that  ha 
iiilghl  bu  raralvad  in  tha  dlphmialla  ahanMlar 
In  wblrh  ba  hail  bean  eowaiMonatl.  lie  le- 
I'vivvd  an  an*w«r.  reAtaIng  bli  r*qu**l,  damaiHiad 
hia  lNl**|Nlrl^  and  ra'umatl  Iu  Iba  Unllad  Htata*. 

MaanwhiU.  irthar  ami  totally  difllireBt  <tp*ri^ 
tloiia  wer*  going  Airward,  Tb*  l*r**lilaM  of  Ih« 
liiltad  Hiataa,  aniM^tiiig  war,  wa*  orgaaUIng 
a  Ain-a  lo  defand  Taiaa,  In  eaa*  of  an  Inviaion, 
or  ahouhl  war  h*  daalarad,  to  invade  Meileo, 
In  hIa  nieaaaguiif  Ovcamhar,  tM4A,  the  Praaldani 
thiia  cimiitii'iiiii  'i|Mm  thia  m«a«ura  : 

"  Ikilh  lli>'  '  iiiigreaa  *nil  the  eonvenllou  of 
the  |i«o|>le  ..I  Ti'iaa  liivllmi  Ihia  giivarnnianl  to 
aaiid  an  army  liilo  their  tarrilury.  tu  protaot  and 
ilafend  them  ngilnat  a  mana<«<l  attack.  The 
tiionienl  Iha  term*  of  anneiatkMi  offered  by  the 
t'lilted  Huiaa  Were  araaptad  by  Taxoa,  ilia  latlar 
liecaiiip  ao  IWr  a  |Hirt  of  our  country,  a*  tu  inakt 
It  our  iliitv  to  atford  auch  protaotlon  and  da- 
fvniw.  I  itiarefora  ilvamatl  it  proper,  aa  a  iiraeau- 
ikiniiry  meaaiire,  to  iiritar  u  atrung  aquatlrun  to 
tlie  iioaata  of  Mexico,  and  tu  roncautrata  an  alii- 
c|*nt  military  force  on  the  laaatarn  Ihiiillar  of 
Taxoa.  Our  hrmy  waa  ordered  to  take  iMiallkina 
In  the  eoimlry  between  the  Nuece*  and  tha  iHil 
Nortv,  and  to  r*|>«>l  every  invoaion  of  the  Tvlau 
territory  which  might  h*att*wpte«l  by  the  Mex- 
ican foroea. 

"  Our  Minailnin  In  tha  Gulf  waa  ordered  tu  co> 
o|i«rate  with  the  army.  Hut,  though  our  army 
and  nary  were  placed  in  a  iHMltlun  tu  defvml 
our  own  and  the  right*  uf  Texaa,  they  wart 
orilervd  to  cumniit  no  act  of  bu*tililT  igaiuai 
Muil'.-o  unWaa  ahe  declared  war,  or  w«a  liarMll 
the  aggreaaur,  hy  atrlking  the  Itnt  blow," 

Ui  the  pru|ier  arruiigeineut  o'  tbir  Ibrca^  ba 
aihla  a*  followa: 

"  Whan  onlan  wara  given,  durl.^  the  paa' 
aummer,  for  conpentratlug  a  uiHtary  furcK  ou 
the  weatem  frontier  uf  Texao,  onr  truup*  wer* 
widely  illa|ieraed,  and  in  imall  iletacbment*,  oo- 
oupyliig  (NMli  remolu  from  each  other.  Tha 
pruiiipt  iind  cx|ie<litioua  manner  In  which  an 
urniy,  eiiihracing  more  than  half  of  ivr  |ieait« 
eatiiLlialinieni,  wiw  ilriiwii  together  on  an  emer- 
gency ail  aiiililen,  reileot*  great  credit  un  the 
ulHcer*  who  were  intruited  with  the  execulkia 
of  theae  urden,  **  well  a*  upon  the  dUciplinu  ot 
the  iiriiiy  itaalf." 

The  next  thing  that  demanded  attention  wa* 
the  *ii|iulntlnK  uf  a  cuminaiidcr-in  chief.  Gen- 
end  (iuineH  wua  the  auperior  otUccr  in  that  lec- 
tion, hut  tor  aoinu  reiiaona  nut  known,  he  wua 
piiaaeil  by,  and  nt  the  aiiggeatlon  uf  (ieiieral 
H<Hitl,  General  Ziichury  Taylor  wua  upiiointed. 
On  the  But  nf  March,  184a,  inforiniition  wa* 
ouuveyed  to  thut  otHcer,  then  at  I''urt  Jvaxiip,  iu 
Luiilaliinn,  tu  prepare  hi*  force*  to  march  Into 
Texu*  a*  a<H>n  lui  urder*  were  rvceivcd. 

The  refuliitiuna  uf  Cuiign^aa,  paaaed  tho  8il  o< 
March  for  the  nihiiiHaion  of  Texiia  Into  the  Unluu, 
liiul  not  a*  yet  been  adopte«l  hy  the  Toxan  i^v- 
eminent.  A*  the  I'reaideut,  however,  coimldered 
that  there  wuuld  ho  nu  uppoeltluii  by  that  body, 
he  tallied  fVirthir  order*,  through  Mr.  Morcy, 
Secretary  of  State,  dated  28th  of  May,  directing 
General  Taylor,  "  by  order  of  tha  Preaidant,  tc 
cau*a  the  force*  now  andar  ynar  oommand,  aad 
thoia  which  mojr  ba  aaaignaa  to  It,  to  ba  (wl  !■ 


VVIfID  fTATII. 


Inn*,  bt 


•  ■Mlllon  wliara  Id*;  IMf  MmM  M»«H|ilf)r  Mt<t] 
■wilttmly  net  In  llir  lUtWdM  nf  T«lii«,  In  Ida 
•VMM  II  (hoiilil  h«m«i««  iiariHaiiry  <if  t>rii|wr  lit 
•WfiUy  ikvni  t»f  itial  iHtrpiM." 

Mf.  tUni-'iift,  itrilnir  tmtvtvy  In  tK«  khMnifi 
M  Mr  M4ri<y,  un  iha  lAlh  itt  /una  in**  iilhaf 
hMiriiiillain*,  arnl  k«  llMjr  ara  liliiMj  liMfMirtMil  In 
itHHW-jnantv  iif  lliair  •Imwlnif  Ilia  jirvrlaa  (xialllon 
W<l  ilown  by  iha  Uotaramaut  !•*  OMMfnl  T^br, 
w*|<v«  Ibain  III  niUi— 


T%a  nk>  OfWKia  la  rUlmail  In'  MM«al|jil, 
M'll la.' 


riila  Itt  TmiI», 
rtia  iKHtnilarT  t>al«r««n  Iha  IWiirininlrlaa,  *n<l 


■Wtt  l)Mt»«a*af,  i»aa  IMt,  IMU 

"Nn  I— On  Iha  4lh  tl«jt  itf  July,  nr  var*  um* 
IharanAar,  iha  itmvantlon  nf  iIm  |MS|ila  nf  TaiM 
will  prulNiliW  •<')'•{>•  Iha  itnifNiallloii  i>f  annain- 
lliMi,  nnilaf  Ina  Jiiln*  raaulNilnn  ul  Iha  Ula  ('on- 
(rana  oMha  rnllail  HUlaa.  TtiM  wastiUnM  will 
riinailiHt*  TaiM  M  lnl«(r«l  iwiHtuA  of  utir 
eunniry, 

**  In  •ntlnipnllim  itf  lh«l  avanl,  yiM  will  A>rth- 
with  niaka  •  forwaril  inoramanl  »llb  iha  inatpa 
unilar  your  ooininantt,  and  ailoanra  to  tli«  itinulh 
itt  Iha  Haltina,  or  Ui  •iii<ti  olliar  ixilnin  un  Iha 
lliilf  iif  Mailni  itr  lio  Ita  navlaahla  walara,  m  In 
yniir  Jinltfnia'it  iniky  Ita  miMt  minvanlanl  Ibr  M 
anibarhalloii,  at  thu  |>rii|iar  llin»,  fur  Iha  waalani 
(Vol  tiar  ot  Taiaa.  •  *  •  *  •  Tha  n>int 
nf  yotir  ulllmata  ilaallninlon  la  Iha  waaUrn  nron> 
tIar  iifTaiaa,  wliara  yiiii  will  ■alart  and  iiraapv, 
In  Of  nvaf  Iha  KUi  OrainU  il«l  Noria,  •iirh  •  ilia 
an  will  ronalat  with  tha  haalth  •>(  your  Iroopa. 
•ml  will  lia  ImwI  ailaptail  In  raiml  tnvaalon,  ami 
lo  |)foi«i't  whni,  In  tha  avant  or  luwiaiallon,  will 
tia  uur  wuatarn  Uirtlar.  You  will  limit  youraalf 
lo  Iha  dafanca  of  Iha  larrtlnry  of  Taiaa,  unlaia 
Max  loo  aliuiiM  daaUra  war  ■galiiat  Iba  Unllaal 
Sutra. 

"  Yuur  movamant  to  Iha  (lulf  ttt  Mailoo,  and 
ynur  praparaltona  to  ambark  for  tha  waalarn 
thmtlar  of  Taiaa  ara  to  ba  matia  withoiil  dalay  . 
but  von  will  not  alTat'l  a  landinic  on  that  f^onllar, 
until  you  hava  younalf  aacartalhad  tha  dua  a^*- 
raplanoa,  bv  Taiaa,  of  tha  imiAirad  tamia  of 
annaialltin. 

Thaaa  Inalrootlona  wara  tontawbat  ohangatl  by 
Iha  A>llowlD{r,  datad  tth  of  July,  by  Mr.  Maroy 
to  Oanaral  Taylor. 

"Thla  daparlmaut  la  Informatl  that  Uaxloo 
haa  Hiina  military  aatabllahinanta  on  tha  «a*l 
atda  of  tha  Itio  Oranda,  wbloh  ara,  and  for  aoina 
tlma  hava  baan  In  tha  aatiial  occupancy  of  har 
iroopa.  Ill  carrylnit  oat  Ilia  inalrnvtion*  baralo- 
fora  rvtialvad,  tou  will  ha  caruhil  to  avoid  any 
octi  of  aggrtMalon  nulaaa  an  actual  war  iboald 
aiUt.  Tba  Mailoan  forcaa  at  tha  poata  in  thair 
|MHM«a«lon,  and  wbloh  hava  bacn  to,  will  not  ba 
dUturbwl,  aa  long  aa  tba  ralatlona  of  paaoa  ba- 
twoun  the  Unltou  Htataa  and  Maxleo  contlnna." 

On  tba  SOtli  of  July,  the  ruoeint  of  tbii  latUr 
wait  acknowledged  bv  llunoral  Taylor,  who  ax 

firvMed  hla  cnllra  latMflMtlon  at  the  Inatruotlona 
t  contained,  "aa  lh«y  oonilnii,"  laya  he,  "my 
vivwa  pruvioualy  ooiuiuunlotttad,  Inragard  to  the 
pro|>er  lino  to  be  ooeuplad  at  praaent  by  our 
lroii|ia;  thoaeliutruotlooa  will  becloaely  followed, 
niid  tho  tlaportiuent  may  reat  aaaured.  that  I  will 
inka  no  atop  to  interrupt  the  Mendly  reUtiona 
bvttvvun  tilt)  United  Htatee  and  Mexico." 

Un  the  ttvth,  he  received  ftirtlier  iDitmottoDi 
aa  Iblluwa : — 

■•  VtM  DirtiTHiaa,  iMIi  Juljr. 

"  lie  (the  Proaident)  haa  not  tha  requiaita  In- 
ruriiiution  in  ruKard  to  tho  country,  to  enable 
liiiii  to  give  any  poaitivo  dirootiona  aa  to  the 
|HMitinn  you  ought  to  take,  or  the  movemoiita 
which  It  may  be  expedient  to  iniike;  tboio  muit 
bu  guvvrnod  by  circuuiatitnoca.  While  avoiding, 
la  you  have  been  iuiitructed  to  do,  all  aggreaaive 
mvaaurea  toworda  Mexico,  aa  long  aa  the  reU' 
tlona  of  peace  exiat  between  that  rapublio  and 
tha  United  Htataa,  yon  are  expeotad  to  occupy, 
protect,  and  defend  tba  territory  of  Texaa,  to 
iba  aslant  that  it  haa  been  qooupiad  by  tba 


ap  lo  Ihia  biiiinilary  you  ara  lo  ealand  yimr  iiru' 
larlitHi,  only  ai><a|illntf  any  ■•••a**  na  ika  aa*l*rn 
•Ida  Iharaiif  wbl'lt  ara  Ih  Ilia  at'laal  iirrniHiiirt 
nf  Maxlaan  Aifi'aa,  or  Mallear  aalllamanu,  ii>>.r 
wbli'h  Iha  lta|iiihll»  •if  Taxaa  did  not  •«>ril<« 
Jurhalbilon  al  Iha  lliiia  of  annaialloii,  urahurll; 
baltira  Ihal  avanl.  It  la  ai|wi<lad  that,  III  wlaal- 
lag  tllw  aalabllahmanl  Air  your  Irmipa,  yxti  wilt 
abfinim-'Ii  aa  naar  Ihu  Idiiindary  Una,  Iha  Klo 
liranOa,  aa  |ifa<lan«a  will  dhlala.  With  Ihia 
vlaw  Iha  i>rra|i|anl  daalraa  Ihal  yonr  tMialllon, 
kir  pari  of  your  Airaaa  at  taaal,  abuuhl  ba  waat 
Noaoaa." 


kir  pari 
of  tlia 


On  the  Oth  of  Angnal,  It  wmi  atatad  hy  the 
a<Uulaal-g»naral,  Ihal  Iha  aavanlh  (tiAiiiiry,  ami 
three  nimiMnlaa  nf  dratftmna,  wara  nnlarad  In 
loin  (iaiiaral  Tatlnr  In  Taiaa;  "Air,"  lava  tha 
latlar,  "  althniigh  a  alala  of  witr  wllh  Meiin>,  or 
an  Invaalon  of  Taiaa  bv  har  Airraa  may  not  lake 
laita,  It  la  navarthaleaa  da*nia<l  prniiar  and 
■riaary  that  your  Airava  ihoalil  ba  ftilly  a<|aal 
lo  inaal,  wllh  certainly  of  atu'oeaa,  any  erUU 
whirh  may  arlaa  In  Taiaa,  and  whii'h  ratinlrayou 
b*  AiTM  vt  anna  to  parry  out  iha  Inairurlloiiaof 
Iba  g<>*'**'l»'>«<it-"  Tha  latlar  fuHhtr  r«<|iilre*l 
•  lanaral  Taylor  to  alala  what  anilllary  inHi|>a, 
In  I'aae  i>f  amargeiH'y,  ha  mnld  munt  u|Hin  from 
Texaa,  anti  "  what  atidlllmial  lriHi|ia,  daalgnallnii 
the  ariiia,  and  what  mpply  and  daarrlpllnn  oi 
nnlnaiKV,  nrdnanra  alnraa,  aiiiall  ariiia,  Ac,  juilg' 
Ing  lyom  any  Information  you  may  iNiaapM  m  to 
tha  (Man  ailganolea  of  tha  puhlla  aervU-e,"  h* 
(Ueneral  Taylor)  tboiiiibl  ba  wonUI  raiiuira,  Hal- 
ing at  Iha  iMna  time,  tliat  tan  Ibuuaand  mnakau 
and  one  ihouaaad  rldaa  had  already  bean  laiued 
Ajr  Texaa. 

Ho  far,  the  actlona  and  Inlenliona  of  Mexico 
were  not  known.  Hbe  waa  known  to  ba  very 
billarlv  oppoeetl  to  the  courae  purtoail  by  the 
United  Miataa  In  rvgard  to  Texaa;  and  it  wan 
evident,  that  wllhoat  a  aavera  atrnggle,  aha 
would  not  give  her  oountenanoa  to  tha  annexa- 
tion ;  bnt  whether  the  itate  of  tlie  country 
Uith  civil  and  pnlltinal,  wouhl  enable  the  govern' 
meet  to  rniaa  an  armv  of  auffloiant  atrangth  to 
cope  with  tha  United  Htatea,  waa  utivrly  un- 
known. Under  tbewembarraaalngoircumatanwa, 
tieneral  Taylor  waa (brther  <N4lr«i«(«</,  aa  foliowa: 
— "  Tba  Inibrinatlon  hitherto  received  m  to  the 
Intantiona  of  MaxlcO|  and  tba  maaaaraaa  be  may 
adopt,  doaa  not  enable  tba  admlniatmtion  here 

Hve  yon  mora  explicit  inatrnctlona  in 
to  your  movement*,  than  thoaa  which 
already  been  forwarded  to  yon.  There  la 
reaaon  to  bfllave  that  Mexico  I*  making  elfuru 
to  aiaembta  •  targe  armv  on  the  firontler  of 
Texaa,  for  the  purpoae  or  entering  iu  territory 
and  holding  forcible  noaaeaalon  of  It.  Of  tlielr 
movementa  tou  are  donbtieaa  atlvlaed,  and  wv 
truat  have  taken,  or  early  will  take,  pmmiit  and 
etBoient  atape  to  meet  and  refiel  any  auch  lioatllu 
Incuraion.  Hhould  Mexico  aiaunihle  a  Urge  bodv 
of  troope  on  the  Ulo  Urandu,  and  vroaa  It  with 
oonaldarabla  force,  inch  a  movement  muat  be  re- 
garded aa  an  Invaaion  of  the  United  8tatea,  and 
tba  commeoceiiient  of  hoetUltiea.  You  will,  of 
courae,  uie  all  the  authority  which  haa  been 
given  or  ma^  be  given  you  to  meet  audi  n  atalc 
of  thing*,  lexa*  muat  be  protected  IVum  hoatile 
invaaion,  and  tor  that  pur|ioac  you  will,  of  courwi, 
employ  to  tha  utmoet  extent  all  the  mean*  you 
poMwua  or  can  command. 

"  Au  order  boa  tbli  day  been  iaaued  for  sending 
one  tliouaand  more  inun  into  Texaa  to  Join  tlioae 
under  your  uoniiiiaiid.  Wlieu  tba  exlating  order* 
are  carried  into  ett'cct,  you  will  have  with  you  a 
force  of  four  tliouaand  men  of  the  regular  army. 
We  ore  not  enabled  tojudga  what  aoiiUary  force 
can,  upon  an  emargenoy,  bo  brought  together 
(h>m  Tasaa.  and,  aa  a  praowitlonary  meaaure,  yon 
are  autlioriied  to  accept  volontaara  tma  the 
Statai  of  Looiaiau  and  Abbftina,  ud  aran  from 


Tenaaaaaa,  and  KanlM-ky  MmmiM 
Ura  Witr,  nr  aixnmaiMa  hmlltlllaa  K« 
■•niMing  Iha  Klo  liranila  wllh  a  mnahlarahn 
fbraa,  (itw  are  In'lnk'lad  In  hwt>  no  lima  In  (tv< 
lug  InlCirmiMli'n  In  Iha  Diilhorlllaanf  aa<'h  »r  any 
•  if  Iha  «lni«»m*iiiliinMil  Mialv  aa  III  iha  iiiimhar 
nf  voliinlaara  tun  may  want  i>t  Ihato  r*apa«- 
lively  Hhoulil  ymi  rai|iilra  triaipa  IVn«n  anv  nf 
lhaa«  Hialaa,  ll  wnttld  ha  lm|»irlanl  In  have  lliam 
wllhoni  the  laaat  taiaatbla  delay,  ll  la  not 
dnnhiad  Ihal  al  laaat  two  raglmania  Anim  Xaw 
( irlaaaa,  and  one  f^nm  Mnhll*,  Kould  ha  nbtalnadl 
and  aipadlllonaly  briHigfcl  Into  iha  laM.  Tun 
will  nauaa  ll  In  ha  known  at  Ihea*  plai>aa,  what 
nnmher  anil  driarlptlnn  nf  inaitia  ynn  daaira  to 
reealva  from  iham  In  iha  Mintemplatail  emar- 
wncv.  Tha  anihnrllla*  of  tbaaa  INalaa  will  ba 
aptirlaail  that  ynw  are  anthortaad  In  receive 
volnnlaara  ttmtx  Ihara,  and  ynn  may  aal^aiala 
that  Ihay  wUt  prnmpily  join  you,  whan  It  la 
ma<la  known  that  Ihalr  •ervicaa  ire  rvnuireiL 
Ami',  ammunition,  and  camp  aiinlpaga  llir  the 
anilllary  ironpa  that  yiHi  may  rai|nlr*,  will  !>• 
•ant  forward  aoltlwri  In  your  nnltra.  Ton  wilt 
Ml  dia|Miaa  nf  lliaiii  aa  lo  h*  moal  avallahb  In 
>'«aa  Ihay  ahould  ha  naadail,  at  the  laitia  IIhni 
with  a  ilna  regard  in  ihalr  aafui)  and  iireavrva- 
ll»n.  Orilara  hava  htan  laaiivd  in  Ihu  naval 
fiirre  in  Iha  llulf  nf  Meilrii  In  ro-o|iari«la  wlili 
you.  You  will,  aa  fttr  aa  prarlicalila,  hnhl  rnni- 
munlcaihin  with  iha  nimmandxra  of  nur  nailonal 
veMcIa  In  ynur  viclnliy,  and  avail  youravlf  of 
any  aiialalan<<e  that  can  ue  derived  fTuni  thair  i!<» 
niierallon.  The  l.exlngton  la  nnterwl  Into  aer- 
vice  aa  a  transport  aklp,  and  will  aall  In  a  hw 
ilayi  (Vom  New  York,  with  a  ileiarhinani  nf 
United  Hialaa  Inaips  flir  Onrpua  Chrlail,  hha 
will  ba  employeil  aa  Iha  exigency  nf  the  puhhe 
aarvlce  may  reauire.  In  order  to  keep  np  a 
i>ro|ier  communication  lietween  the  army  In 
Texaa  and  tlie  Unlteil  Htatea,  Ih*  Un-ka-hy<a, 
tha  llarnoy,  and  the  Dolphin  will  lie  put  Into 
aervi(<tf  aa  aooii  aa  they  can  lie  niaila  reaily  aa 
daa|iati'h  vaaaela  to  convey  Intelligence,  auppliee, 
*o.  Yon  will  avail  ynuraelf  of  thaaa  vvaaeia, 
and  all  other  pro|ivr  incaw^  to  keep  the  guverti- 
ment  here  adviaed  of  yonr  oneratitn*,  and  tha 
alala  of  tMn(f»  in  Texaa  and  Mexico." 

Ueneral  'laylor,  in  the  aama  month,  having 
ooncentraie<l  hi*  forcea,  nmrched  IbrTeXM.  Ilia 
march  flroin  Oorpua  Chrlail  to  the  Klo  (Irand*  ■ 
ttibid  with  wonderfid  and  romantic  even:*.  Tha 
(treat  American  l>caert  wa*  to  be  croaaeil;  all 
vegatation  there  waa  itunleii,  and  every  rivet 
and  lake  fllled  with  aait  water.  The  appear- 
anca  of  the  IVnit  and  water  waa  tampling,  but 
the  taate  loatiiioine  and  nauaooiia.  l>riMipln|| 
with  iliirat  and  wearinvM,  their  feci,  bltatered 
with  bent  nnd  their  entile  dropiiing  dti'A  at  every 
atep,  the  anuy  iiinvad  over  the  liurning  aanif. 
The  men  who  could  fliou  dentli  in  battle  without 
ahrinking,  now  grew  aad  and  melancholy,  and 
moved  slowly  and  wearily  aa  if  lo  a  fuuerot 
inarch. 

At  length  the  river  waa  seen,  and  the  cry  nl 
/raaA  ifiitar  run  through  tlie  ranka;  every  man 
felt  hi*  energy  renewed,  and  the  army  swept  on 
with  rapid  steiis;  a*  they  nearvd  the  bank*  dis- 
cipline wu*  loat,  and  general,  ortioon,  and  men, 
exiilteil  and  revelled  In  the  ctudlng  atream. 

On  tha  liHth  of  March,  the  American  ling 
ttoatcd  on  the  banks  of  the  Klo  Uraodc,  and  tha 
troops  who  bad  forde<l  river*,  cruesed  atrvani* 
and  deserts,  endured  hunger,  hardship,  thirst, 
and  flitigue,  captured  I'olut  Isabel,  and  earab- 
llshcd  there  a  military  depot,  now  sat  down  to 
await  a  commoucomeut  of  hoetilitlo*,  or  an  order 
to  return  liome. 

Tha  death  of  Colonel  Croaa,  then  of  I.', .  tlef)- 
ant  Porter,  and  subsequently  tb«capl'w-«ol'i^A{i- 
tain  Thornton,  with  tils  command.  ''>i;si-.r  t!>^ 
American*  flrom  their  security.  ?  ty  ''ic  ''-una, 
grown  bold  by  succeaa,  were  pou'i"  iu  ui'.'i 
tbem  from  all  qnarten;  their  lupp."  i  >vf>ix>  cut 
off  fkvm  Point  uabaL  and  •  dark,  trying  yariud 


MO 


ni8T0RY-0F  TQE 


w 


WM  MtUltif  nr«r  tlw  •rmy.  But  the  tronini, 
eonflitont  of  the  geniui  and  flnnnewi  of  their 
Ifiilar,  did  not  dwiiund;  nor  wm  thin  ronfldunce 
ditulniihwl  on  the  urrivtl  of  Capt.  Witlker  at  the 
fort,  after  eitrnping  Inniiinarnlil*  tliin(,'ens  to  re- 
|)ort  the  crltloul  coiiUitlon  iif  Point  Inobvl. 

On  the  Ut  of  May,  Oeiiernl  Tiiylnr,  nwnre  of 
tb«  importoooe  of  reHipening  thli  coiniiuintoation, 
left  hi*  fort  for  the  parpoee  of  outtinK  hi*  inav  to 
fuiat  Iiabvl.  lie  reaened  it  in  lafety,  replvn- 
Ubed  hii  itoree,  recruited  hii  amiy,  and  on  the 
Tth  itarted  on  hi*  return.  That  ulitht  the  troop* 
■lept  on  the  open  philn,  and  early  on  the  foliow- 
inf  morninf  reoommenoed  their  inaroh.  At 
Boon  they  reached  a  wide  prairie,  flanked  by 
pool*  of  Awh  water,  and  bounded  in  tlie  diii- 
tonce  by  long  rowi  of  ohapporal.  In  iVont  of 
the  latter  were  drawn  up  In  battle  array,  fix 
thowud  Uezieani,  in  one  unbroken  line,  a 
mile  in  length.  Undaunted  by  the  overwhelm- 
ing raperionty  of  numben,  the  AmeriisanipreMed 
forward  with  the  greateet  enthuiiafu.  When 
the  ormle*  were  within  ilx  hundred  yard*  of 
eaoh  other,  the  Mexican  batteriee  to  the  left, 
ponred  forth  their  uurderoui  Are.  Dattery  after 
batteiT  fbllowed  In  rapid  «uco««lon,  until  the 
ground  rocked,  the  whole  field  woa  filled  witli 
denie  tmoke,  and  the  balls  tore  up  the  earth  and 
graM  in  whirilng  fk'agmenti. 

There  woe  a  pauM  of  a  few  minute*,  and  the 
Americans  placed  their  guns  in  battery.  Then 
the  action  oomraenoed  in  earnest,  RInuold,  Dun- 
can and  Churchill,  sustaining  the  whole  force  of 
the  enemy'*  fire.  At  every  discharge  of  these 
gallant  cannooecrs,  the  Mexican  cavalry  reeled 
to  and  fto,  while  scores  sank  down  in  mangled 


Dismayed  by  the  havoc  of  his  cavalry,  the 
Mexican  general  collected  their  scattered  n-ag- 
loents  and  prepared  for  a  charge.  At  that  move- 
meat  the  tbinl  and  fifth  infantry  regiments,  who 
bad  hitherto  token  no  port  in  the  battle,  were 
ordered  forward  to  meet  the  enemy.  Bat  the 
huge  mosee*  liore  on  amid  a  tremendous  fire  from 
the  third  regiment,  ai*i*ted  by  Ridgely's  guns, 
until  they  arrived  at  the  fifth.  This  woa  formed 
into  •  squre  to  support  Lieutenant  Ridgely. 
That  brave  officer  planted  his  gnns  in  the  very 
fh>nt  of  the  lances,  and  rcle  ftvm  rank  to  rank, 
amid  showers  of  balls  and  bullets.  Ills  horae 
fell  dead,  and  tiiur  others,  maddened  with  the 
smoke  ond  uproar,  plunged  headlong,  before  the 
muzzles  of  the  canuoa,and  directly  between  tlio 
two  armies.  There  was  a  moment  of  dread,  for 
without  horses  the  artillery  would  be  uniimn- 
egeable.  Then  Ridgely  sprang  forward,  and 
drew  the  animals  to  their  stations.  A  tremend- 
ous shout  followed  this  daring  action,  echoed  by 
roars  of  artillery,  and  the  hurryings  of  the  ene- 
my's retreat.  At  this  moment  Colonel  Twiggs 
came  down  on  them  with  tlie  third  infantry, 
supported  by  M^jor  Ringgold. 

While  the  cavalry  was  breaking  before  our 
artillery,  the  prairie  gras*  became  ignited,  and 
tlie  exciting  spectacle  of  a  prairie  on  fire  was  add- 
ed to  the  horrors  of  a  field  of  battle.  Gradually 
tlie  firing  ceased,  until  silence  hung  over  the 
plain,  unbroken  save  by  the  crackling  of  flames, 
or  au  nccanionol  command. 

But  the  cessation  was  only  temporary.  Un- 
der cover  of  the  thick  darkness,  caused  by  the 
massed  of  smoke,  which  rising  hid  the  sun,  and 
the  armies  from  each  other,  each  torraed  a  new 
line  of  buttle,  and  in  an  hour  the  action  was 
renewed.  The  artillery  led  the  battle ;  and  both 
nrmies  tbught  with  a  heroism  rarely  surpassed  in 
tiiA  hLitory  of  American  warfare.  In  the  very 
midst  of  it  one  man  rode  along  the  van  of  our 
troops,  on  a  white  horse,  and  exhorted  them  to 
■iaty.  Wild  shouts  of  exultation  greeted  him, 
and  each  soldier  forgot  that  he  waa  rioting  in 
blood  and  danger. 

Major  Ringgold,  on  that  day,  noblv  suotoined 
Aa  nooor  «r  hie  oonntry.    Hia  caun,  faarlaaa 


bearing  attracted  crenerol  attention,  as  he,  the 
wry  sold  of  the  artillery,  watuhed  with  a  soldier'* 
Intormt,  the  fearful  havoc  of  hi*  ihot  in  the  en 
smy's  rank*. 

Yet  hi*  glnrv  was  as  short-lived  at  It  was 
brilliant.  While  tuperintendina  tlie  eighteen 
IHiuuders,  a  cannon  ball  struck  hi*  right  thigh, 
poasetl  completely  through  the  »honl(li<rs  of  iiIk 
liorse,  and  out  through  his  lelVthigh,  tearing  awuy 
nil  that  opposed  It*  conrse. 

The  la*t  cavalry  charge .  was  met  bv  Capt. 
Duncan'*  battery,  assiited  by  the  8th  Infantry 
and  Ker'i  dragoians.  Before  the  fire  of  the«e 
companies  the  horsemen  fell  back  in  conf^ision, 
and  the  day  was  won.  Night  brought  repose  to 
tlie  weary  eoldler*. 

Thus  was  the  battle  of  Palo  Alto  won,  but 
another  more  dark  and  terrible  was  in  reserve. 
At  four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  of  May  0th,  the 
Americans  arrived  in  Aront  of  a  deep  goroe, 
known  as  the  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  flanking  tlie 
road  on  each  side,  and  covered  with  an  impen- 
etrable chapporol  of  prickly  pear,  Spanish  nee- 
dle, and  other  thorny  plants.  Here  were  con- 
cealed' the  legions  of  the  Mexican  forces,  await- 
ing the  arrival  oi'  their  opponents,  Tlieir  heavy 
batteries  were  posted  in  the  gorge,  so  as  to  rake 
the  ground  ttota  both  sides,  while  the  infantry 
should  at  the  same  time  emplov  their  musketry 
firom  the  chapporaL  The  cavalry  was  stationed 
so  as  to  support  the  rest  of  the  army,  and  act 
according  to  emergencies. 

About  four  o'clock  the  battle  ><egan.  A  party 
of  skirmlshera  engaged  some  Mexican  cavalry, 
and  after  retreating  a  short  distance,  rallied, 
and  in  turn  drove  back  tlieir  opponents.    Meau' 


while  the  main  army  moved  rapidly  toward  the 
gorge,  eager  to  finish  the  work  commenced  at 
Palo   Alto.     Riding    through   their    columns, 


the  commander  exhorted  each  man  to  his 
duty,  reminding  them  that  a  feoribl  struggle 
was  about  to  complete  the  measure  of  their 
worth  and  glory.  Shonts  of  gratitude  and  exul- 
tation greeted  him. 

At  length  when  near  the  Resooa,  the  Mexican 
artillery  broke  forth  in  discharges  which  echoed 
along  the  gorge,  and  ploughed  up  the  ground 
and  rocks  in  every  direction.  The  troope  halted. 
Then  the  regiments  followed  each  other  towards 
the  ravine,  regardless  of  the  murderous  fire 
pouring  fh>m  above  them.  In  advance  of  all 
rode  Lieutenant  Ridgely,  his  batteries  pouring 
forth  uninterrupted  mscbargee  of  shot  and  canis- 
ter. Then  came  the  heavy  columns  of  the  6th 
infantry,  succeeded  by  the  remainder  of  the 
army.  For  half  on  hour  the  artillery  stood  be- 
tween the  opposing  forces.  They  faltered  not, 
although  the  balls  whizxed  around  tnem,  and  the 
cavalry  dashed  forward  until  the  horses  almost 
leaped  upon  the  cannon.  Throwing  aside  all 
superfiuous  clothing,  grim  with  smoke  and  pow- 
der, and  sweltering  in  the  burning  sun,  these 
heroes  faced  death,  and  amid  frighttul  scenes  of 
carnage,  wrenched  victory  from  the  enemy. 
Their  leader  managed  a  gun  with  his  own  hand, 
like  a  common  soldier,  and  refused  to  mount  his 
liortie  until  the  cavalry  was  broken. 

When  the  Mexicans  began  to  retreat,  the 
Americans  raising  a  terrific  shout,  imraediatolv 
commenced  a  pursuit.  Batteries  groaning  with 
heavy  cannons  were  wheeled  into  action,  and 
opened  upon  the  Americans.  Still,  although 
clamor  and  misery  followed  their  course,  they 
pressed  on.  Then  the  fiasb  of  thousands  of 
muskets  burst  forth  fk-om  the  chnpporal.  Whole 
companies  were  ploughed  down,  and  the  artillery 
was  almost  dismantled.  Still  the  soldiers  ad- 
vanced. Dashing  through  death  and  horror 
they  reached  the  thicket,  and  sprang  forward  to 
the  fierce  trial  of  the  bayonet  Then  the  firing 
ceased,  and  nothing  woa  heard  lave  the  grating 
of  bayonet  with  bayonet  aa  they  sprang  to  op> 
poeing  boaoma.  Then  aroae  anoiliar  ihoot,— the 
ohapporal  woa  gained. 


Sure  of  victory,  the  troope  '.ow  altumpled  to 
drive  the  Mexicans  from  thtir  batteries.  But 
manned  hy  the  Tumiilco  veterans,  ond  com- 
manded by  the  brave  La  Vega,  these  guns  swept 
every  thing  before  them,  anil  covere«l  the  retreat 
of  the  infantry,  while  the  cavalry  prepared  for 
another  charge. 

General  Tnylor,  seeing  that  nolliing  decisive 
could  be  accomplished  while  the  Mexicans  re- 
tained their  guns,  ordered  Oapt.  May  to  charge 
tliem  witli  ills  dragoons.  When  the  captain 
ro<le  back  to  his  command,  "  Men  I"  he  exclaimed, 
"follow,"  and  the  troop*  planged  forward 
towards  the  rooks  of  the  Resaca.  On  they 
swept  nntii  they  reached  Colonel  Ridgely,  by 
whom  they  halted  until  he  bad  drawn  tlie  ene- 
my's fire.  Then,  with  their  arm*  bared  to  the 
shoalder,  and  their  sabres  glittering  In  the  spn, 
the  dragoon*  advanced.  Silently  tbe  enemy, 
with  their  matohes  ignited  cloae  to  the  cannor., 
awaited  them.  Nearer  the  dragoon*  approached ; 
a  roar  like  thunder  broke  tbe  ailence,  and 
eighteen  lioreea  with  seven  men  fell  dead.  Lieu- 
tenant Sackett  was  thrown  into  the  midst  of  the 
enemy ;  Lieutenant  Inge  was  shot  through  the 
throat.  Still  the  survivors  pressed  on.  Leaping 
over  the  breeches  of  the  cannon,  they  overthrew 
tbe  cannoneers,  und  drove  back  the  Tainpico 
regiment  with  their  subres.  These  were  repnlsed 
but  a  moment ;  then  rushing  back  to  their  sta- 
tions, tliev  seized  the  horses' bridles,  and  fought 
hand  to  band  with  their  riders.  Again  they 
were  driven  back,  and  again  returned,  climbing 
over  their  dead  companions,  and  phmting  their 
standard  by  the  principal  battery.  La  Vega, 
their  oeneral,  black  with  smoke,  and  grimed 
with  blood,  stoo<l  among  his  fallen  heroes,  and 
called  the  survivors  to  their  poets.  Nobly  obey- 
ing this  call,  they  closed  around  him  like  a  wull 
of  Iron.  But  May,  concentrating  his  forces,  aguin 
ruslied  upon  them,  breaking  t^eir  ranks,  and 
capturing  La  Vega  himself.  Then  the  shattered 
band  slowly  left  their  guns.  One  of  them  toro 
the  flag  f^oin  the  statt',  vrapped  it  around  his 
body,  and  attempted  to  escape,  but  weary  and 
wounded  he  fell,  and  was  capturf  d. 

Thus  was  won  the  battle  of  Resaca  do  la  Pal- 
ma. The  Mexicans  were  completely  routed,  and 
eleven  hundred  were  lying  still  and  cold  on  the 
plains  of  Texas. 

The  little  fort  on  the  river  had  not  been  idle. 
On  the  8d  of  May,  all  the  cannon  in  Matamoroa 
opened  a  heavy  cannonade,  and  soon  after  the 
Mexicans  crossed  the  river,  and  poured  forth 
heavy  diHcliurges  from  their  field  batteries.  The 
little  garrison  were  undismayed.  Surrounded 
by  many  times  their  number,  they  hurled  defi- 
ance at  their  foes,  and  prepared  tor  the  fierce 
struggle  of  an  assault;  and  when  their  ammuni- 
tion was  almost  exhausted,  they  sullenly  awaited 
the  onset  of  the  enemy.  On  the  (ith  M^jor 
Brown,  tlieir  commander,  was  mortally  wound- 
ed by  a  bomb,  yet  still  his  men  bore  on.  On 
the  6th  the  sound  of  distant  cannon  broke  upon 
their  ears ;  they  sprang  upon  the  parai)ets  and 
listened;  again  and  again  it  echoed  along,  and 
then  wild  cheers  followed  the  reports.  General 
Taylor  had  met  the  enemy,  and  on  the  follow 
io^  day,  when  his  little  army  sprang  from  the 
neighbouring  thickets,  in  pursuit  of  the  Mex- 
icans, one  shout  arose  from  the  fort  heard  above 
the  din  of  battle. 

The  capture  of  Matamoras,  and  the  neigh- 
bouring posts,  followed  these  viotorics.  General 
Taylor  refreshed  his  troops,  received  reinforce- 
ments, and  marched  for  Monterey,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  which  he  arrived  on  tlie  19th  of 
September. 

On  the  21st  this  strong  city  was  attacked  at 
two  stations  by  tbe  main  army,  while  General 
Worth  led  a  division  against  the  forts  on  a 
neighbouring  hill.  Generala  Twiggs  and  Butler, 
Colonel  May's  dragoona  and  the  Texaa  volonteeiik 
became  involved  between  three  flrea,  direotad 


UMITID  bTATIS. 


541 


the  neigh- 
General 
relnforeo- 
the  neigh- 
he  19th  of 

ttooked  at 
le  General 
forts  on  • 
,d  Bntler, 
rolanteen, 
S  dirMtod 


rinit  thtm  from  itrannly  balll  forta.  Here 
y  itooil  for  aaveral  honra  In  tha  very  Jaw*  of 
(lenth,  with  the  ballt  iweaptngthrongli  and  thin- 
ning tlieir  rank*  every  Inttnnt.  May  and  Twigga 
woru  heard  high  oTur  the  acene  of  dnnghter,  ei- 
liorting  their  hproon  to  the  clinrge;  while  liut- 
lor'a  triHipn,  iiweepiiig  on  with  tliu  bayonet,  over- 
threw the  iipponiiig  cavalry,  and  ru^hud  ahno!<t 
tu  the  guHH  of  the  fort.  Uut  the  Mexionns  mw 
the  danger,  and  calling  the  troops  aroiii.1,  pre- 
pared to  meet  It.  Oor  companies  were  com- 
pletely riddled  by  tha  troinendons  flres  ponrc<l 
upon  them,  and  in  gloomy  rage  were  torn  n-om 
the  KTcne  while  the  shouts  of  the  Mexicans  rang 
ipon  the  air. 

liut  the  Ameripans  soon  changed  the  shout  of 
triampb.  Capt.  Backus,  having  climbed  noon  a 
tannery  near  fhe  fort,  poured  into  it  a  deadly 
Are  of  mntkolry.  Uoforo  their  astonishment  at 
this  iM)ld  font  had  sulwideil,  General  Quitman 
enme  ution  it,  leaped  the  ombraiinres,  wheeled 
round  the  cnnnim,  and  drove  otf  the  Mexicans 
with  the  hnyonet. 

The  liiittle  now  rnged  with  now  fliry.  From 
thirty  hi-avy  uaiinons  tlie  Mexicans  poured  forth 
a  driidly  tire ;  wliole  sections  melted  under  it, 
and  Gonornl  liiillor  was  wounded,  and  retired 
fVimi  the  Held,  'the  rapid  cimrges  of  Colonel 
Onrlnnd  against  tlie  second  fort  were  unsoccess- 
ful.  and  tlie  command  was  withdrawn  to  the 
captured  station. 

About  this  time  a  bodv  of  lancers  wrcnd 
eh)wly  round  the  wall  of  the  city,  toward  t!.e 
battery  opposite  tlie  citadel.  At  seeing  thorn 
Ciiiitiiin  Jlrngg  galloped  for^vard,  and  by  a  few 
wi'll  directed  cliurgos  drove  them  back  with 
loss. 

On  the  23d  a  grand  attack  was  made  npon  all 
the  Mexican  Htutiniis.  Maddened  by  heavy  loss- 
0!!,  tile  Ariierican  rangers  burst  into  the  houses, 
tore  the  skirmishers  fW}m  the  windows,  and 
bored  through  the  side  walls  toward  the  control 
uliizii.  The  dull  sound  of  the  pickaxe,  oon- 
Tiii^ted  strangely  with  the  roar  of  the  guns. 
Streets  and  s<|iiares  were  thus  pnsi>e<1  until  the 
troo|is  wore  in  the  vicinity  of  the  principal  plaza. 
Here  they  halted,  issued  flrom  the  houses,  and 
coiiimeiicud  a  cannonade.  This  renewed  the 
general  action.  Soon  the  walls  of  the  great 
cathedral  tottered,  and  at  length  a  portion  fell 
Inward  with  a  fearful  crash.  There  was  un  in- 
stant's cessation  of  the  enemy's  Are,  then  It  com- 
menced again  with  renewed  fury.  Until  near 
sunset  the  Americans  fought  desperately,  against 
nil  intrenched  foe  of  tliree  times  their  number. 
Tlien  they  were  withdrawn  to  await  the  arrival 
of  General  Worth's  division.  Tbb  oflScer,  after 
cnptiiriiift  the  Uisiiop's  Palace  and  other  re- 
doubts, liad  entered  the  city,  and  penetrated 
toward  the  square,  on  the  side  opposite  General 
Taylor.  Niglit  sot  in,  and  both  armies  retired 
to  proi>are  lor  a  final  struggle  on  the  ensuing 
day. 

On  the  2'lth,  proposids  for  a  capitulation  were 
received  I'roin  the  Mexican  General  Ampudia, 
and  negotiations  ensued,  which  resulted  In  a 
surrender  of  tlie  city  and  piiblio  stores  to  the 
army  of  General  Taylor.  The  army  marched 
into  the  interior  on  parole,  the  othcers  and  sol 
Jiers  retaining  most  of  their  iu:ms,  together  with 
a  battery  of  artillery. 

The  crowning  point  of  General  Taylor's  career, 
was  the  battle  of  Uuena  Vista.  The  generals  he 
had  heretofore  engaged  with  were  those  of  little 
|)opnlarity;  now  he  was  contending  with  one, 
on  whom  tlie  nation  depended  with  entire  con- 
lidenoe,  and  tor  whom  they  were  willing  to 
make  any  sacrifices. 

About  seven  miles  south  of  SaitiJIo  stands  the 
small  village  of  Buena  Vista.  Tlie  deep  gorge  of 
Angostura  is  at  some  distance  from  it,  surround 
ed  by  rocks,  hills  and  ravines,  and  holding  the 
key  of  a  position,  which,  for  defensive  warfare. 
Is  nut  surpassed  by  any  other  on  the  continent. 
General  Taylor,  with  his  little  armj  of  five 


thousand  men,  hare  ^waited  the  beat  Oenoral  In 
Ifexloo,  with  twenty-one  thousand,  They  soon 
oame,  arranging  their  artlllerv,  movlns  Into  line, 
and  choosing  posittooi  for  the  attack.  In  the 
afternoon,  a  party  of  lancers  wound  round  the 
heights  to  the  left  of  the  American  poeition, 
with  the  intention  of  making  a  charge;  thev 
were  followed  by  some  infantry,  and  one  artil- 
lery company,  who  commenced  an  attack  In  that 
quarter.  Considerable  skirmishing  took  place, 
and  the  troops  of  both  armies  manoeuvred  till 
night. 

On  the  28d  at  early  dawn,  the  movements  In 
both  armies  gave  token  of  the  approaching 
struggle.  The  enemy,  reinforced  during  the 
night,  now  bore  down  an  immense  column  upon 
the  little  army  on  the  left.  Colonel  Marshall, 
calling  his  little  band  around  him,  prepared  for 
the  cnarge.  For  three  hours  they  fought  for 
victory,  and  the  sun  rose  on  the  dreadful  battle 
already  commenced. 

At  eight  o'clock,  a  dense,  deep  column  came 
steadily  upon  the  American  centre.  The  eye  of 
their  leader  and  his  artillerists  watched  them  in 
stern  silence  as  they  drew  near.  They  passed 
artillery  shot,  and  a  wild  'bout  arose,  in  antici- 
pation of  victory;  but  now  the  heavy  balls 
fdoughed  their  wav  iVom  side  to  side  of  that  liv- 
ng  column,  sweeping  with  fearful  linvoo  tlirough 
their  ranks.  The  severed  ranks  cluHed,  and  the 
columns  still  pressed  on.  Asecond  and  third 
time  the  death  shower  was  poured  npon  them, 
each  time  with  Mghtful  effect;  then  a  panic 
seized  them,  and  they  tied  in  dire  confbsion. 

The  Mexican  General  viewed  this  rout  with 
dismay,  and  instantly  began  to  repair  It.  His 
cavalry  and  a  large  infantry  tbrce  united  under 
cover  of  the  rooks  in  one  body,  and  issued  forth 
to  attack  the  left  wing.  This  had  been  the 
first  Doint  of  attack,  and  was  now  relnfbrced  by 
the  Illinois  and  Indiana  regiments,  and  the  ar- 
tillery of  Capt.  O'Brien. 

General  Lane  rode  along  his  lines;  and  point' 
ing  to  the  coming  hosts,  reminded  the  uicn  that 
they  were  Americans,  and  exhorted  them  to 
their  duty.  Throwing  the  artillery  rapidly  for- 
ward, he  ordered  the  second  Indiana  regiment 
to  support  it,  and  placing  himself  by  the  soldiers 
of  the  Illinois,  watched  the  foe's  progress.  In  a 
massive  column  they  came  on,  shouting  in  an- 
ticipation of  victory.  The  buttle  now  opened 
Sweeping  through  the  heavy  Mexican  phalanx, 
the  shot  mowed  down  whole  columns,  and  lev- 
elled the  cavalry ;  yet  the  lines  doped,  and 
pressed  on.  Then  another  road  opened,  and  the 
carnage  was  still  frightful.  Still,  with  pale,  com- 
pressed lips,  the  Mexicans  pressed  forward.  The 
Americans  were  melting  at  their  approach,  and 
the  artillery  was  surrounded  with  dead.  Gen- 
eral Lane,  sweeping  over  the  field,  urged  his  troops 
to  firmness;  while  O'Brien,  leaping  from  hb 
horse,  seized  a  gun,  and  kept  the  artillerists  at 
their  places. 

At  the  fearnil  moment  when  the  energy  of 
every  man  was  required  to  insure  victory  to  the 
Americans,  the  Indiana  regiment  moved  rapidly 
from  their  stations,  and  commenced  an  inglori- 
ous retreat.  The  staft'  oflicers,  at  this  shameful 
sight,  galloped  across  their  path,  and  seizing  the 
regimental  colors,  called  on  the  troops  to  remem- 
ber their  country ;  some  few  brave  spirits  came 
frotu  the  mass,  in  answer  to  the  cull,  but  the 
greater  part  still  fled. 

Now  the  Mexicans,  inspired  by  this  success, 
ponred  on  with  exultant  sliouta.  Sure  of  vic- 
tory, the  lancers  bore  down.  They  bore  up, 
their  stern  captain  refusing  to  yield,  until  the 
soldiers  less  than  the  cannon  fell  into  confusion. 
Then  remounting  his  horse,  which  was  wounded, 
like  all  the  others,  he  ordered  a  retreat,  and  the 
cavalry  dashed  down  and  took  his  guns. 

But  now  the  ringing  voice  of  General  Wool 
came  ringing  over  the  field,  "Illinois  I  Illinois  I 
to  the  rescue  t "  and  the  fiery  sons  of  the  west, 
panting  for  conflict  and  revenge,  opened  thmr 


TolUya  of  mnaketry.  BtlU  the  living.  arolanoT'  - 
ponred  on.  Then  the  Miaafaislpplana  planted 
themsolvei  In  the  path,  and  awaited  the  struggle. 
All  around,  horsemen,  ortillery,  and  infantry, 
were  concentrating  themselves  njnn  ih>fe  lie- 
voted  regiments.  Still  the  tall  form  of  Wool 
was  seen  gliding  ttom  company  to  company, 
shouting  that  thrilling  war-cry,  which  fllloa 
every  heart  with  fire. 

But  a  still  more  stirring  oppeal  awaited  them. 
General  Taylor,  on  his  white  horse,  rode  between 
the  two  armies,  while  the  army  carried  hie  name 
In  exnltant  shouts  to  the  verv  skies.  Before 
that  wild  battle  cry  was  over,  the  Mexicana  were 
towering  npon  our  troops  for  the  final  struggle. 
Then  Captain  Bragg  galloped  Into  battery, 
and  the  rifles,  mnsKets,  and  heavy  ordnance 
commenced  their  deadly  work.  Now  the  repu- 
tation  of  each  general,  nation,  army  waaatitalte. 
Again  and  apain  the  Mexicans  advanced,  and  aa 
often  rolled  bacl<,  bcfiire  the  showers  of  Iron  hail 
which  greeted  them.  Nobly  the  American  troopa 
did  their  duty.  Each  soldier  fought  ai  If  victory 
depended  on  his  Individual  efforts.  Broken  nnu 
repulsed,  the  enemy  commenced  their  disastroua 
retreat.  Their  dead  and  wounded,  lying  in 
masses,  or  scattered,  marking  the  whole  line  of 
their  march.  Yet  over  these  the  terrified  lancera 
rode,  grinding  them  to  earth,  and  completing 
the  work  of  death.  Ranks  were  trodden  down 
by  their  comrades,  or  whirled  over  slippery 
rocks.  Then  they  burst  npon  the  Infantry,  over- 
throwing column  after  colnmn,  and  scattering 
the  flower  of  the  army  like  chnflT.  On  poured 
the  shouting  Americans,  blighting  those  splendid 
companies  with  their  terrible  dlsohargei,  and 
sweeping  the  entire  field.  Still  the  war-^ry  of 
Wool,  and  the  shout  for  Taylor  went  np,  urging 
the  truo|>s  to  pursuit.  The  Kentucky  regiment 
under  the  command  of  Clay  and  MoKee,  poshed 
after  the  fiigitives,  fur  in  advance,  until  they  be- 
came entangled  among  the  ravines  and  passes  on 
the  left.  Seizing  this  favorable  moment,  the  cav- 
alry whirled  around,  and  attacked  these  troopa 
with  their  whole  force,  and  the  battle  com- 
menced again.  Now,  after  a  hard  day's  battle, 
facing  nn  entire  army,  the  Kentucky  regiments 
fought  till  night.  Their  colonels  fell,  bnt  the 
soldiers  gathered  round  the  bodies,  and  fought 
liand  to  hand  with  the  foe.  The  contest  waa 
too  unequal.  They  were  driven  back,  and  the 
day  seemed  lost.  But  the  artillery  again  met 
the  enemy,  drove  them  back,  and  secured  the 
victory.    General  Taylor  had  triumphed. 

The  Americans  sank  exhausted  npon  the  field, 
and  night  fell  on  the  scene  of  slaughter.  Two 
thousand  dead,  dying  and  woanded,  friend  and 
foe  lay  around. 

This  great  battle,  by  far  the  most  remarkable 
of  the  war,  was  the  last  military  achievement  of 
General  Taylor. 

General  Kearney,  an  officer  of  maiked  ability 
and  energy,  was  ordered  by  the  President  to 
raise  a  number  of  men,  not  to  exceed  2,000, 
which,  united  with  tlie  regular  army  at  Fort 
Leavenworth,  on  the  Missouri  River,  were  to  be 
called  the  "Army  of  the  West,"  and  were  to 
carry  out  a  most  important  part  of  the  plan  of 
operations  determined  on  by  tiio  government  of 
the  United  States.  His  instructions  were  to 
cross  the  prairies,  and  take  possession  of  Xew 
Aiexico.  lie  was  further  commissioned  to  pro- 
ceed to  California,  after  securing  possession  of 
New  Mexico. 

The  Governor  of  Mlssonri  was  called  npon  for 
1,OUO  volunteers— one  battalion  to  serve  as  light 
artillery,  and  the  rest  as  mounted  riflemen.  So 
great  was  the  enthusiasm,  that  no  difficulty  woa 
experienced  in  raising  volunteers,  althougir  each 
man  had  to  provide  himself  with  a  hni-se,  and 
every  thing  except  his  arms. 

Atter  many  delays,  the  "  Army  of  the  West " 
were  in  proper  trim,  and  started  firom  Fort 
Leavenworth,  on  (he  80th  of  June,  1846,  and 


HISTORY   PF  THE 


It' 
r 


arrived,  on  th*  SSth  of  Jnljr,  at  Bent'i  Fort,  ■ 
dUtnnre  of  064  mllw.  Hare  wu  foand  the  rv- 
■iilndor  of  the  troopt  ordered  to  Join  General 
KoRmey.  Hh  wliole  force  then  niiinborpd  aliont 
1,78U  men.  On  the  Slat  of  >Tii1y,  n  prooUniittlon 
WM  iMucd  to  the  Inhabitant*  of  Now  Mexico,  oc 
sonling  to  Inetriictionii. 

On  tlie  8d  of  August,  the  army  oommenoeil  It* 
>nward  inovenieiita,  and  in  ton  diiyii,  diirliiK 
whloh  both  the  men  and  boiutii  intlored  most 
Intolerably,  they  began  to  aioend  tho  Rookv 
Monntaln*.  Soonta  were  froqnently  diptureil, 
who  stated  that  Armyo,  tho  GoTernor  of  Now 
Mexioo,  would  opiwie  tho  progreaaof  the  Auier- 
ioani;  and  who,  after  belnj;  shown  tlio  strength 
of  the  army,  wore  sent  baoE  to  AriiiUo.  Oenerul 
Kearnev  arrived  at  the  Lower  Mora  villiHto  on 
the  ISth  of  August,  and  adilromed  tho  |ieuplo. 
Ho  noniiMillod  the  nicaldea  to  swoor  ollcxiunve  to 
tho  Unitoil  States,  and  greetoil  tho  iieople  us 
citiMns  of  that  country.  His  iiddress  i^vo  a 
grout  deal  of  satisfaction  to  tlie  inhabitants. 

On  his  march,  General  Kearney  onoountored 
the  villogo  of  San  Miguel,  on  the  10th  of  August,  { were  sent  to  tliat  pinoe,  and  ho  wus  iniluoed  to 


given.  They  then  up«ua«l  their  Are  and  charged 
handsomely,  but  were  driven  bat^k;  while  a 
handful  of  Doniphan's  men  ran  up  to  the  Mei 

ioitii  lino,  and  sceiirod  thuir  runnon,  Tills  brave 
nnd  <loi<perato  set  porploxvil  tlio  Moxioani*,  who 
now  Houniud  fir  the  tirst  tiino  to  bo  aware  of  the 
oharantor  of  the  fo«s  with  whom  thov  had  to 
<loal ;  tlioy  wore  ncxm  routed,  luavlng  about  2(H) 
in  killed  *nnd  wonndod  on  the  field,  while  the 
loss  of  tlie  Amoriouns  was  suvon  wounded  and 
noiio  killed.  Thi^  tho  flmt  Imttle  fought  by 
tho  "  Army  of  tho  West,"  was  oolled  the  battle 
of  liracito,  trom  a  bvnd  of  (he  river  near  whloh 
It  was  fought. 

Colonel  Doniphan  entore<l  El  Paso  on  the 
20th  of  Docombur,  and  mot  with  no  op|)osition. 
Ilo  desiiatcliod  a  mPHsongor,  to  hnrry  u  company 
of  nrtlllvry,  which  ho  hud  some  tiiiio  bot'oro  ur- 
doroil  from  Santa  ■]/'<>,  and  determined  to  uwait 
i|j4  nrriviil.  RoportH  wore  conHtr.ntly  bt'liig  ro- 
cflivod  uf  antlclpntod  rc.tistanco  at  CarriziU — n 
fortified  place  soiiio  distance  on  this  side  of  Chi  - 
huabua.    At  iuxt  he  found  that  regular  curriers 


I 


where  he  made  another  speech,  similar  in  tone 
to  the  one  made  at  Lower  Moro  village.  Shortly 
after  leaving  San  MIgiioL,  General  Kournoy  luurnod 
that  General  Suloxor  was  in  command  of  the 
troops  destined  to  oppose  his  progress.  On  the 
dav  following,  the  son  of  Salnxar  was  made 
nrisoner,  who  informed  the  general,  that  tho 
Mexloau  troops  hod  all  returned  to  their  homes. 
The  Americans  arrived  at  a  onnon,  on  the  18lh 
of  August,  whire,  a  day  or  two  before,  a  Mexi- 
can force,  consistins  of  8,000  men,  hud  been  as- 
sembled; but  had  fled  on  the  approucii  of 
UoiienU  Kearney.  The  army  marched  into  the 
pluzu  of  Santa  Fc,  whore  they  wore  received  by 
tlio  acting  governor  and  other  dignitaries,  Ar- 
mjjo  liaving  mode  his  escape.  The  American 
Hug  was  hoisted,  and  General  Kearney  addressed 
the  people,  assuring  them  of  full  protootiou,  and 
taking  poesossion  of  the  country  in  the  name 
of  the  United  States,  proclaimed  himself  Gov- 
ernor. 

On  the  Sd  of  September,  George  Bent,  known 
as  tho  iimprietor  of  Bent'a  Fort,  was  appointed 
civil  Governor  of  New  Mexico,  and  General 
Kearney  started  on  a  reconnoissance  down  the 
Kio  Grande,  with  750  men.  He  was  favorably 
received  every  where  on  the  route,  and  the  most 
friemlly  disposition  was  manifested  bv  the  In- 
dians. A  treaty  of  peace  was  oonoludoa  between 
tiie  Apache  tribe,  so  formidable  to  the  Mexicans, 
and  the  Americans,  in  the  latter  part  of  Septem> 
lier.  Arrangements  were  also  made  for  improv- 
ing the  civil  government  of  the  country,  and  a 
code  of  laws  was  established,  which  were  drawu 
np  by  Colonel  Doniphan  and  Willard  P.  Hall. 

General  Kearney,  having  been  informed  of 
tho  approach  of  the  Missouri  regiment,  under 
Colonel  Price,  left  Santo  F&  with  800  men,  to 
march  across  the  country  to  Upper  Culit'ornia. 
Soon  utter,  he  was  informed  of  the  conquest  of 
Califurnia  by  Commodore  Stockton  and  Colonel 
Fremont';  and  this  news  induced  him  to  send 
back  a  portion  of  his  men.  He  then  marched 
the  distance  of  1,000  miles,  through  an  unknown 
couutry,  with  only  100  dragoons  as  an  escort; 
the  remainder  of  the  "  Army  of  the  West "  being 
posted  at  different  phces  in  New  Mexico. 

Colonel  Doniphan,  with  the  object  of  opening 
a  <x>mmanlcation  with  General  Wool,  at  Chi- 
huahua, left  Vulverde  with  fiOO  men,  and  i^er 
a  Journey  of  three  duya,  through  a  desert  couu' 
try,  arrived  near  the  town  of  El  Paso.  Near 
this  place  they  encamped.  They  hod  all  dispersed, 
the  rear-gusird  being  six  miles  behind,  when 
they  were  attacked  by  a  hirge  body  of  Mexicans, 
with  cavalry  and  artillery.  Doniphan's  men 
had  not  time  to  saddle  their  burses,  but  drew  up 
rapidly  in  front  of  their  encampuicut,  deter 
uiucd  to  fight  to  the  lu.'-t.  The  Hcxicana  neut  a 
lilocll  Hog,  with  skull  and  cross-bones  upuii  it. 
With  on  intimation  that  no  quarter  would  be 


sus|iept  Ortis,  the  priett,  of  being  the  agent  of 
tho  c<irres|iondonce.    He  Oflconiingly  doHpatched 

scouting  iMirty  to  catch  him  in  tho  act ;  but 
owing  to  the  bad  management  of  tho  olticer  In 
charge,  who  instead  of  waiting  to  seize  tliu  mes- 
senger after  he  hud  storted,  und  try  to  liiul  de- 
spatches u|)on  iiim,  only  surrounded  the  house, 
and  arrested  Ortis,  who  wns  taken  before  Col- 
onel Doniphan  and  upbraided  with  treachory ; 
lio  (Ortis)  remarked  that  he  did  not  <'on.<i!der  the 
delivering  onu's  country  from  a  foreign  power 
troucliory;  and  that  ho  was  the  enemy  of  all 
Americans;  and  that  he  would  use  his  utmost 
endeavors  to  free  his  country  from  tliom,  but  that 
ho  would  not  attempt  to  exclto  an  insurrection ; 
all  should  bo  fairly  and  openly  done.  Colonel 
Doniphan  told  him,  that  while  ho  ndndred  his 
sentiments,  he  would  take  cure  that  an  opportu- 
nity was  not  given  him  for  carrying  them  into 
otl'eot.  A  strict  watch  was  kept  over  him,  and 
Doniphan  remarked,  that  as  he  had  scon  how 
Mexicans  could  light  upon  ground  of  their  own 
selection— meaning  Brooito,  where  Ortis  wi 
he  would  take  him  along  with  him,  in  order  tliat 
hu  might  see  tho  Mexicans  tight  upon  ground  of 
Ids,  Doniphan's,  selection.  This  threat  tho  col- 
onel curried  into  etfeot,  taking  him  to  Chihua- 
hua. 

The  artillery  arrived  on  tho  Ist  of  February, 
1847,  and  Colonel  Doniphan's  force  wus  increased 
to  1,000  men;  and  on  the  11th,  ho  set  out  for 
Chihuuhua.  After  a  march  of  14S  miles,  ho  re- 
ceived information  that  General  Wool  was  not 
at  Chihuahua.  This  was  very  disheartening  hi' 
ttlligence,  for  it  was  fully  expected  that  tho  two 
forces  would  there  be  combined.  After  some 
deliberation  it  was  decided  to  go  forward.  The 
march  from  the  place  where  the  council  of  war 
was  iield,  was  one  of  the  most  dilHciilt  and  dan- 
goroua  of  the  whole  route.  The  most  prominent 
sources  of  danger  were  fires  upon  the  prairies, 
and  long  Journeys  witliout  water,  combined  willi 
the  momentary  ex|iectation  of  an  attack. 

It  was  very  clear,  on  tho  27th  of  February, 
that  a  battle  would  be  fought  upon  the  day  fol- 
lowing; Colonel  Doniphan  having  received  in 
formation  that  the  enemy  were  posted  in  tiie 
neighborhood  of  the  Sacramento,  and  that  every 
tiling  was  prepared  for  a  battle.  The  following 
is  a  semi-otticiul  account  of  tlie  battle : — 

"Head  Quactriu,  llstuliun  MUuuuii  LWlit  Artillery, 
"■Camp  nvir  Clilliuabua,  Mc\ko,  March  iil,  ll>47." 

"To  Colonel  A.  W.  Duniphun,  Commatidiug 
American  Forces  in  the  State  of  Cliihualiuu. 
"  Sir : — I  have  the  honor  to  report,  th.tt,  agrcc- 
nlily  to  your  in8tructioni<,  I  left  tho  c;imp  near 
Sum,  on  the  morning  of  the  28lli  ultimo,  ac- 
coin|ianied  by  my  adjutant,  Lieutenant  L.  D. 
Walker,  and  nou-commissiuned  stutf,  and  pro- 


menta,  situated  about  four  milts  dbtant 
this  point.  The  enemy  was  discovered  to  be  In 
force,  awaiting  our  approach,  having  oocnpled 
the  ridge  and  neighboring  lioiglits  about  8iu<ru- 
mento,  Upon  examination,  it  was  ascertained 
that  his  Intronchmoiits  ami  redoubts  oocuiiieil 
the  brow  of  elevation  extending  uprmM  the  rldK* 
between  the  Arroyo  .Vwo  and  that  o( Sneramenti), 
Imth  of  which,  at  this  point,  rrims  the  valley 
from  the  elevated  ridge  of  mountains  in  the  rear 
of  the  valley  of  Torreon,  known  by  the  name  of 
the  Sierra  i/«  VietoriVino,  thnt  of  Numhrt  J* 
/Hot  on  tho  east,  and  thnmuh  wliirli  runs  tli« 
Hio  del  yombre  tU  IHoi.  Tills  valley  is  about 
four  miles  in  width,  and  intrenohod  by  the 
enemy  entirely  across,  iVom  mountain  to  moun> 
tain,  the  road  to  tho  city  of  Chihuahua  running 
directly  through  its  centre— und  of  necessity 
passing  near  to,  and  oroxsing  the  Kio  SuerU' 
mento,  at  the  Itnneho  Sucrnmenfo,  a  strongly 
built  and  fortified  house,  with  aiUoining  corrn- 
nls,  und  nt  other  onelosiirPH,  belonging  to  Angel 
Frias,  the  Governor  of  Cliihualina.  From  oIh 
servution  it  was  .'"f^ertaiiiod  that  the  enemy  had 
ocouulod  tho  site  *'etwcen  these  hills,  nnti  thut 
the  baUerios  upon  them  wore  sup|iorted  by  in- 
fantry— his  cavalry  being  in  advanced  iiositlons, 
fofmed  into  three  coliimiiH,  between  the  Arroyo 
Sceo,  and  our  advance.  During  these  observa- 
tions, tho  enemy's  ndvnnrcd  guard  discovering 
my  parly,  approached  rapidly,  witli  tho  ovidoiit 
intention  of  intercepting  it;  but  being  met  by 
that  of  our  troops,  which  I  had  sent  forward,  li 
as  rapidly  rntrouted.  At  this  tiine,  also,  the 
three  columns  of  tho  enemy's  cavalry  recrussed 
the  Arroyo  Seeo,  and  retired  lioliind  their  in- 
tronchments.  I  then  apnroached  within  600 
yards  of  the  most  advanced  redoubt,  from  which 
[loint  the  enemy's  formation  was  plainly  disceru- 
ttble.  Tho  Intronclimeiits  conisted  of  a  lino, 
with  intervals,  compos.d  of  circular  redoubts, 
ft-ora  800  to  000  yards  Interval,  with  intrench- 
ments  between  each,  covering  batteries  partly 
masked  by  cavalry.  The  redoubt  nearest  to  my 
IMwition,  contained  two  pieces  of  cunnon,  sup- 
ported  by  several  hundretl  infantry. 

"  Tlie  enemy's  right  and  left  wore  strong  po 
sltions^the  Cerro  FrijoUn  on  hip  riglit,  and 
having  high  precipitous  sides,  witit  a  reiloubt 
commanding  the  surrounding  country,  nnd  thi 
pa.^  leading  towards  Cliiliualiuo,  througli  the 
Arroyo  Soco.  The  Cerro  Sacramento  on  hit 
loft,  consisting  of  a  pile  of  immense  volcanic 
rocks,  surmounted  by  a  battery,  commanded  the 
main  road  to  Chiiiuahuo,  loading  din  ctly  in  front 
of  tiie-enemy'sintronchments;  crossing  the  Uio 
Sacramento  at  the  runclio,  directly  under  iti 
fire,  nnd  also  commanding  the  road  fVoni  Tei' 
reon,  immediately  in  its  rear;  tho  crossing  of 
tho  main  road  over  the  Arroyo  Seoo,  at  the 

fioint  from  which  my  reconnoissauoo  was  made, 
aid  directly  under  tho  fire  of  tlio  batteries  on 
the  enemy's  right,  which  rendered  it  necessary 
to  ascertain  the  practicability  of  a  route  more 
distant  from  tho  enemy's  intronchments.     The 

fiassoge  wus  found  to  bo  pructioablo,  with  some 
ittld  labor,  and  a  point  selected  us  the  best  for 
tlio  passuge  of  the  artillery,  and  wiigonsj  und 
merchants'  trains.  Tho  whole  point  ot  thu 
enuuiy's  lino  of  intrenchiuonts  ap|ioared  to  bo 
about  two  miles,  and  his  forco  8,000  men.  Tliu 
artillui-y  boiug  masked,  tho  number  and  calibre 
of  tlie  camion  could  not  bo  ascertuiuod, 

''  Furtiier,  I  have  the  honor  to  roiiort,  that  tlie 
battalion  of  artillery  under  my  command,  com- 
posed of  110  men,  and  seven  oflioors,  with  a 
battery  of  six  pieces  of  artillery,  wore,  on  tlio 
morning  of  the  battle,  directed  to  form,  under 
tlie  direction  of  Captain  Weightmitn,  between 
tlie  two  columns  of  iiiorchnnts'  and  provision 
wagons;  being  tiius  masked  from  tlic  view  uf 
iho  enemy,  in  this  column  my  troops  con- 
tinued tlie  march  to  witliiii  1,500  yards  of  the 


ceeded  in  advance  to  a  positiou  coiiimaiidiug  u  enemy's  must  advanced  \iusitiou;  our  direction 
fidl  view  of  the  euemy^s  camp  and  iutreuuh-  was  ttiun  ehani^ed  tu  the  rigid,  uuil  tlie  column, 


UNITSD  STATES. 


h«vlB(  onMNd  th«  ArroTo  S«eo  wuhoat  reMh 


nf  tbe  •netnv'i  flr«,  miiidlv  atlTMocd  toward* 
III*  Ubln-Una  between  tne  Aeon  and  Hoeramento. 
At  tlili  time  tlie  enemy  wm  poroelved  Mlvano- 
lnf{  fruiii  bin  iiitruncbiiiuiitii,  to  prevent  our  leii- 
iiiK  n[ion  tlio  hulgbtM,  bnt  by  •  rapid  nuivement 
of  tbo  battery,  It  waa  i|uloklv  drawn  (Tom  Itn 
niitHk,  nnd  wiilnK  upon  a  ntToriible  ptnitlon, 
phUenlvd  in  tlie  rear  by  a  inanlc  Crutn  tlie  attiiolt 
of  a  liirge  body  of  tbe  enemy'*  cavalry,  a*oer> 
tAlaed  to  be  lianging  on  oar  rear,  It  wa*  formed, 
and  at  once  opened  Are  upon  the  enemy'*  cav- 
alry, rapidly  advancing  upon  u*.  At  thi*  time 
hb  charging  column  wo*  about  900  yard*  di»- 
tant,  and  the  elfeot  of  onr  *tray  *bot  and  *h*ll* 
wa*  *nch  a*  to  break  hi*  rank*,  and  throw  hi* 
cavalry  Into  oonAi*ion.  Tbe  enemy  now  rapidly 
deployed  Into  line,  bringing  up  hb  artillery  ft«m 
tbo  iutrenchment*.  During  thi*  time  onr  line 
wo*  preparing  for  a  charge— my  artillery  ad- 
Tnnoing  by  hand,  and  firing.  The  enemy  now 
o|)enod  a  heavy  Are  of  cannon  upon  our  line, 
niuinly  directed  upon  the  batterv,  with  little 
etfect.  Lieutenant  Dorn  had  hi*  bono  iliot 
under  blin  by  a  nino-|>ound  bull,  at  tliia  atage  of 
the  Action,  nnd  itovvral  nndea  and  oxen  In  the 
merchant  wngoii».  In  our  roar,  wore  wounded  or 
killctl,  whicli,  however,  wiut  the  only  damage 
done.  Tiie  tiro  of  onr  cannon  at  thb  time  had 
Much  good  etfert,  a*  to  dbniount  one  of  the 
enemy'*  piecoii,  and  coinpleteiy  to  dl*|)eri4e  hi* 
vnvniry,  and  drive  hini  I'runi  hi*  ptwition,  forcing 
him  to  again  retire  behind  hi*  IntrenchnientM. 
For  a  short  time  the  firing  on  either  side  now 
ocuNed,  and  the  enemy  appeared  to  be  removing 
his  cannon  and  wounded,  wlilbt  our  line  pre- 
pared to  change  our  |H>ititiun,  nnd  uiove  toward* 
the  right,  fur  tiio  purpoiie  of  occupying  a  more 
advantogeoD*  ground.  Our  object  being  *oon 
p:dni<d,  tt:e  order  to  advance  wo*  given,  and  im- 
mediately after  I  wu*  directed  to  send  the  *ec- 
tlun  of  liowitzor*,  to  *uppurt  a  charge  u|iou  the 
cnemv'*  left.  I  immediately  orderodCaptaIn  K. 
II.  Welghtman  to  detach  the  Motion,  eomposod 
of  two  twelve-pound  mountain  howitzer*, 
inonnted  upon  carriage*  cou«truct«<l  eepeciully 
for  dehi-prairie  service,  and  drawn  by  two  burnei* 
encli.  Tliese  were  commanded  by  LIcutonant 
K.  F.  Ciiouteau  and  U.  U.  Evan*,  and  manued 
by  some  twenty  men,  wiiuae  conduct  in  thb  oo- 
tion  cannot  be  too  mnoh  ooinniended. 

Captain  Welghtman  charged  at  fUll  gallop 
upon  the  enemy'*  loft,  precede<l  by  Captain 
Kvid  and  hi*  company  of  horse,  and  atW  cross- 
lug  a  ravine  some  lOU  yards  from  the  enemy,  he 
unilmbered  the  gun*  within  SO  yurds  of  the  in- 
trenohment,  and  poured  a  destructive  tire  of 
canister  into  bis  ranks,  which  wu*  warmly  ro- 
tnrnud,  but  without  etTeot.  Captain  Welghtman 
iiKuiu  advanced  \ipon  the  intreuchment,  passing 
tlirougb  it  in  the  face  of  tbo  enemy,  and  within 
a  lew  teot  of  tlie  ditolies ;  and  in  the  midst  of 
cross-fires  from  tliree  directions,  again  opened 
his  fire  to  the  right  and  lolt  with  such  clfect, 
tliut,  with  the  fiiriMidubio  cliurgo  of  tiiu  cavalry 
«nd  disiiionuted  niun  of  your  own  regiuicut,  and 
LluuieMunt-colonui  Mitclicli's  escort,  tiio  enemy 
wcie  driven  from  tlio  breastwork*  on  our  right 
ill  great  confusion.  At  this  time,  under  u  iivuvy 
cross-fire  from  a  battery  of  four  six-pounders, 
uuilvr  Lieutenant'*  Dorn,  Kibben,  and  Labeaumo, 
■i|«in  tlie  enemy's  riglit,  sujiiiorted  by  M^jor 
Uilpiii  on  tlio  loft,  und  ihe  wagon-truin  osoortvU 
by  two  cumpuiiies  of  infantry  under  Cuptuins 
li.  F.  Ciliisgow  and  Skiliiuun,  in  rear,  Mijor  Uil- 
jiiii  charged  upon  tlio  enemy's  centre  und  forced 
lilm  from  his  intreuciimonts,  under  a  heavy  lire 
uf  urtiilery  and  siiiail  ariiui.  At  the  same  time, 
tiie  fire  of  our  own  buttery  was  opened  upon 
the  enemey's  extreme  riglit,  from  wliicli  a  con- 
tinued fire  bad  been  kept  up  iiihim  our  own  lino 
und  the  wogou-train.  Two  of  tiio  vuoniy's  guns 
were  soon  dismounted  on  their  right,  tliut  but- 
tery silenced,  and  the  enemy  dislodged  from  the 
Ndoabt   OB  the   Cerro  Fryolt*.     I'erceiviiig 


•  body  of  lanoan  forming,  for  th*  pnrpo**  of 
outflanking  onr  l*ft,  and  attacking  the  merehant 
train  under  Captain  Glasgow,  I  again  opened 
upon  tbem  a  very  doitmotlve  tiro  of  gran*  nnd 
*ph*rlc*l  ease  ahot,  which  anon  ciohred  tne  left 
of  onr  line.  The  enemy,  vacating  hi*  intrench- 
inenta  and  d«*ertliig  hi*  gun*,  wa*  hotly  punued 
toward*  th*  nir'i  itain*  beyond  Cerro  Fryole*, 
and  down  Artoi/o  >«»  dt  ikieramenlo,  liy  both 
wing*  of  the  artny  under  Lleutonant-Oolonel 
Mitohcll,  Lientti.tn' -colonel  Jaokaon,  and  Mi^or 
Ullpi'i,  and  by  Captain  Welghtman,  with  the 
aectlon  of  howitzer*.  During  thi*  pursuit,  my 
uffloer*  repeatedly  opened  their  Are  nnon  the 
retreating  •n*my  with  great  eflbct.  To  cover 
thb  flight  of  the  *nemy'*  force*  fVoni  the  In- 
trenched oamp,  the  beavieat  of  hia  cannon  had 
been  taken  ttota  hb  Intrenchment*  to  the  Cerro- 
Saeramtnio,  and  a  heavy  tire  opened  upon  our 
ling  force*  nnd  the  wagon*  following  in  the 
rear,  'lo*ilenc«  thi*  battery,  I  had  the  himor 
to  anticipate  your  order  to  that  eifeet,  by  at  onoe 
occupying  the  nearest  of  the  enemy'*  intrench 
ment*,  1,22S  yard*  dibtant,  nnd  notwith*tanding 
tlie  elevated  |ioMltion  of  tlio  Mexioiin  battery 
giving  him  a  plunging  flro  into  my  intrench- 
ment*, which  ware  not  enfiladed,  and  the  greater 
range  of  hi*  long  nine-poundorK,  tlie  first  tire  of 
our  gun*  dismounted  one  of  hi*  iargoNt  pieces, 
and  the  flro  was  kept  up  with  Niion  briskness 
and  deoislon  of  aim,  that  the  battery  wn*  *oon 
silenced,  and  the  enemv  *een  precipitately  re- 
treating. The  fire  wa*  then  continued  upon  tbo 
Hnnolio  IJacraincnto,  and  the  enemy'*  oininuni- 
tiun  and  wagon  train,  retreating  upon  tbe  road 
to  Chiliuahua.  liy  thuir  fire,  tlie  bonse  and  seve- 
ral wagon*  were  rendered  untenable  and  useles*. 
liy  this  time,  Lieutenant-colonel  Mitchell  had 
scaled  the  hill,  followed  bv  the  eeotion  of  how- 
itzer*, under  Captain  Weightmon,  and  the  List 
|ioaltion  of  the  Mexican  force*  was  taken  posaes- 
*ion  of  by  our  troop* ;  thus  leaving  tlie  Ameri' 
can  force*  maators  of  tbe  field.  Having  silenced 
the  fire  from  Cerro  Sacramento,  one  battery  wa* 
removed  into  the  phdn  at  tiie  rancho,  where  we 
gained  the  road,  and  were  in  pursuit  of  the 
enemy,  when  I  received  your  order  to  return 
and  encamp  within  the  enemy's  intrencbincnts 
for  tbe  night.  From  the  time  of  first  opening 
my  fire  upon  the  Mexican  cavalry,  to  the  cessa- 
tion of  the  firing  upon  the  ronoho  and  battery 
of  Saoramento,  wa*  about  three  hours;  and 
during  the  whole  time  of  the  action,  I  take  the 
utmot>t  pleaauro  In  stating,  that  every  oflloer 
and  man  of  my  command,  did  his  dutv  with 
oheerfiilne**,  coolness  and  precision,  wliich  is 
suflielently  shown  by  tbe  admirable  effect  pro- 
duced by  their  fire,  the  groat  accuracy  of  their 
aim,  their  exi)editi(in  and  ingenuity  in  supplying 
dettciencio*  in  the  field  during  tbe  action,  and 
the  prompt  management  of  their  piece* — ren- 
dered *tili  more  remarkable,  from  the  fact,  that 
I  had,  during  the  flgbt,  less  than  two-thirds  tlie 
number  of  cannoneers  generally  required  fur  the 
service  of  light  artillery,  and  but  four  of  the 
twelve  artillery  carrmgos  belonging  to  ray  bat- 
tery liarnessjd  with  horses,  the  remaining  eigiit 
carriages  being  harnessed  to  mules  of  the  ouiiu- 
try.  During  the  day  my  staff  were  of  the  great- 
est serviue;  A(\jatunt  Leo  D.  Walker  having 
been  soiit  witii  the  howitzers,  and  the  noii-cum- 
iiiissioncd  ofbcers  remaining  with  mo,  to  assist 
in  the  service  of  tiie  buttiTy,  In  tliis  action, 
tlie  troops  under  your  command  have  captured 
one  uine-pouuder,  one  Bix-|)ouiider,  and  seven 
fuur-pouiider  guns,  all  mounted  on  new  stock- 
trail  carriages.  Tliese  pieces  were  manufactured 
in  Chihuahua,  except  the  six-pounder,  which  is 
an  old  Spanish  piece.  Three  uf  the  four-puuud- 
er*  were  made  at  the  mint  in  Chihuahua.  Seven 
of  the  ten  pieces  were  spiked,  but  have  been  un- 
spiked  since  thuir  capture ;  four  of  these  were 
rendered  unserviceable  in  tlie  action;  one  en- 
tirely dumouuted,  was  seized  by  my  adjutant, 
whilst  in  the  uot  of  being  dragged  from  the  field' 


by  th*  rttreating  enemy.  Th*r*  were  also  taken 
two  ptee**  of  artillery,  monnting  tliree  wall- 
piece*  of  one  and  a  hiJ''-inch  calibre  ciuib,  untl 
these  are  formidabl<>  weapons  upon  a  cliurgiiig 
force.  With  the**  twelve  piece*  of  artillery  wa* 
taken  a  due  proportion  of  ammnnition,  iinple- 
menta,  hamca*,  mule*,  iie,;  and  they  may  bo 
rendered  serviceable  or  being  properly  reiiaired 
and  manned;  fur  whioh  purpose  1  would  ask 
for  fiirther  reinforoemer.'  of  my  command.  It 
I*  with  fbellng*  of  gratitude  to  the  Kulor  of  all 
battles,  that  I  have  now  the  honor  to  r*nort| 
that  not  •  man  of  my  command  has  been  hurt, 
nor  anv  animals,  with  the  exception  of  on* 
bora*  killed  under  Li*ut«nant  Dorn,  ohief  uf  tha 
first  aaotion  of  six-pound  guns,  and  of  on*  mala, 
belonging  to  the  Unltod  States,  shot  under  on* 
of  the  cannoneer* ;  neither  ha*  a  gun  or  other 
oarringe  of  my  battery  been  touched,  except  In 
one  instanoo,  when  a  nino-pound  ball  stmok  th« 
tire  of  a  wheel,  without  producing  any  lidurv. 
Thb  i*  a  fact  worthy  of  notice,  that  *o  little 
damage  wo*  done  to  a  command  greatly  expoaed 
to  the  enemy's  fire,  and  of  itself  made  a  point 
of  attack  by  the  enemy.  If  1  may  so  Judg*  by 
the  showers  of  cannon  and  other  uioteonstanUy 
poured  into  us,  as  long  as  the  enemy  oontinueu 
to  occupy  his  position.  1  might  call  your  atten- 
tion to  the  Individual  in«ianoes  of  personal 
courage  and  good  cnndnot  of  the  men  of  my 
command,  as  well  a*  of  th*  intrepid  bravery, 
cool  ami  detennined  courage  of  many  of  your 
own  regiment,  and  Lieutenant-colonel  Mitehell'* 
escort,  who  ciiarged  with  us  upon  the  enemy's 
works,  wore  it  not  Impoesible,  m  any  reasonable 
space,  to  name  so  many  equally  worthy  of  dis- 
tinction ;  and  did  I  rot  presume  that  other  field 
officer*  on  that  occasion,  would  report  the  pro- 
ceedings of  their  owu  commands,  and  the  prab«* 
worthy  conduct  of  their  own  officers  and  men. 
"With  high  respect.  I  am,  sir, 
"Your  most  obedient  servant, 
"  M.  Liwia  Clabk, 

*'  Mi4<«  CoinmaiidlDg  Oattallpa  Mlaaourt  Li(ht  ArUllarj." 

The  da^  following  tbe  battle  was  devoted  to 
the  mending  of  the  tattered  clothes  of  the  army, 
previous  to  u  triumphal  uiorch  into  Chihuahua. 
Having  been  disappointed  again  in  finding  Gen- 
erol  Wool,  an  express  wo^  sent  to  general  Tay- 
lor, re<iue*tiug  to  bo  informed  whether  they 
sbuuld  return  hume,  or  Join  him:  an  answer  was 
received,  stating  that  tbey  should  join  him  by 
way  of  Parras  aud  8altillo.  They  accordingly 
started  for  Saitillo  on  the  SSth  of  April ;  travel- 
ling a  distance  of  UUO  miles  in  forty-five  days, 
arriving  at  Saitillo  on  tho  22d  of  May.  Hero 
thvy  had  many  ofliars  made  them  to  enlist  again, 
but  iiome  was  jirvforable,  and  they  returned  to 
thu  United  States,  and  were  received  with  every 
luauifestatiun  of  Joy  and  pleasure. 

In  the  luoantiiue,  import'ant  events  were  tak- 
ing |ihkco  in  California.  Uelure  the  war  began, 
in  linn,  tbo  territory  uf  Upper  Colifuruia  formed 
the  nurtli-western  portion  of  the  Kepublio  of 
Mexico.  It  was  chiefly  mliabiied  by  Indians, 
aud  purtiuus  of  the  co;:iitry,  in  the  valley  of 
San  Jose,  imd  thu  vicinity  of  Los  Angeles,  were 
very  fertile.  Uenorid  Sluat,  commander  of  tha 
squadron  on  tbe  I'aoiiic  coast,  having  receivod 
information  of  the  war  upon  tiie  Kio  Grande, 
arrived  at  Monterey,  and  hobted  the  Amerieac 
flag  uver  tliat  tuwii.  amidst  the  cheers  of  tbe 
Americans,  und  a  solute  from  the  ships  in  the 
harbor.  11,?  also  issued  a  prucluiiiatiuu  to  the 
petiplo  of  California,  'iln  Amerioun  flag  was 
also  hoisted  at  San  Francbcu,  by  Montgomery, 
commander  of  the  sloop-oi-war  Portsmouth, 

Captain  Fremont,  with  170  men,  arrived  in 
California  by  an  overland  route,  and  took  |H>a<«<- 
siun  uf  Souuma,  uue  of  the  must  iiupurlant 
posts  in  thu  territory,  where  ho  left  a  small  gar- 
rison, and  marched  fur  and  tuok  pussessiuu  of 
San  Juan,  about  80  miles  oast  uf  Mouturuy. 

Immeduitely    afW  raising  the  flag  of  tb* 


niSTORY  OF  THK 


UnlUd  BtatM,  tb6  fortlAoatlun  of  Montarov  tonk 

EliuM,  and  Conimodora  Bloat  ntlod  for  tha  Unltwl 
tatM,  leavinfT  Commodur*  Stockton  In  com* 
niAnd  of  tlie  1'mIHo  iqnadr.in,  Hliortly  after 
till*,  tha  Cyaiie,  Cotninandant  Diipont,  with 
Oaptain  FWmont  and  voluntaort  nn  board,  lallud 
for  Sun  Diiws  uiid  tlia  frltfnta  OmiKrow,  Com- 
modore  StiMiktoB,  iuiil«<i  for  Han  IVvlni,  the  iM)rt 
of  Loa  Angel«^  tha  c'n|iital  of  Cnllforiila.  The 
frigate  Sarunnah  ruinulned  at  Mouteray,  nnil 
tlia  nloop-of^war  Portiimoiith.  at  Sim  Franolioo. 
11iui  all  the  |M)rti  of  tha  tarrltury  were  Moiired. 

Coiiimodora  Stockton  proclaimad  (!nllfornlii 
in  full  jKMtewiioii  of  iIm  tlnllad  8lau>i  on  tlie 
17tb  of  Auyniit,  and  »hortly  after,  Joined  llio 
■qtndron  at  Han  FranolMO.  Bciirutily  hail  liv 
arrived,  wlian  infurniation  wan  reovlveil  tliat  all 
the  country  bulow  Monterey  wii*  in  urnia ;  lie 
iininodiutely  retiirncMl,  and  iiulnvd  a  victory  of 
the  Ciilitoridnnii  at  the  itanche  H«|iiillnda,  Un 
the  98d  of  8tt|iteniber,  I'ueblo  de  lo«  AnKvles 
wliich  had  been  lelt  in  ooiiiinand  of  Oaotalii 
Uilloii|iIo  with  30  men,  wa«  invented  witli  an 
.•riiiy  of  O.difitriiijini)  under  Mnnuvl  Oonpar,  who 
forrad  (iillvHpiu  to  mirrcnder  the  pUoe,  and  retire 
to  8:tn  reiiro,  whvre  lie  andwrked  fur  Monterey. 

OoKpur  Ibeti  led  21*0  of  hb  man  aaitlntt  Hunta 
liurbara  (which  place  hod  lieon  lalt  in  com- 
iniiiul  of  Lieuteiinnt  Tulbot  with  only  nine  men), 
whvre  he  win  held  in  ohack  by  Talb<it  for  ten 
dayii.  Tulbot  and  hi*  niop  then  retired  to  the 
iiiountaiiia,  and  wore  lumnioned  to  lurrander; 
but  on  hi*  rofuMil,  a  dataohment  of  forty  men 
wuM  Dent  ogainet  him,  who  proiniied.  If  he  would 
orunurve  ueutruliiv  during  the  wiir,  to  permit 
liiiii  to  retire.  Tfil*  not  proving  effectual,  the 
i;riiiM  wHK  tired,  and  lie  woa  burned  out,  retreat' 
lug  to  Montvrvy  on  foot  a  diitanoe  of  SUO  ndle*. 

S)'.)ino  two  dny*  after  the  arrival  i>f  Lieutenant 
Tiilliot  at  Monterey,  a  pnrty  of  27  Ainerioani, 
under  Cuptaius  Uurrow*  and  Thuni|N»n,  were 
attacked  bv  80  Oallforniaui,  and  Captalu  Unr- 
row*  and  three  American*  »laiii.  Throe  of  the 
cr.umy  were  oLio  killed,  but  the  American*  were 
ko)it  Hhut  up  III  St.  John'*,  until  the  arrival  of 
kliOor  Frouiont.  The  whole  party  then  left  St. 
Joliu'it,  and  arrived  at  San  Farnaodo  on  the  lltb 
of  January. 

While  theaa  affuirt  were  In  progreaa  in  CiUi- 
foriiia.  General  Kearnev  was  on  hi*  march 
iliitliur  from  Suiita  I'i.  lie  met  Oaraon  on  the 
6th  of  Octoltur,  who,  with  fifteen  men,  waa  on 
hi*  way  to  Wtt*hington,  with  an  aooou-^'  of  the 
L-oU(iue«t  of  that  country  by  Frimont  a* .  Stock- 
ton. General  Kearney  uernuuded  biin  to  act  a* 
hi*  guide  toward*  the  I'aoitio,  and  allow  Hoinv 
otiier  penon  to  take  hi*  deHpalchea.  On  the 
16th  of  October,  tbey  left  the  Rio  Grande,  and 
cuininenoed  their  march  with  100  men,  well 
equipped,  toward*  the  I'aoiflo  ooait. 

They  were  met  on  the  Otb  of  December,  by  a 
Rmull  body  of  volunteer*  under  Oaptuin  Gil- 
lospie,  who  gave  them  Information  oonoarning 
tlie  utate  of  the  country,  lie  etated  Uiat  an 
armed  party  ot  Callfornlani,  with  an  extra  num- 
ber of  home*,  were  enoam|>ed  at  Sun  Ponqual, 
tliree  leugue*  dittont.  General  Kearney  de- 
termined to  march  upon  them,  In  the  double 
hope  of  a  victory,  and  obtaining  a  remount  for 
hi*  poor  *oldier<s  whose  animal*  bad  bean  oom- 
niotuly  worn  out  during  tbair  march  from  Santa 
V(,  a  dliuinoe  of  1,OSO  mile*.  They  enoount- 
ai-ed  the  enemy  at  daybreak,  on  the  6tb  De- 
cember, and  Cuptain  Johnson,  who  led  tha  nd- 
vuuced  guard,  made  a  furijui  onalaugbt  upon 
them,  but  fell  almost  at  tha  begluuing  of  the 
action.  The  enemy  were  forced  to  retreat. 
Oaptuin  Moore  pursued  them,  but  the  mules  on 
wbivU  the  drajjoons  were  mounted,  ooidd  not 
keep  up  with  liii«  honie«,  and  the  enemy  saeinK 
this,  renewed  the  llglit.  Tlioir  superior  num- 
bers nearly  proved  liitul  to  tlio  lltlio  bund  ;  but 
the  dragoons  coming  up  soon  after,  tliey  tied 
from  the  tield,  oorryiog  otT  must  of  tlieir  deud 
with  them.    Cai)tttm  Jnhnioii,  Ouptuin  Moore, 


Lieutenant  Hammond,  two  lergaanta,  two  oorpo- 
rals,  alavan  privatas,  and  a  man  attached  to  the 
topographical  de|>artinant  ware  ilsln.  Oenaral 
Kearney  wa*  wounded  in  two  places.  Captain 
Oil'  ipie  had  three  wounds,  Lloiitennnt  WAnior, 


of  the  topogrnphlral  cnKineer*,  three,  and  ('at>- 
ill" 


tain  GII)son  and  eleven  others  were  also  wounded, 
most  of  them  having  fVom  two  to  ten  wounds 
from  lances.  Tlie  crippled  state  of  the  siddiers 
caused  ahnit  until  the  I'idi  of  December,  when 
the  march  was  resumed,  and  on  the  19th  the 
army  renoheil  San  Dieuo. 

On  the  arrival  of  floneral  Kearney,  he  and 
Commodore  Stockton  laid  a  plan  for  putting  an 
end  to  tha  war. 

The  little  army,  consisting  of  about  600  men, 
started  iVoin  San  Diugo  on  the  'iDth  of  Decem- 
lier,  to  march  t«i  Los  Angeles.  Tliey  hud  only 
iiriK-evdud  lUti  miles,  as  lur  lu  the  Kio  Hnn  Gn- 
liriel,  when  they  met  the  enemy,  who  with  60<) 
mounted  men.  and  four  pieces  of  artillury,  were 
prepared  to  dispute  the  |ias*nge  of  the  river. 

t)u  the  8tli  of  January,  1847,  the  Americfins 
waded  through  tha  river,  under  a  most  gnlling 
Hre,  reserving  their  lire,  until  they  reached  tlie 
opposite  baiik.  Here  they  sucoei><lu<l  in  com- 
pletely routing  tba  enemy,  and  encamped  there 
over  night,  and  reaumad  their  march,  early  next 
morning,  Un  the  pUin*  of  the  Mesa,  another 
attemiit  was  made  by  the  enemy  to  save  tlieir 
capital.  Tliey  concealed  theroseive*  in  a  ravine, 
OS  the  Americans  approached,  when  they 
opened  a  brink  lire  with  their  tield  pieces,  and  at 
the  same  time  oliarge<l  uinin  them  lioth  in  the 
fl'ont  and  rear.  Tlicy  fell  buck,  however,  as  the 
Americans  udvanoeU,  and  tiuully  retreated,  after 
another  clmrge  on  the  left  llank.  The  Ameri- 
cans entered  the  city  of  Los  Angeles  on  the  lOtb 
without  opiMwitlon. 

Two  or  ihrea  days  previously  to  tha  battle  of 
the  8th  of  January,  proposition*  ware  made  bv 
Jose  Maria  Flores,  the  commander  of  the  Coil- 
fornians,  for  peace.  But  Captain  Stockton  replied 
tliat  he  would  receive  no  overtures  from  a  man 
who  liad  broken  his  parole ;  that  be  was  a  rebel 
in  arma,  and  if  token  he  would  be  shot. 

After  losing  the  battles  of  the  8th  &  0th,  they 
met  Colonel  Fremont  on  his  way  to  Cludud  de 
lus  Angeles.  Flores  bad  Hod,  leaving  the  com' 
iiiund  to  Don  Andres  Pico,  who  pro{iosed  sur 
rendering  his  force  to  C<donel  Frimout,  who, 
buing  unaware  of  what  had  occurred  previously, 
agreed  to  accept.  Tha  articles  of  oapltulutiou 
were  signed  on  the  IStb  of  January.  I'hu  terms 
did  not  treat  the  CiUii'oruiuns  either  as  rebels  or 
OS  citizens  of  the  United  States,  nor  exact  ni  .us 
of  allegiance  until  a  defluito  iroaty  of  peace 
should  De  concluded  between  the  two  Powers. 
Commodore  Stockton  approved  of  this  agreement 
though  be  regretted  that  the  opportunity  was 
lost  for  punishing  the  otUcers  for  breaking  their 
parole. 

Colonel  Fr£inont  joined  the  forces  of  Kearney 
and  Stockton,  at  Los  Angeles,  on  the  16tli.  It 
was  here  that  the  dispute  arose  between  Kearney 
and  Stockton,  as  to  their  relative  prerogatives, 
which  eventually  lost  to  the  country,  the  valu- 
able services  of  one  of  her  most  brilliant  and 
talented  oWcers. 

Commodore  Stockton  had  been  greatly  pleased 
with  the  conduct  of  Colonel  Frimont,  and  was 
deeply  imprensed  with  his  ability  and  zeal ;  and 
in  return  for  his  services,  before  leaving  the 
wast,  appointed  him  Governor  of  California. 

Commodore  Shubrick  arrived  at  Monterey, 
and  assumed  command  of  the  naval  forces  on 
that  station,  in  January,  1847.  General  Kear- 
ney was  joined  by  Lieutenant  Colonel  Cooke,  at 
Sun  Diego,  with  a  battalion  of  Mormons,  who 
were  posted  at  Sun  Luis  Key,  to  pre.  .;Ut  the 
rviutorcements  from  entering  Culifoiiiia  from 
Suuora.  General  Kearney  suiled  to  Monterey, 
Cuptain  Tompkins  arrived  with  his  company  <>1 
United  States  artillery,  and  was  stationed  at 
Monterey,  and  on  Uie  6th  of  March,  Colonel 


Staphanaon,  with  f 00  of  the  Naw  York  OalMbf'- 
nia  volunteers,  arrival  at  San  Franoiieo.  TIm 
reminder  of  hi*  regiment  nrrlve<l  *non  altar, 
lie  waa  ordered,  *oon  afterwards,  to  occupy 
Monterey,  with  fonr  nmipanies,  and  Lieutennnt 
Colonel  Ilnrtnn,  wi'h  three  rompanles,  Qcouple<i 
Hitnta  Karhara.  The  emigrants  wlio  had  formed 
the  (^ulitonda  liHttiilion,  were  dlHohnrged,  and 
began  to  establi.''h  themKelres.  New  settlement* 
were  formed  In  uU  diroctions.  Generiil  Kearney'* 
liMt  act  was  to  order  Lisntenant  Colonel  iiurton 
to  sail  to  I,a  Paa  in  Lower  California,  and  occa 
py  that  country.  Tlii*  wo*  accomplished  with 
out  much  difficulty, 

A  brillinnt  victory  was  gained  by  Lieutenant 
Oidimel  Iiurton  at  La  I'az,  over  8(iO  of  the  eiitv 
niv,  killing  and  wounding  BO  of  their  number, 
witli  the  loss  of  only  three  men.  Suma  CO 
Americans,  under  Lientenuiit  IleywiMxl,  were 
liesieged  at  San  Jo*^,  the  most  southern  port  o( 
California,  for  80  days,  bv  nearly  400  of  tha 
enemv,  yet  despite  of  all  tlie  horrors  of  fiimlne 
and  thirst,  tlioy  maintnined  their  post  until  they 
wore  relenwd  hv  the  Itnltcd  States  Blii|i  Cyano, 
the  crew  of  which  put  the  enemy  to  HIght.  A 
series  of  minor  tights  and  skirmlsiies  ttsik  place 
on  the  I'aciHc  coast  of  Mexico,  in  which  the 
enemy  wore  generally  worsted. 

In  February,  18'17,  General  Kearney  received 
Instructions  Irom  the  war  department,  to  assume 
the  government  of  Culil'ornia,  and  issiie<l,  on  the 
1st  of  March,  1847,  u  pmeLitnation  to  that  etfeet. 
When  Colonel  Fremont  was  npiirixod  of  this  oo- 
tlon,  he  declined  to  obey  his  military  orders,  and 
continued  to  act  as  "governor  and  commander- 
in-chief  of  California,"  under  authiirity  from 
Commodore  Stockton,  alleulng  that  the  author- 
ity conferred  on  General  Kearney  had  become 
owolete  by  events,  of  which  the  government  had 
taken  no  note.  Tho  principal  of  tlieiie  was  the 
conquest  of  California,  which  he  stated  had  been 
accomplished  by  Commodore  Stockton  and  him- 
self, before  the  arrival  of  General  Kearney. 

At  the  end  of  May.  General  Kearney  left  for 
home,  having  appointed  Colonel  Mai^on  governor 
of  California,  lie  was  accompanied  by  Colouul 
Fr6mont  and  hi*  original  eiigluecrliig  party. 
When  they  reached  Fort  Leavenworth,  formal 
churges  of  mutiny,  and  dis<iliedieiico  of  the 
commands  of  his  superior  officer,  to  tho  preju- 
dice of  good  order  and  military  discipline,  were 
preferred  by  General  Kearney  against  Colonel 
Fremont,  who  desired  a  speetly  trial.  He  wim 
subseijuently  tried  in  Woshingtim,  before  a  court 
martial,  and  found  guilty  of  all  the  charges;  but 
recommended  to  executive  clemency.  Althoagh 
the  President  approved  of  the  sentence  of  the 
court,  v/bich  was  "dismiasiU  from  service,"  he 
was  of  opinion  that  the  charge  of  mutiny  was 
not  sustidned.  The  sentence  was  remitted,  and 
Krt^-inont  released  from  arrest,  and  ordered  to 
report  for  duty.  Ho  was  ordered  to  join  the  rifle 
regiment,  in  which  he  held  a  commission,  as 
lieutenant-colonel  In  Mexico ;  but  bo  was  not  cou- 
Hvlous  of  meriting  the  sentence  of  the  court,  and 
lie  would  not  seem  to  admit  its  justice,  by  ac- 
centing executive  clemency.  He  therefore  re- 
sigred  his  commission. 

.\n  insurrection  broke  out  in  the  northern 
part,  of  New  Mexico,  soon  after  Colonel  Doni- 
phan left  to'  Chihuahua.  The  object  of  those 
engaged  in  it  appeared  to  be  to  murder  uU  tho 
American  resident'),  and  as  many  of  the  Mex- 
icans us  had  taken  office  under  the  govern- 
ment established  by  General  Kearney.  The  insuP' 
roction  was  formed  by  a  number  of  prominent 
Mexicans,  headed  by  Thomas  Ortiz,  and  Die|{0 
Archuleta.  The  failure  of  their  plan  Is  attribu- 
ted to  the  postponement  of  tlieir  scheme,  from 
the  time  lirst  agreed  upon.  Tho  leaders  fled, 
thongli  their  doutrines  were  rife  among  tlie  peO' 
pie,  and  gave  great  anxiety  to  the  autiioritie^ 
Governor  13entis.sued  a  proclamation  on  thoSlh 
of  January,  wliicli  appoarod  to  have  the  desired 
effect,  tor  the  governor,  coullding  in  the  appof 


tJNITKD   BTATK8. 


•nt  trHnquilllty,  want  tu  Tmw  unattoridod  on  pri 

On  the  10th  of  Jnnuary.  a  pnrty  of  Pueblo 
Indinn*  appouriwl  In  tliu  villiiKo,  niiil  ilciiinnilvil 
tliu  ruluiuM)  of  twu  of  tliuir  vuiurmluii,  who  wuru 
niinlliiuil  in  priiton  for  crlmu.  HtoplK'U  L.  Lue, 
tliu  ithurill',  would  liuva  vuiiipllud  witli  thuir  ru 
i|U«it,  had  not  Viull,  thu  Mvxiciiii  pivt'urt,  Cor' 
bidilttn  It.  Thu  Iiidlanii  then  niunlervil  iHitli  VIkH 
und  L«e,  and  thunixt'lveii  rvloanod  the  in'iHoiiorH. 
Tlioy  wore  now  Joined  by  n  piirty  of  MuxIchmh, 
and  innrcliDd  to  the  Iiouho  of  (iovernor  liunt, 
who  att4)tnptt)d  to  eiiRapo,  but  wiin  ahot,  acalpixl, 
anil  Ilia  body  iiiilltiu  to  a  board,  and  parailof 
through  the  atroi'ta.  Mr.  I^id,  thu  dlntriut  iittor- 
Duy,  thev  trontud  in  n  more  brutal  niunnnr, 
•oulplog  him  alive,  and  ihootlnK  arrowa  into  Ida 
body  a  little  way  ut  a  time.  Meaaengora  were 
then  diapatched  all  over  the  country,  iiroclnlni- 
ing  that  a  blow  had  boon  atruvk,  und  inviting 
the  aid  of  tho  puoplo  In  proafnuting  tlio  revolt. 
Several  Aniurlcitni  wore  niiirdvrod  on  tlio  aanio 
day,  at  the  Arroyo  Hondo,  oud  two  othom  on 
the  Klo  Colorado, 

On  the  20th  of  January,  Cidonol  Price  hcnrd 
of  these  eventa,  and  that  tho  inaurgouta  hud 
rulHod  an  army  of  l.SOO  men,  and  were  advanc- 
ing to  tight  hlin,  lie  met  them  on  the  2-tth, 
and  defeated  thorn,  they  flying  in  all  diroctiona, 
luavlng  80  dead  on  the  fluid.  On  the  2Utli  he 
wua  informed  that  some  00  or  80  of  tliom  were 
posted  on  the  gorge  leading  to  £mbudo,  and 
diapatobed  Ouptuin  Burgwin  with  180  men  to 
fight  them. 

lie  found  them  000  strong,  and  posted  on  tho 

f>roclpitou8  aidc'H  of  the  monntaina.  Nevorthe- 
oaa  he  drove  thvin  from  thuir  uoaition,  with  the 
loas  of  20  killed  and  60  wounded  on  tlieir  purt, 
whilo  he  had  only  one  man  kiilo<l  and  one 
wounded.  He  then  marchvd  to  Trampaa,  wliure 
ho  was  Joined  by  Colonel  Price,  and  the  whole 
army  marched  over  the  Taos  Mountains,  broiik' 
Ing  a  road  through  the  snow  for  their  artillery 
It  was  asoortained  that  the  enemy  had  fortified 
Pueblo  de  Taoa,  a  |<lace  remarkable  for  its 
strength,  being  aurroundei*.  by  adobe  walls  and 
strong  plcl<uts,  every  part  of  which  was  flanked 
by  some  nrojeoting  building. 

Colonel  Price  openetl  his  Datterios  on  the  town 
cm  the  8d  of  February,  but  retired  shortly  at\er 
to  await  the  concentration  of  his  forces.  On  the 
4th  the  fire  was  again  oiioncd,  but  it  being  found 
impossible  to  uuko  a  breacli  in  tho  wulh  with 
tho  i.uwitzers,  it  was  determined  to  storm  tlie 
ohui.,h,  situated  in  the  north- western  angle  of 
the  town.  Tho  attack  was  led  by  Cui>tiiin 
Burgwin,  wlio  established  his  party  under  the 
western  walla  of  the  ohurch,  ond  attempted  to 
eti'eot  an  entrance  with  axes,  while  the  roof  was 
fired,  with  the  help  of  a  teniiwrary  ladder. 
Captain  Burgwin  waa  fatally  wounded,  while 
eudeavoriug  to  force  the  door,  and  died  on  the 
7th  of  February. 

It  was  found  to  be  impossible  to  force  the  door, 
and  they  retreated  behind  the  wall ;  while  they 
had  been  thus  engaged  small  holes  had  been  out 
iu  the  wall,  and  shells  were  thrown  in  by  hand 
doing  great  oaecution.  A  breach  was  at  last  ef- 
fuctctl  by  LitiUtenimt  Wilson,  who  procured  a 
Bix-iioundor,  and  fired  ten  rounds  of  grape 
within  00  yards  of  the  wall.  The  gun  was 
then  brought  to  bear  within  ten  yards'  distance, 
und  threo  more  rounds  of  grape,  and  a  shell 
wore  fired. 

The  oaptnre  of  the  town  was  speedily  effected, 
Dumbers  of  the  enemy  endeavoring  to  escape  to- 
wards tho  mountains ;  but  were  intercepted  by 
Captuius  Slack  and  St.  Vrain,  who  killed  61  of 
tl\em.  In  order  to  obtain  terms,  tliey  gave  np 
to  us  the  Indians  who  had  been  concerned  in 
the  murder  of  Governor  Brent,  and  much  i)ro- 
porty  belonging  to  thu  Americans  whom  they 
had  murdered. 

On  the  19th  of  Januarv  the  people  of  the  town 
of  Moro,  on  the  side  of  the  mountains,  had  risen 
36 


and  mardered  eight  American!  residing  there. 
Cuplnin  Henley  b<dng  in  the  vicinity,  attempted 
to  lake  the  town,  but  waa  repulsed,  and  lost  his 
life.  Cnptiiln  Morin  reinforced  the  aaaallniila, 
anil  took  and  burned  tlie  town.  The  Indiiiiia 
auoil  for  poititu,  and  gave  up  thiHW  who  hud  ex- 
rlleil  them  to  roljollion.  Many  of  thoae  who  had 
borne  nn  ai'tlvo  part,  wore  tried  and  convicted, 
and  promptly  exui'Uted.  Colonel  Price  waa  pro- 
motud  III  the  rank  of  brigmiicr-genorul  fur  hia 
zeal  nnd  bravery. 

lloatllitiua  Were  kept  nn  for  aomo  time  bv  the 
Caimmclio,  Arajialio,  and  Kiawatribea  of  Indiana, 
witli  others  iiilialiiting  tho  country  from  Mis- 
Mourl  to  Hunta  i't  and  California.  Colonel  (ill- 
pin,  with  a  battidlon  of  troopn,  was  ordered  to 
the  scene  of  theae  operatlona,  and  by  his  skill 
and  bravery  snccoodud  in  restoring  quiet,  and 
now  the  Santa  ¥6  trader  and  the  govornmont 
trains  paas  unmolested. 

When  the  movomonta  of  the  Mexioana  agninat 
General  Taylor  on  tlie  Kio  Uranile  rendered  war 
butweon  the  United  States  and  Mexico  inevita- 
ble. General  Scott  snbndttod  a  plan  of  opera- 
tions to  govornmont,  having  for  its  basis  a  vigor- 
ous iirosecutlon  of  hostilitiea.  This  was  rejected 
by  the  war  department.  Tiio  general  tlien  re- 
<|UeMtod  permiasiun  to  Join  Taylor  with  large 
reinforcomenta,  and  be  ready  fur  an  advaniw  on 
tlie  onomy'a  capital  at  a  moment's  warning. 
This  was  also  disapproved,  and  Scott  was  obliged 
to  remain  inactive  at  Wasliington,  until  Novem- 
ber, 1810,  wlion  he  received  authority  fVom 
Secretary  Marcy  to  organize  a  force  independent 
of  that  under  General  Taylor,  ond  proocoil  with 
it  to  tlio  (iulf  coast.  In  ol)edience  to  this  order, 
ho  readied  Hio  Grande  on  tlio  lat  of  .lanuary, 
and  immodiatoly  commenced  preiiarationa  for 
tlie  siege  of  Vera  Cruz,  On  tho  Otb,  thu  troops, 
numbering  eleven  thousand,  were  landed  on  the 
wide  beach  near  the  city.  "A  more  stirring 
spectacle,"  says  an  eye-witness,  "has  probably 
never  boon  witnessed  in  America.  In  the  first 
lino  there  were  no  less  than  seventy  heavy  surf- 
boats,  containing  nearly  four  tlioiiwind  regulars, 
all  of  whom  •x|)ected  to  moot  tho  enemy  bufuro 
they  reached  the  shore.  Yet  every  man  was 
anxious  to  be  first,  and  plunged  into  the  water 
waist-deep.  When  they  reached  the  shore,  the 
stars  and  stripes  were  instantly  floating,  a  rusli 
was  made  for  the  sand-liills,  the  troops  presain); 
onward  omid  loud  shouts.  Three  long  and  loud 
cheers  ro.xe  from  their  comrades  still  on  board, 
awaiting  to  bo  disemliarkcd,  and  meanwhile  the 
to])s  and  every  portion  of  the  foreign  vessels  were 
crowded  with  spectators  pf  the  scene. 

On  tho  22d,  attor  snmmonincr  the  city  to  sur- 
render, General  Scott  opened  Ills  batteries,  and 
the  bombardment  was  commenced  in  regular 
form,  fho  details  present  scenes  of  the  most 
thrilling  interest  of  individual  heroism  and  in- 
tense suffering.  Tho  enemy  were  superior  in 
number  to  their  assailants,  and  both  city  and 
castle  wore  bristling  with  infantry.  Yet  while 
bombs  and  balls  were  falling  around  them  as  thick 
as  a  summer  shower,  tlie  Americans  labored  at 
their  trenches,  erected  batteries,  and  completed 
their  investment.  All  night,  while  the  terrible 
drama  went  on,  flory  streams,  carrying  winged 
measengcrs  of  death,  traversed  tiie  air,  shattering 
the  flinty  rocks  like  cliaff,  or  crushing  througli 
wails  and  houses  into  the  streets  of  Vera  Cruz. 
Houses  and  battlements  shook  with  the  explo- 
sions, whilo  the  heaving  Golf  tossed  and  lashed 
as  though  participating  in  the  fearful  uproar. 
Sweeping  up  and  down,  between  the  flres  of  both 
armies,  tho  tall  form  of  General  Soott  thrilled 
each  soldier  as  it  had  done  a  former  army,  near 
the  roar  of  Niagara :  while  here  and  there  the 
American  ofilcors  stood  upon  their  guns,  and 
watched  the  flaming  flres,  as  they  drove  into  the 
city.  Bows  of  bnildings  were  heard  crashing  in 
the  streets,  while  wailings  of  death  from  thou- 
sands of  voices  told  of  the  fearful  oonsequenoea. 


Tlien  the  stern  old  castle  would  romlt  (brth  Ma 
diachargea,  the  bails  pluniring  and  hiasinf  in  th* 
water,  or  rattling  like  fallen  meteors  aloD|  tb* 
shore. 

Such  was  the  accne  dnring  the  night  of  the 
22il,  On  the  following  day,  one  of  those  ttf 
rific  storina,  lienornliiatiyl  northers,  set  in,  and  • 
aua|isnalon  of  hoatilitlea  became  neceasary.  The 
ocean  daahed  and  roared  along  tlie  shore,  ao  as  to 
render  anv  rommunieathin  with  the  fleet  impos- 
sililu;  while  sliowera  of  aand  filled  the  trendies 
of  the  Americans  as  soon  as  opened,  blind 
ing  the  laborera,  and  scattering  their  materi- 
als. Thia  Hubaidod  during  the  night,  and  on  the 
following  day  the  bumbardiiient  recommenced 
with  increased  sDlrit,— several  new  batteries  ha?- 
ing  been  openeil  in  tho  monilng.  The  heaviest 
walla  crumbled  before  the  iron  bolts  that  were 
hurled  against  them,  while  scores  of  men,  wo- 
men, and  little  children  were  engnlfed  under 
their  ruins.  The  terrified,  shrieking  masses  flew 
from  Htiition  to  station,  as  one  after  another  b» 
came  untenable,  until  at  length  no  place  was 
aocuro.  Heavy  bomb*,  loaded  with  powder  and 
small  shot,  fell  and  exploded  among  dense  groups, 
cruahing  and  mangling  hundreds. 

At  length  the  citizens  crowded  to  General 
Morales,  und  demanded  the  o|iening  of  a  nego- 
tiation tor  the  surrender  of  the  city,  if  not  the 
cofltle.  This  was  refused,  and  though  clamor 
and  anarchv  were  loud  against  him.  the  general 
kept  bis  soldiers  to  their  posts,  and  announced 
bis  resolution  to  die  rathe/  than  surrender. 
Then  despair,  tumult,  discord  ran  wild  through 
the  city.  Morales  was  deiiosed,  and  General 
Landero  appointed  in  his  place.  Negotiations 
for  capitulation  immediately  ensued,  and  on  tho 
29tli,  the  gurrisop  marched  from  both  olty  and 
cttstic,  hkid  down  their  arms,  and  departed  to  tlie 
interior.  The  Mexican  flag  was  hauled  down, 
and  as  the  American  one  ran  up,  it  was  salut«a 
by  the  guns  of  San  Juan  de  Ulioa  and  the  fleet. 
Tlie  Muxican  army  was  dismissed  on  condition 
of  not  again  serving  in  the  war,  unless  exohangod. 
The  ofiieers  and  soldiers  retained  their  side  aruis 
and  oil  private  etteets.  The  public  store*  and 
military  property,  with  both  city  and  oasUe, 
were  yielded:  to  the  United  States. 

Tbiii  siege  will  ever  be  remarkable  for  the 
great  strength  of  the  place  attacked,  the  vigor 
of  the  besiegers,  and  their  comparatively  insig- 
nificant loes.  Two  oflicers  were  killed,  and  a 
tow  soldiers.  The  number  of  killed  and  wound- 
ed among  the  Mexicans  is  unknown,  but  was  no 
doubt  very  great. 

Ailcr  refreshing  his  men  for  about  two  weeks, 
General  Scott  advanced  (8th  April)  towards  the 
capital.  On  the  19th  he  arrived  at  the  Sierra 
Gordo,  where  General  Santa  Anna  had  stationed 
liiiuself  with  eleven  thousand  men.  The  Siemi 
is  a  strong  pass,  situated  among  lotty  rooks,  and 
entirely  controlling  the  road  toward  the  interior. 
The  Mexican  General  had  fortified  it  so  carefully 
that  it  was  considered  impregnable,  except  in 
front.  Further  along  the  road  was  another  hill 
similarly  fortified,  and  defended  bv  General  Iji 
Vega,  with  three  tbousimd  men.  Besides  these 
principal  works,  batteries  were  placed  at  difl'er- 
ent  points  on  ttie  road,  so  as  to  sweep  directly 
across  it.  In  front  of  these  stations  was  the  Kic 
de  la  Plan,  a  small  stream  between  deep  mgged 
banks.  The  road  itself  was  broken  np  by  gorges, 
hills  and  ravines.  Such  was  the  position  which, 
although  defended  by  eleven  tnonsand  men. 
General  Scott  was  about  to  storm  with  eight 
thousand. 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  cironmstanoes  of 
this  battle,  ^va8  the  scientific  accuracy  with 
which  its  every  vicissitude,  with  one  exception, 
was  foretold  by  the  American  general's  order, 
(No.  Ill),  which,  although  written  on  the  I7th 
day  of  April,  is  an  exact  narration  of  every 
pwt  of  the  action,  except  that  rehiting  to  Gen- 
eral Pillow. 

Undoubtedly  an  attempt  to  carry  Sierra  Qcrdo 


niSTORT  or  TITC 


k^  M  attaek  in  front,  UaiHnff  the  Irnopi  three 
martart  of  •  mil*  In  the  Am*  of  tb«  enemv'i 
Mtt«rl«s  would  li*v«  been  rMlinoM.  llie 
AnMriean  ({envral,  tlivrvfuro,  o|h>iu'<I  n  iivw  rooil 
In  tho  roar  of  thu  hill,  nml  fitvuriiMa  to  nn  lin- 
HMdiata  pannM  to  th«  Jnlnpa  rmul,  nhoiilii  tho 
fbrt  b«  omtImT.  TIiU  lalxir  wrni  «ll'i.>t<t«<l  on  lliv 
•Itamoun  of  tli*  17th,  diirlnK  whit'h  tliiiu  lumiu 
of  the  Amerlpnn  truoiM  bu^ma  oiifpiKi'tl  In  n 
aklrmlih  with  tho  Mexioiina  ami  oorrivil  a  mniill 
•dvanoad  redoubt.  DurloK  the  night  the  tr<Hi|)ii 
war*  aofpiged  In  ItftinK  the  cannon  up  thu  Kteup 
todkM  and  preparing  for  the  aMHiult  of  the  follow- 
lug  day.  For  eight  hour*  they  thai  toilwl,  hI- 
tnoagh  preTtonely  worn  down  oy  long  luorohuii, 
want  uf  real,  and  haary  labor. 

At  dayllRht  on  Ih*  18th,  Oeneral  Twhwi 
roored  to  tna  attack  upon  Sierra  Oonlo.  The 
•tmggle  waa  flerve  but  iliort.  Mcxloo'a  feehlu 
aona  ahmnk  oonrnliilvuly  bet'ure  Ainvriean  vulur, 
and  Sierra  Uordo  waa  won. 

Maanwhile  General  Shielda  with  hia  volun- 
taara  attaokwl  the  redoubt  In  front.  EmuUtlng 
the  example  of  their  coiiiraileii  under  Twiinp, 
til*  troopa  ru»h*d  on  under  a  moat  K'dUng  tiro. 
without  Danaing  for  a  moment.  Their  Kcnurai 
fell  by  a  ball  through  the  Innga,  but  the  fort  wus 
carried  at  the  point  of  the  liayonvt.  The  divi. 
aion  then  hoatened  to  the  JaLi|>a  road  to  inter- 
eapt  tb*  flight  of  the  enemy. 

Pillow  waa  unaoeoeaafbl ;  bnt  he  kept  Oonerol 
La  Vega  •ngaged  until  the  full  of  Sierra  Uordo, 
and  Anally  aaatated  in  capturing  hini. 

On  the  enemy'a  aide  all  waa  now  flight  and 
confkiaion.  That  va«t  arniv  which  In  tliu  morn- 
log  had  appeared  utteriy  impregnable,  waa  bro- 
ken, aoatterud,  annihilated.  UunerulnSuutaAnna, 
Uanalim,  and  othera,  fled  through  a  narrow  prnta 
tw  Puebla.  Three  thouaaiid  troopa,  Ave  gvnondis 
forty-three  pleoea  of  broaa  artillery,  and  nn  im- 
rocna*  quantity  of  email  anna  and  uiilitary  itoroe, 
WM«  the  reward*  of  riotory. 

Tb*  total  loaa  of  the  Americana  waa  nbont  two 
hundred  nod  flfty,  that  of  tho  Mcxlcana  exolu- 
■ive  of  priaonera  and  doacrtora,  about  one  hun- 
dred more. 

Within  leaa  than  a  month  after  thia  battle,  the 
town*  of  Jalapa,  Porotc,  and  Puobla,  foil  into  the 
haoda  of  the  Amerioang.  The  army  remained  nt 
th*  lattar  place  until  the  8th  of  August,  when  it 
reaunied  Ita  advance  toward  tho  cupitol.  At'tor 
paaaiug  round  Lake  Cliaico,  by  nn  uniVequontod 
rood,  iu  order  to  avoid  the  atrong  tbrtress  of  £1 
Penoo,  the  troopa  entered  San  Anguatino  (An- 
guat  18th),  a  vilhige  twelve  milea  aouth  of  the 
oJty. 

Un  the  afternoon  of  tho  following  day,  a  re- 
connoiaaauce  of  the  fortreaa  of  San  Antoidu  took 
pUo*,  during  which  Capt.  Thornton  n-oa  killed, 
but  a  heavy  rain  k-endered  an  attack  upon  It  that 
evening  impraoticiible.  The  troopa  bivonaoked 
on  the  open  plain,  without  tents  or  blaokota,  and 
•xpoaed  to  a  drenching  rain. 

At  one  o'clock  p.  m.,  on  the  10th,  Generals 
Twigga  and  Pillow,  oaaisted  by  Generals  P.  F. 
Smith  and  Oadwoloder,  attacked  tho  fortllication 
of  Oontreraa,  defended  by  thouttauda  of  Mexicans 
with  twenty-two  pieces  of  oauupn.  Tho  assault 
npon  thia  place  was  continued  for  six  hunrs,  du- 
riDg  which  one  incessant  cannonade  shook  tho 
ground  for  miloa  around.  At  the  same  time,  a 
urge  body  of  Me.xican  cavalry  appeared  in  the 
rear  of  the  fort,  na  though  preparing  fur  a  charge. 
About  thia  time  General  Scott  arrived,  and  per- 
ceiving the  great  fi>rcn  of  the  enemy,  ordered  up 
Chinenil  Shielda  to  assist  C'adwalader  and  Culunel 
BUey  in  watching  the  lancers,  and  also  rein- 
forced Oenerala  Smith  and  Pillow.  But  the 
If  exicana  were  not  dumayed.  One  wide  peal  of 
artillery  burst  from  their  heavy  guns,  and  tho 
fort  waa  hid  f^om  view  by  lire  and  smoke. 
Oom|«niea  dimini/>hed  fearfully  before  their 
plunging  Tollies;  andapimition  which  General 
fimitn  had  assumed  with  bin  artillery  was  before 
nigiit  abondoued.    Each  ctl'urt  of  tlio  assailants 


waa  met  In  mid  earoer  am!  foiled.  The  triMipa 
Anally  l>aua*<l,  night  tell  on  tlio  fearful  jtriigKlo. 
and  atlli  Conlroriw  wiia  not  gained.  \Vt>nry  ittnl 
>llMip|M>liiteil,  lliuy  Mtiik  down  niiild  lliu  riK'ki* 
and  gorgva  of  thu  Imtllo-ilvlil.  The  coiiiiiiniiilt'r 
rvllre<l  to  Han  AugiiHllno.  At  int«r\iiU  diirint; 
llio  whole  night,  rnin  fell  in  torrent.t,  compU'tely 
drum  lilng  the  tr()«i|M,  and  preventing  tlieui  iVuni 
liidliling  tireit. 

ikit'oru  davllght  on  the  30th,  tho  ooMimnndi'r, 
ai'oonipiinleil  by  (lonorni  Worth,  nut  out  for  Ooiu 
Ireraa,  for  tho  purpoau  of  making  a  coinlilniMl  at- 
tack upon  tho  fortruM.  The  roar  of  cannon, 
with  rapid  dlni'linrgi's  uf  miiitketry  and  riflua  luton 
luwiiroil  hlin  that  thu  attack  had  ulrciidy  begun. 
Still  he  ha»tonud  forward,  until  a  ntnglu  horMu- 
man  waa  auen  apnrrlng  along  thu  ruuged  phdn 
with  furiuua  huato.  It  was  Coh)nel  Mimon,  the 
hearer  of  glorioua  tidings.  Controriw  had  Ikiuu 
taken  by  General  Smith.  Tho  intrepid  Kiiuy 
had  lo<l  the  van  through  a  long  rugged  gorge, 
niarulied  directly  up  to  tho  fort  and  (Mrrie<rit  at 
the  |H>lnt  of  tho  bayonet.  Huveral  hiinilrud  of 
the  enemy  weru  kiflud,  thirteen  hundred  taken 
prlitonvrx.  Including  Generala  lUanco,  SaluM,  Gar 
da,  and  Mendozn,  and  a  largo  anioiint  of  stores 
with  twenty-two  fluid  pieces  <"ai)turetl.  The 
enemy  fled  toward  San  I'ahlo  niKl  CliuruliUHVo 
rapidly  purHued  by  tho  Ainerieaiw ;  while  at  the 
sanio  time  Uonural  Worth  moved  u|ion  San  An 
tunio.  This  was  s|ioedlly  abandoned  by  the  gar 
rison,  who  retired  to  Cliurubusco. 

The  enemy  now  roncuiitrated  their  troops  in 
tho  furtitientlun  of  ChurubuHco,  which  hu''  been 
constructed  In  t!ia  short  spaco  of  tlilrty-oight 
hours.  The  cathedral  and  other  huildiiigx  near' 
the  fort  wore  scatlbliled  for  Infantry,  and  every 
roof  was  lined  with  armed  men.  All  the  stores 
and  artillery  saved  frum  Controriia,  San  ralilo, 
San  Antonio,  and  San  Augustine,  together  with 
a  large  quantity  iVom  tho  city,  weru  hero  col 
looted. 

I'bls  place  was  nttacko<l  by  General  Worth, 
with  the  flower  of  tho  American  army.  The 
thicic  growth  of  vegetation  covering  the  hill  on 
whiuli  tl  e  redoubt  was  built,  embarrassed  for  n 
short  tliue  the  oi)eratlons  of  the  Americans,  and 
exposcti  them  to  considerable  loss,  liut  this  dil- 
fluulty  being  surmounted,  they  advanced  steadily 
toward  their  ohjuct,  and  carried  it  in  a  very 
short  time.  Tho  enemy  throw  down  their  arms, 
and  fled  by  tliousunds  toward  tho  city,  while  the 
Americans  led  by  Worth,  drove  on  in  hurried 
|)ursuit.  Many  of  the  enemy  were  killed  In  the 
fllgiit,  and  the  whole  road  was  strewn  with  arms 
and  clothing  thrown  awav  by  tiio  fugitives. 
Tho  pursuit  continued  until  the  Mexicans  wurc 
within  tho  city. 

"  After  BO  many  victories,"  says  General  Scott, 
"  we  might,  with  but  little  udilitioiial  loss,  have 
occnpieu  tho  capital  the  same  ovoidng.  Uut  Mr. 
Trist,  commissioner,  etc.,  as  well  as  myself,  had 
been  admonished  by  tho  best  friends  of  peacu — 
intelligent  neutrals,  and  some  Aiiieriean  resident  h 
— against  preci|)itation ;  lost  by  wantonly  driving 
away  tho  government  and  uthors  dishuuored,  we 
might  scatter  thn  elements  of  peace,  excito  a 
spirit  of  national  dcsijorutiun,  and  thus  indell- 
nitely  postpone  tho  hope  of  accumniodution. 
Deeply  impressed  with  this  danger,  aud  rumoin 
boring  our  mission — to  conquer  a  peace — the 
army  very  cheerfully  socriticed  to  patrioti^ui, 
to  the  great  wish  and  want  of  our  cuuutry,  the 
ecliit  which  would  have  followed  an  entrance 
swurd  in  hand  into  a  great  capital.  Willing  to 
leave  somethiug  to  this  ropublic  of  no  immediate 
value  to  US,  on  which  to  rest  lier  pride  and  to 
recover  temper,  I  halted  our  victorious  corps  at 
the  gates  of  tho  city  (at  least  for  a  time),  and 
have  them  now  cantoned  in  the  neighbouring 
villages,  where  they  are  weli  sheltered  and  fiuji 
plied  with  all  iioceasaries. 

"  On  tho  morning  of  tlio  2Iut,  being  about  to 
take  up  battering  or  assaulting  positions,  to  au- 
thorize mo  to  suiuniou  tho  city  to  aurreudor,  or 


U>  ilgn  an  armistice  with  a  pl«<lg*  to  onl*r  al 
onoa  Into  negotiations  for  a  paitee,  a  ndaalon 
name  out  to  pro|Mim)  a  truce,  Itajucting  Ita 
teriii*.  I  ileapatched  my  rontumpbiioti  note  ta 
llreaiiiunt  Santa  Aiimi,  omitting  tlio  sninniona, 
i'liu  'ijd,  roiiimlMiionen)  were  appointed  by  th* 

col aMilum  of  till'  armies;   tho  nrmlntlee  waa 

uluneil  the  'iSd,  and  ratlfleittlolis  were  exchanged 
tliv2tth." 

"  The  rtrst  article  of  tho  armistice  stipulatml 
that  hostilities  shall  Instantly  and  ulMuilutely 
cease,  Initweun  the  armies  of  tho  Unlteii  State* 
of  America,  and  the  United  Muxioan  Htatoa, 
within  thirty  leagues  of  tho  capital  of  tho  latter 
statoii,  to  allow  tinio  to  the  coinmisalonora  an- 
|Hiinted  by  thu  United  States,  and  the  comni» 
sUiuurs  to  In)  appointed  by  thu  Moxican  ItupubHo, 
to  negotiate.  The  armlstlcu  shall  continue  aa 
long  us  thu  rommlsHioners  of  the  two  govern* 
iiients  may  l>u  engagud  on  negotiations,  or  until 
tho  commander  of  either  of  thu  said  armies  shall 
give  I'ornml  notice  to  the  other  of  the  coaautioa 
of  tho  arniislioo  for  forty-eight  hours  after  auob 
nutico.'* 

_  Negotintlona  then  commenced  lietween  Mr, 
TriHt,  tho  American  plenipotentiary,  and  tho 
authorities  of  Mexico,  'but  tho  ho|)ea  of  tho 
friends  of  iieaco  were  destined  to  be  disap- 
pointed. Tlio  .Moxleuns  niiido  dumanda  which 
woro  considered  Inadmlssihlu.  All  efforts  u( 
cumpromlso  were  Inofl'ectuid,  and  on  tlie  llth  at 
SeptumlHT,  tho  ulthuatuin  otfured  by  Mr.  Trist 
on  thy  id  was  rejected,  and  tho  negotiationa 
closed.  On  the  same  day.  General  S<'ott  wrote 
to  tho  Mexican  commander,  charging  him  with 
tho  violation  of  tho  armistice,  by  refusing  tho 
piuwogo  of  suppllua  from  tlio  capital  to  th* 
American  army,  and  thruatening  the  reooiii* 
muiiceiiierit  of  hustilltius,  in  oasu  satisfaction  wiia 
nut  given.  Santa  Amia  replied  in  a  similar 
strain,  oxprossiog  his  ostunislimont  at  the  rucop- 
tlon  of  such  a  cliargu,  and  accusing  tho  Amer- 
icans of  iiiturccptiiig  the  oo.umuuloatluns  with 
thu  capital,  and  of  committing  uutnigoa  upon 
poaeeiiljlu  uiti/.ons.  He  iiitiniated  his  perfect 
willingneHs  for  another  appeal  to  arms,  with  a 
determination  to  use  uvery  etfort  to  re|iel  in- 
vasion, 

Tliu  arinistico  being  terminated.  General  Worth 
wiui  xeiit  (Soptombor  8tli;  to  attack  tho  Molinos 
del  Itey,  a  strongly  fortified  station  In  front  of 
01iu|iultupoc.  When  the  Americans  wore  near 
the  works,  thu  enemy  u|iunod  upon  them  a 
heavy  Are,  whiuh  mowed  down  whole  oompiv 
■lies.  For  a  moment  the  advance  wavered,  but 
the  resurvo  led  by  Cadwaloder  sv.-ept  to  their 
van,  restored  order,  and  cuntinuod  the  march. 
At  tills  critical  muinent  four  thousand  liinuurj, 
taking  udvantjige  uf  the  tumporary  confusion, 
caiuu  towering  down,  their  long  |>onnant«  gloam- 
ing in  the  sun,  and  their  spears  set  for  a  charge. 
Cul.  Duncan  opened  two  pieces  of  his  battery 
upuu  them,  fullowed  imniodi.'itely  attor  by  Cupt. 
Drum,  wliilu  .Mi\|or  Sumner  with  two  stiuudroiia 
of  drogouns,  and  (Japt.  Itutf 's  company  of  mcuut- 
ud  ritlus,  passing  ra|>idly  down  under  Are  from 
tho  ouemy's  works,  charged  tho  head  of  their 
uuluiun.  Under  tho  rapid  discharges  of  artillery 
tlioir  crowded  ranks  melted  powerless  away,  ani 
in  a  few  minutes  tlie  whole  force  was  flying  in 
cunfusion.  Twice  they  turned  and  rallied,  but 
were  AnuUy  scattered  bufure  the  superior  proweaa 
of  our  artillerists. 

Thu  Anicricuiis  then  united  against  the  fortifl- 
cntiun,  whicli,  at\er  a  vigorous  struggle,  was  car- 
ried. Seven  pieces  of  artillery,  a  large  quantity 
of  uiuinuuitiou,  small  arms,  etc.,  with  about  ais 
hundred  prisoners,  were  the  rewards  of  victory, 
liut  to  win  these,  some  of  the  best  oSloersin  the 
army  had  lieou  sacriflcod,  and  but  two  of  their 
wliulu  uunil)or  escaped,  liaving  their  hurses  killed 
under  them.  So  terrible  was  tho  Are  of  the 
enemy,  that  while  our  cavolry  were  passing  iu 
front  of  thu  fort  to  charge  tho  column  of  lancora 
— a  spacu  of  time  uut  greater  than  ton  aeoonda-  - 


the  fortifl- 
WU8  dip- 
quantity 
about  six 
pf  victory, 
oera  ia  the 
u  of  their 
raes  killed 
re  of  the 
passing  iu 
of  luncoK 
seoon<]»-- 


J 


Ul 


niSTORT  Of  Till 


bj  M  KtUek 

'  not  I 


•Mrtoi 


kstt«r<M,    wa»' 
AnMrioa' 
la  thai 
iMtiUto  y 

Airl  bu  PNri  /il      

tft«rni>vii  <>r  thu  I  I'h 
of  th*  Aiiifh 'III!  ii< 
■ktrml'ih  witli  III*  M> 
•dvMk'iMi  ri-tliiMlK.  J 
W«r*  •iti;.')(i'i|  In  i  'II' 
Kclu  lUllI  |'ri<[i*rl'  I.    i' 

iBff  d«/.    I 
tbungii  jiri't  ' 

VMl  '.I    r.-  .^ 


In  mU  MMr  'unii  roitml.    Tho  inHitMlto  nlfn  nn  krinlillffa  with  «  plMlg*  lo  •nl«r 


•1  li-«>t>«,  »Wi    f«>  il 

«tt  (ha  \   ^||,  i)i 

.    -pr,  '   >ffl    »|    ,1. 


At 

movmt 
•irufi 

KHM  I- 

Udl 


r«'k- 


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,  ^    r«iffp. 

i  I    i.i>n!i».     Tlio 
till  Hutu  vklor, 


■  II  k  ii|iuti  n..    I 
,'«Mh  ri»iiii|  «li>.  iiiirij'.  I  .'t  ••■■  . 

i  irf'l'txl  liiiii  llml  till)  ,iMii  ■», 
mIU  h<>  bn-tuni't  ii  .  »'ir. 
man  wil»*»>'.'  "|iurriiv  'i.' 
ttith  f\lriiiiM  li '^i*.  Ii  WM-  ' 
iifurrr  fif  Ktiiii'iiK  tkUiiH*.  (' 
tulii'n  \>)  I .  ■  nl  Bi.iidi  I 
«'  hud  lull  iIk-  'dii  tliiMiiKh  A  ><iu4 

I  nhUliU  wild  Ui  viilan-  iiiAriilii*)  iTIrKcity  ii|i  to  tliu  Ibr 
»•>'     ;  F  ri-iti'iilt  tii  fn>ni      lCini|liitlii|(illit<  |k)Iiii   .>r  i)io  I 'iv> ',  I.     h- 

•f   llimr  PiiiMrdilu*  iii'ler  t«l*|C». '''«' <.'ii«iiiy  wiio  ivli<'i,  U^iri 

ri.nitiij  i.n      th'vT  11  lull  '     'iil1|l';f  iiri  ,'|.rl«ii..ir.   Iiiil'iili'in  ii  Ji^nJ*  I 

n:  liiifr  tor  \  iixiiKint.  ; '     r.'l  •  111,  nmi  M.  ilixn,  nnit  a  Uirp' 

nil  till mi^rli  thii  lnii(fi»,  iiiu    !i.   u..  v  w  .»' witli   f.»r;iiy-lw«.   ll«>ld    |.|i  ■ 

cwrliil  itt  tlio  iioiiii  lit' tht<  b«.v ou.it.    TU  >i>>'i- Uiiemv  Owl  toHMi't  Hau  ''i" 

■Urn  'linn  hiwlciml  to  tliu  JuliV*  »«4  tit  Intur-ln.iililljr  |>iinioc(l  |i/  tl)«  A<-i'  ' 

liHtnt*  tiuM  (Ictiunil  AViiril,  iM  ■ 


tlH  «'    • 

thtti     ' 
with*   I 
foil  bv  II 


MUt  the  f!\y\A  nt'tlio  i  n^liiy. 

FtlioM  wiw  unNiuiKiMt'ul ;  brl  I 
L*  Viyn  "iirHKfil  until  th>i  l.il!  i 
■od  lliiull}'  iw«  ii'il  III  "11)111111   I 

On  tlio  viitJiii'.'''  •i't»  >' 

•Ollftu>Wl)        'i  llllt   \  Itkl   I  ' 

lag  hf'TrtffWvrr.i   1.     ,    ' 

kMi,i 
(Jam 
to  I', 
forty  • 

nwni  -!  -  .--Ji  ..  .»  .■  -1 

wwt  tlia  ri'Aiinl*  nf  f-ietttry. 
The  luiiil  livHii  of  ili«  AiiiV' 
hoMlri-'l  iinil  lll>y,  itiiil  ut  til 


I,  4ud  riti- 

r,|  "  til*  II. •!  i«rMrt*  or 
>.;t)i,ii  li<i»lHiii««  utiiiM  ' 
«,  ln>t>nvn  111-  " 
'•,   an  I    . 

mfii, 

i>  •,  III  uMi'W  III!) 


Aiji-rli'*, 
fliiu  ll.litv 

-.  Ill  ulli' 
..I   l.v  III.. 

•  III  iHi  iI|i|MMIit«<l  l.y  tlin 
>    'iiti.',     ll,«i  .initUtli'v 


•I 

«'  im,    %  niiaflon 

i:*k-.  iiii{  It* 

I'tilfvl   liiHu   t« 

i.in*. 

I   '7  th* 

<     ll'-til'«    wif 

•' .  i«  •'tiitmngnl 

t.<     <«lt»lllltMl 

,    '  ■it«i.>iiiuljr 
'    •  htntM 

I  .  <  Uttuf 


I 


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(ft  (x-aarui  Kiiito.     TliU  >v»<  <|itM«lll.«  iil»u. 
I    •  otrM  rtwil»<,lru.iMi,  whii  r.liroil  ti>  riiiirul.'X' 

P     TW  f'Ktlt      IlliW   vJjIH'*  lltt'l' 

iiKlit  nn.l'iho  fortillditinn  if  Clliarubna>> 

•      '  :l'-   .■..ii-llilolO'l    in    tli»   ullilrt  I.J 

■.jHtu  bf^  bimn.    Til.'  .uilnnlrnj  rr  I    ■,    •   ■  .  ^^ 

'  <  I'ltii  AuiM,  t}i<«  fiirl  wcr.i  (MMiHoKUiil  '.■■t  <   •     i 
I  i.iir  .'.V  [HUM  riH'i  w.i-  MiuhI  witli  fir'umi  mi  \  i 

,    vopiiiTHlii,  lUiil  iiriiikry  iovp.l  /rt.iii  (jniii    .,  .■-.!ii   I'ul  : 
.  Hiid  nil  .'tt-  Mnii  Antoiiiu   iIhI  Sail  Aui^iMIh.i,  hiKui^j'T  t\il 
1  i.jlltwj- tt 'i.-,.:!  iiinti'  >ji'niitlty  iVoui  tliu  ci'i.iirero  h»r»  .' 

|le<!t.'il. 
ii«w»»ulioutl»M|     TliU  pln'-o  wu»  »t'.".rk«<l  t^y  livMiriil  H'<.ri: 
MoxiriiiM  esaln-  «rith  Ihi.  tlower  ..I   .1  •  Ai<««rJc»u  i»rfuv.    'I' 


liiT*  nf  jiriwinor*  ami  .Iviilor*,  nliout  ua»  hiyi-  tliUik  growlti  of  v. I'l.iutimi  ii'<--»nnK  *^*i"  ''' 
4r«d  uiom.  wliioli  I'o  ri-!  .iitit   .  .>  '   ■' '        ,iir-    . 

Williln  Ipiw  tli«n  4  mtinth  after  iMii  hjttla,  tbe  tluirt  liriK"  ili«  i)|i*rinii'i  ■  ■'    '    •  \iii<.n.    i 
tflwne  of  Jiiliip:!,  l'pn>t«',  sill!  l'ri.lili»,ft»iMOtJ;0  ex|M«(>l  t'lcni  toi  1  •»iil.  r  ^:  ■      ■•».      tiui  li. 
huil'i  i>f  liio  Aiiierloiiii".     Ibf  nnny  rciiiMned  ntJHoult;  btiiiK  *     lu'    tiici',  »tH'»  wlv.ii.i  oil  "[<•-. 
th»  Utier  plui©  mull  tli«  Hill  .11   A  i^uh',  »'ii'H  ItlfjwftTil   liiit   ..^K.-i     lU'.l  cirtiMJ    it   in    . 
maiiiiNl  it<  mlmiuv  t<»w«nl  till'  '  ij  U:i!.    M*«t  ihtirt  tiiiio>     lli-i-  i  ,  •,  n,, 
{WMi.tK  I'lUiiil  IMe  Clialio,  t.j  nn  iiulrixji^nusljaa*!  flcMl  I" 
rO«f',  t«  -s^K*  to  »W»i<l  tb«  ilrwlisr  liirtr  -1  f<X  f  J-|A: 
Pei'-Ht.  ^h»  »r*i.«»  «»M«ir«>..l  S«ji  /Vi^iirtijR  '.  \*-\  • 
got    i  <W).  •  ViHat*  IW«!t«  m'-Uv.  mtr.'^'  ^4  th«{t)ii;.". 

.  WMl 


'   •  .1 '.       .  \%  iii» 

(lliil    III'-    .  "IMIlli*' 

lin  MatU'Ad  II.  I    III-, 
liiiU   (•■iitiniK'  M 

•  ;liu  f'iitiiiiii.'«l  'ii.rn  of  tliv  tw..  novvrtw 
Mmy  tiu  t'ni('tK<il  >'ii  iiiifntintlotw,  rf<  i  i.til 
iiiiiiiiili  I  i.f  rithcr  uf  iliu  u.M  nriiil.'H  ,ih*U 

II  uiiil  iiotli.i  til  IIm<  iitlmr  of  tliu  >'viMntii>ii 
riiiintirv  fur  ivrty  clttht  tioan>  uIUt  mull 

■  iii'iw  then  wmiiioii'   il   U'twwn  Mr. 

.•      Vmirlinii   |ilriti|i.ilviiilitry,  lui.'   Ihu 

■r   Mi'iiifi,  'liiit  til*.   li'.|n-ii  of  till 

■  ■'•■••  *.   o   ilt'Oiiivl    III   Im'   (|I-i«|i- 

M   u.  iiiK  iiiAil*   (ioiiinmli  wlilcti 

■    M  '  ^liiBJIilo.      All    olforu   o< 

•'  .('tliij,  Ulnl  '    ■   tlitt  Olh   .if 

'     '  f  a  I./   .Mr.  TiUt 

I'l.i   iipirotio  tloM 

'  '  I.'IMI    .''lUtt    Wl'I'lO 

V  .  I    ..  ■  111,1        Imr^nif  liim  wHli 

■i  ■   1'  .         '  J    tf-ifiim  iiiu 

••  •    ^.ipttal   til  tliii 

%  <  ...      teiilrii;    ;ii«  rwi  iii' 

N  ■'    .<»»,  Ill  .M>«'  M»ti <l'atlliiii  wiin 

N  .    .titwi   iii(."i''l    til   1   Hliiiilor 

•  .,■*  lit  H*K>n..,m  M  lit  III*  ri'oop- 

■<\  .    ,  unit  Hi'.iHJiiK  (111)  Aiiii'i"- 

'  "    I      I    I     ■    'kw   HU.IIIUUIlic-HliuUl.    Willi 

I  .    u       .1'  loMiiMltliiiK   O'ltriinw  u|'Uii 

I  :  '.   '.      II*   liilli.iatoil    IiIh  jicrli'i'i. 

\   '!■.  .    i:  •    .'.   to  nrmn,  witli  a 

.  .  ,,,  '       ,        1.  il-rf  to  ruml  in- 


.1  ■  iir,,.i  '■  .  I.i'iiik  H'i"i(ti 

v..  \ 


Oa  tim  »)f«rvtmn  of  ttici  rw>^>-< 
eoonoi«Mc«  uf  it.v  ■iirire.<  . 
dIam,  diiriiitr  vvLii ,';  (.^apt.  i!. 
bat  «Jie  ivy  rnin  j^eixloi-ml  (in  ui;  . 
eveiiintf  iiii|inictUt»l>lc'.  I'Im;  tri> 
on  ttii)oiH<u  plain,  withoa;  iwitii'j 
«ailO*«ii  r.,  It  Ireitchiiig  ritln. 

At  ou.'  i.rl'xk  P.  .V,  .•:>  i',.e  IMi,  Qonemh 
TwIkk'  mill  J'illdw,  n&xl.i'v'i  !■*  GenomU  P.  F, 
fimitli  niiij  ('.iilwulttUvr,  atrii«:fci'<i  flie)brt.itloA..ioii 


"^h 


.•l«Sli<'.|},  tul'l 


(.Ml  1 

\'  * 

■  - 1  ■  *i 

^l   rtii- 

lot! 

'i.« 

thrown 

«W»i 

*'- 

t; 


I  ■   1  •         ;'j'...  vV-.r- ««,"  «uy«  0', 

/!«■    wc  i>.<flii,  *>'!.  > ,,,  ^i4l,  iiiUlftlnnul 
l»i'il  <HM:upi«d  tlio  (Aj  Till  l*»«^  WM    .    ■Mas. 

Trial,  eommiMhivu**,  I'r.,  »>i  «...  ,n  mywlf,  li  ^ 
h«H!ii  .HiliiionUhid  by  ibu  U  .^  '>i«U(l<  n' 
iir.!llii;:.iii!.ii«uli.«.''Sa''(l|iom(.  .Atm'rlri.u  .,   ,.:,i.i' 
- -a«  Inst  prc<liMiHlioTi  J  ]ur.:  li  ■  wanMr.ly  itriviiit; 
Wu«  th«  j?n  -.-..iiont  rtu  i  "riiCn(ili..li  ■•!  .r.-.l 


of  Ociiitr.'ras,  (Icfouilwl  by  llioUj«imlHof-Al*«iu;irwliui)<fit  W'jiltj;.    '1...  vluiuentn   ot 
Willi  lw..iitv-t«.i  picot*  of  e«iinpii.     Tlio  »»»»ultlHjiirit  of  ti»<.i .'  li  •te»|<i'riitloi 


W  ....    .'■ 
i>t  v!f»gi«>U». 

1.1  rld..^,  :  x... 


upon  thin  plufio  HTW  ooiifiminl  for  nK  hours,  dii- 
riDf;  ivbicli  '.no  iiicfl»suni  camionai'o  «liook  tlio 
gn'tiinl  Cur  mill's  iironnd.  AL  the  saniu  tiiiia,  a 
.iy  (if  Muxioun  cn^.;ll•y  npjioarid  iu  the 
I  .  ii>r{,  na  thou(;rii  pro]  nriii(<  for  a  ohargo. 
.'-    iftid  ijcni'nil  H.ioU  arrivoil,  iinil  |iur- 


hr>i 

ret 

Al 

eei\.         -   •  w,f  (,:r. 

Bi.ity 

ibric.i    1.1  :        1 

triil  -y  b'H—  "It^ 
ton  V  ■^■'.  nid  tt*».   ■ 


'it  I  ,  ■  unciny,  omoroii  up 
•  !  (  ailwalttik'r  iinil  <  'ol'iiitl 
.>  Uuceiii,  iinil  alK<>  reiii- 
h  liM  Vnhvf.  Hat  the 
..-•"•iL  '  *ne  iviiU  pi'ol  of 
»  ■<  •■i.;iivy  KH^^  mill  tbii 
U-'  l-i  tku  Blld  Hiitokc. 
■Ij 


niUily   powticJ!..    (hit  hi);u  i 
l)«.t>I.T  Iwi'ruwwd  with  itiii»<l:  1       ,.. 
bitrhitf  onr  i;il«ion— to  run  juur  *  j»«ka' 
army   very  tluurl'iillv  aa.inui'ii']   tr»   j>.ilriiitMin 
to  liiii  !(''«''■  with  ami  want  of  oitr  ciiunlry,  tt 
Mint  whioli   wi.iiM  liiivB  t'oU.iMiyl  mi   .'Mrn 
Hwonl  111  iiu;i:l  into  a  (Tuiit  rapiliJ.     \Vi   'i 
loiivf  -.iiimtliiug  to  this  ropuli'ii.'  ot  iici  in. 
viiliio  to  UM,  on  wliioli  to  rc;jt  !ier  priili' 
roooViT  IciiiiKjr,  I  liulr  li  our  rloL'ri..*- 
tliB  yatci  of  the  (li*,/ (ut  loaMf  f'"-  K 
huvr  llii'in  now  uantoiiid  in   '<  .  .^ 

villngi"".  wlKTa  tliey  ?«re  v.-'i 


>"MV.r  .    their  ipl1".t  with  .'ill  iiocews.irie". 
lilUt  Gtiivrali      ■•  Oi'  Uie  tnurnir.j  "1  lli^  *. 


"f 


III 


Ooiiipiiiii  'I    I'inr 

plnUKilig  Voiiieu;  auu  »,....>... „u    ..iilcii  Gcuvralj      "  Oi' Uie  tnurnir.g- nl  Iti^  ^i-t   t;-.:  •.         .... 
Bmith  bod  aagumod  with  hix  artillery  wm  licforu  tuke  up  battering  or  aiiii.'iultin);  pasitiona,  to  uu- 
night  abandoned.    £aoh  ctl'ort  of  tlio  uiwaikuti'tburizi)  mo  tu  sumuiou  the  city  to  surreudur,  or 


itoMlhi,  itoi'tHUl  W  o:  I  Ii 

llttii'.  tiio   Mulillo* 
Liiiun    111   IViint  of 

>.       ■  .  <■■  Atti  wePi  iiLat 

i.^    npi'li    llu'in    n 

•        1        m  whi'lo  oompii 

i    '  I        \    i.iiifc  wuveri'd,  li.il 

')       .ipl  lo  iLi'lr 

.  l.ii  itfil  I  ho  niiircli. 

.maul  it'ir  vhiiu.'iiinl  Itiiir'  ij, 

f  tliu  t«' ..''.I'ury  conl'tinioii, 

'inn  |v  'innntH  .'l.  .im- 

■,..1 .  M'i    i.r  It  churtr.!. 

'       .1)  (iU'.am  11.    hU  I'Mttwry 

'li  iiiiwo'.'ialnly  iti!  'i'  by  t.'itpi 

•  S'v;i-'ii.i-  with  iw.)  muailrnn* 

".■,_;i  ■>('finipiii._  . il' III!  I  o.' ■ 

ly  down  under  .Iru  tii'".i 

■.  luiirpi-il  tin-   hoiul  'i'  tl:>;ir 

1  III)  i.tpiit  diiii^lutrKi.'H  of  iiii\ll«ry 

■  r.iiiki  lU'lti'il  I'oworlc.iH  nwuy,  nnl 

ilUvij  lb.)  u  Utilo  furuu  was  tlyiiXjj  in 

;»  SI      i'lvico  thiiy  iiirncil  nu.l  riiUii:. I,  ,'■«'. 

Iljf  Di-iitlori'd  bvtoro  ihc  aupo)  ior  proivi-K 

ristii. 

iiiM-ricf.iH  tliiin  uiiiio'l  maliiHt  thofnr''   • 
■  '•,  ivliii'h,  aHur  u  \'ii!oruiiH  stnitjjili',  was  ••.? 
I  i.     tJuVou  pi9wi»  of  iii'tiUiry,  ii  liirj^o  qufuitiiy 
•  iiiumui'itiou,  Hiiuli  aiiii-s.  ote.,  wiUi  u  .  ivl  sii 
.udrcJ  j/.':-..ucrii,  were  the  rwwiiriis  of  viptnry 
i  111,  to  win  liiiio,  soniu  of  t!io  '.«i«t  oltieci  .  n  tl . 
;i my  hud  boon  mi- ■itti;0<l,  and  but  two  of  th- 
wli..le  iiiMnljoi'  otLiipii'l,  liuvliy  tW'f  iioru-Jii  ki!  .. 
iwiiloi  thciu.     So  terribh    v, "   'Ui.    fiio  of  Urn 
fiMiiy,  tliat.  M'.illa  nur  •'«■,(».  Wi;re  pa-ining  ' 
Ifoul,  ul  thu  iVi-t  to  <;!<.';;^»    lb'  ■  nlllllili  of  '.Mr.ir 

— a  Bfocu  uf  tiuu  nut  greater  than  ton  seoond*-  ■• 


:,;..U!joir 

'i.iJln  i» 
the  Ooi' 


.t!i:ill»m 

-.••IhT 


/ 


ilg«  to  •ntor  ■! 

il|'lU'-l    1  "I"    I'l 

,        III!         Nl  JM.II.PIM. 

I  ;»..iliK>.|   I.^  Ill* 

•»*<■•  "<'lii>li|P«l 
,|,IU.     .illti'll  il.xl 

»    •    .u,,hiuly 

V     ..I.I  •    MlllM 
^lul.-, 

1        .  .  i.ittor 

M-ltlllMll.'     '     t    !•      lij^ 

iriil  ih"  .  ."iimi* 

Ivilviui  II>'|.  tills 

l.llli    <'>lit|l1lll'   M 

III'      flf"     l(i>V|ll'll" 

iti;|lil>il>>    '•'    il'iil 

«>1  I  iiriMi.'H  nhall 

I'kI'  IIiu  fvMMll'XI 
liuiiri  altiT  mil  li 

,.J   botucvn  >fr. 

Dlltllir}'.  nil''  l)iu 
li«  li.>(i«.-»  of  111  I 
1^.1  III  Ih'  dl"i»i"- 
(liiiimiiili  wlitoh 
Atl  olt'iifu  >A 
Kill  !>■>  tlie  Oili  iif 
r,a  I)  Mr.  TiUI 
tliu  iicirolmtiiiM 
lor^il  .S\)tt  wicla 
Mrfrtnir  liiiii  witli 

I      t.i|>)t«l     to     tll« 

ulnit  Um  ris>i  111- 
«» •nt.Mlaclloii  wiin 
WA  ill  K  Mliiiiltir 
I  lU  at  lti»  rurvp- 
'tiBiiiK  ''"^  Anii'i*- 
iiiuiik'iiiluui.  Willi 
|K  ontritftw  u|'OH 
Html  IiIh  jKirlwl 
to  armx,  wirli  a 
tf.iri  to  rtpul  lii- 

,t,<»«nmlWo:lli 

1.  tii>.i   MullniM* 

iiiiin  lu  IViint  <>t 
N  wen>  tioiic 

...1.     lIllMIl     I. 
II    Wfli'lo    Cllllllil 

ci,  vfinertnl,  [■il 
',t:|it  lu  tbt'lr 
uwl  ilio  iiiiiri'li. 
■  i.iii'iukI  Imii:'  I), 
■.  .'ury  cont'imioii, 
jN  'iiiantil  !'lr;iin- 
Mit  iT  II  clmiyo. 
■»  ■!.'  Kb  I'litleiy 
iv  in'  ■  •  by  i'ii(ji 
Il  tw.i  :..iUailri'nj« 
iipiii._  mI'  liin.u." 
under  liru  tn^-i 
II-  hoiul  '  r  t(  .  r 
ar«i.'H  iil':iiivl!vry 
'rlt'.-«i  nw.i\ ,  ant 
J  \v:l»  tlj'it\li  lit 

mill  niUicil,  V'i'i 
sniioiWr  pMwi-» 

(iiliiHt  tlio  flirt >■■  • 
ni^'gli',  wiis.-ir 
a  lurtfo  quiuitiiy 
,  wit,'i  u'.i  ;u.  lix 
iiniH  of  vieidiy 
•«l.  OttitC!  .     it'. 

,ur.  two  ot  th.. 
«.f  iiorii'M  ki:.'  ■'• 
Uji    lii  0  irf  ll>^ 
r  -re  jilrwii'i,'  ' 
illl.l.ii  111  \m-  ■•■' 

in  ton  MMond*-  - 


; 


»i 


r. 


« 
B 

«! 

ir) 
us 

i; 


41 

»' 


\ 


SI 


t 

■ 

IK 

Ih 

hi 

Ul 

nl 

rr. 

I-" 

w 

•1 

w 

«> 
III 
•d 

M 

•r 
w 
of 
on 
W 

* 

Of 

Im 

•n 
dr 
hi 

•n 

fn 

ih 
th 
<U 
Bt 

In 

til 
wl 

III 
lib 

d« 

^ 
III 

k 

Oi 

'« 
or 

ir 

Ui 
to 

•r 
th 

Pi 
th 

th 

ha 

til 

Q< 

■il 
le 

tu 

,.l , 

8t 

0|l 

Wl 

* 

• 

bt 

Uo 

tal 

th 
th 

00 

tfa 

•0 

w 

p« 

CNITKD  tTATII. 


m 


HMf  MMtoliMil  fe  Ihm  iif  ill  oAmm  wmimlMl, 
lhlri*-iwf>  iifivalM  hlllMl  nml  wimndwi,  •imI  on* 
hnnifrwl  Mil  Bt*  Ii>^'11««,  TIi»  lulnl  bwi  In  kllUI 
MmI  WMllMl«il  WWII  wviin  liivfi>lrr<l  miil  vlHliljr- 
kill*,  On  lb«  llth  •oiiliMiiii  at  iNtviUry  miIIIv)! 
fhMn  tli«  Airt  rni  (>>>  rinii  XiUnutit  nmA  for  lli« 
\mr»tmntt  e»\il»t\ta  I'uit.  M«|truili>r'«  l)»tt»rv, 
whU'li  WM  ilalioml  wUti  ehu  plokit  wlllilii 
•lioul  •l|th(  hilMilrnil  yMi\*itt  thv  ■•lifiiiy.  Whan 
within  iVtIr  riMiii*,  tlivnuiiliiln  <i|»>nml  ii|inii  tlmm 
with  (but  aiHl  *K»||,  lirlvliiii  |Ii>mi4  lliiuili  t'>  th« 
Utrt  In  mtm*  Ainfu  ilon.  Tli«  •nciuy  lli«n  illrentoij 
tli*lr  Hr*  ntNin  Ui«  bntinrv ,  but  with  mi  inhvt 
tir«vt  thM  lltlllnit  one  in«ii. 

AUhiI  lundiiwn  (laiMnil  TwImh,  with  th«  ImI- 
MMt*  nt  hi*  ilUUlun,  •rrlviil  «!  |*|u<lit<l,  iintl  ()«n- 
•ml  itikiw,  with  hU  flomiuAnil,  inuvo<l  to  th« 
MUlh  of  TmuIhi;»,  nml  mi'iiiii|iIihI  n  itiitliin  wimI 
of  ClhtpultoMO  i  Quilinnn't  irmi|i«  war*  tlntlonail 
on  lh«  road  ttttm  'I'ltniiltiivn  to  th«  ulty  of  M»xU«>. 
Worth  rMnainwl  in  Taonmirit. 

At  dny light  on  th«  llith  all  the  betlnrlm 
•MHetl  npnn  Cli(>|iiilt«|MK),  Whun  Oitiil,  Hleptiie, 
or  Twlgoi'  lUMoo,  v>>minonre<l  hU  llrv,  aevcnil 
henvjp  oulumni  «t  the  envniy  k<ft  Ihtilr  iMwItlon 
WmI  mih*  wllliln  Aim 'ion  rnnK*.  Thay  ware 
driven  back  wUli  hma,  I'he  ON|itjiln  llien  tnrnixl 
liU  •Itenlloii  tr>  it  Airt  t'rontlnK  Clivpiiltetiec,  and 
■fUr  ao  hour'*  caniiiniiullng  drove  the  enemy 
from  It,  and  inlenctMl  thvlr  biiim.  All  dny  the 
■leg*  hnttorle*  continued  tlialr  hitnvy  tire  tipon 
the  uitatU,  rIddlliiK  It*  bulliling*  and  *wevi>iii|t  It* 
dafuiden  IVnni  the  hetghu.  A*  they  I'ull,  the 
fleroo  lurvlvora,  formttlng  the  tl«*  of  hnmaDlty 
In  the  uiiroai  of  battle,  toru  tlieiii  tVoni  the  work*, 
tlirvw  theui  Into  welt*  and  dltchea,  and  want  on 
with  theli- Wrrihle  work. 

Uu  the  following  day  (Ivnernl  flontt  aeleotvil 
tlir  divlfluna  of  Worth  and  Twit^KH,  tlietlowvr  of 
III*  army,  to  etorni  the  fortriw.  When  l^icy  be- 
gan thalr  niaroh,  the  kanvy  Imtturlu*  on  both 
Mn  wet'o  ofienvd,  and  the  xtrongeMt  ('oni|ianl«* 
dwindled  uwity  to  a  *catt*rt'd  raiiinanl.  Hour 
after  hour  did  throe  thuimand  troo|j*  wreatlc 
with  fDor  time*  their  nninbvr,  alAiioned  bubind 
•linoet  loipregnabla  work*,  lint  tlicy  were  toll' 
liig  for  the  City  of  Mexico,  the  rir-fuiiitxl  hnll*  of 
Montuiorna.  The  itur  ot^  victory  null  l>uniii«jd 
uu  Amvrloaii  valor,  while  the  ruiniiuibrunue  ol 
Oerro  Uorda,  Uontrvrn*  and  ChurubuKoo,  broud- 
'ing  over  thu  ton*  of  Mexlt-o,  withered  all  bo|>u 
or  effort — Clie|iulti<|i«o  Ivll, 

"About  foiiro'cluuk  uoxt  mornlntt,"  aay*  Oon- 
ural  Hoott,  "  (H«|itenil>er  14th),  a  doiiiitntlnn  of 
Uio  ayuntanilento  (uity  council)  waited  on  inv 
to  r«|iort  that  the  fudurol  uowrniuirut  and  the 
•rtny  of  Mexico  bad  tlwl  Iroiii  tlio  ua|iitAl  Mime 
three  hoar*  before ;  and  to  dumund  teruu  of  cn- 
pltuhitlon  In  favor  of  tlut  church,  the  citixen*  and 
the  municipal  authorltieH.  I  |iroiuptly  re|ilk)d 
that  I  would  *lgn  no  cuiiitiilutiuu ;  tlmt  tlio  olty 
had  been  virtually  In  our  poMowion  from  the 
time  of  the  lodgment*  etluvtvd  by  Worth  and 
Quitman,  the  dav  before ;  that  I  ruurattod  the 
•ileot  eaoapa  of  the  Mexican  army,  tliai  I  ahould 
levy  uiKjn  tlie  olty  a  moderate  conttOmtiuu  for 

rcial  purpoae* ;  and  that  the  Amerl<iun  army 
uld  come  under  no  term*  not  aeir-liiijMMcd — 
*uch  only  a*  it*  honor,  the  dignity  of  the  United 
Statu*,  and  the  cpirit  of  the  age,  Hhould,  lu  my 
opinion,  Imperiouely  demand  and  impoae." 

About  dayligbt,  Uencral*  Worth  and  ijultman 
were  ordered  to  enter  the  city.  Quitman  pro- 
oveded  to  the  grand  ploxa,  and  rai*od  the  United 
btute*  Hag  on  the  national  pahtco.  General 
ticott  and  the  whole  army  foUowed  loon  after, 
taking  noaaeaalon  of  the  city  with  much  pomp. 

The  nylng  government  hud  ruleaaed  about  two 
thouHnd  oonvlola  ttom  the  public  prison*,  and 
throughoat  that  and  the  following  day,  they 
oontintiad  to  Are  ftrom  the  window*  and  top*  of 
the  hooMa  Q|x>n  the  American  troop*,  kllllDg 
■ome  and  woondlng  many.  At  tint  the  artillery 
wo*  tried  on  them,  but  owing  to  tholr  concealed 
poattioa  It  waa  not  etfectlve.    The  rifle  regiment 


and  MHiM  of  Ibe  InAuitrj  ware  then  aant  In  par- 

•uli,  *ii<l  th«  evil  wa*  omn  arr*ate«l. 

Tba  kMa  of  Ih*  Amarlrana  la  ible  «**aalt  wa* 
vary  ••'V«ra,  (li>h«f«U  llllow  and  Hhlald*  war* 
laiih  woiiiiikHl,  toMihar  with  olliar  vahmlilr 
idli'«r*.  The  tolaniNW  In  the  vallay  of  M«<l'-<i 
rciiiH  III*  liith  of  Ai'fll  until  th*  tliiio  of  xnkiut 
lli«  rily,  Wl*  two  tfHiu*4in>l  wvvn  bundrad  aliil 
tliraii  III!"!,  of  wliiHii  thnie  hMndreil  and  «l|(lily- 
ihri'i-  wrr.i  ol1li'ar»,  Thalr  »fhl«v«in<'ntii  a  (iiitl 
in  maynltiidu  any  ojivratioiMor  Amerti'itn  hUtory. 
riiev  iitturly  dla|mrwd  an  army  uf  thirty  thtiu- 
*unil  men,  tailing  anuodHir  of  priMmera  aipiai  to 
theiiuwlvu* ;  avljivil  iwvanty  plenM  of  nrtlllary, 
•tormi'd  fUn  AntiHila,  Han  Netdo,  Ciintreraa, 
C'buruhuMxi,  Molliio  and  C'h*|iult*|iee,  .>U(I  elt 
tarail  the  rnpltal  In  triiim|ih. 

Oaneral  Hoott  proiUiinail  martial  law  In  Max 
li-o,  I  ut  (Nirinlttail  the  |i*ople  to  aontlou*  lh«lr 
uaiml  bu*ln«.'«  avocation*.  All  •xrwtmMi  nf  nbe 
•filillarit  wtiru  rigidly  piiniaheil.  while  at  th«  naivJa 
time  Ilia  vltltana  *n<i  thvir  aohlivry  were  laiight 
that  tliay  ouuld  iiol  llMiill  the  Aiiierioau  ebarao- 
tar  v/itli  Impnnlly. 

The  city  of  hiabia  wa*  Iwalegad  by  Rant*  Anna 
Tli4  garriaon,  under  the  ooiiintAnd  of  Oidoiiel 
Chibl*,  wa*  *iiiaii,  and  anvnmlivrvd  with  IWM) 
aii'k,  Chllda  wa*  nnminoiied  to  anrrmider,  and 
on  hia  ds('lliilni{,  tlw  DriiiH  of  the  Mt'Olu'iin*  wit* 
renewfd  with  Inrranavd  im^rgy,  the  gnrrlaon  en- 
during thu  Ktvataat  privutimia,  and  livhiK  nearly 
worn  out  uiih  their  •'xertioii*.  Hut  they  nobly 
miilntainoil  theiiiMdvefi,  and  after  varloii*  In- 
atuncee  of  bravery  and  devotion,  Hanla  Anna 
withdrew,  In  or>ler  to  oppoee  the  maroh  of 
(tuneral  lane,  from  Vera  Crux,  with  relnlbrre- 
inentH.  The  bombiirdinunt  of  the  town  wo*  eon- 
llnued  iinril  the  worn-oul  garriwrn  were  rvlievnd 
by  Oeni  iM'  I'ano.  Thu  aiei{u  liioiud  4il  day*,  aii>i 
wu*  thu  lungem  military  oMiratioii  of  thu  war. 

liiimor*  of  the  eiiuiny'*  dualgna  on  Puubia  hail 
reaahwl  Vera  Crux,  in  the  latter  part  of  Sepiein- 
Iwr,  and  Uenural  L<ine  wa*  diH|Mitcbed  with 
conaldorable  force,  for  the  interior.  lie  had 
*oinu  hard  lighting  on  thu  rooil.  Ilu  rainu  upiin 
a  oom|>any  of  Kiiorrilliw  at  the  ha<!leii<la  nfH/iiitii 
AiiMii,  naiir  thu  Hun  Juan  river,  and  aunt  Captain 
I«wl«'«  company  of  iiiuuiited  voluntoura,  in  pur- 
ault,  will),  with  u  portion  under  Liouteuiiiit  Lilly, 
ancoueded  iu  ovvrtuliiiig  them,  and  after  a  aliort 
akhwl*h,  drove  them  ttom  their  poeition.  The 
whole  force  now  jiroceoded,  until  it  reached 
I'aao  de  Urqjiw,  whuru  the  roar  guard  wa*  tired 
upon  by  a  •luoll  guerrilla  force,  and  Li«ut*nant 
Cllne,  a  galbiut  youn^  otiloer,  kiUed. 

The  march  wo*  a  very  fatiguing  one  to  the 
troopa,  on  account  of  the  beat  of  the  weather, 
und  the  bad  atute  of  the  rood.  Ureat  ilitUoulty 
was  extierluiioed  with  the  artillery,  the  road 
being  obitructed  by  ravine*,  pa**u*,  and  other 
obstacle*.  In  the  mean  time  rumor*  were  coii- 
atuntly  being  received,  concerning  a  large  Mexi- 
oiin  lorou  oouceutraliiig  between  I'erote  and 
Pnublii.  Uii  arriving  at  the  former  place,  Gone 
ral  Lane  learned  that  they  numbered  4,000  men, 
with  ilx  pieise*  of  artillery,  aud  were  coninmnd' 
od  by  Bantu  Anna  in  iHiraon.  From  hi*  aplve, 
he  learned  that  the  eiiuiny  wore  at  lluamuntia, 
a  olty  but  a  few  mile*  diatant.  Thither  hu  de- 
teruilued  to  march,  and  If  jMUlble,  give  them 
battle. 

To  execute  this  aa  quickly  as  |)os*ibIe,  the 
gouorul  left  hi*  train  at  the  hacienda  of  8aii 
Antonio  Tamario  In  charge  of  Colonel  lirough's 
regliuent  of  Ohio  volunteers.  Captain  Siminun*' 
battalion,  aud  a  battery  imder  Lioutenant  Pratt, 
and  moved  forward  with  the  revt  of  hbi  com- 
mand. Un  the  Uth  of  October  they  came  with- 
in siglii  of  the  city,  after  as  rapid  a  maroh  a*  the 
nature  of  the  ground  woidd  permit.  A  halt  was 
made,  und  the  advance  guard  of  horsemen,  nn- 
der  Cuptoin  Walker,  ordered  to  move  forward 
as  far  a*  the  entrance  of  the  olty,  but  not  to  en- 
ter If  the  enemy  wore  in  force  until  the  arrival 
of  the  iufiuitry,    Whun  witUa  three  miles  of  the 


•Uy,  partta*  ot  hewaiwit  wer*  nha*fT*4  rMllg 
liver  the  Held*,  In  ib«  dtraadiMi  of  th«  ally,  aM 
Walker,  la>i  h*  *h<mM  be  aiilMpalail,  p«t  htt 
man  In  a  galhip.  Cienaral  Lmm  aaiktnal/ 
wali'liad  hIa  priitra**,  nnill  hi*  mofeaHMl*  mitt 
riHiraolnd  by  a  badita  of  ihirk  magMy  baah*^ 
on  vlilu'r  nlda  of  tli*  roail,  la  a  Ibw  mlaaiaa 
llrlnit  wa*  heard  ft'otn  Ih*  olty,  and  a  body  ol 
l,iNii)  laiK't  r*  warn  amin  harrying  over  the  iialgli 
(Hiring  bilia,  and  ()«n*r«|  Una  ordered  CiiIoimI 
tlorinan  to  ittlvanee  with  hi*  rwtlment,  andenur 
lluaiuautia  fl'mn  Ih*  «*al,  while  l^oluoal  Wy« 
kiNip  iiir.tvwl  toward*  III*  *a*l. 

On  Uli*  arrival  al  the  entranea  nf  lh«  ettjr, 
Caplala  Walker  dlaoovered  WW  of  the  aMm/ 
drawn  ftp  In  th*  dUm.  Dasking  Into  ikelr 
iiild*t  with  hi*  haiMlral  of  men,  ba  angaaad  Ibaai 
hand  to  hand,  ami  after  a  bioDdy  ooollal,  mm* 
ceedad  In  driving  th«m  away,  and  eaptaring 
three  of  their  gun*.  A  vlgorna*  parsalt  wat 
now  oomiiianiiad,  In  which  t'idoiMl  Im  Vafli 
the  brother  of  Uenaral  Ia  Vega,  and  i/iijut 
llurhlda,  a  aun  of  the  nnhirtaoalo  Kmiiarar  el 
Meil<.-«>,  ware  caplared  by  Liealenant  AMlanua 
of  tlK  Ueorgla  volunteers,  lie  narrowly  aaeaa> 
ingwlthhlalilk. 

W«lk*r'*  men  Imprndently  di*p«n*il,  aAar 
puriiilng  tha  ananiy  aoma  diatance,  .iid  ralnmeil 
to  the  *<|uar*  In  •iimll  partlea.  Thi*  wa*  In  ooa* 
atM|uun«u  nf  a  lieli^vf  that  tha  enemy's  whole  (iirM 
wo*  routail.  A  roinpany  of  lancara  luddouty 
chargwd  upon  the  pluw,  ami  separated  tha  Ani*> 
ricnii*  into  bo«lia*.  A  daaparate  flgbt  now  to4^ 
place,  In  whioh  the  Mexicaua  bebav*<l  with 
unwonted  gallantry  i  but  Walker,  by  akilful  ma- 
n<i>iivrliig,  aiiciwedetl  In  uniting  hi*  iWoe*,  ami 
dlsmoiintwl  his  <-<immaiid  In  tlie  convent  yard. 
Here  anotlier  action  took  place,  in  which  th* 
Uncer*  were  asaiatud  by  both  artillery  and  lii> 
laiitry,  UapUin  Walker,  while  directing  tha 
movemunt*  of  hi*  little  band,  fell  mortally  wound* 
ad,  and  aoon  after  aipired.  The  enemy  war* 
llnally  driven  back.  The  death  of  Captain  Walk- 
er was  aincerely  lamented  all  over  the  United 
HiMea ;  a*  ha  wa*  widely  known  as  one  of  th* 
beat  olilcur*  in  the  eervioe. 

In  thu  mean  time,  the  main  bodv  of  the  Ama* 
rican  forooa  arrived  at  the  city,  and  openad  thalr 
lire  iiiKin  iiiaNW*  of  the  enemy.  Tha  Mexioant 
tied,  leaving  ISO  dead  upon  tlie  flald,  while  tb« 
lus*  of  the  American*  waa  thirteen  kUlad,  and 
.fl.von  Wounded. 

uuiieral  Lauo  now  marched  to  tha  relief  ol 
Ooliinel  Child*,  and  remained  with  hi*  whola 
forcv  ut  Puebia,  until  ttie  IHth  of  Oetobar,  when 
lie  received  information  that  tha  Mexican  Uen> 
I-  il,  Hea,  was  at  Atllxco,  80  mile* distant.  I.4n«, 
utter  a  forced  march  of  Dve  hours,  came  in  siuht 
of  tha  oueray's  advance  guard,  near  Santa  Isa- 
bella. A  bait  was  now  luude  until  tlie  cavalry 
ouuld  ooine  up  IVoui  their  examination  of  a  nelgb< 
boring  hacienda.  A  struggling  lire  was  opened 
by  small  parties  of  the  enemy,  ttnni  the  foot  ot 
a  nelghM>rlng  bill,  whioh,  however,  did  no 
execution.  On  the  arrival  of  the  cavalry,  Qeua- 
ral  Lane  put  hi*  whole  force  in  luotiou  :  but  as 
the  Mexican*  appoiired  to  be  confliaed,  the  cav- 
alry were  ordured  to  charge  the  enemy,  and 
keep  tlium  engaged,  until  thu  infantry  could 
come  up.  The  action  was  continued,  until  the 
infantry  arrived  by  a  forced  march,  when  the 
foe  dod,  pursued  hy  the  cavalry.  A  running 
tifiht  was  kept  np,  until  within  less  than  two 
nuias  of  AtlUoo,  when  the  enemy's  main  bodv 
wa*  observed  to  be  poeted  on  the  side  of  a  hill, 
behhid  rows  of  ohaporal  hedgea.  The  cavalry 
daahed  into  thehr  midst  without  stopping  to  as> 
oertttla  their  namln m,  and  fbroed  (Lam  within 
the  thickest  part  of  their  shelter.  Then  dliM 
mounting,  the  assailants  entered  the  ohaporal, 
hand  to  baud  with  their  foe.  The  struggle^ 
which  was  long  and  terrible,  scores  of  the  ene- 
my failing  boueath  the  heavy  blows  of  the  Ama- 
ricans,  lusted  until  the  Infantry  came  up,  who 
for  the  hut  aiz  miles_  had  been  using  tuwr  Vt> 


'^-  *-^' —  — ^  — 


iiihtoiiy  or  rnv 


' 


i 


MHtMi  l«  Um  UWktf  M  •lt**M«  M   •  Aurtar 

MM  Mmi  *  mlk,  Um  m«l  M«fl  lMMr««*t»iwi  h; 


iy|iriiinh 


MVtlfT  ky  UMtr  MMTtkiM.  Mul  Ih*  InttflMa  llMl, 
Um  UMjr  owlil  MriM  |K«  aitMiiy  no  flirlliaf. 
TIm  miIwmi  amiUniMtl,  Imwtvtr,  In  •|)|>riMi»li 
Ul«  Mm,  Mhi  iwMtli  •  htU  ovarloiikliwr  I*.  Jwi 
M  Blflll  Ml  M,       I^HM  «*«  MMhM  III  nintillMti 

Ml  iinritMiM  •tlh  iwrlbiK  Mrialniy  h««*«>r, 
kr  Ik*  MMi*  «Imm«  Mffcily,  »n>\  tthuM  •  hmt 
■MbMil  *t«<*  «(f  Um  Minu«ii4liig  wmniry. 

OmimsI  Lmm  414  aot  JUmt  h  pmJviii  l»  rbk 
•  MTMl  Igbl,  M  aMIil  Im  m  aKkimwii  luwn;  hv 
Ifctwfcw  fHMwl  Mi  •nllforjr  m  •  hlU  uv*rlui>k 
hig  Um  towa,  mU  iinhmd  Ihaa  ui  iifKn  ih«lr 
If*  afon  II.  Tkto  »m  ■^•Milty  |iiM  Into  dkm-^i- 
tea,  tad  avtry  gaa  ww  irwl  wlib  iIm  iiiiii«*i 
n^mttf,  Tkb  WM  MwltaaMl  Ibr  iipwtnl*  at  au 
kMV,  wHk fTMl  tibali  iIm  ganaM*  b*ln«  •» 
aUti  ky  Um  IMm  Mifitihy  iIm  iikmk,  !•• 
dirail  UMlr  tkal  laie  Um  mmm  itopaiiMM  mtU  oT 
llMcllf. 

Tbwiiaa  UmM  Um  trine  thm  ih«  inwn  h»H 
wailil,  Ua*,  wMlInf  lo  oMaln  Iti  ■ttrrvmUr, 
•r4«rt4  MiO^  I.UI*  m<I  Ci>i<M«l  llmiHrh  tu  mI- 
TBMM  Mailoarfv  wlih  Ibalr  nimmMil*  lalo  the 
lawa.  Oa  liMlr  MiMrinc.  Iha  CMcral  waa  tnut 
ky  Um  CM)  •oandl,  wIm  dMirwIlhai  ihalr  lawn 
Mgbl  b*  tparatl.  gabl  Mng  rMlorwl,  Ijmm, 
aa  lb*  Mbwlaa  BMralag,  •uuim«na«tl  bla  raturn 
loPaaMa. 

Ha  laaraad  Ibal  iwo  plaeaa  of  artllUry  b^l 
Jaal  baaa  flnfcbad  al  Uaaruaiaoii ;  ba  r«*ilvtil  on 
aaatruvlaf  Ibaia,  ami  iirwaadlnc  Ui  iba  lowu 
«Mi  4M  aMa,  a«Muffi'««a«l  a  iburoimb  •aaruli, 
Tka  piaeai  bad  baaa  raawvail,  but  thair  oarrlaffa* 
vara  Ibaad,  aad  daitnijraal.  A  \»ny  of  th» 
wara  obaarvad  la  Iba  wMuUj ;  but  on  tli« 
ah  of  Iba  Iruopa,  tbajr  praoifiiuialy  re- 
I.  Tb*  aail  morabm,  Lao*  antaraU  I'ua- 
bia.  wlibaal  fbnbar  aaoblani. 

Oa^la  Uvallatia,  witb  a  portion  of  tha 
j>«— Hnaa  tqnadroa,  eoaalallnff  of  Iba  ft-l«nto 
OMigfaa^  tba  ibiop  of  war  t'ortimoatb,  aad  tha 
W%  AMD,  anlarad  Iba  port  orUaajrmaa,  a  •mall 
lawa  or  Um  Unlf  aoaal,  aboal  Um  aama  tiro*  that 
Um  bank  at  Alllioo  wm  (baffht  (Uctobar  1ft- 
]•).— Oa  tb*  IHih,  tba  Arm  anoborad  batwaan 
tha  Manila  of  ASnia«ra  Oranda  and  Almaara 
Obtno,  iilaelaf  a  mortar  oa  aaob.  Tb*  otliar 
Tjaaak  had  alraady  takaa  thvir  lUtiona.  Mr. 
WlUtoiu  ItoMBMin  wai  dbpatahail  with  a  flaff  of 
Iraaa  to  tba  faTarnor,  and  ib*  omaot  oTtli*  Auivf' 
teaaa  waa  aiplaiaad,  aad  ba  (tha  r>v*mor)  waa 
a<Wlaad  to  larraadar.  Thia  ba  rafteaad  to  do,  and 
Mr.  BoUnaoa  rataraad  to  Um  Amo. 

TIm  CuegrMaand  Portaeioulh,  arrancad  thatiK 
aalva*  la  a  poaitlon  Ibr  attack,  on  tha  luth,  and 
a  aanwMMa  waa  aaain  »-tnt  for  Uia  Maxloiina  t« 
aarrandar;  bnl  iW  daolltMd  anawaring,  antll 
alghUbil.  Tbao,  Iba  ootumaadant  took  np  a 
pialUon,  Uiraa  mllaa  diatant,  having  prevloualT 
Haead  lh«r*  a  battanr  oribuH**n  gtuia,  to  r**lit 
Ib*  Aiaarieana,  akonld  Ihay  attainpt  to  |>«natrat* 
Ih*  iterMr.  Tba  hombardmant  of  tb*  town 
waa  oomnMuoad  nn  tba  SOtb,  at  ala  in  tb*  morn* 
Ing,  aad  waa  oontiniMd  for  mor*  than  an  boor ; 
At*  boadrad  aballs  and  ahol  baing  thrown  into 
Um  town,  klUiaa  on*  Engitth  raaiJaat,  and  da- 
atroyiag  ••r*ral  hooaaa.  Tba  garriaon  having 
abaadonad  tba  town,  tha  clUaana  annoanoed 
Iboir  aaUra  wlUingnaM  to  IbUn  lo  terma,  wban 
a  parly  of  Amarioan  aallora  and  inarin«a,  landed 
and  ran  np  tha  national  tiag  on  a  fort,  d«fand- 
ing  tb*  Uaaa  BUnoa  hill.  A  proelnmiition  wan 
iMuad  aboal  tb*  aam*  tlin*,  by  Latallett*, 
oMmiagUMlown,  and  ordering  the  inrrander 
of  all  Ua  public  proporly  In  the  nam*  of  the 
Uaitad  Btataa.  A  oivU  and  mlllUry  police  were 
aMaUiabed,  and  tb*  Mexican  autboriUe*  invited 
to  oontinn*  ia  offloa,  the  nburcli  property  being 
placed  nad*r  American  protecUon,  and  the  cua- 
wiaary  order  of  burineaa  ordered  to  be  reaumad. 
Mr.  Bobinaon  wo*  uude  coU*«t'>r  of  tb*  port. 


TIm  pnrl  itf  MaMlUn  w»»  aaf  larxl  abMil  Ik* 

•am*  lima,  tiy  auMihaf  |Nifi|>Hi  of  the  MiiuwInHi. 
U»n«ral  latia  Mnflnwad  Wp  hi*  virliiry  al  Allttrn 
aid  lliMitMiiila,  by  a  nwrtmM  afUi'li  U|»in 
Malafiioriui,  wtwra  b*  i|(><A>i«>«il  a  |>«rir  nf  M»il- 
•^•n  Uiii-»r>  .  ami  m*it<iuhM  w»r«  Mkoii  by  t^m 
III  hlNilnr  liU  Mmg  M»ti\r*m\  liy  lh*'ii  In  fiilurm, 
K««iil*i  Ihal  Unil»<l  III  I'iMl  a  •liiwlu  ixnr  lli* 
lircMiil  «nlh>Mliwm  i>f  Ilia  ultdwra,  wlm  IiimI  w> 
naruli'xlly  fullnwail  Itu'lr  Uwltir  In  Ilia  i'ufi<|iimit 
•  >f  iha  fWiMMl  I'lly  iif  III*  MiHilratiiiiit,  miNrrvil  In 
Iha  nmnlh  of  Niivanilwr,  In  Mvalni  lljr  an  ar- 
iWliJ  III  Ilia  iiilliiMrr  i'<»l«,  "  |ir<«»l*  biUvra  of 
ra|inrla,  r*Ull«a  i.'  iiillliarjr  )ii*r<'li»«  and  ii|i«.-ra> 


lliMia,"  Imlna  "  IV*i|M*nlly  nilarhlaviiiM  In  dvaixn, 
and  atwaya  dUtfraral'Ul  in  lt>a  army,"  ara  tlrirlljr 
fnrbhldan ;  "  and  unv  oiniwr  n>imd  kmIIi jr  ••<  niak  - 
Ing  •iifih  report  Ii  r  pnblUiUliin,  wllhnul  ■|hm'UI 
|tariiiUa|iHi,  or  of  l>l*)<li  t  III*  wri'lnu  l>ayori<t  liln 
raHilriil,  Ml  thai  It  flmU  Ua  way  l<i  tlie  iirirM, 
wl''<ln  one  month  aAar  the  tarmlnutlntt  of  Iha 
aiti  .,  algn  In  whl«<h  It  relalaa,  ahatl  li«  itlanitaaad 
IViini  ilia  M>r«ti'*."  It  a|itwiir«  that  mmx  lima 
altar  Iba  ylilnrlaanf  Ih*  IIMIi  ami  ioiji  ,>(  \\\. 
gual,  Ih*  t'llUliurjih  I'nal  lintill*li*il  valrai'la  A>iim 
■TarnUja,  Mvklrn,  An 


iiruh 
•lalf 


prival*  latlara,    ill 

gual  1l4lh,  IMT,"  p«r|Mirllng  lu  i(lr*  an  orlulnal!nam*d  MUarea,  allaniiml  a 


il, 


the 


gvaeral-lii'^hlaf,  who  laauail  itn  orilvr, 
ntMnrlntf  lb*  Utiara  a*  lUiapli-alitii  and  o-aiiila- 
loiia,  and  Uillmallng  the  (anaral'*  •nrmlalnipi  of 
Ihalr  aiillion.  A  Mnl  waa  puhlUliad  Iha  foU 
lowing  lUy  In  one  of  Ih*  Umlliig  Mi'ilmn  papi'ra, 
by  l.i*utcnant  Colonal  huncan,  italltil  >)>■  con- 
n*i-lloii  with  III*  ItlUtiurif  latter,  auiTiiaintf  all 
III*  maana  iil  liU  (Hiwer  In  ainilpntii  III*  (**n«- 
raU«ua|iwl*il  by  lliaconihiaiular,  frnni  alllibiiu*. 

He  and  (ianvral  Worth  were  llie  imiiii*  day 
pUoatl  under  arreat;  and  Uanerid  I'llkiw  waa 
tnba*i|uunlly  arreatwl  for  c<inl*iii|it  of  lit*  aii- 
pvrlor.  The  gnneral-ln-clilof  hliniHilf  waa  ar- 
raalad  by  order  of  llie  Koveriiiuant,  on  aiivt'lllud 
flliaruaa  preferred  In  part  aa  an  ap|i«al  l>y  Uen- 
eral  Worth,  and  a  court-martial  ohiered  tu  try 
him.  ahing  with  lb*  other  ulllaar*,  Miv|or4leneral 
liulier  being  appointed  to  tha  cumiiiaiid  of  the 
army. 

General  Towion,  paymaatar-genaral,  waa  ap- 
iNilntail  preaidvnl  of  the  nmrt.  Tli«  other  iii«in> 
ber*,  tJMt  named  liy  I'ri'aldeiit  Polk,  were  ItrlKii- 
dIer-Oeiieral  i'aleb  Ciialiing,  and  Culoiiul  K.  (I. 
W.  Iluller.  IJeutvnaiit  llainiMi.nd  won  niiiiit'd 
aa  chief  advocate.  Siiba«<|iii'iilly  t'oloiivl  Kiillvr 
waa  rvlMvoil,  and  lirevut  Coloiul  Uelkiiap  a| 
pointed  in  hi*  ula4<e. 

Captain  H.  V.  Kidgely  alio  anoouoilvd  Lieu- 
tenant llainmond,  aa  JiiiIku  odviK'ntu  ntiil  ro- 
conler,  Tbe  flnt  place  of  mi'ctliiK  wiia  I'erotc, 
but  it  waa  ■ulMvi|Uuntly  cliuiiKvd  to  I'lii'lda,  where 
they  met  on  the  IMth  of  Ivlirimr^,  liitH;  and 
after  a  iengthv  leailon,  reinovml  lo  I'  ruilrlcktown, 
MaryUad.  Ail  tbe ofllcer*  ocuumhI  wore  |iru<h'iit, 
and  the  caa*  occupied  the  court  until  tli»  i'Iimv 
of  tbe  war.  Tba  proceedinK*  wore  pulilbdieil 
daily,  both  in  Ihn  ITnited  Htatea  and  Mexico,  and 
eiolted  a  nniverivil  feeling  of  r»Krct,  that  the 
man  who  had  behaved  tlieiiiielvoii  ao  ntdily 
tbroDirh  all  tba  varloui  accnea  of  n  two  ycnrH' 
#*r,  anonld  at  Ita  cioae  ba  lu  Involved  in  dltll- 
colty. 

General  Twiggi  had  been  orilorod,  nfter  the 
foil  of  the  capital,  to  JaUpa,  to  otKitnlxu  a  train 
for  the  main  army,  and  keep  in  check  the 
viuhbouriiiK  Rucrrilina.  lie  Icit  that  city  un  the 
lUtn  of  November,  and  iiiarchod  for  Mexico, 
where  he  waa  olio  Joined  by  Genurol  liutler, 
with  a  train  and  aiippliea. 

During  the  campaiKn  that  followeil  General 
Soott'a  inarch  firom  I*uub!n,  General  PatterMiu 
hod  been  itatinnad  at  Vern  Cruz,  uhIuk  all  lila 
endeavour*  to  keep  tbe  oomiuuniuatlon  with  the 
army  open,  and  obaatiae  the  guerriUaa,  who 
iwariiwd  ia  Uutt  Ticiuity.    XLoim  roving  bauda 


-  ky«. 

laraala,  wIhi  abanibwlng  Ma  aaMfilmai  dalla^ 
iif  ralbar  mmMtdiiir  lliam  with  ibna*  of  Iha  •■))• 
ilWr,  hail  ihriiwN  tka  wlinb  wvlnbl  nf  bla  InMa* 
aiHW  aai*ln«l  Iha  f^Uaila  nf  |«a<'a.  Tb*)f  War*  a 
I'aiiM  nf  graalar  Imiibla  In  III*  Atiiarli'alM  lliaa 
***tila  Anna'k  army.  'Ihalr  d*|>r«iliiil"n*  w«ra 
hiimafoii*,  aH'l  nf  ilia  nuial  ilorlna  iharariar. 
In  tliair  (HirllNl  •iniaaa,  may  li*  allrlliMlad  Ih* 
nli.iilii«<>y  nf  III*  Meik'ana,  In  r*fk*lng  lu  llalaa 
In  larm^  nf  iiaiu'v. 

In  III*  falinf  1*17.  (lanaral  Pallarwin  lafl  Tera 
I'rui  lafliir  iniru<llng  llm  rtniimand  nf  llial  rllf 
lo  I'idiinal  Wllaiini,  with  a  lara*  train,  ami  Jh 
vanrad  by  aiiay  mari'liaa  lo  -ialafi*.  Ha  alarleil 
from  Jala|Hi  mi  ilia  Unib  of  Nntamliar,  an  ronM 
for  Iha  ^^«|lllltl ;  hut  IwftiM  laavlng,  bang  iwa 
Amarli'itn  laamalara  fur  Iha  mwrdar  of  a  Me«W 
I'an  Uiy,  and  oa  ilia  fnlkiwing  day  ibol  iw* 
Maili'an  nitrar*,  Gari'ia  and  Ab<a<la,  for  vltiU* 
linn  of  |iariila.  TbI*  canard  a  great  airllatnenl, 
and  tnaiirn'minn  **«m*il  to  Im  ln*«llabl*,  hul 
WMt   auppraaaail,  and    I'allvraoa   eonimelireii  bla 

inurnev,  and  raatdtait  the  vlly  of  Ueilao,  on  tb* 
III  nf  IKiramli*r, 
A    niimlwr  of   gnerilllM,   ander    aa   ofBaaf 
body  of  Amarioan* 
aMHiunt  nf  Iba  ttatllae  nf  ('nntrariw  and  ('hum-  aliuni  Iheniidillanf  llecamber,  and  were  repniaed 
haaru.     Thia  latter  waa,  by  Mima  iiiaana,  i<n|ilad|  with  cnnalilarahie  Inaa,  Ihalr  laailar  li«in|||  among 
a  Tamplcu  |ia|ier,  and  (all  Into  ttka  lianila  nfilia  niiMihar,     Anntliar  anKagemant,  •Inillar  in  lu 

I'baraotar,  fiirlliar  tollia  iinrth,  alao  raiullml  In 
vli'tory  to  Iha  Ainarlran  anna,  .\n  aipailltUia 
waa  atint  to  Clinliila,  on  lli*  nliiht  of  Iha  'ilat,  to 
aiiprvbend  annie  Amerloan  oMt'er*.  A  Itght  took 
place,  in  which  thre*  of  tl.*  eneay  were  killed 
and  three  wounded. 

The  M*«lcan  ganerat,  Valencia,  wa«  eaplared 
by  a  parlv  vnpeulatly  iirKaiiiietl  for  that  pur|Mie*k 
uiirit  in  January.  The  Mktwiiig  are  tbe  par< 
lii'uUra: — 

"Cobmel  r.  M.  WynkiHip,  of  the  1*1  Pennayl- 
vnni*  vnliintvera,  havlni(  learned  by  a  Mvxiran 
frlmnd,  tliiit  Padiu  larauta  and  Gvaerai  Ke* 
wero  at  TInlnaiinnalln,  about  live  Ivaiiuea  I^imi. 
the  city  of  Mexico,  applied  to  Ganeral  Hctitt  fur 
K'riniaainn  to  take  80  men  nnil  capture  tbein. 
reriiitaalnn  liclng  irfanleil,  the  culimel  net  ulf  ua 
the  lit  .laiiiiarv,  wllb  UH  Texan  itanger*  uiiibr 
iiiiiiinaiid  of  l.leuUMianta  iMraerta,  llnrkva,  and 
June*.  Upon  arriving  al,  andrhargiiig  Tlidiie> 
panalla,  and  flnding  no  one  liter*,  they  Ivuriied 
that  Hea  and  larnutn  had  left  fur  Toluco,  a  few 
hour*  pruvioua  In  our  arrival.  Cidonel  Wyn 
kuoii  livru  luitriied  that  Gciiorol  Vnleiiria  and  hi* 
•tail  wuro  lit  n  harii'inlit  miiiiu  aix  Iviirfuaa  illntant. 
He  iinfiiodliitul.v  »vt  nil  with  hi*  |>ariy,  and  ar- 
rivvd  at  the  'hncit'iula,  which  he  lurruuniled. 
Admittance  into  the  lioiiae  wn*  deiiiandud  liy  ih* 
party,  but  for  a  time  rcriiMul,  when  Colunel  Hilwt, 
a  wtiiindvd  Mexican  ntllcvron  parole,openeil  lb* 
diMir,  mid  luaiiiruil  Colonel  Wynk'iup  that  Gen- 
end  Valencia  hud  dcpnrtud  thatdav  for  Toliico; 
but  thia  not  livlnir  credited,  llglit*  were  de- 
iniindi'd  to  aoarch  the  bulliiing.  (/oloiiel  Hiba 
tlien  urnpoavd  to  deliver  (iviierat  Valelicbi  tha 
next  ilay,  if  tbe  party  would  leave.  Tu  tbia  th* 
colonel  wnukl  not  nMent,  but  pro|Hwed  to  aend 
an  ofllcer  und  eit(ht  mun  with  lilin  to  await  their 
return.  Thin  pro|Hiaitioii  coiiiplntelv  diao<mo*rt> 
fill  Colonel  Silia,  tba*  coiiviiiclng  Culoiiei  Wyn 
konp  that  Valencia  waa  really  In  the  boiiao. 
Search  waa  accnrdinKly  made,  but  he  could  nut 
be  found.  Tbe  colonel  then  duclare<l  that  bt 
would  not  leave  the  hooieiida  without  biin ;  tbol 
if  Vulenoiit  would  glv*  hiinaeif  up,  be  wo'ild  b* 
perfectly  leile,  but  that  he  could  nut  aniv/*r  fur 
liii  life  ahuuld  be  attempt  an  eacap*.  Al  tbU 
iiiuiueiit  u  |ieraun  *tepi>ud  up  and  aald,  "  I  am 
Valencia."  He  then  auid  that  il  wca  againal  Ui* 
uiiiKua  of  civilized  warfare  t<>  attack  a  man  in 
the  peace  und  unlet  of  hb  famllr  in  tha  dead 
hour  of  the  nigbt.  Tlie  ooIouaI  anawored  that 
it  wo*  the  uiily  way  be  could  b«  captured. 
Cuionul  Arrera  waa  token  ia  ui*  aama  bauianiiUi 
uu  tliat  night." 


OWITBD  tTATB*. 


>liaw  »t  lh«  Mil* 

III  i4  ttk  lrill»> 

Uii«rl<'nM  tliiiil 
rolitik'n*  w*r« 
rinc  rlinmriar, 
mirlliiiUil  th« 
tl»»il\t  U>  llntvM 


•  ««ih  aAM,  M  lit*  HvtaltlHMif  tiMHl  nl  mnU  f  *. 
AkaM  M  fwrflll**,  iiH4>r  Cutiinel  X*m>M«, 
W*f«  •kargwl  mm!  ili»|i«r«»l  liy  ('nlonul  hutnln* 
|M«,  aAaf  whlak  IK«  UH«f  |ifiN>ir<iilwl  in  lh> 
ItUiM  af  Mv%  wImm  Im  nH'«i«M|  •  mmmnnl 
aatlnn  Ihtm  IIm  R«lfklMw4'Hr  hix'UiuliM,  reiisaMt* 
lutf  kla  M»l»niw«  U  HlMfitiiM  III*  InUkiiiiNi* 
IhiM  iIm  l^nany  nf  OaMr»l  TufnOln.  An*»  • 
•hiifi  iklrmUh,  im  iIm  $ih  iif  ttummtwr,  liimiln* 


iU«  ilioi  iwa 
li<aiU,  fur  *|a>l*> 
•Ml  •«i<U*in«nl, 
liMvluU*,  Iml 
nmimanrwl  liU 
M«(l«u,  on  lb* 

il«f  M  nlllMr 
iif  Amarlvdnt 
il  war*  rti'iilMtl 
If  twlnji  •iiHinn 
nltiiniiliirin  lu 

Juit  rMUllMl   Id 

An  «i|NHlltU>« 
uf  lh«  tiUt,  to 
>.  A  Dalit  itHik 
my  w*r«  klllaO 


II*  lit  VtntujV 

by  •  Mviican 

I  0*Mr»l   K«« 

•  IvaiiUM  ttmu 

ncril  HvutI  fur 

ca|itiirii  Iboin. 

omI  Ml  ulf  un 

lUngMn  uiiiirr 

r*,  liiirkv*,  Mill 

nrKliin  Tlulii*- 

•,  tli«]r  IvnriiiHt 

Tolui'o,  a  fuw 

(.'tilDiiul   Wyn 

itlnui'iit  Anil  III* 

vn^M  tllnUiit. 

imrly,  iintl  «r- 

lo  mirrouniUil. 

iihiiiIikI  liy  (II* 

Oiiluiiul  Hlliit, 

>I«,ii|m)II«mI  III* 

top  ttlllt  (i«(i« 

IT  fur  Tuliivu ; 

fiU  w*ra  U*- 

(\>lonet  8lba 

Valumlit  tb* 

To  tblM  III* 

|MM«d  to  MnJ 

to  kwalt  tbvir 

ly  (IboonMrt* 

Culuii«l  Wyn 

n  th*  bouno, 

II*  ooul'l  not 

birad  tlitt  b« 

out  blm  1  thai 

,  b*  wo'ild  im 

>t  aaiv/*r  for 

•p*.    At  tbU 

(wUt,"!  am 

B»  attabiat  Ui* 

•ok  a  man  Id 

ia  tb*  dMHl 

iiMwortd  tlmt 

b«  captured. 

hauUwlii 


In  ilU|i*nlMM  lb*  M«ilr*ii  |i«riy, 
MfturtiHl  (Unarala  Tnrn^ln,  MliitHi.  (Iit»na.  tt) 
••rairy.  awl  Iwu  •l«Mft«r«.  Tli*  M*il<Hin  g»n- 
•ral  b«it  iO(*  Man,  Mng  on  bl*  way  to  join  mmii* 
^•r***  *|  ItiM  Aadrnk  ami  |inM<MHl  IbaiM^  lo 
(WMib*.  Tb*  lbr<*  or  tb*  AmarlraM  am<i«ini«<l 
laTOM*n 

Tb*  fH*rrl)Ui  BOW  b*«*ma  mora  ilarlnff  ami 
r«**afl*M.  Abiwl  lb*  Id  i>f  Jannary  a  larg* 
teats  al  wagiina,  Karrylng  a  Um*  amoiini  of 
■yiiitt  aal  iMl  tM  tb*  InlMior  HMtUr  lb*  illr«<llon 
or  (lutiMMl  Mil**.  Tb*  FMir  |HH>ikin  of  ih*  train 
wt*  smM*  to  l*av*  uaill  ib*  mor nlii*  of  tit*  4ib 
Tb*  Mak  Rial**  bwMim*  v*ry  MMb  wmttorvd,  In 
movfiNI  oT*r  lb*  b*«nr  wnd,  and  l.luntanant 
Walk*r,  with  a  l>*Hy  of  moaiiivtl  rlrtmiiun, 
tbrown  laTcn  mllva  b«blnil  Ilia  iiiitlii  iNHly  of  lli* 
w*(iiii<lraln.  A  party  of  giMrrllU*  Kapliirud 
aoiii*  of  lb*  parka,  and  tnftiriiMilon  ninvaywl  to 
M*«lMiant  Walker,  mnvMl  tow•l^l•  Kanta  Vi, 
•Mi  Ibtind  tb*  Miawy  drawn  up  In  ballU  array 
A  rbarg*  wmi  oribrwil,  whan  ili*  Kiivrrllla*  ai'ai 
tarwl  In  all  tbrwMion*,  and  ii|HinMil  a  heavy  lira 
niton  tb*  ll*ut*naiit'i  llillu  i«tiii|tany.  All  loni- 
muab'albin  wllb  tha  main  (larly  Ulnir  lhu«  lUt 
(Hf,  Walker  a*nl  lo  V*ra  Oiia  for  aMtatam'*. 
M*  |o*t  ilv*  man  kllUd  ami  Mv*  woiindiMl.  Tim 
M*ilaan*  rapiurMl  SOU  iiiu<k  mula^  and  alHtut 
||0t),m)O  In  tfiM-l*. 

Uolonal  ll^ya,  with  100  ran^ara  nnd  a  f«w  II- 
llnola  volnnlaan^  raaohcd  T*otlbiMe*m,  tw*lvM 
iMguaa  iKtrtbaaat  of  M*il<!fs  In  piinuit  of  ianii* 
la.  Il«ra  b*  wa*  aitarkad  by  a  party  of  gnar- 
rllbia  iinilar  Ih*  pailr*  blmaalf;  A  aawra  balll* 
•MUmI,  In  whiitli  tb«  Aiiierlflan*  IimI  t<lglit  men. 
Tha  |ia<tra  U  *idd  to  bavu  limn  illirhtly  wuundwl, 
•nd  itna  of  hi*  man  mada  priiniiar. 

Harma,  Toliioo,  and  I'arbnna,  wora  (trciipleil 
by  dlffiiranl  portlona  of  tb*  AnMritian  army  un- 
d«r  ()*n*ral  Uadwallailar,  alioiit  thU  tliiui ;  •ml 
OrlMb^  waa  abw  takan  by  •  dat^oliinant  of  aw 
Mvalry  undar  Uanaral  Un*. 

A  train  of  1,000  wamtna  Itfk  Mallco  on  the 
14th  of  January,  **uort*d  Itv  a  detarlimotit  undur 
U^  UailwalUdcr,  and  although  great  iiiTitrU 
war*  mad*  to  oaptur*  ibam  by  thu  guvrrillaa, 
tbev  •rrtrwl  a*faly  at  Vara  Oru*. 

Colonel  Child*  In  th*  mm*  month  Intercoptol 
lottara,  wbloh  diMsloaad  a  plot  Imltiliud  liy  Ooii- 
eral  lUo.  at  I'uabbt,  to  luurdnr  Dun  ifaphAel 
hunto,  tho  Ifvxioan  (tovomor,  and  luoh  of  the 
inhahitHntJt  a«  wuru  In  favor  of  a  p«noe  with  the 
UnlU'd  Htutoii.  The  oltjmit  ap|i«ar*d  tu  Ite  to 
abolUh  the  exUtlng  Kovorniiiunl,  and  provlnlin 
K«a  dictntur.  Meanuma  were  takvn  by  Culnnol 
Uhllda  to  prevent  thl*  plot  from  buing  oarrlvd 
Into  eieoutlon,  •nd  •  pruolamutlon  Iwuud,  warn- 
ing all  titloa  Ui  leave  the  olty,  and  niitklng  It  n 
pvnal  ott'eno*  for  any  of  the  inliubitantii  to  hold 
ciimniuniotttlon  with  the  giiurrilliu.  Xo  sttoiupt 
wa*  made  to  oarry  thu  plot  Into  exeontion. 

Two  Urge  train*  led  Vera  Crui,  one  for  Orl- 
Mb*,  Mid  tli9  other  fur  th*  oily  of  llexioo,  on 
the  7tb  of  February,  eaoorted  by  1,OUO  man  un- 
der Coloni'l  liaukbead,  who,  iluou  thu  lOih  of 
Dvoembur,  bad  been  civil  and  uiilitary  governor 
uf  Vara  Crni.  Although  keenly  w^toliud  by  tli* 
guerrlllius  thev  arrived  lafuly  at  their  duatlui- 
tluu.  UeiinriJ  Houtt  had  on  thu  12th  of  Docuiu- 
ber,  1M7,  Iwiiied  an  order  agiUiiHt  the  gucrrllliui, 
\ff  which  every  American  iiotit  eBtnblliihvd  In 
New  Mexiuit  wo*  authorized  to  puiih  duily  do- 
laojimenu  an  lar  na  prooticiible  un  thu  ruudii,  in 
^  '■  to  prutcut  them  from  tho  inaruuding  jmr- 
'•  Ko  quArtent,"  ao^a  tb«  order,  "  wUl  be 


war  ap- 


giraw  lA  known  mwoafira  at  mlNNlv%  vmIIMv 
•all*<l  gnarrUtaa  or  rnnkarm  and  wk*iba*  Mfv« 

Inn  Nuiler  MclWan  aMnmbi  iii«m  ur  n<i<  Tbey 
*raiH|iMlly  peala  l«iNngiiard»i|  MaikaiM,  FxCvlin^ 
•t*,  aad  uiiall  |iarllaa  of  AM«rl<:«ii«,  aad  onvhi 
III  l«  •ilerNilnMinl,  (NfcmUr*  of  ihe  ibuve 
abar*i>ii>r,  am>li|«nlally  fkltlaff  Inlti  III*  bamtn  wf 
Ainerb-an  Iruniia,  win  Iw  inoftMnlartty  h*bl  aa 
prtaiinef*,  llial  lo,  iwil  iml  lo  ilamlb  wtlhoMl  ilne 
Mitomnlly.  Awiirdlngly  Ihay  will  tie  r>|i<irln| 
III  mtniiiaiiilliig  ulllior*,  wliu  wilt,  wllbunl  •laUy, 
■ifdar  a  loiiini'lTiif  war  Itir  iha  •uinniary  trial  ur 
III*  offandar*,  nndar  the  kntiwn  lawa  uf  w 
ptl<'a(>l«  to  aiK'b  V****. 

"  A  I'lHiniill  of  war  may  mnwUI  nf  any  n«mb«r 
of  iiMxer*  not  taaa  iIhhi  thrve  n<ir  more  than  Iblr 
i*«o,  and  tiiav,  Air  any  MagraMi  vlolitilon  of  tli* 
law*  of  war.  I'lmdeinn  to  lieatli,  or  lo  Miiaa,  not 
•  iumdliig  nf)v,  on  *alUflti>liiry  proof  thai  Mirb 
iirUinar,  al  lh«  lima  of  faplitr*,  •nlnalj*  be- 
liingad  ki  any  |iarty  or  gang  uf  known  ntftber*, 
ur  iiiiinltirer*,  ur  liiwl  nrlualiy  i«iinrnltla<l  muritar 
ur  rubbery  n|ain  any  Anierli'an  offioer  ur  Mddler, 
or  Adbtwer  of  the  Ainerb<an  army." 

Hevural  gnvrrllla  |HirtlM  ware  broken  up  by 
III*  arllva  o|ierailona  palUd  forth  fritni  dllTarent 
(■••rilun*  uf  (itiii«ritl  H<>uti'*  army,  Htlll  tha  r«ia<i* 
friiillniied  lu  lie  InAwlnd  with  lli«i*«  itinraMdlng 
ttartlaa,  and  Iravvlbira  ur  •Iraaglara  from  the 
Aniartnan  army,  lu  lie  iiiiir>l»r*iT.  Arrmi*  were 
mtnllnunlly  mail*  and  exvi'Utlona  took  |>lai<e,  an 
111  III*  idiMM  of  ill*  war, 

Tha  mliaiioii  uf  Mr,  TwUt  a*  neguliulur  wllb 
tliu  Muxloan  govvrniiii'nl,  illd  nut  cinl  hu  fruit- 
I'M  allempt*  lu  obliiln  |i«iii'e  aftur  Ihe  liaitle*  of 
t'onlreriia  and  (^liuruhnMO,  After  r*|i«alMl  af- 
liirt*  liv  (teiieral  Huott  and  himaalf  to  bring 
about  thu  ilealrvd  reaiilt,  tliey  at  length  met  with 
•iiii'UN*.  Oenural  Hcotl  in  January,  IHiH,  laid 
Iwflira  the  kii<xliian  aulhurlllva,  tha  liaal*  uf  a 
treaty,  almllar  tu  Ihe  una  wbltib  had  lievn  ro- 
Jui'tail,  They  a|i|iutnted  l.iil*  (I.  Oiianw,  tier- 
nadoOohtu  and  Miguel  AtrUtaIn,  aa  <Mimml»alon- 
tin;  the  Ihilted  Hlale*  Iteing  repriwinlvd  by  Mr, 
Twinl.  The  ntigotialion*  weru  ii|Nined  at  Ouada- 
luu|ia  llldaigii,  and  alter  their  rti*|ieollvu  (Kiwer* 
weru  miuie  known  by  the  nimmiiMiluiieni,  thev 
iirrangiiil  and  •Igiied  a  "  treaty  of  |ieat<e,  fi-iuml- 
•lii|i,  limit*,  and  nutlluiiienl,  between  thu  rnitwl 
Htiite*  uf  Amurioa  and  the  Mexican  K«<|iulili<'." 
Till*  trualv  arrived  In  Wuabington  In  Fuliruarv, 
and  wiw  laid  before  the  Amurivan  Henata.  It 
wa*  agreed  to  with  wtnie  amundinout*  on  tho 
loth  of  Maroh.  Mr.  Havier  waa,  un  the  14th, 
u|i|Mtinttfd  fuviiy  eltraurdinary  and  inlni*ter 
|ilcnl|Hjtontlary  to  iirunont  the  treaty  •*  •mundeil, 
to  the  Maxleun  Cunar***,  wbo,  kfter  •  ttroiig 
debute,  ratifled  It.  The  n*wa  of  |i*ao*  waa  re- 
ceived by  the  great  liody  ot  both  nation*  with 
uvury  manifeMtiiilun  of  *uii*factlon. 

The  army  lell  Vera  Crux  bv  detoohmont*,  anil 
the  greater  port  arrived  at  New  UrieaiM  by  the 
middle  uf  June,  184a. 

Intelligence  of  th*  dlaoovery  of  gold  In  Upper 
('alifurnlit,  wlilcli,  by  the  treaty  of  peace,  had 
Iwvn  reitt'd  tu  the  United  Htat**,  wa*  reudvod  at 
Wiwhiiigtun  In  the  latter  part  of  l»tH.  Culonel 
Motiun,  guvernur  of  tha  territory,  in  hi*  olHolol 
dUpatch  to  the  government,  expre**ed  the  opinion 
that  there  wa*  more  gidd  in  thu  regiuii  of  the 
Hocramentu  and  Hun  jliaclilm  Klven,  than  would 
pay  the  coat  of  the  Mexiuun  War  a  hundred  time* 
over.  Thu  exivtenve  uf  the  gold  In  the  bud*  uf 
thu  itream*  wa*  dlmuviTed  by  Mr.  MurHliull,  in 
.Miiy,  lti48,  while  iliitging  u  mill  rocu  near  Butter'* 
Furt,  un  tliu  AmerluHn  I'urk  of  the  ijucramonlo. 
The  new*  ipruad  rapidly,  altltuiigh  thu  rumor* 
WLTe  uut  guuurully  iiulievud,  until  the  reception 
of  t'ulunei  MiMiii'*  duHpatuli,  re*olvu«l  all  dou'.iit. 
Uu*lue*«  and  trude*  ul'  ull  kind*,  recoivod  a  fre*h 
liiilietu*,  and  cmigrauti  crowded  every  roai  to 
thu  gold  rugiuu.  San  Fi'uuuIhco,  thu  princi;rul 
iiurt  of  Altu  Ciilit'iiruiu,  buuMUu  a  liirgu  city,  and 
it*  great  burbuur  waa  tillud  with  thu  vunaeU  of  all 
uatluna.    Uitiea  oud  hiwtu  iprung  up  aa  if  by 


■^  ki  llM  vMaliy  af  iIm  mtii«%  Hiri  IIm  pf(M» 
of  •n  klnda  nl  mtnkUk(Hm  nm  t«  m  awirwum 
baiatil,  mmI  Ibere  ■*■>*!  tn  Iw  Im  tlllli ana)  an 
uf  a  dlmlMiitbiD  Tbc  aaeect  of  lib*  wbtil*  l«M> 
iitrr  *Mnim|  fhmiiffc'i,  and  ftiiai  •  HrMf  giMing 
miualry,  H  liei'tme  ..  chumwm^M  (imIbI  I»  irMnl 
Ibn  eyaa  of  all  the  w.rM  W«*  (a"r»*«l. 

The  l>raabl«nt|al  ett^k\m  «x:i  »r»d  in  INA 
(lenaral  l«wl*  Cm.  »«•  wilii'tDaOi  by  lb*  Iia» 
m<Mraib>  Mrty  fttr  t"!-.!:*!*)!***  nihI  iJeivcflJ  Wrt- 
llam  <>.  llNller  Ikir  Vli>*  t>4«'****.  "'*  <«>fiiu- 
dalea  of  Ibe  Whig  party  ware  OiinerRi  /.aMbftvf 
Taybir,  ami  Mllkird  tlllinor*  of  New  f',i^_  ij^ 
Ibe  aama  oMIae*.  There  mm  MiotN*  fmrtf 
Atrmwi,  ptoitgad  lo  the  prublbilbM  oi  'ttw  »%««% 
•bin  ttt  aUvary,  by  ntngraaaloiu^  •bocwowf'  'mJ 
iilber  relhrm  ni»a*wraa.  Dm  uwiJWy;"  ^  ukto 
l«riy  w*r*  Martin  Van  B*"*.;'?**  V  Sirfae  f. 
AibHoa.  OanemI  Taylor  Mi<\  UiillUra  rUlaor* 
war*  *n«iee**ftil  mh  r**«tviag  111*  vote*  In  lh« 
•l*alural  •olWg*. 

cHArricB  iim. 

TATLOaV  •DHISWraATIOR 


Having  r***l?*)l  lb*  mn^n 
*ral  Taybtr  enter*«l  upon  the 


liy  of  vol**,  Omw 
It*  ilatlaa  of  bla  bigli 
oltic*  on  lb*  4lb  »it  Mareh,  IMt.  lib  Inangnrd 
aiblreaa  waa  remarkabt*  hr  It*  brertly,  bni  alUI 
liiriil  ami  *lo()nenL  Jno.  M.  dkiyittn  wm  »t^ 
(Hiihtad  Hatirelary  of  Hute,  and  TliMna*  Kwln«, 
uf  Obl<s  waa  idiiMen  lo  llll  tho  itllli«  of  a  new 
il*|i*rlmanl  orealed  during  lb*  Dungraarfonal 
•eaabtn  tif  IN4N  U,  lo  relieve  llio  Hacrelario*  kI 
the  Hiala  and  Treaaitry  de|iariini'nt*  of  a  portion 
of  their  aniuou*  diitle*  -ileiuiinlnutod  the  tiumo 
mpartinont.  William  M,  Meruiliih,  of  fenitayU 
vania,  wa*  ap|Hilnieil  Haoretary  uf  tb*  TrwMurv. 

Oongraaa  Maenibled  on  the  tat  Mimday  In 
|)M<*mb*r,  1H4D,  In  tli*  l^wur  lloua*,  UMim 
WN*  an  ailtnluUirailun  niolorlty,  but  an  ottpitaltkHi 
minority  In  the  Hunatu.  Tha  moat  of  tb*  appolnl* 
iiteiita,  uioile  by  the  I'reablent,  war*,  bow«v*r, 
a|i|iruved  bv  that  b<Nly.  The  iiteoaag*  to UoOgrtm 
wa«  (burl,  but  obaracti'rbitle  uf  lite  ObUf  MagW 
Irate,  ami  auniclently  Indicated  the  motlaral* 
cuune  he  intended  purtuing,  Tb*  aui^t  of 
•lavery  wo*  iutrodnoail  Into  *v*ry  d*bat*.  Tlt« 
bill*  providing  larritorlal  govemmenU  A>r  OnlW 
furnla  and  New  Mexico  war*  defeated. 

John  C.  Calhoun  i**n*il  an  addraaa  to  lb«  M»> 
pie  uf  the  H<iutbern  Htataa,  comiilatnlng  of  vMlois 
act*  of  aggrewlon  u|miii  the  rfghta  of  tiuulbern 
•lavebolding  (leopbi,  and  exhorting  titeiu  lo  iiiak* 
lUl  the  re*l*unue  In  titeir  |Hiwer;  ami  after  tbo 
aiyottromunt  of  Cungre**,  a  caucu*  of  the  aoui'f 
em  meinbera  waa  bald  in  Wailiington.  Tli« 
elKsot  of  thl*  waa,  an  increoaed  *iultem«ut  aiton 
the  ■ulfj*^  of  elavery. 

The  partlea  In  tbe  lloua*  of  H*pr**untatif*t 
wore  e<|ually  balanced,  on  th*  MWirabliBg  of 
Cungreaa  In  I>ecember,  lUU.  A  few  *'fro« 
Mjllera  "  luid  been  elected  in  tb*  Northern  8lal«i^ 
mea  pledged  to  uppoa*  tb*  *xtenaion  of  aUvary ; 
and  tbaa*  held  tlie  balance  of  power,  Tb*  «oii< 
teet  A>r  tb*  *p*ak*r*hip  oontinued  lix  w*ak*,  Mid 
lluwell  Cobb,  uf'Ueorgi*,  wa*  aUoMd  by  •  im^U 
malurity. 

Th*  exclt«ment  did  not  end  bam.  Th*  anl^ael 
of  lUverr  wa*  Introduced  Into  every  dettato. 
The  people  of  California,  wiablng  to  **tabli*b  n 
batter  form  of  government,  met  in  eonrwitloa 
ind  adopted  •  Stat*  Oonatitatton;  and  alarary 
wa*  fur  ever  prohibited  by  the  pr*tU*d  d*cUra- 
tiou  of  riglkta.  Applioatlon  waa  nude  for  Mlml*- 
!iiun  Into  tho  Union,  but  tbe  obiut*  rebttlng  to 
*Uvery  waa  bitterly  oppoaed  by  the  Soutbem 
luonibura  uf  Oongr***.  Ulltar  tbhigi  oon*|ilrail 
to  fe«d  tbe  excitement.  The  governmant  uf 
Tezoa  put  forth  a  cUim  to  lb*  territory  of  Near 
Mexico;  the  queatluo  of  tb*  abolition  of  tb* 
*lave  trade  lu  tho  Uiatrlot  of  Columbia  wa*  agi 
tated;  and  it  aoon  became  dear,  that  no  biuloea* 
could  be  done  in  Congreu*  wtU  tlM  aul^act  ww 
tattled  by  oomyromlae. 


no 


HISTORY   OF  THE 


A  OorapromiN  OommlttM  of  thirteen,  of 
which  nenrr  Clay  wm  chairman,  wa*,  on  the 
motion  of  Mr.  Foote,  elected  by  ballot  on  the 
loth  of  April.  On  the  «th  of  Mar,  thl*  cnm- 
nittt««s  rejiorted  the  "Omnibua  Bill"  to  the 
Si'iiato ;  the  ot\)eot  of  which  waa  to  rcntoro  har- 
niuDy  to  the  national  counciln,  and  niliu  tiio  ex- 
cilenieut  of  the  public.  It  provided  fur  the  ud- 
iiiiiwlon  of  Oallfornia ;  giviiis  terriluriikl  goverii- 
meiita  to  Now  Meilvo  and  Utah ;  nnying  Tcxa* 
to  rrlinnuiih  her  claim  u|ion  New  Mexico ;  and 
the  aboUtion  of  the  tlave  tra<le  in  the  Dlalrict  of 
ColumbU.  The  dlMOMlon  of  thin  great  inewniro 
drew  forth  a  diaplay  of  talent  and  BlateainnnHliip 
uniurpMMd  in  tne  annal*  of  the  Republic.  Able 
men  were  ranged  on  both  lidee  of  the  <|Uci4tion. 

Oeneral  Lopei  with  about  600  men,  on  board 
of  the  iteamer  Creole,  dentlncd  to  attempt  to 
reToiutiontie  Cuba,  arrived  otf  Yucatan  about 
the  middle  of  May.  On  the  lOth  they  reached 
Card  nos,  Cuba,  where  the  men  were  dioem- 
barked.  and  '  ir  lonie  Bkirmishinft,  the  town 
■urrendered.  .le  invaders  maintained  |>oificf>i«lon 
during  the  day,  oi.d  in  the  evening,  attor  another 
■llglit  skirraiiih,  went  on  lioard  of  the  Creole. 
Alter  landing  her  men  at  Key  West,  the  Creole 
woi  seized  by  the  United  States  revenue  olHcerH. 
The  exiMidition  woa  pretty  generally  condemned 
hf  the  people  of  the  United  Stoteo,  and  many 
dutingnlRhed  penouii,  who  were  charged  with 
aiding  and  abetting  it,  were  arrested  and  broiiglit 
to  trial  for  a  viohition  of  tiie  neutrality  laws  of  their 
•ountry,  but  diwharged  for  want  of  evidence. 

For  upwards  of  two  montliH,  the  diccuasion  of 
the  "Oipnibus  Bill"  was  continued,  and  tlie 
Senate  seemed  to  bo  pretty  generally  divided 
upon  the  merits  of  the  blU.  Some  of  its  provi- 
lions  were  generally  acceptable ;  but  tiieir  cuinbi- 
nation  with  other  obnoxious  ineoiturcs  was  coii- 
demuod.  By  successive  amendments,  the  bill 
was  reduced  to  the  provision  of  a  territorial 
government  for  Utah. 

The  sudden  death  of  the  President,  while  the 
public  mlud  was  occupied  with  tiio  debates  on 
the  compromise  measures,  throw  tlie  nation  into 
mourning.  Ueneral  Taylor  expired  on  the  Otii 
of  July,  after  a  short  illness,  at  the  age  of  05 
yeuru.  Ills  last  words  were  expressive  of  tlie 
character  of  his  life.  "  I  have  endeavoured  to  do 
my  duty,"  are  words,  which  denote  a  man  of 
that  beautinil  simplicity  of  clioracter,  which 
belongs  only  to  the  best  of  earth. 

OBATTER  zxnn. 

FIIXUOBES  ADHINI3TBATI0N. 

According  to  the  requirements  of  the  Constitu- 
tion, Mr.  Fillmore,  tlie  Vice-President,  became 
President,  and  was  inaugurated  immediately 
after  the  death  of  General  Taylor.  The  mem- 
bers of  the  Cabinet  at  once  tendered  their  resig- 
nations, whicli  were  aooepted,  and  a  new  Cabi- 
net organized.  Daniel  Webster,  of  Massachu- 
setts, was  appointed  Secretarr  of  State,  and  the 
various  other  offices  wfre  filled  by  men,  who 
were  distingniahed  as  Whigs,  and  in  favor  of  the 
compromise  measures.  These  measures  having 
been  brought  forward  separately,  were  not  so 
strenuously  opposed  as  before,  and  at  length 
passed  both  Houses.  This  act  occasioned  great 
reloicing  by  the  friends  of  the  Union,  both  North 
ti.>id  South. 

The  policy  of  the  administration  of  the  new 
President  could  not  be  doubted,  as  be  had  long 
been  identified  with  the  Whig  party.  In  his  first 
annual  message  to  Congress,  the  principles  of 
Union,  compromise,  domestic  protection,  and 
foreign  neutrality,  were  lucidly  and  forcibly  re- 
commended as  necessary  fur  the  maintonanoe  ol 
the  honor  and  safety  of  the  country. 

Iho  foreign  rolutiois  had,  during  General 
Taylor's  administration,  occupied  a  great  share 
of  the  attention  of  the  government.  Dilliculties 
bad  occurred  with  £ngland,  Franco,  Spain  and 


Portugal,  >ll  of  which  hatl  been  sntlafactorily 
settltMi.  A  treaty  had  htm  nrgoihited  by  Mr. 
Webster,  with  the  Ilritlnh  mlnl»l«>r,  bv  which 
a  ronte  ncrom  Nlrnrngnn,  In  Central  America, 
was  opened  tn  both  imtionH. 

An  rnivnt  lind  been  feiii  by  the  government  of 
the  United  Htiiten,  during  tlio  lliiiignrinn  struggle 
for  inilcpvndetict',  to  iiHi'vi'talti  the  exai't  iMultimi 
of  all'iiirH,  HI  tliat  If  tlio  inilipvndcin'uof  llnngary 
could  bo  maliitiiinod,  its  guverniiient  might  lie 
recognized.  A  rloh  eurrvr<pondonce  took  ]ilnce 
In  December,  IHfiO,  concvrnliig  this  agoncv,  be- 
tween Secretary  Webster,  and  ClicvnIior  lluliie- 
inann,  the  Austrian  nilntsler  to  the  Unite<l 
Slates.  Tlio  reply  of  Mr.  Welmter,  to  the  letter 
of  the  minister,  was  a  noble  vindication  of  the 
conduct  of  the  government,  and  worthy  the 
character  of  the  age,  and  the  peculiar  p<isition 
of  America. 

Another  attempt  was  made  In  tho  spring  of 
1801,  to  revolntionizo  Cuba.  Men  nnd  siip|ilies 
wore  collected  in  several  of  lliu  southern  {Kirts, 
and  tho  governiiiont  were  soon  InYornied,  by  tlie 
bustle  of  preparation,  of  what  was  afoot.  A 
pruclaTiiatton  was  issued  by  the  President,  de 
daring  ids  intention  to  uphold  the  neutral  laws, 
and  warning  tlioso  who  violated  them,  timt  they 
wuuld  place  themselves  beyond  the  protection 
of  tho  government.  Novertholess,  the  steamer 
Pampero,  with  more  than  400  men  on  Imnrd, 
under  command  of  (ioncrul  Lopez,  (.ailed  for 
Culia,  in  August.  The  troops  were  liinded  at 
Kahia  Honda ;  but  none  of  tho  inhabitants  Join- 
e<l  thom,  as  they  had  been  tauKht  to  expect. 
Colonel  Crittenden,  with  a  small  detachment, 
being  loft  In  charge  of  the  baggage,  while  Lopez, 
with  the  main  body,  proceeded  into  tho  interior, 
wos  attacked  by  a  greatly  superior  force  ol' 
Spaniards,  nnd  after  u  desperate  resistance,  dis- 
persed. Colonel  Crittenden  and  ftl  men,  attempt- 
ing to  cscune  in  bcits,  were  cupturcvl,  tukun  to 
'lavana,  and  shot.  General  I^ipez  was,  in  tho 
nean  time,  attacked  by  Spanish  troop<*;  at  first 
ho  repulsed  them  with  slaughter,  but  they  wore 
reinfui'ced,  and  compelled  the  Anioricuus  to  dis- 
perse. Most  of  them  were  killed  or  captured, 
General  I.opoz  was  taken,  sent  to  Havana,  and 
put  to  death  by  the  garnttt, 

A  national  convention  of  tho  Democratic 
party  assembled  in  BiUtimore,  in  Juno,  1802.  A 
series  of  resolutions  were  adopted,  enbodying 
the  principios  of  the  party,  and  Franklin  Pierce, 
of  New  Hampsliire,  nominated  for  the  Presi- 
dency, and  William  "A.  King,  of  Alabama  for 
Vice-President. 

A  convention  of  tho  Whig  party  assembled 
soon  after  in  the  same  city,  and  nl'ter  adopting  u 
"  plotform"  of  priuoiides  proccedod  to  ballot  for 
candidates  for  tlio  Iiigiiest  otUces  in  llie  gilt  of 
the  American  pecplo.  General  Winlicld  Scott, 
of  Now  Jersey,  was  nominated  for  President, 
and  William  A,  Graham,  of  North  Carolina,  fur 
Vice-President.  Tho  ''  ooiiipromiso  ineusuros," 
wore  sanctioned  iu  express  terms,  by  both  of 
those  conventions. 

A  "  free  soil"  convention  was  hold  ot  Pitts- 
burgh, in  August,  and  John  P.  Ilule.  of  New 
Uaiupshire,  and  George  W.  Julian,  ot  Indiana, 
were  nominated  for  the  Presidency  and  Vice- 
Fresidosoy.  Other  candidates  were  nominated 
in  various  sections  of  tho  Union. 

At  the  election,  held  on  tho  2Sd  of  November, 
Fruiklin  Pierce  and  William  li.  King  were  elect- 
ed to  the  offices  for  which  they  wore  nomi- 
nated. 

OHAtTEB  XXn. 


FIEBCK'S  ADMIHISTBATION. 

On  the  4th  o''  March,  1863,  Franklin  Pierce 
was  inaui;i.<rnteu  President  of  tlie  United  States. 
llisuddU'  vus  a  shorter  one  than  usual,  and 
by  its  fr,{  ..uess  attracted  general  uttoution.  lie 
deckred  uis  intentioa  to  carry  out  the  compro- 


mise meosuriis  of  INOO;  and  that  they  were  to 
be  cheerfully  obeyed.  Ho  nomlnalod  Willhira 
I,.  Miircv,  of  Now  York,  for  Secretary  of  State . 
James  Guthrie,  of  Kentucky,  for  Secretary  ot 
the  Treasury  ;  liolHirt  McClelland,  of  Michigan, 
Hocretary  of  tl'O  Interior;  Jetl'erson  Davliu  of 
Mlsslisliipi,  Hi'i,  >tury  of  War;  James C.  Dobbin, 
of  Nor'li  Cnroliiiii,  Secretary  of  the  Navy ;  Juidm 
i'liMijibell,  of  IVnnsylvanlii,  Postmiister  General; 
and  Caleb  Cushing,  of  Miuwachusetts,  Attorney 
tloneral.  These  iippolntmenta  wore  conflrinod 
by  Congress  In  an  extra  session,  convened  on 
the  7th. 

The  debate  of  Congress  on  tho  atTaIrs  of  Cen- 
tral Amoricn,  wlilch  engaged  their  attention  at 
tlio  a(^ourninont  of  their  regular  sotwion,  waa 
continued  tVoni  time  to  time  without  any  result. 

Soon  after  tho  inauguration  of  President 
Pierce,  the  diplomatic  corps  paid  their  respects 
in  a  formal  visit,  and  congratulated  him  on  his 
accession.  Tho  Prostdont  replied  in  a  sliort 
speech,  reciprocating  the  expressions  of  national 
amity,  and  saiii  tliat  In  the  eondnot  of  our  rela- 
tions iio  should  of  oonrso  "  look,  in  the  first  In- 
ftanco.  to  what  tho  interests  and  honor  of  the 
United  States  may  require." 

Congress  met  on  the  Sth  of  December,  and 
the  message  of  the  Prosidont  was  submitted  to 
that  body  on  tho  Uth.  It  tonclied  principally 
upon  our  relations  with  foreign  countries,  nnd 
tinanclnl  matters,  nnd  coiiclndod  by  aii|iounclng 
tlio  (loath  of  tho  Vice-President,  on  the  18tli  of 
April. 

On  tho  4th  of  Jannarv,  a  bill  providing  for  tho 
organization  of  Nebraska  and  Kansas  territories 
was  Introduced  by  Mr.  Douglas,  and  alter  con- 
siderable dobiite,  iinssod  both  Houses. 

A  vote  of  thanks  was  passed  by  the  Honse, 
to  Captain  Duncan  N.  Ingraham  "for  his  Judi- 
cious and  gallant  conduct  on  the  22d  of  July,  in 
extending  tiio  protection  of  tlio  American  go- 
vernment to  Martin  Kosta,  l>y  rescuing  him  from 
forcible  and  illegal  seizure  nnd  imprisonment  on 
board  tho  Austrian  brig  of  war  Hussar." 

Kesolutlons  were  adopted,  expressing  tho  pub- 
lic timnks  to  tho  officers  and  others  engaged  in 
rosoiiirig  the  survivors  of  tho  steainsliip  San 
Francisco,  wrecked  oil"  Charleston  on  the  niglit 
of  the  20th  of  Deconiber.  The  President  wot 
requested  to  procure  three  gold  medals  witl 
suitable  devices — one  to  be  presented  to  Captain 
Croighton,  of  the  ship  Three  Bells,  of  Glasgow; 
one  to  Captain  Low,  of  the  ban^ne  Kiiby,  o( 
Boston ;  and  one  to  Captain  Stouller,  of  tho  ship 
Antarctic,  as  testimonials  of  national  gratitude 
for  their  gallant  conduct  in  rescuing  about  five 
liundrcd  Anierlcans  from  tho  wreck  of  tlio  steam- 
ship Sun  Francisco;  and  $100,000  was  appro- 
priated to  reward  tho  officers  and  crews  of  the 
vessels  that  aided  in  tlio  rescue. 

The  "  Gadsden  Treaty"  with  Mexico,  as  amend 
ed  in  the  Senate,  was  accepted  by  Suuta 
AiiiiK.  The  first  article,  relating  to  tlie  new 
boundary  botwoon  the  United  States  and  Mexi- 
co, is  as  follov.'s : 

"Tho  Mexican  Republio  agrees  to  designate 
the  following  as  her  true  limits  with  tho  United 
States  for  the  future :  retaining  the  same  divid- 
ing lino  between  the  two  Coiifornias  as  already 
defined,  and  established  according  \a  the  0th 
article  of  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  the 
limits  between  the  ttv-oKepublics  shall  bo  as  fol- 
lows: Beginning  in  tho  Gulf  of  Mexico,  three 
leagues  from  laud,  opposite  tho  mouth  of  the 
Kio  Grande,  as  provided  in  tho  Sth  articlo  of 
the  treaty  of  Guatlalune  Hidalgo;  tlionce,  as 
definetl  in  the  said  article,  up  the  middle  of  tliat 
river,  to  the  |ioint  whore  the  parallel  of  81°  47' 
nortii  latitude  crosses  tho  same;  thence  due 
west  one  hundred  miles;  thence  south  to  the 
parallel  of  81°  20'  north  latitude ;  thence  along 
the  said  parallel  of  31°  20'  to  thelUth  meridian 
of  longitude  west  of  Greenwich ;  thence  in  a 
straight  lino  to  a  point  on  the  Colorado  river, 
twenty  English  miles  below  tho  Juuotion  of  the 


UNITED  STATES. 


At 


ODm  Mid  Oulorado  tirtn ;  tlionoo  up  tlio  mIdUl* 
of  the  Mild  riror  Onlonuln,  until  It  iiitorwotit  the 
iirewnt  lino  between  the  United  Htutcn  uud 
Vexlao." 

A  oummlMloner  \iin»  npiioliitod  liy  cnrh  gn- 
vornment  to  fiirvoy,  and  Iny  down  tliln  lioiindiiry, 
•nd  their  deuUlun  wiuttii  butlriul,  and  to  l>u  oin- 
llderod  a*  a  pnrt  of  the  trouty.  The  United 
Htutei  were  released  from  the  oliUKiitiun,  irii- 
piMcd  \>j  the  treaty  of  Oundalupo  FlidiilKOt  to 

Jirotuot  the  Mexiciin  front loi'iiiiralimt  the  Inilliina. 
n  oonnldorutiun  for  thlM  roU'iiMc,  nml  for  the 
territory  ceded  liy  Meiioo,  th>.  United  Htiite:*  to 
pav  tlU.OO<),00(),  of  which  |T,00O,0U0  wiw  to  be 
|)nm  on  the  ratlHuntion  of  the  tronty,  nud  the 
remainder  on  the  ostublUhinent  of  the  hoiiudary 
line — vofwela  and  ollizonfi  of  the  United  Htiitus 
were  to  have  free  pasouKO  thrtMigh  the  Oiilfof 
CoUfornlo,  and  along  the  Colorado  lilver.  The 
authorization  of  the  conatruotlon  of  a  idauk 
road  and  railway  aoroiM  the  I'ttliniuti  of  Teiiuiiii- 
tepeo  waa  oontirnied,  and  neitlior  goveruinunt  to 
tiirow  any  obstaoloH  in  the  way  of  the  free 
transit  of  pormius  anil  nieruhandlM  of  botli  na- 
tions ;  no  higher  charges  were  to  bo  made  U|ion 
the  transit  of  the  persons  and  property  of  citizens 
of  the  United  States,  than  upon  thoHo  of  other 
foreign  nations;  no  interext  in  the  road  or  in  Uh 
proceeds  to  be  transferred  to  any  foreign  govern 
niont ;  and  no  passports  or  letters  of  seuiirily  to 
be  required  of  persons  merely  eroiwing  tlio  iMh- 
nms.  The  United  States  wore  to  have  the  rl^lit 
of  transporting  their  malls  across  the  Isthmus 
In  closed  bags  free  of  all  Custoni-houso  or  other 
charges  by  the  Mexican  government.  Arrange- 
ments were  made  by  wTdch  the  United  States 
are  to  traus|)ort  troops  and  munitions  of  war  by 
the  road.  When  the  road  was  coin|dcted,  a  port 
of  entry  was  to  Ix)  opened  ot  or  near  its  tornunus 
in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  United  States  may 
extend  to  tlio  road  such  |irotectlon  as  bIiuII  be 
warranted  by  publlo  or  internationid  law. 

After  considerable  debate  in  Congress,  the 
1111  making  the  appropriation  of  tl(i,iiiiO,uuu 
requisite  to  carry  into  ott'uct  the  Htipulnlions  of 
the  treaty,  was  passed,  by  a  vote  of  1U2  to  03 
in  the  House,  and  114  to  0  in  the  Senate. 

A  treatv  was  negotiated  between  tlic  United 
States  and  Great  Britain,  providing  for  cjninier- 
cial  reciprocity,  between  this  country  and  the 
Uritish  provinces.  It  ]>rovidod  that  the  li^herlu.^ 
of  the  provinces,  with  the  exception  of  those  of 
Newfoundland,  shall  be  open  to  American  ciii- 
cens ;  that  disputes  res|)«cting  tishories  should 
be  settled  by  arbitration ;  that  the  liritish  sliould 
have  a  right  to  participate  in  the  American 
fisheries  as  far  as  the  Slith  degree  of  north  lati- 
tude ;  that  there  should  be  free  i^omincree  be- 
tween the  provinces  and  the  United  States  in 
ttour,  breadsluirs,  fruits,  fish,  animals,  lumber, 
and  u  variety  of  natural  productions  in  tlieir 
unmanufactured  stui^.  The  St.  Lawrence  and 
the  Canadian  canals  were  to  bo  thrown  open  to 
American  vessels;  and  the  American  govern- 
ment was  to  urge  upon  the  States  to  admit 
Uritish  vessels  into  their  canals  upon  similar 
terms.  The  treaty  was  to  be  submitted  to  the 
provincial  legislatures  of  the  British  provinces, 
as  well  08  to  the  governments  of  the  two  coun- 
tries. 

The  Japan  expedition  was  attended  with  ex- 
ceedingly favourable  rceults.  A  treaty  of  aiuity, 
preparatory  to  a  commercial  treaty,  had  been 
negotiated.  This  treaty  was  ratified  by  Congress. 
It  coutoined  two  important  stipulations,  that 
two  port*  on  ditferont  islands  should  be  open  to 
American  vessels;  that  the  steamers  from  Cali- 
fornia to  China  should  be  furnished  with  supplies 
of  coals;  and  that  sailors  shipwrecked  on  the 
Japanese  coasts,  should  receive  hospitable  treat- 
ment. The  negotiations  throughout  were  con- 
ducted in  a  very  friendly  spirit.  The  Kussiaus 
also  endeavoured  to  enter  into  a  treaty,  but  the 
Japanese  declared  that  their  etforls  had  been 
ttOMvcessful.    A  treaty  was  aiao  negotiated  with 


Ruftilo,  and  ratifle<l  by  the  Senate,  guaranteeing 
tho  neutrality  of  the  United  States  In  the  war 
of  the  .Mlied  Towers  of  Kiu'opo  with  that  coun- 
try, and  recognizliijf,  as  a  d(K'trliio  of  Interna- 
tioiii  I  law,  the  principle  that  free  ships  nmku 
free  goods,  and  that  tho  pro|)erty  of  neutrals, 
luileitt  contraband  of  war,  shall  be  resiHicted, 
even  If  found  on  board  eriendes'  vossids.  Several 
liiillan  treaties  were  also  ratified,  and  Congress 
adjourned  on  the  7th  of  August. 

Intelligence  was  received  about  this  time,  of 
tho  destruction  of  (Iruytown,  on  the  Mus<|ulto 
Coast,  by  bond)ardment  tVom  a  Uidtcd  States 
ship  of  war,  under  circumstauuos  which  gave  the 
act  a  g(Hid  deal  of  inniortiinec.  Stuue  months 
before,  property  was  alleged  to  have  been  stolen 
from  the  AecosHory  Transit  Conijiany,  and  re- 
moved within  the  limits  of  San  Juan,  or  Orey- 
town.  A  denumd  for  its  restoration  was  ma^o 
by  tho  agent  of  tho  Company  ujiou  the  authori- 
ties of  the  town,  \>ho  replied  tiiat  after  a  dill- 
gent  lui|nlry  they  could  obtain  no  trace  of  such 
property,  nor  any  evidence  that  it  had  ever 
',Wcu  brought  within  their  Jurisdiction.  For 
this,  tlie  Company  claimed  damages  to  the 
amount  of  |1U,()U0.  In  1863,  the  Company 
hired  of  the  nuthorltles  a  site  on  Point  Arenas, 
agreeing  to  vacate  It  when  required  to  do  so. 
Tho  requisition  was  made  in  Maruh,  lb63,  and 
refused  by  the  Company,  upon  which  the  au- 
thorities proceeded  to  remove  tlio  building, 
which  was  a  mere  shod  for  temjiorary  purposes. 
For  this  tho  Comi)any  claimed  damages  to  tho 
amount  of  $8,0U0. 

In  May,  of  the  present  year,  a  negi  >  captoin 
of  a  river  boat  was  shot  Vy  Captain  Sniiih,  who 
coinnuinded  a  steamer,  plying  im  the  river,  who 
hail  piovioiisly  had  some  dilliculty  with  hira 
The  geiieiul  testimony,  both  of  Americans,  and 
others  who  witnessed  the  atlhir,  was  that  it  was 
a  deliberate  nun-dor.  A  warrant  wos  issued  by 
the  Mayor  of  San  Juan,  for  Smith's  arrest;  but 
tlio  ollicer  wlio  went  on  board  tho  steamer  to 
execute  it  was  reiistod  by  the  passengers,  headed 
by  Mr.  Borland,  the  Minister  of  tho  United  States 
to  Nicaragua,  who  justilied  his  conduct,  by  say- 
ing that  ho  was  instructed  not  to  recognize  in 
any  way  tho  authority  of  Oreytown,  which 
chiims  to  derive  its  authority  from  the  Musquito 
King,  as  separate  an>1  distinct  from  Nicaragua. 
Mr.  iiorland  atitcrward  went  on  shore,  and  an 
attempt  was  made  to  arrest  him,  on  charge  of 
obstructing  ollicers  of  the  law  in  tlio  discharge 
of  their  duty.  This  was  resisted,  and  in  the 
mi'li'e  that  ensued,  Mr.  Borland  was  struck  on 
tho  face  with  a  bottle  thrown  by  somo  jiorsou 
unknown. 

On  tho  10th  Juno,  tho  United  States  shl]) 
Ci/ane  was  sent  to  San  Juan,  under  Com- 
mander lloHins,  who  was  instructed  to  consult 
with  Mr.  I.  W.  Fabons,  the  United  Srntes  Com- 
mercial Agent  there,  and  to  take  such  steps  to 
enforce  the  demands  of  the  United  States  go- 
vernment us  might  bo  necessary — on  tlio  11th 
of  July,  he  made  a  formal  demand  on  the  autho- 
rities for  the  immediate  payment  of  $24,0U0,  as 
indemnity  for  tho  property  of  the  Transit  Com- 
pany which  had  been  stolen  and  destroyed,  and 
a  prompt  apology  for  the  insult  otlbrecl  to  Mr. 
Borland,  with  satisfactory  assurances  of  future 
good  belinviur  towardii  tho  United  States,  and 
her  public  functionaries.  To  tliLi,  no  reply  wns 
received ;  and  on  the  12lh,  Commander  IloUins 
issued  a  proclamotion  declaring  that,  by  virtue 
of  his  instructions  from  tlio  United  States  go- 
vernment, ruless  tho  demands  wore  complied 
with  by  nin.  o'clock  the  next  morning,  he  should 
bombard  tlio  town. 

A  copy  of  tills  proclamation  was  sent  on  board 
the  British  ship  llermuda,  whose  commander, 
Lieuteonut  Jolly,  p.'otostod  against  tho  threat- 
ened bombardment,  saying  that  such  an  act 
woiUd  bo  without  precedent  among  civilized  na- 
tions, and  that  large  amount  of  property  be- 
lougiuij  to  British  subjects,  wo'ild  be  destroyed, 


whirh  it  wna  hli  doty  to  protect ;  bat  m  Iha 
force  under  his  command  was  totally  tnadeqnala 
for  its  protection  against  the  Vynne,  lie  cuuld 
oidy  enter  his  protest.  Commander  Holllni  re- 
plied 'c  this  note,  that  he  was  only  fiiltUllns  the 
onion  of  his  government — that  he  svniratnlzcd 
with  Lieutenant  Jolly  In  the  risk  of  English  sub- 
jects and  property,  and  that  ho  "  regretted  ex- 
ceedingly tliat  the  force  under  hU  command  waa 
not  doubly  cipial  to  that  of  the  Vuane," 

On  the  morning  of  the  12in,  a  gnsrd  of 
marines  and  seninen  went  on  shore  to  leoure  the 
arms  and  ammunition,  and  to  remove  pro|)crty 
ex|H>Hed  to  destruction.  On  the  next  morning, 
a  steamer  was  sent  to  the  shore  to  aid  Uritish 
subjects  in  removing  their  penoni  and  property 
to  a  ])laco  of  safety ;  but  only  a  few  availed 
themselves  of  It.  At  nine  o'clock,  the  batteriea 
of  tho  C'l/ane  were  opened  upon  the  town,  and 
firing  was  kept  up  at  Intervals,  until  4  o'clock, 
when  a  party  was  sent  on  shore  to  complete 
the  destruction  of  tho  town,  by  setting  the 
liounos  on  fire,  which  was  done.  Lieatenant 
Jolly,  after  the  town  had  been  destroyed,  de- 
clared It  to  be  under  his  protection,  and  pro- 
claimed martial  law. 

Congress  mot  on  the  4th  of  December,  18S4, 
and  tho  President's  message  was  comniunicated 
tho  same  day.  It  dwelt  at  some  length  npon 
our  foreign  relations,  and  vindicated  the  destrno- 
tion  of  Groytown  by  the  sloop  of  war  Uyane,  on 
the  ground  that  the  inhabitants  had  been  goilty 
ot  fiiigrant  outrages  upon  the  rights  and  property 
of  Americans,  and  that  there  was  no  recogaized 
authority,  to  which  we  could  look  for  redress. 
The  transaction  had  been  the  subject  «f  com- 
plaint on  the  part  of  some  foreign  [lowers,  and 
said  to  have  been  characterized  with  more  of 
harshness  than  of  Justice.  The  President  thought 
It  would  not  be  hard  to  find  repeated  instances 
in  tho  history  of  other  States,  which  would 
fully  Justify  the  chastisement  of  Greytown.  llio 
financial  condition  of  the  country  was  then 
dwelt  upon. 

Attention  was  directed,  about  this  time,  to  an 
expedition  in  process  of  preparation,  under  com- 
mand of  Colonel  Kinney,  to  colonize  and  settle 
certain  portions  of  tlie  territory  on  the  Musquito 
coast.  Tho  settlement  was  to  be  made  under  a 
grant  alleged  to  have  been  made  to  two  British 
subjects,  named  Sheppard  and  Ualy,  by  the  pre- 
decessor of  the  present  King  of  the  Musquito 
co\intry.  Tlie  government  of  Nicaragua  pro- 
tested against  this  expedition,  as  an  invasion  of 
its  territory,  and  us  in  violation  of  the  Neutrality 
Laws  of  the  United  States.  To  these  represen- 
tations Mr.  Marcy,  the  Secretary  of  State,  replied, 
that  there  was  no  evidence  of  any  hostile  intent 
on  the  part  of  the  expedition,  but  that,  on  tho 
contrary,  it  was  merely  a  peaceful  emigration 
comjiany,  intending  to  settle  upon  lands  to  which 
they  had  a  chum,  not  for  purposes  of  conquest, 
but  of  cultivation  and  improvement;  and  that  it 
wns  not  in  violation  of  our  Neutridity  Laws,  in- 
asmuch as  the  members  of  tlio  expedition  would 
be  in  all  respects  subject  to  the  authorlKr  of  the 
country.  To  these  representations  lir.  Mar* 
colota,  tho  Minister  from  Nicaragua,  repUed,  un- 
der date  of  January  10th,  setting  forth  the  vari- 
ous attempts  of  Great  Britain  to  establish  a  pro- 
tectorate over  tho  Musquito  coast,  and  to  plant 
an  Knglish  colony  there,  and  the  declaration  of 
the  government  of  the  United  States  that  they 
would  never  acknowledge  any  such  protectorate, 
nor  i>ernilt  the  European  governments  either  to 
interfere  with  the  domestic  concerns  of  tho 
American  republics,  or  to  establish  new  colonies 
upon  this  continent  which  jeopard  their  indo- 
pcndouce  or  ruin  their  interests.  Tho  American 
Secretary  of  State,  also,  in  1849,  and  at  other 
times,  iuformed  the  British  authorities  that  the 
American  government  could  never  acknowledge 
the  independence  of  the  Mosquito  Indians,  or  ad- 
mit that  they  have  any  right  of  sovereignty  ovoi 
tho  territory  they  chum.    The  qiimstur  urged 


HISTORY    OF   THE 


UmI  by  tha  deeUrationi,  m  freauently  ruinat- 
ed, and  ao  explicit  and  empliatio  in  their 
ttirmi,  the  government  of  the  United  State* 
had  (lonit'd  the  right  of  the  Alniwiuito  King 
tn  make  any  grant*  of  lund,  and  (Ivnonncci) 
the  iiolicy  of  planting  new  colonin*  upon  thoHe 
titrritorioa.  It  ouuUI  liai'dl;  Ije  Muppoittl, 
therefore,  that  it  woidd  attempt  to  oHtubliHh 
■ueh  colonies  itoelf,  or  perm.'  t  the  invaidon 
by  ita  citizen*  of  the  rights  e.id  torritorie*  of 
til*  Htate  of  Nicaragua. 

Colonel  Kinnoy,  on  the  28th  of  Janunry, 
wrote  to  Secretary  Marcy,  declaring  that  the 
objectii  of  the  (<x|icdition  were  to  occupy  and 
improve  the  laud*  within  the  limit*  of  his 
grant,  and  that  everything  \iaa  to  be  done 
peaceably,  and  without  invading  the  right* 
of  either  communities  ur  State*. 

lie  aaifl  it  wag  hi*  iiutontiun  to  cstabliHli 
inuuici|>al  reguiation*  for  tkte  govornniont  of 
the  coloniHtn,  so  that  it  magha  be  iii  hi*  power 
to  enfo**ce  order,  und  ke«p  ntp  the  forms  of 
civilized  *ociety  IVoin  tli«  beginning.  The 
Heorotary  rajdiod,  under  da**  of  tlie  4th  of 
Ftdiruary,  vhat  if  the  ex{>e(lBtion  wa*  a  mere 
peuui'lVil  tMiiigmtiou,  and  if  (liuHe  connected 
witii  it  ohoHe  to  altaudon  all  claim  to  the  pro- 
tootiou  of  (lie  United  HtatiM,  nnd  submit 
tL>  mselves  tu  the  Jurisdiction  of  somu  otlier 
Jo'intry,  this  government  would  not  iuterfciu 
with  it;  but  the  ministers  of  the  various  Cou- 
tral  Ainoriciiu  governments  denied  that  ho 
hud  liny  grantr  of  lands  within  thoir  domin- 
ion:;, iiud  our  government  doc*  u:.*:  aokuowl- 
ed^'4  the  Mosipiito  King. 

Congress  adjourned  on  the  4Hi  of  Marcli. 
On  tlio  17th  of  February,  the  I're.sidcnt  »>  lit 
in  a  raos;iitge  vetoing  tlio  bill  ]iroviding  for 
the  payment  of  claims  of  American  citi/.(tnH 
for  spoliation*  committed  by  the  French  prior 
to  1<S01.  The  bill  inci-easing  the  anniml  ap- 
propriation from  |(38.'i,000  to  :>8ft0,000  to  the 
proprietors  of  the  Collins  line  of  Liverpool 
steamers,  was  also  vetoed.  In  addition  to 
the  laws  enacted,  several  joint  resolutions  of 
considerable  public  interest  and  importance 
wore  adopted.  One  of  them,  apjjrovod  on  tho 
l.ith  of  February,  a\ithorizod  tho  President 
to  confer  the  title  of  Lieuteuant-gnneral  by 
brevet,  in  a  single  instance,  for  eminent 
servicas.  Tho  I'l-esident,  in  accordance  with 
the  intent  of  Congress,  conferred  the  titlu 
upon  (ieneral  Scott. 

On  the  last  day  of  the  session,  the  Presi- 
dent transmitted  to   Congress  a  very  large 
collection  of  corro8|K>ndence,   relating  to    a 
conference  of  American  Ministers  held  at  Oa- 
tond  in  October,  1854.     The  documents  wore 
quite  voluminous,  and  odvised  the  purchiuso 
of  tho  island  of  Cuba,  or  if  that  failed,  a  re-  i 
sort  to  force  was  recommended.     Tho  Presi- 
dent did  not  deem  it  advisable  to  follow  the  i 
course   indicated  in  this  despatrli  ;  and,  in  ' 
consequence  of  this  hesitation,  Mr.  .Soul^,  in 
a  letter  dated  December  the  17th,  18.')4,  re- 
signed his  office  as  Minister  at  Madrid,  sav- 
ing he  had  no  alternative  but  to  take  that  I 
step,  or  linger  in  languid  impotence  at  the  ! 
capital.     The  proceedings  of  tho  conference  ; 
at  Ostend  caused  a  lively  feeling  of  indigna- 
tion both  in  this  country  and  in  Eurojm. 

A  law  proliibiting  the  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquors  was  passed  both  in  Now  York  and 
Pennsylvania.  Colonel  Kinney  had  to  en- 
counter unexiiocted  obstacles  to  his  Central 
American  colonisation  schemo.     Ue  was  ar- 


rested both  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia, 
on  charge*  of  attempting  to  violate  the  Neu- 
trality l.aw«,  but  in  both  caaos  he  was  releas- 
ed on  biiil  tn  await  tho  issue.  The  United 
Sttiteg,  chartered  to  convey  himself  and  party, 
was  detained  in  the  |>ort  of  New  York, 
watched  by  governtiicni  vessels. 

Another  expe.lition,  of  a  comewhat  difler- 
ent  character,  set  sail  from  Ntiw  York  on  the 
3l8t  of  iMay.  The  bark  Jleleiiiie,  and  steam 
propeller  Arctit-,  under  tho  connnand  of  Lieu- 
tenant llartstein,  United  Htates  Navy,  start- 
ed in  search  of  Dr.  Kane  anil  his  associates, 
who,  in  tho  Aifvance,  started  to  search  for 
Sir  John  Franklin,  and  was  supposed  to  be 
ice-bound  in  tho  Northern  Heas. 

In  the  spring  of  1805,  William  Walker, 
"  the  gray-eyed  man  of  «lestiny,"  invaded 
Nicaragua,  and  in  1860  had  so  far  succeeded 
in  establishing  himself,  that  having  sent  u 
minister  to  the  United  States,  his  government 
was  recognized  and  diplomatic  relations  open- 
ed between  the  two  countries.  In  tho  follow- 
ing winter  the  subject  of  enlistments  in  the 
United  States  of  recruits  for  the  liritish  army 
then  operating  iji  the  Crimt^a,  disturl>ed  tho 
friendly  relations  existing  Ixitween  England 
and  Anun'ica.  Cramjiton,  tho  British  min- 
ister, having  liocomo  involved  in  the  affair. 
President  Pieree  requested  hi*  recall,  which 
was  refuseil  by  his  government.  He  was  di.s- 
nassed,  howciver,  by  the  authorities  at  Wash- 
ington, together  with  the  I'lnglish  consuls  at 
New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Cincinnati,  who 
had  taken  an  active  part  in  the  enlihtments. 
Kiiyland  nnuainnd  unrcpieseuted  at  Wasliinp- 
toii  for  a  short  time,  but  the  affair  was  finally 
settled  ainicalily. 

Discord,  dispute  and  bloodshed  niaikoil  the 
latter  years  of  Pierce's  administration.  The 
conflict  over  the  government  of  Kansas  drew 
forth,  in  1  l*M,  a  message  to  Congress,  in  which 
tlioPresitlent  declared  tho  creation  of  a  Freo- 
.State  government  in  Kansas  nu  act  of  rebel- 
lion, and  justified  the  jirineipii'S  of  tho  Doug- 
las Kansas-Nebraska aot  of  1H.")4,1>V  wliieli  the 
Missouri  compromise  act  was  repealed.  Vio- 
lent parly  feeling  extonded  throughout  the 
couiitiy,  and  its  result  was  riot  and  bloodshed 
in  the  territory  of  Kansas,  and  upon  its  bor- 
ders. 

A  largo  meeting  of  the  residents  w.is  IiiOd 
in  Leavenworth,  on  tho  30tli  of  Aj)ril,  in  re- 
ference to  tho  postpou(^Mieut  of  tho  tiling  for  the 
registration  of  lauds.  A  porti(in  of  t!ie  meet- 
ing wore  in  favor  of  tlio  exteiision,  nnd  tho 
remainder  opposed  to  it.  An  aiiijiy  liisciission 
ensued;  from  words  the  opponents  I'.ime  to 
blows,  nnd  Malcolm  Clark  wa.s  shot  l)y  a  law- 
yer naiiiod  McCroa.  Tlie  people  lnjcame  much 
exciteil,  and  strove  to  lyiu'li  McCrea,  but  tho 
commanding  officer  at  the  fort  rescued  him. 
In  a  memorial  to  Congress,  the  unti-slavery 
settlers  in  Kansas  complained  that  ti..'>  Mis- 
aourians  had  entered  their  territory  in  largo 
numbers,  "  seized  upon  their  rights,  and  se- 
lected for  them  their  rulers."  The  other  jiarty 
— asserting  that  slavei-y  had  boon  recognized 
in  tho  territory — denoiniced  any  attempt  to 
overthrow  the  institution. 

The  authorities  at  Washington  took  gen- 
oral  ground  againat  the  action  of  the  Free- 
State  party.  In  August  the  lower  house  of 
Congress  %mended  the  annual  appropriation 
bill  for  the  maintenance  of  the  army,  provid- 
ing "  that  no  part  of  the  military  force  of  the 


United  State*,  herein  ]>rovided  for,  shall  \t» 
eni|>loyod  in  aid  of  the  enforcement  of  the  en 
actmcnts  of  the  alleged  Legislative  Aasembljr 
of  the  Territory  of  KanBHs,  recently  sHa<>pible<l 
at  Shawnee  Mission,  until  Congress  shall  have 
enacted  either  that  it  was  or  was  not  a  Vklin 
legislative  assembly  chosen  in  ''"nformity  with 
the  organic  law  by  the  \ttiof '  i  the  said  Ter- 
ritory, and  "that  until  L.^^. OS*  sjiall  have 
passeil  on  the  validity  of  the  said  legislative 
iiRxemlily,  it  shall  be  tho  duty  of  tho  President 
to  U8e  the  military  force  in  said  territory  to 
preserve  tho  |>eace,  suppress  insurroctio'i,  re- 
pel invasion  and  protect  person*  and  property 
therein  and  upon  the  national  highways  in 
the  State  of  Mi**ouri  and  elsewhere,  from  un- 
lawful aeizures  and  searches,"  and  "  that  the 
President  is  required  to  disarm  tho  present 
organized  militia  of  the  territory  of  Kansas, 
to  recall  all  the  United  State*  arm*  therein 
distributed,  and  to  prevent  armed  men  from 
going  into  said  territory  to  disturb  the  public 
peace,  or  to  aid  in  the  enforcement  or  resist- 
anco  of  real  or  pretended  laws." 

This  amendment  was  amended  in  tho  Sonata 
and  returned  to  the  lower  hou*e,  which  ad- 
journed sine  (/•'«  without  acting  upon  tho  bill, 
and  thus  the  army  was  left  without  any  sup- 
port. An  extra  sesilion  was  called  on  the  day 
of  adjournment,  which  met,  passed  the  bill 
V  'vhout  any  proviso,  and  then  again  adjourn- 
ed. On  the  assembling  of  (Vingres*  in  the 
following  December,  the  condition  of  Kansas 
was  again  referred  to  in  the  message  of  the 
Pri.'siiji'nt,  in  which  he  firmly  adhered  to  tho 
princi|des  laid  down  in  his  former  message, 
and  strife  nnd  contention  continued  in  the 
unfort'inato  territory. 

CHAITEB  XXX. 

ADMINISTKATION   OF  BUCHANAN. 

In  tho  Presidential  contest  of  1866  the  Dem- 
ocratic party,  endorsing  the  Kansas  and  Ne- 
braska bill  as  embodying  the  only  oafo  solu- 
tion of  the  slavery  question,  nominated  James 
Buchanan, of  Pennsylvania,for President,  and 
JolinC.  Breckinridge,  of  Kentucky,  for  Vice- 
I'resident.  The  dissolution  of  tho  Whig  party, 
which  commenced  by  the  im|>ositirn  of  Ihu 
Southern  jilatform  on  its  national  cnvention 
of  1852,  was  now  consummated  by  the  eager 
partici|)ation  of  most  of  its  Southern  mem- 
bers of  Congi'ess  in  tho  repeal  of  the  Mis- 
souri Compromise  by  the  passage  of  the 
Kansas-Nebraska  bill.  Those,  of  whatever 
party  in  tlio  past,  who  condemned  that  repeal 
and  who  uniteil  on  that  basis,  were  first  known 
simply  as  "  anti-Nebraska,"  but  had  gradually, 
anil  almost  spontaneously  assumed  the  desig- 
nation of  "  Itepublicans."  As  such  they  hud 
carried  most  of  the  Free-State  elections  of 
1«.'(4,  but  were  less  decidedly  successful  in 
those  of  1855.  Their  first  National  Conven- 
tion was  held  at  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  on  the  22d 
Februar}',  1850,  but  no  nominations  were 
then  made.  Their  nominating  convention 
met  at  Philadelphia  on  the  17th  June,  185(5, 
when  John  C.  Fifiuont,  of  California,  was 
nominated  for  Presidtmt,  and  Wm.  L.  Dayton, 
of  New  Jersey,  for  Vice-President.  This  con- 
vention declared  it  both  the  right  and  the 
duty  of  Congress  to  prohibit  in  tho  T?rrito- 
ries  the  "  twin  relics  of  barbarism — polygamy 
anil  slavery."  A  convention  of  tho  American 
party  was  held  af  Philadelphia,  tho  22d  Feb., 
1856,  which  uominatod  respectively,  Millard 


UNITED  STATES. 


Fillmoni,  of  New  York,  »n(t  Andruw  J.  Don- 
elion,  of  Tenneiaee,  for  P.-miiiont  and  Vion- 
Prtwident,  From  thia  con  volition  the  nnti- 
Kobraitka  dnlogatva  witlidrow  ii|ioii  tl.i'  failure 
of  a  rtmoliitioii  to  luiiiiiiiatu  no  iimii  wliu  wrru 
not  in  favor  of  intordioting  iilavury  north  of  tlio 
Miftvouri  lino,  Aftnrnii  iiiiiiiiiittMl  ouiivhhh,  nt 
tlin  enmiing  (^Miction  JainoH  ItuchHiinii  rociiv- 
«d  174  olt'ctornl  vottm  and  1,k;)H,1i11)  of  tlie 
])0|mlur  votes ;  Col,  Fnnnoiit,  114  (doctoral 
and  1,341, '.'tH  popular  voltm;  Mr.  Filliiioro 
roceivtid  thit  doctoral  voto  of  Miirylaiul  ulouo, 
but  H74,ri>t4  of  tlio  popular  votuH. 

t)n  the  4th  of  March,  18ft7,  Mr,  lluchanan 
anaumnd  thn  dutiuH  of  the  Preaidcntial  otHce. 
The  diiiturbed   and  diRtraotud  condition   of 
KaiiNAM,  roiulting  from  the  immediate  ulfortH 
of  the  South  to  introduce  Mlavery  there,  upon 
the  repeal  of  the  MiHiouii  ComproiniHe,  no- 
e.-MWiily  attracted  the  early  attuntion  of  Mr. 
Duohanan's  administration.    John  \V,  ftoary, 
the  fourth  of  the   Territorial  tlovornoni  of 
KaiiHax,  having  leoontly  resigned,  the   rresi- 
dent  aolitcted  aH  hia  succeHior  liobt.  J.  Walker, 
of  MissinMippi,  with  Fred  V.  Htantoii,  of  Tcn- 
nuHsee,  as  yocretary.     Thn  nnti-Hlav(!i'y  party 
in  Kaiisaa,  comprising  a  largo    majority  of 
the  settieiii,  though  provcnted  by  FodiM'al  forcu 
from  otfucting  such  an  orgaiiixatiou  an  they 
dpuirqd,  still  refused   to  rccogiii^ie  the  Ix^gis- 
latui'b  chosen   by  the  pro-slavery  iikmi  ;  uiiil 
each  party  held  indopoiidont  con voiil  ions  and 
oluotionH.     A  constitutional  convention,  call- 
ed by  the  pro-slavery  LogiHiatiiro,  met  at  i.e- 
sompton  in  Suptetnbor,  |H.'>7.     Having  form- 
ed a  pro-slavery  coiiNtitiition,  thny  Htibinitted 
the  question  of  slavery  alone  to  the  people, 
this  at  least  being  reipiircd  by  the  Kaiixas 
and  Neuraska  act  of  Congress.    Thus  any  vote 
cast  at  this  eh-ction,  even    though    agaiiiKt 
slavery,  would  neoessanly  bo  in  favor  of  n  coii- 
Ktitution   which    coiitaiiiod   slavery   cluuses. 
The  adherents  of  the  Topeka  Constitution 
refused  to  vote  nt  this  election,  whereat  the 
Constitution  with  aluLvri/  was  luloptud  by  a 
voto  of  ('),-'')()    to   .^(i'J.      But  at  nil    election 
which    hiul    been   held    in    October,     lf<.')7, 
for  a  Territorial   liegislature,  under  tlm  pro- 
slavery   organization,  most  of  the  Free-Stiito 
iiioii   had,   nuvertheless,   voted,  carrying  the 
Legislature  and   electing  a  delegate  to  (Jon- 
grcHs.     This  Legislature,  whoso  le^jality  was 
now  unquestioned,  submitted  the  LiM-onipton 
(^mstitution  to  the  peojile  on  the  111   Jan., 
IS.'iK.  At  tliis  election,  which  the  jiroslavtiry 
party  in  turn  did  not  choose  to  recognize  as 
villi',    a  majority    of    10,084   was  returned 
against  the  said  coiiHtitution  in  any  shapo, 
C)n  April   30,  1858,  Congress  passed  a  bill 
adinitliiig  Kansas  into  the  Union  umler  llie! 
I.eioinpton   Constitution,   with  a    condition 
jirecedent  submitting  to  tho  people  of  Kansas 
a  proposition  to  reduce  the  cession  of  public 
lands,  which  bad  been  stipn'  ited  in   that  in- 
atnnnent  at  six   times  the   usual  amount,  to 
tlie  number  of  acres  which  bad  been  granted  to 
othin- States.      On  the   lid    August,  18,')8,  tho 
]ieo|)ie  of  Kansas  voted,  by  an  overwhelming 
nmji.rity,  to  reject  the  condition   precedent, 
and   thus,  in  ellect,  rejected    tho   Lecompton 
Constitiitioii.  The  'rerritoiial  Legislature  had 
now  passed   completely  into  tho  hands  of  tho 
Free-State  party,  and    all  elforts    to    make 
Kansas   a   Slave    State  were    abandoned    in 
favor  of  an  effort  to  organize  it  as  a  l>emo- 
oratic  ^ree  State,  which,  however,  also  failed. 


(n  March,  IBOO,  a  now  Constitution  and  Con- 
Tontion  Maembled  at  Wyandot,  by  direction 
of  the  |)eopl«  ;  a  Free-State  Constitution  was 
duly  framed  and  ratified  by  the  |>eople  in 
October,  tH.'^O.  The  first  u*n<liHputed  State 
election  was  held  under  it  on  the  Uth  Doc. 
following,  when  Republican  oftlcers  and 
members  of  Congress  were  electn<l.  Finally, 
on  Jan.  31,  1801,  tho  arduous  Kansas  stnig- 
glo,  oiwnod  by  tho  repeal  of  the  Missouri 
Hestnction,  was  closed  by  her  admission  to 
tho  Federal  Union,  as  the  thirty-fourth  State 
thereof,  and  with  a  Free  Constitution. 

On  the  0th  March,  1807,  the  decision  and 
opinions  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
were  mado  public  in  the  case  of  Dred  Scott. 
Tho  intention  of  this  decision  was  to  establish 
tho  right  of  tho  master  to  take  his  slaves  into 
any  Tei  ritory  of  tho  United  States,  and  hold 
them  there,  in  d(>spite  of  all  contlietiiig  con- 
gressional or  territorial  legislation,  until  the 
Territory  should  bo  prepared  to  become  a 
State.  Dreil  Scott,  a  slavu,  had  sued  for  his 
freedom  ;  having  been  hold  as  a  slave  in  Mis- 
souri previous  to  1834,  and  shortly  there- 
after accompanied  his  master  to  Fort  Snel- 
liiig,  in  the  Territory  now  known  as  Minne- 
sota, but  which  was  then  an  unorganized 
Ti-rritory  of  tho  United  States,  and  covered 
by  the  slavery  prohibition  included  in  tho 
Misscniri  Compromise  of  1820.  Chief  Justice 
Taney,  ]ironouncing  tho  decision,  aftirmed 
that  Drod  Scott  had  no  light  to  sue  in  a 
court  of  tho  United  States,  on  tho  ground 
that,  previously  to  and  at  the  time  of 
adopting  tho  Federal  Constitution,  no  per- 
sons who  had  been,  or  whose  ancestors  had 
been  slaves,  wore  regarded  as  citizens,  or  as 
having  any  rights  'vhich  the  white  man  was 
bound  to  respect ;  and  further,  that  no  State 
has,  or  can  have,  any  right  to  confer  citizen- 
ship on  such  persons.  Tim  Justice  thou  fur- 
ther pronounced  the  Act  of  Congress  (the 
Missouri  Compromise  of  1820),  which  pro- 
hibited a  ))erson  from  holding  property  in 
slaves  north  of  the  line  t^ei-ein  mentioned, 
not  warranted  by  the  Constitution,  and  there- 
fore void. 

Justices  McLean,  of  Ohio,  and  Curtis,  of 
ISIassachusottB,  dissented  from  both  the  deci- 
sion and  opinions  of  the  court,  and  fuHher 
declared  that  the  court  had  transcended  its 
authority  in  its  utterances  concerning  the 
Missouri  Compromise,  and  in  all  except  that 
which  had  a  direct  bearing  on  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  lower  court  against  which  it  decided. 

Its  bearing  upon  the  slavery  question  was 
denounced  and  repudiated  by  the  Bepublican 
party ;  and  tho  platform  subsequently  adopt- 
(■d  by  that  [larty  at  Chicago  maintained,  as  a 
cardinal  principle,  that  it  was  not  only  the 
right,  but  tho  duty,  of  Congress  to  abuHsh 
slavery  in  all  tho  Territories;  and  on  tho  I'.'th 
Juno,  18()2,  by  a  Ilipublican  Congi'oss,  this 
act  was  performed. 

A  large  portion  of  tho  Northern  Demo- 
cratic ])urty,  known  as  tho  Douglas  Democ- 
racy, also  disregarded  this  decision ;  for  this 
party,  whilst  admitting  that  the  Constitution 
authorized  tho  migration  of  slaves  from  the 
States  into  tho  Territories,  had  long  main- 
tained that  after  their  arrival  it  was  compe- 
tent for  tho  Territorial  Legislature  to  protect, 
impair,  or  destroy  the  rights  of  the  master. 
They  claimed  this  power  by  virtue  of  a  sup- 
posed inherent    attribute   of   jiopular  sove- 


reignty alleged  to  belong  to  tbe  fint  Mttlen 
of  a  Territorr,  Just  m  it  esiate  in  tbe  peopU 
of  one  of  the  State*.  The  remainder  of  tbe 
Democratic  party,  deroted  to  the  pro^Uvefj 
interest,  ardently  sustained  the  deoiaion. 

On  May  11, 1808,Minneiiota  wai  admitted 
to  the  Union,  and  Oregon  on  February  14, 
1809.  The  strength  of  the  Kepublioan  party 
steadily  increased,  though  tho  decline  of  the 
American,  or  Fillmore  party,  inured  to  the 
benefit  of  the  still  vnited  organization  of  tbe 
Democracy.  In  the  year  18C8  Illinois  was  tbe 
arena  of  the  popular  form  of  political  contest 
known  as  stumping  for  the  senatorial  seat 
between  Senator  Douglas  and  Abharam  Liir* 
coLN,  the  Republican  competitor.  In  tbia 
campaign,  in  whieb  bo  was  defeated,  tbe  Ut- 
ter prophetically  enunciated  tbe  startling,  if 
not  absolutely  novel  doctrine,  that  "the 
Union  could  not  jwrmanently  endure  balf- 
stave  and  half-free ; "  and  shortly  afterward* 
Senator  Seward,  of  New  York,  also  character- 
ized the  contest  between  the  North  and  South 
as  "  an  irrepressible  conflict,"  nntil  the  Unittd 
States  should  become  entirely  a  slave-holding 
or  free-labor  nation.  During  the  year  18bU 
the  Territorial  Legislature  of  New  Mexieo, 
assuming  the  legal  existence  of  slavery  in 
that  territory,  in  accordance  with  the  Dred 
Scott  decision,  passed  numerous  acts  protect- 
ing and  fostering  slavery. 

Towards  the  close  of  this  year  John  Brown, 
a  man  of  remarkable  strength  of  character, 
who  had  already  distinguished  himself  amid 
the  troubles  in  Kansas,  both  by  word  and 
deed,  and  whose  ruling  conviction  was  the 
wickedness  of  slavery,  put  into  execution  a 
design  which  he  had  long  meditated,  to  froo 
the  slaves  of  Virginia.  For  this  purpose  bo 
had  inirchased  two  hundred  Sharp  s  carbines, 
two  hundred  revolver  pistols,  and  about  one 
thousand  pikes,  with  which  to  arm  the  slaves. 
These  arms  he  had  collected  and  deposited  in 
the  vicinity  of  Harper's  Ferry,  and  at  mid- 
night, on  Sunday,  the  16th  October,  186», 
with  a  force  comprising  sixteen  whites  and 
five  nogi'ocs,  he  rushed  across  the  Potomao 
at  Harper's  Ferry,  and  there  seized  the  ai^ 
mory,  arsenal,  and  rifle  factory  belonging  to 
the  United  States.  On  TcesJay  morning, 
the  18th,  the  whole  band,  exce])tuig  two  who 
had  escaped,  were  either  killed  or  captured, 
tho  slaves  of  the  neighborhood  having  failed 
to  respond  to  this  otibrt  in  their  behalf. 
Among  the  captured  was  John  Brown  him- 
self, badly  wounded,  as  were  the  eight  or  ten 
others  who  had  retreated  with  him  to  tbe 
engine-house,  where  they  were  taken  by  a 
detachment  of  ninety  United  States  marines 
sent  from  Washington  by  the  President,  with 
two  pieces  of  artillery.  Largo  numbers  of 
volunteers  from  Virginia  and  Maryland  bad 
also  hastened  to  tho  scene  of  action.  John 
Brown  and  several  of  his  party  were  after- 
wards tried  before  the  appropriate  judicial 
authorities  of  Virginia,  and  wore  convicted 
and  executed. 

The  3Gth  Congress,  which  met  Dec.  5, 1859, 
was  strongly  Democratic  in  tho  Senate,  but 
tho  House  of  Representatives  being  divided 
between  Republicans,  Democrats,  Americans 
and  Anti-Lecompton  Democrats,  contained  no 
clear  majority  for  any  party.  In  tho  Senate, 
after  most  of  the  session  had  been  consumed 
in  their  discussion,  resolutions  of  tbe  Le> 
compton  Democrats  thereof  offered  by  Jofihh 


HISTORY    OF    THK 


J'; 


I 


■on  D»vU,  of  Miwiwippi,  went  pMMtl  b]r  an 
impoaing  |wrtjr  v<)t<>,  iiiUxiduU  t«t  tli<iioiiucu 
the  AutT-Lnouiiipluii  or  Duugliw  Duinouruuy, 
•M  well  ««  the  UeimblioHliK,  nn  iimkiiig  witr  on 
the  guitrMiituetl  iijjhU  of  the  Huiith.  lu  thn 
lluime,  'light  wut'kii  wum  uxitoinhstl  in  tliii 
■jhoioit  of  a  ijioAker,  retultiiig  in  tliti  chuiuu  of 
Wtlliuui  I'ltuuiiiutun,  llu|)iibli('itii,  uf  N<<w  Jrr- 
tey.  Uuriiiu  thin  cuiitt'kt  Litter  tluniiiit'ittlioii 
mikH  uiaile  of  the  Iteiiublicaii  inemUirM  of  thu 
HoiiMi  who  had  eimonHiil  *'The  Ini|M)ii(liiiK 
Uriaiii,"  •  book  by  oiio  lliuloii  U,  ilulpur,  of 
Mortk  Carolina,  which  wm  in  Rubiitikiicn  a 
vehement  apiieal  to  the  poor  whiti'M  of  the 
South  aiptinti  further  Mirvility  to  tlie  uluve- 
lioUleii,  backed  by  aiii|>lH  Ntatintica,  proving 
■Iftvery  inJuriouH  to  the  Boiith. 

Un  the  33d  April,  IHOU,  the  Dvmoiiaiic 
Couvnntion  met  at  C'harleiit4)n,  U.  V,,  to  nonii-' 
nab)  candidate!  for  the  uHIuuh  of  I'riiMdunt 
Mid  Vioo-Prenident.  'J'lie  Dougliia  ljuinoorm>y 
hji>ing  triumphed  iu  the  pi'ocftidingH  for  tlii< 
adoption  of  a  platform,  thu  dulegutcH  of  tht< 
Mven  cotton  Mtatnit  withdrew  from  the 
convention,  and  aft«tr  tiftV'fuiir  ballotingH 
foi  a  I'reHidential  candidul*;,  Um  convcn- 
Uoa  adjourned  to  meet  at  DaltimorM  on 
tho  18th  Juno,  18U0,  wlien<,  after  the  with- 
in  "il  of  nuwitroua  other  dulegatiom*,  HIiiiiIkmi 
A.  DouglaM,  of  JllinoiH,  wim  nominiitod  for 
I'nsidunt,  and  IlerNchul  V.  JohuHon  be- 
eante  tho  candidate  for  Viau-l'r<'Hid<!nt,  On 
the  aamo  day  tho  dulugateH  nccuding  from  tliu 
soDirention  noniinalL>d  John  C  Jii'cukinridgc, 
sf  Kentucky,  for  J'reHidi-nt,  and  JoMuph 
Laiiu,  of  Oregon,  for  Vicu-l'ruMidcnt.  The 
UluiitrioUH  Abraham  Lincoln  waH  nominated 
at  Chicago,  by  the  Kepublican  Convention,  on 
the  19th  May,  for  I'reHidunt,  with  Hannibal 
Hamlin,  of  Maine,  for  Vicu-1'reMident.  Tlio 
oaudidat«i8  of  the  CoiiHtitutional  Union,  late 
American  party,  were  John  Mcll,  of  Tonut'HNeo, 
and  Edward  liverett,  of  MiiHHncliUHt'ttH,  Tlii! 
position  of  till)  rcHpuctivu  partit^n  in  tliiH  con- 
test waa  well  defined,  'i'liiit  of  the  Kopiibli- 
can  liarty  wuh  that  CongrcHM  wuh  bound  to 
prohibit  Niavury  in  any  and  every  t'cdoi'iil 
Territory.  The  Douglas  DiMiioccaey  main- 
tained that  neither  CongrctiK,  nor  the  people 
of  the  Union,  nor  any  purt  of  it,  oiitHidu  of 
aaid  Territory,  had  any  right  to  iiitorfuru 
with  the  matter.  While  the  Huppot'tei'H  uf 
Mr.  Breckinridge  upheld  the  right  of  the 
citizen  of  any  State  to  migrate  to  any  Terri- 
tory, taking  with  him  anything  which  wan 
uroporty  by  the  law  of  hin  ow.-i  State,  and  to 
hold  and  enjoy  Huch  |ii't>perty,  and  be  pro- 
tected in  its  uiie  by  CongreHH,  whether  witli  or 
without  the  co-o|ieration  of  the  TtM'ritorial 
Iiegialature.  The  canvaxii  wiw  one  of  iiitenHe 
interest.  In  many  of  the  Northern  Htates 
coalitiona  of  the  other  parties  against  the 
Kepublicans  were  formed,  Imsed  upon  their 
united  hostility  to  the  Jtepublican  idea  of  ex- 
cluding slavery  from  the  Territorieii ;  and 
the  mercantile  fears  of  convulKion  and  civil 
war  were  so  vivid  that  the  contest  was  pro- 
aecuted  by  the  combined  adversaries  of  Air. 
Lincoln  with  tho  energy  of  des|»!ratioii, 
the  controlling  aim  being  to  thus  coiieiliate 
and  satisfy  the  South.  At  thu  Ho'itli,  no  sncli 
coalitions,  on  the  other  hand,  were  foniieil. 
On  tho  Gth  November,  INtil),  Abiuliam  l.iii- 
ooln  was  designated  by  the  peojile  as  tli"ir 
next  President.  Uf  the  electoral  vot(!,  hi!  re- 
ceived 180,  Mr.  Breckinridge,  72 ;  31r.  Bull, 


30;  and  Mr.  Douglas,  (3.  Of  the  |iopular 
vote,  Mr.  Lincoln  received  in  the  Free 
HtaU'M,  I,H.11,1H() ;  in  the  HIave  States,  30,430. 
Mr.  Douglas  received  in  thu  Free  States, 
1,1'.>8,(UU;  in  the  Slave  States,  lOa.riS.t. 
Mr.  HiTckinridge,  271),'.' II  in  the  Free,  and 
070,871  in  thu  Slave  States;  while  Mr.  Bell 
received  1:10,151  in  the  Free,  and  010,9/3  in 
the  Slave  States.  Immediately  after  the 
elections  public  U'ectiiigs  were  held  in  Char- 
leston and  ulHewhore  in  South  Carolina,  at 
wliirli  great  joy  was  iiianifestetl  nt  thu  result, 
and  resolutions  enthnsiaHtically  adopted  in 
favor  of  the  secession  of  the  Statu  from  the 
Union.  Its  legislature  shortly  passed  un  act 
fur  the  call  of  a  convention  to  carry  tho  Stal>: 
out  of  till'  I  iiion. 

Jn  the  midst  of  all  tho  elements  of  pros- 
IHirity  every  material  iiiterexi  of  tho  country 
was  now  depiesHed  by  the  apprehensions  of 
civil  war.  The  price  of  all  jiublic  seeurities 
fell,  and  the  credit  of  the  Federal  (jiovern- 
ment  was  s'laken. 

In  his  annual  messago  of  the  3d  Deponil>«r, 
IHliU,  President  Buchanan  appealed  to  Con- 
gress to  propose  an  nmendnieut  to  the  Consti- 
tution, which  should  declare  that  instrument 
on  three  points  :  1,  As  expressly  recognizing 
the  right  of  projierty  iu  slaves  in  thu  States 
where  it  then  existed  or  might  thereal^u' 
exist ;  3,  as  pointing  the  duty  of  protecting 
this  right  in  all  the  eommun  territurics  until 
they  sliall  be  admitted  as  States  into  the 
Union,  with  or  without  slavery,  as  their  con- 
stitutions may  prescrilie;  :),  us  recogni^iing 
the  right  uf  thu  ><"ister  to  have  his  slave,  who 
has  escaped  from  one  State  to  another,  re- 
stored and  deliveiwl  up  to  him,  and  as  utteut- 
iiig  the  validity  of  the  fugiti"e  slave  law 
enacted  for  this  purpose,  and  as  rendering  idl 
Statu  laws  ini|)airiiig  or  defeating  this  right 
null  and  void. 

Tho  messago  further  declared,  that  unless 
the  Southern  States  obtuini^d  this  act  of  jus- 
tice from  the  Northorn  States,  they  would  be 
justitled  in  revolutionary  resiHtuuco  to  the 
(lovornmeut  of  the  Union,  so  characterizing 
secession ;  and  also  expressed  thu  opinion 
that  thu  (Jonatitution  had  conferred  no  power 
on  the  Federal  (jovernment  to  coerce  a  State 
to  remain  in  tho  Union,  but  sim])ly  to  enforce 
thu  hiws  upon  individuals  within  thu  limits 
of  a  State. 

'J"ho  messago  was  denounced  by  both  tho 
autislavory  and  jiro-slavery  members  of  Con- 
gress. By  the  former  it  was  construed  to 
mean  a  denial  by  the  President  to  enforce  thu 
laws  against  the  citizens  of  a  State  after 
succession  or  rebellion ;  by  tho  latter,  as  deny- 
ing the  right  of  peaceful  secession,  and  as 
indicating  tho  intention  of  collecting  the 
ruvunuu  in  the  jiorts  of  South  Carolina  by 
nutans  of  a  naval  force,  and  to  defend  tho 
jiublic  property.  Tho  opposing  parties  in 
C'ongress  now  breathed  nothing  but  mutual 
defiance.  There  was  no  longer  any  social  or 
friendly  intercourse  between  the  pro-slavery 
and  uiiti-slav<rry  nuJinbers.  South  Carolina 
had  called  a  (lonvijiition  to  adopt  a  secession 
onliiiunve,  and  all  tho  federal  officers  within 
her  limits  had  resigned  ;  and  the  other  cotton 
States  were  pr(!paring  to  follow  her  example. 

Ill  thu  Senate,  a  conimittco of  thirteen  was 
now  created,  consisting  of  five  Kcjmblicaiis, 
five  from  slavoliolding  States,  and  three 
Northorn  Democrats,  to  report  on  the  dis- 


traotod  condition  of  the  country.  Th« 
mittee  met  on  the  21*t  December,  1800,  and 
on  tho  next  dav,  Mr.  Crittenden,  one  of  ita 
members,  submitted  to  it  a  proposition  to 
amend  the  Constitution  by  prohibiting  iilavery 
forever  from  all  torritorie*  north  of  36"  3U' 
(or  the  old  Alissouri  Compromise  line),  and 
recognizing  ui.d  protecting  it  in  all  territoriva 
lying  soutit  ti'jrcof.  It  was  rojectt^d  by  tho 
committee,  tl.o  Ivu  Ilepublican  memlMirs,  and 
two  from  liio  cotton  States,  Muiirs.  Dovia 
and  Toombs,  voting  against  it ;  and  on  the 
31st  Dec,  18C0,  the  coniuiitteo  rt<ported  to 
the  Si'iiato  their  inability  to  agree. 

Ordinances  of  secession  were  now  adopted 
by  the  seven  cotton  States.  On  tho  17th 
December,  IHUO,  a  convention  mot  at  Colum- 
bia, South  Carolina,  but  in  consecpience  of 
the  prevalence  of  small-pox  in  that  city,  ad- 
journed to  (nmrlesion,  where,  on  tho  SOtli 
December,  the  ordinance  of  secession  wai 
unaniiuously  passed,  and  thereupon  tho  Fed- 
eral property  within  thu  limits  of  the  State, 
where  it  was  feasible,  was  seized,  j  lie  Con- 
vention of  Florida,  on  the  7th  January,  1801  ; 
Mississip])!,  the  'jth ;  Alabama,  tho  11th; 
Georgia,  the  19th;  Louisiana,  the  2r)th ;  and 
Texas,  tho  Otli  F'ebruary,  iiasscd  ordinances 
of  secession  by  overwhelming  ijiajorities. 
Many  etlurts,  in  the  meanwhile,  were  being 
made  at  the  North,  for  conciliation,  by  public 
meetings  and  otherwise  ;  and  many  memorials 
in  favor  of  peace,  by  means  of  tho  Crittenden 
Compromise,  were  ]>roBented  to  Congress  from 
dlHerent  portions  of  the  North,  even  from 
New  Kngland,  and  also  from  the  border  slave- 
holding  States,  a  large  number  of  whoso 
|)eoplc,  while  believing  in  the  right  of  peace- 
ful secession,  resisted  the  efforts  of  the  ex- 
treme men  in  their  midst,  and  were  still  de- 
voted to  the  Union. 

A  small  band  of  Federal  soldiers,  under 
Major  Kobt.  Anderson,  garrisoned  the  ports 
in  Charleston  harbor  at  the  i>eviod  of  South 
Carolina's  secession.  On  the  night  of  the 
2Gth  December,  Mojor  Andei'son  transferred 
his  command  from  Fort  Moultrie,  mi  old  and 
weak  fort,  which  had  been  tenuntcd  for  con- 
venience to  the  city,  to  Fort  Sumter,  tho 
principal  of  the  defences.  Tho  remainder 
were  immediately  seized  by  volunteers  acting 
under  the  Statu  authorities,  and  additional 
fortifications,  defending  the  city  and  com- 
munding  the  harbor  approaches,  were  pushcn 
foiward  by  them.  On  the  3lith  December, 
conimissionerH  from  the  State  of  South  Caro- 
lina reached  Washington,  under  instructions 
to  negotiate  with  the  Federal  Executive  a 
jiartitioii  of  all  the  properties  and  interests 
of  South  Carolina  in  the  Union  from  which 
she  had  -seceded  ;  but  they  were  informed 
that  the  President  could  only  meet  them  as 
citizens  of  the  Unitced  States.  On  the  9tli 
of  January,  1801,  the  steamer  *Si/(ir  of  tht 
Wrut,  from  New  Yoik,  having  on  board  2ri0 
soldiers  and  ample  supplies  for  Fort  Sumter, 
ajipeared  off  the  bar  at  Charleston.  A  tt<aupt- 
ing  to  steam  up  the  harbor  to  Fort  Suuiter, 
she  Aas  fired  upon  from  Fort  Moultrie  and  a 
battery  on  Morris  Island,  and  being  struck 
by  a  shot,  put  about  and  left  for  New  York, 
without  communicating  with  Major  .'*iidur- 

HOll. 

About  this  period  most  of  the  forts, 
arsenals,  and  other  pro))erty  of  the  United 
States  in   tho  cotton  States  were  seized  bj 


Um  n 

oases,  I 
ties  ol 
Mint  a 
large 


UNITED    BTATE8. 


Um  rMpeotive  SUte  KuUioritiei:  in  aome 
OMM,  xvcn  l)«foro  iircPMinn ;  anil  tha  niithori- 
tiim  o(  LoiiiHiiiim  tliiiH  rolil)i>il  tlir  Itintich 
Mint  anil  Hiib-'l'ii'iiH^ivy  itt  Nuw  Orli'iriR  of  u 
largK  amount.  l<i<iut.  HIiininiKr  l>i'in;{  runi- 
niitniJi'd  by  Iuh  Rn|M)i'ior  olHcor,  Coniniiintli'i' 
Ai'MiHti'unK,  to  Hni'k'iinilur  Vitrtn  rickcnH  mid 
Mcllius  on  till)  Flui'idii  count,  ili'flcd  tlio  ordor, 
ktid  witlidrawing  lii«  Hiimll  forcii  fioiii  Fort 
MvKiio  to  the  nti'ongitr  and  Ichh  accimHililii 
Foi't  PiokoM,  wall  soon  bi'giegud  thorttin  by  a 
furiiiidablu  vuluiiloer  forvti. 

On  the  Rth  January,  18G1,  IViidcnt  Dii- 
(lianaii  Heat  a  iiieoial  nioHHago  to  (^oiigreNH, 
uri(ing  the  adoption  of  thii  ronipromiiiu  nu<B- 
Burun  i>ro|)OBud  by  Mr.  Crittendon.  Rtifiir- 
riiig  to  the  Rcizuru  of  the  fednral  jirojicrty  by 
the  So'Jthuin  Stutca,  as  a  jiurnly  aggrpHNive 
act,  and  not  iu  reniMtauce  to  any  attempt  to 
oooroe  •  Btato  or  Htatoa  to  remain  in  t)io 
Union,  he  furthot  oxproHsed  the  opinion  tliat 
the  powers  ah'oady  poHHoiuiod  by  the  I'roHi- 
dent,  to  employ  tho  militia  in  HiippresMing 
iniiurrectionH,  wern  only  in  ciisog  of  inHurroo- 
(ior.  against  a  State  Uovernment,  and  not 
again*:  tU;  authority  of  tho  Uiiiteil  Htatux, 
ind  coniequently  with  Congix-Ha  Htill  n-atcd 
the  reHponubility  of  wcuring  iieace  and 
union  to  tho  dmti'actnd  country,  by  dodiiring 
war  or  authorizing  the  cmployniunt  of  mili- 
tary force  at  tluH  juncture. 

On  tho  10th  January,  on  motion  of  Mr. 
Clark,  a  Kepulilican  bonator  from  New 
Ilanipsliiro,  tho  Simiito  roaolvud,  by  a  voto  of 
25  to  33,  to  Htriku  out  tho  entire  preamble 
and  roHolution  of  Mr.  Crittenden's  [iroposi- 
tion  and  insert  in  lieu  thereof  those  of  n 
directly  opposite  character.  Hi.K  Neiiators 
from  the  HeceNHion  HtatoH,  MesHrn.  noiijmain 
and  HIidoll,  of  IjOuiHiana;  Mr.  [vcrson,  of 
Geo.'gia;  Messrs.  Kemphill  and  Wi^fiill, 
of  Texas;  and  Mr.  JoIiiihou,  of  AikiiiiHiis, 
refused  to  vote  against  the  Cluik  uiiioud- 
ment, 

Tho  hojies  of  avoiding  civil  wnr  wore  now 
chiully  fixed  on  the  border  slave  States,  which 
still  stood  aloof  from  secession  and  miinifi'st- 
cd  an  earnest  (Icsiro  nut  only  to  viuiiiiin  in 
the  Union  tliemselves,  but  to  exert  tlicir 
powerful  iiifliienco  to  bring  back  the  Miccding 
States.  On  tho  IDth  January,  8til,  the  (icu- 
eral  Assembly  of  Virginia  luloplcd  ri'solu- 
tions,  extending  an  invitation  to  cull  the 
ptJier  States  to  unite  wil'.i  hi^r  in  an  ntlDit  to 
adjust  tho  >inlini)py  ccatroverMy  in  the  spirit 
in  which  the  Coiistitulion  was  oiijiiiuilly 
framed,  and  to  i'|ipoint  ConimissionciH  lor 
this  purpose  to  a  (Jonvontion  to  be  held  in 
Washington  on  the  4th  February,  18ril. 
This  I'l'uce  (!!onvention  met  on  the  Itli  Feb- 
ruary, and  selected  Hx-l'resident  Tyler,  of 
Virginia,  as  its  TresidiMit.  It  was  composed 
of  one  hundred  and  tliiity-tlireo  commission- 
ers, of  great  res[)ectiibility  and  iiiHuenco,  re- 
presenting twenty-one  States.  Four  days 
tliercaflcr,  deputies  from  six  of  the  cotton 
States  adopted  and  published  at.  ^Nlontgom- 
ei-y,  Alabamii,  a  Provisional  < lonstitution  for 
the  su-ciilled  Confederate  States.  Aiiiend- 
nients  to  the  (!i)iistituliou  of  tho  United 
States  were  re|)ovti'(l  in  the  I'lMU'o  Conven- 
tion, Hiibstantiiilly  the  same  with  the  Critten- 
Jlmi  Coniiiromise,  iind  alter  much  time  con 
Bunied  in  disuiission  and  in  votii'.f;  upon 
vai'ioua  propositions  olli.'red,  a  final  vote  was 
taktju  on  tho   20lh   February,  and  on   tho 


Muiie  day  tho  Convention  coromunirated  to 
CongreM  the  amendment  they  had  adopted, 
with  a  rorpiest  that  it  might  b«  snbmittod, 
under  the  ('onstitution,  to  tho  several  State 
Legislatures.  In  the  Senate  no  direct  voto 
was  ever  taken  U|ion  it,  and  in  the  }[oubo  of 
ItepreHentatives  tho  Speaker  was  refused 
leave  even  to  present  it.  On  the  2d  March,  the 
day  iMtfore  the  final  adjournment  of  Congress, 
Mr.  Clark's  amendment  to  Mr.  Crittenden's 
pro|>osition  was  removed  in  tho  Senate,  and 
tho  proposition  itsnlf  was  defeated  by  a  voto 
of  10  in  the  afliiniativo  against  20  in  tho 
negative.  On  tho  0th  of  February,  1801, 
the  convention  of  the  seceded  States  having 
mot  at  Montgomery,  Alabama,  adopted  a 
provisional  framework  of  government  for 
"the  Confederate  States  of  America,"  which 
was  suljseipieiitly  (March  11th)  superseded 
by  a  |iernianent  Constitution,  substantially  a 
copy  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  but  with 
slavery  as  tho  corner-stone  of  tho  structure. 
Jetferson  Davis,  of  Mississiiipi,  was  by  tho 
Confederate  Congress  then  unanimously 
elected  rresident,  and  Alexander  II,  Ste- 
phens, of  Georgia,  Vico-1'residont  of  tho  Con- 
federacy for  the  current  year. 

On  tho  3d  March,  18(51,  the  36th  U.  S. 
Congrogs  expired,  many  of  the  Southern 
miunbors  thereof  having  already  vacated  their 
seutK,  and  the  various  measures  of  conipro- 
miso  which  had  been  proposed  to  heal  tho 
existing  ditEculties  having  failed. 

Three  new  territories  were  organized  at 
this  session — Kansas,  Colorado,  Dakota. 

Tho  organic  acts  were  in  each  case  silent 
respecting  slavery,  as  a  peace-olfering  and 
concession  to  tho  unionists  of  the  South. 
Tho  measures  deemed  necessary  by  the  Presi- 
dent, and  suggested  by  him  to  Congress,  to 
enable  him  to  execute  the  laws  and  defend 
the  Government  at  the  South,  were  not 
acted  u|ion.  At  tho  closo  of  Mr.  Buchan- 
an's administration  most  of  iho  defensive 
fertilicationa  within  the  seceding  States, 
some  thirty  in  number,  mounting  over  three 
thousand  guns,  and  having  cost  at  least 
twenty  millions  of  dollars,  had  been  seized 
anil  appropriated  by  tho  Confederate  authori- 
ties. They  were  also  in  possession  of  the 
navy  yards  and  arsenals  therein,  filled  with 
arms  and  munitions,  together  with  tho  entire 
luiiiy  of  tho  frontier,  with  all  its  equi]iments, 
the  Southern  I'evenue  cutters,  mints,  custom- 
houses and  sub-treasuries,  amounting  in 
value  fully  to  twenty  millions  of  dollars 
more. 

OUAPTEB  XXXI, 

m 

LINCOLN'S  ADmNISTRATION. 


In  proceeding  from  his  home  to  the  Federal 
capital,  Mr.  Lincoln  was  everywhere  honoreil 
as  the  chosen  Executive  of  the  nation.  lie 
was  obliged,  however,  to  pass  through  Balti- 
moie  clandestinely,  an  attemjit  to  assassinate 
him  there,  \inder  cover  of  mob  violence,  hav- 
ing i)een  n.ssured.  Apprehensions  of  tumult 
at  his  inauguration  had  aioo  been  entertained, 
but  that  ceremony  was  conducted  in  a  tran- 
quil and  imposing  manner.  In  his  address 
tiiereat,  the  I'resident  having  rejected  the 
doctrine  of  secession,  and  ])oiiited  out  dis- 
union as  physically  impossible,  declared  that 
he  had  no  ^jurpoae,  directly  or  indirectly,  to 


interfera  with  tho  inatitutioa  of  aUvwry  is 
the  States  where  it  exiitod,  and  announoMl 
his  intention  of  causing  a  faithful  exeoution 
of  the  Federal  laws,  including  that  reipaoting 
fugitive  slaves;  and  further,  of  using  th* 
|H>wer  confided  to  him,  to  hold,  oooupv,  and 
possess  the  pro|H)rty  and  place*  belonaing  to 
tho  Government,  and  to  collect  the  dutlea  and 
imposts  ;  but  beyond  this  declared  that  then 
would  be  no  invasion  of  any  State.  H«  fur« 
ther  proiTerod  the  olive  branch  to  the  South,  by 
intimating  thikt  his  right  to  fiimiah  the  maila, 
and  to  appoint  Federal  ofllcora  for  parta  of  tho 
Union  unanimously  hostile  thereto,  would  be 
waived  as  impracticable  until  current  events 
should  show  a  modification  to  be  propor. 
These  assurances,  however,  were  not  regarded 
by  the  people  of  the  South. 

Tho  National  Cabinet  was  composed  aa 
follows: — William  H.  Skwabd,  of  New 
York,  Secretary  of  Stato ;  Salmon  P.  Ciiarc, 
of  Ohio,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  ;  Simon 
CAMKROfi,of  Peunsylvnnia,  Secretary  of  War; 
GiDKON  Wellks,  of  Connecticut,  Secretary 
of  tho  Navy ;  Caleb  B.  Smith,  of  Indiana, 
Si.-cretary  of  the  Interior;  Edward  Bates, 
of  Missouri,  Attorney-General;  MontooM' 
ERY  BiiAiR,  of  Maryland,  Fostmaster-Gen> 
eral. 

Mr,  Jeflferson  Davis,  ruling  at  Montgom- 
ery, Alabama,  shortly  completed  his  Cabinet, 
which  consisted  of  Kodkrt  Toombs,  of  Geor- 
gia, Secretary  of  State;  .jiam  .,„  G.  -Tfm- 
mihuer,  of  South  Car'-.  ...<i.  Secretary  of  tho 
Treasury ;  Leroy  Popb  Walker,  of  Ala- 
bama, Secretary  of  War ;  Stephen  R,  Mai<> 
LORY,  of  Florida,  Secrolaiy  of  the  Navy; 
and  John  H.  Reaqan,  of  Texas,  Postmaster- 
General. 

Shortly  after  Mr.  Lincoln's  inauguration, 
John  Forsyth  and  Martin  J.  Crawford,  Com- 
missioners from  tho  Confederate  Government 
to  the  Government  of  tho  United  States,  em- 
powered to  adjust  terms  of  amity  as  between 
two  nations,  arrived  at  Washington  and  re- 
quested an  interview  with  President  Lincoln, 
but  were  informed  that  the  Executive  co'ild 
recognize  them  only  as  citizens  of  the  United 
States.  For  some  few  days  the  new  admiu- 
istration  hesitated  to  discard  the  policy  of 
indecision  and  inaction  inherited  from  ita 
predecessor,  but  on  the  21st  March,  after  a 
long  and  excited  Cabinet  meeting,  it  was  re- 
solved that  Fort  Sumter  should  be  vigorously 
defended.  Tn  tho  meantime,  the  authorities 
of  the  seceded  Slates,  instead  of  manifesting 
a  desire  for  ]>eace,  were  investing  every  fort 
and  navy  yard  with  rebel  troops  and  fortifica- 
tions, and  busily  preparing  to  make  war  upon 
the  Federal  Government.  A  decided  activ- 
ity of  the  latter  now  took  place.  Ships  of 
war  were  rapidly  fitted  for  service,  and  sev- 
eral large  steamers  having  been  loaded  with 
provisions  and  munitions,  sailed  southward 
on  the  7th  Ajiril  fi-om  New  York  and  other 
Northern  ports,  under  sealed  orders.  On 
the  8th,  formal  notice  was  given  to  Gov- 
ernor Pickens,  of  Soutl>  Carolina,  by  direc- 
tion of  the  Federal  Government,  that  Fort 
Sumter  would  l>e  ]irovisioned  at  all  hazards. 
On  tho  12th,  (Jen.  Beauregard,  formerly  a 
major  of  the  United  States  army,  command- 
ing tho  rebel  forces  around  Charleston,  in  ao- 
coi'dance  with  orders  received  from  the  rebel 
government,  opened  fire  on  the  fort,  the  mas 
render  thereof  having  )K>en  duly  demanded  I 


i 


nilTORY   OF  THI 


I) 


(>n  tb*  13tk,  after  thirty-four  hoiin 
of  bomlwrdmitnt,  diiriuK  whi«h  tha  flra  of  th« 
fort  VIM  proudly  tuniiifaiined  iiKniiiiit  thut  of  » 
VMtly  lUiM'rior  furco,  tlio  furt  bootiiiitiig  on- 
tirxly  iiiiU)ii«bln,  and  iii>  (iroviHiuuii  bill  {torlc 
reniainiiiK,  Major  Andunutn  t'vauimtfd  it  un- 
ditr  highly  honurakla  romlitioiiN,  ami  wan 
tranxfarrtxi  with  hii  coininaml  to  thn  Fudural 
tranii[H)rt  Jialtie,  awaiting  tlio  roNiilt  uti'  tlm 
|H>rt.  Tha  fleot  from  Nuw  Vork,  luilmi 
with  proviiiioni  for  thn  gitrriHnii,  liiitl  uriivud 
oif  tli«  bar  during  the  bouibardmont,  but 
|irud<>ntly  luado  uo  olfort  to  fultil  it*  ur- 
rand. 

Tlin  n«wa  of  tha  attack  u|>an  Humtpr,  nutl 
Ita  Hurrender,  cauMid  inteiimi  and  iiuiviu'wil 
•xoitemant  thrunghout  both  the  North  niiil 
ihn  Huuth,  in  tho  lattur  clinrnoteriiUHl  by 
great  mjuioing.  On  thu  I5tli  April,  tliu  Kcd- 
«ral  Kxpoutivu  iiiHUcd  Iun  proelui nation,  oiill- 
ing  forth  the  luilitia  of  tUo  miviuiiI  Stuton  of 
the  Union,  to  tho  nunilMtr  of  7A,()00,  in  ordur 
to  ■upprHHR  the  furthxr  pro)(i'UM  of  tho  ro- 
bflllion.  Thin  proclamation  wan  nicuivnl 
throiiahont  the  Frno  8t»t««  with  hpurty  n|>- 
provaT,  and  they  vixd  with  ouch  utlior  in  tti- 
•ponding  to  ita  cull.  Tho  Kpirit  of  tho  licmr 
indicated  a  now  ulinoit  unbroken  iinuniniity 
therein  of  Domocrnta,  an  well  nn  KepublicniiH, 
in  support  of  thn  Qovornment.  On  tho  other 
band,  tho  authorities  of  the  Slave  IStatt'H  iu)t 
yetHooeded,  with  the  escoptionof  Miirylnnd, 
refused  to  ivs|M)nd  thoruto,  and  gonorally  clinr- 
•cterizou  (he  proclamation  aHa  wicked  viola- 
tion of  the  UwH  of  the  country,  fur  the  uncon- 
stitutional purpoHu  of  coercing  the  Southnrn 
States.  On  the  lUth,  Hevural  couipanios  of 
PennHvlviinin  militia  reached  Washington  and 
report<>d  for  duty.  On  tho  18tli  more  vol- 
anteors  from  tho  same  State  uIho  puHscd 
through  Daltimore  without  hindrance.  Jtut 
on  tho  tUth,  the  0th  MnHHiirhusuttJi,  u  full  re- 
giment, having  reached  Italtiniore,  were  at- 
tacked in  the  stn^ts  tliorcof  by  a  soct^KHion 
mob,  upon  which  Hoveral  volleys  were  Kred 
by  a  '  mil  |>ortion  of  the  regiment,  whereby 
ele  .  >  of  the  rioters  were  killed,  and  four  kc- 
verely  \.'uunded.  Of  tho  soldieni,  three  wore 
alaiu  and  eight  severely  wounded.  Ten  lui- 
armed  companies  of  thn  Philadel]>hia  Wiwh- 
ington  Brigade,  who  had  arrived  with  the 
Massachusetts  regiment,  wero  ilso  attacked 
ere  transportation  thro\igh  the  city,  and  ulti- 
mately returned  to  Pliiladeljihia.  Urea^  op- 
position was  now  nianifostod  to  the  furllii.-r 
tran»iK)rtatioii  of  Northern  troops  through 
that  city ;  and  in  rcsi^onso  to  u  roipicst  of  its 
Mayor,  and  of  tho  State  Governor,  Micks, 
the  President  agreed  to  forbid  the  [lassuge 
through  that  city  of  certain  PenuHylvaniu 
troops  then  on  their  way  from  llivrrisburgh 
to  Washington,  and  selected  the  route  by 
Annapolis,  to  answer  the  military  iteeesbity. 
Whereupon  Governor  Hicks  objected  to  the 
passage  of  Not  them  troops  across  iiny  por- 
tion of  Maryland,  and  tho  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association  of  Baltimore  peti- 
tioned the  Preaideiit  to  end  the  coiillict  by 
conceding  the  demands  of  tho  South.  l!y 
the  cutting  of  te!egra])li  wiros  and  burning 
of  railroad  bridges  connecting  Bultinuirc 
with  the  Free  Suites,  the  coinuiunication  of 
tne  Government  at  Washington  with  the 
North  was  now  intercepted.  On  the  2l8t  the 
Stii  Maasachtisetts,  under  Gen.  B.  F.  But- 
ter, arrived,   after  some    obstruction  at  An- 


napolia,  where  he  waa  reinforced  by  the  7th 
of  New  York,  and  pro<'e«iled  on  tha  24th  to 
Washington.  Tho  7Ut  New  York  and  (lov- 
urnor  Hpraguo'i  Uhodo  Island  regiment  wort- 
now  nn  their  way  thither;  nnd  on  thu  25th 
the  most  of  those  troops  had  arrived  in  Wash- 
ington, to  thu  great  sittiNfuelion  of  its  loyal 
uitizens  and  the  diseomlltum  of  the  Ni>ce«aion- 
ists  thereof,  both  having  oxpeeted  tho  speedy 
rupture  of  Ihu  city  by  tho  relH'ls, 

On  the  2Vth  April  thx  liegiNlature  of  Mary- 
htntl  convened  in  extra  session,  and  decided 
nut  to  secede  from  the  Union,  but  crxatetl  a 
Stitte  Military  Board,  with  power  to  adopt 
nntasures  fur  tho  safely,  peace,  and  defence  of 
the  State.  But  with  the  strongtli  ami  deter- 
ndnati(m  of  tho  Free  States  now  fully  shown, 
the  actiuti  minority  of  tho  wicession  ehunent 
of  Maryland  revealed  itstdf  as  growing  still 
less.  .'V  large  Union  meeting  wiui  helil  in 
Itultiinoro  on  May  4th,  and  on  the  l.tlh 
Oen.  Butler  occupied  tho  city,  ami  comnni- 
nicatiiuis  with  tho  North  being  shortly  ro- 
ostablished,  the  sufi-ty  of  the  Federal  ea|i- 
itul  was  assured.  By  tho  end  of  May  tifty 
tboUHnud  men  hold  tho  line  of  the  Potcunac 
and  guardeii  Wiishington,  while  every  loyal 
State  seenuul  actively  desirous  of  swelling  tho 
ranks  of  the  Union  armiuK. 

On  April  17th,  |Stll,a  ronveiition  in  Vir- 
ginia Voted  that  that  State  should  seceile  from 
tho  Union ;  and  iuiiuediately  expi^ditions, 
planned  long  previously,  were  set  un  foot  to 
capture  the  Federal  arsenal  itt  ll.irper's  Ferry, 
ami  tho  navy  yard  at  Norfolk,  in  that  Slate. 
i)n  the  18th,  Lieut.  Juiu.'S,  who  was  in  charge 
of  the  arseiuil,  learning  that  a  force  of  '2,MM 
Virginia  militia  wus  advaiving  upon  that 
post,  after  partially  succeeding  in  ilestroy- 
ing  the  national  property  there,  evacuated 
the  plucu  and  retreated  to  Cluinibersburg, 
i'u. 

On  the  night  of  tho  Kith,  obstrnctions 
were  placed  by  the  rebels  in  the  channel  of 
Kli^abelh  river,  leoiling  uj>  fnuu  ilamptou 
Hiiads  to  Norfolk,  and  a  Vir,{iniu  military 
force,  tnider  (ion.  Taliafeno,  reached  tho  lat- 
ter place  un  the  18th  to  si'izo  tho  navy  yard, 
and  Federal  vessels  and  other  |iri.|.erty  there, 
amounting  in  value  to  fully  t<'n  millions  of' 
dollars,  including  the  powerful  i'orty-gun 
stftam  frigate  Jffrriiiini;  with  the  (.'uinhm- 
Ittiiil,  tho  Girmantitwn,  the  J'li/moiilh,  the 
liaritan,  and  many  other  vcsHels,  with  nearly 
two  tliousi.nd  cannon,  some  tliouKaiid  stand 
of  arms,  and  iuiiueiise  cpLiutitics  of  munitions 
anil  naval  stor  a.  On  tlio  evening  of  th«!  idlh, 
Oapt.  Jlct'uuley,  the  commandant,  oixlored 
nil  the  ships  to  be  scuttled,  excepting  the 
(^innbrrliiwt.  Capt.  I'aulding,  in  the  frigate 
J'dipiiee,  from  Washington,  with  a  foreo  on 
board  of  six  hundred  men,  and  with  instruc- 
tions from  the  Government  to  assume  com- 
mand at  Norfolk,  arrived  during  the  evening 
at  the  navy  yard  and  found  the  guns  therein 
iciidi'red  temiiorarily  useless  by  McOaiiley's 
orders,  and  nearly  all  the  ships,  including 
tho  MeriiiiMC,  siuking.  llo  pioceoded  at 
cinco  to  hastily  transfer  paiiers,  money,  and 
other  )M)rtables  to  the  Puionee  and  the  Cnm- 
lieiltii'd,  and  then  altempUd  to  destroy  tlio  re- 
mainder of  the  public  pro|)erty.  On  the  next 
morning  ho  left  Norfolk,  whernu))on  the 
navy  yard  was  immediately  occupied  by  the 
rebel  fori^es  adjacent,  in  the  uanu!  of  Vir- 
giuiu,  and  her  flag  there  raised.     On  the  34tii, 


all  thn  public  protierty  bore  uil  elaewbara 
arf|ulrnd  by  the  State  waa  by  convenlioM 
turned  over  to  thu  Southern  Ciwfederacy. 

Shortly  afterwariU,  nn  the  34th  May,  tht 
|H>aoefnl  accession  of  Virginia  to  that  Cunftd- 
eracy  was  rutilbxl  by  an  overawed  iNipidar 
vote  of  12A,tlAU  for  Micession  to  W,hv.\  for 
tho  Union,  tho  vote  of  lovoral  western  conn* 
lies  having  also  been  excluded.  This  ron- 
ilered  disuidon  a  physical  imjiossibility  ;  to 
eoiu-edo  the  western  porthm  of  this  State  to 
the  Southern  Confederacy  would  have  io> 
volved  ullimste  disinti-gration  of  the  Free 
Slatca  theniselvei ;  for  a  |iortion  of  Western 
Virginia,  known  aa  '*  the  Panhandle," 
stretelies  northerly  nearly  to  liake  Krie,ulmuit 
dividing  tho  old  Free  States  from  tho  now, 
and  would  thtis  become  an  eaay  means  of 
cutting  olf  connnunioatiun  l>etwe«n  them  by 
hostile  powin-s.  But  tho  |ieoplo  of  West  V  ir- 
giiiia  being  strongly  loyal,  assembled  in  con* 
vention  on  tho  13th  May,  at  Wheeling,  and 
fornuilly  repudiated  thu  aecessiou  of  tho  State, 
On  the  11  III  Juno,  a  seroiid  convention  of 
Virginia  met,  wherein  it  waa  unanimously 
voted  that  West  Virginia  lie  aet  apart  as  a 
new  State,  and  its  government  was  then 
fiu'ined,  A  legislature  of  Virginia  meeting 
shortly  after  at  Wheeling,  assented  to  this  in 
accordance  with  tho  Federal  Constitution;  ond 
later,  on  Junuaiy  20,  18tl3,  tho  Federal  Con- 
gress, recognizing  the  dortrinn  that  tho  loyal 
citizens  alone  of  u  State  constitute  tho  State, 
admitted  tho  now  State  of  West  Virginia  into 
the  Union. 

On  the  27th  April,  1801,  President  Lin- 
coln issued  a  proelumatiun  announcing  the 
blockadu  of  the  Southern  ]Hirts,  the  chief  of 
which  were  soon  thoreiifi^jr  etl'ectnally  closed 
by  the  Federal  nuvul  forces.  On  the  3d  May 
ho  made  a  further  rc(|uisition  upon  thu  Stnioa 
for  42,()0()  additional  volunteers  for  three 
years,  and  ten  regiments  were  added  to  '.he 
regular  army.  Many  inilli<ins  were  now  ten- 
dered to  the  Government  by  tho  legislatures 
and  citizens  of  the  loyal  Statea.  A  largo 
force  of  Pennsylvanians  was  organized  at 
Chauil)orsbiirg,  Pu.,  under  the  cumimind  of 
(!en.  |{(diei't  J'attorson,  of  that  State;  and 
(ieu.  Butler,  having  been  nnide  a  majur-gen- 
eral,  was  placed  in  command  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Kasteru  Virginia  and  North  Caro- 
lina. George  B.  Me(!lellan,  John  C  Fre- 
mont, and  John  A.  I>ix  wero  now  afipointcJ 
major  generals  in  the  regular  army,  the  lat- 
ter to  command  in  New  York,  Gen.  McClel- 
Ian  in  the  Department  of  the  Ohio,  and  Gen. 
Frenumt  on  his  return  from  Kurogie  being 
assigned  to  the  Departnu'nt  of  the  West. 

The  work  of  secession  now  rapidly  pro- 
ceedt'd  in  the  Slave  States  yet  remaining  in 
tho  Union.  In  Tennessee,  early  in  Maieh, 
IStil,  u  vott*  of  tho  people  was  taken  upon 
calling  a  State  Convention  to  secedu  from  Ihn 
Union,  which  was  ilefeated  by  ovcu-  ijll.tKlO 
Uiiiiui  majority.  But  shortly  after  the  bom- 
Imrdmcnt  ol'  Sumter,  the  Legislatuii!  secritly 
author'zcd  the  Governor  to  ajipoint  eoumii.s- 
sioneiN  to  enter  into  a  milituiy  league  with 
the  Confederate  States;  and  jn  the  (ith  Mav, 
tho  Li  ;;islature  |iaKsed  an  ordinance  of  sees 
sion,  and  on  the  Ttli  nitilifd  the  runventien 
foriuod  with  the  Coufederatn  Govenunent  by 
these  commissioners.  The  ordinance  of  se- 
cession wa.-.  Uo.ninally  submitted  to  the  fo]>- 
ular  vote  or.  the  8tb  June,  with  the  follow* 


UNITED    STATES. 


Inf  prorUlinml  rimiilt :  for  leimratinn,  104,' 
013;  Bfiiiiiiat  M<|NkraUon,  47,2:18;  thn  |M>()|ila 
of  if'jwl  TtintieMMi,  a  nioiiiitoinoiin  rK^ioii, 
whcra  itlitvcry  niivnr  I'oiiltl  Imvti  »  ttriii  fimt- 
liiilil,  vu^iig  liv  iiiorK  tlinn  two  to  oim  iiKitiiiHt 
pcpurHtioii,  llixy  fiiilln'r,  on  tliti  I7lli  Muy, 
in  niiiVKiition,  iirottwtxil  Hgiilimt  th«  lute  t<li>u- 
tion  UN  liuvliiK  iH'Kii  in  no  part  of  tint  Slalx, 
oxcKpt  Kant  TuniicNM'i',  u  fri'o  otiti ;  un  not  (>x- 
|iii"viive  of  tlio  will  of  tlio  niiijiirity  of  Tcnnnit- 
M'u  frMnirn  ;  iinil  nnrtu-Htly  i'x|ir('Mir'<l  a  dt'Kirn 
to  rxnuiin  in  the  Union,  «vuii  if  thn  r*mt  of 
thn  Ht«to  were  retolvod  to  no  out.  In  conmv 
qiinncfl  whereof,  thin  pnrt  of  the  Htkt**,  tx'ing 
inolntuil  from  aid  by  Ihu  noutrHlily  of  Kxu- 
tuoky,  hnnoeforth  and  for  a  coniidDruhlu  |mi> 
riiMl  waN  Riilijitclt'd  to  the  bitttir  |ii'oiicri|ition 
of  tli«  ( tonfi'd^rucy. 

In  Ktintucky,  all  offorta  to  carry  the  Htntn 
out  of  thu  Union  fuilt'd,  a  larKn  niiijority  of 
h<>r  |ieo|da  bxing  hiynl,  luiil  hxr  proximity 
to  olhor  loyal  Ht^ttoH  huving  itN  weight 
a|{ainHt  that  of  tho  orKHoixi'd  ri'bollion  at  o|>- 
portiine  niomentii.  Thu  I<<>(;iHlatiirn,  howovi'r, 
early  <lcclikro<l  that  wliilo  tho  Stutn  woiilil 
ncvur  HVer  ita  connoflion  with  tlm  National 
Ooverunient,  ahn  would  nut  tako  up  armx  for 
eithnr  iMilliguriMit  party,  and  for  Houie  tiniii 
this  policy  wan  mainly  nclcil  upon. 

Until  tho  bondiurdmcnt  of  Sumter,  North 
Carolina  Boomed  largnljr  in  favor  of  tho  Union ; 
but  at  an  extra  HCHHion  of  tlio  LcgiHlaturc, 
Mny  I,  18U1,  tho  (lovornor  wiih  aulhori/.(!d 
to  tender  aid  to  thu  Confudurato  aullioritiuH. 
and  a  convention  waa  citllcd,  which  nu't  on 
the  2(Hh  Mity ;  and  on  (hat  day  it  |iaNKcd  an 
ordinance  of  HcccHNion  by  n  uniinimoUN  votu. 

Upon  tho  reception  of  tho  newH  from  Fort 
Humtur  in  ArkiuiHiui,  a  convoutioii,  which  had 
previously  voted  not  to  Hccede  from  tho  Union, 
wiui  mconvenud.  and  jMutHcd  un  ordinimcu  of 
BCcesHion  by  a  vote  of  (iU  to  1.  In  all  thcso 
HtatcH,  wherover  poHHiblu,  tho  Fedorul  pro|)- 
erty  wuh  now  aeiKcd  upon.  In  MiHHouri,  alio, 
on  May  'Jd,  an  extra  HOHaion  of  the  I^giHlaturo 
WUH  coin  (!ncd,  which  speedily  entruHtt-d  to  tho 
(iovernor,  a  aynipathi/.i-r  with  tho  rebfillion, 
thu  entiro  control  of  tho  military  and  pecu- 
niary rcHources  of  thu  State.  Tho  Federal 
ur«enid  in  Western  MiKsoiiri  was  seized  on 
tho  20th  April,  and  its  contents  cnrrit^l  oil' 
to  equip  thu  rebels;  but  tho  arsenal  at  St. 
Louis  was  promptly  protected  by  its  coui- 
nmndoiit,  Ciipt.  Nath.  Lyon,  and  on  the 
ni;jlit  of  the  '.'Oth  its  contents  safely  trans- 
ferred to  Hprinjjfield,  Illinois.  Within  ten 
•lays  from  the  reception  of  the  I'resideut's  call, 
ft  leginient  had  bin-n  raised  by  Col.  F.  P. 
Bliiir,  and  four  others  were  being  rapidly 
formed  at  St.  I^ouis,  in  despite  of  tho  State 
authorities.  On  May  lOtli,  at  tho  head  of 
six  thouRai\<l  armed  Unionists,  Capt.  Lyon 
and  CiA.  Itlair  surrounded  the  State  Guard, 
ortjaiii/ed  at  Camp  Jackson  in  the  interests 
of  the  rebellion,  and  demanded  its  immediate 
Burrendi^r,  which  was  at  once  complied  with, 
a  coiiskU lublo  amount  of  munitions  being 
tunieil  (ivor  to  the  cnptors.  Shortly  after- 
wards a  (Jerman  Union  regiment  in  St.  Ixiuis 
fired  upon  some  nHsailunts,  killing  twenty- 
two.  On  (Ii(.  iL'th  May,  Oeii.Wm.  S.  Harney 
took  CDiumaud  of  the  Union  forces  iu  Mis- 
souri, and  t'apt.  Lyon  was  made  Brigadier- 
General  of  the  1st  Missouri  Brigade.  Gen. 
Ilamey  now  entered  into  a  compact  with 
Oen.  Sturliiig  Price,  iipon  the  part  of  the  State 


Kovflminunt,  the  pro|io<i«d  ubjtcl  lieing  to  r«< 
■tore  tranquillity  to  Miuouri ;  but  thi*  com- 
pact proving  to  lie  •  protection  to  trPHnon 
and  terrorism,  it  waa  repudiated  by  the 
Federal  (lovemuiont,  and  Oen.  Harney  wi  i 
removed  from  his  roniniand,  Inting  Nucceeded 
therein  by  Gen.  Lyon.  Upon  this.  Gov. 
•laeknon  and  Gen,  I'ricv,  muitering  thr  atlvu- 
eutes  of  tho  relMillion  within  the  State,  pro- 
ceeded to  openly  act  in  conenrd  with  it* 
leadera,  anil  the  former  shortly  otilcially  called 
for  00,000  State  militia,  to  repel  what  ho 
termed  the  Federal  invasion. 

For  some  weeks  after  thn  neixurn  of  Ifar- 
por'a  Ferry,  the  rvlnds  controlled,  nt  that 
iHiint,  the  lialtimore  and  Ohio  Kailroad  ;  on 
May  Kith,  to  strengthen  their  position,  they 
burned  toveral  bridges  farther  west  on  that 
road.  On  tho  20lh,  at  (.'larksburg,  in  Harri- 
son ('ounty,  two  eompanii's  of  thu  Confeder- 
ates, having  enteri'd  that  place,  and  being 
outnundH>red  by  tho  UnioiiiHis  there,  sur- 
rendered their  unns  and  dispersed  without 
a  contest.  Tho  Union  volunteers  of  West 
V  irginitt  were  now  organized  ut  Camp  Car- 
lisle, in  Ohio,  opposite  Wheeling,  under  the 
comnmnd  it  ('ol.  Kelly,  Geo.  U.  McClellan 
having  been  appointed  u  major-general,  aiul 
assign^'d  to  this,  tlut  Department  of  thu  Ohio. 
On  t!ir  27tli,  tho  1st  Virginia,  1,100  in  num- 
ber, together  with  tho  Itlth  Ohio,  (\i\.  Irvine, 
and  thu  14th  Ohio,  Col.  Steedman,  crosNed 
tho  Ohio  and  occupied  Wheeling  and  I'ark- 
orsburg,  tlu^  terminus  of  the  north-west  branch 
of  the  llaltimoru  and  Ohio  Bailroad.  On  the 
'M)t\i,  tho  UnicuiiHts  reached  Grafton,  and 
there  a  force  of  7,000  or  K,000  men  was  col- 
lected undur  Gun.  Morris.  Thi^  tracks  of  the 
railroads,  which  had  been  damaged  by  a  rebel 
force,  were  now  repaired,  the  latter  having 
rotreiited  to  I'hilippi,  tifteen  miles  southward, 
and  apart  from  tiie  railway.  On  the  night 
of  Juno  'Jii,  un  atti^mpt  was  nuulo  by  the 
Union  forces  to  siirpriso  i'hilippi.  Four 
regiments  approached  it  by  dillerunt  roads, 
the  division  under  Col.  Kelly  failing  to  arrive 
at  tho  concerted  time,  4  a.m.,  owing  to  the 
state  of  tho  roads.  Tho  relxds,  (udy  six  or 
snveu  hundred  in  number,  under  Col.  (i.  A. 
Portertield,  lied,  however,  after  o  short  resist- 
ance, having  been  opened  upon  with  artillery 
and  charged  by  thu  infanti'y  of  tho  Unionists, 
wiio  hud  arrived  undur  Cols.  Dumont  an(l 
Ijii'iVt.  Col.  Kelly  presently  arriving,  fell 
upon  them  and  dis|)erscd  them  coni|iletely. 
Col.  Kelly  was  severely  wounded,  and  two 
Unionists  were  kilted.  •  Tho  rebels  lost  six- 
teen killed  and  ten  captured.  I'orterfield 
tJieii  hastily  retreated  with  u  few  stragglers 
to  Huttonaville,  wheio  conscription  was 
rapidly  increasing  tho  rebel  forces  Oen. 
McClellan  arrived  at  Grafton  on  the  Slid 
June,  and  issued  proclamutions  condemning 
the  guerilla  warfare  of  the  rebels,  and  exhort- 
ing his  own  soldiers  to  forbear  |)illago  and 
outrage  of  every  kind.  The  rel)cl  main  force, 
several  thousand  in  number,  under  Gon.  Robt. 
S.  Garnett,  were  now  strongly  intrenched  on 
Laurel  Hill,  near  Beverley,  the  capital  of 
Randolph  County,  commanding  tho  road  to 
Philippi ;  a  smaller  force  rinder  Col.  John 
Pegram,  was  on  Rich  Mountain,  command- 
ing the  turnpike  leading  from  Beverley  to 
Buckhannon.  After  a  recounoissance,  Gen. 
McClellan  resolved  to  attack  Pegram  first,  and 
sent  Col.  Rosecrans  tiO  gain,  by  a  detour,  tho 


turnpike  two  or  thr««  milM  ia  the  r«ar  «>f 
Col.  I'agrsm.  Col.  KoMcnuM  approMbMl  ths 
rtiM  position  about  noon,  having  marehad 
since  daylight  through  a  denae  forcat  nud 
under  a  drenching  rain.  He  waa  then  ojiened 
uiHin  bv  the  rebel  guua,  and  after  a  half  houi 
of  random  ftring,  hi*  ordera  i»  eharga  bay- 
oiieti  were  ]ironii>tly  obeyed  bv  bit  foreei, 
and  the  rebela  lied,  leaving  their  cannon, 
munition!  and  store*,  and  l3Adead.  Pegram 
attcniiitnd  to  escape  during  the  night,  but  waa 
forcu(l  to  iiirrriider  on  the  following  day,  tk« 
1 2th  July,  with  about  000  men. 

Gen.  McClellan  entered  Beyerley  the  nest 
morning,  flanking  Gon.  Garnett,  and  (bus 
forcing  him  alio  to  a  ha*ty  flight.  The  latter 
crossed  thu  Laurel  Mountains  eastward  to  tho 
narrow  valley  of  the  Cheat  Kiver,  along  tho 
sole  road  of  which  he  fled  to  Carrick'*  Ford, 
felling  treeii  to  obatruot  the  pursuit  of  tho 
enemy.  Having  croMted  the  river  here,  and 
Hiiding  a  strong  and  sheltured  position,  bo 
turned  and  olTored  battle,  twice  repulsing,  by  » 
heavy  tire  of  musketry  and  artillery,  the  etforta 
of  till,  l-'nion  force*  to  cross  the  river.  Col. 
Uuniont  with  the  Tth  Indiana,  marching 
down  the  blulf  and  through  the  middle  of  tho 
stream,  >)otween  the  two  contesting  armie*, 
and  forcing  his  way  through  a  dense  forest 
of  laurel,  now  appeared  on  thu  right  flunk  of 
tho  rebels,  who  thereupoir  fled.  At  a  second 
ford,  a  short  distance  below.  Gen.  Gumett 
gallantly,  but  vainly,  attempted  t«)  rally  hi* 
forces,  wlio  received  and  returned  one  volley 
and  thou  retreated,  lieing  some  ;i,000  in  num- 
ber at  this  ]ioint,  pursued  by  liOO  Indiana 
troo|is.  Gen.  (iarnett  was  hero  ahot  through 
the  lioily,  falling  dead,  and  his  command  were 
pursued  two  miles,  when  the  Union  suldiera 
hulled,  leaving  thu  rebels  to  cross  the  nioiin- 
tains  and  Join  Gen.  Jackson  at  Monterey, 
(■en.  AlcClvllan,  who,  with  a  largo  portion 
of  his  forcu,  hiul  not  joiiiud  in  thu  pursuit, 
but  had  moved  south  from  Beverley  to  Hut- 
tonsville,  telegraphed  thu  loss  of  tlie  enemy 
in  this  action  to  have  been  about  200  killed, 
1,000  ))risoiiors,  and  seven  guns;  and  that  of 
the  Union  forces,  l.'l  killed  and  40  wounded. 

Simultanuously  with  Gen.  McClullan's  ad- 
vance upon  Beverley,  Gen.  Cox,  with  a 
largo  U^nion  force,  moved  eastward  from 
Guyundotte  to  the  Kanawha,  and  up  tint 
river,  reaching  Churlehton,  (he  capital  i.f 
Kanawha  County,  on  tho  2.'Jth  July.  The 
rebels  in  this  section,  commanded  by  Gov 
Wise,  continued  to  flee  before  the  approacn 
of  Gen.  Cox,  who  reached  (Jauley  Bridge  on 
the  29th,  finding  it  burned  by  the  retreating 
rebels.  Gen.  Wise  succeeiled  in  reaching 
Lewisburg,  tho  capital  of  Greenbrier,  a  county 
devoted  to  tho  rolxd  canse,  and  here  was  re- 
inforced by  Gen.  John  B.  Floyd,  formerly 
tho  U.  S.  Secretary  of  War  under  President 
Buchanan.  Oen.  Floyd  now  assumed  the 
offensive,  and  after  surprising  the  Tth  Ohio, 
Col.  Tyler,  near  Summcrville,  and  routing 
that  regiment  with  o  loss  of  200  of  its  men, 
he  moved  southerly  to  Carnifex  F'erry,  where, 
endeavoring  to  strike  the  roar  of  (ten.  Cox, 
ho  was  hiuist^lf  attackid  on  the  10th  August 
by  a  strong  force  under  Gen.  Rosec i  sns,  in  a 
reconnoissance  in  force,  which  resul  ■!  '■  , 
short  but  severe  action,  and  a  Iobj.  ,,i,  ut 
200  of  the  Union  troops-  <'iy  imuli  greater 
than  that  of  the  inti-pudii'tl  rebels.  Gon. 
RoBecraus  havin„  dlr«uted  hi*  tKH)|i«  io  (M 


H. 


niBTORY  or  THI 


r 


rMiljr  forMwMilt  owly  on  th«  futlowing  morn- 
lay,  wu  oluiloil  \>y  till)  I'lixHij'  tiiit'rii|{  th« 
Biulit ;  llio  Ii4tti<r  ia|iiilly  ri'trt'ntiiig  MUiiti 
tltiity  iiiili'D  to  Uig  Mtiwvll  Miiiiiiiiiiii,  hikI 
tli»iir«  i<i  Miiakiliiw  Jlliill',  wliilliiT  liii  wiM  nut 
|iuiiiuml,  Hi'U.  I<i'ii  now  umiuiu'iI  tliu  I'liin- 
liMiiilol'  iMitli  Fluyil'it  mill  Wiwi'ii  t'lMw*,  uniii- 
UirihK,  with  r«'Ui>nt  ri'infonvninhtH  fmni  tlin 
uorllivrn  front,  Nboiit  l'0,illll)  uifu  ;  luul  Itim  >- 
vnthH,  nftitr  runmiuiuK  miuui  iIu^n  iH'fom  liiii 
•(  Uig  Huwi'll,  r«ltu«t<'tl  toUituli'y  iiii|iiiiNii('il. 
Uvii.  !<«!«,  IwiMK  Bliortlj  ravulliiil  to  tuki<  i-oni- 
liMiiJ  (III  tlio  c«HWt,  niiulu  a  ulitflil  utlui-k  on 
Uw  Union  nuaition  hulil  \>y  (luu,  Ui>yniililH 
on  ('licst  MuuuUuii,  bnk  loon  ratiivil  MKuin 
to  hi*  (»ni|i»t  (iruunbi'inr,  On  th«  M  ^h•.^^^■ 
bsr,  nfter  Uun.  Lt-u'*  duiMirlum,  (irn,  llry- 
BuldM  in  turn  unHiicctwiiriilly  hmmiuUi-iI  tlio 
nbalit,  now  coniMinuili'tl  hy  Unn.  II.  K.  .Iiu'k- 
■on  of  (jlooi'gi».  Uit  tha  lOih  Niivcuilwr, 
Col.  Juukiun,  with  a  regiment  of  rtOHil  ruv 
airy,  ■iirpriaetl  tha  Union  Ioi-ooh  Rttttiuiiiiil  ut 
OuyMUilotlo,  tuking  uvur  100  piiNMniirH  anil 
ulundnriiig  thu  luyitl  inhubiltuitH ;  iiml  on  thi> 
nllowing  morning,  th«  (Jniun  ('ol.  /i«glur, 
of  tllM  Ath  Virginia,  arrivud,  and  ortlrri'd  t» 
U)  liiirmnl  tbo  Iuiuhi-m  of  Ijui  i«-(.viwiiinii<l  in- 
ItHbitaiitM  who  had  iuntigjitt-d  tho  riiid,  ( >n 
thu  Mill,  tljH  runr-gimic)  df  Ut'li.  I'loyd,  who 
was  then  intri'itling  suuthwnrd,  wiih  iilliicki'd 
QV  (It'll,  iieiiliam,  «nd  itN  coluiiu^  tit.  Iltuirgit 
Jrnghan,  «'ii8  killi'd.  Floyd  llitui  rctii'titt'd 
Mipui.iuod  to  I'lttumtowii,  lifly  niilcN  Koiitli- 
wurd.  in  thu  north-fiutt,  (li'ii.  Kelly,  Ity  a 
*t>ii'it«d  daxh  fioiii  Nt'w  ( 'it'ok,  ( K'tohcr  21>th, 
4rovu  out  uf  llomney  a  rubtil  Imtluiiuii,  fii|itiir- 
^«g  two  caniiuni,  iiixty  |irimiiii'i'N,  iiiul  Nuvcnii 
(•undrml  HtandM  uf  urniN.  (icii.  It.  II.  Milniy, 
ii'O  MiiCLVHUur  of  (it'll.  KiiyiuiIdH  ut  Clirat 
Bfoiiiituiii,  fitilud  un  Ufci-mlxir  l:^lli,iu  u  mIiii- 
ilar  att(>iii|it  <m  lh«  lobulH  Htroiigly  luwlcd  ut 
Alli'ghany  Uuniiuit;  but  on  Dec.  ^Ilnt,  the 
f(roiiiid  now  bving  ouvi>ri'«l  with  kiuiw,  lif  tht- 
«f«atrhi'd  Major  Wclmtur,  of  thn '.'.'itli  Oliio, 
with  MOO  iiii'ii,  to  iliiuti'i'Hvilli!,  fi'iiiii  which 
« conrndisrablo  reUd  force  wuh  diivi'n  out. 
1  he  campuisu  of  I8(>1  in  Wt'HliTii  Vir^'iiiiii 
Uiua  cloHvd,  with  fuw  rcbfls  rtMiiaiiiing  thrrc. 
On  the  J2d  May,  (ittii.  Iliitltir  took  (-(nn- 
mvud  at  FortniHH  Aloiirou  uf  hoiiio  1.''),()(I0  raw 
b»t  gallant  RoldiorH,  and  wuh  huom  tlicrit  coii- 
f.'onted  by  12,1*00  Coufi'demt^'H  iiiidcr  (iciiN. 
lliigxr  and  Mugriidi^r.  Some  fii^ilivi' HJavi'ii 
»nt(.-riiiK  liiH  cuinp  about  tluH  time,  uml  lii'lii^ 
ddMianded  under  a  Aug  of  triiuo  )iy  llii'ir  innn- 
ter,  (jeu.  Butler  d«cided  that  if,  uornrdin^'  to 
ihn  latter,  glaves  wore  property,  and  Virginia 
a  foreign  nation  at  war  with  tlm  IJiiitrd 
titat4fH,  Hueh  pi-o|)erty  should  be  lii'ld  hm  niii- 
trabami,  aud  refii8ed  to  return  thu  HlavcH. 
Having  Neized  and  furtidi-d  Newport  Nt-wH, 
uc  the  mouth  of  Jumvv  Kiver,  on  thu  9th 
June,  (ten.  Butler  ordeifd  a  »>conii(>iHHaiioe 
in  force  towards  the  rebel  poaition  at  I.itt'- 
Bethel,  tlie  ex|ieditiou  being  under  comniaiid 
of  den.  E.  W.  Pierce,  a  militia  brigadier  of 
Maii-sachusetts.  Just  before  ilaybreak  twu 
Union  regimentH,  those  of  Cols.  Beiulix  and 
Townsend,  of  New  York,  at  a  jwiietiun  mf 
roads,  oame  into  colliaion ;  the  former  niiHtak- 
ing  the  latt«r  for  the  enemy,  and  opening 
fire,  killed  two  of  that  regiment  and  HerioiiHJy 
wounded  eight  or  ten.  The  I'ebelH  ut  Little 
Bethel,  Itoing  thereupon  alarmed,  safely  re- 
treated. Oen.  I'ierce  then  pushed  on  to  Big 
Btithol,  where  Lo  found  1,800  Cuufedorates, 


iinikr  linn.  Magrmler,  Mfuly  intrvncbml. 
After  four  hours'  action,  the  Union  fi>rc«<* 
iH'iiig  exiioMi'd  ill  an  open  Ihdd,  <  Inn.  I'ieree 
oi'ih'ied  a  retreat,  whieli  was  made  In  good 
order,  a  loss  of  ItIO  men  having  bepii  siis- 
taiiii'd,  itirliidiiig  aniolig  the  deiul  .Miijor  The 
odore  Willi hrop,  aid  to  Oen.  Hiitler,  and 
l.ieiit,  John  T.  Oreille,  ef  the  LM  ii'giilitr  iir- 
tlllerv.  Ihliiiig  the  night  the  relifU  iKlieiiled 
to  \orktowji.  It'll  niili'H  up  the  reliilwiihi. 
On  the  lllth  August,  Oen.  Iliiller  wits  sue- 
eueded  in  his  eommaiid  by  Oeu.  WihiI.  I  lur- 
ing the  month  of  May,  Maryland  Heights, 
'  opositu  llar|Hir's  Ferry,  was  held  by  the 
I'l  Im'Is,  under  Oen.  Joseph  K,  Johnston;  and 
on  till)  lllth,  a  coiisideralihi  fori'e  of  relsils 
ap|M<areil  opponitu  WillianiNiiort,  apparently 
eoiitemplatiiig  an  invitsioii  ol  the  North,  On 
the  '.Mill  May,  the  ilay  of  the  Virginia  seees- 
sion  election,  10,000  Union  triHips  adviinced 
into  Virginia,  from  Wasliiiigton,  by  order  of 
l/iuut.-Oeii.  Hi'ott,  comiiiandiiig  there.  The 
lllllh  New  Vuik,  Col.  Corcoiaii,  seized  the 
juiii'liiiii  of  the  Orange  and  MaiiiiNsas  (tap 
KailidiKJM,  several  miles  westward  of  WhsIi- 
ingtiiii.  The  New  York  Fire  Zouaves,  under 
Col.  KIInWimIIi,  ptueei'ih'd  to  oeiupy  Alexilll- 
driiu  Observing  •  seuession  llag  Myiiig  from 
the  Marshall  House,  an  hotel  of  that  city, 
Col.  KIlHworlh,  with  four  men,  eiitured  and 
took  it  down.  On  his  return  down  the  stairs 
of  the  house,  he  was  shot  deail  liy  one  Jack- 
son, the  innkeeper,  who  was  in  turn  at  once 
killed  by  a  private  of  the  regiiiit'iil,  Frank  K. 
Browiicll. 

(leu,  Monowell,  commanding  on  tlio  right 
bank  of  thu  I'otoinuc,  now  occupied  severul 
weeks  in  fortifying  his  piwiliii;i  there,  F.arly 
in  June,  l.ieiit,  (',  II.  Tonipkijiu,  of  the  I'd 
regular  cavalry,  diihhed  into  the  villiige  of 
Fairfax  Court-lloUHe,  with  n  porlion  of  that 
force,  teinporarily  driving  the  (in.'iny  there- 
from,  with  a  Niimll  loss  ou  bu!h  sides.  On 
the  ITtli,  near  Vienna,  thirteen  miles  from 
.Mexandi'ia,  a  triiiii  upon  the  railwuvi  con- 
liiiningTOO  of  Col.  McCook's  1st  Ohio,  under 
(■I'll.  |{obt.  C.  Schenck,  was  rak«ld  by  a 
iniisked  battery  of  two  giiiiH,  planted  there  by 
Col.  Oregg,  commanding  I^OU  rebels.  Mouth 
(,'arolinians,  who  hud  started  that  morning 
from  Dranesville,  destroying  the  track.  The 
Ohio  men  at  once  sprang  from  the  cars  and 
formed  on  the  side  uf  the  track,  whereupon 
the  rebels  retreated  to  Fairfax  Court-JltiuKc, 
and  the  Unionists  then  returned  to  the  camp 
lit  Alexandria,  bringing  their  dead  and 
wounded,  twenty  in  nuinbi'i',  in  blunkets,  thu 
engineer  of  the  truin  having  at  the  outset  lied 
with  his  locomotive.  On  June  7th,  (Sen. 
I'utlerson,  with  l.'0,0(IO  men,  advniieeil  from 
( 'hambersbui'g,  I'a.,  to  HugeiKtiiwii,  ,Md.,  and 
Col.  Lewis  Wallai'o  took  posKessiou  of  Cum- 
berland and  lUimney.  (ten.  JohiiNton,  of  the 
I  reliels.  tbereiiDon  burned  the  bridge  at  I'oint 
I  of  Uocks.  ( )n  the  1 4tli  lie  evacuated  Harper's 
I  Ferry  and  retreated  to  Iveeslmrg,  Va.,  having 
lieatroye  '  the  costly  niilway  bridge  over  the 
rotomac  at  the  former  place,  and  also  the  ar- 
moi-y  and  sliops  thereof,  the  machinery  of 
which  he  had  previously  removed  co  Rich- 
nioiid.  On  the  Ifith,  Oon.  Thomas,  of  the 
Union  army,  crossed  the  Potomnc  at  Wil- 
lianiBjiort,  but  recrosswd  on  the  18lli,  Gen. 
I'atterson  still  remaining  at  Hiigei-stown ; 
whereupon  the  rebels  leturning,  entirely  de- 
stroyed  the   remaining  works    at  Harper's 


Ferry,  and  conicriptitl  all  th<*  ritim'tia  of  tiM 
neighlNirhoiMl.  On  July  'M,  Okh,  I'atlersiiai 
criHisiiig  the  I'otomae  at  Willianisiiort,  en- 
coiinteri'd  Ui'ii.  Jackson,  suliMHpiently  known 
as  "  Hlonewall,"  who  fell  Isiek  to  Hunker 
Hill,  which  plac«  was  ocriiiiird  on  \\\»  lAlh 
.liily  by  (Inn,  I'atterson  without  rislstaneii. 
Hut  on  the  17th,  the  latter,  from  want  of  uour> 
age,  eoniiiioii  Ki'luip,  er  hiyslly,  moved  away 
fiiiiii  the  uiiiiiiiy  ill  his  hunt,  niaicliiiig  to 
Charlestown,  twelve  miles  eaatrard,  and  |i«r- 
milting  Johnston  to  Ivaii  his  entire  coniiiiantl 
to  Manasaaii.  At  Charlustowr  bo  rvniained 
without  action  until  the  TIA  July,  when 
learning  the  disaster  of  Bull  Itun,  to  Imi  iirea- 
ently  chroniclml,  ho  hastily  ratrealed  lo  liar- 
|M'r's  Ferry,  where  ou  the  l!5th  liu  wan  iu|i«r> 
sedi'd  by  Uen,  Nath.  1',  Banks. 

()n  Tuesday,  July  lUlli,  Oen.  Tyler's  col- 
umn, the  advance  of  the  Union  grand  army, 
moved  towards  thu  enemy  to  Vienna,  and  ou 
Thursilay  reached  Centreville,  the  rnhels  re- 
tiring (juietly  before  it.  At  I  o'clock  I'.M., 
it  moved  three  miles  beyond  that  villiign  to 
itliiekburii's  Ford  on  Bull  Hun,  where  tlin 
ri'lsils  were  found  strongly  posted.  A  vigor- 
oun  iirtilleiy  conilict  now  took  place,  in  which 
a  Union  loss  of  H:|  and  a  relail  loss  of  (!H  was 
Nustained.  'i'he  UnioiiiHls  tiiially  drew  back, 
having  learned  that  the  main  rebel  army  waa 
iiohled  along  the  wiimlcd  valley  of  Bull  Klin, 
iiulf-way  laitwcen  Centreville  and  Manassas 
Junction,  and  purpum-d  to  remain  there. 
I  luring  the  IStli  and  lUlh,  the  Union  army 
was  concentrateil  near  the  ridge  on  which  ('eu- 
treviHe  is  situated.  On  Hatunlay,  the  L'Olli, 
three  days'  rations  were  distributed,  and  prif 
pill ul ions  made  to  move  on  the  enemy  at  3 
o'clock  on  thu  following  morning.  (ten. 
Beiiitregard,  comnuiiidiiig  the  rebel  forces,  was 
now  well  informed  by  Hynipatliizcrs  at  VVasli- 
ingtoii,and  within  the  Union  lines,  of  the  de- 
tailed intention  of  the  UnioiiistH,  and  was  re- 
inforced by  the  full  force  of  Oeii.  Jidinston'a 
Army  of  the  IShemimhiuh.  The  Union  order 
of  battle  was  to  menace  the  rebel  tight  by  an 
advance  of  the  1st  Division  on  the  Manassas 
road  from  Centreville  ;  to  make  a  more  seri- 
ous demonstration  un  the  road  running  wes- 
terly from  (.'I'litreville  to  Oroveton,  which 
crossed  Bull  Bun  by  the  Htunu  Bridge;  but 
to  make  the  main  attack  by  a  column  of 
l.'>,000,  composed  of  the  I'd  Division,  Oen. 
Hunter,  and  .3d  Division,  Oen.  lleintzelmuii, 
which  was  ordered  to  detour  to  the  right, 
croKsiiig  Cub  Bun  aud  Hull  Bun  at  the  ford 
of  Hudhy  Hpriiig,  thrtio  miles  above  thu 
Stone  Bridge,  thus  ti'liiing  the  rels'l  leftHlid 
throwing  it  upon  the  centre,  where  it  was  to 
be  flanked  by  the  1st  Division,  under  Iteii. 
Tyler,  crot^sing  the  Stone  Bridge  at  the  criti- 
cal moment.  The  0th  Division,  Gen.  Miles, 
wa>.  held  in  reserve  at  Centreville.  The  4th 
Division,  Gen.  Bunyon,  giiardeil  the  cunimu- 
nicatiou  with  Alexandria,  being  about  seven 
miles  from  C'entruville.  Gen.  Tyler,  in  front 
of  Stone  Bridge,  ojiened  with  his  artillery  nt 
(ij  A.M.,  with  reply  from  the  enemy.  Three 
hours  later,  Hunter's  advance,  under  Col, 
Biirnside,  crossed  at  Sudley  Sjiring,  and  after 
marching  a  mile  through  the  woods  down  the 
road  on  the  right  of  Bull  Kun,  it  reached 
some  clear  fields,  and  was  there  opened  upun 
by  the  rebel  artillery  and  infantry  frtim  the 
woods  in  its  front.  It  advanced,  fighting, 
being  folIowM  aud  Bupportcd  by  the  KHt  of 


irNITFD    iTATR«. 


Ilia  divlilon,  wlitvli  whn  ikiw  jiiihi<i|  nil  llnli'tt 
hf   lltiiiiUKliiiKii'ii.      Tliiw   I'liliiinii,  iilill   Kil> 
VMioliiK,  I'liiMiu'il  tliK   Wui'ii'iiliiii  riiH(l,  wlii'rn 
it  fciiiml  mill  iiiili'il  HIii'I'iiiiih'm  l)i'i)(itili<  of  'I'y- 
Inr'n   ilivininll,   iiiiil    mioii    iinti  ly    rlimi'il    tlm 
riMMl    »f    tliii    ii'Ih'I    iHitU'i'li'*   uihI    i'(');iiiii'iiU 
thiiro,  <'>iliuimti<lri|   liy  <)>'ii,   .1,    K,  •tuliiinton. 
(hii'iif  tint   iiiimt   t'lli'i'tivii    I'liiiiii   liiitli'i'ii'M, 
(Irilllii'n,  wiM  lii^'ii  iini'|iii>iiMl  liy  K  ikIhiI  ri'){i- 
niKiil,    tlircMi)(li    till)   iiiiHtiikn   of  tlm    liutto- 
ry'*  iitnut'i'ii,  will)  Imil  iiii|i|M>it«il  thuir  Hxiiail- 
■iiU  to  Im)  a    tfiiioii   f(irn>.       Tlirim  uttavki 
thereon  wiirn  i'ii|itilM'il,  howrvcr,  witli  iiiuoli 
■iMilKlitKr  oil  liotli  HJcli'ii,  unit  tlm  liiitti'ry  iitill 
ritiimiiiml   ui>L'ii|itiiri<il,  tlioiiKli  nil  ItN  liorNOH 
wi<i'u  killiiil.      At  5  P.M.  tliii  r<<l)('U  nltuiiiloiuxl 
thu    Wniritiitoii  ronil   to  tlm    I'nioii   troopK. 
Ui'U,  Tylur  now  |iiiiiliri(  Slicriiiiin'itiiiiil  l\^'\<'ti' 
bri){Kilui  uvitr   Hull  Uiiii,  ilriving  t|ii>  I'lit-iiiy 
iu   »   MiviMu    >'tiugglu,   mill    nil\aii('in){    till 
aliookdil   \\\f  A  linuvy  ai'tilli'iy  tirn   from   tlx'li' 
biittotiuH  on  till)  ll<<i^lll!1  iiIhivk  tlm  r(i:\<|,  \\\i\\\i 
wttro  •u|t|M>it<'i|   Ity    a   l>i'i^i\i|i>   tif   iul'antryi 
•trnngly   {iiintc.l     linliiiiil   biTUNtworkii,      Tliu 
8il   Mulnu  and  ll<l  CoMUM'ticiif,  liy  u  i(ull»iit 
cliitl'go,    tiinipoiiii'ily    t'lurii'd     tlm    liiiililingK 
wliiuli  Hticltori'il  tlm  ii'Ih'I  kiiiih,  luit  rfcoiixil 
fioiri  tlm  iiov(ii'«   tlrt<   IVom   llm   brtiitNtwiirkN, 
mill  miovimI  ildwii  tlm  Uiiii  unili'r  tliu  Hlmltc-r 
ul^  tlid  liluir,  t'iivi<i'iii)(  It  I'dii'ii  wIio  now  cf- 
foL'ti'il  tlm  rtmioviil  of  llm  (il)Mti'Uctiim»  pluL'tuI 
l>y  llm  i'uIh'Ih  ujion  llm  ruml  IVoni  tlii^  Htoim 
ltiiil);o.     At  tliiit  rrilioul  iiioiiu'iit,  nt  wliii'li 
llm  Union   triiiiii|ili   Mrcmi'il  iui'vititlilc,  (Icn, 
Kiiby    Hinitli,    willi   lu'uvy    riOicl     ii'lnforro- 
iiifiilH,  npjioiiri^il  on  ilic  liciil,  liaxin);  iiriivcil 
t'i'oin  I'iiMliniinl,  lil'ti'i'ii  niilcH  diHtuiit,  iiml  Ijc- 
iuff  cntiit'ly  iini'X|iiuti'il  liy  llm  rebels  llicin- 
tiilvtm.     iSniitli   iH'iii^    NJunlly   woumlril,  wun 
Riicrt'cili'il  in  (■(ininiunil  by  Col.  Arnolil  KUry, 
wlio  |iri'»H(!il  fiiiwaiil,  I'liildWi'il   by  liiu  I'lilim 
forcu  uf  tlio   now  conliili'nl  t'luiny.      Al'tri' 
tliii'levn  lioiii'H  of  m-M'i'ii  iictini',  not  having 
b('«n  onvi!  ii-inforciMl,  nml  havin)(  conliuniiily 
rneounti^rod  fi-cHli  rcbol  ri'^inii'iitH,  tint  Union 
fortTH  retroiitcil,  iind  Nlioitly  a  luinic  nnionK 
timin    uimni'il.     'I'lu!   fit'sli    bikllitlioiiii   of  llm 
Diioiiiy  ooiitiinmil  to  till  th«  wu<i<lii  on  llit^ir 
ri^lit,   cxliniilin^  rapidly  towai'dH   tbo   roiir, 
tiriuH  fi'oin  nnilor  cover,  niul  xuitining  by  their 
iIioIm  mid  cries  to  be  inninimriible.     Two  or 
three    of    llm    Union    rr'^iineulH   broke    mid 
riinlied  down   to  lliu  Jtiin,  piirnned   by  1,500 
rebel  cavalry  uinler  liicMit.-Col.  Hlniirt.     At 
this  Union  defent  on  lliu  right,  lien.  John- 
(iton  orihired  Oeii.  Kwell   to  iitlaek  the  left. 
Kwull  bein;<  received  by  tlm   2il  Union    brig- 
ade, C!ol.  T.  A.   DuviH,  with  u  heavy  tiro  of 
gnipo  and    caniHter,   preei|iiliilely  retreated; 
but  notwilliMtunding,  the  Uiiimi  panic  Hhortly 
becanto  general,  though  Ihe  enemy  failed    to 
follow   lip   their  advii'.lago   by  any  extensive 
pnrsnit.     Preceded    by    their    cavalry,    they 
crossed   Bull   Knn,  and   halted  on  distantly 
obHerving  the  Uiuon  Tilh  Uivision  drawn  upon 
the  slopo  west  of  Oentreville,  and  njion  which 
they  were  expected  to  advance.     They  Hhort- 
ly returned,  however,  to  the  wood8  tikirting 
Hull  Uun.     Night  soon  afterwards  closed  in, 
and   towanU    midnight,    under    peremptory 
orders  from    Oen.    MeDowtdl,   the  fith    Di- 
vision, which  had  now  Ixicome  the  rear-giiard 
of  the  Union  army,   commenced  its   retreat 
towards  Washington.      At  7   a.m.    of  Mon- 
day, the  22d,  the  last  of  the    Union   strag- 
gtera  and  wounded  loft  Ooutroville,  which  a 


ri'iMil    furca    of   oavtlrjr    ihortly    thrreaflur 
until  rnd, 

lien.  Mef)owidl  n>portml  tlm  ITninn  Iomti 
in  thin  Kligngi'iiii'nt  at  4H|  killed  and  l,0|| 
wounded,  but  made  no  r><port  nf  I  he  nniiilx'r 
of  lliu  foreeH  tiiadii  priNonerN.  <len.  Ileuiirn- 
gitrd  reporlcd  llm  rrlHd  Iom  at  'Jll'.)  killed  iiliil 
I,.'i:b1  woiiiide  I,  also  making  no  n  port  of  hU 
loNKeH  by  eitptiire,  lie  further  reporli'il  I,|ll0 
wiMindi'iJ  and  other  iiriNonerN  diNpatehud  by 
him  to  Itlehniond.  I'hn  Utiioniiilit  alwi  lout 
17  tield'pim-ea,  and  a  large  amount  of  iiniall 
ftrma,  aceontii'inentii,  and  munilion*.  Tlm 
foroim  engaKiwI  in  ihia  eonllict  wrrti  about 
'JA,IHH)  on  each  Ride  ;  a  hiigo  numlH-r  of  the 
triMipN  of  the  UnioiiiHlit,  however,  renmined 
in  inaction  throughout,  owing  to  the  inilM<eil- 
ily  and  link  of  pur|H>He  wliicli,  at  thiN  |hu  iod, 
prenidi'il  over  thu  military  coiinciU  of  thu 
I'nion. 

In  conxei|iienoo  of  thU  serious  defeat  of  the 
r  iiioiilHlH,  llm  rebellion  was  for  tlm  moment 
({i-eully  Hlreiiglhen(>d  and  consolidHted,  its 
nunibei'M  ill  tlie  liehl  were  iiiHlanlly  doubleil, 
while  the  Union  force  was  reduced  by  half, 
for  nioNt  of  llm  7^,000  three  monlhs'  voliin- 
teei'H  ipiilled  thu  servieii  on  the  expiration  of 
llieir  leriiiN  of  eiilislmenl,  within  the  follow- 
ing three  weeks,  A  few  weeks,  hoWi^ver, 
Hiilllced  to  ell'itee  this  disparity  ;  tlm  iialion 
rising  from  llns  defeat  to  a  Inm  appi-eeiation 
of  the  contesl,  swelled  its  forces  once  more  till 
they  exeeeileil  Ihose  of  llm  enemy,  who  in  llie 
meanwhile  exis'iided  in  exnllalion  liiiieh 
energy  which  might  have  liuen  Is'tler  used 
in  pii'paralion  for  thu  more  nerious  conHicIs 
yet  to  come. 

On  tlm  4111  of  July,  tho  .TTIh  Congress 
met  in  extra  Ncssion  and  continued  uiilil 
August  li.  Various  iiieasures  lo  aid  the 
( lovernment  in  ils  pniseculion  of  llie  war  were 
piiNNcd,  including  a  bill  to  call  mil  M)(l,00(i 
Volunteers;  one  iinlhnri/iiig  the  Heeretary  of 
the  Treasury  to  borrow  ()2.~il),IIIMI,0(MI ;  and  a 
bill  uonliscating  tlm  properly  used  for  in- 
siiriectioiuiry  purposes  by  persons  engaged  in 
rebellion,  and  eniiineipaling  all  slaves  whose 
labor  was  employed  in  aid  Ihereof.  Kesolu- 
tions  were  also  ado[itisl — expelling  certain 
meiiiberH  of  (,'ongress  from  the  tSlavu  States 
who  had  vacated  their  seats  and  lied  to  the 
Oonfederacy  ;  declaring  it  to  bo  no  part  of 
tlm  duty  of  the  Feih^ral  soldiers  to  capture 
and  return  fugitive  slaves  ;  declaring  tho  war 
to  be  maintained  by  the  Union,  to  defend  thu 
CoiiHtitution  and  preserve  the  Union,  and  not 
to  overthrow  or  interfere  wilh  the  rights 
or  established  institutions  of  tho  Houthern 
Hiates ;  and  declaring  it  to  be  tlm  lixeil  de- 
terminalion  of  the  people  and  Slates  in  Con- 
gress represented,  to  maintain  the  war  for  tho 
supremacy  of  the  Uovornment,  until  all  rebels 
thereto  shoulil  submit. 

One  of  llm  particular  consequences  of  the 
Hull  Uun  defeat,  however,  was  the  strength- 
ening of  the  relxd  army  iu  Missouri.  Having 
been  early  in  May  invested  with  unlimited 
authority  by  the  Legislature,  0(^.  Jackson 
organized  a  largo  army  of  rebels,  as  u  State 
force,  api>oiiiting  Sterling  Price  nmjor-gcnerul 
thereof.  Fearing  an  attack  from  the  Federal 
force  gathering  at  St.  Louis,  Jackson  and 
Price  started  therefrom  westward  with  their 
foUowers,  reaching  lioonoville  on  tho  18th 
of  Juno.  The  Union  (!en.  Lyon  and  his 
army  reached  llockport,  opposite  lioouuville, 


shortly  aflOTwanla.  Two  or  (krM  tliottMui4 
raw.  undiaeipUnMl  trmipa  ww*  kw*  MtkurtJ 
in  the  rokMl  camp,  ouniinand*<l  by  dol,  Mar* 
madiiko.  At  (li<n.  Lyon'a  unaipaolad  ai** 
proach,  Jarki4in  ordermi  thoaa  forces  to  M 
ilislmndrii,  but  Marmailukii,  dnlonnlnMl  to 
llgbt,  mat  Lyon  ailvancing  from  Iha  landing; 
and  was  routvd  by  hint,  losing  two  gum  ana 
mucn  camp  eipiipngii.  Jackson  now  liatl  ta 
Warsaw,  NO  uiilui  loiithwest.  llara  ha  WM 
reiuforuntl  by  Col.  O'Kans,  who,  on  tha  )8tll 
June,  had  surprimd  and  routed  •  half-orgMH 
ixKd  reglinont  of  Unionists,  undar  Oapt, 
(.'ook,  at<.'amp  (.'uln,  lA  miles  distMit.  Oa 
tho  .id  July,  having  rrtroatad  to  Losingtoiit 
li»  was  further  iuined  by  Uen.  Prica,  with  kit 
forci'N,  amounting  in  all  to  3,600.  Baln| 
pursued  by  l^on,  they  at  once  ratreatcd  33 
miles  into  JaH|>«r  County,  where,  on  th« 
morning  of  tho  4th,  they  were  confronted  by 
a  Union  force  of  I,n00  under  Col.  Fra"! 
Sigrl.  The  latter  finding  tho  rubels  superior 
in  niinibern  and  in  cavalrr,  but  inferior  ia 
artillery,  by  principally  using  thu  latter  on 
his  side,  inllicteil  great  damage,  and  reoeived 
very  little.  After  thron  or  four  hours,  th< 
enemy  llankod  him  right  and  left  with  ravalrjr, 
and  compelled  him  to  retreat  three  wiles  t4 
his  unprolecteil  baggnge  train.  At  Dry 
Fork  Creek  hn  routed  a  strong  cavalry  fur', 
which  hud  been  mussed  in  his  front,  and  tliei 
cnnlinned  to  Carllmgo  and  ihrncn  to  Hap 
coxie,  ilfleen  miles  eastward.  The  UnioB 
loss  in  this  uHitir  was  l:(  killed  and  31 
Wounded  ;  that  of  Ihe  reliels  40  killed  and 
IlT)  wouniled.  The  enemy  iHiing  now  reia 
forcetl  by  sevurul  thousand  Arkansas  an* 
Texas  troops,  under  Uens.  Mc(Jullocb  and 
I'earce,  (leii.  Higel  ciuitinuud  his  retreat  tc 
Springtleld,  where  he  was  joined  on  the  lOtI 
by  lien.  liyon,  who  iissiimed  roninisnd. 

Col.  Hniitli,  with  a  Union  force,  on  tht 
lUtli,  at  I'almyru,  attacked  and  routed  th< 
rebel  (ten,  Harris  of  Norlh-eustern  Missouri 
who  was  engageil  in  destroying  the  Hannibal 
and  St.  Joseph  Huilroad,  and  in  guerilla 
raids  upon  tlm  ]iroperly  uf  the  Unionists, 
On  the  liOlh  July,  tlm  State  Convention  ro 
asseiiibh'd  at  Jelbirson  C'ity,  declared  tha 
chief  oHices  of  the  State  (lovernment  vacated 
by  thu  treasonable  acts  of  Iheir  occupants,  und 
elected  Hamilton  It.  Oumlde,  Oovernor;  W, 
P.  Hall,  Lieutenant-!  Jovernor;  and  Mordecal 
Oliver,  Secretary  of  State ;  which  procevdiugf 
were  in  the  ibllowing  November  ratitietl  by 
the  peojile.  On  A  ugust  Uth,  tho  ejected  Gov. 
Jackson  undertook  to  issue,  by  the  virtue  of  his 
otfic(>,  a  Declaration  of  lnde|iendnnoe,  assert* 
ing  therein  the  political  connection  of  th« 
Slate  of  Missouri  with  the  Federal  Union 
to  have  been  dissolved  by  the  recent  acts  of 
tho  latter;  ami  on  tho  31st  October,  ha 
further  undertook  to  form  an  alliance  be* 
twoen  this  State  and  the  Southern  Confed- 
eracy, transferring  all  the  military  force  and 
material  of  thu  former  to  the  executive  of 
tlie  latlar. 

On  tho  Ist  of  August;  Oen.  Lyon  hearing 
that  tho  enemy,  largely  reinforced,  were  ad- 
vancing upon  him  at  S])ringfield,  in  two  strong 
bodies  from  the  south  and  west,  and  resolv- 
itig  to  strike  the  southern  column  before  ft 
junction  of  the  two  was  eifected,  set  out 
from  Springfield  with  6,.'>00  infantry,  400 
cavalry,  and  18  guns.  At  Dry  Springs  h» 
oucouutcred  and  routed  »  detachment  of  tha 


;t 


niSTORT   Of  Till 


^i: 


I 

! 


mmjr,  iin4«r  MtCulltMh,  who  ihim  mofwil 
bit  furoM  WMiWAitl  mhI  Jiiin«ii  Iha  oihor  iwImI 
auliinin. 

Lynn  lh»u  rxliiriiml  In  r<|irliii(flii|il.  (>n 
tint  Uh,  th»  mioiiiY,  riMunmiuloil  \>y  I'ri*  •*,  ar- 
rlvml  al  Wllanti'n  ('rM<k,  t«ii  mtli'*  lumtli  of 
H|irinKtt**l<l>  )>••  th«  Uth,  l.y<iii  wlvitnoml  frimi 
lliv  Ull<-r  (lUiw  with  liU  timlii  forcK,  Imvdiii 
•••ni  HtK«li  wtlli  l,'i(MI  timii,  to  UMiii  ilii<  rolNil* 
r««rbv  Ihrtrrliiht,  Oii  thn  lOlli,  Hn- wnm  tliii« 
iiiinn'Hi  liutli  ii|H)ii  til*  rvlMil  fniiit  »ii<l  rKnr. 
llltt  t  iiainty  mt  llrat  (avu  wny  iH'fiirn  th«  iiiuoi- 
pMtntl  citttrRs  of  Higul,  but  |i>-i<w*titl/,  bviiitf 
VMilr  uMparior  in  nuiiiboni,  ntUckfil  liim  witK 
iwo  WtloriM  Mill  •  Uripi  foiiw  of  iiifwntry, 
Minting  kia  oommantl  to  Ay  in  fitiifiiiiioii,  miU 
taaaiUnn  it  with  Urns  biMllnii  uf  ■'•viUry,  liy 
whiok  •  ItiM  of  H(M>,  twi>-thirilii  nf  tbn  wholn 
furon,  WM  RiiNtniiiiHl.  Ukii.  Lyon,  lii  tbi< 
mi<antlni«i,  hii>l  u|mmiihI  hi*  Imttt'iUm  in  fniiit 
with  RnMt  xHikU,  ami  hi*  iiifuntry  ri'|H<atiM|ly 
tlrovn  Inu-Ii  tlin  rfilmla  in  <li»unii>r,  wbo  wpr« 
aa  oltun  lalliml  l>y  th«ir  ninunra,  aimiii'iHl  liy 
thixuiwriority  of  tn)-ir  niiMiborii.  Ui<n.  I<yitn, 
havliiK  iMwn  twicM  wimiultol,  waa  liill«t<l  by  a 
tkiril  bulixt  aa  lin  waa  hrriiiriklly  b«tliiiK  a 
bayunrt  cbargn  of  th«  3ii  Kaiiiuw,  wboiiit  coni- 
■laniling  ulNurr,  (!ol.  Mituliull,  liail  |iri<viiiiiitly 
f.kll<<n,  Novitraly  wouiiiloil.  Hbortly  aftci'  thi< 
ilaath  of  (}i<ii.  Lyon,  tb«  nnaniy,  wlio  hiiil  ro- 
traatiMl,  •iiiiilimly  ri>a|)|)i>aniil,  ami  a  ilnriMi 
•ucitgeniiint  tuuli  plnoe  along  thn  I'litim  liiin. 
AA<>r  many  re|iuliH«,  tl  •  i'vIwIh  Hiiatly  rtml  in 
wild  :oiifiii<ion.  Tbe  Hiiiiiiuiiition  of  thn 
Union  forran  having  iMion  itxhitimtiMl,  niiii  the 
tiding!  uf  the  rout  of  Co\,  Hi)(i'l  biivin)(  ar> 
rivad,  a  r«trf<at  of  tho  UniunUtH  to  Si>iing- 
fiald  waa  uril«r<H|,  In  thiN  runiui'tcubln  t>n- 
gagninmit,  in  wbivh  3,7(1*)  Unioiiiittit  iwHiiilud 
fur  nix  boum  thn  imniiiy  niinilxiriiig  23,000, 
of  whom  I4,(K)0  wei'ci  wttll-uriiivd  and  wt>ll-dii^ 
«iiilin«d  trooiMi,  tbe  Union  Iohm  waa  2'.'ll  Icilli'd, 
721  wouiidml,  and  3Uli  iiiiiutiii;; ;  I  lint  of  thu 
•neiny  303  killotl,  HOO  wouiiilnd,  and  •10  uiiwt- 

8|>ringn«)ld  lM>ing  unfortittrd  mid  olhorwiMt 
MUtouikblo,  the  Union  fnrcici,  on  Ihn  l!)tli 
Auguitt,  HVuouatLxi  it  niid  i-<>iii,'Iiim1  Itollit 
uninoliMited.  Ucn.  FriMiiont  now  uHHUiiiud 
eoiumand  of  the  W<>Kti>m  I  >i'|)iii'tiiioiit.,  over 
which  a  force  of  AA,<ti)3  men  wan  icttttoivd, 
confronting  furiiiidubli*,  and  uftoii  Rupt^rior, 
numltcra  of  rebeU.  He  prooui-di'd  to  t'urtify 
St.  IjouM,  Cit|>a  Uii'ui'ileau,  ironton,  Kplla, 
and  Jolferaiin  City.  On  the  Slxt  AiigiiHt  he 
imuf'd  a  general  onler,  in  which  lie  luenior- 
ably  declared  the  davea  of  the  rubolii  to  be 
free.  Oen.  Piice,  having  Hii|iiii'at(id  from 
Uen.  McC'ulloch  and  hiH  forroa,  moved  north- 
ward from  Sjirinj^liuid  and  ii|i|Hiar(id  before 
Lexington  on  the  Ilth  8e|itonibur.  Ileru  he 
WM  joined  by  Uen.  Ifarrix  from  tho  north 
aide  of  the  river,  and  by  rcinforcenicnta  Hnd 
volunteerH  from  all  directioiiH,  until  Iiih  force 
•mounted  to  about  25,000,  with  13  giiuH. 

On  a  bill  north-eoHt  of  the  city.  Col.  Mul- 
ligan, at  the  head  of  2,780  Union  Moldiora, 
With  ba>-ely  40  roinidx  of  umniunition,  ha<l 

Coated  hiiniielf.  Ho  was  at  onco  cannonaded 
y  the  rebel*,  but  no  geiiurul  luwaiilt  wuh 
niade  upon  him.  On  the  17th,  he  was  cut 
off  from  the  river  and  deprived  of  water,  Have 
that  of  accideutal  raibH.  Tho  rationn  and  am> 
munition  now  became  xhort,  while  the  rulwlH 
made  four  chargeM,  but  without  success.  On 
tiw  18th,  Capt.  Olooaon,  with  a  small  band,  in 


a  bnrole  lally  rvUiok  abiM|iil«l  whUdi  hail  bm>i> 
■hortly  bafura  napturmi  by  iha  ri'U<l«,  ami 
front  lliai  roof  and  bHinmy  of  whii'h  Ihetr 
■barimbiHilers  bail  |Hiurml  a  ilcadly  IUm  wllliiii 
the  iJiiioti  iii(r<<iii'hni<'tit».  On  llif*  '.'Olh  lli« 
relHiU  Millfil  up  a  liii»  of  h«tiip  liali'*,  lOyiinU 
long,  t4i  within  ten  r<>iU  of  thx  gairlwiii.  'I'lin 
MluMMiri  llomx  (limiil,  t'luinliliilliig  a  gmid 
|M)rtliiii  of  .Miijligun'ii  fiiri'i'H,  now  limMiiuliig 
dUpiriti'd,  tlii'ii'  i'o|iiii<<l  liHviiig  Imh  II  kitliiil, 
iiitlnid  within  (hn  linn  of  thn  liinnr  intrxin  b 
nieiita  and  ntlwd  a  wliiin  Hag,  at  whii'h  tbi> 
ri'beU  peaw<il  tiring.  Cid.  Mulligan  and  a 
■■ouiicil  of  ortlenra  tiiKn  deciilml  lo  aiirrxndi'i 
I'liK  Union  bNM  in  thin  atiair  waa  4t)  kill.  .| 
and  130  woun<l(<d  ;  that  of  the  t'oiiri'dcratrn, 
about  tint  iiaiiin.  Tbn  triHi|Hi  wlii>  It  liiut  Imhui 
ilixpatehioi  IVom  tlill'iTent  i|imrli'rK  liy  (I><n. 
Kremoiit  lo  reinfon-n  t'ol,  Mulligan,  fuilnl 
to  reai-h  him,  having  iHten  di'layeil  by  raiuii  or 
Imd  roadit,  or  the  confrontation  of  auiiurior 
ndM'l  forciiN. 

Oen.  Price  now  retrral^'d  to  thn  louth- 
went,  and  on  tho  37th  HnptemlHir  Ufu.  Krn- 
moiit  left  Ht.  l<ouii  in  pumuit.  I'lim  akil- 
fully  continued  bin  tllglit  to  Neonlio,  in  thn 
KDUth-went  corner  of  the  Htttle,  where  he  fniiiiil 
Ooveriior  Jitcknon  and  a  part  of  tbn  old  ling- 
iNlntiirn,  wbo  now  formiilly  iiaMmd  an  ordi- 
iiiuien  of  ancwaalon.  Onii.  tminont  having 
reuelied  Tipton,  there  spent  somn  time  in  or- 
giinl/iiliun.  'llie  roud*  were  now  nxcemively 
IiimI  from  the  autumn  ruins,  and  Iiih  urmy, 
some  :I0,00()  men,  iiicliiiling  5,000  cavalry 
iiinl  HO  guns,  wan  illy  provided  with  means 
of  trniiNportution ;  but  on  thn  I7tb  OetolH*r 
he  moved  to  Wtmaw.  On  the  iMst,  the  rebel 
<ien.  ilell'.  TbompMoll  was  overpowered  nt 
Frederiektown  by  superior  Union  forces, 
anci  after  two  hours'  lighting,  llud,  hotly  pur- 
siieil,  and  leaving  00  dead. 

On  tho  3Uh  t)ctober,  Miynr  White,  who 
led  the  iidvnnce  uf  Oen.  Fremont's  army,  ami 
who  Imd  recaptured  l^'xingtaui  on  thn  l(!th, 
without  loss,  taking  70  priiioners  and  releas- 
ing a  iiuiiiIh'i  of  Unionists  captured  with  Mul- 
ligan, was  joiiu'il  near  HpriiigfluKI  by  Major 
/agiuiyi,  of  tbn  Fremiuit  lloilv-Ouard,  who 
aNsumed  eonimainl  ancI  resolveil  to  capture 
that  place  the  iiextdav.  The  two  coniiiiaiidH, 
numbering  about  300  men,  found  1,'JOO  in- 
liintiy  and  400  liorsn  posted  and  prepared  for 
them  on  a  hill  on  the  outskirts  of  Hpringlield. 
Upon  these  /ugonyi  ut  once  charged,  losing 
suvnnty  im-n  ere  hu  could  striku  a  blow.  He 
soon,  however,  caused  the  rnlsd  force  to  scat- 
ter in  Might  through  the  curn-ttelds  in  the 
rear,  and  a  greater  part  of  them  having  taken 
refiign  in  tho  village,  were  then  ilriven  there- 
from with  great  slaughbT.  Shortly  after- 
wards the  other  Union  forces  arrived  ut  this 
place. 

On  November  2d,  Oen.  Fremont  was  uii- 
wisoly  suiievsedod  in  his  command  by  Oen. 
Hunter,  und  his  body-guard,  though  enlisted 
for  three  ynars  and  compoaed  of  tho  very 
best  material,  were  soon  afterwards  niust4-red 
out  of  seAioe  by  order  of  Qen.  McClullun, 
who  hud  now  Buccceded  Qen.  Bcott  in  tbe 
chief  command  at  Washington.  Fivo  days 
after  Gen.  Hunter  hud  asHumed  command, 
by  orders  also  emanating  from  Washington, 
Springlield  was  unnecessarily  abandoned  by 
tbn  Union  army,  which  retr"ated  to  Itulla. 
TluH  movement  disheartened  thu  Uiiionista 
and  elated  the  rebels  of  all  Suutberu  Misaouri. 


On  Nuv»mlN>r  I'Jlh,  (l..n.  Henry  W.  lUlteck 
*u«i««di»d  to  the  coinnmnd  uf  lk«  MImouH 
l^'iKirtnieiit. 

Tha  Ia'i  ilatura  of  Keiitoehv,  whii  h  met 
on  HaptemU-i  3,  was  strmigly  Union  In  char- 
stiler,  ami  proenmled  at  onca  to  re|>aM  ovnf 
thn  (liivernor's  valo,  a  bill  dimeting  him  t« 
order  by  iins'laiiiation  the  Confetlerate  Iristpa 
eneampetl  in  Keiilui'ky  to  ile>  «nip  iniineoi- 
itlely,  Oen.  Xolllniirer,  ■lotiiliialidilig  lh« 
i-vImiI  forces  in  I'iasI  Teiiiieiisi'<%  hiwl  advancad 
thi'oiiKli  CumU'rland  Oiip  iiitii  Kniitiickv  for 
ihii  pur|iosn  of  cutting  ulf  from  that  loyal 
|Nirticui  of  Tenneaaaa  all  iHjuiiniiiiicatiou  with 
the  loyal  Htate* ;  and  n  largn  relsil  fore* 
under  Oen.  llishop  l<aoniitaa  I'olk  hehl  and 
waa  fortifying  strong  |HHiitions  on  the  aaal 
bank  of  the  Mississippi  at  lliaknian,  Cbalk 
llliitTs,  and  Columbua.  (leii.  UlysaasH.  (Jraiil, 
ooninmiiding  at  (!airo.  III.,  now  oocuiiiud 
I'aducab,  on  the  strntli  bank  of  the  Ohio,  tliers 
being  III  niibm  distant  a  ( 'onfednrat**  foron  of 
3, HOU  strong,  Oen.  Itobt,  Anderson  assumed 
coninianil  nt  liouiivillu  of  the  l)e|i«i'tinenl  of 
Kentucky,  HnptemlM-r  30th,  and  the  orgaiw 
i»klion  of  Union  volunteers  rapidly  pro- 
ceeded. ^<trotig  bills  and  resolutions  in  aid 
of  thn  pioseoution  of  thn  war  sgainat  tk« 
rebels  wno  now  passed  by  thn  Htute  I^egisla- 
turn.  On  tbe  lUlli,  /olllcoller  advanciMl 
tu  liarboursville,  Ky.  A  large  number  of 
prumineiil  sympathixnis  with  the  rebidlion, 
natives  of  the  Htate,  including  ex-Vicn-l'iVKt> 
dent  John  (.',  Ilreckiiiriilge,  now  escaped  to 
the  Houthnrn  ('onfederucy,  and  openly  gava 
in  their  mlhesion  thereto, 

(leii,  W,  T.  HberniKii,  ouily  in  Octobi-r, 
succeeded  Oen.  Anderson  in  conimalid  of  lliia 
diHtriet,  and  shortly  iiifornied  the  Federal 
Ooveriiment  that  3(N),000  men  were  necns- 
sary  to  bold  Kentucky,  Is-ing  deceived  as  to 
thu  strength  of  the  iuImiIh  there  in  urms,  who 
wei'o  then  not  uver  40,000,  On  October 
I'lht,  ZollicoU'er,  with  a  coiiKiderulile  force, 
attacked  the  Unionists  oiguniziiig  at  Ciinip 
Wildcat,  under  Oen.  HcbiM-nf  Though  su- 
perior in  nuinbei'H,  the  lelM'ls  were  repulsed 
und  ilriven  away.  A  portion  of  tho  rebel 
army  under  Oen.  I'ollc  wiis  encamped  at 
llelnioiit,  on  the  Missouri  side  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, o|>|iosite  Columbus.  <  >u  November 
<!th,  with  2,H&0  lllinoisaiis,  (leii.  Orunt 
moved  down  the  •■ivir  in  four  Nleumboata 
uiMm  this  forcu  ut  IWImont.  Fighting  with 
great  galluntry,  the  Unionists  carried  and 
lirud  tho  enemy's  cump,  capturing  s<>veral 
guns  iind  driving  thu  rebels  over  the  blulT  to 
the  river.  Oen.  I'olk  now  trained  some  of  the 
heavy  guiiH  of  Col'iiiibus  upon  thu  victuii- 
oils  (jnioiiistH,  and  sent  n,000  men  to  the  aid 
of  his  routed  fugitives.  Though  largely  out- 
numimrod,  the  UnimiiHlH  successfully  cut  their 
way  back  through  tliese  fresh  troops  to  the 
boats,  bringing  off  all  their  own  guns,  with 
two  captured  from  tho  rebels,  losing  two 
caissons,  and  400  men  killed,  wounded,  and 
taken  prisoners.  In  this  action,  Oen. 
Grunt's  horse  wus  shot  under  him.  The  en- 
tire relwl  loss  was  about  HOO, 

On  the  Oth  Noveinbor,  Oen,  William 
Nelson,  coninianding  the  Union  forces  in 
Eastern  KiMitucky,  tirove  out  of  I'iketon  a 
considerublo  rebel  force  under  Col,  John  8. 
WillianiH,  nnd  caused  them  to  retreat  as  far 
iia  Pound  Oup,  with  inconsiderable  loss,  how- 
e vw,  on  either  aide.     The  hopes  of  th#  heroio 


nalnniiiU  ilif  Knat  TcnnMiaM),  «rn«iMNl  hy  ihiwK 
MMrii>iwMi»,    WKM    klmrlly   ilmilr<iyi«|    dy    tlin 

rillllUK  of  (li'il.  H<  lill(>|if,  riiliiniill|i||||((  llli' 
I'liiiMi  itrriiv  III  friiiit  nf  /iillli'iiHi'i.  I.nl 
t>i  (M'lirvii  {tint  Kii  ii«i'r«)ii>liiiiii|{  < 'iiiifi-iliMuli' 
fi'riiiw<4  rtihii  'Hit  ft'iiiii  ilowlliiK  llraaii  h) 
tlitiik    III*   rtriht,  li"    liiinlily  iIimI   In  llm   Ulilii, 

•  ml    Idfl    Kllal    'I'l'lllll'IMIIM'    III    llIT    I'lllx, 

On  tliK  IMtli  Niivi'iiiin'r,  iIik  .Si'i'i'uiniiUlN 
nf  tliK  HUlii  lii'M  Ik  riiiivi'iitiMii  III   KiiKfii'lvilli', 

IiixitiM  It'll  liy  llm  l'i>tifi'ili'iiili>  i'iiiii|i  itl.  Iliiwl 
UK  (tri'r-ll,  iiiu'l  iir|{it»i<i'il  »  I'liivlNiniiikl  Oiiv- 
crillllfllt,  wlix'll  llli'luill'll  A  l<|n-l'i>'ll  of  l^'Kinlu- 

tUd  ('iii)hi'il.  Olio.  W.  Jiiliiiiiiiti  will  il.'niK- 
iMtKii  M  Oiivnriiiir  by  llinin,  •ml  coiiiniiit- 
iliiiiiin  to  nuKnlUtu  fur  thn  mliiiiimiim  nf 
Kvntiii'ky  into  tlia  (''imri'ilnriii'y  wtini  nlwi 
•p|Miiiit<<<l  ;  •ml  ihorlly  KftcrwunU  ii  full 
ildliiKtttliili  fnilii  lliU  HtMtn  wiM  iiilliilUmI  In 
Ihn  ('<inftH|nr»t«  roiiKn'iui,  ImviiiK  Imwii  >lioiH>n 
tlii<roto  liy  thn  •iNiviiMiiil  ('oiitu-il. 

Oil  thn  lit  Jiiii«,  R  miiiill  iirivitli'iT,  tli« 
>S[|»(ifi(li(A,  <i|iiili>il  tliu  Fi'Uiirnl  bliii'kiiili'i'ii  at 
riiiirlmton,  H.  (<'.,  kiiiI  fitlliiiK  in  with  •  Nnrth- 
•rii  mi<rch«iitiiiitii,  ca|itui'ii<l  her.  <  >ii  thn 
Minn  tUy,  ulMiirvin|{aiioth«r  vtmmil,  whirli  nIi<< 
•npiuMMiil  to  Im  luiotlitir  tncrrhiintiimn,  nIih 
nmiU  ull  lutil  tlitiriito,  ttiid  iliHooviTcil,  wIiimi 
too  Ii4l«,  that  iihn  wuN  iiitili<r  thii  K<iii"  »f  thn 
V.  M.  hrin  l^rn/;  ithortly  iiiirrnii(li<i'in){,  tlio 
niiui  anil  olDrKrH  wuru  ili'i«|iuti>linil  to  Nt.'W 
Viiik  ill  thn  vi'Ks.l  riicKtilly  tlinir  own,  niul, 
afti'r  luimn  iiiti<iiiii>ii  on  llm  jiurt  of  llix  Kol- 
mil  •iithoritii'N  lo  try  tiiKin  hn  iiimliw,  huiI 
ihi'iiutN  of  rntnliittioii  by  I'ri-Niilriit  ItiiviH, 
thoy  worn  iiltiinatiily  oxi'hnngi'il  on  iiriooui'iN 
•)f  wur  Two  iiioulliH  liili'i',  tho  /'ftrtil,  f'or- 
iiii'rly  tli«  U.  H.  nivfiiuii  i'uth>r  Aikrn,  Ixi- 
triiyml  to  Hoiitli  Ciiroliiia  by  hi-r  oltii'xi'H  nt 
ihii  coniiiiniii-omciit  of  llm  I'l'bi'llion,  run  out 
frumtlicHHiiin  hnrlMir,  iiiiiIhIioiIIv  ciicoiiiiti'mil 
tliii  KuiilxMt  St.  Lninrmiv.  MiNtiikiiiK  tliu 
lattoi  for  H  mprchiintiiiuii,  thi>  |irivuti'iir  Mrcil 
»t  hnr.  Thn  .SV.  Lnwrrncn  iit  otn'ii  mihwitimI 
with  R  broitiUiiln,  which  Kiink  thn  priviUnnr 
with  (Ivii  of  hnrcrow.  Thn  rniniiiinlcr,  thirty- 
nix  in  iiiiiiilH>r,  wiirc  iiickml  up  niitl  Hniit  to 
Fort  MilHii,  on  tho  ihtluwitnt,  hm  priHorinrH, 
On  Jiino  3((th,  thn  Nlnuin  priviitiMir  Siimirr 
run  thu  blot^kitiln  of  Nnw  OrlniiliN,  iiiul 
■hnrtly  ci»|)turu(l  tlftvou  inurclmiitinnn  in  thn 
WiMt  Iniha  wutiu-.i.  At  thu  llritiHli  port  of 
MuMHuu  Hhu  WHH  promptly  fnriiiNhnd  with  Kiip- 
plinit,  BntI,  aft<>r  •  oontiiiiinil  hiicci'hn,  llrialiy 
nntnred  tho  liritiih  hiirbor  nf  (■iliriiltnr. 
Tho  U.  tj.  gualuutt  Timrdrmrn,  anchornd 
in  tlio  Spuniiih  port  of  Al^niiirAM  oppoHitn, 
with  the  Kenrtunit  giiccniulin};  linr  in  tho 
wiitih,  held  thn  privatnm-  thnro  until  thn  Con- 
fuJni'utu  otHenm  nbundonnd  hnr,  mid  procnndnd 
ti)  Liverpool  to  take  chaigu  of  a  bettor  Htniinipr, 
tho  Alahntrnt,  which  hod  thorn  b<'nn  cim- 
Rtructed  for  theConfodoriicy.  Tho  privateer 
MaNhvillo  aUo  Mucceeded  in  rnnning  out 
of  CharloHton,  and,  after  bnrnin;;  an  A  innri- 
can  inuruhantumn  in  liritiHh  wutoi-H,  ran  into 
Buuthampton,  whore  thu  Ti'm'nrora  then  wan, 
but  thn  latt«r  waH  coinpullod  to  remain  twonty- 
four  hours  after  tho  dopaituru  of  thu  former, 
who  thug  oHcaped. 

On  August  2fit,h,  1801,  Qon.  B.  F.But- 
ler sailed  from  FortroHs  Monron,  in  command 
of  a  largo  military  forco,  accompanied  by  Com. 
8iliia  8tringhani,  commanding  a  commen- 
iurato  iMval  forco.  Arriving  at  Uatteras 
Inlet,  tho  eatranoo  to  Pamlioo  idouud,  on  the 
87 


FKITKn    IITATRH, 

'Jf'lh,  hn  iiriM-orileil  to  iMimtMnI  th«  mbi'l  forta 
IUtt4<n)a  and  t'lark,  dvfmidml  by  7lHM'im> 
I'.'ilnittli'*,  under  Coin.  lUrroii,  Uln  of  th* 
r.  H.  Nitvy.  On  ihn  nioriiliiK  of  th«  'JlMh 
llm  latlxr  mirreiideieil,  7  l>1  prlwinern,  '.'(V  can- 
null,  mill  l,IHH)  rIiiiiiI  of  ariiiii  Im'|ii|(  taken. 
I'or  Keveral  ilitVN  lie niifler,  bloekiide-riiiilietN 
I'lolll  vaii<illili|llill'(ei  K,  rlllerillg  the  inlet.  Were 
ilUi)  I  upliireil.  I,.ile  in  MepteniluT,  lliM  'JDlh 
liiili.iiin  ''ill  tlinwii,  of  the  I'niiiu  IriiopH  nl 
lialleraH,  on  iipieil  * 'hii'Hinii'oniii'o,  niioi'  fif 
leen  lllilu*  llni  ill  eitnl  iif  Ihn  inlet.  On  H<'|h- 
lenilH'r  '.Mllh,  whiln  prnii'i'iliiig  lhr(>U){li  the 
Sonnd,  thn  I'liimi  «leainer  A'oiniy,  loaded  wil  li 
Ktoren,  wn*  capliii-rd  by  thmi  armed  Ktraineiii 
from  thn  iiiitinUiiil ;  and  iihortly  after,  t'ol. 
Ilrown  diHeovei  ing  llvo  rwbtd  ateiunnra  omrr- 
giiig  from  ( 'roataii  Hound  to  atlar^  him,  do- 
Ktroyeil  hid  eaiiip  and  iiitfle  a  rapid  march  to 
the  lUtleriM  l,it(lithoiiM',  with  a  |i>m  of  M) 
NtruggleiH  iiinile  priminerit.  In  th»  ineantinin 
hilt  'oiirii'r  hiwl  reni'hed  the  forln,  aiel  the 
Itnloli  uleiiin  fiigitteH  ■Viiwyi>i</iii/iiiit  and  .Vniil 
Mil)  Were  dinpatehed  on  thn  oeeiiii  Miile  rtf  llie 
iitland  to  hill  relief,  while  Col.  Ilawk\fiilitlarteil 
from  the  fort*  with  iiix  eonipaninaof /oiiaveN 
for  thn  «cenn  of  in'tion.  Thn  MontiffUn 
o|H'ned  upon  the  r<'lie|  foreeit  with  Rhelln, 
which  ciiuiw'd  them  to  tiee,  panic  Ntricken. 
The  land  iMiiiig  leu*  than  a  mile  wide  lietweeti 
the  oceiin  and  th«  Sound,  aiforded  tlii>m  iir) 
place  (if  Hafety,  and  the  Hlaiighter  wan  im- 
nn  nxe.  The  lli  iiig  waN  thua  conlinned  until 
\\\\t,\\i  N<*t  in,  whon  thn  nlwla  le-einbarked. 
The  ainoiint  of  their  Iunm  )iun  never  been  an- 
certiiined. 

On  the  night  of  HeptemlxT  l.llh,  an  ex|in- 
dilion  from  thn  thig-Kliip  Coliirailn,  Com, 
Merviiie,  of  thn  Oiilf  blorkieling  Nipnidron, 
boarded  the  relwl  privateer  ./i/i/rtA  in  rmiMt- 
cola  harlmr,  tired  iinil  Hciittled  her,  with  a 
limit  of  ;i  killeil  anil  \2  woiitided.  On  the 
night  of  thtiiber  Dili,  a  Confederatn  forco 
from  I'eniiacola  Niirpriiied  and  dcHtroyeil  thn 
camp  of  tho  Otii  N.  V.  (NViUon'a  /lOiiaveH), 
about  two  inilea  from  Fort  l'ickeiu<,  on  Hanta 
ItoMa  IhIiuiiI  ;  but  in  retreating  to  their  boata, 
were  fidlowed  anil  Heverely  liaraNaed. 

On  thn  L'Dth  OcIoIhm-,  a  Hccond  military 
and  naval  expedilioii,  under  <len,  W.  T.  Hhor- 
niiiii  anil  Com.  Hainuel  F.  I>u  I'lmt,  and  con- 
HiHiiiigof  l(),ll(M)  in<-n  and  n  tiect  ombracliii: 
the  iiteum  frigutii  Ifii/MK/i,  14  gunboalN,  Wi 
KteamerN  and  '.'ll  Hailing  vcnncIn,  left  lliunpton 
HoiuIm,  anil  aflcr  a  Htormy  paNMagn  arrived  oil 
Port  itoyal,  8.  t',,  Novoinbor  4th,  which 
harbor  was  Mtrongly  fortitied  by  tho  rebolM. 
On  Nov«'inl>er  7tli,  tho  war-nteamerH  of  the 
Hoet  in  order  iinileil  up  before  tho  fortitica- 
tiona  on  one  nUIo  of  the  entrance  and  down 
b<>fore  thoHo  of  thn  other  Hide,  coiiNtantly  diH- 
charging  their  Nhot  anil hIicH  thureupon.  After 
five  hour*  of  fearful  cnrnugn  and  dovaHtation 
among  tho  robulH,  tho  latti'r  took  to  flight, 
and  tho  neighborhooti  waa  at  once  occupied 
by  the  Union  forcoH.  On  December  Cth, 
Beaufort  wa«  aide  occupied  by  thorn,  and  on 
Decemtier  20th,  Tybne  lalaiul,  cominnnding 
tho  approach  to  Savannah.  The  alavo-hold- 
oraof  tho  region,  having  burned  their  cotton 
and  other  cropH,  fled  to  Charleston  with  thnir 
domestic  aiiinmlH,  and  oa  many  of  their  Blaves 
08  they  could  control.  Labor  and  schools 
were  at  onco  provided  by  tho  Federal  author- 
ities for  the  negroes  remaining. 

JaiuM  M.  Masou  and  John  SUdoU,  Con- 


f.tlerata  i»n»ora  t«»(»Wi>>  Prtl»>l>MwiyWIIIM* 
evaitnd  th«  liloekaibi  at  ('liwrlaskm  In  tit* 
■leaiimhip    TK»H<tiirn    aitd    prorwinlMl  l<i   ll»> 

vaiin.  CiiIhi,  wlilch  |Hirt  Ibov  Ufl  on  Nov.  7, 
fur  Knglaiiil.  in  ilie  llrlllah  iteMiicr  7V»nl. 
Ciipt  \Villi<  •,  i-(  till  I  lilted  NUlK*  •li«iii*hip 
iXiit  Jiirinti  ,  iiileii  i|.i.  i|  thn  'J'rtinl  In  th^ 
lliihaoia  Cliiiiiie'l  on  iIik  Nth,  ami  firing  • 
nlii'll  M' I'Hui  In)  l.'i^«  M  iii|h<IIimI  hnr  li<  atop. 
lie  then  Imarile.l  Iter  ainl  l>i<iii.^.|it  away  ih« 
einlNMMKilnrit  <  lid  tlkoir  m"  i >  < nrlva,  Ivavlllg 
their  familiea  aed  impelK  III,'  intnrbrd.  (>n 
reaching  Ihn  t'liiteil  Htalea   llo-  miMil  oHlt'iala 

wern  conlliiml,  by  ordnr  of  tho  (lov<triin>*nt, 
in  Fort  Warrvn,  tiaar  llnaton.  Orvat  raoitn- 
innnt  waa  i'aiiM<d  tbrniighoul  Kuro|Mii  aii4 
America  by  thin  act.  Ttia  *4>lxura  waa  jimti- 
lied  by  thn  dmitrini's  and  practinrs  of  (treat 
llritain,  ami  ra|i<>«iMlly  by  the  (Jiinnn'a  prmi 
laination  nf  neutrality  liatwarn  lh«  I'nltnd 
."tlateaandthn  Confednralua,  of  ,\lay  13,  IHllI, 
which  forlxwln  the  cairyiiig  of  ufflcnni  ami  tlia- 
paichi'N  for  either  party  ;  iiitvorthrlnM  a  iwr- 
einptory  deniniid  waa  instantly  niadn  by  Urvat 
Britain  for  thn  unconditional  mirmnder  uf 
the  rebel  envoys  and  their  ancrntariiia. 
France  also  exteiideil  her  niorul  aid  to  this 
deinaiiil  in  a  coniiiilnratn  note  to  thn  Unlt#<l 
Mntns ;  anil  thn  Hecrcitary  of  Htatn,  Mr.  Ncw- 
ard,  complietl  with  il,  tei-hnically  btiaing  his 
cnitipliancu  upon  thn  failure  of  t'oin.  Wilko* 
te  bring  the  J'rtnt  into  |H>rt  for  aiyuilication 
of  thn  act. 

On  tho  I'.tth  July,  (len.  Hcott,  though  nnm- 
iiially  reiiinining  in  chief  comniainl  at  Wuah- 
ingtoii,  wan  practii^ally  Nii|i«<ritedei|  by  the 
foriiialiiin  of  thn  new  military  Department 
of  Waiihiiigton  and  North-euiiti>rn  Virginia,  to 
which  liiii.  Mct'lellun  was  then  a»>igned. 
Thn  latter  comninnccil  nt  oncn  tho  organixatioit 
of  IhnforceNof  tho  ilepartmeut,  which  now 
iM'gati  to  bn  iiicreasnil  by  thn  relieweil  aiMivity 
of  Ihn  loyal  States,  anil  on  thn  lAth  Oct.  thny 
ainiiiinted  d'  l/iO.OOO  men,  well  drilled  and 
Hlted  for  service.  Thn  enemy  in  thn  mean- 
while t'liilnil  to  follow  nil  their  victory  at  Bull 
Hun  by  ailvancing  un  Washington  i>r  Haiti- 
mom,  which  were  then  clearly  at  thnir  mercy. 
On  thn  17th  OctolH'r,  the  Union  army  occu- 
pied Fairfax  Court-I louse,  Ihn  Confeilcratoa 
retiring  to  Centrovillo  and  Manaitsas.  (Ju 
thn  Kith,  Oen.  deary  captured  from  'ho  reli- 
nls  Bolivar  Heights,  overlooking  llurper'a 
Fnrry.  On  the  20th,  Brig.-Uen.  Btone, 
guarding  the  line  of  thn  I'otomao  at  I'oolea* 
ville,  Md.,  ordered  Col.  Devnns,  16th  Mass., 
and  Col.  Leu,  20th  Mass.,  with  a  |>ortion  uf 
their  commands,  to  move  towards  tho  enemy, 
discovered  in  tho  region  of  Leesburgh,  Va. 
For  this  {lurpose  they  crossotl  tlie  Potomac, 
and  at  noon,  on  the  2lHt,  at  Ball's  Bluff,  on 
thn  Virginia  shore,  were  attacked  by  mus- 
ketry from  tho  woods,  surrounding  on  three 
sides  the  field  on  which  they  were  formed. 
Thny  then  fell  back  to  tho  edge  of  tho  bluff, 
which  was  about  150  feet  higli,  and  between 
1  and  2  p.m.  wore  reinforced  by  Col.  K.  D. 
Baker,  who  assumed  command,  with  a  force 
consisting  of  the  Now  York  Tammany  regi- 
ment. Col.  Milton  Cogswell,  tho  Coliforni* 
regiment,  Lieut.-Col.  Wistar,  lompiising, 
with  tho  Massachusetts  men,  1,900  men. 
Tho  rebel  assailants  comprisi'd  tho  8th  Vir 
ginia,  !3th,  17th,  and  18lh  Mississippi,  form* 
ing  tho  brigade  of  Qon.  £vans.  The  strugglo 
continued  for  two  boui-s,  with  a  gre»t  ilaugil* 


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Corporation 


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23  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14S80 

(716)872-4503 


HIBTOBT   OV  TBI 


tlMSBPOHd 

kftviiig  brnvMy  IUImi,  ahot  thnmgh  th«  ImmI, 
Ool.  Oofnrall,  wlra  nuMMdad  to  the  eomiMnd, 
kUamptMl  to  obMM  th«  •mnajr  on  the  left, 
sml  «M»pu  towaraa  Oen.  Stone,  but  bning 
met  by  ■  fWwh  Mimiiiiiippi  regiment,  wait 
thrown  In  dUorder  down  the  bluff  juiit  «■ 
darluMH  wiu  emniug.  The  pursuing  rebeb 
from  the  bluff  oontinued  to  Are  upon  the 
atraaling,  flying  umm  below  and  in  the  bokta, 
whiuB  bung  overloaded,  were  shortly  upeet. 
F«w  of  tho  Union  fnroe  eecnped  drowning  or 
tiM  dMtnietive  An  of  the  enemy ;  the  loaa 
being  not  Uw  thnn  1,000  men,  including  300 
kUlM,  Mid  more  tluui  500,  moatly  wounded, 
laknpriaoBen. 

On  Daoember  20tli,aen.  E.  0. 0.  Ord,  oom- 
Hinnding  8d  Pennaylvutin  Brigade,  with  about 
4,000  1.90,  moved  on  Draneeville,  Loudon 
Oa,  Va,,  to  forage.  Near  Draneeville  the 
Union  foroea  were  attacked  by  a  rebel  brig- 
•d*  under  Oen.  J.  £.  B.  Stuart,  conuating 
of  about  3,600  meb.  The  rebela  were  badly 
beaten,  losing  230  men,  including  several 
offloers.  The  Federal  loss  was  9  Ulled  and 
00  wounded. 

The  Army  of  the  Potomac,  oompriring 
nearly  200,000,  were  now  oagorly  awaiting 
Um  expected  permiaaion  to  move  in  maaa  on 
the  enemv,  and  the  loyal  people  of  the  North 
■till  homed  regimouta  to  it,  to  be  in  time  for 
tfie  decided  movement  that  waa  auppoaed  to 
be  ahortly  inevitable.  The  weather  was  ex- 
tremely propitioua,  the  roada  remaining 
hard  and  dry  till  far  into  the  winter.  But 
winter  aettled  upon  thia  grand  army  without 
•  blow  being  atruok  by  it  The  rebela, 
vaatly  outnumbered,  wiaely  refrained  from 
diatnrbing  thia  virtual  aiege  of  V/aahington, 
by  any  otfenaive  movement.  Thia  neglect  of 
a  grand  opportunity  ia  attributed  both  to  the 
incapacity  of  Oen.  MoGlellan  for  the  position 
which  he  held,  and  to  the  influence  of  the 
party  who  hoped  to  reatore  the  Union  with 
slavery,  by  meana  of  little  fighting  and  a 
q>eedy  oompromiae. 

On  the  withdrawal  of  the  Union  forcea 
fkvm  South-weatem  Miasouri,  Gen.  Price,  the 
rebel  commander,  at  once  returned  from 
the  Arkansaa  border,  paaaing  triumphantly 
through  Springfield  and  occupying  Lexington 
and  other  pointa  upon  the  MiaaiuippL  I^bel 
inceudiariea  and  guerillaa  became  frequent, 
and  amall  combats  took  place.  The  village 
of  Warsaw  waa  burned  by  them  on  Novem- 
ber 10,  1861,  and  Platte  City,  December  16, 
1861 ;  and  on  December  20,  nearly  100  miles 
of  the  railroad  crossing  Northern  Miasouri 
waa  disabled  by  them ;  whereupon  Gen.  Hal- 
leck,  commanding  the  department,  threatened 
to  ahoot  partiea  engaged  in  thia  kind  of  work : 
but  thia  threat,  never  executed,  waa  of  little 
force.  On  December  15,  the  rebela  occupy- 
ing Ijexington  under  Gens.  Baina  and  Stein 
were  driven  aouthward  therefrom  by  Gen. 
Pope,  with  a  loaa  of  300  priaonera  and  moat 
of  their  baggage,  including  aoventy  wagons 
laden  with  olothoa  and  auppliea  for  Gen. 
Price,  then  i<  Oaoeola  with  8,000  men.  On 
the  18th,  Coi.  Jeff.  C.  Davis  captured,  by 
aurpriae,  a  rebel  camp  at  Milford,  conaistiug 
of  3  colonels,  17  captaina,  1,000  men,  1,000 
stand  of  orma,  1,000.  horsea,  with  tents,  bag- 
gage, and  auppliea.  Gen.  Price  now  retreat- 
•d  rapidly  tc  the  aouthem  line  of  the  State, 
vlian^  near  Boston  Mountain,  he  was  joined 


1^  Gen.  MeOulktch,  with  a  diviaioa  of  Texas 
and  Arkanaaa  Confedoratea,  and  on  Maroh 

5,  1862,  by  Gen.  Earl  Van  Dom,  Oonfedarmta 
commander  of  the  Traua-Miaaiaainni  Depart- 
ment ;  and  also  by  Uitn.  Albert  Piko,  of  Ar- 
kanaaa, at  the  head  of  some  5,000  Indiaiia. 
The  number  of  rebela  waa  increaaed  by  thene 
aoceaHiona  to  20,000.  Moat  of  the  Indiana, 
Creeka  and  Choctawa,  being  alaveholdera 
themsolvtia,  had  entered  into  an  alliance 
with  the  Confederacy  ;  and  on  December  0, 
1861,  the  minority  in  favor  of  tlie  Union, 
under  Chief  Opothleyolo,  were  beaten  on 
Buahy  Creek,  180  milea  weat  of  Fort  Smith, 
and  compelled  to  flee  into  Kansaa.     March 

6,  1862,  Oen.  Van  Dom  attempted  to  iaolate 
the  diviaion  of  Gen.  Sigel  at  Bentonville 
from  the  reat  of  the  Union  army  near  Motta- 
ville,  which  waa  now  commanded  by  Gen. 
Samuel  K.  Curtia,of  Iowa.  By  Hkilfiil  fight- 
ing und  falling  iiack  throughout  the  day. 
Gen.  Sigel  baffled  thia  attempt,  with  amoll 
loaa,  and  at  4  p.m.  was  joined  by  reinforce- 
ments from  Gen.  Curtis,  when  he  deliberatelv 
cn?«mped  at  Pea  Ridge,  near  Gen.  Curtis  a 
centre.  On  the  7th,  the  enemy,  instead  of 
advancing  upon  Gen.  Curtia  by  way  of  the  di- 
rect road  from  Fayetteville,  aucceeded  in 
reaching  and  advancing  on  the  road  from 
Bentonville,  thua  flanking  the  Unioniats. 
Gen.  Curtia  promptly  changed  hia  line,  mak- 
ing the  flrat  and  second  divisions,  under  Si- 
geland  Aaboth  hia  left ;  the  third,  under  Jeff. 
C.  Davis,  hia  centre ;  and  the  4th,  under  Col. 
Carr,  his  right.  Thia  line,  about  throe  milea 
in  length,  atretching  from  Sugar  Creek  to  Elk- 
horn  Tavern,  waa  confronted,  by  Gen.  Price 
with  hia  Missouri  forces.  Gen.  Mclntoali 
commanding  the  centre,  and  Gen.  McCul- 
loch  on  the  left.  At  10^  a.m..  Gen.  Oater- 
haua  advanced  on  the  rebela  from  Lcetown 
in  the  centre  nearly  to  the  Bentonville  road, 
but  was  driven  back  in  disorder  by  over- 
whelming numbers,  and  with  the  loss  of  his 
battery.  At  the  same  time  McCulloch  at- 
tacked Can-'s  forces  with  vastly  superior 
numbers  at  Elkhoru  Tavern.  Col.  Davis  now 
advanced  to  the  aid  of  Osterhaus,  and  al- 
though repeatedly  compelled  to  fall  back, 
held  his  ground  at  the  close  of  the  day,  re- 
capturing during  the  conflict,  by  a  desiwrate 
charge  of  the  18th  Indiana,  two  guns  of 
Davidson's  Battery.  Gen.  Curtis,  with  As- 
both's  division,  finding  his  left  unassailed, 
at  2  p.H.  moved  to  Elkhorn  to  the  support 
of  Carr,  whom  he  reached  at  5  p.m.  The 
latter  had  been  fiercely  fighting  with  an 
immensely  superior  force  for  seven  hours, 
during  which  one-fourth  of  his  command  had 
fallen.  Gen.  Aaboth  now  opened  a  heavy  ar- 
tillery fire  on  the  rebel  forces,  and  the  2d 
Missouri  Infantry  alao  vigorously  attacked 
them.  But  night  ahortly  closed  in,  and  both 
armies  rested  on  the  battlefield.  On  the 
morning  of  the  8th  Col.  Davia  renewed  the 
battle  in  the  centre,  and  the  rebels  replied 
from  new  batteries  and  lines  formed  during 
the  night,  taking  the  Union  right  wing,  and 
causing  it  to  slightly  fall  back.  Auboth's 
and  Sigd'a  divisiona  were  soon  in  position, 
completing  the  Union  line  of  buttle.  Gen. 
Curtia  now  ordered  his  right  to  advance  to 
the  support  of  the  Dubuque  Battery,  posted 
on  on  elevation  at  the  extreme  right.  He 
then  placed  the  1st  Iowa  Battery  in  an  open 
field,  and  other  batteries  with  supporting  in- 


fiuitry  wera  speedily  placed  in  mioh  poailioaa 
■a  to  oauM  Um  rabala  to  rteoil.  Th*  UaiM 
left  wing  was  meanwhile  pushed  forward 
drivba  the  rebels  into  the  deep  ravine*  nf 
Cross-Timber  Hollow.  At  0|  a.m.  the  ronf 
of  the  rebels  wss  complete.  After  entering 
the  Hollow  their  main  force  turned  to  th« 
right,  following  obsoure  vallmra  which  led 
into  the  Huntaville  rood.  On  thia  they 
esca|Mid  to  a  point  aome  eight  milea  ou  tu 
Bentonville  road,  whence  Van  Dom  di*. 
|>atched  a  flag  of  truce  to  Curtis,  soliciting 
an  arrangement  for  burying  the  dead,  wbioC 
waa  accorded.  The  oommand  of  Onrtis,  ia 
thia  battle,  numbered  about  10,600  men,  and 
48  piecea  of  artillery.  The  rebel  foroe  WM 
about  30,000,  including  6,000  Indiana,  who 
were  worse  than  uaeleaa  in  the  action,  aeein« 
ingly  terrified  by  the  novelty  of  the  artillery. 
The  Federal  lose,  during  the  three  days,  wai 
re|K>rted  at  1,351,  of  whom  701  were  of  Cd. 
Carr'a  diviaion.  Tlie  rebel  loaa,  unaaoertain- 
rd,  waa  probably  much  more,  including  Gens. 
McCulloch  and  Mcintosh  killed,  and  Gens. 
Price  and  Slack  wounded. 

The  enemy  having  diaappeared,  Oen. 
Curtia  now  proceeded  towarda  Bateaville, 
on  White  Biver,  for  auppliea,  which,  how- 
ever, failed  to  arrive,  owing  to  low  wa- 
ter. Compelled  thua  to  rely  for  supplies  upon 
wagon  trains  from  Holla,  Mo.,  several  hundred 
miles  distant,  he  gave  up  his  intended  march 
on  Little  Kock,  the  capital  of  Arkansas,  and 
after  waiting  eight  weeks  at  BatesvUle  he 
moved  in  a  south-western  direction.  In 
making  his  way  across  the  cypress  swampa 
of  the  Cache  River,  he  iraa  attacked  by  a 
rebel  force  of  1,500  Texan  cavalry,  un- 
der Gen.  Albert  Ruat.  These  he  routed 
after  an  hour's  canfliot  by  an  impetuous 
charge  of  the  1st  Indiana  Cavalry,  with  a 
losa  to  the  rebela  of  110  killed.  Being  ahirt 
of  proviaions  in  an  inhospitable  country, 
Gen.  Curtia  now  proceeded  to  Helena,  on  tnr 
Misaissippi,  which  he  reached  about  July  12, 
bringing  witli  him  a  large  number  of  negroca, 
who  had  been  employed  by  the  rebela  in  ob- 
atructing  the  roads,  and  were  thua  entitled 
to  their  freedom  by  law  of  Congress. 

On  Aug.  0,  1862,  at  Kirksville,  Adsir 
County,  Miasouri,  Col.  John  McNeil,  with 
1,000  cavalry  and  6  gtins,  attacked  a  rebel 
bond  of  Missouri  partisans,  under  Col.  Por- 
ter, two  or  three  thousand  in  number,  and, 
after  a  severe  fight  of  four  hours,  defeated 
them,  inflicting  a  loss  of  180  killed,  500 
wounded,  and  several  wagon-loads  of  arms ; 
the  Federal  loss  being  28  killed  and  60 
wounded.  On  Sept.  2  another  of  these  rebel 
iwrtisan  forces  of  1,200,  under  Col.  Poindex- 
ter,  was  attacked  and  routed  while  crossing 
Chariton  River,  by  Col.  Odin  Guitar,  9th 
Militia  Cavalry  of  Missouri,  with  600  men  und 
2  guns,  many  of  the  rebels  being  driven  in- 
to the  river  and  drowned.  Poindexter  fleo- 
ing  northward  to  join  Porter,  was  driven 
back  bv  unother  Union  force  under  Oea 
BHnj.  Loan,  and  again  attacked  by  Guitar, 
mho  utterly  annihilated  his  command ;  and 
Porter,  being  driven  back  upon  McNeil  by 
the  sumo  movement  of  Gen.  Loan,  waa  lik» 
wise  compelled  to  disperse  his  band  to  save 
it  from  destruction.  No  rebels  henceforward 
appeared  in  any  force  north  of  the  Missouri 
River.  On  Aug.  11,  the  Federal  garrison  at 
Independence,  in  tho  western  part  of  tht 


UNITED   BTATVB. 


I  meh  potitioM 
il.  Th*  Vtitm 
uthed  forward 
Imp  rkvinM  if 
)|  A.M.  the  roof 

After  entering 
I  turned  to  the 
lleyn  wUok  led 
On  tbU  thej 
lit  milei  ou  tM 
Vmi  Dora  di*- 
Curtia,  soUeitiiig 

the  dewl,  wki^ 
nd  of  Onrtii,  ia 
10,000  men,  nai 
I  rebel  foroe  WM 

00  Indiuw,  whA 
the  action,  aeem' 
y  of  the  artillery. 
»  three  daya,  waa 
701  were  of  Col 
loaa,  unaaoertain- 
»,  including  Oena. 
killed,  and  Oena. 

iiappeared,  Oen. 
irarda  Bateaville, 
>liea,  which,  how. 
iring  to  low  wa» 
r  for  auppliea  upon 
).,  leveral  hun£«d 
ia  intended  march 
of  Arkaniaa,  and 

1  at  Bateaville  he 
n  direction.  In 
e  cyprcM  awampa 
raa  attacked  by  a 
exan  cavalry,  nn- 

Theae   he   routed 
by  an  imfietuoaa 
t  Cavalry,  with  a 
lied.     Being  ahjrt 
gpitable    country, 
,.  to  Helena,  on  thr 
bed  about  July  12, 
number  of  nejjroca, 
y  the  rebela  m  ob- 
irere  thua  entitled 
Coiigreia. 
KirkBville,   Adair 
ohn  McNeil,  with 
B,  attacked  a  rebel 
18,  under  Col.  Por- 
1  in  number,  and, 
lur  honra,  defeated 
f  180  killed,   600 
gon-loada  of  arms ; 
<28    killed  and   CO 
other  of  tlieae  rebel 
nder  Col.  Poindex- 
itod  while  creasing 
Odin  Guiter,  9th 
i,  with  600  men  ana 
ila  being  driven  in- 
poindexter  fl«*>- 
'orter,  was  driven 
force  under  Oen 
ttaoked  by  Guitar, 
bia  command ;  and 
upon  McNeil  by 
1.  Loan,  waa  like- 
hia  band  to  save 
^  jbela  henceforward 
th  of  the  Miaaouri 
Federal  garnaon  at 
aatom  p«rt  pf  *h« 


J  of  Sia  men  of  the  7th  Mia> 
■o«uri  Oavalrr,  under  Liaut-Ool.  Buel,  waa 
aurrendared  after  a  abort  reaiatance  to  a  rebel 
band  of  800,  under  Col.  Hughe*.  The  latter 
being  Joined  by  Col.  CofToy  with  1,000  Ar- 
kanaaa  Cavalry,  then  attacked  M^jor  Foiter, 
of  the  7th  Militia  Cavalry,  800  men,  at  Lone 
Jack,  Jackaon  County,  defeating  him  and 
compelling  him  to  retreat  with  a  Iom  of  two 
gtiua  to  Lexington.  CoAey  advanced  upon 
the  latter  place,  but  finding  Oen.  Blunt  in 
atrong  force  there,  tied,  vigoroualy  pursued 
to  the  Arkanaaa  line  by  the  Utter,  but  ea- 
oaped  without  aerious  loaa. 

Oen.  Schofield,  commanding  thia  depart- 
ment, waa  now  auperaeded  by  Gen.  Ourtia, 
and  took  the  field  againat  the  rebela  in  the 
aouth-weat  of  the  Btete,  who  were  meditating 
a  freah  invaaion.      On  Od  1  he  left  Spring- 
field,    At  Newtonia  hia  advance  under  Gen. 
Salomon  waa  overwhelmed  and  preiaed  back 
by  a  large  bodv  of  rebel  cavalry.    Being  i-e- 
inforced  shortly  by  Qm.  Blunt,  from  Arkan- 
aaa, hia  foroe  waa  a  welled  to   10,000  men, 
while  that  of  the  enemy  at  Newtonia  waa 
eatimated  at   10,000.     Being  charged  with 
artillery  and  oavaliy,  the  rebels,  who  were 
badly  armed,  now  fled  30  milea  into  Arkansas. 
Schofield  preaaed  on  to  ''^'-v  Ridge,  where  the 
n<bel  foroe  having  been  divide<l,  be  sent  Oen. 
Blunt  in  purauit  of  that  portion  which  had 
moved    weatward,    under    Cooper,   towards 
.Tort  Scott     Tlia  latter  being  overtaken  near 
Mayaville,  waa  compelled  to  flee  in  disorder 
serosa  the  Arkanaaa  to  Fort  Gibaon,  losing 
four  guns.    Gen.  Schofield  pursued  the  main 
body  of  Hkf  rebela  as  far  aa  Hunteville,  and 
finding  them  reaolved  to  avoid  fighting  till 
they   were    reinforced,    returned    to    Osage 
Springa,  from  whence  he  dispatehed  a  foroe 
under  Oen.  Ilerron  to  attack  some  3,000  or 
4,000  rebel  cavalry  on  White   River,  eight 
miles  from  Fayettovillc.    These  were  assailed, 
Oct.  28,  so  vigorously,  that,  although  superior 
in  numbers,  Uiey  shortl/  fled  into  the  moun- 
tains, losing  their  camp  itquipage.     On  Nov. 
20,  Oen.  Schofield  was  forced    by  sickness 
to  resign    hia  oomm.ir.tl.      Oen.   Ilindman, 
commanding  the  Confederate  forces  in  Ar- 
kansaa,  having  collected  a  large  force,  early 
in  December  croased  the  Arkansas  River, 
near  Van  Buren,  with  9,000  infantry,  2,000 
cavalry  and  extensive  artillery,  and  advanced 
upon   Gen.  Blunt  at  Cave  Hill  with  6,000 
troopa.     Gen.  Blunt,  showing  a  bold  front, 
at  once  apprised  Gen.  Herrou,  commanding  the 
3d  and  3d  Diviaionaof  the  Federal  forces,  who 
was  then  at  Wil^n's  Creek,  10  miles  north  of 
Springfield,  and  who  immediately,  by  forced 
marches,  proceeded  to  the  relief  of  Blunt. 
On  Dec.  7  th  he  reached  Fayette ville,  and  had 
proceeded  thence  five  miles,  when  his  cavalry 
m  the  advance  were  attacked  and  thrown  into 
confusion  by  Marmaduke,  commanding  the 
vanguard  of  Hindman'a  army.    Thn  main  por- 
tion of  Ilia  cavalry  reached  Gen.  Blunt,  and  the 
remainder  returned  to  him.    On  the  0th  De- 
cember, thus  divested  of  cavalry  and  with 
about  4,000  men,  he  waa  confronted  by  the 
rebel  main  force  a<  Prairie  Grove,  on  Illinois 
Creek.    He  at  onx>  gallantly  attacked   the 
enemy.       The  battle  was   desperately   con- 
tested, the  batteries  of  both  sides  being  re- 
peatedly charged  upon,  often  taken,  ant)   aa 
often  abandoned  under  the  ovei'v;l>elmiug  fii-e 
of  infiuitry  oonoentrated  upon  thorn.     At  2 


P.M. ,  however,  Oen.  Blunt  oa<M  up  on  the  right 
of  Oen.  Harron,  oonflronting  the  rebel  left, 
where  a  laige  foroe  had  been  masaed  for  the 
purpose  of  flanking  the  latter'a  |iosition. 
The  battle  thua  continued  with  groat  vigor 
until  evnning,  when  the  rebela  retreated  into 
the  wikmIs,  Itiaving  the  Union  soldiers  in  the 
open  fields  where  it  had  been  fought.  Dur- 
ing the  night  the  rebel  force  retreated  from 
the  nuighlx>rhood.  The  Union  loss  in  this 
battle  of  Prairie  Grove  waa  167  killed,  708 
wounded  and  183  missing.  Gen.  Hiudman*s 
official  report  made  hia  loss  104  killed, 
among  them  Gen,  Stein,  of  Missouri;  617 
wounded,  and  330  miaaing. 

After  the  betrayal  of  the  United  Statea 
frontier  armv  to  the  Confotleratea  by  Gen. 
Twiggs  in  Febniary,  1801,  most  of  the  posto, 
extending  from  Indianola,  Texas,  to  Fort  Bliss, 
on  the  route  to  New  Mexico,  a  diatance  of 
070  miles,  were  shortly  given  up  to  the  Con- 
federate aiithoritiea  by  the  officers  in  com- 
mand, who  were  generally  in  Aill  sympathy 
with  the  rebel  cause.  A  force  of  700  at  El 
Paao  was  also  betrayed  to  the  rebela  by  their 
commanding  officer.  Major  Lynde;  whereupon 
the  Governor  of  New  Mexico,  Abraham  Ben- 
cher, at  once  called  out  the  militia  thereof, 
exerting  a  wholuaome  counteracting  influence 
upon  ita  Mexican  population  in  behalf  of  the 
Union.  On  Deo.  2,  1861,  a  new  governor, 
Honry  Connolly,  arrived,  and  Col.  'E. '  R.  S. 
Canby,  a  loyal  officer,  had  also  succeeded  to 
thn  military  command  of  the  department. 
The  Territorial  Legislature,  at  the  Governor's 
recommendation,  promptly  repealed  the  act 
protecting  sl^yery  in  the  Territory.  Col. 
Canby  had  now  organized  his  scanty  forces, 
and  held  the  frontier  |iosto  as  far  down  as 
Fort  Fillmore,  which  still  remained  in  the 
hands  of  the  Texans. 

Gen.  H.  F.  Sibley,  having  organized  a 
rebel  brigade  in  Texaa  for  the  conquest  of 
New  Mexico,  on  Feb.  19,  1862,  confronted 
Col.  Canby  at  Valverde,  about  seven  miles 
from  Fort  Craig,  on  the  eaat  bank  of  the 
Rio  Grande,  with  a  forcu  of  2,300  men,  most 
of  them  efficiently  trained  in  previous  fron- 
tier service,  and  famous  as  "  Texan  rangera." 
The  battle  was  opened  in  the  morning,  and 
continued  mainly  with  artillery,  wherein  the 
Unionists  were  superior  both  in  guns  and  in 
service,  until  noon,  when  the  rebel  comman- 
der ordered  a  charge  of  1,000  infantry  upon 
the  Union  battery,  commanded  by  Lieut. 
McRae.  The  battery  waa  taken,  and  Ideuta. 
MoRae  and  Michler  were  killed  at  their 
posts.  The  supporting  Union  infantry, 
though  largely  outnumbering  the  Texans, 
most  shamefully  fled  from  the  field  to  tbe 
fort.  The  losses  of  men  were  about  equal, 
60  killed  and  140  wounded  on  either  aide. 
The  rebels,  deeming  an  assault  on  Fort 
Craig  unadviaable,  then  pushed  on  up  the 
river,  advancing  towards  Santa  F6.  At 
Apache  Pass,  fifteen  miles  from  the  latter 
place,  March  24,  they  encountered  a  raw 
Federal  force  of  1,300,  mostly  Colorado 
volunteers,  under  Cnl.  John  P.  Slough, 
whom  they  speedily  routed  by  a  charge,  but 
inflicting  small  loss  upon  them.  Sibley  then 
triumphantly  entered  Santa  ¥6,  which  place, 
however,  he  was  shoi-tly  compelled  to  evacu- 
ate, retreating  by  forced  marches  to  his  depot 
at  Albuquerque,  an  Canby  w<^  moi'chuig 
upon  it  firom  Fort  Craig.    He  lavad  it,  but 


evaenated  it  alao  on  the  lilth  April,  ami  wag 
pursued  in  Ma  retreat  down  the  weat  bank  of 
the  river,  by  Canby  on  the  eaat.  In  order  t» 
avoid  another  general  aetion  in  hia  crippled 
condition,  ha  anorUv  abandoned  tha  river  for 
the  mountaina,  and  by  an  arduoua  maroh 
through  the  most  deaolate  and  rugged  of 
regions,  succeeded  in  evading  hia  enemy,  and 
returning  to  Fort  Blisa  in  Texas. 

Early  in  Januarr,  1802,  Col.  Jamea  A. 
Garfield,  commanding  a  Union  brigad«| 
moved  on  Hnniphrey  Marahall,  commanding 
the  Confederate  foroea  in  South-eastern  Ken- 
tucky. Near  Preatonburg,  Floyd  County,  ho 
encountered  the  latter,  whom  he  forced  to  n> 
treat  into  Virginia.  About  Feb.  33  Onmbar- 
land  Gap  waa  alao  abandoned  to  Um  Unioa* 
ista,  and  ahortly  afterwarda  OenI  Garflald 
surprised  and  captured  a  eonaidofablo  robol 
camp  at  Pound  Gap. 

On  Jan.  I7th,  Oen.  George  H.  Thonai^ 
ordered  by  Gen.  Buell  to  aaauua  the  ooihf 
mand  of  the  Union  foroea  in  Kentnoky, 
operating  against  Gen.  Zollioofltor'a  army, 
reached  Lopm'a  Croaa-Roada,  having  under 
him  a  force  of  about  8,000  men.  Here,  on 
the  19th  January,  he  waa  attacked  by  Mi^oi^ 
Gen.  George  B.  Crittenden,  who  had  snperi 
aeded  Zoluooflbr,  The  oharn  of  the  reliela 
was  desperate,  and  the  battle  laated  for  nearly 
two  hours,  during  which  the  oppoaing  infiui< 
try  often  fired  through  the  same  fence.  Ia 
the  midst  of  the  battle  Gen.  ZoUiooffer  waa 
shot  by  Col.  Fry,  of  the  4th  Kentudiy,  the 
latter'a  horse  being  shot  dead  about  the  same 
time.  A  charge  of  the  9th  Ohio,  with  fixed 
bayoneto,  carried  the  day,  the  rebela  flying  to 
their  intrenohmeuto  on  the  Cumberland 
River,,  at  Camp  Beech  Grove.  The  rebate 
lost  in  this  action  192  killed,  63  wounded, 
and  89  prisoners.  The  Union  loss  waa  S9 
killed  and  207  wounded.  The  Unioniata  at 
once  proceeded  to  shell  the  rebel  intrraoh* 
mente,  and  shortly  afterwards  night  ftlL 
Taking  advantage  of  a  email  steamer,  tha 
Confederates  silently  escaped  across  the  river 
during  the  night,  leaving  12  guns,  with  caia 
sons  and  many  email  arms,  1 ,000  horsea  and 
mules,  and  all  their  army  material. 

On  Feb.  2,  1862,  Com.  A.  H.  Foote,  with 
seven  gunboats,  and  Oen.  U.  S.  Grant,  with 
10,000  men  on  steamboata,  left  Cairo,  and 
moved  up  the  Ohio  and  the  Tenneaaee  to 
vrilhin  ten  miles  of  Fort  Henry,  a  atrong 
rebel  work  commanding  the  latter  river  fIrom 
ito  eaatem  bank,  mounting  17  large  gun^ 
and  defended  by  Oen.  Lloyd  Tilghman,  of 
Ky.,  with  2,600  men.  About  twelve  milea 
distant,  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Cumber- 
land River,  was  situated  Fort  Donelaon,  m 
still  more  formidable  rebel  fort,  the  two  be> 
ing  connected  by  a  military  road,  ao  that 
reinforcemente  could  easily  be  thrown  (rom 
one  into  the  other.  On  Feb.  4,  Gen.  Grant 
debarked  his  forces  within  four  miles  of  Fort 
Henry.  On  the  morning  of  the  6th,  his  main 
body,  under  Oen.  John  A.  McClernand, 
moved  to  seize  the  military  road  connecting 
the  two  forts,  while  a  brigade  under  Gen.  C. 
F.  Smith  advanced  on  the  weat  bank  of  the 
river;  and  Com.  Foote,  with  his  gunboata, 
including  the  iron-clads  Cineinnati,  Emm, 
CaronddM,  and  St.  Zoui*,  steamed  alowly 
up  an)|  attacked  the  fort  from  the  river. 
After  an  hour's  exchange  of  cannonading  tha 
Eitex  waa  pierced  by  a  24-pound  shot  naM 


niSTORT   O?  THB 


ttw  fort,  wUok  rxplodad  ont  of  her  boUen, 
W  wkiok  both  of  W  pilots  WMW  kUled,  Mid 
Oipi  W.  D.  Port«r  mmI  forty  of  Ua  mm 
MTMwIjr  iMliUd.  Th«  JSWm  then  drifted 
out  of  tho  Mtion,  bat  tho  ranMining  iron- 
•lada  eontinnod  to  kpproMh  tho  fort  until 
vlthia  600  jrwda  thoraof,  mdualljr  •ilanoing 
ita  gttna.  At  3  r.M.  Ool  TUghnuui,  who 
had  prtrioual/  ordered  the  entire  foroe  with- 
in the  fort,  with  the  oxoeption  of  Uioee 
wifmed  in  working  tho  guiw,  to  rp'reet  to 
Vori  Donohnn,  rauod  »  flag  of  truce,  end 
■hortl^  inmBdored.  Oon.  MoOlemand  bilml 
to  interoept  tho  nudn  rebel  foroe  on  their 
wtj  to  Fort  Donelaon.  TUa  engagement  ia 
auHly  Bworablo  aa  the  flnt  in  kiatorj  in 
vhioh  iron-olad  boata  were  tried. 

Six  da^  after  the  (all  of  Fort  Henry, 
Qen.  Flojrd  arrived  at  Fort  Donelaon  with 
haavf  reinforoementa  and  aaaumed  oomnuiud, 
aapararding  Oeu.  Oideon  J.  Pillow.  The 
ftirt  OOTOIM  a  level  plateau  of  100  aoma, 
■amounting  a  ateep  bluff  100  feet  high, 
having  two  atrong  water  batteriea  ou  the 
bMkatitoboaa.  The  fort  itaelf  had  8  heavy 
gua  moontod  in  addition  to  the  field  faat- 
taiiaa  of  ita  garriaon,  which  now  amounted  to 
•boot  15,000  men.  On  Feb.  13,  Qen.  Orant, 
bringing  Smith's  diviaion  aoroaa  the  Teiiiiea- 
MO,  prooeodad  tnm  Fort  Henry  to  Fort  Don- 
•hna,  bvosting  the  latter  by  a  line  3  milea 
lou,  and  iiOO  roda  diatant  from  tho  rebel  out- 
wonu.  SUrmiahing  by  hharpshooters  took 
^aoe  during  the  <Uy,  and  in  the  evening 
Gom.  Foots  arrived  with  hia  eunboata,  four 
iroD-oUd  and  two  wooden.  At  3  p.m.  the 
next  day,  the  latter  had  ateadily  advanced  to 
within  400  yarda  of  the  great  gtina  of  the 
fort,  driving  moat  of  the  enemy'a  gunnera 
ftom  their  poata.  At  thia  point,  perceiving 
victory  hopeleas  from  the  orippled  condition 
of  his  fleet,  he  withdrew  down  the  river, 
having  been  himself  painfully  wounded  in  the 
fool  Elated  with  the  defeat  of  the  gunboats, 
the  rebel  general  Floyd  at  once  aaaumed  the 
offenaive  against  the  Union  forces.  At  day- 
li^t  on  the  momina  of  the  15th,  Qen.  Pillow 
oomnunding  the  rebel  left,  which  had  been 
heavily  maased,  vigoroualy  attacked  the  Union 
ri|^t  under  Qen.  MoOlemand,  and  after  sev- 
eral hours  of  deaperate  fighting,  oauaed  the 
latter  to  alowly  fall  hack  on  the  Union  centre. 
About  noon.  Pillow  joined  Buckner,  leading 
tha  rebel  centre,  and  aaaumed  command  of  the 
united  forces.  A  charge  waa  then  made  by 
tha  rebel  cavalry  under  Qen.  Forreat  on  the 
Union  infantry  aupporting  a  battery  of  six 
pieces^  which  was  thus  captured.  CoL  Cruft 
with  the  1st  and  Ool.  Thayer  with  the  3d 
brigade  of  the  Union  centre,  having  been 
■ant  by  Qen.  Lew  Wallace,  its  commander, 
to  the  aid  of  McOlemand's  overmatched 
foroea,  the  rebel  advance  was  checked.  Qen. 
Grant,  who  was  in  conference  with  Com.  Foots 
on  a  gnuboat  some  miles  distant,  not  having 
expected  this  attack,  arrived  on  the  field  at  3 
r.W-,  and  ordered  a  general  advance,  Qen. 
Wallace  leading  against  the  enemy's  left,  and 
Qen.  0.  F.  Smith  charging  the  right.  At  6 
v.M.  Wallace  bad  driven  Buckner  to  the  in- 
trenohment  from  which  he  had  rallied  in  the 
morning,  and  rested  within  150  yards  thereof. 
Uon.  Smith,  in  a  bloody  charge,  carried  the 
works  before  him,  and  thus  a  position  waa 
gained  by  the  Unioniats  secure  against  re- 
miftiwn,    Tho  weather  during  the  night  ba- 


onms  severely  ooM,  and  great  snSnring  waa 
cadnnd  by  both  aides  in  oonssqnaiiee,  many 
of  tha  wounded  being  actually  frosen  to  death. 
The  rebels  were  now  greatly  outnumbered, 
and  their  gallant  attempt  to  extricate  tlivm- 
solves  front  tho  invuiitmeut,  by  cutting  through 
the  Union  right,  ha<l  failml.  Eighty- four 
hours  of  altomuto  watching  and  fighting  had 
complntuly  <)xhau«ted  them,  and  tho  [Mmltions 
gained  by  Oen.  Smith  rendurotl  other  of  thoir 
lutrenohmenta  uuteuuble.  A  surrender  to  the 
Unionists  was  inevitable.  Qen.  Floyd,  now 
devoting  Itis  energies  to  his  own  personal 
oacape,  turned  over  his  commsnd  to  Qen. 
Pillow,  who,  actuated  by  the  same  motive, 
passed  it  to  Qen.  Buckner.  Floyd  filled  two 
rebel  steamboats  at  hand  with  his  own  bri- 
gade shortly  before  sunrise,  and  steamed  up 
the  river,  leaving  the  rest  of  the  garrison  to 
their  fate,  of  whom,  however,  Ool.  Forrest  with 
800  eavairy  escaped  on  a  partially  overflown 
road  by  the  bank  of  the  river.  The  term*  of 
the  cspitulstion  having  been  fixed  by  Qen. 
Qrant  at  unconditional  and  immediate  sur- 
render, with  the  alternative  of  instant  re- 
newal of  tho  attack,  the  rebel  capitulation 
took  place  on  the  morning  of  the  16th  February, 
1862.  The  rebel  loss  in  this  oonfiict  and  sur- 
render was  fully  1U,000  men,  incmdiug  3,000 
killed  and  wounded.  The  Union  Iohs  in 
killed  and  wounded  was  somewhat  larger. 
Thus  of  the  three  groat  avenues  leading  from 
the  Free  States  of  the  North  into  tlie  South- 
western States,  the  Mississippi,  tho  Tenueueo, 
and  the  Cumberland  riven,  two  were  freed 
of  their  formidable  rebel  barriers,  and  in  pos- 
session of  the  Unionists,  and  the  general  rebel 
lino  of  defence  was  broken.  Important  union 
successes  now  followed  throughout  Kentucky 
and  Tennessee.  Simultaneously  with  Oeu. 
Qrant's  movement  on  Donelson,  Qen.  Buell, 
commanding  the  Department  of  the  Ohio, 
hod  dispatched  Qen.  O.  M.  Mitchel,  with 
about  1C,0U0  men,  against  the  enemy  at  Bowl- 
ing Qreon,  under  Oen.  A.  S.  Johnston.  At 
Mitohel's  approach,  Qon.  Johnston,  being 
greatly  outnumbered,  dismantled  his  camp  and 
fled  rapidly  to  Nashville,  destroying  a  largo 
amount  of  rebel  property  in  the  course  of  his 
retreat.  Oenoral  consternation  ensued  at 
Nashville  at  the  news  of  the  rebel  disaster, 
which  was  received  by  the  citizens  while  on 
their  way  to  church  on  Sunday,  Feb.  1(1. 
Every  moment  they  expected  to  see  tho 
enemy's  gunboats  approaching  the  city,  and 
before  night  a  panic  of  soldiers  as  well  as 
civilians  took  place,  and  hundreds  of  the  po- 
pulation, gathering  their  transportable  pro- 
perty, fled  from  the  city.  The  military  au- 
thoriUes  seized  every  vehicle  for  the  use  of  the 
hospitals.  On  the  following  day,  Qen.  John- 
ston arrived  in  his  retreat,  and  after  inform- 
ing the  Qovernor  he  should  make  no  attempt 
to  defend  the  city,  continued  his  pi^cipitate 
march  to  the  south.  Bank  directors  now 
rushed  to  convey  their  specie  and  other  valu- 
ables to  tho  railway  connecting  with  Chatta- 
nooga, Columbia,  and  other  points  of  safety 
southward.  Qov.  Harris  fled  across  the 
country  to  Memphis,  taking  with  him  the 
State  records ;  and  the  Logislature,  in  panic- 
stricken  adjournment,  followed  him.  Vast 
public  stores  were  abandoned  to  tho  populace 
or  to  the  flames.  Two  gunboats  in  process 
of  construction  were  burned,  and  two  magui- 
fioent  bridges  orosaing  the  Cumberland  Biver 


were  alao  deatroyed.  On  Feb.  3Sd,  a 
advance  of  Oen.  Buell'a  column  took 
aion  of  the  vilkge  of  Edgefield,  eppoaita'  Naah> 
ville,  and  shortly  afterwards  the  city  waa 
formally  surrendered  by  its  Major,  Cheatham, 
aud  was  made  the  headquarters  of  Qen.  Bnell, 
while  his  army  waa  quartered  around  tha 
city. 

Those  continued  Union  successes  rendered 
itfitonable  the  relwl  stronghold  at  Columbua, 
ICy.,  ouramaiiding  the  Alississippi.  Though 
strongly  fortified  and  stored,  its  garriaon,  un- 
der Qen.  Polk,  had  been  rMluced  by  auooe» 
sivo  detachments  to  about  8,000  men.  After 
having  taken  CUurksville,  on  the  Cumberland, 
Com.  Foote  returned  to  Cairo  and  collected 
a  fleet  of  aix  gunboats,  and  early  in 
March  dropped  down  tha  Misaisaippi,  fol* 
lowed  by  three  cranaporta,  with  two  or  threa 
thousand  soldiers^  under  Qen.  W.  T.  Sber^ 
man,  while  a  supporting  force  moved  over- 
land from  Paduoah.  On  their  approach  to 
Colum'uus,  the  enemy  retreated  45  milea 
down  the  river  to  Island  No.  10,  leaving 
many  camp  stores,  and  rolling  their  heavy 
guiis  off  the  bluflf  into  the  river.  On  March 
3,  Qen.  Pope,  with  a  Union  force  of  about 
40,000  men,  invested  New  Madrid,  a  short 
distance  below  Isbwd  No.  10,  on  the  Mia* 
souri  bank  of  the  river.  This  place  waa 
strongly  defended  by  20  heavy  guna  and 
nine  well-a]ipointed  gunboats  anchored  befora 
it.  Its  nrnson  consisted  of  )>,000  infantry 
under  Mf^or-Qen.  McCown ;  the  gunboats 
being  directed  by  Com.  Ilollins.  On  tha 
13tb,  Gen.  Pope  opened  a  heavy  cannonade 
upon  the  place,  which  was  replied  to  during 
the  day,  tho  Unionists  steadily  pushing  for* 
ward  their  trenches.  During  a  violent  thun* 
der-storra  on  the  following  night,  the  rebels 
evacuated  the  place,  leaving  behind  them  33 
cannon,  several  thousand  small  arms,  and  a 
large  amount  of  other  war  material.  On  the 
17th  March,  Com.  Foote,  with  five  gun- 
boats and  four  mortar-boats,  made  a  seneral 
attack  on  the  strong  rebel  fortifications  at 
Island  No.  10,  but  without  material  success. 
On  April  5,  Qon.  Beauregard  left  for  Corintn, 
ceding  his  command  to  Qen.  Makall.  In  the 
meantime  the  engineer  cor]*  of  Qen.  Pope 
had  cut  a  canal,  twelve  milea  in  length,  across 
the  Missouri  |)enin«ula,  opposite  Island  No. 
10,  through  which  steamboata  and  barges  and 
two  gtinboats  succeeded  in  safely  passing  to 
the  liver  below  that  stronghold.  April  7, 
Qen.  Pope  dispatched  a  division  across  the 
river  towards  its  rear,  when  the  rebel  forces 
there,  under  McCown,  sinking  their  gun- 
boats and  transports,  escaped' eastward,  leav- 
ing Makall,  who  was  soon  compelled  to  sur- 
render his  force :  three  generals,  273  ofli- 
cers,  6,700  prisoners,  123  pieces  of  heavy 
artillery,  7,000  stand  of  small  arms,  and  a 
large  quantity  of  ammunition  and  other  ma- 
terial, were  reported  in  the  capture. 

April  12,  Com.  Foote  and  Qen.  Pope 
moved  down  the  river  to  Fort  Pillow,  situ- 
ated on  tho  Chickasaw  Blufis,  about  70  milea 
above  Memphis.  Com.  Foote  having  planteil 
his  mortars  on  the  Arkansas  side  of  the  river 
commenced,  on  tho  17th,  a  bombardment, 
promptly  replied  to,  which  was  kept  up  for 
nearly  two  weeks,  but  with  little  effect,  the 
high  stage  of  the  river  preventing  the  co-op- 
eration of  the  Union  snuy. 

May  4,  a  poweriul  label  ram,  the  JfaUoiy, 


UNITBD   8TAT1S. 


HWiOrtiil  hf  tkrw  maboAta,  attaokwl  Um 
Ubu»  gUBMwt  Oittnmmati,  oomiiMndad  Inr 
Com.  Btombfll,  who,  at  the  iniUiit  of  ool- 


nun,tlte  MaOonf, 


Uaion,  iliot  tba  rabol  pilot,  and  wm  in  turn 
wvoreljr  wounded  hj  tho  pilot'i  matv.  The 
Cineinnati,  whoM  npid  broMlaidea  niade  m> 
imprMidon  upon  the  iron  mail  of  her  Miail- 
•nt,  being  orippled  and  ■inking,  wm  run 
UDon  ft  ihoal,  where  iihe  Mnk.  But  the  rebel 
MaUory  wm  in  turn  out  into  by  the  Si. 
Jjoui*  and  aunk,  moat  of  her  orow  going  down 
with  her.  One  of  the  rebel  gunboats  waa 
also  burned,  and  another  had  her  boiler  ex- 
ploded bjr  a  shot,  and  oeaaing  the  fight,  they 
driflad  down  to  their  battenea,  under  cover 
of  the  amoke.  June  4,  Fort  Pillow,  and  Fort 
Randolph  19  mika  below  it,  were  both  evacu- 
ated by  thp  Oonfederatea ;  and  on  June  6, 
Com.  Davia,  with  five  gunboata  and  four 
ranut,  approached  Memphia.  A  rebel  fleet  of 
eight  gunboata  advanced  in  order  to  meet 
him,  and  an  intereating  engagement  iihortly 
look  place,  laating  over  an  nour,  within  full 
view  of  the  eitiaaia  of  Memphia.  The  prow 
of  the  Union  ram  Qu*in  of  lA«  Wut  atruck 
the  rebe  gunboat  Gm,  Prim,  damaging  her  to 
auoh  extent  that  ahe  waa  at  once  headed  for 
the  Aricanaaa  ahore.  The  rebel  gunboat 
BtMurtanfrd  then  struck  the  Ottun  aft,  and 
disabled  her,  and  thereupon  tiio  .Union  ram 
AfonoreA,  striking  the  ji»aur«gard  in  her 
bow,  caused  her  to  fill  and  siuk,  while  the 
Monarth  towed  the  Qu»tn  away  from  \w\\\. 
The  rebel  gunboat  Oen,  Lovell  being  struck 
by  a  60-pound  ball  from  the  Union  liagboat, 
the  BtiUom,  sank  in  70  feet  of  water,  carry- 
ing down  a  part  of  her  crew.  The  four  re- 
muning  rebel  boats  now  headed  for  the 
Arkansaa  diore,  where  the  crews  of  tho  Jrff. 
Thompton,  Gen.  Sragg,  and  Sumter  es- 
caped into  the  woods,  and  the  Tltampton 
being  shortly  struck  by  a  shell,  waa  set  on 
fire  and  burned  to  the  water's  edge.  The 
0«m.  Van  Dom  eaoapod  down  the  river.  No 
one  waa  killed  on  the  Union  fleet,  and  the 
city  of  Memphia  waa  aurrendered  immediately 
after  the  action. 

In  an  expedition  up  the  Arkansas  and 
White  rivers,  shortly  atterwards,  the  Mound 
City,  the  Federal  gunboat  in  advance,  was 
blown  up  at  St.  Charles  by  a  ball,  which 
pasaed  through  her  atoam  drum,  from  a  con- 
cealed battery  on  the  shore.  Of  the  170 
peitona  on  board,  acarce  any  escaped 
death  or  iiyury.  Many  jumped  overboard, 
frantic  with  sntlda,  and  were  drowned,  while 
the  boats  sent  to  their  relief  from  the  Conei- 
toga  were  fired  on  with  grape  and  canister, 
by  which  most  of  the  remainder  were  killed. 
But  in  a  few  minutes  the  batteries  were 
taken  by  Col.  Fitch,  of  the  46th  Indiana, 
commanding  the  expedition,  which,  however, 
failed  in  its  purpose  of  opening  communica- 
tion with  Oen.  Curtis,  who  was  approaching 
from  the  West. 

On  June  24  the  Union  fleet  on  the  Miss- 
issippi proceeded  down  to  near  Vicksburg, 
where  it  shortly  communicated  with  Com. 
Farragut's  fleet  from  the  Gulf,  lying  below, 
where  were  also  four  regiments  of  infantry 
under  Oen.  Williams.  The  siege  of  Vicks- 
burg was  now  opened,  and  continued  with- 
out oiTeot  until  the  24th  July,  when  it  was 
abandoned.  During  the  siege  the  rebel  ram 
Arkan»a$,  firom  the  Yazoo,  ran  through  the 
Union  fla«t  and  took  refuge  under  the  bat- 


teriea  of  Vickaburg  unbanned.  Thraa  othar 
rebel  gunboaU  on  the  Yaaoo  were  daatroyad 
by  their  commanders  ot  the  approach  of 
Lieut.-OoL  Kllet,  with  two  rama  in  pnrauit  of 
them. 

Hhortly  after  the  capture  of  Fort  Donelson, 
Oen.  Grant,  at  the  head  of  40,000  men,  mov- 
ed ui)  the  Tennessee,  debarking  at  Pittaburg 
Landing,  a  small  village  eight  miles  above 
Havannoh,  Tenn.,  twenty  milea  north.«aMt  of 
Corinth,  Miss,,  and  two  or  three  miles  north 
of  Shiloh  Church.  Five  divisions  of  the 
Union  army  were  encamped  in  a  semicircle  of 
three  or  four  milea  acratnward  of  Pittaburg 
Landing.  Vreviona  to  April  4th,  small  en- 
gagements had  taken  place  with  insignificant 
bands  of  tlie  enemy  in  the  neighborhm>d,  who 
made  no  considerable  resistance,  although  it 
was  well  known  that  the  enemy  in  great  force 
and  superior  numbers  were  at  Corinth.  The 
Union  army  lay  here  for  three  weeks  without 
erecting  defences  of  anv  kind.  Oen.  Albert 
Sidney  Johnston,  tho  ablest  of  the  Confeder- 
ate generals,  had  concentrated  at  Corinth  an 
exi>erienced  and  well-drilled  army  of  60,000 
men.  During  the  niaht  of  April  8d,  tUa 
grand  army  moved  silently  out  of  Corinth, 
and  advanced,  with  caution,  to  within  three 
miles  of  the  Federal  pickets.  Every  prepa- 
ration was  then  made  for  a  stealthy  and  des- 
perate assault  at  daybreak.  Gen.  Prentiss's 
(liviNion,  oucampod  across  the  direct  road  to 
Corinth,  was  thus  sur]>rised  while  some  of 
its  muu  were  dressing,  others  washing  or 
cooking,  while  many  of  the  oflSoera  had  not 
yet  risen.  Countless  forces  of  the  enemy 
rushed  upon  them  with  deadly  volleys,  and 
taking  them  prisoners  ere  they  had  time  to 
form  in  line  of  battle,  or  even  to  seize  their 
weapons.  The  adjacent  Union  division  on 
tho  right,  under  Oen.  Sherman,  was  now 
compelled  to  reti-eat  behind  the  next  ravine, 
leaving  thoir  camps  and  camp  equiitage  to  the 
enemy,  with  one  brigade  completely  routed. 
At  7  A.M.,  McClemand's  division,  in  the  rear 
of  Sherman's,  moved  to  its  support  and  found 
it  practically  destroyed.  Oen.  Prentiss  en- 
deavored to  re-form  his  men  in  an  oiwn  field, 
but  they  were  there  exposed  to  a  deadly  fire 
from  woody  coverts,  and  speedily  flanked. 
The  commander,  with  2,000  of  his  force,  be- 
came separated  from  the  remainder,  and  was 
completely  surrounded,  and  at  4  P.M.  was 
oblieed  to  surrender.  By  the  rout  of  Sher- 
man's and  Prantiss's  divisions,  the  enemy  were 
left  free  to  mass  tliemselves  on  McClernand's 
forces.  After  repulsing  many  attacks,  and 
losing  many  officers,  and  half  his  batteries, 
the  latter  gave  way  about  11  A.if.,  and  thus 
three  of  the  Union  divisions  were  routed  ere 
noon.  Oen.  Grant,  who  had  been  at  Savan- 
nah superintending  the  reception  of  supplies, 
where  also  was  Ids  sixth  division,  under  Gen. 
Lew  Wallace,  arrived  on  the  battle- field 
about  8  A.ir.  He  at  once  reformed  the  brig- 
ades, re-oHtabliHhed  his  batteries  and  new 
lines  of  defence,  the  divisions  of  Gens.  Hurl- 
hurt  and  W.  H.  L.  Wallace  being  still  intact. 
He  alito  pi-omptly  sent  for  Oen.  Lew  Wal- 
lace's division,  but  that  force,  consisting  of 
1 1  regiments,  2  batteries,  and  2  battalions  of 
cavalry,  were  prevented,  by  countermarching 
to  avoid  the  enemy,  from  reaching  the  bloody 
field  till  after  nightfall.  For  six  hours  t<i« 
overmatched  Union  forces  stood  the  brunt 
of  battle.      Hurlburt's  division  waa  thrice 


•luurgMllBfcU  foroa.aB4  «kriM  tlay  draw 
Iha  ui«Br  baak  witk  giM«  ■laoglitOT.  A* 
3^  r.M.,  ua  rabal  oommamiai',  A.  8.  John* 
ston,  in  Harlburt'i  Afont,  waa  atmek  in 
the  thigh  by  a  flragmant  of  a  ahall,  bat  ooa- 
tinned  silentlv  in  nia  aaddla  for  a  fcw  moi 
manta,  when  he  waa  ramovad  tharafirom  Ay 
ing.  The  diviaion  of  W.  H.  L.  WallaM  r*. 
palaed  four  deaperata  ohargaa  during  tUa 
Dloody  Sunday,  and  onoa  or  twiea  panuad 
the  enemy,  being  itoppad  only  by  tb*  «i- 
traordinary  diaparity  or  numbaia.  At  b  rjL 
the  two  diviaiona  foil  back  nearly  half  • 
mile  to  a  poaition  abont  that  diatanea  firom  th* 
river.  Gen.  W.  H.  L.  Wallooa  having  foUan 
mortally  wonndad.  Thiawaathelaatpoaaibte 
standing-ground  of  tka  beaten  Union  army. 
A  deep  and  rapid  river  in  ita  raar  oould  nol 
be  crowed  without  a  Udeoua  maiaaere  form- 
ing a  part  of  the  ratraat.  Theiabelaheaitatad 
for  a  few  momenta  to  follow  up  their  axtnuNV 
dinary  advantMe.  TUa  gava  an  opportunity 
to  the  Unioniata  to  phmt  their  remaining 

Suna,  22  in  number,  in  a  aemicirole  on  the 
luff,  commanding  the  approach  of  the  enemy. 
At  6  o'clock  the  enemy's  batteriea  ware  thua 
promptly  replied  to,  and  shortly  afterwarda 
the  gunboata  Tykr  and  Lvdngtim  opened 
with  shell  and  shot  through  an  opportune  ra- 
vine in  the  bluff  acrosa  the  new  firont  of  tho 
rebels,  preventing  any  charge  upon  the  Union 
suns  by  their  infantrr,  and  finally  eompalt 
ing  them  to  move  fartner  back  for  the  night. 
A  heavy  rain  fell  during  the  night  upon  the 
weary  and  wounded  thousands.  Gen.  Beau* 
regard,  who  had  succeeded  Gen.  .Johnaton, 
desiwtched  a  messenger  to  Corinth,  from  Shi- 
loh Church,  announcing  a  complete  victory, 
after  ten  hours'  severe  battle.  At  daylight, 
on  the  7th,  the  fighting  was  renewed,  but  tha 
Union  army  was  now  reinforced  by  Nel8on'% 
Crittenden's,  and  McCook'a  diviaiona  of  0«n. 
Buell's  army,  from  Nashville,  which  had  op- 
portunely arrived  at  Savannah,  anl  puahed 
on  to  Pittsburg  Landing,  at  the  sound  of 
cannon.  These,  with  Oen.  Lew  Wallaoe'a 
division,  comprised  about  20,000  freah  Union 
forces,  while  the  rebel  reserve  forces  were 
scarcely  3,000.  The  enemy,  though  wearied 
with  sixteen  hours  of  manoeuvring  and  fight- 
ing, during  the  previous  day,  neverthdeaa 
stood  firmly  to  their  arms.  They  were  ap«ied> 
ily  concentoited  upon  Nelson's  division,  who 
opened  the  battle,  but  the  latter  maintained 
its  position  for  many  hours  against  the  supo> 
rior  numbers  of  its  foes.  Crittenden's  and 
McCook's  divisions  were  engaged  later.  Tho 
latter  being  attacked  in  force,  caused  their  as- 
sailants to  recoil,  and  drove  them  nearly  n 
mile,  to  the  original  position  held  by  McCler- 
nand,  which  was  also  shortly  retaken.  Gen. 
Lew  Wallace's  division,  on  the  extreme  Un- 
ion right,  opened  fire  at  dawn.  Advancing 
his  ri^t,  under  Oen.  Grant's  peiaonal  direo- 
tion,  he  attempted  to  turn  tho  enemy's  left, 
which  was  stubbornly  resisted  with  heavr 
reinforeements.  Sherman's  and  MoClemand'a 
re-formed  divisions  also  steadily  advanced 
under  a  heavy  fire,  and  at  4  p.m.  the  original 
front  lines  of  the  Union  forces  had  been  re- 
taken, and  the  whole  Confederate  army  waa 
retreating  towards  Corinth,  feebly  pursued. 
The  victory  was  thus  to  the  Unionists,  who 
VciMsessed  the  field  and  the  dead,  but  tho 
losses  were  about  equalized.  Oen.  Beauro 
0urd  officially  reported  tha  ConfedMata  !•» 


HIITORY  Of  THB 


■I  1,TM  kUM,  Si)!!  «o<MiM<»4  MT 
«M  rmrtMl  •»  l.rSA  kUUd.  7,S8S  wobimImI, 


Mid  StftMnrUoMni  total,  18,073. 

0«n.  HallMk,  oomnuuMUing  Um  D«|MrtiiMnt 
sf  the  UimimApffi,  ihortly  kIW  the  BhUoh 
battle*,  •rrived  Mid  Meumed  flomiMuid  of  the 
ITnion  forooe,  which  were  preeentljr  inoreMod 
to  over  100,000  men  hy  relnforoemeiite  tram 
VMrioue  qiwrten,  imluding  Oen.  Pope  with 
95,000  men  from  MiMourL  But  no  attempt 
•gitintt  the  rebele  at  CMnth  wae  made  by 
Gen.  Halleok  for  week*  following,  during 
which  Oen.  Baaoregard  atrengUiened  hie 
worka.  Bjr  alow  anproaohee,  the  Union  bat- 
terlea  wore  braught  within  three  mileo  of 
Oorinth  hy  Maj  21at,  and  on  that  day  a  Un- 
ion foroe  partially  deetroyed  the  Oharleeton 
and  Memphia  Railroad,  a*  Olendale,  eight 
milea  nortli-waat  of  Corinth.  The  railroad 
at  Par4y  waa  alao  frokao,  and  on  the  97th, 
n  Union  forea^  diapatehed  to  out  the  railroad 


■oath  of  Ooriath,  found  tko  rebel  army  there 
in  IM  retNal    The  evaoaation  of  Oorinth 


waa  oompletod  on  the  99th,  Oen.  Beauregard 
having  mllen  baok  to  Tupelo,  puraoed  by 
Oen.  Pope  aa  for  aa  Ountown. 

April  9,  Oen.  O.  M.  Mitohel.  oommanding 
a  divieion  of  BueU'i  army  at  Nashville,  ad- 
vanoud  through  Fayettevllle  to  Huntaville, 
Ala.,  whioh  he  aurpriied  and  captured,  leia. 
ing  a  large  number  of  locomotive*  and  van, 
with  whioh  he  puahed  weatward  on  the  M em- 
phi*  and  OharlMton  road  aa  far  a*  Tuaoum- 
pia,  thu*  holding  the  avenue  along  whioh  rein- 
forcement* of  men  and  luppUea  and  munition* 
of  war  wrtv  conveyed  from  tho  we*t  to  the 
rebel  armiea  in  the  ea*t  From  Tu*onmbia 
ha  diHpatohed  a  foroe  a*  far  aouth  a*  Rnaael- 
ville,  capturing  a  large  amount  of  Confederate 
proiierty  without  loaa.  On  April  29  he  took 
Bridgeport,  Ala.,  driving  out  a  force  «c]ual  to 
1^  own,  and  iuflioting  a  loaa  of  72  killw)  and 
wounded,  350  prieonem,  and  2  gun*.  Being 
oompelled    to    abandon    Tuacumbia  by   the 

Cohering  of  rebel  force*  around  biin,  ho 
irued  the  railroad  bridge*  at  Decatur  and 
Bridgeport,  and  returned  to  the  Tenueaaeo, 
holding  all  Alabama  north  of  that  river.  In 
June  Oen.  Mitohel  was  Hummoned  to  assume 
oommand  at  Port  Royal,  S.C.,  where  he  died 
of  a  malignant  fever,  Oct.  23.  On  July  23 
Oen.  Halleok  waa  deaignated  aa  commander. 
in-chief  at  Waithington,  and  Oen.  Orant  auc- 
eeeded  him  in  the  oommand  at 'Corinth. 

Ship  Island,  between  the  mouth  of  the 
Misaissippi  and  the  Bay  of  Mobile,  about  65 
miles  from  New  Orleans,  waa  occupied  in 
Dec.,  1861,  by  Oen.  Phelpa^  with  a  part  of  a 
foroe  of  volunteer*  raiMd  by  Oen.  B.  F. 
Butler  in  New  England  for  confidential  aer- 
vioe.  Phelp*  then  iscned  aa  earnest  but  tin- 
timely  proclamation,  declaring  the  aim  of 
the  Oovemment  to  be  the  overthrow  of  sla- 
very. On  March  25, 1862,  after  a  severe  and 
haaurdou*  passage,  Oen.  Butler  arrived  at 
Ship  Island  with  the  remainder  of  his  forces, 
vhich  now  numbered  13,700  men,  and  which 
Tero  destined  to  aid  tho  naval  forces  under 
Com.  Farragiit  in  the  capture'  of  New 
Orleans.  The  approach  to  the  latter  place 
by  tho  Mississippi  was  commanded  at  a  bend 
or  the  river,  about  60  miles  below,  by  two 
strong  forts — Fort  Jackson  and  Fort  St. 
Philip.  The  river  itself  at  this  point  was 
alM^iGtol  by  A  (pent  boom  of  cludn  cable«. 


aid  kvlkai  and  aypraaa  trwa.  The  Union 
■aval  foreaa  eonmited  of  47  heavil*  armed 
vsamls,  91  of  them  beiiw  mortar^eeboonera, 
under  Com.  Porter,  each  throwing  a  9I5> 
pound  shell.  The  rebel  floet  consisted  of  the 
Iron-olad  fiouinana,  the  ram  Mattattat,  and 
19  other  gunboats,  under  Com.  Whittle. 
Oen.  Manimeld  8.  Ix>vell  commanded  the 
military  foroea  of  the  region.  On  April  17, 
the  Union  fleet  reached  the  vicinity  of  the 
fort*,  whereupon  a  formidable  flre-ahip  whs 
■ent  down  on  the  strong  current  by  the 
rebel*,  which  waa  duly  grappled  by  a  faioat  of 
tb*  Union  IroquoU,  and  towed  to  tho  river 
hank,  there  to  harmleaaly  bum  up.  The 
Union  mortar-boata  war*  aearooly  stationed 
within  range  of  Fort  Jaekaon,  the  lower  fort, 
on  the  19th.  when  it  opened  fir*  upon  them, 
while  more  iwrmleaa  flra-rafta  were  sent  down 
the  ourreni  The  bombardment  of  Fort 
Jaekaon  waa  continued  from  the  gtinboats 
and  mortara  tbronriiout  the  day,  during 
whioh  tho  wooden  Intorior  of  the  fort  was 
burned.  The  next  day  one  of  the  Union 
schooners  waa  struck  and  sunk,  while  the 
gunboat  OimmIo  waa  twice  hit,  two  of  her 
gun-earriagea  smaahed,  and  nine  men  wound- 
M.  On  the  third  day  of  the  bombardment, 
it  waa  resolved  to  force  a  passage  by  the 
forta,  and  the  gunboato  JHiCola  and  Ikuoa 
under  Capt.  Bell,  at  10  r.M.,  moved  upward 
to  break  tho  chain-boom  stretching  from  fort 
to  fort.  The  Pinolof  under  cover  of  the 
darkness  and  a  heavy  fire  from  all  the  mor- 
tar-sohoonera,  ran  up  the  weatem  shore  to  the 
chain,  and  directly  under  the  guns  of  Fort 
Jackson.  She  then  threw  upon  the  cable  a 
powerful  petard,  which,  however,  foiled  to 
explode.  The  Ita§ea  made  fast  to  a  hulk 
next  eaatward,  which  supported  tho  chain, 
and  she  shortly  cut  the  latter  in  twain  at  that 
point.  The  cables  of  the  hulk  were  then 
slipiied,  and  it  immediately  swung  round, 
dragging  the  lUuoa  towards  the  nearest  shore, 
and  Doth  were  shortly  fast  aground  within 
range  of  both  forts.  The  Pinula  then  res- 
cued the  lUuea  from  her  perilous  position, 
and  both  vessels,  unharmed,  returned  in  the 
darkness  to  their  positions.  On  the  24th,  at 
2  A.M.,  the  bombardment  of  Fort  Jackson 
having  steadily  continued.  Com,  Farragul, 
with  his  three  laraest  ships,  the  Hartford, 
Richtnond,  and  Brooklyn,  moved  up  the 
river  on  the  western  bank  to  engage  Fort 
Jackson ;  while  Capt  Bailey,  with  eight  gun- 
boats, proceeded  near  the  eastern  bank  to 
fight  Fort  St.  Philip.  Six  small  stCHmers 
engaged  the  water  batteries  below  Fort  Jack- 
son. Capt.  Bell  with  six  gunboats  kept  the 
middle  oi  the  river.  Capt.  Bailey's  division 
being  first  observed,  was  fired  upon  by  both 
forte  aa  it  reached  the  breach  in  the  boom,  but 
it  succeeded  in  passing  the  forte  materially 
uniiyured.  Of  Capt.  Bell's  division,  the 
Ikuea  was  disabled  by  a  ball  from  Fort  St. 
Philip  passing  through  her  boiler,  and  she 
drifted  down  the  river.  The  Winona  wns 
driven  back  by  the  fire  of  that  fort,  and  the 
Kimnebte  became  entangled  in  the  cable,  and 
finally  returned  to  below  the  fortw.  The  rest 
of  the  division  passed  the  forte  unharmed. 
The  JTartford,  bearing  Com.  Farragut,  and 
the  Richmond  following,  poured  heavy  broad- 
sides upon  Fort  Jackson  as  they  passed,  but 
the  BrooUyii,  Capt.  Craven,  running  over  a 
hulk  which  had  been  connected  with  the 


chain,  waa  trat  avUaalad  to  «  kaavy  In  ftm 
Fort  St.  Philip,  than  attaakad  by  tlM  nM 
ram  Mmmmai,  which,  howavar,  struek  hat 
without  ii^inry.  Bubaeqnantly,  whila  under 
a  raking  fire  from  Fort  Jaekaon,  aba  waa 
again  attacked  bv  a  largo  rabal  ataMiier,  to 
which  she  adminutorad  a  broadaide  that  fin* 
ished  the  Utter'a  career.  Paaaing  Fort  St. 
Philip,  aha  completely  ailanoad  that  fort  with 
grape  and  eaniater,  and  above  it  engaged 
several  of  the  rebel  guaboata.  The  Cayuya, 
Capt.  Bailey,  having  paaaad  the  forte,  en- 
countered  the  entire  rebal  flotilla  ot  W  gun« 
boata,  but  skilAilly  avoided  daatmotioB,  and 
forced  three  of  har  analler  aaamlaa  to  ■vr- 
render,  aa  the  Vanum  and  OntUm  mmm  to 
her  reacue.  Four  of  tha  rebel  gvaboata 
were  now  driven  aahora  and  blown  up  by 
theaa  veaael*.  At  6  A.if.  the  JtfbrpMi,  rabel 
iron-olad.  Com.  Bav.  Kennon,  attaekod  the 
Varuna,  twice  butting  her,  and  aiaailing  with 
a  raking  Are ;  bat  tha  Vanum  now  diaabled 
her  foe,  causing  har  to  drifk  out  of  tho  flght. 
During  thia  eonte**  ,^J'  '  r*bel  iron-clad 
twioo  rtmek  th*  VttrufM  in  the  port  aida 
with  a  beak  under  water.  Th*  last  time,  the 
ktter  stuck  (hat  in  tha  Vtrntrntfi  aide,  and 
the  rebel  orafk  beina  drawn  around  uloso 
thereto,  waa  plonked  dv  five  eight-inch  aholU 
abaft  her  armor,  and  becoming  diaengaged, 
she  shortly  drifted  ashore,  a  burning  wreck. 
Tho  Varrtna,  now  sinking,  was  run  aahore, 
but  *till  firing  upon  the  Morgan.  Th*  CmMa 
coming  to  her  reacue,  waa  directed  by  Capt. 
Bogga,  of  the  Vanuta,  to  pursue  the  Morit<*». 
The  latter  shortly  surrendered,  ^Jtvipg  Inat 
over  50  killed  and  woundou,  and  haviuif 
been  Ared  by  her  commander,  who  left  hia 
wounded  to  the  flamea.  The  Varuna  then 
sunk,  but  her  crow  gained  the  shore.  The 
loaa  of  the  Nntional  force  in  this  engagement 
was  but  30  killed  and  110  wounded. 

On  the  morning  of  the  25th,  the  Caffugn, 
still  leading,  approached  the  Chalmetto  baV 
teries,  three  miles  below  the  city,  whioh  were 
speedily  silenced,  and  about  noon  the  whole 
fleet  waa  moored  opposite  New  Orleana.  Oen 
Lovell  had  already  withdrawn  hia  foroe  of 
several  thousand  men  beyond  the  city  limite, 
and  sent  them  to  Camp  Moore,  78  milna 
above,  on  the  Jackson  Railroad.  A  panic 
and  rage  amounting  to  insanity  had  taken  poa- 
session  of  the  rebels  in  the  dty.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  property  to  the  amount  of  eiglit 
or  ten  millions  waa  fired  by  them  and  con- 
sumed in  a  few  hours.  The  river  seemed 
covered  with  fioating  masses  of  flame,  richly 
freighted  vessels  being  fired  and  out  adrift 
Two  iron  rams  nearly  finished  were  both  de- 
stk  jyfd.  On  the  96th  the  oity  wa*  formally 
aurrendered,  after  a  ridioulona  exhibition  of 
spiteful  hesitation  by  ito  Mayor^unroe,  it 
being  foimd  neoeaaary  to  aend  a  Union  force 
to  tMce  down  the  flag  of  Louisiana  fi<nm  the 
City  Hall.  Crowds  of  rebels  followed  the  ma- 
rines, hooting  and  yelling,  but  fearing  to  offer 
any  personal  violence,  aa  the  whole  ciU  lay 
exposed  to  the  Bhells  of  the  fleet  Eight 
miles  above  the  city,  at  Carrolton,  Com.  Far> 
ragut  found  abandoned  two  forte  mounting 
thirty-five  guns,  which  had  been  disabled; 
and  also  a  second  chain-boom  extended  acrosa 
the  river  to  prevent  the  doaoent  of  Com. 
Footo's  flotilla  from  above. 

Oen.  Butler  now  brou(^t  up  his  foroea 
Iwhidi  had  been  waitmg  at  the  har  bdow, 


UNITID  STATIS. 


0  A  iMMTjr  In  Ami 
lekMl  bytlM  raM 
warar,  ttniek  bw 


■Ml  ihortbr  kd  Umm  to  Um  raw  of  Vori 
M.  PUII^  Ob  the  9«Ui  Aiwll,  Com. 
Porter  having  tteadilj  oontinuM  tlto  bom- 
b*r«iiMnt  ot  MM  forto,  rMnivmi  tba  MtiituU- 
tioB  of  Oon.  DiuMMi  Mill  LUuk-Ool.  lllggina, 
oomiiMiMlin|  tham.  During  the  oonfnranoo 
upon  tba  Ititrritt  Ltmt,  tba  rabal  nun  Xom<#> 
MN«,  parfldioualjT  aal  on  fln  witb  all  bar  gun* 
abotlad,  driftad  down  upon  I'ortor'a  flaat,  in 
tba  midat  of  wbiob  aba  waa  aspacted  to  ax- 
ploda.  But  Um  asploaion  did  not  taka  phuw 
until  aba  waa  abrvMit  of  Fort  8t.  Pbilip,  by 
wUeb  a  rabal  mldiar  in  that  fort  only  waa 
killad.  Tha  thraa  nmaining  rabal  ataamera 
wara  aouttlad.  Tbair  ottoara,  witb  tboae  of 
tba  XomMoim,  wan  aant  north  aa  priaonara 
without  parola,  for  thia  violation  of  the  pro- 
giaaaof  a  oapitulation.  The  forte  wara  ahortly 
tumad  over  to  Oen.  Pbalpa.  Tha  rebel  forta 
Pike  and  Morgan  on  Lake  Ponchartrain,  and 
livinpton  on  tba  Qulf,  were  now  eaaily 
taken,  and  on  the  lat  of  May  Oen.  Butlar 
arrived  at  New  Orlaana  and  took  poaaenion, 
marobing  en  foot  to  the  air  of  *'  Yankee  Doo- 
dle" tbrou(^  variona  atreute  to  the  oiiatoin- 
liouae  flrom  the  levee,  at  the  head  of  hlM  forceii, 
aaid  a  erowd  of  00,000  highly  excited  rebel*, 
who  preaaed  forward  to  get  a  aight  of  him, 
witb  mingled  oriea  of  ouiioHity  aiid  deflanoe. 

Under  the  vigorouii  and  able  rnio  of  Uen. 
Utttler,  the  city  auon  ei^oyed  perfect  order 
and  extraordinary  oleanlineaa,  while  the  open 
or  inaultin^  diapUy  of  treaaon  to  the  na- 
tional alleguuioe  waa  thoroughly  aupproaaed 
by  rigid  but  effective  meaaurea,  among  which 
on  oHur  by  him  aubjected  women  who  paaaed 
the  limite  of  a  decent  indulgence  in  their 
exhibition  of  figeling  againat  the  Union  aol- 
dieriL  to  the  pnniahment  by  impriionment  to 
wbiob  diaorderly  oourteaana  are  uaually  sub- 
jeoted  in  well-onlered  oitiea. 

The  Mayor  and  municipal  authoritieahaving 

£  roved  incapable  of  underaUnding  or  admin- 
itering  the  affaira  of  tlie  city,  under  tliu  ex- 
iating  aituation,  were  depoaed  by  him  and  aont 
to  jnil  for  a  Rliort  period.  Several  nnw8|M- 
|M>rH  alio,  not  being  inclined  to  print  his  ofii- 
cial  dooumentH,  and  fooliahly  continuing  to 
iaaue  rebellioua  appeala  to  the  people,  were 
promptly  auppreaaed  by  him.  He  aluo  hang- 
ed, on  June  7th,  one  Wm.  B.  Mumford,  the 
leader  of  a  rebel  mob  who  had  torn  down 
from  the  Mint  the  National  flag,  where  it  had 
been  boiated  by  some  aailora  of  the  Penta- 
eohj  on  27th  April.  About  the  same  time 
he  pardoned  aix  miiguided  rebel  HoUliera  who 
haci  violated  their  parole  by  re-enliating  in 
the  rebel  aervioe.  Shortly  after  the  surrender 
of  New  Orleans,  Baton  Rouge  and  Natchex 
were  occupied  by  the  Union  forces,  and  the 
advance  of  the  Union  squadron  reached 
Vioksburg.  On  the  night  of  June  20tli,  the 
Union  force  before  thia  place  having  been 
increaaed  by  4,000  aoldiora  under  Oen. 
Thomas  Williams  and  Com.  Porter's  mortar 
fleet,  a  bombardment  was  opened.  On  the 
afternoon  of  the  28th,  Com.  Farragut,  with 
■ix  vessels,  passed  Viiiksburg  and  communi- 
oatoi  with  the  national  fleet  of  mortar  and 
gun  boate  from  Cairo,  under  Capt.  Davis. 
Oen.  Williams,  with  his  soldiers,  and  a  force 
of  1,200  negroes  collected  in  the  region,  at- 
tempted, but  foiled  in  making  a  canal  across 
the  peninsula  opposite  Vicksburg,  and  the 
bombardment  failed  to  materially  affect  the 
■atwall/  strong  fortifioationa  of  the  place. 


Under  Inatnietiona  fhim  Waahiaglon,  tiM 
alaga  waa  abandooad,  and  Com.  Farramt  r»- 
turned  to  New  Orlaana,  which  be  raaebad  on 
tba  38tb  July,  and  Oen.  Williama,  with  hla 
command,  eoupriaing  a  great  many  aiok,  r^ 
turned  to  Baton  Rouga, 


At  daylight,  on  Augurt  ftth,  an  attack  waa 
on  the  hitter  |tlace,  by  a  Confederate 


nuula 
force 


of  13  regiroeute,  under  Midor-Oen. 
Johu  O.  Breckinridge,  the  Natioiuil  foroea 
amounting  to  0  regimente,  thinned  by  sick- 
nerni,  A  severe  battle  of  two  bouia  ensued, 
ilurina  which  manv  offlcers  on  both  sidea  fell, 
including  Oen.  Williams,  who  waa  ahot  deaa 
while  gaiUntly  leading  tha  a  lat  Indiana,  ite 
Aeld-oAoera  being  all  killed.  At  10  a.m.,  the 
Confederatea  withdrew  with  a  Iota  of  400, 
Oen.  Clarke,  commanding  one  of  their  brig- 
adea,  being  left  on  the  ileid  mortally  wounded. 

The  powerAd  rebel  ram  Arhantat,  which 
had  eluded  the  attempts  of  both  Com.  Farra- 
gut and  Commander  Porter  to  deatroy  her 
while  near  Viokaburg,  and  bad  come  down 
with  two  tendera  to  aid  Breckinridge  in  hia 
attack  on  Baton  Kouge,  was  rendered  tempo- 
rarily useless  by  the  breaking  down  of  her 
engine.  The  day  after  the  battle,  Commander 
Porter,  in  the  gunboate  A'mch),  Cayuga,  and 
tVumtor,  pursued  her  and  her  conaorte  up  the 
river.  Shortly  after  being  overtaken,  her 
remaining  engine  became  disabled.  Her  com- 
mander, Lieut.  Stevens,  then  set  her  on  fire 
anil  a>>andouod  bor,  escaping  with  his  crew  to 
the  shore.  The  Eiima  shortly  fired  her  mag- 
azine with  n  shell,  whereat  she  blew  up.  In 
consequence  of  the  active  aitd  thorough  prep- 
arations of  Oen.  Butler  at  New  (Jileana,  a 
meditated  attack  for  its  recapture  by  the 
rebels  was  abandoned ;  whoreu|K>n  be  sent 
Oen.  Weitzol,  in  October,  to  re-osteblish  the 
national  autbority  in  the  wealthy  regions  of 
the  Steto  lying  north-west  of  New  Orleans, 
sequestratins  the  whole  district  br  oomraia- 
sion,  liberating  the  slaves,  and  largely  iiioreas- 
ing  the  number  of  white  loyalists,  and  iiuti- 
tuting  an  election  of  members  of  Congreaa 
from  that  district. 

On  Deoeinbrr  14th,  Oen.  N.  P.  Banks 
reached  New  Orleans,  su|)erseding  Oen.  Butler 
in  the  command  of  the  department  Oen. 
Butler  turned  over  to  his  successor  4,000 
more  soldiera  than  he  had  received  from  the 
military  authoritiea  of  the  North,  including  3 
regiments  and  2  batteries  of  negroes.  He 
expended  $.')29,000  in  feeding  the  poor  of 
New  Orleans,  and  the  remainder  of  an  aggre- 
gate of  $1,088,000,  which  he  had  collected  by 
taxation  and  confiscation,  he  turned  over  to 
the  national  treasury.  Hia  vigorous  and 
unique  administration  of  affiiira  had  caused 
him,  and  all  his  commissioned  oflBcera,  to  be 
proclaimed  by  the  Confederate  Executive  as 
felons  and  outlaws,  and  a  reward  of  $10,000 
was  also  offered  for  his  body,  dead  or  alive, 
by  a  private  citizen  of  Charleston,  S.  C, 

On  the  13th  January,  1862,  the  advance  of 
a  large  military  and  naval  expedition,  under 
Oen.  A.  £.  Burnsido  and  Com.  L.  M.  Oolds- 
borough,  reached  Uatteros  Inlet.  The  forces 
of  Ooi).  Burnsido  amounted  to  11,600  men  in 
30  or  40  trans|)ort8,  organized  in  brigades  com- 
maudtid  by  Oens.  Foster,  Itono,  and  Parkes, 
Tlie  naval  force  consisted  of  31  gunboats, 
mounting  94  guns.  The  fleet  was  severely  crip 
pled  by  stress  of  weather,  and  four  or  five  trans- 
(KM  %  with  one  gunboat,  were  lost  off  the  bar. 


4fW  a  naoMMunr  Mi^,  on  Vabmary  fttb,  W 
raaaala  of  tha  iaat  motmI  ap  PaaHeo  and 
Sroatan  (kmada  at  tka  rate  of  four  Milaa  an 


AfWni 
va 

Oraatanl 

hour,  until  off  tha  aonUMra  paial  of  Roanoko 
Island,  whara  thay  anohond  Ibr  Um  ntidii.  Al 
10a.ii.  Pebruary  ftth  the  gunboala  lad  tli« 
way  into  Oroatan  Bound  tkrongb  Roanoka  l» 
lat,  driving  aavan  rabal  gunboiSa  baibra  tham 
At  noon,  tha  Utter,  having  raaohod  tka  rabal 
Fort  Barton,  baltad,  and  with  Ibo  latter  opMMd 
fire  upon  tha  Union  foraa.  Al4P.li.,eov«r«d 
by  the  flra  of  tha  Union  gunbofta,  7,iW0  man 
debarked  on  Roanoko  laland  aono  two  miWa 
At>m  Fort  Barton,  and  bivouaekod  ibr  tko 
night..  Tha  fort  wai  dofendod  bj  about  3,000 
Confiideratao,  undar  Oen.  Shaw,  At  an  oarlv 
hour  on  Fab.  8  the  Unioniate  advanead  throngit 

naolv- 


the  bop  aurronnding  tha  Ibrt.  I 
e<l  to  charge  the  oaniMray  whieh  lad  to  it  and 
was  completely  oommandad  by  ito  ira.  Thia 
waa  shortly  aooompUahed  in  tha  moat  gallant 
manner,  bv  the  Qth  and  Slat  New  Yoii,  3 III 
and  33d  BfiuMohuaatta,  and  10th  Conneotienl 
Lying  down  banaath  a  flra  of  grape,  the  Blat 
and  0th  New  York  and  aiat  Maaaaehnaatto 
suddenly  rose  and  ruahed  over  the  rabel 
breaatworka,  chaaing  the  enemy  tharefiroin,aiid 
speedily  capturing  the  moat  of  them.  Tho 
rabel  loaa  in  killed  and  wounded  waa  A5, 
among  the  former  being  Capt.  O.  J.  Wise,  aon 
of  the  rebel  general ;  in  priaonera,  2,700.  Tho 
entira  Union  loaa  waa  aoout  BO  killed  and  2ftO 
wounded.  A  large  amount  of  war  material, 
including  aome  forty  guns,  waa  thua  captured. 
On  the  following  day,  the  rabel  gunboate 
aeven  in  number,  having  been  hotly  puraued  by 
fourteen  Union  gunboate  under  Com.  Kowai. 
up  Albemarle  l^und,  wera  act  on  fira  end 
abandoned  by  their  craw  a  at  EliaabeUi  City. 
The  latter  was  aUo  flred  and  partially  dectroy- 
ed.  Four  of  the  Union  gunboate  then  pro- 
ceeded to  Edenton,  whera  eight  cannon  and 
several  schooners  laden  with  suppliea  wera  da  • 
stroyed  or  captured.  On  Maran  12,  the  main 
expedition  arrived  at  a  point  69  miles  belo^ 
Newbem,  N.  C,  on  the  Nenae  River.  Nest 
morning  the  troope  landed  and  puahed  up  ou 
the  banks,  following  the  gunboate  on  the 
river,  which  shelled  tho  road  for  tbeni  to  within 
a  mile  and  a  half  of  the  rabel  defenoea  of  the 
city.  Half  way  up,  the  gunbonte  encountered 
heavy  obatructiona  of  aunken  veaaela,  span, 
and  torpedoea,  but  theae  wera  removed.  The 
next  day,  March  14,  one  after  another  of  the 
forte  defending  Newbem  on  the  water  wera 
evacuated  at  the  approach  of  the  Union  gun- 
boats, which  advanced  firing  their  ahells  even  to 
the  city  wharves.  The  land  defenoea  of  the  city 
were  strong  breastworks  covering  the  railwav, 
and  well  mounted  with  heavy  guna  and  field 
batteries,  and  manned  by  about  5,000  men, 
under  Oen.  L.  0*B.  Branch.  At  7  A Ji.  Oen. 
Bumside  moved  on  the  rabel  worka,  and  after 
an  hour's  vigorous  fighting,  a  general  assault 
was  mode  by  the  Unioniste,  and  the  whole  line 
of  fortifications  was  ahortly  in  their  hands.' 
The  rebels  manning  these  works  then  fled  into 
the  city,  pursued  by  Oen.  Foster.  They  then 
hastily  firad  this  place  at  nnmeroua  pointa, 
and  retreated  on  Ooldsboro,  by  the  rail- 
road, which  was  now  subjected  to  severe  shell- 
ing by  the  Union  gunboats.  The  capture  of 
the  intrencliments  and  city  included  69  cannon, 
two  steamboats,  and  large  quontitiea  of  mnni- 
tions,  witb  500  prisoners.  The  Union  ka 
was  about  100  killed  and  500  woomM.    Um 


i* 


flllTORT  Of  TBI 


nMlMiakllM  —4  wawiii<  «m 

100. 

lUnli  IS,  Om.  tmwmUt  oMvpM  Mo*^ 
ImmI  Cttjr  «itlM«l  rMlataM*,  mm!  abm  Bmu- 
•mtS  MniM  Um  If*«riMMi  Rivw.  Anrll  Sft,  Um 
lUnujfmd  ooMljr  FwUnl  foiliwt,  Fort  Mmmhi, 
tUnoIng  •!  iIm  MinuM*  of  Nowport  Rivor. 
Mid  MUM  bjr  OoT.  BIIU  upon  Iha  twiwJon  of 
Um  8l«to,  WM  tavMtod  by  Um  Union  forow, 
nnil  hmivy  An  op*n«<i  Uimon  from  bnltorio* 
•ml  iMtklag  mortitn  nt  1.300  fcot  diatnaoo, 
whil*  four  gunbonia  drolMl  Won  tiM  fortrMa, 
mmI  diiotMrMtt  tMr  iImI  mmI  tlwU  tb«rett|M>n 
in  tnrn.  Tm  n*Rt  dnji  nott  of  blii  guna  mt- 
Ii«  boMi  diaoMnntod,  Ool.  WKila,  ooMmanaing 
«Im  fart,  ramndaNil  it.  with  ila  gMrritoa  of 
000  nan.  In  Um  BMnaUma,  Uia  towna  on  IIm 
Ohowut  Rivwraa  flur  aa  Wilton  war*  oeouplad 
W  tba  Unirmiati  with  Uttia  Niiatuwa.  April 
SO,  GMb.  Rano  andanvoring  to  intaroapt  a 
nbal  ferwIanTing  BllMbaUi  City  for  Noi^lk, 
vaa  aonfrontad  naar  UMadM  Inr  anothar,  which 
was  atrongijr  poatad,  nnd  vhioh  aftar  aoma 
taaporarjr  adyimtaga  waa  flnalljr  drivan  off, 
tho  Unioaiala  having  loat  in  Um  angagamant 
1ft  killad  and  08  wouudad,  and  tha  rebela  about 
Um  lanM  nnmban.  On  July  4,  Oan.  Bum- 
iida  waa  ordarad  to  haatan  to  FortrvM  Monroa 
with  all  hia  diapoaabla  troopa,  and  lofl  U«n. 
Foatar  in  oommand  of  tha  North  Carolina  De- 
partnMnt,  with  a  anall  foroa  to  hold  the  poai- 
liona  ipinad  there.  lAte  in  the  year,  Ciun. 
Foatar,  hnTiiiii«oaived  reiiifurtvmeiitii,  aiwum- 
•d  Um  oflbuaTve,  aiiil  on  Deo.  1 1  advauoed  on 
(Joldaboro.  Near  Kiugaton  he  encountered 
%  oonaidembla  rebel  force,  under  Oen.  Evana, 
whom  ha  routed  after  a  abort  but  aharp  flght, 
•apturing  400  priwnera.  Ha  next  advanced 
on  Ooldaboro  ami  deatroyed  tha  railroad  bridge 
of  the  Wilmington  and  Weldon  road  over 
the  Nana*.     Ila  then  returned  to  Nvwbem, 

•  vaatly  anperior  force  having  been  gathered 
in  hit  flront,  under  the  rebel  Qen.  U.  W. 
BmiUi. 

The  inactjpn  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Potomac,  under  Qen.  MoOlelUn,  continued 
throughout  the  winter  of  1801-02.  No  en- 
ngementa  took  placu  of  any  note,  except  at 
Bath  and  Homuey,  where,  January  lut,  na- 
tional dataohmenta  were  dri\«n  from  their 
garriaona  by  Oen.  (Stonewall)  Jaokion  with 
a  large  fbroe,  and  the  daah,  on  Februarr  15th, 
of  t^  Union  Gen.  F.  W.  Lander,  at  Bloom- 
ins  Gap,  in  whiojt  he  inflicted  a  loaa  of  88 
killed  and  wounded  upon  tha  enemy.  Oh 
January  13th,  EL  U.  Stanton  auoceeded  Simon 
Cameron  aa  Secretary  of  War,  and  shortly 
afterwarda  a  war  order  oommandiiig  a  general 
advance,  on  Febmary  22d,  towards  Kioh- 
aiond,  waa  ianied  by  the  Preaident.  The 
Army  of  the  Potomae  waa  now  ornnized  in 
four  oorpa,  under  Oeoa.  MoDowell,  Sumner, 
Heintieunan,  and  Keyea.  The  iSvsident'a 
plan  of  movement  waa  direoUy  aouthward  to 
a  point  on  the  railroad  aouth-west  of  A^^uiaa- 
aaa.  That  of  Geu.  McClellan  waa  by  the 
Chesapeake,  up  the  Rappahannock  to  Fort- 
ress Monitte,  making  a  secondAi-y  base  of 
West  Point.  The  latter  plan  involved  a  long 
delay,  and  heavy  expense  in  procuring  naval 
transportation.  It  also  left  the  national 
metropolis,  with  its  archives  and  enormous 
stores,  dangerously  exposed,  or  else  involved 

•  serious  dispersion  of  the  national  furceii. 
It  was  nevertheless  adopted,  the  President 
deCarring  the  oommon-aense  of  the  civilian  to 


Military  aeiaMa.  Tha  ConfadanMaa,  aboul 
C0,000  in  nuabar  at  MansMas,  war*  now 
eomnwmlail  by  (ten.  J.  K.  Jobnatoii,  who 
eoMplataii,  iw  the  Hth  March,  the  evaittia* 
tiou  of  hia  wintur  rauim  and  kiit'tiiwnil  r»- 
tiremant  southward  to  ilia  linn  of  (he  IUi>i>*- 
bannock.  The  Union  oiiiiiiiwinlfr  riKwivml  his 
Arst  information  of  Ihls  iui|M>rlMil  niovvnutnt 
of  the  enemy  the  lUy  after  iU  c<ttn|ilation. 
Tha  latter,  awnlllug  tiiuti|Mii'Ution  to  Fort- 
rasa  Monroe  at  this  moment,  ortlKrud  an  ikI- 
varnw  of  hia  grand  army  u|Hin  tha  enemy's 
deaertad  linaa,  with  a  view  of  praotioe,  wliei-e- 
upon  tha  l*»«Bident  relieved  him  of  the  oom- 
Biand  of  alt  military  danartuienta  but  that  of 
tha  Potomac.  Oea.  Nath.  P.  Banks,  com- 
manding tha  national  foroea  on  the  upper 
Potomac,  waa  now  ordered  by  Gen.  McClellan 
W>  move  down  firom  the  Shenandoah  valley  to 
Manaaaaa,  to  prevent  the  enemy  fh>ni  reiNtaaea- 
sini  himself  of  the  latter  |MMition.  At  lU  a.m. 
on  Mareh  2.1d,  a  division  of  Banks's  army,  un- 
der Oen.  Bhielda,  oomprising  6,000  infantry, 
7(K)  oavalry,  and  24  gtma,  and  well  poatad  at 
tha  vilUga  of  Kamstown,  was  attacked  by 
Gen.  Jaokaon,  but  the  latter,  notwithstanding 
a  dsaperate  stand  behind  a  high  and  solid 
stone  wall,  was  ultimately  Hanked  therefrom 
and  forced  to  retreat  in  disontcr,  with  a  loaa 
in  killed  and  wounded  of  l,OU()  to  l,MH),  .1U0 
iirisouera,  and  'J  guns.  The  national  Iimis  was 
103  killed,  441  wounded,  anil  24  niissiiig. 
Jackson  waa  then  unsuccessfully  iiunufd  up 
the  Shenandoah  valley  as  for  as  Woodstock, 
by  Gen.  Banks. 

The  forty.'gun  steam  frigate  Mmrimae, 
scuttled  unon  the  evacuation  of  Norfolk  navy 
yard  by  ita  commander,  was  raised  by  the 
rebels  and  cut  down  to  her  hull,  over  which 
was  then  constructed  a  sloping  shield  of  i-nil. 
rood  iron,  firmly  plated  and  extending  two  f«et 
beneath  the  water,  and  resembling  the  slanting 
roof  of  a  house ;  the  ends  of  the  vossul  pro- 
jected a  few  feet  beyond  this  roof.  On  the 
noon  of  Sstuitlay,  Iklarch  8, 1803,  this  formid- 
able craft,  heavily  armed  with  100-pound  Arm- 
strong guns  and  occompanivil  by  two  other 
wnr  vessels,  the  Jantflown  and  Yorktoton, 
proceeded  from  Norfolk  to  Newport  News, 
where  were  lying  at  anchor  two  national  sail- 
ing frigates,  the  CHmhtrland  and  the  Cim- 
gr—».  Passing  the  latter,  she  dischargnil  a 
single  broadside  at  her,  and  proceeded  towards 
the  Cumberiand,  recoivins  upon  her  slojiing 
shield  without  hisrm  the  heavy  broadHidvs  of 
both  frigates.  The  formidable  Union  battery 
on  the  shore  also  opened  upon  her  |ioint  blank, 
but  its  shot  and  shell  gUuced  harmlessly  away 
from  her  sides.  The  iron  prow  of  the  Merri- 
mae  twice  struck  and  crushed  in  the  side  of 
the  Cumberland,  and  ponderous  missiles  were 
poured  into  the  latter,  which  scattered  her 
massive  guns  and  the  mutilated  bodies  of  her 
crew  in  all  directiona.  But  she  still  nobly 
replied,  until  after  forty-five  minutes  she  sunk 
in  54  feet  of  water,  carrying  down  with  her 
the  dead  and  wounded  upon  her  decks,  her 
flag  still  flying  from  the  topmast.  The  CVm- 
ffreti,  having  endeavored  to  escape,  ran 
aground,  and  was  now  approached  by  the 
Merrimae  and  her  allies,  who  at  once  dis- 
charged broadside  after  broadside  at  close 
range,  raking  her  from  stem  to  stem.  The 
decks  were  in  an  instant  covered  with  dis- 
mounted guns  and  mangled  limbs  and  the 
veaael  fired  in  three  separate  places.     The 


^m§  WM  dfiw*  down  al  4.S0  ».it  ta 
vaal  AirUMr  niAbrtBg.  WhUa  iIm  hwl  a  wkll* 
Am  Ayiny  to  intinMta  her  awnamiar.  UalMl 
solillars  from  the  shore  flmd  upon  the  rabal 


lieu  lo  aaeapa  to  ua  snore  in  wair 
■  C'oMtfrsM  imrned  until  midnighl, 
nagaauia  eipkidad,  oompletely  d*. 
>r.     Tha  Jlftrrimae,  alMr  leaving 


vssaala,  wbarenuou  tha  M*t  I'lmai  powwl 
another  broadaida  into  tha  Conffrtm,  m>twlUi> 
standing  tha  white  Aag.  Tho  oAeera  of  tka 
lalt<<r  were  taken  priaonera,  while  tha  araw 
were  |iemiitt«>d  to  aaeapa  to  tha  shore  in  thalr 
boata.  Tlie  '" 
when  her  nu 
Htroying  her. 

the  VoHOrtM,  nrooeethid  towarda  the  Minnt' 
toto,  which  with  anothar  splamlid  frigate,  ih* 
m.  AaMfMiM,  hml  ran  apound  about  a  mite 
ftrom  Newport  Mawo,  in  oomlnc  frmn  Fortroai 
Monroa  to  the  seana  of  action.  Fortwoorthno 
houra  tha  Mmimme  Nred  upon  tha  MUm^ 
•Ola  at  a  mile's  distance,  not  oaing  able  flroa 
the  shallownaaa  of  tho  watar  to  approoeK 
nearer,  while  her  consorts,  tha  J^mntomn 
and  }  orAOsM,  also  kept  up  •  vigorous  Art 
upon  her  at  nearer  range.  At  7  r.v,  thoy 
daaisled,  and  steamed  back  towarda  Norfolk. 
At  0  A.M.  of  tha  folhming  day,  thay 
again  appeared  and  proceeded  towaida  tM 
rear  of  the  Armly  grounded  JtftMMMeto.  I>ar> 
ing  the  nightj,  two  small  ataanMni  had  arrived 
from  sen  at  Fortresa  Monroe,  towing  a  small 
raft,  surmounted  by  a  small  round  tower,  n 
few  feet  in  height.  This  waa  the  Monitor, 
deviiml  by  Capt.  Ericsson  and  built  by  private 
enterprise  as  an  experiment  of  invulnerabU> 
ity.  She  mounted  but  two  guna.  The  Mtr- 
.1..  mioonscious  of  tha  vicinity 


,  apiHtrrntly  i 
]   antAOoniiit 


of  tho  antAgonist  aha  was  shortly  to  e». 
counter,  again  leisurely  proceeded  to  ouen 
flre  u|ion  the  itinnMota.  The  Monkor  tiien 
approached  and  intervened  directly  between 
tne  unec|ually  matched  antagonists,  and  open- 
ing her  fire  ui>on  the  astonished  Mtrrimm, 
sliortly  compellud  her  to  change  her  position, 
iu  doing  which  she  groumlml.  As  soon  aa 
she  got  afloat,  she  stood  down  the  bay,  chased 
by  the  Monitor,  Suddenly  site  turned  and 
ran  over  the  Utter,  but  without  damaging 
her,  and  seriously  injuring  her  own  prow  and 
her  mail  so  that  a  bad  leak  ensued.  Tha 
shins  now  closed  and  hurled  shot  and  shell  at 
eacn  other.  Tlie  rebel  Yorktoien  endeavor- 
ing to  intervene,  i«ceived  a  170-nound  shot 
from  (he  Monitor,  which  at  once  disabled  her. 
The  Monitor  now  steamed  aronnd  her  more 
unwieldy  antagonist,  discharging  her  missiles 
at  likely  vulnerable  spots,  and  at  length  three 
holes  were  observed  to  have  been  made  in 
the  Mtrrimae,  and  she  was  evidently  sinking 
She  now  gave  up  the  fight,  which  she  waa 
destined  never  to  renew,  and  fled  towarda 
Norfolk,  pursued  but  a  abort  distance  by  the 
Monitor,  which  had  been  ordered  not  to  leave 
the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  fleet.  In  thin 
memorable  contest  the  Monitor  was  entirely 
uninjured,  although  she  was  struck  by  the 
rebel  broadsidea  twenty-two  timea.  One  of 
the  rebel  bolts,  however,  struck  the  grating 
of  the  pilot-house,  through  which  her  gallant 
commander,  Lieut.  Worden,  was  watching  his 
enemy,  knocking  off  aome  cement  into  his 
face  with  such  force  as  to  blind  him  for  some 
days  and  |>ermancutly  destroying  his  left  eye. 
During  the  month  of  April,  1802,  a  por- 
tion of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Potomac,  con- 
sisting of  121,500  men,  14,692  animals,  1,160 
wagons,  44  batteries,  and  an  immense  qnan. 
tity  of  equipage,  wu  tramferred  ficom  Wash- 


On 

OB 

bv 
Uoiu 


VMITID   ITATII. 


)  to  f ofUMi  Monnw.  ( hi  lit*  3tl  A  |tril 
Om.  MtCMlM  rMMli«a  tlM  Uitar  plww, 
WNM  dO,000  of  hU  m«ii  Mitl  KM)  guiiM  bnvlng 
•IrMMl*  baMi  lnrtM|iurtoil  tkitlMir,  II*  priM 
•inmJmI  tn  i-MWnilMll*  tha  tuhml  Uihm  •! 
Yurkluwn,  wkiak  war*  than  ilaiftiiuM  liy  • 
foTM  <if  •bowl  IO,00(t  HHin,  untlnr  Onii.  Mm- 
grutJar,  mmI  ooMludatl  tu  banlngn  IimUhmI  of 
nwkiug  Mijr  datarmtaiid  mmuIi  uimhi  tbam. 
On  ihm  liith,  •  i««ounuiiMiKM  in  loroa  nwdo 
by  Um  aa  UivUion  uwlar  Uan.  W.  V.  MmlUi, 
OB  tha  W*rwi«k,  waa  aucoaMfully  rliackati 
bv  Uia  raboU.  Majr  4lh,  tha  grmil  |ira|wra- 
tloiM  for  kia  btaiammiiut  Imving  batin  Mly 
0oai|>Utad  bv  tk*  Uiikuniata,  Uan.  Magrudar 
•bMMkmad  bU  linaa  ami  ratraalail  u|t  tba 
paniMuU,  Mtil  waa  thareuiion  imrauml  by 
■avanU  illviaioua  of  tba  Union  army.  Con- 
oanlmtait  tnta  various  pointa  anil  in  largo 
foroa,  Ikt  rabala  now  UMila  a  itanil  at  Wll- 
UaiMbur|p  Tka  various  Union  divialon* 
atlvauoadto  tbia  pkMM  by  (lllTerant  roadi, 
wbiob  war*  naarly  impaaaabla  from  a  lii<avy 
rain  wbiok  bad  aet  in.  At  daylight,  May 
b,  Uan.  Ilookar,  moving  ovar  tka  IIani|>tou 
load,  aauM  in  aiglil  oiP  tka  robal  workit, 
wkiok  wtra  nlamtd  on  wall  obuaau  ground,  and 
•onaiatad  of  Kurt  Miigrndor,  at  the  junction 
of  tha  Yorktowu  and  Hampton  roadN,  witii 
a  Una  extonding  aurum  thu  |M'uiniiulu,  of  ru- 
doubta,  rida-pita,  and  taiiglud  abuttiii.  Ilttokar 
at  on.*^  attacked  tha  ouvniy,  tixiiectiiiK  tha 
Bpeady  trrival  of  tha  roniaiudur  of  the  Union 
troopa,  and  waa  aoon  daa|>orat«ly  engaged 
with  a  vaaMy  auiwriur  fonw.  Threa  timea  h* 
repulaed  tba  rabel  ohargea  u|)on  bia  centra, 
«aoh  mada  with  frenh  trooita  and  iucreaniiig 
numbera.  At  I  r.M.  all  hia  regimeuta  were 
engaged,  and  though  itill  tigktiug  gallantly, 
were  faat  being  thinned  without  advHncing 
againat  tha  overmatching  foe.  Hbortly  aftiir- 
warda  Oen.  Longatre*t*a  diviaion  of  the  rebtil 
army,  which  had  been  marching  to  the  il«> 
fence  of  Uiokmond  and  recalled  to  thu  Wil- 
liaumburg  dufencoa,  reached  the  field,  and  a 
freah  attiimpt  waa  at  once  nuule  by  the 
enemy  on  both  Qen.  Ilooker'a  centre  and 
left.  After  a  protracted  atrugglo  it  waa  re- 
pulaed  with  great  ilaughter  on  both  MidoH, 
and  with  a  loaa  of  four  Union  guna  and  300 
priaouera.  At  4.00  p.m.  Uen.  llwiker'a  di- 
viaion, which  had  for  nine  hours  gallnntly 
stood  against  the  whole  rebel  army,  Hkilfully 
furtitted,  waa  .relieved  by  Uen.  Kearneys 
division  and  held  as  a  reserve.  The  niusket- 
ry  ttring  was  now  renewed  along  the  whole 
line,  and  our  regiments  began  to  atlvanco. 
A  galUnt  charge  of  the  38th  New  York, 
Col.  Hubart  Wai-d,  which  lost  most  of  its 
ofBoers  therein,  supplemented  by  a  charge  of 
the  40th  New  York,  Col.  Kiley,  drove  the 
enemy  from  the  riUe-pita  of  the  centre,  and 
this  ground  was  held.  Uen.  Jiuneson  brought 
up  his  brigttdi),  and  a  second  line  was  formed, 
when  darkneHS  oloHed  in,  preventing  further 
Bution.  Uen.  Hancock  bad  been  sent  to  Hank 
the  enemy's  left,  and  by  a  brilliant  bayonet 
charge  he  routed  and  disi>ci-sed  their  whole 
i^rco  there,  killing,  wounding,  and  capturing 
500  or  600,  with  a  loss  of  but  31  men,  and 
holding  the  works  which  he  captured.  At  0 
'  H.  Ucu.  McOlellan  reached  the  front  at 
ilauoock'a  position,  and  shortly  before  dark 
boveral  fresh  divisions  of  his  army  arrived. 
In  his  report  of  this  conflict,  Uen.  Hooker 
Mil*  nttention  to  the  reinarkiible  fact  that. 


Ma  dlvkrfoii  WM  m«miMa«l  to  aarry  on  tbia 
■naqwd  alniggla  pom  Moraing  till  night  ■n< 
aidad,  in  tka  praaanao  of  nwra  thMi  30,000 
of  their  ooMradaa  wllb  wmm  in  tbair  banda. 
t>urin|  lb*  niibl  Um  rabala  baalUjr  avaow- 
ated  WlUUniabttrg,  lanvi^  dOO  aovaraly 
wuundsd  to  bacoma  priaonara,  Uan.  Mo- 
(/'li'llnn  raportod  a  total  loaa  In  Ihia  •ngaga- 
mani  of  4M  killed,  1,400  wounded,  and  373 
mlsadng,  TIm  rabal  lo«^  nol  oAelally  pro- 
vUlmad,  waa  probably  aqual  to  thai  of  tba 
Union  fureaa.  Uan.  rranklin'a  diviaion, 
wbiok  kail  baan  dl«|NU«b«l  to  MeCklhui's 
alii  from  Waabiugton,  in  oonaaquanM  of  tb* 
latter's  delusion  raapaoting  lb*  anamy'a  fore* 
tiafure  him,  raaekad  Waal  Foint,  on  ill*  York 
Hiver,  the  day  after  lb*  bnlll*  of  Williama- 
burg,  and  Ih*  day  Ibartaltor  foand  tk*inaalyaa 
engaged  with  a  larga  fore*,  wkiob  tbrlea 
drove  tliem  from  th*  pUina  near  the  village, 
on  which  lb«>y  were  enram|NMl ;  but  at  length 
the  Uuion  batteries  having  been  landed  and 
|)oated,  with  Ik*  aiil  of  tba  gunboata  on  tb* 
river,  ailanead  the  rebel  battoriea  poated  on 
the  hilli  near  by,  and  tha  Union  infantry 
shortly  pushed  into  tha  surrounding  woods 
to  And  tha  enemy  retreated.  'I'b*  Union 
loss  in  this  affair  was  104  men.  Un  th*  8tb 
May,  Uen.  Htoneman,  with  th*  advance  of 
the  Union  army,  moved  from  Williamsburg 
to  open  communication  with  Franklin.  Tha 
rain  still  fall,  and  the  roada  went  so  im- 
|terfect  in  constM|ui>nci>,  that  alow  progresa 
was  made  by  the  main  army  in  advancing 
towards  Uichmond.  On  the  Tid  May,  Uen. 
McOlellan  made  his  head<|uartor*  at  Coal 
llart>or. 

Uii  the  lOtb  May,  0«n.  Wool,  oommauding 
at  Fortress  Monroe,  advanced  ttom  that  plao* 
with  a  fore*  upon  Norfolk,  which  waa  surren- 
dered by  its  Mayor,  no  enemy  being  found  there 
to  diNputo  poMH^Ksion.  Tlie  Navy  Yard  and 
I'ortHnKiiith  weiv  also  repossessed.  The  rebels 
iiartially  blew  up  the  Dry  Dock,  and  destroyed 
by  Are  the  ctdnbrated  iron-cliul,  the  Mtrritnac, 
and  ubaniloned  about  2U0  cnnnou,  moatly  spik- 
ed, but  still  valuable. 

After  his  defeat  by  Uen.  Shield*,  the  r^  ■>•' 
U«u.  Jackson  retreated  up  the  8benaudu«J: 
vnlley  and  took  |M>sition  at  Elk  Run  valley, 
where  hearing  that  a  Junction  of  the  Union 
forces  in  West  Virginia,  under  Uen.  Fremont, 
was  contemplated  with  those  of  Uen.  Banks 
now  in  pursuit  of  him,  he  at  onoe  advanced 
across  Hhenandoah  MounUin  to  strike  the 
advance  of  Uen.  Fremont,  under  Uen.  Milroy, 
who  had  concentroted  his  command  at  Mc- 
Dowell. The  division  of  Uen.  Edward  John- 
son leil  the  rebel  advance,  which  arrived  and 
|iosted  itself  on  Bull  Pasture  Mountain,  a  mile 
or  two  west  of  McDowell,  on  May  8.  On  the 
same  day  Uen.  Sohenck  with  2,000  men  reached 
Uen.  Milroy  from  the  town  of  Franklin,  34 
miles  north.  The  rebels,  including  Jackson's 
column,  which  had  now  arrived,  were  coiuiider- 
ably  superior  in  numbers  and  were  better  post- 
ed. Coimonading  and  skirmishing  continued 
from  10  \M.  until  3  p.m.,  when  a  charge  up  the 
mountain  was  made  by  2,000  of  the  Uuion 
forces,  who  were  engaged  at  close  range  for 
an  hour  and  a  half,  during  which  an  attempt 
was  made  to  turn  Uie  rebel  right,  but  faile<l. 
At  8  P.M.  the  fight  ceased.  The  Union  loss 
was  256 ;  Gun.  Jackson's  report  placed  his  low 
at  461.  During  the  night  the  Union  troopa 
retreated  to   Franklin  with  their  wounded, 


UvlHbwMrfnpartfflMrilMm    hJStm 
4i4  Ml  kiVtm  «y  «lM  mmnM,  VM  nunWa 


•MM.  and  on  lb*  irtk  Majr  I 
HartiaoBbMrg,  ^  Ikt  vajr  of  FrMrt  lUytl,  •• 
M**l  lianka  at  IMfMbari,  At  fiw*  RmU 
a  aMall  Union  Ibrw,  boUtna  Iha  ■!■••  wi4«r 
Col.  J.  It.  Kanly,  waa  drivMi  enl  V^^** 
cavalry,  lb*  advauM  of  Jaekana'a  WMjr,  mi 
a  fcw  mikai  fkrtbar  on  waa  ovMrtakaa,  Ma  tnin 
eaplurwl,  and  bia  WMMand  of  NO  ■■itfkllnlMl 
by  lb*  (1,000  pnrMiing  \  700  UniiMitato  waft 
made  nriaon*ra.aml  a  nvMbav  af  gMM  VM* 
tidian  in  tbia  raM  IrinMpk 

Un  Majr  94tk  Oan.  Dm&b  al  MrMbwpg,  wUk 
hardly  7.000  mmi,  laaraing  IhaadTMMi  •#  lft« 
000  or  30,000  rababs  alartod  to  raifMl  tovarA 
WinobMtar.  At  •  a.m..  Umm  Miiaa  h^foMl 
i}lrasb«irg,  bia  train,  wbian  waa  in  Um  aAnnafc 
waa  atUvknl,  and  mnak  4iaor4ar  ananad,  b«i 
tba  column  being  raorgBniaail  witb  tb*  trals 
in  tha  rear,  tb*  Uniunisto  ralraalMi  to  Wta* 
eh**tor  by  midnigbl,  witb  iMNlanito  kM.    Oa 


tka  3ftth,  lb*  mwmy,  who  bad  eland 

Winobaatar,  oponad  al   dayli_ 

artillery.    Facing  a  conMant  aaMMjr  of  fO/KM^ 


dayligbl  with  Ikalr 


the  7,000  Unioniata  bald  th*{r  gnmad  kn  ftv* 
hours,  whan  tha  whole  rabal  army  wm  brmgbi 
u|ion  tkem.  They  than  ralrsatait  In  tbra* 
columns  through  WiiMkoator,  aulbringMrloiM 
low  in  its  Btre«ta  from  tb*  misailw  of  Um  rabal 
roaidanta.  In  tha  eourw  of  lb*  aftanMwa 
tbey  reached  Martinsburg,  33  mifea  diataat, 
sharply  followed,  and  during  tha  nigbt  flail 
13  miiM  farther  to  the  Potomac,  but  now  vn* 
pursued.  Uen.  Banks  r*porl*d  bis  loaa  in  Um 
retreat  at  38  killed,  150  woundad,  and  711 
misaing ;  whil*  a  tontk  nf  kia  wagona.  togalkar 
with  a  lam*  amount  of  store*,  ware  daatrojrad. 
The  rebel  low  wm  re|iort«d  at  68  kilbd  and 
320  wounded. 

Uen.  Shields*  division,  which  had  bam  or> 
dered  to  Uen.  McDowell  at  Fradariokaburg, 
now  rapidly  returned  to  tba  Shenandoah,  by 
the  Manassaa  Oap  Hallway,  to  attack  Jack* 
son,  wMlo  Uen.  Fremont  left  Franklin  on 
:*Oth  May  to  crow  tha  Alleghaniaa,  and  dn> 
leond    into  the  valley  to    oooparato  with 


:>enB.  McDowell  and  Sbielda  by  int«r«*ptiag 
laokson,  who  wm  new  rotrMting  raDidly  vp 
the  valley.    On  the  evening  of  Jun*  lat,  Fr*> 


mont  reached  Btrwburg,  to  And  that  JukaoB 
had  passed  through  that  plac*  a  fkw  houn 
previous,  and  the  next  morning  th*  eavalrjr 
advance  of  Uen.  Shields'  diviaion  rwiohad 
that  point.  The  latier  now  pushed  up  tha 
South  Fork  of  the  Shenandoah,  wliil*  Qmi. 
Fremont  followed  the  enemy  down  th*  North 
Fork  to  Harriaonburg ;  the  advanM  of  CMh 
b«inR  wrioualy  hindered  br  awollaa  atraaat 
and  burned  bridg**.  On  Jun*  5th.  jMkaM 
moved  from  Harrisonbuif ,  aontMMrtarljr 
towarda  Fort  Bapublio,  on  th*  Booth  Vorii. 
Within  a  few  milH  of  th*  latter  pkMa  hia 
rear-guard  under  Asbby  wm  attacked  by  th* 
Union  cavalry  pursuing,  and  during  the  en- 
gagement Asbby  wm  killed.  Being  **v*i*l]r 
t>ressed,  Jackson  ordered  Ewell,  oomnuuKling 
lis  rear  division  of  6,000,  to  halt  and  tak*  a 
strong  position  along  a  ridge  near  Union 
Church.  At  0  a.m.,  June  7tb,  Oen.  Fra> 
mont's  advance  reached  a  small  viltege,  Crow 
Keys,  7  miles  from  Harriaonburg,  and  ioon 
his  army  became  engaged  with  tna  nwmjr. 
In  dwperoto  conflict  he  advanced  tlandilj, 
conatontly  gaining  ground,  until  8  r  JL(  <  * 


nilTORY   Of  THI 


)  Wtarf*  af  Om.  Mda  NMtM  ftwa  •  tor- 
W  IM,  «i4  OWi  MMMk,  of  Uw  UalM 
rlglil,  «M  fcrwa  to  nM4*  rtwItgJMHy  « 
■uki  <irtaM,  «hw«  Im  wm  cmhimmmImI  I>* 
tM  tnkuk,  to  wImmi  Im  vtooroMiy  r«|ilUil  lUl 
Airk.  TIm  UaiiMi  Iom  atiring  Um  lUjr  wm 
M4.  Tk«  raM  low  wm  nuorUi  •!  330. 
^riM  iIm  aiglit  Um  nUU  lUntlljr  •ImumIoi*' 
mI  iMr  poilUaa,  iMvUig  iMr  imA  mm!  mur- 
tolljr  iraiiaiUii  Tlw  cavalry  aJvanM  uf  Uen. 
MiUMa'  iirklM,  aMlar  Ool.  (7am>U.  on  Jhim 
Mil,  rodowad  b)r  Oan.  Tyiar't  brigwia  of  in 
ftmry,  laaalMtl  Um  viainitjr  of  Port  lta|Mblk), 
aiMl  oa  Jaaa  Ml  wara  altaaliMl  \ty  Uan. 
aaa,  wIm  waila  an  atlaaipt  to  oalllank 
Mi  Bntogiaaa  9,1)00,  wkUaUMirlM. 
(|,<NM  Im  nnaibar,  Uia 


Vaioii  fciaaa,  alWr  a  naal  lUapUjr  of  gallanlrjr 
Mid  i^t,  ratraatoti,  wa  rabaU  punuTng  ihaiu 
i««  nilaa,  aatl  M|it«riiig  4M>  priatnani. 
JaakaoB**  armjr  now  mfaly  eroiaail  tha  rivar  at 
Part  RapvUie,  and  bjr  Imrningtba  only  brldn 
la  tiM  naigliborbood,  intvraaptafl  tha  tmnult 
•f  Viaaont.  Jaakaon  having  thua  brilUantly 
baatoB  kia  anamiaa,  tha  latlar  wara  ihortW  ra- 
aiilad  to  Waidiington.  Uti  tha  1 3th,  Jackaou 
laiMfaljr  lairuaMJ  tha  South  Fork,  and  on  tha 
ITtk  JniM  WM  ordarad  tn  Hivbmond  with  hia 
Dommand  33d  May,  at  Lewiabnrg,  in  Wrat 
Vii|iaia,  an  angagamant  twtk  \Amns  Iwtwnni 
tkna  ragUnanla  of  rabala,  undtir  Utn.  Ilrth, 
■ad  Um  MUi  aad  34tk  Ohio,  uud«r  Col.  Ueu. 
Orook,  la  whiok  tha  rabala  wont  routml,  with 
aanddarabla  loaa.  May  I  Mb  ths  Union  niu- 
konla.  vndar  Com.  J.  Kogara,  prooavdml  ii|> 
Um  JaaMa  Kivar  vnimpadad  to  within  eight 
■iUaa  of  lUchmoiid,  to  oo4>parata  with  the 
Union  land  foroaa  moving  on  tliu  latt«r  |ila<A. 
Toaritrda  th«  latter  pnd  of  May,  0«n.  Mo- 
OlplUn  had  thrown  two  coriw,  comprising  hi* 
left  wing,  acruna  the  Cbickahominy  near 
White  Uak  Swamp,  but  hia  right  rrraainml 
on  tha  north  aide  of  tha  now  swollen  and 
almoat  impaaiable  river,  thiia  ex|KMina  them 
both  to  defeat  in  detail.  On  May  37th,  Uen. 
Fita-John  Porter,  who  wm  on  the  north  aide 
of  tha  rivHr  wlUi  two  diviniona,  moved  up 
towarda  Hanover  Court-llouae,  to  aid  the 
•spaoted  Junction  of  Uen.  McDowelPa  forcea 
from  Frederickiiburg.  At  the  Aahland  fork 
of  tha  road,  two  nillea  aouth  of  Hanover  Court- 
HoOM,  a  portion  of  Jackaon'a  army,  under 
Oen.  Branch,  wm  wet  and  puabed  back  with 
n  loM  of  300  killed,  730  priaonera,  and  I  gnn ; 
Um  Union  kiw  being  ft3  killed  and  344 
wounded.  On  May  31,  Caaey'a  diviaton, 
XayM*  (4Ui)  eorpa,  the  advance  of  the  Un- 
ion army,  near  Fair  Oaks,  on  the  nouth  Hide 
of  tha  Chickakomlny,  wm  attacked  by  Uen. 
D.  H.  Hill'a  division  of  the  rebel  army.  Af- 
ter ileqperato  fighting,  the  Union  diviiion, 
largaly  outnumbered,  wm  flanked,  and  driven 
bade  in  diaorderly  retreat  upon  Couch'a  di- 
▼iaion  (Keyea*  corpa),  between  Fair  Oaks  and 
Saran  Pinea,  with  the  Iom  of  6  gtuis.  The 
latter  division  now  stood  the  brunt.  Being 
fwtaaed  back  upon  Fair  OiUch  bv  the  enemy's 
OTenwwariug  advance,  it  hold  ita  own  there 
nntil  the  tardy  arrival  of  Oen.  Sumner's  corps 
from  aeroH  tha  awolleu  Cbickahominy,  where 
tha  ftuther  progreM  of  the  enemy  wns  vheck<>d. 
The  other  Union  eorpa  (Oen.  Ileintxplman'a), 
on  the  south  side  of  the  river,  iiad  arrived  at  3 
o'clock  to  support  Couch,  but  the  Pibeis  soon 
iaternoaed  between  them,  having  turned 
Owon'a  left.    An  hour  and  a  half  before  sun- 


aa«,  Um  dlvialon  of  ■adfwiak,  oT  HanaarNi 
aof|Mi,  arrivmi  and  movaa  fcr««rd  la  Um  of 
battle,  sweeiting  Iha  AaM|  aad  reeuvvrtng 
mueh  gnHind  that  had  kaaa  loal,  when  dark- 
IMM  atHled  Iha  battle  ftw  tha  disy.  During 
the  night  (Imi.  Madallaa  arrived  fhmi  New- 
bridge, but  without  tha  eorpa  either  of  Fits- 
John  Porter  or  of  Franklin,  The  n«st  morn- 
ing, Juna  lat,  Mumner's  IvfkwM  atlanked  by 
the  r»U)la  undnr  Uen.  Pickett,  but  after  a 
deaultory  eimfliot  of  two  or  three  houra,  thay 
desisted,  and  rvtrealmt  unpuraiiad.  During 
tha  engagement  of  May  31st,  Uan.  Jo.  John- 
ston, the  rebel  oommander-in-ehief,  being  with 
his  left,  under  Uaa.  U.  W.  Hmlth,  moMr  Fair 
Oaka  oniaalng,  wm  struck  In  tha  side  liy  a 
shell  and  diMbletl;  wherau|M>n  Uen.  Hmlth 
auaoae«led  him  in  the  oommantl,  who  in  turn 
WM  shortly  diHible<l  by  a  naralytio  atroka, 
and  removml  from  the  fleltf.  JelferMm  Da- 
vis, who  WM  tlinre  prfM'iit,  then  t«m|iorarily 
aMumad  the  conmiaud,  leading  in  iierson  one 
of  the  chargKB  in  this  |iart  of  the  Held.  On 
Jnne  Ut  no  demotmtrHtion  wm  made  by  tha 
Union  forcea  to  disturb  thii  relad  iMMaesaion 
of  Couoh'a  and  (!asey*a  oam|ia.  Tne  ofliolal 
rB|Mirt  of  the  Union  Iom  In  this  des|)erato 
battle  plaomi  it  at  A,73V.  That  of  the  enemy 
WM  about  7,00U.  On  Juna  3d,  a  reconnola- 
Mnun  in  force,  under  Uen.  Hooker,  btlvanced 
unmolmte^l  to  within  four  milea  of  Hlch- 
mond,  whither  the  enemv  hail  fallen  back. 

The  President  now  nunforoed  Uen.  Mc<7lel- 
lan  with  the  dis|NHMble  troo|M  at  Fortreu 
Monroe,  and  Qve  new  regimenta  from  lialtl 
more,  anil  on  the  1 3th  June,  MoCall's  division 
of  ML'I>owi>irs  corps  arrived  by  water.  On 
the  13th,  the  Hint  of  the  numerous  notable 
and  unprofitable  cavwlry  raids  of  tha  war  wm 
nuule  by  Uen.  J.  K.  B.  tituart,  who  csptuit-d 
near  Tunstall  Station  105  prisonera  and  2<t() 
miilos,  and  burned  two  acho<mera  loaded  with 
forage. 

On  the  30th  Jnne,  Fits-John  Porter'a 
corps  nmted  iM'hind  defencea  at  Mechan- 
icsvillv,  on  the  north  side  of  the  Cbicka- 
hominy ;  the  other  corpa  of  the  Union  srmy 
were  on  the  south  aide.  The  rebel  plan  wm 
to  destroy  Porter's  coriia,  and  then  proceed 
down  the  river  to  the  Union  roar.  On  this 
day,  Jiirkaon  moved  down  the  river  from 
Ashland,  and  wm  shortly  supported  by  Oena. 
Branch'a  and  A.  P.  Hill'a  columns.  I'he 
three  columns  now  movetl  towards  Mechan- 
Icaville,  Jackson  in  the  advance  and  nearest 
the  Pamnnkey  River,  Branch  naat,  and  Hill 
Ust,  with  hia  right  resting  on  the  Cbicka- 
hominy. The  Union  troo|ia  were  In  a  poal- 
tion  on  Beaver  Dsm  Creek,  strengthened  by 
felled  timbers  and  rifle-pits,  their  Tef^  resting 
on  the  Cbickahominy,  and  the  right  in  a  for- 
est. The  stnigglo  wns  most  des|iorato.  The 
enemy  advanced  towanis  the  stream  upon 
the  Union  right,  hold  by  Uen.  Keynolds,  but 
were  BjKHidily  forced  back  by  the  steady  fire 
of  the  Union  batteriea.  Again  their  troops 
were  massed  for  anothor  attack,  and  advanced 
only  to  be  slauglitered  by  the  batteries  of 
Seymour,  who  commanded  the  Union  left. 
For  six  hours,  or  until  0  p.m.,  the  battle  con- 
tinued, when  the  defeated  enemy  retired. 

At  daylight,  June  27th,  Uen.  McClellan 
ordered  Porter  to  full  back  to  Oainea'  Mills, 
so  M  to  protect  the  bridges  across  the  Cbicka- 
hominy. At  2  P.M.,  Oen.  A.  P.  Hill  ad- 
vanced and  ojwncd  battle,  and  shortly  thero- 


•flaf  Iwo-lUrb  of  iIm  fona  of 
now  eowMWilar  in-ahlaf  of  Um  rahal  araqr^ 
wara  bronghl  into  notion  i  a  gaaaral  advMM 
of  JMhaoii^a,  D.  U.  Hill's,  Rwetl's,  and  Loar 
strMt'a  eolnana,  eom|iriatng  ahoni  00,000 
man,  fh>m  rtokl  to  left,  being  Nwda  under  a 
torrifla  flra  of  aannon  and  musketry  fh>M  both 
sides.  TIm  total  form  of  I'urt4ir  wm  barely 
33,000,  Inelutling  Hbteum's  division,  whiek 
WM  sent  over  to  him  i  while  00,000  trnina 
truopa  remained  idle  anring  the  eonfllct,  on 
Iha  other  aide  of  iha  (^lekanomlny,  to  watoh 
and  guard  agalMt  SA,000  rabala,  the  Union 
commandar-ln-«hlaf  having  greatly  ovar-eall- 
oMted  hia  anemy  In  thai  quarter.  At  3.30 
r.M.,  Porter  wm  so  MVaraly  praaaad.  that  tha 
second  Union  Um  under  Maada  and  il^nokla, 
supiwrtlng  MoCall'a  dlvtaion  in  tha  centra, 
WM  ordered  up.  For  houra  tha  ballla  now 
raged,  with  renealad  and  dM|iarata  ohargM  on 
tha  ovamiatohad  and  aahaMted  Unionlata, 
which  wara  nillaally  re|ntUad  by  them.  Freah 
rebel  brifaclaa  wara  prompti*  advanced  to  ra> 

ttlaca  thoM  which  had  bMn  hurled  back.  At 
t  P.M.,  Porter  telegraphed  again  that  hia  uo- 
aitlon  WM  eatremely  critical,  when  Fronoh'a 
and  MeHghar'a  brigadea  of  tha  3d  Corpa  wero 
onlenid  acroM  to  hia  aupport.  Before  thay 
could  reach  the  field,  however,  the  rabala, 
raUvlng  all  tlieir  forcM,  bad  stormed  tha 
Union  Intrenchmenla,  on  the  right  and  left, 
In  one  last  deB|ierate  effort,  which  wm 
crowned  with  suoceaa.  Tlie  Union  Infantry 
were  driven  from  the  defi-tioea,  with  lerriblr 
alaughter  on  both  aldea.  Borne  back  a  rolW 
In  spite  of  the  eflTorte  of  their  ofllccra  to  rally 
them,  they  camn  n|)on  tha  tntk  brigaoejt  ul 
Meagher  and  FrcD'l .  Wmried  and  declm* 
ted,  they  again  reformed  behind  theae,  and 
advanced  in  dider,  reaily  to  meat  a  freah  at- 
Uck.  But  the  enemy  had  halted  for  tha 
night  In  the  field  they  had  thua  far  won. 
T'venty-three  guna  were  left  In  the  rebel 
bands  M  trophies,  and  many  prisoners ; 
umong  the  latter  the  gallant  Uen.  Iteynolda, 
who  rode  by  mistake  into  a  rebel  reoiment 
shortly  after  dark.  Tlio  Union  losses  in  thla 
dos|)erat«  action  were  hardly  Icm  than  8,0U0 
men,  while  those  of  the  rebels  wei«  probably 
abo<it  two-thirds  m  many. 

During  that  nlglit,  the  Union  forcea  wera 
by  order  withdrawn,  unmolested,  acitaw  the 
Cbickahominy,  preparatory  to  a  flank  move- 
incnt  of  the  whole  force  to  the  Jamea  Klver, 
through  the  White  Oak  Swamp.  Uen. 
Keyea  wm  at  once  dlapatched  with  hia  corpa 
on  the  road  across  the  latter  to  aeixe  strong 
jKisitions  on  the  Jamca  Biver  aide  of  the 
awanip,  ao  aa  to  protect  the  |iassage  of  tha 
trains  and  the  army.  During  the  night  the 
Union  commander  removed  hia  headquartera 
to  SavBge'a  Stetion,  to  au|ierlntend  the  move- 
ment. The  Union  baM  of  supplies  at  West 
Point  WM  now  cut  off  by  the  retreat  of  Por- 
ter, and  the  rebel  cavalry  under  J.  £.  B. 
Stuart,  the  next  day,  June  38,  pushed  fur- 
ward  towards  White  House,  but  rested  at 
Tunstall's  Stetion  for  the  night,  during  which 
the  Union  force  devoted  itself  to  the  dostruc 
tlon  of  the  VMt  stores  of  the  former  place. 
Innueuso  amounte  of  |>rovlslons,  munitions, 
and  supplies  were  necessarily  consigned  to 
destruction,  while  2,A00  wounded  were  left 
in  hospitel,  with  surgeons  oLd  attendants,  to 
full  into  the  ennmy'a  hands. 

No  Mrioua  attack  or  forward  movemast 


WITID  tTATIt. 


ird  moTcmott 


ywsM  nM  wMimlf  MM  balUvlM  ll 
pnntbU  IImI  kU  •ntafimUt  nxilil  Ihiia  Bhnn- 
don  lli*|MMtltim  wlihtml  •  ImIIIk.  «  Hi  ilm  'ittiK, 
Um  ralrvMl  h«vlii|l  kiM-n  full/  iliwuvKnul  liy 
Um  onomv,  (i<in.  MagruiW  iiuniuml  on  lit* 
WillUmaburg  riMtl,  auii  I'liniliiK  up  wtili  th* 
UnUm  rMur  tumr  M«va|pi'*  Huiloii,  aititrti^Hl  U 
In  full  fortw.  IIh  wm  HalUiitlv  ri>|M<llwl  lijr 
U«n.  Barn'i  brlfMlai  luiiiMirlml  by  tUmrn  uf 
HmokiMMl  IUmoimIi.  Ai  U  r.M.  \m  r««iil«iil, 
without  |»lniH|an7Mlv*ntag«>,  muI  tk«  rninn 
ftHTOM  Ml  bMk,  lijr  unlor,  u|ion  Whlla  Owk 
ttwftiii|>,  tha  rMir-guaril  uiiilar  l>«n.  Vmitck 
•rfNMing  Mil  ilMlrajriiM  Wbila  <Hik  HwMn|t 
briiigii  »t  B  A.M.,  JuM  9(Hh.  liar*  rnnklln 
with  hW  tUvlaion  wm  la(t  tu  liafaml  tha  ornaa- 
Ing,  mmI  avarjr  AttaMpt  of  tha  ralMil*  to  criHw 
tha  oMnk  Mil  aiwk  wm  Uafaatad.  In  tha 
■MMitima,  IWrthar  on  towanla  tha  Jamaa  Klvar, 
rabal  foi'taa  «n4*r  A.  1'.  Ilkll,  JarkiHtn,  anil 
Iiongatraat,  tka  Uttar  aooomiNtiilafl  bjr  Otn. 
Laa  kml  Jaffanmn  Dnvia  In  iwmm,  hwi  niovml 
down  fhmi  RIvlinKHMl  batwimn  tbn  Kwaniii  anil 
tha  rl««r,  on  tha  Oharlaa  City  ro«tl,  «hii-h  waa 
■nnrdad  bjr  Mliwum,  ami  alao  im  lh«  N<«w 
Ilnrkat  ronil,  u|ion  which  Mc(  'all  waa  |KM(<><i 
with  hia  gallant  I'auniiylvanU  l(<>a«<rvi>a, 
whom  hara  riiibting  had  now  reiluond  fWtm 
10,000  to  e.OOO,  At  .1  r.M..  Juhfl  90tb,  tlii< 
anemjr  arrivpil  nanr  Oluuiluio  ami  Ni'Imiu'h 
Farm,  and  a  aucoaaaion  of  ib>«|K<i'ut<i  it(rii|{)(li>i 
tnaued  at  both  |MMitii>iM.  Duina  obiiokuii  by 
•rtillarj  in  the  attaak  nimn  Hluoiini,  th«y 
fall  with  ftiry  uiion  MoCall.  Tbo  lattur  hnlil 
hia  foaition  witiiout  a  gun  loit,  afUir  a  at>riuii 
of  onargea  and  oountoi'chitrgea  of  the  niimt 
daadly  oharaotar  had  takmi  |ilao«,  in  tb« 
midat  of  oonatant  vulloya  of  gi-niw  and  run- 
ilter.  Betwften  aunaot  and  duik  bu  wh«  re- 
laforood  on  hia  Itift  by  a  |>ortiun  of  Ilooker'ii 
diviaion,  who,  charging  dim|HtraU)ly  amwH  an 
opan  field,  drove  the  rttboU  buck  nguiii  in'.o 
the  woodi.  (!oo|i«r'a  nnd  Itundull'ii  buttcr',)<a 
were  both  raptumd  by  the  rubeU  and  rtN.'U|> 
tured  by  the  ITnioa  forova. 

While  the  rebel  artillery  waa  thui  thia  day 
tttacking  the  Union  rear-gtiard  at  White 
Oak  8wani|i  bridge,  and  the  battle  waa  rag- 
ing at  Nulaon'a  Farm  and  Ulendale,  the  ene« 
my  aUo  oanio  down  OB  Porter,  u|ion  the 
Jamea,  and  braved  the  |>onderuni  tire  of  hiH 
gunboatN.  Infuriated  by  the  |)roH|iective  ea- 
cape  of  the  Union  army,  they  thun  uniuoceiut- 
fully  endeavored  at  all  |Miinta  to  break  through 
the  lung  Union  line  which  itrulchud  from  the 
middle  of  the  iwamp  to  Janiua  Itiver.  During 
tha  atruggle,  MoCull  fell  into  the  hand*  of 
the  enemy,  lleintaelman,  who  waa  in  oliiof 
oommand  of  the  troo|ia  on  the  Held,  with 
Franklin,  fell  back  to  the  Jameii,  on  the 
banka  of  which  the  Union  trniiui  were  now 
rapidly  gathering.  On  the  forenoon  of  July 
lit,  the  re»r  of  the  waated,  w^vworn  Union 
«rmy  roaohod  the  poiition  bk.,,  ^ned  it,  upon 
and  around  Mulvom  Hill,  on  the  Janion, 
clonely  punued  by  the  converging  cohimna  of 
the  rebeU ;  thui  ending  a  rotreal  ua  miimora- 
*ble,  from  the  Ruffuring  endured  and  courage 
ihown,  as  tlio  most  pitiful  or  admirable  partM 
of  Nupoleon'a  rotroat  from  UiiitHia. 

The  plutcau  of  Malvern  Hill,  with  JaniOH 
River  at  ita  book,  and  about  a  mile  and  a 
half  long,  wai  protected  from  the  npprouch- 
ing  enemy  by  several  ravinua,  while  its  sloping 
ground  gave  a  clean  sweep  for  the  Union 


•rtUkMV,  w»ip«iaaa  of  900  t/um,  wUtk  wm 
waaaadT  upoM  it  |  tka  ktgltMl  fd»%  of  all 
tharmtn  ndng  rmwnml  by  tan  htmrf  ataga 
giina,  which  i'»\.  Tylar  had  auseaailad  in 
bringing  Ihmngh  the  swamp,  liar*  war* 
|hhiI>mI  tha  UiiTiin  fiim<a,  in  diviaion  aflar 
illviaiiin,  raat'hlng  >HM>k  lo  tha  river.  Tu  al 
tatik  such  a  |MiaUltin  *n<mi<<l  mailnaaa.  Hul 
alMtut  '2  o'eliM'k  a  ralixl  cttlumn  amrrgad  tttim 
Iha  wikmU  skirling  that  plain,  baluw  tha  pla- 
tmiu,  and  nuivatl  slaadlly  forwani  on  Courh's 
dtvisiiiM  In  the  onntra  of  the  Union  fhinl, 
while  a  hravv  lire  of  artill<>ry  o|M>nml  on  iMtth 
sitkis,  Tha  iFnitm  diviaion  remalnml  motion- 
Uaa  until  tha  enemy  cam*  within  oloa«i  mus 
k«t  range,  when  it  pourad  ila  deatllv  volleys 
u|Mtn  ita  asaailanta,  who  ware  shortly  driven 
in  shatlenxl  firagmanta  baek  over  Iha  Held  lo 
tha  at^mwnt  wooda.  For  two  houra  there- 
aflar,  tha  oonllial  waa  ennflned  to  tha  artil- 
lery, and  than  a  sllenca  of  two  houra  mom 
annurnl.  At  4  r.M.,  a  lirroa  Are  of  all  tha 
ntliel  artillery  suddenly  waa  o|Mineil,  and  un- 
dnr  its  cover,  ridumn  on  polumn  of  their  inAui- 
try  advaniml  in  another  and  grander  attempt 
t<i  disliMlgn  the  Ifnion  forrea,  and  drive  tbam 
into  the  JaniKS.  Kraving  tha  t«m|iaat  of  ahot 
and  shell  from  3W)  cannon,  tbav  came  on  tha 
double  quick  with  the  hopa  of  carrying  the 
|Mmition  in  one  im|Nituoua  charge,  but  onlv  lo 
reel,  break,  and  disan|Niar  before  tha  volleys 
of  musketry.  Again  and  again  Iha  rebel 
li-atlers  thua  ro-fonaed  their  baltaliona,  or 
brought  forth  fWwh  troopa  beneath  the  cloud 
of  smoke  that  canopied  the  fleld,  to  be  aub- 
jrcted  to  the  same  vain  saorifloe.  Darkness 
at  length  closed  this  one-sided  carnage,  and 
they  retired  into  the  fields  and  wooda  out  of 
cloae  range,  although  the  gunboats  oontin- 
und  to  throw  their  great  nuaailtia  clear  over 
the  Union  left  u|ion  them. 

A  most  extraonlinarv  order  was  now  iaaued 
by  the  commander-in-chief  of  the  Union  army 
to  his  viutorio\iN  forces,  to  retreat  from  the 
strung  |M)sition  where  they  had  achieved  so 
decideti  and  blotidy  a  succiNia,  and  the  evacua- 
tion of  Mulvt'm  ilill  waa  badly  conducted,  in  a 
hurried  and  disorderly  night  march  overcrowd- 
ed and  poor  roads,  the  Union  dead  being 
left  unburied,  and  many  of  the  wounded  to  fafi 
into  I  be  hands  of  the  enemy.  The  moveaant, 
however,  wm  not  molested  by  the  Utter, 
not  having  bxen  eoniprebended  by  them,  and 
having  been  skilfully  covered  by  Keyea*  corpa, 
with  the  cavalry,  which  did  not  leave  till  after 
daylight  of  the  2d.  l>n  the  evening  of  the 
3d,  t^e  rear-guard  went  into  camp,  and  the 
whole  army  roated  under  the  cover  of  ita  bat- 
terios,  and  the  gunboats  in  the  position  se- 
lected by  the  commander,  at  Harrison'a  Bar, 
seven  milea  down  the  Jamea. 

Gen.  McOlellan  reiiorta  the  Union  loaa  in 
the  seven  dnvs'  lighting  and  retreating  from 
Meohanicsville  to  Harrison's  Bar,  at  1,582 
kille<i,  7,700  wounded,  and  bfif>6  missing ; 
toUl,  lft,240.  The  losses  of  the  rebels  the 
Confederate  authorities  did  not  report,  but 
thoy  probably  sulfured  as  heavily,  tho  rebul 
capital  being  crowded  at  the  time  with  the 
wounded  and  dying. 

On  July  8,  Uen.  Lee  withdrew  his  forcea  to 
Richmond,  not  caring  to  renew  the  costly  ex- 
|)eriment  of  Malvern  Uill  at  Harrison'a  Bar. 

Tlie  failure  of  Oon.  McClellan  to  accom- 
plish tho  capture  of  Richmond  was  attributed 
by  him,  in  a  spirited  corresjMndenoe,  to  the 


■Minla  I  and  oa  Avg.  4,  (mm.  Hrilwll,  muw 

•ommMdarla-eliM •!  waaklaftaa, Mwailin 

Omi.  MeOalkM**  aattMla  oniti  ow*  •Irwgll 

and  that  of  kta  rabal  MiMgiNitott  to  U  tmrntt, 

dlreHad  him  to  withdraw  lila  fcrsM  bjr  «»iM 

t«i  Aef|ula  (*ra*b,  to  Mpfiort  •  hmk  Mmamtttm' 

lion  on  Kiekmond  in  a—owkaw  wilk  tiM  Pre*. 

Ident'a  original  plan,  Inm  m  baM  oa  llM  Rap- 

{Mkhannoek.    MeilalUa  pwtaatad  tdiUaat  tkU 

order,  and  aakad  for  MMra  rtlafarsianatoi  bat 

hia  wUbaa  wera  not  MMapllMl  wttk.     Oa  tka 

24tk  Augaat  ka  raportMl  al  AeqaU  Oiaak.  bit 

foroea  luiviag  baaa  piavkoaaljr  traaiiiwia  ta 

that  plaea,  wltboal  aiolsalattoa  bv  Ika  tmtmf, 

Tlia  oor|M  of  MoDowoll,  Baaii^  aad  f  r»> 

mnni,  with  all  tko  lroo|M  ia  mnimm  •foaa4 

Waahington,  bad  baaa  orfMUwl  iaiu  a  ooat- 

msii'l,  lo  Im  called  Ibo  Anay  of  VIrgiaia,  •mi 

(l»n.  John  Top*  waa  ealkni  htm  tko  Wsat  U 

take  oomBHUid,  antarlng  npoa  bia  dattoi  oa  tho 

2<tih  Juna.    Tha  ealira  atroagUi  of  tkb  anaj 

was  about  M),000  man,  wbo  war*  lataadod  to 

prolaet  Waahington  and  eo-opanto  la  aoaio 

way  with  tha  Army  of  tho  PoIommm.  tioa.  Pooo 

at  onoe  ooncantralad  it  at  Bpanryvillo,  wilk  tko 

nurpoaa  of  oparating  on  tho  anoaiy  towards 

ilonlonsvilla  and  Cbarlotlaavilhi,  so  aa  to 

draw  pir  a  iiart  of  tha  army  in  firont  of  McClol* 

Ian.    But  itichmond  being  now  relieved  trtm 

all  ilanger,  lien.  Im*  determined  to  move  bio 

army  rapidly  aoroas  tba  country,  and  cruab 

l'o|ie  befora  tho  Army  of  Ui«  Potomac  eould 

reach  him,  and  than  movo  on  Waahingtoa 

On  tha  9tk  August,  Oen.  Po|m>,  who  ba3  or 

dered  forward  his  sreond  oorpa,  about  8,001* 

strong,  under   Banks,  to  Culpepper  Cmir^ 

House,  directed  the  latter  to  proceed  to  Cedar 

Mountain  and  take  up  a  strung  posittim,  to 

resist  the  advance  of  Jackson.    But  ere  tbki 

Jackaon  himself  had  oroaaed  the  Rani«Uii. 

and  occupied  the  sides  and  neighborhood  of 

Cedar  Mountain  with  2S,U00  men.    At  4  r.il. 

Banks  approached  the  mountain,  whenco  a 

destructive  Are  of  artillery  was  at  once  poured 

on  hia  advancing  columns.     Underestimating 

the  numbers  of  his  enemy,  be  ventured  U 

charge  the  rebel  batteries  thecoon.    Tbo  un- 

aspevted  fire  of  the  Urge  masses  of  infantry 

concealed  by  the  foliage  and  ravines  of  tho 

mountain,  compelled  him  to  fall  back,  though 

not  till,  in  the  short  s|)ace  of  an  half  hour,  no 

bad  left  a  third  of  his  entire  command  on  tha 

field.   Uens.  Geary,  Augur,  and  Carroll,  of  tba 

Union  army,  were  severely  wounded,  and  Uoa. 

Prince  waa  taken  prisoner  after  dark.    Tho 

rebel  loss  was  reported  at  323  killed,  inelud- 

ing  Gen.  Winder,  and  1,060  wonndod. 


Gen.  Po|)e  at  Cuipeiiper,  hearing  the 
nonade,  hastened  forward  with  McDowell's 
corps,  commanding  Bigel  to  follow,  but  before 
he  could  organise  his  forcea  for  battle,  Jack- 
son had  rapidly  retreated  a«nroas  the  Rapidan, 
having  accomplished  his  purpose  of  decoying 
Banks  into  complete  disaster.  On  the  18th 
and  10th  August,  Oen.  Pope,  who  had  ad- 
vanced his  infantry  to  Robertson's  River  and 
Raccoon  Ford,  and  had  begun  again  to  ope- 
rate with  his  cavalry  on  the  enemy's  commu- 
nications, bavins  learned  that  the  whole  reliel 
army  of  Virginia  was  rapidly  assembling  to 
overwhelm  him,  safely  retreated  serosa  the 
Rapiwhannock,  and  though  pursued  Inr  tlie 
enemy,  succeeded  in  holding  the  forde  Itaa 
several  days.    On  tho  24th,  the  ( 


NtiToiir  or  Till 


llMM  to  (IM  vWt*  i*  kMM»  f»m  viU  iIm 


WpMUjIjr   to    WMMllfto«    IImI 

I  to  tiwfcm<  w  ratnwi.     A  mm1«I*« 
I  af  llw  rifw  tMMor»rily  ralUvnl  litm 

U»    IImi    iMk,  Ml    tiMHHMiilfir*- 

M*  wtofccwwt  af  7,IN)0  rwMiUl  Ittm,  Ul 
•a  lar»  lita  nmImUim  li>  fWII  a«  iH«  ImiIi  mmI 
tMT  tt  Um  !«•(  nM  anlumn  |Miaiing  ii|i  iIm> 
fl«w  VM  4ifcato<  by  iIm  ^mImiI.  Oh  ii>« 
•IfM  af  Mm  SMl  U«m.  J.  M.  B.  MiMrt,  »ltlt 
I,l00  nM  «*Uff]r,  wIm  Im4  ■miwhJiiI  In 
»■■<■§  lU  rtvar  at  WaWrloo  IMilga  iluriag 
Uw  Akjr,  pmIm4  aa  to  WarrmlMi,  ami  ■u^ 
pUai  Ow.  I*npa*li  ItaMl^quMton'  train  Mar 
OMMl'a  Itoltoa,  MirtHrlag  liia  <IUiial«li-lHwk 
m4  Um  aaraaaai  kaggvp  Ji  kU  mtlltorjr  AmmI 
If.  MMilfiaM  worJuMt  30,UUI)  of  tka  Anay 
•f  Um  INitowMa  WMW  im  tKukr  way  to  join 
UMi  Pa|M  BOW  ilatorwlNail  to  WHMantrata  hla 
fcvaaa  as  tka  iNraplka  batwMa  Warr*nt»ii 
•M  OaiiMaiillai  and  giva  tha  •Mimy  battia. 
Ua  Ika  Mtk,  Jaalwm  |ia«Mil  anMind  kia  right, 
to  atil  aff  kia  ai>M«aiiiaatii>n  wltk  Wa«kln» 
ton,  aiMl  MovaJ  awiftly  tknmgh  Tkuroiigh- 
Ikra  Ua|t  aad  MNilk-MMtorly  by  (lainxaviUx. 
Balbra  dark  on  tkal  tlay,  Jaokwm  atriiek 
Ika  Alaiaadria  lUilruail  at  llridow  Mtatlon, 
MmI  lka«  plaoiMl  klaiMlf  without  rmiiataiica 
balwaan  Fopa'a  Mi|Mirior  army  and  ila  baaa 
M  Waaklngtan,  kaving  maila  tka  luaroli  of 
khv  mIVm  in  fortv-aiglit  koiira  witk  tb«  on- 
hirity  af  aavairy,  nia  ni«n  auhaintliig  on  corn 
Btonding  by  Ika  way.  Uurning  railway  traiiia 
al  Briatow,  ka  movmi  V|>  to  Maiiaaaaa  Juno- 
lion,  followail  by  Bwall,  mkI  dmitmynil  thorn 
an  immanaa  aowunt  of  quartormaatan'  auil 
aonimlaaary  aloraa,  anil  autlnra'  tl«<|K>ta,  ami 
alio  aapturad  8  guna  and  300  priioiiiira. 
Hia  luooMMi  waa  ttiua  far  porfaot,  but  hia 
poaiUoo  waa  aatranMlv  oritioal.  Ila  now 
■ovati  oir  to  Oantravilla,  and  eroaaad  tli« 
Ball  Run,  puraaed  by  I'opti,  who  ordxruil 
Portar  to  eoma  up  at  oiioa  to  Uanawaa. 
At  6  r.M.,  Jaokaun'a  advanc«,  now  luovina  tii- 
warda  Tkorougkfara  Uaii,  encouut«n<d  King'* 
4iviaioa  of  MoDowvll  ■  corim,  and  a  mui- 
■ttinary  oombat  anauad,  whioh  tonninated  at 
dark  witk  tka  rabol  luoceiia.  At  10  r.M.. 
Oan.  Popa  at  C^ntrevillo  ord«r«d  McDowull 
and  King  to  hold  their  ground,  obnti-uctiiig 
Jaokaon'i  retreat  by  thx  (lap,  and  diri<ot«d 
Kaamey  at  1  A.M.  to  puah  forward  from 
Oantrevilla,  on  tha  Warrenton  turnpike,  to 
prnvant  Jaokaon'a  only  other  way  of  eaoape 
■ortkward  to  Laaaburgh.  Bupprjaing  I'oriar 
BOW  at  Manawaa  Junetioii,  ha  couHduntly  ex- 
|)aotad  to  oaptura  Jaokaon  before  liongatroet 
aould  arrira  through  the  Gap  to  the  latt«r'i 
iaae«w.  At  S  p.m.,  Auguat  28,  I<ongii(re«t'a 
diviainn,  diapatched  by  Uen.  Tica  to  JaclcHon'* 
aid,  paaaad  through  the  Gap,  driving  uif  Kick- 
•tt'a  tlivinion  |>oiited  on  the  oastoni  aide,  and 
aarly  on  the  2*Jth  reached  (iainoarille,  Mo- 
DoweU  and  King  having  left  the  way  vl«ar 
by  reMaating  on  Mamiaaaa  Junction  during 
tka  pight.  At  noon,  Longitroet  came  rapid- 
ly into  action  on  the  right  of  Jacknon,  who 
had  haan  hotly  awiailod  since  duylight  by  Sigbl 
from  Qroveton,  aup|iorted  by  K^ynolda.  The 
rebel  itrength,  now  comtantly  iiicreiiKing,  oa- 
■IIIIM4  the  oflanaive  againat  the  Union  right, 
vUok  kald  ito  ground,  though  with  heavy  loaa. 


Kaaraay'li  dIvUlon  of   Hatalaalia'fc 
wrpa  akartly  arrived  a«  ike  M4  M  a«p|inH 

Nilpii'*  rlgkl,  wktia  lUao  MHalng  up  \>f  Ika 
liainaavllU  lumiitkM  »%tj>f»trt»%i  Ika  ITnlon 
•vnlre.  Aboitl  i  r.M.,  lliMikar'*  dtviaioa  of 
lUtNlMlman'a  fwriia  MMite  down  Ike  Mudli>y 
Nprtitm  riiad  uN  Ike  •ktreiN*  rtgbt,  and  al  ft 
l,H.  tli«  two  divtatoaa  uf  llnlhlaidiMan  an<l 
llvmt  ntwU  a  furioua  vkarpi  oit  lit*  eitamy'* 
b<fl,  wkloh  forawl  it  hoak,  Uavitig  Ik*  l.'nioa 
fi>riiw«  MHMUira  of  Ike  lUld,  wh»n  lUrkniiim 
piiiiiiml.  'llieliiaaMioa  atlkar  aide  were  ab< ml 
r.tMM)  men. 

Tka  itaal  naming,  Popa  aaaln  gave  bailie 
wiUl  tka  d«a|Hirala  kop*  of  briMiking  Ike 
anamv'a  left,  anil  ordeiwi  I'ortar,  who  had 
fbtkai  ti*  |iartl>'i|iat«  in  tha  katlle  nf  the  lUy 
bafwre,  to  ailvanaa  ilown  Ike  Warrenton 
turnpike,  aupiiorteil  bv  King,  and  attaek  \ 
while  lieiiilaelman  ami  Keno,  •iip|H>rte<l  bv 
Kiokntt'e  iltviaion,  were  to  aaaall  the  niemy  • 
laA  umlvr  Jackaoii.  I'lirter'n  altm'k  waa 
feeble,  ami  lN>liig  aliiirlly  ovcr|M)wi>rwl  lie  waa 
thrown  Imi'k  in  poiifuaiou.  The  roufmler 
alaa  now  eagerly  piimuml  ami  liiliii<d  battle 
along  the  entire  front.  The  Ifnion  foreaa 
were,  however,  ahortly  ralliail,  and  (he  battle 
rageil  with  varying  aiirreiia.  TIte  Union  at- 
tack on  the  rebi'l  left  waa  mat  br  a  eruaa  Are 
of  four  liatti>rie«  from  Longatreet  a  |i>fl,  whii'h 
■larimaliHl  Ihn  aHMailaiila  and  drove  thew  back 
III  eiiiiAiiiloii ;  whi<r«ii|N)n  the  whole  ri'liej 
front  waa  preaaed  forwaril,  the  ndirl  artlllvry 
doing  fi«rful  exKOUtiiin  on  the  diaordered 
and  recoiling  Union  infantry.  At  dark,  the 
left  of  the  Union  form«,  Ihniigh  atanding 
Hrm,  and  covering  the  turnpike,  their  only 
aafe  line  of  retreat,  had  been  fiircml  liark  a 
riinaiilerable  diatnnce.  At  H  r.M.  (ien.  I'ii|te 
inatructed  hia  oiiriia  coinmanden  to  withdraw 
ilelilM<rat«ly  to  ( Viiireville,  and  (Ien.  Keno 
waa  orilered  to  protect  the  r»tn>at,  which 
waa  mailn  in  giMHl  order,  no  pumnit  arroaa 
Hull  Hun  lixiiig  nlti-inpted.  At  10  p.m.  1'ii|m< 
n<ai'hfd  ('eiiti-evllli<,  whi>re  he  pri'imri'il  fur  a 
rebel  attack,  bnviiig  Im>i<ii  Jiiincd  by  Hiimnor'a 
and  Vranklin'a  coi-|ia  friini  McClfllaii'a  nrniy, 
raiaihg  hla  total  fuico  to  00,0(H»  men.  No 
direct  utiark  wna  niAde,  but  the  next  morn- 
ing, Jackaiin,  by  ilirection  of  (ien.  I<ee, 
eroaaiMl  Hull  Kuu  at  Hudley  Ford,  and  moved 
down  to  Fairfax  Conrt-llouae,  for  the  iiur- 
|ioae  of  aaaailing  the  Union  right.  Near 
Chantilly,  at  ft  r.M.,  Hept.  I,  Jackaon  waa  at 
tackud  by  Heno'a  inferior  force.  Orn.  lanac 
J,  Mtevena,  commnndliig  the  Union  left  divi- 
aioii,  waa  ahot  dead  while  loading  it,  yhcrv- 
upon  lioth  diviaiona  fell  bark  in  diMorder. 
(ien.  Phil.  Kaamey,  with  hia  diviaion  of 
Heintxelman'a  oorpa,  now  ndvanoed  and  re- 
neweil  the  action,  in  the  ntidat  of  a  thiinilcr- 
atorin  furioua  enough  to  aerionaly  att'ect  Ihii 
aniiniinition.  Gon.  Kearney,  riding  rcckleaa- 
ly  almoat  within  the  rebel  linca,  waa  ahot 
dead  almut  aiinaot,  hia  command  ilevolving  on 
Gen.  Birney.  The  latter  promptly  ordered 
a  bayonet  charge  of  hia  own  brigade,  which 
waa  gHlliintly  executeil.  driving  back  the 
onemy'a  advance,  by  which  Gen.  Birney  held 
the  field  of  conflict  through  the  night.  The 
Union  loaa  in  thia  battle  waa  about  fiOO. 
l'o|(e'a  retreat  continued  on  the  following 
day  and  thereafter  without  further  annoyance 
from  the  enemy,  until  hia  whole  urmy  bod 
fallen  liack  within  the  intrenchinenta  along 
the  aouth  bauk  of  the  Potomac,  oovering  the 


tRf^MfWV    FM|0M4     RM    0MMRMM    Ml    CMMt 

MdI'UIUm,  aarf  wm  aMt  ky  tka  AimMitt^ 
lion  to  Ika  Norlk'Waat  to  aoadual  a  aaMpalg* 
agaiaal  Ika  NiMta  ladiaaaw  wko  ka4  raeaauf 
Miaiiaaarad  aevaral  kaadreil  of  Ika  lakaMlaata 
of  Mlaaeooto.  Tka  aalira  rakal  biaaaa  la 
|'o|Mi'a  krief  eaiiipalgii  tlvm  (Mar  Maanlatii 
to  Ckanlllly  waa  aboal  |A,fl()l)  aiMt,  wkiki 
thoae  of  ika  Unloniala  warafkilly  ikmbla  tkal 
numlier,  a  larga  naailMr  of  oMeara  of  dialina. 
mIiiiI 


1 1  but  Ika  Jealoaay  ManUiMlad  Ui  aunotoal 
dlaobeiliaaaa  of  kia  of4*fa,  of  oAaata  of  kia 
own  army,  wko  kail  ktoly  aarva4  UMlar  flan. 
MeCUIIan,  andnubledly  kad  ito  waigkl  l« 
turning  mora  Ikan  on*  proapaaUva  vlatory 
into  defeat.  (Nt  tkia  ekarg^of  aaliiabbi  dia- 
olmlienea  to  Popa,  Mi^orOen.  rllaJohn 
I'orter  waa  auliaai|uently  triad  aMd  fuuail 
guilty  by  a  eourt-marlial. 

U|Min  ftill  ailvleeaof  Pope*B  diaaatora,  Hapi 
9,  the  (lovernnent.inveated  (ien.  MeCkillaa 
with  the  entire  pontnd  of  all  tka  foreaa  for 
Ike  defence  of  the  capital,  and  tka  Utter  al 
once  concentrated  bia  enmnianil  within  Ike  da- 
feneea  of  Waaktiigton.  (hi  tka  dlk  Gen.  I<aa, 
with  hia  entira  army,  lieing  reinftiread  by 
l>.  II.  Iltll'a  fhah  .livlaion  ?mm  Birhmond, 
arriveil  without  reaiatanca  at  Fredeiiek,  Md., 
croeaing  the  I'otoniae  in  tka  vicinity  of 
llageratown.  (hi  the  Htk  ha  taauad  an  ail- 
dreaa  to  (he  |ieople  of  Maryland,  aniiounoing 
that  he  hail  oiinie  among  them  to  aid  them  in 
thniwiiig  off  the  fon'ign  yoke  of  the  United 
Hiaten,  and  a  recruiting  oAce  waa  promptly 
oiieneil,  at  which  the  nunilM>ra  won  by  him  *o 
the  reliel  atondani  about  e<|uallad  hia  loaa  ia 
deaertera.  (hi  the  7th  Gen.  Mc(.'lellan,  at>- 
priaed  of  the  diaap|iearance  of  Ixe  fk^im  liia 
front,  commenced  to  move  alowly  and  can- 
tioiialy  up  the  river  from  Waahington,  on  tha 
Marylanil  aiile,  by  liva  different  parallel 
riNiila,  with  hia  left  wins  reating  on  tha  river, 
(hi  the  l.tth  he  interetl  Frederickaburg, whioh 
the  reU'la,  moving  weatward,  had  two  daya 
pnivioiialy  evaoiinted.  During  the  day  an 
order  of  Gen.  l.e«  fell  into  hia  handa,  which 
fully  diacloaed  the  relad  commander'a  object 
to  tie  the  cajiture  of  llar|)er'a  Ferry  ;  and.  Air- 
Iher,  that  Jackiuin'a  cor|Mi  and  Walker'a  divi> 
aioii  were  already  arroaa  the  Potomac  in 
cpieat  of  it,  anil  that  only  Mcljiwa*  rebel 
cor|ia  of  20,000  wax  now  between  the  Union 
army  and  Ilttr|ier'a  Ferry.  Franklin'a  cnt\tn 
of  the  Union  army  waa  aome  uilea  onuth  of 
Frederick  at  thia  time,  and  in  front  nf  Mo- 
Ijiwa.  Tlie  eaay  Uak  of  precipitating  Frank- 
lin upon  the  latter  would  have  relieved 
llarjier'a  Ferry.  Thia  waa  not  done,  and, 
inatead  of  advancing  hia  main  body  on  the 
rnaila  leading  through  Crampton'a  Gap  to  the 
Potoniiic,  McC'lellaii  moved  to  the  uorth-weil 
towarda  llageratown,  through  Turner'a  Gap, 
of  the  Hoiith  Mountain  range  of  hilla.  lieru 
a  portion  of  the  rebel  army.  Under  D.  II. 
Hill,  waa  atroiigly  (loated  on  both  aidea  of 
the  national  road  leading  through  the  Gap, 
while  Ijongatreet  and  Jackaon  had  puahed  on 
to  llageratown  to  co-op«<rato  with  Mcl<awa 
againat  Maqier'a  Ferry  and  Maryland  Ileiglita, 

At  7  a.m.,  Hept.  11,  the  Iwttle  waa  here 
oomiucucad  by  the  advance  of  Cox'a  diviaion 


UNITED  ITATII. 


Mm  UhImOmi  cmMmI  Ummi  to  atMiUlf  g»t« 

ClowNtl,    lliwiMlk   ••Miatoiilljr   wtliliwtMl   u>   • 

mhmmI,  kiuI  Atr  !•■(  Inmr*  uMiiMitMillng  only 
conttiDimi,  lM>lh*ii|a«iiwaUkng  rviiifurittinMiMU. 
Al  J  r.M,  iliMikur's  t'liriHi  vauta  ii|i  mul  iimk 
IwiatltiiH  iiM  lb*  olil  lltmvraliiwn  riwMl  l«NMltH|| 
••ny  tirtHu  ikt  lurntttlko,  «tlli  tnUnl  l»  tiMiE 
lK«  ralirl  liifk.     All  hour  Utor  lbs  liiia  uf  Imk 

iW  «|M  Airillanl  At  ittM  Imm  ilf  IIm  lUf>  •Mil  • 

CNar»l  atlvitnai  aommi'Ntwl  U|i  Ilia  lurM|iika 
Um  mm,  mmI  Um  ruakv  womImI  Mmy»  on 
'  •Ma,  liw  iriMiml  batim  •lubbontly  oua- 
fuot  b*  fuul.  Tba  atMM/  wm  r» 
tnfumaU  bjr  Ltm^raat,  abottl  4  r.M.,  wbo 
Iban  aMMMMt  towwrnl.  Al  Mtnaat  Iba  «l*. 
luritMU  &m  ul  Iba  UnkxiUla  wm  |>Unlail  m|mni 
Iba  araal  fk  Iba  rUaa,  lb*  aMMjr  iaalim  >biwB 
Iba  iHbar  aiiia.  Ujr  ibrb  (>a«.  MoinnIlM 
bad  muat  of  bU  ana/  In  baml  al  Iba  baaa  of 
Iba  Moiiauiii,  raady  lu  nmw  Iba  aeiina  naal 
nuniiiig,  bul  (taa.  Laa.  bavliig  gainait  lima 
for  hU  it|iaraUoiM  agMiwI  Har|iar'a  farrjr, 
Vllbilraw  bU  fiimaa  Jurtng  Iba  iit^hl.  Tba 
Unio«  loaa  U  kilM  awl  womiuM  waa  l,Mf«. 
Tbal  of  llta  ■unmjr  waa  ititbiiown,  a«t!«|ii  in 
priwuinra.  of  wbom  Uoiy'lalhui  r0|H>rl«l  a 
total  of  l,AtiO,  Among  Iba  t'ninn  ili^i  «»■■ 
Mi^iir-Onii.  JoMM  Ih  Kano,  killml  bjr  a  miia- 
bal  ball  al  tita  li«aa  of  bia  diviiion. 

(>M  Ilia  Mlb  k'ranklitt'i  oor|M  of  th«  rnioa 
army  raavhatl  tlia  (wm  tlirougli  r'raiii|itoii'a 
Uai),  al  wlilub  lia  ovartiNib  two  or  tlirrni  bri- 
mJm  of  MuUwa'  iliviaiuii,  wlixreof  Ika 
Iarg«r  |Hirtioii  waa  wiiua  tiillmi  fnrtlirr  on 
towanlN  IIar|Hir'a  Karrjr.  Aftar  a  oonttol  of 
Hva  linura  tlia  riilmla  wurn  ilrivnn  out,  InmIIv 
out  d|i  i  but  Franklin,  uniiiforniad  of  th«  critU 
oal  blluation  of  llarpar'a  ¥«try,  failiMi  to  vi|(> 
^roualy  follow  u|i  bla  atlvanta)(a.  Un  thu  i:itli 
Oan.  Jaokion  arrivail  by  wav  of  Willlaina- 
port  anil  MartiiMburg  boVora  llarp<<r'ii  Ferry, 
wbila  MaLawaadvauotxi  toHamly  lluok,  |ini- 
vautiug  all  vgrvM  from  llar|M)r'«  Verry  down 
tba  I'olonwo.  Ttia  gitrriiioii  al  tba  lattvr 
|iUoa  waa  ll,aH.'l  men,  witb  about  00  |ii«v«<« 
of  artillary,  iiiidur  Col.  Mil««,  aiiimintud  by 
MoClallan,  and  an  unfll  oomiimiidur,  a«  liiwl 
baan  abown  by  hii  ouivliiot  at  tli«  HrNt  battla 
of  bull  llun.  Ilar|>ar'a  Furry  ia  aitiialed  in 
*  R*""!!"  ooinmaudad  by  itaop  niountiiiii*  on 
tliruo  lidiia,  on  one  of  which  ha  ulioiild  havn 
coiiOHutratod  bi»  ooiiiuiaud,  and  hvld  out  till 
r«linvnd.  Home  of  hi*  furoaii  h«  hail  |ioiili<d 
on  Maryland  lloighta,  unilitr  ('iil.  Ford,  3L>d 
Uhio,  but  rufiiMid  to  Rumdy  th«  luttur  with 
axi-a  and  apadua  to  fortify  hi*  {HiNitioii  uiion 
thr  appriMwb  cf  Moljaw*  tboroto.  The  lat- 
ter madu  «u  attack  thereu|>ou  in  foroo  on  the 
morning  of  Hept.  13,  but  waa  rf'puJMid;  but 
on  thu  niomiug  of  Hept.  14,  Col.  Ford,  with 
out  bebig  further  aavailod,  ahandonod  thn 
Moiffhta  entirely  to  MoLawt,  who  coinm«nced 
*hi)lTing  tbcrufrom  tba  Union  force*  at  the 
Furry,  and  at  Bolivar  Height*  b<(yond  it. 
Walkar'a  gun*  alao  opeiiod  from  Ix)udou 
Height*,  and  Jaokaon'*  battoi-ie*  wore  play- 
ing from  Beveral  point*,  aorao  of  them  enfl' 
lading  thu  Union  jtoiiition  on  Uolivar  lluight*. 
At  0  P.M.,  Sept.  14,  the  Union  cavalry,  2,000 
men,  under  Col.  Ikvi*,  12th  lUinoia,  oiica|icd 
to  the  Maryland  bank,  and  thenco  to  Uroon- 
caatlo,  Pa.,  capturing  by  the  way  the  ammu- 
nition train  of  (Jen.  LongMtreet,  ooniiiting  of 
Uijr  or  lixtj  wagona.    Nut  day  at  daybroak 


HMnHdl  Apqui  flWMI  CM^ 

aTt  an.  MibM  *a«M4  a 


I! 

nil 


IIm  rakal  ballariaa 

■MUwItMi  |Mtata  Ai  7  a.m.  Mibai  ■■■*<  a 
wbtia  Hag  lu  Im  raiami,  bwl  lb*  ivIwU,  n»l 
■arMlvlng  ll,  Ditnitnuml  lb»ir  Ara  an  half 
mr  ibarmifUr,  during  wbu'b  MkUawaa  NMir- 
tNlly  wountbnl.  ((an.  JackMiN.  I»avtng  iba 
r»ii»|ilion  of  tba  iHrranilar  In  lltll,  baalaitad 
al  oMca  wklb  bla  6ir>«aa  in  rajoin  Dnii  l^w, 
and  raaabad  iba  Anitalam  on  iha  fullnwing 
morniHKi  >*«pl.  Irt.  HariNU''*  Farry  had  no 
tlu|Nirtanl  liaaiiiig  an  Iba  raiii|Milgii,  Iba  mtial 
army  having  alrvaily  |NMaad  tl  oa  Ibair  way 
tnio  Marylaml,  and  it*  ralanlloa  aflar  Ibal 
•vani  waa  a  military  error  of  Iba  geaaral-tn- 
•biaf.  Ilailaek  |  bal  Iba  loaa  of  ao  auay  Iroof* 
al  Ibia  JaaatMra  waa  aaritm*.  . 

Uan.  Mrt'tallaa  now  pualiail  fiirwanl  hi* 
army  loward*  Aiilialam,  having  aarartalnati 
Ibal  Iha  main  iMnly  of  iba  an  im*  wara  run- 
oanlralail  tbara,  anil  on  Iba  lOtb  lie  found 
Ibam  drawn  up  in  line  of  liallla  on  a  mlltng 
Miunlry  Ibal  ilratrbod  along  Iba  want  iildn  of 
Aniinlam  Crvak,  naar  Hbar|mbur|t.  MitClnl- 
Ian  did  not  altark,  hownvvr,  unlll  Iha  aflar- 
nmm  of  Iba  IHIb,  thu*  vnalding  JaekMin, 
Walker,  and  Mcl«wa  In  arrive  f^om  llartiar'* 
Farry  and  |iarticl|)ata  in  the  Italtla  i  and  on 
tba  morning  of  the  17th,  when  the  Italtla  Iw- 
gan  in  aarnaal,  Itidi.  I.m<  had  hi*  whole  army 
al  Kami,  wilh  Iha  axraplion  of  A.  V.  Hill  » 
diviiion,  lefl  al  Iha  Farry.  Having  randvad 
to  turn  the  I'liemy'*  laft,  Md'lalUn  ili»i|)ati'b- 
ml  HiMikar,  al  4  r.M.,  Maptemhar  I  (lib,  by  a 
long  datour,  to  oriwa  tba  Aniit'tam  out  of  «ight 
ami  range  of  tha  ralial  liatiarlaa.  Tlie  |)aa*aga 
of  the  Klraani  being  Kd'ai'lml,  Hooki'r  moved 
caiitiou«lv  down  on  Ibe  enemy'*  Hank,  and 
found  hiinaalf,  at  dark,  in  an  o|M<n  iliiid, 
bfitinilnd  bv  wihmI*,  lireaat  to  hreaat  with  the 
enemy'*  line*.  llt>M*,  within  baif-inuiikiit 
ahot  of  each  other,  the  two  arniie*,  afti>r  iM>me 
duKultory  tiring,  hiv  down  for  the  night ; 
Itickittt'*  diviniiin  of  the  Union  force  iMiing 
on  the  loft,  Maiuln  with  thn  Penimvlvania 
Uiwervim  in  the  centre,  wliili;  l^iMlMcJay  had 
plantiHl  hi*  g<init  on  a  hill  to  the  right.  At 
daylight,  Hoiiti'mlMtr  17lh,  the  h'ft  r.f  iMi'hiIi'h 
and  right  of  Kicki'tt'a  iliviiiion*  lioranio  I'ti- 
gHgnd,  and  *iM>n  the  whole  of  HiKikcr'*  cor|)a 
hurleil  itaelf  agaimit  KwkII'*  and  Jackiion'* 
diviiiion*  of  the  »ni<my.  The  main  conb'Rt 
waa  in  an  o|Hin  ii|iace,  vomiHtied  of  a  plougheil 
fluid  and  a  comllvld,  Tlio  rubula  abort  ly  gave 
way,  at  flmt  retreating  ilowly  and  thru  pre 
oipltatidy  ovi*r  the  field  and  acroa*  the  road 
buyond  into  a  piuce  of  thick  wood*,  pumiicd 
by  Oun.  Muade  with  the  I'eniiMylvania  He- 
■ervoN.  H«ni,  ruinforoed  by  HiMMl'a  divi*ion, 
thu  ridM'U  in  turn  hurled  theiuiclvoa  u|Km  the 
UnioniiitH  wilh  terriblo  volluyn,  and  in  ovnr- 
whulining  force  charged  them  back  aero**  the 
comfiuld.  Uon.  Hooker,  al  thi*  critical  mo- 
ment, ordered  Doubleday  to  deRpatch  him  hi* 
beat  brigade,  which  innnedUtaly  came  down 
the  hill,  led  by  Hartauff,  moving  to  the  crmt 
of  tba  riao  that  commanded  tlie  cornfield. 
Thin  they  hold  for  an  half  hour  uniupportod, 
and  thou  they  donhod  <luwn,  driving  out  the 
rebel*  fur  a  xocond  time  from  the  cornfield  into 
the  wood* ;  among  the  fallen  hero  being  thu 
Union  leader,  Qen.  Hartsutf,  iieverely  wound- 
ed. Kickett'i  diviHion,  holding  the  left  of  the 
line,  and  attempting  to  od  vancu  had  fallen  bock, 
and  Mansfield  wo*  ordered  to  it*  relief  with 
a  part  of  hi*  oorp*.  They  too  were  driven 
bMk,  with  their  general  mortally  wounded. 


Himbar  a#w  a4»aaa»<,  willl  OWiwIbiyiiJ 


OordMili  hmJk  bri«U«a  af  MaaiiM^ 
lo  Ht«bati'*  *u|      ll,  itatawalaail  la  tmj  Uw 
wimhU  tm  Iba  rigbl  aaal  ba»— "I  (M  ear* 
llabi,  ami  amid  a  ilMwaff  nt  fwal  ballala^  was 

ImInAilly  witumM,  by  a  aiaalMI-lMll  Ibrnagfc 
lia  hftt,  *bl«b  mmpalM  biM  at  •  A.m.  la  r* 
llnqaiab  Iba  «jwMaiid  lu  Maauiar.  TIm  lalMf 
now  lanl  forward  MadgwUh'a  4tvUlaa  af  bla 
own  atiriia  lo  aupiierl  t7ra»fer4  aa4  Uarrfaa. 
Al  ibla  muaiaal  Um  tmk  rabal  forraa  af 
Walker  aad  Mal^awa,  ia*aa4i4  hf  Karly  oa 
ibalr  WA.  wara  barrM  froai  Ikatr  yel  aaa» 
■alUd  rlgki,  aad  Mar*4  a^  Ika  a4vaaatag 
irnluaiala.  Aad  af^a  Um  eaalro  af  UM  te^ 
lar'i  rlgbl  fiva  way,  larfgwlak,  vaialf  Mrlv* 
ing  lo  rally  bla  for*aa  aadar  Um  torrtMa  tfa» 
waa  Ibraa  llaia*  woaadarf.  ikm.  Havarrf, 
who  tiMik  bia  eommaad,  waa  aaabla  lo  r»forai 
it,  and  Iba  alforla  of  Maaiaar  biMMalf  wara 
aipially  anavailing.  Tkaa  Iba  Moody  <or»* 
Itald  waa  again  retakan  by  Iba  tntmy,  Tka 
altampt  of  Iba  Ultar  lo  advaaao  bejoad  ll  waa 


ra|M<lird  by  Iha  heavy  flra  of  iba  Uaioa  bal« 

'  ilia  Dimldadav  i 
right  Rlill  wainlalnad  bi*  origiaai  groaad. 


laria*,  wbila  Dimldaday  on  lb*  forlfcor  Vnioa 


Franklin  now  «ama  up  wilb  hit  Aroaa  eoriN^ 
and  al  onea  onlarad  Mloeum  and  Mmitb,  eon^ 
mauding  hi*  two  diviiion*,  lo  ralak*  tba  laid. 
Ho  *udi[»nly  and  una«|tacladly  did  tbay  un*' 
pula  Ibia  ortlar,  Ibal  it  waa  wllk  •oatpara* 
lively  amall  loaa  thai  Ibay  awapl  over  Iba 
cornHeld  and  Ibrougb  tba  wood*,  aloariag 
them  of  tho  foe.  Tba  ground  Ibua  ralakon 
waa  not  again  \mt.  Nearer  tba  centra  tba 
Union  linea  iuec«W^lly  witb*tood  numarona 
aaaault*  of  tba  vnemy,  and  when  nigbl  eloaaii 
tli|i  Itattle,  bald  advanoxl  |io*ilion*. 

llurniiida**  I'oij)*  held  the  eatretne  Union 
left,  op|HMiite  thu  loweai  of  the  three  bridgea 
croMiinK  Ibe  Aniietam.  Al  H  a.m.  ha  waa 
orderi-irio  cror*  thi*  bridge,  bul  bi*  ferbla 
nttempta  to  eieoute  Ibia  order  were  aueca*- 
aively  repulaeil.  At  1  r.M,,  being  pereninlo* 
rily  ordered  to  carry  it  at  tbu|Miiul  of  the  bay. 
onut,  it  wa*  Nuccewfolly  charged  by  Umi  M*l 
Now  York  and  MrI  i'enniiylvania,  tba  enemy 
r 'treating  thrrefrom  to  thu  buigbl*.  Again 
UuiUiiide  baited,  and  it  wa*  Kot  until  3  r.M. 
that  renewed  order*,  of  a  |>eremptory  nature, 
cauwHl  biin  to  charge  up  the  height*,  which 
wure  now  gallantly  carrie<l,  loroa  of  the  Un* 
ion  troo|M  reaching  even  the  outaklrta  of 
HharpNburg  beyond.  But  thi*  advanlaga 
came  too  late.  A.  1'.  Hill'*  divi*ion  now  ai^ 
rived  on  the  field  and  charged  thi*  portion 
of  the  Union  lino*,  and  cove>'ed  by  a  heavy 
fii'o  of  artillery,  drove  it  back  in  eonfoiion 
down  the  hill  towartl*  Antiotaro,  paraulng 
until  chocked  by  the  fire  of  the  Union  batla- 
rioa  aoroa*  the  river.  They  refrained,  how* 
ever,  from  attempting  to  carry  the  briilge, 
and  reliretl  to  their  line*  on  the  beighta,  aa 
darkucHa  eniued.  Among  their  killed  in  Ibia 
ohargu  waa  Uen.  L.  O'B.  Branch,  of  North 
Carolina. 

Tho  Union  and  rebel  forcea  engaged  in  thia 
bloody  and  iiiilociiive  battle  wereaiioul  eqiial, 
being  between  H0,000  and  00,000  each.  Gen. 
MvClullan  re|)orte<l  hi*  entire  lo**  at  2,010 
kyied,  9,41U  wounded,  and  1,043  miiaing; 
total,  12,400.  The  aggregate  loaaea  reported 
bv  tbo  rubid  divinion  commander*  were^  I,84S 
killed,  0,309  wounded,  2,202  miaaing;  total, 
13,533 :  but  they  were  probably  much  larger, 
Mi2,700  alone  of  their  dead  weia  buria*  ly 


HISTORY   or  THK 


ika  VnkmUta,  while  lix  thouMixl  prlaonen, 
witk  IS  gniM,  ware  Ukea  bjr  Um  Utter. 

During  the  uiglit  following  the  bettio,  Oen. 
t«.n  quietly  rouvetl  off  MiroM  the  rotonuM, 
4tH'liniiig  to  roiiew  the  combftt  On  the  night 
«r  tho  Tuth,  Uon.  Uriffin,  with  two  Union 
hrigadna,  onieaMl  ihn  river  tuid  carried  eight 
rvbel  bettvriee  posted  on  the  Virginia  blulfii. 
But  ou  the  morning  of  the  2Uth,  »  uvon- 
Boiieunoe  in  foroe,  un  Xir  Porter,  wm  »nibu«lie<l 
by  A.  1*.  Hill  »  luile  from  the  river,  and 
drivmn  heek  to  the  itroani  with  gmat  ikiigh- 
tur  antl  loM  of  200  |iriiionen.  On  Ho|it.  2'2d, 
Hen.  Sumner  reoooupied,  without  opiMwition, 
llarper'e  Ferry  and  ita  neighboi-huoil.  Lee 
•hortljr  retired  to  Winchoiitor,  unpuraued  bjr 
Mot^lullan,  and  more  than  a  month  waa  now 
ooiuume«l  liy  tho  lattvr  in  renting,  in  bringing 
up  wpplira  and  animunitiun,  and  in  at- 
tftmnta  to  procure  rviiifiirounienta  of  men. 
At  length,  at  the  oloie  of  October,  he  croMcd 
the  I'utouiao,  huiI  roovud  down  to  Mannisaa. 
lie  proti-vdud  thcnoe  to  Warrvnton,  but  on 
Nov.  4th  ho  was  directed  to  turn  over  hia 
•onimand  to  Bumaide,  which  order  ended  hia 
active  aervioea  in  tho  war. 

During  the  month  of  July,  1803,  Gen. 
Buell,  connnanding  at  Corinth,  move<l  eaat- 
ward  with  a  force  of  about  2ft,00l)  men 
towarda  Chattanooga,  leaving  Uen.  Mitchell 
to  repair  auil  hold  tho  railroad  running  to 
Naahville,  aa  a  base  for  hia  aupplies.  (ion. 
Bragg,  the  conimandur  of  the  robela  confront- 
ing liim,  moved  ou  imnillcl  roads  from  Tu- 
pelo, Miaa.,  and  reached  Chattanooga  in  ad- 
vance of  tho  Union  army.  On  July  Cth, 
Oen.  Forn>Bt.  i-ebel  guerilla  chieftain,  ca|v 
turod  Murfreeaboro,  Tenn.  ;  and  about  tho 
•auio  time,  and  with  the  same  general  object 
of  horatt-hteuling,  Uen.  Morgiin  made  a  raid 
on  Cynthiitna,  Ky.,  but  was  presently  chased 
away  by  a  cavalry  force  under  Uruen  Clay 
Hrnitli 

Th')  anuy  of  Gen.  Bnigg  was  now  swelled 
iay  conaci'ijition  to  aomo  45,U()0  men,  in  three 
corps,  under  Gens.  Hardee,  Dinhop  I'olk,  and 
Kirby  Smith.  With  this  force  he  pro|io(«d 
•n  invasion  of  Middle  Tennesaeo  and  Ken- 
tucky, Louiavillo,  with  its  immense  rosourcea, 
being  luH  immt'iliate  object.  On  Aug.  24th, 
he  croHsiNl  tho  Tennessee  with  3(i  regiments 
and  4U  guns,  and  passing  through  Dunhip  and 
Crossville,  entered  Kentucky  on  tho  .^th 
September.  Kirby  Smith,  with  his  divi- 
■ion,  advanced  by  the  way  of  Big  Creek 
Gap,  through  the  Cumberland  Mountain, 
flanking  the  Union  Gen.  Geo.  W.  Alorgnn, 
oommandiiig  at  Cumberland  Gup,  and  cutting 
him  off  from  his  supplies ;  wlifix>u]>un,  ou 
Aug.  17th,  tlie  hitter  blew  up  his  workK  and 
retreated  to  the  Ohio,  over  a  atcrilo  region 
moat  difficult  to  traverse,  which  was  his  only 
way  of  escape.  He  urrivtHl  at  the  Ohio 
River,  however,  without  material  loss,  though 
banisiied  the  most  of  the  way  by  the  rebel 
guerilla,  John  Morgan,  with  700  cavalry. 

On  Aug.  29th,  Kirby  Smith  reached  Rich- 
mond, Ky.,  where  ho  was  met  by  a  raw 
Union  force,  about  equal  in  numbers  to  his 
own,  under  Gen.  M.  D.  Mauson,  who,  'On  the 
morning  of  Aug.  18th,  attacked  him  at  Kog- 
ertvUIe,  but  was  shortly  defeated,  hii>  whcrfe 
line  giving  way  aud  retreating  beyond  Rogers- 
ville,  where  he  stood,  maintaining  the  fight 
three  houni,  till  Gen.  Nelson  reached  the 
^und  and  assumed   command.      Another 


•tMid  WM  then  made,  but  in  leau  than  half  an 
hour  the  Unionist*  were  totally  routed  and 
diaperaed.  Gen.  Manson  becoming  a  prisoner. 
Sept.  4th,  Smith  entered  Lexington,  Ky., 
and  then  moved  on  as  far  as  Cynthiana. 
within  striking  diataiice  of  both  Cincinnati 
and  Louiaville,  Itv  thia  time  Gen.  Uraug, 
Hanking  lluell'a  left,  hud  entered  Kentucky 
at  Gliwgow.  Buell,  who  had  Ooncenlrated 
hia  forcea  at  Murfreosboro.  now  marched  on 
the  enen.y,  who  i-etired  as  ho  advanced,  first 
from  Glasgow,  and  then  from  MunfonUville, 
aud  continued  northward  to  Frankfurt,  the 
State  capital.  Buell  then  marched  ilirectly 
to  IxiuiHville,  which  waa  aerioualy  threatened 
by  Kirby  Smith,  and  arrived  there  on  the 
20th  September,  to  the  groat  relief  of  the 
citiseiiR.  Here,  while  reorganising  hia  forcea, 
he  WON  ordered  to  turn  over  hia  command  to 
Thomas,  in  conaequenoe  of  hia  delay  in  find- 
ing the  enemy,  but  the  execution  of  tho 
order  being  susiMinded,  ho  proceeded  on  Oct. 
lat  to  move  in  five  columns  towarda  Barda- 
town,  where  the  main  rebtd  force,  under 
Bragg,  were.  With  hia  traina  laden  with 
the  ii|>oila  of  Kentucky,  Bragg  now  slowly 
retreated  before  BuelPa  advance  t.  Spring- 
field, (12  milea  from  Louiaville.  Thence  he 
procoe«led  towarda  Ferryvillu  to  form  a  junc- 
tion with  Kirby  Smith,  who  was  now  retiring 
from  his  designs  on  Cincinnati,  having  carried 
the  rebel  flag  within  seven  miles  of  that  city. 
On  the  7th,  Buell  overtook  the  enemy  near 
Perryvillo,  and  pressed  buck  a  considerable 
body  of  them  whom  he  found  drawn  up  in 
order  of  battle.  Tho  next  morning,  tho  ene- 
my attacked  and  was  repulsed  by  G«n.  Mc- 
Cook,  who  had  pushed  forward  for  water  to 
Doctor's  Creek.  About  noon,  McCook  hav- 
ing advanced  his  division  between  two  and 
tliree  milea  from  Gen.  Buell's  headquarters, 
proceeded  further  to  make  a  jtersonal  recon- 
noissanee.  While  thus  absent  from  his  com- 
mand, it  was  suddenly  and  overwhelmingly 
assailed  in  front  and  flank  by  swift  charges 
of  masses  of  rebel  infantry  and  by  the 
heavy  cannonading  of  their  artillery,  which 
luul  been  skilfully  concealed  in  the  udjnceut 
woods  and  ravines.  The  whole  left  corps  of 
the  Union  army  was  thus  desperately  pressed. 
Gen.  Terrill's  brigade  was  shortly  driven 
back  in  a  complete  rout,  and  ho  wu.i  killed, 
OS  well  ns  Gen.  James  S.  Jackson,  who  com- 
manded the  division.  The  rebels  then  charged 
upon  Rousseau,  commanding  the  3d  Division 
in  the  centre,  which  for  two  or  three  hours 
bore  the  chief  weight  of  the  battle,  fighting 
bravely,  but  losing  ground.  The  rebels  then 
sitruck  the  left  flunk  of  Gilbert's  corps,  held 
by  Gens.  K.  B.  Mitchell  and  P.  H.  Sheiidun. 
But  Sheridan  shortly  charged  at  double-quick, 
driving  the  enemy  into  and  through  Perry  villc, 
up  to  the  protection  of  two  butteries  un  tho 
blutTs  beyond,  capturing  fifteen  ammunition 
wagons  and  a  train  guard  of  140,  and  then 
retiring  to  tho  Union  batteries  as  darkness 
came  on.  For  two  hours,  the  30th  Union 
brigade,  Col.  Gooding,  sent  by  Gilbert  to  the 
aid  of  McCook,  fought  on  the  extreme  left 
against  superior  numbers,  losing  549  men  out 
of  1,423.  Gen.  BuoU  did  not  learn  until 
4  P.M.  that  any  serious  conflict  was  in  pro- 
gress, when  he  sent  reinforcements  from  the 
centre,  and  ordered  Crittenden,  commanding 
the  right,  to  advance;  but  night  fell  ere  these 
forcea  arrived.     During  the  night  Bragg  de- 


camped to  llarrudaburg,  whcr*  b*  waa  Ji 
by  Kirby  Smith.  The  Uni«n  Iom  in  thia 
engagement  was  about  4,000  and  10  guna) 
that  of  the  enemv  about  2,500.  Bragg  now 
retreated  precipitately  to  Eaat  Teiinesace, 
through  Crab  Orchard  and  Cumberland  Gap, 
destroying  on  the  way  a  largo  amount  of 
valuable  atorea  and  spoils  for  want  of  trana- 

Iiortation  across  tho  mountainous  country, 
[[o  was  pursued  aa  far  aa  Crab  Orchard  by 
Buvll'a  force*.  'I1ie  Government,  deeply  di^ 
satisfied  at  tlie  failure  of  Buell  to  destroy  the 
rebel  army,  now  ndiavod  him  from  command, 
and  appointed  Mi^.-Qon.  Roaecrana  to  buo« 
oeed  liiiu. 

On  the  elevation  of  Gen.  Halleok  to  the  chief 
Lominandof  the  Union  forces.  Gen.  Roaecrana 
hati  licen  plsoed  in  command  under  Grant  in 
Northern  Miaaisaippi  and  Alabama.  During 
the  aummer  ho  waa  active  in  hia  department, 
but  no  event  of  importance  occurred  there. 
About  Sept.  1,  having  left  luka  in  chargo 
of  Col.  R.  C.  Muri>hy,  8th  Wiaconain,  be 
moved  eastward  to  watch  the  enemy'a  move* 
monta  about  Corinth.  Murphy  disgracefully* 
abandoned  his  |ioat,  permitting  a  large  amount 
of  storea  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy, 
and  the  rebel  Gen.  Price  ahortly  occupied  the 
place.  Gon.  Grant  being  adviae<l  of  thia, 
sent  Gen.  Oi-d  with  5,000  men  to  Burnsville 
to  move  on  luka  from  tho  north,  while  Roae- 
crans,  having  concentrated  his  two  divijiiona 
and  advanced  on  the  south,  reached  Jacinto 
on  Sept.  18.  On  the  morning  of  the  19th, 
tho  latter  being  duly  advised.  Gen.  Grant 
proceedeil  to  the  attack  of  luka,  and  after  a 
march  of  nineteen  miles,  came  within  two  milea 
of  that  place  at  4  P.M. ;  one  division,  Hamil- 
ton's, 01  about  3,000  men  and  on*  Intterr 
being  pushed  thus  far  in  utlvancp.  1'^*  r^Vla 
held  a  strong  |*osition  along  a  deep  ravin?, 
crossing  the  main  road,  and  behind  the  crest 
of  a  hill,  while  the  nature  of  the  ground  pre- 
vented tho  formation  of  any  extended  line. 
The  battle  was  thus  maintained  by  a  single 
Union  brigade  against  more  than  throe  timea 
its  numliers.  The  single  Union  battery,  the 
11th  Ohio,  was  captured  by  the  rebels  after 
every  gunner  and  horse  thereof  had  fallen. 
While  it  was  in  their  iiossession,  and  theii 
dense  masses  were  sweeping  down  on  tho  small 
Union  force  engaged,  thnMttcning  it  with  en- 
tire destruction,  Stanley's  division  came  up, 
und,  though  no  more  troops  could  be  sent  to 
the  front,  prevented  Hamilton  from  being 
outflanked.  Gen.  Sullivan,  commanding  the 
front  brigade  of  Hamilton,  in  a  desperate 
struggle  now  i-ocaptured  the  battery.  The 
rebels  immediately  rallied,  and  precipitating 
themsclvea  upon  his  diminished  force,  again 
took  it.  Every  flunk  movement  of  the  enemy 
wus  promptly  stopped,  and  tlin  buttle  thus 
kept  at  the  front  upon  the  roud.  For  three 
hours  it  was  maintained  by  the  5th  Iowa, 
und  11th  and  2(Hh  Missouri,  when  darkness 
closed.  The  Union  forces  then  laid  down  on 
their  arms,  ex|)ecting  to  renew  tho  struggle 
the  next  morning.  Gen.  Oi-d  fuilcd  to  arrive 
and  attack  ou  the  other  roud,  as  had  been 
confidently  expected,  but  arrived  within  4 
miles  of  luka,  where  he  awaited  the  sound  ef 
Rosecrans'  guns,  which  he  did  not  hear.  Tho 
next  morning  he  moved  ra|>idly  toward  and 
into  luka,  to  find  the  enemy  fled  therclVom. 
Rosecrans  pursued  the  rebels  for  25  miles, 
but  they  had  too  much  the  stut  to  be  over- 


UNITED    STATES. 


The  total  Union  Iom  in  tbia  niritir 
WM  783— 144  killed,  6U8  wounded  Mid  40 
miming.  Thn  robtil  Ium  wm  I,43R,  about 
8(K)  Utiiig  killtnl  and  woundml, 

I'riot),  Vnu  Diini,  mid  Li>v»ll  now  iiiiitod 
tkxir  viitim  fiu-foM,  und  (.■oiio)>ntrut<<il  nn  lioiie- 
orniiH  at  Corinth  lieforo  lio  could  rcct'ivo  ro- 
iuforcfinnntu.  The  latter,  though  cotiHciuu* 
of  Iteing  outnumbered,  relied  ufion  the  oliarno. 
tcr  of  iii*  trooiw  and  iqion  the  Htrenath  of 
hiH  iHwition,  havins  erected  workw  within  the 
old  and  too  extenNive  fortiltcalioim  of  llitaure- 
gar<l.  Ilaiiiilton  oonimanded  hiii  right,  Uuvioit 
the  oontitt,  and  McKcan  the  left,  while  thruo 
regimontH  under  Col.  Oliver  proceeded  to  niiHit 
the  rebel*  advancing  on  the  Chewalla  road. 
On  the  3(1  October,  at  7  A.M.,  the  right  of  the 
enemy  under  Ijovell  was  onoounterud  lliereon, 
and  during  the  day  waa  engngtiil  with  u  jKir- 
tion  of  MoKean'ii  and  Davieit'  diviHionM,  who 
after  conHiderablo  fighting  gave  ground,  when 
night  compelled  a  |muHe  in  the  engiiguniont, 
and  the  Union  army  waa  drawn  Ituck  within 
the  town.  At  daylight  the  light  wan  re- 
opened by  the  firo  of  a  rebel  Itattory  planted 
during  the  night  300  yards  from  the  Uniim 
works  covering  the  Cliowalla  road.  Hhells 
wore  thrown  Uito  Corinth,  causing  a  general 
coiiKtemation  of  the  non-comlmtouts  therein. 
Dattories  on  both  sides  now  o|ioued,  but  no 
rebel  infantry  were  viNiblo  till  0  a.m.,  when 
heavy  columns  suddenly  (lourcd  out  from  the 
womis  east  of  the  railroad,  moving  up  the 
Bolivar  road  by  divisions,  and  opened  out  in 
thesha|M)  of  amonstrous  weijgv,  I'rtce  being  on 
the  loft  and  Van  Dorn  on  (he  right.  The  ad- 
vancing masNos  were  torn  by  the  shot  and  shell 
of  the  whole  1i:ir  of  Union  batteries,  but  they 
■till  pntssod  forward  withiu  muBkot  range, 
with  faces  avr  rted  like  men  ndvaucing  against 
a  driving  storm  of  liuil.  They  reached  the 
hill  in  front  and  right  of  the  battery,  called 
Fort  RiohaitlHon,  where  Uen.  Duvitts'  Union 
division  gave  way  before  them,  Qou.  Hose- 
crans  at  once  rallied  it  by  his  gallant  oxaiii])le, 
but  his  headquarters  were  seized  by  the  ad- 
vancing foe,  who  poured  their  firo  from  it 
upon  the  Union  troops  on  the  oi>|)OHit«  side 
of  the  public  square.  Hamilton  b  vctcraiiH 
now  fell  bock,  and  the  rebels  seized  Fort 
Kichanlson,  killing  its  commander.  Sudden- 
ly, the  5tith  Illinois,  concealed  in  a  ro  vino  near 
it,  rose  und  charged,  driving  the  foe  in  wild 
confunon  back  and  out  of  the  works.  The 
whole  Union  lino  now  rallied  and  advanced, 
and  shortly  the  rebel  legions  of  Price,  with 
broken  lines,  demoralized  and  fugitive,  were 
pursued  down  thn  hill,  into  the  inai-Kli  and 
forests  adjacent.  Van  Dorn,  who  hod  failed' 
in  the  all-important  work  of  attacking  Nimiil- 
tancously  with  Price,  now  dcHpcrately  at- 
tempted to  carry  Fort  Robinctt.  Two  of  his 
b.'igadcs,  led  by  a  bravo  Texan,  Col.  Itogers, 
advanced  through  a  terrible  tiro  from  both 
that  battery  and  Port  Williams,  a  liumlred  and 
fifty  yards  distant,  and  then  pressed  onwurd 
within  range  of  a  devastating  musketry,  till 
thny  reached  the  ditch.  Rogers,  with  tho 
rebel  flag  in.  his  hand,  leai>ed  this  and  planted 
his  standard  on  the  ramparts,  and  then  fell 
dead  into  the  ditch,  with  his  banner.  The 
five  Texans  who  accompanied  him  fell  corpses 
into  the  fort.  The  Ohio  brigade,  Col.  Fuller, 
then  -oso  and  delivered  six  volh^ys  in  succes- 
lion  and  cleared  the  front  of  the  enemy.  The 
■u]tportiiig  rebel  brigade  now  a<lvaiiced  as  tlie 


first  had  done,  and  made  a  rusli  uiion  the  03d 
Ohio,  who  were  ready  to  receive  them.  A 
terrific  hand-to-hand  comliat  ensued  of  scarce- 
ly a  minute,  during  which  the  uproar  was 
hideous  and  tho  carnage  dreadful  of  the  mad- 
dened combatants,  who  used  ImyonetH,  clubbed 
muNketH,  and  oven  their  fists,  in  their  ruge. 
This  wall  the  final  struggle.  The  relels 
then  flung  away  their  arms  and  fled,  pursi:Hd 
to  tho  woods  by  the  11th  Missouri  and  27tli 
Ohio. 

The  Union  forces  engaged  in  this  fight 
numlM<red  10,700  ;  those  of  the  rebels,  38,(MX). 
Uen.  MoPherson,  arriving  at  Corinth  with  five 
fresh  n>giinents  from  Oeu.  Uraiit,  now  pressed 
after  tho  retreating  enemy,  who  was  struck 
by  another  division  from  Uen.  Urant,  under 
Onl,  at  the  Ilatchio  River,  and  narrowly  es- 
caped deHtriiotion.  Uen.  Rosecrans  now  fol- 
lowed Mcpherson  to  Ripley  with  most  of  his 
uriiiy,  eager  to  pursue  and  capture  thedeinor- 
iilixed  eiirmy ;  but  he  was  directed  by  Uen. 
Urant  to  desist  and  return  to  Corinth,  v/liere 
he  riiiiiained  until  the  3r)th  October,  when 
he  wiiN  directed  to  report  at  ('iiiciniuiti,  to 
take  coiuiniindof  the  Army  of  the  Ohio  and 
Departiiii'iit  of  the  Cumberland,  superseding 
BuoU.  Uen.  Rosecrani  re|>orted  his  total  lost 
at  Corinth  and  in  vbe  suM(!qut;it  pursuit  at 
2,3n0— 3ir>  killed,  l,H12  wounded,  and  332 
missing.  The  iyiIs'I  loss  was  1,433  killed, 
ri,G93  woundoti,  and  3,348  prisoners.  1 4  flags, 
3  guns,  and  a  large  number  of  small  arms 
were  among  the  Union  trophies 

On  the  33d  September  a  proclamation  from 
tho  President  of  the  United  States  appeared, 
abolishing  slavery  in  all  the  States  that  should 
be  in  rebellion  on  tho  1st  January,  1863. 
Hitherto  tho  war  had  been  prosecuted,  on  the 
part  of  the  Union,  with  the  desire  and  ex- 
pectation that  it  would  be  closed  without 
scnuusly  disturbing  the  institution  of  slavery ; 
and  most  of  the  commanding  army  officers, 
cHpt'cially  those  educated  at  West  Point,  be- 
lieving tliiit  slavery  should  be  protected  under 
the  Federal  Constitution,  imbued  their  orders 
with  this  spirit. 

Ceil.  Butler  early  declared  tho  slovos  to  be 
contraband  of  war — a  most  wholesome  posi- 
tion ;  and  shortly  afterwards  Gon.  Fremont  is- 
sued his  inoiiiorable  General  Order,  confiscat- 
ing tho  pro|)orty  of  the  enemy,  real  and  iieison- 
al,  to  the  public  use,  and  (Icchu  iiig  "  their  kIiivcs, 
if  any  they  have,  fi-ee  men,"  which  was  orfler- 
ed  by  tho  Prefiident  to  be  modified  to  accord 
with  the  act  of  Congress  of  Aug.  6,  1861, 
wlioreby  only  slaves  used  for  military  purposes 
were  so  freed.  On  May  9,  Uen.  Hunter,  com- 
manding nt  Hilton  Head,  in  a  general  order 
declared  free  the  slaves  of  the  three  States  of 
Georgia,  Florida,  and  South  Carolina,  em- 
braced within  his  Department,  which  order 
was  shortly  rescinded  by  the  President.  Gens. 
Halleck,  Buell,  and  McClellan  were  especially 
imbued  with  a  pro-slavery  feeling,  and  many 
instances  of  cruel  slave-hunting  were  tolerat- 
ed by  them  >\-ithin  their  lines,  even  after  the 
time  when  the  anti-negro  prejudice  of  a  por- 
tion of  tho  Union  mnk  and  file  had  been  con- 
verted by  experience  near  the  fields  of  slav- 
ery into  a  hearty  desire  for  its  abolition.  On 
July  7,  1862,  directly  after  his  retreat  from 
the  Chickohominy,  Uen.  McClellan  indited 
a  letter  to  the  President,  recommending  a 
policy  which  he  thought  should  be  adopted,  the 
diief  foaturet)  of  which  were,  no  coc^scatiou  of 


the  pro|>erty  of  the  enemy,  and  no  Mnanetpsri 
tion  of  their  slaves.  But  the  nublio  niad  WM 
now  slowly  and  steadily  gravitating  towarda 
the  conclusion  that  the  Itebellion  waa  vulaar* 
able  chiefly  through  slavery,  and  that  the  Uttar 
was  destined  to  full  with  the  quelling  of  th« 
former.  President  Lincoln,  anxious  that  tk« 
Union  should  retain  its  hold  on  the  border 
Slave  States,  in  his  first  annual  meisaga  had 
pro|ioiiod,  and  Congreia  had  appropriated 
$  1 00,000  towards  a  Bvatem  of  coloiuiiation,  and 
a  few  wretched  blacks  were  taken  to  Cow  la> 
land,  a  sandspit  near  llayti,  in  oonse(|uenoe. 

On  June  10,  1802,  the  President  approved 
the  act,  which  had  passed  Congreta,  by  which 
slavery  waa  abolislied  and  prohibited  ui  everjr 
territory  of  the  Union.  This  Congreaa,  the 
37th,  also  jNiasod  a  bill  to  punish  officera  and 
privates  of^  the  army  for  aiTesting,  detaining, 
or  delivering  |iersona  claimed  as  fugitiv* 
slaves.  It  also  abolished  slavery  in  the  Di»> 
trict  of  Columbia,  and  enacted  a  bill  confia- 
catiiig  the  slaves  of  the  rebels;  and  in  accord- 
ance with  the  suggestion  of  President  Lincoln, 
pro|>osed  to  co-o|H)rate,  by  jiecuniary  compen- 
sation, with  any  State  which  might  adopt  the 
gradual  al)olishment  of  slavery.  Further  im- 
|iortant  bills,  all  tending  towards  the  destmo* 
tion  of  slavery,  and  stubbornlv  contested,  wer« 
passed.  One  establishing  diplomatic  intor* 
course  with  Liberia  and  Hayti ;  one  requir- 
ing equality  in  education  and  punishment 
between  whites  and  blacks  in  the  schools  of 
tho  District  of  Columbia ;  one  conceding  the 
right  of  search  on  the  African  coast.  The  fugir 
tivo  slave  act  was  also  repealed ;  confinement 
of  suspected  slaves  in  Federal  jails,  the  hold- 
ing of  slaves  on  national  vessels,  and  the  conaW 
wise  slave  trade,  wore  forbidden,  awl  color 
was  declared  no  imi>ediment  to  giving  testi- 
mony. 

Oil  tho  day  apiK>inted,  Jan.  1, 1863,  when  at 
length  he  saw  that  the  time  hud  arrived  for 
him,  both  as  commander  of  the  armies,  and  as 
a  civil  magistrate,  to  strike  slavery.  President 
Lincoln  consummated  the  great  event  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  and  issued  his  memorable 
Proclamation  of  Freedom. 

During  November,  1862,  Morgan,  Wheeler, 
and  other  rebel  leaders  of  cavalry,  made  sev« 
eral  small  raids  upon  tho  Union  rear  and  sup- 
ply trains  in  Rost^craus'  department,  at  Mitcn- 
ellsville,  Lavergno,  Nolensville,  and  other 
places,  being  speedily  driven  away,  in  moat 
cases,  by  Union  forces.  On  Dec.  7,  Col.  A.  B. 
Moore,  104th  Illinois,  was  surprised  and  cap- 
tured at  Hartsville  by  Morgan,  at  the  head 
of  1,500  cavalry,  his  own  force,  carelessly 
disposed,  being  about  that  number.  Dec.  1 1, 
Wheeler  attacked  a  Union  brigade  under 
Col.  Stanley  Matthews,  which  was  foraging 
between  Nashville  and  Murfreesboro,  butwaa 
gallantly  driven  off. 

At  the  close  of  December,  Gen.  Rosecrana, 
having  reorganized  at  Nashville  the  army  to 
whose  command  he  succeeded,  and  secured  hia 
communications,  proceeded  to  move  against 
the  enemy  under  Bragg,  who  had  now  reap- 
peared in  his  front  at  Murfi-eesboro.  On 
Dec.  36,  his  three  grand  divisions,  the  righ: 
under  Uen.  McCook,  the  centre  under  Uen. 
Thomas,  and  the  lelt  commanded  by  Gen. 
Crittenden,  moved  on  '-he  roads  leading  south 
and  south-west  from  Nashville.  On  the  39th 
the  enemy  was  discovered  in  position  along 
the  bluffs  acroaa  Stone  River,  near  Mmfrew 


HISTORY  or  THl 


HMker**  brigMie  of  Oritlendmi'a  dl- 
vision  eroiMii  tk*  river  undnr  thti  arroneous 
Infamatioii  lh»t  the  foe  wu  retmating,  and 
■Mking  •  gallant  daah,  drove  back  a  rebel 
regiMent,  but  diacoveriog  that  Brack inridao'a 
mtire  ourpa  waa  in  that  neighborhood,  iJar^ 
kar  withdrew  without  Iom. 

On  Deo.  30,  tlie  Union  armjr,  amonnting 
to  about  4U,000,  took  uoaition  near  Htone 
Kiver,  a  little  west  of  Murft'eeaboro,  along  a 
line  of  three  or  four  milea  and  about  half 
»  mile  from  the  rabel  line*.  The  right  of 
the  latter  rested  on  and  acroM  the  river, 
which  woa  fordaUe  at  all  points,  although 
keavy  rains  wer«  now  falling.  Oen.  John- 
son commanded  the  right  of  MeGook'a  divi- 
abn,  Oen.  Davis  the  eentre,  and  Oen.  Bhe- 
lidan  the  left.  Upon  this  division,  at  7  A.11.. 
Deo.  31,  the  enemv  under  Hardee,  seconded 
by  Bishop  Polk  and  McCown's  division,  burst 
trom  the  thickets.  They  instantly  oruiibed  its 
•octresM  right,  capturiuft  its  guns,  and  a  Urge 
portion  of  the  men.  Davirs  oemrnhnd  waa 
then  struck  by  them,  and  pressed  back  in 
Mufusion  over  the  field.  A  concentrated 
Msanit  waa  then  made  upon  the  lines  of 
Sheridan  and  Davis,  who  at  this  point  re- 
Bulsed  several  determined  attacks  on  their 
front,  during  one  of  which,  while  leading  a 
■nooessful  charge,  Oen.  J.  W.  Sill  waa  killed. 
The  nbel  columns  then  bore  down  heavily 
on  Sheridau*H  flank,  coiipelling  him  to  move 
towards  Nesley  on  the  centre.  Halting,  ho 
placed  his  batteries  and  troops  at  a  strong 
point  facing  aoutli  and  weat  Denae  maaaea 
of  the  enemy  now  aaaailed  hia  poaition  and 
three  timea  were  they  compelled  to  fall  back, 
when  hia  ammunition  waa  exhauated.  Tlie 
rebela  triumphantly  preased  on,  reaching  a 
poaition  which  gave  them  an  advantaguoua 
Bre  on  Thomas's  corpa.  At  11  a.m.  the 
neater  portion  of  MoCook*a  command  had 
been  routed,  and  aevoral  batteries  of  the 
enemy  were  concentrated  on  Nngley*a  divi- 
niou  of  Thomaa'a  corpa,  compelling  him  to 
recoiL  At  thia  juncture,  Gen.  Roaecrans, 
appriaed  of  hia  diaaater,  puahed  up  Oen. 
Kouaaean  with  the  reaervea  and  Van  Oluvu'a 
diviaion  from  the  left  to  witbatand  the  tri- 
umphant progreaa  of  the  enemy  at  thia  point. 
Van  Cleve  having  fallen,  he  led  in  person  a 
ehargeof  thelatterstroopa,  which  repelled  the 
tebel  advance.  Rousaeau  then  de8{)erately 
«harged  the  enemy  in  hia  front  and  preased 
*hem  back  into  the  cedar  wooda,  taking'  many 
prisoners.  The  ground  here  taken  waa  held, 
and  the  concentration  of  the  Union  batteries 
at  thia  point  of  the  line  repelled  every  rebel 
advance  with  great  alaughter.  On  the  recoil- 
ing of  Xegley,  Palmer's  diviaion,  the  right 
of  the  Union  left  wing,  retired  for  a  space 
to  avoid  a  rebel  flank  advance,  while  Hazen, 
commanding  the  left  extremity,  fell  back  to  a 
low  wooded  hill  between  the  Nashville  road 
and  the  railroad,  which  he  held  till  the  battle 
ended.  Gen.  Wood,  commanding  the  division 
of  the  left  in  front  of  Breckinridge,  nobly 
held  his  ground  through  the  day,  command- 
ing in  person  till  evening,  though  severely 
wounded  in  the  foot  early  in  the  day. 
While  the  rebel  attack  waa  being  concen- 
trated on  Palmer'a  and  Wood's  divisions, 
Oen.  Roaecrans  viaited  that  portion  of  the 
line,  and  by  his  directiona  and  encourage- 
■ent  created  great  enthuaiaam  here,  aa  else- 
where daring   the  day,  among  the  Union 


troopa.  A  nd  here  hia  chief  of  staff,  Oareseh4, 
was  struck  and  decapitated  while  riding  at 
his  aide,  by  a  ahcll  from  the  enemy. 

The  day  cloaod,  leaving  the  Unioniata  maa> 
ters  of  the  original  ground,  but  with  a  heavy 
loas  in  killed  and  wounded,  anil  I'H  pieces 
of  artillery  in  the  handa  of  t'le  enemy, 
Throughout  the  following  day,  ^ew  Year'a 
day,  both  armies  maintained  their  rcR(M)ctive 
■KHtitioua,  with  aotne  artillery  firing,  while 
both  wore  engagi-d  in  cunatnictiug  now  de- 
fiMioea.  The  rebel  cavalry  bad  alroady  at- 
tacked the  Union  line  of  comniiniicHtion, 
cutting  otr  hia  auppliea  and  ammunition,  but 
Oen.  Uoaeorana  determined  to  stay  and  give 
battle  in  the  aame  apot  with  what  ammuni- 
tion he  had.  At  8  a.m.,  Jan.  3,  the  rebel 
batteriea  opened  fire  in  front  of  the  Union 
centre  and  left,  under  which  Ilaacall'a  divi- 
aion auHered  aeverely,  but  being  spiritedly 
replied  to,  after  an  half  hour  the  enemy 
ceased  to  fire.  At  3  P.M.,  three  grand 
columns  of  aaaault,  comprising  the  entire 
rebel  right  wing,  under  Broukinridge,  bore 
down  upon  that  portion  of  Van  Cleve'a  divi- 
aion which  had  been  sent  acroaa  the  atream 
during  the  morning.  In  a  few  momenta, 
both  the  firat  and  aecond  Union  linea  were 
awept  back  by  the  overwhelming  advance, 
until  within  cover  of  fifty-eight  cannon 
massed  by  Roaeorana  on  an  eminence.  With 
thia  terrible  battery  he  ontiludcd  the  rebel 
oolumna  aa  they  approached,  while  the  divi- 
aiona  of  Negley  and  Jeff.  0.  Davia  presse<l 
forward  to  the  reaoue.  In  turn,  the  enemy 
waa  now  hurled  bttck,  the  Union  forcea 
charging  them  with  loud  cheers  for  half  a 
mile,  capturing  four  of  their  guns  and  a 
largo  number  of  prisoners.  Darkness  and 
rain  prevented  extensive  pursuit,  bnt  Crit- 
tenden's entire  corps  passed  over  the  stream, 
and  with  Davia'a  division  occupied  the 
ground  which  was  thus  won.  The  next  day 
was  |>aa8ed  in  quiet,  beneath  a  pouring  rain. 
At  1 1  P.M.  thereof,  Bragg  atealthily  evacuated 
Murfreesboro,  hia  retreat  not  being  discovcmd 
till  too  late  for  effective  pursuit.  During  the 
battle,  the  rebel  cavalry  under  Wheeler  passed 
around  the  Union  army,  destroying  a  large 
amount  of  its  supplies  at  Lavergne,  and  re- 
turning to  cover  Bragg's  retreat  on  the  4th 
and  0th  January.  About  the  same  period, 
Forrest,  who  had  been  sent  by  Bragg  to  cut  the 
Union  communications  in  West  Tennessee, 
was  routed  at  Parkers  Cross-roads  by  Col.  C. 
Ij.  Dunham  and  Gen.  J,  C,  Sullivan.  Gen.  J. 
H.  Morgan  also  made  a  simultaneous  raid 
into  the  heart  of  Kentucky,  capturing  Eliz- 
abethtown,  inflicting  considerable  other 
damage,  and  returning  with  little  loss.  On 
the  other  hand,  and  also  about  the  same 
period,  the  Union  Gen.  H.  Carter  made  a 
successful  raid  from  Winchester,  Ky.,  into 
East  Tennessee. 

The  Union  forces  engaged  in  the  battle  of 
Murfreesboro  were  about  40,000.  Those 
of  the  enemy,  about  60,000.  The  Union 
loss  was  1,533  killed,  7,245  wounded,  with 
about  2,800  missing.  The  killed  and 
wounded  of  the  enemy  amounted  to  14,660 
men. 

During  the  early  months  of  1863,  numer- 
ous raids  and  small  engagements  took  place 
in  thia  department.  In  February,  Gen. 
Wheeler  proceeded,  with  4,500  rebel  cavalry 
firom  Franklin,  aa  far  as  Dover,  near  Fort 


Donslaon,  when  he  waa  luocessfUlly  1 
by  Col.  A.  0.  Harding,  with  only  600  ■«■, 
who  held  his  ground  till  some  gunboats  m« 
rived  on  the  river  and  rescued  him.  Wheelsr 
thou  returned  to  Franklin.  On  March  A, 
],3U0  Unioniata  under  Col.  John  Coburu, 
Uting  aaaailed  by  aix  brigadea  of  rebel  cav> 
airy  under  Gen.  Van  Dorn,  after  a  atout  re- 
aiatance  were  compelled  to  surrender  to  ths 
latter.  March  2U,  Col,  A.  U.  lUII  with 
1 ,323  men  waa  aaaailed  at  Milton  by  the  rebel 
Gen.  Alorgan  with  a  vastly  auperior  force, 
but  bring  skilfully  posted,  defeated  the  latter. 
On  April  10,  Van  Dorn  attacking  Oordon 
Granger  at  Franklin,  was  also  auoceaafully 
reaiatod.  On  April  29,  Col.  A.  D.  Straight 
waa  deapatched  oy  Oen.  Roaecrans  to  the 
rear  of  Oen.  Bragg.  He  proceeded  int4 
North-western  Georgia,  inflicting  conaidera. 
ble  losa  on  the  rebela.  Near  Rome,  after  a  run- 
niiig  fight  with  Forrest  for  nearly  100  miles, 
he  was  capturad  with  his  force,  amount- 
ing to  1,360  men.  Having  been  sent  with 
hia  officera  to  Libby  priaon,  Richmond,  he 
eacai^d  therefrom  to  the  Union  linea  about  a 
year  aftcrwarda. 

The  capture  of  the  important  poat  of  Vicks- 
burg,  commanding  the  navigation  of  the  Mis* 
siaaippi,  waa  the  object  of  a  plan  initiated 
by  Oen.  Grant  at  the  cloae  of  November, 
1862.  Oen.  Sherman  waa  to  move  hia  army 
from  Memphia  upon  Vickaburg,  while  Oen. 
Grant  himaelf  waa  to  prevent  the  enemy  at 
Jackaon  City  from  reinforcing  the  place.  On 
November  28th,  Oen.  Grant  moved  through 
Holly  Hpringa  to  Oxford,  making  the  former 
place  hia  temporary  depot  of  auppliea,  and 
leaving  it  in  charge  of  Col.  R.  C,  Murphy,  8th 
Wisconsin,  with  1,000  men.  On  December 
2()th,  thia  commander  unneccRsarily  aurran- 
dered  tM  place,  with  aome  2,000  men,  includ- 
ing a  large  hoapital  full  of  aick  and  wounded, 
and  $4,000,000  worth  of  property,  to  the 
i-obel  Oen.  Van  Dorn,  who  ahortly  burned 
the  latter.  By  thia  disaater  the  co-operation 
of  Gen.  Grant  in  the  exiwdition  against  Vicka- 
burg became  iraitoaaible.  He  was  comj>elled 
to  fall  back  to  Grand  Junction  and  thence  to 
Memphia,  while  the  rebel  Gen.  Pendleton  at 
Granada  was  left  free  to  reinforce  Vicka- 
burg, where  he  ahortly  took  the  command. 
Gen.  Sherman  left  Memphia  on  the  20th  De- 
cember with  30,000  men,  and  on  the  26th  en- 
tered the  Yaxoo,  and  ascended  it  to  Johnaton'a 
Landing,  near  Hainea'  Blufi'.  Here  he  disem- 
barked his  army,  and  moved  down  on  Vicka- 
burg. On  the  26th,  the  gunboats  of  Com. 
Porter  opened  fire  upon  the  batteries  on  the 
Bluff,  and  during  the  27th  and  28tb  the  army 
pressed  forward  towards  the  city,  notwith- 
standing the  ground  and  obstacles  to  traverse 
were  of  a  most  difficult  nature.  Gen.  Bluir'a 
brigade  was  debarked  between  Gen.  Morgan's 
and  Gen.  M.L.  Smith's  division,  and  accompa- 
nied by  two  regiments  of  Morgan,  crossed,  be- 
neath a  heavy  fire  of  artillery,  the  Chickasaw 
bayou,  where  an  intricate  abattis  covered  both 
banks,  between  which  was  a  quicksand  bod  of 
300  feet  in  width,  with  1 5  feet  of  water,  3  feet 
deep  in  its  middle.  He  then  carried  two  linea 
of  rifle-pits  at  the  base  of  the  centre  hill,  on 
which  tlie  city  lay ;  Thayer's  and  De  Coiircey's 
brigades  also  sliared  in  this  perilous  assault. 
But  the  city  was  impregnable,  and  the  storm  ' 
ing  party  was  forced  to  retire,  Blair's  brigade 
losing  636  men,  Thayer's  111,  Morgan's  dip 


) 


I 


ttvXlji 

m\y  600  »«■, 

I  gunboaU  M- 

ilm.    Whe«l«r 
On  Muroh  A, 

Jolin  Coburu, 

I  of  rebel  oav< 

rter  *  stout  re< 

irronder  tu  th« 
H.   lUU   with 

Ion  by  the  rebel 

RU|Mirior  force, 

eated  the  latter. 

tacking  Oordon 

l«o  luoceiafully 
A.  D.  Strelght 

iMorana  to  the 

proceeded  inta 

)ting  comidera- 

oiiie,a(terarun- 

early  100  milos, 
force,  amount- 
been  Bent  with 

,  Bichmund,  he 

ion  linea  about  a 

ntpoatof  Vicka. 
ation  of  the  Miii- 
a  plan  initiated 
e  of  November, 
J  move  hii  army 
burg,  while  Oen. 
int  the  enemy  at 
ig  the  place.    On 
t  moved  through 
laking  the  former 
of  Bupplies,  and 
».  0.  Murphy,  8th 
1.     On  December 
DCCBHarily  Burren- 
1,000  men,  indud- 
ick  and  wounded, 
property,  to  the 
o  shortly  burned 
■  the  co-operation 
ion  againbt  Vickg- 
lle  was  coroi)elled 
lion  and  thence  to 
en.  Pendleton  at 
reinforce  Vicks- 
ik  the  command. 
.  on  the  20th  De- 
id  on  the  26th  en- 
id  it  to  Johnston's 
Here  he  disem- 
down  on  Vicks- 
[nboats  of  Com. 
„  batteries  on  the 
[nd  28tb  the  snny 
je  city,  notwith- 
itocles  to  traverse 
ire.     Oen.  BUir's 
>n  Oen.  Morgan's 
[ion,  and  accompa- 
)rgan,  crossed,  be- 
jy,  the  Chickasaw 
[attis  covered  both 
quicksand  bod  of 
set  of  water,  3  feet 
1  carried  two  lines 
[lie  centre  hill,  on 
and  De  Coiircey's 
3  perilous  assault. 
le,  and  the  storm 
•e,  Blair's  brigade 
11,  Morgan'*  <li- 


f 


V 

f       ' 


HISTORY   or  THB 


viaio*  ert 

■Mking  « 

rvgintent,    ••   •' v  .■; ,  nng 
Mitira  eui)*  w.j.i  iu  fh»t 
k«r  witliilriiw  wirhou*  li'». 
On  Dm'.  ;I(i,  iIii>   I'll)'  • 
to  ahout   4(),0IHI,  u<ck    •,, 
Kiver,  •  liulti  wi>t.t  ij  ttn 
line  of  thrmt  <<r  •'<'•< 
•  mile  fnini   !'<•    ,»  >  > 
the  littt«r  i> .  'M 


,f  •  •{•(•J»-»' 

tt 

•i*>'  IM  •/r<i«« 

WM    t«(TM>(«<<« 

Tfnc  l-a«ii   » 

- 

fl,..i,  H « 

i:. 

•<  -       Tho    ri|[||l(    »f 

'  <«  atitiM  th«  ritar, 
which  wo*  Tm'  i0.ir>  ,^  kll  puintit.  klUMHiiiii 
bMvy  nju-  ^...«   ftilliiitt.     fUm.  Julu^ 

■on  ooui  "  ri^ht  uf  MrfWk'sdhri* 

■ion,  U«il  .  '.  u.<  uinhe,  luiJ  0«n.  81. 
ridan  th4  -•  i'fmu  ihin  diviiiinn,  »l  7  A.M.. 
Dm.  31, '  ua  •  iinnij  iiu(i«>r  II»rU«t<<,  M)ootid«u 
byBiahof  r  ilk  III!  I  MnC'owu'ii(llviiiir>u,t>ant 
frant  the  UiickulH.  Thpjr  iuxUntlv  <'i  unbwi  it* 
•xtreme  ri|{ht,  onpuiaag  lu  siini,  hii.I  «  l»rg« 
poition  of  till*  uiun.  Davio  o<ui>initnil  wai 
then  rtrack  by  thrm,  urni  yrt-i*  a)  \itu\k  in 
•eufuaion  ovw  tbo  field.  \  ounccutrktoii 
MMult  WM  tliL'ii  miide  iiimu.  tlio  linv*  of 
Bheridan  and  Duvis.  who  itl  (l>iii  puini  ro- 
Dulaed  Mveral  det«  i  luinetl  ntuu-k*  »u  their 
nront,  during  one  of  wtii>  U,  whilu  leadiug  • 
■nooeHful  c)iiti)r.  <>«ik.  J.  W.  8itl  wmi  kiUxd. 
The  rebel  f^lunuiit  ilicu  lKlr•^  down  heavily 
on  Sheridnu'M  llnnk,  o<>'n|K>Iliuj(  liim  tu  mnvu 
towM'da  Nt'g'i-v  oil  tlie  ceulnt.  Hulling,  he 
placed  hin  balifrifci  ,tad  tniDpa  nt  a  atrong 
point  faciuK  r>.iirii  'i.<\  <ire»i.  i>Bri8A  niuHie* 
of  the  eiMii  >  ii  '"'  vMCKiiwl  liiM  |i(Miti(>n  and 
three  timeA  wen  thov  c4>iu)oi1Iih1  to  I'itU  back, 
when  hia  aiuiiiunitiuu  wa.s  "xlmuntt^l.  The 
rebels  triuiii|iliiiiitly  piv  ncd  on,  itwhing  a 
potiition  wliicli  gavv  them  au  tuiiHiitageon* 
fire  on  ThxtiiuHM  curpH.  At  U  a.m.  the 
greater  pditiou  i.f  MoCikiIc'k  ''ominHn^  had 
been  ro«ti;d,  and  ncvcral  ^atti-iifs  of  lli*- 
enemy  wrn?  t(>;i''imtraUjd  on  Noglfv'*  divi- 


.'*■  ii-(  uf  KiiMt,  liarMiahi, 

•■  .  .    .1.    Ulxl  wliili)   ridiMg  at 

•      .■  t    nil  'li>    "iiiMiiy, 

'       I  .        .'W.I.  ii.r    '      'hi'  I  niiiiiiitii  iiian- 

f»f«  ..1  ■*!«•  ori.^-n.'l  ).'''"'ii.i,    .,1  wiMi  a  h<-Hvy 

i««M  in   '..ilii^    iiid   KiiiHidrd,   at<il    ".^   pn'Ci-N 

<(   aitill' ry   ill   till!   hanuH  nf    •'■<     nuKiiiy. 

ai<-^u»Uaf  Thi-mKh"iU  tl>''  ridlowiii^   dikv,  >i'W   Y>'.ii'ii 

>-.i    rtkoiiw,  ii^y.  Init!   iit-raies  maint.iiiif'l  lli'-ii  i^sjMvtitc 

m  ttn  rii,  alraii  .  '  ii««U;'uii,   With  Atiuiu  ai'tillxry  Hniigi   whilu 

I   itbuut  Lalf  bnUk  «Nra  «giiga|;i"l  in  I'oimtnirtitig  new  du 

fitMOM,      The  rebel  ravalrv  liaii   alxiiidy  m 

iMkeU  tiin   Union  hno  uf  (■oiiinninloatioii, 

ratting  off  hia  aupiiUMi  and  diuiaunition,  but 

Qen.  Roeeonuu  datm-mine^  to  ita.v  umI  give 

battle  iu  the  Mnio  aiKit  with  what  nmniiini 

tkm  ha  had.    At  M  a.m.,  J«o.  i,  th<    <  'IhO 

battaljp  opened  lir>   in  frtMit  'pI  ihn  lininn 

oentrt   and  left,  under  wludli  HaiMall'ii  itivi- 

■lon  nifbred  wfiitvclf,  bii*  K<l«g  apiritcdly 

MfUed   to,  after  an   half  hour   the   i*ii«niy 


uppriaed  of   liii   'tiwwttdr,    |)ut.hed    i.p 

Kouaaeau  wifh  ti.-  vi»it»»y.>«  .mri  V  -.i  CAtnv^t  b«'.ttti>,  U«ifMaH«i!k>''V^<r  "tilflr  Wh*»Ior  fmwiod 
diviaion  firim  :u>'  "  '<  i>,  wi<*:.i«nij  tbi*  th-  arotMMl  rfta  WttionAlfttiy,  ('"stioyiiig  h  iirj^o 
umphant  y^^im-rtr  >>r  .kr  •'iH>iity  4'  tUui  ixtjitt^  jUntHUit  of  its  fti.i^Wv4  •<  LAvei-g!>r,  and  I'o- 
Van  Clovfl  baMia;;  j»lt»»n,  h«  '.♦hI  'h  .mjWvt  <|twru)n|;tu  ctjif-r  j;i  i^n  ri>ti"Mt  on  \\,v  II: 
chargeofilielutti')'\tnio|>»,  K'fii^i  f>-j  "tt«ii;t  «W 'IomI  Mh  January.      j'v'«.<i!  it"-  Kiiifie   jn-riod. 


omumnI  l^- fire.  At  ^  ph.,  thic-n  Kr.iiid 
(plunuis  of  aiaault,  r<»ii)>ri*iiig  tu-i  i'iitir<> 
i-ebel  right  wing,  nndor  llrwkii.ri.i.j., ,  bfiri< 
ilown  a|>ontliat  portiun  i>r  Van  ''Invo'ii  divi- 
aion  which  hod  bM'n  »-nt  «Pmu  L..<r  strviun 
during  the  luurning.  Ju  a  fu«  rw1nM)Ul^. 
both  the  flriit  fend  iHi«n«d  Uuion  Ium*  wore 
.•want  back  by  thu  ovprwhelniiiv  ulvaoce, 
Uatu  within  ci "  .  uf  fift}'oi|tht  .-uuui'. 
miMD'^d  by  Ro'iriTaiu  on  an  eminnnr-r  With 
thiH  t.erriMo  butU'ry  he  «utilad*!d  the  n>b<il 
onlunuM  as  they  am>ioache<l.  '«'bUe  thn  divi- 
aiouH  of  Neglfv  rmd  Jait  0.  Dsvia  presised 
forwaru  tu  tiie  n<Mmn.  In  Ivi'i,  the  crfcniy 
wa^  now  hi<rli«<l  Jjaek,  «m  Cniun  ft>nx.U) 
charging  tb<^in  .'.ith  Ion. I  dMers  for  Unlf  » 
uile,  qapta)-i>.i<  four  uf  tli«ir  gtins  and  » 
large  uuail.<«i'  '>f  piis^xttiiii.  Paiknci.H  nv>, 
rain  prerrMti-.  <  Avenaivo  tiui-Ruit,  b'lt  Oil 
Un'trn'K  eutii '  ^jrpa  jiansoa  over  tho  oIj- ":.,. 
•nd  with  ]>iviH\  divixion  or>r-it|ii(><t  th« 
gronnd  wliich  wan  thu«  won.  Th«  next  duy 
was  paauHl  in  ^iiiet,  benaath  a  punrinj:  ruin. 


niou  of  ThuMiiiNK  coi-pn,  coiii)>«llimr  him  to  .At  M  r  ¥  tharanC,  BrngyatniMiily  nvKruat'-'l 
recoil.     At   thiw  jimefirt'.  Con.   lt«ii«eiaua.    Mf«rfri'n.':'»>«i".^il|J»ti«»t>i'rtb»''>  •!(«>f»)vei-.d 

tift  f'«>  fa^nfftfniTRvtive  pursuit,     litiriiig  the 


rebel  advHu."u.  linuKaPuu  ilicn  di'-^^jdiWltiH 
•barged  the  7.. "my  in  hin'frnnt  an  .  ]>r<«n<^l 
*hem  back  into  tin-  ci'dar  woodi>,  .fiik.ig  many 
prisoners  Tlic  irround  here  taltpn  «u»  hold, 
and  tha  ronctriir»iiii:  .if  (h"  I'ni.-n  batti-ii*!* 
at  this  poll: t  of  tfii)  luic  ■- in^lli^rt  »u  iry  rebel 
advance  -  ith  ((nitt  ^iaagliuir.  Dn  thentei>il> 
ing  of  Nj-glcy,  PalMinr'H  divitiion,  tlm  right 


Ji':tvn-\ »,  A'b"  hall  iMeii  •  .  •  *''>■•  '^  *"  ""'■  ••'' 
Ufi.'-H  r<fniiiiitni«ati«w  m.  '^\*i  rtnneewNi. 
wi«a  r<inti  I  ^t  t^rkairvi  i,*4«Hr«a»l<i  by  Col.  C 
T<.  .I>unh*m  a)<4tjlen.  J. '.'.  '^Viilr.iirv  <<en.  J. 
H.  Morgan  abm  madti  a  aitnuttaucoiii''  ruid 
into  the  heart  af  K<>u*t'i.ky,  captnriiis;  Khz 
abethlowtt,  ij:i!iotini;  <vu^pidorhlji.'  iji1h;j' 
damagr),  and  rcturriiitu  vttlt  iitllo  \»*ii.     On 


to  avoid  H  iuIr'I  flivnk  udvanop,  whilt!  TTiuen, 
commanding  <\w  lufi.  extri'inlfy.  jVIl  l.nck  to  » 
low  woode<i  hill  l^.twet-n  tlio  Nasliville  rftad 
and  the  imiroHil,  which  he  hcM  till  I  lip  butlUj 
ended.  Gcu  W.nid,  coiiiuiaudiiisr  tii«  division 
of  the  It^ft  ih  trortt  of  Breckiiuiil)f«,  iinLly 
held  hia  !<i  .    nigl:  \\>y   d«y,  '■oniir.uid- 

ing  in  pi'>-  ;   .'V'-ninij,  lliotijrh  Bovtrely 

wounded  i/-  \ua  f.M.t:  .sariv  in  tho  duy. 
While  til.-  -«t)«)i  aitwjk  «■<«(  lifing  conceu- 
trated  Ct  '«l«'..''si  wi..!  VVinhI'is  liviatpnn, 
Gen.  Roi-  > ,  .•  viMi,cil  *Jiiit  poitiun  of  tl.i' 
line,  an<i  •»_;  -in  i.lirro;i'ni.  um  i  .loum;.' 
■lent  created  great  enthusiasm  here,  as  else- 
where  during  the  day,  among  the  Union 


of  the  Dniriii   Irft  wing,  rxlirfd  i<>r  a  space  '^9.  other   hand,  ^nd  >ii«k!  mImmh    Hit>   Hiiuie 


partod,  the  l^iiiou  tjca.  II.  Oortt-r  mude  a 
RtieeKsful  raid,  from  Winohufctvr,  Kv.,  into 
Eaal  TftnmwsHe. 

The  U  nton  foives  cn^gnd  in  th-;  battle  tti 
Mtirfti!!«tlioro  were  tiUiut  4i',(KX).  Tlm.so 
of  till  en.  Miy,  .irmnt  ^fi.CKM).  Tlie  ITnion 
loKS  W!«fl  1,.')^3  kiiifcd,  7,i!4'  vsviiojjod.  with 
;.b  >vif  2,)<(.iO  inihainji,  Tiw  l,;  !<u  niid 
woiiuded  -'f.the  enemy  u.  -»>.i!4t«d  to  14..160 
mm. 

I'ltring  tho  early  Hiot.t!»„  ivf  ».*('3,  Tiviui^r. 
.■'J!!  V  i'lu  aii'J  iini.ill  eii|([rt)j(e*«M..it»  Umk  pliico 
i'  "'t<  (("[iBrtnifnt.  'n  ••'"'oiuai  v,  (len. 
Wheeler  proceeded,  witii  «,uuu  rulwi  cuvuliy 
from  Franklin,  as  far  as  Dover,  near  Fort 


Dnn«<liiM).  ohfiftt  ha  «(u<  auooeaaAiUy 

'i»  f..!.  /  .  Hn'»iii«,  with  only  «0«i  iitf<«, 
whii  III  1.1  '  '  mill  II  Minttt  ,i.'iinb<«u  at> 
ririwTi'rt  I  '    mil  ruiituiid  I  lin.     Wtioider 

Ihi'ii    >i  ■    Ki...  '  1  11.     «»n   Mi'irh   ft, 

I,"' "''  'iidiT    < 'ul.  Juliii  '"'"burn, 

iN'ifig  Rw  ,«    hrigadiM)  of  rK^wX  i.av* 

alr^  iii'i.       '  V       Dciin,  ultiir  A  H'liiit  re- 

HidtantH    1  .•    >|«l|p<i   10  aurmnlor  t"  ilia 

laiir-  Marnk  vi'.  <'.d  A  S.  Hall  with 
I, ;»!!'' mill  '•«<vi»..«tl».li.  Milton  by  the  rebel 
(it'll.  MiirKan  »t«')  i>  fMiatiy  superior  force, 
liiiii.iinK  Kkilfolly  pt>M«.|,  /ifialed  the Iktttir. 
t)n  \piit  10,  Vaa  t>i>ri>  Ati^oking  Oordun 
Orangxr  at  Franklin,  *r-  nhw  iini-<'f*«tidly 
reiiigtrd.  On  April  Sti,  <;>d.  A.  T>.  HtrriKht 
wt'H  doKpiilched  liy  CJi'n.  Uuatirrans  Ui  Ui« 
rear  uf  (<(ui.  iiragg.  llii  pnicpi^deii  int'l 
North  weatnrti  U'lorgia,  inllii  ting  I'oiiHidvra- 
lilii  IdiiHou  therolwis.  K"nt  Home,  alter  a  run- 
(ling  ftj^-ht  with  Kurrest  for  nuurly  KM)  miluti, 
lin  wim  nkptiir«id  with  liin  force,  amount. 
ing  to  1,.'Vtiu  nitin.  ili.\iiig  b«K>n  sent  with 
hia  iifllceni  to  Lil>1>v  priMnii,  Kichnixiid,  hu 
eitr.ipod  Uiorefi'oin  to  tlio  Union  lini-s  about  a 
y»iar  nfter'A  ardi. 

Thu  (laptui-c  of  the  important  post  of  Virks- 
burg,  noniinanding  the  navigation  of  thr  Miit- 
sisHlppi,  wra  the  object  of  a  plan  initiated 
by  (ieu,  *!r»nt  at  ■tlm  closn  of  November, 
llMJ'J.  (i«'i.  -^^'nnan  wioj  to  niovft  hk«  iiriny 
from  M''ii>|>t'W  i.piir  Viokidmrg,  while  Uun. 
Ornnt  hinuio^t  wad  to  provmit  the  cnoniy  at 
Jill  kviii  Oily  f  •«ii  reinforcing  thoplaoo. ,  On 
Niiv,iiiib«ti  y^^^u,  Opi'  Oraut  inovod  through 
fliilly  N|,  iMtp  to  0.\fi>rfl,  making  the  former 
|iln<-o  him  '^mporary  depot  of  su|ipli«)i,  and 
l'-«vii»v»  it  iu  charge oi'  Col.  K.  C.  Alurphy,  8ti 
Winciii.  lin,  with  l.t'OO  men.  On  I>MCouiSer' 
"(Hh,  tliis  ooiiiniander  unnoccumirily  nurren- 
dcrt'ii  ♦>»•  jiliioji,  with  some  •Jj'ldO  men,  includ- 
ing a  I.iij;«.lMHpitnl  full  of  mck  and  winiudcd, 
uiid  |H,0tlO,()Oti  •••■■rtli  nf  projierfy,  to  the 
reliel  'leu.  X'nu  Di-ni,  who  ahorlly  burned 
tlie  1. ill. 11  liv  ilim  ili-nni.-i  the  co-ojie ration 
of(!i.i;  (li  iMi  '•!(  thi:  .i)t|n»i(jtion  apainut  Viiks- 
bui^  '--'■I  '•  impoHxibln.  He  wax  compelled 
to  ffti'  ttiii't.  t»i  tiraini  .Junction  nnd  llionoo  to 
Mcmptiui,  wliilft  Ui-  rol)el  Ucn.  I'didUton  at 
Umuaii"  was  l»ij'i  free  to  reinforce  Vickb- 
Imrn,  ^'lii^r  '>''  ^liortly  took  tlm  Cdmiiiniid. 
G<m.  iSlnrmnn  Ipft  MmiphiH  on  the  '.'0th  Do- 
''.'roiK.-'  with  30,00t)  nion,  biuI  on  the  2'Hh  cn- 
t«rt.J  the  Yazijo,  iiud  ».«'cndcd  it  to  .lohnaton'a 
liaiMing,  nu«r  llaincN'  illull'.  ^  IJ'  '*•  he  Jim'ui- 
Uiikcd  hix  artiiy.  and  niovpd  down  on  Vivks- 
biiri'.  (hi  f,ti«.  atitli,  till'  i,nii;)natti  of  (^om. 
I'ortet  o-p  ;■  il  file  upon  the  haiu  :  ji'h  on  the 
Uliiff,  M,a  duiini;  the  ^Tlh  nnd  28th  tin;  army 
|i!t'M,s<?n' Ji.  '"uiU  luwiir 's  the  city,  notwilh- 
Htandiiigihe  ground  and  obhtaoled  to  trascrMe 
wmocf  a  iimst  il  '  lilt  niitiire.  tioii.  Wairs 
briKiiUc  WHS  dol)«rk('<l  octwocn  Ocii,  >lorgan'R 
iind  fion.  M.  Ji.  8mitirMlivif.ioti,  and  accompa- 
nied by  two  ro.ejinii  iitB  t.f  JVlirguj.,  c.oshoI,  be- 
neath a  hi:iivy  tire  of  Mt.i41(  ry,  the  (^lii<tkiibaw 
baymv,  whcr>"  lUi  intricitc  abntlin  co^^rcd  Wh 
bnrika,  betwt.m  wlinL-  '.van  iv  fpiii'kii*mt  U'd  of 
300f(^etin  width,  with  *.">  fc"tof-w.\trr.  '  fct  t 
dec),  in  its  niJHlc.  lie  ihcn  carried  l¥'o  anc.s 
of  iifle|ai'H  ftt  the  Imv  li"  l!--  centiv  '..ill,  on 
which  (ill;  city  hiy ;  'C'Wfi's  umi  It*-  '"•I'lrci.'y'f: 
LrijStHdof  ;dfio  abof"'  >ft  tliiK  pciil' i,;»  aowiult. 
But  the  city  ■.v(i-  'i  ,i"(.;naiile,  and  t4>i»  i,;?.iiii 
ing  party  itub  furuud  tj  rvtiro,  Binir't  luigadn 
losing  636  men,  Thayer's  111,  Morgan's  di> 


^ 


■tllXMMlfulljr 

with  only  fi<H»  MM*, 
I  Honw  >.'iinlii.»i/<  »r« 
icuoil  1  iiu.  \Vti«s«lw 
I  1  11.     On   l:,-wli   .'>, 

Ciu.  .luliii  ' ''>l>urii, 
•i|<»ili'«  of  rtrJwl  i:«v- 
.irn,  ulirr  u  h'wuI  to- 

lo  ■urmnlijf  t'>  ill* 
.1  A  S.  lUII  *i'h 
..  Milton  by  thrrubol 
«nMv  (Hipcrior  forof, 
4,  /itfi»l«U tliB Utt^r. 
n>  MiuokiiiR  (lurilon 
•>'»<•  iiivo  aiiiTvmtiilljr 
,  CtJ.  A.  D.  Htrrinltl 
n.    l;>M»<<r*na    tu  lli« 

Hi)  i)n>f»"«><le<l  inti 
,  iiilli<  ttiig  voiiHulorft- 
iVnrHonn',iifioi  »ruu. 

for  luiarly  KM)  inlUui, 
1  \un  force,  »iuoimt- 
uviinf  btK-n  Msnt  with 
|(riMiiii,  Hiclimi(inl,  lu) 
10  Union  lu»«  about  « 

iportftiit  pout  of  Virk«. 
niivigiilion  of  the  Min- 
rt.  of  tt  plan  iuitiut«Ml 
i  clonH  of  NoM'inber, 
Venn  til  ino\«  hi»  urmy 
Viokuburg,  wliilo  Oun. 
provMit  tlin  cnomv  »i  " 
ifori-ing  tliH  pliioe, .  <>n 
(Iraut  movo"!  through 
rtl,  iiinkin«  tlio  formtr 
kpot  of  «iii>pli«»>.  and 
Col.  K.  C.  lV(uri.h.»,  Sth 
)  men.     On  I>«coui!w»'" 
unncooHmirily  fiurreu* 
ime  '3,'MIO  men.  includ- 
of  liicU  and  winnided, 
.if   property,   to   the 
.  who  khorlly  Imrned 
««(,•,   tlio  ro-oper»tiou 
i.fUrtion  HgainHt  Vitks- 
\\n.      lie  wan  coiiilMjllcd 
I'linotiiin  nml  Ihonoo  to 
Iml  Uin.  IVnilUton  at 
to   reiiifortr    Vioki)- 
Ij   liiok  tlid  runiiiiftiid. 
r,.liiH  oil  the  '-Mtth  Do- 
ll, uiiil  on  the  "*Hh  on- 
•tnili^d  it  to  .ffilmnton'a 
jlulf.  ^  1]>  ■'•ht'.iiRcni- 
novfiil  down  on  Vicka- 
,hf.   ijriii;>i'iatti  of  (^iin, 
|n  tlio  l.KLH;;'-H  oil  the 
7th  nnd  28th  tlic  army 
I  Is   thi'  city,   notwilh- 
\t\  obhtaoleH  to  traverse 
niiture.     tieu.  'Hlmi'a 
ftwopii  (J<n.  Morgan'* 
(livihioti,  iiuil  aecompa- 
.f  Jl' rgiiii.  c.oxH^',  be- 
■IvHcry,  thi-  niiick«baw 
Ito  abiitlin  <,o\"hI  l>oth 
HR  !1.  (juirkMl'Ml  l»'d  of 
J.'.  (■.•.•t,of-w.»lfr    '  f'tt 
lien  carriiil  f»'o  incs 
.i"  U  •■  wutiv   Jll,  on 
lypi's  amU** '-'••iirc'sy'" 
thiR  pmilii.;*  i»t<»iiult. 
[TtiiMu,  i>ni!  tU'''!''"!'!!! 
i-»'li-e,  IHkm- ■<  iuigado 
ir'a  111,  Morgan'!  dt 


i 

4 


f-H 

n 

ft^ 

r^ 

h 

•'I 

t; 

'  ■  S 

H 

i'-1 

1, 

I     1 

1 

be' 

\ 

1 

i 

n 

* 

I 


nCI 

lOKIt 

•:x»\ 
lltt 
iiii  I 
ti(< 

T 

400U 

boiti 
kitni 
l'o« 
trjr 

I  •(Nil 

IIU 

•17, 
Ark 
tboii 
flii,  a 
iitvt 
lyinj 

|IO»it 

lug. 
up  U 
Rud 
liut 
tuiia 
aud  I 
mean 
by  th 

BIWU 

SinitI 
ill. 

HMWU 

WM  r 

of  ool 

Hin»ll 

were 

Ifnioi 

worki 

kiin'n 

til  red 
voiveii 
Iwnt, 
furnai 
hjrCo 
blew  I 
up  thi 
Oei 
o»inin 
coQcei 
inoiitl 
with! 
bnrg  I 
ForK 
(Ihavo 
Willi, 
ncrow 
Point 
3owV 
tempt 
Provi 
nnd  B 
with 
Misnii 
period 
•faud 
trial 
eaater 
of  Vic 
water 
Yazoo 
under 
hjr  M^ 


U5ITID  ITATSl. 


nt 


vUia*  870,  Mtd  8tuart'i  brigMio  ftft  t  •  totel 
nf  1,734.  Qan.  Ptmbartun  r«|>(>rt«d  hU  toUl 
iiwiiit  'Ml,  UoD.  Hliartuau  now  mw  that  tk* 
Milk  of  I'mtiioiiig  tbs  oily  waa  liu|i«lMa,  aud 
litviiig  ttiniud  III*  Usatl  uiidtir  a  Hag  of  truon, 
iiu  I'lMiiiiliai  keil  bU  ai'iuy  and  wan  about  atari- 
iii.4  for  Milliknii'*  Ituiiii,  wbeii  h«  waa  au|i«r> 
iiuJuJ  Uy  (inn,  MoClnruand. 

Tim  Uttur  aliortly  |iru«itml«d  witb  hU  forcMt, 
40ooiu|Miiia<l  by  Adiiiii-Hl  I'ortar  with  hia  giiii> 
boaiK,  up  Wbitf  Uiver,  and  tbanoa  to  tha  Aiv 
kanaiia,  toward*  Fort  llindnian,  or  ArkMWM 
Pout,  wbivb  waa  tha  kny  to  the  eitcnaiva  ooun* 
try  wbeuoH  rubal  foroM  w«ra  ooaalantlyaanlto 
(•|Mr«te  oil  tb«  MUaiaiipni  River,  and  waa  oom- 
I  lauded  bv  Uol.  UhuroUll.  On  Um  9tk  Janu- 
ary, MoClomaud  arrivad  at  a  band  of  tha 
Arkanaaa,  thr«a  milea  from  the  fort,  whore, 
though  fttrioualy  bombarded,  he  ahortly  Und- 
R(l,  and  «x|>eud«d  tha  remainder  of  the  day  in 
investing  the  rebel  worka,  the  foroeaat  night 
lying  on  tbeir  arma,  without  Area  or  tonta,  in 
iionition  for  a  general  amault  the  next  morn- 
ing. *  At  daylight  the  Union  gunboata  moTed 
u|)  to  within  four  hundred  Tarda  of  the  fort 
and  opened  tire,  to  wbinh  the  latter  replied, 
llut  tno  united  fire  of  the  land  and  river  bat- 
tel iee  gradually  overwhelmed  that  of  the  fort, 
and  at  3  r.M.  had  entirely  ailenoed  it.  In  the 
meanwhile,  aeveral  partial  attempts  were  made 
by  the  Union  forces  to  scale  and  carry  it  br 
assault,  which  tailed,  the  division  of  A.  J. 
Smith  bearing  the  brunt  of  the  conflict  there- 
in. Uen.  MoCKtrnaud  now  ordered  a  general 
iiKsault,  but  before  it  was  effected,  a  white  fla(( 
wiis  raised  from  the  ramparta.  Seven  stand 
of  outors,  0,000  prisonem,  17  cannons,  3,000 
Mtnall  arms,  and  large  quantities  of  munitions 
wi>re  the  fruits  of  tbu  victory.  Tha  total 
Ifnion  loss  was  077.  Having  destroyed  the 
works,  Qen.  McClemand  returned  to  MiUi- 
ken's  Bend.  About  this  time  the  Union  rams 
Qitatn  of  Iht  Wut  and  Tndianola  were  eap^ 
tiired  bv  the  rebels,  but  the  latter  being  de- 
veived  by  a  counterfeit  ram,  made  of  a  flat- 
(loat,  with  smoke-stacks  of  pork-barrels  and 
furnaces  of  mud,  sent  floating  down  the  river 
br  Com.  Porter  from  above  Vioksburg,  they 
blew  up  the  IndiamoUk  and  hurried  the  Quittn 
up  the  Red  River. 

Oen.  Orant  now  aaanmed  the  immediate 
oiinimand  of  all  the  foroea  of  hia  department, 
concentratins  them  towards  the  last  of  the 
month  at  Milliken's  Bend  and  Young's  Point, 
with  the  purpose  of  proceeding  below  Vicks- 
burg  and  advancing  upon  it  from  the  south. 
For  six  weeks  he  employed  his  army  in  en- 
(liiavoring  to  complete  the  canal  which  Oen. 
Williams  had  failed  in  cutting  the  year  before 
across  the  bend  of  the  Mississippi  at  Young's 
Point,  and  by  which  he  proposed  to  pass  be- 
low Vioksburg.  Failing  in  tliis  project,  he  at- 
tempted to  open  another  route,  through  Lake 
Providence,  Swan  Lake,  the  Tensaa,  Black 
and  Red  rivers,  which  latter  effects  a  junction 
with  the  Mississippi  below  Natchez.  The 
Mississippi  floods  opened  this  route  for  a  short 
period,  when  they  fell,  and 'it  also  bad  to  be 
abandoned.  Oen.  Orant  now  made  a  third 
trial  to  flank  the  Vicksburff  defences  on  the 
eastern  side  of  the  Mississippi,  ISO  miles  north 
of  VicksbuK,  through  Moon  Lake,  by  the  Cold- 
water  and  Tallidiatchie  rivers,  thence  by  the 
Yazoo  to  the  Missisidppi.  S,000  of  his  forces 
under  Oen.  Ross,  in  transports,  accompanied 
hjr  levea  gunboata,  attempted  thia  paMage^ 


aneounterlag  anafi  aad  fldUm  Iraaa,  and  the 
bougha  of  atandiiig  oaaa,  ami  maklDg  »  priH 
greaa  of  laaa  than  a  quarter  of  a  mikau  hour. 
At  the  village  of  Ureaawood,  near  the  Jun^ 
tion  of  the  Tatluhatehie  with  the  Yallabuaha, 
the  rebels,  already  informed  of  the  eipedi- 
tion,  had  erected  works,  oonimaniling  the  Tal- 
Ubatcbie's  channel.  During  March  13th  and 
Uth  the  Union  gunboata  endeavored  to  si- 
lenoo  theaa  batteriea,  but  without  aueeeaa, 
whereupon  thia  expedition  returned,  and  this 
route  was  also  abandoned.  Oen.  Orant  then 
made  aa  attempt  to  reaeh  the  rear  of  the  bat- 
teries on  Hainea'  BluflT.  by  the  Sunflower  Riv- 
er, Steelo'a  Bavou,  and  the  Yaaoo.  Himihkr 
diflioultiea  to  those  of  the  former  routes  were 
experiaaoad  in  thia  one,  and  it  waa  alao  given 
up. 

It  waa  now  determined  to  run  the  gun- 
boata and  transports  past  the  rebel  batteriea, 
which  extended  for  eight  milea  along  the 
Mississippi,  and  to  maroh  the  army  1^  an 
inland  route  to  New  Carthage,  below  Vioka- 
burg.  On  March  3S,  Oen.  McClemand 
surted  from  Milliken's  Bend  with  the  13th 
Armv  Corps,  directly  followed  by  Oen. 
Mcpherson  with  the  17th.  The  roads  were 
extremelv  bad,  mostly  covered  with  water, 
or  mere  beds  of  deep  mud,  and  the  advanco 
waa  very  slow  and  laborious.  On  approach- 
ing New  Carthage,  it  was  found  that  a  break 
in  the  levee  uniting  the  Mississippi  with  the 
Bayou  Vidal,  had  transformed  the  village  site 
into  an  island.  Oen.  Orant  then  decidlMl  to 
strike  the  river  at  Perkins,  twelve  milea 
farther;  and,  upon  arriving  at  the  latter 
place  and  finding  a  want  of  transportation, 
the  army  marched  to  Hard  Timea,  aeventy 
milea  from  Milliken'a  Bend.  On  the  night 
of  April  16,  eight  gunboata,  under  Com. 
Porter,  moved  down  the  river  in  single  file. 
When  fidrly  opposite  the  dtv  they  were 
hortvilv  fired  upon.  They  promptly  responded, 
and  finally  effected  a  passage  unharmed. 
Three  transports  then  followed  the  gunboata, 
two  being  iMstroyed  Inr  the  fire  of  the  enemy, 
and  one,  the  SUvtr  Wave,  passing  unscathed. 
On  the  night  of  April  22,  nx  more  transports 
were  sent  down,  shielded  by  twelve  forage 
barges.  The  whole  fleet,  with  the  exception 
of  the  transport  Tigrtu,  and  half  of  the 
bai-ges,  pofsed  in  safety. 

On  the  29th  April,  Com.  Porter  made  a 
naval  attack  on  tho  rebel  batteriea  of  Orand 
Oulf;  but  after  ive  bourt'  bombardment, 
seeing  that  the  works  oould  not  be  reduced 
from  the  water,  Oen.  Orant  decided  to  dis- 
continue the  assault.  The  gunboats  and 
transports  then  ran  the  Grand  Oulf  batteries 
without  injury,  while  the  army  marched 
do«n  the  Louisiana  bank  to  a  point  opposite 
Bruinsburgb.  On  April  30,  Oen.  MoCler- 
nand's  corps  waa  pushed  forward  towards 
Port  Gibson,  in  the  rear  of  Orand  Oulf,  nud 
found  the  enemy  posted  on  two  roads,  about 
four  miles  from  the  former  pbuw.  While 
Orand  Oulf  was  being  thus  invested,  Oen. 
Sherman  executed  a  feint  against  the  rebel 
works  at  Haines'  Bluff,  by  landing  his  troops 
as  if  to  storm,  and  thus  prevented  Pemberton« 
commanding  at  Vioksburg,  from  reinforcing 
Grand  Gul£  Having  accomplished  this, 
Sherman  sent  Blair's  division  to  Milliken's 
Bend  as  a  garrison,  and  hurried  the  remainder 
of  hia  army  down  the  west  bank  of  the  Mis- 
■iaiippi  to  join  Oan.  Grant    On  Mi^  lit^ 


MeOknumd  advMMiag  m  tk*  rtgiit,  tmH 
OMarluMU  OS  the  ttA,  amagad  the  Mamy 
«  Port  OihMNk  Hm  nbda  weie  de- 
feated with  ha«v7  loaa,  aad  ponmed  towarda 
the  Utt«r  plaeo.  Aa  the  Unkm  army  ad> 
vanoad,  Port  Gifaaon  and  Omd  Gulf  were  is 
turn  evaeuated  by  tho  onemjr. 

Gen.  Grant  had  aipeeted  to  remain  aom* 
time  at  Grand  Oulf,  to  «»0Mmta  with  Gen. 
Banka  in  the  rodnetloa  of  Port  Hadaon,  but 
the  lattmr  had  aoi  yet  iaTasted  that  piaee. 
Gen.  Oraat  aaeordingly  ohaaged  his  pUaa,  and 
boMly  resolved  to  aumh  ra^dly  aaUaal  tha 
superior  foreea  of  the  eMBy  and  neat  them 
in  detail.  Ha  aocordbgly  at  oaee  diapatehod 
MoPhersoa's  oorpa  to  the  north-faat,  white 
Bhenaaa  aad  MeOkraaad  foUowod  the  Blaok 
River,  the  three  diviaioaa  being  within  inp- 
norting  diataaeo  of  aaeh  other.  On  May  19, 
MoPheiaon  oaeoantered  a  foree  of  the  enemy 
near  Raymond,  ahortly  driviag  them  tkroum 
the  Utter  phMO  after  a  spirited  battle;  tha 
Union  loss  being  44S,  and  that  of  tho  rebela 
103  killed,  with  730  wounded  and  priaonera. 
The  enemy  then  retreated  towarda  Jaefcaon, 
the  capital  of  Miaaiaaippi,  loaing  heavily  ia 
nrisonere.  On  May  14,  after  a  heavy  rain. 
McPheraon  came  up  with  a  strong  foroo  of 
them  under  Gen.  W.  H.  T.  Walker,  who 
made  a  stand  Wore  Jaekaon.  Hie  whole 
Union  line  then  awept  forward  in  perfect 
array,  and  drove  tho  enemy  within  range  of 
the  Kuna  which  fbrmed  the  defenoea  of  Jawson, 
while  the  Union  batteriea  poured  a  deadly 
fire  into  the  routed  masses.  Thus  preaaed 
by  MoPherson,  and  threatened  in  the -flank 
by  the  other  Union  eommandera,  the  enemy 
abandoned  the  State  capital.  Leaving  Gen. 
Sherman  here  to  destroy  the  railroads  and 
military  fiMtoriea  of  the  enemy.  Gen.  Grant 
moved  the  reat  of  hia  troopa  weetward  to* 
wards  Edwnrda'  Station,  as  Gen.  Jo.  Joiinston, 
now  commanding  the  rebel  department,  haJ 
ordered  Pemberton  to  march  out  from  ViekB- 
burg  and  assail  the  Union  rear.  Learning 
that  the  force  of  the  enemy  thua  threatening 
him  waa  near  Champion  Hilla,  and  ibfim 
strong,  Oen.  Orant  concentrated  hia  army 
with  great  rapidity  near  Edwards*  Station, 
and  ordered  Sherman  to  leave  Jackson  at 
once  and  hasten  forward  to  that  rendetvoua. 
On  the  16th  May,  Hover's  division  of 
McClemaad's  oorpa,  and  McPheraon'a  oorpa, 
with  the  exception  of  Ranaom's  division, 
were  drawn  up  before  the  enemy ;  but  Gen. 
Orant  delayed  the  order  of  attack  till  ho 
could  hear  fitim  McClemand,  who  had  not 
yet  arrived  with  the  rest  of  hia  divisiona.  At 
11  A.M.  the  battle  waa  precipitated  bv  tha 
enemy  upon  Hovey,  who  for  houra  gallantly 
resisted  superior  numbers.  While  ho  waa 
thus  contesting  the  ground,  Logan'a  division 
worked  around  to  Uie  left  and  rear  of  tho 
rebels,  and  so  weakened  their  efforta  against 
Hovey,  that  he  finally  ordered  a  charge, 
under  which  theygave  way  and  disappeared 
over  the  ridge.  Tao  pursuit  was  oontinued  ' 
till  after  dartt.  In  tlus  victory  1,000  pria- 
onera and  two  batteriea  were  captured  by 
the  Unionists.  Tlio  Union  loea  waa  about 
2,000,  that  of  Hovey's  division  alone  being 
1,202— one-third  of  ita  force.  At  daylif^t 
on  the  17  th,  the  pursuit  of  the  enemy  waa 
renewed,  and  McClemand.  in  the  advance^ 
soon  overtook  them  strongly  posted  on  both 
aidea  of  tho  Black  River.    Oa  tb*  irait  th*/ 


HISTORY   or  THB 


MwL  MM  Ott 


ky  »  iImUwv,  awMy  kno*.  Ai 
Utow.  mmMiI  iImI  mU  ■k*0,  LawIot'i  brifMb 
•C  Omtt'i  divWoB  ifciigiil  M  mmMmUx  npoB 
(Iw  MMmy,  wilk  AxM  bajroaato,  thai  tlM 
wkob  Amtm  Umm«  van  kmIm,  mmI  iwl  mtom 
ika  rmilraad  Mdga  mmI  tMMonry  mwjt 
briJM  ov«r  Um  BlMik,  imria^  18  gvM  umI 
l.ftOO  prlMMMn.  TIm  nbaU  <m  Iks  wMton 
■ia«  Umr  ImrMd  Umm  brUgM,  and  nIiwImI 
lDWMr4i  Viokabwrg.  BkaniiMi  now  nuMi 
Bridgaporl,  and  amnd  lk«  rivar  bjr  pontooM, 
wkOt  HaOlmaiid  and  MaPkmMi  bnill  ioaV 
iag  brtdfM  during  Iha  nlgkl. 

On  Ika  181k  Iha  wboia  armjr  wm  oloaiDg 
In  OB  Viekalwfi^  On  Iha  19tk  Sherman*! 
rigkl  raaakad  Ika  Mi«faid|H>i,  within  view  of 
Ika  Union  gvuboala,  and  IfaiMa'  Bluff  wm 
kaatily  avaanalad  bgr  Ika  anamy.  On  the 
day,  al  9  p.m.,  Iha  amy  movad  to  Iha 
K  of  tka  plaaa  undar  a  tanribia  flra,  but 
•BiT  n  portion  of  Skarman'a  aorpa,  Bkir's 
dinrioB,  gaiaad  any  admntaga,  and  al  niriit 


■liM. 


Twara  laeallad.    Tha  two  following 
davotad  to  bringing  up  tka  mi|h 

I  al  10  A.II.  on  tka  93d  another 
all  waa  attamplad,  which,  thongh 
galhuitlv  and  daaparataly  eaMvad  for  houn, 
raanltad  nudnly  in  tka  ilanghtar  of  the  Union 
foraaaalallpointa.  Tka  Umon  loai  waa  aggra- 
valad  by  a  oontinnanea  of  Iha  aMaalt,  reanlt- 
ing  Hmn  Gan.  MoOlamand'a  oTaraatimating 
Iha  awcoaaaea  of  tka  Union  troopa  at  hia  por- 
tion of  tka  Una. 

Viakaborg  waa  now  aompletalr  iuTaatad ; 
on  Ika  Miaaiaaippi  by  Porter'a  fleet  of  gun- 
bonla,  of  wkiek,  however,  one,  the  Cineinnati, 
waa  annk  on  the  97tk  by  the  rebel  battariea ; 
and  on  tka  aaal  by  Gen.  Urant,  whoie  rear 
waa  protaotad  from  any  attack  of  Johnston'a 
foreaa  by  tka  Big  Black  River,  and  by  a  large 
fotaa  nnder  Oan.  Bkarman  detailed  to  watch 
tkal  rabal  hwdar.  Day  bjr  dar,  the  Union- 
iata  dng  tbair  way  towarda  Yicksbnrg,  and 
aoon  laaokad  pooitiona  whence  ahella  could 
ba  thrown  into  tka  rity.  On  the  20th  » 
niao waa  aprong, ahattering  one  of  the  rebil 
furta  oppoaita  tha  Union  centre  and  a  bloody 
Btruggb  ananad  for  ita  poaaaaaion,  which  re- 
anlted  in  a  Union  victory.  Thenceforward 
fort  after  fort  of  tha  outer  worka  waa  mined, 
while  ooantar.minaa  ware  mn  by  the  enemy, 
tha  oppoaing  foreaa  often  hearing  the  aound 
of  each  othara  picka.  Al  length,  on  the  Sd 
July,  after  4ft  daya  of  beaiegement,  having 
bean  preaaed  by  extreme  fomine  and  without 
Iwpa  of  ralie(|  Gen.  Pamberton  propoaed  a 
aurrandar,  which  waa  effected  on  the  4th ;  bin 
truopa,  aoma  97,000,  being  dulv  paroled  and 
marched  out  of  tha  linea,  anci  the  national 
anaign  hoiated  over  the  dty. 

Immediately  upon  tha  surrender  of  Vicka- 
bnrg,  Oen.  Grant  preaaed  hia  army  forward 
lo  the  Big  Black  upon  Johiiiton,  who  was 
ahortly  driven  into  Jackaon,  and  thenon  dur- 
ing tha  night  of  July  16  aorou  Pearl  River, 
throuii^  Brandon  to  Morton,  nuiaued  by 
Mharman  aa  for  aa  Brandon.  During  tha 
aiege  of  Vickabnrg,  a  Union  force  of  1,000 
men,  moatly  negroea,  left  in  charge  of  Mil- 
liknn'a  Bend,  under  Qen^  E.  S.  Dennia,  waa 
attacked  by  S,OflO  rabab  from  Richmond, 
T*.,  under  Gen.  Haarr  McCulloch,  with 
heavy  and  about  equal  loaa  to  each  side. 
Ualwta,  Ark.,  well  fortified,  and  undtt  the 


orOaB.&  M.  Pnatiaa,  aloo  waa  al- 
taakad  ob  tka  Sd  July  hv  Lkwl.  Gan.  lloiaMa 
wilk  a  forao  of  akoni  8,000  rabela,  and  wilk 
Oana.  Prlaa,  Paiaona,  aad  Marwaduka  aa  aul^ 
ordiaalaa^  Tka  rakab  were  dafcated  wilk  tka 
kaavyloaaof  l,«M. 

On  tka  94lk  Daaamkar,  Oan.  Banka,  eon- 
■anding  tka  Danavtawnl  of  tha  Gulf,  do- 
apatek^  tka  4Sd  llaiaaeknaalta,  Ool.  Bunrill, 
to  GalvaalOB,  Tajua,  Commander  Kanakaw 
having  kaU  tkal  place  ainea  Oct.  8,  witk 
four  alaam  gunboala.  On  Jan.  1,  tka  rebel 
General  Magrudar,  eommanding  ra  tkia  re- 
gion, made  an  aaaault  u|ion  tha  Maaaachu- 
iatta  troopa  encamped  on  the  wharf,  and 
recaptured  tha  pUoe,  Col.  Burrill  and  hia 
90ft  naan  being  killed  or  taken  nriaonen.  In 
co-operation  with  Magruder,  three  powerftil 
rebel  rama  attacked  the  Union  fleet  blockad- 
ing tha  bav,  and  after  a  ihurt  but  flerce  flgkt 
ea|ttura(l  the  tfarriH  Lam,  and  forced  tha 
commander  of  the  flog-ahin  Wt^litlil,  Ken- 
■haw,  to  blow  her  up,  in  doing  which  he  loat 
his  own  life.  On  Jan.  31,  1863,  the  two 
gunboata  blockading  tka  mouth  of  the  Sabine 
were  attacked  and  captured,  after  a  feeble 
reaiatonce,  by  two  rebel  gunboata  fitted  out 
in  the  river  above  for  that  purpose.  On  Jan. 
19.  the  blockade  of  Galveston  being  re-estab- 
lished under  Com.  Bell  of  the  JiroMyn,  he 
desnatohed  the  gunboat  JFcMmu,  Lieut.-C^m. 
Bbuie,  to  overhaul  a  stranger  in  the  ofling. 
Approaching  the  Uttor,  Bloke  discovered  her 
to  be  the  Cunfederato  privateer  AU^ma,  and 
at  once  attempted  to  dose  with  and  board 
her,  but  the  Jlattmrat  was  sunk  in  the  at- 
tempt, the  crew  being  rescued  by  the  victors. 

On  the  llth  of  January.  Gen.  Bonks  de- 
spatched Oen.  Weitael  with  a  land  forco  of 
4,ft00  men  to  Bnyou  Teche,  the  artillery  ond 
covolry  moving  up  the  bayou  bylond,  ond 
the  infantry  eiurried  on  four  gunboots  under 
Com.  McKeon  Buohonon.  At  Csmey's 
Bridge,  the  enemy,  about  1,100  strong,  waa 
attacked  and  beoten  on  the  14th,  and  the 
rebel  gunboat  Cotton  neor  that  place  woa  ao 
disabled,  thot  she  was  fired  and  deatroyed  by 
her  commander.  The  Union  loaa  waa  about 
30,  among  the  killed  being  tha  gallant  Bu- 
chanan. 

The  next  month  was  occupied  by  Oen. 
Banka  in  attemptinff  to  open  tha  Atchofoloyo, 
but  early  in  March  he  concentrated  hia  troopa 
at  Baton  Rouge,  to  oo-operota  with  Admiiul 
Farragut  in  an  attack  upon  Port  Hudaon. 
On  the  night  of  March  14th,  Farragut  pro- 
ceeded to  run  the  rabal  battariea  at  the  latter 
place  for  tha  purpoaa  of  attacking  above.  At 
11  P.M.  his  fleet  was  discovered,  and  each  of 
his  veasels  oa  it  came  within  range  of  the  ex- 
tensive batteries  received  the  fire  thereof  and 
spiritedly  replied  thereto.  At  1  A.ii.,tho  flag- 
snip  Ilartfvtd  and  her  consort,  the  AlhatroM, 
in  the  advance  hod  safely  passed,  but  the  re- 
maining gunboots  foiled.  The  frionte  Mi»t- 
iitippi,  ormedwith  21  guns  ond  2nowitzera, 
ran  aground  abreast  of  the  heoriest  rebel  bat- 
tery, and  oflor  remoining  a  torget  thereof  for 
on  half  hour,  was  fired  and  abandoned  by  her 
commander  and  crew.  Oen.  Bonks,  deeming 
the  force  holding  Port  Hudson  too  strong  for 
him,  mode  no  attack  ond  shortly  returned  to 
the  Atchafoloyo.  On  the  llth  April,  his 
main  column,  commanded  by  him  in  person, 
moved  from  Berwick  City,  while  Oen.  Oro- 
vor*a  diviaion  moved  up  ^e  Atchofalaya  in 


Iwiwatl^  paaslnf  into  Onad  Lako  !•  •«! 
off  tM  fatraal  of  tha  anaBiy  BBdar  Taylor. 
Kara  tko  rabal  ram  ^Hasn  ^Ma  WtH  waa 
daatroyad  by  tka  Union  gunboata.  0»n,  Oro- 
ver  then  moved  un  Grand  I.aka  tu  Irish 
Band,  above  Fort  Bialand.  Ijutdlng,  ha  wsa 
atlaekad  by  tha  enemy,  whom  he  Mat  iifl. 
Tha  rebels  then  evacuated  Fort  Bisland  and 
ratrsatad  on  Opalouaaa,  loaing  heavily  in  piia- 
onars,  and  burning  tka  bridgaa  of  the  region. 
On  May  2d,  Banka  aniarad  Opaktnsaa,  Ika 
Union  guuMala  kaving  in  Ika  maaawkila 
opened  tha  AtckaflUaya  to  Bad  Kivar.  and 
astabUakad  aommuaiaatioB  witk  Admiral  Far- 
ragut al  tka  moutk  of  tkal  atraam.  Taylor 
now  retreated  on  8hrevenort.and  waa  thanca 
mirauad  by  a  portion  of  Banka'a  force,  undar 
Gen.  Weitael,  aa  for  oa  Grand  Eaora,  wkara 
fortkar  puranil  of  tka  virtually  dlMwraad 
enemy  waa  deemed  uaelaaa.  On  tka  8tk  of 
May,  Banka  raackad  Alexandria,  an  importani 
and  strongly  fortified  phtca,  which  had  sur- 
rendered to  Admiral  Porter's  gunboata.  Onk, 
Banks  reported  hia  captures  in  this  campaign 
at  9,000  prisonera  and  99  guna.  }|a  aiao 
seised  or  destroyed  10  rebel  steamara  and  S 
gunboata. 

On  the  10th  of  May,  Gen.  Banka  waa  ap- 
prised by  Oen.  Orant  of  tha  latter's  entranoa 
u|K>n  the  campaign  against  Vicksburg  and 
invit«>d  to  co-oiierate,  but  woa  obliged  to  de- 
cline from  the  lack  of  transportotion,  and  tha 
demands  of  his  department  On  the  1 4th,  ha 
proceeded  to  move  down  from  Alexandria  on 
Port  Hudson,  by  wot  of  Bimmsiiort,  to 
invest  it  on  the  north,  while  Oen.  0.  O. 
Augur,  with  9,000  man  from  Baton  Rouge, 
invested  it  on  the  south.  On  the  90th.  after 
some  resistance  of  tha  enemv,  the  Junction  of 
tha  two  forcea  waa  afliwted  In  tha  rear  of  tha 
rebel  worka,  ond  on  the  37th  on  assault  woa 
made  thereon  by  the  land  forcea,  while  tha 
Union  gtinboata  under  Admiral  Farragut, 
from  below  the  rebel  river  botteriea,  threw 
shot  and  ahell  within  the  fortificationa.  IIm 
fighting  waa  of  tha  moat  deauarata  and  heroit 
character  upon  the  part  of  the  Lealegera,  and 
tha  colored  troopa  engaged  therein  were  ea 
peclolly  commended  for  their  noble  bearing. 
The  Union  loaa  in  thia  unsucceaaAil  attempt 
waa  293  killed  and  1,049  wounded,  while  tha 
rebel  loaa  waa  aoarcely  300.  Banka  now 
pnshad  hia  battariea  nearer  and  neorer  to  tha 
rebel  worka,  ond  on  Sunday  morning,  June 
lOtk,  o  aecond  general  assault  waa  mode  there- 
on, Farragut  again  co-operating  with  his  gun- 
boats. Thia  attack  waa  also  fruitleas,  and 
accompanied  with  severe  loss  to  the  besleoers. 
It  was  continued  until  11  a.ii.,  when  such  aa 
could  retire  fell  bock.  A  third  oosoult  waa 
being  planned  by  Oen.  Banks,  when  the  news 
of  the  surrender  of  Vicksburg  caused  Gen. 
Gordner,  the  commander  of  Port  Hudson, 
which  woa  olreody  severely  pressed  by  lamlne, 
to  surrender  on  July  8.  About  6,000  pri- 
soners, fifty-one  pieces  of  ortlUery,  two 
steamers,  and  o  large  quontlty  of  ommuultion 
here  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Unionists. 
The  MiuslBsippi  was  now  opened  In  Its  entire 
length,  and  the  Southern  Confederacy  cut  off 
from  its  large  suppliea  of  men  ond  animals, 
which  It  hi^  oonatanlly  received  from  the 
country  west  of  the  Misiiissipi>L 

Upon  the  withdrowol  of  Gen.  Bonks  from 
the  Red  River,  Gen.  Richard  Taylor  col- 
lected a  new  force  of  aeverol  thouaond  men, 


Mll«kt  to  M« 

I*  wdar  Taylor. 

Vrt«  W*t  WM 

Mta.    U»ii.  Ciro- 
I  Ijik«  tu   Iri«k 
landing,  ha  wm 
lOW   h«  llMt  oil. 
rort  BitlMii  iMi 
igltMviljr  Inpila- 
M  of  tka  rogioB. 
1  OpaluMM,  tk^ 
>  tho  mMawkito 
lUa  Klvw,  and 
ritk  AdmUfal  F«r> 
■trMtm.    Taylor 
i,aiMl  WM  thano* 
Bu'a  foraa,  undar 
Mid  Eeora,  whar* 
rtualljr  dUiiarMd 
On  tha  Btk  of 
dri»,aiilni|iortanl 
ifWhiek  bad  aur- 
r*a  gunboaU.  Om, 
I  in  thia  oaiD|iaign 
3  guna.    Ho  alao 
•1  ataamara  and  S 

in.  Banka  waa  ap- 
\»  lattar'a  antranoo 
it  Vicktbnrg  and 
iraa  obliged  to  da- 
iportation,  and  tha 
,     On  the  Uth,  ho 
om  Alexandria  on 
)f   Bimnwiiort,  to 
whUe  Oen.  0.  0. 
rom  Baton  Ronga, 
On  the  3Mh.  aftisr 
)T|  the  Junction  of 
tai  tha  Nar  of  tho 
rth  an  aaaault  waa 
foroea,  while  the 
ilial  Fanragttt, 
|r  battariea,  threw 
irtifieationa.    Tha 
aiMrateandheroii 
|tae  beaiegen,  and 
therein  were  e» 
jir  noble  bearing, 
[uooeiaiy  attempt 
tunded,  while  the 
...     Banka   now 
and  nearer  to  the 
ly  morning,  June 
It  waa  made  there- 
igwith  hiagun- 
j   fruitleaa,  and 
,  to  the  beaiegera. 
M.,  whenauch  a* 
bird  aaaault  waa 
[B,  when  the  newa 
lura  caused  Gen. 
>f  Fort  Uudaon, 
^reaaed  by  famine, 
,hout  6,000  pri< 
.    artillery,    two 

?of  ammunition 
the  Unioniata. 
jned  in  ita  entire 
[nfederaoy  cut  off 
len  and  animals, 
lived  from  the 
ii>L 

Jen.  Banka  from 

|ard  Taylor  col- 

'i  thousand  msa^ 


VMITID   ITATll. 


Ui<l  rmtoaiiiiiad  Ahtaaiidria  and  t>|ielouaM». 
Ha  lliau  linieatidad  against  Uraahaar  Oity, 
whioh  li«i  iMplurad  on  June  33,  it  having  baoii 
tiiainvfully  daAimiad,  Tha  Uiiluiilata  bare 
limt  I  ,(>I>U  iirlaoMKa,  10  heavy  guii»,  and  |3,. 
0>H>,O<l()  ut  »upuU«a|  while  manv  thoiiaaud* 
of  bUfkii,  who  had  baan  llbaralml  by  Uanka'a 
»'lv«n  •>,  wtre  fenivd  baek  into  alavary. 
Oit  Juno  3H  Taylor's  van,  undar  Oraan,  aa- 
saulttfil  Donaltlaonvllle,  but  three  gunboala, 
saiil  thitbar  by  Farragut,  soon  put  we  itbeki 
to  (light  with  aavere  iom.  Upoa  the  UX\  of 
I'ort  lludaon,  Taylor  abandoned  the  country 
eMt  uf  tha  Atobafahtya. 
•  0»  Sept.  ft,  On.  Banka,  in  aaeordanoe 
with  the  viewa  ot  tha  authorltiea  at  Weak' 
Ingtun,  tieatiatehad  Uen.  Franklin  with  4,000 
men,  and  four  gunboats,  andar  Lietti-Oom. 
Cnioker,  to  seise  Habine  City,  situated  on 
tlui  Mablne  Kiver.  Tho  foreea  war*  not  land- 
ed from  the  tranaporta,  and  two  of  the  gun- 
boatN,  the  t'UfUm  and  SmuKtm,  whioh  were 
of  iniiiriur  strength,  were  disabled  and  cap- 
tured, with  all  uu  board,  in  the  naval  enpg*. 
mmit  which  ensued,  and  the  ex|)edition  lAort- 
Iv  ntumed  to  New  Orleans.  On  Bepi  30 
the  Union  force  of  Oen.  Dana  at  Morganaia, 
soma  000,  were  aurpriaad  by  tho  rabel  Gen. 
Green,  and  about  400  caitturod.  On  Nov. 
3,  a  portion  of  Uen.  0,  0.  Washbume's  force, 
who  Iwd  been  onlered  to  the  Teohe  from 
Opelousas,  waa  aurpriae«l  by  Taylor  and 
Oreen  near  Bavou  fiourbeaux,  and  a  lose 
of  7 10  auatained,  the  rebel  loaa  being  about 
otie-half  of  that  number.  At  the  oommenoe. 
mcnt  of  November  an  important  expedition 
waa  made  by  Uen.  Banka  into  Texaa.  The 
rebel  oarriaon  at  Fort  Elaperansa,  in  Mata- 
gorda Btty,  abandoned  theur  works  at  the  ap- 
proach of  the  Union  ibrcea,  and  by  the  9th 
uf  November  Braioa  laUnd,  Point  Isabel, 
and  Brownaville  were  captured.  The  army 
then  proceeded  iiortli-eaat  to  Araniaa,  oautur- 
ing  3  guna  and  lUO  priaonera.  All  Texaa 
west  of  the  Colorado  wms  thua  viKually  aban- 
liuued  by  the  rebels,  none  being  found  by 
«-x|iediti(>u8  aent  in  varioua  directions  from 
Brownaville.  Uen.  Banka  now  proposed  to 
miive  inland  and  conteat  the  maste^  of  the 
Ututo,  but  he  waa  overruled.  The  expedition 
was  abandoned,  and  Banks  shortly  returned 
lo  New  Orlnana,  followed  by  Gen.  A.  J. 
Hamilton,  who  had  been  anpointed  Military 
Uovnrnor  of  Texaa,  and  bad  accompanied  the 
army  there.  Shortly  thereafter  Banka  waa 
retiHved  from  command. 

On  Nov.  8,  1863,  Oen.  Bumaide  reluc- 
tantly assumetl  command  of  the  Army  of  the 
I'DtoniMO,  and  immediately  commenced  a  rapid 
march  to  Fradericksburg,  to  capture  it  and 
cut  off  Lee's  retreat  towards  Ricnmond,  thua 
cumpelling  the  latter  to  a  battle  in  the  field. 
O.viiig  to  a  miaunderstanding  between  Oena. 
lliilleck  and  Burnside,  the  pontoon  traina  did 
nut  arrive  from  Waahinston,  and  the  army 
was  unable  to  croaa  the  river  at  the  expected 
time.  Thia  enabled  Oen.  Lee  to  penetrate 
Uumside'a  design,  and  furnished  him  with 
ainpie  time  to  counteract  it.  Moat  of  the 
rebel  army  waa  conoentrated  on  the  heighta 
of  Frederiakaburg,  when  the  Union  army 
Was  ready  to  croaa  the  river  there.  These 
heights  riaa  in  aucceaaive  terraoea,  and  some 
three  milea  below  the  city,  where  they  are 
heavily  wooded,  curve  towarda  the  river. 
At  thut  latter  point  the  tight  of  Lee'i  army, 


under  Htonawall  Jaekaon,  waa  pUild,  Mid 
thara  rtmfVontad  kv  the  Union  left  *l>|i 
under  (ian.  Franklin.  Tb«  ally  waa  now 
sublmttad  to  a  savara  boatbardnient,  which, 
whila  it  nearly  dvstrovad  tha  pUee,  fkllad  to 
uomplelaly  drive  out  ibe  rebel  aharpahooters 
there,  wbo  hindered  the  laving  of  the  imn- 
toona.  Volunteers  fh>m  the  7th  Michigan 
and  Ifttk  and  30tk  Maaaackuaalta  thereu|N>n 
orossad  la  boala  and  aooomplbked  tkat  work. 
Tka  Dontooua  beiw|  laid,  tka  Union  army, 
inalttoing  Franklin's  cor|ia,  oroiaad  over  tka 
river  on  Deo.  11  and  13,  unmolealad,  Lao 
botng  unable  to  reaek  the  nontoona  with  kia 
batterlna,  owing  to  the  keight  of  tka  kanka 
of  tke  river.  Altkough  heavy  and  random  ar- 
tillery flring  took  plaioo  in  tha  morning,  tka 
battle  did  not  commonct  until  about  1 1  A.M., 
when  tke  fog  cleared  awMr.  Couek'a  divi- 
sion of  tka  rigkt  of  tke  Union  army  tken 
emerged  from  among  tka  ruina  of  Fredariek» 
burg,  and  moved  awlAly  to  tka  aaaault  aetnaa 
tha  plain  and  up  Marye'a  Hill,  in  three  ma»' 
sive  columns,  their  ranks  ploughed  and  torn 
by  tha  MtoX  liatterlaa  firom  aixtean  direct  and 
enfilading  pointa,  tier  above  tier  rising  to  tha 
orrat  of  the  hill.  At  the  foot  uf  the  hill  they 
were  atopped  by  a  atone  wall,  four  feet  in 
height,  behind  which  tke  Oonfedarata  inflmtry 
aecurely  poured  upon  tkem  tka  fiery  aloat  of 
their  muaketiy.  Still  the  line  undulatad 
along  the  alope,  and  tha  alaughtered  brigidea 
were  sucoeoded  bv  others,  to  M  mowed  down 
in  turn.  Two-thlrda  of  Meagher'a  Irish  bri- 
gade fell  on  the  way  up  thcae  impregnable 
heighta,  and  other  brigadea  of  Sumner  s  and 
Hooker'a  grand  diviaiona  auoceaaivoly  moved 
up,  only  to  be  atrewn  u|ion  the  bloody  ground. 
And  thua  the  slaughter  waa  maintained  on  the 
right,  with  vain  sacrifice  and  heroic  valor,  till 
after  dark,  when  the  terraces  and  alopea  upon 
tJie  hill  were  piled  with  the  Union  dead.  On 
the  left  but  a  portion  of  Franklin'a  command, 
which  comprised  one-half  of  the  Union  army, 
waa  engaged  during  the  day,  Bmitk'a  corpa, 
31,000  Btroug,  not  having  been  aent  in.  Tke 
two  corpa  of  Reynolds,  some  16,000  men, 
with  SicBlea'  divittou  of  Hooker'a  command, 
keut  up  the  conteat  against  Jackaon  till  night- 
fall. Here  the  loaa  waa  alao  aevere,  Oisn. 
Meade  alone  loaing  1,760  out  of  6,000  of  hia 
command. 

The  Union  loaaea  during  thia  bloody  day 
were  l,Gft3  killed,  9,101  wonndod,  and  8,334 
missing— total,  13,771.  Among  tha  killed 
waa  Mi^or-Gen.  Geo.  D.  Bayard,  commanding 
Franklin's  cavalry,  and  many  brigadiera  and 
other  officers  of  hijgh  rank.  The  loaa  of  the 
enemy,  though  at  first  reported  by  Oen.  Lee 
at  1,800,  waa  subsequently  aacertained  to 
have  been  over  0,000.  The  Union  army  en- 
gaged in  thia  conflict  numbered  about  100,- 
OOU,  that  of  the  enemy  80,000.  Oen.  Burn- 
side  proposed  the  next  morning  to  renew  the 
attack,  but  waa  prevented  by  the  remon- 
strances of  Gen.  Sumner  and  other  officera. 
Some  skirmishing  and  cannonading  followed 
on  the  14th  and  Iftth,  and  on  the  night  of 
tho  latter  day  the  entire  army  was  with- 
drawn across  the  river,  the  pontoona  removed, 
and  the  campaign  against  Fredericksburg 
ended.  Gen.  Bumude  aoon  planned  another 
advance  movement,  and  actually  oommenoad 
it  on  Jan.  20,  1863,  but  abandoned  it  in  con- 
aequenco  of  aevere  storms  which  then  aet  in, 
and  the  campaign  in  Virginia  waa  practically 


Mw<t  Manai 


Nd* 


Maml  ordar  dlaniMlng  mm*  w  I 
from  tka  amy  ibr  fcaantlng  dlaaontent  tim*- 
in,  ka  ankndttad  il  to  tka  Praaidant  for  kit 
approval.  laataad  of  gtving  tkia,  tka  kMar 
dectdad,  on  Jan.  38,  to  raUrra  Oan.  fiwrMM* 
from  kla  suMand 

During  tkia  wlntar  and  ■pring  nnntmM 
raida  ware  nmda  in  Vlrginln  bv  Qms.  Mwirt, 
Fltikngk  Laa,  Moaa^,  and  otkara,  In  wkiak 
aaiall  and  kiotelad  banda  of  Unioniata  or 
poorlygnardod  anpply-tmina war* ofWa  aa»> 
tured. 

Oan,  Hookar,  wkn  aniaaadad  Oan.  B«m> 
aido,  at  onoa  davotod  kimaalf  to  raoManiiiaf 
and  improving  tka  diatinilna  of  tko  Amy  of 
tka  Potomac,  and  bv  tna  opening  of  aprlnf 
It  nnmborad  akont  100,000  oAaMvo  btaklnr, 
with  l8,000envalry.aBd  loioOartllknw.bnll 
mpectawall  appolnlod.  Ob  April  37,  IMS, 
Uen.  Hooker  diapatobad  Oan.  BtonoBMUi.  wMi 
Bwat  of  tka  UbIob  aavalry,  to  cut  tka  nUlroBda 
in  tha  ranr  of  Oan.  Lao  and  of  Frodoriakak«rg. 
He  also  diractad  Gen.  Bodgwick,  witk  mbm 
30,000  men,  to  croaa  in  front  of  Fradartcfc» 
burg  and  parry  the  intranekad  haigkta.  wkila^ 
bv  throwing  bis  army  auddonly  over  tko  Hvor 
above  tkat  place,  ka  skould  comnol  Laaaitkor 
to  attack  kun  or  ratraa*  towarda  RiokBMBd 
to  cava  kia  conununitationa. 

On  Saturday,  May  3d,  Gan.  Hookar  ( 
liaked  kla  keadquartara  at  a  kouio  ■ 
Chancallorsvilla,  at  tka  intanactlon  of  tho 
OordonaviUo  and  Orange  Oountv  roada,  and 
waa  there  aurrounded  by  about  70,000  of  kls 
army,  whila  Sedgwick  mul  alao  raoeoadad  is 
oroaaing  the  Rappahannock  tkroo  milaa  baloir 
FredenokabuK.  Upon  laamiBg  tka  iUBwm 
of  the  main  Union  armv  above  kirn  Inataad 
of  below  kim,  aa  ka  kad  axpactod,  dan.  Lao 
left  a  email  body  in  kia  worka  on  Fradorlcka- 
burg  Heighta,  and  haataned  kia  Budn  kody, 
aome  00,000  men,  about  halfway  down  wo 
OordonaviUo  road  towarda  OkancollonvlUa. 
On  Saturdav  aftamoon.  May  3,  ka  daapatcfcaJ 
Btooowall  Jackaon  to  cxoevta  a  flaBK  bmvo> 
ment  on  tke  Union  extrMno  rigkt,  wUdi  waa 
commanded  by  Howard.  Juat  at  ovoning 
Oen.  Jackaon,  witk  30,000  man,  bnrtt  from 
aome  tkiok  wooda  upon  tke  axpoaad  flank  of 
tkat  corpa.  and  drove  it  back,  pani^etridMOf 
upon  Sicklce  in  tke  centre  of  tke  army,  iat 
apite  of  Oen.  Howard's  fhuttio  exertiooB  to 
rally  and  reform  it.  In  tkia  criiia,  Oen. 
Hooker  moved  up  Berry'a  division.  BldtloB 
and  Howard  tken  rallied  a  portion  of  tkeir 
commanda,  and  the  prograaa  of  the  enemy 
waa  arreated.  Thirty  pieoM  of  artilhny  were 
now  maaaed  in  ftwnt  of  Berry's  poaltioB. 
Upon  thcae,  while  darknam  was  fidling,  tkrao 
chargr.  were  made  by  the  rebels.  Each 
time  the  latter  were  repelled  with  grsat 
slaughter,  the  constant  dischargee  of  oauisteff 
sweeping  whole  ranks  of  tkem  away.  Towards 
midmght  a  ceamtion  of  tke  conflict  took  phue. 
In  front  of  theae  batteries,  between  9  and  10 
P.M.,  fell  the  great  rebel  general  T.  J.  Ja^ 
eon  (Stonewall),  mortally  wounded  bv  the 
miitoken  fire  of  hia  own  men,  which  waa 
delivered  in  accordance  witk  kis  general  or- 
ders reapeoting  the  approach  of  suspicions 
bodies  of  horse.  Thb  disaster  to  tke  enemy. 
waa  almoet  equivalent  to  a  vietory  Ibr  tke 
Unionists. 

At  0  A.it.,  May  Sd,  we  enemy  ranewad  tko 
attack,  and  ware  met  by  Bctry'b  nd  BiuMf** 


RUTOBT  Of  TRI 


IIm  M«Ulw7  of  Mm  kMw  MMMM^H  ail  tiM 


■>.  M  wiM  Um 
IIm 


•jr  maUify  miimtui, 

■Mil  mmUmify  mmniii  Um  liMatafiirf 
MM,  «MU  Dm.  BiekiM  wm  ftarMd  to  mmI 
t0  Hookar  tut  ■■■<■<■■»■.    Tk« 


MfflMk  •  pUW  ^rfHl  wkltk 
Mi^Mkaw  pMM  «•  k*' 
M  oH«r.  m4  MaklM  wm  >■ 
iwail,  amrrMMiUag 


OhMwItofwriUiL  akmmmti 

I  kMl  k«l  iMl 

iwkltk  kcwMlMaiaf, 

I  WM  akb  to  ^n 

lv«  Mrw  ikargM  Md 
Um  k«Mto  tkM  iMid 
■alii  akoal  MOB,  wCm 
Dfuiag  IkM  dovOoik 
Md  MffM  Iko  Mgkto 
of  fridortokokw)L  Ho  IkM  Movod  owl  oa 
Iko  OkoMoUonvDk  raod,  is  Iko  nor  of  Iko 
nkol  »naf.  Al  S  p.m.  Om.  Lm  tonMd  klo 
oIimHoo  m  tho  odvoMO  of  8odgwi«k,  Md 
OMt  Ooa.  MoLiwt,  witk  •  ooMlMlly  ouf 


iomUm  fctoo,  to  otop  Iko  fonMr'o  prognao, 
iko  flgkliM  «MliB«iii|  lUl  dork.  Tko  mxI 
■Mtaiog,  Mojr  4,  tko  robolo  eraomlmlud 
m  Mill  Movior  fereo  odm  kin,  oad  ■Irlking 
kia  in  lonk,  drovo  km  down  to  Iko  rivor, 
and  dnriog  tko  nlgkt  ooroM  it,  ot  Boaka'o 
Ford,  witk  Iko  kMVvkM  of  A,OOOBMik  Tko 
robolo  ok»  roo«ra|ilod  Iko  koigkto  of  Frod- 
Oflokaborg.  On  tko  lomo  nigbt  Hookor 
noroMod  tko  RoppokMnoek  unmoUolod,  oml 
roturnod  to  kio  oM  <onp  ot  FoloMmtk. 
Tko  Unioa  Iom  in  Ikia 
WM  17,197  MOB.  It  is  . 
oOeial  ototoMMt  of  tko  rokol  l< 


no 


Bodot  but  it  io  oolimotad  Ikot  tkojr  woro 
faI|T  oqMl  to  tkoM  of  tko  UnionisU.  Tko 
raid  of  OoB.  StonoaMUi  to  tko  roor  of  Uon. 
IiM*a  army  wm  rondorad  iMflJMtivo  bjr  tko 
■ealtoring  of  kia  foroao.  Tbougk  IkaM  vari- 
ow  dolMkaanto  raooaodad  in  eoltiag  tko 
nilroodo  at  varioua  poinla.  tka  i^Jariaa  woro 
•oaily  and  quieUv  rraairod. 

In  April  tko  robol  Oonaral  Longatreot,  witk 
a  teoo  of  40,000  mon,  kad  ad  vanood  m  Huflblk, 
an  important  railroad  Joaetion  wroriag  Iko 
approaekM  to  Norfolk,  and  kold  by  Orn.  Took 
witk  15,000  non.  Aftor  aoMo  aariooa  m> 
(ugamonto,  Lonfrtraot  aal  down  befora  it  in 
a  ramlar  aiago,  wkiek  ko  proooeulod  witk  no 
doeidad  aneeaaa  until  Bfay  Sd,  wkon  ke  raikod 
iLo  aiag^,  and  proeoodod  to  Join  Lm  at  Frad- 
oriekaburg. 

On  Juno  S  a  portion  of  Oon.  Lee*B  amy 
movad  up  tko  nortkom  bank  of  the  Rappa- 
liannoek  to  Culpoppar  Oourt-Houaa,  and 
ahortlr  aftorwarda  Uon.  Hookor  diapatobod 
Gon.  PleaaMiton,  witk  eavalnr  ond  inluitry, 
to  obMrvo  tbia  movement  of  Ike  jnamjr  on 
kia  right.  Tlio  latter  aoon  diMovered  that 
tho  moot  of  the  nbel  army  wm  in  tbia  re- 
gion, and  on  the  marck  waatward.  At  Bev- 
erly Ford,  on  Juno  9,  ho  engaged  tbo  rebel 
wvalry  under  J.  K.  &  Htnart,  Md  after  a 
apiiited  contaat  fell  bMk  to  avoid  orerwhelm- 
ing  numbora,  tbo  loaaM  on  aaob  aide  being 
about  equal.  On  tho  lUh  Oen.  R.  H.  Mil- 
tor,  commanding  a  force  of  7,000  men  at 
Wiuuheoter,  roeeured  ordera  firom  the  depart- 
ment ooBunandor,  Sekenok,  to  withdraw  to 
Harper'a  Ferry.  Failing  to  obey,  he  re- 
mained, only  to  ahortly  aacertain,  on  June  13, 
ttiot  Ewell'a  ami  Ttungatreat'a  entire  armiea 
irc|«  airaMilif  rapid^  npoB'hiia.    Uo  nov- 


Ml   tko  BHt   dM 

four  kaMoriM  opaaod  opM  Mm,  aad  10,000 
of  Iwoira  inlwlrir  aiMpt  oom  klo  Mior 
kraMtworka  a  MJlo  woaa  tko  town.   Altamp^ 

ing  to  atorm  tko  BMla  fort  Iko  laaallaBta  woro 
ropolaad  aad  daalatod  for  a  tioM  i  but  at  I 
A.U.,  Jnm  IA,  MUruy  aailad  a  eouBPil  aad 
doeidad  to  ewMuato  tko  Iowa  aad  Ml  book 
on  Harpor'a  Farry.    ■piktag  kia  guna,  kia 

a  pa  BMfokod  MTtk  M  tko  Marttaakwrg 
,  aad  foaad  a  rakol  divialoa  hw  milM 
oal,  wko  akoHly  waMd  aad  diapataod  tkaak 
Om  pMTt  of  tko  IkgitivM  under  MUroy 
raaikad  Harpor'a  Forry  ia  aafctv,  aad  aa- 
olkor,  aoaM  S,700^  iad  m  Im  m  BkMdy  Raa, 
Pa.  BmI  aiaay  kaadroda  wore  UMMio  priaoa- 
ara,  aad  tko  looi  of  artlllary  aad  wagona  wm 
aslenaivo, 

Oa  Juao  19  Oen.  Hooker  bagaa  to  mora 
kia  army  aortkward,  paaatng  Ikrongb  Dum- 
Mm  to  CanlrtvUlo.  On  Jum  IS  the  rebel 
advMM  of  Kwall  antorod  duunbonbuni,  Pa., 
and  akortly  aftarwarda  ika  wkole  roberarmv 
forded  the  PotomM,  llill'a  wd  I^ngalroel'a 
corpa  uniting  at  Hagoratown,  and  fallowing 
E««ll,  on  Jum  S7,  towards  Chambaraburg. 
Tko  latter  alill  puakad  forward  kia  advMco 
to  Kingaton,  which  ia  but  l^  milM  ttom 
Harriaburg.  Tbo  moot  intoHo  excitement 
now  existed  throughout  the  North.  Tko 
ProaidMt  oalkNl  on  tho  MwrMl  Btatea  for 
militia,  and  wm  promptly  rMpoaded  to  by 
New  York  and  Penuylvania  ckiefly.  On 
tbo  97lk  Hookor  occupied  FrMloriok  City. 
Oivalry  ongagemMto  kad  takra  plaM  all  along 
tko  marek  of  tko  robol  array,  at  Boverleyt 
Ford,  Brandy  Station,  Uppenrillo,  and  otkor 
placao,  wkick,  kowover,  aid  not  impede  ite 
advance. 

On  tko  98tk  HMkor  wm  nperaadad  in  tko 
command  of  Iko  army  by  Gon.  Gm.  8.  Meado, 
though  aucb  a  ehango  of  commanders  wm  an 
exlraordinanr  meaauro  to  take  on  the  brink 
of  a  grMt  Mttlo.  Lm  wm  now  well  ad- 
vanced into  Penuylvania.  On  the  38tk  a 
Dortion  of  Ewell'a  army,  under  Early,  reMhed 
York,  on  which  borough  he  levied  a  hurgo 
sum  of  money,  '^n  tho  99th  MMdo  had  ad- 
vanced M  far  M  South  Mountain,  thrMten- 
ing  the  oommonicatioM  of  Lm,  who  thereupon 
directed  Longstraot  and  Hill  to  march  from 
Ohambersburg  to  Gettysburg,  and  Ewell,  who 
WM  at  Carlisle,  to  baston  toward  that  rendos- 
vous.  Gon.  Meade,  hearing  of  thcM  move- 
mania,  at  onM  ordered  Gon.  Reynolda,  with 
the  lat  and  1 1th  corpa,  to  occupy  Ctettysburg. 
On  arriving  at  the  latter  plaM,  Julv  1st.  wiUi 
the  advance  of  his  oomnwnd,  ha  found  that 
Oen.  Buford,  with  a  diviaion  of  the  Union 
cavalry,  had  there  encountered  the  van  of  the 
rebel  army,  under  Gen.  Heth,  of  Hill's  corps, 
marching  in  on  tho  Cashtown  road.  Key- 
nolds'  1st  corps,  under  Oen.  J.  S.  Wads- 
worth,  at  once  rushed  through  the  villase, 
and,  driving  back  the  enemy,  occupied  we 
ridge  overlooking  tho  plaM  from  tbo  north- 
wMt.  At  tho  commenMment  of  this  Mtion 
Gon.  Boynolds  fell,  mortally  wounded,  and 
the  command  of  tho  1st  corps  devolved 
on  Oen.  Doubleday.  Wadsworth,  severely 
proaaod,  now  fell  back,  and  during  the  movo- 
mmt  tho  rebel  advanoo,  aomo  800,  under 
Archer,  wore  mveloped  by  the  right  of  the 
Union  division  and  made  priMners.  At  1 1 
A.II.  Gen.  Howard  arrived  with  the  11th 
corpa  aad  aMwntod  oonuaand,  whereupon  tko 


witk  ifMt.  tko  vSw 
ivtag  tko  kaM  of  Iko  l^t,  until  M 
I  r.M.  ■woU'k  anay  Arom  York  osbm  rapidly 
into  Iko  kaltb,  outiaaking  Howsrd'a  Uao^ 
Tko  two  aoryik  Iko  IM  aad  I  Ilk,  now  Ml 
kMk  tkreagk  Ike  Mroote  of  iko  vilUg^,  bwiaf 
many  nriaonera,  aad  ware  rallied  on  Oiw^ 
lory  IIUI,  JuM  soalk  of  tko  ploM.  MiokiM, 
witk  Iko  9d  sorpa,  arrived  akortly  afterwards 
aad  saaM  lalo  posllkNi  oa  Howard's  loft,  but 
WM  akortly  praaMd  book  wilk  Mvero  loaa. 
Ooa.  Mmm,  who  wm  al  TMaytown,  10  mIIm 
diateat,  kowing  of  Iko  otmU  at  OMIvsburg, 
al  ouM  ordered  Haaoook  to  prsMsJ  Ikoro 
aad  tako  somaMad.  At  9  r.M.  tko  lattof 
raaskod  Oawwtary  Hill,  to  AMI  Howard  rally 
lag  kia  foroM  bskiad  it.  Tko  eaemy  aow 
approaekad  tko  ridgo,  kut  won  bmI   by  a 


mUm  artillory  Iro,  ogaiMl  wkiek  tkey  vainly 
Mrugglod  to  advauM,  until  nigkt  coming  oa 
tko  oonHiot  ended.  Haaaoak  aow  reported 
tko  atate  of  oAin  to  Gm.  Meade,  aad  Iko 
Utter  dotermiaed  to  flgkl  a  dofoasivo  kaltio 
on  tbo  morrow  at  Ikis  plaM.  Al  1 1  p.m.  ko 
arrived  on  tko  fleld  to  diroct  tko  importaal 
evento  to  anaue,  having  dispatohed  orders  to 
all  the  different  corps  to  nuureh  with  ths  ut- 
mMl  sjmmmI  Iksreto.  On  Ike  momiag  of  July 
9  tko  Uaion  Um  of  battle  extended  nearly 
Ave  mileo,  from  Cemetery  Hill  in  ite  middle, 
along  a  row  of  hoighto  in  the  shape  of  a  bora» 
shM,  Howard  holding  tko  eanlio,  with  the  IM 
ud  19tk  corps  on  kis  right  under  BIooum, 
and  Hancock's  9d  corps  and  Ike  9d  corps  of 
Bickkw  on  Us  left.  Oen.  Sedgwick's  etk 
corps,  OB  ite  way  firom  Mwcksster,  90  milM 
distant,  did  not  arrive  till  9  p.m.  of  Ikis 
oventftil  day.  Kwoll  commanded  the  left. 
Hill  tbo  cmiro,  ud  LongMreot  the  right  ol 
Gm.  Lm's  army.  It  wm  not  until  evening 
that  tko  Utter  diroetod  LongMiMt  to  advanM 
againM  tko  Union  loft,  under  Bicklaa,  for  tko 
purpoN  of  fianUng  Oemetery  Hill.  A  miU 
and  a  kalf  of  ballU  linM  then  auddraly  awept 
up  on  BickiM,  who  had  advanced  beyond  the 
general  lino,  and  hurled  him  back  with  aevero 
loaa.  A  bloodv  atruaile  now  ensued  for  tko 
possession  of  Hmind  ^>p,  u  eminenM  on  hia 
left  BickiM  WM  kero  struck  in  the  leg  by  a 
OMUon  ball  ud  carried  off  the  fluid ;  but  tho 
enemy  wm  repelled  by  BykM*  Otk  oorra, 
while  Hancock  closed  in  from  tko  right  with 
portiou  of  tko  1st,  and  Bedgwick's  Stk  corps, 
and  WM  drivM  to  tho  ridge  trom  which  they 
had  espollod  Bickles,  thus  iMving  the  Union 
line  where  Meade  had  intended  to  pUM  it 
On  the  Union  right  Blocum  had  Iwen  crowded 
back  during  the  day  by  Ewell,  who  Mised 
some  of  his  rifle-pits.  Early  next  morning, 
July  3,  Slocum  pushed  forward  to  retake 
thsM,  and  for  six  hours  the  struggle  wm  must 
dMperato.  At  11  a.m.  the  enemy  receded, 
Slocnm  ro.Mteblishing  bis  line  and  rMtins 
upon  it.  A  pauM  in  the  conflict  now  took 
pIoM.  Lee,  who  had  tried  to  break  both  of 
the  Union  wings  and  fkiled,  now  brought  for- 
ward 196  kMvy  suns  to  Hill's  and  Long- 
strMt's  fronto,  and  conMntrated  their  fire  on 
Cemetery  Hill,  the  Union  cmtre,  a  little  be> 
hind  tho  orMt  of  which  wm  Mnsde's  head- 
quarters. At  9  P.M.  this  terrible  faattorv 
opened,  and  for  two  hours  shot  and  shell  fell 
and  burst  upon  thU  hill,  while  100  Union 
guns  mode  constant  reply.  About  4  P.M.  a 
grand  ohargo  wm  ordered  by  Gen.  Lm  npou 
Cemetery  Hill,  and  moro  a^ooiallgr  on  Uafr 


VMITID ■TATBH 


Mi.  Mi  OMMm hi  10  kia 

TiM  rtM  UmsmIvmmM  Urn*  <tM|i  till  witiiU 
poliiWkiMili  m^i.  Ba*>i«  Um  Ira  of  IM,00O 
mutkaU  Um  Inl  r*M  liiM  UUr^ily  iMllaai 
•wajr,  Uttt  iIm  iwobJ  Una  awapl  iHiwMrd 
aitil  over  th«  Union  rlflo-piU  to  Um  gviMj 
iMjrunatlag  iIm  gwniMn  owl  woving  Um  nbal 
iLti|i  ku  victory.  Tktn  *  atotM  of  gnpo  ui4 
MHiMar  ttom  Um  Union  mna  on  Um  wmI* 
•rn  atoiM  of  OuMtory  Hfll,  wliidi  onfllMlMi 
llta  apul,  Ml  npoa  Ukia  lino.  It  rooM  book, 
■tul  ill  n  nwant  Iko  UnionlaU  kNi|i«<l  forik 
u|ion  wkot  WM  now  kni  n  diannWrad 


wkola  nglmanta  ■nmnilaiail,  and  Um  knttia 
vaa  ovor,  (kua  ondiag  In  •  biltar,  eniaklng 
dafMl  of  Um  rokok 

Oan.  Maado  nportad  Ika  Union  loaaaa  in 
(ka  kniUaa  of  OaUvaburg  al  3,834  killml, 
13,709  wonndad,  and  A,443  ml«angt  total, 
33,184.  41  flap  and  13,031  priaouara  wara 
oaptnrod  bj  kirn.  Oan.  La«  gava  no  raturn 
of  kta  loaaaa,  wklok  wara  probably  1H,000 
killad  and  woundad,  with  10,UOO  unwoundad 
priaonora. 

During  Um  id  and  3d  July,  tha  cavalry  of 
botk  amuaa  wara  not  aariouaiy  angMod,  but 
in  a  daak  of  tko  Union  eavalry  umlar  Marritt, 
to  atrlka  Um  rabal  right  Hank,  Uan.  Fama- 
wortk,  aommanding  tha  aupporting  brigada, 
waa  killad.  No  immodiata  aflfaeUva  purauit 
of  tha  robal  army,  wko  at  firat  ratirad  alowly 
and  oautiotialy,  waa  alUmptad,  Oon.  MaatM 
having  no  raaarvaa  and  aearooly  any  ammunl- 
tiun  laft.  Lao  than  rooroaaad  tha  Oumbar- 
land  Mountaina  an*'  proaaad  rapidlj^  towarda 
tha  PotorMO.  Sadgwiok,  with  tha  «th  oorpa. 
ntovad  towarda  that  rivar  on  Um  aaat  aida  of 
tha  inountaina,  to  intoroopt  tha  rabal  mareh. 
wbila  tho  Union  onvalry  oontinually  haraaaa<l 
tha  oaamv'a  roar,  eapturing  traina  and  pria- 
onara.  Arriving  at  tha  Potomac.  lioa  found 
tha  rivar  ao  awoTlan  by  rocont  raiua  that  all 
tha  forda  wara  impaaaablo.  For  four  daya 
Laa  remainad  at  Williamaport  itrangthaning 
kia  poaition,  but  bofora  bo  had  completed  kU 
pre|Nirationa  to  croaa  the  rivar,  Oan.  Meade'a 
anny,  atrengthaned  by  Frenob'a  diviaiona  and 
Couoh'a  militia,  arrived  tbero,  July  13,  ready 
to  aaaail  him.  But,  unfortunately,  Oen. 
Meade  deferred  hia  own  Judgment  to  the  ad- 
vice of  a  minority  of  hia  oorpa  oomniandera, 
and  refrain««l  from  ordering  an  aaaault,  and 
Leo  waa  thua  permitted  to  withdraw  aoroaa 
the  Potomac  during  the  night,  without  a  blow 
b«ing  dealt  him,  to  the  uitonae  diiappoiiit- 
ment  of  the  nation.  The  cavalry  under  Kil- 
patrick  took  a  few  priaonera  at  Falling  Wa- 
ter*, and  Oregg'a  cavalry  waa  involved  in  a 
■pirited  oontoat  at  Shoperdatown  with  Fits- 
hugh  Lee'a  foroe.  On  the  18th  Meade  oroaa- 
ed  the  Potomac  and  moveil  down  the  Loudon 
valley  on  Lee'a  flank,  with  the  purpoae  of 
atriking  hia  line  at  aome  point.  Two  daya 
were  lost  by  the  Union  army  in  paaaing 
throush  Manaaaaa  Oap,  where  a  brioade  of 
£well  a  men,  holding  the  pass,  engaged  a  por- 
tion of  the  Union  forcea  under  Oen.  F.  B. 
Spinola.  During  this  time  lioe  moved  rapidly 
aouthward,  passing  around  the  right  flank  of 
the  Union  army  towards  the  Rapidan.  At 
the  cloae  of  July,  the  latter  again  took  up  ita 
old  position  on  the  Rappahannock. 

During  liee'a  movement  towarda  the  North, 
Richmond  waa  loft  a  portion  of  Um  tima  do- 
fcadad  by  hut  a  ainglo  brigade  nndor  Oan, 


WUa.  Ott  Jnly  I.  Omt.  Km«  wm  imiI  kjr 
Oaa.  Ola,  lainiaaiMng  at  roHtiw  Mompw, 

to  aaka  a  damonatrmllo*  on  tko  rthal  aapilat, 
bHt  ka  ahortly  ratunad  thatoAroM  without 
having  aaaaai|4iahad  anything.  Varioua  di^ 
taahaMala  of  tho  Union  aavalry  undaf  !!«• 
ford,  KUnalrlak,  and  PhaMMton,  during  Um 
montkaof  Auguiit.aad  Hoptambar,  made  raids 
and  raaonnoiiaaiinaa  into  tho  auaay'a  aonatry 
aeroaa  tho  R«ppahanno«k.  During  tko  Ui- 
tor  montk,  1.m  aant  eonaidamklo  ralnAifa^ 
OMntetoBragg  in  Tannaaaao,  and  Um  llthand 
13tk  corpa,  unUor  lluokor,  war*  aant  to  tha 
aid  of  Um  Union  army  al  Chattanooga.  Oat, 
13,  Maada  eroaaad  tho  Bappakannoak  in  A>raa, 
but  ahorUv  rooroaaad,  having  baon  oompiataly 
outflanked  by  lioo.  Dnruig  tho  ratiaat  a 
Heroa  eavalry  onnfliot  batwaon  tko  oppoaing 
forova  took  plaoo  at  Brandv  (ttation,  in  wkieu 
tha  Unloninte  proved  decidedly  auparior. 

Mi*a<la  rutraatati  aa  fWr  aa  Cautrovillo,  aloaa 
ly  folluwatl  by  tha  anan\y*a  anvalry  nador 
Hluart.  'I'ha  latter,  on  tho  night  of  Oei  13, 
gut  ahead  of  tha  Union  3d  coriia,  Oan.  War- 
ren, acting  aa  rear-guard,  but  aJroitly  aacaiied 
from  hia  uoriloiM  |M)aitton.  Tho  neat  day, 
A.  P.  Iliira  oorpa  found  itaalf  in  a  simUar 
|KMition,  and  giving  battle  to  the  3d  oorpa, 
waa  defeated,  and  retreated,  leaving  0  guna 
and  luaing  many  priaonanh  Laa  bow  de- 
stroyed the  Oranp  and  Alexandria  Railroad 
from  the  Rapidan  to  Manaaaaa,  and  returned 
to  hia  former  poaition.  On  tha  7th  Movem- 
lier,  Oens.  French  and  Sedgwick  attacked 
the  enemy  at  Kelly's  Ford,  taking  BOO  pria- 
onera, and  then  moved  againat  tha  anemy'a 
works  at  Rappahannock  Htotion,  wkore,  after 
a  short  and  deaparate  oloae  combat,  Oen. 
David  A.  RusaeH  leading  tha  charge,  the 
Unionists  took  1,000  men,  four  guna,  and 
eight  battle  flaga. 

On  the  30th  November,  Oen.  Warren, 
with  the  3d  oorpa,  eroaaad  tha  Rapidan  at 
Oemtania  Ford,  and  moved  againat  tha  ene- 
my, but  Oena.  French  and  Bykea,  who  were 
to  co-operate,  failed  to  arrive  at  tho  con- 
certed Ume.  On  the  evening  of  the  37th, 
Newton  with  the  1st  corpa,  and  Sedgwick  with 
the  Gth,  cnme  up,  but  tii«  enemv  bad  retreat- 
ed as  far  aa  Mine  Run,  where  thay  wara  neat 
found  in  strong  poaition.  After  onaor  two  daya 
expended  in  reoonnoisaaaoa  and  maagravring, 
it  was  nwolved  that  a  grand  aaaault  on  the 
rebel  fortifleaUona  ahould  take  pUce  at  8  a.M., 
Nov.  30 ;  but  tha  foroo  and  pgaition  of  the 
enemy  were  found  are  that  time  to  be  anoh  as 
to  mako  the  attempt  too  haaardons,  the  op- 
portunity for  flanking  him  having  been  lost. 
Oen.  AloatJo  then  decided  to  abandon  the  ex- 
pedition, and  on  the  night  of  Dec.  1  brought 
his  troops  back  across  the  Rapidan,  and  now 
retired  to  winter  quarters. 

During  the  year  1803  aeveral  minor  mili- 
Ury  operations  took  phuse  in  West  Virginia. 
July  13,  a  profitless  raid  was  made  by  CoL 
John  Toland  with  1.000  Unioniste  from 
Browntown  on  WytheviUe.  Aug.  30,  Oen, 
W.  W.  Averill  engaged  a  rebel  force  at 
Lewisburg,  under  Ool.  Oeo.  S.  Patton,  the 
Union  loss  being  307,  that  of  tha  rebeb  IfiO ; 
and  on  Nov.  0,  Oeo.  Averill  with  0,000  men 
met  a  rebel  force  under  Oen.  Eohola,  and 
drove  the  latter  with  heavy  loaa  from  Droop 
Mountain,  in  Oreenbrier  County,  into  Monroe 
County.  In  the  montk  of  Dooambar,  Avarill 
daatrojrad  a  portion  of  Ik*  Yli^ailt  IMmI  T*»- 


of  oikar  nM  pfOfMrty  ibnad  Umm  m4  In 
Um  vtainilv. 

July  3,  IMS,  Ih*  aaiiiMftil  raM  laMw, 
MorfM,  wiUl  t,000  aMW,  rraaaad  Um  0«»kw 
Uad  Rlvmr  aaaf  Barkaavilh^  and  oa  Uwl  d^ 
partially  laaked  Utolamkia,  kaving  ■aakad 
Lak  CoL  WolMd'a  aavalry,  wklak  kad  ad- 
vaaaad  to  iaipada  kiai.  July  4,  ka  aMaefced 
too  of  Um  Iftth  Miaklfaa,  uader  CoL  «.  M. 
Moot*,  aad  aftac  a  d*a|tatato  flgkl  of  aoaM 
kaara,  draw  of,  aadly  weialad.  Jaly  ft.  ka 
eaplarad  Lakaada,  afwr  a  ikarpfltkt  la  waiak 
kla  ktotkar  TkoaMa  waa  killad  |  wTntaapaa  la 
ravoaga  k*  karaad  aoaa  twaaty  koaaaa,  H* 
tkaa  ptoiaaJid  to  Bprlaiiald,  aoaipalHag  kia 
priaoaaft  aaptarad  al  Labaaoa  to  raa  tka 

and  kaoaking  out  tko  kralaa  of  a  aargaant 
who  gave  out  oa  (ha  way.  Al  BprlagfleM  ha 
robbed  and  paroled  kia  priaooofa.  Julv  7, 
Moraaa  raaoaad  Braadanaarg,  oa  tko  Ohio, 
wkioa  ho  pluadarod.  Ha  thoro  aaiaod  tka 
ataaaMia  Alict  Dmm  aad  MtCmti,  in  which 
he  eroased  tko  rivar,  aad  tkaa  baral  Iko  for- 
mer veaaal.  Tha  purauing  foraa  of  Union- 
lata,  under  Oen.  Hobaon,  arrived  al  Brandon- 
burg  iual  aa  ka  loft.  Ha  tkaa  paaaad  Ikroagk 
Corydon,  to  Baloai,  Ind.,  where  ha  eaptaiod 
300  Homo  Ouarda  of  Corydoa,  who  kad  Ikl- 
Ion  back  bofora  bim.  Al  Corydon,  ha  broke 
up  tho  railroad,  bumi  tka  depot,  and  levied  a 
ranaou  of  tka  milhi  aad  foatoriea.  Ha  then 
procaadod  to  OM  Varaon,  aad  deauinded  ite 
aurronder,  bat  baing  onpoaad,  daoampcd.  Ho 
than  paaaed  through  VaraoUlaa  and  awaaplng 
around  OinoiniiaU  al  a  ahorl  distaaoa  Ikara- 
from,  strtiek  tho  Ohio  below  Parkerakurg. 
Along  tka  route  ka  levied  on  property,  overt 
of  tko  maanaal  kind,  bat  tka  akarp  pursuit  of 
30  mllaa  a  dav  gava  kla  no  tiaM  to  do  exton- 
sive  miaebiei;  though  tho  lino  of  hia  march 
and  retreat  waa  strewn  with  aa  axtraordiaarr 
aaaortmanlof  donMoUe  gooda.  Al  Miami- 
vllbi  ha  ovtrtnmad  a  railroad  train  and  baraod 
50  Opvemmont  wagona.  On  tha  16tk,  roach- 
ing  Winohaator,  ha  robbed  tho  mail,  and  atola 
130,000  worth  of  property  and  Any  horaaa, 
driving  with  ahoute  ana  laughter,  throngk  tho 
atroeta,  oaptuiud  mulea,  whose  taila  wara  tied 
up  in  Arafpnante  of  tho  Union  flags  found  in 
tho  phMO. 

Oen.  Judah  with  a  atrong  force  waa  bow 
moving  up  the  Ohio  fh>m  Purtemonth,  while 
gunboato  |iatrolled  the  stream  to  intercept 
tho  raiders.  Op|Maite  Buflinton  laland,  bo- 
low  Parkersburg,  Judah  came  upon  them, 
and  at  the  same  time  Hobaon  attacked  thorn 
from  the  rear,  and  the  gunboato  trom  the  river. 
In  deaperation,  Morgan  divided  hia  foroea,  one 
part  of  which  rushed  for  the  river,  but  were 
driven  back  by  the  fire  of  the  gunboato.  A  run- 
ning flght  now  ensued,  tho  main  body  of  tho 
raicbrs  fleeing  up  tho  river.  At  Belleville 
and  Hawkinavllla  tkey  again  unauooeaaAilly 
attempted  to  oroas,  and  aoattored  into  wan- 
dering detaohmenta.  Home  300  eaeaped  into 
Bonlh-weatom  Virginia.  Morgan  nimaelf, 
with  another  portion,  atruok  into  Columbiana 
County,  wkero  he  surrondered  to  Col,  Bbackle- 
ford.  Over  3,000  ware  captured  or  lulled. 
Morgan  and  aavara)  of  hia  officers  were  then 
conued  in  tho  penitantiary  at  Columbua, 
whenae,  oa  Not.  30,  laven  of  them,  Mielwlwg 
Morgan,  aaeapad  and  nlUmatoly  waakad 
Batnnisf  to  tmyim  i» 


aaeapad 
.  Va. 


lU  M«t 


!)«  JilM  9«ll).  IM.1,  ka«iM  fownWtMl  kU 
|w»|NmttMM  •!  llMrA««iiN>nsi>««.  RiMMrMt* 
•tlvAiKiMt  lowMnb  M)lrlk««llU,  TuIUIuiims 
Mid  I'lMtliMMMi^  wliar*  ilt»U>tww  at  llntgg'* 
|M>wvrfUI  •mf ,  i>f  niwia  4(),IMM  Ms*,  «»f« 
■iritMrfly  fWtiAxL  Ha  •r«NM4  iIm  (*uMlwr> 
\m>k  MUHiil«iiM  by  fuur  tlllbtMil  imilaa,  m4 
on  Jmm  UTlk  •  iMftiiMi  of  y*  Amwm.  iiiMl«f 
UofihMi  UfMtfMT,  MlvMMorf  e«  MlMlbjrvtlW, 
wkMk  WM  avaM^M  kjr  tko  anoMT,  ofUr  a 
■lioH  raii>»«w.  Jmm  30UI,  TmIIJUnm  »•• 
•ho  avMitMlad  l»]r  Um  anaMjr  tlioro,  wko  ni|»- 
Ml*  iaU  k»hf*  lit*  mIvmim  of  Miiaaawiiw' 
itgbl  iMOfM.  TH«  hmUii  UmIom  armv  muvail 
rilrMtlv  on  ClMltan<Miga,  itto  itNMaUitng  rvUI 
MnmgMM  t«  TattMMw".  ami  on  \»g.  !iUt  iu 
■nlw—  ilravajioa  iIm  tMithaof  tli'<  Taiinaa' 
M«,UifrMlofUM|ilM«.  M  M«|>tanibar,  loav- 
Ug  7,00a  MM  vitK  0««.  Hawu  Ut  <la<«iva 
BnM  wlUi  Mala  la  Um  Aroni,  (irii.  II'mo- 
•niM  took  Ma  hmUb  amy  ovar  Ik*  rlvar,  a  fcw 
•iIImi  balow  (TlMMaMMga,  awl  marrbixl  up 
Ika  Loolinwl  vallay,  waal  uf  iMmkiml  Moiiii 
lala.  In  tlangar  of  balng  ool  off  firoin  hU 
■  of  iiM|>|>ltM,  (Jan.  Brajnt  baatlly  avaeuat- 
t'haltaiMtnga  bv  U»a  valloy  travarMHl  by 
nUekaaMagaOraali,  Uan.  KoaacraiM  att|t|MHi- 
Ind  Ibal  Hrmgg  waa  in  full  rairval  in  Konia. 
a«  uitco  iirtlarad  Omi.  (Vitlnuilan,  who  liaii 
talmn  pawamaltin  uf  ( lialtatiuuga,  to  pnniiin 
Ibo  ananiy,  (MtUntlan  fortiinalnly  dnlayatl, 
anil  Huaaprana,  to  liU  aatoniabmant,  aaoortain- 
ail  thai  Uio  fua  kail  ikoad  about  anti  waa  ra|>- 
tdly  oonoantratlng  around  Iiafliyatto  tka  miMt 
atfactlva  rabal  army  wkiak  bad  awr  ap|N<>roil 
in  tbia  rogion,  wltk  tba  plain  pur|Miaa  of 
niarobing  baek  on  Ckattanooga,  Itoancrana 
now  kaataiiad  to  onneautrato  bia  acattitriNl 
furctM,  of  whom  Crittandaa  waa  in  tba  Obick> 
amauga  vallay,  Tkoniaa  waa  eroaaing  tba 
mountaina  by  way  of  Htoven'a  Uap  to  aiiii' 
itort  tba  foruwr,  wblla  MoConk  waa  ovar  iha 
Iiookout  Mountain  flanking  liragg'a  |KMilliun 
far  to  tlia  loutk.  Uragg  now  orurrvd  (ten, 
Tulk  to  atlMik  Orittantinn  in  bia  iioUtnl 
|Miaition,  and  Uan,  lliiidniaii  to  occupy  tba 
Uap,  KUil  reaiat  tka  advaiica  uf  Ttioniaa.  Ila 
al«i>  iua(itul«d  mcaaurea  to  iiilaroapt  MoCouk 
on  Ilia  way  to  Tboiuaa.  Naitliar  Polk  nor 
llinduian  auccnodud  in  exocuting  ilirir  |)art 
of  tba  li'b<t|  plan,  while  SlcOook  evaded  the 
trup  Ity  rocruMing  I<ookout  Mountain,  and 
haati'nin^  di>wn  the  I^xikout  vallav,  and 
tbeiiou  by  Htuvou'a  (>a|>,  ruacliiiig  "fhoniaa. 
A  rHoo  now  took  plaou  iHttwtwn  the  two  op- 
|M>airig  ariuiea  iu  the  Chipkanianj(a  vitlley, 
moving  in  |iarall«l  linea  Imok  to  ('Imttanooga, 
the  trueniy  endeavoring  i»  outflank  Hoaticriiii* 
and  force  him  to  l>attle.  On  the  IHtli,  the 
Union  linea  were  itill  ten  mile*  from  Cliatta- 
aooga,  and  aouie  twelve  milva  in  longtii.  On 
that  day  all  the  furda  on  the  Union  left  wera 
fiercely  aaaaulted  and  oaiitured  by  the  rutieU, 
On  the  morning  of  the  1 0th  Hoptonibur, 
Thomaa  bold  tbo  Union  Inft,  Crittenden  the 
tantre,  an«  MoOook  the  right  of  the  Union 
line*,  which  extended.  00,000  atrong,  from 
Oordon'i  Mill*  along  tlie  cmek  toward*  Chut 
tanooga.  The  entire  rebel  army  waa  alno 
firmly  eatabliahed  on  the  aanie  aide  of  tlie 
otaek,  having  rendered  it  uaelea*  a*  a  Union 
Ua*  of  defei.^  by  oroaaing  during  tbo  night 
at  tLa  fonla  which  they  hold. 

Ab)mt    10  A.1I.  tho  battla  oonunenoed. 


HIITORY   or  TBI 

(Voaitm'*  brl«ada  ■>•  tka  Wfk,  wkiak  ka4  kaaa 
■■At  towania  tka  rtvar  M  fMoaaottraw  waa  t*- 
rtoual*  MMwtlMl.and  llranitan  and  liMr<i,  *u«»- 
mantling  lb*  Urt  and  •••tira  of  TkiHwaa*  wing, 
ntuvMl  to  II*  «i«<iir.  Mimhi  Iha  angagamanl 
rollad  down  lb*  Una  to  N^'yiudd*,  bidding  tk* 
riakt  of  Tboaiaa,  and  iba  whula  I'nUm  Uft 
wing  w**  tbii*  •iignfml  •rllb  tka  rabal  right 
I'olk,     Tlia  ixUla  In  ftunt  of  Haird 


iL 


w»w*k<trtly  burlml  \mtk,  \miUy  «mI  up.  bat  lin- 
ing rvinforoHl,  »0kkn  wUanMHl,  two  for  uaa, 
and  lUlrd  in  turn  waa  drltfti  Iwfitra  them, 
JokHKin'*  dUiaion  of  Mrl'mtk'*  ntr|i*,  and 
I'alinar'i  divUion  of  I 'rllUndan'*,  than  earn* 
in  on  lUlnl'*  right,  giving  a  «l*ar  wiparioWly 
to  tba  (Inlon  linaa,  wbitrb  now  oulllaukad 
Iba  anamy  and  drove  blm  bark  in  diaunlar, 
anil  with  fiHirful  htaa,  U|Min  hU  rawrv**,  |m»I- 
ml  ni'*r  the  I'nNik,  and  •tmhiing  the  broken 
diviiiona  of  KraniMn  ami  Haird  tu  rally  and 
rvform.  A  lull  in  tka  nmdiet  now  aiuined 
f^um  4  to  A  r.M.,  whan  Ike  anamy  ohm  mora 
obargml  Thomaa'  right  aitd  the  Union  left 
eenirr,  with  lui-b  lnijri*tuo*ity  *a  to  throw 
them  into  diwirdar.  Hut  (tan.  W.  Ilaaen,  of 
llritlamh'n'a  cor|i*,  maaaiiig  twenty  gun*  on  a 
ridge  coniDianditig  tha  Ho**villa  ruaid,  |H>ured 
a  orua*  tire  Into  tne  charging  column*  of  the 
anamy  till  thry  tumeil  and  mtriatwl  in  eon* 
Aiaion.  At  RUhnxt  Juhnaon'*  front  wa*  again 
»***lla«l  with  a  diviitiun  of  Hill'*  coriia.  under 
(ipn.  i'at  rinburna,  but  night  cloaad  the  con- 
flict without  the  rebel*  gaining  any  advantage 
thervliy. 

On  the  Union  right,  during  tha  morning, 
cannonading  chiefly  took  place.  About  3 
P.M.  Htimrt  atteniptati  to  advance,  without 
aurcTRii;  niid  llo<Mliiu*hed  forward  two  of  hi* 
divialoiM  uiMtn  Jan.  ('.  I>*vii,  uf  MoCook'i 
corjia,  but  I)avi*  maintained  a  atout  mitt- 
aiioe,  and  lieiug  reinforced,  drove  the  ene- 
my back  aa  the  day  eloaed.  The  two  armie* 
n<rw  atood  confVnnting  each  other  on  grounti 
which  gave  no  advantage  to  either,  the  entire 
force  of  Ihn  rebfl*  Iwing  almut  TO.IMM),  while 
that  of  Kuaepran*  waa  not  over  Aft,(HH).  Itoth 
nrmie*  iMMml  tba  cold  night  without  Are*, 
tha  Union  army  in  addition  auflerinK  from 
tba  want  of  water.  During  tha  niglit  Ko*e- 
cnut*  Nliortene<i  hia  line*  nearly  a  miln,  with- 
drawing hi*  risht  from  Oonlon**  Mill*  and 
reatliig  it  oa  Miiaionary  Kidge ;  and  Uracg 
moved  Ilreekinridge'*  diviiion  of  HilP* 
curp*  from  hi*  left  to  hi*  right.  At  8  a.m. 
on  the  following  moniing,  the  30th  Hefh 
tember,  the  fog  lifted  and  Ureckinridga  ad- 
vanced hi*  fre*b  troo|i*  aero**  the  ilo**ville 
road,  covered  by  a  terriflo  Are  of  the  rebel 
artillery,  in  a  reaolute  charge  upon  the  breait- 
work*  of  log*  and  rail*  which  Thorn**  had 
thrown  up  during  the  night.  Line  upon  line 
of  gallant  men  cniinblod  to  fragment*  before 
tho  fire  of  the  latter,  and  (till  fr«*k  trooii* 
wer«  advanced  by  the  relwl  leader*.  While 
the  tide  uf  battle  before  Thoma*  ebbed  r.nd 
flowed  with  frightful  carnage,  the  Union  left 
centre  wa*  aUo  dcH|i«rat<>ly  and  inde.-iiively 
a«*ailed,  but  Bragg'*  attciniit  to  turn  tho  Un- 
ion flank  waa  kariled  by  Thoma*'*  flrmneai. 
About  noon  Roaecran*  ordered  Wood,  uf  the 
Union  centre,  to  leave  hi*  |io*ition  and  Nup- 
|>ort  Ueynold*,  who  wa*  aeverely  preiied  on 
the  left.  Thi*  order  hmt  the  battle  to  the 
Uniuni*t*.  Wood  Bttempted  to  execute  the 
order  by  pataing  in  the  rear  of  Brannan  and 
betweea  him  aad  Reynolds.    Into  the  gap 


hi  ilM  Vnkm  frMi  I 
Ikrrw  lla«d*t  latwaaJ,  ivppaft*! 

by  aa  advanaa  of  Hu^knarl  •m  ik*  UaloM  rtgk 
iiMlk.  Tka  rkarga  waa  l»rrtldy  ilaaUiva,  Iki 
via,  flmw  Iba  rlghl,  alUmittad  lu  aloaa  Ik* 
fWial  o|ianing,  but  b»  waa  ii>rn  la  pl*«wB  hy 
Iba  rebel  akurb.  Ilraiinan  un  tba  Utt,  and 
Nkartdan,  »f  ('rillandan'*««>rpa,  war*  alruok, 
aad,  autuflT  fhim  tka  I'nioaaimy,  ware  jttiak- 
ad  to  tka  rigkl  and  rear,  with  a  luaa  of  uiw^ 
kalf  Ikair  uumkara.  like  Ika  aenire,  ika 
whole  rigkl  wing  now  eramblad  Inio  a  di» 
onlarad  ma*a,  flying  lowarda  MaaavilU  aa4 
l?batlaBon|^.  liana.  Roaaerana,  MaCook,  aad 
Crittandaa  wera  koma  baakwarda  ia  tka  wild 
rual.  At  Hoaavilla,  Ma<'aok,  witk  Hkert< 
dan  aad  I>avia,  atlamitlad  to  rail*  aad  re- 
form tka  wrecked  divialuna,  wkila  Ra**«rana, 
•ul  ofl'  ftrom  TkoaMM,  wko  waa  alill  *toully 
flgkting  »nd  kuldiag  hi*  own  oa  tka  Ufl,  haat- 
anad  to  C^kaltaaoogn  to  make  praparatioaa  to 
■av*  it  firom  jtruanacliva  eaplura.  It  waa 
auw  that  Iha  nw  dlviaioua  of  (Ian.  Thomaa 
war*  ram|iellad  to  witbatand  the  aaaault  of 
Iha  whole  rabal  army  of  70,000  man.  Hat- 
taliun  after  iMttaliun  iwapt  up  on  hia  firont,  to 
Im  malted  aad  aeattarad  by  bia  (tratly  flra. 
UnabU  to  fore*  hi*  front,  tha  anrniy,  al  3 
P.M.,  gained  a  low  ridge  running  at  right  an- 
gle* to  the  right  axtremily  of  bia  Una,  and 
|M>ur*d  into  a  gorge  directly  in  hi*  rr*r.  The 
moment  waa  critical,  but  Ovn  Uordon  (Iran- 
■er,  commanding  a  amall  rrnerva  cur|)*  a' 
Koaavilla,  who  aad  been  inapired  duritg 
the  moniing,  though  without  direct  infur- 
mation  or  order*,  to  itart  hia  column*  tow- 
artia  the  loen*  of  conflict,  *rri*ed  at  thi* 
very  momeat  at  Thomaa'*  iMMition.  Qen. 
Hieedman,  commanding  Whitaker'a  and 
Mitchell'*  brigadaa,  aeiaing  tha  flag  uf  a  regi- 
ment, headed  the  charge,  and  in  twenty  niiii- 
ute*  the  rebel  Ilindman'*  forrea  bad  diRafi- 
|ieared,  and   the  thiion  foroea  held  lioth  the 

Corge  and  the  ridge.  At  4  p.m.  the  *torm 
ur*t  again  with  greater  Airy.  ].<>ngktrret'M 
veteran*  were  now  lent  to  retake  the  pnailiou 
from  whirh  Ilindman  had  lieen  drivrn.  Ami 
abortly  all  but  a  fraction  of  the  entire  irbel 
army  inveNte<l  the  riilge  whereon  Thoma*, 
with  but  three  divi*iun*  of  the  Union  army, 
reeled.  Again  and  aguin  the  rebel*  ch»rgi'd 
the  front,  but  Htm-dnian'*  two  iiiimurtal  brig- 
ade* *tood  in  their  |H)*ition  like  tower*.  The 
baffled  enemy  now  Mdvanced  on  the  lift, and 
aa  the  heavy  column  approached,  Hcyiiold* 
charged  u|ion  it  with  nuch  viyor  a*  to  rout 
it,  capturing  200  jirinoiuTM,  wlio  went  tukcn 
otf  the  field  in  the  iJiiion  letreat,  Might  wni 
now  approaching,  and  the  ammunition  of 
Thomaa  wa*  nigh  exheuated,  but  the  latter 
again  ordered  aliayonet  charge  ii|ioii  tho  rvb- 
el*,  who  were  rallying  for  a  iliial  aimaiilt.  It 
waa  aucoeeiful,  and  the  itniggle  wa*  over. 
The  field  wa*  ehortly  covered  with  ilarkncmi. 
Thoina*  fell  back,  unpunued  *nd  in  gooil 
..rder,  on  Ro**villo,  where  a  new  linn  of  battle 
waa  foruied  of  McCook'*  and  Crittenden'* 
rallied  corp*.  The  enemy,  however,  did  not 
advance,  and  on  the  night  of  Monilay ,  8u|itcm- 
ber  2l»t,  the  Union  army  wa*  withdrawn  in 
onlor  and  unmolevtcd,  to  the  |ioNttion  aRiiigneJ 
it  by  ItoaecKn*  in  front  of  Chattanooga. 

The  Union  loue*  in  the  battle  of  Cliicka- 
mau^a  were  1,044  killed,  9,203  wounded, 
4,040  mi*aing,  excluaive  of  a  cavalry  lo**  of 
about  000;  total,  16,301.    36  guna,  SO  oai» 


4,  M|»|l««1*l 

wU(««.    11* 

lU    ItltNW     lU 

hm  Iwfl,  mm! 
*•?•  (irufk, 
r,  w*r«  jMislk- 
lam  of  tiiw^ 
I  ••nlr*,  ik« 
I  knio  •  4t» 

MtCooli,  iimI 

Willi  MmH. 
mlif  bimI  r*- 
l«  HMatMiw, 

Mill  ■tmilly 
IIm  UA,  IimI- 
•>|Mmli<>M  to 

lira.  Il  WM 
Urn,  'llioWM 

IS    aMMIHll   of 

>  men.  Il*t- 
I  hi*  fH>nt,  to 
•  tlrAcljr  fir*, 
vni'iiiy,  at  3 
;  kI  rtglil  ••!• 
hU  lliia,  aii'l 
I*  ttmt,  Tb» 
Joriloii  (inn- 
'rva  eoriw  •' 
|>irMl  dnrii^ 
(llraot  infur 
rnltimni  tow- 
rivH  al  this 
■ition.     0*n. 

SUktt't    anil 
l*l{  of  »  r»gi- 

twriitjf  mill- 

Imil  (liMi|i- 
rid  iKith  tli« 

tlia  Klonii 

l<nnglitlT«t'i« 

I  tim  |Ki*iliou 

ilrivrn,  •inil 

rntii'H  irUil 

poll  Tbomai, 

Union  army, 

ibria  rliargvil 

iimortal  briR- 

towera.    Tha 

tlin  l<'fl,  nikI 

d,   Hpyiioldii 

aa  to  rout 
>  wrrn  tuki'ii 

Night  wni 
munition  of 
it  tlie  laltrr 
i|ioii  the  rt'h- 
I  anaaiilt.  It 
«  waa  ovi'i'. 
til  darknvM. 

lid  in  Root  I 
inn  of  battio 
Ci'ittvndi'n'R 
vcr,  did  not 
lay,  8v|it<*m- 
'itlidniwn  in 
tioii  aaaigned 
anooga. 

of  Chicka- 
3  woundpil, 
•Irj  loaa  of 
una,  SOoai» 


t 


HISTORY    OF   THB 


JTMT. 

On  June  • 
pniNtnttium  • 
•ilvanciNl   6>>  >  ••> 

mid  Chu'tau  "•'«.  «iii'«i'  ili' ;  •>■• 
])owi>i-ful  •rin;r,  of  huiiu 
Ntvoii^ly  foi*i«ti<'>l.     Up  f  I' 
l;Ulil  MuillldVI)'!  1^  f»ui 
oil  June  27|li  u  |Kirttuii    <t 
Uonloti  Qruii){ri,  iuIvmih 
which  WM  iiMii!ii»U'ii     •  ^«tf^ 
•liurt  rraUtfuvi'.     Jiu"    •i4. 

alio  vvamiM*'*    - 

icllr  dud  b  I 
liglil  troopt 


».u    *%'  W:!****  th#  ••HI    •  ••  •• 


r«At,    ■'  i-K  IumI  li«*in  t  thii 


£L 


,   "•"iiinikri',  «»■  fvi' |»t   ouon   :r 
.i...r>ji  >n<l  l<uir<i|  turn-   by  mi  «<  t- 
.  I  nuo  iirTluiiiia.')'  wiiitt,   tluuk.     ■ '  ■ 
Stiuii  liiti  «)ii^iiK*i>i>iiit ;  viH,  fi<ii> 


fi.  li   viiiiMii,  lii.l'lii'^   <l>i  I  iNtnl  0|>i 


I  Kj  lit-  r,.i. 


:..:  .-oil} 


,  »'>  wit,'',  CJou.  Hiuum   U.i  dci-ei'ig 


«»f 


diraotly  on 

■tronghold 

columiiii  dr 

■M,  in  froQl 

ing  7,000 

Bragg  witi     falatn  in  t'lo    fronV  Om. 

erana  took  <>■'<  iiiniii  m'lny  ovoi  (h«<  rivor 

Olilni   lielo^"    *  'h>ittaiio»!{>i,   ninl   maicl', 

the  Lookout,  v.iii.y.  w<.t  nf  l,u'>kout,  MfMiKftl 

Uio,     In  tJaii);tr  of  briii;;  ciu  uir  (n    i  l|p  4^ 

baie  of  KU|i|'lu'N,  ('.  i.'  ''<<ii^  Iku^tilv  '  va.iiutt 

od  Obattaiioottu  by  tlu'    .  <!]rT  travfrm  «l  kjT 

I,     /.i'      rtrT«|»      (,,      lioWj 

'  111,  II.   wlifi  lijia 

,  ,Hii,,i.  '\  (kliijreS- 

I  l.innl.,  i»s,:L'it»in. 

•tx'ui  ttiiij  «i\.i  rnp- 


\  <i^.  'J  1  t  ttt  Md:  With  ftwrfUl  loMi  mon  Ma  ruMrvitp.  i>'>«t' 
111  fMtr  tli«  oMok,  m4  Mialilii 


Uiu  wliolo  Uiuuu  )•*)( 
ih  t^  r«b4  rlnbi 
In  front  of  BiUnl 

ad^flMmii  tw9  ibr  mim, 
<M*¥n  htkim  Hmm. 
at  MoOook'a  MMfs  a«  1 
iiM»  «f  Ocittmid«li*%  fW  n  oMtM 
,o4WU»  rbliit,  giviiffi  a  !!l«ai-  ■«f|Hir.<inty 
tKjkk  Crnhm  HtiHa,  iwhkli   now  *oi-t6ai  .otl 
IfclfltWiaji  and  drovo  him  hm;^  in   itfawr<i<>r, 


Ckickainau;j;a  <  'roik. 

tug  that  Br.it:!{  wft^  n. 

at  once  or<l"r>-H  i. 

token  post- •Ail    , 

the  enemy. 

and  Koaecr^-»!' 

ed  that  thp  IV"  )*•?  i*  «•' 


divhlnu  uf  Unninan  and  HtkiiU  ui  >-<%  (ImI 
NAnjpb'*A  lull  in  tho  pmttiirt  ii,>«r  rt.>M«l 

Kot^^^^""*^'^  ^  '*'*'■'  *'"*"  *''^  rnpiLv  uMWi  oi^m 
rliarftd  I'homaa'  ngUt'timi  t4i?  ll««i-'4  nh 
omttt,  witli  «Ukh  iuir>«tui'<iiy  ■»  W<  i>ir  % 
tilMn  into  Uidordor.  B»t  ti'ii  W.  i^iiu,;,  ».  ki* 
:^]it<MMl«u'»  uiii  pit,  laaMlHg  '.wm-if  n^ttm  **■ 
)fi<f'.:ocoinni«iidiiiL' lliiHwiwil'.  ^  ■•  j  <.•, 
a  aroii»  fire  into  th"  <^ti;tf?i|iiig  culmtu*  oi  ii> 
•»«ny  tUl  thry  I'lriieil  and  rrtrvolad  in  >?*)• 


tin    I    l.rl 

Mmidaii,  uf  '  I 
and,  «ut  iiflT  ft(^ 
hJ  to  the  riglii   •> 
h/Jf  their  nil  III  be 


>u  noiit  T,onKiif«et 
I'lnmaiiil,  (U|i|Hirt)«i 
I    '.  llic  Viiiiin  tittli' 

I  11.. I'-  lln  IMVC.      i)l» 
t.il    lO    cll'IKI    lh» 

in   |ii»:Cf«  bj 


I'" 


o  111 

II  Mic  b'ft,  nnJ 

<t-<m,  wiire  iilnick, 

■  '••my,  Wert!  jiliab- 

'       ''i^iiof  ono- 

*  *  Mtn>,  the 


idly  conceit 'i»-ii>«t  ri,.i>:,ii  lATitvottu  t1i«  luOat 
ellective  r>'i<,.i  army  wl.idi  bitl  ever  app tared 
in  thin  n xioii,  with  tUo  |ii.im  piir|H<iie  ol 
ninrching.  )>aok  nn  i 'iiattii.  u.v'^i.  ItUMonum 
now  hastt'iicil  U>  cuucuiitrate  liia  »o(itt«riid 
forcBH,  of  wli  >ni  Or;u<;i,'lf'n  wnn  In  Ihi- C'hiok- 
aniauga  Talloy,  'li.oiitAK  wtrn  uriuisin;;  tke 
mountain^!  by  way  of  HUsvi^h'r  (tAp   !>    Kii||t^' 


ftisioji.    AtMiii<<':t  Jobnaon'a  froll^Wl^*^va> '■'<■" '''*  *' 
„      aiwaileJ  with  *  ilw'Tio^^i/-  Mill'ii  r>-|'«,  >«^iiat4(V'ur>'<l  n  u 
xuriiilq Oen,  Pat  Ofobnino.  b«t  ui(!h«  olnsfrd  tlui«n«  ' 
flttt  wi%Kit  till-  rnb«l»  (txlAiag  any  a<lvitdlafe< 
j^rwHy,  ■  *      . 

'011  fh«  TAiMi*  rJ<5fc*i,  <*flP)ng  thf  is'orning, 
flttrinoiiatiing  nitlalK  ,"-\  vlm-e.  Wioxkt  ."^ 
P.M.  l^tnari  attlNiyiwuJ  Kt  iulvaiw,  wiihou 


wkoto  right  wing  now  ii  >.»!.«>■..  luin  a  di» 
ordered  mom,  (tying  io«*><ih  Ht<^«*itle  luid- 
<%attai>oogii.  (lOiiN.  liouTi-wik,  Ml  frntk,  and 
Urittuiiden  ■vkmu  burim  bwikwiin''.  it  ilu  -NiM 
rout  At  KiiKuviile,  iVlcH^inV,  witji  Hlmi- 
dau  aiid  T>avi^  atUi;  ''ted-.to  riilly  end  le- 
foim  tlio  wrecked  divliilonii,  whili'  Itimc'iimjin, 
oaf  off  fi-oni  Thuninii,  who  w«n  H*ill  utoiiil/ 
lll{liting  Hurl  holding  bin  .iwn  nntlm  left,  baiiU 
•lied  to  rb«HAno(ig.i  t.-.  nmke  |ir"j>iirutioni<  to 
■ave  tl  ,'  i.ui  jiui.-,|jrctive  rn(/t.iire.  It 'wall 
now  that  tlib  ii>\v  ilivinioiit  ui  Oiii.  Thuiiina 
WMB  c4injiell.ll  tif  «itli«lsjid  tlie  assmult  of 
'%ho  wb'iW  vi-bt'l  arii.y  of  TvjGOO  ini'ii.  Rnt- 
ti.ti«>i  .ift<  ■'  I'Ai.'oTtiiii  «wi-|il.  lip  1)11  hiH  ftoiit,  to 
'  u.elii,!  ajT  1  m  ai.tei'ixi  by  his  atnady  lire. 
I .  Ill  u>  fi.  ■•!>  \-\>  fvdiit,  tlic  enemy,  Kt  3 
■   !f  .  'jt'ijHv-i  I.  .     •      ■.  .  r-itiiiiiig  at  right  nn- 


•  ■*■ 

K  IT";*' 

gfr,   <'ununuii<iii<?  it 


.      tt.u.^  'if  hia  line,  iiiut 

rfjii«^«..y    i'  i>it  !-ear.     Th" 

..jtJitu   fWrlon  Oran- 

xiiiull   iciierv"  coi']"*  a* 

H(»*villi>,   wlifi    li.td    been    i'.'pired    duhrg 

liif>  moniiiijf,  though    wilboui.   direct   infor- 

niatiu.'i  vv  iiuii  fn,  to  fhirt  bin  columns  ti.w- 

iirdk  ll.o   uoetie  of  enntliel,  iiiri\f<d  At    thin 

aueeew;  and  Hood  )fi!'**«<»  AirwiwIkwBfif  lii>' I  vecT   1  i  mejit  at   Tliotnah's   [loxitioiii     (len. 


port  »ho  fin  1,1'  r,  whil«  MeCudk  waji  o>er  tif  l^hW'  caw  i»<>  ,*•!.«.«» 
liookuut  Illouiiiaiu  tbmkiii^  Urup^x  i*  |»'«ti(iA 


dlvbdoAH  vjMjn  jMt  4',  I")Hvi3,  I  f  SIH'itJi'B 

oorpK,  but  Paviii  inxiisfejinad  a  utaat  rttir' 

jiliflM,  and  beiiu'  rMi'^ind,  di^  v»  tlm    >n«*- 


mjr  baik  a*  ♦>.<•  flay 

'ii#*  ato'iii  cuDii'iii'i 


i-d. 


>« 


far  to  thi-  »(i>'i'!i      Bmj'c  n-  v  ,,i,:c  •.. 

I'olk    to     !ltt>i.  '  r 

poaition,  ■!'.'<   - 

Gup,  and  . 

aUo  iusiit.. 

on  hia  w^iy  Ut   I'immnt. 

Hindman  siM-c^pded  it. 

of  the  ri'bul  pbiii,  wliii-    '^ 

triip  by  ,i>e»;roi«siii^    [aij\ 

hantcniii]^    down    ilie    f  .>•' 

tliuiiou    ^y  S^ivctrs  («4- 

A  nico  rtriw  (ooii  yYt'tv,  I*!',*'-  ii   ,.  ■ 

]iosiiig   Briuii.'s  ill   Ibir  '.  fci, jraiufti.M 

moving  iii  r'^trnlld!  ibtn  ixii-k  u>  r'ii:ii: 

the  euenir  undeav  »»iugto  mitfl.injr  IV 

and  fore-. 

Union  li.i^ 

nooga,  a 

that  day  - 

fiercely  i 

On   the 

Thomaa  - 

tentra,  cr 

lines,  W'li 


■i  tho 
.i.and 

.  'i»m\ 

'.  O    Oj,!" 

vitlhsy, 

inooj^B, 

-.ucrana 

hji'i  to  Imtllo.     On   thi)   J-th,  tho 

.1  were  Rtilf  tew  iiuii's  fi  oiii  Oiiattoi- 

Kfiinc  t.wi'lve  :  lihf,  iu  loiittli.     Ou 

:  liie   (ordaon  the  T'uiiui  icfkw-eto 

ii'.'l  ;ui<i  oai'tiirecl  by  the  rebda. 

■■.y,i:H    •>(    tiie     ijih    riej;Uiii)b''r,' 


1   J**  -  4l  ■ '»4»»(8  hv»  rigiii  f^■;K^  «.'■ 
f<«i'i!'-n'tuij{i>  <m   HuMii'^iiii.rv  * 


TiDiLtwo  ^'i-i'..'  n 
"■Ibcr  -Mi  srroumi 
,'  'i         i^"   tbo  entin' 
■    :.'.  .lit  '/i.,i|.iO,  v,l:iW 
'■'r  PiVKW.     f-  tb 
<    BVl>'  >'  '  ■     . 

.'.l«t    .):■         ,_         1,'t  ■ 


l«e'ii    '*!v 


IMon     ol 


fOovudwirirfeli 
"orp*  t  A-  .,!» 
on  iS-*  Jft>.>f  ■  > 

VMie«*l  >•>'   *f 

r<,>ai!,  <-  '^  'i •■      •  ,■•  .:• 

artillery,  iu  u  :       '■   • 

works  of  hiBK  ,■.■'■     .   '       '' 

thrown  up  <»iriv<S  ti«s  i..^"../ 

of  giUlmnt  m«u  onituMMii  >ii    ■  ,,'1    u; 

the  fire  nf  the  iatt#>j,  i.m  *W  '   freuh 

wisi-y^.^vauced  by  tho  iflwl  fsiwic-*. 

the  ado  of  «M;Me  1       :,.m(.v 

II1HV..I  with  frii'Hifiil  ..    /. 

cciitre  wu.-.  iilwi  d..  iKi  ti 


'-'■fn  riii«M  Uiit,  Ci>tt«n(J«i>  tin 

';.i''v>t   ttiy  r54{ht  of  tbf.  l.'niiw  !un-"MiIU'd,  but  liragg'g  fttt 
.^^.itondoii,    jsjijtMtU  slronfe,  ficm  lion  iiank  wa>    bafllttl  '^ 
Gordon'x  .Mifti  ^-tsnigTl^f 
tonooga.      Tbv  xvitire  1 

firmly  esruVjlishisi  on  the  .    •-„  f^\^>■:  r,l   iliojport  BeviviliJit,  who  v^js 

oreek,  huviiig  run(i«j-*i  it  u-  •■     •         '  ru^fO  jtho 'ie*t.     Thi.i  onki    lost 

line  of  ilufci.-i:  by  r.'i  v.«<ing  .1     •    ,-         ..iijh'. ,  Uuioni  U.      Wood  nl  ('<hi 


Siecdmuii,      couiu.     'ling      ^Vbitak^r's     iil.il 

Jliirfi'  ll'u  briua.ioii,  duind  the  ilB|]{  of  n  vegi- 

«Mi»l.,  Jieadi .     .,■  ilmrne,  ;j.i3  intwctv  niiii 

1»ti*  ..J.'  rel.<J   ii'iidiuv  i-'ii  fow'f  bud  din*}.. 

)„..;     ',  aiiil    iiM    l''ijs«>n  liMCwi  hi  id   both  th" 

gorj;<   .1'  1   If      1:  A'    4    f  «i.    llie  attu-lii 

burM  a^rtin  V,  ■     futf.    L<  iij^treet'h 

■  etfctar^  iiiMT  ,  •  ti<  leti  liij  the  positviu 

.  i  frort.  wtiiih    i  111   been   liiiM  11,  .'j..| 

■  .  :  .shortly  ull  !ii  '  •      111  of  th"  iT.tiro  lebwi 

l.t      jiiiiiiy    iiiviHit.it   tu-.'    iiiigti   wluii'eoii   'J  bonui-, 

*:lJ.  ;  "  iLii  but  ibroa  <u\iai<>n!i  i..r  the  IJniouniii.,,, 

iti  I  M.J  I  iiiitcd.     Agiiin  and  uguin  ''m  lebelK  cliarged 

?'r»H), ,  lii'^  front,  bit  Ht,i»i-.l.-'-.Ki>  s  twn  imrnort-d  brlji'- 

niU'R  '  ttde:<  hliMii'l  ill  •I'l.ir  j-ciiiioi.  like  loweiK.    'fhe 

n  hiii  riltht.     At  U  A.M.  I  baiH(<(t  trtetuy  ik-^  itdvitfkced  rn  the  left,  uiul 

•  •■ ''Mt,    'lift    20ih    Fkplivi  the  lic»v,v  ■;<»iujuT(   :i<,}»n<uched,   Keyrohli 

1   ,. r«i  l!i erkinridgp  ad- 1  oh.oi-fjrr!  nt>on  it  with  *ii.ch  vigor  .  s  to  I'-'t 

«     ■   !■:    \!'>  j..!isnn»rB,  who  were  taJci. 
'liet/ai'Mi  lelivat.     'Night'*" 
■■'  !ii!iK,   iiud    the    mriniuiiitif.!!  i '" 
■•  •  ■       "U'h  <.xliiiui.t(ii,  but  the  Ibii 

.  lan".!  a  •■ayom.t  <har;;ii  tijioii  the  iv* 
.-     vere  inllying  fi.r  a  liiiftl  DKsaiiU.     ' 
■    ^i.c<!e»<.ifiil,  and   tho  Htrti|igic   Avas   .. 
its  #el<l  vrf.m  uburtly  covered  with  dnvkr- 
V  ;..-«lia»  '  fell    back,   unpufsiieil  mi' 

.'•  :    on  I-;.-,.jits  ill,  ,  wbcr"  ^^iiew  line  of  b*»»4'- 
.,^   formed   ol"   IVIet'ook'n   and   (.'iil!.r,'iit» 


Ho««\i!b. 
\h     miii-i 


w*  tli« 
.If   of 

>4Ml.tht:  Vireaa 

/    Thorn "f  V 

-ine  1  |.i'- 


v: ' 


bl.- 


■( 


M'lr  1 


towtufdn  Clwl- )  Aboiit  noon  Rosecianii  />id^ 
■KTiuy  was  aliio  ;  Uuiou  coati-n,  to  I(,avt  /lis  ' 
■-'i  f,ky:  ol   'hojport  Beyi'iiliJit,  who 


iado.'i  • 
.urfi  t;.. 

.<"m    ii-    ■ 
<»ijy  pn->:..' 


at  the.  forda  which  they  held. 
Abxit    10   A.11.  the   battle   commenced. 


■hm  batlb 
,  *l  to  e\ei- 


.  led  (MirjjB.     Tilt!  eni'iiiy,  hm.  .ver,  did  r' 
•  .  hiUaiU'O,  >ijul  on  '.he  nigb.  d  Alomlny,  iSepfi . 
■  bor  a:  it,  the  l.'i'Ion  iirii;y  was  witliilrai'i; 
■■i,j     ordffr  and  iiniiioleisted,  to  Uie  p.->'-:i!on  U!'?*. 
'    ^  i  it  by  Ibi.seerHnu  in  front  of  flhattanocga 
thrtl      Tlio  Union  lowMKi  ii.  i\m  buttle  of  C.**  1  > 


order  by  passing  in  the  rear  01  Lrauuau  audi  4,1.' 10  uuviiuig, 
between  him  and  Itcy&olda.    In 


.«.?  thei  I'aua.i  wiro    1.G14   al'lfti,  3,'2G'J   wom. 


•  vrl'iol 


i'li  liivaby  io'- 


total,  16,301.    36  guns,  20  cali> 


IL 


lilt  T.n«KlifMt 
tliil,  *U|i)>iir|i<l 
lie  t'liion  titfli" 
ill  i  iklvc.  Uw 
I  to  I'lnthi  tbt 
I  in  |iit;c«i  \>y 
till)  li'ft,  nnil 
«,  wiire  ylrtick, 
mf,  wir<i  j)»iih- 

.(    »«i«»  01  Olio. 

t  titri',  tlio 

i> ,     lu'n  A  di» 

k,  >«.  '>ioli.  ari'l 
inli-  m  th»  •■>il'l 
',  witii  Hhui- 
).  lull/  knj  re- 
liiU'  Ifimoiimjiit, 
MK  Htill  kto<il!/ 
in  Uic  Ifft,  tmsU 
|>r'j>iirutionH  to 
|.tiirf.  It 'won 
I   Otii.  Tlioiiiiui 

llie    BHHttlllt    uf 

.00  liifii.      rtnt. 

(Ill  lii^  fiioiu,  to 

liis  »ti'ii(iy  liri'. 

he  furiny,  at  11 

iig  nt  right  nn- 

>i   Ilia  liiit>,  utiil 

liifar.     Th» 

'Jt>Tft«)n  Oran- 

ixcrv"  corj>»  r* 

'xpiriwl    r|itrii|| 

it   direct   infor 

N  columns  ti'W- 

Hiri%(>d  ttt    thin 

losiliom     (it'n. 

'liitaktr's    at.>l 

0  ti»)f  of  B  vpgi- 

in.tw>-;,t}'  iiijii- 

rff  lm<l  did*}.. 

ill  iii  l.oth  thff 

f  M.   I  lie  «t(i;iii 

!,<  ngttrret'b 

i.<  the  ponitviu 

■en   iliivtii,  Ma>\ 

'T'.liro  ifhwj 

ureoii   '1  boiiui- 

Uiiiouniir.  , 

ifbcl«  cliargiid 

iiumiirtitl  hrif- 

f  toners.    'ITie 

llif    U'fl,M):(l 

<r<l,  Kt\vrol'l'; 
pur  .  s  til  l"''t 
ho  were  tnJi'i. 
Night  »>  •" 
iimiuiiitie.il  i.f- 
liul  the  Itti' 
iijioii  the  i>!* 
ftl  nKRaiilt.     1' 
;gii'   viiH   (jv . 
vi'ith  dnrkr- 
I  nil  ' 

w  line  of  b*»«( 
<.  rut    r4  • 

IT,  flm  »" 

iiulny,  Sc|'t'-. 
vvitliih'nw* 
•ilion  niisV;/ 
ittaiiocea 
;tl(.  nf  (.'i  ,  ■. 
262    wo'ii. 


.1 


.•jf 


:avaliy 
gusB,  20  call* 


of  ll 

9f    U 

9,00C 

h»r3 

fbro 

to 

whUa 

oviva 


UNITKD   8TAT1B. 


HMu  and  8,400  •iiimU  mum  M  into  th«  huida 
of  llM  raarox.    Oan.  Britgg  reported  •  Iom 
of  18,000;  16,000  killed  Mid  wounded,  and 
3,000  priiontiiii.     Though  Bragg,  on  Huptom- 
hor  2:)d,  aiiiWHred  iu  foitHi  MnilMt  down  be- 
fore OhikttanoogA,  he  wieuljr  did  not  attempt 
to  takn  it  by   miaault.      On   October    lOlh, 
while  thiM  inveitfd  liure,  Uen.  Hu«eoranii  ro- 
oeived  an  Older  i-elinving  him  from  conimand. 
Blarok  30, 1863,  in  the  D«|>artinont  of  the 
Ohio,  at  Soneraet,   Ky.,  a  force   of  3,500 
mounted  rebeli,   under  Uon.   I'egmni,   wai 
routed  and  driven  thence  acruM  the  Cumber- 
land into  Tenneaiee,  by  Qen.  Q.  A.  Uilmore, 
with  1,300  men.     In  June,  Oen.  Biimiiidu, 
commanding  the  Department,  deipatohed  a 
cavalnr  foroe,  under  Col.  II.  S.  Baundent,  into 
East  TennwMee,  which  burned  ini|)ortant  rebel 
bridge*,  captured  SCO  pritonon,  and  alio  de- 
stroyed a  large  quantity  of  Confederate  atoreR. 
Aug.    16,   Bumkide   advanced   with   20,0U0 
men  from  Oamp  Nelion,  neai-  Richmond,  Kv., 
B|(ainat  Knoxville,  Tenii.,  which  wa«  held  by 
liuoknnr  with   a  imall  force.     Uiipidly  up- 
proaehing  the  pUoe  he  met  no  oppoaition. 
On  Sept.  1  his  cavalry  advance,  and  on  the 
3d  hi*  main  body,  entered  the  town  and  wnre 
received  by  the  loyal  Eaat  Tennoiaeeana  with 
eiithuaiaatio  expreaaiona  of  interne  joy  at  thii 
deliverance  from  the  aufferingi  of  rebel  rule, 
Buckner  left  behind  a  large  quantity  of  quar- 
tormaster'fi  stores  in  evacuating  the   place. 
Burnside  alio  pressed  on  to  Kingston,  where 
he  met  the  pickets  of  Roseorans,  and  be  also 
visited  Loudon.     The  rebel  garrison  at  Cum- 
berland Uap,  of  2,000  men,  waa  out  off,  and 
on  the  0th  surrendered  to  Bumside*B  forces. 
The  Union  cavalry  then  moved  rapidly  east- 
ward, purauine  a  small  rebel  force  under  Oen. 
Sam  Jones,  into  Virginia.      Nov,  6,   Col. 
Shackleford's  force  was  attacked  at  Rogers- 
ville,  by  1,200  mounted  rebels  under  Oen.  W. 
£.  Jones,  who  routed  it,  taking  7&0  prison- 
ers ;  but  a  singular  panic  then  took  place  on 
both  sides,  the  Unionists  fleeing  to  Bull's 
Oap,   18   miles  distant,  while  Oen.   Jones' 
force  moved  as  rapidly  in  the  opposite  direc- 
tion.     Bragg  now  dupatched  a  large   force 
under  Oen.  Longstreet  to  strike  Burnside  and 
rocovor  Knoxtille.      At  Philadelphia,  Col. 
Wolford  with  2,000  Unionists  waa  assailed 
by  an  overwhelming  force  of  i^ut  7,000  of 
Longstreet's  men,  and  after  a  severe  fight  of 
several  hours,  was  forced  to  cut  his  way  out, 
leaving  his  battery  and  32  wagons,  but  sav- 
ing the  most  of  his  command,     Uen.  BurnaiUe 
now  concentrated  his  forces  at  Cauipbeira  Sta- 
tion befora  the  advance  of  the  enemy,  and 
was  joined  by  his  own  corps,  the  0th,  from 
Vioksburg,    At  Campbell's  Station  he  waa 
closely  piiraued  by  the  enemy,  but  slowly  foil 
back  to  Knoxville,  with  an  exhibition  of  cre- 
ditable generalHhip.     Nov.  17,  Lonjptreet  be- 
sieged him  at  Knoxville,  and  on  the  28tli  aS' 
laulted  Fort  Sanders,  a  jwrt  of  the  Union 
'    works,  but  was  repulsed  with  a  loss  of  800, 
that  of  the  Unionists  being  about  100.     Dec. 
S,  l'x:ng<itreet  rained  the  siege  and  moved  east- 
ward to  Itissollvillo,  Virginia,'  unmolested. 

On  the  dbfeat  of  Rosecrans  at  Chickamau- 
ga,  the  1 1th  and  12tli  Army  Corps,  under  Oen. 
Hooker,  were  ordered  from  the  Army  of 
the  Fotomao  to  the  Tennessee,  and  Oct.  23d 
concentrated  at  Bridgeport.  Meanwhile,  a 
large  cavalry  force,  under  Wheeler,  waa  de- 
■patohed  by  Bragg  across  the  Tennessee  to 


deatroy  the  Union  comniunieationa.  Oct  3, 
at  Andnmon's  Oi'oiM-roads,  Whatflerlmmed  a 
train  of  HOO  wagons,  destined  for  Oen.  Thomaa 
at  Chattanooga.  He  next  bumad  a  large 
quantity  of  supplies  at  McMinnviUe,  and 
then  swept  down  to  Warrer  destroying  Union 
stores  and  coinmunioations.  He  waa  spirit- 
edly attacked  at  MurfWxaboro  and  Farming- 
ton  by  Inferior  Union  forces,  and  finally  re- 
orosaed  the  Tennessee  River  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Elk,  having  lost  about  3,000  men  in 
the  raid,  but  having  destroyed  a  million  of 
dolhira'  worth  of  jovemnMnt  property. 

Oct.  18,  Oen.  Orant  assumed  oommand  of 
the  Do|>artmenta  of  the  Ohio,  of  the  Cumber- 
land, and  of  the  Tennessee,  and  shortly  there- 
after arrived  In  ChattanocMpu  In  the  mean- 
while, Oen.  Sherman  with  his  whole  army 
had  moved  from  the  neighborhood  of  Vlcks- 
burg  to  Memphis,  and  thence  to  Athens, 
Ala.,  repairing  the  railroads  as  he  moved, 
and  dep«-nding  on  *he  adjacent  countrv  for  sup- 
plies. On  the  27th  Ctotober,  Brown  s  Ferry, 
three  miles  below  Lookout  Mountain,  was  se- 
cretly occupied  by  4,000  Union  troo|is,  under 
Oen.  Ilaxon,  and  tlie  next  day  the  whole  of 
Hooker's  llth  corps  crossed  the  Tennessee 
and  encamped  in  Lookout  Valley.  Oeary's 
division  of  the  12th  corps  bivouacked  at 
Wauhatchie,  and  at  1  P.M.,  Oct.  20th,  waa 
suddenly  attacked  in  the  moonlight  by  ovei> 
whelming  numbers,  under  Laws,  of  Long- 
street  rebel  corps,  holding  Lookout  Mountain. 
Schun's  division  of  Ilowai-d's  corpa,  near 
Brown's  Ferry,  was  at  once  ordered  to  his 
relief.  Tyndale'a  brigade  charged  and  carried 
a  hill  on  the  enemy's  left,  from  whence  they 
were  suddenly  enfiladed  ;  while  Orlan  Smith  a 
thin  brigade,  the  73d  Ohio  and  33d  Massaeha- 
setts,  made  a  bayonet  charge  up  the  side  of  a 
difficult  hill  200  feet  high,  oompletely  rout- 
ing over  2,000  of  the  enemy  from  theur  bar- 
rlMules  on  the  top.  The  fighting  before 
Oeary  continued  to  be  desperate,  but  at 
length,  4  p.m.,  the  enemy  were  oompletely 
puuied  back,  and  compeUed  to  take  refuge 
on  Lookout  Mountain.  The  Union  forces  be- 
ing now  firmly  established  at  Brown's  Ferry, 
the  army  in  Chattanooga  was  relieved  from 
the  fear  of  starvation,  and  Orant  resolved  to 
wait  until  Sherman  arrived  ere  assuming  the 
ofl'ensive.  Nov.  16,  the  latter  reported  in 
person,  and  by  the  24th  his  command  bad 
arrived  and  encamped  on  both  sides  of  Chick- 
amauga  Creek,  near  the  extremity  of  Mis- 
sionary Ridge,  the  extreme  north  point  of 
which,  unoccupied  by  the  enemy,  was  at  once 
seized  by  him.  Oen.  Orant  now  had  Sher- 
man's army  above  and  Hooker's  army  below 
him,  and  both  on  the  same  side  of  the  Ten- 
nessee, while  Thomas  lay  in  front  of  Chatta- 
nooga. On  the  24th,  Hooker  moved  against 
Lookout  Mountain,  building  bridges  to  cross 
the  creek.  He  then  swept  irresistibly  down 
the  valley,  and  climbed  the  steep  sides  of  the 
mountain  with  marvellous  celerity  and  skill, 
driving  the  enemy  before  him.  About  noon, 
Oeary's  advance  rounded  the  peak  of  the 
mountain,  and  still  pressed  on.  Just  as  the 
Union  forces  reached  the  summit,  whence 
they  were  still  moving  forward,  making  hun- 
dreds of  prisonera  and  pressing  the  rest  of 
the  rebels  down  the  precipitous  eastern  de- 
clivity of  the  mountain,  the  thick  fog  which 
had  rested  thereupon  rose  and  disclosed  the 
victory  to  the  rest  of  the  Union  army  on  the 


plains  balow.  Al  3  r.M.,  m  tUok  and  bUek 
eloud  lowered  upon  tha  mountain,  Nndaring 
ftirthar  movsmant  perilous;  and  at  4  r.M. 
Hooker  had  flmly  eatebliahad  and  IbrtUM 
his  line  slong  th*  SMtarn  brink  of  the  pndpic*. 
On  the  morning  of  tha  30th,  the  Union  army 
was  stratched  In  an  unbroken  line  from  tha 
north  end  of  Lookout  Mountain  to  tha 
north  and  of  MiaaiomHry  Ridoe.  Oen.  Hooker 
now  moved  down  from  Lookout  Mountain, 
and  oroased  Chattanooga  Valley  towards 
Missionary  Ridga,  where  the  entire  rebel 
army  was  now  conoantrated,  Osterhaus  mov- 
ing upon  it  eastward,  Geary  on  the  weat,  and 
Oruft  directly  upon  it  At  tha  same  time, 
Sherman  attacked  the  rebel  poaition  in  his 
front,  Oen.  Oaae  leading  the  advance  acroaa 
a  deep  valley  covered  with  a  ioreat  and 
bristling  with  breastworks  and  abattia.  Hie 
battle  waa  thua  fldrly  opened  and  awayed 
backward  and  forward,  but  with  the  gradual 
advance  of  the  Union  lines.  Though  Sher- 
man was  checked  ftt  one  time  by  a  sudden  and 
heavv  artillery  flre,  still  he  lost  no  ground. 
The  battle  raged  moat  Atrioualy  before  him, 
for  thia  northern  poaition  of  the  rebels  waa  a 
vital  one  to  them,  by  loaing  which  their  rear 
and  base  of  supplies  at  Ohiokamauga  would 
be  threatened.  At  3  p.m.,  Qen.  Orant,  still 
awaiting  advices  of  Hooker'a  advance,  found 
that  Bragg  was  weakening  hia  centre  to  sup* 
port  his  right.  Thomas,  of  the  Union  centre, 
waa  at  once  ordered  to  advance  straight  to- 
wards the  steep  face  of  the  mountain  in  front. 
All  along  the  crest  of  the  ridge  the  enemy's 
artUlerv  opened,  but  the  oallant  line  still 
charged  steadily  and  in  order  over  the  ene- 
my'a  rifle-pita  at  the  baae,  and  up  the  difficult 
ascent.  Their  progress  waa  onward  without 
wavering  until  at  about  dark  the  summit  of 
the  ridse  was  carried.  The  resistance  on 
Thomas  left  being  overcome,  the  enemy  by 
midniaht  were  in  full  retreat,  and  the  whole 
of  their  atrong  position  on  Lookout  Mountain, 
Chattanooga  Valley,  and  Missionary  Ridge 
fell  into  the  possession  of  the  Union  army, 
with  six  thousand  prisoners,  40  pieces  of  ar- 
tillery, and  7,000  stand  of  small  arms. 

The  next  day  Sherman  and  Hooker  punned 
the  enemy.  At  Ringgold  a  stand  was  made 
by  Oen.  Fat  Cleburne,  oommanding  the  rebel 
rear,  but,  after  a  spirited  contest  pn  both 
sides,  he  was  compelled  to  continue  his  re- 
treat. Oranger's  and  Sherman's  corps  were 
shortly  despatched  from  Chattanooga  to  the 
relief  of  Burnside,  who  was  now  severely 
pressed  by  Longstreet  at  Knoxville.  By  ex- 
traordinary marches,  these  reinforcements 
reached  the  latter  place  on  Dec.  6,  compelling 
Longstreet  to  at  once  raise  the  siege  and  de- 
camp. 

The  Union  losses  in  tliese  struggles  were 
reported  at  7S7  killed,  4,520  wounded,  and 
330  missing;  total,  5,6 IG.  The  rebel  killed 
and  wounded  was  not  reported. 

Jan.  8,  1863,  Springfield,  in  Missouri,  waa 
attacked  by  the  relbl  Marmaduke,  with  4,000 
men,  but  they  Wv^re  successfully  resisted  by 
Oen.  E.  B.  Brown,  of  the  Missouri  militia, 
with  a  foroe  of  1,200  men,  losing  some  200 
men,  to  a  Union  loss  of  163.  On  Jan.  10th 
a  spirited  fight  took  place  between  Marma- 
dnke's  forces  and  a  Union  force  under  OoL 
Merrill,  2l8t  Iowa,  at  HartsviUe,  wherp  t^f 
former  were  repulsed.  At  Batosville  Mar* 
madul;e  y/f»  ftttadced  and  routed,  Feb.  ^  "hf 


HISTORY    OF   THE 


U*  4lh  liiMOwi  ObTalijr,  CoL  O.  K.  WMring. 
llMrdi  9,  a«n.  Ourtia  wm  ralieved  from  the 
•omiiMnd  of  tha  Departnant  of  Miiaonri, 
•n<l,  May  13|  waa  auooeedtxl  by  Qen,  Holio- 
flalii.  March  UH,  tha  atcanibotU  Ham  Ualy 
waa  attacked  by  a  party  of  guerillan,  who 
robbed  aud  murdered  a  number  of  whito  aixl 
bUok  perauoa  on  board.  Uuoh  of  the  latter  aa 
wera  takeu  in  attuinptiDg  to  eioape  wore  drawn 
up  in  Una  by  the  aide  of  the  boat,  aud  ihut,  one 
by  one,  through  the  head.  April  18,  Fuyette- 
viUe  waa  attacked  by  2,000  mounted  mbola 
under  Oen.  Cabell,  who  waa  abortly  com- 
pelled to  retreat  aoroaa  the  Boaton  Mountaiua 
to  dark.  April  30.  Marmaduke  attacked 
Cape  Uirardeau,  a  large  depot  of  Union 
army  itorea,  but  waa  driven  otf  by  a  force  of 
1,200  men  with  aix  guna,  under  Oen,  John 
McNeil.  May  20,  Fort  Blunt,  in  tlie  Cher- 
okee Nation,  waa  atruok  at  by  3,000  rebeli  un- 
der Col.  Coffey.  Col.  Wm.  A.  FbilUpa,  com- 
manding there,  with  800  men  and  a  regiment 
of  Creek  Indiana,  drove  them  aoroaa  the  Ar- 
kanaai.  July  1,  Stand watie,  the  Cherokee 
rebel  chief,  with  a  force  of  700  Texans  and 
many  Indiana,  on  Cabin  Creek,  met  the  lat 
Kanaaa  colored,  800  strong,  aad  .'^OO  Indiana. 
Btandwatie  waa  defeated,  the  rebel  ludiiuia 
proving  worthless. 

July  17,  Uen.  Blunt,  with  3,000  men  and 
12  light  guna,  attacked  0,000  rebela  under 
Oen.  Cooper,  near  Fort  Blunt,  and  routed 
thom  with  a  loaa  i  '  400.  Cotfey  attacking 
Pineville,  Aug.  13,  waa  beaten  off  by  Col.  Ca- 
thurwood,  Otli  Missouri  Cavalry,  with  a  loss 
of  200. 

On  the  morning  of  Aug.  31,  a  b«nd  of  300 
rel>el  guerillas,  under  one  Quontrell,  sur- 
priKeJ  the  inhabitcnta  of  Lawrence,  Kansas, 
while  the  latter  were  still  in  their  beds.  Resist- 
ance was  UMelesa.  Banks,  stores,  and  private 
dwollings  were  robbed.  The  court-house  and 
many  of  the  best  residences  were  fired.  Every 
negro  and  Uerman,  aa  well  aa  many  other 
citizens,  were  killeid  wherever  found.  At 
10  A.M.,  140  men  having  been  murdered  and 
180  buildings  burned,  the  miscreants  fled. 
About  100  of  them  were  overtaken  and 
killed  in  the  subsequent  pursuit;  the  rest, 
including  Quantrell,  finally  escaping.  In 
August,  Qen.  F.  Steele,  with  0,000  men  of 
Oen.  Grant's  army,  and  Oen.  Davidson,  with 
about  flie  same  number  from  Missouri,  ad- 
vanced on  Little  Rock,  the  capital  of  Arkan- 
aaa,  and  at  7  p.m.,  Sept.  10,  having  driven 
the  enemy  under  Marmaduke  and  Tappun  be- 
fore thom,  and  taken  about  1,000  prisoners, 
occupied  the  place.  Numerous  other  minor 
engagunients  took  place  in  Slissouri  and  Ar- 
kansas. Oct.  25,  Pine  Blutf,  Ark.,  was  suc- 
cessfully defended  by  Col.  Powell  Cloy  ton  with 
300  men  for  five  hours  against  Marmaduke 
with  2,000  men.  At  Arrow  Rock,  Oct.  12, 
Oen.  E.  B.  Brown  attacked  a  united  rebel  force 
under  Shelby  and  Coffey,  and  put  them  to 
flight,  inflicting  a  loss  of  300.  Dec.  18,  Stand- 
watie  and  Quantrell  we^  repulsed  by  Col. 
Philli)>8  at  Fort  Gibson,  Indian  Territory. 

During  the  year  1862  several  bands  of  the 
Bioux  of  Minnesota  had  openly  made  war 
U{<on  the  whites ;  the  chief  of  these  attacks 
•t  Yellow  Medicine,  New  Ulm,  Cedar  City, 
Fort  Ridgely,  and  Fort  Abercrombie,  were 
made  by  Littl*  Crow's  band,  who  butchered 
some  000  pmoni,  mainly  defenceless  women 
and  children.    At  Wood  Lake,  Little  Crow 


M  routed,  Sept.  22,  1802,  by  Oea.  H.  H. 
Sibley  I  000  of  the  savages  wer*  eaolured, 
and  300  convicted  of  murder.  Their  sen- 
tence was  deferred  by  President  Lincoln, 
and  the  moat  of  tliem  ultimately  escaped  pun- 
ishment. In  the  summer  of  I8tl3,  Gen.  Po|ie 
aasumed  the  command  of  this  department ; 
and  in  July,  Oen.  Sibley,  at  Dead  Buffalo 
Lake  and  other  placea,  overtook  the  hostile 
savages,  killing  many,  and  dis(iersing  the 
othttrs.  Gen.  Conner,  commanding  in  Utah, 
attacked  some  300  hostile  and  (lepredating 
Slioslioneea  on  Bear  River,  Idaho,  on  Jan. 
20,  1803,  and  killed  224. 

Soon  after  the  capture  of  Port  Royal  by 
the  Unionists,  Gen,  Q.  A.  Oillmore  proceeded, 
by  shar|>  lighting  and  hard  work,  to  plant 
batteries  of  mortars  and  rifled  guna  on  the 
Big  Tybeo  Island,  south-oast  of  Fort  Pulaaki, 
for  the  purpose  of  reducing  this  important 
rebel  fort  of  40  heavy  gnns,  which  waa  some 
two  miles  distant.  He  also  succeeded  in  placing 
a  battery  at  Venus  PMnt,  on  the  north-eaat. 
On  the  morning  of  April  10,  1803,  Mi^or- 
Oen.  Hunter,  commanding  the  department, 
o|)eued  fire  on  the  fort  from  these  works,  and 
at  2  P.M.,  it  being  evident  that  the  fort  was 
faat  becoming  a  ruin  beneath  the  steady  fire 
therefrom,  it  was  surrendered  by  its  com- 
mander, C.  H.  Olmstead,  with  380  men, 

Jan,  23,  1802,  a  large  number  of  old  hulks 
collected  at  the  North  and  loaded  with  stone, 
were  sunk  in  Charleston  Harbor,  to  impede 
the  navigation  thereof  by  blockade-runners, 
a  proceeding  which  was  designated  as  bar- 
baroua  by  the  British  owners  of  the  latter. 
Feb.  28,  Com,  Dupont,  with  an  extensive 
naval  force,  together  with  a  land  force  under 
Oen.  Wright,  moved  down  from  Port  Royal 
and  took  possession  of  the  whole  coast  aa  far  as 
St.  Andrews  and  Cumberland  Sound,  May 
9,  Peusacola,  Fhi,,  was  evacuated  by  Oen.  T. 
N.  Jones,  who  burnt  all  the  combustible 
works  tliere,  and  retrriated  inland.  Success- 
ful Union  exi)editions  now  took  place  from 
Port  Royal  under  Capt.  Steedman  and  Gen. 
Brannan,  to  St.  John's  and  Jacksonville. 
Two  negro  regiments,  on  March  10,  proceed- 
ed, under  Col.  T.  W.  Higginson,  to  the  latter 
place,  and  being  reinforced  by  two  white 
regiments,  held  it  for  a  short  while.  When 
left,  (he  place  waa  wantonly  fired  and  de- 
stroyed by  some  soldiers  of  the  8th  Maine. 

On  February  11,  Gen.T.  W.  Sherman  took 
possession  of  Edisto  Island,  and  the  Union 
gunboats  shortly  advanced  to  a  point  on  the 
Stono  River,  three  miles  from  Charleston. 
On  June  10,  1802,  Gen.  H.  S.  Wright  ad- 
vanced with  0,000  men  agaiuHt  the  rebel 
works  at  Secessionville,  on  the  east  side  of 
James  Island,  commanded  by  Col.  J.  S. 
I^amar.  Nothing  was  accomplished,  and 
after  a  bloody  engagement  of  a  half  hour 
the  Union  forces  fell  back,  with  the  heavy 
loss  of  074,  leaving  their  dead  in  the  hands 
of  the  enemy,  whose  loss  was  about  half  that 
number.  On  October  21,  1862,  Oen.  J.  M. 
Brannan,  with  4,448  men,  pursued  the  enemy 
as  far  as  Pocotaligo,  whence,  after  a  consider- 
able artillery  fight,  Brannan  returned  at 
night*  to  Hilton  Head.  About  this  time 
Col.  Bates,  with  400  men,  advanced  to  Coos, 
awhatchie,  and  engaged  the  enemy,  dispersing 
m  trainful  of  rebel  reinforcements  from 
Savannah.  January  31,  1863,  some  rebel 
iron-olads,  under  Capt  D.  N.  Ingraham,  stole 


upon  the  blookadins  fleet  off  Charleston,  di» 
abling  two,  tha  Mtretdtlm  and  Ktyikmt, 
whereupon  the  rebel  authorities  undertook  to 
declare  the  blockade  of  that  port  to  b«  duly 
raised. 

February  37,  1603,  the  rebel  steamer 
N'a$kvUU  was  discovered  aground  off  the 
Ogeecheo,  and  destroyed  by  Com.  Worden,  in 
the  iron-clail  Monlauk,  March  3,  the  rebel 
Fort  MoAllistfl'r,  on  the  Ogeeohe<*,  waa  unsuo- 
ceaafully  attacked  at  long  mnge  by  the  Unioc 
ironclads;  and  on  June  7,  the  rebel  steamei 
Iiaae  Smith  was  sunk  by  the  gunboat  WUuy 
hiekon,  while  attem|>ting  to  eicape  from  Chur 
leston  Harbor.  April  7, 1603,  Com.  DuponI 
proceeded  to  aaaall  Fort  Sumter  with  a  fleet 
of  nine  iron-olads.  Full  300  rebel  cannoua 
lined  the  channel  to  be  travene<l  thereto,  on 
Morria  and  Sullivan  lalands,  Cummiag's  Point, 
and  other  places.  At  noon,  April  7,  the  fleet 
moved  steadily  up,  iwaaing  Morria  Island 
and  reaching  a  point  opposite  Battery  Bee, 
on  Cumming'a  Point,  before  a  gun  of  the 
enemy  waa  fired.  As  the  Weehawken,  Com. 
John  Rodgers,  in  the  advance,  with  a  toi-pedo 
machine  attached  to  her  lows,  waa  sounding 
to  pass  into  the  harbor,  a  general  fire  o]iened 
from  the  batteriea,  and  from  Forta  Sumter 
and  Moultrie.  Suddenly  the  Weehawken'M 
advance  was  stopiwd  by  an  immense  hawser 
stretching  from  Sumter  to  Moultrie,  which 
waa  buoyeS  by  empty  casks  and  attached 
by  nets,  cables,  etc.,  to  tor|)edoes  below.  This 
at  onoe  entangled  her  propeller,  and  rendered 
her  unmanageable.  An  attempt  was  then  made 
by  other  veasela  of  the  fleet  to  pass  westward 
of  Fort  Sumter,  but  here  they  were  met  with 
row  upon  row  of  pile*  rising  ten  feet  above 
the  surface  of  the  water,  and  by  the  constant 
fire  of  three  rebel  iron-clads.  The  flagship 
IronndM  now  refused  to  obey  her  rudder, 
and  drifting  towards  Fort  Moultrie,  got  fuul 
of  the  CattkUl  and  Nantucket,  whereupon 
Com.  Dupont  signalled  the  rest  of  the  fleet  to 
act  as  they  deemed  best.  The  Keokuk,  Lieut. 
Rhind,  then  ran  within  000  yards  of  Sumter, 
and  there  remained,  pouring  a  constant  fiio 
upon  the  fort  for  a  half  hour,  when  she 
withdrew,  faat  settling  in  the  water.  Six  of 
the  fleet  were  thus  severely  injured.  The 
Nakani  was  struck  thirteen  times,  the  turret 
of  the  Pauvie  was  knocked  to  pieces,  that 
of  the  Nantucktt  so  deranged  that  her  port 
could  not  be  opened,  tlie  Cattkill  was  )iicrccd 
with  rifled  shot,  and  the  Ironsides  had  one 
of  her  port-shutters  shot  away.  The  Keokuk 
waa  struck  ninety  times,  both  of  her  turrets 
being  riddled,  and  nineteen  holes  ninde 
through  her  hull.  At  8  p.m.  she  reached 
Lighthouse  Inlet,  whore  she  souk.  Com.  Du- 
pont having  three  hours  previously  given  the 
signal  for  a  general  withdrawal  from  the  con- 
test. 

On  June  17,  1863,  Capt,  John  Rodgei-s,  in 
the  Weehawken,  attacked  the  powerful  rebel 
iron-clad  Atlanta,  in  Wilmington  River,  at  300 
yards  range,  and  after  five  destructive  shots 
at  her  with  a  10-inch  gun,  in  fifteen  minutes 
caused  her  to  surrender,  with  four  guns  and 
100  men,  June  13,  Gen.  Gillniore  relieved 
Gen.  Hunter  in  command  of  the  land  forces 
of  the  department,  and  on  July  6,  Com. 
Dahlgren  succeeded  to  Com.  Dupout,  the 
naval  commander.  On  the  10th  July,  Gill- 
more  surprised  the  rebela  in  the  fortifications 
on  the  south  end  of  Morria  Island,  and  cap- 


ti 
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UNITED    STATES. 


^rlmton,  di» 
I  Kiiyitotk*, 
iniiertuok  ti> 
I  to  bo  duly 

In)1    itfkiner 

und   ofT  till) 

Worden,  in 

3,  tlio  nbul 

•,  wkR  uniuo- 

y  thu  Unioc 

nbel  Rteamfli 

boat  Wu»a- 

B  from  Chur 

'om.  Dupont 

with  •  fleol 

ihel  oannous 

I  thereto,  on 

niii){'t  Point, 

il  7,  the  fleet 

uiria   Iilnnd 

Buttery  Bee, 

gun  of  the 

tiwken.  Com. 

ith  » torpedo 

raa  lounHing 

I  fire  opened 

brta  Sumter 

Wethmoken^a 

ien«e  hawier 

ultrie,  wliich 

nd  attaolied 

below.     This 

ind  rendered 

••  then  made 

M8  westward 

em  met  with 

n  feet  abovu 

the  cunitant 

The  flagship 

her  rudder, 

trio,  got  fuui 

whereupon 

the  fleet  to 

lolnik,  Lieut. 

of  Sumter, 

constant  fiio 

when  shn 

Iter.     Sis  of 

nred.      The 

the  turret 

piecen,  that 

at  her  port 

was  j>ierced 

/(•<  had  one 

I'he  Keokuk 

her  turrets 

loles    ninde 

ho   reached 

Com.  Du- 

y  given  the 

Dm  the  con- 

Rodgers,  in 
erful  rebol 
tiver,at300 
ctivo  shotn 
en  minutes 
r  guuB  and 
re  relieved 
land  foi'Cfs 
y  6,  Con\. 
upout,  the 
July,  Gill- 
irtifications 
d,  «nd  cap- 


Inrad  !N)0  priaouora,  eight  batteries,  and 
thifw  mortars.  Thtt  next  day.  Gen.  Strong, 
with  n  force  uf  2,000  men,  atlcmpted  to  carry 
t'urt  Wagner  by  aHHault,  willidruwing  after 
Ik  Kpii'itHil  effort  withtiut  Niioct'Hs,  but  with 
niodHi'Hto  loss.  July  IK,  another  more  for- 
niidublo  usiutult  whh  attemptt-d  by  Gen. 
Strong's  brigade.  Gen.  Giliuiute  had  now 
placed  a,  semicircle  of  batlerius  aliout  1,800 
yartis  from  the  fort,  and  thu  land  attack  was 
aiutisted  by  the  irun-olads  under  Dahlgran. 
About  noon  the  bombardment  opened,  and  waa 
kept  up  till  8  r.H,,  when  the  grand  assault 
waa  undertidcen.  The  04th  Maattachnaotta, 
colored,  Ciil.  Shaw,  led.  Every  foot  of  the  ad- 
vance waa  swept  by  the  guns  of  the  fori,  and 
after  half  an  hour's  bloody  combat  before 
and  upon  the  latter,  the  remains  of  the  as- 
■ttulting  brigade  fell  back,  Gen.  Strong  being 
mortally  wounded  and  every  commanding 
oflicer  being  wounded  or  killed.  Col.  Shaw 
fell  on  the  para|>ot  of  the  fort,  and  in  a  short 
time  Cols.  Chattield,  Barton,  Green,  Jackson, 
and  many  other  noble  ofUcera  fell,  killed  or 
wounded.  In  this  fearful  assault  the  Union 
loss  was  fully  1,&00  men,  while  that  of  the 
i-eb«la  did  not  exceed  100. 

Oeu.  Gillmore  now  resolved  to  reduce  the 
fort  by  a  regular  siege,  and  for  that  purpose 
steadily  pushed  his  works  towards  it,  o[>ening 
parallels  and  constructing  trenches  under  a 
constant  fire  of  the  enemy.  In  a  marsh 
westward  of  Morris  Island,  five  miles  from 
Charleston,  ho  established  a  battery  of  37  guns, 
including  one  monster  SOO-jiounder,  called  tha 
Swani|)  Angel,  and  intended  to  reach  Charles- 
ton with  its  fire,  while  the  range  of  the  rest 
of  the  battery  reached  Fort  Sumter,  2^  milea 
distant 

On  the  17th  August,  fire  was  o|)ened  from 
the  battery  on  Bumt«r,  while  the  fire  of  Wag- 
ner wa4  diverted  by  the  fleet  under  Dahlgren. 
Com.  O.  W.  Kodgers,  of  the  CaUkiU,  was 
killed  during  the  day,  and  his  vessel  with- 
drew from  the  fight.  For  seven  days  the 
bombai-dment  of  Sumter  was  kept  up,  until 
the  fort  waa  reduced  to  ruins,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  casoniatca,  where  a  small  gar- 
rison kept  tho  rebel  flog  still  flying.  Gen. 
Gillmore  having  duly  demanded  the  sur- 
render of  Charleston,  now  threw  shells  from 
the  Swam])  Angel  into  the  middle  of  the  city. 
On  Sei>t.  1  another  unsuccosslul  engagement 
took  place  between  the  Union  iron-clada  and 
the  fort,  but  day  by  day  Gillmore  was  slowly 
approaching  Fort  Waguer  by  sap  and  mine, 
until  on  Sept.  0  ho  was  within  a  short  dis- 
tance of  tlie  rampartx.  At  9  a.m.,  Sept.  7, 
Gen.  Terry  advanced  in  three  columns  to  the 
aHsault,  when  the  ganison  evacuated,  leaving 
18  guns  in  Wagner  and  7  in  Battery  Gregg 
near  by.  On  the  nigiit  of  the  8th,  a  jjarty 
in  boats  from  Admiral  Dahlgren's  fleet,  under 
Com.  Stephens,  attempted  to  carry  Fort 
Sumter  by  assault,  but  failed,  most  of  the 
storming  party  being  killed  or  forced  to  sur 
render.  Forts  Wagner  and  Gregg  were  now 
strengthened,  and  other  works  erected  on  this 
end  of  tho  island,  which  was  a  mile  nearer  to 
Charleston  than  the  marsh  battei-y,  whose 
Swamp  Angel  had  burst  at  its  thirty-sixth 
discharge.  Unc'-sr  tho  renewed  bombardment, 
Charleston  was  abandoned  by  most  of  its  in' 
habitants,  and  a  largo  portion  of  the  buildings 
lufl'ered  severely.  Deo.  6,  the  Wtehawl^ 
foundered  inagaie,a«sheI»yoff  Morris  Island. 


The  military  events  in  North  Carolina 
during  1803  were  eouflned  chiefly  to  an  im- 
suvcessful  attempt  of  Oen.  D.  II.  Hill  to  re- 
takn  Newbern,  on  Marah  1 4,  and  to  hia  siege 
of  Washington,  in  that  State,  from  which  he 
was  ilriven  away  by  Gen.  Foster  on  April  I7lh. 
On  May  21,  a  Union  force  captured  some 
rebel  works  at  Gum  Swamp,  taking  lOft 
prisoners ;  and  a  Union  cavalry  raid  on  July 
3  to  Warsaw,  and  another  soon  after  to 
Itocky  Mount,  on  the  Weldon  and  Wilming- 
ton Hailroad,  proved  quite  suooesaful. 

Jiiii,  U,  1803,  the  French  Em|)eror  made  a 
formal  otTer  of  hia  services  as  mediator.  Dur- 
ing this  winter  the  national  cause  waa  in  its 
greatest  |ieril,  and  the  seiwration  of  the  North 
and  South  seemed  almoat  inevitable.  The 
reduced  lUipublioan  minorities  in  the  State 
elections  of  1803  seemed  to  indicate  an  oppo- 
sition on  tho  part  of  a  mi^oi'ity  of  tl>B  voters 
of  the  North  to  the  Administration,  and  to  the 

Iirosecuti(m  of  the  war  on  the  anti-slavery 
>asis  of  the  President's  recent  proclamations. 
April  10, 1802,  the  rebel  OongresH had  Dsssed 
a  sweeping  Oonscriution  Act ;  and  on  March 
3,  1803,  tho  37th  Federal  Congress  passed  a 
similar  one,  which  intensified  the  opposition 
to  the  administration,  certain  State  Judges 
even  assuming  to  declare  the  act  unconsti- 
tutional. On  Sept.  IB,  Pres.  Lincoln  issued 
a  proclamation  suspending  the  writ  of  habeas 
corpus,  the  opposition  to  the  national  cause 
having  become  alarmingly  overt  on  the  part  of 
many  persona  of  the  North.  May  4,  C.  L. 
Yallandigham,  a  prominent  peace  Democrat 
of  Ohio  and  rebel  sympathiser,  was  arrested 
by  order  of  Gen.  Buruside  for  resistance  to 
the  Government,  tried  by  court-martial,  and 
sentenced  to  close  con  llnement  during  tha  war, 
The  President  modilicd  the  sentence  to  banish' 
inent  beyond  the  Southern  lines,  and  this 
sentence  was  duly  executed  by  Gen.  Bose- 
crans.  This  case  excited  the  most  vehement 
denunciation  of  the  Government  by  the  Demo- 
cratioi  press.  Vallandighum  was  nominated 
for  tho  Governorship  of  Ohio  by  the  Democ- 
racy of  that  State,  and  demands  were  made 
upon  tho  President  for  a  revocation  of  bis 
banishment.  Meetings  of  the  Democracy  were 
held  in  various  parts  of  the  Union,  at  which 
Vallandigham's  arrest  was  denounced  as  a 
lawless  outrage,  and  a  purpose  to  resist  the 
Fedei'al  Government  in  its  execution  of  war 
measures,  especially  that  of  conscription,  was 
clearly  indicated  thereat.  Notwithstanding 
the  victories  of  Vicksburg  and  Gettysburg, 
the  pros])ect  during  the  summer  of  1803  was 
gloomy  indeed.  The  pressure  of  a  mighty 
war  indebtedness  was  now  beginning  to  be 
severely  felt.  On  July  13th,  riots  broke 
out  in  the  city  of  New  York,  ostensibly 
in  resistance  to  the  inequality  of  the  draft. 
The  offices  of  the  provost-raarshuls  charged 
with  the  enrolment  were  buiTied,  telegraph 
wires  cut,  railroads  torn  up,  the  mayor's  house 
sacked,  the  Colored  Orphan  Asyltuu  burned, 
and  many  most  atrocious  and  fiendish  outrages 
of  murder  and  lingering  torture  perpetrated 
upon  the  colored  race  by  the  rioters,  who 
were  mostly  ignorant  Irish  laborers  and 
thieves.  For  three  days,  the  organizednnilitia 
of  the  city  being  at  the  front  defending  the 
nation,  these  riots  were  kept  up.  All  busi- 
ness was  stopped,  and  a  revolution  at  the 
North  seemed  in  successful  progress,  for  sim- 
ultaneous and  snbaidiary  riots  in  Boston, 


Jersey  City,  Troy,  and  Jamaiaa,  N.  Y.(  took 
iilace.  The  news  of  the  Union  sKooesMs  at 
Vii'ksbui'g,  Port  Hudson,  and  other  phMcs, 
together  with  a  return  to  the  city  of  a  po^ 
troll  of  the  militia,  finally  restored  order  in 
New  York  and  otbur  places,  but  not  until 
hundreds  of  lives  had  been  lost,  both  of 
rioters  and  their  victims,  and  some  12,000,000 
of  nroperty  destroyed  in  New  York  alona 
Altnough  the  Democratic  presa  still  continued 
to  fulminate  against  the  draft  and  the  other 
war  measures  of  the  Administration,  the 
logic  of  the  military  successes  of  the  North 
waa  of  more  power.  The  draft  was  oenerBllr 
adjudged  valid,  and  a  great  reaotn^n  took 
place  in  the  fall  elections,  in  which  the  Re- 
publicans and  friends  of  the  Administration 
generally  triumphed  bv  overwhelning  ma- 
jorities, plainly  indicating  the  fixed  resolve 
of  the  pmple  to  end  the  rebellion  and  skTei7 
together. 

Yarious  measures  were  passed  during 
1803  by  the  37th  Congress,  having  referenou 
to  the  employment  of  negroes  as  Soldiers; 
among  others,  one  ordering  a  general  enrol- 
ment regardless  of  color.  The  arming  of  the 
blacks  was  generally  denounce<l  by  the  Demc>- 
cratic  press,  and  the  Conf«(l(  i-ate  Congretit 
passed  an  act  decreeing  death  to  any  Federal 
officer  captured  in  command  of  negroes,  and 
Union  commanders  authorizing  the  use  of 
negro  soldiery  had  been  in  many  caaes  de- 
clared outlaws  by  the  Confederate  authori- 
ties, although  since  the  commencement  of 
the  war  the  latter  had  made  use  of  negroes 
in  aid  of  the  rebellion.  In  the  exchange  of 
prisonei-s  the  Confederates  refused  to  recog- 
nize negroes  as  prisoners  of  war,  which  neces- 
sitated an  order  from  President  lincolo, 
dated  July  30,  1803,  declaring  that  a  rebel 
soldier  would  be  executed  for  every  United 
States  soldier  killed  in  violation  of  the  laws 
of  war,  and  a  rebel  soldier  placed  at  hard 
labor  on  the  public  works  for  every  one  en- 
slaved by  the  enemy.  The  organized  work 
of  ai-miug  the  blacks  went  on  in  spite  of  all 
opi)Osition.  May  22d,  a  bureau  was  estab- 
lished having  especial  reference  to  this  matter, 
and  shortly  recruiting  stations  for  black  sol- 
diers were  opened  in  various  States  South  %$ 
well  as  North.  In  December,  1803,  over 
60,000  were  enlisted  and  in  actual  service, 
and  this  number  was  largely  increaseU  daring 
the  subsequent  year.  Though  in  the  average 
they  were  found  during  the  war  inferior  to 
the  white  soldiery,  yet  in  numerous  military 
qualifications  they  were  equal,  and  in  some 
superior.  Their  fighting  was  noticed  by  their 
commanders  in  many  instances  with  well- 
deserved  commendation.  During  the  month 
of  November,  1803,  the  National  Cemetery 
at  Gettysburg,  for  the  burial  of  the  soldiers 
who  fell  there,  was  consecrated  with  great 
ceremony.  In  December,  the  38th  Congress 
met,  Schuyler  Colfax  being  elected  Speaker 
of  the  House.  To  his  annual  message  trans- 
mitted thereto,  Pysident  Lincoln  appended 
a  proclamation  of  amnesty,  ofiering  a  free 
pardon  to  all  rebels  except  former  Federal 
Congressmen,  judges,  •  or  army  and  navy 
officers  and  certain  others,  on  condition  of 
taking  an  oath  to  support  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution and  Union.  A  second  proclama- 
tion was  also  published  at  the  same  time, 
proposing  to  re-admit  any  one  of  the  rebel 
States  into  the  Union,  upon  one-tenth  of  tlw 


HISTORY   or  THI 


eiUaaiM  Iheraof  hkving  <lMl*r«d  fur  the  Union 
Mtcl  Uk«ii  thn  oAlh  of  BinnMly, 

Barlv  in  Febiwrjr,  I8<U,  mi  nspodition 
uiwlttr  uun.  Truman  Hajrmour  loft  I'ort  Iloyal 
for  jMlisunville,  Floriilu.  It  wmi  coiiiimnmmI 
of  A,()OU  troo|>H,  un  30  itMinmr*  and  H  M^tioaii- 
or*.  On  tiia  7tli,  it  arrivtMl  »t  and  touk  poi- 
Mtaxion  of  Jnckaouvillo.  Col.  Henry,  Imuing 
the  uHvnirT,  then  piuhed  on,  prasaiiig  baoK 
the  robot  foroo  undor  Oon.  Finiieg»n,tli  rough 
Baldwin  and  Snndonon,  to  Lake  Citjr,  where 
Finnogan  took  a  strong  poaitiun ;  whereupon 
Henry  wailad  for  Ora.  Soymour  with  the 
Infantry  than  at  Bandaraon.  Oen.  Oillmore, 
who  had  aoeomiMaiod  tho  expedition,  having 
retumod  to  Hilton  Head,  had  left  Qen.  Sey- 
mour in  oommand,  and  the  latter  now  under- 
took to  advanoo  inland,  without  ■upniiea,  to 
cut  tha  onomy'a  railroada.  Three  milea  from 
Olustat  Im  eamo  in  o.*osa  proximity  to  Fin- 
negan'a  foroa.  Hamilti  n*a  batterj-  waa  plaoed 
baraly  ISO  ynrda  firom  the  rebel  front,  and  ita 
gunnara  wera  thna  at  tha  mercy  of  the  latter'i 
«harpabooten.  In  twenty  minutes,  half  of 
iha  in<)n,  horses,  and  two  uf  Hamilton's  four 
guns  were  lost.  Tlie  conflict  raged  with  great 
ferooity;  Uen.  Seymour,  with  reckless  gal- 
lantry, wsa  in  tlie  thickest  of  the  fight,  urg- 
ing his  men  to  what  was  but  a  vain  s«lf- 
slaugbter.  From  !i  o'clock  till  dusk,  the 
diftereut  regiments  that  came  into  position 
were  met  by  a  murderous  fire.  Seymour 
then  retreated  to  Jacksonville,  leaving  his 
dead  in  the  enemy's  hands  and  bringing  off 
liiv  wounded.  The  Union  loss  was  fully  1 ,000 
men,  that  of  the  rebels  about  700.  Soon 
after  tlw  battlo,  the  rebel  Oen.  Patton  An- 
derson most  honorably  sent  in  a  complete  list 
of  Union  prisoners  in  his  hands,  with*  a  do- 
acription  of  the  injuries  of  each  of  the 
wounded. 

During  the  winter  of  1803-54,  extensive 
aslt-works,  valued  at  $.1,000,000,  belonging 
to  the  Confuderates,  wore  dmtroyed  in 
Florida  by  the  Unionists,  but  no  other 
event  of  any  importanco  occurred  in  that 
State  during  the  y«ar.  In  South  Carolina,  a 
useless,  wastuful  fight  took  placn  near  Le- 
giir6ville,  on  John's  Island,  in  which  the  36th 
U.  8.  Colored  made  five  spirited  but  unsuo- 
cu4sful  charges  upon  a  weli-pluced  rebel  bat- 
tery. Long-range  filing  took  ]>lace  irregu- 
larly ddring  most  of  the  year  around 
Charleston.  In  North  Carolina,  Feb.  iMt, 
Oon.  Pickett  threatened  Newborn,  nftp'r 
capturiu;];  an  outpost  at  Bachelor's  Creek, 
taking  100  prisoners.  A  part  of  his  force 
buurded  the  gunboat  VnnUrioriter,  lying  near 
the  whai-ves  of  Newborn,  and  dcsti-oyod  her 
by  fire.  On  April  17th,  Oen.  Hoke  with 
7,000  men,  aasiatml  by  the  rebel  ram  Alh«- 
marie,  made  an  attack  upon  Plymouth,  held 
by  Oen.  Wessels  with  2,400  men.  Thu 
rebel  ram  soon  disabled  the  three  Union  gun 
boats  stationed  there,  and  after  throe  days, 
occupied  in  spirited  fighting  at  the  outpostH 
of  the  town,  the  latter  Mkn  snrrendered  by 
Wessels  on  April  20th,  with  1,000  prisoners, 
25  guns,  and  some  valuable  stores.  April 
2Ath,  Washington  Was  evacuated  by  the 
Union  Oen.  Palinor,  and  on  May  Sth  the 
Albemarle,  accompanied  by  two  rebel  gun- 
boats, engaged  the  three  remaining  Union  gun- 
boats in  these  waters.  After  a  fierce  cannon- 
ade at  short  raoge,  in  which  most  of  the  ves- 
■ala  engifed  ware  Mverely  iiyared,  the  nun 


was  beatan  off,  and  up  tha  Koanoka,  by  tha 
Union  boats,  leaving  on*  of  the  rebel  gun- 
boats as  a  trophy.  Oot.  37th,  IJoiit.  Cuahing 
ajiproached  tha  AlbtmarU,  barricaded  at  a  dock 
eight  miles  up  tha  Itoanoke,  and  afflxed  to  h«r 
a  loi'|N)do  which  oomplataly  destroyed  her.  He 
then  succeeded,  by  swimming  beneath  a  heavy 
fire,  in  eioaping  to  tha  Union  vassals  in  the  off- 
ing. Oct.  31st,  Plvmouth  waa  retaken  by  a 
fleet  under  Com.  llaoomb.  During  the  sum- 
innr  several  unimportant  raids  were  made  by 
the  Unionists,  by  which,  however,  numerous 
slaves  were  liberated. 

On  the  4th  March,  a  tno  State  govern- 
ment for  Louisiana  waa  inaugurated,  with 
Gov,  Halm  at  ita  head,  before  an  immense 
and  enthusiastic  multitude  in  Lafayette 
Apiaro,  New  Orleans,  Early  in  the  same 
month.  Admiral  Porter,  with  a  large  Hi'i<t  of 

Sunboats  and  trans|)orts,  carrying  lo,OUU  of 
herman's  troops  under  Oen,  A.  J.  Smith, 
proceeded  up  tho  Red  River  as  far  as 
Hiiiimsnort,  on  the  way  to  Alexandria,  where 
Oen.  Banks'  army  of  some  10,000  men  was 
t<i  join  them  in  an  expedition  to  capture 
Shreveport,  and  attack  the  rebel  army  of  Qen. 
Kirby  Smith,  statione<l  in  this  region.  On 
tho  way  up  the  river.  Fort  De  Russy  waa  ca|>- 
tured,  with  10  guns  and  263  prisoners,  by  Oen, 
Smith,  the  main  rebel  force  tnere  of  A,000  men, 
under  Oon,  Walker,  retreating  up  the  river, 
Alexandria  was  surrendered  to  Porter  with- 
out a  atrugale  on  Maroh  16th,  and  the  army 
of  Banks  shortly  joined  the  Union  forces 
there.  The  army  and  gunboats  then  moved 
up  the  river  towards  Shreveport.  At  Sabine 
Cross-roads,  near  Mansfield  and  about  40  miles 
from  Shreveport,  the  robeb  made  a  stand,  the 
Union  cavalry  coming  up  with  them  on  the 
8th  April.  Tho  advance  of  the  Union  army, 
the  rest  of  which  was  scattered  over  the 
country  far  to  the  rear,  waa  hero  suddenly 
confronted  by  a  force  of  20,000  men  undor 
Kirby  Smith.  Tree's  cavalry,  and  Ransom's 
infantry,  were  first  engaged,  and  so<lh  out- 
flanked by  an  ovorwholrning  force.  Ton  of 
Ransom's  guns  and  1,000  prisoners  were  short- 
ly lost,  and  by  5  p.m.  a  disorderly  rout  of  the 
Union  forces  engaged  took  place,  the  ranks  be- 
ing broken  by  the  fleeing  Bupply-train  of  Lee's 
division.  At  this  moment  Franklin's  divi- 
sion arrived,  and  by  the  great  gallantry  of 
both  commander  and  men,  the  victorious  pro- 
gress of  the  enemy  was  for  a  moment  checked, 
but  his  forces  were  soon  borne  back  with 
the  rest  in  compluto  disorder.  Oen.  Emory, 
who  was  advancing  behind  Franklin  and  was 
advised  of  the  rout,  drew  up  his  forces  in  lino 
of  battle,  and  allowing  the  flying  columns  to 
pass  to  his  rear,  to  reform  if  they  would, 
breasted  the  hostile  wave,  till  night  put  an 
end  to  tho  conflict.  During  the  night  Banks 
foil  back  fifteen  miles  to  Pleasant  Hill, 
whoro  Smith  hod  arrived  with  liis  veterans 
unil  posted  himsulf,  Tho  next  day  the  con- 
fident rebels  here  renewed  the  attack  upon 
Emory,  who  was  posted  in  front  of  Smith. 
After  some  heavy  fighting,  the  former  gave 
way,  and  was  slowly  pushed  back  on  Smith's 
reserves.  Suddenly  volleys  of  the  latter's  ar- 
tillery and  musketry  swept  the  crowding  re- 
bels, and  before  they  could  recover  from  their 
surprise,  they  were  charged  by  Smith's  West- 
ern veterans,  headed  by  Oen.  Mower,  and 
were  driven  back  with  great  slaughter,  leaving 
two  batteries  and  many  priaonen.    Notwith- 


■tuaing  this  victory,  BMika  tkmwkt  it  kaat, 
from  the  want  of  water,  to  ii— a  tke  retreat, 
which  was  oontinumi  to  Graad  Koore  and 
Alexandria  without  further  lerloua  molesta- 
tion. Hanks  rximrted  his  losses  in  these  «n< 
gagnmonts  at  2NU  killed,  1,A41  wuundml, 
and  3,ld0  missing.  No  report  was  evt-r 
made  of  the  rebel  iuaaes.  The  forces  ungagvd 
at  Pleasant  Hill,  were  1&,000  UnlouisU 
aosinst  33,000  rebels.  Upon  being  inform- 
ed of  the  retreat  of  Baaka,  Porter,  who  had 
advanoetl  kia  gunboats  with  great  diflculty 
up  the  river  aa  fisr  as  Springfield  Landing,  at 
once  turned  back,  and  fIrom  the  unusual  Tow- 
neaa  of  the  river  and  the  preaenoe  of  the  enemy 
in  great  numbera  all  along  its  banks,  danger 
of  deatruotion  to  his  fleet  seemed  imminent. 
Many  determined  attack^  were  ma«le  upon 
it  above  Alexandria  bv  large  forces  of  the 
enemy,  but  they  were  Invariably  beaten  off 
with  great  slaughter  by  the  raking  fire  of  the 
boats.  One  or  two  of  the  latter,  which  had 
run  fast  aground,  were  destroyml  by  Porter, 
but  after  much  annoyance  fi-oni  the  oiistnicted 
navigation  and  the  enemy,  tho  greater  portion 
of  the  fleet  shortly  reached  Alexandria.  On 
April  2.1d  Oen.  Banks  inarched  rapidiv  from 
Orand  F^ore  against  Oen.  Bee,  who  had  taken 
a  strong  position  at  the  crossing  of  Cane 
River,  40  miles  below,  with  8,000  men  and  10 
guns.  Striking  the  enemy  suddenly.  Banks 
caused  them  to  abandon  their  works  and  re- 
treat in  disorder  southwestward  towards 
Texas, 

Tlie  river  was  now  so  low  that  the  gun- 
boats could  not  pass  tho  fulls  near  Alexan- 
dria, and  unless  the  army  remained  to  protect 
them,  their  destruction  seemed  inevitable. 
At  this  juncture  Lieut,-Col.  Joseph  Bailey, 
engineer  of  the  lOtli  corps,  obtained  leave  to 
build  a  dam  acroHS  the  rivnr,  of  timber  and 
sunken  coal-boats  filled  with  stone,  whereby 
the  depth  of  water  in  the  channel  on  tho  rap- 
ids might  bo  sufllciuntly  inci-cascd  for  tho 
passage  of  tho  gunlraats.  After  eight  or  ninu 
days'  labor,  on  the  0th  May  the  work  wns 
near  completion,  and  the  water  was  rapidly 
rising,  when  a  portion  of  the  dam  gave  way. 
The  gunlioats  Lexington  and  Neoiho  wore 
hostonod  doWn  the  chute,  and  succoodod  in 
passing  with  one  hole  only  knocked  in  tho 
bottom  of  the  latter,  caused  by  her  frightened 
pilot  stopping  hor  engines  as  he  approached 
the  abyss.  Encouraged  by  this  partial  siio- 
cesH,  Bailoy  renewed  his  eflbrts,  with  tlio 
whole  army  assisting  him,  and  by  constructing 
wing  dams  to  relieve  the  presHure  of  the  water 
on  the  main  dum,  his  exertions  wore  crowned 
with  complete  success,  and  by  the  13lh  May 
the  entire  fleet  had  passed  into  tho  navigiiblo 
waters  below  the  falls.  Bailev  was  rewarded 
for  this  work  with  a  gonenilship.  At  Dunn's 
Bayou,  .30  miles  below  Alexandria,  t1  )m '>- 
boats  Signnl  and  Covington,  convoying  llio 
transport  Warner,  wore  attacked  by  a  large 
rebel  force  on  May  5.  The  Signal  and  War- 
ner were  forced  to  surrender,  with  most  of 
400  soldiers  on  board,  and  the  Covington  was 
burned.  Most  of  the  Union  posts  on  tlis 
coast  of  Texas  were  now  evacuated  and  their 
garrisons  came  around  to  reinforce  Oen. 
Banks.  On  tho  departure  of  the  fleet  from 
Alexandria,  Banks  moved  to  Simmsport,  on 
the  Atchafalaya,  having  a  cavalry  skirmish  at 
Mansura  on  the  way.  Porter's  fleet  moved 
down  the  Bed  River  parallel  with  the  amyi 


UWITID   tTATII. 


•nd  ahortly  rMumtd  lu  p*tiol  of  th«  MImU- 


•'i!| 


■t  the  giin- 

mar  Aloxan- 

)d  to  protect 

inevitable. 

«pli  BHiley, 

leil  IxBve  to 

tiinlxtr  Slid 

,  whereby 

oil  the  rap' 

for   the 

ght  or  nine 

work  wAH 

VH*  rapidly 

KHve  way, 

'eoiho  wi're 

ocotidud  iu 

ked  in  tlio 

friglitentKl 

PPi-uiicIkhI 

lurtial  8110- 

with   the 

>niitructing 

'  tliu  water 

■e  crowned 

3lh  May 

navigiibie 

rewarded 

At  Diinii'a 

tl  .    t;.:'.. 

oyiiig  liie 
by  a  large 
and  War. 

moHt  of 
ngton  wal 
ta  on  th« 
and  their 
rce  Oen, 
fleet  from 

port,  ou 
kimiish  at 
it  moved 
the  army, 


sneditlon,  whi  jh  waa  inoRt  dliaatrouii 
lo  the  iiiilitiiry  reputation  of  iti  couiniander, 
aliio  brought  much  odium  u|hiii  the  Uovern- 
iiinnt,  who  iMiiiiiltted  outton  iiHiculationa  to 
take  plHcu  uiith<r  ita  iirotfotiou ;  and  in  thaee 
■p^ciiiikiiuiiN  Adiiiirul  I'ui'ter  wan  tu  a  curtain 
tixteut  iinplicutiHl. 

Uiiu.  Hteelu,  commanding  in  Arkaniaa,  who 
waa  to  oU'OiMirate  in  the  moveroeiit  on  Hhreve- 
port,  taking  it  in  the  roar,  and  knciiing  I'rice 
III  Arkaniaa  from  jnining  the  rebel  furoea  in 
Louiaiiina,  moved  noiithward  with  aonie  13,000 
men  aimiiltHiieuutly  with  liuiika*  advance 
f^m  Alexandria.  At  Prairie  tl'Anne,  April 
13,  ho  waa  attacked  by  Price  with  a  oonaid- 
•ruble  f>roi,  whoun  he  b:iat  otf.  Iliioniving 
new*  of  Uunkk'  defeat,  on  April  10,  he  turned 
to  the  left  and  entered  Oamdeu.  Uhortiy 
thereafter  hia  wagon-train  wai  cut  off  and 
deatroyed  at  Mark's  Mill,  and  on  the  27th 
he  waa  in  full  retreat,  with  the  whole  rel)el 
force  of  Louiaiana  and  ArkanNaa  left  free  to 
oiiorate  agaiimt  him.  At  Junkina'  Ferry,  on 
the  Hal>ine,  he  waa  auailetl  by  the  enemy  in 
great  force,  led  by  Kirby  8mith.  But  turn- 
ing u|H>n  them,  he  gave  battle  with  auoh  fury, 
that  they  were  completely  and  brilliantly  re- 
pulsed, the  Union  loss  being  700  kille<l  and 
wounded,  that  of  the  enemy  2,:)00,  including 
thive  generals.  During  the  rest  of  his  retreat 
ho  waa  unmolested,  and  though  nearly  overcome 
by  fatigue  and  hunger,  hia  forces  reached  Lit- 
tle Hook  on  May  3. 

During  the  year  18G4,  numerous  minor  oon- 
fliota,  iMtrtisan  encounters,  and  raids  took  place 
in  Arkansas.  June  27,  Uen.  Carr  worsted 
the  rebel  Shelby,  About  the  same  time  Oen. 
Dobbins,  with  a  su|)orior  rebel  force,  attacked 
Col.  Brooks,  with  400  blacks,  on  Big  Greek, 
but  gained  no  advantage.  Aug.  23,  Shelby, 
with  2,000  men,  captured  the  most  of  the 
B4th  Illinois,  between  Duvall's  Bluft'and  Lit- 
tle Rook.  £:irly  in  1804  a  Union  State  gov- 
ernment waa  furmed  in  Arkansas;  and  in 
March  a  Union  Constitution,  prohibiting  sla- 
very, was  ratified  liy  a  vote  of  the  people. 
Members  of  Congress  and  permanent  State  of- 
flcera  were  at  the  same  time  elected.  At  the 
close  of  the  year  after  Steele's  reverses,  roost 
of  the  State,  however,  was  again  under  reliel 
rule. 

On  Jan.  28,  1804,  Qi  a.  Rosecrans  assumed 
command  of  the  Departinent  of  Missouri,  and 
shortly  afterwards  discovered  an  extensive 
treasonable  organization,  called  the  Order  of 
the  Sons  of  Liberty,  whereof  the  grand  com- 
mandeiK  were  Gen.  Sterling  Price  in  the  South 
and  0.  L.  Vallandiglmm  in  the  North.  The 
officers  and  loading  members  of  the  organiza- 
tion within  his  department  he  promptly  ar- 
rested and  lodged  in  prison,  whore  they  were 
Ijept  for  some  time.  In  July,  n  rebel  out- 
break took  ploce  in  Platte  County,  and  numer- 
ous guerilla  outrages  also  occurrrd  in  the 
west  of  the  State.  At  the  close  of  September, 
Oen.  Price  advanced  from  AiknnsRS  into  Mis- 
souri with  10,000  men.  On  the  27tli,  he  was 
resisted  ut  Pilot  Knob  by  Oen.  Hugh  S. 
Ewing,  with  about  1,200  men.  The  latter 
elew  up  his  works,  and  esca|ied  during  the 
night  to  Kolla.  Price  then  moved  north  to 
the  Missonii  River,  threatening  St.  Iaxiis  and 
Jefferson  City..  Oen.  A.  J.  Smith,  with  4,500 
inlantry  and  1,000  cavalry,  vigilantly  followed 


him.  About  tl  is  time  a  rebel  detaohm^nt 
under  Shelby,  after  a  prolonged  light,  captured 
Olaagnw.  On  Oct,  IH  Price  reached  lisxing- 
ton,  driving  before  him  Uen.  Blunt  with  a 
force  from  Kansaa,  who  retreato«(  on  Inde|Hm- 
deiicn.  On  the  Little  Blue,  Prloe  Hanked  the 
Kansas  men,  now  commanded  bv  Curtis,  com- 
|H)lliiig  them  to  fall  back  to  the  Big  Blue. 
On  the  latter,  Oct.  23,  a  flght  waa  maintained 
between  him  and  the  forces  of  Ourtia  and 
Pleaaanton,  until  at  1  p.m.  the  rebela  were 
routed  and  fled  southward,  pursued  beyond 
Little  Santa  FO.  In  the  meanwhile.  Smith, 
with  0,000  infantry  and  0  batteries,  by  a  false 
move  to  liexington  and  Independence,  had 
a|>ene<l  a  door  of  osca|ie  to  Price.  Pleasan- 
ton's  cavalry,  however,  overtook  the  latter  on 
the  Little  Osage,  Oct.  20,  ami  in  a  spirited 
conflict  there,  oaptured  8  guns  and  1,000  pris- 
oners, including  Uena.  Mamuuloke,  Oabell,  and 
other  otHcers,  At  Newtonia,  Price  waa  again 
struck  by  Blunt  with  some  Kansas  forces  and 
Sanborn  s  brigade,  and  was  there  routed.  He 
was  then  chased  by  Curtis  to  Favotteville, 
Ark.,  and  this  ended  the  last  rebel  invasion 
of  Missouri.  I'hough  Price  obtained  about 
(1,000  recruits  from  rebel  sympathitera  in  the 
latter  State,  still  the  rising  waa  nqt  so  exten- 
sive aa  he  hail  expected. 

Congress  having  revived  the  military  grade 
of  Lioutensnt-Ueneral,  previously  held  by 
Uen.  Wiuihington  alone,  on  March  2,  1804, 
Gen.  Grant  was  conflrmed  by  the  Senate  as 
the  President's  n'oininoe  for  the  place,  the 
popular  judgment  having  decided  that  he  was 
the  fittest  (lerson  to  grasp  and  carry  nut  a 
successful  plan  of  the  war,  and  to  command 
all  the  foi'oce-  of  the  Union.  Oen.  Grant 
fixed  his  headquarters  with  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac,  which  was  still  commanded  by  Gen. 
Meade,  und  Oen.  Sherman  took  command  of 
the  Department  of  the  Mississippi,  with  the 
experienced  McPherson,  Hooker,  Thomas, 
Howard,  Hurll>ert,  Lyon,  and  Schofield  as 
his  subordinates.  The  Army  of  the  Potomac 
was  reorganized  into  three  corps,  commanded 
by  Warren,  Hancock,  and  Sedgwick,  and  Oen. 
Burnside  was  ordered  to  unite  his  0th  corps 
to  that  army,  raising  its  strength  to  over 
100,000  men.  Gen,  Grant's  plan  was  to  move 
these  two  grand  armies  simultaneously,  the 
one  east  and  the  other  west  of  the  Alleghanies, 
Richmond  and  Atlanta  being  the  objective 
points.  Thus  the  field  of  his  designs  stretched 
5,000  miles,  over  which  his  forces  wei-e  scat- 
tered, while  600  vessels  of  war  with  4,000 
guns  lay  on  the  rivers  and  ooaata  for  2,500 
miles. 

Early  in  February,  Gen.  Butler,  command 
ing  at  Fortress  Monroe,  having  heard  that 
Richmond  was  weakly  garrisoned,  started  an 
expedition  to  ca))turo  it  and  liberate  the  pris- 
oners there,  but  it  failed,  from  the  enemy 
being  apinised  thereof. 

Feb.  27  Gen.  Carter,  with  1,500  cavalry, 
mode  a  raid,  flanking  the  rebel  army  in  Vir 
giuia,  pushing  nearly  to  Charlottesville,  and 
returning  March  2.  Ho  thus  masked  a  simul 
taneous  raid  of  greater  importance  by  Kil 
patvick,  who  passed  across  the  Bapidaii  and 
rapidly  to  the  rear  of  Lee's  army,  and  pushed 
on,  cutting  the  enemy's  communications  to 
within  3^  miles  of  Richmond,  inflicting  on 
the  rebels  sprious  losses.  He  then  proceeded 
licross  the  White  House  Railroad,  and  thentv 
down  the  peninsula  imtil  near  New  Kent, 


where  he  met  a  foree  Mnt  iip  to  kla  aid  tnm 
Fortress  Monroe  by  Uen.  Butler.  A  itortlon 
of  his  command,  some  400,  aadar  Cnl,  tJliie 
Dahlgren,  mistook  their  waf,  b«t  uWiuiately 
reached  and  charged  Ibo  outer  works  of  Bioh. 
inond.  They  then  made  the  circuit  of  that, 
city,  but  in  striking  for  King  and  Queen  C 
II.  they  were  *toii|Mii|  at  Daoney,  and  Dahl- 
gren was  killed  by  the  militia  of  that  place, 
while  his  force  waa  scattered,  100  being  made 
priaonars.  Hia  body  waa  treated  with  igno^ 
miny  bv  the  enemy. 

On  Afay  4,  the  preparationa  being  com- 
pleted. Gen,  Meade's  army  oroeaed  the  Rapi- 
dan  at  Oermania  and  Elv'a  Fords,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  a  tract  of  broken  table-land  near 
Spottaylvania  Courtllouie,  called  the  Wil- 
derness, which  stretched  from  Chancellors- 
villn  to  Mine  Run,  where  Lee  lay  intrenoked. 
On  Thundav,  May  0,  advancing  thraui|k  thia 
imperfectly  known  country,  Warren's  corps, 
with  whom  Gens.  Urant  and  Mea4ie  made 
their  headquarters,  moved  aa  far  as  the  Old 
Wilderness  Tavern,  Sedgwick  being  on  their 
right  towards  the  furd,  Hancock  waa  di- 
rected to  move  forward  from  Chancellorsville 
to  Shady  Urove  Church,  further  down  the 
river,  while  Sheridan's  cavalry  swept  still 
further  south-west  in  a  recoiinoisnanoe.  Pre- 
sently, finding  an  unlooked-for  battle  immi- 
nent. Grant  ordered  Hancock  to  close  up 
with  Warren  and  form  the  left  wing.  At 
3  P.M.  I.ieo  attempted  to  get  between  Hancock 
and  Warren,  when)U]ion  Grant  ordered  Mott'a 
division  of  Hancock's  corps,  with  Getty's  on 
Warren's  left,  to  charge  into  the  dense  woods 
and  underbrush  and  hold  the  enemy  in  check. 
Two  hours  of  stubborn  and  bloody  conflict 
withTiusketry  alone,  the  nature  of  the  ground 
entii-ely  forbidding  the  use  of  cavalry  or  ar- 
tillery, now  ensued,  resulting  in  great  loss  to 
both  sides,  and  without  advantage  to  either, 
though  the  rebels  claimed  1,000  prisoners  to 
the  Unionists*  300  for  this  day.  During  the 
night  Burnside's  corps  arrived  by  a  forced 
march,  and  at  early  dawn  on  Friday,  May  0, 
the  whole  Union  front  advanced.  At  0  a.m. 
Sedgwick  attacked  on  the  right,  gallantly 
moving  on  Ewell,  while  Hancock  on  the  left 
misheu  forward,  crowding  back  Hill  and  tak- 
ing many  prisoners,  until  he  had  moved 
nearly  two  miles  on  the  Brook  road.  Here 
Longstreet  arrived,  and  threw  the  Union 
front  into  confusion  ;  but  Kome  of  Burnside's 
corps  sustaining  it,  Longstreet  was  in  turn 
pressed  back,  he  himself  falling  sAveroly 
wounded.  A  second  desperate  attack  at  1 1 
A.M.  pressed  the  2d  corps  back  to  its  in- 
trenched line,  the  Brock  road,  near  which 
Oen.  James  S.  Wadsworth  fell,  shot  through 
the  head.  A  lull  now  took  place,  during 
which  Burnside's  corps  was  placed  between 
Hancock  and  Warren.  Suddenly  the  united 
forces  of  Hill  and  Longstreet  fell  on  the 
Union  left  and  left  centre.  For  three-quar- 
ters of  an  hour  the  battle  here  raged  with 
terrible  ferocity,  tho  rebels  gaining  ground, 
when  Hancock  despatched  Carroll's  brigade 
to  strike  the  foe  in  flank,  a  movement  which 
succeeded,  and  drove  the  enemy  back  with 
heavy  loss,  and  enabled  Hancock  to  gain  his 
former  position. 

Just  after  dark  the  enemy,  nnder  Gordon, 
sM-uck  swiftly  and  heavily  the  Union  risht, 
surprising  and  routing  the  brigades  of  Tru- 
man Seymour,  and  Bbaler,  an<)  taking  Se/- 


HIITORT   or  TBI 


mon  ■  •ml  lonNi  4,()0()  nthar  iirlauMn.  (i<<n. 
Hoil^wirk  RHofWiiml,  bowitvar,  ill  rratnring 
'lU  liiii«,  ittiil  thn  mx'oimI  d»y'»  ilghtiiia  of  thin 
iM>rii'N  iif  hliHMly  KtiiiiglM  olfHiml.  Tlio  lirxt 
iU,v,  Hutiiiiliiy,  Moy  7,  tlm  •Ituck  of  Iimi  wm 
lint  imiMwml,  Mill  tlin  diijr  WM  it|«iil  in  nicon- 
ii<>iB.4i«iii<««  Kiiil  ikiriniiihra,  llulnK  now  con- 
viiK^-'il  tliMt  Ilia  •iimiijr  wm  |)ra|i«riiig  to  m- 
Iri'Mt,  Omnt  liatariuiiKitl  to  iiiova  in  ■  niglit 
iitiii'vh  tiiw»riU  8|M>luylv»nia,  to  out  liim  oil' 
*froia  lUohmoiitl.  Laa  wai  aoon  niada  awara 
of  thin  iiiovniueut,  anil  at  oiica  tieaiiatoliml 
Longitrmt  by  a  parallel  road,  who  ruauhmi 
die  goal  befora  tha  Union  army,  having  th« 
aiiorlant  iliitaticv  to  go.  At  M  a  M.  on  Hiiiidajr, 
May  H,  Warrau'a  oorpa  cania  full  u|H)n  the 
force*  uf  Longatroet,  wlioaa  guna  wera  poatad 
on  th«  ridgu  aoniaa  tha  riviilot  Ny,  uafuro 
Sjioitaylvania  I'ourt-llouaa,  and  iwviit  the 
Uuiou  ouliiiiina  m  th«y  advanced.  liobinaon'a 
•iivikiiin  un  the  Inft,  cuufroiiteil  by  au  over- 
«rhitltiiiiig  foi'o.',  gave  way  in  diaardor.  Q«ii. 
Wiirruii,  huwuv«r,  tiiiied  a  diviaioo  iag,  and 
rallied  thu  troopa  by  Ida  gallant  bearing. 
After  four  houm'  nevere  ooiiteat  the  enemy 
WM  drivaii  back  with  great  loia.  Towardi 
•veniiig,  a  |iart  of  the  Union  Uth  cor|ia  coming 
up,  the  awault  on  the  enemy'a  |ioaition  wm 
ri-newed,  and  after  an  hour  and  a  half  of  ■«- 
vera  liglitiiig,  the  lint  line  of  tlitiir  bioMt- 
workfi  WM  carried,  with  heavy  lout  on  both 
■idea. 

The  next  day,  Monday,  May  0th,  the  Un- 
ion lini-a  wem  entirely  clear  of  thtf  Wilder- 
ui'Mi,  and  advanced  to  within  throe  niilea  of 
Spottnylvania  Court- Houae,  and  well  in- 
trenched. During  the  day,  while  placing  a 
battery  and  pleaaontly  bantering  a  auldier  for 
hia  uervouaueM  at  *ho  whiatle  of  a  paaaing 
bullet,  Oen.  Sedgwick  wm  Rtruck  in  the 
fuca  by  the  ball  of  a  alMrpHhootcr,  and  iii- 
aUiitly  fell  dead.  The  next  day  Qun.  II.  U. 
Wright  lucoeeded  to  the  command  of  the  0th 
cor|ia.  No  general  engagement  took  place 
duiiiig  the  day,  both  arimea  being  fearfully 
•xhauRted.  On  Tuesday,  the  lUth,  at  0^ 
P.M.,  Ueii.  Qratit  again  aaHaiilte<l  the  enemy'a 
worlcR  after  a  day's  cannonading,  and  after 
Burlnw'a  division  bad  been  fiercely  attacked 
and  hud  rcacucd  itnolf,  while  i-ecro«8iiia  the 
I'o  fi'iiiii  an  iholated  ponition.  Wright^  Ist 
diviMiun,  Cul.  Upton,  and  3d  division,  Oen, 
D.  A.  UumkpII,  rushed  over  the  tint  lino  of 
rebel  defencus,  iu  the  face  of  three  rebel  bat- 
teiiea,  Ouwau's,  McCnrtuey's,  and  Khodea', 
and  took  900  prisonen  nnd  13  gnus.  But 
the  MHHult  on  the  rest  of  the  front  resulted 
in  a  terrible  and  usulens  sliiughtur  of  the  as- 
aailanta.  Tlie  Union  Iosrcs  of  the  day  were 
fearful.  The  next  dny,  May  lltli,  waa  ex- 
pended in  ikirinishing  and  reconnoitring, 
the  afternoon  being  rainy.  At  nightfall 
Hancock  changed  his  position,  and  moved  si- 
lently to  the  left,  between  Wright  and  Burii- 
tido.  Between  4  and  5  A.M.,  Mity  12th,  in 
the  midst  of  a  pouring  rain,  Burlow  s  and  Bir- 
ney's  divisions  advanced  against  a  salient  an- 
gle of  the  enemy's  works,  held  by  £d.  John- 
son's division  of  Ewell's  corps,  Miles'  brigade 
leadiiik'.  The  enemy  were  overwhehued  in  their 
trendies,  and  Qens.  Johnson  and  Q.  W.  Stew- 
art and  3,000  other  prisonera  and  30  guns,  were 
captured.  Hancock  now  punued  the  enemy 
In  hia  front  nearly  a  mile,  when  they  rallied, 
nnd  a  long  and  bloody  fight  ensued.  Charge 
fallowed  ehaxgd  in  quick  ittcouaion,  and  the 


mutual  oaniage  wm  (barful.  WHght'a  oor|ia 
WM  aant  to  aid  Uaneook,  who  wm  now  preM- 
ed  with  tha  Mvaga  datarminatlun  of  the  fn- 
emy  to  recover  the  |H)«ition  which  tliny  had 
limt  t<i  him,  ami  before  hia  |MMitiiin  the  strug- 
gle and  slaughter  were  awful.  The  rain  ant  in 
ag^iin  at  nmiti,  but  the  lighting  continued  (ill 
miiliiight,  when  it  ceased,  and  Hancock  still 
held  his  prise.  Lea  now  fortified  and  held  a 
lino  imiiiediataly  in  Hancock's  front,  and 
several  ilays  of  nianiauvring  ensued  without 
much  fighting.  On  the  18th,  an  aaaault  on 
the  enemy's  lines  by  Oiblion's  and  Barlow's 
divisions  WM  repiiliunl  with  heavy  Iihm  ;  and 
on  the  lOth,  Kwoll  assaulting  Tyler'a  force  un 
the  Uiiiuii  right,  wm  gallantly  repulsed.  On 
the  21st  (ten.  ilrant  advanced  by  a  flank 
movement  fnini  H|)ottaylvania  to  the  North 
Anna,  toward*  Iliolimond.  Qon.  Meade  re- 
jiorteti  his  loss<>*  up  to  this  time  at  30,701, 
including  iiwny  olHcers  of  high  rank.  The 
rebels,  fighting  on  the  dufonsive,  sulTeroil  less, 
but  still  heavily.  Among  their  killed  wore 
Oens.  Ham.  Jonea,  Jenkins,  Daniels,  Perrin, 
an<l  J.  .M.  Jones, 

Notwithstanding  the  heavy  depletion  of 
the  Union  ranka,  Uen.  Orant  announced  his 
intention  ."  of  fighting  it  out  on  this  line,  if 
it  took  all  summer."  Heavy  reinforcements 
were  hurried  to  him  from  WMhington,  and 
the  base  of  supplies  wm  changed  to  Freder- 
ic'Jcsbiii-g  from  the  original  one  north  of  the 
Itapidan.  To  the  former  place  the  Union 
wounded  and  sick  were  transported  from  the 
front,  and  were  tenderly  cared  for  by  the 
Oovernment,  aided  by  the  Hanitury  and  Chris- 
tian associations. 

On  May  0th  Sheridan  wm  despatched  from 
the  Wiiilerness  on  a  raid  to  sever  Qen.  I^ie's 
communications  with  Uichmond.  He  soon 
reached  the  enemy's  roar,  destroying  ten  miles 
of  the  Virginia  Central  Ituilroad,  and  a  largo 
quantity  of  supplies,  and  liberating  400  Union 
pi'isonoi-8.  lie  then  moved  on  until  he  ac- 
t\ially  entered  the  fint  lino  of  works  around 
Uichmond,  near  which  he  encountered  Uon.  J. 
E.  B.  Stuart,  who  was  mortally  woumled  in 
the  ensuing  conflict,  as  whs  also  the  reb<>l  Gen. 
Uunlon.  He  then  proceeded  to  Haxall,  ami 
tlienco,  by  White  House  and  Hanover  Court- 
Ilouse,  returned  to  the  Army  of  the  I'oluniac, 

In  co-o|ieration  with  Oen.  Grant,  Gen. 
Butler,  on  4th  May,  having  been  reinforced 
by  Gen.  W.  F,  Hmitli's  (18th)  corps,  and 
Gen.  Gillmore's  (lOth)  corps,  from  South 
Carolina,  with  '2^,000  of  his  command,  in 
transports,  accompanied  by  iron-cluds  under 
Admiral  Loe,  moved  up  the  James  Hiver  to 
City  Point  and  Bermuda  Hundred,  which  he 
occupied  and  commenced  to  intrench  on  the 
Clh.  The  gunboats  moved  slowly  and  cnu- 
tiously,  removing  the  tori>edocs  in  tho  river, 
but  on  tho  Gth,  one  of  thn  latter,  containing 
2,000  pounds  of  powder,  exploded  under  the 
Com.  Jonet,  destroying  the  vessel  and  half 
of  her  crow.  Col.  U.  West,  with  1 ,000  cav- 
alry, moved  simultaneously  with  Butler  up 
the  north  bank  of  the  James,  while  Oen. 
Kautz,  from  Suflolk,  o)>orated  against  tho 
roads  south  of  Petersburg  and  Uichmond. 
On  tho  7th  Butler  made  a  reconnoissanoe 
againHt  ^he  Petersburg  and  Uichmond  Uoil- 
road,  destroying  a  portion  of  it  after  some 
fighting.  Ou  the  13th  and  14th  he  carried  a 
portion  of  the  enemy's  front  line  of  defences 
at  Drury'a  Bluff,  with  inwll  loss.    In  the 


maMitima  Baaureftrd  hail  oolleoted  hb  fefMt 
in  North  and  Houth  ('arolina,  and  brought 
thvin  to  the  defence  of  lVt<*raburg  and  Kieli« 
mend.  On  the  1 0th  tho  enemy,  under  Beau- 
rwgard,  attacked  Butler  in  front  uf  Drury'a 
Bluff,  anil  forceil  him  back  to  hia  intronrh- 
ninnta  between  the  forka  of  the  Jamea  and 
the  Ap|H)mattox  rivers.  In  this  assault, 
made  before  daylight,  in  a  heavy  fog,  Buller 
luat  about  4,000  men,  Heckman'a  briguilu 
being  overwhelmed.  A  niiantity  of  telegraph 
wire  placed  in  front  of  Oen.  Hinith's  line, 
held  by  Brooks'  and  Weitiel's  divisions,  and 
intertwist<>d  among  the  treea,  threw  the  assail 
anta  to  the  grounil,  where  hundreda  of  theni 
were  killed,  and  the  rest  made  to  recoil  from 
thn  attack.  Beauregard  now  erected  a  lino 
of  works  across  the  |)eninsula  in  front  of  But< 
ler,  by  which  a  small  force  of  the  enemy  could 
impede  any  advance  by  the  latter  northward 
except  by  trans|Hirts,  or  by  crossing  tho  riv- 
ers. 

On  May  39,  approaching  the  North  Anna, 
Oen.  Grant  found  Oen.  Lee  planted  across 
that  stream,  in  a  fine  |K>sition,  covering  the 
Virginia  Central  Uailroad,  The  enemy  hav- 
ing divined  Grant's  intention,  had  moved 
with  silence  and  celerity  from  SpottsylvaniA 
on  a  shorter  line.  Warren,  on  the  Uiiiiut 
right,  crossed  Jericho  Ford  at  A  P.M.  on  Muy 
33,  anil  soon  an  attack  was  made  on  Griffin  s 
division  by  a  iiortion  of  Hill's  corps  of  relH'Is. 
Oriflin  held  his  (loaition,  when,  l>eing  repulsed 
in  his  front,  the  rebel  leader  attempted  to 
flank  him.  Griffin  then  hurried  Bartlett's 
brigade  to  the  rescue  of  his  right.  Tho  8Md 
Pennsylvania,  Lieut.-Col.  McCoy,  ran  upon  the 
rebel  brigade,  and  one  of  the  Ponnsylvaniiins 
seised  Brown,  the  rebel  leader,  by  the  collar 
and  dragged  him  from  hia  horse  a  prisoner, 
while  nearly  a  thousand  of  his  command 
shared  a  similar  (ute,  and  tho  rest  weru 
routed.  Hancock,  on  the  left,  was  inesn- 
while  des]ierately  engaged  ou  the  north  siilo 
of  tho  stream.  A  stit>ng  fortification  here, 
protecting  a  bridge,  held  by  McLaws'  division 
of  J,oiigHtreet'H  corps,  at  0  P.M.  was  Ktormeil 
and  oiirrii-il  by  Pierce's  and  KgHii's  brigades 
of  Birnny's  division,  with  a  loss  of  but  100 
men.  Tho  bridge  wm  secured,  on  which 
Hancock's  corps  immediately  crossed,  while 
Wright's  coi'|is  crossed  at  Jericho  Ford  nnd 
took  |K)sitioii  in  tho  i-eur  uf  Warren.  On  the 
night  of  tho  3(!th,  Gen.  Grunt  being  satisfied 
that  the  {losition  of  the  enemy  was  impreg- 
nitblo,  recrosHi'il  the  North  Anna,  and  nioviiig 
around  Lee's  right  flunk,  crossed  the  I'uniuii- 
koy  at  Haiiovertowii.  Sharp  fighting  oc- 
curred before  a  lodgment  was  elleeteil  ou  the 
opposite  bank,  and  on  the  28th  Blieiidun 
hud  a  severe  onvalry  eugugentent  with  Fitz- 
hugli  Lee,  whom  ho  routed,  the  Union  Ions 
being  400,  while  thut  of  tho  rebels  was  800. 
The  whole  army  now  rapidly  advanced  to  the 
Cliickahomiiiy,  and  Gen.  Grant  transferred 
his  base  from  the  liappuhannock  to  the  Wliite 
House.  Hero  Oen.  W.  F.  Smith,  with  tha 
18th  corps,  who  hod  \>ecn  ordered  by  Gen. 
Orant  to  leuvo  Butler  at  Bermuda  Hunilrcil 
and  join  him,  arrived  on  June  1,  having  been 
brought  around  in  transports.  Energetic  rc- 
connoissanccs  made  by  Gen.  Grunt  now  re- 
vealed tho  enemy  iu  front  in  full  force  and 
strong  position,  and  an  attempt  of  Warren  to 
possess  the  Mechuuicsville  piko  failed.  Ueu, 
Orant  next  determined  to  flank  Um  eBamf 


^it^ 


Ilffotrci  kla  1  . 
na,  anil  brtmgkl 
■liiirg  •ml  Kieli- 
ny,  uiiilor  ll<<i>u> 
rout  of  I>rury*ii 
to  hii  intronrh- 
thfl  JaniHi  Hiitl 

II     tllU     HMUIIlIt, 

«v]r  fog,  Uiiilttr 
kniitii'B  kriKuilo 
Ity  of  ti-lt*gr«|ili 
I.  Hinith'n  lino, 
•  ilivUionR,  NDli 

ihrtlW  tllO  KMIHil 

n<ln>iU  of  thoni 
I  to  recoil  friHii 
itrmtnl  n  lino 
in  front  of  litit> 
he  nuimj  eoiilU 
ittcr  northwaril 
rouiiig  tho  riv- 

e  North  Anna, 
plsnted  KcroMi 
1,  covering  tlia 
'he  enninjr  hur- 
n,  had   niovnd 
HpottiiylvaiiiA 
on  the  Union 
0  P.M.  on  Muy 
Ae  on  Uiiflin't 
corpH  of  n-lK'lii. 
lieiiig  re|iiilii«<l 
'  MttoniptiMl  to 
rieU  IWtlftt'it 
Kkt.    Tho  8.1(1 
ly,  ran  upon  the 
'uiinKylvaniiin* 
.  by  tlie  colliti- 
Ml  n  priionoi', 
hi*   coinniaiid 
hu   reit   wi-ru 
WMH   nit'Hn- 
north  Mo 
Hcnlioii    here, 
ihwh'  (liviHiiin 
UB  Ntormed 
ii'n  lirigiulen 
of  bnt   100 
on   which 
roMod,  while 
10  Ford  mid 
in.     On  the 
ling  Mitifiliud 
WHH  impreg- 
and  moving 
tlio  Puniuii- 
figliting   oo- 
!Cted  nil  tlie 
th    Bheriduii 
with  Fitz- 
Union   loNH 
Ih  wur  H(I0. 
need  to  tliu 
tranhferred 
o  the  Wliite 
h,  with  the 
ed  by  (Jen, 
a  Hundred 
iiaviiig  been 
nergetic  re- 
nt now  ro- 
force  and 
Warren  t<» 
led.     Ueu. 


Ih 


RIITORY   or  TIIR 


•noil  ■  •nil  i# 
M.-<| {Willi  « 
'lia  lliim,  itl|i 
*)>r|i'«   of  till 

•  U,v,  MuIiimIi  '  '     • 

mil  iKiii'uxtl,         '  '    < 

ll'iia •itiii'KH  Mil    alili'i   4.' 
villi''  i|    (linl   lli«     nxitr.        " 
Iri'Hi.,  tliAiii    iHinriiiiii    ' 
niitrrii  Uiwiir'U  M|»(>i«l' 
'from  UiohW'iHil.     I.M  w» 
of  Ihin    liio«       I'lii,  •!  ^    W 
IrfihgitrM'l   'Y  •   fmm 
•  If     h    ' 


I  '11"     Ul'lllH'    |t<V 

-    ,11!  "s.'itr  .. 
•  n  I  ili«im  I  •  th- 

liitit .  'iixuil.      O 


dm  |{0*l  ImI 
•liiii'tmit  liUl  ' 
M»y  M,  W» 
forcf«  of  L« 
on  till*  riil| 
^ijiottajrlviia 
L/iiioii  oiiliil 

•ltvi^lllll  oil 

«hi>liiiiiig  A 


I  I         IIHIII      i 
'>'"'H   IMMlt"! 

'   I    .Ny,    iH'li""' 
••i.ii    »<»'  ,»»    lli'i 

u  oil.      Itnblll'ull    « 

ft,  .   ■i.l, oiitwl   hy  «i|  ovur- 
wHVii  •  ly  ill  ■ll">i  '»'        II.  M, 
WiirriMi,  till  >,»>'  I,  «iiui>'il  •  ilitikiou  H«K,  k'i'i 
rKllK'il  tliu  tMH>|ii    iiy   bti   K«lliMit   I,   (r<t<i<, 
Afti'i-  fiMir   li'.iu  1  iMvdni  coiiti-tl  ».b»«  ni'-tB/ 
«M  drivmi  in»i'»  <^  itli  ifi-mtt   l»*>.      i'.i«.t>  li 
«Vfiiiiij[,  u  I' '.  t  of  111!)  UitHiii'     ' 
up,  thn  MM    It  Oil   till'  flir    <         ;        ti'i 
rvnowml,  Miiil  Hil<  I  nil  Idiur  ■^.^n^  m  U»if 
v»r«i  liKhtii ..'.  tUt.  Km*    ill      i'  tli.  Ir  \ 
Woi'kn  WM  imrru'vi,  w,  Ji  i<-'a>y  Imui      i 
■iilci. 

Tli«  nnxt  ■'■  >      V  M.iy  Oih,  U.n  Lu- 

ion   linr*  *  <!•  Ill   ih"'  V'iMi  in 

lii'Mi,  Mild  •ixii*  I  '  >  i.iii"  lhi'0<<  iiitlel  'if 
S|(iittiiylviUii.i  <  Viai-t>Hu.i«'-,  kutl  w>^ll  IK. 
trcuvbeil.  Hiirii  r  flu'  <liiy,  w!j1  i  pUciii^  • 
Uittcry  kiiil  i»1  W'ltittl;  Uui'tiriug  ■  KoMin  -  >'>r 
liiit  uarvouii"'<rii   »t  tli      O.i^Uoil   ^'   ^ '^^^tl 


'  ..         I'       I rill  III     III 

Ul')l       III! 

'  •■     llll     |l"l«ltl  '   .   "  1 

.  .         ..Mill.  I      .  ..-.     ..  I.  I'  ,. 

'.'     Il|(llll|it(  IlillltllU "I  till  I  ' 

I,  an. I  !r.ui.'..'li  -iltitl  M. 

H'lal    ...  ^  im       Lm  k<i»  fiirtltWtl  n.ta  bmU  •  \  uuuii-  i.>'l. 

r'lla»   UkiiiMiUtoljr   In    IlkndiK^'ii   tnKMs  ••  ' '  luat   nl  .if' 

nr»     '  «•  iif  uuMi«ii«ri.i4   Bii>>ir>  t  villMMit    Ix'inK 

«Mtli  .'4    <'.9.     On  tit*  IcUi,  .»«  aMWiii  on    wtm  iiIh'iiI 

l|«iw  •tM'iiii'*   UuM  hy  'Hlthsii'*  Mut  BttiUt*'*   li*ld  I  .   Ii 

4t«UiiinK  -  i»  io|)iil  ..il  H,  U  hivt\f  liMM ;  mmI  ii.   'riwi 

oil  ikr  lUtli,  KmoII  MMiilllnir   I  ■  '>  r**  for.  n  on 
Uui  Ulitiiii  riKiii,  wan  gKllaio  imlilMt.      (H) 

•Im   3I'<.  (•on    iJrHui  atiwun  <   l>v   »  ilauk 
movmcnt  (runt  .'H|i«Mafr1ir«nU  to  ii      y.iHh 

AuMAf  tti^t-r.ln    liivluit>H)i|,      (J»in.  M 

imrtNtt  liial'iMf  up  in  «*ite  !<• 


ImI  llll  •  1 

I    I  r..<i^||| 


'    HI    .III!  I 

■f  t'»i«ir»liiiri/  Ml  I  l(  '• 

iliiii'timiV,  Miiil   r  '(■•N* 

1    111   fliint  uf   I  rttty'» 

ii,    twrli    to   h>»   iri'nt«h- 

'   'k*  of   llix   JmiM'*  «hil 

'  n.       ('I    tlii*    itHMiull, 

I    .      <  ■    .11  «   lii'Avy  fi^,  HulUr 

I  <H>i      iwi,,   lli'<-liiniin'«    tini^it'li' 

i«liH«>i.      *    III 'I.  ilv  "f  lel>-fni|ill 

III   lk«>iii  '4   I  Ml.    hmliir"  line, 

^•'  ninl  >V<..l»'l  1  dlvlilrtii",  mill 

<h|.  flllX    ').!  -w  Mm  HlWIltl 


lii'Mi'. Iixa'  »wnr  ellioii 


I 


ri  Ir*U,  fliiliiiiiif  till  thi 
but  I  till    limtvily.     An 
Umih.    ftniM,  Jaui«,  Ji> 
■bH  •>.  .M    JiiiiKi. 
N.itwiil'jtanUiiiji   •■'. 
n>iiig|(Ui>  I'U'iii  nii.k.teU*'i 

tnimiion  **•(  tp>*t*^  ti  ont  on  ili  -  Unf,  If 
il  toiik  nil  Mtiiioar."  ttaat  I  if  iitfiii-i  ihiiI* 
•wen  hurrti'il  toi  )im  tnm  Wa.<(liiiiii      ,  mkI 

l.h»    luiH      .<  Illi|>tlllr'*  'WM   •»)■'.        I  III   Vruilwv. 


liiiti 


■lli|>UII 

'  V   Ml. 


•  IiIm   III  III  '   l/l'   '    II  I,   Wli.  I"    llll'  iIk'iIh  I  f    llitini 

WHif  killaMi,  niiil  lliii  ii'«t  mil.''  '(i  I'Hrdil  frmn 
ttix  hDacIi  lln«iiii'i;iiiil  no*  trnlril  "  linn 
nf  <•  ..ikn  rti .  .i>-ii  llio  pt'iiitiKiiU  in  front  of  llwl* 
'  1,  b\  wliii  h  mmiUI  fiirn'  nf  'bi-  onim;'  «i)iibl 
'  iip.-bi  liny  itiivannn  by  Ibo  Ullvi  i  i.rthnnnl 
>>  i.tiA  lb«:v«*npi  by  i.^i.ii«|i<iTi«,  or  by  eruMUiK  tbti  riv- 
.     aurt>>r>.  I  Uf,  ^iirai. 

>i.  II   »    lr«i  waiii.      On  Miiy '.''i,  iipproitrhiiig  thn  Nnrib  Anns, 

'    1  .11  la    t'   '    !it,  |()»ii.    Drill. t  foiiliil  (iari.    lx<M  pUn'i»t  HTDM 

'  tb«'  mii'iim,  iu  •  linn  |ii>'U«rii.,  n'i»"t!n!!  the 

«•    .laft^A,,       i.l  j  Virgiiii  I  IJniiirii'  lUllnxi.'.     Hii-  "t>"ii>«  hnv. 

it  iinrKKiuuMl  hii    lii){   iluii     I    (iiiiiil'a    iiitrnti  .1.,   h«tl    niii>m| 

>»i'b  i.l|.'ii*..  itiii)  niili'riry  fiont  Mpotli  UvnnlA 

«ji'        til    ■  i"r    liiKv      W»rwi,  on  tl»"    ','oio(i 

I  Jkirifbo  Vi  I'll  lit  t>  I-  :i,  I..1  MvV 

ii<  ^•tot'li  -amii  h  lulo  un  Oiil'lii  • 

li..iii..     '>!  Hili'h  riii'piiof  r%  IkiIii. 

■II..1.   '^bi  II,  lii'iin' r«>piili«wl 


.Ihi 


lulubiiru  t.    "I  III.        'tutu 

ll«|ii<luii.     fi-  it,     t'lrBMNP   plan     '.•■  T^nlun  j  01111111  1. 

WfcMiIrd  Hi'l  muk  «i  t.    'Mtii'iiii -».  .Hmin  ill  .    lu   )u  fifit,    '    >-   j-Uil   loatbr  .ilti'inpiiil   ii> 

(       I,   mmI   w«Mr«    lMiiJ«iIy   nail  .    t      by   til'/  lUi.ii    liiiu,     itriffTii   thi..    biirrinj   KartUtt'd 


1,1   ^'   I  '^^^ll.^  i ' 
bullet,   Uvi.    Si'il)(wiuk    wai    Hiiuk    m    J'sfdOibmuni 
fuc*   by  th.     bull   III   a  abiirp-il  oi'tir,  ami  i>i     rMwhaUUis 


•  Ji    .iiiininil,  *i4«n  i.v  ili-.  8«»i"...iy  luid  CJirn.    '"  .^^.u  to  |Jiu  rwa'-in-  .if  l.ia  M|,Ii:     'I  I  ••  fHil 
tiuD  aaiiori.iii.. 
<V««y'.';l 
tlui  Hi  bin 


i  1  ■.iiMiyl.*n'<\,  l.iimt.  '  .1  Nl'f^oy,  nm 'i|miii  ib« 

il  •Tiibiii  wMil*-  I  itUihoU  fVoiu   ri-l    I  )iriK«.ii',  an  I  (»b^l  <  f  tlii>  P-Mnh^NmiiKnii 

I  III  Hi  V,  I  ii«ti.  !<•■'■  I ''i'i»Mi  lii'oHii,  'III  i«b<  I  li'i'li'r,  I>y  Ibe  c<>ltiir 


■Uiitly  fell  ili'Hil.     Til"  II  it  auy  Ur.i.  K.  U. 


Wright  III 

ooria.  Ni 
dining  tlio 
•xliaiiHti-d, 
P.M.,  (lull, 
wurka  aft|. 
Harlow'a  d..i;.iun  b 
•ml  bud  r< '   ii«<i  ;t. 


■  I  to  I'.ii,  ouiDiii mlol  Ctio  1<% 
III  oii((HJi'iiii  'it    tool    ;  '     ■' 


I.UIiIIIUIkI.        M*    MMwIltll'l    llri^}.!!!     I 

l"Alroyiiii{uii  mlii'ii    <v)iilu    urni'V 


if -Ibi*' V  ' i-ctiiJk  linDl'il  lUllriMi'l,  ><i"l  n  'tryi'i  {  iIwimJ    a 
qnantU^ot  <«upplt»*,i'>i.l  UkpriUmg  4*Mj  ITnion  i  ri'iiUHl.     Hiu.cuii., 


priauDM'M.      lt«>  lli<i«  tai  ^■'4  •Mi  'iiiljl   Hn  luv 

l.iy,  b-itii  iwiiuia  bf-iiig  ff«ril\illy  i  binlly  '<titcib<t  tlic  Ufi  liiw  of  wurka  uiijuniJ 

Op    Tu«)ii4i|>,    :bi)    'lltb,    lit    '^    Hifkiiiural,  ni»tr^vliic'bii«*U'-i>uiit«rml  (J«i<.  J. 


liWll   itsfltlit   ilMAI|lli-'l  till    1 

*  ''a^^  iMii/i  >iMvliiig,  lui 

If.  1.)  .'.   r 


I'd  from  all    ivili^leil   (lO^i'iiJiri 
divlHinii,  C  il.  rpti'.i,  and  ',it\ 


I*  ii]^ij« 
^i  (iou. 


K  B.  tlituart,  ^iin   wni.  ijjnrln 
tiMi<MMii'4  «>M  .*<<^Miii^ 

i.ni.iH.     V  •  Hi' 

tl>'  I**.  .">»U»!V. 

I.I   . 


D.  A.  Hu»<rll,  ruitlioii  uvor  tb«  lu^i  'nut  vi'   Lrtloi.  ■»>    Uh 


•Vt 


«> kill  H 

.Vtin>  ol 
'a-  (.1J1 
)i5'  ui|: 


IUmi, 


flrMti^  Ov,n. 


in  Ilia  hi-r^ii  a  piiniuor, 
111'!    of   bia    rDUiinaiid 

Ui,    mill      Ik"   ri'  ♦    w n- 
il     l)it;     )«<lt,    ««A    liii'ntl-. 

infi'l  '«  (lie  nnrtli  tiiiJo 
ii«<  ^  rtilU'iilioii  luTO, 
.  1  I"  ,Mi  I  jiivh' iliviiinn 
a.  Ii  P.M.  WHn  ^turnlld 
'iiiil  K^iinV  bnundi'ii 
with  a  liixa.  uf  bnf  W, 
mi'li  'I'ba  1iii(t«i>  wiia  m'oiirt'il,  on  wbirh 
llaniHnk'a  i  M'|>a  ininn'iliulnly  cruHs.  i!,  ^sbilo 
'\V|-)||li<.'a  rnj|Hi  (  nnuii'il  III   .liiiilm    Kuril   nml 


w!ill«;   ibinj,"  ,'.'|>  . 

ul' lilt)  airtMR'.     A 

piotioiii^i  I  hriiitto, 

"f    iiill'l',      '.n.t'n    f   ' 

itiiil  uari"'  I   III'    ) 
■f   lUri.'  »')!  ili«i  ..  .0 


i-i'i   IbKti,;   I...IK  piiiltl.'ii  ill  Um  ri'iii  oi  VVhiti'ii.     On  tlis 


rebel  ddfuii''  n,  iu  tliu  fdi'f    f  >Uii'>  ,.*i'fl  ImI- iU   Omi     W    *'.  )*initii'»  ( iMui;  uorj  •.   and  j-i.;,!*!*!.  of  l!  "   ''^'.b,  (Jan.  Uiunl  "ui'ing  mitmfled 

fofk    (iiliiiiinti'a    (IO*K)   vonw,  ft  >&>    ■'-<  mcli  '  tlmt  ilia  p'lHtliuli  of  tl.n  wn" 


tei-ii-N,  Co'iiiii'i,  Mi'Uaitii.yV  luij  ]i.lii.J.«'. 
and  took  '.'i)<i  primMiHia  ittui  I  L'  giuui  '..'it 
tlie  lUMaub  I'll  llll' rt  >t  r.f  'Imi  liniit  fmiiUnil 
in  a  terrible  luiii  ir>'  ituii  idxi^iiKU  of  tbn  'is- 
aaiianta.  'I'lio  Tuion  lii»'.i.»l  Iho  lUiy  wi-rw 
fearful.  Tim  nt-i  ''nv,  Mny  lllli.  *bji  «'X 
pendiid  in  nkinuiMliing  unit  n-ciiumiiir'ug, 
tlio    afttiriix'ia  -lii'i.ivi   raitiy.      Aii    iiii:bir.iTl 


Hancock  riiiiiii,""!  bis  i  '«.i!ii.n,  nnd  inuvi'd  ni-  i  but  i^j^  tb"  lUh,  imo  nf  tbn  iiittiv,  + 
It-nlly  to  V  .   !'  I;,  Ut'twi-i'ii  Wii^iil  unJ  Hum-   ?,00O  poirfliU  ol'  powili  r,  i  xpliii|«.<  nr 
(iilo.     Beiv.  I'll  ♦  miiJ  ;i  A.\t.,  Nf^i     l?lli,  ini4jg>ii-  'fonet,  dvatroying  tbe  \iimpt  ft 


UN  inipicg- 
0M9li{i»,  -with  afl.f'UU  <»(.  bit.  t<mw»»i.l.  In  i  .»blt<,  h'itiiiiii'mI  rt  .i  Sfoftls  Anna,  rh'I  ui' ving 
tramintiri '.  at'cimijidnlnU  by  ir'tt-*.*Jii  mr'-.-r '  .u  •■•  .'  l.i'"S  ii>»bi  '  .'il.,  iii)-.ni>il  ilii-  riuniin- 
Ailiiirtal  lit't',  nioTTil  lip  /i«i  .)<mM*H  Hiviir  tiT]  kuj  itl  ll.uii>vi<rl'ivkii.  Sbaip  ti^liliag  (>(<•. 
Ci'.y  rotiil  iiikI  ilvrmnda  Hniiilri '1,  wbiob  lix  .  arii  il  lirfmi.  n  Inil^nU'Ut  vnm  I'tliii'ii'il  on  iba 
•ecupiiiiY  mill  u'tiiiti' )<i.'«<i  Ui  inutiii  ti  I'tj  lliu ,  uppoiiln  imiik,  um!  I'U  tl"^  2^lb  Slii>ijiliin 
*tb,  Thii  I'linio  i'h  iiiiivml  rlo»'h' aiHi  rmu  i  liiiil  n  dcvi  rn  cuviUr;  «i^i\i{«Hi«'iil  niili  Kill.- 
tiiftialy,  ivmining  tbo  torpedoaa  in  tti«    o     ,    r 'irli  l^ii,  wbi.ui  in'  roiiti'tl,  llm   l.'iiiun    Inwi 

i4JUiUi(  I  Ikiui){  tOi-,  wbiii'  ihiit  of  lliii  ii'Ih'Ih  wuh  HOO. 

*•«  '>Mi  Tin;  wii.ili-  iirniy  now  ni|  iil'v  advntii'rfl  In  (bn 
Clilrl<H)u'iiiiiiv,  mill  Civi)    (iraiil   li'ai..>rr'ri»d 


her  crtw.  *  Col.  K.  Wait,  with  l.NiMi  oftV"!!!*!!  Ixuii'  fimn  iIh'  Itaiipiibannork  to  ilu'  Wliitn 
ulry,  lu'nil  Kiiiinli  iii''iM:ilv  vill.  liniiii  ni  I'l  iiw.  llci.ri'  (iu-  W,  V,  Sinllli,  wild  tbo 
ftio    noiUi    bank  of    the    .luinoi,  ■*liil*  <!■  •,    :  i"ifi'   nipH,  wli      li.ul  bi'pii  orilrrud  bv   (itlu 


ijUgiii-  '/onr»,  dvMtroying  tb«  voMyiT  ind  b^til 
tlie  midat  i.!  -.  jiouriii)?  "lin,  llurlowV.  .mil  ilir- 1  w  1 
nnv's  divin.  I  :  111"  rigtiitwt  «  Kaliuit  an 

gie  (if  the  TiH  I   •    i!- 1,  b"Iil  by  Kil.  .In'm- 

■od'r  (liviM'ir.  1  •  -<.  ■"'<  nn'j.A,  .Mili.>!i' I'-ipi'lc 
leadiia'.  Tiiii.""ii:"  >»i-'i'  Dviirwln'lmmi  inir.uiv 
trenolii'a,  imd  (Ji-ni  .'  •'  .i*   .  xrnl  U.  W,  8t<iw- 

»rt»nd3,<'i>"ii(bH>-ynitr  ,  i».i..''  "f  ;puia,  wurti  |a;;aiiiRL  t'"'  rotuuixii 
captured.     HittuiKk  U'lv;  , mni.  i  rim  »<iieiiiy  ;  riw  I, 'linirvvuig  u,  portion  i.f  ii 
in  hia  fro-.         u  \,    ...  .^_.'  ...  _.  r.iilini, '  ll^',.irii.;      ■  hi  till,- V'.tb  niiii  H'i- 

•nd  a  long  and  bloody  fight  ensued.    Charge  I  portion  of  the  enemy's  front  line  ot  detences  I  possess  tbe  Mecbauicsviile  piku  failed. 
fallowed  ohaxfe  in  quick  sucoession,  and  the  I  at  Drury'a  Bluff,  with  small  loss.    In  the  1  Qrant  u«xt  determined  to  flank  the 


;  KHUfz,    fi'uiii    S'llfiilk,   nperntnd   nfrmn,. 
■  rouiii   huuth   (if   rcli;i'»bur^   and    Kii;h" 

I  Oil   tbo  7fh  TiMiler   nimlc    '^  n  .:oi 

nnd  liiohnic  .' 


'•.I    •.>«!. f  to  liaivo  IJiitliv  ft'  l^'iiiiml.i  Jlnnilrt'd 
■:\.  :u>U  jiiiii  liini,  aiiiviil  on  .!iuh>  1,  liiniii><  btnn 

■  bi'itiKbt  aiuiiiul  ij'  tranr«|ii>iiA.  Lii«!i'>.^i'tii' re- 
.('- (COB;.' 'Kmim'^K  iiuidn  by  i  lfn.  (ii'iiiil  now  ri'- 
<"i: ;  vralrii  ibi- ( ii.  ni)    i.i    (n  •'   in   fill!  forcf  fiid 

■  ■(•.roll.;  |n.  Ill    1  .  m.il  i-'    i.'- nii.t  i.f  V/iii  I't-u  Ih> 

Ueii. 


UlilllHltMt  III* 

'tar«lMirir  All  I  ll  •!>. 
'iMmiVi  «•»•!  r  IhwH. 
n  friiiil  of  I  r\ury'» 
'•l  to  h'«  in'rt-nih- 
»r  tliK  Jmimh  MIIiI 
In  lltia  lUiMull, 
i  li*'i»*y  f'lK,  HulUr 
i>i4>km»n'a  >>r%».l<. 
.    .  ''f  |p|rgr«|>li 

^IDltll  >'     llIK', 

IJvNlmi'.  unit 

■W   lllff  HMNil 

c..,'  ihi'iln  1  f  i\ua> 

tfcli  •<!  i-nroil  fr»mi 
io«r  irr,  i4.)|  N  Itiin 
tU  III  f^iilit  of  Hut. 
<f  'III'  (in^oiy  «««ili| 
I  Ulli'i  I  i.rttiwnni 
V  or«MNitij)(  th«  riv- 

[  fhi)  Niirlh  Anil*. 

<•<«  |iUl|i|>f|  li'TOIMI 
liii.,  Oi«»..ti'i?!   tlio 

n i>"ii'\  h»v. 

iti  r.,  httti  iiinMHl 
uiit  Hp'ith  V  WnniA 

nil.  on  t!i"  Viiiuii 
ui  h  I-  ;i.  1 .1  Mnt 

!•  atlo  Ull    lltll'lrl^ 

ll'h  riii-|>ii  of  n  IkiIii 

l<  II,  loMliC  r»|lllllMll) 

.lirr   ilUi'lii|il- il    in 

liurrliij  Hni-tUtlV 
1  i.,ji:  •'II  ■  %\ 
'•A»)r,  mil 'ijwiii  ilie 

!•<    P'-lltlX;  !.llllil(IlH 

ili'r,  by  tlie  r.illiir 
hi'f^M  n  )>iiit  iiiov, 
■  if  liiK  ruuimaixl 
I      In"   ri'  ♦    w>r« 

l<>lt,     WIIH      llH'lltl-. 

liiu  iiortli  Kiilo 
rliticalioii    lu-ro, 
Ml  I.iiivn'  liivlHinn 

M.   WMX    ^tul'llllli 

l'.i[iiii'i  |.ri((mli  'I 
li»<»  of  but  IIH, 
it'l,    on    which 

V    ll-ORl..  (',   v%|iilo 

iilio   Kuiil   mill 

HiTi'ii.     On  till) 

I  iii'inK  HiitintiiMl 

"iiH  imiui'K  - 
nil,  nil.!  II,  ^itiif 
M'll  (lie  7'iiiiiiiM- 
|i  )i\;lilin)(  11.'- 
tlliicli'il  on  lliH 
l.'^'!||     Sliciiiliui 

Mill  ttiili  Kill,. 
\n:    l.'iiiiin    Iomr 

'!  I'Ih     WlIN     ^10(1. 

nil  ilii'i'd  til  tliii 
111  tiai.,sf'Ti(i<l 
h  111  llir  Wliitii 
i,illi,  willi    tlid 

li.  rod  li_v  (iiii, 
luil.v  lliiiiilri'il 
I    limint;  hii-u 

l,lii'l).'ctil'  IP- 

fill!  forei    (1   I 

( 'iT  ^^'lll  rin  \jf 

a  luiletl.  Oaii. 
ok  tha  nMBf 


r 


ii 


a 

as 


i 

h 

.1 

a 

a 


i-1 


UVITID  ITATIt. 


awl  mim  (M4  HartMr,  Mtt  «Im  iHMyM*  of 

(!<)l>l  TiMkor  WM  Mt  tni|  TtMit  (ihiuii  »f  nii> 
m«rii«Mr<NMU  ■••4ltni|  III  tt  l/->uvn.|.  (>n  Mikjr 
.11,  MKi>rt<Uii  •••Ifail  tl,  ••>  I  >'«k  lUjr  tlt« 

•titi  i"it\t*  ik»l  Uan.  VV  I  liiitih'*  furii* 
fnmn  u|t,  AN'!  on  JutM  'J  a  ■har|i  iumtUl  •»*• 
■uml  tn  •!>  ikilvknra  itl  4  r  m  fnim  lliU  |M)livt, 
liiwariU  III*  t 'hlrll«hiim.ut^ .  TH*  •>iv«iiu!« 
WM  h«l<l,  III*  UnktNi  fiAirr'  MviiuMklng  on 
IK*  gmiiHil  ih»y  lutl  fitui«a  •  mial  of  Z.^HM) 
kklUtl  •mi  wauiMM.  (irMAt  wilvitil  IhM  tli* 
rxlNit  llnmi  nn  Ik*  (!lib<4<v^t<iuilnv  ilMiiilii  Im 
fiirmnl  •!  •unria*  on  <;b»  n«al  itey,  Julia  A, 
•nil  h«  rnarniiifail  kli  iMun*  during  Ik*  iiighl. 
Al  Mirljr  il*wn,  wldlohi  wm  ■'Imtilml  Mtil 
ntnv,  Ik*  MMull  wim  ■wiflljr  mail*  hjr  Ik* 
wkol*  Union  front,  wwl  m  Kwiflly  rii|iiilMil 
witk  l*rrll)l*  alaugkiUir.  Ilnneoek,  on  Ik* 
IkA,  Mml  ram*  uii  lo  ih*  MKitijr  •  work*. 
lUrlow'i  tlivUiim  JuiiKlgiHl  Iha  arMUiy  In  kU 
frithi  from  Iknlr  |Mmli;iiin,  Uking  lliriMt  guiw  Bml 
t^vKml  himilmi  priiwiiuini ;  Imt  ll  wn*  (kortlr 
ilrWaii  back  liy  •  hoavy  form  iinitar  lllli. 
UlltlMina,  on  lUrlow'*  rigkt,  nliiiMl  Ikn  rabal 
work*,  liut  wna  un«l>|p  to  kulil  tkrm  ;  •  iMir- 
ilonof  kUnii'o  wktmiMOO  howrvrr,  rtiUliii'il 
•  |HuiUii>n  fur  hiium  wilkin  Itftaiin  yani*  of 
lki>  oniimy'ii  liri><«,  anil  rraUtoil  nvmrv  attaMiiit 
to  ilialmliiv  th«m  luilll  Ihxy  wnrii  "I'lioiiiitl  liy 
a  xl|{iia(|  Ml).  Wi'iKkt'ii  ami  HiiiUh'ii  aaiiaulU 
Wfrii  li'iH  liliMxIy  than  llaiii'iM'k'ii,  wliiln  War- 
ri'ii  ami  lliirnititlii  wurn  rontmit  to  liolil  tknir 
li'iiil  liniw  with  a  liwavy  artlll<Yy  flr*.  Tk* 
•Miaiilt  wan  Hcarcniy  Iwiinty  niiniit««  in  dura- 
tion, but  in  that  ihort  |NiriiMl  10,000  UnloniaU 
lity  hoforn  thn  n<ti«l  work*  killml  and  woiindvd. 
hiiriiiK  Ihn  day  artilliiry  ilrinu  cintiuued, 
ami  occaaionnl  Brina  waa  heard  along  th* 
liiii'D,  m|Mioially  on  tna  Infl,  wh<ir«  lli*  two 
^rulil>*  wtim  in  oUhw  |)ru«lmity,  Rarlow  bning 
un  on*  niila  of  a  riilgn,  ftnd  tlio  ennniy  on  th« 
ollixr,  not  mora  than  Hfty  yard*  a|mrt.  Juat 
afi»r  iliirk,  thn  «n«iny,  in  turn,  oharifod  th* 
Union  in(ri<tiul)ni«nli,  but  wera  repulaed 
with  turriblu  HUughtor,  and  th*  next  day  and 
nnxt  night  made  iwrtial  aaaaulta,  whifh  alio 
fuihid. 

The  total  Union  Iom  at  Cold  Harbor  waa 
I.1,1A:1;  1,7U5  killml,  0,043  wounded,  and 
2,4(1(1  niinaing,  including  many  gniiprala  and 
othiir  olIlc«ra  among  th*  killed  and  wounded. 
TliH  relnd  Ion  waa  not  ranortod. 

On  June  7th,  Hlinriilau  r  cavalry  proceeded 
around  Ixio'ii  left,  atrlking  and  di<itroying  the 
Virginia  Central  Itailroatl  at  TrnvilUnV 
Ttii'v  then  returnoil  by  way  of  Spott^ylvania 
to  White  llouae  with  370  priaonen,  having 
rciutnil  a  body  of  reWI  cavalry  under  Wade 
lliiuipton,  (In  the  13th  Grant  iiilently  with- 
draw from  tlio  ■•iirmy'i  front,  oroming  the 
t'liii'kiiliomiiiy  fitr  to  Ij«e'ii  right.  Hmith'i 
^niriiH  wiiH  enibarknd  and  returned  to  Butler 
Mt  ilrruiuda  Hundred.  The  nmt  of  the  Un- 
ion force*  croMed  tlie  Chickahominy  at  Long 
llridge  and  Joneit*  bridge,  and  by  different 
roadit  atretchml  forward  to  the  Janion,  without 
■erioua  nioleatation.  By  pontoon*  and  ferry- 
Itoata  the  pamiage  of  thia  river  wan  made  on 
June  14tb.  Grant  now  hantenod  to  Bermuda 
Hundred  to  im|>el  the  forcei  undnr  Butler  to 
the  immediate  capture  of  Potomburs.  On 
June  Hth  Oen.  Butler  had  deii|intched  Oena. 
Qillmore  and  K%utz  against  Potoniburg,  the 
former  to  att^k  by  the  north,  the  latter  by 
tk*  MUtli-WMt,  but  the  oombiution  failed. 


OtlMor*  mimImiIwI  to  rMoil  wKmi  wltlU*  Iwa 
mllaa  of  lU  elly.  On  Jnn*  Iftik,  f)Mi.  W. 
f.  MHtllk'*  riirii*  aiUanoMl  lo  wllkin  Ihrwi 
mil**  Mtulh  of  r«l«rHburg.  H*  did  not  «Mn< 
inaiKM  IhaaaiMuU  ttll  n«tr  atinilown,  wkan  k* 
■ilmurni  Iha  vnamy'*  rill*  triinvka*  in  front  of 
Ik*  mam  drrKiii'**  by  ni*rH  aktrnitak  Una*, 
ami  c<a|iliirnl  III  gun*  and  'IINI  priwinar*. 
But  lkou||h  ih*  nlglii  waa  on*  of  olaar  nwMin. 
Ugkl,  Mmllh  fatally  r>*t«l  till  morning,  and 
duriiig  Ih*  ntghl  r«t*r«bufg  waa  r*ln7ur«ot| 
with  l<**'»  t*l*rana.  Hananck  alan  ram*  up 
during  Ik*  night,  and  Warran  and  llurnaid* 
on  tk*  n*il  ilay,  Jun*  lOlk,  wk*ii  at  A  r.M. 
a  ganaral  aaaaiill  waa  made,  l«*  having'  by 
ihia  tim*  arrtvml  wiik  th*  moat  of  kia  aniiv. 
BIrney,  of  llanriM  W'a  roriia,  carrivd  a  ridga  In 
hi*  fhml  during  i."  iilghl,  and  at  tUylight 
Burnaiil*  «aptur»d  thn  outwork*  In  kia  front, 
taking  4  guna  and  400  prlwiii«r«.  Tk*  r«al 
of  III*  fori'**,  though  utruggliiig  nobly,  gain- 
mi  no  advaniage,  and  al  niglit  of  In*  17tk 
th*  UnioiiUla  wer*  drivan  nut  with  heavy 
ItMHi  from  th*  advancad  |MMl(ii>u  gainad  in 
llurnaid*'*  front.  During  th"  i«ttiu*k  un  I'e- 
leraburg,  on  tko  I  (Ilk,  ButUr  di*|wtckml 
Tnrry  to  Waltkall  Juiirtion  from  Ibirniuda 
Ifundrml  to  Mtito  and  kold  the  railriMul  thrr*, 
but  Terry  waa  ovetuowarml  by  I'ickatt'a  div- 
i«ion  of  Iiongatraat  a  oor|ia  and  waa  kurlad 
Iwuk. 

On  the  IKth  Gan.  Grant  ordered  aniHher 
gi'n<>ral  aaaaiilt  on  I'ateraburg,  and  at  3  r.M.  it 
waa  made,  and  thrMi  timea  vita  Union  triMtiia 
moved  itcatlily  up  In  th*  fao*  of  a  deadly 
tire,  to  be  iweiit  down  by  thuUMWila,  without 
gaining  aiiv  advantage.  Gen.  Grant  now  in- 
trenched III  front  of  Peteraburg,  and  lent 
.Meaile  with  the  'id  and  (tth  oor|ia  to  leiM  and 
hold  the  Weldon  Bailroad  ou  the  •iieniy'* 
light.  Thi*  movement  waa  baffled  by  A.  P. 
Hill,  and  on  the  J.'ld,  after  a  Iom  of  4,000, 
mainly  prlaouem,  it  waa  given  up.  About 
thia  time  Gen*.  Wilaon  and  Kauti,  with 
H,000  Union  cavalry,  mad*  a  raid  on  tha  en- 
emy'* railroad*,  *triking  tha  Weldon  at 
lUaro**  Utation  and  tearing  It  up,  and  the 
Danville  at  Biirkeaville;  but  they  were 
■liortly  *urrounded  by  Urge  foroaa  of  the  en- 
emy, and  returned  with  diffioulty  to  tha  line 
b><li>ro  Peteraburg,  by  a  long  circuit,  after 
liHviiig  been  attacked  and  aeverely  defeated 
at  Htony  (?reok.  Gen.  Butler  now  occupied 
Deep  Bottom,  ten  mile*  from  Rickmond,  and 
throw  a  |>ontoou  bridge  over  the  Jamca  at 
that  |)oiiit.  On  June  2Sth  Sheriilan  had  a 
■ucc«>*iiful  cavalry  flght  on  the  peiiiiuiula,  and 
about  thi*  |HM'iod  *everal  minor  engagement* 
took  place  along  the  line*  in  front  of  Petera- 
burg. But  now,  after  eight  week*  of  inoe*- 
Nant  flghtiiig,  in  which  fully  70,000  of  the 
Union  army  had  been  loot,  a  quiet  eniued. 
Theae  enormoui  loaaet,  however,  wore  quickly 
made  up  by  reinforcementa  from  variou* 
quarter*,  and  the  army  atill  maintained  it*  in- 
tegrity and  morale. 

On  July  20th,  Hancock  croiacd  the  Jamea, 
and  Mile*'  brigade,  of  Barlow'*  diviaion,  car- 
ried a  rebel  outpost  at  Deep  Bottom,  captur- 
ing four  gun*.  On  the  morning  of  July  30th 
a  mine  which  had  been  run  from  Bumxide'* 
line*  under  a  fort  in  hi*  front  wa*  sprung,  an- 
nihilating it*  garrison  of  300  men,  and  leav- 
ing an  immense  hollow,  while  the  Union  gun* 
opened  all  along  the  front.  The  ensuing 
■ault,  indiapeuMbla  to  ■nooeia,  raiultid  in 


a  4t«a4*f  to  iW  VmUm  I 
CtlUag  to  wivMM*  MWMvtIjr  flrwa  IIm  avator 
to  tk*  ridgj  ba7ti«4,  aM  IkiM  atMbUng  Ike 
■n*Niy  l<i  I  ally  ttnm  kia  aitrvriaa  and  mow 
down  tk*  'i*gre  di«i*i<i«  of  0MnMid*,  wkkak 
•ttba*f]u*r  ily  altoMplMt  to  okara*  thmagh 
th*  traur.  Tk*  Unlo«  low  In  kilM,  wirttnd' 
mI,  and  iiriMmara  waa  4,400,  wkilo  IImI  of 
iH*  *n*my  waa  no!  1,000. 

Aug,  hik,  HanaiMtk  t^m  allaake^  Ik* 
r*b*l  Uft  al  !>*■»  BwltoM,  but  witkoul  m*> 
tarUI  *mB**a  |  a««l  G*n.  Uregg'a  aavalry  wlili 
Mil**'  Infiiniry  advancMl  on  Iha  CkarUaClIf 
road  alMiUl  Um  imm  liiM.  but  wilkent  gaU* 
Ing  any  advanUga,  and  llM  MovaManI  waa 
ahwrtly  akaBiloMd,  witk  kaav*  loaaa*  on  bolk 
aid**.  Aug.  IR,  Wamn  r*a.l«<l  Ik*  Wakln* 
Kailroad,  IbnM  mllaa  dUtonl  1*im  lb*  Union 
Hank.  Her*  ka  wa* ■*v*r*ly  *■— il*d,  bwl  *tooJ 
kia  ground  and  furtlAad  it.  Bolk  kU  owa 
and  otker  Union  for***  mmt  kin  w*r*  al> 
tackml  at  varioua  lima*  d*riBg  tk*  ii*«t  tbr** 
day*,  btti  b*  *lill  bald  ki*  iio*illo«,  Ikougb 
with  th*  Uitol  lo**  of  4,40i  m*ii,  wkil*  lb* 
enemy'*  wa*  aoarwily  half  ikal  numb*r.  On 
Aug.  31.  ilanoock  atruek  tk*  W*ldon  roMlal 
Keam'a  Hialion,  four  mil*a  in  Iha  rear  of  War- 
ren. Hare  ha  waa  attackad  by  Hill  and 
foroed  to  retreat,  with  tk*  heavy  lu*a  of 
•J.iW)  out  of  H.IKM)  man,  and  Ave  gun*.  Hlll'a 
loa*  being  nearly  a*  heavy.  Kept.  3(1,  ButUr, 
advancing  un  tha  right  toward*  Hichniund, 
aaaaulted  ami  oapturad  the  enemy'*  oulpnal. 
Fort  Harriaon,  with  I A  guna.  Tha  rebel* 
uniler  Gen.  Field  attempted  to  retake  it,  but 
failed.  Oct.  1,  Warren  on  the  left  advanoeU 
aa  (Wr  aa  Hipiirrel  I,ievel  roail,  intreneking  ki* 
newly  gained  ground.  On  ()ct.  37,  a  farther 
advano*  of  tha  Union  force*  waa  mad*  to« 
ward  Kioknond  and  u|ion  the  enemy'*  work* 
at  Hat«k*r'a  Kun  and  th*  Boydton  plank* 
road,  but  after  eonaldarabl*  protracted  flgkt- 
ing  and  heavy  loaa,  Egan  *noem*(killy  con- 
tending with  the  rebel  Heth  and  Hancoek  r*- 
|ielling  Waiie  Hampton,  tkougk  witk  barrer 
reaulta,  tha  whole  army  waa  ahortly  back  in 
it*  intrenohmant*  before  Peteraburg,  cover* 
ing  the  WeUlon  Railroad,  and  Vaugban  and 
Htpiirrel  Level  Highway*. 

The  can|iaign  of  1804  again*!  Qen.  !«• 
wa*  now  praclicaUjr  ended,  th*  net  loiae* 
therein  of  th*  UnioniaU  being  over  70,000, 
wbil*  that  of  the  reliela  waa  not  over  40,000. 
With  all  the  deaperate  lighting  duiiiig  thi* 
cam|)aign,  th*  Army  of  tli*  Potomac  took 
but  32  gun*  and  lost  but  20.  The  cam|)aigu 
ended  without  ap|iarent  advantage,  but  it 
eminently  contributed  to  break  the  iiowor  of 
the  rebellion.  The  losses  sustained  by  the 
reliels  during  it  they  never  recovered  from. 

Tliere  were  several  minor  engagementa  in 
Wuatem  and  Northern  Virginia  during  th* 
early  part  of  lfl64.  Among  others,  on  Jan. 
2,  til*  rebel  Gen.  Ham.  Jones  captured  Major 
Beer  and  300  Illinoiaans  and  three  guns  at 
Jonesville,  after  a  anuirt  contest.  At  the 
close  of  the  month,  Koaaer  made  a  raid  into 
West  Virginia  from  Early's  position,  doing 
some  damage,  but  was  shortly  chased  away 
by  Oen.  Averill;  and  in  February  Col,  Gallup 
surprised  Ferguson,  a  rebel  guerilla,  in  Wayne 
County,  and  captured  him  with  a  portion  of 
his  force.  On  May  1,  18(14,  Gen.  8igel  with 
10,000  men  moved  up  the  Hhenandoak  Val- 
ley to  New-Market,  where  he  waa  encountered 
on  May  13  by  Oen.  BriKkinridf*  wMi  • 


m 


HISTORY    OF   THE 


Urgn  forw  of  rabeh.  The  Utt«r,  hy  •  rew)- 
liitn  charge,  rout«<l  Signl,  driving  him  to 
C'wlur  Cr«N>k,  and  c«|ituriiig  700  men,  0  ginm, 
hikI  imrt  of  his  truin.  On  May  10,  Oen. 
Avfrill,  di«|iatvh<>d  with  2,000  cavalry  hy 
(li>n.  (Vuok  on  the  Kanawha,  to  destroy  the 
h>Hd  mine*  at  Wythevilie,  waa  there  hoatrn 
liy  a  heavy  cavalry  foroa  under  John  Mor> 
Kuii.  Alioiit  this  period,  near  Dublin  Sta- 
tion, Uen.  Crook  with  0,(K)0  men  boat  off  an 
iuferior  force  under  Gen.  McCauiland. 

At  Piedmont,  June  fi,  Uen.  Hunter,  who 
had  luccooded  Sigel,  met  Uen.  W.  K.  Joneii, 
with  moat  of  the  rebel  force  of  thia  dopart- 
ment.  The  rebcli  were  routed,  leaving  1,.^00 
priNonera,  3  guni,  and  3,000  Rmall  armii,  after 
loaing  many  in  killed  and  wounded,  among 
the  lormnr  being  their  leader,  Oen.  Jonus. 
Uuuler,  joined  by  Crook  and  Averill  at 
dtaunton,  which  he  had  taken,  then  advanced 
}n  Lynchburg,  attacking  it  on  June  18;  but 
It  had  boon  heavily  reinforced  by  Lee,  and 
Hunter  waa  forced  to  retreat  acroM  the  Allo- 
ghaniea  to  Meadow  filuff,  in  Weal  Virginia, 
aliarply  puniued  and  suffering  levereiy. 

On  July  2d,  Oen.  Early,  commanding  the 
cor|M  Kcitt  from  Riohmond  to  the  relief  of 
Lynchburg,  appeared  northward  on  the  Poto- 
mac, ciiUHing  Sigel  to  retreat  with  heavy  Iom 
of  atorea  from  Martinsburs  to  Maryland 
Heighta.  Tlie  rebels  then  uostroynd  a  por- 
tion of  the  Uitltimore  and  Ohio  Ilailroad,  oo- 
oupiud  Mitgorstown,  and  raided  into  the  border 
of  Ponnxylvaiiiu,  creating  great  excitement  at 
the  North.  Oen.  Wallace,  confronting  the 
invaders  on  the  Monooacy,  with  a  force  of 
3,000  Maryland  Home  Ouiirds  and  a  brigade 
of  the  19th  corps  under  Oen.  Ricketta,  was 
«ttackud  near  Frederick,  July  0.  He  was 
repeatedly  charged,  and  each  charge  was  re- 
|)olled  by  a  fierce  and  bloody  struggle,  until  at 
4  P.M.  he  was  forced  to  reti-eat.  The  Union 
loss  in  this  action  was  1,9&9;  that  of  the 
rebels  somewhat  leM.  Early  s  cavalry  ad- 
vance under  Oen.  Bradley  T.  Johnson  now 
approached  Baltimore,  and  robbed  a  Phila- 
delphia mail  train  and  passengers  at  a  short 
distance  therefrom.  On  the  12th,  Early's  en- 
tire nrniy  waa  within  six  or  seven  miles  of 
Washington,  at  which  point  he  lost  280  killed 
and  wounded  in  a  skirmish.  But  hia  force, 
novi-  reduced  to  15,000,  being  confronted  by 
one  of  40,000,  he  precipitately  retreated  across 
the  Potomac  near  Poolesville,  with  vast  herds 
of  cattle  and  other  plunder.  Gen.  Wright 
followed  in  pursuit  to  the  Shenandoah,  where, 
near  Island  Ford,  on  July  19,  Early  drove 
back  tlie  Union  advance,  inflicting  a  loss  of 
SOO  men.  Near  Winchester,  Averill  had  an 
engagement,  July  20,  with  a  division  of  the 
rebels,  defeating  it  with  heavy  loss  and  cap- 
turing four  guns.  On  the  24th,  Early,  con- 
centrating a  Targe  force,  fell  on  the  troops  of 
Crook  and  Averill,  driving  them  into  Mary- 
land with  a  loss  of  1,300,  including  among 
the  killed  Oen.  Mulligan,  the  defender  of 
Lexington,  Mo.,  and  thua  became  master  of 
the  southern  shore  of  the  Potomac  from 
Williamsport  to  Shepardstown.  On  the  30th, 
McCausland  recrossed  the  Potomac,  and 
moved  upon  Chambersburg,  Pa.,  demanding 
thereof  a  ransom  of  |500,000,  which  being 
refused,  he  fired  the  town,  destroying  two- 
thirds  of  it.  The  rebel  raider  John  8.  Moseby 
now  appeai-od  in  «n  insignificant  raid  on 
Adanutown.     Betnsating  towards  Cumber- 


land, McOausland's  and  Johnson's  forces  de- 
feated Col,  Stoiigit  at  Oldtowii,  but  were  in 
turn  routed  near  Moorefield  by  Averill,  on 
Aug.  4.  Karly  now  pro|)ORed  to  hold  llin 
Hhenandoah  till  aft<<r  the  harvest,  and  made 
a  large  requisition  for  grain  on  the  inhabi- 
t<tntN. 

On  Aug.  7,  the  Middle  Department,  com- 
posed of  those  of  West  Virginia,  Wusliiiig- 
ton,  and  Susquehanna,  was  created,  and  Oen. 
Hheridnu  assumed  the  comnuind.  On  the 
10th  the  latter  moved  his  forces  up  the  val- 
ley, when  the  enemy  retired  to  Htrasburg. 
.Moseby  now  attacked  and  burno<l  Hheridaii  s 
supply-train  at  Uerryville,  whereupon  Slieri- 
dan  fell  back  to  Ohurlestowu.  There  Earlv 
engaged  him  in  an  indecisive  conflict,  whicii 
lasted  six  hours.  Sheridan  then  fell  back  to 
Itolivar  Heights,  where  he  was  confronted 
for  several  days  by  Early.  At  the  dote  of 
August,  Early  again  moved  up  the  valley, 
followed  by  Sheridan,  but  no  important  en- 
gagement took  place  till  Sept.  19,  when 
Early,  strongly  posted  on  the  Opequan  Creek, 
near  Winchester,  was  assailed  by  the  pursu- 
ing army.  Gen.  Grant  having  finally  permit- 
ted Oen.  Sheridan  to  risk  a  general  engage- 
ment. At  10  A.M.,  Sheridan  having  arrived 
at  a  desired  point  on  the  rebel  right,  ordered 
a  general  advance,  and  the  artillery  opened 
along  the  whole  line.  Grover's  and  Rickett's 
division  carried  the  enemy's  first  lino ;  where- 
ui>on,  being  assailed  by  two  fresh  divisions 
of  the  latter,  they  were  pushed  back  in  dis- 
order, and  with  great  loss.  But  Capt  lUg- 
by,  24th  Iowa,  followed  by  a  sergeant  and 
twelve  men,  formed  a  rallying  nucleus,  with 
face  to  the  front,  and  a  now  line  was  speedily 
formed.  Torbeit's  cavalry  shortly  atruck 
the  enemy's  left  in  flank,  and  the  whole 
Union  centi-e  charged.  The  rebel  lines  crum- 
bled into  fragments,  and  their  whole  army 
precipitately  retreated  through  Winchester 
to  Fisher's  Hill,  eight  miles  south  thereof. 
Eiurly  left  behind  his  dead  and  wounded,  and 
nearly  3,000  prisoners,  together  with  five 
pieces  of  artillery  and  nine  battle-flags.  The 
Union  loss  was  aliout  3,000,  including  Gen. 
David  A.  Russell  among  the  killed.  The 
total  rebel  loss  was  undoubtedly  much  greater. 
Among  their  killed  were  Oeiis.  Rhodes  and 
Godwin. 

Sheridan  sharply  followed  the  enemy,  and 
again  attacked  them  at  Fisher's  Hill  on  the 
19th  with  such  vigor  that  they  again  broke, 
and  now  fled  towards  Woodstock,  leaving 
1,100  iirisoners  and  16  guns.  Sheridan 
closely  followed  the  retreating  Ihass,  devas- 
tating the  valley  as  he  moved.  The  South- 
em  press  proi)osed  retaliation  for  this  by 
burning  one  of  the  large  cities  of  the  North, 
and  an  unsuccessful  attempt  wns  actually 
made  by  rebel  emissanes  a  few  weeks 
thereafter  in  New  York,  in  various  hotels, 
with  petroleum.  Sheridan  punued  as  far  as 
Brown's  Gap,  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  eight  miles 
south-east  of  Port  Republic,  whero  E^rly 
assumed  a  formidable  position.  Sheridan 
then  returned  down  the  valley,  and  was  at- 
tacked on  the  9th  October  by  the  relxd  Gen. 
Rosser,  with  a  large  body  of  cavalry,  but  de- 
feated him,  taking  300  prisoners  and  II 
guns,  and  causing  him,  in  his  retreat,  to 
"jump  for  26  miles."  Sheridan  now  left 
his  army  for  a  short  visit  to  Washing- 
Ion.    Early,  who  had  been  reinforced  by  12,- 


000  men,  hearing  of  ShoritlHii's  ubseuce,  r» 
solved  to  attack  his  army  b<>fure  hia  rvlurn. 
On  the  night  of  the  IHih,  li>aviiig  Fishi'r'a 
Hill,  and  knowing  the  ground  thoroughly,  he 
oroHKod  the  mouiitaiiiN  and  fonh-d  the  north 
fork  of  the  Sheuaiiilouh.  Marching  with  the 
utmost  secrecy  mihI  celerity,  he  htotu  down 
upon  the  flunk  of  the  Union  position  on  Ce- 
dar Creek,  near  Middletown.  There  his 
forces  arrived  and  stood  for  an  hour,  shiver- 
ing with  cold,  within  UOO  vards  ot  the  Union 
ramps.  At  daybreak  a  deafening  yell,  and 
the  blase  and  crash  of  10,000  muskets,  took 
place,  and  charging  through  the  fog,  th« 
rulxHs  were  ii|)on  the  surprised  and  panic- 
stricken  army  before  any  line  of  battle  could 
be  formed,  and  in  fifteen  niinutea  the  Army 
of  West  Virginia,  connnanded  by  Crook,  be 
came  a  flying  mob,  pressing  back  to  a  second 
hill,  a  half  mile  distant,  whore  lay  the  10th 
corps,  under  Emory.  This  corps  in  turn 
was  flanked,  and  fled  with  the  rest  towards  a 
third  hill,  on  which  lay  the  0th  corps,  under 
Oen.  Wright,  with  Torbeii's  cavalry  suit- 
porting  its  right  flnnk.  The  24  guns  which 
had  been  captured  by  the  rebels  they  now 
turned  u|>on  the  Unionists,  enfilading  the 
entiro  line  of  the  latter.  Repulsing  a  tre- 
mendous charge  of  the  enemy,  Wright  was 
enable<l  to  cover  the  fugitive  crowd,  and 
while  the  enemy  were  hesitating,  a  |)art  being 
engaged  in  plundering  the  captured  canipH, 
he  r»<troated  in  good  order  towards  Middle- 
town.  But  he  was  soon  terribly  osstiiled  on 
the  left  flank,  in  the  woodeil  fields  near  that 
place ;  and  from  the  adjacent  heights  Early'; 
batteries  poured  a  terrible  fire  on  the  uu 
covered  army  as  it  passed  within  range. 

Oen.  Sheridan,  returning  from  Washing; 
ton,  was  leisurely  proceeding  on  his  way  tc 
the  front  from  Winchester,  where  he  had 
slept  the  night  before.  He  heard  the  thun- 
der of  the  artillery,  and  met  the  frightened 
fugitives  of  the  Union  army.  Pant  these  and 
the  cheering  wounded  Iving  along  the  road 
side,  ho  now  fled  himself,  but  it  waa  towards 
instead  of  from  the  front,  which  he  reached 
at  10  A.M.,  just  as  Wright  had  halted  and 
the  enemy  ceased  to  pursue.  By  the  inspi- 
ration of  bis  presence  and  the  homely  assni' 
ances  of  his  sanguine  natui-e  that  his  force* 
were  now  going  "  to  lick  the  enemy  out  of 
their  boots,  and  get  the  tightest  twist  on 
them  ever  seen,"  the  retreat  was  stopped, 
and  in  a  short  time  a  new  line  of  battle  was 
formed,  and  the  crestfallen,  shattered  batta- 
lions were  converted  into  fresh  men,  excited 
and  eager  for  victory.  At  1  p.m.  Emory's 
new  line  was  again  attacked,  but  the  enemy 
were  shortly  repulsed.  At  3  p.m.  the  order 
was  given  for  the  entiro  Union  line  to  ad- 
vance, and  in  an  instant  it  moved  swiftly 
and  solidly  on  the  enemy's  position,  before  a 
tremendous  fire  of  artillery  and  musketry, 
the  Unionists  having  but  few  cannon  to  re- 
spond to  the  former.  The  assailing  lines 
were  thus  torn  and  fell  back;  but  again 
roused  by  the  gallant  eflbrts  of  their  com- 
mander, one  grand  overwhelming  charge  was 
made,  and  the  rebel  front  gave  woy,  and  the 
whole  late  victorious  army  of  the  enemy  was 
now  in  turn  pursued,  a  disordered,  panic 
stricken  mob,  up  to  and  through  Strasbur), 
by  infantry  and  cavali-y ;  and  thence  to  Wood- 
stock, 16  miles  lieyond,  by  the  latter.  The 
Union    army  slept    that   night,  ••  it  li^d 


UNITED    STATKB. 


IlltMOIlCP,  l'» 

LI  liiM  I'vlurn. 
'iiig  l''iiili('i''a 
lui'uiiglily,  lie 
•cl  lliu  luirth 
liiiK  with  tha 
B  htdlu  down 
■ition  Ull  Civ 
Thoie  liit 
lioiir,  nliiviT- 
of  the  Union 
ing  yell,  Rnd 
luiNketi),  took 
the  fog,  the 
li  and  |mnic- 
r  battle  could 
tea  the  Army 
by  Crook,  be- 
'k  to  s  Heconil 

lay  the  10th 
oi')m  in  turn 
rest  toward*  a 
I  corpa,  under 

cavalry  iiu|»- 
14  guna  which 
leU  they  now 
inHlading  the 
[iiilung  a  tro- 
,  Wright  wna 
)  crowd,  and 
;,  a  imrt  b<-ing 
itured  canipN, 
wards  Middlc- 
ly  osauili'd  on 
ieUlK  near  tliiit 
i«ight8  Early'f 
■e  on  the  uu 


fnaghl  that  day,  without  food.  In  thia 
Union  diifvat  tntnamuted  to  victory  hy  the 
rniiifiii-oiwiirnt  of  a  aingle  man,  the  Union 
loxR  wiiN  nonrly  3,00<),  inoludiiig  among  the 
killi'd  <l)iM,  1>.  1).  liidwull  and  many  other 
(illli'i'i'M.  Till)  rebel  Iomh  whh  hnavier,  incliid- 
iii;(  tii'ii.  Iliuimimr  among  the  killed,  1,500 
iirinoiicrH,  Huil  23  giina,  lienidea  the  24  guna 
loHt  and  I'vcovered  by  the  Uuioniata.  After 
UiiH  nolabiu  alFuir  there  waa  no  engagement 
of  any  moment  in  the  Shenandoah  Vuley.. 

During  the  latter  part  of  18(13  and  the 
early  part  of  18G4,  nuuieroua  raida  and  de- 
aultory  conliicta  took  place  between  Virginia 
and  the  MiwiiiMippi,  which  contributed  very 
little,  however,  to  a  lettlemont  of  the  grand 
iafiue.  Aug.  16,  1803,  1,000  cavalry,  a  por- 
lion  of  the  Union  army  in  Weat  Tenneaaee, 
under  Col.  J.  J.  I'hillipa,  raided  to  Urenada, 
Miaa.,  where  they  lieati-oyed  00  loconiotiveN 
au<l  r>00  cnra.  In  DeoomlMir,  1803,  the  rebel 
Vorreat,  with  4,000  cavalry,  operated  upon 
Weat  'JVnneNHiie,  horic-atealing  being  hia 
main  object.  Doc.  24,  a  aiiiiill  Union  force, 
under  Col,  Prince,  7tli  Illinoia,  waa  routed  at 
Hoinorville  by  the  rebel  Itichardaon'a  cav 
airy.  In  Fubriiary,  1H04,  Oon.  Sherman, 
with  a  |Hirtion  of  the  Union  forcea  at  Vioka- 
burg,  advanced  to  Moridiiin,  deatroying  a 
great  amount  of  railroad  pro|H)rty,  and  re- 
turning with  400  ]iriHonerR,  1,000  white  and 
ft.OOO  negro  rofiigwH.  Fob.  22,  Gon.  W. 
B.  Hiuith  with  7,000  men  was  attacked  at 
Okolona  by  a  larger  force  of  rebel  cavalry, 
and  beaten  back  to  Memphis  with  a  loaa  of 
200  men  and  T)  guns,  having  however  destroy- 
ed a  largo  amount  of  rubol  pro|ierty.  March 
,^th.  Col.  Osbaud  with  a  Union  force  waa  at- 
tacked at  Yaxno  City  by  a  far  superior  rebel 
force  under  Kichardaon  and  Itoss,  which 
nearly  carried  tlio  town,  but  was  finally 
driven  off  by  Union  reinforcements.  Shortly 
ifterward  Vazoo  City  was  ordered  to  be  evao- 
uutud  by  the  Unionists.  In  March,  Qen. 
PaliMi-r  with  the  14th  corps  operated  against 
a  portion  of  Ilurdee'a  corpa  of  the  rebel  army, 
and  bad  inconsiderable  collisions  therewith 
at  Tunnel  Hill  and  Kocky  Face  Ridge. 

March  10,  Forroat  with  0,000  cavalry 
raided  rapidly  from  Mississippi,  through 
West  TenneRse<*,  capturing  Union  City  from 
Cul.  Hawkins,  who  tamely  surrendered.  He 
bIhu  captured  Hickman,  but  waa  driven  off 
from  Puducah,  Ky.,  with  heavy  loss,  and  fell 
bi\ck  into  Tennessee.  In  hia  operationa  be- 
fore I'aducali,  Forrest  waa  guilty  of  numer» 
oils  dastard  and  cowardly  acts,  such  as  violat- 
ius;  a  truce  and  using  women  and  children  as 
nhields.  April  12,  at  siinriKe  be  attacked 
Fort  Pillow,  on  the  Misniasippi,  garrisoned 
by  ii,')7  men,  including  202  blacks,  under 
Major  L.  F.  Booth.  The  gunboat  Jfew  Era 
aided  in  the  defence,  A  sharp  contlict  ensued 
until  9  A.M.,  when  Major  Booth  was  killetl. 
Major  Bradford,  13th  Tennessee  cavalry,  then 
aiwutned  the  coinntand,  and  withdrew  hia  men 
into  the  inner  works.  Shortly  after  noon  the 
tight  slacked,  and  Forrest  sent  to  Major  Brad- 
ford a  summons  to  surrender  within  twenty 
minutes,  which  the  latter  declined.  During  this 
negotiation  many  of  the  rebels  stole  unperceiv- 
ed  towards  the  fort,  and  the  moment  Major 
Bradford's  answer  was  received,  a  rush  waa 
made,  with  cries  of  "  No  quarter."  The  fort 
was  taken  and  the  garrison  were  driven  down 
the  bank  to  and  into  the  river.  An  indiscrimi- 


nata  alaughter  then  enaued,  in  which  waa  apar> 
ed  neither  age  nor  aex,  white  nor  black,  aoldier 
nor  civilian.  Women  and  children  were 
hacked  to  death  or  coolly  ahot  down.  Some 
of  the  aick  and  the  wounded  were  made  to 
atand  up  and  be  ahot.  Otbera  were  burned 
with  the  tenta  wherein  they  had  been  faat- 
onod  to  the  floor.  The  aceno  of  bloody  atro- 
city continued  till  dark,  anil  waa  oven  renewed 
the  next  morning.  Mi^jor  Bradford  waa  mur- 
dered in  cold  blood  after  having  been  cap- 
tured several  milea  from  the  fort.  The  whitea 
were  here  maaaacrod  because  they  were  loyal 
Southerners  or  "  home-mado  Yankeoa,"  and 
the  negroes  becauae  they  were  "  niggera."  The 
miacreanta  then  fled  from  the  scene  of  thia 
achievement  into  Miasiksippi,  ineffectively 
puraued  by  Gen.  S.  D.  Sturgta. 

At  Guntown  on  the  Mobile  Railroad,  on 
June  10,  Bturgia  found  Forrcat'a  force,  and 
an  engagement  ensued,  in  which  the  former 
waa  disgracefully  lieaten  and  ilrivcn  back  to 
liiploy,  where  on  the  next  diiy  a  second  fight 
enauud,  by  which  Forreat's  pursuit  waa 
checked.  Sturgis  then  retunnul  to  Memphis, 
having  lost  a  third  of  hia  force  of  12,000. 
At  Tupelo,  July  14,  a  Union  force  of  about 
the  same  number,  under  Gen.  A.  J.  Smith,  ad- 
vancing on  Forrest  was  thrice  aauiilcd  by  the 
latter,  who  had  there  concentrated  and  forti- 
fied hia  command.  He  was  each  time  repulsed, 
and  finally  fled  with  heavy  loss,  leaving  his 
killed  and  wounded  on  the  field ;  but  Smith 
made  no  further  advance,  leaving  the  mis- 
creant to  escape.  On  Aug.  18,  flanking  the 
Union  army  by  night,  Forrest  appeared  with 
3,000  men  in  the  atreota  of  Memphis,  but 
shortly  fled  therefrom  without  having  time 
to  do  niiy  damage.  Various  inaignificant 
conteats  took  place  towards  the  cloae  of  the 
year  at  Bean's  Station,  Charleston,   Mossy 


Creek,  Dandridge,  and  Maryville,  in  Eaat 
Tenneaaee.  June  1,  1804,  the  rebel  raider 
Morgan  atarted  with  2,000  men  for  Eaat 
Tennessee,  on  another  raid  by  the  way  of 
Pound  Gap  into  Kentucky,  He  ahortly 
captured  Mount  Sterling,  Paria,  Cynthiana, 
and  Williamatown,  doing  much  damage.  At 
a  bend  in  the  Licking,  300  of  hia  force  en- 
trapped and  captured  Gen.  Hobaon,  with  1,600 
well-armed  Unionists.  June  12,  Gen.  Bur- 
bridge,  with  a  Union  force  in  pursuit  of  Mor- 
gan, found  him  near  Cynthiana,  killed  and 
wounded  300  of  his  command,  captured  400 
men  and  1,000  horaes,  and  liberated  some  of 
Hobson'a  men.  Morgan  succeeded  in  escap- 
ing with  the  rest  of  hia  followers  to  South- 
western Virginia ;  but  on  Sept.  3  he  waa  aur- 
prised  with  a  small  band  at  Greenville,  East 
Tennessee,  and  killed  by  Gen.  Gillem.  Sept. 
19,  an  attempt  waa  made  on  the  Union  prison 
camp  on  Johnson's  Island,  Lake  Erie,  by  cer- 
tain rebel  agents  and  refugees  from  Canada. 
They  seized  a  steamboat  in  which  they  had 
taken  passage  at  Maiden,  Canada,  but  were 
ahortly  compelled  to  run  it  ashore  near 
Sandwich,  Canada,  where  they  escaped.  Oct. 
2,  Burbridge  advancing  on  the  rebel  salt-works 
at  Saltville,  was  beaten  off  by  Breckinridge, 
with  considerable  loss.  0?t.  26,  Gen.  Gillem 
routed  a  rebel  force  at  Morristown,  but  on 
Nov.  13  was  in  turn  aurpriaed  and  utterly 
beaten  there,  in  a  night  attack  by  Breckin 
ridge. 

Early  in  May,  1804,  aimultaneously  with 
the  advance  of  Gen.  Grant  upon  Richmond, 


Qen.  Sherman  oommenoed  hii  parallel  cam- 
paign against  Atlanta.     Hia  army  amountew 
to  about  100,000  men,  with  064  piecea  of  ar* 
tillery,  being  comiiosed  of  the  Armv  of  the 
Cumberland,  Gen.  Thomas,  00,773;  the  Army 
of  the  Tenneaaee,  Gen,  MoPheraon,  24,400 ; 
and  the  Army  of  the  Ohio,  Gen.  Schofield, 
1 3,009.    The  rebel  army  opiioaing  him,  under 
Gen.  J,  Johnston,  amounted  to  about  60,000 
men,  and  waa  divided  into  thitie  corpa,  lod'by 
Hardee,  Hood,  and  Polk.     Johnaton  lay  in 
and  about  Dalton,  atrongly  fortified.    Dalton 
waa  covered  by  a  mountain  called   Rooky 
Face  Ridge,  but  thia  waa  traversed  by  Bua* 
aard-Rooat  Gap,  through  which  ran  the  rail* 
road.     May  7,  Tbomaa  made  a  feint  asainat 
Dalton,  and  ahortly  a  vigoroua  attack,  in 
which  Newton'a  diviaion  of  Howard'a  corjia, 
and  Qeary'a  diviaion  of  Hooker'a,  carried  » 
portion  of  the  ridge.     MoPheraon,   in   the 
meantime,  had  advanced  through  Snake  Creek 
Gap   to  strike  the   rebel   flank.     May    10, 
Sherman  moved  over  the  moat  of  Ida  foreei 
to  MoPheraon,  which  compelled  Johnaton  to 
evacuate  Dalton  and  retreat  to  Reaaca,  18 
milea  aouth   of   that  atronghold.    Howard, 
who  had  been  left  at  Dalton,  now  followed 
on  the  enemy'a  track.     May  10,  Johnaton 
attacked  Hooker  and  Schofield  in  hia  front, 
and  on  hia  left,  at  Reaaca,  but  waa  bloodily 
repulaed,  losing  four  guna  and  many  priaonera. 
During  the  night  he  abandoned  Reaaca,  and 
retreated  acrosa  the  Ooatcnaula  River,  par- 
tially  deatroying    the    bridge.    The    whole 
Union  army  at  once  preaaed  rapidly  in  pur- 
auit  over  the  reugh  country,  the  army  di- 
visions  often   being  necessarily  wide  apart. 
On  the  17th,  Newton's  division  had  a  snarp 
artillery  contest  at  Adairville;  and  on  the 
18th,  after  some  vigoroua  skirmiabing,  Clinton 
waa  captured.     Rome  waa  also  taken  by  Jeff. 
C.  Davia'  division  of  Thomas'  corps,  which 
destroyed  there  mills,  warehouses,  and  foun> 
dries  of  great    importance   to  the    enemy. 
Johnston  now  took  up  a  strong  and  fortified 
)>osition  covering  the  Allatoona  Pass,  near 
Dallas.     On  the  23d,  Sherman  having  reated 
a  few  days  to  bring  up  hia  auppliea,  advanced 
towarda  the  latter  place,  more  or  leas  fighting 
taking  place  on  the  way.    Near  New  Hopo 
Chureh,  Hooker  came   upon  the  enemy  in 
strong  force,  and  attacked  him  on  May  20th, 
gaining  some  ground.     On  the  28th,  John- 
ston suddenly  attacked  McPherson  at  Dallaa. 
Two  unsuccessful  assaults  were  repulsed  b) 
the    latter,    the    rebels    losing    3,000    mun 
and  the  Unionists  about  1,000.     On  the  1st 
June,  Sherman  sent  McPherson  around  to 
the  left  on  another  flank  movement,  com- 
jieiling   the   enemy   to  evacuate    Allatoona 
Pass  and  his  neighboring  fortifications,  and 
fall  back  to  Kenesaw  Mountain.     Allatoona 
Pass  waa  now  made  a  secondary  babe  and 
garrisoned   by  Sherman,  and  the  railroads 
were  repaired  up  to  that  point.     On  the  11th 
June,  the  army  again  advanced  on  the  enemy's 
lines,  which  now  covered  Kenesaw,  Pine,  and 
Lost   Mountains,  and   were  actively  being 
strengthened  each  hour.     Sherman  now  at- 
tempted to  force  a  passage  between  Kenesaw 
and  Pino  Mountains.     On  the  14th,  during 
a  sharp  cannonade,  Gen.  Polk  was  struck  by 
a  three-inch  shot  and  killed.     The  next  morn- 
ing Pine   Mountain  was  discovered  to  he 
alundoned.     On  the   17th,.  Lost  Monntfia 
was  also  abandoned  by  the  eaemyi  who  eoar 


nilTOBY   OF   TUJt 


•MlTfttad  Us  potilion  on  K«neMW.  A  few 
lUjrB  uow  elitiMMMl  with  oonatMit  Mnnoniuling 
•nd  haitvy  ralna,  the  Uiiiun  furoes  advaiioing 
■tnutiljr  but  alowlv  on  the  enemy'*  |Kivition. 
On  the  33d,  HootI  nuMle  »  luddnn  and  Piroe 
»tt«ok  on  Hooker'a  corpa,  but  foiled,  with  u 
loH  of  800  men.  8herm»n  now  unwiieiy  dfl- 
terminnd  to  asMiuIt  in  turn,  and  on  the  27th 
the  two  Armiea  of  ThonuM  and  MoPhenon 
attacked  at  two  different  pointi,  but  wore 
fearfully  repuUed,  with  the  aevere  loas  of 
3,000,  Oena.  Harker  and  Dan.  MoCook,  and 
many  other  valuable  officer*,  being  included 
among  the  Union  killed.  After  having  buried 
hi*  dead  under  a  flag  of  truce,  Sherman  wnt 
MoPhenon  toward*  the  Chattahoochee  River, 
far  in  the  rear  of  Keneiaw  Mountain.  By 
Ihia  aimpla  movsment  Johnaton  waa  at  once 
oompellad  to  evaonate  hia  atrong  poaition  on 
Keneaaw,  and  Sherman  rode  into  Marietta 
on  July  3.  On  the  4th  and  0th  July,  the 
enemy  aucceeded  in  crowing  the  Ohattidioo- 
chee  in  aafoty ;  but  by  the  -Oth  Sherman  had 
akilfully  managed  to  aecure  three  available 
pointa  for  croaaing  the  river,  when  the  enemy 
reluctantly  abandoned  again  hia  litie  of  de- 
fence and  fell  bark  to  Atlanta.  The  Union 
army  now  rested  for  a  few  daya  within  aight 
of  the  ateeplea  of  Atlanta.  In  the  mean- 
while, Oen.  Rouueau,  with  2,000  cavalry,  had 
proceeded  around  Atlanta  and  destroyed  the 
railroad  at  Opelika,  Ala.,  cutting  off  John- 
Hlou'a  suppliea.  Johnatou  was  now  removed 
from  hia  command,  and  Hood  put  in  his 
place,  and  the  latter  at  once  adopted  the 
|M>licy  of  an  impetuona  offenaive.  On  the 
20th  July  he  suddenly  aasailed  with  his  en- 
tire army  the  yet  unformed  lines  of  Sherman, 
in  a  new  position  about  five  miles  from  At- 
lanta. Newton's  division  of  Howard's  corps, 
and  Johnson's  of  Palmer's  corps,  and  Hooker's 
corps,  the  Utter  being  entirely  uncovered, 
rooeived  and  gallantly  withstood  the  shock.. 
Hood  fiuled  to  break  through  the  Union  lines 
und  fell  back  to  hia  intrenohnnenta,  after  a  brief 
nnd  fierce  engagement,  in  which  he  lost  full 
6,000  men,  including  among  the  killed  several 
generals,  while  the  Union  loss  was  about  one- 
half  that  number.  On  the  22d,  Sherman  ad- 
vanced to  within  two  miles  of  die  city,  when 
lifl  was  stopiied  by  an  extensive  and  strong 
line  of  works.  Hood  uow  masaed  his  entire 
army  against  McPheraon  on  the  left,  who  had 
advanced  on  the  city  from  Decatur.  Blair 
waa  first  struck,  but  soon  the  whole  line  of 
the  Army  of  the  Tenneaaee  became  engaged. 
A  heavy  force  pressed  to  the  Union  rear  and 
captured  12  guns,  while  in  the  front  the 
rebels  dashed  up  to  the  Union  breastworks, 
and  for  a  half  hour  the  two  armies  fought  face 
to  face  with  their  battle  colors  flying  from  the 
same  works.  Logan,  of  the  centre,  soon 
jnasaed  .hia  troops  and  charged,  Wood's  di- 
vision leading,  by  whieh  all  but  two  of  the 
lost  guns  Were  retaken.  In  this  stubborn 
oontest  the  Union  loss  was  3,722,  including 
among  the  killed  Oen.  McPheraon,  who  was 
shot  dead  while  riding  through  a  piece  of 
woods.  Gen.  Logan  reported  the  rebel  dead 
at  over  3,000,  and  the  total  rebel  loss  was 
estimated  at  12,000,  including  1,700  prisonnrs. 
18  stand  of  colors  and  6,000  small  arms  were 
also  captured.  The  next  day,  Garrard  re- 
turned from  a  successful  railroad-destroying 
raid  to  Covington,  in  the  rebel  rear;  and 
Utoaemaa  with  5,000  cavalry,  supirarted  by 


A.  D.  McOook  with  4,000  infantry,  was 
shortly  desiiatohed  to  capture  Macon  and  cut 
the  railroad  there.  This  ex|)edition  failed ; 
McCook  was  hemmed  iu  by  a  superior  force, 
but  succiwded  in  cutting  his  way  out,  while 
Stoneman,  ap|>earing  before  Macun,  was 
obliged  to  hastily  withdraw  therefrom.  He 
WHS  then  shortly  siirroundod  by  Ivursnn,  who 
commanded  an  iufMrior  force,  and  was  de- 
ceived into  a  surrender. 

July  27th,  Howard  succeeded  MoFherson, 
and  Hooker  resigned  his  position  in  conse- 
quence. On  the  28th  Hood  again  desp-ir- 
ately  flung  his  army  upon  the  Army  of  the 
Tennessee,  which  had  been  shifted  from  the 
extreme  left  of  the  Decatur  road  to  Proctor's 
Creek,  on  the  extreme  right,  and  was  protect- 
ed by  rail  breastworks.  Six  times  the  rebels 
advanced  against  thia,  only  to  be  cut  down, 
to  break  and  flee.  The  conflict  continued 
from  noon  till  4  p.m.,  when  the  assailants 
save  it  up  and  retreated.  The  enemy's  loss, 
in  this  brave  attack,  was  estimated  at  6,000, 
while  the  Union  loss  was  scarcely  one-tenth 
of  that  number.  Five  stand  of  colors  and 
2,000  muskets  were  captured.  Hood  now 
permitted  Sherman  to  advance  without  inter- 
ruption, but  sent  Wheeler's  cavalry  to  break 
up  the  railroad,  whereon  Sherman  depended 
for  subsistence.  Learning  the  absence  of 
Wheeler,  Sherman  at  once  dispatched  Kil- 
patrick's  cavalry  to  break  up  the  West  Point 
and  Macon  railroads  in  Hood's  rear ;  and  on 
Aug.  26th  the  whole  Union  army,  save  the 
20tn  corps,  waa  behind  Atlanta,  cooperating 
in  the  work  of  destruction,  before  H'  A  knew 
what  Sheiman  was  doing.  Hood  was  now 
completely  out  off  north  and  east,  and  his  al- 
ternative waa  either  a  auccessful  assault  or 
the  abandonment  of  Atlanta.  On  August  3 1  st 
S.  D.  Lee  and  Hardee  fell  on  Howard  near 
Jonesborough,  and  a  fierce  battle  followed. 
At  4  P.M.,  Davis's  corps,  on  Thomas's  right, 
closed  up  with  Howard,  and  charged  the  en- 
emy's lines,  capturing  an  entire  brigade,  with 
its  general  and  eight  guns.  Again  the  rebelii 
were  defeated,  losing  6,000  men.  During  the 
night  of  August  31st  Hood  hastily  evacuated 
Atlanta,  blowing  up  magazines  and  stores, 
and  destroying  seven  locomotives  and  eighty- 
one  cars,  and  a  large  amount  of  cotton.  On 
September  1st,  Slocum,  who  was  seven  miles 
north,  on  the  Chattahoochee,  with  the  20th 
corps,  moved  into  the  city.  Hood  was  now 
pursued  for  thirty  miles  to  Lovejoy's,  where 
he  was  found  strongly  fortified.  But  on  the 
6th  Sherman  returned  to  Atlanta,  to  permit 
hia  army  to  rest  awhile  at  this  important 
point,  which  it  had  so  nobly  won.  Establish- 
ing his  headquarters  here,  Sherman  ordered 
the  removal  of  the  citizens  to  the  North  or 
the  South,  as  they  should  prefer.  This  meas^ 
nre  was  denounced  by  Hood  and  other  South- 
erners as  an  act  of  the  most  studied  and  in- 
genious cruelty,  while  it  was  defended  by 
Sherman  as  a  military  necessity.  During  the 
campaign,  Pillow,  Wheeler,  and  others,  with 
forces  of  rebel  cavalry,  operated  upon  the 
Union  rear  at  Lafayette,  Dalton,  and  in 
Southern  Tennessee,  doing  considerable  dam- 
age, but  influencing  little  the  issue  of  the 
campaign.  At  the  close  of  September,  Hood 
flanked  Sherman's  right,  and  his  cavalry  pro- 
ceeded as  far  as  Big  Shanty,  where  they  de- 
stroyed the  railroad ;  while  French's  division 
of  rebel  infantry,  on  September  28th,  invested 


and  assaulted  the  Union  depot  of  anppIlM 
at  Allat«una,hnld  by  Oen.  Corse  with  1,044 
men.  Corsu  held  o\it  sgaiust  this  vastly  su 
|)erior  force  until  he  Inst  one-third  of  hia 
men,  refusing  to  leave  his  |K»t  of  duly  though 
seriously  wounded  hinisnif.  Gon.  J.  D.  i'ux 
with  the  23d  oor|>s  tlinu  oamu  to  his  rnn- 
cuo,  when  the  enemy  dijew  off,  leaving  231 
dead  and  411  prisoners.  Hood  now  endeav- 
ored to  draw  Sliernian  out  of  Georgia  by  cross- 
ing Sand  Mountain  and  marching  towards  the 
Tennessee.  In  this  he  failed.  The  latter  at 
once  entrusted  Oen.  Thomas,  iviinforced  by 
A.  J.  Smith's  forces  from  Missouri,  with  the 
defence  of  Tennessee.  He  then  concentrated 
all  hia  remaining  forces  near  Atlanta,  and 
destroying  the  foundries,  mills,  and  othoi 
works  at  that  place  and  Rome,  and  dismant- 
ling the  railroads,  he  detached  himself  from 
his  communications,  and  prepared  to  inarch 
to  the  sea: 

When  the  rebel  commander  found  himself 
north  of  the  Tennessee,  and  that  Sherman 
had  left  him  there,  he  determined  to  advance 
north  and  attack  Nashville.  September  23d, 
Forrest's  cavalry  captured  Athens,  Ala.,  held 
by  Col.  Campbell  with  600  men.  He  then  pro- 
ceeded north  to  Pulaski,  but  was  driven  off 
eastward  by  a  Union  force  under  Gen.  Rous- 
seau. He  shortly  afterwards  divided  his 
forces,  sending  Buford  with  4,000  men  to 
capture  Huntsville  and  Athens,  Ala.,  again, 
while  he  with  3,000  proceeded  north-west  to 
Columbia.  His  plans  in  both  coses  failed,  as 
large  Union  forces  wore  gradually  concen- 
trating upon  both  him  and  Buford.  They 
both,  however,  succeeiled  in  withdrawing 
across  the  Tennessee.  October  26th,  Hood 
made  a  feint  against  Decatur,  Ala.,  where  he 
had  a  slight  conflict  with  Oordon  Granger. 
During  this  hia  vanguard  croased  the  river 
near  Florence.  Forrest  now  advanced  upon 
Johnsonville,  Tenn.,  an  important  Bup()ly  de- 
pot for  Nashville,  and  defended  by  1,000  men 
under  Col.  C.  R.  Thompson,  with  the  aid  of 
three  gunboats.  Several  days'  fighting  en- 
sued here,  but  the  enemy  finally  withdrew  at 
the  approach  of  Gen.  Schofield  with  the  23d 
corps  from  Nashville.  The  Union  vessels  here 
were  fired  by  their  commanders,  to  prevent 
their  capture  by  the  enemy,  and  the  flames 
extended  to  the  depots  of  supplies,  involving 
a  loss  of  11,600,000.  About  November  1 7th 
the  entire  army  of  Hood  crossed  the  Tennes- 
see. 24th,  Oen.  Schofield  fell  back  and  con- 
centrated at  Columbia,  while  Gen.  Granger 
retired  on  Stevenson.  Hood  now  pressed 
Schofield  severely  at  Duck  River,  and  the 
Utter  marched  swiftly  for  Franklin,  situated 
on  a  bend  of  the  Harpeth  River,  eighteen 
miles  from  Nashville,  to  avoid  being  disas- 
trously cut  off  by  Hood  fi-om  crossing  that 
river.  Hood  raced  and  fought  with  him  the 
whole  way.  Schofield,  though  crippled  by 
his  immense  train,  won  this  race  and  got  into 
position  at  Franklin  on  the  30th.  Hood  ar- 
rived later  on  the  same  day,  and  was  not  ready 
for  battle  till  4  p.m.  He  then  threw  himself 
impetuously  upon  Schofield'a  centre,  under 
Wagner,  forcing  it  back  with  thi<  loss  of  two 
guns,  and  obtaining  the  possession  of  the  first 
line  of  Union  works  at  a  tenible  sacrifice  of 
life.  By  the  efforts  of  Cox,  Staidey,  Wag- 
ner, and  Opdyke,  the  lines  were  reformed, 
and  at  sunset  a  savage  struggle,  in  which 
bayooots   and  clubbed  muskets  were  uaed, 


VNITED   STATES. 


of  rapiillM 
I  with  1.044 
U  vitntly  RU 
liiiil  of  \\i» 
iluty  though 
II,  J.  D.  Cox 
to  hlH  i-fls- 
leaving  231 
now  oikIrkv- 
rgia  by  oroM- 
t  towardR  the 
riio  lutter  at 
pinforce'd  by 
uri,  with  the 
ooncentratoH 
Atlanta',  and 
,  and  othci 
ind  dinmant- 
himRolf  from 
red  to  march 

nind  himiielf 
hat  Sherman 
id  to  advance 
ptember  23d, 
nfi,  Ala.,  hrld 
He  then  pro- 
u  driven  off 
ir  Gen.  Roua- 
divided  hi« 
,000  men  to 
n,  Ala.,  again, 
north-west  to 
lasea  failed,  as 
Ittally  concen- 
luford.    They 
withdrawing 
r  26th,  Hood 
kla.,  where  he 
&on  Granger. 
Bed  the  river 
dvanced  upon 
mt  supply  de- 
by  1,000  men 
th  the  aid  of 
fishting  en- 
withdrew  at 
with  the  23d 
mveuelshere 
I,  to  prevent 
id  the  flames 
ies,  involving 
ovember  17th 
the  Tennes- 
back  and  con- 
Sen.  Granger 
now  pressed 
iver,  and  the 
klin,  sitnated 
ver,  eighteen 
being  disss- 
crossing  that 
with  him  the 
crippled  by 
and  got  into 
.    Hood  ar- 
.  -aa  not  ready 
brew  himself 
sentre,  under 
i(>  loss  of  two 
on  of  the  first 
e  sacrifice  of 
taiiley.  Wag- 
ire  reformed, 
[le,  in  which 
ware  uied, 


tuok  plaoa  for  the  maat«ry  of  the  around 
which  had  been  loat.  It  was  retaken  by  the 
Unionists,  together  with  the  lost  guns,  10 
rolwl  battle-flags,  and  300  prisoners.  At  10 
r.M.  the  battle  oeaaud,  the  rebel  liwa  having 
been  over  0,000  men,  including  four  genenu 
oflioerB  killed,  six  wounded,  and  one  captured. 
The  Union  low  wait  2,300.  During  the  night 
Schofield  fell  back  to  Nashville. 

Uon.  Thomas  at  Nashville  was  now,  Dec. 
1,  reinforced  by  the  command  of  A.  J.  Hmith 
from  Miaaouri,  and  by  0,000  trooiw  and  a 
negro  brigade  from  Chattanooga.  Eight 
Union  gunboata,  with  the  iron-clod  Neoaho, 
«ame  up  the  Cumberland,  and  protected  tlie 
tiity  on  the  river  side,  but  Hood  advanced  his 
lines  around  the  city,  and  effectually  out  off 
all  oommunications  south.  Furrest  in  the 
meanwhile  had  been  aent  to  operate  againat 
Murfreeaboro,  co-0|)erating  with  Bat«g' divi- 
sion of  Cheatham's  corps.  These  were  re- 
pulsed in  their  attack,  Deo.  4,  on  the  block- 
house at  Overall's  Creek,  five  milea  north  of 
Murfreeaboro,  and  shortly  afterwards  were 
driven  with  considerable  loss  from  before 
Fort  Roseorans,  held  by  Gen.  Rousseau. 

From  want  of  a  cavaJry  force  Gen.  Tltomas 
delayed  in  assuming  the  offensive,  thereby 
causing  some  solicitude  to  Gen.  Grant,  but 
the  latter'a  oonfidence  in  the  man  was  shortly 
restored.  On  the  10th  December,  the  tem- 
perature having  moderated,  though  a  glaze  of 
ice  covered  the  country,  three  corps — A.  J. 
Smith's,  tJie  IGth,  on  the  right;  Wood's,  the 
4th,  nextonhis  left;  with Schofield'a 23d corps 
on  Wood's  left  as  a  reserve — were  concen- 
trated on  the  rebel  left.  At  daylight,  while 
Steedmon,  with  a  mixed  body  of  troops, 
threatened  the  rebel  right,  the  two  corps  of 
Smith  and  Wood  made  the  onset  upon  the 
enemy's  left.  This  disappeared  befoi-e  them 
and  was  thrown  in  confusion  upon  the  re^..  1 
centre.  Wilson's  cavalry  now  swept  round 
the  right  and  attacked  the  rear  and  flank  of 
Ihe  rebels,  thus  heaped  on  their  centre.  With 
Ills  left  gone  and  his  centre  thus  imperilled, 
Mood  threw  over  troops  from  his  right,  and 
succeeded  in  holding  through  the  day  his 
strong  position ;  but  when  uight  closed,  the 
day's  work  had  given  to  the  Unionists  16  guns, 
1,200  prisoners,  and  40  wagons,  while  their 
losses  were  trivial.  During  the  night  Hood 
took  up  a  new  position  two  miles  in  his  i-ear, 
shortening  his  lines  from  six  to  three  miles. 
On  the  following  morning.  Wood  advanced 
over  the  enemy'a  deserted  works  upon  his  cen- 
tre, while  Steedmau  again  attacked  his  right, 
aud  Smith  aud  Schofield  engaged  his  reformed 
leflb.  But  the  main  attack  wus  delayed  until 
Wilson's  cavalry,  which  hud  been  sent  to  his 
rear  by  a  wide  circuit,  could  be  heard  from. 
This  news  came  about  4  p.m.,  when  the  whole 
Union  line  had  advanced  to  within  600  yards 
of  the  enemy.  The  latter,  duly  prepared, 
received  the  assault  of  Wood  with  volleys  of 
musketry  and  artillery,  and  the  assailing  col- 
umns were  repulsed  Mrith  fearful  slaughter  in 
Uieir  attempts  to  overcome  the  abattis  strewed 
upon  Overton's  Hill,  whieh  was  the  enemy's 
centre.  But  Wood  speedily  reformed  his  line, 
while  Smith  and  Schofield's  men  swept  over 
the  enemy's  work  on  the  loft.  A  second  time 
Wood  and  Steedman  advanced  up  Overton's 
Hill,  sweeping  all  before  them,  capturing  the 
commanding  forts  and  nine  pieces  of  artillery. 
The  lebels  now  abandoned  their  b  vtteries  at 
39 


•II  (lohita,  and  fled  in  diamay  through  the 
Brentwood  Pasa.  A  portion  of  Wilaon's 
cavalry  pursued,  but  night  put  an  end  to 
the  conflict.  While  the  Union  army  rested 
upon  the  field,  the  remnant  of  the  enemv 
retreated  through  the  darkness  to  Harpeth 
liiver.  The  next  day  the  pursuit  was  re- 
new«<l,  and  was  kept  up  for  several  days; 
but  the  country  was  now  flooded  by  incessant 
rains,  and  in  the  absence  of  pontoons  the 
roads  were  scarcely  passable  in  the  rear  of 
the  fleeing  enemy.  After  being  severely 
pressed  at  Franklin,  }Ioo<l  succeeded  in 
crossing  the  Harpeth,  Rutherford's  Creek, 
and  Duck  River.  At  Columbia  Forrest's 
cavalry  rejoined  his  army,  and  formed  a 
strong  rear-guard  for  it.  On  the  last  of  the 
mouth  Hood  crossed  the  Tennessee  with 
what  remained  of  his  forces,  and  Jan,  23, 
1800,  was  relieved  from  command  at  hia  own 
request. 

While  Hood  was  before  Nashville,  a  por- 
tion of  his  cavalry  under  Gen.  Lyomi  made 
a  feeble  raid  upon  the  Louisville  Railroad  in 
Thomas's  rear.  They  were  chased  out  of 
Tennessee,  all  but  Lyons  and  about  100  men 
being  killed  or  captured.  On  Deo.  6  Stone- 
man  started  from  Knoxville  after  a  rebel 
force  under  Duke,  who  was  retreating  to  Vir- 
ginia. At  Kingsport  he  dispersed  this  com- 
mand, capturing  300  prisoners.  At  Wythe- 
villo,  about  Deo,  10,  some  rebel  cavalry  un- 
der Vaughan  were  routed,  and  the  lead-works, 
railroad,  and  other  valuable  rebel  property 
in  the  neighborhood  destroyed.  Breckin- 
ridge, commanding  in  this  region,  now  re- 
treated across  the  mountains  into  North 
Carolina,  abandoning  the  imjiortant  salt-works 
at  Saltville  to  Stonemon,  who  utterly  de- 
stroyed them. 

Gen.  Thomas  reports  the  captures  of  his 
campaign  from  Sept.  7, 1864,  to  Jan.  20, 1860, 
at  11,857  men,  including  one  mi^jor-generol,  7 
brigadiers,  and  many  other  officers,  together 
with  72  pieces  of  artillery  and  3,079  small 
arms.  The  total  Union  loss  m  killed,  wounded, 
and  missing  was  about  10,000,  while  that  of 
the  rebels  was  over  20,000. 

The  State  elections  and  the  Presidential 
canvass  of  1864  reflected  the  aspects  of  the 
war.  The  Democratic  party  nominated  Gen. 
O.  B.  McClellan  as  its  candidate  for  the 
Presidency,  and  Goo.  H.  Pendleton,  of  Ohio, 
for  Yico-Preaident.  The  Republicans  nomi- 
nated President  Lincoln  for  a  second  term, 
with  Andrew  Johnson,  of  Tenn,,  for  Vice- 
President,  A  small  party  of  discontented 
Rcp<iblicans  nonunated  Gen.  Fremont  for 
President,  and  John  Cochrane  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent, but  they  soon  declined.  The  policy 
signified  by  the  Democratic  platform  was  sepa- 
ration, or  re-establishment  with  slavery.  The 
letter  of  acceptance  of  Gen.  McClellan  was  for 
the  latter  only,  while  the  Republican  candi- 
date was  pledged  to  the  re-establishment  of 
the  Union  without  slavery.  The  political 
blunder  of  the  Democrats,  and  the  Union 
successes  of  Sherman  and  Farragut,  assured  the 
success  of  Pres.  Lincoln.  The  October  elec- 
tions were  overwhelmingly  Republican,  and 
Maryland  now  adopted  a  Constitution  abol- 
ishing slavery.  In  the  November  elections 
the  electoral  votes  of  but  three  States — New 
Jersey,  Delaware,  and  Kentucky — 21  in  all, 
woro  cast  for  McClellan  and  Pendleton  ;  the 
remainder,  213,  being  for  Lincoln  and  John- 


son, The  vote  of  the  soldieia  wm  nearly  i 
to  1  iu  favor  of  the  latter,  Kentnoky,  thou^ 
thoroughly  Union,  was  equallT  pro-sUvery ; 
and  the  Act  of  Congreae  providing  for  the  en- 
rolment  of  slaves  as  soldiers  caused  great  dis> 
satisfaction  there,  and  ensured  the  State  vote 
in  favor  of  McClellan, 

June  30,  1864,  Salmon  P,  Chase,  Secretwrjr 
of  the  Treasury,  resigned  hia  |K>st,  after 
having  discharged  its  duties  with  great 
ability.  Upon  his  entrance  thereupon,  the 
Federal  credit  was  in  a  most  depressed  con* 
dition.  In  Deo.,  1861,  the  banks  of  the  loval 
States  and  the  Federal  Treasury  suspended 
specie  payment,  and  acts  were  shortly  passed 
by  Congress  mailing  Treasury  notes  •  legal  ten- 
der, A  depreciation  of  the  ourrener  at  ones 
took  place,  and  ooiitinued  throughout  the 
war,  the  price,  in  currency,  of  gold  refleoting 
to  a  certain  extent  the  Tarious  phase*  of  the 
war.  At  one  time,  in  Julv,  1864,  immedi^ 
ately  following  the  Union  iaUure*  in  Virginia, 
it  stood  at  200,  Various  acta  were  promptly 
passed,  from  time  to  time,  by  Congress,  in 
conformity  with  the  Secretary's  plans,  to  raise 
the  immense  sums  necessary  for  the  prosecu- 
tion of  the  war,  and  to  induce  the  people  to 
become  lenders.  A  comprehensive  system  of 
internal  taxation  was  reluctantly  resorted  to, 
and  a  National  Banking  law  was  passed, 
which  forced  the  State  banks  to  become 
National  banks,  and  thus  required  them  to  ab- 
sorb a  large  amount  of  Government  securitita. 
Various  means  were  also  taken  to  prevent 
speculators  from  forcing  up  the  price  of  gold, 
and  a  system  was  inaugurated  of  selling  the 
Qovemmont  surplus  gold  derived  from  the 
Customs,  and  applying  it  to  the  purchase  of 
the  Government  paper.  The  following  is  aa 
exhibit  of  the  growth  of  the  national  dsbt 
during  the  war : 

1860 »64,700,703 

1861 90,807,828 

1862 014,211,371 

1863 1,097,274,1360 

1864 1,740,036,689 

1860 2,423,437,001 

1866 2,749,491,746 

This  sum,  together  with  the  State  an4 
local  debts,  made  the  total  expenditure  ia 
prosecuting  the  war  over  four  billions — an  in- 
credible sum— the  most  of  which  was  raised 
from  the  loyal  people  themselves.  The  rebels 
also  were  obliged  to  issue  irredeemable  paper, 
but  it  shortly  became  worthless,  and  uiey 
then  maintained  their  army  chiefly  by  requi- 
sitions. 

During  the  year  1864  two  attempts  were 
made  to  negotiate  a  peace,  by  unauthorized 
parties  from  each  side,  one  by  Horace  Greeley, 
who  met  at  Niagara  Messrs.  Clay,  Holcombe, 
and  Sanden,  rebel  refugees  in  Canada.  The 
following  missive  from  Pres.  Lincoln  termi< 
nated  this  negotiation : 

"  EXXCVTITB  HAKStOir, 

"  Wabbhioton,  July  18, 1861 
"  To  \Dhom  it  may  conewn  : 

"Any  proposition  which  embraces  the 
restoration  of  peace,  the  integrity  of  the 
whole  Union,  and  the  abandonment  of  slav- 
ery, and  which  comes  by  and  with  an  autho- 
rity that  can  control  the  armies  now  at  wot 
against  the  United  States,  will  be  received  and 
considered  by  the  Executive  Government  of 
the  United  States,  and  will  be  met  by  liberal 


niBTORY   OP    TUB 


on  inbatMilUl  wul  ooiUteral  nobiU; 

ftud  th«  bearer  or  bearere  thereof  iihaU  have 
Mfe  oonduot  bnth  way*. 

(Sigued)    "  Abraham  Lincoln." 

Another  attempt  was  mode  by  Cot.  Juc(|uoh 
and  Mr.  Uilniore,  who  wure  neniuttod  tu 
approach  Freiident  Davii,  at  Piuhinond,  hut 
thu  eflbrt  alio  terminated  in  ouiupluto  full- 
ure. 

Dee.  6,  1804,  the  38th  CongroHa  reaa- 
■embled.  and  during  the  evening  icMion, 
rawed,  by  the  required  two-thirda  vote,  the 
l3th  amendment  of  the  Federal  Constitution, 
abolishing  and  forever  prohibiting  slavery 
throughout  the  United  Htates,  ami  by  the 
■ubeequent  rati&oat'ou  of  more  than  two- 
thirds  of  the  States,  it  became  a  part  of  tho 
Constitution. 

In  Feb.,  1860,  rebel  commissioners,  condi- 
tionally authorised  by  the  Confederate  aii- 
thoritius,  met  Pres.  Lincoln  and  Hcc.  Sew- 
ard at  Fortress  Monroe,  to  negotiate  a  pouco, 
but  not  being  authorize\2  to  concede  the  re- 
establishment  of  the  Union,  they  shortly  do- 
parted  as  they  had  come. 

March  4,  1804,  the  second  inauguration  of 
Pres.  Lincoln  took  place,  when  he  delivered 
an  address,  memorable  for  its  grandeur  of 
thought  and  tenderness  of  feeling ;  a  fitting 
memory-piece  for  the  rising  youth  of  this 
country,  as  were  also  the  remarkable  im- 
promptu words  which,  shortly  before,  Nov. 
loth,  1803,  fell  from  his  lips  at  the  dedic»' 
tiou  of  the  national  cemetery  at  Oettygburg. 

On  the  6th  August,  1804,  Adm.  Farra{^.<it, 
with  a  fleet  of  four  iron-clads  and  fourt^>n 
wooden  ships  of  war,  moved  up  the  entrance  to 
the  spacious  Mobile  Bay,  which  was  defended 
by  the  strong  forts,  Morgan  and  Gaines  and 
Powell,  by  a  channel  lined  with  torpedoes,  and 
by  a  considerable  rebel  fleet,  under  Franklin 
Buchanan,  including  a  powerful  ram,  the 
TenneMte.  A  land  force  of  5,000  men  under 
Qen.  Gordon  Granger  co-operated  with  Ad- 
miral Farragut,  and  was  landed  on  Dauphin 
Island  in  rear  of  Fort  Gaines ;  the  wooden 
ships  were  lashed  two  and  two.  The  Brook- 
lyn with  her  port  consort,  the  Octorara,  lead- 
ing, much  against  the  inclinations  of  the 
Admiral,  who,  however,  followed  next, 
lashed  in  the  maintop  of  the  flagship  Hart- 
ford. The  monitors  advanced  between  the 
wooden  fleet  and  Fort  Morgan.  The  iron-clad 
TteuTTueh  led,  and  at  a  quarter  to  seven  6red 
the  first  gun,  and  Fort  Morgan  presently 
replied.  The  Brooklyn,  being  then  directly 
under  the  guns  of  the  fort,  opened  on  the 
fort  with  grape.  Presently  the  Tecumieh, 
which  was  a  short  distance  ahead  of  the 
BrooUyn,  was  blown  up  by  a  torpedo,  and 
instantly  sunk,  carrying  down  Com.  Craven 
and  most  all  of  the  others  on  board.  But 
17  out  of  130  were  saved  by  one  of  her  own 
boats  and  a  boat  sent  from  the  JWelacomel,  in 
the  midst  of  the  terrible  fire.  The  Brooklyn, 
fearing  more  torpedoes,  now  recoiled,  and 
awaited  the  rest  of  the  fleet,  whereupon  Farra- 
gut, seeing  the  delay,  took  the  lead,  followed 
by  the  other  ships,  "  their  officers  believing 
they  were  going  to  a  noble  death  with  their 
commander-in-chief."  At  ten  minutes  past 
«i^t  he  was  past  the  fort,  when  suddenly 
the  rebel  ram  Tennetaea  dashed  out  to  run 
him  down,  but  he  simply  returned  its  fire 
■nd  kept  on,  receiving  the  fires  of  the  three 


rebel    gunboats    ahead,    the    Mfrgan,    tina 
Oainet  and  the  Uttma,     Tho  Jfartford  now 
cast   off  her   consort,  the  Mttacmnet,  with 
orders  to  go  after  these   boats,  wheruuputi, 
after  an  hour's  fight,  the   Uaint*  fatally  in- 
jured, was  run  ashore  and  burned,  tho  Morgan 
esctt|Hid  m>  the  bav,  while  the  tielnui  wits  cup- 
turud.     The  admiral,  sujtposing  the  fight  to 
b«  over,  now  signalled  his  fleet  to  come  to 
anchor,  but  suddenly  the  rebel  ram  bravely 
stood   out    from    under    the    gims    of    the 
fort  to  attack  tho  whole  fli>et.     The  stronger 
Union  vesiiels  immediately  closed  upon  her. 
The  Monongahela  struck  her  first,  carrying 
away  her  iron  prow  and   cut-water.      The 
jMckatuanna  came  next,  crashing  in  her  own 
stem,  but  only  etTecting  a  heavy  list  of  the 
rebel  monster.     The  ram  then  avoided  the 
blow  of  the  Hartford,  and  riddled  the  sides 
of  the  latter  with  shot  and  shell.     Presently 
the  second  blow  of  the  Lacknieanna,  intende<l 
for  the  rum,  was  received  by  tho  Hartford, 
doing  much  damage  to  both  vessels,  but  the 
Chickasaw  kept  battering  the  stem  of  the 
ram,    while    the    Manhattan    sent  a   shell 
thro\igh  her  plating.     Her  smokestack,  steer- 
ing gear,  and   port   shutters  wure   now  de- 
stroyed, and  as  the    Ossipee  was  about  to 
strike  her,  she  hoisted  the  white  flag.     The 
fight  was  over,  and  at  10  a.m.  Farragut  an- 
chored tho  fleet  within  four  miles  of  Fort 
Morgan.     During  tho  night  Fort  Powell  was 
evacuated  and  blown  up,  and  the  next  day. 
Fort   Gaines   was   severely   shelled    by   tho 
Chickasaw,  and  on  the  following  morning  it 
was  surrendered  by  its  commander.  Col.  An- 
derson, in  a  highly  honorable  manner,  though 
he   was   strongly   censured   by  his  superior, 
Gen.  Page,  whocomniandod  Fort  Morgan.  But 
when  the  latter  was  invested  and  fired  upon, 
by  Granger  from  tho  landward  and  the  fleet 
in  front,  Page  held  out  no  longer  than  An- 
derson, did,  and   his  surrender  was  accom- 
panied by  several  dishonorable  acts  of  spite, 
such  as  tho  s|iiking  of  guns,  and  the  hiding  of 
swords  to  avoid  their  surrender.  The  defences 
of  Mobile  Buy  thus  captured,  closed  that  |>ort 
against   blockade-runners    henceforth.      The 
shallowness  of  the  water  prevented  the  ap- 
proach of  the  fleet  to  within  shelling  distance 
of  the  city,  and  it  was  not  attacked.     The 
Union  losses  in  this  conflict  were  165  killed, 
and  170  wounded.     104  guns  and  1,464  men 
were  captured. 

Great  skill  was  evinced  during  the  war 
in  the  construction  of  iron-clads,  and  in 
torpedo  operations,  by  the  rebel  naval  com- 
manders, who  were  mostly  recreant  U.  S. 
officers ;  but  their  chief  notoriety,  or  rather 
that  of  British  sympathizers,  Iny  in  the  career 
of  several  privateers,  which  pieyed  most  dis- 
astrously on  the  Northern  commerce,  espe- 
cially the  British  blockade-runner  Oreto, 
under  the  name  of  the  Florida,  and  com- 
manded by  John  N.  Maffit,  and  the  Alabama, 
built  in  England,  and  commanded  by  Raphael 
Semmes,  subsequent  to  his  adventures  with 
the  Sumter.  These  vessels  were  manned  by 
British  sailors,  and  did  a  vast  amount  of 
damage  to  the  Union  commerce,  in  the  form 
of  capture,  robbery,  and  destruction  by  fire 
of  scores  of  unarmed  vessels,  gi-eat  and  small, 
amounting,  with  their  cargoes,  to  many  mil- 
lions of  dollars  in  value.  Another  British 
steamer,  called  the  Japan,  became  the  priva- 
teer Georgia^  but   after  a  brief  career,  in 


which  she  destroyed  a  number  of  valuable 
ships,  she  was  stopjied,  Aug.  10,  1863,  by 
the  N'utgara,  Capt.  Craven,  who  made  her 
his  prize.     Three  other  British  oorsairs,  dur- 
ing the  year  1N«14,  were  added  to  tho  li«t,  the 
JtUlahatttt,  Olu$tet,  and  Chifkamauga.    Oct. 
I,  1N04,  the/?urt(/((  was  captured  in  the  Bra- 
xiliau  |H>rt  of  Huhia  by  Capt.  Collins,  in  tha 
H'aehuiieil,  and  was  afterwards  sunk,  in  a 
collision,  while  being  brought  into  Hampton 
Hoods.     The  United  Htutes  Government  suit- 
sequontiy  disavowed  the  act.     During  1803, 
a  privateer,  under  one  C.  W.  Uoad,  did  much 
damage  along   the  coast,  and  June  34,  he 
entered  the  liarbor  of  Portland  in  t&e  cap- 
tured   schooner  ylrcA«r,   to   which  he    had 
transferred    himself,  and  stole  the  revenue 
cutter,    CushiH)/,      Voluuteers   shortly   pro 
ceeded  to  sea  in  pursuit  of  him,  and  presently 
captured  him  and  his  companions,  who  wi.re 
placed  in  prison.      Deo.  6,  1803,  the  steamer 
Chtnapeakt,  running  between  Now  York  nnd 
'Portland,  was  seized  by  sixteen  rebels,  dis- 
guimid  as  passengers,  who  killed  one  of  the 
engineers  for  scalding  them.     They  then  ran 
into  Hambro  harbor.  Nova  Scotia,  and  the 
civil  authorities  at  Halifax  shortly  restored 
the  steamboat  to  her  owners.     On  Sunday 
morning,  June  10,  1864,  the  yl/a&ama,  under 
Capt.  Summes,  after  due  preparation,  steamed 
out  of  the  French  port  of  Cherbourg  to  fight 
the  U.   8.   gunboat  Keartarge,  under  (.'apt. 
Winslow,  who  was  watchmg  the  exit  of  the 
former.     The  vessels  wore  well  matched  in 
size   and   equipment,  but  a  British  tender, 
the  steamer  Jherhound,  Capt,  Lancaster,  lent 
the  moral  aid  of  its  presence  to  the  piriite. 
At  12^  P.M.,  after  about  an  hour's  conflict, 
seven  miles  from  the  shore,  the  firing  of  the 
British  gunners  of  tlie  Alabama  l>eing  far  in- 
feiior  to  that  of  tho  Americans,  the  Alabama, 
with  her  enguies  disabled,  and  large  holi'S 
torn  in  her  sides,  attempted  to  flee  to  the 
neuti-al  shore,  but  presently  sank.    Boats  wure 
then  sent  from  the  Kearaarge  to  rescue  her 
crew    from    drowning,    but    the  JJeerhovnd 
picked  up  a  large  number,  among  them  Cupt. 
Semmes  and  his  officers,  and  ran  otf  with  tlieiu, 
On  Nov.  11,  1864,  having  sent  his  finui 
messages  by  the  telegraph  connecting  with 
the  North,  Gen.  Sherman  cut  that  alHO,  and, 
living  on  the  country,  moved  forward  from 
Atlanta  in  four  columns,  two  of  the  right 
wing,  consisting  of  the   15th  and  17th  corps, 
under  Howard,  and  the  two  of  the  left  wing, 
composed  of  the  14th  and  20th  cor])8,  under 
Slocum.     The  latter's  forces  moved  on  diflcr- 
ent  roads,  destroying  the  rail-track  as  they 
advanced  through  Decatur,  Covington,  !Mudi- 
son,  and  Eatouton,  while  Howard  advanced 
by    McDonough,    Monticello,  Clinton,   and 
Gordon,  the  chief  obstacle  to  the  pr^igrcss  of 
both  being  the  badness  of  the  roadr.     On  the 
21  St,  Slocum  reached  Milledgeville,  the  cupi- 
tal  of  the  State,  und  Howard  arrived  therf 
on  the  following  day.      In  the  meanwhile, 
Kilpatrick,  with  his  cavalry,  uwornied   the 
country  in  the  vicinity  of  the  march.     At 
Lovejoy's,  he  charged  and  scattered   3,000 
militia,    and    at    Benr    Creek    encountered 
Wheeler's  cavalry,  whom  he  forced  back  to 
Macon,  where  quite  a  rebel  army  was  concen- 
trated, and   strongly   fortified.      Tliis  place 
Kilpatrick  threatened,  while  Howard  crossed 
the  Ocmnlgee  at  Griswoldville,  ten  miles  be- 
yond.   At  this  place  a  part  of  the  15th  corva 


UNITED    STATES. 


OM 


ir  of  Yaliwbto 
15,  1863,  hy 
rbo  nuule  her 
oomtiri,  dur- 
to  tlio  li«t,  tha 
imauga.    Oct. 
<id  in  the  Bra. 
Uolliim,  in  the 
lie  Hunk,  ill  • 
nto  llkinpton 
vemmeut  hu)^ 
During  18U3, 
,ead,  did  much 
June  24,  he 
id  in  t(e  cap- 
rhich   he    hwl 
I  the  revenue 
I   ahortly   pro- 
,  and  prewnUy 
ion*,  who  wrre 
i3,  the  itoamer 
Mew  Yorlc  Riid 
en  rebolii,  dis- 
ed  one  of  the 
They  then  rau 
cotia,  and  tlio 
bortly  roNtoi'cd 
On  Sunday 
.labaina,  under 
ration,  steunied 
rbourg  to  tight 
I,  under  <.'H|>t. 
lie  exit  of  tlie 
ill  matched  iu 
British  tendvr, 
Lancaster,  luiii 
n  to  the  pirate, 
tour's  coiitlict, 
a  tiring  of  tlio 
la  liuiiig  fur  iii- 
,  the  Alabanta, 
nd  large  hoK'H 
to  flee  to  the 
BoatH  were 
to  reacue  her 
ho  JJeerhovnJ 
ng  them  Ciipt. 
off  with  them, 
sent  his  flimi 
nnccting  with 
shat  also,  and, 
forward  from 
of  the  right 
nd  17th  corps, 
the  loft  wing, 
coqiB,  under 
ved  on  diller- 
track  as  they 
'ington,  ]yiudi- 
ard  advanced 
Clinton,   and 
lie  pf  ogrcRB  o( 
oadr.     On  tlie 
ille,  the  ciipi- 
arrived  there 
e  meanwliile, 
uwarnied   die 
march.     At 
ttered   3,000 
encountered 
reed  back  to 
y  was  conceu- 
Tliis  place 
award  crossed 
ten  miles  be- 
he  15th  corva 


waa  l«A  tu  proteot  the  Union  rear,  wtiioh  waa 
■hortiv  •ttaoked  by  three  brigadtm  of  militia, 
from  Mnooii.  Those  assnilauts  wore  ropullod, 
with  a  losa  of  a  thousand  men.  The  Ueorgia 
I^giiiatiirn,  sitting  in  Milledgisvilln,  hastily 
adjouriiod  at  the  approach  of  the  Union  army. 
Thu  latter  hud  thus  fur  lived  on  the  plenty  of 
tliH  country  through  which  it  had  moved,  anil 
aooumuluted  niiioli  more.  At  Milledgeville 
tlio  trains  were  stored  with  forty  days'  ra- 
tions, and  after  a  brief  rest  Hherinan  again 
nioveil  on  towards  the  sea.  On  the  l!*>th 
November,  the  rebel  Wheeler  was  found  at 
Sandersville,  and  driven  awav  to  Wayneston 
by  Kilpatriok,  where,  attacking  in  turn,  he 
wai  repulsed  with  a  loik  of  200  men.  Nov, 
30,  Millen  waa  reached,  a  place  on  the 
Central  Railroad,  from  whence  both  Au- 
gusta and  Savannah  were  threatened.  Up 
to  thia  point  the  railway  tracks  wore  do- 
atroyed  aa  the  army  moved.  After  a  short 
halt  at  Millen,  Sherman  moved  down  towards 
Savannah  on  six  diflnrent  roads,  protected  on 
hia  flanks  by  the  Ogeeeheo  and  Savannah 
riven,  and  passing  through  a  wild  country  of 
foi-uata  and  swam|>a.  On  December  0,  about 
ten  miles  from  Savannah,  the  left  wing  struck 
the  Charleston  Railroad,  coming  upon  the 
skirmishers  of  Hardee,  who  commanded  the 
rebel  forces  at  Savannah, 

On  the  loth,  Savannah  was  completely  be- 
leaguered, while  the  signal  guns  from  the 
Union  fleet  in  Ossabaw  Sound  had  been 
heard,  and  Capt.  Duncan  sent  by  Howard  in 
a  canoe  past  Fort  McAllister  to  oommuni- 
mte  with  Admiral  Dahlgren.  Dec.  12,  Sher- 
man despatcho<i  Oen,  Hazen  to  capture  Fort 
McAllister,  which  had  twice  repulsed  an  at- 
tack of  the  Union  iron-cla<ls,  and  commanded 
thu  entrance  of  the  Ogeeoheo  River,  effectu- 
ally preventing  the  oo-o|)eration  of  tlio  Union 
VMSHels  in  the  capture  of  Savannah.  On  the 
13th,  while  Oens.  Sherman  and  Howard 
watciie  I  the  ofierations  from  the  top  of  a  rice- 
mill,  three  miles  distant,  and  a  Union  gun- 
l<'>at  entered  the  mouth  of  the  Ogeechee,  lla- 
Kun's  division  marched  over  torpedoes  and 
abuttis,  in  the  face  of  a  volley  of  grape,  and 
after  a  brief  but  desperate  stniggle  before  and 
upon  the  parapet,  captured  the  fort.  Sher- 
man met  Dahlgren  on  board  the  flagship, 
Ifarvist  JWoon,  the  next  day,  and  arranged 
with  Oen.  Foster  to  send  some  siege  ordnance 
from  Hilton  Head.  On  the  17th,  the  guns 
having  arrived  and  been  placed,  he  summoned 
the  surrender  of  Savannah,  which  was  re- 
fused by  Hardee.  He  then  proceeded  to 
complete  the  investment  of  the  city,  during 
which,  on  Deo.  20,  he  started  to  pay  a  flying 
visit  to  Hilton  Head.  On  his  way  he  was  met 
by  an  army  tug,  with  a  message  from  his  ad- 
jutant, Capt.  Dayton,  stating  that  Hardee, 
with  hia  force  of  15,000  men,  had  succeeded 
in  evacuating  the  city  on  the  night  of  the 
20th,  and  had  retreated  towards  Charleston, 
lie  immediately  turned  back,  and  on  the 
22d  he  rode  into  Savannah,  whore  he  found 
l.')0  rebel  pieces  of  ordpance,  a  large  amount 
of  ammunition,  and  38,000  bales  of  cotton 
Thus  his  march  to  the  sea  ended  in  complete 
success,  though  failure  had  been  generally 
predicted  for  it  by  military  men,  as  being 
contrary  to  all  precedent  in  thus  cutting  an 
army  loose  from  its  base,  and  dei^nding  for 
aupplies  on  forage  alone  for  weeks  in  a  hostile 
•ountry. 


On  November  25th,  Oen.  Dana,  who  hod 
been  despatched  upon  a  railway-destroy  ins 
expmlition  from  Vicksburg,  after  doing  much 
damage,  nncoiintured  a  large  reliel  force  on 
the  Big  Black,  which  he  defented.  About 
the  same  time  Oen.  Davidson  moved  out 
4'rom  Battm  itoiige  to  Tangipahoa  and  de- 
stroyed much  rebel  riiilroail  property.  Decem- 
ber 2lHt  Uen.  Uriemun,  with  3,600  cavalry, 
made  a  nioitt  destructive  raid  to  the  rear  of 
Hood's  army,  destroying  at  Verona  33  cars 
and  H  warehouses  tilled  with  ordnance  and 
siipnlies.  At  Kgypt  he  roiitid  a  largo  force, 
taking  500  prisoners.  He  finally  returned  to 
Vicksburg,  bringing  in  many  prisoners  and 
much  property,  after  having  destroyed  •».  im- 
mense amount  of  the  latter.  DecoiiLcr  1st 
Gen.  Hatch,  with  5,000  men,  who  nad  been 
dispatched  by  Oen.  Foster  to  aeiae  the  Charlea- 
toii  and  Savannah  Railroad,  near  Orahams- 
villc,  was  defeated  with  a  loaa  of  740.  De- 
cember 0th  Foster  seized  the  m)><<l  works  at 
I'ocotaligo  and  the  railway  crossing  *■  ''le 
CooHuwhatchie  and  Tullifinny. 

Oen.  Sherman,  having  rostod  his  army  at 
Savannah,  on  the  15tli  January,  1865,  dis- 
patched the  17th  corps,  Oen.  Blair,  in  trans- 
fiorts,  to  I'ocotaligo,  where  it  threatened 
Charleston.  But  the  rest  of  his  army  did  not 
move,  owing  to  incessant  rains,  till  February 
1st,  when  it  started  forward  in  four  corps,  on 
OH  many  ditferent  roads,  Columbia,  S.  C,  being 
its  objective  point.  Gen.  Slocum,  with  the  left 
wing,  and  with  Kilpatrick'a  cavalry,  moved 
up  the  Savannah  to  Sister's  Ferry,  threaten- 
ing Augusta.  By  this  strategy  Sherman  kept 
the  rebel  armies  at  Charleston  and  Augusta 
from  uniting  to  resist  him  on  the  line  of  the 
marshy  Salkehatchie,  Slocum  and  Kilpat- 
rick  were  detained  a  fortnight  at  Sister's 
Ferry  by  the  extraordinary  floods,  which  wi- 
dened the  Savannah  at  this  point  three  miles. 
When  the  water  had  subsided  to  waist  deep, 
the  columns  moved  rapidly  over  the  inun- 
dated fields,  and  thence,  about  February 
7th,  northward.  Kilpatrick  in  the  meantime 
pushed  towards  Augusta,  diverting  from  Slo- 
cum the  attention  of  the  enemy's  forces  in 
the  vicinity. 

Howard  moved  from  Poootaligo  on  Janu- 
ary 3l8t,  crossing  the  Salkehatchie  at  Riv- 
era's bridge.  Wading  a  swamp  of  three  miles, 
at  Rivers  a  bridge,  from  one  to  four  feet  deep, 
Oens,  Mower  and  Giles  A.  Smith  led  their 
divisions  of  Blair'a  cor))8,  and  drove  the  rebel 
brigade  guarding  the  bridge  behind  the  Edisto 
at  Branchville,  with  the  small  Union  loss  of 
90.  On  the  7th  this  portion  of  Sherman's 
army  reached  the  South  Carolina  Railroad, 
and  at  once  commenced  to  destroy  the  track, 
and  by  the  11th  Slocum  had  also  reached 
and  commenced  to  tear  up  this  railroad  fur- 
ther towards  Augusta.  Thus  the  enemy's 
communication  between  Charleston  and  Au- 
gusta was  completely  severed.  Sherman 
now  rapidly  moved  his  right  wing  upon  Or- 
angeburgh,  crossing  the  South  Edisto  River 
at  various  points  for  15  miles,  and  driving 
the  scattered  enemy  before  him  into  Colum- 
bia. The  whole  17th  corps  shortly  reached 
Orangeburgh,  flanking  the  main  rebel  forces 
at  Branchville  on  the  right,  and  thus  render- 
ing the  abandonment  of  Oharleaton  by  the 
enemy  a  military  necessity.  All  the  Union 
columns  were  now  aiming  for  Columbia.  The 
15th  corps  waa  feebly  resisted  at  the  Conga- 


re«,  but  the  army  met  with  acaroely  any 
obataole  except  the  innumerable  awawna 
which  were  to  be  traversed.  On  the  16tb, 
Slooum  reached  the  Saluda,  a  few  miles  above 
Columbia,  onlv  an  hour  or  two  after  the  arri- 
val of  Howard  further  to  the  weat,  and  at  1 1 
A.M.,  on  the  17tli,  the  capital  of  South  Caro- 
lina was  surrendered,  by  its  mayor,  to  Col. 
Stone,  of  Logan's  corps,  who  waa  aoon  [Misted 
iu  the  citv.  A  high  wind  waa  prevalent  lur- 
ing the  day,  and  a  conflagration  of  the  city 
took  place,  which,  in  spite  of  the  labors  of  the 
Union  aoldiera,  reduced  a  great  part  of  it  to 
ashes.  Gen.  Wade  Hampton,  the  rebel  com  - 
mandor,  had  ordered  the  destruction,  by  fire, 
of  the  cotton  in  the  place,  ere  he  fled  from  it. 
The  smouldering  Area  were  rekindled  by 
the  rising  wind  and  communicated  to  the 
buildings.  Hampton,  however,  accuaed  Sher^ 
man  with  having  ordered  the  conflagration. 
Though  the  main  portion  of  the  Union  army 
did  not  enter  Columbia,  pillaging  ganga  of 
blocks  and  whites,  straggler*  and  nflraif,  soon 
spread  throughout  the  city,  and  these  no 
doubt  assisted  in  spreading  the  fire,  to  aid 
the  work  of  plunder  and  cruelty,  which  they 
were  permitted  to  indulae  in.  The  extensive 
work  of  foraging  which  nad  been  a  necessary 
[lart  of  the  plan  of  Sherman's  march,  necessa- 
rilv  involved  devastation.  The  practice  of 
this  was  also  heightened  in  South  Carolina 
by  the  general  desire  of  visiting  retributive 
justice  upon  the  originators  of  the  rebellion. 

The  fall  of  Columbia  involved  that  of 
Charleston,  and  all  ita  harbor  defencea.  On 
the  16th,  Hardee  fired  the  cotton  and  storea 
accumulated  there  and  marched  out  to  ef- 
fect a  junction  with  Beanregard'a  remain- 
ing  forces,  and  with  Cheatham,  who,  with 
Hood's  shattered  forcea  from  North  Missis- 
sippi, was  endeavoring  to  reach  the  front  of 
Sherman.  A  great  portion  of  Charleston, 
also,  was  destroyed  by  fire,  and  the  horror  of 
the  conflagration  was  heiglitened  by  the  igni- 
tion and  explosion  of  a  large  amount  of  pow- 
der stored  in  the  North-western  Railroad  de- 
pot, caused  by  boys  accidentally  laying  a 
train  therefrom  to  the  burning  cotton  in  the 
street,  by  carrying  handfuls  to  throw  upon  the 
latter.  200  lives  were  lost  by  thia  explosion. 
On  the  18th,  after  nearly  two  yeara  of  be- 
siegement  and  bombardment,  the  mayor  sur- 
rendered the  city  to  Gillmore,  with  all  the 
surrounding  forts.  A  colored  regiment, 
wearing  the  national  uniform,  and  bearing 
the  national  flag,  first  marched  into  ita 
streets.  450  pieces  of  ordnance  were  cap- 
tured in  Charleston  and  its  defences.  George- 
town was  also  hastily  evacuated,  and  Beaure- 
gard fell  back  on  Charlotte,  towards  which 
Sherman  pushed  on  in  a  heavy  rainstorm. 
On  the  23d  be  suddenly  faced  eastward,  and 
leaving  Charlotte  far  in  the  rear  marched 
rapidly  towards  Fayetteville,  N.  C,  crossing 
the  Catawba  unmolested,  and  the  Fedee,  at 
Cheraw,  where  he  captured  25  guna  from  a 
feeble  force  of  the  enemy, 

Hampton's  and  Wheeler's  cavalry,  of  Har- 
dee's advance,  had  already  had  engagements 
with  Kilpatrick  on  the  region  lying  towards 
Charlotte,  at  Williston's  Station  and  Aiken, 
and  they  now  attempted  to  reach  Fayette- 
ville in  advance  of  the  Unionists.  Kilpa- 
trick endeavored  to  intercept  them  by  holdr 
ing  three  roads  uuar  Solemn  Grove.  On  one 
of  these  he  waa  aurpriaed,  March  8,  by  Ham^ 


HISTORY    or   THB 


Ion  mil  routod,  Wviag  nort  of  hU  gunt. 
Whila  th«  mmny  ww«  plundering  hia  oamp, 
he  widdcnly  •rnArgad  from  the  iwKmp  into 
whloh  he  had  been  driven  with  the  uiiNit  of 
hU  men,  and  retook  hte  he«Klqu»rt«ni,  gun*, 
Mtd  oefitured  men,  and  Mnied  the  enenijr  to 
flee  in  pMiio  Oram  the  pUoe. 

At  Oberaw,  the  right  and  left  wing*  of  the 
Union  ermy  met  Mid  marched  togvther  on 
Fnyetteville,  which  they  reached  on  the  12th. 
At  the  Mune  tine  a  ateam  tug  reaahe«l  the 
plaea,  announcing  that  Wilmington  had  been 
•aptured  nboat  a  fortnight  prenoui,  and  tliat 
Oon.  Bohofleld,  who  had  been  brought  around 
firom  Tenneeeee  to  Newbem,  in  oonjunotion 
with  Com.  Porter,  wna  preparing  to  Join  the 
Union  army  at  Ooldibora  The  forcvR  of  l)«au- 
refaid,  Hardee,  Cheatham,  and  othom  were 
now  united  in  North  Carolina,  under  Uon. 
Jo.  Johneton,  oompriaing  40,000  voterani. 
On  March  1ft,  Sherman  made  a  feint  on 
ATwryeboro,  thtvatening  Raleigh,  with  a  |>or- 
lion  of  hia  left  wing  npder  Slooum,  while  he 
BMTed  the  reat  of  hia  army  towarda  OoldH- 
boro.  Near  ATcryiboro,  Kilpatriok  discovered 
Hardee  with  20,000  men  occupying  an  in- 
Irenohed  (NMition.  On  the  lOth  Ward's  divi- 
■ion  of  the  SOthcorpa,  with  Slooum,  advanced 
to  the  attack  amid  torrenta  of  rain,  and  drove 
the  enemy  firom  their  worka.  The  rebels  re- 
treated, lenving  108  dead  on  the  field,  217 
priaoneim  and  3  gtins.  Kilpatrick,  who  hod 
■dvanoed  to  the  Ooldaboro  road,  was  there 
vehemently  aiaailad  by  MoLaws'  rebel  divi- 
sion, but  the  whole  Union  line  finally  ad- 
Tanoed,  and  during  the  night  the  enemy  re- 
treated on  the  road  to  Smithfield.  'The 
Union  loas  in  the  engagement  waa  altout 
600.  The  next  day  Slooum  crossed  South 
River  and  took  the  road  to  Ooldaboro.  On 
^e  18th  both  winga  were  within  a  few  milea 
of  thia  place. 

Near  Bentonville  Slocum  waa  suddenly 
confronted  by  the  whole  of  Johnston's  army. 
Couriers  now  arrived  from  Schofield  and 
Terry,  who  were  on  their  way  to  Qoldsboro, 
and  aeveral  divisions  of  the  right  wing  were 
hurried  to  the  relief  of  the  outnumbered  left, 
under  Slooum,  who  waa  ordered  to  stand  in 
the  meanwhile  on  the  defensive.  At  the 
first  onaet  Carliu'a  diviaion  was  hurled  bock 
on  the  main  body  with  the  loaa  of  three  gtins. 
A  portion  of  Davis'a  corps,  the  14th,  and 
Wiiliama'a  oori>8,  the  20th,  behind  frail  barri- 
cades, then  stopped  the  rebel  advance.  Six 
assaults  of  Johnston's  army  were  received  by 
the  Unionists  in  less  than  an  hour,  but  with- 
out loss  of  ground,  and  with  heavy  loss  of 
men  to  the  assailants,  when  night  fell.  Dur- 
ing the  night  the  wagon-train  with  its  guard 
of  two  divisions,  and  Hazen's  division  of  the 
16th  corps,  came  up  on  Slocum's  right,  ren- 
dering hia  poaition  secure.  The  next  day 
Howard  came  up  and  connected  with  his  left. 
March  21  Schofield  entered  Qoldsboro,  and 
Teny  advanced  to  the  Neuse  at  Cox's  bridge, 
in  Johnston's  rear,  while  iloyter  in  a  noisy 
battle  worked  around  his  flank  to  the  right, 
and  nearly  reached  Mill  Creek  bridge,  the 
only  line  of  his  retreat.  During  the  night 
Johnston  hastily  decamped  towards  Smith- 
field.  1h»  total  Union  loss  in  this  engage- 
ment waa  1,643.  267  rebel  dead  were  buried, 
tnd  1,62ft  prisoners  wore  taken  by  the 
Vnloniata. 

tien.  SlietinaD,  after  Tidtini;  Terry  at  Cox's 


bridge  anil  Hi'hoNxld  at  (JoMiilHtro,  ti>ni|H)- 
rarily  turned  over  liis  army  to  the  hitter,  anil 
hastened,  on  March  27,  to  Citv  Point  to 
ODiisult  with  the  I'reniilent  and  lien.  Urant. 
Thus  in  coniplnto  sin'oewi  unileil  his  great 
iiiarrh  of  nearly  N04)  niiliis  soros*  the  State 
of  (loorgia,  and  thiincu  from  Savuiinali  to  th^ 
middle  of  North  Carolina. 

During  the  month  of  Dncemlwr,  Ifini,  nu 
ex|MHlition  pnicoodeil  from  Ilumptou  Uoad* 
nuaihNt  Fort  Fiiiher,  the  seaward  di<funoe 
uf  Wilmington,  N.  C,  which  was  the  last 
|iort  of  the  (>onfnilorany  remaining  aooessibin 
to  blookaiio-runnnrs.  The  lanil  forco  of 
some  (1,000  men  was  coniniandod  by  Oen.  It. 
V.  liutlur,  and  the  fleet  of  7!)  vussels,  carrying 
OAO  guns,  by  Aduilral  Porter.  Oen.  Butler, 
having  mad  of  the  explosive  eflbots  of  a  large 
amount  of  ]>owdor  at  a  village  in  Kngland, 
had  devised  the  |)lan  of  loadiiig  a  boat  with 
3A0  tons  of  |iowd»r,  which  should  be  explod- 
eil  near  the  furt,  and  thus  blow  it  nnd  its  gar- 
rison into  the  air.  After  some  delay,  on  ac- 
count of  the  weather,  the  place  of  rendezvous 
at  Now  Inlet,  near  Fort  Fisher,  was  finally 
reached  on  the  24th,  and  on  the  morning  of 
that  day  Com.  A.  C,  Uhinil,  having  during 
the  night  towed  the  puwdur-boat  to  an  an- 
chorage within  400  yards  of  the  fort,  explod- 
ed  it,  but  it  proved  to  be  quite  harmless  in 
its  effects,  and  Col.  Lamb,  tlie  commander  of 
the  fort,  sup|)osed  it  to  have  been  merely  the 
bursting  of  one  of  the  great  guns  of  the  fleet, 
On  the  2Ath  a  landing  was  cflected  of  the 
troops,  who  pushed  up  towards  the  fort, 
headed  by  Oen.  Weitzel,  but  Oon.  Butler 
shortly  ordered  their  ro-eniharkntion,  and 
after  two  days  of  heavy  bonibarilmeut  from 
the  fleet  he  further  orderotl  the  return  of  tlio 
expedition.  Oou.  Butler  was  soon  afterwards 
superseded  in  the  command  of  his  department 
by  Oen.  Ord. 

January  6th,  a  second  expedition  against 
Fort  Fisher,  composed  of  some  8,000  men, 
under  Oen.  A.  II.  Ten-y,  left  Fortress  Mon- 
roe, and  orrived  off' Wilmington  on  the  12th. 
The  troops  were  disembarked  the  next  day, 
and  on  the  day  thereafter  a  reconnoissance 
was  made  to  within  600  yards  of  the  fort. 
On  Sunday  the  10th,  after  a  terrible  fire  of 
throe  days  from  the  400  guns  of  the  fleet,  the 
assault  was  made  upon  the  works,  which  were 
alraady  badly  damaged.  A  force  of  marines 
and  sailors,  some  2,000  in  number,  assaulted 
from  the  sea  side,  while  Oen.  Ames  advanced 
on  the  land  side.  At  3  o'clock  the  three  brig- 
ades of  the  latter,  led  by  Curtis,  Penny- 
packer,  and  Boll,  rushed  forward  upon  the 
fort,  while  the  guns  of  the  fleet  were  diverted 
to  the  batteries  on  its  left  and  above  it. 
The  enemy  were  shortly  driven  from  the 
heavy  palisading  on  the  land  face.  Eleven 
traverses  were  carried,  and  at  9^  p.m.  h  lodg- 
ment was  effected  on  the  parapet,  and  the  fort 
was  soon  won.  On  the  sea  side  the  marines 
had  simultaneously  dashed  forward,  but  had 
been  repulsed  with  great  carnage,  though  a 
large  number  of  them  had  gained  the  ditch, 
and  some  even  climbed  the  parapet.  About 
midnight  Oen.  Whiting  and  Col.  Lamb,  the 
commanders,  with  the  garrison,  some  2,000 
men,  surrendered.  169  guns  fell  into  the 
Union  hands,  besides  equipage  and  stores. 
The  Union  loss,  in  killed  and  wounded,  was 
646,  among  the  killed  being  Cols.  Bell  and 
Moore,  while  Cols.  Curtis  nud  Pennypacker 


were  severely  wiMindiid.  On  the  next  mom* 
ing  the  nisgazino  blow  uii,  killing  200  of  the 
victors  and  wounding  UH). 

Thomas's  army  in  Tennessee  was  now  bra* 
ken  up,  A.  J.  Smith's  command  Iwiiig  sent  to 
Oen.  Canby  at  New  Orleans,  and  Hchofleld'a 
oiiri)S  brought  Kost  and  sent  to  Fort  Kilher 
and  Newbern.  North  Carolina  was  created  a 
ile|iartMieiit,  and  placed  under  Hehofield.  On 
Fi'bruai-y  1  Itii,  the  latter  pushed  forward,  with 
alHtut  20,0(H)  men,  on  Fort  .iuderson,  on  the 
west  Imnk  of  Ch\m  Fear  River,  and  bv  a  flank 
movement  com|)elled  the  enemy,  under  Oen. 
Hoke,  defending  it  and  the  lines  a^lacent,  to 
hastily  almndon  their  works  on  the  10th,  sn-l 
fall  back  behind  Tower  Creek ;  here  they 
were  assailed  the  next  day  by  Oen.  Teny, 
while  Oon.  Cox  struck  them  in  flank  ana 
rear,  capturing  37S  men  and  20  guns.  Cox 
then  moved  on,  threatening  to  cross  the  Cape 
Fear  above  Wilmington.  Hoke  then  hastily 
burned  the  cotton  stores  and  steamers,  in- 
cluding the  privateers  Cfiickanunijfn  and  Till- 
lithoMt,  at  the  latter  place,  ami  evacuated  it. 
The  next  morning,  February  33il,  the  Union 
army  hod  possession  of  the  place,  having  sua- 
tained  a  loss  of  aliout  200  men  in  gainiiig  it, 
while  the  enemy  lost  about  1,000  men  and  6ft 
guns.  Cox's  .-^nd  ('ouch's  diviNions  shortly 
afterwards  advanced  towanis  Kinston.  Two 
regiments  sent  by  Cox,  under  Col.  U|diam, 
15th  Connecticut,  to  seize  and  hold  the  crosa- 
ing  of  South-west  Creek,  were  surprised  by 
Hoke  and  700  were  captured,  March  lOtii 
Hoke  attacked  Roger's  division  of  Cox's  left, 
but  was  repulsed  with  heavy  loss.  Hoke 
then  hastened  to  Smithfield  to  join  Johnston, 
and  on  the  14th  Scho"  id  crossed  the  Neusv 
anil  entereil  Kinston.  On  the  21st  he  reach- 
ed OoldHboro,  simultaneously  with  the  arrival 
there  of  Sherman. 

During  the  winter  of  1864-ft,  demonstra- 
tions were  made  both  from  th<<  north  and 
south  upon  Alabama.  From  the  north,  on 
March  22d,  Oen.  James  H.  Wilson,  with 
13,000  cavalry  and  6  batteries,  was  sent  by 
Oon.  Tliomas  from  the  Tennessi>e  to  raid  into 
Northern  Alabama.  On  the  31st  ho  encoun- 
tored  the  enemy  in  force  at  Montevallo,  un- 
der Roildy,  whom  he  routed.  Proceeding  in 
the  work  of  destroy<ng  rebel  jiroperty  in  va- 
rious directions,  Long's  and  Upton  s  divis- 
ions,  6,000  in  number,  came  upon  Forrest, 
with  5,000  men  well  barricadod,  at  Boyle's 
Creek.  Dismounting,  they  charged  the  latter 
with  such  vigor  as  to  put  them  to  headlong 
flight,  and  took  2  guns  and  200  priRoneni. 
April  ftth,  Wilson,  with  9,000  of  his  force, 
reached  Solma.  Its  outer  defences  were  as- 
saulted and  soon  taken  by  Oen.  Long,  ivho 
was  killed  while  leading  the  attack.  The 
rebels  then  rallied  on  a  new  line,  but  were 
shortly  driven  from  that  by  U])ton,  and  the 
city  soon  taken,  with  32  guns,  2,700  priHon- 
ers,  and  vast  stores  of  all  kinds.  Forrest 
and  Roddy,  with  3,000  followers,  escaped  in 
the  night.  Wilson  then  destroyed  the  exten- 
sive rebel  arsenal,  foundries,  cotton,  etc., 
hero,  nnd  the  town  was  sacked  by  his  troopers. 
On  the  12th  bo  reached  Montgomery,  which 
was  promptly  surrendered.  A  rebel  force 
under  Buford  waa  then  routed  by  a  portion 
of  his  command  under  Lagrange,  and  Colum- 
bus, with  1,200  prisoners  and  62  guns,  waa 
taken  by  Wilson  on  the  night  of  the  16tb. 
Here  the  rebel  ram  Jaekion,  and  a  large 


UMITBD   BTATKS. 


guns,  waa 
the  16tb. 


>t  af  railitMMl  •ml  oth«r  projiortjr,  wen 
dMirojrad.  On  thU  mmm  d»y  I<n|tr»nga 
rwMhMl  Wwt  Point,  defuniliHl  l>y  Kort  Tylnr, 
which  hn  khnrtlr  MMultml  kiiiI  ua|itiir«>il  with 
ita  garriaoii  of  'i(>.%  h»viiiK  killml  Outi.  T/lur. 
it*  ouinmandnr.  On  thn  iiUt  WilitDU  niitflriHl 
Maoon,  when*  on  tha  30th  he  wm  Jctinml  \>y 
Oroxttin,  who  had  ■urnrlard  TummIoom  on' 
the  Sth,  and  had  movnu  during  30  dayi  OAO 
mile*  in  an  irregular  routo,  dtrntrtiyiiig  muoh 
reb«l  property.  At  Mocun  1.300  militia  and 
ft  generala  were  aurreudored  oy  Uen.  Howell 
Oubb. 

Ob  Um  30th  Maroh  Oen.  Ounbjr  commonoud 
hia  movumenta  againat  Mobile,  now  held, 
Mnder  Oen.  Richard  Taylor,  by  Oen.  Maiirv, 
with  1S,000  men.  The  lOth  eotym,  Onn.  A. 
J,  Smith,  proceeded  from  Fort  Oainei,  by 
watoTi  to  Fiah  Rirer;  the  1 3th  oorpn,  under 
Oeik  Oordon  Granger,  moved  from  I*  ort  Mor- 
gan aad  Joined  the  Irtth  on  Fiah  lUx-er. 
Both  moved  thence  on  BpanJMh  Port,  one  of 
the  main  defencea  of  Mobilu.  and  invuHtcd  it 
on  the  37th.  In  the  meanwhile  Uen.  Hteolo'M 
command  advanced  from  rtinkaoula  an<l  c\it 
the  railroad  leading  from  TenMi  to  Mont- 
gomery. Steele  then  olFuctod  a  junction  with 
the  forcea  before  Htiaiiiidi  Fort,  and  partiully 
inveatud  Fort  Blalculy,  the  other  strong  du- 
fence  of  Mobile.  On  April  8,  after  a  iievore 
bombardment  of  Spaniih  Fort,  a  part  of  itH 
line  waa  carried,  and  during  the  night  tliu 
fort  itielf  WU8  evacuated  by  the  enoniy.  On 
the  0th  Fort  Blukely  waa  carried  by  onRault, 
under  a  furious  fire  of  grape  and  oaniHter, 
the  Union  right,  under  Oen,  HawkinH,  bv- 
tng  ooni|)oaed  moatly  of  blacka,  who  fought 
nobly.  At  7  p.m.  Fort  Blakuly  waa  taken, 
with  3,000  priaonera  and  32  gtina.  The 
Union  loahar*  waa  1,000  killed  and  wounded ; 
that  of  the  rebel*,  in  killed  and  wounded, 
waa  about  600.  Mobile  waa  thua  won,  for 
on  the  11th  Maury  fled  therefrom  with  t),U00 
men  up  the  Alabama,  leaving  0,000  priaonera 
to  the  Unioniata,  who  entered  the  city  on  the 
12th.  Four  gunboata,  including  two  iron- 
clada  and  one  tranaport  of  Admiral  That- 
cber'a  fleet,  who  awiated  in  the  inveatment  of 
Mobile,  were  deatroyed  by  torpedooH.  The 
powerful  rebel  rama  JfunUvilit  and  I'tuca- 
looia  wore  acuttled  by  Maury  before  he  evacu- 
»*fid  the  place,  and  on  April  24  thn  rebel  ram 
IP!  //.  TVebb,  in  attempting  to  cacane  down 
(he  Miftaiaaippi  into  the  Oulf,  waa  blowu  up 
by  her  commander  to  avoid  capture. 

The  campaign  in  Virginia  during  the  winter 
of  1864-65  waa  chiefly  characterized  by  quiet. 
I'ec.  7,  1864,  Warren,  from  Meade'a  loft, 
D'oved  down  the  vVeldon  Railroad  aa  far  aa 
tAe  Meherrin,  destroying  about  20  miles  of 
tl<«  track.  Jan.  23,  three  rebel  iron-clada, 
tb*  Vlrffinia,  Fr»dtrick»burg,  and  Jiichnwnd, 
aoaompanied  bj  five  wooden  steamera  and 
three  torpedo  boata,  attempted  to  move  down 
frwm  Richmond,  past  the  Union  works  on  the 
James.  The  j^rewty,  one  of  the  wooden 
atearaera,  waa  deatroyed,  and  the  Virginia 
diaabled,  at  the  lower  end  of  Dutch  Gap,  and 
sflnr  a  day'a  contest  the  fleet  returned  to 
Riahmond.  Feb.  B,  an  attack  was  made  on 
the  rebel  lines  at  Dabuey's  Mill  by  the  Oth 
and  2d  corps,  the  former  attempting  to  flank 
the  enemy's  right,  while  the  2d  assailed  his 
front.  A  portion  of  the  Union  forcea  were 
rppulaed,  but  considerable  ground  waa  won 
and  held  by  the  2d  oorpa,  under  Humphreys, 


by  which  the  Union  loft  waa  iwrmauently  M- 
tondml  to  Matohnr'a  Hun. 

In  Northern  Virginia,  Jan.  II,  tha  rebel 
Roaaer  aurpriMMl  the  garriaou  of  Beverley 
and  took  4()0  priaunera,  li«>«idea  aecuring  much 
aiioil.  Feb.  31,  Lioui  McNeil  captured  Oena. 
ICelley  and  Cook  in  their  beda  at  Cumber- 
land, Md.,  and  carriud  them  to  Richmond. 

Oen.  Mheridan  left  Winoheater  on  Fab.  37th 
with  two  diviaiona  of  cavalry  numbering 
alioiit  10,000  men.  March  1,  he  aecured  the 
bridge,  which  the  enemy  attempted  to  deatroy, 
acroaa  the  middle  fork  of  tha  Shenandoah,  at 
Mount  Crawford,  and  enteretl  Htaunton  on  the 
3d.  Hn  then  drovu  the  enemy  Uiforo  him  to 
Waynoaboro,  whuni  he  found  thum  in  force 
and  intrenched,  under  Oen.  Early.  Ha  nuule 
pa  immediate  attack  and  carried  their  po- 
altion,  and  1,600  priaonera,  11  pieoea  of  ord- 
nance, 300  loaded  aubaiatonce  wugona,  and 
17  battle-flaga  were  captured.  He  then  pro- 
cnnilnd  to   Charlotteville  and  (hmtroyed  the 


viaMMia  of  Oni'a  oom,  Oaa.  Biraajr.  wUh 
one  diviaion  of  tha  9mh  eorna,  tmi  lleKan* 


railrouda  and  bridsea  in  the  neighborhood 
thereof  while  awaiting  hia  traina.  On  the 
6th  he  divided  hia  furcn  into  two  oolumna, 
one  of  which  nrocnodod  to  deatroy  the  Jamea 
Itivor  canal  from  Hcotavillo  to  Newmarket, 
aiul  cauaeii  the  enoniy  to  burn  the  bridgea 
at  Diiiguiilaville  and  Hardwiokavillo.  The 
Hocond  column  moved  towania  Lynchburg, 
duHtroying  tlio  railroad  aa  fur  aa  Amherst 
C'uiirt-HoiiKo,  16  niiloa  therefrom,  and  then 
united  with  the  othnr  column  at  Newmarket, 
The  river  being  too  high  for  the  pontoona. 
and  the  bridgea  having  boon  here  deatroyed 
by  the  onoiny,  Sheridan  now  concluded  to 
atrike  a  baan  at  White  House.  Following 
Hiid  destroying  the  canal  from  Newmarket 
towania  Riuhmund,  to  within  eight  milea  of 
UoochlanJ,  ho  reated  one  day  at  Columbia 
and  coumiuniuated  by  aoouta  with  Oen.  Grant. 
Ho  next  moved  oaatward  and  croaaed  the 
Annua,  deatroyiug  the  railrouda  and  bridgea 
within  roach,  and  then  proceeded  down  the 
I'umunkoy,  reaching  White  Houm  on  the 
l!lth.  After  four  day  a'  rcat  he  moved  to  the 
Jamea,  which  he  croaaed  at  Jonea'  lianding, 
and  joinoil  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  in  frant 
of  Petersburg,  on  the  27th. 

Gen.  Grant  had  ordered  a  forward  move- 
ment of  his  army  to  take  place  on  the  29th, 
but  on  the  moruiiig  of  the  20th  the  enemy 
assaulted  the  0th  cor])a,  holding  the  Appo- 
mattox River  on  the  Union  loft,  and  earned 
Fort  Steadman  and  a  part  of  the  linea  ad- 
joining. Tliey  then  turned  the  guna  of  the 
fort  upon  the  Unionists,  but  the  Utter  stood 
firm  on  both  flanks  until  reserves  were  brought 
up,  when  the  enemy  waa  driven  back  with 
heavy  loaa  in  killed  and  wounded,  and  1,900 
prisoners.  The  Union  loss  was  only  68 
killed.  The  2d  and  6th  corps  were  then 
ordered  to  advance,  who  shortly  captured  the 
enemy'a  picket  line  in  their  front  and  834 
prisoners.  Gen.  Grant  had  agreed  with  Gen. 
Sherman  that  the  latter  should  feign  to  move 
up  the  Neuse  towards  Raleigh,  and  then 
hasten  north  to  the  Roanoke.  Grant  now 
feared  that  Leo  woidd  evacuate  Petersburg 
and  Richmond  by  the  Danville  road  and 
elfuct  a  junction  with  Johuaton.  He  there- 
fore determined  to  carry  out,  on  the  29th, 
)iis  original  plr.n  of  proceeding  around 
the  enemy's  right  flank,  and  destroying  the 
Danville  road.  Ou  the  night  of  the  37th 
he   despatched  Gen.  Gibbons,  with  two  di- 


aia'a  cavalry,  to  take  up  a  poaition  at  Hatok- 
er'a  Hun.     On  tba  90Ui,  MMrldaa  iMobad 
Dinwiddia  Oourt-Uouaa,  and  tha  left  of  tha 
Union  infantry  liaa  axtendad  to  tba  Quaker 
road,  near  ita  intaraaotion  with  tha  Boydio* 
plank-road.     Tha  general  poaitioii  ttom  right 
to  left  waa  aa  foTlowa:  Bharidan,  Warran, 
Ilumphreya,  Ord,  Wright,  and  Parka.    From 
tha  30th  to  the  31  at  tba  rain  fall  in  tomnta. 
During  the  30th.  Bharidan  advanoad  from 
Dinwiddle  Oonri-Houaa  towarda  Five  Forki, 
where  be  found  the  enemy  in  foree.    Tba 
latter  waa  now  found  eonfronting  tbe  Unioo 
linea  at  every  point  from  Richmond  to  tbe 
extreme  Union  left.     Oonoeiving  tbe  rebel 
linea  to  be  thua  weakly  bald.  Gen.  Orant  now 
reaolvetl  to  reinforoe  Bberidan  with  a  eorpa, 
to  enable  him  to  turn  the  enemy'a  right  flank, 
while  the  other  corpa  advanced  to  ue  direei 
aaaault.    On  the  31  at,  Bberidan  obtained  |>oa. 
aeaaion  of  the  Five  Forka,  and  Warren  ad- 
vanced to  aeise  the  White  Oak  road.    Tba 
latter  moved  with  but  one  (Ayer'a)  diviaion, 
inatea<l  of  hia  whole  oorpa,  and  waa  driven 
back  on  hia  aecond  diviaion  (Orawford'a)  by 
auporior  numbers,  ere  he  had  time  to  form. 
Thia  waa  in  turn  borne  back  on  the  third  dip 
viaion,  under  Bell,  when  the  enemy'a  advanoa 
waa  checkeil.     A  diviaion  of  the  2d  oorpa 
waa   immediately  aent   to   bia  aupport,  tne 
enemy  driven  back  with  heavy  loaa,  and  the 
White  Oak  road  aeized.     The  enemy,  at  Five 
Forka.  reinforced  with  cavalry,  now  forced 
Sheridan    back    towarda    Dinwiddle   Oourt- 
Houae.    The  Utter  here  diaplayed  great  gene- 
ralahip  by  deploying  hia  cavalo'  on  foot,  oom- 
pelling  the  enemy  to  aoatter  over  a  vaat 
extent  of  broken  and  wooded  country,  and 
making    their    progreaa   alow.     McKenaie'a 
cavalry  and  three  diviaiona  of  the  Btb  eorpa 
(WaiTc'n'a)  were  now  ordered  to  Bberidan'a 
aaaiatance.     On  the  morning  of  the  lat  April 
Sheridan,  thua  reinforced,  drove  the  enemy 
back  on  Five  Forka,  where,  later  in  the  even* 
ing,  he  aaaaulted  and  carried  the  rebel  )K)aif 
tion,  capturing  all  the  artillery  thereof,  and 
between  5,000  and  6,000  priaonera.     During 
the  conflict.  Gen.  Sheridan,  being  impatient 
at  Gen.  Warren'a  alowneaa  of  movement,  re- 
moved the  latter  from  hif  command  and  gave 
it  to  Gen.  Griffin.     Fearing  that  the  enemy 
would  concentrate  on  Sheridan,  to  open  a 
way  of  retreat.  Gen.  Grant  despatched  Milea* 
diviaion  of  Humphreya'  corpa  to  him,  and 
ordered  a  bombardment  to  be  kept  up  on  tbe 
enemy'a  lines  during  the  night. 

At  4  A.M.  the  next  day,  Sunday,  April  £d. 
Grant  ordered  a  general  aaaault.  Wright 
awept  everything  before  him,  and  to  hia  left, 
towarda  Hatcher'a  Run,  capturing  many  guna 
and  aeveral  thouaand  priaonera.  He  then 
joined  the  corpa  of  Ord,  and  the  two  corpa 
awung  to  the  right,  cloaing  the  enemy  there 
in  Poteraburg.  Humphreya  then  joii^ed 
Wright  on  the  left  with  two  diviaiona,  Parke 
carried  the  enemy'a  main  line  in  bia  f\ront, 
but  failed  to  penetrate  the  inner  line.  A 
l>ortion  of  Gibbons'  corpa  moat  gallantly 
charged  and  captured  two  strong  inclosed 
works,  the  moat  salient  south  of  f  eteraburg, 
and  thus  materially  shortened  the  line  of  ita 
investment.  The  enemy  south  of  Hatcher^ 
Run  retreated  weatward  to  Butherlaad'a  8t*> 
tion.    There  Milea'  diviaioa  engaged  tbem  ia 


HISTORY    or   TIIK 


k  Mvsra  ooiiUMit,  wliPii,  at  tlio  •|>|>r(MU)ii  iif 
BliKritUn  Mill  •  iliviiion  wnt  (Viini  th«  fnint 
ut  IVtonburg  \ty  ()<>ii.  Me»ci«,  thoy  bn>ke  iii 
tho  utniiwt  I'litifiiiilim,  l<-»vinK  tbi'lr  orilimnco 
•nil  many  |iriiH>ii(>r».  Tim  rolN*!  k*i»<'|'i'Ii  A, 
V,  Hill,  on  l.)<tt'»  left,  iliiriiig  lliii  tlay,  unlurctl 
(lull,  llxth  ti>  riH'ovitr  witiifl  of  tlio  works  oar- 
riiNl  l>jr  I'arkf.  Uuth  wm  raimlMid,  anil 
llill  WHii  killiui  wliiln  i-ncaiiitoitriiiK-  At  II 
A.M.  a  tnlxgrHiii  friiiii  Ocn.  Lm>  ri>acli«<il  J«>tri<r- 
KOii  Davln,  wlilln  in  church  at  Kifhiiioml, 
t'liiituliiiiiK  thnMi  wurJi :  "My  linca  arti  bni- 
ki'ii  ill  thn'ti  |>Ihc««.  Uichniomi  iiiiiiit  Ik 
(<vit<-iint«iil  thia  ovuning."  During  tb«i  night 
both  I'ntvmburg  and  Kichmoud  w(<rii  avsciI' 
att'il,  anil  the  enoniy  retr«at4<(l  towanla  Dan- 
vilbi.  On  thn  knorning  of  the  3d  th«  iiumuit 
wan  coniniencod.  Hboridan  jiuahiMl  fur  tlio 
Danvillu  itmd,  fulluw<><l  bv  Moiidn  with  th« 
3d  and  Gth  corpii,  whiio  ()rd  rapidly  niovi><l 
■long  tne  Kouth-i'^ido  lUilroad,  townrdH 
Iiui-k«<«vill0,  tho  intonieution  of  thu  l>ttn*ill« 
and  8uuth-Mid«  railruadi.  Towanla  thn  annie 
point,  IjP*,  north  of  tho  Ap|ioniattox,  with  u 
■hattortHl  forou  of  Ncarculy  :2(),IKK)  nion,  waa 
moving,  atinining  nvcry  nervu  to  rouch  it 
flmt.  On  thU  morning,  Weitzol,  with  a  |>or- 
tion  of  the  Army  of  the  Jninon  luft  under  hin 
oominuud,  north  of  the  Janiei  Hiver,  ooni- 
priHing  many  colored  truopN,  nmrched  into 
Uichniond.  The  enemy  hud  tired  and  plun- 
duretl  a  part  of  thu  city,  deNtn>ycd  the  bridg)>a 
over  the  river,  and  left  1,00'i  prihouers,  and 
cut)  |>ieces  of  ordnuuc*. 

On  the  4th,  Uen,  Sheridan  Rtruck  the  Dan- 
ville rond,  nuur  JuttcrHville,  whoru  ho  hmrnod 
that  Uen.  Loe  won  at  Amelia  Oonrt-HouMO. 
Gon.  Ord  reached  Burkeaville  on  tho  evening 
of  the  0th.  On  the  morning  of  tho  0th  it 
wiw  founil  that  Uen.  Ii<!0  waa  moving  wcHt  of 
Jctt«>rHville,  towards  Danville,  (ten.  Sheri- 
dan niovecl  with  his  cavalry  to  Rtriko  Lcu'h 
flank,  iullowcd  by  the  tith  corpn,  while  thu 
2d  and  ftth  corps  prosNod  after,  forcing  him 
to  abandon  Nevurul  hundred  wagons  and  seve- 
ral pieces  of  artillery.  Uen.  Ord  advanced 
from  Biirkcsvillo  towards  Farmvillc,  sending 
two  infantry  regiments,  and  a  cavalry  squad- 
ron, under  Uen.  Theodore  Iload,  to  reach  and 
destroy  the  bridges.  This  advance  mot  tho 
head  of  Lee's  column  nuar  Farmville,  which 
it  attacked  and  detained,  until  Uen.  Kead 
was  killed  and  his  small  force  overpowered. 
In  the  meantime  Ord,  with  the  rest  of  his 
corps,  arrived,  on  meeting  which  the  enemy 
begun  to  intrench  himself.  In  the  afternoon 
Sheridan  struck  the  enemy  south  of  Sailor's 
Creek,  capturing  IC  pieces  of  artillery  aiid 
about  400  wagons,  and  detained  him  until 
the  Uth  corps  arrived,  when  a  general  attack 
of  infantry  anil  cavalry  was  mode,  which  vo- 
■ulted  in  the  capture  of  C,000  or  7,000  pris- 
oners, among  whom  were  Uens.  Ewell,  Custis, 
and  other  officers  of  high  rank.  I.ieo  now 
moved  to  the  west,  but  the  pursuit  wan  so 
sharply  kept  up,  that  it  was  evident  his  es- 
cape wan  hopeless.  On  the  7th,  having 
reached  Farmville,  Uen.  Orant  addressed  a 
note  to  him,  asking  his  surrender,  to  avoid 
the  ^irthor  useless  ctrusion  of  blood.  On  the 
8th,  the  pursuit  was  continued,  Uen.  Meade's 
advance  having  considerable  fighting  with 
the  eneiny'ff  rear-guard.  Late  in  tho  evening 
Oeii.  Sheiidan  struck  tho  railroad  at  Appo- 
mattox Station,  drove  the  enemy  from  there, 
aod  captured  twenty-fivo  pieces  of  ai-tillery,  a 


hoaiiital  train,  and  four  trains  of  ears,  loaded 
witli  supplies  for  lute's  army.  Hn  thus  in- 
tercepted l^<«'*  lllglit.  On  tlip  morning  of 
tho  0th,  Oeii.  Ord'N  fDMininiiil,  and  the  Mi 
rorpa,  ri'adied  Api^niatlnx  Sliittnn  Just  as 
the  relM'l  army  of  Virginia  whn  making  itii 
last  ehargti-  n  deii|H'i'utii  elfoi  t  to  break 
through  tiie  Uhinn  eavulry.  Tlii>  Union 
infantry  was  at  onee  thrown  in.  Soun  after 
a  white  ling  was  rieeived,  n'i|ni'Mting  u  sim- 
|H>nsion  of  liuHtilities,  pending  negoliatioim 
for  a  surrender.  A  eorreR|Hinilence,  initialed 
by  Uen.  Urant's  not<>,  hud  in  the  nieunwhlie 
e'.mued  Uitween  him  and  Uen.  I<ee,  in  which 
the  latter  at  first  uirvrod  to  treat  on  tho  sub- 

iect  of  |ieaoe,  and  not  u|iuii  the  surrender  of 
lis  arinv.  The  acceptance  of  this  offer  Uen. 
Urant  declined  as  beyond  his  authority.  Tlie 
two  commanders  now  mot  in  the  parlor  of  Mr. 
W.  Mel^tan's  farm-houKe,  near  the  Ap|)omst- 
tox  Court-I louse,  and  the  result  of  the  inter- 
view is  set  forth  in  tho  following  Hnul  notes  ; 
"An'oMATTox  CoimT-HouiR,  Va., 

"Apriimh,  imn. 

•'Uknkhal: — In  aceordanre  with  the  sub- 
stance of  my  letter  to  you,  of  the  Kth  instant, 
I  propose  to  receive  the  surrender  of  the  army 
of  Northern  Virginia  on  the  following  terms, 
to  wit :  rolls  of  all  the  otHcers  anil  men  to  be 
made  in  duplicate ;  one  copy  to  be  given  to 
an  officer  to  bo  iloNignatvd  by  me,  the  other 
to  bt)  retained  by  such  officer  or  ollieers  us 
you  may  designate.  Tho  officers  to  give  their 
individual  paroles  not  to  take  up  uniis  against 
tho  Uovernment  of  the  United  Htutes  until 
properly  exchanged ;  and  each  company  or 
regimental  commander  sign  a  like  purule 
for  the  men  of  their  commands.  The  arms, 
urtillerv,  and  public  pro|>erty  to  \m  parked, 
stuckeil,  ond  turned  over  to  the  officers  ap- 
|H)inted  by  me  to  receive  them.  This  will 
not  embrace  tho  side-nruis  of  tho  officers,  nor 
their  private  horses  or  baggage.  This  done, 
eucli  officer  and  man  will  lie  allowed  to  re- 
turn to  his  home,  not  to  Ih)  ■«liHtiirbed  by 
United  States  authority  so  long  as  they  ob- 
serve thiir  ])arolos,  anil  thn  laws  in  force 
where  they  may  ruNide. 

"  U.  S.  UiiANT,  Licut.-Gencral. 
"  Ueneriil  1{.  K.  Lee." 

"  IlKAD  QUAKTBnS,  ARMY  OP  KoamiRN  VA., 

"  April  0,  IWW. 

"  Uenebal  : — I  received  your  letter  of  this 
date,  containing  tho  terms  of  the  surrender 
of  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia,  na  pro- 
posed by  you.  As  they  are  substiiiitiully  the 
same  as  those  expressed  in  your  letter  r)f  the 
8tli  instant,  they  are  acce]itod,  I  will  pro- 
ceed to  designate  the  provor  officers  to  carry 
tho  stipulations  into  effect. 

"«.  E.  Lee,  General. 

"  Lieut.-Gen.  U.  S.  Grant." 

Gon.  Gibbons'  command,  tho  Bth  corps 
under  Gen.  Griffin,  and  McKenzie's  ca\'alry 
remained  at  Appomattox  Court^IIouse  until 
the  paroling  of  the  surrendered  army  was  com- 
pleted. The  remainder  of  the  army  returned 
to  Durkcsville,  and  shortly  afterwards  to  Pe- 
tersburg and  Richmond. 

The  surrender  of  Uen.  Leo  wos  soon  fol- 
lowed by  that  of  most  of  the  forces  in  tho  She- 
nandoah Valley,  to  Gen.  Hancock,  who  coin- 
mundeil  there.  On  tho  17th,  Moscby  sur- 
rendered his  command. 

On  receiving  advices  from  Gen.  Grant,  dated 
April  6th,  Geu.  ShermAD  hod  moved  direotljr 


agRinat  Joo  Johnston,  who  retreated  rap* 
Idly  on  and  through  l<«lelgh,  which  pUM 
Ueik  Hhernian  orciipied  on  the  morning  of 
the  lllth.  Thu  day  iiri'eediiig,  news  of  lx>e's 
surrender  reached  him  at  Hniithfivld.  On 
the  14lh,  a  eorrespondenre  was  oiMined  be- 
tween Sherman  and  JohiiHton,  which  resulted, 
on  tho  IHth,inan  agreement  for  a  suspension 
of  husliiittes,  with  u  memorundiini  or  iHtsis 
for  peace,  siibjeet  to  tho  approval  of  the  I'reai- 
dent.  This  ridicuhius  inemoranduni,  which 
lookf'd  to  an  immediate  rehabilitation  of  tho 
States  in  relsdlion  under  rebel  nile,  to  a 
general  amnesty,  and  to  the  nrotection  of 
ilavery,  was  |)romptly  rejected  ny  the  Presi- 
dent, and  his  instructions  to  Sherman  to  rn. 
sume  hostilitii*  at  once  wore  communicated 
to  the  latter  bv  Uen.  Urant  in  person,  on  tho 
'.'4th,  at  Haleigh.  Uen.  Johnston  was  then 
notified  of  the  termination  of  the  truce. 
Uen.  Stuneman,  who,  in  accordance  with  tho 
comprehensive  plans  of  Gen.  Urant,  liad  lieeu 
sent  east  from  Knoxville.  Tunn.,  on  tho  2Uth 
March,  and  had  svcceodoii  in  destroying  rail- 
roads and  siipiilits,  and  in  capturing  many 
pieces  of  artillery  and  prisoners,  defeating 
Uvn.  Gardiner  near  Salisbury,  was  now  but  u 
little  over  one  hundred  miles  west  of  Italeigh. 
and  on  the  lino  by  whieh  Johnston  received 
his  supplies,  and  by  which  hn  must  retreut. 
On  the  linth,  another  meeting  between  Sher- 
man and  Johnston  was  agreed  upon,  which 
took  place  on  the  2flth,  and  teriniuated  in  the 
surrender  and  disbundment  of  Johnston's 
army,  together  with  all  tho  rebel  forces  be- 
tween him  and  the  ('hatlahoocheo,  upon  siib- 
stantiully  the  same  terms  as  wero  given  to 
Uen.  Ijce. 

Jeflerson  Davis,  who  had  fled  with  his  cabi- 
net and  tho  archives  of  his  government,  on 
thn  night  of  tho  2il,  from  Uirlimond  to  Dan- 
ville, proceeded  thence,  by  way  of  Ureens- 
boro,  N.  C,  Abbeville,  8.  C,  towards  Ueor- 
giu.  lie  finally  reached  tho  neighborhood  ol 
Irwinsville,  in  that  State,  after  a  difficult 
jouniey,  accompanied  by  scarcely  any  one 
but  his  r.  M.,  Uen.  Ucagan,  and  tho  mem- 
liers  of  his  own  family.  Gen.  Wilson,  com- 
ninnding  at  Mucon,  hearing  of  his  flight,  had 
sent  out  forces  to  jinrsiie  him.  At  early 
down.  May  11,  Davis's  cump  neor  Ii'wins. 
ville  was  surprised  by  tho  command  of 
Lieut.-Col.  I'ritchord  ond  Lieut.-Col.  Har- 
den, who  fired  into  each  other  through  mis- 
take, killing  two  and  wounding  several  Un- 
ion soldiers.  Davis  was  then  taken,  par- 
tially clothed  in  woman's  attire,  and  was 
subsequently  sent  to  Fortress  Monroe,  where 
he  was  long  and  rigorously  confined.  Kca 
gan  ami  Vice-President  Stephens,  who  wero 
captured  alraut  tho  same  time,  wore  sent  to 
Fort  Warren. 

On  the  4th  May  Gen.  Dick  Taylor  sur- 
rcR  'ered  to  Gen.  Canby  all  the  remaining 
Tch;\  forces  cast  of  tho  Mississippi.  (>en. 
Sheridan,  with  a  force  sufficient  to  insure  an 
ensy  triumjih  over  the  enemy  under  Kirliy 
Smith  west  of  the  Mississippi,  was  ]iruniptly 
sent  to  Texas,  but,  on  the  'JCth  May,  and  bo- 
fore  Sheridan  reached  his  destination.  Gen. 
Smith  surrendered  his  entire  commund  to 
Cien.  Canby,  after  some  foolish  efforts  to  in- 
duce it  to  ancrifico  itself  by  resistance,  ond 
offer  exhibiting  somu  bad  faith,  by  first  din- 
banding  his  army  and  permitting  an  indi*- 
crimiuato  plunder  of  public  property. 


ratmiitiHl  npi 
h,  which  (iUm 
the  n«irniii||  i>f 

,  IIKW*  (if    ljK''u 

<ii>ithlli<lil.  Un 
»M  niMiiinl  li«i> 
which  n'lulti'il, 
or  •  iiui|i«iiiii(iii 
iriiltiiii  or  liHiiiit 
fitl  of  thii  I'ri'ni- 
rHiiiliini,  whirh 
iiitutiuii  of  tha 
'M  nili>,  to  * 
1  nrotoction  of 
il  by  tha  l'rt*»ii. 
Hharnmn  to  rn< 
coinmiitiiMlcti 
1  (lorioii,  on  th« 
iiton  wHi  th<>n 
of  the  trucii. 
ril*nco  with  tha 
irant,  had  \m-u 
in.,  on  tho  2Uth 
(Icitroying  r«il< 
apturinft  ntAny 
norii,  drfi'tttiiig 
wa*  now  hut  n 
celt  of  Knh'iiih, 
HMtnn  refi'iv('<l 
t  uiimt  r<!trrut, 
bctWM-n  Mhcr- 
id  (ipon,  which 
'iniiiatod  in  tho 
of  JiihnHton'i 
rubt'l  forccH  bu- 
iheo,  ii|i(in  Biib- 
wcro  given  to 

^I  with  bin  cnbi- 
ovcrnnicnt,  on 
mond  to  Dim- 
ny  of  (iroons- 
iWHrdR  Ot'or- 
ghbtirhnod  o( 
a   difficult 
ccly   any    one 
tiid  tho  nipm- 
Wilson,  coni> 
Ih  flight,  liad 
At   enrly 
ni'sr  Ii'winK. 
command   of 
ut.-Col.   llnr- 
through  mill- 
hcvoi-hI  Un- 
tiilccn,    par- 
re,   and    wiis 
onroo,  wbcm 
finud.     Kca 
ns,  who  were 
woro  sent  to 

Taylor  Mir- 
I  remaining 
isippi.  (jtin. 
to  iuBuru  nil 
inider  Kirby 
aH  promptly 
Uny,  nnd  bo- 
lutiun,  Gon. 
:oninuind  to 
(FortR  to  in- 
JNtuncf,  and 
by  first  dia- 
ig  an  indi*- 
rty. 


Icr 


HI. 


II  I  H  Toil  Y    or   Till 


•I  ! 


•ovsm  mill 

I  I. 


wliuu.  III  Ihn  •|i|inNU-h  itfl 
'      f*. ,    » I 

•k"  to 

,|,  «.  .... 


Ill 

vi 
II 

m  'L   • 

|»  ...  -• 

0  ■     i>  KUy  f"  ■  »"i  M.!  u,    >  '.hn  ¥    ika  >.»■ 
ri*»/    liy    l'i»rkti,     ll"">.    »-•   '»|»«l  !•'•■•' 

Ill '  wV*  kAU'A  wiiilo  nwM M    t 

A  !•     I  tii>li'||i..al  ^"m  (ii'ii.  i  I.     .  .I»!T  c 

»iA    |U«.      i^ito  in  I'iiiureh  k'.   J.>. .  > 
CCi.i  liiiiiiK  lh«w  wonla)  "  lilj  li  ;m  ». 
ki'ii    in    ilixoi   I'Uort.      Ktolinmii.)    but    l.i>i 
•Vni\i.ki«'i|  »tit«  "vri.iii^  "      t<u.         ''o  IiIkIiI. 
InU)  IVrprHlmirg  ••■•>  hii  liiu'iit<(  v<' ii<  >  vix'ii. 
ftl   I,  nil  I  iliquttHt.*  I    'n.i'i'-l  ti>war<ls  |*.4ii- 
viiUi,    ii'i  li.-  I     I..  .'^it  tliii  iHir»'u 

itk/.   iimii  >«iii.     I  I"*!).'!!   for     lp 

t"'  i  .  J,  r.illj\,  .'   1./   ftlMH.i.      Itli   •'  •■ 

.  cor^»,  whtUi  <>tt|  r»|4«llv  lunKMl 
i.>i«i     t(oii*li  Mii|t<     l.oili'uiul,    I'iMiaiiiii 


ImwiiUuI  (ritiii,  itiiil  fiiiir  Irnliiii  iif  I'lir*,  liMHk'tl 
"  iMi  ■ii|i|iltiii  fur  Irf't''*  iirtii^.     Iln  tliiia  tii- 

l.i-  iiM>r*<iiii|  «f 
«    .'  .1,  ,     '   ilif    'III 
%uu>     lUiit.i. 

Ill    '    WM   iitnk. 


tlif>   l**! 


•IIMtnit  Jfw  •loliimtiiii,  who  rrtrnitlol  rap* 
tilljr  en  bikI  ihrmiiili  ll«|i>i||h,  «liirh  |iImm 
Uvn.  HIifiiiiMii  iHiMi|ili'il  on  tlin  •iiiiriilliK  nf 
■'•h.     Tim  ility  iiiiiiilinu,  111  wii  I'f  !.•'•'» 


-f'ltrlll'il     (lilll    Kt     Hlllttlllirlll. 
■'■i|ii>iiili'liri>  WMi  ii|H'*' 


On 


•    I  •  •  I       ' 

IXlt.  lUiM     I'uUl) 

I  N.>»ii  11  «n    nimciilj  . 
>•'  n«r»   hi    t"l>nll4i'P    ti|;(li  1 
^c  •  ml   4uilic«t)r,   Mwi     t»> 


nmkMtvill  ,  lh»  (i.'rr-Bolioi  -li  thr  l)mi»illr 
Rttrt  tl<i)i')<  ^I'l*  ruiloiiuu.  TuHiiiiU  t)i'!  I."" 
poiii  .  «•,  iMii-lli  tif  J'"  Ajijiownil'iJ  "i'  I 
'  ,  -I  r.M*  of  hCtticvly  '."l.'KK^  in.  I,.  Alt* 
,«.'  ini^  ttvar^  nervr  ♦<>  i-i^i-K  it 
1..M  '  )ii  tlita  iHttr'iinf,  Wi'itnl,  >vi|ii  t  |>>« 
ti'inuftl.''  Vni.y  '  tl  ^  .1  itiun*  Wfi  Miitor  hli 
Oouiii' ">'l,  :i  irtli  (tf  iKn  Jinrii   !(''         <  >m 

•  ■ririujj    I'.iiiV    ri.!oi...t    («MM>|M,    uuti       ■  ■!     into 
iUi  hiiioliri      'l'ii«  t>i  my  l.;\il   N'-h)    .irl   plui 
d'K'l  n  jitrl  01' .iM  1 ». , 
«'»rr  »li"  li'.er.  i.'.l   lift 
!>0>*  )>iM  '-I  '>f  unliiitHL*. 
•  111  tl.,     -ti   ( ,i .'    ■• 


•  111  ' 
ii|if»» 

.  r  (l.ii 

I  ii,  Ml.'  |.«|i  .  ,j  Mr. 

' ilV  'I'-    ^  I  j.v.|l»t 

;.     it  iif  tf"'  inUir. 


•  I..  »u(v 

lltuUlt, 


..I.  llkll).    .  , 

%  Mi>|"'li<'l"ll 

'.  If.  .  'if   \m**  ^ 

•tC  lliM  P  mi- 

Ml.  rlufti 

.     i^tM/^   «f  Ui« 

>  I"  I    riili-,  .•«   1% 

itin  iiinl<xii»u  '>f 


ilml  riycd  '.ho  liriilni  m  | 
l.t'^i:  lirkiwiurrM,  ami 


tliil 

'  tiuii  <  "■■; 

•n  the  f»\ 


'   ''        '  I.  .  •    "k  I'l--  Omi. 

>U«««  llM  lull.lAl) 

!,>••   «...!     .    .1111- ,' ft  ♦  '  11.  t  U"    1* 
'i<t't  Jiuikt  >.  Hk'  Ml  th«i  uvi^viKj 
Oft   tln»  miirn'rig  ot  ttn    ''.ih  it 
»  .in  (iinti'l  th;»t  fif-ii.  hti  \y:i<  mo»<nn  yrnni  uf 
•Ivtu-mvili  ,  i.iT-iinU  Dinivill*      (^nn.  .lui   , 
il  11  i-i>  'lwll.h  hi»  fiiYaXry  tn  «(,ijk«  i.^f'^i 
lliiiiW,  f"t|'.wed   l»y  tliii  Utli  coiiM,  wl.il"  t** 
lid  nnii  .mIi  dor,-.-.  pioHsoi)  iwl'icr,  f-n-inu  liiinj 
U>  al.iiii.'   .1  .    v«»iiil  lii,ti()i"<l  wnKDiiii  Hfiit  di'Ytvl 
lai   )   r-  n  of  .uttiUry,     M"i«.  ''nt  adkMinwij 
Iwm  JliiiK:!>»iUi.  towfiHt  FiirTU' .'         v  •>!,    j 
l»o  iil'ir,    V  n.iiiii:**''^  Wfi 
luu,  mill  •  Ufi    Ttii)t>.t  ir-  »'> 
ileai-  .  .»  >.nk«, 

ll.v.il  (ll    ., "..  *        '     ..  I         ■!•?.  ^        . .  ,     .. , 

U  At.tiKk'Kl  wari  ii«t,ilaM(t,  uiitii 


Uxt     tiMk  ••lu     HI'  ^      '•>     tii>«!k    IWK'i.  : 

t(jr>.i(^'ll    111-  ■t»->l»\  I'.-  1'>  I'M'    »•>'  'III 

U  I*  ■■>•'•'      I  '  ■ 

t    wLMm   rtnil    W*"    '  i<  -  .< 

ulil J    l.llkllliluia,  |l<  ll<llll|;(     .1    ,  ..ilkii. 

ih  mil trtiilwi-,      4\  I'Li-r- •|»iiii|i<i>i4'  ii- 

liv  (••'11.  Oniiii'a  iiutu,  iM<'  in  t).. 
MUiu«hI  )wl\.  "cn  liiiM  Mill  0>'ii,  I  . 
(h«i  ini-i't  at.  liral  nirurKtl  I  ■  . 

|nd  of  (IMIW,  Hl.'l    lui.  Ill  ll 

hill  unnv.    ""  - ,    .1,  .  '.t  iliUi><t 

til   >  t  ihivtin) '•  I'll  kia  auili<i>-'' 

two  ci'iiiUMUitlur-  i'*-  111-'  il-  Hi..  i.«ii 

\'         M--|.4l«n*N    f.tl  IU-l«ltl^ 

toa  0  -iirt-lliMiMi,  niiil  ii 

>ii-<    la  "''l  i'liiih  il!  tliii  rdliow,,  f^  I 

"Arr«i  I » I  iwA     ii'Hi'-IIu 
"Afrt,  .  >.  ll»lr^ 
"  UrN*  tut  !--l»  •wi.'^v   .  »;■ 
K'lUMji' 1'^  mr '"tt'r  *OT*tt.  •»*      • 

I  prupoaf  tiMtxi  i>it  lilt  "  i*i|ilinif  tlKtHimf  iiVn.  'Urilinrr  tear  Sallti'mi/,  w  m  •:  tw  l-iil  .i 
.(I  Niirtliwn  V»r«jiiii  •-«  *,.  T'll'  •  t^n-i*,  iliUlo 'imr -;n  I  ■  >1  ii  ili'x  wimt  i»i' I. '1<  i.-li. 
to  «i»  '   i'iiIIn  (i<'itll  ll-is  u4l«»  »  aiiil  n<>ti  Id  '>••    aift  -  '  n*  l>y  wm.  |i  .FoliuKtuli  rt-r.-i-'l 

iiMiii)  iu  <iu|ilimti> ;  "no  ri  ,,.  ti,  Im  ^i  tofYiJa  •'.)(  ■■•>\.  iii"l  L..  wlnrli  In'  luinl  n'nul. 
an  ort'ic"  lA  tto  li  -.1  fu«u- ■     *  'ui',  •!!       i.ij  On  'tt*-  "J-i'li.  an-t'.  ij,j;  brtwicn  hi  ri- 

».     '  ••   ii-i  '.'-mHiji  mill*  •■fr'xr  n\  oil  >  •  t-<  aa  man    '-'I    '••'■■  lltr»■<•^I    iji- n,  «vliii'li 

vol'.  I'i-'j  If*''*'!.  'I'll*  .  '  f"  til  ij,  •  viicir  t'liiU  i  i;  —o  i-n  iii>'  liiiil-  .n  -I  ''irinii-ftlwl  in  "m 
iiiUiviiliikl  |i  11  !  iii'iti,  •'<•  ■ipai'iitai<^uiiHi*|  aurt'-nilt'i  unil  iJiiil  n'l-iiiKiiit  rl'  Jnlitvttun'a 
iho  iliiM-'ninont  nf  t!.i<  V'luu.d  Mi  i«  ukwI  arftt^t  tri^'ollirr  with  nil  iliu  i-iIhI  Im-ut-*  hi>< 
i.rijK-riy  um-iwiijeii }   as  ■   -  hoIi   i'<in.|iiaiijr  \t\   twi --n  him  ;iiul  *♦>•' <'lihttiihiiuili'   ,  ii|' -n  mill- 


auli  i<il»*«iTr,  *»»  pnimpllv  mj*!  h-il  'i-y  iIim  I'i  -h  • 
<>  r  offdiiiit,  •>Hil  IH^  iiikti'n  1 1  .1  -  to  Mhtirinan  («  r**- 
<  >m.>  liiMiililUia  Rt  'iiii-  wc-Ki  minniuniiti.i- -I 
IK  tut  Utli'i  ht*  Okii.  (iiMiii  111  |wn>-  II,  I  .  I'  1 
?'l(h,  Ki  llnh-ich  lilll,  .liihiiK!"!!  WH4  liiin 
iiotilii'l    oi'   i,h<'    I''!    iinntiiiit    111    irir    tni'0> 

Ovn.    iii'i.  tiiMi),  whu,    "     < nUnio  Hilli  th" 

ri-mi'ii  K- ii'i  .1   i-lMii  111    ■'  .      .    'it, hail    -■'ii 
»« lit  mill    fiiii..  iC'tiinUlix,  'iMt  1  nil  'lif  i/"lli 
Mnroh,  nn'l  linil  mi       >   Ml   l>    l!-  Htlnyim!  rail- 
rtwja  i>inl   auiiiiutfa,  j.i  1    III   '  .  ''ill inn  'i'«ii. 
"Inmi.   i.f  aiiiifcr;-    itnl    luiwinm      'Irfi  rttii.jj 


r*"^iinoiital    '-i-iniiiuiiU'  >   tt%u    u    liVm   i-iroii'   (tautiaMy   tlm   vimta   U  riiiM  iii  wen-  ^ivrn   to 

1  V  iii««ii  .if  Ukir  «»t*'aii  U.  'Hie  ariDH,  I  Opi;.  \ji%. 
iirl''Ti'i  >,  .u.-l  nuli'ii  i^-vrty  t"  K-  ['ttrkf»l,  i  .*  'i  '-lui  Pnvi  ,  wl|o  hini  llt'l  imli  hi(•'nlll- 
•.tl  -  ki  .l,  uml  iinuMJ  «.»,;r  »^i  tliv  i.tAi-ra  ^p- ,  tir*  "i,.'  i|n.  uiithi«rN  ul"  Ilia  (.'ovi'inii.i'iit,  on 
;  A'lii-U  by  nil  i.i  f'-»»»,  tl.iiP.  Thia  will  I  li'r  .ilijiit  ,.r  ih«  u-i,  fii-m  Hi  liun'Hil  In  lHtn> 
i.,^!  I'lubi-at-u  I'  1  fciiliM'i'umof'  ihfj  I'lr  iris,  i,.rf  !  ni.V,  I'l-m'ii  il»-<l  th'-ii  u.  liv  Way  ol  <Jri<iu«l« 
tiirir  priv'itd  hotaca  or '^.-xjUfajie.     Iliiii  <ioi.<!, { l»oi«,  .*'-   [       "il.Jwi-i'li , '^.  ' '..  iiiwaiil*  ''-nr. 


arh  i>tlla 
ttiru  to -hit  ' 
I'n'tM  tJ'ati 
%■  »-v»»    *t-  -  * 


^  limn  wiit  II'   ivllii«>'(!  In  (•> 
•tt 


'-i.*:-l»..l- 


fiirmi  ovi. 


V...I   kill'-il  at'  !  J'- 

In  lliii  11  »-i'iil  •  " 

'111 |-',  Hrrivcil      ■ 

111  ,,,in  to  intrui 

Hhcridikn  strut 

Crcfk,  onptiiri    , 

alxiiit  40(t  wa( 

the  iSth  cnrpH  u 

of  infantry  iint 

■ult«>d  in  tho  ca 

oni-rH,  uinong  wl. 

•nd  other  office 

moved  to  the  w 

■hai'|ily  kept  up, 

cnpn    wan    hopch 

rcuL-hi'd   Farmvil 

iiuto  to  him,  oxk 

tlinCiii-tliiir  UHcU^Hi 

Sth,  thH  piii'Hiiit  w 

Hdvuncii    having   « 

the  ciioiiiy'l  r('iii--j(l 

Gcii.  Sht'i-iihin  ntri 

muttox  Station,  drc 

•nd  captured  twenty-hvo  piecca  oi  ai  v., 


■  ■    M 
.    ..d.| 

ct    -ilal 
•ii-iitfilt 


f>rii,  «it'i  flm  mat 
•  wldok  tk« 

Tn  «iia  «fi.<i  itOKn 

•  '^    I'i  .■^h.;..r''» 

tjijoi-y  and 

■   hitn   until 

VmI  iitt.irk 

"'linll  re- 

'<  priu-. 

•      ,•'     '\*, 

,iiy   J-  '» 

J  wna  HO 

ii:<  e»»- 

»vinj{ 

:l 

lU.J 

M  the 

■h 


"liPXKIUi  ■-•  '    ■     •*►■■-     iM-iT  Irfpf  i.r  I' 

d»t<*,  conMiiiii-  'In.  •1111 

of  ty f  A  .-ti.»  1     .'■  «if    ♦fi'i'i',..!, 

|NMwd  by  viiti.     rt-  ',i>. 

Min"  Ml>  tItiMM  VII       .  1.    . 

8th  ini;liuit    fhnv    !"» 
<'«>o<1  to  diiHi  ;n»u-  i'-       • 
thn  atipiilaliiiua  into  ntle<-t 
"K.  >■ 

"  Ui  ut  -Gou.  I     ■'.  O  '  XT , 

'ii-u.    (libhopK*    iiMnmaud,   Wmi   A».h    '  • 
uu-lir  OV-n.  </ri(!l»!,  nr.n   ^t«Kiwi»i«'a  <;*v» 
roii.ninnd  at    VjijKiBaat  -n-  ''ourt.-ilot-'*'. 
tliii  pi.ioi^A'if  tho  ^iirri'iulHt*'!  .iniiy  vr.. 
pleit.'d.     ^^^  roniituulK     'f  tiio  armv    - 
t<>  r  irk- 1 /illf.  nnd  •ho--  '-•  «frnr>'    - 
tti-^liiirg  lU.ii  l.n'j.i.-inii. 

Dim    -uir<.'iiih-r  ot'  tlcn.    Lw    • 
liiwid  liv  (hilt  of  most  of  the  furc- 
naiidunh  Vuihiy.  t  >  (Icii.  Hm- 
Uii'i.dud    Ihi'i"       On    the    170..    *'  ;       ' 

rf-i!-l(>rt'il  h)!-  i-uiiin^uiid. 

On  i-ccfivinRailtiii:' -'ilVokiu      -  (Ti-mt.'S 

^  r^^  ikhj  Cfi'ii.  (►'b<»rni8U  haul  u. 


l!(>hiiBll>  »-      "d  »'■••  wigh!  iilMicd  fi< 

;  -.  nftor  u    didmilt 

Ktiii.  'y   i-ny   oim 

.  t  -Jilll,       '1-1    ttu»    llll'til- 

«'  11,  \Vilii-iH,  .-oni- 

-'I,   .' urir-^  ol'  !iLh  tli-.'ht,  l;ui| 

t«  -  ,-'ir»iio    hill;.     At   •■•vrl^ 

I'>avi>i'««  iiiuip    mux  irwtn>. 

V-  1     In-    till'    (.onmiRiiil    "f 

:lii>»'l   aiiii    I.imt   t'l'l.    Uiir- 

'"  ISrtii   uiti/  i*rh  -ithvr  i) nniRh  uiiv 

■     ivilii'iff  t'»o  H'li   WfiiiTiiiinji  HOVf— «1  I'm. 

--.    «Oiuv«r*      I'r  ■       »'»i"i    tiii-ii    liikni,    pur- 

ully  r'.  i?."»?   i)<    T'  1 -Hinn   attiri',   mid    »"'> 

'•^aubtat-i^ii  -.My  iu«n#  to  l''iirtr.-k.,  .Mi.iirin),  s,'--  n- 

>|h(j   na-'  ' 'ii;'        '   Htpirniiii!^   ciiiiti;i"d. 


i-jiml    1. 
'  h*'.*  .  ' 

i  .iiiili-'  ■  . 

!  i-i^Ul  'nil 

,    <i»i-.*l!,     ^' 


Itotl 

r.-sidiiil   Sii'[ihf.ia,  who  wno 
Huiiii'  linu-,  ivf  re  h  nt.  ou 


•-  ItU   iMii.v   Oou.   I>ii'k  TuyliT  Mir- 

.1  ,.  (jni    f'li'.' V   all    ihe    I'Mri.iiuili'.! 

i.'vui  ttaat  of  tho    ^fi(l6■tl!li|lJ>i.     <!ini, 

;mu,  wi'l.  a  ftifi'n  Milll, ifut  t(i  'iidiiri'  in 

■I  -'ph  '\t\t  llie  i-nmi.-,    iiiuli  i-  Kirby 

'      -     ■       if   thrMis:;i».iji|il,  WilS  I'ldlllptly 

i.s,  lull,  I'll  till  u't.'U  Mfiy,  mill  I'u- 

I   -     :<h>MiiUn  reochfil   iu.»  il     ii.uti'ii,   f!<.-ii. 

,  .^uitth   minindi't-t.-d    l.i;i    --.fiip    c'liiMmn.l    to 

•  j'lM).  Caiibv,  fti'iv r  fcom«  f'l-  'I'-i-  •■■Tori.'*  to  in» 

'.--    '!i  <•'  It  til  r/ii'riflt'r  lU.'lf  l.y    .  "MJiliiIHV',    hiii] 

j.illfi  fN'iihiAii;;,'  b'iiuIj  *■».'•  f-si'li,  ly  titut   ili» 

-ll  I  bandit^  hiH  arniy  ""•'   i''  .•'luiiin.'?  «n  india- 

-y  '  trimiiiatn  pliiudfir  of  I'iiIiUm  jirojiwty. 


I 

.    i 
|i  I 


Iiii  rrtrPAittI  rap* 

i'IkIi.  whirh    |iUm 

II  till)  IIHllhlllK  llf 
IIIK,  III  WK  !•(    I^i'k 

:    Hiiillltlli'ltl.     Un 

ri    WM    lP|it'>'     '    ' 

•         ..   ■      |<  »!.,  , 

\  M4ll|><'ll»l<>ll 

II.,  .    ..f     li««  H 

•tfllm  Ptml. 

■1.    trlijiit* 

>  tib.    «f  Uin 

!    i    riilr,  ii    n 

lh«  |i|nl<k.ii»u  'f 

■l.'.l    i,y  ill..   1*1  ■•.  . 

tu  tlhxitiiin  (>'  11'. 

fill  iiiiniiitinit!..!' .)    . 

Ill  |wl».  u,  ii..  »t  1 
ililmiiiii  Wit«  liii'ii 
Ilk     III     iril-     tl.ico. 

iiirtNiii  i<  Midi  till' 
I  i">»,Wi  ■.■'II 
''iiin  ,  mi  »li»!  :<Mili 
..  i'  nfiiiyinij  iidl- 
.  ■'iitinu  ii"!'/' 
tmirini  <ipfiiitiiij( 
./,  ^^  in  i:  iw  liit  .. 

•i»  WliHt  l)('   I,  il<  l.'ll. 

ji^;   tirtwicn  H\  1 1  ■ 

tfl'^'l       1|'.   11,    >vllH'|| 

''irinii.alini  iii  "  ■• 
n'.  i(  Jiiliii'.toii  I. 
n  !••  ''I  I  liii'Ora  hi', 
•lui'lii ' ,  U|i'>n  mill- 
nn  WHtu   ^i>rn   In       ' 

tlid  Willi  hif'ii!  > 
n  (.'ovpi-iiiiii  lit,  (III 
I  liiiii'ml  ti>  Unii- 

Wuy  ol   I  ill', 
iiiwm  >1*  ' 

T<i'i)(b1  'itlioi  it  II 

uhrr    u    llitl.vult 

'An  'y   liny   oii«  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

NVilf  11,  .  iini. 
il'  'liH  (li'-l  I  I  ml 
liiii .  Af  «  xrlj 
i|i    mur  Irwiiir 

lonmiRii'l  "f 
r.i.-\if  ('.,1.  Hir- 
HT   i'  riiiigli  II, IS- 

SPM    -hI    I     11. 

litkrii,    |iiir- 

itllll',        1111(1         »!l^ 

Al'iiri'i',  \>'.  II- 

M.ti/ll*«l.         l!»lk 

ill. ■:..!,  whu  mio 
1  ,  wrrti    ^   ll(.  >ij 

rk  ThtIit  Mir- 

iliii   I'^in.iiulli'.! 

J-  !isij>|>i.     <!i"ii. 

lit  til  'iii<iir<'   'iti 

iiiili  1    Kirliy 

wiij)  jiKiiiiptly 

.Mny.  mill  1.,; 

..tii.ii,   fii.u, 

■  "iniimntl    lu 

•■(roit»  to  ii). 

.  i1W».lliIll'fi,    Ullt] 

•i,  1 J  (iint   >im    . 
.j«=rly. 


u 


1%»\ 


VWITID  ITATII. 


I  m««aI  «u«it«t  ni  Um  war  on  Ull4 
laok  uUm  Mitjr  97,  im  ik«  Kin  OriMiU,  wKar* 
('■il.  Ilarroll  wm  ilrlvan  «|)h  •  I<nm  of  M) 
Mun  tnlii  llrMiMi,  li^  llxii.  HUii||h)«>r,  «hu 
VimirtMliilril  1%  atllirrliir  fnrr*.  (In  Ihn  ■«•, 
Ihn  |itriiln  >VA#n<iH</unA  I'riiiwil  In  Iha  I'Mxtflu 
*h-i-uii,  i!i«|ittirlii|  riiimaiiMia  I'liluii  Mi«>rii|iMil 
tii"ii  mikI  «I kIki*,  iiiiUI  Nnvi'iiilwr,  wIk'Ii  ■Ii« 
|>riN<iu»|m|  III  llin  iii'nmy  i»M<l  tbnrii  •itrrvn 
()>'ri'<|  ii)  «ii  K'i||IUh  nimt  iif  witr. 

On  ihn  lUy  iif  l^w't  iiirri'iiiUr.  I'r*>alil«iit 
l,liui*lii,  whn  h«il  Immiii  at  (,'Uy  I'oliil  ■iiic* 
M«ri'h  'Jllk,  in  tonatanl  mtmniiMtlmtlitii  witli 
U'<n,  Umnl,  •nit  niir«  mcantlv  In  Itti'lini'iml, 
ratiirnml  to  Waal  ingtiMi,  mkI  lltam  mimIm  m 
«i)iwii|unito  aililriNw  nn  Ika  rmnmnlriM'tion  »f 
tka  lata  ralwIlliHia  Slataa,  Iwifnrx  a  vaat  nm 
OMuraa,  al  tha  Kiaai  (iva   Manaiiin.     On  iha 


iMth,  aailuua  tit  ttka  tha  tint  lUii  fur 
pi«aci>,  ba  eauaail  tha  HoiTflary  of  War  to 
Inna    an   orili>r    itoiiiilnn   fiirthrr   tIrnftiiiK, 


mcriiitiiiK,  anil  |>iiri>hi«iia  of  war  malKrial,  ami 
■nnouiiitiug  tha  ipraily  iwnioval  of  roatiii'- 
linn*  un  trailn  anil  mninirrt-ii.  (In  thn  Mlh, 
thi)  aniiivnriiary  of  tha  I'lirraiiilur  <•  tint 
raliaU  of  Kort  M<initMr,  lu  ol>l  Hiag  wim 
rarriml  to  ami  raiaeil  ovur  tliat  fortniM,  ami 
tha  wliola  cuiintrj  waa  at  tliii  nuiMiiiit  i>n- 

flimnil  ill  loyal  mjiiii'iii|f,  At  H  I'.ti.  tha  IVi'a- 
i|i>nt,  hia  wifn,  anil  two  othura  |'riii<i<i'ili'i|  In 
li'orira  Tlioatra,  to  whtfh  hi<  ami  I'mi.  Ilraiit 
liml  Imi'ii  I  iililirly  aiiiioiinoi'il  na  >l'<tiiirH. 
At  lialf-|iaHt  tan  f.M.  r.n  avtor,  Jcilm  NVilkiv 
lliHith  liy  iianiK,  Kiiti«ri'i|  ihn  vcatiliiilK  of  tlm 
]*ri*»iiliiiit'«  privatH  Inix,  fnnhiiii'il  tlm  iliHir 
IbxriHif  bvhimi  him  with  m  aliort  |iliiiik,  uinl 
thim  atolii  littliiml  tha  I'rnaiili'nt,  who  wua  at 
that  nioniKUt  intent  ii|Hin  tho  |>lity,  ami  almt 
hlin.  Tho  baft  |ii)>riitil  hia  nkiill,  lirhimi  tlii> 
li'ft  imi-,  anil  aftur  travoraiiiK  tlm  lirniii  IoiIkixI 
Ixihiml  lh«  ri){ht  nya.  At  '.'J'Ji  tliu  iiuxt  morn- 
i\m  tho  I'l-uaiiluut  «)i|iiru<l,  liaviiiK  until 
timii  from  tliH  inommit  of  hia  aMHuaalmttion 
uivi'ii  no  RlKiM  of  intolliuKiirii.  Tlia  axHuaain, 
til  aouoiilancu  with  wiill-laid  |iluna,  li'ik|itM| 
u|ion  llie  atagn,  ami  hran<liMhin||  a  <likUU«r, 
aliiiiitKil  "  iVu)  nm/ur  tynmn'u.  IIk  iIikii 
HkiI  through  a  atag«-ih>or  into  ths  atrm't,  nml 
liioiintiiig  a  horao  brought  thi<ra  for  hia  iihi>, 
•oii;(ht  rufuga  in  loutlitirn  Maryliiml.  Hut 
in  juuipiiig  front  thu  i'ruaiilunt'a  box,  hia 
a|iiir  bad  caught  in  the  Amuricun  flitg,  with 
wliiuh  tho  bos  waa  atlornotl.  Tbla  llutig  him 
liKuvily  ou  tha  atago  ami  ao  ori|i|il(iil  hia 
(light,  that  a  oluo  wna  aironluil  to  tlio  ilitti'v- 
tivua,  who  WBfo  aoon  on  hia  trail.  On  tlio  auiiin 
uiglit,  Mr,  Bi'wartl,  Mccretury  of  Htuto,  woa 
attaoked  in  hia  aiuklMxl  by  Iioiiia  I'ayno,  n 
fallow-oonapirator  of  Uootli,  uml  ilangKrouaiy 
wotiniliiil.  Uooth  waa  utipturtHl  in  a  bnrii 
In  Mttryland,  whortt  hu  waa  ao  aevoix'ly 
woutidud  that  bo  diud  a  fuw  boura  after- 
wiirda.  Ilia  fulluw-coua|iiratorH  warn  ulao 
abortly  oa|itunid,  arraigmtil  and  oonviotvil 
bi^fure  a  niilitury  court,  wimii  tbn  oxiatnnco 
of  a  iilot  to  murilor  tliu  moHt  iironiiiiont  of 
tb>i  ifnion  authoritioa  wiia  ilovolo|M)d.  Ilnr- 
rold,  i'aynn,  Atxproth,  and  Mra.  Hurrutt  wt>ru 
hanged  tliorufor  on  tlii)  7th  July.  Otiiura 
wurn  imiirixoiii'd  for  lifu  or  a  tnrni  of  yuiiia. 
Under  tnu  buliitf  tbut  Jolfuraon  Duvix  uikI 
otbur  |iroiuiiieiit  mon  of  tlm  t^outU  woiu  iiii- 
I>liuutii(l  ill  tlin  )>lot,  large  rowarda  wuro  olTurud 
far  thuir  a|i|iri!h«uHii)n. 

The  obiiei|uioB  of  Mr.  Lincoln  wuro  colo- 
braUNl  will)  belittiug  grandeur  and  aoleinuity, 


ami  wklla  iha  anltra  nalin«  mminiaU  wilk 
•|mi|i  and  g»ii>iln«  grUf  it  Atlit  woNid  n«i«  Idama 
ib«  muM  of  blaiory  fur  |wrftirtln(  iHuk  a  graml 
llfn  with  Ihn  glory  of  mitrlynlnm. 

I  Hiring  thn  witr,  Iha  whnln  hunilwr  of  m»n 
vallrd  liiln  tlm  imlliiiiitl  aiiryli'it  fmm  lima  to 
lima  «»•  U.'tMM.A'J.'l.  Of  thnaa  aiNiul  I.IVNI, 
IMHI  worn  In  nlliii'ttvii  wir«l>«,  and  alaiut  3IM), 
IHHI  wera  klllml  nr  i||i»l  fmm  illwaaa,  Tha 
niimiiar*  nf  tha  r»)N>l  fiirm»4  warn  fully  aa 
many,  and  Ibnir  loMna  by  i|i>atb  wara  no 
dniilil  grnalnr,  fmm  lh»ir  lufnrinr  hn«|iital 
aiirvlni,  Thn  l/iiloii  nauan  waa  grnatly  aa- 
alalail  In  thia  aarvlna  bv  tbn  nrganlaail  Man- 
llary  and  Chriatlan  t'ommlaaioiia,  wkioh 
dlaburaad  milllona  in  mitigation  of  tha  hard 
abl|«  and  borrora  of  Iha  atrifn,  often  fur  both 
fiii'iid  and  foa.  Whiln  thn  bmthara  and 
aiiiia  on  laith  aidaa  haroinally  andiirml  daath 
and  thn  |irivat|iiiia  of  lb«  (Inld,  thn  mothnra 
and  alatnra  warn  aa  ^Miarally  |iroin|itni|  to 
miiilatnriiig  atfurta  and  awrlllun*.  I'riHif  of 
a  aini'nrn  |iHtrioli«m  among  thoan  who  aa|ioiiaad 
iMitb  tlm  rightful  and  tha  iniataknn  oaiiaa  ara 
not  wanting  In  tbn  war 'a  ranorila,  and  tha 
lliK-r  virluna  an  ofti  n  ilUiilaynd  on  Uith  ald«a 
will  |Hiri'baiiru  ultlmau  ly  rnat  into  obliviou 
tbn  ramr  liiatanrna  of  wnmgHlotng  ami  bar> 
bai'lty,  nml  in  partioular  tha  horror  of  An- 
diTMiinvllln  iiriaoii, 

On  May  'J.ld  and  'JIth  an  ltii|MMing  mvlaw 
of  llin  two  main  tFiilon  armira  took  iikuw  at 
WaNbliigtnii,  wbi'ii  aonm  UOO,(HH)  bronaad 
vnti'ruim,  thn  voliiiilary  drfmidnra  of  thair 
nation,  |iniihi>i|  In-forn  tbn  |iri'ai<nR«  of  Iha 
l'ri'«l<l»iil,  ('uliin)'t,  and  Kornigu  Miiiiatara, 
On  Juiin  '.*d  Orii,  (iriilit  iaaui'd  an  ordnr, 
tjiunkinu  llin  aoldli'ra  for  tbnir  anrvicaa,  and 
by  Oi'tiiiior  Ift,  7Hft,0()(»  moil  wnm  tniiatnrwl 
out  of  anrvii'o.  Though  with  tlm  liroiiil  con- 
Ni'iouNiiniia  of  having  doiin  a  ginrloua  iluty, 
tbi-y  glailly  baoaiua  aimpla  oitiauna  again. 

OHArrKH   XXXII. 

JOHNSON'S  ADMINISTRATION. 

Aniihrw  JoiiNaoN,  Vica-Preaiilont  of  tha 
Uiiitnd  Htuti'a,  took  thu  oath  of  olHcn  na  tho 
vouHtitutional  NuucuaiKir  of  Mr.  liiiicolii,  on 
tho  iiioriiiiig  of  thu  l.'Stli  of  April,  IRliS.  Tha 
cnrnmoiiy  wan  vnry  privatu,  and  waa  carried 
out  at  Um  KirkwoiHl  Houao,  in  Waahington, 
tbnn  thn  rcMldoiico  of  Mr.  Jobnaon. 

The  I'maidnnt  did  not  cliangu  anything  in 
thu  voimtitution  of  thu  Cabinet ;  for  the  whole 
yoar,  thu  aucrotarioa  of  tho  divura  Depart- 
niunta,  who  bad  worked  ao  patriotically  with 
Abraham  I.inroln,  were  maintained  in  tboir 
otHcoa.  To  many  delegationa  from  white  and 
cobirod  oitixona  who  called  upon  him,  An- 
drew Johuaon  roitoratad  hia  viowa,  which 
wuro  tboii  nearly  alika  to  thoae  of  hia  prede- 
coaanr,  na  to  thu  manner  of  roconatructiiig 
the  Union.  Aa  Lincoln  had  done  hiinael^ 
whpn  he  oonaoiitud  to  have  at  Hamilton 
Koada  a  confuronce  with  aonio  Houthern 
uliiofa,  in  the  Iio|h>  of  tnrminatiug  tho  war, 
Andrew  Johnaoii  indicatud  from  the  bogiii- 
iiiiig  hia  conciliatory  tuiidoncioH,  in  aaying 
that  ho  dill  not  bolinvo  ovury  man  down 
Hoiitli  to  bo  II  rnUd  at  heart,  and  that  mniiy  of 
thu  (\iiifi»lui'uti'H  bad  lini'ii  forcud  to  taku  ui'iim 
ill  thu  war  agaiiiHt  thu  Union.  Ilouxiiroasod 
that  idva  to  u  colored  dulogation,  wlion  he 
anid :  "  J  fear  that  lunding  colored  men  do 
not  undoratand  and  aimrooiate  the  (not  that 


Ing  aona  of  Iba  oountry.      Thia  iir 
raiHHialruotion  gava  riaa  tu  Iha  liar 


iKay  ka«a  friaaik  tm  IW  lOttiK  aitla  of  iIm 
Una.  Tkay  kava)  aad  Ikay  ara  aa  fliiikfUl 
ami  ataaab  aa  aiit>  north  of  Ika  Una." 

Tbla  Iha  mi^jiirily  of  I  'ongraaa  did  Hut  Imi 
llata,  and  hani'a  nan  ba  Iraoad,  from  Iba  var^ 
liaglnnliig  of  Andraw  Jnbnaiin'a  admlniatra- 
tlon,  Iba  prinatiial  nauaa  of  diaagraoniaal 
balwaan  him  ami  (.'iingraaa  a  dlaagraaManl 
wblith  waa  lit  •'ulminala  in  tha  im|iaM)hmanl 
pro|Mialt|fin  two  yaara  aftar,  On  ona  aliU 
aliNttl  Iba  I'raalilanI,  auimatad  with,  |Mir. 
ha|ia,  a  tint  oHii'ilUlury  apiril  toward  iba 
a«  raliala  i  on  Iha  olbar  aiiia  aliHid  Iba  Cult* 
graaa,  whiuh  want,  |iarba|ia,  lit  tha  olbar  ta. 
Irama,  by  kaaping  a  aplrll  of  batrati  and  of 
miatrual  towarda  iha  guilty  Iml  now  ra|Miat« 

roblam  of 
gava  rIaa  lit  Iha  narcaal  con- 
rtiol  balwaan  Iba  aiaeutlva  and  Iba  lagialallva 
|Hiwnr«  i  many  natbina  oldar  than  Ina  UnW 
lad  Htataa  would  bava  giina  down  unilar  Iba 
walghl  of  aiii'b  a  daailly  Hglit ;  but  A  marina 
waathnrad  thai  roiMtllutional  atorm  wllboul 
lni|iarlllliig  tha  aaiatanra  of  tha  oitunlry  and 
Ita  rapublioan  inalllutiona. 

Ily  a  pnirlaniation  of  I'rraidnnl  JohlMon, 
Ibo  lat  of  June  INIIA,  waa  iirdarail  to  ba  ol^ 
•arvad  aa  a  dav  of  humiliation  on  aoouuut  of 
tha  daath  of  liinmilni  ami  a  fnw  daya  aflor 
Iba  altova  proulamation,  anothnr  ona  waa  la- 
aui'd  for  tha  arraat  of  Jelfnraiin  Davla,  Jacob 
TboiiiiHMin,  (laorga  N.  Mauiidnra,  Tucker,  t-'bty, 
and  (/'laary,  aa  baiug  tho  promolnni  and  au|t- 

tMirtara  or  liooth  and  hia  confi'dnratva ;  ona 
lumlrvd  tboiiaaiid  dullara  warn  ortaniil  for  tba 
arraat  of  Jnlf.  Ilavia,  and  only  |'.>A,(HMI  and 
I  l(),(K)0  for  othera  of  the  |iarty .  At  tha  aania 
lima,  foraigii  nationa  warn  iiotillad  that  tha 
Uiiitnd  Htat<*a  would  rafiian  boapilality  to  any 
ona  of  tbnni  which  woulil  givn  Iniapitalilv  to  Iba 
rabel  oruiaara.  Thaaa  niraauma  oiion  adoplad) 
it  waa  thought  no  mom  iiamaaary  to  oaaot  a 
|taaa|iort  from  travallara  vnt«ring  tha  Uni- 
tad  Htatea,  and  the  previoua  order  to  tkal 
•Ifnot  waa  raacinded. 

Ity  hia  proclamation  of  May  30th,  tba 
I'rriddent  atatoa  the  terma  on  whieb  tha 
Hoiithernora  could  Ita  matorod  to  their  civil 
righta,  and  ho  dotorininoa  tho  form  of  tha 
oath  of  Hdelity  to  ba  takoti.  The  provlaroa' 
lion  iiidicatoa  alao  tha  olHoora  and  diplomat* 
lata  of  tho  reliellion  who  were  aieepUHl  from 
tho  benettta  of  hia  proclamation.  ProvUiona . 
Uovernon  wen  iminediatoly  appointed  Ibr 
the  Houthem  8tatoa,  with  the  iiower  of  calU 
ing  Htate  convent  iuna.  Virginia,  Tenneiaea, 
Louiaiana,  and  Arkanaaa  having  boen  already 
aulllciently  reorganiiud  by  I'ruaident  lincoln, 
did  not  rucuive  any  i'roviaional  Uovernor. 
Some  diaaatiNfaotion  waa  ahown  bv  a  {lortion 
of  the  people  at  the  coiirae  nf  atiaim,  whiob 
they  thought  too  lenient.  CompUinta  wera 
made  that  ex-robela  hail  freely  retumed  to 
their  honioa  in  the  North,  and  ftaraded  la 
tho  atreota  with  their  Ooiifederate  uniform. 
Hucrotnry  Htaiiton  applied  to  Attomey-QeD- 
oral  HjM-ud  for  hia  opinion  aa  to  the  interpre- 
tation to  b«  given  to  the  terma  of  tho  oapitu. 
lation  aigiiod  between  Uoiia.  Uraiit  and  Lea. 
Tlm  Attornoy-UencrnI  aiiawerud  that  the  es- 
rubnla  bad  no  right  to  coino  up  North  and 
i-uaido  tliuro,  under  tho  protnnco  that  they 
hud  a  homo  tlioro,  and  that  the  capitulation 
bad  allowi.d  them  to  rotum  to  thuir  homai> 
It  waa  deoided  by  Mr.  Bi>eed  that,  "aa  ■ 
matter  of  ooana,  raaidonta  of  tba  torriloiy 


HISTORY    OF   THI 


Ib  nbalUoa  ouinot  be  regardad  u  having 
homM  ia  the  lojnU  BUtM ;  for  »  nuui'i  home 
•nd  hia  iwddenoe  oannot  be  diatinot  the  one 
from  the  other." 

For  the  flnt  time  there  waa  a  deoiaive  at- 
tempt to  looure  to  the  emancipated  negroea 
an  equality  of  civil  and  political  righta  with 
the  whitea.  Political  righta  have  been  grant- 
ed linoe,  but  the  queetion  of  civil  rights  haa 
not  yet  been  fullv  aeltled.  The  flmt  step 
taken  ayitematicalW  to  leoure  that  double 
kind  of  righta  for  the  former  alaves,  was  at  a 
public  meeting  held  in  Faneuil  I  tall,  Bos- 
ton, in  June,  1S65;  the  resolutions  adoi)ted 
eonveyed  moat  of  the  ideas  which  Mr.  I'hil- 
lina  had  expreaaed  at  the  Annual  Convention 
of  the  New  England  Anti-Blavery  Society ; 
that  is,  immediate  sulIWwe  for  the  negro,  and 
civil  equality  with  the  white  man.  President 
Johnson  waa  not  a  warm  partisan  of  those 
plans,  and  ha  aaid  so  in  his  address,  on  the 
lOth  of  October,  to  the  First  Colored  Regi- 
ment of  the  District  of  Columbia,  whilst  a 
fttw  days  before  he  had  expressed  bis  kindly 
aentiments  toward  the  South  to  a  Virginia 
delegation  which  had  called  on  him. 

In  1862,  the  Congress  had  vot«d  the  fa- 
mous Test  Oath  bill,  by  which  all  iMsrsons  in 
the  Southern  States,  who  hnd  directly  or  in- 
directly been  engaged  in  the  rebellion,  were 
excluded  from  holding  any  office  under  the 
Federal  Qovemnient ;  and  almost  iuiniediato- 
ly  after  the  opening  of  the  Dooonibcr  soHsion, 
the  Senate  requested  Andrew  Johnson  to 
communicate  information  respecting  the  con- 
dition of  aifairs  in  the  South — an  indirect  way 
to  ascertain  how  the  President  was  execut- 
ing the  law  relative  to  the  Tost  Oath.  Mr. 
Johnson,  iu  l.is  answer,  made  a  rose-colored 
picture  ol'  <  ut  condition  of  things  at  the 
South,  asserting  that  "  sectional  animosity 
waa  surely  and  i-apidly  merging  itself  into  a 
spirit  of  nationality."  IIo  transmitted  a  re- 
port from  Uen.  Grant,  who  also  wrote  that 
"  the  nukss  of  thinking  men  of  the  South  ac- 
cepted the  present  situation  of  atfairs  iu  good 
faith."  Congress  took  another  view  of  the 
question,  inasmuch  as  the  reports  of  Carl 
Schuns  and  olhurs  were  at  variance  with  the 
assertions  of  Grant  and  JohuHon. 

The  amendment  of  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion abolishing  slavery,  having  been  ratiGed 
by  27  States,  Secretary  Seward  officially  an- 
nounced the  fact,  in  his  proclamation  of  the 
18th  of  December,  1865.  The  colored  people 
held  many  conventions  during  the  latter  pa^ t 
of  the  year,  in  order  to  discuss  the  important 
problems  relative  to  the  nnw  situation  in 
which  the  abolition  of  slavery  had  phiced 
them.  For  the  first  time  began  the  regular 
and  public  movement  to  reduce  the  hours  of 
manual  labor  for  a  day's  work.  Meetings 
were  held  in  many  parts  of  the  country,  and 
the  principle  of  the  eight  hours  was  at  nrst  fa- 
vorably accepted  by  the  public.  It  could  not 
be  3xpected  that  the  financial  system  of  the 
nation  uould  be  of  a  fixed  character,  amidst 
the  warlike  troubles  which  had  threatened 
the  very  existence  of  the  country.  Congress 
was  only  feeling  its  financial  ways,  and  modi- 
fying at  its  session  the  rough  and  hasty  finan- 
cial measures  which  evor-changing  circum- 
stances compelled  the  representatives  to  take, 
with  the  view  of  providing  funds  for  the 
Treasury. 

While  the  wccrh  of  roconstruotion  proceeded 


alowly  at  home,  in  spite  of  the  diflbreneea  of 
opinion  between  the  President  and  the  Con- 
gress, the  work  of  realflrming  abroad  American 
natioiutlity  was  succeHRf\illy  pursued  br  Presi- 
dent Johnson,  and  the  Mfcrvtary  of  State, 
Mr.  Suward.  On  the  2d  of  Jumt,  1860,  Earl 
John  ItuMooll  recognized  olHcially  that  the 
war  of  secession  was  at  an  end,  and  the  Drit- 
ish  Admiralty  reoeived  orders  not  to  treat 
the  rebel  cruisers  as  iM-iligontnts.  Hut  as  the 
withdrawal  of  the  24  hours*  rule,  formerly 
granted  by  England  to  relwl  craft  before  she 
could  be  chased  by  Union  vessels,  was  not 
being  made  alisolute  by  Lord  Kusaoll's  note, 
Mr.  Seward  directed  that  the  customary  cour- 
tesies should  not  be  exchanged  between 
American  and  English  men-of-war.  The 
stem  attitude  taken  by  the  Washington  cabi- 
net bro\ight  the  British  cabinet  to  terms,  and 
a  quick  restoration  of  intercourse  was  etfucted 
on  the  American  basis.  On  the  6th  of  No- 
vember, the  real  feelings  of  the  English  For- 
eign Office  came  to  a  test,  for  the  ex-Con- 
foderate  cruiser,  S/tmiandoak,  aiTived  at  Liv- 
erjHiol.  She  was  given  up,  on  the  lOtli,  to 
the  American  consul  at  that  port. 

As  soon  as  the  rebellion  hnd  collapsed,  a 
notorious  Southerner,  Dr.  W.  M.  Owin,  es- 
tiiblished  in  Mexico,  and  favored  by  Emperor 
Maximilian,  extended  his  former  plana,  and 
invited  a  large  emigration  of  the  ox-Confu<l- 
erate  soldiers  to  ^toxico,  whore  they  woulil 
fight  against  Mexican  indeiMmdcnco,  under 
the  flag  of  the  Austrian  emperor,  and  of  his 
best  ally,  France.  Mr.  Romero,  the  Mexican 
Minister  of  Juarez  at  Washington,  entered  a 
protest  against  such  a  scheme,  and  Mr.  Sew- 
ard, in  his  dis|)atches  of  July,  September, 
November,  and  December,  notified  the  French 
Government  not  to  favor  the  plan  of  Dr. 
Owin.  On  the  18th  of  July,  Soward  denied 
to  receive  a  letter  from  the  Emperor  Maximil- 
ian, though  this  letter  was  given  to  him 
through  the  Marquis  de  Montliolon,  Anibivs- 
sador  of  France  at  Washington.  In  his  dis- 
patch of  the  6th  of  Docomlier,  nddrossed  to 
Mr.  Bigolow,  American  MiniRtor  at  Paris, 
the  Secretary  of  State  advises  him  that  the 
American  Government  refuses  to  listen  to 
the  proposition  made  by  Napoleon  III.,  that 
he  would  withdraw  his  troops  from  Mexico 
provided  the  United  States  should  promise 
not  to  inteifere  with  the  consolidation  of 
Maximilian's  throne.  On  the  16th  of  Decem- 
ber, Mr.  Seward  reverts  to  the  same  subject ; 
he  says  that  the  United  States  do  not  recog- 
nize any  other  government  but  that  of  Juarez 
in  Mexico  ;  and  he  declares  that  the  mainte- 
nance of  French  troops  in  that  co\intry  is  lia- 
ble to  endanger  the  peaceful  relations  then 
existing  between  Franco  and  America. 

In  Canada,  Mr.  Seward  was  unsuccessful 
in  his  demand  for  the  extradition  of  Young 
and  his  confederates,  who  had  perpetrated,  in 

1864,  the  St.  Albans  raid.  The  court  at 
Montreal  refused  to  allow  the  extradition  of 
the  guUty  parties. 

When  Congress  reassembled  in  December, 

1865,  the  popular  disapprobation  of  the  con- 
ciliatory measures  advocated  by  President 
Johnson  took  a  tangible  form.  The  latter 
felt  bound,  in  the  beginning  of  1866,  to  refuse 
his  approbation  to  the  act  known  as  the 
"  Civil  Rights  Act,"  and  to  another  one  for 
the  extension  of  the  "  Freedmen's  Bureau." 
But  these  two  bills  were  passed  over  the 


Preddential  T«to.  Mr.  Johnaon  deekiW 
afterwards,  in  a  oonvenation  with  Senator 
Dixon,  of  Conneoticut,  that  an  amendment 
having  already  been  added  to  the  Constitu- 
tion, and  atxilishing  slaverv,  he  considered  it 
quite  useless  to  make  similar  acta  tending  to 
an  analogous  purpose.  He  reiterated  hia 
doclan'.tions,  in  a  aiieeoh  delivered  as  an  an- 
swer to  colore<l  deputations  which,  being  led 
by  Fredeiick  Douglass,  Mr.  Downing,  and 
other  prominent  men,  had  called  on  him.  Ik 
was  on  this  occasion  that  he  made  his  famous 
declaration,  that  *'  he  would  be  the  Moses  of 
the  black,  to  lead  him  from  bondage  to  free- 
dom, even  through  the  Red  Sea  " — an  allu- 
sion to  the  red  sea  of  blood  sheu  during  tho 
late  war,  but  that  "he  waa  not  willing  to 
adopt  a  iiolioT  which  will  result  in  great  in- 
jury to  the  white  aa  well  aa  to  the  colortd 
man."  He  refused,  therefore,  to  acknowledge 
that  the  negroes  should  not  be  "  satisfied 
with  an  amendment  abolishing  slavery,  and 
that  they  wished  it  enforced  with  appropriatt 
legislation."  On  the  10th  of  February,  he 
ro|ieated  again  the  same  declaration,  to  a 
committee  of  the  Virginia  Legislature,  which 
had  come  to  congratulate  him  relative  to  hia 
formerly  expressed  sentiments. 

The  personal  policy  of  the  President,  as  to 
the  civil  and  political  status  of  the  negro,  waa 
therefore  very  plain.'  He  took  care  to  ex- 
]>reBS  his  ideas  relative  to  the  reconstruction 
of  tho  South,  in  a  speech  delivered  on  the 
22d  of  February,  as  an  answer  to  a  com- 
mittee delegated  to  the  White  House,  by  a 
public  meeting  held  at  Washington,  and  at 
which  the  coui'se  of  the  President  had  been 
endorsed  by  a  series  of  rasolutions.  Mr. 
Johnson,  in  his  reply  to  the  delegation,  con- 
demned in  severe  terms  the  political  measures 
of  Congress,  and  the  creation  of  the  famous 
Committee  of  Fifteen.  "  Thoy  assume,"  he 
said, "  that  a  State  is  out  of  the  Union,  and  te 
have  its  practical  i-elations  restored  before  the 
House  can  judge  of  the  qualifications  of  its 
own  members.  What  position  is  that  ?  You 
have  been  struggling  four  years  to  put  down 
a  rebellion.  You  contended  at  the  begin- 
ning of  that  struggle  that  a  State  hod  not  a 
right  to  go  out.  You  said  it  had  neither  the 
right  nor  the  {lower,  and  it  has  been  settled 
that  the  States  had  neither  the  right  nor  the 
pr'ver  to  go  out  of  the  Union.  And  whon 
you  determine  by  tho  executive,  by  the  mili- 
tary, and  by  the  public  judgment  that  these 
States  cannot  have  any  right  to  go  out,  this 
Committee  turns  round  and  assumes  that  they 
are  out,  and  that  they  shall  not  come  in.  I 
am  free  to  say  to  you  as  your  Executive  that 
I  am  not  prepared  to  take  any  such  position." 
It  is  in  the  course  of  the  same  speech,  that, 
alluding  to  the  leaders  of  the  anti-Prrsiden- 
tial  party  in  Congress  and  in  the  country,  he 
uttered  his  famous  sentence  :  "  Sup|)Ose  I 
should  name  to  you  those  whom  I  look  upon 
OS  being  opposed  to  the  fundamental  princi- 
ples of  this  government,  and  as  now  laboring 
to  destroy  them.  I  say  Tliaddeus  Stevens, 
of  Pennsylvania ;  I  say  Charles  Sumner,  of 
Massachusetts ;  I  say  Wendell  Phillips,  of 
Massachusetts."  And  as,  amidst  the  choer- 
ing,  a  voice  cried  aloud,  "  Forney,"  the  Pres- 
ident retorted  contemptuously  the  celebrated 
"  I  do  not  waste  my  fire  on  dead  ducks  ! " 

After  the  delivery  of  such  sentiments, 
which  were  aiet  on  th«  other  tide  with  no 


til 
ThJ 


UNITED  STATES. 


•on  tleclMad 
rith  Seiuitor 
1  amendmcnl 
he  Oonititu* 
oonaidered  U 
«  tending  to 
DiteratoU  hia 
ed  M  Ml  an- 
sh,  being  led 
owning,  and 

on  him.  It 
le  hiN  famous 
the  Moui  of 
idage  to  free- 
i." — an  ailii- 
d  during  tho 
)t  willing  to 
;  in  great  in- 

the  colored 
acknowledge 
«  "latiiified 
■lavery,  and 
1  appropriat* 
February,  he 
.ration,  to  a 
ature,  which 
ilative  to  hia 

»ident,  a«  to 
le  negro,  waa 
care  to  ex- 
iconstruction 
'ered  on  the 
ir  to  a  com- 
H0U80,  by  a 
gton,  and  at 
nt  had  boon 
iitions.     Mr. 
ogation,  con- 
ical meaimres 
the  famoua 
iwHume,"  he 
nion.and  te 
before  the 
.tiona  of  ita 
lat  ?    You 
put  down 
the  begin- 
had  not  a 
neither  the 
leen  settled 
;ht  nor  tho 
And  whan 
ly  the  mili- 
that  the8(> 
%o  out,  thin 
!8  that  they 
onie  in.    I 
cutive  that 
position." 
•eech,  that, 
i-Prcsiden- 
ountry,  ho 
Suppose  [ 
louk  u|)on 
tal   princi- 
w  laboring 
Stevens, 
umner,  of 
lillips,  of 
the  choer- 
tl.e  Prcs- 
:elebrated 
icks!" 
intimento, 
)  with  DO 


Im  ikarp  invootivea,  the  chaam  waa  fairly 
opened  betwmni^the  Preaident  and  C'ongreaa, 
s  choam  which  waa  not  to  bo  bridged  over  un- 
til the  IteiMiblican  party  and  thu  lugislutive 
power  could  have  aocompliHhed  thoir  dosigna 
in  apite  of  tho  op|)ONition  of  the  Kxucutive, 
The  Sunrenin  Court  duoidxd  with  Juhnson, 
and  dooiilod  against  tho  constitutionality  of 
tho  teat  oath ;  so  thtt  Wendell  Philtips  could 
aay,  a  little  afterward,  in  thn  name  of  the 
whole  Uadical  party,  that  "  Congress  waa 
•lone  to  fight  for  the  nation  against  the  Su- 
preme Court  and  the  President,  leagued  in 
the  aervice  of  robeldum." 

It  require4l  but  a  S|)ark  to  set  on  fire  all 
thia  combustible  material ;  first,  in  Illinois, 
where,  at  public  meetings,  resolutions  were 
adopted  asking  tho  House  of  Uoprosentatives 
to  take  moasurea  to  cause  tho  impeachment 
of  the  President.  Hia  frienda  were  not  slow 
at  placing  theraaelvea  on  the  defensive.  The 
firat  National  Union  Club  was  formed  at 
Waahington,  with  the  view  of  resisting  the 
majority  of  Congreaa,  and  thoir  adherenta  in 
the  country,  at  whose  hoada  was  hurled,  for 
the  first  time,  tho  name  of  Radicals, 

Soon  after  a  general  convention  of  tho  Na- 
tional Union  Club  waa  proposed  to  ho  hold 
at  Philadelphia ;  but  this  cull  having  Iwcn 
supported  by  all  tho  Democratic  mumborH  of 
Congress,  and  by  prominent  Southerners,  and 
being  indiioctly  approved  of  by  Pi'iisidont 
Johnson,  led  to  the  resignation  of  Mcwsis. 
Harlan,  Dunisun,  and  S|ieod,  members  of  the 
Cabinet.  On  the  14th  of  August  tho  Na- 
tional Union  Cun volition  assombloil  at  Phila- 
delphia, (ion.  John  A.  Dix  was  chosen 
tem|>oiury  )>resi(lont,  and  Senator  Doolittlc, 
of  Wisconsin,  the  President  of  tho  Convon-. 
tion.  Une  of  the  striking  fouturos  of  the  fii-Ht 
day's  doings  was  the  entrance  of  the  dele- 
gates from  Mussachusotts  and  South  Parolina 
arm  iu  arm.  Henry  J.  Uayniond,  of  thu 
New  York  7\'me»,  read,  on  tho  third  day,  tlu- 
addroHM  [iroparod  by  the  committ|;e,  wiiich 
having  been  approved  by  the  convention,  was 
followed  by  a  aorios  of  resolutions.  Tho  cop- 
ies of  both  wore  jiresontod  to  tho  PruHidont, 
at  Washington,  by  Iteverdy  Johnson,  of  Ma- 
ryland. 

It  was  not  to  be  expected  that  tho  original 
Union  League  would  remain  inactive,  in  pros- 
enco  of  tho  etlurta  madu  by  its  eneniius.  On 
tho  23d  of  August  tho  Union  liOagtio  of  Phil- 
adelphia adopted  a  series  of  counter-resolu- 
tions embodying  tho  sentiments  tiion  enter- 
tained by  lUdicals  with  reference  to  the 
PresidontinI  policy. 

Soon  after,  Andrew  Johnson  left  Wash- 
ington, on  the  2Ktli  of  August,  on  his  trip  to 
Chicago,  where  ho  went  to  attend,  on  the  Cth 
of  September,  tho  inauguration  of  the  Ste- 
phen Douglass  monument.  He  was  called 
at  many  places,  on  his  route,  to  dulivor 
siicochcs  ;  and  iu  every  one  of  them  ho  main- 
tained his  former  views,  and  assailed  tho  ma- 
jority of  Congress.  Then  tho  contlict  do- 
acundud  from  tho  otficial  riij^ions  to  more  pop- 
ular ones,  Tho  stanch  Unionists  of  tho 
South,  who  had  kejit  fust  by  their  principles 
during  the  war,  hold  a  convention  at  Phila- 
delphia. This  was  soon  followed  by  conven- 
tions of  Northern  soldiers,  and  of  Soutliern 
soldiers.  A  convention  of  a  more  quiot  cliiir- 
acter  was  held  at  Baltimore,  by  workingmoii, 
aakiig,  aa   Ihey   did  last  year,  that  a  law 


ahould  be  ]iaaaed  for  limiting  to  eight  houra 
a  day's  work. 

In  spite  of  these  political  quarrels  tho  vi- 
tality of  the  American  nation  showed  itself 
strong  in  financial  matters.  In  December, 
IHCft.  Mr.  McCulloch,  Seoretery  of  tho  Treas- 
ury, imd  foreseen  in  his  estimate  a  deficiency 
of  112  millions  of  dollars.  Instead  of  that, 
there  wiw,  from  the  lat  of  Octoljer,  1805,  to 
the  ond  of  the  fiscal  year,  in  IHOU,  a  surplus 
of  nearly  133  millions  of  dollars.  In  tho  face 
of  such  a  prosperous  situation  the  Secretary 
rocommondo<i  the  return  to  specie  payment. 
The  items  which  had  given,  comparatively, 
thn  best  results  to  the  Union  oxche<iuer  were 
the  stamps  for  bank-check  receipts,  and  tho 
one-cent  stamps  for  match-boxes.  Still,  the 
consecpionces  of  thn  war  were  too  near  at  hand 
not  to  have  un  efluct  upon  the  general  situa- 
tion of  the  country,  and  it  was  not  surprising 
that  there  was  a  decrease  of  prosperity  in  the 
various  branches  of  industry,  which  decrease 
WHS  especially  felt  by  the  shipbuilding  inter- 
ests. 

In  foreign  aflHirs  tho  Mexican  question 
took  the  lead,  as  in  tho  previous  year.  On 
tho  .Ith  of  April,  18(10,  M.  Droiiyn  de 
L'Huys,  the  French  Minister  of  Foreign  Af. 
fiiirs,  (loL'lared  that  France  intendod  soon  to 
evacuate  Mexican  territory.  Soon  after,  Mr, 
Suward  caused  tho  President  to  issue  a  proc- 
lamation denying  to  Maximilian  the  right  of 
declaring  in  a  state  of  blockade  the  port  of 
MatamoroH,  and  the  power  of  enforcing  cle 
fiiHo  such  a  blockadn.  At  the  same  time. 
Sir,  t'unipbell,  American  Minister  at  Mexico, 
received  peremptory  orders  not  to  recognize 
thu  government  of  tho  Austrian  Archduke, 
Mr,  Sowiu'd  ordei-ed  also  Mr.  Motley,  Amer- 
ican Minister  at  Vienna,  to  protest  against 
the  intended  forwarding  of  Austrian  recruits 
to  Mexico, 

A  party  of  Irish- Americans,  under  tho 
oonimand  of  Spear,  effected  a  raid  in  Canada, 
But  tho  diplomatic  difliculties  which  resulted 
from  this  raid  were  soon  pacified,  for  it  was 
easily  shown,  by  American  diplomacy,  that 
the  intent  and  practical  results  of  the  raid 
had  not  been  fairly  reported,  and  were  gross- 
ly exaggerated. 

The  struggle  for  the  interpretation  of  the 
14th  Ameiulment,  in  a  sense  favorable  to  tho 
forcible  admission  to  citizenship  and  the  bal- 
lot of  tho  negroes  in  the  Southern  States, 
kept  up  and  waf  manifested  in  the  beginning 
of  1807.  Oi  January  11th,  a  national 
Uqiml  Rights  J  i.oguo  Convention  of  colored 
men  assembled  at  Washington,  and  adopted 
an  address  to  Congress,  which  referred  it  to 
tho  Reconstruction  Committee.  Congress  did 
not  need,  however,  to  be  urged  on  its  work, 
fur  it  had  voted  many  acts  requiring  the  elec- 
tive franchise  for  the  negroes,  and  passed 
those  acts  over  the  veto  of  the  President. 
The  bills  for  the  admission  of  Colorado  and 
Nebraska  specified  that  these  Temtories 
could  not  be  received  as  States  if  they  did  re- 
fuse "  tho  elective  franchise,  and  any  other 
right,  to  any  person  by  reason  of  race  or 
color,  excepting  Indians  not  taxed."  The 
President  vetoed  these  bills  because  they 
were,  according  to  his  views,  "  in  clear  vio- 
lation of  the  Federal  Constitution,  under  the 
provisions  of  which,  from  the  veiy  founda- 
tion of  tho  government,  each  State  has  been 
left  free  to  determine  for  itself  the  qualifica- 


naoeaaarT  for  the  •zeroiaa  of  aofhiga 
.  iu  limlu.'*    Congreaa,  notwlthatond- 


tiona  ne 

within  i 

ing  the  veto,  paaaed  the  billa,  and  moreover 

extended  their  provisions  to  all  Territoriea 

by  the  Territorial  Bill. 

But  Congress  could  not  reach  the  inter* 
nal  laws  of  States  as  eaaily  aa  it  oould  with 
Territoriea,  for  an  amendment  to  the  Conati< 
tution  would  have  been  necessary.  To  over- 
come tho  difficulty.  Congress,  on  the  2d  of 
March,  assimilated  ten  Southern  States  to  so 
many  military  Territories,  under  the  pretoxt 
that  "  no  legal  State  government,  or  adequate 
protection  for  life  or  property,  were  existing 
in  those  States,"  Andrew  Johnson  declined 
to  aign  the  bill ;  atill  it  waa  paaaed  over  hia 
veto. 

Moreover,  and  iu  order  to  keep  the  E!xeo- 
utive  under  the  unsleeping  watch  of  the  leg- 
islative power,  it  was  decreed  that  the  Forti- 
eth Congreaa  should  assemble  and  commence 
its  session  at  the  same  day  and  hour  at  which 
tho  session  of  the  Thirty-ninth  closed. 

That  Congress  waa  still  more  oppoaed  than 
the  preceding  one  to  the  conciliatory  policy 
of  Andrew  Johnson,  and  atill  more  determin- 
ed to  give  all  tho  political  privilegea  to  the 
negroes.  On  tho  23d  of  March,  an  act  waa 
passed  to  the  eflTect  that  "  all  persona  born  \\\ 
the  United  States,  and  not  subject  to  anr 
foreign  power,  excluding  Indians  not  taxed, 
are  hereby  declared  to  be  citizens  of  the 
United  Status,"  The  same  act  refused  the 
electoral  franchise  to  many  categories  of  men 
among  those  who  had  upheld  the  late  rebel- 
lion. The  President  vetoed  the  bill,  which 
was,  novertholess,  passed  by  Congress ;  and 
Andrew  Johnson  complied  with  tho  requisites 
of  the  act,  by  appointing  miiiuii-v  command- 
ers to  the  ten  Southern  States  declared  to  be 
still  under  martial  law,  Applicationi}  to  the 
Supreme  Co\irl  wore  soon  made  by  some  of 
tho  Southern  States  in  order  to  bring  to  a 
tost  the  constitutionality  of  the  reconstruo- 
tion  laws.  The  Supreme  Court  denied  the 
motion  on  the  ground  that  it  would  be  power- 
less to  enforce  its  decision. 

Congress  adjourned  from  the  30th  of 
March,  1807,  iintil  the  3d  of  July,  and  it 
found  that  the  President  was  about  to  exer- 
cise the  only  privilege  left  to  him  as  consti- 
tutional commander-in-chief  of  the  army; 
that  waa  to  remove  the  military  chiefs  of  the 
five  Southern  districts,  and  to  appoint  in 
their  places  men  whom  lie  thought  would 
work  more  in  accordance  with  his  own  viewa. 
Tlie  first  dismissal  was  that  of  General  Sher- 
idan, commander  of  the  Fifth  Military  Dis- 
trict. All  the  other  commanders  of  the  four 
remaining  districts  were  changed  previous  to 
the  close  of  the  year.  On  the  12th  of  Au- 
gust tho  Secretary  of  War,  Mr.  Stanton,  waa 
himself  suspended  from  his  office  by  order 
of  the  President,  and  Gen,  Grant  authorized 
to  act  as  Secretary  of  War  ad  interim. 

On  the  20th  of  August  Andrew  Johnson 
declared,  by  a  proclamation,  that  peace^ 
order,  tranquillity,  and  civil  authority  existed 
throughout  the  whole  State  of  Texas,  which 
could  not,  therefore,  be  kept  under  military 
rule.  Another  proclamation  issued  on  Sep- 
tember 1 7tli,  relieved  nearly  all  the  whites 
of  the  Southern  States  from  the  political 
bondage  in  which  they  were  hold. 

The  financial  problem  continued  to  h» 
agitated  throughout  the  year,  and  to  be  dis> 


T 


HISTORY    OF   TUB 


in  11UU17  oonventioiii  oalled  for  ex- 
amining the  aubject  of  rotumioR  to  ipocie 
pa^nieiitt  or  uf  enlarging  tlio  ftideral  cur- 
rency. No  dfClHive  action  win  tiiken  by 
CuiigrcM  iijion  that  alliniiNn-tHnt  Mibjvct ; 
■till,  tlie  reduction  of  the  debt  whs  on  11  u 
av-jrage  of  ten  milliuni  of  dollnni  |)ei-  month. 
The  aggregate  busirn'M  of  the  country,  hh 
ooiupHred  with  tliat  of  the  previotia  your,  did 
H'jt  ihow  Miy  falling  off,  ua  compurfd  with 
1800 ;  on  the  contrary,  tlu-r«  wa«  a  NJight 
incruaae.  Oold  fluctuated  little  during  the 
year;  it  was  <iuoted  in  average  at  141,  with 
a  few  variations  from  133  to  140. 

As  to  fur^gn  niatterx,  the  year  1807  wit- 
nessed the  opening  of  negotiations  for  the 
tottlonient  01  tho  Alabama  Claims.  On 
January  13th,  Secretary  8eward  sent  to  Mr. 
Adams,  American  Minister  in  England,  a 
dispatch  covering  and  explaining  fully  the 
Ameiican  side  of  tho  quoHtion.  In  his  an- 
•wer,  dated  March  9th,  ix>rd  Stanley  declined 
to  continue  in  a  discussion  of  the  case,  and 
■oomed  to  abide  by  the  idea  of  arbitration,  as 
■nggosted  by  Mr.  Hewnrd.  I)ut,  aft«ir  the  ex- 
change of  a  few  more  despatches,  tho  proposal 
to  arbitrate  failed. 

The  proiiosal  of  a  friendly  arbitration,  on 
the  part  of  the  United  States,  between  Spain 
and  tho  South  American  States,  wtis  re- 
■pectfully  declined  on  tho  ground  that  tho 
parties  themselves  desired  to  choose  their 
arbitrator,  instead  of  leaving  that  choice  ex- 
clusively to  the  President  of  tho  United 
States. 

Negotiations  were  concluded  so  fur  for  the 

Surchase  of  the  islands  of  St.  Thomas  und  St. 
ohu  from  the  Danish  Qovernmont,  that 
King  Christian  IX.  issued  his  procliiination, 
on  the  29th  of  October,  calling  tho  islanders 
to  the  polls,  where  they  would  have  to  viite 
in  favor  of,  or  against,  annexation  to  the 
United  States. 

The  Mexican  imbroglio  was  definitely  set- 
tled by  tho  declaration  of  Napoleon  III., 
forwarded  through  Qen.  .Dix,  American 
Minister  at  I'aris,  on  February  10th,  that 
French  troops  were  actually  leaving  Mexico, 
the  territory  of  which  would  bo  entirely  evac- 
uated in  March. 

The  year  1808  was  not  remarkable  as  re- 
garded finances  and  foreign  politics,  but  it 
witnessed  tho  impeachment  trial  of  tlie  Pres- 
ident and  the  ratification  of  the  14th  Amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution  of  tho  country.  The 
amendment  removed  all  distinction  of  cojor 
in  citizenship;  it  was  adopted  by  three-fourths 
of  the  States. 

In  the  first  days  of  January,  new  difli- 
cuHies  arose  from  the  removal  of  Mr.  Stanton, 
Secretary  of  War.  The  Senate,  after  having 
required  from  tho  President,  according  to  the 
Tenure  of  Office  Act,  a  statement  of  the 
motives  for  which  he  dismissed  Mr.  Stanton, 
refused  to  ap|irovo  of  the  suspension.  On 
hearing  this,  Oen.  Grant,  who  was  Wur 
Secretary  ad  interim,  resigned  his  duties, 
throtigh  a  letter  he  addressed  to  the  Pruxi- 
deut,  on  the  14th  of  January.  Mr.  Andrew 
Johnson  appointed  !Major-Unn.  Lorenzo 
Thomas  to  the  vacant  ])1uco  still  claimed 
by  Secretary  Stanton.  The  Senate,  on  boir.g 
apprised  of  the  fact  by  a  Presidential  nios- 
sage,  laid  aside  its  routine!  business,  und  wont 
immediately  into  executive  session.  After 
•n  exciting  debate,  the  Senate  adopted  a  res- 


olution to  the  effect  that  the  Prosidoat  had 
legally  and  constitutionally  no  power  to  re- 
move tho  Secretary  of  Wai'. 

The  President  attempted  in  vain  to  ex- 
plain his  oonduct,  through  a  communication 
sent  to  tho  Senate  on  tho  next  day  ;  he  and 
Congress  wero  too  much  at  loggerheads  to  at- 
tempt conciliation,  especially  when  there  ex- 
isted afiict  and  a  tangible  question  over  which 
both  parties  could  fight  it  out.  Secretary 
Stanton  i-efused  bluntly  to  vacate  the  War 
(XHoe ;  and,  moreover,  ho  B|>plied  to  the 
courts  for  tho  issue  of  a  writ  ord(>ring  the 
arrest  of  Gen.  Thomas,  who  was,  in  fact,  ar- 
resteil  on  the  23d  of  February,  but  imme- 
diately released  even  without  giving  bail. 
Gen.  Thomas  was  not  tho  man  aimed  at  by 
Congress ;  that  man  was  Andrew  Johnson, 
and  the  last  ineaauro  was  taken  against 
him,  on  tho  same  day  on  which  had  been 
arrested  his  Secretary  of  War,  Oen.  Thomas, 
whom  the  President  wus  accused  of  making 
his  military  leader  against  Congress. 

Throughout  the  country  an  intense  excite- 
ment prevailed,  when  it  was  known  that  the 
House  of  Uepresentativcs  had  adopted  a  reso- 
lution im|)eaohing  Andrew  Johnson  for  high 
crimes  and  misdemeanors.  It  was  tho  anni- 
versary day  of  the  birth  of  the  Father  of  tho 
country.  The  Governors  of  Illinois  ond  Penn- 
sylvania teh'graphed  theirapprobation  to  Con- 
grass,  whilst  nu!etings  were  held  in  New  York 
and  Philadelphia  to  sii|iport  the  President.  On 
the  2Uth  March  the  President  was  acquitted. 
Tho  Attorney-General,  Mr.  Stanberry,  re- 
signed, and  Mr.  William  M.  Evurts  was  ap- 
pointed his  suecessor. 

The  work  of  reconstructing  the  Southern 
States  «lid  not  proceed  rapidly ;  the  majorities 
favorable  to  the  reconstructing  laws  of  those 
States  cDiild  not  bo  obtained,     ("ongress  de- 
cided, therefore,  that  the  constitutions  to  be 
snbuiitted   to   tho    jieople   of    tho   unrecon- 
structed States  should  not  he  adopted  by  a 
miijority  of  the  votere  ns  registertMl,  but  that! 
a  majority  of  the  votes  cast  should   be  sufii- , 
cient  Tor  the  iiihiption  of  the  Constitution.  ! 
Virginia,    Mississippi,    and     Texas    having  j 
failed,   notwithstaniling    those   facilities,   to ! 
complete  their  reoigaiiization,  wore  considered 
as  not  Is'ing  in  the  Union,  and  were  excluded 
from  taking  j)art  in  tho  Presidential  "lection. 

As  early  as  February,  the  different  polit- 
ical organizations  of  the  couiitr}'  issued  their 
calls  for  conventions  to  nominate  the  Presi- 
dential candidates.  On  May  19th  the  name 
of  U.  S.  (irunt  was  for  tho  first  time  oflicially 
mentioned  for  the  Pi'csidency,  in  tho  resolu- 
tions adopted,  on  May  19th,  by  the  Soldiers' 
and  Sailors'  Convention  held  at  Chicago. 
The  National  Kepublican  Convention,  which 
assembled  tho  day  after,  with  Joseph  K. 
Hawley,  of  Connecticut,  as  chairman,  unani- 
mously nominated  Gen.  Grant,  who  polled 
the  050  votes  of  the  convention.  The  ballot 
for  the  nomination  of  the  Vice-President  was 
!  not  so  easy-going,  neither  unanimous,  though 
i  it  resulted  in  quite  largo  figures — 522  votes 
i  for  Schuyler  Colfax.  On  the  29th  of  May, 
I  Gen.  Grant  addressed  to  Mr.  Ifawley  a  letter, 
by  which  he  accepted  formally  the  nomina- 
tion, and  approved  of  tho  resolutions  passed 
by  the  National  Union  Kepublican  Conven- 
tion. Mr.  Schuyler  Colfax  wrote  his  letter 
of  acceptation  the  day  after  tho  cnudidato  for 
President  had  written  his. 


The  Demoorata,  being  in  uognisMioe  of  At 
game  of  their  advnraarioR,  commenced  their 
own  campaign  in  earnest.  In  Juno,  a  few 
prominent  gentlemen  from  New  York  asked 
Andrew  Johnson  whether  he  would  agree  to 
run  as  a  candidate.  He  answered  aillrni*. 
tively,  and,  at  tlie  same  timo,  Frank  P.  DIair 
lH<cama  very  ]>rominent  as  tho  probable 
Democratic  candidate  Ibr  tho  nomination  to 
tho  Vice-Presitlency.  Hut  the  National 
Democratic  Convention  which  assembled  in 
New  York  on  Julv  4th,  was  to  decide  tho 
(piestion.  Just  as  the  Republicans  had  done 
at  Chicago,  tho  Democrats  wanted  to  do  at 
New  York.  They  also  had  their  Soldiers* 
and  Sailors'  Convention,  sitting  at  the  samo 
time,  and  in  tho  same  city,  as  the  purely 
political  body  of  the  party.  Major-Qen. 
Franklin  presided  over  the  Domocratio 
Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Convention,  just  as  Geu. 
Iiogan  (and  after  him  Faircliild)  had  presided 
over  tho  Republican  Convention  of  Soldiers 
and  Sailors.  The  entire  vote  of  tho  National 
Democratic  Convention,  317  in  number,  was 
cast,  after  much  balloting,  for  Horatio  Sey- 
mour, of  New  York,  for  President,  and  Frank 
P.  lilair,  of  Missouri,  as  Vice-President. 
The  candidature  of  Mr.  Chase  for  tho  nomina- 
tion wus  tossed  about,  among  affirmations  and 
contradictions. 

The  final  result  of  the  Presidential  election 
was  not  much  to  bo  doubted  when  tho  result 
itself  of  tho  September  and  October  State 
elections  was  known.  In  nearly  every  State 
those  elections  wero  so  unfiivorable  to  the 
Democratic  party,  that  one  of  their  papers  in 
New  York  demanded  the  withdrawal  of  Mr, 
Seymour's  name  at  the  head  of  the  ticket. 
Rut  this  pro]>osition  was  rejected  by  the  par- 
ty, inasmuch  as  President  Johnson  had  just 
written  a  letter  indorsing  the  can<lidature  of 
Horatio  Seymour.  All  this  was  of  no  avail 
against  the  popular  tide,  which  rolled  6,710,- 
082  votes  for  U.  S.  Grant—  that  is,  a  major- 
ity of  309,084. 

During  the  year  the  financial  condition  re- 
mained al)ont  the  samo  as  the  year  iK^forc; 
but  tho  evil  effects  of  the  war  kept  coniinu- 
ally  decreasing,  and  the  material  prosperity 
of  the  country  was  much  improved.  This 
was  due  also  to  a  large  reduction  of  internal 
taxes,  especially  on  manufacturiis.  The  debt 
of  tho  Government  on  the  1st  November  of 
this  year  amounUid  to  |l2,.'')27,129,.').')2.  The 
discussions  in  the  press  und  in  Congress,  as 
to  the  best  way  of  funding  and  jiaying  that 
debt,  either  by  returning  to  8])ecie  payment 
or  by  authorizing  further  issues  of  bonds  or 
notes,  continued  as  usual,  but  without  com- 
ing to  a  definite  finiincial  policy.  On  July  25, 
1808,  the  Funding  Hill  was  jiassed,  which 
did  a  great  deal  of  good,  but  was  not  of  a 
sufficiently  general  character.  Section  2  of 
that  bill  ap|>ropriated. annually  the  sum  of 
$135,000,000  out  of  the  duties  derived  from 
im|)orted  goods,  these  to  bo  applied  to  the 
payment  of  the  interest  und  a  proportionate 
reduction  of  tho  puUic  debt. 

The  diplomatic  relations  of  the  United 
States  with  other  nations  did  not  oiler  much 
interest  during  tho  year.  No  now  (juestion 
arose ;  und  tho  discussions  relative  to  former 
difliculties  were  within  the  bounds  of  purely 
diplomatic  notes.  On  the  7th  of  March  the 
question  of  the  Alabama  Claims  was  agitated 
in  the  House  of  Conu:<ou8i  uvl  every  oratoii 


UNITED    STATES. 


umMof  H» 
lenced  their 
Juno,  a  fuw 
York  Rskod 
mid  Hgreo  to 
ired  afttrniA- 
itnk  1*.  Blair 
no  probable 
imiiiatiou  to 
10  National 
wseniblud  in 
a  decide  tlio 
nR  bad  douo 
itod  to  do  at 
eir  8oldior8* 

at  tbe  name 
I  tbe  purely 

Major-Qen. 

Doniocratio 
ijuRtasOon. 
bad  proRided 
n  of  Soldiers 
tbe  National 
number,  waa 
Horatio  Soy- 
it,  and  Frank 
ce-Preiiidcnt. 
rtbo  nominn- 
irniationa  and 

ntial  election 
len  tbe  result 
(ctober  State 
y  every  State 
>rnble  to  the 
i«ir  paperfl  in 
niwal  of  Mr. 
Df  tbe  ticket, 
d  by  tbe  par- 
iRou  bad  just 
uididature  of 

of  no  avail 
rolled  6,710,- 

18,  a  major" 

condition  re- 
ycar  U^fore; 
kept  continu- 
al prosperity 
■oved.      Tbis 
n  of  iutcnml 
Tbe  debt 
Covouibcr  of 
>9,r)52.     Tbe 
CongreBB,  as 
paying  that 
!cie  payment 
of  bonds  or 
ritbout  com- 
On  July  25, 
iRsed,  which 
as  not  of  a 
lection  2  of 
the  sum  of 
lerived  from 
)lied  to  the 
roportionate 

I  the  United 
,  oiler  much 
lew  (jucstion 
Ive  to  fornu'r 
Ills  of  purely 
If  March  the 
nvaii  agitated 
Ivery  oraUnt 


ready  half  ^^ef  i  r 
plied  with  th 

The  Fift«en 
25tb  of  Februai 


>» 


Mr.  Shaw  Lefavre  to  MeurH.  Voiater, 
StuHt  Mill,  Stanley,  and  Gladstone,  aoknowl- 
edg*d  that  the  American  Minister,  Mr.  Adams. 
had  pretwed  his  claim  in  a  very  skilful  and 
diguilied  manner,  lint  the  general  s<<ntimeut 
expresMod  on  the  part  of  the  Dritish  Qovem- 
meiit  and  orators  was,  that  the  Queen  was 
ready  to  arbitrate,  and  submit  all  quostions 
but  the  great  point  oT  recognising  the  belli- 

Snrent  rights  of  the  South.  Mr.  Reverdy 
ohuHon,  who  replaced  Mr.  Adams  as  Amer- 
ican Miuist4'r  in  England,  did  not  succeed  in 
reaching;  a  solution  of  that  vexed  question. 

An  Extradition  Treaty  was  signed  with 
China,  through  the  able  intervention  of 
Ansun  Uurlingame,  formerly  American  Min- 
ister at  Pekin,  and  who  had  been  appointed 
by  the  Chinese  Oovernment  as  Envoy  Extitv- 
ordinary  to  America  and  Europe.  Tbe  Uerlin 
Oovernment  agreed  to  th'?  principle  that  all 
Oerman  naturalized  Americans  could  not  be 
prosecuted  or  punished,  on  their  return  to 
Oerniany,  for  having  not  complied  with  the 
military  laws  before  their  emigration  to  Amer- 
ica. In  Paraguay,  Mr.  Washburn,  United 
States  Minister,  having  harbored  in  the  lega- 
tion at  Asancion  certain  persons  implicated 
in  a  plot  to  hflp  the  cause  of  the  eneniicm  of 
Paraguay,  soice  of  those  persons  wore  forci- 
bly seized;  mid  Mr.  Seward  wrote-,  under 
the  date  of  November  11,  that  an  apology 
and  tt  promise  nf  reparation  were  to  bo  ex- 
acted. The  P  'layan  Oovernment  was  al- 
'■  the  AlliuH,  and  it  coni- 
f  the  United  States. 
I:  '.dment,  passed  on  the 
i809,  |iroolaimed — 

'*  Sbu.  1.  The  right  of  citizens  of  the  United 
States  to  vote  shall  not  bo  denied  or  abridged 
by  the  United  States,  or  by  any  State,  on  ac- 
count of  color  or  previous  oomUtiou  of  servi- 
tude. 

"  Sri!.  2,  Tlie  Congress,  by  appropriate 
legislation,  may  enforce  the  provisions  of  this 
article," 

This  amendment  was  duly  nitifled  in  tbe 
course  of  the  year  by  the  required  majority 
of  States. 

On  the  10th  of  February  the  Congress  pro- 
ceeded to  the  otiioial  counting  of  the  I'njsi- 
dential  vote.  Gen.  Grant  was  declared  to  be 
the  I'resident  elect,  and  a  committee,  com- 
posed of  Senator  Morton  anil  lltqiresentatives 
I'ruyn  and  Wilson,  was  instructed  to  call 
on  Oen.  Grant  to  a]>prise  him  of  his  elec- 
tion. 

Of  co<irso,  no  change  in  the  financial  sys- 
tem of  the  country  could  be  expuuted  to  tike 
place  at  the  end  of  an  administration  which 
never  hiul  enjoyed  the  confidence  of  tbe  legis- 
lative power.  The  great  financial  measures 
destined  to  the  clearing  oil'  of  the  national 
debt,  and  to  the  fostering  of  the  economical 
interests  of  tbe  United  States,  were  purposely 
delayed  by  Congress  until  the  completion  of 
Amlrew  Jolinson's  lulministi'ation.  The  only 
progr  !ss  wliicii  the  Icgi.shitivo  power  was  will- 
iii({  to  make  was  that  a  more  rij^id  respon- 
sibility was  exacted  from  the  officers  of  the 
Treasury,  and  that  a  largo  portion  of  the  re- 
ceipts was  applied  to  a  reduction  of  tlio  na- 
tional debt. 

The  Alabama  Claims  question  continued 
to  follow  its  normal  course.  No  foreisin  eom- 
plieation  was  raised  before  the  4th  of  March, 
•xoept^  (lerhapi^  tliat,  for  the  first  time,  a 


strong  pressure  waa  brought  to  bear  on  the 
American  Oovernment  in  favor  of  a  recogni- 
zance of  the  independence  of  Cuba. 

onAFTXR  xxxm. 
GRANTS  ADMINISTRATION. 

Ui.YRRKH  S.  Grant  was  inaugtirnted  on  the 
4th  of  March,  1801).  His  inaugural  address  was 
all  that  could  be  expected  from  one  who  had 
never  any  pretension  to  s])ecch-making,  and 
who  was  anxious  to  please.  His  first  sen- 
tences were  calculated  to  define  bis  (lolitical 
standing.  He  took  care  to  say  that  he  had 
taken  the  constitutional  oath  "  without  men- 
tal reservation,"  and  added  ;  "  The  office 
has  come  to  me  unsought.  I  commence  its 
duties  untrammelled,  I  bring  to  it  a  consci- 
entious desire  and  detenuination  to  fill  it  to 
the  best  of  my  ability  to  the  satisfaction  of 
the  people.  On  all  leading  questions  agi- 
tating tbe  public  mind,  I  will  always  express 
my  views  to  Congress,  and  urge  them  accord- 
ing to  my  judgment.  ...  I  shall,  on  all  sub- 
jects, have  a  (Hilicy  to  recommend,  but  none  to 
enforce  against  the  wishes  of  the  [Kioplo.  .  .  ." 
He  then  recommended,  but  not  in  a  very 
clear  or  very  strong  manner,  the  necessity 
of  ])aying  tbe  national  debt  in  gold,  "  unless 
otherwise  expressly  stipulated  in  the  con- 
tract." This  did  not  commit  bim  to  a  defi- 
nite |)olicy  on  the  financial  question,  "  How," 
added  he,  "the  public  debt  is  to  bo  paid, 
or  specie  payments  resumed,  is  not  so  im- 
portant aa  that  a  plan  should  be  adopted  and 
acquiesced  in."  In  regard  to  foreign  policy, 
his  declarations  were  unimportant,  but  he 
was  more  explicit  in  refei-ence  to  the  great 
question  of  the  day — home  politics.  He  rallied 
emphatically  to  the  policy  adopted  by  Con- 
gress in  regard  to  the  status  of  the  colored 
people.  "  The  question  of  suffrage,"  said  he, 
"  is  one  which  is  likely  to  agitate  the  public 
HO  long  as  a  ])ortion  of  the  citizens  of  the 
nation  are  excluded  from  its  privileges  in 
any  State.  It  seems  to  me  very  desirable 
that  this  question  should  be  settled  now,  and 
I  entertain  the  hope,  and  express  tbe  desire, 
that  it  may  bo  by  tbe  i-atification  of  tbe 
Fifteenth  article  of  Amendment  to  the  Con- 
stitution." 

On  the  6th  of  March,  President  Grant 
submitted,  for  the  approval  of  the  Senate, 
the  following  names  of  tb6  members  of  the 
cabinet :  K.  B.  Wasbbumo,  of  Illinois,  Secre- 
tary of  State ;  A.  T.  Stewart,  of  New  York, 
Sotiretary  of  tho  Treasury;  I.  D.  Cox,  of 
Ohio,  Secretary  of  tho  Interior ;  Adolph  E. 
Borie,  of  Pennsylvania,  Secretary  of  the  Navy ; 
John  M.  Scholield,  of  Illinois,  Secretary  of 
War ;  J.  A.  J.  Cresswell,  of  Maryland,  Post- 
master-Genei'al ;  E.  Rockwood  Hoar,  of  Mas 
sachusctts.  Attorney -General.  Objections 
were  raised  as  to  the  constitutionality  of  the 
appointment  of  A.  T.  Stewart.  It  was  argued 
that  an  act  of  Congress  passed  in  1789  for- 
bade any  person  already  engaged  in  business 
pursuits  to  bold  the  office  of  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury.  The  President  forwarded  to  Con- 
gress a  message  in  which  he  a^ked  that  an 
exception  should  be  made  in  favor  of  the 
largest  merchant  of  the  United  States,  and 
even  of  the  world  itself.  Mr.  Sherman,  of 
Ohio,  supported  the  demand  of  Gen.  Grant, 
and  Sumner  opposed  it.  The  Senate  delayed 
the  discussion  of  the  motion ;  and  in  the  in- 


terval, Mr.  Stewart  deolined  to  aeeept  tka 
office  tendered  to  him  by  the  Preaident. 

The  Secretaryship  of  the  Treasury  waa 
then  offered  to  and  accepted  by  George  S. 
Boutwell,  of  Massachusetts.  At  the  saci* 
time  Mr.  Washburne  waa  appointed  Miui»> 
ter  to  France,  and  his  i)lace  was  taken  t)j 
Hamilton  Fish,  of  New  York.  General  Scho- 
field  was  also  replaced  at  the  War  Office  by 
John  A.  Rawlins,  of  Illinois,  who  died  on 
September  0,  and  had  for  successor  William 
B.  Belknap,  of  Iowa.  Mr.  Boric,  Jiaving 
also  retired  from  the  office  of  Secretary  of 
the  Navy,  was  succeeded  by  George  M.  Robe- 
son, of  New  Jersey. 

The  President  put  himself  at  the  work  of 
settling  tho  affairs  of  the  three  States,  Vir- 
ginia, Mississippi,  and  Texas,  which  had  not 
yet  been  reconstructed,  and  which  had  been, 
consequently,  forbidden  to  take  part  in  the 
Presidential  election.  Congress,  acting  on  his 
message  of  the  7lh  of  Anril,  ))assed  an  act, 
providing  that  the  Prosideut  might,  at  such 
time  as  he  deemed  best  for  public  interest,  sub> 
mit  the  constitution  of  either  of  the  three  non- 
reconstructed  States  to  the  registered  voter* 
of  such  States  for  their  ratification  or  rejec- 
tion. The  conditions  tinder  which  those  threo 
States  were  to  be  readmitted  into  the  Union 
were  made  very  stringent,  and  Congress  re- 
served for  itself  the  right  of  deciding  u])on  the 
final  admission,  oven  after  the  States  should 
have  voted  the  adoption  of  tho  Fifteentli 
Amendment,  and  gone  tlu'ough  any  other 
formality  imposed  on  them  by  CongrcKS.  Dur- 
ing the  year  Virginia  alone  underwent  all 
these  formalities,  and  in  December  a  bill  waa 
introduced  iu  the  House  of  Repi-esentativea 
providing  for  the  admission  of  the  State; 
but  as  considerable  debate  onsuetl,  the  bill 
could  not  be  voted  that  year,  and  Virginia 
was  not  admitted  until  tbe  20th  of  January, 
1870. 

The  Fifteenth  Amendment,  which  gives 
practically  the  uncontrolled  right  of  suU'rage 
to  the  negroes,  waa  not  ratified  during  the 
year  by  28  States,  as  requii-ed  by  tbe  Consti- 
tution, and  i',  wa«  only  in  the  beginning  of 
1870,  after  Mississippi  and  Texas  had  ratifietl 
it,  that  the  constitutional  number  of  ratiliev 
tions  having  been  obtained,  the  Amendmeni 
became  a  part  of  :he  Constitution.  Not 
satisfied  with  that  progress,  a  sixteenth 
amendment,  providing  for  tho  woman  suf. 
frage,  was  brought  before  Congress  by  Mr. 
Julian,  of  Indiana.  It  failed  to  be  taken  in- 
to consideration  by  the  House,  though  the 
discussion  of  it  and  its  merits  were  much 
agitated  in  tbe  press  and  in  conventions 
throughout  the  country.  In  this  session 
Congi-ess  refused  to  alter  the  preamble  of  tbe 
Constitution  so  as  to  contain  a  recognition  of 
a  Supreme  Being. 

Tho  movement  for  the  reduction  of  the 
daily  hours  of  labor,  which  had  commenced 
two  yeara  before,  gained  u  practical  result. 
On  the  10th  of  May  tho  Pi-esident  issued  a 
proclamation,  ordering  that  workmen  em- 
ployed in  Government  works  should  receive 
the  same  wages  for  an  eighl-hours'  day's 
work  as  they  did  formerly  for  a  ten-hours'. 
The  President  joined,  in  that  ease,  with  the 
laboring  masses  egainst  the  intcrjiretation 
put,  by  i  former'  attorney-general,  upon  tho 
act  of  Congress.  Tlie  year  before,  indeeu. 
Congress   had    yielded    to   the  eight-honni' 


T 


■MVMBMit,  and  flsiid,  nt  right  houra,  the  day's 
work  in  tho  United  HtoUw*  workaho|M.  Kut 
wagee  had  be«n  dimtnMhud  proimrtiuiMlly,  no 
th»t  the  workman  had  ci*inod  uothiiiK  in 
reality.  The  Prraidoiit  Intorftinxl  actively 
in  the  battle  raging  botwnon  the  |>artiiiaiii 
and  the  opfionoutH  of  the  eiKlit-hoiini'  law, 
by  directing  tliat  there  ihould  bo  no  rudiic- 
tiim  in  tlie  wagei  paid  by  tiie  Oovorninont 
by  the  day,  on  aoooiiat  of  a  reduction  of  the 
houra  of  labor,  onlured'by  an  uot  of  Con- 
greM» 

Many  queationa  of  general  importance, 
Ihough  resting  only  on  |ieraonal  caaei  and 
lawiuita,  were  brought  bi'fore  the  Hupnmiu 
Court,  which,  in  ita  Judgment,  decidml  great 
political  queationi.  ThiM,  the  majority  of 
the  Supreme  Court  again  arrayed  itnolf 
againat  the  |>olioy  of  exoluaioii  pura\iod  bv 
Congi«u,  and  declared  that  Tuxao,  though 
not  yet  readmitted  by  CongroRR,  woa  Btill  a 
State  in  the  Union.  Mr,  JuHtico  (trier  wna 
the  only  one  to  hold  the  diHsentiiig  opinion 
which  supported  the  Radical  doctrine,  accord- 
ing to  which,  States  bad  gono  really  out  of 
the  Union,  and  that  they  roulil  re-nntcr  the 
Union  only  on  the  conditionH  ini])OH('il  hy 
Congress.  Other  judicial  couch,  relative  to 
private  monetary  traniiactionM  concUulud  dur- 
ing the  war,  were  brought  before  tlio  Supremo 
Courts  whose  judgment  in  such  ciwes  had  of 
course  a|>olitical  bearing  on  the  more  iiii|)ort- 
ant  apd  broader  queHtiuus  debated  in  CongrcsH 
and  in  the  OabtDet.  Hiuh,  the  Court  ruled 
that,  the  Confederacy  having  been  a  de  fatlo 
government  of  the  second  degree,  the  Con- 
federates were  substnntiidly  in  the  snnie  con- 
dition as  inhabitants  of  a  co\intry  occupied 
and  controlled  by  an  invading  belligerent. 
All  contracts  were  therefore  to  be  settled, 
now  and  hereafter,  in  conformity  with  the 
principle  that  all  moneys  due  were  to  be 
paid  in  lawful  money  of  the  United  Stiitos, 
at  the  rate  of  the  value  of  the  Coufedoruto 
notes  when  those  moneys  full  due,  or  the 
transaction  was  entered  upon.  Tlie  Court 
decided  also  that  the  States  had  no  right 
either  to  tax  the  obligations  of  the  United 
States,  known  as  certificates  of  indubtcdncsH, 
or  the  United  States  notes. 

The  more  im|)ortant  queHtion,  in  a  nation- 
al |)oint  of  view,  whether  the  law  making 
United  States  notes  a  legal  tender  had  refer- 
ence to  State  taxes,  was  settled  in  the  nega- 
tive by  the  Supreme  Court.  Chief  Justice 
Ghaao  said  expressly,  on  delivering  the  opin- 
ion of  the  Court,  "  that  the  clause  making 
United  States  notes  a  legal  tender  for  debts, 
has  no  reference  to  taxes  imposed  by  State 
authority,  but  relates  only  to  debts,  in  the 
ordinary  sense  of  the  word." 

As  it  might  have  been  expected,  the  iires- 
■ure  of  i>er8oiial  ambitions  and  of  ])olitical 
or  social  organizations,  was  brought  to  bear, 
M  it  is  usual  at  the  beginning  of  a  Prrsiilen- 
tial  year,  on  the  Executive  and  Legislative 
powers,  to  press  upon  them,  by  way  of  so- 
called  national  conventions,  the  adoption  of 
the  principles  and  personal  ideas  entertained 
by  individuals  or  by  organized  bodies  of  citi- 
zens. The  colored  population  held  u  conven- 
tion at  Washington,  presided  over  by  Fred- 
erick Douglass,  in  which,  after  having  refused 
to  accept  President  Roberts,  of  Liberia,  as  un 
honorary  member  of  the  convention,  the 
•olored  people  endorsed  Orant  as  their  future 


HISTORY   OF   THE 

Mosea,  more  reliable  than  Andrew  Johnson, 
and  pronounced  against  cmigrHtion  to  liibo- 
ria.  The  Irish  National  Rcpublivan  Conven- 
tion, held  ut  Chicago,  in  July,  attempted  to 
enlist  for  the  new  Oovcrnmtmt  the  sympa- 
thies of  the  Irishmen.  A  rcsulution  was 
adopted  r(M|uoHting  Congress  to  pasH  a  law 
for  the  niitiiralization  of  foreigners,  after  one 
year  of  residence  in  the  United  States.  In 
August,  the  National  I.ab(ir  Convention  met 
at  I'liiludelphia,  and  realHrmed  the  principle 
of  the  eight-hour  system  for  a  day's  work,  at 
the  same  time  attauking,  in  the  final  resolu- 
tions, the  rate  of  interest  and  several  financial 
measures  which  had  Uien  adopted  by  the 
Uovernnieut  and  ('ongress.  A  Tumiterance 
convention  was  held  kt  Chicago,  looking  to  a 
political  organization ;  but  it  failed  to  organize 
a  national  political  party  having  the  prohibi- 
tion of  liiiuor-selling  for  its  distinct  object. 
Kven  local  interests  and  local  Jealousies  had 
their  conventions,  ns  for  instanue,  the  "  Na- 
tional Capital  (Convention,"  wliieli  asseniMed 
in  OctolM'r,  at  St.  IxiuiM,  with  the  view  of 
agitating  the  conrtry  to  elFeet  a  removal  of 
the  national  capital  from  Washington,  and 
to  transfer  it  tt>  some  Western  city.  At 
this  time,  Rev.  Henry  Ward  Iteeeher  was 
c'lioHon  President  of  the  "National  Woman 
HiillVajio  Convention,"  an  organization  having 
in  view  the  elevation  of  woman  to  the  rank 
of  a  political  elector.  The  Coolie  lalior  was  sub- 
mitted to  the  learned  discussion  of  a  con- 
vention which  met  ut  Memphis  for  that 
purpose.  This  long  ariay  of  conventions 
closed  on  December  10,  by  the  meeting  at 
Washington  of  a  National  Colored  liubor 
Convention,  tho  real  and  practical  aim  of 
which  WHS  to  counterbalance,  in  some  way, 
tho  indilTerence  which  had  been  evidenced  by 
the  National  Jjibor  Convention  of  Philadel- 
phia. Tho  negroes  of  tho  Washington  Labor 
Convention  sent  a  delegation  to  con^atulato 
Presiih^nt  (irant,  and  to  ofl'er  him  the  sup- 
port of  all  colored  laborei-s,  because  he  had 
opened  to  them  the  gates  of  tlu;  navy  yard 
and  of  other  dcjmitmcuts  where  kkillcd  labor 
wos  employed.  The  colored  deputation  also, 
through  Mr.  Stella  Alartin,  asked  tho  Presi- 
dent to  see  to  the  securing  of  land  for  the 
laborers  of  the  South,  so  that  they  might 
become  permanent  settlers  and  independent 
citizens.  Tho  orator  pointed  especially  to 
eight  millions  of  ucres  of  land  which,  accord- 
ing to  him,  could  be  used  by  Congress  to  se- 
cure these  results.  The  President  promised 
to  bestow  his  greatest  attention  on  tho  sub- 
ject. 

It  was  in  the  course  of  tho  year  that  the 
first  oflicial  action  was  taken  by  tho  Govern- 
ment, in  the  matter  of  a  ship  canal  to  con- 
nect tho  Atlantic  with  tho  Pacific.  Up  to 
that  time,  many  projects  had  boon  put  for- 
ward, among  which  the  most  prominent,  with 
their  distances,  are  the  following  :— 

noiiTE.  UILES. 

Isthmus  of  Tehuante]>ec 198 

Nicaragua,  from  Sun  Juan  del  Norte  to 

Brito 194 

Clmgres  to  Panama  (Columbia.) 51 

Chepo  to  Sun  BIuh 30 

San  Mig\ud  to  Port  Escoces  (Caledonia 

Bay) .39 

Atrato  Valley,  by  Napipi  and  Ciijiicu. .   172 

A  treaty,  having  in  view  the  cutting  of  a 
canal  across   tUe  Isthmus  of  Daricn,   was 


made  with  the  Columbian  anthoritiM. 
was  rejected  by  the  Senate  of  Bogota.  Tn 
the  mean  time,  however,  an  uxjieditton,  under 
the  general  RU|ierintendence  or  Itear-Admiral 
Davis,  wiut  allowed  to  proceetl  with  its  survey 
and  scientific  work. 

The  financial  condition  of  the  country  wai 
a  favorable  one  for  the  fiscal  year  ending 
June  30,  IHAO ;  there  was  an  excess  of  roceipti 
over  ex|ienditures,  including  interest  on  tht 
public  debt,  of  $49,4A:I,I49.40.  Out  of  thai 
sum  only  about  112,000,000  had  been  received 
prior  to  the  first  of  March  ;  the  balance,  $30,- 
(100,000,  were  received  after  the  inauguration 
of  the  President,  and  the  funds  wore  used 
from  time  to  time  to  purchase  five-twenty 
bonds.  The  direct  taxes  and  the  duties  on 
imports,  tho  latter  being  paid  in  gold,  carried 
a  large  quantity  of  coin  into  the  National 
Treasury;  it  was  comparatively  easy  for  the 
Oovernment  to  purchase  five-twenty  bonds 
to  the  amount  of  $70,470,810,  till  the  end  of 
tho  year,  at  an  average  price  in  coin  of  88i  ( |^ 
per  cent.  In  spite  ot  this  real  pros|)ority, 
since  the  receipts  of  the  Oovernment  contin- 
ued on  the  increase,  and  the  debt  was  a  little 
reduced  during  the  year,  tho  currency  kept 
on  its  downward  course.  In  this  condition 
of  afl'airs,  the  Secretary  of  tho  Treasury  ad- 
vanced the  opinion  that  he  ought  to  be  al- 
lowed to  reduoe  the  circulation  of  United 
Slates  notes  about  $3,000,000  per  month. 
He  also  recommended  the  funding  of  the 
whole  amount  of  the  five-twenty  lN>nds,  ex- 
cept about  $250,000,000,  out  of  the  $1,450,- 
000,000,  which  wei-o  to  remain  in  the  hands  of 
the  (lublic  creditors  on  July  1, 1870.  He  then 
started  the  project  of  a  loan  for  an  amount 
not  exceeding  $1,200,000,000,  to  bo  ofl'ered  in 
three  classes  of  $400,000,000  each,  the  first 
class  should  be  paid  in  twenty  years,  tlie  second 
in  twenty-five,  and  the  third  in  thirty  years. 
The  principal  and  interest  to  be  paid  in  coin ; 
European  subscribers  to  receive  their  interest 
in  European  money  markets  ;  the  five-twenty 
bonds  to  bo  received  in  exchange  for  new 
bonds  ;  the  rate  of  interest  not  to  exceed  four 
and  a  half  per  cent,  per  annum  ;  and  bonds, 
both  principal  and  interest,  to  be  free  from 
apy  State  or  Federal  taxation.  This  plan  was 
Imsed  on  the  re-established  prosperity  of  the 
country,  in  which  the  minimum  annual  rate 
of  increase  in  population  was  estimated  at 
1,100,000.  The  public  debt,  on  December  1, 
1809,  less  cash  in  the  Treasury,  was  $2,4.'i3,. 
559,735.23,  making  a  total  reduction,  since 
18(J.'),  of  $304,129,830.20. 

The  diplomatic  history  of  tho  first  months 
following  (Srant's  inauguration  is  quite  void  of 
interest.  The  Senate  had  rejected  tho  Claren- 
don-Johnson Treaty  relative  to  the  Alabama 
claims,  and  the  exchange  of  correspondence 
to  settle  tho  question  upon  another  basis  had 
not  yet  fairly  begun.  The  Administration 
sympathized  with  the  Cubans,  but  did  not 
yield  to  the  entreaties  of  Cuban  leaders  in 
committing  itself  to  any  overt  act.  It  wus 
wrongly  stilted  that  Minister  Sickles  had  of- 
fered the  mediation  of  the  United  States; 
ho  hud  hardly  spoken  of  the  "  good  ofliccs  " 
of  the  United  States,  oh  able  to  bring  a 
settlement  between  tho  contending  jiurtics 
in  Cuba.  Still,  that  ofl'er  was  declined  by 
the  Regent  of  Sjmin.  The  diplomatic  note 
was  withdrawn  by  tho  American  Govern* 
ment,  whose  attention  was  called  soon  after 


Uioritiaa. 
if  IV>f(oU.  In 
iiM><Utiun,  under 
ii  H<wr>Adniinl 
I  with  ita  lurvejr 

khe  country  wai 
ftl  yvtr  ending 
xccu  of  roc<ii|itf 

iiiturrat  on  tht 
0.  Out  of  thMt 
id  bi>i>n  received 
inbiilauce,  %M,- 
iho  i'laugunttiou 
unds  were  UHod 
Me  five-twenty 
id  the  diitieH  on 

in  gold,  cMrried 

0  the  Kational 
elf  eimjr  for  the 
r«-twent]r  bond* 
),  till  the  end  of 
»  coin  of  88,  {J  J 
real  ])roii|iority, 
ornment  oontin* 
Jobt  waa  a  little 
)  currency  kept 

1  this  condition 
ho  TrouRury  ad- 
ought  to  bo  ul- 
,tion  of  United 
iOO  jier  month, 
funding  of  the 
onty  iKindH,  ex- 
;  of  the  $1,41)0,- 
[1  in  the  hnndg  of 

1870.    He  then 

for  an  amount 

,  to  be  ofl'ered  in 

)  each,  the  first 

^ears,  tlie  second 

in  tliirtv  years. 

paid  ui  coin ; 

ve  their  interest 

the  five-twenty 

hange  for  new 

to  exceed  four 

;  and  bonds, 

be  free  from 

This  plan  was 

)S|)erity  of  tlio 

ini  annual  rate 

estimated  at 

>n  December  1, 

was  $3,4.'i3,- 

iduction,  since 

first  months 
is  quite  void  of 
ted  the  Claren- 
the  Alabanut 
orrespondcnce 
ther  basis  hud 
Administration 
but  did  not 
ban  leaders  in 
uct.  It  wns 
ickles  hud  of- 
Tnitod  States ; 
good  oflices  " 
;o  to  bring  a 
nding  i)urties 
declined  by 
plomatio  note 
ican  Govern- 
led  soon  after 


UNITED    BT  ATB8. 


to  the  OMe  of  two  Amerloui  oitUon*,  who, 
having  unintentionally  embarked  in  a  Ou- 
'mu  vesMil,  the  €haptiHoi,  were  exeoiited  by 
the  Hpanish  uuthorltiei.  The  Madrid  autho- 
rities pnimiHi  <l  a  prompt  reparation,  reserv- 
ing to  ther  elvea  the  ohoioe  of  the  opportu- 
nity. 

One  of  the  firat  and  most  important  political 
events  which  occurred  in  the  year  1870  was 
the  ratilicatiou,  by  twenty-nine  States,  of  the 
Fifteenth  Amendment,  and  the  wording  of  the 
messttge  of  President  Uraut  notifying  the  pro- 
mulgation of  the  Amendment.  This  notifica- 
tion waa  an  unusual  formality,  but,  saya  the 
President  in  his  Message,  "  I  deem  a  depar- 
ture fVom  the  usual  custom  justifiable.  A 
measure  which  makes  at  once  four  million 
]H)ople  voters,  who  were  heretofore  declared  by 
the  highest  tnbunal  in  the  land  not  citizens  of 
the  Unitetl  States,  nor  eligible  to  become  so, 

18  indeed  a  measure  of  grander 

importance  than  any  other  one  act  of  the  kind, 
from  the  foundation  of  our  five  government 
to  the  present  day."  For  some  time  there 
were  many  discussions  in  Congress  relative  to 
amendmenta  which  were  proposed  to  enforce 
the  Fifteenth  Amendment  itself,  and  to 
secure  the  freedom  of  auflrage  to  the  male 
colored  ])opulation  of  each  State.  A  bill  to 
that  etTect  waa  passed  by  Congress,  and  many 
elections  were  lield  during  the  year,  under 
the  working  of  the  new  luw ;  the  negro  vote 
wuH  strongly — though  not  universally — Re- 
publican in  all  of  these  elections.  Still,  there 
were  some  who  were  not  satisfied  with  the 
prngroas  mode  in  favor  of  the  colored  race, 
and  in  answer  to  a  serenade  given  to  him  by 
some  negroes  at  Washington,  Charles  Sum- 
ner declared  that  equality  of  rights  shoiild  be 
secured  to  tho  colored  race  in  the  common- 
school  system,  and  that  the  word  "  white  " 
should  be  struck  from  tho  naturalization  laws 
of  the  United  States. 

Sonio  changes  occurred,  in  June,  in  the 
composition  of  the  cabinet.  Mr.  Oolui.ibus 
Delano,  of  Ohio,  succeeded  to  J.  D.  Cox, 
who  resigned  his  office  of  Secretary  of  the 
Interior ;  and  Mr.  E.  Uockwood  Hoar,  having 
also  resigned  his  position,  was  succeuded  by 
Amos  T.  Akcrman,  of  Qeorgia,  in  the  otHce 
of  Attorney-General. 

The  reconstruction  of  tho  Southern  States 
was  finally  accomplished  by  the  adutisHion  in 
Congri'ss  of  the  Representatives  fropi  Vir- 
ginia, Mississippi,  and  Texas. 

A  very  important  constitutional  cose,  of 
interest  to  all  the  commercial  and  banking 
community,  camo  up  before  tho  Supreme 
Court.  It  was  to  determine  whether  the  net 
of  February  2!>,  186C,  so  far  as  it  makes 
United  States  notes  a  legal  tender  in  pay- 
iui!nt  of  debts  contracted  prior  to  its  passage, 
is  constitutional  and  valid.  The  Chief-Jus- 
<ice,  in  delivering  the  opinion  of  the  Court, 
decided  in  the  negative,  asserting  that  "  the 
Government  of  the  United  States  is  one  of 
limited  powers,  and  that  no  department  pos- 
SRsses  any  authority  not  grant'od  by  the  Con- 
stitution," which  is  op|>oseil  to  such  retro- 
active equalization  between  coin  and  United 
States  notes.  Throe  Justices,  Messrs.  Mil- 
ler, Swayne,  and  Davis,  entertained  tho  dis- 
Knting  opinion. 

Next  to  this  important  decision  came  up 
the  question  whether  Congress  had  authority 
te  tax  tho  circulation  of  Stuto  bonks.    That 


was  decided  in  tho  afllnnativo,  by  the  minor- 
ity of  the  Supreme  Court,  with  the  dissent- 
ing votes  of  Jwtiees  Nelson  and  Davis.  The 
investments  of  administruturs  in  Confederate 
bonds  wore  considered  as  having  been  made 
improjierly,  and  as  being  inoperative  aa  a 
disehnrge  from  responsibility ;  the  Court  or- 
dered new  settlements  to  be  made. 

Tho  work  of  reorganizing  tho  country,  and 
especially  tho  South,  so  deeiily  distracted 
commercially  and  industrially,  progressed 
during  the  year.  The  second  aiinuul  Southern 
Commercial  Convention  assembled  at  Cincin- 
nati on  the  4th  October,  'and  debated  all 
questions  relative  to  the  best  means  of  reviv- 
ing trade  and  industry  in  the  southern  and 
western  sections  of  the  United  States.  The 
Convention  advocated  direct  trade  with  Eu- 
rope from  Southern  cities,  the  ailoption  of  a 
homestead  law,  and  a  fair  and  cqnitublo  sched- 
ule of  rates  for  freight  und  passenger  trans- 
portation. 

Tlio  labor  movement  was  agitated,  and  the 
National  Labor  Congi-ess,  held  in  August  at 
Cincinnati,  voUnl  the  immediato  formation  of 
nn  indupcndent  political  organization,  to  be 
known  as  the  "  National  Jjibor  Ueform 
Party."  The  North-western  movement  against 
the  maintenanco  of  tho  national  capital  at 
Washington  was  continued  by  tho  assembling 
at  Cincinnati  of  a  convention,  in  which  were 
reaffirmed  tho  aiiti  Washington  resolutions 
ado|>ted  at  tho  National  Capital  Convention, 
held  in  St.  Louie  the  year  before.  Cincinnati 
also  had  tho  honor  of  giving  hospitality  to  an 
"  Iriiih  National  Congress,"  which,  without 
eliciting  openly  any  Fenian  proclivities,  had 
for  its  object  the  union  of  tlie  vuiious  Irish 
organizations  of  tho  United  States. 

Ku  Kluxism  was  taken  in  hand  by  the 
Senate  after  the  reception  of  a  Presidential 
message  calling  the  attention  of  Congress  to 
the  CHse  of.  North  Carolina.  Tho  majority 
repoH  of  the  Senate  committee  admitted  that 
tho  Ki)  Klux  organization  did  exist,  had  a 
political  purpose,  and  was  composed  of  mem- 
bers of  the  Democratic  or  Conservative  porty ; 
that  it  had  sought  to  carry  out  its  purpose  by 
murders,  whipping,  intimidations,  and  vio- 
lence against  its  o|>ponents.  Senators  Blair 
and  Bayard  subinitt'  I  to  tho  Senate  a  mi- 
nority report. 

Tho  mcssago  of  President  Grunt  at  the 
commencement  of  tho  third  session  of  tho 
Forty-firet  Congress,  December  5,  1870,  was  a 
lonjcE  documoii*;  than  '.van  cx|)ected.  It  waw 
filled  moro  especially  with  u  lengthened  re- 
view of  foreign  questions,  and  contained  a 
strong  recommendation  for  the  annexation  of 
San  Domingo. 

The  financial  progress  of  the  country  dur- 
ing this  your  was  not  so  great  us  k  was 
natural  to  ex|>ect  from  the  continued  increase 
in  its  receipts.  The  breaking  out  of  the 
Franco-German  war  prevented. the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  from  putting  on  the  money- 
markets  his  intended  loan,  the  proceeds  of 
which  were  to  realize  the  equalization  and  tho 
funding  of  tho  public  debt.  By  an  act  of 
Congress,  approved  July  14,  1870,  tho  views 
of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  were  en- 
dorsed by  Congress,  which  authorized  him  to 
issue,  in  sums  not  exceeding  $200,000,000, 
coupon  or  registered  bonds  of  tho  United 
States,  redeemable  in  coin,  at  the  pleasure  of 
the  United  States,  afler  ten  years,  and  bear- 


ing 0  per  cent,  interest,  kIso  payable  in  ookii 
also  to  ismie  $300,000,000  bonda,  payaUa  aftit 
fifteen  years,  and  beMring  41  per  cent,  intoi^ 
est;  also  $1,000,000,000  of^ like  bond%  |»f> 
able  after  thirty  years,  and  bearing  4  per  eenla 
interest.  The  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  tboM 
bonds,  at  not  less  than  their  par  valae  fo 
coin,  was  to  be  applied  exclusively  to  the  r* 
doinption  of  any  outstanding  flvo-twnuty 
bonus  of  the  United  States,  at  their  par 
value  ;  or  tho  new  bonds  might  be  exchanged 
for  five-twenty  bonds  jiar  for  par.  Every 
preparation  was  made — even  a  portion  of  the 
paper  was  manufactured — in  order  to  be  pre> 
pun-d  to  throw  that  gigantic  loan  on  the 
market  aa  soon  as  the  Franco-Oermiui  war, 
which  was  declared  two  days  after  the  ap- 
nrovul  of  the  act  of  Congress,  should  cease. 
But  the  war  lasted  longer  than  expected,  and 
tho  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  was  compelled 
to  ask  authority  to  issue  $300,000,000  addi« 
tional  of  bonds,  bearing  S  per  cenU  interest, 
and  payable  quarterly.  On  the  last  day  of 
November,  l'j/0,  the  principal  of  the  publio 
debt,  not  deducting  moneys  on  hand,  waa 
$3,418,073,044.43,  showing  a  still  larger  re- 
duction than  at  the  tnd  of  the  fiacal  year, 
when  en  July  1st,  1870,  the  reduction  of  the 
publio  debt  for  the  fiscal  year  had  been 
officially  figured  at  $107,77U,78G.13.  The 
dilference  between  gold  and  currency  declined 
from  32.9  premium  in  18G0,  to  15.2  in  1870, 
which  was  an  improvement  of  about  17  per 
ctnxt.  in  the  Unitird  State*  paper  currency. 
The  surplus  of  receipts  over  ex|)enditures,  for 
the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1870,  waa 
$10l,C0l,9lft.88,  which  were  applied,  ■■ 
usual,  to  the  payment  of  the  publio  debt. 
Somo  measures  were  atloptod  by  Congress 
to  increase  somewhat  tho  circulation  of  the 
National  Bunks,  and  for  a  reduction  of 
$77,000,000  of  internal  tuxes,  as  compared 
with  those  of  the  {irovious  year.  Tlie  decline 
of  ship-building  and  the  American  carrying- 
trade  were  so  significant,  that  a  special  com- 
mittee was  appointed  by  Congress  to  visit 
Now  York,  Boston,  Philadelphia,  and  Fi>rU 
land,  to  ascertain  what  remeily  eotild  be 
brought  about  to  stay  the  decline  of  so  im- 
portant an  item  of  national  prosperity.  The 
report  showed  that,  in  1890,  75  per  cent,  of 
the  total  ex|iorts  and  imports  were  ahipped 
in  American  vessels.  In  1855,  the  situation 
had  remained  thO  same ;  but  in  18C9,  34  per 
cent,  only  were  shipped  in  American  vessels, 
to  (id  per  cent,  in  foreign  bottoms.  Nearly 
70  per  cent,  of  the  imports  at  New  York 
wore  in  foi-eign  steamers.  The  committee 
suggested  many  remedies,  but  they  were  not 
tried. 

One  of  the  most  important  diplomatic  quea- 
tions  raised  during  the  year,  was  that  relating 
to  tho  war  which  broke  out  in  Europe  in  th< 
middle  of  July,  1870.  On  August  22d,  the 
President  issue<l  a  proclamation  of  neutrality^ 
enjoining  American  citizens  not  to  take  any 
part  in  the  Franco-German  conflict.  On  the 
8th  of  October,  some  French  men-of-war  hav- 
ing appeai-ed  off  New  York,  as  with  the  inten- 
tion of  practically  blockading  that  port  against 
German  merchantmen,  the  President  issued 
another  proclamation  declaring  that  such  fre 
quenting  and  use  of  American  waters  would 
not  be  tolerated  from  either  of  the  belliger- 
ents. Tho  making  of  American  porta  depots 
for  materials  of  war  waa  also  prohibited ;  ami 


HISTORY   or    TUB 


Mr.  VImIi  thought  nMNtMiry  to  thank  I'ruwi*, 
bMKiim,  whilii  her  navy  waa  then  yet  in 
iu  iiit'iuicy  and  quite  iimiIomi,  alio  had  dtiolarod 
ii)  ailhurr  in  the  |)i'liici|il«  furniiiily  iulvo<^Ht«(l 
liy  the  Utiitud  titutuN,  that  private  )>roperty 
un  tlin  hi^ih  ivua  ihould  be  exonipt  from 
wti^iiire.  No  divcunaiuD  aruae  iMitwi-rn  tint 
Uiiitxd  Statea  and  Franco  in  the  flnt  half 
nf  thtt  yoar;  on  the  contrary,  vnry  rnrdiul 
and  (iintiltur  relation*  had  lHii>n  cNtnbliNliHd 
Iwtweun  tht<  Imiiurial  family  and  tho  Anu  lioan 
Miniater  at  Parin,  Mr.  K.  1).  Waiihliuriio. 
N(>verth(ilt!M,  ho  haatoned  to  rocogiiizo,  accord- 
ing to  Araoricun  diplomutio  tradition,  tho 
eatabliahniunt  (/«  /(icto  of  a  Kepublicau  gov- 
ernment. Mr.  Waahbiime  had  froqutMit  and 
friendly  interviowi  with  Juloa  Favro,  French 
Miniittor  of  Foreign  Atiiiir* ;  but  the  United 
Httttua  Qoviininiont  declined  the  prayer  made 
by  Julea  Favre  to  bring  about  the  end  of  the 
War  through  the  good  offlcea  of  tho  American 
Oovomment.  Immediately  after  tho  declara- 
tion of  war,  and  during  the  iticgu  of  I'aria,  Mr. 
Wiudiburno  took  charge  of  the  intereata  of 
the  Uermana  in  tho  French  capital,  and, 
though  authorized  to  do  ho  by  the  8tate  De- 
partment, he  was  accused  by  the  Frenclimeu 
— wrongly,  of  courae — of  entertaining  Ger- 
man Hyniputhiea.  On  one  day,  a  battalion  of 
the  National  Ouard  called  on  Mr.  E.  B. 
Waahburne,  to  thank  him  fjr  his  hasty  recog- 
nizing of  the  Kepublic ;  and  later,  another 
manifimtation  waa  directiul  agniuNt  him,  on 
account  of  IiIh  pret«nded  I'mHsian  symnatliiea. 
Home  AmorioanH,  among  whom  the  benevo- 
lent and  philanthropic  I)r.  Thomas  W.  KvauH 
witH  a  chief  laborer,  established  un  ambulance 
in  Paria,  and  tho  American  name  wont  out 
sloriously  from  all  the  wrecks  and  ruins  of 
Uio  siege  of  that  unfortunate  city. 

In  China  and  Corea,  the  American  influ- 
ence was  greatly  increased  through  ener- 
getic action  against  the  Oorcans  and  the 
pirutoM  nf  the  southern  Chinese  seas.  Mr. 
Ix>w,  Minister  of  the  United  States,  took  in 
hand  the  cause  of  the  French  and  Russians 
murdered  at  Tien-tsin,  and  exacted  tliu  pun- 
itbment  of  tho  murderers.  A  few  more  notes 
were  exchanged  relative  to  the  Alnbnmn 
Claims  question,  just  before  the  death  of  Ix>rd 
Clanmdun.  The  Canadian  anthorities  having 
revoketl  the  system  of  fishing-licenses,  and 
authorized  British  oflicers  to  seize  any  vessel 
pctually  iishing  within  three  miles  of  Cana- 
dian waters,  some  American  vessels  were,  thus 
seized,  which  fact  led  to  an  active  diploniiitic 
corroHpondence  between  the  State  Dcpiirt- 
ment  and  the  British  Government.  The 
Northwest  Boundary  question  was  raised  for 
the  first  time,  and  a  joint  commission  was 
formed,  with  English  and  American  conimiH- 
giouers,  to  arrive  at  a  deKnite  settlement  of 
the  frontier  near  Pembinii.  In  Japan,  Mr. 
Do  Long,  United  States  Minister,  was  in- 
structed to  protest  against  a  decree  of  depor- 
tation issued  against  3,000  native  Cliristians  ; 
the  Japanese  Oovemmeut  complied  witii  tlie 
lequest.  The  question  of  the  indemnity  of 
United  States  citizens  against  Spain,  claims 
arising  from  the  Cuban  war,  caused  a  frequent 
interchange  ,of  diplomatic  notes  between 
Secretary  Fish  and  Don  M.  Lo|)ez  Roberts, 
Minister  of  Sjiain  at  Washington.  The 
American  Government  su'^cecded  in  asserting 
lliF  claims  of  ibi  citizens,  as  well  as  in  obtain- 
tsg  the  releaee  of  tbe  JUoyd  AtpinwaU^  a 


veaavl  which  waa  MiMd  by  BpanUh  authori- 
tlM^  on  the  ground  aha  waa  engagatl  for  tha 
Cuban  cause. 

Tho  year  1871  o|i«ned  with  other  changes 
in  the  I'resident'a  Cabinet.  Attnrney-Oun- 
•rol  Akurnicn  resigned  his  oillco,  anil  was  sue 
cceihid  by  ex-S<^nator  George  II.  Williams,  of 
Oregon.  President  Grant  disniiHsed  Gen, 
Pluiksanton,  who  had  doulinod,  upon  the  re- 
quest of  the  President,  to  tender  liis  resigna- 
tion aa  C<mimissioner  of  Interna!  Ituvenue. 
In  April,  the  Supremo  (/'ourt  (hicided  that  the 
Federal  Government  had  not  the  right  to  tax 
the  aalai-y  of  a  judicial  oflloer  of  a  State. 
Soon  after,  the  same  Court  reversed  the  de- 
ciaion  at  which  it  had  arrived,  in  1870,  rela- 
tive to  the  bearing  of  the  I^'gal  Tender  Act 
of  Congress.  The  court  had  judged  that 
United  States  noti-s  were  not  a  legid  tender 
for  dubta  contracted  before  tho  passage  of  the 
bill.  But  onlv  seven  judges  sat  on  tho  lioncli 
on  that  occiuiion,  and  two  vacancies  having 
been  filled  in  the  interval,  a  ndiearingof  the 
cose  was  demanded  bv  tho  Attomoy-Gonoral ; 
and  by  five  voiees  agiiinst  four, the  court  decid- 
ed that  ITnited  States  notes  were  a  legal  tender, 
oven  with  retroactive  effect,  and  that  they 
could  pay  any  debts  contracted  previous  to 
tho  passage  of  tho  net.  Chief  Justice  Chase 
maintained  the  opiniim  held  by  him  on  the 
first  hearing  of  tho  case,  and  voted  with  the 
uiinoritv  of  tho  court, 

Tho  Ku  Klux  bill  was  paased  by  Congivss, 
after  a  lengthened  and  strong  discussion,  dur- 
ing which  some  Senators — Mr.  Tr\imbull 
and  others— declaretl  that  tho  adoption  of 
such  a  bill  amo\inted  to  putting  an  end  to 
State  Government,  and  intr(Hlucingan  unwise 
oliange  in  our  government  system.  Senator 
Schurz  was  still  more  exniicit,  and  ho  said 
that  "  tho  passage  of  this  measure  marks 
the  enlargement  of  the  national  jurisdiction 
at  thu  ex])ense  of  local  governments,  and  sets 
up  a  constniclive  rebellion,  in  order  to  invest 
tho  President  with  diseretioyary  power  to 
suspend  tho  luiheaa  corjrui  laws,"  At  any 
rate,  tho  measure  was  such  a  sweeping  and 
an  extraordinary  one,  that  President  Grant 
thought  necessary  to  issue  first,  on  tho  4th 
nf  l^Iay,  a  proclamation  intended  to  enlighten 
the  people  of  tho  United  States  as  to  the 
constitutionality,  tho  necessity,  and  the  in- 
nocuous character  of  the  bill.  I^ter,  in  Oc' 
tober,  he  put  in  practice  the  aforesaid  bill, 
and  proclaimed  the  suspension  of  the  habeas 
corpus  laws  in  some  districts  of  North  Caro- 
lina Kai<l  to  be  infested  with  Ku  Kluxism. 
In  November,  a  proclamation  to  tho  same 
<-Hect  was  issued,  as  applicable  to  Union 
County,  in  South  Carolina. 

Tho  Civil  Service  Reform  question  com- 
menced to  be  agitateil ;  on  the  3d  of  March, 
Congress  voted  an  a]>propriation  to  defray  the 
exiicnses  of  a  newly  constituted  Board,  culled 
tho  Civil  Service  Commissioners,  the  mem- 
bers tt]>pointed  by  the  Pi-esidcnt  being  Jlessrs. 
George  William  Curtis,  Alexander  G.  Cattell, 
Joseph  Medill,  Davidson  H.  Walker,  E.  B. 
Kllicott,  Joseph  II.  Blackfan,  and  David  C. 
C!ox.  Soon  after,  these  gentlemen  proposed 
the  new  rules  to  be  applied  to  candidates  for 
the  civil  service  of  the  United  States. 

Early  in  April,  1872,  tho  Democratic  mem- 
bers of  Congress  issued  an  address  to  the 
people  of  the  United  States,  in  which  they 
protested  against  the  manner  in  which  the 


Admiuatration  had  dhtoharaed  its  dutkaa.  At 
the  end  of  the  same  month,  President  (iraal 
made  a  visit  to  Iniliana|M)lis,  and,  at  tha 
public  reception  which  waa  tendertnl  t<i  him, 
Senator  Morton  answered  indirectly  the  a<l. 
dress  of  the  Dcmocratio  ('ongresanien,  reas- 
serted the  Ilejiublican  priiu'iples,  and  broach- 
ed tho  idea  of^  the  re-eleetion  of  Grant,  Al- 
most imnii  .litttely  after,  in  a  private  meeting 
held  at  ('.ncinnati  by  some  pnuninent  Repub- 
licans, thu  idea  of  the  Liberal  Rep\ibliran  pro- 
grumiuu  waa  launched,  on  th(<  basis  of  general 
anmosty,  civil  service  reform  honestly  carried 
on,  siHicio  payments,  and  a  revenue  tarilT.  It 
was  deoideil  afterwards,  in  a  meeting  of  more 
than  100  very  prominent  Republicans,  that  a 
split  wits  necessary  in  the  partv,  and  a  call  is- 
sued tt'^M  Missouri  for  a  Republican  National 
Convention  to  be  hold  at  Cnicincuti,  on  May 
1, 1873,  in  op|K>sition  to  the  nomination  of 
General  Grant, 

At  the  same  time,  the  Democratic  ]>arty, 
under  the  initiative  of  Vallandigham  hiniMilf, 
supported  by  John  Quincy  Adani'i,  of  Mossa- 
chusotts,  and  oven  by  Salmon  P.  Chase,  took 
what  was  called  a  "  now  departure  "  from  its 
former  doctrines,  Jefferson  Davis  attempted, 
in  a  speech  at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  to  maintain  the 
Democratic  phalanxes  in  the  old  path,  but 
his  efforts  were  of  no  avail,  Tlie  end  of  the 
year  found  the  two  great  parties  p'  the  conn, 
try,  Re|)ublican  and  Democratic,  diviiled 
among  themselves,  and  tho  victory  waa  left 
for  the  strong  Administration  |)arty  to  accept. 
Meantime,  many  other  conventions  were 
hold  by  the  National  Labor  organization,  by 
the  negroes,  by  the  Female  Suffrage  partisans, 
and  by  tho  heads  of  ])olic«  de|iartmentH  and 
chiefs  of  i>olic»  of  the  cities  of  tho  United 
States,  Most  of  these  conventions  made  their 
headquarters  at  St.  Louis,  just  us  in  the  year 
previous  Cincinnati  bad  enjoyed  the  honor 
and  profit  nf  Imrlioring  them.  Tlie  resolu- 
tions adopted  by  these  conventions  nf  1871, 
were  nearly  the  same  us  those  voted  in  tho 
meetings  of  the  previous  year. 

Thu  tigiires  and  statistics  of  the  Ignited 
States  census  of  1870  were  published  in  this 
year ;  the  population  of  the  country  wos  38,- 
ll.'{,'i.').3,  showing  an  increase,  during  the  de- 
cade, of  22.22  per  cent.,  that  is,  of  C,92'J,SOD 
inhabitants. 

Tho  financial  situation  of  the  United  States 
was  good  in  1871,  though  not  so  appreciated 
in  Europe,  where  tho  funding  loan  could  not 
bo  placed.  The  best  evidence  of  the  proa 
perity  of  the  country  was  in  the  fact  that  the 
receipts  were  in  excess  of  expenditures  to  tho 
figure  of  |i91,14fl,7f)i  .04  ;  that  the  public  debt 
was  kept  decreasing  as  announced  in  former 
estimates,  and  that  the  premium  on  gold  kcjit 
equally  and  steadily  falling. 

Tho  average  premium  on  gold  for  the  year 

1808,  was 3U.ft4  per  cent, 

18C9, 32..%     "     «' 

1870, 14.83     «     « 

1871 12.1       «'     " 

Tliis  steady  decrease  in  the  premium  on 
gold,  and  consequent  appreciation  of  the  na- 
tional paper  money,  was  duo  especially  to  the 
re-establishment  of  confidence  in  the  credit  of 
the  Government,  which  confidence  led  to  an  in- 
creased demand  for  paper  money  in  the  busi- 
ness affairs  of  the  country.  The  revenue 
from  customs  for  the  fiscal  year  1871  was 
greatly    in    excess   of   the    estimates,   taA 


VNITKD   8TATB8. 


DOT 


ItM  dutlM.  Al 
'miidcnt  ((raal 
,  and,  at  th« 
iidi*ri>d  to  liini, 
lirectly  the  hiI- 
[rvMnion,  ihiiii. 
I'*,  mill  liroai'h- 
of  (Irniit.  Al- 
irivato  iiii-iitiiig 
iiiiiii'iit  |{t*|iiil)- 
i<'|iiiblieun  pro- 
Imiii  of  gourrnl 
oiinHtlv  rarrird 
einio  tariflT.  Ik 
milting  of  mora 
ubiicani,  that  • 
Y,  and  a  call  ia- 
blican  National 
in^uti,  on  May 
noinination  of 

nooratio  {mrty, 
iighani  hiniiwif, 
laDi'i,  of  Mmuia- 

P.  Chaao,  took 
■ture"  from  its 
'avia  atteni|it«Hl, 
[]  niaintftiu  tlio 

old  |>ath,  but 
Tlie  end  of  the 
u'H  p'  tho  coiin* 
crntio,  divid<*ii 
ii'tory  WHS  left 
IHirty  to  ncvcpt. 
nvetitionH  wi«re 
irgnnization,  by 
Ifrngo  purtinunH, 
I'imrtmtintH  nnd 
of  tlio  United 
|ionR  made  tlioir 

uH  in  tli<>  yrur 

L'd  tlio  honor 
Tilt!  resolu- 

tionHof  1H71, 
voted  in  tho 


•y 


lilii 


tho  Vnitrd 
inhed  in  this 
iiintry  wns  38,- 
diiriiig  the  dc- 
of  C,929,a09 

United  States 
Ko  appreciateil 
loan  could  not 
of  the  pros 
faut  that  th« 
nditures  to  the 
the  public  debt 
iced  in  former 
on  gold  kept 

d  for  tho  year 
per  cent, 
«     <t 

II       u 

II     11 

premium  on 
ion  of  the  nii- 
pecially  to  tho 
u  the  credit  of 
ce  led  to  an  in- 
y  in  the  busi- 

Tho  revenue 
!ar  1871  was 
Btimates,   Hid 


MiuNintod  to  t9O<,370,4O8.O5.  Th«  rMoipts 
from  inttnwl  rvvraiM  wara  about  |4,000,(HM) 
liHM  lliau  th«  MtimatM,  and  rmiohetl  tlio  total 
of  |U3,U08,1A3.03.  In  January,  CuiiHroM 
pawind  an  act  inoreiuilng  to  |AOO,l>0(),0()U  tho 
|300,000,UOO  bonds,  bearing  ftva  (wr  cent., 
pr«viously  aulliorisod  tn  bo  iwniod.  Tbe  loan 
waa  olfored  both  in  Kuropo  and  In  this  coun- 
try ;  horf,  a  large  portion  of  it  was  taken, 
but  It  failed  In  Europe,  and  that  was  tho 
ouuse  of  some  oompla'ata  wbioh  were  made 
In  Congress  asainst  the  flnanoial  poUay  of  tbe 
8eorotary  of  tiie  Treasury. 

Tlie  oorree]ioudenoe  and  rolationi  with  Great 
llritain,  form,  during  tho  year  1871,  tho  most 
im|>ortant  and  abont  the  only  point  of  interest 
in  tho  dlplomatlo  affoln  of  the  United  States. 
The  ioint  commission  waa  proposed  In  Janu- 
ary by  81%  Edward  Thornton,  the  British 
Minister  at  Washington.  After  the  exchange 
of  a  few  notes,  the  project  of  a  Joint  commis- 
sion which  would  examine  all  cases  In  diN|iute 
between  the  two  oountries,  was  adopted. 
The  Commlssionen  assembled  at  Washington 
on  Fttbruarv  37th,  under  the  presidency  of 
Secretary  Fish.  On  the  4th  of  May  was  read 
tho  statement  prepared  by  I^ord  Tenterden 
and  J.  0.  BancrofI  Davis,  who  hod  boon  a|i- 
polntod  joint  protooolista,and,  after  an  unnioHt 
discussion,  the  Washington  Treaty  was  signed. 
At  the  end  of  ISIay,  the  arbitrators  who  wore 
to  Imi  appointed,  according  to  Uiu  Treaty,  were 
dosignatcd.  Mr,  Charles  Francis  Adiiiiis,  of 
Massitchiisetts,  waa  appointed  arbiti-ator  on 
liehnlf  of  the  United  States,  with  Mr.  James 
S.  Fraxer  as  Commissioner  of  Claims.  Sir 
Alexander  Cookburu  waa  appointed  by  Eng- 
land ;  M.  Staom|ifli,  for  Switzerland ;  Count 
Solnpls,  for  Itiily;  and  Baron  Itujubn,  for 
Brazil,  Tlie  first  meeting  of  the  interna- 
tional triliiiiial,  thus  ouniposod,  was  held  at 
Qeiiova,  In  December,  1871;  Mr,  Bancroft 
Davis  propiirod  the  Amoiican  ooso  and  he  lultl 
It  boforo  tho  Tribunal. 

The  year  1872  witnessed.  In  Its  beginning, 
another  change  among  the  members  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States :  Justice 
Nelson  retired  on  account  of  his  age  ;  and  ox- 
Qovernor  Ward  Hunt,  from  Now  York,  suc- 
ceeded him.  The  most  lm|>ortant  decision 
rendered  by  the  Court  waa  the  on>)  establish- 
ing the  principle,  that  citizens  in  the  Terri- 
tories have  rights  of  self-government  cognate 
to  those  enjoyed  by  citizens  in  the  States, 

A  Boliemo  of  great  national  interest,  intend- 
ing to  place  tho  telegraph  system  of  the  coun- 
try In  the  hands  of  the  Qovornment,  was 
brought  before  Congress,  but  fuiletl  to  be  en- 
dorsed by  the  r^prpsentutivos  of  the  nation  ; 
yet  Congress  passed  an  act  creating  an  im- 
inenso  public  jiark,  near  the  headwaters  of  the 
Yellowstone  Itiver, 

On  the  2d  of  February,  the  number  of 
Representatives  in  Congress  had  increased  to 
283,  and  by  an  Act  approved  on  May  30th, 
Now  IIam]ishire,  Vermont,  New  York,  Penn- 
sylvania, Indiana,  Tennessee,  Louisiana,  Ala- 
bama, and  Florida,  were  authorized  to  send 
one  rejiresentative  to  Congress,  in  addition 
to  the  number  apportioned  by  the  previous 
net. 

The  Presidential  campaign  commenced  early 
in  the  year.  The  first  convention  held  for  the 
purpose  of  nominating  candidates  was  that 
of  the  Labor  Reform  Party,  which  met  at 
Columbus,   Ohio,   in    February,  and   which 


nominated  David  Davis,  of  IllinoU,  onu  of  the 
Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  for  I'rusident, 
and  Joel  Parker,  of  New  Jersey,  for  Vice- 
President,  But,  both  of  them  liuving  de- 
clined the  nomination,  a  convention  of  work- 
ingmen  waa  lielil  at  Philadolnhia,  and  nomi- 
dated  Churlea  O'Conor,  of  New  York,  for 
President;  no  Vicu-1'resldent  wiia  noml- 
hated.  The  National  Colored  Coiivcntl  , 
which  assembletl  In  New  Orleans,  diil  not 
nominate  any  candidate,  but  It  strongly  en- 
dorsed Grant's  ailministration,  and  at  the 
aaino  time,  tendered  Its  thanks  to  Charles 
Sumner  for  his  continued  etforts  in  favor  of 
the  colored  race.  The  Liberal  Republican 
party  liegan  In  earnest  Its  own  canvash,  un- 
der the  direction  of  Carl  Schun,  of  Missouri, 
On  May  1st,  a  convention  waa  hold  in  Cin- 
cinnati, which  iiominutod  Horace  Ureeloy  for 
President,  and  B,  Uratx  Brown,  of  Missouri, 
for  Vice-Pi-osidont,  Some  leaders  of  the 
movement,  like  Carl  Scliur^  and  Jacob  D. 
Cox,  being  dissutisfled  with  those  nominations, 
(ittimiptod,  in  a  ciiiifurence  held  at  tho  Fifth 
Avenue  Hotel  in  Now  York,  to  split  the  Lib- 
oral  party  by  nominating  Air.  Oroosbock  for 
President  and  Fmdoriok  L.  Olmsted  for 
Vice- President,  but  this  movement  failed  com- 
pletely. The  regular  Democratic  Convention 
assembled  at  Baltimore  on  July  0th,  endorsed 
the  nominations  made  at  Cincinnati  by  tho 
Liberal  Itepublicans ;  and  thus  Hoiiice  (Iren- 
ley  and  Qrutz  Brown  were  the  candidates  both 
for  the  Democrats  and  the  Lilieral  Re]iubli- 
cans.  Some  dissatisfied  Democrats  attempt- 
ed in  vain,  in  a  convention  hold  at  Ixiuisville, 
to  placo  before  the  people  of  their  paHy  the 
names  of  O'Conor  and  of  John  Quiney  Adnms, 
us  candidates  for  tho  Presidency  and  Vice- 
Presidency.  Tl>:s  movement  had  no  import- 
ance. Some  <'.ih.>i,uM.^  r.ogro  s  led  by  W.  N. 
Suunders,  of  Maryland,  attomii>d  also  to  se- 
cure the  negro  vote,  by  oudorsii.'^  at  their 
cnnveation  assembled  at  Louisville  *.he  nom- 
ination of  Qreeley  and  Uratz  Brown  This 
action  of  the  colored  minority  waa  i  ot  at- 
tended with  success. 

The  regular  Hopublican  Convention  was 
held  at  Philadelphia,  on  June  6th,  under  tli^ 
Presi'lonoy  of  Thomas  Settle,  of  North  Caro- 
lina. With  acclamation,  it  renorainateil 
Qrant  for  President,  and  chose  Jlcnry  Wil- 
son, of  Massachusetts,  for  Vice-President. 
Those  two  gentlemen  were  duly  elected  by 
the  popular  suffrage  in  November,  and  thu 
nrnjoi-ity  of  Qrant  over  Greeley  was  of  7tl2,- 
991  votes. 

This  year  witnessed  the  act  by  which  the 
last  restriction  placed  upon  the  lil<ertie8  of 
tho  Southern  i>eople  were  taken  off.  Congress 
voted,  on  May  22,  the  abolition  of  all  |ioliti- 
cal  disabilitios  imposed  by  the  third  section 
of  the  Fourteenth  Amendment.  Still  these 
disubilities  were  maintained  as  to  somo  who 
had  boon  the  loaders  in  the  rebellion. 

Financially,  the  year  1872  proved  a  suc- 
cessful one.  The  national  debt  waa  reduced 
by  (09,900,253.54,  although  there  was  a  re- 
duction in  the  rate  of  taxation.  The  decline 
of  the  American  carrying  trade  continued, 
and  nearly  three-fourths  of  the  foreign  trade 
with  the  United  States  waa  carried  under 
foreign  flags.  The  Secretair  of  the  Treasury 
again  called  the  attention  of  the  people  to  the 
futuro  financial  policy  of  the  country,  and  as- 
serted tho  good  resulta  of  the  protective  sys- 


(IIU,(l<IO 
lO.IK* 

io,Mia 

I0,I4M 

S,U(JII 

iii.un 

IU.UWj 


lorn,  which  had  brought  about  the  ateady  f» 
duotlou  of  the  national  debt. 

Two  great  diplomatic  auoeeaaea  for  tb« 
United  States  are  to  be  registered  during  tb* 
year  1873.  The  Kinneror  of  Germany,  a» 
oeptnd  a*  arbitrator,  in  order  to  detorniint 
the  true  boundary  line  of  the  Nortliwesters 
frontier  lietween  the  United  States  Territory 
and  the  British  possesalona  adjoining  Van 
oouvur's  Island,  confirmed  and  establianed  thi 
claim  of  the  American  Government. 

The  Alabama  Claims  (|uostion  waa  alaq 
settled  by  the  Geneva  Tribunal  of  arbitration, 
In  a  manner  satisfactory  for  the  United  Btatea. 
Mr.  Bancroft  Davis,  on  the  21st  beptember. 
transmitted  to  Secretarv  Fish  the  award  of 
the  Tribunal  in  favor  of  the  United  Statea, 
which  award  was  {lald  afterwards  without 
any  discussion  by  the  British  Government. 
In  tho  settlement  of  this  great  question  the 
Government  of  the  United  Statea  retained  the 
services  of  William  M.  Evarts,  Caleb  Gush- 
ing, and  Mr.  Waite,  afterwards  apfKiinted 
Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States  to  succeed 
Mr.  Chaso. 

In  tho  beginning  of  the  year  1873,  Congreai 
Increased  salaries  of  tho  olllcers  of  the  gov- 
ernment as  follows : 

Olil  Solnrr.  lt<n>  IMutt 

rraidilmt  ol  llM  U^M  SUlM («t.(Ml      ~ 

TIra-l'nMlili'llI »,**") 

Chli'f  Jiutli*  ul  Snprrni'  Ouort K.MIV 

JtiNtkvN  <if  Huiininw  Cuitit ^,UI  0 

I'In-ult  Jiulinx fl,lli« 

B|ii'i>k«r<ilihiillnuiiuuf  Iloiimn'miitlvum    MhX) 
Umiibcn  ol  thu  C'«l>liiut t'.UOU 

The  salaries  of  JIoiiiIm'I-s  of  Congress  were 
also  increased  by  the  siiiiin  Act,  but  such  ob- 
jection wos  iiiised  tliroii^liout  the  country, 
that  the  members  bcgim  by  refiiKiiig,  individ- 
ually, to  draw  their  increaHcd  pay,  and  after- 
«'iirds  the  portion  of  the  bill  n-liitive  to  the 
salarii^s  of  Congri.'ssmen  was  repealed.  On  tho 
4tli  of  March,  1878,  President  Grant  and  Vieo- 
President  Wilson  were  inuugurated.  It  waa 
tho  coldest  day  which  hud  Inien  cxperionood 
ill  Washington  since  its  foundation ;  some  cat- 
dets  of  the  Naval  School  went  on  the  sick  list 
nti  vn»uriii"2  i."  Annapolis.  The  general  ob- 
servations made  by  the  President,  in  his  in- 
augural, were  few,  and  rather  too  jirecise  on 
certain  topics.  "  When  my  first  term  of  tha 
oflico  of  Chief  Executive  began,"  he  said, 
"  the  land  hud  not  recovered  from  the  effect  of 
an  internal  revolution,  nnd  three  of  the  foiv 
mor  States  of  the  Union  had  not  been  restored 
to  their  Federal  relations.  It  seemed  to  ma 
wise  that  no  new  questions  should  be  raised 
so  long  08  that  condition  of  affairs  existed  ; 
therefore,  the  past  four  years,  bo  far  as  I  could 
control  events,  have  been  coiiKunied  in  tho 
elfort  to  restore  huriiiony,  pulilio  credit,  com- 
merce, and  all  the  arts  of  peace  and  progress. 
It  is  my  firm  conviction,  that  the  civilized 
world  is  tending  towards  republicanism,  or 
government  of  the  ))eo)ile  through  their  chosen 
representatives, nnd  thatourown  great  repub- 
lic is  destined  to  be  the  guiding  star  to  all 
otliers."  The  President  then  reviewed  rapidly 
tiie  different  questions  of  immediate  interest 
to  the  United  States,  saybg  that  "the  effect 
of  the  late  civil  war  has  been  to  free  the  slave 
and  make  him  a  citizen.  Yet,  he  is  not  posses- 
sed of  theci>-il  rights  which  citizenship  should 
carry  with  it.  This  is  wrong,  and  should  bo 
corrected.  To  this  correction  I  stand  com- 
mitted, so  far  as  Executive  influence  can 
avail."  President  Grant  continnes  his  Mes- 
sage, by  making  on  apology,  for  having  worked 


HISTORY    OF   Till 


I 


■o  MMniMtiy  M  bti  iliii  fitr  lh«  purulwan  uf  8«u 
l>iimliiip»,  wltkh  purcbaM  hail  Uwii  wm- 
<l«tniiM«l  by  CungnMM.  Ho  loitl,  "  In  tbn 
fiiturn,  whil«  I  iioM  my  prcwiii.  otRop,  lb« 
■ubjiwl  of  ■OfiiiiNitioii  iif  irrrilorv  nitiit  h«v« 
Iba  ■ii|i|Mirt  ul  ih«  iN>upli«  Iwforn  i  will  moom- 
HM>ni|  any  iin>|MMilloii  lotikiiiK  Ut  Hiirh  •oiiiil- 
Ritiiin,"  Anarb«vilig"»rkllowlmlt|«(i  tlinoltli- 
■Mtiitnii  ba  ia  under  to  hU  ouiiiitryiiinn,"  for 
hU  ni  oltH-tion,  tho  I'litiiilxut  noTitlU  th»l  **  ha 
liiwl  nnirculy  •  niNititti  in  bin  lalH)r«  *ino«  the 
•vnntful  lirinn  on  rort  Kiimter,  in  April,  iHtll, 
to  tho  pnwiint  tlay  ; "  anti  b«  enilit  bi*  M<>Mi»g» 
by  tboM  wonU  of  pvraonal  initirmit :  "  NoU 
witbiiUiidinjithiii  [thii  rull-««ll  uf  bin  MrvioiwJ, 
tbrougboiit  the  war,  and  from  my  candidacy 
for  my  prment  otBoe,  in  IHOH,  to  the  oloao  of 
the  laat  preaidential  cam|>aian,  I  bave  b««n 
the  ■uliject  of  abiine  ami  ulander  aoaroely  nver 
•quailed  in  jM>litiaal  biatory,  which  t«-<lay  I 
feel  I  can  aflrord  to  dian'sanl,  in  view  of  your 
renlict,  which  I  gratefully  accept  aa  my  viu- 
dioation." 

The  obangoa  immediately  made  in  tba  Cabi- 
net were  limited  to  the  ap|M>iiitnii<nt  of  Wil- 
liam A.  Uichanlaon  aa  8eortttitry  uf  the  Tnma- 
ury,  MM  Ueorge  H.  Uoutwell,  who  rvaigniNi 
ilia  office.  Tho  internal  |HMtal  ayateni  uf  the 
United  Hlatra  wiia  improved  l)V  the  adoption 
of  tlie  fritn-delivery  ayateui  in  all  oitina  contHin- 
ing  20,<HN}  inhiibitniita,  and  by  the  intruduc- 
tion  of  the  puNtuI  cnrda, 

Amonf{  thu  many  cunvontiona  which  aMaom- 
Llod  during  the  yitar,  tho  inuat  ini|M)rtant  ouoh 
were  that  of  the  "  T  itrona  of  IfimlwiHlry," 
wbo  are  ao  familar  to  every  American  under 
their  popular  name,  the  (irangtira;  and  the 
National  Ohoun  TranH|K>rtation,  which  orga- 
iiiied  in  New  Vork  in  May,  1874.  lioth  of 
tbeae  organixationa  bad  nearly  the  name  view  ; 
that  ia,  to  bring  Congreia  to  Icgialate  for  the 
better  government  of  railroad  cor|>orationM. 
Ekrly  in  January,  1874,  a  report  was  niiulo 
to  (^ongreaaon  tlie  queation,  by  ita  Committee 
on  Itailroada  and  Canala.  The  people  aaknd 
ibat  a  law  abould  be  enacted,  regulating 
commerce  by  railroada  between  the  aevorul 
Htatea.  No  action  waa  taken  on  that  |ioint, 
which  had  been  thoroughly  examined  by 
George  W.  MoCrary,  of  Iowa,  Cliairinaii  of 
the  Committee  on  Bailroada  and  CanaU. 

Tbia  year,  except  1872,  when  449,483  im- 
migranta  landed  in  America,  witneaaod  a  larg- 
er exodua  from  Euro|)e  to  tbia  country,  thiin 
■ny  one  previoua.  In  1873  there  were  437,004 
immigranta  who  arrived  in  the  United  8tutcH, 
milking  a  whole  total  of  8,^08,141  aiiicu 
1820. 

Financially,  tba  year  1873  would  have 
been  aa  proR|icrou8  aa  the  prnvioua  uiich,  but 
for  the  incredible  panic  which  aeizud  the 
country  in  September.  Never  baa  been  more 
■tron^ly  illuatrated  the  aiiiHiial  charact«r  of 
•  |Nuiio,  capeoially  of  a  financial  one ;  rumoi-H 
ami  feara  caiwed  all  the  trouble.  It  began  at 
the  national  capital,  and  at  the  Firat  National 
Bank,  managed  by  Jay  Cooke  &  Co.,  who  en- 
joyed the  confidence  of  tho  Government.  It 
waa  immediately  rumored  that  the  United 
Statea  Treaaury  itoelf  was  concerned  in  the 
Jay  Oooke  fiulures,  though  there  was  not 
•n  atom  of  truth  in  the  laying.  The  fiscal 
ye«r  ending  June  30,  1873,  produced  in  the 
ihape  of  excess  of  receipts  over  expenditui'es, 
almost  exactly  what  had  been  estimated  by 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  in  his  finan- 


cial r«|Hirt  of  the  pr«ivioua  year.  The  aiir- 
plua,  which  amounted  to  #43,:iUi,0aU.34,  waa 
dovotetl  aa  uaiial  to  tho  |)ayni<<nt  uf  the  na- 
tiuiial  debt.  Hut  the  |iaiiio  having  aettled 
dm'p  into  all  commercial,  iuduatrial,  and  itiiHii- 
cial  enteqiriaea  uf  tho  c«iuiitry,  having  bruki'ii 
ilown  nmny  of  the  monnyml  inatitutiona,  and 
oIukmI  up  the  majority  of  wurk«ho|Hi,  the  na- 
tional Hnanoial  atatiia  of  the  atn'oixl  |iart  of 
1873  waa  not  ao  aatlafiu'tory  aa  that  uf  the 
fintt  half  of  the  year.  The  lieat  evidence  that 
the  Hnunrial  panic  did  not  reat  u|M)n  any  real, 
aoiind  niotivea,  ia  that  the  ablpbuildiiig  trade, 
which  hiul  iMteii  ileprtMUHHl  for  ao  lung  a  time, 
begun  to  revive,  ntill,  the  |ianiu  exerciaed  a 
treinenduiia  inttiience  over  ordinary  nii'roan- 
tile  and  induatriul  tranaactiuna,  and  theautTer- 
ingn  uf  the  |H>oplu  were  mi  acut«<,  that  tbey  are 
nuw  (Auguat,  1874)  nut  yet  healed. 

No  diploniatio  queation  of  importance,  ex- 
cept that  |Hiiiainiiig  to  Cuba,  ariHui  during 
the  year  1873.  Foreign  natiuiiN,  aa  the  Ar- 
gentine Ki'piiblio  and  Auatria,  admit,  nr  de- 
clare their  intention  to  lulniit,  in  onler  to  a(>t- 
tie  their  ipiarrela  with  other  countriea,  the 
principle  of  arbitrutiiiii  ntcognized  and  lirac- 
tiaed  by  tho  United  Htatea,  Tho  C'lilnt'se 
Kmiieror  agriwd  to  relinrpiish  the  old  ayat<<m 
of  the  Court  of  I'ekiii,  and  to  receive  Foreign 
Miiiiali'm  in  hia  coleatiul  preaence. 

The  \'iri/iniu»,  an  American aohooner,  hav- 
ing Inhiii  aeized  on  the  high  m'hh  by  a  Hpnniab 
man-of-war,  and  brought  into  the  purt  of  Han- 
tiago,  aa  guilty  of  being  an  iiiHurgcnt  Ciiimn 
veaael,  nmny  uf  the  piiMNeiigi>i'H  niid  crow  wei-o 
abut  by  the  HpaniurdN.     The  Htiite  Pepurt- 
meiit  at  Washington  iiiHiiited  that  an  apology 
Mhoiild  Imi  made,  that  the  I 'iV/zi/tiu*  Nboiild  be 
remitted  to  the  United  Htates  (lovcnimitit, ! 
anil  that  an  indemnity  abould  Ih)  paid  to  the  , 
families  of  tho  victims.     Thu  firat  two  cuii- 
ditioiiH  were   soon   complied  with  ;  and  the  ' 
third  one  in  now  ( AiigiiNt,  1874)  the  sulijcct  of 
liiploroatic  cummiinioutioiiH. 

In  the  iM'^inniiig  of  thu  year  1874  flov- 
eriiors  of  several  Htatea  were  inaugurated : 
unioiig  them  (tovernur  Kein|N!r,  of  Virginia; 
Dix,  of  Now  York  ;  William  AUon,  uf  Oliiu. 
The  V:  riident  withdrew  the  noniiiiution  he 
bad  niodu  of  Mr.  CuNliing  aa  Chief  Justice, 
and  jMr.  Morrison  li.  Waite's  nominatiun  to 
that  office  wiui  afterwards  confirmed  by  tho 
Henate.  In  February,  the  I'rosidt'iit  aent  a 
meHSttge  to  CongroNs,  uNkiiig  in  fionorul  terms 
a  handsome  support  of  the  reiitoniiiul  eiiter- 
priao.  Hia  nomination  of  Mr.  CuHhing  aH 
Minister  at  Mailrid  having  b<>i'ii  cunfinned 
by  the  Senate,  Mr.  Cushing  sailed  for  Spain 
in  March.  On  the  8tb  uf  the  Hume  iiiuntli 
cx-Preaident  Fillmore  was  ciirrird  to  tlx* 
grave;  and  three  days  after,  Charles  Sumner 
dii^d  at  Washington,  after  having  hih-ii  IiIh 
former  censure  by  the  MassncbuKettK  liOgisht- 
ture  rescinded  by  timt  body.  In  May  the 
PreKident  determined  to  suppress  the  warfare 
which  was  carried  on  in  Arkansas  by  DruokH 
and  Baxter,  both  of  whom  pretended  to  be  the 
legal  Ooveniors  of  the  State.  Fighting  con- 
tinued for  weeks,  at  Little  liock  es|M5cially,  and 
also  in  the  neighboring  countieg,  while  power- 
ful mora!  assistance  was  given  to  each  of  the 
contestants  by  different  Members  of  Con- 
gress. The  President,  acting  on  the  advice 
of  the  Attorney-General,  recognized  Baxter 
08  Governor  of  Arkansas,  and  warned  Brooks 
and  hia  fellow-insurgents  to  disperse.     On 


May  iM  the  Henato  |munw<I  the  Civil  Kigkto 
Hill.  UmH'ral  Hriatow  waa  unaniinoiialv  eon* 
finned  by  the  Hoiiate,  on  Juno  lat,  aa  Horra< 
lary  of  tho  Treaaury,  Mr,  Hicbanlaon,  tba 
then  incuiulwnt,  waa  alao,  on  tho  aanio  day, 
coiiHrmoil  oa  Juilge  of  the  Cimrl  uf  Clainia. 
Another  change  waa  n<ndered  necraaary  iu 
the  Cabinet,  by  the  reaignatiiiii  of  I'oatinaater 
General  (h-eaawell  on  the  U4th  of  June,  Af- 
ter having  uHered  tho  aituation  to  aevv'ial  who 
dei'liiied  to  aroept  it,  the  Primident  nuniinated 
Mr.  Jewell,  ihen  Minister  of  the  UniUnl  Hlalea 
at  St,  I'eteraburg ;  this  choice  was  cunUrmod 
by  the  Henate, 

During  the  firat  half  of  1874  there  were 
labor  riuta  in  ditforent  pladea  in  the  country ; 
near  New  York,  at  the  lieroen  Tunnel,  but 
eH|H>cially  in  Pennaylvania.  In  tho  month  of 
March,  tho  workmen  of  the  Er^  Kailwav 
tiMik  foroiblo  |toaaeaaion  of  the  ooin|>any  a 
worka  at  Huaquehanna;  they  were  driven 
away,  however,  without  bloodabed,  by  tho 
Htato  trooiNi  forwarded  there  by  the  Governor 
of  Pennaylvania.  Thk  famous  French  exile, 
Koebefort,  arrived  in  Now  York  on  May 
30tli,  and  delivered  a  leoturo  at  the  Nuw 
York  Aradetny  of  Muaio,  but  without  ex- 
citing any  trouble,  and  but  little  curioaity 
on  the  part  of  the  |ieople.  Early  in  the  year, 
the  tem|ieranco  moveineiit,  characterised  by 
bar-room  prayer-meetinga,  bi<gan  in  the  Weat, 
In  June  and  July,  the  country  was  visited 
by  various  disiiatera.  In  Minneaola,  tho  lo- 
ciiHts  cauM'd  coimiderablo  damage  to  the  cropi, 
A  roMirvoir  burst  at  Middlefield,  Masaacbii- 
aetla,  doMtruying  a  groat  amount  of  life  and 
pio|Mtrty  ;  and  a  t<>rrible  rainfall  occasioned 
a  IIu<mI,  on  the  27tb  July,  at  Pittsburg,  Pa., 
where  many  lives  were  lost.  A  fire  raged  in 
Chicago  on  the  14tli  of  July,  and  destroyed  a 
large  jiart  uf  the  city, 

Karly  in  August  tho  ateanier  J'at  Roger* 
waa  destroyed  by  fire  on  the  Uliio  river,  and 
twonty-fivo  lives  were  lust.  Un  the  night  of 
thu  7tli  uf  tlio  Hiiine  month  the  atoamer  JItnry 
Ame$  Mink  near  Watorpruuf,  Miiia.  A  heavy 
fruHt  piHtvailed  tliruiighout  northorn  New 
Knglund  on  the  same  night,  ond  a  anuw- 
Htoiiii  occurred  in  New  IlunipNhire. 

Congress  debated  fur  niuiiy  months  tho  fi- 
nancial measui'os  proposi'd  by  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury.  The  Cimference  Currency 
Kill  was  at  first  dofoatod  in  the  Houao,  on 
June  13th;  then  it  |uu<sed  on  the  'JOth,  and 
tlie  Pi'i'sideiit  sigiieil  it  two  doys  after.  Tlio 
new  five  per  cent,  loan  was  plnrtnl  on  the 
market  July  I20tli ;  and  on  tho  '.'7tli  Hccretary 
Iti'istow  accepted  the  bids  tendered  by  foi-eigu 
bunkers. 

The  pasBjiort  system  was  abolished  in 
Franco,  for  American  travollein ;  but  it 
amounted  to  little,  for  travellers  were  still 
obliged  to  prove  their  identity  when  requested 
to  do  so.  A  new  I'ostiil  Treaty  was  sigiicil 
with  Froiice,  and  wont  into  o|H!ratioii  the  iBt 
of  August,  1874.  By  this  cunventiun  the 
|)Ostage  on  single  letters  of  half  an  ounce 
transmitted  between  France  and  the  United 
States  was  nine  cents,  prepaid. 

Adelbert  Ames,  Oovonior  of  MissisRippi, 
called  ujion  tho  President  of  tho  United 
States  for  National  troops  to  suppress  a 
threatened  political  outbreak  in  that  State  be- 
tween the  Kopiiblicans  and  Democrats.  The 
President  refused  the  ap])eal  of  the  governor, 
and  did  not  send  the  troojis. 


VVIVID  ITATIN 


■  OtvUMgMa 

inimoliiltr  euB> 
I  III,  «*  Hnrnh 
ioli»nlM>ii,  th« 
tlui  MHim  ilajr, 
III  I  of  Cluinia. 
I  iivcfiiMry  in 
of  I'ontiiiiwttir 
of  Juno,  Af- 
to  M)V>'i'nl  who 
litntiioniinatiHl 
t  Unltvil  Htalef 
WM  cunllruivii 

Ji  tht<re  were 
n  tlie  country  { 
in  Tunmil,  but 
I  the  month  of 
Kr^  K«ilw>v 
thi)  ooui|M»ny  • 
'  wuro  (Irivvn 
<lNh«il,  by  tlio 
y  the  Uovf  nior 
I  French  exile, 
ITork  on  Mny 
0  at  thn  Nuw 
t  without  ex- 
little  ourioRity 
riy  in  the  year, 
aracterixeti  by 
n  in  tlie  Went. 
ry  wua  viiiitetl 
incKola,  the  lo- 
|{«  to  the  cropi, 
fill,  MaMachil- 
unt  of  life  and 
fall  occaoioned 
rittaburg,  I'a., 
A  fii'u  raged  in 
,nd  deatroyed  a 

J'at  Jiofftri 

)hi(>  rivif,  and 

the  night  of 

amor  J/enri/ 

A  ht'avy 

lurtliorn    Nuw 

uiid   a   Ruow- 

hir(>. 

iiontim  the  fi- 
le Secretary 
lice  Currency 
thn  House,  on 
the  20th,  and 
s  after.  Tlio 
IhcmI  un  the 
7th  Hccretary 
cd  by  foivigu 


liHM. 


nboliHhed  in 
lli-rH;  but  it 
TH  were  still 
lien  re(|ueHti'«l 
ty  wiiM  signed 
rntion  the  Ist 
nvention  the 
alf  an  ounce 
d  the  United 

MissiRsippi, 
tlio  United 
suppress  a 
that  State  be- 
iiocrats.  The 
the  govemoTi 


onArnn  xinr. 
ORNKHAL  HUMMAUY. 


It  la  M*v  to  underxtauil  that  the  United 
Httttva,  with  such  a  wull-lrrigutcd  teriilory, 
cull  jirudiicu  in  the  vaUcyN  of  thn  UiidNoii, 
the  ntiaaoui'i,  tliii  Ohio,  etc.,  iphiiidid  agrioiil- 
tiiral  cmpit,  buitiduN  the  cottnli  crop,  which  is 
mentioned  olmiwheru,  It  can  Im«  Mtid  of  the 
whoU  country  what  lioit  been  Mkid  abuui  a 
■mall  part  of  it— t'ulifornia.  That  State  waa, 
at  tirat,  oonsideriHl  a*  being  only  able  to  -ive 
•  gold  crop,  while  it  ia  evident  now  liat 
whetkt  and  corn  are  the  true  wealth  <  i  the 
atilt  flailed  Uolden  State.  People  were  not 
wantingi  either,  to  proclaim  that  the  United 
Statea  waa  but  a  ootton-iinKlucing  country, 
and  that  ita  fountain  of  wealth  had  Imwu 
ruined  by  the  diaorganlxation  of  the  Cotton 
Htataa.  The  prophecy  haa  proveil  to  Itu  a 
wrong  one,  even  with  regiird  to  cotton  itNcIf, 
which,  plenty  aa  before,  bringa  very  nearly 
the  same  amount  of  money  aa  the  full  ci'o|>a 
of  INA8,  'J>U,  MO  priMluced  theniiMilvea.  And 
it  will  Iw  aeen  by  the  statistica  given  below, 
that  the  true  wealth  of  the  United  Statea  ia 
to  be  found  in  their  >  heat,  com,  barley,  rye, 
and  other  oereaii. 

The  number  of  farma  in  Anierina,  in  IHnO, 
waa  1,440,075,  comprising  115,O:)3,01(  acres 
of  improved  laud,  and  180,528,000  acres  of 
unimproved  land,  in  IHliO  those  figures 
run  up  to  1 11.1,201,380  farms,  compriNing 
24*1,508,344  acres.  During  the  same  iMiriod, 
the  moneyed  value  of  the  farms  increitsed  by 
more  than  100  \H>r  cent.,  and  it  was  rated  in 
1800  at  |(i,00O,873,5O7. 

In  184U  the  whole  ]iroduction  of  wheat 
was  100,405,744  bushels;  in  18.')0,  171,183,- 
381  biishrtls,  or  an  increase  of  71  |Mir  cent. 
The  States  of  Illinois  and  Wisconnin  were 
the  iiiost  prominent  in  this  iiici-easo.  Frciiii 
September  1,  18111,  to  September  1,  I8(i2, 
2,(172,515  barrels  of  Hour,  and  25,754,700 
biiNliels  of  grain,  were  ex|)ortod  to  Uroat 
Hritain,  During  the  same  |)eri<id,  theexpor- 
tatlons  to  other  Uuro|ieun  countrteN  aniniinted 
to  2,412,047  barrels  of  fiuur  and  17,180,070 
bushels  of  wheat. 

Curii  production  inoreasod  between  1840 
anil  1850  by  more  than  40  i>or  cunt.,  and  it 
wiiH  8.'iO,45 1,707  buihelain  tho  latter  year. 
Ah  to  the  ex|)ortation  of  corn,  it  was  not  du- 
'olopod  as  RXtuiiHivoly  aa  that  of  other  agri- 
cultural jiroduots,  because  the  voyage  across 
till)  Atlantic  produces  a  damaging  oli'oct  upon 
the  flavor  of  that  article,  and  l>ecauso  tho 
niiiro  corn  America  exported,  the  loss  wheat 
— which  i>ays  better — would  have  to  bo  sent 
to  Europe.  Besides,  the  corn  which  might 
otliurwiHu  bo  exported  is  consumed  at  home 
in  feeding  cattle,  and  especially  pork,  which 
is  itself  sold  in  Europe  in  larger  quantity. 
Tliis  pork,  which  enters  into  the  trade  of 
Ainorioa,  waa  reckoned  in  180O  at  about 
325,000,000  iraunds. 

The  produce  of  dairies,  including  milk, 
butter  and  cheese,  in  1800,  amounted  to  more 
than  ^200,000,000,  of  which  two-thirds  was 
developed  in  the  Status  of  New  Vork  and 
Pennsylvania, 

Tobacco  is  one  of  tho  moat  important  agri- 
cultural products  of  the  United  States.  In 
1840,  210,103,310  pounds  wore  produced, 
agabst  199,702,050  in  1850,  and  428,121,000 


In  I860.  Kiportatioa  waa  earriad  on  apoa  a 
laroa  scale,  inaamuoh  aa  the  tobacco  oonaumad 
iu  Kurn|)e  ia  cnm|KMed  of  thn  American  pro- 
diiction  in  the  pro|iortiou  of  two-flrths. 
Kranon  alone  consumna  three-fourths  or  four- 
dflhs  of  United  States  tultaooo.  The  value 
of  tho  exportation  of  Amaricau  tobacco  to 
Euru)ie  waa  as  follows; 


•  14,712,408 

in 

180S. 

12,221,843 

ti 

1800. 

80,052,772 

i( 

1807. 

17,000,707 

II 

1808. 

31,074,038 

II 

1809. 

15,000,547 

II 

1800. 

The  study  of  tobacco  atatistioa,  and  of  Oua- 
tom-IIonse  entries  and  oleiirancea  rdative  to 
it,  would  teach  cigar-smokers  in  what  quan- 
tity the  Connecticut  tobacco  enters  into  the 
fabrication  of  "real  imported  llavanacigara." 
A  large  ipiantity  of  tho  "Connecticut  seed" 
is  sent  to  Culst,  where  it  is  manufactured  into 
cigars  or  re-ex|H)rte<l  to  the  States  as  genuine 
('uIm  tobacco.  tJenerally,  the  outside  envel- 
ope, or  leaf  of  a  real  Havana  cigar  ia  of 
Connecticut  origin. 

Muple  Biignr,  sorghs,  and  honey,  though  not 
forming  an  iiii|M)rtant  branch  of  United  Statea 
expoi-ts,  constitute  a  goiMl  trade  nt  home. 
Lately,  strong  eH'orts  have  been  made  in  Ohio 
and  CalifornU  to  introduce  wine  culture. 
M.  Longworth  has  succeeded  in  tho  neigh- 
borhooil  of  Cincinnati,  and  tho  ('atuwba  and 
(''iklifornia  wines  have  liecnme  rather  popular, 
Still,  thn  s|M>cial  flavor  of  Aniorican  wine  pre- 
vents its  exportation  to  foreign  countries, 
ns|Mtcially  to  Euro|Mi;  and,  on  another  hand, 
skilled  wine-growers  are  not  yet  numerous 
enough  in  tho  country  to  nncourngn  capital 
in  undertiikiiig  viiie-culrurn  in  greater  pro- 
|M)rtions  than  is  alronily  carried  on,  inasmuch 
as  thosn  pro|ioi'tions  are  already  greater  than 
would  have  boon  expectud  in  the  early  days 
of  the  country,  (jiiite  recent  statistics 
duinonstrate  that,  in  California  especially, 
the  culture  of  the  native  grape  and  tho  in- 
dustry of  wine-growing  have  been  developed 
on  a  largo  scale  within  the  past  few  years. 
Tho  Statu  is  reported  to  have  some  30,000,000 
of  vinos,  covering  45,000  acres  of  land,  valued 
in  tho  aggregate  at  about  $4,500,000,  At 
least  ono-fiturth  of  the  land  in  some  parts  of 
('iiliforniu  is  better  othipted  to  wine-growing 
than  to  other  purposes,  and  every  year  the 
hind  planteit  in  vinos  grows  more  and  more 
valuable.  That  which  is  worth  at  the  nrea- 
ont  market  price  two  dollars  and  a  hair  per 
Hcro,  is  vnluoil  at  ono  hundred  dollars  per 
ncro  when  covered  with  vinos.  The  sunny 
slopes  of  tho  Califumian  hills  must  be  well 
adapted  to  tho  culture  of  the  grape,  which 
grows  wild  and  in  great  abundance,  and  every 
year  of  cultivation  will  he  likely  to  improve 
the  quality  of  tho  wino.  Oood  California 
wine  is  now  worth  about  one  dollar  per 
bottle,  or  five  dollars  per  gallon,  and  many 
wine-growers  can  get  one-half  that  sum  per 
gallon  by.  selling  it  in  caaks.  We  have  here 
an  enormous  industry  for  the  future,  and  it 
ia  probably  the  beginning  of  the  solution  of 
tho  tumiierance  probloin.  With  good  and 
cheap  wine  at  hand  people  would  cease  drink- 
ing alcoholic  liquors. 

Agricultural  implements  are  mentioned 
under  the  bead  of  manufacture*.     As  to  the 


living  agrimllHral  iaplaaaata  mU 

horaaa  and  oUmt  mOwU*,  Um  Unltod 

U  one  of  the  waaltliUal  eovntrtaa  in  tlM 

{[lolie;  the  inoreaaa  U  lOU  per  oeni.  at 
east,  every  tenth  year.  In  1840  the  num< 
iMir  of  meatproiiucing  animal*  kllM  waa 
111,70.1,142,  against  312,871,008  In  1859. 
A  Biiecial  feature  of  agrioultura  In  America 
ia,  that  the  number  of  animals  employed  In 
agricultural  iiur|toBea  U  larger  than  the  num- 
ber of  the  laborer*.  In  180O  thara  war*  in 
the  United  SUlMii 


Hnraea 7,800,979 

Mulaa  and  doakaya  . . .  l,3Be,84» 

MUkeowa 8,738,809 

Oxan 3,940,070 

Other  oatUe. 18,018,409 

Hhe«p 94,833,008 

Pig* 89,033,179 

The  whole  represented  a  total  value  of 
about  13,000,000,000.  Thn  incraaae  in  pork 
only,  for  one  year,  amounted  to  37  iier  cent., 
and  in  the  dngln  winter  of  1801-0?,  tba 
number  of  bog*  Killed  for  the  market  ruae  to 
3,873,000. 

One  of  tho  article*  of  American  eommerne. 
which  would  have  been  hrrdly jirnpheainj 
fifty  year*  ago,  i*  thn  ice  traile.  The  United 
States  can  \m)  oonsidt/red  aa  thn  solo  purvey- 
or* of  the  world  for  that  article,  for  every 
country  except  Kuro|ie  and  it*  imiuvdiat* 
vicinity.  The  sucocaa  in  thi*  branch  of  in« 
duitry  i*  principally  due,  not  so  much  to  the 
cold  winters  of  the  north  of  the  United 
States,  or  to  their  proximity  to  the  nimoat- 
ever  ice-bound  CanndiM  and  Northern  Iiakea, 
aa  to  tho  spirit  of  entor|)rise  in  Americana, 
the  iwiftneHS  of  their  clipiNirs,  which  rarr/ 
ao  rapidly  and  so  cheaply  tli(>ir  ice  cargoes  to 
South  America  or  the  VMut  Indies,  and  to 
the  almost  scientific  innnnor  by  which  ice  ia 
gathered,  stored,  and  ahip|MNl,  The  ion  trad* 
wa*  inaugurated  aa  early  as  1805,  fur  tho 
West  Iniiie*  consumption,  by  a  liostonian, 
Mr,  Frederic  Tudor,  In  1833  he  ship|ied  bia 
first  cargo  for  the  Eaat  Indies,  and  the  year 
after  he  sent  another  ice-laden  ship  to  llraail. 
In  1840  the  exportation  of  that  article  from 
Boston  amounted  to  05,000  tons,  and  in 
1850  to  140,000  tons,  Tho  increase  in  thi* 
kind  of  exportation  bus  kept  steailily  ahead, 
and  it  brings  a  good  source  of  revenue 
to  the  agricultural  population,  which  con  ao 
much  moi-o  easily  attend  to  it,  as  ice  ia 
gathered  in  a  season  during  which  agricuU 
tural  labor  is  almost  at  a  Ntandstill, 

Though  produced  onlv  in  very  few  South* 
em  States,  and  es|iecially  in  North  Carolina, 
turpentine  show*  a  fair  record  in  tho  agricul- 
tural statistica  of  America,  The  export*- 
tions,  in  1800,  were  4,072,023  gallons, valued 
at  11,010,380,  for  turpentine  aaaonoo  alonib 
The  crude  article  wa*  exported,  in  the  aamo 
year,  to  the  amount  of  770,003  barrels,  val- 
ued at  11,818,238,  To  England  tho  oxpor- 
tations  amounted  to  12,323  ton*  in  1808,  and 
13,833  tons  in  1850,  The  civil  war  put  a  oheok 
to  that  commerce,  which  now  (August,  1874) 
ia  beginning  again  to  revive, 

Tho  oensu*  of  1870  shows  that  there  aro 
in  the  United  States  5,022,471  {lersons  ei^ 
gaged  in  agricultural  ]>ursuits.  Of  the**. 
2,885,090  aro  agricultural  laborer*;  3,880 
dairymen  aud  dairy  women;  9|977|771  ••• 


HIITORT  OP  THl 


•Ml  niMtMat  l.OHA  mrm  totiaU  \ 
SI,4M  MM  gurdanan  Mid  BurMrymaii  (  tf,AHM 
•n  ((ouk-nUMn  I  9)771,  Mook-drovan  m«1 
■lorli  bariUra  i  196  ani  aiiUrUUi  3Ut  sra 
lurpentinn  (Wriunni ;  'J,  1 17  an  tur|>auliua  )•• 
boiwnt  l,t  1^  wliui-uruwari, 

Tliii  oaiHua  of  IM70  kIvm  tha  fotlDwing  Kg- 
■raa,  ahtiwiiitf  Ihn  iiuwl  retwiit  ti*rtiaular«  ra- 
iativa  to  all  bnuiohaa  uf  MgriuuHura  i 

Naabat  at  tanaa  :  laiprorad  . . .    IM.Ml.OM 

Oarii  *alaa  of  faima |B,«M,MM,Mt 

farmlof  trnpUaanla  aiM,N7lt,4M 

Waf«a paid  dailnff  tha  jraaf »I0,1M,*M 

Total  valaa  ol  all  farm  praduata.  t,44T,ltWI.«M 

Orakaid  pfodaoU 47,II1M,II« 

PradaaaafaMrkalganUaa. M,7l9.a!n> 

roiaatptodBola IM.HM/JTT 

Valua  of  homa  maaafaatnraa.. . .  8a,4«l,U»)l 

ValM  ef  aalaala  ilaaf  Matad,  i  m*  OM  MM 

araoldfbtaiaacMar f  WB.we.BTO 

TalaaolaU  IHraMaek 1,SM,I7II,4AT 

Xaaibaf  a(  bofaaa 7,I4A.»70 

molaaandaMa* 1,IM,415 

"         Mllaheowa B,0RS,IKI< 

"          working  osaa l.atB.S?! 

••          otharoaWU lii.nM.OM 

>•         akaap <8,477,»ni 

"          awlna li.1,lil4,M» 

Whaat  (tpring) bonlwla  lia.54».7!M 

"      (winlar) "  17IJ,HM,HI»JI 

R*a "  1MIM,7M 

Indianoorn "  7»0,U44,I149 

Oala "  at«,107,187 

Bariay "  80,7«l,m»8 

Baokwhaat "  »,N9l,731 

Bloa lb*.  7;l,tt.'M.oai 

Tobaooo "  *tt.7:W,84l 

OoMon. balea  K.nil.IMM 

Wool Iha.  t00,IM,8H7 

FaaaaadlMana bnahela  A,74ri,0!}7 

PoUtoat  Llriah) "  14:l,aa7,47U 

"        (iwaat)  "  8I,700,M4 

Wlaa gaUona  U,00)),8»0 

Batlar Iba.  ai4,003,aw) 

nhaaaa "  M,493,iaa 

Milk gallona  SU-VAOO.SOB 

Hay toiu  87,»ia,04« 

Olovar boahela  0»D.IH7 

Onua "  a»!l,lH8 

Hopa Iba.  8a,4M,U«0 

Harnp tona  13,740 

Flax. Iba.  37,1%I,0U4 

rUsMad boabala  l,7ao,444 

Bilk  (ooooona) Iba.  U.SaT 

8agar(aana) bbda.  H7,048 

"      (Mitham) "  84 

"      (maple) Ibai  80,44n.041 

Molausi  (oane) gallona  «,no:l,:l8a 

"       (•orghnm) "  le.aiO.OHB 

"      (mapU) "  1WI,0B7 

Ba«a(wai) Iba.  6»t,180 

"    (hoMj) "  14,7M,81S 

COTTON. 

If  ootton  IS  no  more  »  "  king,"  it  ia  atill  a 
powerful  prince,  who  helpa  coniiderably  in 
tha  progreas  and  wealth  of  the  United  Statea, 
tai  ki-epa  a  goodly  part  of  the  world  under 
their  domination.  It  ia  iropowiible  that  it 
akould  be  otborwiae,  for  the  aoil  of  America 
ia,  through  a  apeoial  gift  of  Providence, 
the  beat  adapted  to  cotton  cultivation.  It 
produces,  at  the  same  time,  the  highest 
quality  of  long  ailky  Sea  Inland  cotton,  and 
the  largest  quantity  on  a  given  area  of 
ground.  The  most  conclusive  evidence  of 
the  superiority  of  the  United  States  in  the 
matter  of  cotton  production  over  .  Kgypt, 
China,  Brazil,  and  llast  Indies,  is  to  be  found 
ill  tiw  CMt  that,  during  the  late  war,  Qutton, 


though  aniugiM  al  Iha  rata  cf  a  fuw  lialaa 
on  nverv  bliwkatla  runnnr,  waa  itlll  suMoivnt 
to  provide  tka  i'unfmlaraey  with  monay,  tha 
narva  of  war,  anti  that,  al  prmHiiit,  tlia  whnle 
oiiuntry,  though  proilucing  yet  liwa  ootton 
than  iHifom  |H)I1,  miIU  it  for  nearly  tha  saiiiM 
amount  of  iiionny  a«  it  did  praviouily. 

The  I'liinaK  of  I'otton  prmluotiUm  waa 
r«auhml  in  iN.ttI,  but  In  tha  early  days  of  Ihe 
colonisation,  Aii<"'Hcan  aolt4>n  hail  aaa«rt«d 
ita  su|Mtriorlty,  As  aarly  as  in  the  year 
1 74M,  an  inferior  quality  of  ootton  akipnatl 
fVoiu  (!haili«t«n,  realised  u|ion  tha  Kiiglish 
market,  £.1  Us.  Aii.  |Mtr  bag.  Hut  tha 
llritiah  coiiltl  not  iMliiive  that  Aoierica  would 
ever  iNH'oine  a  rottoii-priHlucing  country ;  in 
I7M4,  seven  balea  having  been  sent  to  Kng- 
land,  were  seised  by  the  Custom- House  au- 
thorities, who  declared  w)  ealhuIrA  that 
tha  invoice  waa  not  hanAjUlt,  for  America 
could  not  produce  suvh  a  quantity  of  the 
white  crop.  Htill,  they  had  to  be  reoonoiled 
to  the  idea  that  such  a  fact  was  |M)Naibte; 
and  the  Knglish  im|M)rtations  ran  to  14,10U,- 
3H0  |iounds  and  even  H4U  bales,  at  the  time 
when  the  war  for  liiile|N<ndence  broke  out. 
About  at  the  same  time  the  Hea  Island  cot- 
ton,  the  iiride  of  American  production,  waa 
Hrst  raiseu  on  the  (jleorgia  coast,  especially  at 
Hilton  Heail,  along  tTie  swampy  shores  of 
South  ('arulina.  It  was  sold  at  prices  which 
forebode  the  cotton  famine  pricca  between 
18U1  and  lHO.t,  that  is  to  say,  47  cents  a 
|)ound,  whilst  other  cotton  brought  only  27 
centa.  The  llbre  was  oven  so  long,  that  the 
Knglish  nianufactururs,  whose  maoliinery  waa 
entirely  ntlnpted  to  short  Surat  cotton,  took  to 
cutting  in  two  the  newly  importetl  Sen  IhIuiuI, 
before  spinning  it.  S<Min  after  the  suecesa 
won  by  Uie  Hilton  Head  cotton,  the  Kdisto 
cotton  was  sold,  in  IHUA,  at  more  than  one 
dollar  a  |)ound  ;  and  it  reached,  in  IH^H,  two 
dollars  a  |K>und,  the  highest  price  over  piiid 
for  ootton. 

In  18A7,  one  bale  sent  from  the  same 
county  of  Kdisto,  was  sold  at  the  rate  of 
$1.35  a  pound,  for  that  staple  was  considered 
ipiite  sii|)erior  to  tho  ootton  which  had  given 
the  famous  thread  No,  000,  ho  much  adniireil 
at  tho  London  Universal  Kxhibition  of  IHQl. 
fietwecn  1R40  and  lNn<),  the  cotton  pro- 
duction was  nearly  doubled  ;  :2,440,7U.'I  bales 
of  400  |>ounds  ouch,  in  1H4U,  and  4,U7A,770 
Itales  in  \M9.  The  rumors  of  wnr  hod  al- 
ready exercised  their  iiilluence  upon  tho 
crop  of  1600-'C1,  which  reached  only  to 
3,0n6,066  bales. 

The  area  occupied  by  the  cotton  lands  in 
America  might  l«  called  the  slavery  area,  for 
it  occupies  just  the  same  ground  as  that  in- 
stitution occupied.  The  northern  Mt  of 
the  cotton-producing  country  is  marked  by 
the  parallel  3G°,  the  one  so  famous  un- 
der the  name  of  Mason  and  Dixon's  line, 
which  liHil  been  stretehed  out  as  a  limit  be- 
yond which  slavery  was  told  :  "  Thou  shalt 
not  go  farther  I  "  Thirteen  States  produce 
cotton,  b\it  only  eight  of  them,  bordering  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  and  the  Mexican  Unlf,  are 
engaged  in  tho  culture  of  the  seed  on  a  large 
scale.  In  taking  all  of  the  thirteen  States 
together,  tho  average  produrtive  capacity  of 
the  soil  amounts  to  one-half  bale  per  acre, 
OB  shown  by  tho  statistics  of  1873. 

The  princi|)al  |K>rta  of  ex|iortHtiona,  accord- 
ing U}  the  sUtementa  of  1872-73,  are  : 


(liarleston,  H.  C. .      IrtO.lilO  93A,OU 

(lalveston,  Taiaa.      9I0,4.1A  133,304 

Mobile,  Ala |:IJ,I30  IU7,t3l 

New  Orleans  ... .    1,I77,0AH  rjN,UilH 

Savannah,  lia. .. .      37A,NUa  348,763 

Added  to  these  Agurea  must  be  cotton 
sblpiMid  at  snisller  |iorU,  anil  also  the  Inleriof 
movemanl  of  cotton  to  northarn  mills  and 
niarketa,  through  tha  river*  and  over  tha 
railroads,  up  the  valley  of  the  Miaaisal|t|ti, 
Thia  movement  amounted,  in  1873,  to  403,3U« 
Ulea. 

TIte  following  table  will  show  tha  prograsa 
of  ootton  cultivation  and  exportation  during 
the  few  yeara  previous  to  the  war,  which  put 
a  momentary  cniick  to  that  braiioh  of  .uitionU 
wealth ; 
The  crop*  ware  in 

mi-M    of 

18fl2-fl3     " 

18ft,1-n4     " 

18fl4-ftft     " 

IHfln-ftrt     " 

18M-ft7     " 

18fl7-ft8     " 

18ft8-ft0     " 

|8ftI>-rtO     <• 

I8(10-rtl     " 


a,0in.030  Ulaa. 
3,3(13,883  " 
3,U30,037  '• 
3,847,330  " 
3,037,840  •• 
2,039,ftl0  » 
3,ll3,0fl3  '• 
3,861,481  " 
4,(176,770  " 
3,tmt(,08(J  " 
Tlie  hon\e  consumption  during  the 
years  varied  Uitween  700,000  Imles  and 
l)(H),(H)().  In  18&7-AH,  only  A0A,0U3  Ulea 
were  for  home  consumption,  and  in  1860-00, 
Anu'rican  manufacturers  employed  078,043 
bales,  llie  lowest  ami  higbuat  flgurea  of  ex- 
iiortation  for  the  same  |M>rio<l  were  the  foU 
lowing:  087,8,13,100  pounds  in  186,V64, 
against  1,707,080,338  |Miunds  in  1860-00. 
The  avernon  price  of  cotton  juni])ed  suddenly 
from  its  highest  figure  of  0.H6 cents  informer 
year*  to  13.66  |ier  pound  in  1860-6^  ;  1 1.73 
in  1867-68;  13.73,  in  1868-60;  10.86,  in 
1860-00;  1:2.60,  in  1800-01.  After  tlia 
opening  of  the  civil  war,  cotton  increased  in 
value  in  pro|)ortion  witlt  the  decrease  in  pro- 
duction, so  that,  on  the  1st  of  January,  180.1, 
the  extent  of  the  crop  being  estimatetl  at  the 
fourth  of  what  it  amounted  formerly,  the 
value  of  it  was  nearly  enual  to  the  value 
given  procodentiv  for  a  full  crop. 

It  is  imiioNsiblu  to  get  at  any  reliable  sta- 
tistics of  (iiu  production  of  cotton  during  tho 
civil  war,  which  disturlwd  the  administrative 
machinery  of  the  United  States.  In  the 
year  which  followed  tho  lorniination  of  tha 
war,  the  cotton  crop  was  .n — 

1806-00  of  2,200,316  bales 
1800-07  "  3,097,284     •• 
1867-68  «•  3,619,654     " 
1868-70  "  2,300,467     " 
1860-70  '«  3,132,661      " 
1870-71  "  4,362,317     " 
1871-72  "  3,014,361      « 
1872-73  "  3,930,608     « 
Tho  home  consumption  during  these  year* 
increased  steadily,  as  the   following  figure* 
will  show,  commencing  at  1866-00  iuoluaive* 

18(i6 660,100  bales. 

1867 770,030     " 

1868 906,636      '• 

1800 920,374     " 

1870 806,160 

1871 1,110,106 

1872 1,237,330 

1878 1,201,137 


ill 

Ih. 
wli 

r" 

aiK 
ex| 
for 


aiu 
An 


M 


aaA,oi< 

I5.1,.t()4 

lur.isi 

•  3'JM,Utm 
84N,76'J 
oat  hti  rotlon 
■u  thn  Intwriof 
i«rn  mill*  uU 
•nil  ovar  th« 
I A  MUaiMi|«|)i. 
173,  to  4Ua,3U« 

w  the  progNM 
irtatlon  tin  ring 
var,  whii'h  put 
uoh  of  .latlonU 


DUIm. 
It 


iring  the  lama 
K)0    ImIm   and 

nd  ill  18ftO-«0, 

iloyud  U7R,043 

t  flgiire*  of  ux- 

I  wuru  the  fol' 

I   in    186;i-A4, 

I  in   18M)-tiO. 

iii])«d  Niidd<>iil]r 

n'litii  in  furnit'r 

<ftO-Oy;   11.7a 

;   IU.8n,  in 

After   tlie 

incrcMwd  in 

(■cifaM  in  pro- 

■nuAry,  1N03, 

liniKtvd  at  tlia 

formurly,  tlie 

to  the  value 

roliablfl  Rta- 
ton  during  tlio 

liuiniHtralive 
it«H.  In  tlie 
ination  of  the 

balea 
It 
i< 

>i 


g  theiw  ycari 
>wing  figiiin 
00  inoluaive* 
'  bale*. 

ii 

u 

u 

It 

u 


UNITED   ITATRR. 


Ml 


A  Mililnn  ini<r»Mti  in  honin  i-<in*uin|)(liiu  i« 
Ikiia  akuwu  within  the  laat  thrtHi  ynar*.  It 
miMl  Ui  noiloml  alifi  tli«t  tlix  liitli'it  lupiitlimi'il 
ill  tlia  vUlUliiw  iif  rxi'Klit  yi'nrii  am  l«rg»r 
tbiin  tlm  ImU'it  were  iM'furn  llm  yitr  IMtO, 
wb«n  they  wi'ighixl  no  niorti  ibitii  :il)<t  or  M' 
^ivmiii,  wbllit  ihcy  arn  rxrlioniiii  tmw  at  410 
and  i>v«n  at  401  |Niundii  |H'r  ImIk.  Fori'l||n 
»x|iurlaliiiim  ki'pt  alMiut  hi  l|ii<  lutinii  ratio  an 
foiiii)>rly,  Iwinu  lariptr  whi'n  tbn  cotton  iiii)|i 
vaa  larun  itmilf  and  prli'i'a  |iniiHirtloiiati'ly 
low,  and  iNiing  iini»lli>r  whim  tlin  crop  iIk' 
crfaanl ;  the  fomlgn  nianiifantiirpr*  ailoptnd 
Amarloan  vuttoii  in  prtifnranao  to  any  otlinr, 
and  their  wante  were  the  lania  aftrr  th«i 
Arotirioan  civil  war  aa  prnvloua  tu  it,  It  la  a 
fact  worth  whiln  to  be  tiurne  in  mind,  that 
the  iu|ieriority  of  thn  cotlfm  of  the  Ifnltml 
Htataa  ba«  Inwii  demoimtrated  pmi'iiwly  by  the 
eoli|HHi  through  which  thn  Aiiinrioan  itapln 
IHUuied  during  the  war.  All  thn  nnxrgv  and 
the  whole  iiionnyitd  |H)war  of  Knglanii  waa 
brought  to  Imhut  on  thn  priMluotioii  of  thn 
Indian  cotton,  with  thn  hoiie  of  Hiidina  in 
the  Kaat  Indiii  a  lulwtitutn  for  the  Anwriran 
•taplu.  Tbnee  alforta  wure  of  no  avail ;  no 
other  article  oould  take  the  plaoo  of  thi< 
cotton  of  thn  Unitnd  8tatea,  and  inimmliatnly 
•ftnr  the  war  fornign  nianufaoturnrN  callnil 
again  at  thnir  former  aouritn  of  aiipidy.  The 
exportation  following  thn  oloao  of  the  war 
would  have  been  itill  larger  if  thn  homn  con- 
■umption  had  not  increaiHtd  ut  the  aaniK  tiiiin, 
and  thua  nnhanond  thn  ranrkitt  pricn  of  cotton 
whilti  it  diniiniiihnd  thn  uvaiinbln  ox|Hii'ting 
matter. 

The  pricna  paid  for  cotton  ainoo  tho  war 
■iaud  aa  followi : 

Vw  pminil  In  Nnw 
York  nmrkiit. 

IMft-«fl 4:«.2()  cunta. 

lKOO-07 ai.ftO  " 

1H07-08 24.8ft  •' 

1808-00 20.01  " 

lKOO-70 2:».08  " 

1870-71.., lO.Oft  " 

1871-72 20.48  " 

1872-73 18.15  " 

Tho  nine  Southern  Statoa  which,  boforo  tho 
war,  worn  thn  moat  proininnnt  for  their  cot- 
ton nro|ie,  have  kept  their  poaitiou  amongMt 
the  thirteen  cotton-growing  Statna  aincu  the 
War,  In  cloaiiig  thia  aiibject  of  cotton-pro- 
ducing it  may  be  iin|K>rtant  to  atate  that  ita- 
tiatics  cannot  bo  obtained  of  mathematical 
accuracy,  for  tho  aniall  iilantcra  do  not  alwaya 
report  the  atato  of  their  crops  with  a  rigoroua 
ejtactitudo,  and  becauHo  a  aniall  portion  of 
t!  e  cotton  ia  consumed  iiiion  the  plantation 
itxolf,  without  any  record  being  made  after 
the  picking  season  to  thn  county  statistician. 
That  explains  to  a  cnrtain  degree  why  some 
authors  put  4,801,202  bales  as  tho  largest 
crop  acknowledged  to  have  boon  gathered  in 
the  United  Stotes,  that  is,  in  1800-00,  whilst 
others  put  it  at  4, .300,000  bales;  and  a  third 
author,  the  one  we  have  adopted,  puts  the 
whole  crop  between  the  two  forninr  tigurea, 
that  is,  at  4,676,770  bales  for  1850-00. 

COMMERCE   AND   NAVmATIUN. 

The  climax  of  navigation  and  shipbuilding 
was  reached,  in  tho  United  States,  in  June, 
1861,  when  the  Amerioan  tonnage  was  5,530- 


N I J  loiia.  That  was  tli«i  natural  m>nRmpinn<^> 
of  the  dnvshtpmeni  of  Amnrinan  rroiM,  in  I 
rii|H<i'lally  of  llie  notion  rron,  whii'h  liail  fi  j 
Ih<  traiiaportinl  to  Kuro|Mi  ami  othi'i  noiiiitrinii. 
Thn  wbnat  anil  corn  riuiHi  hail  ^'I'l'ti  v-ryi 
gtxNl  fur  lonm  yram,  and  noltim  pniiliiriiiiii 
MtlaliiKil  In  INAO-OO  its  hlghnst  llgiirn,  l,07A,- 
770  IihIi'n  ;  all  this  foriiiiid  an  Iniiiiaiiiin 
amount  of  frnigbt,  which  gave  nmployiiiiiiit 
to  any  vimwls  whluh  thn  Alimrlcan  NliipyattI" 
could  M'lid  til  sna.  War  and  dnprnsnion  of 
imlii  I'liiiin  arinrwarils,  and  causnil  ihn  Amnri- 
i-aii  llag  alnioat  to  illMiii|M<ar  from  thn  ocnan. 
It  la  only  within  thn  last  fow  months  that 
ahhibulldlng  haii  rncovnmd  somn  of  ita  formnr 
lU'tlvity,  and  thn  pmarnt  nmliarrasiininnl. 
cauimd  In  Kiigland  to  that  branch  of  industry 
by  llin  dnmaniU  of  thn  workmnn  for  incmasnd 
wages  tnnds  to  dimliiish  Knglish  coni|Miti' 
tion,  Amnrica  built  morn  shl|»i  anti  sti'amera 
in  thn  Ixiginning  of  1 874  than  she  had  done 
for  the  ton  corrnnponding  imtIimIs  of  pmvioiis 
veara,  and  never  was  Aninrlcnn  su|inriority 
In  shliibiiihling  Nhuwii  Initter  than  in  thn 
magnincnnt  steamnr*  f'ilif  nf  J^kin  and 
</'i<)/  nf  Tiiiki),  constructed  by  Itoach  A  Hons, 
and  launched  from  the  (,'henter  shinyards  on 
the  Onlawam.  These  steainera,  tlin  largest 
afloat  after  thn  f/mil  Jintltrn,  belong  to  tlin 
I'aciflu  Mail  Htnamsliip  linn. 

It  is  ijultn  natural  that  the  mercantile  ma- 
rine of  the  Unitnil  Htates  should  havn  pro- 
gressnd  so  remarkably,  and  should  be  called  tu 
a  splendid  pros|H<rity  in  thn  future,  for  not 
only  is  Americii  Ntretchnd  along  morn  than 
6,000  niili«  of  ocean  shores,  but  ita  internal 
systnm  of  rivers  is  thn  most  exteiisivo  and  the 
iH'st  nuturallynrraiiged  of  all  countHns,  to- 
gether with  immense  tmaaurra  in  her  foresta 
and  in  her  miiies,to  help  the  biiililing  of  wooden 
and  iron  ships.  As  early  as  1070  the  North 
American  ('olonies  were  already  so  much  d«- 
velo|NMl,  as  to  industry,  that  Hir  Joshua 
Chillis  wrote:  *' Our  American  plantationa 
employ  nearly  two-thirds  of  our  English  ship- 
ping, and  thereby  give  constant  subsistence 
to,  it  may  be,  200,000  finrsons  hero  at  homo." 
'llio  Amnricmi  tonnage  of  that  timo  waa 
nearly  40,000  tons.  <  )iie  hundred  years  lat«-r, 
just  on  the  cvo  of  tho  Indnp<>ndenco  War,  tho 
vessels  built  in  the  (Vilonies  averaged  20,000 
tons.  In  18l.'0  the  tonnage  hod  not  increased, 
as  it  dill  lifter  the  American  crops  enliirgeil 
through  tho  agency  of  machinory  and  by  a 
steady  clearing  of  the  West  by  an  unceasing 
flow  of  immigration. 


I8:tu, 

087  T« 

■sela,and  AH  004 

1840, 

87« 

118,800 

i8no. 

l.iMO 

S72,8t8 

18M, 

S.OM 

08U,4A0 

\tm, 

1,708 

4A0.a08 

1857, 

1,884 

«7«.8(Vt 

18«8, 

l,S«f 

243,380 

mo. 

870 

120,001 

18«0, 

1,701 

2I8.80S 

1801, 

1,148 

883,104 

The  war  in  tho  South  put  a  momentary 
stop  to  this  great  industry  of  the  United 
States.  The  amount  of  registered  and  en- 
rolled tonnage  sold  to  foreignora  in  1801  is 
stated  to  bo  20,040  tons.  Amount  condemned 
as  unsoaworthy,  7,064  tons.  Tho  amount 
lost  at  sea,  50,507  tons.  The  net  increase  of 
tonnage  for  the  year  1861  was  185,044  tons. 

In  forty-seven  years,  ending  in  1861,  the 
decrease  of  shipbuilding,  and  of  ships  and 


loimagn  Iwlnnging  to  the  TTnitad  Htatns,  »m 
4a.7A  |inr  onnt,  Ihiring  the  tan  ymira  prn 
CMlliig  1801,  thn  same  dnemaoa  want  dowr 
toonly  'ii  pnrrnnt,  on  thn  whole,  oralsiut  a.7X 
|H>r  I'lnt.  yearly,  covering  a  hiaa  of  1,831,837 
tuns,  Tills  t*  an  itioignlilcaut  loo*  wliau  com 
■iiiri'd  with  thn  3,n8(r  :i(M)  tons  built  Iwtwnnn 
I8n'j  and  1803;  th«  yearly  inomasn  from 
INA4,  until  the  war,  aniountml  to  340,571 
tons,  hut  less  than  204  stvamera  warn  ood- 
Nlrui'ted  in  the  only  year  IH50-00.  Hhip- 
building  waa  oonttned,  at  that  time,  ainiiwl 
I'xcluslvaly  to  Nnw  York  and  Nnw  Kngland ; 
a  few  vnaoels  ware  built  at  lialtimurs,  whoa* 
iiiilustry  ill  that  linn  received  a  severe  blow 
from  thn  war  and  fiom  the  oomjiatition  of  tb« 
llnlawam  shipyarda.  In  1855,  the  value  of 
the  toniingn  built  in  Nnw  Kngland  waa  |30,- 
0(M),0<I0,  whilst  the  Houth  buUt  only  |I,IOO, 
000,  and  the  West  not  even  one  million  dol- 
lars. Them  were  in  thn  North  nearly  1 1,000 
Workmnn  exclusivniy  employed  iu  this  branoli 
of  industry,  on  an  average  of  $500  each  for 
annual  wages.  In  1850,  thn  North  built 
1,305  vesanls  with  a  timnagn  of  370,047  tons; 
in  1857,  083  vesHitls  with  304,473  tons;  la 
1858, 730  vessels  with  170,570  tons.  The  buai- 
iiesa  was  fostered  by  the  bounties  ol  the  Vado> 
ral  (iovernment  |>aid  to  the  ilsheminn  for 
every  ton  on  the  vessels  engaged  in  the  Ash* 
nrins.  The  amount  of  bounty  paid  in  th« 
twelve  veara  ending  in  1850,waa  of  more  thaa 
four  millions  of  dollars,  of  which  Massachu- 
setts received  two  thirds.  New  York  Htate, 
iN'ing  ongngeil  more  especially  in  the  con- 
struction of  other  vnasels  larger  than  the  lish- 
iiig  smacks,  hardly  i-Moived  any  bounty,  but 
took  thn  Inail  in  sliipbuililiug. 

On  the  5,530,813  tons  which  formed  in 
Jiinn,  1801,  tho  entire  tonnage  of  the  United 
States,  New  York  could  cV'm  1,740,040 
tons,  that  is,  nearly  30  (icrccnt.  of  tho  generml 
total.  And,  as  to  shipbuilding  alone,  the 
Statn  of  New  York  constnicted  40,359  torn, 
that  is,  nearly  20  |ier  cent,  of  the  whole  ton- 
nage, for  the  same  year,  ending  June  30, 180 1, 
In  the  three  years,  1850,  180O,  1861,  thu 
State  of  Maine  built  150,115  tons;  Alassa- 
ohiisetts,  101,037;  Pennsylvania,  00,845,  and 
tho  balance  of  thn  States  built  180,183  tons. 
If  each  ton  is  reckoned  at  a  valuation  of  $40, 
tho  tonnage  of  tho  State  of  Now  York  was  in 
June,  1801,  1,740,040  tons,  valiied  at  |00,. 
037,000 ;  and  tho  tonnage  of  all  the  other 
States  was  3,708,872  tons,  valued  at  |I51,- 
064,880. 

if  wo  compare  the  figures  of  American 
vessels,  boforo  tho  waf,  that  is,  5,530,813 
tons,  in  June,  1801,  with  tho  figures  of  the 
last  throe  years,  a  very  large  diflereiice  is  to 
be  found,  showing  to  what  extent  tho  Re- 
bellion crippled  tlie  industry  and  commerce 
of  tho  United  States. 

In  1870,  there  were  7,826  vessels  and 
3,400,407  tons  entered  in  the  mercantile  ser- 
vice belonging  to  America.  In  the  samo 
year,  that  which  belonged  to  English  trade 
with  the  United  States  was  represented  by 
23,165  vessels  and  5,003,153  tons. 

But,  in  1872,  those  figurea  \vere  altered, 
and  American  commcrco  begins  to  recover. 
It  numbers  7,002  vessels  and  2,270,120  tons, 
whilst  England  docreqaes  and  is  represented 
by  10,182  vessels  and  5,468,327  tons. 

There  are  motives,  therefore,  to  expect 
that  the  United  Stutes  will  won  reoover  tMur 


H  IMTOK  Y    or   Til  R 


t 


I 

la  IWI.  hf  Um  tmmi  j—i  •*4ln«  ■>»)<• 
•0,  !••  wImiU  mtwlwl  <i(  Aiu«rl«Mi 
vaanls  miImwI  (r%>Mt  f>if«l(M  mmHlrlM 


WkoU  ■nmtwr  iif  Utnitgn  •vwila  cnlvml 


WMa  HiMihM  al  AmotUmi  VMMb  vUm- 

•4  (w  lonlg*  wwitrtM  wm. 

Wkato  wMikat  al  tanign  vMwhi  uIwmmI 

fov  luM%m  wwitflaa  wa* 

T«Mag«  ft  Awathiaw  vaaali  a»tara4 

ffViMM  MTClni  anvMviaa  walk 

Taaaagi  ti  hntfn  *■■■!■  aalatail  fran 

^uw^l^  w— «ifta  wa*. 

al  Alil<i««  taaaab  iilaan4  fiir 


TaWMMt 
fanigB 
TawMOT 


•f  lafalfw  V' 


aiaaiait  lor 


10,  TO* 

II.OTO 

IO,Sl« 

A,Oai,«iT 

ll,ltT.M4 


Hueh  flfvraa  tlamunalnkta  aufllpiantlv  thn 
•lieng  viUlitjr  wbioh  k>ii|il)iiilillii||  ami  fur- 
tign  oommwroa  ptMamartl  in  AuixrieN,  mikI 
tkajr  ahowmi  thai  If  aiu'h  a  traili*  wim  <i<iii- 
Borsriljr  iirtHitniUHt  by  a  llva  y«ara'  w»r,  uiitl 
Dy  nnam-ial  nmlMrraaaniniiU  likuly  tii  follow 
M  a  coiiiH«|uano«t,  it  wuuitt  *4M)n  cniiui  anuin 
to  lifit  aiid  iir(ia|Mrlty.  Ho  haa  it  Ihh'ii.  No^ 
bwly  rouM  taka  from  AiiiKiiraiiii  tlii-ir 
Mflullar  Mut  auiMiriur  acinnM  of  iilii|>liiillil 
ing,  which  haa  mwii  nviiloiiMnl  to  thti  world 
l*y  iba  tuiMiriur  i»iliiig  <|iialitii<a  of  thu  I'lip- 

C«n.  an  «xolualvaly  Amarioaii  iiivniition,  ami 
y  tno  viutorisa  wou  by  tba  Atiiorii-aii  yavlita 
in  Iba  Cuwi'a  raoaa  in  1800,  ami  bv  tlia  A'n- 
'Aantnt,  a  New  York  yacht,  wbirh,  in  July. 
1874,  arrivml  Qrat  in  tha  Kii|{li«h  ('haniici 
no*.  Aa  to  «t<«tiiabi|Hi,  the  glorioua  uii'inory 
of  the  Colliua  line,  which  uiailn  aiich  fitdt 
Iripa  Ihttweett  New  York  ami  Liver|Miul,  lie- 
twvait  \Mb  and  IHOI),  haa  not  yi<t  Uh'u 
•olipaed  in  the  mind  i>f  the  nauiicid  world 
\n  tha  aplendid  paanngoa  of  the  White  Hiar 
or  Inman  linva  of  trHUNatlantic  »litiimi>ra. 
In  IHOl,  there  were  but  nix  dill'i'n'nt  Mtt'uni- 
■hii)  linea ;  thiy  carried  «>l),:i()7  |i«iiiwiiKfrH, 
and  78,Si3  !n  iMl'i.  At  |inm«nt,  tlicm  iw 
■tuie  than  a  aoorn  of  theM  lini'H,  und  thn 
Vnittnl  Btatua,  which  did  not  own  a  Nintiln 
one,  can  boant  of  |H>iiiu>aaing  the  Anierlcnn 
line  from  Philadul|ihia  tu  Liv«r|iool,  whilo  I  tin 


iHt  Marnnattlit  |>iaatlga  an  tkaWNh  NulnHly  down  to  our  own  time,  aa  la  ahuwn  Iwlow  by 
will  4M|)r  Ibal,  al  laaal  to  AM*ri4>an  walerji,  j  lh«  ■Utiallva  of  iba  yrar  undtnn  A|iril  •!«», 
AHMfftMA  abt|ta  warn  |irMbiinlnanl,  jiMl  !■•- i  I**?!.  K«|HirUtti>iia  fnini  )h«  i*oiiii)ry  bavi' 
lbr«  tiM  war,  when  lh«>  fulluwtii||  llguraa  ara   m'urly  alwaM  Iwon  •'•(iiiil  i<i  iIim  iiH|>orl«Uoiiii 

fkoiii  abriHUl.  lit  I7i)inhi<  KkiiorlAtliDia  from 
Now  KiixUud  and  lh>'  Nurtli  AlUiilli'  I'oli, 
hli'a  WMrii  of  X:lUA,ll«N)  agaiiMl  i;.llt,lHM(  uf 
liiiiHirtallott*. 

Ill    1^1(0    iliM   rtiNirtaliona   auionniml    to 
|liN),rj'J,:^t)i>,  ami  tU  iMiiiotlallini*  to  #:ti>'J, 
||>'J,U41,     i'hu  |irlm<i|Hil  artii'loa  of  i<ii|Hiila- 
lion  for  IHt) I  wi>ra  aa  followa  : 
Murliiiiit'  |iro«liMU:  whalrlnme, 

wU  iMi,  oil,  »t«< •I,4A|,A|.'V 

l^oreal  iinMliii'ta :  barb,  itmUr.      |l),;iil«),Him 
Agriuiilluntl  iirodiiota:  toliat'iio, 

raw  itiigNr,  intlon,  |>ork I  lti,ll)'J,0'J)) 

H|mtI    «iid  bullion ■.>:i,7ti'.t,M7(l 

TliK  i'x|Hiriationa  of  bome  iiiitKiifwiiiii'* 
wi'in  viilio'd  at  |J'JN,«VV,4r«il  ;  ut  fori  itfii  ar 
lUU  lit  |J(>,i>4»,4-iT. 

Itiiiiiirf  lliK  lanie  year,  INiM),  Ihx  |irinrl|ial 
ini|Mirliiili>iiH  Welti  colfiMi,  tva,  uo|i|i<ir,  raw 
Hilk,  Bilk  kihhU, 

A  <|iii'i<lioti  whii'h  U  of  lh«<  utnioat  ini|Mirt- 
itiirr'  to  Aiiii'rii'ati  rotiiimircii  wan  li'iii|Hirnrily 
miUimI  ill  IH.M  by  (he  |t<'ri|iriH-ily  Trt'Niy 
coiii'liidi'd  with  KnttUhil,  Tliia  tri'Hty  |iro- 
vidi'd  tlint  ri'ftttiii  i>|Hi>'il|iHl  arlirli*  «i<ri<  to 
Ini  >'«rliniiu<'d  fifii  U'twiH-n  Ihii  I'liitrd  hliili'it 
mid  tlio  ('iiiitidiM,  Ni'w  Miiiiiawii'k,  and  Nova 
Hriilin,  'I'lix  Ki'i'itl  Wmt  found  tliiix,  for  ilN 
iiroiliirlii,  nil  Kiwy  oiitllow  into  thn  lliitiiili 
l'i'o«iiii'i'N,  iM  kIiowii  by  llii<  followin){  ll){iiii'it : 
Kor  till'  yi'iir  riidin)(  diiiiK  Ml),  iHtll,  Anixii- 
run  iiii'rrliitmliiH'  i<»|M)rttid  to  thoae  I'rovincva 
waa  vnliii'd  at  |i-.'(IH,KL>A,7H:I,  while  the  ini- 
|i(irtHtloiiN  from  the  Niinie  loi-ulktii'N  only  ri'iit'h- 
I'd  |in<),MI7,3Ari.  Tliia  wan,  im  i'(iiii|iitr»<l 
with  IH,t;i,  Mil  iiivifami  of  |lu:t,7.'l'i,ii(i:i  for 
i'X|iortutiiiim,  and  uf  |HI),l'J4,>''i4li  for  iui|ior- 
ttttlonii. 

Till'  (Igiiri'ii  Kivi'ii  below  will  nIiow  that 
Aiiierinui  I'oiiiiiieri.'K  mid  iiiivigittion  U'^iiia, 
tlioiiKli  Klowly,  III  reli'iii'o  their  iilf|iM,  Tliin  In 
due,  in  II  ^reiit  |iurt,  to  wlntt  tnny  becMlliil 
t\ii'  /iirxiiniet,  ur  llie  |iitrK(iiinl  iiKt'lii'ii'N  wliirli 
lilt'  at  work  to  deteluii  tliu  reHoiirei'N  of  the 
rnited  Sliiteii  under  the  lieiid  of  ConiMli'lM', 
Nii\i);utiiiii,  iiiid  Triiiiii|H>rtBtioii,  Th''  eenaiia 
uf  IK'O  nIiown  n  |Hi|iiiUttou  of  :2H,1!1.'H,1I  l.'i  over 
it^o  of  ten  year*,  of  which  niiiiilH'r  l!(, 


1,4 

iwrtodual*  I   1 1,M>I)  in  tir»«iHc«>  (ib^ 
l.t^-iH  in   |iroviBiiH>ai    M.U.I.I 


they  almoat  nu)iio|Milixo  the  carrying  trade 
of  the  Pacific,  between  ('aliforiiia  and  the 
eoaata  of  Japan  and  ( 'liina. 

Aa  to  the  Navy,  tliu  United  Htntea'keep 
the  lead,  if  not  aa  to  the  qiiiintity,  itt  lenat  na 
to  the  aeagoing  ipiuUtiea  of  their  MhipH.  Tlio 
art  of  building  niun-ufwur  was  entirely 
changed  in  the  making  of  the  Monitor,  No. 
1.  American  iron-elada  were  the  firnt  to  go 
to  aea,  and  to  iup|)ort  auvcewifully  the  wear 
and  tear  and  the  dungera  of  long  voyagiia. 
Juat  oa  Fulton  wax  the  fimt  to  navigate 
pructically  a  iteamboat  on  the  Hudson,  no 
now  an  American  haa  domoiixtuted  to  the 
aatouiahed  world,  in  the  watcm  of  Hampton 
Roada,  that  an  iron-clad  could  navigate,  uml 
be,  at  thu  aame  time,  a  good,  utaunch  and 
rwloubtablo  man-of-war. 

A    country   endowed,    like    the     United   7l! 
Btatea,  with  an  immcnae  territory,  and  with 
nearly  eyery  natural  product  of  northiini  and 


U7ll,<l79  are  fenmlcM,  Outof  thiH  iiiimlx'r  we 
can  enuiiiernte,  under  the  liend  of  Coiiimeiri , 
Trade,  and  Nuvi)^ttion:  l<M!)Uu)(entM  ;  III, lilt  I 
bankera  unit  broken  (1ft  fc«Uklea) ;  l't,:iiiL' 
bnrkee|HirH  (70    fenialeN) ;    31,332  lH»itinen 


(10  IWataUn  HNi.KMl  iratWra  anrf  4aal«fO 
(not  afwvtrtvd,  nf  wbtrb  a,H3S  ara  fc«i«lMi)| 
l,!>:il)  dritli'rn  tii  ngrlrtillural  twipUai— la  t 
;i,:t'.i'i  In  iHMik*  ami  •lalloiiiiry  ;  7,010  In 
IhniIii  and  aliiM'a  ;  4,l)a7  in  xablnal-wara  ( 
H.'i.lt  In  eliiar*  and  loliaci'it  |  7,.'>VA  In  rbilb- 
initi  4,1 4'1  In  cimI  ;  'J,4I).1  In  nial  and  wood  | 
l,7i)|  in  I'ollon  I  i,7t>ri  In  eriM-kary,  i-hlna, 
and  alotinwarn  ;  l7,nilU  In  drtiip  and  nimlk* 
I  till*  I  ;il),7U0  In  ilry  r>«Mla  (M\  fimalrat ; 
il,lll'J  gold  and  illvrr-wani  and  Jxwflry  ;  74^ 
ill)  iir'H'vrUa  ( I,ltf7  fniiiaUa)  |  .1,.17a  In  bald 
andra|M)  l,4iU  In  ten  i  V,IN)3  In  Iron,  tin, 
and  eop|Mir  war«a  i  !/,!/•!  I  in  leather,  bidea, 
amUkliiKl  ll,7ln  in  liipiora  (lOll  feinalea)  | 
7,7.i:i  III  hvealuek  l(V  faniaWa)  t  U,440  in  luni- 
Iwr  ( t  fi>mali>a)  i     1 ,4AA   in  nawiiiaiiera  ami 

.1  lenialra)  ( 

In  raal   ralata  ( 

'.i,\i)'J   In  ■pwliig  'iiaehlneai     l,Ut)A  uhderla- 

kera  ('.><t  feniaira)  ,  ll'J<l  welghem,  gaugera,  and 

nienaurrra  ;  D.l  */rrrhera. 

The  lateat  r.<|Mirt  on  band,  piibllabed  by 
the  lliin'Nii  ci'  Hlatiollea,  and  which  givea  llg< 
urea  and  d'.n  aa  recent  ^a  tha  !UHh  Nrptoni- 
lH>r,  lr*7:i,  preaenia  Minin  inlervaling  |Nirtii<ii. 
lai'N  relative  to  Ihe  trade  of  the  United  Htatea 
with  diifcri'iit  coiintrie*  in  Aaia  and  In  Kw- 
rope.  \  reiMirt  from  the  ('oiiKullleneral  In 
l.oni|on  imliiatea  that  the  ex|inrtalli>n  from 
llint  poll  to  lliii  United  Hialea,  for  the  year 
eiiilinu  KeptenilH'r  :«),  IN7:i,  wax  £I,IMI'J,UI  I, 
or  twelve  and  one-half  per  renlum  leaa  In 
value  I  linn  llmt  of  the  pri'eeding  year.  The 
totiil  vnliii'  of  the  iinporta  eiilereil  for  con- 
auiiiptioii  into  the  lioniinlon  of  t'linadafi'r 
the  IJNenl  year  iiiiling  June,  |H7'J,  aninuntvl 
to  |li)7,7(il>,lll'i,  iH'ing  an  increaae  of  I'JO,- 
7ill,ii:il,  or  nearly  twenty -four  per  centum 
over  llie  iuiporta  of  the  previoilx  yeiir. 
The  exporlx  for  the  aniiie  periml  amounted 
III  (N-J,ii:i<,l,lltt;i,  tx-ing  an  increaMi  over  llm 
yiiir  IM7I  of  |H,'|tlii,04A,  or  nenrly  eleven 
mill  one-linlf  per  centum.  The  impurtx  Into 
t'liiiailn  from  the  United  Htiitea,  enieidl 
for  Inline  conxiimption,  anioiintud,  aiiriug 
llie  nlioxe  |Mriod,  to  ^:I4,'.'I7,UIIII,  being  an 
IniieuHi- over  1H70  and  1H7I  of  ♦ft,ll):i,AK3. 
The  exporlN  to  the  United  Hiatea  for  tha 
KMiiie  peiiiHl  amounted  to  $;il,MOtl,H|(l — 
||ilM,174  more  Ihnn  Ihe  pn'viouii  year,  while 
during  llie  year  ending  June  .'III,  1H7I,  tha 
ex|inrtH  from  UiuihiIii  to  the  United  Htatex  ex 
eeeilod  the  iniporlH  from  thia  coiiiitiy  by 
It^'.l.^n.Sinft  ;  iliirlnu  tin' euin'Kpnniling  peiiiui 
of  IK7I  and  IH7'2  the  reverae  wuh  thu  ciixe  by 
♦L'.:»'JI,IB3. 


•outhem  climatea,  could  hardly  help  being 
■uccemful  in  general  commerce.  So  it  liua 
baen,  from  tho  very  days  of  tlio  colonization 


and  wutei'iiieii  (,'111  femalea) ;  31,177  iKiok-  The  I'oiiaul  nt  Mnrneillrii  haa  (yimiahed 
keejierH  mid  nccoiintiuitH  in  stnreM  ('J'JII  fe  hliitenienlH  of  llie  iniporlN  and  exporta  of 
iiialea) ;  7,'.\W  eunalmen  ( 10  femiileii)  ;  L".'!',-  I''ninee  fur  tlie  Kml  ei^lit  iiinntliH  of  1(^73  in 
Mi  clerkn  in  HtmeH  (ii,IU't  fi'iiiuleH) ;  lL'(l,7'''>i'i  ailvanee  of  llie  anuiial  nllielHl  report.  Thiiaa 
ili'iiymeii,  luu'kiiii'ii,  teumatera,  etc.  ;  l>M,ir.'7  Htateineiita  pioinihe  iiii  increnae  for  Ihe  piial 
employl^'N  of  railroail  cumpaiiieM  (not  cleikx)  ;  yeni'  nl'  ii\er  (ll:'(l,ll(M),(l(l()  hn  compared  with 
t<,\M  empliiyi'a  of  atreet  railrnniU  (nut  llie  iinporta  nnil  expnrta  of  |87().  The  a^igre- 
clerka)  ;  8,.'l|l!  employ^'-a  nf  lelegriipli  rompn  ^  gate  value  of  the  deelnred  exporta  to  the 
liiex  (not  cleika)  ;  I7,3UL'  liuekalei-*;  ll,Mf'U'  llniled  Hialea  from  the  Conaiilnr  diiilricta  of 
laborera;  '.\,''2H  milkmen  and  niilkwniiii'ii;  i  lliia  tluveiniiient  in  I''innre  ia  reported  na 
473  iiiiilc-puckerM;  2,(1(1:3  iiewapn|Hir  ericra  I  iiiiioiintiiig  to  I|ili!),()?7,l^*i3  in  1H72.  Tiiia  ia 
and  carriera  (7  feinulea)  ;  2,7.'IM  oHleialH  of  I  an  iiieieiiho  of  |S,7fi2,f<f*Nover  the  year  IH71. 
bmikx  ;    l,<.i()2  otliel.ilM  of  railroad  coiiipiiniea  ;{      The  declared  value  of  Ihe  exporlH  to  the 

" '    I'liiteil  SlalcH  from  the  Coimular  diHtricIa  of 

tliiM  liiivernnient  in  Oermniiy,  for   the  year 
1M72,  iNeatiniateil  at  |i37,177,(H)0,  thia  amount 
exceeding  that  for  1^71  by  niorothou  14,000,- 
000. 
Thu  political  diaturbuncci  in  Sp«iu  do  not 


ofliviuU  of  lelexraph  compaiiieN;  .'IH4 
pawnbrokei'M  ;  1G,<J7<'|  pedlura  ;  3.0  tU  pilola ; 
lt),(!3I   ]iorlerR   in   atoreH  and   warehoiiNea ; 


r>IS,li(i3  wiilorH  ;  14,203  aaleaiiien  and  Miieawo- 
men  (2,77&  femalea) ;  3,.''i(i7  Hhippera  and 
fmghtun ;  7,U70  Btcumbuutuivu  uiid  woueu 


VWITID  ITATIf. 


m  mmI  4««l«tfl 

I  twnil»>i»m«  I 
ry;  7,0 1 »  In 
mlilnat-wara*  i 
r.AUA  in  riolk- 
'•Nil  anil  woimI  ( 
iH-k«r]r,  i-litna, 
III*  ami  nimlu 
|il«ll  r«m»li>*); 
I  J»w»lrjr ;  74^ 
I  9,.17A  In  kaia 
3  In  Iron,  IIm, 
lfi«l>i«r,  MiIm, 
(lO<ir»M«|n«); 
I  U,440  In  turn. 
••■■Ntiwr*  anil 
r>  (nil  /fmalMi)  I 
n  rami  »*iaU } 
I.UUrt  unilrrta- 
ra,  gNU||i>ra,  anil 

,  imhlUhMl  hy 
wlili'h  Klvm  H)^ 
I  :U)«li  Hr|)tt>ni- 
mlInK  |iar«l<<)i. 
K  II|ilt<><l  Ntiilni 
lia  anil  In  Ku- 
iiiulUiim<ral  In 
|)ortHtlitn  friini 
R,  for  III*  y»«r 
a«Jtl,iM)U,()||, 
'••iituin  txM  In 
IhR  yi-ar.  Tim 
itrri'il  for  nm- 

of  Ciinatla  d-r 
H72,  aninunlr<l 
|r«'«iM»  of  I'.MI,. 
piT  I'codiiii 

I'vioiiii    yi'iir, 

uhI  anioiiiili'il 
ov«>r  lliii 

nrnrly  cli-vcn 

ini|iortii  Into 

ituti'H,  vnii'ifil 

iitud,  aiiriiiti 
UtiU.  bt'iiiR  HI) 
♦ft,ll).\nh2, 
ItHtt'N   for    th« 

;»i,Hn(i,Hi(i— 

iH  yi'iir,  whiltf 
:io,  IH7l.tli» 

tl'tl  HtHtl n  )>X 

ciiniilry    liy 
iiiiilitiK  iJt'iiiiii 

UN  till)  I'llHC  liy 

lina   (yirnidinl 

(I    pxportH  uf 

liH  of  lH7.f  in 

|Mirt.     TliiiNO 

for  tlii>  jiiial 

imii>RriMl  with 

Thu  ii(((ji('- 

portH   to  tlie 

r  ilihlrirtN  of 

r<'|iorti'il   an 

HT2.     TliiH  i« 

Imytiir  lf*7l. 

|lorlH  to  tlio 

r  iliHtrictH  uf 

for   tlii<  yciir 

|),  tliiN  anioiiiit 

tliBU  «4,0(H),- 

Ispaiu  do  not 


). 


affMT  (•  lM*n  uriHiitaail  •  lUollMt  In  tha  enm- 

■ana  of  IImI  |U|iiiI.U«.      IikUxI,  ll m<'t*l 

Mnlawanl  ■!■<««»  au  hii<rviM«  ■>(  hhiim  diitit 
|4U,(NM),U«M»  in  llm  valif  »r  lli«  kiii|M>rtii  fur 
|1m>  Nr»l  aU  iniHitli*  of  ImM,  ».  >  i>ni|i»i'i  <l 
wllli  IIm  liMlMirU  f'lr  lU«  i-iirri'iiiHiiiilliiit  |n'iiM>l 
«f  |M7J,  'lh«  MhlUUir  at  Ma.lil.l  i>'|i<>iIk 
UmI  lia  IwUxviia  tito  rvtiiriiii  nf  tli<i  x^iHirla 
Will  alforil  iiVKii  a  mi<i»m  favoialiln  oilillilt, 

Uurtnn  llm  tl««  yaarn  unilltin  *til>  i'^1^, 
IImi  I'ltMinariM  twlwmn  tlin  lliiltcil  Hull'*  ami 
H«il«arlau<l  liaa  ilottbltiil.  Tha  valiin  of 
wali'liaa  «k|Hirtm|  lu  ikla  roiiulry  In  In7'.'  ta 
raiMirlml  aa  bavlnn  ainuiiiitnl  to  |.1,ilm),lHH>. 

I'll*  iliraal  iniiMtrl  anil  ak|ioi'l  tiuiln  of 
Cblna  witli  tka  l/nlt^d  Htalwi  «|>|m<»i«  Io  Iw 
«ary  aiuall,  but  tlm  AniorliMn  hilmiil  mikI 
WNMl  Irailn  la  niiN)rl<H|  to  itirai"!  lliat  of  nny 
uthar  natiiin,  Tha  nntlrn  Ainuilraii  tiMiln, 
furaign  ami  oiiaatliiii,  forma  lo'arlv  iliiitv 
■■van  |Mir  enuium  uf  Iba  wholu  forciun  Irailn 
uf  IJblna,  and  ouulribiilaa  morn  than  Iwnily 
Uiriw  anil  a  half  |ii«  rttutunt  of  tha  ruviiniin 
•ullootml  hy  tlia  fiiri<t|{n  miatoma  ilii|iurtiiii'iit«. 

W«  will  «nil  tbia  ('ha|iti>r  with  a  k-'Oi'IuI 
viaw  of  Iba  «lal«  uf  Tiailu  aii<l  Hhi|>|iliiK  of 
Iba  ouuutrjr,  tokau  from  a  mornt  |Mitut  of 
viaw.  Tba  lataat  n'|Kirt,  ImuihI  liy  Ilia  llii- 
ruau  of  HtatUtli'*  of  thit  Tii'HKiirv  iNjinrt 
uii'nt,  iiiuluilaa  till)  ti'n  nioiitlia  ' 'iiIiiik  A|iiil 
»Uth,  |N74,  kimI  It  ahciw*  that  l.u'  lli«  |H'rio>l 
iuiliuatml  aliovD  thu  Uiiilnil  Htiiliw  iiti|Hit  ti'il 
•49A,:)04rl7i>  In  IH7I,  ut|»inat  $.'*Ail,.-iil7,|im 
in  thii  corrua|H>uJlnK  |ii>rlo<l  uf  |h73  : 

Oooi,  Kiporta.         Pnr.  K<tM>rta, 
1874 ♦6lM,l).M,;iHtl  IMJoi.lTJ 

1873 4HA,4a7,:iA:i         I'L'.ion.ftua 

Thaa|Mn'in  niovi<itii>nt  ini'liiih'il  in  thu  iiliovn 
■latlatica  la,  rrhttivuly,  of  an  ini-oniiih'rulila 
valiin;  for  in  |M74  thx  riiiind  Htittia  ini|iot't- 
ail  a  littlii  nvi<r  |L>fl,(HM),()<)0,  ami  thi>y  tixpuit- 
»J  |:iU,l7A,i>7l>  of  a|iiii'iii  anil  hiillhrn. 

In  making  alluwanuo  for  thu  iliiriTiiticoa  in 
the  warahuiiMi  amount,  tbn  i>x|i<ii(n  Ii\  lhi> 
•aniK  |H>rioil  ara  in  axci'aa  for  |N|  I  of  (hf  ini- 
|Mirta  to  tha  uxti'Ut  of  marly  4i:i(),()l  10,(100, 
wliilii  for  iK75  thii  ini|)ort«  vxvi'imIihI  thu  rx- 
|>ort«hy|tlH,|||,l||7, 

Thu  i-airyidg  tnuln  atiimlH  ua  follnwa  ; 

For  1874— Id  Amnrloim  vi'mhiU,  about .  |:.'9U,n<M),nOO 
In  Ponlirn  vuxMila TMO,(MN),IMX) 

For  IHTU— lu  Ampriunn  tmxdU 3Nt,lMM),<NI0 

In  Purairn  vaaaala HI  l,(NN),UU() 

Thut  ahowa  thut,  of  the  tolitl  tritilo  liy  wiiti'r, 
74  |M<r  ci'iit.  wuN  I'jirriiMl  l>v  fnii'igu  vvaMiiU  in 
1H7:I,  »n<l73|ii.r  n-iit.  in  iH7». 

For  the  twi'lvo  moiitliN  i<n<liiij{  April  HO,  tlio 
tonnitK')  anil  number  of  VfaNi'laatood  iin  followa : 

TonniHr''* 

lt>7U— Amarioan  veaMiIa  aut'il. .  1 1 ,07:1 

Vurisitfu  ToaavU  unt'il ....  lU.UA't 

Amonoan  veamiliord. , ,  .11,3^7 

Fonltfti  TKaaola  ol'd tD.NTli 

1874— AmerioaA  vi'HHnla  imt'i]   .ll.HOH 

Foraliru  tkmhiIh  nnt'il. , .  .iil.OVM 

Anmrioun  vvMHila  cl'il . . .  .lii.UI'J 

rurolifn  veaacla  ol'd UU.UMO 


■ml||ral«.  Ibia  niomanlary  itarrmaa  «m  alan 
■liiM  III  lh>i  atrlii|rnl>  Ni«'a«itn>a  lakmi  by  Oar 
many  agatnat  unilKrallon,  aiul  by  litabrarlxntiin 
ailvlira  I'lri'itUtiil  \ty  tilh>T  (Kiirofiran  gotrrii 
iiii'iiU  inlall^M  to  Iha  biialnaaa  alliiatlim  of  tha 
I   iilliil  Mlal»a. 

Honin  two  or  lliina  Iboiiaanil  aitilnraiila 
Umhul  III  lltn  Nurd)  AiMi'ili'an  I'lilmilxa,  ba- 
forii    (li»   HiilKul  of    thu    ril||ilina,    hut   they 

[M'rtnli  I  iiilwiralily,  p«it<|it  )tO  of  ilirlii;  thny 
tail  III  ith»r  thii  faiUi  nor  thu  i'iiiirn|(i<  ami  {lar- 
aaivritiiii  a|i|rlt  of  tha  I'm  Italia.  Wh«n  tha 
•<iaiii|i|ii  of  tha  laltiir  hml  ahown  that  rolonl 
<atlon  aliil  i<ml||ralloii  I'niilil  ba  am-riwaAil  In 
Ami'fii'a,  a  tiiimlH'r  of  lli'rmana  ramn  uvar, 
mill  Milllml  ill  I'l'iiiiayltaiiln,  lit  th"  kikI  of  tha 
i'th  mill  III  thi'  lifniiiiiltiKof  lh«  l'*tli  I'Piitiiry. 
rim  Ihili'li  »'tlliii|  III  Ni>w  York,  thn  Hwailfa 
111  hi'lawHii',  ami  iIik  Kmiih  In  LoiiUlaiia  ami 
t'niiaila.      Iliil   llii>   tlilu  of  I'miKiiitlnii   br|(an 

ill    I'arimal    in    IMJII,  ai„|    i-ai Ully  in    |H(U. 

All  Art  of  (!oii|tri'aa,  |iaaa<>il  Mari'b  3,  IHltt. 
orili'rnil  that  atuliatira  of  KiniKrntlon  ahoillil 
ln>  ki'|it.  Tim  total  of  rmi^ranla  lamlml  fhini 
17W0  to  IHI7  waa  ••atiiimtiHl  at  about  tl.lKM) ; 
aii<l,  ill  |H|7  aliiiii',  m>iri<  tluiii  'JO.IHN)  Hni- 
Uraiita  arrivixl  io  thn  riiidul  Htatt'a ;  litit  ll 
waa  an  «xri'|iliiiiiiil  yfar,  ami  no  ri<llabli> 
atalialii'a  Wi'r»  kipt  fur  tli«l,'l  montlia  whii'k 
i'iii|iai'il  fioiii  •liiiiimry  I,  |N|>*,  to  Hi'iitiimlH<r 
:I0,  IN  It),  Kioiii  Ihia  lutlir  iliitn  to  l}i«  iiri'a- 
I'lit  liiiio,  till'  followini;  tulilw  will  ||iv»  all  In- 
foniiutioii  ri'liktivK  to  i'iiii)(riition. 

From  tim  ('oiiimriiiMimi'iit  of  thu  (iuvnrii- 
nii'iit  to  DiTi'iiilM'r  .10,  IN'O,  7,No:i,Ntlft  ini.iii- 
Ki'iiiila  liitvo  arrivi-il  in  thn  Ifiiitnl  Htataa 
fniiii  fiiri'iKii  roiiiitiira.  Thn  folluwiiiK  tablv, 
i'<ilii|iili'i|  from  thn  a|m'ial  raiMirt  uf  tbfl  Mt»> 
tiatii'iil  lliiii'iiii,  Tii'naiiry  l)i>|iiirtniiint,  on 
iiiimi|{i'»tiiiii,  will  allow  till)  iii<iri>aia  during 
I'lirli  ili'i'iiilii  aiiivu  lH!iU; 

Trior  to  [H'20 

From  IN^'ll  to  IN;I0,  iiii'lualvfl. 

"      Im:II  to  1H»(»,        " 

"      1H4I  to  \HM\,        " 

"       IWril  to  iHtlO,         " 

"      IMl  to  1H70,        '• 


!l.tlliU.4U0 
7,H;ll,n77 
ll,7i;i,4l»7 
7,H7.'1,II1 1 
M.HTT.ttM 
U.IIT.mM 
il,Uts4.ilUI 
U,07I,UIU 


IMMKIRATlnX. 


Tliero  ia,  in  tho  flrat  half  uf  tlio  your  1874,  n 
•  li)(ht  docruHM)  in  iminigrntioiifigiii'iw,  uncoiu- 
paroil  with  tboan  of  formi^r  yi'iira,  but  thin  ia 
duiieaiiociiilly  tu  thu fiimiifiul  L't-iaiN  whii'h  liiiiNt 
ovi-r  thu  country  in  WoptomlMT,  18711,  nml  pi«- 
viMitad  iiiuny  iiniiiigriiiitH  ulri'iidy  Hottlod  in 
America  frum  furwardiiii;  HulKcicnt  fiiiidH  tu 
tli«ir  flrienila  aud  ruUtivua  lu  euablo  Uteiu  to 


sno.ooo 

lftl,H24 
MtO.IM 

l,7i:v.'.'\l 

2,ftOH,'-'14 
2,401,4.^1 


Total 7,Ho:»,Him 

From  tho  nlmvo  it  will  Ih)  aoon  thut  thn 
tiilo  of  iiiimi){rntion  Ima  atoudily  incrcuaud 
dining  I'lirh  di'ciiiiii,  with  thu  ainjjlu  oxeop- 
tioil  of  tho  oim  l)<'|{iiiiiiii){  iNtll  uiid  andilig 
IH70.  During  tho  Wiir  of  thu  llubollion 
immiKrution  to  Ihia  vouiitry  wua  pitrtiully 
I'hi'ckud.  Tho  folluwing  tublo  will  aliow  tho 
niiinbor  of  immigruuti  arrivod  during  oncli 
your  of  tho  docudo.  It  will  bo  aoon  thnt 
dining  18tiL',  probitblv  thn  darkoat  poriiHl  of 
tho  wur,  tho  tidu  uf  liumigrutiuu  ruuchud  ita 
lowoat  (Kiiiit: 

Juiio.lO,  18(51 110,528 

"        18(12 (19,440 

"        l.H(l;» 1.10,0(10 

"        18(U 10;»,704 

"        18(1.1 |80,(i(i7 

"        18(iiJ .i:iO,704 

"        18(i7 2U8,li(l7 

<<         1808 282,180 

"        18(1!) a.')2,7tl8 

"        1870 387,203 


yaar,  wkafWM  IIm  Ml  ttolawanl  alran  af  llM 
total  atrivabi  ilMa  lb*  fonaalTun  of  iIm 
llxvrrnmani  abowa  Iba  numbar  ilartng  Ika 
■|. lailx  by  ralvmUr  yaara,  Tbta  will  aaauunl 
for  )ha  apiHirml  iliOkranrw  In  Iba  lotala  tm 
ihx  aania  iWi'aila  In  tbn  Iwu  alatamanla, 

Tba  Itrlllab  lalaa  hava  furnlabaH  naarla 
una-balf  uf  all  Iba  Inimigrania.  Knglawf, 
alnoa  tha  foriiiallon  of  tha  (tovarninant,  Ma 
a.<nl  Alrt,IU2;  tralaiMl,  2,tNN),4D3  |  Mmillaml, 
N4,(123i  WaUa,  13,43a  (  Oraal  Hrilaln.  mil 
a|M<.'llla>l,  A44,lUTi  or  a  lotal  uf  3,NAt,IIM 
frotn  tha  BrilUb  lalaa.  (iarmany  baa  aanl  9,« 
2<17,A(NI|  I'maaU,  IIN),UH3|  naiilUaa  tboaa 
that  laitiama  |aiii|iar«  ur  rrtmlnaU,  or  ibrungb 
IdloiiKaa  bava  tumail  uul  nun  iinalaaafa,  wa 
may  aafoly  aalimata  Iba  M|illal  valiia  of  onr 
fiirrign  ImMigraibm  tluHug  IH70,  al  %'»H),- 
IN)0,(HMI.  Aa  a  •ubjaot  uf  iMioulbMr  inlaraat, 
ami  In  uidar  Io  raatova  Iba  un|iraaaion  vnlar- 
taininl  by  many  thai  Iba  larga  m^jurlly  ol 
Imniigraula  arrtving  In  Ibia  ouunlry  ara  wllb* 
uul  a  trada  ur  prufMaiun,  wa  a|i|MnMl  a  aar^ 
fully  prM|i«rad  alalamanl  of  Iba  u«eu|iatlona 
of  thoaa  wbu  arrivail  in  tha  llnilad  Htalaa 
during  tlia  tlacal  y«ar  andad  Juua  30,  1(170: 


A.«ifa 

I'lwaiMa 

ri«rv/aMa,... 

ItaaiM* 

Kn«l>«Mt, ,.. 

rarriwa 

(.awyvra 

Miiili'iaaa  ... 
NatiwalMa . . 


Arf'hIIMta,..., 

VMVmr 

Kiiirnivvv  , . , , 
I  iiiaai*  timlivr. , 
UiiuamiiiMt . 


M 
I 

■3 


I^M'tMW 

VttM.  ... 
H«|a«un,. 
aura...*. . , , 
aitvvwf  ar . . , 

i'r»rMai>iaa 


m] 


T<a 


iHiM. 


pkirtnfniitMn. . . . 
AMau  aut  Hani. . 


%m 


J 


ram., 


BNhi>n,.,,,**.i>«**i 

HArlvrra.,, ,,,, 

MiM  lianiUh* 

liiiH  k  niAliwni 

ll4ilU-r  niakvpt 

IhitilihliMlar* , 

llrmilvn .**.*< 

hrvwan  . ,, , , 

llrti-k'tiMliiira. 

Hiilrhcri. 

rttiiiBMi  mttkani . , . . 
CuriM'iitcn. .,.,,,,. 

('Niilkrn 

Clmiiillcr ...    • 

riiiar  rtuilivr* 

t!itiif*^<tliiM«rii 

VA»t\mf% ,.  .a. 

('nrr(«ri 

CiitiMn ,.t,. 

DIMIIlon. 

Dtvm 

I  >rw—imlwfi ....... 

l>ytM 

I'lliinMkw* 

Kullfr 

Piiirlvr. 

(Illtlfni 

(llAlliTI 

(Iimafllltlt* 

llnturH 

|I<M<  iiifthrr, 

Inntniiiivnt  mftlutt.. 
Iit»n  WMrkim 

JoWKth-n 

Julnm 

LuukMinlUu 


«1 

i 

ift 


a 

101 

111 
» 
t 
» 

II 
IH 
• 
I 
) 
11 
• 
« 

IN 
1 
1 
H 

«u 

IS 


MaKiaa 

tm 

MIIMan« 

■   n 

Millwriihia ,. 

•  ^ 

Hla«n 

■  ANj 

MinilrfM* 

■   1 

;  4 

I>alaun 

Ilia! 

I'liiinlan 

l-irflir. 

I*rthl«f« 

.    u 

I'liilitlna...  

Ihiiir  aialiaiB 

l.«MI«n 

.'    I< 

aallmakM 

1 

aaorn 

fi 

ablpwriikl* 

ah.wbladm 

ahtM>inak*fa 

.  131 

Mu>i>aialMm 

aiilnnMni 

;.i! 

Nkina  .'uttMa 

TalLira 

Tanann 

.      10 

Trl«iiTapli  uiantor. . . 

Tlanen 

1 

Tiirnvn 

WMv>n 

.  1,11 

Whr*lwrlgkto 

1 

Woilnirtar 

llMlianlwButiUtad. 

.  ^o« 

Total 

.n,M 

Total 2,3(10,280 

Thu  uLuvu  Ktutoiiiunl  shows  tho  number  of 
iiuuiigrouta  that  arrived  duiing  each  fiscal 


Aamu 

UrukKT* 

L'ttU'riT 

<'l<'rk> 

(NilMiiU 

riiiitrarUtrt.... 

CiH'kn  

Dmvidaa 

IMlic.ni 

Kuniirn. 

I^lri'nwn 

FUhiTinfii 

llunUncra 

Unii'.-rN. 

llt>t.'l  kit'iHira  . 

lIllllliT 

Iiitt>ri>n'l.'n,.. . 

Juinil'n 

tabonf* 

Lauailri'MM . . . 
LuiBlNtam... 


87  {  Uanufartunfa  . 


» 

I 

l.tll 
4 


M'lThanta. 

Nnn« 

Nllf-M 


()|«rallvM.. 
ov.-rwtT.... 
61  I  ISHlillvn.... 
H  I  lli'diKiwa..., 

IB,IIMl  lli'ntiiT 

Ml  Hallon 

Wl  I  HtrvanU.... 
Hhflihrntl., 
Hiilillin...  . 
Hli'nanlfiaa., 
aiiulrnta.  . 
T«>ttmali>n 
TninUvn 


61 
» 

K 
1 
I 

m 
• 


TaMl. 


!  row 

M.Wl 
.      tit 

:  "S 
_  ^' 


HISTORY    or   THE 


Atmm 

BkllUdwurkiiiMi.,.. 
MUit'lUnaatu  timill 
Oni'ii|Mttuna  not 
WithiMii  tivnui 


IN 

n,9M 

HMxt 
iW.SM 


Toul aM.tu 

The  iiliovH  lUUtmrnt  coven  •  Ringle  yoMr. 
AVIiiMi  w«  conHitlur  that  this  atream  of  immi- 
gTHtioii  liHs  boon  going  on  for  yean  ami  is 
Ktill  iucroaaing  in  volume,  and  that  the  acqiii- 
nitiuiii  to  our  induitrial  intnrentii,  p.*  ihown 
by  the  table  given,  are  not  exceptional,  but 
the  rule,  at  proven  by  the  esperionon  of 
yean,  we  can  form  a  &int  idea  of  the  im- 
muniie  wealth  that  thia  living  tide  of  hu- 
manity brings  to  our  nation. 

A  Nubjeot  of  luoh  vaat  importance  may 
well  command  the  attention  of  o>ir  loading 
■tatPHmen.  Each  year  haa  Hoen  lomo  im- 
provement in  the  jyatem  of  tranaportation 
between  thia  oonntrjr  and  Europe.  Old 
abuHoa  are  gradually  wearing  away.  Bwift- 
■ailing  ateamen  are  taking  the  place  of  the 
old  immigrant  ahipa,  reducing  tne  triala  of 
the  (teerage  from  weeka  to  daya.  Better  pro- 
viMiona,  better  ventilation,  purer  water,  bet- 
ter acoonimodationa,  more  humane  treatment, 
,  are  being  exacted  by  the  enlightened  aeati- 
nieiit  of  the  age.  Yet  the  field  for  improve- 
niput  ia  large.  Abuaea  atill  exbt.  Veaoela 
are  overcrowded,  provisiona  are  not  what 
they  aliould  be,  ventilation  ia  im|)erfect,  the 
immigrant  ia  atill  aubject  to  deprivationa  and 
abuBCH  that  tend  to  injum  hia  character  and 
undermine  hia  health.  We  have  made  pro- 
grt>HH  in  ocean  reform,  but  the  work  ia  far 
from  completed.  The  atranger  who  comra 
to  our  ahorog,  bringing  hia  muacle  or  talenta 
to  add  to  our  country,  haa  a  right  to  be  pro- 
tected on  hia  way  here,  to  the  beat  of  the 
ability  of  the  Government.  Thia  ia  what  haa 
been  uudentood  by  Congrcaa,  which  haa  imi- 
tated the  conduct  of  the  firitiah  Parliament, 
and  voted  lawa  to  protect  the  immigranta, 
eapecially  on  their  landing  in  America. 
Another  law  gave  to  every  one  of  them,  will- 
ing to  atay  at  leaat  five  yean,  a  grant  of 
land  of  160  acrua.  Another  advance  waa 
made  b^  the  extiiiotion  of  the  Know-Xotb- 
Ing  apint,  wbieh,  a  few  yean  ago,  had  taken 
hold  of  the  minda  of  aome  Americana,  who 
dreaded  the  flooding  of  the  country  by  the 
foruignera. 

In  1871,321,360  immigranta  arrived,  and 
in  1872,  204,806. 

EDUCATIOS'. 

In  1860,  there  were  about  5,000,000  schol- 
ara  in  the  private  and  public  achoola  of  the 
United  Statea.  Thia  figure  ia  aufiicient  to 
aupport  the  opinion,  generally  entertained 
throughout  the  world,  that  the  United  Statea 
people  are  one  of  the  beat,  if  not  the  beat 
educated  peoplea  among  all  nations.  There 
are  very  few  peraona  now  living  in  the  New 
England,  Middle,  and  Weatern  Statea  who  do 
not  know  how  to  read  and  write ;  ai»d  aince 
the  termination  of  the  civil  war,  the  Southern 
St4ites  have  fairly  entered  into  competition 
with  their  moi-o  learned  brethren  of  the 
Northorn  section  of  the  country.  IntheWeat, 
before  laying  the  foundation  of  any  townahip, 
«wo  aectiona  of  public  landa  (each  containing 

640  acres)  are  laid  aaide  for  the  exclusive 

'  .1 


aupport  of  public  achoola.  Betide  that,  the 
Federal  Government  comea  itaelf  often,  by 
other  donationa  of  public  land,  to  the  help 
of  the  HtutPR,  in  view  of  incrcaHing  their 
facilitiea  for  the  cxtvnaiun  of  the  public 
achool  ayatem.  More  tliiui  fifty  uiiliiona  of 
acrea  had  thiia  been  dixtributed,  for  that 
pur|K)ao,  by  the  Federal  Uovuniment,  before 
thoccnauaof  18U0. 

The  regulation  of  all  mutton  pertaining  to 
education  ia  left  in  America  to  the  initiative 
of  each  State,  but  ail  of  them  have  that 
general  feature,  ao  that  instruction  ia  pro- 
vided by  law  for  all  peraona  of  the  achool  age, 
without  anv  charge  for  tuition.  Though 
attendance  haa  not  yet  been  made  obligatory, 
there  ia  a  atrong  tendency  toward  audi  a 
regulation;  and  aome  Statea  have  already 
paaaed  lawa  i-equiring  parenta  to  aond  their 
children  to  achool  duong  a  a|)ecifivd  period. 
Public  achoola  are  aup|>ortx)d  partly  by  funila 
derived  from  the  aale  of  government  landa, 
partly  by  voluntary  taxation,  and  alao  by 
uifta  of  individuala.  The  whole  area  of  the 
United  Statea  ia  divided  into  achool  diatricta, 
which  number  11,350  in  the  aingle  State  of 
New  York,  and  167,800  for  the  whole  coun- 
try. A  Board  of  Education  and  a  Superin- 
tendent are  appointed  in  the  larger  citiea, 
for  the  purpoae  of  diiecting  and  controlling 
the  ayatem  of  education,  and  in  iniallcr  citioa 
a  Board  of  Ti-uatcoa,  elected  by  the  inhabitunta, 
fulfil  the  aame  duty. 

The  achool  age  variea  in  diflerent  Statea, 
ranging  from  four  to  twenty-one  yeara,  and 
every  branch  of  inatruction  ia  taught.  In 
the  grammar  achoola,  French,  Gorman,  and 
vocal  muaic  are  added  to  the  ordinary  co<inie 
of  atudiea.  The  piipila  wlio  enter  the  high 
achoola  are  tauglit  ancient  languagea,  higher 
mathematics,  philoaophy,  etc.  In  1872,  vocal 
muaic  waa  taught  in  achoola  of  all  gradua ; 
Gorman  in  achoola  of  76  citit-a,  and  French 
in  those  of  73  citioa.  Tn  tho  rural  diatricta 
and  amaller  citiea,  the  same  achoola  are  at- 
tended by  both  auACS ;  but  in  larger  citioa 
boya  and  girla  have  diffei-ent  dopartmenta. 
Law  does  not  provide  for  tho  oatubliahmtuit 
of  anjturato  aulioula  for  colored  pupils ;  but 
usage  haa  done  it.  Nearly  every  State  is 
provided  with  a  normal  achool,  for  the  traiu- 
ing  of  future  touchera ;  thoae  achoola  num- 
bered 101  in  America,  in  1872,  with  773  in- 
atructora  and  11,778  atudents;  atill  that  ia 
not  Bufiicient  to  supply  the  demand  for  teach- 
ers, for  120,897  new  onea  are  annually 
wonted  in  the  United  Statea,  inasmuch  aa 
toachera  do  not  continue  in  service  on  the 
average  more  than  three  years.  There  ore 
annual  conventiona  of  teachcra  held  in  evory 
State,  and  also  an  annval  meeting  of  the 
National  Educational  Aaaociation,  which  ia 
compoaed  of  the  forcmoat  teachers  in  every 
branch.  The  13th  annual  session  of  that 
body  waa  held  in  1873 ;  it  comprises  four  de- 
portments :  elementary,  normal,  superintend- 
ence, and  higher  education. 

There  are  many  evening  schools  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  those  who  cannot  attend  the 
day  schools.  Of  141  cities  having  more  than 
10,000  inhabitants,  61  had,  in  1872,  218 
evening  schools,  with  1,350  teachers  and  60,- 
2!)7  )>upiU.  Of  82  cities  with  a  jiopulatiou 
of  between  five  and  ten  thousand  inhabitants, 
7  hod  1 4  evening  achoola,  with  20  teachen 
and  656  students  j  Qf  103  cities  with  a  pop- 


ulation L«low  5,000  inhabitanta,  7 
9  evening  achoola,  with  313  pupils. 
•  Beaidoa  the  public  schools,  there  are  many 
private  inatitutiona  of  learning,  among  wbioh 
the  '*  8£minairea,"  or  Uoman  Catholic  achoola 
kept  by  i)rieata,  are  verv  numerous.  Tliere 
are  alao,  in  the  United  States,  about  100 
collegiate  institutions  oallc<l  Univeraitiet, 
but  they  have  no  feature  in  common  with 
the  t/niveriitii  of  Contineptal  Euro|>e, — 
they  are  not  under  the  direction  or  jiatronage 
of  tho  government,  and  many  of  them  are 
purely  higher  denominational  coUegea,  belong- 
ing to  aome  aect.  Harv«rd,  Yue,  Brown 
Univenity,  Columbia  College,  Cornell,  and 
two  or  three  others,  are  the  only  onet  hav- 
ing some  similarity  to  UniTersitiea,  in  tho 
European  meaning  of  the  word.  The  only 
achoola  directly  under  the  management  or 
au|)erviaion  of  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment are  the  Military  Academy  at  West 
Point,  and  the  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis, 
with  the  Artillery  School  of  Fortress  Mon- 
roe, Virginia. 

The  eatabliahment  by  Congroas  of  a  Bureau 
of  Education  datea  only  m>m  1867.  The 
commiaaioner  at  the  head  of  thia  bureau  has 
nothing  to  do  with  the  management  of 
achoola.  He  ia  appointed  only  for  "the 
purpoae  of  collecting  auch  atatiatica  and  facta 
as  shall  ahow  the  condition  and  progress  of 
education  in  the  several  States  and  Territo* 
riea,  and  of  ditfuaing  such  information  re8]iect' 
ing  the  organization  ai'l  .<nanagen-iet.t  of 
school  syatema  and  methods  of  teaching  as 
ahall  aid  the  people  of  the  United  Statea  in 
the  eatablishuieuL  and  maintenance  of  efficient 
schoiil  ayatema,  .ind  otherwiae  promote  the 
cause  of  education  throughout  the  country." 

Tlio  Annual  Keport  of  the  Commiaaioner 
of  Education  ahows  that  in  1872  the  total 
achool  population  of  America  was  12,828,867, 
and  the  enrolment  7,379,056.  TCe  average 
ottcndaiice  was  4,110,525,  for  28  Svatea  and 
4  Territoriea ;  the  number  not  regiatcred  in  34 
States  and  6  Territoriea  reporting  waa  4,608,- 
803.  For  18  Statea  and  6  Territoriea,  there 
Were  ^04,283  pupila  in  private  achoola.  The 
uumbir  of  teachcra  for  33  Statea  and  7  Ter- 
ritories was  217,239;  and  the  total  expend- 
iture for  educational  purpoaea  waa  170,891,- 
981.  296  cities  reported  their  achool  pop- 
ulation at  2,123,889  ;  292  reported  the  num- 
ber of  schools  ut  7,917  ;  and  in  315,  the  num- 
ber of  teachers  was  23,194. 

The  census  of  1870  ahowa  that  7,209,938 
persoim  of  from  6  to  24  yeara  of  age,  that  is, 
more  than  one- third  of  the  population  of 
school  age,  were  receiving  instruction.  TIfe 
total  number  of  iustructon  waa  221,042,  of 
whom  93,329  were  malea,  and  127,713  fe- 
malea.  The  total  expenditure  of  achoola  waa 
$95,402,726,  of  which  $3,663,785  was  from 
endowment,  $61,746,039  from  taxation  and 
public  funda,  and  $2,992,902  from  other 
aourcea  including  tuition. 

More  than  17  per  cent,  of  the  adult  males, 
and  23  per  cent,  of  the  adult  femalea,  are 
illiterate.  But  thb  ia  due  to  the  ever-in- 
creasing flood  of  European  immigranta,  and 
to  the  ignorance  of  tho  emancipated  slaves ; 
for  in  those  figures,  the  illiterate  persona  of 
foreign  birth  are  numbered  at  nearly  800,- 
000,  and  the  colored  people  at  nearly  three 
millions.  But  the  following  table,  compiled 
by  the  Bureau  of  Education  frOm  the  census 


»,  7 
ill. 

sre  are  nuuiT 
■tnong  wbien 
tholio  Mhoola 
roua.  Tlicra 
i,  about  100 
Univenitiea, 
oinroon  witb 
J  £urope, — 
or  jiatronage 
of  them  aro 
leoes,  belong- 
IfMe,  Brawn 
Cornell,  and 
>ly  onei  hav- 
litiei,  in  tho 
I.  The  only 
inagement  or 
ate*  Govern- 
my  at  West 
Kt  Annapolis, 
irtreu  Mon- 

I  of  a  Bureau 
1807.     The 
is  bureau  haa 
lagcmeut  of 
ily   for  ••the 
tica  and  facta 
1  progreu  of 
and  Territo- 
lation  rt'Riiect- 
Dageuciii  of 
'  teaching  as 
ted  States  in 
ice  of  efficient 
promote  the 
iho  country." 
yommiiwioner 
72   the  total 
12,828,867, 
TCe  average 
Suites  and 
[istered  in  34 
was  4,608,- 
[torics,  there 
shools.    The 
and  7  Ter- 
>tal  expend- 
$70,891,. 
school  pop- 
ed the  num- 
b,  the  num- 

7,209,938 
age,  that  is, 
pulation  of 
ction.  Tlfo 
221,042,  of 

27,713  fe- 
Bchools  was 
was  from 

atiou  and 
rom   other 

dult  males, 
emales,  are 
he  ever-in- 
^nts,  and 
«d  slaves; 
persons  of 
nrly  800,- 
early  three 
I,  compiled 
the  oensui 


UN  ITED    STATES. 


of  1870,  will  throw  more  light  on  that  im- 
portant  aubjeot,  whieh  touches  tho  national 
jrride  of  the  Tnited  States: 

ifgraiate  popnlaUon 88,SSe,871 

Total  population,  10  years  old  (  oo  ooo  om 

and  over '      ' 

IlUtarate  population,  10  years  old  \  g  ggg  (44 

14,2S8,860 
g,60;l,8'4M 


and  over 

Male  population,  10  yean  old  and ) 

over ( 

Illlteiate  males,  10  jeaia  old  and ) 

over ) 

Female  population,  10  jrears  old  )   13  970  070 

and  over )       '      ' 

DUtaiate  females,  10  years  old  (     a  054  330 

and  over (      *      ' 

Peraentaga  of  total  UUterstea  to  1 

total  population  of  tame  age. .  ( 
Peroentage  of  male  Uliteratas  to ) 

male  population  of  same  age  . .  f 
Venentage  of   female  UUtorates  ) 

to  female  population  of  same  \ 

aga ) 

Total  poDulatlon  In  1870,  10-21  (     g  ^93  04S 

IlUtarate  popuiation,  10^31  jraars  1 

old, 
Male  population,  10-Sl  yaan  old. , 
Illiterata  males,  10-31  vaan  old. 
Female  population,  10-31  years  old 
lUitaiate  females,  10-31  yean  old. 
Feraantage  of  iUlterataa,  10-31  I 

years  old,  to  population  of  same  > 

age ) 

Pecoantage  of  mala  illiterotes  to  ^ 

male  population,   both  10-31 

yaan  old 

Faroantaga  of  female  illitontes ' 

to  famue  population,  both  10- 1 

31  vean  old. 

Total  male  adulU,  1870 .'     0,443,001 

Maieadult  ilUteratcs 1,010,147 

Total  female  adults 0.003,000 

Female  adult  iUiterates 3,000,040 

Percentage  of  male  illiterate  ad- 1  1711 

ulU  to  total  adults < 

Percentage  of  female  iUiterata ) 

adults  to  total  females f 


30.04 
18.30 


31.87 


1,943,948 

4,815,809 
084,741 

4,877,080 
058,307 

30.05 


20.05 


10.6S 


schoob  wore  founded  in  the  United  States  in 
1857,  when  the  State  Agricultiinil  College 
of  Michigun  was  opened  with  seven  profes- 
sors iind  u  farm  of  676  acres.  In  1862  Con- 
gress passed  an  act  providing  for  the  establish- 
ment of  colleges  of  agriculture  and  tho  me- 
chanic arts  in  all  tho  States  and  Territories, 
onduwiiig  thorn  with  about  eight  million 
acres  of  public  lands;  and  nearly  all  the 
Stutt^H  liuvo  organized  agricultural  colleges, 
pursuant  to  tho  act  of  Congress.  Commercial 
schools  aro  yet  left  entirely  to  individual  in- 
itiative, and  commercial  education,  in  a  prac- 
tical way,  is  given  only  in  the  private  busi- 
ness collugos,  so  numerous  in  every  city  of 
the  United  States.  There  are  polytechnic 
schools  at  Boston,  Troy,  Fhiludulphia,  and 
Hubokon,  in  which  technology  and  some  in- 
dustrial Bciuncps  are  taught  especially.  There 
is  not  yet  in  tho  country  a  single  veterinary 
school.  Every  country  of  Europe  is  provided 
with  ono  at  least.  But  the  dotioiency  will 
Houn  bu  supplied  in  America,  where  there  are 
nioi'o  horses  and  cattle  tUdn  in  any  other 
country  in  tlie  world.         v 


33.00 


One  of  the  important  features  in  all  qucs- 
tloua  of  public  education  is  the  one  which 
more  osiMicially  relates  to  liberal  professions, 
or  iustruction  given  outside,  and  above  tho 
ordinary  course  of  grammar  and  high  schools. 
The  following  summary  of  educational  insti- 
tucious  in  the  United  States  is  reported  by 
thu  Bureau  of  Education  for  1872 : 


Normal  M^hoolii 

DuHliicM  collesM 

AOAfiUIutl'l , 

UolleKW  

luatituUona  fur  luperior  biitrucUuD  of  fe- 

limli'H 

QchuDlH  of  Klenoe  flodowed  by  nniloul 

Sraiit  of  lantlA 

■c-DuoU  of    wiunce    (Inclnding    ooUcgUtfl 

dtipartnwntji)  nut  ao  endowad 

ThculoKlL'al  Hchoola 

Iaw  anhoolA 

llodlcal  ■choobi,  rcfralar 

"  "      ecioctlo 

■•  ti       bomunpathlo 

ncnUl         "      

Phnrmacontlcal  Mhooln , 

Inatitutiuui  fur  the  blind 

'*  **       deaf  mutea , 

IWbnn  Hchooli 

Urptian  anyloma 


Na 

Tnwh- 

101 

77S 

M 

S83 

Hll 

4.M1 

iHM 

8,U«I 

m 

1,«17 

88 

411 

as 

S1.1 

lUU 

4.% 

4tl 

ini 

«1 

sw 

» 

85 

« 

W 

m 

6S 

i« 

SI 

518 

&H1 

■n 

8H 

ru- 

pUl. 


11,178 

4s,ei7 

11,K8 

S,971 

9,-14.? 
3.:iM 

i.irrs 

4.887 
960 
585 
19U 
«M 

i.ees 

4^87 
4,-J8ll 
IO,»M 


There  are  medical  and  law  departments  in 
the  larger  part  of  American  Universities ; 
but  it  is  generally  admitted  that  on  this 
ground  tne  United  States  are  inferior  to  Con- 
tinental Europe,  where,  at  any  rate,  most  of 
the  young  Americans  who  intend  to  be  doc- 
toiti  or  lawyers,  go  in  order  to  become  effi- 
cient   in    their    avocations.      Agricultural 


MIMINO. 

Gold  mining  was,  of  course,  the  most  im- 
portant item  in  that  branch  of  national 
wealth,  a  few  years  ago,  after  the  discovery 
of  tlie  California  golden  fields.  But  Califor- 
nia herself  is  at  present  richer  with  her  agri- 
cultural than  with  her  golden  harvest;  and 
the  discovery  of  iron  ore,  of  copper,  and  of 
petroUiiim  in  nuiiiy  roxionH  of  the  United 
iSlatcH  has  conMitlcrably  diiuiiiiNhcd  tho  former 
pre-cntincuco  of  goUl-iiiiiiiiig.  Still  this  branch 
uf  industry  was  carried  tu  the  highest  limits 
of  prosperity  immediately  after  it  opened,  for 
at  that  time  the  stock  of  gold  was  very  low  for 
the  whole  world,  amounting  only  to  about 
$17.'),000,000,  and  the  yearly  production 
hur<lly  rc|)laced  the  wear  and  tear. 

The  gold  placers  of  North  Carolina  were 
discovered  before  those  of  the  Pacific  State. 
In  1825  a  gold  vein  was  worked  in  Mont- 
gomery County  (North  Carolina),  and  some 
other  discoveries  were  made  in  Virginia,  Geor- 
gia, and  South  Carolina;  but  the  entire  pro- 
duct of  those  States  never  amounted  to  more 
than  about  one  million  dollars  annually.  It 
decreased  still  more  after  the  discovery  of  the 
California  placers ;  and,  at  present,  it  is  only 
in  some  out  of- tho- way  places  in  tho  North 
Carolina  mountains  that  gold  mining  is  still 
going  on  at  a  slow  rate. 

Everybody  in  the  United  States  is  familiar 
with  the  luKtoi'y  of  gold  discovery  and  gold 
mining  at  the  beginning  of  the  California  set- 
tlement. Tlie  names  of  Captain  Sutter  and 
of  Marshall  recall  to  American  memories  the 
most  dazzling  remembrances.  In  1862  the 
Keport  of  the  Land  Office  Commissioner  en- 
larged theoretically  tho  area  of  the  golden  re- 
gion of  the  United  States,  by  stating  that  it 
covers  17  degrees  of  latitude,  or  a  breadth  of 
more  than  1,000  miles  by  a  length  nearly  the 
same.  Still  the  gold  district  is  practically 
largo  enough  to  have  produced,  in  1853, 
$70,000,000,  that  is  four  times  as  much  as 
tho  total  production  of  gold  throughout  the 
balance  of  the  other  countries  of  the  earth. 
In  1862  it  was  estimated  that  Washington 
Territory  alone  would  produce  from  the  mines 
of  Salmon  River  nearly   $20,000,000.     In 


Colorado  the  quarts  give*  |12  per  ton,  on  tiM 
average,  though  some  reina  reeently  worked 
have  given  as  much  as  from  $20  to  $0UO.  In 
almost  every  Western  State  or  Territory  of 
tho  United  States,  discoveriee  are  m.vle  as  to 
mining  pros|)ects,  and  the  golden  crop  haa 
been  valued  at  nearly  $100,000,000,  on  which 
a  primage  of  10  per  cent,  is  raised  by  the 
United  States  Government. 

Silver  mining  was  of  very  little  aocoubt  In 
America  before  the  discovery  of  the  Washoe 
mines  in  the  Western  States.  Thia  ia  earned 
on  with  great  success. 

Copper  mining  is  more  important,  though 
almost  exclusively  concentrated  in  the  LoKe 
Superior  region.  As  early  as  1844  explorer* 
went  to  ascertain  whether  there  was  really 
native  copper  to  be  found  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  lake.  The  exploration  was  successful, 
but  it  was  not  until  1854  that  the  work- 
ing of  those  copper  mines  fairly  began. 
From  $1,603,915,  the  product  of  these 
mines  reached  $2,679,218  in  1866.  In  the 
year  following  a  magnificent  block  of  native 
copper,  weighing  600  tons,  was  discovered. 
There  are  some  other  copper  mines  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  United  States,  but  their 
products  are  very  small,  except  in  Tennessee, 
when  compared  to  tho  products  of  the  Lake 
Sufierior  district.  In  1860  there  were  14,- 
432  tons  of  copper  extracted,  of  a  value  of 
$3,316,616. 

Iron  is  found  in  every  State  and  Territory 
of  the  United  States.  In  1856  tho  iron  fur- 
naces produced  841,550  tons,  valued  at  $23,- 
148,845.  In  1860  the  production  of  pig-iron 
was  888,474  tons,  valued  at  nearly  $20,000,- 
000.  The  rolled  and  otherwise  manufactured 
iron  was  estimated  at  406,293  tons,  volued  at 
$22,248,796,  that  is,  an  increase  of  39  per 
cent,  over  the  statistics  of  1850 ;  which  in- 
crease was  raised  to  44  per  cent,  for  tho  pro- 
duction of  pig-iron.  Pennsylvania  is  the 
State  which  took  the  lead  in  the  iron  manu- 
facture. 

Pennsylvania  also  produces  the  largest 
quantity  of  coal,  though  that  article  ia  to  be 
found  in  nearly  every  State  of  the  Union. 
In  1860  the  increase  in  value  of  coal  was 
169  per  cent,  more  than  ten  years  before ;  in 
1850  Pennsylvania  produced  coal  valued  at 
$5,268,351 ;  and  in  1860  it  produced  bitu- 
minous and  anthracite  coal  of  a  total  value 
of  $14,703,433. 

The  same  State  again'is  the  most  promi- 
nent for  petroleum  production.  Though  its 
existence  was  known  to  the  first  colonists  of 
Pennsylvania,  petroleum  began  to  be  gener- 
ally used  in  1858,  when  the  oil  was  consid- 
ered as  good  for  something  else  than  medi- 
cine. Titusville,  Venango,  Oil  Creek,  Petro- 
lia  are  at  present  names  familiar  to  every 
American.  The  exportations,  in  1862,  were 
for  seven  months  of  9,607,924  gallons,  which 
compensate  sufficiently  for  the  decrease  of 
whaleships,  whose  trade  was  crippled  by  the 
discovery  of  the  so-called,  at  first,  Ston«-oU, 
from  the  now  adopted  Greek  word  of  the  same 
meaning,  "Petroleum." 

Lead  mining  is  progressing  in  many  State* 
of  the  Republic,  but  on  a  relatively  small 
scale,  and  the  article  produced  is  not  export* 
od,  but  almost  entirely  consumed  at  home. 

The  total  production  of  native  salt  in  tlie 
United  States  was  of  12,376,000  bushels  in 
1857,  and  of  13,386,447  in  1860.    BtUl  the 


HISTORY    OF   THE 


lamrtatton  of  that  artiolo  ruMhetl  14,000,- 
000  bvihelt,  ao  gmat  wera  tli«  necowitiea  of 
•grioiiUure. 

According  to  tha  Mnaiia  of  1870  the  min- 
ing indiiitriea  atood  a«  followa  in  the  Uiiit«d 
Htatea: 

KiitabUahmenta 7,074 

Steiuii  tmginea 4,133 

Home  power 100,1 1 1 

Wator-whtwia 1 34 

Horiie  power 3,347 

Honda  enipluyed 104,328 

Of  thnae  there  were : 

Men  above  ground 66,178 

Men  under  ground 77,321 

Boy  a  above  ground 6,016 

Boya  under  ground 4,0 1 3 

Capital 1222,384,834 

Wagoa 74,404,044 

Matoriala 14,27.VS01 

Pioducta 1&2,008,094 

mnrirAPKiu. 


The  finit  printing  preaa  in  the  American 
Oolonioa  waa  oatabliahed  at  Cambridge,  Maaa., 
in  1620 ;  and  the  aeoond  waa  atartud  at 
rhiludelphia,  in  1686  In  New  York,  it  waa 
not  until  1002,  that  Mr.  Bradford  oatub- 
lished  a  preaa.  Tho  fimt  jourimliHt  who  )iaa 
left  a  name  waa  Benjamin  Frunklin,  who 
bouglit,  at  Philadolpliiii,  the  l/HU'eriKil  In- 
»truetor  in  all  ArU  attd  iScitncfii,  and  dutngpil 
the  title  to  tho  Peniui/loania  (ktzetlt,  which 
he  continued  until  1705,  when  it  passed  into 
t>ther  handa.  In  1810,  Pennaylvania  had 
■eventy-oue  pnpera;  in  1828,  one  hundred 
Mid  twenty-eight ;  in  1840,  one  hundred  and 
mgfaty-seven;  in  1866,  four  hundred  and 
forty -eight,  of  which  thirty  were  daily. 

A  compariaon  of  tho  newspaper  press  of 
the  country,  from  an  early  day  to  the  census 
year  of  1870,  will  develop  many  interesting 
facta.  The  number  of  newspapers  published 
in  the  United  Btatea  in  1726  was  5 ;  in 
1775,  34;  in  1801,  200;  in  1810,  350;  in 
1726,  630;  in  1838,  802;  in  1830,  1,000; 
in  1834,  1,200;  in  1840,  1,401;  in  1850, 
3,302.  It  will  be  seen  by  the  foregoing  that 
the  increase  in  thirty  years — from  1810  to 
1840 — was  1,042,  while  the  increase  in  the 
last  thirty  years — from  1840  to  1870 — was 
4,470 ;  the  total  number  of  publications  i-e- 
ported  in  the  census  of  1870  being  5,871,  or 
one  for  every  6,561  of  the  population. 

The  first  attempt  to  establish  a  newspaper 
in  the  Colonies,  as  near  aa  can  be  ascertained, 
was  made  in  Boston,  in  1600.  It  was  sup- 
pressed by  the  Colonial  Legislature  upon  its 
first  appearance.  In  1704,  the  Boston  Newt- 
LetUr  was  established  by  John  Campl)ell. 
This  pa]ier  was  more  successful,  and  its  pub- 
lication was  continued  for  a  number  of  years. 
Its  size  was  8  by  12  inches,  and  printed  in 
pica  type.  In  1719  Th»  Boston  Gazette 
made  its  appearance,  and  the  American 
Weeldy  Mereurie  was  started  in  Phila<ielphia 
the  same  year.  In  1721  James  Franklin 
(brother  to  Ben)  started  the  fourth  Ameri- 
can newspaper  at  Boston,  Ths  New  England 
Courant.  The  New  York  Gazette  appeared 
in  1725.  In  1766  tho  British  Pivrliument 
imposed  a  stamp  duty  of  one  half-|)enny  on 
tk*  Colonial  newspapers,  which,  meeting  with 


great  opposition,  waa    removed   after   two 
years. 

The  first  semi-weekly  newspaper  in  the 
United  Htatcs  wuiv  started  in  Boston  in  1788, 
and  the  first  daily  wiw  started  in  Phila- 
delphia in  1784.  It  will  Im  seen  by  the  fore- 
going that  iinnindiatiity  after  tho  Itovolu- 
tiouury  war,  which  secured  onr  indopendence 
as  a  nation,  nflWHi)n|)ui-a  sprung  \ip  in  ditfur- 
unt  parts  of  tho  Union. 

King  Janius  instriiolod  tho  Oovcrnor  of 
the  Province  of  New  York,  in  1080,  not  to 
allow  a  printing  press  within  his  juris<liction ; 
consequently  the  Knickerbockers  wore  de- 
pendent upon  Massachusetts  and  Philadel- 
phia until  1003.  Previous  to  1705  eight 
papers  were  started  in  the  city  of  New  York. 
No  daily  paper  was  issuml  until  1788.  The 
first  paper  in  the  Province  o*'  New  York 
outside  tho  city  was  started  in  Albany  in 
1772.  In  1810  New  York  State  had  sixtv- 
aix  journals,  of  which  fourttion  were  pub- 
lished in  the  city  ;  in  1832  there  were  sixty- 
four  in  the  city,  and  two  hundred  and  fifty- 
eight  in  tho  State.  In  1861  the  press  of  New 
York  State  was  :  daily,  fifty-six  ;  other  than 
daily,  four  hundred  and  two;  total,  four 
huiulred  and  fifty-eight. 

The  first  paper  in  Now  Englan<l,  outsido 
of  Mossuchiisntts,  v^as  started  in  Rhode 
Island  in  1733.  No  iiewspajMU'  was  printt^d 
in  Connecticut  until  1756.  In  1775  thero 
were  four;  in  1810,  cloven,  all  weekly; 
1840,  two  daily  and  twenty-seven  weekly  ; 
in  IH.'iO,  eight  daily,  six  tri-  and  semi- weekly, 
and  thirty-two  weekly. 

Tho  first  newspaper  was  started  in  New 
Hampshii-e  in  1750.  In  1860  it  had  a  total 
of  forty-eight ;  three  daily,  two  monthly, 
and  forty-three  weekly. 

In  1810  there  wore  fourteen  jiajjcrs  in  Ver- 
mont. In  1850  it  had  three  daily  and  thirty- 
three  other  than  daily. 

In  1801  there  wore  five  popers  published 
within  the  limits  of  Maine.  In  1810,  while 
the  State  of  Maine  was  part  of  Massachu- 
setts, it  hod  eight  papci-s.  In  1850  it  had 
seven  daily  and  seventy  other  than  daily. 

The  first  paper  in  the  Middle  States,  after 
New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  was  started  at 
Annapolis,  Md.,  1727.  Tho  firat  paper  was 
started  in  Baltimore  in  1773.  In  1810 
Maryland  had  twenty-one  papei-s;  in  1828, 
thirty-seven  ;  in  1850,  eighty-five,  of  which 
nine  were  daily. 

In  1701  Delaware  had  one  paper ;  in  1810, 
two;  in  1828,  four;  in  1806  it  had  throe 
semi-weekly  and  nine  weekly. 

Tho  first  regular  paper  in  New  Jersey  was 
started  in  Burlington  in  1777.  In  1856  the 
State  had  a  total  of  seventy-seven ;  soven 
daily  and  seventy  other  than  daily. 

The  Governor  of  the  Colony  of  Virginia, 
sixty-four  years  after  its  settlement,  thanked 
Qod  that  it  hod  no  free  schools  or  printing 
presses.  His  predecessor,  in  1683,  had  been 
expressly  ordered  not  to  allow  a  printing 
press  within  his  jurisdiction.  In  173C  a 
newspaper  was  started  at  Williamsburg,  called 
the  Virginin  Gazette,  and  was  printed  on  a 
half  sheet  of  foolscap.  This  paper  was  anti- 
republican,  and  in  1700,  Thomas  Jefferson 
and  othci-s  issued  an  "independent  paper, 
open  to  all  parties,  but  influenced  by  none." 
This  i>eriod  was,  as  Mr.  Jefferson  said,  "  at 
the   beginning  of  Kovolutiouary  disputes." 


In  1760  Virgink  had  but  one  newspapar] 
in  1770,  two ;  in  1810,  twentv-three ;  in  1840, 
four  dailies,  thirty-five  weeklies  and  twelv* 
semiwoeklies.  It  hail,  in  1860,  aixtem  daily 
and  one  hundred  and  forty-seven  olh«r  thaa 
daily. 

Two  papers  woro  printed  in  North  Carolina 
when  tiiu  Itovolutionary  war  commenced  In 
1810,  ton;  in  1828,  twenty;  in  1866,  four 
dailies,  and  ninety-one  other  thin  daily. 

In  1706  there  were  three  papei-s  in  South 
Carolina;  in  1776,  two;  in  1801,  ten;  in 
1838,  twenty ;  in  1866,  eight  daily,  and  fifty 
soven  other  than  daily. 

In  1776  Georgia  had  one  Jonmal;  in  1810, 
thirtetn;  in  1828,  eighteen;  in  1840,  five 
daily,  forty-four  weekly,  five  semi-weekly. 
In  1866,  seven  doily,  and  sixty -six  other  than 
daily. 

Tho  first  newspaper  in  Tennessee  waa 
printed  at  Knoxville  in  1703,  In  1810 
Tennessee  had  '.ix Journals ;  in  1838,  eight; 
in  1866,  nine  daily  and  ninety-two  other  than 
daily. 

At  Natchez,  in  1800,  the  first  paiier  waa 
printed  in  Misaiasippi.  In  1810  Mississippi 
had  four  journals;  in  1806,  seventy  weekly, 
and  six  semi-  and  tri-weekly. 

The  first  paiwr  published  in  Louisiana  wan 
in  1704.  In  1810,  there  were  ten ;  in  1840, 
eleven  daily,  twenty-one  weekly  and  two  semi- 
weekly  ;  in  1 856,  twelve  doily,  ond  ninbty 
other  than  daily. 

In  1828  Alabama  had  ten  papers ;  in  1840, 
twenty-eight,  and  in  1865,  dai>y  six,  weekly 
eighty,  and  semi-  and  tri-weekly  five. 

Arkansas  had  two  papers  in  1828;  nine  in 
184U;  in  1806,  one  daily,  twenty  weekly, 
three  semi-  and  tri-weekly. 

In  1838  Florida  had  two  journals ;  in  1840, 
ten ;  in  1850,  eighteen  weekly,  and  three  semi- 
and  tri-weekly. 

In  1830  Texas  had  but  one  newspaper;  in 
1841,  eleven;  in  1856,  fifty-six. 

The  District  of  Columbia  had,  in  1810,  one 
daily,  three  tri-weekly,  one  semi-weokly,  and 
one  weekly.  In  1866,  six  daily,  and  nineteen 
other  than  daily. 

The  first  published  in  the  Northwest  Ter 
ritory  was  issued  at  Cincinnati  in  1703.  In 
1 8 1 0  Ohio  had  fourteen  ]ia])eni ;  in  1 828,  sixty  • 
six;  in  1850,  tliirty-ono daily,  and  three  bun* 
dred  and  seventy-two  other  than  daily. 

In  1787  tho  first  paper  was  printed  in 
Kentucky.  In  1810  Kentucky  bad  seven- 
teen journals ;  1828,  twenty-three;  1840,  five 
daily,  seventy-six  weekly,  ond  seven  semi- 
weekly  ;  in  1860,  nine  daily ;  other  than  daily, 
one  hundred. 

The  first  newspaper  was  printed  in  Indiana 
about  the  year  1800;  in  1828,  Indiana  had 
seventeen  papers ;  in  1840,  seventy-thnte  ;  in 
1850,  three  daily,  and  one  hundrad  and  seven- 
ty-eight other  than  daily. 

The  fii-st  paper  in  Michigan  was  published 
at  Detroit  in  1810 ;  in  1828  Michigan  had  two 
journals ;  in  1 840,  six  daily  and  twenty-six 
weekly ;  in  1850,  seven  daily,  and  ninety- 
eight  other  than  daily. 

In  1840  Wisconsin  had  six  papers ;  in  1854, 
eighty-six  papers,  ten  of  which  were  daily. 

In  1854  Illinois  hud  one  hundred  and  fifty- 
four  papers.  In  1828  it  had  four;  in  1856, 
Hoveiitecii  daily  niid  two  hundred  and  twenty 
other  than  daily. 

In  1828  Missc'jri  had  five  jonmals;  ia 


onel 
l\ 

1801 
thsil 

nes 
foud 

ij 
ourtl 
eiglJ 
daill 

Tl 
1804 
shorf 


fiteu 


UNITED   BTATK8. 


)«  newipapar} 
JirM ;  in  IR40, 
e»  and  twelva 
,  ■ixtocn  ditiljr 
ren  otber  thMi 

forth  Caroliiw 
•mmeDood  In 
in  18&6,  four 
!i'\n  daily. 
mm  in  South 
laoi,  ten;  in 
uly,  and  flfty 

irn«I;  in  1810, 
in  1840,  fivo 
i  aemi-weelcly. 
•lix  other  than 

'onneiaoe  itaa 
13.  In  1810 
>  1828,  eight; 
two  other  than 

rat  p«|>er  waa 
[0  Mianiuippi 
vouty  weekly, 

Louisiana  waa 
ton ;  in  1840, 
and  two  louii- 
r,  and  ninety 

|)er«;  in  1840, 
\y  aix,  weekly 
y  five. 

1828 ;  nine  in 
renty  weekly, 

liali;inl840, 
III  three  seini- 

iew8pap«r;  in 

in  1810,  one 
■weekly,  and 
and  nineteen 

rthwest  Tor 

|in  1793.    In 

1828,  sixty. 

I  three  huu- 

daily. 

printed  in 

had  sevcn- 

;  1840,  five 

seven  semi- 

ir  than  daily, 

d  in  Indiana 
[ndiana  had 
ty-three ;  in 
d  and  seven- 
is  published 
ganhadtwo 
twenty-six 
und  ninety- 


rs 

Ml 


;  in  1854, 
0  daily. 

and  fifty- 
. ,  in  1856, 
and  twenty 

lunaLi;  ia 


IMO,  dM  daily,  twenty-four  weekly,  end  Ave 
•emi-weekly  ;  in  IHfiO  it  had  five  daily,  and 
one  hundred  and  five  other  than  daily. 

lowu  hud  fiiur  weekly  pit|iiti'N  iit  1810.  In 
18&tf  it  hati  four  daily,  and  sixty-eight  other 
than  dnily. 

According  to  the  census  of  IHAO,  Min- 
nesota had  no  newNpa|Mtr.  lu  185)1,  she  hml 
four  daily,  and  twunty-two  other  llinii  chiily. 

lu  18no  (Jiilifuriiiik  had  iwivuit  i)u|)ers,  uc- 
oording  to  the  consiis ;  in  I85U  tlioro  wnre 
eiglittieu  daily  and  suventy-sovun  other  thun 
daily. 

The  first  paper  was  started  in  Nebraska  in 
1864,  and  in  Kansas  about  the  same  time  or 
shortly  after. 

We  have  'thua  briefly  giyon,  so  far  as  we 
have  been  able  to  gather  facts,  the  introduc- 
tion and  progress  of  newspa|N.>r  printing  in 
the  several  Htatei.  To  show  the  actual  pro- 
gress made  up  to  1780,  we  subjoin  the  fol- 
lowing table  from  the  oensua : 


AUlM  sod  TiirrltarlH. 


AUhamft. 

ArlRniw 

ArkiUtMU. 

('Allfiirnlit 

CMoimilo 

runiwitluut 

DakuU 

Dolaware 

Dlitrliit  of  UoliiiiibU. 

Fkirlriit. 

UtwrglA 

Idaho. 

Illlaala 

Indtuu. 

lom 

KaiuM 

Kwtuulijr 

LoaUUiw 

Mdne 

MujrlMiil 

MkMMfenMtta 

Ulchla>n 

HliinnmUk 

UlMlmliipi 

MlMoiiri 

Montana..,.   

Kebruka 

Kuvatia 

New  HampMhlre. , , , , 

Kew  J«r>wy 

K«w  UfKtuu. 

N«w  Viirk 

Muith  CaruUnu 

Ohio 

Oregon 

IViinMytvAnta 

nhode  Islai'.il .,...., 

South  CaruUna 

TeiiUflMra 

Teiaa  

UUh 

Vermont 

VIrxInia 

Watihlnston 

WntVlrKlilla 

WIwuhihIii 

Wyoming 

Total 


6» 
1 

M 

Ml 

N 

71 

» 

n 

n 

m 

m 

s 

BOS 

m 

m 

M 
AS 

UN 
Sfttt 

nil 
w 
111 

10 

«l 

ID 

Bl 

1« 

B 

tl» 

8t« 
W 

IMU 
D* 
BB 

m 

lU 

111 

47 
114 

1 
BU 

lUU 

« 


t 

Clroiilit- 

Uon. 

• 

VI.IIIB 

»tl 

t 

m,m 

Wl 

4111. mm 

4 

M.TBil 

M 

«M,7'« 

i.tmv 

1 

IMI.HKI 

« 

l^l,4"0 

III.MB 

IB 

iao"H7 

!/.  m 

su 

1,7IN.BII 

IMl 

.l<l.t.lMl 

IN 

illll.llllU 

in 

im,Ko;i 

II 

iVI.lW 

7 

HI.IIIB 

7 

ITIl.llllll 

H 

ic:5,i«ii 

III 

l,«l«,l«l 

111 

nan,  174 

II 

110.77N 

s 

7I,NIIN 

III 

Sli.Mitl 

II 

l(t,.V« 

7 

Ul.tKIU 

B 

ll.lllHI 

7 

mmit 

ilU 

ttl«,BIIII 

1 

l.B'.fi 

W 

7,BIII.4II7 

H 

lU.hlill 

(H 

l,3m.mi7 

4 

4B,75II 

BB 

8,411t,i«5 

« 

KajIWI 

B 

NU.IHili 

l!l 

s*Mir.g 

in 

B«.!»(l 

» 

II.IIBII 

8 

71.MI0 

111 

14:i,S4U 

1 

(i,7hri 

4 

B4,4;ni 

14 

84:i,.'U<B 

tl 

I.IIBU 

Ooplanla- 

luuil  aiiDU- 
ally. 

0,ltlH,IMI 
M,IMO 

1,I«M,MW 
47,4Ti,7SII 

I.IIHI.IUIII 
17,151,710 

K-..1KI  I 

l,lllP7,li|0 

Kl.llll'.'  NHl 

lll'.l.«lll 

1B,MII,7II4 

SDKI.IjIKI 

11.1,11(1.41111 

!II1,W1^I,UM 

lll,«l:l..'INII 

ll,niM7ll 

iH,'r;u.i(iu 

1II.75B.I1IIII 
U,Mi7,IIKII 
!I.I,JII7,77« 
14ll.mit.!ltlll 
lll,tMI,ll7N 

ii.ni^i.ir4i 

4,7U.'l,*l« 
47,IMI,  IW 
n.MHI.ItlHI 

a,asn,Bii<) 

HWAdOll 
7,ll;l7,St« 
lN,ti!in.T4ll 
ia7,:iNi 
471,711,744 
(l.d.'^I.WlU 

nH.r.iN,M4 

.'l.ll'i7,SIIU 

a4i,i;i'.Mo 
ii,7m.fi«o 

H,IKI1.4IM 
IR,.'W().HI4 
4.»II,MM 
1.57H,I01I 
4,ll.Vi,31HI 
lH,:illl.B7S 

iiiiii,iy)ii 
4.i>r.>.«iii 

Sfl,7IW,IW) 
«ll,3U(l 


8,87:   B74ji|0,i»4!l,47B  1,BU.SW«,S60 


Of  the  5,871  periodicals,  with  an  aninml 
issue  of  1,508,548,2.'J0  copies,  574  are  iluily  ; 
107  thrco  times  a  week;  115  semi-weekly; 
4,295  weekly;  OU  suini-monthly ;  022  moutli- 
ly  ;  13  bi  moiitlily  {  and  49  quarterly. 

They  are  ilevotoii  to :  Advertising,  79 ; 
agriculture  uiid  horticulture,  93  ;  bcuovo- 
lent  and  secret  sooietius,  81  ;  coniinurciiil 
and  financial,  142;  illiiHtriitcd,  literary,  and 
miscellaneous,  503 ;  nationality,  20  ;  poli 
tics,  4,333 ;  religion,  407  ;  sporting,  6  ;  tech- 
nical and  professional,  207. 

The  foregoing  table  includes  nothing  but 
regularly  issued  periodicals,  and  wlion  wt* 
add  to  this  the  immense  number  of  books 
annually  put  out  by  tlio  press  of  tlii.s  conn 
try,  the  mass  of  rending  matter  becomes 
(nily  prodigious. 


THE  PUBLIC  DEBT  OF  THE  17NITBD  BTATm 
Stattmmt  of  Ntttmbtr  80, 18TS. 

UIBT  BIARIKO  IMTIHBBT  IN  OOIH. 


Title  ol 


I^inoflHBS 

Lniiii  1,1  Piibniary,  lUll  ^  M't) 

Dnipin  Wiir  Dibt  . 

Loan  of  July  and  A  ik<«  IMl  (We). 

Kin.  Iwintii'Hiil  IMS'     

I,i«li  of  IMIlll  CM'i) 

IVn  foilUmof  imi 

rive-twi'iillin  of  .March,  IKM. 

FIvo  twontli'i  of  June,  IMM 

rive  twiiiilli'K  of  IWU) 

O.inwieof  IHHB.. 
Conaihof  1MI7. 
Conxilnor  IMIS. 


AuthorUtng  Act 


Hataot 
Intereat. 


Whan  Radaemahte.     WiHe 


June  11,  IHBH IB 

Fehniarv  H,  IMU • 

March  II,  INfll '« 

July  17  and  Auguat  t,  IMl I« 

Ffliniary  VB,  IWW • 

ManhH,  INBI 11 

March  II,  IHIM B 

March  ;l,  1N14 « 


June  Ml,  IMU. 
Haroh  II,  IMM. 
March  »,  IHHB. . 
March  .1,  IWIA. . 
March  II,  1l«». . 


Kuniieil  fxiriii  of  Ism July  14.  IM7U.  and  Jaanary  W,  IKTI .  B 


percent, 
tier  cent, 
percent, 
per  rent. 
p<'rrent. 
la-r  i-ent. 
per  cent. 
percent, 
per  cent, 
percent, 
percent, 
percent, 
percent 
IN'r  i*nt. 


After  Jan.  1, 1IT4. . 


AfUr 

After 

After 
After 
Altar 
After 
After 
After 
After 
AfUr 
After 


June  M,  1181 
May  1,  iM7.. 
June  Ml,  IIWI 
March  I.  Ilfr4 
Nor.  1,  ISWI.. 
No*.  1,  ISW. . 
Nov.  1,1870.. 
July  1, 1870. 
July  I,  int.. 
Juiyi,  ims.. 

May  I,  ISWl.. 


Jnly 


ri.iKr 


May  t,  IIM. 

iimhlViMi' 
Kor.  1,  isM. 
Nov.  1. 18M. 
Nov.  1, 18Mk 
Jnly  1,  IM. 
Jaly  1,  IWK 
Jnly  1  wm. 


Title  u(  Loan. 


T/)anof  IHBS 

I.ii«n  of  Feliniarv,  IWIl  ('Hl'n). 

Orrgon  War  Debt 

Loan  of  July  and  Auguiit,  iMl 

rivetwenlloiiotlHIU 

I.c«n  of  IMH  C"!'") 

Tenfnrtleeof  WM 

five  Iwi'nlli'ii  of  Mnn^h.  1884  .. 
riv(.-twcnl4im  of  Juno,  IMM. . , . 

FIve-twcntlea  of  1SII5 

OiniaoUof  IMIB 

Connola  of  IWfr 

CiooKiUof  IHIIK 

Funded  Loan  of  1H81 


(•Bl-.)  . 


Intereat  Payable, 


Jannuryand  July.. 
January  end  July.. 
Janunryurid  July.. 
January  and  July. . 
May  and  Novcmlwr 
Jimunryand  July.. 
March  and  Heptember 
Mny  and  Novendier. . 
May  and  November. . 
May  and  November. . 
January  and  Jidy  , . . 
January  and  Jnly. . , 
January  and  July..,. 
ITebruary,  May,  etc . . 


Total. 


Amount  Outntand* 
Ing. 


«9II,IIII0,(XIU 
1H,4IB,U0U 
1148,1100 
1811,11111, HBO 
m,IIBM,WO 
7B.IIII0,U00 
l»l,Bn7,)IIIO 
IHIVIWO 

^■<,ON1,■Klo 

1B!I,711,M0 
IIUII,lltlH,KIO 
81II,HM,«X) 
117,474,0(10 
Iltl8,«)4,100 


tl,71«,IHI,BaO 


Intereat  due  and 
nnpald. 


|fl«,m0  80 
87,47«00 
fl,7U7B 

4na,oii  tt 

«,S4»,aM  78 

1BB,81«  Of 

no.MMTl 

1,478  88 

814,(181  04 

t.«M,MIBaS 

1.(170,(178  41 

S,07II,W4  Ot 

147,m4  00 

i,«ii4,6m  ea 


tl0.IM().4IB  i 


Aooraedlnl 


480,I171  00 

avsnoo 
4,788,vnn 

888,901  78 

1.878.000  00 

1.488.001  ■ 
4,788  00 

Ml,4r0  00 

788,081175 

8,088,  SOI  to 

7,788,888  00 

888.880  0: 

1,180,148  00 


|aa,Wl,M8  71 


TIUu  of  Loan. 


nEDT  ON  WHIOK  INTEneST  HAS  CBASKD  SINCE  MATTTniTT, 

AnH>uut  UutetandlVi 


Old  Debt 

Miultmn  Indemnity  8l4Kk 

l.oanof  1K17  

Ibiunty  I.nnd  Scrip 

Texan  Inileuinlty  Stock 

I..«n  of  ISdd 

Five  twcntlea,  1  Will  (islli-d) 

TrtAKury  N'otea  prior  to  ItMO 

TreaHUry  Notoaof  1K4S 

Trca«urj  NoIm  ol  IH47 

'I'  reuNury  Notes  of  1867 

Treiuiury  Nol4.«  of  IWl 

Seven  thirtlea  of  IMIt 

One  year  Notea  of  IMB 

Two-ytMtr  Xot4<a  of  IHIS 

('orniainnd-lntcreat  Nutoa 

Seven  Ihlrtlea  of  IWU  and  1H85  .... 

Ci-rtitle.deMof  Indebtcdni^aa 

TelniNirary  \aw,\\ 

Three  p4'r  cent,  ccrtlflcatea  (called). 


When  Katnral. 


At  varloua  datea  prior  to  January  1, 1687 

At  varloua  datea  In  1861  and  18811 

December  .11,  1807 

Jidy  1.1840 

Iluoemlicr  81, 1884 

January  1,  1871 

Iieeendier  1,  Itfll,  and  at  anhaeqnent  datea. 

At  varloua  datea  from  1888  to  1844 

At  varloua  dalea  In  1847  and  184S , 

At  varioiu  datea  In  1SI8  and  1840 

At  variona  ilatea  In  1868  and  18B0 , 

March  1.18S8 

Auguat  IB  and  October  1, 1864 

At  varloua  datce  In  1H86 , 

At  varloua  datea  In  1888 , 

Juno  10, 1887,  and  May  IB,  1888 

Angnat  IB.  IMTT,  Juno  16  and  July  15, 1888 

At  varloua  datea  In  188& 

O^■tobcrl^  Km* 

February  88, 1873 


Aggregate  of  debt  on  which  Intereat  haa  oeaaed . 


•67,886  00 
1,104  111 

l,(inooo 

a,  MM  00 

1T4.000  00 

10,000  00 

1S;84^«00  00 

SII,B76  86 

8,000  00 

WO  00 

s,ooooo 

8,180  00 
l«,ilB0  0(J 
80,486  00 

B^«aooo 

461,170  00 
888,800  00 

^ooooo 

78,680  00 
6.000  00 


080,1)4(1,670  W 


Intnreet  Aevnied. 


•84,174  81 

86  74 

MOO 

tMIIO 

»,460  10 

Sin  oo 

:74.8BI>  !■ 

1,870  70 

MA  00 

67  00 

108  00 

878  00 

1,4118  84 

4088  80 

8,766  80 

II0.0S6  88 

81,8IMaT 

818  48 

7,848  80 

8MS1 


♦881,687  49 


DEBT  BBAniNO  INTBUBST  IN  LAWFUL  UONBT. 


TIUo  ot  \mui. 


N'avy  IVnaion  Fund 

Cert,  of  Indcbtcdneaa  of  1870. 


When  Payable. 


8  per  ct. '  Intereat  applied  to  penalona.  .Tan.  and  July . . . 
4  per  ct,l  Payable  September  1, 1876,  March  and  Sept 


Intereat  l*iiy'ble. 


Aggregate  of  debt  bearing  intereat  In  lawful  money  . 


Ainonnt.     I  Paat  due  Int. 


•14,000,000 
678,000 


•40  00 


•14,878,000  I        040  00 


•176,000 

0,780 


•181,780 


DEBT  BEAniNO  NO  INTEREST, 


Title  of  I.oan, 


Old  Demand  Notea 

I.etfnl  Teniler  Notea  . . , 
(Vrlillnileanf  llepoalt., 
Fraet  ional  Currency. . . , 

(%iln  (^ertilltmtee 

Uueluimod  Intfrcflt. ... 


Authoriling  Acta. 


July  17.  18(11,  nnd  February  19.  1869 

February  •»,  1869  July  11,  1M9,  and  March  3,  ISIH,, 

June  8,  lf79  (Olearing-Houao  OrOncatoa) 

Jnly  17,  1884,  March  8,  180,1,  and  June  80, 1804 

March  8, 180.1 


Aggregate  of  debt  bearing  no  Intereat. , 


Amount. 


•79,887  80 
M8,M9,018  00 
90,180,000  00 
48,041,848  96 
80,990,800  00 
19,664  84 


•486,486,800  » 


REOAI'ITULATION, 


Deacrlption  of  Debt. 


Dcl>t  bearing  Intereat  In  coin  . . . 
Debt  bearing  '^urr^ncy  Intereat , 


Debt  on  whlrh  Intereat  haa  ceaacd,. 
DebL  bearing  no  tutcrcat 


Bonda  at  8  percent 

Bonda  at  6  per  cent 

CertlflratcB  of  indebtfidneaa  at  4  per  cent . 
Nary  Pcnaion  Fund  at  8  per  cent 


Old  Demand  and  Legal  Tender  Nutce  , 

Ccriillcatea  of  Dcpoait 

Fractional  Ourrency *, 

Cluin  OertiOcatea. 


Total  principal  of  debt 

Add  int4!rcat  unpaid  nnd  accrued 

Total  debt 

Cui*h  In  the  TreaMury— Coin , 

Currency 

Special  deiKiait  for  redemptioa  of  ccrtlflcatea  of  depodt. 

Debt,  ieaaeui'h  In  the  Treft><nry,  December  1,  IRTl , 

Delil,  letw  eaah  in  the  Treiiaury,  November  1,  1873 

Increaao  of  debt  during  the  paat  month , 

Doereaae  of  deM  dnco  December  1, 1871 


.•83,70n,I187  44 
.  1,908,440  98 
.   90,160,000  00 


Amount 


•1,118,840,160  00 

497,801.400  00 

878,000  03 

14,000.000  00 

90,»1«.B70  le 

887,001,886  BO 

iO.lM.OOO  00 

48,041.849  86 

80,990,600  00 


•9,917,87«,7B6  71 

S8,8a8/f»^4T 

•9;  986,018,481  10 


106,180. 497_n 

•9,rS0,'86a,(«B  40" 
1.141.888,476  M 


••,098,5lS8r^ 


RISTOKY    OF   THB 


\h 


Thia  nnftl  MttlMMnt  ia  wm  Utile  »limnd 
hy  tho  lut  Uve  par  cent  loan  utued  in  Juljr, 
1(174,  by  Ueortitary  Uriatow,  and  taken  by  the 
ftireign  bankun. 

'i'Ue  ■tatoiuHul  of  the  Publio  Debt  would 
not  be  complete  without  a  parallel  Mtiitvinont 
of  the  gold  premium,  whidi  had  such  a  great 
iail'ieiMo  in  the  financial  alTainof  the  oouutry. 

PUBLIC  DEBT. 

In  order  to  form  a  right  idea  of  tho  extent 
of  Uie  Public  Debt  of  the  United  Htutcii,  and 
how  it  waa  formed,  during  the  uaat  few  yearn, 
it  ia  neceaiary  to  compare  the  ttgurea  of  1873 
with  thoae  of  the  Debt  under  the  diffuronl 
adminiatratioofi. 

The  Public  Debt,  at  the  oloae  of  each  ad- 
miniMnttion,  waa : 
Waahington  (firit  term)  end- 
ing 1793 $80,303,034  04 

(iwiond  term) 83,064,470  33 

.fohn  Adams 83,038,050  80 

Jefferaon  (Knt  tcmi) 82,313,1&0  AO 

(iecond  tetm) 07,023,103  00 

Ma<liaon  (finit  term) 05,003,827  07 

(second  term) 123,401,060   10 

Monroe  (Hmt  term) 80,987,427  CO 

(8(3Cond  term) 83,788,433  7 1 

fuhn  Quinoy  Adams 08,431,413  07 

Jackson  (flntt  t<!rm) 7,001,008  83 

(aeoond  term) 3,:508, 1 24  07 

Van  Buren 13,094,480  73 

Tyler 10,925,303  01 

Polk 03,061,808  69 

Fillmore 00,803,117  70 

Pierce 28,099,831  80 

Buchanan 90,080,873  72 

Lincoln 2,080,047,800  74 

Johnson 2,088,402,213  94 

Debt,  less  cash  in  Treasury, 

March  1,  1873 2,107,380,700.03 

The  outatandiug  of  the  publio  debt  of  the 
United  States,  since  the  end  of  tho  civil  war, 
on  the  Ist  of  July  of  each  y(!ar,  is  shown  as 
f(  llowa  by  the  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treaaury,  December  4,  1871,  and  public  debt 
atatement  of  sairie,  July  1, 1872  : 

1860 $2,080,047,869  7'.' 

1866 2,773,230,173  01 

1807 2,078,120,103  87 

1808 2,011,087,841  10 

1869 2,088,451,213  94 

1870 2,480,072,427  81 

1871 2,353,211,332  32 

1872.... 2,303,301,328  78 

The  preceding  tables,  which  are  a  eoirrect 
atatemjnt  of  the  Public  Debt,  as  appears  from 
the  books  and  Treasurer's  returns  in  the  Do- 
partmsnt  of  Treaaury,  November  30,  1873, 
will  show  the  details  of  tho  Debt,  and  how  it 
was  and  will  be  paid. 

The  following  table  showa  the  lowest  and 
highest  prices  of  gold  at  Now  York  for  each 
month  in  the  last  twelve  years.  The  left- 
hand  column  in  each  year  shows  the  lowest 
price,  and  the  right-hand  column  the  highest : 


SAim.  isn. 


Janmrr I  pur 

Fubnuiy lUSx 

March 101X 

AprU lOlJj 

M»y >0»« 

June lO'lM 

ta\) 109 

Atiiin«t iVi!4 

Bvplcmber. WH 

OetobCT m 

Kar»u\m M» 

OeoNulMr lao 


18S3. 


1804. 


105     V» 

103W  riA 
lU-JH  I'M) 
1U4><  I4'IM 
KIIIX  14(P>iillN,»i 
I3CI',-  litlU'JW 


lliOJi 

m'.i 

in» 

I.W 


iM   ii/; 

134    I14T 


1+iX 

IM 
lUK 


mami 
iMt   mmi 

im    i!«i 

l.sa      251 
Ki     12NB 

«ilX  a» 
1%    am 

189     I'M.! 

!ia»    sw 

ai     1944 


1805. 


ll»'.-!»1«Ji 
iiK^  an 

111    :lm 
VSiK  HSVf 

ins    im'i 

Ui!,  145 
144      149 
145)^  148K 
144J<J4gX 


lUn. 


Jftniiary  , ., 
IMiiannr... 

Manh 

April 

May 

Junn. 

July 

Auffitit 

Hi'pUitnlNir. , 
iwiabiir,  .. 
Nnvrmbar.. 
Dnnator., 


IIMV 
,  IM    I 

in 

ilHI.<i 
,  l4SVi 

.iiaiu 


I4I>, 
IWS 

vmn 

lilk.<4 
141 S 
1(17 'i 
I.W'i 
15'iVt 
I4T. 
1M'> 
I4N>. 
141 H 


IMV. 


IMS. 


It 


in    tmslmv 

unv  IMPS  i'i»'i 

ins  >4I'. 

IHI', 

in4',  ux'. 

ii«ii>. 

m',  rw, 

i.i»'. 

\m;  iiii<4 

1411 1< 

t:;u'.  !»', 

lill« 

Ill      IHI', 

IIU. 

uiv  I4n-. 

|!VI<, 

iwr.  Mm 

IW. 

lai  iima 

IIMS 

144  IW. 
tUS  I'OU 
IHI',  IHI*. 

mil,  I'M), 

MtV<  i:iT 
I4ntt  i:i4 
ino    i:iiu 
iiA'.  iimi, 

ICIH  !■*'■ 


IM'i 
144.^ 


IIW 

Jin 

I.ITH 
IIHIi 

niu 

I^MI>i'llW)(ll«4 


|:r>    1 141 


DAT*. 


January  . . . 
Kebninnr... 
Manih...  . 
A|wil 

"V 

Jan* 

July 

Autflut 

Beptitmlicr, . 

Ortatwr 

NovonitKtr,. 
DouHiilMr*. 


tmu. 


1H71. 


mil. 


18T1I. 


115 

IIOV 

m.i. 
iw, 
iiii;. 

Ills 
114', 
llll\ 
Ills 

no 

llUli 


WIS 

nil', 

IIRS 
IIIVS 
\U'i 
ItVi 
IW 

iini,- 

II4S 

nils 
ins 


ItlWKWS 
ll«V  lovx 
ins  iw'V 
ini«  iims 
\U'(  iris 

IIHS  111 

IISSlllDX 

lIHSilWS 

iu\;nnsiiiiis 

llllt  115     WH 
lIDSllilSIll', 

IUH,S  llU'rIII'. 


litis 

lion 

lius 

no;, 

III 

inv 

MIS 
Ills 


IIOS 

111 

IIU<i 
IIMU 

III'. 

1141f 

lt.1V 

ims 
ims 

ll.V, 
II4V 


IIISII4W 
iif,  iins 
I14SIINM 

llo<(  ll»x 

IIHS  IIHH 
115  IIIH|< 
115  II5<{ 
II4S  ll«l< 

110'.  nsu 

lUTS  Illy 

lonsiiiox 
iohhIikm 


In  August,  1874,  the  price  of  gold  fluctu- 
ated between  109  and  110^. 

IIAILROADB. 

Thoro  is  not  a  country  in  tho  whole  world 
which  has  made  such  progress  in  building 
railroads  us  the  United  States.  Long  ago 
the  iron  horse  wns  heard  snorting  from  every 
city  to  the  smallest  village,  in  Now  Kngland, 
in  the  Middle  States,  and  on  tiio  Western 
prairies ;  but  the  Southern  States  were  sys- 
tematically oppoacd  to  building  railroada  in 
their  midst  At  (iresent,  although,  the  more 
Southern  States  are  not  yet  as  much  interwoven 
with  railways  oa  the  North  and  West,  it  can 
be  safely  as..>.i-ted  that  the  network  of  the 
railroad  system  in  the  whole  country  has 
reached  perfection,  as  to  the  principaL  linp  j. 
Tho  prediction,  uttered  years  ago,  that  New 
York  would  be  connected  with  San  Francisco 
by  a  railroad,  which  would  become  the  great 
route  from  Euroiie  to  China  and  Japan,  is 
fulfilled,  and  the  Pacific  Bailroad  already 
looks  as  a  thing  of  tho  jiast,  and  other 
siiiiilitr  lines  are  thought  of.  Tea  comes  now 
from  Shanghai,  mid  nilk  from  Yokohiimii, 
and  they  reach  London  or  Puris  by  way  of 
the  iron  belt,  which  has  scaled  the  llocky 
Mountains.  At  the  time  we  are  writing, 
August,  1874,  tho  Italian  Minister  Pionij'. 
lentiary  and  Envoy  Extraordinary  acredited 
to  Japan  has  arrived  from  France,  on  his 
way  to  the  Far  East,  from  Italy,  via  New 
York  and  Sun  Francisco,  instead  of  via 
Suez,  or  the  Peninsular  Oriental  Company 
steainshipa. 

Still,  it  must  not  bo  thought  that  the  in- 
fancy of  railroad  building  was  too  rapid,  or 
without  ditBculties,  even  in  Amei'ica,  where  bo 
many  advantages  paved  for  them  the  way  to 
success.  Railroads  for  the  transport  of  stone 
and  coal  came  iuto  operation  i.i  I^Iassachu- 
settK,  Bhmie  Island,  and  Pennsylvania  in 
1820  ami  1827,  and  increased  in  number  for 
general  traffic  up  to  1848,  when  0,000  miles 
of  railroad  were  completed  throughout  the 
States.  Since  that  stoge  in,  their  history, 
tliey  have  considerably  increased,  and  been 
pushed  to  grout  distances  towards  the  in- 
terior. In  1853  the  length  of  railways  in 
actual  operation  in  the  United  Stages  was 
14,494  miles,  nearly  one-half  of  which  m'ivs  in 
Ihu  N<;w  England  States,  and  in  tho  State  of 
New  York.  The  number  of  railroads  in 
these  States,  and  also  in  Pennsylvania,  aur- 
priaed  every  traveller  from  Europe.    They 


were  aaen  radhiliiig  in  laTeral  direetioMftm 
•very  city,  interlining  and  oroaaiDg  ud  ■cad* 
ing  out  branohea,  so  aa  to  bring  every  ■••( 
of  population  of  any  importance  into  road* 
communication  with  the  chief  marta  of  com 
inerce.  In  Maaaachusetta  alone,  in  the  early 
part  of  1803,  there  wore  about  1,200  milea 
of  railway.  At  the  aame  period,  New  York 
had  3,133  milea;  Pennsylvania,  l,34t  milea; 
and  Ohio,  which  waa  by  oomiNuriaon  a  newly 
settled  State,  1,380  milea.  Large  extensioua 
were  made  in  all;  and  the  entire  railway 
system  of  the  United  Btatea  two  yeara  after- 
ward oompreheiidefl  nearly  18,000  milea,  with 
several  thousand  milea  in  oourao  of  oouatruo 
tion.  The  principle  pursued  in  organising 
this  marvellous  system  of  transportation  haa 
been,  in  the  first  place,  to  reat  satisfied  with 
single  lines  until  the  rcaources  of  a  diatriU 
were  ao  far  opened  up,  and  capital  thereby 
created,  aa  to  warrant  tlie  construction  of 
double  tracks.  Only  a  few  had  attained 
the  dignity  of  double  lines.  Therefore 
American  railwava  were  almost  all  only 
tingle  tracks,  and  did  not  admit  of  trains 
passing  each  other,  except  at  appointed 
stations. 

Of  the  oonsidorable  railway  enterprises  of 
the  country,  tho  first  which  appoara  to  have 
been  commenced  wus  a  portion  of  the  now 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  tho  first  atone 
of  which  waa  laid  on  the  4tli  of  July,  1828. 
This  road,  waa  originally  planned  for  a  hone 
track  only ;  but  the  introduction  of  tteaa 
locomotivea  from  England  encouraged  the 
attem]it  to  run  them  on  the  lino;  and  in 
1830  a  small  engine,  constructed  at  Balti- 
more, waa  put  upon  the  road.  Although 
the  trallio  waa  great,  the  engine  appeara  to 
have  been  only  partially  worked,  the  train* 
having  also  been  moved  by  horses. 

This  road  waa  constructed  of  longitudinal 
rails  piniiixl  down  to  wooden  or  croaa-atoue 
ties,  imbedded  in  the  ground  ;  and  upon  tho 
rails  were  fastened  flat  bars  of  iron,  ^  inch 
and  f  inch  thick,  and  2^  to  4^  inchea  wide, 
by  spikes,  heads  countersunk  in  the  iron. 
This  method,  which  was  generally  adopted 
upoii  the  early  American  railroads,  from  con- 
siderations of  economy,  and  with  a  view  of 
extending  the  lines  to  the  utmost  limit  of 
the  capital  provided,  was  soon  found  to  in- 
volve great  danger  and  consequent  expense. 
The  ends  of  the  rails  became  loose;  and, 
starting  up,  were  occasionally  caught  by  the 
wheels,  and  thruat  up  through  the  bottoms 
of  the  cars.  It  waa  found  necessary  to  run 
the  trains  with  gi-eat  caution  upon  the  roads 
thup  constructed,  and  the  passenger  traffio 
wa'i  seriously  diverted  from  those  lines  that 
acouii-ed  a  notoriety  for  snuke-heada. 

In  1830  the  "Hudson  and  Mohawk  Rail- 
road," from  Albany  to  Schenectady,  was  com- 
menced. Ill  October,  1831,  the  number  of 
passengei-s  on  it  was  stated  at  387  a  day,  and 
in  1832  a  locomotive  "  with  a  load  of  eight 
tons,  travelled  on  it  at  the  rate  of  thirty 
miloj  an  hour."  "  In  1831,  twelve  diflTerent 
railroad  companies  were  incorporated ; "  and 
"  from  this  time  railroad  enterprises  were 
multiplied  with  great  rapidity." 

In  Pennsylvania,  it  is  stated,  sixty-seven 
railroads  were  in  operation  in  1833  ;  and  in 
that  year  were  commenced  the  most  import- 
ant linea  of  Massachusetts  and  New  Jersey. 

The  outlay  upon  the  American  linea  haa 


TTNITBD  BTAT18. 


irMtiomfriMi 
ing  u<i  Mad* 
ng  evorjr  wnA 
M  into  nwd* 
nwtii  of  oora 
I,  in  the  o«rly 
t  1,200  niiiva 
d,  New  York 
,  1,244  milra; 
iriion  •  iiewl/ 
■gn  extonuoDi 
utire  railway 
ro  yean  aftar- 
W  miles,  with 
D  of  oonitruo- 
in  organiiing 
iportation  has 
aatiittetl  with 
I  of  a  (liatrict 
ipital  thereby 
aatruotion  of 
had  attained 
I.  Therefore 
loit  all  only 
mit  of  traina 
kt    appointed 

snterpriaea  of 
peara  to  have 
a  of  the  now 
tho  fiivt  atoue 
if  July,  1828. 
sd  for  a  hon* 
ion  of  ateaa 
couraged  tha 
lino;  and  in 
tod  at  Balti- 
I.  Although 
le  appears  to 
id,  the  trains 
m. 

longitudinal 

oroea-stoue 

and  upon  tho 

iron,  ^  inch 

incbea  wide, 

the  iron. 

rally  adopted 

da,  from  con- 

bh  a  view  of 

lOst  limit  of 

found  to  in> 

lent  expense. 

loose;  and. 

Might  by  tha 

the  bottoms 

essary  to  run 

•on  the  roads 

icnger  traffio 

le  lines  that 

lada. 

ohawk  Kail- 
dy,  was  com- 
nuniber  of 
i7  a  day,  and 
iiid  of  eight 
te  of  thirty 
Ive  difforcut 
ruled;"  and 
rprises  wers 

,  sixty-seven 
33 ;  and  in 
lost  ini])ort- 
Now  Jersey, 
n  lines  bu 


X8,700  up  to  Xia,000  nor  mils, 
whilst  Iha  avenga  ooat  in  Orsst  Britain  has 
Men  nearly  £40,000  per  mi/u. 

In  1838  there  wimo  only  l,H43  miles  of 
railroad  in  the  Unituij  HUImn;  in  IH4H,  (1,401, 
and  ill  1800,  31,IH0  miles.  Mont  of  Ihoi* 
railways  were  originally  §iitfflx  track  liiiea. 
But  noon  tho  nuopsaitivs  of  tralHo  oom[iel- 
led  the  oompiinius  to  lay  double  trucks ;  in 
IHOO  the  relation  uf  every  Htate,  as  to  rail- 
roads, was  ns  follows ; 

Mr«BBR  or  MILU  OPBM   IX  XAC'II  BTATB. 

Mate.  MUsaOpaa. 

Ohio 3057 

Pennsylvania 2U43 

Illinoia 2925 

New  York. 2809 

Iniliana 2058 

Virginia. 1806 

Georgia 1401 

MasaMshuaatta 1314 

Tennessee. 1283 

Houth  Carolina 078 

Wisconsin 937 

North  OaroUuk. -..  887 

Missouri. 813 

Michigan 807 

MiHsissippL 798 

Now  Jemay 627 

Now  llainpshir* 608 

Alubama 043 

Conntictiout 008 

Vermont 075 

Iowa 049 

Kentucky OH  1 

Maine 470 

Maryland 400 

Louisiana. 328 

Florida 320 

Texas 294 

Delaware 137 

Rhodu  Island 104 

California 70 

Arkansas 38 

This  tablo  will  illustrate  tho  extent  to 
which  1  tilway  enterprise  has  boon  ilev<>ioped 
ia  the  North- Western  States,  espnciatly  in 
Ohio,  Illinois,  and  Indiana.  Tho  Illinois 
Contral  Railroad,  which  pusses  through  700 
miles  of  that  State,  was  ondowod  witli  alter- 
nate sections  of  land  for  a  width  of  three 
miles  on  each  side  of  its  track,  tho  State  re- 
serving  each  other  section  It  thus  acquired 
2,595,000  acres  in  an  excellent  farming  re- 
gion ;  and  from  the  sale  of  theso  lands  the 
expenses  of  construction,  etc.,  have  been  or 
will  be  met.  The  etfect  of  this  policy  in  the 
development  of  the  State  has  already  been  re- 
ferred to. 

Komarkable  as  has  been  the  rapidity  with 
M'hich  the  American  railroads  havo  been  con- 
structed, and  great  as  is  the  total  mileage  al- 
ready made,  the  railroad  accommo<lution  of 
tho  Unititd  States  is  not  to  be  i-egarded  as 
by  any  moans  meeting  the  requirements  of 
the  country.  Tho  rapid  growth  of  tho  sys- 
tem has  only  boon  co-equi»  with  tho  rapid 
growth  of  tho  po;)ulution  ;  fK  j  extent  of  mile- 
age is  attributable  to  the  vitat  extent  of  terri- 
tory settled,  and  the  grcut  distances  between 
the  seats  of  population. 

In  many  ports  of  tlie  SUites,  indeed,  the 
axisting  railwayf>  are  quite  insufficient.     In 


tha  South,  the  system  is  very  imparfeotly  da> 
veloped.  Whilst  slaves  existad,  thera  waa  a 
determined  hostility  in  tha  Southern  States 
to  tha  expansion  of  any  guneral  railway  sys- 
tem, arising  from  the  approhuDsion  that  it 
would  Ihi  used  for  the  escaite  of  slaves.  Any 
one  who  glances  at  a  railroad  map  of  the 
United  Status  will  observe,  that  whilst  the 
Northern  States  are  oovt-red  with  lines,  the 
Siiuthorn  liavu  only  a  few  nuiin  trunk  roads, 
and  that  tho  greatest  care  has  been  taken  to 
prevent  those  lines  from  communicating  with 
the  Free  States.  It  will  be  necessary  to  cor- 
rect all  this,  and  to  bring  the  South  into 
much  more  intimate  communication  with  the 
North  than  she  stands  at  present. 

From  West  to  East,  also,  the  present  rail- 
ways are  quite  insutficient  for  the  growing 
traffic.  The  lines  of  communicution  from  the 
West  by  caiiul,  etc,,  which  existed  previously 
to  railways,  havo  not  been  aflTeoted  by  their 
construction.  The  produce  of  the  Western 
StHtes  has,  in  fact,  increased  faster  than  the 
means  of  transport,  and  additional  fnoilities 
fur  the  conveyaiiCH  of  goods  were  eaily  and 


urgently  requirad.  It  waa  of  U 
portanca  to  tha  development  of  ika  Waa<« 
that  no  time  should  ba  lost  in  making  ikia 
additional  provision. 

Another  extension  of  tha  railway  mtaa 
was  felt  by  all  tha  people  of  tha  Vnitad 
States  to  be  most  essential.  Every  oaa  ap- 
preciated the  importance  of  establisUng  rail- 
way intercourse  across  tho  continent  from 
the  shores  of  the  Atlantic  to  thoaa  of  tha 
Pacillo.  Four  ditforent  routes  had  baon  pro- 
jected in  different  parts  of  tha  Continent,  and 
eventually,  there  can  ba  little  doubt  they 
will  all  be  made ;  only  one  ia  at  praaant  con- 
structed. Tha  great  object,  of  course,  waa 
to  connect  San  Francisco  with  New  York. 

The  construction  of  that  stupendous  road 
progressed  with  a  rapidity  which  astonished 
tho  world,  an<l  the  through  oonneotion  by 
rail,  between  New  York  and  8aa  Francisco, 
was  established,  at  the  time  appointed.  1869. 
The  Federal  (iovornment  oama  to  the  help  of 
tho  States  and  of  private  enterprise.  The 
amount  of  tliU  help  is  shown  in  the  following 
tablo : 


OUBUNOT  BOITDS  ISSUBD  TO  TIIB  FAOiriO  nAItROADB, 
(IfX  AkIwIxI  (II  M<  PvMn  DM  at  ntmn  Haiti.) 


Niime  of  lUUrottil, 


CuuirnI  PiuHflo 

KanniiH  I'acillo 

Union  Pooitlu 

Centml  Ilranch,  U.  PitoiUo. 

Weitcni  Pauiflo 

Sioux  City  and  Paolflo 


Authoriilnjt  Acta, 


July  1,  '09  &  July  8,  '04  0  percent. 
Inly  1,  'an  &  July  a,  '04  0  percent. 
July  1,  'iii  &  July  2,  '04  0  i)ercent 
July  I,  'U»  &  July  3,  '04  0  percent. 
Inly  1.  '(13  &  July  9.  '04  0  iwroent 
luly  1.  '03  &  July  3,  '04  0  percent 


R  >'-  uf  iDt, 


Whvn  FKjrftble. 


00  ym. 
aOyra. 
SOyrs. 
OOyia. 
SOyra. 
SOyrs. 


fm,  date, 
fm.  Sate, 
fm.  date, 
fm.  date, 
fm,  date, 
fm.  date. 


Intcnat  Pujrnbla 

Janoaiy  A  July 
January  A  Jnly 
January  ft  July 
January  Jfc  J?i^ 
January  A,  July 
January  A  July 



Nftme  of  lUilroad. 


Central  Pociflo 

KauKos  Pacitlc 

Union  Paciflo 

Central  Branch,  U.  Pacific. . 

WcBtom  Paoiflo 

Sioux  City  and  Fociflai 


Prlnolpal 
Ouuuadliig. 


iDtemt  iKcni«l)lnt4<roit    pKliI    by 
U  not  jn  |«lil.      Viilted  SUtM. 


|3o,H8,'5,130 

o,:io:i,ooo 

37,330,51  L' 
1,(100  0)11 
1.1)70  ,"5110 
1.038  O'.'O 


9047,138  UO 

187,,'576  00 

080,013  80 

40,000  00 

40,304  00 

40,708  00 


Totals 104,033,513  |l,0ir>,ri87  80  130,447,080  30  $4,545,458  Oi)  $10,903,588  23 


17,031,480  37 

3,847,.'(33  00 

8,015,043  31 

580,808  30 

485,013  04 

487,805  40 


Int    ri'iiuld    by 

tnBM.  Illlllll,  lie. 


$783,305  40 

1,170,(183  45 

2,001.483  03 

21,803  37 

0,807  00 

0,781  80 


B^  of  Int.   vaM 
by  U.  - 


17,189,187  87 

1,178,800  64 

0,014,400  1ft 

807,014  90 

470,545  04 

480,578  06 


The  foregoing  is  a  correct  statement  of  the  Pnblio  Debt,  as  appears  from  the  books  and  Treasurer's 
Betums  In  the  Department  at  the  olcae  of  business,  November  80,  1873. 


In  January,  1861,  the  capital  invested  for 
the  "  colt  and  equipnwnts"  of  the  31,1(18  miles 
of  railroads  constructed  in  America  Hinounted 
to  $1,177,994,828.  The  cost  of  maintfiuinre 
of  American  railroads  is  much  higher  than  in 
Kngiaiul.  This  explains  the  fact  that  while 
the  English  roads  exhibit  an  exti-aordinary 
amount  of  first  cost,  on  account  of  damages 
paid  to  landowners,  it  does  not  appear 
that  tho  general  exjienditures  have  been  in 
much  larger  proportion  than  in  the  United 
States. 

To  end  with  this  important  subject  of  rail- 
roads, and  to  sum  up,  in  a  few  lines,  all  the 
explanations  and  observations  given  abovo, 
us  well  as  in  order  to  give  the  latest  data,  it 
is  only  necessary  to  add  that,  commencing  no 
longer  ago  than  1830  with  23  miles,  the 
number  uf  miles  constructed  up  to  January, 
1872,  wus  00,852.  During  1009,  the  mileage 
constructed  was  4,999;  in  1870,  0,145;  and 
ill  1871,  7,453;  making  in  the  tliroo  years  a 
total  of  18,597  miles.  The  largest  mile?.ge 
in  any  previous  year  was  in  1806,  when  it 


reached  3,643.  During  the  four  years  of  our 
civil  war  but  3,273  miles  were  built.  The 
State  of  Massachusetts  has  one  mile  of  rail 
way  tc^  4.8()  square  miles  of  territory.  A 
similar  ratio  would  give  to  tha  States  of  Now 
York  and  Pennsylvania  10,000  miles  of  lino 
respectively,  and  to  Illinois  11,000  miles,  or 
more  than  twice  its  present  mileage.  Tho 
cost  of  railroads  in  this  country  will  average 
$50,000  per  mile— tha  total  for  the  60,852 
miles  being,  in  round  numbers,  $3,000,000,- 
000.  The  cost  of  mileage  constructed  in 
1871,  at  $30,000  per  mile,  was  about  $225,* 
000,000,  while  at  least  $50,000,000  were  ex- 
pended in  now  works  and  equipments  on  old 
roads,  making  a  total  expenditure  for  the 
year  of  $275,000,000.  The  rapidity  of  the 
increase  of  business  of  the  railroads  of  the 
United  States,  and  the  quantity  and  value  of 
theu'  gross  tonnage  traffic  is  still  more  re- 
markable than  the  rapid  progress  of  these 
works.  In  1851  the  total  earnings  from  pas- 
sengers were,  for  8,838  miles,  $19,274,254, 
and  from  freights  $20,192,100— an  aggregata 


HISTORY   OF    THR 


«f#M,4M,«M.  Ib  IMt  th«  toul  MniinM 
«w«  •180,000,000;  and  in  IN7I,  |tA4,000,- 
000.  The  tuiiiiMe  of  nil  llin  ntilmiuU  in 
1801  i*  oatinrntioriit  ;)1I,0(H),U(H)  ni<t  tniw  fi>r 
Sl,9ft6  milfw;  wIiIIk,  in  IH7I,  llm  nut  tuii- 
M^  WM  1IM),(MM),U<M)  ton«  on  I'.o.HAJ  milen. 
fho  uat  tonnim«<  r«Ni<ii'«(l  to  |ioiiiiilit  of  nil  thti 
nilrtMulanf  tlio  country,  in  lHni,iii|unll<>il  4ili 
IIm.  to  tlin  hviHl  of  |>o|>ulntion  ;  in  iHtll,  I,'.)!:.* 
Ilw. ;  and  in  IH71,  n,(MH)  llm.  ix.r  liciul.  Tlii< 
vmlufl  of  thia  tonimgn  |Hir  IicmiI,  in  IHiM, 
•quallMi  iaA.34;  in  IHUI,  III0.U2;  uml  in 
1871,  |37A  per  head.  The  iuoitium  of  niil«- 
•ge  of  nUlwava  oonatrnotod  fh>ni  IHAI  to 
\M\  WM  at  the  rate  of  abont  30  |ier  cent, 
peranniiin.  From  i HOI  to  tH7l  the  rata  of 
annual  inoroaae  waa  about  10  |ier  o«nt.  Tint 
iuoreaae  of  tonnage  from  'A  1  to  '(1 1  waa  CiO 
per  cent,  per  annum;  from  *)il  to  '71,  at  the 
rate  of  33  |)er  ceni.  |>er  annum.  The  incr«>uM> 
of  population  fk«m  'M  to  '01  waa  at  the  rate 
•f  8.6  |ier  cent.  |ier  annum.  From  '01  to  '71, 
»t  the  rate  of  'J,3 — 10  pnr  oebt.  per  annum. 

The  coat  of  tranN|H>rting  Indian  com  and 
wheat  over  ordinary  higliwaya  i«  about  20 
oenta  per  ton  per  uiilo.     At  auch  rate  the 


former  will  bear  tnuia|ioriation  only  19ft 
milea  to  niarliHt,  while  ita  value  ia  einial  to 
7ft  couta  iM'r  liiiNhol ;  (he  latter  only  3ftO 
mili-a,  whiut  ita  vnluu  ii  |l.ftO  |N!r  biiRlivl, 
With  Mtu-li  highwuya  only  onr  moat  vnluubin 
ciiroiila  will  li.ivit  no  voiiininreial  vnlun  outMiiln 
of  ciri'li'N  having  riiilii  of  I'.'ft  niilfia  and  '2M) 
milcN  n<ii|<i-i'tiv<'ly.  UiH>n  a  railroad  tlm 
trHnii|Hii'liiU(>n  <>i|iiaU  l|  ciinta  |ii'i-  ton  |i<'i' 
mill',  thim  iiii'ivaaing  tlin  circlii  within  which 
coin  and  wheat,  ut  thn  pricca  nitnii'd,  will 
havo  n  nmrkntablu  vnlun  to  radii  of  l,l)()U 
and  5,1.'(H)  iiiilva  reH|Mtctiv«ly.  Thu  iirna  of  a 
circlu  having  a  riwIiiiN  of  130  niiica  in  41),0H7 
iw|uaiti  niilfN,  while  that  of  a  circlo  drawn 
upon  a  radiua  of  1,0(K)  milea  ia  about  100 
tinica  greater,  or  M,U42,400  wpiare  milca. 
Much  u  ditlci-<>nc*i,  nnorinoua  aa  it  i»,  oidy 
niwwurea  the  value  of  the  agenciea  at  prtimmt 
umployud  in  tranaportntion,  and  the  rvaulU 
achieved  coniiiarud  with  the  old. 

Thn  ftillowing  table  ahowa  thu  ndlcage  of 
railroada  in  thu  aevoral  Htutea  at  thn  variouH 
iwrioda  noted,  from  Juuuary  1,  1843,  to  Jan- 
uary 1,  1873: 


Alabttm* 

AtkanM* 

Onifiifnlci. 

Omin«t1icnt 

I)«l«w«n 

riurlila 

tiimriri* 

iiuiw:i 

ladlaM    

luWIt ..'. 

HMIilUk ,  .  •  •  . 

KrntilrliV 

IjHulnUlUk 

Nairn 

Marjriwia  aail  D.  0. . 

lUMMOhUWtU 

MlrhlKan 

Klnnmita 

■■M«4ii|il 

MiwMri 

M«l>riiiln 

NavHd* 

M«w  HMMpallin^,,.. 

N<«  JoTMy 

Now  Turk 

Motth  CaroUiu. 

Ohio 

Outran 

renii«vlvanl» 

nh'Klo  I'land 

■oulhCitroUiu....   . 

TcBnMMM 

T«iu 

T«)nnont 

Vlrftnla 

W«*  Vlnctnl*. 

WlMXHuln 


ToUl  mllaa 8,SW       4,477 


IMI. 


lot 


wn 


« 
II 


M 


w 

« 

m 

aw 

MM 


K.1 

1M» 

H7 

aa 


M 
MM 


CM 
«l 


»7 


no 
aui 


Ml 

w 


IMS. 


m 

M 

M 

UW 

M 


98 

718 
tTO 


00 


US 
IhA 
Wl 
87 
»74 


1,0011 

ilOl 


ao'i 

91 


^6U8• 


tni. 


in 


VI 

•Via 
III 

INN 


78 
Nl 
IMA 
WM 
I.O'.ft 

»n 


7B 


4117 
liUA 
l,::ni 
It-'l 
,•475 


l.tl-IO 

ON 


mi 
m 
M 


1M4. 


aM 


4iia 
m 

I, wit 


1117 
Ml 
8H4 

:i*7 

i.iim 

4111 


Wl 
M 


1144 
1M7 

»,:*7 

4-«i 

I.IWO 


1,40-1 

tlH 
KM 

mil 


Mill 

ni 

841 
71 


l^tw) 


4M 


«l 

Ain 

711 
M 

I. tin 

I.MI7 

"m 

DID 
4W 
!MT 
I.VIH 
Ml 


4ia 

IH 


(157 

4-» 

HIWO 

l»M 

t.mn 


IIW 
KIH 
Ml 
71 
(Villi 
IKIl 
It4l 


i^o» 


IMO. 


»n 


•a 
rail 
\n 
mi 

I.:i7l 

ll,7"l 

«,0I4 

&IU 

"m4' 
Villi 
4TJ 
1«7 

Vtn4 

737 


IHM 
7»t 


mil 

Mil 
HUTU 

If," 


\m 
iiri 

lii>:l 

UNI 

.    Mil 

L.'HIl 

11.VJ 


ima. 


.'ji 

IVW 

i/r 

■K1 

V.IKIH 

ll,liS 

7.11 

"wit' 
',m 

MA 

41 IM 

l.'»A 

Wl 


MM 
HID 


lUII 

ll'l'l 

9.7'.'H 

IW 

aiui 

4 

11,0011 

HIS 

1171 

4.M 
MW 
l,:mi 
.'Kit 
Mil 


IIW. 


1. 1.71 
•JM 

I.OI'I 
M'O 
«7 
IIM 

11,  IIM 

n.uM 
H.A'.ni 
mm 
I,  TlH) 

l,l'J.'l 

r.nit 

►71 

I-'*) 

I.IKKi 

V.IHiA 

l,fllS 

tnio 
VAMO 
V.11.1 

MM 

"Wl 

i.vi'in 

4.470 

MIU 

3,710 

lAV 

6,1111 

vm 

1,'.<0I 

i,n'M 

MIA 

n7A 

1,4110 

4K6 

l,7VA 


38,780     \:a,VM     ','U.08S     |4V,»I6     HO.KM 


18 
VM 
HI7 
111  I 
411- 
1  4« 

.'l.l.^7 

V,VIT 
Mill 

10 

KI17 

tea 

AVI 

4111 

1,V!I7 

lilt 
via 

8IM 
IIVA 


nil7 

NU 
ll,UU'J 

ll-vl 

ii,a2i 
III 

.'l,7;w 
IVA 

1,0(17 

l.V.III 
IIIA 
AhT 

1.101 
IMA 

1,010 


18011        I87«. 


mi 

HH 
4IM 
0:17 
IIIA 
4.'I7 

i,a;a 

1.110 
V.IIOO 

i,Ava 

018 

Hia 

I'M 

Nm 

AllA 
I,1V5 

1,11111 

A7V 

MIH 

l,.'IAI 

IfJO 

•\m 

IM 
lITil 

.l.agii 
1,0117 
H,,')t« 
III 
4,mi8 
va 

1.0711 

I.I.HI 
A  1.1 
lillA 

1. 1114 
.IIIA 

1,V.'1S 


0ANAL8. 

At  the  moment  we  are  about  to  givo  a  ay- 
Bopsifl  of  the  progresa  of  canals  in  tho  United 
Statea,  the  former  syatem  of  canal  boating  is 
revolutionized  by  the  introduction  of  steam 
eanal  boata.  Thia  amelioration,  like  ovei-y 
other  introduced  hereto,  in  America,  will 
work  marvels,  and  soon  supei'sede  entirely 
the  old  aystem. 

The  fii-st  canals  constructed  in  tho  United 
States  were  those  of  South  Haillny  and  the 
Montaigue  Falls,  built  in  17U3,  built  by  a 
Massachusetts  company.  Tliey  were,  the  first 
two  milea  and  tho  second  throe  miles  long. 
In  182ft  the  Erie  Cuual  w,as  completed.  It 
la  363  miles  in  length,  and  cost  $7,003,000. 
Iti  width  wai  iucruuaed  to  70  feet  at  the 


level,  and  43  feet  at  tho  bottom,  with  7  feet 
depth  of  water,  and  14  feet  hauling  way. 
During  tho  season  of  1804  the  Erie  Canal 
transported  3,300,000  tons  of  corn,  valued  at 
^70,000,000 ;  tho  average  cargo  was  103  tons 
by  each  trip. 

There  were,  in  1858,  in  the  United  States, 
3,188  miles  of  canals,  tho  cost  of  which 
amounted  to  |00,000,000.  Tlmt  value  reach- 
ed ^100,000,000  in  1803  on  account  of  the  wi- 
dening of  tho  P]i'ieand  Clianipluin  cuuiiIh,  and 
uIho  of  tho  extension  of  the  Virginia  and  Illi- 
nois canals. 

Tho  following  tables  givo  tho  latest  data 
and  information  relative  to  tlio  carrying 
trndo,  and  to  the  working  season,  of  tho 
most  important  canals  of  tho  Uuitod  States : 


KMfw,   if«raiU«MKM  and  tUmd 


TaNLH  V,— 7'»a« 
Hutu,  Mnmi/iutirm, 

liiiiftiiu  ArlMf  tumtiiig  to  fA«  lluiltun  ttinrfrmt 
M<  UltAMlXAIN  t'anal,  fur  thiHt  four  Ymn, 


I'*,  i.i'Mua.    iiiii'i.     ukttw.    tn'tm    aiarai..  I  rittb 


twill 
tHIO 
I  HI  I 
\H.U 

IM»;i 
IH44 
IN.|,1 
IN4n 
IM47 
IH4N 
IN4I) 
IRtO 
IHtl 
\Kt'i 
\KX\ 
lH,-|l 
1H,V.| 
IKVI 


lH,-,7 

IWll 


1111,0119 

iMi.ian 

SII,.U1 
l»4,T,'HI 

l7tl,.1MH 

iHH,:i'.>N 
IM7,74(» 

I  on,  I  lid 
S'.'o,  laH 
imi,3iKi 

!t3il,44l 
n4ll,Hll! 
illHI.UiM 
4117.911 
.VH,I»57 

.ii;t,<ini 

.'HW,7W 

:mii.;uiii 


H,7na 

7  IKIII 
4,!l!ill 
A,94l> 
7,179 
7,1IMH 

17, 1  Til 

in.wio 


t,H70 

a,oin 
A.iin 

A.IHNI 
A.DSI 
»,fl))9 
ll,lt9N 

II, nm 


99,;iA9  9.1,777 
!|,709,9(»,!W!t 
:i;i,,'iiililii,iMH 
30,471)  lil,)HM 
m.VXA  !>9,4ilO 


7!I,U0I 

!i»i,ni7 

30,499 
91l,a97 


978,IMl!r 

,nn,7.v,' 
lNiHi':l9:l,4HI 

iHiir'.>i)i,st>9; 

I  Htf,' "(11,470 
lHil:i';m7,!ll4 
lH(i4!:im),i:il 
iHil,-),  144,597 
IWI(I.V.'1,KI» 
iH(17.VJ1.7(HI 
lHil.s;.'i(7,7(W 
lS.?ll,17»,UH.s 
lM70i.10U,;i7.s 
iN7i  ri!io,.'i:io 
If79|n77,79.'i 


1 1, Aim 
in,7ii» 
i:i,(ioii 
9i,(iMn    . 

40,lim,;lU,947,  U,704 
4.1,im)'lll,7»rt'  H,87S 


•4 

7H 

1« 

49 

(17 

II 

47 

i,n7n 

f  141 
•1,017 
n.UHN 
(l,V04 

4,iKm 
n,7u 

A.WII 
H,4B7 
0,100 


79,4:iU 
lon.iiiii 

7tl,t(HI 

ii9,n^ 

IU,Ht9 
NN,»4S 
77,41(0 
7(1,1190 
04.W17 
411,790 
43,0411 
111,17.1 
9.1,198 
ll3,niU 
U,(lt»4 


1I8,000|  P,1(HI 

.■)o,soiiio,eiiH 


40,036 
IN.OOH 
20,0111 
110,1184 
811,907 
84,1110 
10,940 
87,9110 
90,11011 
n,!IO(l 
IN,H3I 
10,7114 
10,0411 


8,070 
7,047 
»,S88 

8,4nu 

1,«4II 
8,191 
4,8N» 
U,8eil 
8,070 
a,  170 
U,8«« 
4,Mfl(l 
4,910 


l.1,1IUI 
10,001 
l«),7»:i 

tO,7KN 

II,71IH 

10,11.11 

1111,700 

II0,U9H 

40,11911 

90,170 

fMI,074 

00,aMI 

40,400 

01,(100 

IMI.NIU 

II4,47N 

108,088 

100,010 

118,008 

S0,8»4 

lfl8,0«8 

180,079 

181,004 

180,808 

1»8,A70 

100,007 

18:>,8a7 

180,0111 

807,000 

34ll,.101l 

806,701 

1109,001 

801,04(1 

ll)l,1,UH7 


918,8111 

901, HOT 

'.•4I,HU 
9111,477 
901,01s 
910,978 
940,1108 
800,040 
11111,001 
90!l,0)l« 
Hlll,>98 
47»,1N(i 
468,474 
000,188 
604,1180 
091,000 
474,N78 

Mo,iite 

400,088 

488,4011 
e70,8il0 
078,810 
080,0110 
4M,0IA 
697,0a8 
'608, 6811 
601, H80 
781,0411 
HOU.OKJ 
M08,91I4 
0!m,4.11l 
860,004 
«4fl,076 
tt77,0!iO 


It  thus  aiipeart  that  lumber  nonatitutci 
over  one-half  of  tho  produce  brought  to  tide- 
wuter  by  the  Champluin  canal,  auU  one-third 
of  that  from  the  Erie. 


Taui 


i.K  VI.— ./Irrtviw  Cargo  of  Boat*,  Timt  nteen- 
r//  Id  nmke  a  Aumigf,  and  Vo$t  of  bringiiiy  a 
lliirrrl  of  Flour frmn  Jliifiilo  to  AUMiny;  h>«l> 
aget  ill  Al-ejmmltr't  l/>ck,  and  total  Toiu  !)*• 
Mured  at  Tutewaur  from  the  Erie  Canal. 


Avcntiw 

YIAB. 

(IniVii 

of  Uoata, 

1H41.... 

41 

1844.... 

40 

m»7. . . . 

07 

1H48.... 

71 

1H40.... 

08 

IWH). . . , 

7(1 

mil.... 

78 

mi8, , . . 

80 

lliHI, . . . 

84 

18,14. . . . 

04 

IMO.... 

03 

IHKI. . . . 

100 

18.17. . . . 

100 

1808.... 

190 

1800. . . . 

1411 

mm. . . . 

140 

1801 , . . 

107 

18(12. . . . 

107 

18011... 

177 

18(14. , . . 

100 

1805  ... 

1(10 

IHOfl. ... 

170 

1807.... 

MO 

1808.... 

148 

1S(W.... 

IKI 

IHVO,... 

1(11 

1871.... 

178 

1873. . . . 

100 

0 

7i 

9 

81 

0 

8^ 

0 

0 

8* 

8i 

8i 

8t 

8* 

8* 

H 

8} 

8J 

0 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

11 
u 


710. 

00 

77 

S8 

00 

08 

40 

03 

00 

09 

53 

60 

40 

84 

81 

49 

40 

48 

40 

07* 

01 

03 

48 

48 

01 

»1< 

40 


110.1130 
38.310 
411,007 
114,011. 
80,018 
88,444 
40,J«I0' 
41, .179 
43,007i 
80,081 1 
110,87.11 
111,898 
98,189 
8«,47It! 
90,9741 
113,41111 
111,170 
114,077 
80,071 
38,749 
80,0117 
8fl,8H2 
38,0.14 
118,107 
24,(19.1 
2.1,134 
30,790 
88,080 


Ml 

0.18,020 
700,810 
1,481,9.19 
1,184,1)37 
1,860,734 
1.0.14,075 
1,008,077 
1,644,600 
1,851,488 
1,708.008 
1,480,715 
1,087.1110 
1,117,190 
1,406,087 

1.4.11, mm 

9,9"(l,0«l 
9,449,«0!l 
9,017,004 
8,647,089 
8,140,(1114 
3,078,1)61 
9,53:l,(l«4 
3,920,119 
9,1178,572 
9,357.089 
9,200,01)8 
9,648,877 
2,670,408 


UNIT  K  I)    RTATRS. 


I^M^M^^M^rf 


mUon  Hit*rfnm 


t9,IIW 
to.ftfti 
M),7l):i 

1(I,7kn 
U,7llM 

in,ti.M 

IVI.TiiA 
IMI.U'JM 
40,<IUII 

N<),n74 

na,UN0 

4A,4Vn 
(11, (WD 

oo.wis 

lt4,47N 
lUH.BHIt 
100,910 
118,«0» 
90,H84 
1(IN,08n 
llM,07a 
IBI.OIM 
lit»,(IOH 
IU8,S79 
l(M,007 
I9:l.9i)7 
IHA,UI!I 
207,(IA(I 
341l,»r):i 
»)6,7(ll 
;i(K>,i)Ul 
llS)ll,(l4ltj 
i:l(l.t,UN7 


9is,mi 

J4I,HI4 
J I  (1,477 

■.'(ii.niii 

!ilU.!i7H 

!i4n,:ina 

9M,(Mt 

iii:i,(Nii 

9(Ul.n))8 

iiiii.aaii 
47n,tN(i 

408,474 
n90,l28 

fln4,iia0 

A9I,(M0 

474,N78 

490,0m 
48H,4M 
070,il!)0 
A7H,8ia 

s»o,nitn 
48S,uin 

037,0H8 
0A8,Hii:i 
|(W>I,H20 
,781,IM;« 

Hou.nwt 

HU2,8:i4 

0:»*,4:>:i 

[HOTi.UCH 
JN4(l,0T(t 

»77,na» 


ber  Ronatitutoi 

iroiight  to  tiilu- 

oud  one-third 


Mitt,  Tinu  ntMi- 

ml  of  brinuinu  a 
Mm  III/ ;  Ijirk' 
loliil  Tont  !)«• 
UaiioL 


P 
ii 


,!ISO 

).9in 


ml 


B«2,ri20 
700,810 
11,957  1,481,8.52 
4,01M,184,iia7 
11,018  1,200,724 
8,444  1,5.'5»,075 
9,1100' 1,808,077 
I,n73  l,e44,0IW 
l,007il,Hfll,4;W 
1,0811  l,702,tH« 
i,87!l  1,420,715 


1,23!) 
,182 
l,47:i 
1,274 
1,4:10 
,170 
1,077 
1,071 
,743 
,037 
,882 
,(1.14 
,107 
,02.'i 
,124 
,725 
,035 


1,. 187,  WO 
1,117,100 
l,40fl,flh7 
l,451,!i:i:l 
2,270,001 
2,440.000 
2,017,004 
8,047,(180 
2.140,0114 
2,078,1101 
3,5211,(104 
2,220.119 
2,H78..172 
2,2.17.089 
2,200,008 
2,048,877 
2,070,405 


Tam.1  ^ll.—Dnlm^tMs  Optntng  unil  Ctutlnft^ 
M«  Mr1»  (MHidfur  Ttunl/ftttht  Yiart, 


1M« 

IMT 

tHM 

tH49 

1850 

INAt   

1859 

18511 

I8.'t4 

1855 

t85C     

1857 

1H5H 

1850 

1800 

1801 

1802 

1800 

1804 

1805 

1800 

1807 

1808 

1800 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1870 


. . ,  Aiirll  10 NovuiiilMr  25 

. , ,  Mny      I , ,  Novmiilwr  M) 

.  ..Miijr     1 iKiuainliiir   0 

,  ..Mikjr     1 DaiMiiihtir   5 

,  ,.A|>iil  93 DmMDilHT  II 

,,.A|irill5 l)«<Miinh«r   5 

. . .  April  2() DwMmlHir  10 

. . .  April  20  Duoamlior  20 

,,, April    1 UeoamlMir  0 

...April    I Dao«mb«r  to 

...April    S l>«oamb«r   4 

...April    0 Itooamlwr  15 

...April  90 NuvamlMir  110 

...April  15 l)eooml)<.r  19 

. .  .April  95 DiHianilwr  19 

..Mmj     1 Unuuiulmr  10 

...Mv     1 Utiuouilxir  10 

.  ..Majr   10 I>«o«inlHir    8 

...AprllUO I)«o«inbor   8 

...Majr     1 Uooembtir  12 

...Majr     1 DuuumtHT  12 

...Mnjr     4 UooiiinlHir   0 

...AprU9a DuoHiDtHir    8 

...Majr     0 DucDinlMir  10 

,  ..Mnjr   10 Duoainbiir    8 

. .  .April  24 Novainlior 20 

.  ..Mtkj    Itt Doovmbnr    4 

...BUjr  15 Novuiiib«r20 


MANUrAUTURU. 

Th«  prnf(ri<HH  of  maniifiioturet  in  tko  Uuitml 
HtntuH  litM  lioim  nioro  than  100  per  cent, 
gniatiir  than  tli«  incruiuio  of  populatiun,  oHpii- 
oially  for  tho  laHt  twt^nty  ymxn.  Thim,  tliii 
total  vuliio  of  htiinn-nmniifuotiii'od  produotH, 
inoluiiinK  thn  tixlioriuH  an.i  the  mining,  wuh 
|l,01U,'J(m,01(>  in  18n().  Tun  yenra  itftor,  in 
1 800,  it  wa«  lif{urnd  at  $  1 ,900,000,000 ;  tliiit  i» 
Ml  incroom  of  about  80  ])ur  cont.  in  ton  yt'iti'H, 
and  an  augmentation  of  1  '2l\  (tor  uxnt.  um  com- 
parud  with  the  incrt^aHU  of  tho  whito  popula- 
tion. Ho  nvoi'y  roan,  woman,  and  chihl  in  tint 
Unitud  HtittflH  ])i'oducod,  on  an  avorago,  aixty 
doliarH  and  Hixty-ono  cunta ;  and  to  thin  bIiouUI 
bn  nddod  the  product  of  machinery,  of  an 
annual  value  below  $.100,  for  which  uo  otll- 
cinl  HtatixticH  can  be  obtainud. 

Tht)  cotton  manuructure  wan,  and  is  Htill, 
one  of  the  nioHt,  if  not  the  nioHt  important, 
in  tlin  Unitud  StutoR.  It  began  us  early 
as  178(!  and  1788,  in  MassaohiifiottH  and 
Khode  Mand.  In  1800  hardly  300  balcH  of 
cotton  were  UHod,  agaiiiHt  10,000  in  ISIO, 
and  UO.OOO  in  181.1.  Noiirly  1(IO,()0()  opi-rii- 
tivi'i  worn  employed,  and  ♦U4,(M)0,000,  ri'pri!- 
Boutiii;,'  the  value  of  81,000,000  yards  of  cot- 
ton cloth,  went  into  tliu  eolfors  of  tho  New 
fiuglund  lUunufaeturc'i-H.  Still,  the  American 
marl<(<t  was  glutted  with  foreign  imported 
goods,  and  the  taritf  acts  of  1820,  1828,  and 
18.12,  which  impos(!d  an  a'l  vnlorem  duty  of 
2.1  per  cent,  upon  imported  cotton  goods, 
cleared  tlin  way  for  an  aHtoniHhing  progreus  in 
N"w  Kngland  manufacturos.  The  first  cot- 
ton-mill was  erected  in  1822,  at  Lowell,  and 
soon  the  Lawrence  mills  were  built ;  and  in- 
stead of  the  240  cotton  factories  in  tho  Uni- 
ted Htates  in  1810,  there  wore  1,240  mills  in 
1840,  witli  2,284,031  spindles,  and  12!)  dye- 
iui;  and  printing  ostablishinentH.  All  thuHu 
employed  72,119  hands,  and  produced  goods 
valued  at  |K!, 350,430,  with  an  invested  cap- 
ital of  $.1 1 ,  102,3.19.  The  protective  tariff  of 
1842  contributed  again  to  tho  incrcoso  of  cot- 
ton manufacture  in  America,  and  then  tho 
Southern  States  began  to  build  tho  first  reg- 


ular ndll  south  of  the  l>elawHru  Uivnr.  This 
Houthern  nianufaoture  progresHod  well  until 
thn  liegtnning  of  the  civil  war,  though  It* 
Mtriih'H  could  not  iH'ar  compuriiion  with  the 
advanci.  of  the  Norllii.rn  niannfuctiirers.  lie- 
tween  the  years  1840  and  18^0  the  priHiuct 
in  the  Kouth  was  aliout  $1  iht  hcail  of  the 
iHtpulation,  u  larger  ratio  than  that  of  thn 
North  in  1820,  at  a  time,  though,  when  cot- 
ton machinery  was  ipiite  in  its  infancy.      In 

1869  the  Houthern  ipinners  couHumi'd  118,000 
btthm  of  cotton,  that  is  an  ini^rviute  of  M  |ier 
cont.  over  tho  tpuintity  used  in  1850.  Uut 
in  that  year,  IHfiU,  tho  Haluda  Mills,  and  the 
other  faotorioa  erected  afterwards  in  the  real 
Houthern  Hlatos,  were  not  in  (i|Htration,  so 
that  tho  principal  part  of  the  manufacturing 
was  done  in  Maryland,  at  Kllicott's  Mills,  or 
in  some  other  northward  Houthern  Htate. 

In  1850  there  were  1,074  cotton  mills  in 
America.  These  ndlls  were  larger,  had  a 
more  improved  machinery,  and  consumed 
0  It, 210  hales,  of  400  pounds,  of  cotton  each, 
and  manufiuitured  goods  amounting  in  value 
to  «l(1.1,r>(l|,«87.  Out  of  the  1,074  factories, 
213  belonged  to  the  Houth  and  West.  In 
1800  the  nundier  of  mills  had  declined  still 
more,  but  the  production  kept  increiwing,  and 
reached  a  value  of  1 1 1 .1,237,920.  Then,  out 
of  the  910  factories  remaining  in  America, 
and  every  one  of  them  in  a  high  state  of  pros- 
liority,  and  on  a  high  scalu  of  efllcieiicy,  194 
belonged  to  the  Houthern  and  Western 
States,  and  tho  balance  to  Northern  Htates. 
From  1800  to  1870  the  same  decrease  in  the 
number  of  fiu  tories,  and  the  same  increase  in 
manufacturing,  was  noticeable;  the  falling 
oir  in  the  number  of  ostablisliments  during 
the  decade  wits  of  12};  but  the  numlier  of 
looms  was  24}  per  cent.,  and  the  numlMU-  of 
spindles  more  than  28  pur  cent,  greater  in 

1870  than  in  1800.  Tho  capital  employed 
increased  also  30  per  cent.,  and  the  increase 
amounted  to  about  43  per  cent. 

From  1800  to  1870  there  was  also  a  de- 
crease in  the  .]uantity  of  raw  cutton  consum- 
ed, amounting  to  nt^arly  2.1,000,000  pounds, 
or  0  per  cent.  ;  still  iiigher  )>rices  increased 
the  value  of  manufactured  goods  to  nearly 
1^.1.1,000,000,  or  more  than  94  i>er  cent.  Tho 
same  incriMise  was  to  be  observed  in  tho  total 
cost  of  labor  and  raw  material,  amounting  to 
about  lil7(V>0O,O00,  or  8.1  per  cent.  The 
value  of  the  goods  was  increased  also,  to  the 
figure  of  $(>2,00(),0()0,  ahoiit  r>3  per  cent, 
morn  in  1870  than  in  18tiO.  Through  rt!- 
cently  adopted  improvements  in  machinery,  a 
greater  rpuintity  of  goods  has  been  produced 
from  a  smaller  amount  of  raw  material. 
There  was  also  not  only  a  great  saving  in  tho 
improvement  of  machinery,  but  an  increase 
of  operatives,  amounting  to  13,000  hands. 
The  uunual  wages  went  up  also,  from  (196  in 
1800  to  $288  |>er  head  in  1870,  on  increase  of 
(92  or  47  per  cent.  Each  hand  produced, 
of  course,  more  in  1870,  that  is,  $1,341 
against  $948  in  1860,  an  increase  in  value  of 
$303  per  luMid,  or  38^^  per  cent . 

Tho  woollen  manufactories  wei-o  of  small 
account  in  tho  United  Statos  until  tho  year 
1820,  when  they  produced  a  value  of  $4,418,- 
008.  In  1830,  $14,.128,106  ;  in  1840,  $20,- 
090,099,  and  more  than  21,000  workmen 
were  employed.  In  18.10  the  cn.pct  industry 
was  introduced,  and  American  weavers  pro- 
duced Osgood  urticloB  as  foreign.    Tke  wool- 


lea  nianulUeture  roe*  in  value  lo  |4Mi)^«038| 
which  flgtire  doea  not  include  good*  in  >  'blek 
cotton  «as  mixed  with  wool.  In  I860  'he 
numlmr  of  woollen  mill*  decreaaed  under  the 
o|Miration  of  thn  same  econondoal  law*  wbiah 
had  causeil  a  decrease  in  tbe  cotton  faotoriea. 
There  were  in  that  year  638  woollen  milla 
In**  than  ten  yoara  liefore,  but  the  value  of 
the  pro<luot*  reached  |()8,N60,963.  In  1870 
the  increase  wa*  eiu>riuoua,  and  reached 
$15.1,405,058  as  the  value  of  the  woollen 
produota  of  tho  Unitud  Htatea, 

Tho  iron  manufaotum  continually  inereaaed 
in  tho  Uuitml  Htate*,  and  kopt  twee  with  th« 
newly  discovered  ore  minna  of  the  West,  and 
the  ooal  ndnns  also,  There  i*  hardly  a  single 
country  in  tlio  world  which  can  produce  or* 
of  aa  goo<l  quality  aa  the  American;  and 
there  are  no  oountrios,  even  without  excepting 
England,  in  which  induatrial  fabrication  bat 
Isien  nmro  improved  than  tlio  United  Htatea. 
With  ore  at  <liscrotion,  aa  at  Pilot  Knob 
Mountain,  in  Missouri,  with  tho  unnxhausted 
coal-bed*  of  I'ennsylvania,  and  with  Ibe  in- 
ventive genius  of  American  workmen  applied 
to  puddling  and  blasting  fuiiiaoes,  it  waa  next 
to  impossible  that  the  manufacture  of  iroa 
should  nut  become  one  of  the  most  pros|)er- 
ous  industrioa  of  the  land.  In  18,30  there 
weni  239  furnaces  in  operation,  making  191,- 
530  tons,  valued  at  $13,320,709,  and  employ, 
ing  29,254  workmen.  Heven  year*  laUu-  the 
numlwr  of  tons  bad  risen  to  250,000.  In 
18.10  tho  Htate  of  Pennsylvania  alone  pro- 
duced 504,570  tons  of  pig-iron.  In  1806  the 
whole  iron  production  was  841,550  ton*,  of 
which  812,917  was  pig-iron  ;  more  than  60,« 
000  people  wore  employed  in  that  industry, 
the  value  of  which  wus  more  than  $50,000,- 
000.  The  importation  into  tho  United  Htatea 
of  crude  iron  waa  nearly  half  a  million  tuns,  so 
that  tho  native  amoinit  of  iron  produced  in 
the  furnacea  of  the  Unitud  Htates  waa  1,000,- 
048  tons. 

In  18C0,  the  production  of  pig  iron  reached 
002,310  tons,  valued  at  $46,117,000,  besides 
this  395,530  t<ins  of  rolled  iron  were  prt^ 
duced,  having  a  value  of  $21,710,681 ;  which 
gives  a  gi  nd  total  for  pig  and  rolled  01 
manufactured   iron  of  $07,828,231. 

lieather  manufactories  numbered  6,038,  in 
1800,  throughout  the  United  Statea,  and  gave 
employment  to  22,570  workmen;  the  value 
of  such  pro<lucts  was  nearly  38  milUone  of 
dollais.  For  the  year  ending  June  30,  I860, 
the  leather  manufacture  had  inereaaed  nearly 
ono  hundred  per  cent.,  but  in  1800  the  fabri- 
cation alone  of  boots  and  shoes  amounted  to 
nearly  $04,000,000,  and  tho  saddlery  to  nearly 
10  millions.  The  Northern  Htates,  and  es- 
pecially Massachusetts,  were  the  largest 
manufactiu'era  of  ahoea  and  boota;  for  the 
Lynn  and  Boston  manufaotoriea  were  the  al- 
most exulusive  marts  for  tbe  sale  of  theio 
articles  to  the  Houthern  States.  Tbe  intro- 
duction of  Coolie  labor,  tbe  increase  exacted 
by  whito  workmen,  the  rules  imposed  on 
bosses  by  the  Crispin  association,  drove  from 
Massachusetts  and  New  England,  a  small 
part  of  their  monopoly  in  thia  trade.  Htill, 
in  18.19,  the  port  of  JSoston  alone  exported 
shoes  to  the  amount  shown  by  the  table  bo« 
low,  which  gives  an  interesting  view  of  tbe 
trade  carried  on  between  New  En^end 
and  the  South  before  the  abolitioa  of 
slavery : 


niBTOKT  Of  Till 


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loi^ni 

nt,Hi 

Th*  dMlim  in  tba  quMtitiM  ■itippMl  in 
%h<t  fourtli  quMrt«r  ia  vary  uMrked.  The  total 
valM  MBt  South  dinwtly  in  that  ywur  wm 
•bont  11 3,000,000 1  but  a  lam  portbn  of 
tboM  OMM  that  wars  lent  to  New  York  and 


Phila<i«lphia  ware  to  lupply  tha  Southern 
Market;  at  least  half  the  whole  quantity 
waa  taken  South,  and  the  retuma  of  tha  laat 

Suarter  of  the  year  ihow  a  decline  of  154,- 
I  ft  /MM* ;  and  the  depreeiion  in  the  ehoe 
trade,  leading  to  the  iireat  itrike,  resulted 
from  the  diminiehed  buiineea. 

Agrionltural  implementit  were  manufao- 
tured,  in  1800,  on  a  large  Male  in  the  United 
Btatea,  whiuh  have,  at  preaent,  almoit  the 
monopoly  of  that  artiole  for  the  world.  In 
1860,  the  value  of  agricultural  tooU  and  ma- 
chinery mannfitotured  in  the  United  Statea 
waa  neai  ly  three  timet  ae  great  aa  their  value 
In  ISM),  when  they  amounted  to  nearly  7 
million  dollam,  while,  ten  year*  after,  they 
were  valued  at  nearlv  19  roilliona.  The 
Statea  of  New  York,  Ohio,  and  Indiana  took 
the  lead  in  that  kind  of  manufacture.  In 
1860,  agricultural  Rteam  impleroenta  alone 
in  the  United  Statea,  reached  more  than  |46,- 
000,000  in  value. 

In  1860,  the  production  of  flour  waa  rated 
in  value  at  •136,0&6,736,  and  it  employed 
nearly  34,000  people.  In  1860,  another 
advance  waa  miide,  nii'l  the  flour  manu- 
factuMd  in  the  United  Statea  realixed  |331,- 
000,000. 

llie  mme  increase  wsa  o)  servable  from 
ISftO  to  1860,  in  the  timber  trade  and  sawing 
mill  industry.  The  prodncto  of  thir  nature 
were  valued  at  nearly  #09,000,000  in  1800, 
at  193,651,000  in  1860. 

Of  a  grand  total  of  2,707,421  individuals 
I  "'{aged  in  manufactures,  mechanical  and 
mining  industries,  we  copy  from  the  census 
of  1870  the  numbers  of  those  engaged  in 
the  most  special  and  important  branches: 
3,811  agricultural  implement-makers,  indud- 
iag  30  females;  1,169  artificial  flower- 
■MMt  (901  f<>males);  10,302  apprentices, 
Mt  ipeeified  (200  females);  27,680  bakers; 


9,197  bMkat-makan;  141,774  hlacksmlthai 
9,104  bookUndm  and  flalahara;  171,137 
boot  Mi4  iko^makera  (0,643  femalaa);  1 1,34C 
brawart  (  30,070  brick  and  tile-makers ;  7,0 1 1 
builden  and  oontraotors;  43,830  eablnat- 
makera)  344,096  oarpenCers  and  Joiwira: 
10,669  oarpet-makers ;  43,464  carriage  and 
wagon-makers  (33  femalea):  3^834  obarvoal 
and  lime-burners  (0  females) ;  9,034  obeaaa- 
makers;  38,386  cigar-makers  (1,844  female); 
1,779  clock-makers ;  693  oomb-makera ; 
41,780  coo|Mirs;  111,606  cotton  mill  opera- 
tives (64,.108  females);  38,703  ourriera, 
tanners  and  flniahera  (60  femalea);  7,008 
daguerreotypista  and  photographists;  3,874 
dUtillera  and  ractiflen ;  30,343  employia  in 
manufacturing  establishmenta  (not  ineoifled) ; 
34,333  enginaera  and  flremen;  4,366  engra- 
vers; 37,106  flshemten  and  oystermen  (30 
females) ;  9,018  glasa- works  operatora;  18,008 
gold  and  silver  workers;  8.184  gun  and 
locksmitha ;  33,8 1 7  hamaaa  and  aaddle-makers 
00  femalea);  13,630  hat  and  cap  maken: 

3  hoop-skirt  makers;  33,141  iron  and 
ateel  worka  operativaa  (not  apeciAed|  |  34,340 
iron  foundry  operatives;  17,240  iron  and 
ste«*l  rolling  mill  operatives ;  17,703  lumber- 
taen  and  raitament  04,700  maehinista ;  43,877 
manufiioturers ;  30,831  marble  cutters ;  89,710 
masons, brick  and  stone;  41,083  millers  (339 
females);  93,084  milliners,  dress  and  roan- 
tua  makera  (1,604  male);  103,107  miners 
(46  femalea);  104  needle-makers;  3,803  oil 
well  oiwrators;  80,123  itainters  and  varnish- 
ers;  12,469  pa|)er-mill  operatives;  2,030 
piano-forte  makers;  23,077  plasterers;  11,143 
|>lunibers  and  gas-Htters  ;  0,060  potters ;  070 
powder-makers;  30,860  printers  (1,490  fe- 
males) ;  47,208  saw-mill  operatives  (30  fe- 
males) ;  3,881  sewing-machine  factory  o|)era- 
tives;  10,900  ahi|^carpentera ;  101,830  tail- 
ors, Uiloresaes  and  seamstresses  (07,207 
females) ;  30,024  tinnera  (17  females) ;  20,042 
wheelwrights;  8,38tt  wood-chop|icrs ;  7,047 
wooU-turnoia  and  carvers  (44  females) ;  and 
08,8:)0  woollun-mill  operatives  (23,770  fe- 
males). 

The  following  figures  give  the  latest  and 
most  complete  information  as  to  the  actual 
status  of  manufactures  in  the  United  States : 

Maanfaotaring      eitablishmentii, 

nnmber. .   2112,148 

Bteam-enginea,  hone-power 1,2IA,7I1 

"              nnmber., 40,191 

Water-wheels,    horsa-power 1,180,481 

"              number 01,018 

Hancb  employed,  total  number. . .  2,088,000 

Halesaboveie l,6tn,n»8 

Females  above  IS 833,770 

Youth 114.628 

Capital 13,118.888,760 

Wage. 775,884,843 

MateriaU 9,488,487,242 

Producta 4,239,880,448 

In  the  grand  totals,  the  most  important 
meehanictd  and  manu/aeturmg  mdu§ti  fas 
figure  as  foUowa : 


■Mata  naaibar. ..,,,, .,..,  t,lli 

Boots  aad  ihnas M,4lt 

BiM<l,  oraoksn,  ste »JMf$ 

•fiok. 11,114 

Oaipaatsrinii  sad  balMlag Jf,14« 

Oarflaffsaaadiiads,ehildien'swa«as  ll.MfT 

OlMese I  lit 

aothlag,  ohiMrsa'a.,.,i!!!!!m!i,'  '  N 

Men's T,8M 

'•        women's I,MT 

Ooeperage 4,MI 

Deetlatry,  mMhaoioal 400 

Draia  aad  ohsmtoalk. MM 

rioarloff  aad  rit-MlU  awilaeta. ....  M,07)t 

Vanltata  (aot  aaeeUtod) 0,4M 

"       ahaln, 019 

^M0 .....■••tt»*t»»t«*iia»«t.t  WQ 

Onaamltala^ ••••t«t 410 

Hafdwaie aM 

aaddtety. 184 

Hata  aad  oaiis, 444 

Hosiery. 448 

Iron,  plga 444 

eaaiinjia •••••••a««»  1,019 

"     atovas.ato 444 

••     f ornd  aad  roUad 

Leather,  taanad  4,487 

"        eaiiiad 8,084 

Lime. 1,001 

Ltqaon,  distUlad 714 

mali 1,474 

"        vinon tm 

Lumber,  plaaad 1,118 

ti         aawfld 40  H17 

Maohlnaiy  (not  spacifled) !!'.'.  '.'.','.','.  l|784 

MoBumaBta  and  tombatoaaa, 1,044 

Masonry,  briok  aad  atone. 4,444 

mUlnerj 1,047 

Painting 4,040 

Patmtt  mrdlolaaa. 814 

Photographa 1,040 

Plaatarlng 041 

Plnmbtng  and  gaaflttlng. 700 

PriiitUig  aad  pabUahtng  (not  apeoiflad)  811 

"                   "         book.. 40 

"                    "         nawapapar...  1,1M 

••                   "         Job 008 

Fampa 400 

laddlMy  and  hameaa 7,007 

8alt 888 

Baah  doon  and  blinda 1,600 

BblpboUding. 708 

Boap  and  owMllaa. 014 

Btaroh 104 

Btone  and  earthenware. 777 

Bugar  and  molaaaea. 718 

Tin,  ooTiper,  and  aheet-iton  ware. ....  0,040 

Tobaoob  and  dgan. 61 

"      ohewlng,  amoking,  and  annS.  818 

•'      dma. 4,0iit 

Tmnka,  valiaos. 828 

UpboliteiT 600 

Vfaegar... 181 

Washing-maohlnea  A  olothea-wriiiflera  04 

Watch  and  clock  lepairing 1,108 

•'           "        caaea. 40 

•>           "        matariala. 10 

Wheelwrigbting 8,018 

WiUowwara 168 

WoolMyware 800 

Wood  palp 8 

"     turned  and  carved 783 

"     misoelUncona  attiolea. 1)7 

Wool-carding  and  doth-dreaaing 1,001 

Woolaeygooda 1038 

Wontedgooda 104 

Zinc,  amelted  and  Tolled 11 

"    atatuaiyandbnildingoniasaaBta  4 


t,fra 

M.IM 

n,«M 

»M» 

li,IU 

.; 1M« 

i,ais 

M 

V,iM 

I.IMT 

4,MI 

wn 

(M 

«Mli.....    M,S7M 
8,4M 

sn 

mw 

aio 

OM 

lU 

4M 

MS 

IM« 

I.IWI 

HM 

.'.'.'.'.■.■;.'.'    4,n7 
a,OM 

1,001 

71lt 

i,«7a 

«se 

1,118 

M.8t7 

1,7m 

, 1,044 

•,868 

1,M7 

8,040 

819 

1,0M 

081 

708 

nwoifled)        811 

40 

IwiKir...   1,188 
000 
4«S 
7,(107 
8M 
1,000 
708 
014 
IM 
777 
718 
0,040 
01 
018 
4,0ill 
828 
600 
181 
04 
1,108 
40 
10 
8,018 
168 
260 
8 
733 
117 
1,0«1 
1  \):m 
108 
11 
I 


"Rav.  Wm.  HuMMrd'a  Indian  lllrtory,  publUlMd  in  167I.  hai  batn  coploiMljr  im4  as  •  MMtfwii  Mtkortly  by  wriMfi  en  Um  8M^ 
j«ct  avtr  •inca."— UiNOON  J.  LoaiiNO,  LLD. 


THE   HISTORY 


or  TMI 


Indian  ^A/'ARS  in  New  England. 


BY 


Ke-^-   "VTIILXiT  A  "M"    J=L  U  ±^:B^AJJBJD. 


AND  THE 


History  of  King  Phillip's  War. 


B7-  TlSLO^aiJLB   OXXtTXlOXZ. 


THESE  TWO  WORKS  CONTAIN  THE  MOST  THRILLING  CHAPTERS  OF  THE  HISTORY  OF  THE  EARLY 

SETTLEMENT  OF  NEW  ENGLAND,  AND  NO  HISTORY  OF  THE  AMERICAN  COLONIES  CAN 

BE  CONSIDERED  COMPLETE  WITHOUT  THEM. 


NEW  YORK: 

AV.   55  CHAMBERS   STREET. 

SAN  FRANCISCO:   A.  L.  BANCROFT   &    CO. 
1882. 


A  NARRATIVE 


OF    THE    INDIAN    WAR8 


INNfiWBNGLAND. 


BY  WILLIAM  IIUBflAltD,  A.  M, 


FRIFACE. 


Till fn'Mlo*)'<  hanil  of  iltvlno  Prnvldimne  In 
die  pruHcrvntliinof  the  N(<#  KnulAnii  oulonio* 
III  their  infitnt  ntnto,  Rliirioiislv  nppoitr*  from 
thii  fitotit,  brielljr,  but  fuithriilly  trMi«initud 
Jown  to  11*,  hy  oni)  nf  imr  vntHfr«lilu  runtrnth- 
trn  in  iho  I'ollowin^  niirrative  of  the  irouliloi 
wiili  ihu  Iniliiina  in  Now  EiiKUnd,  a  very 
niMneroim  and  Imrliaroui  pi-aple,  diaponeil 
ihrougli  the  wilJeriiuH  in  every  part  uf  the 
land. 

ThoM  Kavagea  licf^n  a  war  with  llin  firM 
Englifh  adventurer*,  while  they  were  few  in 
number,  vt-a  very  few,  and  ilrangeri  in  the 
land.  Thif  rendered  their  doliveranco  an 
•vent  truly  gr«at  and  meinurahle. 

They  were  laved  iixlued  a*  liy  fire :  Their 
loiiof  men  and  »ih«lanco,(Mimpar(>d  withlhoir 
iiumhori  and  ability,  waivury  great,  and  lung 
•evercly  felt. 

Heavy  as  ihe  public  exnoniei  were  toiup- 
port  the  war,  ihciu  wt>ro  liut  a  vrry  incuniid- 
eralite  part  nf  the  bunlent  and  chargei  to 
M'hieh  particular  towni,  familici  ami  inJividu- 
all  were  nccetinrilv  lulijeoted,  in  giiardi, 
garriaons,  and  watching!  in  their  own  defence, 

The  whole  country  wa«  the  lent  of  war, 
and  every  man  procured  hit  bread  in  jeopardy 
of  liiii  life. 

Like  Nehemiah'i  builder*,  each  one  toiled 
with  hi*  weapon  of  war  in  one  hand,  and  hi* 
Instrument  of  labour  in  the  other;  expoied 
every  moment  to  death,  from  a  watchful  un*een 
foe. 

In  the  fre<|uent  alarm*  which  spread  from 
town  to  town,  tome  escaping  from  danger, 
run  into  greater :  others  met  their  own  fate 
in  their  attempts  to  relieve  ihuir  neighlmurt, 
m  the  same,  or  difTurent  scattered  antllumont*. 

This  wat  the  deplorable  state  of  the  New 
England  colonies, a  very  few  townscxceptcd ; 
fe  diitre**,  more  easily  conceived  than  expres*- 
c<l,  and  indoeA  warooly  conceivable  by  the 


•reatar  part  nf  ih«  present  generation,  since 
tne  then  hidemis  wildiirn>-i«  is  lioeome  a  fruit- 
Ibl  fluid,  and  w«||  settled  town*  ov«r*pra*d  the 
land. 

Th«  reader  unari|iiiinled  with  iNit  country 
in  its  mncullivatrd  stale,  may  here  imiuire. 
Why  tllin  first  settlers  ihis  exposed  inrm- 
sulvvs,  by  insking  disioined  and  very  disliiht 
settlements'!  Necessity  led  (<i  this  t  Tho 
liiiiils  near  tho  sea  coaal*  were  gcnernlly  less 
furtllu  and  foiiiiil  hnrd  to  suIhIuo  :  llmmfore, 
lor  present  •uhMaleiirnin  their  ((•i<Me  cnndiliiin, 
they  were  olili^d  to  seek  ihn  bonlers  of  rivers 
and  streams,  fur  the  snko  ofintervnlii  and  rnca- 
dnws,  both  on  account  of  their  fnrtiliK',  and  of 
ihuir  liemg  ojHin  and  prepared  for  i  >'  lediate 
improvement. 

They  were  also  encouraged  in  making 
these  scattered  si-tilements  ny  the  generul 
friendly  disposition  ul  the  natives,  who  freely 
sold  their  lands,  for  which  a  valuable  eonsij. 
eration  wa*  paid,  without  exception,  where  a 
claim  was  made. 

The  Indians  perceived  their  interest  in  ad- 
mitting iheir  Kngliili  neighbours,  as  they  fur- 
nished tliem  with  means  of  much  easier  sub- 
sistence )  and  the  utmost  care  was  taken  by 
tho  several  govommentjof  the  united  colonies, 
to  pr«>vnnt  any  occasion  of  distrust. 

The  Pcqund  war  wat  confined  to  the  w'est- 
erly  parts  of  Connecticut.* 

Pliilip'a  war,  as  it  is  called,  began  in  Ply- 
mouth colony,!  but  spread  through  Massa- 
chusetts, New  Hampshire),  ami  Province  of 
Maine,  in  oxtcntabovH  300  miles.  And  with- 
in the  compuss  of  one  year,  the  numerous 
irilx's  of  savages  within  the  limits  of  New 
England,  were  drawn  intothia  war  against  ut, 
u  very  few  excepted. 

Surely  wn  miiy  say,  had  not  the  Lord  been 
(III  iiur  aide,  wlien  men  thus  rose  up  against 
us,  they  had  quickly  swallowed  u*  up. 

Our  fathers  indeed  had  oomu  out  uf  great 
triliiilnliun,  into  this  wildernosa,  which,  under 
providence,  was  a  moans  of  improving  them 


in  fsith,  furtiiiiilf  and  putiitiMt),  lo  oiuliMa 
hardships  beyond  a  |Miralli>l,  uiiltl  iheyafalain' 
ed  deliverance  t  And  some  i>f  tna  first  advel»> 
liurers  lived  to  s««  the  wtldernutt  become  • 
fruitful  field. 

Uut  this  Was  nut  their  ii. tended  rest  i  They 
had  sublimer  views;  The/  ImikeJ  fortEOther 
and  itetter  country,  that  i>>4n  heavenly.  And 
however  they  mav  have  l,een  misrepresenleii, 
by  ignorant  or  ill  designing  pt'rsor  s,  they  w«r«i 
men  of  whom  the  world  was  not  worthy. 

The  cruel  charges  of  peculiar  bigiilry,  and 
•  persecuting  spirit,  wunlonly  alleged  agaiiul 
them,  are  fuundnd  on  fkcts  not  li  iily  staled. 

According  to  the  natural  coiii's*  of  ihingt 
in  this  depraved  and  niulnble  stale  their  dn* 
scendent*  at  this  day,  at  might  be  ex|Ni<le<l, 
have  in  a  measure,  departed  from  that  sirt' 
\ilicity  of  manners,  by  which  iheir  renuwnril 
niicestiirs  were  justly  distinguished  ;  Uut  not- 
withslamling  it  may  with  truth  lie  asserted, 
that  no  instKocn  can  lie  priHiucvd,  in  the  pre- 
sent or  any  pimt  age,  among  like  niimlier*, 
where  good  order  has  so  universally  prevailed, 
as  in  the  New  England  colonies,  even  in  pop- 
ulous and  opulent  towns,  es|i«k!ially  uurcapital. 

We  of  this  province,  with  iiioonsiderabia 
intermission*,  from  that  early  period,  at  un 
known  expen*«  and  loss,  have  been  called  to 
defend  our  live*  and  propertiei  against  the 
incursion*  of  more  distant  ssvage*.  Our  irutl 
hath  been  in  ihu  name  of  the  Lord  ourfalhers' 
God  and  Deliverer ;  and  hitherto  he  halh  de 
livered  us.  May  we  nev6r  be  unmindful  u> 
of  hi*  *ignal  benefit*  I 

We  are  now  undor  the  *mile*  of  divine 
Providence  increaaed  to  a  multitude  of  penpl* 

Our  many  frontier  settlements  are  ci>iitiuts> 
ally  exptited  to  savage  invasion  ;  And  thotigti 
We  tnist  not  to  our  own  bow  ;  yet  as  prndeiiM 
directs,  we  are  all  armed  and  prepared  for  • 
defensive  war.  And  yet  having  the  worm 
wood  and  the  gall  still  in  remembrance,  no 
people  more  ardent,  wish  and  pray,  that  wari 
may  forever  cease,  and  peace  on  earth,  ami 
goodwill  ttiiiungmen  universally  prevail. 


•Nol  r«rfrom  N«w  lujnJon.  j 

t  His  Hesd  Qusrtora  were  at  Mount  llop*,  sow  Bristal,  | 


Boiton,  Ma^  SO,  1770. 


oaArnm  i. 
ANAMKKAIIVR 

W  TMri   HnMAM   W«M  Ml   N«W   irMtVANIi,  it*. 

Kw  *■  unit)  (IimI  itrw  nil  li»  wurk*  TriMn 
iIm  foiimlaliiin  of  lli»  wurl.l,  |Imii||(Ii  iii>tii<tvnl 
to  ii«,  iiiily  liv  lk«  xtittila  iil'l>iii»,  lli«l  IVliIIhI 
■Ktihor  of  •lllltiiiii*,  wtiii'li  in  ilia  I'liriitcr  »^v 
liiil  l>rin«  forth,  •!  Itiital  ilnl  lirinKln  IikIii  iIii- 
knwt«l«<lKn  of  llii*  «ri><iurii  mikM,  r«ll<>i| 
Aiiivnc*,  thai  M  all  fuwipiinf  liinvtWMl  •!(•■•, 
\»y  Kill  til  thitnhaciirM  •ml  r»ini>ii>  rv||ii>ii  roV'i 
rrtnl  with  »  vai*  iif  iKnumiMiv,  •ihI  liirkril  .ip 
Anm  iIm  linii4vUtlK«  of  all  lli«  r>><i  of  ilia  in- 
tmliiUiiM  of  lh«  rarili.  To  wKotr,  il»<  Imnttitr 
of  lU  in»i'all|{alinn  ilt>lli  of  rintit  miiri'  projiarljl 
IwlimK,  I*  •iiMiiivnlly  iltfdiarril  liy  ilm  liKiory 
•ihI  ri'iiiirt*  of  afii'lt  »»  w«ra  rya  wiIii«m«i« 
ikarvor  arij  not  inl»iHl«il  lo  Im  any  (Nirl'if  ili« 
pr»a«*nl  ili*i|iii<itioii.  TIm>  ircMt  lonaiilrralila 
itarl  of  all  ina  iiorlli  liilo  of  Am>-rii-a,  ia  rallal, 
Now  KnKJaiiil.  In  ilia  I'miiiIiIv  oI'  iIim  •muI 
•aliilirioitam-aa  of  lh>*  air,  ami  iiiaiiy  oiIht 
fitmifioiliiiiia  ailvaniaKaa,  moai  ri<«>*mliliiiK  iho 
tountry  fMili  whaiHii'  it  thimiwail  ilaw|t|i«lla- 
tion.  I^'or  iha  kn<iwlu<lK<'  llicrrof  ilia  worlil 
'a  nuMl  liaholilinK  lu  ilia  tliaroVHriaa  of  tli«> 
Knifliah,  miliar  llixnomliiet  of SflMtaliant^alMil, 
■  fwiiioiia  I'lirtiiKuaaa*,  ••  iil  mil  iimlar  l)ii<eom> 
miaaion^if  Hxnry  itia  V'lllh,  aiNiiil  ihn  yaar, 
I4W7,  ihoiiKh  aitira  nim'h  |Mirfi'Ci«>il  l.y  ilii> 
inJiiairy  and  travvU  nf(?ip(,  (ioaiioM,  (^njii. 
N^iilaon,  (!a|il.  Siniili,  and  olhora  ol'ilio   Kn- 

fliali  nalion.  North  Ann'rioa,  (liia|io<(>i,iiiioii« 
irlli  of  liiiit',  ia  aa  in  ila  nalivily,  of  lhi<  aninc 
MtniliiiK  wilh  har  two  i<iil.>r  aialxra,  I'mi  aiiil 
Maaioo,  y«l  waa  aiilTt-rail  to  lia  in  ill  awaill.iiif 
rliiihaa,  ona  whnia  eiiniiirv  of  yaara,  iiaiiin' 
•nvinif  |ir(Mnia«il  no  aiirh  ilowry  ol'rirli  iiiio)<a 
itf  ailvtir  anil  ((olil  to  llii'in  lliat  moiiIiI  ■  a|ioiia<' 
lior  for  ihior  own,  a«  alix  tlnl  unto  ilir  iiilii<r 
two,  wliii'h  ponailily  waa  tlin  ri->iai>n  wliy  alii* 
waa  not  ao  liaalily  ooiiriiMl  liy  li<<r  lini  iliairn-- 
ttrara,  iHir  v«t  ao  early  •i<viiri<il  liy  itiiy  of  lht< 
priiiKP*  of  Kiini|H>,  lyiii)(  wholly  iii-t(li'<  '.I'll  aa 
It  warn  until  a  ainnll  riiiii|Niiiy  iil°  |iliiiili'ra, 
unilt'r  iha  conimaiiil  or('«|itaiii  <}i'ori;i<  l'o|i- 
hiiiii,  ami  r'apiain  (iillH-rt,  \vt<rii  aciit  iivrr  ul 
ihi*  f'liitr^o  of  iSir  John  I'nphatii  in  tin-  yi'ur 
IA07,  lo  liaKin  a  colony  upon  a  Inicl  of  lunal 
alMiiit  8agii(li'hooh,  ainiatu  on  tin*  aonlh  aiili- 
•f  iha  rivur  Ki'nnalH'rk  ami  iilMiiit  llmt  lutllvil 
8hi|iacot  rivar  ami  about  twenty  niili-a  aoiith 
waat  from  IVmmaquid,  tho  moat  northerly 
IhiiiihI  ofalj  New  BiiKlaml.  Hill  ihnt  lieaiKii 
withm  two  yasrt  vii|iiring  wilh  ita  first  roiiiiili>r, 
*u<in  after  aniiM  honouiahla  |Mira4)na  of  the 
weat  of  Rn)(lanJ,  cntnnionly  caUeii  ihe  Coiin- 
•il  uf  Plymouth,  latin);  more  oartainly  inform 
m1  of  anvenil  navif^ahlfl  rivera  anil  n>  innioiliKiia 
iMvetii,  wilh  othar  iilicea  fit  either  for  tnitiic 
or  planting,  newly  diaeovaraj  by  many  akilfiil 
mvif^tnra,  olil«ined  a  irrant  liy  patent,  iimler 
tho  great  a«al,  from  Kinf(  Jamea,  of  all  ihiit 
Mrt  uf  North  Aiperica,  callati  New  En^lnnd, 
iroir.  tha  40  to  the  48  dag.  of  ni.rth  latitude. 
Pruin  which  grant  and  origirat  patent,  al 
uther  chartnra  and  grant!  o'  land  from  Pern 
■H<iuid  to  Delaware  bay,  along  the  aea  coaal, 
janve  tho^c  lineaga  ami  pedigree,  Thua  waa 
ItWI  VMt  tract  of  land,  iiflur  the  year  1613, 
MMtfuad  and  (Mrcalled  out  into  mtny  letaer 


A    NARII  %TIVR, 

■4l«lai>ina  and tM»ai'U,ac«>tr«lllkf  «•••(» 

|iia«eni>',l,  ulioh  aaiil  iiraiila  lit'in|f  d m  I,  I 
tifN<n     iitii  IM  i.toi,    t*r    I'iImi    itiai  rtpliotia,     ,ii.| 

II  |H»iaiil  ill!  Ill  iliitl  iraVi  llail  limber,  Jul  nuiiiy 

III  llw'in  oili'rtire  ana  lliniii  iiiiiillo'r,  In  lli>i 
t(r>i«i  iliaiiirliniiiM  lit'  ilie  Ural  pUiiii'rai  anil 
|iii'|iiilMi<  .>'  ilii  jiriipru  lioa  lli»iiia>'l>»a,  aa  !• 
liKi  Wall  kiMivt  II  l>y  any  ilial  lia«a  had  iwiiaai.in 
III  alii\  0^t<r  ao  lillht  anions  lliwm,  nutnr  of 
whiiinar''  vrl  amtiviiiK.  Fur  itniwilliaiaiKlm^ 
ilia  ureal  i'liarga  atbl  vaat  ea|iviiara  llm  Ural 
aiUaiitiiraraa  ware  ai,  iha  firal  propm  Inra  of 
ilia  wliiilo  Pr»*lii(M»  iif  Main"  and  nlhera, 
(rvachinir  iVoni  ihe  l><aail  of  ('aaeo  lUy  imrilt 
aaat,  III  Hia  MKHtlh  of  Pia<'a*aM|<i*  river  hIhiui 
•iaiy  milaawra«waril)aiiillhaho|Mialli><v  iniKhl 
liavn  fitinreitad  of  U'lng  iha  Ural  fiilliidera  of 
naw  eoliMiiea,  ami  of  i>iiUr|(liig  llii'ir  eaUlea 
and  iiikeriiMicaa  by  ikoaa  in'W  afipiirtid  jNia- 

•  ami  lortiahipa,  there  waa  lillhi  pmni 
raape.l  t'l  <im  iheheeaftar  iherit'h  rteei'i'a  nl  lua 
var  were  ulraiieil  a  way,  nor  any  urrai  iiii|iriitii' 
ineni  ma<la  uf  ihoae  large  |M>rtiniia  nl'  liiiida, 
aitva  the  •rri'liii|r  nf  aonta  law  intingia  I'nr 
Kahermar,  and  a  ft>w  iiii'iinaideralile  luiildiiiita 
fur  llie  planli'ra  whirh  were  on  ihoae  o<  raaiona 
drawn  over  llie  aea,  to  aelile  ii|Min  tha  moat 
iiorlherly  piirl  of  i\ew  KligUiid, 

lliil  whellier  II  were  liy  iha  iinprudenca  of 
ihn  flrat  ailvenliirara,  or  tha  diaaoliileneaa  of 
the  peraona  iheji  aaiil  over  lo  iiiaiiatfe  lliair 
alfiira,  or  whi'lher  fur  waul  of  I'tillil'uiiiaaa  or 
akill  III  inanaKn  ihair  Irual,  lliey  wrni  by  di' 
graea  in  a  inaiiner  i|iille  deanrl>'d  alinoal  of  Uw 
mil  giiviTiiiiieiil,  and  lell  In  ahill  I'nr  llii'm- 
aelvea  ;  by  wliiili  iiieaiia  ill  liial  they  b'll  under 
the  j'iriadu'tiiiii  of  the  Maaaarlniaella  cnloiiv, 
mil  by  iiaiirpuiiiin,  aa  la  by  vrent  niialake  au^' 

kfealed  lo  liia  iiii^i>alv,  but  by    iii aaily,  and 

the  eariieal  ileair"  ot  ihe  plimlera  iheinaelvca  ; 
lo  nreepl  of  whom,  ihoae  nf  ihii  Miiaaiii'lmaolla 
roloiiy  were  the  mora  eiiaily  iiidiii'ed  ;  in  llial 
lliey  iipprehendi'd  the  Ifoiinda  of  lln'ir  own 
(■aleiil,  liy  a  fiivniirabhi  iiilerpreliilinn  nl'  llie 
A'lirda  deairiliiiii;  llm  iinrllit'rii  line  (llireii 
iiiilea  beynml  ihe  tiioal  nnrllierly  bnimli  nl' 
Mi'rimac  river)  do  reiicli  anmnwliiil  lievmid 
i'eiimiii<|iiid,  ihe  moat  northerly  plnceofall 
New  Kt.ttliind. 

Thia  wwa  ihe  firat  begiimiii^  of  ihinga  in 
New  Kill;  mid,  «l  which  lime  lliey  were  imt 
unlike  the  lime*  of  oldi  when  the  pen|il)<  nl' 
.Fiidiih  were  aaid  to  be  witlioui  a  liin  liing 
prieal,  and  without  liiw  ;  iiiid  no  NMinder 
ihiiiga  were  no  more  aiicei'aal'iillv  ciirni'd  on. 

In  llie  yenr  ICiVO,  ii  enmpanv  iM'Iniiumi;  lo 
Mr,  Knbinaim'a  vlmrch  iit  l.eyden,  in  llnlliind, 
although  lliev  had  been  cmirleoiialy  enlerliiiii- 
ed  by  the  |)iili'h,  iia  atriingi'ra  alljnllrmll^r 
iimnngat  ihem,  yet  furaeeintt  miiiiy  iiicmive- 
nieneea  like  to  itirreiiae,  iiiid  ihiit  tliey  I'nuld 
not  ao  well  provide  for  the  good  of  their  pna- 
terity,  uiuler  the  government  ofn  I'nri'ign  tin- 
lion,  they  ruaolvml  to  inlrent  ao  much  liivmir 
I'runi  their  own  aovereign  prince  King  .lamea, 
aa  111  grant  them  liln'rly  under  ihe  ahelter  of 
of  hia  royul  niithorilv,  to  plara  ihemseUua  in 
•ome  part  of  New  Kngland,  then  newly  dia- 
covered ;  wheruforn  having  obtaiiiud  lomu 
kind  of  iiatent  or  gntiit,  for  aome  pliicn  about 
Hudann  a  river,  thay  aet  aail  from  riymoiilh 
in  September,  for  th«  aoiilhom  paria  of  New 
Gngland  but  aa  they  intended  to  bend  llieir 
cniirae  thitherwurd.  jtrr  niriimf  rnnui,  per  tnt 
durrimimt  rfrum,  they  were  iit  liiat  ciiat  upon 
•  boaoin   of  the  Maiaachuiutta   bay,  called 


i|  •  '      1     .1  ■III  !»,.•  lull  .1  N'lvainUr,  I 
1. 1,,  ,  .  I    il,..  Ml,  i>r  ••>  liMi   4,>|i<o«*hin||.  Ikav 

'"•■I    I |i|Mir>iiii.iy    I,,   iiM,.,,.  ,    an)   llMl.na 

<,>ni4  •  >  tniiragi  (iiK  nl  rrmii  ii,i  ki'|ia  liiliit  aa  of 

ih* I.   and   innrleay    nt   Ito     loaihii',   iha'y 

>a«il>>d  ihera  In  imtke  lh<  ir  kIumUi  lor  lh« 
fmiite  whiih  lliay  d>d,  UyinM  iln'  InumlaiioK 
>^ %»»*  Mihmy,  which  fmin  iha  ri  im  inlirania 
nf  the  lital  loMh  in  Kngland,  ihey  aailed  Irnm. 
Ihey  ntlled  New  Plymniillli  roiilitiiiiny  no 
Very  rniiaiilerahle  trarl  nf  land  a<  aiee  valemi 
intf  an  hnmlred  nidaa  in  lannlh  ihmiigh  ilia 
whiila  ra|ie,  and  ararea  half  au  timah  in 
braadlh  wkare  il  la  ihe  broatlaal.  Tha  firal 
fniiiHlaranf  ikal  I'Mlony  aiininif  moia  al  raligmii 
than  aarilily  iNiaavaaioiia,  aanirInK  imi  lo  any 
large  dilnaiiamn  of  land  in  Ihair  aalllmg  u|niii 
ihoaa  enaala, 

Al  Weymouth  alaa)  waa  a  planlalion  Ivgun 
by  Mr.  Ueainn  in  the  year  IHVII,  but  il  cama 
In  lillle 

The  noplh  and  anulh  iMirilar  of  Miiiaefhii* 
aa-lla  bay  lialiig  ihiia  plaiilad,  iha  middla  |iiirl 
waa  the  mora  aaay  lo  Im>  fillvd  op,  whirh  waa 
thua  brniiglii  alHiul,  Hume  genllrman  mid 
olliera.  nliaiirviiiK  hnW  il  fared  wilh  ihnae  nf 
Naw  IMynmulh,  wera  deainiua  up<ili  the  like 
L,'rniiiiil  In  make  ihe  aaine  atli'ni|il  fur  them- 
aeltea,  wharefnra  having  by  a  I'oiiaidi'rHble 
•iiiii  nf  mniiey  pun  haaad  of  anme  geiiilemi'H 
iliiil  hail  a  grant  for  theoouneil  of  I'lynioiilh 
all  tlii'ir  ri^hl  and  inleri'al  in  ii  plaiiialinii  !«• 
){im  ill  the  ^liiaaat'hiiaella  liay,  and  liaMiitf  nl- 
liiined  a  cnliflrilialinn  thereof  by  IHilaiil  ft'iiir. 
King  Charlea,  in  the  year  IliVn,  they  aeiil 
liver  a  giivernnr  v<ilh  aeveral  other  peraniit 
to  lav  anme  fiiuiidiiluin  of  aiiolher  I'lilniiy  iii 
thti  Maaaiiehiiatillabay  I  And  in  the  year  Ith'MI 
.nore  nl  the  |Niraona  inlerialed  in  iheaaid  |'ii 
tent  (ihi'iiee  rommonly  I'nlled  paleiileea)  i«  ilk 
aev<  Till  nlliar  lairaoiia,  intemled  to  vaniiiro 
till  r  iivea  and  all  with  ihem,  Iriiiiapnrted 
themaeltea  and  their  fiimiliea  iiiln  llie  aaid 
Miia<iicliu«>'tl»,  u  lin  did  in  II  >hiiil  a|iiM'e  ..' 
Iiiue  by  the  ncceaainn  of  inniiy  huiidrada,  w  hu 
every  yt-ikr  Hocked  nlier  lliem,  lliiike  anrh  an 
iiicnnae,  ihiit  III  the  apiirii  nffive  nr  aix  yeara, 
lliere  were  twenty  ennaideriilihi  lowna  liiiill 
iind  peopled  ;  and  miiny  of  llie  tnwna  Ara* 
pliinti'il  beciime  an  filled  wilh  inhnliiliinla,  thai 
lliiit  like  aw  anna  nl  beea  they  were  ready  lo 
aw  iirin,  nni  mily  into  new  pliintntioiia,  but  i.ilo 
new  ciilniiiiia,  iiMomiirh  llmt  in  the  year  1l)'l,'i, 
II  new  ColnllV   be^lin  In  Ih'  |ililllteil    llpnil  ('nil- 

iiecliciit  river,  piirtly  bv  rnnibiiinlinii  ainnnital 
ihi'iiiaelvea,  removing  rrnltl  anme  low  ha  aliniil 
the  Maaaiicliuaella  buy,  and  iiarly  by  ihe  in- 
lereal  nf  a  piiteiit  piirchaaed  ol  thiit  lioiiniiriililit 
ueiitleiiiHii,  Mr,  l-eiiw  irk,  ngelil  I'nr  the  Imd 
Hay,  and  lord  llnHik,  ihe  Inrda  proprietnra 
of  the  Hitiil  riviir  ('oiinacticiil,  at  the  iiinulh  n," 
which  river  they  biiill  a  fort,  (nilled  after  their 
own  titlea,  Siiy  llronk  fort)  coinninnding  the 
puaaiiKe  of  thii  anid  river.  Vea,  aurh  waa  the 
confluence  nf  people  making  over  into  tlioao 
parta,  that  in  thn  year  10J7,  n  fourth  rolniiy 
liegiin  to  be  pliin'led,  iM-ar  the  name  nf  Naw 
Haven,  from  the  firat  town  erected  therein, 
•ealed  near  the  midway  Ixitwixt  Hudaon'* 
river  and  that  of  ('onneclieiit.  The  aea  coaal 
from  the  pilch  of  cniie  Cod,  lo  the  moulh  of 
Connecticut  river, inhabited  by  acveral  nation* 
of  Indinna,  Wnmpnnno|;a  (the  firat  author*  nf 
'the  preaent  reiielliun)  Narraf^anaifia  Peqiiodo, 
I  Mohegiiia.  aa  tun  more  inland  par  of  theeoun 
I  try  by  the  Nipuela  (a  general  iia  iw  l<>r  all  ia 


vnit  iivnrAif  WAiifi. 


M'liMH'lll)' 
iilililli*  |iiirt 

wliirli  HM 
Iriiirii    mill 

h   III t 

Mill  liiv  IlkM 

I  fiir  il 

iiiiiIiIitnIiIii 
irriiiliMiii'ii 

I'ImiiiiiiiIi 
iiiimiiiii  lir- 

liitMiitf  nt' 
miiiiil  fViiir, 

',    lll)>y   M-lll 

ii<r  |ii<r*iiii( 
T  I'lili.nv  III 
VI  «r  lll.'IO 

l)ll<  •Dili   I'D 

lilrrii)  tvilk 
III  vrtiliirii 
lriiiia|Hirl<'il 

till*    lAhl 
l|"M ' 

ri>il>,  w  liu 
iir)i  nn 
■  II  yi'iir«, 

Ml<«  lllllll 
wii«  flr>> 
lllila,  lIlHl 

nmlv  III 

,  lilll  i.ilo 

iiir  Itl.'l.'i. 

M   <'..l|. 

I  niiiiiiitiii 

U  Ilk  niMMII 

y  lliM  ill- 

liniirillilK 

l)ii>  liii'il 

rii|irii'i<ir« 

IIIOlllll    III" 

nl'liT  llii'ir 
niliii);  tliii 
h  wsi  tha 
iiitii  tlioio 
h  niliiiiy 
nf  Nrw 
tbiTi-iri, 
HutUon't 
Hl'll  colli 
uiiilh  (if 
•I  imlioM 
iihori  of 
Poqiiodn. 
thoeoiin 
tiir  nil  ia 


biitl  IhJi«|i«   hM«l«l  ilia  \|.M«4«li>i«i<ii«  Mi.j 

OilUHMfllVlll  >l««r.)  X\w  fn  >ihl>l  •cHllh  1*»«l 
iVmn    I'lvHKKllh   W*«  llr«l    |lu«ai  «a<-i|   tiy    <nMW' 

4>««»iiiidiiIihI  wiiN  iIiw  Kiivri'iiiiK  nl  niMaatit 
■tiiMil*     •iiUiiiy,    friHil     t«lMili    •iiiHM    Ih>iii( 

•  «il#il,  mliHr*  iif  Ihoir  fru'ii'U  i«ii'iim|MiijiiM|| 
llmiN,  •Hiilahj  iliuiii<xl*i<«  ii|niiia  lUir  l<l<in<l  in 

•  ll»      MMIlh     WWtl      III'     CillHI      i'lnl,      now      I'llllxtl 

Nliiklti  IiUikI  :  iiiIhii'*  o'IiIimI  ii|Hiti  ih«   in<iiii 

•  I  •  |il«ii»  i'4lli'>|    Priki.li  I ,  iiiil    an  liy    il»- 

gf'**  |iUiilir>i(  liiwxriU  N«rf«|fiiii««l  ln«y, 
m.i.|h  «iMiilii>r  iiUniiiiion  •i4ll>'<r  IVitf>*kh, 
M  ItMik  pliti'M*  »rv  (iiii'i*  ly  |Hii><iil  riiiiliirri<ii 
UIHinllio  imIkIiiiiimI*  ''liiiiiilii  UUiiiI  I  lli«  r»il 
iinhu  iiiuiilry  (Viiiri  l>  |iiihI  rivwr  lii  llm  rivi>r 
iViiiiiiif'iKMii,  liklliiiif  Hilliin  llin  IhiiiiiiI«  III' 
I7>iiin<ii'iii'iii  riiliiiiy  li'tvn  •iiii'k  liy  |Mlwril  aUii, 

Ih<k IIi'iihkI  III  ill*    Mill    riiliMijr.      'I'liiiiKa 

kail  Imx'ii  vi'ry  |irii«|M*riiii<|y  itml  •iiriduliilly 
liirri».|  nil  III  •II  lli>'  •fiirtiMiil  riilimi««  •ml 
liiriailii'iiiiii,  rrnm  ih«  y»«r  inSO,  in  ih«  y»»t 
|lt;ill,  Nl  wliirh  Hint!  llic  w»r  with  llw  I'v- 
l|i|ll<    ll'(li|        TllM    Tlllilvlrillif    •iii:i>i|lll    w«* 

»ilh«f  [t>\\  iiiiilrr  iht)  liitniU  nf  (ncli  m  onm* 
mmiili'il  III  I'liU'r.  'ir  i«  Nlit'ii  friim  ihn  mniilh* 
III' lliitlifiil  wllil<HiM<<,  iW  wrni  lull  iiiilv  llidii 
|iri<»i'iil  lint  |M'riiiiisll)r  cotieiirn«ii  •iij  citiKa- 
Htnl  III  lliii  ••rvii'v 

Th»rn  w««  ■  naliiin  iif  llm  Imlian*  in  lh« 
•Hilllinrii  iMrU  iif  Nnw  KiikI*'"!.  r«lliiil  IV- 
i|ii<iiU,  •I'lilml  nn  •  fitirmtviKitlilii  rivar,  iwnlvn 
niUt  III  llii>x>t>lw«ril  nl'tlin  inoiiih  nl' llm  ((rti^l 

•  ml  ruinnna  rivnr  nf  (Ninmu'liciil  \  wtin  (lu 
WII4  ritinmnnly  r«|Hirlxil  •Imiii  lli«  limn  wlum 
Ni-w  KiikIiidiI  ^v««  Oral  |ilinl<'il  liy  iIik  Kn)(li>li) 
»<<iiiK  •  iiiiirMHi'rnii,  (iriiMl,  •mi  w«rtili«  |wii|il« 
llmii  lliH  riiatiiftli*  Imliiin*,  rniiio  ilnwii  mil 
il'llix  innrx  inUiiiJ  |Mrt«  nl'llm  eonlinanl,  aiiiI 
Sv  fon'ii  •Kixiiil  ti|iiin  iiiin  of  iIim  KiMNlli^at 
}iliiri<a  ni<«r  ihn  aft*,  •mi  iHid^mx  •  tairriir  Iciall 
Uti'ir  iiiMKlilMMira.  on  whom  lhi<y  li«ti«iiiiircia«>il 
ttivHriil  ana  of  inliiiman  nriiKlly  |  inanmiirli 
ihai  liiiin^  lliialiitil  with  viciorlut  iivnr  ilinir 
fxllnw  imliiiiia,  limy  lMiK*n  In  ihirat  nitar  thai 
I'IihhI  of  •iiy  riirniKimra,  KnifHali  ii.-  Dtiteh, 
I'lal  •dfiiiiHiihtlly  vKiiio  Nmoti|pi  iliam,  in  • 
>v«y  iirtrMilii,  or  ii|Miii  olliar  ii<'i!niiiita, 

fii  ihii  yt'Hr  10:14,  ihny  ln<*fllmroiialy  imi 
rnii'lly  iiiiirili>rt'il  (7n|il.  Slonu,  ami  O^pl. 
Norton,  Willi  riimii  iiceaaionally,  with  •  bark 
liHo  lliii  nviir  In  trmln  with  ihum.  Not  lonK 
■  llcr,  wiihin  ihi)  ciim|iiua  of  th«  n«xt  year, 
ihi'y  III  •  liki'  traacliiiniiii  ni*nn«r,  al«w  una 
Mr.  ()l>lli>iin  (fiirmiiriy  liiilon|rin)(  to nrw  Ply- 
I'liiiiih,  liot  at  that  timii  an  innaiiilant  of  Maa- 
•iicliiiai<lt«)  ar  Dliiok  laland,  a  placa  not  far 
tVnrn  till'  inoiilh  of  thi'ir  harlMiiir,  aa  hu  waa 
fiiii'ly  iriiiliii|(  with  ihnin  :  lluaiili<a  aonii>  othi>r 
aiii'h  liko  acta  of  iwrfiilioiia  crimicy  lowarila 
•niiiu  of  iho  Diilcli  that  hull  foriniirly  Imun 
lr«<liii);  ii|i  (\>iinarlicul  rivur  |  hy  whicii  prae 
lici'a  miri'iiivintf  that  thi'V  lio^itn  to  atink  in  tho 
iio«"ila  of  ihvir  m-ixliiioiira  whoair  !>nvun|{a 
ihi'/  now  Imifan  In  fniir,  and  nut  willinf^  to 
III  hnvii  lo  ii»iil  with  too  many  ••nemiea  at 
.IIIOI-,  thi<y  iiniliitoil  thu  iulitlnty  nf  tlio  chil 
llriMi  of  Aininnn,  whan  thiiy  lir|;an  to  alink 
Iwfnru  Daviil  ;  «iideavoui4n){  to  Krungthcn 
hemwlvua  with  alliaiicu  of  lonuiofthoaathey 
liaii  formiirlv  |irnvuk«d,thalby  ihmraiaiitanca 
ihuy  miKhtili'loiul  timmaelvoa  iKainat  tho  ri>at, 
not  (loubliiiK  Init  to  inakf  thuir  part  goo<i  with 
thoir  foraif^n  um^miiis,  if  thoy  eould  bu  rucnn- 
•Had  to  their  (mlian  noighboiira,  tha  Narre- 

Cnietta  or   other   hnmn-bred  enemici,  and 
uld  but  fortify  thomtalvas  by  a  letgua  of 
41 


rrmmlaliip  Milh  any  nf  ikoif  fttfngn  nt<i||li 
iHiiira  ih«l  wi'fi-  m'«»ly  rntna  m  plunl  in  lh<-a« 
|Ntrla  'I'll  ih  a  hikI  llixy  avnl  mn*a«iiK«r« 
ivitli  iT'l^a  In  ititt  \la«4>ii  IvMvlla  M>  IIim  Ucter 
xnil  nf  ill"  •*iiii>  yi'ir  Ifi'll  \  llm  llr»l  niw»win- 
|r><ra  wnrn  di«iiili«<*>l  wilhmilaii  •iiaunr:  Hm 
inaiy  li«iii|(  uiiiaili|t<  nf  Ihnir  nun  iUiiK«r,  ami 
•ml  nf  llm  K'l'iil  lni|Kirl«iica  •  iwaro  wilh  Ilia 
Kiitfliah  nf  lh«  I^l••a«l  huMlla  miim'iI  '••',  pur- 
anml  ihu  liiiainawa  »i>ry  ••rtmally,a<*iMliiiy  maa- 
•anKiira  •  •nvniul  limf>,  who  iilfunid  murk 
Wain|Him  (liidiaii'a  monaiy)  ami  li««viir,  with 
ilmaa  aawniid  nixaaanyvra  i  Th«  Knvwrmir  and 
rniiiiril  of  llm  MaaaanhiiaMlla  had  mil<<li  rnn- 
furfMi'v  m*ny  lUyt  i  •ml  al  Ual  aftur  llm  liaal 
itilvK'Kihuy  riiiihi  lakn  •innnK  ihninanlvva,  rnn- 
I'liiilml  •  |wai'«  ami  fnandahip  wilh  lliam.  ii|Min 
lliaaa   rniMlilioii*. 

1.  Th«i  limy  aliniild  dalivi'r  up  lo  iha  Kn- 
Kliali  ihoa*  |M>raniia  •iiioiik<I  ihoin  llml  war* 
HUiliy  of  V.nyil.  Hlnnn'adv^lh,  ami  iha  rual  ihal 
wora  with  liini 

v.  That  if  ihii  Mnifliah  ilraiml  lo  plant  in 
Connai'tiriil  ihcy  ahoiild  |(ivd  up  llmir  rlKhl  In 
llmni. 

.1,  Th^l  if  ihn  Kn||liahahoiilil  Imnrxfnrwaril 
irRiln  wilh  iham  aa  lh><ir  frimida,  wliii'h  waaa 
rhiaf  lhiii|(  •iiimd  al  i  iha  aalil  IVipimN  Im>Iiik 
•I  that  lima  •!  war  with  llm  Dnlrh,  and  thu 
rnal  of  ihair  imiuhtiniira,  on  ihn  rvaaoiia  fiift>- 
int'iiliiinml.  'I'n  tliioi*  rondlliniia  limy  ri'ailily 
H|{rpi<d,  and  aUo  I'lihiiiiiKly  inainiialnd  ihmr 
Ixairii  that  ihnir  imw  cniiltidKratra,  ihn  Maa- 
aiiahiianlla,  alioulil  iimdialn  a  prarn  for  llmni 
wilh  ihti  NarraKaiiinlla  ;  inliinalinc  liknwian 
ihnir  willin|{ni'aa  thai  a  pari  of  lhi<  praannl 
which  ihny  pnimiwd  lo  at<nd  ahniild  Im  Kivnn 
In  llmm.alamliiiK  ao  iniioh  upon  lht*ir  hiinmir, 
ihatthny  woidd  not  Im  aann  in  ^ivn  any  ihing 
ihninaiM vi>a ;  aiidh  wiialhn  pridn  and  Imiffhl  of 
•pirli  Indffnd  in  thia  rntnpany  nf  Iri'aohi'roua 
villiwna,  llm  drn^a  ami  Invanftim  ntrth,  and 
the  droai  of  inaiikiiid. 

Aa  for  Cant.  Mlonn'a  dnallitlmy  tlilyavadod 
ihfl  (piill  of  It,  falaaly  aiiiling  that  ihnro  wara 
but  two  lnl\  that  hail  any  hand  ihnrvin,  and 
that  il  waa  a  Jual  quarrad  wharnin  ha  waa 
alain  i  For,  aaid  thnv,  ha  aiirpriaad  aoma  of 
nur  miin,  and  woulJ  by  forre  hava  eompaljpd 
thnni  to  ihaw  him  tha  way  up  tha  rivar, 
whnren|inn  tha  aaid  8lnna  coming  aahorn, 
with  two  morn,  waa  watchnd  by  nine  of  our 
man  (aay  ihay)  who  finding  iham  aaleap  in  tha 
night,  lie  wlhnin  to  deliver  our  own  man,  onnnf 
whom  going  ailerward  to  ihn  Imrk,  it  waa  iud- 
dnnly  blown  up  i  Wheraaa  the  truth  of  the 
mallnr  waa  ibiia. 

The  aaid  Capt.  Stone  formerly  belonging 
III  St.  Ghriitophnra  in  the  Wnat  Indira,  ncca- 
aioimlly  coming  to  lhi>aa  parti  aa  he  paaand 
Imtwoen  thia  placn  and  Virginia  put  in  at  that 
river,  where  the  Indiana  after  ihey  had  often 
lioaii  nn  iMinrd  hia  vnaael  to  trade  wilh  him,  al 
the  laat  came  friundly  on  boanl  aa  ihay  uied 
lo  do,  but  finding  the  napt.  aalorp  in  hii  cabin, 
look  the  opportunity  lo  murder  him  il  he  lay, 
calling  a  covering  over  him  that  he  might  nnt 
lie  diacnrntHi  by  the  reat  whom  they  prraonlly 
after  dianatclmd  onn  after  another,  nil  but 
Captain  Norton  who  made  itoiit  rer.iatanca, 
fur  a  long  time  dofeiiding  himielf  in  the  conk 
room  of  iho  bark  till  tho  gunpnwder  which 
hu  had  let  in  an  open  veiiel,  lo  be  mora 
rt'ady  for  hii  uae,  accidentally  took  Are,  bv 
whicn  fatal  accident  he  wai  lo  liurned,  and  hu 
eyea  m  blinded  that  h«  could  not  nMke  any 


hifiinw  fMlMWtW.  ImM  ftlflitwilh  Ibll  tMo  ika 
Kanda  of  iKt  .  inaal  Mil  Mowj  itiliiMy  wmMki 
»•,  who  aft.  hev  had  iaIiiih  away  \\»»  Ult| 
mada  4  pfi. ,  ofall  ilmf  wt*  i«i  nhs  tMiol 

Aa  fitr  M  .  ( )ldham,  h*  «••  ma»^*tmf  al  an 
laUiid  calird  liy  the  lniii»«Mi,  iHii  taea  ;(«iiic# 
kmiWn  hi  lh«i  li«ine<,nMork  1^1  mil/ I'  I  \\m»» 
lhal  murilxmd  him  (j.rnH'itM."  \  hal.itaii"  t/ 
aaid  laland)  fled  pri<a.'iilli  •  ,  tH*  Punui**'-  ''';• 
whom  Ihay  ware  ali«lia'r«.l,  and  In  lici«vff 
alanyitllly  ihamavlvna  nf  hii  IiIihhI, 

In  ika  ynnr  I4.1I1,  ih«  daalh  '/  '  M* 
Oldham*  waa  an  inaiiifnal  lh«l  A  roul.  <  ivr^ 
iher  lia  rofieaaletl  nor  aaiuitid,  llm  dtW'  ,  .L 
wharatif  Iming  rain«i||akli>,  (•  heif  ■•-.n''  .  j, 

Ihm  Juhn  itaUop,  with  omi  l>.\^|i,  re,  aii«i 

two  Uiya,  cnniiii|  from  ('miHieciliiiir,  «iid  in? 
lantlini  In  piii  in  al  Long  laland,  aa  t-m  canta 
fnim  Inenne.  lieing  al  ihn  mniilh  nf  the  harlHit 
waifiircad  by  aauddun  changa  iifiha  wind  I* 
In  bear  up  for  ilhiek  lilami,  or  Piahar'a  laland, 
whnra,  aa  Ihay  ware  lailinf  ainng,  ihny  mat 
wilh  a  pinnarn  which  ihny  (iiund  lo  JnKn  Oli|< 
ham'a,  who  hail  liaan  aani  In  Irada  wilh  llm  !'•• 
'(■•ml*. (tonmke  trial  ofiha mally  oflheir  prnlnn- 
iladft'innd«hipaftnrlhi'murdnrnfC?i(rtainHlniia 
limy  hailed  the  veaaal,  but  hati  nn  anawnr, 
although  ihny  law  ilia  d'  rk  full  of  Imliani 
(14  in  all)  and  a  lillla  Imtiira  that  had  aann  a 
eanua  go  f^im  tha  vnaiel  full  of  Imliani  llka< 
wiae,  ami  i^noda,  whari'iliMin  ihay  auaimclnd 
ihay  hati  killad  John  Oldnam,  who  had  nnly 
nnly  two  Iwiyi  and  two  Narragaiianl  Indiana 
in  hii  veaaal  liaiidai  himaalf,  and  the  ralhar 
Imrauia  ikay  lalilip,  andael  iipaail  (lieinylwn 
milna  from  tha  ihore,  iha  wind  and  lidu  com' 
iiig  olTlha  ahnra  of  tha  laland,  whereby  ihay 
drove  lowanl  iha  main  land  of  Narraganaal) 
iharaliire  ihay  want  ahead  of  iham,  and  naving 
nothing  but  two  pineea,  ami  two  piatnli,  they 
bnra  up  near  the  Imliani,  who  aliMMl  or  iha 
deck  of  the  vaaani  ready  armed  with  gum, 
■wordi  ami  pikei  t  but  John  Gallop,  «  ma.! 
of  Miiut  courage,  let  fly  among  thain,  ami  ao 
galled  ihom,  tlial  they  got  all  down  tinder  tha 
hatchai,  antl  then  they  Hood  olT again,  and  re- 
turning with  a  food  gala,  they  ilemnied  her 
upon  the  quarter,  and  almoat  overact  her, 
which  lo  affHghlened  iha  Indiana,  aa  lix  of 
iham  laiped  nverboird,  and  ware  drnwned, 
yet  they  durit  not  Iniard  her,  but  itixid  off 
again,  and  filled  their  aiichor«  lo  ii  aiemming 
her  tha  laeond  time,  they  Ixired  her  Imw 
through  with  their  anchor;  and  nicking  faat 
to  her,  they  madediveriahnt  through  the  aidei 
of  her,  ami  ao  raked  her  fore  and  aft  (Iming 
but  inch  Imard)  ai  they  muit  needi  kill  or 
hurtmmo  of  the  Indiana;  but  leeing  none  nf 
them  come  forth,  ihey  got  looaa  from  her,  ono 
then  four  or  five  more  of  the  Indiana  Icapeo 
Into  tha  MB,  and  were  likewiae  drowned  , 
whereupon  there  being  but  four  left  in  her, 
they  boarded  her ;  whan  an  Indian  came  up 
and  yielded ;  him  they  bound  and  put  into 
the  hold  t  then  anotheryielded  ;  him  they  alan 
Imund,  butUallnp,  being  well  acquainted  with 
their  ikill  to  iinlnoie  nne  annthor,  if  they  lay 
near  tngrthor,  and  having  no  )ilaco  to  kei^p 
them  Miinder,  flung  him  bound  into  tha  laa  j 
then  looking  about,  they  found  John  Oldhara 
under  an  old  lail,  itart  naked,  having  hii  head 
cleft  to  the  braini ;  hia  handa  and  legi  cut  M 
if  they  had  been  cutting  llicin  olf;  yet  wmm  I 


•  The  aMounl  of  Mr.  Olilham'a  riaalh  ia  alM  I*  Ma 
adllkm  IVem  Mr.  Hubbard'a  Maaa.  HiaMfjr  if  thm  m 
llaad,  AroBi  III  bac<«^  •«  ><■* 


A  ttAKir  ATirt  OF 


wdwypM  kim  into  ika  msi  but  eoalil  not 
««U  lair  kow  to  MHM  at  tha  otliar  two  IndiMt 
■wtw  war*  in  •  liulo  mom  umlatMMh  with 
ikair  swordt)  mi  thojf  tuok  tha  guodt  which 
wara  lal\,  and  the  Mill,  and  towad  ihu  boat 
ftway,  but  night  turning  un,  and  tha  wind  ril- 
ing, thoy  wara  Curcvd  to  turn  her  off,  and  tha 
Wind  earriad  ker  to  tha  Narraganiat  ahore, 
wkar*  thay  laft  kar. 

On  tha  MikoT  tha  Mid  July,  tha  two  Indiana 
wkiek  wara  with  John  Oldham,  and  one  othar 
lnu,an,eaina  bom  GanoniouaUha  cbiuf  nobaia 
of  tha  Narraganaau)  with  a  laitor  from  Mr. 
Williama,  to  aignify  what  had  bafallen  Juhn 
Oidbwn,  and  how  sriavoualy  thay  were 
offkndad  i  and  thu  Mianlonimo  (tha  aoeond 
MMtham  of  tha  Narraganauuk  was  gono  with 
17  oanoaa  and  800  man  tu  take  revenge,  liut 
upon  examination  of  the  utborlndian,  who  waa 
brou<^t  priioner  to  them,  thay  found  that  all 
'.ha  iaohama  f  tha  Narrsganteu,  except 
C  iiMniout  ai  Miantonimo,  were  contrivers 
of  Jukii  GidhaiB'B  death,  and  the  occasion  waa 
heeause  ha  went  U?  raake  peace,  and  trade 
with  tha  Pequods  last  year ;  the  pristnior  said 
also  that  Oldham's  two  Indians  were  aG(|uaint- 
ad  with  it ;  but  because  they  were  sent  as 
messengers  I'rum  Canunicus,  they  would  not 
imprison  them  t  but  the  governor  wrote  back 
to  Mr.  Williams,  to  lit  the  Narragansou  know, 
they  expected  they  shouUl  send  home  John  Old- 
ham's  two  bova,  and  take  revenge  upon  the 
laUnders,  and  withal  gave  Mr.  WiUiams  cau- 
uon  to  look  to  himself,  if  there  should  be 
oceasion  to  make  war  with  the  Narragaosets 
'fcr  Block  IsUnd  was  under  them)  and  the 
■iait  day  he  wrote  to  Canonious,  by  one  of 
those  Indiana,  that  he  had  suspicion  of  him 
that  Mras  sent,  and  yet  he  had  sent  him  back, 
because  ha  was  a  messenger ;  but  did  expect, 
if  ha  should  sand  for  the  two  Indians,  he 
should  sand  them  to  him. 

Four  days  after  John  Oldham's  iwo  boys 
wore  sent  home  by  one  of  Miantonirao's  men, 
with  a  letter  from  Mr.  tVilliams,  that  Mianto- 
oimo  had  caused  the  sachem  of  Niantio  to 
■end  to  Block  Island  fur  them,  and  that  he  had 
near  100  fathom  of  peak,  and  much  other 
(roods  of  Oldham's  which  should  be  reserved 
lor  thorn.  And  three  of  the  seven  that  weie 
dmwned  were  sachems,  and  that  one  of  the 
two  which  was  hired  by  the  Niantic  sachem, 
waa  dead  also.  So  they  wrote  back  to  have 
the  rest  of  those  which  were  necessary  to  be 
sent,  and  the  rest  of  the  goods,  and  that  he 
should  tell  Canonious  and  Miantonimo  that 
they  held  them  innocent,  but  the  six  'other 
sachems  were  guilty. 

LieuL  Qibbona  and  Mr.  Higginson  were 
sent  aftar,  with  Cushmakin  the  sachem  of  the 
Massachusetts,  to  Canonicus,  to  treat  with  him 
•bout  the  murder  of  John  Oldham.  They 
returned  with  aoecptanee  and.  good  success 
of  their  business ;  observing  in  the  sachem 
much  state,  great  command  of  his  men,  and 
manollous  wisdom  in  his  answers ;  and  in  the 
Cdrr'age  of  the  whole  treaty,  clearing  himself 
and  hu  neiohbours  of  the  murder,  and  offering 
revenge  of  it,  yet  upon  very  safe  and  wary 
conditions. 

The  English  of  Massachusetts,  after  the 
neace  concluded  with  the  Pequods,  sent  a 
Dark  thither  for  trade,  that  trial  might  lie  made 
of  the  reali'y  of  their  friendship,  but  thvy 
(bund  tham  treacherous  and  false,  and  that  no 
•dvwitage  was  to  bo  had  by  any  commerce 


with  them,  insomueh  as  thay  took  up  a  reso- 
lution n«  it  itore  to  have  lo  do  with  them) 
which  tha  said  Indians  |ierceiving,  made  no 
account  of  the  foriiiiir  jipaco,  but  took  all 
advantage  to  do  u*  tniscliief,  not  only  by  har- 
bouring ihoto  wholiatl  munlerod  Mr.  Oldham, 
but  surprising  many  of  tliu  English  in  tliii  ^«ar 
1636,  when  Connecticut  river  liegan  first  to 
plantad,  divers  of  whom  warn  killed  (nine  at 
one  time  in  April,  1637)  by  thom  alniut  Wuth- 
ersfiald,  when  tho  plantation  there  first  began, 
so  as  thev  could  not  pass  up  and  down  the 
river  without  n  guard,  but  they  would  be  in 
danger  of  being  cut  off  or  carried  away,  as 
two  maids  were  said  to  be ;  tliirty  men  have 
been  killed  by  them  in  all  |  those  who  foil  into 
their  hands  afive,  were  cruelly  tortured,  after 
a  most  barbarous  manner,  by  insulting  over 
their  prisoners  in  a  blasphemous  wise,  when 
in  their  dying  agonies  under  tho  extremity  of 
their  pains  (tneir  flesh  being  first  slashed  with 
knives,  and  then  filled  with  burning  embers) 
thuy  called  upon  Qod  and  Christ  with  gasping 
grosns,  resigning  up  their  souls  into  their 
hands ;  with  which  words  these  wretched 
caitiffs  used  to  mock  the  English  afterwards, 
when  they  came  within  theirhearingand  view, 

Aliout  the  same  time,  some  agents  sent  ov^ir 
by  the  lord  Say  and  the  lord  Brook,  built  a 
fort  at  thu  mouth  of  Connecticut  river,  wherein 
was  placed  one  Lieutenant  Oardlner,  and  a 
convenient  number  of  soldiers  to  secure  the 
place,  intended  soon  after  to  be  planted,  but 
all  the  winter  following,  being  the  and  of 
the  year  1636,  they  were  little  better  than 
besieged  by  the  said  savages,  not  daring  to 
stir  out  of  the  rommand  of  the  fort,  but  they 
were  ready  to  be  seised  by  thuse  bsrbanius 
enemies ;  at  one  time  the  lieutenant  himself, 
with  ten  or  twelve  of  the  soldiers,  marching 
out  of  the  fort  with  intent  to  pass  ove  -  a  neck 
of  land,  to  bum  the  marshes;  as  soon  as  they 
had  passed  over  the  streight  of  tho  neck,  they 
espied  a  company  of  Indians  making  towards 
the  said  isthmus,  which  if  they  could  not 
recover,  they  saw  they  must  all  perish; 
whereupon  returning  back  with  all  speed, 
they  narrowly  escaped,  and  were  two  or  three 
of  them  killed  notwithstanding,  before  they 
could  get  back  to  the  fort,  wnich  was  pre- 
sently surrounded  with  multitudes  of  them  ; 
but  toe  discharging  of  a  piece  of  ordnance 
gave  them  warning  to  keep  further  from  the 
Willis.  Sometimes  they  came  with  their 
canoes  into  the  river  in  view  of  the  soldiers 
witliin  the  fort,  and  when  they  apprehended 
themselves  out  of  the  reach  of  their  guns,  they 
would  imitate  the  dying  groans  and  invocations 
of  the  poor  captive,  which  English  soldiers 
were  forced  with  silent  patience  to  bear,  not 
being  then  in  a  capacity  to  requite  their  inso- 
lent blasphemies.  But  they  being  by  these 
horrible  outrages  Justly  provoked  to  indigna- 
tion, unanimously  agreea  to  join  their  forces 
together,  to  root  them  out  of  the  earth,  with 
God's  assistance. 

The  governorand  council  having  soon  after 
assembled  the  rest  of  the  magistrates,  and  the 
ministers,  to  advise  with  them  about  doing 
juadce  for  Oldham's  death,  they  all  agreea 
it  should  be  done  with  all  expedition;  and 
accordingly  on  the  25th  of  August  following, 
80  or  90  men  were  sent  out  under  tho  com- 
mand of  Capt.  £  idicot  of  Salom,  who  went 
to  the  Pef_i-.  '  country  by  water,  with  com- 
mission to  t^'^rt  with  the  said  Pequods,  first 


olTering  terms  of  peace,  if  thay  would  sumn 
der  tha  murderora  of  tha  English,  and  forbaas 
furthar  acts  of  hostility,  or  else  fl|rkt  ihaiii. 

Tho  eaptain  aforosaid  eotiing  aah  ire  with 
his  company,  by  a  message  sent  them  by  ac 
interpretar,obtunad  little  sfNiech  with  a  great 
numlier  of  the;  ata  distance;  but  afier  tliey 
understood  whs*  was  prop<iunded  to  tham, 
first  cunningly  getting  behind  a  hill,  they  pre- 
<enily  ran  away  into  tho  woods  and  awnnips, 
where  tliani  waa  no  pursuing  of  them  :  how 
ever,  one  discharging  a  gun  among  them  sa 
thqy  ware  taking  their  flight,  stayed  the  course 
of  one,  which  was  all  that  could  bo  dono  against 
them  at  that  time. 

Winter  approaching,  and  no  encouragement 
presenting  further  tu  )iuniuo  them  at  tliattime, 
It  was  resolved  bettor  to  return  back  for  tha 
present,  and  wait  a  further  season,  when  more 
forces  could  bo  gathered  together  to  pursu* 
the  auarrol  to  the  utmost 

Miantonimo  soon  after  sent  a  message  lo 
them  with  a  letter  from  Mr.  Williams,  to  sig- 
nify that  they  had  taken  one  of  the  Indians, 
who  had  broken  prison,  and  had  him  safe  for 
them,  when  they  should  send  for  him  (as  they 
had  liofore  sent  to  him  for  that  end)  and  that 
the  other  had  stolen  away  (not  knowing  it 
seems  that  ha  was  their  prisoner)  and  that 
according  to  their  promise  they  would  not 
entertain  any  of  that  Island,  which  should 
come  to  them ;  but  they  conceived  it  was 
rather  in  love  to  him  wnom  they  concealed, 
for  he  had  lieen  his  servant  fonnerly,  but 
when  they  sent  for  those  two  Indians,  one 
was  sent  them,  but  the  other  was  snid  lo  be 
dead  before  the  messenger  came ;  but  tho 
Pequods  haroourod  those  of  Block-Island,  and 
therefore  justly  brought  the  revenge  ot  the 
English  upon  them. 

Amongst  those  soldiers  that  were  sent  under 
Capt.  Endlcot,  were  twenty  tHkt  lielonged  to 
Saybrook-fort,  land  were  appointed  to  stay 
there,  to  defend  the  place  against  the  Pequods  '. 
afterthe  said  capt  and  the  rest  were  departed, 
those  twenty  lay  wind  bound  in  the  Fequod 
harbour,  and  in  the  meanwhile  went  all  of 
them  ashore,  with  sacks  to  fetch  somo  of  tho 
Pequods'  corn  ;  and  having  fetched  each  man 
one  sack  full  to  their  boat,  they  returned  for 
more,  and  having  loaded  themselves  the 
Indians  set  upon  them,  so  thev  set  down  llieir 
corn,  and  gave  fire  upon  the  Indians,  and  the 
Indians  shut  tte:r  arrows  against  them  ;  the 
place  was  open  about  the  aistancu  of  a  mus- 
ket shot;  the  Indians  kept  the  covert,  sa^e 
when  they  came  forth  at  atime  and  discharges 
their  arrows  :  the  English  put  themselves  in 
a  single  file,  and  ten  only  that  had  pieces  thai 
could  reach  them,  shot,  the  others  stood  ready 
to  keep  them  from  breakine  in.  So  they  con- 
tinued most  part  of  the  aUernoon ;  the  En- 
glish, as  they  supposed,  killed  divers  of  them, 
and  hurt  others;  and  the  Indians  wounded 
but  one  of  the  English,  who  was  armed,  all 
the  rest  being  without :  for  they  shot  their 
arrows  compass-wise,  so  as  they  could  easily 
see  and  avoid  them  standing  single,  then 
always  gathered  up  their  arrows :  at  tho  last 
the  Indians  being  weary  of  the  sport,  gave  the 
English  leave  to  retire  to  their  boat.— This 
was  in  October,  1636. 

About  twodays  after,  five  men  of  Saybrook 
went  up  the  river  about  four  miles  to  ibtch 
hay  out  of  a  meadow  on  the  Pequod  side :  the 
grass  waa  so  high  as  some  Pequods  bidiitg 


THE    INDIAN    WA118. 


irert,  aatit 


Iread^ 
Ithey  ccin- 
the  En- 

I  of  them, 
IwoimdeH 

Irmed,  hII 
Ihot  their 
lild  eaiily 

Me,  then 
ft  the  laic 

I  gave  the 

it.— This 

Baybrook 
I  to  fetch 
lile:  the 
|i  hiding 


riianilHlvea  in  it,  let  ujion  the  Kii)(l!ah  heloru 
ihey  wore  aware,  and  took  one  that  hod  hay  on 
his  tMok,  I  he  rest  fled  to  their  boat,  one  of  tnem 
bad  flvu  arrows  in  him,  yet  rpcovored  ;  he 
that  was  taken  was  a  goodly  young  man, 
whose  name  wua  HiitterHold  t  whereupon  the 
meadow  was  ever  aiVer  called  Butteriivld's 
meadow. 

Jearut  Icariit  nomima  dedit  aquii. 

About  fourteen  days  after,  six  of  the  sol- 
diers were  sent  out  of  the  fort  to  keep  an 
house  which  they  had  set  up  in  a  corn-field, 
•bout  two  miles  from  the  fort.  Three  of 
them  went  forth  a  fowling,  which  the  lieu- 
tenant had  atriotly  forbidden,  two  had  pieces, 
•  nd  the  third  only  a  sword,  when  suddenly 
•'jout  an  hundred  Indians  came  out  of  the 
•overt  nnd  set  upon  ihem,  he  who  had  the 
fword  liruke  through,  and  received  only  two 
■hot,  and  those  not  dangerous,  and  so  escaped 
%o  the  house  which  was  not  above  a  bow  shot 
off,  and  jiersuaded  the  other  two  to  follow, 
but  they  stayed  still,  till  the  Indians  came  and 
took  them,  and  carried  them  away  with  their 
pieces. 

Soon  after  they  beat  down  the  said  house, 
and  out  houses,  and  hav  stacks,  and  within  a 
jow  shot  of  the  fort,  killed  a  cow,  and  shot 
diverse  others,  which  came  with  arrows  stick- 
ng  in  them. 

After  Mr.Endioot'sdeparture,  thePequods 
porceiving  that  they  had  oy  several  late  inju- 
ries and  outrages,  drawing  upon  themselves 
the  hatred  of  all  the  English,  as  well  as  of 
their  own  people  by  former  wrongs,  and  dis- 
trusting their  own  ability  to  deal  with  them 
all  at  once,  did  at  the  last  by  all  subtle  insinu- 
mtiona  and  j)ersuasions,try  to  make  their  peace 
with  the  Narragansets,  using  such  arguments 
as  to  right  reuon  seemed  not  only  pregnant 
to  the  purposeful  also  (if  revenge,  that  be- 
Mritching  and  pleasing  passion  of  man's  mind 
had  not  blinded  their  eyes)  most  cogent  and 
■'nvincibte  !  but  they  were,  bv  the  good  pro- 
'#idence  of  God,  withheld  from  embracing 
«)iflse  counsels,  which  might  otherwise  have 
proved  most  pernicious  to  the  design  of  the 
r'inglish,  viz.  That  the  English  wore  stran- 
Iters,  and  began  to  overbpread  the  country, 
v>  liich  woula  soon  be  possessed  by  them  to 
t'le  depriving  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  their 
r'ght,  if  they  were  not  timely  prevented  ;  and 
that  the  Narragansets  would  but  make  way 
for  their  own  ruin,  '^v  helping  to  destroy  the 
Pcquods  ;  for  after  themselves  were  subdued, 
it  would  not  be  long  ere  the  Narragansets 
themselves,  would  in  the  next  place  be  rooted 
out  likewise  :  whereas  if  they  would  but  join 
together  aeainst  the  English  they  could  de- 
monstrate how  the  English  might  easily  either 
be  destroyed  or  forcrd  to  leave  the  country, 
and  that  without  any  danger  to  themselves: 
telling  them  also  that  they  never  need  come 
to  any  open  battles,  they  might  destroy  them 
only  by  fiting  their  houses,  and  killing  their 
cattle,  and  lymg  in  wait  for  them  as  they  went 
about  their  ordinary  occasions ;  which  course, 
if  it  were  pursued,  they  said  their  new  and 
unwelcome  neighbours  could  not  long  subsist ; 
but  would  either  be  starved  with  hunger  and 
cold,  or  forced  to  forsake  their  country. 

Machiavel  himself  if  he  had  sat  in  council 
with  them  could  not  have  insinuated  stronger 
taasont  to  have  persuaded  them  to  a  peace. 
k  it  said  that  ao  much  i-cason  was  appre- 


hended in  these  motives,  that  the  Naragan- 
sflts  were  once  wavering,  4nd  wore  almost 
(wrsiiaded  to  have  granted  an  ear  to  their  a<l- 
vice  and  persuasion  and  joined  all  agiiitist  the 
English  t  but  when  thny  considered  what  an 
advantage  they  had  put  into  llioir  hands  by 
the  strength  nnd  favour  of  the  English,  to 
take  a  full  revenge  of  alt  their  former  inju- 
ries, upon  their  inveterate  enemies,  the 
thought  of  that  was  so  sweet,  that  it  turned 
the  scale  against  all  other  considerations 
whatsoever. 

Soon  after  this,  Miantoni.nnn,  saehem  of  the 
Narragansets,  camn  to  Boston,  (being  sent  for 
by  tlie  governor)  with  two  f>f  Canonious's 
sons,  and  another  sachem,  and  near  80  of 
their  men,  whom  they  call  Sannaps.  The 
gavornor,  having  notice  by  Cuihamakin,  the 
Massachusetts  sachem,  sent  twenty  musket- 
eers to  Roxbnry  to  meet  them.  Ihey  came 
to  Boston  about  noon,  where  the  governor 
hod  called  together  all  magistrates  and  min- 
isters to  give  countenance  to  their  proeeed- 
ings,  and  to  advise  about  the  terms  of  peace. 
After  dinner,  Miantonimo  declared  what  he 
had  to  say  to  them  in  several  pro|iositions, 
which  were  to  this  effect,  that  they  had  al- 
ways loved  the  English,  and  now  desired  a 
firm  peace  with  them,  and  that  ihey  would 
continue  war  with  the  Pequods,  ■>' '  their 
confederates,  till  'they  wero  subdi.  i,  and 
desirea  the  English  would  do  so  to :  Pro- 
mising to  deliver  their  enemies  to  them,  or 
kill  them,  and  two  months  after  to  send  them 
a  present.  The  governor  told  them  that  they 
sh'iuld  have  an  answer  the  next  morning, 
which  was  done,  upon  articles  subscribed  by 
him,  and  thay  also  subscribed  with  him, 
wherein  a  firm  peace  was  concluded,  but  be' 
cause  they  could  not  make  them  well  under- 
stand the  articles,  they  told  them  they  would 
send  a  copy  to  Mr.  Williamo,  who  cotlld  best 
interpret  the  same  to  them.  So  after  dinner 
they  took  leave,  and  were  conveyed  out  of 
town  by  some  musketeers,  and  dismissed 
with  a  volley  of  shot. 

The  Arlielei  here  follow. 

I.  A  firm  peace  betwixt  them  and  their 
friends  on  either  part  (if  they  consent)  and 
their  confederates  (if  they  will  ob8er\'e  the 
articles)  and  their  posterity. 

II.  Neither  pan  to  make  peace  with  the 
Pequods  without  the  other's  consent. 

III.  Not  to  harbour  any  of  the  Pequods. 

IV.  To  put  to  death,  or  deliver  up  any  of 
the  murderers  of  the  English. 

V.  To  return  fugitive  servants. 
Vi.  The    English    to     give   them  notice 

when  they  got  out  against  the  Pequods,  and 
tne  other  to  send  them  guides. 

VII.  None  of  them  to  come  near  the  En- 
glish plantations  during  the  war  with  the  Pe- 
?uods  witliout  some  Englishman  or  known 
ndian. 

IX.  To  continue  to  the  posterity  of  both 
parties. 

These  Ailicles  were  indifferently  we'l  ob- 
served by  the  Narragansets,  till  the  Pequods, 
their  mortal  enemies,  were  totally  subdued  ; 
but  then  they  began  to  grow  insolent  and 
treacherous,  especially  this  Miantonimo  him- 
self; as  will  appear  in  the  sequel. 

Oushmakin  also,  the  sachem  of  Massa 
chusetts,  subscribed  these  articles  with  the 
Eiiglish. 

"The  report  of  the  unheard  of   oraeluet 


foranieniioned,  which  had  been  ptirpatratMl 
by  the  Pequods  filling  the  ears  of  the  Eniliali 
thrnuf^hout  the  country  )  it  was  agreed  by 
ihe  joint  consent  of  the  English  throughout 
the  three  colonies  to  unite  all  their  forces  to- 
gether for  suppressing  the  common  enemy, 
early  in  the  spring,  A.  D.  1637,  who  were 
also  moved  thereunto  by  their  own  necessi- 
ties as  well  as  by  the  earnest  request  of  their 
friends  at  Connecticut. 

Those  of  Plymouth  being  written  unto  by 
the  governor  of  the  Massachusetts,  appearod 
very  cordially  willing  thereunto,  to  which 
end  thev  agreed  to  send  fifty  men  at  their 
own  charg«,  with  ac  much  speed  as  the  mat- 
ter required,  with  sufficient  leaders  appoint- 
ed, and  a  bark  provided  to  carry  them  pro- 
visions, and  tend  upon  them  on  all  occasions  | 
but  before  they  could  be  dispatched  away  the 
next  spring,  news  was  brought  that  the  enemy 
was  wholly  routed,  so  as  their  journey  was 
slopped,  and  thuir  good  will  accepted  for  the 
deed ;  as  if  they  really  had  been  there  to 
have  borne  their  part  in  the  service ;  their 
non-nppearance  in  time  and  place  being  not 
to  be  imputed  to  any  backwardness  in  their 
minds,  but  to  their  too  late  invitation  to  the 
service  ;  the  motion  fetching  a  large  compass 
from  the  Connecticut  down  to  the  Massa- 
chusetts ;  from  whom  in  the  last  place  they 
were  solicited  thereunto.  And  fur  the  other 
two  colonies,  those  of  Connecticut  being 
quickened  by  the  spur  of  necessity,  and  pre> 
sent  sense  of  the  insolence  daily  acted  at 
their  very  doors,  were  soonest  upon  their 
march,  and  by  the  good  hand  of  God  upon 
them,  they  had  given  the  main  stroke  Letbnt 
the  friends  of  the  Massachusetts  could  com* 
up  with  them,  yet  there  was  no  repining  tot 
the  want  of  the  glory  of  the  victory,  nor  wm 
there  any  cause,  those  that  were  th«  diiat 
actors  therein  being  forward  to  give  Ood  tha 
glory  of  the  whole,  and  not  willing  to  Books* 
up  any  thing  thereof  themselves,  aeliiiow- 
lodging  that  they  never  saw  more  of  Uod, 
or  less  of  man  in  any  business  of  that  nature, 
as  may  more  fully  be  understood  by  paiticu- 
lars  ensuing. 

The  colony  of  the  Massachusetts  deter- 
mined to  send  an  hundred  and  sixty,  of  whom 
an  hundred  and  twenty  were  ordained  under 
the  conduct  of  Capt.  Patrick  of  WatcTtown, 
and  Capt.  Trask  of  Salem,  Capt.  Stoughtoa 
of  Dorchester  being  to  command  in  chielj 
with  whom  was  sent  that  holy  man  of  Gwd, 
Mr.  John  Wilson,  (pastor  of  the  church  of 
Boston)  the  chariots  and  horsemen  of  7ar 
Israel,  by  whose  faith  and  prayer,  as  some- 
times was  said  of  Luther,  (in  reference  to 
Germany)  the  country  was  preserved,  so  as 
it  was  confidently  believed  that  no  enemy 
should  break  in  upon  a  place  whilst  he  sur- 
vived, which  as  some  have  observed  accord- 
ingly came  to  pass. 

The  matter  requiring  good  expedition,  and 
it  being  long  before  the  whole  company  could 
be  dispatched  awa^,  Capt  Patrick  with  forty 
men  were  sent  beforehand,  to  be  sure  to  meet 
with  those  of  Connecticut  in  case  they  should 
be  in  action,  before  the  rest  of  our  forces 
could  get  into  a  readiness,  which  accordingly 
came  to  pass ;  for  the  main  business  in  taking 
the  fort  was  over,  even  before  the  said  P» 
trick  could  get  tluther.  Capt  Underbill  wM 
sent  by  Mr.  Vane  the  governor  to  Saybrook 
the  winter  before  to  Krep^en  the  gartino 


A  NARRATIVE  OF 


ihar*.  Tb«  M*»ulting  •nd  larpriiinv  of  thii 
ImIimi  fort  baing  tht  moat  raiiMrktbie  pieM 
of  mrt'ieo  in  thil  whole  expedition  |  take  it 
U  it  WM  delivered  in  writing  hy  that  valiant, 
faithful  arid  prudent  commander,  Capt.  Ma- 
■oa,  chief  in  the  aution,  who  lived  long  afte- 
to  reap  the  fruit  of  hi*  labuari  and  ei\|<»y  the 
benefit  of  that  day's  lervioe,  Iwving  an  mhe- 
ritanc*  given  him  in  that  part  of  the  eoantry, 
u  a  joit  reward  of  his  faitiifu  aerviea  on  that 
day  at  well  at  at  other  tinn  a.  Wequaah,  a 
Poquod  by  nation,  bat  diMoated  by  lh«  aa> 
ehem,  proved  a  good  guins  to  the  Bnglith, 
by  whote  •iirection  they  were  led  to  a  fort 
near  Myitir  river,  lonM  milet  nearer  than 
Sataaeoiu'a  ibrt,  which  they  firtt  intended  to 
aaaault. 

On  the  leeand  Wednetday  of  May,  being 
the  tenth  day  of  that  rakwth,  we  act  mil  with 
ninety  narn  of  the  Engiiwh  in  one  pink,  one 
pinnaao,  and  t>vo  boats,  tmwardf  the  Pe<]Uodi, 
With  Bcvnnty  river  Indtnna ;  having  some- 
what a  long  patiaire  to  Saybrook  fort,  altout 
liirtynf  our  Iniliani  ileaired  lo  go  down  by 
land  on  Saturday,  but  on  M»nday  tliey  went 
litrth  fmm  the  fort,  and  meeting  seven  Pe- 
i|uiiil«  and  Nianticks  they  slew  five  outright, 
iaok  one  prisoner,  and  brought  him  into  say- 
brook  fort,  wherR  he  was  executed  by  Capt. 
Underbill,  the  other  Hscaped. 

Un  Monday  we  landed  at  8nybrook  fort, 
snd  stayed  there  until  Tuesday;  Capt.  Un- 
derbill joining  nineteen  men  with  himself  to 
us  :  Whereupon  \v  e  sent  back  twenty  of  oura 
^o  strengthen  our  plantations ;  and  so  set  sail 
on  Thursday  towards  Narraganset,  and  ar- 
rived there  on  Friday. 

On  Saturday,  myself,  with  Capt.  Undorhi'l, 
and  Lieut.  Sealy,  with  our  guard  marched  to 
Canonicus  by  land,  being  about  five  miles 
distant,  where  we  were  kindly  entertained 
afker  their  manner  :  Having  had  party  with 
him,  we  sent  to  Miantonimo,  who  would  give 
no  present  answer ;  and  so  our  sabbath  boing 
oi)  the  morrow,  we  adjourned  our  meeting 
until  Mo«iday,  at  which  time  there  assembled 
Miantottimo  with  the  chiefast  of  them  about 
two  hundred  men ;  and  being  solemnly  set 
for  oonsultatiou  afler  their  manner,  told  them 
we  were  now  going,  God  assisting,  to  re- 
venge the  wrong  committed  and  bloodshed 
by  their  and  our  enemies,  upon  our  native 
countrymen,  not  any  way  desiring  their  aid, 
unleu  they  would  voluntarily  send,  which 
they  did  exceedingly  approve  of;  Moreover 
we  told  them  that  the  English  and  they  had 
always  been  friends  for  aught  we  knew,  and 
so  were  we  with  the  Indians  that  had  not 
wronged  Englishmen,  which  they  acknow- 
ledged, and  so  made  a  large  description  of 
the  Pequod's  country,  and  told  us  they  would 
send  men  with  us ;  so  we  resolved  there  to 
keep  our  rendezvous  atCanouicus's  plantation, 
on  the  morrow  night,  being  Tuesday ;  but 
the  wind  being  stiff,  we  could  not  land  our 
T^en  until  five  or  six  of  the  clock  in  the  afler- 
.oon,  at  which  tinoe  I  landed  on  Narraganset 
ahore  with  thirty-two  men.  and  so  marched 
to  the  place  of  rendesvous  formerly  appoint- 
ed :  Capt  Underbill  and  my  lieut  landed 
the  rest,  and  came  up  to  me  that  night. 
About  two  hours  bef->re  day,  came  an  In.lian 
with  a  letter  from  Capt.  Patrick,  being  then 
U  Robert  Williams's  plantation  with  forty 
tamn,  who  desired  ua  to  stay  for  his  coming 
tai  joining    u*,   not   intimating  when  that 


would  be  I  which  being  considered  and  de- 
baled,  we  though',  it  could  not  be  our  safest 
course  to  wait  tor  him,  (thiiugh  his  present  as- 
sistance was  much  dt'sired)  for  these  masons.  1 

1.  "  Because  the  day  before  when  he  had 
absolutely  resolved  to  go,  the  Indians  plainly 
told  us  they  tlio't  we  were  but  in  jest,  and 
also  that  Englishrien  did  talk  mueh,  but  not 
Aght;  nay,  they  concluded  th<>y  would  not  gu 
on  ;  and  nesides,  if  we  should  defer,  we  fear- 
ed we  ahould  be  discovered  by  reason  of  the 
frequent  recourse  lietween  them  by  certain 
sqnawa  (who  have  mutual  intercourae) 
whereupon  we  were  constrained  to  set  fiir> 
ward  towards  the  Pequmls,  with  seventy- 
seven  English,  and  ab<iut  sixty  river  Indians, 
and  as  I  suppose  near  two  hundred  Narra- 
gansets,  and  marched  that  night  to  the  east- 
ern Nianticks,  where  we  kept  our  rendesvous 
that  night :  the  sachem  of  the  place  adding 
about  an  hundred  of  his  men  unto  us. 

We  set  forward  and  marched  almut  ten 
miles,  where  making  an  alia  (or  hall)  there 
we  held  a  consultation  with  the  Indians,  who 
desired  to  know  what  wo  intended  ?  We 
told  them  that  we  resolved  to  assault  Sassa- 
cous's  fort,  at  which  they  were  all  stricken 
and  as  it  were  amazed  with  fuar,  as  they 
l>lainly  confessed ;  afler  a  long  debate  and 
pressing  of  them,  taxing  them  with  coward- 
ice, some  of  them  resolved'  ;to  go  along  with 
us,  though  I  supposed  they  had  no  such  in- 
tention, as  appeared  afterward;  some  of  them 
leA  us  to  the  number,  as  I  suppose  of  an  hun- 
dred or  less ;  and  marching  on  flvo  miles  fur- 
ther, we  made  another  aha,  where  they  told 
us  we  had  near  a  dozen  miles  to  Saccacous's 
fort,  as  we  gathered  by  their  relation;  we 
ware  constrained  to  alter  our  resolutinn,  and 
resolved  to  attempt  that  fort,  wliicli  tlioy  had 
formerly  described  to  b«  three  or  four  miles 
nearer ;  and  also  one  of  Capt.  Underbill's 
men  failing  put  it  out  of  doubt.  But  who- 
soever salth  that  Capt.  Underbill  had  any  fall- 
ing out  about  that  or  any  thlncr  else,  doth 
speak  an  untruth ;  for  we  both  r«solved  to  at- 
tack Saccacous's  fort,  as  we  concluded  in  niir 
consultation  at  Narraganset,  and  so  continued 
our  resolution  till  we  received  the  former  rea- 
sons as  grounds  sufficient  to  persuade  us  to 
the  contrary,  and  to  prosecute  that  which  was 
most  likely  to  be  accomplished. 

They  drew  n  plot  of^  the  situation  of  the 
Pequods,  and  described  Saccacous's  fort  to 
be  the  nearest,  which  was  the  chief  cause  we 
determined  to  assault  that  Brst,  and  hud  no 
reason  leaning  till  our  lost  alta,  where,  upon 
the  reasons  formerly  mentioned,  we  changed 
our  resolution  :  This  greatly  pleased  the  In- 
dians that  were  with  us,  as  it  was  what  tliey 
much  desired ;  for  it  was  dreadful  to  them  to 
hear  the  name  of  Sassacous. 

From  thence  we  marched  two  or  three 
miles  where  we  kept  our  rendezvous,  sup- 
posing we  had  been  within  one  mile  of  the 
ibrt :  an  Indian  having  been  sent  beforehand, 
brought  us  news  that  they  were  secure,  hav- 
ing been  fishing  with  many  canoes  at  sea,  and 
divers  of  them  walking  hero  and  there. 

About  two  hours  biBfore  day  we  marched 
toward  the  fort,  being  weary  and  much  spent ; 
many  of  us  having  slept  none  at  all. 

And  as  we  began  to  march  towards  the  fort, 
the  Lord  being  pleased  wonderfully  to  assist 
and  encourage  us,  after  a  tedious  march  of 
three  or  four  miles  :  about  break  of  day  we 


earn*  in  fitir  view  of  the  fort,  standing  on  ih* 
topof  an  hill  not  steep;  the  Indians  all  fall 
ing  hack,  were  suddenly  vanishi'd  out  of  sight, 
so  we  made  an  alta,  and  sent  buck  for  out 
guide  who  had  promised  to  go  with  us  lo  iIm 
JRirl,  but  his  heart  we  saw  uiiich  failed  hiia  i 
we  asked  him  what  they  intcndi"'  who  p'»- 
niised  to  wing  us,  and  to  sur  ihe  tor* 

ho  told  us  they  were  much  ...  J  ;  but  he, 
feeing  our  raaolution,  went  to  them  and  pre- 
vailed with  di\ers  of  them  to  come  up  lo  us; 
we  told  them  their  best  course  woii'd  be  to 
flank  the  fort  on  both  sides,  and  bavins  no 
time  longer  lo  confer,  we  proceeded  ;  Capt. 
Underbill  to  the  western  entrance  with  one 
division,  myself  to  the  eastern  as  silent  as  pot- 
sibly  wo  could  ;  so  it  pleased  Qod  we  came 
up  within  two  rods  of  the  palisado,  before  w« 
were  dicovered,  at  which  time  a  dog  began  to 
hark,  and  an  Indian  cried  out,  but  not  being 
myself  rightly  informed  by  the  Indian  guide, 
of^the  right  entrance,  though  there  was  a  lit- 
tle postern  door,  which  I  had  thought  to  have 
attempted  to  break  down  with  my  foot;  but 
the  Lord  directed  me  otherwise  for  the  better; 
for  I  then  feared  we  could  not  there  enter 
with  our  arms,  which  proved  true.  So  I  sud- 
denly hasted  to  the  palisado,  and  putting  in 
the  muzzle  of  my  piece,  and  discharged  upon 
them,  and  so  did  ihe  rest  with  all  celerity; 
we  then  suddenly  hastened  on  toward  that 
side  which  stood  toward  the  water ;  where  1 
concluded  there  wasan  entrance,  and  instantly 
fell  upon  it,  being  only  barred  with  twofora- 
ud  boughs,  or  branches  of  some  trees,  and 
hastening  over  them,  I  drew  one  after  me  t 
my  lieutenant  drawing  the  other  outward. 
VVo  suddenly  fell  upon  the  wigwams;  the 
Indians  cried  out  on  a  most  hideous  mnrner, 
some  issuing  out  of  their  wigwams,  shooting 
nt  us  desperately,  and  so  creeping  iiifi.er  bodl 
that  they  had.  We  hod  resolved  awhile  not 
to  have  burned  it,  hut  seeing  we  could  not 
come  at  them,  I  resoWed  to  set  it  on  fire,  after 
divers  of  them  were  sloin,  and  some  of  ou» 
men  sore  wounded  ;  so  entering  one  of  their 
wigwams,  I  took  a  fire  brand  [at  which  time 
an  Indian  drawing  an  arrow  had  killed  him, 
but  one  Davis,  his  sergeant  cut  the  bowstrip)^ 
with  his  cutlass]  and  suddenly  kindled  a  fire  i'l 
the  matts  wherewith  they  were  covered,  ond  feH 
to  a  retreat  and  surrounded  the  fort ;  the  firo 
increasing  violently,  insomuch  that  they  were 
constrained  to  climbto  the  top  of  the  pal'sado; 
from  whence  they  were  soon  fetched  down  I 
suppose  to  the  number  of  an  bund  red  and  forty. 
Many  of  them  issuing  forth  were  suddenly 
slain  by  the  English  or  Indians,  who  were  ir 
a  ring  without  us  ;  all  being  dispatched  pnil 
ended  in  the  space  of  an  hour,  having  two  of 
our  men  slain,  and  sixteen  wounded. 

Being  very  hot  and  dry,  we  could  very 
hardly  procure  any  water,  we  continued  there 
one  hour  not  knowing  what  course  to  take  or 
wliich  wny  to  go,  our  pinnaces  not  being 
come  in,  neither  did  we  know  how  far  or 
which  way  to  go  them,  our  interpreter,  being 
an  Indian,  we  could  hardly  come  to  speak 
with  him:  when  we  did,  he  know  nothing  of 
what  bis  countrymen  intended,  who  were  all 
hurried  and  distracted  with  a  few  hurt  men, 
but  chiefly  as  I  conceive  with  fear  of  theenemy 

"  The  enemy  approaching,  they  began  to 
cleave  unto  us,  and  I  verily  think  durst  not 
leave  us. 

"  Our  pinnaces  then  coc  ng  iu  view  with 


THE    INDIAN    WARS. 


I'tl  be  to 
no 


I,  shooting 

rti.er  beou 

while   not 

cuiilj  not 

fire,  aftor 

of  ou» 

nf  their 

hicli  tima 

illed  I'.iin, 

)OW8tr\pf^ 

a  firo  i'l 

and  fen 

the  firo 

hey  were 

pal'gado ; 

down  I 

ind  forty, 

suddenly 

were  ir 

led  (>n<l 

two  of 

Id  very 

led  there 

take  or 

ot  bein^ 

r  far  or 

r,  beirg 

apeak 

thing  of 

were  all 

rt  men, 

enemy 

iegan  to 

jrat  not 


lur  gala,  baing  gvided  m  it  were  tu  wrve  our 
MMiauity  by  the  good  hand  of  Und,  which  I 
think  was  never  more  eminently  seen  in  • 
mattjir  of  like  moment,  and  less  'if  man  in 
several  pasMges.  Tbun  we  set  our  men  in 
order,  und  prepared  lor  iiglit,  and  began  to 
mni-ch  toward  tlioharbtiur  where  ihepinnacus 
were  to  ride  s  tlie  enemy  approaching,  Capt. 
Uiidertiill,  with  divers  Indians  und  certain 
Biigliab,  iasuud  out  to  encounter  them,  but 
they  would  not  stand  to  it,  for  the  most  part 
Ihey  lay  liehind  rocks,  trees  fnd  buslies.  Wo 
lUAicheJ  on,  they  still  dodging  of  us;  some- 
times haurding  thuioselves  in  open  Held, 
whera  some  of  them  were  slain  in  open  view, 
■nd  as  we  hear,  many  wounded.  1  was 
■omewhat  cautious  in  bestowing  many  shot 
upon  them  heedlessly,  because  1  oxpeotod  a 
strong  opposition )  and  thus  they  continued 
tu  follow  us  till  we  came  within  two  miles  of 
'.ur  pinnaces,  where  they  wholly  lull  us,  which 
was  nearly  six  miles  us  1  concuive,  it  being 
tho..  About  two  miles  more  to  the  river, 

"  Four  of  our  wounded  men  wo  were 
furoed  to  carry  ourselves,  while  at  length  we 
hired  the  Indians  to  bear  litem  both  m  this 
iind  all  the  folluwiiig  enterprises  against  the 
Peqiiods." 

This  service  being  thus  happily  accomplish- 
ed by  these  few  hands  that  rame  from  Con- 
necticut ;  within  a  while  after,  the  forces  sent 
from  the  Massachusetts  under  the  conduct  of 
Capt,  Stoughton  as  commander  in  chief,  arriv- 
ed there  alio,  who  found  a  great  part  of  the 
work  done  to  their  hands,  in  the  surprisal  of 
the  Pequodii'  fort  as  aforesaid,  whirli  was  yet 
but  the  breaking  of  the  nest,  and  unkennelling 
those  savage  wolves ;  for  the  body  of  them, 
with  Sassacous  the  chief  sachem  (whose  very 
name  was  a  terror  to  all  the  Narragansets) 
wero  di!i|K>rsed  abroad  all  over  their  dispersed 
abroad  and  s^ttered  all  over  their  country, 
yet  so  far  were  tlie  rest  dismayed,  that  they 
fl<3ver  durst  make  any  assault  upon  the  Eng- 
lish, who  ill  several  parties  were  scattered 
•bout  in  pursuit  of  thom. 

It  was  nut  long  after  Capt.  Stoughton's  sol- 
diers came  up,  before  news  was  brought  of 
a  great  number  of  the  enemy,  that  were  dis- 
Govereii  by  the  side  of  a  river  up  the  country, 
being  first  truppanned  by  the  Nurragansels, 
under  pretence  of  securing  them,  but  were 
truly  hemmed  in  by  them,  though  at  a  dis- 
tance, yet  so  as  theycould  not,  or  durst  nut  stir, 
from  the  place,  by  which  means  our  forces  of 
the  Massachusetts  made  an  easy  conijuest  of 
some  hundreds  of  them,  who  were  there 
Cv/.iped  up  as  in  a  pound  ;  not  daring  to  fishl, 
nor  able  to  fly  away,  and  so  were  all  taken 
without  any  opposition.  The  men  among 
them  to  the  number  of  30,  were  turned  pit; 
scntly  into  Charon's  ferryboat  under  the  com 
raand  of  skipper  Gallop,  who  dispatched  them 
a  little  without  the  harl>our ;  the  females  and 
childroii  were  disposed  <>"  according  to  the 
will  of  the  conquerors,  some  being  given  to 
the  NarragansetH,  und  other  Indians  that  assist- 
ed in  '.he  service. 

The  rest  of  tlie  enemy  being  first  fired  out 
oftSteir  strong  hold,  were  taken  anddestroyed, 
a  great  iinmber  of  thcin  being  seized  in  the 
places  where  they  intended  to  nave  hid  them- 
selves, the  rest  wd  out  of  their  own  country 
over  Connecticut  river,  up  towards  the  Dutch 
plantation.  Our  soldiers  being  resolved  by 
Qod'f  ■MJminee  to  make  a  final  destruction 


of  them,  were  minded  to  pursue  them  which 
way  •oevor  they  should  think  to  make  thrir 
escatio,  to  which  end  in  the  next  place,  our 
soldiers  went  by  water  towards  New  Haven, 
whither  they  heard,  and  which  in  reaaon  was 
most  likely,  they  bent  their  course  i  aoon  after 
they  wore  inlbrmed  of  a  great  number  of 
them,  that  had  betaken  theniselve*  to  a  neigh- 
lM)uring  place  not  far  off,  whither  they  might 
hope  it  waa  not  likely  they  should  be  punned  ; 
but  upon  search,  they  found  fifty  or  sixty 
wigwams,  but  without  an  Indian  in  any  of 
them,  but  heard  that  they  hod  passed  toward 
the  Dutch  plantation ;  whereupon  our  sol- 
dier* tliat  were  before, '  all  embarked  for 
Quilleuiaok,  afterward*  called  New  Haven, 
and  bein^;  landed  there,  they  had  nut  far  to 
march  unto  the  place  where  it  was  most  pro- 
bable they  should  either  find  or  hear  of  thuni ; 
accordingly  in  tlieir  inarch  they  met  here  and 
there  with  sundry  of  them,  wnoin  they  slew 
or  took  prisoners,  amongst  whom  were  two 
aaohems,  whom  they  presently  beheaded  ;  to 
a  third  that  wus  either  a  suchein  or  near  akin 
to  one,  they  gave  his  life  upon  condition  thut 
he  should  go  und  enquire  where  Sassacous 
was,  and  accordingly  bring  them  word :  this 
Indian,  overlooking  all  other  national  or  iiatu 
ral  obligations,  in  consideration  of  his  life  '.liuA 
was  received  on  that  condition,  proved  very 
true  and  faithful  to  those  that  sent  him;  his 
order  was  to  have  returned  in  three  days,  but 
not  being  able  within  so  short  a  time  to  make 
a  full  discovery  of  the  business,  and  also  to 
find  a  handsome  way  to  escape,  he  made  it 
eight  day*  before  he  returned,  in  which  aome- 
thing  fell  out  not  a  littlu  remarkable;  for 
those  he  wo*  sent  to  discover,  suspecting  at 
the  last  by  hia  withdrawing  himself,  that  he 
came  for  a  spy,  pursued  after  him,  so  he  was 
forced  to  fly  for  his  life,  and  getting  down  to 
the  sea  side,  he  accidenully  met  with  a  canoe 
little  lieforo  turned  adrift,  by  which  means 
he  paddled  by  suDie  shift  or  other  so  far  out 
of  the  harbour,  that  making  a  sign  he  was  dis- 
cerned by  some  on  board  one  of  the  vessels 
that  attended  on  our  soldiers,  by  whom  being 
taken  up,  he  made  known  what  he  had  discov- 
ered. But  after  he  was  gone,  Sassacous  aus- 
pecting  (and  nst  without  just  cause)  what  the 
matter  was,  mode  his  escape  from  the  rest, 
with  20  or  30  of  his  men  to  the  Mohawks,  by 
whom  himself  and  they  that  were  with  him, 
were  all  murdered  afterward,  b><ing  hired 
thereunto  by  the  Narrragansets,  as  was  confi- 
dently affirmed  and  believed.* 

Thus  this  treacherous  and  cruel  villiun  with 
his  companions,  having  against  his  faith  and 
promise,  as  well  as  contrary  to  the  laws  of 
nature  and  nations,  murdered  several  others, 
both  of  the  Dutch  and  English  nation,  is  in  the 
same  manner  himself,  aeainst  the  laws  of  hos- 
pitality murdered  by  those  to  whom  he  tied 
fur  refuge.  Yeiigeanceumine,  taiththeLuid, 
Itoill  repay  it. 

It  is  worthy  our  observation,  this  that  Sassa- 
cous, the  chief  sachem  of  the  Pequods,  ac 
afterwards  Philip  of  Mount  Hope  (both  of 
them  ill  their  several  times  and  places  the  con- 
trivers of  many  bloody  and  cruel  mischiefs, 
yet)  escaped  the  hands  of  those  whom  they 
had  so  many  way*  provoked  to  the  utmost 
degree  of  indignation,  that  so  they  might  not 
too  much  gratify  their  own  apirit  in  taking 


*  Saasacoua's  icalp  was  seat  dowa  to  lbs  EbcU*Ii<— 


revenge ;  but  it  must  he  brought  aboW  bf 
those  mean*  bv  whieh  the  glory  of  diviiw 
vongoanre  and  ^uatice  shall  mure  eminently 
shine  forth,  that  it  might  be  truly  said  of  them, 
as  Adonibeiek  confessed  of  himself.  A*  I  have 
dune,  so  Uod  hath  requitted  me. 

But  to  return  t  The  rest  of  the  Pequods 
from  whom  Sassacou*  had  made  an  eicapa, 
shifted  every  one  for  himself,  leaving  but  three 
or  four  behind  them  (when  a  party  of  soldier* 
according  tutha  direction  of  hiro  that  wa*  a«m 
as  a  spy  came  upon  the  place)  who  woftl  j  not 
or  could  nut  tell  them  wliitoer  '.heir  oKpany 
were  fled  ;  but  our  sold'or*  ranging-  up  ami 
down  as  Providence  guided  them,  at  the  tad, 
July  13,  1637,  they  light  upon  a  great  num- 
ber of  them,  they  pursued  them  tu  a  smal*. 
Indian  town  seated  oy  the  side  of  an  hideous 
swamp  (near  the  place  whera  Fairfield  or 
Stratford  now  stanas)  into  which  they  all  sli|it, 
as  well  Pequod*  as  native*  of  the  place,  Im> 
foru  our  men  could  make  any  shot  upon  them, 
having  placed  a  sentinel  to  give  warning,  Mr. 
Ludlow  and  Capt.  Maann  with  half  a  score 
of  llieir  men  happened  to  diacover  this  crew 
Capt.  Patrick  and  Capt.  Trask  with  about  an 
hundred  of  the  Massachusetts  forces  came  in 
upon  them  presently  after  the  alarm  wa*  given ; 
such  commanders  as  first  happened  to  be  thero 
gave  special  orders  that  the  swamp  should  be 
surrounded  (being  about  a  mile  in  oompa**) 
but  Lieut.  Davenport  belonging  to  Capt. 
Traak's  company,  not  hearing  the  word  of 
commaiid,  with  a  dozen  more  of  his  company, 
in  an  over  eager  pursuit  of  the  enemy,  rushed 
immediately  into  the  swamp,  where  lliey  wero 
very  rudely  entertained  by  those  eveninf^ 
wolves  thatnewly  kennelled  therein,  for  Lieut 
Davenport  was  sorely  wounded  in  the  body, 
John  Wedwood  of  Ipswich  in  the  belly,  and 
laid  hold  on  by  some  of  the  Indian* ;  Tnoma* 
Sherman  of  said  Ipswich  in  the  neck  ;  *om« 
of  their  neigV.V.ours  that  ventured  in  with  thero 
were  in  danger  of  the  enemy's  arrow*  tl.at 
flew  very  thick  about  them,  other*  were  in  aa 
much  hatord  of  being  swallowed  by  the  miry 
boggs  of  the  swamp,  wherein  they  stuck  so 
fast,  that  if  Sergeant  Riggs,  of  Roxbury,  bad 
not  rescued  two  or  three  of  them,  they  had 
fallen  into  the  hand*  of  the  enemy  :  but  tack 
waa  the  itrength  and  courage  oi  those  that 
came  to  their  rescue,  that  some  of  the  Indian* 
being  slain  with  their  swords,  their  fnend* 
were  quickly  relieved  and  drawn  out  of  the 
mire  and  danger. 

But  the  Indians  of  the  place,  who  had  for 
company  sake  run  with  their  gueat*  the  Pe- 
quods into  the  swamp  did  nut  love  their 
friendship  so  well  as  to  be  killed  with  them 
also  for  company  sake,  wherefore  they  be- 
gan to  bethink  themselves  they  had  doiie  no 
wrong  to  the  English,  and  desired  a  parley, 
which  was  granted,  and  they  presently  un- 
derstood one  another  by  the  means  of  Thoma* 
Stanton,  an  exact  interpreter  then  at  hand. 
Upon  ^vhich  the  sachem  of  the  place  with 
several  others  and  their  wives  and  children, 
that  liked  better  to  live  quietly  in  their  wig 
wams  than  to  be  buried  in  the  swamp,  came 
forth  and  had  their  lives  granted  them  :  Afiei 
some  time  of  further  parley  witn  these,  the 
interpreter  wa*  *ent  in  to  offer  the  like  term* 
to  the  rc*t,  but  they  were  po*«e*sed  with 
such  a  spirit  of  stupidity  and  sullennesi  that 
they  resolved  rather  to  sell  their  live*  for  what 
they  eeold  get  ^ere ;  and  to  tiM  «iid  be|Mi 


A  NARRATIVE  OP 


I 


to  tet  Ijr  thair  wrowt  tUok  agkiiMi  him  ■•  in- 
landing  to  Mika  hia  blood  aona  part  of  tha 
(wiea  of  ibair  own  i  but  ihroagk  tha  gooJiMH 
cf  Ood  towari  him,  hi*  Ufa  waa  not  to  ba  Mild 
on  that  aaaount,  ha  baing  praaantly  fatch- 
ad  oif. 

By  ibit  lima  night  dmwinji  on,  our  oom- 
mandaM  pareaiviag  on  whKh  lida  of  the 
awamp  tha  anamiaa  war*  lod|^,  gave  ordurt 
to  out  tkioagh  tha  awamp  with  their  twordf , 
thai  thay  might  the  batter  ham  them  round  in 
MM  eomar  whieh  wm  praaontly  duno,  and  lo 
thay  ware  begirt  in  all  night,  the  Engliih  in 
^ha  einiumierenee  plying  them  with  ahot  all 
ika  tiaa,  by  which  mean*  roan^  of  thero 
were  killed  and  buried  in  iho  mire,  at  they 
iound  the  nest  day.  TLvi  iwamp  by  the  fore- 
—ntinnad  devioe  being  reduced  to  ao  narrow 
%  oompa**,  that  uur  loldier*  ttmndiiig  Bt 
twelve  ieet  dittance  could  lurround  it,  tiie 
enemy  kept  in  *U  the  night ;  but  a  little  be- 
fore day-iireak  (by  reason  of  the  fog  that 
uaeth  to  ariie  about  that  time,  obiervod  to  be 
tlia  darkest  time  of  the  night)  twenty  or 
thirty  of  the  luitiett  of  the  enemy  broke 
through  tha  betieaert,  and  escaped  away  into 
the  woods,  some  by  violence  and  some  by 
stealth  cropping  awav,  some  of  whom  not- 
withstanding were  killed  in  the  pursuit ;  tiie 
res*  were  loft  to  the  mercy  of  the  conquerors, 
of  whieh  many  were  killed  in  the  swamp  like 
sullen  dogs,  that  would  rather  in  their  self- 
willadneas  and  madness  sit  still  to  be  shot  or 
rut  in  pieces,  than  receive  thoir  lives  for  ask- 
ing at  ine  hand  of  those  into  whose  power 
they  wera  now  fallen,  >Some  that  are  yet 
living  and  worthy  of  credit  do  aHSrm,  that  in 
tlie  rooming  entering  into  the  swamp,  they 
saw  several  heaps  of  them  sitting  close  to- 
gether, upon  whom  they  discharged  their 
piucos  laden  with  ten  or  twelve  pistol  bullets 
at  a  time,  putting  the  rauasles  of  their  pieces 
under  the  boughs  within  a  few  yards  of  them ; 
so,  besides  those  that  were  found  dead  (near 
twenty  it  was  judged)  many  more  wero  kill- 
ad  ana  sunk  into  the  mire  and  never  were 
ipinded  more  by  fnend  or  foe ;  of  those  who 
were  not  so  desperate  or  sullen  as  to  sell  their 
lives  for  nothing,  but  yielded  in  time,  the 
mate  children  were  sent  to  the  Bermudas,  of 
the  females  some  wera  distributed  to  the  £ng- 
lisli  towns,  some  were  disposed  of  among  tluB 
other  Indians,  to  whom  they  were  deadly 
enemies  as  well  as  to  ourselves. 

This  overthrow  given  to  the  Pequods 
struck  such  a  terror  into  all  the  Indians  in 
those  parts  (tome  of  whom  hod  been  ill  affect- 
ed to  the  English  before)  that  they  sought 
our  friendship,  and  rendered  themselves  to  be 
under  our  protection,  which  they  then  obtain- 
ed, and  have  never  since  forfeited  it  any  of 
them,  till  the  late  rebellion  of  Philip,  the 
subject  of  the  following  discnurse.  Amongst 
the  rest  of  the  prisoners  special  notice  was 
given  of  the  wife  of  a  noted  Indian  called 
Mononotto,  who  with  her  children  submitted 
herself,  or  by  the  chance  of  the  war  fell  into 
the  hands  of  the  English :  it  was  known  to 
be  by  her  mediation  ihat  two  English  maids 
(that  were  taken  from  Weatherslield,  upon 
Conv.acticut  river)  were  saved  from  death, 
in  requittal  of  whose  pity  and  humanity,  the 
life  or  herself  and  her  children  was  not  only 
gimaled  bar,  but  she  was  in  special  recom- 
■Maded  to  the  care  of  that  honorable  gentle- 
■NB  Mr  4'jka  Winthrop   at  that  time  being 


tha  worthy  governor  of  Massachusetts  ; .  who 
taking  notice  of  her  modast  countenance  and 
behavior,  as  well  as  of  hur  only  request  (not 
to  suflkr  wrong  either  as  to  the  honor  of  bar 
body  or  fruit  of  her  womb)  gave  spaaial 
charge  oonourning  her,  according  to  bis  noble 
and  christian  disposition. 

Afti-r  this  slaughter  at  tha  swamp,  the  P*- 
quod*  lieing  upon  every  turn  axpaMd  to  tiM 
roveng^e  of  the  Mohegin*  on  ona  aide,  and  tha 
Narragansets  on  the  English,*  by  whom  thay 
were  put,  some  under  the  Moheginn  and 
soma  under  the  Narragansets,  wbion  at  laat 
proved  the  occasion  of  the  present  quarral  a* 
IS  conceived,  throiigh  tlie  ambition  of  Mian- 
tonimn,  as  will  lie  hereafter  related. 

On  the  18th  of  July,1637,  one  AKan«mo,a 
sochi'Mi  (if  ihu  Niantick  Indians  (who  wera  a 
brniicli  of  the  Narragansets)  came  to  Boston 
with  seventy  of  his  own  nx-it :  ha  made 
diver*  propositions  to  the  English,  whiohthey 
took  into  consideration,  and  promised  to  give 
him  an  answer  the  next  day  ;  but  finding  that 
ha  had  rescued  divers  nf  the  Pequods,  sub- 
mitted to  him  since  the  last  defeat,  they  firat 
demanded  the  delivery  of  them,  which  he 
sticking  at,  they  refused  further  conference 
with  him  ;  But  the  next  morning  he  came 
and  offered  what  they  desired.  So  the  go- 
vernor referred  him  to  the  captains  at  the 
Pe<]uod  country,  and  writ  instructions  to  them 
how  to  deal  with  him.  So  receiving  his  ten 
fathoms  of  wampum,  they  friendly  ditroisaed 
him. 

In  July  1638,  Unca*  the  aaehem  of  the 
Mohegin*,  having  entertained  aome  of  the 
Pequods,  came  to  the  governor  at  Boaton 
with  a  present,  and  was'  much  dejected  be- 
cauie  it  was  not  first  accepted :  But  afVerward* 
the  governor  and  council  being  •ati*fiad 
about  hi*  innoeenov  they  accepted  it,  where- 
upon he  promisea  to  the  order  of  the  Eng- 
lish, both  touching  the  Pequod*  he  had  re- 
ceived, and  as  concerning  the  differences 
betwixt  the  Narragansets  and  himself,  and 
confirmed  all  with  this  compliment;  this 
heart,  said  he,  (laying  his  hand  upon  bis 
heart)  is  not  mine  out  your's,  command  me 
any  difficult  service  and  I  will  do  it,  I  have 
no  meu  but  they  are  all  your's,  I  will  never 
believe  any  Indian  against  tha  English  any 
more  ;  and  so  he  continued  for  ever  after,  aa 
may  be  seen  in  the  following  transactions  Iw- 
tween  tht  Indians  and  the  English  :  where- 
upon he  was  dismissed  with  some  small  re- 
ward, and  went  home  very  joyful,  carrying  a 
letter  of  approbation  for  bimaelf  and  hi*  men, 
through  the  £ngli*h  plantation*. 

This  was  the  issue  of  the  Pequod  war, 
which  in  the  day  of  it  here  in  Ntiw  England 
was  as  formidable  to  the  country  in  general  as 
the  present  war  with  Philip  ;  the  experience 
of  which,  liecause  it  may  administer  much 
comfort  and  encouragement  to  the  surviving 
generation  as  well  as  of  praise  and  thanks- 
giving to  Almighty  God,  irom  all  those  who 
have  thus  long  quietly  enjoyed  the  benefit 
and  reaped  the  fruit  of  their  labour  and 
courage  who  engaged  therein,  the  more  pains 
hath  oeen  taken  to  search  out  the  broken 
pieces  of  that  story  and  thus  put  them  to- 
gether, before  the  memory  thereof  was  buried 
in  the  ruins  of  time,  and  past  the  recovery 
and  knowledge  of  the  present  age. 


>  asvsB buulrad of  ihasi  wan  ihoegklta k* dtsHB/sf. 


AfUr  *ubduing  tha  Pequod*  in  the  yaw 
1037,  tha  Narragansets,  the  most  numanxM 
of  the  other  Indians,  either  out  of  diiconleiit, 
that  tha  whola  sovereignty  over  the  rest  of  tha 
Indiana  was  not  at^udged  to  behing  to  them, 
or  out  of  envy,  that  Unoas  tha  chief  sachem 
of  tha  Mohegin  Indians,  had  insinuated  fur- 
ther than  thamoalve*  into  tha  fkvuur  of  tk« 
En^li*h,  wera  observed  to  ba  alway*  con- 
triving miickief  against  them,  notwithstand- 
ing a  nrm  agraemont  was  made  batwean  tha 
English  and  tkf>  said  Narraganaau  in  tha 
yaar  1637,  whaii  they  had  helped  to  dactroy 
the  Paquod*,  and  al*o  notwuh*tanding  tha 
tripla  laagua  between  tha  aaid  Narragan- 
*et*,  the  Mohagin*,  and  the  Kn^lwh  at  Hart- 
ford (tha  chief  town  of  Connecticut)  made  in 
tha  yaar  1638,  wherein  the  said  Indians  wei« 
•olamnly  engaged  not  to  quarrel  with  th« 
Mohegins  or  any  other  Indians,  until  they  first 
asked  the  advice  of  the  Engliah,  to  whose  de- 
termination, they  had  likewise  obliged  them- 
selves lo  stand  in  all  following  ditiercnce* 
among  them.  They  carried  it  lulitilely  and 
underhand  fer  some  years,  and  were  pretend- 
ing quarrels  with  the  said  Uncas,  against 
whom  they  had  always  an  inveterate  malice, 
ever  since  the  agreement  made  about  dis- 
tributing the  Pequods,  after  the  war  with 
them  had  ended,  expecting  in  all  proliability 
that  alt  ahould  have  lieen  tefl  to  their  solo 
arbitrament.  The  Mohegins  on  the  other 
side,  though  not  *o  numerou*,  yet  a  mora 
warlike  people  and  more  politic,  always  made 
their  recourse  to  the  English,  complaining  of 
the  insolence  of  the  Narragansets,  contrary 
to  their  league,  so  a*  they  would  hardly  bo 
kept  from  malting  open  war  against  them, 
when  they  saw  all  othel'  attompta  to  kill  and 
destroy  Uncas  the  Mohegin  sachem,  by  trea- 
cliery,  poison  and  sorcery  prove  ineffectual. 
Inasmuch  that  at  last  the  malTce  of  Mianto- 
nimo  and  his  Narragansets  grew  to  that 
height,  that  they  began  to  plot  against  tho 
English  themselves,  for  defending  Uncas. 

The  Narragansets  were  animated  by  the 
haughty  spirit  and  aspiring  mind  of  Miant<»* 
nimo,  the  heir  ap|>arent  of  all  the  Narraganse< 
people,  after  the  decease  of  the  old  aachoia, 
Canunicus,  who  was  his  uncle.  This  Miar,- 
tonimo  was  a  very  goodly  personage,  of  tiui 
stature,  subtle  and  cunning  in  his  contrite- 
ments,  as  well  as  haughty  in  his  designs.  It 
was  strongly  suspected  that  in  the  year  1(42, 
he  had  contrived  to  draw  all  the  Indlar  i 
throughout  tha  country  into  a  general  era- 
spi racy  against  the  English:  l<or,  the  frst 
of  September,  1642,  letters  came  tj  iSfi 
court  of  Connecticut,  and  from  two  cf  the 
magistrates  there,  that  the  Indians  hjd  con- 
spired to  cut  oS  the  English  all  <  ver  the 
country  ;  Mr.  Ludlow  certified  as  m<icli  from 
the  place  where  he  lived  near  ti.e  Dutch. 
The  time  appointed  for  the  assault,  was  said 
to  be  after  harvest ;  the  mannei  to  be  by 
several  companies,  entering  int'i  the  chief 
men's  houses,  by  way  of  trade,  und  then  to 
kill  them  in  their  houses,  and  seike  their  arms, 
and  others  should  be  at  hand  to  prpseciite  the 
massacr- :  This  was  also  confiimed  by  three 
Indians  that  were  said  to  leveal  it  in  the 
same  manner,  and  at  the  same  time,  to 
Mr.  Ludlow  and  to  the  governor  of  Nev 
Haven.  It  was  added  also  thatanother  Indian 
should  discover  the  same  plot  to  Mr  Hiune* 
of  Connecticut   by  soma     spaoial   rirauffl* 


THE   INDIAN   WABS. 


«l 


vit.  that  haing  much  hurl  bv  «  cart 
(wbieh  uiually  there  are  drawn  witn  oxnn) 
ha  ahoulii  ifntl  ftir  Mr,  Hainai  ami  tall  liirn, 
that  Eiigliahmaii'i  Ou<l  wai  angry  with  biin, 
anil  aant  Knglithman't  oow  (niaaniiig  ilia 
ixan  in  the  cart,  or  wayno)  lu  kill  him  lio- 
AtUM!  he  had  concealed  a  plot  againit  the 
Bngliah,  and  lo  told  him  all  at  the  othor  In- 
diana had  done. 

Upon  thii,  thoir  advice  from  Connecticut 
waa,  tliat  we  ahould  begin  with  them  and  enter 
upon  a  war  preaenllv,  and  that  if  Matiachu- 
■fit*  would  tend  180  men  to  Snybrook,  at  the 
nver'a  mouth,  they  would  meet  them  with  a 
priiiiortionable   number.     Thi<   was  a  very 

fimliable  itory,  and  very  likely  it  wa«,  that  the 
ndiani  had  Iteen  diicouriing  of  lome  luoh  bu- 
•ii.eM  among  thenaelvet.  But  the  general 
euurt  of  Maataohuaett*  when  called  together, 
did  not  think  thoae  inforipationi  to  lie  a  lulfi- 
eient  ground  whereon  to  begina  war.  Although 
tliH  governor  and  magiitratei  at  many  lu 
could  ciinvone  together  before  the  court  or- 
dered that  all  the  [ndinni  within  their  juriidio- 
lion  iliould  be  disarmed,  which  they  willingly 
yielded  unto :  and  upon  all  the  flnquiriei  and 
•xaminationi  which  were  made  by  the  court 
when  auembled  together,  they  could  not 
find  any  such  violent  preiumption  of  a  con- 
spiracy, as  to  the  ground  of  a  war.  Boiidos, 
it  was  considered,  that  the  reportsofall  Indians 
were  found  liy  experience  to  be  very  uncer- 
tain, especially  when  it  may  be  raised  and 
.carried  by  such  as  are  at  variance  one  with 
•nother ;  who  may  be  very  ready  to  accuse 
one  another  to  ingratiate  themselves  with  tho 
English.  Miantonimo,  sachem  of  Narragan- 
•ot,  was  sent  unto,  and  by  his  readineu  to 
appear,  satisfied  the  English  that  he  was  inno- 
cent as  to  any  present  conspiracy  ;  though  his 
quarrel  with  the  Mohegins  (who  bordered 
ution  Connecticut  colony)  might  very  prnba- 
lily,  as  was  judged,  render  him  the  subjuct  of 
such  a  report,  or  an  occasion  of  it. 

The  said  Miantonimo  when  he  came  iKifore 
the  court  peremptorily  demanded  that  his 
accusers  might  be  brought  before  him  face  to 
face,  and  if  tliey  could  not  prove  it,  then  to  be 
made  to  luflnr,  what  himself,  if  he  had  been 
found  guilty,  had  deserved,  i.  e.  death,  his 
reasons  for  which  were  very  plausible.  He 
urged  very  much  the  prosecuting  such  a  law 
against  his  accusers ;  sUoging,  that  if  the  En- 
glish did  not  believe  it,  why  did  they  disarm 
tlie  Indians  round  abou' ;  and  if  they  did  be- 
lieve it,  equity  required,  thatthey  who  accused 
him  should  be  ranished  according  to  the 
ofTunco  charged,  upon  himself.  He  oHbred 
also  to  make  it  good  against  Uncos,  sachem 
of  tho  Mohegins,  that  the  report  was  raised 
either  by  him  or  some  of  his  people.  The 
English  answered,  that  divers  Indians  had 
robbed  some  of  tho  Englishmen's  houses, 
which  might  be  a  gutficient  ground  todisarm ; 
and  with  thathe  wis  something  satisfied.  The 
Connecticut  men  were  hardly  prevailed  with 
to  forbear  tho  war  against  them,  but  at  last 
ibcy  were  overcome  with  the  allegations  of 
the  Massachusetts  to  lay  it  aaide. 

Miantonimo  when  ho  wos  at  Boston  was 
Very  deliberate  in  his  answers,  shewing  a  good 
understanding  in  the  principles  of  justice  and 
equity,  as  well  as  a  seeming  ingenuity  witha; ; 
but  though  his  words  were  smoother  than  oil, 
yet,  M  many  conceived,  in  his  heart  wtVd 
inwn  awords.    It  was  observed  also,  thitt 


he  would  never  speak  but  when  ■time  of  hii 
counsellors  wore  present,  that  they  might,  at 
he  said,  bear  witness  of  all  his  speechasat  their 
return  home. 

They  spani  two  dayi  in  the  treaty,  wherein 
at  last  he  gave  them  tatis&ctian  in  all  things, 
though  ho  hold  off*  long  aliout  the  NianticEt, 
of  whom  he  said  they  were  at  hit  own  flath, 
engaging  on  their  behalf,  that  if  they  thould 
do  any  wrong,  to  at  neither  he  nor  thev  could 
satisfy  without  blood,  then  he  would  leave 
tliom  to  the  mercy  of  the  English.  At  his 
departure  Iw  gave  hit  hand  to  the  governor, 
telling  him,  that  wat  for  the  magittratei  that 
wore  absent. 

While  ho  wat  at  Beaton  one  of  hit  own  fol- 
lowert  had  been  a  principal  avidanca  againtt 
him  I  he  however  promited  to  deliver  him  to 
the  Mohegin  tachem  whose  subject  he  was ; 
notwithstandinff  which  promise,  going  home- 
ward ho  cut  on  his  head  to  prevent  his  tolling 
more  tales.  And  with  great  discontent,  a*  he 
was  going  home  said,  he  would  come  no  more 
to  Boston,  whf^in  ho  proved  a  trurr  prophet 
than  he  himsolf  l)elieved  when  he  uttered  the 
words,  for  in  the  end  of  the  same  year,  1643, 
making  war  upon  Uncaa,  he  was  taken  pris- 
oner by  him,  and  soon  after  by  the  advice  of 
the  commissioners  of  tho  four  colonies  (at  that 
time  firmly  united  into  a  league  offensive 
and  defensive,  on  which  account  they  were 
after  that  time  called  the  united  colonies  of 
Xew-England  ;  though  since  that  time  they 
are  reduced  to  but  three  colonies;  that  of 
New  Haven  and  Connecticut  by  the  last 
patent  boing  united  in  one)  hit  head  was  cut 
ofTbv  UncBs,  it  being  justly  feared,  that  there 
would  nevor  bo  a  firm  peace,  either  betwixt 
the  English  and  tho  Narragansots,  or  betwixt 
the  Narragansets  and  tho  Mohegins,  while 
Miantonimo  was  left  alive :  However,  the 
Narragansets  have!  ever  since  that  time  bore 
an  implacable  malice  agairst  Uncat,  and  all 
the  Mohegins,  and  for  th<i.r  taket  secretly 
against  the  English,  so  far  as  they  durst  dis- 
cover it. 

In  the  year  1645,  and  1646,  they  grew  to 
insolent,  that  the  commissioners  of  the  united 
colonies  were  compelled  to  raise  forces  t,>  go 
against  them,  but  when  they  perceived  that 
the  English  were  in  good  earnest,  they  began 
to  be  afraid,  and  suej  for  piece,  submittea  to 
pay  tribute  to  satisfy  the  charges  of  prepara- 
tion for  the  war,  but  were  always  very  back- 
ward to  make  payment  until  the  English  were 
forced  to  demand  it  by  now  forces,  so  that  it 
appeared  they  were  unwilling  to  hold  any 
friendly  correspondence  with  the  English,  yet 
durst  never  make  any  open  attempt  upon  them, 
until  the  present  rebellion,  wherein  they  had 
no  small  hand,  it  too  evident,  notwithstanding 
all  their  pretencet  to  the  contrary,  at  will  ap- 
pear in  tno  lequel  of  this  history. 

Thus  it  it  apparent  upon  what  termi  the 
English  stood  with  the  Narragansets,  ever 
since  the  cutting  off  Miantonimo,  their  chief 
sachem's  head  by  Uncos,  it  being  done  with 
tho  advice  and  counsel  of  the  English,  Anno 
1643.  As  for  the  rest  of  tho  Indians,  ever 
since  the  suppression  of  the  Peqiiods,  in  the 
year  1637,  until  the  ye»-  1676,  there  wat  al- 
ways in  appearance  amity  and  K2(>d  corres- 
pondence on  all  sides,  scarce  an  Englishman 
was  ever  known  to  b6  assaulted  or  hurt  by 
any  of  them,  until  after  the  vear  1674,  when 
die  ton  of  one  Matoonat,  Who,  h  wai  tup* 


poted  hmag  vaxad  in  hi*  mimi  thai  iIm  4» 
sign  amintt  the  Enslith,  iniandad  lo  Lacia 
1671,  did  not  lake  place,  out  of  mara  mtliae 
and  tpita  againtt  them,  slaw  an  EnglishmM 
travelling  along  the  road,  and  tha  laid  Ma> 
toonat  bainga  Nipnal  Indian,  which  NipnoM 
ware  uadar  tha  oommand  of  tha  taabaia  tf 
Mount  Hope,  tha  author  of  all  iha  piatant 
miiiehiefi). 

Upon  a  duo  enquiry  into  all  the  praaadiog 
tranaacliont  batwaan  tha  Indiana  and  iha  En- 

S'ith,  from  tboir  first  taulins  in  thata  coatia, 
ere  will  appear  no  ground  of  quarrel  that 
any  of  them  bad  againtt  iha  Englith,  nor  any 
provocation  upon  ona  aooount  or  another }  for 
when  Plymouth  colony  wat  firttpUntad,  with- 
in three  moatht  aAarthairfirtt  laading,  Mareh 
16,  1680,  Mattatoit,  tha  chief  taobem  of  all 
that  side  of  the  country,  refiaired  to  the  En- 
glish at  Plymouth,  and  entered  into  a  solemn 
league  upon  sundry  articlet,  (printed  in  New- 
England't  Memorial,  1689)  which  are  aa  ful* 
lowt,  via. 

1.  That  neither  he  nor  any  of  hit  ahould 
injure  or  do  hurt  to  any  of  their  people. 

8.  That  if  any  of  his  did  any  hurt  to  any  of 
theirt,  he  thould  tend  the  offender  that  tbay 
might  punith  him. 

3.  "That  if  any  thinv  were  taken  away  from 
any  of  theirs,  he  should  cause  it  to  be  restored ; 
and  they  should  do  the  like  to  hit. 

4.  That  if  any  did  unjustly  war  againtt  him, 
they  should  aid  him,  and  if  any  did  war  againtt 
them,  he  should  aid  them. 

6.  That  he  shoulj  send  to  his  neighbour 
confederates,  to  certify  them  of  this,  that  they 
might  not  wrong  them,  but  might  likewise  be 
compriied  in  thete  conditions  of  peace. 

6,  That  when  hit  men  came  to  them  upon 
any  oecation,  they  should  leave  their  arma 
(which  were  then  bows  and  arrowa)  behind 
them. 

7.  That  in  so  doing,  their  sovereign  lord. 
King  Jamet,  would  esteem  him  at  their  friend 
and  ally. 

This  league  the  same  sachem,  September 
26,  1630,  a  little  before  hit  death,  coming  with 
his  eldest  son,  afterwards  called  Alexander' 
did  renew  with  the  English  at  the  court  ol 
Plymouth,  for  himself  and  his  son,  and  their 
heirs  and  tucctttort;  And  after  that  he  came 
to  Mr.  Brown's,  who  lived  not  far  from  Mount 
Hope,  bringing  his  two  sons,  Alexander  and 
Philip  with  him,  desiring  there  migut  be  lova 
and  amity  after  his  death,  l>etween  hit  tora 
and  them,  as  there  had  been  betwixt  himself 
and  them  in  former  timet :  yet  it  it  very  re> 
markable  that  thit  Mattatoit,  called  alto 
Woosamequen,  (how  much  soever  he  ofTocted 
the  Enelisn)  wat  never  in  the  leatt  degree 
well  afiected  to  the  religion  of  the  English,  but 
would  in  his  last  treaty  with  hit  neighbourt 
at  Plymouth,  when  they  were  with  him  about 
purchating  some  land  at  Swaniey,  have  had 
them  engaged  never  to  attempt  to  draw  away 
any  of  bit  people  from  their  old  pagan  tuper- 
stition,  and  devilish  idolatry,  to  the  christian 
religion,  and  did  much  intitt  upon  it  till  he  taw 
the  English  were  retolved  never  to  make  uy 
treaty  with  him  more  upon  that  account,  which 
when  he  ditcerned,  he  did  not  further  urve 
it:  but  that  wat  a  bad  omen,  that,  notwith- 
ttanding  whatever  his  humanity  wat  to  tha 
English,  as  they  were  strangen,  (for  mdeed 
they  had  repa  /ed  his  former  kindneta  to  them, 
by  protecting  lim  afterwordi  againtt  the  in 


ANABRATrvj:nr 


bacM  of  Um  NamKanMU)  b*  imuiifiMiatl  no 
MmII  ditpUoMM^  of  •piril  agunM  tham,  m 
lb«y  war*  cbriitwiM  I  whiok  uniii  wu  avi- 
ilant  mora  in  hia  aon  tkM  •ueeoiHltHi  tiiin,  and 
all  bia  paopUi  inaurauoh  thai  aunio  diieariiing 
|MraoM  orthiuJuriailieUoii  havr  fearml  that 
Miioa  of  Indiana  would  all  b«  motad  out,  aa 
h»4  ainea  ooina  to  paat.  Tha  lika  may  ba 
obaurvad  cunoerning  tha  Namganiatt*,  who 
war*  always  mora  oivil  and  cuurtauut  to  the 
Knglitb  than  anjr  of  tha  olhar  Indiana,  though 
Bovar  hava  aa  yet  raoaivad  iba  lead  lineturu 
of  tha  ohriatian  raligion,  but  bava  in  a  maiinar 
run  the  Mine  fiita  with  their  neif  hboun  of 
Mount  Hope,  thero  being  very  few  of  them 
Uft  atMtding.  Nor  ia  it  un  wortliy  the  relation, 
what  a  panon  of  quality  anMWgat  us  bath  lately 
•ffirned,  via.  One  much  eonveraant  with 
the  Indiana  about  Merriroau  river,  being  An- 
no 1600,  invited  by  lonMi  Sagamorca  ur  laoh- 
em*  to  a  great  danoe,  (whioh  tolaninitie*  are 
the  tiinea  the*'  make  u«e  of  to  tell  their  itorioa, 
and  uonvey  the  knowledgu  of  lume  pait  and 
mutt  raemuraljle  thinga  to  posterity)  Pawacon- 
away,  the  great  tachem  of  that  part  of  the 
country,  intending  at  that  time  to  make  hit  latt 
and  farewell  tpeech  to  hit  children  and  peo- 
|ilo,  that  were  then  all  gathered  together,  ad> 
drotted  lumaelf  to  thorn  in  thit  manner  t 

"  I  am  now  going  the  way  of  all  floth,  or 
rrady  to  die,  and  not  likely  to  tee  you  ever 
:nut  together  any  more  :  I  will  now  leave  thit 
word  of  countel  with  you,  that  you  may  lake 
hoed  how  you  quarrel  with  the  Englith,  for 
'.hough  y  ou  may  do  tbemmuoh  miachief,  y et  aa- 
lured ly  yon  wiU  all  be  daatroyed,  and  rooted 
:■(('  the  earth  ifyou  do  |  for  I  waa  at  much  an 
aiiemy  to  the  Kngliab,  at  their  firat  coming  into 
:.liete  parte,  aa  any  one  whattoever,  and  did 
try  ail  waya  aod  meant  potaible  to  have  det- 
Iniyod  them,  at  leatt  to  have  prevented  them 
tiding  down  here,  but  I  could  no  way  eflTuct 
it,  therefore  I  adviaa  you  never  to  contend 
wit><  the  Englith,  nor  make  war  with  tliem :'' 
And  a<-,caiviingly  hit  eldeat  ton  Wanalancet 
by  name,  at  toon  at  he  [lerceived  that  the  In- 
luiit  were  up  in  armt,  withdrew  himtelf  into 
Komo  renir  place,  that  he  might  not  be  hurt 
by  the  E  'g''4h,  or  the  enemiet,orb«  in  danger 
by  them. 

Thit  nattage  wat  thought  fit  to  be  inserted 
hem,  it  havmg  to  near  an  agreement  with  the 
formur,  mtimating  tome  tecret  awe  of  Ood 
upon  the  hearts  of  tome  of  the  principal 
•mongtt  them,  that  they  durtt  not  hurt  the 
Bnglith,  although  they  bear  no  good  afTeo- 
tion  to  their  religion,  wherein  they  teem  not  a 
little  to  imitate  Balaam,  who,  whatever  he 
uttered,  when  he  waa  under  the  .iwful  power 
of  divine  illumination,  yet  when  left  to  hira- 
lulf,  wat  at  bad  an  enemy  to  the  Itrael  of 
(Sod  as  ever  before. 

But  to  return, 

Ailur  the  death  of  thit  Woosamequen,  or 
Mattat()it,hit  eldett  ton  tucceeded  him  about 
30  years  since,  Alexander  by  name,  who  not- 
withstanding the  league  he  had  entered  into 
with  the  English,  together  with  his  futher,  in 
•iie  year  1639,  had  leither  affection  to  the 
Enghshtr.tn's  pei*  us,  nor  yet  to  their  re- 
ligion, but  had  teen  plotting  with  the  Narra- 
ganscU,  to  rise  against  the  English ;  of  which 
the  governor  ana  council  of  Plymouth  being 
infor>ned,  they  presently  sent  for  him  to  bring 
kim  to  the  mart ;  the  person  to  whom  that 
waa  committad,  was  a  prudent  and 


imoluta  imUmmw,  tha  present  governor  of 
the  taid  ooluny,  wIhi  wat  naithar  aiVakl  of 
dancer,  nor  yet  willing  to  delav  in  a  matter 
of  that  moment,  ha  furtliwith  taking  eight  or 
t<>n  ttout  men  with  bim  well  armed,  intended 
to  bava  gone  to  the  taid  Alexander's  dwell- 
ing, dwlant  at  least  forty  miles  from  the  go- 
vernor's house,  but  by  a  gixid  providenea.lie 
found  him  wbom  he  went  In  seek  at  a  hunt- 
ing-house, witbin  six  miles  of  the  English 
towns,  whera  tha  taid  Alexander,  with  about 
eighty  men,  were  nawly  come  in  from  hunt- 
ing, and  had  left  thair  guns  without  doorj, 
which  Muor  Winslow  with  bia  small  com- 
pany wisely  seia«id>  and  conveyed  away,  and 
then  went  into  the  wigwam,  and  demanded 
Alexander  to  so  along  with  him  before  tha 
governor,  at  wnick  message  he  waa  much  ap- 
{Milled,  but  being  told  by  the  undaunted  mat- 
senger,  that  if  ht  stirred  or  refused  (o  go  ha 
was  a  dead  man )  he  was  by  one  of  his  chief 
counsellors,  in  whose  advice  he  most  con- 
fided, pertuaded  to  go  along  to  the  go- 
vurnor't  house,  but  tuch  w|t  the  pride  and 
height  of  hit  ipirit,  that  tne  vury  turprital  of 
him,  so  raited  nit  choler  and  indignation,  that 
it  put  him  into  a  fever,  which  notwithttand- 
ing  all  pottible  meant  that  could  be  uted, 
teemed  mortal ;  whereupon  entreating  thote 
that  held  him  pritoner,  that  he  might  have 
liberty  to  return  home,  promitiiig  to  return 
again  if  he  recovered,  and  to  tend  hit  ton  it 
liottagn  till  he  could  do  so ;  on  that  contidera- 
tion  he  wat  fairly  ditmitted,  but  died  before 
ha  got  half  way  home.  Here  let  it  be  ob- 
terved,  that,  although  tome  hava  taken  up 
false  reports  as  if  the  English  had  compelled 
him  to  go  further  and  faster  than  he  ww  able, 
and  so  he  fell  into  a  fever,  or  at  if  b<i  was  no' 
well  uted  by  the  physician  that  looked  to 
him,  whi|e  he  was  with  the  Englisn ;  all  which 
tre  notoriously  false;  nor  is  it  to  be  imagined 
that  a  person  of  so  noble  a  disposition  as  is 
this  gentleman  (at  that  time  employed  to  bring 
him)  should  himself,  or  suffer  any  one  else  to 
be  uncivil  to  a  person  allied  to  them,  by  his 
own,  OS  well  as  his  father's  league,  us  the  said 
Alexander  alto  was ;  nor  was  any  thing  of 
that  nature  ever  objected  to  by  the  English 
of  Plymouth,  by  the  said  Alexandor't  '>rother, 
by  name  Philip,  commonly  for  his  ambitious 
and  haughty  spirit  nicknamed  King  Philip, 
when  he  came  m  the  year  1662,  in  nis  own 
person  with  Sausaman  and  secretary  and 
chief  counsellor,  to  renew  the  former  league 
that  had  been  between  hit  predecettort  and 
the  English  of  Plymouth  ;  but  there  was  as 
much  correspondence  betwixt  them  for  the 
next  seven  years  at  ever  had  been  in  any 
former  timet.  What  can  be  imagined,  there- 
fore, betidet  the  inttigation  of  8«tan,  that  en- 
vied at  the  protpcrity  of  the  church  of  Qod 
here  seated,  or  else  fearing  leat  the  power  of 
the  Lord  Jesus,  that  had  overthrown  hit  king- 
dom in  other  parts  of  the  world,  should  do 
the  like  here,  and  so  the  stone  taken  out  of  tba 
nountain  without  hands,  should  become  a 
great  mountain  itself,  and  fill  the  wlioln  earth  ; 
no  cause  for  provocation  )>eiiig  given  by  the 
English !  For  once  before  this,  in  the  vear 
1671,  the  devil,  who  was  a  murderer  imm 
the  beginning,  had  so  filled  tho  heart  of  this 
savage  miscreant  with  envy  and  malice 
against  the  English,  that  he  waa  ready  to 
break  out  in  open  war  againit  the  inha- 
bitants of  Plymouth,  pratanding  tome  trifling 


ii\|uriaa  dcMM  bim  in  hit  planting  landt  kM 
whan  tha  matter  of  eonifoveray  earn*  li 
ba  heard  by  divert  of  ike  Mataaanutaiu  a» 
lony,  yea,  when  he  hinitelf  came  lo  Dotton, 
at  It  were  referring  hit  eata  lo  the  judgmaiil 
cf  that  colony,  nothing  of  that  nature  eoukl  hr 
mada  to  appear,  whereupon  in  wiiy  of  tuU 
niitaion,  he  wat  of  iiecattily  by  that  evidenl 
con>icliun  forced  to  acknowledge  that  it  waa 
iha  naughtiness  of  his  own  heart,  that  put 
him  upon  that  rebellion,  and  nothing  of  any 

Erovocation  from  the  English  |  and  to  a  con- 
Hision  of  this  natiira  with  a  solemn  renewal 
of  tbia  covanant,  daeiaring  hia  desire,  thai 
thia  covenant  might  testiw  to  tha  wortil 
againat  him,  if  myer  he  should  prove  un- 
failhflil  to  those  of  Plymouth,  or  any  other 
of  tha  English  colonies  therein,  himself  with 
bia  ebiaf  counsellor*  subseribed  in  the  pre- 
sanoa  of  soma  messengers  tent  on  purpose  to 
hear  tha  difference  between  Plymouth  and 
the  taid  Philip,  But  for  further  latitfaciion  of 
the  reader,  the  taid  agreement  and  tubmittiou 
thall  hara  be  publithed, 

TaunUm,  Jlfril  10,  1671. 
'■  Wharaat  my  father,  my  brother,  and 
mytelf  have  formerly  lubmitted  ourtelvaa 
and  our  people  unto  the  king't  mi^etty  of 
England,  and  to  thit  colony  of  New  Ply< 
mouth,  by  tome  solemn  covenant  under  our 
hand ;  but  I  having  of  late  through  my  in* 
ditoretion,  and  the  iiaughtinett  of  my  liaart 
violated  and  broken  this  my  covenant  with 
my  friends,  by  taking  up  arms,  with  evil  in* 
tent  against  tnem,  and  that  groundlesaly  ;  I 
being  now  deeply  sensible  of  my  unfaithful- 
ness and  folly,  do  desire  at  this  lime  so> 
lemnlyto  renew  my  covenant  with  my  an- 
cient Triends,  and  my  father's  friends  anova- 
mentioned,  and  do  tlesire  this  may  testify  to 
the  world  against  me  if  ever  I  shall  again 
fail  in  my  faithfulness  towards  them  ^whom 
I  have  now  and  at  all  times  found  kind  to 
me)  or  any  other  of  the  Englith  colonies  | 
and  as  a  real  pledge  of  my  true  intentions,  I 
do  freely  engage  to  resign  up  unto  the  go- 
vernment of  New  Plymouth,  all  my  English 
arms,  to  be  kept  by  them  for  iheir  security, 
so  long  aa  they  shall  see  reason.  Fur  triio 
perforjnance  of*^  these  premises,  I  have  here- 
unto set  my  hand  together  with  tho  rest  of 
my  council. 

The  mark  P.  of  Philip, 

chief  tachem  of  Palcanolccl, 
The  mark  V.  of  Tawter, 
The  mark  M.  of  Capt.  IVitfokt, 
The  mark  T.  of  lVookapoHehu»t, 
The  mark  8  of  Nimrod  " 
Jm  pretence  of 
WILLIAM  DAVIS. 
WILLIAM  HUDSON. 
THOMAS  BRATTLE. 

Philip  alto  in  the  tame  year  signed  the  fol- 
lowing Articlet : 

1.  "  We  Philip  and  my  council  and  my 
subjects,  do  acknowledge  ourselves  subjert 
lo  his  majeaty  the  king  of  England,  and  the 
government  of  New  Plymouth,  and  to  tbuii 
laws. 

2,  "  1  am  willing  and  do  promise  to  pay 
unto  the  govenior  of  Plymouth,  one  hundred 
pounds  in  auck  things  as  I  have ;  But  I  would 
inti-eat  the  fisvour  that  I  might  have  three 
years  to  pay  it  in,  forasmuch  aa  1  cannot  do  it 
at  present. 


THE  INDIAN  WARS. 


lite  to  pn_v 
I  hundred 
It  I  would 
lave  tlire« 
nnot  do  il 


1  dA  proiniM  to  tanj  unti>  lh«  fo- 
ri or  wlioni  kit  thnll  apiNiint,  Av«  woIvm 
ImmJ*,  if  1  can  ifiit  thnro  i  Or,  at  many  a*  I 
nn  proourv,  until  ihny  ooma  to  Avu  wolvnt 
ytMrly. 

4,  "  If  any  Jifraronca  full  botwann  th« 
Biigli*h  and  inyMilf,  and  pnopla,  than  I  do 
promita  til  nt|Miir  lo  thn  Kovernor  of  Ply- 
mouth, to  ri'ciify  tliH  diffaroiMM  amongil  ui. 

A.  *'  1  do  priiniiiu  nut  to  make  war  with 
Miy,  but  with  tha  govamor't  approbation  of 
Ply  mouth. 

6.  "  I  promiM  not  to  diipoio  of  any  of  tba 
luHJi  that  I  havo  at  proMint.  but  by  tha  ap- 
probation of  thu  governor  of  Plymouth. 

"  For  the  true  performiiitoa  of  tha  Mid 
taohero,  Philip  of  Faukamakett,  do  hereby 
bind  myself  and  luch  of  my  oouncili  aa  are 

ftreient,  ourielvea,  our  heiiSi  our  auoceuor*, 
iiithfully,  du  proraiiii,  in  witneti  thereof,  we 
have  horeinu  luhacribed  our  handi,  the  day 
aiul  year  aliove  wnitfa." 

The  mark  P.  of  Philip, 

the  aaohem  of  Pohanoket, 
The  mark  [of  Vnconulaen, 
The  mark  \  of    Woeokom, 
The  mark  7  of  Hamkiima." 
In  Iht  pruence  of  the  court  and  diveri  q/ 
the  magUlratei  and  otktr  gentlemen 
of  MiAuathuietti  and  Cunneclumt. 
To  which,  fortlie  furthur  cioaring  thejuttioe 
of  the  pretent  war  the  ruiult  of  tlio  dnbatc  of 
the  eommiiiioners  of  the  un'ted  colonies  aboi\t 
the  matter  of  the  war  thall  be  here  inierted. 
At  II  meotinff  of  the  commiMionert  of  the 
united  colonies  nuld  aC  fioiton,  September  9th, 
lC7fl. 

"  We  having  received  from  the  eommii- 
(ionen  of  Plymouth,  a  narrative,  thowing 
the  riie  and  levoral  steps  of  that  colony,  aa  to 
the  present  war  with  the  Indiana,  which  had 
its  beginnirg  there,  and  its  progress  into 
Massachusetts,  by  their  insoloncies  and  out- 
rages, murdering  many  persons,  and  burning 
their  houses  in  sundry  piantolinns  in  both  colo- 
nies. And  having  duly  considered  tli^samc, 
do  declare  that  the  said  war  be  both  just  and 
necessary,  and  its  first  rise  only  a  defensive 
war.  And  therefore  wo  do  agree  and  con- 
clude that  it  ought  to  be  jointly  prosecuted  by 
•II  the  united  cmonies,  and  the  charges  thereof 
lo  be  borne  and  paid  as  is  agreed  in  the  arti- 
clfls  of  confederation. 

JOHN  WINTHROP. 
JAMBS  RICHARDS, 
THOMAS  DANFORTH. 
WILLIAM  STOUGHTON, 
JOSIAH  WINSLOW, 
THOMAS  HINCKLEY." 
But  whatever  his  submission  was  before, 
or  his  subjecting  himself  and  his  people  to 
our  king,  or  his  engagement  to  pay  a  sum  of 
money  in  part  of  tlie  charges  then  occasioned 
by  him  (and  notwithstanding  the  English  in 
or  about  Plymouth,  since,  or  before  that  time 
Were  never  any  ways  injurious  to  him,  or  any 
if  Ills  people)  all  which  are  fully  declared  in 
a  narrative  given  by  the  commissioners  of  the 
the  colony  of  Plymouth,   wherein  they  also 
S'giiiHed  that  the  settlement  nnd  issue  of  the 
''j.'mer  controversy  between  Philip  and  them, 
was  obtained  and  madu  (principally)  by  the 
mediation,  and  inposod  advice  and  counsel  of 
the  other  two  confederate  colonies,  and  also 
tn  a  letter  under  the  governor'!  hand,  in  the 
bUf  iiring  woidi  < 


"  I  think  1  oaa  elMrty  any,  ikatbetbratkM* 
present  troubles  broke  out,  the  English  did 
nut  possess  one  foot  of  land  in  this  oniony,  but 
what  was  fairly  obtained  by  hoiivat  purchase 
of  the  Indian  proprietors  i  nay,  because  some 
of  our  |Miople  are  of  a  covetous  disfHisi- 
tion,  and  tha  Indians  are  in  their  straits  easily 
prevailed  with  to  part  with  their  lands,  we 
first  madb  a  law  that  none  should  purohasu  or 
rvesiva  by  giA,  any  land  of  the  Indians  with- 
out tha  Vno'«ledga  and  aliowamia  of  our 
eourt,  and  penalty  of  a  flna,  Ave  pounds  per 
aora,  for  all  that  should  be  to  bought  or  ob- 
tained. And  lest  vet  thay  should  M  Mraight- 
ened,  wa  ordered  that  Mount  Hop*,  Pooaaset, 
and  several  other  necki  of  tha  oast  land  in 
the  colony,  because  most  suilablo  and  eonve- 
nient  fur  them,  should  never  be  bought  out 
of  tlieir  hands,  or  else  they  would  hare  told 
them  long  since.  And  our  neighbours  u 
Rehoboth  and  Swaniy,  although  they  bought 
their  lands  fairly  of  this  Philip  and  his  father 
and  brother,  yet  liecause  of  their  vicinity,  that 
they  might  nut  trespass  upon  the  Indians,  did 
at  their  own  cost  set  up  a  very  substantial 
fence  quite  across  that  great  neck  betwcim 
the  English  and  the  Indians,  and  payed  due 
damage  if  at  any  time  an  unruly  horse  or 
other  lieast  broke  in  and  trespassed. 

"  And  for  divers  years  last  past  (that  all 
occasion  of  offence  in  that  respect  might  lie 
prevented)  the  English  agreed  with  Philip  and 
nis,  for  a  certain  sum  yearly  to  maintain  the 
said  fence,  and  secure  themselves.  And  if  at 
anytime  they  have  brought  complaints  before 
us,  they  have  had  justice  impartial  and  speedi- 
ly, so  that  our  own  people  have  frequently 
complainud,  that  we  erred  on  the  other  hand 
in  shewing  them  over  much  favour. 

JOS.  WINSLOW." 

MarihfieU,  May  1,  1676. 

Yet  did  this  treacherous  and  perfidious  cai- 
tiff still  harbour  the  same  or  more  mischievous 
thoughts  against  the  English  than  ever  before, 
and  hath  been  since  that  time  plotting  with 
all  the  Indians  round  about,  to  make  a  general 
insurrection  against  the  English  in  all  the  co- 
lonics which,  as  some  prisoners  lately  brought 
in  have  confessed,  should  have  been  put  in 
execution  at  once,  by  all  the  Indians  rising  as 
one  man,  against  all  those  plantations  o(  the 
English,  which  were  next  to  them.  The 
Narragansets  having  promised,  as  was  con- 
feaae'!,  to  rise  with  four  thousand  fighting  men 
'-'  iha  spring  of  1676.  But  by  the  occasion 
licreafter  to  be  mentioned  about  Sausaman, 
Philip  was  necessitated  for  the  safety  of  his 
own  life  to  begin  the  rebellion  the  year  before, 
when  the  design  was  not  fully  ripe.  Yet 
some  are  ready  to  '.hiiik,  that  if^  his  own  life 
hod  not  now  been  in  jeopardy  by  the  guilt  of 
the  murder  of  the  aforesaid  Sausaman,  liis 
heart  might  have  failed  him ;  when  it  should 
have  come  to  be  put  into  execution,  as  it  did 
before  in  the  year  1671,  which  made  one  of 
captains,  of  far  better  courage  and  resolution 
than  himself,  when  he  saw  his  cowardly  temper 
and  disposition,  flingduwnhis  armscalling  him 
a  white  livered  cur,  or  to  that  purpose,  and 
saying  that  he  would  never  own  him  again, 
or  fight  under  him ;  and  from  that  time  nath 
turned  to  the  English,  and  hath  continued  to 
this  day  a  faithful  and  resolute  soldier  in  their 
quarrels. 

That  the  Indians  had  a  conspiracy  amongst 
thamaelvas  to  rite  agvnat  the  Engliah,  ia  eon- 


firmed  by  some  <>f  the  Indians atwM  JIadley,  al 
though  the  plot  was  nut  ooiiie  lo  maturity  w  lies 
Philip  began,  thu  sfieoial  providence  of  Uod 
ihnrein  overruling  the  contrivers  i  for  whea 
thu  lieginning  of  the  Irovbles  firot  was  report* 
lid  from  Mount  Hope,  many  of  ike  Indiana 
were  in  a  kind  of  aiiisie,  nut  knowing  well 
what  to  do,  siimelimes  reaily  to  stand  mr  the 
English,  as  forinerlv  lliey  bad  been  wont  to 
do  I  sonietimrs  ready  to  strike  ui  with  Philip, 
(which  al  the  last  they  goneralU  did)  Mhioh 
if  it  had  been  foreseen,  much  of  that  mischief 
might  have  bean  prevented  that  fell  out  in 
several  placet,  mure  by  perfidious  and  Iraoeh* 
orous  dealing  than  any  other  ways|  the  En- 
glish never  imagining  tnat  af\ar  s<i  many  oblig- 
ing kindnesses  received  from  them  by  the  In- 
dians, liesides  iheir  many  enngvmentt  and 
protestations  of  friendship  as  ibrmerly,  they 
would  have  been  to  ungrateful,  perfidiously 
false  and  cruel,  as  they  have  since  iiroved. 

The  occasion  of  Philip's  so  sudden  taking 
up  arms  the  last  year  was  this— there  was  one 
John  Sauaaman  a  very  cunning  and  plausible 
Indian  well  skilled  in  English  language,  and 
bred  up  in  a  profession  nf  thu  christian  rcli> 
gion,  employed  as  a  schoolmaster  at  Nalieb, 
the  Indian  town, who  upim  somomisdemeanfr 
fled  from  his  place  to  Philip,  by  whom  h« 
was  entertained  in  the  room  and  office  of  a 
secretary,  and  his  chief  counsellors  whom 
he  trusted  with  all  his  alTairs  and  secret  coun- 
sels ;  but  afterwards,  whether  upon  sting  of 
his  own  conscience,  or  by  the  frequent  solici- 
tations of  Mr.  Elliot,  that  had  known  him  from 
a  child  and  instructed  him  in  the  principles 
of  our  religion,  who  was  often  laying  befiira 
him  the  heinous  sin  of  his  aposlacy,  and  return- 
ing back  to  his  old  vomit  he  was  at  last  pre* 
vailed  with  to  forsake  Philip,  and  return  back 
to  the  christian  Indians  at  Natick,  where  he 
was  baptised,  manifesting  public  repentanee 
tor  all  nis  former  offences,  and  made  a  serious 
profession  of  the  christian  religion  ;  and  did 
apply  himself  to  preach  to  the  Indians,  where- 
in he  was  lietter  gifted  than  any  other  of  the 
Indian  nation,  aslio  waa  observed  to  conform 
more  to  the  English  manner  than  any  other 
Indian  ;  yet  having  occasion  to  go  up  with 
some  others  of  his  countrymen  to  Namasket ; 
(now  Middleborough)  whether  the  ad>antage 
of  fishing,  or  some  such  occasion,  it  matters 
not ;  being  there  not  far  from  Philip's  country 
ho  had  occnsion  of  being  in  the  company  of 
Philip's  Indians,  and  Philip  himself)  by 
which  means  he  discerned  by  several  circum 
stances,  that  the  Indians  were  plotting  anew 
against  us ;  which  out  of  faithfulness  to  the 
English,  the  said  Sautaman  informed  tlia 
governor  of,  adding  also,  that  if  it  were  knowi, 
that  he  revealed  it,  he  knew  they  would  pre- 
sently kill  him.  There  appearing  to  many 
concurrent  testimonies  from  others  making  it 
the  more  probable,  that  there  was  a  certain 
truth  in  tlio  information,  some  inquiry  was 
made  into  the  buiiness,  by  i-xamining  Philip 
himself,  and  several  of  his  Indians,  who  al- 
though they  would  own  nothing,  yet  could 
not  free  themselvot  from  just  suspicion. — 
Philip  therefore  soon  after  contrived  the  said 
Sausaman's  death,  which  was  strangely  dis- 
covered notwithstanding  it  woa  so  runriinglv 
effected,  for  they  that  murdered  him  •mi  )iii), 
upon  the  ice  on  a  great  pond,  and  P''",,  ,,\y 
aner  they  had  knocked  dim  ilnwn,  put  him 
under  the  ice,  yet  leaving  li'i  |uu  and  bat  upoe 


A  NA»nATiv»or 


i 


J  that  il  inintil  Im  iheugki  hm  full  in 
■nMlly  lhioii|({.th«iaaaMi  WMdmwn«<i| 
but  tM*inK  miM«d  liy  ki*  IVMinti*,  who  HmlinK 
hi*  h«t  anil  gun,  tlittjr  w^ra  ihMrutiy  lad  lo  iha 

Claoo,  wham  hit  iMidv  waa  fuiiiMl  undar  iha 
M,— WiMn  ikujr  look  kiin  up  U>  kurv  him, 
MOM  of  hia  friandt,  particularly  una  David, 
»baar»ad  auma  bruiiaa  about  hi*  haad,  which 
maaia  iham  luapaM  that  ha  waa  Hrti  knockaj 
duwn  babr*  ka  waa  put  into  tka  wuar,  kow- 
avar  thajf  buriad  him  naar  tha  placa  whara  ka 
waafuund,  wllhotil  makinfr  any  fiirthtir  imjuirv 
M  preaanti  Mvcrtkalaaa  David  hi*  fnami, 
Nportad  thaaa  tUnp  lo  aoma  Enfliih  at 
TauMon  (a  town  not  far  from  Namaakai) 
wkick  oecaaioned  tka  govamor  to  inquira  fur- 
itisr  into  tba  buaiMaa,  wiaely  eunaidaring  that 
■a  SauaanMM  had  ti4d  him  th*t  if  it  war* 
known  that  ka  ralatad  any  of  thair  plou,  ihay 
would  murdar  him  for  hit  paina :  whornrora, 
by  ipvoial  warrant  tka  body  of  Sauaaman  bniny 
diggad  again  out  of  hia  grava,  it  wai  very 
apparent  that  ha  had  baan  killed  and  not 
drownad.  And  by  a  Mrange  providonoa,  an 
Indian  wa*  found,  that  by  acciditnt  itanding 
uniaen  up<in  a  hill,  had  Men  them  murdering 
the  if  id  Sauaaman,  but  durat  never  reveal  it, 
for  r<  "  of  loaing  hia  own  life  likewiae,  unlit 
ha  wa«  railed  to  tke  court  at  Plymoillli.  or 
liefo^  the  governor  wliil-e  he  plainly  con- 
fetMid  what  hu  had  aeen.  The  rourderera 
bviii|{  apprehended,  were  convicted  by  hi* 
jndt<ni«lile  tottimony,  and  other  remarkable 
eireuii.itiinflv*,  and  lO  were  all  put  to  death, 
being  three  in  number ;  the  laat  of  them  con- 
(Mtud  irameillatuly  before  hi*  death,  that  hi* 
lather  (one  ofthe  countullon  and  ipecial  frionJ* 
of  Philip)  wu  one  of  tho  two  tluu  murdered 
SaiManMn,  himaalf  only  looking  on.  Thi* 
ara*  dono  at  Plymouth  court,  held  in  June, 
1075,  insoro'lch  that  Philij)  apprehending  the 
danger  hi*  own  head  waa  in  next,  never  u*ed 
any  further  mean*  to  clear  himielf  from  what 
WH*  like  to  ba  laid  to  hi*  charge,  either  about 
hi*  plotting  agMinat  the  Englisn,  nor  yet  about 
•ftiutamanSi  death ;  but  by  keopinK  hi*  men 
continually  about  him  in  arm*,  and  gathering 
what  *ir»nger*  he  could  to  join  with  him, 
maroliing  un  and  down  conatantly  in  arm*, 
both  wliile  tiie  court  *at  aa  well  a*  allerwnrda. 
The  Engliah  of  Plymouth,  hearing  of  all  thi*, 
yet  took  no  further  notice  than  to  order  a 
military  watch  in  all  the  adjacent  town*  hop- 
ing that  Philip,  finding  liimaelf  not  likely  to 
be  arraigned  by  order  of  tho  said  court,  the 
pr<i*ent  cloud  mii{ht  bilow  over  a*  some  others 
of  like  nature  had  done  before  :  but  in  conclu- 
sion, the  matter  proved  olherwiae,  for  Philip 
Hndtng  hia  strength  dnily  increasing  by  tha 
flocking  of  neighbouring  Indian*  unto  him, 
i.ti<l  aending  over  their  wive*  and  children  to 
till!  Narraganaets  for  security  (as  they  used  to 
till  when  they  intended  war  with  any  of  their 
cnomie*)  they  immediately  began  to  alarm 
liio  English  at  Swanzey  (iho  next  town  to 
Philip's  country)  as  it  were  daring  the  English 
to  liegin ;  at  lost  their  insolencies  grew  to 
such  an  height,  that  they  began  not  only  to 
use  threatening  word*  to  the  Guglish,  but  olao 
to  kill  their  cattle  and  rifle  tlieir  houaea; 
whereat  an  Englishman  was  so  provoked, 
that  ha  let  fly  a  gun  at  an  Indian,  but  did  only 
wound  not  lull  him ;  whereupon  tho  Indians 
immediately  began  to  kill  all  the  English  they 
omtld,  so  that  on  the  34th  of  June,  1675,  wa* 
liw  thrm  of  war  firat  sounded  in  Plymouth 


•niony,  wkaa  •iffcl  or  nina  of  tka  Engliah 
wara  slain  in  or  atmut  Mwanaav  |  they  Hrst 
making  a  shot  at  a  com|tany  ii*  Knglish  a* 
they  relumed  from  tha  assembly  whara  they 
wara  mat  in  a  wsy  of  homiUaiion  on  iImI  day, 
whereby  they  killad  on*  and  woundod  oihara, 
and  than  likawiaa  ihev  alew  two  man  on  tha 
highway,  aent  to  call  a  aurgaim  (  nnd  the 
*ama  day  bartiariittaly  murderMl  ai*  man  in 
and  ahoul  a  dw«llin|[-kovaa  in  aaotkor  part 
of  tha  town  |  all  which  oulnuras  wara  com- 
mitted so  *uddenly,  that  the  Rngliik  had  no 
time  to  makn  any  ni*i*t«iioe  i  for  on  the  14lh 
ilay  ofthe  *ama  month,  baaidoa  endaavnura 
used  by  Mr.  Ilrown,  of  Hwaniay,  on*  of  the 
maiiiatratea  of  Plymouth  Jurisdiction,  an  ami- 
cabla  latter  wa*  sent  from  the  council  of 
Plymouth  shewing  their  dislike  of  hi*  prae- 
lieea,  and  adviaing  him  to  di*miss  his  strange 
Indiana,  and  not  to  suffer  himself  to  bo  abused 
by  fklse  reporta,  concerning  them  that  intend 
him  no  hurt ;  butnoanawercouldbo  obtained, 
otherwi*e  than  threatening  of  war,  which  it 
wa*  hoped  might  have  been  prevented,  a* 
heretofiirn  it  had  been,  when  tning*  *eemed 
too  look  with  a*  bad  a  face  s*  they  then  did. 

However,  the  govnrnor  and  council  of 
Plymouth,  understanding  that  Philip  con- 
tinued in  his  resolution,  and  manifi-ated  no  in- 
clination to  peace,  they  immediately  *cnt  up 
what  forces  they  could  to  secure  the  towns 
thoroabouls,  and  make  resiatance  as  occaaiiin 
might  be ;  and  also  dispatched  away  messen- 
gers to  the  Massachusetts  governor  and  coun- 
cil, letting  them  know  tho  state  of  thing* 
alM>ut  Mount  Hope,  and  deiiring  their  •iwedy 
n<*i*tanco;  upon  which  care  wa*  immediately 
taken  with  all  expedition  to  *ond  *uch  *up- 
plie*  a*  were  de*ired  i  But  in  the  menntime 
two  me«*engnr*  were  di*patched  to  Philip, 
to  try  whether  he  could  not  lie  diverted  from 
hi*  bloody  enterpriao,  *o  a*  to  have  prevent- 
ed the  mischief  since  fallen  out,  hoping,  that 
as  once  before,  viz.  in  the  year  1671,  by  their 
mediation  a  stop  was  put  to  tlio  like  tragedy, 
so  tho  present  war  might  by  the  same  mean* 
have  Imon  now  turned  aside  ;  For  in  the  said 
year  Philip  had  Annly  engaged  himatilf,  when 
he  wa*  at  Boaton,  not  to  quarrel  with  Ply- 
mouth until  he  had  firat  addreared  himaelf  to 
Ma*aachu*etta  for  advice  and  approbation  ; 
But  the  two  me**enger*  aforeanid,  finding  the 
men  alain  in  the  road,  June  24,  a*  they  were 
going  for  the  aurgeon,  apprehended  it  not  aafe 
to  proceed  any  further,  conaidering  al*o,  that 
A  peace  now  could  not  honourably  be  conclud- 
ed after  *uch  barliarou*  outrage*  committed 
upon  some  of  the  neighbour  colony  :  Where- 
fore, returning  with  all  speed  to  Boston,  the 
Massachusetts  forces  were  dispatched  away 
with  all  imaginable  haste,  as  tha  exigence  of 
the  matter  did  require,  aome  of  them  being 
then  upon,  or  ready  for  their  march,  the  rest 
wore  ordered  to  follow  aAer,  as  they  could  be 
raised.  The  sending  forth  of  which,  because 
it  was  tha  first  engagement  in  any  warlike 
preparation*  against  the  Indians,  shall  be 
more  particularly  related. 

On  thf!  l.'6th  of  June,  a  foot  company  un 
«ler  Cant.  Dnniel  Henchman,  with  a  troop 
under  Capt.  Thomas  Prentice,  were  sent  out 
of  Boston  towards  Mount  Hope :  It  being 
late  in  the  afVemoon  before  they  beg^n  to 
march,  the  central  eclipse  of  the  moon  in 
Capricorn  happened  in  the  evening  before 
they  came  up  to  the  Nepoiiaet  river,  about 


twenty  milaa  from  Boston,  whieh  i.aoasi< 
them  to  maka  a  hall,  for  a  little  repast,  till 
the  tiMNin  rnoovsred  her  light  again.  Hamm 
melancholy  fancies  would  not  lie  persuaded, 
but  that  the  ecli|i4u  falling  out  at  thai  inalitni 
of  time  was  ominous,  conceiving  also  (hat  ir 
the  centre  of  tha  moon  they  dia<'erneil  an  un> 
usual  black  apol,  not  a  little  roivmliling  iIm 
aralp  of  an  Indian  i  Aa  others  not  Ion*  be- 
fore, imagined  they  saw  the  form  of  an  In- 
dian Ihiw,  accounting  thai  likewise  ominnua 
although  the  mischief  following  were  done 
ly  guns,  and  not  by  liows)  ImjiR  ihe  one  and 
the  other,  might  ratnar  have  thought  of  what 
Marcus  Crassu*  tha  Roman  general,  voing 
forth  with  an  army  again*t  the  Parthian*, 
once  wi*ely  replied  to  a  private  soldier,  that 
would  have  dissuatled  him  fn>m  marching 
that  time,  liecaiise  of  an  eclipse  of  the  mfinii 
in  Capricorn,  that  he  waa  more  afraid  of  8a- 
gitariiis  than  of  Capricorniis,  meaning  tho 
ariows  of  the  Parthian*  (accounted  very 
good  arrhrra)  from  whom  as  things  then  fell 
out,  was  his  greatest  danger.  Hut  after  the 
tnoon  had  wsded  through  the  tlsrk  shadow  of 
the  earth,  atid  iMirrowrd  her  light  again,  by 
the  hitlp  ih(<rt'(if,  the  two  com|>anies  marthed 
on  toward*  Woodcock's  house,  thirty  mih'j 
from  Uoaton,  where  they  arrived  next  morn- 
ing ;  and  there  retarded  theii*  motion  till  after- 
noon, in  hope  of  Iwing  overtaken  by  a  com- 
pany of  volunteers,  uniler  the  command  of 
Capt.  8amilel  Moaeley,  which  accordingly 
came  lo  pass,  so  that  on  June  SO,  they  nil  ar- 
rived nt  Swansy,  where,  by  the  advice  of 
Capt.  Cudworth  tlio  commander  in  chief  of 
Plymouth  forces,  they  were  removed  lo  the 
head  (luarters,   which  for  that  time  was  a|)i 

Sointeil  at  Mr.  Miles's  house,  the  minister  of 
wanxey,  within  a  quarter  of  a  mile  of  the 
bridge,  leading  into  Philip's  lands.  They 
arriving  there  some  little  time  liefore  night, 
twelve  of  the  troops,  unwilling  to  hise  timo 
passed  over  tho  bridge,  for  discovery,  int«i 
the  enemies  territories,  whore  they  found  tho 
rudswelcome  of  eight  or  ten  Indians  firing 
uiKin  them  out  of  tho  bushes,  killing  ant 
William  Hammond,  wounding  Corporal  Be! 
cher,  his  horse  lieing  also  shot  down  under 
him ;  the  rest  of  the  troopers  having  dischar- 
ired  upon  those  Indians,  who  run  awsy  after 
the  firat  shot,  carried  off  their  two  dead  and 
wounded  companions,  and  so  retired  lo  their 
main  guard,  for  that  night  pitching  in  a  barri- 
cado  about  Mr.  Miles's  house.  The  enemy 
thought  to  havo  braved  it  out  by  a  bold  as- 
sault or  two  at  first ;  but  their  hearts  soon  lie- 
gan  to  fail  them  when  they  perceived  tlio 
Massachusetts  and  Plymouth  Itirces  both  en 
gaging  them  i  for  the  next  morning  they 
shouted  twice  or  thrice,  at  half  a  milu'a  dis 
lance,  and  nine  or  ten  of  them  showing  them 
selves  on  this  side  of  the  bridge,  our  horso 
men,  with  tho  whole  body  of  the  volunteer* 
under  Capt.  Moaoly,  not  at  a'.l  daunted  by 
such  kind  of  alarms,  and  not  willing  to  loae 
tho  bridge,  mn  down  upon  them  over  the 
said  bridge,  pursuing  them  a  mile  and  a  ipinr' 
ter  on  the  other  side  ;  Ensign  Savage,  that 
young  martial  spark,  scarce  twentv  yeHra  of 
age,  had  at  that  time  one  bullet  lodged  in  hi* 
thigh,  another  (hot  through  the  brim  of  hi* 
hat,  by  ton  or  twelve  of  the  enemy  diachar^t- 
ingupon  him  together,  while  ho  boldly  held 
up  his  coloura  in  front  of  hi*  company  ;  But 
U>e  weather  not  lufTering  nny  further  action  al 


>r|)uril 

own   under 

ngitiichar- 

away  after 

duad  and 

•d  In  their 

In  a  barri- 

liu  unemy 

a  Ixild  aii- 

rt»  B()on  W- 

ri'ived    tlio 

ua  Imtli  en 

trninn^  tlii'y 

tnilu'i  dia 

wring  lliem 

our  licrao 

voluntirra 

Jaunted  \>y 

ing  to  lo«u 

I  ovur   the 

nd  a  i|unr ' 

VDgC,    tliut 

K'  yi'iir«  tif 
ged  in  hia 
irim  of  Ilia 
f  diacharfi- 
loldly  lield 
lany :  Eul 
ir  UDptn  tl 


i¥M  liiH«,  ttHMM  ikal  war*  ihni  far  advanaraj 
wrra  eomiHilliiil  in  ri'lmal  Wk  in  ttia  nwiti 
■iianl,  liaving  Hial  iimiU  a  alml  n|Hin  lliu  In- 
diitn*,  aa  liny  run  auay  into  lh<i  tWNni|i  nrar 
liy,  wlivrt'liy  llo'y  killiiil  Av«  nr  *\\  i>(  llii<m, 
aa  wiia  uiMliirilixMJ  tiNin  alWr  at  NarraKanaol  i 
'I'liia  r>'«iliit«  rhiirK«  of  ilin  KuKlnti  fiirtina 
upon  tha  I'nxiny  iiiMila  iImxii  ijuiI  lliatir  Itlai^a 
on  Mount  llniMi  lliitl  vnry  niKliI,  wlinru  I'hWip 
waa  n«vur  aaannllnri  tillllia  naxi  yaar,  wh*n 
kn  waa  dy  a  divino  niamlala  ai>nl  Iwck  |  llinni 
lu  r«ei<ivM  ihw  rvward  of  hia  wiiikodiiaaa 
whora  lin  Arat  li«Kan  lila  miMihiuf  I  Tlia  nam 
day  Mi^jor  H«vu)n>  that  w  aa  lu  command  m 
ciiipf  uv(ir  lliM  NlaaaiuilMiM>lla  foreaa  tiaing 
eoina  up  with  othar  aupjiliaa,  alioul  aix 
o'clock  ovur  night  ihn  whoUi  InMly  inlamlnd 
III  marali  into  Mount  IIo|M),  and  iham  lii'iil  up 
iha  Hnttmy'a  i|imrt»ra,  nr  ((ivM  him  battle,  if  ha 
dural  hImiIi'  it :  llul  the  waalhiT  being  doubt- 
ful, imr  I'lireea  did  not  march  till  ni^ar  noun, 
aiioui.  which  tirnu  ihity  aait  out,  wllh  iiUiiiii 
uf  horau  in  tiitith  wing,  to  pritM^nl  lliu  tlangcr 
of  till' ttniiuiy'a  iinibuaiailoita;  ullur  they  haai 
nmri'hed  mIhiuI  a  iiiito  and  a  half,  thry  paaaeil 
by  aomii  linuat'a  nuwiy  biinnnl :  Not  far  oil' 
nno  of  thi'in  lijund  a  liilile  nuw-ly  torn,  niid  lli« 
Imvm  aeatterad  about,  the  anamyi  in  hatred 
of  our  religion  then>in  revaalad  |  two  or  throe 
iniloa  furthnr  they  came  uji  with  inme  heada, 
icalpa,  and  handa  cut  ofT  fmm  the  iMxIiea  uf 
■ome  of  tha  Kngliah,  and  atuck  U|M)n  |K)lea 
iKwr  the  highway,  in  that  liarbaroua  and  in- 
lii:inan  maiiiiur  bidding  ua  deflanca  j  tha  cum- 
mandor  in  chief  giving  order  that  thoae 
monuments  of  the  onemy'a  cruelly  ahnuld  be 
taken  down  and  buried ;  The  whole  body  of 
the  furcoa  atill  marched  on  two  miloi  further, 
where  ihey  found  divert  wigwama  of  the 
enemy,  among  which  were  many  thinga  acat- 
torud  up  and  downi  arguing  tho  hiuty  flight 
of  the  ownura ;  half  a  mile  further,  aa  they 
paaaed  <m  through  many  Kelda  uf  atalely  corn, 
they  found  Philip'a  own  wigwam ;  every 
place  giving  them  to  purcfive  the  enemy'a 
liuaty  dnpariuru  from  thimoe ;  after  they  had 
marched  two  miltta  further  they  came  to  the 
aeaaide,  yet  in  all  thia  time  meeting  with  no 
Indiana,  nor  any  aigna  of  them,  unleaa  of 
their  flight  to  aoine  other  placea.  Tho  ten- 
non  bi'ing  llkuly  to  prove  very  tompeatuoua 
and  riiiiiy,  Cupt.  Cuil  worth  with  aome  of  the 
men  of  Plymouth  pasand  over  to  Rliodo' 
lalniid.  The  forces  under  Migur  Savage 
were  forced  to  abide  all  night  in  the  open 
held,  without  any  ahelter,  notwithatandiiig 
the  abundancu  of  rain  that  fell,  and  in  the 
inurning  duapuiring  to  meet  with  an  enemy 
on  Mount  Hope,  they  retrentod  back  to  their 
head  quurtora  at  Swanzy,  in  their  way  meet 
ing  with  many  Indian  dogs  that  aeomed  to 
have  loat  their  miistera.  That  night  Capt. 
Prunlicn'a  troops  foi  convonioncy  of  quartora 
as  ulao  for  discovery,  were  dismissed  to  lodge 
at  Seuconk  or  Ruhobiith,  a  town  within  six 
inilus  of  Swanzy.  Ak  they  returned  back 
in  the  morning,  Capt.  Prentice  divided  his 
troops,  delivering  one  half  to  Lieut.  Oakes,  and 
ki!i-ping  the  other  himself,  who  as  they  rode 
»)i>n^,  espied  a  company  of  Indians  burning 
a  lionso :  but  could  not  pursue  them  by  rea- 
son of  leveral  fences,  that  they  could  not  go 
over  till  the  Indians  had  escaped  into  a 
swiiinp.  Those  with  Lieut.  Oakes  had  the 
like  discovery  but  wifh  bettor  success,  as  to 
the  advantage  of  tho  ground,  to  at  purtuing 


TUB    IMIHAM    WAH>.  

01  lliam  u|Hm  a  plain,  ihtiy  slaw   Itxirnr  Ave  >  i'hilip  aa  llivm  Hii||hl  im  nraatMiii,  if  Im  I 


uf  iham  in  ihachaaa,  wkan-of  ona  waa  known 
to  ba  Thalia,  a  aacham  of  Mount  ilo|t«,  ano- 
Ihar  of  iham  waa  a  chief  eounaallor  of 
Philip'a  I  yal  in  thia  allampi  tha  liaulananl 
hiat  ona  of  hia  nmipiMiy.  John  l>rura  by 
nama,  who  waa  morially  wounded  in  hi* 
iHtwnla,  whereof  ha  atMui  atterward  died,  to 
tha  graal  grief  of  hia  com|i«niona,  ADar  ika 
said  irooiM  oania  lu  head  ipiartara  alMwaniy, 
iliey  umlaratiNid  from  (7apl,  C'udworth  thai 
tho  enemy  war*  diaeovanid  u|Min  Pnuaaaal,* 
aiMilhar  nack  of  lanil  |yinf  ovar  an  arm  of  iha 
aea  mora  lowarda  ifmpn  Cotli  However  it 
waa  raaolved  that  a  mora  narrow  search 
ahould  Im  made  after  them,  lioth  u|Min  Mount 
llii|Mt  and  u|H>n  tha  ground  balwean  Swaniy 
and  ileholxilh  to  acuul  the  awainiM  and  aa- 
aault  ihem  if  ihey  could  And  where  they 
were  aiilrciiehed.  Capt.  Hanchmaii  and 
Onpl.  Prentiua  ware  ordered  lo  aeareh  the 
<\V4Mips,  while  Capt.  Moaaly  and  Cant.  Paige 
with  their  dragoona  allenjed  en  Major  Ha- 
vage,  should  return  Wk  into  Mount  Hope, 
that  they  should  lie  sura  lo  leave  nono  of  ihe 
nemy  liehiiid  ihem,  when  Ihay  ahouhl  re- 
luoire  to  pursue  them  elsewhere. 

About  ten  o'clock  tha  neKt  morning,  July 
4lh,  Capt  Hanekman,  after  a  long  and  tadi- 
lus  march,  cam*  to  the  head  quarters,  and 
inAirmed  thai  ha  came  upon  a  place  where 
the  enemy  had  newly  been  that  night,  but 
were  eacaped  out  of  tho  reach:  Hut  tho  fol- 
lowing night  before  they  were  determined 
on  any  other  motion,  Capt.  Hutchinaon  came 
up  from  Boston  with  new  ordera  for  them  to 
paaa  into  Narraganset,  In  treat  with  the 
saohemt  there  that  if  it  might  be  so  to  pre- 
vent their  joining  with  Philip.  Capt.  Cud- 
worth  by  this  lime  waa  come  up  In  the  head 
quarters,  having  left  a  garrison  of  40  men 
u|M)n  Mount  Hope  neck.  The  next  morning 
was  s|ient  in  consultation  how  to  carry  on 
the  treaty ;  it  was  then  resolved,  that  they 
ahould  go  to  make  a  peace  with  a  iword  in 
their  handa,  having  no  small  ground  of  sua- 
picjon  that  the  said  Narragansett  might  join 
with  the  enemy,  wherefore  they  thought  it 
necessary,  >.o  carry  all  the  NIaaaachuaolla 
forcea  over  >.o  tho  Narraganaet  country,  to 
Aght  them  if  they  ahould  Tn)  needed;  Capt, 
M<iaely  passed  over  by  water  to  attend  CApl 
Hutchinson  in  his  dispatch ;  the  other  com- 
|>aniet  with  the  troo|iers  riding  round  about, 
As  they  passed  they  found  tho  Indians  in 
Pnmham't  country  (next  adjoining  lo  Philip's 
iMirdurs)  all  fled,  and  their  wigwams  without 
any  people  in  them. 

After  they  came  to  tho  Narraganset  sa' 
chums,  three  or  four  days  were  spent  in  a 
treaty,  after  which  a  peace  was  concluded 
with  them  by  tho  messengers  of  Conneuticui 
colony  (who  wore  ordered  to  meet  with  those 
of  Massachusetts  (and  tho  commanders  of 
tho  forces  sunt  against  Philip :  Hostages 
\v«re  also  given  by  the  said  Naragansols  for 


rii  lo  moki*  any  iiaw  MlampI  in  iha 
lima, 

Ariielas,  novanani  aiHl  agn>ainaiilt  kail, 
made  and  emit' I  111  lei  I  by,  and  Iwl  ween  Mig«f 
Thoirais  Havage,  Capl,  Kilward  HulflhinwHI, 
and  Mr.  Jmeph  llndley,  in  Iwlialf  of  llw 
govarnmaiil  of  MaiaatiliuaelU  nihiny,  anti 
Majair  Wail  Winlhrop  anal  Mr.  KiehanJ 
Hmilk,  on  behalf  of  (Nmnimtirul  cailony  th» 
ona  p*'*^  I  and  Aganiaug,  Wamiwak  m/nm 
('nrman,  rallaain  Tawa|aaiin,  ronnaadlort  and 
altornaya  lo  Canamicua,  NInigm  Malala«>f, 
old  ipieen  Quia|ian,  (jnananshil  and  Horn* 
ham,  the  aia  prvaani  aachania  uf  lk«  wkoto 
Narraganaal  cininlry  on  the  other  partjr,  •* 
farring  in  savaral  dillkranaaa  and  irosblM 
lalrly  ritan  lialwaaii  iham  (  ami  Ibr  •  Ana! 
conoluaiain  of  aellled  firaiMi  anal  aniily  ba« 
Iwaen  the  said  aaa'hemt,  ihair  haira  and  auo> 
•atoaira  forever,  and  iha  governaira  of  iha 
aaid  Maaaaehiiaeita  and  C:innaieli«ul,  anal 
their  auoireaaairt '  in  loa  said  luvarnmania 
forever. 

I.  That  all  ami  every  of  iha  aanhrma  thai 
from  time  to  limn  carefully  aaiaa,  and  living 
or  deaal  deliver  unto  one  or  aiihar  uf  lh>i 
above    auul    goveriiinenla,   all  and  every  t  f 

hem  Philip'a  aubjerta  whalsoevvr,  lhi>( 
ahall  come,  or  lie  found  within  'the  precint  I 
of  any  other  lands,  and  that  with  great  dili< 
gence  anal  faithfulna'aa. 

II.  That  lliay  shall  with  ihalr  ulmott  abil 

ily  uoa  all  aett  uf  kaislility  againat  the  aaid  PI  '■• 

lip  and  hit  tulijaott,  enieriiig  hia  lands  or  any 

ither  lands  ot  the  Knglish,  to  kill  and  da- 
K'roy  tho  aaid  enemy,  unlil  •  ceatation  from 
war  with  the  auid  enemy  ba  concluded  by 
lH>th  the  aliaivuiaid  coluniet. 

III.  That  the  aaid  sacliams,  by  fhemaelvat 
and  their  ageiitt,  ahall  carefully  tvareh  out 
and  delivfir  nil  atolen  gfUNia  whataoaver  taken 
by  any  of  their  aubjacu  from  any  of  the  IOii< 
gliah,  whether  (urmerly  or  lately,  anil  thitU 
make  full  tatiafaction  fiir  all  wrnngt  or  iigu 
riea  dona  to  ihe  ealale  of  uny  of  the  aiilgectt 
of  the  aeveral  colonies,  according  lo  the  judg- 
ment of  imlifTwrent  men,  incaaai  of  diatalialiui- 
lion  lietween  the  offeiiilert  anal  the  uflalidt  d 
parliea,  or  deliver  the  olTendera. 

IV.  That  all  praipariitiona  for  war  or  wW 
of  hoalility  againat  iiny  of  ilia  Kuglish  tu'x 
ji'cti,  shall  forever  fur  ihe  future  cease)  I  »• 
gvther  with  all  manner  of  thefts,  pilfering*. 
killing  of  euttle,  or  any  manner  of  lireach  t  r 
peace  whatsuevvr  shall  with  the  ultnoat  oaia 
lie  prevented,  and  inaleoal  thereof,  the  r 
strength  to  be  used  as  a  guard  round  alMint  ll.e 
Narraganset  country,  for  the  English  inhab,'* 
tiinia  aafety  and  aeciirity. 

V.  In  token  of  thai  abovetaid  tachema* 
reality  in  thia  treaty  and  conclusion,  and  for 
the  security  of  the  tirveral  English  govern'- 
ments  and  aulijecls,  they  do  tVeely  deliv«r 
unto  the  abovesaid  gentlemen,  in  tha  behalf 
of  tho  alioveanld  colonies,  John  Wobi'ipiod, 


tho  performance  of  tho  agreument.     A  copy  Woowthim,  Powkea,  Wtiunew,  four  of  their 


of  the  said  agreomunt,  and  the  articles  on 
which  a  peace  was  concluded,  here  follow. 
It  being  always  understood,  tliat  Plymouth 
colony  was  included  in  the  said  agreement, 
although  their  forces  were  not  then  present, 
but  remained  at  home  near  the  enemy's 
borders,  to  secure  their  towns,  and  oppose 


"  ThemainUnal  over a«Bii»t  tha awalrrly  and ofRhaiiia 
lalaoal,  whan  nnw  Titoralon  ia  waa  oallaa  Pccaasal. 


neareat  kinsmen  and  choice  friends,  lo  be  anil 
remain  os  hostages  in  several  plnnes  of  thft 
English  jurisdictions,  at  tha  apiMiintment  of 
the  honourable  governors  of  lirn  alMiveiaid 
colonies,  there  to  bo  civilly  treated,  not  at 
prisoners,  but  otherwise  at  their  hommr'a  dis- 
cretion, until  the  alMvesaid  articles  are  fully 
accomplished  to  the  satiafavtiun  of  the  several 
,  governmenit,  tha  departure  of  any  of  tliMn 


A    NAltKATIVR   Of 


H 


in  |K«  HMMMIiNtl  til  Im  MMUMMlNi  •  brMsIt  of 
liM  *••>!•,  •ml  iif  lituM  |K«Mi)l  •rtralM. 

VI,  TIm  Mill  K«nlWir4n  iii  tli«  ImiIi*!!'  u( 
IIm  ||uv«rMnatU  lu  wl>i<  ti  ih«y  Iwliiiin,  il» 
MMpHa  bi  avi-rv  ilia  MiU  MutMiiM  aiHl  ibwir 
Mi^|a«u,  lihU  if  lliajr  itr  any  uf  (In  ni  ilittll 
HMn  uhI  bring  inb>  atlkar  <^^  ilia  nlKivuwtiti 
B«|ImIi  guvummanu,  or  to  Mr.  Hmith  in- 
>il>i>iM  uf  NMrafMMai,  I'bilip  Hacham 
•liva,  Im  or  ibay  M  tlalivartnf ,  (ball  raaaivii 
ttr  ibair  paia«,  fiiry  Uttehtu  clulb  euau,  in 
tkav    ltnn|  ki«  Im*Ji  Ihay  (hall  hava 


IwaMjr  ttba  gona  totla  paul  ikam'i  fur  avarv 
livisg  aMl^t  of  mmI  Plltlip't  fi  dalivtiraj, 
ibo  Jolivorw  (ImII  roooivo  two  ouau,  aiitl  fur 
^ywif  ImmiI  om  oool,  m  •  graiaiijr  iuf  ibair 
MrviM  iMraiii,  Milunf  it  tppoor  lo  MlitlaciMHi, 
that  lb*  iMMit  or  parwm  wa  balonging  bi  Uwi 
•Miny,  ami  ibai  way  ara  of  ibair  Miiura. 

VII.  Tba  wiJ  iMhanM  Jo  ranaw  aiul  oon- 
Urm  unto  iba  Knglirb  inhabiumi  or  othara,  all 
formar  granu,  mTim,  bargain*  or  ouavayanoaa 
of  land*,  maajowt,  UMlair,'  gra**,  atuiia*,  or 
wbalavar  ulie  iho  Kngiiib  oava  lianiliillin) 
iHMtght  or  i|ui»lly  witiaMad  anil  er^oyaJ,  tu 
ba  unlit  ibrni,  and  inair  hairt,  and  aaaiKna  fiir- 
•var  I  ••  alao  all  formar  artiulea  ina<M  wiih 
iba  coniodaniui  colonioa. 

LaitJy,  Tba  laid  counialiort  anJ  allornia* 
io  pramadiiatuly,  (ariuusly,  and  upon  yuud 
■dvMia  euvciiatit,  and  coiwiluda  und  a){ruu  all 
aliovcfaiJ  mlttninly,  and  call  UihI  hi  wiinou 
Ihay  ara,  and  iliall  ntmain  trua  frianiU  to  iii» 
lingliih  governintinu,  and  iMirform  (he  alHivo 
•aid  anielei  punluallv,  uning  (hair  u(nioi( 
•ndaavour,  cam  and  iaiihrulnvi*  (livruin  ;  In 
wiln«M  wbariiiif  ihay  havo  tot  (bair  liandi  and 
aeal*. 

PetmfMamteol,  My,  15,  167A. 
Tawagtmm,  hi*  C  mark 
Tujf»t»m,  bii  U  mark, 
Af«moug,  liii  T  mark. 
IVamiuk  alia*  Ihrmnn,  kit  X  mark, 
tigned,  mttltd  amd  delirfrtd  in  Ike  »re»rme» 
uftu  mUUrwritltm,  lttiiii(  carrfuHif  I'a/rr- 
preted  to  the  said  Jmliaiu  lnj'ort  ttalimg, 

DANUL    HCMCMNAN, 

TNoMita  paaiKTicK, 

MIOHOLAa   CAIUK, 

jiiaarii  btantom,  IiUtrp, 

iiNNar  HAWLAwa, 

piuoa  uuKow, 

ilia  Ntrr. 
During  lliia  treaty  of  peacn  with  thu  Nar- 
t«K»na«((«,  Capt.  (Jud  worth  with  (liu  fiirciii 
from  Plymouth,  und«r  hi*  cuniinai|d,  found 
lomeihing  to  do  noarer  hoinn,  (hough  of  an- 
iithi-r  nalure  ai  it  pnivud,  vix.  lo  make  war 
u-hilit  (lie  utlx'ri  wi-ro  (h*  (hvy  thought)  iiiak- 
iiiUi;  |M<ace:  in  (hn  tirAt  pliicu  tnvrvlortt  \w  dii- 
(Mttchcd  Capt,  Pulli-r  (juining  hiuiit.  Church 
'■.  igi-ihur  w.'h  him  in  uominiMion)  with  fiHy 
1.  .il«  company  (o  I'lKtamu't,  on  (h«  aame  ac- 
( iiiiiit,  a*  tliu  u(lii.-r  wiMit  to  Narragantet ; 
I'ithi-r  (II  conclude  a  (leace  with  ihum,  if  (hi>y 
would  continue  friviidi,  and  give  hostage*  fi  r 
ihu  confirmation  (hereof,  or  Kgh(  (hem  if  (hi^y 
»!iould  declare  thcmaelven  cnemiim,  and  join 
with  I'hilip ;  liimaelf  in((>nding  (o  draw  down 
hi*  force*  to  Rehoho(h,  to  ih'  roady  fur  a 
•peody  march  to  Tuuiiton,  and  to  down  into 
the  ulnur  *ide  of  thu  couotry,  u|>on  the  new* 
liut  *ome  of  the  enemy  were  burning  and 
•poilinf  Middleborough  and  Dartmouth,  two 
•mail  village*  lying  in  tiie  way  lietwixt  Pocaa- 
••t  ••<d  Plymouth.  Upan  Thurtday,  July  7tk, 


(japt.  I'ulUr  ami  LtMUlananl  Cburab  want  Kilo 
I'liraiaai  lu  »u«k  afWr  (ha  anamy,  or  »l*«  a* 
tNH'anrMimiKhlMrvn  (olraalwith  inaiaa  Imliaii* 
al  I'lii'aaMi,,  wilb  whom  Mr.l^burvb  wa*  vary 
aroll  aoi(uaiiii<>il,  alway*  holdidg  giHtd  oorr*^ 
|Miii<ianna  wilh  (h.  in.  AAur  ibay  had  %\>*M 
(bat  lUy  and  nwM(  of  (b«  nigbl,  in  travaraing 
tba  MM  P<Hia*Mil  ii»i  k,  and  waliibingall  nighi 
in  a  bouK>  which  (liay  found  ihara,  (li«'y  could 
bear  au  ndiag*  uf  any  Imlian*  |  inMimueb  ihal 
Ca|il,  Kullar  lagan  («.'  Im  waary  of  hi*  dvaign  i 
Mr.  Chureb  in  iba  maanwhila  a**uring  bim 
that  lliay  •lioidd  And  Indian*  liafom  il  want 
long,  yal  fur  graalar  aanfdiliun  tbny  divided 
tb«lr  Company,  ('apt,  liullar  (aking  down  lo- 
ward  (bo  laa  iidti,  wbara  i(  «ram*,«lk*r  a  lidla 
•kirmiahing  wi(b  ibuin  wbaroin  oiin  man  only 
raeaivati  a  amall  wiHind,  bo  eilhar  taw  or 
haard  low  (nany  Indiana  fur  bun*alf  and  bi* 
ei>m|Mny  to  doal  with,  wbieb  mada  hint  and 
ibem  batake  ibem*alva*  tu  a  buuM  near  iho 
wad'r  iida,  from  wbanoa  (bay  warn  fahihml 
oA'hy  a  »hM>n  liafora  nigh(,  tu  l(ho«ia  laland, 
Capt.  Cburab  (for  *n  be  may  wall  ba  itylad 
aftar  (hi*  time)  marched  furtfiar  into  (hi*  riaek, 
imagining  (hal  if  ibaro  wore  Indian*  in  (ba 
n»rk,  (hey  *houltl  find  (bemaliuul  apea*v  field 
not  far  oC  A*  (oon  a*  they  came  near  (Im 
*aid  field  be  eipied  (wo  Indian*  among  iha 
|i«aae,  who  alao  a(  (be  *ame  (ime  uipied  hilii  | 
and  pre*en(ly  making  aome  kind  of  *liout,  a 
great  numlter  of  Indian*  canie  ahouc  (be  field, 
imrauing  the  laid  Cant,  Church  and  hi*  men 
in  grea(  iiumlmr*  to  (lie  lea  *ida  i  tburu  lieing 
not  aliove  fifteen  with  Church,  yul  aeven  or 
fight  (core  of  Indiana  purauing  after  them. 
Now  Wa*  fit  time  for  ihi*  young  canlain  and 
hi*  (inall  company  to  handael  (heir  valour 
u|ion  thi*  great  rout  uf  Indian*,  iu*t  reuly  to 
devour  them  i  but  victory  *(and*  no  more  in 
(he  numlierof  *(>hlier«,  than  veri(y  in  (ho  plu- 
rali(y  of  voice*  i  and  allbuagh  iomeof(he*e 
fifteen  bad  acnme  courage  eiuiugh  for  ihem- 
*elvra,  yet  (heir  captain  bail  enough  for  hiin- 
«elf,  and  aome  (o  aptre  for  hi*  frienda,  which 
he  (heru  had  an  op|Hirtunity  of  improving  to 
(ha  full.  When  lie  law  (he  heirt*  of  any  of 
hi*  follower*  to  fail,  he  would  lijd  (hem  lioof 
good  eourage  and  fight  *(ou(ly,  and  (|M>aailily 
by  aome  divinu  impreuion  upon  hi*  heart^ 
a*tured  (hem  not  a  hullet  of  the  enemy  *hould 
hurt  any  one  of  (hem  ;  which  one  of  (ho  com- 
pany more  diamayed  (han  (ho  real  could 
lianily  lielieve,  (ill  he  aaw  the  proof  of  it  in 
hi*  own  peraon,  fur  (he  cap(*in  perceiving  (lie 
man  waa  not  ahio  (n  fight,  made  him  gn(her 
riH'.k*  together  for  a  kind  of  alielier  iind  Imrri- 
ciiilo  for  (he  real,  (hat  mutt  either  of  neceaaitv 
fight  or  fall  by  (he  envmiea.  It  rhancitd  aa  (hia 
liiir(  henrti'd  fohlierhad  aflat  ati>ne  in  hia  arm*, 
and  waa  carrying  to  (hu  ahoher  (hat  he  waa 
making  U|K)ii  the  bank,  a  btillut  of  the  enemy 
was  tliiit  Warded  from  hia  liody  by  which  he 
miiat  elie  have  perished,  which  experience 
nut  new  life  into  liiin,  ao  ni  hu  followed  his 
business  very  manfully  afterward,  inaoniiich 
that  they  delended  thnmsnivet  under  a  amall 
shelter  hnatily  made  iip,all  that  afternoiin,  not 
Olio  being  either  alain  or  wounded,  yet  it  waa 
conuiiily  known  thut  they  killed  at  least  fiif- 
teeii  of  their  enemies  :  and  nt  the  Inat  when 
they  had  spent  all  their  ammunition,  and  made 
tlie:r  guns  unaerviceable  by  often  firing,  they 
were  fetched  all  uiTby  Capt.  Qolding*  *loop 
and  carried  kafo  to  Rhode  lalaud  in  (pite  of 
all  their  vtHri'ios  i  yaa,  moh  waa  lb«  bold  and 


HiiilauMed  amirsg*  of  ihi*  abamplan,  Cafi* 
(JSurab,  n>4  willing  to  laavoany  liilian  bvbiiKl 
of  ihair  rtying  tiir  want  of  i-uuragt',  lie  wt-nl 
liacb  mil  Ueaof  hiaaiirmii  •<<>  li'li'h  III*  lial, 
whieb  he  nwl  laft  al  a  spriiig,  whilber  the  •« 
iraiiMi  beat  of  the  waallier,  and  hi*  lalMiiir  \m 
fighting  liad  rai<M>d  him  lo  ra|  air  lor  iIm 
ijuemibing  id  hi*  th,ral  an  hour  »r  (wo  Iwforu. 
II  seem*  tn  (he  liirmer  iiart  of  ilia  lama  day, 
five  man  coming  IVuiii  K'hmIm  Island,  (o  Inuh 
up  ibeir  eadU  upim  i'maaaet  nark,  war*  aa* 
aaulled  by  Ihe  same  Intlians;  una  of  the  five 
w**  (!*pl.  (!hiir(ib'*  Mirvaiil,  wlm  bail  bis  leg 
broke  in  ibe  skinnitb,  ibe  real  hardly  rtcaping 
wilb  Ibair  live*  i  (bi*  wa*  iha  Aral  lime  thai 
aver  any  miaebiaf  wa*  dune  bv  iha  liHliaii* 
up«in  Poca**al  naek.  Tboaa  of  libixln  laland 
wara  bemby  alarmed  to  bMih  to  ihrinaelves, 
a*  well  a*  the  rest  of  (he  KngliahufPlymiuub, 
or  the  Ma**aiihu*et(*  roluny. 

Thi*  •*taul(  ralbar  heigb(Mned  aiNl  incraia- 
ad  (ban  daiinliid  (beroursue  of  Capt,  Ch  irrh  i 
for  not  making  a  eowanlly  flight,  but  a  Intr 
retreat,  w  bieh  providence  oft'ered  him  by  (he 
*loopalure*aid,after  hi**mmuni(ion  was«|Min(, 
he  ihd  not  stay  hmg  al  Rhode  Island,  but  has- 
tened over  to  (he  Missacliusatts  furrea,  and 
iMirrowing  three  fileaof  men  of  Capt.  Ilenrh- 
man  with  Ins  lieiiti-nant  s  Mr.  Churi-'hand  ho 
returned  again  to  I'orasset,  where  (liev  hail 
another  skirmish  with  the  enemy,  wl<ereiii 
soma  few  of  them  (fourteen  or  filleen)  were 
aUin,  which  ttruck  auch  a  terror  into  I'hilip, 
thai  he  iiotuuk  hiniaolf  lo  the  awtnips  bImiuI 
I'ocaaset,  where  he  lay  hid  (ill  (he  redirn  of 
(bo  rest  uf  tin  foriiet  Iroin  the  Ntrragantets, 
like  a  wild  biiar  kept  at  Iwy  by  (hi*  snml' 
par(y  (ill  mure  hand*  came  up. 

Inu*  were  (he  Plymou(h  force*  biiairil, 
during  (he  lima  of  the  treaty  with  the  Narra- 
gansells,  which  lieing  iaaued  aa  it  wa*  ; 

On  Friday  July  lA,<iur  force*  marched  for 
and  arrived  at  KeholHith,  where  having  no 
intelligence  of  the  enemy  nearer  (han  a  great 
swamp  on  I'ocasaet,  eighteen  milea  froiii 
Taunton ;  they  ninrched  next  day  twelve 
milea  lu  a  house  at  Metap<iiset  (a  small  neck 
of  land  in  (he  bi>t(i>m  of  Taiiiidiii  Hay,  in  the 
midway  iM'lween  Mount  Hope  and  I'ociitstft 
Neck)  from  whence  (hey  marched  for  Tiiiiii. 
ton,  .luly  17,  whither  after  a  (edious  niur>  > 
of  80  miles,  (hey  came  in  (he  evening,  am. 
found  the  people  generally  gathered  in(o  uigl'.'. 
garrison  houses. 

On  Monday,  July  18,  (hey  marched  IH 
miles  lieforn  (hey  could  rfurh  (he  swamp 
where  (he  enemy  wiia  lodged  :  aa  auon  ■*  tliry 
came  lo  the  place,  Plynioiith  force*  being  now 
joined  wi'h  them,  our  nt  hllera  resnliitely  rii- 
tercel  i.i  iimongst  the  uneniios,  who  look  the 
advanfm^e  of  the  thick  iiiiite--woiid,  to  iiiiike 
a  shut  ai  Jiem  that  lirpt  ei.tered,  whereby  live 
were  killed  outright,  seven  niuie  woiiiiiieil, 
some  of  whrse  wounds  proved  inorlul  :  lifter 
the  first  shot,  the  etieiny  retired  deeper  into 
the  swariip,  deserting  their  wigWiiiiM  (Hboiit 
100  in  nil)  newly  ninde  uf  green  bark,  so  as 
they  would  not  burn :  in  one  of  them  liny 
found  an  old  man,  who  runiessed  that  ]'liili|> 
hail  lieen  lat»ly  there.  Having  spent  soiiiu 
time  in  searching  the  swuinp,  and  tired  tlu'Oi- 
selves  to  no  purpose,  (yet  it  was  said  that  una 
half  hourmore  would  have  at  that  time  utterly 
subdaed  Philip  and  all  bit  power)  the  com* 
mander  in  chief,  night  drawing  on  apaco,  uet 
thinking  it  »af«i  tc  tarry  lonj^cr  in  m  (taugcroua 


• 

lu; 

III 

IHI 

to 

,JI. 

wh 
mil 
roll 
ciir 


kMnnlnlt,  Oajt* 
1^  iiihan  livhi'Ht 
4r*K><,  liv  Willi 
l>>  I'l'li'li  till  liat, 
cliilhor  lh«  •« 
I  liii  IttUiiir  \m 
ra|  air  l<>r  iIm 
'  i>r  iwti  Iwliirn, 
rOia  Mtm*  d»y, 
UIhimI,  III  kick 
nark,  wara  aa- 
una  III'  ilia  Ava 
'ho  hail  hi*  Irg 
larilly  aica|iiiiK 
Aral  lima  thai 
hv  ilia  Indiana 
rKhoilaUlaiiil 
U)  th«inMilvr«, 
ikoI'lMjinouib, 

ni  ami  inrraa». 
Cape.  Chirih; 
ghl,  l)ul  ■  Imr 
mi  him  hy  ili« 
ilion  wa«t|wiit, 
ItUiiil,  Iml  hai* 
III  liirrm,  anil 
rc'ipl.  lianrh- 
('hun;h  ami  h<i 
lirru  llii<y  hail 
amy,   whtin-iii 

HltUVIl)    WITM 

nr  iiiiii  l'hili|i, 

*M'ani|w  aliiiui 

tha  rvliirn  nl' 

NirnipaiiM>ii<, 

iiy  this  *nial' 

furcea    hilaird, 

ilh  th«)  Narra- 

it  was  ! 

•■  marcliPil  fur 

rm   having  lui 

than  a  ^rifut 

miltii    i'roni 

day    iwi'jvii 

a  mnail  nt-i'k 

III  Hav.  in  I  till 

aiiil  I'licuniK't 

It'll  liir  'riiiiii- 

diiiii*  man  i 

venin)^,  am. 

iri'd  intu  vi^l'.'. 

mnrchiHi    in 

ihu  nwanip 
« iiiMin  ■■  tliry 
<'i<  lii'iii^  nuw 
I'niiliilfly  rii- 
nho  Idiik  lliit 
noil,  to  iiiiiki! 
wliiTi'liy  tivi' 
woiiikIi'iI, 
niirliil  :  iiIilt 

ilt'cpri'  iiilii 
vviuiiii  (hIhmiI 

Imi'k,  all  114 
f  thi'in  liny 
I  that  I'liilip 

■|i)'nt  aoiiiu 
1  tired  ihi'iif 
•aid  that  <iiia 

lime  utterly 
er)  the  com* 
n  apaov,  ul 
auigerou* 


THR  INDIAN   WA«a 


•  pliant,  wliira  avarv  iiiw  wa«  In  a«  mitah 
lUngor  of  hi*  Kalliiw*  aa  kia  fiiaa,  Imim||  raady 
III  Mm  iiptn  avary  huak  ikay  taw  inova,  anp- 
iHiaiMK  Indian*  wara  ikara,  iiril«r«tl  a  rairaal 
til  Ini  ••lUiiilail,  that  tkay  niighl  hava  liina  lii 
JiaiMiaw  of  ill.  f  daail  aiHl  woiimiad  man, 
whitih  aroiinluialy  waa  allamUd  lii|*  IMy- 
■nourti  forva*  who  ha<l  anlarad  in  ika  raar, 
raliiriiinK  in  ika  I'nint,  il  waa  Judfail  that  tha 
iMiamy  liaing  liy  ikia  maana  broughl  into  a 
||Mmn<],  il  WMtikl  ba  no  hani  maitar  to  ilaal 
with  tham,  and  thai  U  would  Im  naa<llaia 
iharwa  to  kaap  au  many  aom|Mtn'«t  iif  aiilJiar* 
I0||«4liar  to  wail  u|Nin  (uak  an  Inaonaulurabla 
anuMiy,  now  almoii  ••  k<mmI  a*  takvnt  wkara 
apiia  moat  iif  tha  ooinfiania*  Imlnngin*  to 
MMa«i;hu*ali«  wara  drawn  off,  only  Cap«. 
HaiMiliinan  with  100  fiHit  liaing  laft  ihara  ti> 
■»<har  with  tha  IMymoiilh  lornaa,  to  alland 
tha  oiiamy'a  mntinti,  IwKig  Jmlirail  iunieianl 
(•>:  ll.al  and  Major  Hatragn,  Capt.  I'aign, 
«llh  Capt.  MiNHily  and  lhairconi|>aiii«*ralurif 
ed  to  rV»tim  I  Oapl.  I'ranlica  with  hi*  tniop 
wura  orilarad  toward*  Mandham,  whuru  it 
MHtma,  alMiiit  tha  inidillo  of  July,  aoinu  In- 
dian*, wiahiiig  well  to  Philili'i  dnaign,  had 
maila  an  aataull  iilHin  lome  ut  thn  inhabilantt, 
I*  limy  wxra  at  lalMiur  in  tha  Held,  killin|r  flva 
(ir  aix  of  tliAmi  a*  Mxin  a*  thay  had  uuna, 
flyiiiK  away  into  tha  wiHida,  *o  a*  they  oould 
not  fitaily  Ihi  piiraiiod.  Thu  inhabitant*  of 
tha  attinii  villa|r<-,  lying  in  tha  heart  of  tha  aiie- 
my'*  ooiiiitry,  lH'){an  to  Iw  diaoouragetl,  in  a* 
williin  II  litilu  timti  after,  they  forKMik  thu  piuco, 
aliando'iinf;  ihnir  bnuae*  to  the  fury  of  the 
fiioiny,  whiiih  by  ihoin  were  lonn  after  turned 
mill  ashu*.  Iliil  to  ruturn  to  King  Philip,  who 
wm  iMiw  tiidi/ud  ill  the  great  *wamp  upon 
Pooaaai't  necK,  of  tnvun  rnilu*  long  i  Ctpt. 
Hennhman  and  ilie  Plymiiiuh  riroe*  ki<pt  a 
dilicniit  eye  upon  tlio  unumy,  but  were  nut 
villlng  to  run  mm  the  mire  and  dirt  after  them 
I  *  dark  awamp,  Iwing  tnui;hl  by  late  oxpe- 
«iince  how  dniiunruii*  it  it  to  fight  in  audi  <ll«- 
ma)  woihU,  when  thi^ir  eytit  were  niiilHed 
with  the  Uavet,  and  their  armi  piiiioimd  with 
the  thick  bough*  of  the  troot,  at  their  fuel 
weri)  continually  ihacklvd  with  the  root* 
•preading  every  way  in  thoto  bog^y  wood*. 
It  il  ill  fighting  with  a  wild  beait  in  hi*  own 
dun,— They  romlved  therpfore  totlarvethem 
nut  of  the  iwamp,  where  they  know  full  well 
thuy  cnuld  nut  long  tubiiit :  to  that  end  they 
hogan  to  build  s  fort,  *•  it  were  to  beleaguer 
the  onmny,  and  prevent  hli  vicaiie  out  ul  the 
pliicH,  wliortt  they  thought  they  hnd  him  fait 
enough,  Phiiip  in  the  meantime  wai  not  ig- 
noriint  of  what  wa*  doing  without,  and  waa 
iHHdy  therein  to  read  hi*  own  dinim,  if  he 
larriud  much  longer  theru,  he  knew  he  ahould 
full  into  their  liiindi,  from  whom  he  could  ex- 
pect no  morcy  !  the  c«*o  thoroforo  being  dei- 
(lerate,  liii  n-aolvod  with  an  hundred  ur  two 
of  Ilia  boat  fighting  men  to  mnko  an  eictiiu  by 
tlin  water,  all  paimgct  by  the  land  buing 
Biiiriciuiitly  giiardfd  by  the  Kngliah  fnrcut. 
The  iwamp  where  they  were  lodsi.'d  being 
not  far  from  an  arm  of  tho  bhu,  coming  up  to 
Taunton,  thuy  taking  the  advantage  of  a  low 
tidu,  either  wadod  ovor  one  night  in  the  end 
of  July,  or  olie  wafted  tliumielvos  over  upon 
■mall  rafti  of  timber,  very  early  before  break 
of  day,  by  which  mean*  the  ^reateat  part  of 
bit  company  otcaped  away  into  the  wood*. 


.  ■  Tlw  Baflkh  l**i  Mmb  mM  ia  iM*  aipadMua- 
MutTktatMir 


l«ailtii|(  Into  iha  Nipmork  oiMinliy,  alloyalliar 
unknown  lo  tha  llnglidi  lima*  thai  lay  an 
itamiwd  onlhaolhar  iid«iU'tl>>atwami>.  AUmiI 
una  buniirad  mora  of  tlw  Wimian  ami  cliililrmi 
wkiah  wara  llkaly  tn  Im  ralhaf  iHtrtlaiMnina 
than  tarviitnalila,  wara  laft  liahind,  who  toon 
aftwr  raaignad  uii  ihKinwilvx*  to  tha  marey  of 
"(iiU|ra«Ma|Mi  ihiiafrom  I'liea* 


a«t  eiKild  mil  long  Im  nimiittalad  after  tha  day 


iha  Kiigliah 

mil  long  Im  « 
appvarad,  iham  iiaiing  iniitih  eham|i*ign  Ur>d 
Ihniiigh  whii'h  lin  w>u  lo  pa*i,  and  Itaing  dia- 
nuvarad  by  ihn  intiabitalit*  of  KabolHilh,  thay 
praaanlly  nillow«d  bun,  ui|(alk«r  with  a  |Mriy 
of  iha  Mohegina,  thai  a  llllla  liefora  r«in<i  ui 
lloalun,  olTaring  llwir  aarvieaa  againat  Philip, 
and  wara  anut  Into  lli«Ma  part*  to  ba  urdarad 
by  Capt.  Ilenchinan,  but  iMifora  tli«v  cainato 
bim  wara  aaaily  iiariiiailad  to  go  inuMiif  with 
any  of  iba  Kiiglmn  that  wara  angag^*!  in  iba 
purtuil  of  Philiit,  Nuwi  aUo  thxraof  wa* 
(larried  to  Capt.  lianebman,  who  a*  loon  a* 
ha  could  gal  over  with  aix  Al<>a  of  iiuin  (row- 
ing hard  all  or  tnoil  part  of  tho  day  to  gvt  to 
Proviileiioa)  followed  after  ili«  I'lu'oiy.  Thu 
Mohegina  with  tha  man  of  Uihn'oilh,  and 
■oma  of  Providanua  rama  u|miii  their  roar 
over  night  ilaw  alHiiit  30  of  (hem.  KHik  much 
plunder  from  ihnm,  witiioiit  any  i'<>iiaidi<rablu 
lu«*  lo  tha  Engliih.  Capt.  Heiichnian  citnia 
not  up  to  tham  (puriuiiig  them  only  liy  llii> 
track!  till  tha  ikinniih  waa  over,  and  hnving 
inaraned  S9  milai  that  day,  wa*  not  well  ahlv 
to  go  any  furiHi<r  that  night ;  on  the  other 
hand,  the  forova  fliat  cnmn  Irom  Hehoboth  and 
thota  belonging  to  Plymouth,  having  left  their 
hor*ci  three  mile*  on,  coulil  not  go  back  to 
fetch  them  without  much  luia  of  liiua,  and 
thernforii  looking  at  it  altogether  Uiutlea*  to 
go  afli'r  tham  in  the  morning,  mlurned  back 
tlie  next  day,  leaving  Captain  Uniichman  with 
hi*  «ix  file*,  and  tha  Midiegiiit  to  puraiie  the 
choae  to  Nipiachet,  which  he  did  the  next 
morning.  Cipt.  Henchman,  that  hu  might 
the  batter  engage  t)i«  Miihcgin*  to  march  with 
him  30  mile*,  gave  iheni  half  hi*  proviiion, 
and  wni  himaelf  rrcruited  again  by  the  care  of 
Capt  Udmunda  of  Pruvideiica,  Lieuu  Drown 
who  brought  prnvition  after  him  to  iho  Nip- 
muck  fort*.  Mr.  Newmnii  tha  mini*tor  of 
Rohobotli,  deiervitd  not  a  little  commendation 
f>>r  exciting  hi*  neighbouri  and  friend*  to  pur- 
aiiii  thus  far  after  Philip  animating  of  them  by 
bv  Ki«  own  example  and  presence  i  but  why 
Philip  WM  followed  no  further,  it  i*  better  tu 
*ua|ieiid  than  too  critically  inquire.  This  ia 
now  a  third  time  when  a  good  opjmrtuiiity  of 
supprewing  the  rebellion  of  the  Indians,  was 
put  into  the  hands  of  the  Engliih  ;  but  time 
and  chance  happuneth  to  all  men,  to  that  the 
mn«t  likely  moani  are  often  fruttrated  of  their 
desired  end.  All  human  ondoavoiirs  shall 
arrive  at  no  other  success,  than  the  counsel  of 
Ood  hath  pre-ordained,  that  no  flesh  might 
glory  in  tlioir  own  wisdom,  but  give  unto  Ood 
tlie  praise  of  all  their  successes,  and  quietly 
bear  whatever  miscarriages  he  hath  ordered 
to  liefal  them.  It  appears  by  tho  issue  of  these 
things,  that  although  this  wound  was  not  incura- 
ble, yet  much  more  blood  must  bo  taken  away 
before  it  could  bo  healed.  Hut  by  this  means 
Philip  escaped  away  tu  the  westward,  kind- 
ling the  flame  of  war  in  all  the  western  plan- 
tations of  the  Massachusetts  colonv  wherever 
he  came,  so  that  by  this  fatal  accident  the  fire 
that  was  in  a  likely  way  to  bo  oxtinguited,  as 
ioon  •Imott  M  it  began,  did  on  a  sudden  break 


OMI  tbriiugb  Iba  «rbi>l»  juriaiiMirMMi  at  I 
ahtaells  anion*,  Uiib  naaiwarii  anrt  wastwafrf. 
oiiilaiiganng  •lao  lb«  nanmhliiHirin^;  eiiU'tty  at 
1,'iiMiimiiiaul,  whieb  baih  also  saHWrad  simii*- 
whai  by  Iha  I'xry  of  ihii  AanM,  tbnagb  ael 
iiiiiMuUr*liU  to  what  iba  olber  eulniiiaa  b«*« 
undwrgiina. 

Whilo  ikinga  alWr  ihia  maaoor  proeaeitaj 
in  ami  about  tha  colony  nt  PlynnHtlk,  lb« 
aommmuinarsnf  lb«i  r«*liil'lh«  miMiiias  war* 
■uniulling  and  •<lviiii»g  wbal  vvu*  m  lie  don* 
to  prevent  the  mi*»lo«r  iltruxaned  fVuM 
•uraailing  any  furibar,  franng.  |aa  indae« 
tbam  waa  toe  muck  eau*»)  ilial  alibwugb 
Philip  only  appeared  tu  make  tba  Am  al« 
lanipl,  yet  mora  aitber  alrvaily  wara,  or  totia 
migkl  lie  iiartiiailad  tojmn  wilb  kiin  in  oaliiig 
liiia  bliMMly  tragedy. 

It  bath  baan  amtady  derlarad  wbal  bafk 
been  done  for  ike  laturing  of  tba  Narragon 
antt,  ihnae  thai  wara  tent  a*  maisangar*  on 
thai  errand,  alwayt  rapiirlad  thai  tha  alder 
paopla  ware  in  ap|iaaraiM!«,  not  only  inclinable 
lo  paaee,  but  aa-eniatl  very  dvairablu  ihareof, 
iiiMimiioh  as  ihnir  two  elder  saokams  expreaa* 
nil  inueb  Joy  whan  il  waa  concludrd  i  but  al 
aiiioe  bath  aupeared,  all  was  hut  to  gain  lima 
and  cover  thair  Iraacharous  intents  and  pur- 
poaes,  that  they  might  in  the  next  spring  tall 
upon  the  English  planlations  all  al  once,  aa 
•orna  prisonttra  lataly  brought  in  have  owned 
and  coniassed  |  nor  nave  any  of  ihose  Indiana 
with  whom  tha  present  war  hath  bean,  aver 
rtigarded  any  agreements  of  peica  mad*  with 
tho  English,  further  than  necessity  ind  alaviab 
fear  comiwllad  tliareunto,  as  may  lie  seen  lijr 
the  records  of  the  united  coltMiies  from  tha 
year  10-13  lo  the  present  time,  nntwitbataiul* 
ing  all  their  fair  pretences  |  for  Ninigret,  tha 
old  saiiheni  of  the  Nsrragansetts,  who  alone 
of  all  ihn  rest  of  that  country  sachems  di» 
owiii'd  the  present  war,  and  reftited  to  kava 
niiy  hand  Inernin,  had  threatened,  as  waa 
proveil  tu  bis  face  before  the  commissioivara, 
in  liie  years  li.iO  and  1047,  that  they  would 
carry  on  the  war  against  the  Mohcgins,  wlial* 
ever  wi-re  the  mind  of  the  commisaionora. 
and  that  they  would  kill  the  English  caltio,  anj 
heap  thetn  up  aa  high  at  their  wigwams,  ami 
that  an  Englishman  ahould  not  stir  out  of  hit 
door  but  they  thould  kill  him  ;  all  which  he 
could  not  dany,  yet  tliit  old  fox  made  them 
promiiei  of  peace,  when  tha  dread  '.'f  tho 
Engliih  ever  since  the  Prniuod  war  nwvej 
him  thereunto ;  forsoeing  as  ne  is  said  to  have 
uild  his  neighbours,'  that  thrv  would  all  be 
ruined  if  thuy  made  war  with  the  English, 
as  is  since  come  to  pass.  However,  the  gooil 
hand  of  God  waa  sonn  in  so  ordering  things, 
that  the  Narragsnsets  were  for  the  present 
restrained  from  breaking  out  into  open  hosti- 
lity against  tho  English,  at  the  time  when* 
Philip  began  |  which  if  they  had  then  done, 
according  In  the  eye  of  reason,  it  would  kavn 
been  very  difficult,  if  puasible,for  the  English 
to  have  saved  any  of  their  inland  plantations 
from  being  destroyed.  Thus,  although  God 
hath  in  his  wisdom  svflurcd  so  much  of  tha 
rage  of  tho  heathen  to  he  let  luose  tgiintt 
thi*  people  here,  at  torcly  to  scourge  them, 
that  by  tiie  wrath  of  men  praiso  might  be 
yielded  to  hit  holy  name,  vft  hath  be  in  hit 
abundant  goodness  restrained  the  remainder 
that  it  should  not  consume. 

The  next  thinff  in  order  to  be  related  is  tha 
calamity  that  befel  the  village  of  BrookM^ 


.^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


IttlM    115 

|jo   *^™     M^H 

•u  Ui   12.2 

"  144    ■■ 
no    12.0 


I—  IIIh  li^ 


^ 


0% 


>5 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


f\ 


iV 


'i? 


<> 


O^ 


>/^ 


'<^ 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


"^"^ 


A  NA  SB  ATI  VI  Or 


•U  iIm  aaMilm  wm 
HiuM,  M  iMa  iIm  liuda  of  iIm  p»taatoM 
Nm|Mt  ImUmm,  m  iImII  Imm  ia  iIm  mxi 
plaM  ba  <iMkr«i  i  only  m  wa  pu*  •long,  to 
naiad  tha  raadar  in  a  fcw  word*,  wImi  wa* 
tiM  iiMM  af  Oant  Hmialuiian't  punait  of 
PliiUp.  TIm  Pf/mauth  fereaa  baing  ratrirn- 
■4  Imbh,  aa  waa  taSd  baflira,  Oapt  Haneli- 
■wi  Willi  kia  iix  tta  af  man,  and  tba  Mahagin 
Indiana,  iMving  aandauad  in  iIm  purmit  of 
Pliilip  till  tlMy  iMd  ipaat  all  llMir  proviaioM, 
■ad  Utf  '  ' 


lihay         . 

I  tirad  llMNMal  vaa, 'vat  narar  aomfng  within 
aigkt  of  kirn,  tiM  Mokagia  Indiana  Tn  ihair 
aeeipany  diraelad  llMm  to  Mandbam,  and 
I  ban  iaaviiur  dMm,  raturnad  alw  to  ikair  own 
« onntry.  Uapt.  HanebnMn  in  bit  nMrab  to- 
*'ania  Maadkaa^  or  at  Mandbam,  mot  witb 
<''apt  Moaaly  eoming  to  liring  him  proviaion, 
aad  advartiMBg  bim  of  what  aueeaM  ha  had 
awt  witb  in  bia  purauii,  tbay  alurad  thair 
eeana,  ferCapt.  Hanebman  waa  lant  down  to 
tlw  aovamor  and  oouncil,  to  know  what  tbay 
abotud  do  t  Tbay  pra«antly  raraaadad  him  to 
PoeiMaet,  and  oraand  bim  to  stay  than  if 
then  was  naad,  or  al«a  to  draw  on,  :»'• 
nadaiing  tba  fort  h«  kad  baan  Imilding  to 
iha  Plymontk  fonaa,  which  laai  waa  ehoten 
by  thoaa  of  Plymouth,  whannpon  Captain 
Hanebman  ratnrning  to  Boaton,  waa  onlarad 
to  diiband  bia  man.  Captain  Monly  waa  or- 
dered to  march  to  Quabaog  or  Brookffald, 
whan  ha  eontinuad  awbila,  with  tha  other 
aaptaina  wnt  up  for  tha  relief  of  tba  people 
there,  and  to  aeek  after  tba  enemy  in  thoae 
woods;  but  after  aoma  time  apent  in  ranging 
the  aountrv  tkereabouli,  not  nMCting  with  any 
of  tka  inSdela,  he  widi  bia  company  came 
downwards,  soareking  tha  woods  betwixt 
Lancaster  (when  a  man  and  his  wife  with  two 
ehildnn  wen  slain  on  the  Lord'a  dav,  Aug. 
99)  and  Marlbora',  whan  also  a  lad  keeping 
aheep  was  ahot  at  by  an  Indian  that  wore  a 
sign,  as  if  he  had  been  a  friend  :  the  Indian 
was  supposed  to  belong  to  the  Hasaanemesit 
Indians,  at  that  time  confined  in  Marlborough, 
where  they  bad  liberty  to  dwell  in  a  kind  of 
fHTL  The  next  day  tlio  inhabitanu  sent  to 
demand  their  guns;  CapL  Moaely  aoauainted 
therewith,  marahed  to  the  fort  and  found 
much  auspieion  against  eleren  of  them,  for 
singing  and  dancing,  and  having  bulleta  and 
Mugs,  and  much  powder  bid  in  their  baskets ; 
insomuch  that  eleven  of  tbamwere  aent  down 
prisonera  to  Boston,  upon  suspicion  that  they 
had  had  a  hand  in  killing  tba  fbnr  at  Lancas- 
ter, and  shooting  at  the  Marlbonagh  sbep- 
hand  :  But  upon  trial,  the  said  prisoners  were 
all  of  them  acquitted  of  tha  net,  and  were 
either  released,  or  else  wen,  with  others  of 
that  fort,  sent  for  better  security,  and  for  pre> 
treating  further  trauble-  of  the  like  kind,  to 
anrae  of  the  islands  below  Boston  toward 
Naatasket 

About  this  time  Capt.  Mosely  was  aent 
Mfitk  a  company  of  soldien  to  some  Indian 

SantatioBs  upon  Merrimac  river,  as  high  aa 
ennyoook,  but  they  found  no  Indians  there; 
tfMiaa  that  belonged  to  the  place  having  with- 
timwa  themselves  from  tneir  native  place, 
Aat  they  might  not  meddle  in  the  present 

Siarral,  aa  is  eonfidently  believed  that  Woon- 
onset  the  sachem  of  that  company  had  so  ra- 
aolved.  That  coast  being  clear  of  the  ene- 
mies, Capt  Mosely  soon  after  was  sent  up 
with  his  men  to  the  towns  westward  about 
Uadloy,  if  it  might  be,  to  subdue  the  enemy, 


who  a  little  before,  and  at  that  timi',  was 
doing  all  Iba  mischief  be  could  in  those  wesi- 
•ra  planlationa,  both  by  Are  and  sword. 

But  to  return  and  pursue  the  rebellious  In- 
dians, and  kaap  pace  with  them  in  our  his- 
tory, tbougb  our  ibrees  as  yet  could  never 
ovariaka  Inam  in  tha  woods.  The  governor 
of  Maaaacbuaatta  ware  aansihla 


of  aa  much  daapr  frem  tha  Nipaet  Indiana, 
aa  flrom  iba  former ;  tbay  being  tka  inland 
part  of  tha  eouatry  betwixt  tha  aaa  coast  and 
Oonnacticat  river  waatward,  and  tha  towna 
about  tha  Maaaaekoaeita  bay  eastward.  whara> 
upon  aoma  paraona  that  used  to  trade  witb  tho 
aaid  Nipnata,  ware  sent  to  sound  them,  and 
And  how  thov  stood  affbcted,  fur  which  also 
there  was  tba  more  reason,  because  they 
were  alwaya  in  subjection  to  the  sachem  of 
Mount  Hope,  and  so  were  the  more  like  to 
angaga  intno  praaant  quarrel;  of  which  than 
bad  been  suffirient  prttof  already  ;  when  14th 
of  Julv,  some  of  the  Nipnot  Indiana  next 
bordering  on  Philip's  country  set  upon  some 
of  the  innabitants  of  Mandbam,*  wnere  they 
killed  four  or  Ave  paraona,  wbieb  waa  the  flrst 
mischief  dona  upon  any  of  the  inhabitants 
within  tba  jurisoietion  of  Maasachuaetts,  ac- 
ted as  waa  said  by  one  Matoonaa,  who  waa 
father  to  him  tiiat  nad  committed  a  murder 
aoon  ik^r  Philip's  first  rebellion.  Anno.  1671. 
The  Messenger  that  waa  aent  thither,  brought 
word  back  that  they  found  the  said  Indians 
wavering:  the  voung  men  very  surly  and 
insolent,  the  elder  ones  shewing  some  incli- 
nation to  maintain  the  wonted  peace.  Soon 
after,  July  S8, 1675,  Capt.  Wheeler  was  sent 
to  asslkt  Capt.  Hutchinson  with  a  party  of  SO 
horse  to  treat  further  about  tba  peace,  who 
going  first  to  Quabaoff,  or  Brookfield,  (a  town 
situate  about  60  or  70  milea  from  Boston,  in 
the  road  of  Connecticut,  lyins  about  90  miles 
from  the  said  river,  and  not  nr  distant  fiom 
the  chief  seat  of  the  Nipnet  Indiana)  the  in- 
habitanta  of  the  said  Brookfield  had  been  so 
deluded  by  those  treacherous  villaina,  that 
fearing  no  danger,  they  obUuned  of  those 
Nipnets,  the  promise  of  a  treaty  upon  the  9d 
of  August;  whereupon  some  of  me  chief  of 
the  town  rode  along  unarmed  with  the  said 
Wheeler  and  Hutchinson,  with  their  party  of 
borae,  until  they  came  to  die  place  appointed ; 
but  finding  no  Indians,  so  secure  were  they, 
that  they  ventured  along  further,  to  find  the 
infidels  at  their  chief  town,  never  anspeeting 
the  least  danger,  but  when  ibny  bad  rode  four 
or  five  miles  that,  way,  they  fell  in^  an  am- 
bush of  two  or  three  nnndrad  Indians,  laid  in 
aucb  a  narrow  paasage,  betwixt  a  steep  hill  on 
the  one  hand,  and  an  hideous  swamp  on  the 
other,  that  it  was  scarce  possible  for  any  of 
them  to  esca|ie,  eight  of  them  being  shot 
down  upon  the  place  (whereof  three  were  of 
Brookfield)  and  three  mortally  wounded, 
whereof  Capt  Hutchinson  was  one;  Capt 
Wheeler  was  also  near  losing  bia  life,  whose 
horse  was  shot  down  under  him  and  himself 
shot  through  the  body,  so  that  all  manner  of 
hopea  to  escape  had  been  removed  from  him, 
had  it  not  been  for  his  son,  who  vras,  by  God's 
good  providence,  near  or  next  unto  him,  this 
son  Ming  of  undaunted  courage,  (notwith- 
standing his  own  arm  waa  broken  with  a  bul- 
let) with  great  nimbleness  and  agility  of  body 
dismounted  himself,    and   speedily  mounted 


•  A  town  •imte  northward  ftvm  Mount  Hope,  within 
36  milu  01'  ~ 


his  faihor  u|Nin  his  own  horse,  himMJf  gariing 
upon  another,  wbnte  master  was  killed,  by 
which  meana  they  both  escaped,  and  wan 
afWrwards  cured.  Much  ado  had  thoM  that 
ware  left  alive  to  recover  Brooklla'd,  7/B.ek 
in  all  probabilty  they  would  never  have  done 

Stba  coainon  road  being  waylaid  Hilb  In- 
liana  on  every  side  as  was  alWrwarda  known) 
bad  it  not  bean  for  one  well  acquainted  with 
thoaa  wiwds,  who  lad  them  in  a  by  path,  by 
which  maana  tbay  got  thither  a  liula  before 
tha  Indian%  who  ouickjy  came  flocking  into 
tba  town,  witb  fbil  intent  to  destroy  it  with 
fin  and  sword.  But  by  special  providenca  * 
the  inhabitants  wan  all  gatnered  to  the  prin- 
cipal bouse  of  the  village  (ihnre  being  scaraa 
90  in  the  town)  before  tne  barbarous  mi» 
creanis  came  upon  them,  immodiately  setting 
fire  upon  all  the  dwelling  houses  with  most 
of  tba  other  buildings  in  the  town,  save  that 
one  into  which  the  inhabitants  were  retired 
which  they  several  times  attempted  to  burn, 
but  wen  almost  miraculously  defeated  of 
their  purpose  by  the  immediate  hand  of  God. 
In  the  mount  of  the  Lord  it  shall  be  seen, 
For  when  they  had  for  two  days  assaulted 
that  poor  handful  of  helpless  people,  both 
night  and  day  pouring  in  shot  upon  them  in' 
cessantly  with  guns,  and  also  thrusting  pohit 
with  fire  brands,  and  rags  dipt  in  bnmstona 
tied  to  the  ends  of  them  to  fira  the  house;  at 
laat  they  used  this  devilish  stratagem,  to  fill 
a  cart  with  hemp,  flax  and  other  combustibia 
matter,  and  so  tbrnsting  it  backward  with 
polaa  spliced  together  a  great  length,  after 
they  had  kindled  it;  but  as  soon  as  it  bad  bet 

Kn  to  take  fire,  a  storm  of  rain  unexpectedly 
ling,  or  else  all  tha  poor  people,  about  70 
souls,  would  either  have  been  consumed  by 
mereiless  flames,  or  else  have  fallen  into  the 
hands  of  their  cruel  enemies,  like  wolvrs 
continually  yellinff  and  gaping  for  their  prcv. 
Thus  was  that  distressed  company  strangely 
delivered,  who  have  forever  cause  to  say  wiih 
the  Psalmist,  blessed  be  the  Lord,  who  hatii 
not  given  us  a  pray  to  their  teeth,  our  soul  a 
escaped  as  a  bird  out  of  the  snare  of  the  fow> 
lera,  the  snare  is  broken  and  we  are  escaped. 
For  the  next  night  Mi^or  Willard,  by  accident, 
hearing  of  the  danger  the  people  were  in, 
eama  with  forty-eignt  dragoons  to  their  relief. 
The  occasion  whieli  brought  Major  Willard, 
and  Capt  Parker  of  Groton  with  forty-six 
mora,  so  timely  to  their  relief,  was  this ;  Niyor 
Willard  in  parauance  of  his  commission  from 
tba  governor  and  council,  was  upon  Wednes- 
day, August  4th,  in  the  morning,  marobing  out 
after  some  Indians  to  the  westward,  to  secure 
them  :  just  as  they  were  setting  forth,  some 
of  the  people  of  Marlborough,  who  had  intel- 
ligence (by  those  that  were  going  to  Connec- 
ticut, and  forced  to  return)  what  distrew 
Brookfield  Mras  in,  and  knowing  of  Major 
Willard's  purpose  to  go  out  that  morning  from 
Lancaster,  sent  a  post  to  acquaint  him  there- 
with, which,  though  it  did  not  find  him  in  ihe 
town,  yet  overtook  him  before  he  had  gone 
four  or  five  miles  from  the  place  :  whereupon, 
conceiving  it  more  needful  to  succour  Brook- 

?feld  in  so  imminent  danger,  than  to  proceed 
iirther  upon  his  intended  design,  he  altered 
hia  course  and  marched  directly  thither,  being 
about  30  milea  distant  when  the  tidings  were 
brought  him  ;  so  he  arrived  there  that  night 
very  Mssonably,  about  an  hour  after  it  was 
dark,  or  else  in  all  probability  tbey  bad  aV 


THX  INDIAN   WARil. 


parithMl  bafor*  tka  rtlief  Witt  up  IVom  Bmioii 
sottid  Imv*  WMlwd  ikam,  whien  wu  not  till 
thrM  da^i  aftar.  Tha  providanoa  of  Ood 
likawiM  m  briiigin|r  in  tha  laid  m^rM  lafaly, 
M  wall  M  Muonably  to  thair  raliaf  wm  vary 
vamarlMbla  t  for  tka  Indian*  had  subtly  eon- 
trivad  to  out  off  all  laliaf  tant  bafora  it  oould 
aoma  at  tham,  by  laying  ambwbaa,  and  pkk* 
txttg  thair  Mouta  at  t  wo  or  ihraa  milea  ditianoa 
round  tha  town  t  about  an  kundrad  of  tham 
waro  lodgadat  an  houta  not  far  off  in  tha  way 
toward  Boaion,  to  eat  off  any  auaoour  that 
might  eoma  from  tkanoa  |  but  it  ia  luppoaad 
Ikay  war*  lo  intanw  upon  tha  pn^jaet  they 
war*  about  for  firing  the  house,  ooneluding  it 
would  without  fail  take  plaae,that  either  they 
did  not  mind  their  bunneM  of  watohing,  or 
made  sueh  a  nuite  for  Joy  thereof,  that  they 
did  not  hear  their  oentinels  when  they  thotcff 
their  gum,  at  two  milee  diatanoe.  It  if  laid 
that  another  party  of  the  Indians  let  the  mi^r 
and  his  company  purposely  pass  bv  them, 
without  any  opposition,  waiting  for  the  blow 
to  be  given  at  their  first  approach  near  the 
house,  purposing  themselves  to  have  fallen 

Xn  their  rear,  and  so  to  have  cut  them  all 
.  before  the  besieged  understood  any  thing 
(hereof.  But  it  pleased  Gh>d  so  to  order 
things  in  providen  w,  that  no  notice  was  taken 
of  them  by  the  besiegers,  nor  were  they  at 
all  discerned  by  them,  till  they  had  made 
themselves  known  to  their  friends ;  and  were 
admitted  within  the  court  of  GhxI.  When  the 
enemy  had  notice  of  it  they  poured  in  their 
shot  abundantly  upon  them ;  but  they  were 
now  sheltered  from  the  danger  thereof  (  only 
it  seems  their  horses  were  exposed  to  their 
fury,  k's  many  of  them  were  maimed  and  kil' 
led,  a*  ^vere  most  of  the  cattle  lielonginff  to 
tho  inhabl'anta  of  the  place  soon  after.  This 
honoured  i.«rson,  Major  \Villard,  continued 
at  Hrookfield,  after  this  famous  exploit  for  the 
preservation  of  the  poor  besieged  there,  divers 
weeks,  to  orde  ■  such  companies  as  ware  sent 
up  that  way  fo.*  the  securing  tho  plantations 
on  that  side  of  thi  country ;  and  not  lung  after 
he  went  him*elf  a'.ao  to  Hadley  upon  the  like  ser- 
vice of  the  country  in  the  present  war ;  but 
after  sometime  spent  in  those  parts,  he  return' 
ed  back  to  his  own  place,  to  order  the  aSUrs 
of  his  own  regiment,  much  needing  his  pre- 
sence, and  leaving  the  forces  about  Hadley 
aiider  the  command  of  the  mi^or  of  that  regi' 
ment 

But  to  return  to  what  was  in  hand  before : 
after  the  Indiana  understood  that  succours 
were  come  in  to  the  besieged,  they  fired  all  that 
they  had  left  standing  for  their  own  shel- 
ter, while  they  had  besieged  the  place  before 
mentioned,  and  ran  all  away  into  their  own 
dens,  in  the  neighbouring  woods  :  however, 

t  was  confessed  by  one  of  themselves,  that 
the  enemy  had  80  of  their  men  killed  and 
wounded  in  this  business.  But  ere  we  pass 
any  further  in  pursuit  of  the  hialory  of  these 
inatteri,  it  will  not  be  amiss  to  let  the  reader 
understand  the  horrible,  perfidious  and  treach- 
erous dealings  of  those  Nipnet  Indians,  who 
ulthough  of  dl  other  they  had  the  least  reason 
as  to  any  pretence  of  injury,  yet  did  most 
deceitfully  and  barbarously  join  with  Philip 
and  his  Indians,  after  they  had  been  several 
times  aent  unto  by  the  governor  and  council 
of  Maaiaehusetta,  by  the  advice  of  Plymouth, 
to  have  prevented  their  rising,  as  well  as  the 

■aing  Of  the  Narragansets,  ami  also  had  fiuth- 


fully  promised  not  to  meddle  in  the  quarrel, 
a«  may  mora  fully  appear  by  the  erigagemeni 
under  tha  hands  of  inair  sachems,  sometime 
before  CapL  llutohinson  and  Cap*.  Wheeler 
were  aent  up  to  tliem,  which  by  reason  of  tha 
haau  and  unakilfiilness  of  the  messengers  on 
that  behalf  sent,  is  not  so  fit  for  publia  viawi 
but  tha  aeeount  of  it  IVom  thair  return,  was 
under  their  hand  and  oath,  July  S4,  167ff, 
whan  Lieut.  Bphraim  Curtice  spake  with  iva 
of  tha  Nipnat  saahamt,  four  too  many  to  gov- 
em  ao  smaU  a  people,  but  lying  upon  tha  head 
of  the  prineipal  Indiaa  territonaa  they  ware, 
divided  into  so  nanv  small  partiea,  two  of 
whom,  via.  Sam,  aaonam  of  Weahaaun,  and 
Netaump,  wero  executed  loMther  afterwards 
at  Boston.  All  nf  them  did  at  that  time 
solemnly  renew  their  covenant  and  promise 
under  their  hand*  to  come  to  Boston  to 
speak  further  with  tha  governort  instead  of 
which,  what  they  peAdiously  did  against 
Captain  Hutahinson  and  others,  hath  already 
been  declared. 

Upon  the  report  of  this  sad  disaster  that 
befel  the  inhaoiunta  of  Brooidiuld,  forces 
were  sent  up  under  the  cominand  of  Oapt. 
Lathrop  ana  other*,  to  pur*ue  ufter  thoae 
Indian*  harbouring  about  tho*e  places,  and  if 
it  misht  be  to  prevent  them  from  joining  with 
tho  Indians  upon  Connecticut  river,  who  as 
yet  had  not  discovered  themselves  a*  willing 
to  etpouse  Philip's  interest,  but  rather  made 
some  semblance  to  the  contrarv.  There  was 
much  time  *pent  by  M^or  WiUaid,  and  *eve- 
ral  oompanie*  of  coldier*  left  under  hi*  com* 
mand,  about  the  Nipnet  country,  but  all  to  no 
purpoae,  for  partly  by  the  treachery  of  *ome 
of  the  Indians  that  came  to  their  assistance, 
that  seemed  to  fovour  the  English,  but  rather 
acted  in  behalf  of  the  enemy,  partly  by  tlie 
subtleties  of  the  enemies  tbemselvea,  who 
eould  eaeily  by  their  *oout*  discern  tho approaeh 
of  our  aoldier*,  and  by  the  nimblenasa  of  their 
feet  escape  them,  our  soldiers  could  never 
meet  witn  any  of  them,  but  only  by  that 
means  driving  them  further  westward,  they 
gathered  all  the  Indians  they  oould  to  their 
par^  about  Peeomptuok,  alia*  Dearsfiald, 
Swanseot,  and  Squeakoag,  where  aoma  plan- 
tation* of  the  Englieh  newly  began,  whom 
they  aasaulted  in  the  next  plaoe,  and  did  what 
mischief  they  could  upon  them. 

It  is  here  to  be  noted,  that  although  that 
worthy  patriot  and  experieneed  soldier,  M^jor 
Willard,  hearing  of  the  distrei*  of  Brookfield 
by  *ome  that  were  travelling  to  Connecticut, 
wa*  the  firet  that  relieved  the  di*tre**ed  peo- 

fle  of  Quabaog  or  Brookfield,  yet  Mi^or 
'ynchon  of  Springfield  also  by  accident  hear- 
ing of  their  calamity,  had  not  only  se  t  word 
thereof  to  Hartford,  (from  whom  he  reoeived 
a  supply  of  25  or  30  soldiers  under  Oa| 


'  Uapt. 
lunoer 


Watts^  but  did  also  send  a  band  of  men 
Lieut.  Cooper  (afterwards  villainously  slain 
by  the  Springfield  Indians)  who,  with  those 
sent  from  Hartford,  and  some  Indians  belone- 
ing  to  Springfield)  seemingly  forward  to  help 
the  English)  made  up  four  score  or  there- 
abouts: these  marched  down  to  Brookfield 
the  same  day  that  Capt  Lothrop  and  Capt. 
Beers oameupfrom  Massachnsetu  who  having 
spent  sometime  in  searching  the  woods  about 
^ringfield,  and  finding  none  of  the  Indians 
did  the  next  day  march  up  to  a  place  called 
Meminimisset  by  the  Indians,  where  Capt. 
Hutchinson  and  Capt.  Wheeler  were  a**ault- 


ed,  and  finding  no  eignof  any  Indian**  m^ttpt 
ihosa  wood*  Mid  *wampa,  the  eompkny  inal 
came  froiB  Springfield,  left  the  aoldTier^  ( «lio 
returned  to  taeir  quarter*  at  Brookfield/  and 
and  wa-it  up  thamaelve*  fiirther  northward, 
at  least  30  mile*  ftom  tne  *aid  Brookfielu,  and 
finding  no  traak  of  Indiana  in  all  thoaa  woodsy 
ihay  latumad  baak  to  SpringfiaU,  leaving 
enoiwk  to  defend  tha  people  of  Brookfiak^ 
•ndiM  prrison  there. 

By  thia  it  appaara,  that  tha  Indiana  by  tbia 
oeaaaion  ware  driven  more  westward  into  the 
woods  batwaan  Hadley  and  Squakhaad,* 
where  thev  soon  effected  their  design,  via. 
to  leaven  tlia  Indiana  on  that  side  tha  country 
with  tha  same  pr^udioe  and  malioe  againat 
the  English,  with  which  they  tbemselvea 
were  (though  without  cause)  embittered  ;  for 
in  a  few  day*  the  device  took  place  amonet 
tha  Hadley  and  Dearfiald  Indian*,  and  wm 
preaentlyputinexeention  by  the  *aid  Indiana 
withdrawing  form  the  English  and  asaif^ng 
Philip  and  the  Nipnet*  to  *poil  and  deetroy 
all  the  town*  weetward,  a*  *oon  after  came  to 
pas*  I  jet  at  the  firat  *ome  of  the  Hadley  In- 
dian* pretended  realfriendthip  to  the  Englieh, 
and  offbred  diemselvea  to  fight  against  Philip, 
but  the  Mohecin  Indians  that  eama  afterward 
from  Hartfonf  began  to  suspect  the  treachery 
of  the  other,  and  told  the  English  plainly, 
that  no  good  would  be  done,  while  any  of 
that  oompany  went  along  with  them  in  pur- 
suit of  the  enemy,  for  as  was  said,  they  would 
always  give  some  shout  when  they  came  near 
the  enemy,  a*  if  they  ahould  thereby  wish 
them  to  look  to  themselves  i  insomuch  thai 
the  said  Hadley  Indians  fell  into  great  *u*pi- 
eion  with  the  Anglieh,  and  for  a  proof  of  their 
fidelity,  they  were  required  to  bring  in  theii 
arms  to  the  "English,  but  that  very  niapht  they 
fled  away  from  their  dwellings  which  wa*  in 
a  wooden  fortification,  within  a  mile  of  Hat- 
field, whereby  they  plainly  discovered  thct 
they  had  secretly  plotted  to  jmn  with  Philip'a 
party,  aa  for  as  they  had  secretly  plotted  to 
join  with  Philip's  party,  a*  far  a*  they  had 
an  opportunity  to  do  them  any  eminent  *er- 
vice.  Some  think  the  Englbh  &iled  in  point 
of  prudence,  not  managing  that  bueineni  *o 
warily  as  they  might,  whicn  if  they  had  done 
their  defoction  had  been  prevented,  but  it  i* 
mo*t  probable  that  Philip  had  hired  them  to 
hi*  own  quarrel,  by  lending  them  gift*  in  the 
epring ;  and  that  tne  body  of  the  said  Indians 
were  most  readily  inclined  thereunto :  but  the 
sachems  and  the  elder  ones  of  them,  seemed 
loth  at  first  to  engage  anintt  the  Englbh.  In 
the  conclusion,  when  tney  had  so  falsely  left 
their  dwellings,  and  were  running  after  Philip 
and  the  Nipnet  Indian*  (at  that  time  harboured 
in  those  woods)  the  English  were  so  provoked 
that  were  under  Capts.  Lothrop  and  Been^ 
that  they  pursued  aAer  them  very  early  tha 
next  morning,  and  overtook  them  about  tea 
miles  above  Hatfield,  at  a  place  called  Sugar* 
loaf  hill,  and  had  a  small  skirmish  with  them, 
wherein  there  were  nine  orten  of  the  English 
slain,  and  about  26  Indians  :  yet  the  rest  es- 
caped, and  so  joined  with  Philip  and  his  com- 
presently  after  which  accident,  they  were  so 
emboldened,  that  upon  the  first  of  wpt  about 
seven  day*  after,  they  set  upon  Deerneld,  kil- 
led one  man,  and  laia  most  of  the  houses  in 
ashes.  About  two  or  tliree  days  after  they 
fell  upon  Squaheag,  anjther  new  plantation. 
*  NonhttU,  Rftjr  mik*  up  Dm  i<T«r  fteei  HmUrf. 


I 


i 


A  NARRATITB  OF 


liiiKvii  iiiIUm  liigliar  up  iIm  rivar,  above  D««r> 
Md,  w  Irani  iImjt  kUl«iaiM«riM«f  ik*  p«0|>i«i 
liM  MM  hwilW  MS^ad  iolollM  fwriMM  hovM. 


pfOvitMNM 

lU  garriioa  tkaia,  but  balbra  limy 
f  aaar  iIm  towa,  ihay  warn  aat  iwaa  by 
ly  bundrada  of  Indiaaa  ovt  -fibt  niiibti 
bv  a  awaap  aida.    B/  ibia  Mddaa  aaipriMi, 
MM.  Batia^wbo  waa  kaowalo  Ifbtvafiaat^ 


vaiy  Ian)  wiik  abMt  M  aT  bia 
alaia,  iba  laat  Mag  back  la  Kadlqr. 
Hara  tba  hafbaiwM  vUfaiaa  abawad  ibair  imo- 
Wat  raga  aad  eivaky,  nara  than  avar  bafiira, 
aouia^off  tkabaada  af  aonaa  af  iba  ilaia,  aad 
and  l»ag  tbaaa  am  poiaa  aaar  iba  bigbtarajr, 
and  aet  oaly  ao^  Dal  oaa  f  if  aot  BMMra)  waa 
fiHind  witb  «  ebaia  hoekad  mto  bisaadar  Jaw, 
aad  ■»  baa(  «d  oa  tba  bourt  of  a  tnm,  (ii  ia 
faaiad  ha  waa  imaf  u^  aliva)  by  wbiab  laaani 
ihey  ibougblledaaataaddiaaoafaftaiqrtbal 
night  eoaw  lo  tbair  ratiafi  aad  alao  to  iam<y 
JioM  ibat  alioaU  ba  tba  apaeialaia  af  ao  laa 
in  ai^iaeti  inaoouicb  that  M^r  Traai,  widi 
lia  aoapanv*  gaia|  aptwodi^  aftana&iab 
iff  iba  MMua  of  ua  gamaan,  wara  aolanwly 
iffaeled  wiUi  tbat  doiafiil  aigbt,  wbiob  mada 
iham  auka  Aa  BMra  baaia  lo  bringdown  iba 
farriaoB,  not  araiting  for  any  appwtanilgr  la 
lafca  raraaga  upon  UM  anaogiy,  having  but  100 
wilbbinmooiow  formebaporpaaa.  Capl. 
Apptaton  going  np  aftar  bim,  nm  him  ooming 
^WB,  aaa  would  wilUagiy  have  parauadad 
<4am  lo  bava  tumad  badi,lo  aaaif  tbev  aoold 
aava  naada  any  apail  upon  tba  ananqr,  but  tba 
awatar  part  advuad  to  tba  contrary,  ao  tbat 
ihay  wara  all  foroad  lo  ratum  witb  whattbay 
•uwU  carry  away,  laaving  tba  raat  for  a  booty 
to,  tba  anaiay,  wiw  shall  ara  long,  pav  a  aad 
aaahoaing  for  thair  rabberiaa  anaeruellia.^  in 
Iba  dma  appointad  t  but  iba  anSbringa  of  tha 
Wnglitb  wara  not  atyat  coma  to  thair  llaigh^ 
<»r  aftar  tbev  wara  coma  to  Hadley,  tha  com- 
bandar  in  onief  takingcounaal  with  tha  officara 
*4  the  aoldiars,  ordered  tham  that  were  then 
nraaant.  to  garriion  tha  towna  about j  toma  to 
h^U  Noitbarapton,  Haifiald  and  Daeifiald, 
•^  aoma  to  remain  at  Hadlay,  where  ware 
Mie  head  ^uartara  of  the  Bn^iib.  But  per- 
ceiving tbat  little  good  waa  to  be  done  upon 
the  enemy  in  thoae  parte,  it  waa  agreed  that 
what  corn  was  leftat  Paerfteld,  beug threshed 
"41  aa  well  as  they  ooold  ia  those  tumolta 
(above  3000  bushels  was  supposed  to  be  there 
slandinc  in  staok)  should  be  brought  to  Had- 
lay, ana  to  wail  farther  time  to  fight  the  ene- 
my. It  eama  to  Cape  Lothrap'a  turn,  or 
rather  it  was  bis  eboioa  with  about  80  men  to 
guard  several  carts  laden  with  com  and  other 
Koods.  The  company  undor  Capt  Moaeiy 
then  quartering  at  Deerteld,  intended  that 
day  to  pursue  aAar  the  enemy.  But  upon 
Sept  18,  ibu  most  fiual  day,  tba  saddest  that 
erer  befel  New  England,  as  the  company 
ondarOapt.  Lothrop  were  marching  aloag 
with  the  carts,  (it  may  be  too  aeenrely)  never 
apprehending  daagec  so  near,  they  were 
suddenly  set  upon  and  almost  all  cut  off, 
(90  killed,  learosters  included)  not  above  7  or 
8  escaping :  whieb  great  defeat  came  to  paa 
by  the  unadvised  proceedings  of  the  captain 
who  wss  himself  slain  in  the  first  assault)  al- 
though he  wanted  neither  courage  nor  skill  to 
Isadnia  soldiers ;  but  having  taken  up  a  wrong 


a 
wkh 


jwtfamsboul  lbs  beat  wy  and  meaner  of  fight- 
leg  with  the  Indiana  (wbiab  be  waa  always 
wont  to  argtie  fiir)  via.  that  it  wero  beat  lo 
deal  with  the  Indians  ia  their  owa  way,  i.  «. 
bv  skulking  babied  Ireea,  and  taking  tkeir 
aun  at  single  persons,  whick  is  the  usual 
maMMfoftbalaoianafigbling one  with  aaoikert 
but  bersin  waa  bis  great  miaiake,  in  not  oon- 
iidering  ibto  peat  diaadvaaiage  a  smaller  ooa 
paay  would  aave  in  dealing  ikal  wwr  witk 
giaalar  mahitudei  feriffivebaveiewalwh 
oM,  ibey  mi^  surround  Ua,  aad  every  oae 
lake  kia  aim  at  kiat,  wUla  ke  aaa  teval  at  but 
•■a  of  us  iBWiisa  at  a  liow  i  wbiab  gmas 

■take  of  kis,  waa  iba  tvin  af  a  oboioa  eom> 
pany  of  young  asea,  the  very  fiower  of  the 
enunly  or  Eaaex,  all  aullad  out  of  ike  towas 
belonging  to  tbat  eounlv,  none  of  whieb  were 
ashaamd  to  speak  with  Um  enemy  inthegatot 
ikeir  dear  relalionaatkoaM  mouraingfiirnam, 
kke  Raabal  tor  her  ebiUren,  aad  would  not 
be  comforted,  not  only  beeauae  thev  were 
not,  but  because  they  were  so  miserably  lost. 
The  like  mistake  was  eoneeived  to  be  the 

laoa  of  tba  leas  of  ibe  fermer  persons  slain 
with  the  said  Lolbrop,  pursuing  the  Indians 
Aal  mn  away  from  Hadley,  and  of  the  SO  slain 
witb  Capl.  Beers,  amn,  who  betook  ibemsel* 
vee,  at  first  to  iLe  trees,  and  at  the  last  a  ftw 
mt  to  their  boreea  aoon  aftar  the  captain  waa 
aaol  down.  For  had  ba  ordered  his  men  to 
■aareb  ia  a  body,  aa  some  of  bis  fellow  eom- 
mandara,  adviaed,  either  backward  or  tuf 
ward,  in  reaaoa  tkey  bad  notloatatpiarttrof 
tba  number  of  them  that  fell  that  day  by  tba 
edge  of  the  swoid.  For  the  Indians,  notwith* 
standing  their  subtlety  and  eruelty,  durst  not 
look  an  Englishman  u  the  iboe  in  the  open 
field  nor  were  they  ever  yet  known  to  Rill 
any  man  wilk  their  guai^  ualam  when  they 
eottld  lie  in  wait  for  bim  in  ambush,  orbebind 

■M  ahelter,  taking  aim  undiscovered  t  so 
that  it  was  judged  by  thoae  tbtt  escaped,  that 
there  were  7  or  800  Indians  at  least  that 
eneountorad  tba  eompaay  of  80  English,  yet 
if  they  had  kept  togather  in  a  body,  and 
fiingbt  maiebing,  they  might  have  escaped  the 
numbers  of  the  enemy,  with  little  lorn  m  com- 
perison  of  what  way  sustained.  For  the 
valiant nnd suceeasfiilCani.  Moaeiy, and  hia 
liaut.  coning  (though  loo  we)  to  ibeir  reeeue, 
marched  through  aM  throndh  ibat  great  body 
of  Indiana,  and  yet  came  off  with  Utile  or  no 
loaa  ia  coiaaarison  of  the  other.  And  having 
fought  all  ifcose  Indians  for  five  or  six  bouia 
upon  a  manb,  loat  notabove  two  men  all  that 
while,  nor  raoeived  other  damage  except  that 
8  or  9  were  wounded,  who  were  earned  to 
their  quartora  at  night  at  Hadley,  wherew  d 
these  bad  proceeded  in  the  same  way  of  fight- 
ing as  Gapt.  Lothrop  did  in  the  morning,  Uiey 
migbt  have  been  surrounded,  and  so  have 
been  served  as  the  former  were  i  but  GKid 
bad  otherwise  detormined  in  his  secret  coun* 
sel,  and  tberdbie  diat  was  Ud  from  the  mm, 
which  was  a  meana  to  preserve  the  other  com- 

(Hlwr  relief  was  ulso  seasonably  sent  in, 
via.  a  company  of  English  ud  Mohepn  or 
Peqnod  Indians  under  the  command  of  M^or 
Treat,  who  was  in  the  morning  mari^mg 
another  way,  vis.  up  toward  Squakeu;  to 
seek  atler  ue  enemy  that  way,  with  aoout 
100  soldiers,  lodiansand  English,  upon  whose 
approach,  the  enemy,  pretty  well  acquainted 
by  this  last  encounter  with  the  valour  of  the 


Bnglisb,  iinmodiaiely  went  ekmr  awur,  ^ 
km  N^r  Treat  aad  OapL  Moaeiy,  whe  m 
Utnmd  to  Daerftald  that  night,  an  opportuni^ 
16  bury  the  slain  the  next  day.  As  Capl 
Moaeiy  came  upon  the  Indians  in  the  morn. 


ine,  ba  fi>und  them  stripping  the  slain,  amongst 
wMim  was  one  Robert  Dutch,  of  Ipiwit-b, 
having  been  sorely  wounded  by  a  bullet  tlat 


raiseUto  hia  skull,  aad  than  mauled  l<y  tlio 
Indian  kalakaia,  was  left  for  dead  by  the  sav- 
ages, and  strip*  bv  dnm  of  all  b«.t  bis  skin  i 
yet  wken  Capl  Mesaly  came  near,  he  almost 
ndraeabusly,  aa  one  raised  fifom  the  deed. 


towanls  ike  Bngliah,  lo  ihair  no  small 
I  by  whom  being  received  and 
alelbed,  be  was  carried  off  to  the  next  garri- 
ton,  and  ia  living  aad  in  nerfoct  heeltb  at  this 
dify.  May  be  m  to  the  mends  and  rslationa 
of  the  real  of  iba  slain  an  emblem  of  their 
awre  perfoet  reaarrection  at  tba  last  dav  to 
reeeive  their  erowns  among  the  rest  of  tha 
martyra  that  have  laid  down  and  ventured 
their  Uvea,  as  a  testimony  to  the  truth  of  their 
religion,  as  well  as  love  to  their  country. 

This  SON  dafoal  of  C«pt  Lothrop  and  his 
man,  waa  the  more  lo  be  lamented,  in  that 
(foiling  out  so  soon  after  two  other  of  the  like 
nature)  it  so  embjldened  the  enemy,  tbat  ihey 
durst  soon  after  adventure  upon  considerabie 
towns,  thouab  well  garrisoned  with  soldiers, 
aad  gave  tbam  occasion  of  most  insolently 
braving  the  garrison  at  Daerfield  the  next  day, 
ksnginff  np  the  gamwats  of  tha  English  in 
sight  of  the  soldiers,  yet  on  the  other  side  of 
the  river.  However,  it  pleased  God,  who  is 
always  wont  to  remember  his  people  in  tlieir 
low  estate,  to  put  such  a  restraint  upon  them, 
that  when  they  uassed  very  near  the  garrison 
bouse  at  Deerfield,  wherein  were  not  left 
above  87  aoldiars)  thair  captain  uwng  this 
stratagem,  to  cause  his  trumpet  to  sound,  as 
if  ha  had  another  troop  near  by  to  be  called 
together,  they  turned  another  way  and  made 
no  attempt  upon  tha  bouse  where  that  small 
number  waa,  which  if  they  had  done  with  any 
ordinary  resolution,  so  small  a  handful  of  men 
could  hardly  have  withstood  the  force  of  so 
many  htmdredsaa  ware  then  gathered  together. 

What  loM  the  enemy  sustained  by  the  resis- 
tance of  Cape  Lothrop  and  bis  men,  (wbs 
no  doubt  bomg  all  resolute  yoimg  men,  and 
aaaing  they  ahould  ba  fonad  oy  the  hard  law 
of  Ibe  awenl  to  forego  their  ^vm,  held  theit 
at  as  high  a  rate  as  thev  could)  is  not  certainly 
known.  It  haib  sinee  oeen  confessed  b  v  some 
of  the  Indians  ibeaMelves,  that  they  lost  96 
of  thjirmeBihat  day.  Capl.  Mosely's  men 
coming  suddenly  upon  them  when  they  were 
pillaging  of  the  dead,  fell  upon  them  witb 
such  a  smart  assault,  that  they  drove  them 
presently  into  a  swamp,  followins  them  tc 
close,  that  forseven  miles  together,  tney  fought 
them  upon  a  march,  charging  them  through 
and  through.  Peres  Savage,  and  Mr.  Picker- 
ing, bis  lieutenante,  deserve  no  little  part  of 
the  honour  of  that  day's  service,  being  some- 
tiroes  called  to  lead  the  company  in  the  front, 
while  Capt  Mosely  took  a  little  breath,  who 
was  almost  melted  with  labouring,  command- 
ing, and  leading  his  men  through  the  midst  of 
the  enemy. 

The  Indians  gathered  together  in  those 
parts,  appearing  so  numerous,  and,  as  might 
justly  be  supposed,  growing  more  confldeiu 
oy  some  of  their  late  successes,  and  the  num- 
ber of  our  men  being  after  ibis  sad  fate  diaii» 


THE  INDIAN  WARS. 


•n 


Mhcd,  rMruiUalio  not  buliig  ludilviilv  •xpret- 
•d,  •!  w  gnrat  k  ditUHM  ••  in  hundrad  milM 
tViim  nil  tuppliait  the  oDiniiMndar  in  eliitif  with 
lh«  offioari,  mw  •  nneewity  of  flghtin|r  thai 

Skrrium  at  Daarflald,  ainpluying  ihn  Tcvoo* 
ay  had  to  woure  and  ttrangthan  tha  thraa 
naxt  lowna  below  u|>an  Connuotiout  river. 
And  it  waa  well  that  eounaal  was  thought 
up<tn  I  for  now  thoaa  wratehad  oailifll  bavin 
tn  talk  of  great  matlera,  honing  that  bjr  da- 
greoa  thay  might  dealroy  all  the  town*  there- 
•buuta,  aa  they  had  already  begum  their 
hopea,  no  doubt,  were  not  •  little  neigthened 
hy  the  aoeeaaion  of  the  Springfield  Indiana  to 
their  party,  who  had  in  appearanea  all  thia 
time  itood  the  flrmeit  to  tne  intereat  of  the 
Jfinaliih  of  all  the  rest  in  ihoia  parta  t  out  they 
all  banging  toMther.liko  ferpent'a  erai,  were 
eaiily  pertuaiHid  to  join  with  thoae  oiHadloy 
jrhero  oeing  ao  near  allianeo  between  them, 
jiir  the  aaoMm  of  the  Springfield  Indiana  waa 
fcither  of  Hadlay  laehem)  not  only  by  the  aue- 
unta  of  their  treaoheroua  and  blood  thiraty 
iiompaniona,  but  by  the  lama  inbred  malice 
and  antipathy  againttthe  Engliah  mannera  and 
ruliffion. 

The  inhabitant!  of  Springfield  were  not  in- 
tvniible  of  their  danger,  and  therefore  had 
upon  tha  finl  breaking  fortli  of  thoie  Iroublea 
been  treating  with  their  lndiant,and  hadreoeiv- 
ed  from  themthe  firmest  atsuranoe  and  pledgee 
nf  their  faithfiilnesi  and  friondihip  that  could 
beimaginodor  deiired,  both  by  covenant,  pro- 
raiaea,  and  hottagea  given  for  leeurity,  ao  aa 
no  doulA  was  left  in  any  of  their  minds :  yet 
did  these  faithleasand  ungrateful  monsters  plot 
with  Philip's  Indians  to  burn  and  destroy  all 
Springfield,  aa  thev  had  done  Brookfleld  be- 
fore. To  that  end  they  sent  eunninsfly  and 
cn'i>»l  kway  the  hostages  from  Hartford, 
where  they  were  perhaps  too  securely  watched 
pver,  a  day  or  two  before  :  then  receiving 
akiHit  three  handred  of  Philip's  Indiana  into 
llieir  fort,  privately  in  the  niffht  time,  so  as 
itiey  were  neither  discerned  or  sus]iected. 
Vea  so  confident  were  such  of  the  inhabitanta 
as  wore  most  conversant  with  the  Indiana  at 
their  fort,  that  they  would  not  believe  there 
was  any  auch  plot  in  hand,  when  it  waa 
stranf^ely  revealed  by  one  Toto,  an  Indian  at 
Windsor,  (about  18  or  80  miles  below  Spring- 
field, upon  the  same  river)  better  afieoted  to 
ihe  EnKlish,  and  so  by  post  tidings  brought  to 
Springfield  the  niffht  Ijefore,  insomuch  that 
(lie  lieutenant  of  the  town.  Cooper  by  name, 
was  so  far  from  believing  the  stratagem,  that 
in  the  morning  himself  with  another  would 
venture  to  ride  up  to  the  fort,  to  see  whether 
things  wore  so  or  not  The  fort  was  about  a 
inilo  from  the  town ;  when  he  came  «athin  a 
liide  thereof,  he  met  these  bloody  and  deceit- 
ful monsters,  aewly  issued  out  of  their  Bqwu 
Trojantu  to  act  their  intended  mischief;  they 
presently  fired  upon  him,  divers  of  them,  and 
shot  him  in  saveral  places  through  the  body, 
vet  beinz  a  man  of  stout  courage,  he  kept  his 
horse  tillne  recovered  the  nextgpirrison  house, 
his  companion  they  shot  dead  upon  the  place ; 
by  this  means  giving  a  sad  alarm  to  the  town 
of  their  intended  mischief,  which  was  instantly 
fired  in  all  places  where  there  no' garrisons. 
The  poor  people  having  not  an  officer  to  lead 
them  being  like  sheep  ready  for  the  slaughter, 
and  no  doubt  the  whole  town  had  been  totally 
destrovedt  but  tliat  a  report  of  the  plot  being 
carried  about  over  night,  Major  Treat  came ' 


from  Westfiald  dm*  enough  fur  their  rvseuo. 
but  wanting  boata  to  trans|tflrt  his  men,  eould 
not  do  so  mii«ih  as  he  desired.  Mi^or  Pyn- 
ohoM  Roming  from  Hsdiey  with  Capt.  Apple- 
Ion  ami  wliHl  forces  they  eould  bring  along 
^itli  ihiim,  33  houses  being  first  consumed, 
pniiorved  the  rest  of  the  town  IVom  being 
turned  to  ashes,  in  which  the  over  credulous 
iiihabilants  might  now  see  (what  before  they 
wouki  MM  now  believe  at  tne  burning  Mider 
Pynehon'a  bams  and  siablaa  a  ftw  days  Da- 
fore,  lo  the  very  great  damage  of  the  owner) 
the  ftilhless  and  deceitful  mendship  among 
these  perfidious,  eruel  and  helliah  monstera. 

Among  the  mins  of  the  said  dwellings,  the 
saddest  to  behold  waa  the  house  of  Mr,  Pela- 
liah  Clover,  minister  of  the  town,  furnished 
with  a  brave  library,  which  he  had  but  newly 
brought  back  from  a  garrison  wherein  it  had 
been  for  some  time  before  secured,  but  as  if 
die  danger  had  been  over  with  them,  the  SMd 
minister,  a  great  student,  and  an  hUluo  libra- 
rum,  being  impatient  for  want  of  his  books, 
brought  them  back  to  his  great  sorrow,  fit  for 
a  bonfire  for  the  proud  insulting  enemy.  Of 
all  the  mischiefs  done  by  the  said  enemy  be- 
fore that  day  the  burning  of  thia  town  of 
Sprinirfield  did  more  than  any  other  discover 
the  said  actors  to  be  the  children  of  the  devil, 
full  of  all  subtlety  and  malioe,  there  having 
been  for  about  40  years  so  good  correspon- 
dence betwixt  the  English  of  that  town  and 
the  neighbouring  Indians.  But  in  them  is 
made  good  what  is  said  in  the  Psalm,  That 
though  their  words  were  smoother  than  oil, 
yet  were  they  drawn  swords. 

After  some  little  time  spent  in  garrisoning 
the  place,  and  helping  the  inhabitants  to  secure 
what  they  had  left,  the  English  soldiers  most 
of  them  returned  back  to  Hadley,  their  head 
quarters,  and  Major  Pynchon  being  ao  full  of 
incumbrances,  by  reason  of  the  late  spoils  done 
to  himself,  and  his  neighbours  at  Springfield, 
could  not  any  longer  attend  the  aervice  of  eom- 
inanding  in  chief  as  he  had  done  before, 
wherefore  tieing  according  to  hia  earnest  re- 
uuost  of  the  council  eased  of  that  burden  t 
Capt.  Samuel  Appleton  was  ordered  to  suc- 
ceed in  taking  the  charge  of  the  auldiers  left 
in  those  upper  towns,  by  whose  industry, 
dtilland  courage,  those  towns  were  preserved 
from  running  tno  same  fate  with  the  rest, 
wholly  ur  in  part  so  lately  turned  into  ashes. 
For  the  enemy  growing  very  confident  by  the 
late  auccesses,  came  with  all  their  fury  the 
19th  of  October  foUowinff  upon  Hatfield,  hop- 
ing no  I  jss  than  to  do  the  like  mischief  to  them, 
they  had  done  to  Springfield.  But  according 
to  the  good  Providence  of  Almighty  Qod, 
M^or  Treat  was  newly  returned  to  North- 
ampton, Capt.  Mosely  and  Capt.  Poole  were 
then  garriaoning  the  said  Hatfield,  and  Capt 
Appleton  for  the  like  end  quartering  at  Had- 
ley, when  on  a  sudden  7  or  800  of  the  enemy 
came  upon  the  town  in  all  quarters,  having 
first  killed  or  taken  two  or  three  scouts  belong- 
ing to  Capt.  Mosely's  company ;  but  they 
were  so  well  entertained  on  all  hands  where 
they  attempted  to  break  in  upon  the  town, 
that  they  found  it  too  hot  for  them.  Major 
Appleton  with  great  couraee  defending  one 
end  of  ihe  town,  and  Capt  Poole  the  other 
end ;  that  they  were  by  the  reaolution  of  the 
English  instantly  beaten  olT,  without  doing 
much  harm.  Capt  Appleton's  serjeant  was 
mortally  wounded  just  by  his  side,  another 


bullet  ptMing  ihRMfh  ki«  own  hair,  by  thai 
whisper  tolling  hi«  lliar  ieath  waa  vary  near, 
but  did  him  no  otW  harm.  Night  coming 
on,  it  could  not  bo  diaeerned  what  loss  ihi.  ene 
my  sustained,  divers  were  seen  to  fall,  soino* 
run  through  a  small  river,  others  east  ih»ir  guna 
into  ibo  wator,  it  being  their  manner  lo  vwi- 
luro  M  much  to  recover  the  dead  bodies  of 
thoir  Arianda.  aa  lo  defend  them  when  alive. 

At  b«t  vftar  burning  of  some  few  bama 
with  iomo  other  buildings,  the  enemy  kaatad 
•way  aa  fast  as  they  came  on,  leaving  th« 
Bn||liah  to  bless  Ood  who  had  ao  mereiAilly 
dolivorod  them  ftom  the  fury  of  iheir  mor- 
cilesa  foes,  who  had  in  conceit  without  doubt, 
devoured  thorn  all  i  But  thia  reaoluto  ana 
valiant  repulse,  put  aueh  a  check  upon  tho 
pride  of  the  enemy,  that  they  ma«le  no  further 
attempt  upon  any  of  those  towns  for  the  pre- 
aeni,  but  wintor  drmwinv'on,  they  retired  all 
of  them  to  llieir  goneral  renideavous  at  Nar- 
raganset,  plotlin«  their  eaneral  design  of  ae- 
complishinv  their  intended  misehief  against  ' 
the  English  the  next  spring. 

Our  western  plantationa  u|ion  Conneeiieut 
river,  the  atage  whereon  were  acted  the  moct 
remarkable  passagea  of  thia  barbarous  war 
hitherto,  was  soon  afWr  removed  into  many 
other  places  of  the  etnintry  in  the  winter  and 
spring  following,  whither  our  discourse  must 
in  the  next  place  pursue  it.  There  was  not 
any  great  matter  acted  by  the  enemy  amongst 
the  plantations  upon  the  great  river  during 
the  winter,  after  the  assault  made  upon  Hat- 
field, October  19th.  It  is  evident  that  iks 
body  of  them  relumed  to  Narraganset  upon 
the  approach  of  the  winter,  which  set  in  morit 
early  than  it  used  in  other  years,  Whero 
Philip  bestowed  himself  in  the  winter  season 
is  not  so  certain ;  some  say  that  he  repaired 
further  westward,  to  try  his  fortune  with 
those  Indiana  that  lie  towards  Albany  near 
the  Dutch  river ;  Others  more  probably  con- 
ceive that  he  lay  hid  in  some  part  of  the 
Narraganset  country ;  for  toougii  he  was  nM 
eertainiy  known  lo  be  about  the  fort  at  Nar- 
raganaet,  when  it  was  taken  by  our  forces  in 
the  winter,  yet  aa  aoon  as  ever  they  were 
driven  outof'the  country  in  February,  he  waa 
found  amongst  them  that  did  the  mischief  at 
Lancastor  in  that  month. 

Some  atraggling  parties  of  them  remained 
about  Northampton,  Westfield  and  Springfield 
sometime  after  their  defeat  at  Hatfield :  Mvon 
or  eight  of  the  inhabitants  of  Northampton  in 
the  end  of  October,  venturing  to  fetch  in  some 
of  their  harvest,  that  was  left  somewhere  out 
of  town,  wero  in  danger  of  being  surprised, 
having  laid  their  arms  under  their  cart,  so 
that  being  destitute  of  means  to  make  their 
defence,  uey  wore  glad  to  fly  away  with  the 
horses  out  of  their  carts,  leaving  what  they 
were  about  to  the  pleasure  of  the  Indians 
that  assaulted  them.  Major  Treat  upon  bear 
ing  the  alarm,  presently  repaired  thither,  but 
eould  not  come  time  enough  to  destroy  any 
of  tho  enemy,  nor  yet  to  prevent  their  oum- 
ingof  four  or  five  .nouses,  with  two  or  three 
bams  that  stood  somewhat  out  of  the  town. 
Within  a  little  time  after  they  killed  three  of 
the  same  town,  as  they  were  at  work  in  a 
meadow  not  fiir  from  the  town ;  They  intend- 
ed also  to  have  burned  the  mill,  but  it  was  too 
well  guarded  by  two  files  of  musketeera 
lodged  there  for  the  purpose,  who  put  ihen 
beside  dieir  intent     Six  or  seven 


A  NARRATIVI  Of 


■pringiiaUl  mmm  ilUr  fomg  to  ika  aiU 
■I  WmiIUm  (iImi  wltMl  MMgM  lo  iMr 
Mr«  bainf  bvnwdOiMelMr  5ik)  Mil  vwiMfiaf 
.  'Uutul  uriM,  thrN  of  llMm  war*  kill«d  hy 
oima  of  Um  OMtny  i  wbo  look  Um  MlvwUfi 
mlw  10  burn  four  or  >*•  hovaot  that  bolongad 
to  Um  Mid  WoMibU  i  But  hy  tko  and  of 
Novomhor  tho  ooaM  wu  prtujr  elaarof  Umoi, 
meopt  toiM  fewof  ilMm  IMI  Uy  lurking  in  Um 
awnmp*  UMTMbovu  nil  Um  wimor,  doinc 
MMM  mmU  miaebbf  apoa  loaM  out  dwoU* 
ianol  SprindMd. 

Tho  •apodkioa  lata  Um  Narraganaat  eoaa- 
riy  Iblluwing  in  ordor  ia  iba  no«  plaea  lo  ba 
Niatad  I  but  bafera  wa  aooM  ihitkar,  a  little 
Botiea  muM  ba  takan  by  ika  way,  of  an  unauo- 
oaaafUl  akampt  upon  tha  Indiaaa  about  Haa- 
MMinoait*  and  Popaahuof,  whitbar  Oapt 
Hanekman  waa  aeni  in  ika  ba|^nninf  of  ^lo• 
vambori  whora  alto  CapC  Still  waa  ordarod 
lo  moot  bim  with  anotbar  eompany  from 
Oambridge.  with  intant  to  havo  Iwat  up  tha 
Indian  quariiira  in  tboaa  partai  Thay  baing 
known  to  hava  had  an  baad  in  Um  outragea 
eommiitod  upon  thoao  that  balongod  to  Marl- 
borough and  MandlMm,  euttinc  ot  tha  aoalp 
of  a  millor't  boy,  who  ia  yai  aliva. 

Nimmbtr  IM,  ISTS.y-Oapt  Hanehman 
raarchad  out  of  Boiton,  intonding  to  viait  tho 
Indiana  about  Haatanamaait  i  Tha  third  day 
thay  aaw  tome  llraa  of  the  Indiana,  yet  eouid 
not  meet  with  thoae  that  made  tiMm:  The 
4tbday  they  mareked  totome  partof  ika  Indian 
plaautiona  ealled  Hattanemeait :  The  eaptain 
would  batre  taken  up  hit  quartora  a  mile  on 
thia  aide  but  aome  of  hit  offieera  overruled 
hio^  to  wboae  importunity  be  gave  way,  and 
marohad  a  mile  further,  towaraa  the  enemy, 
and  by  that  meant  tared  the  miller'a  youtn, 
takea  the  week  before  from  Marlborough  i 
for  in  tke  morning,  very  early,  aa  the  acouta 
wera  looking  out  they  apied  a  wigwam,  where 
aome  Indiana  that  had  carried  aw.«y  the  youth, 
had  lodoad  all  night,  or  in  tome  wigwam  near 
by.  When  the  Indiana  taw  our  toldiert, 
they  hattod  away  and  left  the  Marlborough 
youth  behind  them,  who  by  that  meant  at- 
eapod  their  banda.  Our  men  under  oapi. 
HenchoMn  marehed  on  to  Poppaohuog,  and 
finding  the  Indiana  all  fled,  (although  they 

Creaivad  by  a  meaaennr,  aeeidentSly  aent 
sk,  that  we  Indiana  followed  them  all  the 
way  they  marehed)  they  oame  back  to  Mend- 
ham  to  tattle  tbinn  in  that  town.  Some  of 
Um  itthabitaata  informed  them  of  aome  wiv- 
wama  about  ton  milea  off:  The  captain  wiUi 
Philip  CurUee,  hia  lieut  reaolvea  to  give 
them  a  eamitadu  in  their  wia^wama  that  night : 
To  that  end  they  mounted  S3  upon  hortet, 
riding  up  ton  milet  into  the  woods,  and  when 
they  cama  near  the  wigwamt,  they  ditmonrt^ 
ed,  and  intondud  preaendy  to  march  up,  and 
give  an  aatauU  upon  diem,  after  they  had  firat 

Save  a  about  to  frisht  the  enemy :  They  or- 
ered  one  half  to  follow  the  lieutenant,  the 
other  to  follow  the  eaptain,  when  they  came 
within  a  quarter  of  a  mile  of  the  place,  their 
aoga  began  to  baric,  at  which  they  atopped, 
ana  by  marchiitf  again,  intended  preaenUy 
to  fire  It  upon  diam,  but  the  captain'a  foot 
alipping,  he  eonld  hardly  recover  himaelf, 
wnen  auddenly  looking  benind  him,  he  taw 
■o  man  iollowing  him :  The  lieutenant  had 
Bve  behind  him,  who  with  thoae  five  reao- 
lutely.  fired  on  that  aide  he  waa  appointed  to 


dUai  UMMatniiexH  aaw  Owlka. 


make  taa  aatault  upon  i  but  they  were  re- 
mUaed  by  Um  ladiaaa,  wbo  Mag  out  of  their 
oaaa,  akoi  down  the  llaalaaant  and  aao- 
iher,  the  rett  pretenUy  ran  awav  lo  a  fence  t 
The  eaptoin  wiUi  all  vahemency  urged  ihenp 
to  alay  |  they  replied,  they  went  back  only  lo 
charge,  yet  went  elear  away  bv  which  meana, 
logeUier  with  ikeeowardiee  or  tha  forniMr,  to 
tad  a  Iota  befel  the  company,  aa  could  not 


aaaiiy  ba  repaired  i  However  the  enemy  pre- 
teaUydeaertad  ' 

■t  day  an  oppoiti 
two  dead  nmn,  aad  bury  Uiam,  aad 


\j  deaartad  the  wigwam  aad  nve  our  men 
Um  nait  day  an  opportunity  w  lauh  otT  their 


griaf  aad  thaoM  thay  ware  conatrainad  to  re- 
turn to  their  quartora  at  Mandham,  to  whote 
inhabitanu  they  gave  notice  of  tOO  butheb 
of  com  belonging  to  tke  Indiana,  that  might 
have  been  praaerved,  which  for  want  of  handt 
waa  loat  by  tha  flra,  that  tke  enemy  might  mil 
be  benefitwd  thereby.  It  appeara  by  iIm  fore- 
going pataagelhat  theiime  of  our  deliverance 
waa  not  yet  oonM,  and  that  Ood  had  Oirther 
triala  to  acquaint  ut  with  before  he  wmilil  turn 
hia  hand  upon  our  anemiet.  But  it  plnaiod 
the  Lord  to  to  ordrr  ihingt  that  they  them- 
aelvea  fiill  into  that  pit  they  were  di(|ging  ftir 
othere,  aa  thall  appear  more  fully  in  what 
followa. 

The  Engliih  plantationt  about  Hadiey  be- 
ing for  the  praaent  act  a  liule  at  lilierty  by 
the  Indiana  orawing  off,  like  teamen  after  a 
ttorm,  counted  it  their  bett  oouno  to  repair 
their  tackling  againat  another  that  may  be 
next  eoming,  wherefore  the  inhabitant*  con- 
cluded it  the  tafer  way  to  make  a  kind  of 
barrieado  about  their  townt,  by  telling  up  pal- 
liaadoea  or  cleft  wood,  about  eight  leet  lung, 
aa  it  were  to  break  the  force  of  any  audden 
aatault  which  the  Indiana  might  make  upon 
them  I  which  oountel  proved  very  tuccettrul  | 
for  although  it  be  an  ineontiderable  defiince 
againat  a  warlike  enemy,  that  hath  ttrength 
enough  and  confidence  lo  betiege  a  place,  yet 
it  ia  aufficient  to  prevent  any  audden  aiiault 
of  luch  a  timorout  and  barbaroua  enemy  aa 
thete  were,  for  although  they  did  afterwardt 
in  the  apring  break  through  thete  pallitadoet 
at  Nortlwmpton,  yet  aa  aoon  aa  ever  they  be- 
gan to  ba  repulted,  they  taw  themtelvet  like 
wolvea  in  a  pound,  that  they  could  not  fly 
away  at  their  pleaaure,  to  they  never  ven- 
tured to  break  through  afterwarda  upon  any 
of  the  towna  to  teeured. 

At  for  thote  of  Springfield  they  were  now 
and  then  alarmed  with  atew  tkulung  Indiana 
lurking  about  in  the  adjacent  woodi ;  at  once 
at  the  Long  Meadow,  where  half  a  leore  of 
them  were  teen  about  aa  houte  remote  from 
the  town,  who  were  puraued  by  a  party  of 
the  Enfflith  towarda  Windaor,  ana  to  na- 
caped,  war  the  Englich  had  made  one  thot 
upon  them,  not  knowing  certainly  how  many 
they  killed.  So  at  another  timCt  a  few  of 
thoae  barbaroua  wretohet  killed  a  poor  man 
belonging  to  Sprinsfield,  aa  he  waa  goinjr  to 
hit  houte  to  look  after  hit  com,  on  the  oUier 
tide  of  the  river,  <nd  after  they  had  killed 
the  man  thev  burnt  down  hit  houie ;  yet  at- 
tempted no  rarther  miachief  on  that  part  of 
the  town  that  had  etcaped  the  fury  of  the 
flamet,  October  5*  By  which  it  ia  evident, 
that  all  the  number  of  Indians  that  had  aa- 
taulled  them  before,  had  withdrawn  them- 
telvet now  to  their  winter  quarters,  tome  to 
the  Dutoh  river,  but  the  greatest  number  of 
them  to  be  sure  were  found  in  the  winter  at 


ihe  Narraganaet  drt,  where  we  ahall  leava 
them  ibr  the  pfeaeni  till  the  fercaa  af  ika 

united  eoleniet  tkall  fire  them  out  of  tkeir 
nesis. 

The  aoldiar*  continuing  tome  Umm  at  Hal^ 
field  after  ihii  victory,  at  we  may  wall  call  ii, 
(for  it  seemi  lo  hava  given  the  Hrtl  check  to 
the  rage  of  the  heaihan  within  thejuriidieiion 
of  the  united  oohMiea,  they  have  been  ni>- 
terved  ever  tinea  to  have  been  on  ihe  loaiiig 
hand,  teMom  or  ever  darlag  to  meet  our 
aoldiera  in  the  opan  fieh),  ualeaa  when  they 
kad  very  graat  advantaga  aa  to  Utoir  namhart 
or  eavart  of  tha  wnoda  and  buakea  t  Alikougfe 
like  aome  ragtag  beaatt  thay  hava  done 
much  miachief  teveral  timea  ainee,  when  tkey 
were  ready  lo  expire,  or  when  the  panga  of 
death  were  coming  upon  them)  our  ftireca 
were  all  ealled  home,  aave  tome  hift  fur  gar- 
ritoning  the  townt  ihereabonia. 

The  eemmittionera  of  ike  united  eolonlet 
toking  into  teriout  oonsideratitm  the  present 
slate  of  things,  via.  that  there  were  before 
this  time  so  many  niiii«. . .  '  -piiliered  tngeiher 
into  (mo  body,  and  that  there  waa  great  rea- 
son lo  fear,  if  they  were  Int  alone  lill  thn 
next  spring  ihey  might  all  rise  together  as  one 
man  round  about  us  and  that  one  after  another 
might  easily  be  destroyed,  before  any  help 
could  be  despatohed  to  them.  On  the  one 
hand,  the  sharpness  of  the  winter  in  ihent* 
parte  waa  well  weighed,  to  extreme  that  it 
might  hatard  the  loit  of  a  thousand  mun  in 
one  night,  if  ihev  were  foreed  to  lodge  abroad 
in  the  open  field ;  aa  also  the  diffioulty,  if  nol 
impossibility  of  Mndingany  relief  to  them  af 
any  diatanee,  the  depth  of  snow  usually  mak- 
ing the  waya  impaatabia  for  divera  montha 
together. 

On  the  other  hand  it  was  eonaidered,  thai 
if  the  enemy  were  let  alone  till  the  next  rim- 
mer,  it  would  be  impoaaible  to  deal  with  them 
or  find  them  any  where,  but  they  might  warto 
one  company  ofaoldiers  after  another,  aa  wsi 
aeen  by  the  experience  of  the  former  yeer 
Considering  also  that  the  Narraganseia,  tka 
most  numerous  of  all  the  rest,  and  the  best 
provided  for  provision  of  all  theother  Iiidian.-i, 
had  now  declared  themselves  our  eneinieo, 
who  if  they  were  let  alone  till  the  winter  was 
over,  we  should  be  unable  to  deal  with  so 
many  enemiea  at  once,  that  could  on  any  oc- 
casion spread  themaelvea  like  grasshoppers 
all  over  the  country. 

It  waa  therefore  finally  agreed  upon  by  the 
general  consent  of  all,  to  fall  upon  the  wintnr 
quarters  of  our  enemies,  by  a  more  consid- 
erable army  (if  I  may  so  call  it)  gathered  out 
of  all  the  three  colonies,  and  that  with  all 
expedition,  at  farthest  not  to  exceed  the  lOlh 
of  December,  before  they  should  have  a 
thousand  men  in  arms,  ready  for  the  design. 

As  for  the  late  league  made  or  rather  renew- 
ed with  the  Narraganaat*,  it  waa  suffScientlyevi 
dent  and  known,  that  they  had  all  along  from 
the  first  day  when  it  was  confirmed,  broken 
every  article  of  it,  especially  in  not  delivering 
up  the  enemies,  which  had  sheltered  them- 
selves with  them  all  thia  while,  which  though 
they  did  not  positively  deny,  yet  did  nothing 
but  find  excuses,  to  defer  it  one  week  after 
another,  till  at  last  they  would  be  excused  til] 
the  next  apring  upon  pretence  that  they  could 
not  before  that  time  get  them  together.  And 
besides  the  favouring  of  those  that  fled  to 
them,  and  supplying  the  whole  body  of  tha 


THK   INDIAN   WAtt. 


by  tho 

i«  winter 

eoniid- 

ered  out 

with  all 

the  lOlh 

have  a 

design, 

r  renew- 

intlyevi 

mg  from 

broken 

ilivering 

1  thorn- 

though 

nothing 

lok  after 

uied  till 

ly  could 

.     And 

fled   to 

yof  th« 


ny  with.  viMMlt,  «pan  til  ooaMiom.  It 
WM  lihewKM  Mfonglv  MMpMMd  iliM  in  ail  lh« 
Im*  (imMMding*  or  IM  •mmiy,  maay  of  lh«ir 
young  men  wer*  known  to  be  aeiually  in 
•rmt  againtt  u«,  many  of  whom  w«r«  found 
i-tlher  wounded  aroongtl  tliera  in  tiMir  wig- 
«  am*,  or  elMwhuro  o«««iionally  Men  ramrn- 
iiig  Uvk,  after  eiploilt  abroad,  lo  Im  beaUd 
iif  their  wound*  at  home.  AIm  Mm*  of  oar 
men**  pin*  that  were  loat  at  Deorflald,  woro 
fituiid  in  the  fort  when  it  waa  (Irad.  Thoro- 
litre  all  aeruploa  aa  lo  tko  JaMaoaa  and  naeaa 
•ity  of  iho  war  bain|;  romovad,  iha  onlv  quoa- 
imn  waa,  whalhar  il  wera  faaaiUa  and  aspa- 
(lieni  in  iha  winter.  Tba  axiaanea  waa  vary 
|f  real,  and  the  ehoioo  very  banli  Bat  aa  David 
when  ha  waa  airaitaoad  with  naiiy  difl- 
rultie*  at  onoa,  eboaa  lalkar  lo  lUI  into  the 
h*ndi  of  Ood  whoaa  nareiaa  were  graat, 
though  ha  migbtba  provokad  loaauaa  hia  ieal- 
•Hi*y  u>  amoka  agaiaal  ihoaa  of  bia  own  heri- 
t«ga  for  a  timat  ao  b  ikia  ailganee  it  wu 
generally  ooneaivad  to  ba  aMMt  aapedieni  for 
the  country  to  eaat  thamaalvae  upon  the  pro- 
vidence ofa  meroifuland  graeioua  Ood,  lathar 
than  by  di*lay*  to  axpoaa  tharoaalvaa  to  tba 
Iraaahary  and  cruelty  of  a  parfldiona  anemy, 

A  war,  therefore,  apeedily  to  be  carried  on 
in  the  very  depth  of  winter,  being  agreed 
U|ion,  eara  waa  taken  for  auppliea,  u  the  diflll- 
euky  of  auoh  an  affair  ao  cireumataneed  did 
require,  though  poaaibly  not  with  ao  much 
aaiiarv  care  and  ao  auitabia  proviaiona,  aa  had 
been  deaired,  if  what  cama  afterwarda  to  paaa 
eoald  have  been  ibraeen  (whicb  perad  Ventura 
might  be  the  reaion  thinga  went  on  ^  heavily 
for  wantof  well  oiling  the  wheala)  in  the  mean- 
tine  a  amall  army  of  a  thoutand  flahting  men, 
well  appointed,  wera  ordered  by  tho  eommia- 
ai<.>ners  to  lie  gathered  by  proportion  out  of 
all  the  colonic*,  of  which  number  the  ahare 
of  Maataehutnlia  waa  to  ba  897,  the  re*t  were 
lo  be  aunplied  out  of  Plymouth  and  Conneo 
tieut  oofoniea  i  All  other  auppliea  were  taken 
rare  for,  aa  well  aa  the  auddennaaa  of  the  eX' 
^edition,  and  difficulty  of  the  aeaion  would 
tilow.  The  aaid  thouaand  men  beiide*  aoma 
toluiiteer*  of  Indian  frienda,  were  by  the 
lime  and  place  appointed  aa  near  a*  could  ba 
|iad,  called  together,  and  a  commiaaion  grant- 
ed to  the  honourable  Joiiah  Winalow,  Eaq. 
1 10  preaent  governor  of  Plymouth  colony,  a 
Man  of  known  ability  and  intOgrity,  every 
vav  ao  well  qualified  with  coumge  and  reio- 
lation,  a*  well  aa  prudence  and  diacration.  aa 
iiiight  have  preferred  him  to  the  conduct  of  a 
lar  greater  army  than  ever  ia  like  to  be  gather- 
iid  togethor  in  thii  part  of  the  world,  in  thia 
ur  the  following  generaliona.  And  indeed, 
aa  ha  wai  the  nrat  governor  over  any  of  the 
united  colonic*  in  New  England,  of  them  that 
were  born  in  the  place,  ao  may  be,  he  will 
pai*  for  a  pattern  to  the  aucoeading  race,  that 
raay  come  after. 

tinder  him  aa  commander  in  chief,  were 
ordered  aix  oompaniea  fram  Maaaachuaetta, 
under  the  command  of  Major  Appleton, 
Oaptaina  Moaely,  Gardiner,  Davenport,  Oli- 
ver, and  Johtiaon  ;  five  eompaniea  from  Con< 
nucticut  under  Major  Treat,  Captain*  Siely, 
Oatlop,  Maaon,  Watta,  and  Marthall;  two 
conpanies  from  Plymouth  under  Major  Brad- 
ford, and  Captain  Oorum. 

Under  the  governor  of  Plymouth,  a*  com- 
mander in  ehief  in  thia  expedition,  were  aent 
of  iIm  fiireaa  balonging  to  aanh  ao- 


kiny  I  M^)or  Rulian  Tiaat  for  iIm  Ibrea*  ba- 
longing  10  Oonnaatiaui,  and  Mi^or  Bradford 
Ibr  ihoao  of  the  colony  of  Plymoaih,  and 
M^or  Samuel  Appleton,  for  ihuaa  of  Maaaa- 
chuaetta, In  whom  by  tba  honourable  mi^jor 
general  of  the  colony,  were  aix  aompanie*  of 
foot ;  Delivered  at  Dedham,  Deoamber  tha 
0th,  lff7A,  containing  in  number  48A  fighting 
man,  baaidaa  a  troop  of  horaa,  under  tha  com- 
maad  of  Oapt.  Thomaa  Prentice,  atiendinf 
npon  them.  That  night  ikay  marehad  to 
Woodaoak'a,  about  91  milea  horn  Dedbam. 
Tha  aaxt  night  the^  arrived  at  Seaeonki 
Oapt.  Moaaly  and  hia  eompany  went  IVom 
thenca  with  Mr.  Smith  bv  water;  tha  real 
ferried  over  tha  water  to  Providence. 

The  next  day,  Deoamber  ISlh,  they  paaiad 
ovarPatuaat  river,  and  then  marahing  through 
Pomham'a  eountrjr,  at  night  tbav  mat  with 
Capt  Moaaly  and  hi*  eompany,  at  Mr.  Smith'* 
in  wiaklbrd,  tita  place  intended  for  their 
head  quarter*.  Capt  Moaely  in  hia  way 
thither  had  hapnily  aurpriaod  36  Indiana,  one 
of  whom  he  tooV  along  with  him  aa  a  guide, 
Patar  by  name,  that  waa  at  that  time  under 
aoma  diacuat  with  hia  countryman,  or  hi*  aa- 
cbam,  wnioh  made  him  prove  the  more  real 
(Hand  to  our  foreea  in  that  aerviee,  wherein 
ha  fhithfully  uarformed  what  he  promiaed, 
and  without  hi*  M*i*tance  our  men  womd 
have  been  much  at  a  lo**  to  have  found  the 
enemy,  until  it  had  been  too  late  to  have 
fought  them. 

Two  daya  after,  December  14th,  five  file* 
of  man  *ant  out  undar  Serjeant  Bannet,  and 
another  upon  the  aeout  killed  one  man  and 
one  woman,  and  brought  in  four  mora  by 
one  o'clock  I  The  whole  company  marctied 
after  into  lome  of  the  country,  where  they 
burnt  150  wigwam*,  killed  7  of  the  enemy, 
and  brouffht  in  8  priaonen  when  they  return' 
ed  at  night. 

The  next  day  an  Indian  called  Stone-wall 
John,  pretended  to  come  from  the  aaobemt, 
intimating  their  willingneaa  to  have  peace 
with  the  English,  yet  could  the  meaaenger 
hardly  forbear  threatening,  boaating  of  their 
numbera  and  their  atrangth,  adding  withal 
that  the  Engliah  durat  not  fight  them  :  What- 
ever were  pretended  by  thia  treacheroiM  fel- 
low, aome  of  hi*  crew  aa  he  went  home  met 
with  lome  of  GapL  Oardiner'a  men,  that  were 
atraggling  about  their  own  buaine**,  contrery 
to  order,  and  alew  hia  aergeant  with  one  or 
two  more.  Two  al*o  of  Capt.  Oliver'a  men 
were  killed  in  like  manner ;  a  aolemn  warn- 
ing for  aoldien  not  to  be  too  venturou*  in  an 
enemy'a  country.  For  preventing  the  like 
miachief  upon  other  companie*,  more  care 
waa  taken  aa  they  paaaed  to  the  head  quartera, 
aome  of  the  eompaniea  being  lodged  three 
milea  therefrom.  Capt.  Moaely'a,  Capt.  Da- 
vanport'a,  and  Capt  Oliver'a  eompaniea  being 
al*o  *«nt  about  that  time  to  bring  M^or  Ap- 
pleton'a  to  the  general  quarter*,  a  few  de*pe- 
rate  Indiana  creeping  under  a  stonewall  near 
the  place,  fired  twenty  or  thirty  giin§  at 
Moaely  in  particular,  a  commander  well 
known  amongat  them,  but  the  rest  of  the  com- 
pany running  down*  upon  them,  killed  one 
and  scattered  the  reat. 

The  next  day  CapL  Prentice  with  hi*  troop, 
being  *ent  to  Pettyquamacot,  returned  with 
the  aad  newa  of  burning  Jerry  BuU'a  garriaon- 
houae  and  killing  10  Engliahmen  and  5  wo- 
man and  children,  but  two  eacaoad  in  all. 


Thiaia  ikaahaaea  af-war  wblak  tkay 
andartook  maal  prapara  to  aada  rga. 

Tha  neat  day  brmifht  IVom  tha  lama  plaaa 
a  littla  better  newa,  though  aot  ano«gh  to 
balanea  tha  aorrow  of  their  former,  via.  that 
Coaneatieut  force*  ware  aoma  thithar  with 
three  hundred  Engliah,  and  an  hundred  and 
fiftv  Mohagina,  ready  fixed  Cir  war  oa  tha 
bekalf  of  ^ the  Engliah  againat  tha  Narragai** 
aeta,  ikair 'mortal  anaatiea  t  and  by  iha  w^ 
meatiag  a  party  of  tha  enemy,  thay  alaw  Ava 
or  iix  of  inam  and  took  aa  iMny 


Tba  wkola  nuiabar  of  all  our  feraoabaingnow 
eoiM,  ika  want  of  proviaion  with  tha  akarpaaaa 
of  tha  cold,  minded  tkam  of  expedition,  waara- 
fore,  the  very  next  day,  tba  wnola  body  ol  iho 
Maaiachtiaatta  and  Plymouth  foraea  luanhad 
away  to  Pattyquamaeot,  intending  to  engage 
tha  anemy  upon  tha  flnt  opportunity  that  aaal 
oflTared  itaelfi  to  which  raaol'ilion  thoaa  ot 
Connecticut  praaantly  conaenied,  aa  aooa  aa 
thav  net  together,  whiak  waa  about  five 
'clock  in  the  afternoon.  Bull'a  houaa,  Intend- 
ed for  their  general  rendeavoua,  being  unhap 
pily  burnt  down  two  or  three  daya  before, 
there  wa*  no  *heltor  left  either  for  olBcar*  or 
private  aoldiera,  ao  aa  they  were  naeeaaitalad 
to  mareh  6n  toward  the  enemy  through  iha  anow 
in  a  cold  atormv  evening,  finding  no  other  de- 
fence all  that  night,  aava  the  open  air,  nor  any 
other  covering  then  a  cold  and  moiat  fleece 
of  anow.  Through  all  thaaa  difficultiea  they 
marehed  from  tha  break  of  tba  next  day, 
December  IVth,  till  ona  of  the  doek  in  tha 
afternoon,  without  even  fire  to  warm  them, 
or  reapita  to  take  any  food,  *ava  what  thay 
could  chew  in  their  mareh.  Thu*  having 
waded  fourteen  or  fifteen  milea  through  IM 
oountiy  of  the  ohl  Queen  or  Snake  Snuaw  li 
Narrtganaet,  they  cama  at  ona  o'cloalt  upon 
the  edffe  of  the  awamp,  where  their  guide  aa* 
aured  Uiam  they  ahould  find  Indiana  aitougk 
before  night. 

Our  foreea  chopping  thua  npon  the  aaat  of 
the  enemy,  upon  a  audden,  ihey  had  no  lima 
either  to  draw  up  in  any  order  or  form  of  bat- 
tle, nor  yet  opportunity  to  oonault  where  or 
how  to  aaaault  Aa  they  marehad,  Capt 
Moaaly  and  Capt  Davenport  led  tha  plaa, 
M^or  Appleton  and  Capt  Oliver  brouaht  up 
the  rear  or  Maaaachuaetta  foreea  t  Gan.  Wina 
low  with  the  Plymouth  (brcea  marehad  in  tha 
centre;  thoae  of  Conneeticnt  cama  up  in  tha 
rear  of  the  whole  body !  but  the  fronuera  dia- 
ceming  Indiana  in  the  awamp,  firad  hnma 
diately  upon  them,  who  anawaring  our  men 
in  the  lame  language,  retired  praaently  into 
the  awamp,  our  men  following,  tnem  in  amain, 
without  ataying  for  the  word  of  command,  aa 
if  every  one  were  ambitioua  who  ahonid  go 
firat,  never  making  any  aland  till  they  cama 
to  the  aide*  of  the  fort,  into  which  tha  Indiana 
that  firat  fired  upon  them  betook  tkemaelvea. 

It  aeemathattnero  waa  but  one  entrance  into 
the  fort,  though  the  enemy  fimnd  many  waya 
to  come  out,  but  neither  iIm  Engliah  or  their 

Elide  well  knew  on  which  aide  the  entranea 
y  :  nor  waa  it  easy  to  have  made  another  { 
wherefore  the  good  providence  of  Almighty 
God  is  the  more  lo  b«  acknowledeed,  whoaa 
he  led  laraal  aometimea  by  the  pular  of  firv 
and  tha  cloud  of  hi*  pretence,  a  right  way 
through  the  wilderness,  so  did  he  now  diraet 
our  fbrae*  upon  that  side  of  the  fort,  wkara 
they  might  only  enter  through,  not  wiihoui 
the  utmoat  danger  and  haiard.    Tba  fort  wat 


A  NABBATITI  07 


iMm  w  il  w««  aida  af  paUlMrfMa,  Mt  up 
Hgki,  wkMi  WM  MMifMMj  sboM  Willi  n 
iMJ|*  of  ahiioil  •  ml  tliUli— ■■,  dumtgli 
WMk  ilwra  WM  w  f  ■■■§.  «■!•••  Uiay  amm 
Imv*  ImJ  •  WM  ikfiMigk,  wktek  Umii  iIm/ 
tmimthmtoA,  TIm  plaM  whan  ilM  l» 
MmmmmiI  ofdiawify  Id  •MwikMMalvM,  WM 
upM  •  iMf  ifM  avav  •  piMB  of  wMir,  wImw 
iNrt  OM  MM  aoaU  MNar  ■!  aiisM,  mmI  vkiali 
I  w  wayhy  iIm  iImjp  wauM  ha**  baa* 
off  llM  Im4  »aaffa4  iImmi  but  u  aaa 


«■• 


aofor  UMfa  «■■  a  gap  aada  np  oalv  wiik  a 
ionf  INO,  aboat  few  or  Iva  laoi  Aomi  iIm 

Caad,  avar  wliiak  laaa  MJglM  aaail*  mm  i 
tkmy  had  pUmti  a  kiad  of  bto«li*koiiM 
ligklovaf  agaian  tka  mm!  Imo,  from  whoaoa 
ik^  MToly  fillad  oar  maa  ikal  flm  oniarMl, 
(MNM  baiag  tkol  daaii  npon  iko  Uao.  m  wm 
Onpt  JokMooi  aad  nma'M  Mon  M  Ikojr  an- 
WMd,  M  WH  Oapl.  Uavenporti  m  m  ikay 
ikM  IfWaaMraJ  woro  ft/road  proMnlly  lo  ra- 
tira,  ami  fell  upon  tkair  bailioa,  ika  ferjr  nf  iko 
uiiamjp'*  akot  wm  praMv  wall  apont,  wkiek 
(oaa  aomoaniM  ikat  dia  not  diaoam  ika  dan- 

Ear,  aoi  <iwarviag,  loal  Mndrjr  af  tkair  man, 
lit  at  tka  hat  two  aampaniM  baing  broaght 
np,  batidat  tka  fe«r  ibM  int  marakad  upi  IMjr 
animalad  ona  anolkar,  lo  maka  anotkar  aMa'nll, 
ona  of  tka  aommandam  erying  oal,  lliay  run, 
ikay  rwi,  wkMi  did  Manaovraga  iIm  Midiara 
diM  ikay  prtMnlly  aniarad  amain.  Aftar  a 
eonafalaralMa  nnmntr  wara  wall  aniarad.  ikay 
praMaily  kaat  tka  anamv  ont  of  a  lionkar  on 
iko  laA  band,  wkiak  Jid  a  liitia  akallar  our 
man  IVom  tka  anamy'a  ikol,  till  mora  aama  np, 
and  to  by  dagraM  mada  np  kigkar,  int  inw 
iba  middia,  and  iban  into  tba  nppar  and  of  tbo 
felt,  till  at  teat  ikay  mada  ika  anamy  all  raiira 
from  tkair  leoniM,  and  fcrtiffad  plaaaa,  laav<- 
ing  mukitiidM  of  tkair  daad  bodies  upon  tka 
plaM.  Connoclioot  wldiara  mareking  up  in 
ika  raar,  bain*  not  nwara  of  tbo  dangarow 
pamaga  ovar  iha  traa.  in  eommand  of  ika  ana- 
my'a Moak-kooM,  wara  at  tkair  flrat  anlranoa 
many  of  tkom  ihot  down,  altbougb  ikav  e 


on  wilk  M  gnllaatraaoluiian  m  any  oftboraal, 
undar  tka  eondnet  of  ikair  wim  and  valiant 
laadar,  imor  TrMt. 

Tba  brant  of  tka  balllo,  or  dangar  that  day, 
lay  moat  upon  ika  eommandara  wImim  part 
il  WM  to  load  on  ikoir  Mvaral  oompaniM  in 
tka  r*rj  feM  of  daaifc,  or  oIm  all  bad  bean 
lotit  all  of  tkam  wilk  Kraal  valour  and  resolu- 
tion of  mind,  not  atallaflrakl  to  dia  in  so  good 
a  MUM,  bravely  lad  ontbairmanin  tbai  des- 
peraia  asMult ;  leaving  their  livM  in  tka  pli 
H  the  best  testimony  of  ikeir  valour,  and  of 
love  lo  tka  eauM  of  God  and  tkair  country. 
No  loM  tkan  sis  brave  eaptaine  fell  that  day 
in  ihe  asaanlt,  vis.  Capt  Davenport,  Capt 
Gardiner,  Capt  Johnson,  of  Maasaekusetts, 
besides  Lieoienant  Upkam,  wko  died  some 
raoniks  after  of  bis  wounds  reeaived  at  that 
iime.  Oapl.  Oallop  also,  and  Capt  Sielay, 
and  Capt  M arsbsll  were  slain,  of  thoM  belong- 
ing to  Oonaaetieal  eolony.^  It  is  usually  Men 
tkat  tba  valour  of  ike  soldiers  is  muek  wrap 
pad  up  in  tka  livM  of  their  eommanders,  vet 
It  WM  (bund  bare,  tbat  the  soldiers  were  rather 
anragad  tkan  diseouraged  by  the  loss  of  their 
aammanJers,  which  made  them  redouble  their 
,  and  not  give  back  aAer  they  were 
I  a  second  time,  till  they  had  dnven  out 
ihair  iiiiami«s :  so  ufu>r  much  blood  mid  many 


tka 


urn  botk  skies,  tka  Eaglisk  sasing 
tkair  advantage,  began  to  Ira  tka  wigwaMa 
wkara  wm  sappoaad  lo  be  many  of  IM  ana> 
id  akildran  deslrovad,  kv  ika 
iring  of  at  least  iva  or  sia  knadrad  of  tkair 
smoky  aalla. 

It  M  ranartod  bgr  tbam  ikal  Iral  am 
ladiMsT  fert,  ikMoup  aoUiers  eama  upad 
wkan  ikay  wara  ready  to  draM  tkair  di 
bat  ear  sudden  and  uneapMiad  assault  pat 
ifcam  hisida  ikM  work,  making  ifcair  aaak 
raamelaakMfcrikam  at  dwi  lima,  wkan  ikay 
and  ikair  ndlskia  (Had  logatker  i  and  prob^ 
hiy  saaa  of  tka«  aM  ikair  snppara  in  a  solder 
plaM  ikM  nigkl  t  moat  of  tkair  provisioM  m 
wall  M  ikair  aula  being  than  sonaumad  with 
Ira,  and  ikoM  tkat  ware  Mi  aliva  diread  lo 
klda  ikamsalvM  in  a  aedar  swamp,  not  fer  off, 
wkara  ikay  kad  noiking  to  defend  ikenMalves 
Amb  Ike  aold  but  boughs  of  spmea  and  pine 
troM  I  fer  aftar  two  or  ikrta  noura  Rght,  the 
Bnglisk  beeama  masters  of  ihe  place,  but  not 
Judging  it  tenable,  alter  they  had  burned  all 
(bay  aouM  set  Ire  upon,  they  warv  feniad  to 
retreat,  after  tbe  dayli||lit  wm  almost  qniie 
spent,  and  wara  naeassiiaiad  to  retire  to  their 
quartora,  ftiU  flftaan  or  siataen  miles  off,  soma 
MV  mom,  wkilher  witk  iheir  dead  and  wound- 
ea  men  they  were  forced  to  march,  adiffleuliy 
saaiea  to  ba  believed  and  not  |iamllelsd  in  any 
former  age. 

It  is  hard  to  s^y  who  aequiiled  ikemMlvM 
best  in  thai  day's  •ervioe,  either  the  soldiers, 
fer  ikeir  manlikv  valour  in  Ighting,  or  the 
eommandara  fer  their  wisdom  and  eoaraga, 
leading  on  in  tka  very  feeo  of  dMtk.— There 
miahl  one  have  seen  the  whole  body  of  that 
liiua  ragimaaial  armv,  m  busy  m  bam  in  a 
biva,  soma  bitively  Igkting  with  the  enemy, 
otkers  kaaliog  off  and  Mrrying  away  tka  dead 
and  woundedmen  (wkiek  I  rniker  note)  tkat 
none  may  want  tba  due  iMtimony  of  their 
valour aaid  (Uthftilnaas,  tkougk  all  ouvkt  to  my, 
not  nnto  us,  but  unto  ihv  name,  O  Lord,  Ice. 

For  ihongh  tbera  might  not  be  above  ihrM 
onr  four  kundrad  at  any  time  witkin  the  fort 
at  onM,  yet  the  rast  in  ikeir  turns  eama  up  to 
do  what  tka  axitanea  of  tka  Mrvioa  required 
b  bringing  off  iha  dead  and  wonnded  men  i 
tba  Msssashnsstta  regisMM,  together  with 
Capt  MoMly,  wm  varyMrvieMbla,  for  by  that 
■MM  tka  tort  being  clear  of  ika  dead  bodws,  it 
straek  a  graator  terror  into  the  enemy,  to  see 
bnt  eight  or  ton  daad  bodiM  of  the  Enslisk 
left,  ttan  to  nmet  witk  so  many  hundreds  of 
their  own  slain  and  wounded  oarcasMS.  Tbo 
number  of  the  slain  wm  not  lh«n  known  on 
tka  enemy's  side,  becauM  our  men  were  fer- 
Md  to  leave  them  on  the  ground !  but  our  vic- 
tory WM  feund  afterwards  to  be  much  more 
considerable  than  at  first  wh  apprehended  : 
for  althouffh  our  Iom  was  very  peat  not  only 
baoaUM  of  the  desperateneM  of  the  attempt 
itMlf  (in  snob  a  season  of  the  year,  and  at 
such  a  distance  (Vom  our  quarters,  whereby 
many  of  our  wounded  men  perished,  which 
miffht  otherwiM  have  been  preMrved,  if  they 
had  not  been  forced  to  marck  so  many  miles 
in  a  eold  siiowy  night,  before  they  could  be 
dressed)  yet  the  enemy  lost  so  many  of  their 
principal  fighting  men,  their  provision  also  was 
tiy  the  burning  of  their  wiKwsms,  so  much  of 
it  spoiled  at  the  tuing  or  their  fort,  and  by 
surprising  so  much  of  their  com  about  that 
time  also ;  that  it  wm  dw  occMion  of  their 
total  ruin  aftorwarJs :  they  being  at  that  time 


driven  away  kom  ibeir  kstllalUM,  aad  Ml 
ky  flwH  planting  (br  ika  neni  year,  m  wail  m 
daprivad  tt  wkM  ikay  kad  in  stora  fer  tka 
presant  winter,  Wkal  numbers  of  ika  enemy 
wera  skin  ia  nneartaia,  it  was  oonfessod  by  nna 
Potoek,  a  graM  snaaMlfer  amongst  inem, 
alWrwards  taken  at  Rkoda  Island,  and  p«M  in 
daalk  at  Boaton,  ikat  the  IndiaM  last  19$ 
Igklbg  iM«  Ikal  day,  beaidss  ikrM  kuadrud 
tkat  died  of  Ikeir  woHnds.  Tka  number  of 
old  men,  women  and  akIMran,  ikat  perished 
eitkar  by  Ira,  or  ikM  wara  stervad  witk  kun- 
gar  and  aoM,  none  of  ikam  amild  telL  Thera 
WM  abava  M  of  tka  Bnglisk  slain,  and  IM 
wonnded,  tkat  raaovarad  ularwarda. 

Tkara  wara  Mvaral  eireumstoiwes  in  tbw 
victory  varv  ramarkabla. 

Firat,  Tka  mealing  wiib  ona  Paler  a  (Ugi 
live  Indian,  tbat  upon  soma  diseoMeni,  lyin^ 
fVom  ika  NarramnMtt,  niferad  blmralf  to  ikn 
Mrviea  of  tka  Bnglisk,  and  did  feiikl^lly  pe^ 
form  what  ha  promiaad,  via.  to  lead  them  to 
tka  swamp  wkara  tka  Indiana  kad  sMteti 
tkemtelvM  witkin^a  (brt  railed  upon  an  I» 
land  of  firm  earth,  in  tka  midst  of  a  swamp, 
wkitkur  none  of  the  Bnglisk  could  have  piktiod 
tkam  witkoul  his  assistance,  the  pinea  being 
very  near  eighteen  miles  (Wim  the  plaea  whero 
tbav  wera  quartered. 

Secondly,  Their  being  by  a  special  provi< 
denM  directed  just  to  a  piMe  whera  they 
feund  M  oMy  an  eniranea,  which  if  they  liad 
missed,  they  could  never  have  made  a  way 
ikrongk  tka  hedge,  with  which  they  had  sur- 
rauMtod  ika  paliiadoes  of  tbe  fort,  in  kalf  a 
day's  lima. 

And  Tkirdly,  If  ihay  hail  enlerad  the  way 
left  bv  the  Indians  fer  a  pasMge,  they  might 
have  Men  cut  off,  befera  they  could  have  eumo 
oMr  their  fertilMtion. 

LHily,  In  dirMling  their  motion  to  begin 
the  Msault  Just  at  thedav  ihey  did,  for  if  thev 
bad  deferred  but  a  day  longer,  thera  fell  such 
a  storm  of  snow  the  next  day  that  they  could 
not  have  passed  thraugh  it  in  diven  weeks 
after;  sndonasuddan,therafellsuch  athaw 
tbM  melted  away  both  ice  and  snow,  so  that 
if  ikay  had  deierrad  till  that  time,  thev  could 
have  round  no  passaga  into  their  fortifled  place. 

An  wkiek  oonsiderations  puttogether,  make 
it  a  sivnal  favour  of  God  to  carrv  them 
through  M  manydiBcultiMtoaccomplith  thrit 
desirwl  and.  For  aftar  thay  had  ratired  to 
their  qnartara,  but  sixteen  milM  A«m  that 
plaee,  thera  wm  so  gnat  a  waiitof  pravition, 
the  vesMis  being  fn>Mn  in  at  the  harliour 
about  cape  Cod,  that  should  have  bmiighi 
them  ralwf,  and  the  iVost  and  snow  set  in  an 
violently,  that  it  was  not  possible  for  them, 
with  all  tha  ferco  they  could  make  (so  many 
of  their  ablMl  soldiera  being  ilainjind  woumi- 
ed)  to  have  made  another  onset:  But  tlie 
goodnoM  of  the  Almighty  God  was  moit  nf 
all  to  be  admirad,  that  notwithstandin|j  all  the 
hardships  they  endured  that  winter,  in  very 
cold  loagihgs,  hard  marches,  scarcity  of  pro- 
vision, yet  not  not  one  man  wm  known  to  die 
by  anv  diraaM  or  bodily  distemper,  save 
thera  tnat  perished  of  their  wounds. 

Our  forces  beinff  compelled  by  the  sfore- 
said  occasions,  to  lie  still  some  weeks  after 
hoping  also  that  the  enemy  so  sorely  broken, 
would  gladly  have  sued  f<>r  peace  :  kutss  wm 
said  of  old,  Ood  hardened  their  hearts  to  their 
own  ruin  and  destruction  afterwards:  for  ss 
soon  M  our  soldion  wora  able  to  march,  find* 


HR  inrniAN    WARt. 


Im  iIhI  ■U  Uw  mmmy't  ovaHttrM  ut  pM«*,  ImkHMi  mJ*,  Mit  by  wImi  iU|r«M  plmtilt 


ibw 


n 

10 

10 

11 

11 

lA 

SI  in 

•II 

7» 

m9  |trula«(iiif  «f  ifMlia*,  wm  imly  lo  fain 
lima.  lliAl  IMjr  miglit  gat  away  iMu  ika 
wiNMla  I  liiay  purauad  aftar  ikam,  ami  tumm- 
limaa  •«■•  uptM  lliatr  raar,  tmi  ili«n  ihajr 
ymmUi  ImwaJiaialy  tf  an  kuiidraJ  wava  m 
nnaa  into  awampai  M  aa  otir  man  aiNiiJ  m* 
Mlow  iImm,  orlf  itMjr  liiil.  a««iUl  not  aa*  two 
of  UwMtofatlMri  ao  iImi  mw  Umn  waa  liula 
Mod  Itka  la  ba  diona,  unlaaa  thay  au«ld  laka 
UMm  al  aoiM  advMUfa.  Ai  laagUi  havlni 
•fanl  all  ikair  pfoviaion,  and  lirad  UMmaalfaa 
in  p«ra«iag  of  ihmm  aiujr  or  wvan^  milaai  up 
ttirwigli  IM  wooda  towards  MarikwriNigli  and 
Lanaaatof,  towna  Um  lia  on  Um  rood  to  Con- 
naatiaait  having  killad  and  tokan  naar  70  of 
iham,  our  loiJiara  wara  ordarad  to  roiurn 
towarda  Button,  to  raaruitlkomMlvaaMippM 
ing  iImI  ika  Narraganaa*  ,  and  UMiaa  wiili 
lliam.  war*  ao  onfeaUad  iku  ibay  would  havn 
no  mind  laddanly  to  aaaault  any  or  ika  Eng liak 
town*. 

If  any  daaira  a  mora  partioular  aeonuni  of 
iIm  Iota  whiah  wa  tuttoinod  at  itw  taking  of 
tha  Narragaaaol  fort,  Daoambar  lOih,  167A, 
tkay  may  laka  it  a«  kara  iollowi  i 

OaMtiaa  iha  iiii  aapiaina  maniionad  bafi>ra, 
that  ailkar  wara  slain  In  tha  aaaaull,  or  diad 
•Aarwarda  of  thair  woundi,  to  whom  mav  ba 
rackonad  Liaut.  Upham,  that  diad  latoiy  al 
Ooaion  of  tha  woundi  ha  than  raoaivad, 

Tkara  wara  ouiof  tkaoompanjrbalongingto 

M^Jor  Applatoa, 
Gap*.  Moaaly, 
Gapk  Olivar, 
Cap*.  Oardinar, 
CapL  Joknaon, 
Oapi.  Davanport, 

in  all, 

lliara  wara  (lain  and  woundad  of 

Naw  Havan  company,  80 

Cipt.  Soilay't  company,  80 

Capt.  WaUa's  company.  17 

Capt  Marihall's  company,  14 
Piymiiuth  company  under  M^jor 

Bndford  and  Capt.  Oorham,  80 

in  all.  91 

If  tkara  had  not  bean  lo  grant  a  dutanca 
batwaan  the  place  of  the  flght  and  their  quar> 
tort,  and  ao  muck  cold  attending  tkem  in  their 
retirement  thereunto,  lome  better  account 
migkt  have  been  given  of  that  expedition,  than 
now  they  were  aule  to  do.  For  a  march  of 
aixteen  oreighleen  miles  is  too  much  to  breathe 
•  fresh  soldier,  unless  he  were  wall  mounted ; 
but  enough  to  kill  the  heart  of  tkem  thalbavo 
been  wearied  with  a  long  and  tedious  fight. 
As  fur  the  coldness  of  the  weather  although 
it  lie  a  good  besom  to  sweep  the  chamber  of 
tho  air  (whioli  might  be  the  reason  there  was 
no  more  diseases  amongst  them)  yet  it  is  an 
unwelcome  companion  to  wearied,  and  espe 
oially  to  wounded  men.  in  so  long  a  retreat. 

But  the  want  of  provision  failing,  in  oon- 
innction  with  the  unseaaonableness  of  ttie 
breather,  and  length  of  the  way,  our  forces 
were  hindered  from  any  new  attempt  upon 
ike  enemy,  which  if  they  would  have  attond. 
•d,  it  was  thought  it  might  haTWBut  an  end 
Id  our  troublea  t  but  be  that  holdalk  tha 
•ntoi  of  the  victory  in  kia  kand  Uimaih  ikeni 


kirn  Usi 

Tha  real  of  the  winter  waaspani  in  fruiihMa 
ireaties  about  a  |i«aca  i  both  sidaa  baiiig  wall 
wnariad  wiih  tba  law  desiierato  Igki,  wara 
wiilintf  to  refwak  ihenManros  ika  rwMwin| 
part  u7  ike  wintor,  wilk  ika  short  alemkor  ai 
•  pniMndadpeaM,al  least  w  ilk  a  talk  or  dream 
ikeraofi  our  aommandara  aim  ikaraU  waa 
akriaiiaaand  if  it  bad  proaeoded,  i.  a.  to  kava 
pravenied  ike  skedding  of  Mor^  blood  i  and 
poaaibly  soma  of  tba  alder  and  wUor  ofiko 


enemy,  did  really  desire  what  waa  proMi 
by  inem  all  (fur  ikev  kad  now  fUll  proof  of 
iba  valour  ami  roauluiwn  of  ika  Kngliak,  wkiak 
some  of  tkem  upon  former  sueceaaea  migkt  bo 
ready  to  question)  and  ikoy  aoukl  not  but  sea 
ikeir  deslruation  already  begun,  in  iko  btaa  of 
our  dwellings,  and  all  iMir  provisiima,  as  wall 
as  ika  slaughtor  of  llie  best  part  of  ikeir  tgkl* 
ing  men)  Itul  through  aonaeiousnesa  of  ibeir 
liarl>art)us  treachery  and  ikiaehood,  ikey  eould 
not  trust  others,  and  so  ware  willing  to  run 
the  utmost  kaaard,  aa  peopki  hardened  to 
their  own  dasiruoiiun.  The  particular  pas- 
sages uf  the  treaty  being  earned  on  by  the 
enemy  only  in  pretence,  (and  by  our  man 
ibat  sutm  discerned  their  fraud)  raikar  out  of 
necosaily,  to  euueeat  their  ineapaaity  of  en- 
gaging tkem  anew,  than  any  real  axpaataiion 
of  a  good  effael,  are  not  worthy  ika  ralaliag. 
However,  ikough  the  foot  were  unable  to  do 
any  servico  in  the  depth  of  the  snow,  and 
sharpnaaa  of  tha  cold,  ibe  troop  was  aant  out 
upon  all  occasions  to  seout  about  iko  country, 
who  brought  in  daily  muck  of  iko  onomy  a 
corn  and  neans,  wkick  tkay  kad  kid  in  tna 
arouitd  undar  barns,  or  at  least  kept  ikam 
from  making  use  of  ikeir  own  provision,  or 
apoiling  tka  Englisk  cattle  j  now  and  Umb 
bringing  in  prisoners  from  their  quartera,  aa 
tkay  ware  straggling  about  to  gat  victuals. 

On  the  87th  of  Uecember,  Capt.  Pranliea 
was  sent  into  Bomham'a  country,  wharo  bo 
burnt  near  an  hundred  wigwams,  but  found 
not  an  Indian  in  any  of  ibem. 

On  the  88th  of  December,  a  squaw  waa  aani 
to  them,  who  had  bean  taken  in  I)h  Igkt.  wiU 
a  proffer  of  peace,  if  tkey  won' '  submit  to 
auoh  terms  as  wero  propounded  ;  '>.<  ,>njciDal 
of  which  was,  to  deliver  up  all  1'^  l<p'a  In- 
diana, that  ware  witli  them ;  tho  st^uaw  ra- 
turned,  pretending  that  she  was  lama  and  un- 
able to  come  again ;  but  tha  30th  of  Decem- 
ber, an  Indian  came  fr«>m  the  aacbens,  with 
with  seeming  thanks  for  tka  peace  proffered, 
yet  complained  we  made  war  upon  tkem,  and 
gave  them  no  notice;  but  kia  mouth  was  soon 
stopped,  by  the  answer  they  made  him  t  ke 
owned,  as  tne  squaw  had  said  before,  that  tkey 
lost  300  of  their  best  fighting  men,  and  so  did 
two  prisoners  of  theirs,  taken  January  Utk, 
whereof  one  being  of  Philip's  company,  was 
put  to  death.  The  messenger  that  was  sent 
was  fairly  dismissed,  with  tke  express  men' 
lion  of  what  terms  they  must  expect,  if  they 
desired  a  peace. 

January  4th,  there  came  two  messengers 
from  them,  as  they  said  to  make  way  tor  a 
treaty  of  peace;  who  laid  tke  blame  upon 
CanoDchet,  who  came  to  Boston  in  Ootober 
last,  to  confirm  the  peace  with  the  commit* 
sionors  of  the  united  colonies,  as  if  he  kad 
misinformed  them,  via.  that  tkay  wore  not  by 
bv  the  former  treaty  to  havo  daqvorod  up  the 
Wampanooga,  or  PhiUp'i  IndiiMUi  WjiM  tho 


Hanlbrd,  WM  rolaaaW.  Tkiaaraab<«taMer« 
prettMe,fer  koand  tkay  too,  halter  uadorsiimd 
Iko  partianlara  of  ika  agraawam  i  Ibr  k) 
akaneo  ikaartlaloa  wkiak  tkey  kado/ik#  mmo 
aooelitded  witk  ikom,  wero  fovod  open  ( wkalli* 
•r  purpoaely  or  aaaidanially  waa  aoi  bmowm) 
U  a  wlgwaai  in  iko  ftwl  wkoii  k  waa  teboii,  so 
ikoy  aoidd  MM  ko  i^orvM  of  iko  artialoa  of  Uw 
■g?ao9eal« 
Jamiary  fik,  m  lag  liak  akildof  about  ihroo 
""      ■  '    waa 


or  fuor  yooro  old,  lahM  tiwm  Warwiak, 
aoal  in  to  put  Iko  bettor  pratoaaa  opoo 
treaty  ■aotionad. 

Jimvuv  itk.  tka 
book,  and  loU  wkat  ikoy  miitl  Imal  to,  la 
iko  iiUmooo  a  RMaaongor  aama  Ikom  Nlai* 
grel,  ika  old  soakom  of  Warragaosal,  wko 
brottgki  a  leiior  tram  Mr.  Suntoo,  iko  Inter* 
pretor,  siMiiVlng  iko  rooliiy  of  iko  told  NiaU 
grel,  in  bis  (Hondskip  to  tko  Kngliak,  and  tho 
straits  of  the  enemy,  Mat  aom  waa  iwoakillinga 
a  pint  with  them.  Yet  nolwitkalanding  all 
their  diAaullies,  iboy  rather  tlolavad  the  time 
till  thev  eould  getaway,  than  really  endeavour 
to  mane  a  peaeo,  as  waa  toon  manifest  i  for 
that  young  and  insolent  saakem,  Cammcke^ 
and  ranoquin,  said  ikey  would  Ight  it  out  to 
tko  hMt  man,  rather  ikan  baoorao  sorvama  to 
iko  Englisk. 

January  lOtk,  a  freak  supply  of  aoUiera 
came  up  Irom  Beaton,  wadiog  ikrougka  sharp 
storm  of  soow,  tkat  bit  tomo  of  ikom  by  tko 
keela  wilk  tke  froal.  Tko  next  day  ono  that 
came  wilk  ikom,  going  out  witk  iko  scouts,  loll 
amongst  iko  Indiana'  Dama,  in  ono  of  wkick. 
aa  ko  was  groping  to  find  corn  for  tko  relief 
ofkiakorta,  koeatokad  kold  of  an  Indian's 
kair,  under  iko  leaves,  wko  presently  kohl  ujp 
kia  kands,  (wkon  tko  soUior  was  drawing  kia 
aword,)  to  spare  kis  life,  wkick  was  gmnted, 
bnt'  after  ka  was  brought  to  the  kead-quartort. 
ko  would  own  nothing  but  what  waa  foreeil 
out  of  kis  mouik,  by  tho  wookling  of  bis  kead 
widi  a  eord,  wkoroforo  ko  waa  praaemly 
judged  to  die  aa  a  Wampanoog. 

January  18tk,  anotker  mesaeMoreame  from 
Cononieua,  doairing  tke  spaea  ofa  monik  long- 
er, wkerein  lo  issue  tke  treaty,  whick  so  pro- 
voked tko  commander  of  our  forces,  that  they 
resolved  to  have  no  more  treaties  witk  iho 
enemy,  but  prepare  to  assault  them,  wilk 
Ood's  assistance,  as  soon  as  ever  tko  sooaon 
would  permit,  and  it  wasbich  time  to  teke  up 
for  within  a  few  daya  after  tney  understood  by 
some  that  wero  taken  prisoners,  that  the  ene- 
my were  gone,  or  going  into  tke  Nipmueh 
countrv. 

Within  a  fow  days  aftar,  about  tha  16th  of 
January,  the  scouu  brought  in  ono  Joshuf 
Tift,  a  ranegado  Englishman,  of  Providenco, 


that  upon  some  dismntent  among  his  neigh- 
bours, had  turned  Indian,  tnarrieiTone  of  the 
Indian  squaws,  renounced  bis  religion,  nation, 
and  natural  parents,  all  at  once  fighting  against 
them.  He  waa  taken  by  Capt  Fanner,  of 
Providence,  who  with  some  ofhis  neighbours 
were  pursuing  some  Indians  that  bad  dnveii 
away  their  cattle.  This  Tift  boifig  n^  of  tbo 
company  was  wounded  in  the  knao,  and  so 
waa  sioied  by  the  English;  he  had  in  bia  haUt 
oonformnd  himself  to  them  amongst  whom  he 
Uvod.  After  examination  he  wu  condemned 
to  dip  ikedoath  of  a  traitor.  Aa  to  kis  roll, 
gion  ko  waa  found  as  ignorant  as  an  kattkao, 
wkick  n)  doubt  cau^ tko  fewer  to«i«  l»  kf 


■U^  1  l>k  Umr^  far  hukm  wwytHnw  w  te»- 
Mt  ftay  vpiNi  M«  ikM  M  ««MiMi  ItHMftr 
•f  Miim  iiMlf,  M  »*U  M  rwltgUn,  tn  •  iimc 

wlWM  MMmII  Mr  WM  HWmM  MMwksM,  tlMl 

MiiNiit  Mk  toiiifci  wllM»wiik  10  r*lMv«  ib* 


JMMfy  tlMf  Ot^.  PfMMlM't  inMI|M  lwin| 

•Wn^  mm  wtek  »  paM/  of  iIm  omw*,  »r 
vhrMH  Umv  took  two  pviMNwra,  omI  litllo«l 
MiM|  ill  wkMi  •apioii,  (oMMiliinf  ImmmmoiI 
fMW fMMHuUo,  IbroiM  W>  liodgt.oftMtm, 
rUMf  is  aWBfMjr  wUk  Moikor  frtond,  iImv 
lufyimi  M  MMt  with  two  IimIUm,  iIm  Miiil 
DMfo  Mm  bMor  ImwmiI  iIm*  kit  IHomI, 
mdo  alUr  IM  fawwen,  Waviof  kio  Mond  la 
iM  whk  Aa  ktadiiioil.  bwi  kit  pUio)  mUwd 
•riag,  wkorauMN  iko  liidiM  Mkiof  kini  bjr 
ik«  M,  MTM  Ma  off  kit  kuno,  umI  muIhk 
HDM  kiia,  WM  akoai  kilHog  kim  wlik  kia 
knilb,  wktek  Mh  DMigo  by  tkMMo  otpUa.  mJ 
MM*  MM  motiftk  lo  iMouo  kU  friomi,  m4 
tlU|WMk  iko  lad.M  lying  Hmm  kim,  mmI  yol 
ovortouk  iko  im  iMian  M  wm  punning, 
limo  OMMigk  10  Jo  kit  bwttnoM  alto  i  by  ikal 
•iMana  ko  Jm  ikraa  good  oWoai  at  ooao,  tavad 
iha  lilk  of  on*  (Hand,  and  (law  two  of  kia 
•namiaa.  But  wiikin  Iwoor  ikra*  daya  aAar, 
ih*  waaikar  maak  alwring  IVom  wkai  it  waa, 
induaod  oar  fofoaa  lo  laka  ika  Irtt  opportu* 
niiy  to  puraua  ik*  anomyi  wko,  aa  ikay  undar- 
■iiHtd  by  maaaantara  Awn  Providanaa,  war* 
now  OMNI  ikair  ligki  into  ik*  Nipmua  eoun- 
try  t  Bui  to  many  diflauhiai  wara  aaM  iii 
tkeir  way,  ikai  ikay  aould  not  ba  roady  lim* 
siNiugk  lo  provant  ika  miaakiaf  ikav  did  at 
Warwick,  at  ikay  look  diair  fcrawallof  tkair 
u-iuntry  i  For, 

January  t7tk,  ikay  datpoilad  Mr.  Oarpan- 
i«r  Iff  two  kandrad  ikaap,  and  llfty  kaad  of 
naat  ealila,  and  (lAaan  horaat  i  all  wkiak  ikay 
lirova  along  witk  ikam,  and  wara  goaf  loo 
far  In  b*  rataued  bafora  our  foreaa  tat  out 
Two  ihal  bak>ng*d  lo  tke  laid  Carpanlar 
wara  woundad  and  ona  of  tka  anamy  tiain. 
At  ikay  marehad  aftar  ika  anamy,  ikey  found 
a  gimd  kouta  bumad,  witk  a  barn  balongingtu 
it.  They  paraairad  alto  thai  tha  anamy  daalt 
mueh  in  norta  llath,  mealing  with  no  latt  than 
tixly  hortet  haadt  inona  plaoa,  whieh  ikay  bad 
left  behind  tham.  Our  toldiart  in  their  purtuil 
oama  upon  the  rear,  killed  and  louk  about 
tovenly  of  ihem,  yet  never  eould  ooma  to 
charge  them,  for  they  wnulJ  praienlly  belaka 
Ihamtalvat  imoiwampt,  and  not  two  of  tham 
running  together,  ihey  taw  it  wa«  an  endlaat 
work  to  proceed  furtner  in  the  ohaee  of  luoh 
an  enemy;  but  our  fnrcet  having  purtued 
i^am  into  the  woodi,  lietweim  Marlborough 
and  Brookfleld,  in  the  road  toward  Connaeti- 
eul,  wara  eontirainnd  to  turn  down  to  Botlon, 
m  Iba  liaginning  of  February,  foV  want  of  pro- 
vition,  both  for  tkamielvet  and  their  hortet, 
wkiah  gave  aa  oecation  to  tha  loaa  of  ihote  let« 
ter  townt  that  were  daalroyed  by  tka  Nipnet 
Indiana,  who  pretently  joined  witk  tha  Narra- 
gantettt,  upon  their  flrtt  approach,  at  thall  ba 
related  aftarwardt. 

Aboot  the  10th  of  February  after,  toma 
hundroda  of  th*  Indiana,  whethei  Nipnela  or 
Nathaway  men  ia  uncertain,  lieiongingtohim 
they  call  Sagamore  Sam,  and  potiibly  tome 
of  the  tloutatt  of  tlia  Narraganieta  that  had 
eteapod  the  winter  brunt,  fell  upon  Laneatter, 
a  anriall  villam  of  about  fifty  or  tixly  familiaa, 
ind  did  muen  miichief,  burning  mott  if  tha 
Houaae  that  waranot  garritonad  •  and  which  it 


A    WAIIMATfcVW   Of 

tad  and  awM  to  twnt<da»,  tk*  k*Mt*  of 
Mr.  Itiiwlamiann,  minttlar  of  taid  Laaiatlar, 
whi«h  wat  garriannMl  with  a  tiimpelawl  aum- 
Ur  of  ika  Inkabtltnit  |  yet  the  lkni(UatiMl  iif 
ih*  koaaa  being  on  ih*  baak  ikia,  elated  up 
witk  flr*  wimmI,  ika  Imliant  fnt  to  nvar  aa  M 
Ira  a  laaaiir,  whtck  bumtng  tka  koaaa  imiaa 
dialaly  lo  tka  gniand,  all  ika  partnna  ikarai* 
war*  p<il  lo  iha  hard  cHalaa,  eiiker  to  peritk 
1^  ik*  Hanwt,  or  lo  yield  ikamtalvea  into  iko 
kaadt  of  iKota  truel  tavagaa,  wkiak  latt  (ton* 
tidaring  ikai  a  living  dog  it  batter  ikan  a  dead 
lien)  ikey  aknta,  and  to  war*  4t  parteat  t«r> 
pritad  by  the  Indiana,  ab*va  twenty  of  tka 
weman  and  ehildran  ihay  aarriad  away  aap- 
live,  a  ruafUl  tp#alaala  to  kakold  |  ik*  ratt 
Itaing  mon,  ikay  killed  in  tka  plaaaorraaarvaif 
fur  ninkar  niiiaryt  and  many  tkat  waM  not 
tIain  in  Hgkiing,  wara  killed  la  aiiamptiB|  lo 
aaaapa.  The  minitiar  kimtelf  waaoaaattioa. 
ally  aliaanl,  lo  laak  kelp  (Imm  tka  governor 
aad  eouneil  lo  dafcnd  tkal  place,  wko  ratum- 
ing,  wat  anlartainad  wiik  Iha  tragiaal  aawa 
of  hit  wife  and  children  turprited,  and  being 
carried  away  by  tha  enemy,  and  kit  kouta 
turned  to  atkat,  yat  ii  pleated  Ond  to  lo  up* 
kold  hit  heart,  comforting  kimtalf  in  hit  Ood 
aa  David  at  Zikhig,  ihal  na  would  alwavt  tay, 
ka  baliaved  ba  thould  ta*  kit  wife  andahildran 
again,  wkiak  did  in  like  manner  toon  aoaaa 
lo  patt  wiikin  Ave  or  tia  montht  aftart  all 
all  tava  tha  youngatt,  which  being  wounded 
at  the  llrtt  (»ed  toon  after,  among  tka  Indiana. 

Ami  anek  wat  tk*  goodneta  of  Ood  to 

NO  poor  captive  woman  and  ckiMran,  ikat 
tkay  (ouad  to  muak  favour  in  iha  tight  of  ikair 
eneniet,  tkat  they  oflkrad  no  wrong  to  any  of 
ikair  partona  tava  what  they  conld  not  kalp, 
bainv  in  many  wantt  themtelvat.  Naiikar 
did  way  offWr  any  uneivil  carriage  lo  any  of 
tke  femalaa,  nor  aver  aiiampiad  ik*  ekatliiy 
of  any  oftkam,  either  beingrettrainadof  Ood 
aa  wat  AMmeleck  of  old,  or  bv  toma  otbar 
accidental  cauta  which  withheld  tkam  ftma 
doing  any  wrong  in  that  kind. 

Upon  the  report  of  thit  ditattar,  Oapt. 
Wadtworth,  than  at  Marlborouah,  witk  about 
forty  retolulo  man,  adventured  tha  ratauing 
of  the  town  that  waa  remaining  i  And  having 
raeovarad  a  bridge,  ihav  cot  over  tafa,  thongn 
tha  plankt  ware  pulled  Mfby  ika  enemy,  and 
being  led  up  in  a  way,  aot  diteovared  by 
them,  they  foroed  tka  IntiiaBa  for  tka  pratent 
lo  quit  tk*  plaaa,  aftar  tkay  kad  burnt  and  da- 
ttroyed  tk*  b*tt*r  kalf  of  it  Yet  aftarwardt 
it  not  being  Judged  Mnable,  it  Waa  abandoned 
lo  the  pleaaura  of  tha  inauhing  foe. 

Ten  daya  aftar  they  were  to  fluthed  wiik 
thit  tueeeta,  tkat  two  or  three  bund  "ed  of  them 
came  wheeling  down  to  Medlleld,  a  town 
twenty  milet  fVom  Botlon,  wettward  from 
Dedham,  which  they  turprited  very  early  in 
the  mominr  (and  though  there  were  one  hun- 
dred and  tixiy  toldiart  in  it,  or  more,  betidet 
the  inhabitantt)  ihey  burnt  near  one  half  of 
the  town,  killingabout  twenty  pertont,  but  by 
the  retittance  of  the  ioldiera,  at  toon  at  they 
could  be  rallied  together  (it  being  at  or  before 
break  of  day,  none  in  the  Icatt  tuipecting 
tueh  an  attault  to  early)  they  were  quickly 
forced  to  fortake  the  place,  and  to  (not  with 
oat  tome  loti)  took  tbeir  way  to  Plymouth 
colony. 

Tha  wettern  townt  above  Connecticut  were 
tha  chief  teal  of  the  war,  and  felt  mott  of  tha 
mitohief  thereof,  in  the  and  of  tka  year  1870 1 


but  ika  taen*  it  now  in  Iw  akangad 

I  Im 


atkar  tttwnt  aiid  villagva  thai  Tie  aattward, 
nearer  Ihtainn,  mual  hear  iKair  (wil  in  iUi  lik* 
Iragadiat  i  For  at  waa  tatd  kmform,  ilie  Nar> 
ragantett  kaving  haen  driven  iml  of  ihe  timn- 
try.  Aid  ikr*ugk  ih*  Nipnat  |ilamaiMH)t,  i*> 
wardt  Walakutvt  hillt,  m«fiiin(  wtih  all  ik* 
ladiant  ikal  kad  karbtiura'l  all  winter  in  lh<>«* 
wooda  akoMt  Natkaway,  ihey  all  eombiiiod 
againal  tk*  Biiglitk,  yet  divlilad  their  hua*. 
bara,  aad  mm  of  tham  ware  oliaarved  lu  hand 
tkeir  aoara*  lowarda  Plymouib,  taking  Ma^ 
'  "  in  ikair  way,  wkiak  tkay  endeavuurad  I* 
and  tpoil,  Fakruary  11,  H1$,  aa  tkeir 


kNr« 


Mkiwt  kad  dona  I«anaatt>r  laa  daya  bafora, 
Tha  tarprital  of  ikia  MadAakl,  in  regard 
of  wma  ramarkabta  airaamtianaet  it  wat  at- 
i*nd*d  witk,  ia  not  unworthy  a  m<ira  paniau- 
lar  relating  aa  to  tka  manner  thereof  t  The  hita 
of  Laaaattar  kad  tuAaianlly  awakened  and 
alarmed  tk*  naigkkouring  villaaet,  all  to  Hand 
apon  guard  |  and  toma  had  oMain«>d  garrit- 
onad toldiart  for  ikair  graaiar  taauriiv,  aa  waa 
tka  aaaa  witk  tkam  in  ika  Utwn  of  MeallUki, 
wiikin  iwaaty-lwo  milat  of  Button.  And  if 
tkat  lima  wara  lodtfad  ikerein  taveral  gar- 
riton  toldiara,  batiaet  the  inhthiMniii  yat 
being  bill*tl*d  up  and  down  in  all  quarurt  of 
ika  towa,  aottM  not  ba  gaikarad  logeikar  till  a 
great  part  of  the  town  waa  tat  on  lira  and 
many  of  tka  inkabilanta  tlain,  whieh,  how  it 
aould  ba  afbalad  it  airanga  lo  believe  i  Bat 
moat  of  thot*  inland  planlatiima  Iteing  over* 
run  witk  young  n-ood  (tke  inkabitania  beiaa 
vary  apt  lo  angmtt  mora  landt  lata  tkeir  kanJa 
ikaa  Ikay  were  able  lo  tubdua)  at  if  ihay 
wer*  taalad  in  tka  midti  of  a  heap  of  buthat  I 
Tkair  anamiaa  louk  tka  advantage  ikaraof, 
and  aaaratly  over  night,  conveyed  ihamtalvat 
roaiid  abotrt  the  town,  toma  gelling  under  ih* 
tidaa  of  their  bamt,  and  fencet  of  tbeir  or- 
akardt,  aa  it  tuppoted,  where  they  lay  hid  un- 
dar that  covert,  till  break  of  day,  wnan  ikey 
auddanly  act  upon  tundry  houtet,  ihooling 
tham  tkat  came  flrtt  out  of  their  donri,  ana 
than  flrad  their  houtaa  i  Soma  were  killed  aa 
they  attempted  to  fly  to  their  neighbourt  ibr 
theitar.  Soma  were  only  wounded,  and  turn* 
taken  aliva  and  carried  olTetpiivat  ■  In  ti.ma 
houtet  the  hiiilwnd  running  away  with  una 
child,  tka  wife  with  another,  of  whom  the  one 
wat  killed,  the  other  ntetped.  They  began 
at  tha  eati  end  of  the  town,  where  they  fireti 
tka  kouta  of  one  Samuel  Morte,  that  wonit 
lu  have  been  a  tignal  to  tha  reit  to  fall  in  it 
other  parte  t  Mott  of  the  houtet  in  the  weii, 
or  toulkwett  end  of  the  town  were  toon  burnt 
down  I  And  generally  when  they  burnt  any 
out  houtet,  the  cattle  in  them  were  burnt  al*'i. 
Two  millt  belonging  to  the  town  were  burnt 
alto  I  A  poor  old  man  of  m-ar  an  hundred 
yeart  old,  wat  burnt  in  one  of  the  houtoi  thti 
were  eontuin*d  by  flre.  Tho  lieutenant  of 
tha  town,  Adamt  by  name,  wat  thot  down  by 
hit  door  and  hit  wife  mortally  wnuiided  by  a 
gun  flrad  aftarwardt  accidentally  into  the 
houte.  After  the  burning  of  forty  or  fil\y 
houtet  and  barna,  the  cannibalt  were  frighiacl 
away  aut  of  the  town,  over  a  bridge  tlint  liet 
upon  Chariot  river,  liy  the  ihuoiin^r  ot'n  piern 
ol  ordnance  two  or  tlirce  timet ;  WIihm  ihu,v 
patted  over  the  bridge  they  fired  imo  end 
thereof,  to  hinder  our  men  from  purtiiin^ 
tham  I  there  were  thought  to  he  aliovii  five 
bundred ;  there  were  tlain  and  mortally 
woandad  fvataaa  or  aigklaan  p*woaa>  bia 


TNR   IHptkH   WAMN. 


I  thmy 


I  frighlatl 


)  Mhnn  J—aiwiiiily  Ihh(.    TIm  !■••  mm^ 

1  by  ilw  tiili<yteiiM  MWMMitMl  to  aWt* 

lw«  rtiiw  I  yml*.    TkW  «!•••/  wm  aU 

Mfvail   til  lltta   Mil    M«*U«M*i  IImI    IM««f  • 

fMrtttm  lnNtM  «  M  MM  tn  tbM  Mtr|wiMl  |  nor 
•ny  i)f  III*  pfiMiMl  JwalUiiM,  mmUm  sMaf 
■M  simI  Imm  m  tHatr  biuUtMf  •  MiaiMil  I 
fury  uf  tKa  aNMay,  wku  m  lliajr  fturi  iIm 
krMipi,  l«A  •  wriMiig  UMmI  ilwa,  »»|i»m>iig 
MMMtiuNf  la  ikw  purfOM,  iImi  w«  ImiI  pi 
vokail  ilMMi  to  wniik,  mmI  iIm  iIwv  wmiU 
M<M  wMk  M  iltoM  iWMty  «Mn,  (Imm  iWy  fcll 
•tMift  «f  ikatr  •afaMMion  by  mmmmii)  Mdiiif 
•Iw,  iImI  llwy  IimI  nmliiiif  to  l««,  wiMr* 
w«  imd  Immmm,  liMM,  tmA  ««flii  Thaaa  wi 
wNMaf  iImImU  iliN*to  mmi  by  ib«  barbaroiM 
■raw,  Utt  Uwir  raf«  tktil  prowtJ  m  Airtlwr 
iKm  ib«  MiiiiMi  of  Ood  bMk  dMMmijMd, 
I'h*  wwfc  bafitM  WM  bawid  •  vary  hidaoMt 
•rif  of  t  bamwl  uf  wolvaa  fouaJ  wa  towa. 
wkiab  raiaad  wMiia  uf  iba  inkabiunMi  mmI 
WM  kiokad  upon  by  ilUar*  partoiM,  m  m 
amkiMHH  pmafing  or  iba  fultowtng  ealamiiy. 
Anoibar  mnuII  wm  A>«ra<l,  b«il  u  toon  m 
Iba  •nbiiara  Mmkl  ba  pibarati  bifalbar,  ibay 
totaaJ  ibatr  baaht,  u  if  ibay  navar  intomlatl 
to  vWl  Ibam  mora  i  wbllbar  ihaM  IimIUm 
waM  wban  ibay  laA  MadtaUl,  U  not  saHaialy 
kiMtwii  I  iba  toUian  in  iba  town  not  baving 
eppiwiuniiy  to  purma  ibam  ovar  iba  rivar«  by 
IMMM  Ibal  iba  brUga  wh  pan  of  it  burmMl  i 
Bui  it  U  iiMMt  proUbia  thai  tbav  look  ibair 
way  toward  Plyinauib,  and  eonliauad  abow 
ibal  aiJa  of  iba  ooaniry  tar  tba  Aitura,  waiv 
ing  npportuniliaa  to  do  wbal  miMbiaf  ibay 
aoald  to  iba  Bngliab  in  iboaa  paru  i  for  wiibin 
•  nMMtb  aAar  iba  mwuIi  al  Madllald,  ibara 
wara  aia  bundrad  of  ibam  Man  about  Paluxal 
and  Providanea,  wara  Capl.  Piaroa,  witb 
aboui  AAy  of  bit  man  wara  loai,  ibougb  wiih 
•o  graal  advanUga  W  iha  anamy,  who  al  ihai 
lima  loai  abova  doubkp  tbat  numlwr:  Our 
woHhy  aapiaina  in  ikia  and  oika;  aiploiu, 
baing  eallad  to  imilato  Sampaori,  wbo  wm 
flontani  to  dia  wiih  bi«  anamiet,  ihat  be  mighi 
ovortbriiw  lh«m  therabv  t  It  baving  to  fiuTan 
out  with  nianv  of  ourenoiea  eommandariand 
ioldiara  al  iMarilald,  NarraganMl,  Patusal, 
and  likawiM  not  long  aftar  at  Sudburv. 

The  governor  aM  eouneil  of  Plymouth 
pereeiving  by  the  raport  of  thaw  outrage* 
•ommitteJ  u|Min  the  towni  in  MaMaohuMtti, 
d'at  ibay  were  like  to  ba  vititod  ibia  ipring 
>v  tbuirold  neighbour*,  Mnt  out  Capt.  Pieroa, 
of  Situate,  alMiut  the  latter  end  of  Mareh 
with  about  Afty  Englich  and  twenty  ebri*tiBn 
Indian*,  about  Cape  Cod,  who  proved  none 
of  hi*  wor«i  (oldier*,  h  the  taquel  of  tbi*  hi* 
U»t  expedition  will  deelara. 

CapL  Pierce,  m  i*  Mid  before,  being  Mnt 
out  In  punue  the  enemy,  marched  toward* 
Patuxet,  where  be  underatood  the  Indian* 
were  many  of  them  gathered  together  t  He 
being  a  roan  of  reiolute  courage,  wu  willing 
I J  engage  them,  il""if(h  upon  never  «o  great 
i  diiadvaiilaga.  .me  My  the  Indian*  by 
•oantarfttitinff,  drilled  him  into  a  kind  of  am- 
fanahi  poMioly  more  of  them  diaeovered 
dwaiAva*  after  ha  began  to  engage  them 
ihaif  h«  WM  awara  of  i  and  being  got  over 
the  river  in  purauit  of  them,  where  he  di*- 
euvered  m  great  a  number  of  them,  be  drew 
Jown  towanU  the  aide  of  the  river,  hoping 
lbs  batter  by  that  maana  to  prevent  their  tur> 
roundiaglMi  but  that  proved  hi*  ovdrlhrow 
Urbick  M  iatoiided  a«  Vm  greatoat  advantage  i 


Par  Ika  ladtaaa  ge«l»ng  over  lbs 
galted  kim  from  iheiiee,  ibal  b*  waa  aat  able 
to  dafand  kiniwlf  |  ikw*  aaMullad  ea  all  tUaa, 
and  btmtelf  mi«  being  abt*  to  travel  MMab  a« 
tmn,  WM  ikaraby  binJrod  ftam  ratiriaa  toany 
t*  itoa,  w  ibal  ba  mw  MmmW 


r  plaai 

ratoad  to  Igbt  it  o«l  to  lb*  km,  wbiab  b* 
did  wiib  moat  uadaMMad  a»aif  |  aa^  m  !• 


Mid,  to  iba  alaugbwrof  an  bwnarail  and  hiif 
<tl  bia  aaamiaa,  baAira  biwaalf  mi  bia  ao»> 
paiiy  waM  aat  aC    It  ia  taU  aim,  ibal  baing 

MNpWWIKMVff  Of    W9  flMMWf  R9  WtA  III  ffWII 

IM  ireai  aumbara  ot  llw  aMMy,  k* 


ireai  auMbara  or  ihaaMMy.  k*  mm  a 
■agar  limal*  aaaMgb  to  tnmtmm,  Ibr 
leliaf.  liat  M  Momoii  Miib,  a  MibAtI  mm 
Magar  ia  m  cmow  ia  barvaai,  aaotbar  ia  m 
•Mtoka  to  lb*  ayaa,  and  viaagar  to  iba  laaib. 
(WiMbar  ibfwigk  atotb  or  aowardia*,  I*  not 
matorial,)  tbi*  meaaaga  wm  not  dalivarad  to 
tltom  to  whom  it  wm  immadiatoly  mm  i  by 
aMidani  only  wma  of  Reboboib  ttnder*lii«Hi< 
Ing  the  danger,  aAar  tba  evening  aaaraiM  (it 
bmn*  on  Ike  Urd'«  day,  March  tTib,  167C) 
repaired  to  ibe  place,  but  then  ii  wm  too  laie 
to  bring  help,  unleM  it  were  to  ba  •oaelalor* 
of  tba  dead  MreaaMa  of  ibair  (KanJa,  and  to 
perform  tba  last  oAea  of  love  to  them. 

It  ia  worth  lb*  noting,  wbal  IbiikfiilnaM  and 
aourmga  Mma  of  tba  «bri*iian  Indiana,  with 
iba  Mid  Oapuin  Pienie,  chewed  in  tba  Aghi. 
One  of  them,  whoM  name  wh  Amoa,  aAar 
the  Mptoin  wm  *boi  in  hi*  lag  or  thigb,  ao  m 
ba  WM  not  able  to  *iand  any  longer,  would 
not  leave  him,  but  charging  hi*  gun  Mvaral 
tim**,  Ared  atoutly  upon  iba  enemy,  till  be 
NW  that  ibara  wm  no  poMibility  lur  him  to 
do  any  further  good  to  Capl.  PierM,  nor  yet 
to  Mva  himMlr,  if  he  Mayad  any  longer) 
therefore  be  uaed  tbi*  noliey,  pareaiving  that 
the  enemy  had  all  blMkanad  their  faaea,  ba 
■l*o  *taoping  down  pulled  out  *ome  blacking 
out  of  a  |ioueh  ba  carried  with  him,  diaeolor- 
ed  hi*  face  tharawith,  and  m  making  bimMlf 
look  M  much  like  Hobamaekeo,  m  any  of  bia 
enemie*,  be  ran  among*l  them  a  little  wbik, 
and  wa*  ukan  for  one  of  them,  m  if  b*  bad 
been  aearcbing  for  iha  Engliak,  until  ba  had 
an  opportunity  to  oMapa  awav  among  iba 
buahMj  therein  imitotin|tbaeulila  A*b,  which, 
when,  It  i*  pur*ued,  or  in  danger,  eaatoth  out 
of  iu  body  a  thick  bumour,  m  blMk  m  ink, 
through  which  it  paa*M  away  un*Mn  by  the 
pursuer. 

It  i*  reported  of  another  of  thcM  cap*  In- 
dian*, ((Viand*  to  the  Engliab  of  Plymouth) 
that  being  purtued  by  one  of  the  enemy,  ha 
betook  himtelf  to  a  great  rock  whar*  ba  *hal- 
tered  bimMlf  for  a  while  t  at*la*t  pereeiving 
that  hi*  enemy  lav  ready  with  hi*  gun  on  tha 
other  aide  to  diMharge  upon  him,  m  *oon  m 
he  etirred  away  from  the  place  where  he  atood  i 
In  the  i**ue  hethouffht  oithi*  politic  *tratagem 
to  Mve  himMlf,  and  da*iroy  hi*  enemy,  (for 
M  Solomon  Mid  of  old,  wiadom  i*  bettor  than 
weapon*  of  war)  he  took  a  *tick,  and  hunf;  hi* 
hat  upon  it,  and  then  by  dacreM  gently  lifted 
it  up,  till  he  thought  it  would  be  Men,  and  *o 
becomo  a  At  mark  for  tha  other  that  watehad 
to  toka  aim  at  The  other  taking  it  to  ba  hi* 
head,  Ared  a  gun  and  (hot  through  tha  hat  | 
which  our  chriatian  Indian  pereeiving,  boldly 
held  up  hi*  head  and  di*ch*rged  hi*  own  gaa 
upon  tae  real  head,  not  the  hat  of  bia  adva. 
Miy,  whereby  he  *hot  him  dead  upon  tba 
plaoa,  and  *o  had  liberty  to  mwrab  ftVKy  with 
the  apoila  of  bia  enemy. 


Tk*  Hk*  twbil*  davia*  v  «a  «Md 

iba«  ibal  want  awl  wlib  Cap!  '" 

tag  ia  Ilka  maaaar  pwaw*  '  bjr  oaaaf  PaiN^a 


»Mdl»«M*M 

PlaM*|lr  b» 


r  *»>.  ha  almb'/  gm  m- 
biad  iba  bm  and  af  a  ire*  a*wly  I  irwid  jp 

■9    tR#   VWU^   wHwH  99fVM4   ft  MNI#M#MMto 

It  (m  ia  vary  «mmI  i*  ikaa*  pana  wban  lb* 
MM*  af  Iba  MM  IU  daap  in  ifea  gvmtnd )  wblffk 
Ma*d  ab*«a  lb*  Indian^  kaigbl,  in  Ibrrn  af  a 
iarga  ikiabi,  anljr  It  waa  MiMwbal  la*  heavy 
too  baaaaiiy  wwavad »  ik* anamy  ladian  lay 
wkk  bia  gan  Nady  to  (beat  bim  down  anmi 
bia  IfM  dwerting  kia  alMian  i  bat  lb*  mmI* 

langbtau 

bonaf  al 


abriaiian  Natop  a  batter  davia* 
kola  Ikrongk  ibtaWa  brand 


abbild,  b*  dlyaamad  bis  an*m«  wboeowld  not 

nneMaiMMi 
dlMbargiagbiagun, baaboibimdown.    what 


aaailydicMrnbimi  ago*d 
daaira  a  (kirar  mark  to  ■ 


need  navar 


Mn  lie  moM  Ju*l  ikan  ibal  k*  abould  b*  killad, 
wbo  lay  in  wail  to  kill  aaolber  meat  naaaa 

•WWW   P^V  vKn9^w  w§tw  ffWf  VVfl^H   W9B9&   WrV^WWvV 


I  enemy. 


Iniiawaa*  of  ibi*  nature  abow  lb*  aubilaty 
and  daaletuaane**  of  ib*M  nalivae,  if  ibey 
were  improved  in  Awl*  of  arma  t  and  poaalbly 
if  *am*  of  lb*  £n|liab  bad  not  baan  to* 
■by  in  makiag  um  or  *uah  of  ibam  aa  war* 
well  allbeled  to  ibeir  inlere*!,  they  need  navar 
have  aufbiad  m  much  ftom  lb*ir  anamieat  il 
baving  been  Amnd  upon  law  aiperianee,  thai 
many  of  them  have  proved  not  only  faithAil, 
bat  very  MrviMabIa  and  balpftil  to  lb*  In 

K'i*b  t  they  usually  proving  good  saeonds. 
ougb  they  have  not  ordinarily  aonAdaaa* 
enough  to  maka  ika  Aral  onMl.  Bui  to  ratura 
to  ik*  praeaadinp  of  iko  Indians  towarda  Ply« 
mouth. 

Fakraary  tOlb,  they  asMullad  WaymoAb, 
and  burnt  Mvan  or  ei|hl  houMS  and  bams 
there,  which  Wvymoulb  is  a  town  lying  io< 
ward*  Plymouth  eohiny. 

March  lltb  following,  they  a*Multad  iba 
houM  of  ona  Mr.  Clarke.  :s  Plymoutk,  srualW 
murdering  elavan  persona  that  bakmgad  l<» 
two  families  thai  lodged  therein,  and  than  Aiad 
the  houM.  Tba  cruelty  toward*  ihaM  uer> 
*on*  WM  the  more  remarkable,  in  that  inay 
had  often  received  much  kindnoM  ftom  lb* 
Mid  Clarke.  It  ia  the  eusiom  of  sach  debtota, 
to  UM  them  worst,  of  whom  they  have  token 
np  mueh  kindnaM  upon  trust  balbrehand. 

Mareh  17th,  another  party  uf  them  fall  upitn 
Warwick,  a  place  beyond  Philip's  land,  Iu- 
ward  the  Narragaosat  country,  whar*  Ibay 
burnt  down  to  tha  ground  all  but  a  law 
houMS,  which  they  left  standing  a*  a  monu- 
ment of  their  barbarous  ftiry.  The  like  mis- 
chief WH  Mtad  by  them  upon  the  housM  oi 
tlie  English  remaining  in  tha  NarraganMl 
eountry. 

Tbi*  Mth  day  of  Mareh,  being  tha  Aral  day 
of  tha  week,  u  th*  Aral  of  tha  year  after  our 
Julian  account,  seemed  ominoua  at  the  Arst, 
on  sundry  acconnts,  threatening  a  gloomy 
time,  yet  proved  in  the  iMoa,  but  h  a  lower- 
ingmorolng  before  a  liffhlsome  da  v. 

Tor  besides  tha  burmng  of  Marlborough,  at 
least  a  great  part  of  it,  on  th*  Hnle  day,  a  vary 
ltd  aeaident  fail  out  the  *ame  lima  at  SpringAeld 
*hall  be  apeoi^ed  hereafter ;  bMidn  IMt  wkioh 
bafbl  Capk  Pierce,  wbieb  I*  already  ralM*^ 
with  whom  fall  so  many  of  his  soUienoai  dw 
sam*  day  alwj  yet  had  iha  eaamj  lio 


NARIATIVI  Ot 


wt^  ■»  ft    ^ft^  •WRf   MM 


IttMiM UNWkMrt. (M  V U  www sImmm to kUI 

w^^       wHflHIjf  BMW  ••  SMNI  NHM9  ft  CMR  !•• 

r«  umft  Om  •Ml  WM*  ail  hMi  (ilM  niMtlh 
Iww  afilM  aMwifir  Mm  M  WM  tMkto- 
■^  Iwfcw,  fk»  —  Sf ilM<f  MMititor)  WW  > 


liw  iImM  Unll|  M 


ffctof) 
by  llM  trfvMMg*  nf 


iIm  a«MM,  MkM  ilUfwawIt  to  uU  lagtUK 
•Im*  ilMjr  MM  M  iMMrfnJ  m4  Mur  la  liai  aiH 
auWMari  anJ  kail  aai  ilw  mU  HagUak  Im 


waJiaf  aAar  ika  aaaaqr  vnt  a  rivar  hmw 

fci  Maay  av  umm  aaaa  atM  av»  v  mwi  laaaaa 
laajf  lafaav  aaaft  towanla  KaMmoiMi  aaa^ 
llwaaaajr,  wlwn  an  ^aiall  Mkk.  ilMjr  barai 
•Kirtjf  Mraa  aaJ  itaar  Iw^  ilwaUiaf  lioaw^ 
•Kambjr  a*  it  wara  Utraalaalwf  ilia  atlaf  daao- 
Uiiaa  mUm  faar  towa  I  aaJiopwaaaJlagoa 
thai  lUa  ika  aottMry,  ikay  kam*  ika  rarjr  aaai 
Aijr  abuai  iklrtv  iMtwaaa  la  Provldaaaa,  \m  ihair 
(ray  inward  MawMaaaat 

Bat  It  waa  aaw  nit  taa  whit  Pttilip'a  alUi% 
lltr  Mwn  aAar  iIm  li4a  af  hia  miiama  bagaa 
M  itirn  abmM  ika  taa  aeaat,  wbiak  iwaJa  w^ 
fitr  ilia  Mllag  af  ilia  walar  ap  blfUr  In  iba 
MHinir/. 

Pi>f  aboat  ibU  dMa  aawa  aaaM  to  Baatoa 
iHai  aur  nalgbboura  aad  Maada  af  Canaaellaul 
a  ihinjr,  haaring  uf  iba  attaaapta  af  iba  anamv 
iHi  ihiti (Ua ofilia aaaatiy,  MMapartjr  of ikair 
Mikliara,  aniiaf  tha  aommami  of  Oapt.  Oaorga 
Haniaon,  with  wanm  friandly  InJiaaa,  part 
Motiof|iM  atui  Paqaoth,  part  nIaiMiea,  balung- 
tHK  to  Ninigral,  a  Nanagaaaat  Maham,  who 
•mvsr  annagad  in  ibia  ipMrral  againal  ika  Ka- 
glitlt  I  who  in  pnnnlt  af  iha  anam/,  maatiag 
with  a  aontiilafaMa  part  of  ikam  about  iha 
Narraganaal  aouniry,  killad  and  look  forty* 
llvaof  iham,  witkotil  ilia  loaa  of  ihairown  ntan. 
Thi«  victonr  waa  iba  mora  aonddarabla,  in 
that  aavaralof  iha  chiaf aaptoin* of  iho enamy 
w«ra  ai  ihia  lima  killad  or  tahan)  amongN 
whom  waa  Oanunehai  (who  earoa  down  to 
nt  Mad  «orn  to  plant  at  Souakhaagi)  hawa* 
iha  ehlaf  taeham  of  all  tha  Narraganaata,  iha 
ai>n  of  Miantonlmo,  and  tha  hair  of  all  hi* 
Ibihar'*  prida  and  intolanea,  aa  wall  aa  of  hia 
malioa  aminit  tha  Engliih,  a  moil  paHUiout 
villain,  who  had  iha  laat  Ootobar  baan  at  Boa> 
ton,  nrwanding  to  inaka  a  Arm  paaea  with  tha 
Sngliib,  but  mivar  intending  to  kaapona  arti- 
ela  tharaofi  Tberafora,  aa  aJiiM  raward  of 
bia  wiokadnaaa  ha  waa  ai^udgad  by  ihoaa  that 
took  him  to  dia,  whiah  waa  aoaordingly  put 
in  aaaaution  at  Sonington,  whiihar  na  waa 
aarriadi  thara  hia  baad  baing  aut  olf,  wai 
aatriad  to  Hanferd  i  tha  Mobagina  and  Pa- 
quoda  that  had  tha  honour  to  toka  him  priionar 

Juitiea 

of 
.  'thereby 

Inalv  to  angaga  tba  laid  Indian*  againat  tha 

traaeharoa*  Narraganaeu.  *  There  am  dilTer- 

incnporta  about  tba  nanaarofbitbaingtakan, 

■M  by  whoa,  wbatbar  tba  Indiana  or  tha 

Magliali  Int  took  him ;  bowavar,  it  waa  aufl- 

'  of  rqjoieing  to  all  the  eobniaa,  of 

,  that  tba  nnglaadar  of  almoat  all 


quoda  mat  had  tba  honour  to  Uka  him  pn 
baving  tba  honour  likawiaa  of  doing  | 
■pon  nim_,  and  tkat  by  the  prudent  advn 
Iba  Engliab  aomnwitden,  thereby  the 


lb*  Wawaganaau  and  aa,  died  blaiaalf  by  ibai 

inl  af  war  wbiah  h«  bad  drawn  afilnal 

(NnvV«» 

Canaaratny  iha  (farraganaat*,  ibia  ia 
tbartobaadJadbera.  ibaiMr.  Tbamaa  tiaan- 
tan  and  hia  mm  KulMirf,  wba  bate  ahNMiima 
Nvas  amangal  inani,  anil  aMI  aanaainlad  wMa 
•baW  laagaaga  and  mannara  *t  any  in  Naw 
BaglaMrdu  aArai,  ibai  to  ibair  kanwiadga, 
Iba  NarragaMat  taahawa,  bafcra  tha  lato 
irwikiaa,  had  iwuiha««and  llghllng  Man  aadar 
ibani,  an>l  nina  hundred  arma,  yet  ibay  ava  at 
Ibia  day  an  kmken  and  iwMarad,  ibal  ibara 
ia  nana  af  ibam  ktll  on  that  aiJa  af  tba  aoMMrv, 
anlaaa  aMM  liw,  mx  aaeaadiag  aavaMy  la 
awinbar.  thai  have  abahafad  tbaaiaalvaa  aadar 
tba  InbaMlanta  al  Rboda  lahnd,  aa  a  MarabaM 
af  ibal  piaaa,  worthy  of  aradit,  latoly  aWrawd 
la  iba  writer  baraof.  It  U  aonalderaid  by  wbal 
dagraaa  ibay  have  baaa  aonMmad  and  da» 
Mravad. 

"nM  Aral  weah  la  April,  U7t,  Canonahat, 
ibair  ahtef  laahem,  having  with  ibia  paopla 
been  driveri  out  of  hi*  own  aoantry,  Ity  tba 
aword  of  ih «  Kagliab,  the  ntnwr  bafora, 
braatbad  Mill  nothing  but  raga  and  arualty 
aninal  thnm  i  yet  aa  appaarad  in  tba  iiaua, 
bWMaif  aiid  ibay  that  aaaapad  with  biai  wara 
•at  mviab  praaervad  from  tha  praMnt  aalamlty 
ibat  baliil  ihoaa  in  iha  fort,  baing  raaerved  to 
id  mora  ignominiout  deaib.  Par  tba 
wbok  body  of  tba  I  ndian*  to  tba  weal  ward,  ira» 
lii^  under  tha  abadow  of  that  aapi  ring  bramble, 
ba  look  a  bind  of  aara  of  tbam  upon  bimaalfi 
Wharafcta  fcraaaaingto  many  humlrad*  aould 
not  arall  tubaUi  without  planting,  ha  propound* 
ad  it  ia  hi*  eounail,  thai  all  Ika  weat  planla- 
liona  upon  Oonnaatiaut  river,  laben  fl>nm  tba 
lBgliaa,ahould  thU  laal  rammer  be  planted  wiib 
Induuiaomi  whieb  waa  indeed  in  iiaalf  a  vary 
prudent  aonaideration  i  to  that  and  ha  ratolv* 
ed  to  venture  himMlf  with  but  thirty  men 
(the  real  daeliniiig  it)  to  fetoh  teed  eom  (Vom 
Haaaonk,  tha  next  town  lo  Mount  Hope, 
Uaving  a  bodv  of  roan,  not  laia  than  Aftaen 
hundred  to  fiiAow  him  or  meet  him  about  Sea* 
eonk  ike  week  aAar.  Tha  advanlura  brought 
him  into  a  anara,  from  whanee  he  could  not 
eaeapa  i  for  Capt.  Oaorga  Daniion,  of  titon* 
ington,  and  Capt  Avery  of  New  London, 
having  raited  forty  levan  Enaliah,  the  moat 
part  volunieerf ,  with  eighty  Indiana,  twenty 
of  whioh  were  Narraganaett*  belonging  to 
Ninigrel,eommandad  bv  one  called  Caupaaal, 
tha  real  Paquoda,  umfer  Caawainamon  and 
Mobagina,  ui^r  Onaoo,  aon  of  Uneaa,  baing 
now  abroad  on  their  third  aapadition,  whiab 
they  began  Mareb  VTlh,  1074,  and  ended  on 
tha  10th  of  April  following  i  ibay  mat  with  a 
■tout  Indian  ol  the  enemy'a  whom  tliay  pra> 
Mntly  alew,  and  two  old  aquawt,  who  eon- 
feaaed  Nanunltonoo,  aliaa  Canonehet  (ihete 
chief  aaebaiiia  usually  changing  their  name* 
at  every  great  dance,  and  oy  tha  name  of 
Nanunltonoo  waa  ha  then  known)  wai  not  far 
olT,  which  welcome  nawa  put  naw  life  into 
the  wearied  loldiara,  that  had  travelled  hard 
many  daya,  and  met  with  no  booty  till  now  | 
aapectally  when  it  waa  confirmed  by  intolli- 
genca  the  lame  iniunt,  brought  in  by  their 
ioottta,  that  they  mat  with  naw  traeka,  whioh 
hrouKbt  them  in  view  of  what  ia  called  Blaek- 
itone**  river,  the  laid  aacliem  waa  at  that 
moment  diverting  himielf  with  the  reciul  of 
CapL   Piaree'a  alaughtor,   aurprtaed  by  hia 


ibai  diaanaraa,  aiipalWd  by  ika  awMMnaaa 
iberenf,  aa  If  ha  bad  bean  tnfumfd  Ky  aaarat 
ilam  fram  Heaven,  that  nnw  hia  awn  larn  Mae 
aaiae  i  Aw  bavUg  h«i  1  man  ahawi  him,  ha 
MM  an  twa  tit  tbam  to  lh«  lofi  uf  ilia  hill,  lo 


paana 
1^,  aa  If  ibay  wantad  lima  w  tall  what  they 
mw  I  praaanlly  ba  ten!  a  third,  wbn  did  iIm 
libai  Iban  aandinf  two  mora  an  iba  Mma 
arfaiM,  pinit  av  ikeaa  laai,  anoawed  wnn  mora 
eouraga,  nr a  banar  aanaa  af  bia  duly,  InAwmipd 
him  M  gmal  baato  thai  all  tba  Bngliak  army 
waa  Man  blm  i  wbareupon  baving  nit  lima  lo 
aanaafi,  and  Imn  llilla  to  attempt  an  aaeapM, 
and  no  meana  to  delbnd  himaalf  i  ha  began  in 
dodfa  wlib  bia  parauer*  i  running  ruuml  iha 
bill  an  tba  aantmry  aide  i  Imt  aa  ha  waa  run* 
ninftobaatlly  by,  Oatopaaat,  with  twenty  of 
htafolhiwera,  and  a  fhw  of  tba  Bngliah,  liehi 
aai  af  (not,  guaaaad  by  tba  awiAneaa  or  hi* 
motion,  that  ha  And  m  if  an  enemy,  whirh 
made  them  immedlaialy  take  ihe  ehaae  aftfr 
bim,  aa  Atr  their  Uvea  i  ha  ibal  waa  ihe  awifti  r 
puravar  pat  blm  an  hard  lo  it  that  he  aaal  olf 
Aral  biahiaabat  thanhi*  til  var  laaadanat  (aivea 
him  at  Boaion,  aa  a  pledge  of  their  (handahip, 
upon  the  reaawal  or  bia  ieagna  lnOit>ibar  be* 
fiira)  and  ball  of  peag,  whiab  made  ibem  pur< 
Ma  aa  eagerly  aa  the  other  Aad  i  to  thai  ibev 
ftnaad  bim  to  laha  to  the  water,  ikroagk  wbiab 
aa  ha  over  haaiily  plunged,  hi*  Ann  clipping 
upon  a  atona,  it  made  him  fkll  into  tba  water 
M  deep  that  it  wai  hi*  gm,  apon  whiah  aaei> 
deni  ba  aonfcaaad  toon  after,  that  hi*  heart 
lumad  within  him,  to  aa  ha  baeama  aa  a  rotian 
atiak]  void  nf  ttrvngth,  in*omuch  aa  ono 
Monopoida,  a  Pequod,  •wiflett  <if  font,  laid 
hold  of  bim  within  thirty  rod*  of  the  rivrr 
*ide,wlibontbiamabing*iiy  raai*iane«  ihoufih 
ha  waa  a  vary  proper  man,  of  goodly  •taiura, 
and  great  eouraM  uf  mind,  aa  wall  a*  *tn*nKih 
of  body  I  one  Mthe  Aral  Bngliab  that  earnu 
up  with  him  waa  Robert  Sianion,  a  ynuii|f 
man  that  aearea  had  reached  the  Hd  year  ot 
hi*  age,  yet  advantnring  to  aik  him  a  oiieition 
or  two,  lo  whom  thi*  manly  lacham,  looking 
with  a  little  neglect  upon  hi*  youthAil  face, 
replied  in  broben  Englith,  you  much  chilJ, 
no  underatand  matlara  of  wan  let  your 
brother  or  your  chief  coma,  him  I  will  an* 
*wer  I  aad  waa  aajfood  aa  hi*  word  i  actinif 
harain,  aa  if  bv  a  Pithagnraan  malcmpayrhii' 
*i*,  aome  old  Roman  ghoat  had  noa*eMe<l  llin 
body  of  thi*  weMem  Pagani  and  like  Aitiliii* 
Regulu*  ba  iroald  not  aoeapt  of  hi*  own  lift*, 
when  it  waa  tendered  him,  upon  that  (in  hin 
account)  low  condition  of  compliance  with  tlm 
Engliab,  refuting  to  tend  an  old  eountellor  nl' 
hi*  to  make  any  motion  that  wav,  aaying  liu 
knew  the  InJiana  would  not  yield  ;  but  muru 
probably  ha  waa  not  willing  they  ahoiild, 
ehoo*ing  rather  lo  taerifiee  hit  own,  and  In* 
people'*  live*,  to  hi*  privnle  humour  of  re- 
venge, than  timely  to  provide  for  hi*  own,  and 
their  aafety,  by  entertaining  the  counaer*  of  a 
peace,  ao  neee**ary  fur  the  general  gomi  of  all  t 
he  continuing  in  the  •*ma  onatinata  rnioliitloii, 
waa  *oon  after  carried  to  Sionington,  where  he 
waa  ahot  to  death  by  tome  of  hi*  quality,  «r. 
iha  young  aacham  of  the  Mobagina,  and  two 
of  tha  Paqaod*  of  like  quality.    Tkia  waa  ika 


TNI  IN0I4N    WAII, 


«lMf«Nf.  Ha  WM  inUl  •!  Urn  •il'  In*  lM*Mtl 
t4  hitk,  aaJ  knw  Im  ImanmU  Im  wiHilii  mm 
4«li»ar  up  •  \M»mfmnimg,  or  Um  P*r)*f  »t  • 
W»m|MiMiH«'i  nmt,  iKm  k*  w*nUI  Iwrii  ik« 
KnglMi  im  iM«r  lt4HM««  i  ii>  mkmk  Im  r«plM4, 
Dtkar*  w«r«  m  (wrwtrj  luf  iIm  war  m  Mm- 
m\ti  •mJ  iIm  Im  iaaiMtl  iw  NMr  m  imot* 
ikarauf.  Ami  wlMw  Im  wm  toU  Kte  WMamM 
WM  to  Um,  Im  mU.  Im  Ukmi  N  wall.  iImi  Im 
•>MtttU  iIm  kaHiM  liM  haart  WM  mA,  or  ImU 
•|wIm«  aiiy  tltinf  wawonlijf  of  MiaMir.  Ha 
liiU  iIm  Iin||ImIi  Mltra  ikajr  pM  Mm  m  4mlt, 
ikM  iIm  liUlMf  liiM  mmM  m*  —ti  Um  war  i 
b«ii  il  wa«  a  laaaiilarahla  Map  dMfaaatra,  w>t 
4t4  tt  IWa  Maali  laf  r  alUr  bM  Uaaili,  al  laaM 
MM  in  ibuM  fartt  I  Ck  aftar  IMIntry  iyM, 
wImm  Um  raa  af  ikair  iMpaa  waa  al  iu  btflt* 
aa()  Affil  iIm  I*iIi  lulkiwUg,  il  vi«iltl«  3a- 
•IimnI,  nil  il  Ml  in  a  nijriiluf  uHaara  an*  allar 
liaHinaM  upim  iImm  all,  m  i*  w  ba  faaraJ. 

TIm  inhaltiunl*  <iI  Naw  Lttmlun,  Nurwiak 
•mi  Hlu«in(ion,apprahanMva  of  ihair  ihnfar, 
Hy  ra«*<Mi  uf  ika  iMar  btiniarinf  o4'iIm  anaMjf, 


aiul  uiHHi  iiikar  pruJaiit  •OMiJaralutn,  vulua- 
Urily  lialail  ihamialvai  undar  (M>nM  abla  gan- 
llaiMn,  aiHl  raauiaM  wliliara,  amunni  ikani- 
•alvaa,  M^>r  Palmaa,  C'upi.  Uaitrga  Uaniaoa, 
Caul,  Avary,  with  wiioin,  ur  unttar  wbtna, 
wiuiiM  i)m  aumpaaa  uf  iba  yaar  167tt.  iImv 
ma«l«  Ian  tir  mora  Mvaral  aa|W«liuuna,  i«  all 
whiuli,  at  llHMa  Mvaral  lima*,  ikajr  killatl  ami 
liMik  two  liunJrati  aiiti  ibirty-nina  ofiha  ana' 


TIm  (raaMf  mlaaltwf  wKmI^  aMar  iMa  INN* 
waa  iliHw  liy  ilia  aniKiiy  m  FUwimlk  atilaajr, 
WM  by  iMtraina  nt  bnuM*  •nj  harna,  wblM 
(bay  migbl  aatlly  <it),  iba  iiibalMianw  in  aaal 
nl  Ibnaa  (nwna  batnf  rapairaii  in  parriaMi 
bMMaa  tu*  ibatr  araaMf  MaarMy  i  Ikf  abaai  ika 
Nib  of  Apnl,  ihy  at  iba  aaaaiy  biirat  i 

m>  waaiaMljr  aaanwurij  bw  a  Ibw  atftm  l» 
babkaaw,  mi  ibav  war*  irivan  aw^,  atal 
ibaiaby  fw»a»ia<  frim  dotag  lUHbar  «t» 


»|  alWi  May  Mi,  ibay  barm  abiNM 
I  MMtaaa  aaa  baraa  Iw  BHdg^awr, 


iny,  by  iha  Italit  and  aMialanaa  uflha  Paquodt, 
^^llMgin•,  ami  a  faw  friamily  NarramaaaU) 
liatiiiaa  thirty  lakan  inlkair  lung  marcn  ItoMa' 


wartl,  alter  ibn  I'urt  A|[kt,  Daaambar  IMb, 
167A(  antibauJualtf  caulivalaj  inthaiaaomi 
a»|Mjitiun,  nut  raokiinaiJ  wiihin  tka  aompaM 
of  iba  Mill  nunilMf  i  tu|p)th«r  with  tniv  guna, 
an«i  apwiling  iba  anainy  uf  an  hun«lra«i  buabaU 
o(  tjorn. 

In  January  tiMy  want  again  in  pursuit,  ami 
touk  Ave  roan  ami  a  buy.  Cartain  Nipaala 
iniamlatl  tu  have  ihaltarmi  tbaroialvaa  umiar 
Unoaai  butbauareaiving  itwnulil  lio  Jiataaia- 
ful  tu  ilia  Knglitb,  iutiii  ihabbad  thaa  off,  m 
a*  thay  waru  in  thM  b«ginniiiir'<>r  tba  wintar 
bruugnt  intu  Itnaion,  many  uf  tham  by  PaMr 
Kuhraim,  and  Aiidraw  rityma,  with  tbair 
litiluwa. 

in  all  wbieb  axploiii,  naithar  ibay  nor  any 
of  their  fullowart  tiiilained  any  Iom  by  tlia 
•wurd  of  tha  enamy,  ur  (ickriiiaa  |  at  it  as- 
pratdy  duoUrvd  by  ilia  ravurand  minittar  uf 
Mluiiiiigluii,  Mr.  Janiei  Nuyce,  which  i«a  mat- 
tar  vary  adniirabla  to  cun»idar,  angaging  all 
khal  wara  any  way  eonearnad  in  lueh  iigi 
laatimuniai  of  divina  favour,  to  Im  ready  to  |iay 
tbuir  vuwt  tu  the  Muit  High,  who  aluna  laaeh- 
rth  tliti  handi  of  bia  people  to  war,  and  their 
Hiigurii  tu  flght. 

Not  lung  after  Capt.  Oeorga  Deniaon,  of 
Stuningtnn,  with  sixty-tix  volunloara,  and  a 
huttdroJ  and  twelve  PmijiiimU,  killed  and  took 
iOVenty-«ix  of  the  enemy,  ainongtt  whom 
weta  two  Narraganael  Menami,  onu  of  whom 
waa  the  srand-cnild  of  Pomhain  (who  i«  ac 
aoaMad  tna  moit  warlike,  and  the  Iwat  soldier 
of  all  lb«  Narragantet  saohemi)  takinu;  at  the 
■aaa  lina  160  bushels  uf  tb«  enamv  s  com, 
M  mmII  damage  to  our  enemies  at  tnat  lime, 
•ml  all  this  witnout  the  lots  of  one  man  of  the 
mii  Mf Uia  I  fullowert. 


Nai  tei 
sovaMaaa 

a  SMail  Iowa  la  Flvmawib  aoloay,  iwalva 
miloa  on  ibia  sida  TauMoM  i  bm  M  pteasad 
Uad  liMl  al  iha  liwa  w  saad  a  lbaadar>al»wa«, 
wbian  |Ml  ONI  the  lira,  or  also  It  migbi  bora 
pravaUad  rottab  fWnbar. 

It  la  ^uTf  raiMrkabbr,  ibai  iIm  iakablttaM  of 
tba  Mid  Hridgawalar,  navar  yai  bisi  aaa  par- 
son by  tba  sword  of  iIm  enemy,  iboagb  tba 
luwn  ia  eiluata  wiibin  PlyaMuib  aotony,  yet 
they  have  balpad  to  daairoy  many  of  iba  aaa- 
mv.  Noaa  knows  ailbar  leva  or  balrad  by 
all  thai  is  before  tbam  in  tbiaga  of  ikia  nataroi 
nor  ought  slanders  by  thai  may  aaaapa,  ibiati 
ibainsalvaa  Um  sinnara  than  tbnaa  tbai  pariali 
by  the  sword  uf  the  enemy  t  yet  about  ibis 
uma  fuur  of  tha  inhabitania  of  Taunlon  wara 
kilUd  aa  thay  wara  at  th«ir  work  in  tba  laid, 
wbarabv  it  is  Mid  that  ibiny  chikiran  waiw 
made  UtbarUM  i  8«i  unsaarababU  ara  tba 
Judgmanu  of  iba  Almighty  and  bis  ways  past 
HiMfingoui. 

During  thaw  oaUmitias,Ood'sdispan«aiioiia 
bava  baan  various,  aa  wall  in  rafcranaea  unto 
towna  and  villages,  as  ualo  parsons  t  as  if 
sooM  plaaaa  bava  baan  by  tpaeial  providanea 
inarkod  out  to  praaarvaiiun,  at  others  unto 
destruetion  ^  of  which  no  other  reason  ean  Im 
randarod,  than  tba  good  pleasure  of  Qod  so 
to  order  and  dispoM  uf  events,  wbieb  soma- 
timas,  as  Sulnmon  says,  are  all  ona  to  the  good, 
and  to  the  cUnrM  and  ui  the  unelaan. 

Ami  baeauae  speoMl  notiea  is  taken  of  iIm 
town  uf  Hridgewater,  wliinh  although  it  U 
iearad,  as  il  wore  in  thn  raidil  of  danger,  ami 
bath  often  been  aasaultad  by  ooriP><l«rabU 
numbers  of  the  enemy,  yet  never  lost  kuy  ona 
of  tbair  inhabitants,  young  or  obi ;  a  partieu- 
Ur  aeeount  shall  bare  bo  givea  of  tba  moat 
remarkable  pasMgas  uf  divine  providenea  ra 
lating  to  that  plantation  since  iIm  war  ba|an. 
June  Mtb,  IttTA,  when  Philip's  malice  a^inai 
the  l£nglish,  mixed  with  a  particular  pnyudiea 
against  Governor  Winilow,  began  to  tioil  up 
to  tba  haigbl  of  an  o^n  rebellion )  the  people 
of  Bwanaey  baing  likely  to  be  distressed  by 
tba  Indiana,  a  post  was  instantly  sent  to  the 

Sivemor  of  Plymouth,  the  way  lying  through 
ridgewatar  (  tba  said  puit  returnatl  the  next 
day,  and  about  nine  or  ten  o'clock,  as  be  pass- 
ed through  tha  town,  le(\  an  order  from  tha 
governor  fur  tlie  raiting  of  twenty  nMn,  well 
armed,  and  furnished  with  horses,  to  be  forth- 
with d  it|)atched  away  for  the  reliefofSwanaey  | 
seventeun  were  all  that  could  bo  raited  on  tno 
sudden,  who  were  lont  thither  that  night,  and 
wore  tho  first  thit  were  upon  their  march  in 
all  thn  cuuntry  |  and  poMibly  they  farad  not 
thu  worse  fur  their  forwardness  i  at  Uaborab, 
the  prophalett,  blaaaed  Ood  for  them  that 
offered  UiemMlves  willinsly  among  tho  peo- 
ple i  tbaao  sevanlaan  of  Bridgewaier,  wara, 
JuBa  Slat,  ordarad  by  Capb 


MaiapaMal,  a  plMV  fli  Iwalaa  mliia 
iram  wwaaaajfi  la  siwftglaaa  taa  flSffisaM  at 
n<"'ni's  laasa.  wbaraM  wara  Mveaiy 
H«,  «iaaagsl  wbtMi  wara  aaly  (Uind  sia* 
■en.  AAaf  ibav  bad  UMraba>l  A«« 
milaa  af  ibair  way,  bavMg  Mr,  Brown's  s»a 
'w  tbair  pilM,  tbay  mat  wiili  mmm  ■waaaay 
paapU,  wwiy  laraad  aul  «f  Ihair  bansai  (by 
wMm  ifcay  waia  la  mm)  wba  baviag  im  aa 
vet  raailM  aala  bland.  *•«  nada  dutaAil 
mip9mmwaAi  'wnftMnf  01  UMw  ftfttMMi  wi4  Inn 
watllaf  tbair  Uaosa,  ?ary  Muab  also  parauad* 
lag  tba  IMdgawalw  maa  Miwra  hmk,  iMsaata 
orWM  danger,  but  dMy  iMvbif  aoalaar  a  aall, 
bad  also  Mora  aauraia  ikM  aawardioa  la  da< 
tba  eaaaa  of  Ood  and  Ma  paaala,  bsi  ibav 
sbouU  iboralj  iMray  iIm  llraa  ar  sa  Man*  uf 
ibaIr  fHands  iaio  ilM  aaany's  kaada  i  and  sw 
by  tba  «iod  band  of  Oud  lowarda  iboM,  same 
Mfc  10  MaUMiasl  tfMt  nifbl. 

Tba  naai  oajrln  ibo  momiag,  a  part  af  ibani 
went  to  guard  Mr.  Bmwa,  tbair  pibil,  lia«k 
in  bU  i|uartars  |  la  ibolr  return  they  came  tu<l 
daaly  upon  a  parly  of  Indians,  about  ikirtv  in 
all  I  Ibey  wara  witbin  shut  of  one  anolber, 
but  iba  ICngllsb  having  no  ao«mltai«n  lo  Igbi 
till  tbav  were  aasauliMl,  and  not  hoing  Iwpad 
ad  in  their  Pasaago  tbi  y  returned  talk  to  inair 
garrison  at  NaiaBnlaat  i  ibo  Imimna  prasantly 
drawing  off  and  Hring  ikroo  guns  (iMugb  n«i 
with  InMni  to  do  tbam  any  hurt,  aa  was  enn- 
eoivod)  gave  a  sboul,  and  so  UA  tbam.  Wban 
this  party  of  the  Bng lUb  drew  near  W  tbair 
garrMon,  thrv  imi  with  a  aompany  of  saria 
going  lo  Ibteri  corn  Armn  an  bousa  daMrtad 
near  bv,  alMut  a  quarter  of  a  mite  from  Mr. 
Bourn's  bousa,  tba  aoidUra  gave  tbam  nutioa 
of  the  Indians  wbiab  tiMy  diseoverad,  and 
withal  advised  them  by  no  means  lo  veniuru 
any  mora,  baeausa  of  tba  daagar;  they  wera 
resolved  mitwitbstandlng  thaM  aamasi  par* 
suationa  of  tha  soldiers  lo  have  anolber  tarn 
which  iboy  toon  found  to  ba  at  the  peril  of 
their  own  lives,  six  of  them  being  proMnil* 
•iter  hilled  right  out,  or  mortally  woumlml 
as  toon  as  they  caiiM  to  the  barn  where  was 
the  aorn ;  ihasa  six  ara  Mid  to  ba  the  Aral 
that  were  slain  in  this  quanul.  Tha  i«>ldi<>ra 
■I  tha  garrison  hearing  the  guns,  made  wlisl 
haste  they  could  to  tha  plaea,  but  being  moit 
of  them  in  that  interim  gone  to  look  for  tbair 
horNS,  they  could  not  come  time  enough  for 
tho  relief  of  their  fViends,  yet  up<in  their  ap- 
approaeh,  they  who  had  dona  tha  mitebirf  pre« 
tantly  fled  away  t  ona  June*,  hard  punuftl 
by  two  Indians,  was  by  their  oomingdeliverrd 
from  the  extent  of  tho  enemy's  cruelty,  but 
having  his  mortal  XD'ound,  hail  only  the  favour 
thereby,  to  die  in  the  armi  of  liis  iVienda, 
though  by  wonndt  received  from  bis  enemif  a 

The  next  week  flfteen  of  thoso  soldit-rs 
looking  after  their  horses,  fell  into  an  amliunh 
of  twenty  of  the  Indians,  but  beinff  prttparpii 
for  the  encounter,  they  ditohargedtheir  guns 
upon  each  other ;  but  our  men  reroivfd  no 
hurt,  some  of  them  felt  the  wind  of  the  biilli-tt 
patting  by  their  facet ;  what  damtge  thn  oiio> 
my  received  it  uneertain,  yi<t  tome  uf  ihe 
English  repu.-t  they  found  tumu  of  thuir  eiiu- 
my  t  drad  Uidiet  in  the  place  aftorwiird. 

Thus  were  they  nut  only  preserved  in  initny 
perllt  themMlves,  but  bvrsme  initruinenlal 
also  ibr  the  preservation  of  most  of  that  garri 
son,  who  with  their  goodi,  by  thuir  meank, 
with  tho  ImId  of  a  small  partpr  of  Plymouth 
foreos,  Nnt  thitbar  alter  Iba  sta  wara  UBa4 


A    NARIATIVB  Of 


u  W  iMnlionad  bafim)  ww  t  mmm  afUr  trtiM- 
|iori«tl  Nfoly  (o  IUmI  mImmI. 

Many  outrtgM  wai«  that  •ummar  commit- 
titd  u|Miii  th«ir  iwighboura  at  Taunton  and  Na- 


tl, vat  it  plM«ad  Ood  to  proioci  the  poor 
town  oi'llridyawatar  iVomany  uther  hurt,  till 
iIm  iNiKiiiiiiiig  of  April  followuiK,  whan  them- 
•alva*  with  tnair  naighbourt  of  Tauuton  and 
UahulMtth  war*  ttroagly  lolicited  to  datart 
thair  dwallings,  and  rapnir  down  to  tha  towni 
liy  tlia  laa  iiJa,  but  Ood  aneouragad  them  to 
kaap  thair  atationa,  BOtwithManatng  the  as« 
iraina  danger  then  preaentad.  It  it  raported 
tSal  Philip  gave  ordera  that  Taunton  and 
Bridgewaier  ahould  not  be  deatroyed  till  the 
last,  whieh  it  all  tlM  ikvour  to  be  aspectad 
from  an  anamv,  bM  ikeae  thinga  an  onl^  in  the 
handa  of  Oo«l«  and  aot  to  be  datanainad  by 
man. 

April  0th,  being  Lord's  day,  a  amall  party 
of  the  enemy  came  down  upon  the  aaid 
Bridgewaier,  burnt  an  outhouaa  and  bam, 
broke  up  and  rifled  aeveral  other  houiei  in 
the  aame  quarter  of  the  town,  which  are  not- 
witlittandinf  yet  remainingt  they  lent  out  a 
party  of  thaLr  men  to  pursue  ihem  that  night 
and  many  days  after,  but  eould  nut  hear  of 
them, 

May  7th,  the  Lord's  day  also  (no  doubt  but 
the  iMiterneM  of  the  day  will  inereasethe  bad' 
ni'Si  of  their  deed  attempted  thereon)  they 
had  inlelliKenee  of  a  great  body  of  Indians 
dispersed  tiial  way,  with  intent  to  have  fallen 
iiiMin  the  town  thtt  very  day,  but  were  casu- 
ally urever.fed  by  a  great  deal  of  rain  that  fell 
tliD  n:ght  before  ;  however,  they  were  resol 
ved  not  to  miss  the  opportunity,  wherefore  on 
the  next  day  (May  8lh)  about  three  hundred 
uf  them,  one  Tiiguogen  being  their  chief 
loader,  at  8  or  0  in  the  morning  made  an  as- 
sault u|ion  the  east  end  of  the  town,  on  the 
south  side  of  the  river !  many  of  the  inhabi- 
tants stayud  at  home  that  morning,  because 
of  the  intelligence  the  day  before,  and  so  wpre 
the  more  ready  to  entertain  them ;  some  not 
uking  that  warning,  ventured  into  the  field 
about  their  occasions,  were  in  danger  of  sur- 
prisal,  hut  by  the  special  favour  of  Ood  escap- 
ed, and  came  time  enough  to  help  defend  their 


tha  house  and  barn  where  they  kept  iheir 
randeavous  over  night,  and  one  house  mora 
not  far  disuni,  they  msrcbed  all  clear  away 
for  that  time.  Thus  it  pleased  Ood  so  to 
order  his  dispensations  toward  this  small  town, 
as  a  brand  plucked  out  of  the  Are,  they  did 
but  just  taste  of  this  bitter  cup,  which  others 
dranit  deeper  of;  yet  had  they  not  such  mer- 
cy, as  these  had,  mixed  iherrwilhi  under 
Ood,  the  courage  of  the  inhabitania  was  a 
great  means  of  thair  prasorvaiion,  for  tbay 
nred  so  stoutly  upon  tha  enemy,  tliat  they 
durst  not  come  very  near  soma  of  the  garri- 
son«l  houses,  salulin){  ihem  only  at  a  distance. 
Ood  was  eminently  seen  upholding  tha  spirit 
of  all  sorts,  men  and  women,  so  as  no  v-onster- 
nation  of  mind  was  seen  upon  any  oi  them, 
during  the  whole  time  of  the  dispute. 

In  this  assault  they  lost  but  thirteen  dwell- 
ing houras,  whereof  five  only  wera  in  the 
town  (the  rest  being  outhouses,  and  deserted 
for  the  present)  with  some  few  barns,  and 
some  of  their  cattle  I  all  which  was  a  very  in- 
eonaiderable  loss,  in  comparison  of  what  befel 
others,  and  themselves  might  undured,  if  Qod 
hsd  not  by  his  special  favour  prevented. 

July  14th  and  Ifith,  anuiher  party  of  In- 
dians came  down  upon  the  northwest  side  of 
the  town,  but  with  no  better  success;  for  they 
had  no  commission  from  the  Lord  of  Hosts  to 
touch  any  of  the  persons  of  the  inhabitants, 
their  power  reaching  only  to  the  slaying  of 
their  cattle  at  this  time. 

July  ISih,  19th,  and  SOth,  thfy  sent  our 
parties  after  the  enemy  to  pursue  them  by 
thair  track,  who  fell  upon  some  of  them.  On 
the  SOth  they  took  sixteen,  whereof  two  were 
men :  On  this  dsy  they  had  to  assist  them,  it 
seems,  some  of  the  bay  Indians,  sent  them 
from  Cspt.  Brattle ;  some  of  the  captives  in- 
formed that  there  were  but  seventy  or  eighty 
in  the  company,  and  but  ten  or  twelve  men 
amongst  them :  But  within  a  few  days  these 
Bridgewater  men  shall  find  better  success  in 
pursuit  of  their  enemies,  when  Philip  himself 
shall  hardly  esciipe  dieir  hands, as  shall  be  seen 
afterwards. 

While  one  party  of  the  enemy  thus  acted 


uwnand  their  neighbours dwellings.beingshot 
at,  Hiid  bard  pursued  a  considerable  way. 

The  Indians  presently  began  to  fire  the 
town,  but  it  pleased  Oou  so  to  spirit  and  en- 
couraM  several  of  tlie  inhabitants,  issuing  out 
uf  their  sarrison  houses,  that  they  fell  upon 
tiiera  with  great  resolution,  and  beat  them  off; 
at  the  same  instant  of  time,  the  Lord  of  Hosts 
also  fighting  for  them  from  Heaven,  by  send' 
iiiff  a  storm  of  thunder  and  rain,  very  season 
altiy  which  prevented  the  burning  oftne  houses 
which  were  fired  :  The  soldiers  also  fighting 
under  the  banners  of  Ood's  special  protection, 
were  so  successful  in  repelling  the  enemy, 
that  none  of  the  inhabitants  were  killed  or 
taken,  and  but  one  wounded.  The  Indians 
by  this  stout  resistance,  being  beaten  off  to  the 
skirts  of  the  town,  made  a  fresh  onset  upon  an- 
other quarter  thereof,  on  the  north  side  of  the 
river,  where  they  had  done  much  more  mischief 
but  that  Ood  stirred  up  sundry  of  the  people 
to  venture  out  of  their  fortified  houses,  who 
fired  upon  the  enemy,  and  beat  them  from 
heir  dwallings,  so  as  in  the  evening  they  drew 
air  to  an  outhouse,  three  miles  distant  from  the 
town :  The  next  day  the  inhabitants  expected 
iissault,  but  tha  onemj  having  burnt 


their  part  about  Plymouth  colony  and  towards 
the  sea  coasts,  other  parties  of  them  were  not 
idle  in  the  Massachusetts  colony,  where  they 
hief 


assaulted  many  places,  doing  what  inisc 
they  could  by  firing  of  houses,  and  killing  seV' 
era!  persons  in  the  inland  plantations. 

March  2d,  they  assaulted  Orotcn ;  the  next 
day  over  night  M^or  Willard,  with  seventy 
horse  came  into  the  town  ;  40  toot  also  came 
up  to  their  relief  from  Watertown,  but  the 
Indians  were  all  fled,  having  first  burnt  all  the 
houses  in  the  town,  save  four  that  were  gar- 
risoned, the  meeting  house  being  the  second 
they  fired  ;  soon  after  Capt.  Still  was  sent 
with  a  small  party  of  dragoons,  of  eight  files, 
to  fetch  off* the  inhabitants  of  Groton,  and  what 
was  left  from  the  spoil  of  the  enemy,  having 
under  his  careabout  sixty  carts,  being  in  depth 
from  front  to  rear  about  two  miles,  when  a 
party  of  Indians  lying  in  ambush,  at  a  place 
of  eminent  advantage,  fired  upon  the  front 
and  mortally  wounded  two  of  the  first  car- 
riers, who  both  died  the  next  night.  Had 
God  permitted,  they  would  have  done  eminent 
damage  to  the  whole  body,  it  being  full  an 
hour  before  they  could  be  drawn  up,  which 
was  done  with  care  and  courage  ;  but  the  In- 
dians after  a  few  more  shot  made,  without 


Joing  barm,  ratirsd,  and  made  no 
assault  upon  ihein,  being  tha  same  party  af 
Indians  which  the  day  before  hsd  burnt  sohm 
(wrt  of  Chelmsford.  8oon  after  this  vil.aga 
was  deserted  and  destroyed  by  the  anainy  | 
yet  it  was  a  s|iocial  providence,  that  thou|;b 
the  carts  ware  guarded  with  so  slender  a  con- 
voy, vat  there  was  not  any  considerable  loss 
sustained. 

Tha  surprisal  of  Oroton  waa  after  this  man- 
nan  On  Starch  9d,  tha  Indiana  came  in  tha 
night  and  rifled  eight  or  nine  houses,  carried 
away  soma  eatila,  and  alarmed  the  town. 

On  March  0th,  about  ten  in  tha  morning,  a 
parcel  of  Indiana  having  two  days  lurked  in 
the  town,  and  token  posaetsion  of  three  out- 
houses, and  feasted  themselves  with  com,  and 
divers  swine  and  poultry,  which  they  there 
saited,  lay  in  ambush  fur  two  carts,  whicl. 
went  from  their  garrison  lo  fetch  in  some  hay, 
attended  with  four  men,  two  of  which  espy- 
ing tha  enemy,  made  a  diflloult  escape,  the 
other  two  ware  set  upon,  and  one  of  them 
slain,  stript  naked,  his  body  mangled,  and 
dragged  into  the  highway,  and  laid  nn  hie 
back  in  a  most  shameful  manner  t  tha  other 
takan  captive  and  afterward*  oenteneed  to 
death  |  but  the  enemy  not  concurring  in  the 
manner  of  it,  execution  was  deferred,  and  he 
by  the  providence  of  Ood  escaped  by  a  bold 
attempt  the  night  before  he  was  designed  In 
have  been  slaughtered,  and  fled  to  the  gar- 
rison at  Laneastor,  the  cattle  in  both  towna 
wounded,  and  five  of  them  slain. 

March  13th  was  the  day  when  the  enemy 
came  in  a  full  body,  by  their  own  account 
four  hundred,  and  thought  by  the  inhabitants 
lo  be  not  many  less.  The  town  was  at  this 
time,  (having  been  put  into  a  fright  by  the  sad 
catastrophe  of  Lancaster,  the  next  Imrderinf 
town)  gathered  into  five  garrisons,  four  of 
which  were  so  near  together,  as  to  be  able  to 
command  from  one  to  the  other,  lietween 
which  were  the  caltle  belonging  to  those  fa- 
milies, driven  into  pastures,  whieh  afterwards 
proved  their  preservation ;  the  other  was 
near  a  milo  distant  from  the  rest. 

This  morning  the  Indians  (having  in  th« 
night  placed  themselves  in  several  parts  of 
the  town)  rtsdo  the^r  onset;  which  began 
near  the  four  garrisons,  for  a  body  of  them 
having  placed  themselves  in  Bmbiiscodn,  bo- 
hind  a  hill,  near  one  of  the  garrisons  two  of 
ihem  made  discovery  of  themselves,  as  iftliey 
hod  stood  upon  discovery  At  this  tiire 
divers  of  the  people,  not  suspecting  thm  007 
such  matter  (for  the  day  before,  many  had 
been  upon  discovery  many  miles,  and  found 
no  signs  of  an  enemy  being  so  npsr)  were  at 
tnnding  their  occasions,  some  foddering  their 
cattle,  some  milking  their  cows,  of  whom  the 
enemy  might  easily  have  made  a  seizure,  but 
God  prevented  ;  they  having  amitlicr  design 
in  hand,  as  soor  after  appeart.>d  :  These  two 
Indians  were  at  ';cngth  espied,  and  the  ainrin 
given !  whereiipcm  the  most  of  the  men  in 
the  next  garrison,  and  some  also  in  the  second 
(which  was  about  eight  or  nine  poles  distant) 
drew  out  and  went  to  surprize  those  two  In- 
dians, who  kept  their  stetion  till  our  men 
reached  the  brow  of  the  hill,  then  arose 
in  the  ambush  and  discharged  a  volley  upon 
them,  which  caused  a  disorderly  retreat  or 
rather  a  rout,  in  which  one  was  slain,  and 
three  others  wounded :  Meanwhile  another 
ambush  had  risen,  and  coKa  upon  the  back 


Ih'a 

ad 

dre 

tha 

Iha 

lea< 


THE    INDIAN    WARS. 


■id*  of  iIm  girrifon  lo  daMiteii  iii'  ni«n,  and 
pulUd  down  iha  palliMduoi ;  The  (oldUir*  in 
ih't  milt,  rotrektatl  not  to  iheirown,  but  put*- 
•d  by  the  iwxt  gnrriton,  th«  women  and  chiU 
drain  innanwiiila  exiioied  tu  haxard,  but  by 
Iha  goodiiuM  til'  Ood  made  a  mI'u  «M)ap«  lo 
Om  othor  fortifitid  house,  without  nny  harm, 
leaving  their  •ubetance  to  the  enemy,  who 
made  a  prey  of  it,  and  spent  the  reiidue  of 
the  day  in  removing  the  ourn  and  household 
stuflT,  (in  which  loss  Ave  families  were  impo- 
verished) and  firing  upon  the  other  sarrison : 
Hare  also  they  taoK  some  cattle.  No  sooner 
was  the  signal  given  by  the  first  vollev  of 
shot,  but  inimudiutely  in  several  parts  or  the 
town  at  oneo,  did  the  smoke  arise,  they  firing 
iIm  houses. 

In  the  afternoon  they  used  a  stratagem  not 
unlike  the  other,  to  have  surprised  the  single 
garrison,  but  Ood  prevented.  An  old  Indian 
passed  alonz  the  street  with  a  black  sheep  on 
his  book  with  a  slow  pace,  as  one  decrepid  ) 
they  made  several  shot  at  him,  at  which  se- 
veral issued  out  to  have  taken  him  alive,  but 
the  watchman  seasonably  espying  an  ambush, 
vehiiid  the  house,  gave  the  signal,  whereby 
they  ware  prevented. 

The  night  following,  the  enemy  lodged  in 
the  town,  some  of  them  in  the  garrison  thev 
had  surprised,  but  the  body  of  them  in  an  ad- 
jacent valley  where  they  made  themselves 
niurry  aller  their  savage  manner.  The  next 
morning  they  gave  two  or  three  vollies  at 
Capt.  Parker's  earrison,  and  so  marched  oflT, 
fearing  as  was  thought,  that  supply  might  be 
near  at  hand. 

This  assault  of  theirs  was  managed  with 
their  wanted  subtlety  and  barbarous  cruelty ; 
for  they  stript  the  body  of  him  whom  they 
had  slam  in  the  first  onset,  and  then  cutting 
off  hi*  head,  Axed  it  up(in  a  pole,  looking  to- 
wards his  own  land.  The  corpse  of  the  man 
slain  the  week  before,  they  dug  out  of  his 
grave,  and  cut  off  his  head  and  one  leg,  and 
set  them  upon  poles,  and  stript  off  his  wind- 
ing sheet.  An  infant  which  they  found  dead, 
in  the  house  they  first  surprised,  they  cut  in 
pieces,  which  afterward  they  cast  to  the 
•wine.  There  were  about  forty  dwelling 
houses  burnt  at  that  time,  besides  other  build- 
ings. This  desolation  was  followed  with  the 
breaking  up  of  the  town,  and  scattering  of 
the  inhabitants,  and  removal  of  the  candle- 
stick after  it  had  been  there  seated  above 
twelve  years. 

ConcerningthesurprisingofGroton,  March 
13,  tjiere  was  not  any  thing  much  more  mate- 
rial than  what  is  already  mentioned,  save  only 
the  insolence  of  John  Monoco,  or  one  eyed 
John,  the  chief  capt  of  the  Indians  in  that 
design ;  who  having  by  a  sudden  surprisal 
early  in  the  morning,  seized  upon  a  garrison 
house  ill  one  end  of  the  town,  continued  to  it, 
p'.'induring  what  whs  there  ready  at  hand,  all 
that  day  ;  and  at  niglit  did  very  familiarly  in 
appearnnce,  call  out  to  Capt.  Parker,  that  was 
lodged  in  another  garrison  house,  and  enter- 
tained a  great  deal  of  discourse  with  him, 
whom  he  called  his  old  neighbour ;  dilating 
upun  the  cause  of  the  war,  and  putting  an 
end  ls>  it  by  a  friendly  peace  ;  yet  oft  mixing 
bitter  sarcasms,  with  several  blasphemous 
■eolTs  and  taunts,  at  their  praying  and  wor- 
shipping God  in  the  meeting  house,  which  he 
daridingly  said  he  had  burnt.  Among  other 
dunga  which  he  boastingly  uttered  that  night. 


ba  said  ha  burnt  IMedKeUI,  (though  it  ba  nol 
known  whether  ha  was  there  personally  pra* 
sent  or  not)  Larxaster,  aiv*  'hal  now  he  would 
bum  iha  town  of  Orotnn,  and  iha  naxi  time 
he  would  burn  Chelmsford,  Concord,  Water- 
town,  Cambridge,  Charleslown,  Roxbury, 
Boston,  adding  at  last  in  their  dialect,  tekat 
MM  toill,  me  do :  Not  much  unlika  tha  proud 
Assyrian  (if  his  power  had  baen  iqual  to  hi* 
>riae)  sonietimas  threa(t.nad  ocainst  Jarusa- 
em,  but  was  bv  the  reiiMrkable  providinee 
of  God,  so  oonlounded  within  k  few  months 
after,  that  he  was  bereft  of  bis  four  hundrad 
and  four  score  (of  which  ha  now  boast«d)aml 
only  with  a  few  more  braggadocio*  lik*  him* 
self,  SagamoM  Sam,  old  Jetbro,  and  the  Saga- 
more ofQuabaog,  were  token  by  the  English, 
and  was  se*n  (not  long  before  the  writing  of 
this)  marching  towards  tha  gallowj  (through 
Boston  streets,  which  he  threatened  to  burn  at 
his  pleasure)  with  a  haltar  abodt  his  neck, 
with  which  he  was  hanged  at  the  town's  end, 
Sept.  26th,  in  this  present  year,  1676.  So 
let  thine  enemies  porish,  O  Lord,  and  such 
contempt  be  poared  on  all  them  that  open 
their  mouths  to  blaspheme  thy  holy  name. 

Things  looked  with  a  disagr«eable  face 
about  those  parts  at  this  time,  yet  though  the 
righteou?  fall  seven  times,  let  not  their  ene- 
mies rejoice,  for  the  righteous  shall  rise  again, 
but  their  wicked  enemies  shall  fall  into  mis- 
chief, and  rise  no  more.  It  was  ebbing  water 
with  New  England  at  this  time,  and  a  while 
after;  but  God  shall  turn  the  stream  before  it 
be  long,  and  bring  down  their  enemies  to 
lick  the  dust  before  them. 

After  this,  April  17th,  Capt.  Still  being  ap- 
pointed to  keep  garrison  at  Groton,  some  In- 
dians coming  to  hunt  for  swine,  three  Indians 
drew  near  the  garrison  house,  supposing  it 
to  have  been  deserted,  two  of  them  were  slain 
by  one  single  shot,  made  by  the  captain's  own 
hands,  ana  the  third,  by  another  shot  made 
from  the  garrison. 

The  danger  which  these  inland  towns  war* 
like  to  be  exposed  to  from  the  enemy,  after 
they  were  driven  out  of  the  Narras^sat 
country,  wm  foreseen  by  the  council  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, yea,  they  had  some  intimation 
thereof  from  the  enemy  themselves;  but  they 
were  not  well  able  to  prevent  it  in  that  un- 
seasonable time  of  the  year ;  no  way  fit  for 
marching  of  soldiers,  and  transporting  of  pro- 
visions (the  winter  then  beginning  to  break 
up  in  this  country)  for  while  our  iorces  were 
up  in  the  Narraganset  country  in  the  winter, 
a  couple  of  christian  Indians  were  sent  as 
spies  into  the  Nipnet  and  Narraganset  coun- 
try through  the  woods,  in  the  depth  of  winter, 
when  the  ways  were  impassable  for  any  other 
sort  of  people  :  These  two,  James  and  Job, 
ordered  their  business  so  prudently,  as  that 
they  were  admitted  into  those  Indian  habita- 
tions as  friends,  and  had  free  liberty  of  dis- 
course with  them ;  thev  were  at  first  a  little 
jealous  of  them;  but  oy  the  means  of  one 
eyed  John  (a  great  captain  of  the  Indians, 
that  afterwaitis  led  them  that  spoiled  Groton, 
who  having  been  a  companion  of  one  of  the 
said  spies,  both  in  hunting,  and  in  fighting 
against  the  Mohawks  formerly,  so  esteemed 
of  him,  that  he  would  not  suffer  any  of  the 
rest  to  touch  him)  they  passed  through  all 
the  Indian  towns  lying  thirty  miles  distant 
from  Quabaog,  and  twenty  miles  northward 
I  of  the  road  lo  Connecticut.— On*  of  th*  said 


spias  raiurnad  about  iha  94ih  of  Jmamiy,  b> 
forming  them  that  sent  him  what  b*  had  ot.' 
served,  both  the  number  of  the  Indians(aboa 
three  hundred  in  all)  also  their  several  lowns^ 
and  what  provisions  they  had;  plenty  of  v* 
nison,  much  pork  from  ih*  Eiiglishm«>n's  hogi 
which  th*v  had  taken;  they  confessed  also 
that  he  and  som*  of  his  party  had  killed  th« 
people  at  Nasaway,  lb*  last  j»mr,  suspeelad 
lo  hava  li**n  don*  by  ib*  Indians  orMarl' 
borough  t  H*  told  in*m  also  ib*y  iniand*d 
to  bum  Laneast*r  within  tbr**  w*eks  after 
that  tim*,  whieb  aeeordingly  ib«y  did  i  adding 
moraovar,  that  soma  Franebman  w^ra  with 


tham  at  Pooomptuok,  anooursging  of  them  to 
go  on  with  tbair  designs,  promisTng  tham  as* 
sislanea,  which  mad*  som*  ready  to  think  th* 
Indians  war*  stirred  up  by  tha  Frenel  lo  do 
all  this  mischief— but  more  of  this  aftor> 
wards. — What  mijght  b«  gathered  from  th* 
foresaid  promisos  is  easy  to  conceive:  where- 
upon new  forces,  with  as  much  speed  u  the 
season  would  allow,  wer^  raised  and  sent  into 
(hose  parts,  under  the  command  of  M^or 
Savage  in  chief  i  Thoy  were  dispatched  awaj 
the  beginning  of  March,  and  appointed  lo 
meet  with  such  as  should  be  sent  from  Con- 
necticut colony,  which  they  did  about  Qua 
baog,  and  so  intended  to  march  directly  up  lo 
those  Indian  towns  about  Walcbuset  Hill,  to 
the  northwest ;  but  the  Indians  ware  gone, 
and  our  forces  in  pursuit  of  them  taking  th* 
wrong  path,  missed  of  them,  yet  ranging 
through  those  woods,  they  wer*  at  one  tim* 
sudd*nly  assaulted  by  a  small  p*rtv  of  In« 
dians  firing  upon  them,  wounded  Mr.  (3*t> 
shorn  BalUy,  by  a  shot  in  his  thigh,  and  kill* 
ing  one  of  their  soldiers ;  after  which  as  they 
marched  along  they  accidentally  fell  upon 
another  small  party  of  the  enemy,  of  whom 
they  slew  some  and  took  others  to  the  num* 
ber  of  sixteen,  yet  could  not  meet  with  th* 
main  body  of  the  enemy,  who  it  seems  had 
passed  over  a  great  river  by  rafts,  so  that  our 
men  could  follow  them  no  further,  wherefore 
turning  down  towards  Hadlev  and  Northamp- 
ton, whither  it  was  supposed  the  Indians  in- 
tended to  pass,  they  came  ver*  seasonably 
to  the  relietof  the  said  towns,  which  else  ha  I 
been  in  danger  of  lieing  lost.     For, 

March  14th,  (he  enemy  fell  upon  Nur- 
thampton,  and  in  three  places  broke  (hro  .fjh 
the  fortification  of  pallisadoes,  tet  up  row  li 
about  (he  town  a  little  before,  for  their  better 
security;  but  the  town  being  at  that  time  full 
of  soldiers,  they  were  quickly  repulsed,  aft*' 
they  had  killed  four  men  and  two  women,  ana 
fired  four  or  five  dwelling  houses,  and  as 
many  barns,  with  the  loss  of  many  of  their 
tires,  as  was  supposed. 

While  our  forces  under  M^or  Savage  con- 
tinued on  that  side  of  the  country,  a  sad  ac- 
cident fell  out  at  Sprinfield,  the  certainty  of 
which  it  is  judged  meet  here  to  relate  to  pre- 
vent mistakes  ;  the  matter  having  through  a 
great  oversight  been  otherwise  represented 
Uian  '  Jeed  it  was,  not  onlv  to  the  prejudie* 
of  truth,  but  to  the  disadvantage  of^  som* 
persons  concerned  therein.  While  the  soU 
diers  were  quartered  at  a  place  belonging  ta 
Springfield,  called  the  long  meadow,  thre* 
miles  from  the  town  below,  toward  Windsor, 
several  of  the  inhabitants  having  most  of  the 
winter  kept  from  the  public  meeting  on  t'n* 
Lord's  day  for  fear  of  the  enemy,  were  en* 
couragad  to  adventur*  to  the  assembly  m 


A   NARRATIVE   OP 


til*  Mth  of  Mtreh,  riding  in  th*  enm|4ny  of 
Um  trao|Nirt|  but  h»vin^  hvard  of  no  Indian* 
tharaahnuti  •  eood  whin,  w«ra  more  sitoiirit 
ihM  tha;*  hiiJ  eautn)  fur  riding  Mime  of 
than  with  womnr.  bahind  them,  tnd  •omo 
•KU  ehildfan  in  their  •rmt,  yet  not  to  cara- 
^J  M  le  keep  in  the  middle,  but  rather  in  tho 
^aar,  and  at  Mtma  distance  atranlinK  fWim  ike 
raat  of  the  eompanv,  a  party  <h  Indiana  lying 
In  the  bathat,  aa  they  rode  along,  fired  upon 
the  liindnMat,  and  killed  two,  and  wounded 
otkerii  Thoaa  in  tlM  front  having  alio  women 
and  imida  behind  aoraa  of  them,  wer«  at  a 
■tand  to  know  what  to  do,  fearing  th«>y  might 
•»|Mie  thoae  women  they  had  m  their  eem- 
nany,  if  they  akould  ride  baek  (in  that  wind- 
ing read  through  a  woody  plaee  for  near  a  r.iile 
or  two  together)  to  look  after  tiiem  that  were 
behind  t  at  the  laal,  one  that  came  riding  up, 
told  the  (bremoat  eompany  there  wat  no  hurt, 
and  that  they  were  all  eoming  t  They  that 
were  brbre  rode  away  with  all  speed  to  the 
end  of  tlie  town,  where  aatting  down  the  wo 
men,  the  troopen  returned  bMk,  but  too  late 
to  reeorertwo  poor  women,  and  two  ehildron, 
who  upon  the  lint  assault  were  thrown  off* 
their  horses,  and  immediately  hauled  into  the 
bushes,  and  through  a  swamp  on  the  other 
aide  of  a  steep  bank,  so  as  they  could  not  be 
heard  of  all  tnat  afternoon,  nor  the  next  day 
till  toward  night,  although  they  were  diligent- 
ly searched  after  by  all  the  trooper*  in  and 
about  the  town ;  at  last  when  they  were  des- 
cried Just  by  a  swamp  side,  ihe  cruel  wretches 
endeavoured  to  kill  them  all,  but  in  haste  only 
wounded  them  with  their  hatolieta,  yet  so  as 
one  of  the  poor  creatures  recovered  ;  the 
other,  with  tho  children,  died  of  their  wounds 
before  they  were  brought  home,  or  within  a 
little  time  after.  Thev  did  not  complain  of 
any  incivility  toward  tnem  while  they  were 
la  their  power;  but  by  the  farewell  given 
Ikem  at  their  parting,  they  found  it  true  by 
their  own  experience,  that  the  tender  mercies 
a:'  the  wicked  are  cruelty. 

There  happened  no  other  matter  of  moment 
worthy  the  reporting  while  nnr  forces  tarried 
in  those  pans,  and  the  commanders  observing 
that  the  enemy  was  turned  back  again  through 
the  woods,  towards  Massachusetts  bay,  after 
a  month's  time  retired  back,  yet  could  never 
meet  with  the  enbmy  in  their  return  through 
the  woods,  although  while  they  were  at  the 
towns  aforesaid,  they  understood  of  several 
attempts  made  upon  Sudbury  and  Marl- 
boroupfh,  the  most  part  nf  the  latter  they  de- 
stroyed March  86in,  which  made  the  inhabi- 
tants forsake  their  dwellings,  leaving  only  a 
few  houses  garrisoned  with  soldiers,  the  bet- 
ter to  secure  a  passage  to  the  towns  westward 
upon  Connecticut  river. 

The  inhabitants  of  Sudbury,  with  the  sold- 
iers under  lieutonant  Jacolis,  of  Marlborough, 
sufficiently  alarmed  by  the  late  mischief  done 
aliout  these  towns,  resolved  to  try  what  work 
they  could  with  tho  enemy  in  the  night ; 
whereupon  going  forth,  March  27lh,  toward 
morning,  they  discerned  where  the  enemy 
l«y  by  their  fire,  (near  three  hundred  of  them) 
and  within  half  a  mile  of  a  garrison  house, 
near  the  f 'ice  where  they  had  done  so  much 
mischief  the  day  before.  Such  was  the  cour- 
age and  resolution  of  the  English,  though  but 
forty  in  number,  townsmen  and  soldiers,  that 
they  adventured  to  discharge  upen  them  a* 
liMjr  If  brdieir  fb«i,  when  it  waa  so  dark 


that  an  Indian  could  hardly  be  diseorned  from 
a  belter  man  |  yet  Ood  so  diraoting,  they  dis- 
charged several  times  u|>on  ihemi  wound- 
ed thirty,  fbyrteen  of  whom  either  di«d  of 
their  wound*  the  same  day,  or  soon  aftar, 
which  had  been  chief  agents  in  this  prastnt 
mischief  against  the  English.  Such  waa  iba 
suceeaa  of  this  akirmish  that  tlia  aaaallania 
came  off*  without  the  los*  of  a  man. 

Alkr  th'9  time  tha  anam^  began  to  aeatier 
about  in  small  parties,  domg  what  mischief 
ihav could,  about  Maisaehuaett*,  killing  a  man 
at  Weymouth,  another  at  Hingbam,  a*  thay 
lay  ikulking  up  and  down  in  swamp*  and  kolas, 
to  assault  any  thai  occasionally  looked  never 
•o  little  into  tha  wood*  :  somettma*  alarming 
the  towns  about  Boaton,  by  diacharging  the 

Bin*  upon  particular  peraon*  at  Billerica, 
laintree,  and  at  Wrentham,  -near  to  which 
place,  in  the  road  to  Rehoboth,  they  aaaaulled 
one  Woodeock'a  houie,  killed  one  man  and 
one  of  his  sons,  wounded  another,  and  burnt 
his  son'*  houaa. 

Notwithatanding  the  little  success  of  former 
attempts  Philip  and  his  men  have  one  piece 
moro  to  play  in  Massachusetts  colony,  before 
thev  go  oflT  the  stage,  and  then  we  shall  see 
their  power  visibly  declining  every  where, 
until  uieir  final  overthrow  come  upon  them. 
There  ware  several  small  parties  of  them  scat- 
tered up  and  down  all  over  the  country,  yet 
the  mam  body  of  them  was  still  lurking  up 
and  down  in  those  woods  that  lie  between 
Hrooklield,  Marlborough,  and  Connecticut 
river.  Possibly  thev  had  some  hopes  of  driv- 
ing all  the  country  before  them  to  the  towns 
upon  the  sea  coast ;  for  having  burnt  the  de- 
serted houses  at  Marlborough,  April  17th,  the 
next  day  they  set  upon  Sudbury  with  all  their 
might  (hoping,  'tis  probable,)  to  do  there  as 
they  had  done  at  the  town*  next  beyond  it. 
They  did  at  the  first  prevail  so  far  as  to  con- 
sume several  houses  and  barns,  and  kill  seve- 
ral person*  ten  or  twelve  of  the  English,  that 
came  from  Concord  to  assist  their  neighbour* 
at  Sudbury,  a  town  five  mile*  distant  from 
them,  at  the  first  hearing  of  the  alarm,  who 
unawares  were  surprised  near  a  garrison,  in 
hopes  of  getting  some  advantage  upon  asmall 
party  of  the  enemy  that  presented  themselves 
in  a  meadow ;  a  great  number  of  the  Indians 
that  lay  unseen  in  the  bushes,  suddenly  rose 
up,  and  intercepting  the  passage  to  the  garri- 
son house,  killed  and  took  them  all. 

But  our  sorrows  and  loase*  that  day  are 
not  yet  come  to  their  height ;  for  on  the  same 
day,  that  resolute  stout  hearted  soldier,  Capt. 
Wadsworth  (who  not  long  before,  with  not 
above  forty  men,  rescued  Lancaster,  when  it 
was  in  danger  to  have  been  all  lost  at  once) 
being  sent  from  Boston  with  fifty  soldiers  to 
relieve  Marlborough,  having  marched  twenty- 
five  miles  and  then  understanding  the  enemy 
was  gone  through  the  woods  towards  Sud- 
bury ;  This  wearied  company,  before  ever 
they  had  taken  any  considerable  rest,  marched 
immediately  back  toward  Sudbury  (that  lies 
ten  miles  nearer  Boston)  and  being  come 
within  a  mile  of  the  town,  thoy  espied  a  party 
of  Indians  not  far  from  them,  about  an  hun- 
dred, not  more—as  they  conceived,  these  they 
might  easily  deal  with  ;  who  retiring  a  while, 
drew  Capt.  Wadsworth  and  his  company 
above  a  mile  into  the  woods,  when  on  a  sud- 
den a  great  body  of  the  eneiny  appeared, 
about  five  hundred  aa  waa  thought,  ins  com- 


pataing  ihem  around,  forced  iham  to  ihelopnf 
a  bill,  where  thev  made  very  stout  recisianee  a 
conaidarabla  while  |  but  the  night  drawing  on, 
and  soma  of  tha  company  beginning  in  scaitcr 
from  tha  rest,  their  fellows  were  forced  to 
follow  them,  so  a*  the  enemy  taking  the  elias<>, 
purauad  them  on  every  side,  a*  they  made  too 
haaty  a  retreat,  by  which  accident,  lieing  so 
mum  overpowered  by  the  enemy's  numliem, 
they  were  most  of  them  lost  i  The  oaiilHiii 
bimaalf,  with  one  Capt.  Brocklabank  (a  choice 
spirited  young  man  much  lamented  by  the 
town  of  Rowley  in  which  h«  belonged)  and 
some  other*  that  fell  into  hi*  company  a*  ho 
marched  along,  acaree  twenty  aacaping  in  all 
*o  that  another  captain  and  hi*  flft^  men  per- 
ished at  that  time,  aa  brave  aoldier*  aa  any 
aver  employed  in  the  present  aerviee. 

Thii*  aa  in  former  attempt*  of  the  like  na- 
ture, too  much  courage  and  eagernes*  in  pur- 
•uit  of  the  enemy,  hath  added  another  fatal 
blow  to  thi*  poor  country. 

The  *ame  day  another  party  of  the  English 
coming  from  Broofield,  whither  they  wem 
sent  as  convoy  with  provision*  for  the  gnrri- 
*on,  were  in  danger  likewiae  of  falling  inio  the 
hand*  of  the  *ame  Indian*  j  yetriding  upon  a 
good  (peed,  and  keeping  their  guns  alwiiys 
ready  presented  against  them  they  met,  they 
never  durat  fire  at  them ;  only  three  or  four 
having  unadviaedly  fir*t  diaeharged  their  guns 
against  the  enemy,  and  falling  too  much  in 
the  rear  of  their  company,  wero  cut  ofl'  and 
loat.  It  is  reported  by  some  that  afterwards 
escaped,  how  they  cruelly  tortured  five  or  six 
of  the  English  that  night ;  Yet  whatever  their 
succe**  wa*  thi*  day,  it  wa*  obaerved  by  some 
(at  that  time  their  prisoners,  and  since  ntlcos- 
ad)  that  thev  seemed  very  pensive  after  llipy 
came  to  their  quarters,  showing  no  such  sigrs 
of  rejoicing  as  they  were  wont  to  do  in  lik» 
case*;  whether  for  the  lo**  of  *ome  of  llieir 
own  eompanv  in  that  day'*  enterprise  (sai-.l 
to  be  an  hundred  and  twenty)  or  whetiier  it 
was  the  devil  in  whom  they  trusted  that  ilu- 
ceived  them,  and  to  whom  they  made  their 
address  the  day  before,  by  sundry  conjurations 
of  their  powawil  Or  whether  it  were  by 
any  dread  that  the  Almighty  *ent  upon  llicir 
execrable  blasphemies,  which  it  is  said  they 
used  in  torturing  some  of  their  poor  capt!  vc.i 
(bidding  Jesus  come  and  deliver  them  o  .v  of 
their  hands  from  death,  if  he  could)  we  leave 
as  uncertain,  though  some  have  so  reported, 
yet  sure  it  is  that  after  this  day  tliey  nevt'r 
prospered  in  any  attempt  they  made  agiiiii8t 
the  English,  but  were  continually  sqaltercd 
and  broken,  till  they  were  in  a  mannerall  con- 
sumed. After  this  time,  however  they  had 
braved  it  l>efore,  they  seemed  to  apprehend 
that  it  was  scarce  feasible  with  them  to  with- 
stand thu  power  of  the  English,  iind  therefore 
seemed  more  inclinable  to  a  peace  by  several 
overtures  made  by  them,  if  they  knew  how 
to  have  brought  it  about.  For  during  these 
encounters  they  wero  willing  to  admit  of  soino 
kind  of  treaty  with  the  English,  abo  it  the  re- 
leasing of  sundry  of  their  captives, «  hich  tliev 
took  at  Lancaster  and  elsewhere  ;  to  this  eml 
sundry  attempts  were  made  by  help  of  severa" 
of  the  praying  Indians  (as  they  were  called) 
about  the  redemption  of  some  of  the  women 
and  children,  which  were  at  that  time  in  their 
possession,  and  by  degrees  something  wu* 
effected  that  way ;  poanbly  their  own  present 
iuffering*  and  want*  that  were  upon  them. 


mlollMiopAf 

ul  re«iitane«  • 
lit  drawing  on, 
ning  In  lealti-r 
•re  forced  to 
ling  tha  chair, 
they  madv  tuo 
lent,  licing  lo 
nv't  niimlwri, 
Tbn  oajitain 
bank(aenoica 
■ntad  hy  the 
wlonged)  and 
impany  as  hn 
iMping  in  all 
Bftjr  imn  per- 
Jdiera  aa  any 
•rvic«. 

>f  th«  like  nn- 
triWM  in  pur- 
anolhar  iktal 

>f  the  Engliiih 
!r  they  wrm 
for  the  gHrri- 
lilling  into  the 
riding  upon  a 
guns  always 
loy  met,  they 
three  or  four 
(ed  their  gun* 
too  much  in 
0  cut  oft'  and 
It  afterwards 
'ed  five  or  six 
'hateverthoir 
rvod  by  some 
fince  riileos- 
ive  afti-r  ihoy 
no  such  sigT  s 
to  do  in  like 
lome  u(  iheir 
erprise  (said 
r  whether  it 
•ted  that  de- 
made  thfir 
conjurations 
r  it  were  hy 
It  upon  ihi'ir 
is  said  they 
loor  capt!  vu 
thj'm  0 .1..  of 
Id)  we  leave 
so  rjporled, 
they  never 
pade  agiiiiifit 
iy  SQalten-d 
innerall  Con- 
or they  had 
•  apprehend 
lem  to  with- 
ind  therer<>re 
e  by  Severn! 
'  knew  how 
luring  these 
Imit  of  soino 
ibo  It  the  re- 
I,  V  hich  tliey 
:  to  this  eml 
Ip  of  Severn" 
vere  called) 
tlie  women 
time  in  their 
lething  was 
own  present 
upon  them. 


THE  INDIAN  WARS. 


might  induM  tham  tbcniuiitu  t  For  b^  thia 
time  the  spring  uf  ma  yearoaroa  on,  thair  pro- 
vision was  all  apant,  and  they  were  foroad  to 
live  whnUy  upon  ground  nuts,  and  upon  fleah 
of  the  Biiglisn  oreaiuraa,  both  hurse  and  neat 
cattle,  which  they  daily  plundered.  The 
ground  nuts  running  up  to  sued  in  the  sum- 
mer, begin  to  grow  so  stioky,  as  they  were 
iniircu  eatable ;  the  flesh  also  of  the  ESnglish 
cattle  pruvinK  unwholasome  for  their  bodies, 
Ailing  them  with  sundry  diseases  i  one  of  them 
having  eaten  much  horse  flush,  complained 
that  he  had  eaten  much  horse  and  now  horta 
began  to  eat  him,  moaningsomo  deadly  disease 
growing  upon  his  eating  such  rank  tlesh,  un- 
wholesome for  their  bodies,  especially  without 
salt,  as  their  usual  manner  is.  The  fishing 
season  also  began  to  coma  in,  wherein  they 
■jsed  to  take  abundance  of  all  sorts,  with 
which  those  great  rivers  up  the  country  are 
abundantly  stored  ;  they  used  to  take  thereof, 
and  drying  it  in  the  smoke,  make  provision 
thereof  for  the  greatest  part  of  the  year ;  and 
if  the  war  contmiied,  they  could  not  but  see 
they  should  utterly  be  cut  off'  therefrom ;  and 
that  if  the  planting  season  also  were  lost,  they 
should  lie  in  great  want  of  summer  fruits,  w. 
beans  and  s'piash  (besides  their  corn)  with 
which  they  were  wont  to  live  all  tha  latter 
part  of  the  summer.  Upon  all  considerations 
they  seemed  pretty  inclinable  to  hearken  to  a 
peace,  though  some  were  apt  to  think  they 
would  never  have  kept  it  further  than  would 
stand  with  their  own  advantage,  and  their  pre- 
sent desire  thereof  were  only  to  gain  time. 

A  (lersnii  formerly  acquainted  with  tne  In- 
diana about  Lancaster,  did  adventure  upon 
the  forementioned  overtures,  to  go  amongst 
them  to  try  if  ho  could  not  prevail  with  them 
fur  the  redemption  of  the  minister's  wife,  taken 
cup^ve  in  February  last,  from  Lancaster,  and 
tlirongh  the  favour  of  him  who  has  the  hearts 
of  all  in  his  hand,  inclined  them  as  he  pleases, 
obtained  the  desired  end  upon  an  inconsider- 
able sum,  which  gave  enoouragemont  to  the 
council  to  send  two  messengers  on  the  like 
errand  the  same  week  to  procure  the  redemp- 
tion of  others,  not  without  success :  The  for- 
mer, viz.  .Mrs.  Rowlandson  being  brought  to 
Boston  upon  the  election  day,  May  3d,  it  was 
generally  looked  at  as  a  smile  of  providence, 
and  doubtless  was  a  return  of  prayer,  and  an- 
swer of  faith  with  w  hich  her  husband  had 
been  upheld,  and  supported  from  the  day  of 
her  captivity ;  his  two  children  also  were 
returned  back  not  long  after,  more  by  tho 
ovcrruliiiif  hand  of  Ood  (that  turns  the  cap- 
tivity of  his  people  as  the  streams  of  the  south; 
and  something  inclining  them  to  pity  his  ser- 
vants, that  are  of  themselves  more  cruel  than 
the  sea  monsters)  than  by  any  contrivance  of 
man's  policy.  . 

And  yet  notwithstanding  motions  of  this 
nature  about  the  redemption  of  some  of  our 
Drisoners  still  in  their  hands,  there  was  no  ces- 
■ution  of  arras  between  us. 

About  this  time  letters  were  sent  down 
from  Connecticut  colony,  informing  the  gen- 
eral court  then  assembled  at  Boston,  that  some 
of  the  Mohawks  (a  sort  of  fierce  and  savage  In- 
dians, yet  mortal  enemies  to  those  we  jvere 
a>.  war  with)  had  fallen  upon  some  of  Philip's 
party,  and  destroyed  many  of  them :  Likewise 
that  many  of  tliem  were  destroyed  by  fevers 
and  fluxes.and  other  distempers  lallingamongst 
lliam,  which  was  some  reviving  to  our  hopes, 


thai  IIm  fcot  of  oar  enemy  ahould  slide  in  dua 
tiraa,  and  that  destruction  was  haaianing  upon 
tham  though  mill  they  were  permitted  to  do 
mischief  in  sundry  particular  places  of  the 
country,  which  must  be  minded  aa  we  pass 
along. 

Those  Indians  that  were  our  professed  ene- 
mies, aAer  they  had  lieen  beaten  out  of  the 
Narraganset  country,  February  1st,  tarried  a 
while  at  Winimaseag,  a  place  two  days  Jour- 
ney north  of  Quaboag,  where  they  divided 
themselves  into  two  companies,  one  of  them 
tarried  on  that  side  of  the  country,  the  other 
made  toward  Plymouth  colony,  taking  Med- 
fleld  in  their  way,  from  whence  as  they  march- 
ed along  they  met  with  a  notable  repulse  at 
Boggiston,  a  small  hamlet,or  company  of  farms 
not  far  from  the  said  Medfield,  where  they 
attempted  a  garrison,  but  meeting  with  stout 
resistance  they  left  tho  enterprise,  and  kept 
on  their  way  towards  Plymouth  colony,  where 
they  scattered  themselves  up  and  down,  wait- 
ing for  opportunities  to  spoU  and  destroy  the 
Bnglish  plantations  on  that  side  of  the  country. 

EMsides  what  is  already  ineiiliuned,  on 
May,  11th,  a  party  of  them  assaulted  the  town 
of  Plymouth,  burnt  eleven  houses,  and  five 
barns  belonging  thereunto  i  On  tho  other  side 
a  small  party  of  the  English  scouting  about  in 
pursuit  of  the  Indians,  fell  upon  a  party  of  them 
that  lay  waiting  in  ambush,  but  being  discerned 
by  an  Indian  in  the  company  of  our  men  that 
gave  timely  notice,  our  soldiers  had«n  oppor- 
tunity thereby  to  make  the  first  shot,  and 
thereby  not  only  prevented  a  mischief  to  them- 
selves, but  killed  also  some  of  the  enemy  (one 
of  whom  was  observed  to  be  of  more  note 
than  his  fellows,  by  hit  attire)  the  rest  fled 
away  from  them  that  pursued,  though  but  a 
small  company ;  so  that  there  was  duly  re- 
ciprocal acts  of  hostility  in  those  parts. 

Within  a  few  days  aner  this,  seven  houses 
and  two  barns  mora  were  burnt  by  the  enemy 
in  and  about  Plymouth;  who  did  th(  like 
mischief  ^bout  the  same  dme  to  the  remain- 
ing of  Namasketor  MiddleborouKh, 

About  this  time  another  sort  of  Indians  that 
belonged  to  Wamasit,  a  place  near  Chelms- 
ford, bordering  upon  Merrimack,  (who  hod 
been  provoked  by  the  rash,  unadvised,  cruel 
acts  of  some  of  the  English,  about  Oct.  27th, 
and  Nov.  4th,  had  fired  upon  them  several 
guns,  both  at  Chelmsford  and  Wobum,  killing 
some,  and  wounding  others,  upon  suspicion 
that  the  said  Indians  were  guilty  of  burning  a 
barn  and  hay  stack  not  far  off)  suddenly  turn- 
ed our  enemies,  after  the  winter  was  over ; 
having  first  withdrawn  themselves  from  the 
place  assigned  them,  and  where  they  had 
been  relieved  all  the  winter  (some  of  them 
after  a  former  revolt)  and  took  their  opportu- 
ty  to  fire  Mr.  Falconer's  house  in  Andover 
town,  early  that  spring,  and  wounded  one 
Roger  Marks,  and  killed  his  horse.  Two 
more  houses  about  Shawskin,  beyond  the  said 
Andover,  were  burnt  about  March  10th ; 
Also  they  killed  a  young  man  of  the  said 
town,  April  8th,  the  son  of  Qeorge  Abbot; 
and  anotner  son  of  his  also  was  carried  away 
the  same  day,  who,  potwithstanding,  was  re- 
turned some  few  months  after,  almost  pined 
to  death  with  hunger. 

At  the  same  time  they  killed  some  of  their 
cattle,  cutting  out  only  the  tongues  of  some 
of  them  for  haste,  being  shot  at  by  several  of 
tho  inhabitants  from  their  garrison. 


Maieh  lOth,  at  Conaord,  two  man  guing  At 
hay,  one  of  them  waa  killed.  At  Chains 
fonl,  tha  said  Wamesit  Indians,  about  Ma>«li 
ISth  before,  fell  upun  some  houses  on  ihm 
north  side  uf  the  river ;  burnt  down  three  or 
four  that  belonged  to  the  family  of  Edward 
Colburn  t  the  said  Culburn,  with  Samual 
Varrham,  his  neighbour,  being  pursued,  aa 
they  passed  over  the  river  to  liM>k  after  their 
cattle  on  that  side  of  the  river  {  and  makin* 
several  Aots  against  them,  who  returned 
the  like  again  upon  tho  said  Indians,  Judgw* 
to  be  about  forty  ;  what  success  ibev  had  upoti 
the  enemy,  waa  best  known  to  themaelvat  | 
but  two  of  Varnham's  sons  were  slain  by  th« 
enemy,  shot  before  they  could  recover  tha 
other  side  of  the  river.  April  16ih,  also, 
were  fourteen  or  fifteen  houses  were  burnt 
there. 

Not  long  before  this,  February  1st,  1676, 
Thomas  Eames,  that  kept  a  farm  at  Sudbury, 
whose  dwelling  was  three  or  four  miles  out 
of  town,  had  his  house  assaulted  and  fired, 
his  wife  killed,  and  his  children  carried  ea)i« 
tive  among  the  Indians. 

Also  two  men  were  killed  at  a  farm  about 
Concord,  Isaac  and  Jacob,  abotit  the  middia 
of  February  and  a  young  maid  that  waa  stil 
to  watch  upon  a  hill,  of  about  fifteen  yeara 
of  age,  was  carried  away  captive,  who 
strangely  escaped  away  upim  a  horse  that  tha 
Indians  had  taken  from  Lancaster  a  little  be* 
fiire.  In  the  like  strange  manner  did  one  of 
Eames'  children  escape  away  about  May  3<1 
last,  travelling  thirty  miles  alone  in  the  wooda 
without  any  relief  till  he  came  to  an  Engliali 
town.  Eames'  house  was  assaulted  when  ba 
was  from  home,  by  an  Indian  caNed  Netue, 
not  long  after  slain  at  Marlborough,  wbiek 
had  been  very  familiar  with  tho  English,  with 
nine  or  ten  more  of  his  company,  as  perfidinua 
and  barbarous  as  himself.  Ijiey  burned  all 
the  dwellings  that  belonged  to  the  farm,  corn 
hay  and  cattle,  besides  the  dwelling  houses 
with  what  was  therein ;  it  is  possible  thoso 
at  Concord  were  killed  by  the  same  hands 
about  a  fornieht  ailer. 

Many  such  like  remarkable  instances  of 
special  providences  might  be  mentioned,  if  it 
were  convenient  to  insert  such  particular  pas* 
sages  into  the  general  narrative  of  the  lata 
troubles  with  our  barbarous  enemies. 

On  May  3d  a  party  of  them  killeij  a  man  at 
Haverhill,  upon  the  edge  of  Merrimack  river, 
and  passing  over  the  said  river  to  Bradibrd, 
spoiled  another  family,  killing  one  Thomas 
itimball,  and  carrying  his  wife  and  five  chil- 
dren captive,  forty  miles  up  into  the  woods; 
although  it  was  questioned  whether  this  last 
mischief  was  done  by  any  of  Philip's  party 
bnt  rather  by  some  that  belonged  to  the  east- 
ward Indians,  of  which  there  may  he  occasion 
Ood  willing,  to  speak  more  of  afterward. 

For  the  suppressing  these  insolencies,  sev- 
eral companies  of  fresh  soldiers,  both  horse 
and  foot,  were  raised  in  Massachusetts  by  the 
governor  and  council  of  that  colony,  and  sent 
out  to  suppress  the  common  enemy  ;  the  foot 
under  the  command  of  Captains  Still,  Cutler 
and  Hotbrook ;  the  horse  under  the  command 
of  Captains  Brattle,  Prentice  and  Henchman; 
the  last  of  whom  was  commander  in  chieC 
These  several  companies  modelled  as  afore- 
said, were  sent  out  April86th,  1676,  to  range 
the  woods  towards  Hassanamesit. 

The  6th  of  May  they  mot  with  a  contidors 


A  NABRATIVI  OF 


■unttiac  • 
ttalllMRa- 


•ra/by   ilwNaUiMi 
r,  m4  M  Im  Boi  JiM«v«r 
liak  ladka  Mowa  Uloi*^  to  our  "wbi 

MM    MIM    Ml«WMi|«    to    aW    feroMJ     OUf 

fcotMaMbUiof  upo«  tlMnbafttM  ilMy  wm« 
•wu«,  kilMuM  took  of  dM  •MiBjr  aboM  16, 
which  liMy  look  m  WNioo  of  u  »•■  prMoni, 
•hkowh  It  WM  ooofcinJ  by  ikoimoWoo  tbu 


ikojr  lot!  twoa^  ia  tbot  0Mo«oior.  It  wh 
nopowod  ihM  iko  aottadlag  of  •  irumpot  with- 
OM  oidor  did  aook  kait,  Mt  th«  oomoModor 
m  ahiof  aSroMlk  tkol  it  wm  ao  diMdwiuifo 
to  tko  NTviao  i*  kud,  it  aoitkot  boiag  baord 
by  oar  own  iboi,  aor  yot  by  tko  onomv.  If 
Mmj  orror  wm  oomaiitlMl  by  tbo  KngliM  eoni- 
puiotk  it  WM  lb«|  tko  bono  did  not  timol* 
MMogk  dnw  dnwn  llnm  tho  top  of  tbo  kill, 
whoroby  thoy  ooma  to  bo  diMovorod  by  tbo 
onomy,  wbo  tborovpon  mado  tbo  mora  baato 
to  oaaopa  |  bowovor,  it  wm  no  amail  kiaa  to 
tbo  onomy,  Mmo  of  tbo  alain  boing  known  to 
bo  aonaiiMrablo  poraona  i  and  it  atraek  auok 
m  tonor  into  tkotn  tbat  tkay  savor  durat  iaoa 
oar  Man  aftowarda  t  for  akbougkaftorour  man 
ratwaad  to  tkair  aoartora  at  ModSaM,  thay 
«w  two  kandrod  Iroa  in  tko  night,  vat  iboy 
auaU  norar  oomonoar  thorn  again  to  flgkt  any 
aoaapany  of  tham  |  bat  tba  aaaaon  proving 
raiay  bindarad  any  furtbar  parauit  of  iliem  at 
that  lima.  And  aoon  aAar  ihia  tbo  aoldiera 
kaing  viaited  with  aioklv  dittarapar  by  ran- 
aoo  of  an  epiJemieal  oold  atthattimopravail* 
ing  through  tba  eonntnr,  thay  wora  for  tbo 
proaoat  ralaaaod  for  tko  raeovary  of  ihair 
naalth  with  intant  to  ba  eallad  togotbar  again 
at  a  mora  conveniant  tima ;  thia  wm  dono  tha 
lOlk  of  Mav. 

During  tnia  inlarval  of  tima,  upon  a  raport 
that  a  party  of  tho  anamy  wara  diaeovarad 
about  Baboboth,  buay  in  fishing  in  a  rivar 
tkaraabouta,  Capt  Brattia  wm  sent  up  about 
ika  n  of  May,  who  with  tha  help  of  aoma  of 
llw  inhabitants,  killad  11  or  12  or  them,  with- 
out the  loM  of  but  ono  of  our  men.  Had  they 
not  diiooverad  aoma  of  oura  on  the  oppoaita 
ahora.  it  wm  conoaived  a  gniater  apoil  might 
have  been  made  amongst  them. 

But  in  tha  nest  piaea  we  must  take  notice 
of  the  proeaadinga  of  tlM  enemy  about  Con- 
neetieut  The  araataat  body  of  them  made  to- 
wards Pl^mouui  colony  early  in  the  spring, 
M  WM  Mid  befora,  wbara  we  shall  leave  tham 
for  the  praMnt,  and  obMrve  what  the  ramain- 
ing  part  of  them  did  wMtward. 

Soma  acattaiiog  parties  wera  skulking 
about  Springfield  and  thoM  lower  towns,  upon 
a  small  number  of  whom  Capt.  Holyoke 
(newly  choaan  captain  of  Sprinmeld,  in  the 
room  of  bia  iatbar  lately  deceased)  hanidMlled 
his  ofBeo  ewlv  in  tba  spring ;  for  having  no- 
tieeofMmeouhemin  tkoM  woods,  hemarched 
after  tham  with  tan  or  twelve  jroungnien, and 
waiting  his  opportunity,  surprised  them  near 
die  great  river  so  that  two  or  three  or  them 
wera  left  dead  upon  the  place;  another  mortally 
wounded  got  on  an  island  in  tha  rivar,  whera 
itia  ooneluded  betook  his  Ihi  night's  lo<^ging. 
The  other  being  sorely  wounded  was  taken 
alive  and  brought  home  to  Springfield,  whera 
he  confessed  many  things  to  one  of  the  inha- 
iiitanU  that  understood  their  language,  own- 
ing the  truth  in  many  things  aeainst  his  own 
tumnany,  and  died  soon  aner  of  his  wounds. 

This  WM  but  a  preparative  to  an  higher 
pwoa  of  Mrvice  wnich  Capt.  Holyoku  wm 


ia  aad  wboroia  b«  aaqoiT 

lad  kiawatf  Bayoad  axpaatatioa,  and  taking 

paina  tkoa  ordinary  in  making  kb  ra- 


tf  bayoai 


treat,  bo  got  a  surfoii,  wniah  andad  kis  daya 
tka  Saptambor  folkiwing,  near  Beaton. 

About  tha  beginning  of  April  likowiM, 
aooM  of  tka  inkabitanu  about  Hadlav,  attMnd- 
ing  their  tillage  at  Hookanum,  witbin  three 
miUa  of  the  town,  and  having  a  guard  of 
wUiara  with  tham,  vat  three  of  tha  company 
wara  OMoally  skin  by  a  party  of  tho  enemy 
tbat  lay  in  wait  for  such  an  opportunity.  One 
of  tham  WH  Mr.  Goodman,  a  deacon  of  tba 
ahureh,  tbat  want  a  little  beyond  tha  earn- 
OMiid  oir  tba  aoUiors  that  oame  to  guard  tham, 
to  view  the  fonce  of  hia  own  land,  and  two 
others,  that  contrary  to  aiproM  ordera  would 
Ventura  upon  tba  top  of  an  kigk  bill  near  hy, 
to  take  a  noodleaa  and  unsaasonabla  view  of 
tha  country,  wara  shot  down  b^  tba  enemy 
befora  they  could  recover  thair  corpa  du 
guard. 

But  tho  great  company  of  the  enemy  that 
stayed  oa  tMt  aida  of  tka  eoontry,  aad  about 
Walchusat  bills,  whan  tba  rMt  went  towards 
Plymouth,  though  tkev  hadbMn  diMppointed 
in  their  planting  by  the  death  of  Cabonohei, 
wera  loth  to  Iom  the  advantasa  of  the  fishing 

laon  then  coming  in;  wherafera,  having 
seated  tbanualvM  near  the  opper  iaila  of 
Connecticut  river,  not  for  from  Deerfield,  and 
parceivmc  ihft  the  English  forces  wera  now 
drawn  off  ftwm  the  lower  towns  of  Hadlay 
and  Northampton,  "noVf  and  then  took  advan- 
tage to  plunder  tliom  of  tkeir  cattle,  and  not 
fMring  any  aaMult  from  our  soldiers,  ^raw  a 
little  aacura,  while  they  wera  upon  their  Ash- 
ing design,  insomuch  tbat  a  couple  of  Eng- 
lish lada  lately  taken  nptive  by  tke  anem;|r, 
and  making  their  escape,  acquainted  their 
friends  at  home  how  secura  the^  ^y,'"  "^om 
places,  which  so  animated  the  inhabitants  of 
Hidley,  Hatfield  and  Northampton,  that  they 
being  willing  to  be  ravenged  for  the  loM  of 
their  cattle,  tosidM  other  pracedinf  miMhiefs, 
took  up  a  rasolution  with  what  atrangth  they 
could  raiM  among  thamMlvM  (partly  out  of 
garrison  soldiers,  and  partly  of  the  inhabitants) 
to  make  an  aaMult  upon  them,  which  if  it  had 
been  done  with  a  little  mora  deliberation, 
waitioff  for  the  coming  of  auppliea,  expected 
from  Hartford,  might  have  proved  a  fatal 
busincM  to  all  the  Md  Indians  i  yet  wm  the 
victory  obtained  mora  considerably  than  at 
first  WM  apprahended  ;  for  not  having  much 
above,  an  hundred  and  fifty  fighting  men  in 
their  company,  they  marched  above  twenty 
miles  silently  in  the  dead  of  the  night.  May 
18th,  and  came  upon  the  Mid  Indians  a  little 
befora  break  of  day,  whom  they  found  almost 
in  a  deep  sleep,  without  any  aeouts  abroad,  or 
watching  about  their  wigwams  at  home;  for 
in  the  evening  thev  hu  made  theroMlyes 
merry  with  new  milk  and  roMt  beef,  having 
lately  driven  away  many  of  their  milk  cows, 
M  an  English  woman  confessed  tbat  wm  made 
to  milk  uem. 

When  they  oame  near  the  Indians*  rendes- 
vous,  they  alighted  oiF  their  horses,  and  tied 
them  to  some  young  trees  at  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  distance,  so  marching  up,  they  fired  brisk- 
ly into  their  wigwams,  killing  many  upou  tha 
place,  and  frighting  others  with  the  sudden 
alarm  of  their  guns,  and  made  them  ran  into 
the  river  whera  the  swiftncH  of  the  stream 
carrying  them  down  a  steep  fall,  thoy  perish- 


odl  ia  tka  waiars,  aooM  gaiting  fans  < 
(aniall  boata  made  of  tka  bark  of  birah  traM) 
wkiek  proved  to  tham  a  Charon's  boot,  being 
sunk,  or  ovarMt  bv  tha  shooting  of  our  men, 
dolivarad  them  into  the  like  danger,  tha 
watera  giving  ihem  thereby  a  passport  into 
the  other  world  i  Others  of  thrm  creeping  for 
shelter  under  the  banks  of  the  vreut  river, 
ware  espied  by  nur  men  and  killed  with  theii 
swords  t  Capt.  Holyoke  killing  five  young 
and  old,  with  his  own  hands,  hom  under  a 
bank.  Wkantke  Indiana  ware  flrat  awaken- 
ed witk  tke  thunder  of  ihoir  cum,  they  cried 
out  Mohawks,  Mohawks,  as  it  their  own  na- 
tive enemiM  had  been  upon  them ;  but  the 
dawning  of  tha  light  aoon  notified  them  of  their 
error,  though  iteould  not  praveni  their  danger. 

Such  M  came  bMk  spake  sparinslv  of  the 
number  alain ;  some  Mid  they  ooiilif  not  in 
raaaon  ba  leM  than  two  or  three  hundred  of 
them  that  must  necesMrily  perish  in  the  midst 
of  so  many  instruments  of  destruction  ma- 
naged against  them  with  such  diaadvantagei 
to  inaiiMelvM.  Some  of  their  prisoners  after- 
wards owned  that  they  lost  above  300  in  that 
camisado,  soma  wheraof  were  principal  men. 
SMbems,  and  some  of  their  best  fighting  mar 
that  were  left,  which  made  the  victory  mora 
coMidereble  than  otherwise  it  would  have 
been ;  nor  did  thev  seem  ever  to  recover  them- 
mIvm  after  this  «iefeat,  but  their  ruin  imme- 
diately followed  upon  it*  Yet  such  wm  the 
awful  band  of  providence  in  the  cIom  of  tha 
victory,  mixing  much  bitter  with  the  sweet 
that  it  might  well  be  called  a  costly  victory 
to  the  conquerora,  that  ao  no  flash  should  glory 
in  itMlf.  • 

The  IndiaM  that  lay  scattered  on  both  aidoa 
of  the  river,  after  they  recovered  theihMlvM 
and  discovered  the  small  number  of  themtkal 
assailed  them,  turned  head  upon  the  Englisk, 
wko  in  their  retreat  wera  much  disordered 
for  want  of  tha  help  of  the  eldest  captain  that 
WM  so  enfeebled  by  aicknMS  before  he  mi 
out,  that  he  wm  no  way  able  for  want  of  bo- 
dily atrangth  (not  any  way  defective  for  want 
of  akill  or  courage)  to  aMist  or  direct  in  ma'c- 
ing  the  ratraat  i  For  aome  of  the  enemy  foil 
upon  the  guards  that  kept  the  horses,  others 
puraued  them  in  the  rear,  ao  that  our  men  sus- 
tained very  much  damage  as  thev  retired. 
miMing  after  their  returns  thirty  eight  of  theit 
men ;  and  if  Capt  Holyoke  had  not  played 
the  man  at  a  more  than  ordinary  rate,  aome- 
times  in  the  front,  sometimes  in  the  flank  and 
rear,  at  a  fatal  businew  to  the  asMilants,  our 
loss  would  have  been  still  greater.  The  said 
Captain  Holyoke's  horse  wm  shot  down  under 
him,  and  himself  ready  to  be  Maaulted  by 
many  of  the  InoMns,  just  coming  upon  him, 
but  discharging  his  ,pistols  upon  one  or  two 
of  them,  whom  he  presently  dispatched,  and 
a  friend  coming  to  nia  rescue,  he  wm  Mved, 
and  so  carried  off  the  soldiers  without  any  fur- 
ther loss.  It  is  confidently  reported  by  some 
that  wera  there  present  at  this  engagement, 
that  one  told  alMive  an  hundred  Indians  left 
dead  upon  the  place ;  and  another  affirmed 
that  he  told  near  an  hundred  and  forty  s>t  im- 
ming  down  the  foils,  none  of  which  were  ob- 
wrved  to  get  alive  to  the  shore  Mve  one. 


Tba 


pow 


her  ( 


they 


*  Tlwia  wu  bill  on*  of  our  men  Mllod  in  iha  engii* 
iMnl ;  their  Ioh  followinc  wu  owing  lo  Ihe  rcpon  m  s 
eaptein  isken,  wbo  Mid  Pliilip  wu  near  wiih  I  lUO  iixsi 
woni  wu  than  (iven  for  every  man  to  ehift  Ibr  h.niM'K'  s 
pinic  seised  the  owa,  who  ianlaalljr  led  in  conftilSim. 


nc  iiM>  raiMM 
nr  birch  trwa) 

g  of  our  men, 

>  dtngnr,  lh« 
paMport  into 

n  ercnpin^  for 
s  great  rivvr, 
led  with  their 
m  flv«  young 
from  umiar  ■ 
I  Ant  awakan* 
iM.  ihajr  eriad 
thairown  n*- 
Mmi  but  tha 
llhamofthair 
;  ihair  dsnger. 
irinslv  or  iha 
eould  not  in 

>  hundrad  of 
h  in  the  midit 
'■tnioiion  ma- 
liiadvantagei 
riionen  after 
re  300  in  that 
irincipal  men. 

fighting  mar 
victory  mora 

would  hava 
acoynr  them* 

ruin  imma- 
luch  waa  tha 
» clota  of  tha 
b  the  awaet 
loally  victory 
•kould  glory 

on  both  aidaa 
t  theihaalvai 
of  them  that 
the  Enillah, 

di«ordereJ 
captain  that 
ifore  he  lal 
want  of  ho- 
ve for  want 
reet  in  ma'{* 
9  enemy  Ml 
traes,  othera 
ur  men  «ua- 

IV  retired, 
■gntof  theii 
not  pkyed 
rate,  aonrie> 
le  flank  and 
lilants,  our 
The  (aid 
lownundur 
laaulted  by 
upon  him, 
one  or  two 
Itched,  and 
was  laved, 
lilt  any  fur- 
id  by  aoma 
igagemi^nt, 
ndiana  left 
ir  affirmed 
Jrty  aw  im- 
I  were  ob- 

save  one. 


I  Iha  engiM 
a  rcimn  af  a 
thItUOnwai 
>r  h.mipir  i 
lonfuiiua. 


THI   INDIAN   WAES. 


Tha  loaa  that  bafiil  oar  laaa  intka  ratiaM  waa 
•laaMionad  prineipally  by  tha  bodily  waak 
nataofCapt.  Tumar,  unabia  to  laanaga  kia 
ebarga  any  longar,  yet  aoma  lay  they  wanted 
powdar  which  foread  ibam  to  raiira  a*  &at  a« 
tbav  could  by  Cap*.  Tumar'a  order.  It  ia  aUo 
■aid  \rjf  nna  praaant  at  iba  fi^ht,  that  lavan  or 
aigbt  m  tha  rear  of  tha  Sngiiak  ihraugh  haata, 
miaiad  tbair  way,  it  being  a  eloudy  dark 
moning,  and  ware  navar  heard  of  again  | 
and  without  doubt  fall  into  tha  Indiana'  handt^ 
and  it  ia  feared  aome  of  them  were  tortured. 
About  ieven  daya  after  tkia  ikey  bad  a  mind 
to  try  the  ekanoe  of  war  again,  and  aeeif  they 
eould  not  reoovor  their  kiea  by  returning  ike 
like  upon  tke  Engliak  >  For, 

May  30tk,  a  great  numbairof  them  (aappo- 
and  to  be  iiii  or  aeven  hundred)  appeared  be- 
fore Hatfield,  fired  about  IS  bouaoaand  bama 
without  the  fortifieaiiun  of  the  town]  a  num- 
ber of  bouaea  in  tha  centra  of  the  town  were 
aurrounded  with  paliaadoea  i  thoae  were  at- 
tacked in  the  daytime,  when  the  men  were 
all  out  IN  the  fielda,  except  one  aeed  man  | 
thev  drove  away  multitudea  of  tneir  cattle 
an«i  abf^p,  apreading  themaelvea  in  the  mea- 
dow near  the  town  t  which  bravado  ao  raiaed 
the  courage  of  their  neighboura  at  Hadley 
that  twenty-five  reaolule  young  men  ventured 
over  tha  river  to  relieve  Hatfield  in  thia  dia- 
trasa,  who  charged  the  enemy  with  anek  un- 
daunted courage  and  reaolution  {Amddett/br- 
trntahuat)  that  they  beat  down  five  or  aix  at 
tha  firat  ahot  they  made ;  ao  making  way 
through  the  ihickeat  of  their  enemiaa,  tnatlay 
•eady  tn  take  aim  at  tliam  behind  averv  tree 
aa  ihe^  oataed  by  ;  yet  they  escaped  all  their 
ahot  till  they  came  within  a  little  of  tke  town, 
where  they  loat  five  of  their  number. 

The  enemy  being  amaied  at  the  resolution 
of  our  men,  being  but  ao  amall  a  handful,  that 
they  fled  immediately  fivm  the  town;  having 
lost  twenty-five  of  their  men  in  the  enterpriae. 
The  council  of  Maaaaehaaetu  gathering  b^ 
iheae  proceedings  of  the  Indiana,  that  their 
deaira  of  peace  waa  only  to  gain  time,  ordered 
that  the  forces  raised  before  April  87tb,  and 
for  a  time  releaaed,  ahould  be  haatened  out 
aguin  to  range  the  wooda  towards  Hadloy, 
^and  those  parts,  made  an  agreement  with 
'  Hartford  colony  to  send  furoea  from  thence 
to  meet  them  about  Brookfield,  and  ao  to 
acout  along  on  both  sidea  Connecticut,  to  dia- 
rest  tha  enemy  what  they  could,  and  keep 
them  from  fishing  in  those  watera,  their  hope 
of  planting  lieing  now  almost  over.  To  thia 
end,  atiflut  May  30th,  1676,  the  fbrcea  under 
Cunt.  Henchman  were  called  together  again, 
ana  sent  to  Brookfteld,  to  meet  with  those  ex- 
pected from  Hartford  colony ;  in  the  way, 
nurs  by  direction  of  Tom  Doublet  (a  Natic 
Indian,  who  waa  a  little  before  employed  in 
tho  redemption  of  captivea)  following  tracka 
of  Indians,  came  upon  a  party  of  the  enemy 
fishing  in  Weshacom  ponds,  towards  Lancaa- 
ter,  of  whom^  they  killed  seven,  and  took 
twenty-nine,  mostly  women  and  children ;  yot 
belonging  to  considerable  persons,  it  made  the 
•uecesa  tne  more  to  be  valued.  Our  forces 
being  by  this  means  retarded,  rould  not  meet 
with  those  of  Connecticut  at  Brookfield,  but 
followed  them  the  week  after ;  having  first  re- 
turned from  Weshncom,  to  Marlborough  to 
aupply  themselves  with  ammunition,  and  so 
marokeddireetly  towards  Hadleyi  where  they 
■at  with  Connecticut  forces:  aiid  from  tkenoe 


aeeording  to  mutual  agreement,  oers 
on  tke  aaat  side  of  tke  river,  and  Ounneeiieut 
foreas  to  tke  west  up  wwards  Squakeag  (now 
Nortkfield,)  coming  to  Dearfiald,  and  the 
great  fiills  tkersabouts,  they  sent  vp  tkeir 
aeonts,  but  not  kaariif  of  ike  aaamy,  tkey 
marched  up  no  kigkar,  beinc  in  no  good  ea^ 
paeity  to  nave  goiM  Airtber  if  thera  had  been 
oeeaauin,  by  reason  of  a  tedioos  storm  of  nin 
wbkb  oeoasionod  much  damage  in  tkeir  am- 
munition and  provisiuo.  Wkila  ow  ftwees  lay 
about  Dearfleld,  aome  ef  our  aoldiara  ranging, 
lighted  upon  Ike  body  of  OuN.  Turner,  aboat 
Oreen's  nrer,  in  passing  of  wbiak  stream  be 
was  supposed  to  kave  rseeived  kis  mortal 
wonnda. 

Wkile  our  forces  eontinued  ikeraaboats, 
tkey  did  tke  enemy  some  little  spoil,  in  sel- 
ling muck  of  their  fisk  and  RMids  stolen  from 
tke  English,  and  bid  in  tneir  barns  under 
ground  I  eoi^eoturing  also  that  ihey  found  foar 
or  five  places  where  some  of  the  Bn([lMk  kad 
been  tortured  to  death  by  cruel  burning  after 
they  bad  been  Ikstened  between  stakes  set  in 
the  ground  |  but  not  meeting  with  any  of  tke 
enemy,  tkey  all  returned  home,  conceiving  that 
having  been  breed  from  their  quarters  in 
those  parts,  they  were  drawn  down  lower  to- 
wards the  Engiisk  plantations  eastward  via. 
Plymoutk  and  Massachusetu.  What  suoceaa 
Capt  Henchman's  forces  had  in  tkeir  retiring 
komeward,  and  wkat  they  observed  of  the 
motion  of  the  Indians,  may  be  seen  in  a  letter 
of  bu  dated  June  30th  i  **  Our  scouts  brought 
inlrilifence  that  all  the  Indians  were  in  a  eon- 
tinuni  motion,  some  toward  Narraganset,  otk- 
ers  toward  Watohuset  shifting  gradually,  and 
taking  np  each  others  quarters,  and  lay  iMt 
above  a  night  in  a  place.  The  twenty-seven 
scouts  brought  in  two  squaws,  a  boy,  and  a 
girl,  giving  account  of  five  slun.  Yesterday 
UMy  brought  in  an  old  fellow,  brother  to  a  sa- 
chem, six  squaws  and  ehildran,  having  killed 
five  men,  and  wounded  otkers,  if  not  killed 
them,  as  they  supposed,  by  the  blood  ibnnd 
in  the  way,  and  a  hat  shot  throogh.  These 
and  the  others,  inform  that  Phiup  and  the 
Narragansets  were  gone  several  days  beibre 
to  their  own  places,  Philip's  purpose  being 
to  do  what  mischief  he  could  to  the  English. 
By  advice  I  drew  out  a  commanded  party 
under  the  conduct  of  Capt  Sill,  vis.  sixteen 
files  of  English,  all  my  troops,  and  the  Indians, 
excepting  one  file,  being  all  we  could  make 
provision  for,  for  what  with  the  falling  abort 
of  the  bread  promiaed  us,  and  a  great  deal  of 
that  we  had,  proving  mouldy,  the  rest  of  the 
forces  had  but  one  biscuit  a  man  to  bring 
them  to  this  place  :  This  parW  was  ordered 
towarda  Watohuset,  and  so  to  Nashaway  and 
Waahakem  ponda,  where  we  have  notice  In- 
diana were,  and  so  to  return  unto  this  place : 
whereby  your  honour'a  lettera  that  came  to  me 
yesterday  morning,  I  undestood  that  provision 
was  ordered  for  us  and  which  we  found  to  our 
great  relief,  which  wa  met  with  last  night  nam- 
ing hither,  weary  and  hungrr.  The  com- 
manded party  we  left  at  Quonsiquomon 
where  they  intended  to  stay  a  while  for  the 
last  scouts  we  sent  out ;  Eleven  prisoners  we 
had  in  all,  two  of  the  eldest  by  council  we  put 
to  death,  the  other  nine  the  commissary  ia  or- 
dered to  convey  to  Bostod,  wiui  u><i  baggage, 
horses,  and  some  of  their  attendants  not  fit 
for  the  service. 

DANIEL  HENCHMAN." 


It  plainly  appaars  by  tke  eanientsef  iba 
said  letter,  as  vy  many  otker  testimaniaa,  that 
about  this  time  tke  Indians,  our  enemies,  who 
hitherto  kad  been  linked  togethar  as  bretkrtn 
in  iniquity  umI  eruelty  were  now  strangely 
divided  snd  separated  tke  one  frem  the  other  % 
some  impnte  it  I*  an  assault  omdr  upon  them 
by  ika  Mokawka,  who  fitlling  upon  Philip 
wiik  the  inUnd  Indians,  slew  aboiu  fifty  of 
them  I  whtravpoa  those  of  Pkilip's  company 
resolved  to  return  w  tkeir  own  eountry  and 
do  wkat  misaUaf  dtey  soeUI  to  tke  Snglish 
tkereabouta J  iMa  waa  reported  by  an  Indian 
broa|ht  to  Beneonk,  June  M,  1776,  taken  at 
Provideaoe. 

Others  are  raady  to  think  that  it  was  upon 

me  quarrel  anwiigsllkemselves,  oecasienad 
by  an  evil  spirit  sent  frqm  GK>d  upon  them, 
that  thereby  they  might,  being  seattered,  tho 
more  easily  be  taken  and  ruined  by  tke  Eng- 
lish, now  that  tke  time  of  vengeance  waa 
come  wken  ikey  skall  be  ealled  to  an  account 
for  all  their  foniMr  ouirsges  and  cruellies ; 
for  now  is  tha  snare  hastening  npon  them 
wherein  they  shall  he  hampered  in  tboir 
own  devices  so  to  be  taken  and  destroypd. 
It  cannot  but  bo  aakiwwladged  aa  a  verv  re- 
markable providence,  that  CapC  HenennuD 
in  hia  late  expedition  to  Hadley,  killed  and 
took  about  84  of  the  enemy,  without  the  loss 
of  any  oiw  of  his  own  men  i  the  like  favour- 
able soceess  happened  to  Kudor  Taleot  in  his 
passage  fiwm  Norwich  to  Qnafaaog,  as  was 
said  before,  and  soon  after  his  retain. 

But  by  the  tinM  our  foices  were  retnmed 
home  as  far  u  Sudbury,  they  were  ordered, 
npon  the  solicitetion  of  the  governor  of  Ply- 
mouth, two  companies  of  Uiem  at  least,  to 
march  away  immediately  to  Dedham,  and  s>> 
to  Seaoonk,  or  Rehoboth,  to  join  M^or  Brad- 
ford in  tha  pursuit  of  Philip,  who  was  it  seems 
with  many  nundreda  of  his  barbarons  folh>wers 
fallen  upon  the  English  plantetions  there- 
abouts, and  whither  also  a  little  before,  Capt. 
Braille  with  a  troop  of  hone,  and  Capt  Mosely 
with  a  company  of  foot  were  sent  up  fVam 
Boston  to  pursue  after  them,  now  flocking  in 
great  numoera  to  those  woods.  There  wan 
at  this  time  no  small  hopes  of  surprising  Phil 
ip ;  several  reporta  being  brought  that  he  was 
aeen  in  this  and  that  place,  not  having  abtn  t 
twenty  or  thirty  men  attending  on  him ;  but 
hia  time  was  not  ^et  fuUvcome,  nor  had  he  a« 
yet  fully  accompltahad  all  that  miaehiaf  he  was 
like  to  be  suffered  to  do  t  For  on  the  1st  of 
July,  1676,  a  party  of  his  Indiana  committed 
a  horrid  and  baroarous  murder  upon  Mr. 
Heiekiah  MHUet  of  Swancy ,  a  hopeful  young 
pntleman  as  any  in  those  parte.  They  uaed 
frequently  to  keep  a  sentinel  on  the  top  of 
their  house  from  a  wateh-house  built  thereon, 
whence  they  could  discover  anv  Indians  be- 
fore they  came  near  the  house,  nut  not  hear- 
ing of  the  enemy  in  those  parte  for  a  consider- 
ame  time,  that  necessary  piece  of  eireumspee- 
lion  waa  omitted  that  day,  whereby  thsit  de- 
serving person  waa  betrayed  into  tneir  cruel 
banda;  tor  within  a  quarter  of  an  hour  after' 
he  went  out  of  hia  own  door,  within  siffht  of 
his  house,  he  was  shot  at  by  three  of  them  at 
once,  from  every  one  of  whom  he  received  a 
mortel  wound ;  they  afler  their  barbaroua 
manner  took  off*  his  head,  and  carried  it  away 
wi^  them  (which  however  waa  soon  after  re- 
covered) leaving  the  trunk  of  his  body  be 
hind,  as  a  sad  monument  of  tkeir  inh— mi 


A  NARRATIVB  Of 


Tk«  ■■«•  l«diMib  Ml  Mb|  •kava 
•bar,  Mad  AwM  •  MM*  MMglM 

d  itM  •owny't  iMMMi«  vmMrad 
hit  life  10  mUm  M»  m«|m.  wliieli  wm  iIm 
prManrttHM  ofaMqr  otkara  i  for  iImmU  na- 
gro  baiM  •  liula  mt^mitrnd  wkk  tiMrfr  !•■- 
g«Hga  dSaovara4  la  ika  KmUiIi  alUr  kit  aa> 
aapa  PUIip'a  purpoaa  I*  mm  wiak  aad  tuak 
pUoM  i  \m  liia  Inl  plaaa  la  ananh  Taunum, 
whieh  In  all  praMiliigr  M  ^"W  i"  fMl 
daafat,  if  ihair  uaaalMnNW  plali  tad  paipoin 
bad  aat  m  waadariyiy  ba^a  w»U»  baawa  b*- 
fimbaad.  Tba  mi  mmn  >fcriMd,|baltbafa 
waanaaraibottMadoriMmi  Ibrbaebianra4 
liM4*likiMifb  tbaykUlatl  twaMgr  baad  of  aaai 
•aula  ovar  nigbi,  jrat  ibaro  was  not  uaf  part 
of  iham  laft  lEa  aait  d^  at  aigbt  o*  oloek  ia 
iha  aioraiaf .  B/  tbia  iwaiai  provldoaao  ibo 
oMmjr  waa  daMiad  of  tbair  parpoaa,  aad 
IT  aftar  bad  aa  oppoftuaky  of  doiaf  any 


iMvori 


e<HMidafiibla  damaga  to  tba  ladiab  ia 
nart  of  tba  ooaalry.  So,  aAar  tbia  day,  wa 
iitM  inily  data  tba  lima  of  our  daliraraaaa, 
and  bagianiof  of  ravaagaa  upon  tba  oaamv} 
now  it  tbair  own  tora  ao«a,  wban  it  iball  oa 
doao  unto  thaw  u  ibajr  bava  doaa  nnio  aa  i 
thay  that  befura  lad  othart  into  eaptiviqr  mual, 
hanaafertb  |o  into  aaplivitjr  tbaaMalrai  i  and 
tkay  tbat  kulad  wiib  tba  sword  must  tbaai- 
solvM  ba  killod  witb  tba  swonL  as  In  tba  sa- 


qual  of  this  narraiiva  will  abundantly  ba 
iiiMt :  ibo  bistonr  of  wbieb  balbra  wa  Aall 
any  fiirtkar  parsoa,  wa  must  a  liula  wbila  ifrait 
upon  our  ftiands(tboso  fereassBBtAom  Qoaass 
tieut)  in  tbair  ratum  liaek  into  tbair  owa  aoio> 
ny  I  befbra  it  ba  doaa,  soaoa  tbiMs  sboaldba 
pramisod  eonoorainf  tba  BOBasiwB  of  tbair 
oomiag,  and  tba  suoeass  tbat  did  ailand  ibam 
in  thoir  mareh  tbitbar. 

Ourfriands  and  liratbran  oftbatooloav,  al' 
diottgb  tba^  bad  aavar  aetuaOy  fait  balf  of 
tbosa  misanaatbat  bafal  tba  paopla  ofUiaotbar 
two,  yet  narar  daaisd  tbair  assistanea  to  tbo 
Bupprass'ng  of  tbo  etiouaon  onamy,  yaa,  sonw 
tmos  tbov  did  olbr  it,  baibro  it  was  aspress- 
ly  dasirad,  aeeordin|  to  tba  lanor  of  tba  artiolas 
of  eonfodaration  and  nilaa  of  eommon  pra- 
daaaa ;  eonsidaring  tbat  if  tba  Bra  of  this  war 
was  aot  timaly  axtuiguishad  it  would  andan- 
ftar  tbair  own  labrie  |  tbarafere  seoording  to 
agraemant,  tba  ooaneil  oftbateolony  ordarsd 
liiair  suoasslbl  oommaodar,  M^or  Taloot,  to 
naet  our  fbreea  at  Quabaog,  or  BrookBold, 
-ji  ordar  to  tbo  pursuing  of  tba  anamy  in  thosa 
parts.  In  tba  wsy  as  tbay  wara  marching 
from  Norwich  tbitbar,  divina  Pravidenca  so 
far  smilad  upon  tha  antarprise,  as  to  giva 
tbam  an  opportunity  to  snmriaa  Al  or  the 
oniiRiy,  of  wbom  19  ware  slain,  without  tha 
loss  of  any  one  of  tbair  own  company,  which 
could  not  but  much  anhanoa  tha  priee  of  the 
victory  to  ibe  conquerors.  Tha  tike  suooom 
hsd  their  friends  which  thev  left  behind  (die 
volunteers  gatberad  out  of  dirae  towns  by  the 
jeaaide,  New-London,  Slonington  aad  Nor- 
wich) and  who  were  some  of  them  releas- 
ed by  M^  Taloot.  when  be  first  began  his 
mareh,  that  they  might  batter  in  the  absence  of 
the  army  guard  their  own  towns ;  for  before 
the  return  of  their  forces  under  M^or  Tal- 
oot to  that  side  of  the  country,  they  IvJaude 
two  expeditions  against  their  enemies,  the 
Narragansets,  tbat  were skulkingupand down 
on  tkat  sido  of  the  country,  in  one  of  which 
Ihif  bilM  and  took  obove  30,  the  most  of 


lac  man,  are  said  to  have  bean  slain 
In  tbaatber  4fl,  the  rmsi  af  wbom 


probably  wara  woman  and  abildren,  but 
being  all  young  serpenls  of  ibe  same  brood, 
the  subdumg  or  taking  so  many,  ought  to  ba 
aabnowlodmd  as  amSber  signal  victory  and 
pledge  of  oiviae  favour  to  the  Bnglish.  But 
to  reura,  it  waa  not  without  tha  special  diree- 
lioa  of  Pravidanae  tbat  tbosa  Hartford  forces 
wara  seal  to  those  wesmm  towns  a  week  be- 
fera  tbaaa  of  Maasasbusattt  aould  get  thither  i 
for  otberwisa  oaa  or  more  of  tbosa  towno 
ndgbi  have  baan  kial  i  saeinc  tbat  oa  tba  Itth 
of  JwM,  soon  aftar,  if  not  tte  next  day  after 
tbay  arrived  Amt*,  the  enemy,  m  if  resolved 
to  try  the  utmost  of  their  power,  violently  ss- 
saulMd  tha  town  of  Hadley,  with  a  body  of 


about  TOO  man.  at  five  or  six  o'  cloak  m 
morning  laving  in  ambush  at  one  end 
of  the  town,  wbUa  tha  graater  part  of  them 
wara  alarming  tba  other  I  but  tba  Connecticut 
foraas  being  at  that  time  quartered  in  the 
towna  tharaabottts,  (who  wara  Ba|dish,  snd 
Aiaadly  Indiana,  Paquods  and  Nohegins, 
about  BOO  in  all)  tbat  ware  ready  at  hand, 
'das  those  that  had  been  quartered  there 
ever  siaee  Mareh,  who  bad  been  left  by  Ma- 
jor Savage  wban  ba  left  thoee  pans  uadlar  the 
eommana  and  charge  of  Capiain  Turner  slain 
at  tba  great  foils,  aa  is  aotea  before,  but  since 
Mandad  by  Captain  Swain.  These  by 
their  Joint  and  ready  amittance,  wherein  the 
fonaa  of  paUsadoae  surrounding  the  town  was 
no  little  advantage,  gave  the  Indians  such  a 
smart  rapulaa,  tbat  tbev  found  theplscetoo  hot 
for  dMm  to  abide  it  I  mr  the  soldiers  or  lowns- 
■Ma  within  firing  a  piece  of  ordnanea,so  af- 
Aifbted  tbamvagas,  or  a  party  of  them  against 
whom  it  wasdisaaarMd,thata]thougb  th^bad 
Just  before  surprised  a  house  on  the  north  part 
ofthetowB,vettbay  instantly  fled  \eavingsome 
of  their  dcM  upon  the  placet  nordid  they  any 
eoasidarabia  mischief  with  all  their  numbers, 
savafiringabamaboot  that  and  oftbe  town  and 
bluing  two  or  three  of  our  soldiers,  or  two  da- 
rinc  inhabitants,  who  would  against  express 
onmr,  venture  to  go  without  tba  fortification. 
It  was  account^  by  some  that  were  pres- 
ent near  tba  time  of  that  assault,  a  great  over- 
sight that  having  ao  fair  an  opportunity  to 
ebaea  tha  enemy  upon  so  considerable  advan- 
tage, it  was  let  shp,  and  not  improved,  for 
Connecticut  soldiers  being  all,  or  mostof  diem 
furnished  witb  horses,  they  might  have  been 
soon  overtaken,  and  many  of  them  destroyed, 
but  CKid  hid  it  from  their  eyes.  The  com 
mender  in  chief,  it  is  said,  quartered  at  one 
end  of  the  town,  (Hatfield  was  then  witliin 
the  limits  of  Hadley)  on  the  west  side  of  the 
river,  and  did  not  apprehend  the  advantage 
till  the  soeson  was  over ;  nor  was  any  such 
assault  expected  fttim  the  enemy  so  early  in 
the  morning  {  it  being  a  mnersl  observation 
heretofore,  that  they  seldom  or  ever  used  to 
make  any  attempts  in  the  niaht ;  part  of  which 
could  not  but  be  improved  in  way  of  prepa- 
radon  for  such  a  design.  But  the  Lord  of 
Hosts  who  is  wise  in  council,  and  wonderfhl 
in  working  will  find  some  other  way  to  des- 
troy our  enemies,  wherein  the  hand  of  his 
providence  should  more  remarkably  be  teen, 
tbat  so  no  flesh  should  glory  in  its  own  wis- 
dom or  strength,  but  tha  salvation  might  ap- 
pear to  be  from  the  Lord  alone.  The  rest  of 
this  month  was  spent  without  any  other  mat' 
ier  of  moment  happening  therein. 


r  and  aouncil  of  MaasaehasaMst 
ng  Into  teriuui  cnnsiJeratiim  tba  maay 
elhih  ■      ■ 


The  I 

taking 

mareirul  oecurrencei  that  bad  returned  upoii 
us,  notwithitsnding  ihe  mixture  of  many  die- 
ponsaiionsofa  ooiitniry  nsiurv,  thought  them- 
selves bound  III  mska  tomu  public  sebnow- 
Irdgmeni  ihemof,  id  hitn  whi»«nam«aluneit 
worthy  lo  lie  nrBiivii.  The  >Oih  of  June  was 
set  apartasa Jayofpublia  ihsiikigivingloOod, 
who  nad  thus  rtimembered  his  people  in  ibair 
kiw  esuta.  And  that  mailer  of  ihanksgivfaig 
might  not  ba  wanting  ai  ihe  day  appmnlad, 
tba  very  day  before  were  awist  of  our  Knglisb 
eapttvas  brought  haeb  from  tha  Indiana,  and 
many  more  soon  after  to  ihe  number  of  10, 
whose  mouths  might  then  well  be  filled  with 
laughter  and  their  tongues  with  singing,  botbol 
themselves  and  all  that  were  any  way  eoneern- 
ed  in  their  welfora. 

And  as  this  day  appointed  for  solemn  and 
public  thanksgiving  was  ushered  in  by  several 
special  menftes,  so  also  was  it  followed  wiib 
many  remarkable  henofiis.  For  besides  tba 
prsserving  the  town  of  Norihsmptim,  March 
the  14th,  and  Hadley  June  the  19ih,  by  the 
timely  sanding  our  forees  the  very  night  be- 
fore they  were  assaulied  t  ihe  saving  of  tha 
people  of  Marlborough  from  being  cut  nif, 
was  very  observable,  when  Mr.  Graves  by 
occasionally  going  from  the  sermon  with  the 
extremity  of  the  loolbaeha,  Mareh  S6ib,  dis- 
covered the  Indians  ready  to  assault  tha  town, 
and  tha  people  might  have  been  cut  olT  had 
not  the  aecioent  happened.  It  is  certain  that 
after  tba  and  of  this  month  the  power  of  tha 
enemy  began  everywhere  to  fail  t  for  iba 
body  of  tba  enemy  ihat  lurked  about  Connao- 
dcut  river  all  this  spring,  beinff  vicited  witb 
sundry  diseases,  disappointed  of  the  fishing, 
and  put  by  their  planting,  began  to  ba  at  va- 
riance among  themselves  {  the  Hadley  and 
Pocomtnck  Tnow  Deerfield)  Indians  quar- 
relling with  Philip  for  bringing  all  tbia  mis- 
chief about,  and  occasioning  the  Bnalish  and 
them  to  foil  out,  with  whom  they  ban  always 
good  correspondence,  and  lived  lovingly  to- 
Mtber,  but  now  they  were  like  lo  be  ruined 
by  tha  war.  Tbia  quarrel  proceeded  to  that 
height,  that  from  diat  time  forward,  those  se- 
veral Indians  that  had  for  so  long  a  time  been 
combined  together,  resolved  now  to  part,  and . 
every  one  to  shift  for  themselves,  and  return 
fai  their  own  homes ;  Philip  lo  Mount  Hr^ie, 
and  the  Narragansets  to  their  own  covntiy 
again  i  the  Nipneta  and  the  river  Indiais  bin- 
ding their  course  westward,  other*  nortli- 
ward,  towards  Pennicook,  upon  Merrimack, 
intending  to  shift  forthemselves  as  well  as  they 
could  for  the  future;  all  which  is  like  lo  lie 
the  real  and  true  stale  of  ihe  esse  with  the 
Indians  which  were  our  enemies;  for  the 
next  news  wo  heard  of  Philip,  was  thst  ho 
had  relumed  back  to  Mount  Hope  now  like  to 
become  Mount  Misery  unio  him  and  his  van- 
bond  crew,  and  diat  his  friends  and  allies  that 
had  hitherto  stood  as  neuters,  waiting  only 
which  way  tha  scale  of  success  and  victory 
would  turn,  began  now  to  sue  for  mercy  at 
the  hands  of  the  English :  The  Massachu- 
setts' government  having  understood  some- 
thing of  this  nature,  put  forth  a  declaration, 
that  whatsoever  Indians  should  within  four> 
teen  days  next  ensuing,  come  in  to  the  Englisn 
might  nope  for  mercy.  Amongst  sundry  that 
came  in,  there  was  one  that  was  one  named 
James,  the  printer,  the  superadded  tide  A» 


nd ' 


THE   INDIAN   WAIR. 


liiiffuithiMf  him  Avm  atkan  of  tini  mim  i 
wtio  iNiinif  •  iMUinMM  apMlaia,  lliat  h»a 
iMrtMti  fo  inuah  of  iIm  Encluik  u  iio<  only  lo 
niatiMMl  writ*,  but  htti  MnuiMd  UkawiMtoma 
•kill  in  pHnlinf ,  {mni  migkl  kav*  Uiainad  mora 
liaJ  ha  not  Ilka  a  CiIm  villain  ran  awav  from 
hit  mMtar  hafero  kit  lima  was  out)  ha  having 
tmn  arHl  road  iho  aaiJ  daelaralion  of  iha  Bn> 
tfllth,  did  vantura  bimtalf  upon  ika  tkilh 
iharaof,  and  eaaM  towM  fer  hi*  Itla  i  k«  ailrm- 
(•d  wiik  otkara  iku  raoM  along  with  kirn,  tkat 
mora  IndiaM  had  died  ainaa  tkia  war  bann, 
of  diiaaaaa  (raoh  aa  othar  timaa  tkoy  umTnol 
not  to  ba  aaqualniad  with,  than  by  ika  award 
oflha  Bniiiith. 

Not  long  al^ar  manv  of  tkom  eama  and  of- 
r«rad  ihamwlvaa,  lo  wa  numbar  of  naar  two 
hundmd,  man,  woman  and  ohiUlran  t  and 
iniiny  mora  would  hava  dona  tka  lika  |  but 
their  conioiouanata  of  guilt  made  tkam  oon> 
<:lud«  that  thoir  orualtiaa  and  barbaroua  mur 
dura  could  navar  ba  forgoiian  by  iha  Bngliah. 
Diit  what  neeurraneaa  happanad  naxt  ihall 
appear  in  thairordar,  Abouttkaandof  Juna 
newt  wa«  brouaht  to  Button  that  Philip  with 
a  tmall  party  oi  kia  man  lurkad  about  Swanty 
or  Rohoboth,  and  that  ha  might  aaaily  be  taken  | 
an  Indian  offering  to  bring  them  to  the  plaee 
where  they  might  find  him  ;  whereupon  tul- 
diert  were  inttantly  tent  away  from  notion, 
who  ipent  toma  lime  in  teareking  all  the  woodi 
•inthattideoftkaeountrv,  butatlaM  were  for- 
ced to  return,  baving  mitted  ouraoldiera  upon 
the  tame  teeount,  under  M^jor  Bradford,  who 
by  the  kelp  of  aome  Indiana  of  Cape  Cod, 
alwayt  true  to  tha  interett  of  ika  Eniliah, 
not  only  eteaped  an  ambuth  laid  for  uem, 
whoraby  moat  of  them  might  haTO  been  out 
olT,  but  tlaw  many  thoaa  of  thai  laid  in  wait  fur 
them,  without  any  lott  to  themtelvet;  yea 
further,  a  tquaw  taeham  of  Seaconet,  one  of 
Phillp't  alliet,  having  flrtt  tent  three  metten- 
Bert  to  the  govenior  of  Plymouth,  to  tun  for 
lire  and  liberty,  promitin^  tulimittion  to  their 
foverroent  on  that  eondition ;  but  underttand- 
ing  that  Plymouth  fureea  were  abroad  before 
her  meiiengert  returned,  the  with  ker  people 
almut  ninety  in  number,  rendered  tberotelvet 
unto  Major  Bradford,  to  that  above  one  hun- 
dred and  ten,  on  a  moderate  computation, 
were  killed  tkat  day. 

Tlie  Connecticut  foroea  kad  tke  like  tuc' 
■cett  when  tent  into  the  Narragantet  country 
under  the  command  of  the  wonderiUlly  tuc- 
tottful  Mtfjor  Talcot,  CapL  Qeorge  iJenni' 
ton,  and  Capt.  Newbury,  with  other  worthy 
^ommandert  of  the  tame  forcet;  For,  on  the 
*d  uf  July,  1676,  at  tlie  taid  commandert 
with  the  forcet  under  them  were  purtuing  tke 
•nomy  in  and  aliout  the  Narragantet  country 
tpwardi  Mount  Hope,  hearing  that  Philip  with 
hit  regiment  of  Wampanoogt  wat  thereaboutt 
their  Indian  tcoutt  from  the  top  of  a  hill  dit- 
covered  a  great  number  uf  the  enemy  that  had 
newly  pitched  their  ttatlon  within  the  temi- 
circle  of  a  twanip.  The  Englith  toldiert 
were  all  mounted  on  horteback,  to  the  num- 
ber of  three  hundred  ;  wherefore  the  com- 
mandert ordered  the  Indiana  to  be  ready  at 
the  tup  uf  a  hill,  upon  a  tignal  given  to  run 
down  rapidly  upon  the  enemy  who  were  te- 
rarely  lodged  in  the  hollow  of  a  twamp  jutt 
oppotiia  them,  while  tke  hortemen  oeing 
divided  into  two  tquadront  to  ride  round  the 
kill,  to  that  at  the  tame  inttant  both  the  horte- 
upon  the  two  wingt,  and  the  Indiana 
48 


afiioi  ruthing  down  aiNldanly  vpoR  ika  Wiamy, 
p«t  them  inui  a  lerrilda  (Kgkt,  making  a  la- 
mentable outcry,  toma  getting  into  the  twamp, 
the  rott  that  were  prevaiiled  by  the  horaemen 
and  friendly  Indiana  coming  to  tuddenly 
upon  them,  were  all  taken  priaunart  |  Capt 
Newbury  witk  hit  troop  alichlad  from  their 
hortot  ray  into  the  twamp  alter  them,  where 
ihay  killed  atleaatan  kuiidred,  at  waa  Judged 
by  toma  ikan  praaent,  takiag  alao  many  |wit- 
onara  out  of  ikoaa  Jiabitatioaa  of  darknaat,  tka 
enemy  tearea  daring  to  raaka  any  retitianea  i 
for  mMM  of  tka  Kngliak,  and  but  one  or  two 
uf  tka  Mokagina  and  Paouoda  ware  kurt  in 
the  attault  t  yet  it  waa  aflirmed  by  a  captain 
pretant  on  the  nUoe  that  with  ihoae  they  killed 
and  took  at  Warwick  neck  on  their  return 
home,  (which  wera  not  above  tixty)  that  they 
kiljed  and  luok  of  the  enemy  at  that  tim*  above 
3000  young  and  old.  At  the  tame  lima  wat 
taken  the  old  tquaw  of  Narragantet  ooluny, 
called  tlie  old  Queen. 

They  were  iieoettitaled  with  thit  booty  to 
return  homewardt  to  gratify  the  Mohegin  and 
Pequod  Indiant  that  accompanied  them,  who 
had  dune  them  very  good  tervice  in  the  pur-, 
tuit,  having  loat  one  or  two  of  their  men  in  the 
chate  ;  but  their  return  home  wat  at  it  proved 
in  the  ittue,  more  beneficial  than  tkeir  longer 
ttay  might  have  been,  to  have  made  a  fruit- 
lata  purtuit  after  Philip,  (whote  time  wat 
not  yet  come  although  naatening  apace)  lor 
in  their  return  they  met  60  of  the  enemy,  all 
of  whom  they  tiew  and  took,  to  aa  their  tword 
returned  not  empty. 

Among  the  pntonert  then  taken  waa  a 
aprightiv  young  fellow,  teiaed  by  the  Moke- 
gint,  who  detired  of  the  Englith  commandert 
that  he  might  be  delivered  into  their  handt, 
that  they  might  put  him  to  death  in  their  own 
way,  and  tacrifiee  bim  to  their  cruel  nniua 
of  revengo,,in  which  bnitith  and  deviliu  pat- 
tion  they  mott  of  all  delij^ht  in.  The  Eng- 
lith, though  not  delighted  m  blood,  yet  at  tkia 
time  were  not  unwilling  to  gradQr  tkeir  ku- 
monr,  lett  by  a  denial  tkey  might  ditoblige 
tkeir  Indian  frienda,of  whom  tkey  lately  made 
to  muck  uta — partly  alto  that  they  might 
hava  occular  damonttration  of  the  tavage, 
barbaroua  cruelty  of  the  heathen.  And  in- 
deed, of  all  the  enemiea  tkat  kava  been  tke 
preceding  narrative,  thit  villain  doea  mottde- 
terve  tobocoma  an  object  of juttice  and  te  ver- 
ity ;  for  be  boldly  told  that  he  had  with  hit 
eun  ditpaleked  19  of  the  Enriith,  and  that 
he  had  ckarged  it  fur  tke  tOth,  out  not  meet- 
ing with  another,  and  unwilling  to  lote  a  fair 
tkot,  he  let  fly  at  a  Mohegin,  and  killed  him ; 
with  which  having  completed  hit  number  he 
wat  fully  tatiifled.  But  at  it  utually  taid, 
jiutice  vindictive  hath  iron  handt,  though 
leaden  feet— -(hit  montter  it  fallen  into  the 
handt  of  thote  that  will  repay  him  teven-fold. 
In  the  firtt  place  therefore,  making  a  great 
circle  they  placed  him  in  the  middle  that  all  their 
eyet  might  at  tame  time  be  pleated  with  the 
utmott  revenge  upon  him ;  they  firtt  cut  one 
of  hit  fingers  round  in  the  joint,  at  the  trunk  of 
hit  handwith  a  tharp  knife,  and  then  broke  it 
oiT,  at  wat  formerly  the  custom  to  do  with  a 
tiaughtered  beatt  before  he  it  uncated;  and  then 
they  cut  olT  another  and  another  af^r  that  till 
they  had  finally  ditmeraberedonehandofallita 
digitt,the  blood  lometimet  tpirting  out  in 
tireamt  a  yard  from  hia  hand;  whieh  barbarout 
and  unheard  ofcrualty  tke  Engliahwere  not  able 


w  baar,  ii  fbraing  ia«n  Aoai  tkait  ayaa^  jrM 
did  nM  tka  unkappj  viaiiM  avn  ralMl  «r 
tkow  any  tigna  or  anguiak  i  for.  bamg  Mka4 
bv  kia  lormantora  kow  k«  likad  tka  war  t  ha 
liked  it  very  wall,  and  Ibuad  it  aa  aweat  t 
Bngliakman  do  tkeir  augar.  In  tkia  fVame !.« 
eonlinued  till  kit  eaoeutionara  bad  dealt  witl 
ibatoaa  of  hia  fkat  aa  tkay  kad  dona  wilk  tt.a 
fingara  of  kia  kanda  before  t  all  ika  lima  ma- 
king kim'danea  round  ika  airala,  and  ting  liit 
ka  bad  wearied  boik  kimtalf  and  tkaw.  At 
latl  tkay  broke  tha  bouaa  of  kia  lega,  afUr 
wkiok  ka  wat  forood  lo  ait  down,  wbbk  it  ia 
laid  ka  ailemly  did,  till  tkoy  knoekad  out  kia 
braina. 

Wiibin  a  few  daya  after,  tOO  of  tka  enanr.y 
wilkin  Pl^moulkjuritdielion  being  diilrotaed 
with  famine  'and  fear  of  danger,  cama  and 
tubmillad  tkamtelvet  lo  ike  govarmenltkera , 
but  ibrea  oflha  company  were  pratanlly  d*' 
leeted  of  a  cruel  murder,  and  villanout  aa> 
taiilt  upon  one  Mr.  Clark'a  houte  of  Plyroouih 
by  a  wall  minded  tquaw  that  waa  among 
them  (hoping  that  auoh  a  diteovary  would  lia 

Jleaaing  to  the  Englitbl  and  aoeordingly  ad- 
idged  forthwith  to  undergo  condign  nunith- 
ment,  which  the  rest  that  turrendared  them- 
telvet,  did  not  in  the  leaat  reaent;  tuch  kind 
of  villaina  being  alwayt  axemoled  1«ni  acta  of 
fkvour  and  mercy.  Thota  SM  tkat  kad  new- 
ly turranderod  thtmtelvet,  that  they  might 
give  full  proof  of  their  fidelity,  offered  to  lead  a 
party  of^the  Englith  to  a  plaee  not  far  olT, 
where  twenty  more  oflha  enemy  might  be  tur- 

Criaed,  amongtt  whom  alto  wu  one  anown  to 
D  a  bloody  murderer  of  an  Enclithman  the 
year  before  i  aeoordingly  8  Enalithman  tooii 
14  of  ika  taid  Indiant,  and  the  next  day 
brouaht  in  all  the  aforetaid  M  of  the  enemy 
toge&er  with  t  the  taid  murderer,  who  waa 
preaently  after  executed,  and  tlia  real  taken 
into  fkvour. 

It  ia  affirmed  alto  tkat  five  ortix  tackamt  of 
Cape  God,  towardt  tka  eatlem  part  of  it, 
came  wilk  300  Indiana  lo  make  paaea  witk 
tke  Engliak,  on  tke  6th  July,  one  oftkeaaid  ta- 
ekemt  eameatly  daairing  ikeEnglitk  that  none 
of  them  miskt  ba  auffered  to  tell  any  alrong 
liquora  to  the  Indiana,  tka  tradbjr  of  which, 
pottibly  both  in  a  meaaura  eonlnimied  to  tha 
praaent  mitebief. 

The  next  day,  July  7th,  a  imall  party  uf 

ourt,  with  a  few  friendly  or  chrittian  Indiana 

with   them,  killed  and   took  teven  of  tka 

enemy  in  die  wooda  not  far  from  Dedkam, 

of  wkick  waa  a  Narragantet  tackem, 


who  either  bimtelf informed,  orby  toaMOther 
at  that  time  certain  intelligence  waa  bmoght 
lo  Botton,  that  tome  of  our  enemy  Indiana 
had  got  to  Albanv,  informing  people  there, 
that  they  might  tne  more  eaaily  get  powder 
and  ammunition,  that  tha  Engliu  and  they 
were  now  at  peace. 

One  of  the  taid  Indiana  wat  the  lachem  oi 
Springfield,  a  bloody  and  deceitful  villain  | 
it  ia  hoped  that  he  it  now  taken  in  tke  tnara 
ftx>m  wnence  hethallnot  betufferedtoetcape. ' 

Philip  by  thit  time  could  not  but  think  nia 
ruin  waa  near  at  kand  ;  yet  that  he  might,  in 
imitation  of  him  thatttirred  up  all  thitmitchiel 
expreu  tha  more  wrath,  becaute  he  knew  hia 
time  waa  butihort,  intended  if  pottibloto  dea- 
troy  one  more  town  before  nit  overthrow 
came;  wherefore  on  the  11th  of  July,  with  all 
the  force  be  could  get,  or  that  he  bad  left,  ka 
intended  to  let  upon  Taunton,  havmg  aa  waa 


A  If AABATITl  OW 


»?•>» 


I' 


MIIMi*Sll|  MMiy  llWMVMI  HI  BIS  MM^ 

kM  kh  4Mig»  Mm  tummriy  Anovwm  by  • 

Mfl«  wImM  UM*  mi  MM  Mfliv*  ft  UuW 

iMlBf*,  ikaiUvrng  Hvcil  mm  iIm  IndiaiM 
rMoMTmiMli  of  tMr  laiifiMf*. 
kU  MMM  fVom  iImm,  MquaiMMi 
M  with  uw  pkN  who  ktviM  liiM- 


iMfbra,  iiMi*rM0Mr 

who  iMkiiig 

iIm  inhakiiwiM  with  Ow  pkN  who  ktviiif 

ly  MMiM,  flinitilwJ  llMiMaWM  wkk  loUion 

wkofokjr  Umjp  won  akto  lo  i«p«lM  tko  miMiij^ 

upon  kia  Inl  •»!<««' 

two  koMM,  (MM  ikm 

LovdkooptikUM 

'nvaiii. 

Tko  tfd  oTlMa  aoMk  of  Jvly.  m  ii  kiMod 
hoibrt,  iHaoempftiitot  MOtflnni  OoMord,  Ma« 


raoak  I  M  ikai  ko  only  irad 
km  M  away  i  Bxoopi  iko 
aiiy  Iko  waiMNMii  walakaik 


SOik,  up  toward  Hadloy,  kaving  aMnt 
lima  and  paiaa  ia  MfMit  of  Pkilip  all  iko  eaun< 
iry  ovor  (wkom  laoy  eouU  notovonako)  kav 
Ing  lirnd  ikomaolvkM  witk  many  long  and  todi' 
niM  marakoa  Ikrough  iko  doaort  woods  boCira 
ihay  ratnmod  komo,  tamo  of  ikoni  warn  tanl 
lowarda  Mmint  Hopa,  yot  ikoir  labour  waa 
wall  improvod,  and  fcllowod  wiik  good  aue- 
coaaat  Inolaalt  Ferin  ranging  tkoao  wooda 
in  Plymouth  colony,  ikoy  kilwd  and  took  (by 
iha  help  of  Oapi.  Moaafy'a  eompany  of  Ply- 
nKNiik  aolMv)  an  huadrad  and  nfty  Indiana, 
witbont  the  loaa  of  a  man. 

It  waa  (karad  that  Philip  and  hia  eompany 
would  bava  rotumad  into  tho  Nipnet  country, 
to  pravont  wkiek  aavaral  koraoafien  warn  aont 
In  gaard  tko  paaaaga ;  but  bo  iurked  about 
Uta  own  eountry  in  cwarop  and  otkar  taerat 
plaeoa,  wkora  M  waa  a*  yot  bid  from  the 
eight  of  tbo  enamy,  although  many  timet  t^«Jr 
happened  lo  kidgo  vary  near  hire,  kaMnueh 
aa  an  Indian  captive  promiaed  in  two  boura 
lima  to  bring  our  loldiera  lo  the  rery  place 
where  ha  waaj  but  they  not  being  able  to 

ri  tko  nearaat  way,  came  a  little  too  late ; 
Ikey  being  to  clutely  puraued,  hailed  away 
leaving  muck  of  their  treaaure  behind  tkm  ; 
tkeir  ketilea  boiling  over  tha  fire,  their  dead  un- 
buried,  and  tO  of  their  party  were  overtaken, 
that  (all  into  the  Enalith  bandi  i  Philip  hira> 
aelf,  and  aome  few  of  hia  ttraggling  folfowera 
making  ikeir  eeeapo  by  a  rail  over  an  arm  of 
the  tea,  into  another  neck  of  land,  on  Poeaatet 
aide,  not  daring  to  trutt  kimtelf  anv  lonnr  in 
Matapoiaat  WMidt,  to  full  of  our  Gnffliaa  tol- 
diera,  aa  tkoaa  of  Plymouth,  aa  of  Mtiiacbu- 
ekoaetta  colony,  wko  almoat  every  day  mee^ 
ing  witk  aoma  of  hia  party,  much leaaaned  kit 
aamber.  Capt  Church,  that  active  and  un- 
wearied commander  of  Plymouth  colony, 
waa  at  thit  aa  well  aa  Ions  beforo,  out  upon 
the  ehaao  with  but  19  Bngliah,  and  38  Indians 
that  were  friendt,  had  four  aeveral  engaoe- 
menu  with  Philip'a  party,  wherein  he  tpoiled 
76  of  the  enemy,  without  the  loaa  of  one  of 
hia  own  men.  In  teveral  of  tbete  ikirmitbet 
thoae  Indiana  that  upon  tubmitaion  had  their 
livei  given  them,  have  done  notable  tervice  in 
bunting  out  the  enemy  in  all  their  lurking 
placet. 

At  another  time  they  took  Philip'a  tquaw, 
«iid  ona  of  hit  chief  oouniellort ;  and  about 
the  taoM  time  another  tachem  about  Poeat- 
let  with  forty  Indiana  tubmitted  himself  to 
the  government  of  Plymouth,  on  promise  of 
life  and  liberty.  It  teemed  that  now  the  timo 
of  our  deliverance  waa  come,  and  the  time 
alao  for  the  dealruction  of  our  enemies  :  For 
the  last  week  in  July,  Matsachusetts  under- 
standing that  tome  Indiant  were  teen  roving 
vp  aad  down  the  woods  about  Dedbaro,  al- 


muti  tiarved  ft>r  want  of  viotuala,  tant  a  tmall 
company  of  M,  wiik  akoai  •  or  10  akriatiaa 
ladiaaa,  who  puraued  and  look  M  of  the 


enemy,  witkoui  any  lute  to  ika  Kngliak  i  at 

whlah 

peag  and  powder  were  laaan  rrum  ue  enemy. 

That  which  inareaaed  ikia  vlatory  waa  tba 


lime  also  a  great  uuantily  of  wampam- 
\  and  powder  were  laikan  from  ike  enemjf. 


shiagkler  of  Poaakam,  wko  waa  ^m  at  tka 
moat  valiant  saakema  ikai  baioogad  la  tka  Nar> 
ragaasaia,  wkoaa  aouraga  and  atianiwk  waa  so 
great,  tkat  after  ka  kadbaan  iaortaI|y  woan- 
in  the  Ifhl  ao  aa  ka  aoitid  not  stand,  yet 


great, 

dad  in  the  laht  ao  aa 

aalakiag  kold  of  aa  Bagliakasan  tkat  by  aau!- 


deal  aama  near  kia,  kad  dona  kim  aa  ii\jury 
if  kad  not  baaa  preaontly  ratcuad  by  ona  ofkit 
naigkboura.  Ajwmgat  ika  real  of  tha  aapiivea 
at  Inat  lima  waa  one  of  ike  aaid  Pombam'a 
very  likely  youth,  and  one  wkoaa 
countenance  would  have  beapoka  IWvour  for 
kim,  kad  ke  not  belonged  lo  ao  bloody  and 
barbaroua  an  Indian  aa  kit  father  was. 

These  auacstsas  being  dailv  tpread  abroad 
amongtha  Indiana,  pal  many  or  them  in  a  trem- 
bling condition,  not  knowing  well  bow  todit- 
pote  of  tbamtelvea.  Dome  that  bad  been  lets 
active  in  ibeae  tragedias,  and  were  rather  led 
by  othera  than  any  wise  inclined  to  mischief 
themselves,  of  which  number  was  one  of  the 
Nipnet  sachems,  called  Sagamore  John,  who, 
July  S7,  came  to  surrender  himself  lo  the 
governor  and  council  of  Massachuseia  at  Boa- 
ton,  brin|(tM  along  with  him  180  of  tha  enemy 
Indiana.  Tbia  John,  that  he  might  the  more 
ngratialA  himaelf  with  the  Bnglith,  whose  fa- 
vour be  was  now  willing  to  seek  after,  did  by 
a  wile  ^  into  his  hamis  one  Matoonas,  an 
old  malicious  villain  who  was  the  first  that  did 

ly  mischief  within  Maaaachusetts  colony, 
July,  14th,  167fi|  bearinir  an  old  grudge 
against  them  as  is  tlwugbt,  lor  justice  that  waa 
dona  upon  ona  of  hia  aont,  1671,  whota  head 
ever  tinea  banga  upon  a  pole  near  tha  gibbet 
were  he  waa  Mngad  up  i  The  brinaing  in  of 
this  malicioua  catuT  was  an  hopeful  pra  saga 
tkat  it  would  not  bo  long  balbra  Pkiup  kim- 
aelf,  tka  grand  villain,  would  in  lika  manner 
receive  a  just  reward  of  hia  wiokadneaa  and 
murdara. 

Sagamore  John,  who  came  in  the  87tk  of 
July,  affirmed  that  he  had  never  intended  any 
mischief  to  the  Bnglish  at  Brookfiold  the  laat 
year  ^near  which  village  it  aeema  kk  place 
was)  but  that  Philip  eominc  over  night 
amongst  them  waa  forced,  for  Mar  of  hia  own 
life,  to  join  with  them  againat  the  English. 
Matoonas  also  when  he  was  brought  before 
the  council,  and  naked  what  he  had  totay  for 
himtelf,  oonfetted  that  he  had  rightly  deter- 
ved  death,  and  could  expect  no  otner,  addinc 
withal,  that  if  he  had  followed  their  counael, 
he  had  not  come  to  thit ;  for  he  had  teemed 
to  favour  the  praying  Indiana  and  the  ehria- 
tian  religion,  afterifrarda  diteovered  quickly 
that  he  no  had  part  or  portion  in  that  matter. 

About  thit  time  teveral  partiet  of  Englith 
within  Plymouth  juriidiclion,  were  willing  to 
have  a  hand  in  to  good  a  matter  aa  catching 
of  Philip  would  be,  who  perceiving  that  he 
wat  now  going  down  the  wind,  were  willing 
to  hasten  his  fall.  Amongst  others,  a  small 
party  went  out  of  Bridgewater,  July  31st, 
upon  ■  discovery,  and  by  providence  were 
directed  to  fill  upon  a  eompany  of  Indians 
where  Philip  waa ;  the^  camo  up  with  them 
and  killed  some  of  bis  particular  frienda ' 


skat  down,  aad  kad  tka  soldier  that  had  akama 
wkiek  to  akoat  at,  known  wkiek  kad  keen  Iha 
right  bird,  ka  aiigkl  aa  wall  kava  taken  him, 
aa  kia  analai  kai  it  ia  saM  thai  ka  kad  not 
king  bofiira  aut  aff  kia  kair,  that  he  might  not 
be  Known  i  The  party  that  did  this  aaploit 
were  few  ia  number,  and  ikarafiira  mh  b«>ing 
able  to  keep  akiaa  in  tka  roar,  that  cunning 
to*  aaaapad  awM  tkraagk  butket  aadiaaara* 
ad  in  tka  rear  of  tka  Bngliak  i  Tkat  wkiek 
waa  meal  ramarkaUa  hi  ikia  daaign,  waa  tkat 
trambUaff  fear  appeared  to  ha  «pon  the  ln> 
diana  al  lak  liiM,  laaaawak  tkat  oaa  of  ihero 


having  a  gun  in  kia  kaad  wall  loaded,  yet  was 
not  aoU  to  fire  it  of,  bat  aoflkrad  an  Bnglitb 
toUiar  to  aoma  alota  up  to  kit  breaai,  and  to 
thot  him  down,  the  other  not  being  able  to 
maka  any  raaittanee  t  nor  were  any  of  tlia 
Bmrlitk  nurt  at  that  time. 

The  like  torror  waa  teen  in  oikers  at  that 
lime  I  fcr  within  two  days  after,  Capt  Church, 
the  terror  of  the  Indiana  in  Plyaoulh  colony, 
marehing  in  pursuit  of  Philip  with  about  'M 
Bngliahman  and  SO  raconeihra  Indians,  luuk 
S3  of  the  enemy,  and  tha  neat  day  following 
them  by  their  tracks,  fell  upon  tkeir  kead-qiiar 
tort,  and  killed  and  took  about  130  of  them  i 
loting  only  one  man.  In  ikia  engagement  Qod 
did  appear  in  a  mora  than  ordinary  manner  to 
fight  lor  the  Bngliah,  for  the  Indiana  by  their 
number,  and  other  advaniaget  of  the  plnce 
were  ao  eon  venienily  provided,  that  they  might 
have  made  the  firtt  thot  at  the  Bnglith  and 
dona  tbam  much  damaaa,  but  one  of  liieir  own 
countrymen  in  Gapt  Onureh'a  company  atpy- 
ing  ibem,  called  aloud  unto  tbam  in  their  owa 
language,  tolling  them  that  if  they  thot  a  gun 
they  were  all  dead  men;  with  wkiek ikey  were 
to  amaaed,  tkat  ikey  durtt  not  once  offer  to  fire 
at  tka  Bnglith,  which  made  the  victory  the 
more  remarkable.  Pkilip  made  a  very  narrow 
pe  at  that  tine,  being  forced  to  leave  hit 
ireaaaraa,  hia  bakived  wife,  and  only  ton  to 
tba  BMrey  of  the  Bngliak.  Skin  for  tkii.,  all 
tkat  a  man  kalk  will  aa  give  for  kia  life.  Hia 
min  being  tbut  gradually  carried  on,  hit  mitery 
waa  not  pravnttd  Vit  ••ig'Mn'ad  thariiSy ; 
being  kimtelf  acquaintad  wild  ibaaanM  and  ax- 
pariaamal  feelinvof  tka  captivity  of  hit  child- 
ren, .»s|r  of  ftienda,  alaughtor  of  bit  tuMectt  be- 
reavement of  all  ftmily  relatione,  and  being 
ttrippadofalloutwardeoaforta, before  bit  own 
life  tnould  be  taken  away.— Suck  a  tenience 
pataad  upon  Cain,  made  kim  cry  out,  that  hia 
punitbment  wat  greater  than  ha  could  bear. 
Thit  bloody  wreteh  hath  one  week  more  to  live 
an  object  of  pity,  but  a  tpectoele  of  divine  ven- 
geance, hit  own  followert  beginning  now  to 
plot  againtt  hit  life,  that  they  might  make  the 
better  tormt  for  iheir  own  {  at  uey  did  also 
seek  to  betray  squaw  Sachem  of  Pocasset, 
Philip'a  near  kinawoman  and  confederate. 
For, 

August  6tk,  an  Indian  willing  to  tbift  for 
himself,  fled  to  Taunton,  offering  to  lead  any 
of  the  English  that  would  folk>w  him,  to  a 
party  of  Indians,  which  they  might  easily  ap- 
prehend, which  SO  persons  attempted  and  ac- 
cordingly seised  the  whole  company,  SG  in 
number,allbutthe squaw  Sachem  herablf,  who 
intending  to  make  an  escape  from  the  danger, 
attempted  to  get  over  the  river,  or  arm  ofthe 
sea  near  by,  upon  a  raftor  some  pieces  of  broken 
wood;  but  whether  tired  and  spent  with  swim 
ming  or  curved  with  cold  and  nunger,  the  waa 


Philip  himtelf  waa  next  to  hia  uncle  that  was  I  stark  naked  in  Metopoiset,  not  fir  from  tk* 


TRK  INUtAN  WARS. 


'  tilt*,  whiiik  mmI*  imb*  iMnk  iIm  wm 
RrM  htlfiliKWiiKii,  ami  to  •imIm)!  h«r  wraliilMii 
lil'n  jiiil  in  lliat  iiUflH  wliara  lh«  ym»r  btifurw 
•tin  iiHil  h«lp«J  I'hilip  lo  niaka  hi*  nMii|i«  |  hrr 
liDMit  Iwliiu  rill  ii(f  Km!  Ml  u|Hiii  a  |Mila  inTitun- 
litn,  wa*  known  hy  Mirmt  Imlian*  llion  |iri«in- 
«ra,  whivhwtl  ih»ininii>  a  horrililn  lanMnUiioni 
tiiii  luoh  waa  th*  rliihlitoii*  hand  of  Oml  in 
bringing  al  lail  ihM  miMliuif  upon  ihainMlvai, 
whiah  inay  h»il  wihouloauaaUingaabNl  againd 
•tbara. 

PUlip,  lika  •  MV*M  wild  kaMi,  having 
naan  hunted  by  iha  Enf  Ith  foreaa  ihmugn 
Iha  wmMU  alMivn  an  hundrnd  milaa  baekward 
and  fi)rwani,  at  laal  waa  drivan  to  hia  own  dun 
upon  Mount  Hiina,  whara  ba  ratirad  with  a 
faw  nf  hii  btiit  (riand*  into  a  iwamp,  whioh 
pntrad  but  a  priton  to  kaap  him  fuit  till  lh« 
nMMfngar  of (luaih  cama  by  divina  parmiiaion 
to  axaouto  vnngaanoa  upon  him,  whioh  waa 
ihui  aanompliahiid. 

8uoh  had  l>«an  hia  invaterata  maliea  and 
wiekadnuM  acainat  tha  Bngliah,  that  daap«ir< 
ing  of  marey  whh  tham,  ha  could  not  baarthat 
•ny  thinff  tho'ild  be  iiigguited  to  him  alwut 
•  patM, Intomuoh  that  na  cauwd  one  of  hit 
aonftxlaraiea  tn  Iw  killed  for  propounding  an 
•upadiant  of  peaee  |  wkiah  to  provoked  aoma 
of  hi*  eompany,  not  altogether  ao  deaperala 
u  hiimalfi  thai  one  of  them  (led  to  Rhode- 
Itland,  whither  the  brmve  Captain  Churah  waa 
iMWiy  retinnl  to  reoruit  hia  for  •  little  time, 
being  much  tired  with  marehea  all  that  week, 
mforining  them  that  Philip  waa  fled  to  a  awamp 
•wamn  in  Mount  Hope,  whither  ha  would  un- 
Jnrtake  to  lead  them  that  would  puraua  him, 
Thi*  WM  welcome  newt,  and  the  boat  cordial 
for  tiieh  iiMrtial  ipirita;  whereupon  he  immc' 
dialely,  with  a  amall  eompany  of  man,  part 
Englith  and  part  Indian,  bamn  another  march 
which  thall  prove  fatal  to  Philip,  and  and  that 
eontrovaray  between  tha  Enalith  and  him  t 
For  coming  very  early  to  the  aide  of  the 
awamu,  his  aoldiera  began  to  aurround  it,  and 
( whetner  the  devil  appeared  to  him  in  a  dream 
that  night  aa  he  did  unto  Saul,  foreboding  hit 
tmgieal  end,  it  mntteri  not)  at  he  waa  endea 
vonng  tn  make  hit  eacape  out  of  a  awamp, 
he  waa  ahnt  through  the  heart  by  an  Indian 
of  hia  own  nation,  at  it  it  taid,  that  had  all  thia 
while  preserved  a  neutrality  until  thit  time, 
hut  now  had  the  catting  vote  in  hit  power, 
by  which  ho  determined  the  quarrel  that  had 
)>een  to  long  in  tutpente.  In  him  it  fulfilled 
what  wa*  taid  in  the  prophet.  Wo  to  thee  that 
ipoilett  and  thou  wat  not  tpoiled,  and  dealett 
tmachorouily,  and  they  dealt  not  tretcharout- 
ly  with  thee;  when- thou  thall  ceate  to  tpoil 
tnnu  thalt  be  spoiled,  and  when  thou  inalt 
*nnke  an  end  to  deal  treacheroutly,  they  thall 
deal  trmtcheroutly,  with  thee. 

With  Philip  at  thit  time  fell  five  of  hit  trua- 
tieit  folluwen,  of  whom  one  wat  taid  to  be 
ihn  ton  of  hit  chief  captain,  that  had  thot  tho 
lirtt  gun  at  the  Bngliiti  the  year  before.  Thit 
w'as  done  the  13th  day  of  Auguit,  1676,  a  ro' 
miirkalile  testimony  ofdivine  favour  to  the  cO' 
lony  of  Plymouth,  who  had  fur  the  former 
•  tuccott,  appointed  tho  17th  day  nf  Augiitt  fol- 
lowing, to  bo  kept  at  a  day  nf  tolomn  Thanks 
giving  to  Almighty  God.  There  having  been 
to  ttrangn  a  turn  of  Providence  obterved  in 
the  late  succettet  obtained  in  and  about  Ply' 
ninuth  colony,  it  may  not  be  amiis  hero  tn  en 
quire  into  the  progreit  and  continuance  thereof 
Bilar  the  slaughter  of  Philip  that  grand  r«bel 


In  iba  praoadiiw  nwralion  UMitlaii  kalh 
ba«n  made  of  one  Oapt.  Chunk,  whom  Ood 
hoik  intiln  an  insirumani  of  tignol  vialoriat 
over  the  Indiant  in  that  colony,  and  of  graol 
advaiiU^  in  that  ratpaai  lo  thai  whole  jurit- 
liJlioii,  It  happened  thai  thi«  said  Capl. 
Churnh  mtiie  lima  in  .Tuna,  of  this  prasani 
yitar  1076,  pasting  over  in  a  canoa  fVtim  Pih 
easaai  to  Rhodalsland,  as  ha  used  fraquanlly 
In  do,  (having  hod  much  amploymani  upon 
the  said  neck  of  land  so  eallad)  tavarti  ladi- 
an*  whom  ha  hod  known  bafiira  at  LMkaii- 
ham,  •  village  near  Plymouth,  baekonad  lo 
him  •*  iflhay  hod  •  mind  to  suaok  with  him  t 


him  •*  iribay  bod  •  mtnd  to  suaok  with  him  t 
ha  havin*  had  so  much  eipartanoa  at  wall  at 
others  ui  their  treachery,  was  not  willing  lo 
adventure  loo  haslilv  to  come  near  tham)  bill 
when  ihey  seemed  to  urge  very  mueh,  and 
madeslgns  tn  him,  and  at  last  laid  down  their 
guns  in  ni*  sight,  he  liogan  to  think  with  him- 
self ikere  might  be  something  in  the  mailer 
more  than  onnnary,  thentfure  he  resolved  lo 
go  a  little  n)>arer  to  the  shore,  and  then  ha 

Cerceivad  they  had  a  great  mind  to  speak  with 
im,  using  much  importunity  for  that  end,  in- 
s<ifnueh  thai  he  ventured  to  go  ashora  amongst 
them,  having  but  one  Englishman  and  two 
Indians  with  him  |  he  directed  tham  to  kaap 
oflTlhe  canoe  while  he  discoursed  with  tha  In- 
dianapn  sliore.  As  soon  as  he  came  omnng 
tham,  they  told  him  thov  were  weary  of  flght' 
ing,  and  tnat  they  had  ruught  so  Ions  by  Fnil 
ip  s  instigation ;  but  they  could  notlafi  for  what 
end,  anuthareforu  rcs<ilved  ihev  would  fight 
no  longer,  and  all  they  desired  of  him  wot,  that 
he  would  make  way  for  them  to  tha  gover 
nor,  that  they  might  live  quietly  amongtt  the 
Englith  at  thev  had  done  before,  and  that 
they  would  deliver  up  their  arrot,  or  would 
so  out  with  them  if  he  pleated  to  aeeepi  of 
Uwm,  and  fight  for  him  ;  lo  that  and  ihey  da' 
air«d  a  time  to  parley  with  him  further  about 
that  butinett  at  what  time  and  place  ha  would 
appoint  I  He  told  tham  he  would  meet  tham 
two  dayt  after  at  Seaeonat,  a  place  up  higher 
on  the  taid  neck,  about  19  o'clock  |  accordingly 
he  carou  to  tha  taid  place,  found  the  tame  In- 
diana withtdme  others,  and  their  Snoketquaw, 
or  chief  woman  of  that  plantation,  there  ready 
to  meet  him. 

AfUr  they  had  fallen  into  ditcourae  about 
the  beginning  of  the  war,  aa  well  at  the  tuc' 
cest  and  mitchief  of  it,  they  would  have  put 
the  blame  olT  from  themtelves,  and  laid  it 
upon  the  Englith  i  But  he  oretently  eonvineed 
them  by  an  undeniable  evidence,  that  thevfirtt 
began  the  war  :  For,  taid  he,  upon  thit  Pocoa 
tet  July  7th,  1675,  you  firtt  fought  with  tomtt 
of  RhoJe-liland,  whereof  one  waimy  ownter- 
vant, whose  leg  you  broke,and  the  tame  day  you 
shot  at  mytelf  and  company,  before  we  ined- 
dled  with  you.  They  were  to  fully  convinc«>d 
herewith,  that  they  found  nothing  to  reply, 
but  fell  into  otherditcourteabouta  peace  wnicb 
they  were  very  detirout  to  obtain  upon  any 
equal  terms,  as  was  said  before.  There  were 
abont  fifteen  of  tho  Indiant  preient,  betidet 
their  Snake  squaw  (whioh  is  with  ut  their 
governett  or  lady)  in  conolution  they  engaged 
forever  after  to  leave  Philip,  and  to  go  out 
with  him;  which  th«y  did  forthwith,  at  toon 
at  he  had  obtained  a  peace  for  them  with  the 
governor. 

It  it  here  to  be  observed,  that  thete  were 
not  properly  Philip't  Indiant,  but  belonged  to 
the  Seoeonet  tquaw,  who  wat  nearly  related 


isPkUUiMiJ  her  wMtU  kad  kikerto  fnigkl 
t*  PkUTp'a  quarrel  illl  ikay  «w  neiking  bui 
mitery  and  mtekief  Ilka  lo  be  ike  Itoue  of  it  le 
ikamaelvet,  ■•  well  as  ikeir  naigklMMra.  About 
10  or  Mof  ikeae  Seeoonei'  iiMiaiM  keve  ao»> 
tUMly  gone  o«i  wiik  Capl.  Ckeiek  ever  tinee, 
and  MM  only  been  (kiikral  Md  tervieeebia  to 
kim,  but  very  tttaeataAil  in  every  eMerprite 
ikay  keva^gone  about,  aor  balk  ke  kiai  any  ol 
ihem  in  any  tklrmitk  wiik  ika  other  Indians  t 
And  it  is  taid  ikal  ikia  aai  ef  ibaaa  IndiaiM 
broke  Philip'*  keart  oa  toon  aa  ever  ka  under* 
stood  it,  so  tkal  ke  never  n^ieed  lAan  w  kad 
any  suceaH  in  any  of  kia  deaima,  bm  loal  hia 
man  one  lima  after  anolker,  till  kimaelf  al  hMt 
fcll  into  the  hands  of  thoaa  umler  Capt.Okurek't 
command  I  Fnraiika  awamp,  when  Pkilipwa* 
slain,  Capl.  Churah  aiipoiniad  an  Rnglisnman 
and  an  Indian  to  stand  at  such  a  plaee  of  the 
swamp,  where  it  happened  Philip  was  break- 
ing away ;  the  morning  being  wet  and  rainy, 
the  Englishman's  gun  would  not  fire  t  ike  ln« 
dian  having  an  old  muaket  with  a  large  touch'- 
hole,ittook  tha  more  r«adily,wiih  whieb  Philip 
waa  dispatohed,  the  bullet  paaaing  direelly 
through  his  heart,  where  Joao  thrust  hi*  darts 
into  rebellious  Absalom. 

Thus  did  divine  vengeance  rataliata  on  thi* 
notoriou*  traitor,  that  nod  againat  hi*  league 
and  covenant  risen  up  against  the  government 
ofPlymouth,  to  raise  up  against  him  one  of  his 
nwn  people,  or  one  that  wa*  in  lewue  with 
him.  as  he  wa*  with  the  English  i  The  Indian 
that  did  thi*  exeeniion  waa  called  Aldermen 
of  Seaeonet,lhat  had  never  done  any  aetof  ho*- 
tility  against  the  English.  By  these  passage* 
it  is  manifbst,  that  a*  the  heart*  of  all  are  in 
the  hand  of  Qod,  *o  he  turn*  them  aa  he  pkfa< 
*e*,  either  to  favour  hi*  people,  or  lo  hale  and 
deal  lubtly  with  hi*  *ervanu,  a*  *eem*  gooil 
to  him.  Since  thi*  engagement  with  the  Bea> 
conet  Indian*  (to  leave  Philip,  and  lo  go  with 
Capl.  Ckurvh)  it  i*  credibly  affirmed,  tlwt  mck 
hatn  been  their  *ucee**  that  ainee  June  afore- 


*aid,  to  the  end  of  October  foUowing.  thera 
have  been  700  Indian*  *ubdaed,  either  by  kiU 
ling  or  taking  eaptive  by  mean*  of  Capl. 
Churcn  and  hi*  company,  (part  Indiana  aivi 
Engliah)  beeide*  300  that  have  come  in  vo* 
luntarilY  to  aubmit  them*elve*  to  the  govern- 
ment of  Ply  oMUtb.  It  appear*  thu*  oy  tha 
*eqnel  of  thing*,  that  after  lb*  Lord  bad  ae- 
eomplished  hia  work  upon  hi*  people,  that  be 
i*  beginning  to  eall  hi*  enemiea  loan  aeconnt, 
and  puni*k  them  fer  tbe  pride  of  their  heart*, 
and  tor  all  their  treachery  and  emelty  again*! 
hi*  *ervant*.  Philip'*  eapuin*  have  run  the 
*ame  fate  with  kimaelf,  *oiBe  before  and  *om« 
*inee  his  own  &1I. 

In  Jane  last  one  Tiaahq,  a  great  Caplaiik 
of  hi*,  hi*  wife  and  child,  or  children  being  ta< 
ken  though  he  eaeaped  bimielf  at  finl,  yet 
came  *ince  and  aurrendered  bim*elf.  The 
next  noted  captain  of  Philip'*  Indiana  that 
was  brought  in  after  Philip's  death,  wo*  called 
Teapiquin,  a  notoriou*  villain,  next  to  Philip, 
he  wa*  called  theUkck  *aohem'**on  {  It  wna 
thi*  Tetpiquin  that  burnt  *o  may  bouae*  in 
Plymouth  lately.  Capt.  Churah  witkhi*  com- 
pany were  in  pumuit  of  him  in  September 
last,  two  day*  bofore  they  could  get  near 
him;  at  the  la*t,  on  the  third  day,  they  fouul 
the  track  made  by  the  Engliah  orchard* :  Thia 
wa*  *omething  of  a  blind  track,  therofore  tbey 
wereforeedtotake  up  their  quarter*  that  njght 
widiout  discovering  any  place  of  their  ran* 


A  NAIIATITI  Of 


TB 


M  iMr  Im 


ta'aiMli 


wlMllllMy  wwvJiiMfsMi  All ValsakilMy 
llMyioMaAM  MM  IP  iIm  tIM  iniili,  wImm> 


iMywM«Mtw  MM*  wuM  iwra  iTMm,  WMM> 
ia,  aAar  tk»y  ImiI  mtmlMi  •  wMk  ilwy  |Mr- 
oiii*«4  iIm*  gMW  vMv  Mw  ihcm,  by  ilM  ary- 
iHffflTsaiailwIiMlJiMjr  iMMdl  fU  pteii 

WM  MW  Luk—hMW  lipM  PmMMI  HMk,  M 


lyi  of  bjaSM  UmI  •  MM  M«lM  Ml  tM   • 

UAm*  Mm  I  OafkOlMnb  or^Marf  Itia  rmi* 
wuvk  up  iflfiUwr  in  OM  null,  bawn  Im 
diaaovarM  iha  latUana  wars  laid  In  mm  ranga 
by  aavafal  Iraa,  ao  thai  bv  tiia*  lima  ibay  aU 
eanw  up  iaio  aa  avaa  faaa  vary  naar  logaibar, 
%ilbin  a  fcw  yarda  of  ihaa*  aa  iia  had  ap- 
inlalad  i  Uwy  all  laddanlv  niabad  logathar 
upoa  iban,  aad  aalabad  iiold  of  iham,  ng< 
aulbriag  aay  lo  aaaapa,  rhara  baiag  about 
M  of  ibam  ia  all  t  Taapiquin'a  wib  and  ehil- 
dirn  wara  ibara,  bul  ba  waa  abaani,  at   aliu 

1  eiHii' 
mil  ol 
bia  tarryiag  till  ihav  aaiM  in,  (iboafh  tha  In 
diana  aaid  tnay  mignt  aoma  ihal  nifhi)  wbara' 
foraba  ibougbt  upon  tbia  prqiaei,  lolMva  two 
tild  aquawa  upon  iha  plaea  with  vieiuala.  and 
bid  Ibam  tall  Taapiinin  thai  ba  ahould  ba  kit 
aaplaia  ovar  bia  Indiana  if  ha  waa  found  to 
ba  ao  alotti  a  man  aa  tbay  raponad  him  lo  ba  i 
br  Iba  ladiaaa  bad  aaid  ibal  Taapi^in  eould 
nol  bo  pioraad  by  a  ballal,  for,  aaid  Ihay, 
ha  waa  aboi  twiaa  bM  tha  bullau  glanaod  by 
him  aad  oould  nol  han  hiok  Thoa  tha  cap- 
tain nmrabod  aw^  with  hb  booty,  Waving  tbia 
trap  babiad  Mm  lo  uka  tha  raal  t  Tha  nasi 
moraiiw  ba  eama  to  aaa  what  bia  trap  had 
aaubadttbara  ho  found  Jaoob  abrataid  (a 
aotorioaa  wraieh)  and  limjiirl  ho  mitaad,  ba- 
Ibia,  bui  Bol  Taauquia  i  Bat  within  a  day  or 
two  allar  tha  aaid  Taapiquin  upon  tha  hopoaof 
baing  HMda  aaplaia  uadar  Oapi.  Cnurob, 
aama  aAar  aoaw  of  tha  company,  and  aubmii- 
tfd  kimaalf  in  tba  eaplaia'a  abaanoa,  and  waa 
aaat  to  F.vmovtb,  but  upon  trial  (which  waa 
Iba  aoaditton  on  which  nia  baing  promiaad  a 
aaplaia'a  aommiaaioa  undar  Capt  Ohureb  did 
dapaad)  ha  waa  fimnd  paaairabia  by  tba  En- 
giiah  fuaa,  lor  ha  fall  down  ai  tha  fltat  aboi 
and  ibarabv  rooaivad  ibr  Jual  raward  of  bia 
Ibrmar  widwdaaaa.  About  a  ibrinigbt  aftor 
tha  aurpriaiBg  of  Taapiqaia,  waa  ono  Toio- 
aoa'a  aompaay  takan,  whaiaia  wara  abova  M 
paraona  i  Dot  Totoaoa  aacapod,  and  ia  atiU 
OMt  in  rabaUion,  vnlaaa  vaogaaaea  hath  ovar- 


thagaaafwamafoar  MagMah  aapmtai  iboy 
•d  aomaoT Iba  IncUab boaf  baiMag  la  Iba 


tba  IngUaa  hoof  baiMag  la  I 
halliai  AAar  auppar  aa  had  maab  diiaoaraa 
with  Uw  aaid  Annawan,  and  ihay  h^  down  In 
•laap  togalhar  iaiha  wigwam  i  Oapl,  Churah 
la«iag  ono  uf  hia  laga  upon  Annawan  and  iba 
awar  upun  hia  loa,  thai  ba  might  hava  notiao 
if  aay  of  ibam  ikoald  oMbr  to  aur  i  AAar  mid- 
aigbt  Aaaawaa  raaa  up,  aad  Oapi,  Churah 
waa  araaamly  awaha,  iM  Imaadad  to  waiah 
aAarViaprlaoaari  Hatboaghiatllratbomighl 
hava  fbaa  ibrth  upoa  aoam  aaaoaaarv  oaaa- 
I  Dal  aot  hmg  aAar  ha  ratumaa  again, 
haviag  Ibtabad  oat  of  tba  awamp  hard  by, 
two  homa  ofpowdar,  and  a  larga  bolt  of  naag, 
auppoaad  to  ba  PMIp'aball,  ail  whiahhadaliv- 
arad  to  Oapl.  Churah,  in  a  way  of  thankful 
aaknowlodgmani  of  hia  iKntruty,  AmoagM 
oikaf  diaaouraaalhat  paaaad  balwan  ibam  «on 
earning  ibo  oaaMion  of  tba  war,  carrying  it  on, 
tba  Indian  would  Aiin  hava  ascuaad  Philip, 

I  Jaaob,aada^rlthaibatongadtoikatenmjand  laid  tha  lilama  upon  tha  praying  Indiana 
paay.  Tha  aaiilain'a  Haaia  would  not  admit  of  (aa  thay  ara  diatinguiahod  tnm  olhcrt  by  that 

'-7  till  tbay  aama  in,  (though  tha  In-  ebaraeMr)andoiharaoftba  vnungaMtorlofhit 

follnwara,  who  ecming  witnihair  aavaral  talaa 
(which  ha  likanaj  to  ftioka  laid  on  a  haap)  till 
by  a  multiiuJa  of  iham  a  graal  firo  eama  lo 
bo  kindlad  1  Thay  maka  macb  um  of  parabo- 
lical aapraaaionai  fo'  ao  Mid  Solomon,  whara 
no  wood  ia  tkara  tha  lira  goaih  nul|  to  whara 
thara  ia  no  lala-bMrara,  ihara  tha  atrifir  aaa- 
Mth,  Prov.  M,  SO.  But  Philip  bad  had  larga 
and  long  eapariance  of  iko  gantlanoM  and 
kindaaM  uf  tna  Kngliab  both  to  hiniMlf  and  lo 
hia  pooplo,  w  that  unlaM  ha  hadboma  an  avil 
aad  malieioua  mind  againal  iIm  Bngliah,  ha 
wnuU  navar  hava  howkanad  to  tboM  aioriaa, 
contrary  to  hia  bilbful  promiMa  of  allagianca. 
Tha  Mid  Annawan  confaaaod  alao  thai  ha 
did  kaliova  by  all  thoM  lata  ocaurrancM  that 
ibara  waa  a  mat  Ood  that  ovarrulad  all  1  and 
thai  ha  bad  found  that  wbalavar  ha  had  dona 
to  any  of  ihoM,  whalhar  ladiaaa  or  Engliah, 
tha  aama  wh  brought  upon  bioMalf  in  aAar 
lima.  Ho  confciMd  alao  that  ha  bad  put  lo 
daath  Mvaral  of  tba  Engliah  which  thay  had 
takan  aliva,  tan  in  ona  day,  and  could  not  dc' 
ny  but  that  Mma  of  them  had  bean  toiturad, 
and  0^w  ha  eould  aot  but  too  tbo  jufliea  of 
tha  great  Ood  upon  himMlf,  with  many  other 
ihinn  of  a  lika  nature.  But  whatever  hia 
conieaaiona  of  tbia  nature  ware,  baing  forced 
from  him  by  the  power  of  conMianca,  aAar 
ha  wu  delivered  up  to  authority,  ha  wm  put 
lo  death,  aa  be  Juativ  bad  deMrvad. 

It  ia  aaid  that  Pnilip  wiian  ha  Aral  began 
hia  rabaUion,  had  about  300  Aghling  men  un- 
der him,  beaidat  thoM  that  tolongad  to  hia 
kinawoman,  Wetamoa  drowned  about  Taun- 
ton, that  had  almoat  aa  many  under  her  |  and 
one  Quenoqain,  a  NarraganMt  aaohera  that 
lived  near  him,  and  joined  with  him  in  hia 
ouarral  with  tha  Engliah :  But  it  ia  certain 
(iiat  there  are  iMree  anv  that  are  now  leA, 
that  belonsed  to  either  or  them :  So  although 
the  Almifpt^  hath  nude  um  of  them  to  be  a 
Mourge  to  hia  people,  he  hath  now  turned  his 
hand  againal  them  to  utter  deatruotion  and  ex- 
tirpation from  oir  tha  face  of  the  earth,  perad- 
vonture  to  make  room  for  othera  of  his  |>eo- 
plo  to  come  in  hia  stead. 

As  fur  the  rest  of  the  Narraganseta  that  joi- 
ned in  Philip's  quarrel,  it  is  already  declared 
what  end  they  were  come  unto.  As  for  the 
rest  of  the  Indiana,  whether  Nipnet,  Naaha- 
way,  Paoomptuck,  Hadley,  or  Springflald  In- 


Tha  next  that  wu  Mitad  waa  ona  Annawan, 
a  vary  aabtla,  politic  Mtow,  and  one  of  Phi- 
lip'achiefeounMllorai  ha  had  about  taralve 
man,  aitd  m  many  women  and  children  in  his 
eompany,  who  ware  discovered  by  their  shoo- 
'  liag  at  the  Engliah  boLsea,  and  cattle ;  aoma 
of  whom  baing  takan  made  know  the  reat 
Ohurab  at  that  time  bad  bol  five  EngliahnMn 
and  twenty  Indians.  The  pkoe  where  this 
Annawan  bad  betaken,  wu  a  ledoa  of  rocka 
inaeooMibla  but  at  ona  plaae,  which  by  a  few 
haada  might  auily  nave  been  deiended 
aninat  a  great  number  of  aaMiUnta:  But  Capt. 
Cliuroh  by  direction  got  up  to  their  wigwams 
Lefuro  they  ware  aware  of  it ;  and  prcMntly 
told  Annawan  that  ho  came  to  sup  with  him  ; 
whoreupoa  Annawan  (who  had  fallen  flat  up- 
wn  tha  earth,  expecting  to  have  hia  head  cut  on) 
lookad  up  aad  cried  tatiitU,  in  their  lansuage, 
'  yn,  aa  oaa  being  much  affeotad  with 


diaaa,  it  hi  aai  m  aanaio  what  haa  baaoiM  al 
ihami  bal  aAar  tkair  Mpaniioa  aaa  fraw 
the  Mhof  about  July  laal,  11  wu  obMrvad  by 
all  iho  imaha  ia  tboM  wooda  ihoy  want  Mill 
waaiwardi  and  about  the  middia  of  Auausl 
laal,  a  great  party  of  them  wara  ol>Mrv«d  lo 

Eby  WaaliaM,  a  small  U, «  n  10  the  waal  of 
agAaM,  aad  wara  judgad  to  bo  about  Wn  | 
n  thereof  beiag  brought  lo  Mi^  TbIcm, 
hawiihaoldieraofCaaaaaUaaiaolonvuaderhis 
aommaad,  both  Indiana  aad  lagUafc,  pursued 
aAar  iham  u  Ihr  u  Aaaaiilbaaeg  river  (ia  tha 
mUdIa  way  botwlxi  WaaiAald  aad  the  Duiab 
river,  andT  Fort  Albaav)  whara  ha  overtook 
them,  aud  fought  with  thorn  1*  killing  and  ta- 
king 4A  DriMnara,  VA  of  whom  ware  Aghling 
man.  without  tha  Ium  of  any  one  of  hia  com- 
pany Mve  a  Mohogin  Indiaa  1  Many  of  the 
rest  warn  badly  woaadad,  u  appeared  bv 
tha  buabm  being  rouah  baamaared  with  blooJ, 
as  wu  obMrvad  tiy  thou  that  followed  tham 
Airlkar. 

It  is  wriiton  sinM  from  Albany,  that  thara 
wara  auiidry  loat  baaidaa  tha  40  aforaman- 
tioned,  to  the  number  of  three  saora  in  all  1 
and  also  that  an  hundred  and  twenty  of  tham 
are  since  dead  of  sichnaM  1  m  that  vangMnca 
aMms  to  ba  pursuin||  of  tbam  aa  wall  u  the 
rest.  Several  of  their  frionda  that  belonged 
to  Naabaway,  and  tha  phMaa  atjioiaing,  re- 
paired to  Piscataqua,  hoping  to  abroad  tham- 
Mlvea  under  the  winga  of  some  honastrr  In- 
diana about  Queehacno,  under  pretence  of  a 
declaration  Mnl  nut  by  the  gcvernor  and 
Oounail  of  MaaMehuMlU  in  tha  beginning  of 
July  laal  I  But  some  of  our  forMa  under  Capt. 
Hathorno  and  Capt.  Sill,  with  the  help  of 
Mi^r  Waldan,  Cant  Froat,  and  othera  raai^ 
ding  in  ihoM  partt  being  in  raadiaata,  Mp» 
rated  the  vile  aad  wiched  Aam  the  rast,  and 
aant  tham  down  to  the  governor  al  Boatany 
whara  8  or  0  uf  the  rinf^adera,  auch  aa  ona 
evad  John,  Sanmora  Bam.  of  Nubawav, 
eiiiaf  aciora  of  the  late  ouiragaa  and  bloodv 
miaohief,  had  iustiM  done  upon  them  toon  al- 
tor.  Aa  fi>r  the  maasaeraa  and  calamitiea  that 
befel  lha  English  further  outward,  thay  shall 
in  tha  Mcond  part  of  tbia  narrative  bo  declared 
Tha  Indiana  being  thua  diaparaed  Mvaral 
waya,  werettrannly  confounded  and  deatroy- 
ad  ona  parcel  after  a  iiotker,  until  there  was 
none  leil  in  the  weatorn  or  southern  paru  thai 
durst  nuke  any  opnoaition  all  tha  following 
part  of  the  ymr.  Aa  for  thoM  that  fled  west- 
ward toward  Albany,  we  ahall  there  leave 
tbem  for  the  prcMnl,  wishing,  we  mav  never 
hear  any  more  of  tbem  s  A  peraon  ofqiialliy 
informa,  that  at  Hartford  in  Septomlier  last, 
he  wu  preMnt  at  the  examination  of  one 
Chooa,  an  Indian,  formely  of  Connecticut,  but 
of  the  NarraganMt  for  the  lut  winter,  who 
confetsed  that  he  wu  one  of  that  eumpan y  of 
Indians  that  went  westward  the  month  befura, 
toward  Hudson's  river  {  but  after  the  fight  al 
Ausotunnoog,  he  returned  buk  to  Conneclk 
out  for  fmr  of  the  Mohawkat  and  that  he  lay 
hid  about  Farmington,  till  he  wu  almost  sUr- 
ved,  and  then  be  went  to  the  Muide  to  make 
UM  of  the  ovater  bank  at  Stratford  for  his  re- 
lief, where  he  wu  espied  by  the  Indians,  and 
so  brought  to  Hartford. 

He  affirmed  that  there  were  about  S40  figh- 
ting men  amongst  thoM  Indians  that  fled  west- 
ward, besides  women  and  children  ;  and  that 


*  (TMs  kalUa  wu  pnbsbljr  Khi|M  ia  Sloekbidr. 
»litiaibaaNstia(haBssaa«rslsads.1 


THI   INDIAN   WAIt. 


LU|U 

vail  I 


baf  inning  of 
'     Ciipl. 


Uw  AllMnjr,  Md  wtM*  ■IwlliwJ  by  iIm  iaJi- 
•Ml  nf  ihM  fiMM,  mIM  MnlwgMiifafti  bm 
»IhmiI  M  oI  ikMN  tonM  an  iIm  Mtlwr  tija  i»f 
iImI  ri««r,  mmr  •  Uuwit  vilUga  (but  b«  bainf 
•MivkaiMl  «f  dgbtiMf  MiiiMl  iKa  RnglitK.  wm 
I  In  4ia,  Miil  aiaaitiad)  tbo<M  iba 


Mnairy  tba  laM  fbll,  ba|Mng  to 
tbawwIvM  aiirfar  Uimm,  bm  ba  mm 
•Ulinf  to  giva  ibaw  waiitoMina  aminM  iba 
■M  af  bi*  friamli  M  Oamiaaiiatti,  balb  i^naa 
•hMMlaaad  iba«i  to  ibiA  tut  ibaMaalvaa,  wbo 
b*va  baan  Moai  af  ibam  tohan  ami  broNgbt  ia 
priMNian  to  iba  Inglitb  ibit  wtmar, 

Ahmil  iba  mnmb  afOiMobav  laii,  Mr.  Ulan- 
iim  abanaaj  to  •mna  (Vom  >aa«enai  wiib  3 
Indiana  ia  bia  aooipany.  Pa^uod*  or  Moba- 
gina,  ibay  baaring  by  a  aaptiva  al  on*  of  iba 
nail  towna,  ibal  ikara  waa  a  nambar  of  iha 
anamy  not  fcr  off,  praaaaily  laft  Mr.  Btonton 
•ml  partoad  alW  ibam,  wnom  ibay  mwii  af- 
tor  ovarloah,  and  mada  ibam  all  priMmar*  i 
Amongti  ibam  waa  an  oM  maa,  n«i  altla  lo  go 
ihoir  paaa  bai  pramiMng  to  aixna  aftar  ibaia, 
lliay  tparad  bit  life  t  But  ai  toon  ••  tba  ntoa 
ratamad  at  nicbi  firom  bunting,  iha  oM  man 
told  wbai  bad  bafel  iboir  woiaaa  and  ahildran, 
wharaapon  iba  aait  morning  tbay  praaamly 
Allowing  aftar  ibam,  ovartooh  iham,  and  m 
raoovarad  iba  pritonara,  ami  ilaw  ona  of  iba 
ihraa  that  aarriad  iham  away  t  iba  oihar  two 


liardly  aaaapadi  ona  of  iham  ia  aallad  Mi)|er 
Symon,  baiag  part  a  Pa<|uod  and  part  a  Nar- 
faganaal,  bul'of  atiraordinary  Mraagth  and 
•oaraga  i  ba  paroaiving  tba  dangar  Ibay  war* 
in,  eballangad  Ui  light  band  to  luind  with  any 
fiva  of  ibrm  with  ibair  hatohau  i  bat  tbay  un> 
willinji  to  bang  ibair  fuaaaM  apon  tha  haaatd 
of  a  Magia  eombai,  aama  all  towards  him  al 
onoa,  wbaraupon  Ant  ditabarging  hia  gun 
amongti  iba  whola  aompany,  ha  brokatbrouih 
Iham  all  by  foraa,  and  to  ••••pad  ihair  band*, 
with  oMofhiaeomaaniont.  Thia  Bymon  hath 
baan  vary  aetiva  ia  killing  and  labiag  many  of 
iha  anamv  i  loma  tay  that  ha  with  hi*  own 
haada  bath  lakaa  and  hillad  abova  ihraaMoro, 
and  aiibar  out  of  batrad  to  tha  anamy,  or  lova 
to  tha  Bngliah,  ia  ibit  laat  waak  (mna  with  tba 
■oldiara  to  ibaaaatward,  in  purauil  ofourquar 
ral  againat  tham  in  thoaa  partt. 

At  anoihar  lima  not  long  baforo,  whan  ha 
waa  out  agaimtiha  enamy,  he  cam«  luddanly 
upon  a  graal  numbar  of  them  at  they  ware 
•pread  under  a  Maap  bank,  from  whence  leap- 
ing down  into  the  midit  of  them  ha  killed  aome 
and  took  oihera.  Fighting  it  leemi  ii  a  reerea- 
tionto  hiro,fur  beii  Mldom  at  home  above  four 
or  liye  days  togethar.  Soma  wy  that  in  one 
of  his  former  expeditiona,  being  mueh  wea- 
ried and  ipent  he  laid  himself  down  to  sleep, 
but  towards  morning  ha  fell  into  a  dream, 
wherein  ha  apprehended  tha  Indians  were 
upon  him,  when  auddenly  rising  up  he  espied 
the  Indians  eoming  toward  him,  but  suddenly 
presenting  hia  Runs  againat  tham  ha  so  Aighton- 
ed  them,  taat  tiiev  gave  him  an  opportunity  to 
make  an  eseape  from  a  multitude  of  them. 

Sinee  the  beginning  of  Deoember  last, 
news  eoming  downto  Boston  that  mischief  wss 
done  about  Seaconk  and  Rehoboth,  by  some 
remaining  Indians  thereabouts,  killing  their 
swine  and  horses,  several  persons  of  MedAsId 
went  out  after  them,  and  pursuing  them  by 
their  tracks,  came  upona  small  party,  of  whom 
tbay  took  thraa,  ona  of  which  escaped  while 
•omaof  tha  oiNBpaay  ware  goiiig  alU:  Uwiwt 


Tbaaa  ibal  were  tahen 
•bnui  M  Ibal  wara  lurbiag  ap  and  duwn  in 
ibtise  wiNMla.  The  sabj  iwu  Indiana  were 
brought  iniii  Hnaina  the  ttk  of  January, 

A  cumnMsion  was  fomierty  grantoil  to  Fetor 
Kphraim,  an  Indian  of  NalieK,  w  go  out  In 

Eursuil  nf  ibem,  with  W  tt  bis  anmpany  |  a 
)W  of  the  Rngiiab  ttvm  MadleU  weal  with 
him,  who  being  soon  tired  with  marabing  ia 
tba  SNOW,  ratamad.  Tba  Indians  kapt  on  in 
ibair  design,  ami  aama  aarasa  a  seaside  ral 


narty  of  iha  enemy  having  traaedlbain  till  ibay 
HtundwharetbeyiadMdovarnigbti  ibaysar> 
fwindoti  them  early  m  tba  moming,  aa  ibalr 
manner  is,  ami  then  aMbrad  ibam  martar  if 
tbay  would  yiaM  |  eight  resolute  Mbws  ra- 
Aisad  wbo  vera  inslantly  shot,  ike  rssi  were  all 
sailed,  tba  whola  nambar  waa  It.  Thia  was 
dona  about  the  middle  of  Janaarv,s«naa  wblab 
several  saab  aspMu  have  been  dona  bv  them. 
January  VSd,  tba  same  aompany  of  Indians 
took  tt  of  tba  enemy,  among  whom  ware  Ave 
abtaman,aad  Avaarmsi  tbay  sent  the  priaonart 
bams  bv  Ava  of  their  company,  the  real  went 
Ikrtberm  tba  abaaa. 

■lamiary  Mib,  anntkar  paraal  of  the  enemy 
warn  brought  in,  eight  in  number,  of  whom 
Ava  were  me«,  amongst  whom  was  tha  Indian 
aallad  Ooraalhia,  who  three  years  sinaa  was 
indiated  fi>r  killing  an  Inglishman'scow  i  upon 
wMah  ha  was  said  to  have  uitorad  several 
duwalning  speeebes,  that  ha  wouU  kill  En* 
gUahmanawi  their  aowsioo  i  which  was  now 
ransemberad  against  him  whan  ba  waain  par. 
liaular  aallad  to  account  or  having  a  hand  In 
killing  soma  of  the  English  and  Indiansalsoin 
league  with  ua,  for  which  be  waa  saatonced 
to  tf  ia,  and  waa  accordingly  aiacntod  tba  16lh 
of  Fabruarv  Ibllowing. 

Ooneomlnc  tba  rssi  of  tha  Indiana  either  in 
ihe  colony  of  Plymouth,  Oonnecticui,orM( 
ehuselts,  ihera  la  no  neeurrance  mot*  of 
meni  come  to  lijfbl  since  the  end  of  August 
laai,  save  what  is  last  mentioned  before  t  yet 
it  ia  vary  remarkabta,  that  althoqgh  torma  of 
peaaa  wara  offered  to  all  thai  wouM  coma  in 
and  aanrandar  ihamsavea  (as  apnaara  by  a  da< 
ekraiion  put  out  in  July  laai)and  thai  aNipnr  t 


Sachem  called  John,  did  iberaupoi 

andaffbrtbam< 


.  «  with  a 
numbar  of  his  ciHnpany  coma  in 
salves,  and  were  accordingly  secured  of  their 
lives  and  other  concernments ;  yet  did  fhst 
treaoberous  villain  make  an  escape  this  wintor 
from  Oapt  Prentice's  houaa  (under  whose 
charge  he  was  put,  about  Camoridga  village) 
and  with  sbout  80  more  fled  away  into  the 
woods  to  shift  for  himself  amongst  the  rest  of 
his  bloody  companions  { thev  weresoon  after 
pursued.'but  had  jrone  too  fast  and  too  far  lo 
ba  overtaken,  whether  it  were  consciousness 
of  their  own  guilt,  that  had  a  hand  in  the  blood 
of  the  Englisn,  or  whether  not  liking  their 
manners  so  well  as  to  ba  conflned  thereunto  | 
wild  creatures  ordinarily  lova  the  liberty  of  the 
woods  bettor  than  the  restraint  of  a  oaae. 
They  made  none  acuqainted  with  their  design 
before  they  went  away,  and  as  yet  little  ac- 
count can  be  given  of  them,  only  it  is  known 
that  one  or  two  of  their  families  are  enter- 
tained by  Uncas,  but  what  is  become  of  the 
rest  is  uncertain  ,  there  were  but  Seven  of  the 
company  men,  so  they  are  not  capable  of  doing 
any  mischief.  Some  of  lato  have  travelled 
ibfoagh  the  woods  to  Coaneetieul,  but  hav* 
mat  with  no  Indians,  nor  did  they  bear  of  any 
is  llMir  pMMBg  batwvtn  l|)U  pltw*  and  iliat, 


•rui 


in  tba  iMarest  of  the  Rnglisit,  I  add  in  |M« 

Hilll  MMIi  IMM  W  %m  Rfl#rt  vM  M  IM  M9IM9  fll^VS* 

led  to  Iba  Rngiiab  or  their  religian,  dMR  Iha 

Mot  9m  vIM  #INlllfFyMtfW|  MM  IMN  M  ROTll   IMM 

bia  own  advantage  thai  bath  lad  Mm  to  ba  ibiM 
true  to  tham  wb«  have  apbabi  bi«  aaAtwarly 
Mains*  ilia  Fa^uoda,  ta  af  law  agaiast  IM 

narraganaais  i  yet  baui  ba  not  kMig  swaa  naan 
•on  vlnaed  of  tba  Iralb  af o«r  laMgtoa,  tad  vMii. 


ly  af  bia  own,  aa  bimaelf  balk  sobimnly  saaAiS 
•ad  I  wkiab  will  avUemly  apaaar  by  tba  pas* 

ftlCV  IMH  KhIOWCi  wKMR  I  9MhI  IMW  PSVfVMNW 

just  as  It  was  from  andav  the  band  af  ibat  av< 
rand  p«no«  It  raialaa  ante,  aamaly,  Mr.Ftleb, 
Norwiabi 


pastor  of  the  abursh  af 
Unraa's  plaaa.  Tkara  waa  a  graal  dmugbt 
tha  last  summer  i  but  aa  it  seams,  It  waamura 
aniraiNe  ia  thosa  parts  than  with  uaabout  Mst- 
saabusatis  i  and  although  prabably  tba  Baalish 
might  have  prayed  Air  raintbamsalvaa  without 
from  lbs 


any  motion  from  tha  Indiana,  yet  their  addraa* 
lo  tba  said  Mr.  Pttab  on  saeb  an  aaeount,  with 
the  aanrnqaeaaa^  thereof,  ia  vary  lamarkable, 
whiah  take  in  bi«  own  word^  i 

"Ooncamlng  the  dmuglil.Jka.lnM  narrative 
of  that  previdanaa  ia  ihk  t  In  August  last  such 
was  tha  want  of  rain,  that  iha  Indiaa  earn  waa 
not  only  driad  and  parabad  aptbul  the  appkr* 
a  withered,  tba  mit  and  laavaa  fc2  in  •• 


in  ■tttamn,  and  soma  trees  saamiag  to  be  dead 
with  that  drought  t  the  Indiana  aanna  into  town 
and  lamantad  wair  want  of  rain,  and  that  ibair 
powawa  aoald  gat  none  In  ibair  way  of  wr 
•hip,  damring  ma  that  I  would  aaak  to  Uod  tat 
raint  I  appointad  a  Aut  day  for  the  puipoaat 
the  dav  tOing  eoma  it  proved  alaar  wtthout 
any  clnuda  until  •■—•Wing  whan  we  came 
Apom  the  opiating,  and  Iban  mmm  eloadc 
•ro*a  ;  tba  unx  day  tawminad  akiudy  \  than 
Uneaa  with  Riany  Indiana  aama  to  my  boua, 
Lncaa  lanMnlad  thara  waaMiah  a  waal  af  rain  t 
I  adiad  whether  if  Ood  •boald  aaad  «•  rain 
ha  wouU  not  aiiributo  it  to  ibair  powawa; 
ba  anawarad  no,  for  tbay  bad  dona  lhair  ut- 
OHM  and  all  in  vain ;  1  replied,  if  you  will  da- 
•tare  it  before  all  theea  Indiana  you  aball  ••« 
what  Ood  will  do  forua,Airaltheugb  thia  yaai 
he  hath  shewn  bis  uigar  againat  ilia  English 
snd  not  only  against  ua  Indiana,  yet  bath  be- 
gun to  save  ua,  and  I  bava  fimnd  by  aapari* 
enca  twice  in  the  Hka  ease,  whan  wa  aoii^l 
by  fiMiing  and  prayer  ba  Iwlh  given  ua  ram, 
and  never  denied  us.  Then  Uncas  mada  a 
great  speech  to  the  Indians  (which  ware  ma- 
ny) confessing  that  if  God  sliould  then  send 
r^in,  it  could  not  be  ••cribed  to  their  pouraw* 
ing,  but  must  be  acknuwiadnd  to  ba  an  an- 
swer to  our  prayers.  This  day  they  spread 
more  and  more,  and  the  next  day  there  waa 
such  plenty  of  rain  that  our  river  rose  mora 
than  two  feat  in  height" 

By  all  recorded  in  tba  foregoing  narra 
tive,  there  are  iwne  into  whoee  hands  it  shall 
come,  but  will  M  sensible  that  the  present 
lima  hath  been  a  day  of  great  rebuke  and  irou 
bia  to  tha  poor  paovie  stijoaming  in  this  wil 
demess,  upon  whom  sundry  ealamltiaa  have 
broke  in  at  once,  this  last  as  wall  as  to  tha 
former  years  I  In  many  ?!■•••  diey  have  baan 
vialtad  with  aicknoM  and  mortality,  mmm  iba|i 


in  many  yaara  before,  depriving  ihMl  •'■>■« 
'  '  pMMMi  amoBiK  othffp  |N  Im  « 


A  N. 


MkMmiWI 


(•mIimmM 


iTdMa*  af  Afril,  im.  U  iIm  TN  VM»  af 


MlMU 


Imi  wImmp.  !•  ih  wWk  iIm  fwi  sf  i 

U  iMM  wiwMm  A«m  Mm  ImmImm.    Hw  wm 


Ik*  rmmiilwitiiM  af  iIm  mMy  •miiiMM  vmit** 
Hmni  to  llite  tiM  aUMl  af  bU  nCyrinf.  wfc«t 
baiaf  Ml  iMif  alkar.  »r  akaat  Um  lima  mIM 
lA  MM  Of  W«  wilJ'aia  Ui  llMi  anloajr,  wm 
\,y  iIm  tuMMWaKjr  of  ih*  paoftW  iliara,  pra- 
valM  wkw  ••■•'WM  aC  ika  mvaraof't  plaaa, 
wHIak  Ibr  •  laag  lima  afWr  ka  tiMiaiMal  In 
tiMM  aalaajr,  llMMgIt  aNaMlW  altawn  iharaitittoi 
nainf  m  wall  hnUk&d  wwk  many  aiaallaM 
•mInwiiiMMa,  M  wall  mnnl  w  politiaal  tiMt 
pliikMnfliUalt  wkiali  randafaJ  Mm  moM  |i  lo 
l«  ba  M  iMatar  of  Um*  pwiyU.  Tttoafli  wa 
»f  daaliaf  i«  aaalliar  M^jaat,  vat  •mII  mM 
w  IMM  kjr  kb  lamb  m  wa  m  tloaf ,  wUkoui 
l.«/inf  ika  kamafa  4aa  la  Um  mamory  af  m 
jioiftrmkla  •  faaiiaman. 

AAar  all  Ina  foramaMioaail  nlamiiiai  ami 
iroulilat,  it  vlaaMil  Ood  lo  aiwrn  ika  Iowa  at 
lltMton,  and  in  ikat  ika  wkola  aotiMry,  by  a 
Mil  lira  aaaidanUlly  kimllad  by  ika  earalM*- 
itaM  of  an  apprantlM  ikat  Ml  up  kmi  Uic  ortr 
•lifriil,  u  WM  aoitaaivail  i  wkieh  bagan  an  kuur 
Iwlbra  day,  aonllnuinf  ikraa  or  fiHir  day*,  in 
wkiflk  lima  il  bumad  la  tka  froumi  Ibrty-iiii 
dwolling  kauMa,  kwidaa  otkar  buildinn,  li>> 
K«tk«r  wiik  a  lam  maailn|  kouM.  Soma 
marev  wm  obMrvod  mixed  wiUiUm  JitdgmaM 
%f  ir  a  graal  rain  kad  not  eoamoad  all  ika 
lima  (iba  roofb  and  walla  oflka  ordinary  buil- 
diaga  eoaaiating  of  tuak  eombMlibIa  matter) 
thai  wkola  and  oflka  Iowa  bad  at  ikal  lima 
baaa  aoamimad.  Wkoraby  wa  Ma  tkat  Ood 
ia  kia  providanaa  can  lum  our  dwollinat  into 
Mfcaa,  wiikoul  ika  koln  of  eiikar  foraign  or 
domaMie  anamiM.  MOiiek  eonsidaralion  may 
awakaa  all  fmm  M«iiriiy  and  eonddanoo  in 
ikMa  unamain  and  untiablo  poiMwiont. 
ikal  kava  no  flrmar  foumliiiun  ihal  may  m 
■Mm  aftifthoir  llrti  oreetion  talan  vp  bv  iha 
flaaa*  of  ih«  fire,  Iwror*  tlm  iron  loeik  or  lima 
kava  kad  leituni  to  duvour  and  food  upon 

Gkid  grant  tkat  by  the  fire  of  all  thi*«n  judg- 
monla,  wa  may  be  purged  fntni  our  droe*  tnJ 
l.oanma  a  mora  refined  |Mople,  m  vosmU  fit- 
ted for  our  matlar't  um. 

oiiAprn  n« 


A  NA«a*Tiva  or  Tut  Indian  wAaa  in  NaW'SNo- 

tANU,  nom  PIMATA«OA  TO  PCMMAaiJID. 

Tm  oeoMion,  Hm  and  ^mgrvat  of  the  wir 
Walt  the  Indian*  in  the  Miuthorn  nnd  wettern 
parta  of  Naw-England,  together  with  the  ia 
■lie  and  auecoM  thereof,  hath  in  the  forinKr 
part  of  tbia  narrative  keen  alremly  declared. 
Ilefura  an  entranoa  be  made  into  a  relation  of 
ikoM  trouUoa  that  befel  the  eHtem  and  nor- 
ibarn  parts,  it  will  ba  Mquiaiia  to  give  tome 
1  iawriplipB  of  tba  plaaa,  h  baing  laM 


uakaawM  ibaa  tba 
ntker,  lika  karaU*  ibal  Mad  to  kUaim  ika  laM 
kadiw  Ikay  meddkid  wtik  ika  •kargo,  M  an 


Ml  miM  ika  initk  I*  a  atafy,  by  baiag  •» 
tka  diaaimrM     -     -     * 


lag  a 
i|ait 


paMM  aa  mI  apmii  i*  ow  mrvay- 
ma  and  raebv  Mumry,  ikM  wQI 
(iba  Ual  M«  btfTdar  kara  (wing  baawa 

wk<da  iraat  of  hMd  kaiag  af  IMa  wartb.  »»■ 
Um  it  wara  fiir  ike  korJan  ikawaf  apon  Um 
Ma  aoaai,  and  Mraa  apoia  and  abina  of  aM»a 
deairabia  laud  upon  ika  baiiba  af  aama  rivara, 
buw  maab  aoavar  it  ha  valaad  by  tbam  Omi 
bnnw  ntrtbing  ibereuf,  by  iba  aaaarlaia  aad 
lillibia  report*  of  MMb  m  only  taihNi  by  ika 
•oaairv  or  viewed  imim  af  iba  rivara  aad  b» 
voiM,  but  never  nailed  ibrougb  iba  baart  af 
iba  wmiinaM.  Tba  wbola  baiag  wartb  taarM 
ikoM  meana  tkat  kava  been  loM  Umm  twa 
laalyaar*  in  kopM  to  Mva  il. 

llii*  miHk  part  of  New  Kngland,  did  fim, 
lika  Karak  put  funk  ki*  kaad,  uiaraby  iaviiiag 
iba  advaatarara  to  iwiM  iba  Marlai  ibraad  of 
ibair  kopM  about  the  mnm  autpiaiou*  bagia- 
aing  ibay  wara  ready  to  promiM  tbamaaivM 
praaparily  in  having  ikal  advaniaga  baCNv 
olber*  to  plant  and  iwopl*  tkat  part  of  ika 
eountry.  But  tkat  tair  opnariumiy  wm  •!• 
liiMl  quite  loat  by  loma  fatol  and  miMbiavaM 
aeaidanu  happening  aoon  aAar  ibat  nobia  an* 
lerpriM  wa*  firat  Ml  on  foot,  m  baib  baan  ai* 
ready  in  part  and  may  boraalUr  ba  mora  Ail> 
ly  declared. 

The  firat  plaea  that  aver  wH  poMaM*d  by 
tba  Bngliah,  in  hopea  of  making  a  planlalion 
in  thoM)  iiart*  wa»  a  Iraet  of  land  •«  iba  wa*l 
aide  of  the  river  Kennabeak,  ibaa  aallad  Ba- 
gntowoeh,  ainca  Sagadanoah.  Oikar  plaaM 
adjoining  were  wton  after  MiMd  and  impro> 
ved  for  trading  and  fiakiag.  Tka  mora  ra« 
moto  and  brtkaal  northwanl  at  ibi*  lima  ba> 
longing  to  ilia  Englicb  (Penobaeot  forty  year* 
tinea  being  (urpriMNl  by  ika  Franek,  and  by 
ikam  keld  to  ihi*  day)  i*  called  Pammaouid, 
diaUnI  Mven  or  eight  leaguea  from  KenneMak 
and  i*lka  ulmoat  boundary  uf  New  England, 
being  about  forty  league*  <li(iani  from  the 
mouth  of  Pi*eaiiM)ua  nver  |  Pemmaquid  i*  a 
cnmmodiou*  haven  fur  ahipa,  and  hath  been 
found  very  advanUgeou*  to  lueh  m  Uied  to 
ooifie  upon  thean  oomi*  to  make  fiahing  voya- 
gea  t  touth  watt  or  aouth  cmI  from  ihenee 
about  ai*  or  Mvon  league*,  lie*  an  ialaitd  ulled 
Moiihiggon,  of  mueh  um  on  the  mum  aeeount 
for  fiahing,  it  lying  thrue  or  four  leaguea  into 
the  Ma  from  Damaril*'*  eove,  a  place  of  like 
advaniaga  for  atagei  of  Aabermen  in  former 
time*.  There  have  been  for  a  bng  time  mv- 
en  or  eight  conaidarable  dwelling*  about  Pem- 
maquid which  are  well  aeoommodated  with 
pasture  land  about  the  haven  for  feeding  Mt- 
tie,  and  lome  field*  aim  for  tillage ;  all  tho  land 
improvable  (or  auch  uao*  beintf  already  taken 
up  by  aiioh  a  number  of  inhal)itanta  _•  i<  al- 
ready mentioned. 

In  tho  mouth  of  the  river  Kniinebeck  lie*  a 
cnniideralile  iiland  called  Arowiick,  aome 
yean  liiico  purchaivd  by  Mi^or  Clarke  and 
Capt.  Lake,  two  merelianti  of  lioaton,  on 
which  they  built  Mveral  largo  dwelling*,  with 
a  waro-hoiiM  and  many  other  edifice*  near 
the  water  aide,  it  being  intended  by  the  ow- 
ner* for  a  place  of  trading  u  wall  m  planting  i 


iMNr  flwVllHl|^  WC 


ly  af  iMa  taaiMl  ibeM  Ilia  Mr 

ry an  MMb daeimi  wbara alM  WM bwill •  flNt 

wMMM  If  M  NAM  BWiW  tfSfnWlly  llMVMvMf »  MMwl 

bava  arovad  iba  jafiiaM  aad  aaaitrli*  a<  all 
ibaltUaaf  ibaamiMry.  M  M  aaad  Mkaiboir 
'  a.  Vf  bigfcar  bayaa<  iba  »t vr  Ka»- 
Ibar  laagM«eaan>ar<  toward*  Pem- 
b  aaaikar  MaiU*rakl*  r4var  Mlbd 
Ibo  baakauf  wMab  war*  m* 
r%  wbo  laMly  lyUg  Ihtm 
Ibar  af  ladlaaa,  left  m  wm 
Jaogao,  a  womaav  baarf  at  aaai  aaiila  mr  iba 
a^a  ^v  Mv  inmana  ma*  maMi  laa  MM  laavrrae* 
twa  agabM  iba  iababliaate  ef  ibaM  parte,  ba- 
•Ida*  ibairfiabia  and  bam*  Muf  earn.  There 
la  a  aaoibar  river  ibat  iaaaM  iato  Kawneba*b  a 
Uula  bigbar  ap  iaiba  amiatry,  Mllad  Pagype- 
•al,  ibM  ■nmaadawa  ftam  bebind  Caaeo  bay. 
Tbia  PagyBMoi  iaibataal  af  iba  AaMaeoggln 
ladlaMb  wbo  bava  bad  a  graM,  if  not  •  prin* 
•ipal  baad  ia  iba  laM  miaablaf. 


fiiw  WagaM  la  tba  lOMlb  of  Kenne- 
tba  Moa*  and  apMiou*  haven  aallad 
Oaaao  by,  tba  nnrtbaaat  Mpa  of  wbieb  ia  ma<la 
by  M  ialaad  aalknt  flagain  i  iba  •nwikom  and 
oiMNiaite  point  of  land  i*  called  Mpa  Blinbeih, 
wllbia  iba  boaom  vt  tbia  bay,  being  ahiHii 
eight  ar  hIm  leaguea  over  U  Iba  moatb  of  ii, 
ara  a  gwai  aambar  af  amall  ialand*.  many  of 
tbam  being  inbabitad  by  fiebarmaa  aad  other* , 
OM  of  tba  priaaipal  oTlboM  i*  MlbNi  Jewel'* 


TbaM  ara  many  placM  aboai  tba  bav 
Il  W  laaka  aommodioMa  babiMbmai  and  on 
ibo  *outb  *ida  of  it  i*  a  *mall  villan  Mi:»d 
Faliaaalbi  all  or  moat  of  it  lately  daMmyad 
by  iba  ladiaaa. 

Not  fbr  ftom  Ca*ao,  to  the  *oulhwanl  nr 
Mulk  weal  Mill  i*  a  river  called  Bpurwiek, 
over  againat  which  lie*  Riabmond  i*land,  nni 
Ibr  ftom  tba  main  land,  baing  divided  ihare- 
fVom  by  a  amall  ebaanal,  (brdabia  at  hiw 
water  I  it  balb  fiir  a  kmg  lima  bMn  ihe  Mat 
of  Mr.  Jordan,  in  right  of  Mr.  Winter,  tho 
(briiMr  if  aot  tba  RrM  proprietor  tbareof, 
wboM  daughter  ha  married. 

Tba  neat  plantation  wuthward  ia  Mllad 
Scarborough,  a  amall  village  (ealed  upon 
Black  point,  over  againM  which  i*  anothrr 
point,  for  diaiinction  from  the  former,  called 
H!u4  point  Tbia  Blach  point  wa*  lately  the 
Mat  of  Mr.  JoMalin,  baing  ■  parci>l  of  the 
provinee  of  Maine,  on  falling  within  the  prr- 
einet  thereof,  and  fortmirly  hy  |ialenl  grniiled 
to  the  Hid  JotMlin  or  hi*  pmlvceMori, 
ainee  purohaMd  by  Mr.  Hcolto,  of  Monioii. 

Saco  river  lie*  neat  in  order  in  ihe  Piaeaia- 
qua,  a  navigable  river,  whore  Maj<M-  Philiiti 
had  a  eommodioul  litualion  lately  i  at  ilix 
mouth  of  which  river  lie*  Winter  hark<iui, 
ancompa**ed  on  one  *ide  by  a  nrck  of  land, 
forinely  tka  property  of  one  Mr.  Winter, 
wkoM  name  it  ilill  reteina,  but  lately  pur- 
cbaaad  by  M^r  Pendleton,  where  he  en- 
joyed a  very  oomforteble  Mat  and  halilialioii. 

There  i* another  harbour  lying  a  liitle  loiiili- 
ward  of  Saco,  made  by  thai  which  ia  calleil 
cape  PorpoiMi  a  convenient  aeal  fSir  fiahrr- 
man,  m  are  most  of  the  other  place*  above- 
named.  Between  ea|ia  PorpoiM  and  Piaca- 
laquay  there  are  but  two  amall  towns  morn 
(though  ambitious  of  great  names)  the  oiio 
called  Wells  and  the  other  York.  Well*  is 
seated  upon  a  amall  river  orereek,  sffiinliti^'  n 
amall  harbour  fit  only  for  bark*  and  sinnlirr 
vesMla  (  on  aaeb  wm  of  which  town  lie*  a 
mmU  rivor,  tka  om  if  called  Kawiab«nk,  iha 


Till  INDIAN   WAlf. 


TkaallMr  feMr*.  Y<tk, 


If- 


ll«  kwWN  Im  iiM  MM*  n( 

•  Itifk  Mil  M  IImI  MNM  H(M  (ar  ilto^itAiMM. 


!7iim 


tiM  iImim  •ml  |m>« 


•MMMIiy,    MhJ    »<*|l|»ljrMI(    «Im(    wm 


ihm  arMMa  ii|m«  ummi. 

Im  upff  hw—IlM  af  iIm  IkmoHt  rivvr  u/ 

•M^IMb«ilM|«lM«M|>lujrMl  all  of  llwNllIlM 

,  mmmIv,  MMrgMii  arMili,  IUIiimm  Ml*, 


TIm  fttiiM  •/  ImiJ  mkkk  Um  iMtwiMn  ()«•  mhI 
I»WM»  !•  mIM  Mf*  NaJiliMli,  nMkM*H  * 
IWill  tiwfc— r  lUicwM,  Mii«>  wbuih  aMm<«  am- 
'  fMMjr  r«v«f  M  IiM  liMilit  >>C  wkif^  ■• 
illwkKr««fYM4.  AU  ur  moM  «r  «4m 
«mmJ  mwm  Mtl  ^n(  UMM  •!«  MM- 
•4  wfMl  MmJ  MW  •••■•  MMliir  u<'  I"**  ri««f 
mkam  h>*mw  m*  |i«iiMi|Mlljr  impm"^''>l  tor 
ifivkic  of  MW  miwk  iImm  Ma  inwmmm*  *• 
•mM  IW  iIm  jMiwirinii  af  wmiI  MMliiinlM!v, 
MfMially  i*f  Ir  tfM«  wlitab  do  m  dteHiiHl  ia 
iImm*  knui*,  iImi  iImm  U  tnna  •  rivar  or 
afMk  In  ikaaa  fMruilM  ImiIi  mn  lumt  vttUatm 
•MiiMa  araaMal  ktfum  tkmm, 

TIm  upfar ' 
riia>M^u*b*i 
way,  MMaly, 

Naw««lMwaMiiiall,~(4iMaltaai>,  Dytmr  rivar, 
NwanMaot,  tiraanUiM,  l<Mnpr«jr  Kal  rtvar, 
litfathar  mink  Um  Wwim  uf  K«tli«r  and  l)ov«r, 
••aiad  upmi  Of  naar  mnm  nAKa  nMtn  bfMialMa 
iKaraof,  wlMaaprinaiMl  irada  i*  in  da«i  bMrd* 
<«M  by  tSMM  Mw  milU,  ainaa  iliair  rtft  limbar 
(•  MMT  all  aaaaamad.  Un  aaak  aida  of  iImi 
Im  MvifMa  rivar  uf  PUaatouua,  diMrn  in. 
warda  ika  mawili  uf  ii  ara  aaatod  on  iIm  mnih 
atda,  iIm  m«n  of  KitMry,  (a  loaf  aaaiuring 
pUnUiion  mada  up  of  aavaral  iMMlata)  on  Um 
■uuiliaidaaf  iIm  town  of  PurtanMaili,  lo  wliiali 
lialM«|a  Um  froM  iaiand  lytn^  ia  iIm  moulk  of 
Um  aaid  rivar,  a  plaaa  of  aonaidarabta  irada  uf 
aM  yaara,  wbiah  togaikar  with  Sirawbarry 
Mnk,  ika  uppar  part  of  iha  laid  Iowa  uf 
Purumouib,  ara  iha  magaaina  and  ebiaf  or 
>nly  plaaa  of  Irada  and  aommaraa  for  all  ika 
planlaliona  kaiwt»l  il  and  ika  Caaeo  bay. 
All  ika  taid  planlaliona  kava  in  ikoaa  iwo  laM 
vaara  ISTAaM  1074,  fallmoraor  laaaofiha  bar- 
Immuf  and  oarAdioua  Indiana  bobMi(in||  to 
that  atda  nf  ika  oounirv,  aa  akall  laora  paruau- 
larly  ba  daalarad  in  whai  li)lluwa,  aAar  a  abort 
diaauuraa  of  iko  Aral  planlini  of  ika  oountry, 
wbiah  raa^r  Mrra  aa  a  kiaJ^  of  proluyua  lu 
ika  fullowinK  Iracedy. 

Thia  part  uf  Now  England   began  Aral  to 
Im  pUnlad  about  iha   iama   lima   with    Vir> 

ffinia,  via,  in  iha  yaar  1606.  Tbara  iba  Aral 
itttiir  palani  vranud  by  tha  kinv,  fur  iha 
liinitnliiin  uf  Virginia,  did  oxtand  froiii  34  to 
44  dagraai  »f  north  laliludu,  and  waa  dividad 
into  IWO  parta,  namaly  iha  Aril  and  thu  aa- 
enml  «i>lony  |  iha  furnMr  waa  appropialnJ  to 
tlin  city  of  liiindon,  tho  othar  to  iha  eitioi  of 
Rtiitol,  Kaelor  and  ilia  town  of  Plymuiilh, 
aacli  of  which  hail  lawa,  privilaaet,  and  au- 
thority fur  the  governmant,  and  advanoing 
tliair  Mveral  planlaliona  alilio  aa  laith  Capi, 
Hinith  in  hia  kiaiory  of  Virginia  and  Naw 
England,  Thia  aacond  colony  of  Now  Eng- 
land) promiaing  but  litlla  advanlaga  lu  iha 
unJartakara,  by  raaaon  of  it*  moanuinoua 
and  rooky  aitualiun,  found  but  faw  adveniu- 
:i)ra  forward  lo  |ironioto  ihs  planting  thereof 
aftar  tha  death  of  Sir  John  Popham,  who  war 
iIm  Aral  that  ever  procured  man  or  meana  t  > 
pufaeaa  '.I ;  for  whan  tha  main  piilara  are  re- 
moved, what  can  be  auapeeled  but  that  the 
whole  building  ahould  (all  to  the  ground. 
Vet  notwillidanJing  tho  diicouragemenit 
the  Arat  planlera  mul  with  in  their  Aral  winter 
aaaaoniag  in  that  cold  and  rocky  deaert 
(which  made  them  all  return  home  in  tka 
jraar  1608)  Sir  Francia  Popham  kia  aon,  kav- 


y  br  kM  pMfpHaa, 
•aai  fa*   Irada   and 


MM  dtvaaa  liaaa 
lu  ika  attaai  fu«  irada  aad  Aabiag,  *t  vbaaa 
i(na«  or  gatn,  aa  aatik  my  aailtor,  k  I  waa  If  waa 
!)•*«•  abM  )■>  «>*■  an  aaaMttat  |  and  taNM  af 
itM  abiilM  aci,  by  ktm.and  iba  larlaf  IwNb- 
kantpinfi.  •ltd)  otkar  auMa  ad*a«larafa»  did 
bmif  kunM  miHa^  nf  ika  nalivaa  tt  ilM  fhao 
Iff  OM  ^tb«  K»ll(i#t«g  yaartk  by  wbaaa  l». 
bnni(()»n  ttmm  uf  Om  Aral  aadarlakaw  war* 
•■•uuragieJ  on«^  loora  to  iry  iba  *arily  af 
fh«>ir  h»paa,  and  tM  if  RMatMy  ikajr  RNgbl 
t^*ui  •umalbing  that  ao«M  iotJM^P  a  waah  ra- 
tniutMit  to  proaaaaM  ao  pioaa  and  kmerabta 
a  work. 

MiM  in  the  meas  runa  boAira  ikara  waa  vat 
aay  apaaah  or  andaavutif  !P  *allU  an*  MMr 

C'aataliiHM  la  ikoaa  parta,  ihat  abiiul  Hagada* 
Mk  liaing  ikaa  abaadonad  fur  ika  praaani, 
by  ilia  Aral  undartakara,  iha  Kranakman  im- 
madiatolv  look  ika  nppwrtanily  toiallb  ikvm- 
wivaa  wtlkla  nur  limila,  Iwing  undaratiMxl  by 
ikoaa  nf  Virginia,  may  diaaraally  taking  im» 
ikair  aonatdaralion  ina  inooavanianaaa  ikal 
might  ariaa  by  auflitring  ikam  to  karbor  ikera, 
Mir  Hamaal  Argal  waa  mm  wiik  a  aommia- 
aion  to  diaplaaa  ibaM  wbiah  ha  with  graal  dia> 


fmn  M  laglaad,  aad  tMiilM  kaak  «Ma  llM 
aatd  tbipa,  aa  ••••  ••  Aay  MiJafiMad  tfM  m» 

jary  Miriaabaraaaly  daaa  M  tMraaaatvyava 


itvM  died  aaaa  aAar,  M  HM  atbor  aallad  Rpa* 
a«w,  tiwdMd  baw  Mm  taaaafid,  wbMb  ba 

in 


Ym  M  aai  iba  adaaaiaraw  aMi  at  M 

PraviiaiMa  wiukU  a  fcw  aaara  m  fcaMra< 
af  iVa  tMMM  aallaa 


eraiiun,  daaiariiy,  and  tudgaant,  parfi>nNad 
abo«l  tba  yaar  1613,  wbiak  mada  way  lor  ika 
plaiMMion  at  Nova-Maniia,grantodaftarwarda 
hy  Kini  JanMa  to  Hir  William  AUiamlar, 
MM  of  kia  malaaly'a  moal  bonorabla  aounail  of 
Haollaad.  Tba  aaid  Argal  Mitad  iba  forta 
wbiab  ika  Franabman  had  built  al  Mowal 
MaaMl,  (k.  Oroia  and  Pun  Real,  and  aarriad 
away  their  ordnanaa  and  proviaiona  to  iha 
aokmy  of  Virginia,  to  ibair  great  baaaAt  Tha 
aaid  plaeea  ware  bald  by  the  Bn|liab  many 
yaara  after,  till  about  the  vear  IMA  bv  com- 
mitoion  fV»m  iba  Seouh  lord  aforaaaid  t  but 
bow  hia  right  eama  aftarwarda  to  ba  alianatod 
to  any  of  the  Franeh  nation,  doth  not  eoneam 
aa  with  rafaranea  to  ika  buainaN  in  kand,  Air- 
ikar  to  amfaire. 

TbinM  remaining  in  thia  poatura  for  ika 
apaea  of  near  a»van  yaara,  aoma  of  tba  Ant  ad- 
venlurara  apprehanaivaf>ftMttorbopaaofaood 
that  might  anaua  liy  a  IVaah  atlempl,  raaJlvad 
to  aet  the  deiii^n  a  loot  a  aacond  lima,  to  wbieh 
and  Mvaral  ahipa  ware  Mnl  on  thalaaeount  in 
iha  yaar  1015,  but  with  aa  had  aueeaM  aa  tka 
AtrflMr  ;  for  in  the  year  before,  via.  1614, 
Caiil.  Smith,  deairoua  to  promoia  ika  eolony 
of  New  EnglamI,  aa  well  aa  that  of  Virginia, 
name  thither  with  two  vetMli,  and  returned 
back  to  England  in  tha  leaat  oflbam,  with  in- 
tent to  ba  there  again  the  next  year  to  pro- 
mote the  aaid  planution  |  but  aftor  ha  waa  gune, 
one  Thomaa  Hunt,  maator  of  the  ahip  he  left 
iiehind,  like  a  diahoneat  man,  to  prevent  the 
carrying  on  the  plantation,  that  he  and  n  few 
merchanta  migSt  wholly  enjoy  tho  iMncKt  of 
the  trade  uf  the  country,  alter  he  had  madii 
hia  voyagr,aeiieJ  upon  !lt4  of  the  poor  innocent 
nativoa,  that  m  conndenee  of  hik  honeaty,  had 
put  tlioinielvea  into  hia  handa,  then  clapping 
them  under  hatchra,  carried  them  awav  to  Ma- 
laga, M-hithur  he  waa  bound  with  the  Aah  he  had 
made  upon  tha  coait.fnr  that  market ;  but  thia 
vile  act,  although  it  deprived  him  forever  after 
of  any  more  employment  in  thoan  parta,  yet 
that  waa  the  Icaat  part  of  the  miachiefthat  at- 
tended thia  wicked  practice;  for  upon  the  ar- 
rival of  tha  advanturara  ahipa  tha  Mil  year, 
two  nativat  of  tha  pl«ea  that  had  bmn  aqiM 


Tkai|aaa«am  aad  Hanwaai,  aarviad  awa*  bv 
Heal,  WM  bmagbl  hmtk  to  NawibaarflaiM. 
litn  whanaa  ba  waa  aonii  |Aar  flo««*y«>d  Ky 
iba  pnidont  endaavaar  af  Cap*.  MaaM)  uI)>k« 
governor  of  tba  plaaMtiaa  bagaa  apoa  Pirw 
nmmiland)  iaM  iba  baada  af  wma  of  ik«  tuU 
vanturara,  by  wkoM  mmam  ibay  baped  lu 

trb  a  paaoa  kotwlai  Iba  aaid  waaivaa  am 
that  aoaal  where  iha  Ara  bad  keea  kiadbNt 
liefitrei  Air  tha  advealura ra  ani|il»yad  ra|>i. 
Thnmaa  IHfmmr,  a  pradant  and  ladaairimia 
gantWinan,  to  Mttla  Ina  albir  of  iba  alaMatiuik 
now  a  ibiid  lima  ravivad  •fa'"  aaoal  ilai»> 
laaby,  aboallba  yMr  1610.     Ily  bia  paudaaM 

'  aara  a  laatiag  aaaaa  wm  imda  liatwiat 
iba  aaiivaa  af  tba  plaaa  aad  tha  Kaglif)),  wha 
ware  but  a  little  bafiira  lb  »hAorred  by  ibem 


A>r  iIm  wrong  Airmarly  received,  ¥>  iaat  ilia 
planlalioa  banin  at  laal  to  proapar,  and  aun> 
liana  ia  fend  liking,  and  aMuraaeea  of  rlM 
Mandabip  af  ibair  naigbbaara  that  bad  be«« 
laMly  aaaaparalad  affalnal  ibaia.  TMa  T  a 
qauaiaM  baftira  maaUonad,  waa  moat  iaatra 
menial  and  balpfiil  to  iba  plantalion  bafun  at 
Naw  Plymoatn  abow  tba  A>lh>wing  VMra^ 
I6M,  in  ibair  weak  baginninga,  ibara  being 
Awqaant  manlioaof  bianama.MaUonf  ana  Ba 
moaat,  a  native  of  iba  lama  plaaa,  by  tba  lika 
providad|a  broaghl  baak  to  Kannafaaak,  and 
nam  ibanea  with  TiaquMlumcama  M  tba  mw 
planlara  M  Palaaai,  or  PlymtMiib,  aad  braagbf 
ihem  into  aaquaintonea  with  Maaaaaoit,  ik« 
aaekam  about  iboM  parta,  wiiboal  wboaa 
friandabip  that  aaw  pkuitalion  woukl  hardly 
have  aubaialad  long. 

Tbia  alorv  pramiaad,  ia  tba  mora  lo  be  ob> 
Mrvad  in  Ihia  plaea  becauM  iha  IViendahip 
upon  tba  meana  and  oecaaiuna  aforaaaid,  eon* 
Armed  between  tba  Indiana  in  iheM  eaatora 
parte  and  iba  Bngliah,  had  eominued  aiedfaal 
and  eonaiani  to  tbia  year,  whan  it  wm  broken 
by  anolker  ireMheroua  and  wicked  praeliea 
or  a  like  nature,  and  parallel  to  tkal  uf  tha 
aforeMid  Hunt,  aa  may  more  fully  ba  daala* 
red  aftarwarda. 

Poaaiblv  tka  like  Mtiafaeiion  may  prove  iha 
mora  pmliaMe  meana  to  procure  a  Milled 
peace.  But  to  raturn  wkanea  tkia  digreMion 
hath  been  mada.  Some  yeara  ware  apent  tn 
bring  thinga  to  thia  iaaua  i  The  adventurera 
were  put  lo  much  eara  and  paina  before  ihey 
could  get  their  |iaMnl  conArmad  and  renewed 
again  ;  Many  ubatructiona  ihey  met  with  from 
aoniu  interlopara  who  beaan  to  look  into  ihn 
trade  of  tkia  eountry,  and  would  irregularly 
have  had  a  ahara  theri-in,  or  grade  it  common 
to  all  tradera,  to  which  end  they  petitioned  to 
a  parKanMnt  than  called  to  bring  about  tlieii 
ends,  but  at  the  ImI  it  wm  Mitlad  Armly  in  tha 
baada  of  aundry  noble  and  worthy  patontoaa, 
lorda,  knigku,  gantlaman,  and  marehanM 
aofflinoiily\nown  by  tba  Mna  of  (ba  Mtinoil 


A    NARRATIVE   OF 


fi 


of  Plymouth,  who  had  th«  abtoluto  powar 
umlvr  lh«  king  for  makinv  all  ffnnU,  and  dii< 
poaing  of  all  landt  from  iha  40th  to  the  48ih 
d«frMa  north  lailiudu  i  all  whieh  waa  aerom- 
pliahod  abottt  tha  yoar  1691.  Soma  printed 
rrlaiiona  that  ipMR  of  th«a«  tranMotiona,  write 
miMh  of  the  flouriahinK  itato,  and  hofioful 
rotpariljr  of  thia  plantation,  publiahed  about 
liy  yt*n  ainee,  yet  did  it  never  ap|iear  by 
what  followed,  that  any  eonaiJerable  advan- 
tage did  ever  aoonie  to  the  Arat  nndertakera, 
from  ihia  their  new  planiarion  of  the  eaatern 
parta,  unleaa  by  the  trade  oi  lUh  and  fire,  which 
latter  eontinued  not  long  ;  that  managed  it  by 
their  own  |iartieular  (loeka  and  porwinal  en- 
deavour* I  and  if  without  offence  it  may  lie 
ap«iken,  the  multitude  of  patenti  aoon  after 
granted  to  gentleroen  of  broken  (brtunea,  have 
provided  but  plaeea  of  unkonorahlo  exile  or 
ennAnement,  whither  jnany  deiorving  penoni 
of  better  education  than  fortune,  were  lent  to 
^hift  for  themaeltei  in  a  foreign  land,  without 
h«>ing  further  troublecome  to  thoae  nenrer 
home,  on  whom  they  had  their  hope*  and  do- 
pendance )  yet  it  muat  not  be  denied  but  that 
aome  of  the  undertakera  wore  at  vast  ex- 
penoe,  eailing  iheir  bread  upon  theio  waters, 
where  none  m  their  friends  and  relations  have 
as  yet  had  an  opportunity  to  And  it ;  The 
reason  of  which  is  not  hard  to  give,  in  refe- 
rence to  all  those  lands  and  territuries  that  lie 
lu  the  eastward  of  Piscataqua  river.  One 
main  cause  had  been  the  multiplicity  of  grants 
and  patents  for  the  dividing  of  the  said  tract 
af  land  for  besides  the  strife  that  hath  been 
jccationed  by  the  intricacy  and  indistinctness 
cf  thai*  'lVli«s  and  bounds,  (enough  to  have 
V  «.'•  Ained  a  greater  number  of  lawyers  than 
aver  w»te  the  inhabitants)  if  the  grantors  had 
been  supplied  with  ntonie*  proportionable  tn 
tl>eir  suits  and  controversies  abcvittheirbounds 
and  Jurisdictions,  which  sometimes  they  have 
fcnon  ready  to  decide  with  thoir  sj^ords,  wit- 
ness those  fatal  namea  imposed  un  such  ac- 
eounta  ii[>on  some  places  belonging  to  thoso 

Puts,  aa  Bloody  Point,  Black  Pomt,  Blue 
oint,  and  every  ronsiderable  parcel  of  land 
lieing  by  patent  granted  to  severai  purtic- 
iilar  persons  hindered  the  erection  of  town- 
ahipa  and  villages,  which  if  it  had  been  other- 
wise disposed  of,  might  have  been  full  of 
towns,  and  well  penpli'd,  and  thereby  the  in- 
habitants had  been  able  to  have  stood  upon 
their  guard,  and  dofunJod  themselves  against 
tho  CDinmnn  enemy,  whereas  now  they  were 
but  like  leopoe  dUoluloe,  or  like  his  arrows 
tliHt  Iwing  bound  up  in  one  bundle  could  not 
bo  broken  by  an  ordiimry  force,  but  being 
lo<ige,  were  easily  sniippod  asunder  by  any 
single  hand.  Another  reason  miijlit  be,  the 
employing  of  such  nguntR  and  instruments  as 
either  wanted  skill  or  fidelity  to  mnnage  what 
they  were  entnisted  with,  which  made  many 
.if  the  adventurers  long  ago  cninplain,  that  in- 
stead of  bills  of  excliango  anil  other  returns 
which  they  expected,  they  received  nothing 
but  large  inventories  of  the  wants  of  their  sev- 
eral plantations,  ami  the  servants  sent  over  to 
improve  them,  which  were  all  the  relurnsthat 
many  o(  them  ever  received  fur  the  Inrge  sums 
of  money  many  disbursed  for  llie  carrying  on 
their  uifaira.  A  third  reason  may  Ih;  the  sev- 
eral changes  of  government  the  inhabitants 
b»ve  passed  under,  which  have  occasioned  not 
only  much  vexation  and  expence  to  such  as 
were  upon  the  place,  but  much  discourage- 


ment to  several  others  who  liy  tke  oommo- 
dinusness  of  the  place  would  willingly  have 
chosen  stations  in  those  parts,  had  they  aeen 
any  hope  of  a  settled  government  ever  like  to 
be  obtained;  which  is  not  hard  to  demonstrate 
by  giving  a  little  touch  as  we  pass  along,  on 
the  several  changes  of  government  the  places 
aforementioned  nave  been  moulded  into,  and 
the  several  pnipriutorr  that  of  late  have  clai- 
med intereat  in  the  land.  In  the  year  1694,  a 
patent  was  granted  hy  the  couiicilofPlymouth, 
thegrand  pniprietors,toCapt.  Mason,fora  large 
tract  of  land  aliout  Piscataqua,  but  it  not  being 
distinctly  l)oundrd,himaelt  with  Sir  Ferdinan- 
do  Oorgfi,  obtained  a  joint  patent  in  the  year 
1A39,  lor  the  land  lietwixt  the  eastof  Sagada- 
hoek,  and  west  of  Namukeag,  but  that  also 
interfering  with  the  bounds  granted  before  that 
time  to  sundry  gentlemen  merchants  that  had 
obtained  a  patent  from  the  south  of  Charles 
river,  to  the  northward  of  Merrimack,  Capt. 
Mason's  bounds  were  afterwards  by  consent 
(as  is  said)  of  his  agent  or  agents,  reduced  to 
some  branches  about  Piscataqua  river  (who 
yet  could  not  agree  with  those  that  acted  in 
the  name  of  Shrewsbury  nieii),but  being  whol- 
ly neglected  by  the  pretended  proprietor  or  his 
successor  (till  of  late  days)  was  by  the  desire 
of  the  inhabitants  yielded  up  to  the  Massachu- 
setts government  near  twenty  years  since. 

In  the  year  1630  a  patonc  wits  granted  by 
said  council  of  Plymouth  (signed  by  the  Earl 
of  Warwick,  and  air  Ferdinando  Oorges,  and 
sealed  with  the  common  seal  of  the  council 
aforesaid)  to  John  Uy,  Thomas  Lupo,  Grace 
Harding,  and  John  Roach,  of  London,  for 
a  largo  tract  of  land  on  the  south  side  of  Sa- 
gadahock,  forty  miles  square  by  the  sea-side, 
and  so  up  into  the  country :  John  Dy,  afore- 
aaid,  and  his  partners  took  in  another  aa  part- 
ner and  associate  with  them,  Mr.  Ricnard 
Dummer,of  Newbury,  in  England,  in  the-year 
1633,  to  whom  they  delivered  the  original 
patent,  with  an  order  from  them,  and  in  their 
name  to  take  up  the  land  described  in  the 
patent,  but  ho  being  denied  opportunity  to 
effect  it,  08  also  a  ship  formerly  sent  by  the 
patenteos  for  that  end,  not  accomplishing  their 
desire,  they  not  long  after  sold  all  their  interest 
in  the  said  patent,  to  one  Mr.  Rigby,  a  Lan- 
caahire  gentleman,  who  made  Mr,  Cleaves 
his  agent  to  manago  the  business  of  his  purcha- 
sed interest  in  the  said  patent :  to  whoa  Mr. 
Dumroer  was  ordered  to  deliver  the  original 
patent,  which  accordingly  he  <lid ;  What  trou- 
ble was  occasioned  soon  after  between  the  said 
Mr.  Cleaves  and  Mr.  Umcs,  agent  for  Sir  Fer- 
dinando Oor^'es,  is  well  known  to  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  place  .and  need  not  here  be  men- 
tioned ;  nor  yet  how  the  said  Mr,  Rigby  came 
forward  to  lose  his  interest,  at  least  with  the 
inhabitants  in  the  patent. 

In  the  year  1633,  Sir  Ferdinado  Gorges  not 
trusting  in  the  joint  patent  for  himself  and 
Copt.  Niaaon,  obtained  a  distinct  patent  for 
himself  and  got  confirmed  by  King  Charles 
the  first,  of  blessed  memory,  for  all  that  large 
tract  of  land  from  Sagudaliock  to  Piscataqua 
river,  and  so  aliout  an  hundred  miles  up  into 
the  country,  by  the  name  of  the  Province  of 
Maine.  What  benefit  and  improvement  was 
ever  made  thereof  by  his  agent  or  successors, 
is  best  known  to  themselves ;  but  for  the  in- 
habitants, who  upon  one  account  or  another 
had  been  induced,  either  by  any  precedaneous 
grant  or  liberty  from  himself  or  nia  agents,  to 


take  up  any  land  within  the  bounds  of  ilie  aaid 
provineet  'hey  finding  much  inomvenienciei 
and  trouble  fi>r  want  of  an  orderly  and  settled 
government,  did  at  the  last,  petition  I  ho  gen> 
oral  court  of  Massachusetts  to  be  taken  undor 
their  jurisdiction  and  government  (reservief 
the  liberties  and  pri  vileges  of  their  forml>rpul^ 
ehaaea  and  granta,  aa  u>  the  title,  poasessioa, 
and  property  of  tbamaelvea)  which  waa  gran- 
ted tJiem,  though  not  only  and  allogethei  upon 
the  ffrounds  on  which  it  waa  desired  by  the 
petitioners.  Yet  notwithstanding  all  this, 
things  were  not  settled  either  to  tlie  comfort 
or  content  of  the  inhabitanta  t  For  sometime* 
aome  demanded  right  of  jurisdiction  over 
them,  by  virtue  of  Sir  Ferdinandii'»  neteni, 
sometime*  »  imisaioner*  employed  oy  hi* 
llighnos*  the  duke  of  York,  attempted  to  set- 
tle a  government  amongat  the  people  ;  some- 
times tliey  tried  what  might  lie  done  by  agree- 
ment amongst  themselvea,  but  after  their  re- 
turn for  England,  by  one  mean  or  other  the 
government  relapsed  again  into  the  hands  of 
Massachusetts,  although  a  siipersedas  there- 
unto seems  to  have  been  put  by  an  order  from 
his  majesty  this  last  year. 

By  the  several  vicissitudes  and  change*  of 
govemment,the  flourishing  of  the  said  provin(« 
hath  been  much  obstructed,  which  else  might 
have  been  advanced,  and  the  inhabitants  been 
put  into  a  capacity  to  have  secured  themselves 
againat  the  late  barbarous  incursions  of  the  In- 
dian*,might  thereby  have  been  prevented,  and 
ao  the  miaehief  also  which  hath  ensued  might 
thereby  have  been  averted;  For  a  well  ordered 
goverment  would  never  have  suffered  those 
tnat  now  were  connived  at,  \vhich  if  they  had 
been  timely  looked  into  by  such  as  had  abso« 
lute  or  positive  and  unquestioned  powerof  rule 
in  their  hands,  would  have  been  otherwise  or 
dered,  the  present  mischief  that  i*  come  iiiion 
those  places,  might  thereby  have  been,  if  not 
prevented,  yet  more  easily  redressed,  than 
now  it  i*  like  to  be. 

Aa  for  toe  tract  of  land  that  liea  eastward  be> 
yond  Kennebedk  betwixt  that  and  Pemma* 
quid,  it  is  said  to  have  belonged  to  one  Mr.  Aid- 
worth  and  his  successors,  who  was  alderman 
of  Bristol,  and  on  that  had  a  patent  thereof, 
and  employed  some -as  his  agents,  that  did 
sometimes  reside  upon  the  place,  and  was  Intit 
ly  settled  in  some  order  or  goverment  by  hii 
highness  the  duke  of  York's  commiasioiibrs, 
by  whom  also  was  an  agreement  made  betwi.xl 
the  aagamores  of  the  Indians  in  those  parts 
and  the  English,  at  a  court  kept  by  their  ap- 
pointment in  Kennebeck  which  if  it  had  been 
observed,  might  in  all  prolwbility  have  pin- 
vented  in  great  measure  thu  quarrel  which  is 
now  fallen  out  between  the  English  and  In- 
dians :  For  upon  some  jealousies  of  the  rising 
of  those  Indians  about  twelve  nr  thirteen 
years  since,  it  was  agreed  that  if  any  mis- 
chief should  happen  to  be  done  by  the  En- 
glish or  Indians  one  against  another,  though  it 
were  to  the  killing  any  person,  neither  side 
should  right  themselves,  but  complaint  should 
lie  made  to  the  sagamores  if  the  Indians  did 
the  wrong  ond  to  the  court  if  it  was  done  by 
the  English  :  both  which  did  promise  that 
satisfaction  should  ho  made  for  the  preventing 
any  quarrel :  The  names  of  the  sachems,  ns 
likewise  of  them  that  were  in  power  at  thp 
court,  do  still  remain  upon  nuhlir  record. 
But  matters  of  government  in  those  parts  iie- 
ing  aince  collapsed,  no  authc  rity  man  thai 


THE    INDIAN    WARS. 


WM  OMrvIv  viiluiiUry,  •nil  |it<riiuii«iv<i  buing 
OwihnI,  tiling*  nrc  now  brought  to  that  mis- 
rrnlilH  italu  which  lullow*  n«txt  to  b«  linolared, 
Ever  lincu  tlio  iirit  lottling  ofiny  English 
plantation  m  tlioM  part*  about  KonnnlMckifer 
(hi!  iiHice  (if  alniut  Hfiy  yaara,  the  Indiana  al- 
wmy»  rarried  it  fHir    and  lioltl    piKid   eorrea- 
p^)n(]iinoo  with  (ha  Engliih,  until  the  mws 
came  of  l'hili|>'«  rubelling,  and  riting  against 
tliu  irriiubitiuit*  of  I'lyinoiiih  colony  in  the  end 
of  June,  l(i7A ;  aftvr  which  time  it  was  ap- 
prehi'iiilud  by  •iicli  ni  hud  the  vxumination  of 
(lis  Indinni  ulmiit  Kunn<>lH<ck,  (hat  there  wai 
a  genuriil  mirmliiu  amoiignt  thorn,  that  they 
ilioiild  liu  i'U(|iiirud  to  uiiiiit  the  Raid  Philip  al- 
though thuy  would  not  own  that  they  wore  nt 
all  ongitgiMl  in  the  nuarrel.     The  like^ualou. 
•icii  (lid  apjioar  in  all  ihe  Indinn*  that  inhabi- 
ted to  the  eaitwardof  I'itcataqua,  which  plain- 
ly ihow  that  there  wa«  a  design  of  general  ri- 
sing of  the  Indians  against  the  Lnglish  all 
over  the  country  ((louibly  as  fur  as  Virginia, 
the    Indian*  there  making  insurrections   the 
same  yeiir)  and  that  many  if  not  most  of  them 
were  willing  it  should  succeed,  although  the 
«ldc«t  and  wisest  of  them,  did  not  like  it,  fear- 
ing the  iisuo  as  tliey  had  cause ;  But  many 
of  the  young  men  about  Canco  bay,  and  Am- 
oar  'Kgin,  were  certainly  known  to  flock  thilh- 
•r  ihj  ia»t  year,  and  die  sundry  of  them  come 
abort  come  i    For  herein  they  acted  but  like 
(W'/aguj,  aA  those  of  Virginia  did  bnt  fifty 
years  liefore,  shewing  themselves  friendly  and 
courteous  to  their  new  neighbours  till  they  had 
opportunity  to  do  them  mischief.     So  that 
notwithstaiiding  many  of  the  inhabitants  in  the 
eastern,  as  in  the  western  parts  of  the  country, 
that  were  wont  to  trade  with  the  Indians* 
were  not  willing  to  believe  any  such  purpose 
among  them,  but  were  ready  to  think  some  of 
the  ruder  sort  of  the  English,  by  their  impru- 
dent and  irregular  actions,  have  driven  tnom 
into  this  rebellion;  yet  is  it  too  evident  that 
the  said  Indians    (who  naturally  delight  in 
bloody  and  deceitful  actions)  did  lay  hold  of 
any  opportunity  that  might  serve  as  a  pretence 
for  llitiir  barbarous  practices.     Indians  about 
Wammesot  and  Piscutaqua,  that  had  joined 
with  their  countrymen  in  their  rising  against 
the  English  the  lost  winter,  when  they  were 
pincheoT  with  hunger,  in  the  cold  winter  fol- 
lowing returned  back  to  the  English,  and  de- 
sired to  make  peace,  and  firmly  engaged  to 
continue  their  wonted  friendship;  yea,  some 
of  them,  as  if  they  were  really  sorry  fur  the 
murders  and  cruoltii^s,  of  their  own  voluntary 
motion  cnme  with  the  prisoners  they  had  ta- 
ken, and  resigned  them  up  to  the  English,  yet 
when  their  own  ends  were  answered  and  an- 
other opportunity   was  offered  of  doing  fur 
tlier  mischief  of  a  like  nature,  (hey  presently 
returned  to  their  former  iiracticp,  as  is  well 
known  of  Simon  and  Andrew,  that.had  killed 
,    some,  and  led  others  captive  the   last  spring 
from  llradford  nnd  Haverhill,  who  cnme  in  the 
fiulnfiluneto  Major  WaUlen's,l)rini»iiiji  home 
English  prisoners  with  them,  yet  did  the  ve 
ry  same  Indians  within  less  than  two  months 
after  join  with  Amoscnggin  and  Kennebeck 
Indians  in  committing  the  said  tragedies  that 
were  last  acted  in  those  parts,  yet  was  he 
and  !ii8  partner  suffered  to  escape  for  want 
of  sufficient  guarding  t''i<t  prison  where  they 
were  put  in  ordi^r  for  further  trial.     But  tero 
npriant  phyrgee ;  it  is  hoped  that  we  shall 
mmr  aome  few  mr'*e  experiences  of  this  na- 


ture, learn  lo  lieware  of  this  aublle  brood  and 
generation  of  vipera.     Ever  since  enmity  was 
put  between  (he  seed  of  the  woman  and  the 
seed  of  the  serpent,  it  hath  been  the  portion 
of  her  seed  in  every  generation,  and  in  every 
iwtion  to  meet  with  tne  sad  effects  of  that  en- 
mity ;  nor  can  they  ever  expect  to  find  ljo((er 
dealing  from  any  of  the  other  sort,  furtlicr 
than  either  of  (heir  power  or  hope  of  benefi( 
by  (heir  favour  may  induce  (hem  to  another 
disposition,  as  we  the  inhabitants  of  New  Eu' 
gland  have  found  by  their  late  and  sad  ex|>e' 
rience  in  reference  to  these  pagans  in  the  west 
whom  amogst  whom  our  lot  is  cast,  they  pro- 
ving, is  one  says  of  the  Mahometans  in  the 
east,  like  a  nest  of  hornets,  that  if  any  one  of 
them  chance  to  be  provoked  thev  will  be  all 
about  his  ears  that  comes  near  tnem.     But  it 
is  timo  to  begin  with  the  particulars  of  the 
tragedy  itself,  that  the  reader  account   not 
the  prologue  too  long.     It  was  on  the  84th 
of  June  167S,  when  the  first  mischief  was 
done  by  the   Indians  about   Mount   Hope, 
before  20  days  were  over,  the  first  fire  w- 
gan  to  kindle  in  these  more  remote  and  nor- 
therly bounds  of  the  said  country,  or  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty  miles  distance,  and  upon  this 
occasion,  the  11th  of  July,  1(>75,  a  lc(ter  was 
brought  to  Kennebeck  from  one  Henry  Saw- 
yer, an  inhabitant   of  York,  signifying  the 
news  of  the  Indians  rising  about  Plymouth, 
and  that  a  course  was  taken  to  disarm  them 
along  the  shore.     This  rumour  did  so  far 
awaken  the  inhabitants,  that  the  very  next 
day,   at    a    general    meeting   of  the   Eng- 
lish, at  one  Capt.  Patiishal's  house,  several 
offered  themaelvea  as  volunteers  to  go  up  the 
said  river  of  Kennebeck,  to  make  discovery 
of  the  Indians  fidelity,  or  else  to  fight  them  if 
there  was  occasion.     The  third  day  after  mar 
ching  up  the  river,  to  Quegebcck,  they  met 
with  the  inhabitants  of  Sheepscot  river,  which 
is  a  river  lying  about  twelve  or  fourteen  miles 
to  the  northeast  of  Kennebeck.     Divers  of 
the  Indians  thereabouts  by  the  persuasion  of 
one  Mr.  Walker,  that  usea  to  trade  with  them, 
brought  down  an  inconsiderable  part  of  their 
ammunition,  as  a  few  guns,  a  little  powder 
and  shot,  with  a  few  knives.     About  7  of  the 
Kennebeck  Indians,  and  five  of  those  called 
Amoscuggin   Indians,  about  Pegypscot  (a  ri- 
ver inore  southward  towards  Casco)   made 
this  pretence  of  bringing  their  arms,  Capt. 
Lake,  Capt.  Pattishall,  with  Mr.  Wiawal  in 
whose  hands  was  settled  a  kind  of  military 
power  for  those  parts,  were  sent  for  further 
to  examine  the  said  Indians,  of  whom  upon 
examination  they  saw  reason  to  suspect  some 
if  not  all ;  whereupon  they  sent  messengers  a 
second  timo  to  the  Amoscoggin   Indians,  and 
also  a  letter  to  Mr.  Walker,  to  send  down 
their  arms  and  ammunition  to  them  for  thei 
greater  security.     After  Mr.  Wiswal  was  re- 
turned home,  the  fi  Amoscoggin  Indians  afore- 
said, brought  in  their  guns,  but  probably  with 
no  good  intent ;  for  an  Indian  called  Sowen, 
having  an  axe  in  his  hand,  struck  at  one  Hosea 
Hallet,  a  Frenchman,  but  was  prevented  from 
doing  him  mischief;  however,  the  said  Indian 
was  presently  bound  and  put  up  into  a  cellar. 
Some  of  the  English  that  used  to  trade  with 
those  Indians  were  ready  to  excuse  the  Indian, 
saying  he  was  drunk,  or  that  he  wasa  distrac- 
ted fellow.     Mr.  Wiswal  with  the  other  two 
examinents,  looked  upon  those  as  mere  excu- 
ses, and  altogether  groundless,  for  one  of  theiti 


to  this  day  alRrms  that  ha  waa  a*  rational  ud 
sonnible  asany  of  the  real. 

The  ancient  Indians  Iwing  asked  what  \\my 
thought  was  meet  to  bo  done  in  the  said  cast', 
•aid  Tie  was  worthy  to  die  for  such  an  allVonI, 
yet  they  would  lie  glad  if  his  life  miKht  I  i 
spnrt'd,  oHi*riiig  to  M  jointly  bound  in  his  be* 
half,  to  pny  forty  beaver  skins  at  next  fall  vny* 
age,  giving  their  hand*  in  token  of  their  Adel* 
ilv,  aiid>also  leaving  (heir  arms  in  (he  handa 
or  the  Engliak  as  a  pledge  of  their  faithful  kee- 
ping those  articles  of  peace  concluded  on  b«« 
twixt  them.  If  they  proved  themselves  hon- 
est men  they  were  to  have  (heir  arms  again, 
which  was  accordingly  performed  (he  last  of 
June,  1676;  they  having  in  the  mean  time  car- 
ried themselves  iioaeeably  towards  the  Eng- 
lish. The  day  uiter,  an  Indian  called  Robin- 
Hood,  with  gre*t  applause  of  the  rest,  made  a 
dance,  and  sang  a  song  to  declare  (heir  cpn(ent 
in  wha(  was  (ransac(ed  ;  and  so  (hey  parted, 
se((ing  (he  Indiana  at  liberty  that  had  (nus  en 
gaged  for  their  friend  Sowen,  the  Indian  ;  but 
yet  to  this  day  not  one  skin  of  beaver  was 
ever  paid  to  the  English,  as  was  promised,  (ha 
Indians  all  (his  while  were  well  provided  Ibi 
victuals  by  Capt.  Lake,  with  other  supplies 
of  rum  and  tobacco,  even  to  the  digusting  of 
some  English  then  present. 

But  the  Indians  left  as  hostages  upon  SoW' 
en's  account,  however  civilly  they  were  treat- 
ed, ran  all  away  at  the  last,  trusting  more  to 
the  celerity  of  their  own  feet,  than  to  the 
civility  of  their  English  friends,  who  after 
they  were  escaped,  joined  with  a  parcel  of 
(heir  fellows  soon  after,  abnu(  20  in  all,  in  rob- 
bing (ho  house  of  one  Mr.  Purchase,  an  an* 
cient  planter  about  Pegypscot  river,  and  a 
known  trader  with  the  Indians,  whatever 
wrong  may  be  pretended  by  the  said  Indians, 
aa  done  them  in  their  trading,  (of  which  mom 
may  be  sp«ken  afterwards)  that  will  io  no- 
wise excuse  their  perfidious  treachery  and 
falsehood,  in  breaking  covenant  with  the  En- 
glish, dissembling  and  seeking  all  advanta- 
tnges  of  cruelty  against  their  English  neigh- 
bours, of  which  in  the  following  winter  and 
summer,  1676,  there  will  be  a  more  full  and 
undeniable  discovery.  This  was  done  in  the 
beginning  of  September,  1675.  Those  Indi- 
ans (hut  first  assaulted  Mr.  Purchase's  house, 
did  no  other  mischief  than  plundering  it  of 
strong  liquor  and  ammunition,  also  killing  a 
calf  or  two,  with  a  few  sheep,  but  no  mor.i 
than  what  they  ate,  and  spilling  a  feather  lied 
by  ripping  it  open  to  turn  out  the  feathers, 
contenting  themselves  with  the  case,  which 
they  might  more  easily  carry  away.  They 
offered  no  incivility  to  the  mistress  of  the  house 
(her  husliand  and  sons  being  at  that  time 
from  home)  yet  one  of  her  Sons  approaching 
near  the  house  and  finding  it  possessed  by 
those  new  inhabitants,  he  rode  away  with  a)l 
speed,  and  yet  no  faster  than  there  was  need, 
for  an  Indian  followed  him  with  a  gun  under 
his  coat  to  have  got  within  the  reach  of  his 
piece. 

It  is  said  that  at  the  first  they  used  fair 
words  and  spoke  of  trading,  but  as  (hey  went 
away,  told  those  of  the  house,  that  there  were 
othera  coming  after  that  would  deal  far  worse 
with  them ;  which  within  a  short  time  after 
came  to  pass,  for  these  were  but  the  messen- 
gers of  death  which  was  soon  after  inflicted, 
and  that  in  a  most  barbarous  mannernpon  sun- 
dry inhabitants  of  the  neigboring  plantations 


A  NARRATIVE  Or 


TIm  ICftglit'i  ill  Ohmm  paru  Iwing  miMh  in- 
••nfwl  hvniM,  M  of  Umiii  tooa  t^her  going  np 
Chou  bay  m  a  tlouii  mmI  two  Immu  Ut  galkor 
lutlian  eorn  and  la  look  to  what  Umjt  mJ  up- 
•n  iho  Mid  bay.  naar  AnKMOoggin  rivari 
Mrhoa  tbay  «wim  near  tho  kouwa  they  hoard 
a  knoaking,  and  a  noiaa  about  tbo  koiMoa,  and 
proMnOy  tapiud  two  or  throa  Indiana,  wbo 
aa  jrot  did  nu  tao  tkam.  Tho  English  baing 
oomo  a  good  way  from  ihoir  vaaaal,  andaa- 
voarad  la  gat  batwaoa  iha  Indiana  and  tha 
woodf,  whieh  whan  they  pareaivad  thay  ran 
lowarda  tha  watar  aida,  but  tha  English  in 
purauit  kiUad  ona  of  thorn  and  wounded  an< 
other,  who  Lowevar  aaeapod  away  in  a  ca- 
IMO  aeroaa  tha  river,  a  third  running  baek  to- 
wards the  woods  fled  to  tha  other  Indians  and 
acquainted  tham  with  what  waa  done,  who 
presently  aaaa  down  and  lay  in  wait  to  in- 
tmtaat*  the  EngUA,  that  thought  of  no  dan- 
ger, but  seailerad  themselves  all  about  the 
place  to  gather  their  arm  and  lade  their  boats 
therewith,  but  before  they  were  mady  to  go 
away  thi;  Indians  coming  down  fired  upon 
them  and  forced  them  all  into  the  sloop ;  bad 
not  some  of  them  been  better  prepared  than 
the  rest,  they  might  all  have  been  cut  off; 
fur  some  little  rejistanee  lieing  made  by  tliem 
that  were  ready  with  their  guns,  it  gave  the 
■est  an  opportunity  to  get  all  into  the  sliwp, 
)  ot  not  without  many  wounds.  So  witli  much 
ado,  ^hey  all  eaeaped  with  their  lives,  leaving 
the  two  boats  almost  Uden  with  eorn,  a  prey 
U>  the  Indiana,  who  presently  burnt  one,  and 
plandered  the  other  of  all  that  was  therein; 
■ome  are  ready  to  thinK  that  (he  English  did 
imprudently  begin  the  4{uarrei,  an<i  not  4rst 
enquire  into  what  the  Indians  were  about  in 
the  house,  and  seek  redress  according  to  the 
afiirementiuiied  agreement,  made  at  the  court 
at  Bennebeek.  But  if  this  happened  aftor 
what  follows  next  to  lie  relatsj,  vis.  that 
which  was  done  to  old  Mr.  Wakely  and  his 
family,  tha  English  can  be  blamed  fur  noth- 
ing but  ihoir  negli^nce  and  security,  in  that 
liiiving  alarmed  their  enemies,  they  stood  not 
butter  upon  their  guard,  which  is  not  very 
i«rtain;  for  it  is  tliouglil  that  within  a  few 
days  after,  or  the  next  week,  a  more  horrible 
outrage  was  committed  unon  the  familv  of  an 
ancient  man,  whoso  name  was  Waxeiy,  an  in- 
Iwbitant  ofCisco  bay,  who  had  some  discon- 
tent which  afterwards  he  often  bewailed,  re- 
solving either  to  have  returned  back,  or  else 
to  have  removed  to  some  securer  place,  but 
lin  wai  arrested  by  the  sons  of  violence  be- 
fore lie  could  eflTucl  his  purpose. 

This  old  man,  together  with  his  wife,  his 
son,  and  his  daughter  in  law:,  (then  far  advan- 
ced in  pregancy)  with  three  grand  children  were 
c/ueily  murdered  by  those  barbarboiis  savages 
bX  or.atime;  another  of  his  g^randchildren  was 
tttkHri  alive  and  led  into  captivity,  a  daughter 
»f  his  was  said  to  be  carried  to  Narrnganset, 
which  shows  that  they  joined  with  the  south- 
erii  Indians  in  the  reliellion.  When  one  these 
Indians  had  emiirued  their  hands  in  English 
blood,  they  were  emboldened  to  the  like  bloo- 
dy attempts  in  thd  adjacent  places. 

This  Wakely  lived  su  far  from  his  neigh- 
bours, or  else  was  encompassed  with  creeks 
or  rivirs,  that  no  relief  could  presently  be 
lent  to  him ;  however,  Lieut  Ineersoll,  of 
Caaca,  the  next  day  with  a  file  of  men,  re- 
paired to  the  place  where  his  house  stood  to 
•M  wliat  waa  the  reason  of  the  fire  they  dis> 


tmnrni  tha  day  before,  wiMra  thay  faand  the 
honao  burnt  to  ashes,  tho  body  of  tna  ohl  laan 
half  eonaumod  with  the  fire,  the  young  wo- 
man killed  and  three  of  the  grandchildren  ha- 
ving their  braina  beat  out  and  their  bodiea 
laid  under  some  oaken  planks  not  fkr  from 
the  house  |  oae  girl  of  about  II  years  old,  was 
e«rried  e^iva  by  them,  and  having  been  eai^ 
riad  up  and  down  tha  eountry  aomo  hnndiads 
of  miles,  as  fkr  as  Narragansst  fort,  was  this 
last  June  returned  baek  to  M^  WaMom's 
by  one  S^waado,  tha  sagamore  of  Saeo  |  a 
strange  mixture  of  mercy  and  cruelty. 

Soon  afUr  Capt.  Boniihon's  and  Mi^r 
Philipa'  dwellings  were  aaaaultad,  one  on  the 
east,  the  other  on  the  west  side  of  Saco  river. 
It  is  said  they  had  seasonable  notice  of  what 
was  intended  against  them  by  their  barbarous 
enemies,  thoae  Amoacogvin  Indians,  by  the 
Indian  of  Saeo,  their  neighbour,  better  mind- 
ed than  the  rest  of  his  countrymen,  who  ob- 
serving a  strange  Indian  coming  to  his  wig- 
wam in  eomnany  with  some  of  his  acquain- 
tance, one  or  whom  informed  him  of  the  rest 
with  the  stranger  were  gone,  that  the  said 
stranger  eama  from  the  westward,  and  that 
his  business  was  to  persuade  the  eastern  In- 
dians to  fall  upon  the  English  in  their  dwell- 
ings here,  aa  the  rest  had  done  to  the  west- 
ward. ^  Capt  Bonithon,  either  upon  this  in- 
formation, or  upon  the  knowledge  of  what 
was  done  a  little  before  at  Casco,  had  lefl  his 
house,  and  waa  retired  over  the  river  with 
his  family  to  Mmor  Philips'  garrison.  Thus 
two  are  better  than  one,  for  otherwise  both 
might  have  been  destroyed ;  for  upon  the 
eighteenth  of  September  following,  being  the 
seventh  day  of  the  week,  about  11  o'clock 
those  at  Major  Philios'  garrison  saw  Capt. 
Bonithon's  house  on  Are,  which  by  the  good 
providence  uf  Ood  waa  to  them  as  die  firing 
a  beacon  giving  them  notice  to  look  to  them- 
selves, their  enemies  being  now  come ;  for 
otherwise  they  might,  to  their  great  disadvan- 
tage, have  been  too  suddenly  surprised,  for 
within  half  an  hour  after  they  were  upon 
them,  when  a  sentinel  placed  in  a  chamoer 
gave  notice  that  he  saw  an  Indian  by  the 
fence  side  near  a  cornfield;  Major  Philips, 
not  willing  u>  believe  t'\}\  he  miitlit  see  with 
his  own  eyes,  ran  hastily  up,  another  of  his 
men  coming  after  cried,  ttu^or  what  do  you 
mean  1  do  you  intend  to  be  killed  t  Jt  which 
words  he  turned  from  the  window  out  of 
which  he  was  looking,  when  presently  a  bul- 
let struck  him  on  the  shoulder,  g^razing  only 
upon  it  without  breaking  the  bone.  The  In- 
dians upon  the  shot,  thinking  !:«  had  been 
slain  thereby  (as  they  had  heard  sAerwards) 
gave  a  great  shout,  upon  which  they  discern- 
ed that  they  were  surrounded  by  them,  where- 
upon they  instantly  fired  on  the  enemy  from 
all  quarters,  and  from  the  flankers  of  the  for- 
tification, so  as  they  wounded  the  captain  of 
the  Indians,  who  presently  leaving  the  assault, 
retired  three  or  lour  miles  from  the  place, 
where  he  soon  after  died,  as  they  were  infor- 
med :  He  counselled  them  to  leave  the  siege, 
but  they  were  resolved  not  so  to  quit  the 
place ;  nor  were  those  within  less  resolute  to 
defend  it ;  one  of  the  best  men  was  soon  after 
disabled  from  any  further  service,  by  a  wound 
he  received  in  one  of  the  vollies,  made  by  the 
assailants ;  but  that  did  not  in  the  least  daunt 
the  rest  of  the  defendsnts,  who  continued  still 
to  fire  upon  the  enemy :   This  dispute  lasted 


about  an  hour,  after  whitji  thu  enemy  despair 
in(  to  lake  this  house  by  assault,  thought  ti|> 
on  a  device  how  to  burn  it. 

FuM,  fkring  tha  house  of  ona  uf  his  tenants, 
than  his  saw*niill,  hoping  by  that  means  to 
draw  them  out  of  the  garrison  to  put  out  tha 
fli«,  but  missiagof  their  purpose  in  thai,  they 
called  out,  you  Kngliah  cowardly  dogs,  cohm 
out  and  quench  the  fire.  They  continued  thia 
•port  all  tha  afWmoon  continually  firing  upoa 
laam.  The  besieged  hoped  for  rwliof  from 
tha  towns  but  none  came,  tha  ra^r  still  en 


eovraging  his  men  to  hold  it  out  which  they 

nfully  I _" 

alarmeti  almost  oveiy  half  hour ;   and   be- 


manfully  did  all  that  night,  when  they  were 


tween  whiles  they  eoald  hear  their  axea  and 
other  instruments,  knocking  about  the  mills  tiV 
the  next  day.  Those  within  the  house  con 
ceived  they  were  preparing  some  engine 
wherewith  to  bum  the  house,  which  really 
was  the  case,  for  about  four  o'clock  in  tho 
morning,  at  the  sitting  of  the  moon  when  he 
saw  a  cart  with  four  wheels,  having  a  barri- 
cado  built  in  the  forepart  to  keep  olr  shot,  and 
filled  with  combustible  matter,  birch  rinds, 
straw,  powder,  and  poles  SO  feet  long  ready 
to  fire  the  house ;  he  bid  them  let  them  drive 
it  within  pistol  shot,  before  they  made  any 
shot  against  them  ;  his  men  were  a  little  dis- 
couraged at  the  sight  of  this  engine ;  but  he 
bid  them  be  of  good  courage,  and  use  means, 
putting  their  trust  in  Ood,  who,  he  was  con- 
fident would  relieve  them.  The  csrt  when 
brought  a  little  nearer  became  unwieldy  by 
reason  of  the  barricade  planted  in  it,  and  be 
ing  to  pass  through  a  small  ^tter,  one  wheel 
stuck  fast  in  the  slough,  which  brought  tho 
cart  suddenly  to  the  left  whereby  the  drivers 
lay  all  open  to  their  right  flanker,  when  they 
fired  upon  them  out  of  the  ssid  flanker,  and 
having  so  fair  a  shot  ujion  them,  and  not  be- 
ing am>ve  pistol  shot  from  the  place,  they  kil 
led  6  of  the  enemy,  and  wounded  15,  as  they 
found  afterwards,  which  no  doubt  made  them 
too  late  to  repent  of  their  resolution,  not  to 
follow  their  captain's  counsel  and  example 
in  leaving  the  siege  ;  for  now  they  presently 
parted :  so  ss  at  sunrise  those  within  thehcun* 
40  of  them  inarching  away,  but  liow  many 
more  were  in  the  company  they  could  not  tell 
The  Indians  it  seems  went  towards  HL« 
Point  where  it  is  said  they  killed  several  per- 
sons, but  those  in  the  house  feared,  the  major  ~ 
was  called  by  the  men  bilnok  out  for  more  help, 
as  they  expected  their  return;  hut  itscems  their 
courage  failed  them  as  to  amnher  attempt  upon 
an  house  so  well  garrisoned  and  manfully  dp' 
fended.  Major  Phillips  seiato  the  town  fcr 
help  acquainting  them  with  what  had  passed, 
but  none  was  sent  them  either  tl.it  day  or  the 
next,  so  having  spent  almost  all  their  amn.ii- 
nitions,  the  people  that  were  with  him  wo  jld 
not  be  perusaded  to  tarry  longer  than  TuerJuy 
morning,  which  constrained  him  and  his  family 
to  remove  to  the  town.  About  a  fortnight 
after,  the  Indians  hearing  thereof,  camt^  and 
burnt  down  the  empty  house.  There  were 
50  persons  in  the  said  house  during  the  time  o( 
the  siege,  and  but  10  able  hand's,  they  had  five 
more  that  could  do  something,  but  through 
age  or  minority  not  able  to  make  any  great 
aisistance ;  yet  it  pleased  Ood,  in  whose  hands 
are  all  men's  lives  and  limbs,  who  is  never 
wont  to  fail  them,  who  in  time  of  danger  are, 
ready  to  confide  in  his  power  and  goodr.eas, 
u  not  to  neglect  the  use  of  due  means  tai 


(l< 


III  thuiigtit  ii|k 

ofliii  i«nanr«, 
that  mean!  to 
to  put  out  iho 
M  in  that,  ihejT 
lly  dogi,  eoHM 
continued  thia 
lly  firinff  iipoa 
br  mlMf  fnim 
nu^r  itill  •!! 
It  whieh  tbajT 
thay  w«r« 
lour  I   and   b*> 
hair  axea  and 
ut  the  milla  tiV 
w  house  con 
aome  engine 
whieh  really 
o'clock  in  the 
loon  when  he 
ivini  •  barri- 
!p  Off  shot,  and 
I  birch  rinds, 
let  long  ready 
let  them  drive 
ley  made  any 
ire  a  little  dia> 
igine;  but  he 
nd  use  means, 
>i  he  was  eon- 
'he  eart  when 
unwieldy  by 
I  in  it,  and  be 
Mr,  one  wheel 
li  brought  the 
iby  the  drivera 
er,  when  they 
J  flanker,  and 
III  and  not  be- 
plaee,  they  kil 
led  15,  as  they 
jbt  made  them 
ilution,  not  to 
and  example 
they  pre»«nily 
ithin  thehfiiuw 
lut  linw  many 
'  could  ntit  tcli. 
lowiirds  1)L« 
jd  several  per. 
"ed,  the  major " 
tformorolielp, 
ilittcemstlieir 
r  attempt  upriii 
1  manfully  <le' 
I  the  town  ft  f 
It  had  passeil, 
l.at  day  or  the 
(heir  amn.ii- 
ithhim  wojid 
than  TuerJay 
and  his  family 
It  a  fortnight 
)of,  came  and 
There    were 
infif  the  time  ol 
,  they  hdd  five 
but   through 
ike  any  great 
I  whnte  hands 
who  is  never 
>f  danger  are. 
tnd  goodreas, 
ue  means  Am 


K 


A   NARRATIVI  OF 


Thd  Un||li«)i  ill  iIunm  |Niru  Iwing  much  in- 
ttnfud  htiriiBt,  SA  u(  tliaiii  looii  aftur  going  up 
C'wcii  buy  III  •  ■lotm  mmJ  two  Immu  U*  g«th«r 
liulilB  ••»"  ""^  •  .1  l'i.._,   lilil  ui 

..      ■«         .  •KKiii    ri> 
•■..«  i»-,!i    .!»  ••  "»»f«  ihfy  )»•> 

•  '      <      .      •Ill)  •  lilli*6  otxtbl  llir  *  oUM^    <. 

^>,< '•••ii'iy  «tpK()  iwn  or  llirvii   ln<iiM> 
M  y«t  (ill!  iiiit  ki'M  tl.ii'u.      Tl>n  Kill.-,:  • 
tiiinc   •  i;...  .'    vvny    liuin  iKei.  v.- 
toUivil  Id   n»t   Ii4-iwf«n    tlio    l-<ii' 
wnixli,  » I  licit  wImu  ihtiy  ^■ 
tii.s'ari{|  tin;  wiitu  .- kuhi     l<-<: 
pltriuil  kilksl  tiiin  .>1  liixi  .  I  . 

iillit  r,  «  lio  l.owi-   .•!    m  '■«• 

11.10  luTdsa  ibe  rir»i-,  ..  n;  'mpK  o- 

u'lirtif  tlt«  M'li^Hi'  "((.u  tmliHMi  aiiij 

•<'t{u*tiMk.J  iWm  wiUi  "  u  »«■  dmif,  who 
I'tf.'ivi.y  <uiiMs  it»H.i  itri  t  Uy  ill  wait  to  in- 
M.  Mi|.i  UM>  Nn^liab,  ihat  thoii^iic  nf  im  diiri' 
far,  hui  i<eMU>ro<i  thomitolvuii  nil  ttlio'it  tliii 
fita<M  III  (Ckthnr  ilii-ir  rorn  mih!  IxIo  their  lout* 
tli«r«will>,  liiit  befiire  liivy  wirH  dikIv  to  ^o 

•  wity  till'  iiKiiaiii  ruiiiiiii^  ii''<^ii  fiml  iiixin 
t)iuin  and  lurrij  thiMii  nil  inlii  t'>i)  »lo«|i :  fimi 
iiiii  ioiiii- (>r  iheni  iieen  lic'tv:  ,  rpwd  ili.iii 
iht*  nml,  llit-y  imglit  alt  li»>»  l«<>n  eiit  ill'; 
tiir  Borpio  liulf  roiniiTHw  *<•!., n  i>i«.|>:  l»y  ili.>iii 
llmt  wuii"  rcniiy.  wilt,  'be  r  ft  ,■  t.  it    ifUi\'  tin 

et:  an  0|>p(irt unity  to  ||r!  «)l  iiiu>  ftit^  O.infi. 
j.'t  lint  wi;li<iutiiiiki>y  «roi  Miiu.  Sm  willimiii'ti 
>iili>,  \}i«y  ai)  «-«t^r{>«J  wirli  ttiiir  tiiri>«,  li'tivjiij^ 
;);■!  lw<  '.'.■«t*  •>.«■>«(  ULiUui  wit)i  rurii,  •  proy 
l'  '  injiana,  who  pruiieii'l,  imrnt  imp,  ami 
pliin.liTod  iln"  olIitT  (.if  ill  ftnl  wai  tlicrnnj 
MHnp  «'  .'nmly  to  tliltiK  that  liio  Knirluli  ilid 
iiiipru'li  Miv  l.i'Kiii  llio  quarrel,  nnu  '  nt  ♦'rut 
Ritf)uir<'  mill  \t  ..<i  iiii!  lii<liMiiit  wori!  abmi'  tii| 
II"'  iiijiiJii,  tiriii  m'»fk  ruJiesK  uocorJinir  to  the 
al'tTroiufiiiliineil  aifreinnoiit,  nimii!  at  the  court 
lit  lit>ii.iel<ocl(.  IliJl  if  till*  liiijiiMiiirJ  iifVr 
vk'.ai  fMliowa  next  (n  im  luUtiw,  «>«.  tliat 
which  was  li.m.'  t<)  old  Mr.  WiikfU-  »..il  hi* 
family,  the  Kit^iixh  ctiii  )i<:>  l>)i<ii»>4(i  Ute  nviU 
iiijf  hut  ihvir  in'irhgi-iitj'  amJ  w«v  It*,  "i  thnt 
lin\iii(^  alttriu.id  tlifi"- '•■>.. m..-.  n.uj  «<KiJ  nut 
iK'tt"-  uioi)  jW-  >   .!<  t»   u   not   vtiy 

*    •  'I        I  f  .;    .►1*1   within   "    '"•  ." 

Jn-.n  iiiii'x,  i>r  tii^  !.<  .\i  wp«>k,  «  «M(r< 
oiitra(;«!  wa*  cmtimiiUMi  viu  •    •'■• 
ai.riKiii  /ii.tn,  vviio^o  imitM  " 
liubitiiiir  ol't^iiK':.!   iMV.  vkiti.  ..... 

lent  viliirh  aCti'rvvtniti  !ih  oft<'ii  •• 

aolvin^j  i-itlifir  III  ]  ivu  retiiriit""!  h  .    . 

U>  halt'  rnitovcij  to  sumi:  ftOUHrcr 

h"  Wai   .rri-Hted  liy  ih'.  5tiii«   of  yl,',,',:--.     . 

li/r-  tu-  i-iii'  •  tfl'i  ■  I  lii .  piiriioMJ. 

TiiiH  old  ni  u>.  'gi'ther  «ith  Iv*  >vifo,  Im 
bnii.  n  .d  hia  {jiiiirliiur  ii.  hiw,([|i«i>  fur  :idvuii> 
f.-d  iMjiiejjujicv)'*  .llitliiiHegranilfihildr.Miwi.if 
I  .usliy  miirdnrtiit  hy  liiosebiiriiurhiiii.^  navaK"' 
M  o.-.e  tiiiH'  ,ui.>l!it<r  of  iiis  ^randclulili'cM  UH.4 
I  ik''.'i  nl'',e  and  lod  iiiln  cnplivi'v,  a  dim  ;hli'r 
.•I  iiis  \va«  siiid  to  In-  ijiriic'd  to  Nnrriigunai-t,- 
u'!ii«+  nhoua  thiii.  ihcy  joiritui  with  ili«  soiiili- 
urii  Ii  ./"I  .u  in  iht:  rolmllion.      \Vhi'n  vim-  tM'se 

•  •1  lian»  %.H^>  «»«i!>ru8d  their  li  mds  in  Kiiijliah 
|jh.«J.  'h.-«  !|i,'i.  ■l.iHr'H?  t(i  the  lik«  hloii- 


MfiMid  Um  day  bafor*,  whera  ttwy  iiMiiid  thu 
hi)iia«  burnt  to  aahoi,  the  body  of  tlia  old  man 
liair  contuincd  with  thit  Are,  th«  young  wo- 

I   .  Kntiulchihlrrii  tia 

,    >i<<    '■■i.t   ih'  ir  liihlii-a 

«»>•»  i>i«nkt  •fit  far  fri'ii. 

•  •  I  .>f  «>>..tl<  I  I    ,««r  w»ld,  M  »• 

!■•  I  .  .    i|f  tu,-.'  cv 


"•  lit.  ««  .'•ariiit;' 
4.ir  ri^lurnm  (ark  i.. 
«      Ml   SquanJii.    'Hk   nnifn. 

.i«lii|-«  of  (iMirry  h> 
.Stion    r(^<"-    (Upl.    Hold" 
Philip'i'  dvvvllin^a  warn  an**,  i* 
taut,  thr  otli.r  on  tlm  wt»«l  > 
>.  lA  aaiil  ihoy  )iad  neitiioiiHl,' 
wa^  intpiidoil  ni^niiHt  them  h. 
'  nciniv*,  tho^e   Amo«i'0|{^iii    ' 
l.idian  of  Saro,  thiMr  ii(>i^liliii|. 
I'll  limn  tins  T''iit  of  liii  couiilr 
•crvinjf  a  atrant^e  Indian  comiin' 
'Vfini  in  CI  oi|>«n'    >■   ii.  *.im'    ■  ) 
t«nn«,  OIK!  lit  ". iion,  >••  Hrvnmt  hi.. 


•  *ittn<l(<  .■.' 

-\  in   III  I 

»eo;  II 

Major 
•I  ihn 

I      *  .  \  ■  ■■ 

'•■  iti« 
.  tho 
miiul- 


boiir".   11  (»l*r' 
or  ri.i/.^.  that    .■ 
'•■lit  to  iiita-  h««  ' 

?  liiaci's. 
I-  from  hU  ne 
•     .'   wlilt  cri 

:'    ,:it:y 

0i.3cj,  tho  «n;i 

d.i't    w 

(  Tir.  il  ;o  tlw:  j>  i<n  wlifiv 
M«  what  waa  tiu>  Taaoii  . 

wit''  tfi     Ktraneor    ••■»•«    jt.-it^,   m  . 
(nrsiii^fr  OHMi*  fn.  -  ■       *     ■ 

hii  t>UHin«f"»  wii< 

.1  iin«  JO  f'lll  t.in'i.  .   , 

in';«  hwrf,  »«  ih«'  ■  .   • 

aard.     <I»p»   ll<      »,..,■  1,14  il,. 

formation,  or  M|n.  ini'   Vi  '  vihiii 

WU5  .loi;»  a  hitiu  tiffforo  ai  <  .Ht  hi> 

houw,  iiml  wan  rutired   >•••■  wiiii 

bi«  fjKi  y  to  M  nor  J'hiiii"'  '* !;  »» 

tw.i  arff  lietltT  ihur,  mo.    /  .'..il, 

ii.ijfhi   Imvo   h«!n  de«iro'.>-., 
I'llfhtei'iitli  of  SfptiimbBi  d' 
nwHnth  day    of  ''">   wnolt,  •• 
i)i(>«!  Rt   Mnjor    Fliilipa'  jfirr.. 
iioaithon'a  hoii»e  on  Di",  wh.i'.     . 
[iroiidiMiia.-  ;if  (iud  wa»  to  .'lem  «  »'■*■ 
a  l>4ar..u  j^iv.Kc;  thnin  notice  to  iovh  i 
•r!vfl<,  i)n'i|    DiM-'.niv*   b-  in^   now   inm 
iuIhtw  i«o  they  ini^hl,  to  tht-ir  (jroiit  I.   i.,    «. 
tngi;,  hum  hpun  loo   H'iddvJily   aurpiiii'd.   fiw 
within   Imlf  an   boor  atle-   they   word   i.poii 
tUtiin,  w!t<i>t  »  fi.lK.i'I    pinrmi    i.i   .•   I'l.fiiWr 
^■...,.    :j.^.»»    (1^*    J,.     .-,^,    .||,   Ii.driin    by    ihtf 
I.i;    Major    ,'"''Ilp». 

'   '"    iiiiuiit  tee  villi 

vtp,  .•i.noihcr  of  In* 

»,-.4jor  whii!  Jo  Von 

■  .H-  Wll-i!  !•  uf  wKi, ' 


K,-nir   ....:■ 
(Hltlmt  srM:      )••   •• 
upon  tb<'y  kUWMiii  ' 
iill  qnarUie.  iu<'  ipillt 
lifirution,  Hi)  an  th«y  v.. 
lii<-  Indians,  wh..  i>r<f»( 
reiirL'd  tiin'o  or   fiiiif   n 
where  h«  snuii  hI;  t  tlM";, 
rnt... ,   lie  coiinacUed  tho.--.  <■■ 
hill  they    wrrp    ri!»oiv«?d    r/ 1 
(.hii:c  ;  i.iir  worp  (hone  will   ■■ 
doi'ond  il :  ona  of  ihu  Imrt  ii;<  • 
it.-ublod  from  any  fiinl—  ■;•■• 
111'  rnriivi'd  IQ  o.ii)    if 'hi.'  vi- 
isailar,'.      'nit  thjt  Jid  n'K  .• 
-  rofit  of  til')  di'frudHir  ',    .  •■' 
firo  upon  iiie  (-nwmy  :    Tii,- 


■bout  an  hour,  after  whii,b  ihu  uiif  my  di'iptlir 
ing  to  take  the  boute  by  aaaaull,  thmight  ii|> 
on  a  device  how  to  burn  it. 

Kimt,  (Uii:  .  .   • 'iini- of  lii«  .  I  •)•  • 

lb.  n  hi«  •<  by   thnt   n.i  u  .      " 

'draw  thrin    i  ,»  .n  i   .      ..ir  no.i  to  pn,  '"it   |i.i» 

Rr    '...I  mi»«;,.|;  M  i^>(  pill-poll' 111  ihii,  'lu-y 

'railed  imi.  yim  ICiiir1i>ii  >    \<ardly  dogi,  mnie 

mil  an  i  onaiich  the  nri'        l'h.-t  coniinued  ihia 

:•:   -rt  all  the  afuinuHin  lOniir-iially  i'.ritii'  upon 

•  111.     Thi-  h«.»ii'x"il  hoped  for  rfl-i-r  from 

;  tiM  towna  but  «kim«i  raiiie,  lh«  mnjor  rtill  rn 

iiniiir'iTing  111*  inon  lo  ho'd  K  out  whuii  Ih^-y 

iii^sfnllv  did  all  that  iiii{bl,   >*hrii  thi-y  >¥•--<• 

nlafiixKl   nli-ioat   evi-ry    lialf   ..our  ;    and    !«• 

rwr<iii  while*  thuy  could  ln'nr  tlii'ir  «,\tt*  ai  i 

oilittriimtriininntK.knoi'klli^  uboiit  tho  niill«  til 

tho  nrxt  day.     Thodi-  wit!..ii  il.t    ii.iuie  con 

:;fivi'.J    thi-y    wire    f)rep;iriiig   »oini'    i.'r.;,'iiie 

w  h"r«wltli  lo  Siifii  tlic   liounK,    V  l.icli   rmi'ly 

wa»  iho  riM",   for   iibo-it   fonr  o'cUick  in  tli* 

morniiii;,  ni  thf  nitliii^  of  tho  moon  wlim   ho 

»i»w  a  r»n  with  four  whfol»,  hi-  ii.':    p    Imrrt- 

.d<i  bii.ll  in  the  foreo'iri  to  Ui'i  p  oil  shot,  ani! 

:d    '.vitli    foriiiiUat«lil<(   .imtlvr,    hiiili    riuU, 

<"*,  powiii'r,  (II  .1   poll'.'!  "0  IriU  lonn   roady 

'•    iiK^hoim;   he  lull  thi'iM  lot  thrill  ilri\i< 

•I'l   ihot,    lirforr   fhi-y    inrido   any 

'  vni  ;  bin  men  wore  a  lillle  dia- 

■'.r"t  of  thi*  I'npine  ;  but   iii" 

iiM  <•  "o,iri»m<,  tind  imo  limiin, 

p,,n  .       (■  tti-n    .,;iiv  liH  WBD  rnn- 

ndfii'  V.  -a.,  t!w»m       1  ne  cart  whon 

bi-ousrh     I         -  "'*rr-r  l-rcatne  unwieldy    i  > 

renton  of  t^*  tierriv  mIo  pliint<>d  m  ii,  und   br 

'iiq  fo  pAf  livpi)  i;;h  H  ainnll  (Illttnr,  on«  \\  lii'i  I 

.rk  fast  ill   the  alouah,    "  hiih    h-nujfhf  tho 

'11  '.lonly  to  the  luft  whrn-iiy  tho  diivrr* 

'jHli  lo  their  ri);ht  tlni.ki'r,  when  ihoy 

■-.  I.  theni  lilt  of  (ho   aaiu   liunki'r,   hihI 

-■  fair  a  nhol  npo-i  ihvin,  ••'■''  ••"•   '  -_ 

.)  i.n.it  trorii  il.c  pliici'.  ihoy  kd 

i«IUV,  und  wounded  I."),  u-^thov 


I  It).,  i«»,  .. 

fillloW    . 

in  leav  • 
parted  . 
10  of  them 

llll.JIO   w 

I    j-hi-  : 

Poi. 


which  no  doubt  niado  iIhto 

.  f  thcif  vrdiil'Jtion,    i    <   to 

:..       ;,,..;is».l   and  exumpli- 

■'••■y  pri'M-nlly 

•    .V  iihin  lln!hi"i»«' 

iw  -y,   but  liow   liinry 

«.  y  <h<"V  could  not  1(1 

■  .    went  li'W,irii»   HI  .'• 

1.  '     ,1  ilioy  kilK'd  ^everiil  pi  r- 

.(.••   llOl.KO    fl'iiri'd,     till!    t.-iiiJM 

.:  t  men  tolookuiiiforiiiurelii'lp, 

lit  tlieii  return  ■  linl  il  <et'iiis till  ir 

iv.      Itht'iima 'oaniiilii  r  atiinipt  iipor. 

«^  «(,li  earrifci.ntd  and  nuinfnliy  dc- 

Mror- Phillips  siifi  ;o   ihc  town  fr . 

I.!)- tiitiii  Willi  wliBi  had  pi^^>l•ll, 

■vri  ;  .i#nt  thoin  titliiT  tluit  (lay  or  llm 

•   •laviiiji  :..pont  u'nosi  vll  their   Binn.n- 

>.if  pomilo  jliul  wer<!  Willi  hilii  wc  ild 

•rof.uh  .1  ti'i.,rry  loripertl'.in  'luir/.lay 

•"jf.  which  toiiHirnincd  bun  nod  his  fuii.ily 

■•"•■■.,•.:   m  ibi;  town.     ASoui  a  fiitni^fKl 

;i  ■•  l.ii.'iiin.i  bearing  'i.ureof,  rami    Hiid 

.itdowi,  ti  ioenipry   house.     Tl  ito    wro 

piTHoiij  inihe  mirI  iioiisk  ilnrinsf  iIh- ;.i-'.  o! 

"i'^ei:,  an.'  'lui  10  able  hunjs,  (liey  i|.id  |i\ « 

t     :Iiai.  t' >ild  do   oomcihin,      ^u;    ibrmofh 

•  v»r  r-iiiiot-iiy  not   fihlo  to  uiii!e«  «i.^,    (frciit 

lance  ;  ytt  ■;  ,.lcasrti  '  -'d   'ti  -whi'M-hatuU 

all  '.'h-ii'g  liven   and  '  ••  no  m  n»'\"r 

HiiiM-r  ,|.... 


"t '"  fail  ft',  in,  whi 
laa  uvi  tu  iiegievt  iue  uae 


VI  uua  lueaua 


I  ihu  oiu'iii^  Ji*ipilir« 
iirauli,  thiiiiglit  ii|ii 
it. 

'iiiio  i.ditii  i«n*ti«i, 

liy  thm  nioit.'is  i<i 

''ct.i  to  pill  -xir  111* 

iirpi>«i>  III  ih  11,  Itiojf 

\<»nlly  iliigi,  iiiiiiK 
t'ti*_v  rniitinuinl  itiit 

ed  far  r-'--f  Tr,im 
ihr.  major  ttill  on 
il  out  wliiiii  tttff 
.  wtii-ii  ihuy  -vTn 
ir  i.iiur  I  tnd  !••• 
fur  ihi'ir  iiK(>i  ai'<i 
,  ubou:  tli<!  niiil<  (il° 

lOI    lilt      iiOU««    (U>ll 

ring    loinr    ir.^'ino 
utii,    wliicli   ri.'Hily 
iiir  n'cluuk  in  iSi'« 
hi-  moon  Mlin,  ha 
»,   hf  ill':    B    linrri- 
'  Itct'pofl  shut,  ami 
hIUt,    liinli    rihU, 
.'0  I.  iH  lon)(  rciiiiv 
"•III  Int  tlie.ii  ilrn'- 
p   flioy    iii:i(lc   miy 
J  wore  ■  little  <|ii. 
»  engine  ;  but    iit- 
;m,  ituil  iiio  riutint,  • 
v.Jnp,  hit  WRii  rnii- 
I'lio  curl  v!»-ii 
lint?  iinuivljv    I  v 
iilpil  ill  it,  uni'l   (i« 
(Tiittpr,  onn  uIiim  1 
liicli    li-nii^hf  till- 
ifrfiiv  the  diivt^ri 
iiiikiT.  wlmn  lli"v 
«niu'   tluiiker,   hihI 
I 


■|„     „n.l    ..«.     I    . 
I'  |>IllCl',  tllfiV  kil 

unilej  15,  nVtlioy 
doubt  mad'.'  tlioni 

pji.l'Jlioii,  I  .  I  u\ 
t^\  and  fxuiiifil.- 
,.■  i>.pv  preM-iiily 
■  vvittitn  llie hfiiw. 
,  but  lidW  innry 
IfV  Cdlill'  |i(i|  tf'l 
111  l.>w,-ir(|»  }li  .J. 
iijli'd  si-vfriil  pi  r. 
••iind,  lliii  r.iHJir 
out  fiirii.or<!lii4[>. 
ml  it  "I'tiiKitliv  il- 
ia r  Htll'llipl  UPiT 

»nd  mil'  till iy  )|.- 
I  ;c  !lie  t.iwii  If . 
ivlmi  liHil  p,ii.M'(l, 
T  lliat  fJuy  ,,r  the 
I'll  tlieir  Hinn.'i- 
w  uii  liim  «  (.  i.| 
rprtl'.iii  'J'u(:/,lay 
iintifd  liisfiiii.ilv 
ii:  a  ilitiiiL.(,i 
iri'fif',  ramt    hihI 

I'l-rt'     \VK; 

iiriii«  lilt  l,i').  n( 
J«,  limy  iiaii  five 

u."  ibrti.orn 
ui«ie«  ui._i  (frcHt 
,  is  i»h.'iM-  >,«nd* 

HO  id  nin»r 

r'   I'f  dwipiT.  J-') 

»,,•.'    Koniirr'lig, 

uua  luesua  Am 


\ 


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y  t' 


< 


■»i 


•.a 


9 


V. 


i 


w 

J 


THI   INDIAN    WAAt. 


i 


\ 


rtMiw  awn  prMarvaiioa,  tiio  orJ«r  thinp, 
:li«t  not  DIM  p«rti>n  of  ail  iImim  AO  wm  aiihar 
kilUd  nr  iiinrtnlly  wounJvtJ.  5l^or  PhiliiM 
nimMtlf  WH  wouiiiiiftl  but  iioi  tlani^roMly, 
iti  iho  lNi|riniiiiiK  of  ih«  mmuIi,  hit  milti  with 
Dihitr  «i(lin<HP*  wa>rt  tbo  Aril  day  burnt  by  th* 
niiomy,  •imI  to  war*  all  iha  houaua  at  BttO», 
or  niinl  of  tham  Mion  aAsr,  thai  wara  abova 
tba  Anharirtan  tlaiaa.  Om  Mr.  Hiioheoak 
hfiriK  earriail  eapiiva  by  tba  enamv  from  tka 
•ama  plaaa,  diad  in  ika  wlniar  Ibllowinf  1^ 
rating  wmo  poiwmoaa  root  inalaad  of  fiwrnd 
nut*,  aa  waa  raportad  by  i)m  Indiana  alUr- 
ward  a. 

Much  about  tho  iama  tima,  tlva  paraoDa 

Sling  up  tha  rivar  of  Saoo,  wara  all  ktllod  by 
a  lama  Indiana. 

Thaia  tragodiaa  baing  thua  aetad  at  Caaao 
bay  and  Saoo,  thoaa  barbaroua  anamiaa  dia- 
fxtned  thamtaWai  in  partiea  t  inundin^  to  do 
all  tha  ntiichief  thay  oould  to  thn  Engliah  in- 
habiting abniil  that  tide  of  the  country.  In 
the  iamo  month  of  Sapteroberthav  oame  down 
toward*  Piieaiaqua,  doing  the  like  spoil  upon 
the  inliafaitants  of  tlia  levaral  branohea  of  that 
rivvr  which  ihey  had  been  doing  eltewbara. 
In  the  flrtt  place  they  burnt  the  two  Cheityea 
hnutat  about  Ovitsr  river,  and  killed  two  men 
that  ware  paMing  along  the  river  in  a  oanoa, 
and  carried  away  an  old  Irithman,  with  a 
young  man  taken  from  about  Bxeter,  who 
Doth  of  them  loon  after  made  an  aaeape  to  a 
garriion  u  Salmon  Falla  in  Kiltery,  by  the 
help  of  an  Indian  batter  diapotad  than  tha  rest, 
the  ffnit  after  Mvan  weaki,  the  other  after  a 
month's  captivity. 

About  the  same  time  one  Ooodman  Robin- 
t<m,  of  Exeter,  with  his  ton,  where  travelling 
'.owardt  Hampton,  where  as  they  paaaed 
along,  they  were  waylaid  by  three  Indians, 
via.  John  Sampson,  Cromwell,  and  John 
Linda,  who  ahot  the  old  man,  and  left  him 
da,id  npon  the  place  ;  hit  son,  hearing  the 
gum,  eicaped  their  hands  by  running  into  a 
twamp,  whither  the  Indians  puraued  him,  but 
sould  not  overtake  him,  to  lie  got  tafe  into 
Hampton  about  midnight,  where  he  related 
what  had  befel  him  by  the  way,  and  how  na^ 
rowly  he  avoided  the  danger,  intiroatins  like- 
wise that  he  feared  kit  father  was  killed, 
which  waa  found  too  true  by  Lieut.  Sweet, 
who  the  next  day  with  12  soldiers  of  the  town 
went  to  search  these  woods,  where  they  found 
the  poor  old  man  shot  tbrourii  his  back,  the 
bullet  having  passed  through  his  l>ody,  and 
was  stopped  by  the  skin  on  the  other  side. 
Another  person  of  Exter,  whose  name  was 
Foulsam,  was  at  the  same  time  driving  a  pair 
of  oxon  in  the  tame  road,  where  soAn  after  he 
beared  the  report  of  thu  guns  when  Robinson 
was  killed,  he  espied  the  three  Indians  creep- 
ing upon  their  bellies  towards  him,  to  do  as 
much  foi-  him  as  they  had  done  for  Robinson, 
but  le&vinghis  oxen,heput  on  his  horse  with  all 
S(<e>id,  and  so  was  delivered  from  the  danger 
that  the  other  fell  into ;  it  is  reported  that  one 
of  the  Indians  made  a  shot  at  him :  but  he  was 
cither  got  out  of  their  reach,  or  else  they  mis- 
sed their  aim  at  that  time.  The  same  Indians 
Imd  a  little  before  mot  with  another  English- 
man in  those  woods,  one  Charles  Randlet, 
whom  they  earried  captive,  although  he  aoon 
after  escaped  out  of  their  hands,  by  the  help 
of  another  Indian  called  James.  It  it  said 
ikara  wars  four  Indiana  out  of  that  compa- 
ny, and  that  tha  fourth  waa  tent  away  with 


Randlal,  ao  ikatllMr*  wara  but  ikraa  saan  to- 
gaibar  at  lkt>  kUlinf  and  purauing  tba  Mkar 
aforamantionad.  (Kio  of  tha  said  Indiana, 
via.  John  Sampaon,  waa  killed  by  torn*  of 
Oapt.  Hathborn'a  toldiart  at  Caaao  bay,  in 
Sapiambar  following,  1676,  whan  iba  teouts 
of  our  loreas  oama  upm  tha  Indiana  on  a  sud- 
den, and  had  a  amall  brush  with  them,  but  all 
tha  rast  made  a  shift  lo  gat  away  i  Aa  for  the 
oihar  two,  via.  Cromwail  and  John  Limla,  ona 
of  iham  it  ia  said,  it  ainoa  kUlad,  or  taken  and 
aoUl  away,  tha  oihar  ia  al  Konnabaah,  whom 
wngaanaa  may  alao  in  dua  tima  ovartaka,  aa 
it  hath  dona  tha  oikar. 

Within  a  faw  daya  after  that  barbaroua  aat 
al  Oyiier  rivar,  two  Indiana  via.  ona  nannad 
Andrew,  and  tha  other  Hopabood,  tha  ton  of 
him  called  Robinbood,  ataaultad  the  houta  of 
ona  Toaar,  at  Nawechawanniek,  wbarain 
wara  (Iftaan  paraons,  all  woman  and  ehildran, 
who  without  doubt  had  all  of  ibam  fallen  into 
tha  n^raileta  bands  of  the  two  arual  and  bar- 
barous oaitillk,  had  not  a  voung  maid  of  about 
18  vaara  of  aga,  flrat  aspltd  tham,  who  being 
endued  with  mora  aovraga  than  ordinarilv  tha 
rast  of  the  sea  usa  to  be  (tba  blaaainga  orJaal 
light  upon  her)  first  abut  too  tha  door,  wbara- 
by  thay  wara  denied  entrance  till  tha  rest, 
within  tseaped  to  the  next  hoase,  that  waa 
better  fortinad  t  that  young  heroess  kept  the 
door  fast  against  them  so  lone,  till  tha  Indians 
had  ohoppMi  it  into  pieeas  with  their  hatehals, 
whan  entering  tha  bouse  they  knoekad  tha 
poor  maid  down  with  their  hatchats,  and  save 
nor  many  other  wounds,  leaving  her  for  dead 
upon  tha  place ;  after  which  they  pasaod  on 
toward  tha  next  dwelling,  in  their  way  meet- 
ing with  two  children  that  had  escaped  the 
house  first  broken  open  by  them,  thev  killed 
ona  of  them,  of  three  years  old,  whicn  could 
not  (bllow  fast  enough  or  else  they  that  carri- 
ed it  could  not  convey  it  over  a  fence  soon 
enough  to  save  tbemsewas  and  it ;  and  earried 
away  the  other  of  seven  yeara  old«  which  how- 
ever waa  returned  tafe  within  half  a  year  after. 
The  poor  maid  that  had  ventured  her  life  so 
&r  to  save  many  others,  was  by  a  strange 
Providence  enabled  to  recover  so  much 
strength  after  they  were  gone,  as  to  repair  to 
the  next  garrison,  where  the  waa  soon  aft  r 
healed  of  ner  wounds  and  restored  to  perfect 
health  again. 

The  next  day  toward  night  more  of  the  bar- 
barous enemies  being  gathered  together,  they 
made  an  assault  upon  die  neighbouringdwell- 
ings.  The  English  at  many  at  could  be  spa- 
red out  of  the  garrison  (not  above  8  in  num- 
ber) pursued  alter  them  about  half  a  mile,  but 
night  coming  on,  it  was  judged  best  to  retreat, 
lest  otherwise  they  might  have  been  intercep- 
ted in  their  return  home,  by  any  of  them  lying 
in  ambush,  which  is  their  usual  way  of  doing 
mischief.  After  divers  shots  made  on  b«itn 
sides,  but  5  of  the  enemy  appeared  ;  who  yet 
took  the  advantage  of  Capt  Wincol's  absence 
(whose  dwelling  was  not  far  off)  to  burn  hit 
house  and  two  barns  more,  wherein  was  much 
English  corn,  supposed  to  be  above  an  hun- 
dred bushels  in  one  of  them.  After  they  had 
done  this  mischief  they  fled  away.  The  next 
day  after,  the  same  Indians  or  others  of  their 
{ellows,  came  upon  the  other  side  of  the  river, 
from  whence  they  shot  over  several  times  to 
some  that  were  grinding  in  the  mill,  but  after 
exchanging  of  many  shot  on  both  sides,  the 
river  betwixt  them,  six  of  the  enemy  showed 


vaa  in  tbo  iwiltgbt,  utMriaf  aavonl 
biaulant  aid  borbaroua  apoaakoa,  Mlliafl  <•>' 
man  English  doga,  Ih.  yet  all  ibia  wbiio  oiU 
of  reaeh  of  ibair  tboi,  and  than  thay  ran  awagr 
like  doga  after  ihay  bad  dona  barking. 

After  ihia  thoaa  smry  Indians,  as  waa  tup> 
poaad,  bumad  five  or  six  Itoaias  about  Oyalaf 
rivar,  and  killed  two  men,  via.  ona  Wiillair 
Rubaru  and  bia  son-in-law.  Tha  inkaWtanis 
of  Dover,  with  soma  other  resolute  young  moo, 
bainf  muab  provoked  by  these  many  inaoion- 
eaa  and  ii^jurlaa  dona  by  tba  enemy,  obiMaad 
libartv  mm  tbo  m^Jor  of  the  regimant  to  try 
wbotMr  they  eouU  not  meet  with  tone  of  tbo 
Indiana,  by  taerat  ambushaa  and  skulking 
amongst  tha  bushes  and  iraaa  as  tbo  Indiana 
used  to  do  with  tham  \  to  wbiab  and  about 
twenty  divided  themselves  into  small  partioai 
Soon  after  aa  thay  wara  looking  fur  tha  enemy, 
a  party  of  ouia  aapiad  five  m  tha    Indians, 


gathering  com  in  the  fieM,  white  tha 
I  aat  ofiham  were  buaied  in  heating  an  ovan 
lo  bake  some  of  the  fruit  which  thev  alto 
gathered  in  (he  same  field.  The  English  wera 
at  such  a  distance  that  they  could  not  maka 
any  aign  to  tkair  eimirades,  without  being  din- 
coverra  by  tlio  Indiana  in  the  field ;  wneni- 
fora  two  of  them  erapt  as  near  as  thoy  could 
lo  the  house,  at  ona  end  of  the  flehl  wheia 
they  auddanly  rushed  u|ion  two  of  tha 
wralohaa,  and  knocked  them  down  with  tha 
butt  end  of  their  muskets,  which  waa  not  dona 
so  silently  but  the  other  three  in  the  leM  took 
the  alarm  and  fled  away,  who  might  else  aa 
easitv  as  tha  other  two  have  been  surprised. 

These  oulragea  thua  daily  committed  filled 
all  the  planutions  about  Piseataqua  with  feat 
and  confusion  i  tearce  any  place  whora  thera 
was  not  reason  for  aoaaa  tocomplainailbaroftbo 
loss  of  their  friends  or  bumingof  their  bousea  t 
which  cauaad  moat  of  them  tnat  lived  teatlerw 
ingly,  at  any  distance  from  neighbtmra,  aiihar 
to  garrison  their  houses  or  else  lo  desert  ibair 
own  dwellings,  and  to  repair  lo  their  next 
neighbours  that  ware  better  fiMtillail  than  them 
selves ;  but  all  tha  inhabitanu  in  genaral  wera 
alarmed  to  stand  upon  their  auard. 

On  the  7th  of  October  following,  eeing  a 
day  of  public  humiliation,a  man  was  shot  down 
as  he  was  riding  lietween  two  carrison  hou- 
ses about  Newechewanniok,  and  died  of  bia 
woundsL two  months  after;  the  same  instant 
of  time  two  young  men  were  shot  dead  aliout 
a  mile  from  that  place ;  these  two  had  their 
arms  or  guns  with  thnm,  which  were  earriod 
away  by  those  who  killed  them,  tosetlier  wilb 
their  upper  garments:  It  is  not  said  that  these 
three  last  (though  killed  upon  a  day  of  kii- 
miliation)  were  surprised  in  their  repairing  i>>, 
or  returning  from  the  place  of  public  worsnip, 
which  would  in  a  great  measure  have  abated 
the  sorrow  of  their  sad  funerals,  if  wheMhey 
were  suddenly  arrested  by  the  harbingers  of 
death,  they  had  been  so  doing.  Soon  after 
this  they  assaulted  another  house  at  Oyster  ri- 
ver, notwithstanding  it  was  garrisoned,  and 
meeting  with  a  good  old  man,  whose  name 
was  Beard,  without  the  garrison,  they  killed 
him  upon  the  place,  and  in  a  barliarous  man- 
ner cut  off*  his  head,  and  set  it  upon  a  pole  in 
derision.  Not  far  oflT  about  the  same  tima 
they  burnt  another  house  and  barn. 

Upon  the  16th  of  October,  being  Saturday 
about  an  hundred  of  the  Indians  weregathor 
ed  together  to  assault  Neweebowanlueki 
thay  began  with  ona  named  Toaar,  half  a  Hilt 


A   NARRATIVI  OF 


IWhii  iIm  U|iptr  f»rrlatiii,  M  8*lmnii  fcll*  i 
TIm  mmI  T<>tMr  WM  pratantlv  kilUd,  hi*  »on 
likaii  e»miva  (bai  ruiunwd  •IrarMHiM  monik* 
fwMraini)  wvnml  |tiM  bainj|  (bat  at  ihi*  m- 
Mull,  •Urmad  Lwui.  PUwiaii,  u  th«  nasi 
KKiriaiHi,  wh«  lika  •  man  of  puhlia  iptril,  im* 
Mimlia  cly  MM  Ottt  Mvan  man  from  ih»  garri' 
■on  iMukr  hi*  aowimaail,  lo  taa  what  ika  mat- 
ter waa,  but  bainy  laat  by  an  ambuab  laid  In 
Ika  w^  aaihay  want,  loalt  or  3  uf  iba  eom- 
pany,  tbar—t  banily  ataaping  baek  to  ika 
plaaa  from  wltenaa  tbay  aamo|  wharavpon 
iha  «U  Lialawal  Plaiawd  immiMiiatolv  daa- 
patabad  away  a  mamaagar  to  M^  wald 
arn,  al  Quaahaabo,  wbiaht  baeauaa  it  aaama 
to  ba  tba  laal  tima  ibat  avar  tbat  good  and 
hmAiI  man  aat  pan  to  paptrt  tba  latter 
ba  bara  ii 


nwat  Of  tnam  haing  lomuan  ovaraMMnadf  took 
ika  upportunity  oia  Ibir  ralrvat  and  n gol  aafc 
In  ihair  garriioiM,  wbila  Liaul,  Plaiated  out  of 
ika  halgbt  of  kia  aouraga,  diadaiaing  aitbar  lo 
Iv  (Vom  or  vUkl  bimMlf  (fur,  'lia  Mid  ika  In- 
d»n«  wara  Imb  to  kill  him,  but  daairoua  ralkar 
lo  laka  kim  priannar)  into  ika  kandt  of  auok 
aurand  aaitiA,  did  Rghi  it  out  daaparately,  till 
ba  wa«  alain  upon  iha  plaaa  t  bia  aldoal  aoM 
and  anotbar  man  wara  alaia  in  ibair  loo  late 
rairoal,  and  nia  olbar  too  was  aoraly  woand- 
ad,  to  tbat  ba  diad  in  a  fcw  waaka  alUr. 

Tba  Indiana  wara  eontenlad  wiik  iba  ■!» 
ohiaf  for  iba  praMnt  and  tlunk  away  into  tba 
woodt  balltra  iba  naal  day,  wkan  Oapt.  Proal 
Mma  from  Sturgaon  araak,  a  law  milaa  balow 
tba  rivar,  wilb  a  party  of  bia  frianda  and 
bvriad  tba  daad.  During  thaaa  iMuala  ika 
anamy  alio  took  ika  advanlaga  to  bum  ibr 
bouMa  and  two  bama  bafora  tbay  laft  tka 
ptaea. 

Tka  laiiar  and  of  tka  Mma  monik  thay 
burnt  a  mill  naar  tha  mma  plaea  belonging 
to  Mr.  Hulebinion,  a  marehani  of  Boaton; 
(Vnm  wkaneo  they  eam«  down  toward*  Stur- 
ntnn  croak,  whara  thoy  burnt  one  houno  and 
killed  two  men  not  far  from  Capi,  Froat'i 
dwelling,  he  eicaping  kiroMlf  vary  narrowly, 
boitiv  ihot  al  by  the  enemy,  abont  ten  in 
number,  who  might  eaaily  have  burnt  hit 
hoUM  and  taken  all  that  wai  in  it,  being  o-A 
three  boyt  betidet  himMlf,  had  he  not  uted 
ibit  policy,  lo  call  out  to  tome  to  maroh  ihit, 
and  the  other  way,  to  look  aAar  the  Indiani, 
M  if  ha  had  many  at  band  to  eommand,  which 
under  Ood  wu  tba  meant  of  hit  etr ape  ;  for 
hit  houM  WM  naitbar  fortified,  nor  well  man- 
ned, although  far  from  neighhourt. 

The  next  dav  the  Mid  Indiant  patted  down 
the  river  on  Kiltorv  tide,  killed  one  man, 
wkoM  houM  they  nrtt  plundered,  and  than 
Ml  It  on  fire;  all  thit  wat  dona  jutl  over 
Bgainit  Porttmoulh,  from  wbanoe  out  of  a 
tmall  battery  wm  ditoharged  a  piece  of  ordi- 
nance, which  by  a  good  Providence  wat  direct- 
ed to  to  fling  itt  tliol,  at  it  fell  very  near  a 
party  ofthe  Indiant,  for  they  were  to  aHVighted 
therewith  (if  none  of  them  were  killed)  that 
they  left  a  good  part  of  their  plunder  near  the 

glace.  They  were  purtued  by  tome  of  the 
Inglith  before  thev  could  recover  their  home, 
and  liy  the  help  ot  the  tnow  tbat  fell  about 
that  time,  were  traced  till  they  were  overta- 
ken, but  being  near  a  twamp  etcaned,  through 
hiute  leaving  two  of  their  packt  behind. 

Soon  after  they  went  up  the  river  again  to 
Queohecho,  where  they  bamt  a  houie  and 
two  or  three  bamt.  Another  party  of  them 
got  over  or  beyond  the  other  brancheiof  Pit- 
cttequa  river,  towardt  Exeter,  and  Lamprey 
Eel  river,  where  they  killed  one  man.  Many 
of  them  were  in  the  wondt  about  Exeter,  and 
between  Hamptonand  Exeter,  where  they  kil- 
led one  or  two  men  as  they  were  travelling 
homewardt,  occationing  the  people  of  those 
townt  to  ttand  continually  upon  their  cpiard, 
which  proved  a  great  annoyance  to  the  inhab- 
itontt. 

But  let  ut  look  a  little  back  to  tho  planta- 
tiont  more  eottward  from  Pitoataqua  river, 
where  theie  outraffet  ofthe  Indiant  firtt  began. 

At  Caaeo  bay,  Lieut.  Ingertoll't  ton  with 
another  man,  goine  out  a  fowling  about  thit 
time,  were  bxwi  killed  before  ibey  rotomed 
home,  bit  father't  houM  being  bamt,  with 
many  otltora  alto  tkeraabouta. 


aat  pan 
trtad. 


(hImmMh,  Out.  le.  1«7A. 
Mr.  Richard  Waldam  and  Lieut.  Coflin, 
ikeM  ara  to  inform  yoa  ikai  jutt  now  tka  In- 
diant are  engaging  ua  with  at  leut  an  bun- 
drad  men,  aMMva  tkin  four  of  our  men  al- 
ready, Riahiri  Toier,  Jamaa  Barney,  iMae 
Doiue,  an4  Toaar'a  ton,  and  burnt  Benoni 
Hodtdaa'a  kaattt  i  Sirt,  if  ever  you  kave  any 
love  Ibr  at  ami  tka  country,  now  tkaw  your* 
wivee  wiik  man  to  kelp  ut,  or  cIm  we  are 
all  in  great  danger  of  Dainc  tiain,  unleit  our 
(/od  wondarfuliy  appeart  (or  our  deliverance. 
Tkey  ikot cannot Sght let tkam  prayt  nolking 
•Ite,  but  I  rati, 

Ynurt  to  terve  you. 

ROOER  PLAISTBD. 
OEORUE  BROUailTON. 

Wkat  antvrar  wm  returned  to  the  importu- 
rate  and  patbalical  letter  it  not  fully  known 
atpraMitit  moat  probably  he  that  watmottoon- 
oerned  in  the  contontt  of  it  wm  either  abaent 
'  llrom  koiiM  or  in  no  capacity  to  Mnd  the  relief 
detirad,  which  ifit  could  have  been  had,  miffhl 
havoprevented  the  ttdmitcbief  that  fell  outthe 
next  day;  when  Lieutenant  Plaitted  being 
moreanmaatly  bent  to  perform  that  ImI  office 
of  love  to  hia  uecetted  iriendt,  whom  he  could 
■oi  by  all  hit  endeavourt  Mvn  from  the  danger 
of  death,  while  they  were  in  land  ofthe  living, 
would  needt  venture  himtelf  wiih20  toldiert 
out  of  hit  garriton,  to  fetch  off  tho  dead  bodiet. 

To  that  end  he  ordered  a  pair  of  oxen  to  be 
yoked  to  bring  them  to  hi*  giirriiiin,  in  order 
t«  their  chrittixn  burial,  not  C(m*idering  that 
the  Indian*  Uy  tkulking  thereabouta,  waiting 
fur  tuoh  opportunitiei.  They  went  firtt  to 
the  farthott  place,  where  they  found  R. 
Toxer't  b<Miy,  and  put  it  in  a  cart,  but  coming 
liack  tn  take  up  the  other  two  bodiet  which 
wnro  fiillen  in  a  little  twamp  near  to  the  gar- 
rison, thoy  were  wt  upon  by  IM  ofthe  ene- 
my, who  had  hid  themtelvei  in  the  huihe*,  and 
iiiiJor  a  *tnue  wall,  and  log*  in  the  way  u 
tliiiy  were  to  pM* ;  by  the  (udden  noise  of 
till)  gun*  the  cattle  being  frighted,  ran  away 
III  the  garriion  with  *uch  ofthe  dead  m  were 
first  laid  thereon  (and  pos*il)ly  with  one  of 
tlinin  wouiAled  at  that  initant)  leaving  their 
owner*  to  fight  it  out  with  die  enemy.  Lieut. 
Plaitted  being  thu*  deiperately  aa*aulted,  he 
with  hi*  twenty  men  were  forced  to  retreat 
to  a  place  of  oetter  advantage;  but  being 
there  to  warmly  purtued,  they  were  not  able 
to  abide  it  kmg,  althouKh  they  killed  and 
■tsnallv  wounded  Mveiai  of  tha  Indiana,  h 
iVM  bm*«  tinea  aonfiMaedj  but  thay  I 


At  Mlaak  poini,  LiouL  Aagur  wiik  t*f* 
mora  wara  ataaultod  by  tka  Imliant,  wkar* 
after  many  thm  aaekangad  bat  will  tkam, 
kkRaalf  wm  m  wounded,  tkal  ho  d  ad  tooft 
aAar.  a«d  bia  btolkar  alto  a>M  killed  wiikin  • 
Ikw  daya  after,  not  Ikr  (Vo:a  iba  Mma  plaaa. 

Wkan  tka  riaiiif  oi'ika  Indiana  firti  bagar. 
la  ikoM  •aatem  parte  (wiik  w  ttlled  ikn 
•oiHMy  af  Yorktkira)  Oapl.  Wineol  of  Nawa* 
akawaaaiak,  wiik  aoaM  olkara,  kaving  a  tvaf 
paiky  for  aoma  af  kia  Baigkboar*,  marekaJ  ap 
that  way  witk  a  tmall  pany  of  awn.  In  kia 
im  tUnaiak  wiik  tba  aaomy  be  ehancad  to 
kiM  two  or  Ihraa  of  hit  company  i  the  rati  not 
kaiaf  above  11  in  all,  m  ibay  wara  marahing 
akmg  by  tba  taa-aida  wara  aaMulted  by  a 
mat  numbar  of  tha  Indiana,  Judgad  to  ba 
IMt  being  hard  baMt  wiik  to  graat  a  num- 
bar, tkay  mtraaiad  to  an  bMp  of  bolu  thai 
lav  naar  the  water  tide,  by  the  thalter  of 
which  thav  lay  mU  from  the  anemy't  gunt, 
and  w  well  played  their  few  gum,  that  they 
•lew  many  of  the  Indian*,  and  put  them  all 
to  a  kind  of  rout  at  la*l ;  after  which,  by  the 
help  of  an  old  canoe  they  recovered  nfe  to 
tha  other  aide  ofthe  liank.  But  nine  Sacomen 
kad  worM  aiicea**  who  came  with  a  good  inleni 
lo  help  their  friend*,  upon  the  bearing  of  their 
gun*;  but  m  they  came  tn  reMiie  Capt.  Win- 
col  with  hit  tmall  party,  they  themtelvet  fell 
into  an  ambuth  of  the  enemy  and  to  were  all 
cut  olT,  with  two  other  men  alto,  near  tho 

Place  where  the  firtt  tkirmith  wat,  fur  tha 
ndiant  from  the  thore  tide  could  diMcrn  any 
that  ware  coming  towardt  them  when  tkey 
were  at  a  great  dittance,  and  to  migkl  cMily 
way-lay  tkem  before  they  could  come  up  to 
them.  Near  upon  Mven  houMt  were  burnt 
about  thit  time,  and  tome  paraont  killed  at 
Black  point. 

Two  paraont  were  killed  at  Wellt  in  tha 
beginning  of  winter,  one  of  them  wat  a  Mr- 
vant  to  Mr.  William  Symmondt  |one  of  the 
principal  men  in  the  town  aforeMid)  the  gen- 
tleman himMlf  with  hit  familv  ware  removed 
to  a  garriton  hoiite  in  the  miJdle  of  the  town. 
Hit  Mrvant  going  early  in  tha  morning  to  look 
after  tome  butinoM  there,  tarried  longer  than 
WM  needful  to  provide  tomething  fur  himiolf, 
the  Indiant  invited  themtelvet  to  breakfast 
with  him  making  the  poor  fellow  pay  the  shot 
when  they  had  done  with  the  low  of  hit  life. 

A  weex  after  one  Crnit  wit  slain  at  Well* 
likawiM,  who  wat  a  kind  of  a  dittractod  f«l 
tow,  Alto  one  iHao  Cousins  wm  there  kil- 
led in  the  lieglnning  of  winter,  af\er  there  had 
been  tome  overturot  of  |)eice  between  Majui 
Waldern  and  the  Indiana. 

With  tuch  kind  of  mutual  encnuntort  wn* 
the  latter  part  of  tho  year  spent  betwixt  tlin 
Indians  and  the  Englith  from  Piaoatiijua  ri- 
ver to  Kennebeck,  from  the  beginning  uf  Au- 
gust to  the  end  of  November,  wherein  miiny 
wore  *lain  on  both  aide*;  of  the  English  in 
tho*e  pan*  '.vere  (lain  upward*  of  fifty;  tho 
enemy  loit,  a*  appeared  afterward*  by  their 
own  oonfeiaion,  alHive  00  partly  in  tho  aforo- 
*aid  *kirmi*hea,  and  partly  in  their  joining 
with  the  Indians  to  the  we*tward,  whither  it 
i*  *aid  many  were  invited  to  repair,  to  helii 
deatroy  the  Engli*h,  in  hope*  to  enjoy  their 
potMMiont  aftorwardt ;  but  Ood  had  other- 
wiM  determiAed,  who  did  ariM  at  Imi  to  tave 
the  meek  onet  of  the  earth,  and  plead  the 
eauM  of  hit  people. 

The  Oovamor  and  eouaeil  of  Maataeba 


TBI  INDIAN  WAIB. 


I  ImmI  •!  lhi«  liiM  iliair  iiwMis  full  with  th« 
Ulw  Mtompu  of  Philip  ami  km  M«MipliM«  m 
iIm  wMlward,  ytl  war*  not  unmindful  of  ih* 
daplurtbU  eomiiuoa  of  ihaw  ••Mam  plMil*- 
liiM.*  I  hitviii|  eommiuail  lb*  car*  ilwraof  to 
iha  majort  ariha  raapaeliva  i«|iinanU  of  lh« 
(avarafaountiaa  un  llial  (Ida  of  iha  eouniry 
but  mora  aapoeiallv  lo  tha  oara  and  prudanaa 
of  iba  honoarabla  M^r  D,  Damiton,  m^r 

Kinaral  of  tha  oolony,  a  gantlaman  who  ny 
•  graat  iniif  ht  in,  and  lunf  o*pariana«  of 
all  martial  afutra,  waa  avarv  way  aaoomplUh- 
ad  for  tha  managing  that  wFiolaaAkir  |  ha  had 
t»  aati)  tha  oihar  tida  of  tha  aountry,  drawn 
out  a  lufllciflnt  numbar  of  loldiara  from  tha 
n«xt  oountia*,  tii  hava  raduoad  all  tha  Indiana 
aaatwarj  to  thair  obedianea  (  but  Jurt  a*  tliay 
wnra  intatndod  to  maroh  up  to  tha  haad-quartar* 
of  thu  InJiant,  lo  fail  upon  iham  tharo,  via. 
at  Oitapy  and  Pigwauchet,  about  an  hundred 
mile*  up  into  ilm  ouuniry  northward,  tha  wintar 
letting  in  (o  sharp  and  «evara  in  tha  baginninc 
of  Docoinber,  and  latter  and  of  Novambor,  it 
wai  not  |touililu  to  have  marched  a  day'ajour' 
ney  into  tha  wimnJ*  without  haiarding  all  their 
llvci  that  ahould  venture  up,  the  mow  ItainK 
fiiiind  generally  in  tlioie  woods  four  feet  thick 
)n  the  inntb  ut  December,  so  as  it  waa  not 
|MMsiblu  for  any  to  hava  travelled  that  way 
-jnless  thev  carried  rackets  under  their  feel, 
wherewith  to  walk  ujion  the  snow  i  This  only 
considfration  forced  them  to  lay  aside  tha 
design  for  the  present,  but  soon  after  it  waa 
dona  to  their  hands ;  fur  the  depth  of  tha 
snow,  an  I  sharpness  of  the  cold,  were  so  ex- 
treme, that  the  Indians  in  those  part  ware 
so  pinched  therewith,  that  being  starved  they 
iua«l  fur  peace,  making  their  addreM  first  to 
M^or  Waldern,  on  that  account  by  whoaa 
mediations  that  whole  body  of  Indians  east* 
ward  were  brought  to  an  hopeful  conclusion 
(if  peace,  which  waa  mutually  agreed  upon 
and  possibly  might  have  renwined  nrm  enough 
to  this  day, bad  tliore  not  been  too  just  an  occa- 
sion given  fur  the  breaking  of  the  same,  by 
the  wicked  pactice  of  some  lewd  persons 
which  opened  the  door,  and  made  way  for  the 
brinsinK  in  all  those  sad  calamities  and  mis- 
chiefs that  have  since  fallen  upon  those  parta 
of  the  country  as  shall  hereafter  be  declared. 
In  the  latter  end  of  June,  1676,  the  Indians 
that  had  made  a  general  conspiracy  against 
the  English,  wore  strangely  dispersed  and 
dispirited,  so  that  from  that  time  they  began 
to  separate  one  from  another,  and  every  nation 
of  them  tu  shift  for  themselves,  as  hath  already 
been  mentioned  in  the  former  part  of  this  nar- 
'■ative.  Canunicus,  the  great  sachem  of  the 
NttrrHfraniots,  distrusting  the  proffers  of  the 
Bngliiili,  was  slain  in  the  woods  by  the  Mo- 
hawks, his  squaw  surrendering  herself,  by 
(his  means  her  life  was  spared. 

Many  of  (hose  al>out  Lancaster,  and  the 
places  odjuining  thereto,  did  cunningly  en- 
deavour to  hide  themselves  amonfr  those  In- 
dians about  Piscataqua,  that  by  Al^or  Wal- 
d«rn's  means  had  concluded  a  peace,yet  could 
neither  dissemble  thoir  nature  and  disposition 
fromsuspicion  of  mischief,  nor  yet  so  artificially 
conceal  their  passions,  but  they  were  easily 
disceme.l  by  such  as  in  former  times  had  any 
acquaintance  with  the  eastern  Indians  by  way 
of  trade,  or  other  converse  :  Whereupon  the 
forces  n(twly  rained  in  Massachusetts  under 
the  command  of  Capt.  Willinm  Hathorne  and 
Capt.  Joseph  Still,  designed  for  the  subduing 


ikosa  Indiana  about  tho  river  of  MerrimMk 
and  PlsaalMua,  that  still  stood  oM  in  koMiliiy 
agninal  tb«  English,  meeting  with  those  un- 
der tha  aommand  of  Major  Waldern  afore- 
said and  Capt.  Fruat  of  Riiiary  i  it  waa  mu- 
tually agreed  betwixt  those  several  oomman- 
dars  lo  sieM  U|>on  all  those  Indians  which  at 
that  linaa  ware  mat  Utgathar  alwui  M^ur 
Waldam'a  dwelling  at  Queahaoho  |  tha  de- 
iifln  iuMoodod  aeaordin*  lo  expaotaliun,  and 
•iT  the  Indinna  war*  handsomely  surprised  tlia 
4th  of  Soplamber  1076,  without  the  lose  of 
any  peraon's  life,  either  Indian  or  English,  to 
the  numbar  of  noar  400 1  by  which  daviao, 
aftar  our  forces  had  them  all  In  their  hands, 
they  saparaled  tha  paaoeabia  from  the  par- 
Adiuua,  that  had  liaen  our  enemiaa  during 
the  lata  Iruublasi  finding  about  SOO  involved 
ill  the  former  rebellion  more  or  less,  they  io- 
oordingly  ware  sent  down  to  tha  governor 
and  counoil  at  Boston,  who  atljudgad  7  or  8 
of  tham  immediately  to  die  |  such  as  war* 
known  to  have  had  ihair  hands  in  the  bkiod 
of  the  English,  or  that  had  been  sliud  by  ihair 
means  t  tha  rest  that  ware  found  only  aoei 
series  to  the  late  mischiefs,  had  ilieir  livas 
spared,  but  ware  sent  into  diflVreut  |Nirta  of 
tna  world  lo  try  the  diflerence  between  tlis 
friendship  of  their  neighbours  here,  and  their 
service  with  other  masters  elsewhere. 

Those  who  had  been  always  peaceable 
and  true  to  the  English,  never  intarmeddling 
in  the  quarrel,  as  Wanalancet,  the  sagamore 
of  Pennicook,  and  soma  others,  were  quietly 
dismissed  totheir  own  places.  Besides  those 
that  war*  surprised  at  the  lima  aforesaid, 
there  were  several  olhera  who  had  been  the 
ohief  actors,  that  warn  taken  up  and  down  in 
those  woods  beyond  Merrimack,  and  so  were 
delivered  up  to  Justice  i  as  John  Monoco,  Sa- 
gamore Sam,  old  Jethro  with  some  others,  as 
hath  been  already  mentioned,  yet  young  Jeth- 
ro brought  in  40  at  one  time.  It  was  a  spe- 
cial favour  from  God  so  to  order  it,  that  the 
Indians  aforesaid,  were  so  surprised  j  for  had 
they  continued  their  former  rebellion,  and  had 
taken  tha  opportunity  to  have  joined -with  iho 
eastern  Indians,  as  some  of  them  did  a  few 
months  before,  they  would  in  all  likelihood 
have  utterly  destroyed  all  tha  plantations  of 
the  English  beyond  Piscataqua  river,  as  ap- 
pears by  the  mischief  that  was  lately  done  by 
means  of  a  few,  from  too  much  connivance 
of  some  in  those  parts  that  entertained  a  bet- 
tor opinion  of  them  than  it  seems  they  deser- 
ved. For  whereas  mention  was  formerly 
made  of  a  small  party  of  Indians,  that  on  the 
3rd  day  of  Mav,  in  this  present  year,  had 
murdered  one  Thomas  Kembel,  of  Bradford, 
and  carried  away  his  wife  and  five  children 
captive;  yet  two  or  three  of  the  actors  did, 
upon  what  consideration  is  not  known,  return 
the  woman  and  children  again  within  six 
weeks,  and  because  of  their  voluntarily  re- 
turning of  them  were  dealt  more  favourably 
with ;  being  only  put  into  prison  at  Dover, 
for  a  time;  yet  possibly  conceiving  that  a 
prison  was  but  a  preparation  for  a  worse  evil, 
they  took  an  opportunity  (two  of  the  chief  ac- 
tors in  the  aforesaid  mischief,  one  called  Si- 
mon the  other  Andrew)  to  convey  themselves 
out  of  the  place  of  restraint,  and  afterwards 

foing  amongst  the  Amoscogginand  Kennebeck 
ndians,  have  joined  with  them  in  those  bloody 
and  cruel  deuredations  lately  mode  in  those 
parts,  which  ibllow  in  order  next  to  be  related. 


ttlli*  soloOT  or  preutnao  of  lit)«ry  wm 
alleged  liobra  those  eastern  Indians  began 
their  outrage,  both  in  the  former,  aa  wall  aa  in 
tha  present  year;  the  ahief  eeior  or  rather  tl.a 
beginner  ofall  the  aforesaid  miaehiefs  east- 
ward, is  one  Si|uandu,  tha  sai^more  of  Saiia 
Indians,  whoae  suuaw,  aa  is  said  was  abused 
by  a  rude  and  indiscreet  sot  of  some  Engllsk 
seaman,  tha  last  summer,  147A,  wlio  eikot 
overset  tha  aanoo  wherein  the  said  squaw  « !  Ji 
h«r  ehlld  war*  sailing  in  a  river  lh«r*alHwto,of 
•Is*  lu  inr  whether  the  ekildren  of  tha  Indisine, 
u  thay  had  haaid,  euuhi  swim  as  natnrall*  aa 
any  ntltar  eraaturaa,  wittingly  oast  bar  aaild 
into  the  water  ;  but  iha  squaw  immedialaly 
diving  into  tha  water  after  it,  Ivlaked  it  up  (kom 
the  bottom  of  tha  river,  yet  it  fltlling  onl 
wilhin  a  while  after  the  said  ohihl  died  (which 
it  might  hava  dona  if  no  aflWmt  had  been  of- 
fered) tha  said  Squando,  fiilher  of  the  child, 
hath  bean  so  provoked  tlierral  that  ha  hath 
aver  sinee  set  himaalf  to  do  all  thu  miaehiaf 
he  can  to  the  English  in  ihusa  |iarls,  and  waa 
never  as  yet,  since  that  time,  truly  wllinjf  to 
lie  reconciled,  although  ha  ia  aaid  to  kava 
sent  home  soma  that  were  taken  eapiiva  tha 
last  year.  Surely  if  their  hearts  had  not  liaan 
secretly  filled  with  maliea  and  revenge  beibrv 
they  'aiiht  have  obtained  satisfaction  fur  the 
wrong  dona  at  an  easier  rata;  more  probably 
it  is  thai  this  was  only  an  oceasion  lo  vent  thia 
mischief  they  bad  ibnaerly  conaeivod  in  their 
hearts. 

There  is  an  injury  of  an  higher  nature  men- 
tioned as  tha  ground  of  thoir  quarrel  with  ua 
who  live  about  Pammaquid,  which  kappanad 
the  last  spring,  via.  one  Laughion,  with  an* 
other  person  or  more,  who  having  oblaiiad 
under  the  hand  of  Mi\|or  Waldam,  a  war- 
rant to  seise  any  Indiana  eastward  that  had 
been  guilty  of  any  murder  or  spoil  done  to  tha 
English  in  those  pans,  did  moat  perfidiotisly 
andwickedly  entice  some  of  the  Indiana  about 
ca|>e  Sables  (who  never  had  been  in  the  least 
manner  guilty  of  any  injury  done  to  tha  En- 
glish) on  Doard  their  vessel,  or  else  some  other 
way,  and  then  carried  them  away  to  sell  them 
for  slaves  ;  which  the  Indians  in  those  parts 
look  upon  as  injury  dona  to  themselves,  nave 
alleged  it  to  the  inhabitants  of  Pammaquid, 
as  one  of  the  principal  grounda  of  their  pres- 
ent quarrel :  The  thing  alleged  is  too  true 
as  to  matter  of  fact,  and  tha  persons  that  did 
it  were  lately  committed  to  prison  in  order  te 
their  further  trial.  Yet  all  those  Indians  do, 
or  may  know  full  well,  that  they  who  did 
them  that  wrong,  were  liable  to  amo  punish* 
meiit  (or  else  their  quarrel  might  be  account- 
ed just,  and  they  considered  as  Indians,  "nust 
have  the  more  allowance)  if  they  could  be 
found,  nor  ever  were  any  countenanced 
amongst  us,  that  had  done  them  any  kind  of 
injury,  nor  did  those  that  take  upon  them 
the  revenging  of  the  injury,  know  that  thoy 
were  inhabitants  of  this  country  that  did  the 
wrong ;  nor  was  there  ever  any  orderly  com- 
plaint made  thereof;  but  this  cannot  excuse 
their  perfidiousness  and  cruelty.  Some  other 
pretenses  alleged  by  tha  said  Indians  they 
yet  do  bear  no  proportion  to  the  mention  of 
a  wrong,  or  if\jury,  via.  because  our  traders 
were  forbidden  to  sell  any  ammunition  to 
any  Indians  whatsoever ;  which  those  Indians 
say  they  cannot  live  without ;  yet  seeing 
they  themselves,  as  the  westward  Indians 
hava  so  ill  improved  that  which  they  had  ba« 


A  NARRATIVI  Of 


turn,  tUf  wm  Umk  imam  wkf  it»f  tk»n\i 

1— ml  wMl  M  Iw  Mllllf  M  HWM. 

Vwiktr  alMk  li  h  mrmU  by  ■••••  fn- 
MM  w«»tli«  a<  •M^il,  iImI  hr  «liv«rt  jtmh 
pan  Imv«  nvaJ  'n  iImim  pana,  Umi  iIm  iMliaM 
llwwabiiMM  iwaj  Ml  M*«  w—nd  pewdav 
m4  iImi,  aai/  lliair  wamtj  MiMtMng  whara- 
WMk  la  alaali  UmIt  walUtaaa  aad  MrWoM 
ppMlim  af  lata  inaiaiiiiaj  agatati  m  t  bM 
Mmw    kaia*  JMhiaat    iptateM    aboai  iki 


putel,  wa  Jntl  Uava  k  ftr  iIm  pwtaai. 
ikta  baUgpwaitwJ  ia  wfcwMa  la  iba  ■fa< 
'  gTMiarf  ar  eiiaalpa  af  ika  ^uan<M,  il 


UMWHMV    WB    RAW 


n 


■afata  iIm  war  with  PkiUp  waa  wail  andad 
M  iIm  walliwafd,  llwfa  wm  a  Araaii  tlami 
•••aadadagaiMlailiaaaalwanl|<broalha  llih 
of  AagHM,  167«,llM  «aryd«jr  baftna  Pkilip'a 
liaan  UMlwd  kafiiouiad  m  many  miMkiaveut 
aiMi  iiaaakaroM  daviaM  agaiaai  ika  EagUak, 
waa  by  «»»  ot  bU  owa  aoMpaay  abol  tbrtmgli, 
a  parly  of  ladiaM  ('•fat  ikair  ouiragaa  ai 
CaaM  in  a  maM  parMiaiia  and  iraMCarmM 
maaMr,  kiUinf  and  aanyinf  away  aaptira, 
lu  iba  nuaibar  of  M  paraona,  and  burning 
ibvir  boaiM  t  BNMMgil  wbom  waa  iba  family 
uf  oaa  Aadioay  Braalwi,  an  inbabiiant  of 
CatM  wbo  WM  ibougbl  la  bava  bMn  killad, 
but  ba  kiamair,  wiik  nia  wifc,  and  om  of  kia 
tvf  abildran  earriad  away  Mpliva,  witb  a  m 

(\riii:  luut^iiy  nuka  m  aaaapa  fton  ikair 
lioody  aaJ  daMiiflil  kaada,  in  Nuvambar  Mil 
i>a4uiitg. 

Tka  raanMr  kow  Antkony  BrMkal  and 
nia  wila  mada  tkair  aMapa  wm  vary  ra- 
uiarkahb  and  iharafiira  Judnd  worthy  lo  ba 
bar*  iaMrlad,  alihoagk  oat  of  dua  plaM.  Tka 
IndiaM  tkal  kad  Ui  tkam  Mpliva  having 
brmigkt  tkam  to  tka  aortk  rida  of  Caaeo  bay, 
Mwa  WM  brottgkl  lo  tka  laid  IndiaM  uf  iha 
■iirmriial  of  Arawiia'a  koMa  in  KanMbMb, 
wiib  all  tka  aiorM  tkaraia,  wkiek  did  m  ra- 
)oiM  ikam,  tkal  tkay  mada  all  kaau  to  ikara  In 
Ika  good  tkiaga  tkara  to  ka  kad  t  Tku  aagar 
lo  ka  ROM,  tkay  promiaad  BrMkel  and  kit 
wila  thai  tkay  alau  akould  kava  a  ihara  tkara- 
in  if  tkay  wouU  kaata  aftar  tkam ;  Tba  wo- 
aian  having  a  littla  baibra  obMrvod  an  old 
kirek  MMM  lying  at  tka  watar  iida,  kopad  it 
WM  aa  opportuaily  ProvidanM  oflkred  for 
their  eMapa  |  wkaranpon  ika  firat  prudently 
Bikad  tlw  IndiaM  to  let  tka  nam,  tkair  own 
Mirvani  (at  tka  aama  time  eamad  Mpliva  b< 
Ihem)  kalp  tkam  to  carry  ikair  burthana,  whiel 
WM  granted  i  than  tna  begged  for  them  a 
pieM  or  two  of  meat,  which  wh  not  denied 
them.  Tkua  beincfiimicked  with  help  and  pro- 
vition,  the  Indiana  iMving  tkam  behind  lo 
•ome  afiar  with  their  Mveral  burthcM,  and 
a  young  child,  ihay  could  not  but  look  upon  it 
M  a  nutnu  Dimnu,  to  bid  them  thift  for 
ibemMlvM  t  The  woman  alM  found  a 
die  and  thread  in  tba  houM,  widi  which  •he 
manded  the  Mnoe,  while  they  Urried  at  that 
fide  of  the  bay,  in  which  they  aoon  ventured 
lo  gat  away,  wV  "  prMperonily  auoceeded  ; 
for  in  that  old  canoe  they  oroMed  a  water 
eight  or  nine  roilea  broad,  and  when  they 
mnip  on  tke  louth  tide  of  the  bay,  they  might 
have  been  in  m  much  danger  of  other  Indians, 
that  had  lately  been  about  Black  point,  and 
had  taken  it ;  but  tliey  were  newly  gone.  So 
thinn  on  all  lidet  thua  concurring  to  help  Tor- 
ward  their  deliverance,  they  came  lefely  to 
tka  aaat  at  BlMk  point,  where  alM  by  aiie 


aiaijtravidanM  ibay  mat  wiik  a  voawl  bnund 
Ikr  Piaaaia^ua,  tkal  aama  iaio  tkal  karbeur 
kal  fcw  kaufa  beCita  tkay  aaaie  ikilker,  l^ 
wkiak  maaM  ikay  arived  aalW  in  PiMaiaqua 
river  aoon  aAar  |  all  whiah  ciraamaunca*  ara 
wmtf  wortky  lo  be  noted. 

Amongal  ikoM  IndiaM  ihal  aieaad  ikia 
BiMket'a  fcmily,  ike  ehi«f  wm  one  8imi>n, 
who  kad  but  a  litlla  bafiir*  aMaped  owl  uf 
Dover  priiun,  wbara  ka  wm  mm  aaraAtlly 
ovariaakad  i  ka  kad  kad  kia  kand  In  tka  mur- 
der of  auadry  Kagliak,  m  ha  kad  aonfeaaadt 
not  miaaiag  any,  Mva  one,  un  whom  ha  had 
diaehargad  kit  gun  |  but  baMUM  ka  eama  in 
voluntarily,  knngina  in  a  woman  and  five 
akildran  of  the  Knglwh,  who  had  been  rarri- 
ed  Mpliva  a  little  bafura,  it  wm  quattiuned 
whalhar  bit  ImI  mi  of  lubmirtion  migki  imiI 
halanM  kit  fcrmer  Irantgrataion,  and  there' 
Ibra  ka  wat  eommitiad  to  that,  not  to  taeura 
a  priton,  till  hit  mum  might  ba  Airther  emiii 
derad  of.  It  it  Mid  that  coming  lit  BrMk 
al'a  houM  over  night,  ka  pulled  iurtk  a  coun 
larikitad  patt  uader  tke  kandt  nf  tome  public 
oUaara,  or  man  antruatad  wiih  that  tervieaa 
making  thaw  of  all  friendship  i  but  in  the 
morning,  or  toon  aAar,  be  pulled  off  the  viaor 
of  a  fliand,  and  ditoovarad  what  be  wm  |  yet 

Scaling  lift  to  thit  perton  and  hit  (kmily, 
al  did  nol  or  could  not  rMiti,  which  ha  de^ 


nied  lo  aoma  of  the  neia 


far  olT, 


gn 
who  ware  manyoflbam  Killed  by  thit  bloody 
villain  and  kit  paitnart. 

Tkara  ara  tome  cireumttanMa  in  ike  at- 
wull  of  Antkony  BrMkel't  houM  very  con- 
tidarabla,  which,  baMUM  it  wat  the  flrtt  out- 
rage eonmnittad  by  the  Indiana  in  ihe  second 
inturrection,  1674,  ara  worthy  of  a  more  par- 
ticular remembering. 

Thit  Indian  before  mentioned  called  Simon, 
after  be  had  etcapad  out  of  the  prison  of  Do- 
ver came  lo  Casco,  and  eilker  in  the  end  of 
July  or  beginning  of  AuRutt,  acauainted  him- 
mI' of  thit  Anthony  BracLei,  and  oft  frequen- 
ted hia  kouM.  Upon  tka  9lk  of  Auguttiome 
of  ika  Indiana  kaving  killed  a  cow  of  his,  the 
Indian  Simon  coming  to  hia  houM  proroited 
to  bring  the  Indiana  to  him  that  had  killed 
hit  cow.  In  the  meantima  they  of  the  plac«) 
MM  two  men  to  M^or  Waldam't  at  Dover, 
to  complain  of  this  iiyury  done  by  the  Indi- 
ana, but  before  their  return,  very  Mrly  in  the 
rooming  on  the  11th  of  August,  Simon  with 
a  party  of  Indians  came  to  Anthony  Brack' 
at  t  houM,  and  told  him  there  were  the  Indi 
aM  that  had  killed  hit  cow;  but  m  toon  as 
they  kad  iaid  that,  the  Indians  went  further 
into  his  house  and  took  hold  of  all  the  gun* 
they  could  mc  ;  Bracket  Mked  what  wm  tl. j 
meaning  of  that,  Simon  replied,  that  so  it 
must  be,  Mking  him  withal,  whether  he  had 
rather  serve  the  Indians,  or  be  slain  by  them ; 
which  he  answered,  that  if  the  caM  were  so, 
he  would  rather  choose  to  serve  them  than  be 
killed  by  them;  Simon  replied,  that  then 
they  must  be  bound  which  wh  presently 
done.  The  Mid  Bracket,  his  wife  and  a  ne- 
gro were  all  bound  by  the  Indians;  his  wife 
had  a  brother,  who  offering  to  resist  was  kil- 
led forthwith  ;  the  rest,  with  five  children 
were  led  away  prisoners. 

Two  hours  after  one  Pike,  that  lived  not 
far  off,  but  knowing  nothing  of  all  this,  went 
up  in  a  canoe,  toward  one  Robert  Corban's 
house  where  he  fuund  one  Humphrey  Dur 
ham  and  Beiyamin  Atwel  at  work  about  their 


bay  t  aAar  a  Unla  tl^lS»S|  tkam,  iMeadiii( 
bi  gu  up  kigkar  witk  %k  aawia,  b«l  aa  aoaNi 
M  ka  WM  a  liilhi  past,  ha  heard  ika  report  of 
CUM  wbiah  atada  him  with  amtiliar  man  ka 
bad  wiik  him,  presently  return  bMkt  twlinr* 
ha  aama  bayitml  (Turban's  hntiae  be  mw  an 
BnglUk boy  running  w  iih  all  hasle  whirh  maiia 
him  fear  soma  misehiKf  was  at  hand,  and  pra« 
Mntly  a  vulley  of  •hi)|  came  against  ihrm,  but 
ika  bullets  flying  over  iheir  bead*,  did  them 
BO  kuri  I  prasaaily  SinMm  appMred,  and  railed 
ikam  lo  come  on  sh<ire ;  but  ihey  liked  not  k  a 
auurlMy,  and  turning  their  ranne  inio  M 
stream,  got  nut  of  ilie  reMkof ikair  guns, las- 
ting dtiwn  lo  his  own  house  with  all  spasxi  | 
when  be  eama  near  lo  hia  house,  he  called  lo 
ihe  iteopla  lo  make  hasle  away  towards  ihu 
garrison  house,  ind  bid  the  rvsl  look  lit  (hem* 
selv'it,  and  tire  upon  iha  Indiana  ihti  wora 
coming  against  ihem  i  I.i  ihe  meanwhile  lb* 
Indians  |iassing  from  Anthony  Draekri't  le 
Corban't,  killed  (lorlian  himself,  Invather 
wiik  IliimphreyDurhanianii  l)ef\jamin  Atwel, 
liafore  monlioned;  lh«<n  pa«si(igon  lo  lliu  oth* 
er  houses,  killed  tome,  and  carried  ulherr 
away  captive.  Al  one  of  the  neat  houses  tba 
women  and  ehildrrn  got  off  into  (he  vjiar  by 
a  canoe  |  but  one  Jsmes  Rom,  his  •  ife  and 
children  were  carried  away.  Corlmii's  wifo, 
with  one  of  the  other  men  •  wives,  atid  iba 
children  of  another,  they  carried  ay  ay  like'- 

WIM. 

In  another  side  uf  the  town  as  three  |ier> 
sons  were  going  lo  reap  at  Anthony  Bracket's, 
pMsing  from  an  house  where  they  left  iheif 
canoe  met  with  John  Mountjoy  ami  one  Waka 
ly,  to  whom  ihey  told  what  had  happenea, 
soon  after  ihey  heard  two  guns  fired,  whereby 
il  seems  two  men  were  killed  |  wherefore  to- 
ming  back  lowaxis  T.  Bracket's,  where  ikay 
left  iheir  canoe,  L  f  mw  him  shot  down  l»y 
the  Indiuns  ;  omi  Jt  the  ihtee  not  so  wellaltM 
to  run,  Kid  himself  in  the  bushes  in  no|ies  to 
escape  more  conveniently  afterwards,  whirb 
aecordingly  he  did;  but  in  the  mean  lime  ha 
MW  tha  Indians  carry  away  ThnmM  Brain- 
et'a  wife  and  children.  S<Htn  after  the  thraa 
men  afuidMid  got  safe  to  Mr.  Mounijoy'a  gar- 
rison, but  not  truftinglo  tha  security  of  tl.at 
garrison,  they  soon  slier  repaired  lo  an  island 
m  the  bay,  called  James  Andrew's  ikland 
One  Qeorge  Lewis  and  his  wife  tarried  all 
this  time  in  their  house  till  the  next  day,  when 
they  had  opportunity  to  get  safe  lo  the  island 
aforesaid,  together  with  the  two  men  that  were 
now  returned  from  M^or  Waldem's ;  whither 
they  had  been  sent  but  Uto  late,  to  make  com- 
plaint of  the  Indians  that  had  counterfeited  hit 
pass  to  travel  into  thoM  parts,  and  had  dona 
this  mischief. 

The  day  al\er,  one  George  Felt,  suspecting 
the  worst  by  reason  of  asmoke  he  saw  on  the 
opposite  side  of  town,  took  his  wife  and  chil- 
ron  in  a  canoe  to  sec  wh^t  the  matter  was, 
but  when  he  came  near  a  point  of  land  not  far 
off  he  found  several  of  his  neichliour's  goods, 
which  made  him  conclude  their  owners  were 
killed,  which  wm  a  sufficient  warning  to  him 
likewise  to  fly  fur  his  life,  which  he  did  to  the 
same  island.  After  a  number  of  them  had  es- 
caped thither,  they  recollected  that  they  had 
left  powder  behind  them  in  ono  or  two  pla- 
ces :  whereupon  they  determined  lo  venture 
a  party  of  them  in  the  night,  to  prevent  the 
Indians  from  bavins  any  advantage  thereby, 
and  for  tkair  own  defeiice  if  occMion  should 


derl 

aoa 
storl 
r4iil 
Mhi| 

de.l 

lh«[ 
mail 
alud 


TNI  INDIAN  WaB 


:3C« 


il«p  fpiim   mm  W»W»  hnutm,  •ml  likuwtM  • 


wall,  (iir  %k»y  bntufKl  sway  •  iMrrvl  uf  |miw- 


M 


•iintid«f«lila  i|ii«nlitjr  <>al  n(  •  ahutl  in  ■ 
•liira  hiiiMx,  wlimh  Ik*  liMlitii*  h*J  hawn 
pmifMiliinK,  •ml  h«>l  ukwn  iIiiiik*  oiiI  of  iha 
Othar  antr  of  itia  alto*!,  y«l  ovarltHihad  ika 
IMiwilar.  In  iki*  •uriiriMl  of  ilia  |iUnlMiun  Iti 
C'uMiii  Imy,  (•Had  ralmoiiik,  ihara  war*  34 
parton*  killixl  •itj  tarriail  inio  a*|tlivily, 

TliAl  ihi*  sMM  not  •  eaiiinl  •llain|>l,  but  • 
itatlynail  |tl<i<,  will  •piiaar  in  lk«l,  iiiM  •Imut 
iho  MiiM  lima,  ika  inJiiin*  •!  KnnnulNHili 
matla  Iha  lika  iii«itprwniiiin  wliarwliy  il  i(  oon- 
•luilati,  ailhar  ihal  ilia  Intllani  whiuh  <>Mia|iai| 
fromDovaritirrailllixiil  nii  iharaunlo ;  orlh«l 
ih*  MiJ  InJiani  HiuJinK  iliani  in  •  ilitpoaiiioii 
tanilintf  thm  way,  liy  ra««iii  uf  wiinu  imuriw* 
dona  ikiMo  lliut  ilwull  farlliur  norlkwitrir,  lliuy 
olfaruJ  ihair  ivrvitta  In  k«l|(  fur  ward  llm 
da(i|fn. 

Il  i(  III  Im  milfd  linra  llml  tlia  Indian* 
■Imut  KaiinulMivk  want  |ier<iia>l»il  to  vonliniia 
ihnir  fnritii'r  ainily  witli  tli««  Kiiglidi,  not- 
witliMaiidinK  llin  nt|iiirt  uf  I'liilip't  riaiiia  that 

}ri<ar  iMfoni,  and  ilia  oiilraKv*  Kummillad  ihn 
ital  aulilinii  and  winlar  fullowinu  |  ynl  whioh 
i«  mora,  tlii>y  had  lali'ly  rviiuwtid  ihoir  l«a>i«a 
with  lliu  KiiKliih  in  lhu«i  |>arU,allhouKhtli«y 
had  ofuin  eiiin|iliiinud  to  thoia  uf  l'«ininai|iiiil, 
of  ill*  iiyiiry  tlit<y  tnlTurud  in  tha  withhold- 
'ii^  from  tlinrn  ihu  Irada  of  (Niwdar  and  ihol, 
wilhoiil  which  limy  mid  ihuy  could  not  tuli- 
•i*i,  and  for  want  uf  which,  il  it  allogad  l>y 
lh«in«*ilv«*«,  ihul  luimi  of  ihani  |i«rith«id  lh« 
la*t  winlur. 

Hilt  iha  (fiiarnil  of  lalu  fallan  nut  Iwlwixl 
thn  Ungliili  iind  iliu  Indian* almul  KaniiitLvck 
and  oaalwanlthiiruof,  Iwing  a  maltur  ufgrvat 
imporlaneat,  it  inall,  for  tho  Mti*raolion  uf  ilia 
IBMar,  in  what  follow*  Iw  ninru  particularly 
datcrihad,  it  twinir  iha  duty  of  avary  unalhal 
puliliah  thing*  of  lliii  naturu,  to  do  iho  right 
of  an  hiitorian  lu  all  who  aru  any  way*  con' 
cornad  in  what  i*  made  pulilio.  Tha  infur 
■nation  wa*  raoaivad  from  a  prudant  poraon, 
nn  oya  and  aar  witna**  of  all  that  hap|M>ned 
•inungtl  iha  (aid  Indian*  both  tha  formar  and 
uraianl  I'aar,  and  onu  that  waa  mora  publicly 
poncarnui  in  ihoaa  ti'an*aclion*  than  *uma 
other*,  tharofora  tha  inuni  credit  may  Im 
given  ihiirato, 

Mantiun  i*  already  made  of  what  happened 
in  Saptnmlier,  1075,  to  the  company  belong- 
iiig  to  a  iltHip  and  two  Iniat*  tliat  want  up 
C<tieo  liay  lo  gmhnr  corn,  upon  thai  accident 
il  i*  laid  diver*  Indian*  on  ihe  eait  *ide  of 
Kanneltock  rivur  repaired  lo  llieir  fort  at  To- 
lonnuck,  (a  plnoe  hijriiorup  in  iheoouiilry  lie- 
yond  KuniielH.'eknnd  Sheepicot  river)  where 
wa*  an  Engliah  trading  houie  :  and  the  In- 
dian* eailwurd  ofaaid  river,  had  a*  yet  dune  no 
hsnn  to  any  of  ihu  Un^liih,  yut  did  Capt. 
Sylvanii*  Davi*,  iigeni  fur  Major  Clarke  and 
l/iipl.  Lake  of  Uo*t<m  upon  lh«*«  overture* 
ihink  fit  to  futch.ilown  the  powder  and  *hol, 
with  other  good*  from  the  *aid  trading  hou*o, 
telling  the  Indian*  by  the  mc**enger*ent  up, 
he  would  have  ihem  come  down  and  live  be- 
low in  that  river  lo  take  off*  jealou*iei,  and 
that  he  would  then  supply  them  with  what 
wiu  needful.— But  the  meisenger  told  them 
In  ca*e  they  would  not  come  down  and  de- 
liver up  their  arm*  the  Engli*h  would  kill 
tiiem.  He  that  teiufttk  a  mettage  by  the 
I  tf  »fool,  *aith  Solomon,  eutteth  off  the 


Ah,  »n4  ilrmktik  Jitmitgt,  Ttim  n.  atag" 
iialivarBd  by  him  a*  ha  aAarwarda  vuntMaaiNl, 
tml  who  pill  II  iiilo  hi*  motilh,  or  whalhar  il 
wa*  iha  daviaa  of  hi*  nwn  haarl  doa*  n<il  al 
prawnl  romiarii  iia  lo  liH|tiira,  but  iha  dainngit 
llial  •111*  of  iIhi  iiouniry  hail  *ii*lain(>d  lh<<n<liy 
I*  not  •••ay  lo  rceuunl  |  fur  U|Nin  ihia  ihraalan- 
ing  maaaaga  iha  Imlian*  furatiuk  ihair  fori  and 
want  fuilbar  aaaiwsrd  •nd  Mini  lu  John'* 
rivar,  •!»!  lu  iha  *a«  *Mla,  lu  gal  all  iha  In- 
diana ikay  aould  lugalHtir  lo  eoma  up  I'anob- 
*«oi  rivar. 

A  gaiiilaman  who  al  thai  lima  lived  at  Pam- 
mai{uid,  •  kind  uf  *u|Mrinlundanl  over  iha  af- 
fair* «f  thai  place,  con*idaring  iha  «ad  *lala 
thing*  warn  running  into,  UltiHirad  lu  olilain  a 
parlay  with  iha  «aiu  Indian*,  or  wilh  lomaof 
ihain,  which  aAar  much  Iroubin  and  coal  ha 
did  anconipliah.  Dm  in  iha  niaanilma,  anch 
wa*  iha  vnilanca  uaad  by  *oiiii>  rafrarlory  Kn- 
gli*h  in  iIhm*  |Nirt*,  thai  ihay  imuld  *oarca  Iw 
rv*lrained  from  oiraring  violwiii'K  lo  the  iiar- 
a<in*  ha  Mint  up  a*  Mie**«ngi'ra,  ■ml  oinara 
that  lived  quially  among*!  ihaiii,  ami  did  al*» 
a*  violently  aal  lhenMelvu*uptoii|i|M>«ahim  or 
any  nihar*  that  acted  wilh  mora  iniHlnralion 
than  Iha  ra*l ;  proliiating  againat  llinii  a*  ihoae 
who,  for  gain,  auppliad  iha  Indiana  with  |hiw 
der  and  *hol,  and  *aid  thay  would  kill  anv  In- 
dian they  mail  ulhar*  al  Monhiggon  ulruri<il 
five  |iound»  fur  every  Indian  that  ahould  !<• 
bniught,  yal  would  not  lli«*e  p«r*iin*  that 
were  to  violent  again*!  the  Indian*  in  their  di*- 
oour*e,  be  per*ua4led  then  or  aderw^rd*  lo 
Hghi  the  Indian*  in  an  orderly  way,  •*  •!>• 
iieared  iNith  by  ihair  aacurity  in  no!  acting 
iNillnr  upun  their  guard,  andny  their  tuddan 
l)ii(hl  ailerward*,  running  away,  like  •  iliiek 
of  *heep  a!  the  liarking  of  any  liiila  dog. 
Thing*  liaing  in  thi*  poalure,  what  could  lie 
expeeled  but  a  pre*0nt  war  with  the  Indian*, 
•Itlioughaa  it*aem*lhure  were  few  or  none  to 
be  found  willing  lo  manage  it  in  lhn*e  part*, 
However,  the  per*an  aforee^id  under*tand' 
ing  the  general  court  •!  Bo*ton  had  appointed 
a  council  of  war  at  Kennebeek,  applied  him> 
lelf  to  them,  laying  before  them  tke  daapenue 
atate  thing*  were  lallen  into  I  whereupon  they 
iaaued  out  warrant*  to  reilrain  all  manner  of 
per*on*  meddling  with  the  Indium  without 
further  order*,  which  within  •  few  dey* 
*hould  be  had.  In  the  meantime  the  *a- 
ohem*  of  tha  Indiana  met  at  Pemmaquid, 
where  after  many  europlaini*  made  of  the 
hard  dealing  of  the  Engliah  in  Kennebeck  ri- 
ver, they  came  to  term*  of  peace,  promicing 
to  keep  true  friendihip  with  the  £ngli*h,  and 
lo  hinder  the  Amo*coggin  Indian*  from  mud- 
dling wilh  the  £ngli*n,  if  by  any  mean*  they 
could,  and  al*o  to  return  peaceably  in  the 
*pring  nf  the  year,  Thi*  gentleman  afore- 
*aid,  naving  a  long  time  wanted  to  go  lo  Bn*- 
ton,  wa*  willing  to  take  the  opportunity  of 
the  pre*ent  winter,  hoping  thing*  were  now 

f rally  well  *ettled  in  tno*e  part*  between  tho 
ndian*  and  the  Engliah,  found  *oon  after  that 
ho  wa*  cited  thither  to  an*wer  *ome  com- 
plaint*, though  ill  grounded,  for  *elling  pow- 
der and  *hot  to  the  Indian*  contrary  to  or- 
der. But  those  fulio  opinion*  being  ea*ily 
blown  away  by  hi*  appearance  at  Bo*lon,  and 
having  de*patchod  hi*  bu*ine**  there,  he  ra- 
turned  before  the  winter  wa*  over  to  Pem- 
maquid, where  hearing  of  a  ve**el  that  inten- 
ded to  take  Indian*  in  thn*e  part*  and  carry 
them  to  market,  which  he  had  many  strong 


•  "iwsg  no  har-l  tiiMt, 
••(»■■  »ii»| 

lo  drink  I' 
-i  ||i><  r(irH||i. 
:n  ftirkd'Hr,    ■» 


<t  ho 

l.lf)  *»•»« 

,  il  ili»y 

ing  ih»a« 


In  *iii>)>ii«a  m«niv 
fraud,  wnii4il  '-«a(|k  k. 
aal  lo  Irada,  >»   ■•««'  ' 
III  lailh  iha  in»*ii' 
had  any  aunh  irMni 

Indian*  war»»  al  pc«o.  ."'ilh  na  ;  nml  llkewit* 
lo  iha  Indiana,  lo  inl'irrin  Mioin  nf  'tch  a  vna- 
aal,  ami  to  liawara  ihepenf;  but  ^r(  il  aeama 
ika  m**|»r  ami  eiim|Miny  l<Hik  *avaral  Indian* 
eaalward,  who  warn  •lao  •!  jiaaea  wilh  ii*, 
and  In  nur  great  •>rrow  ahipiied  iham  on 
liuard  for  •  marhal, 

Tha  winlar  Iwing  now  over,  l!ia  afiiraman* 
lionad  agani  of  Fammaqiiid  wan!  In  a  maalinir 
of  ilia  Indiana  aaaiward,  to  paraiiada  iham  <if 
iha  country'*  willingna**  In  cnnlinna  a  |Mije« 
wilh  them.  Thay  *aamad  vary  Joyful  iharwal, 
and  in  iha  spring  hnnighl  *nma  praaani*  l« 
eonllrin  iha  iiaara,  and  liilhal  and  •!*<•  del.v 
ared  up  an  Kneliah  fapliva  Imy  in  those  ii| 
KtinnolMiek,— llut  whan  iha  *unimar  came  on, 
iho  said  Indian*  having  lilwriy  lo  vi*ii  ihair 
friaiid*  aa  ihey  uwmI  In  Jin,  ihey  miised  many 
ofihem  who  had  in  ihn  winlar  haan  f>' rH<|» 
iously  earriad  away,  ami  •*  is  related,  thay 
fall  into  a  rage  against  the  Kiigli*h,  making 
compUinllharanf  lolhasaid  aganl,  Mr,  Earthy 
Mr,  Kichard  Oliver,  and  mhar*.  They  warn 
lold  mean*  ahould  lie  iiivb  for  bringing  tlioi* 
liack  again  which  had  liaan  *o  lran*|H)rtra. 
Tho*a  lo  whom  the  enmphi.nt  wa*  made  dal 
scarce  Imlieva  il  lo  be  true,  not  having  haanl 
iharaof  from  any  other  ham.  and  proliably 
hoping  mmn,  asiiaciallyaftarsaoh  solemn  war> 
ning,  wonid  daul  so  parHdinndy  wilh  haa'han*, 
to  lay  *uch  a  *ium)iling  block  lM>foni  iham. 

The  Indian*  Iwing  certain  of  the  thing  dope, 
could  no!  beea*ily  pacified,  Iwing  likewise  in> 
censed  against  ihn  English  for  wilhhaid<ng 
the  Iratln  of  powdar  and  shot  ihe  last  winlar, 
saying  they  were  frighted  from  their  com  ihu 
las!  winter,  by  the  people  almiit  Kennelieck, 
insomuch  that  many  ofihem  died  in  the  follow- 
ing winter  for  want  of  powder,  and  where* 
with  to  kill  veni*on  and  fowl ;  adding  withal 
that  if  the  Engli*h  were  their  friend*,  lliaa 
would  no!  *ufl'er  them  to  die  for  want  ihenof. 
However,  the  said  agent  making  tha  Iwst  lit> 
could  of  •  bad  cause,  u*ed  all  mean*  lo  pacify 
the  complainant*,  and  lo  that  end  promiaeil 
ihem  ihni  if  they  would  meet  wilh  any  of  ihe 
AriMMcoggin  Indian*  (who  had  all  along  ihe 
biltorn*!  enmity  against  tho  Engliah)  he  would 
give  iham  a  moating  to  treat  in  nnier  lo  a 
peace,  Major  Waldern  having  already  coiiclii> 
ded  a  peace  wilh  the  Pi*calaqna  and  Ca*cu 
Indian*,  and  by  that  mean*,  if  ihey  could  con- 
clude the  like  peace  with  ihe  Anioacoggiii 
man  (that  could  not  yel  be  found)  thera  would 
lie  a  general  (leace  with  all  ihe  Indiiin*  ca*t- 
ward  of  Piacalaipin,  which  the  Indian*  thai 
were  present  at  this  diaconrsn  *eemad  very 
joyful  at.  Yet  *iill.by  one  fatal  accident  or 
another,  jealnu*ie«  tlill  *aemed  In  inere**e 
in  their  mind*,  or  elan  the  former  injurie*  be- 
gan lo  lioil  afreah  in  their  tpirit*,  and  not  bein|f 
eaaily  digested,  whatever  had  been  laid  or 
done  to  allay  the  offensivenea*  thereof.  Boor 
after  come*  a  post  from  Tntonnock,  to  desire 
him  tu  repair  tliithor  according  to  his  promise, 
where  ihey  tnhl  him  he  *hould  meet  Sqiian- 
do,  and  diver*  Amoacoggin  ssehcm*,  ar,d 
the  Mug  waa  *ent  post  to  fetch  the  said  Sqan- 
do.  Thi*  gentleman  mindful  of  hi*  promise, 
went  with  the  po*t  to  Kennebeck,  ffmliaf 


tJll<fi<  MM*  liM  OaM.  l^jrlvMHM  Ik«t« 

kM  gn  wtek  kin,  wkk  iiMlnMlUM  IWmm 
iIm  MHiiicil  i>i»»  tMiiif  1«  Kw— twtit,  how  to 
•wry  »N  iH*)r  iMMjr.  AA*r  )'i«jr  ImJ  gmw 
|Mn  of  iIm  way  toWMila  "^  aitHiMMli,  tltay 
MUM  to  an  KngNah  Immm,  wiMr*  lb*/  war* 
i)iU  ikai  graaijaalmntoi  aif  ila«a>i  ia  itia  la- 
Jiaiw  wara  n*mi  ikair  a|iirita,  IV«mi  wImi  iltajr 
Uatl  iMari  af  Mvf,  aarf  TaraMkla,  aa  Amaa- 
attCfia  laaliaiii.  Oaiaf  fanlMr,  to  a  pi«M 
aaiwil  KaJoaaanak,  iImv  hwi  with  laJiaM, 
wlw  wara  *fy  Ajr  ofwlHat  i)mmn  aay  iKlag  i 
wkiak  aMaJ  to  iMr  fcnaar  latiaMliMi  gfaally 
iiMMataii  iltoir  fcara  |  k«M  baiag  raaulvatl  on 
iSair  vnyafa,  lliay  pwaaailaf  U  ikair  wt) 
niikar,  ya«  lUUag  tkoft  o/  iIm  plaaa  on  par 
I'liaa,  ikai  lliay  aMgM  Nalili  iliair  btMiaaia  wUk 
I'tam  iha  nasi  da*.  WKan  lk»y  aama  to  ikair 
f  trt,  ilwy  wara  wlatoil  wiik  a  viillay  of  ikai 
Ihaa  kfoMfhi  iaw  a  wlfvam  wltora  iMr  m 
ehaaM  war*  i  Maduakawamio  aal  aa  a  akiaf, 
who  now  iiilx*  kliMalf  ihair  miniator,  Bain|f 
aat  in  eouiMil,  ikapr  mada  AMtminaiqua  ikair 
apaakar,  wkoaa  aiAtpiad  aiin  waa  ika  wid  Ma' 
Jiickawaado  t  Ha  told  tham  it  waa  not  ikair 
CiiMitni,  if  any  aama  aa  iwaMangara  to  iraal 
wiik  iham.lai  aaiaa  upon  ikair  paraona,  aatnnw 
lima*  ika  Mokawka  di<l  wiik  auak  aa  kad  kaan 
iani  In  ikam  i  OaiNain  Davia  and  ika  oikar 
iraiiilaman,  bild  ikam  ikarain  tkay  daall  lika 
man  i  antwar  waa  ptaaanlly  nada  ikam,  you 
4i<J  ihtrwita  bv  oar  man,  wkan  fimrtaan 
aama  lo  iraat  trVii  yon,  yuu  tol  a  guard  uvar 
lham,and  uma  awi/  iiairgunat  and  not  only 
a<>,  but  a  iaannd  lima  yti  ra(|iiirad  uar  guna, 
and  damandad  ui  to  aonaa  down  unio  you,  or 
alia  you  wnald  kill  aa,  wkiak  waa  tka  aauM 
«r  our  laaving  both  our  Ibrt  and  oar  aom  to 
uur  ((rrat  Inaa. 

Ii  waa  wiikoai  doubt  no  imall  Iroubla  to  ikair 
mind*,  in  a  iraaiy  wkk  ikoaa  aagana,  hn  dm 
(MAu'fM,  aad  Man  pttmiiM  rffulti  Vat  to  pal 
Iha  liaat  eonMrwliona  ikai  migkl  ka  on  tttoh 
irraaalar  aaiiona,  wkiak  aouU  nut  wall  ba  iua- 
liAad,  ihay  inid  ikam  iba  paraoaa  wbo  bad  to 
dona,  wara  mit  witkin  IM  aovammani,  and 
Ikaraiora,  ihcugh  ikay  aould  aot  aall  ikam  to 
an  aaaouni  for  to  aaiiaf ,  yat  tkay  did  unarly 
diwlliiw  ikaiaof  i  wa  aant  for  yoa  lo  Pamroa- 
quid,  and  traatad  you  kindly,  and  kapt  you, 
ai  you  know,  from  ika  viownea  of  iha  Bng- 
lith  I  iha  Indiana  rapliad,  wa  do  but  inform 
vou,  and  will  iraat  ftirthar  in  tha  aAamoon  i 
Lui  whan  iha  aAamoon  aama,  our  two  maa' 
aangara  told  tham  ikair  kaainaaa  waa  to  iraat 
wiih  iha  Amoaaoggin  aaehama,  and  that  thay 
w«ra  lorry  Souando  waa  not  ikara  i  ikan  kav- 
in^  Gonllrtnad  paaea  wtih  ihoaa  aaatward  In- 
diana ihay  antraalad  tha  Amtiaeoggin  men  to 
•naak,  who  likowiaa  urgad  Tarumkin,  tha 
cnief  Amotcogcin  taekam  to  apaak,  who  aftar 
aoma  pauaa  aaid  ha  had  bean  to  the  wattward, 
where  ke  kad  found  many  Indiana  unwilling 
for  paaea  i  but  aayt  I  found  three  aaehamt 
(whom  ha  named  though  thoae  ha  apaka  to 
knew  tham  not)  willing  to  have  peaaa  ;  and 
fur  my  own  part  I  am  willing  for  paaea,  and 
gave  ihem  kta  hand  with  prolaataiion  of  hit 
eontinuiiig  in  friendahip ;  ao  did  seven  oreight 
more  iif  the  Anaoeeoggin  men  ;  whote  namea 
they  took,  of  whom  Mur  and  Robinhood'i  aon 
were  two.  After  thii  Madockawando  uked 
idem  what  they  ahould  do  for  powder  and 
ahot,  whan  they  had  eat  up  their  Indian  com, 
what  ifcay  ■'bouUdn  for  iha  winter,  for  their 


A   NAKMATI«ri  Of 


kanllng  vayagra  t  aakiag  wMkal,  wkatkif  ik^ 
wawklfcava  ikem dki, aa  laavo  tiwir  aiwnlvy, 


•ad  ga  all  over  to  ika  Traaak  t  Otr  maiaaa. 
fam  tokl  kim  ikay  waaU  da  wkai  ihay  anwhl 
wiik  ika  gt»varnur  i  aiima  mig hi  km  allowed 
ikam  lir  na#a««ltv  i  II*  taitl  ihav  Kad  waited 
Utng  already,  an4l  lkar«riira  wnuM  have  ih«m 
now,  (^  *aa  jt  nay,  wkaikar  ikay  •kaiuUt 
kave  paiwJer,  aa  fri^Tnerly  or  mil  t  0<tr  mm*- 
taagafa  ike*  replied,  you  yuuraal  vaa  tay 
maay  af  iko  waaiarn  Indiana  wixikl  nut  have 
|Miaae,  and  ikareAira  if  wa  tall  you  puwdar, 
and  give  il  to  llw  waaiarn  man,  wkal  do  we 
butaaiimrown  ikniaut  Adding  furikar,  il 
ianoi  In  our  power  wiikoat  leave,  if  yuu  alxMild 
wail  Ian  y*%n  mora,  to  lei  you  kave  laiwder ; 
ai  wkiak  worda  ikey  aaamad  muek  to  be  ofliin- 
ded. 

Bui  yet  ike  neil  day  tkay  reaitlved  lo  gii 
down  wiik  ihem  and  (peak  witk  Ike  waaiarn 
men,  ikemby,  if  it  mignl  be,  to  atop  ikair  Air- 
iker  |)nieeejinga. 

So  going  down  wiik  ikem  the  neat  day, 
ihay  mat  with  timm  Imliana  who  had  gni 
•Irong  liquor,  wilh  wIkhh  ikay  fell  a  drink- 
ing |  our  maMantfera  flayed  at  iwu  placaa 
liir  iham,  and  flnding  that  Mill  ihay  larrtad 
liehind,  not  knowing  what  Airthar  to  do,  ikey 
Weill  home,  it  being  ika  tiatk  day  of  ika 
week  I  but  tha  nait  night  Mva  one,  nowa 
aama  to  Kannebeek,  ikal  ike  Indiana  kad  kil 
lad  divara  Bngliak  in  Caaao,  alikouf  k  it  waa 
not  yet  known  at  Pemn«K)uldt  Upon  ikia 
nawa  Oapl.  Davia  aant  out  one  MMinel  ike 
neat  nickt  t  tke  real  (auak  waa  ikeir  aeauriiy ) 
want  all  to  bad,  and  in  tke  morning  wera  all 
lika  Laiak  aurpriaed  t  Tkua  migkl  it  ba  mid 

JMMSwIilNM  J^MBvM  4vNIIM0    ftnw^y    vHpPf  /    $t* 

pmllmm.  Tka  partieulara  of  ika  aurpriaing  of 
Kannekeak,  and  Arowaiak  kouae,  are  tkua  re- 
lated by  auek  aa  wara  aaquaintad  ikarawith. 
Upon  tka  13th  of  Auguat,  1676,  aevaral 
Indiana  repaired  in  tha  evening  to  the  houae 
of  Mr.  Hammond,  an  anaiant  inbabiiant,  and 
trader  witk  the  Indiana  upon  Kannebeek  river, 
hia  daughter,  or  a  maid  that  waa  aarvant  in 
the  koMa,  either  naturally  afraid  of  the  na- 
tivaa,  or  alta  from  aomething  she  ebaarved  in 
ike  eountonanea  or  earriaga,  manifeatad  ao 
muek  fear,  as  made  ker  run  out  of  tke  kouie 
to  kide  keraelf  in  tome  plaea  abroad  i  tka  In- 
diana paraaiving  il,  tka  mora  to  ditaemble 
ikair  iraaahary,  ran  aftar  her  and  brought  bar 
into  the  houte,  tolling  her,  (although  they 
aould  not  panuada  her  to  believe)  that  there 
waa  no  reatun  to  be  alVaid  of  tham  |  pratenily 
aftar  more  of  the  barbarout  villaint  eoming 
into  the  houte,  the  grew  more  afraid  than  be- 
fore, being  now  more  ttrongly  pertuaded  that 
they  eame  on  purpote  lo  kill  or  lurprite  thoae 
in  the  family,  whereufton  the  suddenly  made 
an  otcape  out  of  the  houte,  and  pretently 
patsed  into  a  field  of  Indian  eom,  whereby 
the  might  the  betwr  avoid  tha  danger  of  any 
purtuer,  and  to  run  aeroit  over  the  land  that 
night,  ton  or  twelve  miles,  to  give  them  no- 
liee  that  lived  at  Sheepacot  river ;  it  is  said 
that  after  she  sot  out,  she  heard  a  noiaa  in 
tha  houte  aa  if  tlioy  wero  fighting  or  acufflng 
within  doort;  but  the  did  not  count  it  wis- 
dom to  go  back  and  tee  what  the  matter  was, 
knnwinff  before  enoush  of  their  villainiea, 
how  well  soever  her  mistress  (that  was  more 
verted  in  the  trade  of  the  Indiana)  mi^ht 
think  of  them.  Those  of  Sheepsout  taking 
this  warning,  atcapad  away  aa  soon  aa  thay 


MmU.  iMvkm  tt*«H{JlMnlhfi«  ■ 

May  to  lk«  IwmM,  Win  twM  MMHV 
Hammond  and  ku  family,  t*  ihiI  y«l  aariain- 
ly  known  I  Mwpnfis  )•**«  a^i  ami  .liiwn,  ikal 
same  wk*  rame  ilown  ika  ri«»r  aftarwanit 
saw  soma  uf  iha  daad  Mfi|>|M>d  u|Nin  iKa  Iwxk 
ofiHarivar,  wkmh  make  ut  (•■•r  ihe  wnrtl 
ciinearning  all  ike  real  |  tut  ««piainly  iK* 
wliiile  family,  10  in  iiumlwi',  were  all  al  ihel 
lima  ailher  kilM  or  carried  awa.y  raplive, 
MHia  lave  the  meul  aA>r««iHl  l>*i<  ff  ktiown 
to  make  an  eaaepe  to  inform  ikeir  friemis. 
like  Job's  nietsengera,  wkal  befrl  ike  reel  •« 
ik*  fiiniily, 

Th>i  littliant  kavintf  in  ihit  manner  titrpri* 
sod  Mr  llsinmoinr*  houte,  ikay  |iaae<l  i^iwa 
tke  rivar  llie  tame  nighl,  but  g»ing  by  amtik- 
er  hituta,  they  meddled  not  wilh  ine  |iii>iiu|*, 
only  turned  ikeir  ran<i<<«  adrift,  llitl  ikay 
might  not  find  meant  afterward*  lo  »««<apa 
ihamtalves,  nr  help  others  to  lo  dm  I'naailily 
iheir  akiaf  aiming  al  Aniwiick  houiw,  ik»y 
would  not  for  fear  of  lining  tliteoverrd  make 
any  allamiit  U|Nin  a  plana  near  liy  ;  wkare- 
fore  the  Ulk  of  Augual,  very  earlv  in  llie 
mornintt,  hatrin|(  in  ih*  nighl,  or  iMilore  break 
of  day,  paated  ovvron  llteltland  eallml  An>w< 
tiek  I  tevaral  of  litem  undltoovarrd  lay  hiil 
under  ike  walla  of  ihe  fort,  ami  Ixiliiniil  a  gn>al 
roak  near  a<^oining,  till  the  aenliiml  waa  gone 
fVa«  kit  iilaea  (wlm  went  nlf  ii  teonnt  tiNiner 
ikan  ke  thould,  ennaldering  ike  daiii^fMr)  wken 
pratenily  irme  Imliana  rollowfd  him  in  al 
the  fort  gale  (at  some  report)  white  others  of 
ihem  immediately  tniaed  the  portllHtlea  there- 
of  and  thnt  down  all  ihey  saw  patting  up  and 
down  within  iha  walla,  and  to  in  a  little  lime 
beeama  maslera  of  ihe  fort,  and  all  thai  waa 
within  it  I  Capt.  Lake,  Joint  owner  wilh  Ma* 
ior  Clark  of  the  whole  island,  hearing  iha 
bustb  that  waa  below  betwixt  tbin  Indians  and 
ihoaa  that  belonged  to  the  plaa«,  was  strange'- 
ly  surprised,  yet  himself  with  Oaitl.  Hylvaniis 
Davia  and  two  more,  underMamling  thai  iha 
Indians  had  seised  the  fort,  amJ  killed  divers 
of  ike  Bnglisk,  apprahendinii;  il  botillett,  or 
rather  heartleaa  to  stay,  at  not  Iwing  able  to 
aland  upon  ihcir  guard  or  make  any  resitt- 
anca,  made  a  tkift  to  find  a  pataaga  out  of 
tha  back  door,  wkareby  they  otca^iod  lo  ihe 
water  side,  where  they  Cnund  a  canoe,  in 
which  ihey  all  entered,  and  made  away 'xiward 
another  itiand  near  by  t  This  wat  not  done 
to  seerelly  but  the  Indiana  ditcarned  them  be- 
fore they  were  gone  far :  four  of  ihein  there- 
fore hasted  after  those  lh«t  had  eteaped  in  an 
other  canoe,  and  coming  wilhin  thut  diaehar- 
ged  their  gun*  upon  ihem,  whereby  taid  Da- 
vit wat  badly  wounded  ;  vol  making  ht*:«, 
at  they  generally  ute  lo  do  that  fly  f^i  their 
livei,  timor  aiUulil  a/iii,  ihey  got  tthore  lia 
fore  llie  Indiana  overtook  them ;  it  iaiaid  ihey 
were  siranKely  diipirited,  nr  elte  llii-y  niiglil 
easily  have  defended  ihemtelvet  asaintt  tlieii 
puriuers ;  but  when  once  mrn's  hearts  sr« 
sunk  with  fear  and  discouragement  upon  a 
sudden  surprisal,  it  is  hard  to  buoy  them  up, 
to  make  any  resistance.  Capt.  Davis  Iwing 
badly  wounded,  eiMild  neither  Iruat  to  hia  U'g* 
to  fly,  nor  yet  innlno  use  of  hii  handi  to  fight, 
yat  waa  strangely  preterved ;  Providence  di- 
reeling  him  to  go  into  the  cleft  of  a  rock  near 
by  tha  place  where  he  fint  landed  ;  the  Indi 
ant  by  the  glittering  of  the  sunlieamt  in  thett 
eyas  aa  they  came  ashore,  did  oqI  discern  himi 
so  that  lying  hid  under  iIm  covert  of  the  hand 


•rp 

•  Uii 

noa, 
aike 
•Ilk 
iw»t 
and 


THI  INDIAIf  WAMI. 


rnt  iif 


ht*:<, 


upun  t 
them  up, 
vis  lining 
II  hit  U'g» 
Ui  figlic, 
denee  di< 
rock  near 
the  Indi 
(  in  thutt 
wrnhimt 
tbelMud 


•f  fwioklwm  Itr  <r«i>«  ^jrt,  Im  m  (mi  «pawM 
t  Ullla  tkm^a  Ika  <«•(••/  (mI*,  till  ha  (tmiHl  •  ••- 
una,  wharabjr  ho  ''h?«|i««|  wiih  hi*  l<IW,  Tha 
iMhw  iwa  <$nt»  I  •.'iMer  (•nHtnin,  •!»!  |i«rting 
•  lllk  (!ap«.  I.«lii'  lUMViW  iltatr  MtiitM  i«n  or 
lw»lv«  mila*  lit  >)i>  't'thvr  •ml  nl  im  i*Uml, 
•nil  to aMaiMHl  Irmn  thaimliAiM,  tilUlkoy  fuuml 
nMMii*  In  |ai  ii(F  Pixir  CaiH.  Ii«k«,  whti  • 
fuw  hoiir«  IwfiM'it  i/upi  t|iiMiiijf  in  lint  manaion 
hiHiwi,  •iirruMiitiml  -with  •  MmnK  lUrliAttMlHHi, 
■Uft>iMl«tl  wilh  mm  hililiar*,  i*  imiw  furtiiMl 
lit  rijr  awtv  wiMli  '■«>  1 1ll  •iianil  'iini|  •ihI  •« 
lk«  •wAil  Mnuli'l  I'  'ivuUn«aiin<«n<d  lhinn«, 
WM  •*  tiima  m»y,  purtuad  ttjr  (itch  Indian*  w 
wara  niara  tiimmfim  'o  Iha  pUoa,  lh«l  knaw 
«0|  (ha  tnMtvt  lr<im  IM  man,  but  by  ona  uf 
whnm  ha  wm  iIwiI  down,  ••  )•  lUjipiMad  MHtn 
aAar  ha  aamio  Mbora  i  l<iam,  l)avi*  haanl  iwn 
(una,  hy  wliwih  tl  wm  ihmighl  ami  (iMin  al\ar 
WM  hiMtwii  \it  b«  by  an  Indian,  who  hath  iinKa 
(ionfa*aadli»(!«^,  Uaviathal  ha  (hoi  hirnlhal 
day  AruWMiiik  wm  lalian,  whirh  ha  inlandxd 
niit  lu  havM  dona,  but  lh»l  ha  halil  ii|t  hi*  uia- 
lol  again*!  him,  wharaa*  if  ha  hail  bill  aikad 
qiiartar,  Im  ihiiuld  hava  had  hi*  lifn.  <!a|>l, 
l<iitia  WM  (lain  M  that  lima,  allhoutfh  many 
hiipa*  wara  fur  (tmia  lima  antartainad  thai  ha 
wat  takan  aliva,  and  ka|H  with  othar  ea|ilivat 
amii«i||«t  thn  Indiana  i  and  it  ia  taid  tha  In- 
diaaa  of  thixa  part*  did  tiiKi  Inland  to  kill  hirn 
if  Ihay  roiild  hava  kal^Mid  it  i  but  it  wai 
knnwn  hialial  wm  wan  upon  an  Indian*!  hnad 
niK  hinfr  afWr,  whieh  mada  hit  iVianda  onn- 
aluda  wliat  had  balkllan  that  giHMl  man,  whii 
miKht  amphaiieally  Im  to  larmad,  in  diitinv- 
liun  IVnm  iham  thai  may  truly  ba  called  juii 
man  and  no  mora  i  For  it  taamt  according  to 
Iha  juti  avraamont  Italwim  hiintalfandhi*  (tart 
ownar  ol  Arowtick  liland,  it  wa*  not  hit  turn 
thit  yaarto  hava  liaen  upon  iha  placa,  but  tueh 
WMni*  KtMNlnvtt,  that  haylaldudto  llia  dutiro 
of  hit  IVifnd  Biid  (lartnar,  m  in  hit  mom  and 
Maad  to  taka  upon  himtalf  that  trrvion  in  'hit 
lima  of  dangxr  |  it  it  hnped  hit  ffa<Hln«tt  in 
futura  lima  will  not  Im  fortfultan  by  tiioh  at 
warn  any  way  oon«ariMd  iharein,  or  had  ad- 
vantaia  ihrrebv, 

Thit  itiaiid  (called  Amwairk,  from  an  In- 
dian to  namvd  that  formarly  |Hi«aait«d  il,  and 
of  whom  it  wat  purchitad  by  one  Mr,  Rich- 
ardt,  who  told  It  to  Capt.  Lake  and  Mi^or 
Olarka)  liet  up  ton  mila*  within  tha  month  nP 
Kannaback  rlv«r;  it  it  toma  milet  in  lungtli 
and  oontaini  many  ihouiand  ten'*  of  very 
giiod  land  i  whara  maadow  and  arablo  ground 
ara  ill  a  bimnI  proportion  wall  (uitcil  ti>)f«tb- 
ar.  Wiliiin  tlia  fort  afiir»*aid,  wi>ra  many 
convenient  buildingi  for  teveral  offlcnrt,  at 
well  for  warav  and  trading,  at  habilaliont:  tix 
teveral  adiHu^t  are  taid  to  have  been  there 
erected.  The  warehouin  at  that  time  wat 
well  furniahad  with  all  tortt  of  goodi ;  bu' 
tide*  a  mill  and  other  acooinoaationi  and 
dwelling*,  within  a  mile  of  the  fort  ind  man 
•ion  houte  ;  tome  iiihtbitantt  of  which  hard 
Iv  made  their  etca|>e  upon  the  flrit  •urpri*al 
ut' the  fort. 

All  which  onniidered,  the  loit  that  befel 
the  proprielun  at  the  lurprital  of  thit  itland, 
teeini  l<i  bo  very  great,  valiivd  at  many  thou- 
tandi;  but  thoio  tliat  were  thu  ownert,  with 
vibor*  of  latu  timet,  have  found  from  their 
0WII  i^xperience,  what  Solomon  taid  of  old, 
there  it  n  time  to  got,  and  a  time  to  loto,  a 
time  to  keep  and  a  time  to  catt  away  ;  a  time 
lo  bniak  down  u  woU  m  a  time  to  build  up. 
44 


Tha  par«<>n«  ktllad  aMii  lakaii  at  KaniMbMll, 
al  Mr.  liammiHtal't  and  at  AmwMak,  *r«  twd 
III  im  A3. 

U|M>n  iha  rn|i>irl  nf  tha  tad  ditMtar,  all  ika 
plaMalMHit  i>l'  Iha  Kiigliah  in  ihota  partt  ware 
tiNin  artar  Inn,  and  InrMkan  liy  d«Kr«aa.  All 
ika  rati  of  ilia  inhabiiaiilt  of  K«niMilN»'k  ri- 
ver, nh««|ia<<iil  rivar,  Hagailahoak,  and  l>a 
rnaniKiiilafi,  laaring  to  Iw  tarvad  in  iha  tama 
way,  Mnd  III  tha  iilandt  uf  «a|M  ll<iiiawa||iin 
anil  Uamaril't  rova. 

On  iha**ai)iiiid  day  al  ni||hi  a  pott  wa* 
•ani  III  P«mm«<)iiid  to  inform  iham  of  what 
had  hap|wnad,  who  iMing  but  aighl  or  lan 
man,  had  a  miml  to  go  un  Iha  itUntl  called 
Miinhiggon,  having  taeurail  tha  Iwtl  of  lliair 
giwilt,  liul  iha  wimi  taking  them  abort,  Ihay 
wara  fom  I  to  turn  into  Damaril'*  uova 
whara  ihay  fountl  Mr.  Witwall,  and  Mr.  (!ol- 
liflotl  ihara  ihay  lalMiurad  two  day*  to  aaltla 
agarri*<ini  but  ihroiigh  tha  mutiiiou*  dit|Mi- 
•ilion  of  the  paopla,  and  tha  want  of  uruvi- 
*ion  nothing  ouuld  l«  dona  to  *aaura  tho  I*- 
land,  (o  thai  il  wa*  tmiM  daaarlad,  From 
iheiiea  ihay  want  lo  Miinhiggim,  rKtolving 
lhara  to  larry  till  lliay  heard  IViini  llotlun, 
from  whence  Mr.  (/'ollioolt  and  Mr  Witwall 
promitad  to  do  ihair  utmoti  andaavour  to 
tend  help.  There  they  *alllvd  thran  guard* 
and  appointed  ti  to  watch  avry  night  nol 
knowing  but  that  tha  Indian*  iniglil  uome 
every  hour.  Hut  continuing  there  a  jiirlnighl, 
and  finding  no  relief  like  to  coma,  and  aaeing 
all  the  onuntry  burnt  round  alMiui,  (for  after 
they  had  gut  all  that  ooulil  Im  *aved  from 
Pnininaipiid,  thev  *aw  all  the  other  idandt, 
Wimlgiii'*,  Corbin'*  *ound,  New-llarbour, 
and  Piimmaipiid,  all  on  Are  in  two  hour* 
lime)  then  contidering  what  wa*  be*t  to  Im 
done,  they  found  no  lioal*  could  be  *enl  to 
•ea  for  fear  of  weakening  tlie  i*land,  and  that 
mo«t  of  tho*a  who  were  on  it  wereatrangnra, 
coaaterc,  and  *uah  a*  came  from  the  main  and 
reaily  to  be  gone  ii|Hin  every  ocoaiiun,  they 
laid  an  emiiargo  for  ona  week)  after  which  a 
lelter-wa*  received  from  Major  Clarke,  deti- 
ring  their  a**i*tance  in  inquiring  after  Capt, 
Laha,  if  alive,  taying,  what  could  lie  had  at 
Kennalieok,  ke.  but  intimating  nothing  of 
any  help  like  to  come ;  lietidet,  thote  thai 
brought  thu  Intter  told  them  it  wat  in  vain  to 
eii|H>ct  any  help  from  Uiitlon,  it  iHMng  iiiiat- 
tinned  there  wliat  they  had  to  do  with  tnote 
partt.  Upon  which  the  inlialiilanit  contid- 
ered,  that  if  they  ilioiild  larry  there  and  tpend 
nil  their  prnviaion  and  neither  lie  able  to  go 
to  tea,  nor  yet  to  live  or  ba  tafe  athore  lor 
want  of  help,  it  were  better  fur  them  to  re 
move  while  they  had  tomething  to  live  i;pon, 
and  teek  employment  elaewliere  |  to  by  con' 
aentthoy  reaolved  forthwith  lotmnt|iort  them, 
■i'lvetand  whaCthuy  had  asvcd  of  their  gooda, 
to  aome  place  of  tocurity,  to  tlioy  aai.ed  the 
firat  opportunity,  tome  for  Piacataqui,  tome 
fur  Button,  and  aome  for  Salem,  at  one  of 
which  placet  they  all  tnfely  arrived. 

Having  thu*  eicapad  at  Aral,  m  Lot  out  of 
Sodom,  but  not  coiiiitin)^  theintulvet  tafe  in 
that  Zonr,  where  fur  a  little  while  they  made 
out  to  hide  their  licadt,  till  they  might  etcapa 
to  tome  ture  place,  there  wailing  for  better 
timet,  whan  they  may  with  peace  and  quiet- 
noit  return  to  their  former  habitationt,  or  teek 
tome  other  oliewhere. 

When  the  aforesaid  exploits  were  done  by 
tho  Indiani  about  Cotco  Day,  •everal  of  the 


ihay  hapa4  M  U  WW  tMUMI  hmm  iIm   !•• 

diana,  but  ika  liarlMraua  •namy  Nnding  t>>  Itlll* 
ratMianaa  mtila  againal  Iham  on  ika  Mam 
lami,  a  •mwidarabla  |<«rly  of  iham  tama  wiiH 
ihair  raiHM*  In  daairov  iha  laland,  al*o,  aHuttt 
ikraa  wuak*aftarilMia'iiramaMliufMdmi*ahl«fa, 

Thara  wa*  a  forliHiid  howaa  u|Mm  Iha  *aMl 
lalami,  whara  the  Kngliak  ihal  ailhar  kept 
u|Hin  the  taland,  or  rapairad  ihilhar,  kii|Md  in 
*a(ti(ra  thamaalva*.  nui  al  thai  lima  the  ln< 
dian*  ataaullail  Iha  plara  many  of  tha  Kagliati 
wrre  abtani,  and  few  \mh  in  tha  garriaon  bul 
wiinMn  and  ahildran.  Noma  wura  gona  M 
other  nlaea*  to  felnh  Indian  rorn,  oihara  war* 
in  •  ImwI  amiiliiyad  •IhiuI  A*k,  •mongai 
whom  WMona  Kichard  I'iMt  with  two  man, 
Tha  wife  of  taiii  Pnla  wm  WMhing  by  iIm 
water  tide  whara  tha  wat  turiiriaadwitk  kai 
iihildrani  and  aarriad  away  in  tigkl  of  bar  hua- 
liand,  who  wat  not  a  little  dittrawad  at  that 
tail  i|Malacla,  bul  wm  infla|Mbla  of  alTording 
aiiy  raliaf  ailhar  lo  hi*  wife  or  ekildran.  Ona 
( tha  little  innoeanu  atpying  hit  father  in  iH« 
Ixiat,  ran  into  the  water,  tailing  mil  fur 
help  I  bul  an  Indian  wat  running  after  kim  la 
catch  him  up  |  iha  poor  man  in  great  agnny, 
liaing  within  gun  thol,  watalMiul  in  Are  upon 
the  Indian,  b>il  fearing  ha  might  wound  or  par- 
h*p»  kill  hi*  child,  which  tha  villain  had  aai- 
««d  and  wa*  carrying  off,  ha  forlMira,  chooaing 
rather  lo  hava  hiin  carried  away  alive,  than 
axpiite  him  to  tha  hiat  of  hit  lil'a  or  liroba,  hy 
thooting  at  the  Indian. 

It  it  taid  toma  of  iha  Indiana  w«ra  killail 
by  ilioM  in  tha  garriton  (  il  it  manlioMd  ihai  • 
lad  at  ona  thot  Killed  two  or  ikrao  of  tk«m  | 
tome  gunt  wera  found  afterward*  undar  tha 
fort,  which  were  tupfraaed  to  hava  balongad 
lo  «ome  of  tha  Indian*  that  ware  killed,  Ham* 
that  were  abroad  when  the  fort  wa*  a**aulle<l, 
deaperately  broke  in  through  the  Indian*^ 
whereby  al  tha  laat  many  people  warn  pr«> 
aerveil, — Soma  (lying  away  to  Jewall'a  in- 
land, in  a  canoe  toward  Richmond'*  i*land, 
met  with  a  ketch,  lo  which  they  made  knowr< 
tha  diitrei*  tho  people  were  in,  thereupon 
went  to  tho  place  and  tiif>k  all  thejwople  they 
foiinii  there,  and  carried  them  olt  to  a  plaea 
of  more  aafety.  Yet  there  were  *evaral  par- 
aon*  *uid  to  o«  killed  and  carried  away  a*, 
that  lima,  vii.  three  men,  who  were  known 
to  he  killed,  two  woman  and  two  children  that 
ara  *uppo*ed  to  bo  yet  alive,  though  in  lb* 
aiMniy'*  power. 

From  thonce  they  went  to  Spurwinka, 
where  they  a**aulted  one  ^laoa,  or  more,  and 
carried  another  away  captive.  Amongtt  thoaa 
that  wore  in  danger  of  lurprital,  one  thai 
could  not  run  hid  himtelf  in  a  ganlon  of  oab- 
bagrt,  to  that  he  wm  not  found,  yet  wm  very 
near  them,  for  he  nverlMard  teveral  quettiona 
they  atked  him  they  took  t  by  which  meant 
he  WM  the  better  enabled  afterward  to  pre- 
vent the  danger  two  more  were  coming  into, 
(or  tha  poor  fellow  they  hod  taken,  told  them 
that  one  Oendal  and  another  man,  were  to  com* 
that  way  bvand  by  ;  whereupon  thit  man  that 
hid  himMlf,  meotingOendal  and  the  otherman, 
gave  them  notice  of  the  danger,  whereby  they 
were  delivered  out  of  tho  mare  for  that  time. 
Not  long  after  Mr.  Gendal  fell  into  their 
handiu  ahall  hereafter  be  relatpd.  Within  a 
while  after  tho  *ame  time,  another  fatal  acci- 
dent befel  *ix  or  aeven  pcrtoni  belonging  to 
Caieci  For  upon  the  Slid  of  Septumbor,  toma 


A  NARRATIVE    OP 


Mrfont  that  l«liinf(ed  to  a  iloop  and  a  ihal- 
l(ip«  that  wars  pnttw>d  into  the  icrvice  (one 
rvatnn  of  wh.'oh  Wat  to  provont  their  itrag- 
irling,  thi<y  Iminj^  iiiTtnnii  that  bttlongej  to 
mate  parta  nUiiit  (finro)  wero  over  doniroua 
to  tavn  Kimn  nflhi-ir  prnviaion,  lo  which  end 
thiiy  flrit  miiila  their  ndilruaa  to  Capt.  Ha- 
thorntt,  (imdiir  whom  tht-y  wi-ro  ordurud  to 
aorvn)  di'«irin((  l\wy  niiuht  l>n  released  ;  the 
captain  told  thvin  hn  could  not  do  it,  but  dvii- 
rad  them  to  have  patience  for  a  while ; 
they  told  him  thiw  muit  and  would  ((o,  elte 
their  familiei  would  ttarve  at  home  ;  the  can- 
tain  told  them  further  of  the  danger,  and  hid 
them  not  itir  at  thuir  pnril.  However,  go 
thev  would,  and  loon  after  wont  to  Mouiit- 
joy'a  island  to  fetch  ihnen  where  they  landed 
•even  men  i  hut  the  Imliana  full  upon  them, 
when  they  betook  thumaelvei  to  the  ruin*  of 
a  atone  houio,  where  they  defundud  them- 
■elvef  ai  long  as  they  could  ;  but  at  last 
they  wore  all  destroyed  either  with  sloiioa 
oast  in  upon  therr.  nr  with  the  enemies'  shot, 
except  one  who,  thouith  at  the  first  it  was  ho- 
ped his  wounds  were  not  mortal,  yet  soon  after 
died  thereof.  Amongst  these  M'rs  one  Ocorge 
Pelt,  much  lamented,  who  had  boon  more 
active  than  any  man  in  those  parts  against  the 
Indians,  but  at  last  he  lost  his  own  life  amongst 
them,  in  this  too  dosperate  adventure. 

The  Indians  growing  more  bold  by  those 
attempts  in  those  remote  places,  drew  down 
nearer  towards  Piscutaqua,  for  not  long  after 
a  party  of  them  came  upon  cape  Nidduok, 
where  they  killed  and  carried  away  all  tho  in- 
habitants of  a  few  scattering  houses,  to  tho 
number  of  seven  in  all ;  and  such  was  their 
■avago  cruelty  exorcised  in  this  place,  as  is 
not  usual  to  be  heard  of,  for  having  dashed 
out  the  )>rains  of  a  poor  woman  that  gave  suck, 
they  noiled  tho  young  child  to  tho  dead  body 
of  his  mother,  which  was  found  sucking  in 
that  awful  manner,  when  the  people  came  to 
tlie  place.  The  dav  oeforo  a  man  and  his 
wife  were  killed  at  Wells,  and  two  more  soon 
oft^tr.  On  the  13th  of  October  following  near 
100  of  the  Indians  mado  an  cssault  upon  Bliick 
point,  all  the  inhabitants  being  gathornd  into 
one  fortified  place  upon  that  point,  which  a 
few  hands  might  have  defended  ;  but  as  it 
seems  one  called  Muirgt  was  tho  leader  of  the 
Indians,  one  that  had  from  a  child  been  well 
acquainted  with  the  English,  and  had  lived 
some  years  in  English  families,  who  though 
a  cur  ning  fellow,  and  had  succeeded  ni'ich  in 
his  attempts,  but  as  this  time  shewed  more 
courtesy  to  the  English,  than  according  to  for- 
ler  outrages  could  be  expected  from  any  of 
those  barbarous  miscreants,  and  was  willing 
to  make  offer  of  a  treaty  to  Mr.  Josselin,  chief 
of  the  garrison,  to  whom  the  said  Mugg  prom- 
ised liber'y  for  all  thot  were  there  to  depart 
with  their  goods  upon  the  surrender  of  the 
place :  Tho  said  Jossolin  reports  that  when 
lie  came  back  from  his  treating  with  Mugg, 
that  all  the  people  were  fled  away  out  of  the 
garrison,  having  carried  away  their  goods  by 
wator  before  his  return,  insomuch  that  having 
nono  but  his  household  servants  to  stand  by 
him,  he  was  capable  of  making  no  resistance, 
and  so  surrendered. 

When  people  have  once  been  frighted  with 
reports  and  sense  of  danger,  they  aro  ready  to 
fly  away  like  a  hare  before  the  hunter  or  his 
hounds;  one  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  place 
affirmed  he  taw  f  50  Indians,  which  was  moro 


by  an  hundred  thun  any  Uidy  else  ever  saw 
near  the  fort.  But  w  hen  a  place  is  consigned 
to  ruin,  every  thing  they  tuku  in  hand  itlmll 
tend  that  way. 

The  loss  of  niack  point  was  ncroiiii)anieil 
with  another  sad  nccideiit  that  happened  iilmiit 
thesame  timeal  Richmond's  isliiiiil:  Foryoiiiig 
Mr.  Fryer,  with  some  others  at  Piscataquii,  to 
whom  It  seemed  grievous  that  tlie  Indiiiiis 
should  make  all  that  spoil  in  every  place  in 
those  plantations,  ventured,  upon  tho  great 
importunity  of  Mr.  Gendal,  with  a  ketch,  to 
try  what  they  could  save  of  such  things  as  the 
Indians  had  left;  but  things  were  so  ordered, 
that  before  they  had  loaded  their  ketch,  com- 
ing too  near  tho  stage  head,  they  presently 
found  themselves  in  danger  of  a  surpriaal;  for 
part  of  their  company  being  ashore,  seized  by 
the  Indians,  or  in  danger  thereof,  whom  they 
were  not  willing  to  leave  behind ;  and  besides 
tho  wind  blowing  in  hard  upon  them  they 
could  not  get  out  of  the  harbour,  but  were  for- 
ced t'j  abide  the  danger  of  an  assault,  the 
Indians  getting  many  of  them  into  the  stage 
head,  annoyed  them  so  fast  with  their  shot 
that  not  a  man  of  them  was  able  to  look  above 
ileok,  but  he  was  in  dangerof  lieingshutdown; 
amongst  the  rest  Mr.  James  Fryer  venturing 
too  much  in  view  of  tho  enemy,  received  a 
wound  ill  his  iiiiea,  wnich  appeared  not  dan- 
gerous at  first,  but  f4ir  want  of  better  looking 
to  than  could  be  found  amongst  that  black 
regiment,  into  whoso  hands  hn  soon  after  fell, 
it  proved  mortal  unto  him  within  a  few  days 
after ;  ho  being  by  a  strange  accident  brought 
homo  to  his  futlinr's  house  at  the  great  island 
in  Piscataipia.  Mr.  Fryer  being  thus  woun- 
ded the  rest  of  tho  company  defended  them- 
selves for  a  while  with  much  cnurnge  and 
resolution  till  they  were  liroiight  to  the  sad 
choice  of  falling  into  tho  hands  of  one  of  these 
three  bad  masters,  the  firo,  the  water,  or  the 
barbarous  heathen,  to  whom  at  lust  they 
thought  it  best  to  yield  in  hopes  of  liberty 
afterwards,  at  least  of  lengthening  out  their 
lives  a  little  longer  for  tho  Indians  had  man- 
nod  out  a  canou  with  several  hands  to  cut 
their  cable,  and  others  stood  ready  within  the 
defence  of  tho  stage  head,  by  which  means 
the  vessel  after  the  cable  wns  cut,  soon  drove 
ashore ;  and  then  it  was  throatoned  to  be 
presently  burnt,  if  they  did  not  all  yield,  to 
which  tnoy  all  at  last  consented. 

The  Indians,  how  barbarous  soever  in  their 
own  nature,  yet  civilly  treated  their  prisoners, 
and  upon  farther  discourse  sent  two  of  them 
to  Piscataqiia,  to  give  tliem  there  an  opportu- 
nity to  ransom  their  friends.  Tho  persons 
sent  homo  to  procure  a  ransom,  were  to  re- 
turn with  such  quantity  of  goods  as  the  In- 
dians had  desireil,  by  such  a  preci^ie  time;  Imt 
they  that  brought  the  things  for  their  ransom, 
coming  a  .  oy  or  two  before  the  time,  when 
those  that  sent  them  was  gone  up  tho  river  at 
Black  point,  and  not  returned:  Some  other 
Indians  waiting  fur  such  an  opportunity,  sei- 
zed tho  goods,  at  least  that  part  which  they 
most  desired,  and  through  mistake,  killing  one 
of  the  three  men  that  brought  them,  dismissed 
the  other  two,  without  return  of  the  prisoners 
as  was  expected. 

As  to  what  happened  afterwards  we  are 
yet  much  in  the  dark,  and  for  the  present  can 
write  but  by  guess  :  For  within  a  few  doys 
after  the  return  of  Mr.  Qendal,  and  tho  other 
man  that  wout  tu  carry  the  ransom,  before 


the  1st  of  Noveinlxfr,  Mugg  himself  catre  to 
Piscutaqua,  bringing  Mr.  James  Pryer,  wnc 
soon  uller  died  of  his  wound  ;  one  of  ihe  pris* 
oners  along  with  him  complaining  that  with> 
out  his  knowliulge  some  of  the  Indians  hnil 
seized  what  was  sent  for  (he  ransom  of  the 
rest,  promising  upon  his  fuitli,  that  he  woiilu 
make  gooil  his  word  for  tlie  seinling  home  all 
the  prisoners,  und  offered  also  in  the  nnine  oi 
the  other  liidiani  lo  confirm  a  new  pence  with 
the  English  for  the  future.  The  major  gen* 
eral  of  tho  Massachusetts  colimy  was  then  at 
Piscataqua,  but  not  willing  to  transact  a  mnt< 
ter  of  that  nature  and  moment  by  his  sole  au- 
thority, ordered  the  said  Mugg  (supposed  to 
be  the  chief  leader  of  the  Indians)  tu  be  car 
ried  down  to  Boston  to  the  governor  nnd 
council  there,  to  conclude  tho  business,  with 
whom  he  soon  after  agreed  upon  a  firm  peace 
with  the  English  of  Massachusetts,  in  thr 
name  of  Madockawando  the  chief  of  all  the 
Indians  in  the  eastern  parts  alKiut  Penobscot 
engaang  also  to  remain  himself  as  hosta;;e 
alioara  the  vessel  (in  which  he  was  sent  home 
from  Boston,  the  21st  November  followiiig| 
until  llie  prisoners  (which  are  said  to  be  fifty 
or  sixty)  that  they  have  still  in  their  hands  lie 
sent  home,  and  the  rest  of  tho  articles  |ier- 
formed ;  the  issue  of  which  we  as  yet  wait  to 
hear  in  God's  good  time,  this  12th  day  of 
December  following,  1676,  when  they  there 
have  made  an  end  of  the  reckoning,  it  is  ho- 
ped we  may  have  our  rights  again. 

Tliero  are  two  principal  actors  amongst 
the  Indians  that  have  all  afong  promoted  these 
designs  am<mgst  them,  one  named  S<|uando, 
sagamore  of  Saco,  and  the  nforeme.ntioned 
Madockawando,  the  chief  commander  of  the 
Indians  eastward  about  Penobscot,  who  are 
said  to  be  by  them  that  know  them,  a  strange 
kind  of  moralized  savages;  gravoar.d  seriiua 
in  their  sj>eech  and  carriage  and  rot  v<h':ii 
some  show  of  a  kind  of  religion,  \^!Mch  no 
doubt  but  they  have  learned  from  tho  priiicu 
of  darkness  (by  help  of  soinu  papist  in  those 
parts)  that  can  transform  himself  into  an  an- 
gel of  light,  under  that  shape  the  better  to 
carry  on  the  designs  of  his  kingdom.  It  is 
said  also,  they  pretend  to  have  some  visions 
and  revelations,  by  whidi  they  have  been 
commanded  to  worship  the  great  God,  and 
not  to  work  on  the  Lord's  day.  We  know 
where  that  fountain  huth  its  rise,  that  seni'et.'' 
forth  at  tho  same  place  sweet  and  bitter  Wa 
ters;  and  from  whence  their  hearts  aro  inspi 
red,  that  join  blessing  of  Qod  with  cursing 
and  killing  his  servants. 

It  is  reported  by  some  that  came  lotelv 
from  those  parts,  that  t'^o  Indians  there  v  /.il 
refuse  to  have  any  pence  with  tho  hnglish, 
and  will  not  as  yet  return  any  of  our  captive 
friends  till  God  speak  lo  the  aforesaid  entl.u 
siasls,  that  are  their  lea<lers,  that  they  should 
no  longer  make  war  with  us,  and  the  like. 

But  not  to  trouble  ourselves  further  with 
those  ministers  of  Satan,  or  those  that  are  nt.- 
tualed  by  the  angel  of  the  bottomless  pit,  who 
possibly  since  their  delusions  are  but  twoliild 
moro  the  children  of  hell  than  they  were  b- 
fore.  We  know  better  how  to  undentiand 
the  mind  of  the  great  Lord  of  heaven  and 
earth,  than  to  depend  on  such  lying  oracles. 

That  God  who  hath  at  present  turned  theii 
hearts  to  hate  his  people,  ond  deol  subtlj 
with  his  servants,  we  hope  in  time,  will  eithei 
tura  Uie   stream,   and  causo  them  to  deal 


THE    INDIAN    WARS.- 


m 


inieli'otrT.e  to 
I  Pryor,  wiic 
n«  ol'lhi-  prill. 
r\)t  llint   will)- 

I  Inillnnit  tinil 
iriMim  of  thii 
lint  lio  woiili.' 
iillii)^  liiiiiiii  nil 
n  till)  iinini'  ni 
W  Jlfll(!«t  willi 

lit)  nmjor  gun* 
y  wm  lliun  at 
raniHCt  a  mnt* 
>y  hli  uilu  au* 
(siippniu'd  tn 
uii)  lu  bo  car 
guveriKir  nnJ 
liiiiiiivsi,  with 

II  a  firm  penva 
iiiiii'tt*,  ill  thr 
lii^r  of  all  tlic 
mt  I'encbiot 
If  at  lioataf^e 
Lvaa  sunt  lioinc 
livr  followiiiKl 
laid  to  liu  firiy 
their  hanJd  ba 
lo  articles  per- 
I  as  yet  wait  to 
i  12th  day  of 
ten  they  thera 
oniiig,  it  i*  ho> 
^ain. 

LCtora  amnngit 

jrotncted  these 

imcd  S<|uando, 

iforeiiie.iitioned 

maiider  of  the 

)»oot,  who  are 

them,  a  straiiga 

ivpai.d  serif,  m 

id  rot  v<h-;r. 

on,   w'ncti  no 

ini  the  priiicu 

lanist  in  tliimt: 

If  into  nn  an- 

the  better   to 

ngdom.      It  Is 

some  visions 

uy    Imvo   bt^en 

'eat  God,  anil 

r.      We  know 

a,  that  seni'et.'' 

nd  bitter  \\a 

iiirts  are  inspi 

with  cursing 

come  lately 
ns  there  v  /«t 
the  knglish, 
of  our  captive 
iircsaid  entl.il 
It  they  should 
nd  the  like. 

farther  with 
se  that  are  ni- 
mless  pit,  who 
re  but  twofoiil 
they  weri!  b" 
to  underocnnd 
if  heaven  and 
ying  oracles. 
It  turned  theii 
d  deal  subtl,^ 
me,  will  I'ithoi' 
them  to  deal 


ft'lundly  and  •iiiourely  with  hi*  people  •• 
heretofore,  ur  give  us  uii  opportunity  to  du- 
ilroy  I  hem. 

Ill  the  next  plane  it  remiiinK,  tliiit  <iomu  nc- 
count  bo  given  of  our  liircea,  iindiu'  ('iipt.  Hii- 
thoriie,  ami  if  their  iievenil  eX|itMiitioiii  into 
the  cnHterii  lurts,  since  tlie  iiiiildlii  of  Heptein- 
ber  liwli  ti 'Mt  up  towurd^  (!ii4ro,  by  the  sea 
Bide,  then  b.luirwnriU  throiigli  the  woodn,  di- 
rectly iiorlliwnril,  toward  OsDupy  and  Pig- 
wiiiieliei,  in  hopes  to  have  i'uuiid  tliu  enemy  at 
their  lieuil  ipinrters. 

Upon  the  first  re|iort  of  those  devastations 
tiid  spoils  that  had   been  made   by  tire  and 
■word  in  those  eastern  plantutions  it  wasjiid- 
ged  necessary  to  send  some  forces  that  way 
to  put  a  stop  to  the  current  o    those  outra- 
ges, before  the  remainder  of  the  southern  In- 
diiiiii  could  have  an  opportunity  to  join  with 
them;    To  that  end  about  130  English,  with 
forty    Indians,    wore   desputched   away   into 
those  parts,   under  the    command    of  Capt. 
William    Habiorne,   Capt.   Htill,  and   Capt. 
Hunting,  who  were  to  join  with  such  as  could 
be  raised   in  those  parts,  under  Major  Wald' 
ern  and  Capt.  Frost.     After  they  had  surpri 
•ed  tlie  Indians  that  flocked   into  those  parts, 
(as  was  related  liefure)  which  was  done  upon 
the  6lL  of  September,  167G,  Capt.  Hathorne, 
who  was  commander  in  chief,  marched  the 
forces  by  thi;  sea  side,  towards  Casco  ;    For 
at  that  time  they  were  upon  some   demur 
whether  to  march  directly  toward Ossapy  and 
Pigwauuhet,  where  the  head  quarters  of  the 
enemy  was  supposed  to  be,  or  else  to  march 
directly  toward  Casco  bay  whore  they  heard 
parties  of  the  enemy  were  daily  spoiling  the 
p^«r.ti*.ions  of  the  English;  the  last  it  was 
judged  the  most  expedient  to  try  if  they  could 
not  meet  with   some   parties  of  the   enemy 
amongst  those  plantations  near  the  sea  side, 
by  that  means  at  least  to  prevent  them  from 
doing  more  mischief,  if  they  could  not  find  an 
opfiortiinity  to  fall  upon  some  of  them  and 
destroy  them;  but  their  time   was  not  yet 
come,  nor  were  all  the  desolations  as  yet  ac 
ciiin[>lislied,    which    Uod   had   a   pur])osc  to 
bring'ubuut  liy  their  means:  For  notwithstan- 
ding there  was  a  sufficient  i^irce  to  have  sup- 
pressed all  the  numbers  of  the  enemy,  if  they 
had  been  many  more  than  they  were,  yet  be 
ing  emboldened  and  grown  sulitle  by  their  for- 
mer successes,  they  had  so  dispersed  them 
ge'ves  all  about  the  woods  in  those  parts,  that 
when   our   forces   were   in   one  place,    they 
Would  Itc  in  another,  and  so  did  much  mis- 
chief  thereabouts,  while  our  soldiers  were  out 
after  them:  For  after  they  had  by   several 
steps  in  ten  days  time  got  to  Casco  from  Ne- 
wechewunntck  (about  the  9th  of  September) 
tiiny  marched  to  Wells  and  from  Wells  to 
Winter  harbour,  and  so  from  thence  to  Black 
point  they  passed  by  water,  and  then  arrived 
Ht  Casco  bay,  about  the  30th  of  September, 
yet  about  that  very  time  were  several   of  the 
English  cut  off  at  Mountjoy's  island,  and  that 
in  sight  of  our  forces,  when   they   were  not 
able  tr  come  at  them  for  want  of  boats  the 
island  lying  two  leagues  oflT  in  the  bay;  this 
happened  the  33rd  of  the  same  month  as  was 
■aid  before,  and  w°.t!iin  two  days  after  anoth- 
er party  of  the  enemy  were  doing  mi?chief 
at  Wells  and  cape  Nii.duck,  and  yet  esca- 
ped away  when  they  had  done. 

Nor  could  our  forces  in  all  the  expedition 
mael  vi  lb  any  of  them  but  t«  o ;  one  of  which 


soon  aftrr  he  was  taken  was  let  go  by  the 


treachery  or  carelessness  of  them  that  held 
him.     Fiir  when  our  forces  were  come  with- 
in a  few  inilcH  of  the  hither  side  of  Cnsco  bay, 
some  of  our  Natick  Indians  under  Dliiid  Will 
(a  Sugsinorii  of  Piscataipia,  who  went  in  com- 
pany with  8  of  his  men,  supposed  to  be  good 
pilots  for  the  places  more  eastward)  met  with 
some  of  the  enemy,  and  laid  hold  of  a  couple 
if  them  ;  justice  was  dene  to  one  of  thoin  ; 
the   other,  although  he  was  led  by  two  of 
Ulind  Will's  Indians,  they  made  shift  to  let 
go,  who  oscapiiig,  got  over  a  river  and  gave 
notice  to  the  Indians  who  were  on  the  other 
side,  and   were    heard  but  a    little    before 
threshing  in  a  barn  that  belonged  to  Anthony 
Bracket,   whom  thoy   had  lately   lurpriseu. 
Another  disappointment  our  force*  met  with 
about  the  same  time:   for  when  Capt.  Hu- 
tlioriie  waa  up  at  Casco  bay  with  his  soldiers, 
he  never  could  come  up  with  the  Indians, 
either  through  want  of  skill  in  them  that  were 
hi*  scouts,  or  rather  want  of  faithfulness  in 
one  that  should  have  been  his  guide,  who  had 
got  his  living  by  trading  with  the  Indians, 
therefore  seemed  unwilling  to  have  the  brood 
of  them  destroyed,  as  wus  known  afterwards ; 
and  by  that  means  a  party  of  the  enemy  es' 
caped  the  hands  of  our  soldiers.     Yet  it  pleas- 
ed Ciod  at  one  time  to  bring  the  forlorn  of 
our  forces  upon  a  party  of  the  enemy,  who 
espying  the  English  presently  fled  away  into 
the  woods  like  so  many  wild  deer*;  yet  one 
of  them,  viz.  J.  Sampson,  who  had  been  of 
the  company  that  killed  Jlobinson  the  year 
before,  wa*  by  the  *pecial  hand  of  divine  jus- 
tice, suffered  to  fall  by  some  of  our  forces ; 
he  was  a  very  lusty,  stout  man,  and  one  that 
was  armed  with  several  sorts  of  weapons,  but 
there  i*  no  weapon  *hall  defend  them  whom 
death  hath  a  commission  to  destroy  ;  there  is 
no  ransom  in  that  war.     The  rest  of  the  In- 
dians that  were  scattered  about  Casco  bay 
having  discovered  our  forces  made  their  os 
cape;  but  we  hope  their  time  is  short,  and 
that  Qod  will  find  some  way  to  cut  afT  the 
liloody  and  deceitful  enemies  of  his  people, 
and  not  suffer  them  to  live  out  half  their  day*. 
But  by  one  such  accident  or  other,  our  sol- 
diers could  not  meet  with  any  of  them  that  had 
done  the  mischief  in  those  parts.     While  our 
forces  lay  about  Casco  bay,  a  small  party  of 
thoenomy  came  down  upon  the  borders  of  the 
town  of  Wells,  where  they  lay  in  ambush 
near  a  garrison  house  at  one  end  of  the  town, 
and  shot  Mr.  James  Gouge  from  his  horse, 
on  Lord's  day.  Sept  34th,  as  he  was  going 
home  from  meeting,  and  then  knocked  down 
his  wife,  giving  her  several  wounds  with  their 
hatchets  about  the  head,  of  which  she  died 
in  three  days  after. 

The  next  day,  Sept.  25th,  the  same  party, 
being  not  more  than  seven  in  number,  went 
toward  York,  and  surprised  Capt.  Nidduck 
in  a  most  barbarous  manner,  killing  most  of 
the  poor  people  belonging  thereunto.  Some 
of  their  neighbours  hearing  the  guns,  came  to 
their  rescue;  the  Indians  being  on  the  further 
side  of  the  river,  dared  them  to  come  over  and 
fight  with  them  man  to  man,  using  many  rO' 
proachful  expressions,  and  making  a  snot  at 
thera,  which  some  of  the  company  not  being 
able  to  bear,  did  very  resolutely  adventure 
through  the  river  after  them;  but  they  were 


not  willing  to  try  the  valour  of  the  £nglish,lthat  carried  it  off*, 
when  they  perceived  they  found  a  way  to  I     An  old  man  oal 


pass  over  the  river  upon  ihem,  but  returned 
nuck  toward    Wells,  where  they  killed  una 
George  Farrow,  September  27lh,  a*  he  was 
too  cari'lessly  venturing  lo  his  house  without 
any  company.     These  things  happened  wliilu 
our  forces  were  at  Cusco,  where  they  tnrriod 
seven  or  eight  days;    and  hearing  of  these 
outrages  nominitted  in  some  of  those  iilace* 
which  tlicy  left  behind  them,  and  not   lieing 
able  to  qieut  with  any  of  them  in  the  place 
where  they  were,  thiiy  returned  back  toward 
Wells  and  York;  but  the  Indians  were  esca- 
ped awoy  into  the  wood*  after  their  compan- 
ion* before  they  came  there.     Our  aoluiera 
having  thui  *pent  much  time  and  pain*  in  » 
fruitlea*  expedition  toward  Casco,  resolved  to 
venture  another  march  after  them  up  towards 
Ossapy,  supposing  they  might  by  that  time  lie 
drawn  homewards  towards  their  winter  quar* 
ters;  orelsn  that  they  might  destroy  what  they 
had  left  behind  them,  to  prevent  their  harbour- 
ing there  for  the  future :  But  it  seemed  good  to 
him,  who  by  his  sovereign  power  and  infinite 
wisdom  ordorath  all  events  and   purposes 
(wherein  his  people  or  other*  are  concerned) 
to  disappoint  all  endeavours  used  at  that  time 
for  the  suppressing  of  the  enemy,  or  putting 
any  stop  to  their  wonted  successes ;  lor  loon 
aft!er  our  forces  wore  returned  back   from 
Casco,  news  was  brought  of  the  siirprisal  of 
Black  point,  on  the  12th  of  October,  as  was 
mentioned  before;  which  notwithstanding  it 
was  judged  more  advisable  to  venture  and 
proceed  on  with  the  exne>ii'><>n  towards  Os- 
sapy, (whither  it  was  supposed  by  this  time 
the  greatest  number  of  them  were  retired) 
rather  than  to  return  back  again  to  recover 
Black  point,  where  was  nothing  to  be  expec- 
ted  but  an  empty  fort,  and  some  deserted 
house*,  which  it  aeem*  the  Indiana  had  forsa- 
ken by  that  time.     And  beside*,  that  other 
force*  were  about  the  same  time  ordered  to 
repair  thither,  sufficient  for  the  repairing  and 
securing  the  place,  with  what  else  wa*  led 
remaining  from  the  hands  of  the  enemy :  And 
likewise   several  soldiers   were   ordered   to 
garrison  the  town*  thereabouts,  to  preve^: 
them  from  making  any  further  assault  upon 
them.     However,  thoy  were  so  far  emool- 
dened  by  the  taking  of  Black  point,  and  the 
ketch  at  Richmond  island  that  a  party  of  them 
came   the   very   next   week   after    towards 
Wells,  hoping  to  attain  that,  and  all  the  towns 
and  places  between  Casco  bay  and  Piscata- 
qua,  as  they  had  done  Black  point;   For  a 
party  of  them  under  Mugg  their  chief  leader, 
brought    Mr.   Gendal   along   with   them   to 
Wells,  where  they  summoned  the  first  gar- 
rison at  the   town's  end.     To  facilitate  the 
business,  thoy  sent  the  said  Gendal  as  their 
agent  or  messenger  to  move  them  to  surren- 
der  without   hazarding  an   onset;    but   ine 
people  were  not  so  despondent  as  to  yield 
up  the  place   upon  so  slight   an   occasion ; 
which  wheA  the  enemy  discerned,  they  soon 
drew   off,   after   they   had  done  some  little 
mischief  to  the   inhabitants;   for  first  they, 
killed  Isaac  Littlefield  not  far  from  the  gar* 
rison ;   it  is  said  they  would  willingly  hav 
had  him  yield   himself  prisoner,  but  ho  tro- 
fusing,  they  shot  him  down,  yet  they  wero 
80  civil  as  to  suffer  his  friends  to  fetch  away 
his  body  without  oflTering  any  further  act  ot 
inhumanity  to  it,  or  hostility  towards  those 


called  Cross,  was  like  wise  kil    • 


A    NARUATIVE   OP 


VnI  by  ihtiin  iib<iut  the  Mrno  time  ;  and  miotli- 
•r  whoM  n«ma  wm  J«oub  Bigrnni,  belong- 
ing to  the  garriion,  wai  in  hnJIy  woiindtid 
lh«t  hu  diud  ioon  alier.  Thirti^en  head  of 
neat  enttio  wrra  >l«i  killed  hy  ihein,  nut  of 
which  (through  hnito)  thoy  only  tmik  tho 
Innguei  luaviiig  the  Itodio  wholu  to  tlio  own- 
eri,  unluii  it  was  the  log  uf  one  of  them, 
which  waa  alio  liikon  away. 

Thit  wai  all  the  mischiof  done  hy  tliom 
after  the  taking  of  Black  point.  Tho  iiihal)!- 
Untt  of  Winter  harbour,  nuar  adjoining 
thereto,  being  alarmed  with  the  aurnrKal  o? 
the  other  place,  fled  away  w  ith  thiur  g(Kxl( 
fur  a  time  until  they  heanj  tho  enemy  wore 
moved  farther  eaitward,  and  then  it  ii  said 
thejr  returned  to  their  place  again.  In  thii 
|KMt>ire  have  thing*  remained  ever  lince  tn 
thote  eaatern  plantation!  between  Piicataqua 
and  Caieo  bay. 

But  our  forces  under  the  command  of  Capt. 
Hathnme  and  Capt.  Still,  having  at  last  ob- 
tained all  things  ncnessary  for  a  winter  march 
mto  the  woods,  did  upon  the  first  of  Novem- 
ber following,  set  out  towards  Ossopy,  where, 
after  four  days  march  of  n  very  difficult  way, 
over  many  rivers,  not  easy  to  pass  at  that 
time  of  the  year,  they  arrived ;  but  found  not 
an  Indian  either  there  or  in  tho  way  as  thoy 
marched  along.  The  Indians  belonging  to 
those  parts  had  not  many  years  before,  hired 
some  ISnglish  traders  to  build  them  a  fort  for 
their  senurity  against  tho  Mohawks,  which 
was  built  very  strong  for  that  purpose,  four- 
teen feet  high,  with  flankers  at  each  corner ; 
but  this  time  the  soldiers  intending  to  disap- 
point tiiem  of  their  refuge,  made  fiiel  thereof, 
which  at  that  time  was  vury  needful  for  our 
people  who  had  marched  many  miles  through 
a  decpsnnw  in  a  very  cold  season,  when  they 
could  hardly  keep  from  freezingas  they  passed 
klong,  so  early  in  the  winter.  None  of  tho 
enemy  being  to  be  found  there  in  the  strongest 
fort,  it  was  not  counted  worth  while  fur  all 
thn  company  to  march  any  farther ;  where- 
/nre  a  small  party  being  sent  up  eighteen  or 
twenty  miles  farther  northward  amongst  the 
woods,  where  as  they  passed  along  they  met 
with  many  vast  lakes,  (supposed  to  be  the 
cause  of  the  sharpness  of  the  cold  in  that  side 
of  the  country)  making  the  place  scarce  habi- 
table fur  any  besides  tnose  savages  that  used 
to  hunt  thereabouts  for  moose  in  the  winter, 
and  beaver  in  the  summer ;  but  at  this  time 
it  is  supposed  they  were  all  gone  lower,  to- 
wards the  sea  side,  to  share  the  spoils  of  the 
English  plantations  lately  surprided  by  them, 
which  is  all  the  reward  they  have  met  with, 
who  in  former  years  for  the  sake  of  a  little  lucre 
Hy  traffic  with  them,  have  run  themselves 
there  into  the  veryjaws  of  destruction,  cither 
by  irregular  dealing  with  them  or  by  their 
too  much  confidence  in  their  deceitful  friend- 
chip. 

The  9th  of  November,  our  forces  having 
spent  nine  days  in  this  service,  returned  sale 
to  Newechewannick  from  whence  they  set 
forth  at  first,  having  run  more  ha2ard  of'^their 
limba  by  tho  sharpness  of  the  froat,  than  of 
tlieir  lives  by  any  assault  from  their  enemies. 

There  was  a  great  probability  that  the  de- 
■ign  might  have  had  some  good  effect  if  Mugg 
did  not  much  abuse  those  he  fled  unto,  with  prof- 
fer ofpeace  ;  for  he  told  them  that  there  were 
about  an  hundred  about  Ossapy  not  many 
4Mg»  liefore.    But  it  becomes  ut  to  look  b«- 


yond  socnnd  cnusn  in  evtiiits  of  this  naluru 
and  cnncludo  that  (iud  had  ruUfd  up  their  bar- 
barous iincmit'S  In  firing  a  likn*  rlniKtiKPmiMit 
upon  till)  Kiigliitli  in  tliin  niclu  uf  tin'  ciiuiitr;^, 
with  ihut  wliicliollHTK  liiid  I'ndiirrd  I'lxDwhi'ru 
in  tliu  uMil  (if  ihu  f'uriniir  and  liegiiiniiig  ufthu 
pri'siMit  yi'ur, 

Tliingn  were  so  onliTi'd  by  tho  pniviiliinru 
ufniiil,  that  tliii  viisaiils  litifuru  ini'iitinniul, 
arrivfd  siifcly  ot  PiMiolmrnt  in  the  lioginiiiiig 
uf  thu  iiiuiitli,  wliiTO  llioy  found  tliu  miiil 
Motluckuwaiidn,  who  was  ready  to  cuntirin 
and  mako  good  thn  articles  uf  tho  peace  cun- 
cludod  at  Hostun  by  his  agent  in  his  nunio; 
and  was  willing  also  to  deliver  all  thu  prison- 
ers that  woro  then  in  his  power,  or  undt- r  his 
command,  which  wore  but  eleven,  who  wero 
tukon  in  thu  vessel  at  Richmond's  island,  thu 
13th  of  October  last.  Tho  said  Mugg  like- 
wisu  being  sensible  of  tho  obligation  he  lay 
under  tn  make  his  word  good,  did  venture  to 
go  up  himself  to  another  plantation  of  tho  In- 
dians, where  we  supposed  some  more  of  tho 
English  prisoners  were,  to  see  whether  ho 
could  obtain  a  release,  as  also  to  persuade  ihu 
rest  of  the  Indians  thereabouts  to  join  in  tho 
confirmation  of  the  peace :  It  appeort-d  to 
tho  persons  belonging  to  tho  vessel  that  thu 
said  Mugg  went  with  reluctancy,  and  fearing 
the  Indians  he  was  going  amongst,  would 
either  kill  him  or  keep  hirn  in  prison ;  to 
which  end,  heordcrcd  tho  command  lielunging 
to  the  vessels,  to  tarry  for  him  about  three 
days,  or  four  at  the  most,  assuring  them  that 
if  he  did  not  return  by  that  time,  thoy  might 
certainly  conclude  that  !thcr  his  lifu  or  liber- 
ty was  taken  from  him ;  however,  the  vessels 
tarried  about  or  near  a  wock  beyond  tho 
time  limited  in  expectation  of  bis  corning ; 
but  after  so  long  a  stay,  they  neither  seeing 
nor  hearing  fur  liim,  were  ready  to  foar  tho 
worst,  viz.  that  his  countrymen  had  madu 
him  sure,  from  having  more  to  do  with  the 
English,  whereupon  for  fear  uf  being  shut  up 
by  the  sharpness  of  tho  winter  from  returning 
themselves,  thoy  took  the  opportunity  of  tho 
next  fair  wind,  of  setting  sail  fur  Boston 
(only  turning  into  Pemma(|uid,  to  see  if  they 
could  hear  any  further  news  there)  where 
they  arrived  with  such  prisoners  as  wore 
freely  delivered  by  Madockawando,  thu 
25th  of  December  following,  anno.  1676; 
amongst  which  prisoners,  besides  the  two 
aforementioned,  who  were  found  at  Penob- 
scot, there  was  a  third,  by  a  more  roniarkiible 
providence  than  ordinary,  added  unto  them, 
Mr.  Thomas  Cobbet,son  of  that  reverend  and 
worthy  minister  of  the  gospel,  Mr.  Tliumns 
Cobbct,  pastor  of  the  church  at  Ipswich,  a 
town  within  Massachusetts  jurisdiction,  who 
had  all  the  time  of  his  son's  captivity,  together 
with  his  friends,  wrestlud  with  Gud  in  their 
daily  prayers  for  his  release,  and  accordingly 
he  was  with  the  more  joy  received  by  his 
friends,  as  an  answer  and  return  of  their 
prayers.  The  said  young  man  has  lived  with 
Mr.  Fryer,  merchant,  of  Portsmouth,  for  some 
years  before,  and  had  been  often  at  sea  with 
Mr.  James  Fryer  the  eldest  son  of  the  said 
merchant,  and  who  had  after  much  experience 
of  his  faitfulness,  dexterity  and  courage  on  all 
such  accounts,  borne  him  so  much  respect,  that 
when  he  was  urged  by  his  father  to  go  along 
with  Mr.  Oendal  as  was  said  bofure,  ho  would 
not  venture  unless  his  friend  Thomas  Gobbet 
would  go  along  with  him  ;  which  service  he 


only  fur  his  frii'nd's  sake  ncct'ptt'd,  whieb 
pruvi-d  a  fiiliil  ndvi-nlure  tn  Mr,  James  Fryor 
nnd  iiii)(lit  liiivii  li<)»ii  til  ilio  utiiiiriilso  has  not 
Olid  ulliurwisi)  dispuai-il  uf  liiin,  having  ns  ia 
liupcil,  mnru  serving  in  llio  lurid  uf  tho  living, 
Ainuiignt  all  thu  prisunurs  ut  that  time  taken, 
tliu  Niiiil  Tliiimas  Ciililit't  stuinied  lu  linve  had 
till)  liardi'Kt  purliun  ;  fur  liuaiilua  tho  despcratn 
iliin^^ur  tliiit  hu  ncapnd  liufuro  he  was  lukcn, 
fimt  liy  a  liullut  shut  ihrniigh  his  waislRuat, 
•ii'niindly  by  a  drunken  Indian ;  who  hud  a 
kiiifu  nt  his  thruat.  In  nil  it,  when  his  hands 
were  bound,  when  tho  Indians  came  to  ihara 
the  prisoners  amongst  them  he  fell  into  the 
hands  of  ono  of  the  ruggedest  fellows,  b 


J. 


whom  within  a  fuw  days  after  his  suprisa 
ha  was  curried  first  from  Black  point  to 
Shoopscot  rivor,  in  the  ketch,  which  the  In- 
dians made  to  sail  in,  in  the  said  rivor,  frora 
whenco  ho  was  forced  to  travel  with  his  pa- 
toi-oon,  four  or  five  miles  over,  and  to  Dama> 
riscotlne,  whore  ho  was  compelled  to  row 
ur  paddle  in  a  canoe,  about  fifty  miles  far- 
thi>r  to  Penobsout,  and  there  taking  leave  oi' 
nlljhis  English  friends  and  acquaintance,  at  least 
for  the  winter,  he  was  put  to  paddle  a  canoo 
up  fifty  or  sixty  miles  further  eastward,  to  an 
island  called  Mount  Desert,  whore  bis  pate 
roon  used  to  keep  his  winter  station,  and  tu 
appoint  hi*  hunting  voyages  i  and  in  that  de- 
sert like  condition  was  the  pour  young  man 
forced  to  continue  nine  weeks  in  the  service 
of  a  savage  miscreant,  who  sometimes  would 
tyrannize  over  him,  lieeause  he  could  not  iin 
derstand  the  language  and  for  want  thorefure, 
might  occasion  him  to  mil*  of  his  game,  or  the 
like.  Whatever  sickness  he  wassubjcct  to,  by 
change  of  diet,  or  on  any  other  account,  he 
could  expect  no  other  allowance  than  the 
wigwam  will  aflfbrd :  If  Joseph  be  in  tho 
prison,  so  lung  as  God  is  with  him  there,  he 
shall  be  preserved,  and  in  due  time  rement- 
bored. 

After  the  end  of  the  nine  weeks,  the  India? 
whom  he  was  to  serve,  had  spent  all  his  pow 
dor,  whereupon  on  a  sudden  ho  took  up  a  re 
solution  to  send  this  young  man  down  to  Pe- 
nobscot to  Mr.  Castucn  to  procure  more  ptiw. 
dor  to  kill  moose  and  deer,  which  it  seems  is 
all  their  way  of  living  at  Mount  Desert;  the 
Indian  wascertainly  overruled  by  Divine  Pro- 
vidence in  sending  his  captive  down  thither 
iiir  a  few  days  before,  as  it  seems,  after  the 
Indians  in  that  place  hud  been  powawing  to- 
gether, ho  told  him  that  there  were  two  En- 
i;lish  vessels  then  come  into  Pemmat,uid,  or 
Punuliscut,  which  indeed  proved  so;  yet  was 
it  nut  miiulf^d  by  him  surely  when  he  sent  his 
captive  thither  fur  puwder,  for  it  proved  the 
means  uf  his  escape,  which  his  pateroon 
might  easily  have  conjectured,  if  it  had  nut 
been  hid  from  him.  As  soun  as  he  arrived  at 
Penobscot,  he  met  with  Mugg  who  presently 
saluted  him  by  the  name  of  Mr.  Cobbet,  and 
taking  him  by  the  hand,  told  him  he  had  been 
at  his  father's  house  (which  was  the  1st  or  3d 
of  November  l>efore,  as  he  passed  through  Ips- 
wich to  Boston)  and  had  promised  to  send 
him  homo,  as  soon  as  he  returned.  Madocka- 
wando taking  notice  of  what  Mugg  was  speak 
ing  that  way,  although  he  was  willing;  ha 
should  bo  released  according  to  agreement 
(his  pateroon  being  one  of  this  sagamore's 
suVijects,  though  during  the  hunting  voyage 
of  the  winter,  he  lived  at  such  a  distance  from  ' 
him)  began  to  demand  something  for  satisfao> 


ci'plt'il,  whieb 
'.  Junivi  Fryor 
iir  iilao  liii*  not 
III,  linviii^  im  in 
i  of  lliu  livini(. 
lit  liinu  laki'n, 
J  til  )invu  hud 
)  t)u)  (li'iperntn 
he  wim  ukt>n, 

his  wni^lrdaC, 
I !  who  hud  B 
I'hoii  hii  hanili 

oime  to  ihara 
tt  fell  into  th« 
It  fellowi,  by 
r  hit  ■iipriiul, 
tl«ck  point  to 
which  the  In- 
lid  rivor,  frora 
I  with  hi»  |m> 

and  to  Daina> 
iMillud  to  row 
ifly  miles  far* 
liking  li'BVe  oi' 
iiitiinco,  at  least 
iiiddio  a  canoo 
astward,  tu  an 
here  his  pate 
•lation,  and  lu 
and  in  that  de« 
ir  young  man 

in  the  srrvico 
netinies  would 
I  could  not  tin 
I'ant  thorcfiire, 
is  gamn,  or  the 
s  siihject  to,  by 
er  account,  he 
mce  than  the 
'ph  be  in  the 

him  there,  he 
I  time  remem* 

jks,  the  India! 
ntall  liis  pow 
Mook  up  a  re 
down  to  Pe« 
re  more  p>iw. 
ich  it  seems  it 
t  Desert;  the 
y  Divine  Pro- 
down  thither 
ms,  aAer  the 
powBwing  to< 
I'ero  two  En- 
einmai^uid,  ol 
d  so;  yet  was 
len  he  sent  his 
it  proved  the 
his  pateroon 
if  it  had  not 
I  he  arrived  at 
vho  presently 
Cohliet,  mid 
n  he  had  been 
I  the  1st  or  3d 
1  through  Ips- 
nised  to  send 
Madocka- 
gg  WQSsptak 
IS  willin;;  ha 
to  agreement 
is  sagamore's 
nting  voyage 
distance  from 
ig  for  tatitfiuy 


THE    INDIAN    WARS. 


m 


tion,  in  a  way  of  rantom,  not  understanding 
iNifore  that  hit  father  was  a  great  preach  nmn, 
ts  they  used  to  call  it ;  Reply  whs  inudu  him 
that  he  should  hiive  siiinething  in  liirii  of  n  rnii- 
■om,  viz.  a  fliie  coat,  which  they  hud  for  him 
on  Imard  the  vessel ;  which  the  sagmnore  de- 
iirod  to  see  before  ho  would  absolutely  grant 
t  release;  but  uiinn  sight  of  the  said  coat 
teemed  very  well  satisfied,  and  giive  him  free 
liberty  to  return  home.  VVIiilat  this  Mr, 
Thomas  Cobbet  was  a  prisoner  ut  Mount  De- 
tort,  going  along  with  the  Indians  to  hunt  on 
•n  extreme  cold  day,  he  was  so  overcome 
with  the  sharpness  thereof,  that  all  his  senses 
were  suddenly  benuml)od,so  that  ho  fell  down 
upon  the  snow,  not  being  able  to  stir  hand  or 
foot,  and  had  without  doubt  there  perished  in 

■  little  time.but  the  Indiana  he  was  going  along 
with,  missing  him  presently,  ran  about  the 
woods  to  seek  him,  and  when  they  found  him 
Ihoy  were  to  pitiful  to  him,  or  so  careful  of 
their  own  good,  as  not  to  cast  away  a  likely 
youns;  man,  from  whom  they  expected  either 
mu.jh  ourvice,  or  a  good  ransom,  for  want  of 

■  little  care  and  pains  to  preserve  his  life  ; 
wherefore  taking  him  upon  their  shoulders, 
they  carried  him  into  the  next  wigwam,  so 
that  he  soon  after  revived,  and  came  to  him- 
self again,  without  any  further  mischief. 

At  another  time,  the  savage  villain,  whose 
prisoner  he  was,  to  long  as  no  had  strong  li- 
quor, for  five  days  together  was  so  drunk 
ho  was  like  a  mad  furious  beast,  so  that  none 
durst  como  near  him,  his  squaw  he  almost  kil- 
«d  in  one  of  those  drunken  fits. 

The  said  Thomas  to  got  out  of  his  sight 
went  into  the  woods  for  fear  of  being  injured 
by  him ;  where  making  a  fire,  he  kept  himself 
•live;  the  squaws  being  by  Qod's  special  pro- 
vidence so  inclined  to  pity,  that  they  came  to 
him  daily  with  victuals,  by  rhich  meant  ho 
was  at  that  time  also  preserv'-d ;  all  which  put 
together,  makes  his  deliverance  the  more  ro 
markable,  as  an  answer  of  piayer. 

As  for  the  rest  of  the  prisoners  (which  are 
laid  to  bo  50  or  60)  they  wore  left  with  those 
who  first  tiiprised  them  at  Kennebock  and 
Sheepscot  river  ;  The  women  were  employ- 
ed it  seems  to  sew,  and  mako  garments  fiir 
them  ;  they  having  plundered  many  Engish 
goods  at  Arnwsick.  They  are  so  much  ela- 
ted with  their  late  successes,  in  spoiling  so 
many  English  habitations,  that  thoy  seemed 
not  very  ready  to  hearken  to  terms  of  peace, 
as  their  sagamore  Madockawando  doth  de- 
lire:  Nor  are  the  English  able  to  come  near 
them  with  any  of  their  forces  this  winter  sea- 
ion,  ill  regard  both  of  the  remoteness  of  the 
place,  and  sharpness  of  the  cold,  which  used 
tu  be  extreme  in  those  parts.  How  their 
hearts  may  be  inclined  in  the  following  year, 
or  what  the  English  may  be  enabled  to  do 
against  them,  is  known  unto  God  only,  on 
whom  we  desiro  to  woit  for  a  confortable 
issue  of  these  our  troubles.  But  until  they 
have  spent  all  tlio  plunder  that  is  taken,  it  is 
no  doubt,  but  thoy  will  seem  averse  from  hav- 
Ills'  peace  ;  as  others  to  the  westward  did, 
whose  hearts  were  hardened  against  all  prof- 
fers of  that  nature,  till  they  were  destroyed  ; 
possibly  some  remnants  of  them  that  esca- 
ped ill  those  ntlier  parts,  are  got  hither 
amongst  these  and  do  animate  them  all  they 
can  to  hostility  against  us,  till  they  mako 
these  as  miserauH  as  themselves,  and  so  forced 
•t  lut  to  fly  from  their  country     Many  have 


been 

til 
h 


the  troubles  we  have  met  with  from 
liesc  Imrlinroiis  neighliours  round  alMiut  us, 
ut  (jod  we  triiit  will  deliver  us  out  of  them 
atli  proinJHi'd  to  do  fur  the  righteous, 
who  may  in  tlie  darkest  night  of  ulHiutioii  say 
light  is  sown  fur  them,  which  shall  spring  up 
ill  the  appointed  time  thereof. 

No  further  news  came  to  hand  concerning 
the  English  prisoners  at  Keniiebeck,  after 
the  return  of  Cupt.  Moore,  from  Penobicot, 
till  the  6th  of  January;  when,  one  Francis 
Card,  with  another  young  man,  formely  an 
inhabitant  of  some  place  about  Kenubeck,  or 
of  Arowsick  (but  then  the  prisoner  with  the 
Indians)  made  an  esca|M)  from  them,  and  got 
over  to  Custio  bay,  and  then  to  Black  point, 
from  thence  he  was  convoyed  >,u  I'iscataqua 
soon  alYer,  and  then  to  Boston, 

The  manner  of  his  eaca|ie,  at  he  reporti, 
was  this  i  He  was  employed  by  the  Indians 
to  thresh  corn  at  a  barn  a  little  lower  in  the 
river,  than  the  place  where  the  Indians  com- 
monly kept ;  being  trusted  alone,  to  go  and 
come  of  himself,  because  there  was  no  sus- 
picion of  any  coming  to  carry  him  away,  or 
seeming  possibility  to  get  away  without  being 
discovered,  he  found  means  to  plot  with  an 
other  young  man,  who  was  sent  to  look  for 
horses,  whoso  flesh  it  seems  is  by  those  wild 
savages  preferred  before  the  best  beef,  so  that 
having  their  choice  of  both,  they  took  what 
they  liked  best.  This  being  the  employment 
of  the  young  man,  he  had  the  better  opportu- 
nity when  he  was  in  tho  woods  to  make  a 
contrivance  to  get  away.  Thus  being  resol- 
ved upon  their  design,  they  provided  neces- 
saries accordingly,  and  sent  such  a  message 
home  to  their  masters,  as  might  occasion  them 
not  to  expect  them  very  toon  that  night.  Thus 
resolved,  they  marched  away  as  soon  as  they 
perceived  the  coast  was  clear;  and  having 
provided  a  canoe  accordingly  fit  for  the  de- 
sign, by  the  help  of  which  thoy  got  over  the 
water  by  which  they  were  to  pass,  which  was 
not  frozen;  and  in  the  night  time  turned  into 
a  swamp,  where  they  might  mako  a  fire  to 
keep  them  from  sufiering  with  the  cold  with- 
out being  discerned ;  so  that  within  two  or 
three  days  thoy  recovered  tho  fort  and  garri' 
sun  at  Black  point,  from  whence  they  were 
soon  conveyed  to  Boston. 

This  Francis  Curd  mado  his  relation  of 
matters  when  he  came  to  Boston,  viz.  that  the 
prisoners  which  he  left  behind  wore  well,  and 
not  much  ill  used,  only  put  to  do  the  servile 
work  about  the  Indians.  Woe  must  it  needs 
bo  with  Christians,  when  put  not  only  to  so 
journ,  but  to  serve  in  those  tents  of  Kedar. 
Such  of  the  women  as  were  skilled  in  knit- 
ting and  sowing  were  employed  to  make 
stockings  and  garments  for  their  pateroons 
so  it  seems  the  ware-house  at  Arowsick  fur 
nishod  them  with  cloth,  stuff  and  linen,  and 
the  inhabitants  served  for  artificers  to  cut  it 
out  and  make  it  up. 

He  reported  also  that  the  Indians  spake 
nothing  of  any  peace;  but  rather  being  heigh- 
tened with  their  late  and  great  successes, 
were  contriving  how  to  get  possession  of  the 
other  places  in  tho  hands  of  the  English  on 
that  side  of  tho  country, .  which  God  forbid 
should  ever  come  to  pass;  but  finding  so 
easy  work  of  their  former  exploits,  they  hope 
tu  accomplish  their  purposes,  with  the  like 
facility  in  all  other  places  where  they  come. 

It  seems  Squondo  is  their  chief  leader,  that 


enthuaiustical  or  ratlu  r  dialNilioal  mitcr»int| 
who  hath  put  on  •  garb  of  religion,  and  order 
ed  hit  |>eople  to  do  the  like;  performing  re- 
ligious worship  amongst  the  Indiini  in  hit 
way,  yet  it  tuppoted  to  have  very  familiar 
converse  with  the  devil,  th*t  tppran  to  hiir 
as  an  angel  of  light  in  wmo  thape  or  olh«i 
very  frequently,  I'hit  Franoit  f 'ard  alto  af- 
firiiieth,  that  there  it  not  lo  great  •  nu'nber 
of  Iiuliftnt  at  it  herein  reported  ;  for  he  laith, 
when  they  wore  going  out  upon  tome  detign 
/bile  he  wat  in  tlieir  nandt,  ne  had  opportu> 
nity  to  count  them  all  and  coukl  find  but  08 
of  them  that  were  men ;  neither  could  he  dit- 
corn  that  there  were  any  of  tho  wettern  In- 
diani  unleii  Simon  and  Andrew,  that  form- 
erly oicaped  out  of  Dover  priion  ;  although 
it  wat  before  aiiprohended  there  were  multi- 
tudet  of  them  Hocked  thither. 

FraHcu  CartTt  declaration  of  thtir  be 
ginning,  Augutt,  UM., 

The  Indiana  come  to  Richard  Hammond*! 
and  there  killed  Richard  Hammond,  Samuel 
Smith,  and  Joshua  Grant,  there  parting  their 
company,  eleven  men  came  up  Kennebeck 
river  to  iny  house,  and  there  took  me,  and  my 
family.  Therefore  tho  rest  of  their  company 
went  to  Arowsick  and  there  took  the  gam 
son ;  About  a  fortnight  after,  thev  came  down 
Kennebeck  river,  and  to  went  down  to  Da- 
maril't  cove,  and  there  burnt  houtet  and  kil- 
led cattle ;  tlien  coming  back  parted  their 
company;  one  party  went  to  Jewel't  island, 
and  the  other  party  went  to  &agadahocK,  oe- 
ing  in  number  81.  Those  that  went  to  Saga- 
donuck  took  a  thallop;  from  thence  came  to 
Kennebeck  river,  and  then  went  to  kiding  and 
destroying  of  cattle  and  houtet ;  for  they  had 
intelligence  of  a  ketch  and  a  thallop  at  Dama- 
ril's  cove,  and  going  there  they  took  the  shal- 
lop, and  killed  two  men,  being  in  the  number 
about  80.  The  next  day  made  up  their  forces 
went  about  to  Black  point  being  about  120 
fighting  men,  and  are  now  in  two  fortt  about 
CO  at  a  place,  with  aix  or  eight  wigwami  be- 
tween the  two  forts. 

Now  the  best  place  to  land  men  it  inCasco 
bay,  and  in  Kennebeck  river;  the  one  place 
being  eight,  the  other  about  fourteen  milei 
from  the  fort  where  I  was  kept ;  and  if  the 
army  do  not  go  with  speed,  they  will  be  gone 
forty  miles  farther  up  in  the  country.  At  th« 
first  taking  of  me  they  carried  me  up  to  Ta- 
connet,  and  the  men  coming  down,  they 
brought  me  and  two  more  men  down  for  fear 
of  our  killing  their  women  and  children ;  for 
they  kept  their  women  and  children  at  Ta- 
connet  all  the  summer.  As  soon  as  the  warm 
weather  doth  set  in  they  do  intend  to  go  away 
to  Taconnet,  and  there  to  build  two  forts, 
for  there  is  their  fishing  places  and  planting 
grou  nd.  Squando  doth  inform  them  that  God 
doth  speak  to  him,  and  doth  tell  him  that 
God  hath  left  our  nation  to  them  to  destroy, 
and  tho  Indians  take  for  truth  all  that  ho  tells 
them ;  because  they  have  met  with  no  atTront. 
Now  Mugg  the  rogue,  being  come  again  to 
the  fort,  doth  make  his  brags,  and  laughs  at 
the  English,  and  saith,  that  lie  hath  found  the 
way  to  burn  Boston,  and  doth  make  laughter 
at  your  kind  entertainment;  they  make  their 
brags  how  they  do  intend  to  take  vessels,  and 
to  go  to  all  the  fishing  islands,  and  so  drive  all 
the  country  before  them ;   reckoned  to  b«  / 


K* 


A  NARRATIVE  OF 


greiC  number  in  tha  ■{•ring,  Thura  ■ra  • 
ffroBt  many  Inditni  at  C»niiil«  that  huvn  nnt 
itnnn  out  tnii  ■iimtmir,  both  of  K«nn«b«>ck  and 
Uamiirniionj^gin,  thercHira  ft  Kr«at  mnny  of 
lht>ta  Indiana  at  Konnobeok  do  intend  tu  go 
to  Cunada  in  the  ipring  to  them,  ani  ihoy  do 
give  ^'ift•  iMith  ofeupiivM,  and  ol  good)  to  thu 
i-aatom  Indiana,  to  nave  tlio'n  go  with  thorn; 
but  aa  y«t  I  do  not  know  v  hnt  thtiy  will  do, 
for  Miiilookawando  and  S({.iando  aru  of  aova> 
r«l  judginnnta,  and  an  have  partod  and  Ma- 
dorkawando  doth  pretend  love  to  the  Engliah 
raptivoa  at  civilly  ai  we  can  expect  by  atich 
a  people.  That  thia  ii  a  truth,  ia  declared 
by  me  Francit  Card,  tho  22nd  of  Jan- 
uary 1070. 

By  the  report  which  he  bringt  it  doea  not 
appeal'  yo  didicult  a  matter  to  make  an  at- 
tempt to  recover  tho  place  and  deatroy  them 
that  hold  it,  ai  waa  liefore  apprehended!  In- 
•omuoh  at  that  I'eaign  that  wai  under  debate 
iieforu  the  gnv<:mor  and  ctmncil  a  little  bo' 
fore  and  waa  let  fall  for  the  preaent,  aa  a  matter 
iinl'feaaible,  hath  ainoe  lieen  aet  on  foot  with 
H  freah  resolution :  And  another  thing  alao 
oeourred  about  the  aame  time  which  put  new 
life  into  the  aaid  deaign,  vii.  an  anprehcnaion 
that  there  were  teveral  of  the  Naraf^anauttt 
Bcattered  almut  in  theiu  wnoda  near  Piacata- 
qua,  who  it  waa  feared  might  Join  with  tlioae 
of  Kennebeck  in  the  spring,  and  an  come 
down  upon  the  En^'iiah  plantutions,  and  aiKiil 
them  all  that  were  ttiereoliouta.  For  aoon  af- 
ter Francii  Card  came  to  Ooaton,  some  of 
Major  Waldern'i  Indiana  at  Quechecho,  as 
they  were  hunting  in  the  woods,  chanced  to 
meet  with  threeatrange  Indian.-  two  of  which 
had  gims,  but  those  of  Quechecho  were  with- 
out. The  other  Indians  began  to  have  a  talk 
with  them,  to  see  if  they  could  make  way  for 
their  acceptance  with  the  Eni^liah ;  Thoao  In- 
diana that  thia  motion  w<i«  made  unto,  in  a 
most  perfidious  manner  gave  them  encourage- 
ment in  the  busineas,  and  appointed  a  place 
where  to  meet  them  the  next  day,  saying  they 
could  not  have  them  go  home  with  them  to 
their  wigwama  leat  their  women  and  children 
would  be  frighted  with  the  sight  of  their 
guns;  all  which  spoken  u|)Ou  a  treacherous 
account,  by  that  meana  to  betray  them,  for 
they  had  neither  women  nor  children  at  their 
wigwama;  but  not  having  guns  themselves, 
•a  the  others  had,  they  durst  not  then  aeize 
upon  them.  The  next  day  therefore,  accor- 
dmg  to  appointment,  their  gueats  expecting  a 
treaty  and  a  friendly  compliance  (yet  coming 
apart  as  was  ordered  the  day  before  to  be  the 
more  easily  surprised)  arrived  at  the  place 
appointed  and  there  presently  the  first,  being 
thus  treouherously  brought  into  the  snare, 
was  despatched  out  of  hand.  The  like  was 
also  done  to  the  second.  The  third  was  at  a 
listance,  but  he  either  discerned  or  suspected 
iwhot  became  of  his  fellows,  and  therefore 
made  the  more  haste  to  escape,  but  liis  de- 
ceitful friends  were  too  quick  for  him,  who 
•hot  him  down  before  he  could  get  out  of 
their  roach;  so  that  they  took  him  alive,  as  is 
■aid  ;  but  he  could  not  live  much  Jonger  by 
reason  of  his  wounds.  The  Quechecho  Indians 
cut  off  the  scalps  of  their  poor  countrymen 

i which  's  their  usual  manner  when  it  is  too 
ar  to  carry  their  heads)  which  being  brought 
to  Major  Waldcrn,  they  were  presently  dis- 
cerned to  be  Narragansetts  by  the  cut  of  their 
nir.    Thia  instance  ii  a  lumcient  evidence 


of  tho  subtlety,  guilo  and  falseh<M)d,  natural 
to  all  these  Imlians,  and  may  satisfy  any  ra- 
tional person,  what  little  truit  lliern  ia  (o  be 
put  in  their  worda,  |iriirMi«<!a  or  engngi'inunta, 
though  evi'r  ao  solemnly  onidit,  fartner  than 
they  thnt  inuku  them,  liir  iiilviiiitaHn  in  the 
keeping  ami  perfiirmiii)^.  Mubili>ty,  malice 
and  revungi',  iii-i'in«  to  Im  ns  in^cpiiriilile  from 
ihnni,  as  if  it  wi<ro  it  piirt  of  tliiiir  uaaunce. 

Whatever  hn|n'»  may  be  of  their  convor- 
aior,  to  chriatiaiiity  in  nl^i-r  time,  there  ia  but 
liltloappvamnre  of  any  truth  in  their  hcwts 
at  preaent,  where  ao  much  of  the  contrary  is 
so  ordinarily  breathed  out  of  their  mouths 

These  manner*  of  (he  Uontiloa  in  former 
times,  while  they  retnained  children  ofdisoho' 
dionce,  until  they  were  renewed  after  another 
image  ;  Nor  are  those  incapable  subjects  for 
divine  grace  to  work  upon;  yet  are  there 
•omo  natural  vices  proper  to  every  nation  in 
the  world,  as  Paul  t|)eaks  of  the  Oreoians, 
from  the  testimony  of  on«  of  their  own 
poets. 

But  to  return.  These  thinn  an  concurring 
and  several  gentlemen  fVom  about  Piscataqua 
repairing  to  Boston,  io  represented  the  slate 
of  things  eastward  before  the  governor  and 
council,  that  it  is  approliended  not  only  neces- 
sary, but  feasible  alao  to  aunprcss  the  aforesaid 
Indians  in  those  parts  i  Whereuiran  it  was 
forthwith  concluded  that  an  expedition  ahoiild 
bo  made  against  them  ;  to  which  end  260  aol 
diers,  whoroofabout  GO  were  of  Nalick  In 
dians,  who  had  given  good  proof  of  their  value 
and  faithfulness  to  the  English ;  all  which 
were  immediately  despatched  away  the  first 
week  in  February,  by  water  under  tho  con- 
duct of  Mojor  Waldcrn,  as  commander  in 
chief;  a  person  well  approved  for  his  activity, 
as  well  as  fidelity  and  courage  in  matters  of 
this  nature.  They  had  to  encounter  with 
rough  and  contrary  winds,  and  much  cold 
weather  tho  first  week  after  their  setting  out ; 
but  having  so  much  experience  of  the  favour 
and  goodness  of  Almighty  Qod,  who  ia  always 
wont  to  l>e  present  with  his  servants  in  like 
cases,  though  he  hath  often  for  n  time  deferred, 
for  tho  trial  of  their  faith  and  exercise  of  their 
patience,  yet  useth  not  to  fail  his  people,  that 
put  their  trust  in  him,  being  appointed  for 
that  end,  to  which  we  expect  a  comfortable 
answer.  We  that  have  sent  forth  our  friends 
on  the  public  service,  being  thus  engaged  to 
follow  them  with  prayers,  at  present  in  silence 
wait  upon  the  Lord  of  Hosts  to  give  a  blessing 
to  the  design ;  hoping  our  friends  in  this  ne- 
cessary, though  difficult  service,  thus  called 
forth,  nave  gone  out  with  the  like  enrnunige- 
mentand  resolution  that  sometimes  Joab  did. 
Let  us  be  of  good  courage,  and  play  the  men 
of  our  people,  and  for  the  cause  of  our  God. 
And  let  the  Lord  do  that  which  seemeth  him 
good. 

Upon  the  11th  of  February,  two  Indian 
squaws  that  had  run  away  from  Major  Wal- 
dern's  in  tho  beginning  of  winter,  out  of  dis- 
content, because  the  husband  of  one  of  them, 
itnd  some  of  the  relations  of  the  other  were 
sent  away,  came  back  with  more  wit  than 
they  carried  away  with  them,  though  with 
less  flesh  upon  their  backs ;  having  wandered 
up  towards  Pigwauchet,  till  they  wore  almost 
starved  there.  They  say  some  of  the  Indians 
were  seen  by  them,  pretending  they  were  go- 
ing to  the  head  of  Connecticut  river,  with 
hostile  intents  ogwnst  the  English ;  but  they 


going  away  in  (he  manner  before  deseribaji 
Iirtle  heed  is  to  be  given  to  (he  stories  ihay 
tell  on  their  reliirii, 

The  19th  (if  February  following,  John  Ali< 
bo(,  (he  mas(er  of  Mr,  Fryer's  ketch  taken 
Ot'tolHir  12th  ii(  Kliick  |Hiiii(,  ciinio  into  (he 
isle  of  Hhoaltts,  having  mnde  u  desperate  ad- 
venture to  nscn|iu.  Ho  giiv^i  a  more  prolmbW 
account  of  thili;;s  in  those  parts. 

Hesiiithlhey  first  carried (oHeeopscnt  river, 
whore  the  vessel  in  which  they  were  taker 
was  moored  all  tlie  winter ;  in  which  time 
the  Indiana  have  spent  all  tlioir  ammunition 
and  most  of  their  provision,  thought  it  high 
lime  to  be  looking  out  for  more ;  to  which 
end  they  caused  the  said  AI  hot  to  fit  up  tho 
vessel  (Ixting  a  pinnace  of  alMiiit  30  tniis)  as 
well  as  he  could,  with  such  assistance  as  (hey 
could  ufTord  him  ;  and  ten  of  them  shipped 
themselves  in  the  same,  intending  for  Penob- 
scot ;  from  thence  to  sail  up  that  river  as  far 
as  they  could  t  and  then  leaving  their  vessel 
to  proceed  on  with  their  canoes  as  high  up 
the  river  as  the  stream  would  permit,  and  ao 
to  pass  on  to  Canada,  to  buy  powder  of  the 
French  there  ;  it  being  at  this  time  thirty  two 
shillings  a  pound  amongst  the  Indians  at  Ken- 
nebeck. But  as  Providence  ordered  it,  after 
these  mariners  launched  into  the  deep  a  small 
storm  with  a  contrary  wind  licg^n  toTiso;  ni 
which  the  English  skipper  found  ways  in  his 
steering  (o  make  the  danger  seem  more  than 
really  it  was,  insomuch  that  they  resolved  to 
put  in  at  cape  Bonawaggon,  three  leagues  to 
tho  eastward  of  Sheepscot,  where  eight  of 
them  went  on  shore,  leaving  two  Indians  on 
board  with  tho  English  skipper.  After  he  had 
got  to  well  ria  of  them  he  contrived  how  to 
get  clear  of  the  others  also ;  therefore  he  per- 
suaded them  that  the  vessel  would  not  rid* 
safely  in  that  place,  so  that  he  prevailed  with 
them  to  let  him  go  to  another  harbour  callei< 
Damaril't  cove,  two  or  three  leagues  mora 
eastward.  In  the  way  as  he  sailed  he  so  or- 
dered  his  steering  that  oometimes  the  waves 
were  ready  to  overtake  the  vessel,  which  put 
his  two  Indians  into  a  fright,  so  thut  they 
made  all  the  haste  they  could  to  get  ashore, 
as  soon  astheycome  withintheharbour,urgina 
bim  to  go  along  with  them;  but  he  pretended 
a  ni-cessHry  exciiie  to  stay  behind  to  look  after 
the  vosfiel  bu'  with  intent  as  soon  as  he  should 
see  them  ashore,  to  h6ist8ail  for  some  Engliib 
harbour,  having  no  body  on  board  with  mm, 
but  a  small  English  child  about  three  yeara 
old.  It  seems  the  Indians  had  a  child  or  two 
oftheir  own  dead  in  the  vessel,  who  died  after 
they  began  their  voyage,  they  were  the  for- 
warder to  go  on  shore  with  them  for  burial. 
The  said  Abbot  now  perceiving  he  had  olt- 
tained  his  purpose  (for  he  resolved  on  this 
project  before)  first  greasing  the  mast  with  a 
piece  of  fat  pork  left  by  the  Indians,  as  high 
he  could  reach,  that  he  with  his  own  hands 
might  the  more  easily  hoist  the  sail,  so  choos- 
ing rather  to  cast  himself  upon  the  Providence 
of  Qod  on  the  waters,  than  to  trust  himself 
any  longer  with  the  perfidious  savages  on  (he 
dry  land;  he  came  safe  to  tho  isle  of  Shoalet 
before  the  evening  of  the  next  day,  the  19th 
of  February. 

Within  a  few  days  aftei  John  Abbot  afore- 
said made  his  escape  in  the  vessel,  there  came 
an  express  from  Major  Waldern  (the  com- 
mander in  chfef  over  our  forces  sent  to  Ken- 
nebeck ta  subdue  :he  Indians  in  those  partft 


ore  di<Mrik 
B  tloriet  ihcy 

in^^,  Jnlin  Al)> 
I  kt'tch  taken 
riiniu  into  iho 
Jim|i«ralp  ad. 
niiro  |irnlmbl« 

eopicot  river, 
r  wi>rit  tiiknn 
!i  wliich  time 
r  ammunition 
Duglit  it  high 
ro ;  to  wliich 
to  fit  up  tlio 
30  toiin)  ai 
ttanco  as  thny 
horn  iliipped 
i  for  Poiioh. 
t  river  at  far 
;  thuir  vutiel 

I  as  high  up 
>rmit,  and  lo 
wder  of  the 
iw  thirty  two 
diani  at  Ken- 
lured  it,  after 

deepaimall 
kn  Utriie;  ol 
]  way*  in  hii 

II  more  than 
'  resolved  to 
le  leagues  lo 
ere  eight  of 
o  Indian*  on 
After  he  had 
ived  how  to 
afore  he  per- 
uld  not  rida 
evailed  with 
rbour  callej 
as;ues  more 

id  he  so  or- 
tlin  waves 
I,  which  put 
>  tlibt  they 
get  siihoru, 
bour,  urging 
e  pretonded 
to  look  after 
IS  he  should 
ine  Enelrfb 
with  him, 
ihrtte  years 
:hild  urtwn 
n  died  after 
(re  the  for- 
for  burial, 
ie  had  ob- 
ed  on  this 
(last  with  a 
ins,  as  high 
own  hands 
1,  so  choos- 
-"rovidence 
ist  himself 
iges  on  the 
of  Shoales 
yr,  the  19th 

bbot  ofore- 
there  came 
(the  com< 
nt  to  Ken* 
lose  {wrtk 


THR    INDIAN    WARS. 


and  deliver  the  English  eantives  that  have 
been  detained  in  their  hands  slnco  August 
lut)  which  givoth  ihisaocount  of  their  poceod- 
»"g. 

Feb.  17th.  This  morning  the  wind  north- 
cast,  soon  after  south  and  south-west,  wn  set 
•ail  with  our  vessels  from  lilaek  point,  for 
Portland,  but  <m  the  east  sidu  of  capo  Elisa- 
beth, wo  espied  John  Pnino  (who  was  sent 
out  a  scout)  who  brought  word  tlio  way  was 
clear  of  ice  and  Indians ;  whereup<m  we  steur- 
•d  fur  Mary  point  at  the  head  of  Ciisco  bay, 
and  got  there  this  night,  but  too  late  to  got  to 
Ihe  mrt  before  morning. 

Feb.  18th.  We  sent  this  morning  our  scouts 
nut  by  land,  who  returning  about  8  o'clock, 
brought  word  they  saw  the  tracks  of  three  In- 
dians, and  found  a  birch  canoe  at  Muckqiiit, 
aliout  four  n.iles  oft',  by  which  we  feared  wc 
were  discovered ;  the  companies  about  f<iur  o' 
clock  u'ore  drawn  forth,  and  just  lieginning 
their  march  when  wo  espied  five  of  the  ene- 
my atwut  half  a  mile  oflf)  they  landed  over 
against  us  on  an  island,  and  hollaed  to  us, 
wnereby  we  perceived  they  desired  a  treaty  ; 
hoping  to  gain  the  captives,  wo  sent  Jonn 
Fame  to  them,  they  promised  him  to  bring  the 
omptivos  by  morning  and  desired  peace.  Af- 
ter this  John  P-iine  was  sent  again,  and 
•tayed  among  the  Indians  in  the  room  of  Si- 
mon, who  came  tu  the  miyor.  Ho  was  ques- 
tioned, end  answered  as  £.4  }«'t. 

Quest  How  came  you  lii  ki.ow  we  were 
bemi 

Ans.  We  continually  kept  out  our  scouts, 
And  yesterday  our  Indians  left  a  canoe  at 
Muckquit,  which  this  day  we  missed,  and 
perceivf'd  the  English  had  takon  it,  and  our 
men  that  left  the  canoe  esnied  yori  a  great 
way  off*  at  Portland. 

Quest.  Why  did  yon  break  your  covenant 
with  met 

Ans.  Blind  Will  stirred  us  up  to  war  hero, 
•nd  said  he  would  kill  you  at  Quechecho. 
Simon  having  said  this,  asked  the  major  what 
his  business  was  here,  to  whom  it  was  an- 
•wered,  wo  came  to  fetch  off  the  captives  and 
make  war  as  we  see  good.  Simon  also  told 
us  that  the  captives  were  all  well,  that  we 
should  have  them  by  morning,  that  Squando 
Was  thern,  and  would  give  the  captives  to 
Major  Waldern ;  that  they  intended  peace, 
ana  had  sent  to  Bostop  before  now,  but  that 
Mugg  told  them  that  the  English  would  bo 
sere  shortly. 

The  miijor  upon  this  dismissed  Simon,  and 
sent  for  Squando,  to  which  Squando  answered 
he  would  meet  him  half  way  if  he  would 
come  alone  in  a  birch  canoe.  To  this  the 
major  answered,  he  would  not  venture  him 
■elf  ill  one  of  their  leaky  canoes,  and  that  if 
he  had  no  more  to  suy,  the  treaty  was  ended 
To  this  Squando  answered,  he  would  be  with 
Us  again  at  ten  o'clock,  and  bring  the  captives. 

Feb.  9lh.  Wind  north-oast,  the  weather 
thick :  About  noon  we  discovered  a  party  of 
Indians  in  fourteen  canoes  about  tliree  miles 
tbo^e  us  in  the  bay ;  they  landed  on  a  point 
of  land,  and  burnt  one  EnL'lish  house  and 
shouted  to  some  of  our  men  that  were  scouts, 
(hallenging  them  to  fight:  Immediately  on 
the  return  of  our  scouts  we  marched  aga'nst 
them  as  secretly  as  we  could  ;  upon  sight  of 
us  they  flod  ;  but  Cupt.  Frost  came  upon 
diem  with  his  whole  body  befoilj  they  wore 
half  out  of  gun  shot.     In  this  skirmisS  we 


judged  we  killed  and  wounded  several  of 
them  without  any  damage,  yet  some  of  their 
bullets  hit  some  of  our  mLMi.  For  thii  captain's 
sake  immediately  after  this  we  hung  out  a 
flag  of  truce  aiulthe  enemy  did  th*  like.  John 
Paino  was  sent  to  them  to  duman  J  the  reason 
why  they  fired  the  houses,  and  broke  their 
promise. 

Simon  met  him  half  way,  and  answered,  the 
house  was  fired  accidentally  without  order 
font  S<|uando  ;  that  they  had  sent  for  the  oa|i- 
tives  who  were  a  great  way  olT,  and  the  foul 
weather  hindered  their  coming  I  Ho  question- 
ed John  Paine  also  why  we  fought  them  while 
wo  wero  in  a  treaty, 

Paino  answered,  they  broke  it  themselves 
in  not  performing  their  promises,  challenging 
our  soldiers  to  fight )  the  latter  Simon  denied, 
and  answered  the  other  as  '>eforo  t  Simon  told 
him  they  had  two  men  U'o  in  ^od,and  expect- 
ed satist'uction,  but  also  promised  the  captives 
the  next  day  and  so  left  us. 

Feh,20th.  Thowii)iliu>rth-eii<t,and  snow, 
it  was  resolved  to  snil  for  Kermuneck  tliii  firat 
fair  wind,  whither  we  had  immediately  gone 
upon  our  knowledge  that  we  wnr«  discover- 
ed by  the  enemy,  hutthatthe  wind  and  weather 
hindered  us  hitherto. 

Fob.  21.  This  morning  the  wind  north-west, 
wo  sot  sail  for  Kcnnebeck,  and  arrived  at  the 
harbour's  mouth  at  four  o'clock.  About  sun 
set  we  sot  sail  up  tlie  river,  and  got  to  the 
lower  end  of  Arowsick. 

Feb.  23d.  We  set  sail  this  morning  but 
could  not  get  to  the  head  of  the  river  for  ice, 
wheroujion  wo  landed  our  soldiers  at  two 
o'clock  about  twelve  miiss  off  Aboundessit 
fort,  and  immediately  began  our  march  ;  at 
8  o'clock  at  night  came  tn  the  fort  |  we  found 
no  Indians,  there  we  took  up  air  quarters 
this  night. 

Feb.  2.3d.  Wo  sent  out  scouts  to  discover 
the  march  of  the  enemy,  but  found  so  many 
tracks  every  way,  ttiat  we  knew  not  what 
way  to  follow  them.  At  a  council  of  war  it 
was  resolved  that  Major  Waldern  should  sail 
for  Penobscot,  with  two  ketches,  aud  part  of 
the  soldiers  to  seek  after  the  captives,  and 
fight  the  enemy  if  he  had  opportunity  ;  the 
rest  to  build  a  garrison.  In  the  absence  of 
our  forces,  the  vessels  espied  several  fires  bo- 
low  the  river,  and  one  English  houso  was 
burnt ;  about  sunset  tlie  soldiers  returned  to 
the  vessels. 

Feb.  24th.  This  morning  the  major  with 
two  boats  and  a  shallop,  went  to  spy  out  a 
place  to  settle  a  garrison,  and  found  one  against 
the  lower  end  of  Arowsick  island  and  the  ves- 
sels are  brought  to  it. 

Feb.  25th.     We  rested  here  this  sabbath. 

John  Baker's  house  opposite  the  lower  end 
of  Arowsick  being  judged  the  most  conve- 
nient place  for  their  purpose,  as  well  for  the 
convcniency  of  water  for  the  soldiers,  as  for 
a  cove  wherein  ships  might  ride,  within  com- 
mand thereof,  the  vessels  therefore  were  im- 
mediately anchored  there,  where  they  rested 
on  the  Lord's  day,  February  25th. 

Next  day  according  to  the  advice  of  the 
commanders.  Major  Waldern  embarked  60 
men  in  two  vessels,  with  which  he  set  sail 
immediately  for  Penobscot,  leaving  the  rest 
to  bo  employed  in  making  preparation  for  set- 
tling a  garrison  in  the  said  place. 

In  their  way  olTfrom  Qyobscut  point  they 
espied  two  Indians  in  a  canoe,  that  waved 


their  caps  as  if  they  desired  to  speak  wilit 
them.  John  Paine  and  Walter  Oeiidal  were 
presently  sent  |  they  gave  them  intelligence 
that  many  Indians  were  at  Pemmaquid  with 
the  English  captives,  upon  which  lliuy  bent 
their  coarse  thither  |  when  arriving,  they 
anchored  at  four  o'clock  the  some  day  ;  soon 
after  two  Indians  halloed  to  them  from  Mr, 
Gardner's  fort,  John  Painu  was  sent  ashore 
to  onqiiire  who  they  were,  and  w  hat  waa  ba> 
come  of  the  captives.  Sundry  s.irts  of  Indiaiii 
were  found  about  the  place  with  several  sa- 
gamores, the  chief  of  whom  was  Mattahando, 
who  told  them  he  was  glad  to  see  Englishmen 
there  and  that  ho  desired  peace,  and  promised 
lo  deliver  such  captives  as  were  at  Penobscot, 
the  next  morning ;  adding  also,  that  he  de- 
sired to  speak  withCapt.  Davis.  After  John 
Paine  returned  to  the  miyor,  he  was  sent 
back  with  the  said  Davis  and  stayed  ashuro 
till  three  sagamores  went  on  boainJ,  ai.(l  sig- 
nified as  much  to  M^or  Waldern,  as  they  had 
before  to  John  Paine.  While  they  wore  in 
discourse,  an  English  captive  was  espied  in 
a  canoe  with  bis  nateroon,  with  whom  ihoy 
desired  to  speak,  but  it  was  not  granted  at 
that  time  ho  Iwing  carried  farther  up  the  river 
out  of  sight. 

Soun  after  the  major  went  on  shore  witli  «ix 
men,  yet  carrying  no  armu  with  ihem.  He 
found  their  words  smoother  than  nil,  yet 
were  there  drawn  swords  in  their  hearts,  of 
which  some  of  their  actions  gave  no  umal, 
gjround  of  suspicion  ;  for  they  deferred  all 
till  the  next  morning ;  nor  wore  they  willing 
to  let  the  man  that  was  espied  before  in  tha 
caroe  come  on  board  to  see  his  friends  with- 
out  leaving  an  hostage  in  his  room,  of  which 
the  major  was  very  glad,  that  he  might  have 
opportunity  of  a  little  discourse  with  one 
whom  they  might  trust.  When  they  return- 
ed from  the  shore  the  sign  was  promised  tc 
be  given  for  the  appearanci>  of  the  Indiana 
by  the  firing  of  three  guns. 

The  next  morning,  Febuary  27th,  the 
m^or  with  the  same  number  as  before,  went 
to  treat  with  them,  they,  with  John  Paine, 
first  hollaing  to  them  :  Upon  their  coming 
on  shore  their  persons  were  searched  on  both 
sides,  and  all  arms  laid  aside.  The  whole 
forenoon  was  spent  in  a  treaty,  whereat  they 
seemed  much  to  rejoice  in  expectation  of  a 
peace  with  the  English ;  yet  when  iJnjor 
Waldern  desired  a  present  delivery  of  cap- 
tives, with  assistance  of  men  and  canoes  to 
fight  the  Monoscoggan  Indians,  enemies  to 
them  both,  it  was  denied,  though  they  could  not 
have  had  a  better  testimony  of  their  fidelity. 

They  alleged  that  the  captives  were  giver, 
them  by  the  Kennebeck. Indians,  and  they 
must  have  something  for  keeping  them  for  a 
winter,  and  therefore  were  not  willing  to  let 
them  go  without  a  ransom  ;  and  as  for  their 
canoes,  they  said  they  had  them  in  present 
service,  being  then  bound  for  Penobscot 
The  price  demanded,  twelve  skins  a  peraor 
was  yielded  to ;  upon  which  they  delivered 
William  Chadburn,  John  Wannick.and  John 
Warwood,  which  were  all  that  they  would 
own,  or  could  be  proved  that  they  had. 

The  part  of  pay  which  was  to  bo  in  liquor, 
was  persently  laid  down,  the  rest  was  pro- 
mised to  be  sent  in  the  at^ornoon.  The  com- 
manders debated  what  was  further  to  bo  donoj 
nne  or  two  of  the  old  sagamores  (who  were 
believed)  seemed  sincere  about  the  peac«K 


THB   INDIAN   WAES. 


prufcilid  Ihu  iMM  ofilMni  had  My  ImimI  in 
lb*  war,  bui  onlv  •oim  of  ihairyoanf  man, 
whim  thay  eoula  not  rula  i  but  tav«ral  of 
ika  aompany  aArniing  ihay  taw  wma  of  iba 
■aitl  Indiana  at  Caioo  angagail  in  hoatility 
agniiiir  iha  Bngliah,  it  waa  raaolvad  mH  t» 
alitor  into  aiijr  la«gua  of  paaca  with  tkam,  but 
ratliar  fight  or  luprita  tnam  aAar  thay  had 
diiualehail  tlia  butinoaa  about  tha  eaptivi>(. 

Thit  lioing  Jatarininatl,  tha  m^or  with  flva 
of  hit  man  wvnl  on  thora,  with  part  of  iha 
rantnm,  tha  battar  to  bagat  a  eonfldanoa  in 
tham,  and  than  to  ratarn  on  Imard  anin,  and 
At  hit  man  for  Airthar  larriea  i  but  it  ha  had 
nut  wiialjr  providad  againat  all  axiganciaf  be- 
forahanH,  M  might  bava  baan  praraniad 
from  going  on  board  any  mora,  for  ttapping 
aaida  a  rod  or  two  from  tha  plaoe  for  iMtlar 
cireumapeetion,  ha  aapied  tha  |>oint  of  a  lance 
from  under  a  board,  hid  there,  at  were  other 
•rma  near  by,  for  a  ireaeherout  datign  that 
waa  in  their  mindt,  toon  after,  upon  the  re- 
ceiving tha  ratt  of  the  pay,  to  have  been  put 
into  eseeution.  Whereupon  M^r  Waldarn 
took  up  the  Unee  and  eama  toward*  them, 
ehtrging  tbem  with  faltehood  and  treaehery, 
fbr  hiding  weaponi  Jutt  by,  wberewiih  (o  de- 
atroy  them  at  toon  aa  they  had  delivered  the 
goodt.  The  Indiana  diteovarad  their  guilt 
by  their  oounlenanoet,  tome  of  tham  making 
towardt  him,  thinking  to  set  the  weapon  out 
of  hit  handt;  but  ha  bid  them  ttand  off 
threatening  to  kill  every  one  that  offered  to 
touch  him  ;  and  immaaiately  waved  hit  cap 
over  hit  head  (which  waa  tha  ti({n  agreed 
upon  for  all  the  toldiert  to  coma  on  thora  in 
cate  of  need)  upon  which  token  tha  toldiera 
all  hatted  away.  In  the  meantime  the  En- 
gliahihat  wrat  on  thore  to  wait  upon  the 
ro^or,  war*  faroad  to  battir  themtelvet,  both 
to  teeura  iW  gooda  from  being  carried  away, 
and  to  daCmd  M^r  Waldem.  Some  of  the 
aquawa,  with  othert  of  the  enemy  ran  away  ; 
one  of  tham  caiched  up  a  bundle  of  gunt  that 
were  hid  near  by,  and  then  ran  off  with  them. 

Captain  Frott  tailed  an  Indian  called 
Megunnaway,  a  notoriout  rogue,  (that  had 
been  in  armt  at  Connecticut  latt  June  at  tho 
fallt,  and  taw  the  brave  and  retolute  Capt. 
Turner,  when  he  waa  tiain  about  Oreen- 
river,  (and  he  helped  to  kill  Thnmat  Bracket 
at  Catoo  in  Auguit  latt)  and  with  the  help  of 
Lieut  Nutter,  according  to  the  m^or*!  order, 
carried  bim  on  board,  while  himtelf  taarehing 
■baat  ftnlMf,  found  thrao  gunt  in  a  oow> 


houta  iutt  at  band,  wherewith  be  armed  the 
other  three  men  that  were  with  him,  Oy 
thit  lime  ronie  nf  the  inlJieit  were  got  athore, 
and,  inilantly,  acconling  to  llieir  nii^or'i 
eommand,  purtiieJ  the  enemy  towardt  their 
otiHiet ;  in  the  chain  luvvml  of  the  enemy 
were  ilain  whoiu  boJitrt  wore  found  at  their 
return  to  the  numlwr  of  tiivitn,  amoiigtt 
whom  wat  Mallihaiido,  the  iHKamore,  with 
an  old  Powaw,  to  whom  tho  devil  had  reveal- 
ed, at  tometiinot  he  did  to  Saul,  that  on  the 
lamedty  he  thould  lie  with  him;  for  he  had 
a  little  before  told  the  Indiana  that  within 
two  daya  tha  Englith  would  come  and  kill 
thom  all,  which  wat  at  the  very  tame  time 
verified  upon  himtelf.  The  tiody  of  our  m«n 
overtook  them  before  they  all  recovered  their 
oanoet  to  that  without  doubt,  divert  othert 
of  them  were  tlain  likewite,  for  they  tunk 
a  canon  wherein  were  Ave  drowned  Iwfore 
tbeir  eyet,  and  many  othert  were  not  able  to 
paddle)  four  they  took  pritonert,  whom 
they  brought  away  with  tham.  There  were 
about  SA  Indiana  pretent  at  thit  encounter. 

Much  more  damage  might  have  been  done 
by  our  men  upon  tne  enemy,  if  they  had 
known  tho  moot  direct  way  to  their  cannet ; 
but  the  Indiant  having  prepared  all  thingt 
ready  for  flight,  at  well  at  for  flght,  the  more 
eaaily  made  their  etcape.  One  of  the  eap- 
tivet  waa  titter  to  Madookawando,  who  wat 
entertained  vary  eourteoutly  by  the  comman- 
der in  chief,  and  would  have  been  carried 
forthwith  to  her  brother  in  hopet  bv  her 
meant  to  have  rained  the  bettor  termt  for  our 
remaining  Engtiih  oautivet,  had  it  not  been 
certainlyltnown  that  ne  waa  gone  from  home 
upon  a  hunting  detign,  and  not  to  return  in 
two  montha. 

The  Englith  took  much  plunder  from  the 
Indiant,  about  a  thoutand  weight  of  dry  beef, 
with  other  thingt,  Megunnawuy  wat  thot 
to  death  the  aama  day  or  next ;  to  that  juiiice 
it  by  degreet  purtuing  thote  perfidiout  vil- 
laint,  and  they,  one  after  another  brought  un- 
der the  wheel  of  dettruotiun,  Simon,  the 
arch-traitor,  teemt  at  it  it  taid,  by  hit  eon- 
tumptive  looki,  to  have  received  the  tentenoe 
of  death,  which  may  bring  him  into  the  tame 
place  or  ttato  witli  the  rest 

Feb,  88,  they  tet  tail  for  Sheeptcot,  but 
the  wind  failing,  they  put  in  at  Kennebeck, 
iVom  whence  Coptain  Fitk  with  40  men, 
were  aent  to  the  tame  place  to  teek  after 
plunder,  were  they  found  between  30  and  40 


buabala  of  good  wheal,  wbieh  tb«y  bi««glM 
away  with  them  teveral  other  thinga  lh«« 
lighlvd  upon  hvre  and  there,  tome  of  whioli 
were  bmiight  awwy,  iiiali  at  one  or  two  grea 

5 una,  from  Sagadahock,  and  lioardi  Iron, 
irowiick,  wliero  they  found  an  hundred 
thoutand  fool,  of  which  they  brought  I.ohm 
enough  for  the  lading  of  their  vettelt,  leaving 
the  reit  to  lie  iranaported  in  a  mure  conveni- 
ent leaton. 

While  our  toldiert  were  up<in  Arowiick, 
two  of  the  enemv  chanced  to  coma  upon  tha 
place  and  one  of  them  inttantly  received  bia 
reward,  the  other  received  bia  payment  in 
part,  which  however  ia  tuppoaed  to  amount 
to  the  whole,  the  canoe  wherein  he  wat  et> 
caping,  being  found  the  next  day  all  bkiody, 
and  tplit  aiundar. 

March  Itt,  one  of  the  Indian  tquawt,  a 
captive,  wat  tent  to  Taeonnet  fort,  with  a 
meatage  to  the  Sagamnret  treat  for  the  reat 
of  the  captivea,  I<  ive  dayt  were  given  her 
to  return,  which  were  nut  expired,  when  Ma- 
jor Walilern  with  mott  of  the  toldiert  were 
called  to  return  home  towardt  Botton,  where 
they  arrived  on  tha  16th  of  March,  1676—7, 
having  Ant  put  in  at  Porttmouth  t  bringin|| 
along  with  them  the  bonet,  or  rather  body  of 
Captain  Lake,  preterved  entire  and  whole, 
ana  trea  from  putrefaction  by  tha  eoldnettof 
the  long  winter,  to  at  it  wat  found  by  the  one 
that  wat  near  bim  when  he  waa  tlain,  eatily 
ditcerned  to  be  hit,  by  lueh  aa  bad  known 
him  before. 

It  it  tuppoted  by  thote  that  returned,  that 
tha  enemy  are  by  thit  encounter  of  the  En* 
glith  to  toattered  and  broken  that  they  wilt 
not  be  able  Xo  rallv  again  tuddenly,  or  maka 
any  attein_  i  hereafter,  if  the  pretent  advan- 
tage be  terioutly  puriuod.  Thut  have  ourena- 
miet,  many  of  them  fallen  into  the  pit  tKtim* 
telvet  which  they  have  beendiggingfbr  othert, 

Thit  day  alto  lottert  were  received  from 
Major  Pynchon  of  Springfield,  but  without 
mention  of  any  appearance  of  the  enemy  in 
that  quarter ;  whereby  we  are  encouraged  tu 
believe,  that  they  have  Humbled  and  fallen 
down  backward,  to  that  they  thall  never  rite 
any  more  to  make  farther  diiturliance.  That 
which  Clowned  the  pretent  torvice  wai  the 
performing  it  without  lout  of  blood  i  all  tarHly 
returning.  Let  them  accordingly  remeinbei 
to  pay  a  tuitable  tribute  of  tnankfuliiett  to 
HiM  whote  banner  they  went  forth  under  and 
returned  m  tafety. 


If  UiiMt  ihav 
MMM  oJr  whieh 
le  iir  two  srM 
I  lioarflt  frnn. 
1  an  hundrtd 
brought  horn* 
'siM-li,  loaving 
mur«  convani* 

H>n  Arowiiok, 
com*  upon  iha 
Ijr  racoivad  hia 
\»  paymant  in 
lad  to  amottni 
ain  ha  wm  aa- 
ly  all  bloody, 

ian  aquawi,  a 
t  furl,  with  a 
t  for  the  raat 
ira  given  her 
rad,  whanMa. 
■oldiara  wera 
lofton,  whar« 
reh,  1676—7, 
iih  I  bring  in* 
aiher  body  or 
a  and  whula, 
le  eoldneifof 
ind  by  the  ona 
■  tiain,  eaaily 
M  had  known 

returned,  that 
>r  of  the  En- 
hat  they  will 
inly,  or  mak* 
resent  ad  van- 
haveourene* 
hn  pit  thitm* 
prigtbrothert, 
eceived  from 
but  without 
the  enemy  in 
neouraged  lu 
id  and  fallen 
all  never  riaa 
lanee.  That 
nee  was  the 
)d  ;  all  safely 
ly  remember 
snkfulncst  to 
th  under  ami 


THI 


ENTERTAINING  HISTORY  OP 

KING   PHILIP'S    WAR, 

WHICH  BEGAN  W  THE  MONTH  OF  JUNE,  IOTA 


AS  ALSO  OF  EXPEDITIONS 


LATUt  MABI  MAam  THI  OOMMON  imilT,  AlTD  INDUN  UniU,  M  TMI  lAltUN 
FABTC  or  NEW  XNai.AMD  I 


WITH  SOME  ACCOUNT  OP  THE  DIVINE  PROVIBBNCB  TOWARDS 


Goii.  REirjAranir  churchi 


B¥   THOMAS   GHUROH,   SBQ.   HIS   SOV. 


!■  (niiaiNAU.T  FRnrrsD  ahd  publmuw  a 
I  PRINTED,  me.    NEWPORT,  RHODE  ISLAND  >  RBPIIMTBD  AMD  MMLD  BY 
aOLOMON  80UTHWIOK,  IN  QUEEN  BTREIT,  17T& 


K'- 


TO  THE  READER. 


Tm  aalfjeet  of  this  following  narradvn  of- 
faring  itself  to  your  friendly  perusal,  relates 
to  the  former  and  later  wars  or  New  England, 
which  I  myself  was  not  a  little  concerned  ins 
Form  the  year  167{i,  that  unhappy  and  bloody 
Indian  war  broke  out  in  Plymouth  colony, 
whara  1  waa  than  building,  and  bagjining  a 


plantation  at  a  place  called  by  the  Indians 
Sogkonate,  and  since  by  the  English  Little- 
Coropton,  I  was  the  first  Englishman  that 
built  upon  that  neck,  which  was  full  of  In- 
dians. My  head  and  hands  were  full  about  set- 
tling a  new  plantation  where  nothing  waa 
brought  to  I  no  preparation  of  dwelling-house, 
or  out-houses,  or  fencing  made.  Horses  and 
cattle  were  to  be  provided,  ground  to  be 
cleared  and  broken  up;  and  the  utmost  cau- 
tion to  be  used,  to  keep  mvself  free  from  of- 
fending  my  Indian   ntignboun  all  round 


about  me.  While  I  waa  thua  bonly  •■ 
ployed,  and  all  my  time  and  atrength  laid  ott 
in  this  laborious  undertaking,  I  received  a 
oommiasion  from  the  government  to  engage 
in  their  defence :  And  with  my  commission  I 
received  another  heart,  inclining  me  to  put 
forth  my  strength  in  military  service;  And 
through  the  grace  of  God  I  was  spirited  for 
thnt  work,  and  dirtiction  in  it  was  renewed  to 
me  day  by  day.  And  although  many  of  tbo 
aetiona  that  I  was  concerned  in  were  very 
diffisnlt  and  dangerous,  yet  myself  and  iboM 


KINO   PIflMPH  WA« 


whii  want  wIlV.  m«  vulunltrily  in  lh«  larviiia, 
ImiI  our  livi>«,  fitr  ilia  m<»l  |>iirl,  wiinil«rfiillv 
pri'«trv<>il,  liy  lliii  iivi<r-ruliii|r  liaml  urttiit  Al- 
inii{liry,  I'rnni  Arat  III  liiiti  I  wliirli  ilmli  iiloml 
lN<«|K<iik  our  jiraiwi  t  Aiiii  tiiili<olaro  hit  wtiii- 
Hiirful  works  it  mir  iiiili<|ii>iianlilH  duly-  I 
wn»  nviir  vary  •aiiiililii  nf  my  own  liitli'iii>ia, 
•ml  iiiifilimii  III  Imi  niii|il>iyril  in  •iicli  Kri'iil 
■crvicri't,  liulriiliiii|j[  III  my  iniiiil  that  (iiiil  i< 
ttmnff,  I  nntli'aviiuri'tl  in  |iiit  nil  my  niiiK- 
Jnncn  in  him,  anil  liy  hiii»'  'liK''^'  l>i>wi-r  ,vaa 
i'arrifil  ihniugh  •".ry  ililKviilt  actiiiu  i  Ami 
iiiy  ut. ..!.'(■  i*  that  hia  namo  miiy  hnvo  lliii 
praiM. 

Ic  wa«  tyrr  my  intent,  hnvin^  laiil  myiolf 
iiniK'r  a  (nlninn  proiniin,  tint  llii>  many  and 
n-iM'alrJ  favour*  ot'(}iHl  In  mywiir,  ami  lliniti 
Mlh  mu  in  tho  tervico,  miKhl  Iw  |i'ilili»lii-il 
for  gi-ncraliiinn  to  cfimn.  Ami  now  ii.y  grciil 
«a(>ro<|iiirin)(iiiy<liimiHlon  rroin  acrvicK  iniha 
liililia,  ami  to  put  off  my  armour,  I  iiin  wil- 
hnff  llial  llin  f;ri>nl  uml  jiloriiiu*  work*  of  Al- 
miglily  (}imI,  Io  ui  eliilJnm  of  mvn,  dioulil 
■p|i«ar  to  ihn  wnrlil ;  ami  lmvinf(  my  minulii) 
hv  mo,  my  son  lina  tukon  the  rnra  and  (mini 
U>  collect  fnim  thnm  thu  onaiiini;  iiarralivo  of 
many  paiani(i>a  ri<l.'iiin)i^  to  tint  roriiifr  nml  Inl- 
l<>r  wart ;  which  I  havu  had  tliu  pnruinl  of,  and 
And  niilliinir  ainia«  n*  to  iho  trulh  of  it ;  and 
will)  a«  lillh*  rrllpction  upon  any  parlicular 
Deraon  a«  mij^ht  lie,  uilher  nlive  or  Juad, 

And  ii't'lnf^  i*VL>ry  particin  of  hiitorical 
truth  ia  pn>cioui  ;  I  hopu  tho  roiidur  will 
naaa  a  r»vouralilit  ceniurc  upon  an  old  ioldii'r, 
tnllinK  III'  thu  many  riiiivouiitfri  hn  hat  had, 
and  yet  it  cnmii  nfrniivo.  It  it  njilfaturo  to 
rmiixmlMtr  whni  a  srcat  numlnir  orramtlipt,  in 
ihia  and  llin  nrighliourinf;  provincot  ir,  Now 
England,  did,  ilurin)^  tim  war,  enjoy  a  great 
mi'aauroor  iilM-rty  ami  peace  liy  tlicnaxardout 
ilationi  and  marches  ofthirt  oiiKngod  in  mil 
itary  oxerciaet,  who  were  a  wall  unto  thum 
311  ihia  tide  and  on  that  aide. 

I  Jetim  prnyert,  that  I  may  lie  onalilcd  well 
to  itcRoinplith  my  apiritual  warfare,  and  that 
I  may  liu  more  than  contpierur  through  Jetui 
G\>ritt  loviiiir  of  me. 

BENJAMIN  CHURCH. 


CHAPTBB  I. 

yiln  RNTBRTAININO  lilaTORV  OF  KINfl  PIIILIp'a 
WAR,  WHICH  HEOAN  IN  TliK  VKAR  IGTA. 
WITH  THIS  PROCKEDINUa  or  HKNVAMIN 
CHURCH,  EMI. 

In  iheyear  1C74  Mr.  Bonjnmin  Church,  of 
Diixbury,  liein^  providentially  at  Plymouth, 
in  the  time  of  the  court,  fell  into  acquaintance 
with  Capt.  John  Almy,  of  Rhode  laland. 
Capt.  Almy,  with  great  importunity,  invited 
him  to  ride  with  him,  and  view  that  part  of 
Plymouth  colony,  that  lay  next  to  Rhode  It' 
land,  known  then  by  their  Indian  name*  of 
Piicaatet  and  Sogkonate.  Among  other  ar- 
gtiinenU  to  perauade  him,  ho  told  nim  tho  toil 
waa  very  ricli,  and  the  aituation  pleasant ;  and 
perauade*  him  by  all  means  to  purchase  of  the 
company  some  of  the  court  grant  rights.  He 
accepted  of  the  invitation,  view*  the  country, 
and  was  pleased  with  it ;  made  n  purchase,  set- 
tled a  farm,  found  the  gentlemen  of  the  island 
very  civil  and  obliging.  And  lieing  himself  a 
Dorson  of  uncommon  activity  and  industry,  he 
•oon  erected  two  buildings  upon  his  farm,  and 
faiiicJ  a  good  acquaintance  with  the  nuivei ; 


■lit  much  mill  their  IVvoiir,  and  wa*  in  a  little 
time  in  great  ealeeiii  siniing  ihem. 

The  iii'xt  apriii^  inlvniiriiig,  while  Mr, 
Cliiiroh  una  ililigciilly  ai'tiliiig  liis  new  farm, 
storking,  leaain);  uml  ilia|Hiting  of  hia  afliiirs, 
and  had  a  liiie  pnia|H'rt  of  doing  no  aiiiiill 
lliinga  i  anil  ll■lpln^  ihnl  liia  gnnd  aiirreaa 
would  Im'  invilill^  iiMlo  other  giuHJ  men  tiilie- 
rnme  lii<  iiei^lilioiira  :  Iteholil  I  the  rumour 
r  war  lii-lweeii  the  Kn^liah  mid  lliii  natives 
guv  '  rhi'i'k  to  his  projects.  People  liegan  In 
lie  ver^  jealous  ol  the  Indians,  ami  indeed 
ihey  hiid  no  tninll  reason  In  tua|N>rt  ihnt  they 
hail  formed  u  deaigii  of  war  U|ion  the  Km- 
Ifliah.  Mr.  Church  hnil  it  daily  suggested  In 
him  thill  the  Indians  were  plotting  a  blnoily 
design.  That  Philip,  tho  great  ^lllllnt  Hope 
aachem,  wiis  leader  therein  ;  and  so  il  priivnd, 
hn  waa  aendiiig  hia  messengers  to  all  tho 
neighliouring  sachems  to  engage  them  into 
a  confederacy  with  him  in  the  war. 

Among  the  rest  hn  sent  six  men  to  Awa- 
shoiiks,  si|uaw  sachem  of  the  Sngkonnlu  Indi- 
ana, to  engage  her  in  hit  inlereit  i  Awa- 
shonk*  III  fur  lialened  unto  them,  at  to  call 
her  sulijectt  together,  to  make  a  great  dance, 
which  it  the  custom  of  that  nation  when  ihey 
advise  about  momentous  afTair*.  Hut  what 
does  Awashnnks  do,  hut  sends  away  two  of 
her  men  that  well  umlersliMKi  ihe  English 
language,  (Snsaamnn  and  George  by  name) 
to  invito  Mr.  Church  to  the  dance.  Mr. 
Church  u|ion  tho  invitation,  immediately 
take*  with  him  Charles  llaxolton,  his  tenant  s 
son,  who  well  understood  the  Indian  lan- 
guage, and  rode  down  to  the  place  appointed ; 
where  they  found  hundreds  of  liidiiins  gath- 
ered togelnoC  f.'om  all  parts  of  her  dominion. 
Awashnnks  hnrsolf,  in  a  foaming  sweat,  was 
losding  the  dance ;  b.it  tho  was  no  aooiier 
sensible  of  Mr.  Church's  arrival,  but  she  broke 
ofT,  tat  down,  cnllt  hoi  nubl<jt  round  her,  or 
dort  Mr.  Church  to  lie  invited  into  her  prO' 
tcnce  ;  compliments  iMiiiig  passed,  and  each 
one  taking  seals,  the  told  him.  King  Philip 
had  tent  six  men  of  his,  with  two  of  her  poo' 
plu,  that  hnd  been  over  at  Mount  Hope,  to 
draw  her  into  a  confederacy  with  him,  in  a 
war  with  the  English,  desiring  him  to  give 
her  hit  advice,  in  the  cate,  and  to  tell  her  the 
truth,  whether  tho  Umpano  men  (at  Philip 
had  told  her)  wore  gathering  a  great  army  to 
invade  Philip'*  country  t  He  attured  her  he 
would  tell  the  truth,  and  give  her  hit  beit  ad 
vice :  then  ho  told  her  it  was  but  a  few  days 
sinco  ho  came  from  Plymouth,  and  the  En- 
glith  were  then  making  no  preparations  for 
war;  that  ho  was  in  company  with  the  prin- 
cipal gentlemen  of  the  government,  who  h»d 
nn  discourse  at  all  about  war;  and  he  bfc'ie' 
ved  no  thoughts  about  it.  He  atked  her, 
whether  the  thought  he  would  have  brought 
up  hit  goods  to  settle  in  that  place,  if  he  ap- 
prehended an  entering  into  war  with  to  near 
aneighlxiurt  She  teemed  to  bo  to.newhat 
convinced  by  hit  talk,  and  laid  tho  believed 
ho  tpoke  tho  truth. 

Then  she  called  for  the  Mount  Hope  men, 
who  made  a  formidable  appearance,  with 
their  faces  painted,  and  their  hair  trimmed  u| 
in  comb  fashion,  with  their  powder  horn*  ond 
shot  bags  nt  their  bucks;  which  nmnng  that 
nation  is  tho  posture  nml  figure  of  prepared 
iicss  fur  war.  She  told  Mr.  Church  these 
wore  the  person*  that  haJ  brought  her  the  re 
port  of  the  English  preparationi  for  war. 


end  then  told  them  what  Mr.  <-hyr«i)  had 

aeiil  in  answer  to  it. 

niHin  this  liegiin  a  warm  inlk  among  th* 
Indians,  liul  it  wa*  sikiii  i|imKlii'il,  and  Awii< 
shoiiks  proceeded  Io  lell  Mr.  Cliiirch,  lliiil 
Philip's  mesanpi  to  hnr  was  that  unless  she 
would  fiirlhwilh  enter  into  a  ooiileiluraey 
ith  him,  in  a  war  against  the  Kegliali,  he 
Would  send  his  liiennver  privately,  1 1  kill  the 
English  rsllle,  and  burn  llieir  hiiuse*  on  thai 
*ide  the  river,  which  would  provoke  the  Ba> 
gli*li  In  fall  upon  her,  whom  thev  would 
without  diiulit  supiinsa  iho  author  of  iIki  mia- 
rhief.  Mr.  Church  told  har  he  was  sorry  to 
■ee  so  ihrealening  nn  as|iect  of  affairs ;  and 
stepping  to  the  ^lount  Holies,  ho  I'nlt  of  llieir 
liags,  and  finding  them  filletl  with  bullets, 
■sked  them  what  ihoae  wcru  fort  Ihey  louf- 
fingly  replied,  to  *liiiot  pigeons  with. 

Then  Mr,  Church  turned  to  Awaahonk*, 
and  told  her  if  Philip  wa*  re*(ilved  to  make 
war,  her  heat  way  would  lie  to  knock  thnao 
six  Mount  Hope*  on  the  head,  and  alielinr 
hcraelf  under  the  prolectinn  of  ihn  English  i 
ITpon  which  tho  Meunt  Hopes  wore  fur  tho 
presiml  dumb.  Hut  those  two  of  Awa- 
shonk's  men,  who  had  licen  nt  Mount  Ho|m>, 
eaprcssed  themselves  in  a  furiuu*  manner 
against  his  advice.  And  Little-eyes,  one  nftho 
queen'*  council,  joined  with  them,  and  urged 
.Mr.  Church  to  go  aside  with  him  among  the 
bushu*,  that  he  might  have  tome  private  di*- 
cour*e  with  him  which  other  Indian*  immo> 
diatoly  forbid,  Inung  *oiisilile  of  his  ill  doiignt 
Hut  the  Indian*  Iwgan  to  aide  and  grow  very 
warm.  Mr.  Church,  with  undaunted  eou« 
rage,  told  the  Mount  Hopes  they  were  bloody 
wretche*,  and  thir*ted  after  thu  blood  of 
their  English  neighliours,  who  had  never  in« 
jured  them,  but  had  always  alxiunded  in 
their  kindno**  to  them.  That  for  hia  own 
part,  though  he  desired  nothing  more  than 
peace,  yet,  if  nothing  but  war  would  satisfy 
them,  ho  lielievod  he  *hould  prove  a  iharp 
thorn  in  their  *ide* ;  Hid  the  eoiiipany  ob- 
serve those  men  that  were  of  such  blooily 
dispositions,  whether  Pn>vidcncu  would  suflTer 
them  to  live  to  see  tho  event  of  tho  war, 
which  other*,  more  peaceably  di«Doaed 
might  do. 

Then  ho  told  Awathonk*  he  thought  '.t 
might  bo  most  advisuable  for  her  to  tend  to 
the  governor  of  Plymouth,  and  theltor  her- 
self and  people  under  his  protection.  She 
liked  his  adviro,  and  desired  him  to  go  on  her 
liehalftolho  Plymouth  govcrnmont,  which 
he  consented  to,  and  ut  parting  advised  her, 
whatever  sho  did,  nut  to  desert  the  English 
intereit,  to  join  with  her  nei^^hboun  in  a  re- 
bellion which  would  certainly  prove  fatal  to 
her.  [He  moved  none  of  his  goods  from  hia 
house,  that  there  might  nut  ho  the  leatt  um* 
brago  from  tuch  an  action.]  She  thanked 
him  for  hit  advice,  and  tent  two  of  her  men 
to  guard  him  to  hit  house  ;  which  when  they 
came  there,  urged  him  tc  take  core  to  tecur* 
his  goods,  which  ho  rcfui»id  for  the  reatont 
licfore  mentioned  :  But  desired  the  Indians, 
that  if  what  ihey  feared  should  liuppi'ii,  ihey 
would  take  care  of  what  ho  left,  and  directed 
them  to  a  place  in  tho  woods  where  they 
thould  dispose  of  tlicm ;  which  they  fuillf 
fully  observed. 

He  took  his  leave  of  his  guard  and  bid 
them  tell  their  mistress,  if  she  continued 
■taady  :o  her  dependanco  on  ih>'  English,  and 


KINO   PHILIP'I   WAR. 


MfM  wilMn  b«r  own  limiM  ufHoaknnaia,  h* 

Winilil  WHi  h«r  •((•ill  <|iiirkly  I  ■III!  itinn  Imi- 
iKiii'tl  KWdy  III  I'licHiiai'l,*  wlicro  liii  imtt  wllli 
PHltir  Niiiiliiiil,  lliu  liuilmiiil  iirilin  i|iim<ii  of 
PiioiiMol,  wliu  wan  jiial  l)i«n  iNitnn  iivur  in  ii 
raiiiHi  rriim  Miiiiiit  IIoih*.  I'ftur  tnlil  him 
Itml  iIiith  woiilil  cermmly  Im  wiir  i  tiir  Pliiliji 
liitil  liiilil  •  iUn««i  i>rMii>r«l  WDfk*  riiiiliiiii- 
ftiiop,  Mul  )iii<l  miliirtniiii'il  tliu  younjf  mi'ii 
iViiiii  «li  |wr(«  of  lliit  ciiiiiiiry.  Ami  uJiUmI, 
llm'  Phili|i  i*ii|i«'aluil  III  liii  Mint  fur  In  Ply- 
miiiitli,  to  Imi  oxiimiiiKil  ktiiiiit  HmMmon'* 
(itmih,  wliii  wii*  miiniamJ  at  AHawmnwit 
piiiilfit  knowinir  liiinMilf  vuiliy  ofroiitriving 
itiit  miirtlar.  'I  nn  lanw  t'olur  lulil  liiiii  iIikI 
h«  MW  Mr,  Jnino*  Drown,  of  Hvimntey,  and 
Mr.  Hitniual  Uorton,  who  WM«n  intariireuir, 
•tui  two  othiir  men,  who  brought  •  luttur 
fViim  tha  governor  of  Plymouth  to  Philip. 
Ho  oltinrvod  to  him  furlhor,  that  iha  yoiin)r 
mnn  wnro  vary  itii|pr  lo  lt«;(in  thn  wnr,  and 
would  fnin  have  killed  Mr.  lirown,  hut  Philip 
nrevi>nti<  1  it  |  tnlliii|(  them  ihnt  hit  falhtir 
had  ohar)(nd  him  to  ihow  kimlrioM  to  Mr. 
Hrowii.  In  iihort,  Philip  wan  furred  lo  pro- 
mile  them  that,  on  the  next  fiord'i  iliiy,  when 
the  Bngliih  wi-ro  (;one  to  nieiilin)(  they  ■hoiiid 
rifle  their  hoitau*  und  from  that  time  forward 
kill  iheir  oatlle. 

Peter  denired  Mr.  (/huroh  to  ffo  and  ico 
hi*  wife,  who  win  liiit  iin  iIih  hill  I  He  went 
and  found  hut  few  of  her  pi-ople  with  her, 
She  laid  ihey  wore  all  ^one,  againiit  her  will, 
lo  tlio  dttiicm  i  and  nlie  much  feared  there 
woulil  lie  a  war.  Mr.  Churiih  advined  her 
lo  )(o  to  the  iaiund  and  leriire  henelf,  aiiii 
ihime  that  were  with  her ;  and  lend  to  the 
i((ivernor  of  I'lymoiilh,  who  alie  knew  waa 
hi-r  friend  ;  ami  lo  left  her,  rvnolving  to  ha*- 
ten  to  Plymouth,  and  wait  on  the  governor  : 
And  he  win  no  expediliout  that  he  wm  with 
the  frovernor  early  next  morning,  though  he 
waited  on  «imo  of  the  magiHtnitei  hy  the 
WBV,  who  were  of  tlie  council  of  wnr,  and 
•bo  ra?t  r.iir.  at  the  governor'*,  lie  gave 
them  an  account  of  his  olmerviitinn*  and  dis- 
eoveriet,  which  conflrmfd  ilieir  former  intel- 
ligence!, and  buvtencd  their  preparation  for 
defence. 

Philip,  arcording  to  hii  promisa  lo  hia  peo- 
ple, permitteil  them  to  march  out  of  the  neck 
on  the  next  Ijoril'a  day  when  they  pliitiderod 
thp  iieareal  houaea  thiit  the  Iiilinliitunta  hnd 
doaorted:  Hut  n«  yet  oflTei-ed  no  vLilonce  to 
the  people,  nt  leaat  none  were  killed.  How- 
ever the  alarm  waa  given  hy  their  riumliora  and 
hoatlle  equipage,  and  liy  the  prey  they  made 
of  what  they  could  find  in  the  foraaken  houae*. 

An  expreaa  came  the  lamo  day  to  the  gov- 
ernor, wno  immediately  gave  order*  to  the 
captniiia  of  the  town*  to  march  the  greateat 
part  of  thtfir  conipaiiiea,  and  to  rendeKvous 
at  Tn:inton,  on  .Monday  night,  where  Major 
Kradford  was  to  receive  tiiem,  and  di*po*e 
them  under  Capt.  (now  made  Major)  Cut- 
wnrth,  of  Scituate.  The  governor  desired 
Mr.  Church  to  give  ihom  hi*  company,  nnd 
to  uae  hia  iiitcri-it  in  their  hohnlf,  with  the 
gentlemen  of  Rhodi>  laland.  He  coinpru-d 
with  it,  iiiij  ihi'y  marched  the  next  diiy, — 
Major  Bradford  desired  .Mr.  Cliiircli,  with  a 
rommanded  purty.  coiiaialing  of  lilnglisli  and 
*<tmc  frieiidlv  Iiiiliana,  to  march  in   iho  front, 


*  'riv«rtiin  ahoro  over  aguiiiflt  llio  iiorlli  rinl  uf  Ilhode 
UlanJ. 
I  HidtUtkoiuch. 


•I  *om«i  diatanoa  from  the  main  body,  TItair 
order*  werv  lo  keep  *o  far  Itafuro  at  nut  to 
he  ill  *ight  of  (he  army.  And  lo  thny  did, 
for  hy  (lie  way  they  killed  •  dear,  Rayeii, 
roaaled,  and  eat  the  mo*t  of  him,  Iwfora  the 
army  came  up  with  them  |  butth*  Plymouth 
forci*  Mxm  arrived  at  Swaniay,  and  were 
chiefly  poated  at  Mi^nr  lirown'*  and  Mr, 
Mile'*  Bwrriioii*)  and  were  there  mkih  joined 
with  ihiiiu  llial  came  from  MaaaitchM*«tl*, 
who  had  entered  into  a  confederacy  with 
(heir  Plymouth  hrelhren,  agwnat  tha  perfldi- 
ou*  heathen*. 

The  enemy  who  liegan  their  hoMilitiet 
with  plundering,  and  de*lroying  oaltle,  did 
not  hing  content  ihemaelve*  with  that  game) 
they  thiratod  for  Kiigli*h  hloo<l,  aniT  they 
*oon  hroached  it ;  killing  two  men  in  the  way 
not  far  from  Mr,  Mile'*  garriaon  )  and  *oon  af- 
ter, eight  morn  at  Matta|H>iaet  :*  Upon  whote 
hiMlie*  they  exeroi*od  more  than  hrutiah  bar- 
hariliea ;  beheading,  diainemlicring  and  man- 
gling (hern,  and  expnaing  them  in  thr  moat 
inhuman  manner;  which  gaahed  nnil  ghoatly 
object*  Ntriick  a  damp  on  all  beholden, 

The  enemy,  flu*hud  with  the*e  exploit*, 
grew  yet  bolder,  and  akiilking  every  whore 
HI  the  liiiahea,  ahot  at  all  paaaenger*,  and  kil- 
led many  that  ventured  abroad.  They  came 
an  near  a*  to  *hoot  down  two  (entinel*  at 
,Mr.  Mile'*  garriaon,  under  the  very  note*  of 
moat  of  our  force*,  Theie  provocation* 
drew  out  the  re*<)ntment  of  aome  of  Captain 
Prentice'*  troopt,  who  duaired  they  might 
liuva  liberty  to  go  out  and  *eek  the  enemy  in 
their  own  quarter,  quarler-ma*ter«  Gill  and 
Holoher  commanded  the  partio*  drawn  out, 
who  earneatly  dciired  Mr,  Church'*  com- 
pany :  They  provided  him  a  horae  and  fur- 
niture (hi*  own  being  out  of  the  wayt)  he 
readily  complied  with  their  do*ire*  and  wm 
*oon  mounted, 

Thi*  parly  wa*  no  aoonor  over  Mile'* 
bridge,  but  were  fired  upon  by  an  ambuicade 
of  about  a  dozen  Indian*,  a*  tiioy  were  aAor- 
warda  diacovcred  to  l)e.  When  they  drew 
off,  the  pilot  wa*  mortally  wounded,  Mr, 
Uelcher  received  a  ahot  in  hi*  knee,  and  hi* 
horae  was  killed  under  him,  Mr.  Oill  wa* 
struck  with  a  musket  ball  on  the  aide  of  hi* 
belly  ;  but  being  clad  with  a  bufT  coat,  and 
aome  thicknoa*  of  paper  under  it,  it  never 
broku  Ilia  g',(in.  The  troopers  were  *urpri(ed 
to  see  both  their  commandora  wounded  and 
wheeled  off*:  but  Mr,  Church  perauaded,  at 
length  atormcd  and  atamped,  and  told  them  it 
waa  a  ahame  to  run,  and  leave  a  wounded 
man  there  to  become  a  prey  to  the  barbarou* 
enemy;  For  the  pilot  yet  *at  on  hi*  hor*e, 
though  ao  mazed  with  the  ahot,  a*  not  to  have 
aenae  to  guide  him;  Mr,  Gill  *econdod  him, 
and  offered,  though  much  disabled,  to  aasift 
in  bringing  him  off.  Mr.  Church  itiked  a 
atranger  who  gave  him  hiacompany  in  that  ac- 
tion, if  he  would  go  with  him  and  letch  off  the 
wounded  mnn ;  He  readily  consented,  and 
they,  with  Mr,  Gill,  went  but  the  wounded 
■nun  fainted  and  fell  off  hi*  horse  before  they 
cuine  to  him  ;  but  Mr,  Church  and  the  atran- 
ger dismounted,  took  up  the  man  dead,  and 
liiid  him  before  Mr,  Gill  on  his  horae.  Mr. 
Church  told  the  other  two,  if  they  would  take 
care  of  the  dead  man,  he  would  go  and  fetch 
his  horae  back,  which  was  going  off  the  cau- 


my  toward  tha  anamyi   bul  tmlm*  k«  p| 

over  the  caiiaey  ha  *aw  the  anamv  run  la  M 
right  into  tha  nark.  Ha  brought  Ueh  iIm 
hor*a,  and  called  earneatly  and  raiwaladly  tr 
the  army  lo  come  over  and  flghl  the  tnamy  ( 
and  while  he  aliKMl  calling  and  |ier*ua<lintf, 
the  akiilking  enemy  relumed  lo  ihair  old 
■land,  and  all  discharged  their  gun*  at  him  at 
one  clap,  (hough  every  ahot  inlaiad  him;  yet 
one  of.ihe  army,  on  the  other  *ida  of  ihe  river, 
received  one  of  tha  ball*  in  hi*  fool.  Mr. 
Churoh  now  liagan  (no  auecour  coming  tit 
him)  lo  think  it  time  to  retreat  i  Sayintf,  tha 
Lord  have  merey  on  u*,  if  vjrh  a  hamlful  o' 
Indian*  *hall  thu*  dara  *ueh  an  army  I 

Upon  thi*  it  was  immediately  reaolvad,  and 
order*  were  aivan  to  march  down  into  tha 
neck,  and  having  paastid  the  bridge  and  cau- 
*ev,  the  direction  was  to  extend  both  wings, 
which  being  not  well  heeded,  bv  those  thai 
remained  in  the  centre,  *nme  of  tnem  mi*lnol| 
their  friend*  for  their  enemie*,  and  made  a 
fire  iiiHin  them  in  the  right  wing,  and  woun* 
lied  that  noble  heroie  youth,  Enaign  .Savage, 
in  the  thigh,  but  it  happily  proved  bul  a  fleah 
wound.  They  marched  until  they  came  to 
the  narrow  of  the  neck,  at  a  place  called  Kec- 
kamuit,*  where  they  took  down  the  head*  of 
eight  l<!ngli*hmen  that  were  killed  at  tha 
head  of  Muttiipoiaet  neck,  and  let  upon  poles, 
after  the  barbarou*  manner  of  thixe  *avage*. 
There  Philip  had  alaved  all  hi*  drum*,  and 
conveyed  all  hi*  canoes  to  the  east  *ide  of 
Mattapoiaet  river;  hence  it  wa*  concluded, 
by  those  that  were  acquainted  with  the  mo> 
tiohs  of  those  people,  that  they  had  quillei) 
the  neck.  Mr.  Church  told  them  that  Phili|i 
was  doubtless  gone  over  to  Pocasset  side,  ta 
engage  those  Indians  in  rebellion  with  him| 
which  thny  soon  found  to  be  true.  The  ena< 
iny  were  not  really  beaten  nut  of  Mount 
nope  nock,  though  it  was  true  they  fled  froa 
thence;  yet  it  was  before  any  pursued  theti 
It  was  but  to  strengthen  themselves,  anj  I* 
gain  a  more  advantageous  post.  However, 
some,  and  not  a  few  ploaaed  themselves  with 
the  fancy  of  a  mighty  conquest. 

A  grand  council  was  held,  and  a  resolva 
past,  to  build  a  fort  there,  to  maintain  the 
first  ground  they  had  gained,  by  the  Indiina 
leaving  it  to  them ;  and  to  ifieak  the  truth, 
it  mu*t  be  *aid,  that  a*  they  gained  nut  thai 
field  by  their  sword,  nor  their  bow ;  so  it  was 
rather  their  fear  than  their  courage,  that  obli* 
ged  them  to  set  up  the  marks  of  their  con* 
quest.  Mr.  Church  looked  upon  it,  and 
talked  of  it  with  contempt,  and  urged  hard 
the  pursuing  the  enemy  on  Poca*set  side, 
and  with  the  greater  earne*tne*s,  because  of 
his  promise  made  to  Awashonks,  before  men* 
tioncd.  The  council  adjourned  themselvea 
from  Mount  Hope  to  Rehoboth,  where  Mr. 
Treasurer  Southworth,  being  weary  of  his 
charge  of  commissary  general,  provision  be- 
ing scarce  and  difficult  to  bo  obtained,  for 
the  army,  that  now  lay  still  to  cover  the  peo< 
pie  from  no  body,  while  they  were  building 
a  fort  for  nothing)  retired,  and  the  power  and 
trouble  of  that  post  was  left  with  Mr,  Church, 
who  still  urged  the  commanding  officers  to 
move  over  to  Pocasset  side,  to  pursue  tha 
enemy,  and  kill  Philip,  which  would,  in  his 
opinion,  be  more  probable  to  keep  poaaesiiotl 
of  the  neck,  than  to  tarry  to  build  a  fort.     Ha 


*  in  Swsauii, 


*  Upper  part  of  Brialol. 


KINO  PniLIP'R  WAS. 


I  of  Itte  proHiiM  la  iIm  iqMW 
•mImmii  nf  SofhoMM,  tmi  C»puin  VttlWr  •! 
M  UffaiJ  ika  Mm«,  iintii  M  IciigtK  lkar«  earn* 
inftlMr  onl«r«  •oMwrniaK  ik*  (on  i  mhI  with- 
kt  M  onlar  fur  C*|itiiii  Fuller  wiik  tia  AU« 
••  aPMa  ik«  rivar  to  ili*  wila  w  miMk  iiwiilatj 
«n,  mm!  to  tty  if  ha  aouM  gai  apaaah  wild  atiy 
af  iha  Poaaaaat  or  Moflinnala  Indiana,  ami 
ihM  Mr.  Ckumh  •kitulJ  |^thi«*a«oml.  Upon 
iIm  capMin  raaaiving  hit  nrtlom,  ha  afkaj 
Mr.  Oburth  wkMharna  waa  willing  lo  an- 
mtf  i»  M»  antof priaa  i  To  wliom  ii  waa  in- 
JUm  taeafiaaaUa  w  ba  4aalimMl  i  though  ha 
llMMiglit  Um  Milarpriaa  waa  haianluua  anoNf  h 
fcr  iSam  to  Imv«  mora  man  atticnatl  iham. 
Oaptaia  Fallar  loM  him.  ihai  fur  hia  own 
■art  ha  waa  growa  aaaiani  ami  iwvy,  hm 
Mrad  llialraval  ami  faiitfiia  would  ba  lou 
MHak  Ibr  him  i  bat  Mr.  Church  ur||a<l  him, 
Mid  told  Mm,  ha  woaUl  ehaarftilly  anauaa 
Wa  Ma  hardahip  aad  traval,  ami  laka  ihai 
part  to  Maiaalf,  if  ha  miahi  but  gii|  Tor  ha  had 
mbar  do  any  thiaa  in  Ina  world  than  to  aiay 
Ihara  to  buiU  iha  fort. 

Thaa  ihay  draw  out  iha  numbar  aaaignad 
iImbi.  aad  marahmi  ilia  aama  niahi  li>  tha  far- 
ry,  and  wara  Iranaportad  to  Rhoda  Inland, 
Irom  whanaa,  iha  nasi  niahl,  lhay  >ol  paa- 
■aga  orar  to  Poeaatal  aida,  in  Rhoilo  Uland 
baala,  and  eoneludad  ihara  l>t  diapoM  tham- 
iaivaa  in  two  ambuaeadea  baCira  day,  boping 
ta  aurpriaa  aoma  of  tha  anamy  by  ihair  falling 
HMo  ana  ar  oibar  ef  ihair  ambuahmanU.  But 
Cape  FulWr'a  party,  baing  iroublod  with  tha 
apidaaiiial  plagua  of  lual  aAar  tobaeoo,  muat 
naada  Mrilw  lira  to  •moka  it|  and  tharaby 
diieorarad  thamtalvaa  to  a  party  of  iha  ana- 
my  eoniiag  up  to  them,  who  immadiawly  flad 
with  cfaal  praeipiiaiion.  ^—-•' 

TkT*  ambuaoada  draw  off  about  braak  ef 
day,  pamaiving  thay  ware  diteovared,  tha 
alhar  aoatinnad  in  thair  |Miat  until  tha  tiraa 
aaaigned  tham,  and  tha  light  and  haat  of  tha 
aan  randered  thair  ttation  both  iniignifleant 
and  trmiklaaome,  and  than  returned  unto  the 
place  of  randeivoua,  where  they  were  ae- 
^aintod  with  tha  other  party'a  diaappoint- 
mvnt,  and  tha  oeeaaion  of  it.  Mr.  Church 
aalla  for  the  braakfiiat  he  had  ordered  to  be 
broaghl  orer  in  the  boat  (  but  tha  man  that 
had  the  charge  of  it  ooofeiaed  that  he  waa 
aaleep  when  the  boatmen  called  him,  and  in 
haato  aama  away,  and  never  thoueht  of  it 
It  happened  that  Mr.  Church  had  anwcakea 
of  ruak  in  hw  pocket  that  Madam  Cranaton 

J  tha  goTemor  of  Rhode  laland'a  Ladv)  gave 
lim  when  he  oama  off  tha  iaiand ;  which  he  di- 
vided amoag  the  eompaay,  which  waa  all 
Ihapitmaiona  they  bad. 

Mr.  Ohareh,  after  their  alender  breakfavt, 
prepoaed  to  Capt  Fuller,  that  ha  would 
narah  in  quaat  of  the  enemy,  with  roeh  of  the 
aompany  aa  wonid  ba  willing  to  march  with 
Mn,  whieh  he  complied  with,  though  with  a 
great  deal  of  aerupla,  beeauae  of  hia  amall 
Bumhar,  and  tha  eitreme  hacard  he  foreiaw 
muat  attend  them. 

Bet  aome  of  the  company  reflected  upon 
Mr.  Church,  that  notwitnttanding  hit  talk  on 
the  other  aide  of  the  river,  he  had  nnt  thewn 
them  any  Indiana  since  they  came  over. 
Which  now  moved  him  to  tell  them,  that  if 
Jt  waa  their  deaire  to  tee  Indiana,  he  believed 
he  ahould  now  toon  ihew  them  what  they 
■hooid  lay  waa  enough. 


The  numlMtr  alhiwad  kim  tottn  draw  off  to 
kim,  whioh  aiKild  n«i  Iw  many,  liaaauaa  their 
ahaia  euni|Mny  coiiaitlad  nf  imi  mure  ihaa 
ihirty-iii,  'Vhvy  imivi'd  lourardt  MoKknnabi, 
until  lhay  ranio  in  iha  liriNik  ihal  ruiia  iiiln 
Nunn«<|iMh<|al  nock,  whara  th«y  Jiteovarwd 
a  freih  and  (ilain  trark,  which lliwy  miiicludud 
10  Imi  IViini  lliti  cmal  fiiiia  awaiiiit,  aiNiiil  a  mil* 
friHn  iha  mad  llial  lead*  In  Mogkonala,  Nuw, 
•ayt  Mr.  ('liumh,  in  hit  ninn,  if  we  fnllo 
llii*  irank,  no  doiilti  l,ut  wa  tliall  mmid  trit  In- 
dtant  amm||h|  lhay  aiipreated  their  willing- 
nata  to  f»llow  the  track,  and  moved  in  ll,  bul 
had  not  gone  fkr  iNifora  one  of  iham  narrowly 
aaaapmi  baing  bit  with  a  raitlatiiake  i  And 
Ike  wiMtdt  that  Iha  track  led  them  through 
waa  haunird  much  with  ihnaa  tnaknt,  whieh 
the  lillle  company  teemed  to  ba  mure  alVaiJ 
of  than  tha  lilaek  lerptinit  they  ware  in  i|ii<«M 
uf,  and  tharnrora  b«nl  thair  oourta  another 
way,  to  a  iilaca  where  they  thought  it  prolia- 
ble  to  And  t<mie  of  the  enemy.  Had  ihvy 
kept  the  track  to  tha  pine  iwamp,  thi*y  had 
bean  certain  of  meeting  Indiana  enough  |  but 
not  to  certain  that  any  of  them  thould  have 
returned  to  give  account  how  many. 

Now  they  |iaated  down  into  t'linkatoat 
neck  I  and  in  their  march  ditcovered  a  large 
wigwam  full  of  Indian  truck,  which  ilie  tol 
diera  were  fur  loading  thamtelvei  with,  until 
Mr.  Church  fi>rbid  it,  tolling  them  they  might 
expect  toon  to  have  their  handt  full,  and  l>u 
tinett  without  caring  for  plunder.  Then 
craaaing  the  brad  of  tlia  creek,  into  the  neck, 
ihey  again  ditcovered  freth  Indian  irackt 
very  lately  paated  before  them  into  the  neck. 
Tkey  then  got  privately  and  undiicnvered  un- 
to the  Ibnee  of  Capt.  Almy't  peate  field,  and 
divided  into  two  partiet,  Mr.  Church  keeping 
the  one  party  with  hiinaelf,  tent  the  other 
with  Lake,  who  wat  acquainted  with  the 
ground,  on  tha  other  tide.  Two  Indiani 
ware  toon  ditcovered  coming  out  of  the 
peate  field  lowardt  them  |  when  Mr.  Church, 
and  thote  ihit  were  with  him,  concealed 
themtelvet  from  them,  by  falling  flat  on  the 
ground ;  but  the  other  division  not  using  the 
tame  caution,  were  teen  by  the  enemy,  which 
nccationed  them  to  run;  which  when  Mr. 
Church  perceived,  he  showed  himself  lo  them 
and  told  them  he  would  not  hurt  ihitm  ;  Bui 
ihey  ran,  and  Church  purtued.  The  Indiana 
climbed  over  a  fence,  and  one  of  them  facing 
about  discharged  hit  piece,  but  without  efr«ct, 
on  iIm  English  t  One  of  the  English  soldiers 
ran  np  to  Ine  fence  and  fired  upon  him  that 
had  discharged  his  piece;  and  they  cnnelu 
ded,  by  the  yelling  they  heard,  that  the  In 
dian  was  wounded;  but  the  Indians  soon  got 
into  the  thickets,  whence  they  saw  them  no 
more  for  tha  present 

Mr,  Church  then  marching  over  a  plain 
piece  of  ground,  where  the  woods  were  very 
thick  on  one  side ;  ordered  bis  little  company 
to  march  at  a  double  distance,  to  make  as  big 

show  (if  they  should  be  discovered)  as 
might  be;  hut  beforo  they  saw  any  body, 
they  were  saluted  with  a  volley  of  fifty  or 
sixty  guns;  some  bulleis  came  very  aurprt- 
singly  near  Mr.  Church,  who  starting  looked 
behind  him,  lo  see  what  was  become  of  hii 
men,  expecting  to  have  teen  half  "f  them 
dead,  but  toeing  thom  all  upon  thmr  legs, 
and  briskly  firing  at  the  tmoka  of  their  ene- 
miet'  guns  (for  that  was  all  that  was  then  to 
be  seen,)  He  blotted  God,  and  called  to  nia 


Men  not  to  diaaharga  all  iheir  guna  at  oneo 
leal  the  enemy  ahouU  laka  the  ail  vantage  of 
tiieh  an  nppurtanity  to  run  H|Min  ihain  wiik 
their  kalchalt. 

Their  Best  mwion  waa  Immadialely  inin 
the  peate  Held.*  When  they  came  Ui  the 
Itinea,  Mr.  Cliitroh  bid  at  many  at  had  not 
diaehargad  ih«ir  gunt,  to  clap  unilar  the 
ftinca,  and  lie  close,  while  the  other,  at  aoHW 
ilitlanee  in  the  field,  sIimhI  to  rharge ;  hnpuif 
that  if  Iha  enemy  should  creep  lo  Iha  fenaa^ 
to  fVn  a  thiti  at  ihoaa  that  were  eharaing 
ti.eir  guns,  lhay  might  lie  surprised  by  inoaa 
that  lay  under  the  fence;  but  caiimg  hia 
•yea  to  the  side  of  the  hill  alxive  iham,  tha 
hdl  termed  to  move,  liaing  covered  over  with 
Indians,  with  their  bright  guna  glittering  ia 
titt)  sun,  and  running  in  a  ciroumraranae  with 
a  dosign  lo  surround  them. 

Heeinif  such  mullitudaa  surrounding  him 
and  hit  little  eom|>any,  it  put  him  up<in  think- 
ing what  wat  beci:m«  of  the  Itoals  tlial  ware 
ordered  lo  aliend  him;  and  looking  up  he 
espied  ihein  athore  at  Handy  point,  on  the  ia> 
land  aide  of  the  river,  with  a  numlierof  burto 
and  foot  by  them,  and  wondered  what  thuuld 
lie  the  occasion,  until  he  waa  afterwards  in- 
formed, that  the  lioats  hail  lieen  over  that  mor- 
ning from  the  island,  and  had  landed  a  party 
of  men  at  Pogland,  that  were  designed  in 
Punkatees  neck,  to  fetch  off  soma  cattle  and 
horses,  but  were  ambuscaded,  and  many  of 
them  wounded  by  the  enemy. 

Now  our  gentleman's  courage  and  condual 
were  both  put  lo  the  teat,  he  encouragea  hia 
men,  and  ordera  some  to  run  and  lake  a 
wall  t(>r  shelter  Iwfore  the  enemy  aained  it. 
It  was  time  fur  them  now  lo  think  of  escaping 
if  they  knew  which  way.  Mr.  Church  ot' 
dera  his  men  to  strip  to  theii  while  shins,  thai 
the  islanders  might  discover  them  to  lie  En- 
glishmen; and  then  orders  three  guns  lo  ba 
fired  distinct,  hoping  it  might  be  oliserved  by 
ihuir  friends  on  the  opfMisite  shore.  Tho  men 
that  were  ordered  lo  take  the  wall,  being 
vtiry  Imngry,  stopped  a  while  among  tha 
(lease  to  gather  a  few,  beinv  aliout  four  rod 
from  the  wall ;  tha  enemy  irom  behind  hailev 
ihem  with  a  shower  of  bullets;  liut  soon  al 
but  one  came  tunibliiig  over  an  old  bedga 
down  the  bank,  whera  Mr,  Church  and  the 
rest  were,  and  told  him  that  hit  brother  B. 
8outhw<irth,  who  was  the  man  that  waa  mis- 
sing, was  killed,  that  they  saw  him  fall;  and 
so  they  did  indeed  see  him  fall,  but  it  wat 
without  a  shot,  and  lay  no  lunffer  than  till  ha 
had  an  opportunity  to  clap  a  bullet  into  one 
of  the  enemy's  forehead,  and  then  came  run- 
ning to  his  company.  The  meanness  of  the 
English  powder  was  now  their  greatest  mis- 
fortune; when  they  were  immediately  upon 
this  beset  with  multitudes  nf  Indians,  who 
possessed  themselves  of  every  rock,  stump, 
tree  or  fence  that  was  in  sight  firing  u|>on  them 
without  ceasing;  while  they  had  no  other  shel- 
ter but  a  small  bank  and  hit  of  a  water  fence. 
And  yet  to  add  to  the  disadvantage  of  thit 
littlunandful  of  distressed  men,  the  Indians 
also  possessed  themselves  of  the  ruins  of  a 
itone  houte  that  overlooked  them;  to  that 
now  they  had  no  way  to  provent  lying  quite 
open  to  tome  or  other  of  the  enemy,  out  to 
heap  up  ttonet  before  them,  as  they  did,  and  • 
still  bravely  and  wonderfully  defended  them   . 

*  TIsanaa,  sbaal  half  a  mils  abort  Fogltail  fsrrjr 


RINO  PHILIP'S  WAB. 


tal*««  •MiriM  all  iIm  numli") « if  ihn  »f)i>my  ' 
Al  la>iigtn  e»nm  t>vi»r  »n«  of  ihn  Immf  fntin  iha 
UUiiil  *lii>r«,  ImiI  ilia  eimmv  |>l>i>i|  llii'ir  ahiii 
III  wiirinl)«  III  her  ••  iii«il«  livr  km>|t  «l  tiiinn 
tlittmifii I  Mr.  Ctmrt'h  iluMrvtJ  ih«iii  In  wiml 
llitiir  caniMi  Mhnni  (o  fwich  lh«m  nil  Uianii 
kul  III)  |Mir«ii»tiiiii«  nor  •rnumanu  eoulij  pr«- 
vail  with  ihmn  lo  hring  ifmir  mnixi  to  thiir«( 


wilieh  •oiiM  of  Mr,  Chiirrh'i  in«n  iMireaiving, 
Iwgiin  lo  rry  mil,  For  (iml'i  mK«  to  Iska 
llMin  »lf,  for  llielr  •nimiiniliiiii  wa«  •|wnt,  Jio. 
Mr.  Cliiirnh  IwingMiniililn  of  ih«  J«iigi>rof  iha 
•noiiiy'ii  h«)*riiiir  ihoir  (!um|iliiiiiii,  ■ml  being 
ninilu  •etiiiainiiij  with  iha  woiIiimim  knil  *can- 
liiiMM  of  ihair  ■mniiiniliiin,  Aurnaljr  enllntl  to 
lh«  Imai't  maiiar,  and  bid  him  ailhar  aanil  hia 
canoe  a«h<ir«,  or  eJMi  ba  gona  |ir«Hanlly  or  ha 
Would  (Ira  upon  him. 

Away  gn«a  tha  tioal.and  la«vaa  ihamttill  to 
•kift  for  ihaniMlvaa  |  bul  than  anolhar  dilA- 
•uliy  aroaa,  tha  anainy  waing  tha  Ihi«i  I««v« 
ikam,  wrra  raanimatod,  and  Ared  thirkpr  ami 
faalar  than  avar)  upiin  which  Kinia  of  iho 
mun  that  were  lighlaal  of  fmil,  Iwgan  lo  lalk 
of  aileinpiing  an  aaeapa  by  flight,  until  Mr. 
Church  loliiTlv  oonviiicmi  ihani  of  iho  imprao- 
lieahlrnatt  or  it  |  and  enoouragrd  iham  y«t, 
told  thi*m,  that  ha  had  olnorvitd  to  much  of 
iha  rainarkabia  and  wonderful  providanea  of 
Ood  hitherto  preierving  ihcM,  that  il  encou- 
raged him  to  believe,  W'th  much  oonfldenee, 
•hat  OotI  would  yet  itre  i«rv«  them ;  that  not 
■  hair  of  their  head  ihoulu  fall  to  the  ground  | 
)>id  them  bo  nalient,  couragRoua  and  prudent- 
ly iiiaring  o(  their  ammunition,  and  lie  made 
no  doubt  but  th«y  ahould  coma  well  ofl*  yet, 
tee,  until  hia  little  army  again  retolved,  one 
•nd  all,  to  iiav  with,  and  itick  by  him.  Oiia 
oflhem,  by  Mr.  Church'*  order,  wa*  tiilohing 
a  flat  Hone  up  an  end  Iwfuro  biin  in  tha  lanif, 
when  a  bullot  from  tha  enemy,  with  •  full 
IbrM,  itruck  the  itone  while  ha  wa*  pitching 
k  an  end  |  which  put  the  poor  fellow  to  a 
laiaerable  lUrt,  till  Mr,  Church  called  upon 
kirn  to  obaerve,  how  God  directed  the  bulleii, 
that  the  enemy  could  not  hit  him  when  in  the 
aame  place,  yet  could  hit  the  atono  a«  it  waa 
ereeied. 

Whilo  they  wera  thut  making  the  beat  de- 
fence they  could  againit  their  numeroua  ene- 
miet,  that  made  the  woudi  ring  with  their 
eoiiitant  yelling  and  ahouting ;  And  night 
coining  on,  tomultody  told  Mr,  Church  the^, 
eipied  a  iloop  up  the  river  aa  far  at  Oold  la- 
land,  that  icumed  to  ba  coming  down  toward* 
thuin ;  He  looked  up  and  told  them,  auccour 
wa*  now  coming,  Ibr  he  believed  it  wa* 
Captain  Guiding,  whom  he  know  to  be  * 
man  for  buiine**,  and  would  certainly  fetch 
thvin  oflT,  if  he  camo.  The  wind  being  fair, 
the  voMul  wa*  *oon  with  them ;  and  Captain 
Guiding  it  wa*.  Mr.  Church  (aa  aoori  a*  they 
camv  to  apeak  with  one  another)  desired  him 
to  come  to  anchor  at  auoh  a  diaunce  from  the 
tiiore,  that  ho  might  veer  out  hi*  cable  and 
ride  afloat,  and  let  alip  hi*  canoo,  that  it  might 
drive  ashore;  which  direction  Captain  Oold- 
ing  obaerved ;  but  the  enemy  gave  him  such 
a  warm  *alute,  that  hi*  *ail*,  colour,  and 
■tern,  were  full  of  bullut  hole*. 

The  oanoe  came  ashore,  but  was  so  *ma]l 
that  «he  would  not  boar  above  two  men  at  a 
lime;  and  when  two  were  got  aboard,  they 
turned  her  loose  to  drive  ashore  for  two  more, 
■■d  Ihe  sluop'a  company  kept  the  Indiana  in 
Wka  iIm  while  I  but  wken  at  lost  it  came  to 


Mr.  Church'*  turn  to  gn  alMwrd,  he  hoti  left 
>iit  hat  and  culla**  at  lli«  well  whara  he  went 
III  driiik,  wlian  Im  Ural  name  diiwn;  he  tnld 
hia  fioin)Miny,  ha  wouldnavar  gniilf  and  laave 
hi*  hat  and  outlaa*  for  the  Indiana;  ihey 
should  nover  have  that  lo  rart«rt  iip«iM  him  i 
Though  he  was  much  disauailud  from  it,  yel 
he  would  go  ami  fvlvh  iham.  He  put  all  the 
powder  he  hail  lelV  into  hi*  gun  (and  a  |Mi<ir 
charge  il  was)  and  went  iiraanniing  hia  gua 
at  the  enemy,  until  ha  liMik  tip  wlial  he  want 
fur  I  al  hi*  return  he  dischargiul  hi*  gun  al  the 
enemy,  to  bid  iham  Ikrawell  for  tlial  timei 
but  had  not  |mwd«r  enough  lo  carry  tko  bul- 
let halfway  to  th«'m. 

Two  bullet*  (Vom  the  enemy  Mrurk  the  ca- 
noe aa  ha  went  on  iMiard,  one  graaeii  the  hair 
of  hi*  head  a  Utile  liefore;  <tiiother  aliiuk  in  a 
*mall  (lake  that  *tuod  right  against  the  middle 
of  hia  lireaal, 

Now  thi*  gentleman  with  hi*  armv,  ma- 
king in  all  twenty  men,  himaelf  and  hi*  pilot 
Iwiiig  niimlmrod  wiih  them,  got  all  sale  on 
luiaril  aOer  ai*  hour*  engagement  with  three 
hundred  Indian*;  whose  Mumlxtr  we  were 
told  aAerward*  by  some  of  theinaelve*.  A 
dnliveranca  which  that  giiiid  gentleman  often 
menlionato  tha  glnrv  oi  GimI,  and  hi*  protec- 
ting providence.  'Ijie  next  day  meeting  with 
the  real  of  hi*  llliln  company,  whom  he  had 
left  al  Pocasset  (that  had  also  a  amall  akir- 
mish  with  the  Indians,  and  had  two  men 
wounded)  they  returned  to  the  Mount  Hoiie 
garrison;  which  Mr.  Church  used  to  call  the 
riMxing  fort.  Mr.  Church  then  returning  lo 
the  island,  to  seek  provision  for  the  army, 
meets  with  Alderman,  a  noted  Indian,  that 
wa*Ju*t  come  over  from  the  afpiaw  anchem's 
cape  of  Pocasset,  having  deserted  from  her, 
and  brought  over  hia  family;  who  save  him 
an  account  of  the  atate  or  the  I  nutans,  and 
where  each  of  the  lagHmore'*  head  ouarter* 
were,  Mr,  Church  then  discoursed  with 
some  who  knew  the  s|iot  well  where  the  In- 
dians said  Weelamore's*  head  quarter*  were, 
and  olTured  their  aorviea  to  pilot  him,  With 
thi*  new*  he  liaalened  to  the  Mount  Hope 
garriton.  The  army  expre**ed  their  raadi 
ne*i  to  embrace  lucn  an  opportunity. 

All  the  ableat  loldior^  wera  now  immedi 
ately  drawn  off,  equipped  and  de*patched 
upon  thi*  design,  under  the  command  of  a 
certain  officer;  and  having  marched  about 
two  miles,  via.  until  thev  came  to  the  cove  that 
lie*  south  weit  from  the  Mount,  where  or 
dor*  were  given  for  an  halt;  The  oommau' 
der  in  chief  told  them  he  thought  it  proper  to 
take  advice  lieforo  he  went  any  further;  cal- 
led Mr.  Church  and  the  pilot,  and  asked 
them,  how  they  knew  that  Philip  and  all  his 
men  were  not  by  that  time  got  to  Weela- 
more's camp ;  or  thut  all  her  own  men  were 
not  by  that  time  returned  to  her  again  1  With 
many  mora  frightful  questions.  Mr.  Church 
told  him,  they  had  acquainted  him  with  as 
miieh  aa  they  knew,  and  that  for  hia  part,  he 
could  discover  nothing  that  need  to  discou- 
rage them  from  proceeding;  that  he  thought 
it  ao  practicable,  that  he,  with  the  pilot,  would 
willingly  lead  the  way  to  the  spot,  and  hazard 
the  brunt.  But  the  chief  commander  insii- 
ted  on  this,  that  the  enemies,  number  were  ao 
great,  and  he  did  not  know  what  numbera 
more  might  be  added  unto  them  by  that  time 


*  aquaw  saehem  ef  Pocasast. 


lima  I  Aad  ilia  aiiMpany  ••  MiMit,  that  h« 
■fluid  not  think  il  praatwable  In  attack  ihvm  | 
Adiied  moreover,  ihal  if  lie  »a*  aura  nl'  ki^ 
lii)g  all  tha  eiwiny,  and  knew  that  he  in>»<l 
luaa  tha  liii*  of  una  of  hi*  m«a  in  lh«  aeimn, 
ha  Would  not  allantpl  it.  Pray  Mir,  then  (r«> 
plied  Mr.  Church)  pleaaa  lo  lead  your  aunt* 
pany  to  yonder  windmill,  on  Rhod*  l*Und« 
and  tkaro  thay  will  ba  out  of  danger  of  Iwing 
killed  by  tha  enemy,  and  wa  ahall  have  !»••« 
troubla  to  auppiv  them  with  proviaiona.  liul 
ralurn  ka  would,  and  did,  unio  the  garrison, 
uiMil  Mora  airangtk  eama  tu  thorn,  and  a  *liHi|i 
to  tranapnri  ikam  to  ika  Fall  rivar,*  in  order 
lo  viaii  Waalamora'a  aamp.  Mr.  Ckurtk, 
una  Baatar,  and  Captain  nuaiar  an  Indian, 
iiruffiirad  lo  go  out  o*  tka  diaaovery  on  lh« 
left  wing,  whiok  waa  aeaapted;  tkov  had  not 
marakati  ahova  a  ipiartar  of  a  mila  befuf* 
ihay  aiaried  three  of  tha  anomy.  Capiyia 
Hunter  wounded  on*  of  them  in  hia  ante, 
whom,  when  ha  eama  up,  ka  diaaovarod  t* 
ba  hia  near  knaman ;  tha  oaptiva  iktairad  lt< 
vour  ftir  hia  aquaw,  if  aka  •kould  fiill  iN<« 
their  handa,  bul  aaked  none  for  himaaif,  «»• 
eopiing  the  liberty  of  taking  a  wbiiT  of  lnba<H 
01),  and  while  ha  waa  taking  hia  wkilT,  \it 
kiiMinan  with  una  blow  of  hia  katekat  dtn 
s|Mtoliod  him.  Proeooding  to  Waatamuraa 
camp,  thay  ware  diacovared  by  ona  of  ll.« 
enemy,  who  ran  in  and  Kava  iiiformatioiit 
upon  which  a  lusty  young  Mlow  laft  kia  meal 
upon  his  apit.t  running  naMiW  out,  told  kia 
nomjianioiia,  ha  would  kill  an  Bngliakmaa  b«« 
I'ora  he  eat  hia  dinner;  but  IWikid  of  kia  d** 
*ign,  lieing  no  *ooner  out  but  shutdown.  TIm 
enemies'  nrea,  and  what  shelter  they  had  isaa 
by  tha  adge  of  a  thick  cedar  awamp,  imo 
which,  on  thia  alarm,  ihey  betook  tk«maolva% 
and  tha  English  M  nimbly  pursiiad;  bai 
were  soon  commanded  liack  ity  ihairekiaA 
tain,  after  they  were  come  within  hoaring  of 
the  criea  of  their  women  and  children,  aiid  M 
ended  that  exploit;  bul  returning  tu  lliair 
sloop  the  enemy  pursued  ihem,  and  woundad 
two  of  their  men.  The  next  day  thay  !•• 
turned  to  the  Mount  Ho|MI  garrison. 

Soon  after  this,  waa  Philip'i  krad  quarter! 
visited  by  some  other  English  forecs;  \Mt 
Philip  and  his  giing  had  the  veiy  fortune  l« 
escape,  that  Weelamore  and  her'a  (but  noaf 
mentioned)  had;  they  took  into  a  •wamft 
and  their  pursuers  were  commanded  bark. 
After  thia  Ourtmouth's  distre**e*  required 
■ucoour,  great  part  of  the  town  bein^  laid 
deaolate,  and  many  of  the  inhabitanU  killodi 
the  most  of  Plymouth  force*  wera  ordarwij 
thither;  and  coming  to  Ku**era  garriaon  at 
Ponaganaet,!  they  met  with  a  numbar  of  t|« 
enemy  that  had  aurrendored  thamaelve*  prt  h 
oner*  on  term*  promi*ed  by  Capt.  Eela  of 
the  garriaon,  and  Rulnh  Earl,  who  perauadoa 
them  (by  a  friend  Inijian  ho  had  employed)  to 
coma  in.  And  had  their  promitea  to  the  in« 
diana  been  kept,  and  the  Indiana  fairly  treat* 
ed,  it  i*  probaUe  that  moat  if  not  all  the  Indi- 
an* in  thoae  paru  had  aoon  followed  the  ex< 
ample  of  those  who  had  now  eurrandpraa 
themselvea;  which  would  have  been  a  gooa 
atop  toward*  finishing  the  war.  But  in  apita 
of  all  that  Capt.  Eela,  Church  or  Em'  coulca 
aay,  argue,  plead,  or  be^,  somebody  else  thai 
had  more  power  in  their  handa  improved  itt 


*  Soeth  pan  of  freaiown.   t  Piobaky  a  «aa4*n  s;iil. 
\  laDafUsaalh 


a; 


My 


I  pfiMNM*  IMkia 


wt'ru  inrnt'il  aMty  l»  I'UiiMiulh,  ikvnt  (iilil, 
•tmi  iritiia|H)rlml  oiil  «/  iti*  ••xintpy,  lwin|{ 
•Iniitl  viK*!!  M»ra  paraiin*.  An  •■imn  ••> 
K<ii>l'iil  III  Mr  ('hiirvn,  llml  hit  o|i|iii«»il  u  i>i 
|ii»  t»—  •>('  lh«  fikitl  will  •n>i  rvajiM'to  rif  tiinia 
|l>«t  U-t'itru  warn  liitgaiHt  fVwnii*.  Mul  wliila 
ilii'w  ihiii|(«  Mror*  MlinH  •!  DartmiMiiii,  |>lii|. 
1)1  iihiijx  lilt  «w<ii|M,  Uaviii^  hi*  ODuniry,  rtml 
«»«i'  'r«iint>in  r)vi»r,  •ml  M'hulHith  |iUm  •ml 
l*«iii««l  ri«»r,  wham  (:a|it.  KilinutMi*,  of 
I'ntviiianaa,  matU  mhim  t|Mtil  M|HHt  him,  and 
hail  |iniliaMy  ilima  motm,  but  wu  pruvanlntl 
hf  ina  auminii  «f  •  tupariiir  ottieor,  ihal  niii 
l.tin  by.  AiiJ  now  •mxiMr  Ibrt  waa  buili  al  I'l 
taaaat,  ibal  pmvaii  m  IriMtbUawnMi  ami  charn. 
alibi  aa  ikalal  Miiuni  Hopai  and  ilia  rainain' 
ili*r  of  iba  tMinmar  waa  impntviij  in  pruvi' 
ililIC  f-ir  iba  furu  and  fiirana  ibara  niaintainad, 
whila  our  anainiva  wara  timii  aonia  hundrod 
of  mika  tnio  iba  eounlry,  n»«r  a*  faraa  Allia- 
ny.  Ami  miw  itrting  tiMiiifiiiint  Inrgan  in 
ariM)  »r  iba  Narragiinwii  Indiana,  ihal  lh<ty 
wafa  ill  alTaalctd,  and  di^aigmid  iniwibiuf  i  and 
m  lb«  avanl  aimn  diMMivarvd.  Tha  naal 
winlar  ibay  b«|{«n  ihvir  hiMlililini  ufKin  tha 
Kafliah.  Tha  unitvd  eoliiniua  than  a^raod 
lo  Mnd  an  army  lu  lupitrnw  lliam  t  Ouvar- 
nur  Winnlitw  ui  eomimtnd  iha  army.  Iln 
iindertakinK  ilia  MK|M)di(iiin,  invilad  Mr. 
Gburub  In  uoinmanil  a  rom|iany  in  iho  axp«> 
rfiliiin,  which  h«  daeliiMil,  rraving  oxsiimi 
fnim  lakiiiK  enmrniMion,  ho  prumiMid  lu  wail 
upon  hiin  iit  a  Rurnrmadn  ihruugh  iho  oii|>o> 
ililinn.  Huvini;  riida  with  lh«  grnural  (ii 
lliMlon,  ami  rnim  ihvnca  lo  Ri-biilHiih)  upiin 
iha  gKnonil'*  r«i|iioft  ha  wont  tliencn  lliu 
n«nm*t  wa^  ovitr  iho  rurrioa,  wiili  Mi^or 
Mmilh,  to  bit  gitrrimn  in  tlio  Narragnntut 
CDiintrv,  lo  pn!|iaro  ami  provide  for  tho  eom- 
ing  or  Oniicral  Wiiialnw)  who  marKlivd 
round  through  ih«  country  with  hi*  army, 
propiHiinu  by  niglit  lo  aiirpriia  Puniham*  (a 
rortain  NarrugaiiM-t  larlivm)  and  bit  town; 
IniI  btiing  awuru  nf  tlio  approach  of  nur  ar- 
iny,  madu  llivir  «*ca|M}  into  (ho  di>f<>rM!  but 
Mr.  Church  moeting  with  fair  wind*  arrived 
•alb  It  tha  m>\jor'«  gitrriion  in  the  rveninir 
•ml  nirni  lM>giin  to  iiH|iiira  aftor  the  enemivi' 
reanrU,  wigwamt,  or  ilorpiiig  placet,  and 
kkving  gained  tomo  iiilulligi>noo,  he  propoted 
lo  the  Uldrigct,  and  tomo  othi*r  brisk  liandt 
that  Im  met  with,  to  nllotnpt  the  turpriiing  of 
•oma  of  the  onomy,  to  make  a  prutunt  of  lo 
iha  genami,  when  ho  iliould  arrivn,  which 
•niirht  mlvantnge  hit  doiign  i  Doing  britk 
bladof,  ihoy  readily  complied  with  the  motion, 
•nd  were  tiMin  umin  ihiMr  march.  The  night 
Wat  very  cold,  but  blutavd  with  tho  moon ; 
bi>|iire  the  day  broke  ihey  effoctud  their  ex- 
ploit, and  by  the  riting  of  thu  tun  arrived  at 
llio  miyor'a  garrison,  whore  thoy  met  the 
general,  and  |irem>nled  him  with  eighteen  of 
tlie  enemy  they  had  captured.  The  general, 
pleated  with  tho  oxplnit,  save  them  ihaiikt, 
purtieularly  to  M'.  Church,  the  mover  and 
chief  actor  of  the  buaineti ;  and  tending  two 
of  tht>m,  (likely  l>oyt)  a  pretent  to  Ootton  | 
•miling  on  Mr.  Church,  told  him,  that  he 
made  no  doubt  but  bit  faculty  would  tupply 
tliein  with  Indian  boyi  enough  bufuro  the 
war  was  ended. 
Their  next  move  waa  to  a  awamp,  which 


KINfi    PIIII.II'M   WAR. 

|K«  Imliaii*  bid  furliHud  Willi  a  tun.  Mr 
Chumb  rkl  iit  ltt«  gvaaral't  g>iaril  » ban  Iba 
liliNNly  nn^agvniKiil  Iwiian  |  Iml  Iwifig  impa 
iMOil  ul  lMiiiik(  mil  of  llio  iiwal  •>(  lh«  ai'liiin,  im 
|HiriiinaU'ly  Iw^gvd  leavaof  ilio  gi-n«ral  that  ha 
inighl  rundown  lo  iba  a««lalanv«iil  hitfVtaridii 
■  ha  gxnxral  yiwldad  lo  hit  rxjuvtl  priiviiliad 
b«  miuld  rally  tome  handt  lo  go  with  bun. 
'I'hirly  man  inim«<lialely  draw  mil  aiiil  I'ui 
IiiwkJ  him  I  Tbay  antnrad  ihn  twtmp,  ami 


arMMwaaMi,  ar  Warwiek. 


|i«aM>d  ovarlba  big,  that  waa  Iba  |MMaag«  into 
iba  fofi,  where  ibey  taw  many  man  and  ••' 
varal  valwM  taptoiaa  lie  alain  i  Mr.  Church 
ipying  Captain  Uardnar  of  Mabim,  amidti  ili 
wigwam*  in  iba  aaal  end  of  iba  fort,  madu 
uiwardt  bim,  but  on  •  tuddan,  while  they 
war*  looking  aaab  olbar  in  ib«  fate,  ('ap^ain 
(tardnar  MittTad  down  Mr.  Cbureh  MepfHid  lo 
him,  and  teeing  tba  bliHid  rvn  down  hi*  nhaiek, 
lil\ai|  uii  hit  can,  ami  calling  lo  him  by  In* 
namti  i  ha  lookaJ  up  in  bi*  faio,  but  ■|Mik«  not 
a  word,  being  miirlally  tliol  ibrouKb  llm  brad  i 
ami  oli*arvini(  hi*  wound,  Mr,  Church  found 
the  ImII  iintored  hi*  huad  on  the  tide  that  w*a 
naxi  tha  upland,  wharo  the  Knglith  (nilMrad 
tba  twamp,  Ufmn  which,  having  nrdereil  •nine 
eara  lu  ba  taken  of  the  oa|Kain,  b«  ili<i|>aich- 
ed  information  to  the  gimeral,  thai  the  lieal 
and  forwardati  of  bit  army,  that  baiarded 
llieir  live*  to  enter  the  bin,  u|Hin  the  inuaala 
of  ibaanamiaa'  gunt,  wara  thot  in  their  barkt, 
ami  killed  by  them  that  lay  behind.  Mr. 
Church  wilb  nit  imall  company  battened  out 
of  tha  fort  that  tba  Knglith  warn  now  |Mitaet- 
••d  of,  lo  gel  a  thot  at  the  Indian*  ihal  were 
in  the  iwamp,  and  kept  Hring  u|hiii  tliuin. 
He  toon  mat  wilK  a  broad  and  libMidy  track, 
where  tba  enemy  bad  fled  wilb  their  wouiwl. 
ed  man;  following  bard  in  tbu  tract,  he  iimiii 
tpied  one  of  the  an-^iny  who  cUp|Mid  hia 
gun  toruaa  hit  brvatt,  inaila  toward*  Mr. 
Church,  and  Iteekoned  to  him  with  hi*  hand  | 
Mr.  Church  immodialely  commanded  no  iiiaii 
lo  hurt  him,  hoping  bv  him  to  liavu  gaini-d 
loma  intelligeiica  of  the  enoniy,  Jiai  might 
be  of  advantage  ;  but  it  unhappily  fell  nut 
that  a  fellow  that  lagged  behind  coming 
up,  thol  down  the  Indian,  to    Mr.  Cburch't 

3 rent  grief  and  ditappnintment ;  but  inline- 
iately  they  heard  a  great  ihoul  of  the  enemy, 
which  teemed  to  Ui  behind  them,  or  iHttwuun 
them  and  the  fort ;  and  di*covered  thuin  run- 
ning from  tree  lo  tree  to  gain  advaiitagut  of 
Hring  upon  tba  Bngliih  thai  ware  in  thu  fort. 
Mr.  Cburch't  great  difficulty  now  wa^  how 
to  ditoover  binitelf  lo  bit  friendt  in  the  fort, 
iiting  teveral  inventiont,  till  al  length  he  gain- 
ed an  opportunity  to  call  to,  and  iiifnrin  a  ter- 
jeant  in  the  furl,  that  he  wa*  there,  and 
might  bo  expoied  to  their  aliot*,  iinjei*  they 
obterved  it.  Hy  thit  time  he  ditcovereil  « 
number  of  the  enemy  alinott  within  •lint  nf 
bim,  making  towarda  thu  fort.  .Mr.  Church 
and  hit  company  were  fiivouriid  by  u  Iniup  of 
bruth  that  wat  between  them  and  the  enemy, 
and  prevented  their  Ijeing  ditcoven^d  to 
them.  Mr.  Church  bad  given  hit  men  their 
particular  order*  for  firing  upon  the  onomy, 
and  at  they  were  rixing  up  to  make  their  thot; 
the  fore-mentioned  lergvnnt  in  lh«  fort  railed 
out  lo  them,  for  Uod't  take  not  to  fire,  for  he 
believed  they  were  lomu  of  their  friend  In- 
dians; thoy  clapped  down  agnin,  but  were 
toon  sensible  of  their  Serjeant's  rniotiike.  Tim 
enemy  got  to  tho  top  of  the  tree,  tin-  lioily 
whereof  the  acrjeant  stood  upon,  and  tliure 


rniiml 
backs,  ihal  I 


>lapiHi.|  .iTiwn  N^i  nf  itgM  «f  iIn»  ^iri,  (hA 
all  till*  wbilu  Metvr  di4«o«t'mi  Mr.  ('harfb. 
who  iiliwrtud  iIk'Io  III  ki'i'ji  |(ai>niriti|(  iirl  i 
llhtl  pUre,  lililil  |)i»rii  U'i'Mli'il  III  lie  a  ti'rnil- 
•Ulile  liliti  k  heap  III  llieiii  N>iM  bratn  Uiy* 
(•«i,l  Mr,  Chiirrh  in  hi*  iiuii,  il  we  nnml 
nur  hiU,  wa  n.*y  hi«ke  a  brnkii  tlinl,  aii>ll4<t 
jnur  (igii  for  firing  on  llitnii,  \->  ilM'ir  ritiiig  hv 
Irtrx  InlM  Iho  I'ort.  It  w*a  n»«  ImiK  l>elnrr  iIh* 
liiiliitn*  ritiiig  up  a*  one  Imily,  i|iiai)(tiiiii|{  m 
IMMir  a  viilliiy  mil  ihw  Inn  (  wfieii  nur  C'liurab 
mnilily  (itrled  iili  and  gave  ihriii  itii  b  a 
I  vnllev,  ami  um>ii|imitii'd  rUp  <wi  llw'l» 
they,  whn  awaiwd  with  llieir  liv««, 
were  *o  *uriiri*ed.  ibal  they  *«ani|irred,  lb»<y 
knew  mil  wnuher  lliamwlve*,  aboiM  a  dnten 
of'lbam  ran  right  over  tha  big  inlin  the  I'nrt, 
•ml  look  inio  a  xirl  of  bnvel  that  waa  built 
with  iHtJe*,  alter  tha  irMniier  of  a  rnrn  rrib. 
Mr.  C.'buri'h'*  m»»  ba^'ing  ihoir  carlridgea 
fiaed,  were  hmui  able  In  nlHiy  hi*  nnb<r, 
whirb  wa*  imineibalMly  m  iharge,  ami  run 
•in  u|Min  tha  hnv<  Knd  overtel  ii,  railing,  a* 
Imi  ran  on.  In  aiMne  that  were  in  ibu  fnrt,  fo 
aaaial  him  in  nt.  eraeliing  il  |  tlvey  no  aiMinor 
rame  lo  face  ihe  eiMimiet'  •liellwr,  but  Mr, 
Churrb  diaenvnred  that  one  nf  tliem  had 
I'nund  a  hnle  lo  |Miinl  hia  gun  ibrnuKh,  right 
al  bun  I  but  however  enenurtgeil  hia  conifia- 
ny  and  ran  right  on,  lill  he  waa  alrurk  wilb 
three  bullela,  one  in  hia  ihiiib,  whirh  wat 
near  half  out  off  aa  il  KUneed  on  ihe  joint  nf 
hi*  hiii-lMine  ;  another  thrnogh  the  galherliig 
of  hi*  breerbe*  and  drawer*,  with  a  •oiall  lleab 
wound  ;  a  third  pierred  hi*  (Miekel,  and 
wounded  a  (wir  of  inillena,  ihal  be  bad  Uir- 
rowed  of  Captain  I'renlire  ;  living  wr*p|H>d 
up  together  bad  the  iiiiirnrluiie  nf  bating 
many  Itolet  cut  through  tlieni  with  one  b  il- 
lel ;  lilll  hiiwevnr,  he  m«ibi  a  alnft  to  keep  on 
hit  leg*,  and  nimbly  diacharged  b  t  gua  al 
them  th*l  bad  wounded  bim  ;  being  diaablin) 
now  to  go  a  atep,  bi*  men  would  have  carried 
him  off,  but  he  forbid  their  toiicliing  of  him, 
until  they  had  (lerfecteil  llieir  prnject  itl  over- 
aettiiig  the  enemiea,  tbeller;  bid  them  run, 
for  now  the  Indiant  had  no  gun*  charged. 
While  ho  wat  urging  thrni  lo  run  on,  the  In- 
di^iit  iH-gan  to  alinni  arniwa,  timl  with  one 
pierced  through  the  arm  of  ihit  Knieliabman 
that  bail  hold  of  Mr.  Cliunib'a  iipvn  lo  aiippnrt 
him.  The  Kngliah,  in  ahnrt,  were  diaeourtgotl, 
and  drew  Imck  ;  and  by  ibit  time  llie  Kngliah 
|H>ople  in  the  fnrt  bail  lM*gan  lu  aet  fire  to  Ina 
wigwamt  and  hoiitet  in  the  I'mit.  which  Mr. 
Church  lalxiured  hard  lo  pie-viM  ' ;  ihey  told 
him.  They  bad  onlert  fmm  the  general  to 
liiirii  tbeiii  j  be  lie|{i{ed  tliam  tin  iiirliear  until  he 
hiid  iliavniiraed  wilb  ibe  genrnil;  and  hiiaten- 
iiil(  til  him,  ho  iH'gged  In  apare  tho  wigwiiins, 
iic.  in  tho  f  irt  frniii  fire,  told  him,  the  wig- 
wamt were  miiaknt-liriHif,  beinv  nil  lined  with 
liaaketa  tub*  nf  gram,  and  nllier  proviaiont, 
aufficient  to  atipply  the  whole  army,  until 
the  tjirliig  of  iho  year ;  and  every  woiiinled 
man  migbt  have  a  good  warm  houae  to 
lodge  in,  who  otherwaya  wnubl  iieceaaiirily 
|H.>ri»h  with  the  ttormt  ami  cnlil  :  And  more- 
over, that  the  army  had  nn  other  provitinns 
lo  trust  unto,  and  depuid  upon  ;  that  lie 
knew  that  the  Plyi  ninth  fnrrea  had  not  ao 
much  as  one  b  ir  it  lal\,  fnr  ho  had  seen 
thuir  laal  dealt  out,  ire.  The  general  advis- 
ing a  few  words  with  iho  get  tleinen  thai 
worn  hIkoiI  him,  mnvirit{'n\vardi>tlio  fort,  ilu. 
signing  to  ride  in  bimaelf,  and  bring  in  the 


BINO  PHILIP't  WAR. 


Vknta  wmy  \  H<il  JMM  ••  >\»  wm  nuMnnK  ihx 
•wsm)),  onMiiflhii  ««|H>iiii«  m*<l  Unit,  fiii<l  it<lk 
•■I  hirn,  Mliilhor  \,u  wto  nniiiK  t  h>i  toLI  him 
tnlii  lh«  fori  I  iha  r4|Hi«in  l«ii|  Imlil  i%f  hia 
horw,  ii>il  liilil  hi'ii,  )ii4  U(<'  ***  MnriS  mi 
ItitMilfxil  III*  ihntr*,  «rHl  ht>  •h'iiil<l  n-n  n«|iii«< 
kimMlf.  TtiM  |(»iwtr<il  (iil<l  liiiii,  )l<  II  iti>'  liniiit 
WM  iivnr,  wriil  (hitl  Mf.  Cfmri'ti  In. I  iiilnriiiiiil 
klin  ill*)  lliH  f'irt  wrtt  litkxil,  tti'.  ^iiil  *<  lh» 
miw  WM  iiir«<Mn4t«n<>i>>|  |it>  wii«  iif  lliti  iiiiiiil, 
iKiil  it  WM  m<Mt  itri%i'li<<«til«  tiir  turn,  •lul  hi< 
army  in  •holiar  lh«ni««lv««  in  ihn  litrt.  Th« 
••(Hum  in  •  K'"iil  K«*i  r«|iltml,  t)i«i  <!hiirrh 
iUit ;  tnil  li>lil  itiH  K«ii«r«l,  ihitl  if  h«  >ikiv«iI 
•fliilllMr  «l«|i  liiwitnU  lh«  fort  Km  wrnillil  th-Hi^ 
ki*  kitrM  iinilwr  him.  Thnii  hrii<h«ii  i4<  ■«n- 
alli«r  gnnilomnn,  •  ««rt«in  iliHilnr,  •»<(  n|>finM(l 
Mr.  (Uiurtth'*  •■Iviri*,  anil  miiI,  if  ii  war*  imm- 
pli«ii  with,  il  wiHili^  hill  mitrx  mun  Ihun  lh« 
•namyhml  hill«il|  fiir(>iiiil  hti)  Ky  lo-mnrntw 
IIm  wtiiimiail  man  will  (m  ki  din  llml  ihom 
Will  In*  mi  mnvinK  nf  lh«im  l  Ami  limklti); 
Hpim  Mr.  (}hiirnh,  mill  ttixiiiK  lh»  IiIikhI  llnw 
B|MM  firiim  hi*  WiMiniU,  liilil  him,  Thul  if  lin 
g*va  tiinh  Ailvion  «« ihul  wm,  h«  •Imiilil  IiIkihI 
lu  ilaaeh  liha  a  iIxk  Imfnro  hn  wmilil  «hiti>ii. 
Tour  (I)  (laiiiinh  hi*  MihhI  i  ihniii^h  •f\»r  (hny 
ila<l  nravailmt  aKainat  hi*  ailvitin  ihcy  wnm 
•uMdivnily  kinil  in  him.  Ami  huriiiii;{  U|t  all 
tha  hi)il*«t  ami  |in)vi«iiin*  in  lhi<  fun  ;  ihn 
•rmy  miiirnmi  ihx  aamn  iii|(hl  in  ihn  Morm 
•ml  an\i\  \   ami  I  •iipiMMn  that  ovxry  ohm  who 

_..    .- ;«._.|    ^,,1,    ii,,,   night'*    march 

tha  nii*«ri«4  that  aitnmlHil 
thfl  woimdi'il  anil  ilying 
■Mil.  Rut  it  mVrnifiilly  naiiHi  In  jm*«  thai 
Oaiilain  Antlraw  ilnluhnr  arrivml  at  Mr. 
Rinith'*  that  vary  ninht  from  Btialiin.  with  a 
va*«al  litaili'J  with  prrivibinn*  IWr  thn  army 
who  mint  otlmrwita  havo  patriahwii  for  want, 
ImiM  of  thn  anony  I'lat  warn  than  in  lh« 
t»n  havn  •iiioa  informfJ  \ti,  th*t  nnar  a  thiril 
of  tha  Imlian*  iMlontrinc  to  all  tho  NnrTifpin- 
wit  eoiinlry  wnra  killoil  liv  tha  Kiii^lith  ami 
hy  thn  eolii  of  i  hat  niKhl,  thai  t*my  floil  out  of 
Ihvir  fort  ao  hi««tily  that  tlmy  earrioil  milhini( 
with  ihiim  I  Thill  if  tha  Kndiali  had  kriil  in 
ihu  furl,  iha  Imliam  woiili)  cnrtainly  linvu 
b<i«n  naoii«*ilatfil,  ailhnr  In  (iirri'mlor  thnm- 
•olvm  to  thnm,  or  In  Imva  |mrUhiiil  by  hiini^nr, 
•ihI  tho  *aviirity  of  thn  ai'ikaon.*  .Somt'ilmo 
•ftnr  ihi*  fort-flt(hl  a  nortain  Niif^konnio  In- 
dian haaring  Mr.  Cliiirch  rnlnlii  llin  maiinar 
of  hi*  Iwini^  woiindiid,  told  him,  that  hn  did 
not  know  hut  K>  hiinatilf  wn«  iho  Indinn  ihal 
wniindnd  hint  m  he  waa  oiiii  of  ihiit  ootnnn- 
ny  of  liiiiian*  ihnt  Mr.  Chnrch  inndti  a  aliot 
upon,  whiMi  thoy  witm  riain^  to  mak«  a  ahol 
intiilhu  flirt.  I'lioy  wuru  in  iiiimlu'r  about  «ix- 
ly  or  aevunty,  thiit  juat  ihcn  cnino  down  from 
Pumham'i  towt.,  and  nnvor  hiffoi-e  thun  flrod 
m  Kun  at^ninat  th«  Kii^^liah  ;  that  wlinn  Mr. 
Church  flrad  up<>;i  ihi'in  hti  klllinl  foiirtiwii 
ilead  up<in  th«  iitnl,  and  woundud  a  gruiitor 
numbor  than  he  hillod,  many  of  whom  died 
•itarwai  J*  of  thoir  woiiniU,  in  iho  cold  and 
•turm  th  >  following  night. 


•mi  eohi  I  anil  I  *i 
wa*    am|iiiinl«<l 
4*a|ily    lamnnla  tl 
rtiam,    napnpially 


*  rhaawamp  Hfhl  happrnail  iin  Oti^iiinlMr  99,  III7S 
m  wjiloh  almiil  tHy  Kiii(li<h  wxre  killn.l  in  'he  oflllnn 
aiNl  iliril  iif  Ihi'ir  waiiml*  ;  mul  alimit  ilirL-r  hunilmi  ef 
Ihrm  bunilmd  anil  My  Inillaiia,  m>a,  w»ia*n,  ami  i-Ut- 
inn,  wm  killrd,  ami  a«  many  man  rii|tfnniH.  ft  ia 
aaiu  B««  hiiii>lr<*il  wiirwaiiw  wnre  Iniml  with  ihn  furl; 
an.1  two  hiinilred  imirn  in  mhiT  parla  nf  IViirraKanMt, 
Ta*  plarfl  of  llin  hn  wai  an  rlevnti'il  gniiinil  or  plwe  of 

E\  ./parhapaihrva  ur  liiiir  aonia,  in  IJM  middle  of  a 
a  awaaip;  aboui  auvaii  adi**  aaar  4m»  «r«M  Aoa 
.MMM  aeath  Mrry. 


Mr,  fhurah  wm  mnvnd  with  Mhair  wnunil- 
Mil  ni»n,  o»Nr  In  |{h<Ht«  UiamI,  whara,  In 
.•Ihhii  ilirxM  tinoiitia  liiiiK,  Imi  >*«*  in  aoina  fMil 
OKi.taiim  r«i  ii«xrv.|  iiflna  Mrmiiitla,  and  ihatf*. 
vMr  ihitl  aiiiitulxil  ilii'iti  I  And  ihvn  want  nv«rln 
Iha  ifi'iivrwl  til  Iwka  hi*  l»a«a  of  him,  with  aila- 
•inn  III  ri-t.irn  Immn, 

Mill  Iha  Ki'iii'rut'a  Kraal  im|Hirtiiiiily  aifaiM 
(•(•raiiadril  Itioi  III  ■■'•'iiinjiniiy  hiin  in  a  InnK 
oiart'li  iiiin  iha  Ni|imiM'k*riiiinlry,  ihoiiKh  hx 
had  than  lani*  III  hia  wniinda,  and  oi  lama  *a 
not  lo  ha  abia  to  mount  hi*  horaa  without 
two  man'*  aaaiilancn. 

In  ihi*  maridi,  iha  flr*l  ihin^  ramarhahla 
waa,  ihay  rama  lo  an  Indian  town,  wham 
iharn  Wara  many  wigwam*  in  *i|hl,  but  an 
iry  «w«mp,  lymi(  liatwaan  ihamamltha  wi|- 
waiiia,  |ir«vanltiil  ihior  running  at  onea  upttn 
il  *<  ihi*y  ini»nd»d  I  Thnm  wa*  muiih  firing 
iliinn  ani'h  aidnlwfnralhxy  naaaad  ihn  awamii. 
Iliil  at  Inng.h  ihn  nnainy  all  Had,  and  a  ear- 
lain  Mnhngan,  ihai  waa  a  frinml  Indian,  pur- 
auHil  and  aniiind  nnn  nf  thn  anniny  Ihal  had  a 
amull  Wiiiind  in  hia  lug,  and  brought  him  ba- 
fiirn  ihn  gnnaral,  wham  hn  wa*  aaaminad. 
.Snmti  wnrn  for  torturing  him  lo  bring  him  lo 
a  morn  ain|il«  nnnfnaaion  of  what  ha  kn«w 
Konniirning  hi*  fiounlryrnnn.  Mr,  (7hur«h, 
verily  lailinving  hn  hnd  Imnn  inganuoii*  in 
hi*  rnnfnaaioh,  inlnrrndnd  and  prnvailad  fur 
hi*  nai'aping  Inriiirn.  Hut  th«  army  bning 
iMiund  forward  in  ihi'ir  march,  and  tha  Indi- 
an'* wiiiimi  Mininwhat  diannahling  him  for 
irnvniling,  it  wa*  eonoludoil  ha  ahould  im 
knnvkad  on  ihn  haaiii  Aaeordingly  ha  waa 
brought  bnfiira  a  grnnt  Ara  and  ihn  Mohngan 
thai  took  him  wm  alhiwad,  aa  ha  dnaintd,  l» 
Iw  hi*  oavcutlniwr.  Mr.  (Miumh  taking  no 
dniight  in  thn  aport,  frainnd  an  arrand  at  lomn 
dialniieo  among  thn  boggagn-horaaa,  and  whnn 
hu  got  tun  riHia,  or  tlinnialiniita,  from  ilia  Km, 
tha  axoiiitinnnr  fnlohing  a  blow  with  a  hatchnt 
at  llin  hnad  of  thu  priaonar,  h«b«ing  awara  of 
tha  Itlow,  diiilgnd  hi*  hoad  aaldn,  ami  iho 
naaoutionor  miiaing  hi*  alrokn,  iho  hatnlial 
Huw  out  of  hi*  hand,  and  liad  lika  to  hava  dona 
nxnculion  whnni  it  wa*  not  dnaignad.  Thn 
priaiinor,  upon  hi*  narrow  aaoapn,  broka  from 
thmn  that  hnid  him,  and,  notwilhalanding  hi* 
wound,  madu  I'anof  hi4  Ingi,  and  hnppunnd  lo 
riiti  right  upon  Mr,  Church,  who  laid  hold  on 
him,  and  a  cloan  acutlla  ihny  had,  but  iho  In- 
dian having  no  olothna  on  alip|Mid  from  him, 
nnd  ran  again,  and  Mr.  Church  purtuvd  tli« 
Indinn,  iiltlioiigh  lining  lamo,  thoro  wa*  no 
groat  odd*  in  ihn  moo,  until  tho  Indian  Hum- 
bind  and  fell,  and  thoy  clo*«d  again,  icutRed 
and  fiiuglit  pretty  ■martlv,  until  tho  Indian 
bvthoadvantuguofhi*  naKadni'**,  alipiiodfrom 
hUliold  Bgiiin,  and  int  nut  On  hi*  third  race, 
with  Mr.Ohiiroh  clom  at  hi*  heel*,  ondaavuur- 
iiig  lo  liiy  hold  on  iho  hair  of  hi*  head,  which 
wa*  nil  the  hnlii  could  be  takon  nf  him  !  and 
running  through  a  iwamp  that  was  covered 
with  hollow  ice,  it  mado  *o  loud  a  noiio  that 
Mr.  Church  oxfiecled  (but  in  vain)  that  tome 
of  hi*  Kiigliah  friunda  would  follow  the  nolle, 
and  oonietohiaa*ai*tanee,  Diit  the  Indian  hap- 

{lenod  to  run  athwart  a  large  tree,  that  lay  fal- 
nnn«arbrnft(thigh,wh«rt>hn*iopp«d  and  cried 
out  aloud  for  help;  but  Mr.  Church  Iwingioon 
upon  him  again,  the  Indian  toizud  him  iaat  hy 
the  hair  of  hi*  head,  nnd  endonvnuring  by  twiat- 
ing  to  break  hia  neck,  but  though  Mr.  Church'* 


*  OooMrji  abaat  WarwaMr,  OiAml,  Ciulon,  J^. 


rwiiuiwl*  ha<t  aomawKai  woakaimi  Mm,  Mi 
•  ha  Indian  a  *«nul  falhiw,  yet  h«  kaki  Mm  III 
play,  ami  iwMiad  iha  Imlian'*  na«k  aa  wal^ 
aiHl  liiiik  iha  advaniaga  nf  many  np|Nirlunk 
iiaa,  whila  ihay  hung  by  aach  olhar'*  haif^ 
ga«a  him  noliirinna  b«lm|i«  in  Iha  fkiia  with  ht« 
hand,  llul  In  iha  haal  nf  ihla  ariiMa  Ihay 
haard  ihn  lea  braak  wilh  aomalMHly  mining 
aiwrM  In  iham,  whivh  whnn  ihay  hoarj, 
(.hiiri'h  ««nii|iiilad  tharn  wa*  h«lp  fnr  iXM 
nroiHar  of  Iham,  hul  w**  dnulillul  whiah  «/ 
iliam  mu*l  now  ra«ai«a  iha  fatal  atroka  |  amKI 
MiinalMidy  aonia*  up  lo  iham,  who  pmvad  M 
bn  lk«  Imlian  Ihal  had  Hr*i  lakan  ihn  prt*<in«r, 
Willuiul  tpaaking  a  woni,  ha  fall  tkani  out 
(for  II  waa  *o  dark  ha  anuld  mil  dl*lingui*k 
iham  by  aigkl)  tha  nna  liaing  vbithad,  and  iha 
other  naked,  ha  fall  whara  Mr.  Chnrah'*  haiula 
wara  llt*tan«<l  in  tha  Natop'*  hair,  and  wilh 
nun  bhiw  aatlind  hi*  halt'hal  In  halwaan  ikem 
ami  amiad  the  *lrif«.  llv  ihaii  *|Mika  to  Mr, 
('hurnh,  and  huggrd  him  in  hi*  arm*,  and 
thanked  him  abundanlly  for  ralohing  hia  pria> 
onar,  and  cut  olTllia  haaii  of  hi*  vieiim,  an4 
carried  il  I'l  iha  camp  |  and  giving  an  aeaoiinl 
lo  the  real  nf  iha  friaml  Indian*  in  Iha  caaip, 
how  Mr,  Church  hail  aniand  hi*  primmi  r, 
he,  thay  all  Joinad  a  mighty  ahoiit. 

I'roceading  in  thi*mari!h,  ihey  liad  ihaaue* 
aa*»  of  killing  many  of  the  nnainy  t  until  a* 
length  ihair  pntviaion*  lltiliiig,  ihuy  rvlurnad 
ho  ma. 

King  Philip  (a*  wa*  Imfnrn  liinind)  waa  find 
tu  a  place  called  Hcatlaiinnk,  Iwiwnnn  York  and 
Allmiiy,  whare  tiie  Monling**  made  a  deaevnl 
u|Min  him  and  killnd  many  uf  hi*  man,  whick 
moved  liim  from  ihnnce. 

Hi*  next  kennelling  place  wn*  at  iha  fall*  of 
Cunnnolicut  rivnr,t  wiinrn,  *oiiiatimn  aflnr, 
Cani,  Tumor  found  him,  cnma  ii|Mm  him  by 
ilgnl,  killed  him  t  great  many  men, and  fright* 
anod  many  mora  into  tha  river,  that  war* 
hurled  down  the  fall*  and  drowned. 

Philipgotover  ihe  rivnr,  andonlhobaekvida 
of  Weluaet  hill*  ment*  with  all  the  reninanta 
of  the  Narra  {nnant  and  Nipmuckf  Indiana  that 
were  thnm  gallinrnd  lognther,  and  Imcama 
vi.iry  numuroua,  and  made  ihnir  deaeant  on 
Sudbury  and  the  adjacent  pari*  of  the  country, 
whnre  thny  met  with  and  awallownd  up  valinnt 
Capl.  VVaiiaworlh  and  hi*  company,  and  inada 
many  other  doleful  dctolation*  in  lhn*e  fiarta. 
The  new*  whereof  coming  to  Plymouth,  and 
they  ex|iecting  prolmbly  the  enemy  would 
(oon  reluru  again  into  their  colony  |  the  coun- 
cil of  war  wa*  called  together,  and  Mr. 
Church  wa*  *ent  for  to  them,  lieing  uli*ervad 
by  tho  whole  colony  to  lie  a  peraon  extraor- 
dinarily qualified  tor,  and  adapted  to,  tlie 
affair*  of  war.  It  wa*  propotad  in  council, 
that  leat  tho  enemy,  in  their  return,  thouid 
fall  on  Reholiolh,  or  lome  other  of  ihoir  out- 
town*,  a  com|>any,  conti*iing  of  60  or  70 
mon,  ahould  be  *ent  into  tho««  part*;  and  Mr. 
Church  invited  to  take  tho  command  of  thnm. 
Ho  told  them,  that  if  the  enemy  returned 
into  that  colony  again,  they  might  rea*nnably 
expect  that  thoy  would  come  very  nuraeroii*, 
anu  if  ho  *hould  take  the  command  of  men,  he 
ahould  not  lie  in  any  hiwn  or  garri*on  with 
them,  but  would  be  in  the  wood*  a*  iha 
enemy  did  :  And  that  to  *end  out  iuch  imal! 
cnmpanie*  againat  luch  multitude*  of  theene. 
my  that  were  now  muiterod  to  gother,  would 


Mohawk*,    t  Abaw  U**r«(ld.    t  About 


KINO   PHILIP'S   WAR. 


M  bttt  la  dalivar  m  ni»nv  men  into  ihair 
nrail*,  to  b*  dwiimyed,  ■•  IM  worthy  Captain 
Wadf  worth  and  hit  oompany  w«ra.  Hit  ad- 
*toa  upon  th«  whola  wai,  that  it  thay  i«nl 
nut  any  foroe*,  to  aand  out  no  lata  than  300 
tuUi<i'« ;  and  that  the  othar  colonial  ahould 
be  aaJiad  to  tend  out  ihair  quutai  alio ;  ad- 
hnK,  iImi  if  they  intsiidad  to  make  an  end 
i<f  the  war  by  aubduing  the  enemy,  they 
mutt  mmk»  a  buaineaa  uf  tna  war,  aa  the  ene- 
my did  i  and  that  of  hi*  own  ]Mrt,  lie  had 
wholly  laid  aaide  all  hia  own  nrivato  butineu 
coiiourna,  ever  linoe  the  war  broke  out.  He 
told  them,  that  if  they  would  aend  forth  auoh 
Ibrcea  aa  he  ihoula  direot,  he  would  go 
with  ilwm  bra  aix  weakaP  imreh,  whieh  was 
long  enough  for  men  to  be  kept  In  the  woodi 
tlonoei  and  if  they  might  baiura  of  liberty 
ta  return  in  tuch  «  apaee,  men  would  go  out 
eheerfuUv  I  and  be  wouki  enga^  IM  of  the 
beat  toUiert  ahould  Uat  voluntani  v  to  go  with 
kirn,  if  they  womM  pImm  *o  •da  M  more  } 
and  100  of  the  frieaa  Indiana ;  and  with  auoh 
•n  army,  he  na^  ao  doubt,  but  he  misht  do 
good  aerviaa  |  but  oa  other  terma  he  aid  not 
ncline  to  be  eoaeerned. 

Their  reply  waa  that  they  wera  already  in 
Jeb(,  and  to  big  an  army  would  bring  tueh 
oliarffe  upon  them,  that  they  ahould  never 
bu  aole  tn  pav  ;  and  at  for  lendtnc  out  In- 
dian*, they  thought  it  no  waya  adviaeable, 
and  in  thort  nnne  of  hia  adviea  praedoable. 

Now  Mr.Cliiirch'tconaort,  and  hia  than  only 
tiMi  were  till  thi*  time  remaining  at  Uuxbury, 
anil  ho  fiisring  for  their  tafcty  there  ^ualeaathe 
war  wat  more  visoroualy  engaged  in,  reaolv 
«il  to  move  to  Rhode  Itland,  thoif  h  it  waa 
much  oppoied  both  by  government  and  iela< 
'i'lii*  ;  but  at  length,  the  governor  contidering 
(liai  Im  raitfht  be  no  let*  tervieeable  hy  being 
on  that  *ide  of  the  eolony,  gave  hia  permit, 
and  withed  he  had  twenty  more  at  good  men 
to  i«nd  with  him. 

Then  preparing  for  hit  ranoval,  he  went 
«vith  hit  tmill  family  to  Plymouth,  to  lake 
Itavo  of  their  frienda,  where  they  met  with 
Kit  wiftt't  parent*,  who  much  persuaded  that 
the  might  be  left  at  Mr.  Clark't  earriion, 
(whieh  they  lupposcd  to  be  a  mignly  tafe 
plaee)  or  at  leait  that  the  might  be  there  until 
ner  aoon  expected  lying>in  wat  over,  (being 
near  her  time.)  Mr.  Church  no  wayt  inclin- 
ing to  venture  her  any  longer  in  thoie  parti, 
and  no  argumenti  prevailing  with  him,  lie  m- 
aolved  totetout  fur  Taunton,  and  many  oftheir 
frieiidt  accompanied  them.  There  they  found 
Captain  Pierce  with  a  commanded  party,  who 
ofttfred  Mr.  Church  to  tend  a  relation  of  hit 
with  tome  othert  to  guard  him  to  Rhode 
Iiland  ;  but  Mr,  Church  thanked  him  fur  his 
re'i|>eclful  ofler,  but  for  tome  good  reasons 
refuted  to  accept  it.  In  ihort,  they  gut  safu 
to  Captain  John  Almy'i  houie  upon  Rhode 
Island,  where  they  met  with  iViendi  and  good 
entertainment.  But,  by  the  way,  let  me 
not  forget  this  remarkable  Providence,  viz. 
That  within  twenty  four  hourt,  or  there- 
aliouts,  after  their  arrival  at  Rhode  Itland, 
Mr.  Clark't  garrison  tliat  Mr.  Church  was  lo 
much  importuned  to  leave  hia  wife  and  child- 
ren at,  waa  destroyed  by  the  enemy. 

Mr.  Church  being  at  present  diienabled 
from  any  particular  lervice  in  the  war,  began 
to  think  of  tume  other  employ ;  but  ho  nu 
aormer  took  a  tmtl  to  cut  a  snmll  stick,  )>ui 
ai  out  off  the  top  of  hi*  fora-fmger,  and  thu 


naxt  to  it  half  od";  upon   which  ha  imilinglyi  thaliea'' ,  and  met  him  they  not  having  any* 


iaid,  that  ha  thought  he  wat  out  of  his  way, 
to  leave  the  war,  and  roiolvoj  he  would  go 
to  war  again.  Accordingly  his  second  ton 
being  born  on  the  13lh  of  May,  and  hit  wife 
and  aun  like  to  do  well,  Mr.  Church  emiiraeaa 
the  opportunity  of  passage  in  a  jloop  liour.d  to 
Bamtiable  |  which  landed  him  at  Sugkoneatot, 
from  whence  he  rid  to  Plymouth ;  and  arrived 
there  on  the  flrat  Tuesiluy  in  June  i  The 
general  court  then  sitting  welcomed  him, 
and  told  him  they  were  glad  to  sue  him  alive. 
Ha  replied,  ha  wo*  gliid  to  sue  them  alive, 
for  he  had  seen  *o  many  fire*  and  ainokaa 
toward*  their  tide  of  the  country,  *inoa  ba 
left  them,  that  he  could  acarco  eat  or  aloap 
with  any  comfort,  for  fear  they  had  all  been 
destroyed.  For  all  travelling  waa  atopped, 
and  no  newt  bad  patted  for  a  long  tinae 
together.  He  gave  them  an  account  that 
the  Indian!  had  made  horrid  desolation*  at 
Providence,  Warwick,  Pawtuxet,  and  all 
over  the  Narragansot  country,  and  that  they 
prevailed  daily  against  the  English  on  that 
side  of  the  country  ;  Told  them,  no  longed  to 
hear  what  methods  they  designed  in  the  war. 
They  told  him,  they  wore  partiouUrly  glad 
that  Providence  had  brought  him  there  at  that 
juncture  i  fur  they  had  concluded  the  very 
next  day  to  send  out  an  army  of  200  men  two 
thirds  Bnglith,  and  one  third  Indiana,  in  tome 
meature  agreeable  to  hit  former  proposal ; 
expecting  Boston  and  Connecticut  to  join 
with  their  quotas.  In  short,  it  was  so  con- 
cluded, and  that  Mr,  Church  should  return  to 
the  Island,  and  see  what  he  could  muster 
there,  of  those  that  had  moved  from  Swanzey, 
Dartmouth,  ice.  So  returning  the  same  way 
he  came  ;  when  he  came  to  Sogkonesset,  he 
had  a  sham  put  upon  him  about  a  boat  hn 
had  brought  to  go  noma  in,  and  was  forced 
to  hire  two  of  the  friend  Indian*  to  noddle 
him  in  a  canoe  from  Eliiabeth'a  to  Rhode 
Itland. 

It  fell  out,  that  as  they  were  in  their  voyage 
passing  by  Sogkonate-point,  ioina  of  the  ene- 
my were  upon  the  roclta  a  Baking;  he  bid  the 
Indians  that  managed  the  canoe  to  paddle  so 
near  the  rocks  as  that  he  might  call  to  those 
Indian*  ;  told  them,  that  he  had  a  great  mind 
ever  aince  the  war  broke  out  to  speak  with 
some  of  the  Sogkonate  Indians,  and  tliattliey 
were  thair  relations,  and  therefore  ttiuy  need 
not  fear  their  hurtingof  them.  And  ho  added 
that  he  had  a  mighty  conceit,  that  if  ho  cuidd 
get  a  fair  oppoitunity  to  discourse  with  tlium, 
Uiat  he  could  draw  them  off  from  Philip,  for 
he  knew  they  never  heartily  loved  him.  The 
enemy  halloed  and  made  signs  for  the  canoe 
to  come  to  them  ;  but  when  they  approac.linil 
them  they  skulkei  and  hid  in  the  clufta  of  the 
rocks;  then  Mr.  Church  ordered  the  canoe 
to  be  paddled  off  again,  lest  if  he  came  too 
near  they  should  fire  u]M>n  him.  Then  the 
Indians  appearing  again,  beckoned  and  called 
in  the  Indian  language,  and  bid  them  come 
ashore,  for  they  wanted  to  speak  with  him. 
Tlie  Indiana  in  the  canoe  answered  them 
again  ;  but  they  on  the  rocks  told  them,  that 
the  surf  made  such  a  noise  against  the  rocks, 
they  could  not  hear  any  thingthey  said.  Then 
Mr.  Church,  by  signs  with  his  hands,  gave 
them  to  understand  that  he  would  have  two 
of  them  go  down  upon  the  point  of  the  beach 
(a  place  where  a  man  mieht  see  who  was 
near  hini)  accordingly  two  of  them  ran  along 


arms,  excepting  that  one  of  thsin  had  a lancv 
in  his  hunil ;  they  urged  Mr.  Church  to  coma 
'lore,  fur  ihvy  had  a  great  desire  to   hiive 
■ome  discourse  with   bun.     He  told  them,  if 
ha  that  bad  his  weapon   in  his  hand  would 
carry  it  up  some  distance  upon  the  boNoli,  and 
vu  it,  he  would  come  aanora  and  discourso 
with  them.     He  did  so,  and  Mr.  Church  went 
aihore,  hauled  uphis  canoe, ordered  oneof  the 
Indian*  to  stay  by  it,  and  the  other  to  walk 
above  on  the  beach,  aa  a  aentinel,  and  to  see 
that  the  coasts  were  clear ;  and   when   Mi 
Church  came  up  to  the  Indians,  one  of  lliem 
happened  to  bo  honest  Qeorge,  one  of  tha 
two.  that  Awashonk*  formerly  *ent  to  call  him 
to  her  dance,  and  waa  *o  careful  to  guard  him 
back  to  his  house  again,  the  laat  Sogkonate  In- 
dian ho  spoke  with  before  the  war  oroko  nut ; 
he  spoke  Engliih  very  well.  Mr,  Church  asked 
him  where  Awashonk*  was  t     He  tfild  him 
in  a  *wamp  about  three  mileaoflT,    Mr,  Church 
asked   him,  what  it  waa  he   wanted  that  ho 
halloed  and  called  him  ashore?  He  answei- 
ed,  that  he  took  him   for  Church   as  soon  as 
he  heard  his  voice  in  the  oanoe,  and  that  he 
was  very  glad  to  see  him  alive,  and  he  l>eheveu 
hi*  mistress  would  he  glad  to  see  him,  and  speak 
with  him ;  he  told  him  further,  that  he  believed 
ihe  was  not  fund  of  maintaining  a  war  with 
the  Engliah,  and  that  the  had  leJl  Philip,  and 
did  not  intond  to  return  to  him  any  more  ;  n» 
was  mighty  earnest  with  Mr.  Chnreh  to  tarry 
there  while  he  would  run  and  call  her ;  but 
he  told  him  no,  for  he  did  not  know  but  the 
Indians  would  cotne  down  and  kill  him  bef»« 
ho  could  get  back  again ;    he  said,  if  Mount- 
Hope,  or  Pocisset  Indians  could  catch  hini, 
he   believed  they   would   knock  him  on  tha 
head,  hut  all   Sogkonate    Indians  knew  him 
very   well,  and  ho  believed  none  of  them 
would  hurt  him.     In  short,  Mr.  Chinch  refus 
ed  to  tarry,  but  promised  ho  would  come  ovei 
again,  and  speak  with  Awashonks,  and  some 
other  Indians  that  hu  had  a  mind  to  talk  with. 
Accordingly  ho   appointed  him  to   notify 
Awoshonks,  her  son  Peter,  their  chief  Caj> 
tain,  and  one  Nompash  (an  Indian  that  Mr. 
Church  had  formerly  a  particular  respect  for, 
to  meet  him  two  days  afier,  at  a  rock  at  the 
lower  end  of  Captain  Richmond's  farm,  whieb 
was  a  very  noted  ptace ;  and  if  that  day  should 
prove  stormy,  or  windy,  they  were  to  expect 
him  the  naxt  moderate  day,  Mr.  Church  tell- 
ing  George  that  he  would    huvo  him    come 
with  the  persons  mentioned,  and  no  mure. 

They  giving  each  other  their  hand  upon  it 
parted,  and  Mr.  Church  went  home,  and  the 
noxt  morning  to  Newport,  and  informed  the 
gnvernment  of  what  had  passed  l>elween  him 
and  the  Sogktmate  Indians,  and  desired  their 
permit  for  him  and  Daniel  Wilcox  (a  man  that 
well  understood  the  Indian  language)  to  go 
over  to  them.  They  told  him,  that  they 
thought  he  was  mad,  after  such  service  as 
he  hod  done,  and  such  danirers  as  he  escaped, 
now  tn  throw  away  his  life,  for  the  rogues 
would  at  certainly  kill  him,  as  ever  ho  went 
over ;  and  utterly  refused  to  grant  his  permit, 
or  to  be  willing  to  run  the  risk. 

Mr.  Church  told  them,  that  it  ever  had 
been  in  his  thouKht  since  the  war  broke  out, 
that  if  he  could  discourse  M'itli  the  Sogkonate 
Indians,  he  could  draw  them  off  from  Philip 
and  employ  them  against  him ;  but  could  not, 
till  now,  ever  have  an  opportunity  to  apeak 


\t.t 

*», 

«hat 

no  I 

leaf 

ligli 

him 

cxn 

oft( 
to  hi 


KINO   PHILIP'S   WAR. 


wlUi  tny  of  them,  mil  wm  very  loth  tii  Into 
it,  lie.  At  length  tliey  told  hitn,  if  he  would 
mu  it  ihoulJ  lio  only  with  the  two  Indium 
•likt  cam«>  xi'.K  hix  j  hut  :!jcy  atu! J  g-vt-  !:'.:'i 
no  p«>rniit  iindur  thuir  linnd*.  Ho  took  hii 
Initi't!  of  thorn,  rnioivinff  to  (irosuciito  lii«  d«- 
■ign  ;  thny  told  liim  thoy  woro  wirry  to  aeo 
him  lo  reaolute,  nor  if  he  wont  did  thuy  over 
cxnuct  to  aeu  hii  fiice  a){ain. 

IIu  iHiught  a  bottle  of  mm,  and  a  imall  roll 
nftobncco,  to  carry  with  liim,  and  ruturned 
lo  hii  family.  Tho  nuxt  day,  hoing  the  day 
npiiointtul  for  tho  mooting,  ho  nruparud  two 
light  canimii  for  tho  deaign,  and  hit  own  man, 
tvith  the  two  Indiana  for  hii  company.  He 
wied  luoh  argumenit  with  hii  tender,  and  now 
•Imoit  broken  hearted  wife,  from  tho  expe- 
rience of  former  proiorvati(ms  and  tho  proi- 
pcct  of  the  groat  lervico  ho  might  do,  might 
■I  plenio  Ood  to  tiicoood  his  dciign,  &c.,  that 
he  obtained  her  content  to  hit  attempt ;  and 
committing  her,  tho  baliet  and  himielf  to 
Heavoii'i  protection,  ho  lot  out.  They  had 
from  tho  thoro  aliout  a  league  to  paddle  ; 
drawing  noar  tho  place,  thoy  taw  the  Indium 
letting  on  tho  bank,  waiting  for  thoir  coming, 
Mr.  Church  tent  one  of  bit  Indiana  athore  m 
one  of  the  oanoei  to  tee  whether  they  were 
tho  lamo  Indians  whom  ho  had  appomtodto 
meet  him,  and  no  more ;  and  if  to  to  stay  athore 
and  tend  Oeorgo  to  fetch  him  ;  accordingly 
Quorgecamo  and  futched  Mr.  Cliiirch  aahoro, 
while  the  other  ctnoo  playi'd  off  to  ice  the 
event,  and  to  carry  tidingiif  the  Indiana  should 
provo  fttUu. 

Mr.  Ciiurcli  asked  Qcorgo  whether  Awa- 
shonkiand  tho  othnr  Indium  he  appointed  lo 
t<i  meet  him  wero  thero  t  He  antwored  thoy 
were  ;  ho  then  aikod  him  if  thoro  wero 
more  than  they  whomhoappoint'jd  to  be  thero  1 
'i'o  which  he  would  give  hirn  no  direct  an- 
swer. However,  he  woiit  ashore,  whore  he 
was  no  loonor  landed,  but  Awaahonks  and 
the  rpit  that  he  hud  appointed  to  moot  liim 
(hero,  roto  up  and  cnmo  down  to  moot  him  ; 
•nd  each  of  them  tuccessively  gave  him  their 
bands,  and  expressed  themselves  glad  to  see 
him,  and  gave  him  thanks  for  exposing  him- 
self to  visit  them.  Thuy  walked  togetherabout 
a  gunshot  from  tho  water,  to  a  convenient 
place  to  lit  down.  Where  at  once  rose  up  a 
great  body  of  Indians,  who  liad  lain  hid  in  the 
grass,  (that  was  high  as  a  man's  waist)  and 
gathered  round  them,  till  they  hod  closod  them 
in ;  btiing  all  armed  with  guns,  spears,  hachets, 
&c.  with  their  hair  trimmed  and  faces  painted, 
in  their  warlike  appearance.  It  was  doubtless 
somewhat  surprising  to  our  gentleman  at  first, 
but  without  any  visible  discovery  of  it,  aller 
a  small  silent  pause  on  each  side  he  spoke  to 
Awashonks,  and  told  her,  that  George  had 
'nforined  him  that  she  had  a  desire  to  see  him, 
■nd  discourse  about  making  peace  with  the 
English.  She  answered  yes  ;  then  said  Mr. 
!hurch,  it  is  cu^itomary  when  people  meet  to 
•reat  of  peace,  to  lay  aside  their  arms,  and  not 
to  appear  in  such  hostile  form  as  your  people 
do  ;  and  dt-sirud  of  her,  that  if  they  might  talk 
al'oiit  peace,  which  he  desired  they  might,  her 
men  might  lay  aside  their  arms,  and  appear 
more  tractable.  Upon  which  there  began  a 
coniide-able  noiso  and  murmur  among  them 
in  their  own  language,  till  Awushonks  asked 
him,  what  arms  they  should  liiy  down,  and 
where  t  He  (perceiving  that  the  Indians 
Isiked  very  auriy,  and  much  displeased)  re 
43 


plied,  only  thoir  gunt  at  aoine  small  diatanoe, 
lor  formality's  take  ;  upon  which,  with  one 
consent,  they  laid  aside  theii  guns,  and  came 
and  sat  down. 

Mr.  Church  pulled  out  hit  calabash  and 
asked  Awashonks,  whether  she  had  lived  so 
long  at  Wotuaet,  as  to  forget  to  drink  Occa- 
pecliut;  and  drinking  toiler,  he  perceived 
that  the  watched  hiiri  very  diligently,  to  tee 
(at  he  thought)  whether  he  twallowed  any  of 
the  rum;  lie  ofT.rcd  her  tho  thell,  but  the 
detired'hiin  lo  drink  again  first,  he  then  told 
her,  there  wai  no  poison  in  it,  and  pouring 
some  into  the  palm  of  hit  hand,  lipped  it  up, 
and  took  tho  shell  and  drank  lo  her  ag^in,  and 
drank  a  good  twig,  whioh  indeed  wai  no  more 
than  he  needed.  Then  they  all  standing  up, he 
■aid  lo  Awashonki,  you  won't  drink  for  fear 
there  should  be  poiion  in  it  *,  and  then  handed 
it  to  a  little  ill-looking  fellow,  who  catched  it 
readily  enough,  and  at  greedily  -vould  have 
twallowed  the  linuor  when  he  had  it  at  his 
mouth;  but  Mr.. Church  catchod  him  by  the 
throat  and  took  it  from  him,  asking  him, 
whether  he  intended  to  swallow  shell  and  all  1 
and  then  handed  it  to  Awashonks,  she  ven- 
tured to  take  a  good  hearty  dram,  and  pasted 
it  among  her  attendanti. 

The  thell  being  en-.p.iod,  he  pulled  out  his 
tobacco,  an i  having  distributed  it,  thoy  began 
to  ulk. 

Awashonks  demanded  of  ii'm  the  reason 
why  he  tiad  not  (agreeable  t.  '.\[b  promise 
when  she  siw  him  laat)  b.'on  a:vn  at  Sog- 
konate  before  row,  sayi.ig  t!iii  probably  if 
ho  had  come  then,  accord  nt  to  his  promise, 
they  had  nover  joined  ^rithP'iilip  against  the 
English. 

Ho  told  her  he  was  prevented  by  tho  war 
breaking  out  so  suddenly,  and  yet  he  was 
aflerwards  coming  down,  and  came  as  far  as 
Punkateeso,  where  a  great  many  Indians  set 
upon  him,  and  fought  nim  a  whole  aflernoon, 
though  lie  did  not  come  prepared  to  Rght,  and 
had  but  nineteen  men  with  him,  whose  chief 
design  was  to  gain  an  opportunity  to  discourse 
with  some  Sogkonatii  Indians.  Upon  this  there 
at  once  arose  a  mighty  murmur,  confused  noise, 
and  talk  among  the  fierce  looking  creatures, 
and  all  rising  up  in  a  hubbub ;  and  a  great 
surly  looking  fellow  took  up  his  tomhog,  or 
wooden  cutlass,  to  kill  Mr.  Church,  but  some 
others  prevented  him. 

The  interpreter  asked  Mr.  Church,  if  he 
understood  what  it  was  that  the  great  fellow 
(they  had  hold  of)  saidl  Ho  answered  h'.m, 
no.  Why,  said  the  interpreter,  he  says,  wou 
killed  his  brother  at  Punkateeso,  and  therel  '>re 
he  thirsts  for  your  blood.  Mr.  Church  bid  the 
interpreter  tell  him  that  his  brother  began 
first ;  that  if  he  had  kept  at  Sogkonate,  accord- 
ing to  his  desire  and  order,  ho  should  nut  have 
hurt  him. 

•  Then  the  chief  captain  commanded  silence, 
and  told  them,  that  they  should  talk  no  more 
about  old  things,  &c.  and  quelled  the  tumult, 
so  that  they  sat  down  again,  and  began  upon  a 
discourse  of  making  peace  with  the  English. 
Mr.  Church  asked  them,  what  proposals  they 
would  make,  and  on  what  terms  ttiey  would 
break  their  league  with  Philip  t  Desiring 
them  to  make  some  proposals  that  he  might 
carry  to  his  masters,  telling  them  that  it  was 
not  in  his  power  to  co->clude  a  peace  with 
them,  but  tliat  he  know  tha^  if  their  proposals 
wero  reasonable,  the  goverment  would  not  be 


unreatonable  |  and  that  he  wonld  ut«  hit  in* 
terett  with  th«  govemmant  for  th«m|  and  tn 
encourage  them  lo  proceed,  put  them  in  mind 
that  tho  Poquoli  once  made  war  with  the  Eii« 
glish,  and  that  afVer  they  tubjected  themielvet 
to  the  English,  the  Englith  became  their  pnv 
tectort.and  defended  tliem  againtt  oilier  natioM 
(hat  would  otherwise  havo  dettroyed  thera^ 
Sec.  After  tome  furtherditcourto  and  debata< 
he  brought  them  at  length  lo  consent,  that  if 
the  government  of  Plymouth  would  flrm^ 
engage  to  them,  that  they,  and  all  of  thenif 
and  their  wives  and  children,  should  have 
their  livetiparod,  and  none  of  them  Imniported 
out  of  tho  country,  they  would  lubjoct  them* 
selvei  to  them,  and  lorve  them  in  what  they 
were  able. 

Then  Mr.  Church  told  them,  that  lie  was 
well  tatitfied  the  government  of  Plymouth 
would  readily  concur  with  what  wai  propoa^, . 
and  would  lignlheirarticlet;  and  eomplin.ent- 
ing  them  upon  it,  how  pleased  he  was  with 
the  thoughtt  of  their  return,  and  of  the  former 
friendthip  that  had  between  them.  See. 

The  cnief  captain  rote  up,  and  exiireised 
tho  great  value  and  retpect  he  had  for  Mr, 
Church  ;  and  bowing  to  him  said.  Sir,  if  vou'll 
please  lo  except  c.'f  me  and  my  men,  and  will 
head  us,  we'll  fight  for  you,  and  will  help  you 
to  Philip's  head  before  tne  Indian  corn  be  n|ie ; 
and  when  he  had  ended,  they  all  expressed 
their  content  to  what  he  taid,  and  told  Mr 
Church  they  loved  him,  and  were  willing  to 

fo  with  him  and  fight  for  him,  aa  lung  aa  tL« 
■  nglish  had  one  enomy  left  in  the  country. 
Mr.  Church  assured  tnem,  that  if  they  p,  uved 
as  good  as  their  word,  they  should  find  him 
their'i  and  their  children'!  fast  friend.  And 
(by  the  way)  the  friendship  is  still  maintained 
lietween  them  to  thit  day. 

Then  he  propoted  unto  them,  that  they 
thould  choose  fivo  men  to  go  straight  with  hira 
to  Plymouth  :  thoy  told  him  no  ;  they  would 
not  choose,  but  he  should  take  which  five  he 
pleased  ;  some  compliments  passed  about  it, 
at  length  it  was  agreed,  they  should  choose 
three,  and  he  two.  Then  he  agreed,  that  he 
would  go  back  to  the  island  that  night,  and 
would  come  to  them  the  next  morning,  and 
go  through  the  woods  to  Plymouth ;  butthev 
afierwardsobjected,  that  his  travelling  through' 
the  woods  would  not  lie  safe  for  him ;  theene- 
my  might  meet  with  him,  and  kill  him,  and 
then  thoy  should  lose  their  friend,  and  the 
whole  design  ruined  beside.  And  therefore 
proposed,  that  he  should  come  in  an  English 
vessel,  and  th6y  would  meet  him,  and  come 
on  board  at  Sogkonate  point,  and  sail  iVom 
thence  to  Sandwich,  which,  in  fine,  was  con* 
eluded  upon. 

So  Mr.  Church  promising  to  come  as  (oon 
as  he  could  possibly  obtain  a  vessel,  and  then 
they  parted.  He  returned  to  the  island,  and 
was  at  great  pains  and  charge  to  get  a  vessel 
but  with  unaccountable  disappointments,  som^ 
times  by  the  falseness,,  and  sometimes  by  the 
faintheartedness  of  men  that  he  bargained 
with,  and  sometimes  by  wind  and  weather, 
&c.  until  at  length  Mr.  Anthony  Low  putinto 
the  harbour  with  a  laden  vessel  bound  to  the 
westward,  and  being  made  acquainted  with 
Mr.  Church's  case,  told  him,  that  he  had  su 
much  kindness  for  him,  and  was  so  pleaied 
with  the  business  ho  was  engaged  in,  that  he 
would  run  the  venture  of  his  vessel  ana  cargo, 
to  wait  upon  him.      Accordingly,  next  roorb 


KINU   PHILIP'S   WAR. 


iirought tlwm to Scgkoiuw  point t  butoumini< 
Ihara  ihay  mat  with  •  contrary  wind  and  • 
great  twulling  (oa. 

Thti  hulitn*  wore  thero  waiting;  iipnn  the 
vnckt,  but  had  nothing  but  a  miaerable  brokun 
oanofl  to  get  aboard  in  ^  yet  Patar  Awanhunki 
ventured  off*  in  it,  and  with  a  great  deal  of 
difRoulty  and  danger  got  aliuard  i  and  by  this 
time  it  began  to  rain  and  blow  exceedingly,  and 
forced  them  up  the  tound)  and  then  they  wuiit 
•way  through  Briitol  ferry,  round  the  island 
to  Newport,  carrying  Peter  with  thera. 

Then  Mr.  Gkuroh  ditmiiied  Mr.  Low,  and 
told  him,  that  inaamuoh  as  Providence  opposed 
bis  going  by  water,  and  he  expected  that  the 
•rmy  would  ba  up  in  a  few  dayi,  and  prob- 
ably if  he  should  be  gone  at  that  juncture,  it 
nicht  rain  the  whole  design ;  would  thorafuro 
yMM  bis  voya^. 

Than  he  writ  the  aecount  uf  his  tranaactinn* 
with  ths  Indiana,  and  drew  up  the  proposals 
Mid  artioles  oi  p«aee,  and  despatched  Peter 
with  them  to  Plyraouih,  that  his  honour  the 
governor,  if  ha  saw  cause,  might  sign  thom. 

Poter  was  sent  over  to  Sogkonate  on  the 
Lord's  day  morning,  with  orders  to  take  those 
men  that  were  chosen  to  go  down,  or  some 
of  them  at  least  with  him.  The  time  beine 
expired  that  was  appointed  for  the  English 
•rmy  to  come,  there  was  great  looking  fur 
them.  Mr.  Church  on  the  Monday  mornin? 
(partly  to  divert  himself  after  his  fatigue,  and 
partly  to  listen  for  the  army)  rid  out  with  his 
wife,  and  some  of  his  friends  to  Portsmouth, 
undera  pretenceof  cherrying;  but  came  home 
without  any  news  from  the  army  :  but  by 
midnight  or  sooner,  he  was  roused  with  an 
express  from  Major  Bradford,  who  was 
arrived  with  the  army  at  Pocosset;  to  whom 
he  forthwith  repaired,  and  informed  him  of 
the  whole  of  his  proceedings  with  the  Sogkonate 
Indians.  With  the  major's  consent  and  ad- 
vice, he  returned  again  next  morning  to  the 
island,  in  order  to  go  over  that  way  to  Awa- 
ihonks,  to  inform  her  that  tho  army  was  ar- 
rived, tec.  Accordingly  from  Sachueenot 
neck*  he  went  in  a  canoe  to  Sogkonate ;  told 
her  that  Mi^or  Bradford  was  arrived  at  Pocas- 
•et,  with  a  grreatarmy,  whom  ho  hod  informed 
of  all  his  proceedings  with  her ;  that  if  she 
would  be  advised  and  observe  ordor  she  nor 
her  people  need  not  to  fear  being  hurt  by 
them ;  told  her,  she  should  call  all  her  people 
down  into  the  neck,  lost  if  they  should  be  found 
stragglingabout,  mischief  raightlight  on  them ; 
that  on  the  morrow  they  would  come  down 
and  receive  her,  and  give  hor  further  orders. 
She  promised  to  get  as  many  of  her  people 
tngetiior  as  possibly  she  could  ;  desiring  Mr. 
Church  to  consider  that  it  would  bo  dimcult 
for  to  get  them  together  at  such  short  warn- 
ing. Mr.  Church  returned  tn  the  island  and 
to  the  army  the  same  night.  The  next  morn- 
ing the  whole  army  marched  towards  Snglv>- 
nato,  as  far  as  Punkateese  ;  and  Mr.  Church 
with  a  few  men  went  down  to  Sogkonate  to 
call  Awashonks,  and  her  people  to  come  up 
to  the  English  camp.  As  he  was  going  down, 
they  met  with  a  Pocassot  Indian ;  who  had 
killed  a  oow  and  got  a  quartvr  of  her  on  his 
back,  and  her  tongue  in  his  pocket ;  who  gave 
'item  an  account,  that  he  came  from  Pocasset 
two  days  since  in  company  with  his  mother, 
snd  several  other   Indians,  now  hid  in  the 

*  Ths  (oulb-eMI  cornei  of  Kbi-^r  Uland. 


swamp  ubova  Nomipiid;*  diiarniint(  of  him, 
he  sent  him  by  two  men  to  Major  Bradford, 
and  prnoeadacT to  Sogkonate.  Tlioy  saw  s«v. 
oral  liiiliniiK  by  tliti  way  skiilkinkf  nlioiit,  liiit 
let  thorn  puss  I  arriving  at  Awnshonks  rninp, 
tuiil  her,  he  wns  coimi  tu  invito  hor  nml  liur 
leople  up  to  Punkaluuso,  where  Miijor  Druil- 
ord,  now  was  with  thu  Plymouth  army,  ex- 
pecting hur  and  her  suhjocts  to  receive  orders, 
until  further  order  could  bo  had  from  the  gov- 
ernment. She  complied,  and  soon  sent  out 
orders  for  such  of  hor  subjects  as  were  not 
with  her,  immediululy  tn  come  in  ;  ond  by 
twelve  o'clock  of  the  next  day,  she  with  incisit 
of  her  number  appeared  before  the  Eiiglisli 
campat  Punkateese.  Mr.  Churcli  tendered  the 
major  to  serve  under  his  commis^iim,  provided 
the  Indians  miirht  be  accepted  with  him,  to  fight 
the  enemy.  The  major  told  him,  his  orders 
wore  to  improve  him,  if  he  pleased,  but  as  for 
the  Indians  ho  would  not  be  concerned  with 
them.  And  presently  gave  forth  orders  for 
Awashonks,  and  all  her  subjects,  both  men, 
women  and  children,  to  rupiiir  to  Sandwiuli, 
and  to  be  there  upon  peril,  in  six  days,  Awa- 
shonks and  her  chiefs  gathered  round  Mr. 
Church,  (where  ho  was  walked  off*  from  tho 
rest)  expressed  thomsolves  concerned  timt 
they  could  not  be  confided  in,  nor  improved. 
■He  told  them,  it  was  best  to  obey  orders,  and 
that  if  ho  could  not  accompany  them  to  Sand- 
wich, it  should  not  be  above  a  week  before 
he  would  meet  them  there  ;  that  he  was  con- 
fident the  governor  would  commission  liim  to 
improve  them.  Tho  major  hastened  to  send 
them  away  with  Jack  Havens,  (an  'ndian  who 
hod  never  been  in  tho  wars)  in  th'  front  with 
a  flag  of  truce  in  his  liniid.  Tliev  being  gone, 
Mr.  Church,  by  the  help  of  his  niiin  Tobv  (the 
Indinn  whom  he  hud  tnken  priHoiiur  us  he 
wns  going  tn  Sogkonnte)  took  «niil  'I'oby's 
mother,  nnd  those  tliiit  wltc  with  her,  pris- 
oners. Next  inoriiinir  the  whole  iiriny  moved 
back  to  Pociisset.  'I'liisToliy  iiiforiiied  tlicin 
tlint  there  were  u  great  iiiiiiiy  liidiniis  gone 
to  Weiipoifiet  to  cut  Cliinis,  other  prtivisions 
being  very  scarce  with  them,  that  Philip 
himself  was  expected  within  three  or  four 
days  at  the  same  place ;  being  asked  what 
Indians  they  were  i  he  answered  some  Weo- 
tcmnres  Indians,  some  Mount  Hope  In- 
dians, some  Narraganset  Indians,  and  some 
other  Upland  Indians  in  all  about  three  hun- 
dred. 

The  Rhode  Island  bouts  by  tho  innjor'g 
order,  meeting  them  at  Pocasset,  they  were 
soon  embarked,  it  being  just  in  the  dusk  of 
tho  evening,  they  could  plainly  discover  tho 
enemies  fires  at  the  place  the  Indian  directed 
to ;  and  the  army  concluded  no  other  but  they 
were  bound  directly  thither,  until  they  cnme 
to  the  north  end  of  the  island,  and  hoard  the 
word  of  command  for  the  boats  to  bear  away. 
Mr.  Church  was  very  fond  of  having  tlii'* 
probable  opportunity  of  surprising  that  whole 
company  of  Indians  embraced  ;  but  orders,  it 
was  saici,  must  be  obeyed,  which  was  to  go  to 
Mount  Horie.  and  there  to  fight  Philip.  This 
with  some  oth<<r  good  opportunities  of  doing 
spoil  upon  tho  enemy,  being  unhappily  inis.s- 
ed,  Mr.  Church  obtained  the  major's  consent 
to  mrjet  the  Sogkonate  Indians,  accordint;  to 
his  promise.  He  was  ofTored  a  guard  to  Ply- 
mouth, but  chose  to  go  with  one  man  only, 
who  was  a  good   pilot.       About  sunset  he. 


with  Subin  his  pilot,  mounted  iheir  horaei  M 
Rehiilmth,  where  the  army  now  was  and  tiy 
two  hours  by  sun  next  morning  arrived  safe 
at  PIvmniith ;  nnd  by  that  time  they  had 
refreshed  thumselvos,  the  governor  and  treaa- 
iirer  cainn  to  town.  Mr.  Church  giving  thom 
a  short  account  of  the  nlliiirs  of  the  army,  tec. 
His  honour  wns  pleased  to  give  him  thanks 
for  thu  good  and  great  service  he  hud  done 
nt  Sogkoiialo,  told  him,  he  had  Ronfiriiied  all 
that  lie  had  promiiied  AwaHhonks,  and  had 
sent  the  Indian  back  again  that  brought  hia 
letter  from  Awashonks  He  asked  his  hon- 
our whether  ho  had  any  thing  later  from 
Awashonks  1  He  told  him  lie  had  not. 
Wheroupnn  ha  gave  his  honour  an  account 
of  the  major's  orders  relating  to  her  and 
hors,  and  what  discourse  passed  jiro  and  om, 
about  them ;  and  that  ho  had  promised  to 
meet  them,  and  that  he  had  encouraged  them, 
that  he  thought  he  might  obtain  of  his  honour 
a  commission  to  lead  them  forth  to  fight  Philiii, 
His  honour  smilingly  told  him,  that  he  should 
not  want  commission  if  he  would  accept  it, 
nor  yet  good  Englishmen  enough  to  make 
up  a  good  urtny.  But  in  short,  he  told  his 
honour  the  time  was  expired  that  he  had  ap- 
pointed  tu  meet  the  SogKonates  at  Sandwich. 
The  govenor  asked  him,  when  ho  would  go  t 
Ho  told  him  that  afternoon,  by  his  honour'a 
leave.  The  governor  asked  him  how  many 
men  he  wouid  have  with  him  1  He  answered 
not  al>ove  halt  n  dozen,  with  an  order  to  take 
more  ui  Sandwich,  if  he  saw  cause,  and  horses 
provided.  He  no  sooner  moved  it,  but  had 
his  numtiur  nf  men  tendering  to  go  with  him, 
among  which  were  Mr.  Jaltcz  Howland,  and 
Nathaniel  South  worth ;  they  went  to  Sandwich 
that  night,  where  .Mr.  Church  (with  n«-od 
enougl' )  took  a  nup  of  sleep.  The  next  morn- 
ing, with  about  sixteen  or  eighteen  men,  he 
\  roceeded  as  far  as  Agawom.  where  they  had 
groat  expectation  ni' meeting  the  Indians,  but 
met  thom  not;  his  men  being  discouraged 
altout  half  ofthein  returni>d  ;  only  half  a  doz<:n 
stuck  by  him,  and  promised  so  to  do  until 
thoy  should  meet  with  the  Indians.  When 
thoycamn  to  Sippican  river,*  Mr.  Howland 
began  to  tire,  upon  which  Mr.  Church  left 
him,  and  two  more,  for  a  reserve  at  the  river, 
that  if  he  should  meet  with  enemies  and  bn 
forced  back,  they  might  he  ready  to  assist  them 
in  getting  over  the  river.  Proceeding  in  their 
march,  they  crossed  another  river,  and  opened 
a  groat  bay,  where  they  might  see  many  miles 
ahmg  shore,  where  were  sands  and  fl  its;  and 
hearing  a  great  noise  below  thom  towards  the 
sen,  they  dismounted  their  horses,  left  thom 
and  crept  among  the  bushes,  until  they 
came  near  the  bank,  and  saw  a  vast  coinpary 
of  Indians  of  all  ages  and  G.?xes,  some  on 
horseback  running  races,  some  at  fool-ball, 
some  catching  eels  and  flat-fish  in  the  water, 
some  clamming,  &c.,  but  which  way  with 
safety  to  find  out  what  Indians  they  were, 
they  were  at  a  loss.  But  at  length  retiring 
into  a  thicket,  Mr.  Church  hallooed  to  thera; 
they  soon  answered  him,  and  a  couple  of 
smart  young  fellows,  well  mounted,  cnme  upon 
a  full  career  to  see  who  it  might  bo  that  called, 
and  came  |u«t  upon  Mr.  Church  before  they 
discovered  him  ;  but  when  they  perceived 
themselves  so  near  Englishmen,  and  armed, 
W"re  nsiich  surprised,  and  tacked  short  Roout 
to  run  Ob  fast  back  as  thoy  came  forward,  untti 


*  la  Tivertou.        t  Adjuining  Foglund  ferry. 


Rochester. 


KINO    PHILIP'S    WAIL 


leir  horteii 
wa«  anil  liv 
arrivad  mw 
no  ilifiy  had 
lor  anil  ).r«aa- 
I  ffiving  thnm 
liu  arinVi  Jcu. 
e  hiin  timnka 
lie  Imil  ilona 
Rniilirriioil  all 
rikx,  anil  had 
:  liroii^lit  hia 
ikcil  hii  hon« 
7  luler  from 
lis  had  not, 
ir  an  account 
'  to  her  and 
I  jtru  and  nm, 
priimiiod  to 
ura^rd  tlieni, 
of  h'lH  honnur 

0  fight  Philiii. 
hat  hn  ahoulJ 
lid  oovept  it, 
ugh  lo  niako 
't,  he  told  his 
lit  ht)  had  ap> 
at  Sandwich. 
Iio  would  go  1 
'  hia  honiMir'l 
m  how  many 
He  answered 
order  to  tako 
so,  and  horscf 
iA  it,  hut  had 

^a  with  him, 
lowland,  and 
It  tn  Sandwich 
h  (with  n>>ed 
lie  next  morn- 
teen  nien,  he 
here  they  had 

1  Indianft,  liiil 
discouraged 

yhalfaduzDi) 
I  to  do  until 
ians.  Wlmn 
\\.r.  Howland 
Church  left 
»  at  the  river, 
smies  and  ho 
tn  assist  them 
eding  in  their 
r,  and  opened 
e  many  milcM 
m\  fl  its;  and 
n  towards  the 
les,  left  thorn 

until  they 
krast  ciiiiipary 
LOS,  some  on 
at  foo'-ball, 
in  the  water, 
ch  way  with 

they  wore, 
nptd  retiring} 
toed  to  thera; 
a  couple  of 
ni,  came  upon 
l)o  that  called, 
1  before  they 
By  perceived 

and  armed, 
d  short  aoout 
Forward,  untii 


an 


MC  of  the  miMi  in  the  hu»lii-s  cullnl  (o  ihtiui, 
•nd  told  iheiit  his  iniinH  wiu*  rhuruli,  iiuil 
need  not  fvar  his  hurting  of  ilu'iii.  U|iiim 
which,  after  ii  sniiill  puiisf,  ihry  liii  iii'il  iihout 
llirir  horses,  mid  (>uini>  up  to  him  ;  oiii>  of 
lliuni  thiit  could  spunk  I'liiglish  Mr.  (/luircli 
look  iiside  iinil  vxiiiiiiiii-d,  who  informi'd  him, 
tlliil  the  Indiiiiis  lielow  wnrt'  itwiiHlioiiks  nml 
her  company,  and  thut  Jai'k  lliivuns  wus 

umong  them ;    whom   Mr.  Cliuruh    im 

diiitely  sent  for  to  uoiiit)  to  him,  uiid  ordnred 
the  iiiiissunger  to  inform  Awashonks  that  he 
wiis  cMuo  to  meet  her;  Jack  lliivuiis  soon 
oaino,  and  by  that  lime  Mr.  Cliiircli  hud  ask- 
ed him  a  few  questiuni,  and  had  liven  satis- 
fled  by  him,  tn:it  it  was  Awnshoiiks  and  her 
(sompaiiy  that  were  lieluw,  and  that  Jack  had 
been  kindly  treated  by  them.  A  comiiany  uf 
Indians  all  mounted  on  liorHvhocK,  and 
well  armed,  came  riding  up  to  Mr,  Church, 
but  treated  liiin  with  all  due  rvauucts.  He 
then  ordered  Jack  tu  go  tell  Awiisiionks,  that 
ho  designed  to  sup  with  her  in  tlio  cvGiiing, 
and  to  lodge  in  her  camp  that  night.  Then 
taking  loiuu  of  the  Indians  with  liim,  liu  went 
back  to  the  river  to  take  care  of  Mr.  How- 
land.  Mr.  Church  having  a  niimi  to  try 
wliut  metal  he  was  made  uf,  imparted  his 
notion  tu  the  Indians  thut  were  with  him, 
nnd  gave  them  directions  how  to  net  their 
i.nrts  ;  when  he  came  pretty  near  the  place, 
»nd  his  Englishmen  pretenilcilly  fled, 
•'.  I  their  retreat  towards  the  Indisns 

\i  rsucd  them,  and  they  firing  txr.  fast 

''  uiom.  Mr.  Howland  being  upr.u  his 
Uininl,  hearing  the  guns,  and  by  and  iiy  see- 
ing the  motion  Imth  of  the  Cngliali  and  In- 
dians, concluded  his  friends  were  diiitressed, 
was  soon  on  the  full  career  on  horseback  to 
meet  them,  until  lie  perceiving  their  laugh- 
ing, mistrusted  the  truth.  As  soon  as  Mr. 
Church  had  given  him  ihoncwa,  they  hasten- 
ed itwiiy  to  Awaslionks  Upon  their  arrival, 
they  were  immediately  conducted  to  a  shel- 
ter, open  on  one  side,  tvliither  Awaslionks 
nnd  her  chiefs  soon  came  and  paid  tlieir  re- 
upecta ;  and  the  multitude  gave  shouts  as 
made  the  heavens  to  ring. 

It  being  now  about  sun-setting,  or  near 
the  dusk  of  the  ovbning,  the  Netops  came 
running  from  nil  (|iinrter8  loaden  with  the 

ops  of  dry  pines  and  the  like  combustible 
matter,  making  ii  huge  pile  thereof,  near 
Mr.  Church's  shf.lter,  on  the  open  side  there- 
of;  but  by  this  time  supper  was  brought  in, 
in  three  dishes,  viz.,  n  curious  young  bass  in 
one  dish,  eels  and  flat  (isli  in  a  second,  and 
■hell-fish  in  a  third,  but  neither  bread  nor 
inlt  to  be  seen  at  table  ;  but  by  that  time 
■upper  was  over,  the  mighty  pile  of  pine 
knots  and  top«,  &c.,  was  fired,  and  all  the 
Indian*,  ((mit  and  small  gathered  in  a  ring 
round  it.  Awashonks  with  the  oldest  of  her 
people,  men  and  women  mixed,  kneeling 
down  made  tlin  first  ring  next  the  fire,  nnd 
all  the  lui<ty  stout  men  standing  up  made  the 
next,  and  then  all  the  rabble  in  a  cnnfuseil 
erew  surrounded  on  the  outside.  Then  the 
chief  captain  stepped  in  between  the  rings 
nnd  the  lire,  with  a  spear  in  one  hand,  and 
a  hatchet  in  the  other,  danced  round  the  fire, 
ind  began  to  fight  with  it,  making  mention 
'if  all  the  several  nations  and  compani>:g  of 
Indians  in  the  country  that  were  enemiuc  to 

be  English  ;  and  at  naming  of  cTciy  per- 


ticiilu.'  triiiu  of  Indians,  he  would  draw  nut 
and  'igiit  a  new  fire-bratid,  nnd  at  flniahint> 
hii<  fi'fiit  with  each  particular  flre-br/  ml, 
Would  how  to  him  and  thank  him  nnd 
whi'o  hit  hud  nainiul  all  the  sevrral  nations 
and  trilii'H,  and  fought  them  all  he  stuck 
down  hii«  vpciir  nnd  hatchet,  and  canio  out ; 
and  another  stepped  in  and  noted  over  the 
same  dance,  with  inure  fury  if  possible,  than 
the  first  i  and  when  about  half  a  do/,eii  uf 
iheir  chiefs  had  thus  arted  their  parts,  the 
captain  of  4he  guard  stepped  up  to  Mr. 
Chinch  and  told  lilm,  they  were  making 
•oldiirs  fjr  him,  and  what  they  had  been 
doing  was  all  niio  swearing  of  them,  and 
having  in  that  manner  engaged  all  the  stout 
lusty  men  ;  Awaihonks  and  her  chiefs  came 
to  Mr.  Church,  nnd  told  him,  that  now  they 
were  all  engaged  to  fight  for  the  English, 
nnd  he  might  call  forth  nil,  or  uny  of  them 
at  o.uy  lime  as  he  saw  occasion  tn  fight  the 
enemy ;  nnd  presented  him  with  n  very  fine 
firelock.  Mr.  Church  accepts  their  offer, 
drew  out  a  number  of  them,  and  set  out  next 
morning  licfuru  day  fur  Plymouth,  where 
they  arrived  the  same  day. 

The  governor  being  informed  of  it,  came 
enrly  to  town  next  morning,  and  by  that 
time  he  had  Englishmen  enough  to  make  up 
a  good  company,  when  joined  with  Mr. 
Church's  Indians,  that  offered  their  volun- 
tary service,  to  go  under  his  command  in 
ipiest  of  the  enemy.  The  governor  then 
gave  him  u  commission,  which  is  as  follows  : 

"Captain  Denjamin  Church,  you  arc 
hereby  iiuniinated,  ordered,  commissiotied, 
and  empowered  to  raise  n  company  of  vol- 
unteers of  about  two  hundred  men,  English 
and  Indians  ;  the  English  not  exceeding  the 
number  of  sixty,  of  which  company,  or  so 
many  of  them  as  you  can  obtain,  or  shall  see 
cause  at  present  to  improve,  you  are  to  take 
the  uummaiid  and  conduct,  and  to  lead  them 
forth  now  and  hereafter,  at  such  time,  and 
untb  such  places  within  this  colony,  or  else- 
where, within  the  confederate  colonies,  as 
you  shall  think  fit ;  to  discover,  pursue, 
fight,  surprise,  destroy,  or  subdue  onr  Indian 
enemies,  or  any  part  or  parties  of  them  that 
by  the  providence  uf  (lod  yon  may  meet 
with  ;  or  them,  or  any  of  them,  by  treaty  and 
composition  to  receive  to  mercy,  if  you  see 
reason  (provided  they  be  nut  murderous 
rogues,  or  such  as  have  been  principal  actors 
in  those  vilianies  :)  and  forasmuch  as  your 
company  may  be  uncertain,  and  the  persons 
often  changed,  you  are  also  hereby  em- 
powered, with  the  advice  of  your  company, 
to  choose  and  commissiunate  a  lieutenant, 
and  to  establish  sergeants,  and  corporals  as 
you  see  cause :  And  you  herein  improving 
your  best  judgment  and  discretion  and  ut- 
most ability,  faithfully  to  serve  the  interest 
of  God,  his  majesty's  interest,  nnd  the  in- 
terest of  the  colony  ;  and  carefully  govern- 
ing your  said  company  at  home  nnd  abroad. 
TliesH  shall  be  unto  you  full  and  ample  com- 
mission, warrant  and  discharge.  Given  un- 
der the  public  seal,  this  24th  day  of  July, 
IG76. 

Per  JOS.  WINSLOW,  Gov. 

Receiving  commission,  he  marched  the 
i.nr.e  night  into  ihu  woods,  |;ot  to  Middle- 


borough  before  day,  and  as  soon  ■■  iIk-  li|h> 
appeared,  took  into  the  wood*  and  swampy 
thickets,  towards  ii  place  where  tlisy  had 
soiiin  reason  to  expect  to  meet  with  ii  p.treel 
of  Narraganset  Indians,  with  •nine  oliicra 
that  belonged  to  Mouiit-Hn|ie.  Coming 
near  to  where  they  expected  them,  Ciiptair 
Church's  Indian  scout  discovered  the  enemy, 
and  well  observing  their  fires,  nnd  posturna 
rcturiMid  with  the  intelligence  to  their  nn|> 
tain,  who  gave  such  directions  for  the  iur> 
rounding  of  them,  aa  had  llie  desired  efleot ; 
surprising  them  from  every  side  so  uiiex- 
pvcledly,  that  they  were  oil  taken,  not  to 
much  ua  one  escaped.  And  upon  a  ttriet 
examination,  they  gave  intelligence  of 
another  parcel  of  the  enemy,  at  a  place 
called  Munponaet-Fond.  Captain  Church 
hastened  with  hia  prisoner*  through  th« 
wood*  to  Plymouth,  disposed  of  them  all, 
excepting  only  one  Jeflrery,  who  proving 
wTj  ingenuous  and  faithlul  to  him,  in  in- 
forming where  other  parcels  of  Indiana  har- 
boured ;  Captain  Church  promised  him,  that 
if  he  continued  to  be  faithful  to  him,  lie 
should  not  be  sold  out  of  the  country,  but 
should  be  liii  waiting  man,  to  take  care  of 
his  horse,  &c.  and  uccordingly  he  served 
him  faithfully  ns  long  aa  he  lived. 

But  Captain  Church  waa  forthwith  lent 
out  again,  and  the  term*  for  hii  encourage- 
ment being  concluded  on,  viz.,  That  tlia 
country  ahould  find  them  ammunition  and 
provision,  and  have  half  the  prisonera  nnd 
arms  they  took ;  the  captain  and  hi*  Eng- 
lish soldier*  to  have  the  other  half  of  tlie 
prisoners  and  arms,  and  the  Indian  *oldiera 
the  loose  plunder.  Poor  encouragement  I 
But  after  some  time  it  wa*  mended. 

They  soon  captured  the  Munponsets,  ' 
and  brought  them  in,  not  one  eacaping^ 
This  stroke  ho  held  several  woeKi^  never  re- 
turning empty  handed.  When  he  wnn'cd 
intelligence  of  their  kennelling  placea,  hd 
would  march  to  some  place  likely  to  meet 
with  some  traveller*  or  r.^nblom  ah  1  aca 
tering  hi*  company,  woulii  U^  close ;  <ind 
seldom  lay  above  n  day,  or  two,  at  the  most, 
before  some  of  them  would  fall  into  their 
hands,  whom  he  would  compel  to  inform 
where  their  company  was ;  and  ro  by  hia 
method  of  secret  and  sudden  surprise*  took 
great  numbers  of  them  prisoner*. 

The  government  observing  hia  extraordi- 
nary courage  and  conduct,  and  the  success 
from  heaven  added  to  it,  saw  cause  to  en- 
large his  commission  ;  gave  him  power  to 
raise  and  dismiss  his  forces,  as  he  should 
see  occasion  ;  to  conimissionate  officer*  un- 
der him,  nnd  to  march  ns  far  as  he  should 
see  cause,  within  the  limits  of  the  three  uni- 
ted colonies :  To  receive  to  mercy,  give  quar- 
ter, or  not ;  excepting  some  particular  and 
noted  murderers:  viz.  Philip  and  all  that 
were  at  the  destroying  of  Mr.  Clark'*  garri 
son,  nnd  some  few  others. 

Major  Bradford  being  now  at  Taunton 
with  his  army,  nnd  wanting  provisions, 
some  carta  were  ordered  from  Plymouth  for 
their  supply,  and  Captain  Church  to  guard 
them  ;  but  he  obtained  other  guard*  fur  the 
carts,  as  far  as  Middleborough,  ran  before 
with  a  small  company,  hoping  to  meet  with 
some  of  the  enemy,  appointing  the  cart*  nnd 
their  guards  to  meet  with  them  ut  Neniua- 


KINO  PHILIP'S  WAR. 


t 


«M|*  kboMt  mi  iMMr  after  luii**  ri*ing  n»xt 
■onilnit  Im  nrrivad  ihera  nhuut  the  break- 
tan  uf  tli*  ditylifht,  diicovered  n  cnmpnnjr  tif 
lb*  enemjr ;  but  hie  time  wae  tcMi  <hnrt  to 
wait  for  gaining  adrantoge,  nnil  tliorerurn 
ran  right  in  upon  them,  eurpriiud  and  oiipti- 
rated  about  10  of  them,  who,  upon  exnminn- 
linn,  informed,  that  Titpaquin,  n  yuty  fumoun 
eaplain  among  the  enemy  woe  nt  Awuwoinp- 
•et,t  with  a  numerouf  company. 

But  the  carts  muet  now  be  guarded,  and 
iIm  opportunitr  of  riiiling  Tiipaquin  muit 
now  b«  laid  otide  i  The  caru  are  to  be  faith- 
Ailljr  guarded,  letl  Tbpaquin  should  attack 


Coaingtowards  Taunton,  Captain  Church 
taking  two  man  with  liim,  made  all  speed  to 
lb«  town  t  and  coming  to  the  river  side,  he 
hallooed,  and  inaUinng  of  them  that  came  to 
the  river,  for  Major  Bradford,  or  liis  cnp- 
taihs ;  he  was  informed  thejr  were  in  the  town, 
at  the  tavern.— lie  told  them  of  the  carts  timt 
were  eoming,  that  be  hod  the  cumber  of  fiuard- 
ing  them,  which  already  prevented  his  im- 
proving opportunities  of  doing  service. — 
Prajred  therefore  that  a  guard  might  be  sent 
over  to  receive  the  caru,  that  he  might  be  nt 
liLertjr ;  refusing  nil  invitations  and  persua- 
sions to  go  over  to  the  tavern  to  visit  the 
m^or:  he  at  length  obtained  a  guard  to  re- 
ceive the  carts ;  by  whom  also  he  sent  his 
piisoners,  to  be  conveyed  with  the  cnrts,  to 
Pl/mottth,  directing  them  not  to  return  by  the 
way  they  came,  but  by  Bridgwater. 

Hastening  back,  he  proposed  to  cnmp  that 
niglit  at  Assawompset  neck..  Uut  as  soon 
as  they  came  to  the  river  that  runs  into  the 
graot  pond  through  the  thick  swamp,  nt  the 
entering  of  the  neck,  the  enemy  firi-d  upon 
them,  but  hurt  not  a  man.  Captain  Chnrcli'a 
Indians  ran  right  into  the  swamp,  and  fired 
upon  them,  but  it  being  in  the  dusk  of  the 
evening,  the  enemy  made  their  escape  in 
the  thickets :  the  captain  tlien  moving  about 
a  mile  into  the  neck,  took  the  advantage  of  n 
•inoll  vulley  to  feed  his  horses ;  some  held 
the  horses  by  the  bridles,  the  rest  on  the 
guard  looked  sharp  out  for  the  enemy,  with- 
in hearing  on  every  side,  and  some  very  neur ; 
but  in  the  dead  of  the  night,  the  enemy  be- 
ing out  of  hearing,  or  still,  Cnptuin  Church 
moved  out  of  the  neck,  (not  the  same  way 
he  came  in,  lest  he  should  be  ainbuscadoed) 
towards  Cushnet,}  wliere  nil  the  houses  were 
burnt;  and  crossing  Cushnet  river,  being 
eitremcly  fatigued  with  two  niglits  and  one 
day's  ramble  without  rest  or  sleep ;  and  ob- 
serving good  forage  for  their  horses,  the  cap- 
tain concluded  upon  baiting,  and  taking  a 
nap :  setting  six  men  to  wntcli  the  pasgajre 
of  the  river,  two  to  watch  nt  a  time,,  while 
tne  others  slept,  and  so  to  tak«^  their  turns, 
while  the  rest  of  the  company  went  into  a 
thicket,  to  sleep  under  the  guard  of  two  sen 
tinels  more.  But  the  whole  company  being 
very  drowsy,  soon  forgot  their  dunjfer,  and 
were  fast  asleep,  sentinels  and  all.  The 
captain  first  awakes,  looks  up,  and  judges 
he  hod  slept  four  hours,  which  being  longer 
than  he  designed,  immediately  rouses  his 
company,  and  sends  away  a  file  to  sec  what 
was  become  of  the  watch  nt  the  passage  of 
llie  river,  but  they  no  sooner  opened  the  riV' 


'  Nsw  Rsyiiluai  *  lu  Miilillckoraugh.  t  Iii  Uarliuuuth. 


er  in  sight,  but  they  discovered  a  company 
of  the  enemy  viewing  of  their  tracks,  where 
they  came  iniotheneolii  ('nptain  Church,  and 
lhos«i  with  him,  soon  dit|H>rs('d  into  iImi  liruah 
on  each  side  of  the  way,  wliilo  the  lilo  sent 
got  undiscovered  to  the  passage  of  the  river, 
and  found  their  wnleh  nil  I'lut  asleep  i  but 
ihusi)  tidings  thoronglily  awakened  the  whole 
company.  But  the  enemy  giving  llieni  no 
present  disturbance,  tliiiy  examined  their 
knapsacks,  and  Inking  a  little  rerrrihinent, 
the  oaptiiin  orders  one  party  to  guard  the 
horses,  and  the  otiicr  to  scout,  who  soon 
met  with  a  track,  and  following  of  it,  they 
were  brought  to  a  small  company  of  In- 
dians who  proved  to  be  Little  Eyes,  and 
family,  and  near  relations,  who  were  of  Hog- 
konnte,  but  had  forsaken  their  countrymen, 
u|H>n  their  making  ponce  with  the  Knglinh. 
Suine  of  Ciiptnin  Cliurch's  Indians  asked  him, 
If  he  did  not  know  this  fellow  t  Told  him, 
tin-  is  the  rogue  that  would  have  killed  you  nt 
Awiishonk's  dunce  ;  and  signified  to  him  that 
now  he  had  an  opiwrtunity  to  be  revenged 
on  him.  But  the  captain  tolfl  them,  it  was 
not  Englishmen's  fashion  to  seek  revenge ; 
and  that  he  should  have  the  same  qunrter 
the  rest  had.  Moving  to  the  river  side,  they 
found  an  old  canoe,  with  which  the  captain 
ordered  Little  Eyes  and  his  company  tu  be 
carried  over  to  an  island ;  telling  him,  ho 
would  leave  him  on  that  island  until  he  re- 
turned ;  and  lest  the  English  should  light  on 
them,  and  kill  tlioin,  he  would  leave  his  cou- 
sin Light-fool  (whom  the  English  knew  to  be 
their  friend)  to  be  his  guard.  Little  Eyes 
expressed  himself  yery  thankful  to  the  cap- 
tain, lie  leaving  his  orders  with  Light-foot, 
returns  to  the  river  side,  towards  I'onegan- 
set,  to  Russell's  orchard ;  coming  near  the 
orchard,  they  clapped  into  u  thicket,  and 
there  lodged  the  rest  of  the  night  without 
any  fire ;  and  upon  the  mornii)g  light  appear- 
ing, moves  towards  the  orchard,  discovers 
soincof  the  enemy,  who  had  been  there  the 
day  before,  and  had  beat  down  all  the  apples, 
and  carried  them  awny ;  discovered  also 
where  they  had  lodged  that  niglit,  and  saw 
the  ground  where  they  set  their  baskets 
bloody,  being,  as  they  supposed,  and  us  it 
was  afterwards  discovered  to  be,  with  the 
flesh  of  swine,  Ac  which  they  had  killed 
that  day.  They  hud  lain  under  the  fences 
without  any  fires,  and  seemed,  by  the  marks 
they  l?ft  behind  them,  to  be  very  numerous  ; 
perceived  also  by  the  dew  on  the  grass,  that 
they  had  not  been  long  gone  ;  and  therefore 
moved  apace  in  pursuit  of  them.  Travelling 
three  miles,  or  more,  they  came  into  the 
country  road,  where  the  track  parted,  one 
parcel  steered  towards  the  west  end  of  the 
great  cedar  swamp,  and  the  other  to  the  east 
end.  The  captain  halted,  and  told  his  In- 
dian soldiers,  that  they  had  heard,  as  well 
as  he,  what  some  men  had  said  nt  Plymouth, 
about  them,  itc.  That  now  was  n  good  oppor- 
tunity for  each  party  to  prove  themselves : 
the  track  being  divided,  they  should  follow 
one,  and  the  English  the  other,  bcin<r  e<pinl 
in  numlier.  The  Indians  declined  the  mo- 
tion, and  were  not  willing  to  move  anywhere 
without  him  ;  said,  they  should  not  think 
themselves  safe  without  him.  Uut  the  cup- 
tain  insisting  upon  it,  they  Nubmittcd  ;  he 
gave  the  Indians  their  choice  to  follow  wliich 


truck  thev  pleased  |  they  replied,  ihty  wot* 
light,  and  able  to  travel  t  iherafora,  if  iia 
pli'ased,  they  would  take  the  wst  Irnek. 
And  apfHiinting  the  ruli.s  of  John  Cook'* 
house  at  Cushnet,  for  the  place  to  inert  nl| 
each  company  set  nut  briskly  to  trv  their  fcr< 
tnnes.  ('aptuin  (/hureh,  with  his  English 
soMiers,  followed  their  track  until  they  came 
near  entering  n  miry  swamp,  when  tho 
captain  heard  n  whistle  in  the  rear,  (which 
wus  a  note  for  a  halt)  looking  behind  him, 
he  saw  William  Fobes  start  out  of  the  com* 
pany  und  make  towards  him,  who  hastened 
to  meet  him  as  fast  as  he  could  :  Fobes  told 
him  they  had  discovered  abundance  of  In- 
dians, and  if  he  pleased  to  go  a  few  step* 
back  ho  might  see  them  himself:  he  did  so, 
and  saw  them  across  the  swamp,  observing 
them,  he  perceived  they  were  sathering  whor« 
tie-berrics,  and  that  they  had  no  npprehen 
sions  of  their  being  so  near  them  ;  the  cap> 
tain  supposed  them  to  be  cliiefly  women,  und 
therefore  calling  out  Mr.  Oilluno,  who  was 
acquainted  with  the  ground,  nnd  the  Indian 
lanvnage,  nnd  another  named  Mr.  Darns; 
with  these  two  men  he  tnkoe  right  through 
the  swamp  as  fast  ns  he  could,  and  orders  the 
rest  to  hasten  after  them.  Captain  Church, 
with  Dillano  and  Barns,  having  good  horses, 
spurred  on,  and  were  soon  amongst  the  thick* 
est  of  the  Indians,  and  out  of  sight  of  their 
own  men.  Among  the  enemy  was  an  Indian 
woman,  who  witn  her  husband  had  been 
drove  nflffrom  Rhode  Island,  nntwithstandint 
they  had  an  house  upon  Mr.  .Sanforrl's  .and, 
and  hud  planted  an  orchard  liefore  the  war ; 
yet  the  inlialiitants  would  not  lie  satisfied  till 
tliey  were  sent  off;  and  Captain  Church,  niih 
his  family,  living  then  at  the  said  Saufind's, 
came  acquainted  with  them,  who  thought  it 
very  hard  to  turn  off  such  old  quiet  people  i 
but  in  the  end  it  proved  a  providence  and  an 
advantage  to  him  and  his  family,  as  you  may 
sec  afterwards.  This  Indian  womari  knew 
Cnptuin  Church,  and  us  soon  as  she  knew  him, 
held  up  both  her  hands,  nnd  came  running 
towards  him,  crying  niond.  Church,  Church, 
(vliurch.  Captain  Church  bid  her  stopthe  rest 
of  the  Indians,  and  tell  them,  the  way  to  save 
their  lives  was  not  to  run,  but  yield  them 
selves  prisoners,  and  he  would  not  kill  them  ; 
so  with  her  help  and  Dillano's,  who  :onlil 
call  to  them  in  their  own  language,  many  of 
them  stopped  nnd  surrendered  thcmseKes, 
others  scampering  nnd  casting  nway  their 
baskets,  &c.,  betook  themselves  to  the 
thickets,  but  Cuptiun  Church  being  on  horse 
back,  soon  came  up  with  them,  and  laid  hohl 
of  n  gun  that  wus  in  the  hand  of  one  of  the 
foremost  of  the  company,  pulled  it  from  him, 
and  told  him  he  must  go  buck.  And  when 
he  had  turned  them,  he  begun  to  look  about 
him  to  see  where  he  was,  and  what  was  be- 
come of  his  company,  hoping  they  might  be 
all  as  well  emph>yed  as  himself,  but  could 
find  none  but  Dillano,  who  was  busy  gather- 
ing up  prisoners.  The  captain  drove  bia 
that  he  had  stopped  to  the  rest,  inquiring  of 
Dillano  for  their  ccnnpuny,  but  could  have 
no  news  of  them  ;  but  moving  buck  picked 
up  now  nnd  then  a  skulking  prisoner  by  the 
way.  When  they  cnmc  near  the  place  where 
they  first  started  the  Indians,  they  discovered 
their  company  standing  in  a  body  together, 
u,,^  f'-'Hulicu  ooifio  few  prisoners;  vhen 


KINO    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


eiir,  ^wliich 
ifliimi  him. 


III,  ihty  »«• 
ttton,  if  im 

wit  Irnek. 
John  Cu«)k'ii 

to  inert  nt, 
trir  ihitir  fcr- 

hi»  Eii||ltih 
til  thny  ciiroa 
,  whrn  tho 
reiir, 
bfhiti 

of  the  com- 
vlio  liiMlonail 
t  Fob«ii  told 
dnnce  of  ln« 

n  fbw  itupt 
ft  ho  did  Ml, 
ip,  obierving 
livriiig  wlior* 
lo  nppruhon 
im ;  tlio  cnp> 
woincn,  uiid 
no,  wlin  wait 
il  tlie  Indian 

Mr.  Dnrnt; 
Iglit  through 
lid  order*  tho 
nin  Church, 
good  lioriM, 
IjfHt  the  thick- 
ilglit  of  their 
111  an  Indian 
id  hitd  be«n 
withataiidinx 
iiforrl'*  .*ua, 
ore  the  war ; 
a  intiafied  till 
Church,  « iih 
id  SHufiiid's, 

0  thought  it 
juif  t  pi-oplfl  t 
lunce  nnd  an 
,  as  you  niiiy 
'omnn  knew 
lie  knew  liiin, 
ime  running 
rch,  Church, 

stop  the  rest 
J  wiiy  to  save 

yield  them 
ot  kill  tlieni ; 

who    20tllll 

ige,  miiny  of 

thcinKKcii, 

nwiiy  their 

ves    to    the 

ng  on  hofiie 

iiid  Inid  hohl 

'  one  of  the 

it  from  him, 

And  when 

t  look  nhout 

hnt  was  l>e- 

ey  might  he 

f,  hut  could 

buHy  gather- 

1  drove  bin 
inquiring  of 
could  hnvu 

tinck  picked 
goner  hy  the 
pince  where 
y  discovered 
idy  together, 
incrs;  vhen 


Nwy  MW  tlitlr  Mtttaln  ib«y  hiwtuned  to  meet 
him  ;  th(7  told  h'lnthuy  fmind  Itditliuultgtit- 
ling  through  the  switiiip,  and  nvilhur  leuiiig 
nor  hvitriiig  anv  thing  of  him,  thtiy  conulud- 
•d  tliti  I'lioinv  had  klllud  him,  uiid  were  ut  u 
gn-at  los*  whut  to  do. 

Iluvliig  liroiight  thoir  prisoiinr*  together 
(li«y  fiMiiid  they  had  taken  and  kiili'd  itlxiy. 
MX  of  the  enemy.  I'liptnin  Ciiurchthuii  niikiMl 
tlie  old  M|imw,  whut  cnmpuny  thuy  bulongiMl 
unUt  ?  Hhti  Kald,  they  liulunged  pnrt  to  I'hilip, 
and  piirt  to  Qunniimihi  aiul  tliu  NarrugiinsL't 
Hui'liuiii,  dincovi^rfd  almi,  u|)<)n'her  duolara- 
tioii,  that  both  Philip  and  Quiumppin  wore 
about  two  mites  oft,  in  the  gruut  oudur 
■wamp}  ho  Inquired  of  her,  wliat  company 
they  had  with  theint  She  answered,  abun- 
dance of  Indians.  The  swamp,  she  said, 
was'full  of  Indians  from  ono  end  unto  tliu 
other,  that  were  settled  there,  that  there  were 
near  a  hundred  men  oamo  from  tho  swamp 
with  them,  and  loll  thum  upon  that  plain  to 
gather  whortlo-lierries,  and  proiiiivieil  to  call 
thuiii  as  they  came  bock  out  of  Scontiuiit- 
Nvck  ;  whither  they  wont  to  kill  cattle  and 
horHos  for  provisiuiiM  for  tho  company.  8iio, 
perceiving  Captain  Churok  move  towards  the 
nick,  told  him,  if  they  wont  that  way  tlioy 
would  all  be  killed.  Ho  askod  her,  whoru- 
aliuut  they  crossed  tlie  river?  Shu  oointeil  to 
tliu  upper  passing  place.  Upon  which  Cii|i- 
lain  Cliurcn  passed  over  so.  low  down  a^  liu 
tliiiiijjht  it  not  probable  they  should  meet  with 
his  track  in  tneir  return ;  and  hastened  to- 
wards  tlie  island,  wliere  ho  loft  Little  £y(>s 
with  Light-foot.  Finding  a  convniunt  placu 
by  thu  river  side  for  souiiring  his  prisioiu'rs, 
Captain  Church  and  Mr.  Dillanowent  down 
to  see  what  was  become  of  Gtptnin  Lii;ht-fo<)t, 
and  the  prisoners  lofl  in  his  chargu.  Light-font 
seeing  and  knowing  them,  soon  camu  over 
with  Tiis  broken  canoe,  and  informed  them, 
that  he  had  seen  that  day  about  oiio  hundred 
men  of  the  enemy  f;o  down  into  Sconticiit- 
Neck,  and  that  tlie;'  were  now  ruturning 
•gain :  upon  which  tlicy  thrcu  ran  down  ini- 
mvdislely  to  a  meadow  wlicrc  Light-foot  said 
tliu  Indians  bad  passed,  where  they  not  only 
i>aw  their  tracks,  but  also  them :  wlioroupon 
they  |py  close  until  the  oneiny  came  into  the 
said  meadow,  and  tho  foremost  set  down  his 
loud  and  halted,  until  all  tho  company  came 
up,  and  then  took  up  their  loads  and  marched 
again  the  same  way  that  tliey  camo  down  in- 
to the  neck,  which  was  the  nearest  way  unto 
thoir  camp ;  hnd  they  gone  the  other  way 
along  the  river,  they  could  not  have  missed 
CapUkin  Church's  tracks,  which  would  doubt- 
less have  exposed  tiiom  to  the  loss  of  their  pri- 
soners, if  not  of  their  lives.  But  as  soon  us 
the  couHt  was  clear  of  thom,  the  captain  sends 
his  Light-foot  to  fetch  his  prisoners  from  the 
island,  while  he  and  Mr.  Dillano  returns  to 
tho  company,  nent  part  of  them  to  conduct 
Light-foot  and  his  company  to  tho  aforesaid 
meadow,  whern  Captain  Church  and  hia 
company  met  them.  Crossing  tho  ciieinius' 
track  they  made  all  hasto  until  they  got 
over  Mattapoisot  river,*  near  about  four 
miles  beyond  the  ruins  of  Cook's  house, 
where  he  appointed  to  meet  his  Indian  coin- 
puny,  whither  he  sent  Dillano  with  two 
nior*  to  meet  them  ;  ordering  them,  that  if 

*  in  Boeh«it«r. 


the  Indians  were  not  arrived  to  wait  fur  them. 
Accordingly,  finrling  no  Indian*  there,  they 
waited  until  late  in  thu  niuht,  when  they  ar- 
rived wllli  their  booty.  They  dispatched  a 
post  to  their  captain,  togivonim  an  account 
of  their  success  ;  but  the  day  broke  before 
tlitsy  camo  to  him  ;  and  when  they  had  com- 
pared successes,  tliey  vory  remarkably  found 
that  tho  numliur  that  each  company  had 
taken  and  slain,  wa<  equal.  Tho  Indians 
liad  killed  three  of  tho  oneiiiv,  and  taken  six- 
ty-three |iriKoiiers,as  the  English  hud  done  be- 
hire  thom.  Both  English  and  Indians  wero 
surprised  at  this  r<>Mi>rkable  providence,  and 
wore  both  parties  rejoicing  at  it ;  being  both 
before  afruid  of  whut  might  have  been  the 
unequal  success  of  tho  parties ;  but  the  In- 
dians had  tho  fortune  to  take  mure  arms 
than  tho  English.  They  told  the  cujitain, 
that  they  hod  missed  a  brave  opportunity  by 
parting;  they  came  upon  a  great  town  of 
the  enemy,  viz.  Captain  Tyasks'  company, 
(Tyasks  was  tho  next  man  to  Philip.)  They 
lirod  upon  tho  cnomy  before  they  were  dis- 
covered, and  run  upon  them  with  a  shout ; 
tho  men  ran  and  lull  their  wives  and  child- 
ren, and  many  of  thum  thoir  guns.  They 
took  Tyasks'  wife  and  son,  and  thought  that 
If  thoir  cufituin  and  the  English  company 
had  been  with  them  tlicy  might  havu  taken 
>iomn  hundreds  of  thom  ;  and  now  they  de- 
termined not  to  part  any  more. 

That  night  Pliiiip sent  (as  aller.vards  thoy 
found  out)  a  great  army  to  waylay  Captain 
('liiirch  at  thu  entering  of  Assawompsut- 
Neck,  expecting  ho  would  have  returned  the 
aamo  way  ho  went  in ;  but  that  was  never  his 
method  to  return  tho  same  way  that  ho  camo ; 
and  at  this  time  going  another  way,  he  escap- 
ed fulling;  into  thu  hands  of  his  enumios.  The 
next  day  they  went  homo  by  Scipican,  and 
got  well  with  their  prisoners  to  I'ly  mouth. 

He  soon  went  out  again,  and  this  stroke  he 
drove  many  weeks ;  and  when  ho  took  any 
number  of  prisoners,  he  would  pick  out  some 
ho  took  a  fancy  to,  and  would  tell  them,  he 
took  a  particular  fancy  to  them,  and  had 
chose  thom  for  himself  to  make  ooldiors  of; 
and  if  any  would  behave  themselves  well,  he 
would  do  well  by  thom,  and  they  should  be 
his  men,  and  not  sold  out  of  the  country.  If 
h(  perceived  they  looked  surly,  and  his  Indian 
soldiers  called  them  treacherous  dogs,  as 
some  of  them  would  sometimes  do,  all  the  no- 
tice ho  would  take  of  it,  would  only  bo  to 
clap  them  on  the  bock,  and  toll  them,  come, 
come,  you  look  wild  and  surly,  and  mutter, 
but  that  signifies  nothing,  these  ir>y  best  sol- 
diers were  a  little  while  ago  as  wild  and  surly 
as  you  are  now  ;  by  that  time  you  have  been 
but  ono  day  along  with  me,  you'll  love  me 
too,  and  bo  as  brisk  as  any  of  thcni  And  it 
proved  so ;  for  llioro  was  none  of  them  but 
(after  thoy  had  been  a  little  while  with  him, 
and  seen  his  behaviour,  and  how  cheerful 
and  successful  his  men  were)  would  be  as 
ready  to  pilot  him  to  any  place  where  the  In- 
dians dwelt,  or  haunted  (though  their  own 
fathers  or  nearest  relations  should  be  among 
them)  or  to  fight  for  him,  as  any  of  his  own 
men. 

Captain  Church  was  in  two  particulars 
much  advontaged  by  the  great  English  army 
that  was  now  abroad.  Ono  was,  that  they 
drove  tho  enemy  down  to  that  part  of  the 


country,  vli.  lo  tho  MMtward  of  Tmnlon  ri> 
ver,  by  which  hia  businwM  wm  nearar  Iwnie^ 
The  other  was,  that  when  be  fell  on  with  • 
push  upon  any  lM>dy  of  the  enemy  (were  they 
never  so  nianv)  they  fled,  expeetlng  the  greal 
army.  And  his  manner  of  marching  through 
tho  woods  was  suob,  ••  If  he  were  diacoverwl, 
they  appeared  to  be  more  than  thev  were ;  fur 
he  ulwayi  marched  at  a  wide  dutanoe  ona 
from  another,  partly  for  their  safety  ;  And 
this  Vas  *n  Indiun  ouitom  to  march  thin  and 
scattered.  Captain  Church  Inquired  of  some 
of  tho  Indians  that  were  become  his  soldiers, 
how  thoy  got  such  advantage  often  of  the  En- 
glish  in  thoir  marches  through  th«  woodsi 
Thoy  told  him,  that  the  Indians  gained  great 
advantage  of  the  English  bv  two  things;  the 
Indians  always  took  care  in  their  mai^cfaea 
and  fights,  not  to  oome  too  thick  together ; 
but  tho  English  always  kept  in  a  heap  toge- 
ther, that  it  was  as  easy  to  hit  them  as  to 
hit  a  house.  The  other  was,  that  if  at  ativ 
time  thev  discovered  a  company  of  English 
soldiers  In  the  woods,  they  knew  that  tnere 
was  all,  for  the  English  never  scattered ;  but 
the  Indians  always  divided  and  scattered. 

Captain  Church  now  at  Plymouth,  some- 
thing or  other  happened  thai  kept  him  at 
home  a  few  days,  until  a  post  came  to  Marsh- 
field  on  tho  Lord's  day  morning,  intiirming 
tho  governor  that  a  great  army  of  Indiana 
were  discovered,  who  It  was  supposed  were 
designing  to  get  over  the  river  towards  Taun- 
ton or  Bridgwater,  to  attack  those  towns  thut 
lay  on  that  side  of  tho  river.  The  governor 
hastened  to  Plymouth,  raised  what  men  he 
could  by  tho  way,  came  to  Plymouth  In  thb 
beginning  of  the  forenoon  exercise  ;  sent  for 
Captain  Church  out  of  the  meeting-house, 
gave  him  the  news,  and  desired  him  immedi- 
ately to  rally  what  of  his  company  he  could ; 
and  what  men  he  had  raised  should  join  thom. 
I'ho  captain  bestirs  himself,  but  found  no 
bread  in  the  store-house,  and  so  was  forced 
to  run  from  house  to  house  to  get  household 
bread  for  their  inarch ;  but  this  nor  any  thing 
else  prevented  his  marching  by  tho  beginning 
of  the  afternoon  exercise.  Marching  with 
what  men  were  ready,  he  took  with  him  tho 
post  that  came  from  Bridgwater  to  pilot  him 
to  the  place,  where  he  thought  he  might  meet 
with  the  enemy.  In  the  evening  they  heard 
a  smart  firing  at  a  distance  from  thom  ;  but 
it  being  near  night,  and  tho  firing  but  of  short 
continuance, they  missed  the  place,  and  went 
into  Bridgwater  town.  It  seems  the  occa- 
sion of  tho  firing  was,  that  Philip  finding 
that  Captain  Church  made  that  siae  of  the 
country  too  hot  for  him,  designed  to  return 
to  the  other  side  of  the  country  that  he  came 
last  from.  And  coming  to  Taunton  river 
with  his  company,  thoy .  felled  a  great  tree 
across  tho  river,  for  a  bridge  to  pass  over  on  ; 
and  just  as  Philip's  old  uncle  Akkompoin, 
and  some  other  of  his  chiefs  were  passing 
over  the  tree,  somo  brisk  Bridgwater  luda 
had  ambushed  them,  fired  upon  them,  and 
killed  tho  old  man,  and  several  others,  which 
put  a  stop  to  their  coming  over  the  river  thut 
night. 

Next  morning  Captain  Church  moved 
very  early  with  his  company,  which  was  in- 
creased,  by  many  of  Bridgwater,  that  enlisted 
under  him  for  that  expedition,  and,  by  their 
piloting,  soon  came  very  sUll  to  the  top  of 


Kiya  riiii.ip'8  war. 


iIm  riwI  in*  wlildl*  iIm  ttiMtny  Imil  Ailluii 
•orOMtiM  river;  anil  iho  eii|ttiiiii  ipk'tl  an 
lD«Uan  (illitiif  OH  ill*  (tump  itl'  ii  on  tli« 
Othur  liile  of  llin  rWer,  niiil  liu  cIiiii|n)iI   liia 

Kuii  up,  untl  linti  itouliilfM  (iDipiitiMKMl  liiiii, 
ut  llml  oua  of  hi*  own  Imiiiinii  ciilkil  liiiatil/ 
in  Ititn,  nul  In  An,  for  lie  liuliRVi'd  it  wn»  onu 
of  llmir  own  men ;  upon  wliicli  the  Iniliiin 
uiMin  Iho  «lunip  looked  iiboul,  anil  rnptiiin 
Churoli'e  Indian  teeing  lii«  fucu  pi-rct-ivt'il 
■lie  miitiike,  for  lie  knew  liiiii  lo  be  Philip, 
ulitpped  Moliifcun  and  fired,  liul  it  wni  Inn 
late,  foi  t'liilip  iiniiiediuteljr  threw  liiniMtlf  o,T 
III*  etunip,  leii|ietl  down  u  bunk  on  the  «idi' 
if  ili«  river,  ond  mode  hie  eioape.  Captain 
Church,  ue  icon  at  poeiible,  got  over  the  ri> 
vur,  and  Mattered  in  queit  nf  Philip  ami  liin 
Gotiipnnjr ;  but  the  enemy  icntlerod  and  fli-d 
over/  way ;  but  he  picked  up  a  ooniideruhle 
iimnr  of  their  women  and  children,  niiinn)i 
which  wat  Fhili,>'e  wife,  and  ion  of  nhoiii 
nine  jreure  old,  Diaeovering  a  coiifideru- 
Itle  new  track  along  the  river,  ond  examin- 
ing the  priionert,  fmind  it  wni  Qiinnnppin 
And  the  Narrngnnioti,  that  were  drawing  tilT 
from  thoM  parti  townrdt  the  Nurnigiin- 
ret  onuntrv ;  lie  inquired  of  the  priioiiern, 
whether  Philip  wa»  gone  in  the  laine  trunk  1 
I'tiey  told  him  they  did  not  know,  for  ho  fled 
ill  M  great  fright  when  the  flrtt  Bnglith  gun 
wui  fired,  and  they  had  none  of  tliein  ifeii 
or  heard  anything  of  him  since.  Captain 
Clinruli  lel\  pun  of  his  company  there  lo  ic- 
euro  the  priwmcrt  they  got,  and  to  pick  up 
what  more  liiey  could  find ;  and  with  the 
r)-«t  of  hit  company  hanlened  in  the  track  of 
lliv  enemy,  to  nvertnke  them,  if  it  might  he, 
lii-rDre  they  got  over  the  river,  and  rnii  tciuiR 
inllei  along  Ine  river,  until  he  cuuie  to  n  place 
wliori!  the  Indinni  hud  wnded  over  ;  mid  he 
with  his  company  waded  over  after  them  up 
lo  the  urni-pilt ;  being  almoit  ni  wet  before 
with  awcnt  nii  the  river  could  innko  tlieiii. 
FoMowiiig  nbout  a  n:ile  fnrtlier,  nnd  not 
overtaking  them,  and  the  cuptiiin  being  un- 
der necessity  to  return  tlint  night  to  the  nr- 
my.  Clime  to  a  halt,  told  his  compnny,  ho 
must  return  to  his  other  men.  His  Iiuliun 
soldiers  moved  for  leave  to  pursue  tli«  cik!- 
my  (though  he  returned ;)  said,  the  Nnrru- 
ganseti  were  grent  rogues,  nnd  they  wnntcil 
to  be  revenged  on  them  for  killing  some  of 
(heir  relations;  named  Tockamonn,  (Awn- 
slinnk's  brother)  and  some  others.  Cnptnin 
Church  bid  them  ffo  and  prosper,  nnd  innile 
Iiightfoot  their  chief,  and  gave  him  the  title 
nf  captain  :  Bid  them  go  nnd  quit  themselves 
like  men.  And  awny  they  scampered  like 
so  many  horses.  Next  morning  early  they 
returned  to  their  i.uptain,  nnd  informed  him, 
that  they  had  come  up  with  the  enemy,  and 
killed  several  nf  thorn,  and  brought  him  thir- 
teen of  them  prisoners ;  were  mighty  proud  of 
their  exploit,  nnd  rejoiced  much  at  the  op- 
portunity of  avenging  themsclve?.  Captain 
Church  sent  the  prisoners  to  Bridgwater, 
and  sent  out  his  scouts  to  see  whnt  enemies 
or  tracks  they  could,  discovering  some  small 
tracks,  he  follows  them,  found  where  the  ene- 
my had  kindled  some  fires,  and  roasted  some 
flesh,  &c.,  but  had  put  out  their  fires  and 
were  gone.  The  captain  followed  them 
by  the  track,  putting  h'n  Indians  in  the 
flront ;  lome  of  which  were  such  as  he  had 
'■ewl||r  taken  from  the  enemy,  ond  added 


lo  his  i-ouipuny.  Mavn  thum  orders  lo  march 
•oAly,  nnd  ii|Hin  liunriiig  u  whistle  In  the  rear, 
tit  sit  down,  till  furilifr  order  t  or,  n|Nm  ditco- 
vcry  nf  any  of  tlin  enemy,  lo  stop,  for  his  de- 
«l|{ii  was.  If  h'*  uould  discover  wlicre  the  eiio- 
my  wi're,  not  lo  I'lill  u|M)ii  llieni  (nnh'ss  lie- 
vrssitalt'd  to  it)  until  next  iiioriiiiig.  The 
liitliiins  ill  ili«  Iront  came  up  with  many  wo- 
men anil  vhildrun,  nnd  others  that  were  fniiit 
und  lired,  and  so  not  ubie  to  keep  up  wiiK 
the  compnny;  these  gave  ttieni  an  iiccotiiu 
that  Philip  with  n  great  number  of  the  fiie- 
iny,  were  a  little  before.  Ciiptiiin  ('hnrch's 
Indians  told  the  others,  they  were  their  iiri- 
soners,  but  if  they  would  submit  lo  order, 
und  Ite  still,  no  one  shouhl  hurt  them !  they 
being  their  old  ncquaintanci',  were  easily 
|iersunded  lo  conform.  A  little  before  sun- 
set there  was  a  bull  in  the  flrcmt,  until  the  cap- 
tain came  up,  they  tohl  him,  they  discovered 
the  enemy.  He  ordered  them  lo  dog  them, 
nnd  watch  their  motion  lilt  it  was  dark. 
liul  Philip  soon  came  to  a  stop,  nnd  fell  to 
breaking  nnd  chopping  wood,  lo  make  fires  ; 
and  a  great  noise  they  made.  Captiiiii 
Cliurch  draws  his  compnny  up  in  a  ring,  nnd 
sui  down  in  the  swamp  without  any  noise  or 
fire.  The  Indian  prisoners  were  much  sur- 
prised to  see  the  English  soldiers ;  but  the 
captain  told  them,  if  they  would  bo  quiet  and 
not  make  any  disturbance  or  noise,  they 
slionid  meet  with  civil  Ireatnieiil ;  but  if  they 
made  any  disturbance,  or  otTered  to  run,  or 
innke  their  escape,  he  would  immediately 
kill  them  all ;  so  they  were  very  submissive 
and  obsequious.  When  the  day  broke.  Cap- 
tain Cliuruli  tuld  his  prisoners,  tliat  liis  ex|Mi. 
iliilon  WAR  such  at  this  time  tliot  ho  cuiUd  not 
iiHnrd  them  any  guard  :  told  them,  they 
would  find  it  to  ho  their  intoreat  to  attend 
the  orders  he  was  now  about  to  give  them  ; 
which  was,  that  when  the  fight  was  over, 
which  they  now  ex|>euted,  or  as  snnn  as  the 
firing  ceased,  they  must  fnljnw  tlie  track  of 
his  compnny,  nnd  come  to  them.  (An  In- 
dian is  next  to  n  blood-hnuiid  to  follow  a 
track.)  He  said  to  them,  it  would  lie  in  vain 
I'nr  them  to  think  nf  disobedience,  nr  to  gain 
any  thing  by  it,  for  he  had  taken  and  killed  a 
grent  many  of  the  Indian  rebels,  and  sliniild 
ill  n  little  time  kill  and  take  nil  the  rest,  \.c. 
Ity  this  time  it  began  to  be  so  liglit,  as  the 
time  that  he  usually  chose  In  make  his  onset. 
He  moved,  sending  two  soldiem  bel'nre,  to  try 
if  they  could  privately  discover  the  enemies* 
postures.  Uut  very  uiilmp|iily  it  fell  out, 
that  the  very  same  time  Pliili|i  hiiil  sent  two 
of  his  as  a  scout  upon  his  own  track,  to  see 
if  none  dogged  them  ;  who  spieil  the  two  In- 
dian men,  nnd  turned  short  about,  and  fled 
with  nil  speed  to  their  camp,  nnd  Captain 
Church  pursued  as  fast  as  he  could.  The 
two  Indians  set  a  yelling  and  howling,  ond 
made  the  most  hideous  noise  they  could  in- 
vent, soon  gave  the  alarm  to  Philip  and  his 
camp  ;  who  all  fled  nt  the  first  tidings,  left 
their  kettles  boiling,  and  meat  roasting  upon 
their  wooden  spits,  nnd  ran  into  a  swamp 
with  no  other  breakfast  than  what  Captuin 
Church  afterwards  treated  them  with.  Cap- 
tain Church  pursuing,  sent  Mr.  Isaac  Itbw- 
laiid  with  n  party  on  one  side  nf  the  swamp, 
while  himself  with  the  rest  ran  on  the  other 
side,  agreeing  to  run  on  each  side,  until  they 
met  on  the  further  end,  placing  some  men  in 


secure  aiands  at  llwl  end  of  ika  iwamp  wnvra 
Philip  entered,  concluding  that  if  lliey  bended 
him  und  Ik'uI  him  back,  ihnl  he  would  tiikn 
hark  in  his  own  track,  raptnin  Church  and 
Mr.  Ilowlniid  soon  met  nt  the  further  end  ol 
ihu  swamp,  (it  not  lM'ii>g  a  great  one)  whera 
lliev  met  wilh  u  grent  nnnilier  of  the  enemy, 
^vell  armed,  eoniiiigout  of  the  swamp;  hut,  o>i 
xiglit  of  the  r.nglisTi,  they  seemed  very  mueli 
turprised  and  lacked  short.  Captain  Church 
called  hastily  to  them,  nnd  said,  if  they  fired 
one  gun  ihev  were  nil  dead  men  ;  fiir  he 
would  have  them  to  know  that  he  had  them 
hemmed  ill,  with  a  force  luflicieiit  to  command 
them ;  hut  if  they  |ieaceiibly  surrendered 
thov  should  have  good  quarter,  &e.  They 
seeing  Ituth  Indians  and  English  come  so 
thick  upon  them,  were  so  surprised  that  mo- 
ny  of  them  stood  still  and  let  the  English 
come  nnd  take  the  guns  out  of  their  linndi, 
whan  they  wera  both  charged  and  cocked. 

Many,  both  men,  women,  ond  children  of 
the  enemy,  were  imprisoned  at  this  time, 
while  Philip,  Tisniiquin,  Totoson,  &c,,  con- 
cluded that  the  f.nglish  would  pursue  them 
upon  their  tracks,  so  were  woylaying  their 
tracks  at  the  first  end  of  the  swamp,  hoping 
thereby  to  gain  a  shot  upon  Captain  Church 
who  was  now  better  employed  in  taking  pris ' 
niiei's,  and  running  them  into  o  vnller,  in 
form  shaped  somelhii  ^  like  a  punch-bowl 
ami  appointing  a  guard  of  two  flies,  treble 
armed  with  guns  taken  from  the  enemy. 
Uut  Philip  having  waited  all  this  while  in 
vain,  now  moves  on  after  the  reit  of  his  cnm- 
panv,  lo  see  what  was  become  of  ihein. 
And  by  this  time  Captain  Church  was  k!<'i 
into  the  swamp  re.vly  lo  meet  him  ;  and  ii« 
it  hopuoned  nmdo  the  first  discovery,  chipped 
behind  n  tree  until  Philip's  company  cnnie 
pretty  near,  nnd  then  fired  upon  them,  killed 
many  of  them,  and  n  close  skirmish  follnw- 
ed.  Upon  this  Philip,  hating  grounds  suffi- 
cient lo  suspect  the  event  of  Ids  compnny 
that  went  before  them,  fled  bock  upon  his 
own  track  ;  and  coming  to  the  place  where 
the  ambush  lay,  they  fired  on  each  other,  and 
niio  l.ucus,  nf  Plvmnuth,  nnt  being  tn  care- 
ful as  ho  might  hnvo  been  nbnnt  his  stand, 
was  killed  by  the  Indians.  In  this  swamp- 
skiriiiish  Captain  Church  with  his  Iwn  men, 
who  always  run  by  his  side  ns  his  guard, 
met  with  three  of  the  enemy,  two  of  which 
surrendered  themselves,  and  the  captain's 
guard  seized  them  ;  but  Iho  other,  being  a 
grent,  stout,  surly  fellow,  with  his  two  loekit 
tied  nil  with  red,  and  a  great  rattle-snake  Mn 
hanging  to  the  linck  part  of  his  h'.ad,  (whoM 
Captain  Church  concluded  tn  be  Totoson  ] 
nm  from  them  into  the  swomp ;  Cnptaia 
Church  in  person,  pursued  him  close,  till 
coming  pretty  near  up  with  him,  presented 
his  gun  between  his  shoulders,  but  it  missing 
fire,  the  Indian  perceiving  it,  turned  and 
presented  at  Captain  Church,  and  missing 
lire  also,  (their  guns  taking  wet  with  the  fog 
nnd  dew  of  the  morning  ;)  but  the  Iniinn 
turning  short  for  another  run,  his  foot  tripped 
in  n  small  grape-vino  and  he  fell  flat  on  his 
face  ;  Captain  Church  was  by  this  time  up 
with  him,  and  struck  the  muzzle  of  his  gun 
an  inch  nnd  n  half  into  the  back  part  of 
his  head,  which  despatched  him  witlioiit  an- 
other blow.  But  Captain  Church  loDkiii!; 
behind  him,  now  Totoson,  the  Indian  whiuu 


KINO    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


iiwimpwni'ra 
iirihi-jritvniicd 
li«  Mituld  liikn 
ill  Church  iiiiii 
furthrr  riul  ol 
'III  one)  wh«r« 
of  Ihu  riipiny, 
\vunip;hiii,o>i 
H'd  very  inucli 
ii|>lniii  Church 
il,  if  tUi-y  flrril 

iiM'ii  t  fur  liu 
t  ho  hml  thrm 
iiilnconiiiiHiitl 
Y  ■urrviKloretl 
r,  Ac.  Tlicy 
Kliih  come  lo 
riifd  that  ma- 
t  iho  Eiiglinh 
>f  their  hniidi, 
nnd  cocked, 
nd  children  of 

at  thif  time, 
■on,  ^,,  con- 
J  punue  them 
»y\aylng  their 
Hramp,  hopinH 

Sain  Church 
taking  prii 
o  n  raller,  in 
t  punch-bowl 

0  iilcf,  trelilu 

1  the  enemy, 
this  wliilf  ill 

)it  of  hit  coin- 
inie  of  iJK'iii. 

Iirch    WIIH     (ri!| 

;  him ;  iiml  ii> 
>very,  cliip|iu(1 
imnany  ciiiiie 
1  tiiem,  killed 
rniiiih  fiillnw- 
ground*  xulH- 
hi»  conipaiiy 
nek  upon   his 

place  where 
ich  other,  and 
winif  io  ciitf- 
lUt  jiif  giiiiid. 

tbii  iwiuiip- 
hii  two  men, 
»  hill  gnnrd, 
wo  of  wliicli 
the  cnptnlii'a 
I  her,  being  n 
liis  two  IocKm 
lc-«nnke  Mn 
head,  (whoij 

h«  Tnloson) 
ip ;  Cuptiiin 
m  close,  till 
m,  presented 
nit  it  mifisinfi 

turned   nnd 

nnd  missing 

with  the  fog 
:  the  In  jinn 
8  foot  tripped 
dl  flat  on  bis 

this  time  up 
le  of  bis  gun 
iock  piirt  of 
I  witlidut  11  n- 
iirch  hiiikiiii; 

iidiiiii  U'hiuii 


tm  UMHight  be  hud  killed,  oume  flying  •!  kini 
llhu  »  drayon  ;  but  this  Imppvtiod  to  be  fulr 
In  Klghl  1)1'  lliu  gimi'd  tliikt  wvra  set  to  kuep 
Ibu  priiuiiirrs,  who,  Miiyliig  Totoson  nnd 
utherM  thiit  were  folluwliig  iiiiii,  in  the  vtiry 
■tfiuiinnblu  iiiiieliiru  iiiimIi-  u  shut  upon  tlioni, 
•nd  reMiied  iliuir  eupiitln ;  though  he  wan  in 
no  mniill  dangi-r  fi'oiii  lil«  IVIeiidn'  liuilotis  fur 
soniu  i>f  theiii  eiinxi  mi  iieiir  him  llmt  liu 
iLought  he  felt  thu  wind  ot  them.  The  sl<ir- 
mith  lieiiig  over,  tlivy  gittliered  (heir  prison- 
er* together,  niicl  found  the  number  thoy  hud 
killed  and  taken  wim  one  hundred  and  sevun- 
ty-three,  (the  prisoners  which  they  took  over 
night  Included)  whoafkurtbe  skirmish, came 
tu  them  ns  they  were  ordered. 

Now  huving  nu  provision*  but  what  they 
tiMik  from  tiio  enoiny,  they  hiwtenud  to 
Briilgwuter,  sending  nnexpreiw  bclore  to  pro- 
fide  fur  them,  their  eompiiny  lieiiig  now  very 
eumerous.  The  gentlemen  of  Itridgwuter 
mulCnplitin  Chiireb  with  great  expressions  of 
honor  and  thanks,  and  received  him  and  his 
army  with  ell  due  respect  and  kind  truiitment. 

Captain  Church  drove  his  prisoners  that 
night  int>)  Ilridgwiiter  pound,  and  set  his  In- 
dian soldiers  to  guard  them.  They  being 
Well  treated  with  v  ictuals  uiid  ilrinl<,  tliey  liitd 
a  merry  night;  and  tliu  prisoners  laughed  us 
loud  as  the  soldiers,  not  being  so  treated  u 
lung  time  before. 

8»iiie  of  the  Indiiuis  now  said  to  Captain 
Cliureh,  Sir,  you  have  now  made  Philip  ready 
to  die,  for  you  have  madu  lilm  ns  poor  and 
miserable  as  he  used  to  make  the  English  ; 
ior  you  have  now  killed  or  taker  all  Ilia  rv 
lutlons.  That  they  believed  he  would  now 
«ooii  have  his  bend,  nnd  that  this  boul  hud  al- 
most broke  his  heart. 

The  next  day  Captain  Church  tnoved  nnd 
arrived  with  all  his  prisoners  safe  nt  Ply- 
mouth.  The  great  English  army  was  new 
nt  Tiuinton,  nnd  Major  Talcot,  with  the 
Connecticut  forces,  being  in  these  parts  of 
tiie  country,  did  considentbto  spoil  upon  the 
enemy. 

Now  Captain  Church  being  arrived  at  Ply- 
month  received  thanks  from  the  government 
for  his  good  service,  dee.;  many  of  his  Huldiurs 
were  disbanded  ;  and  he  tliought  to  rest  him- 
self awhile,  being  much  fatigued,  nnd  bis 
health  impaired  by  excessive  beats  and  colds, 
iind  wading  Ibruiigii  rivers,  &u.  Hut  it  was 
not  long  before  ho  was  culled  upon  to  rally, 
upon  advice  that  some  of  the  enemy  were 
discovered  in  Dartmouth  woods.  lie  took 
his  Indians,  and  as  many  English  volunteers 
as  presented,  to  go  with  him  ;  and  scatter- 
ing into  small  parcels,  Mr.  Jabez  Howland 
(who  was  now,  and  often,  his  lieutenant,  and 
A  worthy  good  soldier)  had  the  fortune  to  dis- 
cover and  imprison  a  parcel  of  the  enemy. 
In  the  evening  they  met  together  at  nn  ap- 
pointed place,  and  by  examining  the  prison- 
ers, they  gained  intelligcnRQ  of  Totoson's 
haunt ;  nnd  being  brisk  in  the  morning,  they 
soon  gained  an  nd  vantage  of  Totoson's  com- 
pany, though  he  himself  with  his  son  of  about 
cighi.  years  old  made  their  escape,  and  one 
bid  «i[uaw  with  them,  to  Aguwom,  his  own 
country  ;  but  Sam  Barrow,  us  noted  a  rogue 
ns  any  among  the  enemy,  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  English  at  this  time.  Captain  Church 
told  him,  that  bt^cause  of  his  inhuman  mui-- 
don  and  barbarities,  the  court  had  allowed 


him  no  i|uart«r,  but  wa*  to  be  forthwith  put 
to  death,  imd  therefore  he  was  tu  prepare  fur 
It.  Harrow  replied,  that  the  sentence  of 
death  against  him  was  Just,  and  that  indeed 
lie  was  ashamed  to  live  any  longer,  and  de- 
sired no  more  favour  than  to  smoke  a  wbilfof 
lobiu-eo  before  his  execution.  When  he  had 
liikun  a  few  whlir«,  he  suiti  ho  was  reaily  ; 
upon  which  one  of  Captain  C'huroh'a  Indiana 
sunk  his  huti'liot  Into  >|I»  I  Ins.  The  fiv 
muiM  Tolosoii  arriving  at  Aguwom,*  bis  son, 
which  was  the  lust  that  was  let>,  oi  the  family, 
(Contain  Church  having  destroyed  all  the 
rent)  fell  sick ;  the  wretch,  rulleeting  upon 
the  miserable  condition  he  had  brought  him- 
self into,his  heart  became  a  stone  within  hlin, 
and  died.  The  old  sipiuw  Hung  a  few  leaves 
and  brush  over  him,  and  came  into  Hund- 
wieh,  and  gave  this  account  of  his  death,  and 
ollered  to  show  them  where  she  letl  his  body  ; 
but  never  hud  thi  opportunity,  for  she  imme- 
diately fell  sicl'  and  died  also. 

Captain  Cburch  being  now  at  Plymouth 
ngain,weary  and  wurii,would  have  gone  homo 
to  his  wife  and  family,  but  the  government 
being  Boliuitous  to  engage  him  In  the  service 
until  Philip  was  slain,  and  promising  satis- 
faction and  redress  for  some  mistreatment 
that  ho  hud  niut  with  ;  he  fixes  fur  another 
expeditiun.  He  hud  soon  volunteers  enough 
tu  iiiuke  up  the  cumpuiiy  ho  desired,  and 
marched  througli  the  woods  until  ho  came  to 
Pocusset ;  and  not  seeing  or  hearing  of  any  of 
the  enemy  they  went  over  the  ferry  to  Uhode- 
Isluiid,  tu  refresh  themselves.  The  captuin 
with  ubont  half  a  doieii  in  bis  company,  took 
horse  and  rid  about  eight  miles  down  the 
island,  to  Mr.  Sunfoid's,  where  ho  had  led 
his  wife ;  wlio  no  sooner  saw  him  but  fainted 
with  surprise;  and  bv  that  tiino  she  was  a 
I  iittlu  revived,  they  spied  two  horsemen  com- 
ing a  great  pi. "«.  Captain  Church  told  his 
company  tliat  i^'oso  men  (by  their  riding) 
came  with  tiding'.  When  thoy  came  up 
they  proved  to  bo  ii'njor  Sandford  and  Cap- 
tui.i  Uoldiiig ;  who  in  mediately  asked  Cap- 
tain Church,  what  he  would  f!>">  to  hox" 
some  now'i  of  Philip?  iJo  replied,  that  was 
what  ho  wanted.  They  told  him,  they  hud 
rid  hard  with  some  hopes  of  overtaking  him, 
nnd  were  now  coino  on  purpose  to  inform 
him,  that  there  was  just  now  tidings  from 
Mount-Uope ;  an  Indian  came  down  from 
thence  (where  Philip's  camp  now  was)  on 
to  Siuid-point,  over  against  Trip's  and  hal- 
looed, and  mado  signs  to  bo  fetched  over;  and 
being  fetched  over,  he  reported  that  be  was 
fled  from  Philip,  who  (said  he)  has  killed 
my  brother  just  before  I  camo  away,  for  giv- 
ing somo  advice  that  displeased  him.  And 
said,  ho  was  fled  for  fear  of  meeting  with  the 
same  his  brother  had  met  with.  Told  them 
also,  that  Philip  was  now  in  Mount-Hopo 
necli.  Captain  Church  thanked  them  fur 
their  good  news,  and  said,  he  hoped  by  to- 
morrow morning  to  have  the  rogue's  head. 
The  horses  that  ho  and  bis  company  came 
on,  standing  at  tho  door,  (for  they  had  not 
been  unsaddled)  his  wife  must  content  her- 
self with  a  short  visit,  when  such  game  was 
ahead ;  they  immediately  mounted,  set  spurs 
to  their  horses,  and  away. 


e  Sevonil  pinoes  were  culled  Asawom ;  ns  at  Ips- 
wich, nnd  Springfield.  This  Agawom lies  in  Wnro' 
bam. 


I'ho  two  gentloinen  tiiat  brought  Mm  Ik* 
tMlngs,  told  him,  they  would  gladly  watt  up< 
ixi  him  to  see  thu  event  of  the  expedition  i  b* 
I  bunked  them,  and  told  them,  b«  should  b« 
as  liind  of  their  o<ini|Ninv  an  any  men's ;  and 
(ill  short)  tliey  went  with  him.  And  they 
ware  soon  at  Trip's  ferrv  (with  CapUir 
Church's  company)  where  the  desarter  wna  , 
who  was  a  fellow  of  gimd  sense,  and  told 
hiji  story  huiidsoinaly,  I  la  olleraid  Captain 
ChuCeh  to  pilot  him  lo  Philip,  and  to  help 
to  kill  him,  that  he  might  revenaa  bit  bro< 
ther'a  death.  Told  him,  that  Philip  was 
now  upon  a  llttio  spot  of  upland,  that  waa 
In  the  south  end  of  tha  mlrv  awamp,  just  at 
the  foot  of  tho  Mour,^  which  waa  a  apot 
of  ground  that  Caiitain  Church  waa  well 
acquaintea  with.     Ily  that  tima  they  war* 

got  over  tha  fitrry,  and  oama  near  the  ground, 
ulf  the  night  was  spent.  The  oaptain  com- 
mands a  halt,  and  bringing  tha  company  toge- 
ther, he  asked  Major  8andford'a  and  Cap- 
tain Uolding's  advliM},  what  method  waa  best 
to  take  in  making  the  onset,  but  thoy  declin- 
ed giving  him  any  advice,  telling  him,  that 
his  great  oxfierienco  and  success  forbid  iheir 
taking  up.m  ibem  to  give  advice.  Then 
Giptuin  Chiiruh  oll'erod  C'aptuin  Uolding  that 
ho  should  have  the  liunuur  (if  he  would  pleaso 
tu  accept  of  it)  to  lH<at  up  I'hiiip's  head  uiiar- 
ters.  IIo  accepted  the  oifer,  and  baa  liU 
allotted  number  drawn  out  tu  him,  and  tha 
pilot.  Captain  Church's  instructions  to  hint 
were,  to  be  very  careful  in  his  approach  tu 
the  eneinv,  and  lie  sure  not  tu  show  bimsi'lf 
until  by  daylight  they  might  see  and  discern 
their  own  men  from  the  enemy  ;  told  him 
also,  tliut  his  custom  in  like  cases  was,  to 
creep  with  his  company  on  their  bellies,  un- 
til they  oame  as  near  as  they  oould ;  and 
that  us  soon  as  tho  enemy  discovered  them 
they  would  cry  out ;  and  that  waa  the  word 
for  his  men  to  Are  and  (all  on.  Directed  him 
when  the  enemy  should  start  and  take  into 
the  swamp,  they  should  pursue  with  speed, 
every  man  shouting  and  making  what  nol*« 
thav  could  ;  for  he  would  give  orders  to  his 
ambuscade  to  Are  on  any  that  should  coma 
silently. 

Captuin  Church  knowing  that  it  was  Phi- 
lip's custom  to  be  furemoxt  in  the  flight,  went 
down  to  the  swamp,  and  gave  Captain  Wil- 
liams of  Scituate  the  command  of  the  right 
wing  of  tho  ombush,  and  placed  un  English- 
man nnd  an  Indian  together  behind  such 
sheltem  of  trees,  im.,  that  he  could  find,  and 
took  care  to  place  them  at  such  distance 
that  none  might  pass  undiscovered  between 
them,  charged  them  to  be  careful  of  them- 
selves, and  of  hurting  their  friends,  and  to 
fire  ut  any  that  should  come  silently  through 
the  swamp;  but  being  somewhat  further 
through  tho  swamp  than  he  was  aware  of,  ho 
wanted  men  to  make  up  his  ambuscade. 
Having  placed  what  men  he  had,  ho  took 
Major  Sundfurd  by  the  hand,  said.  Sir,  I 
have  so  placed  them  that  it  is  scarce  pos- 
sible Philip  should  escape  them.  Tho  ^me 
moment  a  shot  whistled  over  their  heads,  and 
then  tho  noise  of  a  gun  towards  Philip's 
cuinp.  Captain  Church  at  first  thought  it 
might  be  somo  gun  fired  by  accident ;  but 
before  he  could  speak,  a  whole  volley  follow- 
ed, which  was  ear'°'er  than  he  expected.  Ona 
of  Philip's  gang  going  forth  to  ease  himself 


KINO  miMP'M  WAR. 


wIm«  Im  kmt  4om,  I<miIm«I  muiiii  Mm*  imi 
OiMttkn  Uotaiing  iboufiii  iIim  imttMii  lonk«ii 
rigni  nl  htm,  (iboiiyh  pntlNilily  li  wn»  hut  hi* 
riMictil)  iofllrptlnlliiiii|MiMiti|Mtii  liialtriMilliii 
whuki  anmpnny  tliiii  wum  with  liiiii  liri'd  iiimiii 
iIm  •namir**  slirlitir,  IwAirw  lliti  liHliuiii  iinil 
tktiin  lo  riMt  (Voiii  ihrir  ilwit,  ami  n>  iivitdIidI 
ilii'iii.  Hal  llinlr  tlMltvr  wn«  oiirn  »ii  tliiii 
•tilo  iimi  ih«  iwamjii  biiill  mi  tin  |iMr|N)M)  ftir 
lh«  a<Hwt>ni«nea  itf  flight  on  ttcuiinioii,  Tlwy 
wi<re  WWII  tn  the  •wmnn,  nnil  I'hilip  lh«  fore- 
itiiMl,  whu  finriiiiK  at  ih«  Ar*l  kuii,  thrrw  liu 
|M!lunki  niiil  punrdtii-liorii  over  hU  hand, 
cuti'had  u|i  hit  gun,  ■mi  ran  iit  fit*!  »■  hu 
tinuM  Mumpar,  willwiut  »nj  mora  olnihi*i 
than  hU  •mall  branolici  niiit  iliHiJiinf*,  nnd 
ntii  diraolly  on  two  of  Ciipliiiii  Ciiuruh'i 
miibudi ;  tlicy  let  him  eoino  mir  within  thni, 
•imI  tlia  BiiglithmaH'a  fwn  mining  flra,  ha 
(till  iIm  Indian  flra  nwnjr,  and  ha  did  mi  to 
purpiiMt  aant  nna  mudiet  bullet  ihrnugh  liii 
baiirt,  andanoihar  not  abnva  two  incliai  fmin 
•I ;  ha  (all  upon  bit  fliwi  in  tha  mud  and  wnirr 
with  bit  fini  undar  him.  H;  tliia  time  the  ene- 
my |iaraeivtd  they  wrra  wnyliiid  on  the  nut 
tide  iif  the  twniii|>,  lacked  nhnrt  about,  ( )nti 
kf  thee  iieniy,  who  M*fini'd  to  bo  a  uriMit,  iiirly 
old  fulhiw,  hnllooed  with  a  loud  voice,  mid  of- 
t<>ii  culled  out,  loolnih,  lootnih.  ('ii|itiiiii 
Church  culled  to  hitlndiuii,  I'etvr, nnd  inked 
liini  who  that  wni  that  ciillud  «i  t  lie  iiiKWer- 
•d,  it  wnf  old  Anniiwon,  l'liili|i'» great  ciiptiiin, 
calling  on  hii  loldier*  lo  itiiiid  to  it,  nnd  tight 
ftoutly.  Now  the  enemy  liiidiiig  tliiit  pluce 
a(  the  iwiimp  which  wh»  not  nmbuphed,  inii- 
iiy  of  them  niiide  their  cicii|i«  in  the  Eiigliili 
Iriicki.  The  mun  ihiit  had  ilioi  down  I'hilip, 
nin  with  all  ipeed  to  Captnin  (.'hurch,  and  in- 
rorined  him  of  hif  exploit,  who  commanded 
him  to  lie  lilent  niNmt  it,  nnd  let  no  mnn  more 
know  it,  until  they  hud  drove  the  iwnmp 
olenn  ;  but  when  they  hud  ilriive  the  iwamp 
through,  and  found  the  viieiiiy  lind  evcup 
•d,  or  at  lenit  the  moat  of  iliem,  and  the  «uii 
now  up,  and  mi  tha  dew  gone,  that  tliey  could 
not  eniiily  truck  them,  the  whole  conipuiiy 
met  together  iit  the  pince  where  the  eiieiiiiea 
uight-nheller  wni ;  and  then  Cuptnin  Church 
gave  them  the  news  of  I'liiizp'*  d'"ilh ; 
upon  which  the  whole  army  guve  three  loud 
huzziii.  Captnin  Church  ordered  hi*  body  to 
be  pulled  out  of  the  mire  on  to  the  iiplund,  mi 
Mime  of  Captain  Church's  Indians  took  hold 
of  him  by  liis  stockings,  and  some  by  his 
small  breeches,  (being  otherwise  nuked)  and 
drew  him  through  the  mud  to  the  upland, 
and  a  doleful,  great,  nuked,  dirty  beast  he 
looked  like.  Cuptnin  Church  then  snid, 
thnt  forasmuch  as  he  had  caused  many  an 
Englishman's  body  to  be  unburied,  and  lo 
ml  iilHive  ground,  that  nat  one  of  his  bones 
should  be  buried.  And  calling  his  old  In- 
diiin  executioner,  bid  him  behead  and  quar- 
ter him ;  accordingly  he  came  with  his 
liatchet  and  stood  over  him,  but  before  he 
■truck  ho  miidc  a  small  speech,  directing  it 
to  Philip,  and  snid,  he  hod  been  a  very  great 
man,  and  hud  made  many  a  mnn  nfraid  of  him, 
but  so  Dig  as  he  was  he  would  now  chop  his 
■rs«  for  him  ;  nnd  so  he  went  to  work,  nnd 
did  ns  he  was  ordered.  Philip  having  one 
very  reinnrkable  hiind,  being  much  scarred, 
occasioned  by  the  splitting  of  n  pistol  in  it 
formerly  ;  Captain  Cliurcli  gave  the  head  and 
that  baud  to  Alderman,  the  Indian  who  shot 


Mni,  lo  show  to  such  gentlemen  ai>  would  Iw- 
•tow  gratuities  u|miii  him  i  and  neconlingly 
he  got  iiiaiiy  a  |M'iiity  by  it. 

Tins  iN'ing  on  tliii  liml  day  of  the  week, 
the  enplain  with  hi>  eoiiipaiiy  returned  tn  the 
inliiiid,  lurried  there  until  'I'llesdav  |  nnd  lliell 
wi'moflTand  rungvil  through  all  the  wiknIs  to 
I'ly  niouili,  and  received  ilieir  prrmiuni,  w  hicli 
was  thirty  shillings  |ierliead,  for  the  rneniies 
which  they  had  kiUid  or  taken,  instead  of  all 
wages  ;  and  Philip's  head  went  at  the  snme 
price,  Melliinks  it  is  sraiily  reward  nnd 
|MMir  encouragement ;  though  it  wns  lietter 
than  what  had  been  for  Mima  time  before. 
For  this  march  they  raceivad  four  shillings 
and  siiiienee  a  man,  which  wns  all  the  re- 
wnrd  they  had,  except  the  honour  of  killing 
Philip.  This  was  in  tha  latter  end  of  Au- 
gust, 1076. 

Cnplnin  Church  had  been  hut  n  little  while 
at  Flymoiith,  before  n  |nisI  from  ReliolMiih 
came  to  inform  the  governniei!!,  tiini  old  An- 
nawon,  Philip's  chief  captain,  wns  with  liis 
ctimpnny  ranging  nlmut  their  woods,  nnd 
wns  very  ofTensivo  aiui  pernicious  to  ileho- 
liuth  and  Swnnsev.  Captain  ('hurch  wns 
immediately  sent  lor  again,  nnd  ireated  with 
to  engage  in  one  ex|H>dition  more  ;  he  lold 
them,  their  encouragement  wns  so  |Nior,  he 
feared  his  siddiers  would  lie  dull  about  going 
again  ;  but  la-ing  n  hearty  friend  to  the  cause, 
he  rallies  again,  goeslo  Mr.  JiiIm-/  llowlaiid, 
his  old  lieutenant,  nnd  some  of  liis  soldiers' 
that  iisedio  go  out  with  him;  told  them  how 
the  case  was  circumstanced,  and  that  he  had 
intelligence  of  old  Annnwon's  wnik  and 
liHuiil,  nnd  wanted  bunds  to  hunt  him;  they 
did  not  wnnt  much  entrenliiig,  bill  told  liini, 
thi'y  would  go  with  him,  as  long  as  there  wns 
an  Indian  leA  in  the  woods.  He  moved  nnd 
runged  thro'igh  the  woods  to  Pneassi't.  ' 

It  lieing  the  latter  end  of  the  week,  lie  pro- 
IHised  lo  go  on  lo  Khiule  island,  nnd  rest 
until  Monnny  ;  but  on  the  Lord's  day  morn- 
ing, there  came  a  post  to  inform  the  captain, 
that  enrly  the  snme  nurning  n  ennoe  with 
several  Indians  in  it  pnsseil  from  Priiileiice  Is- 
land loPoppasqiiash-Neek.*  Captain  Church 
thought,  if  he  could  possilily  surprise  them, 
he  might  probably  gain  some  intelligence  of 
more  game;  therefore  he  made  all  possible 
speed  after  them.  The  ferry-liont  being  out 
of  the  way,  he  made  use  of  cniioes ;  by  that 
time  they  had  mnde  two  freights,  and  had 
got  over  the  captnin,  nnd  ahout  fifteen  or  six- 
teen of  his  Indians,  the  wind  spriiiig  up  with 
such  violence  that  canoes  could  no  more  pass. 
The  Cnplnin  seeing  it  wns  impossible  for 
any  more  of  his  soldiers  to  come  lo  him, 
ho  told  his  Indians,  if  they  were  willing  lo 
go  with  him,  he  would  go  to  Poppnsqunsh, 
and  see  iflhey  could  cntcli  some  of  the  ene- 
my Indians.  They  were  willing  to  go,  but 
were  sorry  they  hud  no  English  soldiers ;  so 
they  marched  through  the  thickets  that  they 
might  not  be  discovered,  until  they  came  un- 
to the  salt  meadow,  to  the  northward  of  Bris- 
tol town,  that  now  is.  Then  they  heard  a 
gun,  the  captain  looked  about,  not  knowing 
but  it  might  be  some  of  his  own  company  in 
the  rear;  so  hnltingtill  they  nil  came  up,  he 
found  it  was  none  of  his  own  company 
that   fired.     Now  though  he  had  but  a  few 


*  On  the  west-sido  of  lirintol 


man,  wm  mindail  !•  wnd  soma  «f  ilHnt  out 
on  a  scout,  lie  mofatl  it  to  ('u|  tnin  l.iuht 
fiMii  to  go  with  three  more  on  n  tv>  hi  ;  lie 
said  he  was  willing,  provided  the  eiiplaiii's 
man  Nnthaniel,  (whieh  was  an  liidlnii  ility 
had  lately  taken)  might  lie  one  of  ihriii  tv- 
cuiHa  he  wns  well  acquainted  willi  tlie  luiM, 
and  eoining  lately  frnni  nmoiig  iln  ni,  knew 
how  to  ciiil  iliem.  The  cnptuin  bid  bun 
elioose  his  three  eon'|Hi:iions,  uiid  go  ;  mid 
iflhey  eanie  nertiss  any  of  the  eiiiiiiy,  imi 
'o  kill  tlirin  iflhey  could  postiblv  liiki-  ilii  in 
nlive  I  that  they  might  gnin  inlelligenct  cnii 
cerning  Annawon.  Tne  rapiain  miiIi  \'i\v 
rest  of  his  com|iniiy  moved  hut  n  litile  uiiy 
further  toward  PoppnMiuash,  iN-fure  ilny 
lienrd  nnoiher  gun,  which  seemed  to  he  ilm 
snme  way  with  iha  other,  but  furtliir  i  ll'; 
but  they  mada  no  hnit  until  thr*  eiinie  on  \>< 
the  nnrrnw  of  Ponpasniiash  Neck;  hImh' 
Cuptnin  Church  left  liireo  men  inure,  lo 
watch  if  any  should  come  out  ofihe  laik, 
and  to  inform  tha  scout  whan  they  returm  d 
which  way  ha  was  gone. 

He  parted  tha  remainder  of  his  conipaiiv, 
half  on  one  side  of  tha  iifck,  and  the  mjii  r 
with  himself  want  on  tha  other  side  of  ilir 
neck,  until  they  met;  and  meeting  neiiliit 
with  Indians  nor  canoes,  returned  biy  willi  vx 
|irclntions  of  tidings  by  their  scout;  but  whin 
they  came  back  to  the  ihrei  men  at  the  nar. 
row  of  the  neck,  they  tidd  their  captnin  the 
scout  wns  not  returned,  had  heard  nor  seen 
anything  of  them  t  this  filled  Iliem  wilh 
thoughts  «if  what  should  become  of  theni  ; 
by  the  lima  they  had  sat  and  wailed  an  hour 
longer,  il  wns  very  dark,  and  they  dennniri  d 
of  their  returning  to  them.  Some  of  the  In- 
dians tidd  their  captain,  Ihev  feared  his  new 

mun  Nnthnniel  hud  met  with  his  old  Mi i- 

Hope  friends,  nnd  wns  turned  rogua.  Tiny 
concluded  to  make  no  fires  that  night  (and 
indeed  they  had  no  great  need  of  any)  fur 
they  had  no  vicluols  to  cook,  had  not  so  ill jcb 
IIS  a  morsel  of  bread  wilh  them. 

They  took  up  their  lodging  scattering, 
tbiit  if  possibly  their  scout  slionia  come  in  tho 
night,  and  whistle  (which  was  their  sign) 
some  or  other  of  them  might  bear  them 
They  had  a  very  solitary,  hungry  night ;  and 
IIS  soon  ns  the  duy  broke  they  drew  off 
through  the  brush  ton  bill  without  the  n«ck, 
nnd  looking  about  them  they  espied  ont  '.  n 
dian  man  come  running  somewhoi  towards 
them  ;  the  captain  ordered  one  man  to  step 
out  nnd  shew  himself.  Upon  this  the  In- 
dian  ran  right  to  bim,  and  who  should  it  bo 
but  Captain  Light-foot,  to  their  grent  joy. 
Captain  Church  asked  him,  what  newsT 
He  answered.  Good  news,  they  were  all  well, 
and  had  catched  ten  Indians,  and  that  they 
guarded  them  all  night  to  one  of  the  flankers 
of  the  old  English  garrison ;  that  their  pris- 
oners were  part  of  Annnwon's  company,  and 
that  they  had  left  their  families  in  a  swamp 
above  Mattnpoisct  Neck.*  And  as  they  were 
mm-ching  towards  tho  old  garrison,  l.ight- 
foot  gave  Captain  Church  a  particular  lu'- 
count  of  their  exploit,  viz.  thnt  presently  nf- 
ter  they  left  him,  they  heard  another  gun, 
which  seemed  towards  the  Indian  burying 
place,  and  moving  that  way,  they  discovered 
two  of  tho  enemy  fleeing  on  a  horse.     The 

"  III  Hwonzcy.     Tliers  is  siioUiei  Mitta^isst  Id 
Rochester. 


KINO  PHILIP'S  WAR 


m«  «f  ilH'iit  iiMl 

('u|1iiin  i.lyltt. 

Ml  n  »t'i  Ml  i  li« 
il  iltr  iii|)iiiiii'* 
nil  IimIiiiii  iIii^ 
lit)  iiftliftii   U.. 

Willi  III)'  III  I'M, 

IK  iliMii,  kiii'W 
i|>luhi  liiil  lull) 
I,  mill  irii ;  MMit 
he  ••III  HIV,  mil 
lililv  iiiki'  till  III 
iU'lii|ri'iii'i'  ciiii 
|iiiiiii  niili  till' 
•ul  n  liiilf  \uiy 
ii  iH'fiirii  ijii^ 
'•ni-tl  III  lit'  I  III* 
ui  rurtliir  I  II'; 
try  riiiiir  nii  in 

Nfch  ;  Mliiir 
IIM'II     lllllli',    II, 

I  oflhi-  link, 
tUvy  fflMrm  il 

'  llil  Ct)ni|lii||y, 

Mild  ilie  mill  r 
nr  *iitt<  nl'  ilir 
eMiiijj  ni'itlit'r 
nl  bi)(  Willi  I'x 

Dllli  lllli  Wlll'll 

ivn  nl  lilt)  iiiir- 
ir  cnpiiijii  tliii 
leortl  nor  Ri't'ii 

^<i    lllt'lll    Willi 

imie  of  iliriii  • 
i^nitt'il  MM  lifiiir 
lit'/  ilfNiinirtd 
imi)  of  I  ill!  In. 
t'liri'il  lii»  iit'W 
it  old  Miiiiiit- 
rojjiie,  'lliiy 
lilt  iiii(lit  (mid 
id  uf  any)  for 
d  not  M  injoh 
I. 

Iff  icntieriiig, 
(1  conu*  in  iho 
«■  their  ii)(ii) 
t  licnr  lliein 
ry  niKht ;  and 
liey  tirew  ofl 
out  the  neck, 
■pied  onu  '.  n 
what  townrdt 
I  man  tn  tii>|i 
this  the  III. 
9  should  it  bo 
ir  grcpt  joy. 
what    newi  t 
ivcre  all  well, 
ind  thnt  they 
rtbe  flankem 
at  their  priii- 
nmpany,  mid 
I  in  n  HWiinip 
ai  they  were 
'i«on,   1<i)r|it- 
irticulnr  iir- 
presently  nf- 
inother  gun, 
lian  burylnf,' 
y  diicovered 
liorge.    'L'lir 

UuttaiwiMt  Id 


:  aiapplng  kKo  iha  braih,  Nnlhanlnl  bid 
Ihem  •((  down,  nnd  ho  wiiiihl  prenenlly 
aitll  nil  iIm  Indian*  iliereulMiui  unto  liint. 
Tlitiy  hid,  nnd  Iim  want  n  liillu  dutiniicn  liiick 
fi^ini  ihviii,  and  attl  up  hi*  iiotp,  mid  liowh'il 
lika  n  woir.  One  of  ilia  iwo  iiiinii'di'ili'ly 
aft  III*  lioraa  nnd  eiiiiia  ruiiiiliiK  to  ixii  who 
wa*  thtiru  I  bul  Niiihmiii'l  howling  hiweruml 
lower  drew  hiiu  in  heiwcen  lliotu  llinl  lay  in 
wiiit  fur  him,  who  •ei/.rd  liiiii ;  Niilhmiirl 
eoiilinuiiiK  thu  ininu  iiott!,  ihu  other  M  llii' 
hnraa  ulio,  following  hi*  iiiiilu,  iiiid  nitil  with 
Ihaiiinia.  Wliuii  llitjy  cii'i'jhitliKM)  two  they 
•xuininad  Ilium  apart,  i  il  found  thvin  to 
•Kraa  in  ihuir  itory,  llm  iliura  were  eight 
mora  of  ihein  ooiiie  dow  ii  into  the  neck  tn 
gal  proviaion*,  mid  hud  agreed  to  inuet  nl 
Ilia  burying  pliioa  that  evening.  'I'lieie  iwo 
being  *oiua  of  Nnthnniel**  old  nci|Uiiintniice, 
be  hiid  grant  iiiHuenou  upon  iheni,  nnd  with 
his  entioing  alary,  (telling  wlint  u  hrnve  cnp- 
Iniii  ho  bnd,  bow  brnvulv  he  livetl  aiiiue 
lia  hud  liaeii  with  him,  ami  how  much  they 
niigbl  belter  their  condition  by  turning  to 
biin,  4m.)  iMiriuiidad  nnd  engngitd  Ilium  lo 
be  on  hi*  Ride,  which  indeed  now  begun  lo 
bo  the  better  *mIo  of  iha  hedge.  'I'hey  wuitt'd 
but  u  litila  while  before  they  eapied  the  rcil 
of  their*  coming  up  lulliii  burying  phicu,  iiml 
Nnthuniel  iimhi  howled  lliuiu  in  u*  he  hud 
dune  their  mule*  iMifuro 

When  Cnpiuin  Cliiirch  onine  lo  the  ^iiri'i- 
■<>ii  lie  met  hi*  lieuleimiit  mid  the  real  of 
hi*  company ;  nnd  Ihoii  nuiking  ui|  gnnd  flrc* 
thay  fell  tn  rnnsting  their  horne-beef,  enough 
to  hut  them  the  whole  day,  bul  liitil  not  u 
liiurael  of  bremi ;  though  «ultlliey  hud,  which 
lliiiy  alwiiy*  uiimed  in  their  pocket*,  which, 
nl  tlii*  lime  wnii  vury  nccuptuble  to  them. 
Their  next  motion  wn*  lowurd*  the  pluce 
M'liure  the  pritoiier*  tolil  lliem  they  hud  left 
their  women  nnd  children,  mid  ■urpri*ed  them 
nil,  nnd  *oine  oilier*  ihiit  were  newly  come 
lo  them.  And  upon  exnmiiiution  they  held 
to  one  *lory,  thiil  it  wiia  hiird  to  tell  where  lo 
find  Anunwon,  for  be  never  roimted  twiou  in 
a  pinco.  Now  n  certuin  liidinn  noldier  thni 
Cnptnin  Church  hud  guiiied  over  to  be  on  hi* 
aide,  priiyed  thui  he  might  liiivi!  liberty  to  go 
and  fetch  in  hi*  fuiher,  who,  he  lald,  wui 
nliout  four  mile*  from  ihat  place,  in  n  nwunip, 
with  no  other  thiiii  a  young  KqiitiH'.  ('up- 
tain  Church  inclined  to  go  with  him,  think- 
ing it  might  be  in  hi*  way  to  gain  *omc  intel- 
ligence of  Aiinawon  ;  and  votakinv  one  Kii- 
i(li*hman  and  a  few  Indiuii*  with  liiiii,  leav- 
ing the  reit  there,  he  went  with  liiii  new  ool- 
dierto  look  for  hi*  futlier.  When  he  came  to 
the  Hwnmp  be  bid  the  liidinn  go  to  Hee  if  he 
could  (ind  hill  father;  he  wa*  no  siioner  gone 
but  ('nptuin  Church  ili*covered  a  truck  com- 
ing down  out  of  the  wond«,  upon  which  he 
And  hi*  little  cnmpnny  liiy  clo*e,  «omo  on  one 
aide  of  the  truck,  and  *omc  on  tlie  other. 
Tlie.y  heuril  lliu  Indiuii  ooldier  maken  howl- 
ing for  his  father;  nnd  ut  length  some- 
body answered  him,  but  while  they  were 
listening,  they  thought  they  heuril  some- 
body coming  towards  them,  presently  '^nw 
nn  old  man  coming  up  with  n  gun  on 
his  sbouhler,  nnd  a  young  woman  following, 
in  the  truck  which  they  lay  by.  They  let 
them  come  up  between  them,  und  then  started 
up  nnd  laid  bold  of  them  both.  Ciiptain 
Cfhiirch  immediately  examined  thcin  apart, 


lelling  ihrm,  whnt  ihay  niuil  trust  lo  it  ibajr 
told  lalae  stories,  lie  naked  iha  young  wo- 
man, what  eompnny  iliey  came  from  Insi  t 
Hha  suiil,  from  CuptHin  Aiinnwon's.  He 
uakeil  her,  bow  inniiy  wer«  in  coinixiiiv  with 
linn  when  ahn  left  him  t  Hlie  *uid  lifty  or 
*ii«ly.  lie  naked  her,  how  muny  miles  it  wn* 
lo  the  iiliiee  wliera  the  left  him  t  Hbe  snid, 
■he  did  not  umlerstnnd  miles,  but  he  wns  up 
ill  i*4i|mMiniiconk  swiiiiip,*  The  old  mnn 
who  hud  been  olin  of  I'llilip's  eouiieil,  U|>oii 
exuminutioii,  giive  exa''lly  the  tume  nceounl. 
Cnpluiii  Church  u*ked  him,  if  lliey  could  gel 
there  ihni  iiighil  He  snid,  if  they  went  pre- 
sently, nnd  trnvelled  stoutly,  they  might  get 
there  by  sunset.  He  nikeil,  whither  lie  wna 
going!  Ha  nnawered,  lliul  .4niiuwon  hud 
*entliim  down  to  look  for  some  Indinn*,  that 
were  gone  ilowii  into  Mouiit-lloiie  neck  lo 
kill  *oine  provi*ioiis,  CHiilniii  Church  let 
him  know  lliul  llioa*  Indiniis  were  nil  his 
prisoners,  lly  this  lime  cnine  iho  Imliun 
soldier  und  brought  hi*  futher  mid  one  In- 
diuii more.  The  cuplain  wa*  now  in  great 
atriiil  of  mind  what  tu  do  next,  he  bad  n 
mind  logive  Annuwon  n  vi*it,  now  he  knew 
where  to  lind  him  ;  bul  hit  eompnny  wiia 
very  *iiiull,but  liiilf  u  doxoii  men  lieiide  him- 
aell,  mid  wua  under  a  iiece**ily  to  tend  somo- 
lioily  buck  and  iicqiiuin:  hi*  lieutenniil  nnd 
eompuny  with  his  proceedings.  However, 
he  uaked  his  small  coinimny  that  were  with 
him,  whether  lh<7  would  willingly  go  with 
him,  and  uiva  Annnwon  n  viait  I  They  inlil 
him,  they  were  ulwuys  reudy  to  otHiy  liia 
eommmids,  4ic.,  hut  withul  told  him,  that 
they  knew  this  Captain  Annnwon  wns  iigreut 
soldier;  that  bo  nnd  lieen  n  vnliani  cuiitnin 
under  Asuhnieipiin,  Philiii'*  futher,  niiii  lliul 


ho  hud  been  I'hilip's  chieftnin  nil  this  wnr ;  n 
very  siibtle  ninn,  nnd  uf  grent  resolution,  nnd 
hud  often  snid,  thnt  he  would  never  be  lukcn 
uliveby  the  English;  nnd  moreover  they  knew 
thnt  the  men  llinl  were  with  him  were  reso- 
lute fellows,  some  of  I'hilip's  chief  stddiers; 
und  therefore  fenred  whether  il  wns  prncticn- 
blu  tu  inuke  iin  attempt  upon  him  with  so 
sinull  n  hnmlful  of  nssistnnts  as  were  now 
with  him :  told  him  further,  thnt  il  would  bo  n 
pily  that  after  all  the  great  thing*  he  bud  done, 
lie  should  throw  away  his  life  nl  lust.  Up' 
on  which  ho  rt^plied.thut  he  doubled  not  An- 
nnwon was  n  subtle  and  vnliunt  mnn  :  thnt  ho 
hud  n  long  time  but  in  vain  sought  for  him, 
nnd  never  till  now  could  find  his  tpinrters ;  and 
he  was  very  loath  to  miss  of  the  opportunitv ; 
nnd  doubted  not  bul  if  they  would  cheerfully 
go  with  him,  the  same  Almij^ht)-  Providence 
thnt  had  hilherto  protected  and  befriended 
them  would  do  so  still,  &c.  Upon  this  with 
with  one  consent  they  snid,  they  would  go, 
Captnin  Church  then  turned  to  one  Cook,  of 
I'lymoulh,  (the  only  Knglislimnn  then  with 
him)  nnd  asked  him,  what  he  thought  of  itt 
Who  replied,  Sir,  I  am  never  afraid  of  going 
any  where  when  you  are  with  me.  Then 
Cuptnin  Church  nslu'd  the  old  Indinn,  if  be 
could  carry  his  horse  with  him  1  (For  he  con- 
veyed a  horse  thus  fur  with  him.)  He  replied, 
thut  it  was  impossible  for  n  horse  to  pass  the 
swamps:  therefore  he  sent  iiwny  his  now  In- 
dinn soldier  with  his  father  nnd  the  captain's 
horse  to  his  lieutenant,  and  orders  for  biin 
tn  move  to  Taunton  with  the  prisoners  to  se. 

*  Southeasterly  part  uf  Rahobolb 


aura  iImm  llMfa,  mmI  *■  «mm  wM  In  iIm 
morning  In  Iha  Raboboih  roMi,  in  wMak  k* 
might  expaei  lo  maei  htm,  if  km  wara  alita 
nnd  bnd  success. 

The  vnplnin  than  askad  iha  old  fcllMS,  ii 
he  would  nihil  him  unio  Annawont  II* 
nnswerrd,  ibul  be  having  given  him  hi*  life, 
he  wns  obliged  lo  serve  him.  Ha  bid  bi« 
move  on  then,  nnd  ihev  followed.  Tha  old 
mnn  would  ont-trnvel  ihrm  st>  fhr  iomallmaa 
thnl'tbey  were  almost  uul  of  sight  t  looking 
over  Ilia  ahoulder,  nnd  seeing  them  tiehiud,  Im 
would  halt.  Jusi  na  tha  sun  was  selling,  iha 
old  mnn  ninda  n  ftill  slop  and  sni  down,  iha 
company  coming  up  nlso  sal  down,  batng  nil 
weury.  Cnpiiiin  Church  nskad,  what  nawa  t 
He  nnswered,  that  nbnui  thnt  lima  In  lh« 
evening  Cuplain  Annnwon  sent  out  hia  scoula 
lo  see  if  the  cimsi  wns  clenr,  and  na  toon  aa 
it  iM'gaii  lo  grow  dnrk  the  sconia  relurnad 
And  then  (snid  be)  we  may  move  again  aa- 
curely.  When  il  In-gun  lo  grow  dnrh  the  old 
mnn  stood  up  ngniii.  Captain  Chureh  ashad 
him,  if  he  wtiuhl  Inke  a  gun  and  (Ighl  for 
him  I  He  btiwed  very  hiw  nnd  prnyad  him 
not  to  ini|mse  such  n  thing  upon  him,  aa  lo 
fight  nguiiitl  ('iiplnin  Annuwon  hia  idd  fl'iand 
Uul  siivs  he,  I  will  go  ahmg  with  you  nnd  ba 
helpful  to  you,  nnd  will  Iny  bonds  on  any 
mnn  thnt  shull  offer  In  hurt  you.  Il  baing 
now  pretty  dnrk  they  moved  oloaa  logelbar  ; 
mi-.iii  tiiey  heurd  a  noise  ;  iha  onplnin  alaycd 
ilio  old  man  with  his  hnnd,  and  aaked  bit 
own  men  what  noise  they  thought  il  miihl 
Im<  T  They  concluded  il  to  lia  the  pnumiing 
of  n  niorlur.  The  old  mnn  hnd  given  Cnp< 
mill  Church  a  description  of  the  pTnce  where 
Annuwon  now  Iny,  and  of  the  diffleuIlT  ol 
getting  nt  him.  Doing  sensible  thai  inev 
were  pretty  iienr  ihem,  with  Iwo  of  hit  In- 
diniis ho  creeps  lo  the  edge  of  the  rocks, 
from  whence  he  could  tee  their  enmpt.  He 
snw  three  conipnnies  of  Indinns  nl  n  lillla 
diatunce  from  ench  other,  being  easy  tt>  ha 
discovered  by  the  light  of  their  Aret.  He 
saw  also  the  grent  Annnwon  ond  his  coinpa* 
nv,  who  hud  birmed  his  cninp  or  kenneJhng- 
place,  by  fulling  u  tree  under  tlie  tiiie  of  thB 
grent  clefts  of  rocks,  nnd  selling  a  row  of 
birch  bushes  up  against  it,  where  le  bimkelf, 
his  son,  and  some  of  bis  chiefs  had  taken  np 
their  lodging  and  made  grent  fires  without 
them,  nnd  bnd  their  pott  and  kcttlct  boiling, 
and  spilt  roniting  ;  their  armt  also  he  disco< 
vered,  nil  set  together  in  a  place  filled  for  the 

fmrposc,  standing  up  an  end  ngninst  n  siirk 
odged  in  Iwo  crotches,  and  o  mat  placed 
over  them,  to  keep  them  from  the  wet  or  dew. 
The  old  Annuwon's  feel  and  hit  ton's  head, 
were  so  near  the  nrms  nt  almott  to  touch 
them ;  bul  the  rockt  were  to  tieep  Ihat  il 
wnt  impossible  to  get  down,  but  ns  ihey 
lowered  themselves  by  the  bought  and  the 
biishet  thut  grew  in  Iho  crackt  uf  the  rocks. 
Captain  Church  creeping  back  again  lo  li.e 
old  man,  asked  hini  if  there  was  no  possibili- 
ty of  getting  at  them  soiue  other  way  t  llo 
nnnwered,  nu :  that  he  nnd  nil  that  belonged 
to  Annuwon  were  ordered  to  come  thnt  wny, 
nnd  none  could  come  ony  other  way  withnnt 
difficulty  or  danger  of  being  shot. 

Captain  Church  then  ordered  the  old  mnn 
and  his  daughter  lo  go  down  foiemoti  with 
their  baskets  at  their  backs,  thai  when  Anna- 
won  saw  llicm  with  their  bnsk'jtt  he  ahonld 


IIINU    PIIILIP'M    WAR. 


Hi 


to  kMriMM.     C*|MntN  CliMrali 
9m4  Ms  iMRiiM  of  wXitwr*  an>|M  ibtwH  itlHi 
MNiiar  lb*  liiailnw  i^f  llivut  iwi>  itiiil  llii'tr  l)<ia 
ilM«,  iind  iho  l'U|Miltll  llllllU'll'  urr|ll  i'Iimm  Im' 

hind  lk»  iilii  mitii,  Willi  hi*  liituilit'i  m  Itu 
kniiii,  MNii  •M|>|M-il  uv«r  iii«  yituni  itiiiii'*  liiuiil 
III  itiM  arMt  I  iIm  youiiK  Aiiiinwoii  ilMuovcr 
Mff  of  htm,  Mrhipp«il  hU  bluiikul  over  In*  hmul 
•N<i  ihrunli  up  iti  ii  hita|i.  Th«  dM  I  'ii|Miiiii 
ANnawiin  (tnritiit  up  on  hi*  hratcch,  iiiitl 
•rwiJ  ONI  lliiwoh,  mitl  (i«i|H«iriii|(  or«i*vii|H', 
Ihrnw  himMlMwok  MKiiiii,  iiikI  hiv  *iluiii  uii- 
III  Ca|Haiii  C'harah  had  Meiirvil  iill  iho  iiriii*, 
4^0,  Anil  bnvlnf  Mouratl  llmi  roHi|iitiiy,  In' 
MM  Ma  iMiinn  wlilMr*  iuih«  uthvr  tkr«*  miil 
ww|Wiiiiw,  gi»in(|lh*iM  iiiaimouun*,  wlmi  in 
rfo  «im1  My.  Aaaariliii|(ly,  iliuy  wviil  inio 
iIm  Midal  of  ihain.  >Vb«ii  ibvy  tlifuoviTiil 
lh«in««l**a  wliii  ili«y  went,  litlil  ihviii  ilnii 
Ibakr  Cufttiiin  Aiinnwoii  wn»  liiki'ii,  iiiiii  it 


bitrn  yiNMl  ((iiariiir,  iiiul  llial  k»  wimlil  carry  I  IK<«,  whtab  IhiVM  mNN  In ailorii  bimaalf  wkk 


I  lilt  If 


ilmiii  III  i'liHiiiiiii,  i«b«'r«  t\w)  Miiglti 
Irii'iiiU  111(11111,  At\ 

'I'lin  niifntift  rflurilixl,  ihiil  lli><  llliliitit* 
yit'lilcil  tit  hi*  |irit|Hi»iila.  <'ii|)liiiii  Cliuri'li 
iliDtiglit  It  wii*  iiiiw  limx  for  Iiiiii  In  iiikn  it 
iiii|i,  liiinitiK  liiiil  no  •li'r|i  III  Iwo  il:«y*  mill  oiii* 
iiitflil  licfori'  t  (olil  III*  iiirii  ihiii  ll'  llii'y  Woiilil 
III  liiiii  alvi'it  iwn  hour*,  llii'V  *lioiili|  *lii«|)  nil 
iliti  r>-  <  ol'iiiti  iii||lil.  Ill'  liiiil  liiiiiM'lf  ilowii 
mill  t'liiii'Nfoiiri'il  to  *li'<'|i,  liiit  nil  ilia|HMiiiiiM 
III  *h'('|i  ili'|trirli'il  friiiii   Iiiiii.     .^Arr  li«  liml 

lllill  II  llllltl    Wlllltl     III!     llMtkl-ll   ii|i  to  * 

III*  wiittili  iiimiiiKi'il,  Inn  fiiiiiiil  llit'iii 
ii*h'<'|i.  Now  <'ii|iliiiii  Cliiiicli  hiiil  Idlil  rii|i 
lllill  Aiiiiiiiroii'*  oiiiii|imiy,  n*  li«  linil  nnli'r- 
I'll  Ilia  Iniilaii*  In  till  iht'  oilier*,  iliiil  ilii'ir 
livti*  (houlil  all  Imi  *|iiir<'il,i'iiri'|iiiii(f  rn|iiiiiii 
liiiiawon'ii,  niiij  it  win  not  in  lii*  |iow)'r  In 
|iriiiiii*ii  lilm  !ii«  llfi',  ImiI  Im  niiut  curry  liiiii 


woiiU  bn  batl  fur  iliani  nuivlly  iiiiii  |Ninoi<ii-  lo  In*  inuilar*  iil  l'lyiiiotiili,iiiiil  linwoiilil  cn- 
Uy  lo  Mirrautltir  lh«iii*i'lve*,  which    wiiuM  Iri'iil  ihi'iii  for  hi*  lilV.     Mow  when  ('ii|iiiilii 


I  ymMj  i|uiirlur  for  thuin  I  itllii.'rwi*i>,  if 
iH«y  tbiiulJ  pmiuMil  iii  r<i«i»t  or  inaku  ilii'ir 
••aiipa,  il  wiHilil  b«  ill  vain,  uml  ihtiy  uoulil 
tip«ol  no  mlii-r  but  tlmt  Capiiiiii  Cliiircli 
Mrilh  hi*  KtvM  nriiiy,  who  hntl  now  ciiiriiii- 
|Mil  llMin,  would  eui  ihi^ni  to  tiicuf*  ;  toiil 
ikaui  al«u  if  ihi-y  would  ■iiliioil  tliriii*i'Ui<*, 
ni.d  dvliviir  all  llu'ir  nrui*  iiiiio  ilii'in,  uml 
■•wp  aver*  innii  Iim  pliicii  iiiiiil  it  wiu  duv, 
lliay  would  luaurv  Uiuiii  tlmt  I  'ii|itiiiii  ('liiircii, 
irlio  hud  boiiii  m  kiml  to  tlit'in»i-Kv*  wlicii 
lltcy  ■iirrviidi'ri.'il  to  Imn,  *IiimiIiI  bo  a*  kind 
nnln  ihuni.  Now  ilicy  bi'inif;  old  iioi|U>iiiit- 
•noe,  iiiid  mniiy  of  lliviii  rtdulioii*,  did  iiiuoh 
III*  rniidii-r  ifivu  hi-fd  lo  whiil  tliiiy  laid,  cum. 
pliod  and  »urrcnili>ri'd  up  iliri'*  arm*  unto 
Ibuin,  Itoib  ibuir  |{uiii>  mid  liiiti:lii'i',  Jcc.,iind 
weru  forthwith  oiirrlud  to  (;ii|ii<iiii  Cliiiruh. 

Thiiiici  bi'iiiv  «o  fur  mi'IiIimI,  ('ii|)ttiiii 
Church  luiked  Anniiwon,  Wlint  liu  lind  for 
■Hpptir  1  For  (tnid  lif)  I  iini  coiim  to  *iip 
with  you.  TiiuIhiI  (iiiid  Aniinwon)  with  n 
Mn  voioa ;  and  liMikiiiK  ubnnt  ii|miii  hi*  wo 
men,  bid  ihein  liiiiti'ii  iiiiil  iicl  l'ii|itiiiii 
Church  and  hia  coinpmiy  «oinv«nppi'r  ;  ilim 
lamed  to  Capluin  Cliiirch  nnd  n*kfil  liini, 
wbother  ho  would  i^nt  cow-lieof  or  hor*i' 
bnef ;  the  captain  told  him  cow-hevf  would  Im 
motl  noeeptnblc.  It  wa«  *iM>n  koi  ri'iidy,  nnd 
pullinK  hi«  little  bug  of  ddl  out  of  hi*  pouki't, 
which  wai  all  lliu  provi*iiin  ho  hronttht  wiili 
him ;  ihii  leiiaoned  hi*  <:ow-bocf  «o  tlmt  witli 
it  nnd  the  dried  (rrcen  corn,  wliiuli  ihn  old 
Bijuiiir  wu«  pouiidiii|(  in  the  niortiir,  wliilc 
they  were  ilidiniK  down  the  rouka,  liu  nuide 
«  very  henrty  *uppcr.  And  ilii*  poiindiii;; 
in  the  inortnr  proved  lucky  for  Ciiptiiiii 
Church'*  (telling  down  the  rock*  ;  for  wIiimi 
the  old  tqiiiiw  (toundud,  tht*y  niovvd,  nnd 
when  hIic  cenied  lo  turn  the  corn,  tlivy 
ecnaed  creeping,  the  noise  of  llic  inortiir 
prevented  the  enemy**  honring  their  creep- 
ing. And  the  enrn  being  now  dreiaud 
aupplied  the  wnnt  of  bread,  nnd  gave  a  fine 
reli*h  with  the  cow-lHief.  SupfMT  bi;iiig  over, 
Cnptnin  Church  lent  two  of  hi*  men  to  in- 
form the  other  coinpiinie*,  that  lie  Imd  killi-il 
Philip,  and  had  taken  their  frieiiiU  in  Mount- 
Hope  neck,  but  hnd  spared  their  liven,  nnil 
tlmt  ho  hud  subdued  now  nil  the  enemy  (lie 
rapposcd)  excepting  this  cnnipniiy  of  Aiiiiii- 
WOn's,  and  now  if  they  would  be  orderly  nnd 
kaap  thoir  placcn  until  morning,  they  slumld 


(/hiiruh  found  not  only  III*  own  iiii'ii,  but  nil 
til)'  liiiliiin*fii*t  nalei'p,  Anniiwoii  only  eveept- 
ed,  whom  he  perceived  Wna  iia  liroiid  nwiike  lla 
liiiiKelf  i  mill  mi  lliey  liiy  looking  inie  ii|iiiii 
the  otliir  |N'rliiip*  mi  hour.  Ciiplniii  ('liiireli 
aiiiil  iiiilhing  lo  him,  for  he  eoiild  not  apeiik 
Indimi,  mid  tlionglit  Annnwon  eoiilil  mil 
a|M'Mk  Kiigliali ;  III  li'ii|[ili  AiiiiiiHoii  riiiai'il 
liiiii»i'h'u|i,  nut  oir  Ilia  lilmiki'l,  nnd  willi  mi 
more  clolliea  tliiill  Ilia  aiiiiill  lireevliea,  wiilked 
II  liltlit  wiiy  bnck  rroiii  the  eompmiy  ;  ('up 
lllill  riiureh  thouulit  no  oilier  lint  tlmt  lie 
wii*  tired  Willi  lying  alill  so  long,  nnd 
wialiud  to  niilk  n  little  to  Ktreteli  hi*  liinlia 
but  by  and  by  liu  wna  gone  out  of  aiglil  anil 
henriiig,  .mil  then  ('iiptnin  (Miureli  hegnn  to 
aiupi'cl  *(ime  i'l  diaigii  in  him,  mid  got  nil 
the  gun*  elii*u  to  him  nnd  crowded  hiniM-lf 
eloae  iiniler  voiing  Aniinwun,  tlinl  if  he 
ahoiilil  liny  wiii're  get  n   gun  be  s  nut 

Illlike  n  allot  ni  him  without  eiiilmiiffl 
III*  aim  ;  lying  very  atill  ii  while,  wiiiling 
llie  event;  lit  length,  lieiird  aonieliody  com- 
iiiir  the  aiiine  wny  tlmt  Anmiwim  went.  The 
iiiooii  now  aliiiiing  bright,  be  i>iiw  him  nt  n 
illatance  coming  with  siiinethingin  hi*  biinila, 
mid  coming  up  In  Ciipliiin  Church,  he  fell 
upon  hi*  knee*  liefnre  iiim,  nnd  ofiered  liiin 
whiit  he  hud  brought,  nnd  speiiking  in  phiiii 
Kiittliali,  anid,(ireiit  cnptnin,  you  linvu  killed 
Philip,  mill  cimi|uered  Ilia  country ;  for  I 
believe  tlmt  I  mid  my  compmiy  iiro  the  Inat 
lli.'it  war  ngniiist  the  Hngllali,  an  auppoae  tlie 
wiir  in  ended  by  your  inoiins  ;  and  there- 
lore  llieae  thing*  billing  unto  ynu.  Then 
iipening  hia^pack,  he  pulled  out  Philip's  belt 
ciirioualy  wrought  with  wampum,  being  nine 
iiiehea  broiiil,  wrought  with  black  nnd  white 
wampum,  in  vnrioua  figures  nnd  flowers,  nnd 
pictures  of  innny  birds  and  boasts.  This, 
H hen  hung  uponCnptnin  Church's  shnoldera, 
rcnched  Ilia  ancles  ;  nnd  nnntherbelt  of  wam- 
pum he  presented  him  with,  wrought  after 
the  former  manner,  which  Philip  wn*  wont 
to  put  upon  Ilia  bend  ;  it  hnd  two  lings  on 
the  bnck  part,  which  hung  down  on  his  back, 
nnd  aiiothir  i-niull  hilt  with  n  stnr  upon  the 
end  of  it,  which  he  naed  to  hung  on  hi*  brenst ; 
mid  they  were  nil  edged  with  red  hnir,  which 
Viiiiiiwoii  anid  tliey  got  in  the  Mnliog'*  conn- 
ry.  Then  lie  pulled  out  two  horn*  of  gln/,- 
ed  powder,  nnd  n  red  elolli  hlunkit  He 
told  Captain  Church  these  were  Philip's  royal- 


when  ha  sal  in  siiiin.  Thai  h«  ihougtrt  Nim 
aelfhiippy  ihul  he  liitd  mi  opiHirluiiilV  to  |M>r 
aeiil  them  lo  rupiuiii  Chureli,  who  imd  won 
lliem,  4e  ,  aiK'Ht  tliv  remiilmler  of  the  nlghl 
III  diaeourse  )  mid  gave  nil  neeomil  nf  wlinf 
mighty  aiteeea*  he  hud  formerly  in  war* 
iigmiiai  mmiy  iiution*  oflmlimia,  wlirii  Im 
•erveil  A*uhiiiripiln,  Philip'*  (lilh»r,  Au.  In 
the  morning,  n*  ••Min  u*  II  wu*  ligbl,  lb"  cn|>> 
inin  iniirelied  wiih  hi*  prisoner*  out  of  iImI 
•wniiipy  country,  lownrd*  Tiiniil.in,  met  hi* 
low  i  lieutrnnni  nnd  company  about  four  mile*  nut 
all  fiiPl  of  iiiwii,  who  f«pre**ed  a  greal  deal  of  Jojr 
lo  *re  him  ngnin,  and  said,  il  wiie  mora 
than  ever  ho  ex|M>cled.  They  wriil  into 
TiiHiiton,  wrrr  etvilljr  nnd  kindly  inala 
ed  by  the  inhnhilants,  rrfh  •bed  and  reslail 
iliemselvesihai  night.  Early  neii  morninf, 
iho  ciipiain  tonk  old  Annnwon,  and  halfn 
do/en  of  hi*  iiidinn  iiddivrs,  ami  his  nwn 
mmi,  nnd  went  in  KhiMie  Island,  svndliif  ilia 
rest  of  hi*  coniiiniiy  and  his  prisonora  by  hia 
heulennnl  lo  I'lyinoiilh,  Turrving  iwo  or 
three  duvs  upon  the  Island,  he  llien  went  lo 
Plymouth,  nnd  curried  hi*  wife  and  bis  Iwu 
oliildren  with  him. 

('iiptnin  Chureli  had  U'en  hut  u  little  while 
It  Plymouth,  when  he  wn*  informed  of  n 
pnrcei  of  liidimi*  who  hud  huuiiled  Iha 
tvoiida  between  I'lymouth  and  Mippicnn,tbal 
ilid  Kreiit  dmiinge  lo  Ihe  Knglish,  in  killing 
ilii'ir  entile,  Imrae*,  nnd  swimi ;  the  cn|itaiM 
wna  soon  in  pursuit  of  iliein  i  went  uul 
from  Plyniouih  the  neat  Mondny  in  ihe  of 
teriiiion  ;  ntixt  morning  unrly  they  discotri  r- 
eil  a  trnek ;  the  cnptnin  sent  two  Indians  on 
the  truck  to  toe  what  lliey  onuM  discover, 
whilst  he  mid  bis  coinpnny  foUowud  geiilly 
nAcr,  but  the  two  Indinni  soon  returned  with 
tldiiiK*  llint  they  diaciivereil  the  enemy  silting 
round  their  liria,  in  n  thick  pliice  of  brush. 
Whi'i,  they  eiiiiie  prelly  iienr  the  pliice,  the 
enptnin  ordered  every  miin  to  creep  ns  lie  did 
mill  anrroniiil  them  by  creeping  ni  nenrnsthey 
coiihl,  till  they  ahonlil  Ih<  diacnvered,  nnd  then 
to  run  nil  upon  them  and  take  them  nliva, 
if  possible,  (for  their  nrisoiiera  were  iheir 
pay  i)  they  did  ao,  took  every  one  that  wna 
ut  the  firen,  not  one  racnping.  IJ|M>n  »• 
mninaiion  tliev  agreed  in  Iheir  slo'y,  that  ihev 
iH'longed  to  Tispiiquin,  who  was  gone  with 
John  lliimp,  mill  one  inoro,  lo  Agnwoni* 
mill  SIppicnn,!  lo  kill  horse*,  and  were  nut 
expected  buck  in  Iwo  or  three  day*. 

This  same  Tispnquin  hnd  been  n  grea 
captain,  und  the  Indians  rep(>rled  tlmt  he 
WIIH  audi  a  great  Pnuwnu,  lliut  no  bullet 
eoiild  enter  him,  4(c.  Cnptnin  Chureli  suid, 
he  would  not  linve  him  killed,  for  there  was 
11  M'lir  broke  out  in  the  rnstern  part  of  the 
country,  nnd  ho  would  hnve  him  saved  lo 
go  with  him  lo  fight  the  eastern  Indians. 
Agreeably  ho  left  two  old  w|uawi  of  the  prii- 
oiiera,  and  bid  them  tarry  there  until  their 
Cnptnin  Tiapuquin  returned,  and  In  tell  him, 
that  Church  hnd  Iteen  there,  niid  hnd  Inken 
lil.H  wife  nnd  children,  mid  conipnny,  nnd  cur- 
ried them  down  to  Plymouth;  and  would  spare 
all  their  live*  nnd  Ilia  Iini,  if  he  would  coma 
down  In  tlicin,  nnd  bring  the  other  two  tim 
were  with  him,  and  they  should  be  hia  iol< 
iliera,  &,c,,  Cnptnin  Church  then  returned  t4 


Waraluua.    (  Koclttatsr. 


KINO   PNILIP*!  WAR. 


PItmnMbi  iMf  in|  thu  nlil  «i|Miiw«  whII  pnt- 
VUJvtl  tiir,  nitil  tiufiiii  fi*r  Ti>|mi|iilM  ulirii  lie 
r«lurn«<l  t  Triltiiii  III*  •iililicri  llml  lir  ilmilil 
til  Mill  hitl  li«  liitil  liiiil  II  lrii|i  lliiit  wiiiilil  iiiku 
nliil.  Cii(HiitM  rhuri'li,  Iwii  iliiy*  nrtrr,  Mfiil 
III  noaliill,  (llin  ciiinilllMtiMli'ra  llii'll  alllitin) 
■ml  witituil  ii|iiMi  lliM  JHHMiitriilili'  liiiti'riMir 
l.«v»iHll,  wliii  lliaii  liiy  nii'li  I  MJiii  ri'i|tii'>li'il 
(7ii|ilaiil  (llitirrli  In  ifiirr  Iniii  •immi'  m-i'iiiiiil 
iif  ill*  war  I  who  riMiilily  iililignl  hja  (uniiiiir 
lllvmlll,  In  llU  grtut  ■iilt»ritrlliiii,  iia  III'  wii* 
|)lriin>il  III  iixiiri'a*  liiiiiti'lf  |  liiklii;(  liiiii  liy 
III*  liikiiil,  anil  ii'lliiitf  litiii,  If  li  |i{'  iiM-il  (iiiil 
III'  livitl,  ItH  wiMilil  iiiiiki*  ti  II  liriii'i'  of  II  liiiii- 
drril  inmiikI*  iitUniiliiyx  lii  liim  mit  of  llin  Mii«- 
fnchuu'iK  ciiliMiy,  anil  wiiiilil  riultinxMir  ilini 
Ibv  ri)«l  of  lira  lioloiiit'i  ahiMilil  till  |irit|Hirti<Mi- 
■Illy  I  hul  ha  litnil  within  ii  forlniglil  uftrr,  nnil 
to  liolhinii  wit*  iloiin  of  ihiil  iiiiliiri'.  Thr 
■nitiv  ilrtjr  Ti'|Hi«|iiiii  onnin  in,  nml  lliiian  llmt 
wrra  wilh  lilin  t  hul  whan  ('iipliiiii  rhiirch 
roluriivd  A^oiii  Uoalolii  h«  riMinil  to  Ilia  grivf, 
iha  liniiili  of  AlMtiiWNii,  Tia|iii(|iiiii,  A.)!,  col 
fllf,  Hhich  wa«  lilt)  lull  of  I'llllill'*  fi-irMila. 
Tha  fanvriil  voori  of  I'lyiniHiih,  ilii>ii  aiiijiiK, 
kii|irlur  Oiiitliiiii  ('hiiri'h,  who  wiiili'il  ii|miii 
lliein  ai!coriliii|{ly,  iiiiil  n'ci'lvi'il  ihrir  iltiiiika 
fur  hi*  K'Miil  atTvim',  which  llii<y  iiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiy 
volril,  wliioh  wi>rii  nil  ihiil  ('ii|iliiiii  Chnrcii 
bail  for  hi*  •ifitrcaiiiil  acrvioi'. 

Afti-rwiirili,  in  ihii  ycnr  11170,  in  llir  tiinnlh 
l>f  Jiiniliiry,  l^niiliiiii  Cliiirch  ri'i-i'ivi'il  n  rnni- 
|llt*«ioii  from  (iovt-rnnr  Winalnw,  In  ai'iiiir  llii* 
WootU  of  aoiiD!  of  ihn  hirkiii|{  I'lii'iny,  wliluli 
lliay  wrrii  well  infnrini-il  wuru  lln-rc.  Which 
•oinniiHiun  i*  ii*  fnllow*  t— 

Hoinf  MTfll  infnrm<<<l  ihni  lhi<ra  nro  ccrlnin 
piirliaa  of  our  Imlinii  riifiiiii'a  (r<<niiiin«  ofihu 
pi<n|ile  nr  iilli)>a  of  l*liili|i,  li«l»  SiicIm'iii  of 
Mount  llo|Nt,  our  inorlnl  iininiiy)  ilini  iin- 
■tilt  lurking  in  ihu  womla,  iii'iir  aoin«  of  our 
|iliintiilinii*,  ihiit  |{n  on  In  ilialiirh  tliu  |iriir.i' 
of  hi*  niiijfily'it  inhji>cl*  in  ihia  iiinl  ihi' 
nciKlilNinriiiK  cnhiiiifi,  hy  ihi'ir  rri'(|iM>ni  mli- 
b<'ri»«,  niiJ  ollit-r  inanli'iKM'a;  ('iipliiin  Iti-njii- 
initi  I'liuruh  ia  llicrrforti  livrcliy  iiDininiiliil, 
orilered,  unininiaaiinu'il,  iiiitl  rni|inwi'ri'il  In 
rniat*  II  cnni|miiy  of  volnnli'i-ra,  i;iiiiHiiiiii|{  of 
Eiijtiiali  unit  Imliiina,  an  tiiiiiiy  iia  lir  hIiiiII 
(ililiri)  iM'craaiiry  In  ini|irnv)!  in  llii-  iin-amt  ex- 
|ii'<lilinii,  iinti  vim  oliliiin  :  And  of  llii'in  in 
liiki*  Ihi*  cninniunil  niiil  foniliict,  nml  lo  li'inl 

lii-in  fiirlh  iinin  «ncli  |>liici>  or  pltiitia,  within 
Ihi*  or  lh«  iM'i|{hhouriti){  cnlniiii'a,  iia  lir  ahull 
lliink  fil,  iind  iis  tho  |irovidi'nci>  of  (inil,  and 

li*  inli'lliKi'iici',  niiiy  IinkI  him  ;  in  ilincnvrr, 
^uraui*,  fiitlit,  jiirpriHu,  dcxirny,  iiml  unhdni- 
our  aiiid  liiiliiin  vni'iiiy,  nr  any  (iiirly  nr  pur- 
lii'H  of  ihiMii,  ihiil,  hy  llif  |irnviilt'iiiM!  nf  (ioil, 
ihfy  iniiy  ini'ci  wilh:  Or  tlu'in,  or  iiiiy  of 
tlii'in,  lo  roci'ivf  in  ini'rcy,  if  he  hit  ciinao  ; 
(provided  ihiiv  ho  iiol  inurdfroii*  rn|{iii'a,  or 
•uuh  iiH  hiivu  houii  priiiuipiil  iivlnra  in  ihiiao 
villimii'*.)  And  fnr  iIik  proacciilinn  of  ihia 
Jeiii):ii,  lihorly  i«  hvrt'liy  itrnnlcd  In  lliu  aiiid 
Ciipiiiin  Church,  uiid  nthirra,  in  nriii  iind  fct 
(ut  inch  nf  our  iViiMidly  IniliiiiiM  im  In-  ia  wil- 

in)l  to  entiTlnin.— >And  foriiainnch  us  nil  ilii'ae 
our  uneinit'*  tliiit  hiivt-  lici'ii  liikuii,  or  at  iiny 
lime  may  be  tiiken  by  our  forct'K,  hiivc,  hy 
our  courta  and  ununcila,  Ih-vh  riMidi'ri'd  law- 
ful cnplivua  of  war,  and  coiidL>iniii'il  in  ptM'- 
pelual  norvlliido  ;  tjiia  council  do  nian  di'ter- 
mine,  and  hereby  declare,  Thut  all  such  pria- 


niMtr*  n«,  bv  iIm  IdcMing  nf  Gnd,  lli«   mM 
•■apliiln  nml  ioinimii),  nr  any  of  llivin,  ahall 
laki*,  Innrlhir  With  llirlr  nrnia  aii''  ntlirr  pliin 
ilrr,  ahull  Im>  ilii'ir  own,  nml  In  lii    diairdiutnl 
aininiyal  ihrniwlvra,  uv  'irillMK  In  aili'h  iltfri'i' 
iiii'iil  Iia  ihry  luiiy  Imi  iiI  '  mm  wilh  iinolhrr:  And 

II  •hull  Ih<  lawful,  and  h  JM-rvliy  warrnnlalilf, 
fur  hiin  and  Ihrin  in  iiiiiki'  wih-  nf  anrli  pria- 
nimr*  iia  ilirir  |M-riM-iMal  ala»»«  |  nr  nih<'rwiat< 
In  ri'lalii  nml  krrp  thfiii  na  ihi'v  think 
ini'Pt,  (lh«y  Imhiii  aimh  a*  thf  liiw  nllowa  in 
Im>  ki'pl.)  finally,  llii<  aaid  raplnoi  I'hiirrh 
Inrrln  iinpmviitg  hi*  heal  JniltfiiM-nl  and  dia' 
I'niinii,  and  utminl  nhillly,  failhfiilly  In  acrvi' 
ihn  inli'iral  of  (jimI,  hi*  niaji'ity'*  inlt-rrat, 
and  till' iiitt'ri'ai  of  ihit  cnlniiy  ;  mill  can-fully 
(nui'miiig  hi*  (aid  cniiipany  nl  hniiii'  and 
ahrnnd  I  i'liPta  1111111  lii>  unto  liitn  full  and  am- 
piti  I'nmmiaainn,  warrant,  and  iliai-liarKi'.  liiv- 
ini  undfrlhn  piililiu  iral,  January  I<*mIi,  I<l7il. 

I'ar  JDMIAII  WINMLOW,  Gov. 

Arnordiniily,  C'aptaiii  riiuroh,  aceoinpa- 
nird  with  tKVi'ral  (icnlh'nH'ii  and  otiii'ra,  wriit 
out,  and  tmik  di<rrr>  parlii>a  nf  liidinn*  j  nml 
In  nnii  of  which  parlif*  ih«>rii  wa«  u  certain 
•  lid  iiiiMi  whniii  raptain  Church  ai'«ni»d  in 
liiKi'  parliriilar  iioiici*  of,  and  iiakiii||  him 
i«hi'ri'  III'  lii'lniiKi'd,  he  lidd  him  In  Hwiin/.rv  ; 
lliK  laplaiii  iiaki'il  III*  nnine,  who  rrpliml  hi* 
liainii  wiia  (^niiaciencn  i  ('onacicnci*,  aaid  tlii< 
nipliiln,  aiiiiliiiK,  ihcii  the  wnr  ii  ovi-r,  fnr  thai 
wa*  what  ilii'y  wi'ru  lenrehiiiK  fnr,  il  'winu 
much  wanted  |  niid  then  rdurnpil  thi*  aaid 
4  'niiaciciicii  lo  hi*  poll  nKnin  nt  SwaiiKt'V ,  In  a 
certain  |MTann  the  anid  Indian  dviired  to  lie 
•old  to,  and  lo  relurnod  home. 

C'BAPTKB  II. 

A  rl'IITIIRR  AOOnVNT  or  Till  ACTION*  IN  TIIK 
MOHK  I.ATR  WARa  AfKINVT  Tllh  roMtloN 
KNKMV  ANO  INIIIAN  NraKLa,  IN  TIIK  CART- 
KIIN  PARTa,  VNnr.H  THR  CMIMMANII  or  TIIK 
ArollKIAIII  CAI'TAIN  IIRNJA.MIN  (.'IIURCII. 

In  llin  limp  of  Sir  F.iltnniid  Andrnaa'a 
Koveriimenl,  Im'cuii  that  lilnody  war  in  the 
eaaterii  pari*  nf  New  F.ii|{laiiil ;  an  thai  iiii- 
tnediiilely  .Sir  Kdiiinnd  aelit  an  expreai  for 
('iiptaiii  ('Imruli ;  who,  then  heiiiK  at  l.iitlu 
('nniplnii,  received  it  nn  a  l.nrd'*  day,  in  the 
anernnnii  nieetini;  ;  Bniil);  linnin  nller  meet 
inn,  look  hi*  liorae  and   *et   out  for  linatnn, 

III  nrdereil  ;  and  by  aiinriau  next  inorninK  irnt 
lo  Drainlree,  where  he  met  with  ('ninnel 
I'nit*'  nn  linraehack,  )rnln|r  In  Weymniilh  anil 
lliiiuham  In  raiau  iiircea  In  go  eaat ;  who 
aaid  he  waa  \t\iu\  In  aee  him,  and  that  Ilia  ex- 
cellency  wniilil  he  na  ulad  lo  hoc  him  in  Itna- 
Inn  an  early  i  Sn  pnrlinK  he  anon  |;nl  In  Una- 
Inn,  mill  waited  upon  lii*  excellency  ;  who 
inl'nrmed  him  nf  nn  unhappy  wnr  broke  nut 
in  the  eimtern  pnrta  ;  and  aaid  he  wai  iroinir 
hiniaelf  ill  peraon,  nml  that  he  wanted  hia 
cnmpany  wilh  him :  liiit  Captain  Church 
not  tiiiilinK  hiniaelf  in  the  aame  apirit  he  uaed 
to  have,  aaid  he  hoped  hi*  excellency  would 
Itive  him  lime  In  con^iiilcr  of  it.  He  told  him 
lie  nii)rht ;  a'ld  nlin  aaid  that  he  must  cnnie 
and  dine  wilh  him.  Captain  Church  liaviii); 
many  acqiiaititiince  in  linatnn,  wlin  made  il 
their  bnaliiciis  amiie  to  enconra){e  and  othcra 
In  diacouraf;e  him  from  |;nin|{wilh  hi*  cxcel- 
lenc/  :     So  after  dinner  lii»  excellency  tuuk 


him  liiin  hU  rmiM  rimI  4taa««r*a«l  (Naif  t 
aayiuf.  that  Im>  bniinf  knowledfa  nf  bta  dt- 
inrr  iiriinna  iiiid  atienraara  |  ami  thai  ha  mual 
Kn  with  htm,  nml  Im  hi*  a»rimd,  with  irtlM-r 
i'lM'oiirni|eni»nia,  llul  In  alMirt,  tha  anMl  ('n|>. 
lain  Churrh  dlil  nol  a«v>|il,  •»  wa*  diatntoMid 
and  went  linina. 

Himn  iiH'  r  ihli  waa  iha  ratoltrilon,  and  lh« 
ntlirr  novrrnmrnl  rraaaiinii'd  |  and  llian 
Uov^rnor  llrailairvri  ami  for  Cnpintn  Chureh 
to  cnnin  f"  llnalnii  n*    toon  ni   hi*  bllaliiaia 

niilil  pi'iniil  t  whrrouiMiu  ha  w»iil  In  Hoa- 
tnii,  nml  walled  u|Nin  hi*  bonwuri  whii  loM 
lilni  he  wa*  rftpirilrd  hy  ilia  anunctl  lit  *aMl 
fnr  him,  lo  *ee  If  ha  could  ba  praraibHl  whll 
lo  raiae  trohiiiiepri,  larth  F.iif  liah  and  Inrfiaiia, 
In  go  rail ;  for  ilip  rn*lwnrd  Indian*  bail  dtina 
irrent  ■iinil  u|Min  ilm  Kn|tli*h  In  tho**  paria  | 
tfitiiiff  lilin  nn  nceounl  of  I  ha  mia«rl**  aiMl 
•ulTerinif*  of  Ilia  prtmla  Ibara.  Captain 
Church'*  ipirila  haiiiir  nlTeclad,  anhl  if  ba  ennlil 
III  liny  aerniee  for  hi*  hoiinnr,  Ibaaotinlrjr  and 
thrir  relief  ha  wa*  ready  and  wllltnf.  Iia 
waa  naked  how  he  would  net  t  lie  mid,  ba 
wiiiihl  take  wilh  him  a*  niniiv  nf  hia  old  lol. 
dirra  n*  he  could  ft,  bnin  l',ii|li*h  and 
Indiana.  The  gpiitlenitu  of  lloilun  TU' 
ipieaieil  him  lo  ||o  In  Ithoda  lahtHil  (ovarn- 
nieiil  In  nak  their  naaiiinnae  i  Nn  ultinf  him 
ihi'ir  letter  nml  iiImiui  fnrtv  iliilliniti  kn  mitmry, 
he  look  leave,  and  Went  home  to  Briali'l  nn  n 
Siitiirday,  and  the  next  Moiidny  inornin|f  ba 
went  over  lo  Itliode  1*1  mil,  and  waited  u|inn 
their  ifovernor,  delivering  llie  latter  ai  order- 
ed ;  prayed  hi*  honour  for  a  ipaedy  nniwvr  t 
»'lin  aaid  lliey  cnuld  nnl  ||iv«  nn  nnawar  pra» 
aenily  ;  a«ilie  waited  on  them  till  ha  Iind  their 
aiiiwer  |  and  when  ha  Iind  nhlaiiiad  il,  hn 
carried  it  to  the  lloiloii  i^eiitlenien  ;  who  da- 
aired  him  to  rniaii  what  vidunieeri  ha  could 
in  I'lyinoulh  colony,  and  Uhmle  lihiiid  unV' 
ernmeni,  nml  win  •  wni  wniiliii|[  they  woultf 
mnke  up  nut  nf  their*  iliat  wni  nirrady  nut 
in  the  enilerii  pnrti.  The  iiinimar  beiltK  far 
a|ieiil,  Cnplain  Church  ninda  wlial  ileaiMtcb 
he  cnuld,  nml  mined  nhout  Iwi  huiidrad  anil 
lifty  men,  voluiileer*,  nml  received  hi*  com- 
miaaion  from  lioveriior  lliiicklty,  which  ia 
III  followi'th,  vix! — 

"  The  Ciiunrit  of  war  of  Ihtir  Vqjfiljft* 
tolonif  nf  Ntw  Pli/moulh,  in  Stw  Kng 
land,  lo  Major  Jkiijamin  Churck,  Caai- 
mnnf/cr-jn- CAiV/. 

"  Whereni  the  Kennelwck  nnd  enitein  In- 
dians, with  their  confeilerntei,  have  openly 
made  wnr  u|ion  llieir  niiijeityi'  lubjaeta 
of  tho  provinces  of  Maine,  New  llnmpihire, 
and  the  Miiasachuaelli  colony,  hnvitig  coin- 
milled  many  barharoui  niurderi,  ipoili  nnd 
rnpinei  upon  their  pennna  and  eilHte*  :  And 
wherens  there  nrn  inme  forcei  of  snidieri, 
KiiKliahniid  Indiani,  now  raised  and  detached 
out  of  tho  several  rrfrimenti  nnd  places  within 
thi*  colony  ofNew  Plymouth,  in  po  forth  to  the 
aaaiKlaiiceofoiir  nei|<hbnurs  and  friendaofiha 
aforeinid  provinces  nnd  colnriy  of  the  Mnsin- 
chuselti,  subjects  of  one  nnd  the  mine  crown, 
nnd  to  Join  wilh  'heir  forces  for  the  repellinn 
and  deatriiclion  nf  the  conimnn  enemy  i 
And  wherenayon,  Uenjnmin  Chu.-ch,  nre  np- 
pointed  to  he  major  and  commander-in-ehiaf 
of  nil  tho  forces.  I'liiclish  and   Indiana,  il» 


^> 


•l»««r  Mi^^itiM  aAtfwMM  I  ili*«t  •»•  IN  ibvir 
mii|»*il«a  iiiiiiM  III  uMihttfUii  Nml  rv)(iitr*  )r»H 
*)i  Ilka  litlw  (•wr  vnr*  antl  iionilM<<l  itii  lli« 
•mmI  &!*«••«  KngtMli  mi^  IimIimmi,  mui  ilili 
|«Nlljr  M  aMaiMl  iktil  lorvlfl*,  by  kxnllMf  aitfl 
•t«r««*iH(  ufjrnttr  Infortor  irfHevr*  «titi  «il' 
4l«'r«,  ntMMiawtllHg  lliaiii  in  ultry  tmi  iKltiftr 
•Ma/aiNiiNMii4«ri  amiiiiiHirfuo,  Aglii,  iiikc, 
ktil,  iif  4»»it^>t  ill*  Mill  t>n«MiU'«,  lhi'>r  niilvra 
•Nii  abatinrt,  b»  hII  ih«  •ity*  niiil  MU'mi*  yuu 
!••«,  aa  )rttM  Miall  li't«i>  i)|>(HiriiiMMr.  A114I 
fiHi  ara  I0  ulMar*«  aiHl  <iIm^  all  •ucii  iinlvri 
mt4  taalrmiiain  ••  frum  iima  u>  inn*  jruti 
•tiaM  raaaita  frum  ilia  •ninmiaaionart  of  ilia 
aalaataa,  iIm  aniiiiail  at  war  ul^ ihU  auliMiy,  or 
IIm  gavtiaur  amt  aoanail  a(  iha  MnMiirliU' 
•aitr  aalnar.  la  laMlaMta/  wliarntf  ilix  ,>kIi- 
lia  aaal  af  iIm  mI4  atihmjr  «f  N«w  Plyiuouili 
ia  kanNiala  aAiad.  Umm«I  in  Plymituili,  iIm 
tlMk  itay  «f  NaiMambar,  ^aaa  lliNa,  IdHW. 
^4aa«fa«  rt^  Htgi*  *l  Htgiitm  WiIImIiui  <I 
Mafia  vUf <ia«  4m.  IVtea. 

'lllUMAM  IIINKLEY.  Prtt't 

Ami  aow  inaraliiBH  ikam  all  ilown  lo  Dim- 
I  Ml,  (kaa  r««i'iv«i«l  III*  furlliar  orilnri  nilil  in* 
itrMuiioiM,  wkutli  ara  aa  fullowaibi 

DutioH,  Htpl.  Wh,  IdNO. 
Ta  all  th*rif».  marthali,  rimilahln,  ami 
ttktr  tjltffi  milUarw  nitM  tUU,  in  Iktir  ma- 
jtilU*  prttintt  of  Mmini. 

**  Whaniai,  piiriuiini  ti>  an  nirrviitrni  of 
ilia  «(iiniatatliiiii<r«  of  llii*  iinilvil  coliMiirn, 
Najiir  llaiijiinilii  Cliiireli  ii  eoiniitltvioni'il 
tninmnnilar  in  eliiof  nvrr  llmi  pnrt  of  ilirir 
Mnjeaiica  fiifeaa  (lavivd  for  iha  praMnl  ««|ic> 
llltion  aKfiiml  Iha  enmmnn  waumy)  wlio«n 
Ai*Nd-<|uarun  ara  appmalad  to  ba  al  Fni- 
iiiniiili,  in  Caieo  Bay  1  In  ihair  Mnj«»liai 
n>inii'«,  ynu,  anil  rvrry  nn«  of  you  are  tr- 
uiiiri-il  III  Ih*  aiilinif  nnil  ninintiiig  lo  ilia  tniil 
Miijor  Cliuruh  in  lii*  iiuriiiil  01  ilie  fiieiny, 
n«  liny  cmrrKPney  •hull  ri-i|iiir«>;  uiiil  lo  iin- 

iirr««  bniiu,  or  oihi'r  vvi»vU,  cam,  ciirriunDn, 
iiirM**,  oxen,  pniviniim,  nnil  iimmunilioii,  nnil 
inttii  for  (uiJei,  Am;.,  n«  you  ilmll  ntcvive 
wiirraiiu  from  Ilia  iiiid  oliiitf  coininiinilvr,  or 
hi*  lifiitvnnnl  lo  in  do  i  ynii  mny  not  fliil  lo 
do  tliH  tame  ipeedily  and  eflroeiually,  ni  yon 
will  iin«w«r your ncylticl and  contvinpt  ortliftir 
Miiji-ilivi  nutlinriiy  and  wnrice  nt  your  utivr- 
nimt  peril.  Given  under  my  hand  nnd  lenl 
the  diiy  ond  year  above  written.  ilnna^M* 
Rtrmi  Rtgu  «i  Rtgmm  Willielmi  and  Marin, 
Phmo. 

By  Thomai  Danforth,  PrtiUUnt 
oftktprovinc*  of  Main*. 

ttjf  Ih*  goMnur  mtd  council  of  tht  Mantaeku- 
HlU  colo»]f :  to  Mtyof  Btiyamm  Ckurck. 

Whereat,  you  are  appointed  nnd  commii- 
«ioned  by  the  council  of  war,  of  the  colony  of 
Ni'W  I'lymottlli,  coininaiider  in  chief  of  the 
force*  rniNfld  within  the  laid  colony,  a|(niiiiit 
the  common  Indian  enemy,  now  ordered 
into  the  en*tern  part*,  to  Join  with  loine  of 
the  force*  of  ihi*  colony  ;  fiir  the  proieciiiion, 
repelling,  nnd  tubduing  of  the  (aid  eni<iMy  : 
U  if  iMraforo  ordered  that  Captain  Simon 


KINO   rillLir'0  WAR. 

Williinl,  aa«l  Captain  Naikaaiel  Hall,  with 
iIm  Iwo  romimni'*  uf  (whllrr*  utiilar  lh«lr 
Mvural  I'liniiii'inili  iH-loiigiiig  lit  lliw  iiolimy, 
now  in  i>r  nlkiiil  r>i«ro  llajr,  bf,  ami  ara 
Iwiraiiy  |mii  undi'r  )■)•■,  u*  lli«ir  I'liinniantlvr  in 
i>lllrf   fur  till*    |ir>'>riil    rl|widMliMI.      And    III 

IHiriMiiiii'K  of  ih>>  I'liiiiiniMiiin*  wtiiritlly  givm 
III  t'tilirr  iif  iliviii,  iIm'v  iirv  iinlrri  il  in  wiMcrvti 
itiitl  obey  ynur  onlm  miil  ilirmiiin*  a*  ihrlr 
viiiniimo'lir  111  iibn'f  ••iiiil  fiirilirr  onlrr  IVmn 
iliii  )|iiirrriMir  itilii  I'liliiii'il,  itr  lIlwriiiniiiUaliMi- 
If  of  lll«>  folilMli'*,     llillril  III  llilaliill,  lll»  ITlll 

diiy  of  Srpli'iiilirr,  .laaa />MM.  IIM),  ,lHHwyii« 
ktgni  Htgit  It  Ntgins  (imllivlini  <(  Mnrw, 
Aitgh*  Ift.  I'rimu, 

N.  llatuaTRRRT,  (iuv, 
P0»t  in  t'oumtil, 
Alti$l,  Itaaa  Addingion,  Sitr, 

lljf  lk$  Cimmtnionff*  of  Ikt  toloitif  of  Iki 
MmtMtkuttlh,  /*/yM'iN>A  aoil  V.uonntittit, 
for  managmg  Iki  priifttl  mar  agaimtl  Ikt 

tommoH  rnimjf, 

"  ln*irucllon*  fiir  Miijor  lli'iilnniln  ('hurrh, 
eiiHiiitiiiiiler  inrliii'l'iiflliK  I'lyiiiniilli  form, 
wilk  olhrra  of  the  MiiHiichiMtitl*,  put  un- 
der hi*  coniniand. 

"  In  purauancKofihreomiiuiiInn  given  ynu, 
for  llii'ir  Miijolir*  wrvicii  111  Uie  |irv(riil  ri- 
|Midiiiiiii  ii||iiiii«l  llie  ciiMiiiioii  IimIiiiii  rnrii  y, 
llivir  iiiilt'f*  nnd  iilH'llor'i  ri-|M>*iiiKiMinAili'nui' 
in  your  wiulnin,  prudrtice  mul  liili'hiy  in  llii' 
iriial  coinniillril  lo  ynii,  fur  ih«  jioimnr  of 
(iml,  pMiil  of  III*  iN'iip|i>,  Hiiil  till)  apfiirily  of 
llin  iiilrri'al  uf  Cfirial  in  In*  oliurL'lii'*,  ex- 
|irciiii|{  mill  |irnyiiiK  ihni  in  yniirili'iM'iiili'iici' 
u|Miii  Tiitii,  yiMi  niiiy  bo  hi'lpi'd  uiiii  malati'd 
wiih  nil  ihiil  irriice  nnil  wiailnni  wliich  i*  rti- 
qniiite  for  carrying  you  on  wiili  luccu**  in 
ihi*  dilllcull  tarvloei  and  though  luiieh  i* 
and  mual  lie  left  lo  your  diacri'linii,  u*  I'rnvi- 
dvncc  and  onportuiuiy  niiiy  |iri'»i!iil  from  iliiii> 
to  liiiiu  ill  |ilnci'»  of  ullriiiliiiive  ;  yrl  lliu  fnl- 
lowing  iiiatriiviioii*  iiri'  I'liiiiiiiriiiinl  iiiiin 
your  olimTVUlliill,  iiliil  to  Ih>  iitti>iiili'il  lo  an 
fur  n*  lli«  alutii  uf  iniitlir*  with  you  in  aiirli 
n  lrnii*iiuiion  will  iidniit.  Yiiii  nrn  wiili  all 
|Mi*aible  aiieril  lo  Inke  cnre  ihiit  the  I'lynioulli 
force*,  lioih  F.ngliili  nnil  Indiiina,  iiinli-r  your 
coninianil,  be  fixi'il  and  ri'udy,  and  the  firai 
opportunity  of  wind  iiiiil  w«Mitlii<r,  in  go  on 
bounl  »uvh  vvaai<l*  u*  nrii  |iroviilt<il  to  l.iiii*- 
port  you  and  them  lo  ('ascii,  wlivrf,  if  il  ahull 
ploate  (lod  you  urrive,  you  nri>  lo  tiiku  under 
your  can*  uml  command  the  coiiipuiiit<*  n( 
Capi.  Nniliaiiii'l  Hall,  nnd  Capl.  Hinion  Wil- 
lord,  who  nre  ordered  In  iitti'iiilyiiurcoininniiil, 
whom,  togellicr  willi  the  I'lynioulli  Ibroi-a, 
and  *uch  a*  from  time  lo  time  mny  lie  added 
unto  you,  you  arc  lo  improve  in  auch  n  way 
n*  you  ihall  lee  meet,  for  the  diacovuring, 
pur*uing,  lubiluiiig,  nnd  dvilroyiiig  the  laid 
cnnimon  eiii-my,  by  nil  npiMirtunilie*  you  nre 
capable  of;  nlwiiy*  inli'iuling  the  preicrving 
nf  any  of  the  niMir  town*  from  incuraion*,  anil 
ile*lruclioii  of  the  eneiiiy,  yet  chielly  improv- 
ing your  men,  for  the  Aniling  and  following  the 
aaid  unvmy  abroad,  and  if  poaaiblo  to  find 
out  and  nttiick  their  head  quarter*  nnd  prin- 
cipal reiidi'zvnu*,  if  yon  find  you  are  in  a 
rational  capacity  for  lo  doiii);.  Thu  liclicr  to 
enable  vou  thereto,  wo  hnve  ordered  two  men- 


wf-war  tiiMiMk  Mi  Mar  mr«N  vaaaata  tM 
iran*ptiriall»N  la  atiaiMl  jrow,  tut  omdo  atm* 
anlvriible  llniv.  Yuu  ara  Im  *aa  ihal  yiiar 
aoldivra  arnia  Ih>  ulwiiya  Iliad,  and  ihal  lliey 
Imi  l^iriiiahi'il  wiih  aniniMnliMin,  prniiaini* 
and  olliiir  nrer**arl»*,  iHnI  an  ibey  may  Imi  in 
a  ri'iiilinra*  In  rr|i«l  and  aimck  ilw  «n*iiiy> 
In  ynur  iiuraiill  you  nro  lo  Ink*  aiwrlal  care 
III  noniil  iliiiigur  by  anilmahuiani*,  or  Iwing 
drawn  uniirr  any  diaatlinnlngw  by  ilir  •m-niy 
III  ynur  iiiiirrlira,  kri'|iing  mil  ai'iiui*  and  a 
fiiflorn  Imp*  lirfnre  ynur  main  iNuly,  and  by 
nil  |NM*iM«  iiiouna  nmUHVourliig  lo  iurprlaa 
aiima  of  lb*  anvmy,  ihal  •»  you  may  gaib 
iiiiDllignnvv,  Yuu  ara  lo  •approa*  all  atuiiniat 
and  diMirdvr*  aNioiig  yi>ur  MiU'ieri,  a*  miiek 
aa  in  ynu  li«*,  and  In  punUb  •««h  a*  diMibajp 
vnur  itf,f!»r;  aeannliiig  lu  iba  raU*  of  war 
hrrewiih  givtu  you. 

"  Yoit  are,  necording  lo  ynur  npporluniiy 
or  any  oemalon  mora  than  ordinnrv  oetiai* 
ing,  1 1  linlil  rorrra|Ninih'nea  with  Major 
Hwaiiie,  nnd  lo  yirhl  niiiiualaMiatanea  wlian 
uni'  a*  ynu  are  capable  nf  il,  and  you  may 
liMfa  reuwm  lo  Judge  ii  will  ba  of  moa)  publia 
■•'rviee  |  and  ii  will  lie  meet  you  nnd  lie  Miould 
agree  of  M.. lie  *ignal  whereby  your  Indiana 
may  lie  known  from  iheeiumv.  Ynu  ara  lo 
I'lii'ourage  your  *4ildipr*  lo  ba  liidu*lriou«, 
vignroua,  and  veiilurou*  in  llieir  *rrvlc*,  lo 
ai'nrcli  out  and  dvaimy  ili*  enemy,  aeuuainl- 
lag  ihem,  il  ia  agreed  by  ihn  aeveral  colonie*, 
ihni  lln-y  -jhnll  have  llie  lieneAl  nf  llie  cB|illvai, 
nnd  nil  Inwful  plund«r,  and  ihe  rewanl  of 
Higkl  I'oniuli  |ier  liend,  for  every  Agliiing 
liiilinn  mail  alain  by  ihem,  nvrr  nnd  uImivo 
llii'ir  alaled  wage*  S  ihe  aaiiie  !<■  iiig  iiimli'  up- 
|H<ar  lo  iliu  conimuniler  in  chii  I',  nr  •iicli  a* 
alinll  l>e  nppninted  lo  lake  care  iherein.  If 
your  uninmiaiinn  ollloer*,  or  any  of  ilieni 
ahouhl  Ihi  *lain,  or  otbarwiie  i  uetpabia  ot 
•anrlce,  nnd  for  (uoh  noaoa  ditaiiiaad,  vou 
are  to  npiMiini  other*  in  iheir  room,  who  *linll 
have  llie  like  wage*,  and  a  cniiiiniaaion  lent 
n|Niii  nnlicii  given,  yuu  to  give  iliriii  comini*- 
ainiia  ill  the  mean  lime,  Yuu  iire  in  takr  1  (• 
I'eelual  care  ihal  the  worihip  nf  (lud  lie  ki'pi 
up  ill  llie  army,  morning  nnd  evening  prnyel 
alleiidvd  a*  far  n*  mny  lie,  anil  a*  the  eiiier 
gen':ie*  uf  ynur  nffiiiri  will  admit,  to  *ee  tlint 
llie  hilly  *abbulh  lie  duly  voiiclined,  Yuu  'ira 
lo  lake  care  n*  much  u*  mny  be,  lo  prevent 
or  puiiiah  drunkenne**,  *wenring,  eur*ing,  01 
■uch  other  (ill*,  a*  do  provoke  the  nn|(t>r  ol 
(ioil.  You  are  lo  adviae  with  your  chief  uf- 
licer*  in  uny  matter*  of  inumcnt,  n*yuu  *hall 
have  op(Mirluiiity.  Yuu  are  from  time  toiimo 
10  give  intelligence  nnd  advice  to  the  governor 
and  council  nf  llie  Maa*nchu*ett*,  or  commi*- 
aioner*  of  ihe  culonie*,  of  your  proceeding* 
and  occurence*  thnt  may  hnpfien,  and  how  il 
aliall  plenac  the  Lord  to  deal  with  you  iu  thii 
prevent  ex|M<dition. 

*'  if  you  And  the  ve**el*  nre  not  likely  to 
to  be  ecrvicciible  to  )ou,  diimii*  them  ai  toon 
n*  ynu  mnv. 

"  Cupinin  8ylvnnu«  Dnvi*  it  n  prudent 
ninn,  nnd  well  acuuninied  with  tlie  nffiiir* 
of  iliiiiu  pnrtf,  and  i«  writ  unto  to  ndriia  anil 
inform  you  all  he  ciiii. 

"  Much  further  iii*iructiona  n*  wo  thnll  *ca 
reninn  to  *end  unto  ynu,  yuu  are  carefully  to 
attend  nnd  ob*ervc,  and  in  the  nbnence  of  tha 
comui**ioner*,  you  ilinll  observe  the  ordon 


tli    fMMl*    Af 

A»r  iniii*  mm- 
*••  ibm  fittn 
•ml  ihiil  liioi 
>n,  |ifi>«i«itii « 
hvy  miijr  Iw  in 
k  ili«i  vMniii/i 
«  •iwi'iiil  (Mrs 
rill*,  or  Iwing 

I  tiy  lIlK  ■twiti/ 
•t'DHI*    Hllll  • 

ImnIji,  «miI  hf 
Mg  III  MrpriM 
•>u  m»y  null. 
t*  all  muiiiiM* 
trra,  ••  miMh 
icK  nt  iJiMibajr 

mUiawf  wM 

r  npiMinuniijr 
iltiiiirT  iwiiMi- 
Willi  Mnjiir 
•UunflawiMn 
Niid  jriiu  limy 
of  iiiiMt  publla 
uiiii  lie  i^uultl 
jtiiur  InilkuM 
You  ar*  hi 
I  iiiduMrioua, 
wlr  M-rvtc*,  lo 
my,  nctiualnl- 

Ktrul  IHllollM«( 
if  lll«CH|ltllf«l, 

li«  rcwarri  ol 

fVfrjr  Aiililiiift 

rr  Hiiii  uImivo 

liiK  iiinilt'  iip> 

I',  nr  mitili  iii 

c  ilicri-iii.     If 

itiijr  of  ilirni 

I  iio*pabl«  of 

llfmitMd,  TON 

Kim,  who  ■linll 

intiiiiiaion  (CM! 

iIk'iii  vumrai*- 
iiri>  III  Ink)'  <f> 
r  (•otJ  Ih!  kcpi 
vtMiiiiy  prnyvl 
I  ai  lh«  vinvr 
nil,  lo  lee  liini 
ted,  Yuu  ira 
Im,  lo  preteni 
If,  curiiiiK,  or 

I  ili«  nnvt'r  ni 
your  chief  iif- 
1,  aiyou  »hult 
in  time  to  time 

II  the  governor 
If,  or  comniif- 
r  proecediiigt 
sn,  and  bow  it 
lib  you  in  thii 

I  not  likely  to 
I  thom  ai  foon 

if  n  prudent 
ill  tJie  nflitira 
to  ndrisfl  anH 

•  wo  thnll  tea 

re  oarefullr  lo 
ibnence  of  tha 
Te  tlM  ordon 


KIN*  »Mlliir*S  WAM, 


•wl  iMirMilwH*  ilir«ai»l  unio  juh  IVihh  itu 
gMVoriww  ami  aouiMil  uf  ilie  M>t>«irliiiwiia. 
Ulfffi.  uiMlor  iiwr  bitiiiU  in  IkMioo,  H»m, 
IH,  IIHIJ. 
TAm.  Ilmkttif,      Tkrtmmt  Ihtnfortk,  \U<i», 

tliimml  JftiMM,      WMutm  I'tikim, 


■ma  rMMV  iiviiiiirioM  u*n, 

n»tiiK    rvmly,    Miijur    <'liiiriib  rnilinilvxl 

«llb  bla  fiiriHI*  oil  iMKiril  ilia  «*«mU  prntiilril 

lu  Iraiitpiirl  ili«iw  for  I'ltM'o,  bii«ing  a  liravv 
giile  al  M,  W.,  and  on  I'ruluy  mIiuiiI  llirvi* 
n'aliMb,  ibay  got  lu  dghi  of  Onten  harlNHir  | 
ami  diarovrriiig  iwo  or  ikrrn  •oiiill  aliiiM 
ibere,  not  knowing  wliollier  lliry  wi'rn  frixmla 
or  •iienile*  I  wl|Krru|Hili  'lie  ■iilil  coMiiiiiiM 
drr,  Mnjor  (Jbureli,  gii«*  onUr*  llml  ain'r^ 
miui  Ibiil  waa  iiIiIm  ahoiiM  innke  rmiily,  noil 
•II  Im  eloM,  giving  orilcra  how  llivy  aliniilil 
•ill  in  RMM  tney  wura  i<Mi<ini»a.  Ila  iioiiig 
In  iha  Miiry  tliMip,  iiigrilmr  wiili  ihn  Itvao- 
luiion,  want  In  lirai,  iM'iiig  iMiih  wi-ll  riii<  il 
Willi  guiia  and  mi-o  i  itoinioK  lo  iIik  ttrat,  hml- 
•dibam,  whoaaitl  thoy  weru  friamla,  pri-ai'iii- 
ly  mnniiwd  ibair  hoiti,  liroiighi  to,  iiihI  an 
eitma  nlong  aide  of  llieiii ;  who  gtivn  llm  aitlil 
Cburoh  itn  aaeouni,  llinl  yvaliirJny  llirre  win 
a  very  great  nriny  irf  IikIumk  hihI  I'Vnooh 
with  lliein  upon  llm  i^lnod,  iil  llio  going  oul 
of  tliii  hiirlMMir,  mill  ihiil  tliry  wvre  oonn*  mi 
piir|Miai<  to  liike  <'iiani>  furl  iiiiil  town  ;  lik«-- 
wiae  infiirinnl  liliii  llml  ihiiy  h>til  gnl  n  riiii' 
live  woniitii  iihoiinl  (Mnjnr  Wnliluo'a  ilniiirli' 
ler  of  l'ia<.iiliii|iiii)  thill  KiMilil  givii  him  ii  full 
Mcounl  of  llii'ir  nntnlM-r  iiml  iiiiniiiionai  ||n 
Old  ihein  give  hia  arrvimi  lo  Ihi'ir  i!ii|iliiiii, 
■ml  li-ll  hllll,  he  wiiiilil  Willi  ii|Miii  liiiu  iilti'r 
he  hllll  iH'i'n  nil  •hllll-  iiMil  givi'ii  lonii'  orih'ra 
nnil  ilirri'liona,  lli'ing  noini'  prmiy  nviir,  he 
iinlereil  all  the  nii'ii  alill  lo  ki'ru  clnai',  giving 
tn  nociMinl  of  llm  iii'wa  he  hiiil  ri'fi'ivi'il,  iiiiil 
then  wunt  naliore,  wlieru  wrrn  arviTiil  of  ilii> 
chief  niiin  of  ihn  town  who  mi'l  him,  ltt<iiig 
gliid  ibiii  hn  ciiine  «o  biippily  in  ihi'ir  rt'lii'f ; 
lolil  him  the  newt  Mr*,  lii-ii  iiiul  givmi  thi'iii, 
iHiing  tlie  woman  iiforeiiiiil.  Ili>,  going  to 
Ciiptiiin  Diivia'a  to  get  aotnn  ri'lVi'ahmvol, 
hiiviiig  not  enl  n  niorat-l  aiiice  ho  (■iiinii  liy 
Uoalon  cnalle  ;  nnil  now  hiiving  inipiiri'il  in- 
to the  aliiti)  of  llm  Inwii,  fniiiiil  thnii  in  ii 
poor  coiiililion  to  ih'frliil  thiMiiai'jvi'a  iigiiiiiat 
■noil  n  ouoihi'r  of  i-ni'niii'a:  lln  giivi>  ilinn 
nil  NcKouhi  of  Ilia  orih^ra  iiml  iiiairiirtioiia, 
nnil  lolil  iheiii  wliiit  fiirufa  Im  hml  hroiiulit, 
mill  ihiit  wlirii  it  wna  diirk  lln-y  alioiiiil  nil  liiiiil, 
nnd  not  hefnr*-,  Iral  llm  fiii'iny  ahiiiilil  ilia- 
cover  llmin.  Ami  lliro  Im  wi'iil  on  hoiinl  ihi- 
priviiteer,  who  wfrii  Dniciinu'ii ;  hut  im  In- 
went,  oiillud  nhoiird  iivvry  vi'aarl,  uihI  orilcr- 
ed  the  olllui-ri  to  lukii  cum  lliiit  llirir  iiicii 
might  Imi  nil  lilted  iiiul  proviiliMl  lo  li)(ht,  for 
tbe  (Miople  of  the  town  vx|H-cti!il  llm  eiieniy 
In  fiiM  n|Kin  ihum  every  niinnle,  hut  wiiliul 
ehnrgin^  them  lo  kei'p  uniliacovcri'd ;  nnil 
coining  <m  hoiird  atiid  priviitci-r  wna  kiiiilly 
treiiiHil,  diacourieil  with  Mra.  l,vv,  who  iii- 
forineil  him  tliiil  the  conipiiiiy  aim  uiiiiiu  wilh 
hnd  fourtcore  ciinoca,  nnd  thnt  llitTti  were 
more  of  them  whom  alie  hnd  not  aeen,  which 
enme  from  oilier  |iliii;i'a,  nod  thnt  tiiry  told 
her  wiieii  they  cnnie  nil  toifi'thrr,  tiii-y  aliiiiil'l 
make  up  seven  hninlri'il  oumi.  IId  naked 
facrwlKltier  Ciu(:un  wu»  with  tlicmt    She 


iaM4W*r»d,ih>tiibrni  wvre  aeviritl  IVvoehmfn 
j  Willi  ibvMi,  hut  dMi  mil  koow  wli*lli«r  Cm*' 
lern  wna  lliare  or  not.  11*  llieo  bniing 
gill  whiil  llllrlllgvnrn  aim  i'<ii|l>l  gl»»  him, 
wvMl  iialiiiru  nod  >l*w*il  ih*  furl  nitil  town, 
dlai!oiiraiiig  Willi  ill*  gxiilli'ioro  iln'rv  nufnr' 
ding  III  hia  inalruuiiona ;  iio<l  ttlno  il  iMgnn 
lo  grow  ilitrk,  h«  nrilcn  i|  iIm'  traaila  III  I'lilo* 
aa  iiatar  llo'  fori  na  might  If,  nnil  liiiid  the 
aolilirra  Willi  na  lllllr  nnlar  'la  |H>«allil>>  ;  or- 
itvrlog  llmiii  na  limy  jmiilril  h,  gn  iiilii  lliti  furl 
mill  hoUM'*  llml  aiiMiil  ninr,  llml  an  ilmjr 
might  be  reiiily  uinui  iHienaino  i  linvliig  or- 
lUrnd  provliiona  fur  llirni,  wuni  lo  avery 
uonifiany  nnd  ordering  ilu'ni  to  gel  evvry 
thing  ramly  i  lliey  ihni  hml  no  |Miwiler<liorna 
or  allot  hnga,  alionhl  immeilinli'ly  innke  tlirmi 
ordirlng  llie  nlRi'rra  in  inke  aiiri'ini  onre 
ihal  Ibey  wrr*  mndy  to  iimrvh  ioln  Iha 
WimhU  nn  hnnr  lirfnre  tiny  t  And  niao  direct- 
log  llli'  wnti-ji  In  i;nll  hliii  Iwn  hnnra  liefnre 
liny  I  an  hi'  bnali-iii'il  in  Im>iI  In  gi'l  annm  real. 

M  lliu  liiiiu  pri'llni'il  he  wna  i-nllril,  ninl 
pri'aenlly  oriliTiiig  llm  i!ompniilea  to  iiinki' 
rt'iiily  i  mill  nihiiii  hnlf  no  hour  lu't'ore  ilny 
they  moved.  Neviriil  of  ihe  town*  iieniile 
went  wilh  iheni  into  n  lliiek  plnue  of  brnali, 
nlmnl  hnlf  n  mile  from  lh»  town  |  now 
ordering  llieiii  lo  aeiid  nnl  llmir  aennla,  na 
they  uaeil  In  ilo,  nnd  aeeiiig  ibi'ni  nil  aelili'd 
III  ilii'ir  work.  III*  went  inin  town  by  aunriae 
ngniii,  mill  ili'aireil  the  liiliiihilnnla  In  Inke 
eiire  of  tlieinai'lvea,  till  hia  men  hnd  lllli'd 
ihi'tnai'lvr*  wilh  ioine  lieeeaanriea  I  I'nr  bla 
lilillmia  mnat  of  llieiii  wmileil  h-ilji  hnjta  mid 
liiirna  |  an  be  nrdered  them  In  iiinkii  hnga  like 
wnlliila.  In  |iiit  powih-r  in  one  end,  mid  tliol 
in  ill*  other.  Mo  liinal  of  ihi'iii  were  ri'iidv 
fur  nelioii,  (vi/. )  the  Hi'i-oiii't  liidin.ia,  Inn 
the  ('ii|ie  liiiliniia  were  very  hiire,  Iviiig  >n 
Iniig  nl  llnalnn  iH-fure  they  I'lnhnrkeil,  llml 
they  hnd  aold  everything  lliey  i-niild  ninki 
a  penny  of;  anine  lying  aliiil  iinil  pnwilrr  in 
the  ciirnera  of  ihi'ir  hlnnki'ta.  He  Ih  ing  in 
tnwii,  Jual  going  to  hrenkl'nat,  there  wna  nn 
ninrm,  ao  hi*  ordered  nil  the  anliliera  in  town 
lo  move  iiwiiy  na  fiial  na  they  eoiitil,  where 
the  Aring  wna ;  nnd  he,  wilh  whnt  men  more 
were  with  him  of  hia  anliliera,  iiiovd  iinme- 
iliiilely,  nnd  meeting  with  Ciiptniii  lirneki'l'a 
anna,  who  told  him  their  fnllier  wna  inki'ii, 
nnd  thnt  they  anw  n  grenl  iiriiiy  of  the  In- 
ilinna  in  their  liilher'a  iirelinril.  Ily  ihia  time 
our  Indimia  thnt  wniiled  hnga  nnd  hnrna 
were  Ailed,  lint  wmitrd  iiiorii  nniniiiniliiin. 
I'reai'iitly  cmne  n  nii'aaen;(i'r  to  him  from  the 
town  mill  iiirnrmi'd  him,  thntlhev  hml  knnek- 
ed  out  till!  Iienila  of  aevernl  nialia  of  hnllela, 
mill  they  were  nil  loo  liig,  being  inuaket  hnl- 
lela, mid  would  lint  Al  iheir  giina,  nnd  thnt 
if  he  did  tint  gn  buck  himaelf  ii  grent  |inrl  of 
llm  iiriiiy  woiihl  lie  kept  buck  from  aervice 
for  wnnt  of  anilnhle  tmllela. 

Ilu  run  linek  mid  orilered  every  veaael  to 
aend  nahnru  nil  iheir  cnaka  of  hnllela;  being 
bronghl,  knocked  out  their  henda,  nnd  turned 
ihem  nil  out  upon  the  green  by  the  fort,  nnd 
aet  nil  ibe  people  in  the  town,  thnt  were  nhle, 
to  iniiku  aliiga  ;  being  moat  of  ihein  too  hirgu 
for  their  iiae,  which  hnd  like  to  hnrn  been  the 
overthrow  of  llieir  whole  army  i  be  Anding 
aoinii  atnnll  hnlli'ta,  nnd  whnt  aliiira  were 
made,  nnd  three  kniipaiicka  of  powder,  went 
immedi  ilely  In  tliu  nriny,  whn  were  very 
hotly  a  i^iigt'd ;  but  coining  to  the  river  the 


Ibia  waa  up  |  b«  aalM  M  Nt*  mati  liMM  WMV 
»ngiig«d,  aiiaouraglng  ibam,  aii4  l»U  ibaM 
It*  hnd  briiugbl  •••••ri'  nmmHiinMin  for  tb»M. 
lo  Imimn  enlled  ('n|M«ln  l.lgblftMil,  Utd 
down  bia  gon,  nml  rnine  over  lb*  river,  Inbmg 
the  |Niwilcr  u|Hm  bla  Itead,  awl  a  kellle  oi 
b«tll»la  In  aaeh  bnnd,  and  go4  atilb  In  bla  K'l 
hiw  anldiera.  11*  |iwre*l«lllg  gmnl  Aruig 
M|Mtii  llml  aiil«  he  wna  of,  want  lo  a*«  wbtt 
they  .were,  nnd  fnund  llieni  lo  Im  iwn  ol 
Mnliir  I'hureh'a  roio|Miiiira,  one  n(  Kiigbab 
noil  the  other  nf  liiilmna,  being  in  all  nboHl 
fnnraoore  man,  llml  bii^l  mil  gtii  over  ilia  ri»»r, 
bMI  liiy  rtrlitg  ov»r  oar  nieu't  beaila  M  Iba 
•nemy  i  li«  urvtently  ordervd  Ibam  lu  rnlly, 
and  nome  all  Ingeiber  |  nnd  gava  iba  wont 
Air  a  Cnaeo  mnn  i  an  one  Hwarton,  a  Jerary* 
miin,  ap|te.iring,  who  be  eouki  banlly  ambir* 
aliiml  I  be  aaked  him  llnw  A«r  il  Wna  lo  iba 
bend  of  lb*  river,  or  wbeilier  ibera  wna  any 
place  lo  gel  over  t  lie  aanl  there  waa  a  brldga 
iiIhiiiI  three  ipinrter*  of  n  mile  up,  wbere  ikey 
oiiglil  gel  over  t  No  he,  culling  lo  bla  a<ddler« 
I'llgiigrd  on  the  other  aide,  lidd  ibem  ihiil  ba 
w  Mild  anon  be  with  ibem  over  the  brnlge,  ana 
come  upim  the  Imeka  of  llie  enemy  i  wbkh  pul 
new  eournge  into  iheni ;  an  they  iininedinlely 
nioted  up  townrdailie  brhlge,  marching  very 
thin,  iH'ing  willing  to  mnke  whnt  abow  ibey 
eouhl,  aliouiing  aa  they  mnrelwd  I  they  anw 
the  enemy  running  from  the  river-alalv,  whera 
they  hnd  mnde  almiila  with  wimnI  lo  prevent 
niiylHMly  from  eointng  over  the  river  (  and 
eiimiiig  to  the  bridge,  lliev  anw  nn  tba  otber 
aide  thnt  the  enemy  hnd  hiid  log*  nnd  alark 
hireli  hrnah  nhing  lo  bide  tbemaelvea  f^om 
our  view. 

lie  ordered  the  onmnnny  to  «oma  nho 
gi'lher,  bidding  them  nil  to  run  nlivr  biiiH 
wlin  wniilil  II"  t^ft,  nnd  thnt  na  aoou  na  ibey 
Kill  over  the  bridge  lo  acntter,  ibnl  ao  ibey 
iiiighl  lint  lie  all  allot  down  togelber,  ex|ircl- 
ing  Ihe  enemy  lo  be  ill  their  alniida  |  nt  run- 
ning up  In  llie  atniida,  found  none  the  re,fnr  ibey 
were  juat  gone,  ibe  gnmnd  being  audi  ibey 
Inmlili'il  wilh  tbein  nebiiid  the  anid  ainnda, 
lie  ordered  the  Cnpinin  wilh  hii  eompnny  oi 
Kngliah  lo  innreb  down  loour  menengnged, 
nnd  llml  ibey  ahould  keep  nbing  u|Mm  tba 
edge  of  llie  miirah,  nnd  himaelf  wilh  hia  In* 
ilinii  Bohliera  would  ninrcli  down  through  iha 
liriiali ;  mill  Romitiglon  piircel  of  low  ground, 
which  hnd  been  Atrmerly  burnt,  the  old  bruak 
iKiing  fnllen  down  liiy  very  •hick,  nnd  the 
young  hruth  being  grown  up  miida  it  Ind 
trnvelling;  but  coming  near  the  bnck  of  th^ 
enemy,  one  of  hi*  men  culled  unto  liiin  their 
eomiiinnder  nnd  inid,  thnt  the  enemy  run 
weaiwiird  In  gel  between  ut  nnd  the  bridge, 
nnd  he,  looking  lliiit  wiiy,  anw  men  running, 
nnd  milking  ii  aninll  atop,  henrd  no  Aring, 
but  n  grent  chopping  with  hnlehela ;  an  ciiii- 
eluding  thnt  the  Aglil  wna  over,  mnde  the  heal 
of  their  wny  In  the  bridge  again,  le*t  ilia 
enemy  ahould  get  over  llie  bridge  into  Iha 
town,  the  men  being  winat  nf  tneni  nnl 
(our  nmmiiiiiiion  Iny  ripoaed)  coming  to  tb« 
brhlge  wbere  he  left  lit  Indinna  for  nn  ntn- 
huacndu  on  the  other  aide  of  lb''  river,  that  il 
nny  enemy  offered  'o  enme  over,  they  ahould 
Are  nt  them,  which  wc  iiu  nif  '■'<■'%  notice, 
ao  would  cone  to  their  •'"•ia'.nte  :  ("'it  in  llie 
way  huving  hennl  ii'  .ii'iiij  .Hvr  ■  liuio'ng,  oon- 
eliidi'il  the  enemy  wn  <l:"iwii  nlVi  lie  n>ked 
the  nmbuicudu,  wh    •    r  (licy  aiw  any  §•• 


KINn    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


ml 


I 


it  TImjt  tnid  ye»,  aliundniie*.  Ilf 
wk<id  llinm  wliiira  I  TUmy  aniwervd,  ihiit 
ihar  run  over  the  lieiul  of  tliu  rivvr  hy  the 
aodar  iiwniii|i,  mid  woru  ruiioiiig  Into  the 
Mook  (owHrdi  the  town. 

Tlicru  bfin|{  but  one  EnKliilimiin  widi 
liiin,  lie  bid  his  Indiiui  loliUHr*  iciittitr,  run 
«>jry  ihiii  to  preivrve  ibenKi'lvcy,  iind  bi- 
lit*  Itcllor  iiblo  to  iniiku  n  diaoovery  of  ihu 
tni.inyi  und  loon  coinin|(  to  l.ienluinint 
Clnrk'*  fluid,  on  the  lonlli  >idt>  of  tliu  nuck, 
and  iVKlng  the  outtlu  I'ueilin^  qiiiuily,  niul 
peroeiving  no  track,  conulndcd  tliu  iinilmii. 
cade  liiid  (old  tlieiii  n  fiil*<^liooil ;  thvy  limiily 
returned  bnck  to  the  laid  bridge,  porcfivinj; 
Umi«  wat  no  noiM  of  the  enemy.  He  lii-nrinn; 
Mveral  great  gun*  fire  at  tliu  town,  coiiclnded 
Ibnt  they  were  eitlior  uiaanllcd,  or  tliiit  llii-y 
hitd  discovered  the  viigniy :  he  having ordi.-red 
that  in  case  «uch  ahould  bu,  that  they  ihoiild 
fire  tome  of  their  great  guns  to  give  him 
notice  ;  lie  being  n  stranger  to  the  country, 
concluded  the  enemy  had  by  some  other  wuy 
got  to  the  town  ;  whereupon  hu  sent  hii,  men 
to  the  town,  and  himself  going  to  the  river, 
near  where  the  fight  had  been,  aaked  them 
how  they  did,  and  what  was  become  of  the 
enemy  I  Who  informed  him  that  the  enemy 
drew  uff  in  less  than  an  hour  nAer  he  left 
them,  and  had  not  fired  a  gun  at  them  rince. 
He  told  them  he  hnd  buen  within  little  more 
ihiin  a  gun  shot  of  the  back  of  the  e..emy,  and 
bad  been  upon  them  had  it  not  been  for  thick 
brushy  ground,  dec.  Now  some  of  his  men 
returning  from  the  town  gave  him  the  ac- 
count, that  they  went  while  they  saw  the 
colours  standiny;  and  men  walking  about  as 
not  I'.iolested  He  presently  ordered  that  all 
his  army  should  pursue  the  enemy  ;  but  they 
lold  him  that  most  of  them  had  spent  their 
ammunition,  and  that  if  the  enemy  had  en- 
gaged them  a  little  longer  they  might  have 
Celine  and  knocked  them  on  the  head ;  and 
that  some  of  their  bullets  were  so  unaixeable 
that  some  of  them  were  forced  to  make  slugs 
wliilii  they  were  engaged.  He  then  ordered 
them  to  got  over  all  the  wounded  and  dead 
men,  nnd  to  leave  none  behind  ;  which  was 
done  by  some  canoes  they  had  got.  Captain 
Hall  and   his  men  being  first  engaged,  did 

frreat  service,  and  sufTered  the  greatest  loss  in 
lis  men;  but  Captain  Soutliworth  with  his 
company,  and  Captain  Nuinposh  with  the 
Secoiiet  Indians,  nnd  tlie  most  of  the  men 
belonging  to  the  town,  nil  coming  suddenly 
to  his  relief,  prevented  him  and  his  whole 
company  from  being  cut  off. 

By  this'  time  the  day  was  far  spent,  and 
marching  into  town  about  sunset,  carying  in 
all  their  wounded  nnd  dead  men,  being  all 
sensible  of  God's  goodness  to  them,  in  giving 
them  the  victory,  and  causing  the  enemy  to 
fly  with  shame,  whc  never  gate  one  shout  at 
their  drawing  off.  The  poor  inlmbitnnts 
wonderfully  rejoiced  that  the  Almighty  bad 
favoured  them  so  much ;  saying,  that  if  Major 
Church,  with  his  forces,  had  not  conic  nt  that 
juncture,  they  had  been  all  cut  off;  and  said 
fbrther,  that  it  was  the  first  time  that  ever  the 
eastward  Indians  had  been  put  to  flight,  nnd 
the  snid  Church  with  his  volunteers  were 
wonderfully  preserved,  having  never  a  man 
killed  outright,  nnd  but  one  Indian  mortally 
wounded,  who  died,  several  more  being  badly 
VOHiided,  but  recovered. 


After  this  engagement  Major  Church,  with 
his  forces,  ranging  all  thu  country  thereahout, 
in  pursuit  of  the  enemy  ;  nnd  visiting  all  the 

tarris4tns  ut  Black  Point,  Hpnrwink,  nnd 
Hue  Point,  and  went  up  Konnebcuk  river, 
but  to  little  effect.  And  now  winter  drawing 
near,  hn  received  orders  from  the  government 
of  the  Massachusetts  Bay,  to  settle  all  the 
garrisons,  nnd  put  in  suitoble  officers  nccnrd 
Mig  to  his  best  discretion,  and  to  send  home 
all  his  soldiers,  volunteers  nnd  trnnsports ; 
which  orders  he  presently  obeyed.  Being 
obliged  to  buy  him  a  horse  to  go  home  by 
land,  that  so  he  might  the  better  comply  with 
his  orders.  The  poor  people,  the  inhabitants 
of  Cusco,  nnd  places  adjacent,  when  they 
saw  he  was  going  away  from  them,  lamented 
sadly,  and  begged  earnestly  that  he  would 
suffer  them  In  come  nwuy  in  the  transports  ; 
saying,  that  if  bu  left  tliein  there,  that  in  the 
spring  of  the  yenr  the  enemy  would  come 
nnd  destroy  them  and  their  families.  So  by 
their  earnest  request  the  snid  Major  Church 

firomiscd  them,  that  if  the  governments  that 
lud  now  sent  him,  would  send  him  the  next 
spring,  he  would  certainly  come  with  his 
volunteers  nnd  Indians  to  their  relief:  nnd 
that  ns  so<in  ns  he  had  been  home,  and  taken 
a  little  care  of  his  own  business,  he  would 
certainly  wait  upon  the  gentlemen  of  Boston, 
and  inform  them  of  the  promise  he  had  made 
to  them  ;  and  if  they  did  not  see  cause  to 
send  them  relief,  to  entreat  their  honors 
seasonably  to  draw  them  off,  that  they  might 
not  be  a  prey  to  the  barbarous  enemy. 

Taking  his  leave  of  those  poor  inhabitants, 
some  of  the  chief  men  there  waited  upcm  him 
to  Black  Point,  to  Cnptain  Scnttaway's  gnr- 
rison  ;  coming  there,  they  prevailed  with  the 
said  Captain  Scottawiiy  to  go  with  him  to 
Boston,  which  he  readily  complied  with, 
provided  the  said  Church  would  put  nnother 
in  to  commnnil  the  garrison ;  which  being 
done,  nnd  taking  their  Icnve  one  of  another, 
they  set  out  and  travelled  through  all  the 
country,  homu  to  Boston ;  having  employed 
himself  to  the  utmost  to  fulfil  his  instructions 
last  received  from  Bosion  gentlemen,  which 
cost  him  about  a  month's  service  over  and 
above  what  he  had  pay  for  from  the  Plymouth 
gentlemen  :  nnd  in  liis  travel  homeward  sev- 
eral gentlemen  waited  upon  the  said  Major 
Church,  who  was  obliged  to  bear  their  cx- 
pences.  When  he  came  to  Boston  gentle- 
men, he  informed  them  of  the  miserius  those 
poor  people  were  in  by  having  their  provi- 
sions taken  from  them  by  order  of  the  Pre- 
sident— then  went  home ;  stayed  not  long 
there  before  he  returned  to  Botiton,  where 
I'aptain  Scottoway  waited  for  bis  coming, 
that  he  might  have  the  determination  of  the 
government  of  Boston  to  carry  home  with 
lim  ;  nnd  it  bcini;  the  time  of  the  small- iiox 
there,  nnd  Major  Church  not  having  hnd  it, 
tiiking  up  his  lodging  near  the  Court-house, 
took  the  first  opportunity  to  inform  those 
gentlemen  of  the  Court  his  business ;  who 
said  they  were  very  busy  in  sending  home 
Sir  Edmund,  the  siiip  being  ready  to  sail. 
The  said  Major  Cliurch  still  waiting  upon 
them,  and  nt  every  opportunity  entreating 
those  gentlemen  in  behalf  of  the  poor  people 
of  Casco,  informing  the  necessity  of  taking 
care  of  tbeni,  either  by  Nendio;;  them  relief 
early  in  the  spring,  or  suffering  them  to  draw 


off,  otherwise  they  wiuhl  certainly  ba  do< 
siroyed.  Thsir  answer  wna,  they  conid  i» 
nolliinif  till  8ir  Edmund  wm  gone.  Waiting 
there  tliiee  weeks  upon  great  expenses,  i.J 
concluded  to  driw  nii  some  of  the  cirenin* 
stances  of  Cnsco,  and  places  adjacent,  and 
to  leave  it  n|Kin  the  Coniir.il  Board,  before 
the  Governor  and  Couiieil ;  having  got  it 
done,  obtained  lilierty  to  go  np  where  the 
<iovernor  and  Counuil  were  silting,  ho  in- 
formed their  honors,  that  he  had  waited  till 
liis  patience  wns  worn  out,  so  hnd  drawn  np 
the  matter  to  leave  upon  the  Board  before 
them,  which  is  us  fiillowsi 

Totkt  honortd  Ooetmor  and  Council  of  tht 
Jtauachuulh, 

GlNTLBMIIN, 

Whereas,  by  virtue  of  yours,  with  Ply- 
month's  desires  and  commands,  I  went  east- 
ward in  the  iate  expedition  against  the  com- 
mon Indian  enemy,  where  Providence  so 
ordered  that  we  nttocked  their  greatest  body 
of  forces,  coming  then  for  the  destructitm^ 
of  Fnlmouth,  which  we  know  marched  off, 
repulsed  with  considerable  damage,  leaving 
the  ground,  and  never  since  seen  there,  or 
in  any  place  adjacent :  the  time  of  the  year 
being  then  too  late  to  prosecute  any  further 
design,  nnd  other  accidents  falling  contrary 

10  my  expectation,  impeding  the  desired 
success.  Upon  my  then  removal  from  the 
province  of  Maine,  the  inhabitants  were  very 
solicitous  that  this  enemy  might  bu  funlicr 
prosecuted ;  willing  to  venture  their  lives 
and  fortunes  in  the  said  enterprise,  wherein 
they  might  serve  God,  their  king  and  coun- 
try, and  enjoy  quiet  nnd  pencenble  bnbiln- 
lions ;  upon  which  I  promised  to  signify  the 
snmc  to  yourselves,  nnd  willing  to  venture- 
that  little  which  Providence  hntli  entrusted 
mn  with,  on  thu  said  ncconiil.  The  season 
of  the  yenr  being  such,  if  some  speedy  nction 
bo  not  performed  in  nttncking  llicni,  they 
will  certainly  be  upon  us  in  our  out  towns, 
God  knows  where,  nnd  the  inhabitants  tliert 
not  being  able  to  defend  iheinselvcs,  without 
doubt  many  souls  may  be  cut  off,  ns  our 
last  year's  "xperiencc  wofnily  hath  declared. 
The  inhabitants  there  trust  to  your  protec- 
tion, having  nndertnken  government  and 
your  propriety;  if  nothing  be  performed  on 
the  sniil  account,  the  best  wny  (under  cor- 
rection) is  to  demolish  the  garrison,  nnif 
draw  off  the  inhabitants,  that  they  may  not 
lie  left  to  a  merciless  enemy ;  nnd  that  the 
nrnis  nnd  ammunition  may  not  lie  there  for 
the  strengthening  of  the  enemy  ;  who  with- 
out doubt  have  need  enough,  having  ex- 
hausted their  greatest  store  in  this  winter 
season.  1  have  performed  my  promise  to 
them,  and  acquitted  myself  in  specifying  the 
same  to  yourselves :  not  that  I  desire  to  lie 
ill  any  action,  although  willing  to  serve  my 
king  and  country,  and  may  pass  under  the 
censure  of  scandalous  tongues  in  the  Inst 
expedition,  which  I  hope  they  will  amend  on 
the  first  opportunity  of  service.  I  leave  to 
mature  consideration,  the  loss  of  trade  nnd 
fishery  ;  the  war  brought  to  the  doors ;  what 

11  triumph   it  will  be  tn  the  enemy,  derision 
to  our  neighbors,  besides  dishonor  to  God 
and  our  nation,  and  grounds  of  frowns  fmio 
oiir  prince,  the  frustration  of  those  whose  - 
eyes  are  upon  you  for  bel^i,  who  might  linvo 


KINO    PHILir'H    WAR 


M 


AilivrwiM  ii|>nlied  ilioniM-lvri  In  iheir  kiiiK. 
<i«nilvinaii,llii*  i  ihimghl  humlilyto  |iro|io*e 
UMiti  ytiii,  tliiit  I  might  diichiir)(u  inyailf  in 
niv  iriiM  fritin  yourcolvun,  uiid  iinnniiu  lo  tliu 
iiiiiiiliiiiiiili  of  tliu  provinou,  but  «ii|ii-ciiilly 
niy  duty  toiitid,  hur  iiiuj«»ty,  niid  my  imtion, 
pruning  fur  your  lioiiiir*'  proipurity,  tub- 
■chb«,  Yuur  •erviinl, 

UB.NJ.  CilURCM. 
A  true  eopif  givtn  in  at  Uoilon,  lhi$  Qlh  of 
Ftbruary,  l(W0,  at  th*  Council  Board. 
AtUti.    T.8. 

Miijor  Churoh  Mid.  moreover,  'hut  in  thiii 
Joiiig  lie  had  complied  with  liii  promiie  to 
those  poor  people  of  Caico,  and  iiho>ild  bii 
quit  from  the  guilt  of  their  blotid.  Tbo 
governor  wn»  pleiited  to  tlinnk  him  for  liiii 
cnre  and  ptiini  taken  ;  then  cnkiiiK  bit  leiive 
of  them  went  home,  and  left  Capiiiin  8cottii- 
wny  in  n  very  lorrowful  condiium,  who  re- 
lumed home  tome  lime  nftvr  with  only  n 
eopy  of  what  wne  luA  on  the  board  by  lliu 
Mid  Church.  Major  Church  not  huuriii|( 
Mnv  thini(  till  May  following,  nud  then  was 
informed,  that  those  poor  pe<iple  of  Casco 
were  cut  off  by  the  barbarous  enemy  ;  nud 
that  alihou|{li  they  made  their  terms  with 
Monsieur  Casteen,  who  was  communder  of 
those  enemies,  yet  he  sufTcrt-d  those  merci- 
less savages  to  innssnore  and  destroy  the 
luoHt  of  them.  To  conclude  this  first  expe- 
dition tMtst ;  I  sliuli  just  (five  you  u  hint  how 
Major  Church  was  treated,  nlthough  he  was 
oommiiuder-in-cliivf  of  ull  the  forces  out  of 
I'lymouth  and  Boston  gov'.-rnment,  after  hu 
lame  home,  for  Plymouth  gentlemen  paid 
him  but  forty-two  pounds ;  telling  him,  he 
must  go  to  Bostim  gentlemen  for  the  rest, 
who  were  his  employers  ns  well  as  they. 
or  whom  he  never  had  one  penny  for  all 
travel  and  expenses  in  raising  volunteers, 
nnd  services  done  ;  except  forty  shillings  or 
thereabout,  for  going  from  Boston  to  Rhode 
Island  on  their  business,  and  back  to  Boston 
again ;  also,  for  sending  n  man  to  Provi- 
dence for  Captain  Edmunds,  who  raised  u 
company  in  those  parts,  nnd  WHt<t  east  with 
them. 

THE   §BCOND   EXPEDITION   EAST. 

In  the  year  1600,  was  the  expedition  to 
Canada,  and  Major  Wnlley  often  nrcpicated 
Major  Church,  tliut  if  he  would  not  go  liini- 
■ell  in  that  expedition,  that  he  would  not 
hinder  others:  he  answered  the  siiid  ^Valley, 
that  he  should  hinder  none  but  bis  old  sol- 
diers, that  used  to  go  along  with  him.  And 
the  siiid  Church  going  down  to  Cliarlestown, 
to  take  his  leave  of  some  of  his  relations 
and  friends,  who  were  going  into  that  expe- 
dition, promised  his  wife  and  fai/iily  not  lo 
go  into  Doston,  the  smnll-pox  being  very  rife 
there.  Coming  to  Cliarlestown,  several  of 
his  friends  in  Boston  came  over  to  see  him  ; 
und  the  next  day  after  the  said  Church  cume 
there.  Major  Wnlley  came  lo  him,  and  in- 
armed him,  that  the  governor  nnil  council 
Wanted  to  speak  with  him:  he  answered 
him,  that  he  hnd  promised  his  wife  and 
family  not  to  go  into  Boston  ;  saying,  if  they 
had  any  business,  they  could  write  to  him, 
and  that  be  would  send  them  his  answer, 
bnou  al'iur  cume  over  two  other  gentlemen 


^ifilh  a  message,  thai  the  Kovernnr  nnd  coun* 
ud  wnnled  to  have  some  discourse  with  him. 
The  answer  returned  was,  that  he  intended 
lo  lodge   that  night  at  tlio  Grayhnund,   in 
Roxbury,  nnd   lliat  in  lb.;  morning  would 
come  lo  Pollnrd's  nt  the  south  end  of  Bos- 
ton; which  accordingly  he  did.     8ot)n  aftier 
he  cnnie  thiiher  received  a  letter  from  the 
honorable  Ciiptiiin  N<?wall,  to  i  request  hini  to 
the  council ;  the  answer  he  returned  by  the 
bearer  was,  ihat   be  llionglit  there  wis  no 
need  of  his  huzariliiig  liiinsell'so  much  us  to 
come  and  spook  with  them  ;  not  that  l<e  was 
aftiiid  of  his  life,  but  liecanse  ho  hud  no  raind 
to  be  oonoerned ;  and  further  by  reason  tliey 
would  not  henrken  to  him  almut  the  ivwr 
people  of  Casco,     But   imniedintely  uaine 
Mr.  Maxfield  lo  him,  saying,  that  the  coun- 
cil bid  him  tell  the  said  Church,  that  if  he 
would   lake  his  horse  nnd  ride  along  the 
middle  of  the  street,  there  inight  l>e  no  dan- 
ger, they  were  then  silling  In  council :  he 
bid  them  l'o  nnd  teil   his  masters,  not  to 
trouble  themselves,  whether  ho  cnme  upon 
his  head  or  feet,  he  was  coming:  however, 
ihinkinK    the  return   was  something  rude, 
nailed  him  back  lo  drink  a  glass  of  wine,  nnd 
then  he  would  go  with  him.     So  coming  to 
the  council,  they  were  very  thankful  In  him, 
nnd  told  him  that  the  occasion  of  their  send- 
ing for  him  was,  that  there  was  n  rnptive 
come  in  who  gave  them  nn  account,  that  the 
Indians  were  come  down,  nnd  had   taken 
possession  of  the  stone  fort  at  Pejepscot,  so 
that  they  wanted  his  advice  and  t!)oi;ghis 
about  the  maner ;  whether  they  wcnid  tarry 
and  keep  in  the  fort  or  nor;  an  J  whether  it 
wns  not  e.tpedient  to  send  Home  furce*  to  do 
some  spoil  upon  them  ;  and  rurlher  to  ki-.uw 
whether  he  could  not  he  prevailed  with  lo 
raise  some  volunteers  nnd  go,  to  do  some 
spoil  upon  them  t     lie  answered  them,  he 
was  unwilling  to  be  concerned  any  more;  it 
being  very  difficult  and  chargeable  lo  raise 
volunteers,  ns  he  found  by  experience  in  the 
last  expedition.    But  they  using  ninny  nrgu- 
meiits  prevailed  so  far  with  him,  that  if  the 
government  of  Plymouth  saw  cause  to  send 
him,  ho  would  go,  thinking  the  expedition 
would  be  short;  took  his  leave  of  them  and 
went  home.    And  in  n  short  time  after,  there 
came  nn  express  from  Governor  Ilinkley,  lo 
request  Major  Church  In  come  to  Bariiiitable 
to  hiin^he  hnvini;  received  a  letter  from  llie 
government  of  Boston  to  raise  some  forces 
to    go    east :    whereupon    the    said    Major 
Church  went  the  next  day  to  Barnstable,  as 
ordered  ;  finding  the  governor  and  some  of 
the  council  of  wiir  there,  discoursed   him, 
concluding  that  he  should  take  his  Indian 
soldiers,  and  two  English  captains,  with  what 
volunteers  could   be  raised  ;   nnd  that  one 
captain   should   go  out   of   Plymouth   nnd 
Barnstable  county,  and  the  other  out  of  BriS' 
tol  county,  with  what  forces  he  could  raise, 
concluding  to  have  but  few  oflicers,  to  save 
charge.    The    said    Church   wns   ut    great 
charge  and   expense   in   raising  of  ftirces. 
Governor  Hinkiey  promised  that  he  would 
take  care  to  provide  vessels  to  transport  the 
said  army  with  aminiinition  and  provisions, 
by  thti  time  prefixed  by  himself,  for  the  go- 
vernment of  Boston  had  obliged  themselves 
by  their  letter,  to  provide  any  thing  that  was 
wanting;    so  at   tho  time,   Major  Church 


mnruhad  down  nil  bit  loldicnt  otit  of  Driital 
rouiiiy  to  Plymouth,  nt  entered  |  and  baing 
cume,  ftiuiid  it  not  ns  be  expected,  for  lliert 
Were  neither  provisiont,  ninmunilion,  nor 
Irnnspons ;  so  ho  iinmedinlely  tent  nu  e* 
prctt  to  the  g(>vernnr  who  wntat  Bnrnainble* 
to  give  him  nn  account  that  he  with  the  men 
were  come  to  Plymouth,  and  found  nothing 
ready;  in  hit  return  lo  the  laid  Chnrcbt 
gave  Jiim  nn  necnunl  of  hit  disappoint* 
merit;  and  tent  John  Lnthrop  of  Barnsin* 
ble  in  a  vettel  with  tcmo  nnimunition  and 
prevision  on  board,  to  him  nt  Plytnouih; 
also  tent  him  word  that  there  wns  more  on 
tionrd  of  Samuel  Ailing  of  Barnstable,  who 
was  to  go  liar  n  irnnsport,  nnd  that  h«  himtelf 
would  be  nt  Plymouth  nest  dny ;  but  Ailing 
never  came  near  him,  but  went  lo  Bilhngt* 
gate,  al  Cape  Cod,  nt  he  wiit  informed. 
The  governor  being  come,  tnid  to  Major 
Church  that  he  must  take  some  of  the  o|ien 
sloops,  and  mnke  spar  decks  to  them,  and 
lay  platforms  for  the  toldiert  t)i  lie  upon; 
which  delays  were  very  expensive  to  ilie  said 
Church ;  his  soldiers  Iteing  nil  volunteerti 
daily  expected  to  be  treoted  l>y  him,  nnd  the 
Indinnt  always  begging  for  money  to  get 
drink ;  but  he,  using  hit  uimott  diligeiice« 
mnde  what  dispatch  he  could  lo  be  gaii«i 
iMfing  ready  to  embark,  received  hi*  eonimli- 
sion  and  instructions  from  Governor  Hink> 
ley,  which  nre  ns  followeth,  viz. 

The  Council  of  War  of  Ihcit  Mojettitt'  eit- 
loni/  of  New- Plymouth,  in  New-England: 
To  Major  Benjamin  Church,  Commanaet- 
in-Chief,  J^c, 

Whereas,  the  Kcnnelieck  nnd  Eastward 
Indians,  with  the  French,  their  confederates 
have  openly  made  war  upon  their  innjestietl* 
subjects  of  the  pr<iviiiccs  of  Maine,  New 
llninpsliire,  and  of  the  Massachusetts  colo- 
ny, having  committed  many  bnrbarnut  mur- 
ders, spoils,  nn<l  rapines  iipmi  their  perscmt 
nnd  estates :  and  whereas,  there  nre  some 
forces  of  soldiers,  English  and  Indians,  now 
rnised  and  detached  out  of  the  sevcrni  rtigi 
menta  and  pincet  within  this  colony  of  New- 
Plymouth,  to  go  forth  to  the  nssisiHiioe  of. 
our  neighbors  and  friends  of  the  nftiretaid 
provinces  nnd  colony  of  the  Massachusetit, 
subjects  of  one  and  the  tame  crown :  niic 
whereas  you,  Benjamin  Church,  nre  up 
pointed  major  and  commander-in-chief  of  al 
the  forces,  English  and  Indians,  delucheil 
within  this  colony,  together  whh  such  other 
of  their  majesties'  subjects  ns  elsewhere  thiill 
enlist  themselves,  or  shall  be  orderly  put 
under  your  command  fur  the  service  of  iheir 
majesties,  ns  aforesaid.  These  are  in  their 
majesties*  name  to  authorize  nnd  require  you 
In  take  into  your  care  and  conduct  nil  the 
said  forces,  English  nnd  Indians,  nnd  dili- 
gently to  intend  thnt  service,  by  lending  and 
exercising  your  inferior  officer!  und  soldiers, 
commanding  them  to  obey  you  as  Iheir  chief 
commander:  and  lo  pursue,  fight,  Inke,  kill 
or  destroy  the  taid  enemies,  their  nidcrt  and 
abettors  by  all  the  ways  and  means  you  can. 
ns  you  shall  have  r  pporlunity,  and  to  nccen 
to  mercy,  or  gran:  ]uarter  and  favor  lo  such 
or  so  many  of  said  enemies  as  you  shall  find 
needful  for  promoting  the  design  nforetaidl 
and  you  are  to  observe  and  obey  nil  tueh 
orders  and  iiistrn:  tion:?,  as  from  time  to  I 


fk 


KING    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


jrou  tlMll  K««if«  rrom  ih*  oonimiMioiivr*  uf 
iIm  oolonic*,  nr  the  rnuneil  of  wnr  of  ilia 
Mill  colony  nf  N«w-i*lvinoii(li,  or  from  the 

fnvenior  nnd  eoiiiicil  nf  Ilia  MaiinoliunvUi. 
II  ti'flimoiiy  wliureuf  li  nfflxt^d  tlin  public 
■<>iil  of  lliit  colony.  Diited  in  I'lyninuih,  tint 
Moond  diiy  of  8u|itembi!r,  Anno  Doin.  iOUO. 
Aiino<|Uf  rv|roi  Il«)|rii  «t  llvgiiius  Willivlmi  et 
Miiiiie,  dtu.  .S«cundo. 

'I'llU.  IIINKKRY,  Prtiidenl. 

tiulrueliim$  for  Major  Benjamin  Church, 
Vommander-iH-Ckitf  of  the  I'lymoulk 
foicet,  with  other  o/tkt  itauaehitietli  put 
under  Ail  eommand. 

In  pun iiiinee  of  the  oomniiHion  given  you 
for  their  Mujuttion'  •errioe,  in  the  preient  ex- 
pedition ugninRt  the  common  enuray,  indinn 
und  Frvlicli,  their  nidcm  nnd  nliettora,  on  the 
rm|iii*«t  of  our  brethren  nnd  friend*  of  the 
MHHiuchnieltR  colony,  tnbjecl*  of  one  and 
the  ■iiinu  crown  of  Kiiglnnd  ;  for  our  ntui* 
tniics  of  tliem  therein :  reposing  conBdeiice 
in  your  wisdom,  prudence,  proneiieit  and 
fi«itlifnlne«ii  in  the  trnut  under  (iod  commit- 
ted to  you  for  the  honor  of  bin  nnme,  the 
inlereit  of  Chriit  in  theie  churche*,  nnd  the 
good  of  the  whole  |>eople ;  prnying  und  ex 
preting  tlint  in  your  dependence  on  liini,  you 
mny  be  helped  nnd  auided  with  nil  thnt 
grnce,  wi»doin  and  courage  iieceMary  for  the 
carrying  of  yon  on  with  tucceti  in  thit  diffi 
cult  nervice;  nnd  though  much  i*  nnd  munt 
be  left  to  your  discretion,  with  your  council 
o^ofllcprs,  nil  Providence  nnd  opportunity 
miiy  preieiit  from  time  to  time  in  place*  of 
notion!  yet  the  following  inMruetion*  nre 
eommendod  to  you  to  be  ob*erved  niid  al- 
tciided  to  by  you,  »o  fnr  a*  the  itate  and  cir- 
cumRlnnce*  of  thnt  nffhir  will  admit. 

"  Yon  nre  with  nil  poaiililo  *peed  to  take 
cure  thnt  the  Plymouth  forceii,  both  Engliih 
and  indiiin*.  under  your  coininnnd,  be  fixed 
and  rendy  on  the  tirnt  opportunity  of  wind 
nnd  wentlier,  to  go  on  board  bucIi  veueU,  n* 
•re  pnivided  to  triiniipoft  you  to  Pisontnqun  ; 
nnd  there  to  take  under  your  care  and  com- 
mand auch  compnniu*  of  the  Mii*Micliusettii 
colony,  a*  dinll  by  them  be  ordered  nnd  ad- 
ded to  you  there,  or  elaewhere  from  time  to 
time ;  nil  which  you  nre  to  improve  in  tucli 
way,  and  from  place  to  place,  a*  with  the  ad 
riee  of  your  council,  consiRting  of  the  com 
uifcion  officer*  of  the  MaiDacliusett*  colony, 
and  Plyinonth,  under  your  conduct,  Bliall 
Mem  meet,  for  the  finding  out,  piirRuing, 
taking  nr  de*lroyingof  suid  common  enemy, 
on  all  npportunitie*,  nccordiiig  to  conimis- 
•ioii,  and  lucli  further  orders  nnd  iiistruc- 
tiuiig  as  you  have  or  may  receive  from  the 
Governor  and  Council  of  the  Mn**acliusett«, 
the  Commissioners  for  the  United  colonies, 
or  the  Governor  and  Council  nf  Plyinonth  ; 
M  far  as  you  may  be  capable,  intending  what 
you  can  tlie  preserving  of  the  neur  towns  from 
the  incursions  and  destructioiiK  of  the  en- 
emy ;  but  chiefly  to  intend  the  finding  out, 
pnrsuing,  taking,  and  destroying  the  enemy 
abroad,  and  if  possible  to  attack  them  in 
their  head  quarters  and  principal  rendezvous, 
if  yon  are  in  n  rational  capacity  uf  so  doing  ; 
and  for  the  better  enabling  you  thereunto, 
we  have  appointed  the  vesHels  that  transport 
jrou,  and  the  provisions,  tie.  to  attend  your 
iMition  and  order,  until  you  shall  sec  cause 


to  disniisa  tliem,  or  any  one  of  them,  which 
is  dc*ired  to  be  done  the  first  opportunity 
thnt  the  *ervictf  will  admit.  You  are  to  sen 
that  your  soldiers'  arms  be  always  fixed,  nnd 
they  provided  with  ammunilion,  and  other 
necessaries,  that  they  may  lie  always  ready 
to  repel  or  attack  the  enemy.  You  nre  to 
take  *iH)ciul  corn  to  avoid  danger  in  the  pur- 
suit of  the  enemy  by  keeping  out  scoul<,  nnd 
u  forlora,  to  prevent  the  Hmbusliments  of  the 
enemy 'on  rourmaiii  body  in  their  ninrche*. 
And  by  nil  possible  menus  to  surprise  soniu 
of  the  enemy,  that  so  you  may  gain  tivtter 
intellimince. 

"  You  are  to  take  effectual  care  that  the 
worship  of  God  be  kept  up  in  the  army,  that 
morning  and  evening  prayer  be  attended, 
and  tiie  holy  snblinth  duly  sanctified,  n*  the 
uniorgency  of  your  nffilir*  will  admit. 

"  You  are  to  take  strict  care  to  prevent  or 
punish  drunkenness,  cursing,  swearing,  and 
all  other  vices,  le!>t  the  aiiDerof  God  be  there- 
by provoked  to  fight  against  you.  You  nre, 
from  time  to  time  to  give  inielligenco  nnd 
advice  to  the  Governor  of  the  MaKHncbusett*, 
and  to  ui,  of  your  proceedings  nnd  occur- 
rence* thnt  may  attend  you.  And  in  ease  of 
a  failure  of  any  commission  officers,  you  nre 
to  ap|ioint  other*  in  their  stead.  And  when, 
with  the  advice  of  your  council  aforesaid, 
you  shall  after  some  trial,  lee  your  *ervice 
not  like  to  be  advantageou*  to  the  accoin- 
pli*hment  of  the  public  end  aforesaid ;  that 
then  you  return  home  with  the  forces ;  es- 
pecially if  you  shall  receive  .iny  order*  or 
direction*  *o  to  do  from  the  Massachusetts,  nr 
from  us.  Given  under  my  hand,  at  Ply- 
mouth, the  second  day  of  September,  Anno 
Dom.  (600. 

THO.  UINKLBY.Gov.  A  President. 

Now  having  n  fair  wind  Major  Church 
soon  got  to  Piscataqua,  who  was  to  apply 
himself  to  Major  Pike,  n  worthy  gentleman, 
who  said  he  had  advice  of  his  coming  from 
Boston  gentlemen  ;  also  he  had  received  di- 
rections that  what  men  the  said  ('hnrcli 
*bould  want  must  be  rai*ed  out  of  Hnmp 
shire,  out  of  the  several  towns  and  gnrrisons  ; 
Major  Pike  asked  him  how  many  men  he 
should  want  T  He  said  enough  to  make  up 
his  forces  that  he  brought  with  him,  300  at 
least,  and  not  more  than  350.  And  so  in 
about  nine  days'  time  he  was  supplied  with 
two  companies  of  soldiers.  He  having  been 
ut  nbout  twenty  shillings  n  day  charge  in  ex 
penses  whilst  there.  Now  he  received  Major 
Pike's  instructions  ;  which  are  us  followet'h  : 

Pontmnuth,  New  Hampthire,  Sept.O,  1000. 

To  Major  Benjamin  Church,  Commander-in- 
Chief  of  their  Majettiet'  forces  now  de- 
ngnfd  upon  the  present  expedition  east- 
wartt,  and  now  resident  at  Portsmouth, 

T<<e  Governor  nnd  Council  of  the  Mas- 
snclMiKetts  Colony  reposing  great  trust  and 
contidence  in  your  loyalty  and  valor,  from 
experience  of  your  former  actions,  nnd  nf 
God's  presence  with  you  in  the  same ;  in 
pursuance  of  an  order  received  from  them, 
commanding  it :  these  are  in  their  majesties' 
names  to  empower  and  require  ynti,  ns  com- 
mander-in-chief, to  toke  into  your  care  nnd 
conduct  these   forces  now   here   present  at 


their  reiideavoiis  at  Portsaiouth  {  mud  tha* 
are  alike  required  to  ob«>y  you  t  uiid  WMii 
them  to  sail  eastward  by  the  first  opportunity 
to  ('nsco,  or  places  adjacent,  that  mny  br 
most  commodious  for  InmliiiK  wiin  safety 
and  secresy  ;  nmllo  visit  the  French  iiiiil  In 
diiins  at  their  lieiid-4|unrl«rH  at  Ainernii-rogrn, 
Peji'pscut,  or  niiy  olber  place,  iiecoriliiig  as 
you  mny  have  hope  or  iiiti'lligeiice  of  ihi: 
residence  of  the  enemy  ;  using  alwnvs  your 
uiiiiosc  endeavour  fiir  liie  prrservaiioii  of 
your  own  men,  and  the  killing,  destroying, 
and  utterly  rooting  out  <if  the  viieiny,  wlii-re- 
soever  (hey  mny  be  found  ;  and  also  ns  much 
u*  mny  possibly  be  done  for  the  redeeming  or 
recovering  uf  our  captives  in  any  places. 

You  being  there  nrrivnd,  nnd  iiiidersiand* 
ing  your  way,  to  take  your  journey  back 
again  cither  by  land  or  water,  a*  you  shall 
judge  most  convenient  for  the  accomplish- 
ing of  the  end  intended  ;  and  to  give  iiitei- 
ligeni.  '  alwnys  nf  your  motion  whensuevei 
yon  can  with  safety  and  convenience. 

Lastly,  in  all  to  consult  your  council,  tht 
commanders  or  commission  officer*  nf  ynui 
several  companies,  when  it  may  lie  obtnined, 
the  greater  part  of  whom  to  dcttrniiiie  :  and 
so  the  Lord  of  Hosts,  the  God  o.**  armies,  go 
niong  with  you,  and  be  your  conduct.  Given 
under  my  hand  the  day  and  yenr  abova- 
said.  Per  ROUEKT  PIKB. 

Being  ready,  they  took  the  first  opportu- 
nity, and  made  the  liest  nf  their  wny  to  Po> 
jepscot  fort,  where  they  found  nothing.— 
From  thence  they  marched  to  Amerna-cngen, 
and  when  they  came  near  the  fort,  Majof 
Church  innde  a  halt,  ordering  the  captains  to 
drnw  out  of  their  several  compnniea  sixty 
of  their  iiieanest  men,  to  be  a  guard  in  the 
doctor  nnd  knapsacks,  being  not  a  mile  from 
said  fort ;  nnd  then  moving  towards  the  fort, 
they  saw  young  Doney  und  his  wife,  with 
two  English  captives.  The  said  Doney 
made  his  escape  to  the  fort,  his  wife  was  shot 
down,  and  so  the  two|ioor  captives  went  re- 
leased out  nf  their  btindngc.  The  said  Major 
Church  and  Captain  Walton  iniidn  no  stop, 
making  the  best  of  their  way  to  the  fori ,  with 
some  of  the  army,  in  hopes  nf  getting  to  tht 
fort  before  young  Doney;  but  the  river, 
through  wl^iich  they  mui>t  pass,  being  ns  deep 
ns  their  armpits  ;  however,  Miij.  Church,  as 
soon  as  he  was  got  over,  strip|M!d  to  his  shirt 
and  jacket,  leaving  his  breeches  behini,  ran 
directly  to  the  fort,  having  nii  eye  to  see  it 
young  Doney,  who  ran  on  the  other  side  of 
the  river,  should  get  there  before  him.  The 
wind  now  blowing  very  hard  in  their  faces  H' 
they  run,  was  some  help  to  them  ;  for  several 
of  onr  men  fired  guns,  which  they  in  the  foil 
did  not  hear,  so  that  we  had  taken  nil  in  th« 
fort  had  it  not  been  for  young  Doney,  who 
got  to  the  fort  just  before  we  did,  who  ran 
into  the  south  gate,  and  out  of  the  north,  all 
of  the  men  following  him,  except  tme,  who  al. 
ran  directly  down  to  the  greot  river  nnd  falla. 
The  said  Church  and  his  forces,  being  cntnu 
(irctty  near,  he  ordered  the  said  Walton  to  run 
directly,  with  some  forces,  into  the  fort,  nnd 
himself,  with  the  rest,  rnn  down  to  the  river 
nfter  the  enemy,  who  ran  some  of  them  into 
the  river,  and  the  rest  under  the  great  falls; 
those  who  ran  into  the  river  were  killed ;  for 
he  saw  but  ono  niun  get  over,  and  he  only 


KINO    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


TO! 


h ;  Mid  ibw 
ut  iiiid  wMii 
t  iipponuiiity 

lliut  inny  hr 
•  wiin  •iilVtjr 
encli  mill  In 
iiifrnn-royrii, 
iicn<)riliii)t  im 
)Ii>iictr  III'  llii! 
iilwavi  yoiti' 
'ifrviiiiiiii  iif 
,  dc»lrii.viii|r, 
iii'iiiy,  w  lii're- 
tiliii  im  much 
redceinliig  or 
iiy  pliieei. 
I  iiiidennliiiid' 
\itUTtwy  baok 

n»  jrou  tilinii 

nccnin|ili*h- 
In  fine  intei- 

wli«iiiii«vei 
iurice. 

cfiurieil,  tht 
ii!erf  of  youi 

Im>  oliinlned, 
irniiiie;  mid 
if  nrniiri,  go 
idiiol.  Ciiven 

jenr  ahova- 
T  PIKE. 

Ir«t  n|iport'j. 
'  wny  (0  Po- 
I  nntliiiifc.— 
nerni-coK«ii, 
I  flirt,  Miijnf 
li  cii|iiiiins  to 
pnniei  ilxty 
Kiinrd  In  tli« 
t  a  mile  frnm 
iirdi)  iho  fort, 
«  wifi-,  tviib 
Rtiid  Dnnej 
vifi;  wan  iiliol 
vi'«  wpM  re- 
e  811  Id  MHJor 
iidn  n»  ilnp, 
lie  furl ,  with 
rvttiii^  In  lilt 
t  iliv  river, 
eiiiir  n*  di'op 
.  Church,  at 
I  In  IiIh  vliirt 
lieliinl,  rnii 
?ye  to  Hee  ii 
ullier  Hidfof 
I  him.  The 
leir  faur«  at 

fi>r  deveral 
y  in  the  foil 
i!ii  all  ill  tliv 
>niiey,  who 
id,  who  ran 
le  north,  all 
line,  whn  nl. 
pr  and  falln. 
being  cninu 
alion  to  ran 
lie  fort,  and 
to  the  river 
if  them  into 
ftronf  falls ; 

killed ;  for' 
lid  lie  oulf 


•repi  up  Ihu  hunk,  mid  ilitru  lay  in  oiMn 
ti^lUl  t  and  lliu«a  lliul  run  uiidi'r  the  fiilU 
tliey  iniido  no  diicnvery  of,  nntwillnituniliiiit 
•evurul  uf  hi*  men  went  In  under  tliv  tiiid 
fiilU,  and  were  K"""  kuoiu  conaiderahlu  time, 
uiMild  not  ttnd  tliuni ;  aiii  leaviii)(  a  wutuh 
ihuru,  rulurned  up  to  the  fort,  wlii'ru  he  found 
'  bill  oiiu  iiiuii  tiikun,  and  several  women  and 
children,  uiuoiix  whom  win  Captain  llukiini'i 
wil'u  ami  Worumbim'*  wife,  the  kSaclieni  of 
thill  fort,  with  their  children  ;  the  »uid  iln- 
kini  tviii  Macheni  of  Peiinacook,  who  de- 
•iroyed  Major  Walden  and  bit  fuinily,  tome 
lime  before.  Tbuiaid  two  woiueii,  viz.  Ha 
liiiii'ii  and  Wurumbuit'i  wivof,  requeated  the 
faid  Church  that  he  would  ipare  them  and 
their  ohildruii'a  livea,  promiainy,  upon  that 
condition,  he  ibould  nave  all  the  captive* 
that  were  taken,  and  in  the  Indiana*  linndii, 
lie  naked  them  bow  many.  They  aaid  about 
fiiurnuiire ;  io  upon  that  condition,  he  pro- 
miNed  them  their  live<.  And  in  the  vaid  fort 
there  were  aeveral  Eii|(liiili  captives,  who 
W'ero  in  a  niiaeruble  condition  ;  anion);  them 
u'liH  Cii|iiaiii  lluckinga'a  wife,  uf  Oyiiter-river. 
Aiajor  Church  pruceeded  to  examine  the  man 
taken,  who  vuvo  biin  an  account  that  most 
uf  the  fightini;  men  were  gone  to  Winter- 
liiirbor,  to  provide  proviaiona  fur  the  Bay  of 
Fniidy  Indiana,  who  were  to  come  and  join 
with  tlieni  to  iigbt  the  En){liiili.  The  loldiera 
buinit  very  rude,  would  hardly  spore  the  In- 
dian's lilu,  while  in  examination,  intending 
u  hen  he  had  done  that  be  aliould  be  executed ; 
but  Captain  Huckings's  wife,  and  another 
Woman  went  down  on  their  knees  and  begged 
far  him,  saying,  "  lie  bud  been  a  ineaiia  to 
aave  their  lives  and  a  great  many  more,  oiid 
bad  helped  several  to  opportunities  to  run 
away  and  make  their  escape  ;  and  that  never, 
since  he  came  among  them,  had  fought 
ngiiinti  the  Eiiglisli,  but  being  related  to  Ha- 
kind's  wife,  kept  at  the  fort  with  them,  he 
liaviiig  been  there  two  ycnr«  ;  but  bis  living 
Alls  to  the  westward  of  Uoston."  So,  upon 
their  request,  bis  life  was  spared.  Next  day 
the  aiiid  Church  ordered  that  all  their  corn 
aliould  be  destroyed,  being  a  great  quantity, 
•aving  a  little  for  the  two  old  Squaws  which 
he  designed  to  leave  at  the  fort,  to  give  un 
account  who  be  was,  and  from  whence  be 
came ;  the  rest  being  knocked  on  the  head, 
except  the  aforementioned,  for  an  example, 
ordering  them  all  to  be  buried.  Hating 
inquired  where  all  their  best  beaver  was,  they 
aaid  it  was  carried  awny  to  make  a  present  to 
the  Bay  of  Fundy  Indians,  who  were  com' 
ing  to  their  assistance. 

Now  being  ready  to  draw  off  from  thence, 
he  called  the  two  old  Squaws  to  him,  and 
gave  each  of  them  a  kettle  and  some  biscuits, 
bidding  them  to  tell  the  Indians  when  they 
came  home,  that  be  was  known  by  the  name 
uf  Captaia  Church,  and  lived  in  the  westerly 
part  of  Plymniitb  government ;  and  that 
tlioDO  Indians  that  came  with  him  were  for- 
merly King  Philip's  men,  and  that  be  bad 
met  with  them  in  Philip's  war,  and  drew 
them  off  from  him  to  tight  for  the  English, 
against  the  said  '  Philip  and  his  associates, 
who  then  promised  hni  to  fight  for  the  En- 
glish ns  long  na  they  bad  one  enemy  left  ; 
and  said  that  they  did  not  question  but  be- 
fore Indian  corn  was  ripe  to  have  Philip's 
hwidj  noiwitiiatanding  he  had  twice  as  many 
4tf 


men  h  ware  in  ibcir  eountry ;  and  that  thay 
hud  killed  and  taken  one  thousand  th 
hundred  and  odd  of  Philip'a  men,  women 
and  children,  and  Philip  himself,  with  several 
other  Sachems,  and  that  thoy  should  tell 
lliikins  and  Worumbos,  that  if  they  hod  a 
mind  to  see  their  wives  and  children  they 
shoriiu  come  to  Wells'  garrison,  and  that 
there  t  ipy  might  bear  of  them.  Major 
(^h'  >-ab  having  done,  moved  with  nil  his 
forces  unwn  to  Mequait,  where  the  transport* 
were  (hut  in  the  way  some  of  bis  soldiers 
threatened  the  Indian  man  prisoner  very 
much,  so  that  in  a  thick  awamp  he  gave  them 
the  atip  ond  got  away),  and  when  they  ull  got 
on  board  the  transport,  the  wind  being  fair, 
made  the  best  of  their  way  for  Winter-har- 
bor, and  the  next  morning  before  day,  and 
as  soon  as  the  day  appeared,  they  diacovcred 
some  smoke  rising  towards  Skuman'a  gar- 1 
rison.  Ho  immediately  tent  nwny  u  scout  of 
sixty  men,  and  followed  presently  with  the 
whole  body  ;  the  scout  coming  near  a  river 
discovered  the  enemy  to  be  on  the  other  side 
of  the  river.  But  tliree  of  the  enemy  were 
come  over  the  river,  to  the  same  side  of  the 
river  which  the  scout  wut  of;  ran  hastily 
down  to  their  cnnoe,  one  of  which  lay  nt 
each  end  of  the  canoe,  and  the  third  stood 
up  to  paddle  ofer.  The  scout  fired  nt  them, 
and  he  that  paddled  fell  down  upon  the 
canoe,  and  broke  it  to  pieces,  so  thut  all 
three  pariahed.  The  firing  put  the  enemy 
to  th«  run  who  left  their  canoes  and  pro- 
visiona  to  ours;  and  old  Doiiey,  and  oua 
Tliomns  Baker,  an  Englishman,  who  wut  a 
priaoner  amongst  them,  were  up  at  the  falls, 
and  lieard  the  guna  fire,  expected  the  other 
Indiana  were  come  to  their  ataistance,  ao 
came  down  the  river  in  a  canoe ;  but  when 
they  perceived  that  there  were  English  as 
well  aa  Indiana,  old  Doney  ran  the  canoe 
nshore,-and  ran  over  Baker**  head,  and  fol- 
lowed the  rest,  and  then  Baker  come  to  our* 
and  gave  an  account  of  the  bearer  hid  at 
Pejepscot  plain,  and  coming  to  the  place 
where  the  plunder  was,  the  major  sent  a 
scout  to  Pejepscot  fort,  to  see  if  they  could 
make  any  discovery  of  the  enemy's  tracks, 
or  could  discover  any  coming  up  the  river  ; 
who  returned  and  sold  they  taw  nothing  but 
old  tracks  at  the  said  fort. 

Now  having  got  some  plunder,  one  of  the 
captains  said  it  was  time  to  go  home,  niid 
several  others  were  of  the  sniwe  mind  ;  and 
the  major  being  much  disturlied  at  the  mo- 
tion of  theirs,  expecting  the  enemy  would 
come  in  a  very  short  time,  where  they  might 
have  n  great  advantage  of  tht  in.  Notwith- 
standing nil  he  could  say  or  do,  he  was 
obliged  to  call  a  council,  according  to  bis  in- 
structions, wherein  be  woe  out-voted.  The 
said  commander  seeitig  be  was  put  by  of  bid 
intentions,  proffered  if  sixty  men  would  stay 
with  him,  he  would  not  embark  as  yet ;  but 
all  be  could  say  or  do  could  not  prevail ; 
then  they  moved  to  the  vessels  and  embarked, 
and  ns  they  were  going  in  the  vessels,  on  the 
back  side  of  Mayr-point,  they  discovered 
eight  or  nine  canoes,  who  turned  short  about 
and  went  up  the  river ;  being  the  same  In- 
dians that  the  major  expected,  and  would 
have  waited  for  ;  and '  the  aforesaid  captain 
being  much  disturbed  at  what  the  major  had 
said  to  him,  drew  off  from  the  fleet,  and  in 


the  night  run  aground.  Inthe  morninf  Ab 
tliony  Bracket,  having  been  ndviiad  aad 
directed  by  the  Indian  that  bad  made  hif 
aacupe  from  our  forces,  came  down  naat 
where  the  aforesaid  vessel  lay  aground,  and 
got  nlioiird,  who  bus  proved  a  good  pilot  and 
captain  fur  his  country.  Tim  next  day  lie- 
ing  very  calm  and  mildly,  so  that  they  were 
all  day  getting  down  from  Maquait  to  Per* 
pudack;  and  the  musters  of  tlie  vesselslbink* 
ing  if  not  safe  piitliiig  out  In  the  night,  so 
late  in  the  year,  anchored  there  at  Perpo- 
dnck.  The  vessels  being  much  crowded, 
the  major  ordered  that  three  compnniea 
should  goon  shore,  and  no  more,  himself  with 
Captain  Converse  went  with  them  to  order 
their  lodging,  and  finding  just  liousea  con- 
venient ior  them,  viz.  two  barns  and  ono 
house  ;  so  seeing  them  all  settled  and  their 
watches  out,  the  major  and  Captain  Converse 
returned  to  go  on  board,  and  coming  near 
where  the  lioat  was  (it  was  pretty  dark)  they 
discovered  some  men,  but  did  not  know 
what  or  who  they  were.  1'he  major  ordered 
those  that  were  with  him  ull  to  clup  down 
and  cock  their  guns,  and  he  culled  out  and 
asked  them  who  they  were.  And  they  said, 
Indians.  He  asked  them  whose  men  they 
were  t  They  said,  Cnptuin  South  worth's.— 
He  asked  them  where  they  intended  to  lodge. 
They  said,  in  those  little  huts  that  the  enemy 
made  when  they  took  that  garrison.  The 
major  told  ilieiii  they  muat  not  make  any 
fires,  for  if  they  did.  the  enemy  would  be 
down  upon  them  before  day.  They  laugliefj, 
and  said,  onr  major  is  afraid.  Having  giv- 
en them  their  direutions,  he,  wilii  Cupt.  (Con- 
verse went  on  board  the  Mury  sloop;  du« 
signing  to  write  home,  and  send  awny  in  th« 
morning  the  two  sloops  which  hud  the  small- 
pox on  board.  But  before  day  our  Indiana 
began  to  make  fires,  and  to  sing  and  dance  t 
so  the  major  called  to  Captain  Southworth 
to  go  ashore  and  look  after  liis  UMn,  for  the 
enemy  would  be  upon  them  l^  and  by.  Ha 
ordered  the  boat  to  be  hauled  up  to  curry 
him  ashore,  and  called  Captain  Converse  to 
go  with  him,  and  just  as  the  day  began  to 
appear,  as  the  major  was  ijetting  into  the  brnl 
to  go  ashore,  the  enemy  fired  iipnn  our  men  | 
the  Indians,  notwithstanding  that  one  Philip, 
an  Indian  of  ours,  who  was  out  upon  the 
watch,  beard  a  man  cough,  and  the  stick* 
crack;  who  gave  thu  rest  an  account,  that 
he  saw  Indians ;  which  they  would  not  be- 
lieve, but  suid  to  him,  "  You  are  afraid."— 
His  answer  was,  that  they  might  see  them 
come  creeping.  They  laughed,  and  said, 
they  were  hogs.  "  Aye,"  said  he,  "  mid 
they  will  bite  you  by  and  by."  So  presently 
they  did  fire  upon  our  men,  but  the  morning 
being  misty  their  guns  did  not  go  off  quick, 
so  that  our  men  bud  all  time  to  full  down  be- 
fore their  guns  went  off,  and  saved  them. 
selves  from  that  volley,  except  one  man,  who 
was  killed. 

This  sudden  firing  upon  our  Indian  sol- 
diers surprised  them  so  that  they  left  (heir 
arms,  but  soon  recovered  them  again,  mid 
got  down  the  bank  wliich  was  but  low.  The 
major,  with  all  the  forces  on  board,  Iniulcd 
as  fust  as  they  could,  the  enemy  firing  smart- 
ly at  them  ;  however  nil  got  safe  ashore. — 
The  enemy  had  a  great  advantage  of  our 
forcea,  who  were  between  the  sunrising  nnd 


7M 


KINO    PIMLIP'8    WAR. 


the antmjr, •*>  ihni  if  n  man  put  up  liii  head  ur 
Iwad  tliHjr  odiild  lue  it,  iiiid  would  dm  at  it. 
However  WMiie,  with  the  iinijor,  f(<it  up  th« 
Itunk  lieliind  ctuuips  mid  nickii,  Iti  liuve  the 
ndvniita((u  uf  flrinv  iit  tlio  enuiny  ;  biu  tvlinn 
the  «uii  wim  riieii  tiiH  miijor  ilippvd  ddwii  tlie 
biiuk  ii|tiMii,  wlieru  III!  the  forunn  Mri>ri.>  nrilrred 
to  ulttutvi'  hi«  iiioti  III,  vi/..  tliiil  III!  would  |{ive 
lliree  iliouli,  and  lliun  nil  of  tliem  iliuuld 
run  with  him  up  tlio  bunk.  .So,  wliun  liu 
hnd  ■•veil  the  third  nhoiit,  ran  up  the  bunk, 
and  Cnptnin  Convert  with  him,  but  when  the 
■aid  Convene  perceived  thnt  the  force*  did 
not  follow  ua  onniuiiindud,  ciillvd  to  the  ma- 
jor und  told  him  the  fnrcea  did  not  follow ; 
who,  notwithatanding  the  enemy  Ared  ininrtly 
lit  liim,  got  anfe  down  the  biuik  ngiiiii,  and 
rallying  the  force*  up  the  bank,  loon  put  the 
ciiuiny  to  flight,  and  following  lo  cloie,  thiit 
they  took  thirteen  oanoeitancTone  lu«ty  mnn, 
who  hnd  Jo*epli  Rnm*del'«  acnlp  bv  hi*  tide, 
who  wa*  taken  by  two  of  our  Indiiin*,  and 
hiiving  hi*  de*erta  wii*  him*ulf  loiilped. — 
Thi*  beii.g  a  diort  and  •ninri  fight,  lome  of 
our  men  wore  killed  and  cevoriil  wounded. 
8oino  time  after  nn  Bn^li«liman,  who  wii« 
pri«oner  nnioiigiit  them,  gave  an  account  that 
our  force*  had  killed  and  wouiuli'd  Ki^verol  of 
the  enemy,  for  they  killed  nevcnil  priaoner* 
iiooordiu  tc  cuatom. 

After  Ini*  action  was  over,  our  fnrcea  em- 
barked for  I'iaeataqun,  nnd  the  rancor  ;irent 
to  Well*,  and  removed  the  captain  there, 
and  put  ill  Captain  Androa,  who  hnd  been 
f^tli  him  nnd  knew  the  diacour«e  left  with 
the  two  old  aquawa  at  Amera*-cogen,  for 
lliikiiia  and  Woramboa  to  come  there  in 
fourteen  diiy*,  if  they  had  a  mind  to  hear  of 
ilieir  wivem  and  children.  >Vlio  did  then,  or 
anon  after,  come  with  a  flag  of  truce  to  *Hid 
Well*'*  garrison,  and  had  leave  to  come  in, 
and  more  appearing  cnine  in,  to  the  num- 
her  of  eight,  without  any  term*,  being 
all  chief  aachemi,  and  were  very  pleaaed 
lo  hear  of  the  women  nnd  children,  viz.  Ua- 
kill***  and  Worumbo8*s  wive*  and  children ; 
who  all  *aid  tliree  nuvet  time*  that  they 
would  never  light  ngaiub.  the  English  any 
more,  tor  the  French  made  fool*  of  them. — 
Tney  *aying  nil  thny  did,  the  *ttid  Andro*  let 
them  go.  Major  Church  being  come  to  Pis- 
catnqiin,  and  two  of  hi*  transport*  having 
the  mnull-pox  on  booxd,  nnd  soverul  of  the 
men  having  got  great  colds  by  their  hard  ser- 
vice, pretended  they  were  going  to  have  the 
small-pox,  thinking  by  that  mean*  to  be  aent 
home  speedily.  The  major  being  willing  to 
try  them,  went  to  the  gentlemen  there,  and 
desired  iliein  to  provide  a  houie,  for  some 
of  his  men  expected  they  *hould  have  the 
sniiill-pox ;  who  readily  did,  and  told  him 
that  the  people  belonging  to  it  were  just  re- 
covered of  the  small-pox,  nnd  hnd  been  all 
at  meeting.  The  major,  returning  to  hi*  offi- 
ciTs,  ordered  them  to  draw  out  all  their  men 
ihiit  were  coins  to  have  the  small-pox,  for  he 
li:id  provided  an  hospital  for  them.  So  they 
ilrvw  out  seventeen  men,  that  had,  as  they 
^iiid,  all  the  symptom*  of  the  small-pox. — 
He  ordered  them  all  to  follow  him,  and  com- 
ing to  the  hou*e  he  asked  them  how  they 
liked  ill  They  *aid  very  well.  Then  he 
told  them  that  the  people  in  the  said  houae 
hnd  all  had  the  ■miil!-pox,  and  were  reco- 
7«ted ;  and  that  if  tliejr  went  in  they  must 


not  come  out  till  they  all  hud  it ;  wheruupon 
they  nil  presently  began  to  grow  hvllvr,  nnd 
to  make  excuse*,  except  one  mnn  who  dn- 
<ired  to  itny  out  till  night  before  ho  went  in. 
The  major  going  lolhe  gfiillvinen  told  them, 
that  one  thing  more  would  work  n  pcrlVct 
cure  upon  his  ini'ii,  wliiuh  wiis  to  let  tlirni  go 
home  ;  which  did  work  a  cure  upon  all,  ex- 
cept one,  and  lie  hnd  not  the  sniall-pox,  (iu 
he  ordered  the  plunihir  should  be  divided 
forthwith,  nnd  sent  nwny  nil  the  Plymouth 
force*.  Uut  tlie  gentlemen  there  desired 
him  to  «tny,  and  they  would  lie  aasisting  to 
him  in  raising  new  forces,  to  the  number  of 
what  was  *eiit  away  ;  and  thnt  they  would 
send  to  Boston  fur  provi*ion*,  which  they 
did,  and  aent  Captain  Plnisted  to  the  Oovcr- 
nor  and  Council  at  Boston.  And  in  the 
mean  time  the  m^jur  with  those  gentlemen 
went  into  nil  these  part*  and  rnispd  a  suffi- 
cient number  of  men,  both  officer*  and  *ol- 
diors ;  who  all  met  at  the  bank  on  the  inme 
day  thnt  Captain  Plnisted  returned  from  Bo*- 
ton ;  whose  return  from  the  Boston  gentle- 
men wns,  that  the  Canada  expedition  had 
drained  them  *othnt  they  could  do  no  more  ; 
so  thnt  Major  Church,  notwitlistniiding  he 
hnd  been  nt  considernhio  expenses  in  raising 
said  force*  to  serve  hi*  king  nnd  country, 
woa  obiind  to  (live  them  a  treat  and  diamiaa 
them.  Taking  Db  leave  of  them  eame  home 
to  Bo*tun,  in  the  Mary,  *loop,  Mr.  Alden 
master,  nnd  Cnptnin  Converse  with  him,  on 
a  Saturday ;  nnd  waiting  upon  the  Gover- 
nor nnd  some  of  the  gentlemen  in  Boston, 
they  looked  very  strange  upon  them,  which 
not  only  troubled  tlicm,  but  pu*.  them  in  some 
consternation  what  the  mntter  *hould  be,  thnt 
after  *o  much  toil  ond  hard  *ervice  could  not 
have  *o  much  a*  one  plensant  word,  nor  nnv 
money  in  their  pockets ;  for  Mnjor  Church 
had  but  eight  pencu  left,  nnd  Cnptnin  Con- 
verso  none,  a*  he  (aid  afterward*.  Major 
Church  seeing  two  gentlemen  who  he  knew 
hnd  money,  asked  them  to  lend  him  forty 
shillings,  telling  them  his  necessity :  yet 
they  lefiised.  so  being  bare  of  money  was 
obliged  to  lodge  ot  Mr.  Alden*s  three  nights, 
and  the  next  Tuesday  niornin  Captain  Con- 
verse came  to  him,  not  knowing  each  others 
circumstance*  a*  yet,  and  kaid  he  would 
walk  with  him  out  of  town  ;  *o  coming  near 
Pollard'*  nt  the  aoutli  end,  they  hnd  *omo 
discourse ;  that  it  wn*  very  hard  that  tliev 
should  part  with  dry  lip*.  Major  Church 
told  Captain  Conver*e  that  he  hod  but  eight 
pence  left,  and  could  not  borrow  any  money 
lo  carry  him  homo.  And  the  *nid  Canverse 
*aid,  that  he  had  not  a  penny  left,  so  thev 
were  obliged  to  part  without  going  to  Pol- 
lard's. 'Tlie  said  Captain  Converse  returned 
back  into  town,  and  the  suid  Cliurcii  wen' 
over  to  Roxbury  ;  and  nt  the  tavern  he  met 
with  Stephen  Braton,  of  Rhode-Isluiid,  n 
drover  ;  who  was  glad  to  see  him,  the  snid 
Church,  and  he  a*  gind  to  see  his  neighbour ; 
whereupon  Mnjor  Church  cnlled  for  an  eight- 
penny  tankard  of  drink,  nnd  let  the  snid 
Brnton  know  his  circumstances,  asked  him 
whether  he  would  lend  him  forty  shillings  t 
He  answered,  yes,  forty  pounds,  if  he  want- 
ed it.  So  he  thanked  him,  and  said  he  would 
have  but  forty  shillings,  which  he  freely  lent 
him.  And  presently  nfter  Mr.  Church  wns 
told  tliiit  his  brotlicr,  Caleb  Thjrcl   of  Wn- 


terluwn  was  coming  with  a  spuru  horae  tnl 
him,  having  heard  the  night  before  that  hit 
brother  wns  come  in  ;  by  which  nieiiii*  the 
said  Major  Church  got  home.  And  for  nil 
his  Irnvel  and  expenses  in  raising  solilirrs, 
nnd  service  done,  never  hnd  but  £14  of 
PIvniouth  gentlemen,  and  not  n  penny  of 
Boston,  notwithstnnding  he  hnd  worn  out  nil 
Ins  clothes,  nnd  run  himself  in  delii,  so  ilial 
he  w:is  obliged  lo  sell  linlf  ii  share  of  land 
in  Tiverton,  fur  about  JC<iO,  wliicli  is  now 
worth  JC300  more  nnd  above  what  he  had. 

Having  not  been  at  hoiiio  long,  lH>fore  ha 
found  nut  the  reason  whv  Boston  gentlemen 
looked  so  disaffected  on  him,  ns  you  miiy  sea 
by  the  *equel  of  two  letter*  Mnjor  (*liurch 
lent  to  the  gentlemen  in  the  enstwiird  pii'ts  | 
which  are  u*  fullowoth : — 

Briilol,  Kovemhtr  37,  1000 
Wouthv  Grntlbmrn; 

According  to  my  promise  when  with  you 
Inst,  I  waited  upon  the  (iovernor  nt  Boston, 
upon  the  Sntnrdiiy,  Cnptnin  Converse  being 
with  me.  The  CSovernor  informed  ns  that 
the  Conneil  was  to  meet  on  the  Mondiiy  fol- 
lowing in  the  nfternoon,  nt  which  time  wa 
holli  tlicre  wnited  upon  them,  and  gave  tlieni 
an  acciiiint  of  the  state  of  voiir  country,  and 
great  uecessitie*.  They  mformed  us,  thai 
their  General  Court  wa*  to  convene  the 
Wednesday  following,  at  which  lime  they 
would  debate  nnd  consider  of  the  matter ; 
myself  being  bound  home, Captain  Conversa 
was  ordered  to  wnit  upon  them,  nnd  bring 
you  their  resolves.  I  then  took  notice  of  the 
Council  that  they  looked  upon  me  with  nn  ill 
aspect,  not  judging  me  worthy  to  receive 
thank*  for  the  *ervice  I  bad  done  in  your 
part*,  nor  n*  much  a*  asked  me  wlieihtT  I 
wanted  money  to  bear  my  expenses,  or  a 
horse  to  carry  me  home.  But  I  was  lorceil, 
for  want  of  money,  being  far  from  IVieinlH, 
to  go  to  Roxbury  on  foot,  but  meeting  llit'rc 
with  a  Rhode  Island  gentleman,  actpininwil 
him  of  my  wants,  who  tendered  me  tt'ii 
pounds,  whereby  I  wns  ncco'niiiodnteil  I'm 
my  journey  home.  .V'ai  b«!!-'g  come  home, 
I  WJ.ii  to  the  minister  of  our  town,  nnd  gtive 
him  nn  account  of  the  transactions  of  the 
great  nffiiirs  I  hnd  beeb  employed  in,  nnd  of 
the  great  favour  God  wns  pleased  to  show 
m%  nnd  my  company,  nnd  the  beiii  >ii  I 
hoped  would  accrue  to  youiselves,  nnd  ile 
sired  him  to  return  public  thanks  ;  hat  nt  ilio 
same  interim  of  time  a  paper  wns  prcscntivl 
unto  him  from  a  Court  of  Plymouth,  wliion 
was  holdcii  before  I  came  home,  to  coninnuM 
a  dny  of  humiliation  through  the  whole  s" 
vernment,  because  of  the  frown  of  God  \<()on 
those  forces  sent  under  my  command,  and 
the  ill-success  we  bad,  for  want  of  gonil  con- 
duct. All  which  wns  caused  by  those  l'iil.'<e 
reports  which  were  posted  home  by  those  i!i- 
affected  officer*  that  were  under  my  co'-- 
duct,  especially  one  which  yourselves  Vfr, 
well  Know,  who  had  the  advantage  of  hriiip 
nt  home  a  week  before  me,  being  sick  of  ac- 
tion, and  wanting  the  advantage  to  be  nt  tiie 
bank,  which  he  every  day  was  mindliil  oi, 
more  than  fighting  the  enemy  in  their  own 
country. 

After  I  cnme  home,  being  informed  nf-o 
Genernl  Court  nt  Plymouth,  nnd  not  fnrgci 
ting  mj  fiii  hfui  promise  to  you,  and  the  du'< 


ipiirf  liornv  /of 
lii'fom  iliiii  hit 
Inch  nieiiiK  tli« 
'.  And  Itir  nil 
ii«iii|r  iinltlirri, 
il  Imii  XN  of 
1)1  II  |M>iiny  of 
III  wiirn  nut  nil 
III  (Iflii,  •()  ilml 
(liiirii  iif  liind 
wliicli  i«  now 
vliiit  lit'  hiid. 
loii)(,  lii-rorn  lia 
■ton  gfntlfineii 
HK  you  iniiy  dp* 
Mnjiir  <^liiirch 
nitwiird  (iiirtii  I 

<er  37,  inOO 

•rlit'ii  wilh  you 
nor  lit  IldntiMi, 
y<iiivt>r8u  lM:in)( 
iirincd  iiH  lliiil 
If  Moniltiy  lol' 
vliifli  lime  \v« 
niid  )(iiv«  t\wM 
iir  ciHiiiiry,  nint 
brmtid  ui,  tliui 
>  eonv«n«  the 
liioli  time  they 
of  the  nintt«r ; 
ptaiii  Convpri« 
em,  nnd  bring 
ik  notice  of  tlie 
I  me  wilh  nii  ill 
thy  to  receive 
I  done  in  yniir 

me  wlirlhcr  I 
expcnacii,  or  ii 
It  1  wiiH  tiirccil, 
r  from  rrii'iiilx, 
t  meeting;  (lirrc 
nil,  iict|iiiiinii'il 
dfri'il    nil*    ten 

niiKiiliiU'il  (ill 
(  cdiiin  liiiiiif, 
Inwn,  iinii  ffiire 
nctions  of  the 
yed  in,  iind  of 
en^ed  to  ohow 

tlie  hciii'lil  I 
ii'lvGH,  nnd  lie 
ik»  ;  hut  lit  tlin 

was  pri>8f'iilc<l 
t'moiiih,  wliion 
e,  to  coiiiniiiiKl 

the  H'hoir  i;<i 
n  of  Gild  ii|)iiii 
joniniiiiiil,  Mild 
It  of  pood  con- 

by  those  I'iiIkp 
11!  by  thoHc  Hi- 
nder my  coi'- 
DiiriudvrH  ver, 
itiijre  of  heiii" 
iii|;  Mick  of  lie 
||rc  to  be  lit  tile 
19  inindliil  oi, 

in  their  own 

nformed  ofo 
iiid  nut  fnrpca 
I,  and  thc'du'« 


KINO    PHILIP'S    WAR 


Wf 


I  Ujr  miliar,  1  went  thither,  whan,  walling 
Jpon  ihum,  I  gnve  ihem  nil  nccouni  of  my 
Nittwiird  iranmictioiii,  nnd  nnide  them  neii- 
tibli!  iif  the  fnUeiiuM  of  thitiiu  report*  tlint 
Were  poated  to  them  by  ill  hiiiida,  iind  found 
(oiiiii  Hiiiiill  fiivoriiblu  ucueplHiice  with  them, 
■o  fur  tlint  I  wii«  credited.  I  pri'tented  your 
'.liiiiikii  to  them  fur  their  leiiiioniibly  icnding 
llioae  fnroea  to  relieve  you,  with  tliiil  ex|i«ii>e 
•Hill  vMikrgH  they  liiid  been  nl ;  which  tbiinki 
llh'y  uriitefiilly  received,  iind  unid  a  few  lines 
fiiiiii  yiiurselt  would  hiiva  been  well  ncuepl- 
tfd.  1  then  ^avu  them  an  aoeount  of  vour 
greiit  iieccmitiu*,  by  being  impriaoned  in 
your  giirrituni,  nnd  the  great  miaabief  thai 
would  nituiid  the  public  eonearna  of  this 
eouniry  by  the  loaa  of  their  Mi^eatiea'  inte- 
rest, and  ao  much  good  astute  of  youra  nnd 
your  neighbours,  as  duubtlesa  would  be  on 
the  deserting  of  your  town.  I  than  moved 
for  II  free  contribution  fur  your  relief,  which 
they  wilh  great  forwardness  promoted,  nnd 
then  ordered  a  diiy  of  thiinksgiving  through 
the  government,  upon  the  SOtli  day  of  this 
insliinl— upon  which  day  n  collection  wiis 
ordered  for  your  relief  (and  the  places  near 
■djiicent)  in  every  respective  town  in  this 
governineiil ;  nnd  for  tliu  good  management 
of  il,  thill  it  might  be  safely  conveyed  unto 
jour  hiinds,  they  appointed  n  man  in  each 
couiilv  fur  the  receipt  and  conveyance  there- 
of. The  person*  nominated  and  accepted 
thereof,  are :  for  lh«  county  of  Plymouth, 
Captain  Nathaniel  Thomas  of  Maralifield ; 
fcr  the  county  of  Uiirnsluble,  Captain  Joseph 
Lathrop  of  Barnstable ;  and  for  the  county 
of  Bristol,  myself.  Which,  when  gathered 
you  will  have  a  particular  account  from  each 
person,  with  order*  of  advice  how  it  may  be 
aispoied  of  for  your  be*t  advantage,  wilh  a 
copy  of  the  Court's  order.  The  gentlemen 
the  effects  are  to  be  sent  to,  are  yourselves 
that  I  now  write  to,  viz.  John  Wheelwright, 
Bsq.,  Captain  John  Littlefield,  and  Lieutenant 
Joaeph  8tory.  I  deferred  writing,  expecting 
tvery  day  to  hear  from  you  concerning  the 
Indians  coining  to  treat  about  their  prison- 
ers that  we  bad  taken.  The  discourse  I  made 
with  tlieni  at  Ameras-cogen,  I  knew  would 
have  that  effect  a*  to  bring  them  to  u  treaty, 
which  I  would  have  thought  my*elf  happy 
to  have  been  improved  in,  knowing  that  it 
would  have  made  much  for  your  good.  But 
no  intelligence  coming  to  me  from  unyfian- 
tlemen  in  your  parti,  and  hearing  nothing 
but  by  accident,  and  that  in  the  latter  end  of 
the  week,  by  some  of  ours  coming  from  Bos- 
Ion,  informed  me  that  the  Indians  were  come 
into  your  town  to  seek  for  peace,  and  thut 
there  wiis  to  be  a  treaty  speedily,  but  the  time 
they  knew  not.  I  took  my  horse,  and  upon 
the  Monday  set  out  for  Uiiston,  expecting  the 
treaty  Iind  been  at  your  town,  as  rationally  it 
ahould  ;  but  on  Tuesday  night  coming  to 
Boston,  there  met  with  Captain  Elisha  An- 
dros,  who  informed  mn  that  the  place  of 
treaty  wan  Sacaty-hock,  nnd  that  Captain  Al- 
deii  was  gone  from  Boston  four  days  before  I 
came  there,  and  had  carried  all  the  Indian 
prisoners  with  biin,  nnd  that  all  the  forces 
were  drawn  out  of  your  parts,  except  twelve 
men  in  your  town,  nnd  twelve  in  Piscataqua, 
which  news  did  so  nmuso  mc,  to  see  that 
wiadoin  was  taken  from  the  wise,  and  auch 
iupindaaw  in  their  actions  na  to  be  dcludadl 


by  Indian*,  and  to  have  a  treaty  so  far  IVom 
any  English  town,  nnd  to  draw  off  the 
forces  upon  what  pretence  loever,  to  me  looks 
very  ill.  My  feiir  is  that  they  will  deliver 
those  that  we  have  taken,  which,  if  kept, 
would  have  been  greatly  for  your  security, 
in  keening  them  in  nwe,  and  preventing  them 
from  doing  any  hostile  action  or  niiacliief,  I 
knowing  that  ihe  English  being  abroad  are 
very  earnest  to  go  home,  and  the  Indians  are 
very  tsdious  in  their  discourses,  nnd  by  that 
means  will  have  an  advantage  to  have  their 
captives  nt  very  low  rates,  to  vour  great 
damage.    Gentlemen,  as  to  Illiode  Island,  i 


have  not  concerned  my*elf  a*  to  any  relief  eastward  parts  so  safe  before  iha  enemy  wcru 


for  vou,  having  nothing  in  writing  to  show 
to  tlieni ;  yet  upon  discourse  wilh  some  gen- 
tlemen there,  they  have  signified  a  great  fur- 
wardneaa  to  promote  such  a  thing.  I  lying 
under  great  reflections  from  *oine  of  yours 
in  tha  ea*iward  parts,  that  I  was  a  verv 
covetous  person  and  came  there  to  enrich 
myself,  and  that  I  killed  their  cattle  nnd  bnr- 
relled  them  up  and  sent  them  to  Boatnn,  nnd 
sold  them  for  plunder,  nnd  made  money  to 
put  into  my  own  pocket ;  and  the  owners  of 
them,  being  poor  people,  begged  fur  the  hides 
and  tullow  wilh  tears  in  their  eyes,  and  that 
I  wa*  so  cruel  as  to  deny  them,  which  make* 
nw  Judge  inyaelf  incapable  to  aerve  you  in 
that  matter.  Yet  1  do  assure  you,  tliht  the 
people  are  very  charitable  nt  the  island,  and 
forward  In  auch  good  actions,  and  therefore 
advise  you  to  desire  some  good  *ub*tantial 
person  to  take  the  ninnngement  of  it,  and 
write  to  the  government  there,  which  I  know 
will  not  be  labor  lo*l.  As  fur  what  I  am  ac- 
cused of,  you  all  can  witness  to  the  contrary, 
niiil  I  should  take  it  very  kindly  from  you  to 
do  mn  thut  just  right,  as  to  vindicate  my 
reputation  ;  for  the  wise  man  Vijt,  "A  good 
name  ia  as  precioua  ointmeoL**  When  I 
hear  of  the  eneota  of  the  treaty,  and  hove  an 
account  of  this  contribution,!  intend  again 
to  write  to  you,  being  very  deairous,  and 
should  think  myself  very  happy  to  be  fa- 
vored wiih  a  few  lines  from  yourselves,  or 
any  gentlemen  in  the  eastward  parts.  Thu*, 
leaving  you  to  the  protection  and  guidance 
of  the  great  God  of  heaven  and  earth,  who 
ii  able  to  protect  and  supply  you  in  your 
great  difficultie*,  nnd  to  give  you  deliverance 
in  hi*  own  due  time. 
I  remain,  gentlemen. 
Your  mo*t  assured  friend. 
To  aerve  you  to  my  utmoit  power, 
BENJAMIN  CHURCH. 

Postscript.  Esquire  Wheelwright,  Sir,  I 
entmat  you,  after  the  perusal  of  these  lines, 
to  communicate  the  same  to  Captain  John 
Littlefield,  Lieutenant  Joseph  Story,  and  to 
any  other  gentleman  as  in  your  judgment 
you  see  fit, — with  the  lenders  of  my  respects 
to  you,  and  to  Major  Vnughnn,  and  his  good 
lady  nnd  family.  To  Captain  Fryer  and 
good  Mrs.  Fryer,  with  hearty  thanks  for  their 
kindness  whilst  in  those  pnrts,  nnd  good  en- 
tertainment from  them.  My  kind  respects 
to  Mnjor  Frost,  Captain  Walton,  Lieutenant 
Honeywell,  and  my  very  good  friend,  little 
Lieutenant  Planted.  With  due  respect*  to 
nil  gentlemen  my  friend*  in  the  ea*tward 
parts,  a*  if  particularly  named.  Farewell. 

n.  c. 


TaJMarPO*. 

brutal.  iVaa.  37. 1000 
IIoNoaao  8ia  i 
These  coma  to  wait  upon  you,  to  brin^ 
you  the  lendar*  of  my  hvarly  aervico  loyiiur* 
self  and  lady,  with  due  uoknowladgeinenl  ol 
thankfuliiflss  for  nil  the  kindness  and  favor  I 
received  from  you  in  the  rnslwHrd  parts, 
when  with  you.  Since  I  cnme  from  lliona 
parts,  I  am  informed  by  Captain  Andros, 
that  ^oiirself  nnd  nil  the  forces,  are  driiwii 
off  from  the  eastward  parts.  I  admire  at  il, 
considering  that  they  had  so  low  esteem  of 
what  was  done,  that  they  can  uppreliend  the 


brought  into  subjection.  I  wn*  in  hopea, 
when  I  came  from  thence,  that  those  who 
were  *o  de*iruu*  to  have  mv  room,  would 
have  been  very  brisk  in  my  absence,  to  have 
got  themselves  some  honor,  which  they  very 
much  gaped  adtr,  or  else  they  would  not 
have  ipread  *o  many  false  report*  In  defame 
me — which  had  I  known  before  I  left  the 
bank,  I  would  have  had  siilisfaciinn  of  them. 
Your  honor  was  pleased  to  give  me  some 
small  account,  before  1  loft  the  bniik,  of  soma 
things  that  were  ill  represented  to  yon,  con- 
cerning the  eastward  expedition,  which  beini| 
rolled  home  like  a  (now-boll  through  botli 
coloniei,  wa*  got  to  such  a  bigness  that  it 
overshadowed  me  from  the  influence  of  nil 
comfort,  or  good  acceptance  nmong  my 
friends  in  my  journey  homeward.  But  through 
God'a  goodness  am  come  home,  finding  all 
well,  and  myself  in  good  health,  hoping  ilmt 
theae  report*  will  do  me  the  favor  to  quit  ma 
from  all  other  public  action*,  that  *o  I  may 
the  more  peaceably  and  quietly  wait  upon 
God,  and  be  a  comfort  to  my  own  family,  in 
thi*  dark  time  of  trouble  ;  lieing  a*  one  hid, 
till  hia  indignation  ia  overpait.  I  *hall  taka 
it  aa  a  great  Ikvor  to  hear  of  yonr  welfare. 
Subacribinf  myaelf,  oa  I  am,  air. 
Your  moat  assured  friend  and  servant, 
BENJAMIN  CHUllCII 

Mnjor  Church  did  receive,  after  this,  an 
swers  to  hi*  letters,  but  ho*  lost  them,  ex 
cept  it  be  n  letter  from  *evernl  of  the  gentle 
men  in  thoae  purli,  in  June  following,  wiiich 
is  ail  follow* : 

Portimouth,J'jne  29,  1091. 
Major  Benjamin  Chvrch, 
Sib  :— 
Your  former  readiness  to  expose  yourse,/ 
in  the  service  of  the  country,  against  the 
common  enemy,  and  particularly  the  late 
obligations  you  have  laid  upon  us,  in  these 
eastern  pnrts,  leaves  ui  under  n  deep  nnd 
grateful  sense  of  your  favor  therein ;  and, 
forasmuch,  ns  you  was  pleased,  when  hi8t 
here,  to  signify  your  ready  inclination  to  fur- 
ther service  of  this  kind,  if  occasion  should 
call  for  it,  we  therefore  preiume  confidently 
to  promise  ourselves  compliance  nccordinfriy, 
and  have  sent  this  meg*enger  on  purpose  to 
you,  to  let  you  know  that,  notwithstanding 
the  late  overture  of  pence,  the  enemy  have 
proved  themselves  os  perfidious  as  ever,  and 
are  almost  daily  killing  nnd  destroying  upon 
all  our  frontiers.  The  governor  ond  coun- 
cil of  the  Mnssachusetts  have  been  pleased 
to  order  the  raising  of  one  hundred  and  fifty 
men,  to  be  forthwith  dispatched  into  thoae 


KINO    PIflLIP'.S    WAR. 


,^  i|  aiMl,  M  w«  VHiltniinnil,  h«*«  wrtMaa 
la  jrnur  iptvairnnr  unii  council  of  I'lymoiilh 
for  Airtliar  ntfiiliiner,  which  we  prny  you  lo 

Kroinole,  hiipinjr  if  you  cnn  obliiin  iibuul  two 
undrvti  invii,  Eii|(li»h  iiiid  liidiiiii*,  to  vUll 
iheni  III  *oniii  »t  ihuir  hoiid  qimrier*  up 
Kannvhrok  riviT,  or  ttlti'whi'rv,  which,  for 
wiMil  of  iH-ocuiirif<,  wii«  otniitcd  lait  jruur,  it 
mur  be  of  ({rviit  iidvaiitii|o  io  ui.  >V«  offer 
nulhinK  of  odrico  u*  lo  whnt  inelhodn  iiru 
molt  propur  to  Imj  iiikcn  in  thi*  affiiir,  your 
•cquBiiitnnce  wiib  our  oirouniitnncet  at  well 
aa  Um  enemiee*,  will  direct  jou  therein.  Wa 
leave  the  conduct  thereof  lo  your  own  die- 
eralioii,  but  ihut  the  wnnt  of  proviiion,  4m. 
laajr  be  no  remorn  to  your  motion,  you  may 
^cuea  to  know  Mr.  Oenfford,  one  of  our 
prinelpnl  Inbabiiontf,  now  rcfidiiig  in  Bo«- 
ton,  both  promiied  lo  lake  care  lo  lupply  to 
the  value  of  two  or  three  hundred  pouiidt,  if 
•ecaeion  require.  We  pray  a  few  linee  by 
Iba  bearer  to  give  u»  'i  proipect  of  what  we 
•nav  eipeot  for  our  f'lrlher  encouragement, 
ud  remain,  air, 

Your  obliged  friends  and  servanii, 
William  VmugkaH,      Xichard  Martyn, 
Hfthmitl  Frytr,        William  Ftmald, 
Pnmeii  llookt,  Ckarlii  Frott, 

John  Wiiuol,  Reberl  Elliott. 

A  true  copy  of  the  original  It'tier — which 
ktter  waa  preaentrd  to  roe  by  Captain  Hatch, 
who  came  eipreia. 

Mi^or  Church  aent  them  hi*  onawer,  the 
flontenta  whereof  wna,  that  he  had  gone  often 
aaough  for  nothing,  and  eapecially  to  be  ill- 
treated  with  acaodula  and  fuUe  reporta,  when 
laat  out,  which  he  could  not  forgot ;  and  aig 
niAed  lo  them,  that  doubtleaa  tome  among 
them  thought  they  could  do  without  him. — 
And  to  make  abort  <if  it,  they  did  go  out,  and 
■leeting  with  the  enemy  nt  Muquait,  were 
moat  almmefully  beaten,  aa  I  have  been  in- 
iiirmed. 


THB  THIRD    BIPBDITION  BAST. 

TIlia  waa  in  the  year  1692.  In  the  time  of 
8ir  Williom  Phipa'a  government.  Major  Wal- 
ley  being  at  Iloaton,  waa  requeited  by  hia 
•icellency  lo  treat  with  Major  Church  nboul 
going  east  with  him.  Mnjur  Wulley  coming 
Come,  did  aa  deiirtd  ;  nnd  to  encourage  tliit 
aaid  Major  Church,  told  him  that  now  waa 
the  time  lo  have  recontpenae  for  hia  former 
great  espenaea,  aaying  alao,  that  the  country 
could  not  give  him  leaa  than  two  or  three 
hundred  pounda.  So  upon  hia  excellency'a 
requeat  Major  Church  went  down  to  Boston 
imd  waited  upon  him,  who  anid  he  waa  glad 
lo  aee  him,  and  after  aome  discourse  told  the 
aaid  Church  thai  he  waa  going  east  himself, 
and  that  ho  should  be  his  aecond,  and  in  hia 
abaence  command  all  the  forcea.  And  being 
requealed  by  hia  excellency  lo  raiae  whnt 
Toiunleera  he  conid  of  hia  old  aoldiera  in  the 
county  of  Bristol,  both  English  and  Indiana, 
received  hia  couimisaion,  which  ia  oa  fol' 
Iowa: 

Sir  William  Phipi,  Knight,  Captain  Otn 
tral  and   Oovemor-in-Chief  in  and  over 
hit  MajtMtji'i  province  of  the  Mateacku- 
ttt't  Bnji  IN  New  England, 


To  Ihtyamin  Vhurth,  Clint.  Ortiting. 

Reposing  special  trust  and  conAdenca  in 
your  lovaliy,  coumg«<,  nnd  good  coliduct,  I 
do  by  tliesii  prrst'Ols  nonntilulu  nnd  nppoint 
you  to  be  Major  of  llii'  siivcral  compnniva  of 
militia,  detacliod  fur  their  Mnjesties'  itTvice 
against  tht'ir  French  and  Indian  eneniii-s.— 
You  arc  thfrvforeoulhoriifd  nnd  reqnirt'd  in 
thvir  Mnjeslies'  nnmfs,  to  discharge  lliii  duty 
of  n  mnjor,  by  lending,  ordurinui  and  exer- 
cising till'  said  several  companies  in  arms, 
b<ith  inferior  officers  nnd  aoldiers,  keeping 
them  in  good  order  nnd  discipline,  com- 
manding them  lo  obey  you  aa  ihiir  major  | 
and  diligenllv  to  intend  the  aaid  service,  for 
the  prosecuting,  pursuing,  killing,  and  de- 
stroying of  the  auid  common  enemy  ;  nnd 
yourself  lo  observe  nnd  follow  such  orders 
and  directions  aayou  almll  from  time  lo  lime 
receive  from  royaelf,  according  lo  the  rulea 
and  diacipline  of  war,  pursuant  to  the  trust 
reposed  in  you  for  their  Majesties*  service. — 
Given  under  mv  hand  nnd  seal  nt  Boston, 
the  35th  day  of  July,  1603,  in  the  founh  venr 
of  the  reign  of  our  sovereign  lord  and  luilv 
William  and  Mary,  by  the  grace  of  God, 
King  and  Queen  of  England,  Scotland, 
France  and  Ireland,  defeiidera  of  the  faith. 
WILLIAM  PIIIFS. 

By  hia  Eicellency'a  command, 

IsAAO  AoDiNOTON,  Secretary. 

Returning  home  lo  tha  county  aforeanid, 
he  aoon  rniaed  a  auAcient  number  of  volun- 
teere,  both  Engliah  and  Indiana,  and  offloera 
auilubia  to  command  them,  marched  them 
down  lo  Boaton.  But  there  was  one  thing  I 
would  just  mention,  which  was,  that  Major 
Church,  being  short  of  money,  waa  forcea  to 
borrow  six  pounda  in  money  of  Lieutenant 
Woodman,  in  Litile-Compton,  lo  diatribute 
by  a  ahilling  and  a  bit  at  a  time  lo  the  In- 
dian aoldiera,  wlw,  without  auch  allurementa, 
would  not  have  marched  to  Boaton.  Thia 
money  Mi^or  Church  put  into  the  hnnda  of 
Mr.  William  Fobea,  who  waa  going  out  their 
commiaaary  in  that  service,  who  wua  ordered 
to  keep  n  juat  account  of  what  each  Indian 
had,  ao  that  it  might  be  deducted  out  of  their 
wages  at  their  return  home.  Coming  to 
Boston,  hia  excellency  having  got  thinga  in 
a  readineaa,  they  embarked  on  board  their 
transports,  his  excellency  going  in  person 
with  them,  being  bound  to  I'emequid,  but  in 
their  way  stopped  at  Casco,  nnd  buried  the 
bonea  of  the  dead  people  there,  nnd  took  off 
tho  great  guiia  that  were  there ;  then  went  to 
Femequid— coming  there,  his  excellency 
asked  Major  Church  to  go  aahore  and  give 
hia  judgment  about  erecting  a  fort  there. — 
He  answered,  that  hia  geniua  did  not  incline 
that  way,  for  he  never  had  any  vuliiu  for 
them,  being  only  nesta  for  destructions. — 
His  excellency  said,  he  had  a  special  order 
from  their  Majesties  King  William  and 
Queen  Mary,  to  erect  a  fort  there.  Then 
they  went  ashore  and  spent  aome  time  in  the 
projection  thereof.  Then  his  excellency  told 
Major  Church  that  he  might  ta([e  all  the 
forces  with  him  except  one  company  to  stay 
with  him  and  work  about  the  fort.  The 
Major  answered,  that  if  his  excellency 
pleased  he  might  keep  two  companies  with 
him,  and  he  would  go  with  the  rest  to  Pe- 
nobscot, and  places  adjucent.    Which  his 


excelleiicv  did,  and  vnvM  Mi^nr  ChMrM  hw 
orders,  which  are  as  hdlowelh  t 

nyhiitttelUntgSir  WiUiam  Phtpi,  KnIgkL 
(aptain  Otntral  and  Hovtmor-inCkitU 
m  and  ovir  Ikiir  Mnfimfi'  pruvinct.  of  tk$ 
MauackuutVt  ilay,\n  Ntw  En^'and. 

Inilnutiont  for  JItiyor  lit^jamin   Ckurtk, 

Whereas  you  are  RIajiir,  nnd  so  chief  offi- 
cer of  a  Inidy  of  men  deinclied  out  of  th* 
militia  appointed  for  on  expedition  against 
the  Frencii  nnd  Indian  enemy,  you  are  duly 
lo  observe  the  following  iHstruclions  t 

Imprimit.  You  nre  to  take  care  that  tha 
worship  of  God  be  duly  nnd  constantly  main* 
lained  nnd  kcpi  up  among  vou,  nnd  lo  auffei 
no  awenring,  curainir,  or  other  profannlioii  ol 
the  holy  name  of  Uod  ;  nnd  aa  much  aa  in 
you  lies,  to  deter  nnd  hinder  all  other  vices 
amongst  your  soldiers. 

Sdly.  You  nre  lo  proceed  with  the  aol- 
diera under  your  command,  to  I'vnobacol, 
and  with  what  privacy  nnd  undiscovernbia 
methoda  you  can,  there  lo  luiid  your  men, 
and  lake  the  beat  meusurea  lo  aurprise  ilia 
enemy. 

Sdly.  You  nre,  hy  killing,  deatroyihg,  and 
all  other  meaiia  possible,  to  endeavor  tha 
destruction  of  the  enemy ;  in  pursunnca 
whereof,  being  satisfied  of  your  courn^a 
and  conduct,!  leave  the  sumo  to  your  d is* 
cration. 

4thly.  You  are  to  endeovor  the  taking 
what  captivea  you  can,  either  men,  women, 
or  children,  and  the  aume  anfely  lo  keep  and 
convev  them  unto  me. 

Sihly.  Since  it  ia  not  poasible  to  judge 
how  affairs  may  be  circumstanced  with  you 
there,  I  shall  therefore  not  limit  your  return, 
but  leave  it  to  your  prudence,  only  that  you 
make  no  longer  slay  than  you  can  improvu 
for  advantage  ugninst  the  enemy,  or  may 
reasonably  hope  for  the  same. 

6lhly.  You  urn  also  to  tuke  care  nod  ba 
^Kt<f  industrious  by  all  possible  means  to  find 
out  and  destroy  all  the  enemies'  corn,  and 
other  provisions  in  nil  places  where  you  can 
come  at  the  same. 

Tlblyr  You  are  lo  return  frnm  Penubaunt 
nnd  those  eastern  ports,  to  inaae  aU  dispattk 
hence  for  Keiinebeck  river,  and  the  places 
adi^ccnt,  and  there  prosecute  all  advantages 
inat  liie  enemy  aa  aforesaid. 
Sihly.  If  oiiy  soldier,  officer,  or  othei 
ahall  be  disobedient  to  yon  as  their  coiniiiun- 
der-in-chief,  or  other  their  superior  officer, 
or  make  or  cauae  any  mutiny,  ciminiit  other 
offence  or  disorders,  you  shall  call  a  council 
of  wnr  amongst  your  officers,nnd  having  tried 
him  or  them  so  offending,  inflict  such  pun- 
ishment aa  the  merit  of  the  offence  requires, 
death  only  excepted,  which,  if  any  shall  de- 
serve, you  nre  to  secure  the  person,  and  sig- 
nify the  crime  unto  me  by  the  first  op|ior- 
tuuity. 

Given  under  my  hand  this  llth  day  of 
August,  1693. 

WILLIAM  PHIFS- 

Then  the  major  nnd  his  forces  embarked 
and  made  the  best  of  their  way  to  I'eiioU 
scot ;  and  coming  tc  an  islnnd  in  these  party 
in  the  evening,  landed  his  forces  at  one  tint 
of  the  soid  island.     Then  the  maior  tow'* 


or  dHtrallhit 


Phtpi,  KnUkL 
tmor-iH-CkUK 
triivitm  of  tin 

amin   Chunk, 

<l  10  chief  iifll* 

<'(l  mil  of  |||« 

tliiioii  nKiiiiiil 

vou  lire  dul/ 

BtlOIIH  I 

cnr«  iliui  thw 
iiiianll/  main* 

I  find  lo  (ufliit 
proruniiiioii  ol 
Ml  iiiiicli  u«  ia 

II  iitlinr  vicDi 

Willi  the  Hi\. 

(»    I'l'llobMOl, 

iKliiuovnriibb 

III  your  nivn, 
o  tur|irjie  ilw 

vflro/iitg,  and 
eiideiivor  lli« 
in  puriuiinc* 
rour  cuurai{« 
to  your  dif 

or  Ilia  iiikini 
men,  woniun, 
y  lo  ket-p  mid 

■ibie  lo  judge 
need  Willi  you 
it  your  relurn, 
only  that  you 
<  can  iiiiprovu 
emy,  or  muy 

i  cure  mid  be 
nieaiii  to  find 
lie*'  corn,  mid 
vhere  you  owi 

im  Penobctni 
e  ohiiinpnitk 
nd  ihe  plac«t 
ill  adviiiiiiigct 

icer,  or  otiiet 
lieir  voiiiiiiun. 
lerior  oDiccr, 
coiiiniii  uibvf 
cull  II  council 
il  liuviti|[  iricd 
ct  iiuch  pun* 
^nce  rrquiret, 
miy  dIihII  de- 
'■oil,  uiid  aig- 
e  fimt  opjior- 

11th  diiy  of 

M  PHII'S. 

es  enibiirkcd 
ly  to  IViKih 
II  llii'Me  purl!- 
it  III  one  I'liil 
maior  lou'* 


KINO    PIIILIP'8    WAR. 


tM 


Mrt  of  Ma  fnnM  mkI  moved  towiird  dny  t< 
the  other  end  of  the  Mid  i*Unii,  whiT«  they 
found  two  Frenchmen  end  their  fuinllim  in 
thoir  hoyiM,  and  tlMt  one  or  both  of  them 
bed  Indian  women  lo  ibeir  wiv««,  and  had 
childrnii  by  them.  'I'he  miijor  prnianily  ni- 
•luiniiitf  Ihe  lp*reachiM«n  whore  the  Indiana 
Were,  Ihey  told  him  that  there  waa  a  Rraat 
•ouipany  of  lliem  upon  iin  iiliind  jud  by, 
■nd  ihowiiiK  him  the  iaiiiiid,  preaently  dia- 
torerud  aeveral  of  ilium.  Major  Church  and 
hi*  foroea  alill  keeping  undiicorored  lo  tbein, 
naked  the  Frenohmrn  whiire  tlicir  paniing 
place  WM,  which  tliuy  readily  ahowed  ihem, 
■o  preaenlly  iher  plneed  an  anibuionde  to 
take  nnr  that  ihould  come  over,  then  lent 
ordera  fiir  all  the  real  of  the  foreea  to  come, 
aanding  litem  an  account  of  what  he  hud 
aeon  und  met  witliiil,  iirictly  ohurgiiiv  them 
to  keep  thenitelvei  undiiooverud  by  the 
enemy.  The  ambusoudo  did  not  lie  long 
before  an  Indian  ninii  and  woman  came  over 
in  n  cnnne,  to  the  place  for  landing,  whore 
the  umbuseade  wui  luid,  who  hauled  up  their 
canoe,  and  ourae  right  into  the  handa  of  our 
umbuioade,  who  *o  aiiddeiily  anrprited  them 
that  they  could  not  give  any  notice  lo  the 
nlliert  from  whence  they  came ;  the  major 
ordering  that  none  of  hii  alinuld  offer  lo 
meddle  with  the  cnnoe,  leil  ihcy  tliould  bo 
diicovored,  hoping  Intake  the  moil  of  thorn, 
if  hii  forces  cume  ai  ordered,  he  expecting 
them  lo  come  aa  directed  ;  but  the  firit  iiowi 
be  bad  of  them  wiii,  Ihiit  they  were  all  com- 
ing, though  not  privutelv,  n«  ordered ;  but 
Ihe  vuiaela  fair  in  light  of  the  enemy,  which 
won  put  them  all  lo  fligM ;  and  our  furcoa 
not  having  lionti  luitablo  to  puriue  thuin, 
tbey  gut  all  awny  in  their  cnnoei,  which 
cauied  Miijor  Church  lo  iny,  he  would 
never  go  out  again  without  a  lufllcient  nuin- 
Iter  of  whnlu-bonti,  which  for  want  of,  wai 
Ihe  ruin  of  thui  action.  Then  Major  Church, 
according  lo  bii  inilruction,  ranged  ull  thoio 
parti,  lo  find  all  their  corn,  and  carried  a- 
iMtiird  tlieir  veiiela  what  he  thouaht  conve- 
uieni,  nnd  deiiroyed  the  reil.  Also,  finding 
coniidorable  qniintitiei  of  plunder,  viz.  bea- 
ver, niooie-ikiiii,  dtc.  Having  dune  what 
aervice  they  could  in  tlioio  pnrti,  he  returned 
back  lo  hii  excellency  at  Pomuquid  ;  where 
lieing  come,  ilaid  not  long,  they  being  ihort 
of  bread,  liii  excellency  intended  hoiiia  for 
Boston,  for  more  provisions;  but  befon  go- 
ing with  Major  Church  and  his  forces  to  Ken- 
nebeck  river,  and  coming  there,  gave  him 
further  orders,  which  are  ai  follows  : 

0jr  k'u  Exeelltncjf  Ihe  Ooveruor, 
To  Major  Betyamin  Chunk, 

You  having  already  received  former  in- 
itriictioni,  are  now  further  to  proceed  with 
the  loldiers  under  your  command  for  Ken- 
nebock  river,  and  the  places  adjacent,  and 
iiio  your  utmost  endeavor!  tokill,destroy,and 
lake  CAf.tive  the  Frencli  and  Indian  enemy 
wheresoever  you  shall  find  any  of  them;  nnd 
nt  your  return  lo  Peincquid  (which  you  are  to 
do  as  soon  ns  you  ciui  conveniently,  after 
your  best  endeavor  done  against  the  enemy, 
and  having  destroyed  their  corn  and  other 
provisiiins,)  you  are  to  stay  with  all  your  iol> 
diori  nnd  officers,  and  set  them  to  work  on 
liie  fort ;  nnd  make  what  dispatch  you  can 


In  that  businaia,  staying  there  until  my  iUr- 
thur  order. 

WILLIAM  PHII'S. 

Then  hia  euelleney  taking  leave  went  fur 
BtMion,  and  aiNin  al\«r  Migor  Church  and 
hia  force  had  a  smart  ftghl  with  the  enemy 
in  KennotMck  river,  pursued  them  so  hard 
that  they  left  their  canoes,  and  ran  up  into 
the  woods,  itill  puriued  iheni  up  to  Ibeir  fori, 
at  Taconuok,  which  the  enemy  perceiving 
Ml  fire  lo  Ibeir  houses  in  the  fort,  and  ran 
away  by  the  light  of  them  ;  and  when  Mi^r 
Church  came  lo  the  said  fort  found  about  half 
their  housea  standing  and  the  rest  burnt ; 
also  found  great  quniitiiiei  of  corn,  put  up 
into  Indian  cribi,  which  he  and  hii  foreea 
deiiroyed  ai  ordered. 

Having  done  what  service  lie  could  in 
thoie  parti,  returned  lo  Pemequid,  and  com 
iiig  there  employed  hii  foroei  according  to 
hii  inilructioni.  Being  out  of  bread,  bii  eX' 
eellenoy  not  coming.  Major  Church  waa 
obliged  to  borrow  bread  of  Ihe  captain  of 
the  man-of-war  that  wui  then  there,  for  all 
the  force!  under  his  command,  his  excellency 
not  coming  lU  expected  ;  but  at  length  hii 
excellency  cnine  and  brought  very  little  bread 
more  than  would  pay  what  wui  liorrowed  of 
the  man-of-war ;  10  that  in  a  abort  time 
lifter  Major  Church,  with  bii  forcei,  returned 
home  lo  Uoiton,  and  hud  their  wagei  fur 
their  good  lervice  done.  Only  one  thing  by 
the  way  I  will  just  mention,  that  is,  about 
the  six  pounds  Major  Church  borrowed  ai 
iiforementioned,  and  put  into  the  handi  of 
Mr.  Fobes,  who  distributed  the  said  money, 
all  but  thirty  shillings,  lo  the  Indian  soldiers, 
as  directed,  which  was  deducted  out  of  their 
ages,  and  the  country  htid  credit  for  the 
same ;  nnd  the  said  Fobes  kept  the  thirty 
shilling!  to  himself,  which  was  deducted  out 
of  his  wages;  whereupon  Mojor  Wallev and 
said  Fobes  had  some  words.  In  short.  Major 
Church  was  obliged  to  expend  ulxiut  six 
pounds  of  his  own  money  in  inarching  down 
the  forces  both  Englbh  nnd  Indians,  to  Bos- 
ton, having  no  drink  allowed  tbein  upon  the 
roiid  ;  so  that  instead  of  Major  Church's 
having  the  allowancei  aforementioned  by 
Major  Walley,  he  was  out  of  pocket  about 
twelve  pounds  over  and  above  what  he  had ; 
all  which  had  not  been,  bad  not  his  excellency 
been  gone  out  of  the  country. 


THE  roDHTM  BZFEDITION  BAIT. 

In  1800,  Major  Church  being  at  Boiton, 
nnd  belonging  lo  the  house  of  repreienta- 
lives,  several  gentlemen  requested  him  to  go 
east  again,  and  the  general  court  having 
mado  acts  of  encouragement,  he  told  them, 
if  they  would  provide  whale-boats,  and  other 
necessaries  convenient,  he  would.  Being 
also  requested  by  the  said  general  court,  he 
proceedeil  to  raise  volunteers,  and  made  it 
his  whole  business,  riding  both  cost  ond 
west  in  our  prc'ince  and  Connecticut,  nt 
great  charge  ii:id  expunKS  ;  nnd  in  about  n 
niniitli's  tiiD'j  riised  a  sufficient  number  out 
of  those  farts,  and  miirclicd  them  down  to 
Boston ;  where  he  had  the  proinise  that 
every  tliin|;  should  be  ready  in  three  weeks 
or  a  montli'ti  lime,  but  was  obliged  ta  stay 


considerably  longer.  Ueiiig  now  at  liiatMi 
he  received  hia  oommlialon  anl  inatruotK<W( 
which  are  aa  fuUowa  1 

WiUiam  Bloughltn,  Etfuin,  LituUnmrnt  Ot. 
Mmar,  mnJ  Comm,vtd4r-iH-Ckiif,  iu  mtd 
•Ptr  kii  Mt{j*$lu'i  provinti  of  Ik*  Mm»- 
omtkuHlli  Jtag,  in  pfiw  England, 

To  M^i»r  Boi^famin  Chunk,  Ontlingt 

Whereai,  there  are  leveriil  eoapanief 
raised,  coniisting  of  Englishmen  and  ln< 
diaiis,  for  hii  mi^esty'i  lervice,  to  go  forth 
upon  the  encouragement  given  by  the  great 
and  general  court,  or  iiiiembly  of  tbii,  hia 
majeity'i  province,  convened  nt  Boiton,  the 
the  ilTlh  day  of  May,  1000,  to  proieeuta  Iha 
Freneh  aiM  Indian  enemy,  ius.  And  you, 
having  offered  yourielf  to  take  Ihe  com- 
mand and  conduct  of  the  laid  leveral  com* 
paniei;  by  virtue  therefore  of  the  power 
and  uutborily  in  and  by  hii  mnjeity'i  royal 
oommisssion  lo  me  granted,  reposing  ipecial 
iruit  and  confidence  in  vour  loyally,  pru- 
dence, courage,  and  good  conduct,  I  do  by 
llieie  preieiili  conilitule  and  appoint  you  to 
be  major  of  the  luid  leverul  companies,  both 
Engliihmen  and  Indiani,  railed  for  hia 
m^eily'a  aervice  upon  the  encouragement 
aforeiaid.  You  are  therefore  carefully  and 
diligently  to  perform  the  duty  of  your  place, 
by  leading,  ordering,  and  exerciiing  the  laid 
leveral  companiei  in  arms,  both  inferior  of- 
ficer! nnd  loldiori,  keeping  them  in  food  or- 
der and  diacipline,  commanding  Uiem  to 
obey  you  ai  their  major :  and  yourielf  dil- 
igently lo  intend  hii  niajeity'i  lervice  for  the 
proiocuting,  taking,  killing,  ordeitroying  the 
laid  enemy  by  lea  or  land  ;  and  to  obierve 
all  lucb  order!  and  initructions  ai  you  ihall 
from  lime  to  lime  receive  from  inyielf,  or 
commander-in-chief  for  Ihe  time  beiiig,  ao> 
cording  to  the  rulei  and  diicipline  or  war, 
pursuant  lo  the  trust  repoied  in  you.  Uiven 
under  my  hand  nnd  leal  at  nrnii,  at  Boiton, 
the  third  day  of  August,  1008,  in  the  eighth 
year  of  the  reign  of  our  sovereign  lord  Wil- 
liam ihe  Third,  by  the  grace  of  God,  of 
England,  Scothind,  France,  and  Irclanil, 
king,  defender  of  the  faith,  dec. 

WILLIAM  STOUGHTON. 
By  command  of  the  Lieut  Gov.  See. 

Isaac  Aiidinoton,  Secretary. 

Province  of  Iht  Maiiaehuull*  lia^. 

By  Ihe  Righl  Honorable  Ihe  Lieutenant  do- 
veruor  and  Commander-in-Chief, 

Tnetruetiom  for  Major  Benjamin  Churek, 
Commander  of  Ihe  foreet  raieed  for  hie 
MqieilifU  lerviee,  againet  Ihe  French  and 
Indian  enemy  and  ribeh : 
Pursuant  to  the  commission  given  you,  you 
are  to  embark  the  forces  now  furnished  and 
equipped  for  his  majesty's  services  on  the 
present  expedition,  to  the  eastern  ports  of 
this  province,  and  wiih  them,  and  such 
others  as  shall  offer  themselves  to  go  forth  on 
the  said  service,  to  sail  unto  Piscutaqua,  to 
join  those  lately  dispatched  thither  for  the 
same  expedition  to  await  your  coining ;  and 
with  nil  care  and  diligence  to  improve  :h« 
vessels,  boats,  and  men  under  your  cam- 
mand,  in  seun.li  for,  prosecution  and  pursull 
of,  the  said  enemy,  at  euch  places  where  yua 


Tl« 


KINO    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


■My  Iw  tHitniMil  of  ilMtr  atiod*  or  rttort,  or 
wmn  jrou  mny  prnlNiMjr  vipvcl  in  AihI,  iir 
MM«I  wiih  lliriii,  iiiid  Ink*  ull  iiilvniiiiiKri 
ti|t«i)iil  ihrin  mIiiuIi  pruviilviie*  *liull  littor 
Vim  with. 

Yitu  lire  mil  III  till  or  nceapl  nny  mUUvf 
ihMl  lira  iilroiiily  in  M»  mnj^tty't  yn^,  niiil 
|NMli-d  III  niir  town  or  (iirriMin  wiiliiii  lliia 
|iriivlno>,  Mriiiioiii  »|Mciiil  onlvr  fruiii  tny- 
ttlf. 

You  nro  III  n'i|uir«i  iiiiil  glv«  ilriol  i>rili>ri 
llinl  liia  ilutir*  of  rflifion  ba  altriidi-il  no 
iNMni  lb«  wvuriil  vdimU,  miil  in  ilm  lovuriil 
coinpi«ni«a  uiidor  your  ciHiininod,  liy  duily 
pmyart  unio  Uod,  nnd  rHndIng  lil*  holy  word, 
and  ubMrvauot  of  lli«  Lord'*  diiy,  to  ilia  m> 
moil  jrou  can. 

You  nrti  lo  M«  ihnt  your  Mildiera  hnra  ihcir 
dua  ullowiiiica  of  |iroriiion«  mid  otlivr  n«- 
caaanrie*,  and  lliiit  Ilia  aiok  or  wounded  hn 
at'oaniiiiudiiiad  ii.  ilia  bvii  innnnar  your  oir- 
•HWilanoaa  will  adinil.  And  ihni  yiMid  or- 
4ar  and  oummand  nny  b«  kvpi  up  nnd  innin- 
mnrd  in  llie  i«¥«riil  coni|iiinif(,  and  ull  dii- 
order««  druokenni<i«,  proliine  cur«in|r,  twrnr- 
tug,  diaobadivnca  lo  olHoert,  inutiiiivii,  niniii- 
•iuni,  or  nvnlfcl  of  duly,  Im  duly  nuninlied 
aeciirdiiiK  lo  ili«  Inwa  ninriiul.  Ami  you  nrv 
to  ri-a'jiri)ili«ciiptnin  orcliiff  nfllct^riir  eiicli 
ooinpiiiiy,witli  iIid  clerk  of  tlio  iiinirito  ki>«p 
un  rxiict^ouruul  of  ull  lliuir  proct'edingi  from 
tiin«i  10  nine. 

In  cane  any  of  the  iiidiiin  enemy  nnd 
ri'helt  offer  to  nubinit  tlieinielvr*,  you  lire  to 
Kceive  tliein  only  iit  diicri'tion  ;  liut  if  you 
think  ill  lo  improve  nny  of  tliein,  or  any 
olhi-ra  which  you  niny  happi-ii  to  take  pri- 
oonera,  you  miiy  enuouriinu  them  to  be  fnith- 
ful  by  the  pminiiie  of  their  livei,  which  ihull 
ba  granted  upon  approbation  of  thvir  ii> 
dvliiy. 

You  are  cnrefnily  to  look  after  the  Indiniii 
which  you  have  nut  of  the  priion,  lo  tliut 
Ibey  luny  not  have  opportunity  to  eiicii|i«, 
but  oiherwiie  improve  thcin  lo  whiit  iidvun- 
(age  you  cnn,  and  return  them  back  ngnin  to 
llli*  piace. 

You  are  to  ndvise,  n»  you  cnn  liiive  occii- 
■ion,  with  Ciipiiiin  John  (lorhnm,  who  no- 
oompanieii  you  in  tliii  expedition,  nnd  if  to 
take  your  commnnd  in  ciiite  of  your  death. 
A  copy  of  tliete  iiiitriictioni  you  are  to  Iviive 
with  him,  nnd  to  i;ive  nie  nn  nccount  from 
time  to  time  nf  your  proci-edinirn. 

WILLIAM  STOUGHTON. 

Boston,  August  l*ith,  1600. 

In  the  time  Major  Church  lay  at  Boston, 
the  news  cnine  of  Pemequid  fort  being  taken ; 
it  came  by  a  ihnllop  that  brought  some  pri- 
soners to  Boston,  wIm  gave  nn  account  also, 
that  there  was  u  French  ship  nt  Mount- 
Desart,  who  had  taken  a  ship  of  ours  ;  so 
the  diKCoursc  was  that  they  would  send  the 
miiii-of-wnr,  with  other  forces  to  take  the  said 
French  ship,  nnd  retake  ours.  Uut  in  the 
meun-tiine  Major  Church  and  his  forces  be- 
ini;  ready,  embarked,  and  on  the  lath  day 
of  August  set  sail  for  FiHcntaqua,  where 
more  men  were  to  join  them,  but  before  they 
lefi  Boston,  Major  Church  discoursed  with 
the  captain  of  the  man-of-war,  who  promised 
him, if  he  went  to  Mount-Desnrt,  in  pursuit 
of  the  French  ship,  that  he  would  cull  for  him 
•nd  bis  forces  at  Piseataquo,  expecting  that 


iho  Franah  and  Indtons  might  not  ba  Air 
(Vom  the  snid  Frrneh  shin,  so  thai  ha  might 
have  Nil  op|Nirluiilly  lo  Itiihl  them  while  he 
wok  viigii|{i'il  Willi  lhi<  Fri'Mi'h  ihip.  Moon 
Mftar  the  forces  arrived  at  I'iicaliiuua,  ihu 
lUi^or  sent  his  Indian  aoldivrs  lo  ('oluliel 
(ttdiiey,  at  York,  In  lie  ii>ii*ling  for  iha  d«- 
fi'iioa  nf  iIkim  plavt'* ;  who  giiva  them  n 
giHNl  ooniiiiend  for  ihrir  rvaily  nnd  willing 
servicws  dime,  in  sc-nuting,  and  Ilia  like.— 
Lying  at  Piseuiaqua  wilh  iha  rest  nf  our 
forces  near  n  werk,  wailing  fur  mora  forces 
who  were  lo  join  ihem,  in  make  up  their 
ciimplement,  in  all  which  time  heard  never 
n  wnrd  of  itia  man-of-war.  Un  iha  99d  of 
August  tliay  all  embarked  fnr  Piscniaqua, 
ami  when  Ihvy  onina  against  Ynrk,  ilia 
majnr  went  ashore,  sendiNg  Captain  Oorhnm 
wilh  some  forces,  in  two  nrignntiiies  nnd  a 
sliMip  lo  Winler-liarbour,  ordering  him  lo 
nd  out  scouls,  to  aaa  if  they  could  make 
any  discovery  nf  the  aiiemy,  and  to  wait 
there  till  ho  came  lo  them.  Major  Church 
coming  lo  York,  Colonel  (iidney  told  him 
his  opinion  was,  thai  the  enemy  was  drawn 
off  from  those  parts,  for  that  the  scouls 
could  nut  diMjover  any  nf  them,  nor  ilieii 
tracks.  Ho  having  done  his  business  there, 
Weill,  with  what  forces  he  had  there,  to  Wiii- 
ivr-llnrbnur,  where  he  hud  the  snine  nccniint 
from  Captain  <iiirhntn,  that  they  had  not  dis- 
covered any  of  the  enemy,  nor  any  new 
tracks  ;  so,  concluding  they  were  gone  from 
those  parts  towards  Penobscol,  the  innjor  or- 
dered all  the  vessels  to  sail  nnd  make  the  Itest 
of  their  way  to  Monliegin,  which  lieiiig  not 
fur  from  Penobscot,  where  the  main  Imdy  of 
our  enemies  was  living  ;  being  in  great  lio|ics 
to  come  up  wilh  the  army  of  French  nnd  In- 
dians, before  ihey  had  scattered  and  were 
gone  past  Penobscot,  or  Mount-Defart, 
which  is  the  chief  place  of  their  departure 
from  each  other  after  such  actions;  nnd  hav- 
ing n  fair  wind,  made  the  Imst  of  their  way, 
and  early  nert  morning  they  got  into  Mon- 
liegin, nnd  there  lay  all  day  nitiiig  their  Imnls 
and  other  nevcsfiries  to  embark  in  the  night 
at  Mutsel-neck  wilh  their  boats  ;  lying  there 
all  day  to  keep  undiscovered  from  the 
enemy  ;  at  night  the  major  ordered  the  ves- 
sels all  to  come  to  sail,  and  carry  the  forces 
over  the  bay,  tii-iir  Penobscol,  hut  having  lil- 
tle  wind  lie  nrdered  all  the  soldiers  to  embiirk 
on  board  ihebnatH  with  eight  dnys*  provision, 
and  sent  the  vessels  back  to  Monliegin,  that 
they  might  not  be  discovered  by  tliu  enemy  ; 
giving  them  orders  when  nnd  where  they 
should  come  to  liiin.  The  forces  being  all 
ready  in  their  bouts,  rowing  very  hard,  got 
ashore  at  a  point  near  Penobscot,  just  us  the 
day  broke  and  hid  their  bouts,  and  keeping 
a  good  look  out  by  sea,  and  sent  scouts  out 
by  land ;  but  could  not  discover  either  cu- 
noci  or  Indians  ;  what  tracks  and  lire  places 
they  saw  were  judged  to  be  seven  or  eight 
dnys  before  they  came.  As  soon  as  night 
came,  that  they  might  be  undiscovered,  got 
into  their  boats,  and  went  by  Mussel-neck, 
and  so  amongst  Penobscot  Islaiids,  looking 
very  sharp  us  they  went  fur  fires  on  the  shore, 
ami  for  canoes,  but  found  neither ;  getting  up 
lo  Matliebestuckshills,  day  eomingon,  liinded, 
and  hid  their  boats,  looking  out  for  the  en- 
emy, ns  the  day  before,  but  to  little  purpose. 
Night  coming  ou,  to  their  ours  ogain,  working 


vary  hani,  Mrnml  iha  nigbl  iMo  day ;  «a«hi 
several  of  their  new  snklisrs  gruuiblr,  but 
telling  llieni  they  hn|i«d  lo  ooiiia  up  quickly 
wilh  llie  enemy,  put  new  life  Into  llisni,  nnd 
by  dny-liglii  they  got  into  iba  mnuth  of  ih« 
river,  where  Innding,  found  many  rendrxvoHa 
nnd  Ara  pinces  where  ilia  Indians  had  lireii, 
but  nl  iha  sniiia  space  uf  lime  ns  liefore  men- 
iHinad  t  nnd  no  eniinas  passed  up  the  liver 
that  day.  Their  pilot,  Joseph  York,  in- 
formed iba  mi^ir  that  dO  or  00  miles  up  ihiil 
river,  nl  the  great  falls,  the  enemy  had  n  great 
rendeavous,  nnd  planted  a  great  quantity  of 
eorn,  whan  ba  waa  •  prisiuiar  wilh  ibaWi 
four  yaara  ago,  and  that  ha  waa  vary  well  aa* 
quainlad  thcra  t  this  gave  great  eneourago* 
manl  lo  bava  soma  eonsiilernble  adsaa 
taga  nf  tlia  enemy  al  that  place  t  s<i  Miny 
their  utmost  endeavours  lo  get  up  there  mm- 
discovsrad,  nnd  coming  there  found  no  en* 
emy,  nor  corn  planted,  they  having  descried 
Ihu  place.  And  ranging  niMiul  the  falls  nn 
both  sides  uf  iha  river,  leaving  men  on  iha 
east  side  of  the  snid  river,  nnd  ihe  iHtnis  just 
below  the  falls,  wilh  agooil  guard  to  securo 
them,  nnd  to  lake  the  enemy  if  tliev  cama 
down  the  river  in  their  cnnnes.  Tlie  west 
side  bi'ing  thn  place  where  the  enemy  lived, 
and  In'sI  to  travel  nn,  they  resnived  lo  rnnga 
as  privately  as  they  could  ;  a  mile  or  iwu 
above  the  falls  discovered  a  birch  eunoe  coin- 
ing down  wilh  Iwn  Indinns  in  it,  the  major 
sent  word  inimedinlely  bnck  to  those  oi  iha 
falls,  to  lie  very  close,  and  let  them  pnsa 
down  ihe  falls,  and  to  take  ihvin  nlive,  that 
he  might  have  intelligence  where  the  enemy 
was,  which  would  have  lieen  n  great  ndvaii- 
tage  loiliem,  but  a  foolish  soldier  seeing  them 
passing  by  him,  shot  nt  them,  contrnry  lo  order* 
given,  which  prevented  them  going  into  the 
ambuscade  that  wus  laid  for  them  ;  where* 
u|ion  sevcrni  more  of  our  men  being  nenri 
shot  at  lliem  ;  so  tlint  one  uf  them  could  wA 
stand  when  he  got  nshore,  but  crept  uway 
into  the  brush,  the  other  stepped  out  of  iha 
cnnoo  with  his  paddle  in  his  hand,  and  mil 
about  n  rod,  nnd  then  threw  down  his  paddle, 
nnd  turned  back  and  took  up  his  gun,  so  ea« 
cii|ied.  One  nf  our  Indians  swum  over  th« 
river,  nnd  fetched  the  canoe,  wherein  was  n 
considerable  quantity  of  blood  nn  the  seal*, 
iliut  the  Iiitlians  sat  on  ;  the  canoe  hnvlrig 
severnl  holes  shot  in  her.  They  stop|ied  thc 
liolef,  nnd  then  Cnptain  Drnckci,  with  nn  In- 
dian soldier,  went  over  the  river,  who  trucked 
them  by  the  blood  niHint  half  a  mile,  found 
his  gun,  took  it  up,  nnd  seeing  the  bhiod  no 
farther,  concluded  that  he  stopped  his  blood, 
and  so  got  nwny.  In  the  menu-time  another 
cunoo  wilh  three  men  were  coining  down  the 
river,  were  fired  nt  by  some  of  our  forces,  ran 
ashore,  nnd  left  two  of  their  guns  in  the  ca- 
noe, wliich  were  taken,  nnd  also  n  letter  from 
a  priest  to  Casteen,  that  gave  him  an  account 
of  the  French  and  Iiidions  returning  over  the 
lake  to  Mount-Royal,  and  of  their  little  ser* 
vice  done  upon  tlie  Mnquas  Indians  west 
ward,  only  dcninlisliing  one  fort,  nnd  cut 
ting  down  some  corn.  He  desiring  to  hear 
of  the  proceedings  nf  Deborabue.,  nnd  the 
French  innn-of-wnr ;  nnd  informed  him  that 
there  were  suverni  canoes  coming  with  work* 
men  from  Quebec,  to  !St.  John's,  wheresince 
we  concluded,  it  was  to  luild  a  fort  at  iIm 
river**  mouth,  where  the  groat  guns  were 


KINO    PHILIP'S    WAH. 


I»  dajr  t  ■ml* 
(ryniltiv,  bvi 
n*  up  qiiiekljr 
nil)  ilicm,  nnti 
iiioulli  of  ih« 
1/  rantlrivoiM 
ini  liiiil  lirviii 
!•  bcfiiro  iiii'ii- 
u|>  iIm  rivi'f 
ill  Yiirk,  in- 
milt't  up  iliiil 
•y  liiitl  n  yrrnl 
il  quMiltl*  of 
r  with  in«M, 
I  ftty  w«ll  IMS* 
It  riicuuraga- 
rnbia  itdvaii 
ie«  t  M>  Ming 
up  liirra  MM* 
found  no  «n- 
viiig  ilricrtad 

I  lIlD    full*    ON 

I  incii  on  ill* 
llie  IhiiiIi  Juit 
iird  to  necuro 
if  lliev  ciima 
I.  The  wed 
I'lii-injr  livi>d, 
Ivi'd  to  riiii|[e 
I  niilo  or  Iwu 

h  l-UIIIN)  GOIII< 

it,  the  niiijor 
I  thixe  ot  the 
:t  tlivni  puM 
III  iilive,  that 
ire  tilt'  vneinjr 
(treat  iidvun- 
ri«tfinK  ilium 
riiryloorden 
uing  into  the 
lii'in  i  where* 

I  bi-iiiK  iivnr, 
em  could  not 

crept  uwajr 
d  out  of  th« 
uid,  nnd  ran 
n  hit  pnddle, 

II  ifuii,  10  ee- 
nun  over  th« 
lierein  wni  ■ 
on  the  (eatf, 
iiiioe  huvirig 

■tnpiied  the 
I,  with  an  In- 
who  trucked 
I  mile,  found 
:lie  blood  no 
rd  his  blood, 
time  another 
In^  down  the 
«r  fnrceii,  ran 
IIS  in  the  ea- 
n  letter  from 
I  an  account 
linir  over  the 
L'ir  little  aer- 
idiuii*  weft 
rt,  nnd  cut- 
ring  to  hear 
ue.,  nnd  the 
led  him  that 
ft  with  work- 
where  iiiiico 
I  fort  nt  the 

guni  wera 


il  keing  jutt  ui|;lit,  the  f>lll«rr>  worr 
iMgalhertu  aiiflM,  nnd  ihvirpdol,  York, 
Mntliv 


Informed  tlivm  of  a  fort  up  ihnt  river,  nnd 
Il  Will  htiili  on  n  IiiiIh  iaiiiiid  in  thni  river, 
and  thtire  wn*  no  |«iiiii||  lo  it  but  in  rnnimt, 
ur  on  the  iue  in  Iho  winter  time.  Thin,  with 
the  eertitin  kiiawl«d||a  tlint  we  were  dii- 
oovrri'd  iijr  the  enemy  thiil  eien|Hiil  out  of 
IIki  upper  canoe,  ciiiialuiled  it  not  pro|H>r,  nl 
titiit  tune,  to  proceed  nny  further  up,  iiiiil  ihiit 
ihi're  wilt  no  KeitiiiK  nny  further  with  our 
boiiii  t  nnd  tint  enemy  lieing  nhirnird  would 
eertniiily  dy  from  them,  and  do  iii  ibuy  did 
four  yenri  ngo  nl  their  fni  nl  Tuconock  i 
linvin^  lought  them  in  KeniirlN'ck  river,  nntI 
|iitreued  them  alKiut  thirty  miles  in  Taoo- 
nook  I  for  they  then  set  their  fort  on  Are, 
and  run  nwnv  by  the  light  of  il,  our  force* 
not  lieinti  able  lo  oome  up  with  them  nt  thiit 
pInvH.  Mi^nr  Church  then  encournging  hi* 
soldiers,  told  them,  he  lio|ied  Iher  should 
Uieet  with  pnrt  of  the  enemy  in  I'enobscol 
liny,  or  nt  Mount-Uesnrt,  where  the  French 
si  ips  were.  Mo,  iiotwithstnnding  they  liiid 
been  rowing  several  nights  before,  with  much 
l.»il,  besides  were  short  of  provisions,  they 
cheerfidly  embarked  on  board  their  lioiits, 
and  went  down  the  river,  b<ith  with  nnd 
ogiiinat  the  tide  {  nnd  next  morning  cnine  to 
Iheir  vessels,  where  the  innior  had  ordered 
tliuiii  to  iiiaet  him,  who  could  give  liiin  no  in 
lelliguiM*  of  any  eurmy.  Wbara  being  come, 
Ihav  raftaelwd  thamwlrei  {  meeting  then 
with  another  disnp|Miiiitineiil,  for  Iln-ir  pilot, 
York,  nut  being  noi|Uninted  nny  lurlher,  Iw' 

|[nn  to  hiinent  the  loss  of  one  Itobert  ('iiW' 
ey,  who  they  ohiefly  de|iended  on  for  nil  the 
■orvioe  to  bu  done  now  enstwnrd ;  he  having 
Keen  tuken  nwiiy  from  tlieiii  the  night  before 
they  set  snil  from  Boston  (nnd  wns  on  bonrd 
Mr.  Thorp's  sloop)  nml  put  on  hoard  the  innii- 
of-war,  unknown  to  Mujor  Church  ;  notwith- 
standing lie  had  been  nl  the  olinrge  nnd  trou- 
ble of  iiroouring  him.  Then  tli«  major  was 
obliged  toono  Uord,  procured  by  Mr.  Wil- 
liam Aldun,  who  being  ncqnnintod  in  those 
parts,  to  leave  his  vessel,  nnd  go  with  him  in 
the  boat-  hioli  he  readily  complied  with, 
nnd  r  went  to  Nnsket-point ;  where  Using 
informed  was  n  likely  pliice  to  meet  with  the 
•iieiny  ;  coming  there  found  several  houses 
nnd  amall  fields  of  corn,  the  fires  having 
been  out  iteveral  days,  and  no  now  tracks. — 
Dut  upon  Penobscot  island  they  fuund  several 
Indian  houses,  corn  nnd  turnips,  though  the 
enemy  still  being  all  g<mo,  as  before  luen- 
tioned.  Then  they  divided  and  sent  their 
bouts  some  one  way,  and  some  unothur, 
thinking  that  if  nny  strnggling  Indians,  or 
Cnsteen  himself,  should  be  thereabout,  tliey 
might  find  them,  but  it  proved  all  in  vain. — 
Himself  nnd  several  boats  went  to  Mount- 
Desnrt,  to  see  if  the  French  ships  were  gone, 
und  wliether  any  of  the  enemy  might  be 
there,  but  to  no  purpose,  tliu  ships  being  gone, 
and  the  enemy  aUo.  They  being  now  got 
sriveral  leagues  to  ihu  westward  of  their  ves 
•els,  nnd  seeing  that  the  way  was  clear  for 
Iheir  vessels  to  paxs,  and  all  their  extreme 
rowing,  and  travelling  by  land  and  water, 
night  nnd  day,  to  bo  aH  in  vniii,  ilio  enemy 
itiaving  left  those  parts,  ns  they  judged,  about 
eight  or  ten  days  before.  And  then  returning 
to  tlieir  vessels,  the  commander  calling  his 
effean  together,  to  coiiault  a'.id  resolve  what 


lo  do,  ttonelHtling  thai  the  viiemy,  by  some 
means  or  other  hwd   received  soma   inlal- 
hgeiiee  of  their  being  eoinr  out  ngNlnsI  llieni, 
nnd  that  ilo-y  were  in  no  iieevssily  lo  eoma 
down  to  the  aeii  side  a*  yet,  miiote  and  lirnver 
now  iM-inifat.  i'liey  llieii  agreed  logo  far  ensi 
anil  employ  tlirinselvrs,  that  the  enemy  !•«• 
htnifiiig   lo   those    parts   might  think    tlinl 
ihvy  were  gone   hoiiie.     Having  some  dis- 
course niMiul  going  over  to  Nl.  John's  |  but 
Oiu  innaler*  of  the  veasels  said,  he   lind   ns 
giMtd  carry  iheni  to  (I'd  I'rnnee,  which  iiul  off 
that  deaiirn,  they  coi  'Inding  thai  the  French 
ships  were  there.     Then  the  major   moved 
for  going  over  the  bay,  towards  Lnbane,  nnd 
towards  the  gut  of  Cnnoer,  where  was  niiolh- 
er  conaidernhle  fori  of  Indinns,  who  oAen 
enme  lo  the  nssistnnca  of  our  enemy,  ihr 
barbarous   Indinns;  saying  Ihnt  by  the  lime 
they  should  return  again,  the  enemy  belong- 
ing  lo  these  parts  would   oome  down  nguin, 
expecting  ihnt  we  are  gone  home.     But  in 
short,  lould  not  prevail  with  the  mnslers  of 
the  open  sloops  lo  venture  across  the   bay  { 
who  said  il  wns  very  dnngerous  so  Inle  in  the 
venr,  and  ns  much  ns  their  lives  were  worth, 
riien  they  concluded  nnd  resolved  to  go  lo 
Menaotaon,  wherein  there  was  o  ready  com 
plinnce,  but  the  want  of  their  pilot,  Robert 
Cnwiey,  wns  n  great  ihiinnge  lo  them,  who 
knew  all  thoae  parts:   however,   Mr.  John 
Aldan,  mulcr  uf  the  briganiina  Endeavor, 
pilolad  them  up  the  bny  to  8ennetac«  {  ami 
coming  to   (•riiidslone-piiini,  being   not  far 
from  tieneulacii ;  then  uanie  to  with  nil  the 
vessels,  and  early  next  morning  came  lo  sail, 
and  about  sun-rise  got  into  town  ;  but  it  be- 
ing so  Inte  before  wn  landed,  thnt  the  enemy, 
moat  of  them,  mnde  their  oacnpr,  nnd  ns  it 
happened  landed  whero  the  French  nnd  In- 
dians had  tome  time  hefora  killed  Lieutenant 
John  Paine,  nnd   several  of  Captain  Smith- 
son's  men,  that  were  with  said  Paine.   They, 
seeing  our  forces  coming,  took  the  nnpor- 
luiiily,  fired  several  guns,  and  so  ran  nil  into 
the  woods,  carrying  nil  or  most  pnrt  of  their 
goodt  with  them.     One  Jarinati  Uridgway 
same  running  towards  our  forces,  with  a  gun 
in  one  hand,  and  his  cnrlriilge-box  in  the 
the  other,  culling  to  our  forces  to  stop,  ihnt  he 
might  tpenk  with  them  ;  but  Mnjor  Church 
thinking  it  wns  that  they  might  huve  some 
advantage,  ordered  thciii  to  run  on ;  when 
the  snid  Bridgway  saw  they  would  not  stop, 
turned  and  ran,  but  the  major  called   unto 
liini,  and  bid  him  stop,  or  he  would  bu  shot 
down ;  some  of  our  forces  being  near  to  the 
•aid  Bridgway,  said  it  was  the  General  that 
called  lo  him.     He  hearing  that,  stopped  nnd 
turned  ab(mt,  Iny  ing  down  his  gun,  stood,  till 
the  mnjor  came  up  to  him ;  his  desire  was 
that  the  commander  would  make  haste  with 
him  to  his  house,  lest  the  savages  should  kill 
his  father  nnd  mother,  who  were  upward  of 
fourscore  years  of  nge  and  could  not  go.'^ 
The  mnjor  asked  the  said  Urid){>vuy  whether 
there  were   any    Indians   ninoiig  them,  and 
where  they    lived ;  he  shook  his  head,  and 
said,  he  durst   not   tell,    fur  if  lie  did  they 
would  take  nil  opportunity  and  kill  him  oiid 
his ;  80  all  that  could  be  got  out  of  him  was, 
that  they  were  run  into  the  woodn  with  the 
rest.     Then  orders  were  given  to  pursue  the 
enemy,  nnd  to  kdl  what  Indians  they  could 
find,  Knd  take  the  Freuoh  alive,  aqd  give 


Til 

llicm  t)unrter  If  ihay  Mkti  k  Owr  fcwg« 
siMin  look  three  Frenehmaii,  wit*,  ii|MNi  M* 
aminniioii,  sniil,  thai  iIm  Indian*  wera  aH 
run  Into  the  wmids,  Tha  French  fired  ••?• 
erni  guns  nl  our  forees,  and  ours  at  ^\mm 
bul  tliey  being  better  nequnintrd  with  iIm 
wimmIs  than  ours,  got  nwny.  The  mn^ir  Malt 
the  nforrsnid  Jarman  ilridgwny  for  a  piM. 
and  with  some  of  his  forces  went  over  a 
river,  to  several  of  their  houses,  bul  Ilia  peo- 
ple were  gone  and  curried  their  giMnls  wilh 
ihetni  In  ranging  the  wimhIs  fouud  several 
Indinn  houses,  iheir  Ares  lieingjusi  out,  but 
no  Indians.  H|iending  thni  dny  in  ranging  lu 
and  fro,  found  eonshlerable  of  tlicir  gomlt, 
and  hut  few  people  |  at  night  the  m^lor  writ 
a  letter,  nnd  saiii  out  two  French  prisonen, 
wherein  wnt  signified,  that  If  they  would 
eoiiie  In,  they  should  liave  good  quarters.— 
The  next  day  teverni  came  in,  which  did 
belong  lo  that  pnrt  of  the  town  where  our 
forort  flrtt  Innded,  who  had  encouragemenit 
given  iheni  by  our  coniinunder,  that  if  they 
would  attist  him  in  Inking  those  Indians 
which  lielonged  lo  those  parts,  they  shouhl 
linvo  their  goods  returned  lotheni  ngnin,  nnd 
their  estates  should  not  lie  dninnifled  ;  which 
they  refused.  Then  the  mnjor  nml  his  forces 
pursued  their  design,  nnd  went  further,  rnng- 
ing  their  country,  found  several  more  houses, 
but  the  pconle  Aed,  nnd  carried  wlinl  they 
had  away  |  iHit  in  a  creek  fuund  u  price  bark, 
that  wni  brought  In  there  bv  a  French  prlvit* 
leer.  In  rnnging  the  woods  look  some  pri- 
soners, who  u|Min  exnniinntion  gnve  our 
eommnndernn  nocoiiiii,  that  there  were  soma 
Indians  u|Min  n  neck  of  Innd,  towards  Ma- 
li is  ;  so  a  party  of  men  was  sent  into  thoaa 
woods,  and  in  their  ranging  alioul  t)ie  said 
neck  found  tome  plunder,  nnd  n  cnniiderabia 

3unntity  of  whnrtlebernct,  both  green  nnd 
ry,  which  were  gnthered  by  the  Indian*, 
and  had  like  to  linve  taken  two  Indians,  wlio, 
by  the  help  of  n  birch  cnnoe,  got  over  tha 
river,  nnd  mnde  their  escape.  Also  they 
found  two  barrels  of  powder,  nnd  near  hnii 
n  bushel  of  bullets  ;  the  French  denying  il 
to  he  tlieirt,  snid  they  were  the  savages',  but 
sure  it  was  a  supply  for  our  enemies ;  also 
they  took  frtim  Jarman  Bridgway  severol  bar- 
rels of  powder,  with  bullets,  shot,  spears,  and 
knives,  and  other  supplies  to  relieve  oiu 
enemies;  he  owning  that  lie  had  been  trad 
ing  with  those  Indians  along  Cnpe-Sabi*' 
shore,  with  Peter  Assnow,  in  sloop  oar 
forces  took  from  him  ;  nnd  that  there  he  met 
with  the  French  ships,  nnd  went  along  wilh 
them  lo  St.  John's,  and  helped  them  tc  un- 
load the  said  ships,  nnd  carried  up  the  'ivcr 
provisions,  ammunition,  and  other  good*  to 
Villioon's  fort. 

The  major  having  rnnged  nil  places  that 
wore  thought  proper,  returned  hack  to  the 
place  where  they  firvt  landed,  nnd  finding 
several  prisoners  come  in,  who  were  troubled 
to  see  their  cattle,  shetp,  hogs,  nml  dogs  ly- 
ing dead  about  tlieir  houses,  chopped  and 
hacked  with  hatchets  ;  which  wan  done  with- 
out order  from  the  major,  however  ho  told 
them  it  was  nothingto  what  our  poor  English, 
ill  our  frontier  towns,  were  forced  to  look 
upon ;  for  men,  women,  and  children  wera 
chopped  nnd  hacked  so,  and  left  half  dead 
with  all  their  scalps  taken  olT,  and  thnt  they 
and  their  Indionr  served  our*  to ;  and  o«ir 


m 


RINO    PIMI.IP'M    WAR. 


M»i»tf«»  mtuM  IM  |tatl  !•  ••*«•  tk»m  to  km. 
it  Itai  wuwltl  iMrwil  iImw  I  wliitili  vsMMil 
IImiii  Iu  Im  imi||IiI/  rnliniiMti*,  himI  IwKKrii 
ill*  iimjiir  iIkiI  Iin  wduIiI  ii»l  ml  ihu  •n«iii|va 
Mr««  lluiin  ••>.  Our  Imllitii*  Iwlitf  «imi«wFiiiI 
■viKlltl*    III'  llif   tliM'ourM,   ilmirtul  III   liiott 

•IIMIC  ill'  lltmil  III  nilMl,  IMIti  Ml  llll'kl'  II  lilMlt:«  i 

•iij  iliiMt!tiig  Ml  4  liltli'iiM*  iiiitiiiivr,  III  icrriiy 
iIm'iii,  •mil,  iliiil  lliv/  luiuiti  cni  tti.y  lori  •il' 
I*.!  ill,  mill  iIkiI  f>iMii  iif  llit'tr*  wiiiilil  uiitki 
llitir  livnru  •iniui  (  ilviiiMiig  u|i  In  •uim*  iiI' 
litv  priMiiivra,  Mtiil,  llivjr  uimm  Imih*  llMlr 
•eul^i  wliicli  muuli  II  rrilUtI  ili*  )NHir  itri- 
toiii'r*,  who  ImickuiI  for  tlwir  li«v«.  Tliv 
uii^ur  lolil   llii'Hi  Ira  (ltd  Mill  il«'ii|ii  lira  iu«- 

Mgi't  llMlultl  llllrl  lIlVIII  (    lltll  il  will  111  itil  lIlt'MI 

•irf  M  liiilr  wlini  iltv  |HHir  KiiglUli  Ctli,  iikjiMig, 
il  wiM  It'll  lli«ir  Miiil|w  liti  wiiiiiril,  but  lliv 
•i«*u|rt,  for  li«  iliuuJtl  (•!  iiiiiltiiiK  liy  lliuiii  i 
•U'l  lul<l  llwiH,  ihul  lltvir  fuilirri,  lira  frtiirt 
mill  guf«ri:'jr«,  riKiMirtiKtid  ilinr  inoiigv*,  niid 
|ii»«  iliriii  iiMiiiry  to  m]iiI|i  iiiir  Kiigltilii  nni 
iritl.li  iiiilin(  llra|r  wrvrit  wtili  llioiii ;  wliiuli 
Mttruici  uui  bngliilt,  tlivru  |>r>'Miil,  iliii  Um- 
lif/  111  ilivir  flic**,  iliiii  llrair  fuilrar*  iiiiil 
iMiiilrar*  Mram  Mrvvil  pu  mi  llivir  iiglil.  liul 
titff  iiiifior  bill  llifiii  It'll  llrair  I'nllran,  lira  Iri- 
'ira  iiitJ  ■uv«riior«,  lliiilif  1I117  aull  |K'r*wli^ii, 
■nii  l«l  llirir  wrvlcliiil  (iiviigv*  UtII  mid  ilu- 
(iriiy  lira  |MMir  Fiiigliah  iil  llmi  riilv,  Ira  would 
•uii;«  Willi  wiiuv  liuiidri-dii  •>!'  •iivugut,  iind 
.vl  ibfin  !.«••«  iiiiioiig  tlifiii,  wliii  Would  kill, 
Kiilii,  mid  tAiry  iiwiiy  v^vry  Fn^iivli  |H'r»Mi 
ill  ail  iliiiM*  |Niru,  *'iir  ilitiy  witb  lira  niui  iruin 
wbruuti  all  ilio  lirniiclra*  uaiiii'  lliitl  liurl  ui  ( 
fur  lira  liidiuu*  uuuld  not  do  ui  mijr  liiiriu, 
i(  ibvy  did  mil  riiliiivD  'iiid  mijiiily  llivni — 
Tliu  rrniicli  Ihiiiii  •uiraitdu  of  iliu  miijor'i 
kiiiiliwa*  10  ibviii,  Uiint'd  lii«  limid,  and  wuiv 
very  lliniikl'ul  to  liltii  for  lii«  fii«our  to  ilii'in 
ill  iiiviiig  tliiiir  livi'ii !  owiiud  llinl  llii'ir  |irit'<iii 
were  III  lira  inking  of  l*eiii«t{uid  furl,  miil 
Wiirv  iiiiw  giiiie  to  Liiylxiiiit,  witli  loiuu  uf  lliii 
ludiiiiu,  to  iiivfi  lira  Fruiiuli  (liip*,  but  for 
Wbiii  tliry  would  mil  ii-ll.  I'lra  c  iiuiiiiimlvr 
wilb  Ili*  forct.'*,  hnviiig  done  all  tlivy  could  in 
llioM!  piirtK,  coiiuliidi'd  lo  go  to  Si  John'* 
river,  to  do  liirtlitTH'rvico  for  tlivir  kiitg  and 
country,  vniburkud  nil  on  boiird  Ilivir  friiira- 

Stru ;  mid  liiiviiig  11  fair  wind,  ■0011  g-t  to 
ionog«iiv»t  wliidi  lii'f  Ik  litllv  dinliinuu  Ir'HU 
iliv  nioutli  of  Ml.  Jidiu'*  rivivr.  Nvxi  niornirg 
eiirly,  till) 'niiijor,  with  hit  force*  liiiidud  ti< 
•ve  wliiil  iliitoovery  llicy  coultl  luiikv,  trii- 
vvili'd  iiuro«ii  the  wooddotira  old  fort  or  fulli 
at  lira  niiiulli  of  Al,  Jolin'i  river,  keeping 
Iheiiuelve*  undiiuovered  fruiu  the  enemy  ; 
timliiig  tbiit  there  wew  teverul  men  at  work, 
and  hiiving  informed  ihemaelve*  us  inuclini 
they  could,  the  enemy  being  on  the  other  tide 
nf  tliu  river,  coiild  not  come  lit  them,  return- 
ed buck,  but  night  coming  on,  iind  dark  wet 
woiitlier,  with  bud  travelling,  wui  obliged  tu 
•lii|i  in  the  wihkU  until  towards  day  next 
niiirninjt,  mid  then  went  on  board  ;  soon  af- 
ter the  miiji>r  ordered  all  the  vessels  to  come 
to  Hiiil,  mid  go  iiitii  the  mouth  of  the  river  ; 
lii-iii)r  dune,  It  was  nut  long  before  the  major 
mid  liiM  forces  landed  on  iheemitside  of  the 
river,  the  French  tiring  briskly  at  them,  but 
did  tUetn  no  harm  ;  and  running  fiercely  u|i- 
uii  tliu  i'neiiiy,they  soon  fled  into  the  woods. 
The  niiijur  ordered  11  brisk  party  to  run  ncroas 
a  aaek  to  eut  them  off  from  their  canoes, 
•U«k  Um  dajr  buiura  Um/  had  made  a  dis- 


MMer*  of  I  s«  ikn  «»mmund»r,  wiih  ilia  rvit, 
ran  illnrily  townni*  Ohi  nrw  fori  ib'V  war* 
buildiag,  Mill    kiiiiwili#   InH    ihcy  Imd  aoniv 
iirdnmii'M    mounivil.     'I'lra    rmniy    running 
•lirucily  III  ihvir   vaniH",   warn   mci  by  our 
forera,  who  liri'd  iil  iIhiii,  himI  killtd  una,  and 
wiiiiiidi'il  I'liriHiral  Caiilini,  who  waa    lakan. 
lira  rial  llirt'W   down  what  ihey  had  and  rai> 
into  lira  WiHxIa.     'I'll*  aniil  prlaoner,  Crinloii, 
Itring  liriiughi  In  lh«  iiiiijnr,  lohl  him,  if  Ira 
would  let  his  surnon  drsaa  hia   wiiunil  and 
nurs  bun,  Ira  would  In-  aervicitidd*  to  bini  as 
hing  as  Ira  llvad  |  so,  bring  drrsaad,  be   Wits 
•»aininrd,  who  gavs  lira  uiajnr  an  neeniinlof 
ihii  iwt'Us  gr»al  guns  wliu-h  wars  bid   in  lira 
Iwiieli,  bslnw   klgb   water  mark  |    lira  ear- 
riagea,  sliul,    ami  wherlbnrrowa,  aniiie  flour 
and  pork,  nil   hid  in  the   wmids.     And  lira 
nvxl  morning  iha  nlltcars  living   all  ordered 
In  meet   liigrtliar  In  consult  nlMiai   going  lo 
VillMMin'a  fori,  nml  noiw  ainongsi  ilram  being 
ncquainled  bat  lira  AltUus,  who  said  lira  wa. 
ter  in  the  river  was  very  low,  so  ih.it  ihajr 
enuhl  not  gal  up  to  lira  fort,  and  the  prisonar. 
Canton,  told  lira  coniinandttr,  ihni   what  lira 
lldeiia  said   was  true  |  so  mil  being  willing 
Id  make  a  Caiiiida  MX|raditioii,  concluded  it 
was  not  practicable  lo  proceed.     Then  or- 
dcred   stima  of  the    forces  to  gel    the  great 
guns  oil  board  tlm  open  ahM>|w,  and  the  real 
lo  nnigii  the  wiMxIs  for  the  enemy,  who  tmik 
nnn  prisoner,  and  hroiighl  in  ;  who  in  their 
ranging  found  tbern   n  shalbip  haled  in   a 
creek,  and  a  day  or  two  afler  lliere  eainn  in 
a  young  soldier  In  our  forces,  who,  upun  •■• 
amimition,  gavn  an   aeenunl  of  Iwo   more 
which  he  lelT in  tbe  wimmIs  at  some  distance  | 
ao  iiiiniudiateljr  ihe  ninjur  with  aouia  of  bis 
forces  went  in  pursuit  of  thuin,  taking  the 
said  prisoner  willi  tliam,  wbo  conveyed  them 
lo  tlin  plaou  wliere   Ira  leA  them,  but  iliey 
were  gone.     Then  asked  the  priionor,  wheth- 
er there  wrro  any  Indians  in  ihnae  parts.— 
Said  no,  it  was  as  hard  for  VIUhmhi,  llrair 
governor,  lo  gel  nn  Indian  down  lo  ilia  wa- 
ter side,  as  il   was  fur  him  lu  ciirrv  one  nf 
those  great  guns  upon  his  buck  lo  bis  fort ; 
for  they  having  had  intelligence  by  a  prisoner 
out  of  Iloston  gaol,  that   gave   Miem  an  ac- 
count of  M<\ior  Church  and  liis  forces  cum- 
ing  out  against  them.     Now    having  with  a 
great  dealof  pain*  and   trouble  got  all   the 
guna,  allot,  and  other  stores  aboard,  intenileil 
on  our  design  which  we  came  out  first  for,  hut 
tile  wind  not  serving,  the  commander  sent  out 
liis  scuuls  into  the  woods,  lo   seek    for   the 
enemy,  and  four  of  our  Indiiins  came  npon 
three    Frenchmen    undiacuvered,   who  con- 
cluded  Ihul  if  the  French  should  discover 
thoni,  would  fire  ut  them,  and  might  kill  one 
or  more  of  them,  which  to  prevent,  fired  nt 
the  French,  killed  one,  and  took   tlio  other 
Iwo  prisoners ;  and  il  happened  that  he  who 
was  killed  was  Shanelere,  the  chief   man 
there.     The   same  day  they  mended   their 
whale-boats,  und  the  shallop  which  they  look, 
fitting  lier  to  row  with  eight  uurs,  that  she 
might  bo  helpful  to  their  prosecuting  their  in- 
tended design  against  the  enemy  in  their  re- 
turning hoinewnrd.     Then  the  connnmidcr 
ordering  all  the  officers  to  come  togetlier,  in- 
formed  them  of  his  intentions,  and  oi'dered 
that  no  vessels  should  depart  from  the  fleet, 
but   tu  attend   the   motions  of  their  cnni' 
luodorei  us  formerly,  exoapt  tbejr  were  part' 


•d  bv  sInfMS,  nr  ib^h  fcga,  md  tf  M  ■ 
ahouM  hapiien  ihni  any  dial  pari,  wbea  ibay 
rama    to  l'naaii.n<'f|uady,  shnMid  atnw  thafa  N 
wild*,  for  ibere  lliry  inlenilad  lo  aliip,  sail 
do  buainaaa    with    lira  help  of    llrair   lioais 
agiiniai  Ihe  aneiny,  and  if  ilray  miaarn  iliat, 
10    aliip  Nl    Maehlaa  t    which    wna    lira    iienl 
piiit'e  Ira   inli'iiilad  to  alop   al,  hating  an  an- 
count   hy  lira  prtaonsrs  taken,  ihnl   Mr.  I.n* 
lard  wa*  lliera   IriMling  wnb   lira  Indiana  in 
thai  t\i*r,     Fincouraging  tbein  aatd,  Ira  ilid 
not   douirt  hut  In   linvs  a  gutai  ImhiIv  there  | 
and  if  ibey  should  |miss  thnae  two  plaera,  Ira 
sura   mil  lo  gti  past  Naskega-iMiini,  but   10 
slop  ihara   till   be  came,  and    not  lo  depart 
tlienea  in  a  fortnight  wilhoul  his  orders,  hav. 
ing  grtui  service   to  do    in  and  niMiul  I'm. 
■ubaeoi.     Than  lira  major  discoursed  with 
Captain    llraekil,   Capialn    lluiiewell,   and 
CaiMain  Larking,  with  iheirlirnlenniila,  cum. 
mnndars  of  lira  force*  livlonging  lo  the  rust. 
ward  parts,  wlm  were  In  lUseourae  their  aol> 
diers  iiInmiI  their  prorveding,  when  tiray  raiiia 
lo  iVnolweot  I  and  lira  nii^or  himself  was  in 
discourse  hi*  Indian  soldiers,  and  their  rap 
lain*  I  who  Willi  nil  the  reel  readily  complied 
The  proji'ctiiin  bring  such,  thai  when  they 
eaine  to  I'emibacnt,  iheeoininamlerdraigned 
lo  lake  what  provinions  eiiuld  be  s|Hired  iiul 
of  all  the  aloops,  and  put   on  board  ihe  two 
liriganllnes,  and  lo  send  all  the  ahiops  iHiin* 
with  some  of  the  offleer*  and  men  that  want* 
ed  In  Im'  at  linnie  ;  and  tliifti  with  those  foreet 
aforementioned   lo   wit.   Ihe  eastward   men 
and  all  the  Indians  ;  and  lo  take  wbal  pro* 
visions  and  nmmunilhin  was   needful,   and 
lu  march  with  biiuaelf  up  into  tbe  i'enoharot 
countrv,  in  search   for  the  enemy,  nnd  if 
posailiie  In  take  that  fort  in  I'enobscot  river, 
('iiplain    Hrackit,  informing  the  major,  thai 
when   the   water  was  low  ihey   couhl   wadn 
over,  which  was  (at  that  time)  the  hiwesi  thai 
had  been  known  in  a  long  time.     And  being 
there,  lo  range  ihrontih  ihni  country  down 
lo  I'emeqtiid  ;  where  he   intended   the  Iwo 
brigantine*   slionid   meet  them ;    nnd    from 
tlraiitio  taking  mure  provision*,  til.    bread 
ajilt,  and  ammunition  auilahle  (lo  send  ihoau 
two  veaael*  home  also)  lo  travel  through   tlio 
country  to  NerigiwauK,  and  from  tbence  it 
Ameriia-cogeii  fort,  nnd  an  down  where  Int 
enemy  used  lo  plant,    not  doubting  lint  ihnt 
in  all  tliia  iratel  to  meet   with  many  of  tiia 
enemy  before  they  should  gel  lo  l'iscntai\jv 
All  which  intention*  were  very  acceplal.ie  If 
the  forces  that  were  to  undertake  il,  u  ho  nt 
juicing,  said,  they  had    rather  go  home    h)- 
land  than  b;'  water,  provided  their  common 
der  would  go  with  them  ;  who,  lu  try   then 
fidelity,  said,   he   was   grown   ancient  and 
might   fail  them ;  they  nil  said   they  would 
not  leave  him,  nnd  wlien  he  could   not  travel 
any  further,  they  would  carry  him.     Having 
done  what   service  they    could  nt  and  about 
the  mouth   of  St.  John's  river,  resolved  on 
their  intended  design  ;  and  the  neit  morning 
having  but  little  wind,  came  all  to  sail,  the 
wind   coining  against   them,  they    put  inlii 
Musliqnash-Cove,  and  the  next  day,  the  wind 
still  being  against  them,  the  major  with  part 
of  his   forces  landed,  and    employed  iheiii- 
sclvcs  in  ranging  the  country  for  the  enemy, 
but  to  no  pnr|Mis« ;  and  in  the  night,  tlia  - 
wind  came  pretty  fair,  ar.d  al  13  o'l-locK 
thejr  cume  to  sail,  and  bad  not  been  iou^  b» 


U 

n 
M 
w 
ai 
ai 
M 
or 


I  Ikajr  *ff'*i  lliri'K  anil  n(  «»M«I*  |  •■p<t«l< 
hM  llwiM  In  li«  FrvMah,  fltlail  lit  Mrnd  lliam- 
■dTvo*,  m>  eumiHi  tiviir,  hiillril  ilicDD  I  will) 
flMlii<4  ibfiMlii  \m»  iiiiiii'iil'-wiir,  lliw  t*ri>«iiiu»> 
UmlUy,  iiimI  dIiI  Mr.  ililmi  lii  n  aliioii,  ivilli 
nor«  (ontx,  l,'iili«ital  ll«iliitrii»  ■'•tmrnuiiilxr, 
Mitjor  (  iMirah  wmiit  itlxmril  llm  i-<iiiMiio>liiri', 
wliKroCiiltHHil  lliilliiirn«  wn«,  wlm  nnvc  liliii 
■  II  neitiHtnl  01"  In*  uitiiiinlkaiiMi  ninl  ii.'lvr<, 
•  ml  rvitil  ltl«>lll  Id  !<ilM.  i'lii-ii  lita  hii«ii>r  liilil 
Mi^tr  (v'liiiruli,  iliiik  tharc  wih  >%  |>iirlioHliir 
•rilar  nil  liii^nl  ('m|>Iimii  Ht>iiilil««i<jli  litr  him, 
WilMh  M  •■  fullowi  I  — 


HlMi 


DoMiiii,  D«pi«m>Hir  0ih,  lOUO. 


IIU  Miiji'Mty'*  (liip  Orliird  lin«litg  liiial/ 
■iir|iria«'<l  M  Kritiielt  ahnllup,  wiili  iw«niy-liir«« 
of  lliN  •iililiari  iMilnuniiig  In  tlin  fiifl  ii|miii 
liiliii'i  rivar,  III  NtivK-Hfliiltii,  InKeUiar  willi 
Villfiiii,  llialr  nn|iliilii,  |*ii>«iiliiiir«  •vaiiii  lo 
fiiniMirtiKii  Ilia  liiriiitiiKof  nil  r(|iatliMon  10 
ntlnak  iImiI  fort,  uiiil  in  ilitriol  ami  ramitra 
llie  «iiiiir«)r  frtMii  iliut  |MMi,  wliioli  i«  Ilia  oliiff 
liouroa  riiiii  wlMtiion  tlm  initat  of  tiiir  iliaiu> 
twri  till  luiiH,  iiml  iiIki  1(1  fiivnur  with  iin  np- 
pnrluiiiiy  Cor  KiiiiiiiiK  out  »f  tlivlr  hiiiitl*  Iha 
Dnliiiiiiai-,  Hriilh>ry,  nnil  iiihvr  wnrhku  murtia, 
mill  |irovi»iiiii>,  liiirly  lupiiliud  10  iIhuii  rrnm 
FriinisH,  lor  ur««iiii|r  n  ih'w  furt  lu'iir  tlio 
rlvcr'a  muillh,  wliprfhy  iht<y  will  li«  Kroiill/ 
•IrmiKlliHiiail,  niiil  lliu  riuliiaiiiKof  thfiii  ruii> 
4wrvii  Ilium  tlittoult.  I  hiiva  ilN*rt!ron>  or- 
ittvii  >k  itclMhrauiil  of  two  new  eompaiMvtJ 
eoimiktiiig  of  ub<iul  nil  huiiilrt><l  nii'ii  lo  jiiiiii 
Ika  roroui  ii(i#  with  you  fur  Ihni  r«(M'diti«ifl,! 
■nd  hiiiru  cuinmiaiiioilutl  Lii>uu<iiniil  Colunrl  j 
John  lliiihoriii',  onu  of  ilii*  iiicinbnra  of  hi* 
Mnjfily'ii  coiiiiuil,  who  !■  iicqiiiiiiiiud  with 
Ihiit  rivi^r,  iiml  in  whimn  i;iiiini|;ii  nnd  con- 
duot  I  rupo««  ii|it>t:iiil  tru)l,  to  tnke  the  chief 
eaiiiiuiiiid  of  iliu  whole  diiiiiiK  ih'it  wn'tcn, 
itetnif  wvll  iiamiriMl  tliiit  voii/  )(ooil  iiffV'olioiia 
■lid  XHiil  lor  III*  iMiiJi'Kly  a  airvint  will  inili'oe 
ynur  ri'iuly  comi|)Iiiiiiu«  oinl  iiaaiatiiiioe  thvri!- 
in,  which,  i  lio|ti!,  will  iiiltii  ii|i  no  loiiK  liinu, 
■nj  \>i!  of  iirvnt  iMjiii'lil  mill  iiiUiiiiIii|{h  tn 
lli«(«  Ilia  Miijt-aiy'a  li-rrilorif*,  if  it  pleiiiu 
Qnd  lo  auciriH'd  llii;  Hiini»,  llraidca,  it  ia  vrry 
prubniili'  to  h(  iliii  riiiriiat  o|i|ioi'lnnily  tliiit 
eilil  bii  iiflVi'i'd  niilo  yonrat'lf  ninl  iiicii,  of 
doiiiK  I'xi'i'iiiioi  n|ioii  tli«  Indiiin  rm-iiiy  iiiiil 
relxfla,  who  iiiii}  rrnMOiiitlily  In-  t-xpucttMl  to 
bu  driiwii  III  (III!  ili'li'iire  of  lh:it  roit.  I  Imvu 
■Iko  onliTi'il  Ilia  Miiji-«ly'fahi|i  Arundel,  nnd 
llie  l*rnviiici>-(iiilli-y,  to  ullend  thia  aervicii. 

Colonel  ilntliorn-!  will  coiiiinniiiciite  unto 
jrnu  the  eoiileiiti  of  liis  coinniiaiiiiin  nnd  in 
Mtruclioiia  reueivcd  fnnii  inyaelf  fur  thia  ex- 
pedition, which  I  exjirct  niiil  order  thiit  yuiir- 
wif,  nffluera,  nnd  hiiIiIu'I's,  now  under  you, 
jrield  ubediriicu  niiti).  Iliiik  in  iidviau  with 
youraulf  nnd  otiiera  in  nil  weijriity  nttenipla. 
rriiyiiiK  for  11  h!ei>aiii){  from  iivnven  iijinn 
tim  snid  enterprisie,  nnd  that  nil  i'iii(n){ed  in 
the  mine  iiiuy  hit  under  the  apccini  prulec- 
lion  of  the  Alniiifhty, 

I  uin  your  luvinu  friend, 

WILLIAM  STOUGII TON. 

The  Mnjor  h'lviiiK  rend  hiii  Inst  orders, 
and  eonaideriiiK  liia  cnnmiiaaion,  found  thiit 
be  WM  ohlii^ed  to  ntlend  nil  ordera,  wna 
■mfa  onneeriii.'d  tlint  he  nnd  hi*  were  pru' 
fUtad  in  ihcir  intended  projection,  if  ciuried 


iMilill.  JalM*ab  Tbaa  diaaowrMiit  wnb 
(ToIoimI  llnilmrna,  (•*■  him  an  MMnani  of 
whnl  ihay  hud  dona  itl  III.  Jidin'a,  vU.  ihal  m 
lo  ilrinolUhniK  iha  now  fort  lll«>  hail  donn  11, 
anil  Kol  all  llwir  itrvnl  f»n»  and  amraa  nbuitril 
ihnir  nvawla ;  and  Ihni  if  il  had  iiol  liven  ihiit 
tha  wiilera  wem  «o  low  wnahl  hn«a  tnken  iha 
fort  up  lliu  ri«»r  nian  IwAira  ha  anma  awny  1 
liild  hini  idao  ihal  one  of  lh«  prtMinvra  wlileh 
ka  hinl  Inkan  at  ht.  John'a,  upnn  a«aininii 
linn,  mvneariilnil  the  Indiana  In  ihiiaa  pnrla 
lidd  hini  II  waa  na  hnnl  (»r  Vilhnoli,  ikeif 
(iiaarnor,  to  gal  nna  of  llialr  Indiana  iilown 
lo  tha  wnlar  aitla,  n»  lo  «nrrjr  ana  of  (Imm* 

frraal  Kuna  upnn  hU  baok  |  and  thai  tliay 
ntd  nn  ar«ouiii  of  kim  and  hi*  furaaa  Roinliit 
to  llioaa  pnrta  by  a  prlanner  oul  of  Boalun 
KHol  i  niao  liilil  Ilia  luinor,  ibial  if  they  want 
hnok  II  would  wholly  diaappooiii  thain  of  their 
doliiK  any  further  aara iae,  «hioh  wna  thiil 
ihay  eiiina  for  lo  P«nnlM«ol,  and  pincaiud- 
Jnaani )  hut  nil  wna  to  nn  purpoaa,  hi*  honor 
tailing  Iha  ninjor  ihni  Im  muat  nttand  hia  or- 
dar*  than  rsuoivrd.  And  lo  aneouruiKM  tha 
ofllaera  uiid  lohliera  told  tliani,  th«y  ahould 
lie  wholly  at  the  mnjinr'a  urdaring  nnd  com- 
iiinnd  in  the  whole  neniiin  |  nnd  In  ha  ahnri 
•lid  go  bnek,  nnd  lliu  avaiil  inny  be  arrn  in 
I'ohinet  lluihoriMt'a  Journal  of  iha  laid  an- 
lion.  Only  I  niual  nbaerva  one  thing  by  the 
wiiy  which  waa,  ibal  whan  tb«iy  drew  olT  tn 
oiMuu  down  the  rivar  again,  ('uhmel  llnth-i 
urne  oaiiM  nff  %mA  left  IM  UM^ior  babiiid  tu| 
■et  thill  nil  the  forcaa  wara  dmwn  nif  t  nnd 
unining  down  the  river,  in  or  iienr  thi- renr, 
in  the  night  Invtid  n  jM-raon  linllow,  mil  know- 
ing lit  Aral  hut  il  might  h«  u  aniire  ludrnw 
them  into  (  btil  n|ion  eoniidorntlon,  aeni 
In  »<<ii  who  or  whni  lit  wni,  found  hini  to  be 
a  negro  man  belonging  to  Mnrbleliund,  thnt 
had  been  taken,  anil  kept  a  prianmer  among 
them  for  aouin  liinu.  Tha  ninJor  naked  him 
whotlior  he  could  gire  nnr  ncconnl  of  the 
Indiana  iii  thoae  porta,  lie  anhl,  yei,  tliry 
wera  or  hnd  been  all  dmwn  off  from  tliu  aen 
conat,  up  into  the  wooda,  nenr  nn  hundred 
miiea,  hnvlng  hnd  nn  iircouiiI  I>v  n  priaoncr 
out  of  Hnttoii  gnol,  thnt  Mnjnr  (  iinrch  nin' 
hia  forcei  were  coining  out  ugninat  llieni  in 
four  hrigaiilinea,  nnd  four  aliiopa,  with 
Iwenty-four  pettinugerii,  inenninit  whnle- 
bonta,  wliicli  put  them  into  n  fii;.lit,  thnt  not- 
wilhatandiiig  they  went  an  fur  up  in  the 
wooda,  were  nfniid  to  miilie  fire*  by  dny,  leal 
he  nnd  hia  force*  ihuuld  diacover  the  iinnkea, 
nnd  in  the  night  leal  they  ahould  see  the  light. 
One  thing  more  I  would  just  give  a  hint  of, 
thnt  ia,  huw  the  French  in  the  enstwnrd  piirli 
were  much  aurpriaed  nt  the  motion  of  the 
whnlu-bonla  ;  anid,  there  wna  no  nbiding  for 
lliein  in  thnt  country  ;  nnd  I  hnve  been  in- 
formed aince,  thnt  kmiii  nfker  this  expedition, 
they  drew  olT  from  8t.  John'a  fort  nnd  river. 
Ilut  lo  return  :  then  going  nil  down  the  river, 
embarked  nnd  went  homownrd  ;  only  by  the 
wny,  cnndid  render,  I  would  let  ynu  know  of 
two  tliinKi  thnt  proved  very  prejudicial  tn 
Major  Church  nnd  hiu  fiircea.  Thi>  firat 
una,  thnt  the  government  ahould  iiiiKa  it  an 
niiicli  na  tn  aend  iiiiy  priaoner  nwiiy  from 
Doalon  hefiiri)  the  expedition  wna  over.  Se- 
condly, thnt  they  ahniild  acnd  Cidonel  IIii- 
tJHiriie  to  tnke  them  from  the  lervicu  nnd 
buoitieia they  wenttn  do;  who,  with  aubmia' 
sion,  Joubtleii  thought  thtjr  did  for  the  beat 


m 


thnogh  M  pMtaad  In  iha  tmmnuj  i  m 
wind  ap  WMh  n  jnat  blai  of  wlm*  baMaM^ 
Ml  ihair  coming  hum*  In  Htialuw.  ARar  all 
ibair  hard  *«r«la<  Innh  night  aMd  day,  ibc 
giivernmani  took  nway  nil  iha  itraal  §fnm, 
anil  warlike  ainraa,  and  gnva  liiam  ihN  a 
panny  for  Ihani,  a*R<  |)l  II  wna  aum«  iiowdaiij 
nnd  iKfll  ihcy  gnva  whnl  ibry  planaed  nir  |  ana 
baalila*  iha  naaemhly  pitaaad  a  vola  that  lliay 
abonid  hiita  but  hnif  |niy  |  hut  bla  honor  lb« 
llaiManiiiil  tfiivrrnor  being  niueb  di«IHllMd  at 
ibrir  i-u  doing,  want  inio  iha  lownhowaa. 
wbara  liia  rapreaanlnllvra  war*  •tiling,  nvM 
tnbl  ihani,  aitivpl  tin  )  dnl  ra<iMaama  Ibal 
tola.whiah  waa  locul  Mi^ir  Chitrvh  and  bit 
foreaa  nlT  thair  half  pnv,  limy  aj.  .nld  litlliar* 
till  iba  nail  apring.  nharaupnn  il  waa  ra> 
naauiiii'd ;  ati  ihnl  they  hnd  jual  thair  liara 
wagaa.  Hut  n<  yet  navar  hail  any  allowanf* 
lor  iha  grent  ititiii  nnd  aliiraa  |  iH>ilhar  hna 
Mnjnr  (  hurcli  hnd  niiy  nlhiwanca  for  nil  hi* 
Irival  mill  arrni  iili|n.>liavt  in  ritiain|  iha  luid 
for«tta  »oliiniii«ra< 


TUB  rirtH  ANU  t  4aT  RiraDiTiuN  BAar, 

In  the  yanr  I70n'4,  Mnjor  Church  hud  nn 
nccount  of  lh«*  niiaeriihlu  drvnalntinna  mada 
on  ill  I  rllelil,  n  town  in  the  weatwnrd  pnrii  of 
thia  nruvluee,  nnd  iha  horrible  bnrbaritiaa  and 
erualiiea  oxereiFrd  on  ihiia«i  poor  innooani 
paopla,  by  the  Vrench  nud  lndlnna,aapaeiall> 
III'  their  efuelliea  towiirda  thnt  worlny  gentle* 
w-iiniiii  Mra.  Willinini,  nnd  aevvrnl  niliera 
whom  they  mnrclled  in  thnt  exireine  lenaon  | 
forcing  them  to  unrrr  great  lomU,  nnd  whan 
any  of  ihem  by  iheii  hard  uaucr  could  not 
heiir  with  II,  were  kiiueked  on  tna  bead,  aiM 
io killed  ill  coollihind.  All  which,  with  aonM 
other  horrible  iiiainneet  done  by  ihnao  bar- 
baroui  invngea,  which  Mnjor  Church  him' 
aelf  waa  nn  eye-wilneaa  to  In  liii  former  tra- 
vel in  the  enatwnrd  pnrta,  did  much  naioniah 
him.  To  aee  n  wninnii  thnt  thoae  hnrbnrnua 
anvngea  hnd  Inken  nnd  killed,  expoied  in  a 
moat  brntiah  miinnvr  (n*  cnn  be  expreiaed) 
with  n  yiinng  child  aei/ed  fnit  with  atringa  In 
her  hreiiai ;  which  iiifnnt  hnd  no  nppnrerl 
woiiikI,  whieh  dollhlhaa  wna  left  nlivn  lo  auc'i 
ila  (lend  inoiher'a  brciial,  nnd  an  niiiernbly  to 
(Miriali  nnd  die.  Alan  to  aec  other  poor  cliiL 
ilren  hmigin^r  upon  feiieea  dend,  of  either 
aex,  in  their  own  poor  ruga,  not  worth  theii 
•tripping  lliem  off,  in  acorn  niid  derinion. 
Another  inatnnee  wna,  of  n  atrnggliiig  iid< 
dier  who  wna  found  nt  Cnacn,  expnaed  in  a 
ahnniefiil  nnd  bnrbnroua  innniicr;  hia  body 
being  atiiked  np,  hia  bend  cut  olT,  nnd  a 
hng'a  henil  «et  in  the  rnnm,  hia  Imdy  ripped 
lip,  nnd  hia  henrt  nnd  inwnrda  tnkcn  init,  nnd 
hung  with  belts  of  their  own,  the  inwnrds  nl 
the  aide  of  hia  body,  in  acnm  nnd  derision  of 
the  llngliah  lohliera.  Tlicae  nnd  audi  like 
hnrbnritiea  ennaed  Mnjnr  Church  In  expreaa 
himiM'lf  til  thia  purpoae,  tlitU  if  he  were  com- 
ninniler-in-chief  of  theae  |iroviiife»,  he  would  . 
8001.  put  nil  end  lo  thnae  Imrhnritiea  illnie  by 
the  hnrhiiroua  enemy,  l>v  ninkinir  il  hia  wiii.le 
lii^iness  lo  fight  mid  iliHtrny  llmae  anvngea, 
na  ihev  iliilonrpiior  neiglihors  ;  which  dinibt- 
leaa  liiijtht  have  been  ilone  if  rifjliily  mil" 
nnged,  nnil  thnt  in  n  slnrt  time.  80  ihni 
tlieae,  with  the  lute  inhniiinniliea  done  npoD 
the  iuhabitanU  o<  Decrficid,  made  such  on 


Kifiti  niiLir'N  wan. 


»MUIwta- 
I  \  M*  iImI  IbU  MhuiI  kiUtw4  wtiktN  Mm, 
■nuktitf  •!«»>•  im|mlM'«  •>»  iiM  intttil,  Ihiil  It* 
ii>fiii>t  nil  Ittumtt  lr«>iiimviil»«  wktvl)  w>rv 
ritifNtH  III  liiNilar  Mill'  iiiiiM,  mmwHjf  ih* 
»  iiti  .Mnjiir  <  liitrvli,  (ri>m  iltMiig  rnir  furilirr 
•crtlwr.  NolwillMtitNiitHf  nil  wblcH,  lM»ln( 
•  m>Mil  ki  imkm  •MM*  (iiiiaAMiioii  nii  ilir 
vntmy,  liM  li«Nrl  iMMg  Mt,  iw«tk  liia  hi>«'i' 
■Dili  wanl  Iruw  hi*  own  hiiHNiiiiitii,  iivnr 
■•''•'Illy  mtlvt,  tw  Willi  ii|NMi  III*  rtiit'llviii'), 
Nii<l  uAirail  Im  ••rtxi*  in  <li«  i(ii<>i>m,  Im*  vi 
MllHiiajr,  •••■!  iliv  roiMiiry  |  wIih'Ii  lit*  »i 
r«ll«NC»  ni*>lil/  MtviMvil  uf,  Ntiil  dvxrvtl 
MNJaf  C'hMNit  lo  ttmw  •  M^ht'mn  liir  thx  vnati 

nil  Ndlull,  »r  MlllHM)    ail  lilltMIH  IvitO*    WVHl 

buiu*.  Hiiti  tirvw  lit  wIimIi  i«  •••  fiillow*  i 

r<MflM.  FfkrMff  A,  l7(M-4. 
J#«jf  rf  |i/*«i«  fMor  Hittlltitig, 

Acuiriutg  III  yiiur  r*i|ur*i,  wh«n  I  wn«  lit*i 
wtlh  jtiiitrMilC,  nnil  in  iilwiliini'*  ilivrvHuin,  I 

pfUMIll  yntt   Willi  iIm'M'   fiilliiWIIIf  llliri,  lllitl 

•tiiirvrii  lb»  iirciMiniiMMi  fur  iifni  •firliiK** 
(ijimJiiliMi  10  •mink  lliD  I'lii'iiiy.  A>-i!itriliii|f 
III  nty  l^irmiT  iIIivcikmi,  fur  il  i*  vimhI  Iw  Imirr 
II  full  (iriikc  M  lliriii  Ikrti,  iNifiim  thvy  Itnvn 
•i|i|Hiriiiiiiijr  III  ntn  (»t  il  t  for  ilm  tr»l  of  unr 
uriiim  wIIIIm  our  n|)|MinMiill}r  to  lii'dru*  Iimm, 
•III  to|tr*f*iil  ilivir  ruHiiioir  KHNir,  In  wny- 
myUtg  iMtry  |iiit*ii||i>  i  niul  omka  lliviii  liiiiiw 
iVD  urn  In  youil  «iiriir>l,  iiiiil  *w  wa  liriii|  m  u 
Jiliyriil  y««  nf  iiiciio*,  wo  iiiiir  Iii>|n<  for  n 
oli'Miny  friiM  the  Aliiii||liiy,  iiiui  lliui  Mr  will 
III'  |ili'itMtil  III  pill  II  (In  ml  ill  ilirir  lii'iirin,  iliui 
ili<7  iiiiijr  full  bafiire  ui  iiikI  p«-riilt.  For  iiij' 
Uiltlitr  i«, 

I  •!.  Tlinl  t«n  or  Iwflvc  liMiiilrnI  looil  iililv 
•olilii'r*  wi'll  riiiiiiiiiiMl,  Imi  in  a  ri'iidiiii'iiw  III 
fur  iiuiiiio,  liy  ilii'  Aral  of  y\|iril  ui  fiirilii'*),  fur 
llii-n  will  III-  llii<  linif  lo  lie  ii|Hin  iirlinM, 

'J<lly.  'I'liiil  Avu  mill  forly,  or  liOy  kimmI 
wli.ili--tioiiu  Ih<  IiiiiI  ri'iiily,  tfi'll  flili'il,  Willi 
ri»i>  kimhI  oiira,  mill  IwvKk  iir  lin«rii  |(ihnI 
puilille*  lu  i<v«ry  lioHt  |  nml  ii|iiiii  ilii>  wiilr  nf 
Moll  bout  Ave  piMiM  of  •truoK  Umlitfr  bv 
(lutunod  on  cncli  niilr,  to  illp  five  *mall  mrh 
bar*  lliriiuKli,  ilnil  »•••  wlifiiitvfr  ilii-y  luml, 
ihH  iiivM  niiiy  «li'|i  ofvrboiiril,  nml  aliii  in  auiil 
biir«  iicriMi,  mill  luke  u|i  iniii  boiit,  iliiil  •In- 
miiy  noi  b*  liurt  n|ciiiii*l  llm  riieki ;  nnii  thiii 
t«ii  luilnbl*  briiM  kvUliii  be  |irovi«l«tl  lo  lic- 
loiiK  to  •noli  bout,  tu  iir«M  lliu  inen'i  victuuU 
III,  III  aHk«  iliiiir  livnt  oninforlultlif. 

■lilly.  Thai  four  or  flvu  liiinilrcil  pitir  nf 
ffoiMl  Indinn  •(hh-*  bo  miidu  ri^iuly,  III  for  llic 
mriiuf,  for  lll««  Rngliah  anil  Iiiilimia,  tliiil 
iiiiHt  iniprofa  ih«  wliiil«*boatii,  mid  birvli  cii- 
Illicit,  for  limy  will  be  very  |trii|ii'r  mid  «iiff 
fur  lliiit  (crviua  ;  iindlet  lliere  lie  n  irooil  ilore 
uf  L-ow-Jiidea,  well  tmiiivd,  for  n  luiiply  uf 
iiiicli  alioeii  I  nnd  lionip  tu  miike  ilireud,  nnd 
Wilt,  to  mend  nnd  make  more  lucli  tliotra 
ivlii'ii  wmitfd,  nnd  n  pmd  alore  of  iiwla. 

4ilily.  'riini  ilit-re  lie  nn  liiiiidri'd  luriri' 
liiiii:lit'lH,  or  liulit  uxva,  iniide  pri'lly  briiiiil, 
mill  ati'ided  willi  tliv  liciit  atfi'l  lliiit  cjiii  in- 
tfot,  mill  niiidu  by  good  wurkiiicn,  lliiit  iiiiiy 
Jill  irvll  and  Ill-id,  tliiit  tliu  lii'iiiliick  kiKil" 
ni.iy  not  brc't  or  turn  iliiiii,  to  wiilni  tlii' 
i'.iiiiliiiK  phici!  up  till!  fiilU,  I'lir  II  luiiy  liii|i|ii'ii 
lliiil  \v<!  loiiy  i;i-l  i.p  Willi  miini'  of  our  wIiiiIl*- 
buiita  lo  ilii'ir  full*  or  liviid-i|onrtfra. 

IkMy.  Tliiit  tliere  be  n  miitiible  qiiiintity 
of  f ittoU  bap,  cr  walleu  provided,  tliiit  eyery 


II  inM 
III!  «• 


MtMl  l^nl  WNNI*  mny  have  »«•,  to 
hi*  bi.,n<la  tn,  tif  aituli  a  aMit  a*  will  III  hw 
gun,  ilNil  ool  Im<  arrtvil  aa  Ml  (aatio.  'I'IimI 
•■••ry  nian'j  \Mg  Im  a<i  ntnrkad  Ikil  lie  tony 
iMii  nliiinKH  If  I  U'l  if  ail,  II  will  Makii  a  Hn  hi 
•niifuaMMi  In  iirlHin  j  iluil  i««ry  mitli'a  alwr* 
of  IhiII  Ih<  wi«||lifil  lo  litHi,  llliil  Ml  bti  tnny  li« 
aeeiiuniiilili',  mimI  may  noi  a«|uiintl«r  M  away  i 
•Nil  alati  Ilia  altir*  of  pttwilur,  ibal  mi  Im  may 
Iry  bw  |Hiwil»r  and  gun  bt'l'ur*  MMllnw.  Anal 
lliiii  *«»r*  |mrtitiMl«r  ro»t)mny  May  btiva  • 
narrt'l  of  puwiUr  lo  lliniiiMilvea,  and  an 
innrkpri  iKm  II  mny  by  nu  invnna  b*  ehangml  | 
ibal  main  mm/  know  hafurebniid,  and  mny 
n«M  ha  chaaiml  umI  nf  iHoIr  llv*t,  by  hnvlng 
bail  (Miwdar,  ur  iinl  knitwing  Imw  to  iim  li  i 
and  ihia  will  prova  •  graal  advunlaga  In  iIm 
Nation. 

tfibly.  Thai  <?iitoii«l  John  Uorham,  if  h* 
Miay  bv  prvviiilrd  Willi,  may  In<  eonevrnrd  In 
lint  •niinitgriiirnl  of  ih«  wIiiiI*-ImhiI«,  bti  hnv 
log  U'vn  foniirrly  ciiii<'rrnrd  in  the  •nalrrn 
piiria,  nod  ripfrlnnrvd  in  ihiil  nifiilr.  And 
wliiiln-mrn  ilwii  will  Iw  vrry  iMrvieviilib)  in 
iliU  miifiliiion,  wbicb  having  n  prointati  nindi' 
III  llii'in,  ihiil  lliry  almll  lia>  rvlviiird  in  gimi) 
ataaoii,  lu  go  liomti  ii  whaling  in  ihti  fall, 
yuur  •■•■llfiiey  will  huve  men  ununglt. 

Tlhly.  TliMt  there  nmy  li«  miivd  fur  Ihia 
•arviee  Ihrvtt  kwodrvd  loilinna  at  Inial,  nnd 
morn  if  ihi-y  mny  be  liiid  |  fori  know  err- 
inlnly  of  my  own  knowlfilgf,  itnii  ihry  m- 
I'rril  moal  of  our  Kngliali  In  hunting  nnd 
•kulking  in  lliv  wuiHla,  IM-Iiig  alwaya  uaeil  lo 
it  t  nnd  II  iiiual  Im<  prm'tiavd  if  ever  wt  iuirnd 

10  dealroy  thoae  Indinn  I'lirniii't. 

Hllily.  'I  kill  the  Mildier*  iilrvady  ont  enat- 
wnrd  in  the  ii-rvici',  men  uf  known  jiid|iiui>nt, 
mny  l:ike  n  lurvry  uf  lliein  nml  tbi'ir  iirnia  | 
iiiiii  Me  If  llieir  nrnia  lie  giMHl,  and  ihiit  ihry 
know  how  lo  uio  lliem,  in  ahnolioj  right  ut 

11  mnrk  ;  nod  llint  tlii-y  lie  men  uf  utmti  ren- 
aon  nnd  aviiai',  lo  know  how  lo  mitniige  llii'iii- 
aelvff  in  lo  diffli-ull  n  pirce  of  ivrvice,  na 
ihi*  Indinn  hnniiiiK  ia;  fiir  bud  niKii  'irn  bnl 
a  vlug  nod  hindranve  to  an  oriiiy,  beiiif  n 
tfoubla  an(  Vfsiithni  to  good  coinniandora, 
iind  fu  innny  inoutlia  to  devour  ihi>  country'* 
proviaion,  nnd  n  liindrunca  to  nil  good  iiu- 
lion. 

Othly.  Tkntapeoinl  cnru  Iw  liiid  In  tiikinit 
up  ihi'  whnlii<boaU,  ihni  llify  lie  good  mid  lit 
for  thiit  aiTviiie  I  ao  Ihiii  iliii  coiiiiiry  Im  imi 
chetiled,  nafiirmeriy,  in  Imviiig  niiti'ii  honta; 
nnd  na  much  enre  ihtil  the  ownera  mny  linve 
good  iiititfaellon  for  llinii. 

lUllily.  Thnt  llm  li-iider*  or  triina|mrta, 
velaela  tu  be  improved  in  ihi*  nrlioii,  he  good 
decked  veMcIa,  not  luu  hig,  Itt-cnuau  of  going 
up  leverni  river*;  hnving  four  or  aix  amnll 
giiiia  n  piece  for  defence,  nnd  the  fewer  men 
will  defend  them.  And  there  nre  enough 
audi  venaeU  to  be  linil. 

I  Ithlv.  To  conclude  nil,  if  your  excel- 
lency will  be  pleiued  to  iniike  ynuraelf  great, 
nnd  ua  It  huppy  peupli>,  ii*  to  the  deatriiying 
of  our  encmieit,  nnd  i'ii>ing  of  our  tiixea,  itc. 
he  pleH*ed  to  drnw  fiirlli  nil  lliuae  force*  now 
III  pny  in  oil  the  enntwiird  pnrta,  liolh  nt  Miico 
mill  Cn8co>ll<iy  ;  for  tliour  two  trniliiig  hoiiai'it 
never  did  nny  good,  nor  ever  will,  mul  nre 
not  worthy  llie  iinnie  »(  Qiiri'ii'*  foiiH ;  nml 
the  firat  building  uf  iheiii  lind  nooilii'r  elTi-ct, 
but  to  Iny  ui  under  trih'ite  to  tiint  writched 
piigun  crew ;  and  i  ho|Ni  never  will  bu  wuuted 


ht  that  ibey  WM«  im  Mil  Iwi  kwl  •«»  HI 
t*,llia)i  are  very  aarvlaaaUa  In  ikaM,  furlhe|i 
gel  many  a  guod  ndvunlage  uf  u*  lo  lUairuy 
iiwr  men,  mill  Uugk  ai  u*  for  our  fuHr,  ilm* 
W*  alioulil  Imi  mI  mi  wuab  roal  and  lrottliit>  !■• 
tin  a  ibing  ilial  iltiea  u*  *••  mu«h  baiiN,  nnd 
MM  mnilNaf  wf  giMNl.     Hut  lo  lit*  roiiiinry, 

rHen  ibey  aa*  Niloiir  6>r«»*  drnwn  furtli i 

'  .  lb*  nurwll  mt  tbem,  ibey  will  ihink  llml 
va  baglH  In  ba  nweed  up,  and  lo  be  awNki', 
niNt  will  not  ba  MllaAed  with  whnl  ihey  linve 
|tlcaaad  'n  Uava  ua,  bul  are  rvMilveil  lo  rtioke 
tttim  ih«m,  ib<il  they  tiMik  formerly  fironi  ua, 
and  drive  lln-m  ont  of  llieir  cuunlry  aUu. 
Tb*  wbleb  being  done,  than  to  huild  n  furl 
at  aauiiable  lima,  and  in  n  aonvenieni  pla.e  | 
and  II  will  ba  vary  btinorabi*  lo  yowr  *«• 
aelbiiiey, and  itt  great  aervlaa  In  her  niMJealy, 
nml  III  lb«  anbirgamenl  uf  her  mnjeaiy'a 
governmeni  i  (ib*  pine*  mennl  lielngal  Port- 
llovnl.^ 

Illlhiy.  Tb«l  iba  objeeliiin  mnil*  ngnintl 
drnwing  off  the  force*  in  ihe  enalwnrd  pitri* 
will  In)  no  dnmnge  lo  ihe  inhnlninnla  ;  fur 
former  exiiertanoe  lenehelh  ua,  llinl  an  aoiiii 
na  drnwn  lulu  ibeir  aounlry,  ib*v  will  pre. 
■enily  foranke  our*  In  Inka  care  of  their  own, 
And  llinl  there  Im  no  fnilure  in  mnking  pre- 
|Mirnlion  of  iheaa  thing*  aforemeniiont'd,  fin 
many  lime*  ihe  wnni  of  tniull  ihinga  pre 
veni*  the  eompleling  of  greni  a.'lioii*  ;  nnd 
lliilt  r^rry  lliing  Im  In  reiidineaa  iM-fore  ihe 
f'  ree*  lie  rniietl,  lo  prevent  ehnrgra,  iinil  ihe 
enemy  hnving  Inlelligence.  And  ilinl  lli" 
generni  einirl  lie  moved  lu  make  *uilnhle  iiela, 
for  ill*  eiieournging  iMith  Rngliah  nnd  In* 
ilinn*  I  (lint  wi  men  of  buainea*  mny  freely 
ulTvr  eatnle*  nnd  conoern*  In  aervelhe  piihlie. 

Thu*  hopiiif  wlint  I  bnve  Inken  the  pnin* 
lo  write  in  iha  vinceriiy  of  my  benrt  nnd 
good  iilTeelion,  will  ba  well  nceepled,  1 
iiinke  buhl  lo  (nbacrilNi,  aa  I  nm,  your  <<• 
cellency'*  niovl  devoled  liumlil rvnnl, 

ui:NJAMiNciii;iu:ii. 

Then  returning  lo  hi*  exeellenry  prc*«nlui| 
lh«  BNld  tciiciiM,  which  hit  extfetlenev  np. 
proved  of,  and  reinrned  it  iignin  to  Mnjtii 
(-liurcli,  nnd  de*ired  him  lo  aee  llinl  every 
lliing  wna  provided,  lelling  him  llinl  he  rhonlil 
linve  nn  order  from  the  eoiniiilaanry  gi'tiern! 
Ill  proceed.  Then  reinrned  home  nnd  mnile 
il  Ilia  w hull'  liiiaineaa  lo  provide  oiira  iiiid  pn  I- 
illea,  mid  n  VI  aael  to  carry  them  riiuinl ;  nnd 
llieii  returned  ngniii  to  hi*  exi-i'ljeney,  who 
gnve  him  a  cuinnimiaaion.  VMiich  i»  n* 
fulliiwi : 

Joirah  Dndlfjf,  F.iq.,  Captain  Orntrml  anil 
(Joftmor-iH-Ckitf  in  mml  over  htr  JUojii 
ttf'§  Proviotti  of  Ik*  Uattachu$ilt$-ltii>i 
mnd  Stw-llammkin,  in  Niw-Englaml,  in 
Amtrita,  and  Vitt-Admiral  of  Ikt  lamf. 

To  litnjamin  Vhurth,  Eiq.,  Urtrting: 

By  virtue  of  ihe  power  nnd  niitliurity,  in 
mill  liy  her  oinjeaty'*  roynl  eiiiiiiiiii>i<iiiii,  lo 
ine  grmileil,  I  ilo  liy  iheae  preai'Ota,  repiii>iiig 
apeclnl  triiat  mid  euofideiiee  in  yunrluynliy, 
ciiiiriige,  mill  goud  einidiict,  eiiiii<liliili'  nml 
nppoiiit  yiiii  III  Ih>  eoloiiel  uf  nil  the  foreei 
ruined,  mul  lo  he  rniaeil  fur  her  ninieaty**  *er. 
vice,  ngninat  the  Kreiieli  nnd  liiilinn  enemy 
and  rebel*,  tlint  >linll  lie  improved  in  iSa  tit- 
vice  lu  Ihe  cait'votd  of  CiMo-Bny  j  udto 


ri  tM  •«»•  It 

•mm,  Ctir  itM^i' 
H*  111  lUtirojf 
i«tr  (i>Uf,  tU>a 
ml  IrimItU  l» 
>h  iMfiH,  nnil 
ill*  riiiiiriirvt 
wn  fiirili,  iiimI 
ill  ilttHk  lliiil 
III  b*  nkmIii', 
liitl  llirjr  linvn 
Ucil  In  ri'liiku 

wt^y  OiiMi  u*, 
iituiiiiy  iil>». 
)  liuilii  i«  r»rl 
vnlviil  |tlii.  •>  I 
Iw  ^iiMr  It' 

I  b«r  nii«|i'«)yi 
icr  mnj«-*iy'« 
Uiiil  Ni  I'liri* 

mini*  itfiitiitl 
nilwiiril  |iiiri( 
iiiliiiitnii ;  fi>r 

,   llllll   HI)   •ttllll 

i»f   will  |iri>' 

of  lllrtr  iiwil. 
miikiiiK  |iri>- 

lliMlMllH'tl,  fill 

II  tliiiiii*  firf 
Ai'lliiiia  ;  mill 
•«  lirliiri'  llm 
irirra,  mill  lliii 
^litl    lliiil    lli« 

•ililllliJH  iirlx, 
|li*ll  mill  lu- 
ll iniiy  frrrly 
rvrlliit  |iiililii'. 
irn  llii'  piiiiia 
ly  hi'Hri  iiiiJ 
necriiti-tl,  I 
mil,  yiiiir  c  i> 
■  •••rviini, 

;iiriu;ii. 

\cy  imMFiilwl 
iiorllriiuy  n(v 
iiin  to  Mnjiii 
i<  lliiil  rvt'ry 
liiit  lie  >lioiilil 
••iiry  iiriii'ral 
inr  mill  niiiilii 
mm  mill  |iii  I- 
I  rmiiHl ;  miil 

■I'ljl-lll'V,  wild 

l\lili:li    l»   im 


Otntrml  and 

er  her  Miifi  $ 
irhiitf  III- fluff 
F.iigliiHil,  in 
<f  Ihe  lamr, 

Clrrflinii : 

niitliiirity,  in 

llllllli>Killll,  lo 

iitK,  ri'iiiiriiitf 
yitiir  li>\,iliv, 
tiii'litiilf  mill 
ill  llii>  riirvca 
iiiiji'my'll  HIT- 
iiilinii  i-iivmy 
rA  ill  iSa  cdr 
Bay}  udta 


RINM    PHILir'N    WAR. 


la  wylalii  »t  lit*  AM  ttrnfrnf  U  iIm  mMM*>*t  farv  ««ll  MtttlM  tn  lM«  aftato*.  I'M 
#««••.  Va*  •*•  tUtufim  aMfxiMlly  i«n<l  4ill-  wHk  ika  Maftng  nt  UimI,  wHte  wliwl  ••#••• 
famly  *••  parfufm  ilia  <IwIt  ••'  •  «<>lfiti»l  nHiMloy  IiimI  nt  hIiomM  ti<i»«  i  wtid  wlinl*  bnal* 
•  <i|  mil,  lif  Untliwg,  iirtlvfliig,  niul  ••uriiaiitK  Mt  j««ll  Itllixl  Willi  ixtfi  aiHl  (lAtMU*,  M  lliay 
i;i.  ■  iitl  iii,iit|NiMf  mtil  ri'iiliNtinl  m  itrm*,  IhiiIi 
til^'tMir  •lAai'M  NNtl  ••ililiir*!  mill  in  kr«|» 
tli*iH  lit  (immI  iinUr  itml  ili«ui|iliii«,     llvrKli 


'7 

••iiiiiiiiiiiili(i|(  III*  IN  Ml  itlM'y  yiiM  »•  lliKir  mil 
(Mivl  mill  ■•i<|ilmH  I  mill  willi  llioiii  lii  il»  nnil 
vlfi'illii  nil  imU  11^  liiMlillly    Hgiiliial   ||ii>  aiilil 

»H<<iii)r  itHil  ft'livla,  Ami  y»M  i«r«  in  nlMar** 
«ii»l  liilliiw  aMiili  iinUr*  nml  ilirvullniKii*  yitti 
■liiill  rvavtt*  Criim  myat'lf,  ur  wiliai  ynur  aii' 
l^iriitr  iiNUar,  naannliiig  lu  Ilia  ruU*  mitl  ili»- 
•i|)liH«  iif  wMf,  paraamii  in  ilm  iraai  rv|H>««il 
(a  yna,  <ii««ii  anilur  inir  liaiitl  niiil  Mml  nl 
•riiM,  ai  ll<MinH,  lliM  IMiM  iliiy  nf  Miirali,  iii 
lltv  iliiril  y»ar  u(  bur  m^^aiy  •  rtlgn.  Anmi 
Dtim.  inM-4. 

J.  DUDLEY. 
H/  hi*  KiolUniiy  ■  aiiiiiiuiiiMl, 

U**«i  AuuimaroN,  Mvttrvurjr. 

riilnnri  (!liiiruli  nn  MMiimr  rrorUail  lil< 
•miiiniaaioii,  biti  |iriifvriltiil  In  lli«  rwiatiif 
•f  viiliiiiiavrt,  by  iniiig  liiiii  avtiry  town 
Wiiliin  ill*  iliri**  eiiuiiiit'i,  whiuh  wrr*  f»e- 

■Mrly  Plyiiinillll  gn*vriilili<lll  I  iitlliaiiin  Willi 
Um  flilnf  iitHi-'f  nf  niiiJi  aniii|Hiliy,  In  cull 
bia  oniiipaMy  lnH"lbi'r,  lliul  in  bo  iui||lil  Itiiirti 
Um  lirlli'r  u|i|Mirluiilly  in  tliauourau  miil  «i|. 
onurnia  Ihfiii  In  **r««  ilimr  i|ii«i-ii  niul  oouii- 
Itj  I  ln<aiiiiil  lliviN  wall  .Irink  rniivrnlDiil, 
liiM  iIm-iii  Iim  iIiiI  Mill  ilnulii  but  Willi  UinI'« 
M«a«iii|  In  brinK  ilifiii  nil  liuiti*  ngiiiii  All 
whinli,  Willi  iiiuiiy  nilivr  iirKUi'iviilii  miimiiii-il 
ikvir  Imurll  In  iln  aDrviuv,  wi  lliiil  ('nluii«l 
Olilirob  iiiillalud  mil  nf  aniiin  nunipailii'i  IMiiir 
IWMiiiy  ini*ii,  iiiiil  nilirri  lini-vn.     Iln  Imviny 


limrwilb  iIk'im  Ntlglil  ba  atiMiit'liI  l«  bitva 
lallan  II,  Ilia  «i«*llap|i«y,  |)<<>liliig  it|Min 
luliinal  (!bur«li,  r«l>iH»l,  b»  cnwM  mil  atlmll 
iif  ibali  by  raaaini  li«  bml  by  iba  a<l»laa  n( 
bar  ma^aly'*  tiuNiivll,  wril  In  bar  Minjaaly 
mIminI  ilia  Inking  iif  I'nfl-Hnynl  furl,  •ml  Imw 
tl  tliwalil  ba  iltautMaU  nl  wban  ukan.  IImw- 
a«*r  l.'tiluaal  I  Imrali  |K«Mwa4Mg  In  f«l  a«*ry 
lliliig  raaily  fnf  lli«  fnraaa ditwn  al  NaNlaakal, 
wliirb  wiia  Iba  |tli««a  <»f  uaraJa.  Ila  ban- 
IHtning  nna  day  In  ba  ai  <.'a|iiaMi  Ualahar  •, 
wbar*  bt*  aiatlUnny  bniiiianail  lo  rwma  | 
wbu  waa  plaaavil  liiurilar  l.itlnnal  (.'bHfnb  In 
ptil  i>a  bia  iwiinl,  ami  wiilk  wiih  him  ap  iba 
iKMmmum,  wbiab  Im>  ramlily  attMiillad  wiib. 
\\  liarti  Iwiiig  anma  ba  ntw  Iwti  luuriar  |ii»aat 
wllb  abvlla,  Hiitl  ail  nngliiaar  Iryiiig  wllb 
lli«m  lit  Ibriiw  a  aliall  rmin  ibaai  In  any  mmiI 
u(  friiHMil  wlivra  ba  MItl  ll  abtiuli  liill. 
Wbliili,  wliaiit'nbinal  ('liurcbbatlaaaii  ilniia, 
gmia  hiiii  graul  aiit!nuri)|[*liiaiil  anil  bopa* 
lliiil  II  Wdiilil  |irniii»la  ilirir  gnliif  III  I'liri* 
liiiyiil,  wbicb  ba  bml  anlivilail  fur  |  nnii  ra> 
luriiing  frnlii  lliaiNia,  alii  r  lliay  kail  taaa 
llivin  Iriml  by  ilia  aititl  anniaaar,  aail  par. 
Inriuiiig  wbal  wiia  itrniHianl,  eumiag  iiaar  In 
('N|ilaiii  Williuiii  Lliirk'alinuaa,u«ar  againal 
ilia  liurMi.abn«>,  bia  r«t!all«ii«y  waa  lii«il«tl  by 
(Ja|tiiiin  t  lurk  Iw  walk  u*rr  and  tiika  a  glnta 
bf  wiiiai  which  ba  wiia  pIvaMd  lu  a«a»)H  of, 
Mild  liK<k  roluiial  Church  wiih  lilni  |  and  In 
iIm  lima  ih«<y  war*  Inking  a  glwaa  vf  wina, 
Cnluiial  Churoli  unon  mora  praauinad  Iw  aay 
lu  bi*  avci'llriicy,  "  Mir,  I  linpa  llial  now  wa 
•hull  gu  In  I'orl'Kiiyal  In  tirdvr  In  Hike  ll 


nitati  11  ■iiMciMnl  iiiiinlHir  of  Kngliah  auMlara,  ibiita  inorliiri  iNiiiig  very  iuiiiikia  fur  •iicli  an 


|NnNl«adi-d  In  iha  aiilialing  uf  Indiana  in  all 
ibuM  iiiirla  wlivru  ihry  dwall,  which  waa  n 
giaii'.  riiiii|M«  uiid  «»|Mtna«  i  bving  n  peo|il« 
ihiil  iiiti-ir  niiicli  iri-iiiing,  va|n-ciiilly  wiih 
ilriak.  liiiviiiK  rnlialitd  tha  mual  uf  hU  aul- 
4itir(  in  ilioMi  iiiiria,  wliu  daily  liiy  u|Min  him, 
an*  mil  Iraa  liiiin  tit,  |M'rdiiy  t-iiirnaca,  ■iiiiii) 
day  a,  in  vielnula  mid  drink  t  wlin  ilnubllvaa 
IImiukIiI,  raiH'ciiilly  ihii  Kiigliali,  tliiil  ibu 
enuiitry  wunfilliiivi'ri'iinliuraad  ilnKiilii,ntlu>r- 
wiaa  llifv  wiMilii  liiirdly  biiru  iiui:i'|ili>d  il  u( 
hliii,  Ciilnmd  I'linrcli  •  •oliiii-ra  liulli  I<iik> 
liah  mill  liiiliiiii*  ill  iliiiau  |iiirU  Iiciiik  riiiat-il, 
liiiiruliad  llirin  nil  dnwn  In  INmiliiakt't,  lie- 
cnriliiig  In  liia  Kxvi-lli-iivy'a  tliri'clion* ;  wlivrv 
b«iiig  oiinic,  thii  I'lillnu'iiig  gKiilli'iiini  witi- 
Ouimniaiiiiiii'd  tn  lia  euniinnnili'ri  nf  uiicli 
piiriiuuliir  cmnprniy,  ni/,.  Lii-nii'niiiil  Cnlmit'l 
Unrhiuii,  ('ii|i(iiiii*  Jiiliii  llrnwii,  Cniialiinl 
Church,  ,liiinca  Cnlc,  Jnliii  Dyar,  Jiiliii  I'lmk, 
Ciilt'h  Williiiiniiiii,  mid  Kilwiird  Cliiircli,  nl' 
llio  fnrci'N  rniat'il  liy  Coltiiicl  (.'hiircli,  eiich 
eiiin|>miy  living  IUIihI  u|i  wiili  Hnxliali  mid 
liidiiiiii  III  lliey  iiftrei'il  mnnnK  lliutnit'lvva, 
Olid  liy  iliu  cidniii'l'a  diri'Ciiiiiia ;  Cu|itiiiii 
IjiiiiiIi,  mill  (/npiiiiii  Mirick'a  uiini|iiiiiy,  who 
Wt'rti  riiiaad  Ity  Ilia  vxcirlli'iicy'a  liirt'vtioii, 
wrru  nrdKrt<(l  In  jniii  llinae  iil'nri'aiiid,  iinilvr 
till'  ciiiniiimid  nf  Cnlniivl  (Miiircli.  Miillcra 
liiiiiiir  lii'iiuitht  lliua  fur  on,  (Joloiii'l  Cliurcli 
wuiliid  ii|Miii  Ilia  «xcL'll<-ncy  at  Itoaloii  to 
1(1  iiw  Ilia  pli-naure,  whut  fnrllicr  iiii'iiaiirfa 
wiTi!  to  lit)  liikfii ;  mill  iliil  huinlily  iiiovi! 
Iliitt  iltey  might  n»v«  liberty  in  ilivir  initruc- 
*iuurt  tu  uuika  an  lUtaok  u|K)b  i'ort-Koyul ; 


«nlar|iriM-."  Ilia  aievllency  wua  iileaiad  In 
raply  t  *'  Culonvl  Church  yun  niuil  any  iii> 
iiiura  uf  ihiit  innttvr,  fur  tha  lallvr  I  tultl  yon 
of  I  writ  by  iIm  ndnica  uf  bar  niNJaiiy'a 
cuunail,  now  li«a  nt  hum*  uii  iIhi  buard  br- 
fura  tbtt  iurda  cuwmiiiiunara  uf  liar  majaaty'a 
foraign  planiiiiiiiaa."  Aftar  lunia  dnya  a«rry 
thing  b«ing  randy  lo  anibiirk,  ('olonfl  Church 
ncaivtril  Ilia  iiiatructiuni,  which  ara  aa  ful- 
luwa  i— 

Djf  Ail  ExcilUneif  Jnitpk  Dudhi/,  F,ta„ 
Captaindiiural  and  Oovtrnor-in-Vhitf 
in  and  ovrr  hrr  Majtitg't  Pruvinti  nf  Iht 
ila$iathuuUiJlau,  \c.,  in  \ru>  England, 
and  Vict- Admiral  uf  Iht  tame. 

Intlnutioni  for  Colnntl  llinjamin    Chart h, 
in  Iht  prtsenl  Etptdition, 

In  piiraunnciMif  tlieconiniiiiion  givan  yon 
tn  tukt)  tha  cliiff  cuniinmid  of  the  land  und 
aiMi  liircL-i  by  me  riiiacd,  i'qui|>|ied,  und  Ml 
forth  on  hi^r  lui^fity'i  ii-rvice,  ui(niiiat  hrr 
o|H-n  tli-cliired  ent*iniei  tlii<  Frviicn  und  In- 
iliur  rcbi-li,  you  nre  to  i>liicrve  the  following 
iiiilructiuiii  t 

Firat,  yuu  iirc  lo  iiikp  cure,  iliiit  tin*  ilutipp 
of  religion  lie  iitti'iidfil  on  lioanl  lliu  avvcrn! 
vi'airU,  mid  in  thti  ivvitiiI  uiuiipiiiiiri  uiiilrr 
your  coiiinimid,  by  iliiily  |iriiyi<rR  iiiiio  (]od, 
mid  rending  hii  iiiily  word  ;  mid  tlint  tli)> 
l.ord'i  Any  Im.'  oliat'rvvd  niid  duly  innctiflcd 
lo  iliit  utiiiiiat  of  your  |iowi'r,  ni  fur  ui  the 
ciruuinatmicei  and  nucuaiity  of  the  lervice 
cuu  admit,  that  loyou  may  have  iba  praaanca 


tt  UmI  «MIi,  awl  ttbtaiM  kta  Uaaatof  mm  yaai 
wadariaklng. 

Yi>«t  ara  In  lake  eara  thai  ynM  luldlar* 
bata  iliair  diaa  MlliH»i^Ma«  uf  pnxlaluiM  mmI 
nibar  i»ci»>»<trii>*  i  ibiii  ihvir  arm*  lai  aril 
And,  <iii^  ka|K  A*  *i't  aartifii,  i«»<l  iliai  ib«y 
Iw  fhriiialii- 1'^  Wllb  n  mttlabt*  qtianlily  iit  pMitt 
tin r  ami  \uM.nti4-n  «lwit|ii  |H  hiudlrM^iu  la 
paaa  apnii  il««y. 

Thai  goniit  i*«^t  Nllll  dli  «f  ijclWta  ^  main 
lalliad  (  UMil  nfl  ,*li»»Hrd*M,  l^f^l««kilHB.»•a•^  pfii- 
(Una  awaariny,  caraing,  iiiiii<x'»»  u  iirgUvt 
uf  duly,  tllwibadiaiiaa  u>  '^«vii*,  Miuoay, 
daiarlliMt  ami  aadliion  ^'  ■■'•yf^  |miaiabail  ae* 
auriling  in  ika  rulva  lo,  I  iirii«,ik»  -Nt  •ar  t  ika 
wbiab  yuu  ara  mica  a  wv.»>iy^  ,,  »A«iiar,  di 
•naia  lu  ba  pabliabitt'  <«> '.  «,ati«  kaowa  in 
your  iifllaariand  «<'\ri\L  i  •  fur  ikair  «ibaar«aa«a 
and  dirarlinn  In  ihair  'Nly-  I  f|  ntHorlnua 
anil  «N|iilNl  uffViidara  be  ami  aW'itV  lu  ikf 
nail  garriauiia,  lliara  lo  lia  iuiprliuuad  until 
lllay  can  Iw  |iriift'»dKd  wilb. 

Lai  Iba  aii'k  and  wmimlad  ba  rnrrlUlly 
biokatl  aArr,  nnti  nri-(iiitm<Hlali<il  aAtr  iba 
liaal  mannar  your  rirt'niiialnnrra  will  inlnilt 
of,  mill  Imi  aviit  •iiliif  I"  Ciiai'o-Fiiri,  or  lii 
Mr.   i'i'|M'ri'l'»  »i   Kiiiary,   which    utuy   ba 

•naiail,  an  aimn  ai  you  run. 

Yon  urv  fiirlliwilb  lu  irnil  uwny  lb»  fnrer* 
and  atorva  by  ilia  lrmia|iiina,  Willi  tha  wliala- 
btiNli  In  |'lacnlut|na,  on  Klllary  aula,  ihrra  lo 
nllaiid  your  cnniiiig  |  wliitliar  you  nra  to  fo|. 
low  ihrmwith  ull  ri|M<diiion. 

Yon  nre  to  eniburk  In  tliti  l'rii«ine«-()iillay, 
Cuptnin  Nouthbnck,  «uniinnnili<r,  nnd  let 
Liaianmii  ('nhinal  (iiirbitni  go  on  buurd  Cap- 
tain <ilullii|i  I  who  nre  iHith  dirvott'd  lu  nllrnd 
your  iimiion  on  tha  French  aide,  iiUrr  whith 
tliry  nre  to  rriurn,  Lrt  tha  continniidcri  of 
nil  iha  itnra  iloopa  nnd  lrnna|Mirla  know  ihal 
they  tail,  nncliur,  and  wnra  nt  your  ilirau 
lion. 

When  you  mil  from  Piaminqun,  krrp  nl 
auak  dltlnnce  off*  llin  aliore,  tliul  you  lie  iiul 
obaarvtti  by  ihv  enemy  to  ninrni  tbeni.  Hinp  al 
Monlinloui,  and  iber  mihurk  ilit-  fnrerainllM 
wbnla.bniili  for  the  nuiin.  In  rniiga  llt'tt  purl  ui 
the  country,  in  arurcli  of  the  eni'iiiy,  in  Mount ' 
Deinri,  lending  the  veaiela lo  mirl  you tht'ra  ( 
and  after  having  refri'alii'd  nnd  recruiteil  your 
•uldieri,  pntrei'd  lo  MHfliina,niid  from  lluiica 
lo  Pniannu'<|tindn  ;  mid  hnviiig  eflt'Clcil  what 
■puila  you  poaaihiy  iiiiiy  u|miii  ihe  riit'iiiy  in 
tlioae  pnria,  emlinrk  on  your  vraatli  for  Mf 
nil  mid  Higiiectn,  lo  Fort-Koynl  (>nl ;  unil 
uao  nil  pnaaihle  mclhodi  for  the  burning  uiiil 
doalrnyiiig  of  the  enemy'i  Imuaei,  nnd  lirvnii  ■ 
ing  the  dnnii  nf  their  corn  groniidi  in  tha 
mid  aeverni  pliicea,  nnd  niuke  wlint  other 
apoila  yuu  can  upon  them,  nnd  bring  awity 
the  priauncra.  In  yonr  ritnrn  cnjl  nt  I'eiiob 
acoi,  nnd  do  whni  you  can  there,  nnd  lo  pro- 
ceed wpiiwnrd. 

Tlila  will  prohnlily  employ  you  n  innnth 
or  lix  Wi'eka,  when  yon  will  ilrnw  Itigeiiii'r 
ngiiiii,  mill  iny  the  Inltt'r  end  of  ,luiii'  ct>n'. 
aider  wlii'ilier  yon  run  mnri'li  to  Norrlgwnck, 
or  oihi'r  piirta  of  iheir  plmiiiitir,  in  ilt-airoy 
tlit'ir  corn  mnl  afllleiiu'iila,  mid  kfi-p  the  ex 
pt'illtlon  on  foot  until  the  niiilille  of  Anguii 
next. 

Nitwilliatnndins  tint  |mrliciiliirily  »f  tl.o 
afort'|{nliig  iiiatructiiiiia,  I  luy  ynu  nndiir  no 
reitraint,  becnuie  I  am  well  naaured  of  your 
eourofa,  care,  caution,  and  iuduatry  |  kui 


ni 


KINO    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


i;  I)' 


:f' 


r  jroM  to  jrour  aim  rM»lv«tt  kjr  ib*  .  J 
vici)  of  yiHiT  u  xiiiniinioM  olHcun,  not  under 
iho   dryreii  iti'  cii|)iiiiiii,  iiiiil  llie  luii  uuiii 
ini»*ion  oii|itiiiiiii  (wIkmii  you  will,  iii  ol'ten  «■ 

r'ciii  CUD,  iiilvine  with)  iicuoriiiiiK  to  tlm  iiitel 
ijffiiuo  you  limy  rt'crivc,  or  ui  you  iiiny  And 
lli'i'illiil  Ufioii  lite  «|N>I. 

You  lire  liy  I'Vt-ry  ii|i|)ortuiiity,  iiiid  once  ii 
wi't'k  curtiiiiily,  hy  mtiiiu  iiiuiiiii,  vitliur  by 
Ciijco,  l'i(i!ulii(|iiii,  or  olherwiMe  to  iicquiiiiit 
lilu  of  your  |inK'«uiliii)tri  uiid  nil  occurrenoen, 
und  wliiii  limy  lie  furilier  ii«ce*<tiry  for  the 
wrvice.  And  to  obrarve  tucli  further  and 
other  initruotioni  at  you  tliiill  receive  from 
niywir. 

Ai  often  II*  you  mny,  ndvite  with  Cnptain 
Smith  and  ('iiptiiiii  Kiigeri,  coinmiinderM  uf 
Iter  mnje<ty'«  ihip*. 

H  your  niiiiiifer,  eoniiinnry,  and  inr 
|.  n*  be  Ireulud  with  Ju»t  reapectn.  I  pray 
to  (jod  to  prvMnro,  proRpvr,  und  tuccued 
you. 

(liven  under  my  liHiui  at  Boston,  the  fourth 
dajrofAlay,  17U4. 

J.  DUDLEY 


ii 


Purtnnnl  to  liii  inatriiutioii!*  he  aent  iiwny 
hii  triinaports  mid  force*  to  l'i!!uiitii(|iiii,  but 
wti«  olili|{i!d  hiuiitelf  to  wiiit  upon  his  excel- 
lency by  liind  to  Piicatn(|Uii,  in  oriler  to  riiiiii.' 
tiiore  fiirci'i  in  the  way  thither;  mid  did  riilge 
n  coiiipiiny  under  the  ciiminiind  of  ('apliiiii 
llurridoM ;  inking  cure  nUo  to  flrovitlo  ii 
pihit  for  them  in  the  buy  of  Fniidy  ;  Colo- 
nel Church  bcinif  directed  U>  one  Fellow*, 
whom  he  met  with  lit  Ipswich.  And  );oin|( 
from  thence  to  Piscntiiquii  with  liiii  excel- 
lency, wns  there  met  by  tliiit  worthy  gentle- 
luiin  Major  Wiiitlirop  llilton,  who  wo"  very 
liel|ifiil  to  liim  in  the  tt'ioleexpediti'^n  whose 
name  and  memory  oujtlit  not  to  be  fotgot, 
UfiiiK  ready  to  embark  from  i'iscataqua, 
Colonel  Church  reqiiented  the  commanders 
of  her  majesty'*  ships,  Captain  Smith  and 
Captain  Roger*  to  tarry  at  I'iscntaqun  a  fort- 
night, that  lo  they  miglit  not  be  discovered 
by  the  enemy  before  he  had  done  some  spoil 
upon  them.  Then  moving  in  their  trans- 
ports, as  directed,  got  snfe  into  Montinicu*, 
undiscovered  by  the  enemy.  Next  moritindt 
enrty,  fitted  out  two  whale-boats  with  men, 
Captain  John  Cooke  in  one,  and  Captain 
Constant  Church  in  the  other ;  and  tent 
tliein  to  Green-Island,  upon  u  discovery ; 
and  coming  there  they  parted,  one  went  to 
one  part,  and  the  other  to  the  other  part, 
that  so  they  might  not  miss  of  what  could  be 
discovered;  where  they  met  with  old  Lnfuure 
with  his  two  ion*  Thomas  and  Timothy,  and 
n  Canada  Indian.  The  enemy  seeing  that 
they  were  di*covered,  threw  down  their  ducks 
and  eggs,  having  a  considerable  quantity  of 
each,  and  run  to  their  canoes,  getting  into 
them,  stood  directly  for  the  Main ;  looking 
behind  them,  perceived  the  whale-boats  *« 
gain  ao  twst  upon  them,  clapt  side  tiy  *ide, 
and  all  four  got  into  one  canoe,  which  proved 
of  little  ad*  nntagc  to  them,  for  the  whale-boats 
gained  so  much  upon  them,  and  got  no  near 
that  Cfiptain  Cook,  firing  at  the  stoerV-mun, 
the  Indian,  and  happened  to  graze  his  skull, 
and  quite  spoiled  bis  paddling:  upon  w'r  i! 
old  Lafanre  and  sons,  seeing  their  co!i. 
■ion'a  condition,  toon  begged  for  quai.er, 
and  hod  it  granted.    The  two  captains  with 


Ihair  aMOflMa  prtMnilv  returned  to  their  eum 
mander,  taking  onre  that  their  captive*  sbould 
not  discourse  together  before  they  were  ex 
nmined  ;  when  brought  to  Colonel  (.'li^uh, 
ho  ordered  iheui  to  be  apart,  and  first  pro' 
ceuded  to  examine  old  Lafnure,  whom  be 
found  to  be  very  surly  and  cm**,  *o  that  he 
could  gain  no  ma.inrr  of  intelligcnca  by 
him  (  upon  which  the  coininander  was  re- 
solved to  put  in  practice  what  he  had  for- 
merly done  at  .Seneelo  ;  ordering  the  Indians 
lo  make  two  large  heaps  of  dry  wood,  nt  some 
distance  one  fmin  ihe  other,  and  to  set  n  large 
«tnku  in  the  ground,  clove  to  each  lienp ;  then 
ordered  the  two  sons,  'rhoina*  and  Timothy, 
to  be  brought,  and  to  be  bound  to  the  stake*; 
al«n  ordering  hi*  Indian*  to  paint  theniselves 
with  colours,  which  they  bad  brought  for  that 
use.  Then  the  colonel  proceeded  lo  exam- 
ine first  Timothy  ;  and  told  him,  he  had  ex-| 
aniined  hi*  father  already  {  and  that  if  be 
told  him  the  truth  be  would  lave  hi*  life,  and 
loke  him  into  his  service  ;  and  that  he  should 
have  good  pay  and  live  well.  He  answered, 
that  he  would  tell  him  the  truth ;  and  gave 
him  an  account  of  every  thing  he  knew ; 
which  was  all  minuted  down  i  he  being  asked 
wlivtber  his  brother  Tliomaa  did  not  know 
more  than  be  t  His  answer  was,  yes,  for  hi* 
brother  Thomas  had  n  coininisiion  sent  him 
from  Ihe  governor  of  Canada,  to  comaiid  a 
company  of  Indians,  who  were  gathered 
together  nt  n  place  where  some  French  gen- 
tlemen lately  arrived  from  Canada,  who  were 
~cers  In  commniid  the  rest  that  w?re  to  go 
westward  to  fight  the  Eii'jiish,  and  that  there 
was  sent  lo  his  father  ond  brolher  Tom,  a 
coiiriJerable  quantity  of  tlour,  fVuit,  ammu- 
nition and  stores,  for  the  supply  of  the  suid 
army.  He  being  asked,  whether  he  could 
piibt  our  force*  tc  t!:em  I  Suid  no ;  but  hi* 
brother  Tom  could,  for  he  bud  hid  it,  and 
that  he  wa*  not  then  with  him.  The  colonel 
asked  him,  what  gentlemen  those  were  thnt 
came  fromCniiadat  He  answered  Monsieur 
Gourdan,  and  Mr.  Sharkee.  Being  nsked 
where  they  weret  Answered  at  I'assanie- 
qnado,  building  a  fort  there.  Being  also 
asked,  what  number  of  Indians  mid  French 
there  were  nt  I'cnobscot  t  He  answered, 
there  were  several  families,  but  they  lived 
scattering.  Asked  him  further,  if  he  would 
pilot  our  forces  thither?  answered,  he  would 
if  the  commander  would  not  let  the  savnges 
roast  him.  Upon  which  the  colonel  ordered 
him  to  be  loosed  from  the  stake,  and  took 
him  by  the  hand,  told  him,  he  would  be  us 
kind  to  him  as  his  own  father;  at  which  he 
seemed  to  be  very  thonkfuJ.  And  then  the 
colonel  pioceeded  to  examine  his  brother 
Tom,  and  told  him  that  he  had  examined  his 
father  und  brother,  nnd  that  bis  brother  bod 
told  him  avcry  tittle  ho  knew,  und  that  be 
knew  more  than  his  brother  Timothy  did  ; 
and  that  if  be  would  be  ingenuous  nnd  con- 
fess all  he  knew,  be  should  fare  as  well  as 
his  brother  ;  but  if  nut,  the  savnges  should 
roast  him.  Wliereupim  he  solemnly  pro- 
mised thnt  he  would,  und  that  he  would  pilot 
him  lo  every  thing  be  knew,  to  the  value  of 
a  knife  and  slieuth  (which  with  douht  he 
did.)  Then  the  colonel  immediately  gave 
orders  for  the  whale-boats  to  be  ready,  nnd 
went  directly  over  where  the  anid  gooili  and 
stores  were,  und  found  them  as  informed, 


took  them  on  board  the  koats,  and  nturnad 
to  their  transports ;  and  nrdaring  provisioas 
to  be  put  iuto  everv  nian's  knapsack  for  sii 
or  eiglit  days  ;  so  in  the  dusk  uf  the  evening 
leA  their  iranspurl*,  with  orders  how  they 
«h  uld  aol ;  and  went  directlv  for  the  luuiR 
lai.  I  of  I*enob*ool,  and  moiitb  of  that  rivar, 
with  their  pilot*  Tom  and  Timothy,  who 
carried  lliem  directly  to  every  iduce  und  ha« 
bitiiiion,  lioili  of  French  and  Indian  ilieie». 
bout*,  with  the  assistance  of  one  De  Young, 
whom  they  carried  out  uf  Uostoii  gaol  for  liM  > 
same  purpove,  who  was  vary  serviceable  to 
them.  Being  there  we  killed  nnd  took  ever/ 
one,  both  French  und  Indians,  not  knowing 
that  anyone  did  escape  in  all  Fenobsoot} 
among  those  that  were  taken  was  St.  Cas> 
teen'*  daughter,  who  *aid  that  her  husband 
wna  gone  to  France,  lo  her  father  Monsieur 
Cusleen.  8lie  having  herchildren  with  lier,tho 
commander  was  very  kind  to  her  and  them. 
All  the  prisoner*  lliiit  were  then  taken,  held 
lo  one  *tory  in  general,  which  they  had  from 
Lafnure**  «on* ;  that  there  were  no  more 
Iiidinn*  thercabonis,  but  enough  of  lliem  as 
I'assamequado  ;  upon  which  they  soon  re- 
turned  to  their  transports  with  their  prisoners 
and  plunder.  The  commnnder  giving  order 
immediately  for  the  soldiers  in  the  whale- 
boats  to  have  a  recruit  of  provisions  for  a 
further  pursuit  uf  the  enemy,  giving  orders 
to  the  transports  to  stay  n  few  days  more 
there,  ond  then  go  to  Mount-Desnrt  (nnd 
there  to  stay  for  her  mnje*ty's  Mhips,  who 
were  directed  to  come  thither)  nnd  there  to 
wait  his  further  order.  Tlien  Colonel  Church 
with  his  forces  immediately  embarked  on 
board  their  wbnie-bonts,  and  proceeded  to 
scour  the  const,  nnd  to  try  if  they  could  dis« 
cover  any  of  the  enemy  coming  from  I'assu- 
niequado;  making  their  slops  in  the  day- 
time lit  oil  the  points  and  where  they  were 
certain  the  enemy  would  land,  or  como  by 
with  their  cnnoes,  nnd  nt  night  to  their  pad* 
dies.  Then  coming  neur  where  the  vessels 
were  ordered  to  come,  having  made  no  dis- 
covery of  the  enemy,  went  directly  to  Mo'jnt 
Desart,  where  the  transports  were  just  come; 
and  taking  some  proviiuonR  fur  his  soldiera, 
gave  direction  for  the  snips  and  trnnsports  is 
yix  days  to  come  directly  to  Fn»^aniequn'Jo, 
where  they  should  find  him  nnd  his  furcsi, 
Then  immediately  moved  nway  in  the  whole 
boats,  and  made  diligent  Hcarcli  nioiig  shorj. 
as  formerly,  inspecting  all  places  where  V4a 
enemy  was  likely  to  liirk :  particularly  tl 
Machins  ;  but  found  neither  fires  nor  tracks 
Coming  afterwards  lo  the  west  liaiiA)ur  at 
Pnssniacqiiado,  where  they  entered  upon 
iiclion  ;  nn  account  whi.'reof  Colonel  Church 
did  communicate  to  his  excellency,  being  as 
followeth : 

Mag  itpUate  your  EtetUency, 

I  received  yours  of  this  instant,  Octnbi 
Otii,  with  the  two  enclosed  ii:formali<ms,  that 
concern  my  actions  nt  Passninequiido,  which 
I  will  give  a  just  nnd  true  account  oi  as  iieni 
as  possibly  I  can,  vi7..  on  thcTtli  <'f  June  lni>:, 
1704.  In  the  evening  we  entered  in  nt  tliii 
westward  harbour  nt  said  Paxsanieipindo ; 
coming  up  said  harbour  to  an  island,  wliere 
landing,  we  came  to  a  French  bouse,  and 
took  n  French  v/oinan  and  children  ;  the  Wi<. 
man   upon  her  exuuiinution  said,  her  hus. 


and  returnad 

iiK  proviflioaf 
iwiick  for  all 
it'  till)  uvoiiing 
ira  iHiw  tlia/ 
for  llie  niiiin 
of  that  rivar, 
iinotliy,  who 
iluou  and  b*- 
iidiun  tli«iea> 

ID  D«  YuUDf, 

III  iriiol  fur  tiM  > 
lerviccabia  to 
mi  took  every 

not  knowing 
I  Ft'iiobieott 
wilt  81.  Caa* 

her  liuiband 
li«r  Moiiiieuf 
iiwitlilier,tlio 
itir  niid  tliain. 
n  tnkcn,  lifld 
livy  liiid  fruin 
x>ri!  no  more 
[li  of  tliem  a« 
liey  ioon  re- 
livir  priaonura 
r  ([iviiig  order 
n  the  wlmle- 
iviiioni  for  n 
l(iving  ordur* 
w  dnya  more 
-Detart  (nnd 
's  uliipa,  who 

ond  there  to 
iloiiel  Church 
enilmrkud  on 
proceeded  to 
ley  could  din* 
r  from  I'nuii* 

ill  the  dny- 
ro  they  were 

or  comii  by 

lo  thi-ir  |iud* 
re  the  veueiii 
miide  no  dia- 
ct!y  to  Mo'jnt 
re  juit  come; 

hid  foldieni, 

trnntpnrts  ia 
ludiiiiieqiiadi*, 
d  bin  forcai. 

in  till!  wiiule 
I  nlonK  ihorj. 
cvH  where  V4a 
nriicujiirly  at 
eg  iiiir  irHcki 
»t  liuiLn)ur  at 

ntercd  upon 
iloiii'l  Church 
ncy,  being  an 

lUncy, 

tnnt,  Octnbc 
rniiilionn,  thiil 
<|ii(ido,  which 
iiiil  (II  iii<  ncni 
i<>f  June  InKti 
iTi'il  ill  lit  tlifi 
ifiHiinif<|iiiid<i ; 
ixliiiid,  wh(-ri! 
h  hoiiiie,  iiiid 
dreii ;  the  Wi>' 
aid,  Iter  hu»- 


KINO    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


VI» 


I  waa  abroad  flaking.  I  Mked  her  whether 
there  were  any  Indiana  thereuboiitt.  Hlie 
aitid  yea,  there  were  a  great  miiiiy,  iind  fov- 
erul  on  tliiit  iiliuid.  T  atked  liur  whether 
ahe  could  pilot  me  to  them.  Siiid  no,  they 
hid  III  ll.u  wood*.  1  naked  her  When  ulie  tiiw 
thuin.  Aiinweriid,  ju«t  now,  ur  n  little  wliiU} 
kiiiuu.  I  naked  her  whether  the  knew  where 
tliuy  had  laid  the  oanoea.  Hhe  anawered,  no, 
they  curried  their  cnnoea  in  the  wooda  with 
•tliiMii.  We  then  hnatened  iiway  iilnn|(  ahore, 
aeiziiiK  wliiit  priaonert  we  oould,  taking  old 
Lotrii-I  und  hia  fnroily. 

Tliia  intelligence  cnuaed  me  lo  leoTe  Col- 
onel (iorhiiin,  nnd  n  conaiderable  part  of  my 
men  und  bouta  with  him,  at  that  iaiund,  partly 
to  guiird  und  aeoure  tlioae  priaonera,  being  aen- 
lible  it  would  be  a  great  trouble  to  have  them 
to  aecure  nnd  guurd  at  our  next  Innding, 
where  I  did  really  expect,  nnd  hoped  to  have 
nil  opportunity  to  fight  our  Indian  enemiea; 
fur  nil  our  French  priaonera  that  we  had 
tnken  nt  Penobacot,  and  along  ahore,  had  in- 
formed UH,  that  when  we  cnme  to  the  place 
where  theae  Canada  gentlemen  lived,  we 
fhould  certainly  meet  with  the  aavngea  to 
fight  ua,  thoae  being  the  only  men  tlint  aet 
the  Indiana  ugnin«t  ua,  or  upon  u«,  nnd  were 
newly  come  from  Canadn,  to  manage  the 
war  iigiiinat  ua,  (pleading  in  thia  account  nnd 
infurinatinn  their  own  innuceiicy)  and  pnrtly 
in  linpea  that  he,  the  anid  Colonel  Gorhnm, 
wouhl  have  a  good  opportunity  in  the  morn- 
ing to  ileatrny  aome  of  thoae  our  eiieiniea, 
(we  were  informed  by  the  anid  French  woman 
ua  above,)  with  the  uae  of  hia  bonta,  aa  I  had 
givun  direction.  Ordering  nUo  Major  Hilton 
to  pnas  over  to  the  next  iahind,  tlint  liiy  enat 
of  ua,  with  a  araiill  party  of  men  and  boata, 
to  aurpriae  and  deatroy  niiy  of  the  enemy 
that  in  their  canoes  might  go  here  nnd  there, 
from  any  place,  to  make  their  flight  from  ua, 
and,  aa  he  had  opportunity,  to  take  any 
French  priaonera.  We  then  immediately 
moved  up  the  river,  in  the  dark  night,  through 
great  diflicultiea,  by  renaon  of  the  eddiea  nnd 
v/hlrlpoola,  made  with  the  fierceiicaa  of  the 
current.  And  here  it  may  lie  hinted,  tlint 
we  had  inforiiiiition  that  Lotriel  had  lost  part 
uf  hia  family  paaaingover  to  the  nt-At  island, 
falling  into  one  of  thoae  eddiea  were  drowned, 
which  the  two  pilots  told  to  diacouriige  me. 
But  I  anid  nothing  of  that  nature  aliall  do  it ; 
for  I  u.. '  rcaolvfd  to  venture  up,  and  there- 
fore, forthwith  paddling  our  boats   na   pri 


their  hatohata,  nnd  not  fire  a  gun.  Thia  or* 
dar  I  nlwaya  gave  nt  landing,  telling  them 
the  InconveniiMicy  of  firing,  in  that  it  might 
be,4lrat,  duiigeroua  to  themaelvea,  they  being 
many  of  them  young  aoldiera,  aa  I  had 
aome  time  obaerved  that  one  or  two  gun* 
being  flri'd,  many  otiirra  would  fire,  nt 
they  knew  not  what,  aa  happened  preaently 
after,  and  it  would  niarin  the  enemy,  nnd 
give  them  op|iortuiiity  to  make  their  ci- 
eapa  ;  nnd  it  might  iilurni  the  whole  country, 
and  ulao  prevent  nil  further  action  from 
taking  elTect.  Orders  being  thus  pnaaed,  we 
moved  directly  towarda  the  wooda,  Le  Faver'a 
aon  directing  ua  to  a  little  hut  or  wigwam, 
which  we  immediately  aurrounded  with  a 
few  men,  the  reat  marching  directly  up  into 
the  wooda,  to  aeo  what  wigwama  or  liuta 
they  could  diacover ;  myaelf  made  a  little 
atop,  ordering  the  pilot  to  tell  them  in  the 
hut  that  they  were  aurrounded  with  on  nrniy, 
nnd  thnt  If  they  would  come  forth  and  sur- 
render themaelvea,  they  aliould  liuvo  good 
quarter,  but  if  not,  they  aliould  nil  be  knocked 
on  the  bend  and  die.  One  of  them  allowed 
liimaelf;  I  naked  who  he  wna.  He  Niild, 
Oourdnn,  nnd  begged  for  quarter.  I  told 
him  he  should  have  good  quarter;  udding 
further,  that  if  there  were  any  more  in  the 
bouae,  they  should  coinr  'it.  Then  cniiie 
out  two  men;  Gourdnii  ...1  they  were  hia 
aona,  and  asked  quarter  for  them,  which  waa 
also  granted.  Tlien  cnme  out  u  woman  and 
n  little  boy  ;  ahe  fell  upon  her  knees,  begged 
qunrter  for  herself  and  children,  and  that  I 
would  not  sufier  the  Indiana  to  kill  them.  I 
told  them  they  should  have  good  quarter, 
and  not  be  hurt.  After  which  1  ordered  a 
amall  guard  over  them,  and  so  moved  pre- 
sently up  with  the  rest  of  my  company,  after 
them  that  were  gone  before ;  but  looking  on 
my  right  bund,  over  a  little  run,  I  saw  some- 
thing look  bhiuk  juat  by  nie,  stopped,  and 
heard  a  talking,  stepped  over,  and  saw  a  lit- 
tle hut  or  wigwam,  with  u  crowd  of  people 
round  about  it,  which  was  contrary  to  my 
former  directiona.  Aaked  them  what  they 
were  doing.  They  replied,  there  were  aome 
of  the  enemy  in  n  house,  and  would  not 
come  out.  1  aaked,  what  house.  They  said 
a  bark  house.  1  hastily  bid  them  pull  it 
down,  and  knock  them  on  the  head,  never 
asking  whether  they  were  French  or  Indiana, 
they  being  all  eiieinlea  nlike  to  me.  And 
passing  tJien  to  them,  nnd  seeing  tlicin  in 


vntely  na  we  could,  and    with  ns  much  ex-  gi'ent  disorder,  •so  many    of  the  iirmy  in  n 


pedltion  as  we  could  make  with  our  paddles, 
and  the  help  of  a  strong  tide,  we  cnme  up 
to  Monsieur  tiourdnn'a  a  little  before  duy  ; 
where  taking  notice  of  the  shore,  nnd  finding 
it  aomewiuit  open  nnd  clear,  i  ordered  Cap- 
tain Mirick  nnd  Captain  Cole,  having  Eng- 
lisli  companies,  to  tarry  with  several  of  the 
boats  to  bo  ready,  that  if  any  of  the  enemy 
should  come  down  out  of  the  brush  into  the 
bay,  (it  being  very  broad  in  thnt  place)  with 
their  canoes,  they  might  take  and  destroy 
them  ;  ordering  the  remainder  of  the  army 
being  landed,  with  myaelf  and  the  other 
officers,  to  march  up  into  the  woods,  with  a 
wide  front,  nnd  to  keep  nt  u  considerable 
distance,  for  that  if  they  should  run  in  heaps 
the  enemy  would  have  the  greater  advan- 
tage ;  and  further  directing  them  that,  if 
fioiaibla,  they  ahonld  deatroy  the  enemy  with 


crowd  together,  acting  so  contrary  to  my 
command  and  direction,  exposing  them- 
selves and  the  whole  nrmy  to  utter  ruin,  by 
their  so  disorderly  crowding  thick  together; 
(had  nn  enemy  con.c  upon  them  in  that  in- 
terim, and  fired  n  volley  nnioiigat  them,  they 
could  not  have  missed  a  shot ;)  und  wholly 
neglecting  their  duty,  in  not  attending  my 
ordera,  in  searching  diligently  for  our  lurk- 
ing enemies  in  their  wigwams,  or  by  their 
fires  where  I  hud  great  hopes,  and  real  ex- 
pectations to  meet  with  them. 

I  most  certainly  know  that  I  wns  in  an  ex- 
ceeding great  passion,  but  not  with  those 
poor  'nisernble  enemies  ;  for  I  took  no  no- 
tice of  half  a  dozen  of  the  enemy,  when  ut 
the  same  time,  I  expected  to  be  engaged  with 
some  hundreds  of  them,  of  whom  we  bud  a 
ccwtuiued  account,  who  were  expected  from 


I'ort-Roynl  side.  In  this  beat  of  action,  everjr 
word  that  I  than  spoke,  I  eannot  give  an  ae« 
count  of,  nnd  I  presume  it  is  inip-isaibhi.  I 
stopped  but  little  here,  but  went  directly  up 
into  the  wooda,  hoping  to  be  better  employed, 
with  the  rest  of  the  nrmy.  I  listened  to  hear, 
and  looked  earnestly  to  aee  wImI  might  be 
the  next  action  ;  but  meeting  with  many  of 
the  aoldiera,  they  told  me  they  had  diacovered 
nothing,  we  fetching  n  amnlicompna*  round, 
cum'e  down  nfjuin.  It  being  pretty  dark,  I 
took  notice,  I  auw  two  men  lay  desx'  ns  1 
thought,  nt  the  end  of  the  house  where  tlia 
door  wna,  and  immediately  t*^*  guna  wept 
oflT,  nnd  they  fired  every  man,  as  I  tlin-jglt, 
and  most  towards  that  place  where  I  left  tl>o 
guard  with  Monsieur  Guurdan.  I  had  much 
ado  to  stop  their  firing,  nnd  told  them  I 
thought  they  were  mad,  nnd  I  believed  they 
hud  not  killed  and  wounded  lew  than  forty 
or  fifty  of  our  own  men.  And  I  aiked 
them  what  iliey  shot  at.  They  answered, 
nt  a  Frenchiiinn  thnt  rnn  nwny.  But  tu  iid* 
miriitlon  no  man  was  killed,  but  he,  and  one 
of  our  men  wounded  in  the  leg ;  and  I  turn- 
ing nhout,  n  Frenchman  spoke  to  me,  nnd  I 
gnve  him  qunrter.  Daylight  coining  on,  and 
no  discovery  made  of  the  enemy,  I  went  to 
the  place  where  I  hud  left  Moiiaieur  Gourdun, 
to  exnmine  him  and  his  sons,  who  agreed  in 
their  examinations ;  told  nie  two  of  their 
men  were  abroad.  It  proved  n  damage ; 
and  further  told  me,  that  Monsieur  Sharkee 
lived  scvernl  leogues  up  nt  the  head  of  the 
river,  nt  the  fulls,  nnd  all  the  Indians  were 
fishing,  nnd  tending  their  corn  there ;  und 
thnt  Monsieur  Shnrkee  hud  sent  down  to 
him  to  come  up  to  him,  to  advise  about  the 
Indian  army  that  waa  to  go  westward ;  but 
ho  hud  returned  him  iinawer,  his  busiiiesa 
wns  urgent,  and  he  could  not  come  up  ;  nnd 
that  Shnrkee  nnd  the  Iiidiuns  would  certainly 
be  down  that  day,  or  the  next  at  the  furthest, 
to  come  to  conclude  of  that  mutter.  This 
was  a  short  night's  action,  and  all  sensible 
men  do  well  know,  that  actions  done  in  the 
dark  (living  In  the  night  us  nibresuid)  und»r 
so  many  difficulties,  us  we  then  Jubored  -la 
der,  na  before  related,  wna  a  very  hurd  tusk 
for  one  man,  ninttera  being  elrcuinBtniiced  aa 
in  this  action ;  which  would  not  ndmi'.  of 
culling  a  council,  nnd  ut  tlint  time  coiil/]  itct 
bo  confined  thereunto ;  nt  which  tim.'  I  wns 
trunsported  above  fear,  or  any  sort  of  dreud  ; 
yet  being  sensible  of  the  danger  in  my  ar- 
mies crowding  so  thick  together,  nnd  of  the 
great  duly  incumbent  on  me  to  preserve  tlieni 
from  all  the  (lunger  I  (lossihly  could,  for  (';.(<> 
tlier  improvement  in  the  destruction  of  our 
iniplncuble  enemies  ;  urn  ready  to  conclude, 
thnt  I  was  very  quick  nnd  absolute  in  giving 
such  commands  and  orders,  as  I  then  appre- 
hended most  proper  and  udvuntngeoiis.  Ami 
hnd  it  not  been  for  the  intelligence  I  hud  re- 
ceived from  the  French  we  took  nt  Penob- 
scot, ns  before  hinted,  nnd  the  false  report 
the  French  woman  first  took  gave  me,- 1  hud 
not  been  in  such  haste.  I  question  not  but 
those  Frenchmen  that  were  slain,  hnd  the 
same  good  qunrter  of  other  prisoners.  Jiul 
I  ever  looked  on  it  a  good  providence  of 
Almighty  God,  that  some  few  of  our  cruel 
and  bloody  enemies  were  made  sensible  of 
their  bloody  cruelties,  perpetrated  on  my  dent 
and  loving  friends  and  countrymen  i  und  thai 


Ttl 


RING    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


r 


; 


•I 


iff 


Um  ktiiit)  meiitfurf,  ir  purl,  inoioil  in  iheiii, 
nil  (lii-y  IiikI  Ih-i'ii  guilty  of  in  a  biirbarouii 
niiiiiiKT  lit  Dei'rtirlil,  iiiiil  I  hope  justly,  | 
lio|)f  lioi(  Aliiii{[{liiy  will  nocii|it  liureol',  hI- 
tlio'i<{li  it  iiiiiy  lint  liu  fliKililu  to  'iiir  Fnmcli 
imnliiciililc  «iicinii'>,  '«iiii  iiicli  otiiuri  »■  arv 
not  our  (rii-iiiia.  TId-  ror«goiii|r  journal,  itiitl 
(III*  •hint  iiniirxn  I'lit  I  tlioiiKlit  it  my  duty  to 
exiiiliit,  for  tliu  ill  iHl'uctioii  of  my  frieiiiU  >inil 
noiiiitryiiitiii,  wl.oin  I  very  fuitlifully  iinil 
williiiiily  M'rvcil  in  the  lute  ex|M:ilitioii ;  iiinl 
i  liii|iu  will  And  accvptinice  with  your  exui!!- 
Iriii-y,  the  hoiiouriiltle  council  nmi  repreien- 
tntivt*  now  iifseinblail,  im  liciiif  done  from 
he  zeiil  I  liiid  in  Ihu  luid  lurvicia  of  her 
iiimity,  nnd  hor  jood  luliject*  here. 
I  ri.-iiiHin  yiinr  niuiit  liunihle, 
Ami  ubedifiit  yerviint, 

BENJAMIN  CHURCH. 

TIiIh  ni;;ht'.'<  unrvice  bein^  over,  immu 
Hiiitt'ly  ColonrI  i'lnirch  leuveR  n  unflScicnt 
};iiiir)l  with  (inwriliin  mid  the  other  prisoners, 
niiivi'd  in  noiiir  wlnile-lMiiita  with  the  reit, 
itnd  an  they  wen*  piin^  Hpied  a  Riniill  thing 
upon  tilt!  witttT,  lit  a  grunt  distance,  which 
prill eil  to  Im-  II  hirch  caiioe  with  two  Indians 
in  lirr.  Till!  eiilnni'l  presi'iilly  ordered  the 
ligliteM  boat  lie  lirid  to  make  the  heal  of  her 
way  and  cut  them  off  from  the  shore ;  but 
the  Indians  perceiving  their  design,  run  their 
ciinoe  nsliiire  and  fled.  Colonel  Church  fear- 
ing they  would  run  directly  to  .Sjiarki-e,  made 
nil  the  expedition  iiiiii^riinilili- ;  hut  it  being 
(lib  and  the  wiitir  low,  wii!«  obliged  to  land, 
and  make  the  beat  of  their  way  thniagli  the 
Woods,  Imping  to  intercept  the  Indiiui.s,  and 
get  to  Sharkee's  linuiie  befiire  tliem  ;  wliich 
WH8  two  miles  from  where  oiir  forces  landed. 
The  colonel  being  ancient  nnd  unwieldy,  de- 
■irsd  serjennt  Edee  to  run  with  him,  nnd 
coming  to  several  trees  fallen,  wliich  he  could 
nut  creep  under  or  readily  get  over,  would  lay 
bis  breast  ngiiiiist  the  tree,  the  said  Edee 
turning  him  over,  generally  had  ciit-luck, 
falling  on  bis  feet,  by  wliieh  means  kept  in 
(he  front ;  and  coming  near  to  Sliiirkre'ii 
house,  discovered  some  French  am!  Indiiins 
iiir.kiiig  a  wear  in  the  river,  nnd  presently 
discovered  the  two  Indians  aforementioned, 
who  called  to  them  nt  work  in  the  river  ;  told 
them  there  was  nn  army  of  Eiigliiili  nnd  Iii- 
diiiiis  jiisit  by  ;  who  imiiiediately  left  their 
work  and  ran,  endeavoring  to  get  to  Shar- 
ki'(.''s  bouse,  who,  hearing  the  noise,  took  bis 
liidy  and  child,  and  ran  into  the  woods. 
Our  men  running  bri»kly  tired  and  killed  one 
of  the  Inilians,  nnd  took  the  rest  prisoners. 
Tlieii  giiiiig  to  Sharkee's  house  found  a 
wiiiniin  and  child,  to  whom  they  gave  ^ood 
(|Uiirter  ;  and  finding  that  Madame  Shnrkee 
had  left  her  silk  clotlii's  and  fine  linen  behind 
!ier,  our  forces  were  desirous  to  have  pursued 
and  taken  her;  but  Colniie!  Ciiiirch  forbade 
them,  saying  he  would  have  her  run  nnd  suf- 
fer, that  she  might  be  made  sensible  what 
Iiardships  our  poor  people  had  siitTered  by 
them.  Then  proceeded  to  exaniine  the  pri- 
riotierj  newly  taken,  who  gave  him  the  same 
account  he  liad  before  of  the  Indians  being 
up  at  the  falls.  It  being  just  night  prevented 
our  attacking  of  them  thnt  iiiglit  ;  but  next 
morning  early  they  moved  up  to  the  falls, 
which  was  about  a  mile  higher,  but  doubt- 
lesc  the  enemy  had  some  intelligence  by  tlie 


two  aforesaid  Indinnf,  before  nur  fureee  came, 
•fl  that  they  nil  |tul  imi  the  oilier  side  of  the 
river,  nnd  led  some  of  their  |(ood«  by  the 
water-side  to  deeoy  our  men,  that  sa  llivy 
might  tire  upon  inem,  which  indeed  they 
eti'euled  ;  but  through  the  providence  of  (lod 
never  :\  man  of  our*  was  killed,  nnd  but  one 
■lightly  wounded.  After  u  ahort  dispute. 
Colonel  Church  ordered  thnt  every  man 
might  take  what  they  pleased  of  the  fish 
which  lay  bundled  up,  nnd  to  burn  the  rest, 
which  Witt  II  great  quantity.  The  enemy 
seeing  what  our  forces  were  nbout,  nnd  lUat 
their  stock  of  fish  was  destroyed,  and  the 
season  being  over  for  getting  any  more,  set 
up  a  hideous  cry,  and  so  ran  all  away  into 
the  woods  ;  who  being  all  on  the  other  side 
of  the  river,  ours  could  not  follow  them. 
Having  done,  our  forces  marched  down  to 


Aitrd  H*r  Mmiiily'$  Skip  Adttntmn, 
th»  Oul  ofjUtnii.  Jmit  UO.  I70«. 

Ah  agrttmtnt  made  hy  tnt  Field  Otitnt 
timmandxng  llir  SlnjutyU  force*  Jor  Iht 
prettnt  etjitiHlion  ttgaintt  the  Frenek  cm* 
wies,  OHd  Indian  rtbtli : 

AOREKII, 

That  a  decluru.i. .,  or  summons  be  sent  on 
shore  at  Menis  nnd  i'lirt-Uoyul,  under  a  flag 
of  truce.  , 

Particularly, 

We  do  declare  to  you  the  mnny  criioltiei 
nnd  bnrbaritiei  that  you  nnd  tlte  Indians  have 
been  guilty  of  towards  us,  in  laying  wusto 
our  country  here  in  the  east,  nt  Casco,  nnd 
the  places  adjacent;  pnrticularly, the  horrid 
acliun  Ht  Deerfield,  this  last  winter,  in  killing, 
ninssHcreing,  murdering,  nnd  sculping,  with- 


their  boat!  at  Sharkee's,  nnd   took  their  pri- 1  out  giving  any  notice  nt  nil,  or  opportunity 


soners,  beaver,  and  other  plunder  which  they 
had  got,  and  put  it  into  their  bouts,  nnd  went 
down  to  Uourdun's  house,  where  they  had  lefk 
Lieutenant  Colonel  Uorhnm  and  Major  Hil- 
ton, with  part  of  the  forces  to  guard  the  pri- 
soners, nnd  kept  a  good  look-out  for  more 
of  the  enemy,  who,  upon  the  Colonel's  re- 
turn, gave  him  an  account  thnt  they  hiid 
made  no  discovery  of  the  enemy  since  he 
left  them.  Juft  then  her  majesty's  ships  nnd 
transporta  arriving,  the  commanders  of  her 
majesty's  ships  told  Col.inel  Church  thnt 
they  had  orders  to  go  directly  for  Port-Roynl 
(>nt,  and  wait  the  Cdining  of  some  uliire- 
•liips,  which  were  expected  nt  Port-Roynl 
from  France  ;  and  Colonel  Churtli  advising 
with  them,  proposed  that  it  was  very  ex- 
pedien.  and  serviceable  to  the  Crown,  thnt 
Captain  Southback  in  the  Province  Culley 
should  accompany  them,  which  they  did 
readily  acquiesce  with  him  in.  Upon  which 
the  colonel  immediately  embarked  his  forces 
on  board  the  transports,  and  himself  on 
board  Captain  Jiti'vis ;  ordering  the  com- 
missary of  the  stores,  the  minister,  surgeons, 
and  pilots  all  to  enilmrk  on  board  the  same 
vessel  with  him  ;  ordering  all  the  whale- 
boats  to  be  put  oil  board  the  transports,  and 
then  to  come  to  sail.  The  ships  standing 
away  for  I'ort-Iloyal  Gut,  nnd  Colonel 
Cliiircli  with  the  transports  for  Menis.  In 
their  way  the  colonel  inquired  of  their  pilot 
Follows,  wliiit  depth  of  water  there  was  in 
the  cfi'ek,  near  the  town  of  Menis.  He 
answered  liim  that  there  was  water  enough 
near  ilie  town  to  Hoiit  tliiiP  vessel  they  were 
in  at  low  water.  So  when  coming  near, 
Colonel  Cbnreli  observed  a  woiidy  island 
between  them  anil  the  town,  that  they  run 
up  on  the  back  side  of  the  sai<l  islniid,  with 
all  their  transports  undiscovered  to  thr  enemy, 
and  cnnie  to  anchor.  Then  the  colonel  and 
all  his  forces  embarked  in  the  whale-boats, 
it  being  late  in  the  day,  moved  directly  for 
the  town,  and  in  the  way  asked  for  the  pilot, 
whom  he  expected  was  in  one  of  the  boats  ; 
but  he  had  given  him  the  slip,  and  tarried 
lieliiiid.  The  colonel  not  knowing  the 
difficulties  thnt  might  attend  their  going  up 
to  the  town,  immediately  sent  Lieutenant 
Ciles)  who  could  speak  French,  with  a 
flag  of  truce  up  to  the  town,  with  a  sum- 
mons, which  was  wrote  before  they  iandi'd, 
expecting  their  surrender;  which  is  us  fol- 
lows: 


to  ask  quarter  at  your  bunds  ;  and,  after  nil, 
currying  the  remainder  into  captivity  in  the 
height  of  winter,  of  which  they  killed  many 
in  the  journey,  and  exposed  tlie  rest  to  the 
hardships  of  cohl  nnd  famine,  worse  than 
death  itself.  Which  cruellies  we  are  yet 
every  day  exposed  unto,  nnd  exercised  with. 

>Ve  do  also  declare,  thit  we  have  already 
made  some  beginnings  of  killing  and  scalp- 
ing some  Cnnada  men,(whicli  we  have  nut 
been  wont  to  do  or  allow)  and  are  now  come 
with  n  great  number  of  English  and  Indians, 
nil  volunteers,  with  resolutions  to  subdue  you, 
and  make  you  sensible  of  your  cruelties  to 
us,  by  treating  you  iifter  the  same  manner 

At  this  time  we  expect  onr  men-of-war 
and  transport  ships  to  be  at  Port-Royal 
We  having  but  lately  parted  with  them. 

In  ilie  last  place,  we  do  declare  to  ynig 
that  inasmuch  as  some  of  you  have  shvwr, 
kindness  to  our  captives,  and  expressed  a 
love  to,  nnd  a  desire  of  lieiiig  uiidiT  tl  0 
English  government,  we  do  therefore,  rot- 
witiislandiiig  all  this,  give  you  timely  notice, 
and  do  demiind  a  surrender  iinmediately,  by 
the  laying  down  your  nrnis,  upon  which  we 
promise  very  goud  quarter;  if  liol,  yon  mu4 
expect  the  utmost  severity. 

Benjamin  Ciiuhcii,  Colnml. 
John  Gouiiam,  Litutrnant  Colone^, 
WiNTHnop  Hilton,  Major. 

To  the  Chief  Commander  of  the  town  of 
Menis,  and  the  inhaliitaiits  thereof,  and  wo 
expect  your  answer  positively,  within  un 
hour. 

Then  moving  to  the  ereek,  expecting  to 
have  had  water  eiiou^li  for  liie  lioats,  as  the 
pilot  liiid  iiiformed  them,  but  found  iii;!  watei 
enough  for  a  eaiioe  ;  so  were  obliged  to  hitid, 
intending  to4iave  been  up  at  the  town  before 
the  li(iiirwasout,thiit  the  suniiiioiis expressed, 
(for  their  return  was,  that  if  our  forces 
would  not  hurt  their  estates,  then  they  would 
surrender,  if  otherwise  itileiuled,  tliey  should 
fight  for  them,) but  ineetiii;;  with  several  creeks 
near  twenty  or  thirty  feet  deep,  wliieli  were 
very  niiiddy  and  dirty,  so  that  the  army  could 
not  get  over  them,  was  olili;.')'d  to  return  tc 
their  bouts  agiiin,  ami  wait  till  within  niglit 
before  the  tide  served  them  to  go  np  to  the 
town,  and  then  intended  to  go  up,  and  not  lo 
full  to  till  iiioriiiiiir,  beioL' ill  liopi  »  that  tlis 
banks  of  the  creeks  woulil  shelter  them  frnn) 
the  ciicniy  ;  but  the  tides  rising  so  high,  ei 


htntur*.  I 
I.  I70«. 
Held   OJtfm 

fmcct  for  Iht 
t  French  en«- 


Ri  be  teni  on 
under  u  dag 


my  criivltiei 
Iiiiliiiiiihnva 
lnyiii|t  wufto 
It  Ciiitco,  nnd 
ly.tlie  liiirrid 
ier,  in  killing, 
iiil|iin((,  with- 
'  o|iportiinity 
iind,  after  ii'j, 
ptiviiy  in  the 
r  killed  many 
le  re«t  lo  the 
,  worKe  lliun 
w«  itro  yet 
urcincd  wnh. 
linvH  nlreiidy 
\\f,  ond  icnlp- 
Me  have  nut 
re  now  c«)ine 
iind  Indian*, 
i>  Diilidiieyiiu, 
r  crueltieti  u 
inie  manner 
■  men-of-war 
Port-Royul 
ih  them. 
:liire  to  yotg 
liiive  8li>.!wrt 
expressed  a 
;  utidir  tl  0 
ere  I'll  re,  i  ot- 
iniely  notice, 
nediiUely,  by 
on  wliicli  we 
ml,  vuii  mu4 

nrl. 

nt  Colone^, 

jor. 

'  the  town  of 
reof,  and  wo 
,    wiiliin   un 


expecting  to 

llOlllH,  UK  ilie 
iiiiil  ni;t  Miitei 
ili^i'd  In  hiiid, 
e  town  lielore 
)iis  expressed, 
r  oiir  forces 
■II  they  would 
I,  tliey  slioiild 
scveriil  creeks 
wlilcli  were 
ic  iiriiiy  could 
1(1  reliini  tc 

wiiliiii  iiiulit 
I  ^o  np  to  the 
ip,  iukI  not  to 
lopi  »  tliiii  tlia 
ter  tliem  Irom 
g  so  higli<  el 


KING    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


mt 


Ihiiiii  nil  to  the  enemy,  wlni  had  iliiii  was  good,  aeuordinu  to  hm  instruction*,  and 


I  and  woiids  to  befriend  them.  And  so 
amiie  down  in  the  iiiuht  and  tired  smartly 
at  our  forces  ;  lint  ('olom  I  Church  being  in 
M  |Hniiacu  ihiit  liiid  ii  small  niiiiion  placed 
111  the  head,  ordered  it  to  he  charged  several 
.imes,  with  bullets  in  niiihII  hags,  and  fired  at 
the  enemy,  which  made  such  a  rattling 
ainoiigKt  the  trees,  that  caused  the  enemy  to 
draw  olT;  and  by  the  griMit  providence  of 
Almighty  (lod,  not  one  of  our  forces  was 
hurt  liiat  night ;  but,  as  I  have  been  informed, 
they  had  one  Indian  killed,  and  some  others 
wounded,  which  was  sinne  discouragement 
tn  the  enemy.  Next  morning,  by  break  of 
duy,  Cidonel  Church  ordered  all  his  forces, 
and  placitd  Major  Hilton  on  the  riulit  wing, 
tO  run  all  up,  driving  the  enemy  belore  them, 
who  leaving  their  town  to  our  forces,  but  had 
carried  uway  the  best  of  their  goods,  which 
were  soon  found  by  our  soldiers.  The  bulk 
of  iheenemy  happening  to  lieagainst  our  right 
wing,  caused  the  hottest  dispute  there,  who 
hiy  behind  logs  and  trees,  till  our  forces,  and 
Major  Hilton  who  led  them,  came  un  upon 
them,  and  forced  them  to  run  ;  and  notwith- 
vlanding  the  sharp  tiring  of  the  enemy,  by 
the  repeated  providence  of  God,  there  was 
never  a  man  of  ouni  killed  or  wounded. 

Uur  soldiers  not  having  been  long  in  town 
before  they  found  considerable  quantities  of 
strong  drink,  both  brandy  and  claret,  and 
being  very  greedy  after  it,  especially  the  In- 
dians, were  very  disorderly,  fi.-ing  at  every 
pig,  turkey,  or  fowl  liiey  saw,  of  which  there 
were  very  plenty  in  the  town,  which  endan- 
gered our  own  men.  Colonel  Church  per- 
ceiving tlie  disoiiter,  and  tiring  of  his  own 
moil,  ran  to  put  a  stop  to  it,  haii  several  shot 
come  very  near  him  ;  and  finding  what  had 
occasioned  this  disorder,  commanded  his 
oflicers  to  knock  out  the  heads  of  every  cask 
of  strong  liquor  they  could  tiiid  in  the  town,  to 
prevent  any  further  disturbance  amongst  his 
army  ;  knowing  it  was  iiiipossilile  to  liiive  kept 
itfrom  ihcni,  especially  the  Indians,  if  it  was 
saved.  Then  some  of  the  army,  wlio  wen: 
desirous  to  pursue  the  enemy,  having  heard 
them  driving  away  ;lieir  cattle,  requested  the 
colonel  to  let  them  go  ;  who  did  and  gave 
them  their  orilers. — Captain  Cooke  and  Cap- 
tuin  Ciiiiruli  to  lead  tiie  two  wings,  am! 
Lieiiti.'iiaiit  Darker,  who  led  the  coloiiel'i 
coiiipiiny,  in  the  centre;  ;  and  the  saiil  Cap- 
tain Cooke  and  ('aptniii  Clinrch  desired 
lieutenant  Barker  not  to  move  too  fast,  so 
that  he  might  have  the  benefit  of  their  assis- 
tance, if  he  had  occasion  ;  hut  the  said 
liiMiteniint  iKit  being  so  careful  as  lie  should 
have  been,  or  at  least  was  too  eager,  was  shot 
down,  uiiil  another  man  ;  wimli  were  all  the 
iiK^n  that  were  killed  in  the  whole  expedition. 
Towards  night  'colonel  Church  ordered  some 
iif  his  forces  to  pull  down  soineof  the  houses, 
and  iithci's  t()  gel  lo^js  and  make  a  fortiiica- 
tion  lor  his  whole  army  to  lodge  in  that  night, 
that  so  they  inigiit  be  together :  and  just 
belore  night  ordered  some  of  big  men  to  go 
and  see  if  there  were  any  men  in  any  of  the 
honsi's  ill  the  town  ;  if  not,  to  set  them  all  on 
til')',  which  was  done,  and  the  whole  town 
seiMiied  to  be  on  tire  all  ut  once.  The  next 
nMriiing  the  colonel  gave  orders  to  his  men 
to  dig  down  the  dams,  and  let  the  tide  in  to 
de^'j-ty  all  t!:cir  coru,  uiid  every  thing  that 


lu  burn  the  fortifliiatinn  which  they  had  built 
the  day  before,  and  when  the  tide  served  to 
put  all  their  plunder  which  they  had  got  into 
the  bouts.  Then  ordering  his  stildiers  to 
march  at  a  good  distance  one  from  another ; 
which  caused  the  enemy  to  think  that  there 
were  no  less  than  n  thousand  men,  as  they 
said  afterwards,  and  that  their  burning  of 
the  fortification,  and  doing  as  they  did, caused 
the  enemy  lo  think  that  they  were  gone  clear 
otr,  and  not  lo  return  again.  Out  it  proved 
to  the  contrary,  for  Colonel  Clinrch  and  his 
forces  only  went  iibonrd  their  transports,  and 
there  Ntaid  till  the  tide  served  ;  in  the  night 
embarked  on  board  their  whale-boats,  landed 
some  of  Ills  men,  expecting  they  inighl  meet 
with  some  of  the  enemy  mending  theirdiims ; 
which  they  did,  and  with  their  boats  went 
up  nnother  branch  of  the  river,  to  another 
town  or  village  ;  upon  such  a  surprise  took 
as  many  prisoners  as  they  could  desire.  And 
it  happened  that  Colonel  Church  was  at  the 
French  captain's  house  when  two  gentlemen 
cuine  post  from  thn  governor  of  Pnrt-Itoynl 
to  him,  who  was  the  chief  conimiinder  at 
Meni*,  with  an  express  to  send  iiwny  two 
companiefl  of  men  to  defend  the  king's  fort 
there,  and  to  give  him  an  account,  that  there 
were  three  English  men-of-war  come  into 
I'ort-Royal  (lut  or  harbor ;  and  that  the 
men  sent  for  must  be  (losted  nway  with  all 
■peed.  Colonel  Church,  as  was  said  before, 
being  there,  treated  the  two  gentlemen  \ery 
handsomely,  and  told  them,  he  would  send 
them  back  again  post  to  their  mastf.<r  on  his 
business  ;  and  bid  them  give  him  his  hearty 
thanks  for  sending  him  such  good  news,  that 
part  of  his  Heet  was  in  so  good  a  harbor. 
Then  reading  the  siliniiions  to  them  thai  he 
had  sent  to  Aleiiis,  further  added,  that  their 
master,  the  governor  of  Port-lloyal,  must 
iininediatuly  send  away  a  post  to  tlie  gover- 
nor of  Canada,  at  Quebec,  to  prevent  bis 
further  sending  any  of  his  cruel  and  bloody 
I'Vcnch  and  s.ivnges,  as  he  had  done  lately 
upon  Deerfield,  where  they  had  committed 
such  horrible  and  bloody  outrages  upon  those 
poor  people  that  never  did  them  any  harm,  ns 
is  iiit(denible  to  think  of;  and  that  for  the  fu- 
ture, if  any  such  hostilities  wee  made  upon 
our  frontier  towns,  or  any  of  them,  he  would 
come  oat  with  n  tlioiisnnd  savages  and 
whale-boats  convenient,  and  turn  his  back 
upon  them,  and  let  his  savages  scalp  and 
roast  the  French  ;  or  at  least  treat  them  as 
their  savages  had  treated  ours.  Also  gave 
them  an  account  of  part  of  that  action  at 
FassMinequado,  and  that  his  stddiers  had 
killed  and  scalped  sonic  Canada  men  there, 
and  would  bo  glud  to  siTve  them  so  too,  if 
lie  would  permit  them,  which  territied  them 
verv  much.  The  two  French  gentlemen 
that  came  post,  made  solemn  promises  that 
they  would  punctually  do  the  colonel's  mes- 
saije  to  their  governor.  So  with  the  desire 
of  the  French  people  there  that  the  governor 
■night  have  this  intelligence.  Colonel  Church 
dismissed  them,  and  sent  them  away  ;  telling 
the  same  story  to  several  of  the  prisoners, 
and  what  they  must  expect  if  aoxne  speedy 
course  was  not  taken  to  prevent  further  out- 
rages upon  the  English.  The  number  of 
prisoners  then  present,  whioh  were  consider- 
able, did  unauiuiousljr  euticvt  of  Colonel 


ChHrcli  that  he  would  take  thefn  under  tbc 
proleciion  of  the  crtiwn  of  Enghiniii  mA- 
ing  great  prtiinises  of  llieir  (idelily  to  the 
same,  begging  with  great  agony  of  spirit  tn 
save  ,eir  lives,  niid  to  protect  iheni  from  hii 
savages,  whom  they  extremely  dreaded.  Al 
lo  the  matter  of  the  savages,  lie  told  them,  il 
would  he  just  retaliation  for  him  lo  perinil 
his  savages  to  treat  the  French  in  the  same 
maiiner  as  the  French  with  their  saviigei 
treated  our  friends  in  uur  frontier  towns ;  but 
as  to  his  taking  them  under  the  protection  of 
the  crown  of  England,  he  utterly  refused  it, 
urging  to  them  their  former  perfidiousneM ; 
they  niso  urging  to  him  that  it  would  be  iin> 
possible  for  any  French  to  live  any  where  in 
the  Bay  of  Fundy,  if  ihey  were  not  taken 
under  tlie  English  government ;  fur  with  ihu 
benefit  of  whale-boats,  ns  the  English  call 
them,  they  could  take  and  destroy  nil  llioit 
people  in  the  town  of  Menis,  in  one  niglib 
liul  he  replied  to  them,  it  should  never  he  ; 
alleging  to  them  that  when  they  were  so 
before,  when  Porl-Koyal  was  taken  by  the 
English,  that  it  proved  of  very  ill  conse- 
quence In  the  crown  of  England,  and  the 
subjects  thereof  in  our  frontiers  ;  for  thai 
our  English  traders  supplying  them,  enabled 
them  (which  opportunity  they  improved)  to 
supply  the  Indians,  our  bloody  enemies ;  and 
therefore  he  could  make  no  other  lerins  of 
peace  with  them  than  that,  if  the  French  n 
Menis,  Signecto,  and  Canat!.i,  would  keep  nt 
home  with  llieir  bloody  savages,  and  not 
coi:imit  any  hostilities  upon  any  of  our  tron- 
tiers, we  would  return  home  and  leave  them; 
for  that  we  lived  at  a  great  distance  off*,  ami 
had  not  come  near  them  to  hurt  them  now, 
had  not  the  blood  of  onr  poor  friends  and 
brethren  in  all  the  frontiers  of  oi||l-  province 
cried  for  vengeance  ;  especially  that  late  nn- 
henrd-of  barbarity  committed  upon  the  town 
of  Deerfield  ;  which  wrought  so  generally 
on  the  hearts  of  onr  people,  that  onr  forces 
eame  out  with  that  unanimity  oi  spirit,  both 
among  the  English  and  onr  savages,  that  we 
had  not,  nor  needed  a  pressed  man  among 
litem.  The  colonel  also  telling  them,  that 
if  ever  hereafter  any  of  our  frontiers,  east 
or  west  were  molested  by  them,  as  formerly, 
that  he  would,  if  God  spared  his  life,  return 
upon  them  with  a  thousand  of  his  savages, 
if  he  wanted  ihein,  all  vidnnteers,  with  onr 
whale-boats,  and  would  pursue  them  to  tliu 
last  extremity.  The  colonel's  warm  dis- 
course with  lli«in  wrought  such  n  consterna- 
tion in  them,  which  they  discovered  by  their 
fears,  their  hearts  sensibly  heating,  and  rising 
u[i  as  it  were  ready  to  choke  them  ;  confessetl 
they  were  nil  his  prisoners,  and  begged  of 
him,  for  Jesus'  sake,  to  save  their  lives,  and 
the  lives  of  their  poor  families,  with  such 
melting  terms,  ns  wrought  relentings  in  tiie 
coluiiel's  breast  towards  them  ;  but  however, 
he  told  them,  that  bis  intent  was  to  carry 
ns  inany  prisoners  i:oinc  ns  .ie  could,  bu 
that  he  hud  taken  so  mnny  tSicy  wrru  more 
than  be  had  occasion  f'.>r,  nor  desired  any 
more,  and  therefore  he  would  leave  them. 
The  colonel  resolving  the  next  day  tn  com ' 
plete  all  liis  action  at  Menis  and  to  draw  otT, 
accordingly,  sent  his  orders  to  Colon-d  Gor- 
ham  and  Major  Hilton,  with  nil  the  Engliih 
cnmpanies,  both  ofiicers  and  soldiers,  escepi 
some  few,  which  he  thought  he  might  bar* 


;^ 


1 


li 


m 

inn    : 

Hill  i 


t 


'"I 


m 


KINn    PIIII.IP'H    WAR. 


•cciiiiiiiii  lor,  In  fo  with  llie  liidiitiii  in  lliu 
wliiili'-lHHiit  lip  liiu  fH»li»iirii  riviT,  wlivra  a 
'liiiil  |iiirt  ol' llii!  iiiliiil>iltiiil<  livi'il ;  iliiit  ■<• 
hi'  unftUi  iiri'vuiit  iiiiy  ri'llvciinii  iiuulu  on 
•  lii'iii,  in  li-iiviiiK  liny  jiiirt  ol'  lliu  mi'I'vicii  iiii> 
diiiii'.  And  llii-ri'liiru  in  (liu  »vviiiiii{  nriltTuil 
nil  ilii'  wIiuIu-IhiiiU  to  litt  iiiul  ri'iiily  lor  tliu 
iiikIii'i  nirviuis  anil  iiccorilin^lv,  wlini  tliii 
lliitr  HI  'v.  il,  liii  wunt  Willi  lii«  liiiliiiiiM  u|i  till' 
rivt'i',  \«  lirru  .livy  iliil  loinr  iiiuil  ii|inii    ilir 


livr  liiiijiiily'*  lubjuclii  to  net  im  iiImivu  invn- 
lioiifd.  Thuinim  Miiiilli, 

(■t.'orgo  Roger*,      ('y|iriiiii  tioiiilnick. 

AAt'rtliit,  tlivy  coiirlniluil  wluii  tlioiiM  In- 
next  iloiii! ;  wliioli  wim,  llnK  tliu  uliipii  ■lioiilil 
Dliiy  lonii!  iliiy>4  loii|ri'r  nt  Piirt-Koyiil  (>iil, 
mill  ilii'ii  gn  ovor  In  Monnt-Di'imrt  liiirliinir, 
mill  llifrii  Nliiy  till  Coloni'l  ('Inircli  willi  hia 
lninii|iiirlii  umiii)  to  tlii'in.     UfiiiK  nil  rrniiy. 


cncniy  j:oiiiK  n|i.     Ill  tint  niiirniii);  Hrvrrnl  of  llir  rolmii'l  with   lii»  triiniiporta  miil    I'orvi'a 


llirii  li'iini>|Mirla  uunie  to  inri'l  tlii'in,  in  lliiir 
([I'ral  rjoiuiii)!,  wliuin  llit-y  tvi'iit  on  lioiirti, 
••iiilaooii  uiiniu  n|i  with  llii)  wholu  tlt'i't,  with 
•wlioiii  tlii'y  joinuti,  hunilinf;  tliuir  ciiiiriii.' 
ifircotly  towniJi  I'ort-Koyal,  wlu-rr  lliry  wvtv 
rrd«ri'd.  Coming  to  I'ort-lloyul  (iiii,  n  livri 
lliitir  nliiiM  wiTf,  mill  uiilliiiK  ii  uounuil  nc- 
•"iriliiiK  to  Inn  iiiMlructioiK,  ilrew  ufi  tlivir  re- 
sult, which  M  ii»  lollowii  :— 

I'reuitt  all  the  Field  OJieert,  and  Caplain$ 
of  th*  litiui  furctt, 

/tboarJ  the  I'riwinee  Guilty,  \th  July,  1704, 
IM  I'oil-Ruyal  harbour. 

We  whofu  iiiimi'ii  iiru  hereunto  aubiioribod, 
liiiviii);  ih.'lilH'niti'ly  uonsiderud  tliu  uiiuiie  in 
liitiiil,  whuther  il  liu  |troper  to  land  nil  our 
forcex,  to  olFi'iid  iiiid  dt'ntroy  nii  iiiilch  iia  wu 
ciiii  lit  I'ort-itoyiil,  nil  or  iiiiy  piirt  of  tliu  in- 
hubitnnla  thereof,  mid  tlitir  enlntea,  wo  iiru 
of  o|iiiiioii,  that  it  is  not  lor  our  intereat  nnd 
bailor,  iind  tint  country's  whom  we  aerve,  to 
Innd  or  fX|ioaii  onrselvea;  but  quit  it  wholly, 
•lid  Ko  on  iiiioiit  our  other  buainea.'i  we  luve 
to  do,  for  thin  reiiaon,  thiit  we  JHdi;e  ouraelvei 
inferior  to  the  alreii^lh  of  .liu  eiieniy  ;  nnd 
thereforu  tliu  dnnjrer  nnd  rit>k  wu  run,  it 
creuter  than  the  u(lvuntn){u  wu  can,  or  »re 
likely  to  olitni-i,  neeiiij;  the  enemy  liiilh  auch 
timely  iiotiue,  mnl  lont(  o|)|iortuiiily  to  pri, 
vide  themselves  n^iiiiiHt  im,  by  our  8lii|is  lyin|{ 
lieru  in  thu  road  uhoiit  twelve  dayii,  befnre 
we  could  join  llieni  froiu  Meiiia,  where  wu 
were  during  that  tiinu,  and  lieiii^  ao  very 
meanly  providi  <l  with  nece!<!iaries  convenient 
for  audi  an  nndertakiii!!  with  ao  small  a  iiuni- 
ber  of  inun,  not  heiiijj;  above  lour  liiiiidred 
capable  anil  lit  for  service  to  land  ;  and  uii- 
derKtaniliiii;  by  all  ihe  inlelli^eiice  wu  can 
get  iViini  biiili  I'ln^ilisih  and  I'Vuiich  |irisoiier.'^, 
that  till'  lort  I*  I'.vceediiiifiy  .^tr(iii<;. 
Juiin  Uorhaiii,  Lieut.  Col. 

Wintlirop  lliitiin,  3Iajor. 
(.'oiiiflmit  Church, 
John  Dyer, 
Joshua  Lamb, 
('alub  Williamaon, 
Edward  Church, 
to    my    inatriictioii!!, 
token  the  advice  of  thu  gentlemen  above  aub- 
■cribeil,  and  contiidering  thu  weight  of  their 
ruaauna,  I  do  concur  therewith. 

U£i\J.  CliURCi; 

Wherena  Colonel  Church  Imtli  deaired  our 
opiniona,  aa  to  tlic  lanilin>;  the  forces  at  Port- 
Koyal,  they  bein:;  but  four  hundrud  effective 
men  to  land,  and  by  all  the  information  both 
of  French  nnd  Ungliah  priaonera,  the  enemy 
having  a  greater  iiiiiiilier  of  men,  and  much 
bol'or  provided  to  receive,  than  they  are  to 
attack  tliein.  We  do  believe  it  is  for  the  sur- 


Joa.  Drown, 
Jaiiiea  Cole, 
Jolin  (.'link, 
laiuic  Myrick, 
John  llarradon. 
Having,     pursuant 


went    lip  the   buy  to    8igiiecto,  where    they 
needed  not  a  pilot,  being  aeveral  of  them  well 
iiiM|iiaintud  there ;  and   linil  not  met  wiili  ao 
many  dilHculliei  nt   Menia,  lind  it  not  been 
ihat  their  pilot  deceived  ilium;  who  knew 
nothing  of  the   matter,  kept  out  of  thu  way 
mid  landed  not  with  them.      And  coming  to 
Signecio,  the  enemy  were  all  in  nrina  ready 
to  ri'ui'ive  lliem.     Colonel  Church    Imidiii;; 
Ilia  men,  the  cnmmiinder  of  tite  enemy  wav- 
ing Ilia  aword  over  hi*  hend,  bid  a  challeiigu 
to  tburn.  The  colonel  nrderiiiK  Ilia  two  wiiiua 
to   ninrcli  up  a   pace,  and  emne  upon   the 
bncka  of  the  enemy,  liimaelf  U'iiig    in  thu 
centre,  and  the  eiieniy  knowing  him,  having 
brim  there  In-fore,  aliot  chiefly  at   liiin  ;  but 
through  (lod'a  goodneaa  received   no  harm, 
neither  bad  ho  one  man  killed,  nor  but  two 
slightly  wounded,  nnd  then  all  ran   into  thu 
wooda,  and   left  their  town  with  iinthing  in 
it,  having  bad  timely  notice  of  our  forceii, 
had  carried  all  nwny  out  of  the  reach  of  our 
army  ;  for  Colonel  Cniirch  while  tlieru  with 
piirt  of  Ilia  forcea  ranged  the  wooda,  but  to  no 
purpoae.     Then   returning  to  the  town,  did 
them  what  spoil  he  could,  nucording  to  liia 
inatriiclioiia,  and  «o  drew  off,  and  iiiadu  the 
beat  of  tlieir  way   for  Pnaaameqiiado,  and 
going  in,  in  a  great  fog,  one  of  their  truiia- 
porta  ran  upon  a  rock,  hut  was  anon   got  ofT 
again.     Then  Colonel  Cliiireli  with  aome  of 
Ilia  forcea  embarked  in  their  '.vliaie-boati-,  and 
went  amoiigat  the  iahinda,  with  mi  intent  to 
!Xo  to  SharUce'a,  where  they  had  deatroyed 
the  fi!ih ;  but  obaerving  n  apriiigy  place  in  a 
cove,  went   on  ahoru  to  get  aonie   water  to 
drink  ;  it  being  a  aandy  beach,  they  eapied 
tracka,  the  colonel  presently  ordered  hia  men 
to    scatter,   and   iiiaku    aenrcli ;  aooii   found 
l)u  Uoiaae'a  wife,  who  had  formerly  been 
Colonel    Chnrcli'a  priaoner,  and  carried  to 
ISoaton  ;  but  returned,  who  aeeiiied   glail  to 
seu   him.     SSlie   bad  with    her  two  moiih  that 
were  near  mun  grown.    The  ciilnnel  ordering 
them  apart,  examined  the  woman  fir^t,  who 
gave    him   this  account  following,  that  mIic 
had   lived    tlicreaboula  ever   since   thu  lluet 
went  by,  and  that   she  bad   never  seen   Imt 
two  Indiana  aince,  who  cmnu  in  a  caiiou  from 
Norrigwock  ;  who  asked  her,  what  inadu  her 
to  lie  there  alone  ?     She  told  them,  alio  had 
not  seen  a  Frencbmnn  ifor  an  Indian,  except 
those  two  aince  the  English  ahips  went  by. 
Then  the    Indians  told    her  there  was  not 
one  Indian  left  except  tboac  two,  who  belong 
to  the  Gut  of  Canao,  on  this  side  of  Canada; 
for  those  friara  coming  down  with   tiie  In- 
diana   to    M.    Gourdana,    nnd    finding   tlie 
Frenclimun    alaiii,  nnd    their    hair  apoiled, 
being  acniped,  put  them  into  n  great  cini- 
Kteriintion ;  and  the  friara  told  them  it  was 
iinpoaaible  for  tliem  to  live  tlu'reabonts,  for 
the   English    with  their    wbalc-lioata  would 


vio  of  the  crown,  and  the  prcaervotiou  ofjaerve  them  all  lo ;  upon  which  tlicy  all  went 


to  Norrigwoek  :  »\m>  told   her  that  when  iha 

Kligliali  CI alone  thriniuh  i'l'^iilineol,  llify 

had  awi'pt  It  iif  llie  inliidiilanH,  i\t  if  it  IiihI 
been  swept  with  ii  liiiiiiiii,  iii'IIIh  r  French 
nor  llidians  eHeapiiiu  lliiin  :  I'lirlher  loM  her 
that  when  iheir  liilliirK,  llie  fiiaiK,  mid  iha 
Indimia  met  tiiuellier  al  IN'iM'i'iuwuek  lliejf 
called  a  eiiiineil,  and  llie  fiinrt  liilil  iln-  In. 
diaiia,  that  they  iiiiii-t  limk  mil  fur  tonie  other 
ciiiintry,  fur  tlmt  it  ivaa  inipnnnilile  l.ir  llieiii 
to  live  llici'i' ;  iiIho  tiilil  tlii'iii  lliii'e  wiin  a  river 
called  Moaaippee,  where  they  iiiiulit  liva 
ipiielly,  and  no  F.iiglinh  eomu  near  ihiiii'— it 
being  aa  far  beyond  ('aiiiida.  as  it  waa  to  it, 
mill  if  they  would  go  mid  live  there,  they 
would  live  and  die  with  them,  but  if  not  lh«y 
would  k-ave  them,  and  never  come  near  them 
ngaiii.  VVhereiipoii  ihey  all  agreed  to  gn 
away  ;  which  they  did,  and  lell  their  i-oiikIi 
hoiiaehold  «tnff,  mid  corn  behind  them,  miH 
went  all,  exce|it  iho.-iii  two  for  Canada.  Alao 
her  sons  giving  the  same  intelligeiice,  ao  wo 
had  no  reason  to  i!::::!;  !:;;:  ili,,,  it  -.V!*^  true. 

Colonel  Church  having  done  what  he 
could  there,  emhaiki'd  on  board  tint  trans* 
porta,  mid  went  to  Mrunt-Deaart,  found  no 
aliipa  there,  but  a  rundlei  ild  off  by  a  line  in 
the  hnrlioiir,  which  he  ordctrd  to  be  taken 
lip,  mill  opening  of  it  found  >l  'etier,  winch 
gave  him  mi  iiecoiint  that  the  r'lip'i  wire 
i;iini-  hoiiie  for  iloaton.  Then  lierl  iceeded 
mid  went  to  I'eiiohiicol ;  where  beiii^-  eome, 
Hindu  diligent  search  in  those  porta  krtiw 
enemy,  but  could  not  find  or  make  any  dis- 
covery of  them,  or  thill  any  bad  been  there 
aince  be  left  tlioae  parts,  which  caused  him 
to  believe  what  De  lloiaae's  wifi.-  had  tuld 
him  waa  true. 

I  will  only  by  the  way  just  L'ive  ii  hint  of 
what  we  lieard  Hiiice  of  the  effects  of  this  ex- 
pedition, and  then  proreeil;  First,  that  the 
Eiiiiliah  forces  that  Meiit  to  Norrigwoek, 
found  that  the  eiHTuy  waa  gum,  and  had 
left  their  riiiigh  lioioiehidd  atiitf  and  corn  be- 
hind tliein;  alao  nut  long  iifier  this  expeili- 
lion  llii'iewr;e  several  ;;i'ntleinen  sentdown 
from  Canada,  to  coneerl  with  our  governor 
about  the  aettling  of  a  cartile  for  the  ex- 
change of  prisoners;  mid  that  the  goveiY^>.T 
of  Cminda  has  never  since  sent  ilowii  nn 
army  upon  oiir  frontiers,  except  sometimes  o 
FCiiiit  of  liidiaii.-i  to  lake  snme  prisoners,  tlliM 
he  ini<>lit  be  infnrnii'd  of  our  slate,  and  what 
wu  were  acting;  and  iiIwiivh  tooU  care  tiinl 
the  prisiiners  so  taken  should  lie  ei«  illy  treiil- 
ed,  and  safely  relnrned,  as  I  have  been  in- 
formed ;  that  some  of  the  pri»iiiiers  that  were 
taken  gave  an  aceoiint ;  so  that  sve  have 
great  cause  to  believe  that  the  inesciige  Colo- 
nel Cliiii'ch  sent  by  the  two  r  rciieh  gcnilemen 
from  Meiiis,*n  the  governor  of  I'ort-Royid, 
took  effect,  mid  was  n  ini'ans  to  bring  peace 
in  our  borders.  Then  Colonel  Chiireli  with 
hia  forces  embarked  on  board  the  traiispnrla, 
and  went  to  Casco-Uay,  where  they  inel  with 
Captain  Cnllop,  in  n  vessi  I  from  Iloslon, 
who  had  brought  Colonel  Church  fnrlhei 
orders  ;  which  was  lo  send  some  of  his  fcrcca 
lip  to  Norrrigwoek,  in  pursuit  of  the  enemy; 
but  be  being  sensible  that  the  enemy  wire 
out,  and  fatigued  in  the  hard  service  they 
had  already  done,  and  wanted  to  get  home, 
called  a  council,  and  agreed  all  to  go,  which 
accordingly  they  dvl,  tlins  ending  tliin  CZ' 
peditioii. 


'  tliiit  whvn  iha 
'I'tiiilmi'ot,  iliyy 
t.4,  111  il'  it  IiimI 
I'ltlii  r  l''r)!iioh 
irlhi-r  tiilil  licr 
I'liiiin,  mill  iha 
ii'UWiick  lliejf 
rt  liilil  till'  III, 
I'lir  iiiiiif  iitliur 

Hnlllll-  t,ir  llll'lll 

cir  \vii«  II  river 
7    iiiiulit    livt 

iM'iir  lliriii— it 
iiM  it  wiiH  III  il, 
VII  iIhmi',  tlii'jr 
liiit  if  not  \hef 
iiiiii-  iii'iir  ilii'in 

ii|;i'('<'<l  lo  fin 
■t\  tlii'ir  I'oiiifli 
iiiil  thrill,  iiiid 
''iiiiiiilii.  Aim 
ll^ciici',  fii  wo 
It  it  «■:••'  ^rue. 
iiiiii  wliiit  he 
iiril  thtt  Iriiiis- 
mirl,  foil  11(1  no 
iff  \ty  II  liiii'  ill 
J  to  he  tiikrii 

ll  V'tllT,  Wllll-ll 

II'  f'lipi  will) 
I  hi!  tiici't'ili'U 
1!  Iifiiij,'  I'P'ne, 
piirts  krth« 
iiiiikc  (III)'  dia- 
111(1  lict'ii  there 
•h  ciiMM'il  him 
wifi!  Imil  told 

ffive  II  hint  of 
I'cts  of  this  ex- 
l''irst,  ihnt  the 
Norriijwock, 
:iiiii ,  mill  hiid 
Y  anil  corn  lie- 
T  tlii.M  c.xpeili- 
iicii  t!('iit(Jow°n 
I  our  f;ov<?rnor 
(?  for  the  ex- 
i  tiie  (rovemi.» 
)(>iit  ilown  nn 
l>t  iionu'tinit'8  a 
IH'i.ioiif  r?,  lliD4 
iliitc,  mill  wl.ai 
ooK  cure  timi 
liir  civilly  trt'iit- 
hiivc  lici'ii  in> 

llltTM  lllllt  WITC 

thill  we  hiivc 
iiii'f>i;i{je  Colo- 
\H:l\  •triulcnicn 
if  rort-Roviil, 
to  hriii^  pi'iico 
'I  Church  with 
till!  triiiisporrti, 
;  tiii-y  iiu>|  with 
from  ISojiton, 
liiirch  fiirthi'i 
w  of  hi»  fcrcci 
of  the  eiiciiiy  j 
1.'   eiieisiy  wrre 

I  service  tlicy 
H  to  get  home, 

II  to  go,  which 
idiiig  tliiij  ez' 


APPENDIX. 


CONTrNTJATION    OF   HISTORY   OF  THE   UNITED    STATES. 


CHAPTER  XXXV. 

ADHINIRTRATIONB   OF  ORANT   AND   HATKa. 

The  very  important  work  of  reviaing  the 
United  Stato  ntattitos  was  compiotod,  and 
finally  ndoptod  in  the  latter  port  of  ProHJ- 
dent  Grant's  odminiatration.  DeciaionH 
wero  rendered  by  the  United  Statea  8a- 
preme  Court,  patting  at  rent  disputed 
points  as  to  the  meaning  of  the  13th,  14tb, 
and  I5th  Amendments  to  the  Constitution. 
A  oonventiou  of  delegates  assembled  at 
Chattanooga,  on  the  13tb  of  October,  1874, 
and  iHsneu  on  important  manifesto  upon 
tb«  condition  and  needs  of  the  Southern 
States.  Many  conventions  oil  ihe  National 
Grangers  mot,  and  their  proceedings  have 
had  a  largo  moosuro  of  iniluonco  on  ogri- 
oultoral  and  transit  measures.  Sixteen 
Htates  wnt  delegates  to  a  Woman's  Na- 
tional Temperance  Convention  that  assem- 
bled in  Cleveland,  in  November.  A  liberal 
appropriation  was  granted  by  Congress  to 
ai(I  in  the  introduction  of  food-yielding  fish 
in  the  principal  rivers  of  the  country.  The 
financial  condition  of  the  coimtry  continued 
greatly  depressed.  Opposito  paxties  urged 
contraction  or  expansion  as  the  proper 
solution  of  the  diflSculty.  The  Government 
took  sides  with  aeitber,  but.  kept  on  in  its 
usual  course.  Nearly  $6,000,000  of  the 
public  debt  w<is  cancelled  this  fiscal  year. 
The  grand  ',x>tal  of  the  United  States  debt 
amounted  to  $2,25 1, G90,458. 43.  An  emi- 
nent authority  gives  the  number  of  failures 
during  1874  as  5,830  ;  total  indebtedness 
$I55,'^;)9,000.  Many  events  of  an  exciting 
nature  happened  in  Louisiana,  arising  from 
contosta  bc^tween  the  political  parties. 

During  the  year  1875,  Gyrge  II.  Wil- 
liams resigned  as  Attorney-General  and 
was  succeeded  by  Edwards  Piorrepont. 
Hoth  of  these  gentlemen  were  favorably 
known  as  lawyers  and  political  writers  and 
speakers.  In  July,  Columbus  Delano  re- 
signed as  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  to  be  kuc- 
ceedcd  in  September  by  Zochariah  Chandler. 
Francis  E.  Spinner,  who  had  long  filled 
the  office  of  Treasurer,  resigned,  and  the 
place  was  filled  by  John  C.  New.  In  April 
Daniel  D.  Pratt  succeeded  J,  W.  Dougkis 
as  Commissioner  of  Internal  T'evenue  The 
G0untz;y  sastained  a  great  lost,  by  the  death 


of  Vice-President  Henry  Wilson.  Kxtcn- 
sivn  frauds  were  discovered  in  the  whisky 
returns  of  revenue,  and  the  nefarious  sys- 
tem broken  nii.  It  was  decided  by  the 
Chief  Justice  ttiat  the  Constitution  of  the 
United   States  does    not   confer   suffrage 

rn  any  one  ;  it  can  be  done  by  the  States 
le.  'frado  continued  paralvzed,  and  the 
subject  of  gold  and  greenbacks,  and  tisir 
relatiim  to  the  prostration  of  business,  was 
fiercely  agitated,  but  no  legislative  action 
was  taken.  During  the  fisoal  year  ending 
June  30,  1875,  the  public  debt  was  reduced 
$14,344,514.84.  Tlie  contract  for  refunding 
the  debt  was  renewed.  The  total  amount 
of  debt  was  $a,232,'.284,581.25.  The  high- 
est price  of  golil  was  on  October  6th,  1 1?} ; 
the  lowest,  on  January  16th,  111).  Im- 
migration becoming  less  and  less,  had  some- 
what stayed  the  decline  in  wages. 

William  W.  Belknop  resigned  the  situa- 
tion of  Secretary  of  War  in  President 
Grant's  Cabinet,  m  1870,  and  his  successor 
was  Alphonso  Taft ;  this  occurred  in  March. 
In  June,  Lot  M.  Morrill,  of  Maine,  suc- 
ceeded Benjamin  H.  Bristow  os  Secretary 
of  the  Treasiuy.  In  July,  Marshall  Jewell, 
resigning  the  Postmaster-Generalship,  was 
succeeded  by  James  N.  Tyner  ;  J.  Donald 
Cameron  took  the  place  of  Mr.  Toft  as  Sec- 
retary of  War,  Mr.  T.  becoming  Attor- 
ney-General. This  being  the  Centennial 
year  of  American  Independence,  a  iioblo  Ex- 
hibition took  place  in  Philadelphia,  which 
in  size  and  success  was  not  surpassed  by 
any  of  a  Uke  kind.  Every  foreign  nation 
sent  exhibits  and  congratulatory  messages, 
and  onr  whole  people  took  a  warm  inter- 
est in  the  auspicious  affair.  The  Main 
building  was  very  spacious,  covering  no 
less  than  twenty  acres,  and  costing  upwards 
of  one  and  a  half  milli;>ns  of  dollars.  The 
horticulttiral  grounds  occupied  a  space  of 
about  forty  acres.  The  Women's  Pavilion 
was  well  filled  by  the  productions  of  fernale 
ingenuity,  skill,  and  genius,  and  exhibited 
productions  from  almost  every  civiUzed  and 
semi-civilized  people.  The  total  sum  used 
in  building  and  getting  the  exhibition  into 
order,  was  six  and  a  halt  millions  of  dol- 
lars. The  total  receipts  more  than  doubled 
those  of  a-  y  other  World's  Fair.  The  re- 
ceipts for  admissions  were  $3,813,749; 
other  Bomoes  of  income,  $4,308,660.  Peter 
i  Cooper  was  nominated  for  President  by  the 
I  National  Greenback  Convention.    At  Ciu- 


oinnati  R.  0.  Ha^ca  received  the  National 
Republican  nomination  for  President.  At 
St.  Louis  Samuel  J,  Tilden  received  the 
National  Democratic  nomination  for  Pres- 
ident As  the  election  returns  were  dia> 
piited,  an  arrangement  was  entered  into  by 
Congress  ;  the  result  was  that  Rutherford 
1).  Hayes  was  declared  to  be  elected  Presi- 
dent and  William  A.  Wheeler,  Vice-Presi- 
dent.  Continued  deprossion  marked  almost 
every  interest,  and  tnere  was  a  general  lack 
of  anything  like  enterprise,  capitalist* 
seeming  to  distrust  any  new  investment.  lu 
the  fisod  year  ending  June  80,  1876,  the 
debt  was  lessened  |29,840,88L33.  In 
August,  1876,  an  arrangement  was  mada 
for  negotiating  $40,000,000  of  4^  per  cent 
bonds.  The  debt,  on  the  30th  of  Juno, 
1876,  amounted  to  $2,180,396,007.16.  The 
total  coinage  in  aU  the  mints  this  year 
amounted  to  $57,605,815.00.  The  total 
exports  amounted  to  $340,384,671.  Im- 
ports, $400,741,190.  During  this  year 
there  was  a  decUne  of  nearly  000,000  tons 
of  shipping.  There  was  a  small  decline  in 
the  price  of  nearly  all  the  leading  stocka 
and  Donds. 

Previous  to  the  inauguration  of  Ruther- 
ford B.  Hayes,  there  was  the  most  intense 
excitement  tbrouffhout  the  country,  on  the 
question  of  the  rightfulness  of  the  decision 
which  declared  him  the  President  elect. 
There  was,  at  the  same  time,  a  vast  differ- 
ence of  opinion  as  to  the  propriety  of  bis 
"new  departure"  upon  what  has  been 
generally  called  thu  Southern  Question. 
\Vhile  a  majority  of  RepuUicans  may  have 
coincided  in  his  views,  a  very  large  minority 
of  his  own  party  decidedly  differed  from  hia 
opinion,  and  foreboded  disastrous  results  to 
the  country  likely  to  follow  from  his,  as- 
they  expressed  it,  "  hasty  and  ill-conaidered 
change  of  base  in  the  presence  of  the  ene- 
my." The  Democratic  party,  on  the  con- 
trary, gave  Mr.  Hayes  and  his  measures  a 
miM  support.  They  did  not  mind  receiving 
gifts  even  from  "  the  Greeks."  On  the  6tS 
of  March,  1877,  Rutherford  B.  flaps  was 
inaugurated  with  the  usual  formalities,  hav- 
ing privately  taken  the  oath  of  office  on  the 
preceding  day,  Sunday,  to  prevent  tho 
possibility  of  a  technical  objection  to  hia 
right  to  the  office.  In  his  inan^ral  address 
he  alluded  to  most  of  the  leading  topics  of 
the  times,  in  substance  as  follows  : 

"  Many  calamitous  effects  of  the  tremend 


\i  I 


otu  roTolutioa  of  llio  Southorn  SUto*  «till 
romitin.  Th«  iminoaanrnblo  lMiiii<AtH  which 
will  minily  follow,  Imvii  not. yi>l  Imn>ii  roiilisi'il. 
1>ifflcult  (iiinHtioim  infMtt  um  atthn  thrpNhold 
'Hie  iwoplii  of  thoM  Mtatea  ftra  Htill  iiniiOT- 
i'l-lNhuii,  and  pcnounil  iolf-governin(<nt  ia  not 
fully  (tnjoyiNl  liut  it  iniiiit  not  bo  forKotton 
that  only  a  local  government  which  main- 
tain* inviolate  the  righta  of  »ll,  ia  a  true  wit'- 
government. 

"  With  reapeot  to  the  two  diatinot  rncoii, 
vhoNo  peoulior  relaliona  to  each  otiior  have 
broii;{ht  upon  na  the  deplorable  oomplica- 
tiouH  iind  perplexities  which  eziit  in  th  me 
Htatc%  it  moat  be  a  government  which 
guards  the  intereata  of  lx>th  rooea  carefully 
and  oqnnlly. 

*'  It  ia  a  queation  in  which  ovory  oitizon 
of  the  nation  ia  deeply  intereated,  and  with 
roapect  to  which  we  ought  not  to  be,  in  a 
paiiirui  ienae,  either  Repnblicani  or  Demo- 
orata,  bnt  teiii)T7<flitiwna  and  follow-men,  to 
whom  the  intereata  ct  a  common  country 
and  a  common  hnmanity  are  dear. 

"  The  awecpins  revolution  of  the  entire 
labor  ayatem  of  a  large  portion  of  our 
country,  and  the  advonoo  of  four  milliona 
of  people  from  a  condition  of  servitude  to 
that  of  dtixenahip,  upon  an  emial  footing 
vrith  their  former  mootera,  could  not  occur 
without  preaenting  probkma  of  the  graveat 
moment,  to  be  dealt  with  by  the  emanci- 
pated race,  by  their  former  moaton,  and  by 
the  General  Oovemment,  the  author  of  the 
act  of  emancipation. 

"llie  evila  which  afflict  the  Southern 
States  can  oulv  be  removed  or  remedied  bv 
the  united  and  harmonioui  cfforta  of  both 
racea,  actuated  by  motivea  of  mutual  ayro- 
pathy  and  regard.  And  while  in  duty 
bound  and  fully  determined  to  protect  the 
righta  of  all  by  every  Constitutional  meana 
at  the  dispoau  of  my  administration,  I  am 
sincerely  anxious  to  use  every  Intimate  in- 
ttnenoe  m  favor  of  honeat  and  efficient  local 
suif.govemmont  as  the  true  resource  of 
ti»"  'o  States  for  the  promotion  of  the  con- 
tentment and  prosperity  of  their  citizens. 

"  Bnt  at  the  basis  of  all  prosperity,  for 
that  08  well  aa  for  every  other  part  of  the 
country,  lies  the  improvement  of  the  intel- 
lectual and  moral  condition  of  tho  people. 
Universal  sufirage  should  rest  upon  uni- 
versal education. 

"  Let  me  assuk  my  countrymen  of  the 
Southern  States,  that  it  is  my  earnest  desire 
to  forever  wij)e  out  iu  our  |x)litical  afifuirs 
the  color  line,  and  the  distinction  bctwocu 
North  and  South,  to  the  end  that  we  may 
have  not  merely  a  united  North  or  a  united 
iioutb,  but  a  united  country. 

"  I  ask  the  attention  of  the  public  to  the 
paramount  necessity  of  reform  in  our  civil 
aervicfl,  a  reform  nut  merely  us  to  certain 
abuses  and  practices  of  so-called  official 
patronage,  which  have  come  to  have  the 
tumction  of  usage  in  the  8cveral  departments 
of  our  Govcniment,  but  a  change  in  the 
system  of  appointment  itself. 

"  In  furtherance  of  reform,  I  recommend 
an  amendment  to  the  Constitution  prescrib- 
ing a  term  of  six  jean  for  the  Presidential 
office,  and  forbidding  a  ro-election. 


APPENDIX  TO  THR 

"  'llin  dopriiMion  in  all  our  vario«l  nonimor- 
oial  and  nmnufiuttiirinu  intorcMtit  throiiKhont 
the  uiuntry,  which  b<<gnn  in  Htiptembvr, 
187:i,  still  <>ontiuiii>N. 

*''rhe  only  safo  pa|M)r  curmnny  is  one 
which  rests  ii|Nin  a  coin  linHia,  and  ia  at  all 
timi'M  and  pronipUy  convertible  into  coin. 
I  adhere  to  thA  viewa  csproaaed  by  mu 
in  fikvor  of  an  early  ronniuption  of  apede 
payment. 

"  For  the  fln«t  time  in  the  history  of  the 
country,  it  hoM  been  <loemo<l  beat,  in  view 
of  the  {MHSuliar  circumHtanoea  of  the  cose, 
that  the  objocUons  and  (luoations  in  dispute 
with  ri'furonco  to  the  counting  of  the  eloo- 
toral  votes  should  be  rnftirrod  to  the  deaiaion 
of  a  tribuni.1  ap|>ointed  for  this  purpoae. 

"That  tribunal — csta'blialiod  by  law  for 
this  aole  purpose  ;  ita  members,  all  of 
tliem  men  of  long  established  reputation 
for  their  Integrity  and  intelligence,  and, 
with  the  exception  of  those  who  are  also 
members  of  the  Supreme  Judiciary,  chosen 
equally  from  both  political  iiurtics;  its  delib- 
erations oiilighteueil  by  tlio  research  and 
the  arg«tmenta  of  able  counsel — was  ontiUed 
to  the  fullest  confidence  of  the  American 
people. 

"  It  has  been  reserved  for  a  government 
of  the  people,  where  the  right  of  sulfrngo 
ia  universal,  to  give  to  the  world  the  first 
example  in  historv  of  a  groat  nation,  in  the 
midst  of  a  strugfpe  of  opposing  parties  for 
power,  hushing  its  party  tumults,  to  yield  i 
the  issue  of  the  contest  to  adjustment  ac- 
cording to  the  forms  of  Inw." 

The  following  were  iulcctod  as  the  prin- 
cipal executive  and  diplomatic  oidceraof  the 
United  States :  ! 

77ie  £xi-culiv0 — Rutherford  IJ.  Hayoa,  of 
Ohio,  PraiidetU  of  the  United  Staten,  sahiry  \ 
♦50,000;  William  A.  Wheeler,  of  New, 
York,  Vice- President,  salary  $8,000.  j 

Hie  C'oAine^— William  M.  Evarts,  of  New : 
York,    Secnlary  <>f   State,   salary    $8,000 ;  j 
John   Sherman,  of  Ohio,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  salary  $8,000;    George  W.  Mc- 
Crary,  of  Iowa,  Secrelry  of  War,   salary 
$8,000 ;  Richard  W.  Thompson,  of  Indiana, 
Secretary  of  the  Navy,  salary  $8,000  ;  Carl 
Schurz,  of  Alissonii,  Secretary  of  the  Interior, 
salary  $8,000 ;  David  M.  Key,  of  Tunnos- 1 
see,      Postmatter-Oeneral,    sahtry     $8,000; 
Charles  Devens,  of  Massachusetts,  Attorney- 
Cen^rrt/,  salary  $8,000.  j 

In  the  session  of  the  44th  Congress,  1877,  | 
many  important  acts  were  pasaed.  Among 
them  worthy  of  special  notice,  was  an  act 
making  coiiBidorable  reduction  in  the  num 
ber  of  reveuuo  districts;  an  act  to  allow  a 
pension  of  thirtv-six  dollars  i>cr  month  to 
soldiers  who  had  lont  both  an  arm  and  a  leg ; 
an  act  equalizing  the  pensions  of  certain 
officers  of  the  navy ;  an  act  respecting  the 
limits  of  reservation  for  town  sites  upon  the 
public  domain ;  an  act  for  the  relict  of  set- 
tlers on  the  public  domain  under  the  pre- 
cmjition  law ;  an  act  in  relation  to  proof 
required  in  homestead  entries  ;  an  act  ap- ; 

firopriating  three  hundred  thousand  duJ-  \ 
ors  for  survey  of  the  public  lands  and  j 
private  land  claims  ;  an  act  to  encourage  | 
and  promote    telegraphic    communication  i 


lietwi'Kn  Amnricii  and  Kuropu;  an  net  to 
provide  for  and  rrgnlatrt  the  count  of  votiHi 
lor  I'ruHident  and  Vice- 1 'resident,  and  ths 
dociaioii  of  queationit  arising  thorefVoro, 
ft-om  the  term  commencing  March  4,  1HT7, 

Stato  Conatitutinnal  nuieudinenta  tfciierT- 
ing  of  notice  were  made  during  1 877,  in 
Connecticut,  forbidding  any  city  or  other 
local  govonimont  aubaoribing  to  the  capital 
■took  of  any  railroad  corporation  or  pur- 
chasing ita  atooki ;  making  "  lobbying  "  a 
crime;  making  the  non-payment  of  taxes 
for  two  years,  and  being  engaged  in  duel- 
ling, disaualiflcations  for  voting  or  holding 
any  public  ofBce.  In  New  Hampshire,  for 
biennial  elections  and  biennial  si'ssiona  of 
the  Legialature ;  for  aboliahing  the  rvligioua 
test  aa  a  qualification  for  office  ;  to  prevent 
any  public  money  being  applied  to  aid  de- 
nommationol  achoola ;  to  prohibit  any  city 
or  county  uaing  monev  or  credit  to  aid  any 
individual  or  corporation. 

In  New  York,  providing  that  free  com- 
mon aclioola  shall  bo  maintained  through- 
out the  State  forever ;  that  neither  the 
money,  property,  nor  credit  of  the  State, 
or  any  portion  of  it,  ahnll  be  in  any  way 
given  to  aid  any  achoola,  etc.,  under  control 
of  any  relioious  society ;  prohibiting  any 
county  or  other  division  of  the  State  from 
giving  money  or  property  in  aid  of  any  in- 
dividual, association,  or  oorporation;  an 
important  article,  17,  waa  added  to  Uie 
Constitution,  making  great  changes  in  city 
governments,  etc. 

Our  Common  School  system  has  been 
largely  extended  and  greatly  improved 
notwithstanding  the  lack  of  employment 
and  the  scarcity  of  money  for  ao  many 
months.  Indeed,  our  wealtluer  people  havo 
been  taught  by  that  stern  monitor.  Adver- 
sity, how  deep  an  interest  every  father  and 
mother  in  our  land  should  take  in  preserv- 
ing, and  if  possible,  betteiing  these  foun- 
tain-heads  of  morality  and  virtue.  How 
many  thousands  of  families,  who  had  good 
reason  for  thinking  that  their  children  would 
be  sure  of  a  good  education  if  money  could 
procure  it,  ore  now  thankful  that  our  coun- 
try is  blessed  with  such  a  beneficent  system 
of  education,  where  the  poorest  is  on  a  par 
with  the  richest.  The  Peabody  Fund  is 
managed  discreetly  and  honesUy,  and  is 
well  carrjring  out  the  noble  design  of  its 
benevolent  founder  :  cultivating  the  African 
brain,  that  has  for  so  many  centuries  lain 
fallow.  Already  many  colored  children 
have  shown  that  they  had  latent  ability 
which  only  needed  instruction  to  render 
them  fully  equal  to  their  pale  Caucasian 
compeers  in  •cholarsbip.  In  the  older 
i^tates  many  improvoments  in  books,  furni- 
ture, and  syHtcms  of  tuition  have  been 
made  in  the  past  few  years  ;  while  the  new 
States  and  Territories  have  in  luiiiiy  iu- 
stances,  even  improved  upon  tlieir  aliie 
mentors.  Colorado  was  admitted  as  a  sister 
to  the  bevy  of  States  already  in  the  Union, 
in  March,  1875.  As  soon  as  settlers  really 
began  to  find  themselves  at  home  in  the 
bracing  au:  of  this  mountain  State,  they 
began  to  establish  a  large  and  Uberal  schoo 
system,   embracing  many  of  the  bctit  int. 


IIIRTOIIY  OF  TIfK  tlNITRT)  HTATES. 


w;  an  not  to 
'oiiiit  nf  TOtM 
ileiit,  iitiil  th« 
K  thorolVoro, 
|i«r<!h  4,  IH77. 
iiienU  <loiwrT. 
LfiiiK  IH77,  in 
city  or  other 
to  tho  oapital 
itinn  or  pnr. 
'  lobbying  "• 
ent  of  tnxMi 
gml  in  (1uel> 
ig  or  holding 
trop«hire,  for 
m'mioni  of 
the  rvligioas 
;  to  proven  t 
id  to  aid  de- 
ibit  nny  city 
it  to  aid  any 

It  free  ootn- 
lod  through- 

noithor  tlia 
fthfl  HinUi, 

in  nny  way 
nder  control 
hiblting  nny 
)  State  from 
d  of  any  in- 
sration ;  nn 
Ided  to  the 
inges  in  city 

m  baa  been 
y  improved 
employment 
or  10  many 
people  havo 
I  tor,  Adver- 
|r  father  and 
in  preserV' 
these  fonn- 
irtue.  How 
lo  had  good 
Idrcn  would 
loney  could 
it  our  couu- 
sent  syetem 
is  on  a  par 
/y  Fund  is 
Uy,  and  is 
BHign  of  ita 
tho  African 
ituries  lain 
d  children 
:ent  ability 
to  render 
Caucasinn 
the  older 
ooks,  furni- 
have  l)een 
lile  the  new 
luiiiiy  iu- 
thi'ir  nblo 
d  as  a  sis  tor 
the  Union, 
;tler8  really 
Jine  in  tho 
State,  they 
serai  Kohoo 
le  bebt  iqi- 


73S 


pruiVMallof  tha<)lili<r (infiiniziktionii.    ThU I 
yonthfhl,  bnt  Mipiring   Stilf,  hun  nlmaily  ! 
noui.y    l.'iO    whool-honiMm,    within    whotol 
walla  OMombln  ovtir  l)t,(>(io  i^hililrnn,  tan^ht 
by  2)10  nblit  iniitriictiirM.     In   Nt>w   Mt>xirit 
tho  ('atholirN   and    I'nilcHtitnlit   iti)|M)ar  to 
Tie  with  enrh  nth<^r  in  «xti>n(lin)i  caucation ; 
even   Utah   nppeara  di'tt'rniiniid   that  hiir 
ohlhiron  ilinll  not  tw  backward  in  odiica- 
tioiinl  niattfrK.    Thny  hnvu  numiirouii  com- 
mon Mohi>olH,  antl  a  hi^hnr  Rriwln  of  Icnrnitig 
it  fnmiHhol  by  unveral  Ncniinarion. 

Moat  of  our  higher  educational  H<>mina- 
rioa  have  been  auccoHaful  in  maintaining 
the  lotly  itandard  tliey  had  long  aitice 
reached.  Their  profeHMora  are  men  of 
groat  erudition,  happilv  tempered  with  a 
more  liliernl  anirit  and  a  more  extenHivo 
knowledge  of  tlio  worlil  outaido  their  ncn- 
domio  wnlli,  than  wan  the  caNo  with  their 
worthy  predeofwtMorH.  'Hio  old  (Jro<'k  idea 
that  to  make  iiert'eot  men,  it  waa  necoaNary 
that  the  Ixxly  Mhould  lie  trained  and  cared 
for,  aa  well  oa  the  mind,  haa  taken  n  finn 
bold  on  both  tentihera  and  pupihi.  So  that 
now  in  every  unirerHity  great  painii  are 
taken  to  develop  tho  tnuHcular  p<'jweiii,  by 
leaping,  riuuiing,  rowing,  and  aimilar  exer- 
ciaeH.  Wo  regret  to  boo,  meanwhile  a 
Bomewhat  turbulent  apirit  cropping  ont  in  a 
few  of  our  coUegea,  ahowing  ikelf  in  rnuKh 
"  hazing,"  and  aimilar  ftportH.  This  ungentle- 
manly  conduct  ahoulit  bo  frowned  down 
by  their  aaaociatoa,  aa  a  few  mildewed  eara 
may  in  time  apoil  a  whole  field  of  proniiaing 
wheat.  Our  oatronomerx  have  recently 
swept  the  borizon  with  their  "  vaat  tubea  ' 
to  some  purpoae.  They  havo  fairly  cclipHcd 
their  European  brothron ;  having  cloai'ly 
pointed  out  many  hitherto  obacuro  or  in- 
viaiblo  plnnota  on  the  vaat  aalral  field. 
Nor  have  our  savants  allowed  their  celes- 
tial to  prevent  their  terrealriai  obsei-vationa. 
Extenaive  explorations  have  be.<n  axrried  on 
l>y  our  (iovernmeiit  in  the  almost  unknown 
heart  of  our  extensive  territory.  Much 
exceedingly  valuable  information  boa  been 
thus  obtained :  geographical,  minoi-nlogical, 
and  Qlimatic;  all  of  which  will  be  duly 
given  to  tho  world  in  official  publications. 
In  poetry  no  now  master-spirit  has  touched 
the  lyre  m  our  liemispbore.  Still  rt'e  have 
little  cause  of  complaint,  while  our  Brvant 
bag  not  yet,  thank  boaven,  "  wranped  the 
drapery  of  bis  couch  about  him  to  lie  down 
to  (Ireamiesa  sleep."  Lon;;fe1low  is  among 
us,  "  With  a  heart  for  any  fate ;  still 
achieving,  still  pursuing ; "  Wallace  re- 
minds us  that  "  forty  millions  blesa  the  sire 
ond  Sword  of  Hunker  Hill;"  Lowell  is 
left  us,  and  Stedinan,  and  Taylor,  and 
Aldrich,  and  a  host  of  others;  amon^ 
whom  shines  "though  last,  not  least," 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  the  Anacreon  of 
the  Now  World.  One  bi-ight  star  has  been 
quenched — one  noble  heart  has  been  stilled 
— the  vcMierable  IMuhlouburgh  has  had  his 
soug-praj  cr  answered,  "  Nearer,  my  God,  to 
Thee,"  and  now  rests  in  the  midst  of  that 
peaceful  St  Johnland,  which  his  unselfish 
labors  founded  as  a  refuge  for  honest 
poverty.  Our  living  prose  writers  are  bo 
numerous  that  it  would  take  much  apace 


even   lo  name  them.     Many  of  our  licat 

nulliors  are  engnired  upon  the  daily  and 
weekly  preuM ;  iind  even  their  naini^"  are 
hardly  known  lo  the  outaiile  world.  Jour 
nnlisin,  like  a  vast  niaelstMin,  aueks  into  ita 
vortex  nuioh  of  the  intellectual  ability  of 
the  eounlry  ;  the  preim  rotainH  the  same 
strong  power  n*  drew  to  it  a  Franklin  and 
a  Oreeley.  'Ilio  enormous  trade  in  iMMika 
and  periodicals  has  led  to  iho  formation  of 
large  ''News  Goinpnnloa"  in  New  York 
and  various  other  aoctions  of  tho  Union. 
Those  eonipnnies  act  na  intiirmediaries  be- 
tween the  |iublishcr  and  the  ntswrnlealer. 
Tho  managers  have  thus  far  manifested 
great  ability  and  strict  hnnosly  in  all  the 
ramifioationa  of  the  oxtensivo  biiaiiieas. 
During  all  tho  sua|)enaions  and  failures  of 
the  last  few  yeirs,  they  hnvo  preserved 
their  financial  honor  tiiiaullied  Many 
important  works  Imvo  l)eeii  issued  by  our 
leading  publishora,  with  a  innaMurablo  di>gree 
of  miccesa.  The  Applelons  have  C(mij)letec| 
that  really  "Nationid"  work,  their  Cyelo- 
|wdia.  Almost  all  of  our  great,  historians 
aro  rcating  on  their  launls;  though  Hen- 
aim  J.  Iiossing,  who  has  done  for  America 
what  Cliarles  Knight  did  for  England,  con- 
tinues to  illustrato  by  his  pencil  the  scenes 
and  events  so  happily  dc8cril)od  by  his  [ton. 
i\  I'^dwnrds  Lester,  too,  has  ennchod  otir 
literature  by  his  succinct,  impartial,  and 
eloquent  history  of  "Our  First  Hundred 
Yeanr." 

Our  Indian  allairs  have  been  in  a  most 
deplorable  condition  during  tho  last  four 
years.  (Jeneral  Custer,  who  had  been  a 
leading  and  very  popular  officer  during  tho 
rebellion,  was  dispattthecl  by  his  auperiors 
to  find  and  attack  a  largo  forco  of  Indians, 
mostly  Sioux.  'Hio  whoreabouta  and  num- 
ber of  tho  Sioux  were  not  at  all  well-known. 
Tho  fatal  result  is  all  that  has  over  lietn 
accurately  ascertained.  Tho  brave  Custer, 
instead  of  aurpriaing,  seems  to  have  been 
surprised ;  for  he  rodo  with  his  five  hun- 
dred gallant  troopers  right  into  what 
proved  to  bo  a  valley  of  death.  They  were 
surroiuidcil,  shot,  or  cut  down  by  a  very 
superior  array  of  savages.  Not  a  single 
soldier  survived  to  enlighten  us  as  to  the 
particulars  of  this  disastrous  event.  All 
wo  know  certain,  is  that  officers  and  men 
mot  their  fate  heroically,  fighting  to  the 
last  gasp.  A  wily  Sioux  chief,  usually 
callod  Sitting  Hull,  is  presumed  to  have 
been  tho  leadci  of  tho  Sioux.  Under  his 
skillful  leadership  tho  Indians  managed  to 
cludo  all  ])lans  laid  for  their  capture,  and 
succeeded,  with  but  little  loss  of  strength, 
in  crossing  into  the  Rritish  Possessions, 
where  they  have  since  remained.  So  far, 
they  havo  been  peaceable,  but  scornfully 
rejected  all  offers  made  by  our  Government 
for  their  return  within  our  jurisdiction.  It 
is  but  justice  to  say,  that  tho  Canadians 
have  in  no  way  encoiuraged  them  in  this  re- 
fusal. Another  very  unsatisfactory  colli- 
sion occurred  between  oiu*  forces  and  the 
Nez  I'erces.  These  latter  are  the  scant 
remnant  of  a  once  powerful  tribe,  who 
roamed  over  a  vast  country  on  the  I'acific 
side  of  the  Rocky  Motmtams.    They  hav^ 


>r  yearn  Imb  at  inhum  with  the  whilaa 
ml  hnvn  been  i^ndually  hceoming  a  pna- 


for 
mill 

tond  pi'iple;  di<|M<niling  niont  <m  their 
flnlda  and  their  hi'rda  for  aapport,  than  nn 
tho  uncertain  chnncea  of  the  chase.  It  ia 
hard  to  arrive  at  n  mtiafactory  reoxm  for 
this  outbroiik.  Ilolh  aidea  Iny  the  blaioo 
upon  eiieh  other.  Aa  wo  hnvo  the  advan- 
tage of  telling  the  atory,  the  Indiana  niw 
mMlo  to  appoiur  nt  Inalt  (Certain  it  ia  thai 
when  the  lioad  of  the  tribe,  Vhibt  Joseph, 
was  ordered  to  give  up  aomo  lands,  wbioh 
he  had  held  from  a  long  line  of  fore- 
fathera,  ho  stoutly  refused.  Oenoral 
Howard  aought  to  take  them  by  force.  A 
brave  niaistnnoe  waa  made ;  but  the  In- 
dian chief  finding  himself  outnumbered, 
and  learning  that  large  roinforoomenta 
woidd  aoon  reoi^h  liia  antagonist,  fonned 
tho  bold  reaohition  of  retreating  almost 
acrosH  the  continent,  in  hrtpoa  of  forming  n 
coalition  with  the  Sioux  and  other  Indian 
enemies  at  war  with  the  United  States. 
This  roaolution  was  as  bold  ns  that  of  Cor- 
tez  when  he  burned  his  ships  on  tho  coaat  o( 
Mexico.  Chief  Joseph  thus  retrontcd  in 
the  presence  of  sui)erior  numbers,  lo<1  by 
an  educated  milititry  officer.  He  auoceaa- 
fully  baffled  all  efforta  to  outflank  him  or 
bring  him  to  nn  engagement,  only  turn, 
ing  upon  the  enemy  wuen  it  auited  him 
(Joseph)  to  fight  'rbis  waa  not  conducted 
like  a  wild  race  for  life ;  but  he  carried 
nearly  all  hia  stock  of  cattle  and  boraen 
with  him ;  thia,  too,  through  hundroda  of 
milea  of  the  roughest  country  upon  earth. 
Finally  ho  only  surrendered  to  very  supe- 
rior numbers,  and  not  to  bis  nt^rauer,  but 
to  the  gallant  General  Miles,  who  had  tieen 
apprised  by  telegraph  where  to  station  bis 
troops  to  intercept  the  swarthy  Xenophon. 
What  adds  greatly  to  tho  fame  of  Chief 
Joseph,  is  the  fact  that  be  treated  prisonora 
humanely,  and  never  mutilate<l  or  scalped 
the  dead. 

General  Grant,  as  aoon  oa  ho  had  sur- 
rendered his  seat  to  bis  successor,  took 
a  few  months  to  settle  bis  private  affairs, 
and  then  embarked  for  Eim>pe.  In  ev  -y 
country  which  he  has  visited  he  has  boon 
received  with  unbounded  hospitahty,  mid 
in  many  almost  royal  honors  have  been  un- 
corded to  him. 

Labor  strikes  and  consequent  riots, 
which  a  few  years  ago  wo  deemed  exotica 
never  likely  to  take  root  in  tho  United 
States,  have  become  frequent.  In  the  faV. 
of  1877  a  strike  of  vast  magnitude  occur- 
red in  Pennsylvania,  and  extended  thence 
to  tho  noigliboring  States.  In  its  inception 
it  waa  confined  to  the  railway  employees, 
but  soon  thousands  of  others,  some  with 
real  and  others  with  imaginary  grievances, 
joined  the  strikers.  The  traffic  on  all 
tho  main  lines  was  stopped.  The  mill- 
tia  of  Maryknd,  reimsylvania,  New 
Jersey,  and  New  York  were  placed  un- 
der arms,  and,  in  some  instances, 
marched,  with  tho  United  States  troops,  to 
stop  the  disorders.  There  was  not  much 
of  a  sanguinary  disposition  displayed  by 
the  strikers,  but  the  d.  Mtri'nti,,,^  J  t*"'jf^' 
ty  ond  the  loss  oociiMii"         ly  lutemafwyyB 


APfKNDIX  TO  TIIK 


, 


of  tmvtl  Mid  Inlla  wm  tarriM*.  Evtiil- 
Mlly  the  rinto  w«n  mpprMMMl,  p«rtly  by 
Ikww,  jMrtljr  hy  wiM  ra>n«wMiimii  on  tho 
f*H  or  Mopluyan.  WbiU  Um  rwiull  wm 
MiMMlary,  in  M)  ftur  M  ii  iwuvmI  th«  faot 
UiaI  Ihara  ia  an  inhannt  puw«r  in  our 
kwm  of  ouvenuDcnt,  ilrung  anouKb  to  put 
down  ntMllion  Mitl  to  ■upprvwi  riot— nu 
BMttvr  on  how  ((iKMitio  •  mue  thay  may  «s- 
iiA~UMr«  alill  rani«in«1  the  ptUnfol  thtMuht 
that  thaia  ia,  to  a  oarlain  oitant,  a  (anlinir 
of  antARoniam  batwaan  flapilal  ami  labi>r  ; 
a  fiMiUng  which  ia  not  a  littia  iik 'ravatad 
by  th«  injndkinaa  and  aivinifiil  iituiranooa 
of  many  of  tba  riph  aa  woll  na  by  tlw 
agrarian  rantln||«  of  many  of  Ilia  |MM>r.  To 
nnMtva  tha  oauaaa  of  tbia  fealiti^^  of  antaff- 
ouiam,  racniiiaa  tbaataataat  aflbrta  of  tlio 
ablvat  ana  baat  mlniu  iu  onr  initlat 

Whila  immioratiun  ftmm  Knrope  baa 
largily  diminianad,  aa  wo  no  lon^rr  nflbr 
ataady  araploymant  and  larKsr  woi^m  to 
foreign  meohanioa,  tiw  ureaant  renidauta  of 
all  our  Htatea  And  eroputyniaut  diffloult  to 
gut,  and  when  obtainni,  it  ia  only  at  waK«a 
greatlv  reduced  flrom  former  mt«a.  In 
Bome  iniitaiioei  ehipa  hare  aven  naiiiHl  from 
New  York  for  AuHlnilia,  taking  i>aa8eu((«nt, 
iwrtly  itMaUlc*!  to  pay  their  oxiMniaoa  fa-om 
the  coflttra  of  that  proa])on>ua  colony. 
Home  Hkilled  l.dmr  liaa  even  gone  to  En> 
gland— a  verifloation  of  "oariTing  ooala  to 
Newaaj«tle."  The  anbjeot  of  Chlneae  im- 
minrntion  is  being  lieroely  fought  out,  both 
in  the  halli  of  Gongrewi  and  in  the  uowa- 
papora.  Both  aidea  adduce  atrona  argu- 
nienta,  and  give  plenty  of  atatiatica,  pro 
and  con  ;  but  it  ia  a  aniijeot  that  haa  lo 
many  looU  phaaea,  that  it  will  raquiro  a 
new  Solomon  to  pronounce  an  equitable 
dudaion  on  tiw  nuUtar.  It  ia  not  oolv  by 
the  departure  from  our  ahoroa  of  working 
{M'uplu  that  our  atrensth  ia  being  doplotiNl ; 
it  haa  l>«t)U  aaaerted  by  a  leading  niciulHir 
of  CongreHH  that  AiiiuricaiiH  traveling  in 
Europe  ai)end  at  leoHt  75,000,000  of  dol- 
lara  in  gold  every  year.  Thia  vaat  aum, 
bear  in  mind,  ropreaenta  juat  ao  much 
talent  and  hibor  heavily  toaked  to  make  it 
here. 

Tlie  vears  1870  and  1877  will  bo  long 
Itfokoil  bock  to  with  iVolingH  of  grief  by 
i^-itt  nuiulMint  of  our  inuMt  worthy  citizena. 
In  tlioau  yuarii,  olniuot  twcry  day  Haw  Uio 
oullniwe  of  suniti  IiiNuninco  Company,  Sav- 
iuga  Bonk,  or  TruH  i'uni|iuui<?a.  The  auma 
lost  through  their  tailureii  iiru  ho  immense 
aa  to  apiiear  almost  fubulooH.  I'nfortu 
nntely  we  can  not  say  with  the  Ktilluut 
Fmncis, "  All  is  lust,  cxc-upt  honor."  Hugo  as 
have  been  the  other  losses,  very  little  himor 
existed  to  bo  sikve<l.  In  port  these  titunic 
fail  arcs  were  caused  by  ihe  fall  in  tho 
value  of  sdciiritics,  both  stockH  .lud  pro|K)r- 
ty ;  but  in  the  majority  of  instnnoea  cupidity 
and  iinunuiul  ignorance  were  the  prevouta- 
blo  ouusca.  But  1870  whs  luorkntl  in 
mourning  by  even  a  Sivdder  e^ent  than 
fiscal  ruin.  The  Brooklyn  Thi»stre,  filled 
with  human  beings,  was  destroyed  by  fire, 
oud  hundreda  of  ohildren,  wouji*!!,  and  men 
were  whelmed  in  one  flaming  burial,  'ilie 
unfortunate  victims  wera  from  every  strata 


of  aocial  lifM,  ami  roinNNi  In  Omenwnod  ho- 
nnath  one  vaat  hallowixl  mmind. 

DuriiiM  the  rongniMMion.tl  winaionof  IH7H, 
tlw  Hjlvor  Hill— ati  i-allml  — immnhnI  iHith 
ll<iiM«a  of  (%inin'<«)*>  by  mom  than  a  two- 
thirda  vola.  It  wan  v«t<Hi<l  Inr  I'reaident 
Hayea,  but  innuediutely  |NtMu«l  again  over 
hia  veto.  I'mlnr  thit«  law  tha  Ifnitml 
Ntatm  Mint  imui«diat(>ly  iwoMitMlad  to  coin 
till)  new  Hilvor  dollar,  lliia  meanure  haa 
|>rodik!<Nl  little  of  the  elTeet,  either  for  go<Ml 
or  ill,  ao  Imldly  prtMlli'ted  for  it  by  Its 
fHoiiila  and  opiioneiita.  Htonka,  pnHluct>, 
ami  gold  hardly  cliangiNl  a  qiiotalilo  |ior- 
oiiulagu  ill  value. 

The  convention  agroetl  to  between 
Great  llriuin  and  tha  UuIImI  Hutea,  to 
settle  |Mtnding  diaimtoa  on  tho  Fiahery 
ijuontion,  met  at  llaliAix,  N.  H.,  and  ren- 
dered a  deoiaion,  awarding  Ave  roilliona  of 
dollars  to  tho  Canailinna,  to  lie  imid  by  onr 
(ioverntuont  ISoiiiu  Menui  attacka  were 
made  in  CongreaN,  by  leading  menibera, 
iiiion  the  chiutM^ter  of  the  foreign  memlier 
of  the  convention.  Hut  anbaiMiuunt  in- 
veHliuiitiou  I  if  dooumenta  proved  (hat  tho 
Kcntleman  denounced  a<ite<l  in  perftM't 
faith,  and  had  taken  thu  oAihi  unwillingly. 
Uuitu  an  otfitation  Ima  Inn<ii  rauaed,  since 
the  recent  lanienlable  failurea  of  Havinua 
llanka  and  Hiniilar  institutiona,  on  the  sub- 
ject of  i'oatal  Havinga  Institutiona  by  tho 
UenemI  Government.  On  one  aide  it  ia  al- 
leged that  Hueli  banks  would  lio  a  oartoin 
and  aafu  means  of  preserving  the  aavinga 
of  the  people,  yielding  them  n  motlorate 
interoat.  'lue  opponents  of  the  idea  argue, 
on  the  other  hand,  that  no  auch  {Miwer  ia 
coufarred  on  the  Ueneral  Government  Tlie 
present  Heoretary  of  tho  'IVcaannr,  in  hia 
annual  report  of  December,  1877,  recom- 
mended the  plan  only  in  a  m(Nliflo<l  form, 
authoriaing  tho  depo.nit  of  small  suin.s  with 
any  |ioHtul  inonoy-ordor  oflke,  and  theisaue 
therefor  of  Government  certificates  convert- 
ible into  the  i  per  cent,  bonds  of  the 
United  SUtea. 


CHAPTER   XXXVI. 

tinneral  Summary,  and  Valuiblu  HtstUtlcal  Ta- 
ble* llluatratinK  the  8tate  of  Manufaeturvt, 
AKiiciiltare,  ote. 

A  vinv  determined  effort  is  now  being 
made  in  the  United  States  to  increase  our 
foreign  trade,  and  thus  give  Is.rge  and 
profitable  oiitleta  to  the  vast  surplus  of  our 
productionH^imKluctions  which  have  been 
enormously  iucreasod  by  improvements 
and  inventions  of  all  kinds  of  labor-saving 
machinery.  The  daily  press  is  working 
intelligcutly  uitd  industriously  to  effect  this 
purpose,  riie  vari<ius  Chambers  of  Com- 
merce in  our  lending  cities  are  also  working 
with  n  like  imrjjose.  Nearly  every  coimtry 
on  this  contiitcut  is  naturally  our  customer. 
Hut  so  negligent  have  wa  been,  so  little 
have  wo  utilized  our  great  advantages,  that 
nations  in  the  other  hemisphere  pass  our 
ports,  dcepiv  laden  with  tlioir  own  goods  in 
excliaugo    for   the  rich   products  of   our 


A  Ttnr  tntalKgent  Mailean, 
a|ioaking  to  the  New  York  Chamber  o( 
<  oiniiierco,  <N)iiel'j<bitl  his  hilenwtiiig  ad- 
drasM  li^  saying :  '  Nooimntry  couhl  fiiniiab 
tha  United  Htales  with  sugar  ami  coflbe  ao 
well  aa  Meiiiio.  Mexican  inarblea  ex- 
eitetl  univeraal  ailmiration  at  the  (Vntt'U- 
nial  Exhibition,  yet  it  would  Ih<  diltteult  Iu 
find  a  spadman  in  New  York  to-day.  &leii- 
CO  haa  unliroitotl  qnarriea  to  draw  upon. 
Ita  anlpbur  minaa  are  inexhaiiatible  also, 
and  it  haa  been  nmbouiiemi  by  AinerifMina 
the  boat  in  iiuality  thoy  ever  aaw.  Ainerir 
oana  havo  aald  that  ibo  flhora  of  the  agavo 
plant  would  oreato  a  revolutiim  in  pn|Hir- 
making,  and  there  ia  no  end  to  these  in 
Mesiai>.  Tha  |S,(N)0,000  of  importa  into 
Maiioo  from  the  United  Htatea  of  IH'i^, 
have  bean  atationarv  since.  'Ilie  oulv  res- 
aonable  eauae  for  tnia  pbeiiomnnon  la  th« 
miatruat  that  exiata  in  thia  country  of 
iMoxican  marketa,  and  the  lack  of  cheap 
and  oaav  communication.  Must  of  tho 
artielea  the  *|ioaker  had  mentioned  are  in- 
cludetl  in  the  Mexican  free  tariff.  Mexico 
desires  to  foster  traile  with  the  Unittvl 
htatea.  American  merohanta  should  aend 
exploring  agenta  thither  to  examine  for 
themselves.  At  iiresent,  trade  ia  in  th* 
hanila  of  intertnouiate  persona,  who  kmip 
pri(«s  high  and  oontraot  the  marketa. 

''  In  omcluMion,  the  apeaker  advised  tho 
organiialion  of  more  lines  of  steamers  be- 
tween Mexican  and  United  Htntes  |>or(s, 
and  the  construction  of  an  intematiomd 
railwav  between  tho  two  countries."  His 
remarka  were  greeted  with  applause,  ami 
the  thanka  of  the  Chamber  wore  tendered 
to  him. 

The  treaty  which  haa  been  mado  by  tha 
Hanioan  Ishmds  with  the  United  States  vriU 
bo  an  event  in  our  history  in  more  r«s|iocla 
than  one.  It  ia  the  first  treaty  ever  matlo 
by  tho  Hamoans  with  any  nation.  It  is  tha 
first  atep  in  a  policy  which  rocognizea  tht 
future  greatness  of  our  oorameroo  iu  tho 
I'odfio  Ocean,  and  makea  wiae  and  statoa- 
manUke  provision  for  that  sreatness. 
For  it  ia  not  to  be  doubted  that,  vast 
aa  haa  been  our  commerce  <m  the  .\t- 
hmtic  Ocean,  it  will  be  rivalled  b"  that 
on  the  Pacific  to  exchange  the  vnhe<^  piwl- 
ucta  of  California  and  Us  sister  Htntes,  on 
tho  western  side  of  the  Uocky  Moimtains, 
for  what  Asia  and  Australia  have  to  oll<;r 
ua  in  return.  Kspociully  for  trade  with  the 
latti'r  may  we  expect  to  have  ut>o  for  a  grout 
commercial  nnvy.  But  to  reach  Austrolia, 
by  the  fastoMt  stoamera  which  can  yet  bo 
built,  still  takes  thirty  days.  And  for  so 
long  a  voyage  it  is  of  the  highest  impor- 
tance we  should  have  for  our  ships,  son 
stopping-place  which  shall  be  under  <Mir 
own  control,  and  whore  we  shall  run  no 
risk  of  being  interfered  with  by  any  Euro- 
pean power.  That  stopping-place  we  have 
scoured  by  the  treaty  with  Samoa,  which 
the  United  States  Senate  continued  with- 
out a  division, 

A  very  extensive  trade  has  sprung  up  in 
fresh  meats  and  sbell-fish  with  Great  Brit- 
ain. Live  stock  of  all  kinds  hnvo  been 
found  to  bear  tho  sea  voyage  quite  well. 


niHTOliY  OF  THU  UNITRD  HTATIM. 


pnt  Mailaan, 
Chamber  iil 

nmhl  /iiriiiah 
«ii)l  01 1  Am)  w> 
innrbloN  «x. 
the  l!«nt<>n- 
Im<  iliflliiull  U> 

draw  upon, 
iiuliblo  m\mu 
>y  Am«riMn« 
MW.  Aineri: 
of  kh«  MffitTa 
on  in  pn|H)r- 
I  tn  theM  in 
iiniM>r(a  into 
\Um  of  IH'iH, 
llio  onlv  H>i«- 
uonon  M  Ihn 
I  oountrv  of 
•ok  of  oiiniip 
MoHt  of  the 
iiiiKHl  are  in- 
iriif  Moxi(i4i 
tho  iriiitml 
mIiiiiiIiI  ■nnti 
oxaniinn  for 
lo  in  in  th* 

H,   who    IctNIp 

urkoU. 
r  iMlvinml  the 
Nt«nrourN  b«<- 
Statvn  porta, 
intttmatioDiil 
itrii'H."  Hin 
ipplauHo,  and 
uru  tondorvd 

made  hj  tha 
d  States  idll 
(loro  nm|)OGta 
y  evi>r  wade 
HI.  It  ii  the 
K^tniizea  the 
iierco  in  tho 

and  atatea- 
srcatnoaa. 
1  that,  Taat 
on  the  At- 
led  b"  thai 
viiri«<  proil- 
er  StotvR,  on 
f  Mountninn, 
lavo  to  otter 
ado  witli  tho 
»o  forn grout 
ih  Aiutraliii, 

can  yot  bo 
And  for  sa 
j^hest  iiiipur- 

sliipH,  Botr 

uiidnr  our 
hull  run  mi 
y  any  Eiiru- 
ice  wo  have 
iiwoa,  which 
iiTued  with- 

pninpf  np  in 
Grout  Brit- 
have  been 
quite  well. 


IhMilka  (w  the  aeleiilifli)  and  innebaniml  im- 
iirovainnntii  which  ha*i)  Imkui  niailu  on 
iNmrd  iH'iHia  ataaniKm.  I'liiiMialiy  larK* 
qiiiintititMt  of  flour,  meal,  and  dairy  priMlmita 
hava  foiiiid  uiMHiuiitrkfilM  in  Kun>|Mi  durinif 
Ihii  yuura  1^77  and  In7H 

Imporlt.— hi  IH7«I,  till)  total  Importt  of 
artiuloN,  ihH<  of  ihity,  into  tho  UnitiHlHtatm, 
niiic)iiiit«4l  to  $I.MI,!it>H,riUI. 

Ill  IH77  (in  tiucli  ynar  iindiiiir  June  So), 
•lH|,Bl|'J,M«)(. 

Ill  lN7it,  tho  total  of  UiiiNirtM  liahlo  to 
duly  wiw  •:CiO.!»70,a77. 

In  1M77,  •.'IIO.r»i7,M(», 

Total  in  IH7<I,  IH7tt,«77,H7l. 

Total  ill  1N77,  ♦4!ta,(MtO,4(MI 

Total  viiluH  of  (((lid  and  Imllion  importtHl 
in  l«7il,  ♦l.'\,»:t«I,(iHl. 

Totiil  in  1H77,  Miil.aiS.nO'i. 

Uroimhl    ill   Anmriciin  m-i-'iU  in   1H7(I, 

•m:i,;wi.7oI;  in  ih77,  ll.i.Hju.uaa 

llruuKht    in    foniiuii    vuhmiIh     in   1870, 

♦a-ii,i;w,Mm;  in  ih77,  »;)*2i),ft(ir.,Ma!l. 

A'r/*>(/». — Twclvn  iiionthM  ondinu  Jane 
80,  ln7(l,  ♦lU4,!»:)«,4()(l. 

Twi'lvu  raoutha  I'mtiusr  Juno  30,  1877, 
•77(i,ll5,8IH. 


■OHOOL  STATUTIOS  OV  TSI  VWITBI)  WtATM  VK  IVT*. 


Stttitt  tmd  TtrrthHM, 


Ataki 

ArtlauM*. 

<'>nrwait. 

CttlilfKllo,    ,t    t 

CnniiMUnl 

|><<lii»*n 

rii>rld*   

Ooiitil*  

illliinii 

IihIUii* , 

li»w« 

KtnHM   

Kralnckf 

l.i>l)l»liM 

Main* 

M»tf)»n4  

MwuvImmM* 

Mfdhlviii.  

Minllvaiilii 

MlaMiurl 

NottrMk* 

NeTMl* 

N>»  lUmiMhlra 

Naw  JtfJ 

Naw  York       

Nnrth  Cuullnt. 

OMii 

Oraiitm ..•.*.* 

faiinarl'inU 

Rhiidu  liUnil     

Hniitli  I'arnllnft. 

T(<iitiaaMtt 

TriM 

VarmonI 

VInKnl* 

W<a«  VIrdnl* 

WlK<ll||l« 


Ailaont 

Paknta , 

nialrlolof  CoIibM*.. 

tilaho  

MiiiiUn* 

Naw  Meileo 

Iii»h 

Waahlnrtuii 

Wynmlui 

Ikiiun  I 

(.'hariiktH 

I'rwka 

C'hncUwi 

MmlDolM 


Total. 


OrtndTaUl ....   14^,IH  10,aS8,IM    »,M6,1 


I* 


«-lt 
Ml 
*-IT 
■  la 
4-«1 
1-11 

•-m 
4-m 

6-M 

M^ia 

•-M 


«i 


loitHa 

im.iai 
m.rm 
II  ,t 

tllH.ll 

aflt.N 

TI.K 

•M.iin 
wn.'Mi 
mu,wii 

IM.M 
•  U.iiTT 
4M,T4I 

t\i,im 

tl>.4llll 
»ln.l«i 
i«in,M4 
4M,a«l 

Ma!»I( 

1«l,1\l« 
aa.iiii 

».m 

•I4.a«« 
l.M.mi 

aw.Nci: 
i,iM»,mn 

«l,ITt 

tMi.nn 

Ml  .mil 

•rr.wi 

*m,i»\ 

m'l.ini 

M.ATT 
4t«,NII 


"I 


•I4l,ata 

•ia*,iaM 
•i»,«r» 
•ni,«»> 


•MIM 


Iti.i 

••a."  . 
*ini,m« 

•IM.M* 

•••i,(*i 

•en.MM 
*m.m 

•IM.HM 
•1H»,I41 
•IIWt,Mi 

••lll,«*l 

i.nei 

M,IWA 

•en.XK 
'i,ii».!hi 

•«ll,4» 
•IW.IUII 

•wiii.n  III 
AM.mi 
tin.iwi 

•miii.iiH 

•IHI.Wl 
•ll*.4ll» 

•T.vm 

•IW.MO 
•HH.MN 


\\n 


I4,IW3-<I   li'JW.ni 


fl.'IIKt 

ai.HTi 

l.TTT 

4,*|M 

a«.ait 

wi.win 
II, ram 

•«,U)0 

4,mt 

Tl« 

i,»>fl 

471 


iM,m 


•«,IIA 
•7J77 

N.im 

at.lMI 

•«,7M 

•<i.»m 

mi.wti 
•T.irai 

•4.MI) 

•ii.wa 

•im 

•1,840 


lAj 
1411,' 

I4JII14 
llt,lll« 

KLIlin 

•a,iir« 
ni,ii« 

*»l,t4<l 

tiii,ri» 

Wlw4 
wn 

tM.iia 
14a.  IM 

14  UM 
IM. 
Iii«.t<4 

iy),«M 
A.MI 

m,vm 

IWI.iJM 
IJM.IW 

i«i.ri7 

TM,M 
r,4lil 

llii),Ml 
RIt.MM 

IvaiWA 

tM.IWI 

ti"^,:^. 
Ti.niiB 

IIM.XMI 
IWi.lMI 

a,irift,oi(i 


l,li« 
ft,lio 
r>,iw« 

«,7»« 

*,TH 
MM 

1.H» 

1, 


!»l 


It! 


e 


iit,i«i 


M.MI     IM 


jjyn 


i,«ra) 
aia 

IS7 


70,171 


in«.ii8 

841* 
.m 

n.m 

•la.wf 
m.mtt 


»i«,aao 

'il',Mt| 

4N,i<aT 
iin.iMu 

Ml,«l« 

in  .aw 

447, 1 W' 

ia,r«Ai 
67a,7ia 
rjM 

>ia6,n4 

IIMM 

Tt.rm 


too 

ii.fliM 


IM 


inn 
II  • 

ai 

IM  n 
m* 

mi 

IIX 

m 

M 

'»4 

IM 
IMI 

n. 

ill" 

isr 


M 

lot 


IM 


too 
ir 


IS 


S4,«l« 


4,t4«,84i 


•  Kfllnuttd  bjr  Iha  Banau. 


(a)  Unltad  ntaln  Otaiaa  of  t»70. 


(6)  lallaula  o(  8lat«  aaparialeDdial. 


BTATiaTXCS  OF  THXOLOOZOAZ.  mnWASIXB  IN  THX  TJiriTU)  BTATXa. 

[/Vont  Uu  Brport  </  Uu  Oommiutotur  nf  XUtuaUm  fir  18T6.] 


PtMamiHaiioit, 


Roman  Calliolle 

Proteatant  Kplacopal 

Proab;  terlan 

Bapttat  

Lutheran. 

CnnsTflipillnnal  

Motnndlat  Eplaoopal 

rhrlillau 

Rerormcd 

Ifnltetl  l*rf sbylerlan 

C'limbitrland  Preabyterlan. . . 

Frcn-Wni  llaptlat 

Uetbodlat  Eptacopal  (Booth) 


V<( 

"i-tf 

"*'H 

11 

4 

n 

:?i 

i^ 

na 

m 

At 

907 

78 

OM 

(IS 

70< 

40 

UM 

m 

S4I 

M 

870 

81 

07 

11 

7» 

48 

4( 

74 

Dincmtmmlifint 


Uniectartan 

Hetormed  (Dntch) 

Unlvenallit 

A  Mean  Metbodlat  Eptaeopal 

Mennonlla 

Metbodlat 

Moravian 

New  Jcrnaaleni 

ITnlon  BraDgelleal 

Hnltarinn 

United  Bretbron 

Total: 


^1 


U4 


V- 


It 


il 


B8 

0 

81 

ii 


to 

IT 


180    4,1 


APPWmVlX  TU  TOM 


i 

M 

II 

11 

J 


\i 


I 


n 


I 


m\ 


w\ 


Tfrr 


J, 11:11 
I  I !  f  !  I  !  . 
I  i  I  I  )  I  I  i 


I 


III 
11 


i  !  I  I  i  II 

I  I  I  I  !  I  1 

i ! ;  I  !  !  It 

j  I  I  I  ;  I  It' 

hill'  I  ! 
I  I  I  I    ' 


.1 


!Mi 


liiiMP 


II 


I  :  I  I 


iiiiiiiii 


W!n;p»pp 


WIpjfpSKP?} 


i! 


M 

it 


fi 

p 

M 
M 


I 


=  i 
m  > 

u 

'J 


^■[9£^9 


/•<  lon-my 


ti«l/k/K<M 


||IS«!!!1!Sr!!!S 

~ I  ;  t  I  I  !  ■  I  I  1  ;  f  1    1  .* 
I    :  :  t  I  I  •  !  i  ;  I  i  I  I .  .i 


"liiiTi]'!lIM[irj 


'!» 


«aa|iat>MB|«g«itM|t||| 


iililiii  hiii 


I  1  I  !  1  I  77 
I  i  t  :  :  t  ' 
.  I  I  ;  :  .  t 


i  1  t  I  t  t 
t  ;  t  !  ;  I  ; 


iiiii 


I 


uvivBmaiTXM  aitd  oolliom  nr  trx  xntrnD  aTATVA. 

[Awn  (A<  Apurt  qf  IKt  Oummiukmer  <^  AWwullun  ^>r  1870,] 


!'  I 


»m4  Ttrriltrln. 


AMnn 

AlkUMH 

OiHfornIt 

relondn 

CaaiMlkal 

I>*l*»»n 

Oaonri* 

IJIInoki 

{■dtaaa 
nw* 

Kanwa 

Kantaeky 

Laaldiu 

MllB* 

M«rTl*nd 

MHMehaMtte 

MIchliid 

MlnaetoU 

MiMbilppi 

mMaarl.. 

Nrbrukt 

Narad* 

N«w  Ilampihlra 

Hew  JericT 

MewYofk 

Nortb  Cirolliu. 

Ohio 

Oregon 

IVnuylf  ant* 

HhndelaUnd 

Roaih  Caroltni ....... 

TannaHa* 

Tcua. 

Ve'mont 

Vinjinia 

Weal  VlnrtnU 

WlKonaIn 

Dtatrici  of  Colambla.  . 
Utah ,. 

TMal 


M 


M 

ai 

N 
tt 

10 
1 

MM 


F*tP*ntty 


71 
IMI 


a.mi! 
I, 

«,I|IN 

l«« 

Ml 

an 
m 

411 

aim 

l,*Ttt 
•M 

ai 

"in 
i.a44 

rH4 

Law 

am 

t.OM 

si  I 
i.Tia 

KM 

"iw 

W 

l.nil 

<M 

aao 


Ctlltfimf 
Dr far  fiat. 


41 
W 
ItVI 

"m 

7 
0<) 
tM 

lai 

144 

4N 
M 
IM 

an 

UH 

115 

114 

48 
tl 
171 

la 


4W 

M 


at* 

int 

Ml 


40 

4aM 
i.vm 
i.'xrt 

«»4 

ltl7 
«M 
M 

aan 

Ml 

ail 

iM 

tHH 
Ml 

aa 


tin 

7I« 
8H1 

4il  am 

8411  a,)  11 

1*  ai9 

an  a.11 

IM  i.oan 

m  4IVI 

aa!  ID* 

8i)i      MM 

(ft     lai 

ail     134 


IMS    aa.iiiH   i;.»%V\Wt  |a,iino,iwi  |i^,sii 


(*n,«nn 

IS.IOII 


n.ant 

n.mio 

.iH.iwn 

iia.^iM 

A4,.'MI 
M,7«t 

5,iiia 
«ii,itii 

"»«,(>« 

m.im 

NI.HIH 
!M.I>»l 
7,l«(l 

iia,w>7 
a.ixio 

"»,m 
M,7ia 

4W.HN 

a.mio 

1»4.IIIIU 
17.*l" 

ii;i.wft 

4ll,lllM 

an.Miii 

M.'IW 
I, Din 

»i,iinii 

«,W)II 

M.7;.i 

1(1,001 


in.'.iMO       11,100 
n.iini  Ml 


<iN,iinN 

I  .(IMI 

7,ino 

M7M« 

»l>«lll 
17.1KI" 

in.iHN 
ao.iMi 

IM,li75 
•,IIA 

t»l,»IS 
<l,:tl.%: 
O.IMD 
«,«!) 

lia.oM, 

7aU| 
'iK,in'i6 

8W..'WI 

rN.Niiil 

U.IIMl, 
KII.IN7 

7,IH(I 

atn.iKM 

H.IkM) 

(w.ni 

4I,4<I<I 
»,W7 

41, 'JM 

4.'««) 

l(P7.tl'BI 

l,««l 
!I,»SH 


m.iini 
«,0'iOi 

ri,Mui 

Wt,IIAtl' 
71,7)i- 

u,tm 

•J,  TOO 

1»,III7; 

lll,IIAii| 
aA.«78 
4!?.IVUI 
II4H,'IM 
40,<<Sh 
14,441) 
7,MII 
ll.HtlO 

a,aeuj 
"4a,('KNi 

47,(1(111 

ai».4(ni 
iw.aiNi, 
wt.m, 

i»i,7m; 

4tl.fllK)| 

m.tm 
av,io4 

7,«n(i 
ai.wn 
no.wu 

7.0741 
40,011111 
47,1(111 

»,flS,'l| 


( 


1 


u 


•4to,imc 

|:|(i.lWt 
t.4W,0IM 

MivVib 
7n,i>io 

MO.IHIO 

i,Ma,iiao 

l,«l'I^JO 
UN  I, (MO 

Miii,iini 

IMil,(im 
ll|(>,IIU 

wm.ieu 

aoa.ooo 

i,4(io,aiio 

l.|^^aao 

4Tll.t4l 

),ai«,(ni 
iwi.oou 

iiii>,noo 
i,;i70,iirtit 

7,.'ll.1,44a 
4U,ll<W 

a.go«,(m 

137,0110 
S,HI4,0OII 
J,MI0,(I0U 

T0P,IJ<X> 
l,8a7,IIIIO 

aNii.iuo 
i,«v%«» 

aim.ono 
uoA,oro 

1,»JII,II(IU 
I, MO 


ijn«,ioaj  ^.uM.at 


iinrroHY  or  this  imiTRn  mKtmk 


I 


f 
I 

r 


If 


!i 


THB   rVBLIO   DUT   OF   TMI   VHXTBD   nATM. 

MtMfMnl!  «^  XmvmAm'  SO)  IDTT. 


IINit    INTIII*?    IN    COIN, 


tmu  W  fXf««tf ,  IMI  (1iWI»  . 

nin^m  War  |i«ht 

L<MI  »f  Alf  tlKt  .«l««Ut,  Ml  (IMl 

Imaii  i>r  imn  iiiMlai         ,  , 

T.i<.»»»il»«i>M*M    

I'lnixilmr  lAUl  ,,,,, 

I  iinxiliiil  il*,l  ....,..., 

I  i>na<>la  of  INM  , 

IMH'ImI  limii  iif  |w|.  ,, 

hllHtnl  t^HM  iir  Wl 

r ■lutaii  irfi»«  o(  imi 


jt94H^94tS90  Al$k 


Ihm  M,  t<tl . , 

r>liniirif  II  IMI 

Ward  »,  ixni        ...j. ,_..... 

Jul*  ii»i«i  AitaiiiltMtl .. 

Man-h  I),  IXMI.  ..., 

Marrhl.  IMt ,,..,,, 

"•(•'Il«,  li)«l , 

•ri'h  1,  IwA     

Mart!)  t.  IWMI      ^  ,..,        ,   , 
Mr  It.  urm.aniiM.Pi'Tt 

jay  M.  lain,  a»<i  lln,  i*;  '11 
Jaljr  14,  l*m,  anci  Jan.  m,  'tl 


An««l«ir «».  IMI 

.tfiKf  ialir  HI,  Ml 
Aflar  Marrll  I.  i«  L 
Aflar  Jaljr  I.  I'tn 
Aili>r.laly  I.  I'll 


•Wjl/N 


h»«  II 
J>ir  I. 


,  i»t 

IWI 


Ah'tJalV  1.  I»tll 
lit  Mar  l,lw*l 


Allitr  I 


.lallt  I 
jalrl 
lallr  I 


Itttt  *f  Lm: 


l,naitnflMM  ... 
Lm*  I  r  Ki>kr«iKr, 
OrKfiR  War  DaM. 


MuMt)'! 


ImHrtH  t»f*th. 


(.•>aiin(.l,.|.  anit  A*fi|f«.  1^ 
.nail  nf  i>«i(iliMlai 
•H.nirll.aiir  laM ,. 

fiinatiiaor  la'A., 

(iiliania  .>r  IKll ,„ 

('■>i:...U  .,r  ia>|i« 

f'unttatl  l<iian  nf  IMHI ,,,, 

KaiMlcMl  L'lati  nf  lacl , 

'   ILuMunilUI 


(IMal 


'**««rr  m4  {hJ 
'aaaary  aii4  Jul 

ilanMri 

Ji 


irt  an4  Jii 
«>  and  i*\ 


»lr 

larcli  and  M<B<amb«f 

Miiarr  ami  Jiily      

Itnaarf  anil  Jnly 

laauary  amt  Inlir 

Vbriiarjt,  MarrH,  April,  and  N»r 
larch,  Jnlr.  HrtManihuf,  ami  Kw. 
'NM,  AifMt,  July,  u4  OalulMt. . 


AfinaiM.. 


Afliir  J«l 


MM.iini  a\ 

l«,4in.i«ii  lai 

MA,'  Oil  an 

IW.iNi.Mi  lai 

tn,iii«i.i>l"  ><ii 

|l>I.IMlt,:ai»  l» 

lia,w«l,Vi«  iw 
mii.nt)  lawim 

ar.M'i.iiin  im 
IK«.  1111.11111  in 
•mi.mai.iidii  lai 

TO.OIHI.iMII  U I 

|l,'ni,l«l4.l5ll  IM 


>B(.  I, 

ily  1. 1 


I   I'lM 
{•Ml 
llWt 
INM 


■J 


D.mii  m: 

1Ml,llli4  I'l 

m.aii  mi' 
•iijwH  HI 

WMIII  U 

I.IIII.IHW  VI 

I.M.n*  «l 
l,;iM,ia«  nn 

M.WII  IM 
IIM,l«»  M 


lA  lilt  m 

WMII  Ml 

«.r»i.i»«i  m 

l.niA.iMii  lai 
«.4ll(,>'ill  t» 
t.i««,v«i  U 
1  TM.4l^  mi 

wm.KH  itii 

I.IIK.  <ll  4« 

t.«Mi mai  00 
aiH.nii* 


(t.aai.iNM  II  |M,iwi,«it  M 


BHT  MAUKo  tamcun  HI  uwroi.  iioKir.  • 

n  IMm^^WRv* 

/fl4MVM#. 

Ttot. 

/Vm  tnl^ttt 

Ntry  Panaton  rwi 

MrXiMW 

Ipwwal , 

|i4.nw,iwn 

ItlD  000 

o9u>  001  w  AMI)  BVLLXoir  IV  uirxTU)  STATU  TmsAaumT. 

Iiliil«n«n(  t>\i  (V  rTnltol  .Vr<i^«  TrnMunr  <\f  Vui  aimmnl  af  aetuai  (\iiH  and  BttllUm  In  tin  Trtmuru  of  <A<  «(■•< 
Iff  biuiiuM  on  ikMtr  ai,  IIIT7,  tin  daU  al  wAieA  (A«  ItuI  OM-tMtmtU  balanet  mu  Uruek. 


AISBTR. 

lloM  rnin  In  Iha  Treaanrf ,  aiihlraaanrlna,  anil  mlala 

Ilolil  iMtr-  In  thf  Trt'a  tiiit.  aulilfi aaarlua.  aail  nilnta 

Iliil.l  bnllliin  (I'nllniati'ilUii  minia ,,..... 

Hllvir  liiilliiin  irallRialril)  In  minta 

Mlver  ciilu  l.i  Ilia  Traaaurjr,  aiiMrtaaarlaa,  and  mlnu 

Tola)  coin  and  bulllun  la  tba  Trawary . . 

l>n  hand,  f nnntad  aa  i*nln : 

Krnlloniil  riirranry  HMlfi'mM  In  allrar 

r<itn  riTllfliali'a  In  Tri-aanrr  offlcaa     

Ciiln-lliti-ri'-l  riMinnna  ittid  rlicrka  palll 

Niitia iif  iiaiiuiiaryiilil  liaiika rnluclDi rlrnlallao 

Mnuiuraiiduiu  ui  mtf  and  Whlukrr,  aaflcll,  Naw  Orlaua,  IMT . 

I  Hlhnr  rain,  coin  rarlltralaa,  fraetlonal  cnrrtncf  redanmMi,  and  olhar 
olillRailona  paid— IQ  Iranalt  from  ona  nOIra  to  anolhar  or  to  tba  ~ 
■ry— Mut  rveaWad  by  iifflc«a  to  wbtch  furwanlad 


ToUI. 


LIABILITISS. 

>  >i|ii  halanra,  Trcaranr'a  (antral  a<'i>onnl,  aa  par  Uclobar  dtbl  atolamaal 
I  UK  fur  aiKTlllc  imrpo^-ra  not  Included  In  tba  daht  alataasil,  u  lolkiwi  i 

Ciimplrnilcr  of  (hi)  rurrnicy 

KoilrmiM Inn  of  Hold  nntna  nf  national  banka 

Payment  of  Intorpat  on  public  debt 

nirlinralnit  (iflli-iira 

Lam  Truai<tiri-r  AaHay-iifflrn, 

Heeri'larv  of  Tmiaarv.  tprclal  aecnniit  No.  t 

Oiit-tiiiHilnif  allvor  i-hi<rk>*  of  Troaaim'r  of  thn  TTnlliid  Btatoa 

Oulatnniilnii  tfnltl  cht'rka  iif  Treanuror  nf  thi*  Tnltod  Htatoa 

Outaluiidliig  Kolil  drofta  of  Trcgsurer  of  tba  Uulled  DUtua 


I  Qold  coin,  allvar  coin,  and  rnl  i  lloma  mcolrad  at  pertain  offlcai,  bat  nal 
eharxcd  ual  ul  account  of  offlcea  niaklnn  remltlanes 


Total 1148,8(15,1180  56 


•m.m  w 

I.TWOO 
«IS,TM» 

m,iM7o 

8  :h 

tl  M 

14,W«  IK) 

i,Tiii,iM  m 

HI  ,440  IK 


|IIT,MI,I»I  411 


AM.nrW 

ir.4W,4«  00 
mLwiH  IM 

1,7*1  10 
«,1IJ8M 


lin,(iii,M'i  M 


Il,100,e85  90 
1,4.ia,0M  Ift 


flOl.im.WMD 
R.Nm.iiM  » 
a.Tiio.iiiHi  mi 

B,IIIM.IIII7  M 
I,47«.l:l1  411 


1T,MI),I«  M 

44>,l«« 
|t»,Ms!^ll><OU 


wiwwAMiBa  A»i>  ramioBioAts  nr 

*■«  WITflD  OTATBt,  IWfO-lWn. 


{•TO. 

I 


I  ^Haiina 

It  A/kaNai*  .. 

4  lalllnflll*         .     ... 

a  I'liioradn      

4  <'nnnaoll(al...<>iii>.. 

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a  DvUoara  ,, 

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in  riiirlil*     

II  Uffrfit 

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U  iliilMll 

14  lu4l«M 

III  Inwa ... 

in  KaaaM, 

It  KanlMky 

la  (.nalalaaa 

Id  Main* 

«  Maryland.      

II  Maaaaehaaall*, 

M  Mli'hitan 

^  Minnaaiiia. 

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m  Mlxonrl 

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mi  Nrw  jKrai'f  

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m  N'W  York 

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m  Miiiith  CarullM 

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47  WyonOn* 

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KXPORTR  or  BUTTBS  AHD  OHIM. 


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IMO.... 
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Tha  PrMMt  Atwsc*  Anntutl  rroduetlon 
of  Gold  wad  SUtw  firom  tha  Wbm  of  tho 
United  StotM. 


SUtt  *r  TtrrlUrf, 


CaltfnmU 

Nevada 

Monunt 

Idaho 

Dith 

Colorado 

At  Icon* 

Ni'W  Meiico 

Oroann 

WaahlnKton 

nakota 

Lake  Huperlor  . 

VIrvlnlu 

North  Carolina . 

OmirRla. 

Other  aourcea   . 


CM. 


•18,000,0110 
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t,w(i.iiat 

1,8«U/WI 

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178,000 
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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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7 


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HiotDgraphic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  U580 

(716)872-4503 


/^> 

'<^>^ 

^4^ 
^ 


APPENDIX  TO  TBI  HIHIOBY  OP  THE  UNITED  STATJJS. 


anaauBM  op  min.moiTm  avd  mvLATiom,  lam-ivn. 


STAnS. 


TMtl. 


ma-nfiimuitmd. 


I«T«. 


IMT. 


4ll 


miM. 


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U,41»,000 


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flu 

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IrtiMfte  to  ■  an*  :t  Mllm4  la  IMT,  M|  to  IfM,  Rl. 
M*klag*riallmi*. 


nammrnn  paid  bt  trb  virxnD  fTATit  zw  tan. 

'yjfnm  lh$  AtmtuI  M90H  tf  M*  CbmmtalMMr  vf  AmIinm,  18TT.] 


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piiofvtn  •  •  •  •  < 
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MlonetaU 

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ii 

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n.«M.(im 

n.Mi,iiM 

100,IM,MO 


M,ll»,IMO 
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CENSUS  OF  1880. 

roniuTiON  or  ml  tni  ciTin  and  towni  or  thi  uwud  itAui  contmnino  nori  than  10,000  inhamtanti. 

TIM  IbUawlag  TaMM,  pnpuad  mainly  from  Ctnmit  BhUmIm  iMuad  la  advaitM  ol  tka  pwblicallaa  of  ika  AiU  Uaiu4 

Canaua  of  lUe,  will  b«  found  both  umAiI  and  Inttratting. 


.Cai.. 

>QrlMaa,l 

■■mCo;. 

■nh.Pa. 

,„_f,H.V. 

CawuhT  MJ 

^5S;,?i&?;.!-:::::::: 

*"lwauhM,WU. 

14mm*.  R.  I,. 

.  M.V 

l«r,  N.  Y 

AllMlMa*,  Pa „.... 

ladiaaapalUi  Ib4 

IU«hai0B4,Va 

Maw  Havaa,  Caaa 

Eawall,  Maaa.. 
Wan 


Wlwau'l 
rra¥l4ar- 

SaabaaUr, 


Tnjr,  N.  v.... 

V-     u  City,  Ma 

CambridcaTliiaaa 

■yraaaaa,  N.  V 

Mlaaikaa.  O 

RrtafaaBi  N*  ja>«(i>*<*Mfi 
^oMa,  0.....7. 


Cbarlaataa,  i.  C. 

Fall  Rlvar.liaaa 

Mlnaaapalla,  Mian.... 

■araalaa,  Pa 

NaahvlUa,  Taaa,. 

Raadlac,  Fa 

HaftferW,  Caaa 

Wllmlagtaa,  Dal 

CamdaaT  N.J 

•1.  Paul,  Mlaa 

Lawraaaa,  Maaa 

Dajftaa-O 

Lyaa,  Haia 

AUaBta,Oa » 

Daavar.Cal 

OaliUad,Cal 

Utica,  N.  Y 

Pectland,M« 

Mamphla,  Taaa 

WBgaald,Maaa 

niaaeSaatar.  N.  H 

It.Jaaapk,  Me. 

Oraad  RapMi,  Mich.. 


WhaallBf 
Mebtla,  i 


W.Va.. 


HebaliaB,N.I. 

Hartlabart.  ra. 

■avanaah,  Oa 

Omaha,  Nab 

Traatea,  N.J 

CevlBgtaa,  Kva. 

Paerla,  III '. 

Bvaaavllla,  lad, 

Brid|apert,  Coaa 

RlUabath,  N.J. 

Rria,  Pa.........:. 

■alam,  Maaa 

Qulacv,  lU 

fort  Wayna,  lad 

Naw  Badibrd,  Maaa... 

Tarra  Hauta,  lad 

Laacaatar,  Pa 

■amarvllla,  Maaa 

Wllkaabarra,  Pa 

Augnata,  Oa 

Daa  Malaaa,  lewa 

Dubuqna,  Iowa 

Oalvaatea,  Taxaa 

Watarvllat,  N.  Y 

Nerfelk,  Va 

Aubura,  N.  Y 

Helyaka,  Maaa 

Davaapert,  lawa 

Chalaaa,  Ma 


Pataraburfh,  Va 

■aeramaato,  Cal 

TauBtoB,  Maaa 

Norwich,  Cana 

Otwoge,  N.Y 

Salt  Laka  City,  Utah.. 

SiriaaSald,  O 
ay  Aty,  Mich 

■aa  Aatanlo,  Taaa*.... 

Blmlra,N.Y 

Newport,  Ky _ 

Watarbury,  Caaa.. 


Peughkoapaia,  N.  Y... 
aprlacflaiaTlli 


1*9* 


m,im 


tl,n( 

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!»••»» 
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■1,141 
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■m  in  NYMi 


Allaaaa,  Pa. 
■arllBgtaa, 

cBaaooalai' 
Lowlataa,  Ma, 


_jhls,  III. 

.  laialaa,  N.  Y. 

RaiTdaa,  Caaa 
oaipalaad,  N.  Y 

faaaavllla,  O 


Cauaoll  Blullk,  lawa.. 
Nawbura' 
Partlaad, 
Wllmlaitaa, 
Blaflhaaitoa,  N.  Y.. 
Bleamlagtaa,  III... 


rah.N.Y 

id,  Orafaa..- 

ittaa,  N.  C. 

iBitoa,  N.Y.~ 

Jagtaa,  III 

NawBraaowIck,  N.j..., 
La:i(  loland  City,  N.V.. 
Nawtaa,  Maaa 


[or,  M*.. 


iary,Ala 

Laalattoa,» 

JohaatawB,  N.  Y 

baavaawerth,  Kaa 

Akraa,  O 

Now  Albaay,  lad 

jellat,lll 

laakaeB,  Mich 

Woeaaaakat,  R.  I 

Raelaa,  Wla 

Lyaohbara.  Va 

PIuohlas,1«.  Y 

Saaduaky,  O 

Oabkaab,  Wla. 

Hyda  Park,  III 

NawBort.  R.  I- 

Tapaka,  Kaa „.....^ 

Youaaatawa,  0 3, 

AtahlaaB.Kaa 

Cbaatar,  Pa 

Lahvotta,  lad 

Laadvllla,  Cal 

La  Crooaa,  Wlo 

Now  Brltala,  Caaa 

Norwalki  Coaa 

Yark.  Pa 

Coacord,  N.  H 

Llacola,  R,  I 

Virginia  City,  Na* 

Now  LaU,  N.  Y 

Schonoctady,  N.  Y 

Aloaaadrla,  Va 

Brocktoa,  Maoo 

Nowburyport,  Maaa 

Leckport.  N.  Y 

Naohua,  N.  H 

Pltuaold,  Maoa 

South  Bond, lad 

Pottovillo.  Pa 

Oranga,  N.J 

Llttla  Rock,  Ark 

Rocklbrd,  III 

Pond.du-Lae,  Wlo 

NorrlotowB,  Pa 

LIbcoIb,  Nab ~ 

Chattaaooga,  Toaa 

MacoB,  Oa 

Rlchmoad,  lad 

CaatlotoB,  N.  Y 

Cortlaadt.  N.  Y. — 

BlddoCord,  M* 

OeorgotowB,  O.  C 

Baajaot.Cai 

Fltehbun,  Maoa _ 

CaatoB,  O 

NorthainptoB.  Maoa 

Warwick,  R.  I 

Rutland,  Vt 

Hamilton,  O.. 

Kookuk,  Iowa.- 

Staubaavllla,  O 

Romo,  N.Y 

MaldoB,  Maaa 

Kalamaooo,  Mich 

Baatoa.  Pa 

OyotorBay,  N.Y 

Aurora,  In 

VIckoburg,  Mlaa.~ 

MIddlotowB,  Cobb ~ 

Amotordam,  N.Y 

Walthftn,  Maaa..... 

Dovor,  N.  H 

Danbury,  Conn 

Rock  loland.  III 


Derby,  Coan.. 
Brookhavon,  N.  Y 


^xi'sx'at.i 


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■1,766 

8,107 

■  ■,000 
7.3«7 
9.i8k 

■0,987 

«o,595 

■  i.io^ 
■•.443 
■■,■•3 

5,4>6 

9,>94 
7.''90 

8,090 

■0,159 


10 
7S 

s 
c 

t 

110 

■9 

n 

M 
Its 

i| 

St 
IS 

Jl 

ts 

7 
100 

«> 

e 

•S4 

9 

10 

■« 

W 

.9 

9> 

•a 
le 

5 

•s 

07 
•S 

4» 
04 

I 
70 

7 

9 
07 
oa 
14 

7 
4» 

7 
19 

S 
01 
4SS 
110 
It 
SS 

ss 
s>s 

OS 

10 

si 

10 
4» 

00 

It 

•4 

9 

-S 


Sm.  Sm. 


Wallklll,  N.y 

Oaiaaburg,  111. _ 

ParumaHih.Va 

Burltagtaa,  Vt 

Ckloapoo,  Maaa.. 

PertaaitutkiQ:..... 

tSS.'fia,'^^^:::-::::: 

MaabagoB,  MI0I1 

L*saaapart.lad 

^•WW'"*" 

HaaBlbal,Ba 

fhravapart.  La 

AuatiB,  taaao „ 

CMliloatliaTcr 

Wabura,liaaa 

Jaokaaavllla,  lU.... 

KaTHTUf^r!!;.!^:.!;;: 

Watartawa,  N.  Y 

Bollavllla,  III 

W*ymau{b,Maaa 

Q'llacir,  Maaa 

Now  LoBdaa.Caaa 

■ajlaaw,  MIoh 

JtMraoBvllla.lBd. 

■augortloa,  N.Y 

Dallao,  Toaaa 

Ogd*Bobur«,N.Y 

MadtaoB,  Wlo 


■tacktaB.Cal, 

Laaaa.N.Y 

Wlaeaa,  Mlaa 

Narth  Adamo,  Maaa.... 

■baaaodaah.  Pa 

Marlboraugh.  Maaa 

BaaClalra,Wla 

Cadar  Raplda,  lawa,... 
,N.Yi. 


Jai 

Gel 


ilumMa,  a.  C 


ll.4t| 

•••sN 

IIOM 

ii,ial 
ii,Ma 
11,191 
11,111 

".a|7 


•Mtf 
MMT 

ie,loa 


"JJi 
•a4*t 
•0409 
io.tM 


10,971 
lajsl 
le^O 
ie,S!S 

10,097 
IO.049 

lOgOOi 

ie,i9i 
10,14! 

10,IOt 

ie,iil 
10,104 


t.4; 


V477 
>>S> 
■o,4|* 
»4.i*7 

».*>7 

><>.»; 

•.77« 

f.7i4 

1% 
ao,ts| 

4.S»7 
4.4l» 

•,56a 

I.«>3 
.337 
"■73« 

l.>46 
9,010 
7.44^ 
9.JI» 
7.4*0 
7.»54 
■o,4S> 


lo,o|6 

■o,q66 
9,8l6 
7,'f 

•is" 

•,474 
1. 4  J* 
9,940 


08 
l| 

9 

-» 
T 

»3 

H 

i* 
'4 

a 

•9 
•7 

-9 

IS 

s> 

17 
41 
10 

41 

44 

0 


S 

IS 

0 

4 
4* 


14 

70 


tium. 


Now  York 

PoBBoylvaala 

Okie.... 

llllBola 

Illoaourl 

ladlaaa 

Maoaachuoatta 

KoBtucky 

Mlchlgaa 

lawa 

Toxaa 

TOBBOOOOO 

Ooorgia 

Vlrgfala. 

North  Carellaa.... 
WloceaolB.. 


MIoaloolppl.. 
Now  Joraay.. 


South  Carellaa. 

Loulolaaa 

Marylaad 

Callforala 

Arkaaoaa 

Mlaaooota 

Malaa 

Ceaaoctlcttt 

Woat  VlrglBla. 

Nabraaka 

Now  Hampohiro.. 

Vormeat 

Rhadalolaad 

Flerida 

Colorado 

Or*goa~ 

Delaware 

Nevada 


Total. 


liUN.*       la  Ml.* 


4.0l0,7sl 
lt793,oM 


I.SI7M 

>>SSt«tl 

1,110,009 


i4iMto 
•.•••.S44 
••>Si.SIO 
••WW 


frOi 


4.3l«.759 

•,539.«9" 

■  ,680,637 

•.457.35" 
■,3ll,oll 

■  .■•4rOS9 

■  .■94,OM 

•'5.579 

■  .•J«,9«o 

■  ,■•4,109 
■,••5,163 


<,o7i,}6i 

Ii054.«70 

W**9> 

705,600 
7»*.9'5 
780,894 
5*>.«47 
4»4.47' 

ea6,9l5 
937.454 
44>iO«4 

>»;*93 

31»,300 
330.55' 

•'7.353 
«*7.74« 
39.M4 
9o.9>3 
■•5,oi5 
4>,49> 


49>S>t.7SS  S>>>S9,S09      09 


01 

ot 

It 

00 
M 

•s 

•9 
•S 

SO 

•s 

07 

37 
OS 

>7S 
41 

•9 

00 

» 
71 

il 

oS 


•7 

sS 

90 


nmiR  in  nuimni. 


DIotrlct  of  Columbia.. 

Utah 

Dakota 

New  Mesleo ». 

WaahlBgtoB 

Ariioiia.. ..*.». ....•......•*■■ 

Meataaa 

Idaho „ 

W]romlBg.~...».......... 

Total 


Total  of  the  U.  S.. 


iiUN.* 


la  int.* 


J6,786 
•4.^8l 
9>>'74 
•3,955 
9,658 
•0.59S 
■4.991 
9,hI 

40J,866 


3>,iS0,cos   3l.95l.37^      3> 


« 
•S3 

•9 
•'4 
SI9 

90 

:3 


•  Not  lilMlhn  "I«dlMii  wnand." 


Prepared  expretsly  for  Warren's  School  Geographies. 

m 


Published  by  Cowperthwait  A  Co.,  Philadelphia. 


OONTENTTATION  OF  HISTORT  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


(In  iwamlBg  th«  hltloir  of  tb«  variow  RiatM 
MMllr,  bat  Mmiawluil  IoomW,  dMlgnatad  m 
"Soath  AmnlMii,"  It  wtll  aoi  b*  aanMMNir 
kr*  to  Mmwk,  ibftt  tho  Mtbor  bw  |»ld  moN  at- 
tantloa  to  fltW  NConUng  etrramalanaM  Mid  •tatla- 
tiM  whieh  tvUMMO  tbo  piMMt  eondltloo  and  fa- 
tura  proipMta  of  tba  giaat  mm«a  of  tbe  popida- 
tloa,  tban  la  •trlvlav  to  make  bU  pana  atlfaolWa. 
to  tba  men  leader  for  plaaaare,  bjr  gmng  gloaiBa 
deaerlptlona  of  the  ditbiaat  iManealloM  wbleb 
bave  Bieatly  lataided  ImproTementa  of  all  klnda. 
Happnjr,  Ibaee  oatbreaki  bare  maallr  been  more 
eoBipleooaa  for "  ioand  and  fury,"  tnan  Air  any 
■erioaa  efhtloB  of  blood.  Man*  of  tbe  military 
npatarta  wbo  lo  often  nekleeely  naHkt  to  riaa 
tbrongh  tba  ruin  of  tbeir  eonntrlaa,  paid  tba  for- 
Mt  of  ibilr  MDMlaM  tmaerity  by  tbemielrea  ileep- 
lag  In  bloody  •brood*.] 

Bbasl,  after  the  raooMafkil  tenninaUon  of 
the  haraaaiiig  and  exhaaetUe  war  with  the 
rulers  of  Paragtuyr,  did  not  aink  into  a  aelf 
antisfied  indolence.  The  rereno  took  plaoe. 
Whatever  difference  of  opinion  mav  proTail 
among  political  caraiit*  at  to  the  ngfata  and 
wrongs  of  the  Bnuiiiana  in  thii  matter, 
there  can  be  no  diveraity  of  opinion  as  to  the 
conduct  of  theae  eneigetio  people  ainoe  the 
peace.  Fall  of  that  reatleas  enterpriaa  that 
made  the  Portngaeae  the  moat  daring  and 
Bacoeaaful  navigatora  of  the  world,  they  have 
in  the  laat  few  years  bent  all  their  eneigiea 
to  promoting  the  proaperity  of  the  Empire. 
The  mighty  rivers  uiat  take  their  rise 
among  the  ioe-brooka  of  iba  CordiDeraa, 
and  after  conning  through  ravines   and 

Sampas,  augmenting  with  every  mile  of  their 
ow,  tiU  they  expand  as  they  finish  their 
travel  of  thousanda  of  milea  by  adding  aeaa 
to  the  great  ocean  which  they  join  in  the 
territories  of  BrasiL  This  vast  oonntiy,  in 
which  the  area  of  the  German  Empire  might 
be  placed  without  visibly  inoreasmg  its  di- 
mensions, has  enough  of  wealth  in  its  natural 
productions  to  fill  the  coflers  of  an  ordinary 
State.  It  is  the  home  of  the  diamond ;  its 
rich  and  exquisitely  varied  woods  are 
adapted  to  every  description  of  elegant  fur- 
niture; the  india-rubber  jg;um,  now  one  of 
the  most  useful  and,  indeed,  necessary  of 
products,  fairly  streams  from  the  vast  forests 
of  this  blessed  land.  Coffee,  the  hand- 
maid of  temperance,  could  be  furnished  in 
k  rbundanoe  to  all  the  nations  of  the  globe, 
if  production  was  stimulated  by  demand. 
Cotton,  if  not  king  of  Brazil,  is  certainly  a 
powerful  potentate.  In  quality  and  quantity 
it  is  onljr  second  to  the  United  States  in  its 
production.  There  are  millions  of  acres  of 
the  finest  sugor  lands,  which  are  being 
rapidiv  ntilued.  The  river  navioation,^ 
though  but  in  its  oomparative  inmncy,  em- 
ploys large  numbers  of  well-built  and  well- 
maoaged  steamers,  which  find  abundant 
freights  in  bearing  toward  the  ocean  the 


rich  freiffhtaM  to  and  from  tbe  interior,  not 
only  of  Bnuu,  but  of  the  nsigbboring  States, 
who  find  their  easiast  aooesa  to  and  from  the 
ocean  on  the  broad  bosom  of  her  magnifi- 
cent ri  vera  To  give  any  jnat  conception  of 
the  flowers  and  trees,  toe  birds  and  tho 
butterflies  which  animate  and  enliven  every 
foot  of  Braiilian  territory,  would  require  the 
knowledffe  of  a  naturalist  and  the  language 
of  a  poei  For  once  a  great  county  has 
not  been  dominated  by  a  fool  or  a  tyrant. 
Dom  Pedro,  tibe  Repnblioan  Emperor  of  this 
vast  domain,  seems  equal  to  his  lofty 
position.  He  does  not  onltivate  cabbages 
like  Diodetian,  the  Roman  Emperor,  nor 
regulate  ckxiks  like  Charles  v..  though 
his  praotical  mind,  no  donbt,  rightlv  esti- 
mates the  neoessitT  of  having  sood  cabbages 
and  reliable  time-keepers.  fTo;  hehasset 
out  on  a  pilgrimage  of  utility.  He  has  de- 
termined to  brum  away  all  the  intermedi- 
aries which  usually  come  between  a  mon- 
arch and  the  rest  ra  mankind.  He  has  seen 
and  scmtiniaed  everything  worthy  of  atten- 
tion in  both  hemiqiheres,  and  takes  with 
him,  on  his  welocme  return  to  his  intelligent 
subjeots,  an  amount  of  valuable  information 
such  as  probably  never  before  was  stored  in 
a  brain  endrded  by  a  crown.  Here  is  an 
instance  in  which  we  most  ardent  Bepnb- 
lican  can  truthfully  exclaim, "  Long  live  Ihia 
Ungl"  and  when  in  the  Adlness  of  time 
Dom  Pedro  rests  in  the  vaults  of  the  later 
BraoMuas  may  he  find  as  great  a  poet  as 
his  friend  "Longfellow"  to  enumerate  hiM 
virtues  and  duomde  his  many  noble  deeds. 

We  now  proceed  to  summarite  the  prin- 
dpal  incidents  and  facts  more  partictuariy 
worth  noting,  some  of  which  we  have 
glanced  at  in  thenreceding  passages. 

In  the  year  1874  there  was  considerable 
increase  reported  fat  the  popolation.    The 

ftrovinccs  are  ffovemed  by  nreiidents  and 
egislatnres.  The  whole  or  the  Brazilian 
troops  had  not  been  taken  from  Parasnay. 
The  national  revenue  had  pro^ousTy  in- 
creased. It  amounted  to  $64,586,826 ;  bung 
a  surplus  over  expenses  of  more  than  $18,- 
000,000.  All  kinas  of  machinery  and  tYorj- 
thing  for  the  use  of  agriculture  goes  in  duty 
free.  Tho  bishop  of  Olinda  had  been 
sentenced  to  four  years'  imprisonment  for 
usurpation  of  imperial  autnoriiiy.  There 
was  much  sickness  in  parts  of  the  Empire. 
No  settlement  was  eoected  of  the  trouble- 
some boundary  questions  daring  1876. 
There  remained  but  little  over  1,000,000 
slaves  unmannmitted.  Immigrants  annually 
arrive  ttom  Fortu^  to  the  number  of  about 
5,000.  Several  improvements  have  been 
made  in  the  disdpline  of  the  army.  A  large 
quantity  of  public  land  has  been  given  To 


vohmteers  who  served  in  the  late  war.  !• 
1878-4  there  was  some  falling  off  in  Ilis 
exnorts.  The  posatUUties  of  Braail  for 
ocnbe  eoltivation  are  anboanded,BS  evaty 
part  of  the  eonntnr  seama  Cavorwie  to  in 
growth,  and  it  nenos  but  Uttie  labor.  Tba 
revonne,  as  before  stated,  was  largely  in- 
creased.  The  general  health  was  good. 
The  Emperor  asked,  and  obtained  of  th* 
Qovemment,  leave  to  take  an  eighteen 
months*  toor. 

His  is  the  only  independent  ooontnr  fai 
South  America  that  has  a  monaichioal  fonn 
of  government  ud  thus  far,  it  most  bs 
owned,  it  has  been  one  of  the  moat  power- 
ful and  progressive.  Russia  akme  has 
an  undlviaed  territonr  so  vast.  It  oeonpiea 
at  least  two-fiftha  of  the  South  AmerusaD 
continent  It  inolndes  more  than  8,000,000 
sqnare  miles.  Its  population  is  nearly  13,000,. 
000.  Something  like  two-thirds  of  the  popa- 
lation  is  oompoMd  of  mixed  races,  of  Indians, 
Kegroes,  ana  Europeans ;  the  balance  be- 
ing pure  whites.  The  aovemment  is  a 
limited  monarchy,  of  whicn  Dom  Pedro  is 
Emperor.  Ho  was  bom  on  Deo.  2,  1825; 
was  crowned  July  18,  1841,  and  was  mar- 
ried  to  the  daughter  of  the  King  of  Sicily 
ml843. 

In  1876  BrasQ  had  an  army  of  some  30,000 
men,  oiBoers  indoded,  and  a  police  force, 
national  and  reserve  gnard,  of  more  than 
600,000  men.  The  navy  is  quite  large,  in- 
dnding  many  fine,  powenul  iron-dads,  and  is 
manned  by  between  8,000  and  9,000  sailors 
and  marines.  While  Braiil  e^rts  lai|^ 
quantities  of  tobacco,  hides,  diamonds^  india> 
rubber,  boms,  eto.,  its  prindpal  product  is 
cofBae,  of  which  it  exprats  a  larger  quaiility 
than  any  other  country.  It  imports  larant 
quantities  of  provisions,  clothing,  dry-goods, 
hardware,  petrdeam,  and  similar  goods 
from  the  United  States,  England.  Italy, 
Spain,  and  France.  We  take  neany  two- 
fifths  of  all  the  coffiae  exported,  and  oar 
commerce,  carried  on  mostly  by  our  own 
vessels,  is  daily  angmenting,  and  must  oon- 
tinne  to  increase.  We  have,  or  can  make, 
nearly  every  article  that  the  Brazilians 
want,  and  mej  have  a  great  variety  of  prod- 
ucts, many  of  whidi  are  indinpenaaUe  to  us. 
Great  Britain  has,  thus  ht^  had  the  lion's 
share  of  the  trade  of  Brasil,  although  our 
country  is  so  situated  that  it  ousdit  to  com- 
mand it  About  one-fourth  of  tne  exports 
go  to  England,  while  less  tban  one-fiflb 
reach  us.  So  far  back  as  1870  the  Custom- 
House  clearances  throughout  the  Empire 
reached  an  aggregate  of  1,108,000  tons. 
Slavery  is  to  entiraly  cease  in  1902,  when 
the  remaining  indemnity  of  $8,000,000  will 
be  paid  to  the  owners.    While  slavery  has 


APPENDIX  TO  TUB 


bMMCndMlljr  MidpHMnhl' 
prodMUoBlMM  iMpl  «Mutai 


■o  dintdcn  of  mt  OMgutoda  hvn 
oeovmd.  Tba  total imUomIcUM of  RimU 
ia  1878  MMNwtod  lo  |ftira,44S,786,  of  whitth 
•MO,000tOOO  WM  owlur  lo  OrwU  BritaiD. 
Tbo  ImuiUbc  mpLUi  of  Bnwil  k  vwy  Iwgt^ 


UMog  tha  priaoipal  baaks  an  auuiy 
vMv  oM  Mid  iwj  nMAU  ho— m^  bota 
aalm  aad  fofdn.  Tho  Oovwniani  ta 
■ow  anrtiBC  itoolf  with  mnoh  enwgy  to 
Mtabikh  idiooU  aad  dUtaw  infonaiUao. 
UatU  lalalj  odaeatioa  waa  too  gMMnlljr 
Bagtwtod  Moai^  art^  airioaHan,  and  at- 
Iraiiomy  hava  now  apwial  iaalit«ta%  aad  tha 
nlMitMMd  anmpla  of  Um  Etapanr  ia  baar 
inc  riah  IMi  lUOraada  ata  abaa^jr  bdH 
oa  aiaay  of  tha  naia  liaaa  of  tiavai,  aad  aaw 
onaa  an  bdas  ooaliaaaUj  baill  to  iMilitato 
tiatal  aadMghi  TalMraph  Iwilitfaa  a». 
bt  balwaaa  aiTtha  Im&w  poiata  of  tha 
ooaati^.  Bttaat-oara  ha^a  baaa  aiiae— ftally 
btradaoad  in  tha  eraiul  aad  othar  eitiM, 
aadanwdl-aapiwctad.  AltasaBritidiooni- 
pmj  liavo  aaBMiona  itHuaaia  oo  tha  Bivar 
AaMJon.  whila  oar  owa  oonntiTBian  ara  laj- 
log  inn  traolta  ia  maaj  diraeuoaa  to  ooa- 
kaol  watar  eonmaaioatioBa  whaia  thav  an 
impadad  bgr  ahoaia  or  naida.  A  good  ar- 
tiola  of  eoal  haa  baaa  diaooTand  oa  tha 
Aaiaaoa,  wUdi  nmal  prora  of  gnat  olility 
toataaoMn. 

Ia  1876  tha  atatiatioi  of  tnda  aad  gOTon- 
BMDt  diow  very  alight  Tariattoa  tarn  thoaa 
of  l(t75.  Tha  popolatioa,  iaohuUng  la- 
diaBa.wMl%700;iM.  Pnaidmt  of  Sanata, 
^^aooont  da  Jaqoarjr,  8  mamban,  ahoaaa 
for  lif^  oompoaa  that  body;  192  maBBban, 
elecied  for  4  yaai^  oooipoaa  tha  Chambar  of 
Dapatiea,  of  wUoh  M.  F.  Ooma  ia  pnaid- 
ing  oAoer.  The  rMolar  annr  amonata  to 
over  96^000  men.  TliapoiiocKnroethroagh- 
oat  the  Empin  ia  onr  10^000.  Tha  navy  ia 
^te  poweribl,  being  eompoaad  of  a  nam- 
Dw  of  poweiAd,  modem  iron-olada  and  other 
ateam  Tcaidi,  manned  by  over  7,000  men. 
Every  citiien  ia  liable  to  be  eallad  out  in 
oaae  of  actaal  necuaaity.  Rapid  inareaae  of 
nvenae  oonlinoed  enronle  m  BnuriL  In 
1870  then  waa  a  aarplai,  over  all  expenaee, 
of  mon  than  $  1,000,000.  Nearly  600,000,000 

Sonde  of.  eoflbe  wen  prodnced  throogboat 
t  Empin  in  the  laat  year.  Cotton  ia  alao 
anannaallyinoreaafaigarop.  OnrlOO,000,- 
000  cattle  an  known  to  be  at  praaent  in 
Bimii],  and  the  «Vort  of  Udea  oontinaaa  to 
be  very  huge.  Ine  vaiiona  linaa  of  nil  ia 
open^wn  enteod  over  4,000  mileaw 

Braail  haa  twenty  paovinoea,  each  with  ita 
local  sovemmant  The  State  Chnroh  (Ro- 
man Oatholio)  is  managed  by  eUvan  buu^a, 
Bidbject  to  the  oontrol  of  a  Prinmteb 

Wlule  in  moat  parta  of  tha  Empin  intenae 
heat  pravaila,  toe  agricaltaraliita  evince 
none  of  the  alothftalnaaa  nanaUy  found  in 
tlM  inhabitanto  of  audi  cKmatea.  On  the 
oontmiy,  (hey  have  proved  tfaemadvea  ftall 
of  energy,  and  the  ndi  prodaetiona  ci  the 
■oil  are  cnltivated  in  an  ever-increaaing 
qoantily.  £v<ny  other  intereat  aeenu  atim- 
alated  1^  tiie  name  honorable  ambition  to 
place  their  conntry  in  the  van  of  dviliaation. 
Whether  the  admirabS  qoalitiea  of  Dom 


Pedro  have  iliaialated  the  beat  eaeMJM  of 
hia  people,  or  that  hie  malitiaa  an  a  imUx  of 
tbava,  can  not  be  told.  Bat  oertainhr  they  an 
moat  excellently  in  aeeord.  MiUuiaa  npoo 
■illioaa  of  dollara  worth  of  aogar,  eoffce,  cot. 
toa,  gold.  Braail-aati^  hair,  wool,  timber, 
Udea,  india-mbbar,totMeoo,diamonda,ram, 
aad  malt  an  aipartad  to  all  parte  of  tha 
wcfM ;  oar  own  aoontry,  by  aoaia  aInMiga 
la«k  of  aalanriaa  oe  oar  part,  getting  notb. 
lata  like  oar  foal  ahan  The  tam  ia  aome- 
waat  bordnaona  on  BOBM  of  tha  priacfaal  ar> 
tielaa  with  which  we  mi|At  anppU  Braailiaa 
■Mrkata  Bat  a  little  aibrt  on  the  part  of 
ow  traatr-makii^f  paopla  ndglit,  donbtlaaa, 
■al  a  BMdMeatiaii.  Inipaawie  haa  to  pay 
Sieaotepargalloa:  roain,|I.ISperbamf; 
floor,  ft4  caoH  per  barrel. 

Brun  naja  bat  aboot  ft  par  cent  iataraat 
on  her  debt 

Oaiu.— Obili  proper  eoataina  <ia  extent 
of  ISStSOTTaqaara  roilaa,  eidaBive  of  aome 
I1ft,000  aqaan  milaa  clahned  aa  belonging 
to  H;  fbrtnarly  a  part  of  Pataonnia.  In 
1870  thepopalation  waa  eompnted  at  aeariy 
9,000,000.  It  haa  a  ragnhir  army  of  about 
ftjOOO,  inchkbng  cAcara,  while  the  Natkmal 
Onard  amooata  to  mon  than  56,000,  of 
whidi  mon  than  90,000  an  cavalry.  The 
navy  ia  amall,  bnt  adbetin.  The  greater 
nortioB  of  the  trade  of  Chili  ia  with  Great 
Britain.  The  exporta  in  1870  amoanted  to 
$98,000,000,  aad  coaaiated  mainly  of  grain, 
Udea,  wool,  ailver  and  copper  orea;  reoeiv. 
faig  in  ntorn  all  Unda  of  maiwmctnred 
oooda.  Oar  trade  ia  very  limited.  In  187'J 
toe  national  levenna  of  OhiU  amoanted  to 
$87,800,000,  ahowing  a  rapid  faiareaae.  In 
1870,  H,091  veaaela  entered  OhiUan  porta,  in 
all,  9,510,000  tone.  Many  very  important 
linea  of  railway  an  in  coorae  of  conatrnction, 
and  a  namber  of  othen  an  projected.  Don 
Manuel  Qaroia  died  in  1873,  after  aerving  hia 
country  in  varioua  impt>rtant  ofllcea  for  nearly 
half  a  centnry.  Chili  ia  atill  very  rich  in  the 
nredoua  metal%  one  ateamer  having  taken 
from  a  aingle  port  no  leaa  than  19,000,000 
in  copper,  gola,  and  ailvw.  OhUi  haa  made 
aeveni  liberal  arrangcmenta  to  promote  net- 
dement  by  foreignera.  Tery  many  improve- 
menta  han  been  made  in  the  lawa  relating 
to  religion,  mining,  marruwe,  tad  nevenu 
monoiwliea  han  been  abolianed.  Lawtaeem 
to  be  executed  vary  impartially.  One  Rei 
having  died  from  tha  cAota  of  a  flogging,  the 
Court  of  Aimeala  condemned  Zonteno,  the 
cUef  of  polioe  who  inflicted  it,  to  death,  and 
tha  aurgeon,  Faviea,  who  witneaaed  it,  to 
ten  yean*  impriaomneni    Flogging  ia  now 

In  1874  then  waa  much  feeling  about  an 
attempt  to  take  poaaesaion  of  a  large  aection 
of  Patagonia  dmmed  by  the  Argentine  Re> 
puMie.  The  Preaident  of  the  npnbUc  ia  F. 
Erraauriea,  elected  in  1871.  Both  importa 
and  exporta  had  largely  incroaacd,  atill  onai- 
neaa  waa  not  briak,  owing  partly  to  the  fact 
that  the  deraeaaion  in  thia  country  had 
reached  the  Chilian  morketa.  Large  quan- 
titiea  of  coals  still  come  lixnn  England,  with 
the  exception  of  some  Nttle  perturbation 
cauaed  by  acta  of  the  clerical  reaotioniata, 


tranquillity  nioned  and  avarything  waa  rn»> 
percHiN.  Interior  trade  bod  mcraaaad  90  par 
eeiii  Total  pubUo  debt  ia  1878  waa  $68,. 
887,029.  A  new  penal  coda  waa  aabmittad 
to  Congreaa.  Mining  waa  being  neglected  for 
the  mora  aon  nluma  of  aoricnltun.  Arbi> 
tntfcm  waa  to  be  reaorted  to  to  aettia  dia< 
pnlaa  with  neighboriag  Statea.  The  city 
of  Cnaeepdoa  Sad  greatly  improved. 

During  |87ft  diaonaaiona  wen  going  oa 
about  boundariea.  The  popufaitirm  ol  OhiU 
bad  incraaaad  94l>,39t  ia  tea  yeara.  Tha 
anay  counted  8,500  men.  Two  iroa> 
clada  built  ia  Enghmd  wen  added  to  tha 
navy.  Both  exporta  aad  importa  ahow  a 
faOiag  alt  The  coal  fielda*an  proving  of 
great  utility.  February,  1875,  «reel  tela, 
gnph  maaaagea  pawed  to  and  from  Valpa> 
raiao  and  London.  Total  national  debt  ia 
1874  waa  $48,149,85a  A  money  diaputa 
between  m.iU  and  Peru  waa  feft  to  the  da- 
daion  of  an  nui^....,  whoae  award  gava 
aatiaCMstion  to  both  parties.  The  IntarDa> 
tional  ExUUtion,  in  thb  year,  waa  a  ano- 
ceaa.  The  preaidoatial  aleooon  waa  occupy- 
ing public  attention.  President  Anibal  Pinto 
took  ofllce  September,  1870.  Ten  laadinc 
repreaantative  men  compoaa  the  Council  n 
Bute.  The  popuhttion  baa  increaaed  980,- 
000  in  the  hwt  decade.  The  total  atrength 
of  the  army  ia  given  at  8,600  men.  Tlio 
National  Guard  waa  91,000  men.  The  navy 
had  18  vessel^  mostly  powerfU  hmi-cladai 
Their  oews  1 1,000  men.  The  rannne  firom 
coatoma  ia  annually  inoraaaing.  The  aa> 
thorittea  wen  carryfaig  a  qratom  of  rigid 
economy  into  every  departmenc,  boUi  civil 
and  militaiT.  The  total  national  debt  waa 
aome  851.000,000.  Then  ia,  alao,  a  raUroad 
debt  of  $85,000,000.  Pi^  education  ia 
foatand  fay  the  Gtoverameni  Tha  total 
exporta  wen  nearly  $60,000,000;  importa, 
$61  000,000.  In  1875  nearly  6,000  veaaela 
cleared,  aad  about  the  aame  number  entered 
Chilian  porta.  In  1876  then  wen  mon 
than  600  miln  of  railway  in  operation.  It 
ia  thought  that  the  export  m  borax  will 
greatly  enrich  the  country. 

EooAooB. — Ibia  republican  State  ia 
bounded  fav  the  Pacific  Ooean,  the  United 
Statoa  of  Colombia,  Braail,  and  Peru.  Tha 
population,  eatimated  at  over  1,000,000,  ia 
apnad  over  a  territory  of  aome  9,000,000 
aquan  milea.  It  haa  aeveral  hundred 
thouaand  Indiana  in  a  atato  of  nature. 
Quito,  the  capitol,  haa  neariy  100,000  in- 
ubitante.  S.  Oarda  Moreno  waa  deoled 
Preaident  in  1800.  The  exporta  in  1871 
amounted  to  aligfatly  mon  than  $8,000,000, 
composed  moaUy  of  Panama  hats,  cacao, 
india-rubber,  qainine,  and  cqtton.  Ueturna 
on  not  made  public  of  tha  value  or  natura 
of  the  importa.  The  army  conaisted  of 
J, 600  men.  Much  attention  ia  being  paid 
tt>  the  cultivation  of  indigo,  and  for  tUa 
purpose  four  youths  wen  sent  from  each 
province  to  Quito  to  attend  a  thorough 
coarse  of  instonction  in  tlie  growing  and 
manipulation  of  that  important  artida 
Great  improvementa  have  been  made  in  the 
harixv  of  Guayaquil,  one  of  the  best  on  the 
Padflo  coaat.    BMra,  which  waa  destroyed 


nnrroRY  of  south  amerioa. 


bv  M  MHrtbqaslw  In  IIM.  hM  batn  n. 
boili 

Pmridml  Antonio  norartro  wh  inaiiffn- 
ntod  Dooombar,  1H73.  Ai  th«  popiiUtion 
b  ISTrt  WM  IwM  UiM  1,000,000,  tba  army 
•ad  OAT/  MM  varjr  imsU.  Sohooli  ara  fut 
tnoTMuing.  The  upper  region*  ur*  in- 
babitnd  bj  n  popnUiion  difbrani  in  bnbiU 
mmI  tboogbU  ttom  thoM  of  tb«  Uttontl  Mo- 
tion. Mid  tbiM  ndrtne  opiniona  ofUm  braak 
oat  m  rarolta  wbioh  gnwtljr  ratanl  tha  im- 
proTamanta  of  tba  ooantry. 

Pnu.— Tbia  rapnblio  ia  bonndad  hj  tba 
TuUo  OoaoD,  B(>Uvia,  Bnudl.  and  Eoondor. 
Tba  tarritorjr  ia  fully  500,000  aqiuura  milaa. 
In  1871  itapopoktion  approncbad  4,000,000, 
Tba  naliva  and  mixed  paiople  are  more  tban 
one>balf  tbe  popolatiuu.  In  IHTH  Manuel 
Paido  waa  Freaulant  llio  army  niiiabered 
18,000  men,  and  tbe  navy,  including  tome 
lron«lada,  moantod  nearly  100  guna — aoma 
very  formidable.  Nitre  and  guano  are  tlie 
principal  artiolea  of  export,  muolt  of  wbioh 
goea  to  England.  Home  sugar,  I'enivian 
Mrk,  and  wool  are  aloo  exported.  little  at> 
faintion  ia  paid  to  manulaoturoa,  and  nuarly 
OverY  fabno  for  dre«a,  and  bardware  and 
Uacninory  in  brougbt  IVom  abroad.  In  1871 
tba  importa  were  oatimated  at  (l4!i,0(H),000, 
and  tbe  cx^wrta  exceedvd  tbat  amount  by 
oTor  a  milliun. 

Tbu  principal  revenue  ia  from  tbe  aale  of 
guanu.  Many  important  railroad  linea  were 
conatriictod  by  an  cnterprioing  American 
(Uenrr  Meiga)  about  tbia  time.  Large  anma 
were  at  tbe  aame  period  laid  out  in  iirigation 
and  public  roada.  In  Februniy,  1673,  died 
Aroboiabop  Qoyeiieohe,  at  tbe  age  of  eij^ty- 
I'igbt  yoatH — a  very  able  and  good  man.  A 
very  fine  national  expooition  woa  opened  in 
tbia  year.  A  revolution,  haaded  by  one 
Uutierrei,  mode  some  way  for  a  few  daya, 
but  ended  in  tbe  overtbrow  and  deatb  of 
the  UROrper.  Tbe  people  preaenred  atkiir- 
able  tranquillity. 

Itevonue  in  1878,  about  128,800,000; 
expenditurea,  817,880,400;  foreign  debt, 
$1,061,000.  In  1874  there  aaema  to  be  a 
deficit  of  II  1,000,000  between  reoeipta  and 
expenditurea.  Mncb  depreaaion  in  buoi- 
neaa  and  financial  diatreaa  waa  cauoed  by 
tbe  foot  that  tbe  country  had  expended 
large  sums  of  money  received  in  advance 
for  guano.  The  Uovttmment  hod  been 
maintained  bv  these  advanooa,  and  tbe  oon- 
aequent  obeoK,  by  tbe  stoppage  of  custom- 
ary BuppUea,  left  tbe  revenue  for  short  of 
tbe  aums  demanded.  As  there  are  no  di- 
rect toxea  in  Peru,  and  customs  duties  are 
rektivel^  small,  tbe  ruling  powers  were 
^aoed  m  an  awkward  predicament.  The 
President  wiselv  and  temperately  ursed  the 
people  to  fooe  the  difficulty  and  pointed  out 
aome  remedies.  In  October  the  town  of 
Iqnique  waa  totally  destroyed  by  a  confla- 
gration. A  Congress  of  the  South  Ameri- 
can States  bod  oeen  called  to  assemble  in 
Lima  to  consider  and  uot  upon  various  mat- 
ters of  great  consequence  to  tbe  different 
diviaions  of  the  oountir. 

President  Ignacio  rrado,  Angust,  1876, 
riaited  KnglaM  and  made  satuwtotory  ar- 


ranffamanta  with  bondboldars.    Home 
olnUcmary  movemanta  bad  been  Arnttrato<L 
Mora  oonfldenoe  had  prevailed. 

UairaDAT.— Preaidant,  L.  Lnipnr.  .  Tba 
revenue  had  inoraMMd  to  19,000,000 ;  leav- 
ing a  liiiga  anrploa  to  apply  to  paying  tba 
national  debt.  Tba  oominansial  atatlati' 
far  l87fr-76  are  not 
Hocae-oara  had  been 
dooad  into  Montevideo, 


oa 
yet  made  pablio. 
anoooaafnily  intro- 


RouviA. — Tbia  republic  baa  eontinnad, 
•inoa  tba  daya  of  ita  great  Uberator,  Uolivar, 
the  form  of  rapublioAn  govemmeni  It  baa 
a  oongreaa  of  two  ehambera,  elected  by 
univeraal  auflraga.  The  Preaidant  apnointa 
a  Vice-Preddeni  In  tbe  year  1879  Alfonao 
Ballivian  waa  elected  Presitlenl,  and  waa 
inaugurated  at  Oruro,  the  pronent  capital 
Tbe  atanding  army  numben  about  0,000 
men,  including  officers  of  all  grade* ;  and 
it  ia  aupported  at  an  annual  o<>h(  of  a  Uttle 
over  83,000,000.  The  principal  port,  Co- 
bija,  ia  free.  In  1871  the  total  imports — 
moatly  hardware,  silkfi,  oottun  fiibiiuH,  and 
jewelry— reached  $(I,U<HJ,(HM) ;  wh.l  i  ttiv  ex- 
port of  ores,  Peruvian  Imrk,  borax,  fiirH, 
liidoa,  and  guano  exceeded  8'),<K)\()U0. 
While  Bolivia  is  a  venr  lnrgt«  Hbitu,  both  us 
regarda  territory  and  popiilittiou,  she  ha« 
been  very  bnokward  in  ontorprises  of  all 
kinds.  Of  late  yoarx,  however,  she  has 
awakened  from  her  lethargy.  Arrange- 
ments have  bean  made  with  the  Madeira 
and  Mamore  Railroad  (Company  and  the 
Bolivian  Navigation  Company  for  extend- 
ing transit  fatuities  to  various  ports  of  tbe 
tenitory.  These  and  other  improvementa 
will  open  up  to  trade  and  civilization  great 
tracts  of  country  now  inhabited  by  savage 
or  aemi-nvage  Indiana,  where  natural  pro- 
duotiona  of  great  value  abound. 

When  President  Tonus  Friaa  was  elect- 
ed, in  1874,  the  army  waa  about  8,000,  in- 
cluding oiBoera.  Tbe  annual  income  from 
all  aourcea  ia  leas  tban  the  expenditure. 

Tbe  Madeira  and  Madore  Railroad  was 
still  progreaaing.  When  tbia  road  ii  com- 
pleted, it  will  open  a  abort  route  from  Bo- 
livia to  the  littoral  region  of  tbe  Paoifia 
She  is  now  dependent  on  a  Peruvian  port 
on  that  ocean.  Several  short,  but  important 
railroads  are  in  course  of  construction. 
There  were  several  abortive  risings,  but 
Fiiaa  retained  bia  place.  At  Coohabamba 
an  industrial  exhibition  waa  he}d  in  Feb- 
ru»y. 

The  Bolivian  Government  ftuled  to  make 
any  satisfactory  settlement  of  their  bound- 
ary linea  with  their  neighbors,  llie  army 
costs  over  $2,000,000,  although  it  counts 
only  about  8,000,  all  told.  The  aooounta 
of  tbe  national  revenue  are  too  unsatisfac- 
tory to  note.  No  official  figures  are  given 
of  exports  and  imports^  but  there  must 
have  been  a  falling  off  in  consequence  of  a 
serious  rebellion.  Many  rich  silver  lodes 
have  been  discovered.  Henry  Meigs  and 
others  were  constructing  railroads,  which 
promised  well  A  revolt  against  the  Gov- 
ernment was  crushed  in  April.  The  lead, 
ing  rebels  were  banished  only. 


Violent  dapoaitiona  ol  Praoidanla  bav« 
been  tba  rule  in  BoUvia  rather  than  tba  •!• 
ot'ption;  and  on  ona  aanguiuary  oaea* 
■ion,  Monloa  baoama  ao  violent  tbrouAb 
paaaion  and  wine,  tbat  be  waa  aaaasainataj 
by  Ilia  own  naphaw,  La  F^ya,  in  tba  aamc 
apartment  ia  wnloh  Malganjo  bad  alangb- 
tared  Baku.  Of  kta  yaara  tbinga  look 
more  promiaiag  for  paaaa  and  praapatity, 
through  traatiaa  nagotialad  with  Braiil,  fbt 
tbair  mutual  improvanient  and  advano» 
meat. 

Aaonmira  Raroauo.— In  1875  tha  popa» 
lation,  aa  neariy  aa  ean  be  aaoartainao,  wai 
1,768,681  ;  of  whieh  Boenoa  Ayma,  tba 
capital,  oontaiaad  about  one-quaitar  of  a 
million.  Tba  bonndary  unplaaaantnaat 
■tUI  oontinuad  with  Chili,  Irat  it  waa  hoped 
a  aattlameat  by  oompromiaa  would  soon  ba 
made.  The  Preaidant  ia  Don  NiouUa  Aval, 
laneda,  elected  hi  1874.  There  are  fourteen 
provinces,  each  having  a  governor.  In  I87S 
the  revenue  amounted  to  (17,!t06,740.  Ttia 
ex|)enditur«a  were  muA  more,  being  >'.tH,- 
570,560.  11)0  military  and  naval  cxiientea 
had  lieen  unusually  large.  Whik>  there 
has  bet'n  miMmanogemont  and  lack  of  pru- 
dence, there  ban  been  no  dishonesty.  Finan- 
cial affaira  were  improving.  The  expoita 
ainuiwted  to  more  than  $.'i(\O00,0OO,  while 
tbe  imports  were  some  |5,000,0<)0  greater. 
Mucli  attention  is  being  given  to  raising 
lirendstuffs,  which  find  a  ready  sale  in  tbe 
adjacent  States.  A  very  extensive  trad* 
has  been  opened  up  with  Frnnoe.  A  great 
deal  of  freah  meat,  preaerved  by  a  peculiar 
prooeaa,  baa  been  exported  to  France,  'iliia 
trade  will  doubtlaaa  largely  inoreaae ;  they 
have  the  material  in  bouiidleaa  qusntitiea, 
and  France  baa  tba  demand,  llie  French 
arc  paying  good  prices  for  boraea  to  monni 
their  cavalrv.  Soma  important  interna- 
tional treatiea  bava  been  concluded  with 
foreign  govemmeata.  Tbe  railroad  aotrr* 
priaea  are  proviag  anccesafkil — greatly  ia» 
oreaaing  trade,  bou  internal  and  foreign 

GuATiMAu.  -  The  Preaidant  ia  Rnfli  a 
Barrioa,  elected  May,  1878.  Tlie  revenua 
largely  exceeded  tbe  expenses.  The  amount 
received  for  dntiea  waa  neariy  double  that 
of  1878.  The  moat  perfect  peace  bad 
reigned  for  two  years.  The  hugest  importa 
were  from  Great  Britaia — tbe  largcm  ex- 
ports to  tbe  United  Statca.  Steamers  ply- 
mg  between  Panama  and  Oalifomia  tondi 
at  Guatemalan  porta.  Good  roada  and 
needed  aqneducta  were  rapidly  beinR  con- 
structed. Beer  brewed  m  the  £igliah 
style  is  aa  industry  of  consequence.  Great 
improvement  baa  been  made  in  tbe  breed 
of  horsea.  In  the  odel»ation  of  the  Fifty- 
fourth  Anniveraary  of  Independence  of 
Central  America,  one-fourth  of  the  time  of 
all  convicted  priooners  was  remitted. 

CovTA  RioA. — The  temporaiy  Ftasideat 
is  Vicente  Herrera,  the  eteded  Presideat 
being  overthrown  by  a  roTcIution.  The 
revenue  had  increased  eaoh  year  for  tha 
last  five  years.  Nearly  the  whole  amount 
of  exports  was  in  colno^  wbioh  amonnted 


Ml 


APPENDIX  TO  TIIK 


to  «m  HOOOiOOO.  TiMn  WM  •  ^_. 
<mI  of  WMMwalgi  ■MMicUnir  nillwijr  Hid 
Uliartpli  aOUn  la  «ooMqiMBM  of  ibo 
■iMwfdtatarbMMM. 

Tkta  Koto  — booadad  bv  tho  IHMc 
OoHB.  Um  Qwftbooa  Bm,  HiounipM,  and 
Um  UaMad  MMm  of  CblomMa-bM  a  pnpa- 
lalioa  of  MBM  167.000^  of  wUeh  lann 
tbu  ono-balf  an  wUla%  Ibo  ml  of  vari- 
oaa  Btaad  raoMi  Tba  otaat  of  oooalnr  to 
aboat  n.000  aqaaia  aiiU.  la  I STU,  J.  M. 
Ooaidk  waa  ra-olMtad  Pmidant  knt  fonr 
jTMum.  Oraal  Brilaia  takaa  Um  prindpal 
Pfodaol,  BDiii  to  addhloa  to  wbioh  bkba, 
ladta  rabbwr,  paarUball,  aad  daMT^ktoa  an 
npoftad,  priaoipalljr  to  tba  Dnilad  Stataa. 
Vor  BO  HBall  a  ooaatiy,  tta  tnda  ia  kuvoi 
iu  oimrta  amooattof  ia  1871  to  |9,1IM,4AO 
aad  ito  toiporta  to  •9,SSa,00»-««ul7  tbiM- 
fbottbaof  wblob  ia  on  Britiab  aoooaai  Tba 
foiaiga  dubt  ia  T«rr  aoiaU  aad  aioatljr  diia 
ia  Loedon.  Goata  Kioa  baa  Mftiaad  an 
aaylum  Iu  tba  Jraoila  baniahad  trma 
neighboring  repnblioa.  In  Uotobar,  1871, 
a  eona|iinuiy  againal  tba  Ooverniaenl  waa 
diaaoTcred  and  dalbolad.  Than  ii  a  grant 
aoaniity  of  willing  hborara  for  poblio  worka, 
and  attampta  batra  baan  mada  to  inTita  im- 
mimtion. 

Tba  national  oongraaa  ia  eompoaad  of  a 
aliigia  chamber,  elected  for  four  veara. 
'llie  rorenoe  ia  bit  ahort  of  eipanditarea, 
tbongh  great  eflbrta  are  making  to  rafarm 
ooatoma  maltara.  Kduoation  ia  being  dif< 
faaod.  Commeroa  oootinuaa  to  inoreaaa 
from  year  to  jraar.    Ilia  maaa  of  tba  peo- 

£1  have  anpportad  tba  antboiMaa  in  pnttiiw 
wn  aome  attampta  at  inaorrectlon.  U. 
mou  waa  beoomiog  quite  a  flooriabing 
town. 

'fba  PraaidonI  <a  Thomaa  Goaidiai  Tba 
retnma  abow  ezporta  to  the  Talna  of  |4,0O6,- 
000, 6f  which  colba  waa  about  two-thirda. 
The  Ooata  Rica  Ilailroad  waa  aoon  to  be  com- 
pleted. A  rebelUoB  of  no  great  magnitude 
wae  aaaily  anpproaaad.  Tm  Britiab  Conral 
waa  ordered  to  leave  the  country,  charged 
with  groasly  Ubeling  ita  inatitutiona. 

GaHTBAi.  AmauoA. — After  many  confar- 
encea  and  a  good  deal  of  informal  diacnaaion, 
repreaentativea  appointed  by  Nicaragua, 
8mi  Salvador,  GoMa  Rica,  Hondnraa,  and 
Qnatamria,  met  at  La  Union,  San  Halrador, 
in  1872,  in  order  to  aettle  tba  haaia  of  a  con- 
federacy for  mutual  anocor  and  aaaiatance. 
They  finally  aettledapon  articloa,  the  general 
aotme  of  whidi  ware:  that  Ibay  would  all 
nuiie  to  prevent  any  threatened  injury  to 
one  or  more  of  the  repoblioa ;  tlwt  they 
would  aaalat  in  opening  higfawaya,  and  ea. 
tabliahing  telegraph  linaa  between  the  dif- 
isrent  o^itali;  that  they  would  endeavor 
to  promote  the  oonatrnotion  of  the  great 
hter-ooeanio  canal  to  doaa  Nican^na; 
that  like  criminal  and  dvil  kwa  ahonid  pre- 
vail in  all  the  States ;  that  alavery  ahould 
never  eziat  in  any  of  the  States ;  weigbta, 
meaaurea,  and  cnrreiu^  were  to  be  equal ; 
and  various  stipulations  were  made  for  carry- 
ing out  these  deaigns,  while  each  State  still 
preserved  ita  own  separate  autonomy. 

The  project  of  a  union  between  the  five 


Hialaa  Inleraatail,  did  not  eoaaa  to  a  ancanaa- 
fkil  iaana. 

NioAaAort.— The  boaadariea  of  this  HtaU 
In  1870,  were  lloadnraa,  the  Paoiflo  Uiwan, 
Oosta  Riea.  and  the  PaeMe  Oommi.    Ila  e> 


tent  of  territory  waa  nearly  60,000  nquara 

P.«mi 

cent  Quadra  waa  PNsiilent  in  1H7I.    The 


mlimi.  PiijmlaUoa  slightly  over  40.000, 


Kquare 
».Vln- 


leading  arliclaaof  eiport  wi>r*  woods,  onffcn, 
cotum,  sugar,  no<hir.  ^nld  ihiat,  indigo,  lUttri 
skina,  and  hides;  alt'i^othiT,  aninuntliig  to 
|0IA,O4S.  This  was  an  iinpn>veiii«ul  nnon 
previous  yeara.  Th<i  linixtrts  at  tlio  suron  time 
amonnted  loll,|H4l,0ttH,  h«it  the  imrtiinilnr 
Itema  are  not  ofllfiitlly  given,  A  forHgn 
company  IimI  a  right  to  navigate  San  Juan 
River  and  Lake  Nicaragua  for  twenty  vears, 
and  the  oonoesaion  waa  proving  prontal>le. 
Uttio  waa  certainly  known  of  the  eipensea, 
debts,  or  receipts  of  the  Oovemment.  In 
March,  lij72.  aa  expedition  Arom  New 
Tork  aucoeaaftdly  anrveyud  a  rout**  for  a 
ship  canal  acrosa  the  lathmus.  Somu  angry 
faelfaiga  exiatad  between  Ooata  Kioa  and 
Nicaragua,  partly  excited  by  tlw  project  of 
the  canal. 

The  Praaident  ia  Don  Joan  Baptista  Oil, 
elected  November,  1874.  The  army  is  re- 
duced to  400  men.  Tke  revenue  suows  a 
targe  deAdenoy.  Trade  was  growing  proiper- 
ona  again,  after  ita  long  huiution,  owing  to 
the  war.  Paraguayan  tea  {yfrba  malt)  waa 
one  of  the  principal  artiolee  o<  export  To- 
bacoo  yields  tliieo  cropa  a  year. 

VamBnau— Praaident,  fluamon  Dlanco, 
elected  February,  1873.  The  iwpulation 
approachea  3,000,000.  National  revenue, 
|5,894,fl7«);  expenditure,  about  $-.tOO,OflO 
laai.  Regular  army,  10,000  men.  Public 
education  ia  extending.  Students  have  been 
sent  to  the  United  statea  to  Ivam  the  art 
of  teaching.  119,000,000  ia  on  approximate 
estimate  of  the  value  of  importa  in  IH74-7S, 
while  over  817,000,000  were  exported.  Tele- 
graph and  postal  aervice  are  well  organixed. 

CouiMBiA. — Tonohing,  as  thia  State  does, 
the  Ooribbaan  Sea,  the  Paciio,  the  Empire 
of  Braail,  and  the  States  of  Venezuela,  Costa 
liioa.  and  Equador,  much  interest  is  tialt  in 
her  sortunea.  In  1870  the  population  was 
computed  at  neorlpr  8,000,000,  m  which  num- 
ber about  one-third  were  pure  whites,  the 
reat  being  varioiu  degreea  of  European, 
Negro,  and  Indian.  In  1872,  Manuel  Murillo 
Toro  waa  elected  President  The  army  ia 
very  amall,  nut  over  2,000.  In  1870  the 
whole  exports  were  aet  down  aa  18,284,000, 
and  the  imports  at  $6,0r>3.772.  In  1872  the 
National  debt,  home  and  foreign,  waa  calcu- 
lated at  148,261,000.  The  riiort,  but  im- 
portant railway  of  Panama  crosses  the 
Isthmua  of  that  name,  and  is  atill  of  great 
importance  to  ns  on  account  of  our  Gali- 
fomia  trade.  There  ia  much  disaatisfootion 
felt  at  the  imposts  placed  upon  trade  by 
Venezuela,  which  State  dominates  the  boat 
route  to  the  ocean.  A  submarine  cable  Los 
for  years  boon  laid  between  the  Island  of 
Jamaica  and  Aspinwall.  Thore  is  a  good 
deal  of  bitter  feeling  manifested  between 


two  nartiant  ona  deolrlng  entire  freedom  «l 
mligiim,  the  ntlier  Iwing  avamn  to  phaaoiag 
anv  of  the  iweaunt  nwtrifltive  laws.  Con* 
■iilnrabla  anamliicnl  dKHcnltimi  ncimrrad  ia 
IH7I  ami  IH72  between  the  l.iberaU,  lieadad 
by  Oen.  Mnaqnera,  and  the  Oonservalive^ 
Iml  by  lliobou  Paato.  The  tnmlilea  deatroy 
Irtwie  and  retard  nmgraaa  of  all  klniUk 

'riin  river  Magnalena  ia  tba  wala^way  f  ir 
the  immmerM  of  Ave  diflbrant  Ntatas,  ami  a 
)<<nhI  number  of  ateamars  navigate  ita  watera 
|4,(N)0,INI0  wna  the  revenue  for  lH7!l-78. 
The  (nriff  is  the  in<wt  siuiitleof  any  nmntry, 
having  onlv  five  elaaau^  !•  or  ten  yuan  peace 
lias  prevailed,  The»>nntry  baaoonaequantly 
that  tba  revenue  had  chmbled 


in  that  time.  Oraal  promptaesa  is  shown 
in  paying  the  intereat  on  the  public  debt, 
'IVniisportation  uf  heavy  gooik  ia  enormoii% 
and  much  attention  ia  gi^en  to  extending 
railrtnda.  Chili  had  imported  1800,000  in 
ailver  Iwra  and  coin  fhmi  Kurupe.  The 
lease  of  the  great  emerald  minea  of  Bluau 
and  Cosoues  would  expire  in  187A,  and  ur» 
poaals  fi>r  a  now  nintraot  were  iaaiied.  Twu 
years  is  the  PniaidontinI  torin,  and  Santa 
I'enta  wim  inaiignnittKl  in  April,  1H74.  For* 
eignera  are  iu  all  ri^hta  on  a  i>ar  with  na- 
tives. No  iinpriHtmmi'nt  for  «Jebt,  and  all 
prolessious  are  ftree.  About  one-half  the 
revonuo  of  each  duportment  of  Colombia  ia 
devoteil  to  eduoational  purpoaaa. 

Preeident  Santiago  Perea  waa  inangn* 
rated  in  April,  1874,  for  two  years.  Tba 
amount  received  for  customs  ia  ooutinoally 
inoreaaing.  ToUl  national  debt,  $1A,712,174. 
Improvementa  were  projected  between  dif- 
ferent porta  of  the  republic  calculated  to  be 
of  much  benefit.  An  t<xploration  waa  de- 
signed of  the  IsthmuH  of  Panama  to  locate 
a  suitable  internKwanio  ruuUi.  There  waa 
considerable  trouble  threatened  by  insur- 
gents, but  by  October  onler  was  restore*]. 

The  President  is  A<iiiileo  Para,  inaugu. 
rated  in  April,  1870.  Total  exporta  dnrinff 
IH74-76  was  nearly  $6,000,000;  total  value 
of  imports  for  the  aame  period  waa  nearW 
115,000,000.  Quite  a  Uberal onm  isaxpendea 
for  publio  instruotion.  A  contract  was  aze> 
outed  in  1876  with  responsiblo  partisk  to 
survey  and  form  a  company  to  out  a  canal 
acrosa  the  lathmua  of  Panama  from  ocean 
to  ocean.  Liberal  land  and  other  grants  wera 
made  to  capitaliata,  but  aa  yet  no  aotoal 
work  haa  been  begun. 

PuuoirAT,  1876. — ^Nothing  new;  peace 
and  mild  proaperity.  Eflbrta  on  the  part  of 
Draail  to  aettle  the  Paraguayan  difficulty  with 
the  Argentine  Republic  foiled,  and  the  samu 
remark  applies  to  the  miaundcntanding  with 
CbilL  The  improved  condition  of  the  work- 
ing dassea  in  Europe  is  given  aa  a  reason 
for  the  falling  off  in  immigration.  Congreoa 
exerted  iiacif  to  promote  uie  increaae  of  for- 
oi)^  populations.  Many  of  the  ooloniea  in 
d&rent  ports  of  the  country  were  thriving. 
1^0  Piipsident,  Nicolas  AveUaneda,  auo- 
coedo<l  Sarmicuto  in  1674.  There  seems  on 
uuuccouutable  fluctuation  iu  the  revenue 
from  year  to  year ;  but,  on  the  whole,  tba 
Republic  ia  mcreasiug  in  industry  and 
wealth.    A  good  deal  of  money  ia  charged 


lint  friwiloniol 
rar  |4>  rbangiDg 
*e  liiwa.  C«ia« 
•w  iioimmd  la 
ibvraiii,  ImmM 
ConMnnitiva% 
fmbiM  (iNtioy 
•II  kiml& 
I  mlcrwajr  (  m 
IHUtM,  ami  • 

for  lH7it-7)l. 
i>f  uijr  country, 
len  ytmn  poMS 
JiooiiMqiMntIv 
m  haA  *ioablo4 
toMiait  ihown 
I*  pabiiodabt. 
k  i»  enornHtw^ 

to  raUnuUng 
Ml  •.toO.OOO  in 
Kurupe.  Tbs 
linM  of  BIuio 
lH7ft,  and  int^ 
eiaaiied.  Twu 
m,  and  BanU 
■il,  1H74.  For- 
t  par  with  na« 

uobk,  and  all 
;  one-half  Um 
>f  Colombia  ia 
wa. 

waa  inaiurn- 
0  yearn.  Tha 
ia  oouUnoally 
t,»lA,7ia,174. 

btitwaen  dif- 
loalated  to  ba 
ition  waa  de- 
ama  to  lovata 
There  waa 
led  by  inrar. 
aareatored. 
Pan,  inanou. 
xporta  dnnnn 
J;  total  valoa 
id  waa  nearW 
luiuMpendea 
troot  waaaxe* 
>lo  partitk  to 
o  ont  a  oanal 
from  ooaaa 
urgranUwara 
ret  no  aotaal 


new;  peace 
>n  the  part  of 
dilBoalty  with 
and  the  aamu 
■tanding  with 

of  the  work- 
08  a  reason 
>n.  Conareaa 
icrcaaeof  for- 
le  ooloniea  in 
rere  thriTing. 
Uaneda,  aiio- 
ere  aeeraa  an 

the  revenue 
le  whole,  the 
nduatnr  and 
ey  iaonaiged 


mrroRY  or  sotrni  amkrica. 


to  palUnff  down  rclMlllDna.  Yht*  wholn  debt 
ia  |7I,000,(N)0.  Th«  whi>l<«  navy,  inxhulinK 
two  iron-olada,  nrnt  |I,n|'/,imM).  Hiynor 
liafiiiaamon  ilnaarraa  iniioli  praiaa  fur  hia 
oiwtinna  in  A>rwanUni(  the  rnnaa  f>f  •duea* 
tion.  The  trade  rrtum«  rIiow  a  falling  off 
in  expnrta  and  n  viut  initmaae  in  importa 
An>m  tha  pra«ii>u«  yeiu-.  'JO(I,(NN),000  pimnda 
of  wool  lafk  the  iKiunlry  in  IN74.  Then  ware 
nearly  1,000  milaa  of  railroad  ooiupletad, 
and  munv  important  one*  pmjeetad,  with  a 
Hkolihooa  of  Iieing  flniab«d.  Tha  lonnaga 
entered  and  oJearml  waa  abont  the  aama  aa 
in  tha  preoediiiff  year.  Moni*y  waa  ea*ily  got 
In  London  to  further  'tieae  eriterpriaoa  at  a 
low  rate  of  inlemi    Telegraph  linea  hare 

LTed  i)roAtal>le.  Their  marble,  ininal  to  tha 
at  Uamra,  haa  been  qnnrriod.  The  I'mid 
dent  iluolarea  their  great  rirun  open  aa  the 
aeaa  to  tha  oommon  domain  of  all  nationa. 

In  IN7(),  the  rivera  ara  being  de«|ioiMi<l, 
and  anbaitlioa  granted  to  nav^fation  ooni- 
panioa. 

Maxioo,- Tlila  fedoratlTe  repnitlie  of 
North  Anioriua  ia  lii>uudti<1  by  the  I'niteil 
Ktatea,  (tuir  of  Mexioo,  Kriiiah  Hondunm, 
the  Ollatanleh^  and  the  I'aoiilu  t>f«an.  It* 
oatimnted  extent  ia  over  l,(M)0,(M)()  aqunnt 
milea,  and  ita  population  ia  cloao  npon  ID,- 
000,000.  It  ban  quite  a  large  iirniy.  but  the 
■trongth  of  it  ia  not  known,  ofBoialfy.  Tlie 
bulk  of  the  trade  i«  onrriod  on  with  the 
United  HtateN ;  the  artiolea  exported  being 
in  great  uart  Milver,  dye-atuOi,  hide,  furni- 
ture, woooa,  etc.  In  retom  ahe  reoeivea  onk- 
tou  and  other  fabrica,  machinery  and  iron  to 
the  amount,  in  IH71,  of  |ri,:<H 1 ,1)00.  The  ex- 
porta  to  the  United  Rtatna  in  the  aame 
periiHl  were  |N,ri;i(),8rj.  The  im|)ortii  from 
Great  liritaiu  only  reached  lialf  that  amount. 
Half  the  tonnage  entering  Muxioau  porta 
belonged  to  the  United  Stntea,  and  in  INitO 
and  1870  aggregnteii  370,675  tone,  llie 
formation  of  the  oountry  ia  not  favorable  to 
the  oonatmction  of  ruilroada,  alii!  there  ore 
aeveral  abort  liuea  in  anocesaful  operation. 
The  principal  cities  are  oonnecttMl  by  tele- 
graph. The  debt  due  to  England  was  com- 
puted to  be  alK>nt  •30Q,000,U<H),  but  both 
Ibia  and  the  debt  due,  or  claime<I  by  France, 
M  in  al>eyance.  Hince  the  death  of  Max- 
imilian aeveral  revolntiuna  of  more  or  leas 
magnitude  have  toni  thia  niaguifioeut  coun- 
try with  intestine  commotiona.  Handa  of 
rooben,  taking  advautoce  of  thia  diaorderly 
atate  of  aflfaini,  have  raided  in  all  diructiona, 
frequently  even  entering  towna  and  bearing 
away  citizen*  of  preaumod  wealth,  in  order 
to  hold  them  aa  noatageH  for  a  ranaom.  In 
1872  Dioa  Urothera  wore  defeated  and 
Oajaca  taken.  Juarez  osaiuued  dictatorial 
powera.  Many  of  the  govornora  of  Htatea 
oppoaed  the  Ueneral  Oovemmeut  The  fight- 
ing was  ao  doaultory  that  little  real  gains 
were  mode  by  either  rovolutioniata  or  federal' 
iats.  In  July,  1871,  Prcaidcut  Benito  Juarez 
died  of  appolexy.  He  loft  the  republic  in  a 
very  uuscttled  a.ute.  The  rebels,  against  his 
outuority,  kept  up  a  formidable  armed  oppo- 
aition,  and  many  cauHus  of  offense  were  given 
by  leaden  of  both  Qovernment  and  revolu- 
tionaiy  laadera.    Lordo  de  Tejada  aasomed 


the  fVaidnnfly  on  the  ilmth  of  Joarra.  Tha 
new  Proatilrnt  pardoned  all  inaargonla  Ih>. 
low  tha  rank  of  Iiiiul«nnnt-K«inaral.  AIn>uI 
this  time  Fiorea,  tlie  4  iovonior  of  Hinabt,  waa 
kiflnapped  and  eamati  away  for  ransom, 
and  at  Onannjuatn  anme  fsthnral  tmo|M  rv- 
tolled,  killatl  the  commander,  and  stole 
|A0,000.  <)n  the  l>t  of  Norember,  Unfci 
waa  almnat  nnaninwMaly  elnotatl  Fresidant, 
and  waa  able  to  vflbat  a  loan. 

in  in7A  the  l*raaident  waa  I^rdo  de 
Tijada.  Ravenna,  |IMAlt.*<'H;  expendi- 
tana,  |!)8,0AA,49I .  Exporto  wen  |a  1 ,001  - 
000|  imiiorta,  I90,06I,H)0.  Eatimated  ton- 
nage 1,000,000.  The  snbjeot  of  anppreasing 
the  8iaten  of  Oharitr  waa  being  warmly  de- 
bated. Hoveral  rallnNwla  wore  in  aetive 
rirngma.  Mnoh  attentiim  was  being  given 
o  general  mlnoation. 

Ill  1H7II  Porflrio  Dioa  wna  I>r«al<1eni  The 
rNtnnlation  ix  eatimal«Hl  at  nbonk  0,000.000. 
Lilieral  Dfllm  are  niadii  to  Induce  immigra- 
tion. Hinitggling  is  carrie<l  to  snoh  an  ex- 
tont  that  no  il«|Niii(|i<nno  can  bo  placed  unon 
the  nnxtotim  or  flnnnriiil  Mtatcmcnts.  Piiiilic 
schools  ant  ntitiirrou.!,  aim)  a  gtMHl  deal  of 
ttttnntion  is  |>aiil  to  art  ••diicatiou.  It  is  one 
of  the  most  productive  n<gions  of  the  world ; 
wheat  nnd  sugnr-cano  are  l)oth  staple  pro- 
ductions. Tobacco  ia  very  fine.  Ooffeo  is 
beginning  to  b«<  largely  oultivatcci  Hano- 
quin,  yielding  flben  which  make  the  very 
boat  cables,  ia  being  extensively  and  profita- 
bly eidtivsted. 

It  woidd  bo  tediona  aa  well  as  useless  to 
record  all  the  "plana'*  and  "prtmunoia- 
mentoa  "  that  have  distracted  this  fine  conn- 
tnr.  Men,  not  moosuroo,  have  been  the  in- 
citing causes. 

EDJTOmAL  ABTICLEU 

Diirlnir  tlie  Iwt  nlnht  ynn  the  total  trade  of 
tli«  I'nilml  8lat«*  with  Mouth  Aroitrlea  haa  In- 
rnwmxl  tn  a  enniWlnnililH  (IngTOe,  In  th«  flical 
yi<ar  IH70.  nnr  lni|)iirlH  rrom  tin*,  inaion  woru  0.4t 
|ipr  cent  iirniir  iiiial  Itnimrt* :  a  1877  thny  had 
rlM'n  til  lil.TH  yvt  rant.,  nr  .■  irarljr  one-half. 
Durlnff  the  flii'-niinuHl  jrem  w  Imported  |4:i,- 
A(M,04!I;  lait  .vuar,  |i07.M4n.H1U  Hut  whila  this 
IncresM  waa  goInK  on,  tlin  i>x|mr.  trailK,  thniii{h 
It  IncretMid  allKlitl.r,  lircamK  ntlitlvuir  imnller. 
In  IHTO  th«  eiportx  were,  In  round  nuninert,  $30,- 
(lOtMHIO,  or  4.18  per  cent.  :  In  1877  thujr  were 
93'),n00.()OO,  which  waa  but  8.30  |i«r  cent. 

If  we  look  at  the  dUtrlliutlon  of  the  builneia, 
wo  And  that  almut  two-thlriln  of  the  Import!  cama 
from  llrsall,  aninuntlnfr,  hmt  vi«r,  to  #48,408,041. 
white  wn  hnd  from  the  I'nitetl  States  of  ('nionihia 
f  11,445.808,  from  Venesuela  $7,4aO,nS»,  from  the 
more  dlitant  Htatot  of  the  ArKeotlne  Republle 
$8,440,n'IO,  and  from  othiir  countries,  chiefly  fram 
the  Pacllic  coast,  $T,0U4,:IU7.  Airilnat  then  eon- 
alderable  im|iortii  we  have  but  a  beffflfarly  show 
of  export*,  aa  follow^:  To  the  Colombian  nepub- 
Ho,  14,039,383  :  to  Voneiucla,  $8,0«l8,3<ia  :  to  Itra- 
all,  t7.400,118 ;  to  the  Arfpintlne  U<x  uhlie,  |t,- 
12S|1<I8,  and  to  tha  other  eiiuntrle*.  |iO,!l4(l,4J).'S. 

These  facts  are  suffloli'nt  to  show  that  the  ele- 
ments  of  a  larmier  trade  exist,  but  that,  for  varluua 
reasons,  though  we  buy  In  quite  larfce  amounts 
from  our  neighbora  on  the  Houthem  Conti- 
nent, wo  sell  them  very  little.  If  we  ask  for  the 
reason  of  this,  we  ahalf  bo  told  that  it  Is  because 
wu  have  no  direct  oiinimunication  with  Houth 
America,  and  doubtless  our  trade  would  bo  very 
greatly  bcneflted  by  auch  communication,  though 
it  doea  not  follow  that  it  Is  neceaaary,  or  that 
it  would  be  wlae  for  the  Oovernment  to  aub- 
aidhw  steamablp  Unas  for  the  paipose  of  obtaining 


II  If  ear  Bi«f«liaNls  sea  skew  Ibsi  Ike  siala  iMafl 
whirh  le  laakisi  le  a  ftrasfwraas  ttaalk  ABSttaaa 
InHia  la  *%¥%m  srHBSiaslaallna,  Ibars  witl  ks  aa 
dlMhiiiliy  alioMi  sawarlNf  Ibal, 
II  woald  not  saaai  IMI  asah  s  4aawiastwill«a 


nushi  III  \m  ilMlasli.  Tha  iMiffrapblsai  isIsiImm 
of  ihs  Mouih  AsMiriran  Hiai«a  to  Ihoss  of  oat 
(Talon  am  adaiitwl  to  proawlii  auminarts  wllk  ae 
fffMiar  than  thai  with  ili«  dWrtaai  aailoas  of  Ba- 
ra|ia.  Thair  |m|iHlall«a  namhara  at  Ike  pfsssel 
aMNMmi  a<ii  l«aa  ihas  M.UOO.noa  All  nf  Iks 
Ihalaa,  iho««k  wilkls  ika  |asl  keif  esalsry  Ion 
by  lapiMlad  wars,  aia  now  al  |i*sm,  aa4  piovt4*4 
Ibr  Ika  moai  |iarl  with  ai«bla  guvsrssiaals,  aa4 
rsssnasMs  saaurlly  ftir  parson  aail  Mttpsrty.  la 
Hraall,  Tasasoela.  aad  llw  rnllwt  Htaise  ef  On> 
liimlila,  lylni  nwail  atlvaniajrmtiwly  Ikiroar  Iia4sk 
sad  pnaavaalsc  tkna-flflha  of  tira  popHlalloa  aad  a 
mseh  larcsr  pfopntiloa  of  the  eaptial,  Irada,  aa4 
davatopTCfraanartas  of  tha  ronliaant,  thars  la  a4l» 
linel  s|ilril  of  mlarprisa  sad  a  flvnsino  snaiiaar* 
elal  voariy.  The  asada  ol  the  |a>i>ulslloaa  any 
mtiranvsf,  ptaelaaly  saak  aa  ws  oujinl  to  lia  keii 
able  to  supply.  Tbay  Indmla  carlain  arlMaa  of 
loud  not  pnidnead  In  iha  muniry,  IimiI*,  maahlse* 
ry,  cheap  elothliut,  aonlilvam-i's  of  nil  kinds  fc» 
aonvenliinm  and  olsiialeh  in  liie  dully  ills  of  labo* 
rioiis  iwiiplii  saddh<ry,  (Ire  anus,  hnnlware,  lural* 
lure,  and  tlii>  i<hi>a)M.r  irxtii,'  and  laiilhar  gooili, 
'I'Ikwi  riaaiios  of  iriHNia  the  I'nltud  Hlaiva  can  dm. 
due*  of  grrali'r  variety  and  Ix'tler  quality  tnan 
any  Kun>|iean  nation,  and  oujiht  to  Iw  able  to  fMt* 
niah  tliem  at  lower  iiriora.  (Vrtaliiiy,  Iha  aloit 
la  wiirth  tnakinir.  Our  country  never  waa  la  a 
livtter  situation  to  push  litis  particular  braneh  of 
fortiign  tnulv.  I'rioaa  am  low  ;  iaitor  la  rompara' 
lively  cheap  and  pienlllnl ;  the  eurreney  ap> 
pniachea  stability  and  oinvertllililty ;  tliero  la  a 
K«nersi  anxiety  to  And  outlets  for  the  pru<ln«ls, 
erutle  and  mannfiielnrml,  of  ttie  country,  and  ao 
Ikild  is  more  promising  than  thai  of  Honlh  Anar- 
lea.  Wa  atari  with  Ike  obviooa  advantaga  of  ke- 
ing  ouraeivea  aseeedlngly  ffood  eualomars.  II 
would  ap|iear  to  be  a  quealion  which  American  la- 
gnnuitv  ouffht  to  ba  abt«  to  solve,  how  to  oooi- 
plate  the  eircio  of  trade,  and  sell  to  those  of  whom 
ws  already  buy  libarally. 

Unqueatlonably  s  praaeni  advanUtge  wklah  Ike 
merehanta  and  mannlaetarera  of  Ureal  Britain  aa- 
Joy  over  tboaa  of  tha  Unltatl  8lataa  In  eariylag  o* 
a  trade  with  8aath  America,  partlcularOr  wtlh 
Oraiii,  la  tha  eatabiiahmeni  of  regular  lines  of 
Bteamslilpa,  which  fUrnlsh  flrequent,  leiiular,  ana 
reliable  oommnnicatlon  betwe«-n  tboaa  Irauaeoa 
tinental  eountrlea,  lletwean  European  porta  and 
Iha  Argentine  Rcpabllo  —  mora  remote  tbaa 
Hraall,  and  furnishing  probably  abont  oiie-toartb  aa 
much  trade— there  are  reported  to  be  no  l«aa  than 
13  linea  of  steamshipa.  I'lobably  even  more  piy 
between  Europe  and  Uraall.  Uetween  tha  United 
Htatea  and  Brasll  we  have  not  a  aingle  line,  and 
the  oommeroe  la  transacted  wholly  with  Mlllng 
craft,  or  auch  casual  Interventiim  of  ateam  vesaela 
aa  a  rhanro  of  unusual  frelghta  may  aummon  to 
Its  aid.  With  ail  theae  dlsadvantagea  the  trade 
of  <)^'al  liritain  exceeded  that  of  the  United 
Htatea  with  Brasll  in  1876  by  leaa  than  t)i.0<IO.00O, 
lM<in|{  for  the  former  •99,000,000  and  for  tba  taltor 
•43,700,000.  In  1877  tha  eommetre  of  the  Unlti  d 
Htatea  with  Brasll  waa  aome  $3,000,000  leaa  than 
In  1870 ;  from  (ireat  nrilain  we  have  no  flgowa 
for  the  last  year.  But  the  flgnrea  aa  proaented 
convey  thuir  own  suggestive  lesson.  It  a  trade  of 
999,000,000  will  support  several  atesraahlp  lines, 
ought  not  n  tradii  of  193,000,000  to  supiMirt  at  least 
onuf  Or,  again,  If,  without  regular  steam  ciim- 
munication,  a  trade  amounting  to  $53,000,000  can 
be  maintained,  what  might  we  not  hope  for  if  reg. 
ulur  and  reliable  stram  commuoicHtion  wore  ea- 
tabllKlimIt  These  inquiries  are  alike  iiertineni 
and  suggvstivo  and  hii|ivful.  It  is  evident  tlial 
our  merclianlB,  manulaciurors,  an<l  ship  owners 
have  tliia  wliolo  luatler  of  enlarging  tiio  Uoulb 
American  market  for  United  States  prodticts  an 
tlroly  In  their  own  hands,  and  are  oa  Independent 
oi  Congress  or  of  Congressional  aid  In  the  form  of 
subaidiea  in  promoting  this  objeet  as  they  ate  of 
the  Biitish  PsrlissMnt,    The  trade,  properly  oe 


API'INDIX  K>  Tlli 


M  al 


il 


to  iMMfy  iIm  _      .  _ 

■mNMj  MM  w  MMMiMpi  iwmNif  kalKM*  N«« 
Vwrk  m4  tka  r**<!!*^l  AilMito  r"^  »'  ■>>«tli 
AwiHw.  M  fcr  ••  BwHMi  Ayni.  Ami  iIm  Imm- 
IM  iImI  «[m>M  ka  ilfMi  !•  iiwt*  ir  nwk  •  Ma 

WVfV    WWMlVMl     11    M    IM|MIM|v*9     IA  tUAMHW. 

■varjrtMa*  \»\mm»  tufm  ITanly  «•  wlU  lMpr*f« 
tit*  lAfMiHw  totem  «.  W»  Iim«  iIm  li*aMk> 
mmmMmmIm  M 


t  Itovtos  smmIma  as  tM4Mfl 
wMk  Uto  OaltJ'MMM.'Mi4 


fittotjal  litilt  AMftMS  p*M  to  Btoai  k«r  day* 

MM  ikM  tma  UVMtMol  ••  Itoto  |Mt«»     WttkMl 

wf  mkMf,  kM  to  fWtlMMWi  W  Ito  Mi 

AMMtoMlallMpMtoMlMfllVtotol  MHli 

■M/  aplMiato  itotoOMMM  wfly  Mttoa  I 


MUJMtoMt^l 


WMMto 

Tm  m 


imSmi 


^MtotMit  ntoito  to  tM  totol' 


UgMM  Mi  MtotfrtM  wtik  wbtait  titw*  Mtolliif 
m4  itpMIx  mImImUm  •4n»tairM  will  to  4to- 
•mm4  bM  wnBlayiJ  by  mt  «M«Mal«  tad  ■••• 


wItotafMK  No  OM  wHli  fcllli  to  tk*  akaiMtar  of 
o«r  ■lapli  will  4Mito  m  to  tk«  alilMato  MlailM 
■r  tkM  qaaattM  la  a  wajr  iiMliyiat  to  oar  aalhia. 
•I  ptMa  aad  pfoatailva  of  aatloaal  pfOMarliy. 
TIm  BMriUt  to  oMa,  ear  ytndaata  am  Nady,  wa 
kave  oalj  to  tad  tka  wajr,  aad  aiak*  kaowa  la 
tka  ibtawr  tka  akaadaaaa,  aad  tha  vartatv,  aad 
tka  aaaHty  oT  tha  kttar,  to  MUMtok  a  liaa  at 
tnda  tkai  «kall  ba  allka  prodtoUa  aad  aadaflaf. 
"J/tm  Ttrk  Dtt^  ttmit. 

Boimaa  Avaaa,  Out  I,  laTT.  — Atttatloa  baa 
baaa  varjr  gaaafalnr  dbattad  to  tka  Maiia  takaa  br 
tka  OovaraaMat  of  tka  Callad  ftalaa  ladtoatlva  oT 
•  fffswiag  toiaiMt  la  tka  aoaaiitoa  of  tkto  aoatl- 
Mat  No  AaMrtoM.  aaavMwat  wllb  Ito  eoai' 
■MM  aad  laaaaNM,  aaa  Ml  to  ••  woadar  "  kow  II 
baa  aoato  abMt,  ikat  all  tkaM  jraara,  alaoa  tha  ana- 
elaaioa  of  tha  war,  AaMttoaa  ■ambaata  aad  aMna- 
(hataraia  kava  baaa  ao  oMWiooa  to  iha  markat 
\m%  epaaad  to  tbam,  If  ibcy  iboaM  aatar  it  with 
tbalr  la^lad  aetorprtoa  aaa  good  JadgoMak  Aad 
ao  wbaa  to  wm  paMtobad  tkat  tka  OaTaiBmaat  at 
Waaklagtoa  bad  ao  fer  bieowia  awar*  of 


Ikata  aa  to  totai  a  daftalto  poltoy  of  aaaoaiacanmii 
to  tka  coamardal  ralaitoaa  batwaaa  tha  eoantriaa 
of  Soalk  Anwrlaa  ami  lu  owa  eoaairf ,  thora  waa 
aa  nvldaat  rabUa«  opaa  of  ayra  aeiouff  aomeMr- 
aial  atrdw  bara  aa  to  what  It  all  ftitaahadnwad. 
Thia  latamt  auallkatad  la  tlito  aad  otbar  waya 
baa  eoota  aoaa  loo  looa.  la  hat,  the  ladlf>ieaaa 
abowa  la  tha  paat  will  naka  Iha  work  of  aaram- 
lag  oar  leoltiniato  trade  ralatlooa  more  dUBctili 
tkaa  aa  aanlar  ainvcaMai.  It  to  aot  pluaiaBt  to 
ba  Btoda  to  conlofa  oaiaelrca  dlataaaad  tu  enlar 
prtoa  of  whieh  wu  are  ao  food  of  boaallnit  aa  Anar- 
ieani,  bat  In  thb  caaa  wa  mnai 

Old  Ea-<>pe  hat  attilea  a  ourch  oa  Toang  Arner- 
taa,  aad  Dana  Brtiala  baa  oaaght  Brother  Joa> 
athaa  aalaap  dartag  worklag  boara.  Hveo  Italy 
•ooMa  out  of  th«  dlofly  paat,  aad  geU  ahead  of  tha 
»«w  enplrc  of  lh«  Weatora  World.  At  the  pmt- 
rnt  mi>m«nt  Ibrre  are  twelve  regnlar  traontlantie 
at<«iiwhlp  llnaa,  Eaghiud  aandlng  sti.  France  iwo, 
Italy  two,  Oxmua;  two  ;  bat  nsrar  do  we  aee  the 
aUra  and  airipaa  floaliag  from  a  merchant  itaamnr 
In  tlieta  walera.  In  a  diplnmalle  eireular  note, 
Heeraury  E* arte  wanU  to  know  what  will  bring 
Itiaaa  eoaatriM  into  eloaer  commareial  nlationa. 
There  ran  be  bat  one  anrwcr  aa  to  the 


mqalplte,  and  we  Tcnture  the  opinion  that  the  ol 
licU  n-pliea  of  all  Miiiittxra  and  Coniuli  will  lo 
ftote— it  la  in  the  eatabliabment  uf  a  regular  per- 
maneut  ate<imihlp  line  bJtwi  en  the  United  State* 
and  ttit'se  eonntriea.  Thia  city  ii  not  more  than 
twenty-farar  day»'  moderate  ateaming  Irom  New 
York,  and  yet  it  U  praetieally  the  moat  remote  of 
My  toiportant  acaport  In  the  world,  laelnding  Chi' 
aa.  JanM,  or  Aoatralia.  Kveiy  levtor  maat  twiea 
iha  Atlaatle  in  Ito  joaraay  batwaaa  tka  two 
■fary  maiehrat  la  TtotUag  tha  mar- 


lb*  Attoalto  tfka  waakl  raaah 
ilUHa  of  ika  Mtolaa.  Tlaia  I*  aa  lni|inrtaai  ■leoMut 
la  aaaipatlitoa,  aad  trade  bmweva  tha  UoIimI 
•Maiaa  aad  tkU  anaairy  to  •hat  ap  )o  ika  •••toy* 
aad  aaaafiatoltoa  af  lalNag  frmato.  or  to  aMda  to 
aaad  Ito  gaoda  awaad  a  goad  paM  af  iba  wnrM  i« 
get  tkaai  kef*,  a  bawtoa  too  baaay  ti0  a  mt»mA 
aaM|NtHtoa.  aad  It  to  a«Meal  aa  peaatbto  that 
aaaMMMa  *m  aM  ba  tomly  laaiaaaed  witknai  dt> 
net  alaaa  aaaraiaalaatMa.  Tha  IbatHUM  maat 
priiidi  wada,  aad  aat  Mtow.  Tka  Ualiwl  Ittoiae 
naka  N*  I  aM*ag  tka  Mitoaa  Aran*  wktok  Ihto 
aoMtrr  aiada  pawkto**  to  MM.  Aad  tka  anMaat, 
aaaaidlag  to  tka  aMatol  valaattoa  kara,  whtoh  la 
af  aoaraa  glial*!  tkaa  wkea  tka  parahaa**  ware 
atailad  flaw  tka  Ualtad  Mat**,  waa  It  MM,!  10, 
wklto  Bagtoad  aaat  |Mnm  la  Wt,  Ika 
amaaal  paiakaaad  (toto  tka  Ualtad  lt«alaa  waa 
aKwa  IkM  Mva  Mlllloaa,  Tkto  Milag  aC  to  ia  pari 
attilbatabto  to  tha  Manl  ha*la**a  dapraaalaa. 
bat  tka  trade  witk  elkor  aoaairtoa  dnea  aol  abow 
aayihlag  Ilka  ao  giaal  a  daallM  t  akowtag  that 
Ika  ValMd  Itolaa  to  aMMa  to  aaaipato  wllk  la- 
tofa  to  tkaaa  awrkato  oa  aaaoaal  of  tka  graator 
aaal  af  prodnattoa,  or  baeaaae  of  anato  dliadvaa* 
tag**  to  inda.  That  It  to  aot  iba  tral  U  anon  die- 
auaawd.  la  I'araiadar.  a  port  af  Uragaay,  aaMaa 
tka  itaar,  at  miliar  a  akofi  diataaaa  np  tka  Ura- 
goaf,  to  aa  Awarlaaa  lloaaa  wktok  raa*  a  Una  iif 
vaaaato  to  lalllnHifa,  Maaan.  Ilalaa«»l,  I'lotllar  * 
i'a,  aad  doan  tka  tolinat  haalaaaa  nf  aay  hniiw>  In 
IbeiM  rivam,  oalaMa  nf  Baeaaa  Ajrraa,  and  almnat 
ataiaalirely  to  AmartoM  guad*,  laaladlag  niiinn 
aad  wooiaa  Aibrtoa,  Airaltara,  hardwar*,  agrlenU 
laial  laiptoaMala,  aad  of  aoaraa  doaa  liil*  braaaaa 
Il  aM  laaka  II  w  Ito  advantage  to  iBlrmlnea  Amnr- 
l«aa  gnod*.  If,  andar  iwk  elicanMtonaM,  thi*  can 
ba  doaa,  how  aaMeat  It  baaowaa  that  with  prnoar 
•ommaalaatlaM  aad  a  batter  knowhaige  of  tbia 
market,  a  ma«h  greater  varlaly  aail  eslani  nf 
awawawa  could  ha  carried  on  with  the  United 
Htolaa  la  prodnca  of  Ihia  aoiiatry  aip^rlMl  the 
Ualtad  lutaa  ataada  Mo.  S  la  the  amount  of  bual- 
a*a*  doMi  Bagtoad,  third  i  Balglam  flrat.  Tha 
anuNiBl  *eal  to  the  Ualied  Suiaa  la  IWd,  accord- 
lag  to  the  nlRalal  Talaatlon  here,  waa  •S,IIMJM, 
leaving  a  balance  agalnal  the  United  Htatea  of 
over  |lJK)O,0OO,  and  when  It  to  ramemberad  that 
Ihia  U  npaa  Iha  laeraaaad  falaatl<m  of  Imporia 
ftom  the  United  Htotea  ma<le  hare  from  Imight 
ebargaa  and  higher  valnailon,  and  of  the  lower 
TalaatloB  pal  on  aiporU  fknin  tbIa  country,  aa 
eomparad  with  that  of  Iha  Uniltid  Blatea,  It  will 
ha  aean  that  thto  batonca  to  rcalljr  nnderatalrd  in 
the  above  amonat.  Enaland  In  ine  came  year  rr- 
eairad  fVo«  bare  ganda  to  the  amount  nl  over 
aoean  millloB  dollara,  laaTlag  a  balance  In  her  la- 
ror  nf  aboat  a  million  Md  a  half  dultara.  A*  tola 
aa  1879-74  there  waa  a  balance  of  trade  in  Ikror 
of  the  United  Btalaa.  In  187S  it  wa*  about  evun, 
and  agaiaal  them  alaae  that  lima. 

We  are  aware  that  aliempla  have  raaantly  been 
made,  and  formerly  too,  (br  the  opanlng  of  Amer- 
ican booae*  aad  braiKbaa  of  baalBaaa  which  have 
coma  to  griaf  or  have  amnanicd  to  nothing,  for 
reaaona  wbtob  are  aot  of  difltoult  diaeoverr.  In 
aome  caaaa  It  ha*  been  done  with  a  fluuriah  of 
ImmpaM,  and  on  a  CMla  to  grand  aa  to  make  loe. 
e««a  Impoaaibla.  In  other  eaaiia,  the  work  ha*  been 
eotmited  U\  iboae  who  were  either  Ignorant  or 
entlrelv  t  i.j<'j)naeived  the  demanda  of  thi*  market. 
In  aiilf  oth  !r  caMM  It  boa  been  thonght  that  a  pro- 
miaouoo*  I  ')t  of  aamplca,  a  lew  odd  caan,  or  a  ain- 
gle  vlait  of  a  aolling  agent  would  raault  in  the  ea- 
tabli(hmei.k  of  judneaa.  Thi*  method  to  atill 
being  puraned,  and  amoonto  only  to  the  giving 
aome  one  a  voyage  and  the  aale  of  a  few  Tut*  at 
untatiahetory  pricea.  American  trade  can  be 
opened  here  only  by  a  carrAil  atudy  of  the  marlwt, 
the  vending  to  experienced  buklneaa  men  a  proper 
claaalfled  a*«<mro»Dt  of  good*,  procured  from  man  u- 
fiicturor*  without  numuroo*  Intervening  commiii- 
»ion*  and  proHu.  In  abort,  in  a  *y*tem*tlo  and 
well-planned  arrangement,  auch  aa  would  be 
thought  neeeaaary  at  home  in  the  Introduction  of 
a  new  buaioaaa.  The  iaipreaaion  too  often  formed 
that  MTtblng  wUl  do  for  tbia  market,  and  aay 
piie*  will  b*  paid,  to  a  giaat  mtotaka.    Margjna 


■PB  WM  WPiyB^  MM  wMHv  MM  MMHB  flll 

d.  W»bnnwnfkaa«*awell-laaib*mi 
np  "  alib  all  ana*<4vaMa  aaaiptoa  aad  atreatoM 
ftiMa  aaw-Mllto  )*  atlvarwara,  *aw-mUto,  bw,  M  a 
roanlry  ikat  to  trail***,  aaill  aaa  gaM  toyaad 
atvlltoailaa,  BBd  ahaai  wktok  tka  atafakaai  haawa 
Nitto  aad  aaraa  toaa  la  aaniker  aaaa,  antato  la 
■Maato  waw  a*«*d  la  th»  BMrkal  whtoh  had  *tB 
pm4u  ar  totomlmtoa*  batow  tkojr  r«a*had  ika  to* 
toll  akapkaapar,  aad  aaow  aaa  amy  wonder  wb/ 
the  baafaaM  *n  altatoptod  baa  boI  baaa  laaeaaatol. 
la  anitaiia,pHallag>pBpar,  maaklaary,  aad  agftoal» 

uai|aaallnaably  lampat*  wtib  tboaa  at  Karopa  !• 


ihto  market,  aad  w  alao  to  tka  aaoa  wlik  OMay  va> 
rtoila*  of  Aaiartoaa  ptadaaa.  It  aaly  ra^alraa  ato 
larprlaa,  goad  Indgaiaai,  aad  Mr  OMaaa  af  anaa- 


■aalaallaa.  Wa  iikall 
tkto  toag  dltoaaatoa  of  baalaaaa.  aad  will  paatpaaa 
farther  reaMrha  aad  iMBortaat  Ikato  aatU  aaelkat 
Utoa.-iV«M  Ttrh  aUSiiliUL 

Onnaui  RmAata.— Bafera  tokinf  I«m» 
of  thia  intonatini  bnuieh  of  oar  InpaHaal 
hlalorjr,  il  iHll  not  ba  amiaa  lo  naka  a  hm 
obMrvatioiM  upon  tba  raoaona  whj  lb* 
Houlh  Amarfoaa  HUIm  hava  not  nuida  M 
rapid  a  pmgreM  in  nutWriai  woaltb  ami 
atobiUty  of  piaiUeal  inoUtntiooa  m  hava  Um 
poopki  of  tba  norlharn  porlUm  of  tho  mmm 
grjat  oontinent.  In  tba  fliol  plaM,  Norlb< 
ern  Amurica  waa  paopled  flron  diffironl  n»- 
Unna  or  part*  of  natlona,  bavfattf  divargvnl 
iilaM  tt|M)n  foma  of  govamnant  nn<l  ra- 
ligion.  No  ona  aattlaroant  «m  BUIKoivntljr 
powerful  lo  hond  tba  otbara  to  a  IVocmg* 
tean  ranfonuitjr.  Evan  in  tbe  Engliab> 
q)eaUng  portion,  Iba  flarj  anvaliar  had  tu 
tolenta  the  bardjr  i*nritM.  They  diUkrad 
M  mooh  npon  Morad  m  npon  dinl  tenata. 
The  indomitable  remihUoan  who  voted  to 
behead  tha  Aral  CnarlM  qnlle  poaaibijr 
dwelt  in  the  aamo  townohip  m  tbe  fleroa 
monarohiat  who  aoaiated  in  gibbeting  Iho 
remaina  of  Cromwell  The  Cathulioa  of 
Maryland  knew  and  eitaomed  the  HngO' 
nota  of  Carolina  ;  while  tbe  honeat  Kniol^ 
erbookor  on  the  banka  of  tha  Hudaon  mod* 
them  all  welcome  at  hia  hoiqiitable  Doard. 
8o  it  happened  that  tba  wide  divorgenoo  of 
belief  in  what  are  now  tho  United  Statea 
mode  anv  attempta  at  anooeoaftallv  pnxhio- 
ing  rFlifftoDB  or  poUtioal  unitormity  an  im> 
IMMibilitT.  If  one  aeot  infringed  npon  th« 
rights  of  another,  all  the  remaining  aentab 
had  a  fallow-feeling  with  the  injured  party. 
So  that  perooontion— in  the  pbraae  of  onr 
tiroea--**  didn't  pnj."  Verr  many,  too,  of 
tbe  men  w  hp  en^eered  an«I  foogbl  through 
the  Revolntion  were  practical  republirana 
long  before  an  American  republic  existed  in 
form  upon  tbcae  ahore*.  Iney  or  their  (a* 
then  had  not  only  drank  of  the  pure  wa- 
ten  of  liberty  from  tbe  worka  of  Milton  and 
hia  iUoatrioiu  oonftrcrea— they  hod  not  only 
fought  with  the  invincible  "  Iroiiaidea  "  of 
Cromwell— but,  in  tbe  new  world,  tnoae 
fountain-headii  of  Freedom  —  the  publio 
school  and  tho  town  meeting— were  \>er 
inanont  institutions  ;  and  tbe  yeoinaui-y  of 
tho  country  bad  learned  the  alliuiiiortaut 
lo88on  thnt  no  man  is  fit  to  be  a  (rufttniin 
till  ho  is  not  only  vrilling,  but  anxious  tlmt 
his  fellow-dtiien  shall  have  in  heaped  meas* 
ure  the  Mme  amount  of  l^reedom  which  bo 
demands  for  bimseli 

The  Spaniaids,  on  the  oontrary,  who  dii> 


•4IMIM  M 
41-tMlllMa 

imI  tlrtalan 
IIU,  !<»,  M  • 
>»••  kajriMid 

wMMknaw* 
M»,  Kimil*  la 

•tllMi  lb*  IV 

woMivr  wliT 

>*ll4tfftMl< 

ka««Nf»  «• 
■4  Kmap*  !• 
Iih  «My  v»< 

MM  (rfr — 


■■lUHI  <V  lOOTII  AmUOA. 


will  piiiipm 

"  lllllIWI 


Mat  hum 
r  iB|iortaal 
nakaalMr 
a  why  Mm 
lol  madaaa 
wealth  ami 
aaharakha 

of  thoMIM 

lam,  Notth. 

Uftrontn*- 

If  divergimt 

mt  nntl  n- 

I  ■u(1loi«>ni|]r 

>  a  l*raeraa- 

lio   Engliih- 

ilier  had  tu 

hay  differod 

oivil  tenata. 

Iio  volotl  to 

to   pMRiUjr 

I  the  flcroa 

bbeting  tho 

^atholioa  of 

the  HoffO' 

leat  Kniol^ 

iidaon  uiada 

able  board. 

Targenooof 

lited  States 

ilW  prodoo- 

nitty  an  im> 

A  npou  th« 

tining  Mntab 

nred  party. 

raaeof  imr 

inv,  too,  ut 

;bl  through 

republicana 

0  existed  hi 

>r  their  (a- 

le  pure  wa- 

Milton  and 

id  not  only 

tmidea"  of 

orld,  tDom 

tho  publio 

-  were  \>er 

eomaury  of 

liinportont 

a  uoRniiin 

axious  that 

aped  mens* 

which  ho 


mM  mMM  IIw  MMlhaiM  Mfttoa  ol; 

■hylnri,  WM*  CMholiM  to  a  aiaii. 
Thaj  Mfw  airtared  a  batlW.t»kl  hat  Ikatr 
MM  IrM  larsad  lo  Um  atandanl  urn  whlak 
IM  mm  waa  aMhltaoiMd,  and  tliair  tern- 
qaaata  were  leRaliied  aud  bUaaeti  hy  tba 
npllfted  handaiif  the  Itontan  I'oaliC  Any 
iNM  that  dtabelhiv*!!  the  (Wth  of  tMr  «i> 
thera  waa  eoaeidar»«i  to  ha  aol  Maialy  a 
dtaaoatrr,  b«t  an  ailMial,  with  whoM  M  wm 
alMoal  iteftil  lo  hold  inlewowm  Tho 
Chttfeh  waa  sot  only  a  part  of  Iha  Oo*tm> 
■MBt,  bM  M  eoald  traOiMy  my  wMi  tho 
Fr«wk  rooMmh,  •*!  am  tho  Btatol** 
Hm,  eoaaaqitently,  waa  no  ehanoe  for  lo). 
flfMtoa  to  odal,  and  MM«sMaliy,  tka  Mmi 
ol  •  itMbUoaB  lorai  of  mvnnmmi  wao 
pnaaai-^f  at  all-oalT  is  Qm  mhi  of  mm 
hw  aJaanlad  mum,  uA  wMk  tb«i  M  oiaM 
!■»■••  gMMMflH  tkM*y>  iapoMlbIa  of 
WagfVltefrMliMb 


rtk^Milbo 

Ammim  waa  n  ln<|NeM.  if 


)  dMdi  tka  »edih  doaa- 
M  Iko  dWiM  rigMi  of  kii«ik 
Ika  poopio  by  ika  oriM  vi 


Matmry,  to  dUhoH  waa  il  lo  know  wbal 
waa  watiit  tai  Uo  load  of  Mwtr  lawhlhiw 

Bwl  UhipfWUdtlWl  wiM  tlW  fkMMA  Wf' 

oIiMmi  ton  le 
hmiIbUmIImmiI 

and  ataditfad  Um  paopio  by  I 

••  LOMMtgr,  ymmhrMMlAy,"  o«w  Ibo 

»y  wolara  of  Aaopvlao  and  Dm  lay 
I  of  OMibotaw  lotaibaralad  with  tho 
inad  oatbani  Tho  paMolio  haarta  of 
Bellvor,  Faaa,  aad  Ihiir  bfMO  Mlow-aoU 
dtof^roaalo  "tho  hdgklof  Ibo  fiaalar. 
gaBMai"  ■■'  •Av  MM^J  aaagainafy  bai« 
Qm^  «M  Ik*  faadM«f  Ibdr  aMaliy. 


Mtn,  M  wa  bafa  Mid,  tho  faoalM  wwa  aoBi. 
panlholv  aati  r«  Ibo  HbMrly  wbMi  Ikay 
bad  M  gMtioaai*  woa  t  aad  II  bM  baM  a 
loaf  aad  htbonaaa  aad  aainAii  itwagta  to 
faihaf  la  tbo  ftaMa  of  Um  |imI  iam>l 
napad  hy  Ibo  awofdaiaklM  of  Ibo  Uhaia> 
Ion  of  ioalb  ; 


of  ■oalh  AanriMa  aMn  lo  a  baliw  dna 
Ibaa  by  aaoUag  tbo  iitiiiihn  odllntal 
artMn  wluah  bavo  laloly  aBBiand  la  aoaa 
of  oar  Indlag  ionaala.  Tba  ImmMmI 
wMA  Ib^^  lartb  aboald  i 
lavaaton^  BMMianolanfai  aad 


obaata  lo  Ibo  hapoHaaM  of  Ma^yiag  Iba 
waata  of  Mir  (mmadialo  ariabbw  Md 
aaablaa  |o  ailaad  tbo  Mia  ot  o< 
for  tbo  nhnbio  oaM  wblab 
nadlj  le  HhbIA  la  Hk 


r,  who  dia* 


COMPLETE  CYCLOPEDIA 


CHRONOLOGY 


AMERICAN   HISTORY 


@io^ra|ifti) 


FROM  THE  EARLIEST  DATES  TO  THE  PRESENT  TIME. 

COMPILED  rROM  STANDARD  AUTHORS, 

By   L.    M.  STEPHENSON. 

THIS  IS  NOT  SIMPLY  A    CHRONOLOGICAL    TABLE,  BUT 

A   FULL  COMPENDIUM 


THE  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  AND  SOUTH  AMERICA, 
Civil,  f^olitidkl,  kr^d  >Iilitki^y, 


OOMTAINmO 


EVERY  EVENT  OF  IMPORTANCE  AND  INTEREST, 


Chronologically  Arran^fed  and  Unequaled  for  Reference. 


THE    -A.IM. 


or 


THE  CHRONOLOGY 

Is  to  present   the  Events  in  the  Order  in  which  they  Transpired, 
thereby  preventing  any  Confusion  in  the  Mind  of 

ENABLING  HIM  TO  FIX  THE  lEXACT  DATE 


or 


%Y%^Y  OCC\J^^%}^C% 


THIS  IS  THE  ONLY  CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  WHICH  ATTEMPTS  MORE 


THAN  THE 


SIMPLEST  AND  BRIEFEST  RECORD  OF  EVENTS, 

BEING  SUFFICIENTLY  FULL   TO  EXPLAIN  ALL  IMPORTANT  FACTS  AND 
OCCURRENCES  IN  A   CONCISE  AND  INTERESTING  MANNER; 

ALSO,  INDEXING 

THE   TAA^O   AMERICAS. 


TBB  UlRGK  NUMBER  OF 


BIOGRAPHIES    CONTAINED    IN  THE    CHRONOLOGY,    IN    ADDITION   TO   THOSE 

IN    OTHER   PORTIONS    OF   THE   WORK, 

Jlfaies  a  Perfect  Librsnj  for  Reading  and  Reference, 


COPYRIGHT.  1878,  BY   HENRY  S.  ALLEN. 
COPYRIGHT,  1881.  BY  M.  S.  ALLEN. 


Y 

nspired, 


DATE 


MORE 


CHRONOLOGY. 


rS  AND 


S. 


►  THOSE 


'nee. 


CHRONOLOGY. 

NoTK.—  The.  figures  on  the  right  hand  of  each  column  refer  to  the  same  subject  in  the  pages  of 

Tjik  History  ok  the  Two  Americas. 


rBB-RUTOBIO  BAOM. 

ATrmtHTio  American  biitnry  dttra  back  onlv 
about  four  centurlM,  Previoui  to  thitt  perioil, 
through  an  almott  unlimllod  afro,  the  exUtence 
of  •  raitly  nunieroui  and  pre-hlitorio  race  may 
b«  traced  (hnnigh  the  ruin*  of  their  citiee,  their 
WonderAil  carea,  and  Hubterranean  habilationi, 
in  which  ilceletona  of  aome  of  their  ancient  in- 
habitanta,  atone  'implementa  of  warftre  and  hoa- 
bandi^,  and  piocea  of  pottery  and  earttion  Tca- 
■«U  of  rare  and  peculiar  worlcroanohip  and  color 
Inv.  am  fnund.  In  aome  of  theae  aorc  nerTcctW 
conatructcd  mounda,  toola  of  copper,  l>raaa,  and 
allTer,  and  vMea  of  potleiy,  omamenta,  and 
preoiona  atonea,  have  been  found.  Tlieie  ancient 
nbabitanta  alto  worked  the  cnpper  niinea  of 
Ijike  Superior,  and  their  oM  pita  are  ftill  called 
the  "  ancient  digging*."  In  one  of  theae  minca 
•  maaa  of  copper  waa  found  which  weighed  over 
forty  tona,  and  which  had  been  lepamtcd  fVom 
the  oriffinal  vein  by  lemoTing  the  earth  ami 
ore,  and  the  surface  made  amooth  by  ponndtng. 
About  tbia  huge  piece  of  copper  were  found  the 
very  toiila  thoae  ancient  mincra  had  nae<l — atone 
hammeiB,  copper  ehiiela  andwodgn,  as  If  the 
workmen  had  departed,  intMkding  aoon  to  r«- 
tnm.  Upon  some  of  theae  deaerted  miaea,  the 
largeat  foreat  treea  are  ftand  growing,  and  upon 
B  mound  near  Marietta,  Ohio,  were  found  trecf 
which,  at  Icaat,  moat  have  aeen  eight  centuriea. 
The  moat  marreloua  and  peculiar  of  all  the  relics 
of  tbeae  ancient  inhabitant*,  are  found  in  the 
valleva  of  Arizona.  Here  almost  every  bill-top 
within  a  range  of  10,000  square  miles  is  cov- 
ered with  broken  pottery,  so  perfectly  glazed, 
that  ita  bright  and  varied  coU)ring  is  well  nre- 
aerred.  Hure,  also,  are  ruins  of  buildingx  four 
atories  in  height,  and  with  walls  two  fi-et  thick, 
reservoirs,  irriffating  canals,  and  fortiflcationa, 
where  multitudes  of  cavea  are  cut  in  the  solid 
rock,  and  closed  by  mason-work  of  stone  and 
cement,  which  is  well  preserved.  Theae  caves 
are  only  accessible  by  moans  of  ladders,  and 
the  larger  ones  are  bastioned  and  loop-holed ; 
and  an  entrance,  large  enough  to  admit  one 
person  only,  was  made  at  the  top,  which  coa 
nected  with  a  seriea  of  chambers  that  hnney- 
combed  the  whole  mountain,  while  their  walls 
are  atill  black  with  the  smoke  from  the  fires  of 
their  ancient  dwellers.  These  subterranean 
c«vcma  were  evidently  prepared  with  a  vast 
tkmount  of  labor  as  asylums  agaiiMt  a  fierce  and 
Invading  foe;  and  long  and  cruel  must  have 
Iteen  the  warfare  which  forced  them  to  forsake 
their  villogea  and  cultivated  fields  and  make 
their  homes  in  the  rockv  depths  of  the  mount- 
ains. Where  and  how  the  last  of  thia  numerous 
and  wonderAil  race  were  blotted  ont  of  existence, 
leaving  behind  no  tradiiion  of  its  origin,  will 
forcvi"*  remain  a  mystery. 

The  ruins  of  Spanish  cathedrals  and  towns 
which  were  in  all  their  glory,  when  a  few  half- 
■tarved  English  refbgeea  from  oppression  were 
•truggling  for  existence  on  the  shores  of  the 
PotoiBao  River  and  Plymouth  Bay,  are  atill  seat 


tared  over  the  wilda  of  Xew  Mexico  and  Ariiona. 
but  their  earlieat  records  give  no  account  of 
these  wonderful  ancient  innabltants.  Neither 
did  the  intelligent  and  somi-civillzed  Montciu- 
mas,  nor  the  vast  tribe*  of  Indian*  lubjeot  to 
them,  have  any  knowledge,  or  dim  tradition 
even,  concerning  these  monumenta  of  a  long- 
forgottt^n  age  and  people. 

AmBIOAK  IKDIAMS. 

The  earliest  oxplnrera  of  the  American  Con- 
Hnmitfnand  hem  n  numerous  nuxof  inhiiliitanta, 
which  they  called  Indians,  liecatua  t'oliimbua 
and  the  early  adventurvrs  supposed  tliey  liad 
discovered  the  long-sought  eastern  shores  of 
India.  Various  theories  have  been  advanced  in 
regard  to  their  origin,  the  truthAilnesx  of  which 
can  not  lie  dotcrmined,  aa  none  of  them  could 
possibly  be  demonstrated.  The  time  of  their 
occupancy  of  the  country  or  the  date  of  their 
origin  can  not  be  known. 


4M.  Ohineaa  tradition  altegci  tba  diacovery 

of  Fu-Sang  (Mezioo)  by  the  Buddb- 

btD. 

001.  The  Norfliana discover  Iceland. . .  peg*  3 

889. '  Tlie  Kormans  discover  Greenland  ....  2 

MO.  Qreenland  peopled  by  the  Danea  nnder 

Eric  Baud,  or  Bed  Head, 2 

1003.  Newfoundland,  Nova  Scotia,  "Wlnland 

dat  Oode"  (the  sood  wine  country), 
8upp<isi'd  to  be  the  coast  of  New  £n- 
sland,  discovored  by  Biron,  an  lee- 
lander,  and  afterward  visited  by  Lief, 
a  Qreenlander,  according  to  Icelandic 
Sagas 2 

1004.  Kative*  were  first  discovered  in  New- 

foundland   3 

1003-1000.  Icelandic  adventurers  repeatedly 
visited  the  New  World,  exploring  the 
country  and  bartering  with  the  na- 
tives  2 

1000.  A  rich  Icelander,  named  Thorlln  Karl- 
sefni,  spent  three  winters  on  the  coast 
of  Massachusetts,  where  his  wife  bore 
him  a  son,  whom  be  named  Souiri, 
said  to  be  the  first  child  born  of  Eu- 
ropean parents  on  the  continent  of 
America page  i.  Introduction, 

1170.  Madoc,  a  Welsh  prince,  supposed  to  have 
discovered  America. i 

1880.  Zeno,  a  Venetian,  began  voyages  of  dis' 
covery i 

OOLVHBUS. 

1447.  Christopher  Columbus  supposed  to  have 
been  bom  nt  Qenua— exact  date  dia 
puted S,  70 

1461.  Columbus  went  to  sea  at  the  age  of  fotir- 
ti'en — his  first  voyages  were  confined 
to  the  Mediterranean 8,  76 

1467.  At  the  age  of  twenty  Columbus  visited 
lodand  and  the  Northern  seas,  ad- 


vancing several  degreea  within   thi 

polar  circle A,  7( 

Columbus  next  entered  the  aerviee  of  a 
fliinous  sea  captain  of  his  own  name 

and  family 0,  76 

1470-1474.  Columbus  conoelvod  the  Idea  that 
by  sailinir  west  he  could  reach  the 
East  Indies  by  a  shorter  route— also 
that  another  continent  mnit  lie  in  that 

directio 0,  76 

1474.  Columbua  began  applying  for  aid,  sue 
cessively  to  the  Senate  of  Qenoa  and 
Uio  courts  of  Portugal,  Spain,  and 
England,  He  wna  repeatedly  r<Aised, 
spending  several  years  in  negotia- 
tions  8,77 

1403.  Apr.  17.  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  of 
Spain  grant  Columbus  a  commisidon 
to  go  on  a  voyage  of  diacovery,  consti- 
tuting him  High  Admiral  In  all  seaa 
and  oontiuonta  dlaoovered  by  him, 
Isabella  tliUug  out  the  expedition  at 
her  own  expense 6,  78,  70 

"  Aug.  9.  Columbus  sailed  from  the  |M>rt 
of  Paloa  with  three  small  vessels  and 
ninety  men.  to  venture  upon  strange 
seas  and  to  discover  an  unknown 
world 6,  79 

"  Aug.  18.  Columbus  arriving  at  the  Ca- 
nary Islanda,  repaired  his  shipa  and 
procured  aupplies 6,  7tf 

"  Sept.  0.  Columbus  loft  the  Canaries, 
and  when  out  of  sight  of  land  hia  crew 
became  dejected,  and  importuned  bim 
to  return.  He  encourage*  them,  and 
restores  their  confidence 6,  79 

"  Oct.  1.  Not  yet  discovering  land,  hi* 
officers  an(l  crew  threaten  mutiny. 
With  extraordinary  eflbrts  he  quieta 
them 0,80 

"  Oct.  13.  Columbus  discovers  land.  In 
the  Buddcn  revttision  of  feeling  his 
men  prostrate  themselves  at  his  feet 
and  implore  his  forgiven'iss 0,  hO 

"  lie  proceeds  to  laud  with  great  pomp 
and  martial  display. '  The  ahores  are 

liued  with  naked  inhabitant* 80 

Columbus  plant*  the  cross  and  pro 
cceds  to  take  )x>8session  of  the  island 
in  the  name  of  the  crown*  of  Castile 

and  Leon 6,  80 

Columbus  named  this  island  San 
Salvador.  He  continued  his  voyage  in 
search  of  gold 0,  80 

"  Oct.  38.  He  discovers  Cuba,  and  soon 
afterward  numero'ia  islands,  all  ol 
which  are  inhabited,  and  finds  gold  in 

small  quantities 0,  81 

He  exchanged  beads  and  trinkets 
for  gold  with  the  natives,  who  ore  ex- 
tremely docile  and  kind 0,  81 

"  Dec.  6.  Columbus  sailed  eastward.  Dec. 
24th  he  encountered  a  storm  and  lost 
one  of  his  vessels  off  an  island  (Hayti, 
or  Uupaniola).    The  natives  aid  him 


CBBOKOLOOT. 


m 


140«k 


pagts  of 


n«  wltblii   thi 

, II,  7t 

1  tha  Mrrice  of  • 
of  hli  own  name 

6,  78 

Tod  the  IdM  tbkt 
could  reach  the 
lortcr  mulo— aUo 
it  miut  U«  In  that 

0,76 

Ing  for  aid,  tuo- 
tta  of  Genoa  and 
ugal,  Spain,  and 
Bpeatedly  rtftatcd, 
ean   in   negotia- 

8,77 

and  Itabella  of 
liui  a  commitHon 
'  diicorery,  conetl- 
Imiral  in  all  eeaa 
MTerwl  by  him, 
the  expedition  at 

6,78,7» 

iled  from  the  |K>rt 
small  TeMeli  and 
:ure  upon  atranga 
ver   an   unknown 

6,  7tt 

■riTing  at  the  Ca- 
Bd  bit  ihipa  and 

6,7» 

loft  the  Canariea, 
lit  of  land  bii  crew 
J  importuned  bim 
uragei  them,  and 

(nee 6,79 

Dvering  land,  hit 
threaten  mutiny, 
efforts  he  quieta 

6,  80 

lacoTcn  land.  In 
>n  of  feeling  hii 
gcWet  at  hia  feet 

iven'!88 6,  bO 

with  great  pomp 
. '  The  ahores  are 

kabitanti 80 

the  cro8s  and  pro 
laion  of  the  island 
crowns  of  Ciwtilo 

6,  80 

this  island   San 
lucd  his  voyage  in 

6,  80 

Cuba,  and  soon 

B   islands,    all   ol 

and  Cods  gold  in 

6,  81 

cads  and  trinkeU 
itives,  who  arc  ox- 

;ind 6,  81 

id  eastward.  Dec. 
1  a  storm  aud  lost 
an  island  (Uayti, 
le  natives  idd  bim 


ISOO. 


"k: 


1009. 


1008. 


to  land  and  timk  bim  with  great  kind' 

■eaa. 6,  81 

lie  makaa  a  stand  here  and  erecta 

a  fort,  planting  the  guaa  Arom  the 

wreck. 

14N   Jan.  4.    From  here  he  returns  to  8paln, 

and  leavea  a  colony  of  tbirty-dgbt 

men 6,  81 

"  Mar.  10.  Columbus  anived  in  B^tn 
after  a  tenipestuons  voyage.  lie  was 
neeiTed  with  every  mark  of  distinc- 
tion and  gratitude  at  eonrt,  and  with 
general  rmoioing  by  the  people. .  6,  89 

*  May  98.    The  King  and  Queen  of  Hpain 

ennflrm  their  Ibrmer  treaty,  and  make 
the  office  of  '^cemy  of  the  West  Indies 
hereditary  In  his  fkmlly 6,  89 

*  Sept   90.      Columbus  returns   on   his 

■eonnd  voyage  to  the  West  Indies  with 
a  fleet  of  seventeen  ships  and  flfteen 
hundred  persons,  with  everything  req- 
nisite  for  oonquett  or  settlement.  6,  88 

••      Not.  99.    He  arrive*  in  HayH  and  finds 
bis  colony  and  fort  destroyed.     Ho 
plants  another  colony  on  the  opj 
site  side  of  Hayti,  naming  it 

beihk 6,88 

14M.  Columbua  while  at  Haytl  suppreaied  a 
roniipiraoy,  and  sent  the  lenders  to 
Bpain  in  vessels  sent  for  fVosli  suppliee 
«nd  reinforoementa.  He  discovers 
Urge  quantities  of  gold.  He  builds  a 
fort,  and  calls  the  place  8t.  Thomas.  88 

"  Apr.  94.  He  continues  his  voyage 
among  the  West  India  Islands,  dis- 
covering Jamaica  and  Porto  Itico.  He 
becomea  very  ill  and  nearly  lotes  his 
lire 6,  88 

<•  eept.  97.  He  returned  to  Haytl  and 
there  found  bis  brother  Bartholomew, 
whom  he  bad  sent  to  the  court  of  En- 
gland in  1481.  He  bad  returned  to 
Hpain  in  time  to  take  charge  of  three 
abipe  whieh  were  ready  to  sail  with 

ptovisioM  ftir  Hayti 6,84 

14W.  Mar.  34.  Columbua  waa  compelled  to 
subdue  the  nativea  by  force  of  arms, 
Ho  levied  a  tax  upon  them,  thereby 
procuring  ttoid  In  larger  quantities.  84 

1496,  Juno  11.    Columbus  learnlns  of  enemies 

in  Bpain,  who  were  working  bis  over- 
throw, repaired  to  court  wUh  the  tro- 
phies uf  his  adventure  in  gold  and  the 
products  of  the  New  World,  convinc- 
ing his  patrons  of  bis  success  and  the 
importance  of  his  enterprise 7.  80 

1497.  June  24.     John  and  Sebastian  Cabot, 

Italians,  in  the  serricc  of  Henry  VII., 
King  of  England,  discover  Labrador 

and  Newfoundland 10 

1408.  May.  Sebastian  Cabot  sailed  upon  a 
second  voyage  to  the  New  World.  He 
was  but  a  little  more  than  twenty-one 
vean  of  age,  and  during  this  voyagi 
he  explort^  the  coast  from  the  extreme 
north  to  Florida,  and  finding  no  break 
in  the  shore  which  promised  the  poa- 
sflge  to  India,  lie  returned  to  En- 
gland   11 

''  May  80.  Columbus  sailed  from  Spain  on 
his  third  voyage  to  the  Now  World 
with  ten  ships,  after  a  delay  of  nearly 
two  years 7,  86 

"  Jul  V  81.  He  discovers  Trinidad  and  the 
river  Oronoco 7,  86 

"  Aug.  Columbus  discovers  th-  continent 
of  South  America,  and  lands  on  the 
coast  of  Paria.  He  proceeds  to  His- 
paniola,  and  on  his  way  discorers  Ca- 
bagun  and  Margarita 7,  86 

*  Columbiu  snperaeded  as  Oovernor  of  the 

West  Indies  by  Francis  Bovadilla,  who 


1004. 


1606. 


1009. 


1009. 


take*  coamand  of  tha  oniony  in  hia 
abaanoa. 7.  88 

May  16.  AmerieuN  Yespuelua,  a  Flor- 
entine, sailed  with  Alonio  da  Ojeda 
fhim  Hpain  to  explore  the  New  World. 
Ho  ftillows  the  course  of  Ooliimbiiia, 
aided  by  his  chart*,  and  land^  upon 
tha  coast  of  Paria.  He  proceeds  aa  far 
as  (;ape  de  Verde,  and  returns  to 
Spain ,- in,  87 

Columbus  waa  sent  ta  Spain  in  irons  by 
Bovadilla 7,88 

Pinson,  a  companion  of  Oohimbus  on 
bis  flnit  Tovage,  visited  the  coast  of 
Bradl  and  disoovered  the  Amaion. 

Apr.  98.  Cabral  was  shipwrecked  un  the 
coast  of  Braiil,  and  took  possession 
fur  the  crown  of  Portugal 87 

Not.  0.  Columbus  arnvea  In  Cadla. 
Isabella  and  Ferdinand,  becoming 
aahamed  of  their  course  toward  him, 
invite  him  to  court  and  openly  apol- 
ogiie  for  tiie  conduct  of  the  new  Oov- 
ernor  7,  88 

Deo.  Ovnndo  appointed  successor  to 
Bovadilla. 

May  4.  Tho  Qovemment  of  Bpain  Mnd 
Oolumbus  upon  his  fburth  ana  last  voy- 
age, equipped  with  four  vessels  and 
one  hundred  and  twenty  men,  to  dis- 
cover a  passage  to  the  East  Indies  by 
the  west 7,  89 

Aug.  14.  Columbus  discovers  Honduras, 
soon  afterward  the  Oulf  of  Darien  and 
the  achoinlng  coast 7,  80 

Negro  slavery  lint  introduced  Into  tha 
West  Indie*  by  tha  Spaniards 96 

Columbua  attempted  to  found  a  eolony 
at  Vongoa  under  command  of  his 
brother,  but  was  prevented  by  the  hos- 
tility of  the  natives.  Tbia  was  the 
first  attempt  to  found  a  colony  on  the 
continent  of  America 80 

Jane  94.  His  ships  being  disabled,  hn 
run  them  aground  upon  Jamaica.  8,  00 

Basque,  Norman,  and  Breton,  fishermen, 
then,  and  for  some  time  previous,  had 
taken  cod  on  the  great  bank  of  New- 
foundland, and  on  the  shores  of  the 
island  and  neighboring  continent,  and 
also  of  the  whole  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence. It  is  not  known  at  what  pre- 
cise time  they  began  to  frequent  these 
shores,  nor  when  the  great  bank  was 
discovered. 

Aug.  18.  Columbus  again  arrives  in  St. 
Domingo 8,  90 

December.  Columbus  arrive*  at  Han 
Lucca.  Spin 8,  00 

John,  of  Uonfleur,  published  a  map  of 
the  coast  of  Newfoundland  and  vi- 
cinity. 

May  20.  Columbus  died  at  Valodolid, 
in  bis  tlfty-ninth  year 8,  00 

Tho  gold  mines  of  Ilayti  yield  immense 
wealtli  to  Spain 01 

Bolis  and  Pinzon  discover  Yucatan. . .  01 

A  Canadian  Indian  was  seen  in  France, 
taken  to  that  country  by  Thomas 
Anbcrt,  a  Dieppe  pilot. 

De  Soils  and  Pinzon  cross  the  equator  and 
coast  along  Brasil,  erecting  marks  of 
their  taking  possession  for  the  crown 
of  Castile 87 

John  de  Esquebel,  a  Spaniard,  made  a 
settlement  in  Jamaica. 

Don  Diego,  son  of  Columbus,  succeeds 
Ovando  as  Governor  of  Hispaniola  (or 
Hayti) 93 

Ponce  de  Leon,  a  Spaniard,  conquered 
the  Island  of  Porto  Rico  by  order  of 
Don  Diego  Columbus 03 


1009. 

II 


1011. 
u 

1019. 
1018. 

1014. 
1010. 

u 

1016. 

H 

ion. 

II 

1018. 
1019. 


1S20, 


Klonssan  began  •  atttlemant  at  Nombra 
deDlos,  wnieh  proved  nnraeeessfhl.  Of 

Enciso,  one  of  Ojeda's  captains,  founded 
the  old  city  of  Santa  Maria  on  th« 
banks  of  the  Darirn.  This  was  tiie  first 
Episeopal  city  on  the  continent,  and 
oxistud  but  nine  Tears,  when  the  in- 
habitants and  Episcopacy  were  trans- 
fferred  to  Panama 09 

Balboa  appointed  Governor  of  the  settle- 
ment of  Banta  Maria  by  the  Toluntanr 
sulfrages  of  hi*  assodatea M 

Ferdinand  permitted  the  Importation  of 
negro  slavea  In  greater  nwnbers, 

Velasquet  conquered  Cnbn  by  order  of 
Don  Diego  Columbua,  Gorenior  of 
Hispaniola 08 

April  9,  Juan  Ponce  de  Leon  discnvera 
Florida  in  search  of  the  fkbled  "Fount* 
ain  of  Perpetual  Youth  " 04 

Sept.  96.  BallHia,  after  exploring  Central 
America,  crosses  the  Isthmus  of  Darien, 
and  discover*  the  great  (Pacific)  ocekn 
on  the  weat 04 

Don  Pedrarlas,  Governor  of  Darien,  be* 
gan  lottlement*  in  the  proTince*  of 
Hanta  Maria  and  (Jartagenia. 

Alonco  de  hi  Rua,  a  Spaniard,  began  tho 
discovery  of  Peru 

A  Spaniard,  named  Diego  de  Albitoi, 
dlncovered  Chagres  River  in  Panama. 

Espinoia  founded  nata,  the  first  Spanish 
city  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

Jan.  Juan  Diaz  de  SoH*  diseovers  the 
Rio  de  hk  Plata,  and  waa  deatroycil, 
with  several  of  hi*  erew,  by  canni- 
bals   94 

Charlea  V.  legalized  negro  davery  in  the 
We*t  Indie*  by  granting  a  patent  for 
an  annual  import  of  4,000  negroc*  (h)m 
Aftlca 0« 

France*  Ilemandes  Cordova  explore* 
Yucatan 07 

June  0.  GriJalva  discoTen  Mexico,  and 
obtain*  considerable  quantitiea  of 
gold 08 

HONTEZUMA  AMD  OOBTEZ. 

March  4.  IIamandoOortei,eammiFsioned 
by  Velaaques,  arriTcd  at  the  river  To- 
basco,  in  Mexico,  with  600  men,  to  ex- 
plore and  conquer  the  territory...  119 

April  9.  Cortes  receive*  meeaenger* 
from  the  officer*  of  Montezuma,  the 
monorcli  of  Mexico,  inquiring  the  ob- 
ject of  hi*  visit 12C 

Cortex  assures  Montezuma  of  his  iHvndIv 
intentions,  and  sends  bim  present*  of 
trinkets  and  curiosities.  Montezuma 
dispatches  100  natives,  laden  with  rich 
presents  of  gold,  |>earls,  and  precioua 
atones,  commanding  Cortez  to  instantly 
leave  bis  dominions 120 

Aug.  30.  Cortez  plants  a  colony  at  Vera 
Cruc.  Ke  renounces  bis  allegiance  to 
Cuba,  and  his  tbllowcrs  elect  him  chief 
justice  of  tho  colony  and  commandor* 
in-chief  of  tho  army 191 

Nov.  8.  Cortez,  with  all  hi*  army,  eutera 
the  City  of  Mexico  by  invitation  of 
Montezuma,  and  is  hoapitably  enter- 
tained. 124 

Dec.  4.  Cortez  betrays  the  confidence  of 
Montezuma  and  makes  him  priaonerin 
his  own  capital,  burning  hi*  son  and 
five  principal  officers  upon  a  pile  of 
weapona  tatcen  from  the  city  ar- 
mory    120 

Montezuma,  through  fear  of  Cortez,  sui^ 
renders  his  supremacy  to  the  King  ot 
Spain 128 

Montezuma  accompanies  hi*  subniissioa 


(mmhiuloqt. 


IMl. 


un. 


«riH«->T •• -^"i 

MwfcL  FmbmiIo  MMJilliiwi  (M*. 
gallM)  dlw t<wd  PihgwU,  Md 
wlalMM  ta  •  kwlMr  •■  m  mmI,  n- 
MMta«  Ma  JowMy  la  Ai«.  (wUok  to 
ipriiiC  la  llMl  totitiida). 

Jh  AI|M  dtotoww  OwoNm.  A  eoa- 
ridtnMt  body  aniM  uttfw  wwt  ktd- 

ApriLTctoifM^  OoTWMror  0«Im, 
Mnds  HI  waMd  Ami,  Midar  ooaaud 

•f  JIWTM%  to  MIMl  OortM   Md  Ut 

piiMipid   tmmn,   wd   twd   Umm 
VriMMntoOMU. m 

■PIdtowMdy  AlwaiKMd  witk  hk 

OartH  MnrtoM  Kamia  Mkl  kli'auip 
by  Blfkl,  MMriac  Ua  Md  hi!  Mtira 
feiMk  iHtt  tb«  hM  or  birt  two  Ml- 
dim IM 

JkM  M.  OofiM,  with  bto  addlttoMl 
Anw,  ntwM  to  If  •■too  la  Mmo  to  MTO 
bto  gtaiwl  aad  ■••*  tbo  Moitooao, 
wbo  am  daUnalaad  to  raaevo  their 
aMaawh  and  diivatha  aaaaiv  ftom  tho 
aapltal IM 

Ooftaa  eooipala  MnatwaMi  to  appaar  oa 
tka  battmiaBto  aad  aaboft  ha  paopla 
tooaaaafttMiboatlllllaa IM 

MoaiaMMM  to  woaadad,  aad,  nAmIbc  aid 
or  auattohaMat,  dica  ol  griaf  aad  ax- 
aaanra iiv 

Jaly  a.  Tho  Maihwaa  aaka  a  mieral 
oadaMht  apoa  tho  Spulank,  aad 
drWethaai  flma  tho dty.  With  but  a 
haadlWorbtoAMMa,  Oortaa  aaeapaa  to 
thattnttwyorthoThaeatoaa....  180 

Mot.  7.  lli«allaa  aataiod  tba  atralto 
whtob  hava  riaea  baaa  eallad  by  bto 
aaaaa.  OaaofhtoTaaaatowaawrackad. 
aaothar  taniad  back  wbaa  half  way 
tbfoagb,  aad  ratoraad  to  Bpaia,  laaTtag 
biai  with  thfao  raaaolk  The  itraita 
aio  aOO  nllaa  Iobc,  aad  rary  la  width 
ftom  oao  aad  a  naif  to  thirty  aiilai. 
TIm  abana  ara  pNoipitoaa,  naing  la 
aeoM  piaeaa  Ut  a  haiicht  of  •.OOOIbat, 
aad  tha  watar  apaanntly  ODflttlioBuUe. 
Tba  aarigstioa  to  daagarau,  owiag  to 
ovroati^  NaA,  aad  afarapt  tania. .  184 

Mot.  M.  Ha  eatarad  the  Fadae  Ooeao, 
aad  aailad  ofar  tbiae  OMiatba,  moat  or 
Mm  tiuM  iMoalaMd.  Tbay  aofhred  in- 
oradiMy  Ibr  waat  of  ftaah  watar  and 
provlaioBa 18t 

Maroh  •.  MaiteUaa  diaeoTCn  tha  La- 
droaao  lahada.  Maroh  16.  Ha  dia- 
oofwa  tha  PblMppiam 184 

ApriiM.  Magellaawaakiltodinaqnar- 
ni  with  tho  aaUvaa  of  tho  lalaad  of 
Maetaa.. 184 

Magaltoa'a  aipaiHtion  waa  eoatinaad 
nadar  other  oooimandera.  Nor.  8. 
Tbo  Ua  of  Botaeo  diaoorered,  alao  (he 
MollDoeaa 184 

April  88.  Omiea,  relBforaad  with  abina 
ftom  HiapaaioU,  again  attaoka  the 
oapital  orMezioo.  Jnly  8.  Cortea 
deatioya  tho  greater  part  of  the  dty, 
bat  tbo  fhmtic  Mexioaoa  again  repnlae 
bim 7? .188 

Ja(y  87.  Cortea  renewa  the  attack,  and 
bedesea  the  dty 188 

Ang.  IS.  The  Meilcana  anrrender,  and 
unatimodn,  their  monanb,  aooceaaor 
to  Monteanma,  attempting  flight,  waa 
captured I8i 

Sept.  7.  Sebaatian  del  Cano,  commander 
of  the  FldMy,  one  of  the  ahipa  of  Ma> 
gaUaa'a  axpadition,  retuma  to  Spain, 


haifli«  Hitod  iMdMM  wwMlii 

ftabo 184 

Om.  1&  Oofiaa  waa  appoiatad  Oaptala- 
Oaaaral  aad  OevanMir  of  Now  Bpaia 
(Mailoo)  by  tho  OovoiaaMBt  of 
Ipoia....... 185 

»  Oortaa  proeaida  to  rabalM  tho  oapital 
aad  opaa  tba  minaa.  Ha  aaatoTaa  tbo 
bdiaaa  aad  ooaipato  thaa  to  work  la 
tbo  adaoa 18S 

••  BatBiada  latoada  dlMiovafod  by  Jaaa 
Mataiadaa,  a  Upaniatd,  who  waa 
vioekad  apoa  tba«  oa  bto  way  to 
Vlr. 

•*  OoaM  of  Pan  wptofod  by  Paaeaal  da 
Aadagoya. 
im.  Fadra  AharadoL  aaal  by  Ooitaa  to  eoa- 
qnat  Caatral  AaMilea,  aad  wltbia  two 
yean  had  aabdaad  tha  whoto  eoaatrr. 
laM.  Varaaaaai  aaploraa  tho  ooaat  of  North 
Ametloa,  aalHag  It  Maw  Fraaea. . .  11 

•*  OnatiaMdn  waa  barbarooaly  aiaeatad  by 
Oortaa  withoat  trial 188 

"  By  eommand  of  Oortaa,  Boadoral,  aa 
oOoar  acooad  la  raak,  baraad  at  tba 
ataka  aizty  Oad<|aaa  aad  f»ar  bvndrad 
aoblaa,atoaotlaao 188 


nsABK)  AID  ooMQinHT  ov  mv. 

■*     Vraadaoa  Ptaano  aailad  Ikom  Faaama  to 

attempt  tha  ooaqaaat  of  Para 186 

1888.  Diego  «Ia  Ahaagro  aailad  ihaa  Paaama 
to  Ma  Piaarro  ia  tba  ooaqoait  rf 
Para 186 

■*  Poaeo  do  Lena,  eammiaalooad  by  Charlea 
v.,  preoaada  to  Maxleo  to  laqoifo  Into 
Coriea'a  eoadnet,  aad  If  gdlty  of 
treaiBB,  to  amat  aad  btiag  bim  to 
Spda 188 

**      Poaeo  da  Leon  diea  wltliont  oiccnting 

tho  fiommladnn 186 

1688.  Bobaatiaa  Cabot  aaito  aloag  tho  ooaat  of 
Braail,  eatera  tbo  Rio  do  to  Pbta,  aad 
IMhnra  it  np  180  hagae%  flading  an- 
marona  ialmUtaato 11 

**  Piaarro  aspiorm  Para;  tba  inbabitanta 
were  deoentiy  elad  aad  cnMyated  the 
adl;  gold  aad  direr  were  abundant, 
aad  wer«  naad  by  the  aatlTaa  aa  ma- 
tarlab  Ibr  Teaaab  of  oommoneat  nae. 

1887.  He  returned  to  Panama  after  inirering 

Ineredibto  bardahlpa,  bringing  t«-o 
young  natlTea,  aome  Ilamaa,  aad  rariona 
artiolaa  of  gold  and  aiiverware,  a* 
tropbiea  of  hii  eaterpriae 187 

1888.  Piaano  repdia  to  Spun,  aad  raeeirea  a 

oommiiaion  ftom  Charlea  V.  to  explore 
aad  ooaquer  the  territory  of  Pern,  and 
waa  InTeated  with  military  and  dril 
authority  orar  800  kagma  dong  the 
eoaat 187 

1889.  He  meeta  Cortea  la  8pda,  wboglTea him 

ftieadly  eonaael  aad  dd.  He  retuma 
to  Paaanm  aoeompanied  by  three  of  hie 

brothora 187 

1881.  Feb.  Piaarro,  with  three  amdl  Temela 
and  180  aoldlera,  aaila  upon  an  expe- 
dition to  ooaquer  Pen.  He  landa  in 
the  bay  of  St  Matthew,  marehea  loulb- 
ward,  attacking  and  driving  the  nativea 

befi>re  him 187 

When  Piaarro  ioTaded  Pern,  Huaacar. 
and  Atahnalpa,  the  aona  of  Huana 
Capac.  the  former  Emperor,  were  at 
war  with  each  other  for  the  auDremacr, 
and  he  waa  left  undiiturhea  in  bia 

mardi 188 

**      April  14.   Ha  cooquera  the  prorince  of 


1888. 


Oeafaa,  aad  aatom  gold  aad  vahiaMa 
booty.  Be  aaada  •  vaaad  to  Paaama 
with  aaaaa  of  bto  apolb  to  diara  ail- 

Taatarara  to  bto  aid 188 

Ooioalaaptoatad  ia  BradI  by  Pnrtnrd. 
Fiaam  u  Jdaod  by  adTaatnrera  ttum 

MtoaiagaaVrrr. 188 

May  18.  Piaarro  fbunHa  the  flnt  enloay 
ia  Para  oa  tka  river  Plnra,  aamiag  it 
Bi  Mtohad 188 

Piaarro  taodvad  ovattaiaa  ikom  b«ith 
Atahaalpa  aad  Haaaaar  |  Imt,  prelerring 
to  raaaala  aaatfd  tin  ha  ahoala  learn  t!M 
atrantb  ofaoeb,  bo  auvahad  to  Cat*- 
■atoa,  thoaaat  of  Atahaalpa,  nader 
praitodoaa  of  Jfhadahlp 188 

Atahaalpa  taodvaa  PiMm  with  great 
BoailaaBiaaiaa  aad  mneh  diaptoy,  oflbr> 
lag  him  maay  Tahmbto  proaaato  and 
thahoapitoHttoaof  thedty ISO 

Piaarro  aad  bto  aoMiara,  iaflaaud  by 
tba  eight  of  ao  mneh  goM.  riadrad  ta 
betray  aad  imprlaoa  Auhaalpa  aad  bto 
attaadaata  la  bto  owa  aapltBl,  aad  takt 
Tiotoat  pniandoa  of  the  ooaatry. .  181 
Kov.  16.  At  tho  apprnaeh  of  tba  100% 
tha  Spaalah  priaat.  Father  Vlaeant  Val- 
▼orde,  with  a  oraiBlIx  ia  bto  hand,  d^ 
manded  antmiaaina  to  tho  Cdbdic 
roHgloa  aad  tba  Xing  of  Spda ...  188 

Upon  tho  roftaad  of  Atahualpa  to  atv 
oapt  tha  Spaatoh  feUgloa  apoa  anck 
authority,  riaam  aad  bto  aoldlaia 
fuab  apoa  him  aad  hia  naaoapeoting 
attaadaata^  taking  him  prtojner  aad 
deatroytaig  Uiooaaada  of  nto  auiifaeta 
without  the  hwa  of  a  dagto  Spaniard 

18* 

Pirarroprooaeda  in  pinadar  the  dty, 
tha  booty  oxeeeding  bto  greoteet  ex- 
peetadon.  The  {^aaiarda  paaa  the 
niabt  ia  tha  wlldeet  rereto 189 

The  capdTO  monareb,  perodTlng 
their  tbiiat  fbr  gold,  oitored  Piaarro  aa 
incredible  ranaom  fbr  bto  liberty. .  ISA 

He  propoeod  to  Ml  the  room  in  whieb 
he  waa  imprlaoned  (which  waa  88  feet 
long  aad  16  fcat  wide)  with  goldea 
Teaaeto  aa  high  aa  ha  could  reach. 

Piaarro  agreaa  to  tba  Inca'a  tarmai 
aad  meaaeagera  are  tent  tn  erery  part 
of  Atahnalpa'a  rcahn,  and  the  gofdr 
treaaurea  are  poured  in  flir  the  ranaim 

of  tbdr  king IVC 

Dec.  Almasro  arrived  at  St.  Michaera 
with  reinroroemonta  fkom  Panama.  188 
HwMoar,  brother  at  the  captive  king,  bim  • 
aelf  a  captive  of  Aiahualpk  uflbred  ihe 
Spaaiarda  a  atill  greater  enm  if  thev 
would  dd  him  la  the  aul^ugatiou  of 
bto  brother'a  redm 189 

Atahndpa,  learning  of  tbia,  aecretly 
aeat  meaaeagera  aad  had  bto  brother 
executed 188 

Piaarro'a  aoldien,  impatient  of  dek.v, 
damor  fur  their  ahare  of  the  Inca'a 
ranaom.  Before  the  vaat  aum  could  be 
collected,  Piaarro  melted  down  the 
treaanre  and  divided  it  among  them 
according  to  tbdr  lank 140 

So  vaat  waa  the  qutoiity  that  after 
reaerviBg  oae^Ukh  for  tho  crown,  there 
remdoed  over  91,90 1,000  to  be  divi* 
ded  between  Piaarro  and  bia  loldiera^ 

Piaarro  reftued  to  rolcaae  Atahualpa. 
He  ooncocta  a  aerlea  of  chargee  agdnat 
him,  and  proceeda  to  try  bun  b»i'ire  a 
court  oompoaed  of  Spaniah  offlcera.  I4u 

They  condemn  him  to  tbo  stake, 
but  Father  Valverde  oSen  to  mitigate 
hit  punishment  if  he  will  embraoa  tha 
Catholic  roUgioB 140 


iMdfihiiMt 
Ml  to  Pmmm* 
I  to  •llan  ad- 

tu 

IbjPnrtnral- 


lh«  Cnt  enlM* 
inra,  aamlng  ft 

,.r. iM 

hHMftonbuth 
Jmipnliirring 

ikHNltdlMnilSM 

nkad  to  Cn*> 

■kMhM,  WMlM 

p.,..V7...  i8» 

■iiDwIthRrMl 
baUfliij,  oAr* 
!■  prwMitt  Mid 

e»7 189 

nialMMtlby 
^molrtdta 
ihoalpo  M<l  hia 
■plld,Mdtekt 
•  ocNutry..  IM 
eh  of  th«  laca, 
lorVtBMnt  Val- 
la hia  hanil,  At- 
to  tha  Catholic 
of  Spain...  IS* 
Itehualpa  to  */> 
(loa  apoB  (ook 
d  hIa  widlefa 
ila  wiaatpaetfaic 
B  prlajner  aad 
of  Ilia  ralAtaU 
ilBgIa  Bpaalard 
l»t 
phmdar  tha  dty, 
hi*  freatMt  n- 
Dlaida  paM  thr 

trela 189 

reh,  pnmiving 
Ifcrad  Pliarro  aa 
Ilia  liberty..  18ft 
leioomliiwhieh 
hieh  waa  89  feel 
le)  with  «oldea 
uttid  reach, 
tie  iQca'a  tema, 
at  t»  ererjr  part 
and  the  goldr 
B  fur  the  ranatm 

" 1« 

at  St.  Hichaera 
om  PaDama.  188 
kptlveking,blm- 
lalpA  ulfcred  ibe 
ttar  aam  if  thM 
auMnsatiou  nx 
, . . . :!?. ...  189 
of  thie,  aecretly 
had  hia  brother 

189 

ipatient  of  delay, 
«  of  the  Inca'a 
aat  aam  could  be 
elted  down  the 
it  among  them 

k :..140 

iDtit;  that  after 
the  crown,  there 
,000  to  be  diti- 
od  hia  Mldiera. 
ilcaae  AUbualpa. 
'ohargeaagalnat 
try  him  bTiie  a 
niih  officer*.  14u 
I  to  the  ttake, 
ffen  to  mitigate 
will  embnoa  the 
,..U0 


CBBOMOLOGT. 


Tha  iMa  anbarita  to  bapHaai,  and  la 
IMIy  eoMla«Md  to  be  ttoMglad.  140 

Upon  tha  death  of  tha  Inea,  Piaarro 
fbrmally  baatowa  the  goromment  up- 
on one  of  hia  iona,  thinking  to  gradu- 
ally enpplani  the  youth,  and  aiaume 

the  rularahip  himeelf 140 

IMS.  Piiami^i  ineeeea  InSamee  the  mind  of  the 
Spaaiania  in  Panama  and  Nloaragna, 
aad  they  raah  in  great  number*  to  the 
fleM  of  oonqueal 140 

Plaarrok  being  tergely  minfbroed 
thereby,  aurohea  to  tia  eoaqueet  of 
Oaaon,  the  doarialoa  of  Hnaaoar. .  140 

Whlla  oa  tkia  aaaedittaB  the  young 
Inea  Inatallad  by  Phano  diea. . . .  141 


Tha  Pemviana  oppoaa  him  with  a 
atroag  Ibiea  but  be  pula  tham  to  flight 
with  great  alanghtar  to  their  ranka,  and 
takaa  poatwrioB  of  their  oapltal. .  141 

The  Spaalarda  plunder  tha  city,  and 
the  apoila  enoeed  the  amount  paid  for 
Atahualpa'*  ranaom,  and  the  rich  booty 
aeiaad  at  the  eaptura  of  Oaxaauka.  14 1 

Beaalcaaar,  one  of  Plaarro'a  offi<iefi, 
whom  he  left  orer  the  eolony  of  St 
MIohael,  marehee  to  Quito,  and,  with 
Uttia  oppoaltioa,  take*  tha  dty . . .  1  il 

The  Inhabitanta  at  hia  approach  leiM 
and  hide  the  treaaure 141 

Pedro  de  Alvarado,  an  officer  under 
Cortea,  arrivea  about  thi*  time  to  cap- 
tare  Quito.  Finding  it  In  potaoation 
of  Pliarro'a  officer*,  ne  agree*  to  leaye 
the  country  if  Benaksaiar  will  pay  the 

ooat  of  the  eapeditlon 141 

1M4.  Ferdinand,  brolner  at  Pixirro,  arrivN  la 
Spain  with  the  ireaaura  aent  by  Pizarro 
aa  tha  king'a  tribute.  Ha  waa  recelvad 
with  dietinetion.  King  Charlea  ex- 
tended the  dominion  of  Plaarro'a  con- 
oneat,  and  oonfer*  greater  powera  upon 
film ' V. 141 

Almagro  received  the  title  of  bot- 
cmor  OTcr  800  leagnee  of  terrHory 
Bouth  of  Pliarro'*  dominion,  and  Fer- 
dinand waa  atao  rewarded  with  a  title 

of  diaUnotioa 141 

<•  Apr.  90.  Jamea  Oartier  aalled  ttom  8t. 
Halo,  France,  with  two  iliipe  of  aixty 
ton*  and  one  hundred  and  twenty-two 

men,  on  a  toyage  of  diicoTery 11 

"  May  10.  He  came  in  aightof  New  Found- 
land.  Boon  after  Ttaited  several  liar- 
bon  on  the  oppoelte  coaat  6f  Lalirndor, 
He  clrcumnaTtgated  the  Uland  of  New 
Foundhwd,  and  after  croaaing  the  gulf 
to  the  continent  Tiaited  a  harbor  which 

he  railed  Baye  de  Chaleur 11 

**  July.  He  took  poaacailon  of  the  conti- 
nent for  the  King  of  France.  Soon 
afterward  he  aailed  into  the  river  St. 

Lawrence 11 

**      Sept  S.    He  returned  to  France. ...  11 
"       Havana  deatroyed  by  the  French. 
lU5.   Jan.  8.    Pizarro  fouiida  the  city  of  Lima, 
and  catablislie*  hi*  palace  and  the  oajd- 
tal  of  hia  empire  there. 

Pliarro  invest*  Manco  Capac,  brother 
of  Atahualpa,  with  the  government  of 
Cuico,  and  appoints  hi*  two  brothers 

in  cliarge  of  the  truop* 141 

"      Almagro,  with  B70  men,  attempt*  tha 

conqueet  of  Chili 141 

"  May  18.  Cartier  aailed  on  hi*  second 
voyage  with  three  ships,  one  of  130, 
one  of  00,  one  of  40  ton*.  Ho  pursued 
the  *ame  coune  a*  the  ineceding  sum- 
mer, and  sailed  up  the  St.  Lawrence.  11 
*  Sept.  2.1.  They  passed  the  rapids  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  Lake  Angoleme,  now 
cafted  St  Peter'a ...  19 


IMS.  Oats.  TbayarrtTadatlhaladlaatowa 
ofBoabataga.  Totbahinaaderwhieh 
tha  town  waa  built  ha  ga?a  tha  name 

•r  Montreal 18 

••  Maadoaa,  a  Spaalard,  balH  tha  elty  of 
BaaaoaAyraa. 

1S8S-1H0.  Moaay  coined  In  Mesieo,  and  a 
printinifpreaaintmdnead:  nnaivenlty 
aad  aeveni  oollegee  founded. 

1080.  Tha  Peruviana  revolt  Manco  Capao,  the 
Inea,  eacapea,  and  gathara  tha  Peruvl- 
aaa  In  groat  number*.  Thoy  aurprla* 
every  Spanlah  **ttlam*nt,  and  deatroy 
tham  Indlacrlmlnately,  and  attack  Oua> 
«o  with  a  ferae  of  900,000  man...  149 
Thay  attack  Lima,  and  anrroond  it 
with  another  largo  force  at  the  same 
time.  All  communiention  being  rat 
off  between  them,  the  whole  Spaniah 
army  are  ahnt  In  at  theaa  two  point*, 
and  aie  beeieged  for  nine  montha.  149 
**  A  fort  and  trading  poet  waa  eetobliahed 
on  the  eite  of  the  pieeent  town  of  Aeon- 
don,  S.  A.,  which  gave  it  78  year*  the 

Erecedence  of  Jameatown,  the  flrat 
uropean  lattlement  in  the  United 
Bute*.  Thi*  colonv  greatly  prnapored 
under  the  handa  of  Martinea  de  Irala, 
a  man  of  great  eneriry  and  courage, 
whodealtiustly  with  the  Indians,  en- 
couraging bis  men  to  take  native  wom- 
en for  wives,  and  to  reapeot  both  the 
marital  and  parental  relatione. 
1887.  Almagro  return*  fVom  ChlH,  hi*  expedi- 
tion proving  a  (Ulure.  He  marohos 
toward  Cuico.  The  Inea  proffbn  him 
term*  of  peace,  if  ha  will  Join  hia  force*. 
Almagro  rejeota  hi*  propoaab,  and  the 
Peruviana  attack  him.  Ha  repuliea 
them  with  great  slau)ihtor,  and  ap- 

pmaohea  the  dty  unmoleeted 149 

The  Piiarrne,  susploloua  of  hi*  van- 
tive*,  receive  him  a*  an  enemy.  Al- 
magro anrpriae*  the  eentineln,  and  en- 
ters the  city  by  night,  capture*  them 
both,  and  compel*  them  to  eurren- 
der 149 

**  Cortea  discovered  the  peninsula  of  Call 
fomia,  and  explored  the  greater  part 
of  the  gulf 

"  PItarro  sends  a  large  force  under  Alnnzo 
de  Alvurado  to  relieve  his  brothers  at 
Cuscii.  Almagro  endeavored' to  bril)e 
him,  but  failing  in  this,  ho  surprised 
him  by  night,  taking  him  and  his  prin- 
cipal officers  prisoners 143 

**  Alvarado  and  Gonzalo  Piznrro  escape 
with  sixty  soldiers  of  the  guard..  149 
Pizarro  induces  Almagro  to  relesse 
hi*  brother  Ferdinand  and  aend  him  to 
Spain,  where  their  respective  claim* 
*nould  be  settled  by  the  crown,  the  two 
faction*  agreeing  meanwhile  to  keep 

the  peace 143 

Upon  the  release  of  hia  brother,  Piz- 
arro ignores  hia  treaty,  and  deciarea 
war  upon  Almagro 148 

I'  April  36.  With  a  force  of  700  men,  Gon- 
zalo and  Ferdinand  Pizarro  attack 
Almagro  upon  the  open  plain  before 

Cttzco 148 

Almag  is  defeated,  and,  attempting 
flight,  is  captured,  and  after  several 
months*  imprisonment,  is  tried  and 
convicted  of  treason,  and  strangled  in 
jirison. 148 

"  Pizarro  continues  his  discoveries  snd  con- 
quests in  the  remaining  provinces  of 

Peru 148 

1080.    Almagro's  officers  endeavor  to  influence 
the  Court  of  Spain  against  Pizarro.  143 

**      Ferdinand  Pizarro  also  appeared  before 


IMH 


1840. 


IMI. 


bvotlMviiiaiiliiiiirir la 

Ohrlatoval  Yaea  da  Oadra  waa  anamla* 
•loaad  by  Spaia  to  viall  Para  aad 
aatabliah  oidar,  bnl  Fardhiaad  Plavra 
waa  datdaad  aad  kept  la  priaoa . .  149 

May  80,  Fardiaaado  da  8ato  arrivan 
vpoo  tha  waatcra  aoaat  of  Florida 
with  0  veaaala,  800  maa,  919  hoiaai^ 
aad  a  herd  of  awlaa,  to  oiplora  tba 
oonatfT  aad  anarch  for  gold 19 

Piiarra^  aavlag  aaaamad  tMoAM  of  DIO' 
lator  apoa  tna  daolh  of  Ahaagm,  dl> 
Tided  tha  territory  amonf  hia  oompali* 
loa*.  HI*  partiality  aroooaa  Jaaloaw 
aad  a  thint  IbrftTaaga  aaoag  tho  a» 
Taatarwi. 

Padio  do  Yaldi  via,  apoa  tho  death  of  AW 
maffro,  attempta  Ibo  lavaaloa  of  Chili, 
aad  fooada  tho  dly  of  M.  Ji«». . .  149 

Pliarro  removao  Baaaleanr,  tho  ooa- 
queror  of  Qnlta,  Aoai  Ua  oonuaaad 
over  tk*  prorlaoe,  and  appoteta  Ma 

brother  Oonanio  la  hia  plaoo 144 

IlIiaiM 


Ooniato  Pianos  wlU 


of  940 


aoldiera,  180  horaao,  aad  4,000  Indiaao, 
eraaa  tho  Aadaa  to  oipMN  tha  gtaal 
unkaown  world  bayoad.  Badnrlng 
Incredible  hardahipa  from  oold  aaa 
fotigna,  they  reaoh  tho  rivor  Ifapo,  a 

branch  of  the  Amaaoa 144' 

Ang.  98.  Cartier  arrived  at  tha  port  of 
ST.  Croix,  npoa  hia  third  Toyago,  with 

Ave  ahipa 14 

Ha  anohora  three  of  hia  ahipa  In  tho 
mouth  of  a  email  river  on  tho  St  Law- 
rence, where  ho  builda  a  fori  Ho 
aenda  the  other  two  veaaalo  back  to 

Franca  for  anppliea. 14 

In  the  apring  Cartier  vidta  Mew  Found- 
load  m  rouU  tor  Franeo,  where  ht 
flnda  three  ahipa  with  800  peroona  of 
both  aexea,  on  thdr  way  to  Canada  to 
found  a  colony  under  eoauaaad  of  Lord 

Roberval 14 

July.  The  eolony  arrivea  at  St  Crdz, 
and  proceed  to  catabliah  themaelvra  at 
the  fort  left  by  Cartier.  They  paaaod 
a  tediona  winter,  sulferina  ftom  dok- 
nee*  and  privation,  and  tho  following 
Bummer  they  abondoa  tho  onterpriao 

and  retuvn  to  France 14 

De  Soto  diacovar*  the  Mieaiarfppi  River, 
and  explorea  the  eonntry  a  diatance  or 

80  leaguea  north  of  Mobile 14 

Feb.  Oonialo  Piaam  builda  a  boat  and 
placea  it  under  Orellano,  with  80  aol- 
dien,  to  Bail  to  the  mouth  of  the  Napo, 
there  to  awdt  the  ai  rival  of  Gonwo 

andthereet  of  hia  command 144 

Upon  reaching  the  Maragnoa  (or  Ama- 
zon) he  flnde  that  Orellaan  had  deaert- 
ed  him  with  hia  veaael;  ho  followed 
the  Amainn  for  flfW  leagnca,  and,  be- 
ooming  diebeartoned  and  deetitute  of 
proviiion*,  they  retrace  thdr  atopa  and 
return  to  Peru,   a  diataaoe  of  1,200 

milea 144 

Oontalo  Pizarro  arrived  la  Quito,  after  aa 
abaence  of  neariy  two  yeara,  with  a 
hsndftii  of  hie  men,  ftndahed,  naked, 

and  utterly  forhim 144 

Frandsco  nzarro  waa  asaaaslnated  i« 
his  palace  in  Lima,  by  a  band  of  con 
sniratora,  the  frionda  and  adherenta  of 
the  son  of  Almagro,  whom  they  de- 
cland  Ilia  lawflil  8Ucce**or  and  heir  to 

hia  titlea  and  authority 144 

Almagro,  junior,  ia  openly  received 
by  the  numerous  enemfea  of  Piiarro, 
and  ia  Joined  by  800  vctarana  of  Para 

144 


OBMROLOOT. 


clwrw  Mattlf  Oiimaui  m  Wmu.  Tka 
kqrallato  ibUjt  mvuMI  bla,  smI  k«  pf» 
MM!  le  Mank  toward  th«  WBltal.  R« 
la  raiatoiMd  i»  bk  wu,  amrapiwiBU 
FiMnliw  da  Carr^  aoMMadw-la. 

•bkr. 140 

«  rraai  tU*  faiM  to  IMI,  Para  was  gov- 
anMd  b>  a  Ttcarojraltjr. 
AlaMgro,  Mafiag  of  Caalf9*i  anival  asd 
Um  aamlMn  Wbo  had  joiMd  him,  im> 
OMdlatolyaHMMibrOwoiK  HanaalB 
Iba  ntmajt  Otofua 14C 

*  laal.  It.    Thay  tiuMdlalaijr  aagaga  Id 

MMla.  Aftar  a  daapafataatfwgM,  Tie- 
tan  la  daalatad  ht  toot  of  M  Caatm 
or  1,400  eombalaBla,SM  laydMMl  ipon 
tha  Md,  aad  a  giatir  aaabar  wwo 

tfovadad. 144 

"  fltailpiL  witb  40  of  hk  MIowcri,  wan 
aaaoatad  ht  traaaia,  and  iha  niaaln- 
dar  baabhad 140 

*  KtaMCharlnaraialvaaloehaaM  tha  form 

or  go«anim«mt  ta  tha  AmatiaaB  pror- 
lagSa,  abollihlaii  alavary  vt  tha  natlvaa 

aad  ndlltary  daapetiam 140 

iMH  Ha  ftaaMd  a  aaw  ooda  of  hiwa  whieh 
vara  twv  rapaUva  to  tha  ralan  of 
Pan,  and  appolatad  Blaaoo  Nngaaa 
Yala  Qoranor  and  Vtaaroy  over  al 
Pern,  with  a  aonrt  of  royal  audlanoa  ta 

LtOM. 

**  Ahraradat  aaooataor  to  Da  Soto,  dMoaad- 
ad  tha  Miwlwlppl  from  tha  month  of 
Bad  Utw,  whara  Oa  8ot«  died,  to  tha 
aaa. 

*  Mar.  4.    Tha  saw  Yleatoy  aniraa  and 

pioeaada  to  proaaeata  tha  saw  adminia- 
tration  with  graat  rigor.  Ha  deolaraa 
Ubarty  ta  all  ilaTaa,  aad  dcpriraa  all 
aOemof  thair  laada  and  aarranti.  140 

Hmnaa  Vela  oontinuaa  to  raforea 
tha  lawa,  and  to  laval  all  dialinctiona, 
aad  withont  ragard  tu  rank  pimUbaa 
an  affimders  a^nat  tha  Qoremmant 
withootaMrey 140 

Vaaca  da  Caatro  waa  biaded  with 
chalna  and  thrown  into  tha  common 
>ll 140 

The  people  elanMr  for  redreM,  and 
appeal  to  Uonialo  Plaarro  to  lead  them 
In  throwing  off  the  Toke  of  tliia  new 
tyrant,  ptadgin*  tbrtr  property  and 
their  Urea  to  Mid  him 140 

Piaarro,  after  long  h««itation,  at 
length  miaed  the  alandard  of  revolt 
The  inhabitant*  of  Cuico  receWed  him 
with  open  arma.  They  elected  bim 
Proeumtor-general  of  the  Bpaniih  na- 
tion in  Pera,  and  empowcrad  him  to 
lay  their  remonitranoo*  bi  fore  the  royal 
Court  of  Andicnoe  in  Lima. 
IBM.  Vpon  thin  pretext,  and  the  fear  of  the  In- 
diana, he  marehee  with  an  army  toward 
Lima,  aeising  all  the  arma  and  Oorern- 
inant  artillery  aad  public  treature  on 
thawar 147 

*  Piiairo  h  conatantly  reinforced  by  the 

ontfaged  Spaniarda  on  hia  mnte.  Ar- 
riring  in  Lima,  he  find*  the  Jndgea  in 
open  reroM againat  the  Viceroy. . .  147 

**  Sept.  18.  They  aeize  the  Viceroy  aad 
plaoa  him  in  ooniaement  npim  a  deaart 
Wand,  to  be  aent  to  Spain  the  firat  op- 
pnrtonity 147 

**  Piaam,  with  1,900  men,  apfwoacheH 
within  a  mile  of  Lima,  and  dcmindH 
the  uipointmant  of  QoTeruor  and  Cap. 
tain-tienaral  of  all  the  province*  St 
Peru. 147 

*  The  Jndgea  heaitate,  and  be  takea  poa- 
>  aeaaioD  of  the  city   by   niglit,   and 


1044. 


loa. 


1040. 


jof  aowt  nfaMSlnMlo 

trtal 

The  foUowInf  day  tSia  Canrt  of  An- 
dlenaa  granted  riiarro  hia  aommiaainn, 
and  ha  Immadlataly  amnmed  the  dig- 
nity of  hi*  oAoa  with  aatraordlaarr 
pomp 147 

Oat.  ai.  Tha  Judgaa,  having  plao*d  tha 
oapliTa  Viceroy  In  irona  on  board  a 
ahin  aadar  ooaMnand  of  Juan  AWarea, 
to  ba  aent  to  Spain,  AWaraa,  aa  looo  aa 
they  were  at  laa,  ralaaaed  hi*  priaoner, 
and  declared  him  tha  rlghtfol  (ovtraign 

of  Para 147 

Nngnaa  Vate  otdarad  tha  plhH  to  ataer 
toward  Tnmbta.  Upon  Mndlng,  ha 
laiaad  tha  royal  atandard,  aad  hi*  ad- 
harantaqaieklyralHadaraandhim.  147 
DIago  Centano,  a  bold  oAeer  under 
PlMiro'a  Ucntanant^lovarnor  in  Oha- 
raaa.  enraged  at  hia  ornalty,  aiaamina- 
tad  him  (the  Lientanaat),  aad  declared 
for  Nngnaa  Veb 147 

Tha  Mirer  minea  of  Potoal  were  dla- 
ooTored. 

Plaarro,  with  a  targa  force  under  the  brava 
Oamilal,  marche*  agalaat  Nngnaa  Vela, 

who  retraata  toward  Quito 147 

Piaarro  followa  him  to  Quito,  from 
whence  Nnatnea  ikd  to  Popayan. . .  147 
Piaarro  diapatcbaa  Carrual  to  cup. 
nraaa  the  rebellion  under  Canteno  in 
the  aonthcn  proriacaa,  while  ha  ra> 
malned  to  nrotact  Quito 147 

KngnaaVela  being  reinforced  in  Popayaa 

aBanaleaaar  with  400  man,  he  march- 
back  to  Quito  to  attack  Piaarro.  147 
Jan.  IS.  Piaarro  baalaaed  to  meet  him, 
and  after  a  fleree  encomter  Nugnea 
Vela  foil  pierced  with  many  wounda. 
Hia  traopa  Sad,  bearing  their  wounded 
leader. 

Piaarro  captured  Nngnaa  Vola  aad 
ent  <dl  hia  bwul,  placing  it  upon  the 
public  gibbet  in  Quito,  while  he  en- 
tared  the  dty  in  triumph 147 

Oarv^lal  aooa  auppreaaed  the  rebeU 
Hon  uader  Oentenn,  diaperaiuR  hia 
troope  and  compelling  him  tu  flea  to 
the  moantalna  mt  refoga,  where  ha 
remained  hid  in  a  care  for  •cTcral 
'month* 147 

Piaam  had  unlimited  control  of  all 
Pera,  M  well  aa  the  entire  fleet  in  the 
Booth  Sea,  whieh  he  placed  under  com- 
mand of  Pedro  de  Him^oaa. 

Piiarro  alao  took  poaaeaaitm  of  the 
bthmna  of  Panama,  and  planted  a 
garrleon  oppo*ite  Panama,  thereby 
commanding  the  only  direct  pauage 

from  Spain  to  Pera 147 

Spain  *end*  a  new  GoTernor  or  Preeldent 
in  the  peraon  of  Pedro  de  la  Oaaca,  a 
prieat  of  great  leaninc  and  ability,  to 

enperaede  Piaarro  in  nni 148 

July  87.  The  new  President  arrlTC*  in 
Nombre  de  Dioa,  inveated  with  foil 
dTil  and  military  authority.  He  And* 
an  officer  of  Piaarro  in  charge  of  the 
port,  but  being  a  prieat,  he  i*  allowed 
to  land  aad  proceed  to  Panama. . .  148 

The  new  President  i*  boapitalily  re- 
eelTed  at  Ptwnma,  and  bybi*  courteoui 
addreaa  and  prieetly  omce,  he  *oon 
win*  the  officer*  and  people  over  to  hia 
caoae 148 

Piaarro  praparea  to  reaiat  the  new 
Prcaident  with  arms.  He  *pnd*  a  new 
deputation  to  Spain,  demanding  aoon- 
flrmation  of  hi*  ezcluaiT*  anthurity  aa 
Ooremor  of  Pern  for  life 148 


1S4T. 


1048. 


■a  aha  dlipalakaa  aamMMskmera  to 
PMaaM  ardatiig  La  Qaaaa  to  depart 
Immediately  farlMlB 140 

Hiatfiata,  tha  ofleaf  la  eommand  at 
Panama,  oflbra  Oaaea,  by  aalhnrltv  ol 
PtaarNL  a  larga  anm  of  aioncy.  If  ha 
will  Tolmlarilr  retire  and  leave  Pli- 
arra  in  paacaftu  poa*a«aieo  ef  ^^wu■  14t 

Oaaaa  Immadtatal*  etaeta  the  stsniU 
ard  of  Spain,  aad  all  tha  olOeors  and 
•ohUaia  inPaBama  Jdn  him.  Tha 
aympnthlm  of  tha  paapla  aia  also  with 

Piaam  ffapana  for  war.' '  The  Court  of 
Andleiiaani  Uma  praeiad  to  try  Qaaca 
for  traaian,  aad  ha  la  eowlamaed  to 

death 140 

Pbarta^  at  tba  head  of  1,000  man. 
tka  h*at  annlppad  army  avar  marshaled 
la  Para,  oaoluaa  war  Malnal  the  new 

Invadar 14S 

Oaaea,  maanwhila,  had  eollectad  a 
larga  iMoa  from  NIeangna  and  Car- 
thagraa,  and  with  tha  troopa  and  fleet 
at  Panama,  ha  waa  waB  prepared  ta 
maatPlaHitK r.^..  140 

Apr.  Oaaea  tend*  a  aanadron  with  ■ 
oody  of  aoldiera  In  aavanca  to  Para, 
and  mameagara  ara  tent  to  all  tha  coU 
oniea  deolanng  hia  paaeaAil  intentiona 

toward  tba  people. 140 

AU  who  waia  diasatiaftad  with  Pta. 
am'*  admhUatration  ralliad  around 

Oaaea. 148 

Canteno  laarea  hia  eara  in  the  moua- 
taina,  and  with  flfty  adheraats  attacka 
Ouaoo  at  night,  and  oaptarta  tba  cant* 
ital  with  Ono  soldiera,  wbo  quietly  anb- 

arittohim 148 

Piaarro,  feeling  tha  danger  from 
Oantano  nMMt  imminent,  BMirohea  to 
Cnaoo^  and  praparea  to  attack  tba 
f  namy.  His  soldier*  were  all  mounted, 
and  aa  ha  approached,  all  but  400  do 
aarted  him  and  Joined  Centano. . .  140 

Oct.  SO.  But  nothing  daunted,  he  boblW 
adraacad,  and  attacked  the  enemy  with 
double  his  numbers,  and  after  a  bloody 
onalanght  riaarro  obtained  completa 
victory 148 

Tha  booty  waa  immema,  and  the  punish^ 
ment  of  the  vanquiehed  cruel  Pbi« 
airo'a  army  Increaaed  dally  in  numbari, 
but  in  hi*  abtanca  tha  citiarna  uf  Lima 
revolt,  and  areot  the  royal  atandud 
under  Aldana. 140 

Gaaca  kndad  at  Tumbea  with  000  iccn. 
At  III*  approach  all  tha  eattlementi 
south  declare  for  the  King,  and  rally 

around  him 140 

Gaaca  marclica  toward  the  interior. 
Hia  Undnea*  and  Jn*t  treatment  rapid- 
ly win  all  jpartiea  to  hia  canae 148 

Piiarro  atubboraly  raiheea  all  eflbrta 
toward  reconciliation,  determined  to 
aettle    tha    contmt    by   tha    awoad 

alone 140 

Gdsca  marchea  with  1,000  men  to 
meet  Piiarro,  having  tried  every  ezpa> 
dient  to  reconcile  him  to  term*  of 
peace 140 

Piiarro  and  hia  troopa,  biasing  with  tha 
■ilk  and  golden  trophiee  of  hia  victory, 
came  out  with  great  military  pomp  to 
meet  the  enemy 140 

Juat  aa  they  were  ready  to  engage  in  ac- 
tion, Cepeda,  one  of  Piiarro'*  flrat 
officer*  m  rank,  rode  over  and  *ur> 
ronderad  to  the  enemy.  The  example 
wa*  contagious,  and  the  greater  part 
of  hi*  army  aurrendered  and  the  re- 
maindur  dlsperaed 149 


«• 

MM  to  dOMH 

MS 

m  eummMil  iit 
»«  Mlhori'r  ol 
r  wMMi;,  if  h* 
lad  Imts  P1i> 
•noTPwu.  140 
mU  the  ttantk 
liaitlBoon  Md 
(■  hint.  Til* 
•  Mt  alM  wllh 

148 

Tb*  Ooart  ol 
•d  to  try  Qmc* 
eawMmaod  to 

14a 

of  1,000  mML 
•fcriMnbalM 
mImI  th«  MW 

T7 14» 

Ad  ooiloctMl  a 
•KM  and  Car- 
tfoopa  and  fl«Mt 
■B  pNpand  to 

...r.r..  148 

nadmi  with  a 
iTMMa  to  Pwn, 
It  to  all  tha  col« 
leoM  iBicBliona 

148 

krfUd  with  PlK 
lalltod  around 

.   148 

kTfl  in  the  moun< 
Ibtnati  altacka 
iptaiaa  the  oafi> 
f  bo  qotatW  rah- 
....?....'.  148 
I  danger  from 
mt,  aMnhea  to 
to  attack  tha 
ere  all  monnted, 
all  but  400  do> 
Cantano...  148 
nnlad,  he  bolillr 
ItbeenemywItB 
id  after  a  bloody 
aiaed  completa 

148 

and  tb«  punith- 
ed  cruel  PU* 
ally  IB  nnmban, 
eitiaenaufliima 
royal  ataadud 

148 

with  SCO  iten. 
the  aattlementa 
King,  and  rally 

,...:. 148 

ird  the  Interior, 
(rvatmcnt  rapid- 

saoae 148 

ea  all  cflbrta 
iletemined  to 
l>y    tha    awofd 

V 140 

I  1.800  men  to 
ried  oTery  eipo- 
m  to  terma  of 
140 

lacing  with  the 
le  of  hia  victory, 
killtary  pomp  to 

■\.....r..  140 

to  engage  in  ac- 

Piiarro's   tint 

orer  and  lur- 

The  csampV 

he  greater  part 

ed  and  the  ro- 

149 


ntlROIfOLOOT. 


I«I 


1848. 


b  aiiddaa  aaaatinntloa  Pliarra  alao  mr> 
rendered  to  one  of  (lataa'a  ofllcen, 
ami,  together  with  hi*  moat  noted 
ont.-ar8.wM  publicly  eaecuted 148 

ChaTea  fbvndi  tha  lint  city  of  Santa 
Cmi  lie  U  Sierra,  which  waa  afterward 
mored  northward. 

Upon  tha  death  of  Picarro  prare  waa  re- 

atored  to  Peru,  and  the  aew  PreeldenI 

eadeavortd  to  latliify  all  iiartire,  reeeiv- 

ing  noeompentation  for  nit  labora.  140 

lie 


ipei 
oontinued  the  esploratioa  aad 
Mt  of  new  territoriee, 
ling  the  bold  adventni 


eoaoneat  of  new  territoriee,  avltably  r^ 
warning  the  bold  adventnrera.  therebv 
qwlllag  the  •nutino<ia  aplrit  wnioh  had 

BO  hiMg  relgaed  uneheelied 140 

*•  Oenteno  waa  WMnmlaaloned  to  diioorer 
and  eiplnre  the  Tart  regiona  bordering 
on  tha  Rio  da  hi  Plata 148 

1810.  Feb.  1.  Oaaoa  ratomed  to  Spain,  tearing 
the  adalaietration  of  goTomment  in 
the  kande  of  tha  Coort  of  Audience, 
heariog  with  him  the  royal  revenue  of 
fttur  yaara,  antounting  to  1,800,000 
peace 100 

1888.  The  entire  Indian  population  in  Cuba 
became  ntinct  through  the  cruelty  of 
the  ttpanlarda. 

1804.  Francta  da  Ybarra,  a  Spaniard,  dieoovered 
the  minea  of  Santa  Barbary,  and  San 
Juan. 
**      Havana  again  dcatroyed  by  the  French, 
but  waa  apaedlly  rebuilt 

18S8.  Nov.  10.  Acohmyof  Huguenotafbonded 
on  an  intend  in  tha  bay  of  Rio  Janeiro, 
in  Braail,  by  ViUegagDon,  a  Knight  of 
MalU. 

1008.  Admiral  Oollgnl  attempted  to  found  a 
colony  of  French  Pruteetonta,  or  Hu- 
guonote,  on  the  ooaat  of  Florida— the 
territory  now  embraced  in  the  Caro- 
linaa 980 

1888.  Negro  elavery  flrat  introduced  inro  the 
Weat  Indica  by  the  EngilHh.  Sir  John 
Hawkine,  who  decoyed  800  uniuipect- 
ing  negraca  from  the  coai t  of  Guinea 
on  tward  hIa  veeael,  carried  them  cap- 
tive to  RUpaniola,  and  eold  them  to 
the  Spanterda  with  great  proflt  to  hlm- 
relf. 218 

1880,  The   Hnguenuli'   colony  expelled  firom 
BradL 
"      Sept.     St  Augustine  founded   by  the 
Spaniards  and   the    llnguenota 
sacred. 

1887.  The  Huguenots   avenged   through   the 
massacre  of  two  Spnnish  garrisons  in 
Florida  under  De  uonrsca. 
"      Rio  de  Janeiro  built  by  the  Portugneee. 

1878  Sir  Francia  Drake,  commimioned  by 
Queen  Elimbeth,  with  three  small  ves- 
sels, deecended  upon  the  coa«t  of  New 
Oranada,  and  plun(ler<<d  tbe  settle 
ments,  burnt  the  shipping,  and  held 
the  whole  region  at  nis  mercy.  He 
returned  to  England  with  enough 
wealth  to  make  him  one  of  the  richoet 
private  persons  in  the  kingdom,  and 
Queen  EHiahoth  received  him  with  dis- 
tinguished  fhvor. 

VBOBUBaB's  XXPKDTnONt. 

1870.  June.  Martin  Froblsher  sailed  fVom  En- 
gland with  three  small  ships,  one  80, 
one  20,  and  the  smallest  of  only  10  tons 
burden,  to  And  a  shorter  route  to  Asia. 
Kncuuntering  a  fearflil  storra,  one  of 
bis  veiisels  was  lost  and  the  other  re- 
tumoil  to  England,  but  nothing  daunt- 
ed, he  kept  on  hia  course  until  he 
reached  Labrador.    Skirting  tlie  coast 


ka  entorod  tha  strait  which  bean  hit 
name  and  took  posaeasion  In  the  name 
of  Queen  Elisabeth.  lie  brought  away 
some  i«ill  and  stonca,  among  which  waa 
found  a  stuns  containing  gold.  This 
created  peat  excitement,  and  at  once 
tbrea  shiiia  were  flited  nut,  and  in  May, 
1S77,  Frobislier  sailed  atinln  for  La- 
brador,   lie  nilMi  hIa  shifs  with  the 

ore  and  returned 219 

1077,  Enough  gold  was  smelted  nut  of  tha  ore 
to  pay  the  eipenaee  of  tbe  voyaf^e. 

AM  notuioii  AOBmrmiirr. 

1877-88.  Drake,  vrith  sii  ships  and  184  men, 
made  another  einedltiun  to  South 
America.  In  sailing  through  tbe 
Straits  of  Magellan,  three  of  the  vee- 
sels  left  him  and  returned  to  EngUnd, 
while  two  others  be  had  emptira  and 
turned  adrift,  leaving  him  but  one  vea- 
sel  to  undertake  the  baxardoua  enter- 
prise. He  had  but  58  men  and  three' 
casks  of  water  when  he  entered  the 
Paotflc,  hut  he  mAjIt  reached  Peru,  and 
again  plundered  the  Spanish  settle- 
ments, and  captwed  a  Spanish  ahip 
Isden  with  gold  and  silver.  He  then 
sailed  along  the  ooaat  to  Oalifumia, 
which  he  took  (hrmal  poaeeesion  of  in 
the  name  of  the  Queen  of  England. 
Thinking  to  And  a  northern  passage 
back  into  the  Atlantic,  he  sailed  north 
till  he  reached  the  region  of  eternal 
cold,  but  found  no  gap  in  the  Ice- 
bound coast  Fearing  to  meet  the 
Spanish  cruisers,  he  resolved  to  sail 
westward,  and  reach  England  by  cir- 
cumnavigating the  globe.  He  sccom- 
plished  his  purpose,  and  reached  En- 
gland in  1080,  after  an  absence  of  nearly 
tnree  years.  This  was  regarded  aa 
an  immense  aehievoment,  and  he  was 
knighted  by  the  Queen,  who  came  on 
board  his  ship,  and  partook  of  a  ban- 
quet. Whei\  the  Spanish  king  demand- 
ed his  surrender,  as  a  buccaneer,  she 
refbsed  to  give  him  up. 

1578.  Froblsher  sailed  upon  a  third  voyage 
to  Labrador,  with  a  fleet  of  18  shipa,  a 
great  part  of  the  espenae  being  borne 
DV  the  Queen.  It  proved  a  terriDle  and 
disastrous  voyage,  and  the  fleet  drifted 
into  the  atr«it«,  since  nnmed  Hudson's. 
With  difflcnl^  he  reached  the  istends 
containing  the  gold,  and  loading  his 
vessels  returned  to  Kngland,  and  found 
the  ore  to  be  of  little  value. 
"  Sir  Humphrey  Oilbcrt  obtains  a  patent 
iW>m  Queen  Elizabeth  to  discover  and 
appropriate  all  lands  unoccupied  by 
christian  powers  in  North  America,  in 
the  name  of  the  crown  of  England.  818 
Oilbcrt  approached  the  continent  too 
flu  to  tbe  north,  and  attempting  to 
land  near  Cape  Breton,  lost  his  largest 
vessel !7 914 

1080.  Don  Juan  de  Oasca  appointed  Governor 
of  Buenoe  Ayres,  and  much  progress 
was  made  in  the  civilization  of  the 
Indians. 

1588.  Gilbert  attempts  the  settlement  of  New- 
foundland, taking  possession  in  the 
name  of  the  Queen,  and  established  the 
cod-flsherics,  ttom  which  England  has 
derived  more  pr<rflt  than  she  would  if 
the  island  hod  been  iillcd  with  gold- 
mines. 

1684.   Xlavana  strongly  fortified. 
**      The  territory  mm  Canada  to  Florida 
granted  by  Elizabeth,  the  virgin  qvaaa 


(wkanca  Ka  imm,  tlrgl«to),  to  Mt 
Walter  Ratelgb 118 

1584.  Mr  Walter  Raleigh  fitted  ovt  two  vtsacis 
fnr  American  eiploraliaa,  eommaadad 
byAmailoaaadBarhm.  Theyanchorad 
in  Roanoke  Bay.  The  nallvee  were 
very  hospitable,  and  theie  worthy  En* 
gHsbmendid  not  betray  their  trasi.  214 

1588.  Richard  Orenvillr,  with  seven  vesMla, 
authorised  and  equipped  by  IMr  Walter 
Ralcigb,  landed  108  men  at  Roaaoka, 
under  charge  of  Capt  Lane,  to  ftmad 
acoloay 814 

ISM.  Tha  oohmy  waa  abaadooed,  and  Iba  ad< 
ventnran  retamad  to  Eaglaad  tm  board 

Mr  Franeia  Drake's  vaseel. 9U 

"      Davte'  StraiU  dtsouverad  hj  Jobs  Davist 

aa  BngllshmaB. 
"  Sir  Richard  Granville  arrived  at  Boaaoko, 
and  bruoght  fifty  more  mm  with  pro* 
visiona.  Ha  left  them  to  hold  the 
poeitioB,  and  departed  fbr  England.  914 
*'  Tobacco  flrat  introdoced  into  nghad  by 
Mr.  Lane 18 

1587.  Virginia  Dare,  the  first  chiM  bora  oT 
Engliah  parentage  In  North  Aaerica. 

"  Raleigh  sent  three  ships  under  Oapi 
White,  to  Join  the  small  oohmy  left  by 
Grenville.  Arriving  at  the  poat,  they 
find  nothing  bnt  the  charredf  niina  of 
their  houses  and  the  bonea  of  their 
mnrdered  countrymen 914 

1588.  Oapt  White  attempted  to  fbnnd  another 
colony.  He  rebuilt  their  houaea,  aati 
left  a  terger  number  of  meo  and  mora 
provisions.  They  attempt  IHandlf 
relations  with  the  Indians.  White  re- 
turns to  England  to  bring  them  aid  ana 
supplies 818 

"  White,  upon  his  return  to  the  cohmy,  in 
an  engagement  with  the  Spaniards,  baA 
his  vessel  diaabled,  and  returned  to 
England 918 

1580.  White  returns  and  finds  the  colony  again 
destroyed,  and,  aa  no  tidlnga  could  bo 
heard  tknm  them,  he  abandoned  tha 
enterprise 918 

1508.  Attempts  made  to  coloniie  Nora  Scotia, 
and  some  authors  declare  that  it  waa 
attempted  aa  eariy  aa  1018,  and  al 
varions  periods  since. 

1009.  Bartholomew  Gosnold,  an  Bnglishroaiv 
in  a  small  vesael  and  with  bnt  thirty 
men,  sailed  (lirectly  west,  and  reaohed 
the  shorea  of  America  nnm  Masaachw< 
setts  Day,  naming  the  point  where  tbn^ 
caught  many  codflah  Cape  Cod.  Ha 
diwovered  Martha's  Vineyard.  17,218 

1608.  Two  vessels  wero  fitted  out,  and  sailed 
upon  Gosnold's  track.     They  return 

co.iflrming  his  discoveries 218 

"  June.  Marun  Pring  viaita  tha  coaat  of 
New  England 40 

■ZPIDRIOirS  OP  OHAKFLAIir. 

'*  Cbamplain,  with  two  small  vessels,  one  of 
twelve  tons  and  the  other  fifteen,  called 
fVom  France  and  entered  the  St.  Law- 
rence River.  He  passed  the  promon* 
tury,  upon  which  Quebec  now  stands, 
to  the  island  upon  which  has  been 

built  the  city  of  Montreal 24 

1004.  With  a  motley  crew,  Champtein  sgaia 
visited  Canada  and  attemp«ed  a  settla- 
ment  on  an  island  in  Passamaqnoddy 
Bay.  The  ships  returned  to  France, 
leaving  seventy-nine  men,  who  expert- 
dnoedlhe  horrors  of  a  Canadian  winter, 
thirty-nine  of  them  dying  of  scurvy 
before  spring.  Their  wine  flroze  solid 
in  the  barrels,  and  was  served  out  to 


OHBOHOLOOT 


b*  Mm  poMd.  Tbay  wtn  f^ 
Hartd  la  Mm  tuHng  by  •  vmmI  ftea 
riMM*,  Md  OfiaoiplalB  •iBlofMl  Um 
MMl  uT  Nnr  KnglMd  m  Iw  m  Cap* 
Cod.  Rctimiliii  to  tb«  MtllamMl, 
Um;  pMMtd  Motnirr  winter,  wblab  wm 
miMb  M>kl«r,  and  la  ib«  t|*ring  of  1609 

Im  NtorMd  lo  f  ranM M 

OuImo  Mllkil  by  lb*  rrfovh. 
••      MIlMMal  MtablUbMl  nl  Port   Ro;*!, 
K.  B.,   by  tb«  UugMDoU  nndar  D* 

Momti... »4 

••     X*w  BnMwIuli  am  Mionlawl. 
UM.  Affll  M.    Noftb  AiMrico,  b«lw««i  th« 
Mlb  Md  Mlh  Oagntt  of  totHnd*. 

Sited  by  ebarter  St  Klnir  Juom  I.  of 
laad,  to  tbo  Plyaoutk  Conpuy, 
IVoa  tbo  41a»  to  tb«  4Sth  to  Um 
ImmIob  Conpany. 
IMT.  Mr  John  Pnobui  tttMnpte  lo  (band  • 
eoioay  on  »•  KtOMboo  Hlrar  at  Baga> 
dokoek,  Mala*. 
••  May  IS.  Colony  at  JamMlown,  Va., 
nbuitad    ondar     Cbrlilouhar     Naw> 

'port 816 

IMBi  JMiwtown  ooli>!:«  ralnforctd  by  190  nan 
and  a  larga  iUMk  of  pruvlaiona  and 

ImptanMote  of  huabanifrv >IT 

**      Cbaanlain  ratuma  lo  Amarica  and  foandt 

tbaDUyoCQuabao M 

**  SapL  10.  Capi  Bultb  ohoaan  Preildant 
of  tho  CoancU  of  tlio  colony  at  Janiaa- 

town «»8 

Poeabontaa  aarad  the  Ufa  of  Oapt, 

BBltb JIT 

ItOl  CbampUin  dtacovertd  tlic  Uke  whloli 
liaara  bia  name,  and  defuatad  tba 
Iro(|Uola  in  a  battlo.  For  20  yeara, 
Cbamplain  prealdad  over  lila  colony, 
and  died  at  qoabao,  Doc.,  1089. 

DIHOOVKBT  or  TIIK  nciMoir. 

*•  Sapt  81.  Ilenry  lliidion,  an  Engltah- 
man,  in  the  eniplnymant  of  tba  Datoh, 
diacoTered  Hw  rlTcr  which  beara  hU 
name,  and  aatlvd  op  the  atream  a*  IWr 
aa  the  head  of  navigation,  and  csplumd 
it  in  a  boat  to  a  p<>i  ut  aa  high,  probablr, 
aaTmy «00 

*  May  98.  England  gr  mt*  a  new  charter 
lo  the  Vimnia  culonlea,  and  aunda 
over  a  aet  of  outlaw!*  und  impoiet  them 
npon  the  oolonlea 318 

•*  Bnitb  nearly  loaea  IiIh  Ufa  through  an 
exploaion  of  powder,  lie  returna  to 
England,  leaving  BOO  poraona  in  the 
colonv,  which  were  roducod  in  lix 
montha,  by  fiimine  and  diaeaae,  to  (10 

peraon* 910 

Lord  Delaware  arrivoJ  with  three 
aliipe  and  a  number  of  aettlen,  with  a 
iargn  (tore  of  provittona.    lie  ia  made 

Captaln-Uenoral  of  the  colony 210 

1610.  Lord  De' aware  viaits  Dvliiware  Bay, 
giving  it  ita  name.  lie  returna  to  Eu- 
ulaud  on  account  of  alckneM,  and  Sir 
Thomaa  Dale  Ukoa  bia  place 210 

"*  iiord  Bacon'a  company  attempt  to  aeltlo 
Ncwfuundland. 

iiudson'8  last  votaoe. 

"  Hadoon  aailed  on  hi*  laat  voyage,  and 
before  be  had  been  a  month  at  aea  ho 
dl*co/ered  mutiny  among  hi*  crew, 
which,  with  great  ditflculty,  ho  auu- 
preiiaed.  After  sailing  two  montim  no 
entered  the  great  bay  wlilch  hoa  since 
been  railed  by  hi*  niimo,  and  wliicli  he 
■uppoftod  woa  the  long-itought  pnssago 
to  the  I'oi'ilic.  Here  lie  aoun  fnuntl 
liimscif  hemmed  in,  oud  dii«iuvcriug 


1610.      tb«  fcal  too  tot*  to  retam  to  lb«  A*- 

laatlo,  h*  aaw  he  mu<t  wlalar  in  that 
daaolal*  rpglon,  with  Utile  pruvltloa 
anil  II  miitlnuu*  rra«r. 

He  rniiinlniHl  tlieru  eight  montha  bo> 
rori)  the  Ico  brnke  up  arotmd  hia  ship 
a<i  lliat  liu  could  leava.  Utterly  forlorn, 
ami  a|)pri<h«nillag  the  worat  rraulta,  ha 

IirepHrud  Ibr  Ibrm  as  best  liu  niulil, 
lu  gitvo  oKi^h  of  his  men  a  cvrtinratx 
of  hi*  a«r«irva  and  a  statement  of 
*  waaea  due  bim,  and  divliled  t'le  re- 
maining provisions  equally  among  the 
crew.  During  theae  pruparatlona  he 
wna  often  aflboted  lo  tear*,  The  leailor 
of  the  mutiny  woa  a  man  named  Ilenry 
Oroen,  a  oroti^gu  of  Hudson,  who  owed 
all  he  hail  lo  the  captain's  bounty,  and 
whom)  lifu  he  had  saved,  This  ronn 
insi  luated  a  midorlty  of  the  crow  lo  sld 
hlin  In  selling  Iludnim  nud  his  A'lends, 
and  the  son  o(  iiudwin,  a  mrrelioy; 
and  thrusting  Ihem  Into  a  boat,  they 
threw  in  soiiiu  aiumunllinn,  a  fowllng- 
plut'u,  an  Iron  pot,  nml  a  liiig  of  niral. 
They  then  cast  on  the  ropt>,  made  siill, 
and  left  them  to  their  fate.  NothInK 
more  was  ever  heard  from  them,  and 
they  muat  have  all  mincralily  perUh- 
««l  in  a  few  days,  aa  It  was  too  early 
for  liirda  tu  be  seen  in  that  flroavn 
region, 

Uiecn  and  his  chief  aliellor  were,  a 
few  days  after,  killed  in  a  tlxht  with 
some  Indians,  and  another  dii.'d  trom 
hunger,  and  tho  misernlile  remnant, 
emaciated  to  tho  lost  degteo,  reached 
England  in  Hepteml>er,  where  two  of 
their  number  revealed  what  had  been 

done 81 

1610.  Tk*  Jeauita  decided  upon  Paraguay  as  a 

fleld  for  their  labors. 
1019.  The    French  Qovernment  foun<lod  the 
citv  of  i:*an  I.uiz  <lo  .Moronliao,  Brazil. 

"  Tlio  Virginia  charter  wits  enlarged,  ex- 
tendinK  UOO  Ivogura  ftom  the  coast, 
taking  in  all  tho  islands  Included.  'JIU 

"  Tho  nefarious  lottery  sclioine  was  enorterl 
and  put  into  practice  in  tlie  Virginia 
colony,  bringing  iiJU.liOO  into  the 
treasury  of  the  London  ComfMny .  23U 

"      Poeabontaa  was  taken  prisoner  by  Capt. 

Argyi aao 

1618-1750.  During  this  p<'rio<l  Nova  Scotia 
wna  three  timea  (lupopululed  tlirough 
tho  nearlv  complete  ez|iatriation  of 
the  Frencn-Hiieiikliig  colooists,  by  the 
£n)(liah  during  their  wars  with  the 
French. 
"  April.  Pocahonto*  was  married  to  John 
Kolfo  220 

lOU.  New  York  settlc<l  by  tho  Dutch  on  Man- 
hattan Island  (now  Now  York),  and  at 

Orange  (now  Allinuy) 3(M) 

"  Two  English  vesMs,  under  commnnd  of 
'  Capt.  John  Hiiiith  nnd  Tlios.  Hunt, 
prospected  the  Hliores  of  New  Kngland 
from  Capo  Cod  to  Penobscot.  They 
drew  a  map  of  tho  coast  and  presented 
it  to  Prince  Charles,  wli6  Kavo  the 
country  tho  name  of  New  England.  300 
"  Capt.  Argyl,  of  the  Virginia  colony,  miikes 
a  raid  uixin  tlio  Hcttloinent  of  New 
York,  and  demands  their  surrender  to 
Knglisb  authority.  Tho  colony  were 
not  able  to  resist,  and  for  ono  year  they 
were  triliute  lo  tho  colony  of  Vir- 
ginia  JtOl 

1015.   Clmmpluin  explores  the  country  of  tho 
llurotia. 
"       Jaioh  Elkin  became  Governor  of  tho 
colony  of  New  York,  and  be  dellod, 


t6ir. 


1616. 

1617. 

It 

1618. 

u 
1610. 
1090. 


•ikl  MMoaiaAiny  iMla'ad,  (Im  aWao  tl 
tiM  Virginia  Mloay, 

The  Hutch  treat  another  fcrl  oa  I.naa 
lakind 90l 

The  Portugueae  drive  Ibo  Fieaoh  tnm 
thoir  eolony  In  Bnwil. 

Th*  cnltlvatloii  of  tobaeco  Irat  Inlrn. 
dttomi  into  Vlrgiabi 990 

nsflln'a  May  illacovered  by  llalla. 

Mir  Thomaa  Dal*  raluma  to  Bagload,  and 
th*  gov*nim*nt  of  tho  eoloni**  eom- 
miltml  to  Mr.  Uto.  Y*afill*y 991 

Capi  Anryl  aoocMd*  Y*ardl*y  la  th*  ail* 
miniatratlua 991 

Poeaboatoa  di*d  la  Knglaad,  laavlag  a 
•on,  who  wa*  odooatad  Ihara 94 

Lord  Oahiwar*  died  oa  hi*  paaaag*  to 
Virgiala  to  aooept  th*  ofloo  of  Uov 
amor,  th*  iwopl*  b*ooBlag  w*ary  of 
Cant,  ArgyV*  uraaay 991 

Mr.  Yvardley  again  aoMpt*  th*  ofle*  of 
Ooveraor  of  in*  Virglaia  eolony . .  991 

Jun*  10.  First  Colooial  Aaaambly  in 
Virginia 991 

Nov.  10.  The  Ma^fiouitr  aaohored  ia 
('np*  Cod  harbor.  Th*  lr*t  whllt 
ohild  liorn  of  Kagibh  parontag*  la 
New  Engbuid,  aad  aanad  P*r*grin« 
Whit*..: 46 

I.ANDt.VO  or  THR  TUjaWOU. 

Dec.  Landing  of  th*  Pltgriai*  at 
Plymouth,  Maaa 46 

EnitUnd  tranapnrted  100  felima  to  th* 
Virginia  eolony  to  b*  aa*d  u  aerr- 
anu  991 

Aug.  A  cargo  of  negroca  brooght  Aon 
the  coaat  of  Uulnea  by  th*  Dutob,  aad 
aold  to  tb*  Virginia  plantm 991 

Paraguay  becaoa*  ind*p*ndeBt 

OIRL8  BOLD  AS  WIVU. 

Cargo  of  girl*  aent  to  th*  Virginia  oohmy 
and  sold  a*  wive*. 

Many  of  the  llrst  aettlen  who  cam*  to 
Virginia  wef«  advehturara,  and  aingi* 
men,  and  came  to  theae  diatant  abora* 
expecting  to  amasa  enough  wealth  in  a 
few  yeara  to  return  to  their  aativ* 
country  and  live  at  ease;  but  llndina 
that  if  fortiini-a  were  mad«,  they  innat 
be  developed  by  cultivating  th*  foil. 
Therefore,  in  order  to  aurc«a*ftilly  •• 
labllsb  thcmsolvca  and  build  np  boiura 
they  muat  procure  the  '*hflme-keeperf," 
and  an  there  were  none  hero,  they  muat 
be  "  Imporleil,"  and  to  pay  the  expenai 
of  their  pai<sagp,  they  were  sold. 

Ninety  young  and  reapeetabl*  women 
were  brought  over  in  the  flrat  company, 
and  were  quickly  diapoaed  of,  and  the 
enterpriso  proved  ao  aucceaafiil  that  a 
second  company  were  ordered,  and 
sLity  more  came  over. 

Tho  price  of  a  wife  was  at  flrat  cat!- 
mated  at  120  pounda  of  tobacco,  which 
sold  for  three  shillinga  per  pound,  and 
afterward  thov  brought  ISO  pounda. 
Thia  woa  comiidcrcd  a  very  honorHble 
trnnxaction,  and  the  wivea  were  received 
with  HO  much  fondneaa,  and  were  ao 
comfortablv  established,  that  the  pro- 
cccding  added   much  happineoa  and 

dignity  to  the  colony 931 

Hay  13.    Fint  marriage  at  Flymoutli, 

Mooa. 
Plymiiuib  Companv  changou  to  Council 
of  Plymouth,  una  a  new  charter  grant- 
I'd. 
The  Dutch  n^ako  a  grant  of  New  Nether- 
lands to  their  >V.  I.  Company.  Th« 
W.  I.  Company  build  Mew  Amaterdam 


l,dMtMMil 

l*'rtMMhfr<MI 

tun  ant  Mtif 

MO 

•nloniM  com- 

irillay aat 

rdky  !■  th*  ■d* 

Ml 

ta>d,  iMTiig  • 

Umn M 

kto  pMMg*  t* 

oflhM  of  Uov> 
■Im  wmtv  of 

...: Ml 

Its  tb«  oAm  of 
lU  wilony . .  <tl 
il  AiMiiibW  In 

Ml 

«r  MMhnrtd  In 
rh«  «nt  wbiM 
Il  pMonlag*  In 
•BMd  ParagriM 

.:.  M 

a    Pllgrlnii  at 

7 4f 

10  felou  to  tba 
•  uiad  aa   »inr- 

Ml 

ca  brought  flrom 
f  tba  Dttleb,  and 

lantMV Ml 

indent 

WIVM. 
I  Vlrglntn  colony 

Icnwbo  carnal* 
ran,  and  aingla 
«  diatant  ahnna 
tugti  wvalth  In  a 
to  their  n«tlra 
lu;  but  flnding 
nad«,  tbejr  inoai 
rating  tba  loil. 
I  (arccaaAilli  a* 
bnlld  up  hoiiiM 
l"homa-l(eciwr*," 
hero,  thay  muit 
pay  tba  expanai 
i-era  aold. 
■peetable  woman 
le  tint  oompany, 
naed  of,  and  tba 
luoceaaiiil  tbat  a 
ordered,  and 

..ja  at  flrat  cati- 
r  tobacco,  which 
per  pound,  and 
bt  150  pounda. 
I  very  honorable 
reawf  re  received 
tf,  and  were  ao 

hthat  the  pro- 
apulneaa  and 

Ml 

at  Plymouth, 

igou  to  Council 
w  charter  grant 

ofNewNetbor- 
Company.  Th« 
tew  Amaterdaa 


CRBONOLOOT. 


Tli 


.Ml-g. 


Slav  Yavk),  mi4  ItnA  lb«  aMj  af 
ttNwy .77  log 

•booh  iw  iMllaaa  aaUbllabad  in  Tlr- 
glnU. 

Uwanaeaaalbl  allaMpt  by  Unt  linM. 
man  to  aaMla  Nawfbundland. 
Tba   ImMm    ■aaaaori    at    Jamaatown, 
Tbraa  baadrnd  and  ftirty-aavan  of  tha 
anlanlata  war*  billed  In  open  day  by 

tba  aavagaa Ml 

Vmgwy  iaMlad  by  Jaanita. 
Omal  of  Laoonia,  parte  of  Malna  and 
Maw  Haaipahirt,  obtained  by  Oorgaa 
mm!  Maaon  ftow  tba  Oounoll  at  Plyai- 
ouib. 
■•Mlamanl  of  NawtbudfauMl  atlaaptad 
byOalvari 
IMS.  Malna  aMlliawHampablMaflttlad  by  tba 
^  too 


It 

M 


daalonptwad  tba eity  of  Bnbla 


■uNab 

▲  Dulebll 
la 

**  Kaw  Jarwy  aatrlad  by  tba  Swedaa  and 
OMilk,  aid  f  Oft  NaiaM  b«IU  oa  tba 
Dalawafa  Rivar. 

"      Pint  wblta  aWld  bora  of  Dntoh  parent* 

agn  at  Ntw  AoMtardam. 

MM.  King  JaMa  diaaolvad  the  Virginia  Oon- 

pnny  of  Lnndoa,  and  aaaumad  control 

of  tba  eoloniaa  in  Vlr|lnln MS 

"  Bavaan  tafaea  by  tba  untob,  bnt  boob 
after  raatorad. 
IMI.  King  Jaaaa  diaeaatlnnad  tha  Hnoaa  of 
HapraaaatatlTea  la  Virginia,  and  anp- 
piled  a  new  fbrm  of  goreramenl  to  the 
ooloaioa 994 

••      Death  of  KiagJamet. 

"  Maioh.  Ohanea  L  aacanda  tha  thron*  of 
Cnghind.  He  appolnta  Sir  Oooriie 
Yeardley  OTer  the  ookmiea,  at  tbe  head 
oTaCoaaellof  llmen 994 


rvncnuu  ov  m AJtiiATrAir  islaito. 


MM. 


IMS. 
1099. 


York,  or  Manhattan  Iiland,  bought  of 

tbe  Indiana. 
1997.  Partnerahip  of  London  merchanta  and 

American  lettlera  dlMoUod. 
Salem.  Maaa.,  aottlad    by  a   colony  of 

Puiilana  under  John  Endioot. 
Maaaachoaatia'  charter  anrrendered  to  the 

aattlera. 
Pirat  aettlement  in  New  Hampehlre. 
Charkatown  founded  by  the  Muitacha- 

e«tU  Bav  colony 944 

Tbe  Ottten  took  Pemambnco,  and  ex- 
tended their  eonqueat  from  Para  to  tbe 

north  coaat  of  Braxll. 
Woutrr  Van  Twtller  appointed  OoTemor 

of  tbe  Dutch  ooloniea  by  tbe  W.  I. 

CompanT 801 

Sir  John  Uarrey  ancoaeda  Got.  Yeardley 

orer  the  Virg^ala  colony 994 

Tbe  Prench  attempt  to  cononcr  New- 
foundland,   which    they    nad    long 

olaimad. 
Quebec  taken  by  tha  Engliah,  who  were 

led  by  tbieo  relbgee  French  OalrlniHta. 
Boatcn,  Cambridge,  Rosbary,  and  Dor- 

ebealer  founded 944 

John  MTinthrop,  llrat  Qoremor  of  Maaa. 

Bay  ocilouy 09 

Flrat  Oenenu  Court  held  at  Boxton. 
PUteen  hundred  Paritana,  with  a  fleet  of 

17  abipa,  arriTa  In  Now  England. .  244 
French  aettia  in  the  iilanda  of  Tortuga 

and  Haytl. 
Tlie  Puritana  paaa  a  law  reatrlcting  all 

participation  in  ,publlo  aflain,  and  all 

oltiienahip  to  church  membera. . .  244 

riKST  IBON   WORKS. 

M81.  Flrat  iron  worlia  in  tbe  U.  S.  built  at 
Iiynn,  Uasa, 


IMO. 


lUl. 


IMt. 

M 
It 

19M. 

u 

19M. 


1094. 

u 

M 

1«U. 

U 

lOM. 


(I 

nvt. 


teas 


Oaflaln  Jaawa,  an  layllabnMa.  aniofad 
tba  anoatty  aoHb  of  Hadaaai  wy. 

Pint  fMMl  built  la  tba  U.  ».,  aad  called 

tbe  lUmiitf  »f  UU  Bap. 
Pateat  iHuod  Ibr  tbe  aatlla«Mat  of  Ooa- 

aeotlout, 

June.  Jamea  I.  araatad  a  charter  of 
bMd  to  l<nrd  Ualttmora,  which,  in  honor 
of  the  Qnaen,  ha  named  Maryland .  977 

Canada  rtaiorad  to  tha  Prench. 

Maryland  aattlad  by  a  Roman  Catholic 
oniony  under  Lofil  Bahlmnra,  wboae 
bind  treatment  of  tba  ladiaaa  wiaa 
their  eonfldeaca.  lie  paiabaaad  their 
knda,  aad  dealt  hiatly  by  tbaai,  aad 
wlabiiahed  religtooa  tolaratloa. . ,  977 

Bniott  Maybaw  aad  Joba  Cotton,  ami- 
Bent  Puntaa  praachera,  amigrala  t<>  Kaw 
■agland  on  aceoual  «>f  paraeeatloa  la 
Baglaad 944 

Plrat  honaa  erected  la  Coaaeoticut  at 
WIndaor. 

Dutch  church  fbnad  a  acbool  la  New 
Amatardam. 

March,  Maryland  aetlled  by  Leonard 
CaWert 00 

Roger  Wllllama  banleheil  from  Maawi. 
chnaetta  Ibr  preaching  diaaanting  doe- 
trinee ! " .948 

Rapraaentatlro  gorernoMnt  caiabllabed 
In  Maaaachuaetta 978 

Tbe  Prench  make  another  aettlement  la 
Oulana. 

March  8.  Plrat  Amembly  of  Marylaad 
convened,  compoeed  of  tha  whole  body 
of  freemen 978 

Hartford,  Conn.,aettled. 

Tbe  Virginia  coloniata  aend  Oov.  llarvey 
a  priioner  to  England,  and  appeal  for 
redreaa  to  the  King  thrungh  a  deputa- 
tion of  their  own  onooalng 994 

July  4.  Providence,  It.  I.,  fbundad  by 
Itogor  Willtama. 

Maaaachuaetta'  colony  maken  a  treaty  of 
peace  with  the  Narraganiet  Indiana. 

King  Charlee  refbaea  the  Virginia 
depiitiea  a  hearing,  and  retuma  Oov, 
llarvey  to  the  coloniea 998 

Pirat  Synod  convened  at  Nawton  (Cam- 
bridge), Maaa. 

Deatruction  of  the  Pequot  Indiana  in 
Cunnecttout 940 

BKUoiovB  I'ERannrnoN. 

Mra.  Apnie  Hntchlnann  waa  baniahed 
fimm  Maaaachuaetta  (br  contending  fiir 
freedom  of  debate  in  religiona  meet- 
Inge.  Bho  became  a  leader  of  a  icblam, 
and  John  Cotton,  Gov,  Vane,  and  a 
number  of  prominent  miniatera  wera 
among  her  followera.  In  eonaeqnenoe 
of  her  baniabmeatj  Gov.  Vane  quitted 
the  coloniea  and  returned  to  En- 
gland  948 

Harvard  College  founded  with  an  appro- 
priation oi  g400. 

Pirat  Congregntional  Synod  la  Maaaa- 
chuaetta. 

A  fleet  of  90  abipa  arrivea  In  Blaaaacbn- 
aetta  from  England  with  8,000  eml- 
granU 948 

Another  maaaacre  of  the  culoniata  of 
Jaineatown  ocoura,  Inatlgated  by  Opech- 
ananough,  aucceaaor  to  Powhattan, 
and  OUO  coloniitu  are  killed 998 

New  Haven  founded  by  Katon  and 
Davenport. 

June  1.    Earthquake  in  New  Bnghmd. 

MMsachtisetti  colony  makea  n  treaty 
with  the  Mohegans. 

April.  First  aettlement  in  Delaware 
made  by  the  Swedea 801 


1840. 
u 


1041. 


1849. 


lOat,  Klaft  waa  OnranMr  af  Ifaw  If alberlaatfa, 
«  Uarrard  aaNaga  aadawad  by  Rev.  Joba 
Harvard,  Ibr  wbiaa  il  waa  aamed. 

IMO.  Oov.  Ilarray  removed  from  the  Virginia 
erioay,  and  Sir  Wm.  Barkalay  aMalat* 
ed  la  bla  place.  Ha  aalaMMiad  a 
Coloalal  AMambly,  and  fboadad  a  aya* 
laai  of  Kagliab  JarlapradaMM  aa 
Amertcaaaoll T IN 

nan  r»iimNo>nina  in  irowni  amouoa. 

18M.  PIral  priaMag-praH  la  Miwlb  Aaarlaa, 
aal  ap  al  Caaihrldga,  Maaa.,  by  lapbaa 
Day. 
**      Oora-plaatlag  waa  aalbmait  by  kw  ta 

Marylaad,  aad  a  grtat-Billt 
••      Ural  BBbHo  boapllJ  iB  AaMflaa. 
al<|nabae. 
A  writloa  Coaattlolloa  fraaMd  aad  adoM* 
atl  by  tba  people  uf  Ooaacetleal. 
••      Kewport,  Rbodo  latead,  ftwadad. 
Montreal  fbandad. 
Plrat  powder  mifit  anetad  la  Iha  Uaitac 

Blataa, 
New  Baglaad  aambarod  9,1M  taibaUl 
aata,  witb  100  aiiabtan « 4900,000  bad 
beea  eapcaded  la  traaapcrtatloa  af 

emigraata 900 

Opachaaaaongb  abol,  aad  tha  ladlaa  war 
In  Virglaia  aooo  alter  tarmlaated,  MS 
(aea  fnot-aota.) 
Bagiaaiagof rapreaaatatlTa  goraramaal 

In  New  Ifalberlanda. 
New  HamMbiro  aattlera   anbrnltlad  to 

JurladlotloB  of  Maaaacbnaetia 
The  BngHab  Hooaaof  Commoaa,  by  vola, 
aiempt   tba   New   Englaad  coloolaa 
from  datlea  upon  gooda,  either  im* 

ported  or  exported lOt 

"      Oct.  0.     Tbe  Aral  eommeacamaat  al 

Harvard  College. 

1849-48.  Indian  war  in  Maryhud. 

1048.  May  10.    Union  of  the  New  England  eol> 

uniea  with  the  Dutch  aettlementa  of 

New  York  for  mutual  protection. .  181 

**      The  Dutch  become  involved  in  a  war 

with  tha  ladiaaa,  aad  tha  N.  B.  coloolaa 

give  them  aid  aad  anatenaaoa. . . ,  MX 

"      Pint  ValoB  fcrmad  by  the  coloniea  of 

Plymouth,  Maaaaebnaetta,  Coanaotient, 

and  New  Haven,  under  tbe  name  of 

Iha  United  Coloniea  of  Now  England. 

Treaty   of   peace    betwren    tha   N.   K, 

coloniea  and  the  Prench  aettlementa  at 

Acadia. Ml 

1844-40.  Rebellion  in  Marytand  and  war  w  lil 

the  Indiana  in  Virginia. 
1844.  Rhode  laland  obtained  a  charier. 

TBI  HIV  INOLAITD  "  BLUB  LAWI." 


"Bine  Lawa"  paaaed,  among  whidi 
are  to  be  fenaa  theaa  peculiar  eaaet* 
menta; 

Blaaphemy,  Idolatry,  adultery,  and 
wltchmft  Were  pumahed  by  death, 
and  for  any  crime  committed  on  Sun- 
day, the  additional  punlabment  of 
cutting  oif  an  ear  waa  added.  Kiating 
a  woman  on  the  atreet  waa  puniahed 
by  flogffing,  which  penalty  waa  actually 
infliotea  about  a  ceaturr  later  upon  aa 
Enaliab  aea^aplaia,  who  aalnted  hia 
wife  on  a  atreet  in  Boaton,  after  a  long 
aeparation.  Intemperance  and  all  im- 
morality were  puniahed  with  sreat 
rigor,  and  keepera  of  inna  and  public- 
houaca  were  required  to  be  peraona  of 
approved  character,  and  poiMeaecd  of 
a  competency,  aa  they  were  held  ra> 
^^aible  for  the  conduct  of  their  gnaatl 


1844. 


OBHOMOUMT. 


■MmlUi  €#  iMr 

•  "  »bUk  II 


t«o«Mk«««Bfcr 
tlfjr  w««  U  mom  !■  ti 


TBUu  AMD  BXKctmnm  roii  wnciivBArr. 

ftnl  iHati  mmI  •iceutliMM  Ihr  wllnhenA 
l»  Naw  KaglMiJ  urmrrMi  IhU  trar, 
whan  f^ir  iwroiiM  war*  pMt  ht  iU«lh 
U  MMaMboMtl*  Air  lb*  "nrlma  ot 
wHakflraA."  AlllMMcb  Iba  baltaf  la 
witebenft  bail  pfavanatl  •bwMt  ubI> 
TawUy  la  (lirWIaa  aoaatrlaa,  y*t  tha 

rnltar  makaAf,  mkUk  wm  aMrlbatad 
•  «llrb«nft,"  did  ao(  apiwar  aalll 

■aaf  a  balf  eaalar*  lalar Wtt 

OtoybofM'a  nballkw  la  Mar/laMi.  .  ITS 
Maaaaakuaatto  aaaaaa  aa  ael  Ibr  tba  aptaad 
oTiIm  Ooapal  aaMmg  Iba  Indlaaa,  and 
Jobs  EIHoi  prwMbaa  lo  Ibaai  la  Ibair 
•watoagaa. 
Tha  AaaaaiUy  of  MarTlawl  (Romaa 
Oalbolk)  fmt  lawa  hilarallag  lilarty 
af  BBaailiani  la  rahaloaa  baliaf.  Tba 
Aral  culaay  vf  AnMiIca  lo  graal  tolar- 

iMa trt 

Mamibuaattt    mada    |ba    lappnrt    of 

aeboola  eumpahory,  and  educatloa  unl- 
f  ar«al  aad  iht, 

Tbomaa  Majrbaw  aaUbiltbaa  a  Mlaaloa 
aaiiNig  Uia  Indlaaa  ot  Martba'a  Vina- 
yaral,  KantiMkal.  ami  BUwbalh  Iiloa, 
aad  waa  aailaaatly  auooaaaftil .'....  Mil 

ArHral  al  Naw  AnMtardaai  of  HtayTaaant, 
Dalob  diraetor-gaaaral  of  Naw  Matbar- 


IMT. 


1U0. 


IML 


1«M. 


IWIL 


MM. 


IMS. 


Maw  London,  Conn.,  aattlad. 

Xagllab  Parllamaat  Ainnad  a  ailialonary 
aodaU  for  lb*  cunvaralon  ut  ladlaaa  la 
Amanca. 

Darrard  Colleg*  ebartered. 

MarvUnd  aitaiida  toleralioa  to  polttleal 
prindplaa t7(t 

CoaatituUon  of  Maryland  tattled. . . .  a79 

Mavigatlon  Aot  paaaed  by  Bngland,  ra- 
atnctlag  tb*  foamerc*  of  tba  col- 
onlaa M4 

Tba  Eaallah  Parltamant  attumpla  to  aab- 
Jeet  tb*  cobtoiaa  of  Virginia.  Tlicy 
ditpaleh  an  anaaiaeBl  under  BIr  Ueo. 
Ayaou*.  Barkelay  hir**  torn*  Dutch 
■bipa,  and  alilad  by  tha  oolnalala,  reritta 
thaa,  aad  oompal*  tb*  Eagllab  uorarn* 
■Mat  to  grant  tba  colonl**  th*  mub* 
prlvUeg**  *i^*d  by  tb*  Are*  peopi*  of 
England,  and  a  right  to  fir**  trade  witb 
all  natlnaa SM 

Tbirtr  Uahea  were  inlllcted  upon  ObadUh 
HatawB  for  preaehing  Bapwl  doctrlaaa 
in  If  aaaachttwtti ;  and  pcrtona  who  din- 
approTed  of  infant  baptitm,  or  taught 
olnerwlte,  were  banished  ftom  the  ool> 
oay SM 

Tba  pforlDoe  of  Main*  appaaiad  to  the 
colony  of  Mataachuai-tta  for  protection. 
Tboir  petition  wa*  granted 80 

Tha  flrat  n-rilar  b<Nik-aeller  in  America 
waa  Heaekiah  Uiber,  of  Beaton. 

Ftiat  mint  eatabllihed  in  New  Enghind, 
in  Maiaanhnaettt. 

Cromwell  aubrerted  the  Eagltih  Par- 
liament and  maintained  peace  in  the 
edoniea  tiU  hia  death SSO 

Tale  College  lint  projected  by  Mr.  DaveU' 
port. 

Ouiaoa  aeiied  by  the  Enatiih, 

Clerbome  inatitutea  a  rcllglotu  war  upon 
the  Catholic  coloniea  of  Maryland,  and 
proceed!  to  reduce  them  to  aubjec- 
tion 870 

BtuyTeaant  capture*  the  Swediih  settle- 
meat  in  DeUware 380 


t«M. 

IMf. 
IMO. 


IIM.  Jaaialia  lab—  by  tb*  ■■■Mafc,  wba  wtahi 
II  by  Dm  tnaiy  af  MadHd 

rirRUOlTIOM    Of  TIIM   l)trAKni«. 

IMt,  QuNbara  tr»l  arrive   la    Maaaaebnaatta. 
Thrlr  |Mr»*«><itli>«  liy  Ih*  riirllan*    VM 

"  Nallglnbs  Inliilaramtn  waa  rarrlml  In  •iNih 
an  •(taut  by  Ihaaa  ralagiililml  ««aliil(, 
that  lliay  aotually  tnrm»nta<l  anil  nut 
to  ilaalh  by  amraa  Iba  only  rbrlallan 
aarl  la  America  wba  ailToeal*«l  the 
dnelria*  of  paaea,  aad  who  ilaniatl  tba 
right  of  man  to  lak*  Mfo  uadar  nay 
olrrumalaacf*, 
Th*  p*npl*  ofVirglnla  aiaet  Ih*  atandard 
AfDkarl**  II., aad olMit  Mr  Wm.  Ihrha- 

l*y  to  tb*  Prwlilvnoy 3M 

Four  <)aali*f«  aiaeutaa  oa  B<iato«  Com- 

amn MT 

Charlaa  II,  reatorad  In  tha  throne  of  En- 
gland, and  Rarkflty  arnt  by  tba  rol- 
•Hilra  lo  congntulala  him.  lie  I*  r*- 
faivad  al  th*  Oiiurt  of  Kngland  with 
royal  IbTor,  MS  (foot-note). 

**  Tha  l>uteh  ranmincail  all  claim*  to  Bra- 
■illan  Ivnltory, 

**  Elliot  Awnda  au  Indian  church  la  Maaaa- 
ebuaatu M» 

"      Trial  by  Jury  raitorad  by  ( 'harlr*  II.   IJO 

'•  Church  of  .'England  tatabliahetl  by  Cbarlea 
II.,  and  nopeacber*  but  Ibuae  reguteriy 
ordained  by  tba  Biaboj*  uf  Englanii 
were  allowwl  to  preach  la  th*  colo- 
nlr* Md 

"  Quakara  prohibited  from  emigrating  to 
Virginia  under  terere  penaltlaa,  ex- 
eepllnff,  however,  iiueb  at  war*  trana- 
portednir  violation  of  KnglUh  law .  330 

*  A  duty  of  S  par  cent,  wa*  levioil  by  the 
Bngnah  QoTemment  upon  all  meroban- 
dit*  of  Import  or  export  In  the 
American  mionir* 937 

••  On-at  Kogllih  Navigation  Aat  eaUb- 
llahed.   937 

**      Bupremo   authority  of  th*   peopi*   de- 
clared in  Marv  land. 
1669.  Thrre  penona  nung  for  wltohorafl   In 
Hartrnrd,  Conn 971 

■*      Connecttcnt  colony  obtoin  a  royal  charter. 
IMS.   New  cbartur  gmnlcd  to  Khode  laland. 

"      PopuUr  aaaombly  in  Naw  Amatcrdam. 

BIUABKABLB  KAaTa<)irAKB. 

"  F*b.  S.  |{*mark*ble  earthquake  laiting 
with  abort  Interval*  for  aii  monthi, 
and  estending  over  th*  greater  part  uf 
North  America.  The  Im*  of  the  coun 
try  in  aome  tocalitieii  futlrelv  changed 

"  Mew  Netherlandi  oonquerud  bv  the  EB' 
gliah,  and  th*  coloniea  of  New  York 
and  New  Jeraey  founded,  with  Kliia- 
betbtowB  a*  the  caniUI  of  the  latter. 

**  Carolina  granted  to  Lord  Clarendon  by 
Charlea  II.,  and  a  liberal  form  of  gov- 
emment  eatobllahed 987 

"      Pint  aettlemoat  in  North  Carolina. 
1064.  Ouiana  again  taken  by  the  French. 

"  Aug.  97.  New  Amaterdain  surrendered 
to  tha  English,  and  Colonel  Nichols 
appointed  British  Uovemor 804 

"  Elliot  traulattd  aad  printed  the  Bible 
in  tba  language  of  tlie  American  In- 
diana  208 

**  A  roval  clurttr  granted  the  colony  at 
AlLemorlo,  and  Drummood  appointed 
Governor  with  a  Council. 

"      Fiiat    permanent    aettlument   in   New 
Jersey. 
1665.  Every  town  iu  Masoachusett*  had  a  Areo 
school. 

*'      Jime  12.    New  York  City  iocoiporated. 


l60»-79, 

166*-79, 


I666. 


1070. 


1071. 


167t. 


1678. 


1074. 


tors, 


la  New  Jenay. 
Valoa  «r  N*i«  llavaa  aad  C«MM«lkB» 

nobmlf*. 
Jvault   miolaua  (hmmM  <m   Laha 

Huaarior  by  hrt  AlbniMk 
Mar^uaila,  a  Jaaull  mlaaloaary  to  Iba 

Iniliaaa  of  tha  Northwrai,  siplorad  Iha 

Mlaalsaliipl  lllvar  aad  adjaaaal  ewuntry 

lo  Arkamaa. 
Tha  VIrgiala  aniaay  laaviaiJ  an  Aa> 

sambly S»7 

Nagro  alavaa  lalraduaad  Into  Carollaa 

fraai  lb*  Barliarfoaa  by  TaanMna. .  MM 

I)Mlb  of  l.ord  llitltlmor* SHI 

Th*  Asaaaibly  of  MarykuMl  paia  aa  art 

Air  Iha  nalnralliatloa  af  allaaa. ...  961 
Ad  of  IMS  Mwlnaad,  aatobUaMag  ab- 

solute   political   equality  aawag    all 

('brlatlsla  deaewlaatliws 9tS 

Nova  Hootia  raile<l  lo  Ike  fraaeb  by  tha 

TrwityofBraila SA6 

Samuel  IMavaas  saeraadad  Drummond  a* 

Oof  amor  of  A  Ibamarla.    A  BMW*  d*m»* 

eratia  A>rM  uf  govaranMat  waa  aatah- 

lishad 98T 

A  enloay  of  ktyallsis  and  aoMsmaa  al« 

lamp!  to  eatabtUb  an  arlstoerafy  aB«l 

a  toWB  al  Port  Royal,  andar  aatronsga 

of  tba  Duke  of  Albamark  aadlngll 

Charleatim,  in  honor  of  tba  King. .  967 
First  setttamrni  In  Bontb  CaroHaa. 
Okl  Uharlaatown  Aiundad  oa  Aahivy  River. 
Maaoaobusetu  cokiny  make  a  treaty  of 

praca   with  King  Philip,  aa  ladlsn 

warrior  of  grvat  reaown SIS 

Ftrsteopyrigblgraatad  by  Massaehnaatt*. 
A  mail  rout*  ealabllsbcd  bslwaan  N*w 

York  aad    Boston  by  way  of  Hart* 

furd. 
The  Dutch  fbnad  a  colony  oa  Ashley 

River,  and  call  It  JanMalawB 9VU 

MisslMlppi  River  asptorsd  by  MarquatU 

and  Joliet. 
New  England  oontslned  190,000  Inhabll* 

ants.    Boston  bsd  19,000,  aad  beggary 

waa  unknown  in  tba  ooloiiiaa SW 

New  York  retokea  by  tb*  Dittob ....  600 
Ueorg*  Fox,  fouadcr  of  Ih*  Qoakcta 

visTia  America. 
First  Lewlshitlve  Asaambly  m*«U  Ib  Boulh 

Carolina. 
Now  Yurk  rvsttHwd  to  tha  Engllab. 
June  94.      Cummenccmeal     of     King 

Philip'*  war.    Attack  oa  Swaaaey.  909 
Indians  were  sold  by  Naw  Eagbuid  to 

tb*  West  India* Ml 


BA(X)1I  •  REBRLLIOM. 

1676.  Bacon's  rebellion  in  Virgiaia.    B*rkelay 

attomnta  lo  aupproaa  it,  and  a  civil  war 
waa  declared 997 

"      Ouiana  token  by  the  Dntoh. 

"  Jamestown  burned  and  tb*  honaea  of  Iha 
loyalista  pillaged,  and  their  property 
destroysci 990 

'•  Aug.  13.  King  Philip  killed  and  his 
trlbo  sc«tturc4l,  and  the  greater  pari 
destroyed  obiofly  through  tb*  great 
valor  and  periteveraaoa  of  Oapi  B«i\ia- 
min  Churcli mt,  OUO 

"  New  Jersey  divided  into  Eaat  and  West 
Jersey 817 

"      Maryhuid  eatobliabefl  a  mint 981 

1677.  The  colony  of  Maaaachaaetta   pu>vhaM 

tba  territory  of  Maine  At>m  Ferdi* 
nando  Qorgea,  grandaon  of  Ferdinand 

Qorgea,  the  founder  of  Maine 303 

"       Guiana  restored  to  the  French, 

"       Quakers  settle  Wrst  Jcrsev 390 

"       Jamestuwn.  Va,  destroyed. 
107S-1087.  La  Halle,  the  French  cxptorer  trar> 


Mil  Cwmmltoa* 

milMl  iM   Lak« 

tMoaary  la  lH« 
Ml,  aipkifMl  lh« 
l4)iMMl  eiMinlry 

MTMMd  M   A»> 

t"7 

I  toln  CMolUa 

T»MMM.  .  tM 

• Ml 

•Ml  MM  M  art 

dtusar...  Ml 

wtobUtbtag  •!>• 
Hty  MMMg    all 

M M« 

I*  VnmIi  bf  lh« 

M« 

d  DniMHina'l  m 
.  AMarvdcmo- 
IM«I  WM  mU>» 

MT 

Ml  aoblMim  •!• 
•rIalMnrjr  ud 
•ndar  palronaM 
maih,  MDIngll 
rib*  King. .  M7 
I  Carotta*. 
loaAshlvyRlTcr. 
mka  •  UMljr  of 
blllp,  M  iDdUn 

n asu 

tyMMMMhOMltt. 

ra  bftwMii  N«w 
f  way  of  Hart* 

oUmj  on  Athley 

alomi two 

rad  by  Marquatla 

[  ;M,000  lahabil* 
.and  bcgKanr 

oIoiiIm IM 

m  Diitob 800 

if  tlio  Qaakria 

ly  neaU  la  Boulb 

la  EaglUh. 
laat     of     King 
oa  Swaaaay.  aoi 
kaw  Kagland  to 
'      Ml 

lOH. 

Xiaia.  Bwkalay 
t,  and  a  ciril  war 

M7 

leh. 

thabonaaaoftha 
I  thair  prupcrty 

ki'liad'aiid  bia 
the  greater  part 
'oagh  tba  great 
I  of  Oapt.  B«n|a- 

OJiB,  ttOO 

0  Eaat  and  Weat 

817 

mint 981 

luaetta  puixhaia 
ma  from  Perdi- 
on  of  Ferdinand 

'Maioe 303 

rvncb, 

MV 8M 

ed. 

iboiplofer  trav 


amoifoumT. 


•nad  Uw  giaat  labaa,  iliaeaailail  lb« 
Oiiia  Mmls  llM  MK  awl  ilM  MIm!*' 
•ImI  to  III  miNHb. 

y—aqaHaB  of  nmlara  Obariaatoa  laid, 
«bUb  aoaM  baaami  lb*  uori  »f  trad* 
awl  Iba  eaaital  of  t'antllna !»• 

PoHagal  ntobllabaa  enloataa  la  Vnigaay. 

A  war  braka  o«l  balnnm  iba  CaroNna 
aolaalaa  awl  Iba  Iwllaaa,  wbleb  waa 
■WMdIly  lermlnalail  by  tba  Oiiftmur 
aifcHag  a  boanty  apoa  arary  eaplWa 


*  ladlaaa  waia  anid  to  tba  Waal  Imllaa  aa 

•lat aa  ia  aaabango  Ibr  ram M8 

WILLIAM   riNN. 

IMI.  Marah  14.  Paaaaylvaala  graalad  la  W». 

I'ann,  «bo  eolonlaMl  li hm 

**      Paan  alarla  a  aohmy  on  tba  UaUirara 

Hirer IN 

a      rifat  Laglalatl*a  AaaamMy  of  Quakara. 
**      Flftl  Lagidalara  of  New  Jaraay  ennr«n«fl. 
IMt.  Oat.  M.    Paaa  arrifM  la  America  .  niib 
"      Paaa  amkm  a  treaty  wllb  Iba  Indiana, 

and  pay*  tbem  Ihr  tbair  laada  ...  010 
«  Tha  oily  of  PhlladelpbU  (bunded . .  880 
••      OeUttallelakeapo-aeaaloaortliaroun. 

try  on  both  ddee  the  MlaalaaippI  lUrer, 

calling  It  Lrmialana. 
"      Oov.  Weal,  of  Oamllna,  bolda  a  parlla- 

■ent  la  Uharlralon  tu  paae  kiwi  fiir  the 

general  pioleetloa  of  the  rokialea.  108 
••      Baal  Joraey  buagbl  by  the  quakcre  .818 
"      Pir*t  UgUlalare  of  PimatylTania. 
MM.  Lord  Craven   appointed   Uarvmor  of 

Oamllna  la  pbrn  of  Weel MS 

*  firat  Leglalatlve  Aieembly  held  la  New 

York 809 

••  Beeoad  Aaaemb^  beld  in  PblkMlelpbia, 
awl  a  new  (,'oaatitutlon  adopted  and 
new  lawa  paaeed aao 

••      Roger  Williame  dlae  in  bia  84tb  jreer. 
I8M.  Oarollaa  eneouragee  tke  tralBo  in  Indlani. 
1080.  Piracy  in  the  Weel  Indlea  waa  encograged 
by  Oor.  Quarry,  of  Oaniliaa. 

**  King  Jamee,  tbrough  QoTemor  Arnold, 
eaiioela  tbe  obaiter  of  Rhode  l>laml, 
and  eilenda  tba  royal  govemmrnt  of 
New  England  to  that  dependency.  OUT 

"  Arnold  pn>ceodi  to  Uitrtfurd  wllb  a  body 
of  troope  and  demande  the  aarrendur 
of  their  charter.  The  Anaewtily  were 
In  aeaaloa.  They  artAitly  ooaoial  tbe 
eharter,  and  rcfUae  t<)  give  it  op. .  207 
1080.  rirat  Epiacopal  pariah  formed  ia  Boelon. 

"  MMMacDitaolla  deprived  of  her  obar 
ter 000 

"  The  Bpanlitrda  invade  South  Oarutlnii, 
and  dfetroy  the  lettlement  at  Port 
lUqral 394 

1087.  Pint    pritttlng-prvaa    eitablUhed    near 

PbiladelphU  by  William  Ur^dford. 
"      Revottttion  in  England,  and  king  Jamea 
driven  away. 
1038.  New  York   and   New  Jeraay   ooloniea 
united  to  New  England. 

▲  WOMAN  XXEOimD  VOB  WITOHOBAirr. 

1088.  A  woman  executed  in  Boaton  for  witcb- 

arafl,  after  a  long  and  lolomn  inveali- 
gatioa.and  a  l>ook  waa  publ«hed  with 
a  (tail  account  of  the  piuoeedlnga,  to 
which  waa  added  a  prvlaca,  by  the  Rev. 
Richard  Baxter,  in  which  he  dccUred, 
"that  any  one  who  diibolieved  tho 
trathflihieaa  of  the  account   waa  a 

Saddooae" 371 

IMO    William  III.  aocedea   to   tbe  Engliah 
thrane. 

*  Sir   Edmuad   Androa  aetiad   and  lm> 

priaonrd  in  Boaton,  and  aant  h  ma  to 


flBgvaao.    Taa 


IMM7 


aaortln 
King  y 
fmmV 


fflM  n  I 


wntlaw'B   war  li 
Tnmk,  wWi  ibeir  ladlaa  aMaa,  awl 

New  Kagland. MO 

iOM.  Peb.  0.     ilebeM«<t«ly    barned   by    Ike 

Preach  aad  ladlaaa. 

"      Tba     aoloalee    atlnek    Qaebae,    vwlev 

l*klp«ai  ndalhroaMeale   Mllag   klia, 

baratfeala  with  abiaaon.OM  mam.  IM 

rauT  PAPRS   UnNIIT. 
Ptrat  paper  BMtaey  laaaad  la  Maaiaaha* 


••      KijMNlltlaa  againal   Port  Royal,  Nora 

fcolla,  by  ilr  Wm.  Phlppa,  of  Maaaa. 

rbaaelta MO 

1*01.  Trial  aad  eaeoatioa  of  l.eUler  awl  Mll- 

bonrae,  at  New  York,  on  a  charge  of 

trvaaoa. 
••      New  Knglaad  coatalaed  180,000  inhabit- 

ania. 
**      Aeadia  ••laad  and  pinndared. 
"      Maryland  made  a  royal  pvorlnre. 
ION.  MaaMebuaetIa  Ray  eobwy  aad  Plymouth 

enlany  unltrd   under  a  new  eaarieri 

Phinp<  apimlnted  Qnvcrnor 970 

"      Mr  Rdmnnil  Andnia  apnolntad  Oorarnor 

of  .Sew  England  by  Jamea  II 181 

«      William   and  Mary  College,   Virginia, 

ebartereil. 
"      MaatarbuM'tl*   made  a  royal  province, 

and  Penniylvanla  taken  ftom  William 

Penn. 

A  PLAOca  /aoiuiRD  TO  wmmosArr. 


IOM. 


IOM. 
It 

1004. 
IOM. 


IOM. 


1007. 
IOM. 


Wllobcraft  ia  Balnm,  aad  many  people 

Ct  to  death.  A  ilrange  aad  epidem- 
J  diateiniier,  reeembling  epilepay,  ap- 
peared in  Balem,  which  balled  tne  iklll 
of  the  phyiloiana,  whn,  hlllng  to  ao- 
couni  for  It,  or  produce  a  cure,  perauad- 
ed  (lie  p<N)r  violimi  to  aecribe  It  to 
•'Wltchcnift."  lupallod  by  a  dark 
and  cruel  auperatition,  the  "  Chriatian 
poople"  declared  tbeto  unfortunate 
orraturet  to  be  **  poaaeeaed  of  the 
devil."  Auanrdlngly,aolemn  ftwta  and 
aatemblica  for  extraordinarr  prayer 
wi<r»  livlil  by  tbe  clergy.  Ind  •me<l  by 
n  fanatical  aeal.  and  inapired  by  a  tpirit 
wliloli  waa  a  relic  of  tbe  dark  and  bar- 
baMUi  agee  tbev  weie  Juat  emerging 
firom,  tlicae  <leluded  yut  truly  ctmicien. 
Iluua  and  ninua  people,  reeorted  tu  the 
moet  cruel  punlabmonta  and  death,  to 
exterminate  a  plague  which  their  aol- 
enin  faala  and  long-c«inllnue<I  prayera 
and  prute«tallona  had  flille<l  to  cure,  871 

Epiacopal  Church  eelabllihed  at  New 
York. 

Pint  printlnK-preaa  «itahllihod  at  New 
York  by  William  Bradford. 

Penn'a  righta  in  Penniylvania  rattond. 

Rice  lint  introdnoed  into  Carolina  from 
Africa. 

John  Archdale  appointed  Governor  of 
Buuth  Carolina.  Hia  wiae  adminiitra- 
tion  eatabliahed  peace  in  the  colo- 
nice 297 

Arclidale  roeiffnit  nnd  retumi  to  England. 
The  mtelul  acknowledgmenta  of  the 
colonres  accompuny  him.  Joaeph  Blaka 
appointed  hin  HUccoHor 807 

Indian  attack  on  Haverhill. 

CloM  of  King  Willlam'i  war. 

French  colony  arrive  at  the  mouth  of 
the  MiuiHippi. 

Earl  of  Belmont  appointed  QoTcmor  of 
Mew  York. 


lOOH 


Oafl.  Kl< 

inalMi. 


OAfTAOl 

KI44,  Iba  pifata, 


1700. 


1701: 


170t. 


1700. 


Tba  aanttal  of  Maryland  rimavid  from 

M.  Mary'a  l«  AaaapuUa 8M 

Loulalaaa  eetibd  by  tba  Preaek  at  wbal 

ia  aow  Wloal,  MiMlaaippl. 
Lead  aiinea  diaaoverail  by  1^  Haer,  0 

Preach  aiplorar,  at  Diibnane,  Inwa. 
Death  af  U«v.  Make,  af  Hontk  CaMNoa. 
Port  Roaalla  bnlll  near  Ika  pvaaenl  all* 

oflheallyaf  Nalekaa. 
Detroit  liandad  by  Iba  Planak. 
CoMmanaenMnt  of  <)naaa  Aana^i  wit. 
YaW  CaNago  fcandad. 
New  fraaie  of  govonoMat  glvan  la  I 

M^kMtlM  b*  tba  Praneh  an 

the  twpllai  of  Umlalaaa. 
Kpleeopnl  Oharob  fcowlad  la  Maw  Stmm 

aad  Rbade  Ulaad. 
Tba  Jeraeva  aaited  ia  a  lofal  pravlaaa. 
Caltura  of  ailk  iairodaaail  lata  Oaraltwu 
Duty  of  14  alarliag  laid  an  laparlad 

aegMea  in  Maaaaehuaada. 
OoT.  Mooro  aweaaeded  Blaka  In  100111 

Carolina. 
An  ladlaa  war,  laailgatad  by  tba  Spaa* 

larda,    waa    proaeentad    wllk    wtaal 

violence  la  South  Caroliaa.    Bat  Oov. 

Moore  apeedllv  auppraaaed  it,  aad  tba 

enemy  aurrenutred  aad  aabwitled  In 

Xnglfah  nihi.    The  cokmiea  hMt  SOO 

mea. 
Peiirteen   bnadrad  ladlaaa  wera  aolw 

niaad  In  Oeorgla. 
Tuaaaga  duty  laid  by  Rhode  laland  oa 

ibreiipi  veeaela, 
Maryland  paaMd  aa  aot  to  "  praveat  tiM 

growth  of  Popery." 
Pint    newapaper  (Boelon  JKw^Mfep) 

piibliahed  at  Boaton  by  Bartholomew 

Oreen. 
Calholica  peraeeuled  by  Praleataala  ia 

Maryhmd SM 

XAiaAOBK  15   llAMAOni70nT8. 

French  and  Indian  maaaaera  at  DaerOald, 
Maaa.  They  burned  the  THIaga  awl 
killed  47  pereon*,  Uklug  119  eaptiva, 
among  them  many  women  and  youag 
obildren,  who  were  compelled  to  maicH 
through  denie  foreata  and  over  deep 
anowa  to  Canada,  many  periahiag  M 
the  way 04l 

Billa  of  credit  iieaed  by  Carolina. 

Pint  printlng-preaa  in  ConneoHont  mI 
up  at  New  iiOa<lon  by  Thoa.  Short 
1710.  Pint  colonial  poet-office  at  New  York. 
"      Oermana  plant  •  colony  in  North  Caiu> 

Una. 
"      Mora  Scotia  permanently  annexed  to  Iha 
Britleh  crown. 

South  Sea  Comnany  ineorporatad. 

Free  tchoola  founded  in   Cbarlaalowat 


1704. 


1708, 
17M. 


1711. 
1719. 


1718. 


MAS8A0RH  »  MOITB  OABOLIKA. 

Indian  maaaacre  in  North  Carolina.  Ona 
hundred  and  thirty'.aeven  of  the  colo. 
nlata  killed  at  lint  attack.  Amiatcd  by 
South  Carolina,  the  coloninta  mako  a 

Sonrnl  attack  opon  the  Indiana  awl 
efeat  them  with  great  afaiaghter,  and* 
drive  them  firom  the  province. . . .  SM 
Cloee  ul  Queen  Anne'i  war. 
Final  craiion  of  Nova  Scotia  to  Orcal 

UriUln. 
Skvee  are  traniported  to  South  Carollon, 
by  Britiah  ahlpa,  in  great  numben,  ta 
aultivate  rioe. 


in4 

ItM. 

•TIT. 

■ 

ITII. 
tttl 

ino. 
mi. 

ITM. 
IfMk 

im. 
an*. 


■MaShMHMifMMlSKaHbl 


>t** 


srsf 


Tatol 

ViMt 
Twfe. 

Tm  Im  MN*Ma4  tot*  N*v  laflwMi 
to  JBiMiH  bf 


toNaw 


M.  I...... ...  

rti(ftf  IMMMJ  fliM  MMQ  to  ^MMytVMMs 

*~   '      mnvw  to  ll«v  Yavk  (If.  Y. 
la  N«w  ~    ■     * 


lagallMiAM  to 


MwylMiA 

M»ni  ov  WAauaotoa, 


■Mk  af  Om  WMktagtM  to  WMktogtaa 

_jitolL  Vlitlato. 

fim  Mwtiaf-BNM  m4  ■■wiMiiif  ••> 

toMMtod  ■rftawMrt,  R.  I. 
ClroMm  dIvMMl  toto  K«flk  mmI  ImUi 

CmoUm Ml 

JaM.     OaarpU  fbwHiad  by 
'•ahaiwri 


graatad, 
Tab,    flavaaaab,  Oa., ' 


« 

ttML 
flMV  MAaonO  OBAITD  LOMI  TN  AMIRIOA. 

IIMi  Jaly  M.  rtnl  OmmI  Lodga  of  Tifa- 
Biainai  oa  lb*  Ain«r<«a«  oaatlaaat. 
aanalltatod  la  N«w  Kagkuid,  nad  oalUd 
M.  Jaba*!  Grand  Lodga,  in  Umuf 
Prtaa,  a  ■ucamftil  aMnbaal  of  Boaloa, 
«rbo  iwwlTad  bU  a|ipalalaMal  ttnm 
▲atbon*.  LonI  VUeoaal  Montagaa, 
Oraad  MaMer  of  KaglaMl.  Mr.  Prioa 
la  BoaiMmil  Iba  fclbw  of  Maaoarr  to 
Iba  Uattad  BUIaa. 
«  niat  FraaaMMoaa'  lodfo  btU  at  Boatoa. 
**  Baglaad  aoloalaad  paapaft  to  Oanr- 
|Ia Mt 

im  BavtTalofrtHaiMtolfawKaitoBdaMhr 
Joaatbaa  Idwarda. 

1TN.  Vtoeaaaaa,  lad,  fuoadad  by  Iba  rrMcb, 

lfa»Jr.  PraaeblH  of  Iba  WMlaya  la  Otorgia. 

17t7.  Kaithqaakala  NawJann. 

17W.  Oena>tatPriaortM,M./.iiaMM. 

ITN.  Attack  apoa  tba  Bpaalarda  la  Florida  br 
Adailral  Vwaoa SSI 

ITMl  rint  alora  (aeMt-lrao  tiaplaoa)  iavtatad 
by  Dr.  rraaklla,  npoa  wbMb  ba  ra- 


1741. 


Aiiad  to  accapt  iMIaia  nataat 

blm  by  Iba  Oot.  of  Pa.,  wisbtog  la  glva 

tba  baaaAt  of  hla  dlMorary  to   Iba 

"  d«Mrri  Magadaa  aadHMorieal  Ckta^ 
lela  "  poMbbMl  by  iVuklto. 
"      Maw  Haaipablia  aapaiatod  froa  Maaw- 

«  id*  la.  yilM  Bahrlag.  a  ealabralad 
HaMlaa  cipbirar,  diaooTerad  Alaska. 

ST4S.  TteauU  llall  Mil  by  Prtar  FaaaulL 

1744.  KiBf  OaArga*a  war  bagaa. 

174>.  Ladaboaif,  oa  Oapa  Bratoa  Iiland,  ta* 
kan  l^  tba  BaglUh  under  CoL  Pap. 
pcraL  US 

1741.  E^iland  and  Pranea  daiwmlnad  to  waca 

a  war  of  axtanntoatlon   npon  •aoh 

otbar  in  tbtlr  AoMrloaa  oohmias, .  SSI 

•     Got.  flblrlay  attsaptad  to  drira  tba 

Pranek  and  ladiaMftom  NovaSeoUa; 


BlOaaw* 

IMC  PtoMb  BMl  asilat  VAaTtRa 
17411  Raw 


•-a 


••      Maw CttaNltoMMtllki  af aiadH  .  Ml 

**      OMa  fWaaay  ebaifml. 
ITII.  — gi^iaaa  int  mlitfaiMt  la  iba  V.  N. 
If  Iba  iwaita,  ■■«  ib«  baaba  af  Iba 
NlMMppt  Wm.  abata  N.  O.    Tba 

plMNA    WflM    WWIfMi    VMM    BMl  D^ 

WAaaoMvan'*  mnova  mimior. 

ITMl  Oaa.  Waaktogtaa,  at  Iba  aga  af  tl  iaaf% 
waa  atalby  Oat.  Dtawlddla,  arvir> 
glBto  to  tba  ^raaaa  aaaiaMMMtTi  mi 
Um  baaka  af  tka  Obto.  to  aaafcr  to  f» 
gaid  to  a  tattlanaal  af  rigbia  af  twrl. 
Hwy.  VaaaaaaaaM  to  bla  adaatoa.  ba 
ralwaad  aa  Mot,  a  dlataaaa  af  a?ar 
KM  aUIn,  Ikfoagb  a  wild  aad  daiH 
gatow  aaaatrv,  witb  bat  ana  unaipaa- 
HM.  Tba  ladtoaa  Mtowad  blai  aad 
attaaplad  bto  llli  by  ibaotlag  at  btoi 
ftna  aa  aaibaab IM 

17M.  OataMbto  OnOaga  Ibaadad  to  Maw  Taffc. 
••      Klag'a  (Cnlaaibia)  Collaga  ekaitand 
«•     TiaaiHii  flnt  lattM. 

"worn  WMnarrr.'* 

«•  AptU  1.  Oal  Prya  waa  aMit  witk  • 
Mgtoiaal  af  VIrgtoto  tmepa,  aldad  by 
Oaa.  WaaMagtan,  wba  waa  taooad  to 
aniaiaad.  to  aaaapy  tba  tort  af  tba 
AHaartMiy  and  Moaaagabato  RWaia. 
PlaAag  tba  Praaab  bad  aliaadt  araalad 
a  Ibri,  ealNng  It  "Da  Qaaaaa,"  tbay 
baalaaad  to  allaok  Iba  PrMwb,  aar- 
priatag  aad  dafcadBg  Ibani. 

Col  Prya  dylag,  Waablagtoa  Inek 
aoataiaad  of  Iba  rwlaianl,  and,  eollaat- 
lag  bla  Iriiopa  al  iba  (irval  Mtadowa, 


ba  araatad  a  alaabada,  eaUlag  ll  "  PoH 
Kaeaiatly." 
Jaly  4.    Watbtogtoa,  allatikad  bara  by  a 


(bread  to  aapllalato tM 

175S.  PIrat   nawtpapar  (Ooaa.  Omtt1»)   p«b> 

llabad  la  Maw  Ha*m, 
"      OaL  Monekloa  dmiroyad  Praack  aalUa- 

BMnl  oa  Bay  of  faady. 
«      April  14.    Oan.  ItrMldoak  arrirwl  thm 

^biglaad   to   VirgiaU   wItb   a  larga 

(hrce. 
••      Jima.    Tka  Xa«Hth  laka  Mora  Scotia 

andar  Uaai-Cul.  Wiaatow U4 

"      JaW  •.     Tka  Caglbk  Iroopa  under  Oan. 

Braddoak  put  to  Mgbt  by  Iba  Indiaaa 

■•ar  Port  Ito  Qnaaaa,  aad  orer  half 

tba  army,  ottaan  aad  man,  logalhar 

with  Oaa.  Braddock,  wara  loal  , .  aS4 
"      Oaa.    Bklrlay    baeama    Oommaadar-to- 

cblefl  aad  eaUad  a  oouneil  of  war  al 

MawYark MS 

••      SaOL  a.     Aaarioaaa  daiJMtad   by  tba 

Pranak  aaar  Laka  Oaotga. 
**      Praaak  daftated  by  iha  Amarleaaa 

day. 
17M.  Ma*  1».    War  daelared  wtA  Praaoa  by 

draat  Britain. 
**      Pint  nawapapar  In  Portimoatb. 
"      Aag.  14      Tba  Freneb  nndar  Montealm 

eaptvad  Port  Oawigo,  with  TaloaMa 


1787.  Port  Wai.  Henry  taken  tj  tha  Pianak. 
Tba  Indiana  nil  npoa  tka  ralnatlag 
gaiilaoa  and  miatacra  tka  alek  and 


ITMi  na  Bfttlalk  toraaa  aMbv  Om.'  Ab•^ 

HMMI  MViy  hMI  M4  #Vlff  MMI  Mflt* 
vwMV    ■>        mMMMMvHIi    Ml    ll^HV    ^VM^V 

Maad,  tokea  by  Iba  tagNab,  lagatbar 
wllb  lilaad  Royal  aad  M.  Jabaa,  aadaa 
Oea.  AmbaM.  Twa  baadwd  aad 
twaaty<aw  plaaaa  af  aaaaaa,  14  aM^ 
tore,  aad  torga  ilaraa  af  aaMWMlitoa 
Ml  to«a  tM  >y<, jrf  Mm  BagNab. 

aaat  la  Bagtaad. IM 

••     ialy.    Lonllliiwa  fcUM  aaar  Ttoaii«a> 

*•  Am.  it.  Part  fwatlgaaa  labaa  by  tha 
iMlMaiidar  I'al.  RradNiaet.    Tha 

aad  a  giaat  aaaibaa  af  mmH  af% 
■iiaiary  bwcm^  aeaviHaaai  aaw  a  BVBa 
aaMvai  af  Aaaiaa.  Mtoa  arsad  waato 
aad  Iba  Ibnwata  dntrayad MT 

••  Mav.  M  Part  Da  Qbmm  lyaaaatai  by 
Iba  Pnaeh  aad  taiaa  paMaaaiaa  af  by 
tba  lagllah  aadw  OwT^tbaa  aad 
OaL  WMbtogtaa, MT 

••  Paata  with  tba  ladlaaa  waa  aaaaiad  ba- 
Iweaa  lU  Ohto  RIvar  aad  tba  lakaa.  Ml 

*      Oaa.  Waeblaftaa  etartad  la  tba  Vlrgto^a 

I7W.  Jato.  NtogMa,  TIaalidarMa,  and  C.«w« 
Patol  takaa  by  tba^lagfcb  aadat 

nuTM  OP  oiMt.  woLpa  Ain>  movicaui. 

ITSt.  Bapi  II.  Battle  bcibra  Qaebea,  aa  tka 
Plalna  of  Abrabaa.  Oaa.  Woilb,  •!•• 
■aadlag  tba  Aiaerioaa  fbrrea,  ai^ 
priaad  aad  allaakad  tka  Pranek  aray. 
andw  Moateala,  at  break  af  day.  A 
dMBerata  battle  wm  Aiaght,  tfariif 
wbieb,  WeUb  aad  Moiiwala  were 
•tola M« 

••      Sept.  !•.    Rarraader  of  Qaebea MO 

17M.  Apr.  M,  The  Preaeb  atteapt  to  laka 
Qoebee,  witbovt  laeoeM U$ 

**      Maaireal  eapllatolea,  aad  tba  Praaab  nib 

render  Oaaada M0 

1741.  Mareb  It.   Karlbqaake  la  New  Kaglaad. 

•*      Uearge  HI.  aaeeads  Ike  tkroaa  al  Ka> 
gtoad. 
176t.  Loalrlaaa  ceded  to  Spain  by  Piaaaa. 

»      Havaaa  lahaa  by  the  BaglUb. 
1741.  Peb.  10.    Prance  iurreadera  all  her  paa> 
eeaaloaa  la  North  Aaieriea,  eaat  of  Iba 
MlMiaelppl  River,  to  Oreat  Britaia.  US 

**      Pint  aewtpaper  prialed  to  Oeorgta. 

**      Oaaada  ceded  to  Baglaad  by  Praaea. 

■*  Davaaa  rMlored  to  the  Praaoh  to  ai- 
ebaage  fbr  Florida. 

"  Feb.  10.  Paaoa  caaetadad  betwoM  tba 
■aglleh  aad  Piaaob  al  Paria 4SS 

"  Ftoe  comBMielal  totareaaiaa  bitweea 
Onba  aad  Spate  'graalad  by  tha 
Bpaaleb  Oararaaeat 

^  oanv  roinuo's  was. 

A  Mgaotoaa  Ottawa  Chief  and  a  fbraMT 
ally  af  tha  Preaeb,  eeeretly  rflbded  a 
eeaMaratloo  of  aarcral  aoftb-weetera 
triba  af  Indiana,  far  tka_mrpoea  of 
aspalNaf  tha  EagUah.  Wllhia  two 
wMka  be  aelaed  aiaarly  all  tbe  Eagliik 
poato  weal  af  Oawago,  bat  ka  wm  laati 
anbdved  and  kib  war  broogkt  to  na  end. 
••  Owe  Bralaa,  Ikrtaa  aMaeked  aad  tkrica 
token  frea  tka  Vtaaeh  aad  aaaoad  M 
Mora  BooMiL 


BI9    ••  wW^W^ 


MKlllMMM.Mt 

1  !•  Um  VlrgUi** 


X£? 


IDMOMTOAUI. 
QMbM,  M  Ik* 


iwlic 


iMrnnflkHm, 

Moiiloili 


I)ntbM aM 

iltMipl  to  toka 

M IM 

I  Mm  FnmIi  nib 

■•• 

a  N«w  bglMd. 
I  IkfOM  4  Ib. 

ibyrruM 

KlUk. 
>n  til  km  Mf 
irlea,  «mi  of  tk* 

)rwlBrit»la.aa» 
■■OMrgik 
Iky  FruMt, 
)  iTCMb  la  •!- 

■d  kHwMa  tk« 

...4M 


raatod   ky  tk* 


■  WAB. 

Iif  and  a  fcraar 
oretlyfftctod  a 
1  Bortk-wwtam 
UtamrpoM  ol 
,  Witbia  two 
'  an  tke  Xaglitk 
bat  ka  waa  mob 
oogkltoMiaad. 
ekad  aa<t  ikrioa 


0NIIONOI4XIT. 


fll 


In  taa  Ai»>H««« 

ba  flaWMe  «tf  ^'IMIIIIMIIM, 

Ayr.  1.    flMt  •««  (tn  U'»wn4  ni*<imia 

■Maa4  by  I>»»IImim«> 
PaiaaaaU  vMM  by  llyridn 
la(a»-aiabtag  Aaai  •••«.  |wrfi,«tat). 


int. 


■ 


T«B  *f*Mr  AIT. 

N.    raiMM  <f  tb« 


"?W^WW      ^f?Ti 


lit 


afalart 


ITM. 


Ma*, 

Tkia  att  n^drail  u,..'  |ih<o|«i«  Id  ptr- 
abaaa  tat  tfnilkA  turn*,  ■»" ^  upun  %ti 
mtium  ikwaaiiaimUtwMioivKmt  •umm 
ba  iilatnl.  ThU  Mtt  «itMi>:'>  Mip 
lalMaa  aaaltoaMat  mU  liulhnMi 
laABMfiaa, 
M«Maal  Catlaga   MtabUabaU   la 

Mm  W.    Vimtala   raaalull«i«a 

tka  rigkl  ariaaaltMi. 
iaaa  M.    MaaMibaMtia  iirnpiim  a  <!»•• 

maa  af  dayattaa  Ihiai  iba  anbwU*. 
OaL  f .     A  VaagfMa  of  tT  iMagaiM  ■>««• 

vaata  at  Maw  Yark,  aad  iwMlabM  a 

dMlaaallaa  af  Hgkto  aad  ntM  agalaal 

Ika  tiafliB  AHi 
rkk.    Dr.  naablla  aiaariaad  baftira  Iba 

Mar.  !•.    Maaif  AH  rapMlad. 

yiial   ilaca   raula  talaMlabad  bat«M« 

PrafMaaaaaad  Baatoa. 
Matbadlaai  Inl  lairuda<«d  lain  Amtflra 

j^  PklUp  Kaibai*  aad  C»p%.  Wabb,  a 
"       wiHiai    " 


im. 


llritUb  odUr  wlHiai  Waaby  had  or 

dataad  aa  a  laaal  pivaabtr. 
Jaaa.    Taaallaa  lalfl  oa  papar,  (iMa,  U>a, 

aad  palatara'  aoior* Mn 

Maa-laiportatloa  agraaaMala  adoptad  by 

"        ■     ■  MO 


MAMN  A«D  DOOIl'a  LDII. 

aad  Dlion*i  Una,  rtia  b*  inr- 

vayera  nf  Ibal  aama,  mbI  aul  by  Iba 
kaira  of  Wllllaai  Pma  aad  Lord  Ralil- 
■ara,  to  daflaa  tka  bouadartaa  of  Ibair 
paaaaaaloatk  It  afkarward  bacama  Iha 
aahaowMaad  llaa  batwaaa  Iba  Inra 
aad  ilava  llalaa. 
1VN.  Fab.  OoafaalioB  of  daputlaa  rallad  by 
MMMakuaatta  at  raaautl  Hall,  Boa 

laa. M4 

*  Tka  Britiak  OofamaMat  tlationacl  a  mll- 
Itarrlbraa  ia  Boaton.  TbU  waa  Iha 
baglaaiag  oT  boatlUtlaa,  wbleb  rapidly 
aagaadarad  a  iplrit  of  rralataacu  in  Iha 
Aaiarloaa  eolonlaa  toward  the  mother 
goualfw DI4 

mt.  Iloaaa  or  Burgaaai-a  (Auambiy)  of  VIr- 
glaia  dliaoWod  by  tba  Uovvrnor,  wllb 
aa  llttla  earaamay  aa  a  laaebar  woald 
diaaiiia  a  elaaa  of  boy SA4 

AMaably  of  North  Carolina  dUaoWad  by 
tka  Ooramor MA 

Doalea   raAiaad  to  raoclra  goiKb  Afom 
Oraat  Brilaia,  and  aaat  Iban  back. 

Papar-Mlll  aractad  at  Miltoa. 

Priaaa  Kdward'i  blaad  laparated  fVon 
If ura  Scotia, 
a      MaiekS.     Boatoa  ataaaaera.  A  mob  com- 

Kad  oreidiena  of  Roaton  attaeka  tha 
tkdi  aoldlan,  and  during  tha  thkj 
thraa  dtltena  ara  killed  aad  Aa 
woonded 8U 

fin  KOKin  OAKOLDTA  BCBILLION. 

im.  BabalUoa  In  Nortk  Carolina  againat  tba 
Qoraniment  ofllocra  by  tha  Kegulatora, 
a  baad  of  dtlaana  who  determined  to 
reaiat  tha  oppreaaton  of  the  Engliah 
OoTemment,  and  radreaa  the  peopla. 
**      May  16.    Tka  raballlon  mppretaad  by 


a 

K 
M 

JTWl 


OaaarBar  pfywih 

baayd.  wMak 

agalaal  Iba  IWIllab  Oavaramaai. 
ttrt^  im>m».  A  Brttlab  waa  a» war,  iba  Haapaa. 

iHtraail  Im  Warraaaaaal  May,  by  a  party 

«/  AaMirirafa  f^aw  fwtlblaaaa. 
ITtl.  1  ml  »lr>h.«U»«  rt»a»»aa«a,  aaaaUUag  a» 

\tn  |Mr*«'li.r«,  ail  mt  ktraM  Mltb. 
«      M«*t  *>)lam  tnt  Iba  bNad  waa  a*  WtW 

■aaurfifarK,  VIrgtala. 

itimilivt7tv>ii  uw  tax  m  ■iiwmm  !!*■*»■. 

ma.  Da*,  la.  -ttm  rittaaaa  af  Baataa  Ibrow  a 
aitrnu  of  Ira  Jab,  f  ><*  <>c«mi,  wblab  waa 
aanl  )>•  liraal  Rrllain  in  fWt^n  iNaragard 
aa<l  Tlnlallna  nt  Ihn  art  of  llir  )  ulnalaa 
■KKiiut  rvralilag  a«y  mafrbMMlUa  aak-- 

>.  I  t..  f*fiir M« 

irii,  Bkak.ra  Amadad  (>|  Aaa  Ua,  aa  BafNak 
wnatan. 

**  May  in.  Clanaral  (lag*  arrl«a«l  In  BnaUw 
barbor  aa  r<imman<b«  nf  tba  mtal 
AiraM  of  Konh  Amaflea.  Ila  waa  alaa 
amaawiiratl  lit  a«t  aa  Uo*araar  af  Maa- 
aarhiiarlU,  .    , If  | 

*•  iaaaO.  IbMliiaharbaf  waablnrkadadby 
tha  rngll>h,  aa<l  all  euwwarca  lala^ 
ill«'i«'.l  laa 

"  The  •iwutlve  |H>«cr  waa  lakea  from  Iba 
rolnalra,  nail  llivir  •  hartar  •llirnd  wllb* 
mil  rDiKiilliilliin  uf  lh«  prii|i|<a, , , .  Nt 

**       Ona.  (iaii«  riirllllta  Ibwloii  Nwh. 

**  Tbu  mxmlirra  of  Ilia  Maaaaubuaalla  Aa> 
irniliU  rum)Ua  liicmavlvaa  lalo  a  l*n>- 
vini-lal  ( imiift ITI 

"  Tba  ciilunUa  all  unlla  la  approriM  Iba 
aplrll  of  riwiniiuvnt  •liuMrn  by  maaa- 
chiiM<tt«  ni(«lii>i  ihi>  I'liprtMaUa  laia- 
llun  of  llriNl  llrllain 871 

**  Oan.  Oaga  waa  ri'lnCiin-vil  by  Iwn  raul- 
m«nt«  of  aitlilliira  anil  «  ilaUiibmmt  of 
art  i  Ikry  anil  a<>mo  cannon,  and  w>Blbw> 
manln  (ViMii  Inlanil,  llMlirax,  l^ualm, 
an<l  Now  York.arrivcil  umn  ailvr.  tTI 

**      Tba  I'Dlonlra  priN' |  to  anilat  and  drill  a 

piirliiHi  of  th»  I'itinrna  aa  mianla'awn, 
anil  ai)pulnl  cuwmittaaa  of  aafaty  aad 
aupplliHi ITU 

*  Maa<at'huaptU  oalU  for  19,000  maa  to  ba 
ai|uip|Mi<l  for  wrvlva ITS 

"  Oan.  ilaun  orilfra  Imrrarka  to  ba  built  to 
prolrri  hia  aoldiara,  but  ba  can  not 
iad  workman  who  will  bnihl  Ibtm. 
Ila  anpliea  to  New  York  Air  moobanli'a, 
ami  u  pvraniplorilT  rrfWil ;  the  mar- 
rhani*  of  New  York  alan  mfliiae  to  toll 
hiu  clothing  for  hia  aokllera STV 

"  Oraat  Hritain  prohiblla  Ihu  aiporlatloa 
of  military  itorra,  nprm  wblcb  Iba  peo- 
ple of  Kho<le  lalanil  a«ln>d  40  placea  of 
cannon  (Wim  tha  public  battery,  and 
prnccod  to  arm  the  Inbabitonta. 

rinaT  ODNTiNKirrAi,  cuNctiiEgs. 

"  Sept.  IA  RepreaantotlTfa  iWmi  tweWe 
eoloniea  met  In  Philadelphia  aa  a  Con- 
tinental Congreaa,  to  enact  meaanrea 
for  the  regnlatioB  of  order,  and  for  the 

prrtcctlon  of  the  people 178 

Tbay  prepared  an  addreaa  to  tha 
Xing,  declaring  their  loyally,  but  de- 
manding rcdruaa  for  their  grieranoea. 

874 

*'      Oct.  M.    Congreaa  atllonrned,  to  eoovene 

tba  lOth  of  May,  ITTS 87S 

All  the  coloni«a,  except  New  York, 
boartil;  concurred  in  the  procaadlnga 
of  the  Continental  Congreaa 875 

"  Orvat  Hritain  nrohlbitod  nil  the  colonic, 
excont  New  York,  Delaware,  and  North 
Carolina,  ftom  flahing  upon  the  coait 


wHb  Ika  Waal  Intttaa .  7~~iH 

1174  Tkaaa  anbwlaa  iparaad  Iba  tMror,  4a> 
atgaaa  anl*   la  araaaa  a  aflfll  af 

iton,  maak  In  iMr  paiwki 

raalMa :.,.  tit 

•a.  IC    A  aaaaant  af  fakMMaara  a*, 
laakad  Iba  kn  a*  KrlMMMk.  N.  M,, 


ins. 


pMrdar  ...  VTI 

AH  law  waa  abaM.bad,  anaaM  vhM 
waa  raatod  In  Ika  MtlHary  iMiiw.  bM 
Ika  Mmt  parfcai  m*m  mi  ananlmllt 
aalaiad  adianc  Iha  Waala ITl 

••      l»f  HralMi  dA«ba4  ftam  Mwaa  Raalla. 

"  IVMaaMnl  paai^d  *■•  a«t  to  ffovida  fcr 
Iba  gnaaraaMwt  of  ttui   ffmimet  of 


rwntm  lAJiDOLrs. 

Wkan  Ika  trM  OantinaMal  Oangraaa  aMi 
la  PMIadalpMa,    Utay  akaaa    Paylaa 

NanOolpk,  af  VlrglaU;  to  MaaMa  afar 
Ikam,  Ila  waa  •Im-iadad  nam  ana  af 
tba  oMaal  IbailMaa  of  Ibal  Cmmmmh 
waaltb.  Tka  law  waa  bla  pralkiilia. 
aail,  In  ITM,  ha  waa  AttomayUanarai 
of  thai  cittunt.  Ma  waa  ebaaan  Praal- 
daal  of  Ilia  Heannd  CiMillaMlal  Can* 
graaa  ia  May,  1T7S,  aA«l  dM  In  0» 
lobar. 
Apr.  14.  riN*  §Mm  he  tba  AboHlton 
of  Slavery  waa  farmed  m  l^lladalpbla, 
wllk  Ua^taaita  rranklln  aa  IWdaul. 


illapanad,b«illkaHHll8k 
■aad  to  tin  upon  tkea^ 
limed   Ika  lia|   a  Ibir 


•ATTtll  OV   LMimtTiiN. 

••  Apr.  18.  BalllaofUalafftoawMlbngbi 
TkIa  waa  Ika  bagtaalag  af  onan  hoalll- 
lllaa.  Tka  RHtlak,  wllb  NO  aoMlara 
nailer  I.laul.-Col.  Anllb,  aurakad  ftom 
lioalon  on  tha  algbl  of  Iba  1Mb  to  da^ 
itray   tba  aloraa  of  Iba  aolonlafei  at 

Concord Nl 

Tba  peopla  wara  waraad  af  Ikair  ln> 
leaiioni,  and  al  S  o'elaek  In  Ika  aHim- 
lag  a  amall  eoniMny  of  ainHbi  Mai  al 
L.>ilngtan  to  rtawt  tkam.  Mi^w  PIk 
calm,  a  Brillak  nOrar,  mda  ap  to  Iban, 
ordariac  ikam  to  dkipet»;,  diaakarglnt 
kla  ntafol  al  tka«,  aad  ardaring  liB 
aoMfaia  to  ira  al  tka  "rabeb  ".  .7.  Nt 

TbamlNlUdk. 
aoldlera  eoatlanad 
aad    Ibay  retomed 

Amaricaaa  ware  killed. Nt 

The  royal  Ibrcea  marebad  to  Oon- 
eord,  deatroyad  tba  aloraa,  and  apibad 
the  guna,  tbruwlag  SCO  pnunda  of  balla 
Into  the  wella,  ioha  Ballarbk.  M^ 
of  a  mlnnto  regiment,  approaenad  ika 
Britbib  with  a  oompaay.  whan  thai 
flrad,  kllltog  Capl.  laaae  DaTta . . .  Nl 
A  ■Urmlak  ananad.  and  tka  BriUak 
began  a  haaly  ralraal  toward  Boaton. 
Bui  tba  people,  arooaad  by  tbia  bobl 
act  of  tha  Billiih,  had  aaarmbled  ia 
anna,  aad  punned  tham,  attaaktaf 
them  fVom  arary  diraatioa Nl 

'*  Tba  Britiak  wera  rcinlbread  al  Lailng< 
ton  by  a  detaokmeat  of  800  aokUen 
under  Lord  Plerey.  Rariag  two  pieeaa 
of  cannon,  tba  cohmiala  wara  keptnt 
a  greater  diitaace,  but  tbey  kept  up  a 
eonlinual.  but  Irragnhur  0re,  wbioh  did 
great  exrcutloB 881 

"  The  Britlab  reached  Bunkcr'a  Hill  at 
nigbUUI,  and  the  next  morning  cmaaad 
Charlcatown  Ferry  and  returned  to 
Boton,  with  a  loaa  of  83  men  kilM 


fM 


OHRONOLOOT. 


u4  takra  pritoiMn,  Md  IN  wmhmI- 

•d 7 Ml 

an  TiM  Mioatola  had  SO  killad  ud  aa 
wooMUd  Mid  mlwlag.  Thcrt  war* 
■•r*r  mnra  than  400  or  tha  Amerioani 
anga(R)d  at  ona  tlma,  and  no  dlicipllna 
waa  iibaanrad  among  ihea« 88 1 

**  Tba  C'lHiKreMa  of  Maaaacbuielia  calU  upon 
tha  N.  1.  eoloniat  for  an  army  of 
80,000  men,  Maiiachuaetta  plotlglna 
18,000  of  tba  number 88t 

"  Mar.  Gen.  Qaa*  U  reinforced  from 
Oreat  Britain  by  a  large  bo<ly  of  aol- 
dion  under  Oent.  Ilowa,  Durgoyne. 
and  CHaton 888 

*'  May  la  Tioonderoga  and  Crown  Point 
were  ttkan  by  Ethan  Allen,  aided  by 
Col.  Banadiot  Arnold  and  Col.  Selh 
Warner «88 

"  Col.  Benedict  Arnold  taptured  a  Britiab 
aloop  of  war,  and  gained  rommand  of 
Lake  Cbamplain 888 

**  Jooa  10.  Ueorge  Wanfalnffton  wai  ap- 
pointed commandor-in-«bief  of  the 
American  army < 880 

BATTLK   or  BCNKSB   BILL. 

••  Jnna  IT.  Battle  of  Runker't  Bill  fought. 
The  American  Commandon  order  1,000 
men  to  intrench  on  Bunker'*  llill  the 
night  of  the  lOth.  Br  miitake  Breed's 
llfll  was  iclcctcd,  ana  before  morning 
a  redoubt  of  eight  rode  square  waa 
thrown  up 888 

The  Britlih  began  firing  upon  them 
%t  daylight  from  their  Teuola.  At 
nooa  they  lindc-d  a  force  of  8,00n 
men  under  Oen.  Howe,  and  marched 
toward  Ureed'i  llill.  They  kept  up  a 
flonstant  artillery  fire,  under  which  the 
Aroericani  continued  work  on  the  in- 
tienobmenta 888 

The  Britiih  set  fire  to  Cbarleetown  on 
tbnir  way,  and  tlie  citizoni  of  Moiton 
and  the  surrounding  country  viuw  the 
•wflil  scene  from  every  pinnacle  and 
lieiKbt.  and  the  bill-tnp«  are  covered 
with  thousands  of  anxious  inhabit* 
ants 888 

The  Amarican  foroea  engaged  num- 
bered  but  1,800.  They  reserved  their 
flro  till  the  enemy  were  within  a  few 
Kxla,  when  they  poured  such  a  fierce 
ard  incessant  volley  upon  tbcm,  that 
they  were  forced  to  retreat  in  dia- 
order 888 

The  British  offlcers  nrged  their  sol- 
diers at  the  poiat  of  the  sword,  and 
aa  they  approached  the  Americans 
again  reserved  fire,  and  when  near 
aent  a  second  volley  with  such  terrible 
effect,  that  they  again  retreated. . .  883 

The  British  mode  a  third  attack, 
brin^Dg  their  cannon  to  bear  upon 
the  intrenchments.  The  fire  ftvm  the 
ahips,  butteries,  and  artillery  were  re- 
doubled, and  the  intrenchmenta  at- 
tacked upon  three  sides. 

The  Americans,  finding  their  powder 
nearly  expended,  ordered  a  retreat. 
The  soldiers  reluctantly  obeyed,  fight- 
ing with  tbeir  gunslocks  until  the 
enemy  had  taken  possession  of  the 
trenches 888 

The  British  attempted  to  flank  them, 
but  were  met  with  so  much  resistance 
that  tliey  desisted,  and  the  Americans 
retreated  to  Prospect  Hill,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  fortify  themselves. 

The  British  retired  to  Bunker's  Hill 
and  prepared  for  defense.  Their  loss 
iu  tbu  battle  amounted  to  t,054,  among 


whom  war*  It  oommlsalonad  olBaan^ 
and  TO  mora  wounded. 

The  lose  on  the  American  side  waa 
189  killed,  among  thrm  the  brave  Oen. 
Warren.  The  woiimled  and  missing 
numbered  814.  The  Americana  hwl 
five  pieces  of  cannon. 
1T70.  July  I'J.  Oen.  Waihington  took  com- 
mand of  the  American  Army  at  Cam- 
bridge. The  combined  fiirces  num- 
bered but  U.CMK)  men,  unacquainted 
with  military  discipline,  and  destitute 
of  evi^ryihing  which  render*  aa  army 
formidable 888 

OKN.    MONTOOURBT. 

"  Oen.  Montgomery,  with  a  command  of 
1,000  men,  attack*  8t.  John*,  CKnada, 
cnpturing  the  town  and  a  large  num- 
ber of  cannon,  field  pieces,  and  small 
arms,  taking  IIOO  pritoners .188 

At  the  Hamo  time  Col.  Ethan  Allen 
was  taken  prisoner  near  Montreal.  He 
was  loaded  with  irons,  and  sent  in  that 
condition  to  England 888 

Montgomery  marched  from  Ht,  Johns 
to  Montreal.  Tli«  BriliRli  fled  at  bis 
approarh,  l)ut  they  wore  taken  priaon- 
ers,  with  Oen.  Prvscott,  their  com- 
mander. Etfven  ves*«i*  laden  with 
firovisions,  ammunition,  and  intronch- 
ng  tools  wee  sIm)  captured,  together 
with  large  i  dpplies  of  clothing 880 

Col.   Uenedict  Arnold,  with    1,000 

men,  succeeded  in  reaching  Quebec  by 

«      travcr*ing  the  wilderiicas  of  Northern 

Maine  and  Canada,  and  sailing  down 

the  Ht.  Lawrence 800 

He  was  reinforced  by  Montgomery, 
and  they  began  a  bombardment  of  the 
town.  But  their  forces  were  too  small, 
and  the  enemy  were  strongly  forti- 

fletl 801 

**  Gen.  Montgomery  wo*  killed  in  the  sec- 
ond attMk,  and  Col.  Arnold  wounded 
and  borne  off  the  field.  Atlur  a  dea- 
perate  ri'sistanco  his  detachment  aur- 
rendered 801 

nCHBT  MIDDLCrOM. 

"  Henry  Middloton  tempomriiy  succeeded 
Peyton  lUndolph  as  President  of  the 
Continental  Congrcs*.  lie  was  son  of 
the  first  ntval  Governor  of  South  Caro- 
lina, and  lather  of  Arthur  Middleton, 
ooc  of  the  signers  of  tlie  Declaration 
of  Independence.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  wealtli,  but  did  not  engage  much 
In  public  affairs.  He  remaine<l  a  mem- 
ber of  Congres*  until  17T0,  when  be 
retired  from  public  life. 

JOHN   UANCOCK. 

"  May.  John  Hancock  succeeded  Peyton 
Randolph  as  President  of  Congress. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  Alasaacliusetts 
clergyman,  and  was  born  in  that  prov- 
ince in  1787.  He  waa  educated  at 
Harvard  College,  trained  to  mercantile 
business,  and  oecame  a  leading  mer- 
chant of  Boston.  He  waa  chosen  to 
the  seat  of  a  representative  in  the  As- 
sembly of  Maaaacbusetts  in  1700,  and 
became  one  of  the  popular  leaders  at 
the  beginning  of  the  Revolution.  He 
was  a  delegate  in  the  First  Continental 
Congress,  and  remained  a  member  of 
that  bndv  until  Xovember,  1777,  when 
ill  health  compelled  him  to  leave  it. 
Ho  was  President  of  Congresa  from 
May,  17  7S,  until  that  time,  and,  as  sncb, 


1775. 


1776. 


u 


waa  the  arti  to  sign  tha  Dselantiaa  cf 
ladependaaee.    Ha  waa  tha  Ant  0«^ 

amor  of  Maaaaehuaetta,  when  it  be- 
eamo  a  State.  Mr.  Hanoock  died  on 
the  8th  of  October,  1708. 

A  navy  of  18  vessel*  ordered  by  Con- 
gres*. 

Congreaa  ordered  the  l**uing  of  |8,000,« 
OOU,  paper  mmiay. 

Beqjamia  Franklin  appointed  flr*t  Poet- 
maater-Oeneral. 

Jaa.  1.    Lord  Doamora  bama  Norfolk, 

Va 894 

CoL  Ht  Clair  marahed,  with  a  regi- 
ment of  a«ldien,  from  Pennaylvania  to 
Canada  daring  the  extreme  oold  of  a 
northern  winter 801 

idnnU.  8ilaa  I)eaae,  of  Conn.,  aent  to 
France  a*  Ambaaaikdor,  and  obtained 
arma,  money,  and  o«>rdial  aympathy 
for  hi*  country 487 

March  4.  Waahington  fortlAea  and  Ukea 
poaaeasion  of  Doroheater  Heights. 

March  17.  The  British  eyaouated  Boa- 
ton  with  7,000  men,  leaving  their 
barracks  standing,  and  stores  to  tha 
amount  of  £80,000.  Tliey  shortly 
sailed  for  Hallfox,  leaving  sevenu 
ahipa  behind  Inden  with  arma  and 
camp  stores,  wbioh  the  Americans 
captured  and  appropriated SOS 

April.  Washington  removed  his  army  to 
New  York 398 

June.  The  Americana  retreat  IVnm  Que- 
bec. They  make  a  stand  at  Three 
Rivers,  and  attack  the  place,  and  are 
defeated 809 

June  7.  Richard  Henry  Lee  made  the 
flrat  motion  in  Congresa  for  declaring 
the  colonlea  Ami 407 

June  38.  The  Britiah  were  defeated  at 
Charleaton,  S.  C,  and  their  fleet  de- 
stroyed    89S 

July  1.  The  British  vessels  under  Oen. 
Howe  return  horn  Halifax  and  anchor 
off  Sandy  Hook.  They  are  reinforced 
by  ships  {torn  Great  BriUin 808 

IMDEPENDENOB   DECLARED. 

July  4.  The  American  colonies  openly 
declare  their  independence  and  freedom 

firom  British  sovereignty 407 

Eleven  of  the  thirteen  States  estab- 
lish a  second  branch  of  Legislature, 

calling  it  a  Senate 400 

The  States  unitedly  agree  in  appoint- 
ing fur  each  a  Governor,  or  head  of 
each  State 409 

The  States  agreed  in  deriving  their  powen 
of  government  from  the  people ;  and 
in  no  case  was  the  smalleat  title  or 
power  to  be  exercised  ftx>m  hereditary 
right 400 

All  hereditary  privilegea  and  reiigioua 
establishments  were  declared  abolished, 
thereby  destroying  the  alliance  be- 
tween Church  and  State,  and  leveling 
all  social  distinctions 400 

BATTLX  OF  LONO  ISLAND. 

Aug.  27.    The  battle  of  Long  Ishind  waa 

fought 400 

The  Britiah  forcea  were  commanded 
by  Gen.  Clinton,  assisted  by  Gens. 
Grant  and  De  Heister,  the  latter  com- 
manding a  regiment  of  Heasians. .  400 

Gen.  Waahington,  aided  by  Gen.  Sullivan 
and  Lord  Sterling,  had  command  of 
the  American  troopa.  The  first  attack 
waa  made  very  early  in  the  morning 
by  the  Heairiaiia. 


CHBONOLOOT. 


1*9 


WM  tbt  tot  OoTi 
Mttii,  whm  It  b«- 
.  IlMioMk  dlsd  00 
1708. 
I  orderad  by  Con* 

iMuiog  of  |5,000,« 

lipolntMl  flnt  Pu*t> 

■N  barat  Norfolb, 

894 

rahMl,  witb  •  regi- 

tin  PonMylrania  to 

oitreuM  oold  of  • 

891 

of  Coim.,  MDt  to 

tdor,  and  olttuined 

c«>rdl*i  •ympatliy 

437 

I  fortin«t  ud  take* 
Mter  Heights, 
•h  eTMUttud  Boa- 
len,  iMTing  their 
•nd  itorH  to  the 
K>.  Ttiey  thortiy 
I,  leaving  nevenu 
in  with  arma  and 
)b   the   Americant 

•priated 804 

smovcd  bit  army  to 

398 

i  ntmt  flmin  Q>i«- 
a  itand  at  Three 
the  place,  and  are 

809 

nry  Lee  made  the 
igreM  for  declaring 

407 

h  were  defeated  at 
and  their  fleet  de- 

8V8 

re«Mli  under  Oen. 

lalifax  and  anchor 

"hey  are  reinforced 

Britain 308 

B   DECLABED. 

m  colonies  openly 
idence  and  freedom 

Ignty 407 

rteen  States  etial^ 
ch  of  Legislaturo, 

409 

y  agree  in  appoint- 
emor,  or  head  of 

409 

riring  their  powera 
1  the  people;  and 
I  imallcst  title  or 
d  from  hereditary 

409 

gea  and  religioua 

leclared  abolUhed. 

the   alliance  be- 

Itate,  and  leveling 

409 

SO  ISLAND. 

r  Long  Island  was 

409 

were  commanded  - 
eisted  by  Qens. 
ir.the  Utter  com- 
of Hessians..  400 
I  by  Gen.  Sullivan 
lad  command  of 
The  first  attack 
in  the  moming 


int.  Th«  aotion  was  well-supported  on 
both  sides  for  several  hours,  hut  the 
aapeHor  numlx-rs  and  dlacliillne  of  the 
Rngllsh,  tugnther  with  a  largo  fnrce 
whTuh  cut  ulf  thu  mar  of  tlie  Americans, 
Interm-ptod  a  retreat 4ol 

The  AmcriRfins  floil  prcripitnU'Iy, 
and  many  ot  tlirm  vit-tv  lost  in  thu 
marshes.  Their  totnl  loss  amounlnd  to 
over  1,000  men,  im  hiding  the  wnumlod 
and  prinonrrs ;  nmnna  Ihti  latter  were 
N'J  offlrers.  Including  Oen,  Hulllvan  and 
Lord  Starting 4ul 

Oen.  Washington  called  a  council  of 
war,  and  it  waa  determined  to  remove 
the  Krmy,  the  greater  part  of  which  he 
had  placed  upon  Long  Island,  to  the 
city  of  New  York. 

The  wind  being  favorable,  and  a 
dense  fog  coming  on,  the  tmops  were 
all  removed  during  the  night,  before 
the  enemy  were  aware  of  the  move 
ment 401 

VNBnOOEBSrCL    UI88IOK. 

Mtf.  Lord  Howe  sends  General  Sullivan  on 
parole  with  a  message  to  Congress, 
requestinff  au  interview  with  a  com- 
mittee  of  their  menibora  as  "private 
citisens,"  be  not  having  authi)rity  to 
recognize  the  American  Congress,  but 
declared  that  be  was,  with  bu  brother, 
Oen.  Howe,  empowered  to  compromise 
the  dispute  between  them 401 

Congress  declined  to  send  a  commit- 
tee in  a  private  capucity.  but  delegated 
Dr.  Franklin,  John  Adams,  and  Ed- 
ward Rutledgo,  to  confljr  with  Lord 
Uowe  in  sn  olflcial  capacity 401 

They  were  received  witli  great  polite- 
ness, but  Lord  Uowe  failed  to  satisfy 
them  that  his  authority  extended 
fluther  thtn  the  powir  to  "grant 
pardons"  upon  »ubmission  to  English 
rule.  But  thu  colonies  were  not  suing 
for  pardon,  nor  were  they  willing  to 
relinquish  their  independence. . . .  401 

The  British,  preparatory  to  an  attack 
on  Mew  York,  landed  their  forces  un- 
der cover  of  their  ships  of  war.  The 
American  troops  stationed  near  their 
bnding  became  demnraliced,  and  re- 
treat in  oonAision 403 

A  skirmish  lietwc^in  the  Highlanders 
under  Brigadier  Loslie,  and  a  detach- 
ment of  Anierinn  soldiers  under  (>'iil. 
Knowiton  and  Mi\).  Leitch,  occurred 
the  next  day,  in  which  the  most  of  the 
men  who  had  dixgmced  themselves 
were  engaged,  and  through  their 
bravery  the  enemy  were  repulsed,  and 
•  complete  victory  sained 403 

*  Sept.  IS.    The  Americans  evacuated  the 

city  of  New  York  and  retired  to  the 
north  end  of  the  island 402 

*  Sept.  10.    Battle  of  Hariem  Plains,  N.  Y. 

The  British  take  immediate  posses- 
sion of  the  city,  and  a  few  dnys  after  a 
disastrous  fire  consumed  near  1,000 
bouies 409 

*  Oct.  38.    The  battle  of  White  Plains  was 

fought 

*  Nov.  16,  18.    Pt>rt«  Washington  and  Lee 

taken  by  the  British.  The  garrison  at 
Fort  I.ee  was  saved  by  evacuation, 
leaving  their  artillery  and  stores  be- 
hind; but  at  Fort  Washington  they 
surrendered  with  2,700  men.  The 
British  lo'S  amour.ted  to  1,200. . .  409 

*  Kov.  and   Dec      Gen.  Washington  and 

the  Am<:rican  forces  retreated  through 


New  Jersey,  eintely  panned  by  Oen. 
Comwallla 409 

1776.  Deo.  8«.     Battle  of  Trenton,  N.  J. . . .  40fl 

The  soldiers,  bennmlng  disheartened, 
clamored  fur  a  discliarge,  and  ilioAe 
whoso  time  had  expired  ni>andnned 
the  army.  Home  of  tlie  loading  men  of 
Now  .Tersey  and  I'onnsylvania  ally 
themselves  to  the  British  eausc. 

**  Dee.  Oen.  !,en  was  taken  pritoner  at 
Baskenbriilge  by  Col.  ilaroourt. . .  403 
Congress  convened  in  Baltimore,  and 
resolved  u|)on  prosecuting  the  war.  re- 
dnnbiing  their  energies.  Volunteers 
began  to  flock  to  the  army  from  all 
departments  of  life 408 

"  Jesuits  espelled  from  Psragnay,  and  coro> 
pelled  to  leave  their  flue  residences 
and  splendid  oiiurches. 

••      Vice-royalty  of  Buenos  Avros  created. 

1777.  Durins  this  year  (ireat  Britain  established 

theinfkmous  prison-ship  system. .  484 
"      Inhuman  treatment  of  American  prison- 
ers by  the  British,  both  in  England  and 

America 48* 

"       Great  Britain  attempts  ti)  create  discord 

among  the  colonies. 
"      Wooioarding  machinery  flnt  made  by 

Oliver  Evans,  of  Boston. 
**      Jan.     Washington  encamps  at  Morris* 

town 411 

■•      Jan.  8.    Battle  of  Princeton. 

"      March  IS.  Vermont  organized  as  a  State. 

"      March  38.      Destruction  of   stores  »t 

Peekskill. 
"      Apr.  36.    Tryon  destrovs  Danbury,  Qpnn. 

A  large  amount  of  military  stores  were 

lost  to  the  Americans 411 

**      May  38.    Meig's  expedition  against  Sag 

llarbor,  Long  Island. 
"      June.    Burgoyne  invades  New  York. 
"         "        Burgoyne  holds  a  council  with 

the  Indians. 
*      July  6. '  Evacuation  of  Ticonderoga  by 

Gen.  St.  Clair 427 

"      Julv7.     Battle  of  Hubbardton;   White 

Hall  taken. 
"      July  8.    Battle  of  Fort  Anne. 

ARBIVAL  OF   LAFATEITE. 

"  July  81.  Lafayette  arrived  from  France 
with  troopa  and  supplies,  and  oflbred 
ids  services  to  the  colonte!< 414 

"  Julv  10.  Capture  of  General  Frescott  by 
the  Americana. 

"  Aug.  16.  Battle  of  Bennington  fought  by 
Gen.  Starke 430 

"  Sept  11.  Battle  of  Brandywine  under 
Oen.  Washington.  Qens.  Lafayette  and 
Woodford  were  wounded 413 

»      Sept.  10.    Battle  of  Stillwater 430 

"  "  30.  British  troops  under  Sir  Wm. 
Howe  enter  Philadelphia 437 

"  Oct  6.  Capture  of  Forte  Clinton  and 
Montgomery  on  the  Hudson. 

"       Oct  14.    Battle  of  Germantowtt 434 

"         "      7.    Battle  of  Saratoga 4:j8 

"  "  17.  Surrender  of  Burgoyne  to  M^j.- 
Gen.  Gate*  at  Saratoga 483 

BENBT  LADRENS. 

"  Nov.  Henry  Latirens  succeeded  Han- 
cock as  President  of  the  Cuntinontal 
Congress.  He  was  a  delegate  from 
South  Carolina;  was  an  active  patriot, 
end  had  l>een  prominent  in  public 
affairs  in  his  province  and  State  for 
some  time.  He  occupied  the  Presiden- 
tial chair  for  little  more  than  a  year. 
In  17H0  he  was  sent  to  negotiate  ai 
treaty  with  Holland.    He  was  captured  I 


on  the  sck,  taken  to  England,  and  im- 
prisoned nntil  the  close  of  1781.  U« 
was  one  of  the  signem  of  the  prelimi- 
naries of  peace  In  1789.  Mr.  Laurens 
died  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  on  the  8lti  of 
December,  1708.  at  the  age  of  69  yeara. 

1777.  Nov.  IS.  Articles  of  Confederation 
adopted  by  Congress  and  ratified  by 
all  the  States. 

"  Nov.  in.  18.  Hritish  capture  Forte  MiflUn 
and  Mercer  on  the  Delaware. 

•CrrEBtNO  AT  TALLBY  TOROR. 

"  Dee.  8.  Waahington  and  his  army  ea< 
camped  on  the  Vallav  Forge.  Desti> 
tute  of  suflkient  clothing  and  food,  tb« 
army  sulligred  inorediblo  hardahipa  la 
the  midst  of  a  rigoroua  winter. ...  430 

jomr  JAT. 

1778.  John  Jay  suooeeded  Mr.  Laorena  aa  Preal- 
dent  of  Congress.  At  tbst  time  he  wu 
Chief  Justice  of  the  State  of  N«w  York, 
which  wan  his  native  State.  He  waa 
bom  in  Dec.,  174S,  educated  at  King'a 
(now  Columbia)  College,  and  at  an 
early  age  became  distinguished  as  a 
lawyer.  He  waa  a  member  of  the  First 
Conttnentel  Congress,  and  wsa  author 
of  one  of  the  able  State  papers  put  forth 
by  that  body.  In  succeeding  C<«- 
gresses,  his  pen  waa  ever  busy.  Ha 
waa  sent  as  Minister  to  Spain  in  1779, 
and  wss  one  of  the  commissioners  for 
negotiating  peace  witb  Great  Uriteln. 
In  1784  be  was  appointed  Secretary  of 
Steto  for  Foreign  Aflhirs,  and  three 
years  later,  assisted  in  the  formation  of 
the  National  Constitntion.  Washing- 
ton appointed  him  Chief  Justice  of  tha 
United  Htates.  He  became  Governor 
of  New  York  after  returning  from  an 
embassy  to  England  in  1795.  He  with- 
drew irom  public  life  in  1801,  and 
died  in  May,  1839,  at  the  ago  of  84 
years. 

"  Jan.  n.  Capt  Cook  explored  the  ooaat 
of  Alaska. 

A  TANKER  DETIOE. 

•<  « Battle  of  the  Kegs."  A  contrivance  of 
the  Americans  to  destroy  the  British 
fleet  It  was  composed  of  a  large 
number  of  little  machines  resembling 
keffs.  conteining  explosive  materials 
which  they  thouffht  would  set  the  Brit- 
ish shipping  on  Ire.  The  British  wem 
very  much  astonished  at  their  app<>ar~ 
•nee,  and  called  out  their  forces  to 
meet  their  new  and  mysterious  enemy. 
It  resulted  in  little  harm  to  the  fleet, 
but  much  consternation  to  the  British, 
which  caused  great  merriment  to  tha 
Americans. 

"  Bills  were  passed  by  the  British  Parlia- 
ment granting  all  that  the  colonies  had 
asked,  but  Coagrem  rcgjected  their 
offers. 

"  Franklin,  Dean,  and  Lee,  sent  as  Oom- 
missionera  to  the  Court  of  France.  48S 

"  The  British  Ioks,  up  to  this  date,  amount* 
ed  to  30,000  men  and  SSO  vessels. 

'*  Treaty  of  commerce  and  alliance  with 
France 484 

"  Feb.  6.  Frai;e  aclmowledgestheinde* 
pendcnce  of  the  United  Stotes 484 

"       March.    Lord   Norths  conciliatory  bill 
passed  by  Parliament 
Harch  1.    $1  in  specie  exchanged  for 


CHBOMOLOGT. 


?1.7S  ia  MDtr  iMM«V  |  8«pt.  1,  for  1 1; 
m,)UfoK  I,  or  llOi  8«pt.  I,for|l8; 
1780,  MM«h  IH,  for  |40:  Dms.  1.  for 
1100  :  Md  1781,  May  1,  for  from  $100 
tolOOO. 
I7TS.  Milch  7.  DMth  of  Ntoholti  Btddle— 
killad  in  MVkl  Mtioii— Biography  on 
IMS*  444. 

A  BIDIOCLOCS  AFFAIK. 

"  May?.  "The  Miichiania,"  a  magnifl- 
cmt  ftte,  giren  in  Philadelphia  by  the 
British  flekl  oflcen  and  the  Toriei,  in 
bon<>r  of  Lord  Howe,  upon  his  depart- 
w*  for  Eaghuid.  It  waa  a  rery  estrar- 
■gant,  an<^  conaiderlng  the  circum* 
■lance  of  war  and  its  terrible  concomi- 
tants, with  the  American  army  sufTrring 
CTiry  hardship  possible,  a  rerr  ridicu- 
lous alTair,  and  which  brought  great 
■nd  lasting  reproach  upon  the  Amerl> 
cans  who  participated. 

•*  June  18.  Britiih  eraouated  Pbtladel- 
pMa. 441 

••      June  S8.    Bftttle  of  Monmoulh 440 

*'  July  8, 4,  Massacre  at  Wyoming.  Orer 
1,000  Indians  and  Tories  fell  upon  the 
inhabitants,  and  cruelly  put  to  death 
the  greater  part  of  them,  destntyiDg 
arerytbing  in  their  savage  fury. . .  430 

*'  Jul*  11.  Arrival  of  a  French  fleet  under 
Oount  O'EsUinff 441 

<*  Aog.  80.  Oeneral  Hnlliran  retreats  from 
Rhode  Island 448 

**  Not.  10.  Massacre  at  Cherry  Valley, 
N.  Y.,  by  the  Indians. 498 

"      Deo.  M.      BaTauah     Uken    by    the 

Britbb 481 

1778  Jan.  8.  Capture  of  Sunbnry,  tia.,  by  the 
BriHsh. 

"      Feb.  14.    Battle  of  KeUlo  Creek,  Qa. 

*•       Mar.  8.    Battle  of  Briar  Creek.  Oa. .  451 

*•      Mar.  8.  Norfolk  taken  by  the  British.  447 

"  May  81.  Capturo  of  Stony  Point,  N,  T., 
by  the  British. 

**  June  1.  Capture  of  Verplanck'a  Point, 
N.  Y.,  by  the  British. 

**  June  16.  War  between  England  and 
Spain. 

"      June  30.    Battle  of  Stono  Ferry 481 

"  July  0,  7,  8.  Fairfield  and  Norwalk, 
Conn.,  burned  by  the  British 411 

*'      July  0-12.  Tryon's  raid  into  Connecticut 

•*  July  18.  Storming  of  Stony  Point  by 
Americans  under  Gen.  Wayne 449 

"  JuW  18.  Recapture  of  Stony  Point  by 
the  Americans. 

"  July  and  August  Sullivan's  expedition 
against  the  Indians  on  the  Siuqueban- 
aa. 459 

**  Aug.  18.  Castine,  Me.,  captured  by  the 
British. 

**  Aug.  18.  Capture  of  British  garrison 
at  Paulna'  Hook,  N.  J. 

**  Aug.  and  Sept  Sullivan's  chastisement 
of  the  Indians  in  Western  N.  Y. 

"  Sept  Siege  of  Savaunah,  Qa.,  by  the 
Americana  and  French. 

joneb'  natal  victoet. 

*  Sept  8.  Paul  Jones'  great  naval  victory 
off  the  coast  of  Ytirksbire,  England. 
Thia  was  the  first  American  naval  vic- 
tory, aud  was  the  most  sanguinary 
battle  ever  fought  between  two  ships. 
Paul  Jones  war  commander  of  a  squad- 
ron of  0  ships.  The  Bon  Homme 
Bichard,  his  own  ship — an  old  and 
clumsy  vessel  of  4S  guns— engsged  a 
British  man-of-war,  the  SerapU,  a 
MW  ship  of  00  guns,  communded  br 


1778.  Commodore  Richard  I'enraim,  and 
manned  bv  890  picked  men.  A  dee- 
perate  flgnt  ensued.  Ttie  8  lapii 
swung  around,  by  the  fiirco  o(  the 
wind,  souare  atongiilila  of  the  Bon 
Jlommt  kifhnrtl,  and  tlivir  yards  bring 
entangled,  Jonee  lashed  the  two  Miips 
together.  Then  began  tlio  miMit  funr- 
ftil  cnrnuntvr  recorded  In  naval  lils- 
tory.  The  cannon  of  t'licli  ship  tourh- 
ing.  and  amid  their  inre«<ant  war  and 
crashing  of  Iklling  masts,  both  vessels 
look  fire.  At  this  terrible  crisis,  the 
Captain  of  the  AUianft,  one  of  .lunes* 
squadron,  began  firing  broansldcs 
into  the  stern  of  the  Bo»  Uommt 
Riehard,  causing  her  to  leak  at  a  I'var- 
ti\  rate.  This  dastardly  and  traitumus 
act  waa  caused  by  personal  hatred  to- 
ward his  superior  commander.  The 
fire  increasing  In  the  ship,  Jones'  offl- 
cers  persuaded  him  to  strike  his  colors, 
bat  he  reftiae<l  to  vield,  and  aoon  the 
Strapit  surrendered. 

BAMUKL   nUNTINOTOir. 

1770.  Sept.  38.  Samuel  Iluntinotnn  succeeded 
Mr.  Jay,  aa  President  or  Congress.  He 
was  born  in  Connecticut,  in  1733.  He 
was  a  lawyer  by  profenxion,  and  repre- 
sented Ills  district  in  the  Colonial 
Legiiilature  in  1704,  and  became  the 
King's  attomsy  the  followinff  year. 
He  waa  chosen  a  delegate  of  the  Sec- 
0  ond  Continental  Congress  in  1770,  and 
remained  a  member  of  that  bodv  until 
1781.  In  1784  he  was  appointed  Chief 
Justice  of  Connecticut,  and  two  years 
later  was  electe<l  Oovemor  of  that 
State.  Ho  continued  in  that  ofliee 
until  his  death,  in  Jan.,  1700,  when  he 
waa  68  years  of  age. 

"  Oct  U.  Siege  of  SaTannah  abandon- 
ed  481 

"  Dec.  Coal  first  used  in  America  by  some 
Pennsylvania  blaclcsmiths, 

"  General  war  upon  the  Indians  proaeented 
under  Gens.  Sullivan  and  Clinton,  and 
Cola.  Butler,  Clark,  and  Van  Shaick.  460 

"      Death  of  Patrick  Henry,  aged  08. 

THOMAa  MCKEAN. 

1780.  Thomas  McKean  represented  the  little 
State  of  Delaware  in  the  first  Conti- 
nental Congress,  and  became  President 
of  its  suiiccssor  on  the  retirement  of 
Mr.  Huntington.  He  waa  born  in 
March,  1784,  and  was  educated  for  the 
practice  of  the  law.  He  represented 
the  New  Castle  diatrict  in  the  Legis- 
lature of  Delaware,  in  1703,  and  in 
17U5  he  was  a  delegate  in  the  Stamp 
Act  Congress  in  New  York.  He  en- 
tered the  Continental  Congre»'s  aa 
delegate  in  1774,  and  served  in  that 
cap^ty  until  1783,  holding  much  of 
that  time  the  office  of  Chief  Justice 
of  Delaware.  He  was  elected  Gnvernor 
of  Delaware  in  1790,  HUd  held  that 
office  until  1808,  when  he  retired  i^om 
public  life. 
"  Feb.  6.  Congress  calls  for  30,000  men.  464 
"  April  14.  Battle  of  Monk's  Corner. .  438 
**  May  6.  Battle  on  Suntee  River. 
"       April-Hay.     Charleston,  S.  C,  besieged 

by  the  Hritish. 
*'      May  13.    Surrender  of  Gen.  Lincoln  and 
American  army  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  to 
Qen.  CUnton 438 


HOTABLI   DARK  DAT. 

1780.  May  tO.  Notable  dark  day  in  New  Fn- 
gland.  A  dense  and  mysterious  dark' 
nt'ss  coverud  tlie  lan<l,  continuing  firom 
twelve  to  flftorn  hours,  filling  all 
hearts  with  wonder,  and  nuiltltudi'S 
with  fear  ami  i  iinstrrnatinn, — llie 
Rn|K>r«tllious  regarding  it  as  the  "ilny 
of  doiiiii,"  and  tliu  U'smt'd  and  srii  n- 
tlllc  wholly  iinpri'iiared  to  account  for 
the  wonderful  phenomenon.  The  daik- 
ness  at  midday  was  so  dense  that 
people  were  unable  to  read  commom 
print,  or  determine  the  time  of  day  bv 
clocks  or  watches,  and  at  night  al- 
though at  the  All!  of  the  moon,  the 
darkness  ww  so  impenetrably  thick 
that  traveling  wss  impracticable  with- 
out lights,  and  a  sheet  of  white  paper 
waa  equally  invisible  with  the  black- 
est velvet.  The  atmosphere  seemed 
charged  with  a  thick,  oily,  sulphurous 
Ta|)or,  and  streams  of  water  were 
ctivered  with  a  thick  scum,  and  paper 
dipped  in  it,  and  dried,  appeared  of 
a  dark  color,  and  felt  as  if  ft  had  been 
rubbed  with  oil. 

"      June  28.    Battle  at  Springfield,  N.  J. 

"  July  13.  Arrival  at  Rhode  Island  of  the 
French  fleet  and  army,  under  Admiral 
dfl  Ternay  and  Count  de  Rocliam- 
beau 409 

'•      July  30.    Battle  at  Rocky  Mount,  8.  C. 

"      Aug.  6.    Battle  at  Hanging  Rock,  8.  C. 

"  Aug.  16.  Battle  of  Sanders'  Creek,  near 
Camden.     Uates  defeated 480 

"  Aug.  18.  Defvat  of  Suiupter  at  Fishing 
Creek. 

TREASON   or  ABNOLD. 

"  Sept  28.  Treason  of  Benedict  Amold. 
and  arrest  of  Mai.  Andr6. 

Mai.-Ooneral  Benedict  Amold  wnt 
at;  officer  of  high  rank,  and  bad  been 
greatly  admired  for  his  bravery  and 
uncomplaining  fortitude  and  endur- 
ance during  the  first  yenrs  of  the  war. 
He  had  been  promoted  from  the  office 
of  Captain  to  that  ot  Mi^.-Ueneral,  liut, 
being  of  a  proud  and  haughty  nature, 
•nd  exceedingly  ambitious,  his  envy  at 
■eeinff  others  rank  above  him,  laid  the 
foundation  of  his  treachery  and  treason, 
which  finally  culminated  in  the  betrayal 
of  bis  country  to  ita  enemies.  He  had 
been  stationed  in  Philad<!ipbia  widle 
unfitted  for  service  iruni  wounds  re- 
ceived in  a  battle  near  Stillwater,  and 
while  there  his  rcckics*  extraviiganco 
caused  his  censure  by  Congress,  and 
a  trial  by  court-martial  and  reprimand 
from  tlie  Commander-in-chief  of  thi> 
army,  which  was  appn>ved  by  Congress. 
This  disgrace  was  more  than  bis  proud, 
imperative  nature  could  brook,  and  be 
immediately  began  plotting  to  betray 
his  country.  His  correspondence  with 
the  British  ooumander,  Sir  Henry 
Clinton,  was  ccaducted  through  Miy. 

>  Andr£,  an  ofl!(«r,  of  creat  distinction 

and  merit,  ia  the  British  army.  He 
was  captured  upon  his  return  from  an 
interview  with  Arnold,  within  the 
American  lines,  by  three  privates,  who 
searched  his  person  and  discovered  the 
treaxonable  documents  in  his  tvyfts. 
Arnold  learned  of  the  capture  otAudrt, 
and  succeeded  in  making  his  escape 
but  a  short  time  before  tbr.  arrival  of 
Oen.  Washington,  wh<>  iitd  ^^pointcd 
to  breakfast  with  hl'4. 


RK   DAT. 

■k  ilty  In  New  Kn- 
J  myntcrinii*  iliirk- 
(I,  oontlnulriK  ftom 
liniin,  flltln)(  «ll 
r,  itnd  iiiultituili'* 
,  oniteroatlnn, — ilia 
ItiiKit  Mtlie"(li]r 
Icarnt'd  and  iiritn- 
ired  to  account  fur 
>incnon.  The  dm  k- 
raa  lo  denie  that 
g  to  read  commoi 
the  time  of  dajr  bT 
and  at  night,  ai> 
of  the  moon,  the 
mpenetrably  thick 
mpractlcable  with* 
leet  of  white  paper 
le  with  the  black* 
ttmiiepbcre  aceined 
ck,  oily,  iulpburoua 
11  of  water  wero 
k  Kum,  and  paper 
dried,  appeared  of 
it  aa  if  it  bad  bee* 

nrinsfleid,  K  J. 
thode  Inland  of  the 
my,  under  Admiral 
!ount  de    Roclinm- 

40S 

Lickv  Mount,  8.  C. 
inking  Rook,  S.  C, 
ianders'  Creek,  near 

efeated 4«0 

Suiupterat  Fiahing 


r  ARNOLD. 

if  Benedict  Arnold. 
Andr& 

Inedict  Arnold  wnt 
nnk,  and  bnd  been 
ir  hit  bravery  and 
'titude  and  endur- 
8t  yu»n  of  the  war. 
jtcd  from  the  ofiico 

Mi\j.-Uenfral,  liut, 
nd  liaughty  nature, 
ibltioui,  hia  envy  at 
abore  him,  laid  the 
eachery  and  trcaBon, 
lated  in  the  betrayal 

enemies.  He  had 
Philadelphia  while 

I'rum  wound*  re- 
near  Stillwater,  and 
cklea)  extravnganco 

by  Congress,  and 
rtiai  and  reprimand 
der-in-obief  of  thi» 
proved  by  Congress, 
tore  thnn  bis  prond, 
oM  brook,  and  he 

plotting  to  betray 
lorrespondence  with 
lander,  Sir  Henry 
icted  through  Mty. 
>f  great  divtinction 
BHtish  army.    He 

bis  return  from  un 

rnuld,  within  the 
three  privates,  who 

and  dtacoverpd  the 
cnts  in  his  Inyita. 
le  capture  ot  AvAtC, 
making  hit  escape 
sfore  tbr.  arrival  of 
nh't  litd  appointed 


OBRONOLOOT. 


Tn 


RAirOINO  or  MAJOB  ANPRi. 
HM.  Oot.  I.  lf%|.  ABdr«  was  hung  aAer  a 
trial  by  couri<martlal,  upon  the  un- 
questioned evidence  of  his  guilt.  Ureat 
sympathy  was  nianifuiited  by  both 
tViend«  and  enemies  for  Mi\|.  Andri!', 
Imt  the  Inexorable  dumuuda  and  uisge 
uf  war,  and  the  safety  uf  the  country, 
necfssltatud  his  execution  as  a  spy. 

For  full  biography  of  ila|.  AndrO, 
see  page  401). 
•>      Oct.  7.    liattlo  of  King's  Mountain..  40a 

•  Mov.  SO.    Battle  of  Blackstuck 46!) 

**      Dec.  9.    Oreene  takes  command  of  the 

Southern  army 479 

••      Dec.  Ito.      War  between  England  and 

Holland. 469 

"*  Deo.  80.  National  Thanksgiving.. .  4HS 
IT8I    Jan.  1.     Hevolt  of  Pennsylvania  troops 

at  Morriatown 470 

"      Bank  of  North  America  esUbllshod  at 

Philadelphia. 

*  Espeditioa  of  the  liritish  into  Virglnio 

under  Banedict  Arnold 4V9 

"      Jan.  17.    Battle  of  the  Cowpens ....  478 
"        "    10.    Comwallls  Joined  l*y  Leslie  at 

Charlttiton 474 

«'      Feb.  9.    Battle  ofMcOowan's  Ford.  474 
"         "  16.    BatUe    of     Guilford's    Court- 
house  478 

**  Jan.  and  Feb.  Remarkable  retreat  of 
Uen.  Oreene  through  South  Caro- 
lina  474 

"      April  98.    Surrender  of  Fort  Watson  to 

Oens.  Marion  and  Lee 476 

'*      April  9S.    Battle  of  Hobkirk's  Hill.  476 
**      May  0.    Surrender  of  Pensacola. 

*>         "  10.    Camden  evacuated 476 

"  "  19.  Fort  Schuyler  (Utica)  destroyed 
by  fire. 

"      May  19.    Fort  Mott  taken 470 

"  "  10.  Uriiisb  abandon  Neliton's  Fer- 
ry  477 

M      June  0.    Augusta,  (ia ,  capitulates. .  477 
"  "  18-10.     Siege  of  Ninoty-Bi\,  S.O. 

**      JulyO.   Battle  ufOreen  Spring. 
"      Aug.  8.   Arrival  of  the  French  fleet  under 

DeOrasao 476 

"  Aug.  14.  American  and  French  allied 
army  march  from  the  Hudson,  near 
New   York,  to  Virginia.    Comwallis 

licmmed  in  at  Yorktown 481 

"      Sept.  6.    Burning  of  New  London  liy 

Benedict  Arnuld 482 

"      Massacre  at  Fort  Oriawold,  Conn. 
"      Sept.  8.    Batilo   of  Eutaw    Springs;  a 
splendid  victory  under  tien.  Qreene.  477 
"      Oot.  6.    Bombardment  of  Yorktown.  481 
"        "  10.    Surrender  of  Cornwallis  at  Y'ork- 
town.     Oen.    Lincoln    appointed    by 
'Washingtim  to  receive  his  sword.  481 
"      Oct  24.    Indian  battle  at  Johnstown. 
"      Nati.<n«l  thanksgiving  proclaimed. 

JOHN   HANSON. 

**  Nov.  S.  John  Hanson  was  chosen  suc- 
cessor to  Mr.  McKean.  This  gentle- 
man does  not  appear  conspicuously  in 
public  records  until  bis  election  to 
Consress  in  1781,  as  a  representative 
of  Maryland.  Ho  entered  that  body  in 
the  summer,  and  became  an  active  and 
able  member.  He  held  that  office 
precisely  one  year,  when  be  left  Con- 
gress. Mr.  Hanson  died  in  Prince 
Ueorge's  County,  Md.,  in  Nov.,  1783. 
1788.   Watts  invented  the  rotative  engine. 

FIRST    STEAMBOAT. 

"  First  boat  propelled  by  steam  was  placed 
upon  the  Potomac   River,  by  James 


Rinsay,  a  Bohemian,  whieh  was  seen 
and  eertifled  to  by  Washington. 
1789.  Feb.  6.  Resolutions  psssed  in  the  House 
of  I'onimnns  in  (kvor  of  peace. 
"  April  17.  Holland  acknowledges  the  in- 
dependence of  the  United  Stales, 
ami  a  treaty  nf  amity  and  commerce 
secured  through  negotiations  of  John 
Adams 488 

LAST   BATTLE  OV  TIIK   RRVOI.UTION. 

1789.  June  34.  Last  battle  of  the  Revolution- 
ary War — a  skirmish  near  Savannah, 
and  some  slight  skirmishes  in  Soulli 
Caioltiia,  in  one  of  which  the  gallant 
young  Col.  John  Laurens  lost  bis 
life. 

"  July  11.  Savannah,  Oa.,  evacuated  by 
the  British. 

*'  Aug.  War  closed  between  the  United 
btates  and  Oreat  Britain. 

"  Nov.  80.  Preliminaries  of  peace  Ixttween 
the  United  htates  and  Oreat  BriUin 
signed  at  Paris 480 

ELIAS  BOCDINOT. 

"  Nov.  4.  Ellas  Boiidinot  succeeded  Mr. 
Hanson  as  President  of  Congress.  He 
was  a  descendant  of  the  Huguenots, 
and  a  native  of  New  Jersey,  and  was  a 
lawyer  by  profession.  He  took  an 
active  part  as  a  patriot  in  the  Revolu- 
tion. 

In  1777,  the  Congress  sppointed  him 
commissary-general  of  prisonen,  and 
he  was  elected  to  a  i«at  !n  that  budy 
the  same  year,  where  he  remained  until 
1783.  He  was  for  six  vears  11780-170S] 
a  representative  r)f  New  Jersey  in  the 
Congress  of  the  United  Stateu,  and  waa 
appointed  Chief  Director  of  the  Mint  in 
1706.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  American  Bible  Society  in  1816, 
and  was  ever  usefully  employed.  Mr. 
Boudinot  died  in  Oct.,  1891,  aged  81 
years. 

"  Dec.  14.  Charleston,  S.  C,  evacuated  by 
the  British. 

LOSS  DDRINO  THE  RETOLUTION. 

1788.  Seventy  thousand  men  estimated  to  have 
been  lost  during  the  Revolutionary 
War. 

"  Oliver  Evans  introduced  first  improved 
grain  mill. 

"      Fur-trading  established  in  Alaska. 

"  Jan.  20.  Preliminary  treaties  between 
France,  tpain,  and  Oreat  Britain, 
signed  at  Versailles. 

"  Feb.  5.  Independence  of  United  States 
acknowiedxed  by  Sweden. 

"  Feb.  25.  Independence  of  United  States 
recognized  by  Denmark. 

"  March  24.  Independence  of  United 
States  acknowledged  by  Spain. 

"       April  11.   Peace  proclaimed  by  Congress. 

"  "  10.  Peace  announced  by  Washing- 
ton to  the  army 494 

"  July.  Independence  of  United  States 
recognized  by  Russia. 

"  Sept.  3.  Defensive  treaties  of  peace  be- 
tween England  and  the  United  States, 
France,  Spain,  and  Holland. 

"  Oct.  18.  Proclamation  for  disbancung 
the  army. 

'*      Nov.  2.  Washington's  farewell  orders.  404 

THOMAS  MIFFLIN. 

"  Nov.  8.  Thomas  Mifflin  succeeded  Mr. 
Boudinot.    He  was  a  native  of  Pennsyl- 


1781.  vanla,  wbsr*  ha  mm  bom,  of  q<nkM 
parents,  in  1744.  He  waa  an  aetiva 
patriot,  and  entered  the  Continental 
army  at  the  close  of  the  First  Congress, 
uf  which  lie  was  a  member.  He  arnae 
to  the  rank  of  Qenoral,  and  served  his 
country  welt  during  the  war.  As  the 
President  uf  Congress,  he  received 
Washington's  commission,  when  he  re- 
signed it,  in  Dec,  178:).  Ocn.  Miifin 
assisted  in  the  construction  of  the 
National  Constit'itiun.  In  1700  he  was 
chosen  Governor  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
held  the  office  nine  years.  He  died  in 
January,  18U0,  at  the  age  of  S6  years. 

1788.  Nov.  80.    New  York  evacuated  by  the 

British 404 

"  Dec.  98.  Washington  resigns  his  com- 
mission      40S 

1784.  Oreat  distreas  prevailed  in  the  United 

States  owing  to  scarcity  of  money, 
"      Treaty  of  peace  with  the  Biz  Nations  at 

Fort  Schuyler. 
**      First  sgricultural  society  In  the  Unlta<l 

States  at  Philadelphia. 
"      Methodist  Church  organised  by  Bishop 

Coke. 
"      Feb.    First  voyage  made  ftom  China  to 

New  York. 

RIOHABD  HKNBT  LIB. 

"  Nov.  80.  Richard  Henry  Lee  was  chosen 
President  of  Congress,  aa  successor  to 
Oen.  Mifflin.  He  first  appeared  con- 
spicuously in  public  life  during  the 
Stamp  Act  excitement.  In  the  First 
Continental  Congress  he  was  an  active 
member;  and,  in  1770,  he  submitted 
the  immortal  resolution  which  declared 
the  colonies  to  be  "free  and  independ- 
ent States."  He  withdrew  fW>m  Con- 
fress  in  1778,  but  wss  re-elected  in 
784.  He  was  the  first  representative 
of  Virginia  in  the  Senate  of  the  United 
Btates  under  the  National  Constitution. 
He  died  in  June,  1704,  at  the  age  of  69 
years. 

1785.  Commercial    treaties    between    United 

States    and    Prussia,    Denmark,  and 

Portugal. 
"      Thomaa  Jefferson  sent  aa  Minister  to 

France, 
*'      John  Adams  Minister  to  London.    He 

waa  the  first  ambassador   fWim   the 

United  States  to  Oreat  BriUin. 
"      Copper  cents  first  issued  ftom  a  mint  at 

Rupert,  Vt. 
1786L   Financial  embarrassment   Areatens  tha 

peace  of  the  country. 
"      Death  of  Oen.  Greene.    For  Aill  biogra 

phy  see  page  478. 
"      First  cotton  mill  in  the  United  Statea 

built  at  Beverly,  Mass. 

NATHANIEL  OORHAM. 

"  June  6.  Nathaniel  Oorham  succeeded 
Mr.  Lee.  He  was  bom  in  Massachusetts 
in  1738,  and  was  often  a  member  of  the 
Legislature  of  that  Commonwealth. 
During  the  Revolution  he  was  an 
active,   though   not  very   prominent 


patriot.  Ho  was  elected  to  Congress 
in  171)4 ;  and,  after  be  left  that  body, 
became  a  Judge,  and  was  a  delegite  in 


the  convention  that  fhuned  the  National 
Constitution.  He  died  in  June,  179tf, 
at  the  age  of  08  years. 

shay's  rebellion. 

"      Dec.    Shay'a  rebellion  in  Massachuaetta. 
After  the  war  there  occurred  a  sorie* 


Til 


CHBOMOLOOT. 


lIMk  tt  ootbCMta  iftlMt  tba  QotmubmbL 
wkteh  WW*  eaoMd  by  tha  ImpovwIsbMl 
•Mdltion  vf  lh«  oeaatry,  and  lh«  ftel- 
ing  of  diaeoDtanl  and  diwatiifhotlon 
ofUM  loMian,  who  m  yd  bad  rercUed 
Utila  toward  tatliiyinK  tbair  claima, 
and  alao,  aa  a  conicqaeat  rcaalt  of  war, 
liy  a  damoraliiinit  iuflaence  wliioh  waa 
nady  lo  b«  klndlod  Into  a  fliimo  by 
•rary  appaal  lo  paaaion  or  aelflabnns. 

A  raMlUon  waa  organiaad  tndar 
Iha  oomniaad  of  Oanial  Bbay,  Luke 
Day.aad  KH  ParaoM,  which  attonptad 
Mm  orarthrow  of  law  and  order,  and 
tha  eatebUabnant  of  mob  foroe.  The* 
prooaadad  to  inarch  upon  Sprlngflala, 
•ad  prerent  the  litting  of  court,  and, 
If  poaaibla,  aelae  tba  anonal.  Bat 
QoTenor  Bowdoln  rammoned  the 
■llltla,  Bombwing  orer  four  tbooaavd, 
mdar  dooimaad  of  Oen.  Lincoln,  and 
ky  prompt  and  deeUTa  meaaure*  It 
waa  qnickly  auppwaaed. 

ABTHin  n.  OLAU. 

1187.  Fab.  99.  Arthur  St  Clair  waa  choaen 
Praaident  of  Congreaa  aa  aueceator  of 
Mr.  Oorham.  ThA  loldler  of  the  Revo- 
lution waa  bom  in  Edinburg.  Scotland, 
Id  17S4,  eama  to  America  with  Admiral 
Boacawen,  in  1751  He  aerred  under 
Wolfb  in  Canada,  and  after  the  peace 
«f  176S,  waa  appointed  to  the  command 
of  a  furt  In  Penniyhania.  He  entered 
the  Continental  army  u  Colonel  in  1776, 
and  in  Auauit  of  that  year  be  waa  ap- 
pointad  a  Brigailirr-OeneraL  He  waa  a 
nitbAil  ofllcer,  with  the  rank  of  M^jor- 
Oeneral  throughout  the  war.  He  waa 
fleeted  to  repreaent  a  district  of  Pann- 
aylTania,  in  Congnaa,  in  1786.  In  1788 
he  wia  appointed  Oovemor  of  the 
Korthwestem  Tcrritorv,  and  held  the 
office  till  1802.  He  died  in  August, 
1818,  at  tba  age  of  84  years. 
*  MaT  to  Sept.  CouTention  held  in  PhiU- 
delphia  of  the  Statea  to  form  a  Federal 

Constitution 446 

*  Organication  of  the  Northwestern  Terri- 
tory. 
Sept.  98.  The  Constitution  aa  it  now 
stands,  minua  the  amendmcnta  since 
added,  was  laid  before  the  Continental 
Congreaa,  which  sent  it  to  the  lereral 
Statea  for  approval 

0TBC8  Bvarm. 

ft88.  Qyms  Griffln  was  chosen  President,  and, 
under  the  provisions  of  the  National 
Constitution,  he  was  appointed  a  Judge 
of  tiie  U.  S.  District  Court  in  Vi^nia. 
He  was  the  laat  of  the  Presidents  of 
the  Continental  Congress.  He  waa  a 
native  of  England,  but,  for  many  vears 
previous  to  the  RevolotioD,  a  resident 
of  Virginia.  He  waa  a  Arm  patriot 
during  that  atmggle.  In  1778  be  was 
deoted  a  delegate  to  the  Continental 
Congress ;  and  nine  years  afterward, 
be  was  again  honored  with  a  seat  in 
that  body.  Mr.  Qriffin  died  at  York- 
town,  Va.,  in  December,  1810,  at  the 
age  of  63  years.  The  Continental  Con- 
greaa ceased  to  exist  in  the  spring  of 
1789,  when  the  National  Oovemment, 
under  the  new  Constitution,  com- 
menced ita  career. 
"  Firat  raining  done  in  the  lead  mines  of 
Iowa,  by  Julius  Dubuque,  on  the  site 
of  the  present  city  of  that  name. 


INTINTtON  or  IBOM  BRIDOBI. 

1766.  Iron  bridgca  invented  by  Thomss  Paine, 
the  author  of  "  Common  Henso  "  and 
'*  Age  of  lluoaon."  He  made  a  model 
for  an  inin  bridge  to  be  built  over  the 
BchuylktII,  wlib  a  single  arch  of  iron 
of  400  feet  *\nn.  The  idea  wa*  sug- 
gested to  his  minil  by  olworvlog  tlie 
couitructlun  of  a  spider's  wvli. 

nRST  CONHTITtmONAL  CONORESg. 

1769.  Mar.  4.  First  Congress  under  the  Na- 
tional Constitution  assembled  at  New 
York. 

"  Maokeniie,  in  the  employment  of  the 
Northwestern  Fur  Company,  made 
an  overland  Journev  to  the  great  polar 
river  named  for  him,  wbico  emptiea 
into  the  irctie  Sea. 

*'  Aug.  33.  John  FUtK  tahibUtd  a  boat 
on  th4  SehuplkUl,  at  PHUadtlphia.pnh 
ptUtd  by  «(«am,  and  afterward  a  Mtock 
Company  was  formed,  which  built  a 
steam  packet  that  ran  till  the  company 
failed  in  1700. 

THE  ORIOIKAL  TniKTEKK   BTATK8. 

"  When  the  National  Oovemment  was  es- 
tablished, the  number  of  the  States 
wore  thirteen,  ris.:  New  Hampshire, 
Massachusetts,  Ilbode  Island,  Connec- 
ticut, New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsyl- 
vania, DeUware,  Marvland,  Virginia, 
.  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and 
Qeorgia. 

"  Congress  passed  first  tariff  bill.  The  de- 
partmenta  of  State,  War,  and  Treasury 
created. 

THE   miST  PRESIDENT. 

"  Apr.  80.  Inauguration  of  Goo.  Wsshing- 
ton  as  President,  and  John  Adams  as 
Vice-President 496 

"  Nov.  North  Carolina  adopted  the  Con- 
stitution. Ten  amendments  were  add- 
ed to  the  Constitution  bv  Congress. 
Tlie  Judicial  system  established. 

**  John  Carroll  the  first  Catholic.  Bishop  in 
the  United  States. 

"       Fint  Temptranee  Soeittp  formed  in  the 
United  Statea  by  200  farmers  in  Litch- 
field County,  Connecticut. 
1790.  District  of  Cotnmbia  ceded  to  Maryland 
liy  Virginia. 

"  Laws  psssed — ordering  a  census  to  be 
taken ;  to  provide  for  payment  of  for- 
eign debts ;  naturalization  law ;  patent 
law;  copyright  law;  law  defining  trea. 
son  and  piracy :  penalty  for  both,  bang- 
ing; status  of  the  slavery  question 
settled ;  State  debts,  etc. 

"       Congress  removed  to  Philadelphia. 

"  District  of  Columbia  ceded  to  the  United 
States  by  Maryland,  for  the  location  of 
the  National  Oovemment. 

"      Rhode  Island  accepted  the  Constitution. 

"  Oct.  17-28.  Harmer  defeated  by  the  In- 
dians on  the  Maumee  in  Indiana,  near 
Fort  Wayne.  Oen.  Harmer,  with  a 
force  of  14S3  men,  attacked  the  In- 
dians with  amall  detachments  of  his 
force,  and  was  twice  defeated  with 
great  loss. 

"  First  rolling  mill  introduced  into  the 
U.S. 

DEATH  OF  FBANKLDT. 

"  Apr.  17.  Death  of  Henjamin  Franklin. 
Biography  on  page  433. 


DEATH  or  pimrAir. 

1790.  Mar  99.  Drath  of  Mal..aaa.  Ismrt 
Putnam,  at  Br'toktino,  Conn.,  aged  79 
vears.  Oen.  i>utnam,  although  an  ii- 
literate  man  and  n  iMckwnndsman,  was 
one  of  the  bravest  and  most  truly  pa« 
triotic  Onncrals  in  the  American  army. 
For  a  ftilt  hiogmphv  of  Oen.  Putnan, 
see  page  448  of  this  book. 

TOUT  OEMItTS. 

"      Fi  rst  census  taken— population  4,000,000. 
"      Samuel  Slater,  the  fktber  of  cotton  mana> 

factoring  In  the  United  Statea,  set  ap 

first  maoninery  for  spinning  cotton. 
1701.  United  Statea  Bank  chartered  by  Con- 

gress  with  a  capital  of  910,000,000; 

stock  all  taken  the  first  day. 
■*      Congreaa  laid  a  tax  on  whiaky— the  first 

internal  taxation  to  raise  money  in  th« 

United  Statea. 
"      First  patent  issued  for  threibiag-ma- 

chines. 
**      March  4.    Vermont  admitted  into  tha 

Union. 
**       Oen.  Wovns  appointed  Commander-in- 
chief  of  the  American  forces 408 

"       Vermont  adopte<l  the  Constitution. 

"      Canada  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower, 

or  afterward.  East  and  West  Canada, 
"      Civil  war  raged  in  Havtl,  during  which 

England  conquered  the  Weatam  Cout 

districts. 

BT.   OLAIb's  DEFEAT. 

Nov.  4.  St.  Clair's  defeat  by  the  Indiana, 
While  encamped  with  bis  whole  army, 
2,000  strong,  upon  a  stream  tributary 
to  the  Wabash,  he  waa  surprised  early 
in  the  morning  by  a  large  force  of  In- 
dians, under  the  chief  "Little  Turtle.' 
The  surprise  was  so  complete,  tha 
troops  having  Just  been  dismissed  from 
parade,  and  General  St.  Clair  not  being 
able  to  mount  his  horpe,  that  ihe  militia, 
who  were  first  attacked,  fled  in  utie? 
coni\ision,  and  rushed  into  camp, 
throwing  the  regular  troops  into  dis- 
order. Col.  Darke,  who  commanded 
the  loft  wing,  made  an  impetuous 
charge  upon  the  enemy,  and  forced 
them  tmm  tiieir  ground  with  some 
loss,  but  the  want  of  a  sufflcient  num- 
ber of  riflemen  deprived  him  of  in 
benefit.  The  Indians,  renewing  tha 
atUcIc,  broke  the  right  wing,  and  killed 
the  artillerists  almost  to  a  man,  and 
penetrated  the  camp.  Another  bayonet 
charge  was  made,  driving  tlie  Indians 
fVom  the  camp,  and  a  retreat  was  than 
ordered,  to  aavo  the  remnant  of  the 
army,  and  a  panic  ensued,  the  soldiers 
fleeing  in  dismay  to  Fort  Jefferson, 
some  thirty  miles  away.  The  Indians 
pursued  them  about  four  miles  with 
great  fury,  scalping  and  massacring 
the  captured  and  wounded  without 
mercy,  and  their  eagemeaa  for  plunder 
prevented  the  destruction  of  the  com- 
mand. Nearly  one-half  of  the  army 
were  slaughtered,  being  the  greatest 
defeat  of  American  atms  by  the  In- 
dians  489 

1799.  Kentucky  admitted  into  the  Union. 

"      Law  passed  for  establishing  a  mint. 

"  Congress  passed  an  act  apportioning  rep- 
reaentatlvea  under  the  new  census, 
which  gave  Congress  lOS    members. 

"       Great  opposition  to  the  tax  on  whisky. 

"      May  7.    Capt.  Qray,  commander  of  tba 


rWAM. 

[i^.-Om.  ItrMi 
rnnn,,  »ffti\  73 
■IthnURh  an  ll« 
wondiniM,  WM 
I  iiiniit  truly  p*> 
AnivricKn  army. 
if  0«n.  Putntn, 
ok. 

ITS. 

lUlmi  4,000,000. 
of  ootd'tt  ioMii> 
(I  BtatM,  Nt  op 
inlog  ootton. 
>rt«Nd  by  Con* 
of  110,000,000 1 
tdty. 

'hUky— the  flnl 
*a  moDcy  in  tb* 

r  thnabtng-ma- 

Ditt«d  into  the 

Commander  in- 

rtircm 408 

mititution. 
pp«r  and  Lower, 
West  Canada, 
ti,  during  which 
B  Weatern  Cout 


CFKAT. 

itbythelndianik 
bis  whole  irmy, 
itream  tributary 
I  Rurpriied  earl) 
urge  force  of  In- 
"little  Turtle.' 
I  complete,  the 
I  dIsmiMed  from 
.  Clair  not  being 
,  that  (be  militia, 
cd,  fled  in  utter 
ed  into  camp, 
troops  into  dii- 
iibo  commanded 

an  impetunufl 
my,  and  funded 
und  with  some 
k  aufflcient  nam- 
Tcd  him  of  iu 
■,  renewing  the 
wing,  and  killed 

to  a  man,  and 
Another  bayonet 
ing  the  Indians 
retreat  was  then 
remnant  of  the 
ueil,  the  soldiers 

Fort  JeSurson, 
,'.  The  Indians 
four  miles  with 
and  massacring 
aunded  without 
ness  for  plunder 
tion  of  the  com- 
iilf  of  the  army 
ng  the  greatest 
iTms  by  tbe  In> 

489 

the  Union, 
ing  a  mint, 
pportioning  rep< 
le    new    rensus, 

105    members, 
ax  on  whisky, 
inlander  of  th« 


CHROMOLOOT 


Amarlou  ship  (MImiMa,  diseoraNd 

tba  Columbia  River,  naming  It  alUr 

bis  ship. 
17Mb   Academy  for  tbe  education  of  gtirls  open> 

ad  at  Lltobteld,  Conn.,  by  Ifiss  Prime. 
»      Virst  daily  paper  esUbllshed. 
**      Insurance  Company  of  North  America 

eaUbllsbed  in  Philadelphia. 
-      OMest  canaU  in  the  United  BUtes  dug 

around  tbe  rspids  in  tbe  Connecticut 

Mfer,  at  Boutb  Uadley  and  Montague 

Valla. 
\1t$,  Wasblngton  Inaugnralad  tbe  saonnd  time 

a*  President,  witb  John  Adams  again 

aa  Vioe-Prasident. 
<*      FiultiTe  SUkve  Law  paased. 
"      Jonn  Hancock  and  Roger  Sherman  die. 

IVTKNTIOIf  or  TBE  OOTTON  OIN. 

"  Cotton  gin  invented  by  Whitney.  A 
machine  for  separating  seeds  flrom  cot- 
ton; an  invention  which  revolution- 
iiad  tbe  cotton  trade,  and  which  added 
more  to  tbe  wealth  and  commercial 
Importance  of  tbe  United  Btatea  than 
any  other  invention  or  enterprise  could 
have  done  at  that  time. 

TELLOW  FEVEB. 

•  nihv  FM4r  Jk-U  titiUd  th»  UkUt4 
Btatm  at  PhUadtlpMa. 

**  Vnnce  declared  all  tbe  inhabitants  of 
Hayti  free  and  equal,  and  appointed 
Touissant  I'Overtnre,  a  colored  man, 
commander  of  the  army,  which  was 
composed  of  blacks.  He  succeeded  in 
expelling  the  Spaniards  and  English, 
and  order  was  once  more  restored. 

**  Automatic  signal  telegraph  introduced 
and  applied  In  New  York. 

"  Steam  nrst  applied  to  sawmills  in  Penn- 
sylvania, by  Qen,  Bcntham. 

"      President'a  salary  flxed  at  #35,000. 

WniBKT  BEBELLION. 

17M.  Great  whiskv  rebellion  in  Western 
Pennsylvania,  caused  by  the  tax  levied 
npon  whisky.  A  large  district  in 
Pennsylvania,  where  the  crops  of  grain 
wore  over-abundant,  and  no  dequate 
market  except  the  great  Monongahela 
distillers,  openly  resisted  the  tax  by 
resorting  to  mob  law.  Officials  and 
loyal  citizens  were  whipped,  branded, 
tarred  and  feathered,  and  great  excite- 
ment prevailed  in  all  the  Northern 
States.  The  Union  was  imperiled, 
and  Washington  headed  an  army  to 
meet  the  cnsii.  The  robi.llion  was 
soon  suppressed,  and  law  and  order 

established 488 

**  First  woolen  factories  and  carding-ma- 
chines  established  in  Massachusetts. 

•watne'b  OBEAT  TIOrOBT. 

"  Aug.  Wayne's  great  victory  over  the 
Indians,  under  "Little  Turtle."  Oen. 
Anthony  Wayne,  or  "Mad  Anthony," 
as  he  was  called,  on  account  of  his  reck- 
len  courage,  attacked  the  Indians  upon 
the  Maumee,  in  Ohio,  and  through 
hia  determined  and  impetuous  charge, 
he  routed  the  whole  Indian  force 
from  their  favorite  fighting  ground, 
and  drove  them  more  than  two 
miles  through  thick  woods  and  fallen 
timber  in  the  course  of  one  luiur,  caus- 
ing them  to  sue  for  peace  on  the  con- 
queior's  own  terms.  Their  confederacy 
was  completely  annihilated. 408 


ITM.   Act 
wb] 


passed  for  building  ahiua  of 
ilcb  laid  the  fonndallcB  for  tba 


war, 


u 

II 

w 
u 

17M. 


II 

1700. 
1. 

11 

u 

iivt. 


1708. 


1709. 


ent  navy  system. 
Eleventh  amendment  to  Um  Constitution 

paased, 
American  vessels  wore  prohibited  from 

supplying  slaves  to  any  other  nation. 
First  sewing  thresd  ever  made  from  cot- 
ton produced  at    Pawtucket,  Khodo 

Uand. 
Treaty  of  navigation  and  commerce  with 

Ureat  BriUin. 
Spain  ceded  her  part  of  Hayti  to  France. 
Treaty  of  peace  with  Algiers. 
Treaty  of  peace  secured  with  the  Indiana 

at  Qreenville 408 

Great    opposition   to   the   treaty   with 

Great  Britain.    War  Imminent,  but  tbe 

f;reat  flrmneas  and  decision  of  Wash- 
ngton  averts  it 400 

First  larxe  Aoiorioan  glass  footory  built 
at  Pittsburg, 

Tennessee  admitted  into  tbe  Union.  004 

John  Adama  and  Tbos.  Jefferson  elected 
I>resldent  and  Vice-Prealdent 000 

Orphan  Asylum  chartered  in  Oharlea- 
ion,  South  Carolina. 

Dee.  7.  Washington's  last  speech  to 
Congress,  declining  further  office. .  000 

Mar.  4.  Inauguration  of  John  Adams  as 
Preaideni BOO 

Congress  enacted  stringent  laws  against 
privateering. 

Nu  peaceful  nations  were  to  be  inter- 
rupted by  privateering,  under  penalty 
of  #10,000  fine  and  10  yeara  imprison- 
ment. 

rNnED  STATES  AND  FBANCE. 

France,  incensed  at  the  neutrality  of  the 
United  States  in  their  war  with  En- 
gland, banished  their  minister  (Mr. 
Pinckney)  from  Paris 002 

The  treaty  of  alliance  witb  France  re- 
voked by  Congreas,  and  authority 
given  for  capturing  armed  French  ves- 
sels  008 

Provisions  made  for  raising  a  small  regu- 
lar army 008 

FIB8T  OAHT-IBON   PLOW. 

First  cast-iron  plow  patented  by  New 
bold  of  New  Jersey.  The  patentee 
expended  #80,000  in  perfecting  and 
introdnoiog  the  plow,  and  the  farmers 
refused  to  use  it,  alleging  that  it  poi- 
soned the  land  and  promoted  the 
growth  of  rocks  t 

First  American  cutlery  works  at  Green- 
field, Mass. 

Commercial  Advertittr  established  in 
New  York. 

A  direct  tax  and  additional  internal 
revenues  were  laid 602 

Navy  department  created  and  a  number 
of  war  vessels  ordered  to  tea,  in  ex- 
pectation of  war  with  France 602 

Washington   appointed  Commander-in 
Ohiof^  of    the    army,    by   President 
Adams 008 

TOE   "state's   bights  TBEOBT." 

Conf^ess  passed  alien  and  sedition  lawa, 
which  called  out  the  first  expression 
of  the  "  Hfotn's  Rights  Theory." 

Naval  engagement  bctn-ecn  American 
and  French  ships  of  war.  America 
victorious,  and  terms  of  peace  are  se- 
cured  002 


ITM.  Firtt  laaehara*  aaaodaHM^ _. 

Mldlaaax  Co.  Aasocialloo,  for  tba  im. 
provamaat  of  eommon  schools,  ooat« 
poasd  mostly  of  teachers. 
"      Ruasisa-AmancaB  Fur  Oompaa}  organ* 
iaad. 

oeobob  WAiHinoToiri 

**  Dae.  14.  George  Waahington,  the  flrst 
President  of  tba  United  States,  died 
at  Mt.  Vemun,  Va.  He  waa  bom  ii 
the  colony  of  VirginU  in  1788.  When 
a  little  mora  than  tan  years  of  age,  bis 
fiitbar  died,  and  bis  adneation  and 
care  devolved  upon  hia  aauthar,  wh* 
waa  a  very  superior  womaa.  At  tba 
age  of  10  he  was  a  good  anrreyor,  Md 
was  employed  by  Lord  Fatrfox  to  snr- 
Tey  a  large  tract  of  country  in  tka 
wilds  of  Virginia.  Here  be  beeama 
inured  to  hardships  and  familiar  with 
tbe  Indians,  their  oastnms  and  cbarao- 
ter,  which  prepared  him  for  tba  actlvo 
and  prominent  part  he  waa  destined  to 
act  in  tbe  subaeqnent  wars  witb  tham. 
At  the  age  of  10  he  waa  a  M^for  in  tba 
Colonial  Armv  which  waa  raised  to  sub* 
due  the  hostile  Indians.  At  the  age  ol 
80  hi-  was  sent  by  tbe  Qoveraor  of  Vtr- 
giniii  OS  commissioner  to  the  French 
Commander,  stationed  upon  the  banka 
of  the  Ohio,  a  distance  of  000  milaa 
from  the  settlements,  which  lay  through 
an  unbroken  and  dense  forest,  trav- 
ersed by  roaming  bands  of  savages, 
little  superior  to  the  wild  beasts  in 
native  ferocity.  Upon  his  return  from 
this  expedition,  his  lire  was  attempted 
by  an  Indian  who  was  sent  upon  hia 
trail  by  tbe  treacheroua  French,  who 
were  plotting  the  usurpation  of  the 
country,  and  who  had  enlisted  the  sav* 
ages  in  their  terrible  warfare  against 
the  colonies.  At  22  years  of  age  ha 
was  appointed  a  Colonel,  and  placed  in 
command  of  a  regiment  of  400  mep, 
to  march  against  the  French,  and  drive 
them  from  the  SUte  of  Ohio.  This 
waa  the  beginning  of  a  terrible  and 
bloody  carnage,  lasting  three  years,  tibe 
details  of  wliich  the  faithful  bistoriana 
ufourcountryhsvo  given  us.  Upon  tba 
close  of  these  terrible  scenes.  Washing* 
ton  settled  down  upon  the  "  Mt.  Ver- 
non "  estate,  which  had  descended  to 
him— a  splendid  tract  of  8,000  aeraa, 
4,000  of  which  were  under  cultivation. 
His  wife  brought  with  her  a  aower  of 
#100,000,  and  Waahington  was  one  of 
the  wealthiest  men  of  the  Viiginia 
colonies.  His  life  and  habits  were 
singularly  pure  and  simple,  and  bis 
character  waa  unmarred  by  a  single 
stain.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Revo- 
lution, Washington  waa  chosen  Com* 
mander-in-Chief  of  the  American  army, 
and  the  noble  part  be  bore,  and  the 
great  military  genius  he  displayed  is 
abundantly  recorded  in  tbe  annals  of 
American  History,  and  also  through 
the  tables  of  his  battles  and  victorlea 

given  in  the  pages  of  this  work.  Suf 
ce  it  to  say,  that  be  accepted  the  com- 
mand of  a  little  handful  of  colonists, 
unacquainted  with  the  educational  dis- 
cipline of  militury  schools,  and  desti- 
tute of  military  accoutrements  and  sup- 
plies, and  without  a  navy  to  guard 
their  coasts.  He  was  to  meet  the  armed 
battalions  of  the  strongest  military 
and  naval  power  upon  the  globe.    For 


IM 


CHnONOLOOT. 


tTMi  WashingtoB,  dafSMl  BMMt  not  tMiljr 
4<imM  mhI  raia.  bal  u  ipomlnioM 
dMlh  vpna  th«  Mtflbld.    H*  leetfttd 


4<imM  mhI  raia.  bal  u  inomlnioM 
Ib«  poMtloa  wllb  obMrftilnaM  Mut'nini 


rouraRt,  MAwing  tny  pronlM  of  re^ 
muncratlon.  Ilu  letter  of  McopUncc 
•ddrMMd  to  the  Continental  ConKrvii. 
MMtiilDl  th«M  wonli :  "  I  Im'K  leave  in 
MMure  CongrcM  that,  aa  no  pecuniary 
oonaidemtion  coulil  have  tempted  me 
te  accept  thia  ardnoua  employment  at 
tba  espeoM  of  my  domeatJc  raie  and 
Iwppincaa,  I  do  not  with  to  make  any 
prodt  (torn  It.  I  will  keep  an  eiaot 
■eeoant  of  my  aipenaea.  Thete,  I 
doubt  not,  thev  will  diacharge.  That 
ia  all  I  deatrc.'*  He  continuetl  In  com- 
rnand  of  the  whole  arm*  daring  the 
ieven  yeora'  atniggle,  and  when  peace 
woa  declared,  ha  retired  from  the  army 
leaving  not  an  anemv  in  ila  ranks,  and 
the  wTiole  popalation,  civiliani  and 
•oldiera,  legirded  bim  aa  the  "  Saviour 
of  their  country."  Ilia  fkrewell  to  bit 
offlcer*  in  armi  it  replete  with  charac- 
ter. «  With  a  heart  Aill  of  love  and 
(ratitnde  I  now  take  leave  of  ynu.  I 
BMMt  devoutly  with  that  your  latter 
yean  mn  be  aa  pmtpemua  and  happy 
•a  your  former  ooea  have  been  itlortoua 
•Bd  honorable.  I  can  not  come  to 
each  of  you  to  take  my  leave,  but  iihall 
be  obliged  if  each  of  yon  will  come  and 
tak«  me  by  the  band."  Tean  blinded 
Ua  eyea,  and  be  could  aay  no  more. 


17H.  Not  •  word  waa  noken  aa  eaeh  ofleer 
graaped  hia  hana  with  •  titant  and 
tad  proMura  of  fhrewtll. 

In  the  year  I T8H,  •  grneral  convention 
waa  culled  to  iMllwrate  upon  the  mo- 
trienloua  quet'lnn  of  a  form  of  govern- 
ment, ailapieil  to  rule  llio  United  Colo* 
niet,  Watliingtnn  wat  Mint  at  a  dele- 
gate from  Virginia,  and  wa*  railed  to 
prrtide  over  llie  nmvention.  Tlie  pret- 
ant  Conttitution  of  the  United  S(ati<a 
waa  the  reault  of  tbli  meeting.  For  the 
oAce  of  Chief  Magittrate  of  the  Na- 
tion, Wathington  wm  the  choice  of  the 
people,  tnd  hia  waa  Inaugnratetl  April 
80,  1780.  remaining  In  the  chair  two 
termi  of  four  yeara  each.  When  he 
again  retired  to  private  life,  the  grate- 
iul  ackaowledfftncnto  of  a  united  and 
happy  people  follnwed  him  to  hit  rural 
home.  Wathington  waa.  by  inherit- 
ance, a  itavebolder,  but  tne  lyiitem  met 
hit  strong  diiapproval,  and  In  bit  own 
language  let  Mm  eiproat  bit  feelinga. 
In  a  letter  to  Robert  Morrit,  he  tavt ; 
"There  it  no  man  living  who  wiihet 
more  lincerely  than  I  do  to  t«e  a  plan 
adopted  for  the  abolition  of  tlavery." 
And  in  hi*  latt  will  and  teatament,  he 
arranged  for  the  emancipation  of  all 
hit  tlavct  u|>on  the  death  of  hit  wife ; 
ahe  holding,  by  right  of  dower,  con- 
trol of  them.  But  upon  hit  death,  hit 
wife  relinqulthe<l  her  right,  and  the 
alavet  were  at  once  emannpated.    It  ia 


17M. 


17M. 


■raMMag  to  kaow 
Waablngiaa  waa 


In  whlak 
waa  held  by  Itlnatrloaa 
man  of  The  ••  Old  World.''^  Napolroa, 
ia  tpeaking  of  him  to  an  American,  of 
whom  ha  had  inquired  concerning  bit 
health,  tald;  "wathington  can  never 
be  othrrwiia  than  well,  The  mentnre 
of  hit  fame  it  frill.  Poaterity  will  telk 
of  him  with  reverenee  aa  the  fuundrr 
of  a  great  empire,  when  my  name  thall 
be  loat  in  the  vortei  of  ravniuttont." 
Frederic  the  Oreat,  King  of  Fruiala« 

Rratented  bit  picture  to  Oen.  Wathing- 
m,  autl  beneath  it  on  the  canvat  were 
intcribed  theae  worda  :  "  From  tba 
oldett  Qeneral  in  Europe  to  the  great* 
rat  Ovneral  on  earth. "  Oharlct  Jamot 
Fox,  the  renowned  Britlth  Premier, 
tald  of  him :  "  I  can  not  indeed  help 
admiring  the  witdom  and  fortune  of 
thit  great  man ;  a  character  of  virtuea 
ao  happilv  tempered  bv  one  another, 
and  to  wholly  unallnved  by  any  vioea, 
la  hardly  to  be  founn  on  the  pagea  of 
history.  For  him  it  baa  been  rciervod 
to  ran  the  race  of  glory  without  ex- 
periencing the  tmalleat  interraption  to 
the  brilliancy  of  bit  career." 

YOH  HrmoLDT. 

numbnldt  viiited  South  America,  and  ex- 
plored the  mountein  regions,  and 
gathered  new  colleotlona  to  hit  vast 
atorea  of  aoientiflo  flwta  and  natnnd 
curioaitiea. 


i8  00. 


1801. 

44 


M 
M 

m 


iao8. 


Removal  of  the  aeat  of  Gorerament  to 
Wathington 003 

Temporary  treaty  with  France 009 

General  bankruptcy  law  passed. 

May  13.  Ditl>anding  of  the  provisional 
army 008 

KoT.  TAs  Detnocratie,  or  old  Kepuhliean, 
party  elected  ite  first  candidate  for 
nvaident. 

New  York  Ettning  Pott  ettablishcd. 

March  4.  Inauguration  <>f  Thomtu 
Jeffenon  at  Prttident  of  tbo  United 
States,  with  Aaron  Burr  for  Vice- 
President 008 

June  10.  War  with  Tripoli  com- 
menced  004 

June  14.  Death  of  Bentdkt  Arnold. 
See  biography 431 

Jfapoleon  attempted  to  rttton  tlatery  in 
Bayti. 

Touissant  do  "Overture  was  treacherously 
captured  and  tekcn  to  France,  where 
he  shortly  after  died.  Destalines  be- 
came his  Bucceator. 

Port  of  New  Orleana  closed  by  the 
Spanish  Government,  and  (Tnited  Statea 
vessels  were  forbidden  to  pata  down 
the  Mississippi  River. 

First  public  library  founded. 

Academy  of  Fine  Arts  established  in  New 
York. 

First  patents  issued  for  making  starch 
from  com  and  potatoes. 

Santee  Canal,  in  South  Carolina,  finished. 

Ohio  admitted  into  the  Union 004 


1809.  June.    Humboldt  ascended  Chimboraxo, 

H.  A.,  to  the  height  of  19,286  feet 
1808.  The  French  army  in  Hayti  capitulated 
to  the  commander  of  an  English  squad- 
ron. 

**  American  fleet  sent  to  punish  pirates  in 
the  Barbsry  Stati  s  and  North  Africa.  004 

"  First  undenominational  tract  society 
formed,  and  called  "  Snoioty  for  Pro- 
moting Christian  Knowledge.'* 

"  Adam  and  Wm.  Brent  began  the  manu- 
facture of  pianos  in  Boston. 

**      Fimt  effort  made  toward  teaching  mutes. 

Louiiiana  Purchase, 

"  April  80.  The  territory  Ivlno  between 
the  Onir  of  Mexico  and  the  British 
possessions,  the  Mississippi  Uivcr  and 
the  Pacific  Ocean— over  1,000,000 
square  miles — ^purchased  of  France  for 
$10,000,000.  This  vast  terriiorr  con- 
stituted the  original  State  of  Louisi- 
ana  004 

1804.  Jan.  1.  St.  Doroingue  declared  itself  an 
independent  Republic,  with  Deaoalinea 
Governor  for  life. 

"  Feb.  4.  Frigute  Prttident  destroyed  at 
Tripoli  by  Decatur 005 

"  Fort  Doarliorn  built — the  present  site  of 
Chicago. 

**  Lewis  and  Clark  exploring  expedition 
starts  across  the  plains. 

"  The  Delaware  Indians  cede  to  the  United 
StetM  an  extensive  tract  of  Und  lying 


eoat  of  the  Miislsslppi  River,  and  b^ 
tween  the  Ohio  and  Wabash  River*.  DOS 

Duel  Bthbeen  Alexander  Hamilton 
and  Aaron  Burr. 

1804.  July  11.  Alexander  Hamilton,  ex-Sec 
retary  of  the  Treasury,  shot  and  Itillod 
in  a  duel  with  Aaron  Burr,  Vlce-Pn»i- 
dent  of  the  United  8tetes. 

"  Aug.  Bombardment  of  Tripoli  by  Com . 
Preble 000 

"  Oct.  8.  Dessalines,  Governor  of  St. 
Dnmingue,  broke  the  Constitution  kud 
awnmed  the  title  of  "Emperor  oi 
llavti,"  and  plunged  the  island  into  a 
series  of  civil  wara  by  hia  fantaatic  at- 
tempt at  royalty. 
1800.  Sitka,  Alaska,  founded  by  the  Russian- 
American  Fur  Companv. 

*'  Ice  first  became  an  Hticle  of  commerce 
in  the  United  States. 

"  England  leiud  «ev''V..  ,i..  ad  Ameriean 
teiielt  and  intuit.  '  '/te  national  flag, 

"      June  4.  Peace  concluded  with  Tri|>oli.aO(> 

"  March  4.  Thomat  Jtfftrton  re-inaugu- 
rattd  at  Prttident,  with  George  Clinton 
for  Vice-President 608 

Columbia  River  and  Oregon  Ex- 

plored. 

**  Not.  10.  Cbtfk  and  Lewis  arrived  at  tht 
Columbia  River  on  their  exploring 
voyage. 


inwbkk 

I  b*  lllwtriAaa 
M.'*  Napolrnn, 
M  AnMrivM,  in 

roncarnlnff  bit 
iffUm  can  neraf 
.  Th«  mrninr* 
•trritjr  will  Ulk 

M  the  fiiundrr 
1  my  nam*  ihall 
of  raTnlulloni.** 
tna  of  PruMla, 
I  Ora.  WmIiIdit- 

lb«  MBTM  w*r« 

I :  *'  From  the 
pa  to  tha  ffrnat* 

Obarlaa  Jamoa 
ritUb  Premier, 
lot  indaad  balp 
and  fortune  of 
•cter  of  TJrtuet 
>f  one  anotber, 
a  by  any  Tioea, 
>n  tbe  pagea  of 
a  b«en  mcrrod 
>ry  wilbunt  ex> 

Interruption  to 
■eer." 

DT. 

inierlca,and  »• 

re^Hona,   and 

•na  to  hit  Taat 

ta  and  natnrti 


Rlrer,  and  h^ 
aah  nirari.  MM 

tt/er  Hamilltm 
lurr. 

lilton,  ex-Sec 
ihut  and  killed 
irr,  VIce-Prttl. 

poll  byCnni. 

505 

vemor  of  8t. 
oitltution  iud 

"Emporor  oi 
I  iiland  Into  n 
la  iiintaatio  at- 

tha  Runian- 

of  commerce 

»d  Ameriean 
itionaljlng, 
th  Tri|ioll.  SUo 
on  re-inaugu- 
leorge  Clinton 
508 

7regoH  Ex- 


irrired  at  tha 
lir  exploring 


OHBOMOLOOT. 


IWT. 


Ayni  nd  Moalavliiao  eapturad 

by  tbe  InglUb. 
Scoraaby,  in  command  of  a  whalinR  vta- 

aei,  readied  the  latitude  of  HI  —within 

000  milaa  of  tbe  North  Pole, 
May  10.    "BritUh  Onlert  in  ConnoU," 

wbioh  dechwed   the  whole   coa«t   of 

■nrope  in  a  itatu  of  hlookade 000 

Skva  trade  abulUbod  In  Jamaica. 

Sfot/tJ  Fntr. 

The  spotted  fercr  appeared  in  Maaaaehu- 
aatta,  ipreadinfc  orrr  the  other  Htatee, 
and  continuinK  until  tbe  year  1015, 
and  proved  very  fatal. 

Firti  Htliif  tMHy  for  widowa  and 
children,  fbunded  in  New  York  by 
Joanna  Betbane. 

Total  eolipae  of  the  tun  at  midday. 

Oct.  11.  Deaaallnea  aMaaainatod,  and 
Eaatam  Havti  retume<i  to  Bpanlih  rule. 
Woatera  Ilayti  waa  divided  between 
aareral  rival  ohieh. 

ir<T.  91.  BtnnparUU  '^BtrUn  DierM,'" 
wi'.'icb  forbade  tbe  introduction  of  En- 
gliah  goode  into  any  port  of  Europe, 
avan  by  tbe  veaaela  of  neutral  pow- 
•re OOa 

Britiab  Taeaela  ordered  to  leave  United 
HUtea  watera 507 

June  S9.  Attack  on  the  American 
Mgate  ChtiaptalM  by  tha  British  abip 
L»ipard 500 

Aaron  Burr  Tried  for  Treason, 

Aaron  Burr  waa  tried  for  high  treason, 
and  waa  alao  charged  with  a  conipiraoy 
againit  the  Ouvemment,  and  with 
being  ambltloaa  for  dominion,  and 
with  contemplating  founding  a  new 
empire,  with  himaelf  for  sovereign. 
But  the  proaecution  ibiled  in  ita  legal 
proofiK  and  be  waa  acquitted. 

Congreaa  ordered  tbe  first  coaat  survey. 

Qreat  Britain  lays  a  tribute  upon  all 
neatral  nations  trading  with  France  or 
her  alliea 600 

Slave  Trade  Declared  to  be  Piracy. 

Importation  of  tlatet/orUildtn  by  Con- 
greaa, and  the  traffic  declared  to  be 
piracy. 

Wooden  clocka  first  manufactured  by 
machinery  in  Connecticut,  by  Eli 
Ter#y. 

Dec.  17.  Bonaparte't  "Ifilan  Deerte." 
He  decrees  the  conflscation  of  all  vos- 
aeia  and  cargoes  violating  the  "  Berlin 
Decree,"  or  submitting  to  search  by 
Ureat  Britain,  or  paying  her  unlawftil 
tribute 60rt 

Dec.  22.  Bmharao  laUl  by  the  United 
Statea  upon  all  commerce  preventing 
American  vessels  ttnta  sailing  for 
foreign  ports,  and  all  foreign  vessels 
firom  taking  out  cargties,  and  all  coast- 
ing vesaels  were  required  to  give  bonds 
to  land  their  cargoes  in  the  United 
SUtes 000 

Fultotis  Steamboat. 

Pint  lueet^ful  steamhoat  built  bjr  Robt. 
Fultnn,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
called  the  Clermont.  Mr.  r'ulton  mode 
his  trial  trip  on  the  Hudson  Kiver, 
from  Mew  York  to  Albany,  and  thou- 
sands of  curioua  spectators  thronged  the 
■bores  to  witaaaa  tbe  failure  of  "  Fnltoa 


IM7.  tka  rMatic."  None  bellarea,  km 
hoped,  and  everybody  Jeered,  Aa  old 
Quaker  aoeostud  a  toubr  man  who  had 
tak«n  peaiagn,  In  this  manner:  " Mkn. 
wUl  thtf  ritk  Ikfi  Hft  in  tueh  a  tontern  T 
t  lell  tKf»  Mo  i»  thti  moMfiarftil  vUd- 
fovt  lirina,  and  thu  fathtr  oufhl  la 
tfMrnin  thrt."  Hut,  on  PrIdav  morn- 
ing, this  4th  of  August,  the  tn*rmont 
left  the  wimrf,  and  went  puffing  up  tbe 
Hudson  with  every  ))erth,  twelve  la 
numbt-r,  engagcii  to  Albany.  The  Ikre 
waa  seven  uollart.  Fulton  stood  upoa 
the  deck  and  viewed  the  motley  and 
Jeering  rronrd  upon  the  ahnra,  with 
silent  satisfaction.  As  she  got  fliirty 
under  way  and  mnvrd  miOt'Stlcally  up 
the  stroiim,  thrnt  aroMi  a  doaftning 
hurruh  Ooiii  ten  thousand  tbr<iatii.  Tbe 
paMengcrs  ntumcd  the  cheer,  but  Ful 
ton,  with  flashing  eye  and  manly  bear- 
ing, remained  specclileas.  He  felt  tliia 
to  l>v  hU  limg  sought  hour  of  triumph. 
They  were  cheered  all  along  the  paa- 
sagti  Ooro  every  hamlet  and  lown,  and 
at  West  Point  the  whole  garrison  were 
out  and  cheered  most  liiatiiy,  At  New- 
burg,  the  whole  surrounding  country 
hndtgathered,  and  the  side-hill  city 
swarmed  with  curious  and  excited 
multitudes.  The  lioat  reached  Albany 
ntAy — tlU  miles  In  U'i  hours,  and  re- 
turned In  10.  The  Clrrmont  waa  a 
success,  and  Hobert  Fulton  was  famous. 
1800.  Jan.  I.  Slave-trade  in  th*  United  State* 
abiiliihtd. 

'*  Bonsparte  ordered  the  aeiiure  and  con- 
flscation of  all  American  vesaela  arriv- 
ing in  France 500 

*'  Fir»t  prin  ling  offUe  ie**t  <if  th*  MUtiuiftpi 
JH*er  established  at  St.  Louis,  by  John 
Henkle, 

'<      First  Bible  Society  founded  in  Philadel- 
phia. 
1800.  Oulana  taken  fIrom  the  French  by  the  En- 
glish. 

"      First  woolen  mills  set  up  in  New  York. 

"       March  1.     I'he  Jimbargo  repealfd. . . .  507 

"  "  4.  James  Madison  ant  Oeorge 
Clinton  inaugurated  Preaii-ent  and 
Vice-President 607 

"  All  commercial  intercourse  forbidden 
between  Franco  and  England. . . .  507 

Bonapartis  Orders. 

1810.  Napoleon  Bonaparte  ordered  the  sale  of 

183  confiscated  American  vessels  and 
cargoes,  valued  at  t'^,OuO,000. 

"  March.  RamhouiUH  Decree  issued  by 
Napoleon,  ordering  all  American  ves- 
sels to  be  seized  and  condemned. .  507 

"  Manufacture  of  steel  pena  began  in  Balti- 
more. 

"  Tint  agricultural  fair  in  the  United 
States  held  at  Georgetown,  D.  C. 

"  Insurrection  in  Mexico  under  Don  Miguel 
Hidalgo. 

"  Independence  of  Colombia,  S.  A.,  pro- 
claimed. 

"  Bolivnr  sent  to  London  to  buy  arms  for 
Venezuela. 

"      Revolution  hegan  in  Chill. 

"      Porcelain  clay  discovered  in  Vermont. 

"  Hartford  Fire  Insurance  Company  incor- 
porated. 

1811.  Mov  16.    EngORcmcnt  between  the  U.  8. 

frigate  I'irsiilent  and  the  British  sloop 
of  war  Little  Belt. 508 

'•  Deuredations  upon  American  vessels  by 
England  and  Franco  continued . . .  508 

"      Plan  rar  pUting  vesaels  with  imn,  aa  a  de- 


IbM*  agalMl  ilwl  tad  iksll,  dMiiMl  bf 

R,  L.  (Havaas. 
lilt.   Th*  Jinl  »t*amboat  Ar  Wttlem  ttattr*, 

the  JVew  Mean*,  btiilt  by  Robert  rul> 

ton. 
"      Horews  wera  made  by  maeblaery  fbr  tha 

first  time  at  Philadelphia. 
"      Nov.  7.      Iktttl*  ef   TiffoeMM.     Ta- 

oumaah  deflMted  by  Oen.  Harriaon .  919 
**      Deo.    Buminff  »/  a  Ihtair*  in  Mthwund, 

Tha  Oovernor  of  Vlrvinia  and  fkmlly. 

anti  a  large  number  of  penona,  pariabad 

in  the  fbimea. 
"      Colombia  declared  indepeadeat. 
*'      Oblll  victorious  and  independenea  pr»> 

claimed,  with  Carrera  aa  Praatdant. 
u      Uruguay  attached  to  Montevideo. 
"      Buenoa  Ayrea  begins  a  struggle  fbr  iada* 

pondence. 
"      Mexican  insurgents  shot. 
'■      Union  of  Veneaueia,  Ecuador,  ai  d  NsW 

Oranada  in  tbe  Republie  of  Colombia. 

Bule  of  a  Tyrant. 

"  Independence  of  Paraguay  acblavetlj 
but  the  power  of  the  uovcmment  fell 
into  the  baada  of  Dr.  Franola,  who  be- 
came absolute  dictator.  He  ruled  tha 
country  fbr  10  yeara  with  mardleaa 
rigor.  He  ato^ied  all  ingreaa  and 
egreea  of  foreigners,  and  the  ebipping 
rotted  In  the  rivers,  and  all  enterpriaa 
ceased.  Liberty  of  speech  was  sup- 
preaaed,  and  the  better  clasa  of  peopla 
were  generally  deatroyed. 

"      Uruguay  attached  to  MoMtartdao, 


Great  Earthquake. 

"  Oroat  and  extensive  earthquake  at  Nnir 
&la<lrid,  Mo.,  extending  nearly  800  miles 
along  the  Mississippi,  and  doing  great 
damage  to  the  country,  changmg  the 
currents  of  the  rivers  and  awallowing 
up  l»rge  sections  of  land. 

"  John  Jiuob  Aitor'i  Pae(/le  Fur  Company 
eitablisbed  their  post  at  Aatoria,  Ore- 
gon. 

"  Breech-loading  riflea  were  invented  by 
John  Hall. 

"       Th*  number  (^Ameriean  vessels  eaptursif 
by  Sngland  in  th*  pr*e»ding  Jit*  year* 
tea*   017,  bg  Front*  658,  aiKi  10,000 
»*amtn  were  impre»*ed. 
1819.  April  8.    Embargo  laid  for  00  day*. 

"  "    8.     Louisiana  admitted  into  tka 

Union. 

"  May.  Congress  levied  a  tax  of  $8,000,- 
000. 

War  of  Eighteen  Hundred  and 

Twelve. 

<*      Juno    18.      War   declared   with    Orttat 

Britain 008 

"      June  28.    British  Orders  in  Council  re- 

•*      July  12.    Hull  invaded  Canada 508 

"        "    17.    Surrenderof  Mackinaw...  508 

"      Aug.  6.    Van  Home  defeated. 

"         "    8.    Miller  defeated. 

«  "  13.    The  E*»tt  silenced  tbe  British 

ship  of  war  Alvrt. 

**  Aug.  15.  Surrender  of  Gen.  Hull  at 
Detroit  before  the  first  Mow  waa 
struck 608 

"  Aug.  10.  Capture  of  the  British  Arlgate 
Ouorriere  by  the  Conititution  ("CM 
Ironsides") 508 

"  Oct.  18.  Defeat  of  the  Americana  at 
Qucenstown. 


•  fit 

Mil. 


lata. 


u 
u 

M 
M 

U 


1814. 


CM.  II.    OmMM  H  Um  MiUh  brig 

#W<i   by   lb«   V.  •.  ^vv  of  WW 

HP^^    log 

Oft  M  6«p<iw«  of  iIm  iMiiih  Vviftta 
JT'M'/mi^'iii  hjr  Iba  fHgato  I^n^fMl  M<(<«t, 
C'Mi  UcMtur. OM 

Dn,  M.  IXvinwUtM  of  til*  llrilltb 
AriRM*  /itM,  off  tbt  ooMt  of  RtmII,  bjr 
Iba  C'MtlMii«<»ii,  Capt,  ltolnbr<<lR«.  009 

VeoMiivU  rwliicwl  i<<  KpuUh  rak*. 

BiwnM  AjrrM  vlctortoiw  ovtr  Spain. 

a«a.  Mliaada  tent  aa  prlaoaar  to  Hpain, 

Mamaer*  by  Ik*  Mimnt  at  Vrtnthtimn  ci 
AnMwioaa  prlaonai*  In  eara  of  Oan. 
Pioator,  who  laft  tbam  UDprutaot- 
•d »0t 

Mareb  4,  /««•••  Mmdimn  t*4iMngHrMtd 
at  PrmUiMl,  wttb  WbriUia  Uarry  for 
Vtca-PreattlMtt 70S 

Tba  Craak  ladlMM  a«bduad  by  Oan. 
Jaokaon Stl 

r/W  BrUUi  blottadtd  M«  AmtriMH 
tM*t SM 

Dual  Mnao   Otinrml  Jaelion  and  Col, 

BllUOH, 

Tha  pnwa^lmm  lutroduoad  Into  tha  Unl- 

twlMataa. 
Obiti    Inradad    by    Parq)*.    ■    BpanUh 

offlcer,  Mil  raducad  to  innjaotion. 
Bolivar  maieboa  to  Iba  nonquaat  of  Vcna- 

micbk.    Carraooaa  oapitulataa. 
Maslco   dccUrad    InJapradent,    and   a 

National  Congraaa  oallad  uadar  Momlei, 
Knt  rollinf-mUU  built  at  PiUdturg,  fa. 
aUrtot}fpinf  flrtt    iiUr»duetd    inl4»    tkt 

Unittd  ataUt. 
Fab.  M.    Tba  Utrntt,  Capi  Lawrenca, 

eapturaa  the  DrItUb  iloop  Ptarotk.  000 
April  37.     Capture  of  York  (Toronto), 

Upper  Canada,  by  Brig.  Oan.  rikc,  wbo 

loat  bla  Ufa  by  the  axploalon  of  tha 

nafasina  dnriac  tha  action i{>9 

May  Tl.    Battle  i^  Fort  Ueorga SOS 

»    S8.    Britiih  attaok  Backott'a  Harbor 

aad  are  repulaad ftos 

Jiwol.  0»pturmf  tht  frifott  Ohuaptakt, 

Oapt.  Lawrence,  by  tba  Britlah  irigate 

(SAaiMMi.  Tha  captain  of  the  UkMopeat* 

wa«  killed  in  tbo  action StU 

July.    Attack  of  Britlab    and    Indiana 

upon  Fort  Moisi  and  Fort  Staphcnaon. 
Aug.  14.    Amerkan  ahip  Argu*  taken  by 

the  Britiah  aloop  Ptliean SIO 

Aug.  SO.    Mauacre  of  Fort  Mimota,  Ala. 

Three  hundred  peraona  killed  by  the 

Indiana sio-ll 

Sept.  S,    EnttrpriH  capturca  tbo  Boictr. 

"  10.    Commodore  I^rry't  grtal  victory 

•n  Lal4  KrU SIO 

Tecumseh  Killed. 

Oct.  B.  Battle  of  the  Thamci,  Canada, 
between  Ocn.  Ilarriion  and  Oen.  Proc- 
tor, with  hli  Indian  alliea  under  Tecum- 
aob,  wbo  waa  killed  in  tba  aotioa.  SIO 

Nov.  11.     Battle  of  WilllMiaburg. 

Dec.  13.    Burning  of  Newark,  Canada. 

Dec.  18.  Buflklo  burnrd  by  the  Brltiab. 
"  80.  Capture  of  Fort  Niagara,  N.Y., 
by  the  Britiib. 

Dec.  ao.  DeaoUtion  of  the  Niagara 
frontier  by  tbo  Britiah. 

March  37.  Battle  of  Hor*o-aho«  Band, 
by  Oen.  Jaokaon,  in  the  Creek  war. 
Tbo  Indiana  were  entirely  aubdued, 
and  000  warriors  wvro  alain.  Peace 
was  f(X>n  secured 811 

March  28.  Capture  of  the  Kuet  at  Val- 
paraiso^ B.  A.,  by  the  British  frigate 
PA*** SI3 

April  89.  Ptaeoeh  eapturaa  the  Epertitr 


CHBONOLOOT. 

1«I4.  May  S.    Oawago  boMbaidad  aad  takaa 

byika  Britiah Sll 

"      iuna  M.    Tha  JMWaaf  eapturad  by  tba 

IFlM>. 

"  July  •,  Fori  Rria  eapturad  from  tha 
llrillsh Ill 

**  Jul*  S.  Ilatile  nf  (  blppewa  Ibught  by 
(Una.  Brown  ami  Hcutt Sll 

1am,  loniiht  undur  Ovn.  Hcott,  who 
waa  wnundutl Sit 

*  Aug.  tend  II.    Btoaington,  Conn.,  bom< 

bardo^l  by  the  Hrliisb. 
••      Aug.  IS.    Battle  of  F<in  Rria. 
»         '^94.    Battle  of  BbMlanaburg. 

iy*skiit(;t0m  Burntd, 

*  Aug.  IS.     Briilsh  ooeupy  Waahingtoa, 

and  bum  tha  eapltol  and  public  build- 
ings   S19 

'*  Aug.  19.  Aleianflria,  D.  C,  taken  by 
the  British St9 

**      Brpt.  1.    The  Watip  eaplursa  tba  Aton, 

"  '^  S.  Attack  on  Fort  Bowvr  (now 
Morgan),  Ala.  The  American  loss  was 
819 All 

"  Sept.  11.  MeDoHough'»  rirtory  on  Laht 
Chamvlain,  near  Platlsburg.  Tha 
Britiah  lost  in  thia  engagement  over 
9,000  men. 

"  Sept.  18.  lisltlo  near  Baltimore.  Bom- 
bardment  of  Fort  Henry. 

"  Not.  7.  British  eipelled  from  PensacoU, 
Fla.,  by  Jackson. 

"      Dee.  14.    Battle  un  LakeRorgue,  La.  SIS 

"  "  98.  battle  below  New  Orleans, 
lia. SIS 

"  Deo.  24.  Treaty  ot  Peace  signed  at 
Ohent,  Belgium S14 

•*  Jttbro  Wood  pattnted  hi*  iron  mold- 
board  plow. 

"  Firtt  $tt$l  jdatM  for  engrattng  mad*  by 
Jatob  Ptrkini,  ^  Mimathutltt. 

"      First  Mexican  Constitution  proniulgated. 

"  Indian  mauuere  at  Fort,  litarbora  (M«it 
Okieato),  JU;  and  the  fort  burntd. 

"  BolWar  pmclaimed  Dictator  of  the  west- 
em  provinces  of  Vonezupla. 

"      Guiana  retaken  by  the  French. 

"  John  Ollroy,  first  Anglo-Saitm  settler  in 
California,  settled  In  the  Santa  Clara 
Valley. 

*'  The  HpaniHh  General  Bores  defeated 
Bolivar,  with  a  loss  tu  the  patriota  of 
18,000  men. 

"      The  Spaniards  take  Carraccas. 

Jatkson's  Great  VUtory  at  New 

Orleans. 

1818.  Jan.  8.  Battle  of  Ne-v  Orleana.  Oen. 
Jaekaon  commanded  the  American 
forcea,  and  Gen.  Paokrnliam  the  lirit- 
iab.  Jaekaon  obtained  a  great  victorv, 
the  Britiah  loaa  amounting  to  nearly 
9,000,  while  tlie  Americans  lost  but  18 
men S12 

"  Jan.  18.  The  Praddtnt  captured  by  a 
British  squadron. 

•«  Feb.  17.  frtaty  of  Ohent  rallfitd  by  th* 
Pruidmt. 814 

"  Feb.  30.  ConMtution  captures  the  Cyan* 
and  Imant. 

"  Feb.  34.  Robert  Fulton,  the  first  Ruc- 
cessful  inventor  nnd  liuilder  of  a  steam- 
boat, died  in  Now  York.  His  first 
boat  built  in  America  was  tlie  Oltr- 
mont,  which  started  upon  its  trial  trip 
from  New  York  to  Albany,  Hept.  10, 
1607.    Mr.  Fulton  waa  not  the  inventor 


nf  *t«H»«aTtgaHaa,  b«l  by  MMag 
diligenea   aad   grsat  ganlua,   ha    » 
vsmJMd  ih*  cmieaplloa  af  other  minds 
Into  a  prartleal  aad  baanilM  rsaHty. 
ISIS.  Marrh.    WardtiartdwilK  Alqiert.     Hi 

"      Manb  VK,    llnrnH  raptuma  the  Ptnyttin. 

"  Dra*il  rnlfd  to  Ih*  rank  iff  m  Kinydim  bf 
I'ortugiil. 

"      May.     hiHtatnrsant  affainiit  Alglera. 

**  Cartagena  taken  liy^lorillu,  a  H|ianlak 
ulHairr. 

"      June  17.     Algerina  frigat*  raplurrd, 

**  First  aiea  manuAietunNl  in  the  United 
Htaira  by  Ollvar  Hunt,  la  laat  Doug* 
hsa,  Mate. 

Great  Gait  in  New  EnglanJ. 

"  Baal.  98.  Grrat  gala  and  torMl  in  New 
tngland.  Immanso  damage  waa  d<«a 
to  prooerty.  and  much  shipping  da> 
slmya<l  in  the  harbnrsk  aad  the  lose  of 
lib  waa  Rreat.  In  Pravldance,  Hhotia 
Island,  vuwMla  were  aetuaHy  driven 
over  the  wbaivea  and  thmugh  tho 
atreeta.  The  rain  deaeeuded  In  torrents, 
and  In  many  phKiaa  ftualliea  wera 
meuod  in  boata  frum  the  upper  stories 
of  their  houses.  M^)rslM  oaks,  » 
hun<lred  yeara  old,  were  torn  np^ 
their  mots,  and  twisted  Into  shnxis. 
In  Htonington,  Conn.,  the  tide  roaa  17 
fuel  higher  than  usual.  Tbvie  Is  no 
account  uf  a  storm  or  galo,  in  all  re* 
sprcts,  so  retnarkalile  as  was  this  In  tha 
history  of  tho  United  Htatva.  In  8S 
houra  the  fall  of  ndn  reached  8.00 
Inobea.  The  damage  done  by  the  flood 
almnat  equaled  that  uf  the  nurdcane. 
Millions  of  dollars  of  property  and 
very  many  Uvea  were  lost. 

**      Dee.  99.    Morales  eseoutad  aa  a  rebel, 
1819.      ■*    11.     Indiana    admlttad    into    tha 
Uni<m. 

••  Baoond  United  Stataa  Bank  chartcrsd 
with  a  osplUI  of  $88,000,000. 

"  Bltant  Jlrtt  applttd  to  paper-maUny  jit 
Pitttiburg. 

"  The  Portuguese  take  possession  A  M'At*« 
video. 

**  The  united  provinces  of  La  Pbta  declared 
imicpendent 

"  Jame*  Monroe  tea*  iltetil  Preitdent  and 
JlinitI  V.  Tomkint  Viee-PreiUUnt..  SIS 

"  Bolivar  prucluimcd  Conunander-in^biof 
of  the  forcea  In  Vonezuela  and  New 
Qranada. 

"      Conquest  of  Guiana  by  the  patriots. 

"  Mrs.  Emma  Wlllard  opened  her  famous 
school  for  girls  in  Troy,  N.  Y. 

"       ThU  uai  knoun  a*  th*  year  uilheul  a  rum- 
mir. 
1817.  Penfton*  granted  to  Sttolutlonary  toldieri. 

'*  Indians  in  Georgia  and  Alabama 
subdued  by  Generals  Jackson  and 
Gaines Sll 

"       Jlrie  Canal  commtneed. 

"  Dec.  10.  Misstissippi  admlttad  into  tha 
Union 617 

•«  Chili  invaded  by  Oen.  Ban  Martin.  Ha 
defeats  the  Royalista. 

•'  Bolivar  defeated  Morillo  after  a  desperate 
battle  of  three  days. 

"  The  Bpanlsh  forces  evacuate  tho  provinces 
of  New  Oranada  and  Venezuela. 

"  Publishing  house  of  Harper  A  Brother 
founded  in  Now  York. 

"  The  Columbian  Printing-press,  invented 
by  Geo.  Clymer,  was  the  first  impor- 
tant Improvement  in  printing-prossoala 
thia  country. 

"      New  England  Asylum  for  tba  Deaf  and 


iNrt  by 
gmlM,  h«    1*^ 
•  of  mnar  inlitcl* 
Milfil  raaHiy, 
KAlaiwt    .  M4 
nw  tliv  /'fnfutn. 

•«t  AlKkn. 

rillo,  •  HiMwiall 

• 

to  raptur<'<l. 
I  In  th«  Uniitil 
,  la  ImI  Don^ 


111  Englanil. 
(1  floTMl  in  Naw 

MMRt  WM  (lf«l« 

,  Md  (ha  Iota  of 
>vid««oa,  Rhoilc 
•etiuHjr  tlriven 
il  tbrmiifh  tlio 
tdad  In  tnmnta, 

flmlllea  wera 
tba  upper  itorlct 
i^ratM  onka,  • 
«n  ton  vp^ 
ad  into  ahrotia, 
tba  tida  rnaa  IT 
J.  Tbvia  ia  no 
r  gnio,  In  alt  ra> 
■  waa  tbia  in  tb« 

Htatfa.  Ia  M 
in  r«iiob«d  8.08 
lone  h*  tba  flood 
r  tba  Durdoane. 
t  piuparty  and 

[Mt. 

ad  aa  a  rebel, 
ttad    Into    tht 

Dank  obartcrad 
00,000. 
Htjitfrnatiny  jI 

Daaion  :1  M^nl» 

Plate  declarwi 

PrmUUnt  and 
.l'niUent..M 
naadar-in-cbitl 
Euala  and  New 

e  patriota. 

ird  ber  famous 

,N.Y. 

r  tetlheul  a  ium» 

lionary  toUieri, 

and    Alabama 

Jaokaon   and 

on 

littad  into  tba 

617 

Martin.    Ha 

!ier  a  dcaperata 

to  the  proviboes 

inezuelb. 

par  &  Brother 


,  Invented 
le  flrat  inipor* 
ting-preaaoaia 

tba  Deaf  and 


Dmab  ftmdad  bjr  Dr.  M.  F.  Cagiwail 
aad  T.  H.  Uallaway. 
in  I.  OtrtUTHtimt  tf  th*  fr—tnt  VMltd  AulM 
Oupital  UiM.  Un(i«fl  Hteiia  flag  p«ir< 
maaaatiT  remmltilml. 
••  Mar  M.  I*aa*ooola,  rinrida,  eap«ur»d 
Iroai  tba  BpiiBiib  bj  Om.  Jaokaon  .917 
Illlaola  admltltd  Into  Iha 
817 


••      Dan.    B. 
Unbtn 
**      Chill  aaenrad  bar  ladapaaduno*. 

Firtt  Sttamboal  Croiudikt  Allantit. 

Milk  The  Amarieaa  ataamablp  BtnmnnnK  made 
tha  Oral  afaaai  Tuyagt  aoroM  tba  At- 
kallc. 

Odd  Ftlltwthif  im  tht  VniltdStalit. 

*  April  M.  Tha  flrat  parmanaat  LoilKe  waa 

fiirmad  la  Balliniora,  Md.,  li*  Thomaa 
Wilday,  an  EnKllabmaii,  willi  a  mnm. 
barablp  of  flve  pcranna,  and  rallvd 
Waahlaglon  I.od«,  Nn.  1.  Tn-dajr  the 
nambarabtp  of  tba  Order  U  nuwbcrad 
b*  aeoraa  v/l  tbooianda. 
"  Boll? ar  called  a  National  Connmlion,  and 
aa  army  of  14,000  mvn  wa*  ruUed, 
tuffatbar  with  powerAi!  aid  fVnm  Kn- 
*  gland  la  Teeaala  and  munltiooa  nf  war, 
with  oAcera  from  Uermany,  Fraaoa, 
and  Poland. 

*  Indepaadenea  of  Colombia  aociircil  by 

liolivar,  anda union  formed  wlib  Vene- 

■uela  and  ()uito,  under  nuiiio  of  Ue- 

paiilie  of  Colombia. 
*■       Capo  Breton  ra-anneied  to  NoTa  Hcotls. 
•«      Deo.  U.    Alabama   admitted   into   tbe 

Union 817 


Misiouri  Comfromist. 

JHuourt  ComjtromlM  agrt*d  to  by  Con- 
grim. 

In  1H18  a  petition  waa  pretented  to  Con- 
greea  from  the  Territory  <if  Mimourl, 
aaking  authority  to  form  a  Conatltullofi 
fiiraatote.  In  Feb.,  18 It,  Mr.  TnlmiiKc, 
a  New  York  Kepuhlican,  moved  an 
amendment  prohibiting  tbe  introduc- 
Mon  of  alavery  into  aay  new  t^tnte.  A 
stormy  debate  of  three  daya  followed, 
during  which  Mr.  Cobb,  of  Ui'orf(ia, 
■aid,  "  A  flre  baa  been  kindlvd  which 
all  the  watera  of  tbe  ocean  can  not  put 
cot,  and  which  only  aeaa  of  bliMid  can 
ostinguiah."  T<>  which  Mr.  Talm»Ko 
replii'd;  "If  civil  war,  whirh  gentle- 
men ao  much  Ihrvaton,  muit  coinc,  I  can 
only  aay,  let  il  come  I  ....  Ifliloxlia 
neoeaaary  to  ektinguiah  anv  flro  which 
I  bare  aaaiited  to  kindle,  while  I  regret 
the  noneaalty,  I  shall  not  hesitate  to 
contribute  my  own."  Tbe  Senate  struck 
out  tbe  amendment,  and  tbe  inca-<ure 
waa  loat.  In  1^30  a  bill  was  iiaaacd 
authorising  Missouri  to  form  a  Consti- 
tution without  restriction',  Imt  to  which 
wa*  attached  a  section  prohibiting 
alavery  In  all  territories  north  of  latitude 
86'  80'.  This  clause  is  what  is  known 
aa  the  "  Missouri  (Compromise,"  and 
waa  warmly  advocated  l>y  Ilcnry  Cluy, 
ami  wliich  was  called  "Ileury  Clay's 
Compr.imise  Measurr," 

Marcli  13.  Muluu  admitted  into  the 
Union 517 

Oct  Cession  of  Florida  to  the  United 
States  for  $8,000,000,  and  ratified  by 
Spain 817 

Rested  discussions  in  Congress  on  tbe 
Slavery  Queatim. 


ORllOIfOLOOT. 

ino.  ftnassloa  oaps  fcr  gmw  flist  eaoM  lalo 

aa«, 
"       JfoiMwe  ^^t^lt^  PHiliUnt  th*  miond  timt, 

with  Daniel  ('.  Tompkiaa   again    aa 

VIes-Praaldeat. 
"      A  l)sm<«ralie  (lor*mm*nl  daeUrs<l  ia 

Iha  provlneaa  of  U  I'late. 

Ptlr^tum  Dium'trtd, 

"  fttnltrtm  nrlngi  utr*  Jtrd  Umeh  in 
Ohta,  altliougb  their  eiialencn  was 
known  to  tha  earliest  srttlera  arounil 
tha  h*ad  waters  of  th«  Alleghsnv  Klver, 
and  oll-crscks  were  fband  in  Pennsyl- 
vania and  New  York  from  which  lbs 
Inhabttaata  gatberad  oil  by  aprvading 
woolen  lilanKeta  oa  tbs  suriaoa  and 
ringing  them  out. 

**  Maeatiamised  roada  flrst  Introduced  Into 
tha  Unilsd  MIslaa. 

"       D*atk  ff  DnnOl  Boonf,  of  Kentucky,  an 

Amcriran  plonrer,  explorer,  and  bunta- 

nian  of  much  renown. 

1991.  July  >l.      Jiukmn   tukn  poittiilon   i\f 

riorUa 817 

"  Lithooraphp  Jlnt  introdutml  by  Burnett 
and  Uoolittlu. 

"  Btraa  halt  Jlnt  miutt  from  American 
straw  or  graas,  In  imilnlion  of  the  Leg- 
horn, by  Miss  Hoiilda  WiMKlhouso. 

**  Ouatemala  threw  oif  the  yoke  of  Spain 
aad  waa  annexed  to  Mexico. 

"  Independence  of  Para  proclaimed  under 
Haa  Martia,  lUieratur  of  Chill,  who  waa 
made  Pratsetor.  bat  aooa  realgned  and 
was  replaced  by  Slmoa  Bolivar  ss 
niotstor. 

"  Aug.  10.  Missouri  admittsd  Into  the 
Union 817 

"      First  settlement  of  Liberia. 

"  Chill  and  tbe  Argentine  Kepublic  carried 
their  conibineil  srms  into  Peru. 

"      Revolution  In  Brasil. 

''  Uruguay  annexed  to  Brasil  the  second 
time. 

"  April,  itotioo  iltdarod  indtptndtnt  under 
Don  Augustine. 

"  Iturbide  was  proclsimed  Emperor  by  tbe 
army  and  mob  of  Mciico  under  tbe 
name  of  Augustine  tbe  First 

''  Deo.  Hants  Anna  pmclaimed  the  Republie 
st  Vera  Cruz. 

"       Revolution  in  Brazil. 
1889.  Boyer  united  tbe  two  provinces  nf  Hayti 
in  one  Uovernment  with  bimsolf  aa 
Chief. 

"  The  first  mercantile  house  opened  in 
Calirornia  by  sn  KnglNh  firm  fVom 
Peru  and  established  at  Monterey. 

"  J9ea(A  qf  Mnj.-Oin.  Starkt.  See  biog- 
raphy, p.  490. 

"       Fir$t  ootton-miU  huilt  in  lAnetU,  Mau. 

"       Ciaa  auccesafVilly  introduced  into  Itoeton. 

"  First  platform-scale  made  by  Thomas 
Ellicott  who  became  tbe  founder  of  the 
Philadelphia  Scale- Worka. 

Dom  Pedro  IT.  Crowned. 

"  Oct.  13.  Bratil  proelaimrd  an  Independ- 
ent Empire,  with  Oom  Pvdru  crowned 
Emperor. 

''  War  iy  Commodore  Porter  on  th*  Cuban 
pirate*. 

"Monroe  Doctrine." 

1838.  June  18.  Tlie  "  Mirnroe  Doetrine."  The 
message  of  Prcs.  Monroe,  for  this  yesr, 
contained  the  following  declarationa : 
"That  we  ahould  consider  any  attempt. 


■    . Wl 

IW.  na  tba  part  of  >ba  alWad  pawsis.  ta  s» 
Isnd  taslr  syslsm  to  say  portioa  M 
this  hawlaphera  aa  dangeraua  l«  our 
peace  and  saftty,"  and  "  thai  wa  snaM 
not  view  any  latsrpoaki  loa  ftw  tha 
piirpoan  of  oiipieMing  govrmm'^nia  oa 
this  aldaof  tlia  water,  wboaa  iudepend' 
rniT  we  biul  at'knowledui'il,  or  ron 
trolling,  lu  any  manner,  llinir  draliny 
by  any  Kuropesa  power,  la  any  otbei 
lliiht  than  as  a  maaifsatallon  of  an 
unfriendly  iliapoaitloa  toward  tba 
United  Mates,  H«a  MoffraphT  •* 
Jamaa  Nnnroa. 
IflflS.  Caetral  America  formed  lata  a  PatlarsI 
lUpalillo,  and  beeams  iadspsndant. 

"  Uuatemala  beeams  a  part  of  us  Caatral 
Amnrlcsn  Hapubllo. 

"  yiril  go*  'Mmpmmy  formsd  In  New  Yurll 
city,  with  a  cspitel  of  $1,000,000. 

"  Flrat  tascliera'  ssmiuary  oponsd  lu  Cua 
cord,  Vermont,  by  Rev.  H.  H.  Hill. 

Xise  of  Ike  Owen  Commumtiei. 

1894.  The  principles  ami  doctrines  of  RobstI 
Owen  went  qiiitti  extensively  preached 
snd  aevnial  communltiaa  were  formed. 
But  tbe  only  one  wblob  merita  atten- 
tion is  that  of  New  Harmony,  Ind.,  but 
which  proved  a  (Wilura  after  a  abort  and 
Inlereatlag  oareer.     Over  000  peopbt 

f:atlirrsd  under  tbe  direction  of  Robert 
>wen  to  inaugurate  the  Millennium. 
Rut  when  the  flnancca  of  Mr,  Owen 
wtro  sihauNted,  the  enterprise  f«ll 
througli.  Mr.  Owen  dvrlare«l  bimaelf 
disappointed  In  mankind,  and  to  tha 
general  deprnTiiy  of  tbe  people  ha 
ascribed  tbe  fkilure  of  bis  enterprise. 

"  Pimjirtt  moiU  6y  muehinery  aao  patented 
by  L.  W.  Wright  of  Ctmnectlcut. 

"  First  roformatory-sohool  founded  for  tha 
preventioa  of  pauperism  and  crime,  and 
called  the  "New  York  House  of  Refuge 
for  Juvenile  Delinquents." 

*■  Cimgreas  passed  a  tariff  to  protect  snd 
encourage  cotton  manul'acturers. 

"  Abiiication  of  Iturlilile,  Emperor  of  Me» 
iro.  He  waa  banished,  and  sailed  lor 
London. 

"  March  18.  Convention  with  Great  Briteln 
for  the  auppresaion  of  the  alave 
trade 818 

•*  April  8.  Cnnvontlon  with  Russia  in  re* 
lation  to  the  north-wept  bnunJary.  818 

"  Uolivar  defeated  tbe  Spaniards  at  Uunla 
Aycucbo. 

"  July  II).  Execution  of  Iturbide,  Emperor 
Qf  Mexico,  through  the  machinations 
of  Santa  .\nna. 

"  Aug.  18.  Arrital  of  Gen,  Lafayette  on  a 
titit  to  the  United  Stttte*.  For  akctob 
of  hia  life  SCO  page  413. 

"  Nov.  John  Qainey  Adam*  eleettd  Prni- 
dent,  and  John  C.  Calhoun  Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

"      Bolivar  became  Dictator  of  Peru. 

"  Buenos  Ayres  organized  into  a  flepublie 
under  Las  Herns 

"      Brazil  adopts  a  Conatitntion. 

■'  Mexican  Congress  proclaimed  a  new 
(Ninstitution  similar  to  that  of  tbe 
United  Stati-s,  and  a  Republic  of  19 
States  and  5  Teiritories  fornidl  with 
Guadalupe  Victoria  as  President,  and 
Gen.  Brovo  as  Vice-President 
1828.  The  Capitol  at  Wa*  hinfftm  eompMid. 

**  First  edge  tool  manufactory,  established 
by  Baml.  W.  Collins,  at  CoUinsville, 
Connectieat. 

"       1  ol.via  made  an  independent  State,  and 


CHRONOLOOT. 


■■■mi  \m  Immt  of  Hmom  Mlrar,  mm! 
•  rtf^kHrMi  Ibrai  af  gowniMMi  adafl* 
•I,  wtlh  l*M.  SttMa  M  PrMtdani 
■•llvw  NianMtl  In  CoimaM*  Md  •  tt- 

FirtI  OvtrUnd  Jmtmrf  H  CM- 

/>>rniit. 

*  Madlali  iMMlib,  ■  Inpiwr,  prHlifm««l  th« 
inl  «?«flMil  Y'mnimi  to  ('iiliAirnI*,  muI 
«t»bltoli«l  •  pmt  MM  Ik*  town  vK 


rlur*    0f    r/\f»if*H*  fur 
W  Aill  dMcrlpIlM  of  ItM 


••      iMt.  T.     JDM 
IVmm.    Fm 

ImpotlaH  MrMMMlaa,  Mil  IWMbIa* 
trtbula  njr  •  RniteAil  nattoa  lo  •  bvlovtd 
mmI  biwiifwl  bMMflMtor,  Ma  p.  SM. 
For  Mognpby.  •••  p.  411. 
ItN  ialyl  fit  tm  Aniki**rmrmf  AmM- 
MM  Mtfm4mut.  A  RTMiI  JuMIm  wm 
aaWtr«ulf  obMrtml  Ibfoagboat  lb« 
ValtaU  HUtrt. 

y^Aw  Admmi. 

•  JhI*4.  DMlhorjobBAdanc,  flntVIo*- 
Prwldml  Mil  MToad  Prttiilvnl  of  tit* 
United  Bute*.  Mr.  Adams  wa«  Imre 
in  lb*  town  of  llralntrm,  Ilia  prcti'iit 
town  of  Qulnoy,  on  tli«  aotb  :*r  Octo- 
ber, ITlin.  II*  WM  tba  inn  of*  IWrnrr 
of  limited  mcMt,  wbo  toilrfil  •■•riy  and 
l«t«  for  ■  virjr  friiRal  support  for  hit 
iMaily.  lU  WW  Mitoiit  to  kW*  l*lt 
MM  •  collcgUt*  edueailon,  that  ha 
■Icbt  baooma  a  mInUiar  ni  the  Ooapvl. 
John  MlMad  Harvard  Collage  at  tba  age 
of  listeea,  and  itraduated  at  twenty, 
lU  had  received  all  the  aid  'from  hie 
Ibther  be  could  eipeot,  and  he  there- 
fore obtained  a  Uluatlon  aa  teacher 
In  Woroeater,  and  at  the  lame  time  be 
began  the  itudy  of  Ww.  At  twenty- 
two  be  opened  a  law  office  In  hli  native 
town  and  continued  to  itudy.  He 
npldlr  raee  in  the  eateem  of  the  pub- 
llo  and  In  bit  prnfenalon.  At  the  paa- 
lag*  of  the  Stamp  Aet,  Mr.  Adam*  en- 
tered the  political  arena,  and  hi*  flrat 
net  wa*  to  druw  up  a  wric*  of  reaolu- 
tloiu  In  remooKtrance,  which  were 
adopted  by  the  citlHna  of  Bralntrer, 
and  (ubaequently,  word  ftw  word,  by 
more  than  forty  town*  In  the  State. 
Mr.  Adam*  now  cnt«r*d  upon  a  dliiin- 
gatahcd  polltlMl  career,  ilia  able  do- 
nnta  of  a  sailor  who  thmst  a  harpoon 
through  the  heart  of  an  English  l.ieut,, 
wbo  with  Ilia  pre*i-gang  I'mro  a  British 
ihip  were  attempting  to  capture  him, 
gained  Mr.  Adams  grrat  ixipularity, 
and  wtablisbed  the  principlu  that  tlio 
infkmous  law  of  toiproMimcnt  could 
have  no  recognition  on  American  soil. 
Mr.  Adams  wa«  one  of  the  Ave  dele- 
gates from  Massacbusetls  to  the  Conti- 
nental Congress.  It  became  the  imper^ 
atlve  duty  of  this  Congress  to  make  a 
decision  which  should  tell  upon  all  Ai- 
ture  time.  Mr.  Adama  was  placed  upon 
**i*  moat  important  committees.  Tliese 
'  manded  a  re<Iress  of  their  griovsnces. 
This  Congress  received  the  following 
•oiogy  from  Lord  Chatham  : 

"f  have  studied  and  admired  the 
ft««  States  of  antlnuity,  the  masttr- 
■pirits  of  the  world;  but  fur  solidity 
of  reason,  force  of  sagiiclty,  and  wis- 
dom of  eonrlu-ion,  no  body  of  men  can 
take  the  precedence  of  this  Continental 
CoiigTMi." 


Tb*  IMMftng  ApHI  lb*  ItovolMlM 
b*(a«.  Ttt*  l«tll*  of  Rnaker  Hill  wa* 
fotigbl.  Mr.  Adama  waa  In  ('nngraaa. 
but  bla  wire  ki>pt  bim  laAirmatl  of 
events  oreiirring  at  Bnatna,  Tba  ilay 
following  the  opaniag  of  the  l>aitl«, 
Mra,  AdaaM  wruta  ibaa*  wt>rda  t<t  bar 
husband  i 

"'I ha  day,  Mrban*  the  iWlalva  day, 
is  eoma,  o«  wlilrb  Ilia  flila  of  Amerlra 
dniaads,  ,  ,  .  .  t!barlaatnwn  l«  lalil  la 

aane* The  ronatant  mar  of  ran- 

non  is   so   distri'aalng   that  we  can 
neither  eat,  driak,  nor  sleep." 

John  Adama  and  Tbomaa  Jrlfaraon 
ware  anpaints«l  by  the  enmmlttre  tu 
draft  a  lleolarallon  of  laileftaadanee. 

Mr.  Adama  wa*  th*  CalossM*  of  debate 
In  the  balls  ofCangrss*.  Mr.  JelKtraon 
bad  little  skill  In  deUto,  but  wlak.ad 
a  iwwarfol  Dan.  When  they  met  to 
perform  their  laah,  each  nrged  the 
other  tu  make  tba  draft  Mr.  Adams 
Anally  said  i  "  I  will  not  do  IL  Thrra 
ar*  three  gnml  reaanna  why  you  ahouhl. 
KIrtt,  viiu  are  a  Virginian,  and  Vir- 
ginia should  take  thalaail  In  thia  busi- 
nes4,  ikvnnil,  I  am  obnualou*,  sus- 
iiectad,  unpopular ;  vou  an  the  reverse. 
Third,  you  can  writ*  ten  times  bvt'er 
than  I  ran,"  Jelfcrson  rsplleil :  "  Well, 
if  \ou  iiialst  U|Mm  It,  I  will  do  as  well 
as  I  can."  The  rrsult  of  tills  oimfvrence 
we  nee<l  not  dwell  upon,  save  that  the 
pmaperlty  and  liapplneM  of  this  grrat 
nation  dates  liack  lo  that  hour  and  that 
acti»B,  Mr.  Adams  waa  appointed  on 
a  cmimlltre  with  Franklin  and  Kut- 
ledge  to  confer  with  Lord  llowo  with 
refcrvnre  to  terms  of  peace,  by  request 
of  that  dignitary.  When  bis  Inrdship 
informed  them  that  be  could  onlv 
confer  with  Ihcm  in  the  character  of 
private  rliiseas,  Mr,  Adams  replied: 
'*  Wo  came,  sir,  but  to  listen  to  your 
pmposltions.  Tou  may  view  us  in  anv 
Uglit  you  please  eieept  that  of  Kritisli 
subjects.  We  shall  cimiider  ourselves 
In  no  other  character  than  that  in 
which  we  were  placed  by  order  of 
Congress." 

Dr.  Gordon  said  of  Mr.  Adams :  "In 
a  word,  I  ditlivi'r  to  vou  the  opininn  nf 
every  man  In  the  lioiise  wlien  I  add, 
that  he  |Kisselisrs  the  clearest  bead  and 
firmest  heart  ul'any  man  in  Congrtss," 

In  1777  he  was  M|ipolnt«4l  a  delegate 
to  France,  to  take  the  place  of  ^ilaa 
Deane,  who  hsd  been  recalled,  and  to 
cooperate  with  Dr.  Kranklln  and  Arthur 
Lee,  in  the  endeavor  to  olituin  assUt- 
ancc  In  arms  and  money  from  the 
French  Uovernment.  In  1779  Mr. 
Adams  was  sent  to  I'aris  to  be  in  readi- 
neaH  to  negotiate  a  treaty  (>•'  peace  and 
commerce  with  Qrcat  Britain. 

While  waiting  the  motion  of  the 
English  Parliament,  be  visited  Holland 
and  nrgotiateil  important  loans,  and 
formed  important  commercial  treaties. 

In  178a,  alter  a  great  amount  of  dip- 
lomatic maneuvering,  a  deflnito  treaty 
was  elTectcd  through  the  agency  of 
Adams,  Franklin,  Laurens,  Jay,  and 
JelTerson.  The  constant  anxiety,  toil, 
and  excitement  through  whicn  tir. 
Adams  had  uossfd,  threw  him  into  a 
fever  and  his  life  wut  for  a  time  in 
danger.  Upon  his  recovery  he  re- 
paired to  England,  whore  ho  remained 
a  short  timo,  when  he  was  again  or- 
dered to  visit  llolhuid  and  obtain  an- 1 


Iti.      otbor  hmn, 


leaa. 


In  im  Mr. 
appuiatad  Invay  to  lb*  (.'«Mt  of  M 
Jamea.  Ha  wa*  aow  la  mas*,  fo**  M 
f«M.  iba  King  of  Itogland,  a*  iba  Aral 
MInlstar  In  ibat  conrt,  fri.m  lbs  pnatr 
whiab  bail  io  raesnily  bamMad  them. 
It  wa*  a  vary  trying  aa  well  aa  a  Irl- 
umpbaal  iMislilnn.  Hut  Mr.  Ailaaia 
waa  suAlelsat  Air  tba  nreaalna,  aad 
la  Iba  lalarviaw  with  his  Augaal 
Midaaty,  shnwatl  Waa  emliarrassBMnt 
aad  Aill  a*  much  d>gnilr  aa  tba  kiag 
himself  This  wa*  a  day  of  proud 
victory  for  Amarloa.  aad  Air  b*r  naM* 
aad  palriolle  MlaUtari  aad  ws'l  did 
ha  discharge  hU  duty,  ami  gallaatly 
and  miMlraily  dill  ba  wear  bla  boaora. 
In  1 7119  Mr.  Adama  waa  shoaaa  for 
Vka-I>realdeal,  with  Oanrg*  Wasblag- 
ton.  wblob  oMoa  b*  bald  for  two  tarma, 
aad  npon  Ilia  ehia*  of  lb*  aaonnd  term 
ba  waa  ptaead  la  tb*  Pr*sld*allal  rhalr. 
Vpoa  bla  reliramant  from  thia  high 
offli#,  which  ha  bad  Ailed  with  a  coo- 
■eiealioua  regard  for  duty,  but  which 
hail  lM«n  a  sUimiv  and  difficult  ailmin- 
IstrNliun,  ha  rapuirad  to  bla  form  at 
(Juinev.  Patty  poUiics  hail  run  high 
and  tba  Vloa-Praald  "It,  JaH'aison.  hK 
staunch  friend,  wat  •  died  to  siiia^ltb 
the  oppnallinn.  TK>i>  waa  a  saver*  trial 
Air  Mr.  Adams,  am'  t.'tii*ed»  breach  in 
their  remarkabli  fri.4idshipuf  tbirtaan 
year*  duration. 
Mr,  Adams  never  arrain  aniared  pub> 


eommlltml 


per  expoaing  Iba  atroid 
liy  the  KngHsb  Uoverumant  upon 
eiican  sblpa,  in  aaarebing  them  and 
dragging  fmn  them  all  saihira  wh<i 
niiglit  lie  datignated  by  any  Irrespon' 


He  lifr,  exeapt  to  draw  up  an  able  pa« 

M'itiea 

overun 
American  sblpa,  in  searching  them  and 
dr      ■       ' 

'•"  -  ... 

sibia  agent  as  British  subjects,  Mr. 
Adams llrad  to  se*  bla  cherished  sqp, 
■oiin  Quincey,  in  the  Presidential  chair. 
I  '.I.  was  now  ninety  year*  nf  ag*.  Th* 
year  folkiwing  upon  the  anniversary  of 
the  national  independonc*  b*  depart  od 
this  lie*.  Ills  last  act  was  to  sand  a 
toast  to  be  presented  to  Ihe  celobratiiMi 
at  Quinry  on  tlie  following  Aiurth  of 
July.  When  appealed  to,  be  said :  "  I 
give  you  Independence  forever,"  III* 
last  words  were,  "  JefferMn  still  IIts*,** 
but  JeAl<rson  had  depart^  this  life  an 
hour  bsforu. 

Thomas  Jefferton, 

July  4.  Death  of  Thomas  Jeflerson,  third 
iVesidtnt  of  the  United  HUtes.  &lr. 
JelTurson  was  horn  In  Alliemarlii  Coun- 
tv,  Virginia,  on  ibo  8d  of  April,  1749. 
Hli  father  was  a  man  of  wealth  aad 
culture,  and  bis  mother  an  intelligent 
and  accomplishe  I  woman,  reared  in 
London  anil  uccustomeil  to  the  soi'iet* 
of  the  rcAned,  and  the  luxuries  deriv<ia 
from  wealth  and  P'  all  ion,  ThomkS 
was  the  eldest  of  a  family  of  eight 
children.  His  fstber  died  when  b* 
was  bet  fourteen  years  of  age.  At  tb* 
age  of  seventeen  he  entered  William 
and  Mary  College,  in  an  advanced 
daaa. 

Upon  leaving  college  he  entered  the 
law  office  of  Mr.  W>'the,  one  of  th* 
mn>t  distinguished  lawyers  in  the 
State.  He  was  then  not  twenty-<me 
years  of  age,  and  continued  bis  intense 
application  to  study.  As  a  voiing 
man,  Mr.  JeiTerMm  was  possesaeil  of  a 
lingularly  pur*  and  exomtibry  ohar 


Mr. 

ItM  Vmm*  aT  M 
I»mmI.(Wm  I* 
ImmI,  m  ttt*  Aral 

IKm  lb*  lH>»*v 

bmitttwl  tl-Mu. 
M  wvll  M  •  irl> 
llul  Mr.  A<lMii« 
I  nrt>Ml<M.  ■••! 
Ilh    hU    Aii|wt 

»nitNirrM*M«nl 
•lit  M  lb*  biM 
I  day  of  pr«««l 
•a  ««  btr  aoMf 
n  mmI  ««i  illd 
y,  MMl  ■•llMitly 
WMT  bU  boMfi. 
WM  ebiiM*  tot 
lanrir*  WMbiM* 
lid  fbr  two  Mrm, 
lb«  MomMl  term 
TMlilnll*!  rbalr. 

ttnm  this  blfh 
Iliad  with  •  eon- 
datf,  b<it  wbU'h 
il  dlftenll  Mlmln- 
I  to  hi*  Ibrm  »t 
In  bMl  run  blah 
•It,  Jatnitinii,  bh 
tllttl  l<>  •l<l«%rlth 
wu  •  wvvrt  trial 
t  iHK'il  M  lirraeh  in 
idihlpuf  thlrtcan 

(^In  antarfid  pub- 
w  up  an  alila  pa* 
M'lllaa  commlllml 
loTcruDHint  upon 
•rcblBK  tharo  and 
I  all  lallora  who 
bjr  an*  IrratpoR' 
■Il  lubjecta.  Mr. 
la  cbtiriahed  nm, 
PrealilfBllal  chair, 
earaofana.  Tha 
ha  annirvraary  of 
lenco  ha  ileparlcd 
ot  waa  to  aond  • 
to  tha  ealebratloa 
lowing  fourth  of 
id  to,  he  aald :  "  I 
ce  forarar."  Ilia 
Siirwrn  atill  llTaa," 
giartod  tbla  Ufa  an 


'fftrton. 

aa  Jeflaraon,  third 
iltttd  BUtea.  Mr. 
u  Alliamarle  CouB* 
Id  of  April,  17ia. 
tn  of  wealth  and 
b«r  an  inlelliaent 
roinan,  rearttd  la 
netl  to  the  lotiet* 
0  luxiiriaa  deriT^ia 

ailioo.  Thootka 
family  of  eight 

J  died  when  ha 
raofaga.     At  tha 

entered  William 

in   an   advanced 

\n  he  entered  tha 
r>'the,  oue  of  the 
'lawyera  In  tha 
II  not  twenty-<me 
tinued  hie  interna 
Aa  a  young 
aa  puaaoaaed  of  a 
ezomtilary  obar 


OMibltam  Im  Ibawwubly  4» 
taalad.  Ar4aal  i^rila  ba  aavcr  taala4, 
■•<l  tatiaaan  ba  aavar  Maa<l  la  aar  Atrai, 
a«>l  ba  waa  naTaf  baard  to  attar  tm 
•alb. 

Mr  JattWrati*  raplilly  maa  In  rfla- 
ttnrtlow  al  tha  Itar,  ant  a*  a  |)UltHa 
apaabar,  bat  a*  a  proruunil  ami  lUap 
tbiabar,  and  aa  aerurai*  rMMtnur.  In 
ITM  Mr.  Jaflbraiin  waa  rhiMva  to  All  a 
iaal  la  Iba  l.aglalati«ra  of  Vlralala. 
Ha  waa  Iba  lamaal  alara-bohlar  In  Iha 
liowaa.  yal  ba  Inlnnlurad  a  liltl  am- 
uoweriag  alava-hoklara  lo  manumit 
Ibair  alaraa,  wbleh  wa*  ra)aeia<l  l>y  rb 
ovarwbalmlBg  rota.  Al  tblt  lima  Mr. 
JalbraaM  waa  poaaaaaad  of  an  ratala  of 
Marly  S,o«o  aeraa,  illM  hv  ahoal  Afty 
abiTaa,  aad,  logalbar  with  Itla  praotloa 
at  Iba  bar,  hia  Ineoma  amounlad  |9 
|A,000  a  year,  la  177*  ha  married 
•  waaltb*  aad  areompllahail  young 
widow,  wbo  brought  him  40,00<i  aerra 
•f  land  and  US  alavfa,  Ihua  mablag 
bim  oaa  of  Iha  larnat  alara-holdara  In 
Virginia)  yal  ha  Talxirrd  with  all  bla 
anarglaa  Ibr  tha  altolltlon  of  ilavrry. 
Ua  daclarMl  that  Initltution  lo  ba  a 
•urna  to  tha  mauler,  a  ouiiu  to  the 
alura,  and  an  olfanac  In  Iha  alghl  of 
Uotl. 

In  1774  Mr.  Jaflbraon  became  an 
BctlTa  agent,  together  with  rudirk 
Henry  aad  the  two  l.era,  In  calling  a 
Oanarnl  Annual  Congraat,  In  oonaliler- 
•lion  of  Iba  nncMachnienla  of  Onat 
Britain  upon  Iha  rigbla  of  Ilia  colonlea. 
Ua  alao  wmlit  a  pamphlet  tntltlad  "  A 
Summary  View  of  tha  KIghU  of  Rriliah 
Aueriea,"  which  had  a  large  cliviila- 
lltfn  In  tbla  coantry,  aad  waa  ailan- 
alrely  pobHabad  In  Bnaland.  At  Iba 
flrat  onibreak  of  hoatiUtlaa,  Jeffenon 
waa  In  liiTor  of  detdaira  meaaurea. 
HIa  |wn  waa  aetlra  and  powarlUI  In 
allmulallBg  tha  ooleniaa  to  a  dafenaa 
of  their  llbertiea  aad  righla.  In  1779 
Mr.  JcAraon  look  hIa  arat  in  Iha 
Colonial  Oongraaa  at  Philadelphia. 
Hia  reputation  aa  a  writer  ha<l  pre- 
ceded  lilm,  but  hla  ercr  prompt,  (Vank, 
azpllcit  decialona,  ami  hit  nalWa 
mudcatT  and  auavliy  of  manner  captU 
▼ateU  Ilia  oppnncnti,  and  It  waa  aald 
he  had  not  an  enemy  In  (^ongrcaa.  In 
Ave  daya  after  he  had  taken  lila  irnt  he 


waa  appointed  to  prepare  an  aildroaa 
upon  tno  cauara  of  taklnft  up  arnia.  It 
waa  one  of  the  moit  popular  dooumenca 


wlllt  •  Hiaatet^  BMwar  an^  aa 

•bat  WW  IrfaaMlbto.    Ummi  iba  '4ih  of 

Jaly  II  waa  a<loii|a<l,  ami  ilgaad,  amiil 
Iha  hiHb  and  wnmim  of  Iha  mnai  mo 


erur  written,  and  waa  greeted  with  en 
thualaam  liv  all  clnnaca.  It  waa  read  nt 
the  head  of  the  arnilea  amid  the  roar  of 
cannon  and  the  wild  huzzaK  of  the 
auldierjr.  Yet  Thomaa  Jeflenon  auf 
fared  the  reputation  of  the  authorahlp 
tn  real  with  one  ofliiafrllnwroniniittee- 
mcn,  Dlckinann,  all  liU  life,  and  not 
until  after  hi*  death  waa  It  publicly 
known  that  JelTerfon  waa  the  real 
•nlhor.  Huch  traitt  of  character  de- 
Teloped  the  real  herolam  and  nobility 
of  the  man. 

The  pen  of  Thomas  JelTerion  drafted 
the  Declaration  of  Inde|)undciico, 
which  wia  uresenteii  tn  Cunureaii  on 
the  88th  of  June,  177<l,  and  which 
paaaad  a  fierv  ordeni  of  crItlcUin  of 
three  days'  tiebatc,  during  which  Jefliir- 
aim  opened  not  hia  month.  But  Ida 
champion  waa  hla  co-wnrker  and  car- 
neat  aympathlier,  John  Adams,  who 
fought  fearleaaiy  for  efaiy  «  ord  of  it, 


manioua  an<l  Ihrilllngly  siit'llniK  ikth- 
ainn  II  waa  avar  p»r«lti«d  a  <  iilaan  of 
anjr  nalbm  upon  aartb  lo  wllnao  or  lo 
parllrlpaia  In.  IJimnlhalday  analinn 
waa  hnrn,  whoa*  Atwj  and  magnlflaant 
pnigraaa  haa  airaileil  every  paopla  and 
nalToa  of  ih*  earth, 

In  177*  Mr.  Jaflbraon  waa  eboaan 
Oovaraor  of  Vlrgtaia.  Ha  waa  than 
tblrty-ali  yaara  of  aga,  Onriag  Iha 
War  of  Iha  HuTulatlnn,  ha  aamaaily 
and  laaloiialy  aiiaUlna*!  (teneral  Waah> 
ingion,  In  I7ni  a  party  maa  In  Vir- 
ginia which  nppnawl  Mr.  JeOWraon  and 
atlamplMt  lo  <lriva  him  fVnm  hla  oMm 
and  Iba  Mlala.  Al  tha  lama  lima  Ida 
wifb,  lo  whom  ba  waa  daTola<liy  at- 
laohad,  waa  dying  nf  a  lingering  dla- 
eaaa.  He  reaolTeil  In  rvlira  fVnm  puh- 
lio  llAi  anil  darolii  himwif  tn  her.  Hut 
In  Ilia  eonflnemeni  nf  a  alckruom  and 
al  tha  bailalile  nf  a  <lylng  wllb,  hia 
enemlM  11111  pursued  him,  reprcai-hlng 
*ilm  wUh  weakness  and  a  aegUxt  nf 
hla  dutiea  aa  a  citlien  and  uairlnl. 
Itpnn  h«r  <lealh  he  waa  «n  nverwlialmed 
with  anrruw  that  he  Itecame  entirely 
Inaensihle,  and  Air  three  weeka  ha  kept 
hla  mom.  seeing  no  one  but  lila  fatlbflil 
daughter,  who  waa  hla  aola  companion. 
He  never  again  married,  and  forty-fmir 
yeara  after  Iha  death  of  hla  wlh  than 
were  found  In  a  secret  drawer  In  hla 
private  cabinet  loeka  of  her  hair  and 
varioua  llllla  anuvenirs  of  hia  wlAi, 
upon  tha  envelopea  nf  which  ware 
written  worda  of  endearing  remem- 
brance. In  ITM  Mr.  JeflWaon  waa  ap- 
pointed Minister  Plenlpotenllary,  to 
negotiate  a  treaty  of  peace  with  En- 
gland, but  the  treaty  being  secured 
before  his  prepamllons  were  rompleted, 
it  became  unnecessary  for  him  to  go 
npnn  that  mission.  In  1714  he  waa 
appointed,  with  Mr.  Adama  and  Dr. 
Franklin,  to  act  aa  Minister  Plenipoten- 
tiary In  negotlnting  treatlea  of^  com- 
merce with  fiireign  nations.  Upon  hla 
arrival  In  Paris,  Or.  Franklin  raalgned. 
flrom  age  and  inflrmlty,  and  returned 
to  America,  leaving  Jefferson  hla  suc- 
cessor. 

lie  became  very  popular  in  Paria, 
whither  hia  great  reputation  had  pro- 
cvdud  him.  No  foreign  miniiter  ex- 
cept Franklin  hail  ever  before  lieen  so 
caressed.  Yet  all  the  honors  which  be 
received  ftrom  the  gayest  and  moat  flat- 
tering of  earthly  courts  produced  no 
change  In  the  simplicity  of  his  republi- 
can tastes.  Invited  by  the  National 
Assembly  of  France  to  attend  and  par- 
ticipate in  their  deliberations,  he 
wisely  though  delicately  declined 
the  honor,  aa  inconaiatont  with  his 
poaition  aa  a  rccognlxed  ambaaaador 
to  the  French  Court  In  September, 
17N9,  Mr.  Jefforaon  returned  to  America. 
In  1790  he  ncoeptod  the  appointment 
nf  Secretary  of  State  ftom  Waahington. 
Upon  the  election  of  John  Adams  to 
the  Presidency,  Mr.  Jefferson  became 
Vice  •  President.  Uia  administration 
was  anything  but  a  smnoth  ami  tran- 
quil path.  Party  Jealousy  and  strife 
ran  high.  Mr.  Jetfcisun  waa  a  thorough 
and  staunch  Kcpublicon,  and  opposed 
everything  which  tended  toward  the 


tnaa  «««»ii,  .a  oriatox  ^  la  Ike  W^  /'^ 
•ft»"  ingan'tfrr'  rt~»»«manl.  In 
tllti  ''honsaa  JsH  4M  was  BM<la 
Pre  ^  n(  llw  L  /<l  ''talM.  Ilia 
elect  i„,«  was  htlM  -.iih  graal  llama** 
■lni'><MiH  if  >iv  l>7  tlM  BMaoes,  A<r  ba 
waa  imly  Ill's  iH^bu^'s  eMie.'*  In 
tlWI  ha  waa  r^sfcnUd  with  great 
nnanlmily,  with  fieorge  dlnlnn  aa 
VIra-Praalilent.  Al  Iba  ehiaa  of  bla 
aaotMid  lemi  «t  oAee  bbi  fkellnga  ana 
onlv  be  aiprseaad  In  bla  own  w«i«ia  i 
••  never  did  •  prianner,  rslaaaad  Hvm 
kia  ahatna,  Ibol  aneb  rwHiif  aa  I  akall  o» 
ahabing  nf  the  abaeblaa  of  power. 
....  1  thank  Uod  Ibr  Iba  opnorlnnlly 
«f  retiring  Anni  tbem  wllboni  eananra^ 
and  rarrylng  wllb  ma  Ika  moat  eon- 
■oHng  pr<mfc  of  nnblle  appraballon.'* 
In  iinvala  llfb  Mr.  Jaflbraon's  boapltaHly 
waa  nnbonnded,  often  enlarlnlaing 
flfty  penona  m  giieaie  al  one  time.  In 
hla  mmlly  be  waa  gieatly  beloved— '>tl> 
noat  adored.  Hia  eblael  daagblar, 
the  a«onmnllaha<l  Mra,  Randolph.  Ihua 
writes  of  har  mlored  fbthri  ■•Never, 
never  did  I  wilneae  a  particle  of  in* 
lustlce  III  my  folberi  never  speaking  n 
harsh  word,  never  manllkaltng  aullen- 
nraa,  or  anger,  or  Irritation.  Wa 
Tenerateil  him  aa  anmttblng  bcllar  ani 
wiser  than  ulher  men.  He  srene<l  tie 
know  everything— even  the  tboughia 
nf  our  mimis,  and  our  nnlold  wlanea. 
Wo  wondered  that  we  did  not  foar 
him;  and  yet  wa  did  not,  any  mot* 
than  we  did  eompanlona  of  oiir  own 
age."  Never  waa  there  a  more  beauU« 
lul  eiblbltion  of  parvntal  love  tbaa 
that  eihlblled  by  Tbomaa  JeAraon. 

No  man  ever  lived  who  waa  mot* 
greatly  befoved  by  thnaa  wbo  lnl!» 
mately  knew  fcim.  His  sbivee  regarded 
him  more  aa  a  fother  than  a  maatar, 
lie  was  a  member  of  no  church  society, 
and  haled  abama  and  hvpoeriay,  aa* 
pacially  In  religlona  prufcaalon,  with 
great  latenaltv ;  vet  bis  admiration  I 
Chriat  and  Hla  onaraeter,  aa  portrayed 
by  the  evangellsta,  waa  bonndlaea ;  and 
he  had  great  respect  for  the  Bible  aa  n 
book  ofgraat  tmih  and  wladom,  and 
•pent  much  time  In  reading  and  copy- 
ing ttnm  ita  page*.  Ills  mural  charao- 
ter  was  vttthinti  rtproaeK  ;  and  yet,  be> 
cause  he  made  no  public  proAjasinn  ol 
religion,  he  waa  denounced  aa  an  '  ln> 
fldel.'*  In  reading  carefolly  the  hlstnn 
of  his  HA),  the  resder  will  see  ih:it  ft 
waa  leaa  Afom  unbelief  in  the  doctrinea 
of  Chriatianlty  than  from  the  corrupt 
and  hypocritical  conduct  of  the  mosses 
whn  profesaed  the  name,  and  ea|ieolally 
of  thoae  who  stood  in  "  high  plaoea," 
wearing  their  religion  aa  a  cloak  tn 
cover  their  moral  deformity. 

Great  Anti-Afas<m  Excittmtnt, — 

AbdudioH  of  Wm.  Morgan. 

1829.  TAwrlow  irraefs  JUmUUnnM*  (/  M«  q/V 
fair,  at  a  Mmher  of  (Aa  InteUigaUnf 
CommtttM  at  the  time  </  tin  tranmc^ 
tton,  Mr.  Weed  gave  the  following 
account  of  the  Morgan  affUr  In  a  letlei 
to  tlie  N.  Y.  Herald  of  Aug.  fl,  1879, 
and  wliich  was  copied  by  tlie  Chicago 
TrUniM  the  aume  month  : 

"I  did  not  perannally  know  Wm. 
Morgan,  who  was  for  more  than  two 
months  wilting  his  book  in  a  houan 
adjoining  my  residence  in  Rocbeatar, 


hnuk,  MfMrtiMg 
!•  ill  Mm  IW  MMuli  aT  Vawwry.  I 
4MbM4  la  4*  Mt.  Mtatrtatf  ihM  •  mm 
WiM  kti  Ukm  M  Mlk  !••  kMji  1%  M- 
«■(  kail  M  rMM  to  (llwliMa  (I  Al 
UMMmtk  Mt  a  rfaaaii 


Mi><i<    U  (pnaTika  hauk,  ffntfitnmg 


•MMMti,  I  bail  (Wvor 


•••baylaloiia af  aa  iMtitailtM  in  wblib 
WaiklMtMi,  rnabUa,  aail  Uriiyatia 
MaagaiL  (Hi  Mjt  r»t«<al  lu  pitnl  iha 
ko'ift,  Mofgaa  rMiM>*«l  !••  Malavl*. 
WiMfa  Im  aiatla  Um  aauaalnUnti  nf 
UmM  C.  MIIIm,  aailnr  uf  ih*  4/- 
•tw  a  MaaiM,  aka  bwaaia  kU 
r.  I  Mia  bftafly  ov*r  a  aarlat 
•f  Ibala  vliM  WMra  JMlleialljr  aMab- 
MahaiL  wbfialf  Ika  uttU  nt  Miw- 
|M.  Ma  aaavayMMa  to  aa<l  mMflnamanl 
la  maaMiaijrJall  at  Caaaailaliaa,  ft»m 
wbUli  M  waa  i«laaa«l  aail  aoavajTMl 
aickl,  la  alnM  aarriiM.  ibrtMiah 
•baatur,  ClafkMM,  aniT  abmii  ina 


ina  <if  wltlak  ba  waa  rimtaMl. 

ila  thaa  ctialaad  a  Kaliibl  Taai- 

^     Kaaaaip«Mil    waa 

i«Uto«i   wbM  at  tan 


bf  aicbl,  la  alnM  aarriiM.  ibrtMiah 
Nnabaatur,  ClafbMM,  aniT  abmii  ina 
Ittdga  Hoail  lo  rort  Nlanara,  In  Iha 
MaiHiti 
wHto 

KKaaaailMnMil  waa  inatalWd  at 
Uto«i  wbaa  at  taiwrr,  Iha  wnl 
•mt  •MbiMtaMM  of  ib«  IVaiplara  bar- 
lac  baa«  aroaaad  by  Iha  afMNH'tiaa  and 
wtaa,  Ual.  Vtm,  EIm,  ot  iMkjMirt,  la- 
vtlad  Ibar  aiaa  (Wbllnay,  llnwaril, 
CkaUNMk,  aad  Oania*)  from  lb*  uat* 
al  Iba  ban^uallatf  Ul>i«,  lain  an  a<l> 
jatalaf  rauai,  wb«ra  ba  InftirmMl  iham 
tbal  ba  had  an  arilaf  friim  Ilia  Orand 
MaMar  (l)a  Will  Cllatna),  Ilia  fsacu- 
ttaa  ot  wblflb  raqaira<l  tbair  aa>latane«, 
Thia  BMly  waa  Ibaa  drivan  l<i  Niagara, 
laaablnc  Iba  fori  a  Ullla  balbra  \i 
o'ehMk.  Upoa  antortan  Ika  manailnr, 
OuL  King  laAirnMd  Moritaa  tbal  hU 
Maada  bad  oooipialad  tbalr  arraBRa. 
■aata  for  bli  ra«oval  lo,  and  rMldaiioa 
«|HNi,  •  turn  la  Canada,  Morgaa 
waind  wlib  Ibtai  In  Iba  wbarf,  wb«r« 
a  boal  waa  bald  In  raadiiiaaa  Aif  them 
by  Bitoba  AdaaM,  aa  Invalid  loldlfr, 
wto  wklab  Ika  faily  paaacd  and  ruwixl 
awM,  Adaaa  raialatng  to  warn  Ika 
boat  off  bf  aiyaal,  If,  on  Ita  ralnra,  any 
•lam  kail  bam  gi»an.  II  waa  naarly 
•  o'claek  la  Iba  moralnR  wbtn  Iba  boat 
radirnad,  kavlBf ,  aa  kmm»  siprcaacd 
U,  fad  «M  aMa,  only  flra  of  tho  ill 
bainf  na  board  wkan  tka  boat  rvtumtid. 
Wkaa  Ika  boat  raaokad  Iba  point  wbera 
Ika  Niagara  RIvar  amplla*  into  Laka 
Oalarlo,  a  ropa  balng  wound  around 
Xorgaa'a  body,  to  eltbar  and  of  whicb 
a  iiaktr  waa  attaohad,  ko  waa  tkrown 
urarbtiard.  It  U  due  to  Ike  memory 
of  UoT.  Clinton  to  tay  tbal  Cnl.  King 
bad  BO  anoh  onlar,  and  nn  authority 
to  maka  uac  of  bU  name.  It  li  proper, 
alio,  lo  add,  tbal  none  of  theoa  men 
anrrire.  John  Whitney,  nf  Koobeater, 
whom  I  knew  to  well,  related  all  the 
eIrcuButancea  connected  with  the  laat 
act  In  tka  tragedy,  to  me  at  Albany  la 
1881,  la  il>i  preicnce  of  Blmeon  B. 
Jawett,  of  Claruon,  aail  Samuel  Bar- 
ton, o(  Lawlaton."  We  glean  the  fol- 
lowing nolet  fkvm  Mr.  Wecd'«  letter : 
"la  Uitober,  1897.  more  than  a  year 
after  tite  abduction  of  Morgan,  a  body 
drift<Kt  on  ihore  near  a  imall  creek 
wbick  emptied  Into  Lnko  Unlarlo. 
An  inqueat  wa»  held,  and  it  wai  pro- 
■oiincBd  'Ike  bod*  of  an  unknown  per- 
■on.'  Jforgaa'a  frienda  demanded  an- 
etkar  iaqoaat     lira.  Morgan  aad  a 


tIM. 


OtmONOLOOT. 

taaM  n>arka  w|mm  II,  wkMl  waa  fkNf 
titrtulioraiMl  by  Ika  kwly  AmhmI,  aad 
Ika  iM!nn<l  lw|«aat  raoatlnl  la  Ika 
dwUkHi  Ikal  II  mm  Ika  bwly  of  Wm. 
Murgoa.  who  bod  »i  myeterliHialy  dia. 
a|i|»arml  mora  ibaa  a  y«ar  li*A>ra  llwl 
a4*w  Iha  m<iat  tlaifular  |«rt  of  ih«  einr* 
Mmalaa,  A  dtatdiaa,  liy  Ibu  namn  of 
Tliaiiiky  Moant*',  ba>l  liooa  ■«»pt  over 
Ika  Niagara  fall*  elovaa  diiy*  Iwftira 
Ika  dleaovery  of  Wm  \tuAj.  Hi*  wllk 
appaarod,  aad  dvnMadad  amtlbar  la- 

ni  aaain  II.  Hfca  gave  a  i«ty  mlaala 
riaUna  uf  kl*  akMklag,  aklek  Ailly 
Idaalllad  Ikal  Ibaatl  aaoa  Iba  bxly, 
kut  kor  doactrlpthw  af  kM  p-rana  wm 
very  laaroarala,  y oi,  ika  roaalt  of  Ika 
la^iMol  wa^  ikal  It  ww  Ika  bmly  nf 
TlaMiiby  Moama.''  Tbua  aadad  Iba 
iVMari««a  ■•Morgaa  aMr." 

H»mMM. 

YMI  of  Karon  Alaiaador  roa  llamtmldl, 
Ibu  ureal  Uermaii  aalaralUI,  gootogl*!, 
and  dl«tlngulaba<t  aalwntUl,  lo  Ihe 
United  Mal«a.  TtiU  aroal  and  laamed 
nan  wt*  Imihi  In  liarlin  H*ii(»nibar  14, 
17t>,  aad  wai  rducalad  wllli  grvalcara 
al  aa  earl*  aga  In  Ibe  natur4l  wlaneoa, 
Ila  waa  abo  a  iludeni  of  Ibe  Univoraltt 
of  rrankfbrton  IheOder.  II*  Iraveled 
over  Ibe  (.'ontln«ml,  ami  hi*  rral>a^'hea 
among  Iha  Alpa  and  l>yri-n*fa  wrra 
eitandva.  Th*  King  uf  Hpatn  grantml 
bim  a  paoaporl  to  ail  hi*  dominion* 
with  free  u*<i  of  all  aatruniHnlral  and 
other  Intlrunwnt*  which  would  aid  the 
advaaeemeni  of  idence.  Hut'b  eaten- 
•Wa  privllegoa  had  never  belbr*  boea 
granlail  a  travelnr. 

He  proceeded  to  flouth  America  and 
eiphiiiid  all  the  muunialnou*  regloaa, 
volcaaoc*,  sreal  rivera,  and  nalura. 
■cencry  anclbolany.  He  oarended  Iha 
highi.<*t  peak*  of  tlia  Ande*.  and  itu<Ml 
upon  thu  rliiud-cappod  lifiiiht*  wbera 
Ihe  foot  of  man  had  nevvr  iH'fure  ven- 
tured. He  mroaured  their  v**t  pru- 
C union*,  and  loundetl  the  dfuth*  of 
uralnii  volrannee,  weighlnif  inem  in 
Ihe  balance  of  hi*  mightv  mliid,  giving 
to  Ibe  wurtd  a  new  reveUtloa, 

After  hU  vl*il  to  Ameiica,  ha  pub> 
Utbrd  a  icrle*  of  volume*  uniirr  the  title 
of  Kn«mue,  ami  M'vvral  oiber  work*. 
Agualx  aayi  nf  him:  "Tli«  iteraonal 
influence  In?  I'lcrled  upon  acli-nce  I*  in- 
calcuhkblu.  With  him  end*  a  great 
periu<l  In  the  liUtory  of  ncience,  a 
iMirliid  to  which  Cuvlvr,  LapUci*,  Arago, 
Oay,  Luoeoc,  Do  Candolle,  and  itobert 
Brown  Miingcxl," 

Oct.  M.  Opfnlng  qf  th*  Srtt  Canal  vUh 
a  gramt  tfhbralion. 

Ftr»t  piano*  manufactured  in  the  United 
Htate*. 

Duel  Utuetn  Henry  Clay  ami  John  Kan- 
dolph,  caueed  liy  pvreonal  tniulta  fliug 
openly  in  the  Senate  C'hamlMr  al  Mr, 
Clay,  a*  (kcretary  of  Bute.  Both  of 
thvio  illuDtrioiiii  men  livvd  in  timea 
wlii'D.and  wvre  educated  under  a  code 
of  mural*  whicli  rccogniieil  no  other 
nivnnii  of  entUfjIng  in*ulted  honor.  It 
wu*  much  prHL'tlufd  in  the  early  d*ya 
of  "Southern  cidvalry,"  but  which  waa 
ever  regarded  by  the  cool  and  mure 
philoaophical  etataamen  of  the  North 
aa   a   pemicion*,    dl*bonorable,    and 


IIM. 


inr. 


IBM. 


to  mwai,  aaii  aiw  nftmid  In  i 


, laball 

Mlk  af  kl*  aalafaalal,  aad  reeatvad  im4 
to  rHara  Ik*  Ira  af  Mr.  Clay,  yat  ka 
mail*  *T*ry  preparallaa  tor  dMik,  *a  Ikr 
M  kla  worldly  alhtra  arara  aaaenaeiL 
Upaa  Ika  groaad,  Ik*  pialiil  of  Mr 
Naatlnlpb  at<«'l<l*aially  w*al  off  whlbi 
r«|MhtiiMg  Ik*  word*  af  algaal  after  kta 
ivvmid,  bai  wklok  waa  aahalilMl  Iw  b« 
pwraly  aaeldaalal.  Two  ehoi*  «*ra 
aaekaagad.  Haad>ilpk'*  tral  bulging  la 
aalama  la  Iba  rear  nf  Mr  (lay,  and 
tka  laltor**  kaM  *IHkin«  Ih*  eanb 
•oreral  fca(  baktad  Mr.  Handhipk, 
Tka  laaaad  flrlag  raaiiMiarf  ih*  *am*, 
eiaapl  Ikal  Mr.  ftad<iii|di  iHwhargeil 
kla  ptattd  la  Ika  air.  li*  ramarkatl  to 
Col,  Baatoa.  ja*t  after  tUi*  Irat  Mr*  i  "  f 
wtmM  toll  kav a  aean  blaa  Ikll  aMwtally, 
m  avaa  doahtAdly  woaadad  Inr  all  Iba 
kaM  Ikal  i*  waierod  by  Ika  klag  al 
ioiMl*  aad  all  kl*  irilHitory  alrvama." 
Mr,  (  toy,  upon  aaaing  Mr.  ltoa<l<»lBli'a 

tUlol  dl*okarg*d  la  Im  air,  appriiaiiiied 
Iw,  aad  Willi  ileeu  KWnllaa  eald  :  "  I 
Imai  la  <io<l,  my  »of  air,  yoa  are  ua- 
toaobedi  after  wlial  ba*  o>'ettrr*d,  I 
woubl  aot  bare  JMirniad  you  Atr  a 
Ibouaand  world*,"  Tka  aalagnaU^a 
formally  einhangcdl  rarda,  and  Ibalr 
lalatloaa  of  oourMeey  were  rcetoretl. 
Tbu*  aaded  an  "aihir  af  honor," 
whirb  in  tbn  proigraea  of  elviliialloa 
ka*  bevuMe  la  tlia  oyca  uf  all  boaoralila 
BMa  a  barbaruu*  aad  labuiMa  prao- 
tiee. 

Braalllaa  ladapaadaaoa  aakaowledgad 
by  Mpala, 

Coaalltoiloa  for  eoaMaraltoa  of  Baanoa 
Ayraa  fhuaed. 

PaaaUb  foraaa  ilrtvMi  from  Para, 

Vrugaay  doelarml  for  ladepeadvnea. 

Braul  dacUred  war  againal  Ui*  Ai|*a> 
Una  Rapubiio. 

City  nf  BuanM  AyrM  bbiokaded  by 
Itraril. 

Firm  Firt-frttf  Sa/a. 

Jeaaa  Daiano  iMtaBlad  an  impmv*ia<nt 
on  flre-prouf  laA^  of  French  inveatlr  a, 

Tab.  Treaty  with  Iba  Crawk  Indiana  aor  ■ 
citided Alt 

Treaty  wllli  the  Kana«*  Indian* 889 

Treaty  with  the  Oroal  and  Little 
Oaage*. 099 

Mav,  A  general  treaty  of  peace,  naviga- 
tiun,  Mwd  commerce  lietween  Unite<l 
HtKte*  ami  the  Republio  of  Colom- 
bia  SliS 

Ortt%t  f-m'ittmenl  ottr  th*  "Morgan  affair" 
and  great  oiipocition  to  Frerma*onry. 
Political  caiiital  made  out  of  the  alleged 
murdi  r  of  JHorgan. 

lirU  raUruad  in  tht  UniUd  Stat**  built 
at  (juincy,  Ma*a.,  and  operated  by 
hone-power. 

Congree*  paiaed  a  protective  ta'iflj  wblcb 
caueed  much  oppa*itl<Ni  at  the  South. 

Band-paper  ind  emery-papar  lint  made 
at  Philadelpbla. 

JNrU  loeomotin  introduced  flrom  England 
by  the  Delaware  and  Iludion  Canal 
Company,  being  the  flr*t  iteam-anglDe 
u««d  in  the  United  State*. 

Baltlmure  and  Ohio  K.  R.  begun. 

Oonfreu  mndt  yrutUion  to  pay  tha  offlrm 
^tht  Jtevolutiomiry  War fiiiS 

Mama*  of  "  Uuinut-rat "  and  "  Repub- 
lican"  choeen  tbi*  year  fbr  the  parttca 
atiil  beating  that  nama. 


ki  RmmMvIi 

»'nhmi  it  *»k»  t^ 

ilM,  mmI  riMltMi  1x4 

•/  Mr.  I'luT.  ;■•  >)• 

•lltM  tof  4mi)  b,  m  (Wv 
Un  WW*  Mcawiivtl. 
1,  llM  ^hI  «r  Mr 
)i»U]r  «•«<  )i<r  whtlii 
<!•  afttcMl  iift«r  hi* 

WM  •llMtllwl  I*  Im* 

Tw«  •k»<a  «*r« 
Ipti'i  Aral  IwlMtiiM  In 
•M  of  Mr.  <'l*y.  mhI 
■irtkla«  lk»  Mftk 
Iwl  Mr.  ltaii<t'J|ili. 
I  rwmlM  IN*  MM*. 
[Mid«%li  ill>abMr||<>tl 
If.  it*  rMMwhwlM 
tlUf  tUM  tni  Nrt  I  "  ( 
•«  lilw  hU  anrtaliy, 
'  wiimmM  Inr  all  IM 
•rwl  by  ib«  biNfl  •< 
Irilxtterj  ttrvMM," 
Mrfng  Mr.  tt«»lolDtt'« 
!■  IM  Mir,  ^iiiwiMMmMt 
•iiuhiiwiImi  ••ill:  "I 
t\»t  tlr,  jrou  art  uk< 
Iwl  liM  wcurrwl,   I 

iMirnictl  )i(Mi  AfT  • 
,"  Tb«  MtagtmUu 
>«il  rsnk,  Mil  Ihalr 
tHmj    wm  rnlorvil. 

"•Iblr    of   hnniif." 

HgrwM  of  ClvlllMtliMI 

ojrHofall  hoMral>l« 
Mil  UbtMMM  prae- 


Imhm   MkMwMgtd 

iMaraltM  of  Bvmmm 

M  from  Para. 
ur  tadcipaMlvne*.. 
r  analnal  U>«  a4*** 

^yraa   bloakadad   by 


^frtff  Sa/ti. 

imI  an  ImpmvMMnt 
of  Prtncli  Inrentl/  a. 
Iia  CrMk  Indiana  tor  • 

Olt 

IMI  IndlaiM SS8 

Urcat    and    Llllla 

saa 

wty  of  paaoe,  naTlRa* 
rca  between  VnlU><l 
lUpubllo  of  Colom- 

saa 

ih*  "Morgan  t^f air," 
tlon  to  FrecniaMNiry. 
lade  out  of  tha  allaggd 

U  Unittd  atatu  built 
and  opvratad  by 

rotfctive  tarlir.  wbieh 
Mitluii  at  the  South, 
ery-papar  tint  made 

>duccd  (W>ni  England 
and  Iludion  Canal 
he  flrtt  itcain-enginr 
A  State*. 
K.  R.  begun. 
tion  to  pan  thi  offlerri 

ry  War 624 

trat"  and  "  Rcpub- 
I  year  fbr  the  parllci 
nama. 


OBMOHOLOQTii 


IMO. 


^^WW  i^^^^M  ■'a 

rtM*  frtoitimi. 

OklMiMbtr^«t'i(MMUltii«k HI 

lalartiMl  •».>  la  Malta* 

Traaty    of   pMaa    batWM*   Mmall   mM 

NnmmM  Ayraa. 
fiett   »Mvr«  *Ma«*laal«l. 
MrMll  iIK'Imm  war  afMn**  Iba  ArgaailiM 

MfUml' 
nait0»f^,    t  fatimttil  bj  Wia.  Wood* 

wnrtnt,  i>    Raw  Torh. 
ifalM  (tytoiaaia  to  racaia  MoiIm.    Rba 

■iwbi  a  nrao  «4  4,0M  Mmm  WMiat 

Ova     llarrartaa.     Ilo    waa   mraed   to 

fl«|ttmtlala,  and  bla  Iraapa  wofa  aant  to 

Mtvaaa. 

r/b«fa>4  Maia, 
Maitaw  aipatM  all  Iba  aattvaa  of  ipala 

(Imm  bar  torrttory. 
VirM  aaflba  piMilaMoaa  alafta4  la  Coala 

Klea. 
Martaaal  ianta  Crw  aloet«l  PraaManl  of 

■oMtrta  I  aad  a  ratrnlntlon  begaa,  kul< 

lag  laa  yaara. 

J^^nHimf  Iht  f.Wilftalfeil. aa« 

Fab,  ao,     HMnlatiana  paaaed  by  tba  Vlr- 

■lala  Hooaa  of  OetaMlaa  agalnal  tba 

Vnliml  WatM  TaHff  Bill. 
May  a.    7Affi  /mUt  fa  fVumlaMa,  Ah' 

MUM,  to  tht  itopth  of  hr«/*«  iitfhm. 
May  1 7.     Doath^  jAn  /ay,  at  IMtod, 

WewYofb. 
Mepl.  in.     HhfOff  aMMf4  in  IfMito. 
Niiv.  a.     Baparalloa   of   Yoeataa    IVoai 

Meiieo,  aad  ualoa  wltk  Oaatrat  Aaar- 

lea. 
Daa,4.  Ratoliitloa  eomaMnoad  la  Maala» 


/»//  Atylitm  for  Iht  Blind. 

Perklna  laalltiita  aad  Maaaaehoaatla  Ait* 
lum  Itir  tha  BHad  aatoblltha<|  ikroaM 
the  •A>rla  uf  Dr.  Joka  D.  ftahar,  wlib 
Dr,  Ramnel  O,  (Iowa  aa  IMrmitor,  who 
held  tha  pnaltlon  Ibrty-lbraa  yaara. 

tir*  tbrtieulturtt  l*>«Uty  fouaded  la 
tbia  ooaatry. 

PrmUmt  Jaeimn  rfmaimt  700  offletKold- 
on,  wklok  aatablkhad  tbe  precedent 
ilare  ao  eloaely  followed.  He  ii 
oredltad  with  tlie  laying  i  «  To  Me 
vielor  Mong  lAo  opoUi'' 

Jan.  ao.  Uoltrar  nalgna  bla  military  aail 
civil  eommlMloni. 

Jan.  a7.  (Yfy  <tf  OiMlomala  ntarlp  dt- 
utriifod  hy  iarthq»ak». 

April  4.  Yucatan  decUrei  iti  Indepaad* 
ence. 

Urugoar  adopted  a  Cnnitllutlon. 

Deain  of  llnlirar  at  Han  Pedro, 

BfiUh  Carolina  amorU  "  StaU'$  Rightt." 


Ri$*  of  Mormtmim, 

April  6.  Mormon  Church  fbonded  upon 
tbe  luparnatural  preteniloni  of  Juieph 
Smith,  an  ignorant,  ilimilute,  but  pre- 
tantioui  young  man,  who  hail  no  repu- 
tation fur  good  In  the  eominunlty  where 
ha  llred.  In  Palmyra,  N,  Y.  Smith 
waa  tha  pretended  author  of  a  new  rer- 
alatloD,  which  be  called  tbe  "  Book  of 
Mormon;''  or,  "(lolden  Bible."  Ha 
dictated  the  contanta  to  Oliver  Cow> 
dery,  while  lextcd  behind  a  blanket 
bang  acroM  the  room,  to  keep  proAuia 
eyea  ftom  beholding  the  "aacred  no- 
•tda."  or  matallie   ptetaa  wbloh  ha 


llalMva 

of  Iba  Holy  MpM*  I  TboM  ba  aralbmij 
III  ba  r»aillN|r,  wlib  lb*  aid  of  tba 
trim  ami  fbammlm  -  Ik*  aartaal 
atea*a  rvrirwl  by  bmhiag  Ibrfxiab 
wbl<>b,  lb*  •iraagii  «barartar*  w*ra 
eiHi**rl*<l  labi  KaaH*b  I  Tba  Irn*  »ri- 
tilt  nf  IbU  Imtth  M  ehMaM'l  l»  ba  lb* 
Maaawript  nf  aa  aemailrt*  praaeber,  by 
Iba  aawa  itf  NaaabHag,  who  twraaM 
larnltwl  la  ibilit,  ami  aadartonb  tba 


aamaoaitloa  nf  a  blatnrleat  aorvl,  ea- 
aiM  •Maaaaeriat  ruaadj"  )•/  wbieb 
maaaa  ba  bopMl  U  Hqalilata  bl*  lUbia. 
Tka  MM.  wara  wriltaa  la  lail,  and 
Ml  la  a  priatlag  oMaa  wbara  Rydaay 
HIgilna  WW  a  wofkaMa,  la  taiC  Mr. 
Hpaaldlag  diad.  Wbea  tka  aaw  Bibb 
appcareil,  Mr.  Millar,  a  aaHaar  nf 
llpaaldlag  alao  Mr.  ApaaMlaa'a  wllh, 
rai'iigaliml  the  pteglarlam,  and  iMtllbHl 
to  a  great  paftloa  of  Iba  liaak  aa  being 
tba  prmlaeilna  of  Mpaabliag'a  pen. 
Tb*  ebaraetera,  a  ami*,  ala ,  w»ra  Tir- 
ballm  fVnm  Hpauhliag,  bitl  mlied  up 
wlib  Hcriptara  ^antalloaa,  together 
wlib  Blbla  doelrlne*,  aad  altogether 
Ibrmiag  a  baak  of  levaral  bundrml 
pagaa.  Tha  mala  Aalurea  af  tlw  Mor- 
aioa  roMgtaa  ware  the  pretaadail "  gifti 
of  Iba  Obarab,''  by  wblab  tba  aame 
niiraela*  wbleb  war*  wrought  by  (Tbrial 
war*  clalmeil  to  li*  wruiigbt  bV  Bmllh 
aad  hli  apiialkM,  nrvn  to  tbe  railing  of 
the  dead.  Kirlland,  Obin,  barame  the 
headuaarter*  nf  ibit  Mormona  in  INill. 
aad  tbey  began  rapldlT  to  inrreiM. 
A  body  of  them  itarli'il  a  church  in 
Jaekann  Co.,  Mo.,  wbem  their  num- 
bara  laeraaaml  m  rapidly  that  tin'  old 
aattlara  baeuming  alarnml,  lielil  pub- 
lie  maetinn,  prolaating  agalnat  the 
lavaaloa  of  llin  new  nvt.  Tlie  citi- 
aana  demanded  tbe  •iipprmMlon  of 
their  paper,  whirh  lieing  refuinl,  it 
waa  dealroyad  by  •  mol).  The  eirile- 
meat  preTiilled  to  luoh  an  eitent,  that 
aoma  of  their  houiri  wer«  ilniiroyed 
aad  thdr  leailera  wblppml,  and  durlag 
a  fVay  leveral  IWei  were  Inat  on  iMMh 
■Idea.  Peraeeutlon*  but  Mrengthened 
the  aeal  of  the  ftuiatlci.  They  mnred 
•bout  firom  phuie  to  place,  and  Anally 
leltlcd  down  In  Nauvoii,  III.,  where 
tbey  begaa  the  eraotion  of  a  Temple. 
They  now  took  the  nnmn  of  "  Latter- 
Day  SalnU."  In  IH!I:|  Hrigham  Young 
waa  conrerted  to  tlie  now  Aiilh.  In 
10A7  the  Mormoim  rnrrii'd  their  new 
rellgtoo  to  the  Old  World,  whrre  luper- 
itllloa  and  iunorance  abounded.  There 
It  floiirlibMl  and  took  deep  root  among 
the  lower  clanii «,  wlin  hare  ervr  been 
the  dupea  of  flenlgnlng  rellgloui  pre- 
tenden.  The  liuhl  of  reaaon  and  edu- 
cation alwayi  diipela  the  dark  clnudi 
of  lupentitton  and  bigotry,  and  no 
lect,  founded  upon  in|ientitlon  and 
pretenile<l  wonder*  and  miraculou* 
demonitrationi,  can  longer  hope  to 
flourlih  where  an  open  IHble,  free 
ichonli,  and  a  fVee  pre**  abound.  In 
IMSa  the  "  Latter-Ilay  Hitlnl*,"  under  the 
laaderablp  of  Hmilh,  united  their  force* 
and  began  a  letllement  and  tbe  build- 
ing of  their  Temple  in  Nauroo.  Polyg- 
amy waa  now  introduced  bv  ''  reTela- 
tlon  to  Smith,"  a*  a  ipeolal  privilege 
to  the  heud  of  the  (.'huroh.  During 
184a-3-4  Smith  waa  repeatedly  arrcit- 
ed  on  ehargM  of  mnrdrt,  treaaon,  and 
adultery,  but  managed  to  aTert  puoUli- 


ranM4,wfeN» 
villi  kla  bfMtba>  Hiraa*  b*  waa  aHi( 
a  prianaar  by  lb*  Ui»«ert.a«  nf  llllanla 
la  I'artbag*,  «ib«r«  Ibejr  wete  amilnl 
for  Irtamit,  and  iil»  mI  la  priana  aailai 
ga«ril.  <bi  lb*  iTih  of  Jaaa  a  aiot)  ol 
nniragetl  «litaea*,  ilUgulaad,  bmba 
lain  lb*  Jatk  aail  Mimiaarlly  blll*i| 
them  Imlb.  tlfvai  mouratag  aad  Urn- 
ealallima  want  ap  f^aa  iba  alNlelad 
Morimm*.  Tb«y  seal  wunl  lu  all  Iba 
folibful  for  ami  a*ar.  that  iba  ■•  l.anl'a 
Propkat"  waa  killed.  Urigbam  V»mm 
waa  appiilatod  •naraaaat  to  Jo-apK 
Madik,  Mueli  In  Ike  okagria  af  Kydaay 
Hlaibm. 

The  Mormoaa  war*  aow  anmpatled 
lo  abaadaa  Ibeir  rliy  aad  Temple. 
They  prueaadad  at  oaa*  la  eatabllab 
tbeamaWea  bayaad  tka  boanda  af  elvN. 
iMiInn,  where  tbey  eoald  aarry  out 
their  dark  aad  devlllab  daaigaa,  ami 
lar  Ibe  foaadatloM  af  tbiir  aaboly 
arhemea,  nnaialaaled  br  law,  orilar,  or 
er*a  deaaaay.  A  daaalala  narlMi  aaar 
lb*  iborxa  of  Ibe  lirvat  HaM  bake  waa 
ebnaea  for  Iba  aeal  af  their  ally  aad 
govarnmeat,  for  Ibay  aaplrad  la  no  I*** 
peetaaalone  thai  tb*  '•  Vafttabl*  Klajr- 
dam  of  Ood,"  ami  Hrlgbam  Yoiiag  Ifia 
rboMin  fhrphtl.  /V7«>«l,  aaif  TCiitf. 
lomiHtml,  or  rub  r  nf  the  **  Malata  ol 
liod"— eoald  amrtal    man   aapira   to 


greater    dignity    or    power  t 
"  MinthU*  iIMm/"— tbia 


Bu»- 
hla  oblaf  vf  Im- 
HMiiir*  actually  iiMiModeil  In  mtabllab* 
lag  a  All  m  of  gorernment  la  tha  very 
earner  of  the  United  l*tale*t  with  him- 
lelf  II  giiveinor,  with  lawa  to  aail  him- 
wlf  daiyiag  lb*  Itueeraaieal  aad  all 
law  aad  inierfWrenea  npim  Ibe  af»rm<lal 
iiuthnrilif  nf  •' MtiMO  JVi^/dllea "  aitd 
*' a/ifMitiitiiunl ! ''  Here  in  the  heart  of 
the  ureal  wilileraeia  the*  began  to 
biillir  the  "  New  Jeraialam "— ainc* 
failed  Halt  Uka  City.  Ilara  they 
iouriabad  Hka  "  a  graaa  bay  Ire*  "  aad 
Imported  their  dovotaea  Amm  the  lKni>- 
raat  and  uaprimd  olamaa  of  Earofta 
by  tboaaanda,  aadar  pretania  of  bring- 
lag  them  w  the  "kad  of  prnmiH?' 
They  rapidly  laeraaaad  aatll  liiay  aum- 
barad  many  tkoaaaada,  ami  barame  a 
terror  to  emigrallea  ami  dvlllmtlon. 
Under  the  dlagnlae  of  Indiana,  they 
waylaid  whole  emigraal  traina,  rub- 
bing, plundariag,  and  mardering  tha 
helplcM  Tlotlma   at   their  will.    Tha 

Sreat  "  Mountain  Meadow  Ma>iaoia,'* 
ealgned  and  proaaeiited  by  tha  Mir- 
mon  leaden,  waa,  after  twenty  vttra' 
•ueccuflil  evaalon,  bfoagbt  to  light, 
•ad  one  of  Ha  leaden  ai«c«t*d  by 
United  State*  autborttr.  But  It  la 
pretty  genenlly  balletred  that  Krigham 
Young  and  hia  apnatlaa  wara  Inatru- 
mentHl  in  nearly  all  tba  dapreda*'  ma 
committed  Ihrouahont  the  giant  piaiaa 
of  the  Went,  which  were  attributed  lo 
the  Indiana.  On*  great  aacrat  of  tha 
indlffennce  of  the  llorarnment  to  tha 
alarming  growth  of  tbia  monitroilty 
In  the  heart  of  hef  territory,  waa  ita 
remoteaeM  fIrom  tka  vary  borden  of 
dTliiiatlon,  aad  the  aatonndlng  itteMM 
of  ite  leaden  In  founding  a  city  and  a 

government,  populated  and  improved 
y  dint  of  lyitemattc  Induitry  and 
peneverance  wliirli  clialleageil  the  ad- 
mintion  of  all  who  viiited  that  onaia 
of  the  Urcat  Dciert— the  far-fomed  Salt 
Lake  City.    The  Uorornment  and  miU* 


TM 


OHRONOLOOT. 


tory  officUU,  nn<rip»p*t  cnrrctpond- 
•nU,  Mf)  pmintnciit  men  of  the  nation 
who  vUitrd  Vtnh  wrro  futpcl  and  flat- 
tcrt'd,  and  vomi'limrt  bougki  up  liy 
that  ffrfat  dUnltary,  BrlKliam  Young, 
who  neld  unlimltva  iwa.r  uvcr  a  rait 
tsrrltonr  of  willing  Kuhjccli,  and  wbo 
Gontnilfetl,  not  only  tliu  prvH,  tho 
■ohooU,  and  thu  religion,  Cut  the 
JtnancM  of  a  larpo  territory  repn<riontinK 
ImmcDfe  reiourtTi  und  wcultli.  But 
the  onward  innrch  nf  civlliutipn  la 
Out  aocomplUhinff  to-dny  what  a  tardy 
Ooreminent  nhnulil  have  done  at  the 
■tart;  fbr  no  great  opprewiiTe  power 
can  long  cxiit  lurroundad  by  the  ele- 
;.cnta  nf  freedom. 

*  Dkt.  tt.    Bailding  of  the  South  Carolina 

Railroad. 
"      American  Inititnte  of  I.eaming  foondcd 
in  Boaton. 

BattU  of  the  GiatUt. 

•'  OlMt  debate  in  the  United  Statea  denate 
between  Weboter  and  Ila/na,  called 
the  ••  Battle  of  the  QianU  " V» 

*  Cliarter  granted  by  the  Legiilataie  of 

PeDni)lvanla  to  Col.  Stephen  Long  for 
the  Am<«icaa  Stoam  Carriage  Com- 

*  FhtlMxmotit*  built  in  (A«  CniUd  StaUi 

by  Peter  Cooper,  the  phllanthropiat, 
after  hia  ov-n  aetign. 
IMI.   Oreat  polMeal  ttetUment  oter  Tariff  and 
Frtt  Trade. 

*  •*  Thi  Liberator,"  an  oMti-daittry  paper, 

ttarted  in  Boston  by  Wm.  Lloyd  Gar- 
riaon. 

*  Jan.  13.    BtmarhM*  teUptt  of  tht  nn. 

"  April  7.  Dom  Pedra  abdicated  In  favor 
of  hia  iOD,  Pedro  IL 

fames  Monroe. 

**  July  4.  Death  of  Jamea  Monroe,  fifth 
Pieaident  of  tlie  United  States.  Mr. 
Monroe  waa  l>om  in  Wettmoreland  Co., 
Virginia,  April  88.  1708.  At  the  age 
of  16  lie  entered  WiUiam  and  Mary 
College,  and  in  1770,  when  hut  two 
yeaia  in  college,  and  npon  the  adoption 
of  tho  Declaration  of  udependence,  he 
Klinqniahed  hia  itudiea  and  hastened 
to  Gon.  Washington's  headquarters  in 
New  York,  and  enrolled  his  name  as  a 
cadet  in  the  army.  In  tlio  battle  of 
Trenton,  during  which  he  waa  wound- 
ed, he  distinguished  himself  for  bis 
brarery,  and  was  promoted  to  tho  rank 
of  Captain.  Soon  after  be  receired  a 
eommiasion  as  Colonel,  but  the  army 
waa  so  depleted  that  no  command  could 
be  fumisoed  him,  and  be  returned  to 
Virginia,  and  entered  the  law  office  of 
Thomas  Jefferson.  In  1782  be  was 
.  elected  to  the  Virginia  Assembly,  and 
appointed  a  member  of  the  ExecutiTe 
Council.  In  1788  Mr.  Monroe  waa 
chosen  a  delegate  to  tho  Continental 
Congrees  lor  a  term  of  three  vears, 
where  be  proved  biroself  an  efficient 
nember,  and  was  instrumeotal  in  bring- 
ing about  the  General  Convention  at 
Pmladolphia,  which  developed  the 
preaent  Constitution.  He  married  a 
lliMKortright,  of  New  York,  an  intel- 
ligent and  accomplished  Udy,  who,  in 
hb  subsequent  high  career,  was  eveiy 
way  fitted  for  the  companion  of  so  dis- 
tinguished a  man.  Mr.  Monroe  waa 
%  member  of  the  Virginia  Oonvcntioa 


IMl.  which  ratifle<l  the  Constitution,  and 
opposed  it,  as  he  thought  it  gave  too 
much  power  to  the  rentrni  (lovcninicnt. 
An  a  Rppiihllcan,  Mr.  Monroe  op|HMO(| 
every  messuru  which  tended  to  crntral- 
ise  the  (lovomnicnt  and  give  it  too 
much  rontn<lllng  (mwer  over  tho  Stales. 
He  feared  the  tendencies  of  the  people 
toward  an  aritt<<crary.  In  the  war  be- 
tween Frnnoo  and  Kngland  Mr.  Monroe 
decpiv  sympathized  with  France,  and 
bitterly  opposed  tho  nctitrallty  proc- 
lamstlon,  alleging  thst  it  was  base  in- 

fratitude  in  the  United  States  to  rel\ise 
er  aid  to  France  iu  her  struggle  with 
the  despotic  powers  of  Europe.  Presi- 
dent Washington  magnanimonsly  ap- 
pointed Jamea  Monroe  aa  Minister  to 
that  Government.  He  was  received 
with  the  roost  enthusiastio  demonstra- 
tions of  Joyous  welcome.  The  Presi- 
dent of  the  National  Convention  ad- 
dressed him  in  a  congratulatory  speech, 
and  publicly  embraced  him  at  its  clone. 
The  flags  of  the  two  republics  wore 
intertwined  in  the  Assembly  Hall. 
Mr.  Monroe's  ftank  and  cordial  manner, 
and  his  open  sympathy  with  France 
was  so  extremely  annoying  to  England 
and  to  the  friends  of  England  in 
America,  that  he  was  recalled  near  the 
close  of  Washington's  administration. 
Shortly  after  his  return  be  waa  elected 
Governor  of  Virginia.  Mr.  Monroe 
wu  sent  to  France  to  negotiate  for  the 
purchase  of  the  Louisiana  Territory  in 
connection  with  Mr.  Livingston,  the 
Minister  to  France.  Their  efforta  were 
auccessfbl.  He  nest  visited  England 
to  remonstrate,  in  the  name  of  the  Gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States,  against 
the  impressment  of  our  seamen.  En- 
gland reftised  to  make  any  effort  toward 
■atiafyi  ng  their  Just  complaints.  From 
EngUnd  he  went  to  Spain  by  way  of 
Paris,  and  witoessed  tiie  crowning  of 
Napoleon  Bonaparte.  In  Spain  be  en- 
deavored to  settle  a  boundary  question 
relating  to  tho  liouisiana  Territory, 
which  Spain  bad  ceded  to  France,  and 
France  to  the  United  States,  but  failed 
to  effect  what  he  desired.  Mr.  Monroe 
was  again  sent  to  the  Courtof  England 
to  sue  for  redress.  But  she  remained 
inexorable,  and  the  treaty  which  they 
tendered  through  him  to  the  Gorern- 
ment  of  the  United  States  was  so  un- 
satisfactory that  the  President  de- 
clined to  submit  it  to  the  Senate.  Mr. 
Monroe  now  retired  to  bis  home  in 
Virginia,  where  he  remained  until 
called  to  the  Secretaryship  of  State  un- 
der President  Madison. 

Upon  the  burning  and  sacking  of 
Waahington  by  tho  British,  Mr.  lion- 
roe  assumed  the  additional  duties  of 
Secretary  of  War,  that  officer  having 
resigned  bit  position,  and  most  effi- 
ciently and  nobly  be  discharged  ^be 
duties  of  each.  The  country  was  in  a 
deplorable  condition — her  treasury  ex- 
hausted and  credit  gone,  and  in  the 
midst  of  a  war  with  the  strongest  na- 
tion upon  earth.  Yet  in  this  terrible 
crisis  James  Monroe  pledged  his  own 
individual  credit  as  subsidiary  to  that 
of  bis  country,  thereby  enabling  her 
to  make  a  succesaftal  defense  against 
the  invading  foe.  His  energies  were 
all  directed  to  the  salvation  and  wel- 
fare of  his  country,  snd  his  faithful 
and   prompt    measures   enabled   the 


1881.       army  to  triumph  glorinusi)  orer 

cruel  snd  Invfternte  enemy,  Upon  tli* 
clone  of  tliii  war  Mr.  Monroe  ii'slgnod 
the  Hecrotaryshipnf  War,  and  roniiiiued 
tlio  ilisrliarKe  of  the  duties  cf  Hvcri'tsry 
of  Statu  till  tliernd  of  Proident  Madi- 
son's adnilniHtritiion,  when  lie  was 
elected  to  that  lnip>  rtsnt  office  by  a 
large  minority.  A  beltir  choii-o  at 
that  timo  coul<l  not  well  have  been 
made.  He  continued  in  the  Presiden- 
tial chair  eight  yearn,  his  administra- 
tion giving  gonrnd  satisfuction.  lie 
made  great  exertion  to  srcuie  a  pen- 
sion law  to  reward  tho  veteran  soldiers. 
Mr.  Monroe  wiis  the  author  of  tlie  pa- 
per callod  "  The  Monroe  Doctrine,"  the 
object  of  which  waa  "  to  introduce  and 
establish  the  American  system  of  keep- 
ing out  uf  our  land  all  foreign  poweis ; 
of  never  permitting  thoae  ot  Europe  to 
'  intermeddle  with  tne  affairs  of  our  na« 
tion.  It  is  to  maintain  our  own  princi- 
ple, not  to  depart  fVtim  it,"  and  "that  any 
attempt  on  the  part  of  the  European 
powers  to  extena  their  system  to  any 
portion  of  this  hemisphere  would  m 
regarded  by  the  United  States  as  dan- 

Seroua  to  our  peace  and  aafety."  Mr. 
[onroe  died  a  poor  man.  Ue  gave  hia 
time  so  exclusively  to  his  country  that 
his  private  interests  were  neglected, 
and  he  became  involved  in  debts  which 
reduced  him  to  tho  estate  of  a  "  poor 
man"  in  worldly  possessions,  but  hia 
wealth  of  character  and  reputatitm  far 
outweighed  the  miser's  boarded  gains. 
He  died  at  the  residence  of  his  son-in- 
law  in  New  York,  at  the  age  of  aeventy- 
three,  honored  and  beloved  by  a  grate- 
ful nation. 

"  Oct.  1.  Free  Trade  Convention  at  Phila- 
delphia. - 

"  Oct.  2U.  Tariff  Convention  at  Haw 
York. 

"  Manning  moving-machine  patented  (tlu 
Jint  u$ffttl  motciiig-maeliine  made). 

**  Chloroform  diteotered  by  Samuel  Guthrie, 
of  Sackett's  Harbor,  N.  V. 

"  Sttiim  hnitting-machint  first  used,  at 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  by  Timothy  Bailvy. 

**  Dr.  Howe,  of  New  York,  invented  tne 
first  prooticM  machine  for  making  pins, 

"  Confederation  of  Buenos  Ayres,  Coiri- 
cntes,  Entro-Rlo,  and  Santa  Fe. 

■'       Uruguay  became  an  independent  State. 

*  Limitation  of  slave  trade  iu  HradL 
'      Ecuador  becomes  independent. 

*  Republic  of  Colombia  dissolved. 
'      Buttons  flriit  made  by  machinery  in  the 

United  States  by  Joel  Hayden,  of  Con- 
necticut. 


Gibbs,  the  Pirate,  Executed. 

'-  Capture  and  execution  of  QUibe,  the  nuut 
noted  pirate  of  the  century.  He  was 
called  the  "Scourge  of  the  Ocean."  In 
his  confession  he  stated  that  he  bad 
been  concerned  in  robbing  over  forty 
vessels,  and  he  gave  tlje  names  of  neai 
a  score  of  vessels  taken  by  the  pirates 
under  hia  command,  the  crews  ol 
which  were  murdered. 

"  Western  College  of  Teachera  eatabliahed 
in  Ohio  by  Albert  and  Joha  Picket 
and  Samuel  Lewis. 
1888.  Congress  panned  a  new  protective  tarifl 
bill.  Oreat  opposition  in  the  fe*outh. 
BovUi  Carolina  t/treatoned  leteuie^.  088 


Kinrinuiil) 
\f  rnriiiy.  Upon  th« 
Mr.  Mnnroo  iciilKnv'l 
)f  Wiir,  and  nmtliiued 
i«  (luti*-*  ilSvcri'torT 
il  of  Pri«i«!i'nt  M»<ll- 
Ion,  when  lio  WM 
ipi  rtant  offlre  by  « 
A  bcttir  clioii'o  It 
not  well  Imve  been 
lied  in  ihc  Prculilcn- 
enrH,  liU  admlnliitrii- 
ml  HtUfHGllon.  Ilo 
on  to  ircurn  •  pnn- 
I  the  veteran  soldiers, 
\ie  author  of  tlie  fw- 
lonroa  Doctrine,"  tbo 
u  "  to  introduce  and 
rican  ayatem  of  keep- 
1  all  foreini  power* ; 
a  thoae  i>t  Suro|w  to 
tno  affairs  of  our  nn* 
itain  our  own  princi< 
■omit,"  and  "tliat  any 
art  of  the  Euntpean 

their  system  to  any 
emispbcre  would  m 
Tnlted  Htatea  a*  dan< 
c«  and  aafety."  Mr. 
if  man.  lie  gnte  his 
y  to  his  country  that 
lists  were  neglected, 
mlved  in  debts  which 
10  estate  of  •  "poor 

p4)ssetsioM,  but  hia 
Br  and  reputation  far 
liscr'H  hoarded  gains. 
■Idence  of  his  son-in- 
at  the  ugti  of  seventh- 
d  belored  by  •  grate- 

I  Convention  at  Phil»> 

Convention   at   ««w 

laeMn*  patenttd  {th* 

maettine  made). 
Hi  by  Samuel  Quthrie, 
or,  N.  V. 
ehine   first   used,   at 

Timothy  Bailuy. 

York,  invented  tne 
bine  for  making  pins. 

uenos  Ayres,  Coiri- 
and  i*anta  Fe. 

independent  State, 
trade  in  HradL 
idependcnt. 
itt  dissolved. 

by  machinery  in  th* 
Jovl  llayden,  of  Con- 


'ira/e.  Executed. 

\on  of  Ombi,  the  nuut 
he  century.  He  was 
'ge  of  the  Ocean."  In 
stated  that  he  had 
n  robbing  over  forty 
,ve  tlie  names  of  neal 

taken  by  the  pirates 
nand,  the  crcwa  ot 
ercd. 

Teachers  established 

rt  and  Joha  Picket 

i. 

new  protective  tarifl 

lition  in  the  ttootli. 

'lattMd  eectuicit.  S!)i 


OHRONOLOOT. 


TOI 


G*H.  JaeksoH  VHot$  StMsion. 

lUlL  Prctldent  Jackson  ordered  the  naval  and 
military  fnrcr*  to  (.'harlcnton  to  enforce 
the  laws,  which  put  an  end  to  the  se- 
cession  088 

••  Fob.  6.  Attack  on  Qualla  Batoo,  in 
Sumatra,  by  the  United  Bt«tea  fHgate 
Putomat, 

First  Appearaiut  of  Cholera. 

**  June  8.  Cholera  at  Quebec;  the  Bret 
case  in  America. 

*  June  91.    First  cue  of  Asiatic  Cholera  in 

the  United  States,  which  scourge  swept 
over  the  entire  land,  hurrying  thou- 
■andi  into  a  sudden  and  terrible 
deotb 688 

*  Aug.  ST.    BUush  Hatek  War,  and  capture 

o/Blaeh  Haui 004 

**  Sept  S6.  University  of  New  York  organ- 
lied. 

**  Andre*  Jaekttn  ehoeen  for  Preitdent  and 
Martin  Van  Buren  Viee-PnMent, 

"  Death  </  OKarlea  Carroll  qf  CarroUton, 
the  laat  surviving  signer  of  the  Decla- 
ntion  of  Independence. 

"  Pretldent  Jaekeon  tetoed  the  United  State* 
Bamhm. 

"  Dec.  28.  John  0.  Calhoun  realgned  hit 
offlce  as  Vice-President. 

"  Sleetro-Magnetie  Tetforaph  intented  ty 
PrefeeeoT  Hone.    (See  biography.) 

"  Asiatle  Cholera  appeared  again  in  New 
York  City,  lasting  two  months,  and  re- 
sulting In  8,400  deaths. 

Chloroform  Imented. 

"      Dr.  Samuel  Outhrie  first  published  bis 

discovery  of  chloroform. 
"      Patent  granted  to  E.  ft  T.  Fairbanks  for 

their  "Hay  Scales,"  or  a  balance  for 

weighing  heavy  bodies. 
"      Yellow  fever  again  appeared   in    Now 

York  and  vicinity,  producing  %  great 

panic. 
1838.  Mar.  4.    Andrew  Jackson  inaugurated 

President  for  a  second  term. 

Jackson  Closes  the  United  States 
Bank. 

"  President  Jackson  being  informed  that 
the  United  States  Bank  was  using 
large  sum*  for  political  purposes,  re- 
moved the  deposit*  and  closed  all 
operations,  contrary  to  the  advice  of 
hi*  Cabinet,  and  in  direct  opposition 
to  Congress.  Great  excitement  was 
caused  by  this  act.  and  two  attempt* 
were  made  to  take  his  life.  Thomas 
H.  Benton  and  John  Forsyth  supported 
the  President  in  tlio  Senate,  but  Clay, 
Calhoun,  and  Webster  united  in  the 
.  opposition.  Tbo  name  "  Whig  "  was 
viopted  by  the  opposition  party . .  S33 

"  The  Southern  States  held  a  "State's 
Klght*  "  Convention. 

"  May  8.  Congress  passed  Henry  Clay's 
compromise  tari£r  law. 

"  Santa  Anna  inaugurated  President  of 
Mexico. 

^  Cholera  broke  out  among  the  United 
State*  troop*  who  were  engaged 
against  the  Indians  in  tlie  West,  nearly 
deetroying  leveral  companies, 

**  Yellow  fever  again  visits  the  United 
State*  in  a  more  virulent  form. 

"  First  practical  safe  invented  by  J.  0. 
tiayicr,  and  called  the  "  Salamander." 


John  Randolph. 

1888.  Mav94.  Deathof  John  Kandolph,  adiii- 
tinguislie<i  United  Slates  Henaior  Oom 
Virginia,  lie  was  bom  in  Virginia, 
June  2, 1778,  Bn<l  was  a  direct  descend- 
ant oL  and  the  seventh  goncrstiun 
fVom,  Pocahonta*,  daiiKhtor  of  the  In- 
dian Chief  Powhattan,  and  deliverer  of 
Capt.  John  Smith.  Mr.  Kandolph  was 
an  elo(|iient  and  eccentric  man,  and 
wa*  much  feared  in  Congress  and  also 
in  the  Senate,  for  his  sarcutio  and 
scathing  rebukes  and  expositions  of  all 
that  he  considered  trickery  and  secret 
combinations.  He  was  regarded  a* 
an  upright  and  atraightforward  repre- 
sentative, and  advocated  oidy  what  be 
believed  to  be  right. 

"  Removal  of  several  Indian  tribe*  beyond 
the  Mississippi. 

"  First  double  cylinder  printing-press  con- 
structed by  IIoo  ft  Newton. 

"      First  usei\il  rea|)er*  patented. 

"      Caloric  engine  invented  by  John  Ericsson. 

First  Newsboy. 

"  First  copy  of  New  York  Sun  printed  by 
BenJ.  II.  Day,  and  sold  for  one  cent  per 
copy.  Its  sale  on  the  streets  created 
the  first  "newsboy  "  that  ever  cried  in 
the  streets  of  an  American  city. 

"  Nov.  13.  Oreat  meteorio  thower  known  ae 
the  ^'/ailing  etan."  which  croiited  a 

Seat  sensation  oil  over  the  country, 
uch  fear  and  nomtcrnation  were  ex- 
cited among  the  superstitious,  many 
(upposing  the  "  end  of  the  w  rid  "  had 
come. 

'*      Chili  revised  her  Constitution. 

"  Slacee  emanetpated  in  Jamaica  The 
planters  immediately  combined  to  put 
wages  down  to  the  lowest  possible  rate, 
and  increased  the  rents  of  the  huts 
which  the  negrot^  orcnplud.  The 
negroes  deserted  the  plantations  and 
settled  in  the  mountains.  The  agita- 
tion resulting  therefrom  threatened  a 
revolt  against  the  Government.  Chinese 
laborers  were  intported,  but  without 
success. 

Flying-Machine. 

"  A  model  flying-machine  was  constructed 
by  Kufhs  Porter,  of  New  Britain,  Conn., 
who  kept  experimenting,  until  obout 
fourteen  yean*  later  ho  produced  a 
model  propelled  by  stenm,  which  he 
exhibited  at  Washington  and  in  the 
Merchants'  Exchange,  New  York,  and 
a  journal  of  the  day  declared  "  it  made 
the  circuit  of  the  rotunda  eleven  times 
like  a  thing  animated  with  life."  Still 
later  he  constructed  a  full  working 
machine,  but  which  he  never  completed 
because  it  was  found  impossiblu  to 
procure  a  varnUh  or  coatmg  for  the 
«anvas  covering  which  would  prevent 
the  leakage  of  the  gases  to  an  extent 
that  wholly  dcetroyed  the  lifting  power 
of  the  balloon.  The  balloon  was  cigar- 
shaped,  and  a  little  below  was  suspended 
a  car,  confirming  on  a  small  scale  to 
the  shape  of  the  balloon,  which  carried 
the  motive  power  for  propelling  the 
whole,  and  wa*  provided  with  a  pair 
of  screw  propellers  and  a  four-leaved 
rudder.  In  1800  Mr.  Porter's  principle 
was  revived,  with  certain  additions,  at 
Shell  Mound  Lake,  Cal,  by  Frederick 
Marriot,    and    operated    by    a   small 


1M8.  •team-engine.  Tko  nparatn*  worked 
well  in  a  dill  atmmphere,  but  proved 
A  failure  in  brisk  winds. 
1884.  Mar.  Vote  of  censure  by  the  Penate 
against  the  President  for  removing  tha 
Ilnnk  dopuiiit,  but  ww  soon  after  ex- 

pimged SStt 

"       7A«  whole  (Tnlted  Btatet  debt  paid  off. 
"      Luetf'er  matchee  first  wade  in  America. 

First  Seiving-Machint. 

"  Beitlno-maehine  intented  by  Walter  Hant| 
of  Now  York,  with  a  curved  eye- 
polnte<l  needle  and  shuttle,  making  • 
look-*titoh ;  but  he  failed  to  perfect  it 
or  to  get  •  patent  for  it. 

"  Itsised  alphabet  invented  by  Dr.  How* 
for  the  use  of  the  blind. 
1884-0.  Remarkable  eold  teinter  all  over  tha 
United  State*  —  snow  falling  In  the 
Southern  State*  one  foot  deep ;  orang* 
and  fig  tree*  100  year*  old  were  killed. 
1880.  Congre**  ettabllshed  branch  mint*  ia 
Oeorgia,  North  Carolina,  and  Loui*ti 
ana. 

"  The  Cherokee*  *old  their  land  to  QoT* 
emment  for  |0,3OO,0OO. 

**  April  18.  French  indemnity  bill  passed 
the  Chamber  of  Deputic*. 

"  May.  New  York  Herald  ettabliehed  by 
Jame*  Gordon  Bennett.  See  biog* 
rspby. 

"  July  6.  Death  of  Chief  JutHee  VanhaB, 
who  had  filled  this  high  office  nearly 
80  years. 

"  Roger  Brooke  Taney,  of  Maryland,  ap> 
pointed  to  fill  his  place. 

"  Renewal  of  war  witn  the  Seminole  In- 
dians, which  lasted  seven  years  longer 
and  cost  the  Government  $10,000,- 
000 583 

Great  Fire  in  New  York, 

*■  Dec.  18.  Great  fire  in  New  York  city; 
$32,000,000  worth  of  property  burned. 

"  Mexican  Constitution  abrogated,  and  the 
Confederation  of  State*  consolidated 
into  a  republic,  with  Santa  Anna  Presi- 
dent and  Dictator. 

"  Republic  of  Central  America  dissolved, 
and  the' separate  Republic*  of  Guate- 
mala, Honduras,  San  Salvador,  and 
Coxta  Rica  formed. 

"  Illuminating  gas  first  introduced  into  tha 
city  of  Philadelphia.' 

"  First  gold  pens,  with  diamond  point*, 
made  by  Levi  Brown,  a  Detroit  watch- 
maker. 

"  Gnani>  first  became  an  article  of  ccn* 
merce  in  the  United  State*. 

"  Dec.  38.  M^.  Dade  and  hi*  command 
massacred  in  Florida. 

"      Gen.  Thompson  and  his  oompanions  wen 
also  murdered. 
1888.  Aricansas  admitted  into  the  Union. 

"  April  31.  Battle  of  San  Jacinto,  in  Tex- 
as. Santa  Anna  defeated  and  taken 
prisoner. 

"  Bequest  of  Jame*  Smitbson  to  the  United 
States,  of  $516,180  for  the  "general 
diffusion  of  knowledge  among  men." 
Tine  Smitheonian  Inetitute  at  Woi-bing'- 
ton  wa*  founded  with  the  proceed*  of 
thi*  beqveet. 

James  Madison. 

"  JnneSS.  Deathof  Jame*  Madison,  fonrtb 
Preoident  of  the  United  State*.  Mr. 
Madison  wa*  Dom  in  Orange  Conntyt 


CHBONOLOOT. 


VlnUiia.  U*  gndutod  at  Prlnoatna 
ColkK*  •!  the  aga  of  twanty,  with 
M  conilltalion  unfceblad  with  con- 
■tant  itiidy,  but  with  a  chnrarter  of 
unblPDiltheil  piirlty,  and  a  mind  richly 
•torod  with  all  that  tnakea  youth  nt- 
trnctWe  and  lionorahle.  lleinR  natu- 
rally <rf  a  lilierty-l'iving  natnre,  and 
alio  highly  endowed  with  rell|{iout 
(pntimenti,  ho  oarly  kkvo  hli  mind  to 
theological  itudy.  Ho  poon,  however, 
beeamettrangW  tmpretaed  with  the  in- 
toleraom  of  Ohunh  power  in  thii 
country.  II«  law  the  iqjuatice  of  in- 
ditcriminata  taxation  tn  support  the 
Eatalillabad  Church  of  England.  Hit 
lint  public  cflbrta  ware  directed  amlait 
thia  eppriMaton.  With  Thomaa  JelTtr- 
aon  he  ftmgbt  for  religloua  liberty. 
Tin  battle  waa  fleroe,  and  the  opp»> 
■enta  of  religioiM  lutoleraace  were 
denounced  aa  tbe  enomiea  of  Christi- 
anity. But  liberty  triumphed,  and  re- 
Ugioua  freedom  waa  eatabliahed  in  Vir- 
ginia. 

In  177S  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Virginia  OonTeotion  to  fhmw  the  Coa- 
stitutioB  of  the  State.  He  la«t  the 
eleoiion  to  the  Oeneral  AaMmhIy  the 
next  Tear  because  ha  ref\ued  to  treat 
the  whisky-loving  Toten.  In  1780  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Conti- 
nental Congress,  and  was  immediately 
assigned  to  a  conspicuous  phtce.  In 
1787  he  was  an  eminent  member  of 
the  great  National  Convention.  Mr. 
Maduon  was-one  of  the  leading  tpirita 
in  calling  this  coBTention,  and  also  in 
bringing  about  the  great  and  all-im- 
portant retolt — the  "  Constitution  of 
the  United  Statea."  When  this  inval- 
uable document  was  to  )«  submitted 
to  the  people  of  the  United  States,  Mr. 
Madison  waa  selected  to  write  the  ad- 
drers,  expounding  its  principles  and 
urging  its  adoption. 

In  ITIH)  Mr.  Madison  found  himself 
fcst  drifHng  to  the  side  of  the  Repub- 
lican party.  Yet  he  was  so  courteous 
and  oonacicntioua  in  all  hia  manners 
and  measures  that  he  retained  the  con- 
fldence  of  hia  former  pirty  friends. 
In  1793  he  was  the  avowed  leader  of 
the  Republican  party  in  Congress.  In 
1707  It  was  the  wish  of  many  that  Mr. 
Madison  should  become  the  candidate 
for  President,  but  be  declined  the  hon- 
or. Mr.  Jelferson  wrote,  oimceming 
hia  qiulificattons  for  the  position, 
"There  is  not  another  person  in  tlie 
United  States  with  whom,  being place<l 
at  the  helm  of  our  sffairs,  my  mind 
wonid  be  so  compiet^  at  reat  for  the 
fortune  of  our  political  bark." 

At  the  age  of  48  be  married  the  ac- 
complished Mra.  Todd,  who  was  the 
belieof  New  Yerk.  She  proved  to  be 
a  worthy  companion  of  go  distinguished 
a  man,  and  waa  a  great  attraction  and 
social  power  at  the  "White  House," 
and  in  the  society  at  Waabington,  as 
the  wife  of  the  President. 

Upon  the  election  of  Thomas  Jeffer- 
aon  to  the  Presidency  he  appointed 
Mr.  Madison  Secretary  of  State.  He 
discharged  the  duties  of  thta  responsi- 
bte  office  during  the  eight  years  of 
Mr.  Jeflenon's  administration.  Mr. 
Jeilbnon  being  a  widower,  Mrs.  Msdi- 
aon  waa  eallea  upon  to  discbarge  the 
duties  and  honors  required  of  the 
iniitrcas  of  the  Fiesidential  mansion. 


1886.  ThU  poaltion  she  filled  with  the  dig- 1 
niiy  and  grace  of  a  queen,  maintaining ! 
at  tlie  same  time  those  true  womanly 
inatinet*  and  that  fVundnm  i>f  manner ; 
which  drew  all  hpartt  to  h<ir  witli  ai 
truly  magneilo  attraction.  Hhe  never 
(brgot  a  Mco  or  a  name,  anil  every  vis-  ' 
itor  waa  treated  with  apparently  i|ipcial 
attention.  The  most  bitter  focH  of  lii-r 
husband  and  of  the  a<lminiitration 
were  rcoeivu>l  witli  a  welcome  and  cor- 
diality that  made  tlicm  forget  the  bit- 
tcmeHS  of  party  strife  in  the  presence 
of  this  noble  and  truly  accomplished 
woman.  Upon  the  close  of  Mr.  Jeflei^ 
ton's  secona  term,  Mr.  Madison  waa 
elected  to  (111  hit  place.  He  was  alao 
elected  for  a  second  term  in  the  midst 
of  the  war  with  England,  during  which 
the  city  of  Waabington  waa  invaded 
by  British  troops,  and  the  Prealdcnt 
and  his  (kmily  were  compelled  to  flee. 
The  Capitol  and  all  the  public  ImlM- 
inga  were  burned.  In  1817  Mr.  Madi- 
son retired  from  the  Presidential  chair, 
and  repaired  to  his  beautiful  home 
at  MoBtpelier,  where  he  spent  the  re- 
mainder of  his  days  in  the  quietude 
and  peace  of  a  rural  home.  He  died 
at  the  age  of  8S  Tears,  and  his  memory 
was  treasured  with  love  and  gratitude 
by  the  nation  he  had  so  long  served. 

"      Oct    Got.  Call,  of  aeorgia,  invades  tbe 

Seminole  country. 
"      Oct.  2S.    Sam.  Honaton  elected  President 

ofTexaa. 
■*      Nov.    Martin  Van  Buren  eleettd  Prt$i- 

dent,  and  ptchard  M.  Johnson  Vice- 

Proxident, 
"      Dec.  IS.    Burning  of  the  general  Post- 

offlce  and  Patent  office  at  Washington. 
"      Teiaa  declared  independent. 
"      Pera- Bolivian    confederation    formed 

under  the  Presidency  of  Santa  Crux,  a 

Bolivian. 
**      TrialiffmdhardP.Bdbtntonforthtmur' 

dtr  <if  MIm  Helen  Jeaett,  a  beautifiil 

courtesan  of  Now  York. 
"      Samuel   Colt   invented   his   famous  re- 

volrer. 
"      FiiBt  National  Temperance  ConTcntion, 

held  at  Saratoga,  N.  Y. 

/.  Q.  Adams'  Great  Debate. 

"  John  Quinefy  Adami  eleten  days'  eonfltct 
for  the  right  of  petition,  in  Congress. 
Single-handed  and  nlone  Mr.  Adams 
fought  this  great  battle,  and  achieved 
for  the  American  people  a  victory 
which  should  be  commemorated  while 
the  nation  has  an  existence. 

"       Death  of  Aaron  Burr. 

"  Sioux  and  Winnebago  Indians  sold  their 
lands  and  went  beyond  the  Mississippi 
River. 

"  Oen.  Scott  subdued  the  Creek  Indians  in 
Georgia. 

"  Wm.  Crompton,  of  Worcester,  Mass.,  in- 
vented the  "  fancy  loom,"  which  pro- 
duced flgurea  in  weavinu. 

1887.  Jan.  86.    Michigan   admitted  into  the 

Union. 

"  Magnificent  ditptay  tf  vurora  iorealU. 
The  whole  aioh  of  toe  heawns  was 
covered  with  a  cano;>y  of  brilliant  and 
Tarious-hned  raya.  converging  in  tbe 
xenith  in  a  deep  red  color.  This  phe- 
nomenon was  witnessed  in  nearly  every 
part  of  the  United  States. 

'<  Obeat  riNAiioiAi.  c»Aaa  akd  pahic. 
250  houaea  in  New  York  stopped  pay- 


ieS7.  meat  dnrirg  the  first  three  woeki  \m 
April.  Failures  in  New  ()rl)-an<  In  two 
davs  reached  697,Oon,iiO<),  Llglit  "-tntes 
fltiled.  and  the  United  States  could  not 
pay  its  debts. 

"  Peru  declurt'd  war  aastnat  Chili,  and  also 
became  involved  (n  civil  war. 

"  Santa  Anna  Intcame  revolutionary  pro* 
vUinnal  I'rviidunt  iif  Mexico. 

"  Mar.  4.  Inauguration  nf  Aiartin  Vaa 
Buren. 

Origin  of  the  Express  Business 

**  The  etprtit  iuttnem  oriftnnted  in  the 
United  Slates  with  Wm.  T.  Harm1<>n, 
ayouna  man  who  carried  parcels  from 
New  't  ork  to  Boston  in  a  satchel.  Ilu 
toon  procnred  a  trunk,  and  in  a  short 
time  an  "Express  Office"  was  estab- 
lished in  botli  cities,  with  menengsrs 
employed  upon  each  steamer,  which 
toon  grew  into  an  extensive  and  well- 
orgamced  business.  In  the  course  of 
three  years  Mr.Ubmden  had  also  been 
intUumental  in  establinhing  an  emigra- 
tion system,  which  added  to  the  wealth 
of  the  nation  980,000,000. 

'  Commencement  of  the  Canadian  rebel- 
lion. 
1838.  First  xinc  produced  in  tbe  United  Stsie«, 
at  the  United  States  Arsenal  at  Wash- 
ington, and  found  in  Urge  qnantitius 
in  xfew  York  and  Pennsyrvama. 

'  Dud  betieeen  W.  J,  Orate*  and  JonntJian 
alleys  both  Members  of  Congress, 
Cillev  killed  at  third  fire. 

"  Exploring  expedition  to  the  South  Polo 
under  the  command  of  Capt,  Chr^iea 
Wilkes,  of  the  Unite<l  States  N:ivy. 

"  Oct.  S.  United  States  Bank  suspended 
specie  payment,  followed  by  the  (tw> 
pension  ot  the  mnjority  of  the  banks  in 
the  United  States,  causing  a  great 
panic. 

"  Peace  restored  between  Chili  and  Pern, 
and  Oamara  chosen  President  of  Pern. 

"       Mormon  viar  in  UUmmri, 


Log-Cabin  Campaign. 

1939.  Great  political  excitement.    The  Whig! 

nominate  Wm.    Henry    Harrison   foi 

President,  which  introduced  the  "  Log- 

Calin  Campaign." 
"      ChMlea  Goodyear   invented  vr.lcanized 

rubber. 
"      Siege  of  Montevideo  began,  lasting  nine 

years. 
"      Honduras  became  an  ia(?<!pendent  Re> 

public. 
"      Continued  revolution    in  Mexico ;   the 

Constitution  suspended. 
"      Peru-Bolivian  cunfuUeration  overthrown. 

First  Steam  Fire-Engine. 

1840.  Jf  fan  Ericsson,  a  Swedish  engineer,  per* 
fected  the  first  steam  fire-engine  in  tha 
United  State*,  for  which  be  received 
the  great  gold  medal  from  the  Me* 
chanict'  Institute.  He  bad  been  ia 
this  country  but  one  year  at  tbe  time. 
Mr.  Ericsson  planned  and  superin- 
tended the  building  .tf  thefint  "Moni- 
tor," «t  Greenpoint,  N.  Y.,  which  at 
iUfint  trial  dieabled  the  inm-elad  rem 
"Merrtmae." 
"      June  80.    Sub-Treasury  bill  became  a 

law. 
'      Firtt  Washingtcnian  Society,    founded 


«t  threo  wmka  \m 
tpw  (>rlritn<  in  two 
i,<iO<).  t:iKlit -tnlM 
d  »t»te»  could  not 

InitChtll.andalM 
civil  war. 

revolutionary  pro* 
r  Mexico. 
I  of  Martin   Vm 


r/r*«  business 

orif/inaUd  in  tha 
Woi.  T.  Harnden, 
irried  parcoli  fV6m 
n  in  a  latchel.  Ilu 
ink,  and  in  a  short 
Office"  was  eatab- 
I,  witli  menenRars 
:h  ttcamer,  wliloti 
isteniive  and  well- 
In  tli«  cnune  ol 
idea  had  aho  bean 
bliohing  an  emlgra* 
tdded  to  tbo  wealth 
0,000. 
^a  Ciinadlan  relH:l- 

I  the  United  Statec, 
•  Arsenal  at  Wash- 
in  large  onantitlu* 
"onnaylvania. 
rat«t  <md  Jonathan 
bera  of  Congrats, 
dflre. 

to  the  South  Polo 
d  of  Cspt.  Chr^iea 
od  t^tatea  Nary. 
;8  Uunii  suspended 
illoncd  liy  the  ena- 
irity  of  the  banlis  in 
,  causing   a  great 

en  Chili  and  Peru, 
President  of  Pern. 
tri. 


Campaign. 

roent.  The  Wlilot 
Dnry  Harrison  foi 
troduced  the  "  Lng> 

iTentcd  vr.lcaniied 

began,  lasting  nine 

iad<!pendent  Re- 

in  Mexico;   the 
ded. 
eration  orerthrown. 

Fire-Engine. 

idiah  engineer,  pen- 
n  flre-cngine  in  tha 
which  be  received 
gdal  from  the  Me> 

He  had  been  in 
e  year  at  the  time, 
ntd   and    auperin> 

jf  theflnt  "Mmi' 

N.  Y.,  which  at 

dth*irvi*-dadt*m 

iry  bin  became  a 

BaciHy,    founded 


CHRONOLOOY. 


7W 


1840. 


vpon  **  total  abstinence,"  established  In 
Baltimore  by  i>lx  men  of  Intvmperata 
habits,  and  at  Its  first  anniversary  100 
reformed  drunkards  marcbod  in  pro- 
oeiwlun. 

"       Adami  ErprfU  Company  fniindt J. 

**      Not.    Uen.  llarrUon  ckittod  Preaident, 
and  John  Tyli-r  Vice-Preildcnt 

"      Death  of  Franciu,  Ulctutur  of  Paraguay. 

"       Dom   Pedro  I!,    crowned    Emperor    of 
Brazil,  at  the  age  of  tourteen  years. 

"      Antarctic  Continent  discovered  by  Capt 
Wilkes. 
IMl    Mar.  4.     Inanguration  of  Oon.  Harrison 
as  Presi'ient. 

IVm.  Henry  Harrison. 

April  4.  Death  of  Wm.  Henrv  Harrison, 
the  ninth  President  of  the  United 
Btates.  Mr.  Hiirrlion  was  bom  In  Vir- 
ainia,  on  the  banks  of  the  Jamea  River, 
the  0th  of  February,  1778,  His  datber 
was  one  of  the  distinguished  men  of 
his  day,  and  an  intimate  fHend  of 
Qeorge  Washington,  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Continental  Congres*,  a  true 
patriot,  and  one  of  the  signers  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  and  sub- 
sequently (Sovemor  of  Virginia.  Wil- 
liam Henry  was  a  graduate  of  Hamp- 
den Sidnev  College,  and  u|)on  leaving 
college  be  began  tne  study  of  medicine 
with  Dr.  Hush,  in  Philadelphia,  but 
upon  the  outbreak  of  the  Indian  depre- 
dations on  the  Weatem  flrontier  he 
abandoned  bis  studies  and  repaired  to 
the  scene  of  action,  and  offered  his 
services,  having  previously  received  a 
commission  of  ensign  from  Preaident 
Washington.  He  was  then  but  nine- 
teen years  of  age.  This  was  soon  ntler 
the  disastrous  defeat  of  Qcn.  St.  Clair, 
which  spread  consternation  over  the 
whole  fVontier.  He  was  soon  promoted 
for  his  valor  to  .be  rank  of  Lieutenant 
under  Oen.  Wayne,  and  was  with  him 
when  be  fought  the  Indians  at  Maumee 
and  utterly  routed  them,  driving  them 
flrom  their  old  flghtinp  ground  and 
causing  them  to  sne  for  peace.  The 
young  Lieutenant  waa  soon  after  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  Captain,  and 
placed  in  command  at  Fort  Washing- 
ton. In  1797  Mr.  Harrison  resigned 
his  commiaaion  in  the  armv,  and  waa 
appointed  Secretary  of  the  North- 
western Territory,  and  «  <^io  Uen- 
tonant-Govemor,  under  Oen.  St  Clair, 
who  waa  then  Qovemor  of  the  Terri- 
tory, He  waa  aent  as  a  Delegate  to 
Congreaa  flrom  the  Northwestern  Terri- 
tory, and  in  the  apring  of  IJOO  he  was 
appointed  Governor  of  the  Indian  Terri- 
tory, and  immediately  after  alao  Gov- 
ernor of  Upper  Louisiana.  Hewastbna 
Governor  or  almost  as  extensive  a  realm 
aa  any  sovereign  upon  the  globe,  besides 
being  Superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs. 
His  aithnil  and  able  discharge  of  these 
responsible  duties  caused  him  to  be 
four  times  elected  to  this  office.  While 
Superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs  he 
waa  sole  CommisBioner,  and  effected 
thirteen  treaties  with  the  Indians,  by 
which  the  United  States  acquired  sixty 
millions  of  acres  of  land.  He  bad 
ample  upiiortunities  to  enrich  himself, 
but  he  never  held  a  single  acre  of  land 
except  through  a  legitimate  and  legal 
title ,  and  it  was  said  of  him  "  that  no 
man  ever  disbursed  so  large  an  amount 


1841.  of  public  treasure  with  so  little  diffi- 
culty in  acUuttIng  his  accounts."  In 
October,  1818,  Indian  hostllltica  be- 
came so  open  that  Governor  Harrison 
made  every  preparntlon  for  dofcnae 
and  marched  to  tbe  Indian  encamp- 
ment on  the  TIppcHnoe  River,  to 
bring  about  if  poaalblo  a  peaceable  set- 
tlement with  them.  Tecumaeh  and 
his  brother,  the  Prophet,  wore  at  the 
bead  of  all  the  hostile  tribes.  Governor 
Harrison  arrived  withiu  three  miles  of 
their  encampment,  when  three  Indians 
made  their  appearance,  demanding  bia 
intentions.  After  a  short  conference, 
arrangements  were  made  for  a  Council 
with  the  Chief  the  following  day. 
Before  day  the  Indians  in  ftill  force, 
led  by  the  "Prophet,"  attacked  the 
troops.  But  Oen.  Harrison,  knowing 
the  treachery  of  their  character,  waa 
flilly  prepared  for  the  attack,  and  the 
vkitory  over  the  savages  wai  complete. 
He  waa  himself  twice  hit,  but  not 
severely  wounded,  and  one  horse  waa 
disabled  under  him.  This  achieve- 
ment greatly  added  to  his  reputation, 
After  the  war  with  England  waa  fblly 
inauffuraled,  Governor  Harrison  waa 
appointed  by  President  Madison  Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  the  Northwestern 
Army.  Ills  campaign  was  a  difficult  and 
hazardous  one,  and  involved  a  vaat 
amount  of  suffering  among  hia  troops, 
and  rvquirod  the  greateat  energy  and 
valor  ot  their  commander.  The  British 
troops  were  allied  with  the  Indians,  and 
what  oruci  and  treacherous  devices  their 
savagu  nuturva  were  incapable  of  in- 
vcntmg,  their  more  civilized  and  Chris- 
tian allivs  supplie:!,  to  torture  and 
bring  to  a  lln^vrinK  nnd  terrible  death 
the  victims  of  their  rruclty.  The  last 
great  victory,  tlie  battle  of  the  Thomes, 
which  gave  pfiico  to  tlje  fr.'Mtier,  and 
in  which  Tecumtteb,  the  acknoni- 
edged  Chief  and  warrior  of  all  the 
hostile  tribes,  was  killed,  nos  fought 
under  Gen.  Harrison's  immediate  com- 
mand. Upim  the  close  of  the  war  he 
was  appointed  to  treat  with  the  Indian 
tribes,  which  negotiations  he  conducted 
•0  skillfVilly  as  to  secure  the  approba- 
Uon  of  both  the  Government  and  the 
Indiana.  In  1816  Gen.  Harrison  waa 
choaen  a  Member  of  the  National 
House  of  Representatives  for  the  Dis- 
trict of  Ohio.  In  1810  be  waa  elected 
to  the  Senate  of  Ohio,  and  in  1824  to 
the  Senate  of  the  United  States.  In 
the  latter  part  of  1828  John  Quincey 
Adams  appointed  Gen.  Harrison  Minis- 
ter Plenipotentiary  to  the  Republic  of 
Colombia,  but  through  personal  ani- 
mosity Gen.  Jackson,  upon  bis  inaugu- 
ration, recalled  him.  Upon  his  return 
he  retired  to  his  farm  in  North  Bend, 
Ind.,  where  he  remained  tmtil  again 
asked  to  serve  bis  country  in  the  office 
of  their  Chief  Magistrate.  In  1886  he 
was  made  a  candidate  for  the  Presi- 
dency, but  the  opposition  party  elected 
...  ....      ..    ..    Y 


their  candidate,  Martin  Van 
In   1840  Gen.  Harrison  was 


Buren. 
elected 


President  by  an  overwhelming  majority. 
Never  was  there  a  more  popular  candi- 
date with  "the  people."  His  Cabinet 
was  a  moat  able  and  brilliant  one,  with 
Daniel  Webster  at  its  head  as  Secretary 
of  State.  His  prospects  were  most 
flattering  and  the  hopes  of  the  country 
unbounded.    But  in  the  midat  of  all 


1841.  these  prospects.  Death,  tbo  great  enemy 
of  all  numan  kind,  and  the  great  lerew 
of  all  distinctions,  with  one  Ml  Mow 
blasted  the  nation's  hope,  and  sent  to 
an  untlmelv  grave  one  of  her  noblest 
and  most  Illustrious  hemes.  President 
Harrison  died  the  4th  day  of  April, 
Just  one  month  after  his  triumphani 
and  mo«t  happy  inauguration.  Uia 
last  words,  thousb  uttered  in  delirium 
as  though  specially  addressed  to  bia 
successor,  are  wtll  belltting  the  man, 
and  could  have  been  no  more  wisely 
cbonen  if  uttered  in  the  fbll  poaaeaaion 
of  his  mind : 

"  Sir,  I  wish  you  to  understand  tbo 
principles  of  the  Government ;  I  wish 
them  carried  out.  I  ask  nothing 
more" 086 

**  April  0.  Inauguration  of  John  Tyler  aa 
President. 888 

"       Webtteft  Dietionmry  apptartd. 

■<      Aug.  0.    8nb-Treasui7  hill  repealed. 

'*      Aug,  18.    Bankruptcy  act  became  a  law. 

"  Upper  and  Lower  Canada  united  in  one 
Government. 

'•  Servile  insurrection  in  Braill,  and  war 
with  Buenos  Ayres. 

**  Cold-blooded  murder  of  Samuel  Adams 
by  John  0.  Colt,  in  New  York. 

"  losprisonment  for  debts  due  the  United 
^tea  abolished. 

"      New  York  "  Tribcni  "  BaTABLisHBO  wt 
HoRACi  Gbbilkt. 
1848.  Bunktr  HiU  Monummt  completed;  greet 
celebration. 

"      War  with  the  Beminolea  terminated- 

*'      Lue^fer  mattht*  first  made  by  machinery. 

"  Attempta  to  re-establish  a  National  Bank 
vetoed  by  the  President 687 

"  Dorr' I  Bebelllon  in  Rhode  Island  in  anp- 
port  of  a  new  Constitution  and  the 
rights  of  suffrage.  It  waa  soon  put 
down. 

'  Mormonism  became  prominent  and  re- 
ceived large  accessions  to  its  sumben. 

'      Mar.  8.    Bankrupt  Act  repealed. 

'  Aug.  9.  Treaty  of  Waikinglon  negoti- 
ated by  Daniel  Webater  and  Lord  Ash- 
burton,  deilning  oar  north -CMtem 
boundary,  and  for  snppresaiag  tl.« 
slave  trade  and  giving  up  ftagltlTS 
criminals.  This  closed  the  Arooatook 
war. 

■>      Oct.  2.    Death  of  Dr.  Chawaing. 

"  Boyer  was  expelled  ftom  Hayti,  and  it 
was  formed  into  an  independent  *•• 
public  under  the  name  or  Santo  Do- 
mingo. 

Fremont's  Expedition. 

"  Fremont  made  hia  first  expedition  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  He  explores  the 
Great  West,  and  discovers  the  csonth 
Pass,  that  wonderflil  gateway  to  the 
golden  shores  of  the  Pacific. 

■<  TKomat  Kingford  prodooed  his  first  sam- 
ple of  pure  corn  starch.  His  great 
starch  factory  at  Oswego  now  prod  aces 
21,600,000  lbs.  annuidly,  or  86  tons  • 
day.  Average  number  of  workmen 
700. 

Mutiny  in  the  JVaty. 

'*  First  mutiny  in  the  United  States  Navy 
instigated  by  Midshipman  Spencer,  son 
of  aUnited  States  Cabinet  officer,  on 
board  tbo  United  States  brig-of-war 
8omer$,  Capt  A.  S.  MoKenzie.  Spen- 
cer and  hia  comradea  were  bong  to  the 
yMrdarm. 


f«6 


CHBONOLOOT 


F0t.ritr  Exciltmtnt, 

INI.  TIm  comnMialtT  ida*  wm  agikin  rcrlred 
and«r  the  Fourier  eioiteinciit,  wbioh 
WM  Initiated  by  norMC  Orceley  itnd 
Albert  Urilbane,  The  leaden  and 
movrra  in  the  entcrpriae  dliDlayed  thu 
uual  amount  of  entnualaam,  out  it  waa 
aborn  of  many  o'  ita  fanatical  and  rl- 
dlouloca  featorea,  and  numbered  among 
ita  adrocktea  many  Intelligent  and  en- 
torprialng  dtiient.  Coamunitiet  were 
•aUUiabed  in  dillSsrent  SUtea,  which, 
for  a  time,  thrired  rapidly,  bat  which 
ioan  fall  into  dltnpata.  The  moat  ex- 
teniiTa  of  theae  waa  in  Ooneaoo  Co,, 
Mew  Toric,  and  among  Ita  membq;vhlp 
war*  aome  of  the  leading  litvrary  char- 
aotera  of  the  day.  But  perhapa  the 
moat  ancceaaftil  one  in  point  of  har- 
mony and  age  waa  that  eatabliahed  at 
Cereaco,  WU.  One  waa  eatabliahed  In 
Miobigan,  called  the  Adulpbl  Phalanx, 
to  which  OTer  8,000  membera  l>clnngcd, 
bot  it  aoon  fell  under  ita  own  weight. 
The  North  American  Phalanx,  of  Mew 
Jersey,  waa  for  a  abort  time  cooalderod 
the  "  Star  Community.*'  Horace  Urce- 
Vj  and  aereral  other  prominent  New 
Yorkera  were  itockholdera.  But  thia 
alao  auffered  the  ftte  of  all  the  otben, 
and  died  a  prtmatur*  dtath. 

Tht  End  of  the  World. 

ISML  QfwU  and  eztenaive  excitement,  cauiad 
by  the  preaching  of  William  Miller, 
that  the  apeedy  coming  of  Chriat  waa 
at  hand.  Thia  plain,  aimple  New  En- 
gland farmer  bacar-e  imprested  from 
reading  the  ScripturtA  and  the  history 
«f  naoona  that  the  propheciea  which 
foretold  the  second  coming  of  Christ 
were  apeedily  to  be  iVilfllled.  The 
maaner  of  hia  proacbidg  waa  simple  in 
the  extreme.  He  road  from  the  pro- 
phetic writings,  and  compared  the  de- 
aeriptiona  with  erenta  in  the  world's 
biatorr,  and  made  bia  applications  in 
*  0001  and  candid  manner.  But  the 
topic  waa  ao  intenaely  intereating,  and 
the  oceaaion,  manner,  and  eamestneaa 
of  the  apeaker  aronaed  such  a  spirit  of 
aolamnitT,  that  the  great  majority  of 
candid  liateners  were  deepW  impremed 
with  the  tmthflilneaa  of  the  apeaker 
•ad  hia  aabjeot  Hia  great  error  con- 
aiated  in  aotting  the  time  for  the  com- 
ing of  Christ,  and  aa  manv  of  hia  fol- 
lowers were  fanatica,  they  brought  dis- 
rtnute  npou  their  louler  and  the  doe* 
trfnea  he  advocated  by  their  extrava- 

Sot  conduct.  After  the  paaaage  of 
e  "time,"  Mr.  Miller  waa  the  aubject 
of  extensiye  ridicule  and  peraecution. 
But  thoae  personally  acquainted  with 
bim  and  (is  teaching,  held  him  in 
great  reapect  for  hia  consistent  and 
Chriatian  character.  Thia  Bible-reader 
waa  advertised  fW>m  one  end  of  the 
world  to  the  other,  aa  "attting  the  day 
for  t'je  Lord  to  come  and  burn  up  tlie 
world  t  '*  and  his  followers  were  de- 
acribed  as  a  "  band  of  lunatics, wearing 
long  white  robes,  ready  to  ascend  at  the 
eight  of  every  white  cloud  floating  in 
the  heavens."  That  there  were  many 
flmatica  among  these  sincere  and 
worthy  people  no  one  would  deny, 
and  perbape  a  few  became  rcallv  in- 
aane,  but  that  one-tenth  part  of  the 
■lischief  and  a'lsurd  theories  attributed 
to  then  was  true,  no  intelligent  per- 


1849.  aon  aimuainted  with  the  teanhlaga  of 
Mr.  Miller  will  claim.  Mr.  Miller  pub- 
lished a  book  of  Ifrtum  u|)on  the 
proptiecips  of  Daniiil,  whicii  were  then 
nellvved  In  the  main  by  all  tlioiie  who 
accepted  tlio  Uttral  tnttrprelittion  of  the 
profihetie  Sertfiturfi. 

"  Congreia  voted  |IIO,<)00  to  Hamuel  F.  B. 
Morse  to  estaliliih  his  teirgruph  lines — 
flrst  in  the  worid. 

"  Fremont  »tUndtd  hit  erptdiHon  to  the 
Columbia  Kiver,  Oregon,  ami  from  that 
point  up  the  Wallamet  Valley  to  Kla- 
math Lake,  puahing  un  throush  snow 
and  cold,  over  granite  peaks  and 
through  deep  raVlneii,  witliuul  trail, 
and  March  6,  1H44,  ho  readied  the 
aouthorn  slope  of  the  Hiorras. 

Great  Comet  of  1843. 

**  Mar.  Sudden  appearance  of  a  great 
comet,  probably  the  roont  marvelous  of 
the  preiient  age.  It  wna  seen  In  the 
daytime,  before  It  was  visihlo  nt  night, 
and  >turtled  the  country  by  its  sudilen 
and  brilliant  advent.  Many  regarded 
it  aa  a  aign  of  the  coming  end  of  the 
world,  and  others  of  rovolution  or  war. 
It  waa  visible  to  the  naked  eye  for 
weeks,  when  it  suddenly  disappeared. 

"  ZJmM  of  Noah  Wa»Ur,  author  of  the  Dic- 
tionary. 

><  First  patent  for  flre-proof  tafo  (Wildor's). 
Patent  granted  to  Daniel  Fitzitenild. 

"  Chili  esUblishcd  a  colony  at  Port  Fam- 
ine, Patagonia. 
1844.  Fbb.  28.  Eiplo*ion  of  tht  "Peaftmator," 
a  large  gun  un  board  the  Princeton^ 
killing  the  Secretary  of  Slate,  Abel  P. 
Usher,  and  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
Tbomaa  W.  Giilmon S87 

First  Treaty  with  China. 

"  Commercial  treaty  with  China,  negotiated 
by  Caleb  Cnahman,  being  the  flrst  treaty 
made  by  China  with  any  Christian  na- 
tion.  888 

First  Telegraph  Line. 

"  Flra  telegraph  line,  atretched  from  Wash- 
ington to  Baltimore.  T'le  flrst  message 
sent,  "Behold  what  God  hiah  wrought." 

"  FIrU  anti-ilatery  candidate  nominated 
for  President,  Jamca  O.  Bimey,  of 
Michigan,  who  received  170  votes.* 

"  Mexico  reaumea  her  Constitutional  Gov- 
ernment, with  Santa  Anna  President 

"      Lopex  becomes  Dictator  of  Paraguay. 

Bishops  O.tderdottk. 

"  Triala  and  suspension  of  the  Bishops 
Onderdonk,  of  the  Episcopal  Cliurch, 
for  immoral  conduct  and  drunkenncssi. 

"  The  Midag,  a  small  topiail  schooner,  pro- 
pelled by  steam-working  screws,  was 
tile  flrst  American  steamboat  that  went 
round  the  Cape  of  Qood  Hope. 
1844-8.  Insurrections  of  the  negroes  suppressed 
in  Cuba,  and  during  the  latter  year 
10,000  negroes  perished. 
1S44.  Annexation  of  Texas  was  the  campaign 
question  of  this  year S38 

"  James  K.  Polk  elected  I'rusident  and 
George  M.  Dallas  Vice-Prusident. .  538 

Mormon   War. 

"  Mormon  war  in  IHinois.  Murder  of 
Joseph  Smith,  the  Mormon  Pruplict, 


1844.      anil  aeiuction  of  Urigham  Yotmg  to  fli 

his  pisca. 
"       Copper  tteitument  In  iliehlgan. 
*       Ulrtlion  of  I'ulk  announerl  by  teltgraph, 

till  tint  news  item  conveyed  over  the 

wi''es, 
184D.    Lakr  Huiierior  copper  mines  o|)onod,  one 

of  which — the  Calumet  and   llecla — 

yielduil  in   1M73,  8,000  tons  of  pure 

copper,  worth  |A0O  per  ton 

"      Texas  admitted  Into  the  Union ffSO 

•"      Slar.    8.      Florida    admitted    into    the 

Union. 
'*       Mar.  4.    Innttguration  of  Jamet  K.  I\>lk 

<M  Pretiilent. 
**      Julv  4.    Texas  framed  a  now  Constitu- 
tion, preparatory   to  admission  as  % 

State. 
''      Naval  School  at  Annapolin  iiponed. 

J/oitte's  Saving-Machine. 

'*  Ellas  Howo  produced  bis  fltat  aewingu 
macliino.     (See  biography). 

"  Texas  admitted  as  a  State.  Slexico  takai 
olTense, 

"       Oreatjire  in  Pitttburg,  Pa. 

"      Fire  in  New  York.    SOObuildingtlnimtl, 

"       Death  of  Joeeph  Storp,  the  gtent  iuritt, 

"       Files  flrst  made  in  the  United  States. 

"       Ecuador  rcocived  a  Constitution. 

'*      Castilla  made  President  or  I'oru, 

"  Aug,  Gen.  Zachury  Taylor  advanced 
with  4,000  soldiers  to  Corpus  Cliristi, 
the  western  boundary  of  Texas. . . .  fiil9 

"  Great  Ilritain  and  France  united  with 
Ilrazil  in  an  attack  upon  Uuonos  Avrea. 
1840-7.  Slave  trade  in  Cuba  almost  entirely 
Bupprcascd. 

Santo  Domingo. 

1848,  First  negotiation  relating  to  the  annex- 
ation of  Santo  Domingo,  a  Democratic 
measure  wliich  had  in  view  tlio  acqui- 
sition of  slave  territory  in  the  West 
Indies  to  balance  the  incresse  of  free 
States  in  the  North ;  but  they  were  de- 
terred from  pushing  this  measure 
through  fear  or  the  disastrous  results  of 
adding  a  Republic  in  which  the  negroot 
were  free  and  their  equality  recognized 
by  law  to  a  Republic  where  they  were 
held  as  klaves,  and  having  no  social  or 
political  riglits  OS  citizuns.  The  flrst  at' 
tempt  waa  made  by  President  Polk, 
through  Mr.  Hogan  aa  Commissioner  to 
the  Islands,  and  resulted  favorably  as  to 
its  importance  as  a  flnancial  measure ; 
but  the  freedom  and  social  equality  of 
the  negro  threw  a  damper  upon  tlie  zeal 
of  ita  slave-holding  and  Democratic 
friends.  In  18S4  Oapt.  George  H.  Mo- 
Clellan  waa  commissioned  to  visit  the 
Island,  but  with  a  simihir  though  moio 
favorable  result  The  necessity  of  an 
American  naval  station  in  the  We^t 
Indies  brought  up  the  question  in  a 
more  important  light;  and  therefore, 
in  1807,  Mr.  Seward,  Secretary  of  State, 
and  a  number  of  officers  visited  the 
Dominican  capital,  and  had  an  inter- 
view with  the  authorities,  but  any 
further  action  waa  postponed  in  view 
of  more  important  projects  of  annexa- 
tion by  the  Johnson  Administration. 
Under  the  Administration  of  Geo. 
Grant  the  subject  was  again  brought  to 
notice  by  overtures  fi  om  the  Kacz  Gov- 
ernment, which  bad  control  of  the  Re- 
public; but  the  unfortunate  purchase 
of  Alaska,  togetlicr  with  the  recent 
disastroua  earthquake  in   Santo  fto- 


Ml  Yoang  to  n 

Mgan. 

erd  fry  tflfffraph, 

[iTcjtiU  over  tht 

Inc'i  oponod.  out 
let  «ii(l  llecia— 
lU  toni  of  puN 
r  ton 

Union nSO 

iilttua    knto    tba 

f  Jitmet  K.  Mk 

n  now  Cotiit'.tu- 
Kdinitilon  sa  i» 

lln  opened. 

'•Machitu, 

III*  flrat  lowingb 


CHRONOLOOT. 


te.    Slexico  takai 

Pa. 

building$ium9l, 
lio  ttrentjuritt. 
Jiiited  Btatci. 
■titutton. 
;  or  I'oru. 

Taylor  ndvanced 
)  Corpui  Clirintt, 
of  Texan...  SilO 
ince  united  with 
>on  Uiiciioi  Ayrea. 
I  ulmost  entirely 


<ming0. 

ing  to  the  annex- 
igo,  a  Dtimocratlo 
in  view  the  acqai> 
tory  In  the  Wcat 
0  incrcKBo  of  free 
but  they  were  de- 


[B 


thi*    meaiura 
Isastrouk  resnlta  of 
which  the  ncgrooa 
junlily  recognized 
!  where  they  were 
avtng  no  locial  ot 
zuns.    The  flnt  9,^ 
President  PolW, 
Commiggionnr  to 
ted  favorably  aft  to 
Inancial  measure; 
I  aocial  equality  of 
npcr  upon  t)ie  zeal 
:  and  Democratic 
pt.  George  B.  Mo- 
loned  to  visit  th« 
Hilar  though  moio 
le  necessity  ot'  an 
ion  in  the  We^t 
ho  question  in  u 
it;  and  therefore, 
Secretary  of  State, 
fficcrs  visited  the 
ind  had  an  inter- 
lorities,  but    any 
—ORtponed  in  view 
rejects  of  annuxa- 
\  Administration, 
stration   of  Qea, 
again  brought  to 
om  the  Baez  Oor- 
;onlrol  of  the  Re- 
irtuniite  purchase 
with  the  recent 
0  in   Santo  Dv 


IIM.  minao.  oniitcd  a  reaction  against  the 
acquisition  of  territory.  Another  rffort 
wns  made  liy  ProKldunt  (iriiiit,  through 
(li'n.  E.  (>.  mlxMick,  niid  tli>^  project  of 
a  trfiity  nlgncil  by  tlm  Dominican  Gov- 
crnment,  anil  rn'illi'il  l>y  lliii  Dominican 
people,  Kigiii'd  uUo  liy  the  Washington 
Adnilniiitralion,  nwitited  ratiflcation 
by  tlie  Hennte,  but  a  stormy  opposition 
waa  devi^lopod,  and  it  lingered  until  it 
explro<l  by  its  own  limitation.  While 
tlie  measure  was  pending,  a  very  im- 
portant and  responsible  Commission 
was  appt>inted  and  committed  to  liur^). 
F.  Wndo  of  Ohio,  Andrew  D.  White 
of  Naw  York,  and  Hamuol  .1.  Ilowo  of 
Mauacliusetts,  aided  by  Judge  Burton, 
cx-Minlster  to  Bogota,  with  Frederick 
Douglas  and  Gratz  Brown  aa  Secre- 
taries, to  visit  and  make  a  thorough 
survey  and  examination  nf  the  Island 
and  make  out  a  report.  This  company 
sailed  Jan.  17,  1871,  and  their  work 
was  pn>Bocutvd  with  great  cnre,  and 
accomplished  within  ninety  days,  and 
their  report  was  published  in  Congress, 
but  for  various  reasons  the  enterprise 
was  abandoned. 

Andrew  Jackson. 

Tune  8.  Death  of  Andrew  Jackson, 
seventh  President  of  the  United  States. 
Bom  in  the  wilderness  of  South  Caro- 
lina In  170S,  in  the  midst  of  the  most 
abject  poverty,  and  under  circum- 
■tances  of  peculiar  sadness— Just  three 
weeks  after  the  death  of  his  father. 
There  Is  nothing  but  hardship  and 
privation  of  the  keenest  character  to 
record  of  the  early  life  of  this  great 
man — great  in  deeds  and  character 
,  alone— for  earth's  blessings  and  boun- 

ties were  roost  scrupulously  denied 
him.  He  waa  fourteen  years  of  age 
when  CornwsUis  with  his  army  rushed 
upon  the  little  settlement  of  Wazhard, 
wliere  be  was  bom,  and  where  he  lived 
with  his  mother,  and  where  but  a  short 
time  before  his  eldest  brother  had 
died  in  the  heat  and  exhaustion  of 
battle,  when  Tarleton  invaded  the 
Carolinas.  The  settlers  fled  for  their 
lives,  but  returned  to  their  ravaged 
homes  a  few  months  after,  when  a 
band  of  Tories  attacked  at  midnight 
the  house  of  a  Whig.  Andrew  and  liia 
brother  were  there  among  the  gnurd, 
where  he  displayed  great  bravery  for 
a  boy  of  his  years.  This  was  his  first 
ux])crienco  in  military  service,  but  for 
wliicli  he  paid  very  dearly,  as  Corn- 
wiillis  sent  a  detachment  to  aid  the 
Tories,  which  captured  the  band,  and 
Andrew  and  his  brother  wore  taken  pris- 
oners, and  carried  to  Camden,  South 
Carolina.  They  were  brutally  treated, 
and  exposed  to  every  Indignity.  The 
■mall-pox  broke  out  in  their  contracted 
camp,  and  Andrew  and  his  brother 
fell  victims  to  it.  His  mother  hastened 
to  tiicir  aid,  and  succeeded  in  deliver- 
ing tiiem  ttom  danger,  and  had  just 
reached  home  with  her  sick  boys,  after 
n  Journey  through  forty  miles  of  wil- 
dcrnosg  upon  horseback,  when  tbo  cider 
one  died.  As  Andrew  wos  recovering, 
the  Bons  ot  her  sister,  prisoners  at 
Charleston,  were  also  sick  with  the 
dreadful  scourge,  and  she  hastened  to 
their  relief.  She  soon  fell  sick  nnd 
waa  buried  in  an  unknown  grave,  and 


IMS.  •  little  bundle  of  her  elothlng  WM  all 
tliat  remained  tn  tlie  poor  orphan  boy, 
Iloineivss.  without  rather  or  mother, 
brotl'cr  or  sister,  and  without  a  dollar 
he  could  cnll  his  own,  till*  boy  of  four- 
teen yenr*  was  thrown  ugion  tlie  world 
to  liattle  with  Its  inhospitalilo  elements. 
But  as  weeds  thrive  more  rapidly  than 
the  cultured  plant,  so  this  neglected 
and  IViendless  boy,  destitute  of  a 
mother's  love  and  everything  needful 
for  Ills  physical  and  moral  comfort  anil 
culture,  grow  up  amid  poverty,  igno- 
rance, and  vice:  an  adept  in  all  that 
constitutes  the  "rough  "  and  the  "bul- 
ly j "  and  was  c-osidored  tlie  most  rol- 
licking, rernless  rowdy  In  the  c(  untry. 
At  tlie  agj  of  eighteen  he  resolve<l  to 
■tudy  lav  .  He  could  l>arely  road  and 
write,  an  1  knew  a  little  of  arithmetic, 
but  wan  thoroughly  vcrxed  In  card- 
playing,  horse-racing,  and  profanity, 
lie  rcnntinvd  in  the  law-offlce  of  Mr. 
McCoy,  cf  Kalialiury,  N.  C,  two  vcars, 
but  he  did  not  trouble  the  law-books 
much.  He  spent  the  most  of  his  time 
with  horses,  and  among  his  rude  com- 
panions. But  notwithstanding  his 
vicea  and  recklessness,  he  displayed 
■oroe  rare  traits  of  cliaracter.  He  spent 
•  year  after  leaving  the  law  office  In  a 
country  atore  aa  clerk,  waiting  for  an 
opening  to  practice  bis  profession.  At 
this  time  tiio  Indians  were  becoming 
very  liostile,  and  the  remote  lettlomenta 
beyond  the  Alleghanies  were  expoaed  to 
their  savage  fViry.  Nashville  waa  then 
a  district  of  Washingtdn  County,  the 
present  State  of  Tennessee.  Andrew 
Jackson  was  appointed  public  prose- 
cutor for  that  district.  It  was  an  office 
of  little  honor  and  great  peril,  and  few 
could  be  found  brave  enough  to  accept 
It.  Jackson,  with  a  band  of  emigrants 
numbering  nearly  one  hundred,  includ- 
ing women  and  children,  all  mounted 
on  horseback,  with  baggage  carried 
on  pack-horaes,  started  upon  the  Jour- 
ney to  Nashville.  Following  an  Indian 
trail,  they  began  their  march  into  the 
wilderness.  One  night,  while  Jackaon 
was  standing  aentinel,  he  detected  the 
Indiana  in  ambush  near  the  camp.  He 
•ilently  aroused  the  sleeping  emigrants 
and  they  stole  softly  awuy,  and  es- 
caped. An  hour  after  they  left  the 
camp,  a  party  of  hunters  came  and 
halted  for  the  night  in  the  same  spot 
Before  dawn  tne  Indians  surpriaed 
and  killed  all  but  one. 

Reaching  Nashville,  young  Jackson 
began  the  practice  ot  law.  It  was 
tiio  chief  part  of  his  duty  as  a  prose- 
cutor to  collect  debts.  This  exposed 
him  to  bod  and  dangerous  men.  The 
country  swarmed  with  faoatile  Indiana, 
and  Jackson's  travels  through  the  wilds 
of  Tennessee,  between  the  places  where 
the  courta  were  held,  a  distance  of  200 
miles,  were  amid  pathless  forests  where 
he  was  liable  to  be  shot  at  any  moment. 

But  Andrew  Jackson  knew  no  fear. 
He  was  a  rougli  and  daring  adventu- 
rer, and  inured  from  earliest  infancy 
to  danger  and  to  hardship.  When 
Tcnnca«co  became  a  State,  she  was  en- 
titled to  but  one  member  in  Congress, 
and  Andrew  Jackson  was  chosen  to 
fill  that  seat.  His  rough  manners  and 
drees  and  peculiar  personal  appearance 
attracted  much  attention  in  Philadel- 
phia, the  seat  of  American  culture  and 


1840.  aristocracy.  JackaoL  was  a  bold  and 
earnest  advocate  of  the  Democratia 
party,  and  a  resolution  was  passed  by 
(.'ongrcsa,  w()ich  wns  warmly  advocated 
by  Jackson,  that  tlie  National  (iovern- 
nient  should  pay  the  expenses  of  an 
expedition  which  Tennessee  had  fltto<l 
out  against  the  Indiana,  c.Btrary  to 
the  policy  nf  tlio  (iovemment.  The 
passage  of  this  resolution  made  him 
popular  in  Tennosce,  and  he  wa 
elected  a  member  of  the  United  Statea 
Senate.  But  his  rashness  and  IraMl- 
ble  temper  made  him  unpopuUr  in 
Congreas.  In  179H  he  rvaignad  his 
■eat  and  returneil  to  Tennessee.  He 
was  soon  alter  chiiaan  Judge  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  that  State,  and  filled  the 
office  aatlafactorlly  aa  far  as  hU  Judi- 
cial decUlon^  were  ctnceraed,  but  be 
coming  entangled  in  a  quarrel  with  the 
Governor  ho  resigned,  and  sotm  after 
was  chosen  Mi^r-Oeneral  of  militia. 
About  this  time  an  unforlnnate  affair 
took  place,  wliioh  blighted  the  fame 
of  General  Jackson,  and  for  a  time 
greatly  Iniured  his  popularity.  In  a 
qnarrel  with  a  youug  lawyer  by  the 
name  of  Dickerson,  Jackaon  challenged 
him  to  a  duel,  and  insisted  upon  an 
Immediate  fight.  Dickeraon  bad  the 
first  flre,  but  which  <mly  broke  one  of 
Jackson's  ribs.  Then  Jackson,  taking 
deliberate  aim,  was  about  to  flre,  when 
appalled  by  the  sure  fi;  awaiting  him, 
Dickerson  fell  bock  a  step,  when  Jack- 
son's second  shouted,  "Back  to  the 
mark,  sir."  The  doomed  man  stepped 
to  bis  place ;  Jackson  again  taking  cool 
and  deliberate  aim,  pulled  the  trigger, 
but  the  pistol  did  not  co  off  He  exam- 
ined ana  re-adJusted  it,  and  the  third 
time,  with  nnrelenting  coolness  and  de- 
liberation, shot  him  through  the  iM>dy. 
The  unfortunate  victim  of  thU  cms. 
and  barbarona  act  lingered  in  excruci- 
ating agony  till  night,  when  he  died. 
Wora  had  been  sent  to  hia  yonng  wife, 
who  waa  firantically  hastening  to  hia 
■ide,  when  ehe  waa  met  the  followiag 
day  by  the  wagon  containing  his  corpse. 
But  In  fhlthfblly  recording  the  fikults 
of  Andrew  Jackson,  let  us  here  pause  to 
give  him  the  meed  of  praise  of  which 
he  is  well  worthy.  In  hia  domeetio  re- 
lations he  was  the  kindest  and  mnak 
gentle  and  affeotionatti  of  men.  His 
wife  was  his  idol,  and  h7a  servants  re- 
ceived his  kind  consideration  and 
care,  and  it  is  said  of  him  that  he 
never  was  impatUnt,  even,  with  a  single 
member  of  his  family.  When  the  war 
of  18ia  began,  Jackson  offered  his 
aervicea  with  those  of  twenty-flve 
bundled  volunteers.  His  offer  was  ac- 
cepted, and  he  assembled  his  troops  at 
Nashville,  but  not  being  called  into 
action,  the  men  were  dispersed.  In  the 
fall  of  1818  Jackson  again  raised  a  large 
body  of  troops,  and  entered  into  a 
vigorous  war  with  the  Indians.  His 
desperate  encounters,  his  safitirings  and 
wondcrfhl  powers  of  endurance,  and 
his  tcnderaesB  toward  the  helpless  and 
dependent,  would  fill  a  Tolame  in  hia 
praise;  aud  yet  there  are  acta  oon- 
nected  with  bis  military  can«r,  the 
heartless  and  unrelenting  rigor  of 
which  would  blacken  all  the  ^ory  of 
ita  pages.  His  military  career  la  well 
represented  in  the  war  record  of  both 
the  "History  of  The  Two  Atoericaa* 


CBBONOLOOT. 


ita. 


and  tht  "Cbmnohwv."  RafliM  It  to 
My  that  till  •noccmnil  tarailnMion  of 
the  ('rr«k  war  mtda  htm  flunoua  aod 
aaiablUhad  hli  popularity  In  the  haarta 
of  tha  gralefol  ptoacara,  who  ware  d^ 
llrarad  Arom  tho  conitant  terror  of  tha 
IndlaDt.  Ila  waa  Immediately  made 
MiOorUenaral  In  tha  United  Biatoa 
Army,  Ilia  bold  Invaaion  of  Florida 
and  defeat  of  the  Britiah,  and  bta  bril- 
liant and  nnprecedented  riotory  at  New 
Oriaana,  bara-baan  alao  detailed.  After 
tba  war  ba  waa  appointed  QoTemor  of 
Florida,  and  In  I8<S  United  BUtea 
Senator.  In  18M  Andrew  JaokMin  waa 
alactad  Preaident  of  the  United  SUtee. 
Juat  baibra  bia  Inaiiffurailon  be  mat 
witb  the  moat  terrible  aOietlon  of  hia 
HIb  In  tba  death  of  bia  wifb,  to  whom 
bo  waa  attached  witb  almoat  atn|ratar 
devotion,  and  from  the  ahoek  of  whloh 
ba  never  recovered.  With  tba  roataea 
Andiew  Jackion  waa  eitramely  popu- 
kr.  He  flllcd  two  tcrma  in  the  Prcai- 
dantial  chair,  and  retired  to  the  ouiet 
of  bli  harmitago  and  tba  grave  or  hia 
beloved  wife,  where  in  retirement  he 
aoaght  that  peace  of  mind  and  ouictude 
fKim  the  itormv  labora  of  Jila  life  which 
bia  feeble  b«alth  and  declining  yeara 
demanded.  Hi*  laat  daya  were  full  of 
aoffitrion,  which  ao  ioftened  hia  barah 
nature  that  be  aoURht  reAiffa  from  the 
ilia  of  body  and  mind  in  the  cnn^ola- 
tiona  of  religion,  and  died  a  devout 
member  of  the  Church.  The  character 
of  Qeneral  Jackann  preaenta  the  moit 
marked  and  contraating  extremoa. 
Eariy  edooation  and  onltufo  misht 
bavo  aoftened  theae,  and  produced  a 
more  harmonioua  blending  of  the  op- 
poalng  foroea  of  hia  nature.  But 
Andiew  Jaokaon  waa  bom  a  gifted 
man,  and  the  peculiarly  aad  and  un- 
fbrtunata  dronmatanoaa  of  hia  child- 
hood and  youth  would  have  entirely 
cruabad  a  nature  of  leaa  Airtitnde  and 
baroiam  than  hia. 
Free  Boil  party  originated.  Watebwoid, 
"/Va*  mafvr  afrM  ptopU." 

Mexican  War- 

Ifar.aS.  Oen.  Taylor  marched  with  8,S00 
men  to  the  Rio  Grande,  He  built  a 
fort  directly  oppoaite  Matamoraa,  the 
bcadquartara  of  tne  Mezlcana. 

The  Mencana  ordered  him  to  retire  to 
the  river  Nuecea  within  twenty-four 
boura,  or  "  arma  and  men  alone  muat 
decide  the  qoeation  " S39 

Fremont,  Kearney,  and  Stockton,  witb  a 
handflil  of  men,  took  poaaeaaion  of 
California,  boldiog  it  till  the  cloae  of 
the  Mexican  war, 

Tba  Mexlcana  captured  Col.  Croas,  who 
waa  riding  outaide  the  American  lines, 
and  mnrdered  bini,  beating  out  hia 
braina  with  the  butt  of  a  piatol. 

Oapt.  Thornton,  with  a  email  body  of 
dragoon*,  went  in  aearcb  of  him,  and 
were  attacked  and  the  whole  party 
killed.  Thia  waa  the  flrat  blood  abed 
in  the  Mexican  war. 

May  8.  Battle  of  Palo  Alto,  on  the  Rio 
tirande.  The  American  forcea  num- 
bered but  2,000  men,  who  fought 
againat  6,000  Mexicans  and  forced 
them  to  retreat.  American  loss  forty- 
aeven  wounded  and  nine  killed.  Major 
Samuel  Rinsgold  among  the  number. 

May  0.    Another  battle  fought  at  Kusaca 


ttM.  da  la  Palma.  The  Meiiean*  again  nnl- 
numbered  the  Aniarican*  three  lo  one, 
and  the  American*  italnlng  the  victory, 
which  waa  iluo  to  the  hold  and  daring 
charge  of  ('apt.  Mav,  who  tnok  their 
battery  and  captured  their  commaud- 
ing  olneer,  Uen.  I.a  Vexa 840 

'*      .TnlySf*.    New  tariff  bill  paaand. 

"  Aug.  8.  Preaident  Polk  vetoed  the  river 
aad  harbor  bill. 

**  Aug,  8.  Kavnintlon  in  Mexico  in  favor 
of  Banta  Anna. 

"  Congreaa  autborlied  the  Prraldent  to  ao- 
eept  of  80,000  volunteer*,  800,000  ofler, 
ing  their  *ervicea. 

"      May  18.   Protlomalimo/tiarw'UhUtfieo. 

"  A«g.  8,  The  l>r«*ldpnt  rilled  upon 
Oongreaa  for  $».000,000  to  negotiate  a 
treaty  with  Mexico.  • 

■*  Tho  "  Wilmot  provlio  "  againit  the  ex- 
teniion  of  ilavcry  paaied  the  Houae, 
but  nut  the  Senate. 

"  Boundary  batween  Oregon  and  Britiah 
poaaeaaion*  *ettled, 

"  Pi«*ident  Polk  vetoea  the  French  *poUa- 
tlon  bill. 

"        OuH-eotlnn  InrtnM. 

"  Three  hundred  bulltliitsa  and  other 
property  burned  In  I.ouUvillo,  Ky. 

"  Ether  flrat  uied  aa  an  anavthetio  by  Dr, 
Cliurloa  Jackson,  of  Boston. 

"  Aug.  18.  Oon.  Kearuey  took  poasession 
of  Banta  Fe,  New  Mexico,  without  a 
binw,  having  niarcho<l  from  Fort 
Leavenworth,  a  dislanro  of  000  miles. 

"  Auk.  10.  Commodore  Stockton  block- 
adea  the  Mexican  porta  on  the  PaclBc, 

"  Sept.  Oen.  Taylor  advance*!  to  Monterey 
with  6,000  troopa.  The  city  waa 
strongly  fortified  and  garrisoned  with 
10,000  men. 

Surrender  of  Monterey. 

"  Gen.  Worth  crosaed  the  mountain*  in  the 
rear  of  Monterey,  took  tho  fortified 
beighta,  and  reached  the  wall*  of  the 
city,  cutting  oiT  ita  supplies, 

"  Sept.  98.  Oen.  Tavlor  made  the  orand 
attack,  and  the  citv  soon  aurrendered, 
under  Oen.  Ampuula, 

**  Gen.  Taylor  granted  an  armistice  of  eight 
days,  expecting  the  Mexicans  to  pro- 
pose peace. 

*  Sept.  86.  Califomiu  expedition,  with 
Col.  Stevonaon'a  regiment  of  780  officera 
and  men,  saila  from  New  York 840 

"  Oct.  88.  Tubasco,  Mexioo,  bombarded 
by  Commodore  Perry. 

"  Oct  80.  Oon.  Wool  arrived  in  Mexico 
witb  8.000  troops  of  volunteers,  whom 
he  trained  on  the  march  over  deserts 
and  mountaina. 

"  Nov.  14.  Commodore  Conner  takea 
Tampico. 

"  Deo.  e.  Oen.  Kearney  defeata  the  Mexi- 
cans at  San  Pasqual 841 

•<  Dec.  88.  Col.  Doniphan  defeata  the  Mex- 
lcana at  Bracito,  near  El  Paso. 

"      Dec.  88.    Iowa  admitted  into  tlie  Union. 

"  Gen.  Taylor  advanced  to  Victoria,  where 
be  learned  that  Santa  Anna  was  ap- 
proachins  with  20,000  men.  Just  on 
the  eve  of  a  Iwttle,  Oen.  Taylor  received 
the  word  that  he  waa  superseded  by 
Oeneral  Scott,  who  waa  «n  rovU  for 
Mexico,  and  who  called  for  the  "  fiowor 
of  his  army." 

Oeneral  Taylor  sends  a  courier  to 
Oen.  Wool,  asking  liim  4o  hasten  to 
bis  aid,  and  in  two  houra  the  Oeneral 
waa  on  bi*  way  to  Victoria. 


1M6,  BoMbardment  nf  the  Mormon  rily  off 
Nanvno,  III.,  and  tha  exit  nf  the  Mnr> 
mons  St  the  point  of  the  bayonet. 

"  First  roniet  dlKctivered  by  an  American 
astronomer,  Wm.  C.  iloyd. 

"  Ij(»d»  Amuit  visited  the  Unllrd  Htatca 
to  deliver  a  course  of  leriures  in  Koa- 
Ion,  and  to  stmly  the  geology  and  nat- 
ural historv  of  tills  country. 

"  ITor  Iff  raff  In  Jamaica  caused  liv  the  free 
trade  principles,  and  comtietltlon  ba- 
tween the  free  labor  of  Jamaica  and 
tha  slave  labor  of  Cuha  and  liraail. 
The  English  Oovemment  suppressed 
this  war  with  great  severity. 
1847,  Jan.  fr-0.  liattlea  of  Han  Gabriel  and 
Mesa,  in  California,  under  Oen.  Kear 
noy.    Tho  enemy  were  defraiotl, 

"  Jan.  8,  IMexican  Congress  resolved  lo 
raiae  |lA,flOO,<)00  on  the  property  of 
the  clergy  to  carry  on  the  war, 

"  Jan.  14.  Itteolt  of  (A<i  Jfrviraiw  in  New 
Mexico  against  the  united  Statoa  au- 
thorities. 

"  Jan.  24.  Battle  of  Canada,  in  New  Mex- 
ico— Americana  under  Cul.  frice  ara 
victorious. 

••  Fell.  83-88.  Battlt  qf  Buena  Vittn,  by 
Gen.  Taylor,  aided  by  Oen .  Wool.  Tho 
Mexicans  were  led  by  Santit  Anna  with 
greatly  superior  numbers,  but  the  Mex- 
icana  were  obliged  to  mireat  and  yield 
the  victory  to  inferior  numbers,  but 
superior  generalship 841 

"  Feb.  an.  Battle  of  Sacramento.  Col. 
Doniphan,  with  034  Americans,  de- 
feated 4,000  Mexlcana. 

"  Mar.  1.  Oen.  Kearney  deoiarea  Callfor- 
nhi  a  part  of  the  United  States. . . .  844 

Capture  of  Vera  Crux. 

"  Mar.  30.  Vera  Cni  taken  by  Oon.  Scott 
and  Commodore  Perry  with  arrov  and 
fleet.  This  waa  considered,  ^itli  tha 
exception  of  Quebec,  the  must  strongly 
fortlned  city  in  America. 

"  April  3.  Alvarado  taken  by  Lieut.  Hna> 
ter. 

"  April  1&  Battle  of  Cerro  Gordo  fought 
Santa  Anna  was  sUongly  intrencbiA 
with  a  targe  army.  Lee  and  Be»iure- 
gard  engineered  the  mountain  attack 
while  the  army  in  front  simultaneoMsly 
oiioncd  fire  upon  them.  The  Mexi<aut 
abandoned  their  worka  and  bent  I 
hasty  retreat. 

"      Tuspan  taken  by  Commodore  Perry, 

Lynch's   Expedition    to   the   River 
Jordan  and  the  Dead  Sea. 

"  May.  Lieut  W.  F.  Lynch,  of  the  United 
States  Navy,  made  an  application  to 
the  Hon.  John  T.  Maaon,  tlio  head  of 
the  Navy  Department,  fur  pormiaaion 
to  circumnavigate  aad  thoroughly  ex- 
plore the  lake  Aaphatitea,  or  Dead  Sea, 
After  some  deUy,  a  favorable  dcciaion 
waa  given  to  hi*  application.  The 
United  States   storeship  Supply  waa 

fiiaced  under  his  command,  and  waa 
aden  witli  stores  for  the  American 
squadron  in  the  Medilerraneaa  She 
also  carried  two  metallic  boats,  one  of 
copper,  tho  other  of  galvaniaud  iron, 
for  the  use  of  the  expedition.  The 
members  of  the  expedition  were  four- 
teen in  number.  The  ten  scaraen  ship- 
ped to  serve  as  crews  of  the  boata  were 
of  temperate  habits,  all  of  theiu  bavins 
pledged  themselves  to  abatain  from  Ul 
intoxicating  drink*. 


[ormon  rlly  r4 

lit  of  thn  Mnr> 

I*  tmynni'l. 

ly  kn  AmerlcHB 

lyil. 

!  Unllrrl  Hlatit 

liM'liim  In  lln*> 

rnloKy  and  ual* 

ntry. 

lUMil  l>v  tlie  (Vo* 

Roin|i«tlllMn  !>•• 

>f  Jftiiiklc*  tncl 

il>*  Ml)  lirnKll. 

nent  rappreMod 

■erity. 

m   Oithrlcl  and 

itipr  Oen.  Kc«r 

(Ifft'Rtoil. 

CM  roRolvwl  to 
the  property  of 
ihe  war. 

frxieant  In  New 
ilted  Htatoa  au- 
la, In  New  Mes- 
Cut.  f  rice  art 

Ihienn  Vittn,  hy 
»in.  Wool,  Th* 
!iantn  Anna  with 
m,  but  the  Mex> 
mtreat  and  yield 
ir  numben,  but 

mi 

crainonto.  C'ol> 
American!,  de- 

deolarea  Call  for- 
d  gtatea.,..  W4 

era  Cruz. 

«n  by  Gen.  Bcott 

^  with  armv  and 

[dered,  ;vitli  tha 

lie  muat  itronglj 

ca. 

k  by  Lieut.  Hna> 

'o  Gordo  fouffhl 
gly  intrencniA 

.ee  and  Be»iire- 

nountaln  attwk 

ilmultaneoutly 

TheMexUaut 

kt   and  bent  ( 

xlore  Perry. 

to   the   Rhitr 
lead  Sea. 

b,  of  the  United 
I  application  to 
)n,  tlio  head  of 
fur  pormiMion 
thoroughly  os- 
«a,  or  Dead  Sea. 
rorablo  decision 

Elication.  The 
p  Bupfly  waa 
mand,  and  waa 
the  American 
terranean.  She 
io  tjoats,  one  of 
zalvanized  iron, 
xpodition.  The 
inon  were  four- 

seamen  ship* 

f  the  boata  were 
of  them  havlns 
abstain  from  w 


CHRONOLOOY. 


iMT  The  aipedlllnn  s«t  nut  from  Maw 

York,  NoTumlwr  HH,  1^7.  Aft«r  stop- 
ptuK  at  Port  Mahon,  the  Supiili/  on 
Fubruary  lAth  anoliorml  l>«rure  Hmyrna. 
Thcnca  Mrulenaiit  Lynch  |iriM'miiled 
to  Constanltnonle,  wlicro,  Iit  the  Influ- 
ence of  Mr,  (  arr,  the  United  HIatca 
raaldant  MinUter,  an  audlenrn  of  the 
Hultan  wa*  granted,  and  a  flrman  pro- 
eoTMl,  airing  penniulun  (o  explore  Ihe 
Dead  Hca  and  the  Kivcr  Jordan.  From 
Constantinople  ho  rutumcd  Io  Smyrna. 
•ad  thence  nrocoedud  to  Uelriit  and 
Acre,  On  April  I,  IMH,  the  partv 
ptiched  their  tents  tin  the  south  oanK 
of  the  Belus,  having  parted  A-om  the 
atoreship  Sumly,  which  now  stoo<l 
out  to  sea.  1*110  eipuilltlon  directed 
ita  route  toward  the  Hta  <\f  Oallli*, 
or  TiboriM,  aa  the  first  point  in  their 
tour  of  observation. 

Lieutenant  Lynch,  In  order  to  trans- 
port his  baggngu  and  boats  to  narlgate 
the  inlancf  seas,  made  the  noTsI  ei- 
periment  of  substituting  camels  for 
draught-honea,  which  proved  nucccss- 
tu\.  llaving  mounted  his  t)oiits  on 
low-wheeled  carriages  or  trucks,  three 
of  these  huge  animals  were  ullaohcd 
to  each  carnage,  two  abreast  and  one 
aa  leader.  The  flrst  attempt  to  draw 
the  trucks  by  camels  was  witnessed 
by  an  eager  cniwd  of  people.  The 
auccesiftil  result  taught  tliem  the  ex- 
istence of  an  unknown  accomplish- 
ment In  that  patient  and  powerful  anl- 
msl,  which  they  had  iMifuro  thought  fit 
only  to  plod  along  with  iu  heavy  load 
upon  its  back.  On  the  4th  of  April 
tney  took  up  their  line  of  march,  I'ol- 
lowlng  the  boata  with  sixteen  horses, 
eleven  loaded  camels,  and  a  mule.  The 
party  numbered  itixteen  in  all,  includ- 
ing the  dragoman  and  cook.  They 
were  accompanied  by  flfleen  Bedouins, 
•H  well  mounted.  The  metal  boats,  with 
flags  flying,  rattling  and  tumbling 
along,  mounted  on  carriagca  drawn  by 
huge  camels,  the  officers  and  mounted 
•allora  in  single  file,  the  loaded  camels, 
the  sheriff  and  Hbeikh  with  their  tufted 
■pears  —  all  had  the  appearance  of  a 
triumphal  murcb. 

On  the  0th  of  April  the  party  reached 
the  Bea  of  Galilee.  "  Unable  to  restrain 
my  impatience,"  says  Lieut.  Lynch,  "  I 
now  rode  ahead  with  Mustafa,  and  soon 
■aw  below,  far  down  the  green  sloping 
obasm,  the  Sea  of  Galilee,  basking  in 
the  aunlightl  Like  a  mirror  it  lav 
embosomed  in  its  rounded  and  beauti- 
ful, but  treeless  liills.  How  dear  to  the 
Christian  are  the  memories  of  that  lake, 

the  lake  of  the  New  Testament 

The  roadside  and  the  uncultivated 
■lopea  of  the  bills  were  fbll  of  flowers, 
and  abounded  with  singing  birds; 
there  lay  ihe  holy  lake,  consecrated  by 
the  prescncQ  of  Iho  liedccmer  I  .  .  .  . 
Near  by  was  the  flcid  where,  according 
to  tradition,  the  disciples  plucked  the 
eara  of  com  upon  the  Sabbath;  yet 
nearer  was  the  spot  where  the  Saviour 
fed  the  famishing  multitudes,  and  to 

the  left  the  mount  of  Beatitudes 

Not  a  tree  t  not  a  shrub  I  nothing  but 
green  grain,  grass,  and  flowers,  yet 

acre*  of  bright  verdure Beyond 

the  lake  and  over  the  mountains,  rise 
mi^eatic  in  the  clear  sky  the  snowy 
peaka  of  MoUnt  Hermon." 
On  the  8th  of  April,  having  arrived 


INT. 


•I  Tilu'rias,  the  two  boala,  afW  mnm  1M7. 
dlfltcultv  In  getting  them  down  the 
mountain,  were  litiiiicliml  into  the  Hva 
of  (lallico  with  thrir  flags  fl.ving. 
"  rtincr  thn  time  of  Joscphua  iind  th« 
Komani,  no  vi'sacl  of  any  siio  had  sailed 
u|i<in  tills  sea,  and  fnr  manv,  many 
years,  but  a  solitary  kevl  had  furrowed 
Ila  siirfitce."  In  order  to  assist  the 
tranxpurtuilon  of  his  gotnls.  Lieutenant 
Lyncn  purchased  the  only  lK>at  us^ 
by  the  misgoveriivtl  and  listless  Inhab- 
itants to  navigate  thn  lieaulifiil  lake 
of  Tllieriaa,  a  lake  which  was  fliled 
with  flib  and  abounding  with  wild 
fowl.  This  boat  was  purchased  for 
abiiut  twenty-one  dollars,  and  was  used 
by  the  Inbabitanta  merely  to  bring  wood 
firom  the  opposite  side  of  the  lake. 

On  the  luth  of  April,  the  expedition 
started  IVom  the  foot  of  the  lake,  antl 
commenced  the  descent  of  the  river 
Jordan.  Notwithstanding  the  most 
diligent  Inquiry  at  Tiberias,  they  could 
not  procure  any  reliable  information 
ro«pectlnfi>  the  river.  Thoy  found,  to 
their  consternation,  that  the  Jordan 
was  interrupted  in  Its  course  by  fVe- 
qnent  and  fearftal  rapids.  In  some 
instances  they  had  to  clear  out  old 
channels,  to  make  new  ones,  and  some- 
times plunged  with  headlong  velocity 
down  appalling  descents.  Bo  great 
were  the  dlfllcultioa  in  passing  down 
the  river,  tliat  on  tlio  second  evening 
they  were  but  twelve  miles  in  a  direct 
line  ft'om  Tiberias.  Bo  tortuous  Is  the 
course  of  the  Jordan,  that  In  a  space  of 
sixty  miles  of  latitude,  and  four  or  five 
of  longitude,  it  traverses  at  least  two 
hundred  miles  i 

On  the  18th  of  April  they  reached 
the  Dead  Sea,  and  found  its  northern 
shore  an  extensive  mud-flat,  with  a 
sandy  plain  beyond,  and  the  very  type 
of  desolation.  Branches  and  trunks  of 
trees  lav  scattered  in  every  direction ; 
some  charred  and  blackened  bv  flre, 
others  white  with  an  incrustation  of 
salt.  The  waters  of  the  sea  tbey  found 
a  nauseous  compound  of  bitters  and 
salt.  As  they  pasaed  on,  thoy  found 
scenes  "  where  there  was  no  vegetation 
whatever;  barren  mouutains,  frag- 
ments of  rocks  blackened  by  sulphur- 
ous deposits,  and  an  unnatural  sea, 
with  low,  dead  trees  upon  its  margin, 
all  within  the  scope  of  vision  l>ore  a 
sad  and  lombro  aspect." 

Near  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
Dead  Sea,  the  water  l>ecame  very  shal- 
low, flrom  one  to  two  fathoms  deep. 
When  near  the  salt  mountain  of  Usdum, 
or  Sodom,  they  were  astonished  at  the 
appearance  of  a  lofty  round  pillar, 
standing  apparently  detached  from  the 
general  mass,  at  the  head  of  a  deep, 
narrow,  and  abrupt  chasm.  "  We  im- 
mediately pulled  in  for  the  shore," 
says  Lieutenant  Lynch,  "and  Dr. 
Anderson  and  I  went  up  to  examine  it. 
The  beach  was  a  soft,  slimy  mud,  in- 
crusted  with  salt,  and  a  short  distance 
from  the  water  covered  with  saline 
fragments  and  flakes  of  bitumen.  We 
found  the  pillar  to  be  of  solid  salt, 
capped  with  carlionate  of  lime,  cylin- 
drical in  fk'ont  and  pyramidal  behind. 
The  upper  or  rounded  part  is  about 
forty  feet  high,  resting  on  a  kind  of 
oval  pedestal,  from  forty  to  sixty  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.    It  slightly 


TM 

dfersasss  in  siio  upwani,  emmblea  aH 
the  top,  and  Is  ime  entire  mass  of 
crystallisation."  A  similar  pillar  la 
mentioned  by  Joarphus  as  having  Iwcn 
seen  by  him,  and  he  in  his  Ilisliiry  ex- 

iiressi's  tits  belief  of  its  belns  the 
dent  leal  ons  Into  which  Lot's  wila  waa 
transformed. 

While  paasing  over  and  encamping 
OD  the  borders  of  this  remarkable  sea, 
the  flgurcs  of  each  one  of  tha  expe- 
dition assumed  a  dropsical  appearance. 
The  leau  bad  become  stout,  and  the 
atont  almost  corpulent ;  the  pale  fitees 
had  beeoma  florid  and  ruddy;  more- 
over, the  slightest  scrateh  festered, 
and  the  bodies  of  many  of  the  purty 
were  covered  with  amall  pustules.  Tha 
men  complained  bitttrly  of  the  irrita- 
tion of  their  sores,  whsnevsr  the  acrid 
water  of  the  sea  touched  them :  still  all 
bad  good  appetites,  and  tbey  hoped 
for  the  best. 

On  the  Sd  of  May  the  party  made 
an  excursion  to  Kvrsk.  containing  a 
|M>puiatlon  of  about  800  flimllles,  of 
whom  three-fourths  professed  Chris- 
tianity. Tbey  found  these  Christians, 
though  impoverished  and  oppressed, 
as  kind  and  obliging  as  the  Moslems 
were  insolent.  On  tne  10th  of  May 
they  loft  the  Dead  Sea,  after  spending 
twentv-two  days  in  Its  exploration. 

"  We  have,"  says  Lieutenant  Lynch, 
"  carefhily  sounded  this  sea,  detrrmlned 
its  geographical  position,  taken  the 
exact  topography  of  its  shore^  ascer- 
tained the  temperature,  width,  depth, 
and  velocity  of  its  tributaries,  collected 
specimens  of  every  kind,  and  noted 
tne  winds,  currents,  changes  of  the 
weather,  and  all  atmospheric  phe- 
nomena. ....  The  inference  from 
the  Biblo,  that  this  entire  chasm  waa 
a  plain  aunk  and  '  ottneh«lm»d '  by  Iho 
wrath  of  God,  seems  to  be  sustained  by 
the   extraordinary  character  of  our 

soundings We    entered   upoa 

this  sea  with  conflicting  opiuiinh 
One  of  the  party  waa  skeptical,  sad 
another,  I  think,  a  professed  unbeNerer 
of  the  Mosaic  account  After  twenty- 
two  days'  doee  investigation,  if  I  am 
not  mistaken  we  are  unanimous  in  tha 
conviction  of  the  truth  of  the  Scriptural 
account  of  the  destruction  cf  the  citiei 
ot  the  plain." 

Alter  leaving  the  Dead  Sea,  tha 
party  proceed^  towcrd  Jerusalem, 
where  tney  arrived  on  the  17tb  of  May. 
After  visiting  various  places  of  interest 
in  and  about  the  city,  they  proceeded 
to  Jafls.  From  Jaffa  they  went  to 
Acre,  in  two  parties— one  under  the 
command  of  Lieutenant  Lyncb,  in  aa 
Arabian  brig;  the  other  by  the  land 
route,  under  the  comir.and  of  Lieu- 
tenant Dale.  From  Acre  they  went  to 
Nazareth,  Nain,  Mount  Tabor,  Tiberias, 
Botbsaida,  to  the  source  of  the  Jordan, 
and  thence  to  Damascus  and  Beirut. 
As  they  approached  the  latter  place, 
many  of  the  party  sickened;  and  on 
the  85th  of  Jtily  Lieutenant  Dale  died 
at  a  village  in  the  vicinity  of  Beirut, 
at  the  house  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Smith,  of 
the  American  Presbyterian  mission. 
From  Beirut  th^  proceeded  to  Malta, 
where,  on  the  }3th  of  Septen.bor,  tha 
Bnpply  iMinK  ready,  the  expedition  re- 
embarked  for  the  United  States,  and 
arrived  there  early  in  December, 


m 


obhonoloot. 


IMT.  ABff'W'    B*ltlM  of  OonlNiw  ud  Ohtt- 

niboM*. 8M 

*  BmI  a.     Om.  WArtb  •toriM  Muiin*  ilnl 

IUt »« 

••  iM«.ia.  mormint  th4  iilmi0l  <{f  Chofml' 
UfM,  Sl« 

**  StpL  14.  lb*  AmtrlcM  wmy  tntm 
»•  Clly  of  Maiico,  ewryliiR  tTary  pn«t 
•nd  IbrtlNmlliM,  awMpIng  tv«^  •!>• 
■tael*  ballon  than.  Nigh  I  Bloa*  MTtd 
lb*  ItrribU  daatmctloa  of  B«ita  Anna'* 
MMr,  M  uadar  ih«  eaver  of  dwhntM 
tb«  MmIcmm  fl«d,  Md  tt  iuuHm  tb« 
AoMrtcMi  araiy  witMtd  tb*  oily,  wd 
lb«  Man  ud  MrlpM  wan  mnni  float- 
lag  abort  tba  Ualli  of  iho  MoalMu- 
ma* MT 

••  Bmi  18  to  Ooi  1*.  Blag*  of  Puabla, 
Bald  by  tba  Amarloaoa  agaloat  Iha 
Maileau.  Tba  Mailcaiu  wan  ra- 
pnlaad  by  Oaa.  OblMa 647 

"  Oei  9.  HuaauMtla  (akan  by  tba  Amari- 
raaa  aadar  Oaa.  Laaa. 

"  Oat.  to.  Port  of  Onaytmaa  iHimbanlad 
and  eaplnnd  by  tba  Amarlcana. 

••  Dao.  SI.  Tba  aaranl  Maslcan  Stataa 
oeoupiad  by  tha  Amarioan  army  placa<l 
uadar  military  oootrlbutlooa. 

••      War  with  Masloaendad.    * 

x  Agaaaii  Joiaad  tba  aoaat  ranray  aspadi- 
lion. 

*  Conat  ditcovarad  by  Maria  MItcbal  at 

bar  prirata  obaarralory  In  Nantucket. 

Spirit  XapfiHgt. 

'  Qraat  asaltamant  at  Rocbaatar,  K.  T., 
and  surrounding  country  cauaed  by 
myatariooa  kaocka,  noliaa,  and  pecul- 
iar and  itraage  damonstntioni.  The 
flrtt  appaaranooof  tbeae  knooklnga  wa« 
at  Anadia,  Wayne  County,  N.  \.  The 
fondly  when  they  ilrat  made  tbeir  ap- 
pearance fled  from  the  bouse,  and  It  was 
afterward  oocupiad  by  Mr.  John  Fox. 
Hit  daugbton  wen  the  flnt  mediums 
through  which  this  myiterioua  agency 
profeMed  to  oommunlcato.  The  nmlly 
nmorad  to  the  city  of  Kocheater,  and 
the  strange  manifestations  accompa- 
nied then.  Very  soon  thna  straage 
proceedings  wen  cbaractuhied  b"  the 
name  of  '*  Spirit  npplngs,"  ana  an- 
meroua  "  mediums "  wen  toon  derel- 
opad,  and  pablio  kotuns  and  prirste 
seances,  when  table-tipping  and  writ- 
ing were  introduced,  wen  held.  The 
subject  sttractcd  unlrerssl  Interest  and 
attention,  and  within  three  years  the 
fotlower.'i  of  tliis  new  sensation  num- 
bered hundreds  of  thouunds,  with  a 
force  of  thirty  tkioutund  medium). 
ScTeral  promlDent  persons  publicly 
adrocAtea  the  manifestations  ns  rtiin- 
municutions  fVoin  the  "  Hpirit  Land." 
IJooks  were  written,  and  liundreds  of 
iectunra  thronged  the  public  plat- 
forms; private  and  dart  eirelet  and 
$tantM  wen  held,  to  which,  chiefly, 
the  "  demonstrations "  wera  conBued. 
From  this  otisln  has  sprung  the  grvst 
and  world-wide  doctrine  known  as 
Modem  SpiritualUm.  Tlic  »eot  claims 
mlUltms  of  convertA.  scatti-rcd  through 
all  part*  uf  the  world. 

*  Voyage  of  the  United  States  «liip  Jnmet- 

ioun,  with  a  cargo  of  food  for  the 
atarnng  in  Inland. 

*  )<ot  Angeles,  tba  capital  of  Califomiai 

tfkken  DV  Gen.  Kpamey,  Cpm.  3tock(on, 
and  CpL  Fnmont  Kearney,  after  or< 
gaBlaing  a  aystav  of  goTemment  (br 


IMT.  hi*  conqiiertd  tprritory,  sat  out  oa  bis 
msrMh  for  Mriiro. 
"  CimIn  llirn  siIiii>|imI  •  Ciiaiiiliitiim,  pro- 
viding (Itr  a  I'mlflent  and  Vire-I'rasl- 
dtint,  rle4^t<<il  for  *ii  ypsri,  and  a  House 
nf  lleprrscnlalUes  ciiiii|H>ied  of  IwsIto 
mi'n. 

JaMn  Qttintfy  Ailamt, 

ISM.  Feb.  91.  Draih  of  John  Quincry  Adams, 
■iilh  Prexldtint  of  the  United  Htatss 
striclien  down  l)y  pandysis  upon  tha 
floor  of  Cnni(reu  while  In  the  act  of 
sddressInK  the  Hpeaker,  lacking  but  a 
few  m<«tns  of  e igbty-ona  yean  of  age. 
Mr.  Adams  was  bom  .luly  It,  1787,^b 

Slulnoy,  Ma*s,  Ho  wss  tha  son  of 
ohn  Adams,  tha  aeeond  Pfcsldant  of 
the  United  Hiates.  When  but  eleven 
yearn  old  he  scroniiNiidv<l  his  flitber  to 
Paris,  an<l  again  wnrn  his  (kther  was 
seat  ti>  England  as  the  flnt  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  to  that  Ouuft,  ba  ac- 
companied bim,  and  spent  tba  tlaia  in 
sohoul.  flnt  in  Paris,  then  Amsterdam, 
and  at  the  I><-y(lt<n  Unlvrrslty.  When  but 
fliurteen  vrsrs  of  age.  Mr.  Uana,  United 
States  Minister  to  Kuisla,  employed 
him  as  his  private  socntary.  At  the 
age  of  flftaen  he  louraeved  alone  IVom 
tit.  Peteisburg  to  Holland,  through 
Sweden,  Denmark,  Hamburg,  and 
Bnmen.  In  178A  he  rvturaed  to 
America,  leaving  Ills  father  at  the 
Court  of  Bt.  James.  Hero  he  entered 
llsrvarti  College,  and  upon  his  gradua- 
tion, at  the  age  of  twenty,  he  delivered 
an  oration  wnloh  attracted  much  at- 
tention, and  which  wss  published  and 
widely  distributed,  an  event  of  ran  oe- 
cumnce.  Mr.  Adams  entond  im- 
mediately  upon  tha  study  of  law  with 
Hon.  Theopnilus  Parsons,  of  Newbury- 
port.  In  1700  be  opened  a  law-offloe 
in  Boston.  His  drst  public  eflbrts  wen 
In  defense  of  I'reiiident  Washington's 
neutrality  proclamation.  In  17S4,  when 
twenty-seven  yean  of  age,  the  Presi- 
dent appointed  him  resident  Minister  at 
the  NetberUnds.  In  July,  1 707,  he  was 
appointed  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to 
Portugal  Upon  his  way  he  was  married 
In  London  to  Mlis  Louisa  Catharine 
Johnson,  to  whom  he  bad  been  previ- 
onslv  engaged.  She  was  the  daughter 
of  tna  American  Consul  In  Lopcton,  a 
lady  of  much  beauty  and  intelligence. 
While  In  London  he  was  directed  to 
npair  to  the  Court  of  Berlin,  where  he 
ably  fulfilled  all  the  obJecU  of  his  mis- 
sion. In  1803  he  was  chosen  as  State 
Senator  for  Moasachuscttii,  and  In  1804 
hp  entered  the  United  Htaus  Senate 
for  a  term  of  six  years.  He  wo.  alike 
the  firm  fViend  of  Washington  and 
Jefligrson.  HIh  roputation  immediately 
placed  bim  among  tito  most  influential 
members  of  that  bmly.  He  HUstained 
the  Government  in  its  mi  'tsures  of  n- 
sistanco  to  the  enrrouchmi  its  of  Oreat 
Kritain.  In  IHOfi  Mr.  Adams  was  chosen 
Professor  of  Uhctoric  iii  IlHrvard  Col- 
loeo,  and  together  with  hia  Indefatig- 
able Senatorial  duties,  he  added  a 
course  of  lectures  to  be  deliverxd  be- 
fore the  clii89,  which  were  carefully 
culled  and  prefaced  by  a  review  of  the 
classics  and  a  vigorous  study  of  the 
literatura  of  the  Old  World. 

Upon  the  outrage  of  the  Britiah  Gov- 
ernment perpetrated  by  her  man-of-war, 
the  Leopard,  upon  the  American  frigate 


tS4B.       Vhrmifttiitt,  Mr.  Adams  presented  i 

liitlons  in  the  Indlgnsilon  meei|n|l 
called  in  Hoslon,  of  such  a  pionounriM 
snd  delrrminml  cbsrac-trr  sgalnil  tli* 
act  tm  cauMil  him  to  he  deiiounceil  by 
ths  Federal  party,  of  which  he  was 
member,  Tlia  Leglslatiirn  of  .Ma«H| 
obuaatte  wera  so  much  displeased  with 
his  course  that  he  Irometllatoly  nsliinul 
bis  seat  In  the  Henats.  lie  was  blltiirly 
persacule<l  bv  his  ohi  party  (Huntla. 
but  he  ma  ntalnad  his  cimvlctlons  of 
duty  and  nrtlra<l  to  bis  pMfbssion.  In 
IflOO  Pres.ilent  Madison  appointed  him 
Minister  to  Ht.  Petenbnrg.  Mr.  Adama 
'  now  abandoned  the  Fe<lenitlste  snd 
allied  himself  with  the  llnpnbliean  party. 
A  warm  friendship  grew  up  between 
the  Kmperor  Aleiander  and  Mr.  Adam*, 
which  laid  the  founilation  of  the  terms 
of  frion<lithlp  an<l  peoeu  wlilch  have 
eilslad  between  the  two  nations  until 
the  present  day.  While  In  Uuosia  Mr. 
Adams  lived  in  a  plain  war,  as  became 
the  Mlnlslur  of  a  Itepiiblic,  avoiiling 
the  public  snd  costly  rntrrlninments  of 
tha  fonign  Ministers,  snd  gave  him< 
srif  to  the  study  of  the  Ungiiage  and 
history  of  Kusslo,  and  to  tliu  subjecu 
In  which  his  Oovoroment  were  most 
interested.  In  181 1  President  Madison 
nominated  Mr.  Adams  to  a  seat  on  the 
bench  of  the  Supremo  Court  of  the 
United  States,  but  lie  declined  the 
honor,  preferring  to  serve  his  country 
in  a  more  active  and  efficient  way. 
Mr.  Adams  was  subsequently  calle<l, 
with  Mr.  Gallatin  and  Mr.  BAynrd,  to 
negotiate  a  treaty  of  peace  with  Eu' 


ffland,  whioh  was  secvad  at  Ghent, 
Mr.  Adams  taking  the  leading  port. 
In  1810  he  was  again  appointed  Minis- 


ter to  the  Court  of  Englsnd,  and  in 
1817,  upon  the  inauguration  of  Presi- 
dent Monroe,  ha  was  chosen  as  Seen* 
tary  of  State,  and  nturaed  to  his  nstiva 
country  after  ar  absence  of  eight  years, 
to  again  take  up  the  active  duties  ol 
the  uoverement  at  homo.  Mr.  Adama 
discharged  the  honorable  duties  <if  hia 
office  during  the  oiglit  yean  of  Mr. 
Monroe's  Administration,  ami  Ihosa 
duties  wera  never  mora  ably  dit< 
charged. 
Upon  the  4th  of  March,  1830,  JohB 

3idncey  Adoms  became  President  of  tha 
nited  States,  after  a  mott  exciting 
campaign.  Party  spirit  ran  high,  and 
the  disappointed  candidates  united  In 
their  assault  upon  the  President. 
Never  was  an  Administration  so  cruel- 
ly assailed,  and  never  was  on  Adininis- 
trntion  more  pure  in  principles  and 
more  thoroughly  devoted  to  the  best 
Intcrexta  of  the  country.  No  man  ever 
s»t  In  the  ProaidcntisI  chair  more  ably 
qualiHed  to  fill  the  high  station  uf 
Chief  Magistrate  3f  a  nation,  iin<l  never 
was  exalted  ability  and  genuine  virtue 
of  character  so  ungratetUlly  and  cruelly 
maligned. 

Upon  his  retirement  from  the  Prchi- 
dentlol  chair,  Mr.  Adams  repaired  to 
his  home  at  Quincy  and  to  his  studies, 
which  he  was  ever  prosecuting  with 
unabated  zeal.  In  every  nloco  md 
every  department  of  life  Mr.  Adams 
was  a  close  student,  and  never  ru- 
iinquished  his  unceasing  search  aftci: 
knowledge.  But  be  waa  not  long  to 
remain  in  retirement  In  Nov.,  1880, 
he    waa    elected    Renresontativa    to 


pwMnUd  I 
•lliin  mfeilnii 
k  »  pionnunrwl 
tvr  aAalnil  tli* 

tlileh  ha  «m 
turn  of  M*wN» 
JUplaMeil  wllh 
illnlaly  rMlKHHt 
II*  WM  Mtlurly 

party  fHumli. 

rnnvlctloiM  of 
priifMMtoa.  In 
appointed  htm 
rg.  Mr.  Adama 
reilamllit*  ■n<l 
opnbllean  Mrty. 
i)w  up  batwecn 
•nil  Mr.  AiImiim, 
on  of  tlio  term* 
tco  which  hnva 
o  nationii  until 
0  In  KuHiiin  Mr. 
WBV,  M  lj«c»nia 
lubllo,  nToidlnit 
iliTlninmenU  or 
•nd  irnve  him* 

10  l«nt(iinK*  *■>*! 
to  tlio  tultjrctt 
nont  wcra  nmat 
I'lidvnt  Modiion 
to  »  leat  on  tha 
0  Court  of  tlia 
le  declined  tha 
^rve  hie  country 
d  afflciont  w»y. 
Muently  ciilluti, 

Mr.  Barord,  to 
p«MM  with  £n« 
Bired  at  Ohent, 
M  leading  part, 
ppointod  Mini«- 
fngUnd,  and  In 
iration  nf  Pratt* 
shnaen  aa  Hecre* 
Bed  to  hi*  natira 
!o  of  eight  yearn. 

ni'tiro  dulici  o( 
no.  Mr.  Adama 
bladutica.>rhia 
ht  year*  of  Mr. 

ion,  ami  Ibora 
nore  ably   dia< 

iroh,  1830,  John 

Prenidentoflha 

_  moat  oxcitlug 

it  ran  high,  and 

Idaiea  unitod  In 

the    Prciidcnt. 

tration  so  criivU 

a*  an  AdininlM- 

principlua  niid 

tod  to  the  bvit 

.    Mo  man  ever 

chair  more  al>ly 

ligh    station  of 

ation,  nnd  never 

I  genuine  virtue 

l\illy  and  cruelly 

from  the  Prcfci- 
imii  repaired  to 
'  to  hiH  Dtudica, 
'o«ecuting  with 

cry  place  «nd 
life  Mr.  Adam* 

and  never  ru- 
ng learch  after 
aa  not  long  to 

In  Nov.,  1880, 
iregentatlTv    to 


OHRONOIiOOT. 


m 


onpoftnnlty 

hi*  rniintry, 


IMH      Oongraaa.    Har*  waa  an 

Ibr  him  to  furthar  ••■rva  hi 
Md  ha  ihrimk  nitt  tftim  aliipplng  Into 
a  lower  poaltlim  nf  uMiftilnmM  whan  hi* 
aarvlcai  ware  naailed  Anil  mtat  hero 
Irally  and  noblv  dlil  hn  larv*  her 
during  tha  ramtining  i«rniita«n  yeari 
of  hU  lift).  UiM>n  entering  (^ongreaa 
b*  announce<l  tnat  he  would  lie  bound 
to  no  party.  Iln  w«*  tint  in  hi*  *eal 
In  tha  morning,  and  laat  t<i  taava  it  in 
Iha  evening.  Not  a  maaaure  eacapad 
hi*  aorntlny.  Ill*  ballla  fbr  f^aaJom 
•galnat  tha  combined  proaUvery  in- 
fluence of  the  Houtb  waa  one  of  <larlng 
heruiim  and  lutilimity.    lie  wa*  r»- 

rualadly  thraatanad  with  indiotmont 
y  tbo  Orand  Jury,  with  eiptdai'm 
from  tha  llou**,  and  with  a*aa**lna- 
tlun,  but  nothing  09ald  Inttmlilate  him 
or  nova  him  ttum  the  ona  grand  pur» 
pii*a  of  hi*  llfu,  tha  dcfenae  of  tha 
urinolplaa  of  IVaadom  involva«l  In  a 
true  republic,  Unon  Mr.  Adama  pre- 
aentad  a  patition,  aigned  by  *everal 
women,  agalnatthe  annexation  of  Taia* 
Ibr  tha  purpoao  of  converting  it  into 
alava  Htatc*.  A  member  Oom  Mary- 
land said  I  '*  Theaa  women  have  dit- 
oradllod  not  only  theuaelvea,  but  their 
aeoUoB  of  tha  country  by  turning  fVom 
their  domaatio  dutle*  to  the  conflict* 
of  politloal  llfs."  In  reply,  Mr.  Adam* 
demandad  to  know  "  where  the  gentle- 
man got  thi*  principle."  "Did  he  And 
It  in  aoored  blatory  "  that "  women  are  to 
,  have  no  opinion*  or  action*  on  *ubtact* 
relating  to  the  general  welfare  I "  Iloro 
Mr.  Adama  unrolled  the  long  and  bril- 
liant lilt  of  liiuatrion*  woman  in  *acred 
•nd  proflina  hiatory  who  not  only  enter- 
tained "opinions,  but  who  npreued 
and  m\/oretd  them,  and  commemorated 
tham  by  deed*  of  valor  and  tuflering 
uniurpaa*ed  by  the  example*  of  men  in 
taietory.    In  tha  enthu*l*am  of  hi*  elo- 

Suenca  and  leal  ha  overwhelmed  and 
lonoed  hi*  antagontat*.    Mr.  Adam* 
the  cauae  of  the 


aa  aloquantly  pleaded 
alavo  aa  that  of  hia  Anglo-Saxon 
brother.  "The  righU  of  the  people," 
wu  his  grand  motto,  and  for  theao  he 
fought  At  the  ago  of  sevanty-fiiur 
year*  he  appeared  in  the  Supreme 
Cdurtof  the  UnitcU  State*  to  plead  the 
cause  of  a  foW  friendless  negroes — the 
Amlstend  captives — who  bad  escaped 
fhim  the  grasp  of  the  man-steaier*. 
Hi*  eflbrt  wa*  crowr.oU  with  *uccea'i, 
•nd  the  poor  African*,  liberated  and 
ftimithed  abundantly  with  implement* 
of  civiiiied  life,  were  returned  to  their 
bomea  l^om  which  they  had  liecn  *o 
ruthleasly  lorn. 

Hi*  groat  debate  of  eleven  day*' 
duration,  when  be  withstood  the  whole 
House,  for  the  right  of  petition  in 
Congress  by  the  A  mcrican  people,  was 
the  triumphant  act  of  his  Congressional 
career.  It  wus  one  of  the  grondext  and 
most  heroic,  moral,  and  intellei^tual 
triumphs  over  accorded  to  mortal  man ; 
an<l  the  results  of  that  gloriou*  achieve- 
ment will  be  enjoyod  by  the  unborn 
millions  of  this  great  Itcpubliu  while 
it  sliull  have  an  existence. 

Hi*  unique,  boM,  and  unprecedented 
victory  over  the  aasumed  authority  of 
the  Clerk  of  the  House,  when  ho  held 
that  august  body  for  four  days  in 
ttatut  gna  upon  •  point  of  preetdenee 
Md  "  purliameatary  uaage,"  waa  ona 


1941.  which  will  long  lia  ramMBbarad  by 
memhara  nf  that  Congra**  and  by  the 
A  inerlrnn  peoplo  aa  n  maalerty  stroke 
nf  imllry  and  power  worthy  an  Alai- 
andar.  Hai<l  Mr.  Wi«a,  of  Virginia,  to 
Mr.  Atlam*  upon  that  oeeaaiim:  "Hir, 
I  ragaril  It  aa  tha  iiroodaat  hour  of 
your  life;  and  If,  whan  Tou  ahali  b* 
gntharad  to  your  fhthara,  I  wars  aaliwl 
to  si'lact  tha  word*  which.  In  my  Judg- 
ment, nra  best  cidrulatuil  to  give  al 
once  tha  character  of  tha  man,  [would 
lnMiril)a  u|H)n  your  tomb  thi*  *ant*nca, 
'  I  will  put  tha  quaallon  myaalf* "  At 
Iha  aga  of  savanty-flve  years  Mr.  Adams 
met  the  oomhinad  pro-slavery  element 
in  Congress,  who  eamo  crowding  to- 
gether Into  Iha  House  Maparail  to 
crnah  forever  Iha  gray-halfad  veteran 
of  firoodom.  In  view  of  the  eflbrta  the 
South  were  making  to  overthrow  thn 
Uovarnmont,  Mr,  Adama  had  preaenteil 
a  petition  f>nm  forty-flve  oiliaont  of 
Ilavarhlll,  Maaa.,  praying  for  the  |>«uno- 
able  dissolution  nf  the  Union,  'i'lie 
atiirmr  acene  which  fiillowe<l  bafflea 
description.    They  met  in  caucus  and 

f>rapare<l  rea<ilullonN  occualng  him  nf 
dgn  IreaaoM,  and  of  Inaulting  Iho  Onv- 
amment  On  tho  BHth  of  January 
thay  met  to  present  their  raaobitiona  to 
the  llouae.  Mr.  Marahal,  of  Kentucky, 
iluring  a  breathle**  *llonrc,  rend  them. 
Mr.  Adam*  atood  alone.  The  whole 
pro-slavery  party  were  hurling  their 
aecret  anathema*  agalnat  htm.  When 
Mr.  Marahal  cinaed,  every  eye  waa  flied 
upon  that  brave  old  man,  whoaa  acat- 
tered  look*  of  *nAW  acemed  ilka  •  halo 
of  glory  to  light  up  hi*  grand  and 
mi^aatio  fkce.  Casting  •  withering 
glance  of  deflance  at  hi*  aaaatlanta,  in 
a  clear  voice,  yet  deep  with  *uppre**ed 
emotion,  he  said :  "  In  reply  to  thi* 
audaotoui,  atrocious  charge  of  high 
treainn  I  call  for  the  reading  of  the 
tirtt  paragraph  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence.  Read  It,  read  It  I  and 
ace  what  that  aaya  of  the  right  of  a 
people  to  reform,  to  change,  and  to 
illtaolve  their  Uovernment."  During 
the  repiv  of  Mr.  Adama  and  the  read- 
ing of  that  paragraph  the  impreaaive- 
nea*  of  the  ellenca  and  the  emotion  of 
Iho  speaker  were  overwhelming.  Never 
was  there  •  grander  or  a  more  signal 
triumph.  After  several  ineflectual  at- 
tempts, hi*  disoomflted  aosallant*  gave 
up  vanquiahed,  and  their  ignominious 
reaolution  wa*  laid  upon  the  table. 
The  following  year  Mr.  Adam*  took  a 
tour  through  the  State  of  New  York. 
Such  an  ovation  a*  greeted  htm  at 
every  point  had  never  before  been  con- 
ferred upon  any  man.  Every  one  wa* 
anxious  to  get  a  riew  of  tnat  "Old 
Man  Eloquent,"  who  had  *o  long  and 
Bo  valiantly  fought  the  nation'a  battlea 
for  fhiodom  in  her  hall*  of  CongrcM. 

At  the  age  of  *evonty-elght  he  pnr- 
tinipated  in  the  great  debate  on  the 
Oregon  queation,  and  the  intellectual 
power  he  displayed  and  his  groat  ac- 
curacy and  extent  of  knowledge  upon 
the  subjert  under  diBCU9.iiun,  excited 
the  admiration  of  the  whole  nation. 
On  the  17th  of  November  following  he 
had  an  attack  of  paralysis  while  on  the 
street  in  the  city  of  Boston,  but  be  so 
fur  recovered  aa  to  ruaume  hi*  offleia) 
duties  the  following  winter.  Aa  he 
antered  the  House  on  the  10th  of  Feb* 


IMS.  raary  avatr  Mambar  turn  to  hi*  feal, 
and  two  of  Iha  Membara  fltraially  eon* 
iliirtad  him  to  hi*  *aat.  Hut  ha  look 
little  part  In  the  aetiva  labon  of  Con. 
grass.  On  the  91st  of  Kebruary,  IHtM, 
Da  rose  to  present  a  paper,  and  in  tha 
act  of  addrtsstng  the  Hpaakar  ha  waa 
again  suddenly  slrtokan  down  with 
paraly*!*.  Ha  wan  caught  In  Iha  arm* 
of  tha  Mambar*  near  him  and  bnina  In 
a  conch  in  tha  rotunda.  Aa  ha  revtvad 
to  oon*ctou*n*a*  ha  opened  hIa  ayaa 
and  ealmly  gaaing  around  htm,  ax- 
claimed  :  ''^Tbia  la  tha  and  of  earth.** 
Altar  a  panaa  of  a  moment  ha  added, 
"  I  am  content."  In  •  abort  time  ha 
expired,  banaath  the  doma  of  that 
Capitol  which  bail  *o  often  raaoundad 
with  hi*  aloqnant  pleadiop  and  hia 
maaterly  logle. 

"  Feb.  9.  Treaty  of  (Inadahxipa  Hidalgo, 
by  whiah  New  Mesleo  and  Up|ier  Cnli- 
fomia  were  ceded  to  the  United  State*, 
and  the  woatem  boundary  of  Texoa 
flxwl  at  the  lilo  Grande.  Thi*  war 
coat  the  United  Stale*  nearly  SA,000 
men  and  |t80,(H)0,OflO. 

'*  Feb.  IM.  Oen.  Scott  rellnqniabea  tha 
command  of  Mexico  to  Oen.  Batter.    - 

CM  Dut»v*r*d  in  Ctlifornia. 

••  Hay,  Oohl  diacovcred  in  Califtirnta, 
al  Sutler'a  Mill,  neur  Sacramento,  by 
James  Marahall.  Tlie  new*  soon  spread 
over  the  Stale,  and  great  excitement 
prevailed.  All  olaaaea  rushed  to  tha 
mine*.  Ship*  were  dcsoried  by  Ihoir 
craw*.  Soon  the  whole  world  waa  elec- 
trifled  by  tha  report  that  a  new  Uol- 
conda  had  been  diecovored.  Thou- 
•anda  rushed  to  tbo  new  gold  flald* 
from  every  Stale  and  IVom  almost 
every  civilised  counlrv.  In  •  little 
over  a  year  Callfbrntn  had  a  (ufllclent 
numlMir  of  tnbabltanta  to  entttia  its  ad- 
mlaalon  a*  a  Slate.  The  city  of  San 
Frtnclaco  graw  np  like  "Jonah's 
tiourd."  It*  atraet*  were  soon  tbrongo'l 
with  daring  and  raokleia  advanturun 
flrom  all  pan*  of  the  world.  Oimblias 
became  iha  dally  paattma  of  the  tdM 
and  the  *ucoe**fUI  miner*,  and  mui  in 
waa  of  almoat  daily  occurrence.  Vigl- 
hince  committee*  were  appointed,  and 
for  Ave  years  Juiltce  wa*  admtniatered 
In  thi*  manner  with  telling  eflect.  In 
18S0  law  and  order  wm  eatabllabed, 
and  for  many  year*  California  flouriahed, 
and  wok  the  great  El  Dorado  of  tha 
West  in  point  of  mineral  wealth,  agri- 
culture, and  general  proepertty. . .  049 

PtrftdioniiU. 

"  Tht  Oneida  Communitif,  in  the  State  of 
New  York,  another  Socialistic  order, 
wa*  establiahed,  also  a  branch  at  Wat- 
lingford,  Ct.  Thi*  I*  a  religtous  com- 
munity of  very  peculiar  ideas,  among 
wliicb  are  "peraonal  holine**,"  "com- 
plex marriage,'' "  oommnntty  of  goods,** 
etc.  They  are  a  very  industrious  and 
peaceable  community,  and  in  point  jof 
wealth  are  a  tucoesa.  Bui  they  num- 
ber, after  nearly  thirty  years'  experi- 
ment, less  than  four  hundred  members. 

•'  May  29.  Wisconsin  admitted  into  tha 
Union. 

"      Miasouri  Compromise  repealed 008 

••  Zaehary  Taylor  aKd  Millard  JNUmor* 
vurt  tUdtd  PrttUmt  md  VUt-Prtt^- 
dent. 


cnnoKOLooT. 


ItM.  Ommm  il—i  of  WmMMfian  MoksmmI 
Wd. 

•'  Aag.  la.  OMfM  lw?<i«r<il  bill,  with 
iJrvklMltM  nf  (l*T«ry,  |wmil  by  t'nn- 
gnm. 

"  VtK.  ».  rtnt  iImmU  oT  C»HA>nil*  r*)*! 
la  Iba  mini.  UimI  niab  Ihr  CalllliniU. 
IMI.  VIM  cT  i)W<W  M*IA*»,  ikt  <'Mlinll« 
Apotm  of  TtaimMo*.  to  Iba  United 
BUM.  MO,OM  an  «MTwt«<l  10  lotnl 
almUMM*  prindplM  Ibtovgh  bU  U- 
ban. 

•*  htttdMl  Tnihr  ttMm  •  praelnnMllna 
■catM*  tb«  CubM  iHhwtora. 

••  CMtoln  MiMito  tavMtod  lb*  MInnU  cnn- 
iMlbvlkt. 

*  IwToy  of  Um  bwrndnry  Una  bolwMit 
PmaaylvMla,  Dnlnwan,  nn<l  Mary- 
hMid,  enMwiaing  tha  fTtalar  part  of 
MaauM  and  MiMli  Hna. 

••  OMtr*  «#•*!  tMlaif  lAa  Untttd  /Uatm, 
apftading  1U  aad  wida ;  tha  tIoHbm 
la  ft.  liMla  aad  Oiaeiaaail  numbar- 
lag  •,00*  aaek 

"  OoavaMteMof  datagataamatai  Moatatay 
to  fbaa  a  CooaUtuiloa  for  Calllbmla. 

••  OfMl  rM  ol  IA«  Aitor  PUtt  Optr* 
Ihtm,  laatUalad  awl  lad  by  tba  Manda 
of  Bdwla  forraat  Iba  grant  Amarlcan 
trandian,  npoa  tka  allanpt  of  Mac- 
raady,  tha  aailaaal  Bairltih  actor,  to 
piny  apoa  tha  boarda  or  that  thantra. 
Hae  biography  of  Forraat 

••      Oraat  OfaKaBt.  Louia.    |S,000,000  kat. 


Muritr  of  Dr.  Parkman. 

■*  KoT.  tS.  Mnrdar  of  Dr.  Oaorga  Park- 
man,  a  notad  mlllioaalra  of  Boaton,  l<y 
ProfUaor  Joba  W.  Wabatar,  of  Hanrard 
Oollfga.  Tbii  WM  ona  or  tha  moat 
ramarkabia  and  avrptlaiBg  mnrdeti 
aver  raoordad  in  tha  aanala  of  blitnry, 
Tha  partiaa  war*  both  man  of  eminant 
poaitlan  and  napootablllty.  Tha  body 
of  Dr.  Parkmaa  waa  dliooT«red 
through  tho  auaploiona  of  tha  Janitor 
of  tha  ooliega,  and  tha  continued  aeareh 
of  tha  Pronaaor'a  laboratory  and  rooma 
adjoining.  A  portion  of  the  body  waa 
found  at  tha  bottom  of  the  Taoli  of  a 
prif  ata  eioaat  opanlng  off  from  a  labo- 
ratory oa  tha  baaamant  floor,  which 
aonlalned  a  ftiniace.  Buried  In  tan  in 
a  laa>«haat,  and  corered  with  apeoi- 
■nana  of  minarala,  were  other  poriiont 
of  the  tMKly,  and  in  the  aabea  of  the 
fumaoa  were  found  a  abirt  button,  a 
human  tootli,  blocka  of  minrnil  teeth, 
and  a  l^rge  number  of  fragmenia  of 
bone  beloniing  to  a  human  body.  A 
large  hunting  ■  knife,  a  double-edged 
aheath  knife,  a  taw,  hammer,  and  otner 
articica  were  alai>  found.  Upon  thii 
avidenoe  Profeaaor  Weliatcr  waa  ar- 
taatad.  Thi<  whole  community  and 
eonntrr  were  appalled.  The  cauie 
aeemad  aoinaigniflcant— adiapute  about 
the  payment  of  a  email  aum  of  money 
which  the  Profeaaor  wsa  owing  Dr. 
Parkman— and  the  murder  lo  cruel  and 
apparently  ao  well  planned,  that  it 
aaeined  impoadiilo,  cnnsicluring  the 
high  character  of  i>rof.  WeliMter  as  a 
acnolar  and  profeaied  Christian.  Upon 
hit  arreat  he  (wallowed  a  strychnine 
powder,  which  ho  had  prepare  I  and 
carried  in  hia  pocket,  but  hit  great 
nerrooa  agitation  prevented  ita  action, 
aad  be  anrrlTed,  waa  tried  and  sen- 
tanead  for  murder  in  the  first  degree, 
fad  waa  hung  upon  a  aeafloid  is  ftdl 


IMt.      «l»w  nf  the  elaaale  balls  whafa  ka  hail 

a«  lung  AIImI  iba  high  posliioa  »f  Pro- 

ikaaar  nr<'hi>mUtrjr. 
**         Vn%tml  St,tlff,M  ilalhr  Hrit  fatitml. 
"       ParllanHinl   IIimmmw  In   Mnnlrral,  Upper 

Caaaila,  huninl  ibiwn  by  a  mob, 
"       Ciinaillullon  fctrltliMIng  slavery  a<topttd 

fur  California. 
••      fuloutius,  PmalileMi  of  Haalo  Itomiaga 

asaumad  tha  luipvrial  tills. 

/aum  K.  PM. 

••  Jane  IS.  Death  of  JaaMa  K.  Polk, 
eleventh  Praatdeal  of  tha  United 
Hialaa.  Ha  waa  Imm  la  Msoklanburg 
County,  North  (.'amliaa,  Nov.  >,  ITM. 
Ilia  fother  waa  a  fhrmer,  and  emigrated 
to  Kaat  Tannsssea.  In  I  HI  5,  at  the  ana 
of  twenty,  ha  enloreil  Iba  University  of 
North  Carolina,   at  Chapel  illll,  and 

ftadnatad  with  high  honnrn  in  U18. 
Is  very  aooa  cnlared  the  law  ollica  of 
Vslli  Orandy  In  Naahvilla,  and  whan 
ha  hail  flnishad  hIa  legal  atudiaa,  ha 
asUbliahad  bimssif  in  Columbia,  the 
seal  of  Maury  I'ounly.  Ills  succeas 
waa  very  rapid.  Mr.  I'olk  ha<l  stored 
his  mind  with  knowisfive,  and  tub- 
Jectetl  It  to  a  strict  discipline,  and  with 
temperate  and  fVugal  habits  his  surcsaa 
waa  placed  beyontl  Jeopardy.  He  soon 
became  pupniar  as  a  public  spesksr, 
and  waa  an  ellhelive  campaign  orator 
for  bia  partv.  HIa  mannara  were 
oourteoua  and  wlnniag.  and  ha  won 
manv  IHenda.  In  18>8  be  waa  elected 
to  the  Leglalature  of  Tennsaaae.    Hia 


Hrst  important  act  waa  in  proenrlng 
the  paaaage  of  a  tew  tc  pravanl  duel- 
ing.   Ha  early  imbibed  filala'a  Rlfhta 


principlea,  and  gave  hit  Inflnanea  to 
atrangthen  the  8tate  Qovemmenta.  In 
IMS  Mr.  Polk  waa  choaen  a  Member 
of  Congreaa,  and  for  fourteen  conaecu- 
tlva  yaara  ha  waa  continued  in  that 
ofHce.  when  he  withdraw  to  accept 
the  Qovemorthip  of  Tanneaae*.  In 
Congreaa  Mr.  Polk  waa  a  popular  Mem- 
ber, alwaya  courteous  and  prompt,  and 
an  eaay  and  pleaaing  ipeaker,  and  waa 
appointed  Chairman  of  the  Committee 
of  Waya  and  Meana.  He  waa  a  warm 
supporter  of  President  Jackson  and 
hia  maaauraa,  and  during  tlve  tesslona 
of  Congreaa  ha  waa  Bpeaker  of  the 
Uouae,  and  never  had  a  personal  alter- 
cation with  a  single  Member  during 
his  fourteen  year*  in  Congreaa.  Mr. 
Polk  waa  the  avowed  champion  of  the 
annexation  of  Texaa,  aod  in  184B  tha 
Democratic  parly  made  him  their  can- 
didate for  Preaident,  and  he  waa 
elected  by  a  large  m^rity.  His  first 
Meaaage  urged  the  immediate  aa- 
neiation  of  Texaa  aa  a  Stale.  War 
with  Mexico  waa  soon  announced,  and 
Mr.  Polk's  Admiuiatration  pushed  it 
forward  with  great  vigor.  The  Mexi- 
cans were  hopelessly  defeated  and 
awfully  slaui(htered.  Not  only  waa 
Texas  annexisl,  but  all  of  the  vast 
terriiory  of  Now  Mexico  and  Upper 
and  lA>wer  Califumia  waa  added  to 
the  territorial  area  of  the  United 
>UtPt. 

Tlio  annexation  acheme  waa  a  pro- 
tlavorr  measure,  ami  Texas  waa  de- 
tigocd  by  the  South  for  a  ilave 
State,  and  the  Adminiitration  called 
for  $3,000,000  to  aatiafy  Mexico  and 
induce  a  voluntary  aurrandar  of  Texaa. 


IM*.  To  Ikla  apiirapvlailiMi  tha  NorllMni 
I>>m<M*rala  atlatthwl  what  waa  aallad 
Ibe  ■'  Wllmol  Prfivlao,"  whlrlicirluilad 
the  annsiallon  of  urritory  fur  •!•¥• 
HiatM.  To  Ihls  Ihn  AdnilnUlrstnn 
aa>l  tha  whole  Houtli  w«re  violrnilv 
opposni.anii  awarln('iiagri>mrii»ii«il. 
Tha  "diMoluil'in  of  the  Union"  waa 
Ibraaleni'd,  and  the  Proviso  was  r»- 
ronsldered  and  ri^isil.  In  IM*  Mr, 
l*olk  retlreil  fVom  oillos  and  repaired 
to  his  home  In  Naahvilla,  where  ha 
died  III*  lAlh  of  June  of  that  year. 
**  Col.  Lupea  aiiumpu  to  ravelultaala 
Uttba,  but  waa  unsuocssafkl. 

J»Mn  C.  Ca/Aifun. 

IMO.  Mareh  11.  Death  of  Joba  Caldwsll 
Calhoun,  an  eminent  American  stalaa- 
man  of  South  Carolina.  Mr.  Calhoun 
graduated  at  Yale  ('oll«ge  in  ltN)4, 
and  afterward  sluiiieti  law.  Ha 
aalersd  Congreaa  la  IHIl  at  the  age 
of  twenty-Biaa  yeara,  aa  a  Deiiinrral 
and  leader  of  the  war  party.  In  INIT 
be  waa  oboaaa  Macmtary  of  War  by 
Praaldent  Monroe.  He  whs  eirrti'd 
Vice- President  in  1N94,  also  In  In-.'s, 
and  became  an  advocate  of  fl>ee  trade 
and  State  sovereignty,  and  wua  Ihr 
author  of  the  South  Carolina  expiwl- 
tion,  whlt^h  allirmed  tliat  a  rttale  niny 
nullity  unronatitutlonal  laws  nf  Con- 
greML  and  was  called  "The  Nulllllca- 
tlon  Itactrine."  In  IH'M  ha  vntorcd  tha 
United  SUlea  Senate.  Mr.  Calhoun 
finaliv  acoepta<l  tha  "  larilf  rnm|>ro- 
miaa^*  of  Mr.  Clay.  As  a  debater,  Mr. 
Calhoun  ranked  fnremoat  among  the 
American  Sanatora,  and  wa*  rxrelled 
by  none  except  Otey  and  Webster.  In 
1H44  ha  waa  appointed  Secretary  of 
State  by  Preaident  Tyler,  and  in  IHli 
he  ratnmed  to  the  Hfuate,  where  ha 
remained  till  hia  death.  Mr.  Calhoun 
oppoaed  tha  Mexican  war.  ills  private 
cnaractar  waa  without  reproach.  He 
WM  the  author  of  two  worV*  on  "  Oi  v- 
amment,"  which  are  held  in  big.' 
ealaem  by  men  of  hia  scbo<d  of  pol- 
lUca. 

Oregon  Market  for  Girls. 

**  Congreaa  passed  the  Donation  Ijaw,  giv> 
ing  every  bona  ftd4  aeltlcr  of  Ori'goa 
820  acrea  of  land ;  alao,  giving  tha 
tkuie  amount  to  a  wife,  upon  conditions 
of  settlement  upon  it  within  a  givrn 
time  and  remaining  four  years.  Very 
soon  nearly  all  the  girls  over  fourteen 
yeara  of  age  were  married  off,  and  old 
maids  wero  scarce  in  Oregon. 

"  May  10.  A  HllbiuUrinn  tjr/ifdition  of 
000  men  unuer  Oenerai  Lopez  attempt- 
eil  tho  liberation  of  Cuba  from  Spaniali 
rule.  The  town  of  Cardenas  aur- 
rendered  to  them. 

C/ne/e  Tom's  Cabin. 

"  "  Uncle  Tom*a  Cabin,*'  a  novel  writicu 
upon  slave-life  in  the  South,  and  pub- 
lished in  the  National  Era.  Thia  book 
caused  great  excitement  all  over  the 
North  and  was  extuutivelv  read  in  the 
South,  It  waa  translalea  and  sold  In 
every  civilixed  country  on  the  globe, 
and  waa  probably  the  moat  popular 
and  aenaational  novel  ever  written. 

"      Watchea  were  first  made  by  machlneiy  in 


)«  Iha  Nartliwa 

whal  WM  mllwt 

I,"  whlrhrtrliiiivd 

uttilitty  fur  lUva 

I*   Atlnilnl«ir*f  nn 

:li    wrrn    «I>>Ii'IiiIt 

i('iiii|(ri'Mriiaii«ii, 

llin  Union"  WM 

I'riivlMi   WM   !•• 

ifMl.    In  tH4»  Mr. 

men  M)l  rapalrtfl 

hIivIIIk,  m\f<*  h* 

I  uf  that  vtM . 

to   r*»ulutln«lH 

OMtftll. 

r  John   Cnldwull 
AmtricMi  iUtM* 

Inn.  Mr.  ('■Ihoun 
<'n||i>Kfi  In  IH04, 
kIImI     Uw.       II« 

mil  M  th«  •«• 
I,  M  n  Doinorrnt 
IT  pnrty.  In  (HIT 
winry  of  W»r  Uj 

ll«  wii*  rli'i'tcil 
•94,  klM>  tn  IN»<«, 
Mala  of  fk'pn  trmla 
itjp,  anil   win  t)ir 

Carolina  rxponl- 

that  a  rtlale  inny 
nal  Uwa  n(  C'oii- 
U  "Tliti  NiiilllU'ii. 
*'i»  he  vntiiri'il  Ilia 
t«.  Mr.  Ciillioun 
I  "  Urllf  n>in|iri>- 
Ai  a  ilabiiU'r,  .Mr, 
cmoat  amonK  tlia 
anil  wa4  pxmllpil 
anil  Wvlxiter.  lit 
ileil  Hcrri'lary  of 
Pylvr,  anil  In  IHH 
B«nat«,  wlii-ro  lit 
kth.    Mr.  Calhoun 

war,  llii|)rivata 
ut  reproai'li.  Ilu 
0  wurli'  on  "  Of  v. 
re  h«ld  In  Mg.^ 
lU  iobool  of  pill- 


t/or  Gir/t. 

onntion  Law,  gif  • 
icttler  of  Orii(oi 
alto,  gUlns  tha 
e,  upon  condTtlon* 
t  within  a  K'lTPn 
fonr  jrnari.  Very 
it\»  over  fourteen 
irried  off,  and  old 
Oregon. 

tng  ejtiifdltion  of 
ml  LoiK-z  attempt- 
uba  from  Hpaniali 
>f  Oardonaa  lur- 


s  Cabin. 

n  novel  written 
e  Houth,  and  unb- 
I  Era.  Thiabook 
nent  all  over  tha 
iivelv  read  in  thu 
lalecl  and  sold  In 
try  on  the  globe, 
he  moat  popular 

ever  written. 
g  by  DMchincry  in 


miWWOLCXJY. 


the  VnllMl  RiMtM  u  llosbnry, 
by  l>«iiU»n  A  llowMTil. 


Fugitive  Sliivt  /mw. 

I'a-MKc  "f  thi-  niil>>riiiii«  "f^ijUlin  Hint* 
Im»,"  IntiiHliiri-ij  liy  Hrnry  Clay  In  hi* 
gml  '•Uinnil.iu  nil)"  ThU  law  mad* 
•YPry  f  fit  of  fVfH  >ii||  ii|M>ii  till*  liroail 
HpimiMIi'  h  liiiiitliiu-irriiiinil  n«r  ulava* 
nolilrr*  III  hunt  luKltlvmi  who  hail 
Mirapml  lV>ini  a  Wtk  of  lUrnrir.  And 
wiry  riilMn  who  aldml  or  harbored 
Aitflllrra  «aa  lul^act  tu  llnaa  nnd 
puoUbwcnl. 

Xathttry  Taylor, 

3nU  9.  Death  of  Znehary  Taylor,  twelfth 
iWldent  of  thn  Unltid  itataa.  Mr. 
Taylor  waa  born  on  the  34th  of  Novtni' 
b«r,  t7H4.  In  Oranva  County,  Virginia. 
While  very  young  Itla  (hther  emlgrateil 
to  Kcntueky,  a  Aiw  mllna  from  the 
preMnt  cllv  of  Louinvllle.  Ill*  ad* 
vnntagea  mr  eduenilon  and  culture 
were  verv  llmiteil.  In  INOf)  ho  received 
•  rnmniUiion  a*  l.lninrnant  in  the 
United  Htatei  Army,  nml  hii  Joined  the 
Iroopa  In  New  Orii'in*.  At  Iha  l)e> 
ginning  of  the  ^arof  IMI'J  |i«  waa  pro- 
moted to  thj  rank  of  «'h|i|iiIii  and  put 
in  command  of  I'nrt  llurrUim,  which 
waa  one  of  t>>«  lint  iiolniH  nl'  ultark  by 
Teoumacb.  IIU  galliint  ilvCuiiiiu  of  tliU 
fort,  when  attacked  the  4th  ol'  Hf'ptein- 
ber  by  the  Indlann,  gained  him  the 
rank  of  Mi^or  by  brevet.  At  the  rloie 
of  the  war  Kli\)iir  Taylor  renlgned  hli 
commlulon  and  returned  to  private 
Ufli.  IIo  loon,  however,  returned  to 
the  armv,  and  waa  etatloned  at  Urcen 
nay,  WU.  He  waa  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  Colonel,  anci  participated  in 
the  Black  Hawk  war.  He  continued 
for  twenty  yenn  In  the  defenie  of  the 
fhrntlera  agalnat  the  Indiana,  but  be- 
ing lo  remote  (Vom  civlllMtlon  that 
Ilia  fame  extended  little  beyond  the 
limlta  of  hi*  acquaintance.  He  wai 
alio  engageil  In  the  Bemlnole  war, 
after  wnicb  ha  obtained  a  change  of 
command,  and  wn*  appointed  over  the 
Iteparlment  of  the  Houthweat,  and 
eitabllthed  hia  headquartert  at  Itaton 
Uouge,  where  he  remained  for  live 
yean. 

In  IMA  Oen.  Taylor  waa  ordered  to 
advance  into  Mexico.  He  accordlpglv 
marched  with  1,S00  tn>opa,  whion 
were  loou  incrcaned  to  4,000,  and 
eatabllahed  hi*  little  army  at  Corpua 
Chriati;  hut  in  1840  he  received  ex- 
pUdt  ordera  fVom  Oovemment  to  march 
to  the  Rio  Grande,  which  he  did.  Im- 
plicitly obeving  the  ordera  he  had  re- 
ceived, although  the  Mexicana  pro- 
teited,  and  dvcTiircd  it  to  be  an  inva- 
*ion  of  tlieir  country.  The  result  of 
tliiM  expedition  we  have  given  in  flill 
in  the  note*  on  the  Mexican  war,  alio 
a  c'etailod  account  of  (ho  bravery  and 

generalibip  of  Ziiohnry  Taylor.  Hi* 
rllllant  victory  nt  liucna  Viiim  lecured 
bin  tame  a*  a  gri'at  Oonoral,  und  In  the 
enlhu8iai*m  of  the  triumph  the  Whig 
pnrty,  taking  ailTnntagu  of  the  "  favor- 
ing tide,"  placed  hi*  name  upon  their 
banner  aa  their  fUture  Preaident ;  and 
well  did  tbev  uae  the  preitlge  of  hia 
popularity.  He  waa  elected  In  the  fhll 
of  1848  to  tha  highest  offloe  in  the  gift 


lUO.  of  the  pupil.  Oe«enl  mIIMmb  M*- 
illrtml  •  gr»«t  flillur*  In  ihl*  plain, 
hiimrapiin,  lllilrrala  ••>|iM*r;  bul  hi* 
•bort  I'lirrrr  of  biii  on«  yrar  and  fttnr 
month*  pnivril  that  tha  nation  had 
another  Jarkxm  In  Urninm*  and  In- 
tegrltv  iif  clinrariar,  and  a  Harrlaon  la 
ilropllclly  ami  hunaaty  of  purpnae^ 
He  dird  iinlverialty  r«*perieil  and  re- 
vereil,  ami  left  n»t  an  open  •naroy  in 
Iha  world. 

Arftu  KxftJiHoH, 

>*  Orinnell  Kiiiedltlnn  to  the  Aretio  Beaa, 
under  ooramand  of  IJaut.  R.  I,  He- 
Haven,  Dr.  K.  K.  Kane  aeeompanying 
the  expedition  aa  natunliat  and  aur- 
geon. 

••  Bept.  0.  Callfbmla  admitted  aa  •  Frae 
Atata. 

»  8epl.  a.  New  Mexico  and  UUh  organ- 
lutl  aa  Territorlea. 

Jtirny  Und. 

"  Sept.  It.  Jenny  LInd,  the  "A*«IM 
JfigMinaaU,"  gave  her  lint  concert  In 
the  United  Otate*  at  (^aatle  (lardcn, 
New  York.  The  receipt*  were  about 
|!l(l,()00,  and  the  enthualaim  exceetled 
anything  over  witneaied  at  a  public 
ooocert  or  dramatic  entertainment  in 
the  United  HIatae.  8lie  gave  one 
hundred  concert*  under  engagement 
and  direction  of  P.  T.  Uamnm,  In  all 
the  large  cillei  of  the  Union,  Involving 
nearly  •  million  dollan  In  total  re- 
ceipt*. 

The  flnt  ticket  fbr  her  New  York 
concert  wa*  purohaaed  bv  Uenin,  the 
hatter,  for  which  he  paid  |91S.  The 
proceed*  of  thi*  concert  were  devoted 
to  charitable  ohjeota.  Oiiian  H,  Dodge 
paid  1035  for  a  ticket  In  lioaton.  The 
lilghe«t  price  paid  for  a  ticket  to 
any  of  ber  concerts  waa  lASO  by  Col, 
Wm.  C.  Ito**,  of  Providence. 

During  her  itay  In  Waahingtnn  aha 
wa*  viiltcd  by  the  chief  and  eminent 
men  of  the  land,  and  the  moet  dlt- 
tlngvUhed  lionon  were  paid  her  in 
every  city  that  *he  vUlteil.  When 
Jenny  Lind  bade  ailleu  to  AmoHca,  *he 
bore  the  heart*  of  the  American  people 
with  her.  Never  before  had  prima 
donna,  or  queen  of  long,  lo  thorough- 
Iv  captivated  the  whole  nation,  aa  did 
tni*  plain,  simple  HwedUh  maiden  with 
her  pure,  aweet  nature,  and  ber  unpar- 
alleled gifta  and  swcetnei*  of  voice  and 
heart. 

"  Dahlgren't  ca*t-lron  gun  invented  by 
Admiral  Dahlgron. 

"      AMMon  of  tUnt  trqjffle  in  BraM. 

Great  Sta-Strptnt. 

1851.  Appearance  of  a  great  lea-ierpent  in  the 
Atlantic  along  the  coaat  of  Maine  and 
MoMachuiett*.  It  waa  flnt  seen  in 
Penobacot  Day  by  highly  mpcctable 
parties  who  had  a  clo«e  view  of  the 
monatLT,  and  who  gave  a  <le»criptlon 
of  it  ut  the  time,  'lliey  saw  him  reit- 
ing  on  tlie  water,  and  afterward  dart 
swiftly  out  to  sen.  He  waa  also  seen  by 
several  ica  captain*  in  thia  vicinity. 
A  similar  aerpont  wo*  leen  off  Plymouth 
Harbor,  Mass.,  within  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  of  thoae  who  saw  him.  He  waa 
ai«o  seen  by  several  prominent  men  of 
Beaton,  and  deacribad  by  then  quit* 


IMI 


1852. 


taawnlaly.  The  wllnM**a  all  agree  In 
Ih*  main,  and  dMrillw  hi*  lengtTi  f^oai 
no  to  liio  fiet,  and  hi*  alsn  ^M  lw« 
to  Ihrrn  f»vl  In  IhlckneM.  Ilu  *«in»- 
lime*  a|i|M-nr>«l  lo  have  Uru*  bunche* 
along  ilie  vntin  length  of  hi*  liacli, 
at  other  lliiir*  lh»v  were  not  Mon  l< 
nenl,  and  wen  probably  caused  ny  the 
■otloa  of  hi*  IxMly  In  *wlmmlng.  The 
large  nnmlirr  of  nHable  wlintaaea,  and 
tha  ganani  hanatMy  of  their  teatl- 
mony,  nmovee  any  doubt  ol  tha  ex- 
istence of  an  animal  In  the  Alhuitle 
water*,  commonly  ealled  the  "Hen 
■erpent "  • 

April,    »rU  BnUroad  imwii/W*/. 

Jalf  4,  Comvr-*lonn  of  Capitol  aiten* 
■Ion  laid,  DanUI  Webeter  delivering 
the  oral  Ion. 

Return  of  the  Orinnell  Aretle  Expedition. 
Dr,  Kane  npnrttd  having  dlacovend 
an  open  polar  aea. 

Louii  KottHlh. 

Da<*.  8.  Arrival  of  Leale  Koaauth,  tha 
dl*tlng«l*he<l  Hungarian  exile.  Ha 
waa  neelved  at  New  York  with  pobllo 
hnnen,  aneh  aa  had  been  diown  to  no 
ftinlgner  since  the  departun  nf  l.a-  ^ 
Ikyetta,  He  made  an  extended  tout 
through  the  country,  and  wa*  every. 
when  welcomed  a*  tha  ehtqiient  and 
dlillnguUhed  eiptment  of  the  down- 
trotlden  oauae  of  Democracy  In  Hun- 

Wiary  and  In  Kurupo. 
m  iMyfHin  for  lHoU  In  tha  United 
iMatea,  eaUblUhed  In  New  York. 

California  Vigilam*  Commiltttt. 

Reign  of  Vigilanca  Comroitteea  In  Call* 
lomia,  which  proved  effectual  In  check- 
ing crime  and  raatorlng  order  and 
pabha  aafMy  to  the  citliana. 

Ravoltttion  In  Chill. 

Eoheniqna  clioaen  Preaident  of  Pern. 
Revofution  under  Caatella. 

Amtritan  Yacht  Victory. 

VIotoriouB  race  of  the  yacht  Amtrita, 
In  the  great  International  ngatta  in 
London,  the  prixe  being  the  "  Cup  of 
all  Nations. "  She  waa  bnllt  by  Ueorito 
Pteen,  of  Brooklyn,  and  commaodad 
by  Com.  John  C.lileven«,of  Mew  Vork. 

Frightful  Catastrophe. 

A  panic,  caiiaed  hr  a  fitlio  alarm  of  "lire,'* 
occurred  In  a  New  York  public  school, 
containing  1,800  pupils.  Nearly  SO 
children  were  Instantly  killed  by  suffo- 
cation, and  many  serioualy  Injured  by 
Jumping  flrom  windows,  and  fVom 
fright. 

Jjopn  Atadi  another  eaptdition  to  Cuba 
with  500  armed  men,  among  them  Col. 
Crittenden.  Not  meeting  with  the  ex- 
p  cted  support  on  the  part  of  tli«  Cn- 
unns,  bothliopex  and  Crittenden  wcro 
taken  prisonon  and  executed. 

Henry  Clay. 

June  ae.  Death  of  Henry  Clay,  an  Amer- 
ican statesman  and  orator  of  great  aliil- 
ity  ond  ronown.  He  wa-  bom  in  Vir- 
ginia. Ha  was  tlirico  a  candidate  for 
FNsident,  and  once  very  nearly  elect- 
ed. Heara  Clay  waa  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1787,  though  not  of  ago.    U« 


m 


nfnoNoi/MiT 


•M  ay  M  «4ha  la  ■.•■lafftmi,  Ky  ,  mnI 
MNW  M^Mlrwl  •  IwruMf*  (trwlkw  ll« 
WM  •  Ibvndta  orwuf  <lMrtn«  lit*  I'r**!- 
dMtUI  aMtM*  M  jKllkrMHt.  anil  wm 
•kiMM  l<>  rapfvMnl  KtjrvlU  I'lMtnijr  In 
III*  I^Uhilur*  In  laOi,  »mi|  In  Uit* 
•  M  Ml  •  ••TMf  jr  U  tlia  v.  H, 
•,  |Im«cIi  I>mI  *•  >••?•  uf  •! •.  lU 
WMtgkla,  la  1*97,  fWrlMl  III  Dm  IIoiim 
af  lUpwuatatlw.  mmI  cliuMa  H|i»«li 
•(  nf  tiM  liaaa*.  a  bora  ha  iini|MiMnl 
tlial  taak  Maailwr  tlimil)!  eliiih*  him- 
wlf  la  AaufWaa  tibrlM.  whloh  wm  m 
•iMffly  iHgwiatlaa*!  bjr  Mr.  Iluiii|ilir»]r 
MaMMn  tiiM  II  M  la  a  tlwl  IwiwMa 
Mmb,  wkarata  balk  aaHlM  won  tHgkU 
Ij  waaadMl.    U  lai  I  h*  wm  cImunI 


la  Ouamw,  aad  wm  tk*  il«(  ilaji 
akoaaa  ppaaiiar.  OarlHf  liU  Irrm  ib* 
Vallatl  BtatM  dactaml  war  wlih  tin-al 
Mtata.  Ha  r«ai«la«l  in  t'lmifraaa 
4arla|  Iba  war  unlll  aanl  lijr  l>miili>n( 
MnariM  In  Riir<i|Mi  In  nr|(iiilai«  flir 
MNM,  •  aarrloa  whirb  ha  tanili'fatl 
wllh  amiaaal  aMHlr.  la  lAJA  l>n-al- 
daai  Ailaaia  cbuaa  Mr.  Clsf  m  Haoratory 
of  Htala.  la  IMI  Mr.  VUj  aaala  ra- 
turaad  In  Iba  Haaato,  wbara  ba  r»< 
Malaad  till  bla  daatb,  whlcib  waa  la  bla 
f lib  jTMf.  la  ei)BTcnatiii«  aod  oa  Iba 
realraai  Mr.  Obiy  poaaraiad  a  maffloal 
lafloaara  avaa  nvar  bla  anamlaa  tad 
poUlloal  aalagoaUla. 

Dtmtl  IVttsttr. 

Oct  a4.  Daath  of  Daaial  WabaUr, 
LL.D.,  aa  Aaarioaa  Maiaamaa  ofgrtal 
raanwn.  Mr.  Wabatar  waa  fnr  yaara  mm- 
■l<Uiad  Iba  lloa  of  Ibo  IJnltad  NUtaa 
ManaU.  lie  waa  born  in  Hallabury, 
N.  H.,  Jan.  I**  1783,  of  poor  ixiraaU, 
aad  raoalTMt  bul  fcw  aduoalloaal  ad- 
Taata«aa,aBd  pra|Mrad  blmaalf  for  all- 
ien enlafljr  by  privaU  aladjr,  aupporliag 
blaiMlf  al  collega  hj  laaohlag  lobooi 
durlag  wlalara.  Yonnf  Wanalcr  be- 
cam*  dlallaioilahed  whlia  In  collage  for 
■raal  proAclenct  in  hia  aludloa  nnd  la  the 
debating  aneiatiea  uf  lh«  rollegu.  He 
graduated  In  1801.  and  began  the  atudy 
f>f  law  immediately  aflDr.  and  during 
hIa  aindlea  acted  aa  principal  of  an 
aeailrn*  la  Maine,  al«o  <loing  copying 
•ad  irfllee-work  to  aid  blin.  IIv  waa 
adBiitte<l  to  tbe  Iwr  In  INI.  and  aooa 
roae  lo  rmlnt'nre  at  a  liar  wbcru  8amuel 
Dester,  Joaepli  Htory.  nnd  Jeremiah 
Maana  were  at  the  height  of  their 
fame,  lie  waa  elected  l<i  Congreaa  In 
1811,  and  waa  appoiated  Commluinner 
of  Foreign  Aflain.  taking  a  |iriini- 
inent  part  in  the  dobatea  on  the  war 
and  ttnanoea.  ||«  waa  re-clcctcd  in 
1814,  and  wan  admitted  lo  practice  at 
the  bar  of  the  Huprcmo  Court  at  Waah- 
Inglon  In  1810,  and  rcninved  to  Roaton 
the  lamo  year.  In  1818  he  ranked 
among  the  moat  dlitinguiahed  Jnriata 
of  the  C4iun(ry.  lie  waa  elected  a  Mem- 
ber of  ConurcM  from  tbe  city  of  Boaton 
In  IHaS,  and  in  a  sreat  riiecch  m»do 
on  the  (ircrk  ni'Toiutinn,  t'«t ihlialit'd 
lii»  rcputntiim  as  nno  of  tlio  Ural  xUtoii- 
men  of  the  a^c.  On  Junu  17,  1835,  in 
hia  aitdrcoa  at  ilit<  luylnft  of  the  corner- 
ilone  of  Hunker  II  i  1 1  .Mimuiiient,  ho  mode 

f;reat  addition  to  hi»  funic  n*  an  orator, 
n  1897  he  entered  the  United  Htatea 
Benato,  and  retained  bla  aeat  in  that 
body  nntil  1841.  In  1880  he  made  bla 
"  great  apeeeh  *  in  reply  to  Uayno,  of 


li' 


*mtk  CaMN"-  acalnal  aalMfcaifcwi. 
In  l<«M  b*  rMwIfMl  the  eloeluf  .1  tola 
iif  Maaaat'liwaaito  IV>f  lb*  l*ri>«l>Ua<<)r. 
la  IM-ia  ha  m»i|»  a  l>rl»f  'Ull  lo  KtiMpa, 
rwalting  dl-llni|uUbml  alli'all'in  at 
Iha  Ciwria  »(  KiHlland  and  »»ni'a. 
In  IMI  li«  waa  aptMilnlvd  itM'ratary  of 
Mall  liy  I'lMlilnil  llartlMHi.  and  I'mi. 
Ilnufil  In  Iba  olVra  liy  Tjlar,  Ixii  f 
algn«d  hIa  iiiiat  In  Mar,  IM4.  In  latll 
h»  dxhTcrml  a  aulandid  nrailna  al  Iba 
romp!rilim  iif  liiinkar  Mill  Moaiinirni. 
lie  raaitmetl  hla  aval  In  Iha  \U  tml 
Hlalaa  Nenat*  In  laiD,  and  nmmaail  iha 
atlmlttaaea  «f  Taiaa  a*  a  aUva  Male 
aad  Iba  proaaralloa  of  Iba  Neiiran 
war.  AHboHgh  aail  alavary  in  bt* 
anafMlaaa,  ba  auppnrlail  thu  rnmpm- 
mUe  maaauri-a  of  (lay,  Inrludlng  the 
Algillva  aUva  law,  which  I'tial  Moi  Iha 
tM^irlly  uf  Iha  aiiiipori  of  tb*  Whig  par 
ty.  radar  I'raaldant  nilmore  ba  agaia 
Iwraina  Hecralary  of  Hula.  Ilia  laat 
iiilille  affort  al  iiieach-niaklntr  (airapt 
la  ar|{iiiii«nl  in  Iha  tlmMlyi'ar  pnlrnl 
roo*  at  Trenion,  N.  J.,  init)  waa  at 
the  laf Ing  of  the  riirnar  alone  of  the 
Capitul  eitenaiim  a'.  Waahingtnn,  July 
4,  ISSI.  In  May,  I81«,  ba  waa  thrown 
Arom  hla  earnaga  aad  ofrioaaly  iixjnreii, 
near  Plymouth,  Maaa,,  aad  died  In 
Oalebar  of  Iba  oame  year. 

"  Kapedilion  to  Japan  under  Cmn,  I'erry, 
reaulling  in  Ilia  opening  uf  the  porta 
of  that  Empire  to  AmarMan  trad*  and 
roniiii'<'rr* . .  OSO 

*'      rint  tirixl  railway  la  Naw  York. 

"  Treaty  of  eommerc*  beiwoen  Chill, 
Franco,  Oreat  liritoia,  United  HtaU'a, 
and  Sardinia. 

"  Independence  of  Paraguay  recogniaed 
by  Oreat  liritaln,  and  Lup«i  become* 
(Miremor. 

"  R*TolutloB  lirok*  nut  In  ItuentM  Ayree 
and  It  declared  Air  inde^.-nilitiioo. 

"  Branoh  mint  e*lablUb*d  in  Ban  Ifran- 
oiaoo. 

■*      WblgConTonllon  in  Dallimon. 

*  Urn.  WInm-hl  Hcoll  nominated  for  Pre*i< 
dent,  and  Mr.  ilraham,  of  North  Caro- 
lina, Vtce-I>re*idenl SAO 

"  Aug.  Fna  Hoil  Convention  in  Pillahurg, 
nominated  John  P.  Hale  for  I'roiidunt, 
and  Oeorgn  W.  JuUen,  of  Ind.,  VIco- 
Fnaideat Wi 

Crytlal  Palati. 

1801.  Orand  Intamatlimal  Indoalrial  Exhibi- 
tion in  Now  York,  held  in  the  Cryatel 
I'alace,  a  coloaaal  building  comouavd 
of  glaaa  and  iron,  and  erecteu  oi- 
preaaly  for  tbe  great  eibibltlnn. 

"  Mar.  4.  Franklin  Pierce  inaugnratad 
Prcaident. 

"  Treaty  with  Mexico  for  tbe  pofctiaaa  of 
Arizona. 

"  New  (^nnatltutlon  granted  Bumm*  Ayrea, 
copied  fVom  tbe  Conilltntion  of  the 
Unitfd  Stetea. 

'*  Indfpcndvnce  of  Paraguay  recogniied  by 
Ureal  Britain. 

Treaty  with  Russia. 

"  Treaty  with  linaaia  gnanuiteeing  neu- 
trality of  tbe  United  Stataa  In  the  war 
of  the  allied  power*  of  Europe  agalnit 
that  power,  and  laoogniaing  tbe  prop- 


IMA      ofly  ngbl  af  aaalral  aatlaaa  wlmaip 

Hxind  Sn 

"       lliabiratloa  fbf  a  IVI««  HallriMMl. 
'•        Ytll^  l^**r  again  «latl«l  Iha  Unill*4 

•ilalaa  I  and  la  the  rlly  of  New  Hfifaaaa. 

In  Iha  aiMfa  uf  IhriM  moniha,  luw  pa* 

crnl   uf  Iba  whole   pii|Mll«lli)«   l«ll  ir|*> 

lima  lo  Iha  aroitrga, 
"       Jnlf  4.      Kiiaala'a  ralaaa*  tIaiwaiMlatI  of 

mnyraa  by  t'apL  Ingrahani. 
"      Chlklrea'a  k\.\  H.>«Uly  IVhiii>4*iI  In  N*« 

York  by  I'harlaa  L.  Hraea. 

Fililmshritig, 

'•  FIHhiiaiarIng  aipaiHllon.  nf  WiniaM 
Walhar  to  Hoaora,  Mi<iilii">.  Ha  landad 
at  a  amall  town  rnlliH'l  l.a  Paa,  and 
inaeling  wllb  llllla  raat^lAnea,  ha  peiv 
clalmetl  "  An  Indapamlant  Kcptiblln  ol 
l«war  Caimirala,''^wltb  bimaelf  l>ra<|. 
drni.  II*  T«ry  amm  airaciialMi  tha 
tiremitat  lo  aa«a  blmat'lf  and  comiiany 
mm  •Urvallon.  II*  •urramlaroil  liini- 
■••II  lo  Iha  Uailxd  Mlalva  nwtliiiriltaa  al 
Hall  lllagiK  and  waa  trimi  In  Con 
Kronrlauo  ftir  a  vlulaliim  of  tha  neiH 
trallly  tow*  aail  aiqaittad SSt 

A'aotc-  AW4« V- 
1(94  ^maWtvinef  A'ama-yMtA'aj^AbrMlffonneil, 
wlilrh  rarrird  Iha  elrcllona  In  nearly 
all  Iha  Northern  Hlntua,  their  watch- 
word being.  "  l>il  luiiu  fiHl  AmiTh'^ni 
on  yiMf>/?*  "  /.<<  AmtrifHint  mU 
Amtfifn  '* 
'•  ProhmUm  law  p**ae<l  in  New  York  and 
Pennaylranla. 804 

/OM  of  Iht  "Atttit" 

'*  Loaa  of  the  ateamahlp  ArfH*,  ColHl* 
line,  through  coljtalon  with  the  iron 
ateanier  IWti,  during  a  fbg.  Hun* 
ilrvda  of  Uvea  and  mlllloiia  of  Iroapnro 
were  loat. 

"  Fi'l).  IM.  American  mail-ateamer  MmA 
WarHor  aaiied  al  llarana. 

'*  Mar.  III.  Commercial  lri<aty  lietwecn 
IfnIteil  Htalaa  aad  Japan  aigned. . .  SAI 

"  Stephen  A.  Douglaa'  popular  aovervlgnir 
or  Kanaa^Neliraaka  Mil  paaaad,  whien 
cauM'd  great  eirltuniii'nt  iu  Con|{rr*t 
and  all  OTor  the  rnuuirv.   S31 

"      Viriual  reiieal  of  the  Mliaoafi  Ct/apro- 

mia* ana 

■*  Firat  Kiillroad  Irom  Lake  Mlcbvan  to 
the  MlaaiaaippI— lha>  Idick  Ula4d. 

"  Juno  18.  Uomliardinivnt  of  (Jreytown, 
Central  America,  lt>y  r>c  American  ililp 
Cyan$,  u|ion  refkiiual  ul  the  aulhoritio* 
to  par  allci^cil  iSniiiKgea  for  the  do- 
atruetion  of  United  SUle*  prop- 
erty   8AI 

**  Aug.  t.  liedprocity  treaty  with  (treat 
iVrltein  ratimid  reapecting  the  New 
foundlaud  flaheriea,  liitemallonal  trade, 
etc SAl 

"  Shooting  of  Malcolm  'i'ay'o'  by  McCrea. 
a  lawyer  In  Kimaiw,  during  a  p<illtical 
(liacuMlon.  Much  oxcitvincnt  unHueil, 
and  the  poKiple  thruatencd  lo  lynt'li 
McCroa 8ia 

"      Invintinn  of  iliu  iron-tower  for  irou-clad 
vcaavia  by  Kricaaon. 
18o0.  Attack  upon  the  United  Bt**»<  (tcamcr 
Mfiiirr  Wiich  in  the  Uircr  Parana,  by 
the  I'arnguayani. 

X  Compleliun  of  Niagara  Huapenaioo 
Bridge. 

"      United  But**  Court  of  ttelma  «*lab 
liihad. 


I  miIdm  • 


-^ 


»» luiiriM.1, 

Miml  IN*  Cmltwl 

«•  moillt*,  txn  |wt 
•  •IHtUllltM   <«ll  vl*> 

HIM  iUimwimIimI  of 

'  ftNtntlfil  In  Ntw 

Urn  nf  WIIIImn 
Kilino,  Mil  l«n<liMt 
lliH/l  U  I'm,  •ml 
'•MaUneo,  lia  pm- 
nilnnl  l(i>|m>>l|n  ol 
lib  bimwir  l>rc«|. 
HI  •VMiiMi'il  iha 
Mif  tiiil  riimiNinf 
•iirniniUrt'il  hini* 
■t<'*  nulliiirtllK*  •! 
HI  IrimI  In  Han 
ittliin  »r  lilt)  niiiH 
Itlxl SSI 

nffAiWffufiirmml, 
vi'tlim*  In  iitMly 
itni.  Ilivir  ir«»ch. 
»*  hut  AmfH»\ttn 

In  Kow  York  •ml 

aaa 

»  /iww*.  roiM-it 

II  with  tlio  iron 
IC  •  ftw,  Hun- 
lliocii  of  tN«riir« 

illi)(e«iner  MmA 
ran*, 
•nutjr  lietwatn 
•n  alKnvrl.  .  MSI 
mUr  loirorciffnlr 
ill  |M«M(|,  whlen 
>nt  in  Coojirnt 
■V. »3« 

liM>uri  C(/jtpro> 

ana 

kn  MIcb'KM  ti» 
i)ck  Iilaici. 
t  of  Uceytown, 
L'  Anaricso  ililp 
llio  •uilioritlv* 
(«i  fur  tbu  do- 
HUlM     prop>    . 

Mi 

•tjr  with  (IroAt 
tiiiK  the  New 
im^llonal  trade, 

SSI 

rior  by  McCrea, 
irInK  a  political 
tviiicnt  I'nnucd, 
vnod   to   lyucli 

in 

cr  for  irott-cittd 

8ta*f/<  itoainrr 
irvr  i  arana,  by 

»    Huipenaloa 

tMIOM    MUb 


fTHItONOIXXlT. 


tm.  OfMl  •MlilMlnii  III  K«M*«  UMMt> 
ll>«n  OnorniMiMita  «>r«  infinMl  wfHt 
Bm«bi««r*  •n<(  aailtlatiry  pMllM. 
kW«(t>Mt  rtiito  •MiMd, .  Mil 

ha/ttr,  Ik*  tilihuthr. 

*  Xtaaruiua  Inv'idod,  diirlntf  •  rtvobtU'W, 
b*  WdiUiH  Walk«r,  wTlh  a  liaiul  eti 
IIMt>iM)Dr<.      An«r  rniMldvrabU   iklr- 


mhihtai  hu  f«|iliir»d  |)m  rlly  miiI  g»r 

Hwm  of  ttranaila,  ami  McMfaffu^  mmt 

In    hi*    imwvr.      A    noRiilUllttn    and 


IIM. 


Irvalr  or  (watw  wm  aKrmd  npon  be- 
\mm*  him  ind  t'orml.  Iba  l»ai|«r  of 
Iha  l.*ir<)lml«la,  and  |h>n  ■'•Irtoio  III- 
*aa  waa  doclarad  l*Mvl<lonal  l>rMl>l«ii«, 
wllb  Walhwr  aa  <l«n«ral  in^hlaf  of  tha 
arinr,  Hut  •nun  after,  ilftnrllnii  <'fir> 
ral  In  a  pbil  to  upaat  Iha  naw  <roT>r«- 
M«nl,  Walkor  had  him  arrfwiml,  triad 
by  rmirt  marllat,  and  ihot  In  Iha  praa- 
•nra  of  Iha  wliola  army. 

Walkar'a  anrnaaa  •mlHihl»n«i  Idm  lo 
asKTaaalva  aria,  whinb  mhhi  bMUirbl 
bU  oviinhriiw,  and  h«  waa  compalitii 
l«  fl*<«  to  Iha  Unitail  Ntalta.  Ila  aftar- 
ward  iindirliMik  two  othrr  ai|M>dltloiia, 
whliib  In  ltk>i  manner  fitllmt,  ItU  laat 
I'vpmlttlon  waa  dlrwiad  aiiainil  Iha 
Ma¥  of  lilamla.  In  pnaavaalon  of  <ln<nl 
Itrtlain,  but  whinn  waa  alHiiit  to  ba 
ORilatl  t>>  llnnduraa,  l|«  wni  oapturaU 
i.¥  llrlllth  oltlriira  ami  dcllvarnd  to  Iha 
lloniiuran  aiitborltiva,  by  whnm  h« 
waa  iiniirltiiu'il.  (rind,  and  ihot  . .  OSt 

July.  Dliputa  wllb  Urvat  itritaln  oon> 
iKmiiiK  tlio  ttltnnipi  to  rwrutt  fur  th« 
Oiniran  army, 

Bttiit.  7.  Klrat  lli'braw  Tenipla  In  Iha 
MiMlMlppI  valloy  conawraiad  at  Mi 
Lottia. 

Oet.  17.  Tha  liark  M<mniy  aaiud  nl 
Nnw  York  on  aimplriun  of  balnv  in- 
ti'ndi'<l  for  Ibo  Kiiutan  war  ivrvToo — 
diicbarK«d  tbo  IVth. 

Oct.  %\.  Hnow  in  Loul<irilli<,  Ky.,  and 
NkahTtlle,  Tnnn. 

I)ao.  311.  llrilUh  illMOTrrr  iblp  Wimilitt*, 
•bandonod  In  tba  Arotii-  H«a  by  bur 
craw,  waa  broiiKlit  lo  Naw  London, 
C't.,  by  a  whaler. 

Hoptac  TuHHtl. 

IIooMM  Tunnel  hv^xm.  TIda  tunnel  ia 
one  of  the  grandvat  achievementa  In 
modern  enKin«frlnir.  It  la  cut  throuRh 
tha  llnoaao  Mountain,  near  the  town 
of  Adaina  In  Ibu  north-weatern  oart  of 
Maiwaohuwtta ;  and  —  uxci'pt  tna  Mt. 
('<mi*  Tunnt'l  tbrouxh  tlia  HwIh  Alpa — 
la  tha  lonfteat  lunnol  in  the  world, 
belnff  4|  milea  lont(,  and  in  ita  wideat 
p<iint  iiU  fcot  by  80,  and  24  feet  hiKli, 
and  admita  of  two  linea  of  railroiul 
traina.  It  ia  on  Ihn  Troy  and  Orrun- 
flcld  line,  anil  waa  iK'^un  by  thitt  rail- 
road, but  in  IH.'i't  the  tltatu  panaud  an 
Act  authorltlna  a  loan  of  tlio  State 
credit  to  ennl)lu  them  tr<  complete  it. 
In  1868  tho  rtlatu  oaaumcd  the  vntiro 
rMponalblllty  and  control  of  tlio  pro- 
iect. 

John  BrcTA'n'a  vlctury  at  OaMawattuniie. 

Ocean  teli'Kropb  iirojratud, 

lU'publicaii  puny  valuliljalied.  There 
wvro  tlirco  pnrtlua  in  tlie  I'rosideotUI 
camtMlKn,  lieniocratic,  Know-Mothlug, 
and  Keuublioan  (or  Free  Soil). 

Type- letting  maoUna  Inveatea  lij  Timo> 
thy  Alden. 


1857. 


I  PM- 


Ji^l^  l^<aa  >f  Iha  (  o||l.>*  .iMMat 
Al«9lK  I'aijl.  Aaa  Klilrultf".  'hlih  l«rt 
MvarpiMil  ftir  Nnw  ViHk  on  Ihia  dale, 
after  wtdrh  II  waa  n«v>r  l|aar>l  (Vnm, 

I'ab.  i'»»l—t  fur  .•(/wiAff  of  Iha  llimaa 
of  ilrprvavniatlvn,  laallaK  two  mnniha, 
a«llt«<l  by  plit.  Ini(  Mallianlal  l>,  Ihinha, 
of  Mnaaarliuaalla,  in  lh«  thalr. 

April  II.  (Irral  brbl|r>  mtm»  Iha  Ml** 
•ImIbuI  al  Hiwk  Uland  i-onipliiliid, 

April  IV  Alf^ay  al  I'anama  Im>Iw««m 
Ilia  paaaaegara  of  ib«  Anwrtean  Tranail 
<'om|Mn«  and  Iha  nallraa  Thirty  mm- 
■•ngara  klllad  ana  Iwaaly  wowniMi, 

Auatilt  ufOH  Sumntr. 

Mny.  Ilnttol  aaaautt  of  Prratim  it.  Rrooba 
UMMi  Charlaa  Nnnwar  la  Iha  Hanala 
l.'bambar,  'maaliHiacI  ti*  hia  ap«a«b, 
"  Crlnia  ai(aln«t  Kan<aa.''^  ror  Ailt 
liaulara,  *m  lilonraphy  of  Hnmnar 

May  IN.  Trial  and  niiwution  of  tha 
murdvri'r*  ('a»pr  and  l^oray,  by  tha 
Han  l^ranciaco  Vluilanra  ('nmmittmi, 

rinl  wooiUyiNi  maila  by  niAi'hInary  by 
Wm.  II.  Vmt,.  '    ' 

I'rvaidanl  I'Urcii,  in  hia  Maaaair«.  4» 
clarail  tha  crrallon  of  a  frea  HUM  U<>v« 
•mavnt  in  Kanaaa  an  acl  of  rnlMl- 
linn A89 

Ma*  SN,  IMamlaaai  nt  Mr,  Cnmptnn, 
the  llrliUh  Knvoy  tt  WaabtnBton,  by 
aur  (lovnrninont SOI 

ifuna  17.  Hrat  iiomlnatInK  Ib'publiiran 
Convention  held  at  I>bllail«l|>hla. 
John  (!.  Ii'rtimont  chcMon  for  I'rtklilinl, 
and  William  I..  Dnylon,  VU-e-l'raaidenl. 
The  two  Important  itlanka  in  Iha  naw 
platform  InilnK  anttalarary  and  Mit|. 
IKilygawy 091 

IntriHbiction  of  aorghum,  or  Chineaa 
•uKar-cane. 

July.  Kalalng  of  the  aafe  of  tha  Amarl< 
can  Kipriwa  ('oni|)nny.  which  wm  hiat 
on  tho  alvaiuer  Atlantie  In  INSH,  by  • 
llulfalo  diver.  Ita  conlania  were  well 
pro-ervail. 

Auk.  ")•  I'"*t  laland,  a  aummer  reaort 
on  the  Loiiialaua  ooaat,  aubmerKeri 
tliirinK  a  violent  alorm  of  tbraa  days; 
I7-I  peraona  wore  loal. 

Autf.  91.  Famoua  Charter-oak  at  Hart- 
ford blown  down. 

Auk.  >M.  Dudley  Ubai>rvatory  al  Albany 
ihaUKuraled. 

Nov.  U.  Ilcath  of  John  Middleton  Clay- 
ton,  at  Dover,  Del. 

|)co.  The  lUmluU  pnrrbaa«(l  firom  ita 
dlM'overi'ta,  and  rtilltted  by  tha  United 
Mtatev,  ia  prtacnled  tn  the  Briltah 
(iovernniont,  at  I'ortamoutli,  England, 
by  (.'apt.  llartateln,  uu  behalf  of  the 
Unitvd  Hlitt<  a. 

Loom  patented  tt  weaving  Akminater 
curpetN,  by  Alcxnndvr  HiiiTlh  and  Hal- 
cyon bklnner.  The  liM>ma  of  tbia  ea- 
lubliahnient  at  Yonkvra,  upon  the  Uud- 
aon  Kivcr,  produce  annuallv  >00,(iOO 
ynrda,  which  vquala  the  whole  amount 
produced  annually  in  Envlnnd. 

Political  alliance  iMttwecn  cTitIi,  Ecuador, 
Peru,  and  Cuata  Kioa. 

Fettiant. 

Organization  of  tlio  Fenian  Brother- 
hood under  tho  name  of  the  Emmott 
Monument  Aaaociatioii. 

Feb.  16.  Death  of  Eilaha  Kent  Kana  at 
Havana. 

March  4.    Jamea  Buchanan  inangoratcdi 


ilftt. 


"'% 


rN4lii|iilifc  JirfMi  V.  nf«.kMr 

nir  TfBw^WwiWeni. 
lioliarl  J    Walk»r  a|>p>lnlMl  tarrtloHa 
•l«v»ni<if  of  Kanaaa   by    tiM   Ha^ 

i»«M Ml 

Nar  •.  Tha  flim<Nia  DtmI  Mcmi  D*. 
rUlon,  by  (  hl.f  Juatlea  T»««y,  wita 
maila  known  1  a  paaaaga  In  whlrh 
Ihaaa  wurila  (ItuHil  aiBfuaaloo,  "HUvaa 
have  no  rlghla  which  IIm  wblU  man  la 
iwHind  lit  reauMi,"  aa4  wklah  w«r« 
gunorally  allrtlmlad  i»  Ihal  do<  umeot 
for  their  origin,  but  wblali  Iha  dalbmi. 
era  of  Judge  Tanay  alalm  waa  but  • 
quolallon  of  tha  aaatlmMla  of  Ih*  nn>< 
pi«  al  the  lima  Iha  CaMtllntlna  ww 
wrillen ,  ,    (All 

rtrai  allempt  lo  toy  Iha  Athintla  Caida. 
It  waa  riitlad  upon  two  veaaria,  Iha 
Unilvd  Hiaiea  alaamahip  Si»fff  and 
Iha  itriliab  alramer  A§»m*mitim,  Thry 
procacilad  lo  mid  oiaan,  and  each  v*»> 
a«t  aailed  Inward  thalr  raapaollTa  iimn- 
iriva.  laving  Iha  aabk.  After  Iha  wire 
had  Iwlua  briikvn,  tha  atlvniit  waa 
abau'lontd,  but  r«n*w«d  again,  liia 
end  lieing  flMtenad  al  Val<mia  Hay 
Mid  payvij  out  again  tdl  vibauatmli 
whan  Ilia  othrr  vcaaal  julned  tho 
wirea  and  romplekid  Iha  aniarprlaa 
Tbia  cable  worked  wall  for  a  time,  but 
waa  Anally  aliambineil. 

Patent  laaiind  to  CharUa  Abli'n  (br  con- 
dauaeJ  milk. 

Urtal  fina»(ial  Critit. 
A  great  and  enlenalve  financial  "craah,'* 
cauaed  by  wild  apeouhttlon,  eitrava- 
gaoca,  and  "atm'k  gambling."  Tba 
lernble  eflitoia  of  tbia  "orlaM"  wera 
felt  Iha  whula  length  and  breailtli 
of  the  land.  The  rion  wera  rained  by 
thouaanda,  and  great  dlatraaa  praratWa 
among  the  poor. 

MuriUr  of  Dr.  Durdtli 

Myalerioua  niurdnr  of  Dr.  Burdall,  t 
wealthy  New  York  dentlit,  in  hia  owi 
olttcv.  Arreat  and  trial  of  Mm.  Ciin- 
idngbiim,  the  well-known  "minlnaa" 
of  the  doctor,  Ibe  evideo'-a,  wlilcll 
waa  purely  circumalantlal.  waa  of  a 
v>ry  BtruDg  character,  ana  tha  com- 
munity  and  tha  wbnla  country  wera 
convinced  of  her  guilt,  but  ahe  wan  ac- 
(lulttcii  bv  tho  lury  for  want  of  legal 
proof  A  deep-laid  acbcma  waa  revealed 
aoon  after  her  acqolllal,  which  con- 
flriiied  her  guilt  iu  the  minda  of  thn 
public.  She  at  flnt  endeavored  lo 
prove  that  aha  waa  the  legal  wife  of 
Dr.  Biirdell,  but  her  certiilcate  of  mar. 
riaxu  waa  proven  a  "  aham."  8he  next 
attempted  to  prove  that  ahe  waa  about 
to  become  a  mother,  and  actually  pre- 
trnduil  to  bo  in  labor,  when  the  phy- 
aician  whom  alio  had  engaged  to  at- 
tend her  turned  Btate'a  evidence,  and 
revealed  tlie  whole  plot.  He  had  con- 
nived with  the  Dlatrict  Attorney,  and 
at  thu  lima  of  iter  ureteiided  conHnc- 
ment  the  ufllcvia  of  thu  luw  were  let 
into  the  boi  au,  and  tlm  whole  uliuue- 
fUl  and  fVajdulunt  traii«iirtiun  waa  ex- 
poaed.  A  new-born  Infant  waa  unv 
cured  by  her  ''  r.hyalcinu  "  fVom  •  Iioa- 
pital,  and  for  wnlch  Mia.  Cunninijbam 
iieraelf  had,  in  diaauiae,  appeared  with 
a  baiket,  and  carrtad  to  her  Uoiia^ 


CHRONOLOOT. 


1117.  The  whole  truMOllna  wm  publbhwi 
Ikr  Mwl  widf  — <MryA(Nly  «m«  thor«vgMv 
mntinttd  ^  JUr  owM  of  the  crime  or 
mordw  i  yrt,  the  law  in  th«  handi  of  iu 
mulpnlaton  held  lliii  b«l<l,  Hm)  worn* 
M  innneent  of  tha  inurder  of  Dr.  Hur- 
dall,  and  aha  waa  allowed  t»  remain 
unntolaatod  afVtr  the  rerelatlon  of  the 
tarribk  plot  which  ah«  had  laid  to  ae- 
rara  hia  property  I 

Lnt  of  tkt  "  Ctntral  Amerua." 

*  FaoBdaring  of  the  ateamer  C»»tnl 
Ammiot  off  Cape  Ratteraa.  Over  400 
Ht«  aad  |a,000,000  loat. 

■*  Thwbla  with  tha  Monnona  in  Utah. 
OoL  Johnaton,  with  •  military  force, 
■eat  out  to  nnforce  tha  Uwa. 

MtxitaH  Rtvolution. 

1M7-60.  The  Coograaa  of  Mexico  adopted  a 
Oooatitutioa  and  provided  fbr  a  popu- 
lar eleotion.  In  July,  General  Conmn- 
fcrt  waa  elected  Preaident  A  military 
rebollioD  enaued,  and  the  now  Preai- 
dent waa  drlTcn  fVom  the  capilol  and 
General  Ziiloga  waa  appointed  in  hit 

(ilaee.  Meanwhile  Juarei,  the  great 
ndian  atateaman,  maater-apirit  and 
reproaentatiTe  of  Repuhlicaniim,  who 
waa  alao  Chief  Juatice  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  and  Preaident  fro  f«m.,  accord- 
ing to  the  Conititutioa,  proceeded  to 
eatabliah  bia  Government  at  Vera  Crui. 
A  reign  of  terror  and  outlawry  eniuod, 
and  no  foreign  or  American  citiien 
wai  aafe  in  Mexico.  The  Republicana 
at  last  triumphed,  and  peace  waa  re- 
atored. 
}867.  Sept  10.  Brigham  Young  forbida  any 
armed  force  entering  Salt  Lake  City  on 
any  pretenae;  he  orclera  the  Mormon 
trimpa  to  hold  themaeWea  in  readineii, 
and  declarea  martial  law. 

••  Sept.  8«.  The  Philadelphia  banka  aui- 
pend  ipocie  pnymcnta, 

"  Oct.  14.  New  York  banka  luapend  ipecie 
paymenti.  • 

**  Oct.  15.  Boston  banks  auspend  specie 
payments. 

"  Dec.  It.  New  York  bonks  reanme  apecie 
payments. 

"  Dec.  14.  Boston  banka  reaume  specie 
paymenta. 

Rtligiout  Revival. 

1 837- 4.  Great  religious  revival,  apparently  the 
reault  of  the  "  craiili "  in  the  bnamess 
and  financial  world,  the  ruin  of  which 
WSJ  wide-spread.  Daily  prayer-meet- 
ings were  held  in  every  city  and  town, 

Morphy,  the  Chess-Player. 

18S9.  Wonderftil  performsnoes  of  Paul  Morphy, 
the  younx  American  cbena-player.  He 
waa  considered  a  "  prodigy  "  at  chess 
when  a  lad,  and  at  the  age  of  S3  he 
was  voted  the  "  Worid'a  Chess  Cham- 
pion." 
"  April  10.  Death  of  Thomaa  Hart  Ben- 
ton St  Washington,  aged  70. 
"  April  80.  Congress  passed  a  bill  admit- 
ting Kansas  into  the  Union,  under 
the  Lecompton  (pro-slavery)  Constitu- 
tion   003 

^xeiting  Campaign. 
**      UntdlH  and  Douglai  eampaign  in  ItttnoU. 


1809.  These  popular  competitors  to  a  east  in 
the  United  Stalea  Senate  made  a  tour 
uf  the  State,  ably  discnaaing  the  merits 
of  their  respective  parties.  It  waa  one 
of  the  moat  noted  political  canpmlgna 
upon  record. 
"  May  18.  MlnnsaoU  admitted  to  the 
Union. 

Morrittey  and  Htenan. 

"  Bloody  and  brutal  priae-flght  between 
John  Morrlsaey  and  John  C.  Heenan. 
The  atakea  were  99,000  a  side.  Mor- 
riasey  waa  declared  the  victor,  and 
hailed  aa  the  ohanpion  of  America. 
Bee  biography. 

"  Jan.  14.  Governor  Cumming,  of  Utah, 
pardons  all  treason  and  sedition  here- 
tofore committed  in  the  territory. 

"  WiHiam  U.  BneanI  announced  his  "  Irre- 
pressible Conflict  **  doctrine,  which 
startled  the  countnr  and  aroused  the 
pro-alavery  element  to  much  oppoal- 
tion. 

*•  Aug.  8.  The  people  of  Kansas  voted  to 
rrject  the  Lecompton  Conatitntion  by 
an  overwhelming  minority II^B 

"  Aug.  16.  First  message  sent  acroM  the 
Atlantic  by  cable  from  Queen  Victoria 
to  Preaident  Buchanan. 

Broderick  and  Terry  Duel. 

"  Sept.  18.  Duel  between  Hon.  David 
Broderiok,  United  States  Senator  flmm 
California,  and  Hon.  D.  S.  Terry,  Chief 
Justice  of  that  htate.  Brodenck  waa 
mortally  wounded  and  died  the  lOtb. 
Terry  escaped  on  a  steamer  and  landed 
in  Sacramento, 

"  Two  American  vessels  captured  by  a 
Peruvian  steamer  by  order  of  Caatella. 

Burning  of  the  "Austria^ 

"  Sept.  Burning  of  the  steamship  AmAHa, 
Rom  Hamburg  to  New  York,  with  OAB 
prsons  on  board,  and  but  67  of  all  the 
living  human  freight  were  saved.  The 
ship  took  flro  fltim  a  bucket  of  tar  which 
was  nsed,  with  a  hot  iron,  fur  fumigat- 
ing tlin  ship.  This  was  one  nf  the  most 
terrible  and  shocking  disasters  at  sea 
ever  recorded. 
1850.  Tht  F«nian  OrganUation  per/eettd  under 
the  active  and  efficient  agency  of  John 
O'Mahoney,  who  becanio  its  "  bead 
center"  in  the  United  States. 

"  Feb.  10.  Treaty  between  United  Stetes 
and  Paraguay. 

**  Feb.  14.  Oregon  admitted  into  the 
Union 608 


Petroleum. 

First  oil-well  bored  at  Titusville,  Pa.,  by 
Col.  Drake,  of  New  Haven,  Conn.,  and 
during  the  17  years  following,  the  total 
yield  ftx>m  the  Pennsylvania  oii-wella 
was  65,401,810  bbls.  of  40  gals.  each. 

Great  Flood. 

Great  storm  and  flood  extending  over  the 
entire  Middle  and  part  of  the  Northern 
and  Southern  States — rain  falling  in 
torrents  forty  consecutive  hours-  -re- 
sulting in  immense  low  of  property  and 
many  lives. 


Th*  SitUtt  Affair. 

I800.  Feb.  97.  Shooting  of  Philip  Bartnn  Key. 
District  Attorney  for  the  District  of 
Columbia,  by  Hon.  Daniel  K.  hickles. 
Member  of  Congress  ftom  New  York, 
flw  the  seduction  of  his  vrife  upon  her 
ooofMaion.  The  high  ixicial  pnsition 
and  eminent  reapeotability  of  (he  pat  ■ 
tiea  conoemed  in  this  lamentable  anair, 
and  the  great  beauty  and  popularitv  of 
Mra.  Siokloa,  produced  the  must  wide- 
spread and  intense  interest  and  excite- 
ment. 
Mr.  Sieklee  met  Mr.  Key  upon  the 

Subllc  streets  of  Waahington,  in  open 
ay,  and,  accnsinff  him  of  his  crime, 
shot  him  dead.  He  waa  immediately 
arrested,  and  the  following  April  waa 
tried  for  murder.  Great  excitement 
prevailed  during  the  whole  trial,  which 
was  published  entire  In  all  the  leading 
newspapers  of  the  Imd.  At  the  con- 
clusion of  the  trial  he  was  ncr|uitted. 
As  the  words  "not  guilty"  fell  flrom 
the  lips  of  the  foremen,  there  aroae  one 
wild  and  tumultuous  hurrah  from  the 
vast  concourse  which  tlirongrd  the 
court.  Cheer  after  choer  went  np, 
which  waa  repeated  by  the  mulMtuile 
outside.  Mr.  Sicklva  woh  immediati'ly 
surrounded  by  a  host  of  Iriends,  who 
bore  him  in  triumph  from  the  cnurt- 
room.  The  news  of  his  acquittal 
spread  like  wililAre  throughout  the 
city  and  country,  and  was  received 
with  general  satisfaction. 

Mr.  Sicklea  had  but  one  child,  a 
lovely  little  girl,  of  but  few  years  of 
age. 

Mrs.  Sickles  manifested  the  most  in- 
tense grU'f  and  remonio,  and  in  every 
poaalble  way  expreased  hor  sorrow  and 
repentance  to  her  husband  and  friends. 
In  a  short  time  after  the  trial  her  hus- 
band forgare  hia  erring  wife,  anJ  re- 
ceived her  into  hia  heart  and  home 
again.  But  this  ruined  and  (orrowftil 
woman  lived  but  a  few  years  after  thia 
terrible  tragedy. 

Mr.  Sickloti  afterward  served,  with 
honor  and  distinrtinn,  in  the  war,  and 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  M^nr- 
Ovneral.  He  was  alxo  sent  as  Minis- 
ter to  the  Court  of  Spoin  immediatvl; 
after  the  flight  of  Queen  Isabella. 

"  March.  The  Free-State  party  of  Kansas 
met  at  Wyandotte  and  framed  a  now 
Constitutioii,  which  waa  duly  ratified 
by  the  people 003 

"  March  it.  Quito  deatroyed  by  an  earth- 
quake. 

"  May  11.  Vicksbnrg  Convention  resolves 
in  favor  of  opening  the  kUvc  trade. 

"       Guayaquil,  8.  A.,  deatroyed  by  fire. 

"      Worcester's  large  Dictionary  published. 

"  July  0.  Gen.  Harney  0(cupie»  Ban  Juan 
Ialand,W.  T.;  danger  oi  collision  with 
Great  Britain. 

Grand  March  of  the  "Potato  Bug." 

"  First  appearance  of  the  "  Colonido 
beetle, '  or  "  potato  bug,"  in  districts 
whore  the  cultivate<l  potato  was  raided. 
This  insect  had  been  observed  as  quite 
common  on  the  Upper  Missouri  in  1H24, 
feeding  on  a  wild  plant  called  tho 
sand-burr,  which  belongs  to  the  same 
genus  with  the  potato.  Its  first 
arrival  among  "  civilited "  potatoet 
waa  about  100  miles  west  ftaxa  Omaha, 
Where  the  insect  soon  increased  and 


f  Affair, 

I'lilllp  Burton  Kcf, 
)r  tlin  Dlitrict  ol 
Daniel  K.  HkklM, 
I  ftom  New  York, 
tilt  wife  upon  ber 
{li  tdoitl  iiualtion 
•bilily  of  the  Ml  ■ 
1  lainonUble  •mir. 
ud  popularitT  of 
Bd  tlie  nmit  wid*- 
Btereat  knd  excite* 

(r.  Key  npon  tlie 
MliinKton,  in  open 
■im  of  hii  crime, 
WM  immediately 
llowing  April  wie 
Qreat  excitement 
whole  trial,  wbioh 
In  all  the  leading 
ind.  At  the  con- 
he  WM  Acquitted, 
guilty"  fell  flrom 
tn,  there  aro«e  one 
I  hurrah  flvm  the 
oh    thronged  the 

choer  went  up, 
by  the  multitude 
I  wax  immediatvly 
It  of  Iriondi,  who 
h  from  the  cnurt- 
of  hill   acquittal 

throughout  the 
ind  waa  received 
tion. 

but  one  child,  a 
but  few  yean  of 

etted  the  moet  in- 
trao,  and  In  every 
9d  her  lorrnw  nnd 
band  and  friunda. 
the  trial  her  bus- 
ing wife,  and  re- 
heart  and  home 
>ed  and  (orrowftil 
w  yean  afUr  thia 

ard  served,  with 
in  tlie  war,  and 
rank  of  Mi^or- 
c  lent  as  Minis- 
pain  immediatvlj 
len  Isabella, 
party  of  Knnsat 
id  framed  a  new 
vaa  duly  ratiflvd 

0S3 

yed  by  an  enrtli- 

■vention  resolves 
e  xUve  trade, 
red  by  flre. 
nary  published. 
cu][iiei>  Ban  Juan 
ol  collision  with 


''Potato  Bug." 

tho  "  Colonido 
ig,"  in  (listricta 
Dtalo  was  rni'cd. 
ibscrrcd  as  quite 
Missouri  in  1824, 
lant  called  tho 
ngs  to  the  same 
tato.  lu  first 
lized"  potatoei 
38t  firom  Omaha, 
1  iiicreaaed  ana 


OBBONOLOOT. 


777 


IMO.  /iprMtd  at  a  marrelona  rate.  It  ia> 
Taded  Iowa  In  1861 :  Wisconsin,  1869; 
•nd  by  1806  it  had  spread  over  th« 
entire  country  west  or  a  line  (Irom 
Chicago  to  Ht.  Louis,  In  1874  it  had 
reached  the  Atlantic  coast  In  numeroua 

filaces,  thus  showing  their  rate  of 
ravel  to  have  been  1,000  milea  in  a 
direct  line  within  fltleen  years,  besides 
spreading  over  an  area  of  000,000 
■quare  ntllaa. 

Jthn  Browrit  Captitrt  of  Harptr's 
Ferry, 

"  Oct.  10,  Captain  .lohn  Brown,  a  veteran 
Abolitionist,  bad  long  cherished  a  de- 
sire to  liberate  the  negroes  of  the  South 
fVom  slavery.  He  bad  been  »  life- 
long enemy  of  the  system,  and  a  rad- 
ical anti-slavery  man.  He  was  in  the 
Kansas  battles  for  freedom,  and  par- 
ticipated in  the  battle  ofOssawattomie. 
from  which  he  derived  the  name  of 
*'  Oasawattomie  Brown,"  Ho  had  en- 
listed a  few  followers  in  his  scheme 
of  invailing  Virginia  and  freeing  the 
alaves,  and  fully  expected  that  his  ap- 
pearance among  them  would  be  a 
'•watchword  for  freedom,"  and  that, 
when  the  first  blow  was  struck,  they 
would  unanimously  rise  and  assert 
their  liberty.  His  pluns  seem  like 
those  of  an  insane  mind,  more  than 
those  of  a  general,  or  an  experienced 
statesman.  With  a  little  handfhl  of 
men,  of  whom  seventeen  were  whites 
and  five  colored,  this  mistskon  philan- 
thropist and  fanatic  invaded  the  State 
of  Virginia,  nnd  succeeded  in  captur- 
ing tho  Oovomment  Armory  buildings, 
containing  a  vast  quantity  of  arms 
and  ammunition,  the  raih-oad  bridge, 
and  taking  prisoners  the  keepers  of 
the  Amenal,  tlic  watchmen,  and  bridge- 
tenders.  To  the  prisoners,  who  in-, 
quired  as  to  the  object  of  his  proceed- 
•  logs,  he  answered:  "To  free  the 
■laves.''  To  tho  question  by  what 
authority  it  was  done,  he  replied: 
"By  the  authority  of  (iod  Almighty," 
Brown  seemed  to  he  improssea  with 
the  idea  that  Ood  had  chosen  him  to 
be  the  instrumentality  in  freeing  tho 
negroes  from  slavery, 

tioon  the  tidings  spread,  and  an 
armed  force  appeared.  They  attacked 
tho  engine-house  where  Brown  and 
his  ossociatfti  were  gathered,  and  wore 
repulsed  by  the  bnive  old  man.  Several 
were  killed  on  both  sides,  Oreat  ex- 
citement prevailed.  Military  com- 
panies arrived  from  different  places. 

The  news  spread  to  Washington, 
Baltimore,  and  Richmond,  and  pro- 
duced the  wildest  excitement,  and 
trorips  were  instantly  ordered  to  the 
■ceno  of  action.  Col,  Robert  D.  Lee, 
with  a  company  of  United  States  Ma- 
rines and  two  field-pieces,  was  sent 
*  from  Washington,  and  with  their  com- 

bined force  Brown  and  his  men  were 
finally  captured.  He  was  greeted  with 
execrations,  and  one  of  tho  Oovemment 
offlocrs  struck  him  with  a  sabre  several 
times  in  the  face,  which  knocked  him 
down,  and  another  soldier  ran  a  bay- 
onet twice  into  the  body  of  the  pros- 
trate old  man.  But  he  was  protected 
from  further  violence  by  the  soldiers. 
He  was  immediately  indicted  for 
treason  and  murder  by  tho  Virginia 


1880.  aathotltisa.  Ila  aakad  for  time,  on 
account  of  Ms  severe  wounds,  wnloh 
was  denied,  and  he  waa  tried  on  the 
Mth  of  October  in  Charlestown,  Va. 
Brown  being  unable  to  sit  ap,  lay  upon 
a  mattress  during  his  Inal,  which 
lasted  three  davs.  He  waa  found 
guilty  of  the  charges  preferred,  and 
sentenced  to  be  bung  on  tho  2d  of 
December.  On  being  aaud  why  sen- 
Vcnoe  should  not  bo  passed  nuon  him, 
he  replied,  in  a  gentle  and  mfld  voice : 
"  I  deny  everytiiing  but  the  design  on 

my  part  to  free  the  slaves That 

was  all  I  intended.  I  never  did  in- 
tend murder,  or  treason,  or  the  destruc- 
tion of  property,  or  to  excite  or  incite 
the  slaves  to  ruliellion,  or  tn  make  in- 
Burrection."  His  kind,  gentle,  and 
patient  manner,  and  his  sincere  re- 
ligious fervor  deeply  impressed  even 
his  enemies;  and  his  great  courage 
and  bravery  elicited  tho  admiration  of 
all  who  witnessed  both  hl^  defense  at 
the  Arsenal  and  his  mnnly  fortitude 
during  his  trial.  Governor  Wise  said 
of  him :  "  He  is  a  bundle  of  the  best 
nerves  I  ever  saw,  cut  and  thrust,  and 
bleeding  in  bonds,  lie  is  a  man  of 
clear  head,  of  courage  and  fortitude, 
and  simple  ingenuousness.  Uu  is  cool, 
collected,  and  indomitable,  and  In- 
spired me  with  great  tmst  in  his  in- 
tegrity as  a  man  of  truth."  Two  of 
his  sons  were  shot  and  eleven  of  hia 
men  were  killed;  four  escaped  and 
the  reat  were  taken  prisoners. 

Upon  the  arrival  of  the  hour  for  his 
execution  he  walked  coolly  and  calmly 
out  of  the  Jail,  bis  countenance  radiant 
and  bis  step  elastic.  A  colored  woman, 
with  a  child  in  her  arms,  stood  near. 
He  paused,  and  stooping,  kissed  the 
ohila.  The  colored  people,  aa  he 
passed,  blessed  him.  His  proud  and 
manly  bearing  as  he  ascended  the 
scaffold  and  calmly  gazed  about  him, 
and  his  great  courage  and  inaeoiiUlity 
to  fear,  filled  even  the  amed  aoldiert 
with  amazement.  His  fimmesa  and 
courage  continued  to  the  last  He 
died  Tike  a  hero,  winning  the  admira- 
tion of  the  military,  the  aheriff.  the 
jailor,  nnd  tho  undertaker.  The  oitisens 
were  not  permitted  to  witness  his 
execution,  Hia  body  waa  sent  to  his 
family  at  North  Elba,  N.  T.,  where  an 
eloquent  onlogy  was  pronounced  by 
Wendell  Philupa  at  the  place  of  bur- 
ial  668 

"  Nov.  11.  Buenos  Ayres  reunited  to  the 
Argentine  Republic. 

Kansas  Free. 

"  Deo.  6.  An  undisputed  election  was  held 
in  Kansas  under  the  new  Constitution, 
and  Republican  offloers  and  Members 
of  Congress  elected 003 

Great  Bonanza  Mine. 

"  Comstock  Lode  originally  discovered  by 
James  Fennimore,  known  as  "old 
Finney,"  who,  not  knowing  its  value, 
sold  it  to  P.  Comstock  for  an  old,  bob- 
tailed  Indian  pony  and  a  quantity  of 
whisky.  Comstock  himself  being 
ignorant  of  the  immense  value  of  the 
lode,  disposed  of  his  entire  claim  for 
some  |4,000  or  $6,000,  which  property, 
in  leas  than  a   year,  aold  uu  more 


IMS.      thoB  11,000,000.    UBder  the 

mant  of  Flood  *  O'Biien,  it  has  since 
proved  to  be  the  richest  silver  mine  in 
the  world. 
"  The  United  BUtes  sent  Mr,  McLane  to 
recognize  the  Oovemment  of  Juarrn, 
with  whom  be  negotiated  a  treaty 
satistkctory  to  both  uovarnments. 

18M.  THwmfh  q/  MtaUan  HbmUm  undar 
Juarez,  over  the  Church  party,  after  a 
revolution  of  near  twenty  years. 

Bmiassy  from  Japan. 

"  Orond  Bmbassy  from  Japan,  with  a  treaty 
of  peace  and  commerce,  to  the  United 
StUea,  being  the  fliat  Ambossadort 
ever  MOt  to  any  nationality  by  that 
empire.  The  Anibaasadori  were  treated 
witn  great  respect  bv  the  Government 
offloids  and  tne  citizens  of  Washing- 
ton. The  peculiarity  of  their  dnsa, 
customs,  and  mwnera  excited  mneb 
curiosity. 

Printt  of  Walts. 

nur  of  the  Prtnee  of  WeJu  through  tha 
United  States,  He  waa  everywhero 
received  with  marks  of  respect  sad 
diaiinction,  and  the  unbounded  hospi- 
talities of  the  nation  and  people  were 
extended  to  him. 

"  Emidition  of  Charltt  Frantii  Ball  to  tht 
Polar  Sea  in  search  of  Dr.  Franklin, 

"  April  28,  Democratic  Convention  met 
at  Charleston,  S,  C,  to  nominate  can- 
didatea  fl>r  the  ofllce  of  Pre»ident  and 
Vice-President  The  delegatea  from 
the  «  Cotton  States"  withdrew,  and  the 
Convention  a4]onmed  to  meet  in  Bal- 
timore in  Jnne 004 

Chicago  "Wigwam." 

"  Mm  10,  Republican  Convention  met  in 
Chicago,  in  a  vast  building  erected  for 
the  purpose,  and  called  the  "Wig- 
wam," and  nominated  Abraham  Lta- 
coin  for  President,  and  Hannibal  Ham- 
lin, of  Maine,  for  Vice-President, ,  OOi 

**  The  Constitution  Union  Oate  "Ameri- 
can" party)  also  met  in  convention, 
and  nominated  John  Bell,  of  Tenn,,  for 
President,  and  Edward  Everett,  of 
Mau,,  Vice-Preaident, 604 

Douglas'  Nomination, 

"  Jnne  18.  Democratic  Convention  met,  an  i 
Stephen  A.  Douglas  was  nominated 
for  l^resident,  and  Herschel  V.  John- 
son for  Vice-President 004 

"  June  18.  The  same  day  the  seceding 
delegates  ih>m  the  "Cotton  States" 
nominated  John  0.  Breckenridge,  of 
Ky.,  President,  and  Joseph  Lane,  from 
Oregon,  Vice-President 004 

Tht  "  Great  Eastern." 

"  June  28.  Arrival  at  New  York  of  tho 
English  iron  steamship  Qrtat  Satttnt, 
J.  V.  Ball,  commander,  being  the 
largest  vessel  ever  constructed  siitoa 
"Noah's  Ark,"  and  was  capable  of  car- 
rying 10,000  soldiers,  besides  her  crew 
of  400.  Her  arrival  had  been  expect 
ed,  and  great  interest  and  excitement 
were  caused  upon  the  announcement 
Tho  wharves,  buildings,  adjoining 
streets,  and,  indeed,  everv  avaifaibia 
■pot  which  afforded  a  new  of  tha 


m 


CHRONOLOaT. 


IIMi  mutoMth  ttMiMr  wm  d«n«)hr  orowd* 
•d  with  Miloos  tpMiaton.  Th«  har- 
bor aad  riTtr  w«r«  Mr*  with  •!!  ibm- 
Bcr  ntentt  to  got  »  dum  view  of  the 

SMt  ud  woiiderAil,  world-renowned 
Id. 

The  penege  OTer  the  bar,  which  wm 
eoneldmd  •  rerr  eritionl  undertaking, 
wee  eondnoted  b;  Mr.  Murphy,  who 
(rflentif,  with  •  ilmplo  wave  of  the 
hand,  indicating  to  the  belnwman  the 
ooane  to  be  purtoed,  eafcly  and  ikill- 
Ailly  goided  uiie  hnge  monater  of  the 
waTce  orer  the  dangerona  bar  and  into 
the  North  RiTer.  (fraadlj  and  prondly 
ahe  ntored  amid  a  aea  of  tula,  gay 
with  banner*  and  itraamiDg  pennanta, 
like  a  migh^  leviathan  in  the  midat 
of  a  aohooi  of  'Ting  ilah.  The  boom- 
ing of  cannon,  rinKiiig  of  bell*,  and  the 
ahrill  ihrieking  of  hundred*  at  (team- 
whiatlea,  together  with  the  marie  of 
braaa  baiida,  and  the  ch'mea  of  Trinitr 
Chnreh  phi;ing  "  Rule,  Britannia,"  al- 
together made  a  icene  lonjt  to  b*  re- 
membered by  tho*e  who  witneaeed  it. 
For  many  weeka  after  her  arrival,  the 
Ormit  B<ut*m  wa*  viiited  by  ton*  of 
thowanda.  who  were  eager  to  inapoot 
the  narvelona  atmcture.  Her  length 
waa  680  feet,  and  *be  waa  of  about 
S0,000  ton*  burden ;  10,000  tons  of  iron 
were  naed  in  oonitmcting  her  hull. 
The  force  need  in  moving  the  ma- 
chinerv  of  this  immen*e  ahip  would 
drive  forty  of  the  lugeat  cotton  mill*, 
which  give  emptoyment  to  over  80,000 
opcratiTca.  Tne  Or«at  JBatUm  waa 
need  for  laving  the  Atkntlc  cabh),  and 
proved  to  be  m  indiapenaable  value. 


Impending  Crisis. 

■*  Orwt  agitation  in  Oongren  over  a  book 
entittod  "The  Impending  Criti*," 
written  by  Binton  R.  Helper,  ehowing 
by  arsnmenta,  atatiatica,  and  eiamplea 
that  Biavery  waa  ii^arloua  to  the  intcr- 
eat*  of  the  South 854 

*■  Inly.  Death  of  Oharlea  Goodyear,  the 
inventor  of  the  proceaa  of  harden- 
ing india-rubber.  Mr.  Goodyear  en- 
dured every  trial  which  the  poor  in- 
ventor ia  aabject  to.  and  at  la*t  died 
rr,  to  leave  a  rich  legacy  to  the  pnb- 
.  by  which  hnndred*  and  thouaanda 
have  beoome  wealthy,  and  the  public 
grcntly  beBefltad. 

Mt^mfietnt  Reception. 

*  Oct.  13.  Grand  ball  given  in  honor  of 
the  Prince  of  Walea  at  the  Academy  of 
MnaieinMewTork.  Itwaatbegreateat 
aflUr  of  the  kind  ever  known  In  thia 
counbr.  Over  8,000  of  the  *UU  of 
New  York  present. 


Election  of  Lincoln. 

Kov.  8.  Abraham  Lincoln  was  elected 
Preaident,  with  Hannibal  Hamlin  for 
Vice-Prcaident.  Great  excitement  pre- 
vailed all  over  the  Union.  Univeraal 
r^oidng  (with  very  few  exception*)  at 
the  North,  and  general  diaaatiBfaction 
at  the  South.  Threata  of  aece*«inn  and 
feara  of  civil  war  cauaed  great  depres- 
rion  in  budnes*,  and  the  Government 
credit  wi*  *hakcn S54 


Butkanan  favors  Secession. 

IMO.  Dee.  S.  Preaident  Bnehanan,  in  hi* 
Me**age,  advtaed  *n  amendment  of  the 
ConatUntloD— lit.  In  fhvur  »f  reooania- 
ing  the  right*  of  alave- holder*  to  nold 
property  In  ihtve*  where  ilavcrv  doe* 
or  may  eiUt;  id,  in  fa*or  of  their  pro- 
tection by  Congrea*  in  tbi*  right  in  all 
the  Territoriea  until  admitted  a*  State* ; 
and  8d,  in  favor  of  the  right  uf  the 
maater  to  capture  hU  alave*  who  had 
eacaped  to  another  State— thereby  at- 
teating  the  validity  of  the  t^tit* 
Slat*  La»,  The  Meeaage  farther  de- 
daree  that  unle**  tlii*  amendment  wa* 
granted,  the  South  would  be  iuitUUil  in 
reootutionary  retiUantm  to  the  Qovem- 

ment 684 

"  Great  agitation  wa*  cauaed  in  Congroaa 
by  thia  Meaaage,  both  pro-alavory 
and  anti-*lavcry  metnbera  denouncing 
it : 85l 

Secession  of  South  Carolina.        \ 

"  Dec  80.  Convention  met  in  Charleston, 
S.  C,  which  p«**ed  an  ordinance  of  se- 
ceaaion,  and  ordered  the  aeUure  of  the 
Federal  property  within  the  limit*  nf 
the  State 054 

"  Dec.  81.  A  Senatorial  Committee  of  18 
met  to  conaider  the  diatracted  state  of 
the  countrv,  Ave  of  tiie  committee 
being  Kepublicana,  five  flrom  the  slavn- 
liolding  Stitea,  and  three  Northern 
Democrala.  The  committee  failed  to 
agree S64 

"  Deo.  80.  Major  Anderaon,  with  a  small 
band  of  Federal  aoldieira,  transferred 
bis  command  ttaai  Fort  Moultrie,  in 
Obarleaton  Harbor,  to  Fort  Sumter,  the 
principal  fort  of  defeaae.  The  remidn- 
ing  forte  were  immediately  seised  by 
the  State  authorities,  and  additional 
defenses  were  made  to  protect  the 
city 604 

"  Ecuador  invaded  by  Pern  under  Gen. 
Castella,  whose  assaaalnation  waa  at- 
tempted. 

"  The  Parrott  gun  introduced  by  Rol)ert 
R.  Parrott,  and  wa*  extensively  used 
during  the  war  of  the  Rebellion. 

Secession  of  the  South. 

1801.  Jan.  7.  Florida  paased  a  seces*ion  or- 
dinance  004 

"  Jan.  0.  Miaaiirippi  Joined  the  seceding 
State*. 004 

"  Jan.  11.  Alabama  passed  a  secession  or- 
dinance  004 

■*  Jan.  19.  Georgia  united  with  the  seces- 
sion States 504 

<■  Jan.  80.  Louisiana  joined  the  seceding 
Statea. 564 

First  Act  of  Rebellion. 

**  Jan.  Firat  overt  act  of  the  Rebellion  waa 
the  firing  npon  the  Government  ateam- 
er  &ar  ^the  Wea  by  the  South  Caro- 
lina State  troops 554 

"  Feb.  1.  Texas  joined  the  seceding 
States. 

"  Feb.  4.  Peace  Convention  assembled  in 
Washington.  Delegates  flrom  all  the 
Northern  States  assembled 559 

"  Feb.  4.  Delegates  iVom  the  seceding 
States  assembled  at  Montgomery,  Ala- 
bama, and  formed  a  new  compact, 
called   the    "Confederate    States    oi 


1861.  America,"  and  wtabllshed  »  Provision- 
al Govornmont,  with  Jeflbison  Dnvis  as 
Prosidnnt  and  Aloxundor  11.  Htvveni  a* 
Vlcn-I'reslcli'nt 888 

'*  Abrulinm  Lincoln,  the  Pre*l>)ent-«1ect  ol 
the  United  Slates,  left  hi*  lionii  'n 
Bpringflold,  III,,  amid  the  sorrow lul 
and  univonal  regret  and  aecret  forebod- 
ing* of  III*  Mends,  to  repair  to  tliu 
OHpltal  of  the  niitlon,  and  enter  upon 
the  arduou*  dutio*  nf  his  office. . .  A59 

"  Feb.  14.  .leffurwn  Davis  made  I'rosident 
of  the  Confedorutes.  lie  raised  troops 
and  armed  for  wnr. 

"  Feb.  28,  The  President  tarried  in  Phila- 
delphia to  plant  the  dug  of  the  Union 
upon  the  Hall  of  Indoi)vndonco,  but  the 

Sathering  storm  in  mltim»ro  led  Id* 
■iends  to  fear  for  his  aafei  v,  and  he 
was  persuaded  to  take  the  niglit  train 
for  Washington.  Ho  arrived  safely  at 
the  capital  the  fnllntving  nioinini;.  808 
"  Feb.  3ti.  West  Virgiula  was  admitted 
into  tho  Union 550 

Inauguration  of  Lincoln. 

"  March  4.  The  inauguration  coremonica 
of  President  Lincoln  were  attended 
with  the  protection  of  the  United 
States  troops  under  Lieut.-General 
Scott 588 

"  Overtures  for  a  peaceful  separation  from 
tho  South  rejected  by  the  North. 

"  March  11.  Tho  seceding  States  met  at 
Montgomery  and  adopted  a  Constitu- 
tion, with  slavery  as  a  chief  corner- 
stone      553 

"  March  11.  Kansas,  Colorado,  and  Dakota 
organised  into  Territories  535 

Seizure  of  Southern  Forts. 

"  The  South  seized  tho  most  of  the  defensive 
fortifications  within  their  borders, 
some  .80  in  number,  mounting  over 
8,000  guns,  and  costing  980,000,000. 
Also  the  navy  yard  and  araenals  were 
seised,  together  with  the  entire  army 
of  the  frontier,  with  all  ito  eqnipmento, 
revenue  cutters,  minta,  custom-houses, 
and  anb-tieasuries,  amounting  to  |20,- 
000,000  more 055 

Sumter  Bombarded. 

"  April  12.  Bombardment  of  Fort  Sum- ' 
ter.  Gen.  Beauregard  opened  flre  from 
all  the  forts  and  batteries.  Edmund 
RuflSn,  of  Virginia,  a  white-haired  old 
man,  nred  the  flrst  gun.  M^J.  Ander- 
son, with  but  a  handfhl  of  men,  and 
without  sn  ounce  of  bread  in  store, 
bravely  defended  the  old  fort  for  34 
hour*,  Capt,  Doubleday  firing  the  flrst 

fun.  He  received  the  unceasing  flre  from 
7  heavy  guns  and  mortars,  throwing 
8,860  shot  and  980  shells  into  the  fnrt, 
during  which  not  a  man  was  hurt. 
After  the  barracks  had  lieen  burning 
for  several  hours,  the  magazine  sur- 
rounded by  fire  and  the  mMn  gate*  of 
the  fort  destroyed,  M%).  Anderson  sur- 
rendered the  fort  to  the  rebels,  but 
only  upon  the  most  honorable  condi- 
tions  550 

Lincoln  Calls  for  75,000  Troops. 

"  April  15.  President  Lincoln  issued  a  call 
for  75,000  troops  to  suppress  the  Rebel- 
lion in  the  South,  and  waa  answered 


bllihcd  »  Provtkloa- 
th  Jeffeiion  DktIs  m 
lundor  II.  Slvvena  at 

858 

le  Preniilent-ttloet  o( 
I,  left  hli  liomi  'n 
mild  tlio  Horrowiul 
t  and  leorct  forubfMl- 
l«,  to  repair  to  tliu 
on,  and  enter  upon 
of  lilaofflue.. .  t^M 
«vii  made  Proaidrnt 
I.    IIo  raised  troopa 

ont  tarried  In  Phlla- 
0  Aug  of  tlie  Union 
dciM-iiflcnce,  but  tlia 
II  mltlinoru  led  Ilia 
r  liU  tafvi  V,  and  ha 
take  tliu  nfglit  train 
Ho  arrived  lafvly  at 
iiAing  iiioining.  888 
;iu!a  was  admitted 
880 

H  of  Lincoln. 

;nration  ceremoniot 
:oln  were  attended 
ion  of  the  United 
idcr    Lieut.-Oenoral 

888 

eful  aoparation  iVom 
by  the  North, 
iding  States  met  at 
idopted  a  Cnnstitu- 
r  as  a  chief  corner- 

853 

'otorado,  and  Dakota 
ritories  833 

outftern  Forts. 

most  of  the  defensive 
lin  their  borders, 
>er,  mouonng  orer 
ostinz  t80,()00,M0. 

and  arsenals  were 
tb  the  entire  amy 

all  its  eqaipments, 
Inta,  oustom-bouses, 
amoonting  totSO,* 
685 

tombardtd. 

nent  of  Fort  Sum- ' 
ikI  opened  flre  from 
mtterleft.  Edmund 
a  white-haired  old 
gun.  M^J.  Ander- 
ndfUl  of  men,  and 
of  bread  in  store, 
be  old  fort  for  34 
iday  firing  the  first 
unccaaiug  fire  from 
mortars,  throwing 
ihells  into  the  fort, 
a  man  was  hurt, 
bad  l<een  burning 
the  magazine  sur- 
tbe  mun  gates  of 
H^).  Anderson  sur> 
to  the  rebels,  but 
honorable  coodi- 
880 

75,000  Troops. 

.incoln  issued  a  call 
luppress  the  Rebcl- 
ind  was  answered 


OHBONOLOOT. 


179 


MM.      by   100,000  volnntcen  eager  to  en- 
Uai..     000 


Blotkadt  Proclamation. 

April  IT.  Prteidcnt  Lincoln  isaned  • 
proclamation  announcing  the  blockade 
of  the  SoDthem  ports. 

April  IT.  Virginia  resolved  to  accede 
ftom  the  Union,  and  stops  were  taksn 
to  Moore  the  Federal  property 050 

BcUtimort  Mob. 

April  19.  The  Otb  Ifaisaohasetta  Regi- 
mont,  in  passing  through  Baltimore, 
were  fired  upon  by  a  seceasion  mob ; 
»  company  of  the  regiment  returned 
Nre,  and  11  of  the  mob  were  killed 
and  four  wounded.  Tliree  of  the  sol- 
diers were  skin  and  eight  wounded 
r«n  %wirm»d  CompunU*  of  (A«  PMk^^ 
delphia  Wiuhinglon  BHgadt  were  sho 
attacked  and  retired  to  Philadelphia, 
'ihts  waa  the  first  blood  shed  In  tba 
Rebellion. 

April  20.  Larse  amount  of  property  at 
the  navy  yard  and  fort  at  Norfolk,  Va., 
dostroved  by  the  Union  commander, 
Oapt  HcOauley,  upon  tba  approach  of 
a  rebel  military  force  to  seiieit. . . .  850 

April  94.  The  rebels  occupy  the  fort 
and  hoist  their  flag. 500 

Maryland  Loyal. 

April  aT.  The  Legislature  of  Maryland 
decided  not  to  accede  flrom  the 
Union 880 


Colonel  Ellsworth. 

Slay.  Colonel  Ellsworth,  a  brave  and 
efHciont  officer  in  command  of  the 
New  York  Fire  Zouaves,  waa  shot  by 
Jackson  while  removing  a  accession 
flag  (Vom  his  hotel  in  Alexandria. 
Jatikmm  wu  in  turn  $hot  by  Frank  E, 
Brownell,  a  Union  soldier. 888 

May  ii.  Missouri  turned  over  to  the  reb- 
els the  entire  control  of  the  military 
and  pecuniary  resources  of  the 
Bute 887 

Hav  8.  Government  calls  for  42,000  ad- 
ditional volunteers  for  three  years,  and 
ton  regiments  were  added  to  the  regu- 
lar army 888 

M^  4.  A  large  Union  meeting  held  in 
Baltimore. 

May  0.  Tennessee  passed  an  ordinance 
of  secession  —  East  Tennessee  voting 
largely  against  it. 

Arkansaa  aecrded  from  the  Union. 

May  10.  Capt.  Lyon,  aided  by  Col. 
Blair,  at  the  head  of  6,000  armed 
Union  voluntcom,  surrounded  the  State 
Guard  formed  at  Fort  Jackson,  in  the 
intereata  of  the  Rebellion,  and  demand- 
ed ita  surrender,  which  was  imme- 
diately complied  with 687 

May  12.  Oen.  Wm.  S.  Harney  took  com- 
inand  of  the  Union  forces  in  Missis- 
sippi. He  entered  into  a  compact  with 
Oen.  Price,  the  rebel  leader,  to  re- 
store peace  to  Missouri,  which  act  was 
repudiated  by  tlie  Federal  Govern- 
ment, and  ho  wag  replaced  by  Gen. 
Lyon 887 

Miiy  18.  Gen.  Butler  occupied  the  city 
of  Baltimore 058 


lytst  Virginia  Rtpudiatcs  Secession. 

1801.  West  Virginia  met  in  Convention,  and 
lbr«aily  rvpudlated  the  secession  of 
theSUte 880 

**  May  10.  The  rebola  bum  several  bridges 
on  the  Halilmore  and  Ohio  K.R ...  807 

"  May  8U.  North  Carolina  passed  a  secea- 
sion ordinance.  Arkanssa  alao  re- 
solved to  secede  and  Join  the  Con- 
fMeratee 008 

'•  MaySO.  The  arsenal  at  81.  Louis  waa  de- 
nuded by  its  commandant,  Gen.  Lyon, 
and  secured  to  the  Oovemmont  an(l 
its  contents  transfcrred  to  Bmringfleld, 
Ul :....  88T 


Contraband. 

May  98,  Oen.  Butler  took  command  of  the 
Union  force*  at  Fortress  Monroe,  com- 
posed of  18,000  raw  recruits,  but  who 
proved  gallant  soldiers.  Uon.  Butler 
protected  some  fkigitive  il  ives,  and  re- 
fused to  surrender  them  to  the  order 
of  their  master,  d4daring  utl  rtbtl  prop- 
*rty  eontraland. 080 

May  94.  10,000  Union  troops  advanced 
into  Virginia  by  order  of  Uon.  Scott. 

Fremont  in  Command. 

General  Fremont  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  Western  Department. 
He  took  vigoroua  measures  to  put 
down  the  Rebellion — cin\fl»eaHng  tht 
property  of  th*  rebel*,  alto  their  Uatet. 
For  this  ho  lost  prestige  with  the  War 
Department,  and  waa  shortly  super- 
seded by  Himter. 

Gen.  Scott  submits  four  ooorsea  of  action 
to  the  President,  from  which  he  must 
choose.  1.  To  turrender  to  dowry 
heUf  the  territory  aequired  or  to  It  ac- 
quired. 2.  To  Uoekade  all  revolted 
porU.  8.  To  toy  to  the  leeeding  Statee, 
"  Wayward  tteteri,  go  in  peaee ; "  or  4. 
To  eonquer  the  South, 

June  1.  Oen.  Patterson,  with .  90,000 
men,  advanced  from  Chambersburg, 
Pa.,  to  Hagerstown,  Md 088 

June  1.  The  Savannah,  a  rebel  privateer, 
captured  a  Union  merchantman. . .  001 

Stephen  A.  Douglas. 

June  8.  Stephen  Arnold  Douglas,  an 
American  statesman,  died  at  Chicago, 
He  began  the  practice  of  law  at  Jack- 
sonville, 111.,  and  before  he  was  twenty- 
two  years  of  age  was  elected  Attorney. 
General  of  the  State.  In  1888  he  be- 
came a  Member  of  the  Legislature ;  in 
188T  he  was  appointed  Register  of  the 
Land-Office  at  Springfield ;  in  1840  he 
was  appointed  Secretary  of  the  State;  in 
1841  be  was  elected  Judge  of  the  So- 
preme  Court  of  III.;  in  1848  ho  was  elect- 
ed Member  of  Congress,  and  re-elected 
to  a  aecond  term ;  in  1847  he  was  chosen 
United  States  Senator  for  the  term  of 
six  years,  which  position  he  continued 
to  hold  until  the  time  of  his  death ; 
in  1882  he  was  candidate  for  President 
of  the  United  States,  and  again  in 
1880,  and  received  a  nomination  also 
again  in  1860.  In  politics  he  was  a 
Democrat.  Mr.  Douglas  died  in  the 
midst  of  a  splendid  political  career, 
and  at  the  beginning  of  the  great  Civil 
war.  Ho  lived  long  enough  to  expreu 
the  etrongeat  feeling*  of  loyalty  to  the 
Ootemment,  and  a  warm  sympathy  for 


1801.      its  noble  dsftinders  in  their  stmggla  to 

maintain  its  Union. 
"      June  11.    Battle  at  Komney,  Va. 
"      June  II.    West  Virginia,  set  apart  as  a 

new  State  by  the  unanimous  vote  of  the 

Slate  and  uovomment,  waa  formed  in 

aeoordance  with  the  Federal  Oonstitn- 

tlon 000 

"      June  14.     Johnson  evacuated  Harper'a 

Ferry. 
**      Jane.     Gen,  Price  attacked  Oen.  Ma- 

gmder,  and  after  four  hours'  action, 

both  sides  retreated. 
"      Jnne.     Battle  at  Fairfax  Coort-Honsej 

the  enemy  driven  out 008 

"      An  attack  upon  the  Confederate  battery 

at  Big  Bethel  repulsed 008 

"      July  4.    Congress  met  in  extiaordinary 

session. 
'*      JulyO.    Battle  near  Carthage,  Mo. 
"      July  11.    Battle  at  Rich  MounUin,  Va. 
•'      July  18.    Battle  near  CentreviUe,  Va. 

Btdl  Run  Defeat 

"  July  81.  Battle  of  Bull  Run,  commanded 
respectively  by  Generals  MoDowell  and 
Beauregard. 

The  North,  impatient  of  delay,  were 
crying,  "On  to  Richmond."  Gen. 
McDowell,  with  80,000  troopa.  moetly 
volunteers,  attacked  the  main  body  of 
the  rebels  at  Bull  Run.  Th*  reeruit* 
fought  bratelu,  and  th*  enemy  vert 
repuleed,  but  being  reinforced  by  Jack- 
son's  brigad*,  they  renewed  the  fight. 
The  Union  troopa  fonuht  gal'antly  and 
gained  the  plateau,  when  the  enemy 
were  again  reiryforctd  by  Joteph  B. 
JohnetonU  army  under  Kirby  Smith. 
The  Union  armr  now  began  a  retreat, 
i{fter  thirteen  hour*  of  eevere  action, 
not  hating  one*  been  reitforted.  Sud- 
denly a  strange  panic  seised  them,  and 
they  fled  in  wild  disorder,  leaving 
everything  behind  them.  In  this  bat- 
tle the  rebel  Gen.  T.  J.  Jackson  received 
the  name  which  be  carried  throughout 
the  war^-"  Stonewall  Jackson  "— %iveii 
him  by  one  of  his  officers,  who  said, 
"  There  itand*  Jeiekton,  Uke  a  stone 
wall,"  facing  the  enemy  while  his  army 
wore  preparing  to  retreat. 088 

"  Destmotion  of  the  I^arel,  a  rebel  pri- 
vateer, by  the  United  States  frigate 
St.  Lawrence,  The  Petrel  sank  at  the 
first  broadside  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 

"  July.  Stonewall  Jackson  invaded  Mary- 
land   888 

"  July.  Battle  of  Laurel  Hill.  Gen.  Meaol- 
lan,  with  Gen.  Rosccranz,  attacked 
the  rebel  forces  under  Generals  Oamett 
and  Pogram,  driving  them  across  the 
mountuns  to  IHonterey. 857 

"  Aug.  10.  Gen.  Sigel  repulsed  and  Oen. 
Lyon  killed  in  battle  at  Wilson's 
Creek. .   660 

**  Aug.  10.  Oen.  Butler  succeeded  by  Gen. 
Wool. 

*'  Ang.  28.  Bombardment  of  rebel  forts— 
Hattoras  and  Clark — ^by  Oen.  Butler. 

"  Aug.  29.  The  forts  surrendered  by  Com. 
Sirron 681 

"  Aug.  80.  Fort  Morgan  abandoned  by 
the  rebels. 

"  Aug.  81.  Fremont  iimei  a  prodamoi- 
tion  freeing  the  ilave*  in  Mietouri. 

"  Sept.  8.  Massacre  on  Hannibal  and  St 
Joseph  Railroad ;  Platte  bridge  burned. 

"  Sept.  10.  Battle  of  Camifex  Fernr,  bo- 
flreen  Generals  Rosecranz  and  Floyd. 
A  short,  but  severe  action  took  plaoe^ 


CHBOMOLOGT. 


IMl.      NnktM  to  tiM  raftwt  of  Floyd  I0  tba 

■UhtTir M7 

**      Rtpi    II.      ItoM  prlTktMr  JMdl  d*. 

ttiojad  by  Um  rtdanliti*. 
"      lUbsto   twlM  dadiatad  in   •tUeks  od 

OhMt  MwutUia,  WMt  Vtrfiiiia.    Col. 

JahB  A.  WMhinBtoa,  praprittor  of 

Moimt  VanoM,  kllM SS8 

••      Bmt.   90.     CoL    llnlU«w    ■ormdm 

L«Eiii|toii,  Mo.,  to  tb«  Kbal  a«a.  PrlM 

Nftar  Ute-Bln*  boon  witboat  walir. 

LoM,   1,100  prUoBOTt  mmI    •    hug* 

Mnoant  of  gold. 
«      Out  8.      BtHle  of  Oram   BrUr.  T>. 

K«b«te  daftatod  witb  eoMkUnbla  loaa. 
"      Oat.  S.    Rabalt  attMk  tba  Union  troopi 

at  ObtooaMomieo,  N.  0.,  bvt  wara 

dMrtfucUvaly  abalhd  by  tba  KUi>boat 

JTmiMmU*  and  drircB  oC 
**      Tha  Sa*amnak  eaptorod  by  tba  U.  8.  bri| 


INI. 

H 


brig 
8«T 


Oct.  «:  Babala  ropBkad  by  WUaon'a 
Zooaraa  at  BaBta  Koaa  lalaad Ml 

<•  Oct  11.  Tba  rabal  pritatacr  JfoaAaiilt 
ran  tba  blockada  at  ObariaatoB  and 
boniad  bb  AmarioBB  narohaBtBtaa  Ib 
Britiahwatm. 

"  Oat  19.  Rapulaa  of  tba  nbel  ram  aad 
flraablpa  by  the  UbIob  flaat  at  &  W. 


"      SaeapoofglldallaBdMaaoBftwBCbariaa- 

tOB. 

•*  Oet.  91.  Battia  of  Fredarioktown,  Mo. 
Jeff.  Tbompaoo'a  Hlgbt 860 

**  Oct.  Lexington,  llo.,  racaptnred  by 
Union  troopa. 

■*  Oan.  W.  T.  Hhmnan  appointed  to  the 
ntmnuMid  of  the  Kentocky  foreea  orar 
Qan.  AndwaoB OOO 

"  Oct  91.  Allianoe  between  BnKlaad, 
France,  aad  Spain  to  take  htint  poa- 
■eaaioB  of  Mexieo  ia  Hen  of  debta  oon- 
traeted,  and  oatragea  oommittod  npon 
their  enUeete  by  the  Mexicana. 

•<  Oct.  91.  Battle  of  Ball'a  Bluff.  Colonel 
Baker  killed,  and  the  Unioniita  de- 
feated. The  tUngbterwaa  ftarAil,  and 
Qaa.  Stone  waa  charged  with  inof- 
ficicney. 

"  Oct  90.  Rebele  defSnted  at  BpriBgfleld, 
Mob,  by  lagonyL 

"  KoT.  I.  M&era' Aid  Society  formed  at 
Delaoit 

"  Nor.  9.  Oeti.  Frtmont  tuptnmUd  tf 
Om.  Sunltr,  and  hie  bodyguard,  com- 
poeed  of  tbe  beat  material  and  enUited 
for  three  yeari,  waa  imuUred  out  by 
Gm.  MeOMlan 860 

••  Nov.  0.  Oen.  Grant  attacked  Oen.  Folk, 
rooting  and  bnninff  bit  camp^  captur- 
ing the  gnns,  and  dnving  the  enemy  to 
tbe  rirer.  Oen.  Polk,  ronforoed,  took 
poaeeeaion  of  Oohunbua,  and  eaoaed  tbe 
retreat  of  Grant,  who  aaved  hie  anna. 
UBioB  kaa  400.    Rebel  loae  800. 

**  Not.  Qcb.  Scott  waa  placed  on  the  retired 
Utt  with  full  par,  and  McdeUan  made 
General-in^hief. 803 


Mason  and  Slidell. 

Not.  7.  Capture  of  tbe  rebel  enroyt, 
Maeon  aad  Slidell,  on  board  the  Britiah 
aleamer  7Ven(,in  tbe  Bahama  channel, 
by  Captain  Wilkea,  of  the  U.  S.  tteam- 
ahip  Am  Jadnto.  They  were  brought 
back  to  the  United  Statea  and  confined 
at  Fort  Warren,  near  Boaton,  but  were 
finally  aarrendered  to  Great  Britain  by 
Saoretary  Seward,  npon  the  illegality  of 
the  act— Oapt  Wilkes'  failure  to  bring 


u 


the  Tf*»t  Into  port  Air  a4)adieatloB  by 
the  U.  B.  authoritiee. 

Not.  7.  rort  Royal  bombarded  nnd 
taken  by  Ucn.  Sherman  Imd  Com.  Da 
Pont. 

Not.  T.  Springfield,  Mo.,  abandoned  to 
tbe  enemy  by  order  of  Gen.  MeClcllan, 
mnoh  to  ttie  ditadvantage  of  the  Union 
foreea  in  Miaaouri 860 

Not.  0.  Oen.  Nelaon'a  victory  in  Beat 
Kentucliy. 

Mot.  0.  Oen.  Bchoepfa  flight  from  E. 
Teaneaaee, 

Battle  of  Helinnnt,  Mo.  Gen.  Grant  attaeka 
the  rebela,  damaging  them  aeriouily. 

Nor.  19.  Gen.  Halleck  appointed  to  the 
command  of  tbe  Miaaouri  Department 

Not.  Kaid  of  Price  through  Miaaouri, 
buraing  Tillagee  and  deatroving  rail- 
road traclia,  and  regaining  LexTnKton 
and  other  polnta  on  the  Mualii- 
aippi 674 

Not.  10.  Miaaouri  paaaed  an  ordinance 
ofaeoeaaion. 

Doc.  S.  Gen.  Pbelpa  Unda  on  Ship  Inland 
with  the  adTanoe  of  Gen.  Bntler'a  ex- 
pedition. 

Dee.  4.  John  0.  drockenridge  np*IUd 
from  th*  UniUd  StaUt  aenato  by  a 
uaaaimoua  vote. 

Deo.  0.     Beaufort  taken  by  Gen.  Sher- 


Deo.  18.  Gen.  Pope  routed  the  Con- 
federatea  Ann  Lexington,  capturing 
70  anpply  wagona  and  800  priion- 
era. 869 

Deo.  17.  Stone  fleet  aunk  to  block  up 
Uie  mouth  of  SaTannah  Rirer. 

Dec.  17-18.  Col.  Jeff.  O.OaTia  captured  a 
Confoderate  camp  at  Mliford,  conaiat- 
ing  of  8  oolonela,  17  captaina,  1,000 
men,  and  1,000  atand  of  arma,  with 
tenta,  baggure,  and  auppliea. 

Tbe  Confederatea  were  now  atrength- 
ened  by  a  force  of  6,00O  Indiana  under 
Oen.  like,  making  the  diTiaion  in  8. 
Miaaouri  80,000 863 

9en.  Pope  defeata  the  rebela  with  great 
loaa  at  Shawnee  Mound,  Mo. 

Deo.  90.  Oen.  Ord.  commander  of  the 
8d  PeanaylTania  Brigade,  waa  attacked 
by  the  Confederate  foreea  under  Ckn. 
Stuart.  The  enemy  were  defeated  with 
a  loaa  of  380  men.  The  Union  loaa 
being  0  killed  and  60  wounded. . .  669 

Dec.  80.  Battle  of  DmingTille.  Gen. 
McCall  defeata  the  rebela. 

Dec.  80.  Tybee  laland,  commanding  the 
approach  to  Savannah,  taken. 

Dec  91.  Charleaton  harbor  abut  by 
aiaUng  a  atone  fleet  at  ita  mouth. 

Dec  97.  Vera  Crux  occupied  by  French 
troope,  and  the  city  {daoed  nader 
martial  law. 

Dee.  81.  Battle  of  HunteraTille.  ..688 
"  81.  United  BUtea  foreea  to-day 
numbered  660,071,  33,000  aailors,  and 
840  abipa  with  l,8U9  gnna. 

Deo.  Brig.-Oen.  Grant  led  an  expedition 
foam  Cairo  to  Belmont,  a  rebel  en- 
campment under  Gen.  Polk.  Folk 
being  reinforced,  Grant  retreated. .  068 

Union  ateamerl'bnny,  loaded  with  etorei, 
captured  by  rebela 661 

Union  foreea  attack  tbe  rebela  on  Croa- 
tan  Bound  by  land  and  water,  entirely 
routing  them.  The  alaughter  waa 
immeneo  on  the  rebel  side,  as  there  waa 
no  eecape,  being  Hurrouiidcd  by  the 
land  and  naval  foreea S6l 

Tom  Corwin  appointed  aa  United  Statea ' 
Miniater  to  Mexico. 


Literalhm  Triumph  in  Mt.xit0. 

1001.  Preaident    Juarea   removea    all    vpei^ia. 

privilogra  fVom  the    prieitliorMi,  and 

aold  tberlmri'b  property  to  the  {X'tiple. 
"      Name  of  New  (Iranada  violianged  for 

United  Stutea  of  Colombia. 
**      Oatltng   gun    iavintcd    by  Richard   J 

OatliBg,  of  North  Carolina. 

Xarey,  iht  Hortflamtr. 

"  Wonderfol  exploita  of  Rarey,  tlie  groat 
liorao-lamer.  lie  tamed  the  wildcat 
and  moat  forioua  horava  in  a  ahnrt 
time,  rundering  them  aa  tractnble  and 
gentle  oa  liiml)a,  leUhout  (A«  lut  of  tht 
iiMp.  Uia  great  auccoaa  waa  achluvod 
aolely  by  inndncaa  and  through  bia 
poworfol  magnetic  influence. 

Sam.  Houtlon. 

"  Oet.  8.  Death  of  Bam.  Ilouaton,  of  Tex- 
u.  He  waa  ralaed  in  Tenneaaee,  and 
gained  a  little  education,  when  he  went 
among  tbe  Indiana  and  lived  with 
them  three  yrnra,  and  was  adopted  by 
an  Indinn  olilef  aa  liia  aon.  In  1811 
he  returned  to  bia  family,  and  atarted 
a  achool  for  bia  maintenance  and  auc- 
ceeded  well.  In  1818  be  enlisted  ana 
common  aoldier  in  the  U.  S.  army,  and 
by  b^a  good  conduct  waa  promoted  to 
an  onxlgncy;  in  1814  ne  waa  en- 
gHged  under  Gen.  Jackaon  in  flghting 
the  Creek  Indiana,  and  waa  three 
timea  aeverely  wounded.  lie  bucceed- 
ed  in  gaining  the  laating  friendahip  of 
Jackaon,  who  promoted  him,  and  ho 
wea  omployed  to  make  a  treaty  witb 
the  Cherokeea.  The  winter  following 
he  went  to  Waahington  with  a  delega- 
tion of  Indiana.  In  1818  he  threw  up 
hia  commiaaion  and  aetiled  in  Niah- 
Tille  and  began  the  atudy  of  law,  and 
waa  admitted  to  the  bur  after  aix 
montha'  atudy,  and  one  year  after  waa 
elected  Diatrict  Attorney  for  tha  David- 
ton  Diatrict.  In  183U  he  waa  elected 
Member  uf  Congreaa,  and  re-elected  in 
1838.  In  1827  he  waa  choaen  Gov- 
ernor of  Tenneoaje.  InJan.,1820,hewaa 
married,  and  in  three  montha  aeparate<I 
from  bia  wife,  when  he  again  went  tn 
tbe  Cherokee  Nation,  who  received 
him  kindly,  and  admitted  him  to  all 
the  righta  and  privilegea  of  their  na- 
tion. He  remained  with  them  till 
1883,  when  ho  went  to  Waahington  to 
defend  them  againat  the  wronga  in- 
flicted upon  them  by  the  Govemmant 
agenta.  Mr.  Houaton  received  the  aid 
uf  Government  in  expoeing  the  ftauda 
of  the  agenta — five  of  whom  were  re- 
moved. With  one  of  theae  —  Mr. 
Stanabury — ho  had  a  pentonal  rencoun- 
ter, and  Ilia  opponent  wna  aeverely 
beaten.  Mr.  Houaton  waa  arreatcd 
and  brought  before  the  House  and 
publicly  cenaured,  tried,  and  fined 
|S00,  but  the  Preaident  remitted  him 
bia  fine.  Soon  after  he  removed  to 
Texaa,  and  waa  there  drawn  into  a 
Convention,  where  he  waa  appointed 
upon  a  committee  to  draft  a  form  of 
Constitution  for  tbe  ncT  State.  Mr. 
Houston  exerted  a  powurful  influence 
in  Texas,  and  nt  the  coni.noncoment  of 
tlie  Texan  war  with  Mexico  he  waa  ap- 
pointed General  of  a  force  of  troona. 
In  1885  ho  was  elected  Commanderkin* 
chief  of  the  Texan  army.    He  defeated 


mfMt  in  Mtxit*. 

DinoTM   all    ipwiU. 

)«   prli'itlioTNl,  Md 

iparty  to  the  ih'iiplo. 

i«<U  I'loliangvU  for 

liloiiibU, 

rd    Itj   Rtehwd   J 

Jarolina, 

frte-lamtr. 

nf  lUrejr,  the  are»t 
Uroed  I  lie  wltilett 
honos  in  >  ihnrt 
)m  «•  tractoblo  Mrl 
'.hout  th4  un  nf  th* 
uccuM  wu  •cMuved 
I  Md  tbrougb  bit 
ioflueiioe. 

B.  Houston,  of  Tex- 
In  Tenneeaee,  tnd 
•tlon,  wben  he  went 
•  Md    lived  with 
lid  wu  adopted  by 
bit  son.    In  1811 
fsmlljr,  and  atorted 
lintenance  and  auo- 
)I8  he  enlisted  an  a 
the  U.  S.  army,  Md 
t  wu  promoted  to 
1814   ne   wai   on- 
'ackson  in  flgliting 
I,    and   WM   three 
ided.    He  kucceed- 
wting  friendahip  of 
noted  him,  and  ho 
lalie  •  treaty  with 
le  winter  following 
;ton  with  a  delega- 
1818  he  thmw  up 
[|  aettled  in  Nub- 
■tudy  of  law,  and 
the  bar   after   ais 
one  year  after  wu 
irnev  for  thu  David- 
au  be  wu  elected 
and  re-elected  in 
wu  choaen  Gov- 
hJan.,1829,hewu 
B  months  separated 
be  again  went  to 
on,  who   recrivud 
Imitted  him  \a  all 
ileges  of  their  na- 
'    with    them    till 
to  Wuhington  to 
it  the  wrongs  in- 
the  OoTemmant 
n  receiTed  the  aid 
poalng  the  IVauds 
>f  whom  were  ro- 
of these  —  Mr. 
p<-r8onal  rencoun- 
cnt  was    severely 
:on    wu    arrested 
the    House  and 
tried,   and    fined 
ent  remitted  bim 
he  removed  to 
!re  drawn  into  a 
le  wu  appointed 
draft  a  form  of 
nc-v  State.    Mr. 
Mwurfnl  influence 
:on>,ncDcoment  of 
Mexico  he  waa  ap- 
a  force  of  troopa. 
d  Commander-in< 
Biy.    He  dolbatsd 


OHRONOLOOT. 


m 


IMl.  ths  IfexicMS  at  Han  Jacinto,  and  look 
their  Oenoral  (Snnta  Anna)  nrianner. 
After  the  war.  be  was  vU'ctud  President 
ot  the  Itepiiblio  nf  'rvxui,  and  at  the 
close  nf  Ilia  ti'riu  bu  lii'ciinio  a  Mem- 
ber of  CongrMs.  I.eaviiiK  tliu  Hnances 
of  Tosu  In  a  nroapiTons  cnnilitiim. 
after  his  return  lie  wat  nKsin  olvctod 
her  Presblent,  nud  U|>on  bur  adminaion 
into  the  Union  bo  was  elcutcd  a  U,  H. 
Henator,  He  was  ever  a  ft'iend  of  the 
IndlMM,  and  wiis  a  bold,  stralffbtfor- 
ward  defender  of  what  ho  considered 
to  be  right.  Ilu  wu  strongly  opposed 
to  the  secession  of  the  Boutn.  lnl8S0 
be  wu  elected  (iovomor  of  TezM,  but 
retired  f^om  ofHoe,  reftiaing  to  take 
the  oath  required  by  the  Stat*  Consti- 
tution. 


1M2 


Minnesota  Mastatre. 

Indian  maaaaore  in  Minneaota.  The 
Bioux,  under  Little  Crow,  fell  upon  the 
white  settlements  at  Now  Ulm,  Yellow 
Medicine,  (;udar  Citv,  Fort  Rtdgcly, 
and  Fort  Aborcrombio,  and  butchered, 
in  the  most  cruel  and  abocking  man- 
ner, some  SOU  persons,  chiefly  dofvnse- 
leu  women  and  children.  The  citi- 
cons  were  unprotected,  and  their  only 
escape  wu  by  flight.  Great  conator- 
nation  ensued  all  tbrougb  the  North- 
west, and  troops  were  immediately 
aent  to  their  rescue.  The  Indians  in 
that  district  were  finally  aubdued,  and 
the  leaders  in  the  mauacre  were  exe- 
cuted  084 

Jan.  1.  Fort  rickcns  breaches  Fort 
Bsrancu  and  burns  the  navy  yard. 

Death  of  Lopez,  I'rcsident  of  I'araguay. 

Gen.  Som.  Itaniou  chosen  President  of 
Ecuador. 

Jan.  8.  Buttle  of  Blue  Gap,  Va.  Rebels 
defeated. 

Hospital  boats  were  catublishcd  on  the 
Western  rivers,  and  cars  on  the  rail- 
road leadi'ig  from  the  scat  of  war. 

Jan.  10.  .)ol  i8on  ami  Polk,  of  Missouri, 
expelled  from  tlic  U.  B.  Senate. 

Jm.  lU.  Kdwin  M.  Htanton  succeeded 
Simon  Cameron  u  Hecrctiiry  of  War. 

Jan.  CoL  Garfield  attacks  tlio  Confed- 
erates in  S.  E.  Kentuckv,  and  forces 
them  to  retreat  tu  Virginia 608 

John  Tyler. 

Jan.  18.  John  Tyler,  tenth  President  of  the 
United  States,  died  in  Hichmond,  Va. 
In  1836  Mr.  Tyler  identitlod  liimself 
with  the  Whig  party,  and  whs,  by  that 
purty,  nominated  to  the  Vice-Presi- 
dency on  the  ticket  with  Gen.  Harri- 
son, and  upon  tlic  death  of  the  latter, 
he  became  President  of  the  United 
States..  His  administration  was  very 
unpopular,  and  before  its  close  every 
member  of  bis  Cabinet  bad  resigned, 
•nd  he  lost  the  confidence  of  the  Whig, 
party  by  bis  meuures.  lie  wu  in  the' 
Confederate  Congress  at  the  time  of 
his  death. 

Jan.  10.  Gen.  Geo.  H.  Thomas  took 
command  of  the  Union  forces  in  Ken- 
tucky, with  a  force  of  8,000  men. .  568 

Jan.  19.  Oen.  Thomas  was  attacked  by 
Gen  Geo.  B.  Crittenden.  A  desperate 
conflict  raged,  resulting  in  the  retreat 
of  Crittenden's  army,  with  tbu  loss  of 
Gen.  ZoilicolTer  and  nearly  800  men. 
The  rebels  escaped  through  the  night, 


IMS.  leaTing  19  guns  and  rquipmenls, 
l.nuo  iioracs,  and  all  their  army  mate- 
rial  n68 

"  Jun.  HO.  Ericsson's  Manltor  launched  at 
Orcenpoint,  L.  I. 

Citflure  of  Fort  lltnry. 

"  Feb.  9.  Com.  Knoto,  with  seven  gun- 
bouts,  and  Uen.  Grsnt,  with  lA.OOO  men 
oil  steamboats,  attacked  Fort  Henry 
and  captured  it. 

"  Feb.  7-H.  Battle  of  Roanoke  Island. 
Biirni.ide  tukca  the  ialaiid,  with  2,000 
prisoners. 

Fort  Dontlion  Surrendered. 

"  Feb.  16.  Surrender  of  Fort  Donelson  to 
Gen.  Grant  by  Oen.  Buckner,  after 
84  houra  nf  fighting  and  watching, 
taking  18,000  prisoners,  the  fort  liuing 
abandoned  by  General  Floyd  and  CoC 
Forrest 604 

"  Feb.  18.  First  rexular  Rebel  Congress 
usenibled  at  Hichmond. 

'-  Feb.  19.  C'liL  Canby  confirmitcd  by  a 
band  of  Texas  Rangers  at  Valvnrde, 
Nev/  Mexiro.  Upon  the  death  of  Lieut. 
MeCroe  and  the  loss  of  his  liattery,  the 
Union  inikntry  became  demorallied 
and  fled  precipitately 008 

"  Feb.  31.  Gordon,  the  alavor,  hung  at 
New  York. 

"  Feb.  83.  Cumberland  Gap  abandoned 
to  the  Unionists,  and  a  Confederate 
camp  surprised  and  captuiod  by  Gen. 
Garfield 008 

"  Feb.  23.  A  general  advance  toward 
Richmond  ordered  by  President  Lin- 
coln   008 

"  Feb.  At  Coohe,  Ky.,  Gen.  Curtis  waa 
attacked  by  a  band  of  Texu  caralty, 
under  General  Albert  Rurh,  which  he 
routed  after  a  short  engagement,  by 
an  impetuous  charge  of  1st  Indiana 
Cavalry.  Oen.  Curtis  then  marched 
to  Helena,  taking  a  largo  number  of 
negroea  whom  the  rebels  bid  em- 
ployed building  roads,  and  which 
were  entitled  to  their  fhsedom 0613 

"  Feb.  22.  Jeff.  Davis  inaugurated  Presi- 
dent of  the  Confederate  States  for  six 
years. 

•'  Feb.  Retreat  of  Oen.  A.  S.  Johnston 
ixom  Itowling  Green  to  Nashville  be- 
fore Oen.  O.  St.  Mitohol,  bringing  con- 
sternation to  the  citizens  of  Nuhville, 
hundreds  of  whom  fled  in  terror  ftam 
the  city.  Gen.  Johnston  continuing 
bis  flight  South,  and  the  Gnvemment 
and  Legislature,  albo  the  bMkers,  with 
their  specie,  following. 

*'  Feb.  34.  Nashville  Rurrendered  to  Oen. 
Buell,  and  Gen.  Nelson  and  his  troops 
took  possession  of  the  city 064 

"  Mar.  8.  Columbus,  Ky.,  abandoned  by 
the  rebels  at  the  approach  of  Com. 
Foote  and  Oen.  Sherman 004 

Battle  of  Pea  Ridge. 

"  Mar.  7.  Battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  fought  by 
Gens.  Curtis,  Sigei,  Osterhaus,  and 
Jeff.  C.  Davis,  lasting  three  days,  and 
resulting  in  the  cotnplete  victonr  of 
the  Union  forces.  The  rebel  forces 
were  80,000  strong  under  Gens.  Price, 
Van  Dom,  McCulloch,  Slack,  and  Mc- 
intosh. The  Federal  loss  was  1,851. 
Rebel  loss  not  ascertained,  but  must 
have  been  much  more.    Gens.  McCul- 


1800, 


loeh  sad  Mclntns'n  killed,  and  flMM, 

Price  and  Slack  wounded 069 

Mar.  8.  The  Oambtrlamt  and  Con^rett 
destroyed  by  the  rebel  nun  MtrrU 
man 009 

Mar.  0.  The  Merrimae  disabled  and  put 
to  flight  by  the  little  Monitor,  which 
also  disahlvd  the  Ynritinrn. 

Uar.  10.  Heliels  evacuate  Manaasu  JuBO> 
tlon,  and  Union  ftiroea  occupy  it. 

Mar.  18.  New  Madrid  evacuated  by  tha 
Confederates,  after  a  heavv  cannonad- 
ing by  (Ion.  Pope,  who  took  Immedlat* 
possession.  The  enemy  left  tbirtv-threa 
cannon,  several  thousand  small  armi^ 
and  a  large  amount  of  othar  war  ma- 
terial  064 

Mar.  14.  BattU  (^f  Neyibtm.  X  C.  Oen. 
Biimside  defeats  the  Confederates,  Md 
ocoupisa  the  city;  eapturing  00  can- 
non, two  steamfaoata  with  largo  qnan« 
titles  of  munitioni,  and  000  prison- 
ers  008 

Mar.  98.  Rattle  of  Winchester,  Va. 
RelMils  badly  defeated,  losing  1,000 
besides  prisoners. 

Mar.  85.  Fort  Mason  occupied  by  Union 
forcea. 

Mar.  Soldiers'  Home  opened  at  Cairo 
by  the  Chicago  BrMoh  Committee. 

April  4.  Beginnine  of  Peninsular  cam- 
paign. Amy  of  Potomao  advance 
toward  Torktown. 


Battle  of  Shiloh,    or   Pittsburg 
Landing, 

April  6-7.  Surprise  and  attack  of  the 
Union  army  under  Grant,  Sherman, 
and  Prentice  at  Pittsburg  Landing; 
their  panic  Md  retreat.  Generals 
Buell  and  Lew  Wallace  come  to  the 
rescue,  Md  the  tide  turned.  The 
rebels  wore  driven  back  to  Corinth. 
Oen.  Halleck  taking  command,  he 
attacked  the  enemy  at  Corinth  and 
gained  poasession  of  that  important 
railroad  center. 

April.  The  allied  powera  against  Mexico 
disagree,  and  the  English  and  Spanish 
commanders  of  the  expedition  re- 
turned to  Europe  and  left  the  French 
alone  to  settle  the  difSculty  wltli 
Mexico, 

Island  No.  10. 

April  7,  Oen.  Pope,  having  cut  a  canal 
twelve  miles  long  acron  the  Missonil 
peninsula  opposite  Island  No.  10,  aU 
tacked  the  rebel  stronghold  under 
Oen.  McCowu,  who  sunk  the  boata 
and  transports,  and  escaped  outward, 
leaving  Uen.  McCall  to  surrender  the 
Island,  with  8  Generals,  378  officera, 
0,700  soldiers,  133  pieces  of  hoary 
artillery,  7,000  stand  small  arms,  and  • 
large  quantity  of  ammunition  Md  other 
stores  reported  in  the  capture 604 

April  11.  Surprise  ana  capture  ot 
Huntsville,  Ala.,  together  with  a  laiva 
number  of  locomotives  and  cars,  by 
Oen.  O.  M.  Mitchel.  At  Rnsselvllle, 
Oen.  Mitchel  captured  a  laivo  amsnnt 
of  Confederate  property  without  loss. 

April  11.  Fort  Pnluki  surrendered  by 
the  rebels  after  thirty  hours'  bombard- 
ment. 

April  10.  Sfatery  abolished  in  Diitriat 
of  Columbia. 

Ajnil  17.    Bombardment  of  Fort  Pillow 


OHBONOLOOT. 


IMI.  by  CooiiaodaN  foitU,  laatlng  two 
wmIu,  wlih  liitU  t0mt,  owing  to  th« 
high  water,  which  prevanlod  tbo  co- 
opantlon  of  ihu  ImiI  forow.  064 

J^arragut't  Grtat  FmI. 

*  April  34.    Com.  Pwragnt  ru  tho  Iwt- 

tarlM  on  th«  MiMlMlnpl  lllver  at  fort 
Jackton,  devtroyliig  tnat  fort  anil  Fort 
ttX.  V\\\\\^  alto  twulva  Cunfatlorata 
gUB-boata.  Ila  procaaxl*  to  Naw  Or- 
want. 
**  April  ti.  Surrandar  of  Fort  llanry  aii<l 
Fort  Oonalaon  to  Com.  Foola  and  Uan. 
Orant  bf  Qon.  Buckncr. 

*  April  U.    Fort  Macon.  N.  0.,  takon  after 

alaven  houn'  flgbtlng. 

Surrtndtr  of  Ntw  Orleans. 

*  April.    Com.  Farragut  with  hit  float  a|K 

proaobaa  New  Orwana.  The  Cunfeder- 
•tea  bom  their  ablpping  and  a  Taat 
•mount  of  property— 11,000  halea  of 
eotton,  and  ve»a«b  richly  freighted 
with  nierchandiae — eatlniated  at  ttom 
$8,000,000  to  $10,000,000.  But  tha 
city  made  no  reaUtaiice,  and  vurrender- 
ed  In  tlie  American  fleet. 

*  April  M.  aen.  Mitchel  di'fuati  the  rebela 

and  capturea  BrldKcport,  Alii. 

••  May  1.  Arrival  uf  Uen.  Uutlir  in  New 
OrleaDa.  Flo  titkei  poxaci^ioii  of  the 
city,  tiMrehing  through  th»  princt/>al 
ilreett,  from  the  Lett*  to  the  Cuttom- 
J/oute,  la  the  tune  </  "  YaiUee  Doodle," 
Tiuwed  by  S0,000  robvla  with  mingled 
feelinn  of  cnrioaity  and  doflancr . .  607 

"  May.  The  French  aasiime  the  oifonalTU 
and  attack  tlm  Meilcans  at  Chlquibuite, 
bat  were  repuliod  with  great  diaaater 
to  their  forces. 

*  May  4.    HcOlullan  enters  Yorktown,  the 

rebela  baving  fled  in  the  night. 

*  May  4.  Fight  between  rebel  ram  Mallory 

and  the  Union  gnin-boat  Cincinnati; 
both  TeiacU  dlaablod  and  sunk ;  the 
rebels  retrrating  nnder  cover  of  amnke 
fh)m  the  bamliig  gun-l>oata  which  the 
CineiniuUi  flrcd  oeforo  glnking. 

*  May  S.    Battle  of  Williamsburg  between 

uen.  Hooker  and  Uen.  HogruUer. 
Babels  evacuattt  In  the  night. 

*  Mav   7.      Huttle    of  West   Point,    Va. 

Iiebels  driven  over  Chlcknhnminy. 
"      May  8.    Skirmish  at  Bull  Pasture  Mt. 
between  Oenerala  Schenck  and  Mllroy 
on  the  Union  side,  and  Johnston  and 
Jackson  of  the  Confederates S60 

SurretuUr  of  Norfolk. 

*  May  10.     Norfolk  surrendered  to  Qen. 

Wool,  the  enemy  having  evacuated  It, 
together  with  the  navy  ynrd  and 
rortsmouth,  which  Geo.  Wool  also  re- 
possessed. 
**  May  10.  Severe  naval  fight  on  the  Mi'*- 
BtBglppi  near  Furt  Wright.  Rebels 
defeated. 

*  May   11.      The  rebela   destroyed   their 

celebrated  iron -clad  ilerrimixe  and 
apikcd  200  cannon  before  leaving. 
Oen.  Hooker  fought  desperately  fur 
nine  hours  against  great  and  superior 
forces,  with  80,000  union  troop*  under 
MeCMlan  in  his  tight,  which  were  not 
permUttd  to  reinforce  him S60 

*  May  13.     Bteamer  Planter  run  out  of 

Charleston  by  Robert  Smalls,  a  negro. 

*  May  17.      Puebia   aurrajdered   to  the 


IMl      Frvneh  with    18,000  man,   Inelndlag 
l,Oi)0  offlcem. 

»  Mny  30.  .McClcllan  within  eight  milea 
•i  ltlchm<ind. 
May  3U.  At  Knini  l(oyni,atiircenf  OOOnien 
under  Ciil.  Kenty  wiis  captured  l>y  a 
dotarhincnt  of  ri'twl  iiivulry  under 
conimunil  of  A«hliy nuu 

"  Mny  '.'U.  MeClt'llsn  In  position,  flvs  niilos 
trom  lili'lmi'ind. 

■■  Mmv  t9.  Kngugi'mont  at  I<oulsbiir)(,  W. 
Va.,  Iietwotm  (.'ol.  l.'rook,  United  rtutca 
Army,  and  Oen.  Heath.  Unionists 
victorious. 

••  Mav  9.1,  Uen,  Ranks  defeated  at  Win- 
ctirater ;  retreats  to  tli«  Potomac. 

"  May  110,  llalhwk's  troo|M  iM<cupy  Cor- 
inth ;  the  relMils  evacuating J60 

"  May  ill.  Mct'teltan  iNully  Iwaten  at  Fair 
Oaks  by  Uen.  Hill. 

"  May  ill .  Juorci  removed  tlm  scat  of  Oor- 
ernmcnt  f^om  Meilco  to  Ban  Luis 
Pntosi. 

"  Union  troo|M  enter  Mttle  Kork,  Ark. 
Rebel  Oovomnient  running  nil. . ,  fl70 

<•  June  1.  Battle  of  Fair  Unks  rcnewe<l 
undfr  Qen.  HudKwick.  snd  the  Union- 
ists recover  murn  of  their  losses. 

■*  Juno  1.  Oen.  Mitchi'l  summoned  to  com- 
mand Port  Royal,  8.  Cnrollna 806 

"  Fremont  advancing  up  the  valloy,  occu- 
pies Htrasburg. 

"  Juut!  4.  Fort  Pillow  and  Fort  Randolph 
evacuated  by  the  robels , . .  SOS 


Surrender  of  Memphis. 

June  0.  Surrender  of  Memphis  to  Com- 
modore Davis  after  a  desperuto  flght  on 
the  river  between  tliu  rebels  and  Union 
gun-bitats,  the  rebel  fleet  l<elng  nearly 
annihilated,  whllo  not  a  man  woa 
killed  on  the  Union  fleet. 

The  Union  uun-lM>nt  Mound  City  blown 
up  by  a  rt- oi'l  ball,  wliicli  passed  through 
her  stesm  drum,  nt  St.  Charles,  and 
nearly  till  <in  iMinnl  iM'rUhed. 

fane  8.  Attack  on  Sprinfrfleld,  Mo.,  by 
the  rebel  Qen.  Marmaduko,  with  4,000 
iiion.  who  was  aallantly  repulsed  by 
Uen.  Browne,  or  the  Missouri  ndlitia. 
with  a  little  band  of  1,200  men. . .  S88 

June  8.  B(ttth  of  Crouteyt,  Va.  Union 
forttn  under  Fremont,  rebels  led  by 
Ewell.  Dcflpcrato  lighting,  and  retreat 
of  the  reliels  during  the  night ....  500 

June  0.  Shields,  with  8,0OU  men.  ro' 
pulsed  at  Fort  Republio  by  Jackson, 
with  a  force  of  8,000 S70 

June  10.  Uen.  Forey,  with  the  French 
troops,  entered  Mexico,  and  published 
•  manifesto  to  the  people  ana  silenced 
the  Press, 

June  14.  Union  troops  repuUed,  with 
much  loss,  on  James'  Island,  near 
Charleston. 

June  16.  Gen.  H.  S.  Wright  advanced 
with  6.00Q  men  and  attacked  Sccos- 
sionville,  commanded  by  Col.  Lamar, 
but  were  repulsed  with  a  loss  of  over 
SOO 684 

Juno  17.  Surrender  of  the  powerful 
iron^clad  Atlanta  toCapt.  John  Rogers, 
of  the  Weehawken,  after  IS  minutee'  en- 
gagement. 

June  19.  Slavery  abollBhod  by  act  of 
Congress  in  all  the  Territories. 

June  28.  The  rebel  General  Dick  Taylor 
captured  Broshcar  City,  tlie  Unionists 
losiug  1,000  prisoners,  10  heavy  guns, 
and  13,000,000,  and  many  thousand 


t8<a,       negroea,    HbfMied    by    Danha,    WIT 

fofcad  ba<!k  into  slavery 870 

'•  June  at.  MiCkllan  liegina  to  "oA««f* 
hie  buee  "  tu  James  River. 

fo/ie  in  CommiSHil, 

**  June  ItO.  Oen.  Pope  placed  In  oommand 
over  tha  army  of  Virginia,  Bo.oOU 
strong, 

"  June  9(1.  Bittlenf  ileehanieetilUhKXyitstn 
V\{*  Jolm  Porter  and  Jackson,  Heavy 
htiises  on  both  sides,  tha  enemy  ro- 
treating 870 

"  June  97.  Bnttle  of  ifainet  JlUle.  Oen. 
Porter  engaged  with  8S,000  against 
Oen.  Lee's  forces  of  80,000,  under  tlen. 
Jackson.  McC!lellan  bohling  at  tho 
same  time  AO.OOO  troops  on  the  other 
side  of  (!hlckahomlny,  idly  watching 
the  reliels,  who  wore  stationed  near 
with  but  2S,U<iO  men.  The  Union 
forcea  were  compelled  to  retreat  ftmn 
overwhelming  n<lds,  after  a  desporato 
and  long-continued  strugulo.    ...  670 

"      June  87.  Hooker  oecuple<l  Frederic  Clly. 

"  Juno  27.  Memle  iilneea  in  command  of  the 
Army  of  the  I\>tomae. 

"       Jnne  38,    J/ooler  m/irrnded  fry  Meade. 

"  Jane  38.  Kebel  General  Early  invaded 
York.  Pa.,  and  levied  •  large  aum  ol 
money  upon  thiit  place. 

"  June  28,  V  ule  advanced  to  South 
Mountain. 

"  June  29.  Longslreot  and  Hill  march 
toward  Guttvsliurg  and  order  Ewell  to 
meet  them  tiiere. 

**  June  29.  Hattlre  of  Saragt  Station  and 
Peach  Orchard. 

"  June  30.  B»ttlc*  of  White  Oak  Swamp 
and  Charlei  City  Orou-roade,  JeiT. 
Davis  and  Loo  attending  in  person. 
Union  forces  led  by  McCall,  Franklin, 
and  SloGum,  reinforced  by  Hooker  lute 
in  the  duy. 

■*  June  ao.  Battle  upon  the  Jamea  River, 
with  ('omino<lora  Porter's  fleet  and 
Helntzeliuan  upon  the  field.  MeCall 
captured,  and  tlio  Union  forces  retres.^ 
to  Malvern  Hill  on  Jamea  lUver. . .  67V 

"  July  1.  Vreeldent  Lincoln  caUi  for  too,- 
OfOO  toluntcere. 

"  July  1.  Attiick  of  the  rebela  on  Malvern 
Hill;  their  repulse  and  the  decide<l 
victory  of  tho  Union  forces 671 

"  July  2.  Evacuation  of  Malvern  Hill— 
wiicro  tho  army  was  slrouKly  poated— 
by  order  of  Oen.  McClcllan. 

The  Union  losses  during  the  seven 
days'  liattles  amounted  to  18,240. 

'*  Julv  8.  Murfrocsboro,  Tonn,  captured  by 
the  gueriilla  chieftain,  Forrest. 

■*  July  7.  Battle  of  Bayou  de  Cache, 
Arknnsas.  Oen.  Curtifl  severely  defeats 
IMko. 

"  July  7.  Raid  of  Morgen  on  Cynthlaao, 
Ky.,  and  his  repulse  by  Oroen  Clay 
Smith. 

"  July  8.  Surrender  of  Port  Hudson  by 
Gen.  Gardner  to  Gen.  Banks 878 

"  July  8.  Gon.  Lee  withdrew  his  forces  to 
Richmond, 

Halleek  General-in-Chief. 

"  July  11.  Oen.  Hallcck  appointed  Com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  Union  army  at 
Washington.  Oen.  Grant  suceecdiiig 
him  at  Corinth m^i 

"  July  13.  Mu> Ireesboro,  Tenn.,  token  >>> 
rebels,  capturing  the  garrison  with 
Uen.  Crittenden. 


r    Dtalii,   war 


[ilM  to 

•r. 


mand. 

Ttl  In  eommand 

rirKliilk,    So.uOO 

HloHitt«  between 
iMikaoa,    lleafy 

the  eneniT    t*- 

87« 

Hti  MUli.    Oen. 

8S,OUO  ■g*ln»l 
1,000,  under  Oen. 
huldlDa  at  tlio 
npe  on  tne  nthnt 
r,  Idly  wktrhing 
I  itAtlnnod  nvitr 
n.  The  Union 
i  to  retreat  fWmi 
tfter  k  doepursto 
truuBlo .  ...  nZO 
I'dFreilorlcCiiT. 
neommantl  o/lM 

itdtd  bp  Iftad*. 

il  Early  invaded 

I  •  la^  aum  of 

e. 

ranced  to  South 

and  mil  mnrob 
id  order  Ewell  to 

rag«  Station  and 

%itt  Oah  Sitamp 
OroM-roadi,  Jeff, 
ndlng  in  person. 
HoCall,  Franklin, 
id  by  Hooker  late 

lb«  Jamea  Rive^ 
orter'a  fleet  and 
field.  McCall 
on  foroea  rctrea.^ 
^mei  ItWer. . .  ATI 
aln  eallt  for  600,- 

rebels  on  Malvern 
ind  the  decided 
Forcea B71 

Malvern  Hill— 
>tron)(ly  poated— 
lellan. 

:luring  the  aeron 
A  to  1S,240. 
onn.,  captured  by 

Forrest, 
ayou   de   Cache, 

severely  defeats 

n  on  Oynthlana, 
by  Qroen  Clay 

Port  Hndion  by 

Banks S78 

Irew  his  forces  to 


alin-Chief. 

appointed  Com* 
le  Union  army  at 
jlront  succeeding 

,111,1 

Tenn.,  taken  >i. 
garrison  witli 


ORROMOLOOT. 


Pom  takrs  nimmand  of  tba 
Inia,  anil  iitiiiii'd  adilreas, 
nf   Fnyi'ttpvllle,   Ark, 


im.  JnlyU.  Om 

Army  of  Vlriti 

•  Julv   IS,     Biitile 

Mi^nr  Miller  thoMualily  IxuttlnK  Oens. 
Hains,  Coffer,  and  otlirr'. 
**      Ju'y  M.    VickaburKcanil  completed  and 
(bund  useless.    hTi'Ki'  |ioslp<Mied. 

Martin  Van  Burtn. 

*  Jnlf  tt.     Death  of  Martin  Van  Huren, 

the  eighth  Prenideiit  of  the  United 
Rtatos,  Mr,  Van  lluren  was  bom  In 
the  town  of  KinderliiMik,  on  the  Hudson 
Ri?er,  in  the  Htiite  of  New  York,  and 
was  of  Dutch  parenlaao.  He  was  a 
rrry  preoocioua  lioy,  iMiginuing  the 
atudy  nf  law  at  the  aga  of  fourteen. 
lie  remained  in  the  law-offlce  seven 
yeara,  when  ha  was  admitted  to  the 

Mr.  Van  Bnren  earlv  became  an 
active  politician,  and  sided  with  the 
Jeffersonlan  party,  and  was  a  consist- 
ent advooata  of  the  principles  which  he 
avowed. 

In  1819,  when  80  yuar*  of  ago,  he 
waa  chosen  to  the  Htate  Hcnate,  and 
gave  his  support  to  Mr.  Madison's  Ad- 
mlniatration.  In  1818  he  wat  appoint- 
ed Attomey-Oencral. 

Mr.  Van  Buren  was  a  strenuous  op- 
poaer  of  "  Universal  Bufflrage,"  and 
eunttiuM  that  *\tffrag«  thouM  bt  pro' 
ttcted  hy  intelUgepnt,  tirtut,  amt  mimi 
ftropertf-inlfrett  in  the  wcifnre  of  the 
Hiate.  In  1821  he  was  elected  to  the 
United  Btatoa  Senate,  and  aNo  as  a 
member  of  a  convention  to  revise  the 
Constitution  of  his  native  State,  in 
which  his  course  secured  the  approval 
of  ail  parties.  In  1837  he  wns  rv-eloct- 
ed  to  the  Senate.  In  1828  Mr.  Van 
Buren  waa  chosen  Qovernor  of  the  "'ate 
of  New  York.  In  politics  M..  Van 
Buren  waa  Justly  termed  a  "wire- 
puller," for  hia  tcheroea  were  alwaya 
onnductod  privatelv,  and  lie  often  out- 
wittwi  the  closreMt  heads,  and  brought 
about  rtsulta  which  were  thought  to  be 
Impossible  by  nartv  leaden*. 

In  the  Presidential  campaign  wbich 
ran  the  namea  of  Adama  and  Jackson 
OS  candidates,  Mr.  Van  Buren  waa  the 
chief  agency  through  which  Qvn.  Jack- 
aon  was  elected.  President  Jackson 
appreciating  his  services,  tendered  him 
the  office  of  Secretary  of  State,  which 
was  accepted. 

President  Jackson  was  a  stanch 
friend  of  Mr.  Van  Buren,  and  urged 
hia  nomination  as  hia  successor.  He 
appointed  him  Minister  to  the  Court  of 
St.  Jamea,  but  the  Senate  reAiscd  to 
ntity  the  nomination.  Bo  was  shortly 
^er  elected  as  Vice-President  at  the 
re-eiection  of  Jackson,  and  succeeded 
him  in  the  Presidential  chair,  which 
lie  filled  but  one  term.  Mr.  Van 
Buren,  as  a  citizen,  waa  reapected  and 
beloved  for  his  many  virtues.  Great 
powers  o(  self-control,  blended  with 
the  most  genial  and  happy  of  tempers, 
made  him  a  favorite  in  the  social 
circle  and  in  private  life.  Martin  Van 
Buren  died,  at  the  age  of  eighty  years, 
in  his  elegant  home  at  Lindeuirafd,  on 
the  Hudson. 
*  •  >  ng.  MaJ.  Foster,  with  a  force  of  800 
men,  at  Lone  Jack,  was  defeated  by 
Colonels  Hughes  and  Coffer  with  a 
force  of  neirly  2,500  fbot  aoldiera  and 


li4t.       cavalry,  and  Oen.  Hlunt  in  turn  drove 
Coffer  arrosa  the  Arkansas  line. 

"  Aug.  9.  Uen,  Pop's  advance  crosses  tho 
liapldan  and  cMx'upic*  Orange  Court- 
houne B71 

"  Aug.  II.  Oen.  Halleck  orders  (»rn. 
McCltillan  In  rttire  from  tht  Pintniulit 
tfUh  fill  hitfitrv  - K7X 

"  Ik'liel  Gun.  JutV.  1  .,>m|i«on  defeated  with 
gri'at  Ions  near  .Mi  mi)liU. 

"  Auk  4.  Draft  ol'  noo.ouo  men  ordered, 
unlrss  volunteering  should  prevent. 

"  Aug.  A,  Un^ucccssftil  attack  on  Raton 
Rouge  bv  the  Confuderatei  under  Mi^.- 
Gen.  .lohn  C.  lircckcnrldgo,  with  ■ 
loss  of  400  n>cn  and  one  of  their  Gen- 
erals (Clarke) 067 

"  Aug.  0.  RelM'l  ram  Arkantai  deatroyad 
near  Vicksbiirg  by  Com.  Porter. 

••  Ana.  (1.  At  Klrkville,  Mo..  (?ol.  John 
MoTJeil,  with  a  force  of  1,000  cavalry 
ant  n  guns,  attacked  a  bund  nf  Mia- 
'.oiiri  partlitanit,  numbering  twice  hia 
own,  under  Col.  Pnrtor,  and  after  four 
hours'  scvrre  lighting,  dut'eatvd  them, 
killing  IHO,  wounding  noo,  and  taking 
a  large  (iimntlty  of  arms SOS 

"  Aug.  H.  Battle  in  New  Mexico.  Oen. 
Canl>y  routing  relxils  under  Oen. 
Sibley,  who  waa  killed  by  hia  own 
men. 

"      Aug.  0.      Battle   of  Cellar    Mountain. 
Banks  defeated   by  Jackson.      Rebel 
•  Gen.  Mender  killed  and  Union  Gen. 
Prince  taken  prisoner. 

"  Aug.  11.  Gen.  liueil  surrendered  the 
garrison  at  Independence,  consisting 
of  Uia  men,  to  a  rebel  band  of  800 
under  Col.  Hughes Slia 

"  Aug.  10.  Cavalry  raid  of  Col.  J.  J. 
Phillips  into  Missiisippi  as  far  as 
Granada,  destroving  fifty  locomotives 
and  five  hundred  cars. 

•*  '...••.  84.  Gen.  Bragg's  army  invadca 
M.  'Idle  TennciHce  and  Kentucky,  and 
retrt.-t  of  Union  Gen.  Geo.  W.  Morgan 
to  the  '>hio  Hiver. 

"  Aug.  26.  Skirmish  at  Lewisburg  be- 
tween Un  on  Gen.  W.  W.  AveiilT  and 
Col.  Gi-o.  b   Patton '"* 

"  Aug.  28.  Uii'.w.:  .ictory  ai  Centreville 
under  command  of  Pope,  aided  by 
Kearney  and  Sigcl,  and  reinforced  by 
I'ooker  and  Reno  late  in  the  day. 
Longstreet  commanding  the  rel>el 
forces 572 

"  Aug.  2U-80.  Pope  defeated  near  Unil 
Run  and  Centreville 072 

*■      Aug.  20.     Defeat  of  the  Union  force 
under  Gen.  Nelson  at  Richmond,  Ky., 
by  Gen.  Kirby  Smith. 
f 

Surrender  of  Memphis. 

"  Surrender  of  Memphis  to  Com.  Foote, 
giving  the  Union  army  the  control  of 
the  Memphis  and  Charleston  Railroad. 

Race  between  Bragg  and  Buell. 

■*  Oen.  Bragg's  raid  into  Kentucky,  and 
race  of  800  miles  between  Bragg  and 
Gen.  Buell,  with  their  respective 
armies,  to  gain  Louisville.  Bragg 
being  detained  by  a  burnins  bridge, 
Buell  reached  Louiaviile  in  advance  of 
him. 

"  Budl  attacks  Bragg,  and  a  desperate 
battle  was  fought  at  Perryville.  Bragg 
retreats  by  night,  taking  an  immense 
quantity  of  plunder. 

"      Sept.    The  Union  forces  aaffer  aereral  de- 


1861,  firats  and  quite  severe  losaea  f^oin  IIW 
advised  eiprdillona  In  Southern  Lonia* 
iana 076 

"  Sept.  1.  Battle  of  Chantilly,Va,  Union 
nrinv  victorious,  with  tha  loss  nf  Gen. 
Phil.  Kearney  and  tha  brave  Gen. 
laaai!  J.  Htevens 071 

"  Sept.  9,  Gen.  Pope  sent  to  tha  Northwest 
to  conduct  a  campaign  sgalast  tha 
Sloui  Indiana 072 

Beau  Uiekman. 

"  Sept.  2.  Death  of  Robt.  S,  Hlokmui 
(linnwr  in  Waablngton  fur  many  yeara 
aa  "Beau  lliekman").  He  was  the 
most  succaaafui  "  deau  beat "  that  over 
humbugged  the  Capital,  and  waa 
noted  ror  the  elennca  of  hia  dresa  and 
manners.  Ho  lived  an  aimloaa  and 
useless  life,  and  died  in  the  moat  abject 
poverty. 

**  Sept.  2.  Attack  on  tho  roboh  under  CoL 
I'oindoxter  at  Chariton  Rivar  by  CoL 
Guitar,  who  drove  them  north,  where 
they  were  met  by  Oen.  I.oan  and 
agaiu  attacked  bv  Gen.  Guitar,  who 
utterly  annihilated  the  command, 

"  Sept.  fl.  Gen.  McClellan  takea  command 
of  Pope's  division. 

"  Sept.  4.  Leo's  army  crosa  tha  Potomao 
at  Poolesvillo,  Md. 

"  General  Porter  waa,  in  like  manner, 
driven  back  upon  Gen.  McNoil  by  (ion. 
Loan,  and  compelled  to  disperse  hia 
command  to  save  it  from  destrihtion, 
Tliese  skirmishes  drove  tho  enemy 
entirely  south  of  tho  Miaaour.  River, 
where  they  remained  during  tha 
war DOS 

»  Sept.  10.  Death  of  Lonex,  DioUtor  of 
Uruguay.  Buccee<led  by  hia  aon, 
known  aa  Marshal  l.opox. 

"  Sept  11.  Battle  of  South  MonnUli,  con- 
ducted by  McClellan,  Oen.  Hill  aiding 
the  rebel  forcoa.  Union  anna  victorioua. 
M^.-Oen.  JoKoe  L.  Reno  killed. ...  071 

"  Sept.  IS.  Surrender  of  Harper'a  Ferry  to 
the  rebels  by  Gon.Milea 07* 

Battle  of  Antielam. 

**  Sept.  16-17.  Battle  of  Antietam,  between 
Sen.  McClellan  and  Gen.  Lee  Nearly 
100,000  men  engaged  on  each  aide. 
Battle  raged  for  iourteen  hours,  extend* 
ing  four  mllea  along  the  line.  Oen. 
McClelUn  waa  aided  by  Bumsido, 
Hooker,  Mansfield,  Sumner,  and  Frank- 
lin ;  Qcn.  Lee  by  Hood.  Hill,  Walker, 
and  McLaw.  The  Union  arma  were 
Tictorious,  Lee  retreated  acroM  tha 
Potomac,  leaving  behind  40  of  their 
colore  and  25,0v0  men  either  dead  or 
taken  prisoners. 

**  Sept.  10.  Oen.  Griffin  crossed  the  river 
by  night  and  carried  eight  rebel  bat- 
teries on  Virginia  Bluflb. 

"  Sept  10.  Battle  at  luka.  Roaeorana 
wina,  against  superior  forces  under 
Oen.  Price,  who  relreata  in  the  night 
with  the  loas  of  1,488  men 074 

'*  Sept.  20.  Gen.  Porter  was  ambushed  by 
Oen.  Hill  and  driven  back  to  the  river 
with  great  shiughter. 

"  Sept.  22.  Re-occupation  of  Harper'a 
Ferry  by  Union  forces  under  Oen. 
Sumner. 

Emancipation  Proclamation  Issued. 

"  Sept  22.  Preaident  Lincoln  issues  • 
proclamation  abolishing  alavery  in  ail 


fM 


CRBOMOLOGT. 


IIM.      lU  8telM  that  thmiM  h«  In  th*  nbri* 
Hon  on  lh«  l«l  of  Juumt,  IMn. 

*  Om.  Hohnflrlil,  In  command  iif  Mlitoorl, 

«•«  wiMfMilwl  lijt  U«n.  rurtit,  0«n, 
llelKiaak  with  li),00<)  nivn,  ilrnvt  th« 
CnnfoilaralM  Arom  HuutliwaaUrn  Mlt- 

Mmrl 9«» 

**  0*pt.  M.  rroclamailaa  of  auaiMiMloD  of 
mritothahtM  e^rpMi  In  mlHtarp  earn*, 

*  Oel.    Th«  MaslcMM  pn|Mn  to  rcaum* 

boiHIItlM,  Uvn.  ItaMln*  •ppolnttd 
OommMidar-in-chlef  t>r  tha  Kranoh 
fcww  Qaa.  Vorar  baTlng  repaired  to 
Maitoo. 

*  Oot    Tha  FrtMb  Ibreaa  In  Mailer  ara 

ralBtbroad  by  aa  army  of  85,000  under 
Oa*.  Votay,  wbo  marohed  npon  Ihi- 
abia,  uA  wara  re|ialaad  by  heavy  loaa 
by  Juarei. 

*•  Oct.  8-4.  itoUlf  at  Carinih.  Deaperata 
If  hting  batwaan  Kuaeerana  and  nioi. 
A  "  Banker  Hill "  encoonler— the  raU 
ala  tbrowlas  away  their  arma,  and  flea- 
lag  in  wiM  dUordar.  The  Union 
ibroaa  engaged  numbered  19,700,  and 
tha  OoBfadarataa  »8,0U0 S7S 

••  Oct  8-9.  Battle  at  Perry ville,  Ky.,  lie- 
twaan  MeCottk'a  diriilon  of  Uuell'a 
araiy  and  Oan.  Bragg.  Burpriia  and 
daaperate  ebarga  by  tlM  enemy,  then 
tbatr  deibat  and  preclpllata  retreat, 
through  a  timely  and  rapid  obarga  by 
Phil.  Sheridan S74 

<•  Oct  10-13.  Btnart'a  rebel  oaralry  raid 
Into  PannaylTania;  tbey  aaita  and  rub 
Ohambaraburg. 

••  Oot  Bnaii  auparaedad  liy  MiO-Q*"- 
Roaeorani. fi74 

"  Oet  19  Oan.  Blunt  rouia  the  rebela  at 
MaTaTilla,  Ark. 

*  Otn.  McClalfain,  afUv  ropeatod  ordare,  ad- 

Taneca  into  Virginia. 
"      Mot.  8.    Oan.   Uumalde  aaaumed  com- 
mand of  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  and 
began  a  rapid  march  toward  Froder- 
telutNirg.    Oen.  UcClellan  relieved. 

Burnsidt's  Exptdition. 

*  Oen.  Bumaide,  with  11,000  {roopa,  and 

flag-ofllear  Ooldaborough  in  command 
of  tha  fleet,  conduct  an  expedition 
Bgainat  Boanoko.  They  dcfi^y  the 
renel  fleet  and  capture  tbu  forli,  and 

Sain  command  of  the  whole  cuaat  of 
forth  Carolina. 

<•  Kov.  28.  Gen.  Blunt  dcfeaU  the  rebel 
Oen.  Marmaduke  at  Cava  Hill,  Ark., 
with  heavy  loaa. 

"  Dae.  Battio  at  Prairie  Grove  between 
Oen.  Blunt,  aided  bv  Gen.  HcroD,  and 
Confederate  Oen.  Hindman,  reaiutiug 
In  victory  to  the  Union  arma;  Oen, 
Stein,  aide  to  General  Iliodman,  waa 
killed SOS 

Battle  of  Fredericksburg. 

*•  Dae.  IS.  Battle  of  Fredericksburg; 
100,000  men  engaged  on  the  Union 
aide,  and  80,000  on  the  rebel.  The 
Union  army  led  by  Bnrnaide,  Confed- 
aratet  by  Gen.  Lee.  The  rebela  were 
thorongblv  poated  on  the  terraced 
heighu  above  the  city,  and  well  aup- 
ported,  and  the  Ughting  on  both  aidea 
waa  valiant  and  dvaporate.  The  Union 
army  nearly  dcatroycd  the  city,  but 
failed  to  gain  any  advantage,  and,  at 
the  camcit  solicitation  of  big  olH- 
oera,  Bomalda  withdrew  fi-om  action, 
aad  at  the  cloae  of  the  ISth  removed 


1869.  bla  fsrera  anma  tba  rivar.  Tha  Uahm 
loaa  during  thi«  blmMlv  day  summed 
np  10,771,  IntludliiK  klllid,  wounded, 
and  mUitng.     The  rcbvl  l.ias  S,nOO. 

BiiHkt  Suftritdts  Puller 

"  \\ff  U.  (Ion.  N.  P.  Dantis  siiperaeded 
(irn.  Duller  at  New  Orleans;  lluilcr 
having  gained  4,000  siijillrn,  Including 
tlirve  reglmvnta  and  two  Imtti'riea  of 
nrgrnmi.  He  colliKilvd  |l,O8H,0*)O  bv 
tasallun  and  contlsrallon,  after  fa<><f> 
ing  tlio  |K><)r  of  the  clly  to  the  extent 
of^|.1'.2A,000,  wlilt'h  sum  be  turned 
over  to  the  U.  H.  Treasury.  Hit  Hgor- 
out  iiilmlnUlraHon  of  hue  and  jUMliee 
enuntil  a  rnnirti  >/|l(),()00  to  be  offered 
fur  Ml  bnily  ilfiiil  or  itlire,  l>y  a  leading 
rvM  of  Charleston,  A.V S67 

••       firet  iseue  i\f  Qrfenhaeki, 

"  Dec.  90.  (.'ol.  Murphy  surrendrred  Holly 
Kprlngs,  with  9,iM)i)  men,  invluiling  a 
■urge  hnapltai  flili'd  wllli  sick  and 
wounde<l,  and  (l4,000,rM)r,  worth  of 
property  to  Gen.  Van  Dorn,  undci  com- 
mand or  Hherman, 

"  Deo.  i'i,  Jfff.  Dnrti  lenurt  ii  proeUmO' 
Hon  oulhirino  Oen,  Duller. 

"  Deo.  30.  Com.  Porter's  gun-boats  n|)ened 
Are  iipon  Vicksburg. 

"  Deo.  ii-'M,  Sliornian  altarked  VIcks- 
burg  by  land,  and  carried  two  linos  of 
rifle-pits,  but  HmlinK  the  city  \pi|)r«g- 
nablu,  be  retired  with  aloaaofl,7M 
men. 

**  Deo.  Sherman  eupereeded  Iff  lleCler- 
nand. 

Battle  of  Murfreesboro. 

"  Dec.  3 1  to  Jan .  n.  liosecran  a  defeat*  Bragg 
after  sucrcsiiivo  nn<l  cxhaiiitting  com- 
liiita  against  siiperlur  number*.  The 
Union  forces  amounted  to  about  40,- 
000,  and  the  Confederate  60,000. 
Union  loaa  1,A33  killed,  7,243  wound- 
ed, 3,800  nilming.  Tlio  killed  and 
wounded  of  the  enemy  amounted  to 
14,000. 

"  Doe,  81.  ItofMor  foundcra  nt  sea  off 
Capo  Uatterua. 

Emancipation  Proclaimed. 

1808.  Jan.  1,  On>at  Kmancipatlon  Proclama- 
tion announced  to  bo  in  force.  It  waa 
long  contcmpluted,  but  na  a  "war 
nicaauro"  waa  delayed  until  a  pro- 
pitious moment,  when  it  was  an- 
nounced, and  cnthiislusticully  received 
at  the  North.  By  this  net  more  than 
3,000,000  slave*  were  mnde  free. 
"  Jan.  1,  Oen.  Mafiruder  attacked  tbo 
MasHnclinactts  troops  at  Oalveslon, 
Texas,  retaking  the  place.  In  co-oper- 
ation with  Magrudcr,  three  rebel  rama 
attacked  the.  Union  fleet,  blockading 
tlio  bny,  and  capturing  tlio  Uarriet 
iMne.  nnd  forced  tlic  commander  of  the 
We»^fleld,  Uenshaw,  to  blow  her  up,  in 
which  act  he  loat  bia  life 878 

Lyman  Betcher. 

"  Jan,  10.  Lyman  Bccclior,  D.D.,  died  in 
Brooklyn,'  N.  Y.,  at  tlio  as?o  of  87  yeora. 
Ho  waa  an  Americon  clergyman,  and 
author  of  great  eminence,  and  father  of 
Henry  Ward  Beccher  and  Mrs.  II.  U. 
btoT-e.  Mr.  Ucechcr  enjoyed  a  Inrgo 
popularity  aa  an   cloijucut  and  aljle 


1889, 


minister  of  the  Gospel,  sad  as  milMB 

i<bei|  ri'pulailoa.  In  IHK'i  he  waa 
inlleil  to  tliii  prvslilenev  of  the  Laao 
Tlii'oloKleal  heinlnary  la  rinelnnatl, 
O'l'.n,  wliieU  |M)st  he  uialniaineil  until 
Ills  dialb. 

Jun.  II.  Oen.  Banks  attack*  the  enemy 
at  Carney's  llridge.  i|i'featin»ihein  and 
ileitrojing  t!,>.  •(iiii-tMiat  t'liltun...  A7H 

Jan.  II.  Arkansaa  I'ost  surrendered  to 
Oen.  Mcrivrnand. 

Jan.  19,  The  gun-boat  IMttrae  sunk  by 
the  roliul  privateer  Alabiimn  at  Uulvea- 
ton ft79 

Jan.  91.  Two  reM  gun-lNiata  cnpturml 
at  the  motith  of  the  Hebina .178 

Jan.  37.  Ii4>rol)ardmont  of  Fort  MoAliia- 
ter,  on  the  Ogveohee,  by  tba  Monitor, 
No  results. 

Jan.  98.  Gon.  Hcmker  sncceedetl  Bura- 
slilu  over  tlio  Army  of  tbu  Potoiiiao. 

Feb.  Holdiera'  Hoine  establlsliod  in 
Louisville  by  tlie  Kentucky  Branoh 
Comiulasion. 

Feb.  ^■^^.  Ai't  to  provide  a  national  eur. 
reiicy  become*  a  law. 

Feb.  38,  Iteliel  steamer  Nathtille  de- 
stroyed by  the  Montauh  on  the  Ogee- 
clieo  HIver. 

Mnicli.  Holdiera'  Homo  eatabllshed  in 
Cairo  by  the  Chicago  Branch  Commla- 
alon. 

March,  Col.  A.  D.  ."^treight  waa  rapinrcd 
by  Gon.  Forrest,  iifter  a  running  dght  of 
nearly  ino  milea.  He  waa  sent  to 
i.ibby  Prison  with  lila  men,  numbering 
1,800. 

March  8.  Twenty-tlireo  reliel  stcamora 
captured  up  the  Yazoo  Kiver. 

March  0.  Gen.  Custer  succeeded  by  Oen. 
H<:hofield  In  command  of  the  I)o|>art- 
nient  of  Missouri 8^4 

March  14.  Hevuro  boiubanlnient  of  i'ort 
Hudson,  and  attempt  by  fleet  to  paae 
reliel  batteriea. 

Mnroh  20.  Col.  A.  B.  Hall  defeated  Oct. 
Morgan,  at  Milton,  against  forces  vastly 
Nuuurlor  to  bis  own 878 

Marcli  80.  Hmall-pox,  in  a  very  malig- 
nant foim,  broke  out  In  the  French 
camp  at  Vera  Crux,  and  reinfurccmaiita 
were  culled  for, 

3Iarcli  30.  The  French  attack  Pnebla. 
and  begin  the  bombardment  of  Iha 
pli'.ce. 

March  35.  Kcbcl  fort  deatroyed  opposite 
the  Union  center,  by  spr  nging  a  mint, 
and  after  a  blooily  encounter  luo  Union 
forces  took  possession 818 

March  30.  At  Soiiieri'nt,  Ky.,  Oen.  Gil- 
more,  with  a  force  of '.  ,300,  routed  the 
rebel  Uc'U.  I'egram,  with  two  thouiiand 
live  hundred  men  08.1 

April  1.  I''arra|{ut  runa  batteriea  at 
Grand  Gulf  and  ravagea  Red  River 
country. 

April.  The  French  occupy  one-half  of 
the  city  of  Puebla. 

April  7.  Unsuccessful  attempt  by  Com, 
Duixmt  to  take  Fort  Sumter,  with 
serious  slaughter  to  his  fleet. 

April  10.  Van  Dorn  repuiaed  at  Frank- 
lin liy  Oordira  Granger 078 

A|)ril  1(J.  Com.  Porter  tueeettf'uUy  ran 
tha  hntUrite  at  Viekeburg  with  hia  flett 
of  gun-boiits,  loaing  but  one  boat,  tiie 
I'iarett,  and  a  part  of  the  bargea. . .  077 

April  37.  Chancelloravillo  campaign 
begins, 

April  29.  Com.  Porter  attacked  the  rebel 
butteries  of  Grand  Oiiif,  but  Gen. 
Grant  deciding  to  diaoontinne  the  oa- 


,  IIMI  m  otlImi 

n  |HM  h«  WM 
Iter  of  til*  I<M« 
r  In  Clncliiimll, 
iiiitinialni'il  until 

(nrkit  th«  rnrmf 
Yi'ittini^ilii'in  Biiil 
lit  ( 'niton . .  .  A7N 
t  »urr«ni]crttl  to 

Il.illfnu  itink  l>y 
ri/xim/t  kt  tlnlYt'M 

ft79 

in->NNiU  cnpturmi 

iMn* »T8 

.  of  rort  MoAlllii- 
I,  \)j  tli«  Monitor, 

•uecMdml  nnni- 

r  thu  PiHoiiiM. 

I  I'ltKblltlKxl  in 
:«ntui:ky   Unnoh 

U  •  national  eur* 

i)«r  Jfathrilh  tie* 
tukoa  tho  Ogee- 

10  MtitblUlied  In 
I  Uranch  Commiii- 

Iglit  WM  ritplnrcd 
B  running  tight  of 
llu  WM  it-nt  to 
■  uien,  numbt'iing 

eo  rvbcl  itcmncrt 
Ki  Klver. 

luccoedod  hy  Of  n, 
t<l  of  the  Depart- 

8H4 

ibnnlnicnt  of  I'ort 
t  by  fleet  tu  paM 

I»]t  defented  (lot. 
kiiut  forccH  vMtly 

078 

In  •  Tcry  milig- 
in  the  French 
nd  reinfurccmcnti 

ih  attack  Piiebta. 
bardmcnt  of  tba 

Iratroyed  oppostt* 
apr  ngins  a  mine, 
:ounter  lue  Uuioo 

_ 518 

It,  Ky.,  Qon.  Oil- 

:,2(J0,  routed  the 

>ith  two  tbounand 

Oftl 

una  Itattcriea  at 
ragea  Red  RWet 

!capy  one-half  o^ 

attempt  by  Com. 
irt  Sumter,  with 
i«  fleet, 
epulaed  at  Frank- 

;er 070 

lueeentf'uUy  ran 
urg  with  bia  flett 
but  ooe  boat,  the 
the  barges. . .  577 
raville    campaign 

ttacked  the  rebel 
Qiilf,  but  (jen, 
iaooBtinne  the  ■•• 


^^^ 


ORIlOMOIiOOt. 


■mH,  Potter  rm  tael.'  bulUriM  «U  taaH 

injury  to  hli  (Iral 577 

Ma)  1.    Attack  on  Fitrl  Oilman  liy  Mo- 
iJlemand,  which,  with  (Iraml  Oulf,  ware 
I  cTMUatad  by  tlio  rvl)«la  ....  577 


£aMt «/  ChiiHitllarmllt. 

Mmj  fl-0.  Raltlu  of  ChanoplloraTlllo  under 
Hooker  ami  Lee.  Union  force*  an- 
gaced,  70,000 ;  ntb^^l  forcea,  50,000.  Re- 
aulia  undecided,  but  loaara  wrre  very 
heavy  on  both  ildea.  The  niboi  (len. 
BtonawHll  '  kion  mortally  wnuiiilvd, 
•nd  Oen.  I  ^oktrr  itunnnd  arul  Iniuin- 
aible  for  ii  time,  (Vom  a  rannon-ball 
atriking  n  jilllar  agalnat  which  ha  waa 
leaning. 

Mar  f.  Col.  Orleraon'a  force  roaobe* 
Baton  Rouge  lafo  aftvr  tifteon  daya' 
ride  tbrougn  Mli>lulppl. 

ValanJigham's  Arrat, 

May  4.  Arrent  of  Valandlgham  for 
publicly  einreaelng  lympathy  with  the 
Bouth,  and  for  trumonnbla  liin){uagu 
■galntt  the  military  and  civil  admluia- 
tration. 

May  10.    DtntK  rf  SlontvnU  Jaakt'm. 

May  18.  Batih  of  g<tuor<lt  Statton, 
Enemy  defeate'i  by  Orant,  and  puriiieii 
to  Hiack  River 577 

May  15.  Ilaitlu  of  .luckxin,  Mlu,  Logan 
and  Crocker  dufvatlng  the  robela  and 
taking  their  place. 

May  10.  Rattle  of  Raker's  Creek.  Orant 
completely  routee  Pemborton,  who 
hieea  4,000  men  and  90  guns. 

May  17.  ib»/s  i/  Blaeh  Hirer  HrlJg*. 
iHifeat  and  retreat  of  I'cnibt'rton  to 
Vicksburg.  Orant  capturea  IH  gun* 
and  1,500  prisonen. 

Siege  of  Vichburg  Began. 

May  18.  Oen.  Orant  olosea  in  on  Ylcks- 
burg  and  lN>glna  the  ale^o 877 

May  lU.  Hainea'  Bluff  cvucuntvd  by  thu 
enemy 578 

May  SO.  Admiral  Purtor  had  dcnlrnyud 
910,000,000  worth  of  property  up  tlio 
Yaaoo. 

June.  A  cavalry  force  under  Col.  Saun- 
dura  entered  Eut  TcniicsKfr,  and  cap- 
tured 50O  prisoners,  burning  Bovi'ral 
important  bridges,  and  destroying 
a  largo  quantity  of  rebel  storox, . . .  58U 

June.  Oen.  RosvcranK  captured  Shelby- 
ville  and  Tullahoma  «n  route  for  Chat- 
tanooga   58U 

Surrender  of  Fort  Ilindman. 

June  11.  Fort  Hindman,  or  Arkansas 
Post,  surrendered  to  (Jen.  McC'Icrnand 
with  17  cannon,  !),000  stand  nf  arms, 
aeven  atand  of  colon,  n.Uoo  prisoners, 
and largoquantiticaof munitions.  Oen. 
MoClemand  destroyed  the  works,  and 
returned  to  MiUken'a  Bend 577 

Rebel  Scare. 

The  rebels  captured  the  Union  rams 
QuMn  of  the  Wett  and  Jnduiiwla,  but 
blew  up  the  latter  on  the  approach  of 
a  counterfeit  ram — made  out  ot  a  flat- 
boat,  with  ))ork -barrels  for  smoko- 
ttaoks,  and  mud-furnaces — sent  down 
the  river  by  Com.  Porter 677 

Bebels  under  Lee  moving  North — Hook- 
•r  itarta  to  meet  them. 


IMI.  Bmn  Vr-rU  Ilmh0r  sMt*  JVk^MNf,  Md  I  INI. 
suecaesfUlly   meits  the  a|>pnsitlou  to 
our  (iovrrnmeni  amiil  vast  Aud  tumult- 
uous nioliD,  ■llcnrlng  them,  and  win* 
ning  appUuM<  lnslDail  of  hisses. 

*'  June  14.  Attack  on  the  Union  forree 
uhdxr  (li>n.  Mllmv  *t  Winchester  by  the 
retwl  Ui<n*.  Kweli  ami  l.ong«tre«t,  with 
a  largo  (MTit'.  Milroy  having  but  a  hw 
rrgiinrnt>,  maiutalnod  his  ground  un- 
til (he  anvrnuon  of  the  IStb,  when  ha 
retreated  toward  Martlnsburg.  I'our 
miles  out,  he  wm  again  attacked  by 
another  division,  aniThls  force  routed 
•nd  dUiMrsed.  Ilunilreda  of  hi*  (ligi- 
tive  solillers  wore  taken  priMmon,  and 
the  loM  of  artillery  and  wagons  wm 
eitrnslvo. 

"  June  15.  The  whole  rebel  armv  tntera 
Pennsylvania,  and  march  North  to 
within  18  milea  of  Hnrrlst>urg.  Orcat 
excitement  prevails  in  the  Northern 
Btatea.  Prenident  Lincoln  calls  on  the 
nearest  rttatn*  for  militia,  and  wm 
proniptir  rvsitonded  to, 

"  June  17.  Rvbt'l  ram  Atlanta  captured  by 
the  Wtehaitkfn  in  15  minutoi. 

**  June  30,  Amlrew  Hull  Foot*  dM  in 
New  York.  Ho  wai  an  American 
Rear-Admlral,  who  served  in  the  civil 
war  with  great  dUtinrtion. 

"  Juno  ix.  Oen.  Mcado  suporaodes  Hooker. 
Leo's  forces  ttiiMn  fuiir  tntle*  qf  Uar- 
rlnburg. 

'•  'July  I.  Judgii  Cooley.of  the  New  Or- 
leuna  Bar,  irat  ihot  in  a  duel  by  Col.  R. 
B.  Itbctt,  a  political  opponent. 

Aforgan's  Raid, 

"  July  8.  Morgan  begun  his  raid  through 
tlie  bonier  Htatea,  capturlnir  prisonera 
and  destroying  property,  and  commit- 
ting the  meanest  acts  of  depredation 
and  hostility;  robbing  the  mail,  and 
plundering  private  cititens.  lie  was 
captured,  with  over  8,000  guerriliu, 
neoi  New  Lisbon,  C,  by  Col.  Bhacklo- 
ford,  and,  with  several  of  his  offlcens 
confined  in  tlie  Penitcntlnry  at  Colum- 
bus, from  which  iio  e«i'a|>eil  in  Novem- 
ber, and  roiichod  Itlrhiiiond,  Va.,  and 
again  entered  the  rebel  service,  and 
was  killed  the  following  year 581 

Battle  of  Gettysburg. 

"  July  1-4.  Tho  battle  of  Oottysburg,  be- 
tween Gens.  Meade  and  Leo,  was  one 
of  the  most  bloody  and  bard-fought 
battles  of  tliu  war.  The  nrniies  were 
each  about  80,000  strong.  They  fought 
desperately  for  three  dayn,  but  finally 
victory  crowned  the  Union  arms.  To- 
tal Union  loss  wm  88,180.  Meade  cap- 
tured 41  flags  and  13,n2l  prisoners. 
Lee  mado  no  report,  but  hU  supposed 
loss  was  18,000  killed  and  wounded, 
and  10,000  unwounded  prisonera. .  080 

Surrender  of  Vicksburg. 

"  July  4.  Surrender  of  Vickslmrg.  The 
(iibraltar  of  tho  Alissinsippi,  with 
81,000  men,  surrendered  to  (ien.  Orant. 
Thu  campaign  hud  been  cariiod  on 
with  great  vigor  fur  several  months. 
Tho  inhabitants  had  been  obliged  to 
burrow  In  caves  and  holes  dug  out  of 
the  groiind  to  protect  tlioinsolves  flrom 
tho  flcry  Htorm  of  shot  and  shoU  which 
continually  poured  upon  them.  Desti- 
tute   of    ammunition    and   necessary 


pottdt»»  Ik*  nMi  •!  kal  ntplw- 
lated.  To  Oen.  MoPhenon  wm  gnMiled 
the  honat  of  Ibnaally  reaelring  IIm 
surrender. 
July  N.  Surrender  of  Port  Hudson,  with 
7.000  men,  to  fien.  Hanks,  and  the 
MIsslsa  ppl  is  tlius  opened, 

Mtximilieim  deeUred  Mw^rtr  0/ 
Mexie^. 

July  10.  The  Provlsloaal  F.cneh  0«v« 
emment,aet  up  In  Meiloo  by  the  nem« 
of  Assembly  of  Notablea,  numbering 
ttS  persona,  asMrobled  and  deolarea 
for  an  imperial  (hrm  of  (ioTemment, 
and  Anbduka  Mailmlllan  of  AualrU 
WM  pruclalmed  Kmperor. 

July  to.  Oen.  Oilmore  beglna  bit  at* 
tack  on  Forta  Wagner  and  Oragf, 
Charleston. 

July  18.  I.ee  reoroiSM  the  Potomao  Into 
Virginia. 

Ritt  in  New  York. 

July  18-15.  Qreat  anti-draft  riot  In  New 
York.  The  mob  dsairuyed  the  Dnfl* 
ofllce,  burned  the  buildings  and  tlie 
whole  bloek,  preventing  thelire  depart* 
ment  flrom  tloing  their  duty.  Marsh* 
ing  through  tho  city,  they  took  po«- 
aeaslon  ofTand  destroyed  every  bul.d* 
ing  which  the  Uovemment  olHcen 
occupied,  gaining  entire  cnnirol  of  the 
city,  anil  holdinff  It  (hr  four  daya. 
Negroes  were  indiscriminately  beaten 
.  and  murdered  in  the  moat  Inhuman 
manner.  $3,600,000  damages  were 
claimed,  and  tho  numlx-r  of^lives  lost 
WM  variously  estimated  ft'om  SOO  to 
1,000.  The  mob  was  flntlly  quelled, 
partlv  by  the  efforts  of  (iov,  Seymour 
and  Archbishop  Hughes,  but  ohielly  by 
tho  untiring  eflbrts  of  tho  police  anil 
the  rollitia  and  the  suppreasiun  of  the 
draft. 

July  15.  SM  in  Button,  which  wm  anon 
auppreseed,  and  one  rioter  killed  and 
several  wounded, 

Aug.  10.  Rosecrani  begins  hu  march 
upon  Chattanooga. 

Quantrell's  Raid  in  Kansas. 

Aug.  31.  Quantroll'a  raid  upon  Litwrenee, 
Kan.  A  band  of  80O  rebel  gnerrlllM, 
headed  by  Quantrell,  a  desperado,  er.. 
tered  tho  quiet  town  of  Lawrence  early 
in  the  morning,  and  surprised  the  slee|^ 
inii;  inhabitants,  burning  180  buildings, 
and  murdering  in  cold  blood  140  men 
(many  of  them  in  their  beds),  robbing 
stores,  banks,  and  private  dweilinga 
promiscuously.  They  then  fled  like  so 
many  wild  aavagea  of  the  forest  fh>m 
the  avenging  hand  of  Justice.  The 
inhabitants  pursued  and  killed  100  of 
their  numl>er. 

Aug.  28.  Sheila  thrown  by  the  Union 
fleet  into  Charleston,  nearly  sis  miiee. 
Heaurognrd  protoats. 

Sept.  8.  Oen.  Buraside  occupies  Knox* 
ville,  Tenn.  The  loyal  people  of  EMt 
Tennessee  receive  him  with  ezpreasiona 
of  intense  joy  at  their  deliverance. 

Sept  0.  The  rebels  evacuate  Forta  Wag- 
ner and  Oregg  and  Oilmore  oconpiea 
them. 

Bapt.  0.  Surrender  of  Cumberland  Oap 
to  Bumsido,  with  2,000  men 08)1 


CBRONOLOOT. 


^  w 


mw  IB  wiwiwum,  ■zo»pi 
■M,  who  •dxid  bia  groond, 
I  illvltlon*,  Ibr  irrcrM  boun, 
•  wbol«  rtbal  wm;  of  7(),0U0 


IMH  iMi  II.  DMik  ol  Om.  K(lir«nl  HtM- 
irm  MaC^nob.  Il«  »w  TMTtlorUI  Km- 
ratory,  ••  on*  lima,  anil  Ae(ln|  (tor- 
ani»r  of  Dabnto.  Ila  wa*  aaaaatlnatod 
al  Y*ab«n«.  b*  W.  I*.  WlnUrmula,  a 
hankat  ii(  Yanhtnn,  who  aaptrmi  lo  hit 
■oaJliHi.  (ian.  Mo4'oiib  naa  Iha  Aftb 
•ON  of  0«n.  l>M»t«i  MrOiiob,  of  Naw 
Liabim,  Ohio,  who,  with  hU  aliihl 
MNM.  look  aatira  part  la  Iha  lata  war  j 
tba  hibar  axl  ibrM  anna  taahof  Ihair 
patrlotlaM  wlib  Iboir  Mood. 

B*Uh  of  Chitktmaitga. 

•  Swi  t»>M.  BattU  of  CbieMBaa«» 
MUgbt  by  RotaeiMi  mm!  Oaa.  Bragg. 
Uaioa  amy  dalbalad  tba  aaeuad  day, 
Md  withdraw  to  CbaMaanoga,  atoa^ 
Uan.  Thomaa,  who  atood  bia 
With  a  f«w 
•galaat  iha 

man,  till  night  oluaad  Iha  bloody 
Tba  total  UakM  loaa  wai  lO.MI,  aad 
Ota    Bragg   rtportad  a  lota  of  IN,- 

000 ssi 


miliam  Whj*lwrighl. 

Saut.  W.  William  Whttlwrigbt,  a  phi- 
bnlbropiit,  dltd  in  I.oadon,  Ergland, 
at  HTantjr-elalit  jtcan  of  aga.  Ila  waa  a 
rlllian  of  Nowburyimrt,  Mata.,  lung 
rngagad  la  anglneuring  In  li.>uln 
Amtnca.  JbMlt  tktjirttrailitaujint 
frit  iiork»,Jlr»l  >tattr-uorkt,  and  Iktjlnt 
iromfltr,  tttr  HttMMtU  tm  SimtKAmtr- 
<M.  Hu  wat tha  foundrriif  the  Paollto 
Mall  Ca,  aad  gava  to  Huarolant  par- 
potaa,  during  hit  Ufa,  more  than  llpK),. 
UOO.  aad  at  bia  death,  left  nearly  |l,- 
000,000  to  found  a  Boiaatillc  tobool  in 
Kawburyport,  Mata. 

SMtrmait't  March. 

Oct  Oaa.  Sherman,  with  bia  wboh 
army,  mored  from  VIokabarg  aoatli 
Into  AUbama,  repairing  tba  railroad 
and  lubtiitlng  on  lb*  iavadad 
rouutry 083 

WhuUr't  Raid. 

Oci  9.  A  lante  earalry  force,  under 
obel  Oen.  Wheekir,  crotted  the  Ton- 
aeatee  and  burned  a  train  of  eight 
hundred  wagoni— detlinod  for  Thomai 
at  CballanoHga— at  Andemon'i  CroNa 
Hoada,  a  large  quantity  of  nuppllea  at 
McMlnnrllle  anci  Warren.  He  wat  re- 
polted  at  Murfreeaboro  and  Farming- 
ton,  and  recroMed  the  Tenneatee,  hav- 
ing deatroyvd  a  million  dollara  worth 
of  OoTcmment  property,  but  with  a 
lott  of  2,000  men 088 

Oct.  1 7.  Pmidtnt  Uiuoln  tall* /or  SCO,- 
000  tnort  ffltn. 

Oct.  18.  Oen.  Grant  amm*4  nommand 
of  the  Dtyartment  of  (A«  Ohio,  Cum- 
berland and  Tenneatee  armiea  toon 
after  arrired  in  OliattanoogA 088 

Oot.  30.  Oen.  Tbomii  luoceoda  Roae- 
cranz  in  hit  command. 

Oct.  27.  Utn.  liooker  encamped  in 
Luokout  Valley. 

Oct.  28.  Iluoker't  forcet  take  Lookout 
Houatain 688 

Firat  Sanitary  Fair,  for  the  relief  of 


IIW.      taMtafB.  h»M  la  <'blea«n,  tba  *al  ff» 

ravda  of  which  were  |7t,iMM. 
"       firtt  ftntait  (•unfftm  b«ld  la  the  UailNl 

Hutaa. 
•'       Nov.  It.      (Un.    Avtrlll   rimted  a  raltrl 

fitrer,   utidur  (ten.   Kchola,   at  l>ro>)p 

Miwnlain OMI 

••       Not.   0.     Col.  ltha^kl«rn^l   alltrkr<l  al 

Idigrravllla  hy  «t«n»W,  K.  Jonea,  and 

TIMI  m«n  rapliiml. 
■*       Nov.  7.    Utn.  Mi-ail«  rniMi't  thn  Uappa< 

haaniwk  ii<utliwarl.    I.««  rvtlrluK 
•*       Col,  WiMlford,  with  <,(M)0  men,  atiarknl 

by  7,000  of  l<oo|plra«t't  man,  and  after 

Shting  taTaral  houn,  Woolfonl  rut 
I  way  out,  leaving  hia  haitary  and  >l 
wagooa,  but  aavlng  Iha  moal  of  kla 

rommaad OM 

"  Niiv.  17.  Loagatraot  hogina  the  ilega  of 
KnoiTllla,  oooupied  by  Bumtlila. 

Jfatt/t  »f  CSallaH.>oga. 

**  Ifof,  14.  natlla  tif  rhaltanmiga,  exienil- 
lag  Anm  Lookout  Mountain,  on  Ilia 
left,  lo  Mltalonary  Itiilge,  on  tlix  right. 
liooker  iweepa  up  the  lidr*  nf  LiMiknut 
Mountain  and  reachra  Iha  lummll 
under  a  lhli:k  fog,  ilrivlnn  tlio  vneiiiy 
down  Iha  prerlpltou*  i-tilern  tide*  of 
the  mountain,  while  hhcrman  nfacki 
the  enemy'i  right  at  Mlialonary  Itiilgt', 
and  Uvn.  ThonAa,  with  tO.OOO,  allai'lird 
the  center  liefora  Chattanooga.  Tha 
batlla  ragad  along  Iha  whole  line,  and 
at  midnight  the  enemy  waa  In  fUll  ru- 
Ireat,  leaving  their  ttrong  pntliloiii 
with  a.OoO  iH>l<||i>n,  40  uimtn  of  artil- 
lery, and  7,000  itand  or  ■ninll  armt  In 
the  band*  of  tha  UniunUtt.  The  Union 
loaara  amtMinled  to  0,<I10;  the  rebel 
lott  nut  reported 088 

"  Not,  18.  Morgan,  and  lii  of  bit  ofllcert, 
dig  out  of  Ohio  Htate  I'rinon. 

'*  Nov.  88.  Ixmgitreet  repulied,  witli  a 
lott  of  800 088 

"  Not.  80.  Kebeli  repulied,  wttli  gri-at 
ilaugbter,  In  their  attack  on  Knosville. 

Banks'  Exptdition  to  Texat. 

*  Oen.  nankt'  expedition  Into  Tesat,  He 
eapturtt  the  rrltel  forta  Eaperanta, 
Brazoa  Iilanil,  Point  (^uliel,  and  ItMwni- 
villo,  and  driving  out  the  enemy  wett 
of  tlie  Colorado.  By  onler  of  the 
OoTcmmcnt,  Oen.  Banki  reluctantly 
abandoned  Texat  and  returned  to  Ni-w 
Orlenni 079 

'*  Xrtetion  of  the  Ortat  Organ  in  the  Bot- 
t)m  Muiic  Hall,  the  largrit  and  moit 
perfect  initrumcnt  of  itt  kind  in 
America.  Itt  weight  li  70  toni,  and 
hat  0,474  pipei.     Itt  coit  wai  fUO.OUO. 

"  Dec.  Kebel  Oon.  Forreit  raided  through 
W.  Tenneatee. 

"  Deo.  1.  Meade  croitct  the  Rapidan. 
Orant  conconlratea  hit  army  at  Chat- 
tanooga. 

"  Deo.  0.  Longitreet  raited  the  liege  nf 
KnozTille  tnd  muTed  eait 088 

"  Dec.  fl.  Monitor  Wtehawktn  tinkt  at  her 
anchorage  at  Cbarleatwn,  and  31  men 
loit. 

•*  Sanitary  Fair  held  in  Cincinnati.  Net 
proceeds  were  |3,')0,000. 

"  Dec.  8.  The  Prciident  iuuea  hit  amneaty 
proclamation. 

*'  Dec.  16.  Oen.  ATcriirt  raid  deatroyt 
vott  rebel  tupplle*  at  Salem  in  S.  W. 
Virginia. 


IIM.  Jm.    MaaoMl  Toyaga  of  Hall  to  Ilia  | 


Jan.  I.  RMk«eipallan  aanlTerawy  eala> 
brated  by  nwny  coloretl  iimiplfl. 

Ailvania  of  thn  I'niiMi  ntrrca  toward 
KUhniond,  and  ittai'k  of  Ihn  vnemy't 
wnrkt  al  llitti'har'i  llun,  but  falling  in 
iiM'i'i'**,  rniiraJ  Id  their  pnaiiloa  hethri) 
Prieraburg 0»<t 

Jan.  80.  ('ongr*aaglTaaaTnlci>fihanka 
lo  Comtllua  Vaailtirldll  ftii  hit  glfl  of 
Iha  ataamer  yaiuUrUll  lo  Iha  l;nlle<l 
Hlalaa,  woHh  |80il,0(i4). 

Jaa,  18.  Orn  Palmer  nccaplat  Timnell 
Hill,  (ia.  i  Iha  raliala  avaouatlng  in  tba 
night. 

Jan.  Ut».  Hooferans  <i«Mm«l  «>MitMa<l 
»flh4  Dtf)tr*m,%t  nf  MUmuri .        887 

fab.  I.     E>raft  ^ iW)0,OiM)  mm  ordrrtd. 

Feb.  7.  Ollmoni'a  advanoa  hMda  at 
Jackioavilla,  Fl*.,  under  Oen.  Bey- 
niiiur. 

Ilaah  and  untnccetafld  expeililion  of  flan. 
Nvymnur  into  Fbirida,  an<l  twllle  al 
I<ake  City,  where  h*  loat  half  hii4  ll>re* 
and  gua*.  Ilia  letreai  lo  JackaooTlll*, 
leaving  Iha  deail  ia  lb*  eaemy't 
hand! OM 

Feb.  8.  Coll'i  armory,  Hartfiird,  ('t.,  «!•■ 
ilroyod  bv  An;.     Lota,  1 1,000,000. 

Feb.  17.  lloumtoHlt  tunk  at  (>'b*rle*lan 
by  rebel  lor|Hdo-boat  Until,  which  alto 
■nnk. 

Full.  Oen,  Hhirman  advanced  lo  Ma- 
rlilinn.  di'itrojing  a  great  amount  of 
rallroiid  pro|)criy,  and  canturvd  400 
|>riioni'n,  1,000  white  tnd  0,O4)0  negro 
rvrUgt'ci 081 

Fell.  80.  (len.  Heymour,  with  Ollmora'a 
IMopa,  tevvri'ly  defttated  at  Olutloe, 
Fla. 

Feb.  81-38.  Orn.  Smith  hat  three  dayt' 
running  light  with  Forrcat  ami  othert, 
In  Miiiitxip|ti,  nnd  at  lait  dilMtt  Hum. 

88.  Oon.  Palmer  drlvva  Iha  rebel*  al 
Tunnell  Hill,  Oa. 

Kilfalrith't  Raid 

Feb.  38.  Kllpatrick'i  nX*.  .nto  Virginia. 
He  appronoliea  withiu  two  niilet  :f 
Klohmimd.  Oen.  Dihlgren  LLted  n 
the  oxpadltlon. 

GtH.  Grant  in  Command. 

Mar.  9.  Oen.  Orant  mad*  Llvnlenanl* 
Oencnl  of  the  Union  armiea,  and  pr(v 
cee<ltril  to  re-nrgnniio  the  for;  ea. 

Mar.  4.  A  free  HtJito  Oovrrnmrnt  for 
Louiiiana  wat  inangtiratetl,  with  Oot. 
Ilnhn  at  ill  liea-l,  bvlbre  an  immenta 
and  entbutlatilc  multitude  In  Labyetla 
H<|u«re,  New  Orlcant 080 

Red  River  Expedition. 

Mar.  Ad.  Porter't  expedition  tailed  up 
the  Bed  River  to  Alexandria,  caplu'- 
ing  Fort  De  Kutta,  witli  ten  gum,  and 
888  priaonert  on  the  way 088 

Thomas  Starr  King. 

Mar.  4.  Thomat  .Starr  King,  an  eminent 
Unitarian  clergyman,  author  and  ora- 
tor, died  iu  Son  Francitco.  Mr.  King, 
like  the  great  mtOoi^'y  °^  »■>■>- 
nent  Americant,  wat  bom  poor,  and 
waa  dependent  npon  bit  own  excrtiona 
from  the  age  of  twelT*  to  twenty  for 
bit  own  lupport  and  education,  and 
the  tupport  of  hia  widowed  mothor  and 


lUII  to  llM 


•nnlrrnAry  «■!•• 
ml  ji>«>|ilii, 

n  Utfrn  lowud 
k  iif  Ihii  >iii>iii)r'« 
un,  l)Ul  fiilHnif  In 
Ir  pn»Mim  Iwjnrti 

ftMt 

)••  vntcnf  Ihiilih* 
III  foi  hi*  gin  »t 
U  lo  Ibi  UnllMl 

nccuplM  TiinMtll 
•VMiMtlng  In  III* 

ifMtMMl  ti>mmaii4 
MttauH.     .  M7 
IH)  RMM  fdrrtd. 
ilvaiMM    Im<I*   •! 
tnil«r   Otn.  8«j< 

iipoillllna  of  Qm. 
U,  Mid  h*tila  •! 
kMtbAlfbU  IS>rf« 

kl  lo  jMkMMTlIK 

In    th«    iBfuy'i 

tm 

lUrtflird,  Ci,  <!•• 
t,  (i.noo.ooo. 
ink  At  (''hnrlMlon 
;  iMtti;  wblch  •!•« 

wlrnnced  to  M«- 
great  >miiunt  of 
ml  ('■ptiintd  400 
•  and  A,(M)0  ntgio 

m 

ir,  Willi  Ullmora't 
MUd  at  OlutiM, 

th  liM  tlirro  lUjrt' 
t>rre«i  iind  iitli«rt, 
I  iMt  dvfMlf  thtm. 
vt  tb«  rob«h  al 


r  RaiJ 

M  .nto  VirKinin. 
u  two  mlltM  it 
bigrvn  Ll.!ed  IB 


Commamt. 

nada  MvntenMi- 
uaHei,  Md  prtv 
the  rorrra, 
UoTernmrnt  Tor 
rated,  with  Qot. 
lire  an  Immenaa 
tutlu  In  KafaTvttM 

<m 

xptdiliOH. 

ditlon  aailed  up 
xandria,  captu'- 
h  ten  guna,  and 
ay 5M 

King. 

ing,  an  eminent 
iiithor  and  ora- 
aco.  Mr.  King, 
ority  of  uml- 
boin  poor,  and 
I  own  ezertiona 
to  twenty  for 
education,  and 
wed  mother  and 


^ 


OHItOKOLOOT. 


IMk 


teilty.    AIIN  1(1  of  ft  ke  wtM  •»• 

taltlUnad  In  bU  flilhcr'a  ptilpli  and  over 
bU  aongmgalliMi,  whioh  h«  Ailed  wllb 
•rrval  MiiviHana'a,  II*  w*«  rallad  lo 
IkMtoii  In  \*A%,  ami  In  IMflo  In  Han 
VraiMilaoo.  II*  bad  In  tba  mrandm* 
na^ulrad  a  very  high  r«|iiilatli>n,  a*  «b 
•w!|uenl  and  rlTntilT*  |iriur<>r,  *«  wf>ll 
aa  urwwhir,  anil  bail  aildr>**«c|  l*rg« 
nOtlUlK*'*  all  nrnr  lliu  Unllad  Hlalr*. 
Mr.  King  was  »mln>nlly  i^puUr  In 
Man  fraiiflia'o,  and  *ll  over  ih*  I'aelllt^ 
coaal,  and  dl«d  n  rntlinl  and  il**|tly 
■lournetl  by  boat*  «i  Manda  and  a<l- 
mlren  all  over  tbe  Northern  and  Waat- 
em  Htotaa 

"  Mar.  18.  TU  l'r*»U»nl  mUt  fur  900,000 
m»rt  mm  lo  Ot  iir^«i  A/iril  lllh. 

"  Mar.  IS.  Arkanaaa  v<i(«a  to  Ixicftme  a 
fraeHtaU. 

"  Mar.  It.  Aleiandrla  aurrandrred  to 
I'urtrr  without  a  itrugglti. AINt 

** '  Mar.  IT.  Uin,  (imiU  xmminm  tntlrt  mm- 
mmnJ  o(  all  tbo  arnilea  of  tbe  United 
HUlea. 

•>  Mar.  an.  Battle  of  Crane  Klver,  U. 
Uen.  Hmllb'i  forrea  defnat  the  rebel 
Oeo.  Taylor. 

-  Mar.  81.  Juaei,  with  bli  Cabinet,  Qnv- 
emmerit  olHi-iala,  ami  a  lianil  of  aoU 
dlrra,  took  iMMM'wilon  of  Monlrri'y,  and 
eitabliaht'd  thi<  natlonril  ('ii|iitiil, 

*  April  4.    0«n.  Stix'lii  nttiu'ki'd  li>  KIrby 

Hniltb,  at  Jrnklna'  Kerry,  Ark.,  with 
aupartor  foret'*  undrr  I'ricf,  but  after 
n  fkirlou*  liaillr,  I'riro  wa«  ilefcatiMl, 
wllb  a  b)M  of  'i.UOO  men  and  three 
UonemU SH7 

«•  April  4-S3.  New  York  Hanllary  Com- 
miiaion  Fair,  rereipti  orvr  $l,l)00,(MM). 

••  April  H.  Den  at  of  Uen.  Hank*  at  Haliinu 
CnM»  Uoitd*  by  KIrhy  Hnillb. 

*•  April  0.  Hinltb  rvuuUed  liy  Danki  at 
i'leowintUIII SH« 

"  April  IS.  FoMT  l'ii.i.ow  Mamac'hh  un- 
der orderi  of  the  noloriou*  guerrilla. 
Vitrreet,  whioh  wa*  n  rrlrnltru  and 
vHoUtaU  tnuriUr  <if  cohtred  men, 
women,  and  rhildren,  by  the  uumI  rruel 
and  lavage  tneuna,  ninny  heiiig  fititeneil 
in  the  tent*  ami  burned  alive,  anil  Ihu 
wounded  an<l  *ick  were  made  to  Htaiid 
up  and  lie  diot  down  like  cultle ;  the 
only  pica  being  that  the  loyal  white 
Houtbumeri  were  "hninv-inadu  Yan- 
kee*," and  the  colored  triMiu*  "nig- 
ger*." Tbii  daitardly  anil  laTage 
alaugbter  will  remain  a  block  itun 
upon  tbe  liittory  of  Houthern  warfare 
aa  long  aa  tbo  *tnrv  of  the  "  (Jrcat  Uc- 
bellion  "  I*  remembered. 

*  April  IS.    Maximilian  aecfi>l$  tht  erown 

of  M»rUo  from  th»  French  deputation. 

**      April  10.     Porter'*  fleet  aground  in  Ked 

lUvcr  by  low  water 880 

*  April  90.    Plymouth,  N.  C,  aurrendored 

to  tbe  roliel*  by  Qen.  W«*Helii,  with 
],00U  priaoner*,  25  guna,  and  valuable 
atore* 88« 

"  April  94.  Bank*  defeat*  the  rebel*  un 
der  Qen.  Ileo  at  Crane  Itiver 080 

"  April  98.  Waabington,  N.  C,  evacuatud 
by  Union  troops;  tbo  rum  AtbtmarU 
controls  tbe  Sound. 

Sherman's  Grand  March. 

*  May.    Sherman  began  hi*  march  to  the 

■ea  through  tbo  heart  of  tho  South. 
ThU  was  the  closing  drama  of  tho 
campaign.  Ho  swept  everything  be- 
fore bim.     AtUnta  taken  and  burned ; 


tM4.  fMt  MeAIIUtar  eaptnfMl  i  Nfiwinll 
aliandanml  by  li«  i'MiA>doral»*  anil 
taken -.  I'obiiiil.ia,  K  t ' ,  li«irn«d,  and 
llalolu  li,  N.  ('.,  taken;  the  t'onlVdoraln 
army  >  iid>r  .lohnalnn  •urrvndnring  nt 
tbnlati.i'r  |)la>x.  (barbwiiMi  alao  was 
*«a<:Uttt«d  alter  a  aivge  of  049  ilay*. 

Sh/rman  he/ort  Atlanta. 

"      May.    (t>n.  Mberumn,  with  lOo.itflO  m*n, 
riHnprlsIng  the  army  of  tbe  l>'umll•^ 
bind  under  den.  Tliomas,  the  army  of 
Tennsswra    untler    (ten.    Mel'bermn, 
and    tba    army    of   the   Ohio    umlvr  i 
U*n.    HrboAebl,     tngelbvr    with    004 1 
pieces  of  srtlllery,  liegan  the  eampalgn  | 
Bgalnat  Atlanta.     Tbe  relwl  nrmy  op- 
|Mwlng  blin  under  Oen.  J.  Jntinstim, 
numlH'red  ItO.OdO.    wa*  divided    into 
three  coriM,  led  by  (itneraU  llardle, 
IIikmI,  and  Polk. 

"  May  9.  Col,  llailev  linihl*  dam*  aemsa 
lied  Itiver,  sod  liy  ralaing  lbs  water, 
aaves  Porter's  entire  fleet. OM 

"  May  4.  lien,  iluller.  In  ciwi|M>ration  wllb 
tlrsnt,  occupied  City  Point  up  tb* 
.lanii's  Itiver,  anil  began  intrench- 
inrnls,  while  Col.  West,  wllb  a  cavalry 
force,  moved  up  the  north  bank  and 
occupied  Ib'rinuda  lluiidreil. 

"  May  4.  tlrant'a  urniy  rroase*  tbe  liapl- 
dan 0H7 

■  May  0.  Kea-light  in  Albemarle  Hound 
with  Ihu  ram  AtbtinarU,  which  is 
driven  oil. 

Haiti*  of  Ih*  iyiUtrn*ts, 

"  May  0.  The  battle  of  the  Wilderness  >>«• 
gan,  TIda  ws*  the  longest  and  most 
terrible  engagenu>nt  of  the  war,  lasting 
from  the  0th  to  the  91st,  with  great 
loss  lo  Imlh  armies.  Tlin  weather  was 
Intens)  ly  hot,  the  air  atill  and  Mtiflinit. 
The  thicket*  cauglit  Are,  and  amid 
the  fearful  carnage  ami  din  of  war, 
llie  flames  aililed  IVeiih  horror  to  the 
terrible  scene.  The  iiiioke  and  heat 
Idindvd  anil  nearly  sufliM'ated  the 
soMlers,  who  touglit  and  fell  amid  tbo 
trampling  legions  which  swept  over 
tliem  in  their  mad  fliry,  leaving  tbem 
to  tbo  mercy  of  the  flames. 

(ieneral  Meadu  re|>orted  the  Union 
hiss  at  ilU.TOl.  The  rebel  luas  was  not 
ascertained. 

"  May  7.  Sherman  advances  fl-om  Chat- 
tanooga on  his  Atluntic  campaign. 

'*  May  0.  Ueii.  Mcl'heraon  forcea  bis  way 
through  Hnako  Creek  (inp. 

"  May  10.  Qon.  Averlil  bcoten  at  Wyther- 
vlllu  by  n  heavy  force  under  John 
Morgan 890 

"  May.  (ten.  Crook  repulsed  by  Oen. 
MoCausland  near  Dublin  Station. .  OOO 

**  May  10.  .lolinson  evacuated  Dalton,  anil 
retreated  to  Kesoca 901 

"  May  II.  Sheridan's  raid  to  the  enemy's 
reor,  doatroying  ten  miles  of  the  Vir- 
ginia Central  Ttailroud  and  a  large 
quantity  of  suuplies,  and  liberating 
400  prisoners.  KeiichlnjC  tho  first  lino 
of  works  around  Uichmond,  he  en- 
countered tlie  enemy  and  killed  their 
Ueneral,  Stuart. 

"  May  IB.  Engogcment  between  Oen. 
bigcl  and  dun.  Breckonridge,  who 
coniuiuudcd  a  liirgo  force.  Sigcl  wan 
del'eoted  and  driven  to  Cedar  Creek, 
losing  TOO  men,  U  guns,  and  a  part  of 
his  train 680 


IM4.  Mur  II.    HMMs  of  Raw  MarkH,  W,  ▼• 

Mgel  delWaled. 
"      Mayls.     Hanks'  tntops  lUfral  tba  r*>i*ll 

al  Amyt>ll»'*  I'ralri*.  I.a, 
"       May  10.    Johnston  avacualea  Iteaoca  and 

ratreats    In    lbs   nigbl   lo   OusteiisulB 

Klvsr,  pursued  by  tna  I'nlon  army 
'*       Mav  III.     niilb  r  attacked  Hmauragard  al 

llrury's  llliifl^  and  was  ilrtven  into  hi* 

intrsncbuiants   with  a  lusa    of  4,000 

man, 
**      May  10.    noward's  fbrg*<l  proclnwitlcM 

for  4'N>,0<m  truopa  appenrad. 

N*Hkani*l  Hawlhtrnt. 

May  II.  Deotb  of  Nalhanlal  ll»wlboni«( 
an  author,  at  PIvmouth,  N.  II.  Mr. 
Ilawtbome  was  tiia  author  of  saveral 
wblvly  •  known  riHnanres,  the  moal 
notml  of  which  are  "  Tba  Mrarlat  Lat- 
ter.'' a  walnl  and  thrilling  lala,  and 
"Tha  llonaa  with  Haven  Uatdsa." 
Mr.  Ilawlborna  waa  appointed  Unllatl 
Htalas  CoBsnl  at  LlrariMoi  by  Prssldsnt 
Pierce,  who  was  his  IIAi-loflg  frisnd. 

May  91.  (trant  ailvanees  toward  Kick* 
mond  to  the  North  Ann*, 

M.7  98-94.  (irant  eruasu*  Iba  North 
Anna.    I<eo  still  retiring. 

May  98.  Hberidan  bad  a  cavalry  en- 
gagement with  Fitihugb  liaa  and 
Miitod  bIm,  with  a  luaa  of  SOU  to  the 
relwl*. 

May  38.  Attack  of  Johnston  upon  Mo» 
Phcraoo  at  Dallas.  Johnston  repulsad 
with  a  loss  of  n,iK)0 811 

May  90.  JiiuimUian  arriui  at  Y*f 
t'rui. 

May  81.  Cold  Harbor  seiiad  by  Bbat 
Idan 8»« 

June  I.  Sheridan  skirmisbaa  around  tb* 
left  of  Loc  and  routes  a  IxKly  of  cavalry, 
undei  Wsilo  Hampton,  at  Travlllian 
Htatlon,  taking  several  hundred  prison* 
e..' 

June  1.  Johnston  evacuates  Allatoonn 
Pass,  and  fall*  back  to  Kenesaw  Moua- 
tain,  and  Sherman  occupies  it.  . 

Saltl*  at  CM  Harbor. 

June  9-8.  Orant'a  advance  engage  tba 
enemy  and  bold  their  ground  at  a  eoai 
of  'J,000  men. 

Juno  8.  Orant  mako*  a  grand  aaaault  oa 
the  enemy,  which  was  resisted  with 
terrible  force.  Tbo  engagimcnk  laatc<* 
but  twenty  minutes. 

June  0.  a*n.  Hunter,  hating  iueettdtd 
Stgtl,  bad  sn  encounter  with  Oen.  W. 
E.  Jones  at  Piedmtmt,  completely 
routing  bim,  and  capturing  1,800 
prisoners,  8  guns,  and  8,000  small 
arms.  Oen.  Jones  and  a  large  num- 
ber of  bis  men  were  killed 000 

June  19.  Orant's  army  crosses  tho 
Cblekahominy,  and  take  poaltlon  on  the 
south  side  of  tho  James  Kiver.  Orant 
hastens  to  Bermuda  to  aid  Butler  in 
the  capture  of  Peter^burg,  which  But- 
ler had  already  attacked 881 

Maximilian  in  Mexieo. 

Juno  12.  Maximilian  enters  tbe  City  of 
Mexico  amid  scene*  of  great  pomp  and 
mMltary  pamdo. 

June  13.  Oen.  Bnrbridge  defeata  Mor- 
gan at  Cyntbiona,  recaptiuiog  many 
priaonvn. 


Om  rnttk  i^&»  ut  Si 
Jmm  U.    rM«iilw  •!•«•  Ittw  npiithd. 
Jmm  U.    toii»M»wwH  Im(»w«  Mimm 

MNi  JokMMI  (Jm.  l>iMi  hllM. 
Jwia  U.  MA«im«»  aMM  «i4MAWa^. 
JUM  IS    Rtltlh  of  PtM  MmmWii,  Nh«r. 

Man  (IritM  IIm  nhtkt  tm»k  Mt  ih»U 

work*. 
J*MM  II,    fifty  UmIm  ■Maiw,  fti»nm»n, 

IIImmI  IMtlM   tr«  •!  LiUtflMtlM  l>7  ttw 

nUI*, 

tm»  Id.  Onint  m«llM  •  irMtl  immN 
M  PrtMwlMirii  I  I.M,  with  lb*  m«M  M 
kU  u«y,  bavlnfl  wrlfttl  il«r1n«(  lh« 
prrrliNM  iil||bt.  TIm  Amy  rtooi  alili 
■MVj  luM  lo  Iha  Valtw  siar,  aiKl  no 
•ilvMUK«  g»iD«<i SM 

Sttgt  tf  Ptttrttitrg, 

ivnt  It.  OrMi  Ht*'"  MMvIti  III*  nnvmjr 
IwfoM   Putonburf,  aiKl  U  *a«ln    i*- 

pwVMtl  Vitb  hlMk        H«    IM>W  IntrVDoblHl 

liU  •rmy,  uid  ImUifwl  Um  olty  .  BM 
Jon*  la.  UuaUr  MUck*  l.yii«lihnri(, 
hut  AmliM  II  bcarily  reUfcrecil  bjr  tus 
wrlT»l  or  U«mmI  U«,  ba  rvirMii, 
■ItMpI*  MniMd  ncroM  lb*  AHagbaiiT 
•o  MMdww  Itliiir,  In  W.  Va SM 

"KMrurxt"  SMt  ikt  "Alatam*." 

JuB*  \%.  Nafal  flghl  baiwMn  th*  nbal 
ertilMir  Aluthitma,  Capt.  HciantM,  and 
Iha  UalUd  HUIm  sun-bout  Ktortrg*, 
Capt  WIntlow,  onCbcrboiirK,  Kranna. 
Afwr  an  bour'a  tngaframant  tlia  Ah- 
triMui  ran  up  tlia  wblta  flaif.  Capt. 
HaanMa  iantping  OTarboard,  wta  takan 
•n  boani  tba  Uritlih  jaobt  Dr*rk»fn4. 
Tba  Alabama  aaak  ImuMdlati-ljr.  Tba 
Mimmrg*  pickad  up  a  part  nf  her  craw 
Bba  did  not  l«aa  a  man  In  tha  arlion, 
and  but  ona  wat  mortally  wimnilad, 

Jina  n.  Ilund  atlackt  Uookar  at  K  ana- 
taw,  and  falla,  with  a  kna  of  MOO 
man SBl 

Jana  til.  Kmanclpalinn  amendment  tub- 
mltlad  to  tliD  Hiatet  l>,v  (^mgraa*. 

Jnna  >3.  Butler  nceuplad  l)«<ip  llottom, 
ten  mlica  ttuta  Kicbmond,  and  throwa 
a  pontoon  briilga  oyer  tba  Jamaa  at 
that  uolnt. 

Jnna  34.  Maryland  Conitltutionil  Con- 
venllim  a<loptit  cmancl|>atlon  clauaa 

Jnna  33.  Hbi'ridau  liaa  a  luccaatrul 
caTalry  light  on  the  Penlniula. 

Jane  S7.  Thomaa  and  McPhcraon  re- 
pulaed  at  Konotaw,  by  Johnilnn't 
lorcct.  with  heavy  loat.  Qent.  Uarker 
and  MvCook  among  the  killed 001 

Jnna  18.  Wilton  and  Kauts  attacked, 
and  their  troupe  diipanad  at  Double 
Bidge,  on  Nottoway  HlTer, 

Ckatt  Jtesigns. 

Jnne  80.  Bslmon  P.  Ohaaa  reaignad  hla 
post  ita  Ht'cretury  of  the  Treaaury,  after 
n  faithful  and  wonderfully  tucoetaful 
diaobaife  of  the  dutioa  of  tbe  office.  BBS 

Earl^t  'Raid. 

July  9.  Early  cansod  Siget  to  retreat 
Dram  Martlnaburg  to  Miryiand  Helghta, 
katrlng  beary  ttorea  behind. 

Jalj  8.    Sbarman  ooouplei  Marietta  and 


mmoNnuKiT. 

Kenaanw  Ml,,  bavtiHT  Hanked  JihM>ifc 
aiHl  m>aipi>tl«i|  hlM  (n  •varaala        Swfl 

Jal*  »  1.1      rarly'i  raid  Into  Martlaad. 

July  »  JotinaliHi  r«tlnM  lo  «>t»llka, 
and  la  mmw  ■inwrwdml  liy  IIimmI,  wbn 
anauiiira  lh«  <ilKir>*l«>  AM 

Juli  II.  Aiu<'k  »f  ih«  r*l>*l*  upiin  lUn, 
Wallwo  n*«r  >*r»<l»rlfk,  who  waa 
ftwrvd  111  rvlrval. 

Jiriy  lU.  KiinMraii,  «|ih  t.TiiO  man, 
M<>**«  Inin  Alaliama  on  •  r»lfl 

Nab.  lion  Hraill<<«  T.  JthnKin  anpniarbva 
Ralllmni'*,  rotiliing  a  ItilUdalpbla 
mall-lrain  an<|  lU«  imaavngfr*.       ,  SIM) 

Jnly  It.  Murlt't  tnhr*  iirmp  vilktit  tit 
mill  ^f  W'i»hiHfft*n.  A  aklrmlth  an. 
tnia,  ami  ilUntvrrtng  lb*  TaliHi  fiirraa 
to  Im  HMirw  Itian  tluulila  hit  own,  ha 
ralraala  a<-rii*a  tha  I'ltlnman  with  a 
TiMt  amoiinl  r>f  pliindvr.  .  SOc) 

Jul;  IS  11.  tlrn.  Hmllh  duNnU  >'i>rr<Mt 
and   iiiUara  In  Ave  Imlllaa  In  Mliala- 

Jul/  in.     fli  Meamara,  worth  ISiiO.iMM, 

buraml  at  HI.  Uiul*  by  Inf^tidlnrlya. 
July  IS.     liohl  about    tlila   lima  tl  lit 

bighmt  In  New  York.  vli. ,  9N4  \mt  can* 
Jnly  IT.      IIimmI  «u<t«hI*    Jolinaliin  In 

OMnmand  at  Atlanta. 
July  '.7,    ,tiw|iiM  and  (illmora  in  Itirb- 

mond  vainly  iiilng  for  iieara. 
July  IS,     HnuMvau  dratnij*  an  lininrnav 

value  In  rallMaila   and  pnivUlona  In 

Alaliama. 
July  I*.     ilrfUt't  n»goUiiH-mt  vith  tht 

rrhtU  at  Stiigorn  fiK/u  t»  miHiihl. 
July  ll».      (irn.    Wright,    following    In 

Cumuli  of  Karly,  waa  rrimUmI  nrar 
land  rord SDO 

Julv  K).  Avrrlll  drfeala  a  divlilon  of 
Karly'a  command,  and  capturva  four 
gun*. 

JIoiuFt  D*/*al. 

July  30.  lltKxl,  with  hit  entire  army, 
aualled  ^'hrrman  Ave  nillit  nnini  At- 
lanta, and  waa  vlgoruuiilv  rppultcd, 
with  a  Umu  of  1,00(1,  Ini'hiiling  ti'vrral 
Oemmlt.     Union  lo*«  9.500 SO'i 

July  !13.  KInt  pulilloatlun  of  ttati'mrntii 
concerning  the  "  Drtlcr  of  Aiiicricnn 
Kniglilt.''^ 

July  93.  Hhrrmiin  advanced  to  within 
two  mile*  of  Atlanta SU3 

July  33.  tliMil  malert  a  grand  uttnth 
iiunn  SHrrinitn  without  tuocrtt,  ItMlng 
13,000  mi-n,  IM  itand  of  rolom,  and 
S,0<M)  tmiill  iirro*.  Union  loat  '1,793, 
lnrlu<ling  Uonernl  MciMicmon  auMing 
thi)  killed 80« 

.Tuly  31.  Early,  with  a  Urgu  Oirro,  fnlU 
upon  the  Iroopa  of  Cmuk  and  Avcrill, 
driving  tliuni  into  Maryland,  with  a 
lotit  or  1,81X1  men,  including  (irn.  Mul- 
Ugan 880 

July  3S.  IIimmI  Kgain  attitcka  Sherman, 
and  waa  tis  tiinra  rviiultcd  with  heavy 
loat,  when  he  retrcate<l A03 

July  90.  .McCauKiand  crcm^ed  tliu  I'oto- 
mio  and  approached  (.'hamboraburg, 
and  dumandi'd  a  roniiom  of  $SiK),0<M), 
which  being  rfflitvd,  he  tet  Are  to  the 
town  and  dcttroyed  two-thirda  of  It. 

July  BO,  Kxpioiioit  of  a  mfnt  under  Iht 
rebel  vorki  of  lUterihurg,  reaiilting  In 
tbe  Immndiata  lot*  of  a  garrltoii  of 
SfH)  men,  but  whicli  ItrouKlit  a  worte 
ditailer  upon  the  Union  furcc*  which 
attempted  crotaiiig  the  crater  |  4,400 
wore  killed,  wounde<l,  and  taken  pria- 
onen. 


y 


t   - 


IM4. 


Farrsgmfi  Figkl  U  M*Mt  B«f. 

Aug.  S.  t'onimaMlnea  yarvaMf*  tpUndM 
aeklvveM'nl  In  Matttb  Ha).  lU  t(« 
Ivai'eil  lb*  li>tla  at  tha  enlranr*  nf  tha 
Slav,  fiHighl  lh«  whole  I'tHiftiiUrala 
iial,  aaiF  lanlMriiil  )h«  mtmaitr  lam 
TtKKffty  with  kor  aM*«d*nla  l^nfia 
Morgan  an<l  liaiaen  toon  aftar  rai>tlt»> 
lai»l. 

Aug  T.  Avarlll  totally  dafbait  Ne('aa» 
laad  and  nihar  mbala  al  MooraAabt, 
W*«l  Virginia. 

Aug.  Y.  U»n.  Mk*rMamtakmmmmtuU</ 
lh»  ittil'll*  ltri<ilrtmml SM 

Aug,  a.  Koil  iialnva,  at  MaMla,  turran* 
ilerml  lo  ftrragiil  and  Orangaf. 

Aug.  10.  Canal  it  tintrh  (lap,  Italow 
iTirhmnnd.  Iwgnn. 

Aug.  IN.  lUtile  at  Ha<Mnt'  Niallnn. 
Warren  hohia  hla  pnallloa  oa  the  ralU 
road. 

Aug.  tS.    rnri  Morgan,  al  Mobil*,  aur* 


rrndi  r«d  to  Karragtil  and  Orangar. 
Aug.  iil.     TIk'  Sih  llllnoia  captured  b* 
HIiHby  n»ar  l.litia  Itock,  Ark SaT 


Aug.  11.     Mai'ond  lialthi  al  lUaiua'  Hla- 

tlcm— tba  nlit'la  win. 
Aug.  .11.    McCh'llan  nomlnata<l  fbr  l*raal< 

dent  at  Chicago, SIM 

FviUMiUioH  fif  AlUnttt. 

Aug.  SI.  IIoimI  iiaallly  avacualrd  At- 
lanta, bhiwing  up  mogntinra  and 
ilori'*,  dvatroylng  aaven  locomnllvaa 
and  Ml  cart,  and  a  large  amoual  of 
cotton SB9 

Vepl,  4.  Tba  guerrilla,  Mnrgan,  ahr>»  by 
(illnian'a  men  at  Urvcnvlib,  K.aat  Tan- 
ni'taee. 

fit'pt.  8.  Hhrrintn't unili'd  foma  iH'cnpy 
Atlanta,  anil  he  orileri  a  r«mi>tal  of 
the  citixrna  cither  North  or  Houth,  at 
thi'y  aboutd  prvfer. 

Sept.  IS.  KflM-la  drive  9,5i)0  rattle  tafa 
(iir  Oom  iMihinil  (ien.  Kautt't  iinct. 

Karly't  Ktlrrat. 

Rcpt.  IP.  IlattlK  on  the  0|>i'iiiiin  Crcvk, 
nt'iir  Wini'licatrr,  ht'twcm  hlirridan 
and  Knrly,  a>id  iirrclpllaln  rrtrral  of 
Kaily  througli  nlnclicatiT  to  KltlMf't 
Hill,  hating  iH'hInil  hit  ilntd  and 
wounded,  ami  nearly  ll.iMiii  priaom-ra, 
with  Ave  pii«i*8  of  artllltry  anil  nina 
litttln  dag*.  The  Union  loaa  wa* 
alH>iit  si,000,  Including  Oan.  David  A. 
Kuiai'll,  killed.  Tha  ntbelt  hiat  two 
()i'm>rala fi«0 

(k'pt.  ID.  I.akii  Krie  Hli'ami-rt,  I'are&nt 
and  IJand  Quern,  ti'ir.cd  liy  n>li«lt. 

Hi-pt.  '23.  Shrriiliin  piinued  Karly,  and 
axiiin  roiiti'd  liim  at  Fiaher't  Hill,  tak- 
ing t,  100  prianncra  and  10  gun*.  Ear- 
ly crmlinuca  hi*  Aigbt,  with  Hborldan 
at  hi*  heria,  burning  and  devaataling 
the  whole  valli'y  In  bit  pattagp.  at  fat 
na  Urown't  Unp  in  tbe  Iliue  liluge. 

JiatUt  at  Pilot  Knok. 

Sept.  97.  Piicu  attacked  Qen.  Rwlng  at 
I'ilot  Knob  with  a  force  of  lo.ooo. 
Kwing,  having  liut  1,3U0  men,  ttoutly 
reaiated  him  till  night,  when  he  bicir 
up  bit  wnrkt  and  retreated  to  Kolla, 
I'rice  moved  North,  and  waa  fuilowud 
by  A.  J.  Smith,  with  6,000  men. .  S87 

Sept.  39.  Dattlu  at  Chapln't  rarm,  near 
Jamoa  River ;  rebel  work*  taken. 

Sept.  90.    Butler  capttired  Fort  llanri« 


*  *. 


XIMt<MI«M4 
.    lU  4* 

Milranr*  nt  IM 

i«  MtMiaitr  rsni 
•vniliint*  I'nfia 
un  aftM  c*|illit» 

i|«(Imi«*  MttrawN 


Urangvr, 

rli   (l«|>,    iMlnW 

Kmini'  Nlnllnii. 
litwiw  lh«  rail* 

•I  Mnhtla.  tur* 
ind  Onnicfr, 
■da  rapturatl  >>f 
k,  Ark SNT 

at  liaaiua'  Mia* 

Inatwi  fan  I*rMl« 

SOU 

Alltnht. 

r  avartMlrd   Al« 

magMtnr*  and 
vvn  IwommiTM 
arg*  amount  ol 

8M 

Mnnfan,  ilio*  by 
nvllb,  Kwt  Tan* 

•'■I  forci't  iMTiipy 
ra  a  r«>inii«al  of 
rtli  or  Huutli,  aa 

I.SiH)  raillo  aaAi 
[aula'*  llnra. 

ItfOl. 

0|icntmn  rrock, 

i'i>ii    Hliirldan 

iitn  rflrint  of 

iiiir  to  Kinliwr'a 

lil«    ilnid    and 

<M)0  prlnnnrra, 

llltr;  nnil  nina 

tnlon    lout    wai 

aan.  David  A. 

ri'tNiU  lint  two 

arnvra,  I'nn&n* 
id  tij  re>Hila. 
Htii  Kiirlu,  and 
■hrr't  Hill,  tak- 
Itt  Runi.   Kar< 


\i 


10  Rl 

•itb 


Kboridan 
nd  davattatlnR 
uaaaaRp.  aa  fat 
llluo  lildga. 

Qen.  KwIdr  at 
irce  of  1(),<K)0. 
)U  men,  itoutly 
when  he  blew 

itrd  to  Rolla. 

wat  followud 
000  men. .  S87 
n'a  Farm,  ncai 
ka  taken, 
d  Fort  Uaril* 


^^ 


tmwoimuiar 


wllb  MWa  fiia<. 

Oat.  I,  l>Kth<{fU  It  /^iM>ir,  rvlahraUd 
aa  a  lianhiir  ami  ■■•iiimt  iiiMtHlataif 
i*itr(iia  Iha  war,  and  wa*  Mnaarlal 
afl»Ml  M  Ui»  CiMi^ilvralu  Untvramaal, 
imwunad  Ih*  Min'liiii  nf  Ibair  antaa 
and  liaa<la  la  K»m  Yofli  rilv  lla  «a* 
arrMtwl  l>]r  iir<l*f  »t  ib«  Ibmtarir  af 
War,  aad  <'ni4n«l  Itt  lk«  <)|,|  i  apditl 
|wl««a  ai  WaalilnntiMi,  an  I  altar  bta 
fvlaaaa  «aa  lrl«l  for  hnlwry.  and  m«- 
lanffd  lit  MVunt*  jiaara'  ImMlMiamaali 
tint  kla  MMianra  wm  mwliMii  liy  I'rua- 
Idant  J)>hnann. 

Oat.  •,  Nallki  III  ItiHind  Top  Mo«ataln. 
TurtiaH  aliaalnf  Hiiaaar  Iwaaty-iU 
«ilaa. 

Oit  ••  Mtitrtdan  •tlnihad  hjr  KiMa«r  with 
•  larv*  ImmIjt  nf  cavitirjr,  liut  li«  •Irl'Mntad 
bim,  aad  took  MU  |irl*<io«ra  ami  11 

fana,  eaaaInK  tilm  ti>  Hua  rautdljr  tat 
It  nilaa AM 

Out.  It,  HitlK  ><f  Hnfmr  hnnk*  7'aiMa, 
t)bUfjH>it<-<i  lA  Ibo  VniuA  Hiidva.  lla 
MTM  aiipiilnlcit  III  lliU  hiKli  nlKca  I17 
I'ri'aiilani  JiH'kmn  aa  tiHct'onr  lo 
litUr-jMallm  Mnnliall  In  INUA,  wbiib 
otllra  h*  ImOiI  iinlll  bla  ilralh. 
Ort.  IK.  rrirti  rvai'had  l.tt«lnKtiin,  dri*- 
InK  tt»n,  liluni,  »Ub  a  Airua  f^im 
a,bi<l)rablm 07H 


JlaUli  al  Mariai  dtt  Cyguft, 

"  l^lbt  livtwrm  I'rlin  and  I'laiuantim  ami 
Ilia  united  furrva  uf  (!<irtU,  on  tbe  lll|t 
Ulua  Itlvrr,  Ark.  I'rii'a  runted  and 
fled  auuthwar*!,  piirMU'd  liy  I'lnaaan- 
tun Bt7 

*'  Mteridan  vlalta  WaalilnKinn,  liavInK  bla 
army  under  voiunund  uf  C'rutik . . .  nVO 

BaUU  a/  Ct<Ur  Cnik. 

*  Oct.  10.    KarlT  lielnR  hcarlly  rclnfiireed, 

hearlni  of  Hliorlilan'*  ali««nci>,  niadu  a 
(lirood  and  •ti'rit  nmnli,  ami  reiwhed 
tbu  l'nlonoam|iai»t(Viliir('ri'('k  iliirInK 
the  nlabl.  At  iiri'uk  uf  diy,  under  a 
dunaa  InK,  witb  a  d>)ufvnlnt(  yull,  and 
amid  tbe  lilaau  ami  cnuU  of  lO.iKK) 
miMkeia,  be  captured  ibu  rninp*,  and 
tbe  panlc-atrii'ki<n  army  flvd  In  con- 
Awion  before  a  line  of  uutllu  I'ould  Imi 
formed.  The  army  pur<uud  to  tbo 
tbird  poaltion,  cn-cupU'd  by  den. 
Wriiflit,  wlio  Govereil  the  ri'Ireat  of 
the  fuKillvu  army,  blnini'lf  rt-trvittinK 
wbild  tbe  enemy  weru  plundorinK  tbo 

denerted  eani|H SOO 

"  Oat  IB.  Itebvl  reAitieca  fl-oni  Canada 
rob  banka  and  citiaena  at  Ht.  Albana, 
Vt. 

Shtridan's  Ride, 

*  Oct.  19.      Iteturnbiff  from  Waalilnitton, 

Oen.  Sberiiluii    iili'pt    at   Wincbratcr, 
and  waa  Iciaurt'ly  rlilinif  «.Vm\t,  thirteen 
mlloa  fK>in  the  (Vnnt,  when  be  beard 
,  tbe  munil  of   battle,    and  aiion    met 

the  llylnR  ftigitlvva  of  hia  army. 
Putting  ipura  to  bla  borae,  ba 
reached  tbe  fkttnt  by  ten  a.m..  and 
ohcering  the  dUbuartoned  aodliera 
ivith  ananrancra  of  lucceaa,  and  aa^ur- 
inf(  them  by  liU  preitenre,  the  retreat- 
ing and  crotfallun  army  turned  and 
Mrerc  aiiddi'nly  trun«l'ormnd  Into  valiant 
aoldiera,  ea^vr  for  Tictory.  At  three 
r.H.  tbo  onler  waa  giran  for  tbe  entire 
Uaion  Una  to  advaaoa.    Id  an  Initant 


ll  watad  awlAly  aad  aaiMif  an  Ika 
aaa«MT%  pHalllna,  andcr  a  traaMaibxta 
Ar*  iifarllllvrT  axd  mnakilrr  Calliaf 
liat^k,  iliay  m'f  attain  riHiavd  in  oaa 
graail  ■••■rnhnlntlnK  rlMtmn  by  lb>lr 
laHaal  mmmaiil' r  when  Iba  ralwla 
lata  way,  ami  iliu  lata  tbiiirlnaa  and 
aaaMlaf  ri<lH<l  «rmy  wara  la  lam  now 
Naalac,  a  paute  •irleban  aiab,  haflofa 
the  eharya  '>t  tlia  lirara  aad  miteni 
Hharldaa,  who  iiiirauvd  tkam  Inruagk 
Mraabarg  to  Wimbilwib,  IAmib  rnlMa 
liaynnil.  Tba  rnlim  arm*  aWpt  that 
nl||bt,  aa  ll  had  f>«»$,hi  all  day,  wlibout 
AhmI.  Tb»y  aaiitMrail  l,|i)<l  pflann«r« 
aad  tn  nana,  Iwaldaa  rataking  Iha  |4 
loat  In  Iha  moralaif.  Tbla  nutalihi  vle- 
Uiry  abwod   ika  war  la  Minnandoah 

Valhiy AM 

Oct.  lA.  Ihrlia  aualn  routati  b*  Plaaoan- 
Ion  al  Mtrtttt  •4m  l^itM  Ark.,  Ivavlng 
a  gana,  l.uoo  prlatawra,  two  liaaarak 
aad  etbvr  olHeara, MT 

t.ituttMiil  CuiMitg'i  Fti»t. 

Dal.  tr.  lUM  Mm  Alb«*arki  </«/r»ui»i 
by  a  tor|H>d>i  In  the  KtMnnk*,  whli'h 
lilnnt.  t'u4hlii|(  arrrelly  allliwl  to  bit, 
ami  nflmmiiii)  >nuik  umltr  a  A"iry  Jtri 
ha  earaiwil  to  the  tnlon  Taa«vla  In  the 
lilting Aati 

Oet  )U.  I'lymoutn  ratabvA  by  a  lliwl 
under  Com.  lleComb Mtt 

I/h/dh  Sufflia  Bumtil. 

Iliirning  of  llnlnn  lunpltea  ami  rraarla  to 
tbe  amiMnl  of  |i,A«MM)00  at  Jobnaon- 
ville,  Tenn,  ibu  aturn  hulldlnga  took 
flra  IW>m  the  union  tii»»uU,  whloti 
were  burned  to  prevent  tlii'lr  raptura 
by  Ibo  enemy AM 

Nov.  tl.  MuClaUan  raalgna  bla  cihu- 
mMon. 

Lintoliii  RttUdioH. 

Nor,  9.  Abrabnm  Lincoln  waa  elaetad 
by  an  overwhelming  miUority  to  a 
■econd  term  In  the  Prealiii'nt'a  Chair, 
with  Andrew  >lohnaon,  of  Tcnn,,  aa 
Vice  -  I'realdent,  'ho  anidli'ra  voting 
nearly  four  to  one  In  bla  favor — tbo 
Ilepubllonn  platform  lieing  '*  Tbu  Uo- 
eatnbliiibment  of  the  UnTim  without 
Slavery."  The  Democratio  iilatfiirm, 
with  MrCli'llan  for  ila  randlilate,  waa 
either  the  aennratlon  of  (he  I'niun  or 
Ita  re-eatalilialimrnt  with  alaTrry. .  AOii 

Nor.  11.  Hhcmian  aent  hIa  lait  meaaage 
br  the  teligraph  nmnet'ting  witb  the 
Niirtb,  aereriHl  tbe  laat  wire,  and 
innveil  from  Atlanta,  acattering  tha 
rebel  forcea  before  blm,  and  deNtniying 
the  ruilronda,  and  •ulml.Hing  upon  the 
Invaded  territory,  und  accumulating 
■torea  for  tbo  l\iture  aupply  of  bla 
army. 

Nor. 'iA.  A  gang  <^  T^linttndiarittfir* 
ttttrnX  hoMi  in  New  York,  and  nar- 
num'H  Muaeum,  but  fortunately  without 
aucceaa. 

Nov.  30.  BatlU  of  Vronklin,  Tm,n. 
Hood  attacka  HclioBeld,  and  after  a 
florce  and  aaviigo  light  witb  bayoueta 
and  rlubbcd  muaketa,  tbe  battle  cooHod 
at  ten  iMl.,  with  victory  on  the  aide  of 
the  UnionlatM— tbo  reliola  loving  0,000 
and  Unioa  Kim  ii.aOO 648 

Deo.  1.  Hood  preparea  for  iiega  before 
NaahvlUa. 


IM4.  Dm.  «.  Tba  Tblrtaanib  AntadaN-al 
IM  Iba  I  iiiMllluUuii  ■niaail.  alHilUK. 
Ing  aa<l  Hifavaf  |l^>»IMllag  tlavafy 
Ibnxtgkoal  Iba  t'aliad  niaiaa 
l)aa.  a.  itabNiNi  I*.  Cbaaa  an<nlata4 
«  hiaf  JiMili't  la  plata  af  llug«r  a 
Tanay.  i|>«i>aa«il. 
tW,  lu.  Havannab  iiMnplotaly  babMgwar* 
ad,  aad  Hharmaa  rommuviBataa  wliK 
Iba  *Mt.  .        IM 

"       l>a«  |il.     t'antiiranf  riirt  MaA!U«ar. 

•'  |)«<  lA  la.  Vtallla  of  Naabvllla  HiNHl'a 
army,  IWlallf  dafaalad  by  tlaa  TkiNHaa, 
Moil  In  illamay,  pMauad  liy  Hllaoa'a 
vavalry, 

••  Ikfi.  «).  KwtmttHm  <  JbtoaaaA  1« 
ittr^tn Ml 

C*fhirt  »f  Sm<*nmth. 

"  nv.  3).  Hbrrman  »at*ra  Mavannab  with 
bit  army  and  rn|iiur«a  tA.OiNi  lialea  of 
floliiin,  ISO  I'linniin,  and  taiga  quan< 
tuba  of  ammanltliin.  lla  aenda  tha 
nrwa  lo  "I'rralibnt  l.lwola  aa  • 
*  brUliiiaa  prvavnl  in  Ibe  nation.".  AM 

"  IK'O.  IN  'Jii.  lien,  Htofli'inau.  raiding  In 
hnuthwatern  VIraliila,  baa  a  aavaro 
lluhl  wlib  Hrui'lii'nridge,  dahatlng 
him, 

»  Dor.  lit.  Tha  I'reaidrni  ordera  a  draft 
of  lliNi.iiOO  mure  m«n  unleaa  pravantad 
by  viiluiiturra. 

•'  Dec.  iK  41,  llutler  ami  rortar  allack 
Tiirt  PUher.  M  C,  In  vain. 

"       War  iM'lween  k^-uador  and  >*|<«ln. 
IMA.  Jan.    Hurrrnder  of  the  llepubllran  foreaa 
In  .Muslco,  umli'r  Dlao,  to  the  ImiiarlaV 
iaU. 

"  War  ibotared  by  Iha  ArgrnlbM  lUpubU* 
agaluat  I'araguay, 

FrttdmtHi  fiurfau, 

"  Eatabllabment  of  the  Prredmrn'a  Duraaa. 
an  oruuaiiatinn  tn  pmlert  the  liberalaii 
aluvea,  the  rit'iiKei'*  friim  the  tyranny  oi 
the  aecraiiliiiilata,  and  lor  the  fbrtber 
protvetliin  uf  the  righta  of  (iKvemment 
jiro|Hirty,  and  uf  tbu  loyal  pvopie  in  Iba 
Niutb,  and  vapveially  lor  tne  edueatioo 
and  protect  lou  of  the  colored  race^ 
lien.  Oliver  O.  Howard  appointed  'M 
betil,  or  chief  roinninnder. 

■•  Jan.  H.  UUtr  ami  SinyUon  titU  iKAA- 
momt  lo  Ireat/ur  pMtt. 

"  Jan.  HI.  Murrtmltr  ■/  Fori  Fiihtr  to 
Uen.  Tarry,  after  '  :ctriiile  rraiatanea 
of  tlirea  daya,  an,,  ine  accidantal  binw- 
Ing  up  of  the  maga/ine,  killing  and 
wounding  IKH)  of  the  victora A9A 

"  Jun,  in,  Hlicmian  acta  apart  landa  for 
freedmen  firom  Charleaton  lonthward. 

Jiombardmtnt  of  WilmtHgtOH. 

*  Jan.  29,  Wilmington,  N,  C,  aurrcndered 
to  Uen,  Terry,  after  autteriiig  a  terrible 
flro  for  three  daya.  The  neit  morning 
the  magazine  blow  up,  killitig  200 
Unioniata  anil  woumllng  100  more, 

**  Jan,  111,  Conatltutional  amendment 
atioliahinK  alavery  aubmlttud  by  Con> 

na  to  the  Htatca. 
i.    Ohrrman  Uarm  Satannah  and 

lUtrtt  nortkxeard A93 

**  Feb.  »,  PretiatHVt  wii/VrciuM  wilA  f«M 
e»m»ifM<(in<r«. 

Su  ;v//./«r  tf  CMumbia. 

*'  Feb.  17  roiui.ilii '  til'  iaplUl  of  South 
Carob-'.i   Kii!U'uOi.'T«il  to  tibermao  by 


CHRONOLOOT. 


y 


u 


On.  BeauroRud.  Ocn.  Wade  Ruip- 
toD  oettlnK  flro  tn  tlia  ttoNt  of  cotton 
bcfure  lir  l«iV;  the  flamn  were  com- 
Bunicnlod  liy  •  IijkIi  wind  to  the  dty, 
Mid  •  RTuat  jMirtinn  of  the  cltr  burned, 
in  ipite  uf  the  Uhore  of  the  Unina 
■oldlert  tti  prevent  the  iipre«d  of  the 
flame* SVS 

Surrender  of  CharUiton, 

Feb.  18.  Surrender  of  Ohariettnn  bv  lit 
Mayor,  with  all  ita  Rurroundlnfi  rnrtf, 
to  Uen.  Ollmoro,  and  ita  occupation, 
flnt,  by  a  colored  reifliiient,  wearing 
tilt)  National  uniform  nn<l  bearing  the 
National  flag.  The  xreater  |)ortli>n  of 
the  city  wai  deitroyod  bjr  the  Are  fhim 
the  burning  cotton,  which  the  rebeli 
aet,  and  the  oxplusion  of  Inrgo  (|uantitiea 
of  |>owder,  killing  300  pontoni. . .  SVS 

Teb.  19.  (ien.  BcboHuld  captured  Fort 
Andenon.  Otorgetoien  haUUy  ttaeu- 
attd »»« 

March  8-0.  Ocn.  Canby  capturci  8|)aniah 
Fort  and  Furt  Blaki'ly,  the  dcfonae*  of 
Mobile. 

March  16  BattU  of  Averytbaro,  N.  C. 
Hardee  withataniis  Sherman,  but  re- 
tre.itii  in  the  night 000 

Euiuncipation  amendment  thui  far 
adopted  by  16  StatcM. 

March  10-20.  nallle  at  Jkntonrille,  N.  0. 
J)hn»ton,  with  his  wlibicarmy,  attacka 
a  cliTliiion  of  Shurman'ii  urniy,  under 
Slocum.  .lohnfiton  hastily  retreated  in 
the  night  of  the  80th 806 

March  2-i.  Oen.  Thomas  lends  a  lane 
force  of  cavalrv,  under  Uen.  Jamea  H. 
Wilaon,  to  raid  in  Northern  Alabama. 
They  attacked  Forrest  «t  Doyle's  Creek 
and  completely  routed  him SOU 

March  35.  Kebels  take  Fort  Htcadmnn, 
befi)re  Petersburg,  but  are  quickly  ox- 
pclled,  losing  3,500. 

Kennedy,  the  New  York  hotel  burner, 
hanged  at  Fort  liafuyette. 

March  87.  Sherman  turns  over  his  whole 
army  to  Schofleld  and  Imstena  to  City 
Point  to  consult  with  President  Lincoln 
Md  Qen.  Grant 500 

Davis  Flees  from  Richmond. 

April  2.  Iji«t  grand  aasault  of  the  army 
of  the  Potomac  upon  the  Confederate 
forces  under  Oen.  Leo,  during  which 
the  rebel  Oen.  Hill  was  killed.  A 
telegram  the  same  day  from  Qen.  Leo 
to  Jeff.  Davi'i  reached  him  while  in 
church,  stating  that  Richmond  miut 
he  evacuated  that  evening,  sent  con- 
sternation throughout  tlie  city,  and 
DaTis  floj  to  the  South,  closely  fol- 
lowed by  Lee. 

Fall  of  Richmond. 

April  S.  Richmond,  the  capital  of  the  Con 
federate  States,  surrendered.  Flight 
of  Jefferson  Davis,  the  Confederate 
President,  and  commandcr-in-ohief  of 
the  Southern  armies.  The  city  was 
evacuated  by  night,  and  on  the  mom 
ing  of  the  third.  Gen.  Weltzcl,  with  a 
cofored  brigade,  entered  the  city  and 
planted  the  Stars  and  Stripes  upnn 
every  prominent  point.  The  morning 
of  tiic  fourth  President  Lincoln  ar- 
rived, and  leading  his  little  son  by  the 
hand,  walked  fnim  the  boat-landing 
to  General  Wuitzel's  headquarters. 
The  colored  people   thronged   about 


18U.  him,  blaaainK  him  a*  he  paaaad,  aad 
be  was  Jnyftilly  received  by  the  re- 
maining white  people  — the  rebel  ele- 
ment leaving  with  the  Confederate 
army. 

Lee  Pursued. 

**       Sheridan  and  Meade  pursued  Lrn,  who 
was  fleeing  with  the  remnant  of  hia 
army  toward  Danville. 
'       April  .1.      Selma,   Ala.,   captured  with 
large  stores,   !t,700  pritoiieni,  and  83 

ftuns.    Forrest  and  lihoddy  escaping 
n  the  night. 

Sheridan  Captures  Lee's  Forces. 

*  April  6.  Sheridan  attacked  a  portion  of 
Lee's  forces  nenr  Sailor's  Creek,  cap- 
turing 1)1  pieces  of  artillery,  and  a 
train  of  400  wagons,  and  iMtiiig  rein- 
tbrced,  a  general  attack  was  made, 
which  resulted  in  a  decided  defeat  of 
the  enemy  and  a  capture  of  0,04)0  or 
7,000  prisoners,  with  Gens.  Kwell  anil 
CiistU,  and  several  other  officers  of 
rank. 

*  April  7.    Gkaxt  dkii.^xdbd  a  scBncii- 

DBR  or  THB   SOITTHBRN    ARMT. 

'  April  8.  Meade  and  Siieridan  continue 
tlie  nursuit  of  Loo,  and  cnpture  his 
provision  train  and  25  pieces  of  artil- 
lery, ii:tcrcoptiug  his  flight 

President's  Address. 

'  April  9.  Address  at  the  Executive  Man- 
sion, in  Washington,  of  President  Lin- 
coln, to  a  vast  concourse  of  people,  on 
the  reconstruction  of  the  Government. 

Surrender  of  Lee. 

*  April  0.  Last  charge  of  the  defeated 
enemy,  and  surrender  of  the  Southern 
army  imdcr  Gen.  Robert  E.  Lee  to 
Lieut.-Qen.  U.  S.  Grant  at  Appomattox. 

*  April  11.  Blockade  changed  by  procla- 
mation to  legal  rlosuro  of  ports. 

"  April  12.  Canby's  triraps  enter  Mobile, 
the  siege  having  lasted  since  March 
11. 

"  April  12.  Montgomery  lurrcmUeed  to 
Wilton. 

"  April  1-1.  President  Lincoln  Instructed 
the  Secretary  of  'iVur  to  issue  an  order, 
putting  a  stop  to  further  drafting,  re- 
ceiving of  or  purchase  of  war  ma- 
terial; and  announced  the  speedy  re- 
moval of  restrictions  upon  trade  and 
commerce. 

"  April  14.  The  anniversary  of  the  sur- 
render of  Fori  Sumter  to  the  rebels ; 
its  old  flog  was  again  raised  over  the 
battered  walls  by  the  bravo  and  gal- 
lant Anderson,  who  had  so  valiantly 
defended  it  in  1801. 

Assassination  of  Abraham  Lincoln. 

"  April  14.  By  the  hand  of  the  assassin, 
John  Wilkes  Booth,  PreKidcnt  Lincoln 
was  shot,  while  witnessing  a  play  from 
a  private  box  in  Ford's  Theater,  Wasli- 
ington,  D.  C.  The  bold  perpetrator  of 
the  deed  rushed  madly  to  the  front  of 
the  box,  and,  with  a  drawn  dagger, 
leaped  upon  the  stage  below,  and 
escaped,  amid  tlio  terrible  coufusion 
which  ensued.  The  unconscious  and 
bleeding  form  of  the  President^  wos 
borne  across  the  street  to  a  private 
house,  where  he  expired  at  half-past 
seven  the  next  morning,  surrounded  by 


IMA.  his  Cabinet  an  d  the  leadiBH  men  of  thn 
OoTemment,  with  his  (kmlly,  and  at- 
tended by  the  ablest  medical  skill  ol 
the  city.  But  nothing  ooulil  awake  to 
life  or  ronscioimness  the  giant  bruin 
whose  motion  and  thought  was  forever 
stilletl  bv  that  fatal  mnaaengerol  deiilli. 
As  Iho  lightning  sped  the  news  of  this 
terrible  tragedy  over  the  myrinds  of 
wires,  fVom  one  end  of  this  vast  re- 
public to  the  other,  there  went  up  one 
universal  and  prolonged  wall  of  grief 
and  anguish  fVom  the  hearts  iif  Its  loyal 
millions,  who  loTcd  and  revered  the 
nsmo  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  as  dntlfUi 
children  revere  the  name  of  a  beloved 
and  luinorcd  parent.  Never  Iwfore  was 
this  great  nation  <>>  $hotM,  so  com- 
pletely overwhelmed  with  grief,  at  the 
death  of  any  man— ruler  or  civilian — 
aa  that  caused  by  the  fall  of  their 
chieftain.  Strung  men  wept  who  were 
nnacqiiainted  with  tears,  and  a  uni- 
Teraal  pall  hung  over  the  hearts  of  the 
wliole  fieoplo  like  the  cloudy  curtain 
which  darlconed  the  noonday  sun  at 
the  Cruclflxion  of  the  Saviour ;  fir,  to 
millions  of  aching  hearts  he  had  been 
a  deliverer  from  a  cruel  bondage  as 
well  as  the  saviour  of  tlio  country  itom 
the  hands  of  its  destroyers.  There  was 
not  a  huinlet  so  humble  or  remote  that 
did  not.  ro'|)ond  to  the  sorrowful  tidings 
with  tliu  omblunis  of  mourning,  and 
cities  and  towns  seemed  almost  to  vio 
with  encli  other  in  their  solemn  and 
funereal  pomp.  The  orators  and  poet* 
gave  vent  to  the  universal  spirit  of 
sadness  in  lengthened  lines  of  eloquent 
eulogy  and  measured  metre  of  mourn- 
All  song,  and  all  hearts  took  up  the 
reflrain, 

"Oono,  in  his  iiolile  manhood,  down, 
We  blindly  question,  why  ? 
Wlion  bells,  and  Kuns,  and  muffled  drums 
Alone  make  sad  leply." 

It  was  truly  said  that  his  funeral 
procession  extended  fifteen  hundred 
miles — from  Washington  to  Spring- 
field, III.  For  miles  in  some  places, 
the  saddened  citizens  grouped  alorg 
the  railway,  with  hends  uncovered  and 
eyes  overflowing  with  tears,  as  the 
solemn  funeral  train  swept  past.  He 
was  finally  interred  in  a  beautiful  and 
appropriate  tomb  in  Springflcid,  where 
his  honored  dust  is  revered  as  some- 
thing sublimely  sacred. 

Abraham  Lincoln. 

Abraham  Lincoln  was  bom  in  the  Stato 
of  Kentucky.  His  father,  Thomas 
Lincoln,  wus  a  poor,  laboring  man,  who 
could  neither  read  nor  write,  but  who 
possessed  a  warm  and  generous  nature. 
Ills  motlier  had  gifts  of  mind  and 
person  wliioli  found  iittio  scope  for  ex- 
ercise or  display  in  the  rode  pioneer 
lifo  to  which  she  was  subjected.  But 
tho  hidden  beauty  and  grace  of  her 
character  was  nobly  and  truthfully  ro- 
vonled  in  the  life  of  licr  son.  In  speak- 
ing of  her,  long  years  after  her  death — 
for  Mr.  Lincoln  lost  his  mothei  >«hen 
but  ten  years  of  age — the  grateful  son 
exclaimed :  "  All  that  I  am,  or  hope  to 
be,  I  owe  to  my  ungel-mothcr ;  bless- 
ings on  her  memory."  So  extreme  was 
the  poverty  of  his  parents,  that  after 
more  than  ten  years  ol  struggle  with 
hardship  and  privation,  lis  father  sold 


y 


OHBONOLOOT. 


m 


•dlBirmenaftlw 
I  fkinlly,  and  at- 

medlcul  iiktil  c>l 
%  couUI  uwakv  to 

the  %\vtiK  liriiln 
>UKht  WM  fornvrr 
iiMeii||cro)dviitli. 
I  the  now*  of  tin* 
'  (he  myrlndn  of 

uf  thin  TIMt  ru< 
here  wmt  up  onu 
lied  wail  of  urii'f 

hearta  of  It*  loyiil 

and  revered  tlio 
ilncoln.  a*  dutiful 
tme  of  a  beloved 

Never  iKiforo  waa 

thoeketl,  no  coni- 

wlth  H'l^^'  *' '''° 
uler  or  civilian — 
the  fall  of  tlioir 
en  wept  who  vrero 
tvan,  and  a  unU 
'  the  heart!  of  tho 
ho  cloudy  curtain 
I  noonday  lun  at 
le  Sttvloiir  ;  fi>r,  to 
curt!  lie  had  been 
rriifl  Imnduge  aa 
r  tho  country  ftom 
roycrs.  There  waa 
iblo  or  remote  that 
e  Rorrowhil  tiding* 
[)f  mourning,  and 
^incd  nliiioHt  to  vio 
their  solemn  and 
D  orator*  and  poeta 
inlviraul  spirit  of 
)d  lines  of  eloquent 
111  metre  of  moum- 
carta  took  up  the 

lanlinod,  down, 
^n,  why  ? 

Slid  muffled  drama 
ily." 

that  Ilia  funeral 

flflocn    hundred 

gton  to    Spring- 

,  In  Bomo  places, 

!ns  grouped  alorg 

(Is  uncovered  and 

rlth  tears,  aa   tho 

awopt  past.     He 

in  a  beautiful  and 

Springfield,  where 

revered  aa  some- 

'ed. 

Lituoln. 

bom  in  tho  State 
,    father,    Thomas 
laboring  roan,  who 
lor  write,  but  who 
id  generous  nature, 
lifts  of  mind   and 
littlo  scope  for  ex- 
j  tho  rudo  pioneer 
aa  Bubjected,    But 
and  grace  of  her 
and  truthfully  ro- 
ller aon.   Inspeak- 
I  after  her  death— 
,  bis  mothel  xhen 
J — the  grateful  son 
at  I  am,  or  hope  to 
igcl-motlicr ;  bloss- 
,"    80  extreme  WM 
parents,  that  after 
of  struggle  with 
ion,  tig  father  sold 


IMS.  bit  little  fkmi  and  removod  to  the 
wlldemrKis  of  Indiana,  and  all  the 
•fltota  of  the  Ikmily,  with  themsalvea, 
were  carried,  a  seven  days'  Journey,  on 
tho  liaek*  of  three  lK>r«M|  Here  the 
aturdy  pioneer  Iwgan  life  anew,  in  the 
forest.  Their  homo  was  as  rheelrlesa 
and  comfortless  as  it  Is  |>o*sible  for  tho 
rfader.  In  this  land  nf  plenty,  to  con- 
ceive. Anil  hero  grow  up,  amid  noverty 
•nd  privation  in  every  form,  tlie  boy 
who  nraa  destineil,  not  only  to  flit  the 
highest  plaoe  of  honor  in  a  great  and 
enligliteued  nation,  and  who  ahould  be 
revered  and  almost  idoliied  by  the 
people,  but  who  ahould  be  regarded,  by 
the  groftt  nations  of  the  Old  World,  aa 
was  exprossed  by  a  Ijondon  Journal, 
after  hia  aaaassination,  "  aa  the  htU,  if 
not  the  ablest,  man  then  ruling  over 
any  country  in  the  civilizud  world." 
Step  by  step,  through  adversity  and 
trials,  through  poverty  and  tho  most 
menial  and  laborious  toil,  this  coura- 
geous and  noble  boy  climbed  tlie  ladder 
which  leads  to  the  boighta  of  worldly 
honor  and  fame. 

But  upon  the  threshold  of  life,  when 
laying  the  foundation  of  his    Aiture 

S'eatnest,  "the  boy  gnvo  promise  of 
e  man"  in  the  clear  integrity  of 
character,  tho  devotion  and  lioncsty 
of  purpose  and  prinuiple,  tho  modesty 
of  manner,  and  the  ros|)oct  and  ven- 
eration of  superior  worth  ami  ngc— all 
together,  forming  tho  baiiiH  of  a  cliar- 
Mtor  so  noble  and  ao  pure  aud  upright 
that  no  temptation  could  swerve  and 
no  power  could  corrupt.  There  ia  a 
peculiar  charm  and  salisiiiction  blended 
in  the  history  of  nearly  overy  great 
and  good  man  which  this  country  haa 
produced.  One  by  one  they  have 
risen  from  the  humble  walks  of  life 
and  fVom  the  lowly  vale  of  poverty  and 
tho  field  of  manual  labor,  to  occupy 
poaitiond  of  honor  and  trust,  as  tlio 
choice  of  a  fret  people,  which  the 
pampered,  and  often  despised,  heredi- 
tary ruler  of  a  realm  might  well  envy. 
One  ini^idcnt  in  the  clmracter  of  tho 
boy  will  illustrate  tho  principle  of  the 
man.  Ho  was  employed  to  attend  a 
alore  and  mill,  by  some  parties  for 
whom  ho  hud  fuithfhlly  disclmrged  tho 
duties  and  trust  of  an  arduous  under- 
taking, and  while  waiting  upon  custom- 
ers in  tho  store,  he  took  six  and  a 
quarter  cents  ton  mucli  in  settling  a 
uill  of  goods  with  a  woman.  Ho  did 
not  discover  his  mistake  until  late  at 
night,  when  reckoning  up  his  accounts 
for  the  day,  but  before  he  slept  he 
walked  two  and  a  half  miles  and 
carried  the  money  to  her.  Again,  in 
■^oigiiing  out  sumo  tea  for  a  woman,  he 
founu,  ov  an  occidental  defect  in  tho 
scales,  that  he  lind  given  her  scant 
weight  by  four  ounces,  lie  carried  her 
the  tea  as  soon  as  he  discovered  his 
mistake,  and  before  ho  ato  Ills  break- 
fast in  the  morning.  At  the  present 
day,  and  under  the  prevailing  n>oral 
code  among  tradesmen,  such  scrupulous 
adherence  ti>  the  principles  of  lionesty 
would  meet  with  ridicule,  and  would 
often  cost  a  young  man  his  situatioh. 

In  1833,  when  tho  Bliick  IJawk  in- 
vasion called  for  volunteers,  Abraham 
was  one  of  tlic  first  to  respond.  When 
the  Captain  of  their  company  waa  to 
be  chosea  there  were  but  two  oan- 


18M.  didatoa:  one,  •  Mr.  Kirkpatrlok,  • 
man  of  extensive  iaflueaoe,  and  fhr 
Whom  Abraham  had  once  worked,  bat 
who  waa  so  overbearing  and  tymnnical 
that  ho  left  his  employ,  and  the  other 
waa  Abraham  Lincoln,  The  mode  of 
olvoiliiu  was  na  novel  as  It  waa  simple. 
The  candidates  were  plared  apart,  and 
each  one  waa  nl  liberty  to  take  hi* 
plaee  by  the  candidate  of  hi*  choice. 
Nearly  the  whol*  company  were  toon 

Slathered  around  Lincoln.  ThI*  he 
elt  to  be  the  proadost  day  of  hi*  life. 
They  marched  to  the  leeae  of  action. 
Zachary  Taylor  waa  the  ('olonel  of  the 
regiment  in  which  Lincoln  was  Captain. 
Black  Hawk  wa*  taken  prisoner  and 
hi*  band  routed.  Upon  his  return 
homo,  be  managed  to  borrow  a  few 
books,  and  began  to  prepare  himself 
for  the  study  of  the  law.  His  student- 
life  would  appall  the  heart  of  any  mo<l- 
em  law  student.  His  study  was  usu- 
ally the  shade  of  an  oak  tree,  or  the 
one  room  of  a  log-cabin,  by  tho  light 
of  the  log-flre  or  a  dim  tallow  candle. 
In  1834  Mr.  Lincoln  wa*  uli>cted  to  the 
Legislature  of  Illinois.  When  it  a*- 
aemblud,  ho  trudged  on  foot  a  di*- 
tanco  of  one  hundred  miles  to  the 
capital,  with  his  "bsggage"  tied  in  a 
bundle,  which  ho  carried  upon  his  back. 
At  tho  close  of  the  session  ho  walked 
back,  and  continued  his  studies,  sup- 
|)orting  himself  bv  *urvoying,  a  knowl- 
edge of  which  he  had  acquired  by 
private  study.  In  1830  he  waa  re-elect- 
ed to  tho  State  Leglalature.  He  was 
now  37  yoara  of  ago,  and  a  prominent 
man  in  tho  State.  He  waa  already  a 
fluent  and  eloquent  apeaker.  It  was 
in  this  Legislature  that  Mr.  Lincoln 
first  met  Stephen  A.  Douglaa,  and  here 
he  made  his  first  protest  against  the 
*lavo  power. 

At  tho  close  of 'the  session  he  en- 
tered the  law-oflico  of  Mi^or  Stuart,  of 
Springfield,  as  his  partnor.  The  capital 
was  removed  to  Springfield,  and  Mr. 
Lincoln,  by  successive  elections,  was 
continued  in  the  Legislature,  and  waa 
recognized  as  the  leading  Whig  mem- 
ber. His  success  at  the  bar  waa  rapid 
and  brilliant.  He  soon  gained  tho 
confidence  of  the  public,  as  ho  never 
would  advocate  a  cause  which  ho  did 
not  believe  to  bo  Just,  and  no  cause 
was  too  unpopular  for  him  to  advo- 
cate where  he  thought  his  client  was 
in  tho  right.  He  never  ref\iBcd  to  ad- 
vocate tho  cause  uf  a  fugitive  slave, 
or  to  defend  a  man  who  was  charged 
with  the  crime  of  helping  a  fugitive 
on  Ills  way  to  Canada.  In  1847  Mr. 
Lincoln  took  his  seat  in  the  national 
Congress,  having  been  elected  by  a 
very  (treat  minority.  Here  he  advo- 
cated the  reform  measures,  and  stnmu- 
ously  opposed  tho  Mexican  war.  At 
the  end  of  his  term  he  resumed  tlio 
practice  of  law.  Upon  the  abrogation 
of  the  Missouri  Compromise,  which 
threw  open  the  great  and  free  terri- 
tories of  the  Northwest  to  the  inva- 
sion of  slavery,  tho  indignation  of 
Mr,  Lincoln  was  tlioroughly  aroused, 
and  he  bcciinic  convinced  that  there 
would  be  no  cessation  of  tlie  conflict 
until  either  slavery  or  freedom  should 
gain  the  victory. 

Mr.  Douglas,  with  whom  he  had 
been   intimately  associated,  waa  re- 


1860.  sponalblo  fbr  the  bill  wbleh  rmsM 
the  OnmpmmUe,  and  whien  the 
North  regarded  a*  hi*  bid  for  Routh- 
em  vote*  to  teoura  the  Presidency. 
Ho  waa  a  man  of  giant  Intellect  and 
great  popularity,  and  In  public  apeoelw 
e*  he  waa  defending  the  *'  Kanaas-No* 
braska  "  hill.  There  waa  alroailv  great 
excitement  aroused  conoeming  it,  and 
the  whole  North  wore  stirred  to  a  feel- 
ing of  intcnae  opposition  to  the  arbi- 
trary oncroaehmrnt  of  tho  alave  power, 
Mr.  Lincoln  having  allied  hlmaelf 
with  the  Mepublican  party,  waa  prk- 
pared  to  defend  ita  Issue*,  and  there* 
fore  he  challenged  Mr.  Uoiigla*  to 
canvass  the  State  of  Illinola  with  bim, 
both  to  speak  upon  their  respectiva 
party  issues  before  the  same  aodionce. 
Mr.  Douglaa  accepted  the  challenge, 
and  arrangomenta  were  mad*e  to  (peak 
in  *oven  leading  town*.  The*e  meet- 
ingi  were  attended  by  a  va«t  eoncoun* 
of  people,  and  created  the  most  in 
tense  excitement  throughout  the  West. 
The  epeeche*  wore  published  in  a 
pamphlet,  and  uied  aa  a  campaign 
document.  The  univenal  verdict  waa 
that  Mr.  Lincoln  was  the  victor. 
There  is  no  doubt  but  the  popularity 
ho  acquired  in  this  campaign  aeoarM 
his  nomination  fur  the  Presidency 
During  a  speech  lie  was  at  one  time 
making  upon  tho  issue*  of  tho  hour, 
he  was  interrupted  by  a  voice  fh>m 
tho  crowd:  "Mr.  Lincoln,  i*  it  true 
that  you  entered  this  State  barefoot, 
driving  a  yoke  of  oxen  t "  For  a  mo- 
ment  Mr.  Lincoln  paused,  during 
which  there  was  breathless  silence, 
then  deliberately  he  answered:  "I 
think  that  I  can  prove  the  fact  by  at 
least  a  dozen  men  in  this  crowd,  any 
one  of  whom  is  more  respeotnhle  th<)» 
the  questioner."  Resuming  the  eio* 
quent  strain,  as  if  he  had  not  been  in- 
terrupted, he  said:  "Yes,  we  will 
speak  for  freedom  and  against  slavery 
aa  long  as  tho  Constitution  of  our 
country  guaranteee  free  speech ;  until 
everywhere  on  this  wide  land  the  sun 
ahall  shine,  and  tho  ruin  shall  fall,  and 
tho  wind  shall  blow  upon  no  man  who 
goes  forth  to  unrequited  toil,"        , 

To  illustrate  tho  peculiar  and  happy 
vein  of  humor  that  was  a  chief  attrac- 
tion of  his  nature,  the  following  wit- 
ticism is  apropos:  When  asked  by  a 
friend  liow  he  felt  after  his  defeat  in 
the  Senatorial  election,  ho  replied,  "  I 
felt  like  the  boy  who  had  stnbbed  hia 
toe— too  badly  to  hiugh,  and  too  big 
to  cry." 

On  the  lOtb  of  June,  1860,  the  Re- 
publicans met  In  Convention  at  Chi- 
cago. There  were  at  least  SS,000 
delegates  and  atrangers  in  the  city, 
who  wore  drawn  by  the  Convention. 
The  citizens  of  Chicago  erected  an  Im- 
mense building,  which  they  called  tho 
"Wigwam,"  for  the  accommodation 
of  the  meeting.  There  were  eleven 
candidates  for  whom  votes  were  caat. 
It  was  generally  expected  that  Wm. 
H.  Seward  would  be  the  nominee. 
He  was  a  statesman  of  great  promi- 
nence and  popularity.  On  the  first 
ballot,  Mr.  Seward  received  173^  voles 
ond  Abraham  Lincoln  172.  Tho  bal- 
loting was  now  confined  to  these  two 
candidates.  At  tho  third  ballot,  Lin- 
coin  was  elected,  by  the  transfer  of  the 


CHBQNOLOOT. 


§an  Ohio  vot«  is  Mb.  Sueh  • 
woDa  M  foUownd  bafla*  daaoripUon. 
Pm  U  inaJaqiMU)  to  purtrajr  tb«  wild, 
tnmalluoui  Cunt  of  unthiuiitNin  that 
•book  tba  buildlnK,  mi<I  which  wu 
KpMt«d  In  a  porfuct  htmpMt  of  huuM 
by  tb«  imuienie  IhroDS  outiido  the 
builiUng  who  •WHito<r  tho  reaulta, 
wbiob  were  tlgnaled  by  a  niun  fVom 
tha  roof  of  the  "  WiKwain. "  "  Fire 
the  Htluta  I  Abo  Lincoln  in  nominated  1  ** 
the  Mcretarr  tboulod ;  and  the  tomult- 
uooi  cbaerinB  iniide,  blending  with 
loara  of  applauM  on  the  outiiue,  waa 
•o  deafening  that  tho  tbundon  of  tho 
cannon  wero  unheard  bv  mnny  upon 
the  platfona.  When  tho  committee 
who  wore  tu  await  upon  Mr.  Uncoln 
with  the  formal  announcement  arrived 
in  gpringflold,  bia  (Honda  ai-nt  in 
tuvtiral  bampon  of  wiiio  for  their  en- 
tertainment, but  true  to  III*  prlnclplca 
of  "abstinence,''  ho  returned  tlicm  with 
words  of  kindness  an<l  gratitude. 
The  committee  met  in  Mr,  Lincoln's 
parlor.  At  tlio  close  of  the  ccroinony 
ue  said :  "  As  a  suitable  conclusion  of 
an  interview  so  important,  courtesy 
requiree  that  I  should  treat  the  com- 
mittee with  something  to  drink." 
Stepping  tu  the  door  he  called, "  Mitrv  I 
Mary  I "  A  young  girl  appeared ;  he 
•poke  to  her  in  a  u>w  tone,  and  closed 
tuo  duor.  Picsentiy  the  K'ri  entered, 
bearing  a  large  waiter  with  a  pitcher 
and  several  tumblers,  which  she  placed 
upon  a  table  in  the  center  of  the  room. 
Ur,  Lincoln  arose  and  said :  "  Gentle- 
men,  we  must  pledge  our  mutual 
bealthi  in  tlie  most  healthy  boverago 
which  God  has  given  to  man.  It  is 
the  only  beverage  I  have  ever  used  or 
•llowvu  in  my  lamily,  and  I  can  not 
ounacientiouil^  depart  from  it  on  Ibis 
occasion.  It  is  pure  Adam's  ale  from 
the  spring."  'Taking  a  tumbler,  he 
touched  it  to  his  lips,  and  his  guests 
followed  his  example.  When  it  was 
known  that  Abe  Lincoln,  tho  "rail- 
aplittor"  and  the  "abolitionist,"  was 
elected,  the  rage  of  tlie  South  knew 
no  b«rands.  No  hwguage  was  bitter  or 
strong  enough  to  fornkb  tliem  with 
inrectives.  No  name  waa  vilo  enough 
for  them  to  apply  to  the  bated 
u  Yankee"  who  would  sit  in  the 
Preaidential  Chair  the  following  4th 
of  March.  Four  days  after  his  election, 
a  bill  was  introduced  into  the  Legis- 
lature of  South  Carolina  calling  for 
10,000  volunteers;  her  two  United 
States  Senators  resigned  their  scats, 
and  a  Secession  Convention  waa  called. 
From  this  time  on  the  South  insanely 
swelled  the  tide  of  treason,  and  State 
after  Slate  fell  into  line,  and  defied  tho 
United  States  Government,  insulted 
her  flng,  captured  her  forts  and  arse- 
nals, and  flauntnd  their  declarations  cf 
war  and  their  menaces  upon  every 
breeze.  Upon  the  approach  of  the 
Pnssident   elect   to  Washington,  the 

Sirit  of  secession  waa  so  rampant  that 
r.  Lincoln  yielded  to  the  entreaties 
of  his  friends  and  secretly  took  a 
night  train  at  Baltimore,  thus  evading 
the  assassinators  who  boldly  threat- 
ened bis  lifei  His  Inauguration  waa 
•ttende<l  by  a  Urge  military  force, 
under  General  Scott.  Openly  evcry- 
tbing  passed  off  quietly,  l)ut  secretly 
the    "demon    of    destruction"    was 


ISM.  plotting  Tsogaaaoe  and  death  to  the 
nation  and  her  nobia  defenders.  On 
the  liith  of  April  the  long-smoulder- 
ing volcano  burst  in  ita  fiiry  upon 
Sumter.  Like  a  shock  from  an  electric 
>  Itattcry,  the   news  at  Hrst  paralysed 

the  whole  North,  but  in  a  sudden  re- 
action, every  loyal  man  sprang  to  his 
feet  eager  to  f^ivu  his  life  fur  his  coun- 
try. Never  Since  the  liritisli  llrod  the 
first  shot  at  Lexington  wero  the  loyal 
hearts  of  America  so  wrought  up,  and 
M  unanimous  in  their  determination 
to  defend  their  national  life  and  honor ; 
and  nobly  thcv  fuldlled  their  pliMlges, 
The  history  of  that  fearful  honilcldnl 
struggle  is  written  in  the  blood  of  six 
hundred  thousand  victims  to  tho 
"  God  of  War."  The  national  Govern- 
ment enlisteil  2,680,038  soldiers,  and 
the  oggrcgato  cotit  of  tho  war  to  the 
Governmcpt  exceeded  |4,00U,00O,0OO, 
aside  from  tho  desolation  and  ruin 
which  was  wide-spread  over  the  flchl 
of  action.  The  North  urged  tho  issue 
of  a  prcolamation  of  emuncipatinn. 
Mr,  Lincoln  replind  :  "  I  do  not  wish 
to  issue  a  document  that  the  whole 
world  will  SCO  niUHt  bo  inoperullvo  like 
the  '  Pope's  bull  against  the  comet.'  " 

At  length,  on  Sept.  'iVth,  Mr.  Lincoln 
submitted  the  renowned  Proclamation 
of  Kmoncipatinn  to  his  Cabinet,  and 
tlie  23d  it  whs  published  to  the  world. 
It  took  effect  the  first  day  of  ilanuury, 
lSO;i,  Great  excitement  followed  its 
final  annoimcement,  and  the  loyal 
people  of  the  North  were  little  less  re- 
joiced than  were  the  three  millions  of 
slaves  whom  it  liberated  forever  from 
a  cruel  Imndage.  On  the  4th  of  March, 
180.5,  Abraham  Lincoln  was  inaugu- 
rated the  second  time  as  President  of  the 
United  StutoD,  nnd  Just  one  montli  tVom 
that  timo  t'lu;  cnpitid  of  the  Soulliem 
ConfederAcy  fell,  und  its  forlorn  Prciii- 
dentfled  in  disnuty,  seeking  refuge  and 
finding  none.  Their  cause  was  lost, 
their  homes  desolated  and  ruined,  and 
themselves  disfranchised.  But  with  a 
desperation  btirn  of  modncHS,  the  spirit 
of  seccDsion  attempted  one  lost  despair- 
ing blow  at  the  lileof  the  (iovernment. 
A  secret  and  diabolical  plot  was  laid, 
which  involved  the  assassination  of 
every  member  of  the  Cabinet,  but 
which,  from  some  unknown  reason, 
failed  of  accomplishment,  beyond  the 
murder  of  the  President  and  the  at- 
tempted assassination  of  Secretary  Sew- 
ard. 

No  more  fitting  or  more  beautiful 
tribute  could  be  paid  the  character  of 
this  truly  great  and  good  mun,  than  to 
c]UOte  the  closing  paragraph  of  bis  last 
inaugural  address,  delivered  in  the 
hour  of  his  country's  triumph,  and 
from  tho  supreme  height  of  fame  to 
which  he  bad  steadily  and  surely  ad- 
vanced in  the  mighty  march  of  human 
events.  Tho  loving  and  forgiving 
nature,  the  sweet  hiimilitv,  and  the 
beautiful  trust  and  submission  por- 
trayed in  these  words,  are  more  tho 
laogusge  of  the  meek  and  lowly  follower 
of  Jesus,  thun  that  of  a  great  and  world- 
renowned  ruler  of  a  mighty  nation : 

"'Woe  unto  the  world  because  of 
offenses,  for  it  must  needs  be  that 
offenses  come ;  but  woe  to  that  man  by 
whom  tho  offense  cometb.'  If  we  shall 
suppose  that  American  slavery  is  ono 


IMS.  of  th«M  offenac^,  which,  in  the  ptovt* 
dence  of  God,  must  neede  come,  hut 
which,  having  amtinued  through  Uia 
apiiointod  time,  Ue  now  wills  to  re. 
move,  and  that  lie  gives  to  both  North 
and  South  this  terrible  war,  as  the  woa 
duo  to  those  by  whom  tho  offense  came ,' 
shall  we  discern  therein  any  deuartiira 
fVom  those  Divine  attrihutea  which  th« 
believers  in  a  living  God  always  asoriba 
to  Him  ?  Fondly  do  we  hope,  ferventhr 
do  we  pray,  that  this  mighty  scourge 
of  war  may  soon  paaa  away.  Yet,  if 
God  will  that  It  continue  until  all  the 
wealth  piled  up  by  the  bondman's  two 
hundred  and  fifty  yean  of  unrequited 
toil  shall  lie  sunk,  and  until  every  drop 
of  blood  drawn  with  the  lash  shall  be 
|Mi<l  with  another  drawn  with  the 
sword,  as  was  said  three  thousand 
years  ago,  so  still  it  roust  be  said :  '  The 
Judgments  of  the  Lord  are  true  and 
righteous  altogether.'  With  malice 
toward  none,  with  charity  for  all,  with 
firmness  in  the  right— as  God  gives  us 
to  see  the  right— lot  uh  strive  to  finish 
tlin  work  wo  are  in,  to  bind  up  the 
nation's  wounds,  to  rare  for  him  who 
shall  have  borne  the  battle,  and  for  hia 
widow  ani  his  oruhani,  to  do  all  which 
roiiy  achieve  and  cherish  a  Just  and 
lasting  peace  among  ourselves  and  with 
ail  nations." 

Assault  upon  Secretary  Seivard. 

'  April  14.  Attempted  assassination  of 
ScMctary  Seward  by  Payne,  Booth'a 
coni'ederate.  Ue  entered  the  sick 
chamber  of  Mr.  Seward  under  pre- 
tense of  bringing  a  prescription  fVom 
biM  physician— assaulted  and  wounded 
Mr,  Seward's  son  at  tho  door,  fell  .pon 
Mr.  Seward  upon  his  bed  and  stabbed 
him  several  time*  before  he  wu 
arroxtcd.  Great  consternation  ensued 
when  it  waa  learned  that  it  was  a  result 
of  a  groat  conspiraey,  among  the  rebels, 
to  assassinate  the  I>residont  nnd  hia 
Cabinet  and  take  violent  posseasioo  ol 
tho  Government. 

Valentine  Mott. 

April.  Death  in  New  Toric  of  Valentina 
Mott,  M.D.,  at  the  age  of  eighty 
years,  caused  by  the  shock  of  the 
news  of  tho  death  of  President  Lin- 
coln, which  bo  received  in  perfect 
health,  ond  which  completely  pros- 
trated him.  He  lived  but  ten  days 
after  receiving  the  sad  news,  and 
gradually  sank  away  liko  ono  whoso 
vitalitv  had  been  wasted  by  a  long  and 
fatal  disease,  Uo  was  tho  most  emi- 
nent surgeon  America  ever  produced, 
and  a  man  of  rare  ability  and  large 
sympathies,  which  the  long  practice 
of  surgery  had  not  blunted,  and  with 
which  the  manner  of  his  death  proved 
him  to  bo  eminently  endowed. 

"  April  15.  Inauguration  of  Andrew 
Johnson  an  President  of  the  United 
States. 

"       April  10.     Columhtt  taken  hy  TFlut^n. 

"  April  16.  Wett  Point,  with  itt  garritcn, 
captured  by  La  Qravge BOO 

Sherman's  Peace. 

"  April  18.  Agreement  between  Sherman 
and  Johnston  for  suspeniiion  of  hostili- 
ties with  n  basis  for  peace,  which  waa 
r^ectcd  by  the  President. 


b.  In  th«  vmi- 
Bwl*  cnme,  but 
Ml  through  Ilkt 
Dw  will*  t<i  ro« 
m  to  both  North 
war,  M  the  wu« 
lie  ofTvnM)  cninu ; 
I  any  deuartur* 
huttia  whlrh  th« 
i\  alway*  ■•crib* 
t  hopoi  ferveothr 
mlanty  Hcourgw 
I  away.    Vet.lf 
DUO  until  all  the 
I  bondinan'i  two 
•  «>f  unrequited 
until  every  drop 
he  loah  shall  be 
rawn  with    the 
three    thouiand 
It  bo  said:  'The 
rd  are  true  and 
With  malice 
irlty  for  nil,  with 
08  Uod  kItcs  u« 
H  itrive  to  flniih 
to  bind  up  the 
ire  for  him  who 
attic,  end  for  hia 
I,  to  do  all  which 
Briih  B  joit  and 
uraelves  and  with 

!/ary  Seivard, 
aaMisiinatlon  of 
1  i'ayne.  Booth'* 
ntercd  the  bick 
vord  under  pr» 
prescription  fVom 
ted  and  wounded 
ho  dooT,  fell  .poB 
bed  and  stabbed 
before  he  wm 
it«rnation  entuod 
hat  it  was  a  resnU 
among  the  rebel*, 
teaident  imd  hie 
lent  poaseasion  of 

Molt. 

ToricofValentina 
I   age   of  eighty 
le  shock  of  the 
>f  President  I.ln- 
eived  in    perfect 
completely  pros- 
ed but  ten  days 
sad    news,   and 
like  one  whoso 
ted  by  a  long  and 
as  the  roost  emi- 
a  ever  produced, 
ability  ond  large 
;he  long  practice 
)luntcd,  and  with 
his  death  proved 
endowed, 
tion    of   Andrew 
it  of  the  United 

with  it>  garrttcn. 
^ge BOO 

Peace. 

between  f^hermui 
pension  of  hostili- 
peace,  which  wai 
lent. 


OHRONOLOOT. 


Surrtndtr  »/  Macon. 

ISM.  April  9t.  WIlHnn  entered  Macon,  and 
1,300  militia,  with  five  Qcnorals,  were 
■urrendered  by  Oen.  Uowcll  Cobb.  007 

Capluri  of  Booth. 

<*  April  its.  Booth  diicovered  in  a  ban  lu 
Virginia,  and,  rel\islng  to  iurrenc  t, 
was  ihot 5U. 

Johnstoits  Surrender. 

*  April  30.    Surrender  to  Oen.  flherman 

and  diabandment  of  Johnston's  amy 
upon  the  same  terms  of  Lee's  sur- 
render. 

Lois  of  the  "  Sultana." 

*  April  29.    Steamer  Sultana  burned  near 

Memphis.     I,fi00   souls    lost   out   of 
3,10«. 
**      May  1.     An  alliance   formed   between 
Argentine    Republic,    Uruguay,   and 
Braiil  to  conquer  Paraguay. 

*  May  4.    Surrender  qf  Oen.  DUik  Taylor 

to  Oen,  Canby. 
"      May  0.  Auauin*  of  Ur.  Lincoln  put  upon 
trial  at  WaMngton. 

Capture  of  Jeff.  Davis. 

*  Mar  11.    Capture  of  the  rebel  President, 

Jefferson  Davis,  near  IrwinsTille,  Cin., 
br  a  /orco  of  Wilson's  company  at 
llacon,  commanded  by  Lleut.-Cols. 
Pritchard  and  Harden.  Be  was  dis- 
guised as  a  woman. 

Grand  Review  of  the  Army. 

••  May  38-24.  The  Union  army  at  Wash- 
ington pass  in  grand  review  before  the 
President  and  Cabinet,  Foreign  Minis- 
ters, and  u  va&t  concourse  of  people.  690 

Gen.  Smith's  Surrender. 

**  May  30.  Surrender  of  Qcn.  Smith,  with 
his  entire  command,  to  Gen.  Canby,  in 
Texas. 

Last  Conflict. 

"  May  27.  Last  conflict  of  the  war  on  land 
took  place  on  tho  Rio  Grande.  Oen. 
Btougliton,  with  a  superior  force,  drove 
Col.  Barrett,  with  a  loss  of  80  men,  into 
Brazos. 

*  May  20.    President  Johnson  proclaims 

an  amnesty  with  14  different  excep- 
tions. 

*  May  80.    Second  Sanitary  Fair  at  Chi- 

cago.   A  fund  raised  of  1200,000. 

Burning  of  Union  Stores. 

*  June  10.     Great  fire  at  NathtiUe,  huming 

eight  or  ten  million  dollar!  worth  of  U. 
8.  itoret  and  property. 

*  Jnne  15.    Latt  rebel  fort  yielded.    Gal- 

veston   quietly  occupied  by  Admiral 
Thatcher. 
"      Jane  38.     Up  to  this  data  the  pirate 
Shenandoah  had  destroyed  10  whalers. 

*  Trade  rettrietione  removed  and  Uoekade 

ended. 

Hanging  of  the  Assassins. 

*  July  7.     The  assassins,  Harrold,  Payne, 

Atxcroth,  atd  Mrs.  Surratt,  bung  at 
Washington ;  the  others,  Arnold,  Mudd, 
Spangt 'T,  and  McLaughlin,  imprisoned 
for  lifd 


1M«. 


Julv  18.     Bar*Hm^$  Munum,  Jfw  TMt, 

ieetroyedby  fir*. 
Aug.  14.     (ireat   Ketchum    forgery,  of 

some  $a,0uo,U0O,  dlMovered  In  New 

York. 
Ang.  IS.    Win,  keeper  of  Andersonrills 

prison,  put  upon  trial. 
Jtuiiuippi  nutl{fied   meeudon  ordinanet 

and  accepted  emancipation. 
Sept.  13.  Alabama  deeCared  the  ordinanet 

of  teeeteion  nuU  and  toid,  aliolished 

slavery,  and  repudiated  the  rebel  debt 
Sept.  14.   Kebel  Indian  Chlefb  sign  treaty 

of  loyalty  with  the  United  States. 
Sept.  16.    South  Carolina  repealed  the  ee- 

eeetion  ordinanet  and  declared  slavery 

abolished. 
Sept.  88.  Alabama  Contention  rttognlied 

emgnetpation. 
Sept.  20.     Gov.  Sharkey,  of  Mississippi, 

recognised  by  proclamation  the  rights 

of  the  negro. 
Oct.  3.  Government  of  Cuba  surrendered 

the  pirate  Stonewall  to   the  United 

States. 
Oct.  7.   ynrth  Carolina  deflartil  teeeteion 

null  and  toid,  prohibited  slavery  in  the 

State  forever,  and  repudiated  the  rebel 

debt. 
Oct.    Earthquake  shock  in  California. 

Considerable  damage  done  to  prop- 
erty, and  much  excitement  caused. 
Oct.    11.      Alex.    Stephens    and   other 

prominent  rebels  released  flrom  Fort 

Warren. 
Oct.  11,    Ferguson  tho  guerrilla  hung 

in  Nashville,  and  Magruder  the  guer- 
rilla hung  In  Louisville. 
Oct.  13.    Martial  law  declared  ended  in 

Kentucky  by  the  President. 
Oct.  35.    Florida  annulled  the  atutiton 

ordinanet. 
Nov.  The  pirate-thip  Shenandoah  cruised 

in   tho  Pacific,   capturing   numerous 

Union  merchant  snips   and  whalers, 

and  during  this  month  proceeded  to 

the  Mersey  and   surrendered  to  tho 

English  Government. 
Nov.      Napoleon  III.  repudiatei  Jlaxt- 

milian  and  his  Government  in  Mexico. 

Execution  of  JVirz. 

Nov.  10.  WIrz  executed  at  the  Old  Capi- 
tol prison. 

Nov.  18.  South  Carolina  patted  the  Con- 
ttUutional  Amendment. 

Deo.  1.  Writ  of  habeat  eorpui  restored 
in  tho  Northern  States  by  the  Presi- 
dent. 

Dec.  2.  Alabama  ratified  the  Anti-ilatery 
Amendment. 

Dec.  4.  Georgia  declared  itatery  dboU 
iilied,  and  nullified  her  war  dM. 

Dec.  0.  Florida  declared  datery  aiol- 
iahed. 

Thomas  Coru'in. 

Dec.  18.  Death  of  Hon.  Thomas  Corwin, 
an  eminent  American  statesman,  in 
Washington,  D.  D.  In  1818  Mr.  Corwin 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  b;f  his 
ability  as  an  advocate,  be  soon  gained 
an  estenstvo  practice,  and  was  first  sent 
to  the  Legislature  of  Ohio  in  1823,  and 
served  seven  years,  and  to  Congress  in 
1880.  In  1840  he  was  Governor  of 
Ohio.  In  1844  Mr.  Corwin  was  elected 
to  tho  United  States  Senate.  In  1850 
he  was  appointed  Secretary  of  the 
United  States  Treasury,  and  at  the 
expiration  of  his  term  he  was  again 


180S.  alaetad  to  Conpese,  and  re.«l«et*d 
and  when  Mr.  Llneola  became  PretU 
dent,  he  appointed  Mr,  (.'urwln  Minis* 
ter  to  Mexico.  As  an  orator,  Mr. 
Corwin  was  singularly  captivating, 
and  his  kind,  genial  nature  made  him 
a  general  favorite,  although  his  sar- 
casm was  cutting,  yet  spiced  and  sofV 
enod  by  a  sparkling  ana  genuine  wit. 

"  Dec.  18.  Sec.  Heward  ofBclally  de- 
clared slavery  abolished  tbronghonl 
the  United  Htatcs. 

•'  Doc.  88.  Florida  ratifitd  tho  Tkirttentk 
Amtiulment. 

"      Henry  Winter  Davis,  of  Maryland,  died. 

"      Agassli  vIsiU  Bmril. 

•*  Peru  r^jenta  a  treaty  with  Spain  and 
forms  an  alliance  with  Chill. 

"  Dom  Pedro  emaneipatet  tht  OonmmtiU 
tlatet. 

**  Tliere  were  884  Arcs  this  year,  where  the 
loss  was  upward  of  |S0,000,  at  whieh 
property  valued  at  |48,4 10,000  was  da* 
stroyed. 

"  Losses  by  flro  ttnm  1858  to  1805,  incl» 
sive,  amounted  to  $814,888,000. 

'•      Smithsonian   Institute    at   WashlngtM 
ba<lly  liumod;  the  meteorological  dw> 
partment  suffered  severely. 
1806-1870.    War  between  lirazil  and  Paraguay 

terminated, 
1800.  Jan.  13.     Order  by  Gen.  Grant  for  the 
protection   of  loyal   citizens   in   tlM 
South. 

••  Jan.  33.  Fri-e  School  bill  drfeated  In  tht 
Tennetiee  Senate. 

"  Apr.  3.  Proclamation  of  the  President 
declaring  the  insurrection  ended  in 
the  rebellious  States. 

Civii  nights  Bill 

•  <'  Apr.  3.  Civil  Rights  bill  passed  t^« 
Senate  over  the  President's  veto  by 
a  vote  of  83  tu  18,  and  the  House  on 
the  9th,  by  a  vote  of  133  to  41,  and 
became  a  law. 

"  May  10.  Peru  and  Chill,  aided  by  Bo- 
livia and  Ecuador,  declared  war  with 
Spain. 

"  Tho  i^paniards  defeated,  withdraw  ilram 
Peruvian  waters. 

"  Brazil  opens  her  important  riven  to  the 
commerce  of  foreign  nations. 

"  May  31.  Academy  of  Music  and  Uni 
vcrsity  Medical  College  in  New  York 
burned. 

General  Scott. 

"  May  29.  Death  of  Brevet  Lieut-Gen.  Win' 
Held  Scott.  In  1807  Gen.  Scott  obtained 
a  commission  as  Captain  of  light  artil- 
lery. Recruiting  a  company,  he  waa 
stationed  at  Baton  Rouge,  La.  In 
1813  he  was  a  Lieut.-Cul.  in  the  3d 
artillery,  and  was  stationed  at  Black 
Rock.  He  was  taken  prisoner  at  the 
battle  of  Queenstown  Height*,  and  was 
exchanged  in  January  following.  He 
was  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Fort 
George,  and  again  at  the  battle  of 
Lundy's  Lane,  and  for  his  bravery  he 
wos  breveted  "M^jor- General,"  .and 
Congress  voted  him  a  gold  medal,  and 
he  was  tendered  a  position  in  the 
Cabinet  as  Secretary  of  War,  which  he 
declined.  Gen.  Scott  commanded  the 
troops  iu  the  Black  Hawk  war  of  1883. 
In  1888  he  was  in  the  Creek  war.  lie 
was  nominated  as  Whig  candidate  for 
President  in  1840,  but  declined  in 
favor  of  Harrison.    In  1841  be  wa* 


CHROMOLOOT. 


pboad  M  lh«  head  tt  th«  •rm;  m  0«n- 
•riiUir<hlef,  and  upon  the  outbreak 
of  tliu  war  with  Mexico,  ho  wm  or(i«r«l 
there,  and  arrived  in  time  t  capture 
Vera  Crui.  April  IMth  ho  clofeatod  the 
Mexican  arm;  undvr  Hanta  Anna  at 
Ccrro  Uordo,  and  continued  hli  cnn- 
qncali,  every  ttrongbold  Milling  boforo 
hli  victurloui  niarcn,  nnlll  the  14th  of 
May  lio  entered  the  Cltv  of  Mexico  In 
triumph.  Thif  virtually  ended  the 
war.  Ill  188a  Uen.  Hcott  waa  again  a 
candidate  for  Preildent,  and  waa  do- 
feate<I  by  Franklin  Pierce.  In  Feb., 
ISSft,  he  waa  breroted  Meutonant-Oen- 
oral  for  hli  bravery  in  Mexico.  At 
the  oommrncement  of  the  KebeHlon 
he  waa  oibrcd  everv  inducement  by 
the  South  to  Join  their  aide,  but  hia 
loyalty  withatood  them ;  and  hli  nuble 
anawer  to  a  commander  fW>m  Virginia 
apeaka  more  for  hia  honor  than  volumea 
written  in  hIa  praiie :  "  I  have  aerved 
my  country  unacr  the  flag  of  the  Union 
for  more  than  fifty  yeara,  and  a<)  long 
aa  Uo<l  |>ermita  me  to  live  I  will  defend 
that  flag  with  my  iwnrd,  even  if  my 
own  native  State  asaaiU  It."  Feeling 
ton  infirm  with  age  to  diaoharge  the 
dutiea  of  Commandcr-in-chiofT  Oen. 
Scott  retired  from  liU  office  Oct.  81, 
16411,  and  in  Nov.  tailed  for  Europe  for 
bit  health.  Gen.  Scott  waa  the  author 
of  levcral  vahiablo  military  worki,  and 
bia  Autobiography.  Ai  a  mau,  Gen. 
Scott  pomeaied  great  phvalval  aym- 
metry,  beauty,  and  itrongth.  He  waa 
coufteoua  and  dignified,  and  a  gent'-i 
man  of  uniullled  nonor.  and  bia  char- 
acter was  without  a  statu. 

Fenian  Invasion. 

"  Jane  1.  Fenian  invaaion  into  Canada, 
under  command  of  Col.  ONeil,  but 
which  waa  toon  aupprcsaeii  by  the 
Canada  Volunteer*  after  a  sharp  ikir- 
miih.  A  number  of  the  Fenians  were 
taken  prlsonere,  and  nine  Volunteers 
killed  and  several  wounduil. 

Fourteen  "■  Amendment. 

*■  June  8.  The  14th  :institutional  Amend- 
ment naued  the  Senate  by  a  vote  of 
88  to  11,  and  the  House,  on  the  13th, 
by  a  vote  of  130  against  Vi. 

Lewit  Cass. 

*  June  17.  Death  of  Hon.  Lewis  Cass,  an 
American  statesman.  Mr.  Cass  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  the  ago  of  20, 
and  in  1800  he  took  a  seut  in  the  Ohio 
Legislature.  He  drafted  the  law  which 
enabled  the  authorities  to  arrest  .Aaron 
Burr.  In  1807  Mr.  Cass  was  Marshal 
of  the  State  of  Ohio,  and  in  1813  ho 
entered  service  in  the  war  as  Col.  of 
the  8d  Ohio  Volunteers.  Ho  was  after- 
ward promoted  to  the  rank  of  Brig- 
adier-General. In  1818  ho  was  ap- 
pointed civil  Governor  over  the  Ter- 
ritory of  Michigan,  and  Supt. -Commis- 
sioner over  Indian  Affairs.  He  was 
appointed  Secretary  of  War  under 
Freaident  Jack84)n,  and  in  1886  Klinis- 
ter  to  Franre.  In  1845  he  was  elected 
to  the  United  States  Senate,  and  in 
184H  nominated  as  candidate  fur  Presi- 
dent In  78S1  he  was  re-elected  to 
the  Senate,  and  under  President  Bu- 
chanan was  app<KOted    Secretory  of 


1866.  State,  but  npon  the  Prealdont'a  relha- 
ins  to  dispatch  troopa  and  snppllc*  to 
Mi^or  Anderson  at  Fort  Humter,  .Mr. 
(!aaa  reslxned  his  Herretarjrsliip,  there- 
by vlosliig  up  a  |iiililir  rnreer  of  S6 
yaars  of  continuous  duration. 

Burning  of  Portland,  Me. 

"  Julv  4.  A  fire  caught  fVom  a  fire-cracker 
thrown  among  some  shavings  In  a 
coouer-ehup  by  a  Imy,  which  inread, 
and  swept  away  one-half  of  the  city  of 
Portland,  paasing  over  the  entire  busi- 
ness portion  of  the  city,  and  leaving 
not  a  vestige  of  property  in  its  track 
of  one  and  a  half  mile*  long  by  one- 
fourth  of  a  mile  in  width.  Hundreds 
of  families  were  made  destitute,  and 
•cores  of  wealthy  men  berSmo  |)oor  In 
an  honr'a  time.  t.flOO  huihiings 
burned;  |15,000,000  destroyed;  In- 
auranee  $8,IHH),000.  Supplies  of  ibod 
and  clothing  poured  rapidly  in  for  the 
immediate  wants  of  the  people,  and 
aid  waa  lllterally  tendered  bv  neigh- 
boring States  and  citiea.  This  waa 
the  first  of  a  scries  of  disastrous  fires 
which  in  a  few  years  followed,  sweep- 
ing ftam  the  face  of  the  earth  whole 
cities,  villages,  and  laife  sectiuns  of 
timbered  oountry. 

"  July  28.  Tennessee  ncprcsentatives  and 
t^nators  admitted  to  Congress,  by  a 
resolution  passing  both  Houses. 

"  July  84.  Fire  in  Nashville,  Tenn.  Loss 
$1,000,000. 

"  Julv  27.  Suwesaftal  laying  of  the  Atlon- 
tlo  cable. 

"      Julv  80.    New  Orleans  msaiacre. 

■*  Visit  of  Queen  Emms  oi  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  to  the  United  Slates. 

"      Indians  massacred  98  soldiers  near  Fort 
Kearney,  Noh. 
1807.    Military  government  eatabflshcd  in  the 
rebellious  States  over  the  veto  of  the 
President. 

"  Tenure  of  Office  bill  pissed  by  Congress, 
limiting  the  powers  of  the  President  to 
removal  of  oHicials. 

"  Jan.  4.  Congress  passed  the  Confiscation 
and  Amnesty  bill. 

"  Jan.  11.  A  National  Kqual-Bights 
League  Convention  rf  colored  men  met 
at  Washington  and  ^liopted  an  address 
to  Congress 001 

"  Jan.  13.  The  New  York  Excise  bill 
went  into  operation. 

A  Daring  Feat 

"  The  Konpariel,  or  American  LIfc-Raft, 
with  three  men,  crossed  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  ftom  New  York  toSouthantpton. 
It  was  a  frail  craft,  13^  feet  by  24,  and 
was  constructed  by  lasliiof,  three  point- 
ed cylinders  together  and  placing  a 
flooring  of  canvas  and  boards  upon  it. 
It  arrived  safely,  without  leakage  or 
damage  of  any  sort. 

"  Jan.  18.  Samuel  Downing,  the  lait  Revo- 
lutUmary  toldUr,  died  in  Ediiihurgh, 
N,  r.,  aged  105. 

N.  P.   Willis. 

"  Jan.  20.  Death  of  Nathaniel  Parker  Wil- 
lis, an  American  poet,  essayist,  and 
Journalist  of  wide  reputation.  He  was 
the  author  of  auout  80  volumes,  besides 
doing  constant  editorial  work,  which 
he  laboriously  prosecuted  until  the  time 
of  his  death. 


1867.  Feb.  6.  All  Mexico,  except  the  dllrs  d 
Mexico,  Puebia,  Querrlaro,  and  Vera 
Crux,  wai  in  the  handi  of  the  Itc- 
piililicani,  and  Maxlniilinn  cvaonaMd 
the  City  of  Mexico  and  rt'imirrd  Ut 
Queh'taro.  The  UviuMicRns,  under 
(len.  Marques,  Immediately  uccupiu«l 
the  city. 

"  Feb,  7.  Mr.  Peabody  gave  |3, 100,000 
for  ediiration  at  the  Houtli. 

••  Fell.  17.  Death  of  Dr.  A.  D.  nache,  Chlst 
of  tho  Coast  Survey. 

"  March  1.  Nebraska  made  a  State— the 
87th. 

"  Mnmh  A.  Alaska  was  ceded  to  the 
United  States  In  consideration  of  the 
sum  of  17,3110,000. 

"  April  20.  Japanese  Commisslcners  in 
Washington. 

"  Mav.  By  an  Act  of  British  Parliament 
the  Canadian  provinces  of  Ontario, 
Quebec,  New  Brunswick,  Prince  Ed- 
wards Island,  and  Nova  Hcotia  were 
federally  united  into  one  Dominion  of 
Canada. 

"  Canada  purohoacd  the  Territory  belong- 
ing to  the  Hudson's  Bay  Co. 

'•  May  18.  J,ff.  DatU  hitiM  for  $100,- 
000. 

"  May  10.  Surrender  of  Maximilian  and 
his  army  to  tho  Itepubllcims,  brought 
about  bv  tho  trenrliery  of  Lopez,  the 
iJDsom  friend  of  Muxiniilinn,  wlio,  it 
was  said,  received  the  sum  of  $48,000 
as  the  price  of  his  treason. 

"  Juno  18-14.  Trial  of  Maximilian  and  his 
loading  Uenerala,  MIramon  and  Meja, 
all  of  whom  were  sentenced  to  be  ahot 

*'  Juno  10.  Exoutition  of  Maximilian  and 
his  two  leading  olHcors. 

"  Negotiations  opened  for  the  settlement 
of  tho  Alabama  Clalini 003 

"  7iily  1.  "Now  Diminlon  of  Canada" 
'naug'iratcd  at  Ottawa. 

"  July  l'>.  ^en.  Juarex  returned  to  Iho 
capital  ot  IdiAx;.,  .fter  "^n  al^MiBM  of 
four  years,  during  wnich  M.  vai 
constantly  fighting  In  the  defonae  of  tha 
Government.  He  was  enthusiastically 
received  by  tho  Kcpulillcans. 

"  Aug.  12.  President  Johnson  removed 
Mr.  Stanton,  as  Sooretary  of  War,  and 
authorized  (Jen.  Grant  to  act  in  bis 
place  atl  interim. 

*'       Earthquake  in  I'eru. 

"  Oct.  0.  Juarez  elected  to  the  Presidency 
of  Mexico. 

"  Yellow  fever  In  Now  Orleans.  1,678 
dying  from  it  in  tho  month  of  Septem- 
ber. It  was  still  more  severe  through- 
out Texas. 

Elias  If  owe. 

"  Oct.  18.  Death  of  Elias  Howe,  inventoi 
and  patcntoo  of  tho  sewing-machine. 
Mr.  Howe  completed  his  first  sewing- 
mncliino  at  Oamltridge,  Mush.,  in  1885, 
through  the  aid  of  an  old  friend  and 
school -fellow,  George  Fisher,  who 
loaned  him  the  money  to  complete  his 
work ;  but  receiving  nothing  but  ridi- 
cule and  censure  from  the  incre'*<ilous 
croakers  and  relfiKh  manufuctui-OK  ..nd 
without  money  to  procure  his  patent, 
again  his  friend  Fiuher  came  to  hia 
rescue,  and  soon  the  machine  was  pat- 
ented. But  it  required  a  large  snm  to 
manufacture  the  machines  and  intro> 
duce  them  to  the  public,  and  his  friend 
becoming  discouraged,  ceased  to  aid 
him  further,  and  ue  abandoned  t.lu) 


H'pt  tlie  rlllr*  (4 
't'Urn,  anil  Yen 
mil  of  tliu  He- 
ntlliin  i-Taoim'fd 
Hnil  ri'iMlrrtl  to 
I  iililit'iinit,  under 
iliitti'ly  <iccuplu«l 

(tare  |3,10n,00(» 

outli. 

L.  D.Dachc.ChUI 

ido  a  etato-th« 

I  coded  to  tilt 
ilderation  of  tba 

^ommiialonera  Id 

ritlih  Parliament 
icon  of  Ontario, 
vick,  Prince  Kd- 
iova  Hcotla  were 
one  Dominion  of 

Territory  iuelong* 
Ilav  Co. 
UiiM  for  1100,- 

Maximilian  and 
iibliciinit,  brouKlit 
)ry  of  Lopez,  the 
ximilinn,  who,  it 
D  lum  of  |4H,0U0 
Mon. 

aximilian  and  hit 
ramon  and  Mrja, 
tcnccd  to  be  shot 
f  Uaximiiian  and 
ira. 
or  the  iottlement 

ni 003 

lion  of  C'annda" 
'a. 

returned  tc  llio 
IT  -tn  atiMts;*  of 
wnich  Jc  Mat 
the  defense  of  tbt 
enthusitHticiiIiy 
licans. 

lohnaon  nimoved 
etary  of  War,  and 
int  to  act  in  bit 


to  the  Presidency 

Orleans.     1,678 
nontb  of  Septem- 
sevcre  through- 


Tow*. 

Howe,  inyentoi 
sewing-machine. 
Iiis  tirat  scwing- 
e,  Muatt,,  in  1883, 

old  friend  and 
%e  Fisher,  who 
y  to  comuleto  bit 
nothing  but  ridi- 
X  the  incrc'^'ilouB 
lanufuctureu  .nd 
'dcure  bis  patent, 
her  c»me  to  his 
maobine  was  pat- 
3d  a  large  tnm  to 
ibines  and  intro- 
lic,  and  his  friend 
d,  (H^aaed  to  aid 

abandoned  t.l>A 


OHBONOLOOT. 


IN 


I  Wl,  anttrprise  for  a  lima.  At  last,  tbroagh 
the  aid  of  hit  father  and  bri>thcr,  na 
took  it  to  Rnaland.  and  there  found  • 
man  —  Mr.  Win.  Thomas  —  who  waa 
willing  to  risk  a  iuin  auliicient  to  in- 
tniduce  the  inachina  into  his  manufac- 
turing establishment,  but  beyond  this 
Mr.  Iluwo  could  uet  no  aid  or  encuur- 
agemont,  and  alter  suflbring  incredi- 
blu  hardships,  pawning  his  luodol  and 
patent  papers  to  procure  the  mesns  to 
return  home,  he  arrived  in  Now  York 
with  a  half-crown  in  his  pocket  -after 
an  absence  of  two  years — to  lonm  that 
bis  wifo  waa  dying  of  consumption. 
Ha  liad  not  onougn  monoy  to  reach 
ber,  but  after  a  few  daya'  delav,  be  ar- 
rired  in  Cambridge  just  before  ber 
death.  The  vessel  in  which  bo  had 
tbtppod  his  little  effects  in  England 
was  lost  at  sea,  and  it  seemed  that 
fate  indeed  waa  against  him.  liut  be 
toon  learned  that  in  his  alwence  his 
machine  bad  become  famous.  In- 
genious mechanics  had  constructed  ita 
/ae-itmilen,  and  which  had  been  intro- 
duced into  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. Mr.  Howe  soon  found  friends 
•nd  monoy  to  defend  his  rights,  which 
it  took  four  yean  to  flilly  establish. 
Dut  his  luck  now  all  turned,  and  bis 
annual  rovonuu  increased  from  $300  to 
$800,000,  and  on  the  10th  of  Scptem- 
'  ber,   1867,  his  patent  expired,  when 

it  WAS  calculated  he  had  reiilized  about 
$3,000,000,  beitidt'B  the  poKI  medal  of 
the  Paris  Exposition,  and  tlio  Cross  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor,  as  a  compliment 
to  bis  skill  and  accomplishment.  Dar- 
ing the  war,  Mr.  Howe  enlUttd  and  did 
lentet  at  a  eomtnon  tolditr,  and  used 
largely  of  his  means  to  aid  bis  country 
in  prosecuting  the  war. 

"  Nov.  19  Death  of  Ocn.  Pit*  Orecnt 
Hulleck,  at  Guilford,  C't.  ngeii  77. 

*•      The  Fourteenth  Amendment  ratified  by  a 
minority  of  the  States. 
1808.   Jan.  6.     Death  of  Uamuel  Nicolson,  in- 
ventor of  Nicolson  pavement,  at  Bos- 
ton, agod  70. 

**  Jan.  3^.  Senate  transfers  Jurisdiction 
over  tho  Boutliem  States  fVom  Presi- 
dent Johnson  to  Gen.  Orant. 

*  Fob.  34.    House  of  Kepresentativcs  voted 

to  impeach  President  Johnson 603 

"  May  10.  Nominiition  of  Ocn.  Grant  for 
President  at  Chicago  by  the  Soldiers' 
and  Sailors'  Convention. 
**  Mav  83.  Nationnl  Kepubliran  Conven- 
tion met  in  Ciiicugo  and  nominated 
Uon.  Grant  for  President  and  Schuyler 
Colfax  for  Vice-President ;  Orant  poll- 
ing 050  votes  of  the  Convention. 

A'/V  Carson. 

"  May  33,  Brovet  Brig.-Oen.  Christopher 
Carson,  better  known  as  "  Kit  Carson," 
a  fsnioos  mountaineer,  trapper,  and 
guide,  died  trnm  a  rupture  of  an  ar- 
tery in  tho  neck  at  Bt  Lynn,  Col.  He 
was  better  known  to  a  large  number  of 
Indian  tribes  than  any  other  white  man. 
Ho  was  the  guide  and  companion  of 
John  C.  Fremont  in  liis  exiHidition  to 
California,  and  in  1853  ho  drove  0,500 
sheen  over  the  Rocky  Mountains  to 
California — a  hazardous  undertaking. 
He  was  several  times  in  Washington 
on  official  business,  and  once  with  a 

.  delegation  of  Indians. 

*  The  President  censured  by  Contrrets  for 

tho  removal  of  Gen.  Sheridan  from  th« 


1808.      noremorthlp  of  tb«   Filth  Mlliiarjr 
District  (Texts  and  Louisiana). 

Jamet  Jiuthanan. 

*'  Jnne  1.  Death  of  James  Buchanan,  IStb 
President  of  the  United  .States.  Mr. 
liuchsnan  was  an  eminent  lawyer  in 
Pennsylvania  for  a  |M>rlod  of  111  vears, 
also  a  .Member  of  the  Htutu  Logislnturo 
iVoro  IHI4  to  1H3U,  when  \\i  was  cliosen 
a  Member  of  Congress,  and  was  re- 
elected four  times.  Iln  was  appointed 
Minister  to  Bussia  by  Prrnldent  Jack- 
ton,  but  held  tho  place  only  two  vears, 
and  on  his  return  in  1881)  was  elected 
United  States  Senator,  continuing  in 
tho  Senate  twelve  years,  where  ho  wai 
considered  a  leader  of  the  nomocracy, 
In  |H4.'>  ho  entered  Mr.  Polk's  (Cabinet 
as  Secrctnry  of  State.  Hc^  was  a  con- 
sistent pro-slavery  advocate  during  all 
his  public  life.  President  Pierce  tp- 
polntod  liim  Minister  to  the  Court  of 
t^t.  James.  In  1850  Mr.  Biichsnan  was 
nominated  for  President  liy  the  Demo- 
cratic party,  and  v;ns  elected  over  cx- 
I'resident  Fillmore  and  Col.  Fremont 
as  opposing  candidates.  In  his  ad- 
ministration ho  favored  the  South  in 
all  points  of  difleronco,  and  claiming 
t<i  bo  desirous  of  preventing  a  Uovolu- 
tion ;  yet  he  declared  it  to  be  out  of 
bit  power  to  use  coercion  to  prevent  it. 

Malheto  Vassar. 

"  June  28.  Mathow  Vassar,  founder  of 
Vassar  College,  died  in  Ponghkcepsie, 
N.  Y.  Ho  donated  an  aggregate  of 
$800,000  for  its  endowment,  repair, 
and  fiimishinR.  He  died  very  sud- 
denly wliilo  addressing  the  trustee*  at 
the  anniversary  of  its  opening. 

Daring  Train  Robbtry, 

"  May  23.  A  daring  robbery  was  pcrpe- 
trateil  on  a  night  •••••reiit  train,  at 
Marsh  field,  Ind.,  a  stni.  n  about  31 
miles  out  from  Jeft'ersonville.  The  en- 
gineer stopped  the  train  to  tiike  water 
at  11:45  P.M.,  and  wliilo  engaged  in 
oiling  the  machinery,  a  party  olHSve  or 
six  men  stopped  nut  from  beliind  the 
water-tank  and  knocked  him  down, 
one  of  them  standing  over  him  with  a 
pistol,  threatening  to  blow  his  brains 
out  if  he  dared  give  the  first  alarm. 
Another  of  tho  piirty  knocked  tho  fire- 
man down  and  stood  guard  over  him 
with  a  drawn  weapon.  The  others 
passed  to  the  rear  of  the  express  car, 
nncouplcd  it  from  the  passenger  car, 
and  mounting  the  engine,  started  up 
the  road,  leaving  the  passenger  car 
and  its  unsuspecting  occupants  in 
blissful  ignorance  of  tl:c  cause  of  the 
delay.  After  running  some  distance 
up  tho  road,  the  robbers  entered  tlie 
express  car,  and  with  drawn  revolvers 
seized  the  express  messenger  and 
threw  him  overboard.  The  gang  then 
broke  open  the  safes  and  mbbed  them 
of  their  contents  —  $00,000  in  green- 
backs. By  the  time  they  had  ftilly 
accomplished  this  work  they  had  got 
nearly  in  sight  of  Seymour.  Here  they 
disembarked,  leaving  the  car  on  the 
track.  Had  the;^  selected  the  night 
previous  for  tlieir  raid,  they  would 
oavo  captured  more  than  double  the 
amount. 


Sttond  Train  Cafturt. 

1808.  July  10.  Another  attempt  waa  made  tit 
rub  an  eiproat  train  oy  members  of 
the  same  gang,  which  wst  fortunately 
fl>ustrated.  From  a  gathorins  of 
thieves  at  Seymour,  it  lx«ame  evident 
tiiat  another  robbery  was  contemplated. 
James  Flanders,  an  enaineer  of  tho 
Ohio  and  Mis«issippl  RaUroad,  waa  en- 
ableil  to  gain  their  confldenoo,  and 
promised  to  stand  in  witli  tliem  in 
their  robbery.  He  immediately  i»> 
formed  the  Express  Companv,  and  « 
guard  of  six  men,  armed  to  the  teeth, 
were  placed  in  charge  of  the  treasure. 
When  tho  attempt  was  made,  they 
were  warmly  recolvcd,  and  the  leader 
of  the  robbera.  Vol.  Ellis  or  Elliot,  aa 
he  was  culled,  waa  shot  in  the  shoulder 
and  captured.  It  was  afterward  leam- 
eii  that  the  would-be  robbers  were  Vol, 
Elliot,  the  lender;  John  Moore,  Fnnlc 
Sparks,  c;|isrles  Itosobery,  Philip  Clif- 
t(.n,  and  Harry  Jarrell.  Hparks  had  a 
finger  shot  off,  and  Mooro  was  wounded 
twice  in  the  Uidy.  The  robbers  re- 
treated, and  wore  hotly  pursued  to 
Uockford,  Ind.  Crossing  tho  river, 
thoy  gained  sight  of  the  robbers,  and 
succeeded  in  capturing  Charles  Hose- 
l)ory  and  Philip  Cllt'ton ;  the  dinto 
thickets  prevented  tlieir  rapturing  tha 
otiiers.  These  men  were  known  to  bo 
members  of  the  famous  Bono  gang, 
who  bad  committed  tho  first  expreta 
robbery,  and  who  had  for  years  oeen 
the  terror  of  that  portion  of  Indiana, 
committing  murders,  higbwav  rob- 
beries, and  robbing  trains,  until  their 
presence  became  unendurable. 

Indiana  Vigilante  Committer. 

To  protect  themselves  against  a  re- 
curring of  these  outrages,  the  people 
of  Sevmonr  organized  a  Vigilanc* 
Committee.  None  but  the  membera 
knew  who  actually  belonged  to  it,  but 
it  was  said  tliat  tlio  most  retpectabia 
and  best  mon  in  the  community  were 
members.  The  order  bad  itn  gripa, 
signs,  pass-words,  and  tokens  of  recog- 
nition, so  that  any  member  could  in- 
stantly tell  another  by  night  or  day 
without  uttering  a  single  word.  Its 
motto  was, "  Law  and  Order,  Peace  and 
Protection,  at  all  bar.ards."  At  least 
600  m«n  were  tupposed  to  belong  to 
the  organization.  Oi\  the  30th  of  Jnly, 
by  some  means  unknown  to  outtidert, 
the  Vigilance  Committee  tecured  in- 
telligence that  the  three  men,  CHfloD, 
Bosebory,  an<l  FJIiot,  wcro  to  be  taken 
by  the  officers  to  Brownstown  that 
night,  and  the  committee,  too  impatient 
to  await  the  course  of  law,  determined 
to  take  the  responsibility  upon  them- 
selves and  mete  out  Justice  to  the  tbrea 
viliaifis  as  they  saw  fit. 

Lynch-Law. 

That  nigbt  thoy  qnietly  gathered  at  a 
spot  about  two  miles  west  of  Seymour. 
There  was  no  noise  or  confusion  about 
tho  gatberinff,  and  there  was  no  ex- 
citement in  tuo  town.  The  train  waa 
signaled  to  stop,  and  when  it  had  done 
so,  was  entered  by  a  number  of  mon, 
who  demanded  that  the  three  prison- 
ers be  given  to  them.  The  gnarda 
were  ilow  to  comply,  but  they  eoold 


CHROMOLOOT 


IIM,  oilbr  BO  tlh«ilu«l  mlttiinc*,  m<I  tho 
man  wrre  tom  ttnm  tlii-m  kitd  l*k«n 
out  The  rrimltikU  »»m  in  tho  ttan, 
rorvni^ftil  fatM  of  their  enntiini,  the 
tnrrlhia  import  nt  tho  momiiiii  In  tha 
inliUt  of  till'  ilnrkni'M,  with  worm  of 
eicltml  Mil  m<'n-ili'M  nu-n  itrxumi  thsm, 
ihiiy  wara  hurrlud  kwny,  whili!  the  train 
WM  •llowad  to  move  on,  unci  tukim  a  fo  w 
feel  up  •  narrow  lane,  Horn  tlit'i  r  <  Inura 
waa  pronnuncfd,  and  a  few  mlnutaa 
fflTontheinlnprnpiut  ^t  meet  their  (hie. 
F«w  worda  {maai'il  Iwtwoun  tho  crlm- 
Inala  and  their  execiiiloniira.  Wordi 
wnolU  do  no  good,  and  when  all  hope 
hAd  Had,  tha  men,  with  tho  excopllon 
of  Clifton,  aaauuad  a  doirgo«l  and  ile- 
termlnrd  air,  and  neither  made  conflux 
ainna  nor  aaked  for  merer.  Clifton 
died  like  a  ooward.  Ha  fell  on  hia 
kneea  and  wept  Ilka  a  child,  awore  that 
ha  waa  IniHHent  of  all  crime,  and  Im- 
plored them  to  aaTa  hia  life.  Elliot, 
when  aiked  tooonfoaa  and  diacloao  the 
namea  nf  tlioao  who  were  with  him  In 
the  robbery,  aaid,  with  «  oontemptu- 
oua  anoer :  "  Cont'oaa  hell  1  I'll  tell  you 
nothing.  You're  i(ot  me  hero— a 
thouaand  of  vou — now  do  rour  worat." 
Rotebory  aaid  not  a  wortf.  The  mob 
waa  growing  impatient,  eron  nt  a  mo- 
monl'a  delay,  and  climioroil  for  their 
death.  A  larue  ipreading  beuch  tree 
waa  choion  liy  tlio  committee,  and 
while  a  acoro  of  hand*  went  tying  tho 
prlaonors'  anna  behind  thi-m,  low, 
atout  branchca  were  found,  and  rouch 
rope*  were  twiatcd  quickly  round  the 
necka  of  the  three  men.  All  waa  in 
readineaa,  and  aa  a  howl  of  rcngeance 
went  up  fWnn  the  mob,  Volney  Klliot, 
I'harica  Itosehory,  and  Frclinghuyaen 
CUtVin  were  aw'ung  into  tho  air,  and 
liung  by  the  neck  until  thoy  were  dead. 
It  ia  aaid  ther  struggled  greatly  and 
died  liani.  The  rordiot  of  lynob-law 
eseciitetl,  the  crowd  quiekly  dlaperied, 
and  left  the  bodiei<>  hanging.  At  11 
o'clock  tho  coroner  proceeded  to  tho 
apot,  cut  the  Itodiu*  dnn-n,  and  lii'ld  an 
inquest  over  them.    The  vi-rdict  simply 


wax,  that  they  camo  to  their  death 
from  airangulation   at   tho  hands  of 

Sartioa  unknown.  After  tho  vcrr  little 
me  consumed  in  coming  to  this  con- 
clusion, the  remains  were  girc n  to  their 
relatives,  and  shortly  after  buried  in 
rough  coffins,  in  the  Seymour  Cemetery. 
The  men  who  thus  suHcred  death  ut 
th  '  hand*  of  an  outraged  people  wure 
raiftcd  in  Seymour,  and  oil  had  rccpect- 
ablu  family  connections  living  in  the 
neighborlioud.  Thoy  all  had  oppor- 
tunities to  pursue  honest  and  remuner- 
ative avocations,  but  tliny  preferred  to 
live  in  idleness,  and  to  emulate  the  ex- 
amples of  tho  Kcno  Brothers'  family  in 
acquiring  by  robbery  what  means  were 
necessary  for  their  support. 

Notice  of  the  Vigilance  Committee. 

On  tho  morning  after  the  lynching 
of  Elliot,  Hosohery,  and  Clifton,  the 
following  hand-bill  waa  posted  at 
Seymour : 

^^ Attention,  Thieves. 

•The  attention  of  all  thieves,  robbcra, 
aasassins,  and  vagrants,  together  with 
their  aiders  and  abettors  and  sympa- 
thizers, is  called  to  the  doings  of  tho 


1M8. 


■flMmour  Vigtianea  CenmlltM)*  laat 
Bight.  W«  ar«  determined  to  follow 
thia  up  until  all  of  the  cl*»e*  above- 
nanird,  whether  liujinrtt'd  or  to  the 
'manor  bom,'  are  diivi'n  ftom  our 
mlilst.  Threats  have  iNien  made  of  re- 
tallathm  In  cain  wu  resort  to  niipltal 
punishment.  In  answer  w«  say,  should 
one  of  our  rominittoe  b<i  harmed,  or  a 
diillar's  worth  of  uro|H-rty  of  any  honest 
man  be  deatroyed  by  persons  unknown, 
wa  will  awing  by  tlio  neck  until  they 
are  dead  every  thieving  character  we 
can  lav  our  hands  on,  without  Inqnir- 
lag  whether  we  have  the  persona  who 
committed  the  particular  crime  or  not, 
Thia  applies  not  only  to  Htiymour,  but 
along  tnv  line  of  the  two  roads,  and 
wherever  our  orgnnliatlon  exists.  Law 
and  order  must  prevail.  Dy  oriU-r  of 
the  VlKilanco  (Committee,  tieymour, 
Ind.,  July  81, 1868." 

Second  Execution. 

The  work  of  the  cnmmlttoo  waa  still  not 
accomplished.  Frank  Sparks,  John 
Moore,  and  Henry  Jurrell  were  nrrested 
at  iEtna,  Colea  Co.,  III.,  and  were  taken 
to  Seymour,  under  guard.  Tho  engi- 
neer nf  the  train  telegraphed  to  the 
Vigilance  Committeo  at  m^mour  that 
the  men  were  aboard  the  train.  When 
the  train  arrived  at  Seymour,  the 
robbers  were  taken  and  placed  in  a 
wagon,  to  bo  carried  to  Ilrownsvllle, 
Ind.  When  near  the  place  where  the 
others  were  to  sumniarlly  executed, 
men  suddenly  aroso  from  all  sides, 
seemingly  out  fl'om  the  ground,  ami 
were  all  well  armed.  The  prisoners 
were  taken  to  tho  same  tntu  on  which 
tho  others  were  hung,  and  imincdiatcly 
executed.  Moore  waa  hung  in  sight  of 
tho  house  where  ho  waa  bom.  The 
coroner's  rerdlot.  In  this  cose,  as  in  tho 
others,  waa  "  death  caused  by  hanging 
by  unknown  pMtiea." 

Tragedy  at  Nav  Albany— The  Reno 
Brothers. 

Another  tragedy  wo*  enacted  at  Kcw 
Albany,  Ind.,  on  Dec.  33.  The  cele- 
brated "  Iteno  Brotlicrs  "  (Simeon, 
Frank,  and  William)  and  Cliarlex 
Anderson,  who  wcro  engaged  in  the 
Express  robbery  of  May  'i'i,  and  wcro 
tho  most  notorious  robbers  in  the 
country,  escaped  to  Canada,  but  were 
arrested,  extradited,  and  taken  to  the 
New  Albany  jail.  Tho  Seymour 
Vigilance  Committee,  nearly  100  strong, 
wearing  red  flannel  mitsquns  which 
completely  concealed  their  features, 
arrived  at  New  Albany,  on  the  train 
from  Jeflcrsonrille,  about  3  o'clock  in 
tho  morning.  Thcv  placed  patrols 
along  tbo  streets  and  around  the  jail, 
aroused  tho  guards  in  tho  sherifl's 
office,  and  tied  thcin  hnnd  and  foot 
They  next  entered  tho  sheriff's  room, 
and  in  tho  struggle  which  ensued,  he 
was  knocked  down  and  shot  in  the 
elbow.  They  secured  tho  keys  of  the 
jail  and  cells,  and  took  the  prisoners 
out  and  hung  them  from  the  comers  of 
tho  corridors.  The  committee  were  not 
in  the  jail  to  exceed  lire  minutes,  and 
immediately  left  on  the  train.  For 
years  thia  gang  had  been  a  terror  to 
the  citiaena  of  Jackson  Co.,  and  bad, 


IMS.  Hobablv,  been  gvillv  of  nearly  all  Ilia 
DUrglarira  and  murders  roinnilttcd  In 
that  part  of  tlm  rttale  of  Ule  jear*. 
The  must  of  the  gang  were  young  imn 
from  giMxl  faiiillb*.  nrur  Heymoiir. 
'William  Iteno  proteatcd  liU  inniNTni'it 
to  the  liMt,  and  wo*  i'onllrm«<l  by  liU 
brother*.  Thus  enili'd  the  treni'S 
of  swift  and  terrlblo  venifmnre  Dieted 
out  by  an  uutrngrd  community. 

There  Is  no  doubt  but  lliv  pruviK'nllon 
waa  very  great,  and  that  these  snil 
other  noted  orimlnala  hail  re|M'atedly 
aaoaped  through  the  "  technicalities  of 
tho  law  "  in  the  hand*  of  Its  inaniim- 
latora.  Yet  the  exampk  and  ell'vct  of 
lynoh-law  is  contagious  and  very  :!(• 
mnrallting  In  any  community.  And 
where  law  and  order  prevsil,  there  la 
no  reason  why  good  citiaena  ahould 
turn  criminals  in  order  to  punish  crime. 
Neither  will  thoy  do  s«>, 

Dr.  Nott. 

'•  Eliphalet  Nott,  D.D.,  died  at  the  ago  of 
i)3  years.  IIo  waa  ProHlilvnt  of  iTiilon 
College,  Schenectady,  N.  Y.  He  was 
one  of  the  lost  of  those  representative 
nien  who  lived  in  thu  period  of  our 
country's  infancy  ami  purity.  When 
Waahington,  JeiTersun,  Monroe,  and 
Adams  were  in  thu  zenith  of  tlivir 

ttrandeur  and  usoftilnvss  in  tho  civil 
ilstory  of  the  young  Iteuubllc— when 
it  was  molded  by  men  of  great  triitli- 
ftilneas,  earnestness,  and  simplicity, 
and  a  degree  of  loyalty  to  country  and 
to  principle  which  is  so  rare  in  tlieso 
days  of  |iolitical  iutriguoa  and  personal 
amiiiiions — Ur.  N'<tt  reached  his  ma- 
jority, and  was  ordained  as  a  miuiflter 
of  the  UoHpel  when  Wa«litngton  waa 
serving  his  second  term  as  President 
of  the  United  States,  and  when  the 
Slate  of  New  York  (to  which  he  had 
cniigruted  from  Connecticut)  waa  "r'lt 
West,"  iind  Hclienectndy  wa*  in  tilt 
wilderneHa  and  u|)<in  t'le  borders  of 
civilization.  Here,  In  this  wild  region, 
I>r.  Nott,  with  his  young  wife,  Fettled, 
having  performed  their  wedding  Jour- 
ney from  Conuectiout  on  hurseback. 
ilo  remained  lure  but  ten  years,  when 
he  was  called  to  Albany  to  preach  in 
one  of  tho  principal  churchc.i,  and 
there  ho  laid  the  foundation  of 
future  usefulness  and  greatness,  in  m* 
talented  and  clui|uent  sermons,  and  hia 
manly  and  consistcut  character.  Ho 
was  but  a  little  over  i)0  years  old  when 
ho  was  elected  President  of  Union 
College,  and  where  ho  spent  the  re- 
mainder of  his  (lays  in  laboring  to 
build  up  that  grand  old  institution  in 
tho  days  of  its  poverty  and  infancy ; 
not  ntiitlecting,  honever,  his  cidling 
as  a  minister  of  the  Gospel,  and  his 
duty  to  society  and  the  world.  Ho  had 
tho  good  fortune  to  be  the  inventor  of 
a  stove  which  gained  great  popu- 
larity— being  tho  first  stove  patented 
which  burned  anthracite  coal  succces- 
fully.  It  became  a  source  of  imniensu 
revenue  to  the  I)octor,  and  in  his  old 
age  he  was  enabled,  by  his  princely  en- 
dowments, to  place  Union  College  upon 
a  Hrm  and  huting  foundation,  and  to 
reap  the  reward  of  a  life  devoted  to 
nsutulness  and  duty. 
"  July  4.  Thu  rre.-idcnt  issued  a  full  par 
dun  ind  amnesty  prodauation. 


of  neitriy  til  «k* 
n  rninniltti'd  in 
a  of  Ulit  )ean, 
were  y"un((  nun 
near  Hrynimir. 
kI  IiU  InniMfncg 
ciinllrniol  l>y  l>l<« 

vi'iiiffunci-  DK'tftI 
imniiiiitty. 

JllIlM  prnVIK'llllnB 

th»t  tlit'iu  iinii 
I  hail  rwiM'MiMlly 
"  UK-bnlciilill-n  ol 
Uof  Itn  in«iii|)U- 
n|)h  mihI  •Ifovt  of 
)ui  sntl  viry  :!(' 
wmmunlty.    And 

provktl,  tli«r(i  U 
I  cltiaoM  tlioulil 
r  to  punlili  irlmo. 


rott. 

lied  at  the  Me  of 
roHlilvnt  of  Uniun 
y,  N.  Y.     Hu  WM 
(MO  reproRcntntlvc 
tliu  pfrifid  of  our 
id  purity.     Wliin 
ion,    MoDrrM),    and 
0  Evnith  of  tlivlr 
ilni'iK  in  the  civil 
K  Itt'Uiiltllc — wlicn 
ivn  of  Hrvut  truth- 
I,   and    tlmpllclty. 
dty  to  country  and 
Is  ao  rare  in  tlicto 
ri^ucs  and  pcrgunul 
t  rtucbcd  hu  mit- 
tined  OK  a  niiuifl^cr 
n  Wutlilngton  woa 
term  01  Prc-tldont 
|ci,  iind  when  the 
.  (to  which  lie  bad 
necticut)  woa  "r'«t 
:ctn(ly  wai  in  Uit 
111  t'>o  border*  of 
n  thla  wild  region, 
■oiing  wife,  nettled, 
lieir  wcdiling  jour- 
out  on  horaeback, 
tut  ten  yoon,  when 
Ibany  to  preach  in 
Mi   churcbo!),  and 
foundation  of 
ul  grcatncBR,  in  uii 
It  8urinona,  and  hi* 
int  character.     Ho 
ao  years  old  when 
■sidunt   of   Union 
ho  »pent  the  re- 
iy8  In   laboring   to 
old  institution  in 
rerty  and  infancy ; 
never,  lii*  culling 
ic  Uoapcl,  and  his 
the  world,    ilo  had 
be  the  inventor  of 
ined    great    popu- 
Irst  stove  patented 
rucite  coal  succcss- 
gourcu  of  imnienso 
:tur,  and  in  his  old 
^  by  his  princely  en- 
Union  College  uiMin 
foundation,  and  to 
a  life  devoted  to 


ORBONOIXHIT. 


m 


It  iBsued  a  full  par 
-nelauation. 


liN,  Jair  n.     Wyoming  Territorv  »rganiM<l. 

"  July  SH,  Mr.  Heward,  Hi'fln>ti«ry  of  Hiate, 
Isaiiml  a  flnsi  priM'liiiiintion  thai  the 
Kourtventh  Amendiiii<nt  tn  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  United  Htato*  ha<l  been 
ailoptHil. 

*•  Aug.  iV  Death  of  Oen.  Cliarlr*  O.  Hal- 
pine  (Mile*  O'ltullly)  at  New  Yorli. 

TSadiUut  SitvtHt. 

*  Aug.  II.  Death  of  Thaddeiis  Hipvens, 
•n  American  itatosman  and  reformer, 
Mr.  Htevena  waa  b  griidiistn  of  Dart- 
mouth Colli'go  in  IXH,  when  ho  lie- 
oamu  a  sclioiM-tvnchi'r,  and  studied  law 
through  the  Intervals  of  hi*  school 
hours  and  at  night.  Ilo  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  after  many  dUrouraKement*, 
and  arose  to  eminence  In  his  profes- 
sion. In  I89N  ho  berame  sn  active 
politician,  taking  part  with  the  Adams 
party.  In  IHM  hn  was  a  moiiilMir  of 
Uie  rennsylvnnln  Htatu  C'nnstltutional 
Ounvention,  taking  uu  active  part  In 
the  discuintons  relative  to  framing  the 
Conatitution ;  and  ho  reftiaed  to  sign 
the  document  because  it  restrict«<l 
suffrage  on  account  of  color.  He  was 
u  Member  of  the  Pennsylvania  Legis- 
lature during  the  IntenM)  political  cx- 
cltvmont  that  followed  the  adoption 
of  tlie  Constitution.  From  18im  to 
1848,  Mr.  Htevcn*  took  no  especial 
part  In  politics,  practicing  his  profos- 
alon  the  most  of  the  time ;  but  in  the 
last-named  year  hu  wo*  elected  to  the 
Thirty-second  Congress,  and  ardently 
opposed  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  Com- 
promise, the  Fugitive  8lavo  law,  and 
the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill.  In  IHRU 
Mr.  Stevens  was  again  returned  to  Con- 
gre**,  and  continued  there  for  seven 
terms,  during  the  lost  of  which  be  met 
bis  death. 


Grtat   Earthquake 
Wave. 


and    Tidal 


Aug.  14.  Greatest  earthquake  and  tidal 
wave  ever  known  on  the  continent  of 
America  occurred  on  the  coast  of 
Ecuador  anil  Peru,  extending  flrom 
Bolivia  to  Chill,  and  100  miles  inland. 
More  than  a  score  of  cities  and  larKO 
town*  were  utterly  destroyed,  besides 
a  great  many  small  villages  and  settle- 
ments ;  82,0()0  lives  and  $800,000,000 
were  lost.  Tidal  waves  forty  feet  liigb 
deluged  the  land,  carrying  ships  in- 
land for  half  a  mile,  and  leaving  them 
perfectly  wrecked. 

Bept.  Bpanish  Revolution  led  to  a  rising 
of  the  friends  of  Cuban  independence. 

Cornell  Unitertity,  Jthaea,  JV.  T.,  opened 
for  pupils  of  both  sexes.  This  niog- 
nifloent  institution  was  built  and 
endowed  by  the  benevolence  of  Ezra 
Cornell.    See  biography. 

Earthquake, 

Oct.  21.  Severe  earthquake  in  Califor- 
nla,  doing  much  damage  to  property 
in  San  Francisco  and  other  places. 
All  business  was  suspended,  and  great 
excitement  prevailed.  The  shock  ex- 
tended over  a  great  portion  of  the 
•     Slate. 

ncvolutinn  in  Peru  against  President 
Prado.  I'rado  resigns  and  embarks 
for  Chili.  July  2a,  Col.  Balta  pro- 
daimed  Preaident. 


1808.  Oct.  10.  Manual  CarhM  C«s|M<dv*  laanaa 
a«  aildress  to  tb*  Cubans,  proclaiming 
the  Itepubllo  and  its  separation  fiom 
Hpaln. 

"  Oct,  90.  First  encounter  between  th* 
('uban*  anil  Hpanlah  st  I<as  Tumaa. 

>•  Not.  U.  den.  lirant  was  rlocted  Presi- 
dent and  Mehuyler  Colfax  Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

**  Dec.  14.  House  of  Reprvsentaiives  de- 
nounces repudiaiiou  of  the  national 
debt. 

Franklin  Pitrtt. 

1800.  Death  of  Franklin  Pierce,  the  Iburteenth 
President  of  the  United  HUle*.  ills 
flither  wo*  a  Kevolutlonary  solillrr,  and 
a  stanch  Democrat  of  the  Jeffersonian 
school, 

Franklin  was  bom  in  Htllsborongh, 
N.  II.,  Nov.  30, 1804,  and  was  a  briglit, 
Imndaome  boy,  beloved  by  all  who 
knew  htm  for  IiId  kind  and  amiable 
diapositlon.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  ho 
entered  Kowdoln  Collego,  at  Brunswick, 
Ale.,  where  he  iHxiamo  a  general  favor- 
ite. Ho  ranked  high  as  a  student,  and 
{(raduated  at  the  age  of  twenty,  vrhen 
10  begun  the  atuily  of  law  with  Judge 
WiHHlljury,  a  dialinguiahed  lawyer. 
Boon  after  hla  graduation  at  law  he 
was  elected  lu  tlie  ^\xA«  Legislature, 
and  aervcd  fouryoiirs.  In  18:iU  ho  waa 
elected  to  Congress,  where  he  warmly 
advix:ated  the  principles  of  the  Demo- 
cratic party,  and  was  a  strong  sup- 
porter of  tho  Adminlati'ution,  and  a 
personal  IVlend  of  Preaident  Jonksoo. 
In  1837  Mr.  I'ierce  was  chosen  as 
United  States  ^icDator.  It  was  Just 
after  Mr.  Van  Duron  had  entered  upon 
Ids  Adminiatration,  ami  ho  was  the 
youngest  member  In  the  Senate.  In 
1888  he  removed  to  Concord,  the  capi- 
tal of  hi*  native  State,  and  devoted 
bimaelf  to  his  profession.  As  a  law- 
yer Mr.  Pierce  was  always  courteous 
and  kind,  and  it  is  sold  that  be  was 
never  known  to  insult,  browbeat,  or  at- 
tempt to  terrify  a  witness.  Upon  the 
accession  of  Mr.  Polk  to  the  Presi- 
dency he  appointed  Mr.  Pierce  At- 
tomey-Ooncrai  of  the  United  States, 
which  oiBco  he  declined,  also  the  nom- 
ination for  Oovernor  of  New  Uamp- 
ihlre. 

When  war  with  Mexico  was  declared 
Mr.  Pierce  received  tho  appointment 
of  Brigadier-Oonerat  and  repaired  to 
Newport,  K.  I.,  whore  ho  embarked 
with  a  portion  of  his  troops  for  Mexico. 
He  landed  ut  «  place  called  Vlrgora, 
and  found  no  preparation  for  hia  ad- 
vance, which  had  been  ordered.  There 
were  Dut  five  hundred  wild,  unbroken 
mules  for  his  use,  and  the  remainder 
bad  to  bo  caught  on  the  opnn  prairies 
and  tamed  to  the  bridle  and  harness. 
This  was  an  arduous  and  diSScult  task, 
as  tho  heat  of  the  sun  was  so  intense 
that  tho  men  could  not  be  exposed  be- 
tween the  hours  of  0  a.m.  and  4  f.h. 
Yet  witli  great  exertion  the  wild  ani- 
mals were  caught  and  tamed,  and  the 
march  began  July  14th,  through  a 
wil'erneag  infested  with  roving  bands 
of  gncrrllliis,  who  watched  every  chance 
to  attack  them  from  every  height  and 
possible  ambuscade.  The  heat  of  the 
sun  and  tho  licnvy  sandy  roads  made 
their  progress  slow,  but  on  the  7th  of 
August  they  reached  the  main  body  of 


IM*.  the  army  ni.  W  Oar  Scott  at  Puabla. 
He  arrived  wliii  iiis  eompMj  «f  2,400 
men  safely,  without  the  waa  of  a  aingl« 
wagon,  althoiigb  hi*  company  ba<l  suf 
fored  quite  aaverely  ftt>iB  sicknea* 
caused  l>y  tha  extrem*  brat,  (ian. 
Pierce  arrlvcii  In  time  to  laka  an  aot- 
Ivo  part  In  the  cloalng  aeeiMn  uf  tha 
war.  Upon  hi*  return  Nortb  be  waa 
warmly  received  by  bia  Iriends  and  tha 
aupporter*  of  tb«  war  roeasurea.  Tha 
coiiiproiniia  meaaure*  met  bla  hearty 
approval,  and  be  atnnuoualy  advoeatoa 
the  "  Fugitive  Slave  Law."  Tbla  en- 
deared liTm  to  tha  South,  aa  a  "  Nnrtb- 
orn  man  with  Soutbem  priaoiplea  "  waa 
alwaya  an  oapecial  Ikvortta  at  tba  Sooth, 
^lo  wa*  accordingly  nonlnatad,  Juna 
Utb,  18S9,  aa  iIm  candidate  of  tb* 
Democratic  party  for  tba  Preaidenoy, 
and  waa  elected  with  great  unanimity. 
Ilia  Ailmtniatrntlon  waa  a  atormy  one, 
and  favored  In  every  wav  the  alava 
power.  The  " im|>re*alliUi  conflict" 
grew  more  violent  and  atrong  with 
evrrv  flreah  aoceaaion  of  the  slave  power, 
until  law  waa  dliregarded,  and  In  tha 
Wcatcrn  fkrontlor*  mob  law  ruled.  Tha 
poll*  were  taken  poaaesaion  of  by  an 
armed  body  of  rufflans  (Wjm  Missouri, 
and  alavery  waa  established  u|mn  tha 
Aree  soil  of'^Kanaaa.  Their  legal  enact- 
nicnta  would  have  disgraced  savagea ; 
yet  President  Plerca  deemed  it  bis  duty 
to  rccounlzo  this  bogus  Leglalatura 
and  their  enactmenta.  But  the  oitlsena 
arose  «n  maut  and  protMted  In  a  peace- 
able manner  agalnat  such  an  invasion, 
and  sent  a  petition  to  the  Qeneral  Gov- 
emment  for  redresis.  Tha  Preaident 
in  reply  issued  a  proclamation  declar- 
ing the  Legislature  of  Kaaaaa  legitl 
mate,  and  that  it*  laws  must  be  obeyed 
or  the  strong  arm  of  the  Government 
would  \yt  put  forth  to  enforce  tbem. 
Thia  act  entirely  alienated  the  North 
flrom  the  Preaident,  and  ha  becama  *o 
unpopular  that  hla  quondam  Soutbera 
irienda  alao  foraook  htm,  and  bo  re* 
tired  to  the  privacy  of  hi*  home,  never 
more  to  be  di*turbed  by  political  pref- 
erence* or  emoluments.  He  main- 
tained, however,  bis  loyalty  to  tho 
Democratic  party,  although  be  took  no 
active  part  in  politics.  In  aorial  life, 
Mr.  Pierce  maintained  bis  high  reputa- 
tion as  a  kind  and  genial  neighbor,  a 
firm  fHend,  and  an  amiable  and  aocon* 
plished  gentleman. 
"  Jan.  The  United  Statea  Senate  reflised 
to  approve  tho  act  of  the  Preaident  in 
suspendlngthe  Secretan  of  State,  Mr. 
Stanton.  Upon  this  Gen.  Grant  re- 
aigned  the  qlilce,  and  President  John- 
aon  immediately  appointed  General 
Thomas  in  bia  place.  The  Senate 
declared  the  President  had  no  au- 
thority to  remove  the  Secretary,  of 
State,  and  Mr.  Stanton  reiyiaed  to  va- 
cate the  office.  Gen.  Thomas  was  ar- 
rested, but  wa*  immediately  released, 
as  it  was  tho  Prnsident,  and  not  Gen. 
Thomas,  the  Senate  were  fighting. .  603 

Jmpeathment  Trial. 

"  Feb.  Andrew  Johnson,  Preaident  of  the 
United  States,  tried  for  high  crimes 
and  misdemeanors;  thirty-flve  Mem- 
bers found  him  guilty,  and  nineteen  not 
guilty ;  ho  was  acquitted. 

"  Frb.  6.  Nollt  proiegui  ends  prosecution 
agidnst  Jeff.  Davia. 


I 


CBRONOLOQT. 


mMl  Ml  mlnMbUtag   ih*  wiloml 


*  Muvh  4.    iMUgunllMi  at  Om.  Onuil  m 

Prwltlrnl. 
**      lUrcb  It.     Aaniiliiivni  tiltl  prMmiUtI 
by  Mr.  JuHu,  nt  Ind.,  which  proflilml 
tat  wu«M  auAac*,  but  which  /iitf«ii 
!•  OMiM  t^r*  M«  lUtm, 

Jama  Harf*r. 

*  Mtreh  t7.    DMth  of  Jmnm  tUrpvr,  u 

AoMricm  pHblUhtr.  Il«  wm  for  mora 
thM  SO  jrMWi  til*  hMil  of  tbt  publUh- 
Ing  booM  of  Htrptr  Broii 

*  TboBopnaM  Court  pronouncwl  Cuofvil- 

ffal*  iMiMjr  to  be  worthlvM. 
<■  April.  A  Oim^ltmi^  AmmUu  prorMmrd 
$h»  timitUt  Iff  OiOia,  Mil  •lectml  <•  Cm- 
pwlM^'  PrMldmt;  the  total  ebolltlon 
of  lUrery,  end  iha  Inlrodoctlon  of 
fVfedom  of  reunion  were  emoiiR  the 
maMoree  dccrMd  by  the  AiMmlily. 
Tbe  wkr  wee  carried  en  on  lioth  ildei 
—tMrtionlarly  that  of  the  Mpanlards— 
with  groat  aarerlty. 

Pacific  Railroad  CompUUd. 

X  lUy  to.  Th»  grand  tHiU  of  thi  1B(A 
Miliary.  The  completion  of  the  oreat 
PaclBc  Rallrcnd-tlio  length  of  wliluh 
la,  esolualre  of  branchea,  orcr  >,000 
mllea,  and  criiiaiug  nine  tllitlnct 
nouniain  rangea,  which  were  tuniipleil 
in  aereral  plaov* ;  alio,  many  woikIit- 
ibl  bridgoa  were  built,  apanning  cliamiia 
of  fearAil  and  preclplloua  deptn.  This 
great  enterpriae  waa  begun  in  1869 
and  eompleted  in  IMO.  It  waa 
built  by  two  aeparato  companlea ;  the 
enotem  portion  by  the  Union  Pa- 
ciflo  Co.,  which  built  the  mad  to  Oy^ 
den,  and  the  wettem  part  by  the  Cvn- 
tral  I^Kiiflo  Co.,  which  built  it  <Wim 
Ban  Franciioo  to  that  point.  Aa  the 
diatanoe  between  them  grew  ihortcr, 
the  competition  and  eicTtement  grew 
more  Intonae.  About  S8,00U  men  and 
6,000  teama  wera  employed  along  the 
roale,  and  aa  they  neared  the  point  of 
Junction  erery  nerre  waa  atretehed, 
and  the  eieltcment  almoat  cqunled  In 
Intenaity  a  race  between  continental 
gianta.  The  eyea  of  the  whole  contl- 
Bont  wera  flzcd  upon  them,  and  their 
daily  progreaa  waa  ruported  over  the 
wirea  until,  when  the  erentAiI  10th  of 
Mar  arrired,  and  the  hut  rail  waa  laid, 
and  the  laat  apike  driven,  thouianda 
of  anxioiia  lUtonnra  were  waiting  at 
each  end  of  the  route  for  tbe  fignal 
when  the  laat  blow  ihuuld  be  struck. 
There  they  atood,  and  could  the  won- 
derfbl  telephone  have  had  a  develop- 
ment aufllcient  to  have  rover>>erated 
the  ionnda  of  the  falling  hammer,  the 
picture  would  have  Iwen  complete. 
But  in  their  ignorance  of  thin  amazing 
and  aubeequcnt  itrlde  of  science,  they 
attached  the  wires  to  the  last  rait, 
that  each  blow  of  the  sledge  should 
bo  recorded  on  every  connecting  tele- 
graph instrument  between  San  Fran- 
cisco and  Portland,  Me.  Indeed,  from 
Boston  to  New  Orleans  the  wires  were 
lield  in  readiness  to  receive  not  only 
the  mesRaffe  "  done,"  hut  the  very  eclio 
or  vibration  firom  the  falling  hammer. 
In  San  Francisco,  n  tclcgrapli  wire 
waa  attached  to  a  fiftcen-incii  gun,  also 
to  all  the  flre-betis  in  the  city,  which 


16N.  wen  rag  alanltaneonsly  with  the 
flring  of  the  gnn  by  sleetrlelly.  All 
bvalntaa  In  the  clt*  was  sus|)rnd«d, 
and  all  rUuca  unituil  In  a  (rniid  rein 
bmtliin.  All  over  the  ritate  of  Cnliflir 
nia  the  nclirnipnl  was  at  A-ver  lirat. 
In  Now  York  and  Washington  the  in- 
terset  was  Intense.  (!hlrnK»  crleliratpil 
the  event  on  a  magiilHet'nl  M-nl<i;  the 
procaaaion  waa  vary  unique,  and  waa 
over  (bar  mllea  long.  The  road  ttnm 
Omaha  to  Man  Frani'laco  cost  |IA.V0<iO,- 
OOO,  and  required  tlo.iiOO  Ions  of  Iron 
ralla,  l,mM),Ooo  flsh  plates,  9.in)0,«hiO 
bolts,  19,(100,000  spikes,  n.noO.Ottil  rroaa- 
tlea,  besidsa  millions  n(  fnrt  of  llinlier 
not  setimated,  fbr  the  construi-tion  of 
bridgea,  culvert*,  and  ^)ads.  lly  meana 
of  this  wondorAil  highwav  the  distance 
from  New  York  tu  Han  Franelst'o  waa 
reduced  to  seven  davs'  travel ;  from 
Mew  York  to  Japan  9a  daya. 

Grta/  Coal  Mint  Disatltr. 

"  Avondale  Coa.  Mine  disaster  In  Pennsyl- 
Tanla.  A  Are  broke  out  in  the  Air- 
nace,  an<l  the  shaft  was  conitumml — 
the  llro  extending  to  the  mines  ;  nk^re 
than  too  mtn  vm  mffotattd  b^fort  hilp 
could  rtaeh  them. 

Great  Peace  JuHlee. 

"  Jane  Ifl-SO.  A  pence  Jubilee  and  musical 
featival  was  hold  in  Uo^tnn  in  honor 
of  the  restoration  of  the  Union  of  the 
States.  There  were  10,00()  Kingnrs, 
and  an  orchestra  of  l,noo  inatrunu-nta, 
and  tens  of  thousanits  of  spectators. 
It  was  hold  In  the  Coliteum,  an  Im- 
mense building  erected  for  the  pur- 
pose, and  waa  conducted  by  Prof.  P.  9. 
Qihnore. 

Grant  Favors  Labor. 

"  Eight-hour  system  with  ten  hours  pay 
for  Govemuient  employ<:!'a  ordered  by 
Pr,]sident  Grant 

"  Colored  PtopUi  Convention  in  Washing- 
ton, Frederick  Duuglaa  presiding,  pro- 
nounced againat  emigration  to  Uberia. 

"  June  18.  Death  of  Jlenry  J.  Baymond, 
founder  ami  editor  of  the  New  Yorb 
Time;  in  Mew  York  dty,  aged  40 
yeara. 

"  July  4.  National  Democratic  Convention 
met  in  New  York,  nominating  Sey- 
mour and  niatr. 

*'  July  11.  Irtih  National  SepuUiean  Con- 
tention held  in  Chicago,  adopting  a 
resolution  requesting  Congress  to  pass 
a  law  for  the  naturalization  of  foreign- 
ers after  one  year'a  rcaidence  in  the 
United  States. 

"  July  24.  French  Transatlantic  cubic  laid 
in  the  Bay  of  Minon,  near  Brest,  reach- 
ed Duxbury,  Moss. 

"  Aug.  National  Labor  Contention  met  in 
Pliiladelphia,  re-afflrming  the  eight- 
hour  system. 

'*       Aug.  7.    Total  eclipse  of  the  sun. 

'*  Temperance  and  Prohibition  Convention 
met  in  Chicago. 

IVilliam  Pitt  Fessendtn. 

"  Sept.  8.  Death  of  Wm.  Pitt  Fcsscndcn, 
IiL.D.,an  American  statesman,  Senator, 
and  financier.  In  politics,  Mr.  Fessen- 
den  was  a  Whig.  In  1^80  he  was 
elected  tu  the  State  Legislature.     In 


IMO  he  waa  ebeteil  l»  Onngrsaa.  IM 
I  NIK  he  drallned  a  rvnnminallon,  and 
returned  to  his  prf>frsslon.  In  |n4ii  ha 
waangslnrlerli-dlonil  avaritnt'jf  In  the 
Hrnatu;  two  years  follnwlng  hi' terved 
in  the  l.rtiUlalure,  snd  In  IN4A  he  m 
reiv«<l  the  votes  of  his  |)arty  In  the 
I.rgl>lnliire  (lir  a  seat  In  the  IT,  H. 
Henato.  In  IH/)4  ha  again  entrrixl  the 
U,  H.  Hvnste,  and  made  the  most 
eliiquent  anil  ftTeilWe  speeiliis  ever 
liisdu  against  the  Neltrsska  bill,  and 
this  maile  him  a  leading  roan  of  tha 
Senate.  In  I8J)U  he  returned  to  tha 
Senate  for  all  yeara.  Throughout  the 
war,  Mr.  Kessenden  waa  a  Arm  ally  of 
the  Union  cause,  and  us  ('hnirman  of 
the  FInanrii  Couiniittoe,  he  allied  tha 
Merrrtsry  of  the  Treasury  In  maintain- 
inu  the  National  cnnlit.  U|M>n  the 
resignation  of  Mr.  Chase  fifom  Iha 
oHIce  of  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  ha 
waa  appointed  In  his  jdaee,  which  waa 
the  most  Important  one  in  the  Cabinet, 
and  the  rcapnnsthllltius  of  which  ha 
illlrd  to  the  entire  satlafaetlon  of  the 

n'opln  snd  the  sslvutiiin  of  the  country, 
n  was  again  reelectiHl  to  the  Senate 
for  six  years.  Mr.  Fessenden  vole<l 
ngaintt  tiie  imiwachment  of  I'resldint 
Johnson,  whicli  made  him  unpopular 
for  a  while,  but  which  aoon  wore  off, 
ronalileilng  Ills  conalstencv  and  great 
iisnliilni-aii,  Mr,  Fessenden  a  rharueter 
stiHid  high  in  the  nation,  at  home,  and 
abroad. 

Sept.  6.  Death  of  Oen,  John  A.  Rawlins. 
Secretary  of  War,  at  Washington,  aged 
8H. 

Bent.  Destructive  flooil  in  Virginia ; 
fortv  Uvea  lost  at  Hariier'a  Ferry. 
Kichmond  wns  overflowed,  and  ferry- 
boata  instead  of  horsu-csrs  were  used 
in  the  streets.  The  loss  in  property  ir. 
tlio  State  amounted  to  million*. 

Black  Friday, 

Sept.  94.  7VI«  ttrrOtU  Wall  fUreet  Ainia 
A  memorablo  day  in  New  York.  Tha 
panic  was  produced  by  the  gambler* 
in  gold,  or  the  "bears "and  "bulls'* 
of  Wall  Street,  controlled  by  the  Flak- 
Qould  ring,  who  produced  a  *'  comer  " 
on  gold,  selling  In  short  sums  until 
about  115,000,000  were  thrown  upim 
the  market,  when  the  "  gambling  "  be- 
gan. The  railroad  stock  gamblera  had 
for  woeks  been  playing  a  desperate 
game,  and  the  excitement  becoming 
intense,  the  great  gold  "  manipulators  " 
of  Wall  Street  U-gan  their  raid.  They 
ran  up  the  price  of  gold  (Vom  1874  to 
106.  The  "  bulls  "  went  into  the  fight 
determined  to  win  if  they  ran  goUl  up 
to  <JOli.  but  nt  160  they  collapsed.  The 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Mr.  Dout- 
well,  with  the  advice  and  by  order  of 
the  President,  sold  $4,000,000  of  gold 
on  the  street.  This  broke  up  the  ''  cor- 
ner," and  saved  hundreds  from  ruin, 
Tlic  Fisk-Ooiild  ring,  designing  to 
control  the  market,  had  linpTorcu  the 
Secretary  to  loan  them  a  largo  amount, 
but  the  Doyemment  preferred  to  place 
the  gold  In  tlio  market.  The  total 
depreciition  in  stocks  and  gold,  for 
the  week  ending  October  1st,  amounted 
to  flOd.OOO.dOO. 

The  Qold-rooni  presented  a  scene  ot 
the  wildest  excitement.  Money  waa 
leaned  at   COO  per  cent  per  annum. 


CHRONOtOOT. 


CnnnrvM.  h 
tmlnatinn,  •ml 
».  In  \H\  »>• 
*«ciinij  In  III* 
vlnit  lit'  •Mvril 
In  IH4A  liK  ri* 
I  iMrl;  In  llm 
lA  Ihfi  II.  H. 
In  intrrixl  tliff 
tile   til*    DUMt 

■  IH't'l'lltt    «»«f 

vikk  lilll.  •»<> 
IK  man  of  lli« 
nturncil  to  til* 
'hrougtiout  lh« 
I  •  lirm  •lljr  uf 
I  Cliiilrmiin  of 
I,  ho  ikliled  til* 
ry  In  mulnUln- 
It.  Upon  tlia 
iM*  tViim  tha 
le  Trewurjr,  ha 
Im'c,  wlili'h  WM 

In  tlio  ('•Itlnct, 
It  of  wliicb  b« 
Ufuctlon  of  th« 
I  of  the  country. 
i  lo  th«  8i'n«l« 
nienden  voted 
tnt  of  PrMldi  nt 

him  iin|H>|)uli»r 
I  KtMin  worr  off, 
toncy  anil  Rr*M 
uli-n'ii  rharui'ti'f 
>n,  at  home,  und 

ruhn  A.  Rkwiln*. 
Mhlngton,  iKea 

d  In  VlrKlnU; 
Ilariier'*  Krrry. 
iw.d,  and  ferry 
-can  were  uwtd 
It  in  property  Ir. 
mllliont. 

■iday. 

all  RtrtH  Ainli. 
\vm  York.    'ih« 
the  Rtmbttn 
."•nd  "built" 
led  by  the  Flak- 
icud  a  '*  comer  " 
hort  iuma  until 
.  thrown  upon 
gamblinii "  be- 
ik  gamblen  bad 
ng  a  desperate 
iment  bccoioinff 
"manipulalora'' 
jelrrafd.    They 
Id  tmm  1874  to 
Into  the  flght 
hey  ran  gold  up 
collap«e<l.   The 
ury,  Mr.  Bout- 
<xiiX  by  order  of 
DOO.OOn  of  gold 
[ikcuptbe''cor- 
redt  from  ruin. 
;,   detignlng   to 
id  iropTorcu  the 
a  large  amount, 
nferred  to  place 
ct.      The  total 
and  gold,   ft* 
r  iBt,  amonnteii 

intcd  n  Bccno  ot 
Money  waa 
nt  per  annum. 


IMt.  When  Iha  Mdt  rraehrd  IM,  Miin  IM0. 
thrlekxd  anci  ravrd  llk»  wild  heaatt, 
Thii  riHim  wiw  Allol  wlih  eur<N,  and 
mim  rimlii'il  nlioui  In  paroiytnit  of  (kiry. 
H|M'y>'r.  a  liiruii  i)|M'ritliir,  Iwanic  i-raiii'd, 
and  ntvi'il  llkn  a  iiiitdiiian,  and  waa 
lakvn  boiiir  by  bU  ft-linda.  Tlii<  HtiM'k 
Kii'banuK  waa  dcterlnl.  all  milling  lo 
tbu  Uold-riHtni  lo  wllncti  llin  death 
•IriiKglit  of  lli«  ''  built  "  The  nrmn 
•MitrVvali'il  any  low  gambling  den— im'n 
at  a  "  prlau-Agbt  'do  not  »o  ultrrly 
(lirgt'l  iinmM'Int  and  Ihvir  hiiniantly, 
aa  did  time  great  Wall  Htiaet  broken. 
They  were  ninrn  llku  a  {lack  of  (km> 
Uhnd  wulvi't  C'iming  luddeiiW  upon 
fVeih  bliMMl,  Outtlile  the  rxrlti'munt 
wat  alm>>tl  at  inUnMi.  New  Hlreet  wai 
ptioked,  and  all  travxl  wat  tbut  <iut ; 
all  were  walolilng  with  itralned  nyra 
the  dial  thai  marked  the  lluctiiatloni 
of  the  Uold-room.  The  ttruggln  to 
reaoli  the  (lold-nioni  wat  worte  tlian  a 
ioeno  at  a  laritu  tiru ;  men  wvre  puth- 
ing  and  Jamming  lo  get  out,  and  llghl- 
Ing  lo  get  in.  Fitk  and  Uould  left 
Iha  tireelt,  and  could  not  ba  found, 
Mmh  Wfre  evenrwhi'ru  lliroatoning  Iba 
llfu  of  Kiik.  '1  ha  banket*  and  broken 
•am  'J.ltS)  meaiagea  orer  their  wirea 
on  that  day,  and  the  other  linea  were 
Id  proporllon  burdene<l  with  the  ei 
oiling  dlipatchet.  All  confldenco  wat 
daatroyed  In  lliu  markolt  and  In  trade. 
Millionuire'i  were  hourly  becoming 
lieggart,  ami  miiihroomnperalori  luil- 
denly  found  lliumiiplvut  worth  milUunt 
le—  than  milMnff.  Wboloaali)  dry-gooilt 
houtci  rcftited  lo  tell  goo<lt,  at  they 
could  not  dutoriuine  the  prloot  to  place 
upon  them. 

ExflosioH  al  Indianafoln. 

*  Oot  1.    Bnmtlng  of  a  portable  engine  on 

the  fair-ground  In  the  city  of  Indian- 
apolii.  1.1,000  iiertont  on  the  ground ; 
lM)twe«m  twenty  and  thirty  killed,  and 
over  fifty  Injured. 
•*  Oct  U.  A  terrible  hurricane  twept  orer 
Cuba— the  mott  terere  in  the  preacnt 
century;  iminenta  damage  wat  done 
to  property,  and  about  a.OlK)  Urea  wera 
kMl. 

George  Ptabody. 

*  Nor.  4.    Death  of  George  Peabody,  the 

eminent  and  loved  bmefactor  of  Eu- 
rope and  America.  Mr.  Peabody  wat 
born  in  1705  at  Danven,  Blaii.  He 
•orvid  at  a  grocery  clerk  fVom  U  to 
in  yean  of  age,  when  bo  wont  into  the 
dry-goodt  ttoro  of  bit  brnlhcr  In 
Ncwburyport.  At  the  aite  of  twenty 
he  became  a  partner  of  Mr.  Elitba 
lUggt,  in  a  litrgu  dry-goodt  houau  in 
BaVtlmoro — Mr.  Kiggii  nirniihing  capi- 
ttl,  and  ypuns  Peabody  the  butincHS 
ability.  The  Tiouio  rapidly  increotcd 
in  butinett,  and  catabllthcd  branch 
houtct  in  Now  York  and  Phlladclphin. 
In  1890  Mr.  Penbo<ly  bccnnio  the  liead 
of  the  house  —  Mr  l<ig);ii  retiring.  In 
18)I7  ho  settled  in  Ltmdon,  and  four 
yoan  alter  be  withdrew  from  Iho  Ann 
and  pstablialicd  a  bank  in  London, 
which  soon  became  the  buadqunrton 
for  American  news  intelligence  and 
8C(|ualntance.  In  18.V3  Mr.  Peabody 
tent  a  present  of  $20,001)  lo  his  native 
town  of  Danvers  to  be  diiibuned  in 
founding  a  library,  an  inititute,  and  • 
lyceum,   which   bo   subsequently  aa- 


dowed  to  Iha  vitani  nf  aavaral  hrni- 
dra<l  Ihoiitand.  Tn  Iha  (triniitll  Rl- 
mdillon  In  Iha  Nnflh  l'nl«  he  gave 
|lt),i>4m.  In  IMIT  Mr.  Prat»hly  gave 
Iha  ningnlHri'nl  tiim  of  l.lDO.oOo,  at 
Iba  flrnl  iiitltllmint  nf  |AlM).n<H),  fnf 
llin  itiabllthmt'nt  of  an  intlitui*  lo 
promote  llirratun',  ttli'nce,  ami  Iba 
artt  In  llaltiniorr,  l.alir,  lii>  ga«r 
inotl.iioo  fiir  Ihn  promotion  of  etliira- 
tiim  In  the  Hoiilb,  iind  which  he  after- 
ward Iru'reattd  by  tnveral  emlow- 
menlt.  making  hit  public  lienefiirllimt 
In  Amerlia  rent^li  above  |I,iiih),(HMi. 
nut  liU  iiiiwt  worthy  and  princely  gift* 
were  to  the  poor  of  l.ondi>n.  At  an 
atperliiirnt  he  Invettail  the  turn  of 
ll,9.tO,<)<)o  to  nid  the  Industrimia  p<N>r. 
lie  therrforii  rrreltHl  four  great  bullil- 
in)(t  calleil  by  hit  name.  In  the  p4inri'«l 
quarten  of  London,     lie  reiiuced  the 


rent  to  within  their  reach,  but  required 
them  to  keep  Ihrm  clean— a  n'qiilnv 
men!  wlilcb  many  of  the  tenania  who 
hail  lived  III  ti)ualor  all  their  <layt 
ciintldered  loo  great  •  tal.  The  en- 
tcrprite  illd  not  teem  lo  meet  with  the 
tiiccoti  which  the  benefkclor  wished. 
A  part  of  thli  flinil  wat  rcaurvod  tn  ro- 
ll(T0  Icnnntt  In  deaervliig  Inttaiici't. 
Mr.  Penlxidy  made  bit  limt  vtxll  to  tbit 
ooantry  on  the  litb  of  .Tunv  precciling 
hit  death.  The  Ainericiin  KCHliil'>r 
Hlory  made  a  noble  atatiie  of  him 
which  was  erected  in  London  nt  the 
expense  of  that  city,  and  upon  bit 
death  Queen  Victoria  flitod  out  a  thlp 
— wbit'li  wat  Joined  by  vvaaelt  ftom  th« 
American  squadron  in  Iho  Mu'llter- 
ranoan  Hva— to  l)enr  hit  reninini  back 
lo  his  native  land,  where  they  repose 
among  the  honored  and  hallnwed  of 
our  country'i  great  and  noble  bene- 
fkclnn. 

Nov.  11.  Death  of  Robert  J.  Walker, 
ttatctman  and  publicitt,  at  Wathing. 
Ion,  aged  08. 

Albert  D.  RUhardton. 

Nor.  99.  Aitassination  of  Albert  D. 
Richardson,  the  welt -known  author 
and  Joumaliat.  He  wat  inot  in  the 
Now  York  Trlhunt  counling-ronm  by 
Daniel  McFarland,  upon  Iho  alleged 
intimacy  of  Ricliardiion  with  Mn. 
McFarland,  who  had  recently  been  di- 
vorced flrom  him.  Mr.  Richardson  died 
on  the  morning  of  Dec.  9.  In  March, 
18(17,  McFarland  bad  attempted  to  take 
the  life  of  Mr.  Richardson,  who  waa 
escorting  Mn.  McFarland  home  fVom 
the  Winter  Garden  Theater,  where  she 
was  employed  as  an  actress.  Mn.  Mc- 
Farland had  separated  from  her  hus- 
band ujion  alleged  cruelty  and  failure 
to  support  her  and  hor  children.  The 
situation  in  the  theater  had  been  pro- 
cured for  her  by  Mr.  Sydney  Howard 
(lay,  managing  aditor  of  the  Now  York 
Tribune,  throu)!h  the  intercession  of 
Mn.  Sinclair,  wif  j  of  tlio  publisher  of 
that  paper,  and  also  of  .Mr.  Richardson, 
who  was  a  corrcspundent  of  the  Trib- 
iin*.  Mn.  McFnrlnnd  was  a  woman 
of  Hne  literary  talents  and  a  splendid 
reader.  Slio  had  many  innucntiat 
fViends,  and  among  them  several  of 
the  Tribune  staff,  wlio  were  interested 
in  her  welfare.  8ho  was  always  es- 
corted homo  from  the  theater  by  some 
one  of  her  friends,  and  on  this  partic- 
ular evening  Mr.  Browne  and  Miss  Oil- 1 


IMt,  hart  had  tngafad  la  aaa  kef  b<NM,  tmt 
Bnding  ho  rotiTd  not  (kMII  hit  a««aga> 
meni,  Mr,  Hrowaa  rM|iiaala4  .Mr.  Ttleb- 
anltiin  lo  rail  al  the  llieatar  and  ••• 
roin|mny  her  lo  her  home.  It  waa  a 
tlormy  nighl,  and  Mr.  MrKarland  hud 
walehril  lirr,  and  crept  up  iMihind 
Rlohanlaon  and  thol  him  In  Iha  liwik. 
He  flrvd  four  ahola,  but  one  of  whlek 
took  affect,  Mr.  Kiehardton  gratpoil 
and  held  him  until  a  poliefman  arraal- 
ad  him.  Th*  wound  wat  not  fWlal, 
and  Mr,  HIchardann  waa  eonllnnd  to 
hit  room  but  one  weak.  Mr.  McFar< 
land  otalma<l  that  Mr,  Klehardtnn  had 
allanati'd  Iha  aANllona  nf  bla  wifa 
ttnm  him — that  then  had  bean  a  crim- 
inal Intimacy  liatwran  tham;  that  m 
Arautlulent  divorce  had  liaen  obUlna<l 
through  Mr,  lilchankmn't  efforit,  and 
that  an  ainpamant  and  marriaga  had 
taken  placa;  all  of  which  waa  opealy 
danlati  by  Mr.  Klohanlton  and  Nra. 
McFarland  tnd  her  fViendt.  ItpuM 
the  trial,  it  waa  abundantly  nroveu  by 
the  moat  retiiertable  and  rallabla  wlU 
nraaea  that  everv  ona  of  tbaaa  obarget 
wara  falaa;  and  that  m4  until  Mn. 
McFarland  had  ihrmally  parted  flroa 
her  huiliand,  and  waa  dapandanl  upon 
Iha  tynpalhy  Md  aid  of  bar  Manda 
(br  proiccllon  and  lafluenea  In  proeur- 
log  a  aupp<rt  for  beraalf  and  ebildraa, 
did  .Mr,  lilohardton  show  her  any  at* 
tantlon  iMiyond  winch  any  liigl»-mind« 
ed  and  goneroua  gentleman  woubl  >>e- 


tlow  upon  a  lady  needing  aymuathy 
and  aid.  It  wat  alto  abunUMitly 
proved  that  Mr.  MoV'arland  waa  •  ra- 
grant  — a  man  of  dittoluta  bablta, 
of  a  hasty  and  violant  lempar,  ovar- 
baaring  and  exacting,  and  that  ba  bad 
utterly  naglected  liTs  fkmily  and  r» 
lilted  to  aupport  them.  It  waa  alw 
proven  that  Mn.  McFarland  waa  a 
woman  of  modest  and  ntlring  mai»> 
nan,  patient  and  forbaaring,  indm. 
trinut  and  studinua  In  ber  habits,  and 
waa  much  balovad  by  a  large  circle  of 
fViands;  that  tat  many  yean  aha  had 
borne  in  silence  his  abuie,  which,  when 
he  waa  under  the  Influence  of  liquor, 
wat  of  a  deaperate  and  dangaroua  nat- 
ure. McFarland  waa  triad  ibr  tha 
murder  of  Mr.  Richardson  in  New 
York,  and  was  aequilted  upon  tho  pU» 
iff  intanitv. 

National  HVm/in's  Suffrif*  Conttntion, 
Rev.  Henry  Ward  Boeober  preaidlng. 

Convention  in  Memphit,  Tenn.,  to  dl»> 
cuss  tha  Coolie  question. 

Deo.  10.  National  Colortd  Lahor  Conttn- 
tion,  which  sent  a  delegation  oonRratu- 
latins  Preaidant  Grant,  and  ontring 
him  tne  support  of  all  colored  laboiera, 
because  bu  had  opened  the  galea  of  Iha 
navy  yard,  and  other  departmenta  of 
skilled  labor,  to  their  raee. 

Babcock  fire  estlngulaher  flnt  patented 
in  the  United  SUtea. 

10,000  Proteatanta  in  the  Argentine  Re* 
public. 

The  census  makes  the  Talne  of  the 
United  States  |81, 000,000,000. 

Edivin  M.  Statiton. 

Dec,  14.  Death  of  Edwin  M.  Stanton, 
LL.D.,  statesman  and  Cabinet  officer. 
Mr.  Stanton  was  bom  in  SteubanTiile, 
0„  Dec.  24,  181S,  and  graduated  at 
Kenyon  College,  O,,  in  1888.    He  grad« 


chuonoloot. 


T*pfM,  M  mmImhI  JurtM  <if  Ohio,  mi<I 
UcM  pntlM  la  CmHi,  U.,  In  IMM. 
Mtl  In  INiW  h*  liM'nnt*  •  pMtnar  with 
ill*  JikIii*.  lit  \Mt  ItawMtlw'lad  ra- 
Burtof  uf  III*  <lM'UI«n«  i>f  lit*  Mii|tNni« 
I'Mifl  of  Oh  III,  Mill  |)r«>|Mr«il  lh«  ?ul' 
umM  II  >r  lh«  pr«w. 

In  I  MO  Nr.  HImIom  wm  npfiolnliHl 
In  hU  flnl  iHWIllun  m  •  Ui>*»rnm«nl 
oAloor.  lit  rMnWml  Ilia  nittMilnlmenl 
lit  Atlornay-Uancral  IVom  I'mlilanl 
lluobMMi,  M  •iM'raaa'ir  of  JuiIki«  lilMh, 
JaniMTf  1 1,  IM4,  PrMl<laiii  l.lmoln 
chiiaa  Mr,  HlMitun  Atr  Macralnry  of 
War.  HU  abia  m<I  imcaaalnii  lalMira 
In  Ihia  (laDartmant  Ibrounh  tba  ww 
u»  Ilia  wall  known  to  raquira  a  <l«- 
toilatl  nowmnl.  Ilia  ilullaa  and  obllKa* 
UiiM  war*  moraanlu'ioa  than  wi>re  IhiMa 
of  Miy  otbar  nvmbar  of  Iha  Calilnvt, 
tha " walght of  Iha  war"  rrallnn  iimm 
III*  ahouluara.  t'niUr  i>rt<aiilfnt  John- 
■on  bl«  ilanoh  flilvllty  to  tlin  Inlnrnt* 
of  Iha  Union,  nnil  hi*  uncnDiproinUinii 
•dharvnea  lo  tha  prlni'i|>l<ia  of  loyalty,  i 
and  10  Iba  vluoroiK  proaaoutlon  of  tha 
war,  cauiatl  lilm  lo  ba  fenrad  by  Iha 
I'raaidunt  and  hatml  by  tb*  rnamliMof 
Iba  tiovornmoni,  Imth  North  Mid  rtiiulh, 
Mr.  Jobnaon  aouahl  In  tvar*  waf  to 
foroa  bla  rralKnatlon,  whiab  Mr.  Htan- 
ton  na  itoully  roiln'xl.  Finally,  In 
AUnOat,  IM7,  Iho  l>ri  »ii|(int  •iiiicru'dud 
lilm,  placinif  ()«ii.  (imnl  In  lii*  (I'al, 
lut  iiUrrlm.  Dili  Mr.  Ntanton  trduMil 
III  TBcate,  holdinu  hU  wa*.  ihniiiah  the 
lni|MiachmsDt  Irial  of  the  I'rfildnnt, 
but  roalgnlnu  upon  the  failure  of  the 
JurT  to  tlnd  bin  uullty. 

fie  now  aouKhl  real  anil  the  reatora- 
llon  of  bla  bvalth,  nhlrh  had  liven 
amlW  liiipalrod  bv  Ida  Incnaanl  and 
hercttlaan  labora.  In  I>econib«ir,  1H09, 
Traaldant  Qmnl  nominated  him  for 
Aaalitanl  Juatica  i>f  tha  Huprrma 
Court,  In  the  place  of  Jiidxe  drier,  n- 
•Ignod;  but  Mr.  HUnton  diml  bvforo 
bla  ooromlMlon  waa  made  uot,  and 
</M  a  yoor  man,  not  Itatinf  a  it^gMtnt 
luppert/or  \U  family.  ConKr<'*a  Toteil 
n  yew'i  aalary  na  juatico  uf  the  Hu> 
prema  C:;urt  to  bu  paid  to  hl«  family, 
•nd  tha  Mendi  of  Mr.  HIanton  through- 
out Iba  oonotry  made  up  a  memorial 
fiind  and  prtaented  to  them.  Mr.  Htan- 
ton  made  aome  enemlva  by  hli  arbi- 
trary manner,  which  waa  Kroatly  ag- 
gravatwl  by  the  perpleiinK  and  rv- 
apontlble  pMltlon  which  hu  held  aa  Sec- 
retary of  War  Ihroutth  the  great  Re- 
bcUloD ;  but  hla  loyalty  to  the  Oovem- 
mont,  and  bla  atrlct  inteirrity  of  cbnr- 
Mter  ••  without  a  blemlib ;  bla 
great  nblllty  aa  a  alateeman  waa  never 
quealioned. 
Bcnencb'a  bill,  requiring  all  national  ob- 
Hgaiiona  lo  be  paid  in  coin,  paiaed. 

Terrible  Explosion, 

Dec.  16.  Explnnlon  uf  3,000  pounda  of 
gunpowder,  500  pound*  of  compound, 
and  3,000  p<)unil»  of  nitro-glycerino  at 
once  in  a  torpedo  fni'lory  at  TitusTillc, 
I'a.  TbU  tvrribic  uxploalnn  took  place 
about  onn  mile  from  the  center  of  the 
town,  and  ihook  the  wliolu  city.  For 
100  yardx  In  every  direction  the  oarth 
waa  lorn  up  «a  In  a  newly-plowed 
field ;  tree*  one  fiHit  in  diameter  were 
cut  oflf  and  torn  into  fragmeata ;  heavy 


IH70. 


Vi0*  wi>ra  biirli  •!  ibmnih  Iha  air  mhI 
«v«r  the  lr<-«  inpa  a  ilUUni*  of  ona- 
alibtb  of  a  mil»;  ilmif*  and  wlndowa 
mlly  lino  ftinnh  uf  a  mil*  away  w«f« 
drivn  In  and  brnh««  to  •IWi'r*;  anl- 
mala  and  Aiwl*  wrn>  ftrlf(hli>n«il  alNl 
llvil  In  rvffT  dlmiion ;  nifn  Wi<ra 
■lunn»l  by  llir  •hurh  :  and  n<i<  a  build 
Inu  In  ilix'liy  iiui  fi  K  lhi<  I'lli'i'ii  uf  lli« 
Irrrtlilo  r<innw>liin.  'I  hi-m  waa  hut 
una  wall  In  »r  alHiiit  Ihn  liulldliitf*,  and 
ba  wan  lltrrall.r  blown  Into  (Vatfrnxnla. 
Tha  rflhrt  up«m  tha  |H>iipl«  and  liiilNI- 
iniia  In  the  vlrlnlly  waa  prrrl«>ly 
Ilka  that  priMlitrKil  by  an  i'arlhi|imkr. 
JfMjur  /^ll»»Wl  VaUtrftilit  r,f;i/.iriii(/  t.tfi*>li- 
Hon  iliirM  oi4l  Thn  oiiMMlllliin  waa 
iirnanlMil  at  Nnrinal,  III.,  by  Mi^ir 
l*uw«ll,  of  Iha  Normal  Unlwrally. 


Cuban  tniHrrt<lion. 

Inanrrertinn  In  Cuba.  The  Inauritrnta 
diwlri'd  lo  havK  Iho  lni|r|irnili*nr«  of 
Culia  rnriiffnlli'd  by  llin  I'nlleil  HUlra, 
but  IliM  (liivi'rnmi'nt  drrllneil,  and 
inainliilni'il  an  alllliidn  of  nrutralily, 
except  that  ahu  endi'KVorrd  In  ni'Kotl- 
•t«  with  K|iain  In  rrfermre  to  aellle- 
nivnl  of  the  I'liban  tniiiblia  I'nvnrabla 
In  Cuba. 

Flflii>nth  Amrmlmrnt,  glvlnif  Iho  ballot 
to  tha  roliirxil  man,  Ixicama  a  part  of 
the  Conalllutiiin, 

Gto,  D  PreHlltt. 

Jan.  <9.  Death  of  Oen.  Drnniaon  I'rentlre, 
an  Amvrlciin  Inurnnliit  i>f  riinaiderMlilu 
note,  and  o^  niueh  publlcily  In  the 
Weal,  He  becaroo  Iho  nlllorlii-cbicf 
of  the  fMuluilU  ./iiiiniiil  In  IHIII,  and 
under  bla  cbarite  It  rmm  to  be  the  lend- 
ing Journal  (if  the  Wiat.  Aa  a  writer, 
Mr,  I'renlica  waa  graceftil  In  itylii, 
•piny  in  humor,  and  aarcMllo  and 
■evere  In  critieitm.  When  lliii  Houth 
Ix'gan  the  recuaalon  moremrnt,  Mr. 
Prentice  itoutly  oiipoaeil  the  elforta  to 
drag  tha  btata  of  Kentuekv  into  the 
Xortex,  and  it  waa  largely  due  to  the 
nneenaing  fldellty  of  that  Joumul  that 
they  did  not  •iieeecd.  lleliig  cmbar- 
raaio<l  in  llnancea  during  Iho  war,  tlie 
contmlling  Inlluenco  of  the  pa|ier 
paaacil  into  other  haniU,  who  were  loaa 
rigoroiw  In  inidntalning  tlie  Union,  and 
for  a  abort  time  ho  withdrew  fl-om  the 
editorial  chorge.  Tho  loaa  of  a  aim 
who  fell  In  battle  in  Iho  Houthom 
armv,  and  other  nlHicliona  and  tilHli,' 
rendered  bla  declining  yuan  aail  and 
■urrowftil.  Mr.  Prrnliro  waa  ako  a 
poet  uf  no  mean  ability,  und  although 
no  never  puliliahed  hla  |Hiemi  in  Ixiok 
form,  "they  atill  live."  Hu  waa  alao  a 
cunlribntor  to  lltirjtfr'i  Monthly.  Hu 
waa  a  bitter  opponent,  but  •  warm  and 
gcneruuB  friend. 

IVesley  Harper. 

Feb.  14.  Denth  of  Wealey  Hariicr,  of 
the  Arm  of  Harper  A  Rroi.  Wealoy 
was  the  literary  eorreapomlent  nf  the 
Arm,  and  during  iho  forty  yeani  in 
which  he  conduclml  tho  correapondence, 
it  waa  aald  of  him  that  ho  nuvcr  for- 
got to  lie  courteous  or  coiisidernte  of 
the  feclinKR  of  others,  and  tliat  Iio  hud 
not  an  enemy  among  the  thousands 
with  whom  he  corresponded.    lie  died 


ItrV,      Ml  M  bait  Nvatf,  Im  eb«r1fy  anil  paw* 

wlib  all  m*n, 

Ant«n  nnrlinsamt. 

"  fab  II,  Anann  Itnrlingani*.  an  Amar- 
Iran  alatranian  and  di|MittMall>'t,  lileil  In 
hi.  rrleraburg,  llllaain  He  waa  Mlnla- 
irr  l'lrid|iiili<nlisry  fVum  Ihe  I'nliid 
MalM  l»  «  lilna  f^iim  INltl  lo  INilT,  und 
AniliaM»il»r  f^oni  Iha  Kniplre  of  China 
III  ihn  Wi'slrrn  I'liwrra  inini  ixOT  lo 
IHTO.  Mr.  Hurllngama  waa  mluiaied 
In  Iha  rnlvcrtily  of  Mirhlgan.  and  In 
till)  r«nilirlilgt>  l.aW'Hrhnol,  Hu  waa  a 
meinlwr  of  lli«  il4lh,  Mth,  and  iWih 
Ciingrraata.  Ill*  aralhing  relmlin  of 
I'ri'alon  |H.  Ilrixika  for  his  aaaxiill  ii|ain 
Hrnalor  Miininer,  h'd  lo  a  ihaliinge  for 
a  duel  ri'om  llie  luaiilliil  Houlliirnir, 
who  drcilnvd  to  Aghl,  fraring  In  liaaa 
Ihrniigh  Iha  "enemy'*  eniinlry ''  In 
rriehlng  Clifton,  Canada— llie  ai>>>l 
dialgnateil  bv  .Mr.  Ilurllngame.  Mr. 
Iliirllngiumi  illrd  in  Ihe  nildal  nf  hi* 
liopiiUrilv,  and  Juat  Ixfiire  he  had 
iiimplelvd  tho  grralent  ill|iloroall« 
work  ever' asalgnod  an  Aiueihan  Mln* 
later. 

Ilatllt  ,</  Ihe  lUonJti. 

"  Fib.  34.  Hnraa-whipping  nf  Willxir  f. 
Hlnrey,  editor  of  Ihe  Chleagii  Tim§$, 


for  allegrd  ainnder,  by  Lvdla  Tliomii- 
aun  and  .Mia*  .Mnrkbam,  of  the  "  lllunda 
llurii'sqiio  TniuiH'."  These  ladle*,  In 
eompany  with  Mr.  Markham,  liiiahiea* 
roaiiaxer  for  tho  Iroiipe,  and  several 
iilliera,  met  Mr.  Hlnrey  in  fyont  of  hi* 
r<  *lilence  on  Wabnah  Avenuu,  iind  In- 
tlli'led  siiinu  twenty  laabca  upon  hla 
iii'itd  iind  peraon  with  a  mwbiile.  Mr. 
HInny  stoutly  rwlsted,  and  the  whola 
aasanlting  party  were  tnkvn  before  Iha 
Arninry  |Hiiiro  court  on  aehargfl  of  dia- 
orderly  eondiict,  and  were  tried  and 
lined  llOU  each. 

Genera/  Thomas. 

March  SH.  Death  of  Ocii.  Henry  Tlinmaa, 
Mivl  -Oen.  of  Ihe  U.  M.  A.,  one  of  tha 
ablest  and  moat  aucceasAll  of  the  mill- 
lary  chiefa  of  tha  civil  war.  Qeneral 
Thnmaa  was  liom  and  ralaed  in  Vlr> 
uinia,  and  belonged  to  Ihe  F.  F.  V.'k 
Hu  waa  educated  ut  West  Point.  Yet, 
when  Huniter  waa  flred  upon,  he  de* 
dared  for  his  country,  und  the  day  Uia 
flag  waa  lowered  tVoin  thu  wnll*  of  Fort 
Sumter,  he  renjirtod  for  duty  al  Car- 
lialu  barracks,  Pa.,  and  in  May  he  led  a 
brigade  into  Maryland,  IVom  Chamber*- 
burg  to  Wllliamaport,  and  on  June 
10  he  croaxed  the  Pntomsc  in  full  uni- 
form,  til  inrado  Virginia,  und  flght  hia 
old  ronimandcrs,  who  hail  tamed 
truilora  In  tho  (loTemment  he  loved 
and  cherished.  All  through  the  long 
and  bloiMly  strife,  (Jen.  Thomas  was  In 
tho  Held,  an  active,  faithful,  and  cffert- 
Ivo  officer,  never  flinching  f^om  duty, 
never  betraying  discouragement,  or  a 
lark  nf  those  high  and  moral  principlea 
which  engaged  Ills  iuvaluablo  services 
In  defensi)  of  his  country's  life  and 
hnnor.  In  privnto  life,  (ten,  Thomas' 
reputation  wa*  without  a  stsln,  and  ho 
dleil  In  thu  un)ovment  of  his  cnuntry'a 
cunflduncc,  admiration,  and  gratitude 

Mrs.  IVillard. 
Ajiril   15.       Mrs.  Emma    Hart   Willurd 
died  in  1'roy,  N.  Y.     bh«  waa  an  edu- 


r  iiRr)Norxxir. 


inry  TtinnuM, 
onu  of  tli« 
of  Ilia  iiiili< 
•r.    Qvneral 
ImxI  in  Vlf 
K.  K.  V.'» 
otnt.    Yfl, 
pon,  ho  <1»- 
llir  day  (.he 
nrsll*  of^Port 
liity  at  Car- 
Hay  ho  led  • 
C'liaaibvr*- 
id    on  J  una 
in  full  uni- 
ml  llRlit  hi* 
ad    turned 
It  he  Invod 
fh  the  InnK 
omaa  waA  in 
and  cITert- 
f^om  duty, 
:cnient,  or  a 
principle 
bio  H'rTlcoa 
'■  life  and 
in.  Thomas' 
tiiin,  and  ho 
i>  country'* 
gratituilih 


ttn,  Mlar  and  anil  >)r,  «n,|  id*  plnni^rlnih* 
bllthar  •diicntliin  iif  wimivii  tii  ihU 
riHinlry.  '*h«  «iiw  iii  ti  iiiiiii'  )oiini{i'>t 
in  «  f«mllj  iif  17  I'lilMrnn.  mi^l  iwr- 
f»rm»d  li»r  Nll'id'  •!  >liitr<>  ottUi  >I<hm« 
(ill  iIiiiIk*  of  III"  r«(nil>.  wliljii  |iriw<iru|. 
Intf,  with  a  wiin'l<'ir>il  cnrrtfv,  ihv 
(tiiillM  whii'h  |ir>  ■"  mIi'iI  lliwiiiai  I«««  Io 

■  h«ri  nMuirrInu  iMlninoinir  in  hi'r  Ulh 

yMr,  »i,iiij\nn   il  riiinll)  \,y  lixMmlillii: 

im  th«  li<irw>liiiH'li  III  fVoiil  of  iliv 
tloof.  Nil*  liad  two  jvara'  •linly  lit  tim 
villH|i(t'  at'advniy,  ami  llirii  rnix>H(t'<l  tut 
Uluilitr  In  lhi<  illttrli't  w^hiHil,  wlii>r« 
sliii  liktiam*  noli'd  a*  a  iiro<lrli<iii  trarti 
■r.  ilvr  iiiarrlagd  In  l)r.  John  Wlllanl 
lnti'rrii|i<rd,  for  xiiiiii  Hiiik.  In'r  •alllntf 
M  a  ti>a(-h>'r.  In  |h||,  llnaiii'ial  r«- 
r>.>ri*«,  however,  Imlun^d  her  to  oma 
a  iMMrillnK-KchiHii  lor  Klrl^  In  Mitldlt- 
bury  llvr  M'hiiol  priwiHTiil,  iiitil  tier 
■phvru  tniar|(«<l,  for  whlrh  mIk  i|iiallll«i| 
hunrli  liy  hiinl  «tiiily  at  nl||lit», 
niaatcrlnK  lhi<  ailvani'ed  acipni'p*, 
which,  one  by  one,  ahn  iiitrixliiiad 
into  her  inliool  llui  foviliiK  llu'  neeil 
uf  vularui'd  privili'Hiia,  iihii  iuld  her 
diiiri'*  aiiil  plana  bcfuro  (lov.  Clinton, 
wliii  gitvii  tiiii  inoriJiiient  n  wnrm  itiip. 
port,  and  In  IHIU  alii-  ii|M'nt'd  her 
achool  in  Watvrforil  In  l'<40  rh« 
citlaenit  of  Tr^iy  olfi.red  hvt  «  tniililinK 
If  ihu  woulil  rrniotv  hur  •rhorj  to  that 
oity.  Hlia  ni'ii'ptrd  it,  and  In  IM'JI 
opened  her  iiub<equently  Aiinona  Hein- 
Inary  there.  In  IN23  her  liiiat>anil 
dieil,  and  the  entire  ('iunrKu  of  the  In- 
•lltiiriou  reiteil  upon  htr.  Hhe  eon- 
tlnued  to  lurceMfUlly  nmnnKu  the 
icIiiMil  till  IHilH,  wlien  her  ion  and  hia 
wife  relieved  her  nf  l^irlhrr  eare.  After 
her  rutlreineni  alio  lii'eniiie  much  Inter- 
ealrd  In  I'oninion  leliiHila,  and  labored 
lor  their  elevation.  In  |mA4  nIii<  attend- 
•d  the  World'a  I'ldllorlnl  ConKreaa  |n 
l.ondon.  Hhe  publiahud  auercaMlvely  a 
■erlea  of  ai'oura|ilil>«  anil  ntlaaei,  a 
bialory  or  the  rnili.i  htutei,  and 
many  other  iinportnnt  hiilorienl  and 
miaoollanenua  worlia  of  mur<i  vnlue. 
8he  waa  a  woman  who  llred  ami  moved 
a  Kri"^'*"""-  *t  \t»*t,  in  udvanno  of  her 
age,  and  lier  wonderful  acliieveni'enta 
In  behalf  of  ii  lilitlier  life  and  etitica- 
tion  for  wnmnn  will  altiu^h  her  mime 
tu  the  Hat  of  tiio  world'*  great  luorcra 
and  lienefiietora. 
'  May  4.  Dtiilh  of  Zernh  Culbum,  the 
great  loconiotivo  engineer,  inanufae- 
turer,  and  odllor.  lie  waa  nephew  and 
niuiiexake  of  the  eclulirated  lUHthenm- 
tician  of  New  Knglind.  Mr.  Colbum, 
throii({h  overwork  of  bniln  and  mental 
deprcMilon,  became  perfectly  inaane, 
and  while  in  one  of  hli  flta,  ho  itrayed 
awny  from  liii  friendu,  and  died  by  hit 
own  lianil. 

•  JuW    18.      Admiral    IMhlgren,    of    tho 

United  Htatoa  Niivy,  (iieil  in  Waahing- 
ton  t>om  a  gun-aiio't  wound  received  in 
action.  Ho  wnt  the  inventor  of  the 
oeltlirated  gun  hearing  lila  nnme,  also 
of  a  aninller  rifled  cannon.  He  waa  a 
bravo  and  efflcient  oDIccr,  nnil  n  digni- 
flod  and  coiirtediH  gentleman.  Hif 
death  was  a  great  h>M  to  tho  nation, 

TAe  Nathan  Af tinier. 

*  Wy  28.    Murder  of  Benjamin  Nathan,  a 

wealthy  and  Influontint  member  of  the 
Btocic  Exchange,  and  brothor-in-law 


ilceping 
Niilliiin  • 


INtO,  nf  Judge  Cardo<n,  In  hi*  own  bed- 
ehamlivr  In  hla  elegant  brown  atone 
inanalitM  near  Plflli  Avenue,  Hvm  York 
Hi*  two  anna  and  two  danghtora,  a 
m»M  and  •  wiHnan  aervanl  were  In  the 
hon>«  al  (lie  llni*  the  wonian-arrvani 
In  •  room  mlj-'lnlng  Mr, 
hiin'a  PMMiv  ami  not  an  Ininale  of 
the  loHMa  waa  illaiiirli«a|,  The  win- 
ilowa  nf  hla  r'Mnn  weru  ii|ic>n  toward 
the  atreel,  and  the  hai^linien  op|HHli«, 
and  the  eU<rka  iiiwd  wateh  al  Iha 
Klflh  Avenue  Hotel  never  liearil  a 
aoiMd.  A  |M)l|ei>in*n  waa  alatlonad 
at  Ih*  corner,  but  a  few  ruda  (Voni  the 
iHWae,  yal  he  had  no  hiiowladge  of  any 
irregular  ait*  or  deed*  of  vioienrc  liv- 
ing ciiimmitled  in  the  nelgblHirhflfMl. 
Yet  till'  aitliearanee  of  the  liody  and 
the  riMim  indicated  a  lerrilde  atriiggle 
lielwi-en  Mr.  Nathan  and  hla  niur- 
liirera.  Ilia  IkhIj  waa  covcr«<l  with 
biu-iil,  and  nine  iliatlnci  and   fenrlui 

Kiwhr*  and  briliMia  were  fiii«ii<l  upon 
U  held  *nd  face,  iha  celling,  door 
|NMla,  anil  (he  ciir|Hil  amund  the  boily 
Wire  ciiviTi'd  and  aoaked  with  lilmhl. 
'I'lie  aafe  In  (he  riHiin  adjninlng  hiid 
been  ii|ii'Mim|,  and  (he  nmlrnta  were 
a4!nttcred  al»>ut  the  riKini.  Tw"  gold 
watchea  were  taken,  and  the  dluni'ind 
iluiU  were  lorn  (Voni  lija  thirt  lio*oin, 
Mr.  Natltan  waa  a  native  of  the  United 
Nr«tea,  and  wita  Sll  year*  of  age.  The 
greateat  eicllenienl  |irevtiled,  and  the 
utmoat  vigilance  aud  perseverance 
were  uaed  by  the  |M)lice  and  detective 
offlcera,  yet  ii'i  clew  or  (uapioirm  of  tiin 
crime  could  Ihi  attai-hed  tu  any  indi- 
vidual. A  reward  of  |llO,INK)  waa 
offered  by  the  Mayor  of  tho  city  for 
the  arreat  and  convlctinn  of  the  penon 
or  iienona  who  commilt^id  the  murder, 
anil  the  following  reward*  for  the  re- 
covery of  prop<'rty  taken:  |l.000  re- 
ward WiM  offered  fur  the  identiHration 
anil  recovery  of  earh  and  every  on*  of 
tho  diamond  ituda;  |t,SOO  for  th* 
tdenlilicatlon  and  recovery  of  a  flno 
gold  watch  nr  the  chain  and  aeal*  at- 
tached ;  |ll(Hi  riir  InfnrmalloM  leading 
to  tlie  recovery  ol'  an  old-loaliioned  gold 
Watch  ;  $800  for  the  recovery  of  n  gold 
medal,  the  aizc  of  a  ailver  iloijar,  and 
tlOO  (iir  a  ful'  tnd  detailed  iliK'ri(^lon 
of  thia  mednl ;  fl.OOO  for  tho  Identifl- 
catl'>n  of  tho  inatnimont  uicd  In  the 
comnilaaion  of  the  deed,  anil  which 
waa  found  lying  In  tho  ventibule  be- 
tween the  inner  and  nutaido  door  load- 
ing to  tho  atreet.  It  waa  a  piece  of 
WMiight-iron,  1(1  inchoi  in  length,  and 
turneil  up  at  each  enil,  and  iharp.  It 
i*  known  a*  a  "  dog,"  and  i*  uaed  by 
ahtp-carpenten  anil  other  mechanic*. 
Alio,  IHOO  were  offered  to  tlie  man 
who,  on  tho  night  of  tho  murder,  wb« 
aeon  to  oicend  the  atep*  of  Mr.  Nathan'* 
houao  and  pick  up  a  plvco  of  paper 
and  walk  away  with  It,  if  ho  wouhl 
come  and  return  tlie  paper.  Tho  pay- 
ment of  tlieie  rewards  wiw  guaranteed 
by  \\t*.  Kmilv  Nathan,  tho  widow  of 
tho  murderod  man.  In  additlim  to 
Iheio  rewards,  tin-  «um  of  $l'>.Ono  woi 
offered  iiy  tlio  8ti>ck  Kxchun);  lor  the 
arreat  and  conviction  uf  the  agaaiain. 
Wanhlngton  Nathan,  tho  second  son 
of  Mr.  Nathan,  waa  closely  wati^bed 
and  atrlctly  examined  for  a  seaion,  but 
no  oTldcnco  leading  to  n  rcatonable 
•usplcion  of  his  guilt  was  found.    Tha 


ItTV.  eoMwer'*  venllei  waa  rewiterwl  l«  Mm 
ftillowing  langttair*  i  "  Thai  Hef\|aiHia 
Nathan  came  to  nia  iMlh  by  wouniU 
Inllleted  M|><Ha  hi*  hen.-)  by  an  in*lru- 
M«nt  known  ••*'fh>g'ln  (lie  hand* 
nf  a  paraoo  or  p«r*on*  to  the  tury  un> 
llNown,  on  th*  Morning  uf  July  Itf, 

/'o-rifjfW. 

'*  Aug.  U,  Death  of  David  Olaaeoe  far. 
ragul,  Admiral  of  (he  (iNlled  Niatea 
Navy,  and  in*  of  the  ummI  IllU'trhiua 
of  naval  eommander*.  Ill*  fiither 
aarved  *even  ve*r*  In  the  American 
army,  *nd  during  (he  Hevolutlon  waa 
pmmoled  la  the  rank  of  Major.  David. 
at  (he  age  of  eltiven  years,  wa«  *ilmi(- 
ted  aa  luiiUblpman  nn  iKianI  th*  (W- 
mmia  fVlgala  mmn  (CnoimiMlofe  Davbl 
I'orter)  dnring  her  rvlnliraied  two 
yean'  crulaa  In  the  IWIBn  and  her 
flnal  eaplura,  when  IDA  mm  W're  hwl 
in  tlie  light.  David  waa  allghtly 
wmmilml,  pamled,  and  a«nl  In  Naw 
York,  tin  arronipanied  Mr.  Kohom 
(the  Coneui  to  Tiinia),  where  he  eon- 
Itnuad  hi*  aludiea,  liecoming  hmlliar 
with  III*  Arable  ami  I'lirklah  langnagee, 
also  later  with  mo«l  of  Ih*  Kunipean 
language*.  When  the  war  brok*  out 
he  was  living  In  Norfhlk,  Va,  and 
wa*  ao  Imld  in  hia  eipreaaloni  o( 
abhorrence  at  (he  di*k>)alty  nf  Iha 
citlsen*  that  they  inlbrmed  him  ha 
cotihi  not  remain  In  Norflilk  and  ex- 
pre*a  iwli  lenllmanta.  Wlien  lln- 
navy  yard  at  Norfolk  waa  (leatroyed 
by  Comnio<lore  McCanley,  Farragat 
loll  Norfblk  deitituto  of  fkind*  to  con- 
vey him,  and  with  dillcultv  reache  I 
New  York.  AfVer  placing  nl*  faiiiily 
lu  fafe  quarter*,  he  uflbre'rhi*  *ervlc«a 
to  the  (iovernmetit,  hut  he  had  no  *hip, 
and  fir  nine  month*  thia  grtvat  ami 
noble  naval  officer  had  tn  rrmsin  Idia, 
wulting  for  an  opportunitjr  to  aid  tha 
Oovernment,  whll*  unworthy,  diaabled, 
and  incompetent  oflicera  were  being 
tested  and  diicharged.  Jan.  30,  ba 
waa  a|ipolatod  lu  lend  tho  fleet  in  Iha 
attack  on  New  Orloana,  and  Feb.  lid 
ho  allied  in  tne  llitrtford  from  llamr- 
ton  lloail*.  Ho  arriveil  at  Ship  Ulani! 
the  80th,  and  was  two  month*  in  plan- 
ning and  preparing  for  his  gram) 
attack  on  tho  melropoli*  of  tha 
eouthwMt.  Overcoming  dilBcultiea 
wliicli  would  have  appalled  a  man 
of  lea*  enermi  and  daring,  ho  Anally 
made  the  auault,  which  terminated 
in  one  of  the  grandest  acbieTcmcnts 
ever  accumpiUhed.  Oommodore  Far- 
ragut  wa*  promoted  to  (he  liighest 
na\al  office  in  tho  gift  of  the  nation, 
and  preseiitvil  with  a  purse  of  |S0,00l) 
fVoin  the  merchant*  of  New  Y'ork  for 
his  invaluable  services  rendered  to  the 
national  commerce,  aa  ba  had  been  too 
busy  lighting  the  enemy  to  make 
proAta  cither  in  ca|>turing  blockade- 
runnera  or  seizing  cotton,  After  tho 
war  closed,  be  went  abroad  on  a  cruise 
in  ttiu  Fninllin,  and  ho  everywhere 
mot  with  the  moat  distinguished  ann- 
liderntion  and  rcgsril. 

"  Aug.  83.  President  Grant  issued  a  prao> 
inmation  of  noutrailty  In  relation  to 
the  Franco-Uerman  war,  and  also  pro- 
hibiting tho  American  forts  IVom  ba- 
[  depota  for  material*  of  war .  909 


CKmmnijcxyx. 


IVMb   AJmimUn 


0ttf,  t»  l'»m§tMm. 
RatmMntrtlon  'if  ikr  MiHiih  wr»«|MUk- 

to  <  \tmtrmm  thm  V*  ,  MIm  ,  *»>\  T«t 
Aof.     (UilMial  IwilKir  riM'toitllan  hvM 

tM    CtltrillMll,    whirh    tiXml     lh«    \m- 
m«ill*t«   IWniiilliin  nl  %n  ln<l*|MHtit»nl 

Kililkal  iifuitniMliiMt    known    ta    iba 
•llnaal  LnlHir  lU'iirin  iNtnjr. 
Ahk  11      I'mrUmatliHi  nf  n««iir«ltl]r  1^ 
■Mwl  li«  l>r*a  (trMil,  tiO<>i)tlii||  AM«rl- 
ma  fliUvna  •<>(  in  Ukw  an;  |Mrt  In  lb* 
fninr>»-<Una»n  atmlllrl. 
Irttk  NiU<mmU  CiMiim*  In  cinvlnnnll. 

Xn-A'/im  Kliim. 

K«-RHi«Imn  UvMllanlMt,  ami  •  <lnrh 
rattlnltti*  of  mnrilvr,  wblMlnir  antl 
?I«Imim  mwI  Iu  liiilmliUl*  in)<  '  "Iim 
Mon  mmI  ■■grow  M  pulltknl  puriioMt 
r  ibni  Mcrai  mm!  ilnii|«rtiu«  oryurtM* 


r" 


G*n.  I**. 


Oal.  tl.  DMih  ai  RuUH  Ktlwnnl  T#«. 
LL.U.,  «■  Amaricnn  Mbllrr  Mtt  ttluon- 
lor,  M<t  WHi  if  ll«n.  Ilanrt  I.M,  "  tba 
UgbtbMM  Harry  "  Ua  nf  iha  Ravolu 
ttanary  war,  tba  p*r«imal  and  piilitiral 
Manil  nf  (Ian.  WaaliiB|li>n.  Ibibart  K. 
Lm  waa  a  grailuitir  of  Waal  Potni  In 
Ifl*.  Ha  waa  a  I'atiiain  In  Iba  ragular 
nrmjr  wlicn  iha  Mnkan  war  broka  out, 
an<l  whan  Hcult  Invadad  Maiico  La* 
waa  a|<pulnl«il  olilaf-anginacr  nf  lb« 
arm;  un<l«r  Ui-n.  Wmil ;  and  Uan.  Hoott 
•llrfbulad  Iba  rwl  i«iiun  of  Vara  (.'nu  to 
bU akill;  and  In  nTOKpiltiiNi  of  bl«  vain- 
•hia  aarrleaa  ha  wim  pUcml  on  Iha  Oan- 
aral'a  tUff.Mid  aftar  Iha  lialllauf  Ccrro 
(lordo,  ha  waa  bravatatl  Major ;  anil 
for  bla  gnlbMl  mi<I  mrrtloriuua  conilnct 
•I  I'ontrrraa  and  Chnrubuaco  ha  waa 
inlMtl  to  tba  rank  of  Licul.-Col.,  and 
in  Hcplcmber  nf  the  aama  war  b«  ro- 
calvaU  Iha  bravel  rank  of  CohNial  for 
aervlcoaalChapultapac.  In  IMt  ha  was 
ataignad  Iba  important  poat  of  Hnpar- 
intendant  at  Weal  t'nint,  raUinIng  hU 
Held  rank.  In  IHOS  Col.  Lc«  took  com- 
mand of  a  cavalry  regiment  which  had 
bean  nrdami  In  Teiaa,  whera  ha  re- 
malnatl  till  185*,  fighting  Indian*  and 
performing  garriMtn  duty.  Ila  llivo 
returaed  to  Waahington  aixl  took  an 
■ctiro  part  In  capturing  John  llrown, 
and  hunting  down  hi«  leelile  bund;  but 
it  ia  recorded  of  him  that  hi*  rigilance 
and  Hrmnea*  aaviMl  the  pr<*oneri  fVom 
the  fury  nf  the  mob.  On  the  16lh  of 
March,  IHUl,  Tic  wa*  cummlMloned 
Colonel  nf  the  Flret  Cavalry,  and  on 
April  SOtb  he  *«nt  In  hi*  rralKnatton 
to  Uen.  Bcntt.  lie  wo*  i>4inn  after  a|>- 
poiutcd  ciimmundur  of  the  Confetlcrata 
lorcca  in  Virvinls,  ami  aerred  after- 
ward (or  a  time  on  the  rniut  with 
beadqimrter*  in  CharK<kton ;  but  he  wa* 
•hortfy  placed  in  command  uf  all  the 
Cont'e<lvrat4!  fnrcrs,  which  poiilinn  ho 
occtiitied  In  the  end  of  tlie  war,  nr  until 
hi*  final  lurrender  tn  Oi>n.  Urant.  Oun. 
liOe  waa  n  man  iniirki'd  by  nHtivo  Kcn- 
iiia,  and  hiuhly  emlowid  with  niimly 
courage  anil  pliyKicul  beauty,  and  wa* 
greatly  eniL'iircil  to  thv  Houth,  who 
truly  mou:aod  their  chieftain. 

Atbtrt  Barnts. 

toe.  M.    Death  of  Albert  Bamt*,  D.D.. 
M  Amarican  clergyman,  tcholar,  and 


IkTO.       aitit  IT.    In 


IlilU'l'luhla. 
nf   Iha    N«w   frtiMil   l^rvab 


If*  waa 
)>rMhyl«rlan  il»> 
anm^lnalknn  II*  wa*  lrU.I  fnt  b*f»«y 
by  llim  o|i|  Hchmil  parir  »n<l  ailjiMlgMl 
guilty  Till*  « lion  I'd  In  lb*  •llirtip. 
linn  "f  III*  IV*al>Ti''rl*n  t'hiinb  In 
insr  Ila  wa*  till  author  nt  ■  Nnlaa 
■Ml  lb*  N«w  Traiaiiii-nl "  In  >l*v»n  rni- 
umra,  al*n  "  ln<|iilry  Inin  Ih*  Hi'rilitiira 
vl*«*  of  HUri>ry,"  •  l.lfU  nf  W.  iW" 
*t«<.  II*  *c<|ttlr«il  lb*  lllla  nf  l>  l> 
fVum  Iwn  nr  Ihrv*  rnllrg**  In  Ih* 
t'nil*)!  Htatv*,  ami  from  a  fnralgn  unl- 
v*rally. 

"  FIrat  narvnw  gang*  rallwajt  In  Ih*  wnrld 
btillt    ih«  iVnrrr  and  Kin  (Iraad*, 

"  Th*  |t>>piil*llnn  nf  lb*  I'nitml  Mtala* 
nnnitwrmi  40,niii),no«t. 

"       Manitnl)*  maii*  Inin  a  wiMfal*  nmrine*. 

'•  Ln|Mi,  rrr*ldi<nt  nf  I'araguay.  klflrd,  ilnr* 
which  I'aragnay  h»«  lii>*ii,  llimiub  nimtl  - 
■ally  a  rapulillr,  undrrmnlml  of  llraiil. 

"       Ureal  *artbiiimki>  in  Oiiatcmal*. 
IHTI.  Tha  trva'y  nf  Waahlniilnn. 

'*  lMpvai'hm*nt  bf  Ilnr.  Ilnldrn,  nf  North 
Onrnlina,  fnr  mallWaaanr*  in  iifBee. 

■*  Kh-KIm*  Ml  i>a**«i  by  Cnngrf**  ami  «■• 
fnrcml  in  Huuthrra  dialrlcta  (alkalwl 
by  lh*m. 

•■  Agitation  nf  ihcCWil  H«r«ir«  qaeallnn, 
anil  a  Hoard  nf  Cnmmlaaioaert  ap- 
potntMl. 

**  Lamir  Kafnrm,  Wnman  Kulfhig*.  ami 
Cukwail  Cnnrrntinn*  held  In  HI.  I,nul*. 

"  Meeting  nf  the  Alaluinm  I'lalm*  Cnmml*- 
*lonrr*  in  Waahinglon.  Kiah  prmldlng. 

"  Congrv**  paaaeil  an  Act  crratlnn  an  lm- 
manaa  pablio  park  Bear  the  liuail  water* 
of  lb*  Vellowiton*. 

Gtorgi   Titknor, 

*  Jan.  an.  Oeo.Ticknor,  Lr.D..anrmlnrnt 
*cholar,  profvaaor,  anil  author,  lUrd  in 
Hoaton.  Mr.Ticknorwaaaiiiriilualenf 
Dartmouth  Collrgc  In  1N07.  In  IMO  he 
became  Ptnfeaiicir  of  Language*,  Liter- 
ature,  and  Mitt  Mlrrt  In  llarvanl 
Cnllrge,  fVnm  which  he  retired  in  INtiO. 
In  IMD  Mr.  TIcknor  publiihvii  hi* 
"  llintory  of  H|Hiiil*h  Llti'iaturi'."  A* 
■  achnlar,  piThitp*  few  mrn  In  Ainrrica 
eieellcil  In  in,  while  nnnr,  unlv**  ex- 
cepting V.  iwaril  Kriirrlt,  Imd  *  mem- 
nrv  lo  Weil  (toreil  with  penonal  a«*oci- 
alton*  with  brilltaiit  literary  men  and 
women  of  thli  country  and  Kunipe. 
He  waa  a  penoiml  fVli>nil  of  Oni'tne, 
I.ord  Brron,  Hir  Walter  Hrntt,  Mailanie 
d«  Htai'l.  Wnrdiiwnrth,  and  nmny  other 
diitingulaliiMl  iirnon*.  To  Mr.  Tick' 
nor,  mnrn  than  any  nne  rlRc,  worn  the 
people  nf  Ihwlnn  indclitcd  for  the  plan- 
ning and  nrganization  of  their  great 
public  litirarr,  which  lal>i)r*  he  per- 
formed alter  hi*  aiitieth  year.  Hi*  pre- 
liminary report  led  Mr.  liatea  to  make 
hi*  niagniUccnt  dunatiun*. 

Alict  Cary. 

"  Feb.  13.  Ml**  Alice  Cary,  an  American 
poetei*  and  llternry  writer  of  wide 
reputation,  died  in  Now  York  city. 
Hhe  enjoyed  the  public  favor  to  a  far 
greater  extent  than  many  later  and 
mnre  brilliant  wiiter*  for  the  pre**. 
Her  writing*  wore  ehaructcrixed  by  a 
native  grace  and  aweetni«*,  and  a  con- 
•dontlou*  regard  fur  the  true  and  the 
beautifVil,  rarely  found  in  literary  writ- 
en   of  the    prcDVbt   day.     Bbe  wai, 


1*71.  Ihniirfh  an  Intalld  murh  nf  h>r  NA>,  •• 
Hner^ilng  workvf,  and  k«r  *etlf* 
nilnit  n*«i>r  l^rkml  rraotirr**  lo  Alt  lb* 
llting  mnmvKl*  wlili  •wvat  •n*lrl)»* 
nf  aiMig  of  IWIry  Ul,'*  of  fom*ii*>'. 
Oh*  wa*  III*  author  of  many  volimir*, 
Im>*IiU>*  IH-Ing  a  ronaianl  iimlrli  uinf 
to  Ih*  l**<llng  llii-rarii  J'>Hrnaki  nf  tba 
day.  For  n>*rly  thirty  )*ar«  .\llr« 
•nd  bar  *l*l»r  l*h*lMi  ||«»d  In  a  •ihI'I 
litll*  bnm*  in  N*w  Vnrb  *lly,  whbh 
wa*  >v*r  lb*  fkvorll*  r**nrl  n(  lb* 
Ulrr>tH  nt  lhi>  munlry  ll*r  la*l  III 
■»**  waa  long  and  palnAtI,  y*t  It  waa 
Ihi««*  with  a  ehiwrfteinf**  rar*ly  Amnd 
U|Ma  ■  bail  of  denib, 

l^ilr^'GhttHti*. 

"  Nay  It.  Riplialmi  nf  40i)  lit*  HI  nllrr< 
glyrerlna  In  ran*  loaded  u|ion  a  wagnn 
(m  ratil*  frnm  Tlliiadlle  lo  Tiileuuli', 
I'a.  Tb*  driver,  horar*,  and  wagon 
w*r«  blown  In  ainni*.  ,\  largv  elrrulnr 
eie*vallnn,  itwt  nr  fir*  fi<rt  dm  p  *n>l 
Iwfira  fkvt  In  dUmeter.  wa*  ni«il«  In 
Ih*  miildl*  of  lb*  riHHl.  Th*  feiu'e* 
and  lr»«>«  for  a  lonaldvriilile  dlaUnen 
around  wrrn  ahallrrrd  Into  fraginrnt*. 
A  barn,  forty  rinl*  away,  w**  blown  In 
piece*,  and  tlie  whni*  riclnllv  wa*  a 
prrftMl  wreck.  The  bull  end  nf  tha 
driver'*  whip  wa*  driven  »  liiatancv  nl 
nnafourlb  of  a  mil*  through  a  vtin- 
dow,  ami  kniH'ked  a  woman  aenavie**. 
Heveral  |ier*on*  remote  lyoni  the  M-en* 
were  an  allinned  by  the  terrille  ahiK'te 
aa  tn  liri-oMie  quite  III,     The  ahork  waa 

deai'riliml  a*  very  almllar  to  Ihal  uf  ■■ 
earlbquaka. 

yallamiigMam. 

"  Juna  17.  Death  nf  Clement  I..  Valtandlu 
ham,  a  Democratic  miliilial  leailvr  in 
Ohio.  Mr.  Vallandlgham  waa  *ua 
ceaalvely  a  teacher,  lawyer,  Memliet 
ot  I  egUlaiure,  ami  edllor  of  a  new«« 
paper,  7'A*  ItityUm  Km/iirr.  He  ran 
forCongrea*  In  IMST  *«ain*t  Lewi*  I), 
Campliell,  and  tliougn  drclared  ile- 
fttatvd,  eimtiHiteii  the  *eat  and  wi.'a  it. 
He  aerved  in  tha  Thirty-*l'th  and 
Thirty  •  leventh  rnniim*,  and  waa 
conaplcuoua  flir  Ida  Imld  atti'rancea 
againit  III*  Adminlatralion.  I'pim  hia 
return  tn  Ohio  fVnm  (^nngreaa,  hi* 
pulilie  aiieii'he*  iigitlnat  I  he  war  and 
the  Adniinialralion  were  of  aurh  an  in- 
Hapimatory,  bitter,  and  violeiil  nature, 
lh*t  Oen.  liurnalde,  the  Commander 
of  that  de|Nirtuient,  nrlered  hi*  *rre*t. 
He  wa*  court-martialed.  e<>nvl  te<l, 
■nd  aenlcnced  to  cinae  ennHneiiient 
during  tlin  war.  l>ri'*ldent  l.liienlii 
changed  hi*  leutenee  tn  banlaliinent 
acmai  Iho  line*.  He  wo*  coldly  re- 
ceived by  the  Southern  lender*,  And 
■oim  i'*caped  through  Iho  bloekailu  to 
Canaila  by  the  Ih'rinuda*.  While  In 
eillo  he  waa  nnminaled  for  Oovernur 
of  Ohio,  but  waa  defeated  by  Hon. 
John  Urougli  bv  over  lOii.dlHI  vote*. 
He  ruturned  undiatiirbed  tn  Ohio,  and 
wa*  a  memlH'r  uf  the  National  Demo- 
cratic Congre**  at  Chleagn  In  1M04  ; 
and  iil«t  before  Ilia  death  he  iidviM'atud 
the  Domocratic  "  New  l)e|)arturu." 

"  Jaly  19.  (iroat  rint  In  New  York  bo. 
tween  the  Iri*h  faction*— the  Orange- 
men  and  itoman  Catholica ;  07  killed 
and  117  woundeiL 


flBRONOUNtY. 


•  »t  l»of  NMi,  M 

•  I  h»t  *#ttf« 
un-M  l»  Mil  ih« 

•  ••'■I   •ni%trli<>« 

•  "f  fi>iiii»ii«>>, 
m«n;  xiliiniM, 
nl  iimtrli  ul»f 
|'>iirn«lit  iif  III* 
Ijr  >i*r«  A  Mm 
«*fl  In  •  •iiili-l 
rk  rtl;,  wliti'h 

rvMtrl   >if   iliM 
lUr  liMl  III 
■All.  jrot  II  WM 
M  rani;  AMMtl 


0  IIm  of  nlirr. 

M|i»n  •  «ii||iin 

»  III  Tlilmxili', 

«,  •ml  MftKnn 

1  Uriff  clrriiliir 
fvri  ilin  |)  mill 

,  WIM  lllrtilo   In 

I  Th»  fiiii'.-* 
TdIiIh  ilUUnrn 
il»  rr«|iMi»nu. 

,  WM  lijumn  III 
rlrlnll*  wii*  a 

II  nnil  of  lit* 
I  M  ilUUni'v  III 
imiikIi  •  «ln- 
nmn  u'iiwIi'm. 
rmii  tlin  M-i'n<i 

IcrHHii  ilHirk 
riiK  •linpk  WM 
'  to  thai  uf  an 


m. 

I..  VatlandlH 
li'al  laailur  la 
im  waa  nut 
tyt't,  Mcnilivf 
iif  a  n»«i<« 
irr.  Iln  ran 
IntI  l,»wU  II. 
ilrrlarail  il«- 

anil  wij«  It, 
iy—i'th  anil 
and  waa 
■llrnnrf* 
Vpim  Ilia 
'nnirma,  liia 
ihv  war  and 
ifaurh  an  In- 
iiii-iit  nature, 

CominaniU'r 
I'll  liU  arrml. 

,   ri'Bvl  It'll, 

ronHiiriiicnt 
lent    l.lnnilii 

liunialinii'nt 
w  colilly  ra- 
luiiiluri,  aail 

liliM'kailo  tu 
1.  VVIiilu  in 
for  (lovrrnor 
ihI    hy   lion. 

111,(100    Vlltl'M. 

to  Ohio,  ami 
llonal  t)«ino< 
Ko  in  1H(I4  ; 

If  UllviH'UlvU 

mrtiint." 
w   York  lie- 
the  <)rang«< 
I ;  07  killed 


in  I.  inlj  »••     rirai  na^MMr*  ,»t  ••  TawnMMt 
lltng-'  la  lb*  Maw  V'wk  HaM*. 

Idly  « I  Ml**  Itia)*!  I'ary  .timl  al  Nair. 
iMMt,  H,  I  Nil*  WM  iUtvr  lit  AHm 
r»rT,  Ika  |»wl»a«i  h«r»iir  a  pnaimt 
Mil  wrilar  i>r  mmh  nol*.     I'balw  Iw 

^an  wrlilaif  v*r«M  al  iha  an*  nf  17 
•art  anil  aiMin  h*r  hymna,  *"nK*,  ami 
inuHiliiilil  Ijrrlia  Iwi  anta  -im-rij  aoiiuhl 
Air,  anil  rvail  In  Ihnuaanil*  nf  Immaa 
Hhii  waa  Ik*  "  hi>u**kai>|H*r "  In  Ihx 
lllllu  tliHtt*  of  Iha  alalara  (Allf*  lirllitf 
an  Infallil),  ami  hi'r  apara  tint*  waa 
ilvviiiail  to  piHiirlliiiilntf  h'r  f  Irh  an  I 
varlcil  lliiHiiilila  anil  fltni'lp*  In  Iha 
Ularary  imth*  of  Iha  i|«».  Mar  ilralh 
anon  fol(ow*<l  thai  of  k»r  alaiar,  ftir 
whom  h»r  grUf  waa  Inlanaa  ami  Ini'on- 
aolalil«. 

*  Ani.  4.     Mr*  l.irilla  Hhanklaml,  a  mtlt 

mirl'tn  In  lllllalHim,  N  I' ,  illml  at  ll>« 
M*  of  lit  yrara.  Al  III*  limn  of  Ihr 
lla*iiliilloniry  war  ahn  waa  a  ynnnif 
wiHiian. 

*  Oct.  •.     rarlhqoaka  ilinrka  All  In   Iha 

Allanliti  HUlm. 

nnriiiiig  0/  Ih*  City  n/  C^Uaga. 

*  0«l,  k-t.    Thla  waa  Iha  moat  ilralrurllva 

ronAatfrallon  raronlril  In  Iha  hialory  nf 
elvlllii'il  nation*,  awm|ilni(  ovi'r!i,l!l4 
arm  of  Hrunml,  or  7:l  mllra  of  alri'ala, 
dratrnylnil  17,410  liiiilillnH*  ami  Ihrlr 
t'linlt'nla,  with  a  Iinm  of  |tioo,iN)o,iiOO 
ami  humlraila  of  human  lUra.  Thf 
wind  had  iHwn  lihtwinK  alninKly  (Irom 
the  aoulli-wcat  for  iiivrral  ilaya,  ami 
not  a  drop  of  ruin  had  fallrn  for 
wriiki.  Th«  Mr*  orl((lnati'il  In  a  amall 
ahed  or  tiatila  In  Ilia  rrar  of  1117  l)i' 
Knvtn  Hlravt,  on  thu  wrat  aide  of  lh« 
dty,  at  half-tMiat  nimi  o'cliMk  Munday 
aTrnlnff.  Wntm  om-e  itarltnl,  amonif  a 
riaaa  of  womlen  liulldlnK*  and  ahantrra, 
anil  atljarunt  to  a  numliiT  of  ahlnKlt 
and   planInK  milla  and   faiiorii'*,   no 

IMiwrr  rouliV  arroat  thu  llanii'*.  Thfy 
■'aiHid  and  dnrli'd  acroaaatri'vla  and  orrr 
hiiili  liliN'ka,  ronaunilnK  I'vi'rvllilnir  In 
thi'ir  mud  furv.  The  rivi'r  alrordrd  no 
liarrlrr  to  their  pniKri'-a,  and  iiKen  llie 
Manna  atarti'd  up  afwrul  IdiK-k*  In  til- 
vanri',  i|{nilrd  Ity  hurnlni;  •hinKJi'*, 
iHNirila,  ami  aotni'llmi'*  heavy  planki, 
which  were  carried  like  reuther*  livfore 
tho  wind.  The  water-work*  were  de- 
atroved  early  In  the  niuht,  ami  no 
further  elTorl*  riiiild  he  made  to  arreat 
the  proKreaa  nf  dealruetlnn.  The  wind 
Increiuied  to  a  iierfvrt  Kale,  flllinff  tho 
air  with  coali,  Itranda,  and  ImrninK 
f^aifment*  of  evrry  ilencription,  often 
liurlinK  heavy  door*  and  «(«tion*  nf 
rooliiiK  and  awning*  IhmuKh  the  air 
with  ri'lcntlua*  Airy,  rendering  piui«H|{0 
throiiKh  tlie  atreet*  extrttmely  |H'riloiia. 
Aftur  all  hope  of  laTlni;  the  city  waa 
•Imndoncil,  then  ItegKB  ('>"  wild  ruah 
of  (houinnd*  of  human  lielngi  for  a 
place  of  aufelv. 

Bv  four  o'clock  Momlny  mnrnlnn  all 
the  liriduea  were  liumed  except  one  on 
the  main  branch,  and  the  tunnel* 
were  butAimacva,  Ihrouffh  which  tho 
■uioko  and  flamea  pwredwitli  the  Airy 
of  a  hurricane,  Hoon  eicapc  wa*  Im- 
uoasllilo  for  a  large  number  who  were 
Lamnied  In  on  the  aoutli  aldt.     There 


1^1,  waa  IhiI  m»  •••»«•  lafl,  aMil  Ihal  IImI 
kUl*  Alri'adv  ika  aklMin«  waa  tm  | 
Are,  and  ••rrji  lartf*  litiildlliff  aiUat*«lfl 
M  IJH)  wali-f  m*»  III  Mama*  Hut,  «^iti> 
Iha  •taap>'rali"n  of  'iMpalr  ihi'**  un 
ftifiiinalo  ir>'atur>'*  riwltrd  Into  the 
walar  A  ffw  UmI*  ami  |M*ala  hufl 
i'ari«|Md.  ami  aowia  war*  rMf'iiad  on 
lliaan,  and  Iha  rallriiail  enn  Axmt  Ika 
■iiulli  iHir*  away  Iha  Myln*  AtKllWaa 
unlll  Iha  liurdxni'd  train*  IwKan  In 
laka  Mr*  ll  waa,  Imlanil,  a  raia  Air 
hAi,  and  fur  a  llm«  Ilia  Mamra  aaamail 
aura  In  win  On  and  on  Ihay  awaiil 
In  Iha  norlhward,  Ihmiivh  Iha  oil 
eamalary  a%l  o»ar  hinrnin  I'ark, 
rarrylnif  daalriirllnn  In  avrrylhInK  In 
Ihalr  niari'h.  Itiil  on*  hiiii>*  In  Iha 
Ion*  and  drTaalalinif  Iraik  of  Ihla 
lUrv  hnrrleana  waa  IrA  ainmllnM, 
ami  that,  Iwlna  In  Iha  eanlar  of  a 
liha'k,  and  dafrndad  h*  a  M'lir*  <^ 
handa.  had  Iwan  eorarail  liy  wet  rartwl* 
and  lilankala,  which  war*  enn*lanlly 
raplrniahi'd  with  water  ttnm  a  larifr 
rlttern  No  InflKua,  or  |H'n,  or  human 
power  inn  dapiel  Ihtl  A-arAil  carnival 
of  Mamr  which  aurKril  with  reaUtlma 
P"Wi'f.  r<<r  over  thirty  hour*.  Al  laal  ll 
reached  iIik  northern  llmlla  of  the  city, 
and  Ihi'ii'  I'lpired  for  want  of  prey. 

Th*  new*  of  till*  Ivrrllile  diaaairr 
reached  the  Airtheal  extent  of  elvlli' 
lalion  liefnre  the  amoke  had  cleared 
away,  and  from  every  mnik  ami  corner 
nf  till*  wide  eontlnrnt  liejian  In  imiir  In 
Bueh  larife  tupplli*  of  AhmI,  clothlnu, 
and  eTerylhInK  nccnaary  for  the  aiia- 
lenance  of  llfh,  that  In  lea*  than  Airtr- 
eight  hour*  there  wa*  almndancc  Air 
nreaeni  need.  Million*  nf  doliiir* 
fiealdr*  were  lent  to  RUnpiirt  the 
'  |mii|)er  city."  and  to  build  houaei 
and  •tore  them  Air  the  *hRlter  nf 
thiiuaami*  Ihrough  III*  cohl  winter. 
97,iiiK),0<IO  were  contrihuUfI  for  thla 
purtHwe. 

Tlie  nation*  nf  Kunipe  lent  prtilTen 
of  aympathy  and  aid.  And  while  the 
Hamaritan*  were  liuay  at  their  work  nf 
mercy,  the  thiere*  and  plundcriT*  were 
alan  on  the  alert,  ami  a  relun  of  terror 
waaimmlncnl,  lliiKlen.  Phil.  Hlicriiian, 
with  a  iletachmcnt  of  ri-Kulura,  anon 
re*torcd  order  and  alToriU'd  proliTliiin 
to  life  and  iirn|ierty.  The  wonderAil 
charillea  « filch  were  ao  iVeely  be- 
■tnweil  were  only  paralleled  by  the 
miirvi'lou*  cniTKii'*  diapliiyeil  by  tho 
citizen*  of  ('hli'UKo  in  her  realorrilliin. 
In  le>*  than  three  year*  acnrce  a  veitlue 
of  the  great  Are  reniHlned,  and  the 
city  wa*  rebuilt  more  •olidly  and  beau- 
llAilly  than  before,  and  the  buainea* 
part  K'Mtly  eitcnded.  It  teemed  like 
the  work  nf  magic,  and  I*  a  atrlking 
lllu«triitinn  of  tho  entorprUe  of  tho  age 
it)  which  wo  IItu. 


Gnat  Fortst  Firts. 

Oct.  0.  (irtntfirttia  Iht/oreittqf  yorth- 
rrii  ilichiyitn  ami  Wlfiiniin,  awceping 
over  lar)ie  dialricta  of  hcavily-tiinbered 
country',  burning  the  itrecn  uinctrec*  a* 
though  they  were  tlie  drleet  tinder, 
and  enveloping  ■mall  village*,  acttle- 
munt*,  and  aaw-mlil*  with  a  cordon  of 
fire,  rendering  all  efforta  to  eacape 
fUtile,  Mlllioni  of  dollar*  In  property 
and  hundred*  of  human  lire*  were 
thua  dcatroyed. 


1*7 1  OM  ».  'rha  b*lNl||>||  <i4  tlH*  Nttk  !»«• 
wtlii  naarly  etefy  oneof  Ita  laltalillauM 
w-M  ib<!  Mdidrai  atid  Mir«*  «ii<Kklnir 
f^^lur*  trf  M^  of  lk«  gnat  tft,\  •Haaa- 
l«t>,iti>  ttfK*  which  awept  m%*t  Ih*  e»«iBlfy 
iluriMli  Mil*  ««ef  n*i'H*»nililk  virar  Thj* 
%«a  a  vtrimgwwf  II  >et«*  Uuiarfivd  jf^ali- 
itanu,  »»i.»  mehi  ,e«u<«g«d  la  tlie  Ihm. 
Iwr  buaiii.^  *Nf».  iwlflg  karga  aaw  mllla 
Hpna  th.  iititmim  Thtt  Mr*  came  wllh 
a  t-'t^  <  )i  f4  ,(„,j ;  iHiKi^nly,  and  with. 
iHil  «  w,  ,m.v«.«S  #»rtting.  ll  A  II  Ilka  • 
V«rt  a«»\i<u;  ""itundeflttill  A>imi  haavm 
•■''  ■^^i    "i  Tka  Hula  hamlal  mil  of  at. 

SI" "''.  m*  IVanlic  iiroiil*  ran  Air  Ika 
v,r  and  the  rlcartiil  (I'ldai  the  water 
waa  %\*A  Vlfith  Montlng  loga  «Hd  llnA. 
Iwr*,  ^nd  the  umf,  duirai'tiiAl  ,.«hIk  ahn 
look  ri'Aige  In  th«  rivef ;  many  <>f 
lb*  paople  wera  eruahad  aniidrm^ij^j 
who  War*  mil  burned  u|Hin  !<>.'  t>iiBka| 
and  all  who  aniighl  •hellar  In  the  fnreal, 
or  In  the  open  Helda,  were  liiirnrd  — 
lllarally  roaaled  aliva.  .V  faw  imly  aa- 
ca|ied  In  lell  the  ilreadAil  tale.  Th« 
a|iretitrle  after  lltn  titx  wa*  eih*u*lei| 
waa  on*  of  iha  moat  heart-rending  Ihal 
ever  waa  wilneaaed.  Thouaanda  oif 
iienplu  vial  ted  the  *pnl,  and  to  lb* 
few  *urvlviir*  aid  wa*  promptly  given. 

Gm.  AmtfritfH. 

"  Oel.aH.  Mail.-fien.  llnlierl  Ander*nndle<l 
al  Nice,  rranci'.  Ocn.  Amieraon  wa*  • 
graduate  l^mi  Wot  I'oini  a*  an  artil- 
lery nffleer.  lie  *«rved  a*  a  Cnlnnel  in 
the  lllack  llnwk  war,  and  *enred  In  Iha 
Florida  war  with  great  acceptanoa, 
11*  wa*  aide  da-camp  In  (len.  Hcntt,  and 


In    IMl    he  wiM   proniuteil  to  •  cap 

"Mery. 
Mexican   war  under    Hcotl,  and   waa 


lalncy  of   artlMery.      llu  waa  I 


a  cap' 
n  Ilia 


wounded  al  the  battle  n/  Mnlino  del 
Itev.  ilo  waa,  Air  hi*  bravery,  br»Tele<t 
Major.  Until  the  breaking  out  of  Ihe 
Kelwlllon  ha  waa  a  very  uaeiU^  anil 
ellli'lent  nfllcer  In  the  V.  H,  Army,  and 
Oovrmor  nf  a  Military  Aiylum  nl 
llarriMlaburg,  Ky.,  which  intlllutlna  ha 
liiunded.  Gen.  Scnlt  *elecl«<l  him  to 
command  the  Airt  at  ('harh'alon  fWim 
Alii  innHilcuco  In  hi*  intagrlly,  al- 
though he  wa*  by  birth  and  marriapi 
a  Houthem  man.  John  IL  Floyd,  it 
nnteil  ■rce»ili)nl*t,  waa  Hecrelary  uf 
War  under  Pre*.  Huchanan,  and  on 
Andcraon'*  apiioinlment  to  the  pnal, 
they  refuied  bim  a  liattallim,  allowing 
him  but  two  *keleton  companle*,  and 
after  Id*  arrWil  at  Furl  Moultrie  ha 
conatantly  appealed,  but  In  vain,  for 
reinforcement*  and  auppiiea  (ioe  Dolne 
on  Kort  Humler). 

Hall  made  a  third  and  lait  voyage  to  the 
Arctic  leoa. 

Mot,  Kuaalan  Hlnlitcr  Ciitacaxy  dU- 
mli*ed  fur  dl*courte*y  to  tbu  United 
Btalea  authorltlea. 

Vov.  ».  Death  of  Capt.  Hall  on  board 
tho  PoJarIt  In  the  Arctic  aoaa, 

Nov,  28.  Dealh  of  Mm.  Bridget  Carroll, 
an  Iriih  ernttnnrinn.  In  N.  Y,  city, 
aged  102  year*;  married  at  38  and  had 
10  chtliiren,  U7  grundchildrcn,  and  4 
gresl-granilcliildren.  At  the  ago  of 
M  alio  hnd  not  an  unaound  tooth  in 
her  bead,  and  Juit  before  her  death 
ihe  could  thread  (ho  llnctt  cambrio 
ptedlf  without  tho  aid  of  ipectaclea, 


CHRONOTiOOY. 


Gram/  Dulu  Ahxit, 

IITl.  VMt  of  the  riranil  Dukn  Aleilii,  Mn  of  the 
Kinpvn)r  Alcxitnili'r  of  KiimIii,  t<>  tho 
UaiMtl  HtalM.  till  ritondeil  titur  iiver 
Ih*  land,  mU  bii  gon«ruui  welcome  by 
tb«  people. 

Thomas  Ewing, 

'  Death  of  Hhmimi  Ewing,  LL.D.,  «n 
American  Juriat  and  itatoiman.  Mr. 
Kwlng  waa  tho  hthor  of  Uon.  Thoinaa 
Ewing,  Jr.,  and  (hther-ln-law  of  Gen. 
William  T.  Bhorman.  Mr.  Ewing  re- 
eeWad  In  tSlA  the  lint  bachflor'M  de- 
gree eter  granted  In  Ohio.  He  then 
itndlod  law,  and  waa  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1816.  In  1881  ho  cn'tvrHl  the 
U.  8.  Senate.  In  polltini  Mr.  Ewing 
waa  a  Whig,  and  was  anaociatt'd  with 
Clay  and  Webator  in  oupoeltion  to 
Prendent  Jackton.  In  1841  he  became 
Scontary  of  the  Treaaury  under  liar- 
ilioa. 

Stan/ey. 

*  VUlt  of  Henrr  If.  Stanley,  of  the  "  Htr- 
aid  Eipedition,"  to  AlHca,  In  eearch  of 
the  loet  trarclcr  —  Dr.  liivingatono. 
Mr.  Stanley  roitehe<l  Zanilbar  In  duo 
tima,  and  after  a  te<lloua  ionmcy 
through  the  wlldi  of  AtVica,  ho  met 
the  obloct  of  his  aoarch  in  UJiJI  in 
Novembvr.  Krniainlng  with  Living- 
•tnuv  ulmut  foiir  ninntli*,  in  August  ho 
reachoil  London;  and  "u|)oii  the  winga 
of  the  wind  "  the  whole  world  waa 
made  arijuaintcd  with  the  retnit  of  bis 
wonderful  tntToli  through  tho  Junglea 
of  Africa,  the  peculiar  and  almoat  mi- 
raculous meeting  with  tho  celebrated 
Dr.  LiTlngttone,  whom  tho  world  re- 
prdod  aalust,  flcctriBu<I  all  tho  civll- 
iMd  nations  of  tho  oarth,  with  a  pecul- 
iar sympathy  -a  thu  great  traveler  and 
his  already  famous  discoverer.  Mr, 
Stanley  immediately  began  writing  a 
book  with  a  detailed  wcount  of  hit 
Journey,  with  which  tho  world  is  al- 
ready familiar. 

*'       Revolution  in  Ouatemala. 

"  British  Columbia  taken  into  tho  Do- 
minion. 

"  City  of  Buenos  Ayres  visited  by  yellow 
fevor,  and  88,000  persons  diod  in  100 
dnya. 

-  The  Ku-Kluz  bill  pacsod  by  Con- 
gress    806 

**  Civil  Service  Keform  question  agitated, 
and  a  board  of  civil  service  commis- 
sioners appointed 006 

"  Statistics  of  tho  United  States)  census  for 
1^*70  published,  giving  the  (xipuUktion 
of  the  United  States  38,113.21)8. ...  606 

**  A  Jo'nt  CommissiPD  np|)ointc(l  bt'tweim 
the  United  States  and  Ureat  Britain 
to  examine  all  coses  in  dispute.  The 
Cr.mniiiwion  met  at  Washington  on 
Feb.  !97tli,  and.  after  a  lengthy  diticua- 
aion,  the  Washington  treaty  was 
rigned 607 

"  Agok-siz  started  on  a  voyage  round  Cape 
Horn. 

Credit  Mobilier. 

"  This  year  the  great  "  Cr^it  MMIier" 
scandal,  which  involved  several  promi- 
nent Government  ofBcinb,  including 
the  Vice-President,  was  developed.  It 
waft  an  extensive  corporation  of  stock- 1 
holders  of  the  Union  Paciflo  Railroad 
of  which  Oakea  Ames,  a  United  Stau 


I8T1.  Onii|rrea>iman  from  Masaachuoetta,  WM 
the  leading  sniril.  It  was  claimed 
that,  tliroiipli  liiilicry.  proniinpnt  Con- 

Rri'samcn  and  IJniti-il  Status  offlciali 
ad  voted  Inrgo  ■urns  nf  money  tbr  thi 
building  of  the  Union  Paciflo  Railroad. 
Largo  pniflts  wuro  dvriveil  from  this 
money  over  tho  actual  coat  of  construc- 
tion, a  sbaro  of  which  fell  to  the  stock- 
holders of  this  corporation. 

Stakts-Fisk  Tragedy. 

1879.  Jan.  A.  Janica  Fl*k  was  shot  by  Edward 
S.  Stokea  at  the  (Irand  Central  Ho- 
tel, in  Now  York.  A  woman  the 
cause  of  the  crltne  —  Mrs.  Helen  .lose- 
phine  Manaflcid,  an  actress,  playing  in 
minor  parts  In  Western  towns.  In 
her  travels  she  met  an  actor,  Frank 
liAwler,  to  whom  sho  waa  afterward 
married.  She  was  a  showy  woman, 
and  upon  her  appearance  In  New  Tork 
she  was  at  once  surrounded  by  a  num- 
ber of  admirers.  Her  husband  becom- 
ing Jeahius,  slie  applied  for  and  ol>- 
tafno<l  a  divorce.  Hearing  of  Mr. 
Pixk's  genernaity  toward  unfortunate 
actors  and  actresses,  tho  sought  an  in- 
tro<luctlon,  antl  It  soon  l>ecamo  appar- 
ent that  she  had  ruptured  Fisk's  heart. 
Sho  accom|)anic<l  him  to  balls,  thea- 
ters, and  iMirties,  ami  rode  vtith  him 
behind  his  luur-in-hand,  at  all  times 
occupying  the  post  of  honor.    At  the 

Srnml  public  ball  In  tho  Academy  of 
[usic  she  waa  gnze<l  at  by  the  throng 
on  the  floor,  as  she  sat  like  a  queen 
in  tho  best  progci.nium  l>ox.  At  this 
time  she  was  living  in  her  own  house, 
pri'scntud  by  Flak,  whirh  cost  |20,- 
000,  an<l  was  mortgaged  for  $30,000 
more  — thu  furniture  costing  $10,000. 
Tlio  Inwmi  wite  of  Mr.  Fisk  was  living 
in  Boston  at  this  time.  Tho  acquaint- 
ancu  between  Fisk  and  Stokes  at  this 
date  was  of  a  purely  business  charac- 
ter. Becoming  mnro  intimate,  Fisk 
Invited  Stokes  to  dinner  at  Mrs.  Mans- 
flehl's  house,  when  ho  became  capti- 
vated by  the  handsome  face  of  its  mis- 
treas,  and  as  Stokes  was  handsome  and 
gay,  and  much  superior  to  Fisk  in  social 
attainments,  Mrs.  MansHcId  "  toolc  a 
fancy"  to  iier  guest.  Fisk,  though 
naturally  unsuspecting,  soon  became 
Jealous  of  his  rival ;  and  the  preference 
which  his  mistress  showed  her  new 
lover  oxaipcrated  him.  and  bo  watcbe<l 
for  an  opportunity  to  dislodge  his  ri- 
val. Stokes  soon  gave  him  an  oppor- 
tunity. Being  mutually  interested  in 
an  oil  company,  Stokes  drew  heavily 
from  the  trciisury,  and  Fisk  had  him 
arrested  for  embezzlement.  War  was 
now  declared,  and  Mrs.  Man.ifleld  took 
open  sides  with  Stokes.  Fisk  had  the 
money,  but  Stokes-  had  |)osse8sion  of 
the  woman.  Fisk  carried  on  the  war 
so  hotly  against  Stokes  that  ho  sued 
Fisk  for  libel,  having  previously  sued 
him  for  fulao  imprisonment  in  the  al- 
leued  embozzlemvnt  case,  and  wliicli 
Fi»k  settled  by  puling  IIO.UOO  dnm- 
agca.  'J'hc  day  ot  the  trial,  Stokes 
appeare<l  "  dressed  up  like  a  count," 
in  company  with  Mrs.  Mansfield  ar- 
rayed in  the  height  of  fashion.  Fisk 
was  not  present,  but  waa  represented 
by  his  counsel.  Tho  trial  that  day  was 
an  exciting  and  stormy  one,  and  waa 
adjourned  for  one    week.    While  at 


181S.  lunch  at  Detmonico's,  Immediately 
after  tho  trial,  htokea  learned  thai 
Fisk  linil  priK'iiri'd  an  indlclnicnl 
against  him  for  roiiitpira<!y.  He  im- 
mediately repaired  to  thu  Orand  (Vn- 
tral  llolel  In  seurrh  of  Fisk.  Arriving 
at  the  heati  of  the  stairway  on  thu  sec- 
ond floor,  leading  IVoin  thu  ladies'  en- 
trance, ho  naw  Fisk  aacending  the 
stairs,  and  raising  a  revolver  he  iinrno- 
diately  flred  two  shots  at  his  enemy, 
mattering  some  unintelligible  words  at 
the  samu  time.  (Ine  of  the  shota  en- 
tered Fisk's  alMlomen,  and  he  stag- 
gered back  a  dying  man,  and  waa  car- 
ried to  one  of  tho  hotel  parlor*. 
Stokoi  made  no  attempt  to  escape, 
and  waa  soon  under  arrest.  He  wu 
Identiflod  by  Fisk,  and  then  locked  iin. 
Stokea  waa  Inilicted  for  murder  in 
tho  llrst  degrco,  and  on  Jan.  C,  187)4, 
ho  was  sentunt'cd  to  bo  hanged  on  tliu 
S8lh  of  tho  following  month,  but  a  new 
trial  was  granted  and  the  death-sen- 
tence annulled,  and  ho  waa  Anally  sen- 
tenced, on  Oct.  8V,  to  four  yeurx  im- 
prisonment in  New  York  Stiito  priHoii. 
Ho,  however,  was  detained  in  tho 
Tomlis  about  one  year  and  ninu  months 
l>eforo  being  sunt  to  Auburn,  during 
which  time  ho  waa  tho  must  notuli 
criminal  in  tho  country,  as  many  oa 
BOO  applications  for  passes  being 
grantea  in  ono  dav  to  persons  who 
wished  to  get  sight  of  him.  Hie 
father  and  brother  were  his  most  con- 
stant visituni,  but  neither  his  witu  nr  lit- 
tle seren-ycar-oM  daughter  ever  visited 
him.  He  kept  the  picture  of  his  little 
daughter  hanging  on  tho  cell  wall 
His  wife  obtained  a  legal  ilivorco  from 
him,  and  Mrf.  Manstleld  immctliutoly 
repaireil  to  Paris,  where  she  had  sev- 
eral romantic  adventures,  one  of  which 
was  with  a  rich  Count,  whose  flnancial 
ruin  sho  accomplished.  She  after- 
ward returned  to  the  United  Statea 
and  took  up  her  residenco  in  Phila- 
delphia. The  whole  periml  of  Stokes* 
imprisonment  in  the  Tombs,  Sing  Sing, 
and  at  Auburn,  was  four  ycnni,  nine 
months,  and  twenty-one  days.  II« 
was  discharged  ftom  Auburn  Oct  2& 
1876. 

Jim  Fisk. 

"  James  Fisk  was  the  son  of  a  pcdillcr,  and 
barely  received  a  common  school  eda* 
cation.  After  serving  as  a  waiter  in  a 
hotel  and  member  of  a  cirtun  company 
for  a  time,  bo  joined  his  father  in  ped- 
dling, and  after  a  lime  he  bought  his 
father  out,  and  then  employed  him  to 
visit  tho  rurui  districts,  while  hu  him- 
self visited  th);  larger  towns  and  vil- 
lages. His  horses  were  always  guy, 
and  his  wagons  bright  and  showy,  and 
himself  sparkling  with  wit,  humor,  und 
good-natured  impudence,  for  which 
no  afterward  became  so  famous.  He 
prospered  very  rapidly,  imd  soon  bo- 
eanie  a  salesman  in  the  Boston  houso 
where  hu  bought  his  suppliua.  Soon 
h.:)  became  a  partner.  Ho  made  some 
excellent  bargains  with  the  Uovern- 
mcnt  during  the  war,  and,  it  is  said, 
made  a  happy  stroku  smuggling  rottno 
through  tho  lines.  In  four  years  Mr. 
Fisk  retired  from  tho  firm  with  capitnl 
enough  to  start  a  store  ot  his  own, 
and  m  four  months  his  money  was  all 


OHBONOLOOT. 


SOS 


I'l,    imincdUtoly 
:tw    learned   llml 

■n  indii'lnii'til 
ipirwiy,  ilo  Im* 
tliu  (irand  (Vn> 
Kiilc.  Arriving 
rwny  nn  tli»  lec- 
n  tliu  Ikiiiei'  i'n> 
:  Mcendins  Ilia 
trolror  lie  Imrne* 
■  at  lilt  enemy, 
llif(i<>lo  wordi  at 
of  the  ihota  en« 
I,  nnd  ho  itiig- 
an,  and  waa  car- 

botei  parlon, 
impt  to  eacapo, 
arreat.  lie  wai 
thon  loclcod  up. 
I  fur  murdvr  in 
nn  Jan.  R,  187A, 
Q  hangvd  on  tlio 
lonth,  but  a  new 
i  tlie  death-arn- 
waa  flnally  acn* 
four  year*  ini- 
rit  Htiito  nriann. 
utuined  in  the 
ind  nine  mnntha 
Auburn,  during 
lie  ntiMt  noted 
ry,  as  many  ua 

paaaea  being 
:o  pcraong  wlio 
of  hlin.  I  lie 
'0  his  moat  con> 
jrhiawifoor  lit- 
litcr  over  visited 
ure  of  Ilia  litUa 

tlio  cell  wall. 
;al  divorce  fn>in 
lid  iramcditttoly 
'0  aho  had  hkv- 
•B,  one  of  which 
whose  financial 
I.  She  after- 
United  States 
enco  in  Phila- 

<)d  (if  IStol(t'g* 
nbg,  ISing  Hing, 
lur  yeiin,  nine 
He  days,  lit 
ubura  Oct  28^ 


pcdillcr,  and 
on  school  cdo* 
a  waiter  in  a 
irtufl  company 
father  in  ped- 
IV  bought  his 
iloycd  him  to 
while  hv  him- 
nwna  and  viN 

always  gay, 
id  showy,  and 
t,  humor,  un<l 
e,  for  which 
famous,  lie 
iind  soon  bo- 
Boston  houso 
>plie8.  8onn 
0  made  some 
the  (Jovcrn- 
d,  it  is  said, 
;gKng  rolton 
ur  years  Mr. 

with  capitiil 
ot  his  own, 
oney  was  alt 


im.  f!""'  ""  *""'*  '*'^"'^  a|i|M'nred  in  New 
York,  and  oiM'ncd  ii  bnikrr's  olfli'o  in 
Hrondwny,  liTIi  cnliru  ciipital  conniiitlng 
In  (if  reiioilit  cnn  Im  lii'liiivcd)  a  Imr- 
rowed  silver  wntcli;  iind  when  ho  In- 
trnduci'il  liiinHcIf  totlui  fuvnr  of  Daniel 
Drew,  by  ni'^oliiiling  for  him  the  sale 
of  the  llriHiiil  line  of  Hloanibouts,  ho 
WOA  prncllcully  |M'nnde»»^  Mr.  Drew 
flrst  KCt  him  ui)  hh  a  broker  in  purtiior- 
ahlp  with  llelden,  nnd  employed  the 
new  llrm  in  carrying  on  his  famous 
war  uilli  ('orneliiis  Vundurbilt  for 
imssesHion  of  the  Krio  Itailrood.  In 
Oct.,  1H(I7,  Kisk  was  imu  of  three  con- 
toHtants  for  tlie  oHicn  of  Din-otor,  nnd 
n  comiironilse  rvaultod  in  tho  election 
of  Kiik  nnd  Oould  as  Directors  of  tho 
Krie  Itailroad;  nnd  Oom  this  point 
dates  Mr.  Fisk's  momorablo  and 
Klupcndoua  riiilroixl  nnd  conimercini 
s(!hemes,  tho  magnitude,  daring,  and 
success  of  which  almost  surpass  coin- 
nrehcnsion  nr  belief,  nnd  rends  more 
like  an  Arabian    or    fairy   tale    than 

Iiriicticnl  nnd  real  business  trnnsnctions. 
'Msk  nnd  Oould  now  begun  their  spec- 
ulations and  gumbling  in  railroad 
stocks,  nnd  were  soon  able  to  enumerntu 
their  gains  by  millionu.  Not  sntistled 
with  these  brilliant  gains,  Kisk  nnd 
his  pnrtnem  began  tc  speculate  in  gold, 
nnd  in  Hepteinber,  IHOlt,  tliey  brought 
on  that  crisis  which  will  long  be  re- 
meinbcrcd  in  tho  history  of  "  Wnll 
Street"  as  "  Ulnck  Kridny."  Next 
Fisk  purchased  tlio  Eighth  Avenue 
Opera  House,  New  York,  and  leased  n 
purt  for  tho  Krio  Kailroad  offices ;  he 
uiannRod  tho  thcnier  hiinseir.  He  then 
bought  tlie  Fifth  Avenuo  Theater,  n 
summer-garden  in  the  city,  for  the 
purpose  of  a  restaurant;  two  lines  of 
stenrabonls  plying  between  Fall  Hiver 
and  Now  York  nnd  liristoi  and  New 
York,  and  bouglit  a  ferry  line  across 
the  Hudson,  lie  bccuiiio  Cohmel  of 
tho  Ninth  Hcgimcnt  of  tlie  New  York 
Htnto  Uunrd,  and  was  flguring  for  a 
Brig.-Gencraisliip  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  Ilo  bought  couches,  express- 
wagons,  and  lands;  houses,  too,  which 
he  furnished  with  bnrbnrin  splendor, 
and  filled  them  with  openi-bouffe  sing- 
ers and  other  cclobritics  of  like  grade. 

Samuel  F.  Atorse. 

BamucI  F.  Morse,  LIj.D.,  tho  inventor  of 
the  electric  tclegriiph,  a  painter  nnd 
author,  died  this  year.  Mr,  Morse  was 
ono  of  the  founders  of  tho  National 
Academy  of  Design  in  New  Y'ork,  and 
its  first  Presiilcnt,  nnd  n  lecturer  on 
fine  arts  at  the  New  York  Athenieum. 
Mr.  Morso  was  also  a  flue  portrait 
pnintcr.  His  great  invention  wus 
virtually  per'octed  wliilo  on  a  home- 
ward voyage  from  Kiirope,  in  tl4.S2,  nnd 
tho  recortling  npparatud  und  essential 
features  were  skelched  upon  paper 
before  leaving  the  vessel,  but  it  wus  not 
till  1835  thnt  a  line  was  put  up,  con- 
sisting of  a  iiulf-milo  of  wire,  and  the 
exiienment  tested.     In   181)7   lie   gave 

{mblicity  to  liis  enterprise,  by  nn  ex- 
libition  at  tlie  University,  and  tho 
same  year  tiled  \\u  caveat  at  the  Patent 
Office  in  Wnsliington,  but  not  till  1H4.<) 
could  ho  get  tlie  attention  of  Congress 
or  any  material  aid  to  his  enterprise, 
and  only  in  the  extreme  hurry  of  the 


1871.  last  sesslmi,  at  the  hour  of  midnight, 
alter  his  hopes  had  all  departed,  did 
(.'ongress  grunt  him  the  suui  of  filO.ooO 
to  oxpermient  upon  his  Invention, 
And  when  but  $7,U00  of  tho  money  waa 
left,  and  he  proved. tho  laying  of  tho 
wirea  In  tho  ground  n  failure,  Mr.  K/.ra 
Cornell  came  to  his  rescue,  and  siig- 
eested  tlie  olevntion  and  stretching  of 
the  wire  uptm  poles ;  this  proved  a 
success,  and  saved  Mr.  Morse  from  dis- 
ouuragoment  and  defeat,  With  the 
details  of  the  history  of  the  telegraph 
tho  public  nro  familiar,  and  its  grand 
aolirevemopts  are  acknowledged  by 
.every  nation  under  tho  sun. 
**  Congress  vote<l  the  nliolitlon  of  all  po- 
litical disabilities  placed  upon  the 
Houthern  peonlo,  excepting  those  who 
hud  been  leaclers  in  the  Rebellion. 
'*  Northwestern  Houndary  Question  settled 
by  tho  Emperor  of  Uermany,  who 
acted  as  arbiter  between  England  and 
America,  granting  and  establishing 
the  claims  of  the  United  Stntes. 
'  Jan.  18.  Severe  storm  at  Aspinwall ;  the 
shipping  nnd  mole  were  damaged  to 
Iho  extent  of  $S(IO,000. 
'       "Now    Departure"  of   tho  Democratic 

fmrty  under  tho  initiative  of  Vallandig- 
lum,  am  I  'upportod  by  Adams  and 
Chase. 

Labor  lii'furm  Confention. 

'  Fob.  Liilior  Heform  party  held  n  Con- 
vention in  Columbus,  O.,  nominating 
■ludge  Davi",  of  III.,  for  I'residcnt  and 
Joel  Parker,  of  Now  Jersey,  for  Vico- 
'President.  Mr.  Duvia  declined,  and  a 
convention  of  workinamen  mot  at 
Philadelphia  and  nominotcd  Charlei 
O'Conor,  of  Now  York,  President,  .007 

Colored  Convention. 

'  National  Colored  Convention  met  in  Now 
Orleans,  indorsing  Qrnnt's  Adminis- 
tration, nnd  tendering  thanks  to  CImries 
Sumner  for  bis  continued  ofTorts  in  be- 
half of  the  colored  people C(i7 

"  Feb.  17.  The  Ministers  I'lenipotcntiary 
of  Costa  liica,  Guatemala,  Honduras, 
and  San  Salvador  signed  a  treaty  for 
tho  formation  (if  a  Centrul  American 
Union,  consisting  of  tho  several  inde- 
pendent republics. 

"  March.  A  shi]>-canal  successfully  sur- 
veyed across  the  Isthmus  of  Panama, 
by  an  expedition  from  Now  Y'ork, 

Greeley's  Nomination. 

"  May  1.  Tlie  I.ibernl  Kepublican  party 
held  a  Convention  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
nominating  Horace  Greeley  for  Presi- 
dent and  Grutz  Drown,  of  Missouri, 
for  Vice-President. 

"  June  5.  Ileguiur  Ucpublican  Convention 
met  at  Pliiludelphin,  nominating  by 
acclnmntion  Ulysses  S.  Grnnt  for  Presi- 
dent and  Henry  Wilson  for  Vice- 
President. 

"  July  l».  Regular  Democratic  Convention 
lield  in  IJuitimore,  indorsing  the  nom- 
inntion  of  Horace  Greeley  by  the  Liberal 
Kepublicans. 

James  Gordon  Bennett. 

"  Juno  1.  Deoth  of  James  Gordon  Ben- 
nett, a  noted  und  remarkable  journal- 
ist, engaged  fur  Qfty  years  in  tho  press. 


187>.  and  founder,  editor,  and  proprietor  of 
the  N.  Y.  Ilrrald.  Ilo  was  a  no>ninal 
Catholic,  but  liberal  In  faith.  Waa 
born  in  Hcolliind,  and  sent  to  school  to 
study  for  the  priesthood,  but  soon 
found  ho  hud  mistaken  Ills  calling. 
Kcading  tho  Aiitoliiogrnphy  of  Knnk- 
lln,  he  ddermined  to  emigrnle  to 
America,  and  lunded  with  but  $2n  In 
Ilia  pocket.  Ho  finally  arrived  in  lios- 
tou  without  any  fkinds,  and  wandered 
about  liuiigry  for  two  days,  lotiking 
for  work.  Ilo  found  a  Job,  reading 
proof.  In  the  publishing  hou-e  of  WelM 
ft  Lilly.  He  next  went  to  South  Caro- 
lina as  a  teacher ;  next  to  New  York 
in  1834,  and  started  n  commercial 
school,  which  failed ;  then  ho  tried 
lecturing  on  p<ilitioal  economy,  which 
also  proved  n  failure.  Again  he  tried 
the  newspapers  as  reporter,  paragraph- 
ist,  poet,  nnd  general  utility  man.  In 
1828  ho  bought  the  Sutulay  Courier 
nn  credit,  but  soon  gave  it  up.  He  next 
connected  himself  with  tliu  J)emocratia 
Niitiotml  AJeerlivr,  and  that  Journal 
changing  hands  and  politics,  ho  Usft  It 
and  Joined  the  lute  M.  M.  Noah  as  as- 
sistant editor  of  the  Enquir'r.  Mr. 
Dennett  now  interested  himself  in  pol- 
itics, andJoin(fd  thoTanin.any  Sm'icty, 
and  soon  manilestod  that  cynical  spirit 
which  was  BO  characteristio  of  liia 
writings.  In  1838  ho  went  to  Wadi- 
ington  as  corrcsp<mdent  for  tho  En- 
qitirer,  and  there  mode  his  flrst  do- 
ciiled  liit.  Ho  rend  tho  letters  of  Ilor- 
nce  Wnlpolo  in  tlic  Congressional  Li- 
brury,  nnd  attempted  n  similar  vein  in 
liis  eorri'S|)ondcnce  for  tho  Enquirer, 
which  attracted  much  notice,  and  wus 
exl(m»ively  copied. 

Mr.  Dennett  was  enming  at  tliia 
time,  from  various  Inbora  with  his  pen, 
fnmi  fn  to  $13  per  week.  At  his  sug- 
gesli(m  tho  Enqttlrer  was  consolidated 
with  another  paper  us  the  Courier  ami 
Enquirer,  under  James  Watson  Webb, 
witn  young  Dennett  ns  assistant,  unci 
wliicli  soon  became  t'le  leading  news- 
paper of  the  times ;  ))ut  after  three  yonri 
the  editor  and  young  Bennett  acpu' 
rnted  from  n  difference  of  political  o|-  n  • 
ion,  and  Bennett  fltarted  a  cheap  ptlly 
paper,  devoted  to  the  support  of  JockAoa 
ond  Van  Duren,  which  lived  but  thirl/ 
days.  Then  lie  went  to  Philadelphia 
"with  the  wreck  of  his  savings"  and 
pluced  them  in  n  Jacks«>ninn  paper 
called  'JTte  Penniajlvanian,  and  ap- 
pealed to  the  party  for  help,  which  wim 
refused;  nnd  giving  up  tlio  venture, 
he  returned  to  New  York.  He  en- 
deavored to  get  employment  on  the 
Sun,  but  failed.  Herein  really  lay  his 
first  good  luck,  for  he  resolved  to  trnst 
no  more  to  politicians,  and  the  result 
was  Tlie  JVeie  Y&rk  Herald,  the  first 
number  of  which  appeared  in  May, 
18115,  price  one  cent,  and  for  sale  eveiy- 
wliero.  Two  young  printers  agreed  to 
print  it  and  take  the  risk  of  sharing 
the  profits  or  ioi-ses,  under  the  firm  ot 
" .lumes  Gordon  Uinnett  «&  Co."  Tho 
publishers'  office  was  n  ilicp  cellar  at 
No.  20  Wall  Street,  where  all  the  busi- 
ness of  the  concern  wus  transacted, 
with  n  plank  supported  by  two  floui 
barrels  for  a  desk.  The  nnper  was  a 
small,  four-pnge,  indepenucnt,  sharp, 
cynical,  und  witty  little  sheet,  and  soon 
became  very  popular.    It  offended  all 


t 


CHRONOLOOY. 


1171.  iwrtlM  rad  >ll  rrMfi* ;  wiw  ilmouncml 
By  the  ('•(hollo  fur  lilimphi'my,  nnil 
■hocked  tlio  loiiio  of  tlLfenry  or  the 
ProleatanlR,  hut  fmipU  :toutil  buy  it. 
When  four  nionlUH  old  tlio  paitt'r'wM 
biinied  ojl,  hut  he  rnkt'd  It  out  of  lh« 
•iihei  ant  iturtcd  aitrilii  lut  nolo  proprio- 
tor,  doln{  nil  thu  liilH>r,  wriltnK,  offlrc- 
wurk,  r  porting,  nnd  cvvrjrthinK  liiin- 
mI£  In  lovi'ii  Tviin,  unitiilfd,  lie  mado 
the  paper  worth  |l,iKX).(H)(),  with  a  cir- 
cuUtion  uf  :iO,(KM).  DurinK  the  war 
the  oircuUtlon  wan  more  than  douhlctl. 
It  employed,  in  addition  to  il«  roftular 
force,  6U  war  corretpondrnta  at  a  tfi^at 
espenn.'.  He  alway*  paid  liberally  for 
newi  itenti,  and  once  gave  to  a  new* 
reporter  $Sli  for  a  ncwi  tvlogram  of 
tknae  word*,  which  had  cost  out  |1. 
At  «w«tiier  time  ho  ordered  |100  to  he 
paiHI  tw  a  contributor  for  an  article  of 
•ix  eiillHini  which  had  been  contracted 
for  at  #"  per  cohiniu,  adding  to  the 
(Mlitnr,  biy  way  of  explanation,  "  lie 
■niiy  hi»rn  iiometliing  else  an  gi>o<l,"  in 
which  Itie  wui  not  di'ceiv<><l ;  the  corro> 
■pondrwt  pmvml  to  Ih)  very  valuable  to 
the  pnper.  Hin  one  olijuct  was  the 
•ucccoi*  uf  the  tlernUI,  which  he  aought 
regardlo«9  of  mean*  or  eoniiequence!*, 
and  never  nndenvorod  to  plfam;  any  one 
but  himtelf,  Mild  Huccei'dcd  in  that  and 
waa  happy.  Mr.  lieimett  wn*  a  itrictly 
Icmiwrate  and  virtuous  man,  with 
neither  low  habits  or  idle  houn,  and 
was  an  indefatlgabU'  worker.  In  these 
things  his  great  suctesa  lay. 

Alabama  Claims. 

'  Final  $eltltmenl  of  the  Alabama  Claims, 
which  grew  out  of  the  nets  of  several 
TesBcIa,  some  of  them  built  and  man- 
Bed  in  Qreat  Britain,  and  others  sailed 
from  Confederate  ports  under  command 
of  tile  recef  sionisits,  and  were  used  as 
cruisers  by  the  relwls.  Tlioy  destroyeil 
mill  i>ns  of  dollars  worth  of  United 
States  property  on  tlie  soas,  and  were 
permitted  to  sail  into  Kn^iish  portit 
and  take  on  Biipplios  of  provisions  nnd 
coal.  liO.350,1100  were  awarded  to 
the  United  States  by  Qreat  nritain. 

Peter  Carhvright. 

■  Sept.  25.  Death  of  Peter  Cartwriglit,  an 
eccentric,  but  useful  Mcthndist  prcHclier 
in  Sangaiiiim  Co.,  II'.  His  father  wn<* 
a  soldier  of  the  Hevolntion,  nnd  about 
1790  removed  witli  liia  family  to  Ken- 
tucky, and  hero,  in  this  Western 
wildemesa.  Vtvr  Ciirtn  right  wna 
raided,  and  his  edueation  nii»  acquired 
by  liuuting,  fliihlng,  liorserHCing. 
dancing,  and  all  tiinds  of  jollity  and 
mirtii,  amid  the  niUl.i  nf  tlie  fur  WcNt. 
and  amid  nil  the  linrdship-i  possible  to 
a  pioneer  life.  When  1(1  years  of  age 
he  was  convict -d  uf  liiit  sins  nt  a  camp- 
meetinfr,  where  liuniircds  were  con- 
verted, an<l  lu'  was  soon  pronounecii 
c<mverted,  when  he  inmiediately  started 
out  as  n  local  | naehcr,  and  soim  was 
admitte<!  into  tli<'  regular  ministry  of 
the  Jf.  K.  f'liureli.  He  continued  to 
preaeli,  and.  at  times,  engaged  in 
liolities.  lie  was  once  elected  to  the 
Legislature  of  Illinois,  and  was  victor 
in  many  contentions  by  his  ready  wit 
and  resolute  spit  it.  He  was,  for  more 
than  fifty  years,  a  Prcaiding  Elder,  mkI 


1879.  saw  the  M.  S.  Church  rise  In  the  U. 
8.  fVom  a  membenhlp  of  74,^74  to 
1,008,  ;IU.  Ho  was  a  |M)werful  preacher 
and  lalHirtous  pastor,  itnd  much  beloved 
by  the  Church. 

Kphootic. 

'*  Sept.  80,  First  appearance  of  the  eplxootio 
In  America  was  in  'I'ortmto,  Ontario, 
and  In  New  York,  Oct.  ]H,  when  in  ten 
days  40,000  horses  were  attaeke<l  bv  It, 
and  ISI.OOd  In  llro<iklyn,  and  in  less 
than  two  months  it  had  traveled  over 
the  entire  Atlantic  slouo,  appearing  in 
(lalveslon,  Texas,  and  reaeliing  Colo- 
rado, Wvnining,  nnd  Nevada  in  Jan., 
1873,  and  California  n  few  days  later. 
The  disease  proved  to  be  a  very  old 
one  under  a  new  name.  It  began 
aliout  41S  B.C.,  re-appeared  in  a.d.  !I!I0, 
and  at  intervals,  to  the  present  time, 
•IthoDgh  this  was,  ncrhaiw,  Its  flrst 
visit  to  the  New  World,  and  was 
evidently  an  epidemic,  and  during  its 
prevalence  was  the  cause  of  much  In- 
convenience to  man  and  great  suffering 
to  domestic  animals. 

«'  Oct.  10.  Death  of  Mrs.  Sarah  Payson 
Willis  Parton,  authoress,  better  known 
M  Fanny  Ftrn,  in  New  York,  aged  01. 
She  was  the  sister  of  the  noted  author 
and  poet,  N,  P.  Willis,  and  wife  of  the 
popular  historian,  James  Parton.  Jlrs. 
Parton  was  one  of  the  most  spicy  and 
I>opuliir  newspaper  essayists  and  au- 
thors of  tliia  country.  8lie  was  widely 
known  from  her  newspaper  sketches, 
called  "  Fern  Leaves,"  also  as  the  author 
of  several  interesting  works  of  Action. 

"  Nov.  At  the  election  in  Uocliester.  N. 
Y.,  Susan  B.  Anthony  nnd  llftei'ii 
other  ladies  voted,  for  whicli  illegality 
they  were  duly  arrested. 

Gi-n.  George  Meade. 

"  Nov.  (1.  Dentil  of  George  Gordon  Meade, 
LI,.D.,  V.  .i.-Gcn.  U.  S.  A.  (ien.  Meade 
was  a  graduate  of  West  Point  In  1835, 
and  in  INBd  he  rcsigiud  his  commis- 
sion in  the  nrlillery  on  account  of  ill- 
henltli.  and  became  a  civil  engineer. 
Hut  in  tt'43  he  again  entered  the  army 
08  Second  Lieutenant  in  tlio  corps  of 
'I'dpogrnpliieal  Engineers,  and  servetl 
in  that  capacity  in  tli(<  Mexican  war 
upon  the  staflT  of  (ien.  Taylor,  and 
afterward  that  of  Scott,  in  which 
service  he  distinguished  himself,  and 
was  promoted  upon  his  return  to  I'hilii- 
delpliia.  During  the  interval  between 
the  Mexican  and  Civil  wars,  .Mr.  Meaile 
was  engaged  in  the  survey  of  the 
northern  lakes.  Ibit  upon  the  call 
of  the  (lovcninienf  for  men,  he  was 
ordiTi'il  to  report  at  Wasliinifton,  where 
he  was  made  aUrig.-Gin.  of  Volunteers 
in  command  of  tlie  Second  Krigade. 
In  the  advance  on  Hiclimond,  Gen. 
Meade  was  severely  wounded,  but  was 
n':le  to  conduct  Ills  command  with 
bravery  throughout  tho  Maryland 
cani])aign.  .\t  Antietnm  he  was 
slightly  wounded,  ami  had  two  horses 
shot  under  liim.  On  Nov.  2!t,  18113,  he 
was  appointeil  Maj  Gen.  of  Volunteers, 
nnd  took  part  in  the  battle  of 
Frederieksliurg.  In  June,  I8I13,  he  was 
unexpectedly  called  to  succeed  Hooker 
in  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac, numbering  100,00ii  men. 
Uia  army  fought  in  the  battles  of  the 


187«.  WIMemeM,  Hpottaylvanla  Coart-hniisik 
and  Cold  Ilarbsr,  and  waa  emplojed 
In  the  siege  of  Petersburg.  In  the 
next  year  Gen.  Mvadn  was  promoted 
to  a  lirigadler-Goneralship  In  the  U 
S.  A.  (Ien,  Meade  was  a  tniu  patriot 
and  hrnve  soldier,  and  was  greatly 
esteemed  by  Ids  fellowclllams,  om'l 
ii|)on  hia  death  the  funi^ml  honors  paid 
to  Ills  remains  were  only  excelleil  by 
those  liostowed  u|)on  the  martyred 
Prusidont. 

The  National  Grangers. 

"  Doing  a  secret  orgonisatlon  or  mov(w 
nient  among  tho  lalmring  cliis-ii^s, 
ospcciallv  the  farmers,  to  anitc  the 
p<>oplo  tliMugh  a  aystem  of  universal 
co-operation  iM'tween  producers  and 
consumers,  Tho  movement  extended 
nearly  over  the  entire  Union,  eml)riic. 
ing  all  tailoring  or  pro<Iucing  classes. 

"  Oct.  Conspiracy  against  the  (Invorn- 
meiit  of  Costa  Kica  discnverod  and 
defeated. 

Great  Boston  Fire. 

"  Nov.  0.  A  fire  broke  out  in  tho  heart  of 
tho  city  of  lioston  and  destroyed  800 
buildings,  chiefly  of  tino  granite  and 
marble,  which,  as  in  tho  great  fire  of 
Chicago  tho  year  pn^vious,  crumbliHl 
down  like  chalk  before  the  devouring 
flames.  Nearly  05  acres,  covered  with 
coiumereial  palaces  nnd  flno  and  ap- 
parently indestructlblo  buildings,  were 
swept  over,  and  left  a  mass  of  shapeless 
and  chnrred  ruins.  Tho  most  ns'onish- 
ing  feature  of  the  Boston  Are  is  that 
there  was  MO  gale  as  at  Chicago,  yet 
the  tiames  were  iR'rl'eetly  uncoiitrollahle. 
Gunpowder  was  cxtenBlvcly  usimI  in 
blowing;  up  tho  buildings;  but  tho 
streets  were  so  narrow  nnd  the  build- 
ings so  high  tliat  the  llremen  were 
batlled  in  their  etforts.  At  lust,  after 
many  of  tho  bravo  fellows  had  lost 
their  lives,  and  the  very  heart  waa 
burned  out  of  the  city,  they  gained  » 
victory  over  the  "  flt:y  demon  "  nnd 
8tttye<l  the  progress  of  his  mnrcli. 
The  loss  wns  estimated  at  !i<.M.'i,(IU(i.iiOO 
and  tho  number  of  lives  considerable. 

Horace  Greeley. 

"  Nov.  20.  Ilornee  Greeley,  vm  American 
reformer  and  founder  of  the  New  York 
Trihinie,  died  in  We8tche>tei'  Co.,  N.  V. 
Mr,  Greeley  was  born  of  poor  jmrents, 
in  the  town  of  Amherst,  N.  II.,  in  l«l  I, 
and  worked  upon  a  farm  till  he  was  IS 
>i'ars  of  age,  .vlicn  he  enlerid  tho 
priliting-otlue  of  the  Nurtherii  Spec- 
tutor  in  East  I'oultney.  Vt ,  as  nn  ap- 
prentice, will  re  he  remained  over  four 
years,  mustering  Ids  trade  in  all  its 
branches.  He  then  went  to  Erie,  I'a,, 
and  found  employment  in  a  news- 
jiapcr  olllec,  where  he  iiiiid  •  ninny 
iViends,  nnd  wns  olfereil  a  parliuiship 
ill  the  business.,  though  liiit  twmty 
\ciirs  old.  In  Aug.,  18  11.  lloraie 
(irceley  arrived  \.\  .N'ew  York  with 
only  ten  dollars  in  Iiis  pocket,  and  a 
scanty  wardrobe  tied  up  in  a  luindle. 
Ho  liad  never  seen  a  city  of  such  size, 
and  wns  utterly  ignorant  of  its  wa.'.s 
and  wonders.  lie  began  to  scarcli  for 
work,  but  his  verdant  appcorance  was 
much  against  him,  and  he  was  told  by 


ItHL 
iiploj  P<l 
In  the 


ila  Coart-linnn 
WM  t'nir 

wn«  prniiiiitcil 
■hip  In  thv  V. 

A  tniu  piklriot 
id  wrw  Kri'tttly 
«-rlfl»i<nn,  ami 
rnl  hunom  imiil 
nly  oxccllcd  (it 

the   niiirlyrod 


r  rangers. 

tlon  or  moTD* 
Hiring  rlni'iva, 
I  tn  unite  tliu 
ui  uf  univvntal 
proiltinvrs  umj 
nivnt  oxti'n(l«<l 
Union,  VDilir.ic- 
lucing  ctiiHici. 
t  tlio  Govarn- 
lUcoTerud  auil 


Fire. 

in  tho  licnrt  n( 

(li'Btroycil  SOO 

no  gniiiiti!  anil 

0  grcttt  flro  of 
iouii,  crunil)li'<l 

the  (U'voiii'ing 
«,  covercil  with 

1  Alio  and  ap- 
buildingH,  wcro 

IMS  of  RliapulCMfl 

I  niont  ns'onitih- 
on  flr«  \*  that 
it  Clilontjo,  yet 
uncontriilhiblo. 
lively  iisi'd  in 
infrg;  but  (ha 
i\nil   iho  build- 

llrcnien  wcrs 

At  liiKt,  after 

lows  had    lost 

;ry   heart   waa 

they  pitncd  a 

demon  "   and 

bis    niarcli. 

lit  ifSo.dOii.iiOO 

cunsiduruble. 

ley. 

nil  Americnn 
the  New  Y<«rk 
5*ter  Co.,  N.  V. 

lioor  parents, 
N.  H..in  1X11, 

till  be  was  15 
enlepil  the 
fiirthcrii  Spec- 
Vt ,  an  un  ap- 
iiefl  over  lour 
lie  ill  all  its 
t  to  Erie,  Pa., 
in    a    iiews- 

in:id  •  many 
a  pai'liu'i^hip 
1  but  twinty 
18  il.  Iloraie 
I  York  with 
jiocke;,  and  a 

in  a  bundle. 

'  of  audi  siz'.', 

of  i(8  wa^s 

to  Hcarcli  for 
>pcnrance  was 
e  was  toH  by 


1 


OHBOMOLOOY. 


SOT 


'Vri.  Mr  l>nvld  Hall,  tlm  editor  of  the 
Jouniiil  III'  nimmfri'f,  that  he  believed 
lilin  lobe  Ik  riinauay  apprentlro  IVoni, 
Home  eoiiiilry  priiilliu-oillee.  lleeom- 
ing  dUe xiruKed.  and  hi*  inonev  about 
i;on<i,  lie  resolved  to  l"avi  tliu  •ity,  but 
III  Ibe  evi'uiii!{  he  fill  In  with  noiuii 
young  IriHiiiiieu  who  took  an  interest 
In  the  wandering  printer,  and  Uireeted 
liiui  to  the  piliiting-olHeu  of  .Mr.  John 
T.  West,  who  had  n  pleeo  of  woric  lo 
iliHieiilt  that  no  printer  ae(|uaintail  In 
the  city  could  be  lu'lueeil  ti(  aernpt  it. 
11  wna  the  eonipoiiltlon  of  it  iiliilaturu 
New  Testainunt  in  a  eiirioiiHly  .ntrieato 
•tylo  of  typography.  Hut  nothing 
daunted,  tliii  "green  country  boy" 
undertook  tho  Job,  and  liy  laborlnuii 
and  coimlant  application  from  twulvn 
to  fourteen  liinirs  each  day  he  could 
earn  rIx  dollnrH  pt^r  week.  Mr.  Oreeloy 
next  entered  the  ollleu  oftlio  Spirit  of 
the  Timet,  and  bccomirig  soon  on  in- 
tiinatu  termi)  wttli  tho  foreman  of  llio 
oHIco.  the  two  ontsrud  a  partnorahip  to 
GHtablikh  a  Job  printing-olHco,  and  took 
a  coutrnct  to  print  a  clienp  dally  nowii- 
pa|ier  to  bo  solil  on  tlio  streets,  but 
owing  to  the  ineonipctoney  of  its  editor 
it  proved  a  failure,  but  the  Job  ollleu 
continued  to  prns|H)r.  Ilia  partner  was 
eoon  uftcr  drowned,  ami  lie  procured 
iiiiotlier,  and  in  a  short  tiiiio  the  new 
flini  started  a  weekly  newspaper  called 
The  yea-Yurirr,  .Mr.  Clreeley  being 
tho  editor  and  his  companion  tlie  pub- 
lisher. This  paper  lived  fur  over  seven 
years,  and  arose  from  one  dozen  aub- 
Bcribers  to  over  0,000,  hut  being  con- 
iluctod  on  tho  credit  ayatoni,  was  a  los- 
ing speculation  tinancially.  Next  Mr, 
(Ireeley  became  oilitor  of  tlio  Jejfersoni- 
nn.  a  Whig  campaign  napcr,  which  ut 
tained  a  subscription  of  in.OOO,  and  was 
admirably  conducted.  During  the  liar 
rison  campaign  Mr.  (ireeley  conducted 
tho  Ijog  Ciihin,  which  was  aubsequentlv 
merged  into  tho  JV.  i'.  Trilmne,  whicli 
paper  Mr.  Greeley  woe  identified  with 
till  the  time  of  his  death.  Tho  orig- 
inol  list  of  Trilume  Rubscribers  num- 
bered 000,  and  ut  the  end  of  tho  flrat 
year  its  success  was  cstul>lishe<l.  Tho 
high  character  of  th:'.t  Journal  unilcr 
Mr.  Oreeloy's  euporviaion  is  so  well 
estiiblialied  that  it  is  unnecessary  to 
detail  its  history.  Mr.  Greeley  was  a 
Whig  in  po'-dcs,  and  a  libernl  thinker. 
lie  was  electee,  to  Congress  in  1848  to 
fill  n  vacancy,  and  never  afterward  was 
»  member  of  any  deliberate  body  ex- 
cept tho  lote  Cuimiitiitional  Convoii- 
tion  of  New  York.  His  greatest  power 
was  exerted  in  the  cditoii.d  chair, 
although  his  career  js  a  lecturer  was 
successful.  Sir.  Greeley  was  the  author 
of  several  minor  works,  tho  most  in- 
teresting of  which  was  "  Uecollcctions 
of  a  Busy  Life,"  which  was  his  auto- 
biogri.pliy.  Mr.  Greeley  Joined  the 
Uepublicau  parly  at  its  start,  being 
one  of  its  I'ountlers.  When  the  war 
was  over  (which  be  nideil  in  every 
,  laudable  way)  be  wa.s  exceedingly 
anxious  for  pence,  and  bearing  no 
malice  to  the  South,  he  became  one  of 
the  bondsmen  to  .letf.  Davis,  which  act 
lost  liiiu  an  clec  ion  to  the  Senate  and 
made  him  very  unpopular  for  a  while; 
but  he  still  claimed  he  had  done  right. 
Upon  his  nomination  to  tho  Presidency 
in  1873,  the  stormy  caiapaiga   and 


1878.  vitupcroua  ahiiso  of  thn  press,  tngnthvr 
with  Iho  sIcknesM  and  death  of  hta 
wife,  and  lastly  his  defeat  at  tlio  eliH> 
tloii.  and  his  continued  mental  labor*, 
all  euhninated  in  the  wreck  of  bis 
noble  Intellect  and  his  aad  death.  Ilut 
whatever  may  have  been  said  of  iMr. 
Greeley  during  the  excitement  of  • 
political  campaign,  nn  man  could  boar 
liim  any  nialico,  for  his  character  was 
singularly  jiure  and  liia  nature  one  of 
tho  most  Irank  and  unavlflah  upon  the 
|K)litieal  rraorda  of  any  nation  or 
people. 

mn.  //.  Seward. 

"  Wm.  Henry  Howaril,  LIj.D.,  nn  eminent 
American  statesman,  died  at  Auburn, 
N.  V.  At  a  very  early  age  Mr.  Sew- 
ard uvinoeil  a  great  fondness  for 
books  by  running  away  frnin  home  to 
go  to  school,  and  at  nine  years  of  age  he 
was  sent  to  Farmers'  Hall  Acailomy 
in  Goshen,  and  heforo  ho  was  lllteen 
he  wiM  pronounced  ready  for  college. 
In  1810  ho  entered  Union  College,  from 
which  he  graduated  with  high  honors. 
He  Htudied  law  witli  John  Anthoii,  in 
Nuw  York,  and  afternard  with  Ogden 
Holfman  and  John  Duor,  in  Gokhen, 
tnd  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1H33, 
and  the  year  following  he  formed  a 

f)artnership  with  Judge  Miller,  In  All- 
ium, wlioao  daughter  he  married  in 
1H24.  He  soon  became  distinguished 
at  tho  bar  for  originality  iin:l  inde- 
])endencc,  and  shortly  acquired  a  large 
practice  and  high  reputation,  in  1H'J7 
Mr.  Seward  became  tho  champion  of 
tlio  Greeks,  and  by  his  eloquence  se- 
cured large  eontributiims  to  tho  fiinda 
raised  in  this  country  for  llieir  defense. 
In  1828  Mr.  Seward  was  called  to  pre- 
side over  one  of  tlie  largest  political 
conventions  ever  lield  in  the  State  of 
New  York,  which  duty  lie  disci. -rgcd 
with  great  ability.  In  1880  Mr.  Sew- 
ard was  elected  State  Senator  by  the 
anti-Masonic  party,  and  at  the  sumo 
time  he  became  «  officio  a  Judge  in 
the  highest  Court  in  the  Slato,  and  the 
peer  of  venerable  and  distinguished 
men,  and  lie  then  began  his  active  la- 
bors in  tho  field  of  reform,  all  the  re- 
forms nf  the  day  receiving  Ids  earnest 
support.  In  1 8:1:1  .Mr.  Seward  visited 
Europe,  and  his  published  letters— 80 
in  nu-.nber  —  written  during  his  few 
weeks'  travel,  added  greatly  to  his 
growing  pojiularity.  When  but  li;i 
years  of  age  he  was  nominated  for 
Governor  of  New  York,  buthis  youth 
was  the  argument  against  liiui,  and  he 
was  defeated  by  Marcy.  In  1838  he 
was  elected  Governor  by  10,000  major- 
ity over  Gov.  Marcy,  and  took  his  seat 
at  :i7  yeiirs  of  age,  as  the  first  Whig 
Governor  of  the  Kmpirc  Stotc,  and  his 
influence  was  largely  felt  in  shaping 
the  political  issues  which  followed 
during  tlic  ne.\t  80  years ;  also,  in  re- 
forming many  erroneous  statutes,  and 
expunging  some  inhuman  and  unjust 
laws  from  the  statute  books.  Mr.  Sew- 
ard's career  as  a  lawyer  was  a  very 
brilliant  one,  and  his  gubernatorial 
nd:iiinistrution  was  marked  with  many 
noble  and  reformatory  acts.  In  poli- 
tics Mr.  Seward  was  a  Whig,  and 
acted  with  his  party  in  all  its  measures 
until  1852,  when  he  refused  to  support 
the  platform,  although  approving  its 


Wi.  raniildate  for  President -Gen.  Heott. 
Mr.  Seward,  In  1848,  took  n  derided 
■land  for  i>erdoin  against  *laver\, 
wbleh  ho  Rubsequently  ho  grnphleally 
expressed  in  bis  gri'at  sp<  ech  on  th* 
"  Irreiiressible  Contlict."  Mr,  Seward 
was  elected  to  tho  I'nlted  States  Hen- 
nte  in  IHID,  and  continued  In  the  Sen- 
ate till  he  WHS  ap|Miintvd  Secretary  of 
State  by  l>rci>ident  Mncdn.  Hu  wa* 
a  champion  of  the  Itepiibliean  party 
<n  the  Senate  ahiiost  ft'oin  Its  Hrtt  riic, 
and  fought  valiantly  for  its  incnaurcs 
fo.'  freedom.  As  a  statesiniiii  ho  had 
no  superior,  and  he  filled  the  offlcu  of 
Secretary  of  Statu  with  great  ability 
and  acceptance  to  the  (iovernroont. 
At  the  convention  which  nominated 
Abraham  IJiicoln  for  I'lesident,  Mr. 
Seward  received  17:1  votes  for  tho  of- 
fice. At  the  same  time  the  President 
WHS  assassinated,  an  accomplice  ot- 
tempted  the  life  of  Mr.  hewnrd,  who 
was  upon  a  sick-bed.  He  was  stabbed 
in  die  tliroal,  and  hia  life  was  de- 
spaircd  of  for  some  time,  but  ho  flnnlly 
recovered,  and  ronmined  in  the  Cabi- 
net till  the  close  of  Mr.  Johnson's 
Presidency,  carrying  out  tho  I'ollcy  of 
3Ir.  Lincoln  and  tho  Government,  al- 
though often  assaulted  by  politician* 
anil  severely  critieir.ed  by  thu  public; 
yet  time  lias  confirmed  ninny  acts, 
which  at  the  period  of  gicat  excite- 
ment seemed  inconsistent  with  tlif 
principles  of  his  party.  In  IHIIO  Mr. 
Seward  Journeyed  through  California 
and  .Mexico,  and  in  August,  1870,  he, 
with  several  members  of  his  family, 
set  out  upon  a  tour  around  the  world, 
visiting  all  the  principal  countries,  and 
was  evcrywiiere  received  with  groat 
honor,  and  everywhere  making  him- 
self familiar  with  the  Governments, 
policy,  races,  productions,  and  com 
nierco  of  the  countries  ho  visited,  an', 
returned  from  his  tour  October  li(h, 
1871,  and  prepared  a  narrative  of  liii 
journey,  which  was  published  soon 
after  his  deatli.  Mr.  Soward  waa  a 
voluminous  writer,  but  ids  speeches, 
essays,  and  State  pa|)crs  have  not  as 
yet  been  fully  collected, 

Eiiwin  Forrest. 

"  Deo.  12.  Edwin  Forrest,  an  eminent 
American  tragedian,  died  in  Philadel- 
pliia,  ills  native  city.  At  the  age  of 
eleven  Kir.  Forrest  exhibited  a  strong 
aptitude  and  taste  for  declamation  and 
tragedy,  and  participated  in  representa- 
tions befiiro  the  Amateur  Dramatic 
Club  of  Philadelphia,  of  which  he  was 
a  momber.  His  Hrst  appearance  upon 
the  regular  stage  was  in  the  Walnut 
Street  Theater,  Nov.  87,  1820,  acting 
tlie  part  of  Nonal  in  Home's  phy 
of  "Douglass."  In  1885  be  first  mut 
Edward  Kean,  whose  attention  and 
commendation  lie  attracted  while  act- 
ing lago  to  his  Othello.  From  this 
time  forward  his  success  was  assured, 
and  he  soon  after  made  an  engage- 
ment at  181)0  per  annum.  His  first 
great  triumph  was  in  the  Bowery, 
N.  Y.,  where  he  remained  n;'irly  three 
years,  and  then  ho  accepted  an  en- 
gagement at  the  Park,  where  he  re- 
mained, and  long  enjoyed  a  high  pop- 
ularity At  the  age  ot  88  Mr.  Forrest 
was  a  man  of  magnificent   persoiuU 


M8 


CHRONOLOCJY. 


ttrt.  prwcaea  and  muntillno  bonoty.  ITe  1 1878. 
paMeHed  •  nilco  of  nmrvL'lDiii  power 
•nd  iweetncM,  an<l  ciOnyml  llio  un- ' 
bounded  popularity  of  lili  country  m  • 
traffrdlaa,  witli  tliu  Ailli-Rt  coiirtdonce 
in  111*  own  iMtwcm  tlint  li«  wii«  (lie 
g>v«teitoriliing  triiK«<liini<.  In  IH;),1lie 
■allod  for  Eiiropo;  an<l  in  OctoliiT, 
1836,  ho  sppcAiod  itt  Drary  Lanu  m 
Simrtieut  in  tliu  "Ulullntor  "— a  play 
prodiice<I  in  lM3t,  ami  wrltUm  with  a 
apecial  riew  to  fit  liii  |)eculiar  tnluiita. 
In  London  Mr.  Furrvit  bucamo  the  linn 
of  tlie  liour,  nnti  at  that  time  received 
oaprciklly  Icind  treatment  n-oni  Mr.  Mac- 
Tvidy,  who  afterward  became  IiIk  iiiott 
bitter  enemy  and  rival.  In  18:)*  lin  nmr- 
ried  Hiu  Catherine  Norton  Sinclair,  an 
EnRliih  lady,  nn>l  hooii  ri'tiirncil  to 
America,  making  hi*  flnit  profcaaiunal 
appearance  in  Philadelphia,  where  he 
waf  onthuiiiuiticaily  received,  afterward 
visiting  New  York  and  othercltie«,whefe 
hia  popularity  Hteadlty  inerea!ie<l.  In 
l9A!i  he  made  iiU  neeiind  ^it  to  London 
in  company  with  Mm.  Forrci-t,  iind  they 
were  welcomed  in  the  lieot  and  moat  1873, 
iutclligcntii(K-lut,v  in  London  and  Edin- 
burgh. At  the  Winces*  Theutcr,  Lon- 
don, Mr.  Forreat  was  liiaaed  in  liis 
play  of  Maebfth—n  clinructcr  wholly 
uniuited  to  h  h  Htyle  of  iieting— which 
Mr.  Forrest  liigh'lv  reHonted,  and  at- 
tributed to  the  indncncu  of  Macrcady, 
and  hastily  Indulged  in  the  most  hit- 
tar  aspersions  against  him.  lie  visited 
the  theater  in  hdintiiirgli  wlicre  Mac- 
ready  was  playing  Iliimlit,  and  stood 
un  conspicuously  in  a  private  box  and 
hissed  liim.  This  rash  net  nearly  cost 
Mr.  Forrest  liis  great  popularity  in 
Great  Oritain.  Altoiit  two  .venrs  after 
hii  return  to  America,  Mitcrcady  was 
playing  Mneheth  in  Aator  Pluco  Opora 
Ilouse,  N.  Y.,  when  a  mob,  composed 
of  Mr.  Forrest's  friends,  assaulted 
him.  when  a  fearful  scene  ensued,  re- 
aulting  it)  killing  'i'Z  men  and  wound- 
ing HO  others.  The  succeeding  year 
Mrs.  Forrest  sued  for  a  divorce,  wliich 
was  granted  in  her  favor,  on  all  points, 
two  years  aiVerward,  with  an  alimony 
of  <i;i.000  a  year,  the  payment  of  which 
Mr.  Forrest  resisted  for  twenty  years. 
Mr.  Forrest  continued  his  career  as  an 
actortilt  I85^<,  amassing  a  large  fortune, 
\(hich  he  used  extensively  in  the  pur- 
chase of  a  fine  residence  and  a  niag- 
niflecnt  dramatical  library  in  Philadel- 
phia. In  18(50  Mr.  Forrest  a'jain  re- 
turned to  the  stage,  and  continued 
playing,  at  intervalx,  till  1871,  when  ill- 
ness oiinpullcd  him  to  retire. 
"  Jndgo  Bernard's  removal  and  disqualifi- 
cation for  corruption  in  olflcc. 

George  Catlin. 

■  Dec.  33.  George  Catlin,  on  American 
artist  and  author,  died,  at  the  age  of 
70.  In  182!t  Mr.  Catlin  begun  studying 
the  life  and  habits  of  the  Aborigines  of 
America,  witli  the  view  of  preserving 
their  history  upon  canvas.  In  1831  he 
visited  most  of  the  tribes  east  of  the 
MisNissipiii,  and  painted  the  portrnits 
of  tlieir  chiefs  and  celebrities.  He 
risited  Dlack  Hawk  and  painted  ids 
portrait.  He  next  du.sccnded  the 
Missouri  River  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Yellowstone  to  St.  Louis,  with  two 
mun,  in  a  cunoc,  atMilng  it  himself  the 


whole  distance,  visiting.  In  the  mean- 
time, the  numerouii  trilie*  of  Indiana 
a(\|aceut,  and  painted  many  of  the 
faces  and  scenery.  He  wss,  during  Ihe 
trip,  corresponifent  of  the  New  York 
fl/ieclat<>r,  which  letters  WTo  subse- 
quently piiblishi'd  in  a  Vdliinie  entitled 
"Catlin's  Life  among  the  North 
American  Indians.)'  In  1840  ho  went 
to  Kurope,  taking  his  paintinfis,  which 
ho  exhibited  In  Lcmdon  fnrthron  years. 
In  18S3  he  explored  the  interior  of 
Hnuth  America,  intenrlewing  its  various 
tribes  of  wild  Indians.  Mr.  Catlin 
traveled  very  extensively  in  his  own 
land,  and  was  considered  the  best  in- 
formed man  in  the  world  on  Indian 
life  and  customs.  He  was  the  author 
ofHeviriil  valuable  t)ooks. 

Hook-sewing  machine  patented  by  Henry 
Thompson,  of  (.'onnectieiit. 

United  States  had  00,8S,J  miles  of  rail- 
road. 

A  fatal  and  unknown  <1istemp<-r  visited 
lirazii  and  carried  olT.  in  three  towua, 
13,0011  out  of  18,0(11)  inhabitants. 

Fob.  Death  of  a  centenarian.  Miss  Becky 
Kitchen,  of  Southampton  Co.,  Va., 
aged  120  yoara. 

Feb.  17.  Extensive  Are  in  Sing  Sing,  N. 
Y.,  IISO.OOO  dauinges. 

March  2.     Death  of  Kid.  Jacob  Knap 


app. 


the  famous  revivalist,  at  Kockford 

IFrfd  of  the  "AtlanUc" 

April  1.  Wreck  of  the  ocean  steamer 
Atlantic    S88  lives  wero  lost 

Modoc  Massacre. 

April  11.  Oen.  R.  A.  Canby  was 
murdered  by  the  Modoc  Indians  in  the 
Lava  Beds  of  N.  California.  He  was  a 
graduate  of  West  Point  in  1H80,  in  the 
same  class  with  Oen.  Halleck,  and 
served  in  the  Florida  war  from  1889  to 
1843.  He  served  through  the  Mexican 
war  as  First  Lieutenant,  Captain, 
Lieutenant-Colonel,  Major  of  Infantry, 
etc.,  and  att«ine<i  distinction  for  Ins 
bravery  and  purity  of  character.  He 
was  employed  by  the  Government  to 
brinR  the  Modncs  to  accept  the  terms 
oflTcred  them  by  the  (lovernnKnt ;  in 
which  expedition,  through  the  eltort  to 
use  practicable  mea.4urcs  and  moral 
suasion  with  tho  savages,  this  noble 
and  gallant  officer  lost  bis  life. 

Colfax   Massacre. 

Massacre  of  over  100  negroes  at  Colfax, 
Grant  Parish,  La.,  by  tho  '■  White 
Leogiie"  setting  fire  to  the  Court-house 
w^icrc  nearly  400  negroes  were  con- 
gregated for  defense,  and  shooting 
them  down  when  they  attempted  to 
escape. 

Salmon  P.  Chase. 

Moy  7.  Death  of  Hon.  Salmon  P.  CImse, 
LL.D.,  an  American  statesman.  Gov. 
of  ( )hio.  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and 
Chief- .lustice  of  the  United  States. 
The  first  act  which  brought  Mr.  Chase 
into  iMililical  notice  wan  his  defense  of 
Jas.  <;.  lUrney,  as  the  preserver  of  hia 
lii'c,  when  the  latter  was  attacked  by 
a  pro-slavery  mob  in  1S36  in  Cincin- 
nati, during  which  Mr.  Bimcy's  paper 
was  deatroved.  Also,  in  1887,  Mr. 
Chase's  noble   defense  of  a  fugitive 


1878,  ilava  woman,  nmm  tho  nccMsion  of 
which  one  of  tho  oldest  and  nbteal 
law  vera  in  tho  Court  reniarke<l  s 
"  There  Is  a  promising  ynw\)f  man 
who  his  just  riilniiil  Idniself."  From 
this  time  imward  .Mr.  ChaHe  was  a 
Imhi,  able,  and  eonxi'lent  opponent  of 
the  Slavic  power,  wieliling  a  national 
•  influence  In  the  rnlleil  Stales  Senate, 
and  in  nil  his  K'gal  dlsciixsiona  and 
Judicial  acts  riirrvlng  nut  the  principle* 
of  humanity  anti  Justice  wliich  niadu 
his  name  a  power  to  his  party  and  a 
terror  to  his  opponents.  Mr.  Chasa 
was  the  a(^knowtedged  champion  at 
the  anti-slavery  party,  defending  them 
and  bailding  up  their  principles  with 
his  masterly  logic  and  legal  prowess. 
In  tho  Si'uate  he  made  his  talents 
particularly  noticejible  by  his  able 
advocacy  of  economy  in  tho  national 
finances  of  tho  Pacilic  Itailrond  by  tliu 
shortest  route,  the  homcatcid  niovu- 
menl,  c'».,>,>  i>»iiiaKe,  iiccar.  nuvlgation, 
etc.  In  I8t8  Mr.  Chase  was  elected 
Governor  of  Ohio,  and  at  tho  cloMe  of 
hl.-t  first  term  ho  was  renoniinate<l 
(iovernor  by  acclamation,  and  cleeteii 
bv  the  largest  vote  ever  given  for  a 
dovernor  in  Ohio.  Ills  appointment  as 
Secretary  of  the  Trensury  in  PrcHideiit 
Lincoln's  Cabinet  was  tho  crowning  op- 
jwrtunity  for  displaying  his  greatest 
ability;  anti  his  wonderful  success  in 
conducting  tlie  financial  ship  through 
the  slornis  and  tempests,  and  over  tho 
rocks  of  a  protracted  civil  war  was  n 
constant  and  happy  surprise  both  to  hii4 
friends  and  the  nation.  In  1804  I'resi- 
dent  Lincoln  nominated  him  for  (liiel- 
Justice  of  tho  Supremo  Court,  as  suc- 
cessor to  Iloger  P.  Taney,  deceased, 
which  was  immediately  contirincd  by 
tho  Senate.  This  position  ho  filled 
with  great  ability  and  dignity,  al- 
though taking  the  seat  with  physical 
strength  greatly  impaired  by  tho 
stupendiuis  labors  of  tho  pust  Ihree 
years.  Mr.  Chase  was  called  to  some 
duties  which  hail  fallen  upon  no  other 
Chief -Justice  presiding  befoic  hiu». 
Tho  President  of  the  United  States 
was  tried  for  impeachment,  and  al- 
though party  spirit  ran  higli,  no  fault 
was  found  with  liis  course  as  presid- 
ing oBIcer.  That  Mr.  Chaso  died  a 
poorer  man  than  when  he  first  accepted 
oHicc  (and  this  in  ilays  of  great  polit- 
ical corruption  and  dialioncsty,  and 
when,  with  a  word  or  turn  of  the 
hand  he  might  have  commanded  mil- 
lions) speaks  more  in  his  praise  than 
volumes  written  in  his  honor  or  costly 
marble  monuments  erected  to  hia 
memory. 

Oakes  Ames. 

"  Moy  8.  Oakes  Ames,  M.C.,  an  extensive 
manufacturer,  railroad  builder,  and 
financial  operator,  died  in  Eaton,  Mb.s9. 
He  was  a  large  stockholder  in  the  U. 
P,  Ibiilroad,  and  contracted  to  build  tho 
greati'r  part  of  the  east  section  of  tho 
road,  transferring  his  contract  to  it 
coriwrution called  the  "Credit  Moliilicr 
of  America,"  of  which  he  was  one  of 
the  largest  stockholders.  With  ,)anus 
Brooks,  of  New  York,  Mr.  Ames  was 
censured  by  the  '.otc  of  the  House  ot 
ReprescntativcB  for  the  "  Credit 
Mobilier"  transaction.  Mr.  Ames  was 
reputed  to  be  worth,  at  the  time  of  hia 


CHBONOLOOT. 


tlio  iirriidoii  of 
ntdi'dt  anil  nbli-tl 
['oiiit  ri'ninrkril  s 
\»\nu  yniiiiK  mnn 
I  lilrimi'M'."  Kriini 
Mr.  (liiiHu  WIII4  n 
i.-itiiMt  oppoiii'iit  of 
t'lilliiK  n  Miiiionnl 
led  Sliiti'K  Huniitn, 
I  ilinciiiiiiinnii  and 
;nut  tlii>  nrini'i|ili'« 
itirn  wliicli  mndu 
to  hiK  party  and  a 
i«nt«,  Mr.  ('Iia«a 
(I'd  (Immpion  at 
y,  defending  llifiii 
'Ir  prinriplci  with 
nd  Ii'{{a1  prnwvRK. 
made  liii  talt'nU 
lile  \>y  IdH  ablo 
IV  in  the  natlonnl 
ic  I{«ilroad  by  tliu 
homestead  niovu> 
,  iicoar.  r!!>vl)iiition, 
'^liait'  wat  clcctvil 
nd  ut  the  cliHi)  of 
was  rcnoniiniittMl 
iition,  nnd  oli'utcd 
rvcr  ({ivrn  for  a 
lU  uppointinrntas 
Uiiry  ill  I'rciiidL'iit 
iH  tliu  rriiwninfj  op- 
lyinft  lii»  grt'HtoHt 
nderful  tfiicccan  in 
loinl  xliip  tliroiip;li 
pcHtH,  nnd  owr  tliu 
d  civil  war  wiis  n 
lurpriac  l>ntli  to  liiit 
m.  In  1804  I'rc.-ti- 
tcd  liim  for  (liiet'. 
)nio  Court,  as  hiic- 
Taney,  di-ccnged, 
ffly  contiriiicd  l>y 
position  lio  tilled 
and  diffiiity,  al- 
eat  with  pliysical 
mpnircd  by  tliu 
tlio  pant  llirua 
18  called  to  801110 
len  upon  no  other 
Ing  UvUtit  Idui, 
Unite<l  States 
tclimcnt,  and  al- 
ran  hif;li,  no  fault 
course  as  presid- 
Ur.  Chase  died  n 
n  he  first  acceptcvl 
>y^  of  (ric»t  polit- 
dishonesty,  iind 
or  turn  of  the 
commanded  ndl- 
\  his  praise  than 
Is  honor  or  costly 
erected    to    lii« 

/lines. 

H.C.,  an  extensive 
lid    buihicr,    an<l 

in  Eaton,  Mass. 
holder  in  the  IT. 
actt;d  to  build  tlio 
ist  section  pf  the 
contnict   til   Ik 

Credit  MohiliiT 
h  he  WII3  ono  of 
rs.  WithJiunis 
k,  Mr.  Ames  wim 
of  the  House  ot 

the      "  Credit 

Mr.  Ames  wag 

at  the  time  of  hii 


ic 


IITV        death,   between  flra  and  (Is  million 
dollars. 

/.nois  Titfifan, 

*  June  91,  Dcatli  of  I^owis  Tappan,  * 
Kcaloiis,  consistent,  and  able  advocate 
of  anti-slavery  iirinciples.  Mr.  Tappan. 
with  bis  brntlier  Arthur,  eitabllshcd 
the  Journal  of  Commeret  in  IHSH,  |fn 
wo*  also  associated,  with  Ilia  brother, 
in  mercantile  business,  nnd  in  the  llnan- 
elnl  crash  nf  IH.IT,  the  Arm  failed, 
with  iiabllitle*  for  upward  of  •  mil- 
lion dollars,  wliieli  were  afterward  p<iid 
in  full.  Mr.  Tnppan  was  subji-cted  to 
f(reat  opprobrium,  and  often  violent 
persecution,  for  liU  principles;  olso 
iiorsonai  violi^nce  at  the  hands  of  a 
mob,  which  socked  his  house  and 
destroyed  his  fkirnituro.  Ho  waa  the 
most  prominent  founder  of  the  Amer- 
ican Missionary  Hoi'lety,  also  the  Anti- 
Slavery  Missionary  Or^ranization,  and 
was  successively  its  treusurvr  and 
))resident.  Ho  was  nublishing  the  life 
of  his  brother,  and  lind  just  sent  tli« 
sheets  to  the  press,  when  lie  was  struck 
with  paralysis. 


Hiram  Pmvers. 

*  Jiino  27.    Hiram  Powers,   an  American 

sculptor,  ilied  nt  Florence,  Italy.  Mr. 
I'owors  acquired  his  Hrst  knowledge  of 
sculpture  truin  a  Prussian  sculptor  in 
Cincinnati,  wlio  was  ciigoKed  on  a  bust 
of  (len.  Jackson.  Mr.  Powers  after- 
wiiril  hud  charge  of  the  waxwork  depot 
of  the  Western  Museum  of  that  place, 
for  several  years.  After  a  short  stay  in 
Washington,  where  he  modeled  the 
busts  of  some  prominent .  men,  Mr, 
ISicholas  Longworlli  helping  him,  and, 
with  what  money  ho  had  saved  from 
his  earnings,  ho  visited  Florence. 
After  a  year'n  residence  in  Italy,  he 
produced  his  statue  of  "  Eve,"  wliich 
iiiustcrpiece  secured  him  a  reputation. 
Tliu  next  year  he  produced  the  model 
of  hia  "  (ireck  Slave,"  the  most  popular 
of  all  his  works.  Ho  continued  to 
work  and  rise,  and  wlien  the  Crystal 
Palace  in  England  requested  rcproscnt- 
•tivo  works  from  the  world's  chief 
artists.  Powers  produced  "  America," 
w  lich  added  fresh  laurels  to  his  fame. 
Mr.  Powers  invented  a  process  of 
modeling  in  plaster  wliich  greatly 
aided  and  ex[>cditcd  the  labors  of  the 
scuiptur. 

American    Victory. 

"  June  20.  The  Great  Kino  Contest  at 
Dollymount,  near  Dublin,  Ireland  ;  the 
American  team  beating;  Col.  Rodino 
making  tlie  lust  shot.  Gross  American 
total,  007;  gross  Irish  total.  929;  ditfer- 
ence  in  favor  of  America,  1)8. 

"  July.  Uoccher  and  Tiltun  scandal  breaks 
out. 

Great  Snmv-Storm. 

"  Great  and  extensive  snow-storm  and 
severe  cold  in  Minnesota  and  Nebraska. 
Very  many  lives  wore  lost. 

Dixon  Bridge  Disaster. 

*  Falling  of  the  bridge  at  Dixon.  111.,  which 

was  covered  with  people  witnessing  a 
baptisma'i  rite  ii  t!io  river.  100  lives 
wore  to«t. 


Salary  Grab  Bill. 

1878.  SoUrlei  of  the  QoTcrnment  offlecn  and 
Mombcrt  of  Congress  Incrcoiod,  to 
wliich  great  objection  waa  raised 
throughout  tlio  country.  The  Memben 
of  Congress  refusing  to  draw  their  in- 
orcased  pay,  the  portion  of  the  bill 
relating  to  llioni  was  repealed. 

Great  Storm. 

"  Aug,  A  great  storm  raged  along  the 
Atlantic  coat.  1 00  vessels  went  down 
in  the  Gulf  of  Ht.  Lawrence,  and  I'll 
•ailing  veMiels  and  11  iteamcr*  lost  In 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

"  Aug.  87.  National  Temperance  Society 
held  at  Saratoga,  N.  Y. 

The  Great  Financial  Crash. 

"  Sept.  19,  Unon  this  diiy  nulmlnated  the 
|>ent-up  volcano  of  flnancial  corruption 
which  nad  for  years  been  gathering  ill 
forces.  For  months  it  ha  I  been  feared, 
and  with  terrifle  force  its  fury  was  now 
poured  upon  Wall  Street,  utterly  para- 
lyzing all  business.  Tlio  Itnal  crash  was 
the  news  that  the  banking-  oiiso  of 
Jay  Cooke  <&  Co.,  the  best-known  and 
most  enterprising  liouso  in  the  coun- 
try, had  failed,  and  that  the  Wash- 
ington and  Philadelphia  branches  of 
the  Arm  had  also  gone  under.  Deposits 
of  corporations  and  private  persons 
were  lielil  by  this  firm  to  the  amount 
of  |,'i,ouO,o6o,  Tlio  stock  markets 
broke,  and  securities  were  sacrificed  in 
the  most  reckless  manner.  Five  im- 
portant banks  followed  in  the  crash, 
and  ruin  and  consternation  spread 
throughout  tiie  country.  The  credit 
and  prosperity  of  the  country  received 
a  severe  shock.  The  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  made  the  announcement,  at  tliu 
opening  of  tlie  Forty-third  Congress, 
"  That  to  meet  the  falling  off  in  the 
revenues  of  the  Government,  ho  must 
needs  have  recourse  to  taxation." 

"  Oct,  8.  Execution  at  Fort  Klomath, 
Oregon,  of  the  Modoc  Indians  who 
murdered  Gen.  Canby  and  Pea«T  Coni- 
niissioncr  Thomas — "Captain  Jack," 
"Schonchin,"  "Boston  Charlie,"  and 
"Black  Jim." 

A  Great  Hunter. 

"  Oct.  23.  Death  of  Robert  Sixbnry,  at 
the  age  of  1 10  years.  He  was  a  noted 
hunter,  living  on  the  "John  Brown 
Tract,"  in  .Teffcrson  County,  N.  Y.  Ho 
•cquired  a  great  reputation  as  a  hunt- 
er in  Now  York,  where  ho  had  slain 
over  2,200  deer.  It  was  said  he  used 
alcoholic  stimulants  to  excess,  and 
"never  with  any  conscientious  scru- 
ples." At  80  years  of  ago  ho  met  with 
an  accident  which  necessitated  the 
amputation  of  one  of  his  logs,  and  ho 
assisted  the  doctor  in  the  operation, 
which  be  survived  for  a  period  of  SO 
years,  and  retained  his  vigor  to  the 
last. 

Cyrus   Wakefield. 

"  Oct.  20.  Death  of  Cyrus  Wakefield,  an 
extensive  importer  uud  manufacturer, 
of  lioston,  Mass.  He  originated  and  es- 
tablished till'  rattan  business  in  South 
Rending,  Mass.,  where  his  business 
covered  eeven  acrcj  of  ground,  and  the 


1878,  |My-roll  of  which  ftiolt  np  to  |88,nM 
per  month.  The  name  of  tho  town 
WM  changed  to  Wakefield  in  hit 
honor,  to  wliioh  he  had  contribultd  j 
town  ball,  outting  |luO,000. 

John  C.  Heenan. 

**  Oct.  28.  John  0.  Heenan,  a  noted  pugil'- 
ist  and  prtio-flghter,  died.  He  wul 
called  the  "  llenTcin  Bov,"  becauM  ha 
worko<i  In  a  bincksniiih  s  shop  in  Be- 
nidu,  Cal.,  at  the  time  he  first  entered 
the  lift  of  "  prixo-fightors."  His  flnt 
"  price-flght "  was  with  John  Morrissny, 
in  l8>tM  —  Morrlssey  wlnnlug.  Tha 
moat  notable  feature  in  lleenan's  tub- 
sequent  professional  career  was  the 
piirt  he  took  in  the  grout  "  Interna'* 
tional  Match  "  between  England  and 
America  —  Hayen  appearing  as  tha 
champion  of  the  former,  and  Heenan 
of  tho  latter.  This  brutal  and  die- 
graceftil  flglit  was  witnessed  by  a  TOst 
multituile  from  all  parts  of  the  king- 
dom and  the  Continent,  including  also 
many  fi-om  America,  and  British  lorda 
and  noblemen  not  a  few.  'J'ho  affair 
resulted  in  a  drawn  battle.  Afterward 
Heonan  was  beaton  in  Kugland  by 
King,  and  never  after  entered  the  ring. 

The  "Virginiut." 

•*  Oct.  81.  Capture  of  the  Vtrginitu,  an 
American  snip,  near  Jamaica,  by  tho 
Spanish  steamer  Torruvh,  and  taken  • 
to  Santiago  du  Cuba,  with  170  passen- 
gers, 101  of  which  were  shot  oy  the 
Spanish  authorities  of  Cuba  under  the 
pretext  that  they  were  fllibosters. 
Tho  United  States  and  British  Cousula 
protested  iq  vain. 

■'  Nov.  Loos  of  the  steamship  VilU  du 
Havre  from  Europe  to  Now  York.  220 
Uvea  lust. 

John  P.  Hale. 

'*  Nov.  18.  Death  of  John  Parker  Rale, 
LL.D.,  an  American  Senator  and  Ji- 
plcmatist.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Bowdoin  College  and  wu  appoiiitfd 
United  States  District  Attorney  fur 
New  Hompshirc.  Ho  was  elected  by 
the  Domccrats  to  the  United  Statci 
Congress,  where,  in  opposition  to  tha 
sentiments  cyf  his  party  —  then  in  tha 
height  of  its  power  —  he  took  sidea 
with  tho  anti-slavery  element.  In  1847 
he  was  elected  to  the  United  States 
Senate,  where  he  betrayed  the  same 
bold  nnd  intrepid  spirit  which  char- 
acterized his  stand  in  Congress,  by 
opposing  tho  compromise  measures  of 
lleni7  Clay,  and  exposing  the  intriguea 
of  the  slave  power  with  the  eluqnenca 
and  earnestness  of  an  Adams.  In  18fi3 
he  was  the  candidate  of  tho  Free  Soil 
party  for  President.  Mr.  Hale  was  an 
able  nnd  valuable  Member  of  the 
United  States  Senate  for  16  years. 
President  Lincoln  appointed  him,  in 
18U5,  Minister  to  Spain,  which  post 
he  filled  for  four  years,  and  returning 
from  which,' with  broken  health,  he 
repaired  to  his  homo  among  the  New 
Hampshire  hills;  since  which  time  ho 
had  taken  no  part  in  public  affain. 

Stephen  Smith. 

'*  Nov.  Deatli  of  Stephen  Smith,  a  noted 
colored   citizen  of  Germantown,  Pa. 


•10 


CHRONOLOOT. 


jnt.  Al  th«  u«  nf  tS  b*  purehiiMd  hit 
own  ft«tdoa,  m<I  crMiliMlly  trquired 
•  birgi  fbrtiine,  which  h«  utvd  with 
gn«t  llbentllty  for  tlia  hrncflt  of  bU 
race,  ll«  WM  ■  prvAi-hcr  In  ihi 
Methodltt  Church,  anil  liiiilt,  iit  hli  own 
•iperiM,  th«  "  Ziiin  Methodlit  Church," 
ofPhlUilvluhla. 
'  Nor.  99.  twmU  untencad  to  tweira 
7Mrt  ImpriioDment. 

Ltwis  P.  Gibhard. 

•  Kor.  80.  Lewis  P.  Ulbhaid,  M.D.,  m 
•mlnenl  uhjiioiitii  »nd  modlctl  writer, 
died  tt  the  ago  of  H8  yean,  lie  wm 
the  uldeet  medical  praotltioner  In 
Philadelpbli,  and  wu  >l«o  the  loader 
la  eitalilMhinii  the  flnt  temperance  to- 
datjr  in  I'enniiylvanla  —  numheiiotf 
three  penunt,  chairman,  aonrctary,  and 
tiMaurer — In  bli  own  parlon. 

Louis  Agassit. 

*•  Dee.  U.  Death  of  Louli  Agauii,  the 
most  eminent  of  modem  iclitntltta, 
alto  a  naturaliit  and  author,  at  Cam- 
bridge, Maat. 

Sarah  Grimke. 

"  Dec.  Death  of  Surah  Qrlmko,  an  elo- 
quent and  early  advocate  of  anti- 
■lavcry  principles.  8hu  wan  a  daugh- 
ter of  Cuiel'-Jiistico  Urimkc,  of  Houth 
Carolina,  and  a  member  of  the  Hociety 
of  Frieiidi.  She,  together  with  her 
sister,  Angelina,  emancipated  their 
hlaves,  and  came  North  to  lecture  on 
slavery.  They  were  educated  and  ac- 
complished ladicH,  and  their  purity  of 
character  and  deep-toned  piety  gave 
tliem  great  influence  in  their  public 
course.  They  wore  reaily  writers  as 
well  as  eloquent  speakers,  and  were 
nUo  among  tlie  earliest  arlvocates  of 
the  enlargement  of  woman's  sphere. 

"  Dec.  I'Ucape  of  Tweed  Oom  the  New 
York  County  Jail. 

"  A  decision  was  rendered  by  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  Illinois  in  the  case  of 
M'"  .  iiradwell  against  the  State  of  II- 
liiiu  '.  rvtusing  her  a  license  to  practice 
law,  uu  ihe  ground  that  she  was  a 
woman. 

"  The  population  of  Patagonia  in  1873 
was  H69. 

**  Auttimatic  signal  telegraph  was  intro- 
duced and  applied  in  New  York. 

"  The  free  postal  delivery  was  adopted  in 
all  cities  containing  20,(lO()  inhabit- 
ants, and  the  penny  postal  cards  Intro* 
doced. 

March  of  Mexico. 

*■  During  the  year  1878,  Mexico  made  some 
gigaatic  strides  toward  the  freedom 
for  whicli  she  had  so  long  struggled. 
In  October  she  enacted  a  law  severing 
Church  and  State,  and  declared,  by 
civil  enactments,  "  that  henceforth  no 
religious  denominations  were  to  be 
specially  favored  by  the  Government." 
"That  no  religious  corporation  may 
possess  any  jtroperty,  except  under  dis- 
tinct provisions  recognized  in  the  Con- 
stitution." Keligioua  oaths  in  courts 
o:' justice  were  ulinlialied,  and  a  simple 
declaration  substituted  in  all  coses. 
"That  marriage  whs  henceforth  to  be 
purely  a  'civil  contract,'  and  its  Ic^ti- 
miation  an  affiiir  of  the  civil  authorities 


197t.  atono."  **  That  the  Htato  mftieos  to  reong- 
niae  any  monaallo  vows  as  binding,  anil 
that  any  person  Itehmglng  to  any  re- 
ligious ortlnr  can  leave  it  at  any  time 
or  his  own  (Voo  will." 

IVomai/t  Crutadt. 

1874.  This  vear  wltnesseil  the  most  wide-spread 
and  intense  excitement  upon  the  sub- 
(ert  of  tenipemnco.  It  liegan  In  a 
small  town  in  Ohio,  ancl  was  the  result 
of  the  olforts  of  a  band  of  women  who 
visited  the  saloons,  liolding  prayer- 
meetings  and  alnglng  religious  songs 
and  hymns.  When  refused  admittance 
to  the  sahions,  thev  held  their  meetings 
upon  the  sldewalK  in  flnmt.  In  some 
nlores  the  saloon-kee|N>r*  used  vlolenoe 
in  driving  the  women  fVoni  their  place 
of  business  and  fWim  the  sidewalks, 
and  in  a  few  instances  mobs  of  lawless 
men  congreKSted  and  Insulted  the 
women  with  coarse  and  brutal  language; 
but  In  almost  everv  instuncu,  afler  two 
or  three  attempts,  the  proprietors  would 
politely  open  their  doors  and  invito  the 
ladies  In,  and  often  seaivd  their  rooms 
in  anticipation  of  tlioir  Wait,  a-  '.  aided 
them  in  every  rcspoctf\il  way  to  carry 
on  the  meetings.  In  most  places,  as  a 
result  of  these  meetings,  tlio  mivjority 
of  the  saloons  were  cbmcd,  and  the 
proprietors  converted  to  the  temperance 
cause,  many  of  them  professing  to  be 
converted  to  Christiamly. 

The  effects  of  tliese  meetings  were 
most  solemn  Indeed,  and  often  during 
the  exercises  all  business  in  tlio  town 
would  be  snipendcd,  and  the  people 
would  gather  in  multitude!  to  witness 
the  unusual  and  deeply  impressive 
scenes.  Usually  tliu  women  met 
together  in  their  churches,  and  held  a 
season  of  prayer,  and  appointed  tlieir 
leaders,  arranging  their  programme  in 
a  systematic  manner.  They  then 
marched  in  a  procession,  during  the 
tolling  of  bells,  and  the  Bolumo  hush  of 
the  multitmles,  men  uncovering  their 
heads,  and  all  coimtcnances  belraying 
the  solemnity  of  the  occasion.  Tlic  lead- 
ing and  infli-cntial  ladies  of  the  towns 
who  were  cburch-membors  usually 
gave  their  influence  to,  and  aided  the 
movement,  and  their  husbands  and 
the  miniHtcrs  of  the  evangelical 
churches  sustained  them  with  tlieir 
cuuntcnanci!  and  prestige,  tliereby 
giving  character  to  the  unusual  and 
eccentric  proceeding.  Dr.  Dio  Lewis 
gave  the  movement  his  hearty  co-oper- 
ation ;  and  large  aud  enthusiastic 
meetings  were  hekl.  which,  for  a  time, 
swept  everything  U-fore  tliem,  spread- 
ing East  and  West,  until  nearly  cvi-Ty 
Northern  Statu  was  infected  with  the 
excitement.  The  results,  for  a  time, 
seemed  to  be  very  flattering,  and  a 
fresh  im|)etus  was  given  to  the  temper- 
ance cause.  Hut  the  reaction  which 
follows  all  great  excitement.",  in  a 
measure  followed  this ;  yet,  in  Ohio 
the  cause  of  intemperance  in  niiinj 
towns  received  a  death-blow,  and 
hundreds  of  thousands  throughout  the 
country  signed  tlic  pledge.  Hut  tlio 
growing  conviction  among  temperance 
people,  tliiit  this  was  not  the  most 
judicious  manner  of  promoting  the 
cause,  resulted  in  a  gradual  decline  of 
the  m'<vcmcnt.    The  most  effectual  and 


18T4.  losttnit  ri'siills  were  ihx  ro-oiiefatlcn 
which  It  aroiined  among  the  minislrra 
ami  chiireliiN  ami  th"  rresilon  of  a 
healthy  piiMio  sentiment  In  lavor  o( 
ttmiieranee. 
"  Bursting  of  a  reservoir  at  MIddlefleld 
Mas-.,  ileitroylng  a  great  amount  ol 
life  and  pn>|H<rty Oud 

King  Kalakaiict. 

••      Visit  of  King  Kalakaiia,  of  the  Hsndwleh 

Islands.     Vint  in»Uinft  nf  >i  rtiyniug 

froirnul  hfiul  mining  tht  i'nitM  Ht»lf», 
"       Senate   pa««ed   ii    bill   to   resume  sperlo 

imyment  in  lH7n. 
"       The  revision  of  the  Unltoil  Htates  Htatutra 

adopti'd  by  (Congress. 
"      Inflation  of  the  currency  voted  by  Con< 

(tress. 
"       mil  to  Increase  greenbacks  1400,000,000 

vetoed  by  the  President. 
"      Compromise  currency  bill  signed  by  the 

IVesident. 
"       Kellogg    Government     overthrown     In 

I<oulslana  and  restored  by  the  President 

in  Ave  days. 

Mary  /inne  Haivkinn, 

"  Mnr  a.  Death  of  Mary  Anno  Hawkins, 
a  noted  philanthropist  and  fl-iend  of 
fViendless  women  and  children.  She 
was  one  of  the  founders  and  President 
of  the  Female  Guardian  Society  and 
Home  for  the  Friendless  in  New  York 
city. 

Charles  Sumner. 

•'  Mur.  11.  Charl'-s  Sumner,  the  eminent 
American  statesman,  scliolar,  and  au- 
thor, died  in  Wnhhington.  Mr.  Sum- 
ner was  a  graduate  of  Harvard  College, 
having  previously  been  a  pupil  at  the 
Hoston  Latin  School.  He  studied  law 
under  Mr.  .Iiittlco  Story,  and  was  arl- 
roitted  to  the  bar  in  I8:i4;  he  begin 
practice  in  Moston,  and  soon  surpiwsed 
the  young  men  in  his  profession.  Hit 
first  public  ollire  was  iieporter  of  the 
Vnilod  Slates  Court.  Ho  published 
three  volumes  of  Judco  Story's  deris- 
ions, at  the  same  time  oditing  the 
American  JiirM.  Ho  lectured  beforn 
the  Law  School  in  the  absence  of 
.ludge  Story  and  Prof.  Greonleaf.  the 
first  three  winters  aftir  his  entering 
the  profession,  and  with  so  much  suc- 
cess that  he  was  urged  to  take  a  pri»- 
fessor's  chair.  In  183.  he  visited  Eii- 
ri)|H!,  and  became  acquainted  with  tlio 
mo-t  eminent  Jurists,  publicists,  and 
distinguished  scientists,  and  visited 
the  highest  courts,  and  tmth  Houses 
of  the  Enslish  Parliament.  In  184:1 
he  began  bis  career  as  a  public  lec- 
turer, lie  opposed  the  Mexican  war, 
and  the  pro-slavery  interests  wliidi 
induced  it,  with  great  ability  and  elo- 
quence. In  184(1  he  announced  before 
till!  Whig  Convention  liis  uncompro- 
mising hostility  to  Blaverv.  In  \>*4H 
Mr.  Sumner  abandoned  the  U'hig  party 
and  allied  himself  to  the  Free  Soilers. 
Mr.  Sumner  was  u  voluminous  writer, 
though  evcrytliing  from  IiIm  pen  was 
carefully  prepared  und  ri'loiiched  till  it 
satisfled  his  fastidious  I  istcs.  He  suc- 
ceeded Daniel  Wclislcr  in  the  I'nited 
States  Senate,  mid  in  his  politicai 
principles  he  stoud  almost  alone  in  the 
Senate  Chamber.  From  the  first  his 
(Mlitical  opjioncnts  feared  his  power 


9  tlm  rrvtifienitica 
mmg  llin  minlttfra 
tliK  rrfRtion  nf  • 
IniiMit  In  iMvor  ol 

nir  at  MlddlffliM 
I  gri'ttt  Amount  ol 

flOH 

'iilakanct. 

in,  of  tlio  Hinrlwliih 

nn<vr  of  I)  rtii/iiiiig 

g  tht  I'nilfd  Utiilft, 

to   rcaumu  ii|ii'<'io 

iltoil  Hlat<'ii  HtntiitM 

11. 

incj  Toted  by  Con* 

Itnoki  9400,000,000 
lent, 
bill  nigned  by  th« 

t  iivcrtlirown  In 
vd  Ity  tbo  PrvildeDt 


'  I/iiivkiHt, 

iry  Anno  lUwklni, 
ipiiit  and  IVIcnd  of 
mid  cidldrvn.  8lia 
cli'r<i  and  I'rcililent 
irdtan  Soricly  nnd 
(llcmi  In  New  York 

Sumner. 

imncr,  tlio  eminrnt 
in,  icliolnr,  and  au< 
linpton.     Mr.  8uin- 
of  llnrvord  Collofru, 
|oon  a  pupil  Ht  tlio 
I.    Ilu  mudivd  liiw 
Uiry,  and  wai  nd- 
1  S:i4  ;  he  liogin 
iind  iin<in  RurpiwHvd 
profrxHion.     Hit 
Kt'portor  of  the 
llo   piibliKJii'd 
;o  Story's  dcri*- 
mc  oililins  th« 
lectured  bet'orn 
tbo    iib»«nro  of 
rof.  Greonlcaf,  tlio 
afltr  bis  untcring 
Itb  Ro  much  Slic- 
ed to  take  u  pro- 
9U.  boTiBitefl  Kii. 
:quainted  witb  lllo 
publieiats,   and 
tisti,    and   viaitrd 
iind   both   Houses 
liamcnt.     In   1H4:I 
as  a  public:  luc- 
tlic  Mexican  war, 
interests   wliicli 
It  ability  nnd  elii- 
announced  before 
)n  bin    iinioinprn- 
alaverv.     In   \M^ 
111  tlir  VVbi){  party 
tile  Free  Koilers. 
oluminoiis  writer, 
'rum  lii^  |>on  was 
ri  rcloiicbed  till  it 
H  I  isti's.     He  Buc- 
cT  ill  the  I'nited 
in    bid    poli  Ileal 
most  ulone  in  the 
'roDi  tbc  first  his 
feared  bis  power 


ORnONOLOOT. 


ni 


UT4.  tnd  eloaiinnnn  to  thn  # itcnt  that  Ihay  1874. 
°  iinver  »lln«pil  him  to  Kain  Iha  floor, 
when  piMsiblfl  by  ttratejry  nr  dnvio*  to 
prevvnt  it,  and  no  was  nir  nine  month* 
»  Member  of  thn  fpnatn  lH\|ora  lie 
found  an  opportunity  to  make  bis  flrst 
S|Mteeli.  Ills  K'oat  S|i«cch  on  "  Tb« 
<  rime  auiilnst  Kan<ai«,"  made  on  th« 
lllth  of  May,  was  tbn  direct  cause  of 
tlie  barbarous  aKsault  upon  lilin  by 
I'reciun  H.  ItriMiks,  a  Mumlier  of  Con- 
Kress  firom  Houtli  Carolina.  'I'bis  oot  of 
bliNi'ty  violence  transpired  on  tbo  Mtl 
of  May  —  the  only  Inslanen  on  record 
of  a  great  and  huoored  statesman  be> 
tng  brutally  struck  iluwn  while  in  his 
seat  in  the  Ht^nate  Chamber  of  bU 
country's  capital,  and  lelt  there  lyiiiff 
limstrate  and  insensible  until  r. 'moved 
■ly  bis  Mends.  The  Injuries  Mr. 
Butnncr  received  at  lliu  hanils  of  this 
ruOlan  debarred  him  from  public 
dntv  for  four  yean,  llo  was  n  man 
to  lie  feared,  as  well  as  admired,  for 
bis  masterly  cliK|uenco  when  directed 
against  any  (treat  national  evil  lell  no 
nook  or  hiding- piitce  for  its  ghostly 
I'lirm.  To  his  great  learning  he  added 
tlio  most  elegant  iiccoiiipiisliaienta  and 
the  sternest  purity  «f  piirpos')  nnd  In- 
tegrity of  diameter.  And  of  (/'liarle* 
Hniuner  it  may  aluo  i>a  added,  hit 
liandi  wero  clear  from  b;  >bos. 
"       Mar.  ID.     Death  of  Christian  Hhnrpe,  In- 

Tenlor  of  tile  celebrated  Hborps'  rlQo. 
"       Mar.     Klot  in  Pennsylvania  by  the  work- 
men of  the  Kriu  ItAllrnnd  at  Musque- 
hanna,  but  was  quelled  by  Htato  trocps 
witliout  bliMidshed 008 


Fitst  Regular  Lady  Physician. 

Mar.  Doath  of  Mrs.  Van  'I'assetl,  a  mU- 
sionary  among  tbo  Ottawa  Indians,  and 
A  pbyRieinn,  commencing  her  medical 
studies  at  88  years  of  ogo.  Sh*  teni 
the  firtl  woman  erer  admitted  to  the/ull 
eourtt  i\f  medical  keturet  in  thii  coun- 
try. Hlio  spout  several  years  as  a  i 
medical  practitioner  in  Meuiphit,  Tenn, 

Second  Chicago  Fire. 

Another  extensive  tire  occurred  in  the 
newly-built  portion  of  thocity,  destroT- 
ing  a  great  number  of  very  fine  build- 
ingR.  The  lost  was  estimated  at 
$1,000,OOU. 

Geriit  Smith. 

Oerrit  Smith,  an  eminent  American 
philantlimpist,  reformer,  ond  states- 
man, died  in  Now  York  city.  His 
father,  I'eter  Smith,  was  at  one  time 
associated  witli  John  J.  Astor  in  tho 
fiir  trade,  and  was  subsequently  tho 
largest  land -holder  in  Now  Vork. 
Qerrit  graduated  at  Hamilton  College 
in  1818  with  tho  highest  honors  of  bis 
class.  Upon  his  Slst  birthday  his 
fatlier  presented  him  with  a  deed  of 
the  cntiro  township  of  Florence  in 
Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y.  He  studied  law, 
tliat  he  miiiht  the  better  manage  his 
largo  interoflts,  and  also  that  bo  might 
be  able  to  aid  the  poor  nnd  unfortunate. 
At  a  very  early  age  ho  was  employed 
by  bib  father  in  tin;  nianagemcnt  of  his 
imiiienso  iandud  estates,  nnd  soon  his 
fhlbor  gave  tho  entire  business  into  bis 
hands;  and  although  the  youngest  sun, 
bi«  father  made  liTm  tbo  executor  oi 


hU  will.  Mil  Integrity  of  oharMtor 
was  to  iireat  and  so  well  rsiabllshad, 
thai  Jiihir  Jacob  Astnr  loaned  htm  the 
sum  of  IXSo.oiMi,  with  only  a  Tsrlwi 
promise  that  he  would  p;<ecuta  mnrt- 
gaacs  on  certain  tracts  nf  land  aa  so- 
cuniy  for  its  re|Miyment,  not  rotjuiring 
even  a  memorainliim  of  the  trans- 
action. Mr.  Nmltli,  the  owner  of  iara* 
tracts  of  land  in  forty-two  out  of  the 
llxty  counties  of  tho  Htatu,  becoming 
convinced  that  land  monopoly  was  a 
wrong  to  the  poor,  juroci'eded  in  IM4II 
to  give  away  ]nK),i>(iO  acres.  In  |Mreels 
of  about  AO  ai^res,  to  deserving  |MHir 
whilo  and  black  men,  and  in  many 
cosea  aiding  them  to  eret^t  cheap  and 
comfortable  liouies,  requiring  of  thuni 
only  that  they  live  u|Hin  anil  cultivate 
their  lands.  Mr.  Hnilth  founded  the 
Uruhans'  Asylum  in  Oswego,  N.  Y., 
and  helped  to  maintain  It.  He  also 
established,  at  a  later  period,  a  farm- 
ing region  in  Essex  County  for 
colored  people,  and  pnmnted  John 
Brown  ('"  Ossawattomle")  a  farm,  that 
he  mignt  teaeh  the  niliired  people 
how  to  till  llieir  lanils  In  a  northern 
clime.  His  |(itls  of  land  aid  money 
continued  until,  at  tho  time  of  bis 
death,  ho  retained  scarcoiy  une-eigblh 
of  bis  nriginsi  estate.  Mr.  Hinitb  wnN 
one  of  tliu  very  first  to  become  inter- 
ested in  the  condition  of  tlie  Afriean 
■laves  in  this  country,  and  was  one  of 
tho  most  genuine  abolltiunists  to  tlio 
time  of  bis  deutli,  and  a  zealous  and 
able  defender  of  their  rights  nnd  in- 
terests. Ho  gave  liberally  of  his  moana 
to  aid  the  nnti-sluvery  cuute,  and  his 
voice  and  jpen  were  over  used  in  the 
advocacy  ot  reforms.  He  w  as  n  thorougli 
and  consistent  tcmperaneo  man,  and 
an  advocate  of  peace,  and  laliored 
heartily  for  the  emancipation  of  woman 
from  her  legal  disabilities,  and  advo- 
cated her  right  to  itiffrage,  and  sought 
earnestly  for  reform  in  tho  management 
of  prisons.  In  1852  many  voters  of 
both  political  parties  in  Madison  and 
Oswego  Counties  invited  him  to  ac- 
cept a  nomination  for  (.'ongrcss,  and 
aceepling,  lie  was  elected  over  bulb 
the  Whig  nnd  Dcmocrntic  candidates. 
He  remained  in  CongreRH  only  through 
the  flrst  session ;  his  health  being 
■omowliat  infirm,  and  anxious  fur 
rest,  ho  retired  to  bis  liome.  While 
in  Congress  he  advocated  almost  singlo- 
handed  and  alone  his  views  on  slavery, 
temperance,  homesteads,  reciprocity 
treaty,  and  tho  Nebraska  bill.  Mr. 
Smith's  hospitality  at  homo  was  un- 
bounded, and  tlio  black  man  and  the 
white  man  were  equal  guests  at  bis 
board.  His  most  Important  books 
were  his  "  Speeciies  in  Congress,  by 
Gtrrit  Smith,"  "  The  Theologies," 
"  Nature's  Theologies,"  and  "  Letters 
to  Albert  Hames." 
Death  of  Mrs.  Beaton,  a  centenarian  of 
Southampton  Co.,  Va.,  aged  104  years. 

Siamese  Twins. 

Death  of  tho  SinmcBO  twins,  Chang  and 
Eng,  at  Mount  Airy,  N.  C.  These  un- 
fortunate crcntures  were  for  twenty- 
five  years  publicly  exhibited  in  Europe 
and  Anieiica,  when  after  acquiring  a 
joint  fortune  of  about  $80,000,  and  at 
the  age  of  45,  they  settled  down  as 


1874.  tumtn  In  Ifnrth  Oarohr.o,  and  married 
two  slslan,  bv  whom  tliey  had  each  • 
number  of  eblldren,  two  of  the  num* 
bar  being  deaf  and  dumti  They  wera 
cnnn>'Cte<l  loucther  at  the  side  by  a 
fleshy  oartilaginous  bund  about  ttxhl 
Inches  in  length,  rompeiling  them  to 
partly  face  each  nther.  Chang's  death 
occurred  alHiut  two  nnd  a  half  houra 
lief  ire  Kng'a,  and  was  causwl  by  con- 
gestion of^the  lungs,  and  Kng's  death 
was  (Vnm  no  apparent  caustt.  but  tha 
nervous  shock  priMluced  by  tnadaath 
nf  his  bmlher, 
••  Death  of  M^.-Oen.  Morgan  L.  Bnith, 
United  States  Vols.,  a  gallant  ofllcer  !■ 
the  .Mexican  and  late  civil  war,  and  for- 
mer United  States  Conmil  at  Honolulu. 
He  served  In  most  of  the  battlea  In  tha 
Hoiithwoist  under  Oen.  Orant.  Qen. 
Sherman  said  of  him  i  "  IIo  was  ooa  of 
the  bravest  men  in  action  I  ever  knew." 


Millard  Fillmort. 

Death  nf  Millard  Fillmore,  thirteantb 
President  of  the  United  Statea.  Mr. 
Fillraorn  was  burn  at  Sumner  Hill, 
C;8yuga  Co.,  N.  Y.,  January  7,  1800. 
His  lather  was  a  fUrmer  In  hunibia 
ciroumstanccs,  and  unable  to  giva 
bis  son  an  education  more  than  ba 
could  receive  at  the  common  dUtrict 
schools.  At  the  age  nf  fourteen,  Millard 
was  apprenticed  to  a  clothier,  al>out 
InO  miles  fVom  his  liome,  in  the  wiida 
of  Western  New  York.  Here  he  found 
access  to  a  siiiall  librarv,  and  Ids 
evenings  wero  spent  in  reading.  Soon 
hlH  thirst  for  knowledge  became  In- 
satiable ;  lie  read  tiie  best  works  upon 
history,  biography,  and  oratory  wliicli 
could  bo  procured  by  lila  limited  op))<>r- 
tunitios,  <  Tbo  elevating  influences  of 
bis  reading  aft'ected  his  manners,  bii« 
H|>oecli,  and  bis  whole  character.  At- 
tracted by  the  prepossessing  appearance 
of  the  young  clothier,  Judge  WimkI 
made  his  acquaintance,  and  advised 
him  to  study  law.  Having  no  means 
of  his  own,  or  friends  who  could  help 
him,  he  could  but  state  his  circum- 
stances,' and  decline  the  kindly  ndvlce. 
But  tho  Judge,  having  so  ;.ii  i  b  con- 
fidence in  tho  natural  abili'io4  niM)  in- 
tegrity of  young  Fillmor.',  (itfrre.i  to 
take  bim  into  bii  own  offiee,  ami  haii 
liim  the  money  required  to  complete 
liis  outfit  nnd  meet  his  expenses.  Tlie 
generous  ofl'er  was  most  gratefully  ni> 
cepted,  and  he  immediately  entered 
upon  tlie  arduous  undertaking. 

During  the  winter  months  he  taught 
schnol  that  ho  might  not  incur  too 
heavy  a  debt,  nr  burden  the  generosity 
cf  ills  benefactor.  After  two  years' 
study  in  Judge  Wood's  office  he  entered 
a  law-oflico  in  BuflTalo,  and  in  the  sanio 
manner  ho  prosecuted  hia  studies, 
alternately  teaching  or  by  some  active 
labor  supporting  himself.  At  the  ago 
of  23  bo  was  admitte<l  to  the  Court  of 
Coniiiion  Picas.  He  now  oommenced 
the  practice  of  law  in  tlic  little  village 
of  A%rora,  on  the  banks  of  Cayu|{a 
Lake,  and  in  1826  he  married  Miss 
Abigail  Powers,  daughter  of  Rev. 
Lemuel  Powers,  a  lady  of  refinement 
and  great  moral  wcrtb. 

In  l-.'ll  Mr  ■^il(»i<>»"  •»»>!«  his  sent 
in  the  ll'v  ,rfA««««*it  '\(  fbe  M(i.  .^ 
of  Nurt    \fu4li,  aa  Iha  HiqirastMitatlva 


•» 


OBBONOLOOY. 


IIV4.  *«■  Irto  OnwMr,  twl  IIm  mum  ytw 
a*  Miland  Into  partMrtblp  wllh  m 
•hicr  mcmlMr  of  Ih*  hut  in  Rufliiln. 
In  lb*  AmmmIiIjt,  Mr.  rillmart  f  •?•  hit 
•jtrnpnlhlM  u<l  vote  wllh  lh«  Wlil« 
imrtjr,  ind  in  tbt  nulumn  nt  ImSI  b* 
WM  tlatictl  to  ■  iMl  In  tbn  Unllml 
HtotM  ConfrMa,  whirh  h«  Kllnl  (itr  Iwo 
{MM.  In  INaT  ha  wm  m-vlectml  lit 
Co«|r«M,  Mid  ladnttrioiwly  •piillml 
hlniMlf  to  tb*  ilutlM  darolviNl  upim  him. 
IIU  kbi>ra  ohm  rmiutrmi  th«  draft- 
inK  of  rwolullont  in  th«  Oommltlo*' 
^M>m,  which  ha  wu  alile  i»  dufhiil 
aKalnil«klllAilo|i|>  n«nU.  IIU  mantol 
raaoorcta  and  alillitia«  aa  a  ditlm^rr 
Wers  a>iova  Ihr  aTrraffa  of  onr  Hrpra- 
■antolirca.  Mr.  nilmiira  dmlliMxi  a 
tbird  lona,  allhouKh  nominatiHl  by 
•oolamallnn  In  a  conrrntlon  of  hii  ocm- 
•liluento.  In  tlir  yrnr  IM7  ba  araa 
ahwlmi  Comptntllrr  of  the  I4tat«  of  New 
York,  and  Inercftirn  he  reniovnl  to  Ihn 
Htola  (^apltel.  It  <va«  unlnrwill;  a<l- 
mitU-d  that  the  diitlm  of  thli  oAre 
were  nirrr  more  faithnillv  diiieharied. 
In  the  fall  of  IHIH,  Millard  rillmorfl 
waa  oIcgIimI  Vlc<<-I'r«<i(lent,  wllh  Oen. 
Canharjr  Tavlor  for  I'reaidiint.  In  .liily, 
1040,  the  drath  of  Prcildnnt  Titylor 
urcurri'il,  anii  iii  a  conititatiimnl  pro- 
vUiiiu,  thit  Vico-l>rr*ldcnt  muat  till  the 
office  fur  thn  rrinninder  of  the  term. 
ArrordlnKly,  hn  waa  tliily  lnai.';'>>rat«d, 
and  pnN'itMlpd  to  execute  the  lawi  of 
thi!  Ouited  main  aa  their  Chief  Mavii- 
trale.  The  cxlioiifi  FuRlttre  Hlave  law 
waa  in  force,  and  Prt-ddent  Fillmore 
felt  It  to  lie  hU  duty  to  cnforto  thlt 
Inw,  much  to  hia  injurr  among  hU  own 
party  at  the  North.     The  iamout  com- 

Rmmiie  meaHurea  were  adopted,  under 
Ir.  Plllmore'i  Adminiltratlon,  and  the 
espcdilion  to  JapaaVnt  out.  He  waa 
warmly  apnrrciated  at  the  South,  aa 
wia  every  Northern  man  of  prominence 
who  fkvored  their  meaaure*.  In  I8S3, 
at  the  cloae  of  liU  term  of  office.  Pres- 
ident Fillmore  Tiailed  Eiinipe,  where  ho 
anent  a  year,  receiving  marka  of  dii- 
Itnguitbed  favor,  *uch  a*  hii  ptiaition 
demanded.  In  18.1*1  lili  name  waa 
•ffain  liruugbt  out  aa  candidito  for  the 
Preaidency  by  the  "  Know-Nothinn" 
partpr,  but  Mr.  Buchanan,  the  Demo- 
cratic candidate,  wua  elected.  Mr. 
Fillmore  lired  in  retirement  in  the  in- 
terior of  New  York,  until  hii  death,  at 
the  age  of  74  vean.  Ilii  iympathiea, 
if  not  with  the  Houth  in  the  IteVllion, 
were  never  extended  to  the  North  by 
word  or  deed,  and  he  wa»  a<-cordinaly 
forgotten  by  both.  Such  are  the  vlcii' 
■itudea  of  human  life  and  evonta. 

Jtu^e  Edmonds. 

■  April  B.     Death  of  Judge  Edmondi,  an 

•hlu  New  York  Juriat  and  philanthro- 
piat.  For  aeren  veari  be  occupied  the 
poaitioni  of  Circuit  Judge,  Judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  and  Judge  of  the 
Court  of  Appeals.  Through  hia  efforts 
corporal  punishment  was  aboliahed  in 
the  New  York  Htate  prisons,  and  a 
•eriea  of  rewards  for  good  behavior  in- 
Btitlttcd.  Judge  Edmonds  wns  n  real- 
oas  devotee  of  Bpinitualism,  liitnscU'  a 
medium,  and  the  nortbor  of  a  work  en- 
titled "  Spiritualism." 

A   Great  Im'tntor. 

■  April  13.    Death  of  Jome*  IJogardoa,  aa 


ItTi.  mImM  American  iclendal  aad  la- 
^nMiM,  AaioDg  hIa  numertma  Inven- 
tions warn  the  "  rlni-lller  "  for  t'otton 
splnninir  now  In  general  uno,  an  >'o- 
cenlrle  mill,  an  ongrnvlng  machine 
whieh  cut  the  steel  dl«  ftir  the  golil 
medal  fiir  the  Aniirlran  Institute,  anil 
a  dry  gas-meter,  for  which  he  rit-elvvd 
a  gold  mednl.  In  Kngland  hn  pro- 
duced a  metallic  engravlnir  machine, 
and  rrcelvrd  aprlseftrnm  llie  lliltlsb 
(tovernnient  for  tiio  liest  plan  for  nian- 
ufltcturlng  iMMtage-stamiw.  mit  of  'J.HOO 
applicants,  llu  invented  a  uiiwliine 
for  pr<>sslng  glass.  He  built  the  ttrst 
rut-Iron  building  In  the  I'niied  Htates 
In  New  York— a  bnihiing  live  stories 
high  and  ninety  fret  In  length ;  and 
he  sulMequently  linrame  a  contractor 
A>r  building  in>n  warehnusea.  lie  also 
Invented  a  pyrometer  of  great  delicacy 
and  aceurary. 

••  April  an.  The  President  vetoed  a  bill 
for  inconvertible  |M|i«r  mimey. 

**       President  Orant    settled   the   Arkansaa 

?;ubematorial  warfaie  by  reoognixlng 
iaxtcr  as  Oovemor,  and  warning 
llrooki  anil  hia  (bllow  insurgents  to 
disperse. 

MiU  River  Disasttr. 

"  Mav  10.  A  terrible  diaatter  occurred  In 
the  town  of  Willlnmiburg,  llam|Mlilro 
County,  Mass;,  by  whieh  147  |M>rsons 
lost  tlieir  lives  and  \^i  were  left  des- 
titute.     Over  $1,00(1,000  of  proixrty 


V 


waa  destroyed.  It  was  caused 
defective  reservoir  of  lOO  acres  In'ex 
tent.  Three  villages  were  almost  en 
tirely  swept  away,  and  twelve  miles  of 
territory  laid  waste.  Twelve  milla 
were  destroycrl,  and  hundreds  of  cattle 
and  horses  perixhed  in  the  flood.  It 
had  for  a  long  time  Ijcen  con;«idercd 
insecure,  aa  it  waa  but  an  earthen  iliun, 
with  a  stone  overflow  at  the  outlet  of  the 
reaervoir,  which  should  have  buen  built 
entirely  of  solid  masonry,  but  the  fVu- 
gallty  of  the  owners  overcame  their 
better  Judgment,  and  a  cheap  dam  was 
built,  the  retalt  of  wliicli  cupidity  cost 
over  too  peoi>le  their  Uvea  and  several 
hundred  their  homes,  their  eiirnlngs, 
and  all.  The  shock  waa  as  sudden  ns 
it  was  appalling.  The  mills  were  in 
fhU  operation,  and  with  but  a  moment's 
warning  the  ftightened  operatives 
rushed  ttaxa  the  buildingt  but  to  be 
overtaken  with  the  flooa  which  swept 
through  tliu  streets  with  the  velocity 
of  a  fast  railroad  train,  )H>arlng  iUhri»  to 
the  height  of  thirtv  feet  before  it. 
The  largest  brick  buildings  yielded  to 
the  fliMKi,  and  were  crualied  like  an 
egg-shell.  Those  only  escaped  who 
reached  the  hills,  except  a  few  who 
were  saved  in  floating  ttMae  dwellings. 
The  valley  presented  a  horrible  picture 
ti)  those  wiio  relumed  to  witncsH  the 
ruin  of  their  homes,  their  property,  and 
to  gather  up  their  dead.  Scattered  all 
through  Hint  winding  valley  of  death 
were  the  relics  of  once  happy  homes, 
trees  torn  from  their  roots,  huge  boil- 
ers battered  and  bruieed,  wrecks  of 
liuildiiiijs,  and  the  hotHc*  of  the  dead, 
all  U'tl  in  one  wild  waste  of  ruin,  cither 
buried  in  the  nuul,  or  entangled  amid 
the  tree  topn  und  amid  the  dchvia  of 
dcatruction,torn,  mangled,  and  ghastly, 
a  scene  never'  to  be  forgotten.   169,000 


1IT4,       Wire  ralinl    In  New  Rnfland    towat 
nud  iNew  York  Air  the  Immediate  re- 
lief of  |h«  Inhabltania. 
••       Miiv  li.    Heuate  |Nw««d  Iho  Civil  KIglili 

"  June  I.  Den.  Ilrlsliiw  lonllrmed  by  iha 
Hvnate  as  Hecrelary  of  llm  Treasurv 

Ittitry  GiiHHtll. 

■*  iaaa  no.  neatli  of  lli<iry  (Irinnrll,  aa 
eminent  New  York  merchant  ami  phi- 
lai-throplM,  and  one  of  the  nieiiiUTa  of 
the  eilenalvn  shippliiii  hiiiise  of  llrln« 
nell,  Minium  A  ('>.  In  |H/)o  Mr  Oriii- 
nell  fltted  out,  at  hia  own  ex|M'n«i',  an 
expedition  to  search  for  t>lr  John  Frank- 
lin, the  lost  traveler.  'Mils  cspeilltlim 
was  placed  in  command  of  l.leiit  K.  J. 
he  llaven.  The  unknown  land  dis. 
rtivered  In  latltiiilu  lA'  <4  91  liv  this 
es|M'dltlon  waa  named  Uriniiell  f,and. 
Togetlicr  with  Mr.  tieii.  PealHMly.  In 
1  H.'tn,  he  expended  ino.lNMl  iipim  another 
expedition,  which  wna  placed  In  charge 
of  Dr.  Kane,  lie  was  also  much  in- 
ternstnd  in  the  exiiedltlun  of  ('apt. 
Hall. 

Church  and  Slatt. 

*  Struggle  of  the  Itoman  Csthollc  pricsl- 
hoiid  III  llraxll  for  the  r.upi'emiicy  of 
|Miwcr.  The  Cabinet  Minister,  Vis- 
count Caravelln,  declared  ''that  Hie 
sovereignty  of  hraxil  can  not  admit 
nnother  sovereign  over  it,''  also,  "that 
the  Disliop  of  Ollnda,  by  lils  interdict 
Rgahiit  the  Freemasons,  had  violated 
the  Constitution  of  the  cmplie." 

Graahoppfr  Raid. 

"  Oreat  dovattatlon  caused  by  the  grass- 
hoppers  throughout  the  Norlhwest, 
es|M)clally  in  Ivansas,  Nebraska,  Mis- 
souri, Iowa,  and  Minnesota,  diiring 
this  and  the  following  year. 

Charlie  Ross, 

"  July  1.  The  abducilen  of  a  little  imy  of 
four  years  of  age,  son  of  ChrUtian  K. 
Kiiss,  of  (ierinantown,  Pa.,  a  suburb 
of  Phlladolphia.  He  was,  with  hit 
brother,  aged  six  years,  playing  upon 
the  sidewalk  tiefore  his  father's  house, 
when  two  men  la  a  wagon  enticed 
them  with  candy  and  a  promise  of 
lire-crackers  lo  get  Into  the  wagon  and 
lake  i;  ride.  They  drove  in  a  xigrjig 
direction  aliout  eight  miles,  when  ihey 
gave  the  eldest  lioy  twenty-flve  contx, 
and  told  him  to  go  into  u  shop  and 
buy  some  tire-crackem.  As  siKin  as  ha 
entered  tlio  store  they  drove  off  with  the 
little  one,  and  were  never  seen  or  heard 
from  again,  until  they  were  both  ihot 
while  in  the  act  of  committing  a  bur- 
glary four  moutha  atUr.  In  n'oiit  a 
week  allcr  the  child  was  stolen,  one 
of  the  abductors  wrote  Mr.  lioss  a  let- 
ter, in  which  liu  proposed  to  deliver 
up  the  child  for  a  large  rnnsoin.  Tliia 
was  the  tint  case  of  brigandage,  or 
holding  a  person  or  child  for  n  ransom, 
over  nitenipted  in  this  country.  In 
the  correspondenco  between  the  rstliei 
and  the  alKluetors,  they  offered  to  de- 
liver the  chilli,  safe  and  sound,  to  hia 
parents,  for  the  turn  of  |20,000,  prc^ 
vided  Sir.  Hoss  would  pledge  his  sa- 
cred word  and  honor  that  they  should 
suffer  no  harmtfrom  the  tnmaactioa 

is 


H 


Naw  KitRlMtl  toiiM 
ftir  thn  linnivilUlu  n- 

|NW«v<l  iho  Civil  lll«lil« 

Uliiw  nmllrmrd  lijr  ilia 
i»ry  iif  III"  TrvMurv 

of  lli'-ir;  (lriiin<>n,  m 
ork  iiirri'liant  •n<l  |ilii- 

I  i)ni>  iif  Hill  iiii'iiilirra  nf 
litii|>lii)(  liiiiiiii'  of  ilrln« 
(''I.  In  IH.Vi  Mr  drill- 
nt  )iU  own  itx|M'n«i',  im 
iirrli  for  ^lr  Jnliii  KrNnk- 
relcr.  'Mil*  vxpiKlitlim 
oniiiiiind  of  l.liMii  K.  J. 
ic  unknown  lanil  liia- 
ikId  IA'  U   It'  liTililt 

imnii'il  Orlniirll  i.«ni1. 

Mr  (ill).  IVnhmly.  In 
(•(I  ino.OOO  upon  nnntlirr 
eh  WM  iilnrcil  In  cliitrKO 
Us  wan  alio  miirli  In- 

II  oxpodltlon    of  Oapt. 

•h  ami  Slalf. 

tnman  Catholic  prioat- 
for  tho  r.upri'niiiry  of 
['ahini't  Minlntir,  Via- 
Ik,  tk'rliiruil  ''that  tlm 
lirazll  ran  not  admit 
Kn  oviir  It,''  niao,  "  that 
Qltuda,  liy  Ida  Inlfrdirt 
leniauina,  hail  vlulatucl 
n  of  tliu  cDifili'o," 

\hopffr  Raid. 

<\  cnuM-d  liy  the  )(riwa- 
(liiMit  tliH  Niirthwt'Ht, 
nnaua,  Ni'liraaka,  Mia- 
Minni'Muta,  (l>iring 
owing  yuar, 


\rlie  RoiS, 


ic» 


vy. 


Ix 


Inn  of  a  little  Imy  of 
Hon  of  Cliriutian  K. 
ntown,  Pa.,  %  auburli 
llt>  waa,  with  bla 
yean,  playlnn  u|>on 
ore  hia  futhi-r'a  house, 
in  •  wagon  cntiuud 
and  H  promiao  of 
ct  Into  the  wagon  niitl 
droTo  in  a  xigzag 
Ight  mile*,  when  thry 
"  loy  twt'nty-fl»e  cont», 
go  into  u  iliop  and 
ckcm.    As  BtMin  as  ho 
Ibey  drove  oflTwith  tho 
ro  never  seen  or  heard 
they  were  both  ihot 
if  committing  a  liur- 
la  atUr.    In  ii'oiit  a 
liild  WAS  stolen,  onu 
wrote  Mr.  Hoss  a  let- 
proposed  to  deliver 
large  riinsuni.    Tliia 
e  of  brigiindagp,  or 
ir  child  for  n  rnnsom, 
n  tills  country.    In 
!0  between  the  fathcl 
they  offered  to  de- 
fc  and  sound,  to  hit 
um  of  #20,0(10,  pro- 
oiild  pledge  his  sa- 
tor  tlint  they  should 
m  the  traniactioiii 


rHlM)NOI/X»T. 


tlT4.       TIM  wIlMfaa  and   chlrlk  of  poMoa 

War*  niiii'h  n|i|»iai'd  to  Mr.  Hoa<  ac- 
vriillnK  aiieli  a  |irM|MMltlon,  a^  Ihn  rii- 
suit  would  pMVK  <i%'rf  dl)a*lroua  to 
th«aitft>ty  of  Unix  I'ldldnn  In  th«  hi 
turi',  a*  tliry  Ml  viry  piwltlvn  In 
Iwing  abin  tlnjtily  In  dJM'OTpr  llw  ohild 
anil  avciirii  Ida  alid>ii'liira, 

Tha  >ub*ri|iit<nt  iiiianecraaf^il  aaarrh. 
tha  bold  and  drapcrala  ati«m|it  of  his 
•iHlui'ton   to  priM'iiru  •  largn  ranaoin 
Ihr  Ihn  atoli>n  rhild,  their  aetiial  ror- 
ri<ai)oni|i<nen  with  thn  fUther  during  a 
|M<rlod  of  fonr  inimiba,  and  th>><r  tuial 
eiiplurii  and  traglcnl  death  whila  rob- 
bing a  liou*)',  and  the  iiltrr  IWIlun  of 
tile  comblncil  I'lTnrtN  of  the  polios  and 
detective  forces  nf  tha  country  to  dia- 
eovcr    the    child,   allngether   form   a 
adiry  nfatartling  and  thrillInK  interest 
in  the  annals  of  crime.     The  newa 
toon  a|>ri'i\.|  n.r  tlin  intliB  vivlliaed 
world,  and  untlous  and  sTrnpathetlr 
parinl*  ft'om  all  parts  of  lMiro|M)  and 
Ami'rirn  aiint  letters  of  condolencn  and 
svmpatliy  to  the  nMlctod  parents.  Tha 
alccpliaH  viglliince  nf  anilouii  and  out- 
ragi'il    humanity   waa   constantly    on 
the  alert,  and  hundreda  of  letters  and 
dIapatcliiM  IWiin  all  uarta  of  tha  coun- 
try  were   reeuived   liy   Mr.   Unas,  de- 
scribing chlblren  who  were  found,  or 
had  been  seen   under  auapleious  olr- 
oumatancea,  and  whom.  It  was  claimed, 
nnawered  the  desrription  of  the  "lost 
Ohariie."     'I'he  constant  anil  terrible 
nnxletr  of  the  parents,  and  their  cenae- 
leaa  cinirts  to  llnd  their  lost  darling ; 
tho  wiiating  of  n  furiuno  In  the  fViilt- 
leaH  ai'iirrli,  together  with  l!in  thrilling 
story  of  Ids  abduction,  with  the  delulls 
of  tho  oorreapondenoe  and  learoii,  alao 
the  kllliug  of  his  alKluotors,  are  all  ro' 
latc<l  in  a  simplo  yet  granhlo  manner 
in   the  bodk  eot'tled  ■'('barlle   Itow, 
the  Kidnapped  Child,"  by  hia  fkthor, 
i^hrlstian    K.    Kosa.     Mr.    Koaa   haa 
ijiant  over  fSO.OUO  for  the  recovery 
of  hia  child,  and  still  liopea  to  Una 
him.    Tho  Uovernor  of  I'ennaylvania 
recently  a|n>olntcd  Mr.  Kosa  to  a  pub- 
lic otilce,  bo  being  now  a  poor  man, 
On  the  Uth  of  Dvceml)er  two  burglars 
were  surprised  and  shot  while  In  the 
net  of  robbin>(  a  house  in  Bay  Ridge, 
I,.  I.,  by  Mr.  Van  Urunt  and  hia  son. 
One  of  the  burglars  waa  shot  dead  OB 
tho  spot,  and  tho  other  lived  but  a 
short  time.    Before  ho  died  ho  con- 
fessed that  liu  and  his  companion  were 
the  ubiluctora  of  Charll*  Hoss :  that 
their  namea  were  Moshier  and  Dong- 
loss,  and  that  Moshior,  the  man  who 
waa  shot  dead,  was  the  one  who  held 
the   child    in    custody,  but    that   ho 
(Douglass)  conid  not  tell  where  the 
cliild  was  secreted.    This  ia  the  last 
that  has  over  been  beard  lirom  Charlie 
Iloss. 

*  Jnly  14.    Another  large  Are  in  Chicago, 

clcstroying   a  vaat   amount   of  prop- 
erty   608 

Great  Flood  at  Pitttburg. 

"  Jnly  37.  Oreat  flood  at  Pittsburg  and 
Alleghany  City;  about  300  lives  and  a 
vaat  amount  of  property  destroyed .  flu8 

*  Ang.      Tht  tteaiMT  "Pat  noger$"   de- 

Hroyed  hyfire  on  the  Ohio  Kiver,  and  25 
Uvea  lost...... 608 

*  Aug.     Kiota  tX  Auatin,  Miai.,  between 


IIT4.      •MTom  and  whites  \  also  Inaum'elliM 
In  Tranton,  Tsnn. 
"       Aug.  T.     A  snow-storm  iNicurrwl  la  New 
Uam|ishir« tOfl 

Ktra  Corntll. 

Oio.  0.  Ksra  Comall  died  at  New  York. 
Mr,  Cornell  was  a'phllanlhnipiat  and 
patron  of  •<  I  ur  at  I  on.  lie  ai'qiilred  his 
fortune  in  cunneciion  wllh  Iha  tele- 
graph business,  conceiving  the  IdeM  of 
supportlnii  the  wires  upon  pnlea — aa 
now  iiniveraully  prac' iced  -and  rnn- 
atmeling  liie  principal  linrs  through 
ths  Kantern  Hlslea.     Mr.  ('ornell's  flrst 

fiubllc  lienefhetlon  wns  a  gift  of  a  puli- 
io  lllirary  and  buiiiling  tu  ttio  city  of 

Ithaca,  N.  Y.  Illssocnniland  munlllcent 

gift  to  the  public  was  the  founding  and 

enilowiiient  of  "Cornell    t'niverslty." 
"       At  Iho  r|i«(i  of  this  year  there  wtro  T%r 

6ii:i  miles  of  railroad  In  o|M'ratton  In 

the  United  Stntes. 
••       Starl^  |«,00<i,IH)il  x\f  th$  ISMU  DM  ant- 

etUd  lhi4,fital  {/far, 
'*       Th*r*  utrt'ifiM  /lituru  in  butineu  (At* 

ysor, 

lUtthtr  Trial. 

1870.  Trial  nf  Henry  Ward  Ileecher,  pastor  of 

Plymouth      Congregational      Chnroh, 

Brooklyn,   N.    Y.,   for   ailultery    with 

'  Mrs.  Ilitodoro  'llllon,  ns  chsriii'd  by 

her   husband.      Mr.   Tllton    being    a 

f imminent  literary  man,  and  editor  of 
be  New  York  fndeptndtnt,  also  4  very 
Intimate  friend  of  Mr.  Beecher.  The 
trial  was  tho  most  noted  and  intensely 
exciting  one  of  thn  kind  in  tho  annals 
of  the  world'H  hiatory.  Its  rexults  wore 
most  indofluite  an'l  unsatisfactory  to 
the  people,  the  liiry  disagreeing,  and 
no  verdict  rendered.  The  leading 
witnesses  were  prominent  Christians 
and  intelligent  and  intiuential  citiMiis, 
and  bore  the  moit  toi\flUting  tftimony. 

"  Jan.  n.  Jhalh  nf  Dr.  Samuel  OHMty 
Jlout,  the  dlHinffuUhed  pMlanthropUt, 
aged  74  year: 

"  Jan.  10.  Death  of  aon.Oordon  0 ranger, 
at  Banta  FA,  Mexico. 

"      Jan.  IS.    Qold  the  loweat  for  thia  year, 

nil. 

"  Jan.  2S.  Death,  in  Fitohburg,  Mass.,  of 
Rot.  Oeorge  T.  Trask,  tho  anti-tobacco 
apostle,  aged  78  years. 

The  Keeley  Motor. 

"  Invention  of  a  motlvo  power  which 
seemed  to  promiao  a  revolution  in  the 
entire  mechanical  world.  It  is  claimed 
by  Mr.  Keeley,  the  inventor,  that  he 
baa  discovered  a  new  power  or  force 
in  nature  which  will  produce  a  pressure 
of  S0,000  pounds  to  the  square  inch,  by 
the  conilensatioa  of  nir  and  water,  and 
that  it  will  accomplish  all  tlint  steam 
or  giin|)owdcr  can  do,  and  yet  rcuder 
an  cxploilon  harmless.  Alsn,  that  an 
engine  of  5,000  horse-power  will  occupy 
no  more  spaco  than  iin  ordinary  steam- 
engine.  Tliis  subject  has  caused  a  great 
deal  ofexcitemtnt  among  mechanical 
and  scientific  men.  Sevrrnl  prominent 
scientists  nnii  practical  machinists 
have  cxumined  it  and  tested  its  power, 
nnd  pronounce  it  u  success.  But  it 
yet  remains  fur  tho  public  to  bo  con- 
vinced of  tho  practicability  of  tho 
wonderful  claims  of  tbia  nsw  discovery. 


lari.      w  It  liaa  wrt  y«t  baeti  «ail*  a  ffmMmi 


Fab.  IS.  (Iraal  llr*  at  IVl  an  Prlaaa, 
llavll,     AGO  housea  biirnsd. 

Fab.  15,  Falling  nf  a  wall  upon  Iha  ronf 
of  Ht.  Andrew's  Chuioh  In  New  York 
city,  during  religious  service,  A  J>>nl« 
eiMustl,  and  Ave  |>etsoiia  wsre  illlati 
and  thirty  i/niind«<l. 

Marrh.  C»liira<lo  admitted  to  tht 
Union  as  a  >Miat«. 

March  a  Damagm  nf  |a,A87,OnO  award< 
td  against  Tweed  In  civil  suit. 

Maroh  30.  Ilcstruclivn  tornailo  In 
(tenrgla.  (Ireat  lom  of  lifii  and  prop- 
erty, 

Man'h  April.  Yellow  fever  In  Iha  city 
of  Hiienns  Ayras,  M.  A, ;  the  number  of 
vlitlms  oxceodi'd  lii.OOO. 

April  1».  Death  of  Hamu.'l  K.  Wello,  wall 
■nown  profi'ss  r  of  phninologv,  and 

rroprletor  of  ihs  I'hrenologiml  Joumnt, 
le  w»i,  for  iiisny  years,  aaaoctated  with 

the  Fowlers  In  thn  advancement  of  the 

science  of  Phrenology. 
April  'i'j.  John  Harper,  senior  memlier  of 

tho  tirm  of  '*  Harper  Hrutbera,"  died, 

aged  78. 
A|iril  liA.     Burning  of  three  sleamera  at 

tha  New  Uriesns  li-voe ;  lllty  Uvea  wera 

lost. 
April-May.    Or..iit  Soods  In  the  South. 

LarKe  portions  of  Arkaiiaaa  and  I,ouii>i- 

ana  inundated,    tlreatsulfering  among 

the  inhabitants,  enpoclally  among  the 

laboring  <dasscs  and  flreedmen.     uirae 

contributlona    were    sent    fVom     tna 

North. 
May.    Kxtenslvo  forest  Area  In  MIehlgan, 

Pennsylvania,  Now  York,  and  Canada, 

with  great  loss  of  property  and  sooM 

lives. 
Appearoncf  of  graathoppora  in  Iowa  in 

great  numbera. 

Trial  of  Prof.  Swing. 

Hay  0.  Trial  of  Prof.  Swing,  by  Iht 
Presbytery  of  Chicago,  men  Iba 
charges  of  heresy  and  unfalthfulneae  in 
duty  aa  a  paator,  preferred  by  Mr.  Pat- 
ton.  Id  other  worda,  Prof  Swing  waa 
arraigned  before  the  Chicago  Presby» 
tory  for  not  being  foithAil  to  the  dou- 
trinea  of  the  Weatmioiter  OonfMsion. 
The  trial  laated  fifteen  daya,  and  re- 
sulted in  his  acquittal  by  tlio  Preabytery 
of  Cbioago  by  a  threc-fourtha  vote. 
Prof.  Swing  aubaeqnently  withdrew 
flrom  the  Preabytorv,  and  Mr.  MoVick- 
er's  theater  waa  hired  for  cbarch 
lorvlcea  on  Sunday  morning*,  where 
he  haa  since  preached  to  very  largt. 
audiencea  as  pastor  of  a  new  and  in- 
dopendent  congregation,  called  tho 
"  Central  Church."  Prof.  Swing'a  ser- 
mons have  since  been  regnlarly  re- 
ported and  published  in  the  leading 
newspapers  of  the  city. 

Dr.  Susan  Dimmick., 

May  9.  Dr.  Suaan  Dimmick,  of  Boston, 
was  lost  on  tho  SrhilUr,  which  was 
wrecked  on  tho  coast  of  Cornwall,  Eng,, 
and  over  300  lives  were  lost.  Sha 
was  twice  refused  admittance  into  the 
Medical  School  of  Harvard  Univenity, 
and  went  to  Zurich,  Switzerland,  where 
bIic  graduated  with  high  honor*.  She 
also  studied  in  Vienna,  and  returned 
to  Boston,  where  ihe  became  retident 


•14 


rHBONOf,OOT. 


itUt       iHlnlrlAil  of  •  hiMptlnl  Ibr  wiHnan  Mtl 

/(«♦(»  C.  BrtfktitnJgf. 

*  M«7  IT.    IVmrhnrjohnC,  BrrrbonriilM, 

•I  lirilnglim,  Kv.  Mr.  ilriH'kfnriirifii 
WM  rbiiM«  for  Vli>«<l'n>alii«iil  of  irin 
UnlUil  NUlM,  with  Mr.  J»in«i  llti- 
vhrntMl  l'rm|i|*nl  Mil  in  Inao  ho  wm 
tht  eanilliUia  fitr  rrMliUni  ufa  tM'iiim- 
•I  part;  at  lh«  Hnaih,  •nd  In  thn  Mima 
jMi  !■■  WM  rlwtMl  M  IT,  H.  Monalnr 
i»e<l  i|«A>nil»i|  tb«  mmlbcm  VimtmUtvj 
•nil  m^vmIoii  In  lli«  H«n»t«,  mmn 
•(U>r  lin  Jitlnail  Ihii  <'i>nfuiliTala  army, 
anil  In  IWcinlior,  (Mil,  waa  «»p«tl«(l 
(Vom  iba  Hanatn.  In  thn  aummar  Ail- 
biwlng  ba  waa  apiM>lnl«il  a  Mi^>r-0«n- 
ami  bf  Ilia  Conrfil'raov,  anil  avrTad 
IbriMign  Iha  war  of  tlm  RalMillliin.  Il« 
waa  HMralary  of  War  In  Jitffvraiin  llavla' 
('■binel  ut  Ihn  tima  uf  llie  •urranilrr  of 
Iba  H«mtb.  anil  want  Imnirillataly  to 
Sniupc,  wnrrn  ha  rroMinml  I  III  I  NAN. 
whf>n  ba  rcturnml  and  davolatl  biniavlf 
to  bit  proftmalb.'*.  aa  a  lawyar. 

Grtat  KarlAqitake. 

*  May  18.    Kartbauika  In  Naw  (Innaila, 

R  A,  Hli  rlllr*  ili'atniynd.  Tba  cltT 
of  C'ncuU  rntlrvljr  »l)IIU'rata<l ;  l«,iHiO 
H*(«  warn  lu>t. 

••  Mar  >7.  Ilumina  of  Ihv  French  Calholle 
Cburch  at  IIiHTokv,  Maaa.,  during  • 
criabratinn.     711  IWea  ware  lo«t. 

**  May  no,  l.naa  of  tlin  ntcanier  y'kikJmrf, 
from  Montranl  to  Llnrpool.  8ba  wi-nt 
down  In  a  Held  uf  lea.  88  llvaa  wora 
loat. 

*  Juna  1,    National  Temperance  Conren- 

lion  met  In  (.'htcaitn. 
••      Juno  H.    Dvatli  of  Si^uel  O.  Drake,  • 
noted     Amfriran     antiquarian,     and 
author  of  early  American  and  Indian 
biatorloa, 

*  June  16.    Exploalon  In  a  manufactory  of 

flreworka  In  Ibiaton,  Maaa,     81  x  ixir- 
I  killed  and  three  Hrioualy  ii\juri>d. 


Jtiet  in  South  Amtrica. 

*  iwM  W.    Terrible  riot  at  San  Mlfrael,  a 

dty  in  the  republic  of  San  8alva<ior,  (4. 
A.,  among  the  lower  rlaaaca,  Inatlgated 
by  a  icrmon  preached  a((aini<t  the  civil 
•nthoritiea  by  a  prieit  nameil  Palacoia. 
The  garriion  were  nearly  all  aaiaaii- 
nnted,  and  many  piominent  porwna 
killed.    The  town  waa  then  burned  by 

Enuring  keroaenu  over  buildinga.  The 
ritiah  ablp  fttnlomt  landed  a  large 
company  of  marlnee.  who  battened  to 
the  reacne.  The  damage  waa  eatimated 
•t  91,000,000. 

"  Does/ids." 

*  June  3<1.    Death  of  Mortimer  ThnmpaoDi 

a  humoroua  writer,  well  known  aa 
"Doeatlck*,"  He  married,  fur  hia 
aecond  wife,  the  dauffbtor  nf  Mrs.  .lanica 
Parton,  or  "  Fanny  Fern."  Iliii  literary 
name  waa  ■'  Q.  K.  rbilandcr  Doeaticka, 

P.  a"' 

*  July  9,      Uailroad   collinion    on    Long 

laland ;  fiflo)  t  persona  killed  and  over 
twenty  ii^urud. 

Mrs.  Celia  Burleigh. 

*  July  7.    Death  of  Mra.   Celia  nurleiffli, 

at  Syracuse,  N.  T,   8ht  waa  a  praachcr 


IVM,  ami  rvAtrmvr,  and  lb*  widow  of  Wm. 
II.  Bnrlii|||h,  a  almfiii  and  iHuiular  h*' 
Tocala  uf  anil  ilavrry  and  Womau  • 
lllghis  |iflnrl|ilni,  Mr».  Ilurlnltfb  waa 
Ibn  Ural  Prvalilaiit  i<t  i\\«  W<>ni«n'* 
I'liiti  of  llrinilil.vn,  iiml  hHik  nn  atllva 
pari  In  IhoaitriH  ncy  uf  \V»niitn  NiiHVitHM 
and  iillirr  rrfurni  miiv>'mi*nta.  t'i>un 
Ilia  ilnalh  af  lirr  hiial>an<),  •Im  prr|mml 
lirnwlf  fur  lb*  minlalry,  and  waa  |Mali>r 
of  a  Unitarian  cburrb  In  llr<Hiblvn, 
('nnu.  lira,  llurloliib  bad  a  wldi'  rrpti- 
tatltm  a*  an  able  writ'  r  and  i'li»|iii<nl 
•paakar. 

Frank  Blair, 

"  Jnlv  N.  |>»ath  of  linn.  Franrla  I'mlnn 
lllair,  Jr.,  at  rtl.  I.niila,  an  nnlnrnt  iniII- 
liclan  anil  ('onKn-aaman.  lb*  waa  In 
tM6H  toaniliiUtK  fur  \  iii-.l'riialdi'nt  nn 
tb«  ticket  with  (liiv.  Heyniuur,  n(  Ni'W 
York,  a«  I'midcnl, 

Domtiihim' %  ItitlL'on  .li>Y»siim, 

"  July  in.  Ilallni>n  aarrnalnn  of  l'r»f. 
Imnaliluin  ami  Srwton  rt.  (IriiiiwiMHl, 
a  Chtettgo  Jnurniil  rr|i<irti>r,  fymn  tliii 
llllipodmnie  In  (  bli'auo.  Tlu-an  li«li| 
and  darlnit  ailr<ittiirrra  iw«tii<!i  d 
amid  a  vaat  ami  luniultiiniia  crowil  of 
■IMirtatiir*  at  5  oVIiirk  r.M.  A  atilT 
lirt'CM  waa  hlnwlng  from  tbn  noulh- 
west  at  the  tlmi',  wulcli  tiMik  lliein  In 
a  liorth-enat  iljr«clion  nvrr  tli<-  liiki<. 
The  breeae  awrlloil  to  a  hurri('iini>  Im<- 
furn  miilniulit.  A  aniaii  arliouniT 
•Igblml  tbnlialloiin  at  7  o'vliH'k  altuiil 
twvlTe  mlira  north  of  Chicago  and 
thirty  mili«  from  the  ahnre,  and  l>iit  a 
mile  and  a  hiilf  from  the  vi'aai'l.  It 
waa  aklniming  alonu  the  anrfot'n  of  tlic 
lake.  The  eaplain  rcaliEing  their 
danger,  headed  hia  veaael  In  tlieir  di- 
rnctlon,  but  before  he  cmilil  ri'oi'li  It 
there  waa  a  audden  llgliteninR  of  the 
car  and  the  liailuon  ahot  rapidly  up- 
ward and  waa  aoun  loat  to  ai|;hl.  That 
waa  the  last  tlint  waa  uvcr  lirartl  of  the 
balimm  and  it*  daring  and  rt-cklraa 
aeronaut,  I'rofoaaur  Uunaldaon.  The 
globe  waa  a  cnttun  one,  and  barlly  bat- 
tere<l  nnil  patched,  and  preaentid  a 
tlireadbare  and  flimay  ap|M'uninci',  and 
many  of  the  aprrtatiim  predicted  ita 
dcatructiun  and  tliii  nacrlnce  of  ita  boii! 
occupanta  at  the  time  of  atartlng. 

Amlreu>  Johnson. 

"  July  SI.  Death  of  Andr«w  Jnhnann, 
aevant(>enth  Preaiilent  of  tlio  United 
Htatea,  in  Carter  County,  Kiwt  Tcnnra- 
aee.  Mr.  Jolinaon  waa  born  nt  Itali'luti, 
N.  C,  Dec.  W,  IM08.  Ilia  fatiicr  ilU-d 
when  he  waa  but  four  yeara  old,  nnd  at 
ten  he  waa  apprenticed  to  a  tailor, 
wliom  he  arrrcd  icvcn  ycnra.  He  wai 
not  at  tcliool  a  dav  of  hii  life.  While 
leaminK  hii  trade  fie  icumed  hia  lettera. 
and  borrowed  liouka  and  Icarnud  to 
read.  When  ho  had  learned  hia  trade, 
ho  found  oniployment  aa  a  Jnitnieyniuii 
tailor  two  yeani,  and  nlYcr  working  n 
Rhort  time  in  Kuicigh,  bo  cniigriitcirto 
Tennciivo,  taking  with  him  hia  mother, 
wlio  wos  now  dependent  uii  liiin  for 
aup|>ort.  lie  married  in  Oreenville, 
Tenn.,  and  comnieneed  biiaiiicfui  tliero. 
His  wife  taught  him  to  write  and 
cipher,  and  the  llrat  ollic^!  ho  held  wiw 
tlibt  of  Alderinun,  to  whicli  he  w»h 
elected  in  183b,  and  which  he  held  for 


WJ.  Ihrw.  y»«ra  In  IMM  ha  waa  rh(a«.l| 
,Ma|iir  "f  hU  town,  aiiit  In  IN,1,1  wita 
ami  III  lh»  Ntala  l.*gialatiir<.,  ahiI  ugaln 
in  litHtt  li>  •  lariii'  nti^lnrlty  In  |a41 
liti  waa  eirrlril  to  lh»  Wale  '^tniiti', 
and  In  ■■<4;|  to  Congr>-«<>,  In  wlilih  Im 
••'r»iiil  till  IWH,  itiid  wiia  a  r'iiia|ilnKiii4 
iii|»iH  *li.  lu  t'rvalilvnl  I'olh  «  iiiiaaiina. 
In  iN.til  lii<  waa  eleeled  liovi'rnor  of 
Tione'«-v,  and  r»4i|M<tml  In  l»rt*,  and 
In  IWli  lo  Iha  (I.  H,  Hanala  for  a  Inn 
term.  l>n  the  opening  of  Iba  war  be  wa* 
found  nn  tba  elihi  ot  the  I'nlon,  ile- 
iioiini  inu  aiceaaiim  In  a  liohl  and  nn. 
ri'airti'd  niniiiier,  wliieli  ma<lu  him  yi-rr 
iNipnlar  at  ihr  Nofih,  litii  al  tli«  Hoiiiii 
lt«  waa  burnt  in  elfluy,  nnd  on  hia  rn- 
turn  to  'IViiin-aaeii  hia  lil«  wiia  llimil- 
rneil,  and  hn  fled  to  the  North  m  • 
higltlve  fVom  iTianny.  I'r«<ti|«nl  Mn- 
enlii  apjMiliiteil  him  I'rutiaional  (Inv 
eriiof  IK  Tenne»ae«  lu'fnra  hia  term  In 
the  Henale  had  ei)>lrrd,  and  gava  hlin 
the  rank  of  UrigailLrtitnifral  of  VoU 
unteera. 

lie  ruled  Trnnaaarn  ii|inn  terma  of 
Jiiatice  and  alriut  loyalty  to  the  Kmlernl 
tlovemmrni,  and  bmnglit  her  back 
into  the  riiion.  In  IStM  lie  w«a  I'tiTti'd 
Vie  Predilent  with  Mr.  I.ineoln  r«. 
I'lieled  iia  I'realilent,  and  upon  the  «*• 
■iiaainatiiin  ot  liie  latter  lie  tiMik  ilm 
I'rtaldent'a  ehidr  A|)ril  lA,  IN0.1.  Ilia 
elhirta  to  reeon<truet  the  I'niiin  iv<r« 
not  well  received  by  Congrt^a,  iiii.|  line 
Kepiililiian  minority  repiidliitel  hi*  ueta, 
and  proceeded  to  reei>u»truct  the  South- 
ern Hli»te«  upon  a  dilfennt  boaia, 
Kroiii  tlila  time  on  he  waa  nt  tarianeu 
with  Congreaa,  and  ridord  no  le«a  llmu 
nineteen  biila.  Ilia  eniliily  uf  tiie  Her- 
retnry  of  War  waa  ao  great  tlint  on 
Aug.  I'J,  1MU7.  he  suapenfleil  him  iVom 
ollieu  and  appointed  Oen.  Uruiit  in  hia 
pliiee.  The  Henate  refiiaed  to  aanetion 
tlin  a<!t,  ami  Oen.  (Iriint  realgned  tliu 
i.ttli'e  into  Mr.  Htiinton'a  iianila,  Tpon 
making  the  aecond  attempt  lo  remove 
Htanton,  tiie  llouie  of  Keiiriwuintivea 
uaoaed  a  ruaoiution  Hint  tiie  l'r<'aiileiil 
Im)  Imueaelied.  At  the  cIobo  of  thn 
triiii.  May  2Ulh.  at  the  Unal  vote,  thirty' 
Are  voted  "guilty"  and  nineteen  "rot 
guilty."  A  twn-thir<lii  vote  not  being 
obtained,  the  I'reaident  waa  arqiiittr d. 
Hia  Inat  net  in  opiMMition  to  Congreaa 
waa  in  December,  IHBN,  when  he  Uauud 
•k  pnM-laniation  ot  full  pardon  to  eTcry- 
Imdv  wlio  had  pnrlivi|wtcd  in  tlie  He- 
belllon.  Upon  hia  return  lo  Tennnaeo 
ho  waa  defeated  aa  a  randiilate,  iHith 
for  tlie  V.  H.  Heiiote  and  for  Congreaa- 
maii-ttt-Large,  liut  in  Jan.,  InT.I,  bo  waa 
elected  to  the  U.  H.  Henate,  holding  hia 
neat  during  tiie  brief  extra  aenainn  in 
March.  Mr,  .lohnion'a  career  aa  I'reai- 
(ItiDt  was  an  at  variance  wilii  hia  loy- 
alty during  the  outbreak  of  the  Itebei- 
iion,  and  alao  (hiring  IiIn  poliiiual 
career  through  and  after  tliu  war,  until 
ho  became  Vlce-I'rcaident,  that  it  wiia 
regarded  aa  enigmutical  nnd  Hiiapieioiit 
by  tlie  Nortii ;  unii  tlio  briitht  fame  liu 
enjoyed  from  Ilia  true  and  iincompro- 
iniaing  loyalty  wua  ahudowcd  by  a  (lurk 
cloud  which  settled  over  the  closing 
years  of  his  utiierwiso  noblu  ond  utcfi3 
life, 

Nnt'ton  S.  Grimwood, 

"       Aug,    Tho  l)0(ly  of   Newton   9.   Grim 
wood,  the  companion  of  Prof.  Donald- 


OflltONOIXHIT. 


•» 


*IMt  111  IM.1.t  »iM 
>l«t)iri'.  «nil  itifitlii 
ijiifily       In   l"4l 

ll»    mud'     MrniilH, 

ri'iM,  In  wlili'li   li« 

ITHt  lir'l||>|)|ilHI||4 

I'lilk  •  iiK'Miiri'*, 
li>-l  iMi»i'rni>r  »t 
■tr<l  In  l">11.  *nil 
>*«niilit  fur  •  liDl 
<if  tha  wur  hi'  »M 
II  ilin  I'niiin,  ili*- 
I  n  Imlil  mill  nil- 
I'll  mwlo  dim  vrrr 

l>ul  «l  tllK  Hlllllh 

jr,  iinil  on  liU  r»- 

I  Ilin  wiw  iliri  lit* 
i  the  Norili  ita  « 
.  l*T«<li|Knl  Mb- 
IViirUlimnl  itiiv 
<ii>r«  hU  (frm  In 
i'<l,  iinil  |(«v«  lilin 
r'Utn«riti  of  VoU 

M<  U|)on  Irrtnd  "f 
\Uy  la  th»  Kmirrnl 
miiclii  her  iHick 

<IM  III!  WW  I'lcrti'il 
Mr.  I.inrnin  r«i- 
iin<l  lipaill  tllii  ••• 
itltT  \w  IfMik  I  hit 
ril  M,  INOA.  Ill* 
t  tliK  t'niiin  wi  ru 
t'onuri^n.  nii'l  llm 
r|illillHli'  I  lilaiirtu, 
io»lru<:t  llieKiiiitli- 
llllTlTltlt  liiwiM. 
lu  WM  nt  «*rliini'ii 
I'tnril  no  li>wt  llinn 
'niiilly  iif  till'  f*rc. 
im  ftri'iit  (lint  on 
<p*'M<li-il  liliii  I'riim 
(li-n.  Uiiiiit  In  III* 
hiitHl  to  uNni'tlnn 
rnnt  nwlKncil  lliu 
in'R  liiin<lii.  ('|Mm 
itu-nipt  to  ri'inovp 
if  lU'iirt'iM'Diiitlri-a 
lint  tlio  I'r'niiliMit 
tli(<   rltinu   of  tliR 

II  tlnal  Totc,  thirty- 
mi  ninctDrn  "rot 
li>  vote  not  licinff 
nt  WM  >rqiilt(r(l. 

iiltion  to  ('un)(r<ii* 
IH,  «h«n  hv  iiwu'id 
II  partlon  to  vrory- 
i|wtc<l  In  tli«  Hv' 
uttirn  to  'rvnnntiica 
raniliilatc,  ImiOi 
uu\  for  Congri>ii»> 
Jitn.,  INTA,  hu  wan 
'nittc,  hol<lin)(  hU 
r  extra  HCNiilon  in 
n'»  curciT  an  Trt-il- 
Mce  with  Ilin  liiy* 
rc»k  of  the  Itvhei- 
ing  IiIn  polilical 
tl*-r  thu  war,  until 
iilent,  that  it  wm 
ical  anil  MiiKpiciout 
III'  liriirlit  fuiiK'  hi: 
111'  mill  iinconiuru- 
luilowrd  by  a  ihirk 
over  the  closing 
u  uoblu  bikI  uivlul 


Uli.  ••m  III  hU  ill*4alr>HM  aurUI  mjtgn,  wm 
Viuttil  i.n  llif  aiMtiirM  ilKim  uf  (.ak* 
Mli'iltfitn.  Iwiwivn  Hliiiiy  irmh  ami 
Mimlatfiir,  liy  ainalliatrliV,  In  a  |Mril»l 
•talti  of  ilcmmpiMllliiii,  ami  partially 
tiurUil  lit  llii<  unn'l  A  liiirviml  llfu- 
ur<'»'r«Mr  wa«  iitaixii.'l  nrcHm<l  hi* 
Iiii'tjr  lliii  wliiilr  iiiiintrv  «>l|iw'i<nt  III 
llif  laki' waa  lliiirniitfliiy  ai'itriht'il  for 
Prof    Diinal'luiii  ami    liU  iiiUaiiiu   lial- 

>w»,  but  ilicy  wtni  MTU  biuii  from 

Km-KIh*  lit  tlHnMt. 

*  A  hn»<l  of  oiillawa  anil  il«aprr*ilo««  in 

illniKillan  Infiatnil  |Mirlliin»  of  llllniila, 
wlilp|ilii|(  anil  niiinlrrlnK  I'iilMinit  and 
•loatroylnK  tin  Ir  pro|N'rlT.  Tha  rIiI- 
ni'ni  fiiruiril  (III  iiiai'lrM  intorummlttura 
iif  •niiitj*,  iinilur  |MrnilMlon  of  lh« 
tlovirniir,  anil  •I'ltiirtiil  thu  whole 
I'oiinlrv.  Thu  haml  wa*  Bnally  brokan 
up  ami  ilUpcratiil. 

TifuMtt  in  Mt \uo. 

*  Thri'iituni'il  rPTohillon  In  Mnlcn  raiiu'd 

by  lliii  piuMaKH  of  lllii'ral  law*.  Thv 
t'ltrninimtanii  olxruy  iiirltml  tha  maamii 
til  ri'nlataiicn  anil  blomUhi'il.  Tha 
prirata  phu'iiil  thi'inarlyra  at  th*  hrxl 
of  artniil  lianiUaml  lm|>iMei|  iiMilrllni* 
tloiia  upon  till!  ili'fi<nai>li<aa  vlllaKra, 
Thu  national  trmipa,  liowi-vrr,  oyrr- 
IHiwiTi'il  them,  ami  Ihnni  that  ili'i  not 
<>iu'ii|M'  to  lh(<  mountain*  wi<ro  Imnifvil, 
llamla  of  IniurKiiiila  baili'  ili-ttancn 
til  lliptioYi'rnniiiiit,  ami  uliinilcrnl  anil 
iilllaK*'''  III"  I'ltlxiina  alonK  thn  linn, 
liolh  In  Mi'xU'o  ami  Texaa,  which 
thri'itti'nfd  troulila  with  tha  Unitml 
Hlutca. 

*  Aiitf.  <l.     Aaaaaalnatlon  of   Don  Oahrial 

Oiiri'la  .Mornno,  I'rcaidi'nt  of  Kruador, 
In  tliR  royal  palaou  at  IJuito,  by  nirm- 
\wt*  of  a  aiirri'l  aoi'li'ty,  whirli  worn 
numiToiM  in  Koiith  America  and 
Kiiro|H>. 

*  K\\\i.  IH      Drath,   at  Olirrlln,  of   Itar. 

I  lifia.  0.  Kinni-y,  Prraidcnt  of  Oberlln 
Colh'Ki',  ■I'o  oran)i«li't  and  reformer. 

'  Aii»(.  %\.  Wm.  Cyrua  Nutt,  D.D.,  late 
rri'aldiMit  of  the  Unlvcnity  of  Indiana, 
dii'il  lit  nionminKton,  Ind,  Me  waa 
thu  flnt  I'realdcnt  of  Aabury  Univer- 
sity, nt  (Jrcencaiitl'',  Ind.,  nrKanizin|{ 
that  cnlli-Ki'  with  three  icholara  in  a 
riMiin  I'J  X  in  fvi't. 

'  Aii){.  26.  Hiidden  luiipi'niion  of  the 
^ri'iit  California  Kank.  Intente  exritv- 
ini-nt  In  Hun  Cranciaco,  reaciublinK 
••niark  Friday"  in  N»w  York,  and 
l|ll,4(MVi»<>  WITH  (Will  out  tliia  (Uy.  The 
bunk  had  a  cnpital  of  $a,Ui)0,UO(). 

William  Rahton. 

*  Auk.  37-    Suiclda  of  William  mUton, 

i'ri'Hident  of  Ihr  (.'alilbrnia  Hank,  by 
drowning.  Mr.  Ualiton  wan  thu  "  Jay 
Oonld"  of  thu  I'acillc  Couat;  a  man 
of  lurgu  llbernlity  and  princely  hiMpi- 
talitii'N.  He  lived  in  a  largu  baronial 
iiianidiin,  twenty-live  milea  aouth  of  Han 
Kriinciaco,  at  Saii  Mateo,  and  drove  a 
Rplundid  team  of  hone*  to  the  ciiy  ul- 
liiimt  didly, 

.Mr.  KulHton  began  litis  im  a  ahoci'- 
luikktr,  but  noon  found  a  more  con- 
f'i'nial  iMMition  as  a  clerk  on  a  MImIii- 
Hi|ipi  Htcikiiiur.  Prom  thin  poaition  lie 
bevaino  oonnected  with  a  line  of  Cali- 


I  VTA.  Aimla  at*am»n,  and  Snally  ••lilail  t\nw% 
In  Man  Kranrlaru  and  alarted  a  bank. 
Illaur>al  alillllira  «a  a  Mnambr  ««r« 
KHin  i|rTi<|ii|iii.|,  an,|  im  liKtnmK  I'rral- 
dtiiil  and  iMri'i'l'r  nf  ili«  lUnk  '>ri'all< 
fiimlii,  whirli.  iindi'f  hia  maiiiiaciiixnl, 
Ifrvw  to  I  iiliMaal  pri>|Mirtlima.  *ml  waa  ' 
riinaldxrvd  llii'  greitl  llnanrlal  pillar 
of  IhK  HIaiiv  Hill  ||i.i  aliriiMl  uniyiTtnl 
eiainplii  of  the  ■iilravaHwnrii  and  wMd  I 
■lilrlliif  ailTi'ntara  uml  reiklraa  "Jiian'-  ' 
during  of  nwmay,  gained  by  a)ii'i  ula  : 
linn  and  gnunbnng,  and  alao  of  the 
quirk  ilrparliiri*  of  wraith  ao  •iiddeMly 
niiiile,  wa*  •Iriklngly  rrpealed  In  the 
Malory  of  Win  Itaialnn  Ilia  alyle  and 
manner  of  living  war*  ninrn  than 
nrinn-ely.  I,lk«hlai>rotoly|ie,  .Mm  Ktak. 
Iia  \vi\nt  Invrat  In  a  hiitnl,  whi>h 
•hoiilii,  when  completed,  be  proniNliiced 
tha  jtrandiHtt  in  the  world,  and  which 
woiihl  roat  Ilia  ui.nlrat  auni  of  thrca 
million  dollar*.  Mining  and  "aliN'k 
gaiiibllnK  '  formed  anothar  IWalurm  in 
which  l(a>«ti  n  Imitated  flak,  and  upon 
whl('<i  he  '■  ataki'd  a  fbrtuna,"  tmi  un- 
like *'l«h,  hn  l<;t  I'nt'ortunalely  for 
him.  the  grcnl  "  iHinnnia"  hohlcr*  and 
eontnillcr*  of  the  CiiniatiK'k  mine 
iKIiHiil  and  ()  llrien)  were  I  etter  veraed 
In  thiit  «ti|iarlmeal  of  gambling  than 
llu'lr  victim.  They  »ohi  him  rapidly, 
adviincliig  ahare*  at  "(liney  pHcea" 
and  In  fabiiliwia  amount*.  lie  had 
riakril  Itic  lupilnl  of  the  bank  aa  IVecly 
N*  he  dill  Ilia  own  |ieraonal  proiier'y, 
Ho<i«  tha  ahari'*  iH'gHn  to  (kll  Vaatcr 
than  thev  had  rlMin.  A  run  came 
upon  the  bank,  It*  credit  wiin  ahaken, 
and  wont  of  nil,  the  hi'artle**  eon- 
trollera  of  tliyt  vaat  nionoiHily  turned 
hankera  alao,  and  ref\iacd  nil  itiiMimino- 
flatlon  to  the  rival  hoiini';  and  when 
the  craah  came,  nothing  waa  left  the 
doiiiiied  man  but  a  i  liolcc  nf  death  by 
hi*  own  hand,  or  a  life  of  repntach, 
ttmiliation,  and  iioverty, 
-  hept.  Trial  //  in//<irwi  irii»>/irr<i/«  /or 
fumplieily  m  thf  'iMudinu  ,i„il  ton- 
ttalliig  of  the  "  »l.>Uii  htU,"  CharlU 
Hon.  Ut  waa  found  go'lty,  and  aen- 
tenced  to  tbo  Peoitcntiarjr  for  mtcb 
yean, 

Fasf  Mail, 

'*  Hapt.  17.  Arrival  of  the  flnt  fait  mall 
train  In  I'hicmgo  at  0.31  a.m.,  which 
left  New  York  at  4.17  a.m.  the  tilth. 
The  train  wk'<  brought  into  Chicago 
by  Mr.  Frank  o.^gmKl,  of  KIkhart,  Ind., 
who  had  to  make  twenty  Ave  miniitea 
nf  loat  time  in  one  humlred  and  one 
luiiua.  Ilu  fainted  in  the  cab  when 
the  train  reached  the  ilepot,  io  great 
Imd  lieen  thu  atrain  upon  hia  nerve* 
nuil  hia  mental  anxiety.  They  arrived 
aeveral  minute*  before  the  expiration 
of  the  allotted  time. 

"  Sept.  Hevero  hurricane  on  tlio  Island  of 
Bt.  Tlioinas. 

"  Sept.  38.  TerriOc  gale  at  Charloiton, 
8. 0. :  dnmngcM  |3S0,0OO. 

"  Oct.  8,  The  highest  price  of  gold  for 
tlir  year  IHTfli  wu  on  till*  day,  XYf/i. 

"  Oct.  7.  Town  of  Iqulque,  Peru,  de- 
utroyed  bj-  lire. 

"  Invention  of  the  life  or  surf-car,  by  f'apt. 
OttinKcr,  for  saving  people  on  wrw-ked 
vess'.'ia  in  slorniB,  wlicn  the  life-boat 
can  not  bu  used, 

'        Oct.  11.    Heath  of  Isaac  Merrill  Singer, 


li«T*«liHr   nf  llie    Hlafir   M«1>(ll(    M» 

eh>lH»,  In  Titrqaay.  Kna. 
Ori  M     (ireat  llr»  In  Virginia  r||y  Na. 

vada  .  Iha  liiialiiitna  |iorli'M<  rmnuMely 

dMiroyail,     l«aa  rallninluHl  at  IVNIO,. 

IDN). 
Nov    4.      Nleamalilii   t\\<Ht^    fnunderarl 

littf  warn  f*i«n  Cmaiclai'ii  loml  I'oflUad  ; 

nc  k«ly  VOu  llvM  Inait 
Nov    II     Hurning  laf  lliai  ae«ainahlp  Vit^ 
Wiifn  olf  (Jalyaalon  Ivar;  naarly  7l> 

,  tm  liml, 
No      17.     I'lMal  pnekal  Kmfir*  tnat  at 

(few  Orlaana;  14  imaaangen  and  lav* 

•ral   f  Ika  eraw  kiak 

Iftmry   miwrn. 

Nov  at.  Henry  Wllaon.  Vlni-Pnaiilinl 
of  Ihe  l.'nited  Hinti:*.  illeil  <  i'  a|ioplei]r 
al  Uaahlngton,  It.  (  lie  wa*  Uirn 
In  Farmlniitiin,  N.  II  Frli.  Hih,  |m|'>. 
Ilia  Ailher'a  nnm«  Wna  i'ollialli,  nnil 
wa*  a  |HHir  (krm  lalHirrr,  nnd  apprcii 
tleed  hl**i'n,  al  th*  age  nf  tun  yeara, 
In  a  IWrnier  In  hIa  native  inwn.  Ha 
Went  to  arhoiil  alHuit  onn  )riir,  at  In- 
terval*, during  th"  rleven  yenrv  of  hia 
appmntieeahi)).  At  the  age  of  'jl,  by 
an  ai't  of  the  I.egialature,  he  aaauiiied 
the  name  of  Henry  Wilaon,  and  tha 
aame  year  he  walked  to  Natick.  Mam.. 
and  hired  himaelf  to  a  ahoemaker  till 
li»  Iciirned  thu  trade.  He  worked  two 
yeara,  and  earned  aonie  money  ami  re- 
turned to  New  lliimiialiire,  and  alinlletl 
in  the  aeadenilea  of  HlafTord,  Wala- 
iHiroiigh,  and  Concurd,  but  liMlng  Ida 
earning*  by  the  fidUim  of  the  man  to 
whom  lie  had  intriiated  them,  he  waa 
ennipelled  to  return  to  Natick  and  re- 
aunie  work  a*  a  ahoemaker.  Here  ha 
tiMik  aa.artive  |)art  in  forming  and 
■ualaining  a  debating  aoeiety  among 
the  young  men  of  the  tiiwn.  In  iniiS 
be  took  an  active  nart  in  the  anti-aiav^ 
ery  di>euBi<lua*,  tlian  ao  prominent  a 
qnealinn  in  debate.  In  I&3H  he  mada 
hia  flnt  viait  to  Waahinglnn,  and 
there  the  vivid  imprcaaiim*  inaile  upon 
hi*  mind  by  th*  *lave-trada  and  prac- 
tice In  Ihe  District  of  rolumbia  fof 
ever  ftiaterad  an  undying  hatred  tit  tha 
aystem  in  liia  iiianlv  and  generous  nat« 
ura.  Hi*  flnt  aitiva  participation  it 
politics  wa*  in  the  "  Harri*on  cam« 
uaign"  of  IMO,  and  during  the  next 
five  yeiiim  he  wa*  three  time*  elected  a 
Representative  to  the  Legislature  fiom 
Natick,  and  twice  a  Htaio  flenator  tiom 
Middlesex  County.  In  IH4A  he  took 
an  active  iiart  in  opposing  the  admia- 
aion  of  Texas  a*  a  slave  Htate.  In 
lH4n  lie  offered  a  resolution  in  tha 
LcglNlntiiru  against  ilavery,  and  aup- 
ported  it  by  an  elaborate  anil  compre- 
nensivo  speech.  In  1848  he  waa  a 
delegate  to  Ihe  >Vliig  National  Con- 
vention in  Philadelphia,  and  wlthdniw 
from  the  Convention,  after  making  hia 
protest,  on  tiie  rejection  of  Ika  anti- 
slavery  resolution*.  He  edited  tha 
Hoaton  Hepubliean  for  two  yean  in  tha 
interest  of  the  Free  Hoil  party.  In 
1H.5()  :ind  'SI  lie  vtas  again  a  Member 
of  the  Massacliusetts  State  Benate,  and 
was  President  of  thu  Henate  both 
terms.  In  \>i!i'i  he  was  President  of 
tlio  Frca  8nil  National  Convention,  at 
Pittslitirg,  Chairman  of  the  National 
Cuminittee,  and  candidate  for  Cod- 
grcss,  but  failed  in  the  election  by  Ot 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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OHMmOLOOT. 


um. 


Ik  ISM  ha  WM  tlMtMl  to 
•Md  ■dwHd  IfvnM  la  tba  United 
BM«  a«Hto.  Mr.  WltaM  aldwl  in 
■rgnnlilH  th*  RaMbHeaa  iwrty  oo 
tba  bull  wT  oMOiltroa  to  Ihn  ntontlm 
of  atefwy,  im  whan,  on  tbt  tld  of 
Majr,  1M«,  Mr.  Bnmnw,  hb  cnHanRoo, 
WM  MMMiad  bj  PrMton  8.  Brooks, 
of  Boolli  OMoUna,  Mr.  WIImmi,  in  • 
HMMh  to  Um  BMnto  lh«  ntxt  morning, 
diiaomMod  tb«  net  m  **  bmtal,  mnrdcr- 
•M,  nnd  mwardly,"  and  Ibr  tblt  In- 
gwjn  In  WM  ehalWnMd  by  Broolii  Ifar 
«  dwi,  bat  h«  honomiiqr  dMiinnd  on  tb« 
grovnd  that  dnaling  it  •  iMwbnmw  ud 


■nhiwtd  jmetioa,  while  ba  atotod  that 
From  tbla  tima  on, 


U 

Mr.  Wliaoa  wm  eonataatly  ia  pablic 
pottllaal  aarrtea,  and  mpidlj  ram  in 
pofOteHtf,  and  loon  baeuM  ona  of 
Ika  aetumwladfad  almmptona  of  Amari- 
OMi  libartv,  Indapandaat  of  emta  or 
nolor,  in  tba  Banata,  tha  piaar,  and  at 
tha  baltoUboB.  In  1BT»  Mr.  Wilton 
WM  oleetad  to  tba  Yiea-Praaidaney 
with  Oaa.  Ornnt.  In  187S  ha  wm 
Btriokan  with  paralyaia,  fkom  which 
lia  aarar  iU|y  raeovtnd.  Ha  wm  tba 
aathor  of  tha  ft>!h>wiag  worka:  *<  Bia- 
(oiy  oftha  BiM  and  lUl  of  tha  SlaTa 
Fttwar,"  in  two  rolamw ;  "  Hiatery  of 
tha  Aall-flknary  MaMora  la  Oaagiwa ; " 
"Military  MaMorm  of   tha   IJaltad 


Ohanh  party  aadMvar  to  iaaito  tha 
at  to  daada  af  violanoa. 


alM  CfnagrMa,"  and  aararal  othara. 
Mr.  WtlaaAjNbUo  lift  wm  not  elood- 
ad-hy  oaa  olahaBorabla  act,  aad  ha 
■ainiaiaad  hia  loyaltjr  and  poUtleaS 
latagriljT  to  tha  laat  of  hIa  earaar,  and 
ha  WM  daaply  and  alnonaly  moomad. 
Mot.  Sa.  NaariT  ona-half  of  tha  town  of 
TwenmUa,  Ala.,  daatroyad  by  a  itorm 
of  wind  and  rain ;  l^puaona  killad. 

WUlUm  B,  Astor. 

Hot.  M.  J>taM  i/  Wm.  R  AHor,  aklmt 
aoa  aad  principal  heir  at  John  Jacob 
Aatar.  Mr.  Aator  oontribotad  largely 
to  pnblle  eharltlea,  and  made  aereral 
pilrato  pcaaentt  of  Taloa  whilo  HTing. 
Mr.  Aator,  foBowing  tba  example  of 
Ua  fttber,  inreatad  largely  ia  real 
wtly  Bnt- 


aetata,  and  bnllt  mMtly 
iMMaea.  Hit  reat-rolla  ware  anormoa% 
aad  at  80  yeaia  of  ago  ha  ia  eald 
to  hoTa  owned  TiO  hoMM;  in  1875 
ha  paid  taxN  on  $1«,000.000  worth 
of  real  ettato  in  New  York  dty,  and 
tha  probable  rahia  of  hia  aetata  at  the 
time  of  bit  death  wm  abont  945,000,000. 

*  Dea  1.    Sinking  of  the  itaamer  Smuif- 

tUaoathe  Hodton  RlTcr;  11  partoM 
drawned. 

*  Dee.  4.    Eaona  of  Tweed  fkx>m  the  cua- 

tody  of  the  Shcrilfof  New  York  Ooon^. 

*  Deo.  17.    Buminc  of  the  Padflo  Mdl 

ateamar  /opwi,  from  San  Frandico  to 
Yokohama;  a  groat  nomber  of  Urea 
kat. 
I*  Dee.  18.  Fire-dtiap  ezplodon  in  the 
Hntehinton  minea,  near  Kensington, 
Pa. ;  MTeral  liros  were  lost 

*  Dec.    New   Conitltation   of  NebrMka 

ratiflad  by  the  people. 
*'      Daring  the  present  year  the  pnblio  debt 

WM  reduced  $14,844,514.84,  and  the 

contract  (br  reftuding  it  renewed. 
"      Bottvian  Rerolution  suppressed  and  the 

leadera  banished. 
•■      BoHgiona  agitation  ia  Mexico.     The 


ItTI. 


Mm^y  tnd  JSs/iAry. 

**  Beginning  of  the  giMt  reriTala  eoa- 
duoted  bv  Moody  and  Sankay.  Their 
llist  meeting  wm  htM  in  Brookhrn, 
M.  Y.,  in  a  skating-rink,  them  being 
.  no  other  bnllding  hrga  taoacb  to  hold 
tba  andieaoM.  Ia  Phlladaiphia  the 
aMetiaga  were  held  in  a  iMgnt  dapot 
fltted  np  fbr  the  porpnaa,  and  in  Ohi- 
eago  a  '  Tabamaola''  wm  Wll  by  John 
V.  Parwall  exptsmly  Ibr  tha  meetinn, 
amtlng  eoasnrtably  8,000  people.  In 
every  phMW  where  tnaM  erangtUata 
labored  great  aad  Intensely  interested 
andirness  attended,  and  tba  moat  prr- 
ilnt  order  and  qaiat  rtlgnad  throngh- 
out  tha  axsrelsM.  The  preaching  wm 
not  of  a  natnra  to  axdte  nnatlcal  dem- 
OMtratian,  bnt  wm  deeply  impremire, 
and  thooMnda  of  people  olumed  to 
hoTa  been  convertaa.  The  singing  of 
Mr.  Sankey  wm  the  great  and  attract- 
iva  ftatnra  which  drew  the  massM 
outside  of  tha  chnrehee,  and  which 
charmed  erery  ear  that  heard  It. 

"  FoTMt  8rw  in  PeaMylranU.  Property 
to  the  amount  of  |8JOOO,000  deatroTed. 

"  Orsal  InwMWisN  fa  Ttmu.  Fmr  kun- 
dr*i  Heat  tier*  issf. 

"  Serero  atonna  in  tha  South.  Three  hun- 
dred Htm  luet. 

"  Thiaateaed  dlsturbaaoM  in  Loubiana 
checked  by  the  military  under  Gen. 
Sheridan. 

Amnesty  Bill. 

1878.  Jan.  Debate  oo  the  Amneaty  bill,*  Demo- 
cratic maaaura,  Irhloh  propoMd  grant- 
ing pardon  to  all  the  nartidpanta  In 
the  nebdlioo  who  had  Dean  excluded 
tnm  pnwiam  pardoaa  The  bill  re- 
odTCd  the  support  of  173  TOtes,  87 
Toling  against  it;  a  two-thirda  ma- 
Jorihr  not  being  aecured  it  wm  declar- 
ed UMt.  A  second  debate  followed, 
which  WM  charactoriaed  by  a  grmt 
deal  of  blttemem  and  party  atrife,  with 
like  rMulta. 
"  Serioua  difficultiM  between  the  Ameri- 
cana and  ChincM  in  California,  and 
mat  oppodtion  to  OhineM  emigra- 
tion. The  white  population  in  Contra, 
CMto  County,  expelled  the  OhineM  by 
force  and  Sumed  thdr  hooaM  and 
property. 

fVAisJfy  War. 

"  War  upon  the  "  Whiaky  Rings,"  by  Sec- 
retary Bristow,  of  the  Udted  StatM 
Treaaury. 

M  ladictment  of  Oen.  Baboock,  PriTate 
Secretary  and  persond  friend  of  Presi- 
dent Grant,  for  eomplidty  in  the 
whiaky  flrauds.  A  generd  Inrestiga- 
tion  revealed  the  mMt  corrupt  and 
wide-spread  combination  among  reT- 
enuo  officers,  distillers,  and  wbolewle 
Tenders  to  deA«ud  the  GoTemment 

"  Feb.  5.  The  gallery  in  Kobinson's  Opera 
Boom,  Cincinnati,  gare  way  daring  a 
Sunday-school  festWd;  tweWe  Htcs 
were  loet  and  a  score  of  persons 
injured. 

"  Feb.  8.  Destructive  fire  on  Broadway, 
N.  Y.     LoM  $8,000,000. 

**  Feb.  10.  Death  of  Hon.  Reverdy  John- 
son, the  distinguished  jurist,  in  An- 
napolis, Md.,  aged  70. 


1878.  Feb.  IS.    ExptoaloBiaaeor.ierTat  Waal 
Pittabnrg,  Pa.;  taveral    klDad    and 
wounded. 
••      rkb.17.  Death  of  Rer.  Ilomea  DwhaelL 
DD.,  ia  Hartifbrd,  01,  aged  SO. 

Charl*ttt  CuthmaH. 

**  Fab.  18.  DMth  of  Charlotte  Owhman, 
grMtAuericaadagerandMtraas.  She 
WM  one  of  the  nmet  talented  and  so> 
complished  women  of  her  day.  As  a 
singer,  her  career  WM  abort;  hMingher 
Tdee,  she  studied  Ibr  the  stage,  and  m 
an  actress,  her  ftma  wm  world-wide. 
She  aoqdred  a  large  ibrtnne  and  tha 
udrarMl  rMpeot  and  esteem  of  aU 
olaaaw  at  home  and  abroad. 

**  Feb.  88.  Sleeping-car  thrown  from  tht 
trMk  and  burned  on  the  Hariam  Rdl> 
rood  exlenaloa;  acTerd  warn  killed. 
amonjB  whom  Mr.  BIssell  and  son,  of 
the  Sherman  Honae,  Ch'cago,  wtra 
burned  in  the  car. 

"  March.  Terrible  raTagea  of  the  hng 
cholera  tbronghont  the  V  Western  Stataai 
eapeddly  Illlnuia. 

•*  March  8.  Burning  of  the  Old  People't 
liome,  a  Cathollo  charitable  inatltotlon, 
in  Rrouhiyn,  N.  Y.  Eighteen  aK«d  snd 
decrepit  men  were  snffocatad  snd 
liumra  to  death. 
March  8.  Frelabt  trdn,  with  one  pi«> 
MUKor  car,  fell  through  a  bridge  on  tlte 
Banlmore  A  Ohio  lUilroad  and  killtjd 
eleven  persons. 
March  80.  Bursting  of  a  reMrroir  nt 
Worcester,  Msm.  The  floo<l  carried 
everrthlng  before  it  for  nine  milea,  and 
flnallT  Mttled  upon  a  large  tract  m 
meadow  bud.  MilHona  of  dolfan 
worth  of  property  wm  drntrayed,  but 
no  Uvea  ware  Mat. 

Alexander  T.  Stewart. 

April  10.  DMth  of  Alexander  T.  Stew* 
art,  the  proprietor  of  the  hu^^  retdl 
diy-goooa  houM  in  the  world.  His 
peiaond  wealth  WM  Mtimated  at  $50,* 
000,000  at  the  time  of  hia  death.  He 
left  no  blood  relaliTea,  and  tha  bulk  of 
his  Citato  WM  glTcn  to  his  wife.  He 
bequMthed  $l,000,000to  Judge  Hilton, 
whom  be  made  one  of  the  ezecuton  ot 
his  will.  Mrs.  Stewart  wm  appointed 
in  his  will  to  carry  out  all  his  oharitabie 
plans,  one  of  which  wm  the  buUdiDg 
of  a  mammoth  and  magnifloent  hotd 
at  Fourth  ATenue  and  8Sd  Street,  New 
York,  M  a  "Home  for  Working 
Women."  The  hooM  wm  built  and 
Bed  under  the  anperTlaion  of  Judge 


opena 
initoi 


lilton,  but  the  terma  were  in  keeping 
only  with  high-ealaried  clerka,  ana  tba 
restrictions  were  such  .m  no  high- 
minded  and  intelligent  woman  ooald 
snbmit  ta  Therefore  the  "  Home  for 
Working  Women  "  became  a  magnifl- 
cent  flulnre,  and  wm  conTerted  into 
a  hotel.  Mr.  Stewart's  public  oharitiea 
were  munificent.  He  sent  a  sbip-lnad 
of  provisions  to  Ireland  during  the 
fiwune  of  1840,  a  ship-load  of  dour  to 
France  for  the  sufferers  in  the  Franco- 
German  war,  and  to  the  sufTerers  by  the 
Ckioago  fire  he  sent  $80,000. 

May  7.  Death  of  Buell  bpragua,  at 
Flushing,  L.  I.,  an  eminent  American 
clergyman,  and  author  of  many  loligiouu 
and  literary  worka. 

May  17.    Boiler  explodon  on  tha  ateamai 


■  ooT.Mr*  •!  W«l 
ml    MlM    tad 

UoMM  HuahMlL 
•gMieo. 

arioHa  OwhBM, 
rMdMlrcM.  t)h« 
talmted  and  r> 
f  htr  day.  At  • 
•hort;  l««lDgher 
tb«  lUgf,  md  M 
WM  worM-wide. 
•  fortOBii  Md  the 
id  Mtarat  of  all 
ibraad. 

thrown  from  Iha 
the  Hariam  Rail- 
'wal  war*  hilled, 
iieell  and  eoo,  of 
e,  Cb'eago,  w«a 

Kce  of  the  bng 
le  \iretteni  Statu, 

the  Old  People*! 

ritable  inatitntinB, 

Eighteen  %^fd  and 

ralTocated    «acl 

lin,  with  one  piia- 
;h  a  bridge  on  the 
tailioad  and  killtd 

of  a  reaertoir  nt 
The  flood  carried 
R>r  nine  milea,  and 
a  huge  timet  of 
lIHons  of  dolian 
raa  deetroyed,  bat 


Sttwart. 

lounder  T.  Btew* 

the  la^geat  retail 

the  world.    Hia 

eatimated  at  fSO,. 

'  hia  death.    He 

and  the  bulk  of 

to  Ml  wife.    He 

0  to  Judge  nilt«in, 

>ftheezeentor:4ot 

ut  wae  appointed 

allhiachariUble 

was  the  bnUdioK 

magnifleent  hotel 

laid  Street,  New 

for    Working 

iraa  built  and 

•rridon  of  Judge 

were  in  keening 

Bd  clerka,  and  the 

oh  .aa  no    high« 

nt  woman  could 

the  "  Home  for 

)came  a  magnid- 

la  oouTert^d  into 

't  public  oharitiea 

•ent  a  ahip-load 

iland  during  the 

p-load  ut'  dour  to 

1  in  the  Franco- 

le  tuiTeren  by  the 

80,000. 

lell  bpragua.  at 
minent  American 
of  many  raliglouti 

lontheateanMi 


CHRONOLOOT. 


UT 


m 


the  MlMlMlppl 
Inoloding  tu 


Pat.  OlMlMtriM  OB 
RlTart  nlM  panoM, 
captain,  ware  hillad. 
"  May  !•.  Oraanbiwk  National  OoaTanlloa 
mat  la  ladianapoila,  and  nomiaaled 
Patar  Cooprr,  of  New  York,  fbr  Praal- 
dant.  with  Senator  Booth,  of  California, 
for  Vioa-Prealdent. 

Gintral  CutUr. 

*  MavU-M.    Shocking  maiaaora  of  Pan. 

Ouatar  and  hia  antua  company  by  the 
Indiana  of  Big  LIttIa  Horn  RiTar, 
Tallowatona  eountfy.  The  pradaMa 
of  M^  Reno,  and  the  timely  arrlral 
of  Oan.  Tarry,  aavad  the  whole  ai< 
peditlon  from  the  Mma  Ihta.  Oen. 
Cuatar  waa  a  ralued  and  brara  ofltoer 
In  the  war  of  the  Rebellion.  Hie  flret 
poattiaB  waa  that  <tf  Staff  Oflfoer  under 
Brig.-Qen.  Kearney.  He  wm  one  of 
Qan.  Moaellan'a  aldea  during  the  Pa- 
■inanlar  campaign,  and  waa  afterward 
made  Brigadler^eaeral  of  cavalry, 
having  two  horeea  shot  under  him  at 
the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  and  hia 
brisade  led  the  column  In  Bheridaa'a 
raid  toward  Richmond.  In  July,  18M, 
he  waa  made  Lleutenaat-Cotonei  of  U. 
B.  cavalry,  with  the  brevet  rank  of 
MiOo'-Oeneral,  and  waa  thereafter  en- 
gaged in  the  ftuntler  lervlce.  Oen. 
Ouater  was  one  of  the  moet  courageout 
and  daahing  cavalry  leadera  in  the 
aervloe.  Uu  aohievementa  during  the 
war  were  of  the  moat  brilliant  kind. 

*  Uny  80.  Great  fire  in  Quebec ;  nearly  000 

Booaoa  deatroyed. 

Sitting  Bull. 

*  Thia  year  U  memorable  for  the  Indian 

war  between  Sitting  Bull  with  hia  hoe- 
tile  bands  and  Oen.  Crook  with  hia 
command  of  S,000  men,  who,  during 
eight  months,  marched  8,800  milea. 
870  Indiana  were  captured,  8S0  killed, 
400  wounded,  800  lodges  deatroyed. 
which  repreaented  the  homea  of  8,000 
Indiana. 

Centettmal  ExfositicH, 

Grand  Centennial  Exposition,  or  celebrar- 
tion  of  the  one  hundredth  birthday  of 
the  United  SUtee  Republic,  In  Phila- 
delphia. The  whole  nation  was  repre- 
sented by  the  must  skillfUl  and  com- 
plete workmanship  of  her  artisans. 
All  enterprises  and  industries  being 
repreaented,  firom  the  simplest  me- 
chanical contrivance  to  the  grandeat 
achievements  of  art  All  nations  of  the 
earth  were  invited  to  participate,  and 
moat  of  them  wore  represented  with 
their  beautlAii  waree  and  the  prodncta 
of  their  wonderftd  skill  and  workman- 
ship. The  main  tmildintt,  composed 
of  iron  and  ghua,  covered  an  area  of 
more  than  twenty  aerea,  and  costins 
upwards  of  fliSOOiOOO.  The  horticif 
tural  grounds  occupied  a  space  of  about 
forty  acres.  Tho  aum  of  16,000,000 
was  eipended  in  bnildinn  and  getting 
the  grounda  in  order.  The  total  re- 
ceipta  men  than  doaUcd  that  of  any 
world's  Mr,  being  $8,182,400.  Tho 
Centennial  KzpotitMii  waa  a  grand 
auccess,  nothing  happening  to  hinder 
the  progiaat  or  mar  ue  perfect  order 
af  the  MOgramaaa  ilrom  oeginning  to 
mA.   tt  ofwned  Jdy  4fh  with  mort 


liri. 


aparoprlata  and  ImptNlng  caramnBlaa, 
and  waa  attended  by  the  chief  dignl- 
tariaa  of  our  own  country  and  maav 
eminent  represantatlvea  mm  the  varl- 
008  nations  of  the  earth.  Dom  Pedro 
II.,  Kmperor  of  Bradl,  waa  Ihe  only 
crowned  rspraaanlatlva  of  earth's  mon- 
arehtea  present. 
Jana  8.  A  bill  passed  In  the  Senate 
aatborliing  the  Prealdeat  to  appoint 
five  commuslonera  to  treat  with  the 
Blonz  ladiaaa  fbr  the  oatakm  of  the 
Black  Rllb  lagloa. 

Santa  Anna, 

Jone  SO.  Death  of  Antonio  Lopai  De 
Banto  Anna,  a  Mexican  General,  hi 
the  Oitr  of  Mexico.  Santo  Anna  baipu 
hU  military  career  In  1811  against  the 
Royalists,  and  In  1888  waa  given  the 
commaad  of  Vera  Crui.  but  Ms  in- 
anbofdlaation  led  to  his  alsmisaal,  and 
he  took  revenge  by  aiding  In  the 
downMI  of  the  Bmperor  Iturbide,  after 
he  had  repelled  the  Bpaniab  invasion 
under  Borradas.  In  Beptumber,  1889, 
he  waa  made  Minister  of  War  and 
Commander-in-chief  of  the  army,  and 
subsequently  headed  two  sucoessfiil  in- 
surrections, and  in  March,  1888,  he  waa 
made  Prksidentj  but  though  a  Ihvorite 
with  the  army,  he  was  nnpopnUr  with 
the  nation,  beini  suspeoted  of  aiming 
at  the  imperiaf  crown.  During  his 
PrcHldenoy  several  Insurrections  broke 
oat,  the  most  formidable  of  which  was 
crushed  by  him  on  May  11,  1880. 
Upon  the  Insurrection  In  Texaa,  Santo 
Anna  took  the  field  In  person,  and  wu 
Instmmentol  in  the  perpetration  of 
'Several  aavage  massaoraa,  and  was 
rooted  and  taken  prisoner  by  Bam, 
Houston  at  San  Jacinto  and  banished, 
He  waa  reealled  to  Meiico  in  1840  and 
appointed  Generalissimo  of  the  Mesi 
can  army  and  Provisional  President, 
and  was  defoated  in  everv  battle ;  and 
soon  after  the  fUl  of  Mexico  he  re- 
aigned  the  Frealdency,  and  with  the 
permission  of  the  American  Com- 
mander-in-chief he  Balled  for  Jamaica 
on  April  0, 1848.  In  1888  Santo  Anna 
retomed  to  Mexico,  and  was  received 
with  enthusiasm  by  the  people,  and 
appointed  Preaident;  but  he  soon 
fomented  a  new  revolution  and  was 
appointed  President  for  life.  But  his 
despotic  rule  brought  about  the  revolu- 
tion under  Alvarez,  which  resulted  in 
the  abdication  of  Santa  Anns  sod  his 
exile  to  Havana.  Duriog  tho  French 
invasion  he  returned  to  Mexico,  but 
rising  disturbances  led  to  hi*  banish- 
ment in  1864.  He  was  appointed  Grand 
Marshal  i  *  the  empire  oy  Maximilian, 
but  was  implicated  in  a  conspiracy 
against  the  Emperor  in  1860  and  he 
again  retired  from  Mexico.  In  1867 
he  made  a  Ust  attempt  to  gain  the 
ascendency  in  Mexico,  but  waa  taken 
prifmner  at  Vera  Crar.  and  condemned 
to  death.  He  was  pardoned  by  Jnarea 
on  consideration  of  his  quitting  the 
Mexican  soil  forever,  and  no  came  to 
the  United  States.  After  the  death  of 
Juarez  be  was  permitted  to  return  to 
Mexico. 

June  97.  Democratic  National  Conven- 
tion met  at  St  Louis,  nominating  Gov. 
Samuel  J.  Tilden,  of  N.  T.,  for  Presi- 
dent, with  Hon.  Thomaa  A.  Hendricks, 
of  Indiana,  for  "nce-Ptesident 


\tn%.  Jw.    Wlnatow    ralsaasa    u  Lcadoa. 

IxtradlMon  thna  aadad. 
»      July.  Hamburg,  B.  P.,  aaaaaaw  of  negro 

■iUUamaa  by  Battar  aad  otkara. 
"     July  4.    Tarrlile  atcm  in  Iowa.    Pcrty* 

two  parsons  drowned  la  tba  viltaga  of 

Rookdala. 
•<      July  8.    Oaatia  Oordaa,  N.  T.  Olty,  da- 

suwyad  bf  flia, 
**     July  10.     Baraiag  of  tiia  piopeiler  A. 

Olatr  «m  Lake  Saparior.    wvaataaa 
tad  tan  or  tha  ofow  feat 


StUHoaw—Hat^ftri. 

Aug.  1  Bhootiag  of  Fraada  Haaford, 
Principal  of  the  Nartb«NTlaioB  High- 
School,  Chicago,  IIL  by  Alexander 
SalUvaa.  Baeratairy  of  tha  Board  of 
Public  Work^  upon  tha  allagad  pobllc 
Insolt  oflhrad  nia  wtfo  In  chargea  pr^ 
furred  agalast  bar  by  Mr.  Haalbird  be- 
fore tha  CItv  Council,  aad  which  Mr. 
Hanford  reraeed  to  retract  la  tba 
communicatioa  (which  Mr.  Hanford 
declared  to  have  been  a  ooafldenUal 
note  to  one  of  tha  Aldarmm,  aad 
which  ha  very  inlndicioualy  read  !>•• 
fiire  tho  Council)  Mr.  Hanford  charged 
Mra.  Balllvan  with  "being  tho  inaU- 
gator  of  all  tha  deviltry  connected 
with  tha  legistetion  of  the  Board  of 
BducaMon.  That  her  Infloaaea  with 
the  Mavor  had  secured  tho  dismissal 
of  tha  aMratary.of  Mm  Board  of  PnbUo 
Worka,  and  tha  appointment  of  bar  boa- 
band  in  hia  place;  also  cf  being  con- 
nected witii  a  •  ring '  whUk  oon&olied 
the  Board  of  Idneation,  aad  which 
was  hostito  to  Mr.  PIckard,  ttia  OcMral 
Superintendent  of  tha  City  Schooli," 
eto.  Mr.  Salltvaa  arrived  at  tba  Coaa- 
oil  Chamber  Jost  after  the  commnnlcv 
tion  had  been  read,  aad  upon  receiving 
a  copy  of  the  same,  also  being  In- 
formed that  Mr.  Hanford  was  the  au- 
thor, ho  repaired  fanmediataly  to  tho 
houae  of  Mr.  Hanford,  In  company 
with  hia  wifo  and  brother,  aad  in  tho 

Sresencc  of  several  of  Mr.  Hanford*)! 
■lends,  also  of  Mrs.  Hanford,  he  de- 
manded an  immediate  aad  written  re- 
traction, that  ha  might  have  it  pub- 
lished in  the  morning  papera,  to  coun- 
teract the  statement  which  had  been 
read  before  the  Coundl,  and  which 
would  also  appear.  Mr.  Hanford  de- 
clared that  he  waa  able  to  ftally  aub- 
stantiate  what  he  had  said,  and  would 
proceed  to  do  ao  at  the  proper  time 
and  plaoe.  Mr.  SnlUvau  dcnianded 
immMiaU  fvtnieMon,  and  Mr.  Hanford 
refused,  whereupon  Mr.  Sulliyan,  call- 
ing him  a  villain  and  a  dog,  atmek 
him,  and  they  both  fell  to  the  ground. 
The  parUea  were  here  aeparalcd,  whan 
Mrs.  Bullivan  and  her  husband's  broth- 
er came  up,  and  a  acnflle  ensued  be- 
tween them  and  Mr.  Hanford,  during 
which  Mrs.  Sullivan  oalled  out  that 
Mr.  Hanford  had  struck  her.  Mr. 
Bullivan  immediately  produced  a  pla- 
tol  and  shot  Mr.  Hanford,  who  waa 
carried  into  the  house,  where  he  died 
in  half  an  hour.  Mr.  Sullivan  waa  ar- 
rested and  examined  before  a  coro- 
ner's Jury,  who  rendered  the  foUowi^ 
verdict : 

"That  the  said  Frances  Haaford^ 
now  lying  dead  at  No.  867  Oak  Street 
iA  the  dty  of  Obicaura,  Oonnty  of 
Cpok,  aiid  State  qf  IlQiMii>  coma  tff 
his  death  o9  the  7tl>  day  of  A.ufWW! 


\  Ami  •  pliVtMMt  wnmd  !■«•»• 
bjr  ft  pbtol  Of  Nvolfw  ia  tkt  kanda 
AwiMMtw  BttlUfaa,  Md  ttwtfew 


i« 


! 


t .' 


•d- 

•r 

to  koUuId  AInawlw  8«mnM  Ibr 
flvtbtr  aiMitMtiM  bdbn  lh«  Uita. 
twU  Cowt  withMt  iMil." 

SnUivmiit  Trial. 

*  Tk«  am  trial  or  Aleiandor  MHva«  ibr 
tha  MiKMr  of  Franela  Baaibrd,  bagaa 
Ootobar  IMh,  !■  tho  Orindnal  Court 
ti  OUoMo,  ballDro  Jadga  MoAIHator, 
tba  oaly  Judga  la  Iha  oouaty  whoi  aa 
■llaKaJ.  waa  act  pt^Jndleed  agaioat 
kirn.  *no  Oont  waa  orowdad  with 
Qnat  diflkultj  waa  ai- 
la  aaeariag  a  Jnry.  Tba 
tearth  daj  tka  Ittb  Juror  waa  aaourad, 
•ad  atwaadlBga  bana.  Couaaai  Ibr 
llM  fibaaa,  If.  W.  (yBrlaa,  TbouMa 


fcwSTX 


aad  Laoaaid  Swatt:  Col  Tan 
Anaaa  aifdM  Chariai  Reed,  th4 
Btato^  Attoiaejr,  la  the  pnaeentlon. 
Ob  Wodaaadaj,  Oct  Mtb,  at  S.80  r.a., 
tka  Jury  ratlrad.  When  tney  ratnraed, 
tbay  daolarad  a  dttagieement  of  eieren 
to  one;  wkerauaoa  Judge  McAlllttar 
dlaokamd  tka  Jury,  aad  admitted  Mr. 
BulHraa  to  ball  After  the  trial  there 
waa  a  food  deal  of  dlMatlaftotloa  ai> 
pnaaag  aa  to  Ita  leauHa.  A  patitloa 
waa  dreulatad,  aad  aigaed  by  8,000 
perioaa,  dtlieaa  of  tka  county,  prar- 
ing  tka  realgaatloa  of  Judge  ]loAll» 
ter.  Tke  ^tloa  waa  fweeated  to 
him  ia  the  Coort^ooaa  by  a  comaiu 
tee  of  ftapectaUe  aad  dignliad  gentle- 
men nf  tae  eooaty,  to  walok  ke  paid 
ao  atteatloa,  entf*  to  order  kia  eierk 
to  put  it  oa  ile. 


tke  lemad  trial  of  Mr.  BulHraa  for 
the  aiarder  of  Fraaoia  Haaford  begaa 
Tab.  S8tk,  1877,  aad  cloeed  Maroh  0th, 
whea  the  Jury  rdmaed  a  rerdiet  of 
"Not  fuilV.*  and  Mr.  Snlliraa  waa 
releaaoo,  aad  walked  out  of  Court  a 
Area  maa  amid  the  cbeen  aad  coa> 
RratulatioBa  of  hta  frieada. 

Aug.  IS.  Eatiro  buaineea  portloa  ti 
Wcetport,  N.  Y^  deatrmred  by  Are. 

Aug.  loT  Death  of  Roa.  lOohael  0. 
Karr,  Speaker  of  the  Hauae  of  Repre- 
•eatallTea,  aged  40  yean. 

Sept.  L  laaao  Waahburn  died  at  Ufer- 
Biore,  Me.,  at  the  aoe  of  niaety-oae 
yeark  He  waa  the  ather  of  ez-Oor. 
waabbura,  of  Maine,  Elihn  B.  Weak- 
bura,  Miaiater  to  Frimoe,  and  ex-Oor. 
CadwahMler  0.  Waahburn,  of  Wiaooa- 
Bin. 

Sept  4.  Town  of  St.  Hyadntho,  Ontaria 
daetroyed  by  Are.  OOObonaca  bumea 
aad  4,000  people  h  jmeleaa. 

TAt    Yonger   Brothtrt  and  th* 
NorihfitU  BiUtk  Robhtry. 

8ept  7.  Bold  attempt  of  eight  armed 
Oeapendoea  on  hoiaeback  to  rob  a  bank 
In  opea  day,  in  Northfleld,  Price  Coun- 
ty, wnn.  Five  of  tbe  gang  remained 
outside  to  Kuard  the  entrance,  shoot- 
ing indiscriminately  to  frighten  the 
aitiaens,  while  the  other  throe  entered 
the  bank,  spkinging  over  tlie  counter, 
aad  holding  a  knife  at  the  throat  of  the 
caahler,  J,  C.  Haywood,  ordering  him 
to  opea  tba  Tault,  while  the  other  two 
"  d  the  assistant  cashier  and 
to  bold  up  their  baada.    Hay. 


OHBONOLOOT. 

ItTC  wood  rafkeed  to  opea  tka  Taalt^  aad 
tkay  akot  kim  dead  oa  the  spot  Tkay 
tkea  ordered  kie  aaelataat  to  opea  It, 
but  ha  daaled  kaowiag  the  oomblaa- 
Itoa.  and  raa  out  of  tke  baek  door,  ra- 
oelnng  a  wouad  in  the  sknulder. 
Meaawklle  tke  oltiaena  eolleeted,  aad 


opeaed  Ore  upoa  the  rnbbeia  oatrfde, 
killing  two  aad  wonadlag  oaa.  Tka 
faawlaiag  Ore  eeeapad,  earrylag  tka 


„  Tkey  folM,  bow- 
ia  seeuriag  tka  bhmm.  Orial 
eseitaBMBt  prerallad,  aad  tka  wkola 
eouatry  w«n  arouaed  aad  la  kot  pur- 
suit. Mat  Ibr  two  weaka  they  wera 
UBaUa  to  oapturo  tkenk  Unoa  tka 
•let  of  September,  four  of  taem,  oa 
foot,  eatcred  tlw  form'koaao  of  Mr. 
Baabora,  eight  mllw  frea  MadaUa,  to 
pruaara  food.  A  aoa  of  the  Aiaar, 
aavaatsaa  yean  of  age,  agaiaat  tke 
.  .       -.     -  ..       '    "n  jor 


wlakea  of  kia  iktker,  took 
tka  ataUe  aad  rode  aa  fost  aa  be  could 
to  Madalia,  aad  aroused  tbe  oitlsena, 
aad  about  flfty  maa,  armed  and  on 
koiaabaek,  punned  them.  They  came 
upoa  tbe  robben  Are  mllea  west  of 
the  towa,  white  they  were  oroniag  a 
manh,  wkiek  tka  punuen  could  aot 
ciuaa  witk  their  korsea.  Tkey  sur- 
loanded  tke  aiarak,  aad  fouad  tkem 
aaeratad  oa  one  eide  in  tke  buehea  and 
tan  grasa.  The  reoklesa  ft^wa  llred 
upoa  tkeir  pursuers,  wko  retoraed  It, 
wounding  three  aad  killing  oaa. 
Tkrea  of  the  gaag  ooafeeaed  to  belag 
tke  notorious  *'Tonger  Biotkera,"  weQ 
kaowB  aa  robben  and  highwaymen. 
Thev  wen  the  moat  cool  and  daeperato 
of  onaraetera,  aad  defended  themaelrea 
to  the  laat  with  aoonrage  wortbT  of  a 
better  cauae.  They  wen  tried  and 
plead  gniltv,  aad  wen  seateaced  to 
three  yean  in  the  Peaiteatiary. 

Sept  8.  Tweed  arraated  at  Vifa,  Bpala, 
and  returned  to  the  United  Btataa. 

Baal.  is.  i>MiMyiEmfyil)MaN<l(r  WiM^ 
QoTarnor  of  Ylrglala  aad  Brig.-Oea.  ia 
tba  Ooafederato  army,  aged  70  yeara. 

Bishop  Janet. 

Sept  IS.  Death  of  Her.  Edmund  Slorer 
Jaaea,  Seaior  Bishop  of  the  M.  B. 
Church. 

Sept  S9.  Disaster  on  the  Faa-Handle 
Railroad  near  Colnmbua,  O.  Four  can 
rolled  down  an  emiMmkment.  Over 
thirty  penons  seriously  injured  and 
fonrkined. 

YilUm  fwr  at  Sotannah,  Augusta,  and 
Brunawiok,  Oa.  Out  of  a  population 
of  8,000  in  Brnnawtok,  then  «en  000 
caaee.  The  Howarda  of  New  Orieana 
sent  phyaidana  and  auraea. 

AfoUie  Jfagm'ret. 

Oct  Trials,  sentencea,  and  exeoationa  of 
Mollie  Magnirea  in  the  mining  diatriota 
of  Pennsylvania.  A  dangeroua  Order 
and  aecKt  organisatioa  which  eom< 
mitted  many  cold-blooded  mnrden. 

Oct  19.  A  terrible  Iwiler  ezploeion  in 
Pittsburg,  Pa.  Sixty  persons  buried 
in  tbe  ruinn ;  fifty-eeven  killed  and 
wounded.  Tho  shock  wsa  felt  dia- 
tinctly  two  miles  from  the  wreck.  The 
ruins  took  fin  and  the  s^ne  waa 
heart-rendinff, 

Nov.  Woman's  National  Temperance 
Conventian  held  ia  Clenlaad;  alxteen 
Statea  repreeented, 


1818.  Dam  of  Ike  graalLfada  Brook  Raaartalr, 
Bear  Woroaatsr,  Uim,,  givaa  muj,  aad 
a  vaat  amouat  of  property  deatnyad. 

Atttm/t  (0  Jta  Umolrit  Gravt. 

a 

*  Hav.  7.    Dastardly  attempt  to  rnb  th< 

Cava  of  Proddent  Lincoln,  at  Spring* 
M,  III.,  by  a  oouple  of  deeperadoea, 
Mnlliaa  aad  Hughee.  They  were 
tried  Juae  I,  1877,  flwnd  guilty,  and 
saateaoed  to  oaa  year  each  In  tka 
Peaiteatiary. 
'  Saaato  paasad  a  bill  reducing  the  safatriea 
of  an  QoTerameat  oflklala. 

*  Nor.  18.  JtweMifN  i%  JVaWov;  defrnt  c' 

tka  Ooreramaat  army  under  Oen,  Diaa. 

••      Nor.  18.    FaUofPuabkk 

"  Nor.  81.  FHgbt  of  Preeldent  Lerdo  IVom 
the  capital  with  half  a  mlllioa  ia 
moaay,  eaoorted  by  1,000  men,  10 
carrii^ee,  aad  100  aztn  borsea. 

••  Nor,  88.  Qaa.  Olaa  eaten  the  City  of 
Mexico  In  the  aridat  of  splendid  demon* 
stnUoa,  aad  the  leading  towns  and 
dtlea  daclan  diegianoe  to  hie  Qorern* 
meat 

"  Nor.  84.  T.erdo'a  aeeort  forsake  him, 
learlng  him  but  800  men. 

**      Nor.  80.    Oaa.  Diu  was  oflldally  aa- 
nooBced  aa  Prorialonal  President 
War  botweea  Baa  Balrador  and  Ouata> 

mala. 
RevolutloB  la  Honduraa. 
CoL  Balta,  Preeldent  of  Peru,  waa  mur^ 
lered,  and  waa  snccseded  by  Pmdo, 
who  waa  elected  for  four  years. 

Bumii^  of  tkt  Brooklyn  Tktattt. 

Dec.  8.  Buning  of  the  Brooklya  Theater, 
which  took  8n  ftooi  tke  wlad  blowiag 
oae  of  the  files  apoa  the  stage  against 
a  gaa-Jet,  which  waa  uaprotMted.  870 
livee  wen  reported  loet,  among  whom 
were  H.  S.  Hurdock,  a  rciy  populu 
actor,  aad  Okmde  Burroughs,  a  young 
actor  of  rising  reputation.  Tho 
majority  of  theae  unfortunate  rictima 
wan  from  the  third  tier,  and  the  great 
deatruction  was  caused  by  the  stdr- 
waya  aad  lobby  giving  way,  predpitat> 
big  tba  whole  man  below,  killing  and 
smotkering  tkem  in  a  great  heapv  for 
the  terrible  holocauat  awdting  them. 

Extraordinary  Meteor. 

Deo.  81.  Passage  of  an  extraordinary 
meteor  from  8.  E.  to  N.  W.,  which  waa 
witaeesed  from  Kansas  t«  Pennsylmnia 
and  from  Wiscondn  to  Kentucky,  and 
described  aa  bdng  aa  krgo  as  an 
ordinary  waahtob,  with  a  tail  nearly 
400  feet  in  length,  producing  a  noise, 
in  aoma  placee,  which  was  described 
aa  lander  than  a  whole  battery,  and 
lightlaff  up   tba  aky  with  a  vivid 


CremtUion. 

Dae.  8.  Tba  flnt  fomace  built  at  Wash- 
ingtoa,  Peaa_  by  Dr.  F.  J.  Le  Moine, 
sAd  ooet  11,800. 

Deo.  0.  Tba  flrst  public  crematioa  was 
that  of  the  body  of  Bwon  de  Palm. 
The  body  waa  puead  in  the  retort  at 
8(  A.  M.,  aad  at  i0.40  the  cramation 
waa  declared  to  be  complete.  The 
direct  coat  of  the  operation  waa  |7.01 
Tba  body  waa  irragt*^  in  a    *    ' 


h  **^*«fc.r..- 


to  Brook  RMiVfSK 
»,  ifiym  way,  «m 
parly  dwirajoil. 

UntMi  Gravt, 

Mampt  to  mb  Ui« 
.incoln,  at  Bpriag* 
le  of  dtaparadaaa, 
iM.  Th«*  warv 
found  guilty,  and 
yaar  moIi  in  tba 

loeing  tho  aalarica 


iJfaWM;  daftatc' 
y  uadar  0«b.  Olaa. 
>la. 

Mldent  Lardo  ftmn 
lair  a  millloB  ia 
r  t,000  man,  It 
Etrabonaa. 
ratan  tha  City  of 
>f  pplandid  demun* 
•diDg  t«iwM  and 
aoa  to  bla  Oorem* 

eort  foiaaka  bia, 

man. 

waa  ofleially  as- 

lal  Freaidant. 

rador  and  Qnat^ 


Df  Pern,  wu  mnr- 
Daadad  by  Pndo. 
four  yaara. 

rookfytt  TAeattf, 

BrooklyiiTbaaltv, 
tba  wind  blowiBf 
tha  ataga  against 
uaprotMted.  970 
loat,  among  wbom 
k,  a  Tcry  popular 
UTOugbi,  a  young 
'MMtation.  Tbo 
ifortnnata  Tlotima 
tier,  and  tba  great 
•ed  by  the  stair* 
ig  way,  preeipitat* 
balow,  killing  and 
a  great  beap^  te 
awaiting  them. 

y  Meteor. 

an  extraordinary 
N.  W„  wblch  was 
la  to  Pennsylranla 
to  Kontnoky,  and 
aa  largo  aa  an 
Itb  a  Uil  nearly 
roducing  a  noise, 
ih  waa  deacribed 
lola  battery,  and 
witb  a  vlyid 


w  built  at  Wash- 
.  F.  J.  Le  Moine, 

0  crematioa  waa 
Baron  de  Pain. 

in  tbe  retort  at 
a  the  cremation 

complete.  Tha 
ration  waa  %1M. 
"   In  a    ■ 


ORItONOLOOT 


•II 


1877. 


IKI.  aaturated  with  alum,  to  prorent  ax-flSTS. 
poaura  afttr  tbe  cloth  waa  burned  away, 
aad  waa  surrounded  with  llowera  and 
arargreans.  About  an  ho<ir  aftvr  tba 
baralng  began,  a  mae-oolored,  mUty 
light  aurroanding  the  body  waa  ub- 
aamd.  In  annlher  hour,  tbe  Ittdy 
had  baeomo  red-hot,  and  tha  roay  mist 
had  tumtNl  to  a  golden  color.  The 
aahea  of  tba  deoeaaed  wore  placed  in  aa 
um  made  for  that  purpoaa. 

A$ktttMa  Horror. 

•  Dae.  N.    A  diaaatar.  tha  aaal  appalling 

In  Its  nature  wMoh  avar  oceurrad  in 
tbe  history  of  railway  tn?el,  took  place 
$X  a  bridge  naar  Aahtabnhi  atation  in 
Obia  at  about  alght  o'clock  in  the 
erening,  A  pasaange^train  of  ah)ren 
cars,  baaring  100  hnaian  beings,  went 
down  with  the  bridge  into  a  dreadAil 
chasm  70  Ibet  in  depth  snd  Into  the 
creek  below,  the  wreck  taking  Are  im- 
medlateW.  The  weather  was  extremely 
cold,  and  a  blinding  snow-sturm  waa 
driring  befbra  a  furious  gule.  One 
hundred  persons  were  kilted  outright 
or  burned  to  death.  Tha  flamea  apread 
io  rapidly,  and  the  beat  waa  so  neat, 
that  thoaa  buried  in  the  HhrU  or  held 
fhat  in  the  wreck  eould  not  he  extricated, 
and  were  left  to  their  fate.  But  two 
or  three  of  tbe  sixty  persona  reaoued 
eaoaped  ii^ury,  and  aereral  died  from 
their  wounds.  Taken  altogether,  this 
was  tha  moat  terrible  railraad  diaaatar 
which  has  erer  occurred  In  this  coun- 
try. Mr.  P.  P.  Bliss,  the  noted  rerival 
ainger,  with  bis  wife,  weia  aatong  tbe 
victims. 

The  Coroner's  Verditt. 

The  Terdict  of  tho  eoroner'a  Jury  in 
tha  AshtabuU  disaster,  was  "  that  the 
fbll  of  the  bridge  was  the  result  of  da- 
feota  and  errors  made  in  deaigning, 
constructing,  and  erecting  it;  that 
the  raihroad  company  continued  to  uae 
this  bridge  for  over  ten  yeara  without 
attempting  to  discorer  the  defbcta, 
which  were  perfectly  apparent  to  any 
practical  engineer;  also,  that  tbe  oara 
were  not  heated  with  a  proper  ap- 
paratus, ao  that  Are  could  be  imme- 
diately extlnguialied  in  case  of  acci- 
dent ;  that  the  lUlnre  to  um  the  steam- 
pump  in  the  pumping-bouse,  and  the 
means  prepared  to  extinguish  the  fire 
was  the  direct  fault  of  tboae  who  were 
first  on  the  ground;  also,  that  tbe 
chief  engineer  failed  to  uae  tbe  fire- 
engine  and  hoae  in  extinguishing  tbe 

*  fluiea  before  tba  bodiea  of  the  Tiotims 
were  consumed ;  and  for  the  caaualty 
and  its  fearflil  reaulta  the  railroad  com- 
pany were  responsible. 

Belknap's  Fall. 

**  This  year  waa  noted  for  tha  expoanre  of 
"official  oormptiona"  and  "wicked- 
neat  in  high  placea."  The  "  Whiakj 
Frauds;"  involving  the  Proaident'ii 
Private  S«cr«ta^  and  several  revenue 
officers;  the  "Emma  Mine"  scandal, 
involving  the  name  of  Qen.  Schenck ; 
and  laat,  though  not  leaat,  tbe  Secretarr 
of  War,  Gen.  Belknap,  charged  with 
"bribery,"  or  with  aelHng  Govem- 
ment  appointmenta.  Mr.  Caleb  B. 
,  Marah  taatifled  to  paying  tho  wife  of 


Secretary  Balkoap  |19,000  oer  annum 
for  tba  mat  tradarahip  of  Port  Mil. 
After  a  time  he  <bund  that  ha  could 
not  afford  tu  pay  such  a  ptamlum,  and 
Mrs.  Belknap  agraad  to  aeeapt  of 
$0,000  per  annum  while  ha  held  the 
pMt.  One  of  tha  worst  (batorea  of 
this  frand  waa  the  fhct  that  this  money 
waa  diractiv  extorted  from  tha  poor 
S4ildiera,  who  were  compelled  to  pay 
exorbitant  prioaa  for  all  their  suppliaa, 
aa  tha  poat  trader,  in  <wder  to  make 
aufflcient  proflta  to  meat  thia  "pia- 
mium,"  and  also  make  hia  own  eati- 
matad  ptoAts,  muat  aell  an  infrrior 
article  of  gooda  at  adTanoed  pricea. 
Marah  abo  taatifiel  that  thia  money 
wu  paid  Mra.  Belknap  through  her 
husband,  tha  Secretary  of  War.  Mr. 
Belknap  did  not  deny  the  charge,  but 
immediately  sent  in  hIa  resignation, 
which  waa  accepted  by  the  Prealdent, 
who  waa.  however,  not  aware  of  the 
8ecreUry*B  bribery  at  the  time.  Mr. 
Belknap  waa  immediately  arraigned 
before  the  Senate  and  tried  for  im- 
peachment—87  voting  "guilty"  and 
98  "not  guilty."  A  two-thirda  vote 
being  required  to  convict  him,  it  waa 
ordered  that  a  Judgment  of  acquittal 
be  entered,  and  thia  court  of  impeach- 
nent  adjourned  «in«  iit. 

Blue  Glass  Mama. 

Jan.  Wonderfol  experimenta  of  Gen. 
Pleasonton  with  blue  glass  aa  a  healing 
medicine,  and  tho  marvelooa  ourea 
which  he  cUimed  aa  feaultlng  fri^m  ita 
use  In  windows,  oauaed  a  general 
excitement  throughout  the  country, 
and  advertiaing  received  a  firesh  im- 
petus. "Blue  glass"  wsa  offered  for 
sale  in  wonderfol  quantities  and  at 
marrolous  prices.  Ilis  theoiy  claimed 
that  the  sunlight  admitted  through  blue 
glass  gave  a  iVeah  impetus  to  the 
growth  of  vegeUtion  and  imparted  life 
and  health  to  the  sick. 

Jan.  8.  Great  fire  in  Lykens  (Pa.)  coal 
minea.  1,000  men  thrown  out  of  em- 
ployment. 

Terrific  fire-damp  exploaion  in  a  coal 
mine  near  Pittsburg;  six  men  killed 
and  seven  wounded. 

At  a  fire  in  Montreal,  Ontario,  the  red- 
hot  walls  of  a  burning  brick  building 
fell  outward  and  buriiM  over  a  score  of 
firemen  beneath  them;  nine  were 
killed  outright  and  ten  were  very 
seriously  ii\)nred. 

Great  Political  Excitement. 

Great  excitement  prevailed  over  tbe 
whole  Union  in  consequence  of  the 
contested  election  of  the  President. 
According  to  the  official  returns, 
Rutherford  B.  Hayea  was  declared 
elected  by  a  minority  of  one.  The  con- 
test arose  over  the  official  correctnesa 
of  the  certificates  of  Florida,  South 
Carolina,  and  Louisiana,  which  were 
questioned  by  the  Demooratio  party. 
A  committee  was  chosen  to  investigate 
the  matter,  composed  of  Senators, 
Representatives,  and  Judges  of  tbe 
.  Supreme  Court,  which  decided  in 
fkvor  of  the  election  of  Uayes  over  Mr. 
Tilden,  the  Democratio  candidate. 

Federal  troopa  withdrawn  flroii)  South 
Carolina  and  Louiaiana.  ( 


Renuhide—DtuI, 


1077. 


Jan.  8.  JaaaaaOotdmiBaaiMtt,  pmprlator 
of  tba  Naw  Turk  ilbraM,  waa  pnbHalj 
whipped  on  Fifth  Avanna,  Maw  York, 
by  rrederlek  May,  wboaa  staler  Ben* 
Mtt  waa  angagad  to  aarry.  Tha 
tmabia  originated  hi  tba  allagnd  dla- 
raapeet  ahitwn  Miaa  May  and  hsr 
fomlly  by  hia  Ikllnra  to  appear  nnan 
tha  avaniag  aat  for  tha  nuuriaga 
earamony  to  taka  phMO.  Tkla  allaraa- 
tion  raaohad  la  a  ehallaaga  from  Ban* 
nett  to  fight  a  d«al,  wbleh  look  plaea 
Jan.  aihTln  Maryhind.  .Kaitbar  oftha 
prineipala  ware  injured,  aad  Bauatt 
aailad  immadiataly  for^Xaropa. 

Vandtrbilt. 

Jan.  4.  Death  of  Com  Una  Vatdt-rUH. 
a  groat  capltaliat  and  railroad  king. 
Ha  waa  bom  on  Suten  laUad  la  1794. 
At  tha  age  of  10  ha  bought  a  vessel, 
and  at  the  age  of  18  ha  owned  two  and 
waa  captain  of  another,  aad  when  18 
he  married,  aad  booghl  ainopa  ud 
achoonera,  and  whea  98  yaara  of  ago 
wu  worth  $8,000,  and  free  from  d<.>bt. 
When  he  wu  80  yaara  old  ha  had  foil 
control  of  tba  Gibbeaa  Una  of  steam* 
era.  which  ha  brought  vp  to  paying 
140,000,000.  Mr. VaaderUitnww  turned 
bis  attaatioa  to  railroad  apaontotlona, 
bnyins,  bnildlag,  aad  eontmlllng  them, 
nntll  ha  wu  tha  aoknowhidgad  "  Rail- 
road King."  Ha  maaagod  a  line  of 
road  9,198  milu  in  hngth,  the  aggra- 

Sata  value  of  which  wu  Mllnated  at 
140,000,000,  half  of  wbloh  belonged 
to  Mr.  Vanderbilt  and  hU  fomlly.  A* 
tha  lima  of  his  death  bla  wulth  wu 
varioualy  utimatad  at  from  |SO,000,< 
000  to  $100,000,000,  all  but  $1(L000,0C« 
of  which  ha  left  to  bla  aoa  Wllllaia. 
His  will,  however,  wu  ooatuted. 
WilUam  succeeded  his  fother  u  Presi- 
deal  of  tbe  New  York  Central  Bailraad. 
Mr.  VandcrUlt  gave  $700,000  to  Van. 
derbitt  University  ia  NubviUe,  T'aa., 
aad  $00,000  to  tha  Obureh  u  (U 
StrangeiB  ia  New  York. 

Reign  of  Terror  in  South  America. 

Jaa.  19.  Civil  war  ia  Colombia  between 
the  Liberab  aad  Coaaervativea.  Gaa. 
Fena,  at  tba  bead  of  9,000  wild  and 
reckleu  desperadoca  and  drunken 
thievM,  advanced  from  town  to  Iowa, 
aMking,  robbing,  and  dutroying  aveiy- 
thlng  in  thebr  path,  killing  every  Coa- 
servative  without  diatiiwtioa.  Tho 
city  of  Coll  wu  utterly  rulaad,  aad  th« 
moat  of  ita  male  citiieaa  dwtroyad 
with  tbdr  bomw  aad  property. 

Jaa.  18.  Heavy  earthquake  ia  Southern 
California. 

Jan.  84.  Fire  in  Bolton  oolUeriM ;  18 
UveahMt 

Commodore  Wilkes. 

Feb.  8.  Death,  in  Wuhingtoo,  of Obarlu 
Wilkes,  an  American  naval  officer  and 
explorer  of  much  renown.  He  aailed, 
in  1888,  with  a  squadron  of  five  veaaala, 
to  nplore  the  anqthera  scu  and 
istends,  the  Paislflc  opa«t,  and  tbe 
Columbia  lUver.  ^e  returned  ia  1849, 
»nd  publiahed  a  deaoript|pB  of  hia  ex* 

Ction.    During  the  war  oftha  BebeW 
Capt  WilkM  did  axoallent  aarvka 


CHRONOLOOT. 


itn. 


I« 


la  Mm  Mvy,  and  wm  oommiMlMiail  m 
CowmmIm,  tad  plM«>l  $m  M  lb* 
lUl.  1I«  cMtand  Mm  ■odirioM  rabtl 
■o—lMloa«w.  Mmm  ami  Mickll,  Ibr 
wbteh  h*  NM(v«d  •  Toto  of  ibulu 
ftwa  OoamM,  bat  bl*  aMioa  «m  aot 
uffKif*i  oj  UM  Prwldaat,  apoa  ib« 
maad  tt  ilhgaMty,  aad  lb*  oomailf 
««M«n  wwa  tamawrtd.  la  IMt  bt 
neatTwl  tb«  ooaiaiiMkia  of  Raar  Ad- 
aitnl  oa  Um  nUrad  Ibl 

r«b.  17.  MMdaii  of  tb«  AUUm 
OUbm  OommlMman,  la  WMhIagtoa, 
altb  8wMliy  nth  prwidlaf . 

Mm.  BanltaNtWlb«8teflbrdMill«rMW- 
voir,  oa  Mm  MMl  bmaob  oT  tbo  Wll- 
HBMaMe.  Oaaa..caaola(  Rioaldoitrao* 


Moa  of  ptopMty> 

£Mfi$H0m  «/  Lit,  tht  "MtmnktiH 
Mti4m"  Muritrtr. 

Wm.  n.  SnoaMoa  of  Joha  O.  Lm, 
oao  of  Ml*  loMlon  la  Mi«  •'MooaUta 
Moadow  "  aiMMon,  a  wbotaaala  btiteb- 
•ry  of  aa  walgraat  trala  by  tbo  Mar- 
BMao  ovor  Iwoaty  jraan  botbro.  Lto 
wao  abol  oa  Ibo  vary  gfooad  wbare  tbo 
natoaoN  oooonod.  Ilo  aado  out  a 
wrIMoa  atatoaoat,  coalwlBg  ooai- 
pttelty  la  Mio  oiiao,  bat  daotand  Uiat 
no  waa  ibrood  to  eairy  oat  tbo  ■'ordon 
of  tbo  ooaaen,"  wbieb  won  atroa  by 
Bltb;p  Ctoo.  A.  S8dM^  nMabam 
Yoaa(*a  flnteoaaaolar  aad  rigbWbaad 
nua,  aad  tbal  bo  waa  oaorUood  by  tbo 
llonaoa  loadwo,  aad  wao  aot  napoaai- 
blo  for  tbo  aaaaaoro;  thai  ho  npoatad 
haflac  aaytblna  to  do  wlUi  It  at  tbo 
timo,  bat  that  So  waa  ibmd  to  cany 
oottboproloetorloaahtallib.  Thawlt- 
Bwwo  la  taooMO,  howoror,  prurod  tbo 
ootiro  gulH  ot'  Loo.  Tboy  wero  Mor- 
aMoa,  aad  boro  aaltod  tommoay,  yot 
a  Monooa  Jury  rofbaod  to  eoevict  tbo 
paHidpatnn. 

Tho  ovidoaoo  la  tbo  eaao  ahowed 
that  tbo  om^ffraata  wore  dooojod  ftwa 
tholr  oaaip  ondcr  protoaaloaa  of  Mead- 
ablp  aad  aMaranoea  of  protection, 
whoa  they  were  raddoaly  flred  npoa, 
and  all  bat  tho  yonngeet  eblldrea,  who 
would  aot  be  able  to  remember  the  oo- 
cnrreaoo,  wero  killed.  The  wounded 
had  their  throatacat  or  their  braina 
wore  beaton  oat  by  the  Indiaaa,  aa  it 
waa  claimed.  They  weio  left  oa  tha 
gronnd.  pihid  In  heap*,  for  the  wolrea 
and  wild  baaata  to  dovoar.  Their 
property  waa  eold  at  auction  under  the 
azwroN  order  of  Preeident  Young.  Orer 
100  innocent  vlctima  perithed  in  thia 
bloody  alaughler  by  the  bands  of  a 
elaN  of  people  claiming  to  be  .the 
"SainU  of  God,"  and  <A«  only  trus 
CAwfMi/  0<x<  en  mrtht  That  other 
partlcipatofi  in  thia  bloody  Imtchery, 
and  eapiiclally  tho  "  hcadi  of  the 
Uormon  Church,"  netn  not  arreeted 
and  brought  tojuitico,  is  a  itanding 
queation  Tor  our  Uorommont  to  answer, 
and  will  remain  a  bhuk  and  cursed 
Btain  upon  ita  honor  while  it  baa  a 
biatory. 

Soulhtrn  Hotel. 

April  11.  Btmiiif  iff  tht  gr*at  Southern 
Botd,  at  Bt.  Uuit,  six  stories  in  height 
and  eorering  nearly  a  block.  Twenty 
peraoaa  panahed  and  aoTeral  othera 
anpooaed  to  be  lost  A  number  ioat 
their  Ujtt,  or  ware  maimed  for  life,  by 


ltl7.  Jumping  from  the  wiadows,  aad  ai^  IffH. 
oral  sllpprd  from  the  ropea  aad  were 
dasbea  upon  tbo  pareauat  below.  It 
waa  a  torrlblo  disaater,  aad  cauaad  a 
geaaral  laqalry  lato  tha  beet  meaaa  of 
Motaotiagllfb  by  ibe  saeapea,  aad  also 
Into  tha  heat  aodo  of  eoastraetiag 
Aro-ptoof  hotala. 

"  ParsM  SramnUtu:" 

^     April  M.    DoaMi  of  WIIHam  Oaaawai 
Bmwahiw,  a  elorgyaMa,  JouraaHat,  aad 

Klltlelaa,  at  KboitIIIo,  Tean.  Mr. 
owatow  waa  bora  hi  Virginia  la 
180S  (  oatsrod  Mio  MeMiodUi  ailnii^ 
trjr  la  18M,  aad  Ibr  taa  yaora  waa  aa 
Itiaaraat  pnaeber.  Mr.  wrawalaw  bo- 
oaao  Intorsotod  la  poHMea  during  tha 
Admhilatmtf  oa  of  Joba  Qdaoay  Adaaw, 
aad  opptMod  the  "  MalHflcatloa  Maaa- 
urea"  of  the  Ronth,  Ha  begaa  adit- 
lag  the  KnanHtU  WMg  In  Tm7,  and 
waa  soiia  known  aa  tbo  "  flsbting  pa*- 
son,"  from  bis  radical  andeomhatlTe 
ediiurlala  aad  lecturee.  la  poUtica 
Mr.  Hrownlow  waa  a  Democrat  aad 
pro-alarory,  but  he  waa  loyal  to  the 
OoTommoal.  sad  a  riralent  oppoaar  of 
aeosaaloa.  tia  waa  arreeted  for  Ircaaoa 
agalaat  the  Confcderacy  in  IMl,  and 
waa  Impriaoacd  Ull  March.  IMI,  when 
ha  waa  sent  wllhia  the  Cnlon  llnea. 
Ho  trareled  and  lectured  estenalToly 
through  the  North,  and  returned  to 
Tenneaeeo  in  1M4,  becoming  ita  Uot- 
oranrlalMS.  In  1M»  he  waa  aleetod 
to  the  Ualtad  Btatoa  Beaate  for  a  term 
of  aia  yeara,  after  which  he  again  ro- 
aaBMd  tha  editorial  control  of  tha 
WUf. 


Chitkdm  Tragedy. 

AwllM.  Oald>blooded  aaaasainaUon  of 
Jndga  Cbiaholm,  of  Kamper  County, 
MIsa.,  aad  the  ktlHng  of  hia  little  eon 
and  wounding  of  nia  braTO  young 
daughter  of  18,  who  died  of  her 
wound  soon  after.  Thia  tragedy,  and 
the  ihct  that  erery  physician  in  the 

glaea  refbaed  to  attend  upon  her  dyins 
ither  and  herself,  rereal  the  state  of 
terroriam  which  preralled  under  tho 
rvign  of  tho  "  White  LeaKuc  "  in  tba 
South.  An  armed  band  or  900  "  cblT- 
alroua"  white  men  attacked  thia 
.  Ibmily,  and  after  the  brare  young  girl 
had,  with  her  right  arm,  parried  the 
guoa  of  MTOral  of  those  "courageous 
deftaders  of  their  rights,"  which  were 
pteoed  almoet  auamst  her  father'a 
breaat,  while  with  ioe  other  arm  around 
her  wounded  fkiher's  neck,  she  reoelTed 
a  wound  which  jhattured  her  right 
band,  andaa.-!  cb  tinm  wounded  in 
one  of  her  legs,  il- '  father  at  last 
fell,  pierced  with  elevo..  balls.  He  stdi 
lired,  and  with  the  hvlp  of  one  of  the 

guards,  this  heroic  girl  helped  to  bear 
er  father  to  their  home,  a  distance  of 
orer  100  yarda.  Her  young  brother  of 
thirteen  yean  waa  shot  dead  while 
clinging  to  his  father.  Qov.  Stone,  of 
Mi«s.,  rvfbscd  to  send  aid  and  protec- 
tion to  this  distrcsse<l  family.  The 
great  crime  for  which  Judue  Cuisholm 
was  guilty  was  bis  stanch  adherence 
to  the  Uovemment,  and  bis  attempt  to 
enforce  tho  kws  aa  aheriff  of  the 
cotmty. 
May.    TMoui/ittrinFlorUa. 


faaw  «n|«s<f  a  at  (A«  WMsa- 
I  ColHary  of  tba  Pbltedolpbia 


May.  Terrible  foreet  Iraa  In  Noftbon 
New  York.  Wbolo  oonaMea  doraa* 
tated  and  arerything  awent  away ;  tha 
people  loft  deetltnto  aad  iaalag  la 
OTory  direetloo  for  their  Urea. 

May!.  IwroaderofOOObaetllaladlana 
undvr  Craay  Ilorao,  at  tba  Red  Chiad 

Mar.    ^i^a 

«<M«  Shaft  < 

aad  Reading  Coal'aad  Iraa  Co     Bavea 

Nrw  wero  kiat. 
Mav  t.    larthqaaka  aad  tidal  waro  la 

rami  sororal  towaa  doatrayad  aad 

•00  Htoo  loot;  maay  sblaa  ware  do- 

atroyad.     Loss  of  property  aawinatad 

to  PM,000,OflO. 
Mav.    Laad'alldia  In  Rt.  Ooaorlaao,  Caav 

oai  tea  paraoaa  bariad  aHra. 
May  •.    Death  of  Conmodore  BaakmlB 

/.  Tottaa,  aged  71. 

Roiltftrd  Ditatttr. 

luy  il.  Tha  iUI  of  tbo  dome  of  tba 
aow  Conrt-houoo  at  RookfortI,  III.,  kill- 
lag  nine  moa  oalrlgbt  aad  woundiag 
aloVoa  mora.  The  coroner's  lury  do* 
dded  that  tba  cauao  waa  prodncad  by 
the  iBoompotoooy  aad  n^tleot  of  tho 
arohlleot,  also  tha  neglect  Si  tho  aupor- 
Tisors  to  oaamina  the  work  and  aot 
that  It  waa  properly  oiooutod. 

Wholesale  Poisoning, 

Mar  14.  PaUontin^  ^  ttttf/  mintn  at 
Bheator,  III.,  tho  rsiult  of  a  quanal 
among  the  atrlklog  omploy4«k  All  «^ 
tho  minora  recoTored. 

/>.  r.  Barnum. 

May  18.  P.  T.  Barnum  oifered  a  reward 
of  $10,000  for  the  rostonlion  of  Oharllo 
Roaa  to  hia  pareata,  pledging  hia  honor 
not  tor  take  aay  atepa  to  seek  out  or 
punish  the  porUea  InTolreii  in  bis  sur- 
render. Thia  olTer  waa  nanctloned  by 
tho  pareata  of  the  lost  child. 

Fletcher  Harper. 

May  M.  D*a»k  (/  TlMwr  Uarfor,  tha 
laat  of  the  four  brathera  who  rouaded 
the  House  of  Harper  Brotbero  In  New 
York.  Fletcher  had  charge  of  tha 
Literary  Department,  and  suggested 
both  the  Witkly  aad  the  Aiear. 

End  of  Ftmanism. 

May  SO.  A  gathering  of  Fenians,  to  tho 
number  of  l.SOO,  was  dispersed  at  Ma- 
lone,  N.  Y.,  by  a  body  of  United  Statea 
troopa.  They  were  congregated  wiill- 
out  means  of  carrying  on  an  aagre>alve 
warfore— without  money  or  menda  to 
back  them,  and  were  at  the  time  the 
troopa  arrired  subjects  of  charity  in 
tho  city.  Their  prominent  offlceia 
agreed  to  discountenance  any  flirthar 
hostiUties  on  the  American  Continent 
The  memlen  were  generally  discour- 
ased,  and  willing  to  diaband  aad 
aoand  )D  the  enterprise  and  go  home. 

Great  Forest  Fires. 

May  80.  Oreat  forest  flres  in  Wisconsin 
and  Michigan ;  over  l,SOt),000,OOU  feet 
of  standing  pine  logs  burned. 

Mar.  Oreat  foreat  Area  in  SMuena* 
County,  Canada.    Over  1,000  nmillea 


■^■'iiijhaBf(yfTiia.--Kfcrn«B 


In  NorttMfa 
to  eoaiiilM  d«TM- 
t  ■WMt  away ;  lh« 
»  aaa  SwIdr  ia 
b«<r  llfM. 
WO  boalite  ImIUm 
•»  Iht  itod  CbNul 

mIm  «( tk»  W»it^ 
iribaPhllMtolphla 
id  Iron  Co    Saytn 

mi  Hdal  wave  !■ 
M  dwilrojrad  aid 
ij  tblpa  wart  da> 
mparty  ammaUd 

I  Gaaarltia,  Caaa> 
ltd  aHTa. 
imodon  Bc^Jaanla 


Ditatter. 

the  dome  of  tba 
Rookforil,  III.,  kin. 
[ht  and  woandlng 
coroaei'a  lury  da^ 

waa  prodaead  by 
ad  naghwt  of  tha 
(laot  OT  tba  aupcr* 
tha  work  and  aoa 
aiaontad. 

PoitOHiHg, 

f  tittff  mintn  at 
MuU  of  a  quanal 
tmplitji\    All  of 

larnum. 

a  ollbrad  a  rawaid 
itiffation  of  Obarlla 
pledging  biahoBor 
pa  to  ieak  out  or 
iTolreil  in  bit  nbr- 
»a  Minctinoed  by 
It  child. 

Harptr. 

HeAtr  Harvtr,  tba 
i«ra  wbo  foaadad 
Brotbera  in  New 
cbarga  of  tha 
and  loggcatad 
the  AiMr. 

Hianism. 

>f  Feniani,  to  tha 
diipened  at  Ma- 
.  ofUnited  Statea 
ungregated  with- 
I  on  an  aggreraiTe 
iney  or  flrienda  to 
I  at  the  time  tha 
3ta  of  charity  in 
mminent  offlceia 
anc«  any  Airthar 
erican  Continent 
[enerally  diacour- 
to  diaband  and 
and  go  home, 

■I  Fires. 

rei  in  Wiiconain 

,S0«),OOO,0OU  feat 

buniad. 

ta   in   SMUena* 

r  1,000  fimiUea 


ORROXOLOOT. 


UTT.      ««•  nndarad  homtlaaa  and  paribatly  MTT. 
daalltata.     The  nrndagratlon  eovatad 
a  tpaea  of  1  SOi)  tquara  mileai  IS  pa 
I  kaoaa  tu  have  Inat  ibair  llraa. 


/ohH  Ltlkrop  MMry. 

Daatb  of  John  Loibrup  Motlar,  LI/.D. 
Mr.  Niithiy  waa  a  hialorina  of  eoaald* 
trahia  (lime,  lie  waa  tha  author  of 
tha  •Mliitory  of  New  Nalberhwd*," 
••Rite  of  tba  Dnicb  Rapuhlle,"  aad 
otiier  worka. 

Jwa  1.  Onnta,  MIeb.,  baraadi  MM 
people  rendered  bomeleaa. 

June  4.  Daatruetira  tornado  la  IIHaola, 
at  Mouat  Oanael.  Blslaaa  IWaa  ware 
lott,  and  propartv  amouatlaff  to  flra 
buadrad  tbouaand  dollara  daatroyed. 

June,  lira  in  Marblahead,  Maaa.  laT< 
aral  large  ah(ta>flwtorlea  aad  about 
aoventy  dwelling!  boned. 


OttratUm, 

Jnna  10.  ReAiMl  of  Judge  illHou  to 
admit  Jamra  Hellgman,  a  well-hnowa 
and  Influential  Iwnkar  of  Mew  York, 
and  bia  (kmlW  to  bit  hotel  in  Saratoga, 
tlie  Uranil  Union,  declaring  that  na 
could  not  open  bia  bouaa  to  Jewa  on 
account  of  a  pr^u^iloa  aiialing  againat 
thrm  among  tha  olaaa  wbo  patronliad 
hi*  hotrl.    The  aflblr  created  a  great 


deal  uf  newnpaper  comment  and  orltl< 
clafti  throughout  the  oountrr,  the  preaa 
generally  condemning  Juilge   Hilton 


in  icrera  ttrma.  A  gi 
eioitement  waa  amuaed  among  tba 
Jews  aa  a  chMa,  ainea  Mr.  Bellgman 
bad,  with  bia  fkmily,  Ibr  a  period  of 
half  a  aoora  of  yeara,  boan  regular  ram- 
mer gueata  at  Hilton'B  botaL 

Great  Fire  in  St,  John.  . 

Jnna  80.  Deatmctiye  Are  in  St.  Joha, 
N.  B.  The  principal  part  of  tba  flity, 
or  forty  blockn,  were  deNtn<yad,  aad 


thirteen  Uvea  reportad_lo  ba  loat,  and 

1  were  mlMing. 
erty  waa  >-alued  at  (I 
|U,000,nOO.    It  waa  a  terrible  diaaatar 


many  were  mlMing.  The  kMa  ia  prop- 
erty waa  >-alued  at  ftom  $10,000,000  to 


to  tba  Protince,  aa  tlie  flra  waa,  in 
proportion  to  the  aim  of  the  city, 
gr^alUr  than  wm  that  <(f  Ohieago  er 
BMon,  and  the  tame  appalling  cir 
oumttancoa  attended  thia  alao,  Tha 
very  elementa  teemed  combined  ta 
overpower  tba  might  and  witdom  of 
man,  and  malie  the  doatructlon  com- 
plete. Aid  waa  immeiliately  forwarded 
mm  Canada  and  New  EngUnd,  and 
aubaoriptiona  were  raited  in  mott  of 
the  large  citiea  throughout  tba  Union 
for  the  relief  of  tlie  tuflerera. 

Robert  Dale  Owen, 

June  84  Death  of  Robert  Dale  Owen, 
an  American  author,  at  Lake  Ocorge, 
M.  y.  He  waa  the  ton  of  Robert 
Owen,  of  Soolalittio  renown,  and  like 
hit  fiither,  advocated  to  an  extent 
aimllar  principlea.  He  waa  for  a  tong 
time  a  roaident  of  New  Harmonv,  the 
aociety  and  town  which  hit  nther 
eatabliihed.  Mr.  Owen  waa,  flx>m  1848 
to  1847,  a  Member  of  Congrcat,  and 
waa  one  of  the  foundera  of  the  Smith- 
aonian  Inatituta.  In  18S0  ba  waa  a 
Btembar  of  the  Convention  which 
aaModad  the  Oonatitution  of  Indiana, 


la  wblah,  aad  abo  ia  tko  RtaU  Ltfi» 
latara,  bo  latniduaad  mtaaurea  taear- 
lag  to  tba  woman  of  Indiana  lodapead- 
aa)  rigbta  of  property.  From  ibM-ll 
ba  waa  Mlaiatar  to  Naplaa.  Mr.  Owen 
waa  flir  many  yaart  a  atroag  advoetta 
•f  RpirltuaHam,  aad  wrote  aeveral 
worka  ia  Ita  deflrata  (  alao  a  number  of 
worka  on  reAwm, 
Jnao  IS.  VIolaot  wlad-etonna  ia  Ohio, 
IIHaola.  Iowa,  aad  Mabraalia,  doiag 
mueh  daaiaga  to  property  and  daatroy- 
(afBuay  Uvea. 


MolUe  Magniret. 


"     Jaaa  17, 


llaaglBf  of  all  Mollla  Ma- 
galrat  at  PottavilU,  Pa.  Thia  orgaaU 
latioa  dataa  baok  to  1848,  aad  to  Ira- 
laad  Ibr  their  orlgia.  They  were 
tbea  kaowB  aa  Ribbonmoa  of  frefauid, 
aad  ware  orgaaiiad  la  reaiatanoa  (o 
paying  raatt.  A  braaeh  of  thia  ao- 
ciety waa  organiaad  In  iVe  United 
Statea,  aad  knowa  aa  tha  '•  Buoktbota,'* 
who  baeama  to  formidable  In  1H08 
that  tha  oourta  In  Carbon  Co.,  Pa., 
ware  powerlrat  to  eiecuta  a  criminal 
wbo  bekmnad  to  that  Order.  The  Order 
known  aa  tlie  '*  Ancient  Order  of 
lllbemlant,"  baoama  merged  into  the 
Mollie  Maguirat,  wbiob  aooleiy  waa 
inatttutad  ia  Kaw  York,  March  10, 
1871,  aad  waa  alto  incorporated  under 
the  lawa  of  tba  State  of  Penaayivaala. 
Jamea  McParlaa,  aa  aoaat  of  Allan 
Pinkertoo,  tba  great  United  Blatea 
detective,  waa  employed  to  aearcb  out 
the  nature  and  leorcta  of  thia  tociety, 
aad  be  waa  for  a  hmg  time  a  recognlaed 
member  of  the  Order  and  participator 
la  their  oparaUouf,  in  to  for  aa  be 
could  do  to  without  committing  any 
overt  criminal  act.  He  dlicovered 
their  Crimea  and  their  extenaive  opera' 
tloaa,  and  waa  tba  mcana  of  detecting 
a  large  number  of  the  ring-leadera  and 
bringing  them  to  Juttioe.  Vlgihince 
Committeee  were  formed,  end  the  Mol- 
liot  were  bunted  and  vigoroutly  pup 
tue<L  The  mountaint  were  infoeted 
with  them,  and  murdeia  were  of  fre- 
quent occurrence. 

Colorado  Stone  Man  or  Petrified 
Giant. 

Again  were  the  public  humbugged  and 
the  toientlitt  noodwinked  by  another 
"  petrifled  man."  Thit  laat  wonder  waa 
"dug  up"  at  Colorado  Springt,  and 
liamum't  agent  waa  fortbwitli  dla- 
patchod  to  'Mntorviow  "  it ;  an  Interett 
waa  purchaaed,  and  preporationa  were 
made  to  "bring  it  out"  under  the 
autpicea  of  the  "great  abowman."  But, 
alaa,  for  the  aapirationt  of  the  devoted 
modem  humbuggert,  the  wonder  wat 
expoted,  and  another  "  Cardiif  giant" 
waa  revealed  with  all  hit  "  perfoBtioni 
of  art."  The  thinff  waa  concocted  by 
the  aama  gigantio  brain,  and  per- 
fected in  a  remote  hamlot  of  Pennayl- 
vania  and  carried  to  Colorado  and 
buried.  lit  original  coet  wat  $41.49. 
It  waa  compoted  of  Portland  cement, 
and  caat  in  molda  teparately  and  put 
together. 

Extra  tetiion  of  Congi^eta  called  by  tbo 
Pretideot. 

July  7.  Pentaukee  Station,  III.,  de- 
ttroyed  by  a  tornado;  tiz  Uvea  were 
loat. 


RailrHul  and  Labor  Sirikn. 

1877.  Jaly-Ang.  Oraat  aad  ai^faalva  hUMt 
atrlkee  ooearfoaed  by  a  general  redao- 
Uoa  of  lea  per  i  aat.  la  wagte.  Tha 
Mrike  began  with  trala  baada  on  tha 
BaltlMora  aad  Ohio  Hallroad  on  July 
14th,  aad  apraad  rapidly  over  all  the 
roada  Iwtween  New  Eaglaad  and  tba 
MlaaiiaippI  River.  No  (Mgbia  were 
allowed  to  laove  eltber  way  oa  atvaral 
made.  Oa  tba  t8lh  tba  Oovaraor  of 
Weat  Virglala  called  upon  tba  National 
OoremaMnt  for  aid,  Tba  Praaidant 
reapoadod  promptly  by  aandlag  a  ■ill- 
tary  oompaay,  aad  ItMlng  a  prnotama- 
tioa  to  tba  riotatt.  Tha  atrika  aow 
extended  to  tba  Pannnylvaala  aad 
Brie  Kailroada,  aad  at  Pittobnig  It  aa- 
aumed  ita  OMiat  formldaMa  {IroportlonB. 
The  freight  mea  reflMed  to  go  out  with 
their  traina  beeauaa  tha  oompaay  bad 
iacreaaed  their  work  without  Iniireaaiag 
their  pay.  Tba  tioveraor  of  Marvlaad 
called  out  the  trnopa,  aad  tha  riotara 
attacked  them  while  marohiag  through 
Baltiaora.  The  regiment  raturaed  tbo 
.  lira,  killin|r  eight  and  woandlng  auuiy 
othert,  Tna  Ooveraor  of  Penntylraaia 
aent  the  18tb  Regiment  to  anppwae  tba 
riot  at  Pittaburg.  Tbqr  were  ao 
atoutly  roaialed  by  the  mob  that  they 
reeorted  to  the  round-  honaa  for  dafenao. 
They  wen  vigoronily  bcaleged  ben  by 
the  rlotera,  who  had  prnnurcd  thrao 
caanoB  and  tufflclent  arma  to  auke  a 
iMrmidable  aiaault.  The  mob  iirw 
began  bnning  the  property  of  the  rail- 
road eompanv.  A  mile  In  length  of 
care  wen  on  lire,  and  the  greater  por* 
tiuu  of  them  wen  filled  with  mennai. 
dite.  Borne  ofthete  burning  can  they 
puahed  againat  tha  round-booae,  totting 
It  on  fln,  and  driving  out  the  aoMlen 
and  canting  them  to  retreat.  Tba 
foimet  npidly  apread,  but  the  Are  de- 
partment wen  powerleea  to  protect  the 
nilroad  property,  at  the  mob  forbid 
their  attempting  it  But  the  property 
of  dtlxent  waa  protected,  and  when  any 
building  of  a  privala  citlnn  caught 
fln,  the  rioten  immediately  helped  tc 
lupprctt  the  flamea.  The  nilroad 
company  loat  about  $8,000,000,  and 
about  80  men  were  killed  and  tOO 
wounded.  The  depredationa  wero 
moatly  committed  by  traupa,  vaga* 
bondt,  and  tbievee,  wbo  awelled  tbo 
nokt  of  the  rioten  and  plundered 
the  traint  and  the  property  of  privato 
dtiiena.  The  originaton  of  the  atriko 
propnaed  only  to  pnvent  any  work  or 
pattHge  of  frelgbia  ovvr  the  dHTennt 
roadt,  but  trampa  and  tbierea  made  It 
an  occaaion  to  pilhge  and  plunder,  and 
flacked  like  vultoree  to  tne  bwoqiiet. 
It  aoon  reached  Chicago,  but  tba  labor 
element  had  become  aomowbat  appalled 
by  the  forward  movement  of  the  rougha 
and  idle  vagabonda  who  wen  deter- 
mined to  tuce  everything  into  their 
own  handa  and  ruin  the  city.  A  mob 
of  nearly  1,800  collected  and  marched 
through  the  atreeta  to  the  diflerent  car 
tliopa  and  freight  houtea,  abo  to 
aevenl  manufacturing  eatabliabmenta, 
compelling  .  the  workmen  to  cease. 
They  abo  took  potaeaeion  of  tha  aiock 
yards,  and  labor  and  bnalneat  waa  for 
a  abort  time  auspended.  A  few  depreda- 
tiona were  committed,  and  atieet  can 
and  omnibuaca,  ia  a  fow  plaoaa,  war* 


im. 


AIW  M**nl  itiflil  iklr- 
itekw  (Im  pMf  UtUj  ■iiwuJtJ  la 


llM 


■«.    RUM  at  llMry  M.  MmIm, 
giMl  Alhmm  aipioMr,  Itwm  kU 
Md  tMi  I*  aMm,  »Imm  Im  nmI 
■Im  BoaUM  m^iIm  mm;  iMgnwhio- 

■I   MHi   MlMllIt    IIMOvUm.       SlaM 

wwk,  Willi  •  Ml  MSMiUr  hia  In?  ala 
MM  fliaaoTaflaa. 
Baraiif  aT  a  ylaao  Ihalaty  la  Maw  York  I 


If"**.  A  0)r<*"- 
Aw. «.  Paalk  or  WIIMaai  B.  OgdM  la 
Haw  Talk  Ottjr.  Mr.  Ogdn  was  bom 
U  IMawafa  Ooaatjr,  N,  T.,  aad  WMt  to 
Oklaaga  la  1SN.  Ha  waa  Ita  tol 
Mayor,  aad  oaa  of  lu  fcudan,  baiag 
larijaly  latanatad  is  Ita  aalarpriiM  aad 
pn)graM.  la  IMO  ba  waa  a  Mtaibar 
«r  tha  Btoto  Heaala.  Mr.  OgdMi  waa 
tba  ftHndtr  of  a  larga  InmbafTag  aatotN 
llabmant  la  Paahtigo,  WU.,  aad  balM 
up  nIommI  Iha  Mtira  town,  wbleh,  t^ 
gatbtr  wltb  bla  laria  mllb,  waia  da> 
ktroyad  b*  tha  gra^  barrlcaaa  of  lira 
that  awapt  ortr  tba  eoantry,  Oei  Mb, 
IMTl,  laTallac  Cbleago,  aad  whola 
tnwaablpa  aad  larga  dutriota  of  eova- 
trjr  la  Nlobima  aid  WiMoniia.  Mr. 
Ogdaa'i  loBiDtriBC  tatabUahnMat  at 
Pwiiitlgo  waa  oaa  or  tba  largaat  in  tha 
world.     Mr.  Ogdan  waa  a  nan  of 

5 real  aaargy  of  ebaraetar,  and  wm  in- 
iiaatad  In  arciytblng  that  adTaaead 
tba  pubUo  good,  aad  waa  a  vary  pron- 
Inanl  man  In  tba  Wart.  Ila  waa  tlia. 
ntat  Praatdant  wf  tba  FaoiOc  Railroad 
Company,  and  alao  tba  lint  Pniaidant 
of  Rnah  liadloal  Oollaga.  Ha  alto 
gaTO  anoonraaamant  andirid  to  all  tha 
aciantlflo  and  hanerolant  Mioiatlca  of 
Chicago.  Mr.  Ogdaa  ranovad  to  Naw 
York  in  IMS,  whara  ba  darliad  a 
plan  ftir  aa  nndargroand  railway 
throngb  tha  city  in  connection  witn 
tba  taaation  of  rapid  transit 

Brigham  Ytung. 

Aag.  M.  Daatb  of  the  sreat  Mormon 
mdar,  Got.  Yooag,  of  Ulab,  He  waa 
Mormon  PraaidanC  Prophet,  and  High. 
Priart,  aad  tba  founder  of  Bait  Lake 
Cky.  Alao  tha  fnnndor.  In  the  very 
haart  of  tha  Continent,  of  the  neflwloua 
aad  beathaniih  iyatam  of  polygamy, 
aad  anccaaaftilly  defled  the  grMt  and 
powerAiI  Goremment  of  tM  UniCiMi 
Htataa,  aad  aet  up  a  rollgioua  and  po- 
litical, or  Churclt  and  Xtate  Gorom- 
meat,  wltb  bimielf  «•  the  head  and 
chief  ruler,  and  Inititnted  and  en- 
fltread  laws  and  regvl«tlon«,  and  ex- 
ecuted tha  Tiolatora  of  tha  tame  with- 
out  meroy  or  Interference,  by  a  leeret 
order  or  ayitem  known  aa  the  iMnltca, 
of  whioli  ho  wa^  chief.  He  waa  aided 
by  twelve  clioien  agcnti,  whom  he 
was  niesseil  to  call  the  "  Twelve  Apoa- 
tlea."  Ilie  United  SUtes  sent  Qovem- 
moat  offleiala  there  and  established  a 
United  Btatea  District  Court,  with 
Jndga  Dmmmond  to  preside.  But  he 
waa  oompalled  to  adQoum  his  Court 
«<M  Mt,  at  tba  point  of  the  bowle- 
kaUi  by  a  Monaoa  mob,  inatigated  by 


OmOINOLOOT. 

Itn.  aawaona  ftoaa  tlw  beads  of  tba  Okarsk. 
■Hghoai  Yoaag  ralad  la  Ckaiok  ami 
Mate  with  aMrajaowsr  Ibaa  aay  noa- 
anh  of  sortk.  Rs  waa  graad  lltblaw 
maatsr,  aad  navar  gava  aay  aaeonat  or 
or  rapnrtad  tba  aawaat  of  raealptat 
aad  at  tha  Uma  of  bla  death  had  ae- 
eamulated  a  huge  fhftana.  At  the 
timeiif  hIa  death,  Yiwng'bad  tweaty 
living  wivaa  and  eight  dead,  beaidaa 
S4  ''aplritnal  wIvaa.'^waM  to  him  fbr 
tteraliy,  aad  waa  the  IWtber  of  siity- 
Ibor  eblMrsn. 

**  Sept.  M.  Orwii  flra  la  ProrMeaca,  R.  1. 1 
baa  lATSJOO  and  three  Uvea. 

"  Bapl.  M.  Daatk  of  Benra  Malgga,  tha 
great  railroad  ouatraaior,  la  Pant,  Hoatk 
Amartea. 

••  Oat  to.  Loss  of  tka  sebooaar  JfafaHaa 
on  Lake  Mleklgan ;  eight  Hvaa  hwt. 

"  Out  It.  Army  appropriation  Mil  paaaad. 
Oel  N.  Great  tre  fa  Portland,  a  aub- 
arb  of  M.  Joba,  New  Brunawiek ;  bisa 
M00,000  sad  several  Uvea. 

•  OotM.  liOaaoftbeirNfMofftheooaat 
of  North  Carolina  I  nearly  100  Uvea 


JbWFMN 

Lea  tba 


Oiwir  P.  M»rl»H. 

*  Mov.  1.  Drath  of  Oliver  Parry  Morton, 
United  Htataa  flaaator  and  neat "  war 
OAvemor'*of  ladiana.  Ila  raised  ftinds 
ibr  oarrying  on  tha  State  (lovemmtnt 
and  ibr  the  aupport  of  the  Federal 
authoritiea  during  the  war  on  his  own 
reepooslblllty,  aa  tlie  Demooratio  liCgls- 
latura  oppoaad  bla  using  the  Btata 
Ainda  ftir  that  pvrpoae.  He  wialdrd 
■SON  fatflneaoe  in  the  Kepubllean  party 
than  almoat  any  other  man  since  tha 
war.  Mr.  Morton  waa  tha  obampion 
of  tba  nilaantb  Amendment,  and  re- 
ceived the  aaoond  bighsat  number  of 
votaa  on  tha  RapubHean  ticket  for 
President  in  tha  canvaM  that  elected 
Hayea. 

'<  Nov.  4.  Earthquake  shocks  felt  in  New 
England,  Middio  BUtea,  and  Lower 
Canada. 

*  Nov.  15.  Earthquake  shocks  felt  in 
Iowa,  Nabraaka,  Kansas,  and  Dakota. 

"  Nov.  98.  Fiabery  Comrotsaion  sitting 
at  Ualiflii,  N.  8.,  gave  a  verdict  agalnat 
tha  United  Btates,  and  awarded  Great 
Britain  the  sum  of  98.000,000. 

>'  Deo.  0.  Lose  of  tha  Padflo  steamship 
Atamta  off  ChlU.  with  1%  livas. 

'*  Dae.  8.  True  bill  found  against  General 
Babcock  by  the  grand  Jury  of  8t 
Lonia.  The  vardiot  of  the  trial  was 
ftkvorable  to  Gen.  Baboook. 

*  Dee.  SO.  Exploalon  in  a  conftetionery 
Bsanufactory,  New  York  City ;  10  killed 
and  49  inlured. 

*  K^Khtm  nil  patttd  by  Congress. 

*  Loss  of  tba  steamer  Alabama,  with  70 
Uvea. 

'*  Agitation  of  the  civil  service  questioo, 
and  a  Board  of  Oummiaslunera  ap- 
pointed. 
1878.  Jan.  Agitation  of  oommunistio  princi- 
ples amons  the  laboring  oUaaea;  ea- 
pecially  acttTe  in  Chicago. 
'      Jan.    Mexican  raida  into  Tezaa, 

Nitro-  G lye  trim. 

*  Jan.  9.  FoarAil  nitro-fflyoerine  explo- 
sion on  board  a  tn\m%  train  on  the 
Northwestern  Railroad,  near  Lake  Su- 

Grlor.     Seven   men    were  inatantly 
Ucd  and  several  aerioualy  injured. 


tITI.  Jan.  II    Wreak  af  tka  i 

•Ms,  turn  PklhMlalpkto  to  RraatI,  < 

aoaat  af  Nortk  CaroNaa  1 100  Uvea  wera 

••  Jaa,  to.  Death  of  Bamoal  Bowha, 
editor  of  Iha  BpriugAald,  Maaa.,  Ha- 
f<Mkna%,  and  naa  of  the  moat  aoted 
JoaraaHata  of  AaMviaa,  aged  \%  yaara. 

Grt*t  Tknlagitml  Ditttuiion. 

**  Jaa.-Fab.  Great  dlsnasaliia  tbrougbnal 
tba  tbaokigioal  worM  upna  tha  aataro 
of  Iktara  paalabaMat,  aad  aoaaeralng 
tba  .aalataaaa  aad  orlgia  of  a  plara 
eallad  "lleA"  Tba  diaenaaioa  waa 
atartad  by  a  arrmoa  preaehad  by  Rev. 
Haan  Ward  Baaokar,  la  whiak  ba  ig- 
nored tba  ealataaea  of  a  plaea  of  tor- 
■seat  aad  tba  doetriae  of  lUf^t  lor- 
mtiU  at  punl$lkm»nt  after  death. 

••  Feb.  II.  DMth  of  Hon.  GIdeoa  Wallaa, 
exHrari'iary  of  War,  la  Uartibrd,Coaa., 
aged  TS  years. 

CrtmatwH, 

«•  Feb.  IS.  The  body  of  Mrs.  PIttmaa, 
wife  of  Bcna  Pittman,  nf  Cincinnati,  ol 
pboaograpblo  notoriety,  waa  oramated 
at  Washington,  Pa.,  by  Dr.  La  Moyna. 

**  Mar.  9.  Tornado  in  Caaey  County,  Ky. 
Great  dealraotion  of  property  and  sr v- 
eral  livia  hMt. 

J7m.   WaJt. 

"  Mar.  9.  Death  of  BenVunin  Invnklln 
Wade,  an  American  Senator  of  great 
ability  and  moral  Ihree  of  character. 
Mr.  Wade,  Ilka  the  great  maknty  of 
American  stateamen,  aroae  Irom  oIh 
scurity  snd  worked  his  way  nn,  by  hIa 
own  manly  and  untiring  exertions,  lo  a 
position  of  groat  eminence  and  rrspon- 
slbtltty  in  tne  Government  He  wss 
flrat  an  Ohio  State  Senator  in  1837,  and 
a  United  Statea  Cenator  (Irom  IFlfll  'o 
IHflO.  He  waa  ever  a  Arm  and  conilst- 
ent  opponent  of  slavery  and  the  slave 

Sower,  and  oppoaed  all  its  measurrs. 
pon  the  sssassinaMon  of  PiMiiKnt 
Lincoln  he  became  Pioiidont  i>t  ilia 
Senate  vro  ttm,  and  acting  Vlce-Prrsi- 
dent.  Mr.  Wade  waa  a  stanch  and  noble 
defender  of  the  rights  of  the  people, 
and  eapeclally  of  the  AMcan  alave,  and 
politically  he  waa  never  contaminated 
fty  eompromife  of  principle  or  political 
oorrupdon, 
'*  Mar.  4.  Bayard  Taylor's  appointment  as 
Minister  to  Germany  coaflrmad  by  tlia 
Senate. 

Floot/  IM  California. 

"  Mar.  Disaatroua  flood  in  Califemia.  Tlia 
lovoca  of  the  Hacramento  Ilivt-r  gave 
way,  and  a  vast  amount  of  fanning 
Unds  flooded.  Houses  were  swept 
away,  and  larga  nnmbera  of  horsi's, 
cattle,  and  sheep  were  drowned.  'I'lia 
damage  amounted  to  several  millions. 

Orangemen  and  Catkolies. 

"  Mar.  18.  Riot  in  Toronto,  Canada,  on 
the  occasion  of  a  lecture  by  the  Irixh 
champion,  O'Donovan  Bossa.  A  mob 
of  7.000  Mughs  surrounded  the  hall, 
breaking  all  the  window -glaaa  with 
missiles,  and  driving  the  a|Maker  and 
audience  fixnn  the  building;  800  per- 
sona were  ii^Jured— 90  by  pistol-sbotat 


■■  r-  1  n-wfc'nii.i 


OfmOKOLOOT. 


WItMMMr  JMm. 

tol»lifMtl,Mt|« 

Imi  IMNvMwtra 


W/  DiltMiWH. 


•pjnointment  u 
loflrmed  by  lli« 


Wn,      TiM  aiyr  MUM  (■  •  pmtwtgwl  IflM 
WtWMn  lb*  OranirtnMiii  •nd  rAlboHrt. 

*  Mm  M.     IIm|Iii«  of  tbrM  Mo»l«  M»- 

giiirM  la  nMuoitbum,  P*. 
"  Mm.  Ovirthniw  of  intnmonUnlini,  or 
ml*  of  IIk<  ptlMlbiMNl,  In  Xjomw  Cmo> 
do.  Th«  aurah  bod  cnotnrikd  oN 
tho  oAmi  In  lh«  Provlnoo  nnlll  Iko 
OtfTarnnMat  Mtumod  lb*  Mlln  Jnrlo< 
dklloM. 

*  PnrtlMl  doTthipaiont  of  tbo  lalopbono, 

InvMitod  l>t  WUbo  OrnTi "(  (''blciffo,  In 
I  •74,  wbleV  In  tbo  ItnHnoK*  of  Ibo 
toTMlor,  win  trnnfmll  voool  Mmndo 
tol«(Tn|thlcolly.  II  U  Ibo  ol^wt  of 
tbU  Infmllon  to  tranimll  tbo  Ioom  of 
tb«  buniMi  vntno  tbrrMinb  •  ttbwmpble 
rlnmll,  and  rcprfxlnoo  tbom  at  thn 
otbor  md  of  tn*  Una,  no  that  aelml 
eoaroriatlan  oan  ba  enrriad  on  by  par- 
aona  a  long  diatanoa  apart.  Thli  won- 
derful In* anllon  bat  mora  than  Ailflllad 
tba  offloa  whiob  lla  Mnpilna  Inranlor 
pradlclad  ftir  It,  and  baa  opanad  up  a 
naw  ara  In  tba  mirvaliiua  prooraia  of 
aolanoa  and  tba  urand  niareb  of  vTanta. 
In  tba  rammar  of  iH7A  Prolbaaor  A.  O. 
Ball,  of  tba  Doaton  UnWaralty,  pro- 
dooad  an  Inatniment,  or  talcpbona  ap- 
Itaratna,  by  wbloh  artlcutata  ■paaeli 
coald  ba  tranamlttad  orar  an  aleotrlc 
drealt  and  reprodnoad  with  diatlnot- 
naaa. 

ProAaaor  A.  1.  Dolbanr  alao  addad 
an  Improrament  to  tba  talaphona  tba 
mnio  y(>ar.  In  1M78  tba  Inrontion  ba- 
camo  of  praotloal  utility,  and  waa  qnlta 
aslanalvaly  uacd. 

Mr.  Tbomaa  A.  Ediann,  of  Menio 
Park,  N.  J.,  hua  alao  iiirantixl  a  tala> 
phone. 

Editon't  Phonograph, 

*  The  phonograph,  or  lound-recorder,  If  a 

darioo  for  permanently  recordinic  and 
fkltbfttllv  repnxluclng  at  any  time  or 
placa  all  kfnda  of  mundi,  Including 
Iboaa  of  the  hum  in  toIco.  The  ipeak- 
ing  phonograph  waa  InTented  by  Mr. 
Tbomaa  A.  Ediaon,  and  I*  a  pnrely 
mechanical  Inrentlon,  no  oleclrlclty 
beina  u«ad.  It  la,  however,  iomawhat 
allied  to  the  (elcpnone,  in  coniequanoe 
of  tba  Act  that,  Hka  the  latter,  ita 
action  dopenda  upon  the  ribratory 
motiona  of  a  metallin  ,  diaphragm, 
capable  of  rvcciring  from  and  trana- 
mftting  to  the  air  lound  vlbraliona. 
MThen  a  penon  ipcakt  Into  the  month- 
piece  of  the  InHtiument,  which  will 
oauM  the  dIaphraKm  to  vibrate,  and 
aa  the  Tibratloni  of  tho  latter  corre- 
apond  with  the  movemeota  of  the  air 
nroduoing  them,  iofl  and  yielding  tin- 
foil will  become  marked  along  the  line 
of  the  groove  by  a  leriea  or  indenta- 
tiona  of  differont  depth*,  produced  by 
a  peculiar  mechanical  combination, 
rarying  with  the  amplitude  of  tbo 
vlhrationa  of  the  diaphraffm,  or,  In 
other  word*,  with  the  inflcctiont  or 
modulation*  of  the  ipoaker'i  voice. 
Vbeao  Infloctlona  may  therofore  be 
looked  upon  aa  a  sort  of  visible  speech, 
wbieb,  in  Act,  they  really  are.  If 
now  the  diaphragm  is  riimoved,  and 
a  cvl.ader  turned,  wo  have  only  to 
repla(«  the  diaphragm  and  tnm  in 
tha  sama  direction  as  at  first  to  hear 
lepeated  all  that  baa  been  spoken  into 


vn%. 


Mm 

alytaa  by  i 
imTataa  Ita 


liBtaaa  of  Ik* 
Inla  isaas  being  eaaaad 
srsTvww  Ita  nmnaff  palli.  and  eonaa* 
■MBlly  rialng  and  MHng  with  tba 
iayisaaliiiia  la  tba  Ml.  lla  Motion  la 
eomnimlaalad  to  iba  diapbrsgm.  and 
IkaMa  Ibfnagb  Iba  lalarvenlaji  air  to 
tba  ear,  wbsta  the  ss— ation  of  sonnd 
lajrodiMad. 

Tba  artlenlatlon  and  qnallty  of  tba 
phonograph,  altboagb  not  ysl  par- 
Ibet,  Is  (ttH  aa  good  aa  Iba  latepkona 
waa  all  raontha  agoi  Tha  Inatramanl, 
whan  parfMad  aiid  moTad  byebiek- 
wiofc,  win  — donNadly  raprodnea 
every  oondltlon  of  Mm  nnmaa  volea, 
HKilvdIng  Iba  wbola  world  of  aipraa- 
slon  in  speech  and  song. 

Tha  alMva  brief  deaerlptlon  of  the 
phonograph  waa  eondsnsad  (Wrni  the 
artlcia  In  ArAnar's  M»iUMp  tat  April, 
tSTH,  (hMi  tha  pen  of  0.  a  Preaeott. 

April.  A  rinl  oecnrred  among  tba 
miners  al  Coal  Creek,  Ind.,  In  consa- 
qoanoa  of  tba  iiroprletora  hlrlnir  ne- 
groes to  work  in  the  minee.  Thvre 
esiatad  a  "  Union  "  among  the  miners, 
whieb  determined  to  drive  out  the 
aniored  men.  Three  negroaa  were 
kffled  in  the  riot. 

ApHI  7.  Burning  of  a  portion  of  the 
poor-bonsa  <4  Bteuben  County,  N.  Y. 
One  of  the  insano  Inmslea  sot  fire  to 
tha  building,  and  10  persona  perished 
In  Iha  flamea. 

fVm.  it.  Twttd. 

April  II.  Death  of  William  Marey 
Tweed,  tha  great  **  Tammany  Ring* 
leader,  In  tha  Jail  in  Naw  York  dtv. 
Ha  waa  the  moving  power  in  the  ran- 
beriea  oonneeted  with  the  Mnnldpal 
Oovammtnt,  when  980,000,000 
stolen  fVom  Ita  treaannr. 

April  14.  Earthquake  In  Venetnehk,  d» 
atroying  the  town  of  Onona. 

CytloHt  in  Iowa. 

April  91.  Themoat  terrific  tornado  that 
was  ever  etperiencw'  in  Iowa,  accom- 
panied b"  1-aft  of  enormous  sin,  swept 
over  Jefi  .  401 '  County,  destroying  many 
Uvea  an .  l  7aat  amount  of  prop- 
erty. Ita  t-  ck  was  from  one  and  a 
half  to  half  a  mile  in  width,  and  ex- 
tended forty  milra.  carrving  (error, 
devaatation,  and  death  In  its  track. 

John  Morrissey. 

May  1.  Death  nf  John  Morrissey,  priie- 
flghter,  gambler,  and  State  Senator,  in 
Saratoga,  N.  Y. 

Morrisaey  waa  bom  of  verv  poor 
Irish  parenta  In  Inland,  and  cama 
with  hla  parenta  to  America  when  but 
three  years  of  age.  He  waa  raised  in 
povtrtv.  In  the  city  of  Troy,  N.  Y., 
and  all  the  education  he  possessed 
he  acquired  hlmielf.  Independent  of 
schools,  learning  to  read  and  write 
after  he  was  10  years  old.  He  grew 
up  a  very  strong,  athletic  boy.  and 
working  for  several  years  in  rolling- 
mills  and  stovo  -  foundries,  grratly 
aided  in  the  development  of  hla 
muscles.  Be  waa  for  several  years  tha 
leader  of  a  party  of  roughs  and 
rowdies  in  Troy  known  aa  tha  **  Down- 
town party,"  white  the  "Up-lown 
party"  was   led   by   O'Ronrka  and 


XVn,      Naehaf,  Iww  kriNao  of  iMal 

fTKoMrfca  bad  whipped  avarr  b«ll7  la 
Iba  aorWNMdlng  anMMry.  Ha  waa  N 
jrtars  of  aga,  and  •  pnwarlMly-lNitll 
MM.  Morriawy  waa  ImH  10,  yet  ba 
wa*  then  a  vielnr  awang  pnglllala. 
Upon  tba  Iral  allaak  or  O'Ronrka 
Morrissey  gave  bim  a  snund  tkraablaf . 
lla  waa  now  •  "barA,"  amf 
noted  aaMwg  apantny'  mim 
>Ml  Iha  rwantry. 

In  IMO-I  bo  waa  •  daak-kand  m  • 
North  IMvar  sisawsr,  and  la  tW4 
■urrlail  tba  da«gl*<*r  •''  «■  — >*■!■■ 
In  IHOU,  wllk  a  oMipnaloa  aaaMtl 
OanalngMun.  Morrlaaay  alartad  for 
CaHfornla.  Nallbar  of  ibam  kMi  saA- 
elenl  nsoaa  to  earry  Ibani  Ikara,  *• 
Ibay  sMppad  on  board  a  vis  1  si  bound 
for  tba  naw  "Ehlorado"  aad  bid 
aaMBg  Iha  atoraya,  aad  aftar  Ikiaa 
daya  aada  Ikalr  aapiamaos.  Whaa 
ealiad  npoa  flir  Ibair  llakala,  Ikat  eoa« 
fbaaed  Inair  pkM,  aad  tba  santaia  a»> 
snrad  them  that  Ibay  ahonlil  aevat 
reach  CaHflimla,  bal  that  ba  wouM 
sand  I  bam  bowM  bv  Iba  first  Manaior, 
and  that  thav  ahouM  work  tboir  paaa* 
kgs  si  heaving  eoal.  But  wbaa  tha 
vessel  raaohad  Ohaaraa,  Iha  aatlvoa 
lurronndad  U  In  tnair  oanoask  aad 
Morrissey  aad  hla  ouaimda  alippad 
over  Ita  side  aad  dropped  Into  oaa  of 
the  boata,  aad  laklay  Iha  oara,  toM 
tha  native  ba  woaM  save  Ms  llfb  only 
by  ksoping  atlll.  They  rowad  to  tha 
wore  ana  walked  to  PaaaaMt,  a  dia- 
taaoa  of  nearly  forty  milea,  wbars,  with 
their  aman  espltal,  they  begaa  gam- 
bling, and  ware  soon  In  pnaiasslon  off 
tTW).  Bui  tkU  liaing  barsly  half  tba 
amount  laqalrad  to  carry  thaai  to  Saa 
Franelseo,  thay  oonllnuM  to  gambia 
until  Ibay  loal  it  all.  Again  radnoad 
to  their  first  astromity,  tnay  watohad 
their  ebaaea,  aad  when  vigilant  ofloera 
ware  everywhere  on  the  alart  to  pravaat 
hundreds  of  idle  feltows  from  snipping 
under  the  asaM  olronmslsnoaa,  Ibay 
sUppad  oa  board  tba  bding  aeboonai 
which  traaaported  the  eargo  to  tba 
Pacific  staamer.  Arriving  aloagsida, 
they  watched  their  opportunity,  pick- 
ed up  a  large  paoking-ease,  aad 
carried  It  on  board.  Thay  ware  aol 
dianovared,  and  oaea  saftly  aboard  tba 
veasel,  they  forgot  to  retnra.  Tho 
nest  morung,  sceinc  a  boy  aavaraly 
boxed  by  a  large,  flaa-looklng  man, ' 
Morrissey  demanded  of  hiBkhia  reason 
for  atriking  tha  boy,  and  sevataly  cen- 
sured the  act  aa  mean  and  cowardly. 
Ha  waa  Informad  that  it  waa  tha  ea»> 
tain  of  tba  veaaal  whom  ha  waa  i«pn< 
manding,  and  when  called  npoa  for 
his  ticket,  aad  being  obHgad  to  coafosa 
bis  dnplldty,  tha  captaia  aaid  ha 
would  put  them  ashore  at  Acapnlco,  aa 
ha  thtngbl  that  wonU  ba  anfikient 
punishment  fi>r  them. 

But  seemingly  daatinad  to  good 
Inok,  Morrissey  and  his  companion 
were  unexpectedly  relieved  from  their 
embarrassing  situation.  The  '  vcaael 
was  short  of  provlsioos,  and  a  mutiny 
aroae  among  the  steerage  passengers. 
For  a  reason  unknown  to  Morrissey,  the 
captain  appealed  to  him  and  hla  com 
rade  to  stand  by  him  and  tha  oSlcera 
of  the  veasel.  Morrisaey  gladW 
pHed,  and  tha  captain  aiBMa 
each  with  a  entkua   and 


thiB 


chronoloot 


i{ 


I' 


\ 


pniwi  iwing  Mwf<M»y  •M  CmalM* 
Imi  ■!  Ito  kMl  W  Um  Hmtm,  tiMjr  !•• 


••la,  aad  M*  bimiIm  to  <to  Um  bM< 
tm  llMto  la  kU  yaww.  Um  m^b 
■m  Mnrttmi  mm!  Cm«1k«Im«i  • 
ibH  WW  mmI  ■  twa  q  tiM  ImiaM* 
tm  Ika  wilajf  Uw  wgraga.    ArrlviM 

Ml  Mp  ^  rlMilM^   ll#9fllMy%  RlfSdi 


II  to  Mm  «i)ftal% 
I,   Mil    willTllM 

)  Im  Ml  air  a  iMaMla(  lalMa 
I  iMy.  Ba  nfMli  aaranialatotf 
,  aM  wkaa  a  mM  aaaltotoMrt 


Hka 

a  hmH  tmmI, 
I  tfalMid  wllk  fM*  aid  Miaiaal- 
I,  aM  Martad  fer  Um  plaaa.  Tka 
tt  Mm  t«imI,  aM  lb*  a^ 
paPMl  al^Mt  of  lla  alaloa,  prtTtalad 
Ma  OaatoM-lMMaa  aaMiarlUM 


gtvlac  ikfM  a  altofaae*.  aad  tbM 
aNpfMl  at  la  Mm  alRkl  wIMmwI  tbdTr 
papan,  aitd  talhrd  m  pirataa  la  Mm 
ayaa  of  Mm  law.  It  waa  a  patllnm 
widwtolilaff.  a«  Mta  dlttoaaa  wm  I.ouo 
■llaa,  aail  ta*  aoaal,  ht  a  loac  dU- 
tor  a,  a  foagli  aad  daagtwiaa  oaa,  aad 
tba  MMili  BMs-er-war  wMck  Mitjr 
wan  NaMa  to  aaaaoatar  would,  If  Mi«« 
w«fa  avarhaalad  aad  Ibaad  to  b«  tall- 
tof  wttboat  aay  pnpm  IdcaMOealbM, 
amat  Mmbi  aa  piratoa  aad  haag  thaai 
to  th«  yard-am.  BalaoMilacdaaatod, 
Um«  lallMl  M  aad  laaehad  Ik*  phe* 
wlwoal  iatorfcfwea;  bat  tadlag  tba 
■foipacl  a  poor  oaa  fer  MaklaK  Ihtir 
fcrtuina,  tbaj  laaolvad  to  ralara  to  8aa 
riaaalMOb  OaMMtrwrnrhaefc  tbeypat 
la  at  VMMoarar,  a  BrlMrb  port,  aad 
Ibaad  a  Brillab  maa-oT'War  la  the 
harhur.  Ttwy  w«a  la  a  pradieaaiMt, 
and  Merrliaay  advlaad,  aa  tba  bett 
abow  Ibay  eoald  aaka,  to  hoard  tba 
ablp  int  aad  ilaia  thtir  butinMa, 
aM  giro  tba  Mptaia  all  tba  aawt  tbav 
pnatiatad  eoaearalag  tba  now  gold. 
Halda.  aad  Ibaa  datraat  bit  attention^ 
Tha  eard  wm  a  InekT  oaa,  and  took 
ly,  aa  tba  Brftlib  T«Mrl  wm 
IT  Mm  aaw  gold  rogioa,  aad 
tba  eaptala  tbaakad  Miam  iladiy  for 
tbair  InlbraMdua,  aad  aakvd  them  to 
diaa  oa  board  tba  ablp.  MorriMavt 
cooipaaloaa  wara  alarmed  at  tbeir  de- 
lajt,  aad  fSmrad  tbat  their  comr»dea 
bad  oartataly  been  either  piMed  in 
Iroaa  or  tummarllT  diipalcbed  m 
pirate*.  .  B«t  apoa  tbelr  retam  to  tbe 
Mbooaar,  tbey  aad  a  Jotlifleatioa  orer 
their  "good  laak,"  lad  during  tbe 
Dl^t  tbej  •lipped  ont  of  the  barbor 
aad  diMppenrM  beftire  the  Britith  crew 
eoald  riituni  tbelr  Mendly  vidt  Re- 
turning to  San  franciioo,  tbey  ioM 
their  TeMol ;  and  m  there  wm  ftttti 
eseitameat  among  tbe  mngha  on  ao- 
count  of  a  priae^flght  wblob  hail  oc- 
curred tbe  uaj  or  tbeir  arriral,  and 
the  victor  bad  ehalleniied  any  man  In 
CalifnmU  ti>  meet  bim,  MorriMet'i 
Monde  arranged  for  a  dgbt  for  $1,000 
a  aide.  Tliey  met,  aad  Morrieeey 
whipped  tba  champion  in  ten  minute*. 
The  aame  year  NoniiMy  eballengeii 
any  maa  in  America  to  6ght  him  >t 
$10,000  a  aide.  Tbe  Mend*  of  Tom 
Uyer  took  up  tba  challenge,  but  Uyei 


nU' 


l»T».  baafcail  aal.  la  IN*  MiwftoMy  wkl|h 
pd  TaahM  MMvaa  at  •l.M*  a  al<l*. 
MMrtaMf  woa  la  iAy  Mvaa  alattlaa. 
Ilia  hMt  Igkt  WM  witk  HeawM,  la 
Oaaada,  at  |MM  •  iMa,  Marrliaey 
baaMiW  la  t«eaty.«aa  mlaalaa.  lla 
aei  aa  a  (paftlag-koaM  la  New  Tark 
na  kw  relara  fVwa  DaNlbrala,  wbera 
be  mafia  a  good  deal  af  dtoaay.  Ma 
vlallad  laglaad  aad  Irelaad,  aad  wH* 
aeaMd  tba  Igkt  batweea  Haaaaa  aad 
•aMBk 

la  IMI  MarrlaMy  begaa  oparalloa* 
la  Wall  Mtmn  t  but  ba  Maa  ImI  |Sn,- 
OOk-aN  MMt  ba  bail -la  Mm  raid,  with 
Mm  Onaaaaa  Caaaall,  t^mtl  Vaader- 
MM.  He  bonwwad  HMaay  aad  tkuted 
a  elaMMaM  la  laraliiga, 

Darlag  tha  war  kia  aparaUoa*  la 
Wan  Mraat  waia  vary  heavy,  aad  be 
■ada  kurga  aaaH  of  aMaay.    la  IMa 
Morrlaaay  wm  aomlaatad  for  Onagraaa, 
aad  WM  eleatad  by  aa  oTarwkenlag 
molarity.    Tha  Member*  of  Coagrva* 
were  avarM  to  reeogalilng  him,  and 
nuae  wera  wllllag  In  Introdnee  him, 
But  Murrl***y  ahowad  moral,  m  wvII 
M  phtaloal.  aoar•g^  and  Mh«il  Mr, 
Oaflald,  oi  Ohio,  to  Inlroiiui'a  lilni. 
Mr.  OarCebl  aaaaatwl,  and   praMwtvd 
Jeka  MorrlMM*  to  the  Vnlti>d  Htotn 
Oaagraaa,  m  a  RepraaantallT*  fVnm  the 
rUlk  DMriet  of  New  York  City.    Il» 
WM  again  eleetad  to  CoagraM,  In  IMt, 
by   liooo  miO^iy*      Morrt*My  wm 
trMlad  with  raapeet,  and  wm  never  re- 
ftwad  a  fliTor  in  OoagrM*.    Hi*  bear- 
lag  WM  ualvtrMlly  oouaaded  to  bar* 
bMn  modaat,  gentlemanly,  aad  intel- 
ligent, aad  ha  wm  never  guilty  of  w- 
ecpllng  a  bribe  or  betrayiag  bl*  con- 
•tananto.   la  lM9,on  '•  llhwk  Friday," 
Morrlaaaw  hwt  |aoO,000,  but  ba  paid  up 
every  deltl,  aad  •tarted  anew  In  a  club- 
buuM  at  naralaga  tba  foltowlag  year. 
Ml*  bouM  eo*l  $MO,000,  and  wm  eon> 
•Idered  the  fln«*t  of  It*  kind  In  th* 
world.    In  1871  be  atarted  a  polltloat 
movement  known  m  "  Young  Demoo- 
rMy,"  for  which  be  wm  eipelled  fttim 
tba  Tammany  DanMwrMy.    lie  ioineil 
tbe  new  Tammany  Hall  whan  it  wm 
raorganiied,  aad  became  a  leailer,  but 
be  boMtad  that  be  never  held  ofllee,  or 
held  a  draft  oa  tbe  treMury,  and  bad 
never  BMde  oae  dollar  out  of  tbe  City 
of  New  York.    In  1879  Morri*My  wm 
elected  to  tbe  Mato  Senate  of  New 
York,  where  he  carved  with  creillt ;  lie 
oppnied  all  the  meacure*  of  the  "  ring  " 
efliotuullv.    In  1877  be  dcfoatod  ^'cbell 
M  a  candidate  for  State  Senator  ftom 
the  Seventh  Dietrict,  one  of  tbe  moet 
ari*tocntla  portion*  of  New  Turk.     In 
the  contMtto  win,  be  worked  himMlf  to 
dMtb.  When  hi*  allkira  were  all  Mttled, 
it  WM  found  tbat  be  wm  worth  only 
about  $30,000,     Althoush  controlling 
large  amount*  of  capital,  Norrl**oy  wm 
•trtotly  honeet  in  hi*  moneyed  traniac- 
tion*.    Had  be,  when  a  boy,  received 
the  education  hi*  natural  talent*  re- 
quired, and  had  be  been  fortunately 
bom  In  a  (phere  of  life  in  which  he 
co'ild  have  received  early  moral  and 
mitgioua   culture    and    training,    hi* 
career  would  never  have  been  amons 
priio-flffhter*  and  gambler*,     llo  hail 
an  innate  leiMe  of  moral  rectitude  and 
Juetlce  which  many  who  were  reared 
under  Ikr  more  Ikvorablo  lurroundlng* 
are  dcatitute  of.    V/bea  we  ooDtider 


Iffn.  Mm  daMltoMna  aMi  IgaaraaM  af  bbi 
MNKNiloa  aad  larraaaiWag*  la  *klM> 
kmMl  ami  Mtly  maakaaiT  tka  great 
wnailiw  I*  ilial  k*  caakt  aiaiaiala  aa* 
Iniegrtly  wkatever,  Mat  Ikat  a  aandl- 
dale  fh>  a  the  matmpwN*  of  Ihi*  gr»al 
aad  vKllghtaaad  rapuMla  aoiild  ba 
alwiail  I.  a  aaat  la  lla  National  t'on- 
■»*••,  thm  ,lha  vary  towaai  walk*  la 
Dib,  a  maa  with  mi  rapalatloa  bat  that 


el 
I 


nf  a  bally  or  prlia-tghlef ,  a  gamldar , 
Md  Mhma  hMMMV)  aad  wk<>  bad  nAaa 
b*««  ImMeied  for  cflaMa,  aail  wko  kad 
••rvad  a  term  la  Ih*  Pealtaatlanr,  and 
WM  laatlei  amoag  Mm  hiwaat  thm  M 
roagke  la  a  giuM  allv,  la  a  a*v*r*  com- 
meat  apria  oar  ataaoard  of  aKwal  aad 
llaal  parltv.  It  alto  Iklrly  INm» 
Mm  w*aa  palat  la  tka  form  af  oai 
grant  aad  Am  Ouvaramaat,  i.  a,  pMaL* 
Mm  balkit  witbia  raaek  of  tka  igaoraal 
aad  dcfraded  upaa  tka  *aaM  Gaal*  M 
that  of  Ike  iaialllgeat  aad  adaeatwl 
elMiea. 

May  I.  OrMt  eip,eMoA  la  Ike  WMb* 
iHim  (lour  mill*  at  MlnnMpolia,  Nina  , 
the  largval  (louring  mill  la  th*  wnr|<L 
raiialaa  tha  daatrae'loa  by  Ura  of 
•evivarntlier  large  mllla.  Total  vclua, 
|l  ^00,000.    17  H VN  wera  lo*t. 

May  10,  Senate  BM**d  tba  Banhmpt 
lirpval  bill,  wbleb  abouM  ba  oparaMvt 
firoffl  Sept.  1. 

Mav  II.  D»atb  of  Catberina  1.  Baecbar. 
•Utnr  of  lUnry  Ward  Baauber  aad 
Mr*.  Stowe.  Hba  wm  a  well-knowa 
author,  and  a  woman  of  rare  *vbm  and 
virtne.    AgiNl  77  y*ara. 

May  17.  Potter'*  reaolnlion  paaWH, 
which  propo«*d  an  Invvtlgatlon  of  tha 
alleged  electloa  IVand*  in  Floiida  and 
Loui*iaaa.  Tba  Itrpnhllean*  reftwvd 
to  voto  on  tbe  raiolutioa. 

Cytlotu  in  Wittnuin. 

Hay  IS.  A  lerriM*  tornado  In  Southara 
WUconiln,  which  *w*pt  acniH  tha 
Slate  fVom  Mineral  Point  to  Mllwanki<« 
Jefferaon  (bounty  *ofl'*r*d  MVerely  \  tlu 
tiiwn  of  Oakland  wm  nwepi  with  tha 
**  b**«m  of  daatruetion,"  aad  over  |JIO,  - 
000  worth  of  property  dratroyed  la 
thi*  town  alon*.  The  cyclone  imiaPkl 
over  Cedar  I.ake.  luekingup  the  watrr, 
which  WM  precipitated  with  immena* 
force  upon  tbe  land,  which  apiwared, 
after  the  atorm  bad  abated,  m  If  tha 
MiMlaaiput  had  awept  over  It.  1  here 
WM  notbing  which  could  atond  before 
It*  awful  fory.  The  largnet  tree*  were 
twieted  into  ahreda,  or  tnanpi'd  oA 
Kke  piptr^tema.  Ilorava,  cattle,  men, 
wagona,  and  portion*  of  liullilinKi  wera 
carried  through  the  air  like  feather*. 
The  track  of  Ihi*  cyclone  vnried  IVom 
10  to  ino  rml*  in  width,  and  wm  but 
a  little  over  one  hour  in  travrreinii  the 
State  from  Mineral  Point  to  Lake 
MiohiKan.  A  large  numlier  of  pcnon* 
were  i^|ured  and  many  killed. 

William  Cullen  Biyant. 

June  18.  Death  of  William  Cullan  Dry- 
ant,  the  eminent  American  poet,  at  tlia 
■ge  of  eiglitv-four  ye*n.  The  la»t 
work  of  Mr,  Bryunt  wm  tlie  delivery 
of  an  addreis  at  the  unveiling  of  a 
kuit  of  Maatinl  in  Central  Park,  New 
York,  lie  apoke  In  tka  open  air,  a 
fViend  holding  an  umbrella  oyn  hi* 
bead  during  it*  dellvai/,  but  while  ba 


i»<Hm«  In  «klM. 

tlMMO,    llM   g?Ml 

mM  Mlntalt  Ml* 

IM  llNM  •  Ml<4l- 

»N«  t4  Ihh  irMi 
p«bll«  •miM  b« 
la  (fiill«n«l  l'm»- 
lowMl  ««lk*  III 
|hm»)Imi  but  iNm 
ibtor,  •  rmkIiIoVi 
Mt  who  IimI  nrti>« 
Ma,  Mil  «In»  bail 

hwltMllMT,  Mit 

•  htwMt  r(iM  nf 
,  I*  •  MT*r«  r<in»- 
tni  of  aMiral  awl 
•hn  Mriy  llta» 
lallMlbfMafow 
Mat,  i.  A,  piattai; 
li  of  Mm  imoraal 
Malt  aa 


It  aad  adaeata<( 

a  la  lb*  Watb* 
nntapolU,  Mlaa , 
nlll  la  lh«  wnrHi 
I'loa  bjr  flra  <w 
lb.  Total  tcIm, 
a*N  loot. 
kI  tba  Rankrapi 
iMild  baoparatitro 

•Hna  ■.  B«Mhw. 
rd  Baavhar  aad 
raa  a  wtll-kaown 
of  raro  traaa  and 
I. 

Molnlion  paatM, 
r^plintlon  of  Ilia 
a  la  rioiiila  ami 
mblleaaa  nftwu'l 
loa. 

lado  In  floutharn 
rapt   aernaa   Uia 

ttoMilwankM 

rad  aavvraly ;  llu 

Rwepi  with  tha 

'  and  (irrr  |JIO, 

<li-«irujrtnl  in 

cyclona  iMurtl 
ng  op  tba  water, 
'  wllb  immenaa 
arhloh  apiwarad, 
ibatad,  aa  ir  tha 

orar  It.  1  lirra 
lid  atand  hcfnm 
rgnat  treea  were 
or  anappccl  oft 

a,  cattle,    mun, 

liulldinKi  wera 
Ir  Ilka  fnathera. 
one  varied  tVimt 
tb,  and  waa  hut 
n  travcraing  the 
Point  to  Lake 
nlier  of  pcnoaa 
■killed. 

Bryan/. 

am  Cullan  Dry- 
can  poet,  at  tha 
ara.  The  la^t 
oa  tha  dcllTery 
nnveillDK  of  a 
tral  Park,  New 
ha  npan  air,  a 
brella  orar  hia 
but  wbilo  ba 


Wn.      imdaNvaHMtM 


», 


IMS  MMvafiatf  MM 
hi  Um  flan  af  tba 
wmm  rawMif  Ifca  boaaa  af  bla  MawtL 
WMfa  ba  waa  tat llH  to  dina,  ba  Ml 
laaaaalbli  afan  iba  ihfaabnM,  but  ra> 
aorafad  ao  aa  to  raaah  bla  bfl«a  Iba 
,  ftoaa  wblab  ba  Mfar  afata 
aalll  ba  waa  aantad  !•  bla 
kti§  bo«M  la  Iba  bawMllWI  aawalafy. 
Mr.  ■mill  waa  bara  la  (^UMiitaflaa, 
Maaa.,  la  ITM.  Al  Iba  a|a  of  laa  ba 
waa  a  tarr  Maaoaloaa  bay,  aad  aa  ad- 
vaaaad  laanlaf  M  bla  yaaia.  Ua  b*> 
gaa  wrlUag  vaiaa*  at  tbal  aaa,  aad 
wbaa  Iblrlaaa  ba  wrola  a  poHimu  Ml- 
lia  In  rbnaa  wblab  waa  widal*  aalv 
llabad.  Al  alitaaa  ba  aatofad  Wll- 
MaaM  t'oHaga  aa  a  iaybaaiara,  aad  r» 
BMiaad  two  yaarai  bat  bla  falbar  aol 
balag  aMa  lo  aay  bla  aipaaaaa,  ba 
left  rollaga  aad  Mgaa  Iba  alady  af 
Uw,  aad  waa  adaillMd  lo  tba  bat  al 
tba  aga  of  twaaly-oaa.  Ha  aoatlaaad 
tba  araallaa  of  kiw  till  ba  aoaaolad  Iba 
adllaftal  abair  of  tba  Ktminf  UmI. 
Ba  wrola  -Tbaaatopala"  wban  bal 
aavaalaaa.  aad  all  ytara  kilar  bla  fb> 
Ibar,  ladla«  ll  aaMiag  bla  papara,  aaal 
It  la  Iba  XiHh  Amirimn  iktitt  tat 
pabHaatloa,  Wbaa  twaaty-iHM  ba 
waa  paranaitad  lu  pabllah  a  voluaia  of 
poeoM,  wbleb  apaaarad  nadar  tba  title 
of  •"lie  ARaa.'*  Tbtae.  witb  the  lit- 
erary gaai,  "Tbaaatopala,'*  aatabllahad 
bla  rapulailon  aa  a  poal  of  the  Aral 
ordrr.  la  IMU  Mr.  Ilrvant  Ixiofime 
roBBaatad  with  the  New  York  Ktminif 
7M,  wblab  ha  baa  ainoa  editml  with 
great  ability.  Mr.  Bryant  waa  quite 
aa  aitenaire  travakr.  having  vlalted 
tha  principal  parte  of  bla  own  rountry 
and  made  aeveral  tripa  to  Kurojiei 
alao  a  Ttalt  to  Kgypt  and  Hyrla.  Du^ 
lag  bla  traTala  be  wrote  lettera  of  de< 
Mnptlon  to  the  iW.  In  bla  aeventy- 
Aral  year  ba  hegsn  the  tranabitlon  of 
the  "lUad"  IVvm  the  Oreek,  Uborine 
flmr  veara  upon  It.  He  then  Iranalatad 
tha  ^'Odtaaey,"  which  reoulred  two 
veara.  Masa  tba  ooMpUtioa  vi  bla 
iraaalalioB  of  Hobmt,  la  oonnaotloa 
with  Mr.  Oay,  ba  btgaa  a  blatory  of 
tha  United  Stataa,  wbleb,  wbaa  com- 
ptelad,  woold  611  aoveral  volouea,  bat 
wbleb  ha  left  aaflnlahed.  By  tbia  rec- 
ord of  bla  labora,  we  aea  thai  ha  waa 
an  aatlrlag  worker,  and  whataTar  bla 
baada  or  brain  foond  lo  do,  ha  did 
with  bla  might  aad  llrad  almoat  to 
tba  aga  of/earaiara  aad  <«». 

JiKlgt  Brittt. 

iaaa  17.  Death  of  Sydney  Breeae, 
Jndga  of  tha  lIHnoia  BupranM  Court, 
at  nncknayTllle.  IIL  For  twenty-live 
yeara  Judge  Hraeae  had  llllad  tbia  hon- 
orable aad  Important  pualtion  with 
eminent  ability.  Ua  waa  a  llnlabed 
Bchotar,  a  diatlngnlahed  Jarlat,  a  naeftal 
aad  Tidued  clUaen,  and  an  boneet 
man.  Tha  bar  of  Chicago  Joined  with 
that  of  tha  State,  and  aant  a  delegation 
to  pay  their  boaora  to  tba  memory  of 
tba  Teaerable  and  renowned  Judge. 
The  Aig  of  the  State- Houae  dome  waa 
at  bair-maat,  and  apcclal  traina  were 
tendered  by  the  Ohio  and  MiaaiaalppI 
Itatlraad  on  the  oooaaion  of  the  lUneraL 

Agitation  of  the  third  •' Prcaldential 
term"  qoettlon,  in  relbrebce  to  the 
alaoltoa  of  ez-Preaident  tiiaat  for  a 


•af^     iMaa  iliM  ai  ^aiMaai  aC  laa  vaHad 


Jaaa  Jaly.  Mutt  <a  M,  f««4i  balweaa 
Iba  Mayar  aad  hhi  maiabaki  aa<l  tba 
MateaanHlaa  poHaai  alM  balweaa  Iba 
imaata  aad  ii  l.a«la  Nallraad  Coat- 
pawf  aad  Iba  elilaeaa, 

Jtta*-Jnly.    Oaa.  Jaba  ('.  fraaiaal 
IraMd  aa  ilofefnof  af  Arianna. 


Jalf.  ladlaa  oaibreahala  Waablagtaa 
Territory.  Battla  of  WINow  Narlagai 
4t  aebliera  kllbid.    Uaaarala  floward 


aad  Mllaa  laalh  roal  the  ladlaaa. 
Jala,    WaHaaal  Hebrew  Ooavealloa  la 

Nllwaakea,    WIe,    aumpaaaH    of   the 

leadlaf  iirtboiloa  Jewa  of  tba  Ualtad 

lialea. 
Jaly  a.     JNraAif  •/  lAe  ^aaAer  Afae 


••Cliff'*'  vitu;'  oa  Iba  Miaaia- 
alppI Mfar  at  Mamphia,  daring  a  allf 
gala  t  Iba  iamaa  maimaaiaaliag  wllb  a 


gala  t  laa  aamaa  maimaaiaailag  wllb  i 
larga  alaralar,  II »  aa  aiaa  baiaad  dowa, 
Twenty  baga  af  Oovarameal  mail  wen 
dealroyad,  aad  two  Uvea  loai 
total  hiaa  tnm  the  Ira  waa  #f  M,! 


weta 
The 
000. 


Frtm  QutUt  It  Ikt  Gulf  t/  Mtxttt 
in  a  P0ftr  Ctnp*. 

Julf  4.  Nalbaalel  H.  Blabop  atartad 
Irnm  Qnebea.  Caaada,  with  a  large 
oaaoa  with  lalla.  In  make  a  trip  to  the 
(iulf  of  Mailao.  He  eiebangad  Ida 
InmI  fbr  a  paper  canoe  oa  the  way  In 
oaa  of  Iba  New  Kaahwd  porta,  and 
want  oa  bla  way,  parfonalag  tba  Jov^ 
nay  pleaaaatly  and  aafely  la  alaa 
wveka'  time, 

Sutrt  Tuniul, 

July  0.  Completloa  of  the  Satro  Tnanal, 
wblab  eoaneeta  Ibe  Comatoek  aad  Bar^ 
aga  allvar  ndnea  la  Nevada.  The  Inn- 
nel  waa  daaigaed  aad  eonatrueted  by 
Adolpb  Botro.  Ha  waa  alaa  yeara  en- 
gaged in  tbie  woaderAil  enterpriee, 
'  wbleb,  Ibr  the  vaatneea  of  tba  under 
taking,  aad  the  amay  obetaolea  to 
overcome,  cballaagee  Um  admiralioa  of 
tba  world,  aa  one  of  Ibe  moat  gigan- 
tic Ibato  la  tba  bla  lory  of  BMdem  aagl- 
aaarlag. 

Tbia  inaaal  la  located  over  t.OOO  ftet 
below  the  aurflwa  of  Iba  earth,  aad  la 
ftwr  mllaa  la  length,  balag  toa  feet 
high  bv  iburtaaa  ia  width.  Ito  ott)«ct 
la  to  AclUtato  tha  operatlona  in  the 
minea— to  aave  the  eaoraaoua  eipeaaa 
of  pumping  water  and  of  bolatlng  ore 
9,000  fliet  by  machinery ;  of  tranafiort- 
Ing  minera  to  tba  dlflwent  drifta,  with 
iaereaaad  lafMy  to  Hfe  and  limb;  tba 
anoraoua  earing  in  wood  aad  ataam- 
powar,  and  ieouriag  venHlatloa  la  tba 
minee.  The  coat  of  tbia  woaderflil 
entorpriaa  waa  |8,SOO,000  in  gold. 

Mr.  Sutra,  after  repeated  cflbrta  to 
aeoura  aaaiatanca  la  CalKbraia  among 
the  great  mining  atookhoidera,  who 
repeatadiv  pledged  their  aaaiatanca 
and  aa  often  vlolatad  their  pledaea,  and 
ikillng  to  raiae  auflkieat  maaaa  la  New 
York,  owing  to  tba  advaria  influenca 
brought  to  bear  againat  him  by  tha 
Callmmia  fapitallata.  he  repaired  to 
England,  and,  after  repeated  efllirta. 
auccoodcd  in  aecnrina  aufllolant  aid 
ft'om  the  ft^at  Eiigliah  hooaa  of  M. 
Calmot  Droa.  to  oomplvto  hia  gigantic 
undertaking. 

Mr.  Sutro  will  be  gratefhlly  remem- 
bered when  the   powerAil   moneyed 


iim 


aaii  ale  eatevpnaa  eaaN  anaaaev  Ml 
Ibtgaltaa  gravaa,  aad  kla  aanw  wtK 


I  by  Ibaaa  who  ga  i 
lato  Iba  bawela  af  Iha  earlb  la  btlafl 
Awtk  ite  treaaarea  to  aaitak  Iba  aaai 
af  maa. 

OrtHgtmtn. 


Jaly  10.    Paala  la  Maadaat 


alf  10.    PM 
laraalaaad 
aadOa 
graad 
ikalda 


kyt 


parada  rTb.  OnapaaMn  aa 

l«  tiM  Mlf,  Mid  mtHm  mw9%  IbrMdig 
MMiif  Um  IrM  OafciNi  lo  mvmI 

tiMiff   MMiMM.      TIM  SlWMl    DiMSM 

%  MM   pMnfli  wBMi   MM   Hiiywr  VMM 

Mf   Si'VttfM   MMVMMM   CiC  OoTVffAMMl 

Ironfii  wiM  iHiiMrwd  Um  Otmmmami 
wU^MilbloodtbMl.   Mit   ^«M  WM 

MMS   VMM    FMtMWla      TMA    WM   IIM 

aaauad  attamat  la  Maaltaal  to  braak 
np  tba  paiada  af  tba  Otaagamaa  la 
tbal  alty  by  Iba  OBtbaNa  alemea^ 
a  riot  baviag  eaaarrad  la  IMT. 

TAa  Mthff  e<  th*  OraafMaM  daM 
back  to  Mo*.  II,  lOM,  wbaa  tba  Orda* 
Aiat  bad  aa  aaleleaaa.  II  waa  latob 
llfbeii  at  Kaeter,  Raglaad,  aad  a  d(» 
laralloa  of  lie  pfiael|tlea  waa  dfawa 
np  bjr  Biabop  Buraai,  Iba  aiaaan 
pledging  IbeaMalvea  toauppartWIlMB, 
Maaa  af  Oraaga^  who  waa  a  Prataat* 
aai  Tha  Order  waa  Ibea  called  Iba 
••Oraaga  Ooafbdaraiioa."  aad  baa 
bean  aerpalaalad  ta  Baglaad  aad 
Iralaaii  aader  diflbrent  naiaaa  a*ar 
ainaa.  Tha  flrat  Oraaga  Lndgo  dalat 
back  to  September  tl,  ITOoTlla  pra> 
dalmad  ol^eet  baiag  aalf.deftw^ 
audataaaaea  of  Prataanatiam,  aad  n 
Britlab  domlaaUoa.  It  aprtad  veff 
rapidly.  Ito  Irat  Oraad  Maalar  la 
IrMaad  waa  Tbomaa  Veraer.  Ia  IMT 
It  beeaaw  aatobllabad  in  Caaada,  aad 
baa  alaaa  baea  ana  of  the  laat||nlieaa 
of  tba  eoualry.  Ogia  K.  Oowaa  waa 
tba  tot  Oraad  lUalar  of  Caaada. 
They  ara  eiroaglv  bnrai  to  tba  Brillali 
OovaraoMai  aid  a  large  majority  li 
tha  pablto  mea  belong  lo  the  Oidat 
II  wIeMa  a  atroag  poHUrnl  inflaeaaa 
ia  Oaaada,  aad  baa  1,000  htdgia,  wUk 
a  meaibarabip  of  000,000. 


Sumlrpktt. 

July  M.    Dariag  tha  weak  aadlag  Jnly  ' 
M,  140  pancaa  diad  fhm  auaaalvt 
heat  la  the  ally  of  St.  Loala,  Mo.,  aad 
over  00  la  Obleagn. 

July  M.  Death  of  "Miaato  Wanaa," 
tba  dwarf-wi*  af  Mai.  Newell  (abo  a 
dwarf)  aad  aieler  of  Mra.  TOa  Tkamb. 

July  00.  IWalael4M*^(A«aa%aaaala 
the  United  Btatea  in  a  pi^  110  mllaa 
wide,  eataadlng  tbtoagh  Um  Weatcra 
Territoriea,  tnm  Iba  Britlab  Poaaw- 
aioaa  to  tha  Gulf  of  Maiica 

r$r  Me  year  aadMg  mitk  Julf,  I8n,jff- 
I  Aaaf, 


U  year 
iJMIi* 


July-Aug.  Unmmiimtti  tmd  pr»Un§ti 
hmt  an  over  the  United  Statea.  Oiaal 
Buflbriag  aad  maay  daatha  ia  ecaaa* 
quanoa. 

Am.  7.  FearAd  diauter  on  Iha  Pan- 
Haadb  itaibnad,  eanaad  by  a  oolliaiua 
betweoa  an  emigrant  pamengar  Inda 
and  a  freight  train.  10  peraai 
killed  outright  aad  00  ii^urad. 

Aug.  7-0.    ^itribla  atonaa  la  CMMI 


I  I  i 


k: 


MMIfMM  41MMMM|  mm  WIIM  Mil  9m 

llaMlMni  Maw  Tarli.  awi  •  Mrt  m 


Ml  M  MllilMtVtfV 


will  urn  Mf— lOlitowi  hikwryfaA 
*•  ViMatf  MMm.     TltM  Mft?«  la 


BMN  BV  RU|  WMMh 
WMW   WTO    MP 

PnMhMmMI 


wlnw 

^^^tmMm    m^^^mA  '  Urn    Ak^ 

HMlltteMitMi 

ilaOlilMff*lpM> 
I liww ■ttotalMMk.    __ 

mmmmM  bt  lM«?7  wlMi,  Hwingfc 
WalMOiilHk  OliK  wd  PmwSI- 
W|»4fc    m  brlilJiM  iirapl  awty  !■ 

to  MwttwB  OMo  ttoM,  MMMtod  If 
5/Avr  ^i»'. 


ky  BOT*  ikM  •  tw»4liiKb  foto.  II 
WM  tttoiil  by  PimMmi  Ifayw,  b«l 
laiMdiatoty  MiMd  ■nala  orar  kit 
Tito.  Vadw  Ikk  law  Um  Ualtad 
Maiw  Mlat  pwwaaad  to  «•<■  tk«  mw 
■llTW  dollar. 


■■gar  aada  IVoto  Ik*  amBtoMi  eom-alalk, 
^PnT.  OoUUr,  ckMBM  oT  Iba  Agri 


II.  AMIrearf  rftaKiP  al  Thr^^ 
HHt,  Omm.  An  arar^rowdati  aienr- 
aioa  Irate,  ratamiag  Ham  Iha  Mnnd* 
imA  laakajr  Mattaga  al  Baitferd,  Ml 
Ikroagk  a  traall»>l)ndga,  aad  alitoaa 
paiMM  wara   Ullad    aiMi   fcrty-alx 

Ytlltw  Fntr. 

Am .•Oai  TmlMa  vlaMallM  of  yaltow 
firar  la  tka  SmMk.  It  Inl  mada  lla 
appaaraaea  la  Kaw  Orliaaa,  aad  rMld- 
W  ipraad  to  Iba  dtlaa  aad  towaaalMg 
thaMlMlialppI  iUTar,oarf]rtagooaa(aiw 
■adoa  arii  daalk  iBto  avaty  koMMkold. 
Tka  paapla  fad  la  tanw  aad  dlMaay, 
■am  aona  towaa  wara  alaoal  dapopo* 
Ta  Oatobar  41k  Ikara  waia 
■aaaad  %0M  daaiha  la  If  aw 
aad  Ika  Ibrar  ailil  ragtag. 
Mag  ftaaa  daalllailoa  waa 
IbarltaL  aad  40,000  wara  raportad,  Oe> 
lobar  lit,  aa  daatilate  of  Iba  OMaaa  of 
anbaialaaoa.  lamaaaa  aabamipUoaa 
aad  doaatloaaof  Boaay,  elotblag,  aad 
ftwd  wara  aaal  fkom  tka  North. 

■opIaaikarM.  DaalkoTOoloaalTboaiaa 
B.  Tharpa,  tka  waO-kaowa  wfilar, 
agadUyaan. 

Sapaaihir  10.  Daalb  ofOaaaialHaary 
Raymoad,  who  waa  Ika  oldaal  aorrlT- 
lag  ralaraa  of  tka  war  of  ISlt,  agad 
Myaarib 

Oatobar*.  DaatkortkaRar.Nakamlah 
Adaaw.  D.D.,  anibor  of  •«  A  Booth  Sida 
yiaw  of  Starery,"  ia  kit  78<l  yaar. 

Oetobart.  An  aiourtlon  train  on  tha 
OU  Calony   Railway,   ratomiag   to 


10^10 1 


Tka 


iirt. 


<|iitoay.  aaar  Raataa,     Of  Ika  1400 
piiiiagiH  li  wan  kUM  aalHgkl 

aad  avar  140  wara  liyarad. 


itobar  10.    Dartag  a  paala  ta  Ika  lla» 

llnl  akarak  at  Lyaakbmg.  Vlrglara, 

alaa  laNrail  paapta  wara  alNad  aad 

tbifly  WMMhlail. 

tabar  4*.     Iiaaik  aT  iht^la    II. 

Lalraba,  iba  amlaaal  alrti  aagtaaar, 

aiad7lyaar% 

tokat  00.     Oaalk  M  Raar^Adalral 

HIraM  raaMag,  af  tka  Valtad  Maiaa 

NavY,  air*4  II  laaia^ 
Navaaibar  A    HiilraaUfa  Ira  at  t!apa 

May,  Kaw  Jtnay,    Maraa  katala  aad 

Iklrfw  aallagaa  baraad. 
Mavaawar  11.    faiwlaaa  awa  btIM  aad 

BMWV  ti^afod  by  aa  aaaiaalaa  ta  a  aoal 

■ilaa  al  OaUtraa,  Indiana. 
Mafaahar  N.  Utalb  of  l.ottla  A.  Ooday, 

■abUabar  aad  adtlar  of  ««l«'«  UMt 

Wo,  ta  bla  TMk  yaar. 
Noraaibar  10.    Uaalk,  ta  Kaw  York  ait 


BmO,  ta  kla  TMk  yaar, 

Kaw  York  atlT, 

af  Iba  lloa,  Lyman  Tramaln,  to  bla 

•Oik  yaar. 
Paaawkar  If.     Oolil  wm  anlil  la  Kaw 

York  al  par.    It  waa  Inl  mM  al  a 

araailnto  lanaarr  11.  taOO.  Ilraaekad 

lla  klfkaal  nto.  |S.SI,  Jnly  }|,  1104. 
Daaaaibar  M.    Daalb  of  IUar>Adailml 

Haary  K.  Roff,  U.  0.  N.,  agad  •• 


itrt. 


Daaaaibar  07.    DMib  of  M^or-Oaaaral 
Daatal  Cral||  M'Callam,  naaagar  of 


tolHlanr  rallwayi  during  IbaalrTi  war, 
agad04yaara. 

Rt$umflion  »/  Sfuit  Paywunh. 

Jtmvaiy  1.  Tka  rtaamptloa  of  tpaela 
payBMato  by  iba  OovaraaMnt  took 
ptoea  oa  Jaaaary  I,  lOTO,  aa  pwrldad 
by  law.  It  took  phkoa  wllbont  pro- 
dnelag  tka  tllgklaat  aaJbTorabla  Im- 
praaaloa.  Tka  aaoriMiaa  aiportatloa 
aad  diarialtkad  Imporlatlon  of  tha 
prarloaa  yaar  atlU  aoattaaad,  aad 
■ooB  aallraaad  Iba  alagaaat  Irada 
that  bad  prarallad  darlag  Iba  larger 
part  of  1078.  Tka  aoaaaqaanoa  waa  a 
■lato  of  laoMrkabla  laeraaalng  proa- 
parity  darlag  1070. 

Jaaaary  0.  Daatk  of  (la  Pklladalpkia) 
Mortoa  M  'Mlakaal,  aa  amlaaal  Jovmal- 
lat,  aad  ax-Mayor  of  tkal  ally,  in  bla 
TMyaar. 

Jaaaary  0.  Jullaa  Ifartridga,  bora  In 
Saraaaak,  Oa.  Diad  la  Waahingtoa, 
D.  0.,  agiid  44  yMrm  Waa  Holidlor- 
Oaaaral  of  Iba  Caatara  CNnait  of 
Oaorgia,  a  promlaaat  mambar  of  Iba 
OoalEdarato  Congraw,  and  a  mambcr 
of  Ooagraaa  fhin  Baraanab  at  Iba  tima 
ofbltdaaih. 

Jaaaary  M.  Matlbaw  T.  Brannaa,  bom 
la  Naw  Tofk.  Diad  in  N«w  York, 
agad  07  yaaia.  Waa  poiica  Jnitica, 
oomptroller,  poHoa  oommiMlonar,  and 
abariff  of  Iba  Ooonty  of  Naw  York. 

January  St.  Daath,  In  Longwood,  Mara., 
of  Uaorga  BtlllaiBa  HiUard,  tha  author. 
In  bla  70th  Tear. 

January  94.  John  Cadwallader  died  la 
Pbiladeipbla,  aged  74  yeari.  Waa 
Mamlirr  of  Conoreaa  fVom  the  old  0th 
PanniylTania  Oietrlct,  waa  appointed 
Judge  of  the  United  Stotea  Diitrlct 
Court,  by  Preiident  Buchanan,  a  poai- 
tioB  which  ha  held  up  to  the  Hum  of 
bia  daalb. 


MfO^  rMMMry  1.  Daalk  alMabai4  Imh* 
Oaaa.  adilar,  aaal.  iM  awaylil.  M« 
waa  bara  la  I'aatarvtga,  Maaa.  K» 
faaibar  10.  I7a7,  la  1104  ka  aalara4 
Uarvard  Oollaga,  aad  Ml  la  HOT  «llb> 
aal  gratttMiltaa.  lla  waa  adailiiwl  to 
Ika  praMhM  of  law  la  1011.  Mag 
BMra  InaNaail  to  Mlaralara  Ikaa  io 
legal  prarilaa,  ka  baaaaM  a  aaalrlbator 
to  Iba  iWM  4ai«riaaa  Iktim.  Ilt« 
wrtilaga  wara  diallagalaked  by  Ikatr 
aMMi  aad  giaalMteaaa. 

"  Maiak  r.  miia  Barrtit,  a  Mkalar  aad 
pbllaalkroftal,  waa  kora  at  Naw  Brlt- 
ala,  Oaaa.,  Dia.  0,  laiO.  la  1100  ka 
keaaaM  aa  appraallaa  to  a  bhMbaaillK 
aad  al  Iba  mbm  MaM  darolad  all  bla 
Meara  to  obtala  aa  adaeatloa.  ■• 
ardaat  waa  bla  daaira  Iw  bnawladga 
Ikal  ka  wroagkt  awlkeaMtlaal  pnm> 
leaM  wklla  worklag  al  Ika  aavti.  lla 
atlamplad  to  parmna  Ika  datl«  of  a 
laaakar,  aa  a  BMaaa  of  aappart,  kwi  IN 
kaallk  praraalad  aaoaa«.  Ha  triad 
baalaaaa  paraalia,  bat  Ika  laaactal 
crUla  of  fOtr  left  klai  daatllato.  lla 
Ibaa  waat  to  Waraaalar,  Maae,,  aad 
al  Ika  aartl  aad  Ika 


aludy  of  hMwaagaa,  aad  oklalaed  tka 
Baaieoftka*l.aanMdBlaekaailto."  Ia 


IMl  ka  Made  kl«  tot  MbHa  appear, 
aaoa  aa  a  laetnrar.  la  1040  ba  atortad 
tka  6'AfMtoa  CMliMi,  al  Woreaetar, 
darolad  to  aatt-alavary,  toaiparaaea, 
aad  aalf«iltnra.  Foaryaara  later  %« 
weal  to  ■orepa,  aad  chirlBg  a  rial* 
of  Ihraa  *ean  be  darolad  hiaMalf  to 
eoK>paralloa  with  Ika  Cagliek  aeaor 
advooalaa^  alai  at  Iha  aboHtloa  of  wai 
aad  Iba  proaolloa  of  fkalemal  rela- 
tinaa  aad  ibellaga  batwaea  dllwaat 
eountrlea.  Ha  waa  proaiaaal  la  or* 
gaaliiag  Iba  Viral  Faaaa  Coagraaa  la 
IMS.  Be  betMBia  tha  editor  of  Iba 
CMem  ^f  Me  W»M  in  PMhMlelpbta. 
Ia  tbia  aatarprlaa  ba  fbllad.  He  thea 
retired  to  a  mall  Ibrai  whieh  ha 
owaed  al  Naw  Britola,  and  gara  bia 
atteatloa  to  fcralag.  Ha  aiada  a 
brief  rlall  to  ■afkuid  In  1101,  aad 
daring  Ika  two  toltowiag  yeara  ka 
pabHanad  threa  new  booka.  Ha  waa 
appolatad  U.  S.  CoaanI  at  BIrailaghato 
In  1000.  Ha  retaraed  to  AnMrioa  la 
1070,  aad  apant  tha  remainder  of  kla 
daye  to  kla  natlra  rtllaga. 

Vebruary  M.  At  Btooktoa,  Califbraia, 
aiitaan  peraoaa  wara  klilad  aad  t»aaty> 
all  injured  by  a  holiar  aiphwioa. 

Mafch  I.  The  baalBeae  aortlon  of  Reno, 
Nerada,  waa  deatroyed  by  lie.  Loea, 
11,000,000. 

Maroh  00.  Death  of  Oaorga  B.  Wood, 
M.D.,  LL.I>.,  the  eminent  ivofeeeot 
and  medleai  author,  fpA  80  year*. 

April  4.  Death  of  MadOma  Jerome 
Bonaparte  (n/»  lliiabath  Pattenon), 
in  her  04th  year. 

April  10.  At  Waltorborough,  Booth 
Carolina,  a  dbaatroua  tornado,  da> 
Btroying  mooh  property,  and  cauiing 
theloeeufalsllree, 

April  SI.  Death,  In  New  York  oily,  of 
Oeneral  John  A.  Pis.  ex-Goremor  of 
New  York,  in  hi*  8Iet  year. 

April  07.  Death,  la  New  York  eity,  ot 
ex-Judge  Orrrge  O.  Barnard,  aged  00 
yian. 


•:  .HUM     -,-.HI 


Ml  la  IMT  wtllf 
•M  (MiailMMl  M 
i*  Itll.    MUM 

MtMWN   IIm»    tM 

••••MlHlMHar 

Ml  Mnim,  IIM 
pMktA  by  iMi 

rri/l. 

It,  •  MlMlir  awl 
■ni  M  Ntw  Mi- 
lit,  Ik  IMt  IM 
In  •  kiMhMNltli, 
I  dtrotad  all  bl« 
•damMlM.  •• 
t  tor  biMwMM 
IbMMllwl  miJb. 
I  lk«  MvtI.  Ha 
I  tiM  daUaa  nT  • 
r  MmMrt,  b«i  lit 
Maa.  Ha  iHa<l 
•I  Um  iMMlal 
m  daalllala.  Ha 
•tar,  Maas.,  aad 
m  aafti  aKd  Iba 
iBtfoblalMd  tba 
Btaehmllb."  !■ 
I  MbHa  appaar- 
I  INI  baaUrtod 
a,  at  Weraaalar, 
icy,  lanpafasfla, 
lalarta 


r  taaia 
dufl>a 


ta  Tiai* 
■aair  t* 


rated  h 

a  Kaglitb  aaaor 
abollllaa  or  wai 
ft  ftatarnal  nla> 
atwaaa  diftraat 
iromiaaal  la  or- 
aaa  Coagriaa  la 
■  of  Iba 
la  PMIadtlphia. 
MM.  Hathaa 
wblah  ha 
a,  aad  gava  bla 
Ha  Biada  a 
d  la  IMS,  aad 
iwlag  yaara  ba 
Ha  waa 


at  UmlBKhaai 
I  to  Amarlea  la 
amalndar  of  bla 

km,  CaHlbrala, 
IMaadlwaBlfo 
aiplaaloo. 
lonloB  of  Raao, 
bjrflia.    Loaa, 

orga  B.  Wood, 
aaal  ivofMaoi 
(od  8t  year*. 

'^a  Jerona 
atb  PattanoD), 

oroogb,  8outh 
i  tornado,  da* 
ly,  and  cauilng 

m  York  eity.  of 

ax-Qorafnor  of 

yaar. 

'  York  ally,  of 

urnatd,  agadSO 


0IIJK>N0IAC)Y. 


MOTial  Vaaaa«««r  Ranaafea,  WaaMa» 
to*  Witary.  afOaaafat  AHM  taNI. 


I  N  TMn» 


AfHI  W.    n«Mk  af  Hifcllaiab  I.  Mala. 

MM  WW  wm  Nl  PIWM0ffl|  IVi  11.  •  Nl 

ITN.  Thia  aailaMa  lady  waa  abMb 
baawa  aa  adilraaa  of  (Mw**  Mr* 
JkMk  aabllabad  la  rblladal^uri* 
wblab  Ma  adraiaiad  waaMa'a  adt aaaa- 
•aai  Mm  waa  Um  aailMr  af  ••  Woai- 
aa*a  Wiawd  Inm  tba  Oraallaa  la  *.» 
IIM/^^MM«rfa(a  idaaaiai  anatrr,  and 

WM  ffN|MM9Q  MM  MWMMll  Wf  Ml  1VM# 


Mm  T.  Tba  aaw  fltoaaHtaUna  of  Call, 
fcraia  waa  ado|Mad  by  tba  paoplo  of 
Ibal  Mala,  by  a  a^)«rlly  nf  aoarly 
10,0Mi 

May  T.  Tba  Naw  Yorb  LagialalHra  paaaad 
a  Mn  talag  tba  lagat  rate  ul  lateral 
at  all  par  aaali 

Mm  10.  I)aatb.  la  Naw  York  ally,  of 
llaaNAdailrai  Kaoob  O.  Parroii,  U.  M, 
N.,  agad  aaarly  Tt  yaara. 

May  II.  A  aa?al  aamgamaal  waa  Ibagbl 
off  Iqalqaa.  oa  Iba  Pararlaa  aoaal, 
batwaaa  iba  Pant*laa  iroa-olada 
JlkatMr  aad  lni»ftmi***U  aad  Ibraa 
Oblllaa  woodM  «aaa«la,tba  KimmMay 
Oiiad«wfa,  and  Nimtri,  1  ba  H$m*f 
Mm  waa  ramnMd  aad  aaak,  aad  orar 
MiO  of  bar  eraw  wara  drownwi.  Tba 
Mtfttndtittlm  waa  wraehad  In  puran- 
lag  (ha  aaaoiy,  aad  waa  buruad, 

WUIiam  Uoyi  Garriion. 

May  M,  WIDIaaa  Lloyd  Oarriioa,  aa 
rdllor  aad  abolliloalal,  bora  at  IfaW' 
buryiwrt,  Maaa.,  I)m!.  11,  1804.  Ha 
waa  appraatlead  to  a  ahncmakar  at 
tba  aga  of  taa  yraia,  aad  aubaaqaaally 
to  tba  pabllklirr  of  tba  JViiilariwart 
ibfo/if.  Afar  Iba  temlnalloa  of  hif 
apprfatloaablp,  ha  waa  oonaaolad  adi- 
terlally  wllb  aararal  aawapaaara.  Ha 
look  adf  anoad  grouad  na  Ina  paaea, 
Iraparaaao,  aad  aUvary  onaatioM, 
Ha  Ibvorad  Immadlate  aboiltloa  of 
alavafy,  aad  cnmmaaoad  a  laetnrlag 
too?  oa  amaadpatlua  la  JIaanary, 
1881.  Mr.  GarriMB  oowiBwacad  tba 
pobHaalioa  of  tba  lAhtnttr,  wbleb 
prorad  a  powaifbl  waapon  In  Ibror  of 
flraadom.  In  lM-1  Mr.  Qanriaoa  waa 
oboaea  Praaidanl  of  tba  Amarloan 
Antl-Slarary  Boekly,  and  hold  Iba 
paaiiion  Ull  May,  IWO,  whan  tba  war 
being  orer  aad  tba  negraea  fVee,  the 
Sndaty  waa  diaaolvad,  aa  ila  work  wm 
done. 

May  HO.  A  tornado  In  parte  ofMliaonri, 
Kanaaa,  anil  Nebraaka  dealnnod 
bntldlnga,  awept  tba  flalda  of  their 
cropa,  and  aemipad  tba  water  from 
rlTcra  and  wella.  Mora  than  forty 
peraona  were  killed  and  eighty 
woondad. 

Joaa  10.  Both  Hooaea  nnanlmoaaly 
paaaed  a  bill  to  erect  a  monument  on 
the  aite  of  the  houaa  in  whloh  Waah- 
Ingtoa  waa  bom. 

Jane  IS,  A  water  apoal  at  Buffalo  Gap, 
in  the  Black  Hlln  region,  oauaed  an 
oTcrflow  of  Bearer  Creek,  whloh  awept 
away  a  camp  and  drowned  aleren 
peraona. 

June  S8.    Colliaion  of  ataamahip  CUy  of 


\m%.      m»  nrk  «f  Mw  llaraaa  Llaa,  wllb 


Tba  IMm  laah  alib  bar  aapuia 
fcarff  Ibaaraw. 
Jaly  \(K  Itgbl  BM«  bilM  aad  Ibrly 
waaalad  ay  tba  ai|  'laloa  af  Iva 
loaa  of  glaal  aowdev  at  tba  Rodlaa 
iJaMbaate. 


ailaa,lBl 


DiMUlr*ttt  Shrmi. 


Jaly  18.    Tloteal  atanaa  of  wind,  ball, 
aad    rata,  aaaampaalad   by   terrlla 
Hgblalag.  awapt  over  parte  >4  Maaaa 
aaaaatte,  hllHag  aMto  Ibaa  Iwaaly 
pafaoMh 

Jah  at.  Dtaaateaaa  atnrai  la  Iba  all 
dUlrtat  of  Batlaf  Ooaaly,  Panaayl. 
faala.    Vlllagaa  wara  tondad, ' 


aarrlad  away,  aad  ataaa  daaiMyad, 
Aamal  8,    Death,  at  Klabland  t.'eatre, 

Pa,,  of  (.'barlaa  raobtar,  Iba  aator,  agad 

•4  year*. 
■aptaMber  18,  Death,  In  N«w  York  ally, 

i>f  Daalal  Drew,  aged  hi  vaara. 
fcptembar  at.     Ura*t  a«»nll*i|ratloa  at 

Deadwood,  Dakota  Tarrltiirf ,  daatiay* 

lag  Iba  aallra  baalaaaa  |iornua  of  taa 

towa. 
Oatobaff  t.    roillalna  at  Jaeki'tn,  oa  Iba 

MUblgaa  Caatrat  Iteilraod,    roartaaa 

peraoaa  kllbxl  aad  Ibirty-two  woaadad 
Oalobar  l«.  Death,  at  Pblladalphia,  I'a, 

of  lleary  O,  Carey,  tba  poUtlaal 


mlai,  afad  8<t  yaara, 

rl7.  Death,  In  Weal  orange,  If 
of  the  Right  nevaread  Wliliaai  R 


October  17.  Death,  In  Weal  Oraaae,  M .  .F., 


Whitllagham,  Bnlacopai  Blabop  of 
Maryland,  agad  T«  yaara. 

Octubar  88.  In  Iha  rapabUa  of  llaytl 
Oaaerai  Balumoa  waa  pruclalaiad 
Preeidaat. 

October  88.  tohoonar  Mrri  wracked 
wbta  three  daya  out  from  Kaw  Bed- 
ford, Ma»taobuactt«.  riftaea  Uvea 
kiai 

Gtiteral  jM^h  Hcoktr, 

Oetobar  81.  Death  of  Oaaerai  Joaaph 
Hooker,  Oooimaadar  of  th  Army  of 
Iba  PotoouH).  Ucaaral  Hooker  Waa 
born  at  il>dl«y,  Maaa„  In  18IS.  Ha 
gradua(<)ti  it  Weal  Pnlnl  la  1887, 
aervad  in  tba  >'exlci>n  War  from  1808 
to  1881  i  ba  waa  a  Ookmal  In  Iha 
OaHfomla  MIHtiai  in  1881  ba  waa 
nuda  DrIgadlar-OeaemI  of  Volnateera, 
aad  plaead  la  command  of  the  do- 
foaeea  of  Waahingtoa  t  In  1888  ha 
waa  appolnlail  to  tba  command  of  the 
Army  of  tba  Potomae,  and  fongbl  and 
loat  the  battle  of  Cbancelforavine.  He 
reeignad  bla  command  oa  Jane  88. 
BepTember  J4  he  waa  pat  In  command  of 
thaaotb  Army  Corpe,  and  during  many 
memorabla  angagamente  aohlered  dla- 
tinctioo.  Ha  waa  brareted  M^Jor- 
Ueneral  of  the  U.  8.  Army  in  Marob, 
1B«8,  bat  owing  to  diaabilit*,  pat 
aiwn  the  retiiad  liat,  with  a  AiU  raak 
or  M^|or-Oenenl  in  1888. 

Zathariah  Chandler. 

Korember  1.  Death  of  Zaebariah  Chand- 
ler, a  Senator,  member  of  the  Cabinet, 
and  politician.  Re  waa  bom  In  Bed- 
ford, N.  U.,  December  10, 1818.  Mr. 
Chandler  took  aii  active  part  in  the 
Preaidential  campaign  of  1876,  being 
the  hard-working  Prealdent  of  the 
Repabliean  Matlunal  Execatire  Com- 
mittee.    He  waa  daring  the  greater 


lan^ 


188t, 


lalMfi 

ll  U 

Ho 


Kitea  af  bte  Nfo     .^  _ 
f^^V^W     a^n^Vv^^rv^HMPf     P^^^^W     ^8wt^WB 

ba<l  raaUaad  a  liaaiWiama  fortaaa, 
waa  a  bm*  of  aammaading  a 
aaaa,  aad  paaaaiaad  a«  aieolleai  . 
llaol  jodgmoat,  graal  aaargy,  aad 


Moeambat  8.    Plra^damp  aiplailaa,  MIN 

Oraak   CMNery,  alilaaN    mll«   fraai 

raaaylvaala.    Ptta 


klllad. 
Maaatebai  4, 
Uaa,  laa  baailloag  o«  a  kaga  taatarg 
wbUa  laawlaa  Uia  aartbara  adga  m 
Iba  MowflMMMlaad  BaBka,  A  watai- 
Kgbt  balhbaad  ia?ad  bar  fruai  aitet 
4aalr«aMaa.    Wallreajaal 

llalaa  with  lagMab  ablp  Xadp  0Maa4a 
af  DalawaraOaHa  •auimiaadlatoly. 
Tblr^  Hfaa  M: 

Ka?aaibar  IT,  Tbrao  dndgao,  twa  dar> 
riuha,  aatf  aovaa  aaawa  aaak  aa  Laka 
Oaterto,  aaar  Oawago,  Mlao  fetaaaa 
drawaad, 

Movambar  It.  Baplaalaa  la  a  daap  taa* 
aal  oa  tba  nilraad  fraaa  taa  Joa8  la 
■aateOtoa,  TbMy  OblaaaMB  klllad. 
It.     Tawa  af  Had   Rank, 


Paaaaikaaia,  deatravad  by  tro. 

Jaaoary  I.    Daatk,  at  Haldaa,  Maaa.,  at 

BMm*  OllbaHBavaa,  af  Iha  Malbwl. 

IM  ipUaopal  Cbaiab,  la  bla  8Mh  ym. 

Frank  UtHt, 

JaaaarytO,  Death,  la  Maw  York  ally,  ol 

rmak  LaaMa,  editor  aad  pabMalMr. 

agad88yaoia. 
iaaaan  81.    Death,  la  Maw  York  ally 

of  OamaMdora  Hoomt  O.  *"  ' 

88  yaara, 
January  N.    laamar  0/Unaar  boraad, 

tftaea  mllaa  abora  the  meath  of  Iba 

ItodRlTar.    Ilgbl  Urea  loat 
Fabruaryio.    Tba  Oily  Ball.  Albaay.M. 

Y.,  dealroyad  by  Ira.   Bevtral  >!«■•• 

badly  laturod. 
Vabraarf  8.  Death,  la  PIdladelphIa,  Pa, 

of  Adolpb  ■.  Borla,  aataaralaiy  oi 

Iba  XaTy,  agad  71  yaaia. 
Pabraary  18.  Daalb,  la  Provldaaea,  R.  t 

af  Samaal  Oraoaa  AmoM,  at-Caltatl 

Btalaa  ieaalcr  agad  8i*  yaarii 
Pebruary  14.     Daalh.  la  Waaklagtai, 

D.  C,  of  Oaaaral  Oarloa  BtlteflaM, 

Palmary  ir*OMlh,  la  Maw  York  ally, 
of  Jaana  Laaos,  foiadar  of  tlw  Laaos 
Ubrary.lBklalOtiiyaar. 
bmary  M.    Tba  Oblitaa  fleet  baa  da- 


Pabmary 

atroyod  Iba 


laaaAaa  aad  plat- 


Atnaa  of  Ylan  lalaad,  la  ladapaadea- 
da  Bay,  aaa  altaakad  Arioa,  aa  Im- 
portaal  Pamvlaa  aaoport._  Tba « 


maada*  of  Iha  lroa-«lad  Otmrnar  waa 
klllad. 
Pebruary  *0.    Daalb,  in  Havana,  Caha, 
of  Mariano   Riva  Palaoioi  Maaican 


Pebruary  88.   Daalb  af  Hon.  Oharlea  D. 

Coffin,  mamber  of  .the  Twanty-flfth 

Congraaa,  agad  78  yaara. 
Marob  1.     Death  of  (iargaoB,4teneral 

Wmiaa  MaxweU  Wood,  U.  &  M., 

Marob  %,  Soath  of  Rar.  Dr.  Robert  U 
Daabielt,  Miaeiooary  Beorolary  of  tba 
Metbodiat  Ipiacopal  ObuiA  ag^  M 
yaara. 

March  10.   The  Chlllaa  ana 
daftat  at  Iba  taaada  af  tba 


#■ 


OHRONOLOOT. 


IIM      iMU   MoaiMgiit,  hMiny  or«r  1,(00 

MIM,  bwiflM  woanded  u<l  priiOMn. 
••     April  I.    DMtb  of  Uiorga  A.  Baktr, 

■rtitt,  Id  bb  Mih  yMr, 
"     April  a..  D«Mh  of  H«r.  Qaom  Pnnob- 

•rd,  Mlhor,  •nd  AMmd«riif  tn«  K9*Hln§ 

Trmuitr,  •ircd  74  jtmi*. 
••     April*.  OMthofRMW-AdminaHiktob- 

••  April  at  DMllior'OMMnlinoolMNit- 
M|»8a|rt,   M-PrMldMt  of   Hkytl, 

•*  AprilU.  DMrtbonter. BmbucI Oigood, 
D.D.,  LL.D.,  utd  M  vMurt. 

"  April  14.  DMlbofRabOTlKnrtOBe,tbe 
Bootob  botanitt,  •(•d  07  tmii. 

«  April  17.  aiut  powdv  mill  •iplotino 
BMT  Ban  FnMiMM,  OaiUbrauL  He- 
twcen  twantjr  and  thirty  in«n  killed. 

"  April  IH.  Toraado  swept  oyer  parte  of 
Wcitem  and  Bootbem  Htatan,  uestroy. 
ta(  mttob  property  and  killinc  many 
people.  Tne  town  of  ManhfleTd.  M ie- 
aonri,  was  totally  deatroycd.  100 
killed  and  180  woanded.  The  town 
of  Kl  PaM,  Arkaniai^  waa  aleo  de- 
atroyed. 

*  April  n.  Part  of  the  roof  and  wall  of 
Madiaoa  Square  Garden,  New  York, 
tell  wbile  tne  Hahnemann  Uoepit«l 
Fair  was  in  procress.  Poor  persons 
killed  and  several  iqjured. 

**  Dnring  April  and  May  a  large  portion  of 
Southern  New  Jersey  was  laid  waste 
by  foreat  flres. 

JttpublUam  CoMventioH. 

**  June  8.  The  National  Repabllcan  Con- 
Tcntion  at  Chicago,  III.,  nominated 
Jamea  A.  Oarfleld,  of  Ohio,  for  Preai- 
dent,  and  Chester  A.  Arthur,  of  New 
York,  for  Vice-Prbsident.  • 

Steamboat  Collision. 

"  Jane  19.  ThesteamenJVbrro^aMtMand 
Sionin/ftoA  collided  on  Long  Island 
Hound.  The  former  took  Are  and  was 
bamed  to  the  water's  edge.  The  pas- 
sengers numbered  about  three  hun- 
dred,  oi  Mhom  fifty  were  lost 

John  Auguitus  Sutter. 

"  jane  18.  John  Angostus  Sutter  was 
bora  at  Kandern,  Baden,  February  18, 
1808.  The  lifestory  of  General  Sntter 
is  a  romance  in  itself,  and  forms,  to  a 
great  extent,  the  early  history  of  the 
State  of  California.  From  a  poor 
man,  be  gained,  by  his  energy  and 
perseTerance,  the  position  of  the 
wealthiest  man  on  the  Pacific  Coast 
at  one  time,  only  to  be  impoTeiished 
again  by  the  discorery  of  gold,  which 
enriched  his  Btata  and  so  many  of  his 
fellow-men,  and  to  die  at  last  a  peti- 
tioner to  bis  Goremment  for  the 
means  of  sustaining  Ait  family.  Few 
men,  even  in  this  coantrr  of  strange 
experiences,  have  passed  through  such 
a  Taried  conne  of  adventures  as  Gen. 
Sutter.    He  died  Jane  18, 1880. 

Democratit  Convention. 

**  June  34.  The  National  Democratic 
ConTention  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  nom- 
inated IC^or-Generai  Winfield  Scott 
Hancock,  of  Pennsylvania,  for  PksI 
dent,  and  William  H.  English,  of  In- 
diana, for  Vice-President. 


Steamboat  Stttwanhaka  Burnt. 

1880.  June  18.    Tlie  stesmlNiat  tuwtankaka, 

on  her  pasitaffe  ftwn  New  York  to  Glen 
Cove,  with  tliree  hundred  passengers 
on  board,  look  fire,  and  was  run 
aground  and  biirat  to  the  water's 
eilgn.    About  fifty  II  vm  were  liMt. 

"  July  4.  George  lliploy,!.!..!)..  Journalist 
and  author,  born  at  UreenfieUI,  Mass., 
1809;  di«a  in  New  York,  aged  78 
veers. 

"  July  17.  Judge  Stephen  J.  Logan,  liorn 
In  Illinois  Hi  17U0;  died  in  Hpring- 
field,  lll»  aged  Ml  rears, 

"  July  9S.  Dr.  Coostaki.ino  Hrrring,  horn 
in  Oiohata,  Germanv.  in  1800 ;  died 
in  Philadelphia,  ayed  80  y oars.  Promi- 
nent physician,  and  founder  of  the 
School  of  Homeopathic  Medicine  in 
the  United  SUtea. 

'*  AuRUtt  10.  Ilenohel  V.  Johnson,  Es- 
Qovernor  of  Georgia,  bora  in  Uurke 
Co.,  Ga.,  in  18iS;  died  in  Jeiferson 
Co,,  Ga.,  aged  08  years. 

"  August  94.  BrigaOrer-Gcneral  Albert  B. 
Mver  (Cld  Probabilities),  Oliief  Slg- 
nsl  Ofl^cer  of  the  United  States,  born 
at  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  1898;  died  at 
Buflalo,  N.  Y.,  aged  88  years. 

"  August  80.  Rev.  Dr. Wm.  Adams,  Presi- 
dent of  the  N.  Y.  Union  Theological 
Seminary  and  Pastor  of  Madison 
Square  Pros.  Church,  died  in  Orange, 
N.J.,  aged  78  vears. 

"  September  11.  Marshall  Otis  Roberts, 
bora  in  New  York  in  1819 ;  died  In 
Saratoga,  N.Y.,  aged 08  years.  Promi- 
nent merchant.  President  of  the  North 
River  Bank  and  the  Atlantic  Mail 
Steamship  Company. 

Major  Andri. 

"  September  S8.  The  Centennial  Celebra- 
tion of  the  Capture  of  Major  Andr£, 
took  place  at  Tarrytown,  N.Y.  Great 
procession.  Addresses  by  ex-Goveraor 
Tilden  and  Hon.  Cbauncey  M.  Depew. 

"  October  90.  Lydia  Maria  Child,  bora 
in  Medford,  Mass.,  in  1808;  died  in 
Wayland,  Mass.  PbiUnthrvpist  and 
author. 

"  November  20.  Jamos  Dongiss  Williams, 
bora  in  Pickaway  County,  Ohio,  in 
.  1808 ;  died  in  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  aged 
78  years.  Ex-Justice  of  the  Peace, 
ex-Member  of  Indiana  Legislature, 
ex-Member  of  Congress  fh)m  Indiana, 
ex-Goveraor  of  Inwana. 

"  December  27.  Rev.  Dr.  E.  H.  Chapin, 
a  famous  Universalist  prescher,  died 
in  New  York  city,  aged  60  years. 

"  December  80.  Epes  Sarsent,  a  well- 
known  writer,  died  in  iMston,  Mass., 
aged  68  years. 

Garfield  and  Arthur  officially  declared 
Elected. 

1881.  Febraary  9.    The  Electoral  votes  were 

counted,  and  James  A.  Oarfleld  and 
(Chester  A.  Arthur  were  officially  de- 
clared duly  elected  President  and  Vice- 
President  of  the  United  States. 

''  Febraary  13.  Hon.  Feraando  Wood, 
M.  C.  fnim  New  York  city,  died  at 
the  Hot  Springs  of  Arkansas,  aged 
60.  Mr.  Wood  had  twice  been  elected 
Mayor  of  New  York  city.  He  was 
bom  in  Philadelphia. 

"     Febraary  24.    Matthew  H,  Carpenter, 


1881.      U.  H.  Senator  ftom  Wisconsin,  died  at 
WashingUin,  D.  C,  aged  80  years. 

Inauguration  of  Garfield  and  Arthur. 

■*  March  4.  James  A.  Oarfleld  and  Cliesttr 
A.  Arthur  were  inaugurated  l>rsl- 
dent  and  Vice- President  of  the  United 
States. 

"  March  SO.  Wm.  Beach  Lawrence,  Jurist, 
and  writer  on  inleraaiional  law,  died 
in  Now  York  city,  aged  81  yean. 

"  April  4,  .lamon  T.  Fields,  publisher, 
author,  and  lecturer,  died  in  Uoalon, 
Mass.,  sued  08  yeara. 

"  May  4.  Steamer  Contin  steamed  ttnm 
San  Francisco,  fiir  the  Antic  regions, 
in  search  of  the  /mimM*,  overdue. 

Sarah  Bernhardt. 

"  May  4.  Sarah  Berahardt,  a^fimous 
Fri'nch  actress  snd  eecentrio  lady, 
sailed  for  France,  after  a  very  sooeess- 
fiil  starring  tour. 

"  May  12.  Prof.  W.  L.  Dudley  delivered 
a  lecture  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  in  which 
he  made  known  the  important  discov- 
ery of  the  prooesa  for  Aiaing  and 
moulding  iriuium,  a  metal  which  has 
hitherto  lieen  considered  as  practi- 
cally invapable  of  l>eing  formed  into 
bars. 

Resignation  of  Roscoe  Conhling. 

"  May  10.  Hon.  Roscoe  Conkling  and 
'rhoa.  0.  Piatt  resigned  their  seata 
as  U.  S.  Senators  from  New  York. 
They  based  their  action  upon  the  fkot 
that,  as  they  allege,  President  Oar- 
fleld nominated  Judge  Robertaon  to 
be  Collector  of  New  York  customs 
without  consulting  them. 

Revised  New  Testament. 

"  Mcy  80.  The  "Revised"  New  Testa- 
ment waa  published  in  America  on 
this  day.    800,000  copiea  were  sold. 

•*  May  24.  The  P.  O.  Department  have 
shown  that  the  total  numlter  of  piecea 
of  ail  ctasses  mailed  during  the  year 
was  3,780,884,983. 

"  May  96.  Edward  S.  Matnrin,  a  distin- 
guished writer  and  teacher,  died  in 
New  York,  aged  60  years.  He  waa  a 
aon  of  the  famous  author. 

<'  May  81.  Gen.  Thos.  D.  Hoxsey  died  at 
Patereon,  N.  J.,  aged  68.  He  waa 
Greenback  candidate  for  Governor  in 
1877  and  1880. 

Post-Office  Frauds. 

"  May  26. '  Exposures  were  officially  made 
public  of  the  fVauds  in  the  Postal  Star 
lioutea. 

"  May  80.  British  Goverament  paid  to 
U.  States  £10,000  in  gold  coin  for 
damage  done  to  American  fishermen 
by  the  Fortune  Bay  outrages  in  New- 
foundland. 

"  May  81.  Hush  J.  Anderson  died  at 
Portland,  Me.,  aged  80.  Goveraor  of 
Maine  in  1848.    Re-elected  twice. 

"  June  1.  Official  action  taken  to  avoid  in- 
troduction of  small-pox  by  emigrant 
vessels. 

"  June  1.  Use  of  tobacco  prohibited  at 
West  Point  by  U.  8.  Secretary  of  War. 

"  Juno.  3.  Col.  Thomas  A.  Scott,  ez- 
President  of  Penn.  R.R.,  died  at 
Wuodburn,  Fa.,  aged  80  years. 


nriMoniln,  died  it 
•ged  S9  jrcwt. 

Iii  and  Arthur. 

irflald  Md  CliMUr 
ikiiRumtad  PmU 
lent  or  tba  United 

li  Lawrence,  Jnr)»t, 
nnllon*!  law,  died 
wed  81  yeari. 
Pieldt,  publlilier, 
',  died  In  Ikieton, 
I. 

><ii  steamed  fVom 
the  Arctic  regioni, 
M««,  oTvrdue. 

nhardt. 

ibardt,  •"ftmoai 
d  eocentrio  lady, 
Iter  a  Terjr  iooeesa- 

Dndley  dellTered 
at),  Ohio,  in  wliioli 

important  diaeov* 
a  for  Aidng  and 
a  metal  which  haa 
lidored  aa  practi- 
tieing  formed  into 


'0sco€  Conkling. 

!oe  Cnnkling  and 
lisned  their  seata 

Rom  Mew  York. 
Btion  upon  the  Act 
;e,  Preaidont  Gar- 
idge  Robartaon  to 
ew  York  cuatomt 

them. 

Testament. 

aed  "  Kew  Testa- 
in  America  on 
Bopiea  were  sold. 
Department  hare 
I  number  of  piecea 
d  during  the  year 


Matarin,  a  diatin- 
teacher,  died  in 
years.    He  waa  a 
lUtbor. 

D.  lloxsey  died  at 
ged  65.  lie  waa 
te  for  QoTernor  in 


Frauds. 

ere  officially  made 
in  the  PoaUl  Star 

nmment  paid  to 

in  gold  coin  for 

nerican  fiabermen 

outragea  in  New- 

\nderaon  died  at 
80.    QoTemor  of 
i-elected  twice, 
taken  to  avoid  in- 
.-pos  by  emigrant 

ceo  prohibited  at 
Secretary  of  War. 
ta  A.  Scott,    ez- 

1.    R.R.,  died  at 

id  56  years. 


CHBONOLOOT. 


IMl.  Jnal.    Alflrdi 

•nd  Btata  libnriaa 

in  Albany,    Ha  waa  bora  at  Pongli- 


BilHnn  Btnel,  poad 
w  M  Albany,  died 


kaapata  Pacember  18, 1811. 
Jona  7.    Mora  than  9,000  oparatiT*  la- 

S)^baar  brawera  struck  in  New  York 
ty  Ibr  bighsr  wagaa  and  shorter 
bowa. 

Tkt  Gnat  Comtt  of  i88i. 

Jma  SO.    Though  laaa  atriklng  in  ap- 
I  thaa  Donati'a  comst  of  1808, 


it  waa  one  of  tha  moat  brilliant  and  iU' 
tarsating  of  theaa  arratlo  vlsitora  to 
our  akiaa  tliat  aelantlata  baTa  been 
permitted  to  atudy.  It  waa  llrst  ol>> 
serred  in  tha  northern  hemisphere 
about  four  o'olnek  on  the  morning  of 
June  SOth,  by  O.  W.  Simmons,  Jr.,  of 
Boston,  while  camped  at  Morelaa, 
Max.,  thirty  milea  weat  of  Eagle  Paaa, 
weat  of  the  RloOrande,  about  lat  89. 
It  appeared  in  conatelhition  Auriga, 
about  eight  dagreea  from  the  atar 
OapelU,  and  ftom  Ita  proximity  to  the 
Bun  waa  at  first  Tislble  each  clear  day, 
only  for  a  abort  time.  Just  before  sun- 
rise, and  again  for  a  Httle  while  in  the 
CTening.  Ita  northward  motion,  how- 
ever,  soon  carried  it  to  a  poaidon  per- 
manently above  the  horlion.  At  nrst 
tha  head  of  the  comet  shone  like  a 
star  of  the  first  magnitude,  while  the 
tail  glowed  like  a  atreamer  uf  the 
northern  llghta. 

At  Harvard  Univeraity,  on  the  24th, 
the  comet  waa  thousht  to  be  about 
aizty-nine  million  milea  ttmn  the  aun 
and  twenty-nine  million  milea  from 
the  enrth.  The  nuclena  waa  eatimated 
to  be  one  thousand  milea  in  diameter, 
the  coma  or  nebuloua  head  twelve 
thouaand  milea  in  diameter,  and  the 
tail  forty  million  milea  long. 

The  comet  waa  photo^phed  for 
the  ilrat  time  June  96th,  by  Dr.  Henry 
Draper,  of  New  York  city,  and  on  aeve- 
ral  aucceeding  nighta  ita  photograph 
waa  aecured  here,  and  alao  in  Europe. 
Dr.  Draper  likewiaa  made  careAil 
atudiea  of  the  compoaition  of  the 
aeveral  parte  of  the  comet  by  meana 
of  apeotrum  analyaia.  The  nucleus 
gave  a  continuoua  apectrum.  indicat- 
ing a  solid  or  liquid  body  nested  to 
incandescence.  The  coma,  or  cloud 
about  the  head  of  the  comet,  gave  a 
banded  spectrum  indicating  the  prea- 
ence  of  aome  compound  ofcarbon  in 
the  gaseous  envelope.  The  tail  gave 
a  continuous  apectrum  which  waa  not 
croaaed  by  the  cbaracteriatio  linea  of 
aolar  light,  fh>m  which  it  waa  inferred 
that  the  tail  ahone  by  ita  own  light, 
not  by  reflected  aunllght,  and  that  the 
incandeacentparticlea  which  compoaed 
the  tail  were  aolid.  On  the  atrength 
of  theae  diacoreriea  Dr.  Draper  ex- 
pressed the  belief  that  the  nucleua 
waa  compoaed  of  mineral  sulMtancos, 
partly  perhaps  of  olivine,  which  is  an 
inffTraient  of  meteoritea,  and  of  some 
volatile  element  which  yields  to  the 
influence  of  heat  As  the  comet  ap- 
proached the  sun,  the  volatile  part 
was  turned  into  oaa  by  the  beat,  and 
flamed  out,  forming  the  coma.  The 
fact  that  the  coma  waa  always  on  the 
sunward  side  of  the  nucleus  strength 
ened  this  supposition.  But  after  burst 
ing  forth  on  the  side  toward  the  sun, 


1861.  tha  ▼apor  aaamad  to  ba  lapalled  nA 
to  atraam  away  from  tha  ana,  thus 
forming  tba  taiL  Tha  canaa  of  this 
repulsion  can  not  ba  abaolutely  aa- 
sartad,  but  in  all  probabllitv  electric- 
ity liaa  aomething  to  do  with  it. 

Attempt  It  Assattinate  President  Garfield. 

**  Jut;  t.  Aa  Preaident  Jamea  A.  Garfield, 
aooonpanled  by  Secretary  Bhdna,  was 
entering  tha  dSpol  of  tba  Baltimore 
and  Potomae  iUihroad  at  Waahington, 
Saturday  moralnr,  Jnlv  9,  to  take  the 
train  for  Long  Branch,  ha  waa  shot 
twiea  l>y  Oharlaa  Julea  Oaitoau,  who 
had  bean  lytng  in  wait  for  him.  This 
occurred  at  9:90  a.m.  The  first  ball 
from  the  assassin's  revolver  struck  the 
President  near  the  left  abonldor  and 
passed  out  by  the  shoulder-blade; 
the  secoud  stmck  him  in  the  back 
over  the  left  kidney.  The  Preaident 
turned  at  the  first  shot,  and  fell  for- 
ward on  hia  knaea  at  the  second  bul- 
let. Postmaster-General  James  and 
otbera  of  bis  party  who  had  preceded 
him,  rushed  to  hia  aaaiatanoe.  The 
assaaain  wu  instantly  overpowered 
and  arreeted.  The  President  waa  car- 
ried to  a  room  on  the  floor  above, 
medical  aid  waa  snmmoned,and  stimu- 
Isnts  administered.  Be  soon  rallied 
flrom  the  ahock,  and  waa  at  once  borne 
In  an  ambulance  to  the  White  House, 
whero  efTorts  were  made  to  ascertain 
the  nature  of  the  wounds.  The  grav- 
est feara  were  entertained.  The  pa- 
tient remained  conscious,  conversed 
cheerftilly  and  bopeftally,  but  hia  pulae 
waa  high,  he  waa  aulfering  tome  pain, 
and  internal  hemorrhage  waa  believed 
to  be  tokins  place.  Morphine  was 
bypodermically  ii^jected  and  he  be- 
came oaaier,  obtuning  aome  aleep. 
The  danger  from  ahock  and  from  in- 
ternal bleeding  having  been,  in  the 
eatimation  of  nia  phyaiciana  in  the 
evening,  tided  over,  it  waa  hoped  the 
remidning  danger  ttom  inflammation 
would  be  aurmounted.  At  eleven  p.m. 
the  Preaident  waa  cheerful,  pulae  194, 
temperature  99,  rcepiration  90.  All 
the  aymptoma  were  favorable.  The 
most  intense  excitement  prevailed 
through  the  length  and  breadth  of 
the  conn^  on  the  newa  becoming 
known.  To  Mrs.  Oarfleld,  convaleso- 
ing  at  Long  Branch  and  awaiting  her 
husband'a  return  ftom  the  national 
capital,  the  newa  came  with  terrible 
shock.  She  instantly  proceeded  to 
Waahington  on  a  specisi  train  and  waa 
admitted  to  her  husband's  bedside, 
bearing  up  under  her  weight  of  sor- 
row with  true  womanly  fortitude. 

Vice-President  Arthur,  who  arrived 
Saturday  morning  in  Mew  York  city 
by  boat  from  Albany,  in  company  with 
ez-Senator  Conkling,  waa  ahooked  on 
hearing  the  news.  A  telegram  from 
Secretuy  Blaine  summoned  him  to 
Washington,  whither  be  departed  at 
midnight. 

The  story  of  the  assassin's  life,  aa  it 
was  gathered  from  varioua  cities  of 
the  Union,  speaks  of  a  num  of  erratic 
temperament  and  low  habits. 

"  July  18.  Kew  Ulm,  Minn.,  was  stricken 
by  a  cyclone.  Thirty  persona  were 
killed,  many  injured,  and  hundreds 
left  homeless. 


IMl.  July  18.  WarMT  Millar  waa  alaatad  by 
tba  Kew  York  Lagistotuia  to  fill  va- 
cancy oansad  by  rsaignatloa  of  Sen»> 
tor  Piatt. 

**  July  99.  BlbrldgaO.Lapham  was  elected 
by  Mew  York  Legishtora  to  fill  va- 
cancy la  U.  8.  Senate  caaaad  by  rasig- 
natii«  of  Senator  Koaooo  Oonkilng. 

"     July  88.    A  strike  of  lumbar  mill  handa 
aasnmed  suohproportiona,  that  tha 
Governor  of  Wltconain  oidered  out  ' 
eight  eompaniaa  of  Stoto  militia  to 
keep  tha  peaoa. 

Hartmann,  the  NikHitl> 

"  July  99.  Leo  Hartmann,  tha  Bibllist, 
accused  of  grave  crimea  ia  Ruaaia, 
arrived  in  Mew  York. 

Silting  Bull. 

"     July  81.    Sitting  Bull,  the  Sioux  chief, 

surrendered  to  U.  8.  Government  at 

Bismarck.  D.  T. 
'*     AuKuat9.    Biahop  Raven,  M.B.Oburob, 

(Tied  at  Salem,  Oregon. 
"     AuguatS.    William  O.  Fargo,  Preaident 

of  American  Expreaa  Co..  died  at 

Bufliilo,  M.  Y. 
•  "     AuKUit  7.    General  Robert  Pateraen,  a 

nimoua  militia  general,  died  in  Pbila- 

delpbia,  Pa.,  aged  89  yeara. 

TAe  Queen's  Sympathy  for  Mrs.  Presi- 
dent Garfield. 

"  August  17.  The  following  cablegram 
waa  received  at  the  Executive  Man- 
aion  tbia  afternoon : 

2V>  Jtr*.  OarJUd,  WaihbtgUm,  D.  C. : 

I  am  most  anxlona  to  know  bow 
the  Preaidebt  ia  to-day,  and  to  ex- 
preaa my  deep  aympatby  with  you 
both.  'THB  QuBHH,  Oabome. 

The  following  reply  waa  aent : 
Mir  JKitfMfy  Quern  VUloiia,  (Monw,  XitgUmd: 

Your  Mi^eaty'a  kind  inquiry  finda 
the  Preaident'a  condition  changed  for 
the  better.  In  the  Judgment  of  his 
medical  advisers  there  is  strong  hope 
of  his  recovery.  His  mind  is  en- 
tirely clear,  and  your  Majesty's  kind 
expressions  of  aympatby  are  most 
grateihl  to  him,  as  they  ui  gratefully 
acknowledged  by  me. 

LUCRKTIA  R  OABFIILD. 

The  Assassin  Guileau  Attacks  his  Guard. 

'•  August  17.  Guard  McOill  states  that 
about  4:80  o'clock  he  went  to  Gui- 
teau'a  coll,  and  noticed  that  he  waa 
apparently  paring  his  nails.  Mr. 
McGill,  thinking  that  he  might  have 
made  some  preparations  to  hang  him- 
self, went  in  and  asked  what  he  bad 
been  doing.  Ouiteau  replied, "  Noth- 
ing, nothing."  Noticing  the  knife, 
he  asked  what  he  waa  doing  with  it^ 
and  he  rralied,  "  So  help  me  God,  I 
have  none."  He  then  said,  "  Drop  it," 
in  a  commanding  tone,  when  Ouiteau 
Jumped  up  and  made  a  cut,  but  for- 
tunately McGill  threw  hia  bead  back 
and  the  knife  cut  the  lappel  of  hia 
coat. '  tiuitean  waa  aa  nimble  as  a  oat. 
1Mr.  McG!ll  pulled  hia  iMroiver  out,  but 
did  not  cock  it,  andSQuiteau  tlien 
tussled  for  ite  poaaeaaion^'exclaimlng, 
"Don't  ahiH>t  me."    McGiU  cook^ 


CHBOMOLOOT. 


IMl.  the  Bbtol,  Md  h«  (OittMi)  Mid, 
••  OtT*  ■•  my  ptctol,"  Mid  Anally  got 
bold  of  it,  but  mm  unlll  it  went  ulT. 
Th*  guard*  (Dulton  and  Jonoi)  by 
thU  tiBM  MMiiMrad,  and  Oultrau  mn» 
•Martd.  Tut-y  then  tenrvliefl  fiir  the 
liniAi,  aad,  aev\na  •omethlnn  undrr 
hit  f<K>t,  pick«<l  U  up.  It  WM  what 
It  tichaiciilly  called  In  Jail  parlance 

*  "a cheoier,"  made  uf  the  aleel  iliank 

of  a  tlioa,  tlvu  or  aix  Inoliea  lon|{, 
groumi  down  to  a  g<H>d  i'(Ik<',  wiili 
paper  and  twino  wnipped  around  unu 
md  la  a  handle. 
**  AuRuatSa.  Uen.  Lealia  Coomlit  died  at 
LeiingtoD,  Ky.  He  wa*  HH  yeaii  of 
•g«;  WH   bum   in  Kentuctiy,  near 


1881.  Booneaboro.  Hia  flitber,  a  natlva  of 
Virginia,  and  aa  ollloer  in  the  Kevnlu- 
tion,  tettli-d  in  Kentucky  in  17x3. 
Lealie  Cmiroba  aerved  aa  a  captain  in 
the  war  of  1819.  lie  waa  admitted  to 
llie  Bar  in  l^eiington  In  IMIH,  and 
pr.ictircd  law  iIhto  00  jean,  lie  wna 
■evcrtd  timca  In  the  Kvntiickv  Mtate 
I.c)(iiilature.  lie  icrvod  In  the  Mexican 
war.  When  a  candliliitu  fur  olpclion  tn 
('ontfreia  he  wa*  defeated  by  John  (<'. 
Dreclilnridge.  In  the  late  civil  war  hu 
wa* a  pronounced  Uniiin  man,  lluwa* 
a  warm  fVUnd  of  Henry  (!lay.  and  ailru- 
catvd  him  itrongly  for  the  I'rraldunoy 
in  iH88.  He  waa  one  of  the  two  dela- 
gatei  fhmi  Kenincky  to  the  Uarritborg 


1881.  ooarention  whtoh  nominated  WilHaw 
U.  Ilarriaim  for  tha  Praaidenov.  In 
making  a  vi^oroua  caaraaa  for  llarrl- 
•on  b*  wora  th|i  Army  buniing-ihirt 
and  taah  in  ieveral  Hiatea  where  he 
made  ipeacbea.  For  hia  lervioet  in 
Ihi*  campaign  the  Whig*  of  Nowcaatio 
County,  DuT,  pre*ente<l  him  with  a 
*et  of  ailTer  plate.  For  hi*  lervlcea  in 
1844,  in  Mipport  of  Uenry  (.'luy,  be 
rrceiTed  a  limilar  protentatinn  from 
the  Whig*  of  New  York.  He  reUlnod 
hi*  mental  tigor  to  the  laat. 
"  Aucutt  84.  tioTernor  BanUbnry,  es- 
QoTemur  of  Maryland,  died  lu  DoTar, 
•t  tha  aga  of  80. 


Ii  aominatwl  WUHmi 
the  Prcaldencr.  In 
ut  csnTiH  for  lUrrl- 
I  Army  huniing-ahirt 
enl  HiatM  where  lia 
For  bla  Mrvlooi  in 
tWIilgiofNuwcnitlo 
oientuil  him  with  • 
I.  For  bis  lervlcM  in 
!  of  Uenrj  Cluy,  ha 
ir  proisnUtion  frmn 
n  York.  He  rcUtood 
to  the  iMt. 
rnnr  Banltburr,  ex- 
jrlud,  died  iu  Dorer, 


INDEX. 


AiaiiOMMBia,  llinif  r»l,  In  eomnMnd  In 

AmnriiMt.l'W.  >U7. 
Abort|[lnoa,  daxterlty  n{  th*,  with  Um 

tmwiDd  ■rrow,  IIM. 
AeaiU*.  Mooniit  of,  tt,  iill. 
ArgsA'*  •tl«ck  upon,  tU. 
Oltnala  with  tha  New  Bngtnodun, 

Aeoalt,  lilii  hUtory  qnnlMl,  IDS, 
Aduni,  John  (km  Voralni  Affsln),  488. 

RlmUia  PrMldont,  m. 

rirat  InkUKuml  of,  MM. 

The  Admlnlitnllun  of,  BOO. 

Ilki  ouurw  M  Pruldent,  KM. 

MoUced,  408,  4im. 
AUmdi,  JuIiii  Quiiicy,  Ontton  on  Qsn- 
eri]  Lnfiiyetta,  419,  413. 

Bleetvd  Proaldent,  BM. 

HtilnkuauMl.SlO. 

AddraMto  Lahyutto,  lUO. 
Adaran,  Hniuual,   exvopt«d  from   the 

beuuHt  of  ptrdun,  888. 
AfrlciL  Purtugaeie  ex|iIunitloM  In,  TS. 

Sir  Jubn  Uswkhii'  lUva  voyagei  to, 

ai& 

Agrlcultura,  gennnd  tammiry  of,  000, 
ATabsma,  Oan.  WUaon'i  raid  throngh, 

sua. 

"  Alabama,"  deatroya  the  "  lUtteru," 
6TU. 
Deatmyed  by  the  "  Kaanarge,"  60(. 
Alabama  Olalma,  negoUatlona   upon, 
commenced,  VOO. 
The  Treaty  for  the  MitUoinont  of,  807. 
Albemarle,  N.  0.,  ondeavora  to  orguu- 
ixe  the  aettlement  of,  387. 
CartwrlKbt,  made  Ouvcrnor  of,  991. 
Miller  aucceeda  blm,  901. 
**  Albemarle,"  deatructlun  of  the,  KSO. 
Alexander  the  Qreat,  expedition  of,  71. 
Alclera,  war  aninat,  514. 
Allen,  Etliaii,  Col.,  captorosTlcondero- 
(ta,887. 
Biographical  notice  of,  888. 
Almagro,  hia  march  In  Chili,  V«. 
Alraiada,  the  courage  of,  901, 
Amadaa,  Philip,  noticed,  lA. 
Amboy,  N,  J.,  port  of  entry  iwtubllahed 

at,  848. 
America,  dlacovcry  of,  8,  0,  It,  80, 
Nogroea  Imported  Into,  00. 
A  view  of,  when  flrat  diacnvored,  OS. 
A  ayetem  of  war  universal  in.  111. 
Rollglon  of  the  aborlglnca,  114. 
Amnaementa  of  the  aborlglnca,  115. 
Ancient  Spaniah  trade  in,  108,  IHO. 
nrat  Engliah  aettlomenU  In,  919. 
SeeSontb  America. 
The  rlae  of  liberty  hi,  991. 
Bute  of  literature  In  lOTO,  939. 
Some  account  of  early  printera  In,  974b 
Buaahm  diarorerles  in,  109. 
Bee  North  America. 
American    Aimy,    Waahington   takea 
command  of,  387. 
Bafferiogs  In  the,  daring  the  winter 

of  1778,  71,405. 
Campaign  oh777,  411, 4a& 
Indammatoryaddreaaea  aont  Into  the, 

byUMri)7aIlstii,4es. 
Campaign  of  1778,  441. 
SoSeringa  of  the,  in  the  Sonthem 

Campaign,  400. 
Campaign  of  1770, 447. 
Campaign  of  1780,  In  the  Northern 

SUtea,  457,403. 
Beorganlxatlon  of  the  Sonthem,  un- 
der Oen.  Greene,  478. 
Operations  In  Virglnh^  1781,  478. 
Campaign  of  1781,  478. 
The  Campaign  of  1789, 488. 
UiHbandlng  of  the,  of  the  BeTolatloo, 
403. 
American  Colonies,  popn:,>uon  of  the, 
at  the  doae  of  the  17th  century, 
838. 
General  review  of  their  State  from 

1A74  to  1708,  840. 
Baf  uaed  to  be  taxed,  383, 307. 
American  Independence,  Sfteenth  anni- 
versaqr  oelebrated,  598. 


Amerioan  Nary,  formatinn  of  tlia,  9KI. 
Arourican   Huvulntlon,  fnielgn  aOUrs 
connected  with  the,  444, 
Treatment  of  prlaonen  In,  484. 
OiMiditlon  of  pulltloal  purtloa  during 

the,  400, 
Adrantagoa  of  the,  401, 
InOuencea  of  the,  on  the  people,  409. 
AmericUD  Veapuclu".  Iiloimphy  of,  10. 
Aroea,  Klalier,  noticed,  9BA. 
Aniherat,  Uenaral,  miticod,  850,  858. 
Anacoatia,  ditcorcry  of,  It. 
Anderaon,  Robert,  Gen,,  In  command 
at  Fort  Moultrio,  054, 
In  oommund  of  ttie  Department  of 
Kentucky,  BOO, 
Andre,  Major  Johii,  notice  of,  481, 
Hung  aa  a  apy,  405. 
Notice  of,  400. 
Androa,  Bir  Edmund,  acconnt  of,  93t. 
Ill«  attack  on  Baybrook,  Coon.,  908. 
Uis  devotion  to  arbitrary  power,  9il7, 
Appointed  Cautaiu-Ocnentl  of  New 

ISiigiand,  907. 
The  flnpoachment  of,  j>70. 
Appointed  Governor  of  Maryland,  984, 
Adinlnlatmtlon  of  the  government  of 

New  York,  SOT, 
Reappointed  Governor  of  New  York, 

810,811, 
Ruforunco  to  the  character  of,  SIB. 
Animala,  degeneracy  of  Knropeau,  in 

America,  101. 
Antictain,  the  battle  of,  573. 
Archdale,  John,  appointed  Governor  of 

Carolina,  907. 
Arctic  Kxpeditionaalla  from  Now  Tork, 
559. 
Argol,  Sir  Samuel,  Capt,  account  of 

liiit  voyage  to  Virginia,  99. 
Operations  of,  In  Acadia,  9i). 
Biography  of,  84. 

His  attick  on  the  French  at  Acadia, 
990,99:1. 
Argentine  Republic,  ace  Fanifuay,  188. 
Arkanaaa,  aeceaaiou  of,  557, 

Operations  In,  587. 
"Arkanaaa "  ram,  dcatruction  of,  807. 
Arkanaaa  Foat,  capture  of,  577. 
Army  of   the  Potomac,  organized  by 
Oen.  McClellan,B09. 
InacUvltyofthe,M8. 
Gen.  Pope  takea  eommand  of,  571, 
HcClellan  recalled  to  the  command 

of,  679, 
Bumaide  takes  command  of,  574. 
Bunmide  relieved  of  the  command  L 


of,  570. 


Ball's  Bluff.  Ibe  battle  of,  B«l. 
Baltimore,  Lord,  account  of,  flO, 
Account  of  hia  hndlng  in  Maryland, 

97T. 
Noticed,  898, 
Balta,  Joae,  hia  proelamatlon  In  refer- 
ence to  Cuba,  170, 
Banki,  N,  P„  Oen,,  aucceeda  Gen.  But- 
ler ut  New  Urioana,  607. 
Operationt  In  Weat  Virginia,  BOS. 
Retreat  to  Winnheatcr,  BOO, 
At  Culpcupor  C'liurt-houan,  Va.,  871. 
Red  River  expedltlmi,  67H, 
Opcrathinn  In  Loulatuna,  570. 
8>!C  Kud  River,  540. 
BapllKta,  peraecution*  of  the,  968, 
Barchy,^  Roliert,  Qualisr  Governor  of 

N,J..891,«i9. 
Barron,  Commodore,  aeo  the  albir  of 

the  Chenaiioake,  BOO, 
Barton,  Llout-Col,,  surprlaea  Oen.  Free- 

cott,  490, 
Bath,  Va.,  engagement  atjM8. 
Baton  Rouge,  battle  at,  607, 
Baum,  Lieut, -Col.,  defeated  at  Benning- 
ton, 490. 
Baylor,   Lient-Col,,  mMSacre  of  his 

party,  448, 
Bayou  Teche,  operations  at,  BT8, 
Beau  Bejour,  capture  of,  8M. 
Beauregard,  O.  T,,  Gen,,  aee  Bull  Ban. 

In  command  of  the  Weat,  801 
Beea  Imported  to  America,  MO, 
Behaim,  Martin,  a  rival  to  Columbus, 

8. 
Behring,  diacoveries  of,  noticed,  109l 
Belcher,  Governor  of  Mass,,  noticed, 

881. 
Belknsp,  Jeremy,  biographies  of  early 

discoverent,  by,  1, 
Bellamont,  Earl  of,  appointed  Governor 
or  N.  T.,  N,  U,,  and  Mass,,  978. 
Noticed,  81& 
Belmont,  Me.,  battle  of,  BOO. 
Bennington,  VL,  the  battle  of,  498,490, 
BentonvUle,  N.  C,  light  at,  BOH, 
Berkeley,  Sir  William,  noticed,  990. 
VblU  the  Carollnaa,  987. 
Buya  New  Jersey,  810. 
Berlin  Decree,  concerning  navigation  of 
the  high  seas,  606. 
Revocation  of,  807, 
Berry,  Sir  John,  account  of,  980. 
Big  Bethel,  Va.,  bottle  of,  IIS8, 
Beverley's  Ford,  Va,,  flght  at,  880. 
Blddlr,  Nlcholoa,  CapKJn  in  the  Revo- 
lution, noticed,  444. 


Hooker  appointed  to  command  of, 
670. 
Armatrong,  — ,  American  minister  at 

Paris,  jor. 
Arnold,  Benedict,  at  Ticondcroga,  887. 
At  Qnebsc,  8R0. 
At  Kidgefleld,  Conn.,  411. 
Biography  of.  431. 
His  treaaon  dlacovered,  405. 
Account  of  bin  escape,  407. 
Address  to  Americans,  470. 
His  operations  in  Viruinis^TS. 
Art  and  Science  In  Mexico,  iW9. 
AsgUi,  Captain,  the  case  of,  485, 
Ash,  General,  at  Briar  Crook,  451, 
Ashley  River,  aettlement  on  the  banks 

of,  900. 
Aaaumptlon,  see  Anacostia,  11. 
Atlanta,  Bherman's  campaign  against, 

501. 
"  AUanta,"  capture  of  the,  581 
Atlantic  and  Faciflo  canal,  604. 
Ascougb,  Sir  George,  expedition  of,  to 
Virginia,  998. 

Baooit,  Nathaniel,  Us  rebellion  bi  Vli- 
glnia,998. 
Death  of,  990. 
Balnbridge,  Capt,  see  Macedonian,  SCO. 
Babrd,  Sir  James,  operations  bi  Georgia, 


'  ,Blnla  on  thu  ocean,  187. 


.    ,  ot,  1. 
celebrated 


BIron,  discoveror,  blo) 
Birthday  of  a   Prince, 

Maryland,  988. 
Black  Hawk  War,  acconnt  of,  881 
Black  Stocks,  flght  st,  409. 
Blackwell,  Capt  John,  appointed  dep- 
uty Governor  ofFennsylvaula,  S8l£ 
Bladensburg,  battle  of,  Mil 
Blake,  Joseph,  appointed  Uovemor  of 

Carolina,  Wf. 
Blunt  J.  G.,  Gen.,  at  Fnirie  Grove, 

Boats,  account  ot  those  of  the  abori- 
gines, 107. 
Bolivar,  Simon,  works  of;  In  South 

America,  173. 
BoonevUle,  Mo.,  battle  of,  660. 
Boston,  Mass.,  foundation  of,  841 
The  people  of,  described  ss  a  "  crew 

of  rascals  and  rebels,"  906. 
Insurrection  In,  iu  1080,  908. 
Hospitality  of  the  people  of  978, 
British  troops  shut  up  In,  887,  StS. 
Small-pox  breaks  oat  in,  896. 
Evacuated  by  the  British,  800. 
Borgoyne's  troops  sent  to,  after  cap 
ture,  488. 
Boston  Massacre,  the  account  ot  M6. 
Boston  Port  Bill,  passsge  of  the,  863. 
Its  elfect  in  America,  809, 

nvceedings  of  the  colonies  In  conse- 

Baker, ^,  Oen.,  UUed  atBaU's  Blnff,         qnence  of,  870, 

ML  |B<nnMUlla,FraiieiedekMi«Miiitot,88. 


Brnldock,  Gsa,  death  of,  M. 
Bradford,  Wlllism,  blogmphy  of,  IT, 
Bradstrest,  BImon.  notleedL  W. 
Bmdslreet  Col.,  captures  Fort  FianUg 

nao,  867. 
Bran,   Braxton,  Gen.,  opertUoni  Ic 

lCentucky,IRl 
Branch,  L.  O'B.,  Oen,,  death  nl,  IT*. 
Brandy  Station,  Va„  light  at  B81. 
Brandywine,  the  battle  of,  4l& 
Branford,  Conn.,  foundation  oi;  SM. 
BroaherCity,  capture  of,  670. 
Brasil  taken  posaesslon  of  by  Oobrai, 
80,  87. 

The  Independence  of,  1T9, 

Account  of  Uter  events  in,  180, 

Bee  Paraguay,  186. 

Ides  of  property  in,  ISS, 
Breokenrtdge,  JobnC.,  openly  deehue* 
for  thelioutb,  600. 

At  the  battle  of  Baton  Rooge,  661. 
Broda,  eSuota  of  the  treaty  or  M 
Brewster,  Willlsm,  areonnt  of,  10, 
Briar  Creek,  B.  C,  aOalr  at,  m. 
Bridgewaler,  battle  of,  Ul. 
Britlah  encourage  losurreeilon  la  tiM 

South,  460, 
Britlah  Psrilsment  proceedings  of  tkii 
sgalnst  the  colonies,  SOO. 

Flan  for  reducing  the  colonies,  8t6. 
Broadhead,   Cul.,   eziMxtiUon   acalMt 

the  Indians,  466,  4B7. 
Broad  River,  flght  at,  400. 
Brooke's  Osxetuer  quoted,  0. 
Brookfleld,  Moae.,  Indian  atUckon,t6B. 
Brownlsts,  sccount  of  the,  887. 

John  Udall,  account  of,  987. 

Ellxabeth  and  the,  987. 
Brown,  John,  his  sdventure  at  Harper* 

Ferry,  5.18. 
Bryan,  Col,,  see  Tryon  Co,,  N.  C,  480. 
Buchanan,  James,  the  admlnlstratloa 
of,  659. 

Account  of  his  administration,  661 

Fro-slavoiy  messages  of,  66S, 

Bonth  Carolina  secession,  666. 
Buckner,  Gen,,  at  Fort  Donelson,  861 
Buona  Vista,  the  tattle  of,  64L 

Buford, ,  CoL,  at  Waxhaws,  468. 

BullJCapt,  defends  Baybrook,  Conn., 

Bull  Pistore  Monntatai,  Va.,  battle  oi; 

660, 
Ban  Run,  the  battles  of,  668. 
Banker  Hill,  tho  tattle  of,  888, 8881 
Bunker  Hill  Monoment,  eomer-stOD* 

bdd,  618, 
Burgoyne,  Gen.  John,  bis  campaign  ol 

•  At  CrownPota't  427. 

Surrender  of,  4n, 

Troops  of,  sent  to  Boston,  481 
Borke,  Edmund,  speaks  on  the  Ameri> 

can  Qaestlon,mo. 
Bnmet,  WiUIsm,  Gov.,  noticed,  361. 
Bumaide,  A.  E,,  In  North  Carolina,  667. 

Assumes  command  of  the  Army  of 
tbe  Fntomac,  671 

Bee  Fredericksbmg,  Va.,  B7D, 

Relieved  of  bis  command.  Sit, 

At  Cumberland  Gap,  68L 
Bur,  Aaron,  noticed,  880. 
Boshnell,   David,  invents  snbmarine 

boat408. 
Butler,  B.  F.,  Gen.,  at  Ship  Island,  S0& 

His  attempt  to  capture  Richmond, 

Attempt  at  Fort  Fisher,  SOIL 

See  Little  Bethel. 
Batier,  John,  "  Continental  Tory,"  no' 

tlced,  466.  ' 

Butler,  ZebDlon,  acconnt  ot;  465. 

Cabot,  John,  discoveries  of,  10. 
Cabot,  Sebatlan,  life  and  dIsooTeriee 

of,  10. 
Account  of,  911. 
Cabral  takes  poBsesslon  ot  Braiil,  86, 87. 
Cache  River,  Ark.,  battle  at  the,  6091 
Caldwell,  Rev.  James.  Brill•^  niiliagee 

committed  on,  468,    . 


I 


I  N  D  R  X . 


H 


ir 


m 


11* 


OtlUnml*.    iiiH'ntlonii  In,  during  Ibt 
MciUtMi  WW,  MU,  ^U. 

•m  CIimIim. 

N<>Uc»l.  IHOi 
('Al«i>rt,  UiiiiiitH,  hliifrsphj  of,  BD,. 
•  'kIvki'I,  lUMiriru,  lilnvriktiuy  of.  B^. 
Culvvrt,  Ciu'lllu*,  liliif ruphy  u|,  fij. 

Hoii  Liiril  llaltliDoi*. 
riuu.luii,  rt.  C,  iilfiiir  at,  tf'J, 

Ualllu  of,  4ilO. 
I'4ni|>hull,  Lluul  -t.'ol.,  MO  nu>>rKl«,4l4. 
UHiiiIihiill,  l,i>rtl  W  lllUiu,  ituvuriiur  ut 

8<>ulh  C'ltnillua,  UOT. 
CuMiU,  dlwuvanr  of,  I'J,  iid. 

TiikM  by  th«  Knallih,  MX. 

UmnlloiMnf  llMltniilUh  In,  837,  at». 

Arnold'*  esiiiidlUon  Intii,  it**,  iWJ. 

UungrM*  mimU  Ibiva  cuuiinlulitnaM 
lo  "nln  oTur"  Uig  lubablMn'' 
WL 

BpMr'i  nid  Into,  flOt. 
Camit,  nneral  aooonnl  of,  AID. 
Uubjp,  B.  H.  tt.,  U«n.,  noilcwl,  MB, 

MpeniUoo*  Mcaimt  Mobllo,  5V7. 
OunnlbilUm  In  Vlortda,  lUA. 
Oanonolwt,  ••■  Unbbuti'*  NanatWe, 

C*nM,aih«riM*l,!M. 

Un|M  Brttun,  origin  of  Iha  narao.  It. 

CtraUnM,  llM  niMoni  fur  Uio  MUle- 

HMUt  of,  ^M, 
An«M«mbl*  InatllnUd  In,  9N7, 
The  Mrijr  MtUw*  of,  JM^,  «W. 
Storms  tppolntod  Uoromur,  iHS. 
HUrrry  In  Um,  MO. 
Uamuomey  nnpoputar  In,  i)!H, 
UoosUtnUon  of,  *W. 
KmlgmUon  to,  JtW. 
Agnjclnn  Uws  In,  MO. 
Altooki  of  Uia  Spantarda  on  the  act- 

Uan  of  the,  m. 
Dutch  emlKmnU  to,  Ml. 
PollUcal  and  clrll  truublea   In,  301, 

'*U. 
Admlnlatntlon  of  Juaenh  Woat  In, 

MO. 
Indian  wara  In,  29R. 
Furttiur  enilKmtluii  to,  301, 
Moroloii,  JoHcph,  H|itiuliitu<l  Ooter- 

nor  (if,  V.H. 
Ilia  admliiUtmtlvii  cnurac,  'iM. 
CoUutun  appointed  Uovt'niiir  of,  UOft, 
niUlp  LudwoU  appuhitcd  Uuvuruiir, 

Riee  rulMvatcd  In,  307. 

Indian  wan  in,  'JiKi 

BuryliiK-groundi  In  the,  SOO. 

RaToiutlun  In  the  snTcnimuiit  of,  il53. 

DiitrMiea  In,  In  ITTU,  417. 
Caribbevs,  aeooqnt  of  Uie,  1U7. 
Carleton,  Sir  tluy,  Onvurnurot  Can- 
ada, noticed,  fw,  3Jt. 
Camifez  Fi-rrv,  battle  of,  laj. 
Carrora,  Uoii  ^u:in,  n'ltlce  of,  173. 
Carricti  fori,  Va..  btttl*  of,  IU7. 
Carroll,  Charloa,  iiotiL'ud,  8Ul. 
Carterut,  liir  Uuori^,  buys  Now  Jrrsoy, 
'310, 

Death  of,  tOO. 
Carteret,  Phlltp,  goroma    Eaat   Now 

Jeiaey,  Ht8. 
Cartiar,  Jainos,  diacororloa  nf,  11, 
Carver,  John,  bloimiphy  of,  4(. 
Cathuliea  found  Nlarylaiid,  j»4. 
CecUiua,  Lord  Bultlinure,  the  death  of, 
1)81. 

Account  of  him,  381, 381 
Cedar  Mountain,  Va.,  baUle  of,  571. 
Centreville,  Va.,  oparatkma  of  Qonoral 

Pojio  near,  57J. 
CenaiM  of  ItWl,  uodced,  SM. 
Chadd'a  Ford,  entfuireuient  at,  413. 
ChampioQ  Ullla,  batUe  of,  .S77. 
C'hamplaln,  aamael,  his  travels,  IM. 
ClunceUorsrille,  Va.,  tlio  battle  of,  579. 
Charles  II.,  notice  of,  331. 

Restontiou  of,  3J0. 

His  fHendship  for  the  Quakers,  3M, 

Opens  a  alato  of  trade  in  America, 
108. 
Charleston,  S.  C,  fonmlatlun  of,  300. 

British  attack  on,  Ml. 

Oon.  Proroat'a  ouoroUona  around, 
451. 

den.  Lincoln's  defence  of  in  1780, 4SB. 

raU  of,  1780.  483. 

The  IsU  of;  m. 
Ohariestown,  Mass.,  foundation  of,  914. 

The  bnndnz  of,  384. 
Ckeat  KounUin,  Vs.,  battle  of,  ran. 
Ctaepa1irp«&  the  battle  of,  546,  517. 
Oiierokee    Indians,  Plokvna'    expedi- 
tion against  the,  457. 


Chtrry  Valley,  inassarra  In  the,  4M, 
"  Cli««ai>«aku  ' '  tliH  affair  »f  Uiu  "  Lsn 

pani"  and  the,  MM, 
Rvuitrutloii  In  tlu<  I'lioe  of,  SON, 
Ai'li'iii  wlMi  the  "  Hlianuon,"  1110. 
Clilt'lii'lay,  hir  lluiiry,  Ouvurnur  of  VIr- 

uliila,  •XiO. 
CliliKiiiioiiiiiiy  ltlvi<r,  Vii.,  operatluus 

nil  lIlK,  f>,{). 
ClilckniiiiiiiLri,  1)111  liattiK  oi;  MA 
OiUiusliiiii,  Ihu  hatllu  of,  lyU. 
C'liill,  alruMKlus  (or   liiiii'puinlenoe  In, 

The  pn.ifri'ssof,  ITS,  IPfl, 
AKrli'iiUiiru  itiiil  imiiislriesof,  IHA, 
ClilpiK'wa,  Iho  listtli'  of,  511. 
CliiilMla,  Corti"i's  visit  to,  131. 
C'lirlsllun  Aa.<o<'lulloiis,  tlie  work  of, 

liurinic  Ihu  war,  588. 
" Clirislliii  Ciiuiinlsslun  on  the  battle 

Hold,"  the,  lUM. 
Church,   llcnlamin,  see  King  riililp's 

wsr,  »8|. 
Churi'li,  Tlioinaa,  history  of  King  I'hil- 

ip's  war,  liy,  1181. 
t'hiirt'liL's  in  Nvw  Kiigland,  375. 
Churubusco,  tlui  bsttlu  of,  i>M. 
C'Inatoa,  tliii  political  stale  of  the  p«o- 

pli  of,  iU5. 
.  Iniioli'nt'K  of  the  peopln  of,  lOII. 
"  Cincinnati,"  urUiu  of  the  suciuty  of 

thn,  41M. 
CiTii  8iTvlie  Heform,  flOO. 
Clarke,  MuJ.  M.  L.,  report  ol the  battle 

of  Chihuahua,  m 
Cti'rtnoiit,  a  C,  HriUali  blockhouse  at, 

destmyud,  47J, 
Clergy,  uianiiurs  of  the.  In  New  Spain, 

■ji»\. 
Cluyliorne,  William,  hia  rebellion   In 

Maryland,  378,  380. 
Cliinikti',  nous  ol^  lUO,  101, 109. 
Clinton,    (iuunte,    cleetad   VIco-Prosl- 

deut  of  the  linlXlX  StatM,  SUII, 
Clinton,  8lr  Henry,  uporatloua  of,  In 

178U,  at  the  South,  457. 
Ills  pnictaniatlou  to  the  iiooplo  of  the 

Houtii,  um. 
Leavus  tliu  Carolina*  (or  New  Tork, 

419. 
Corr*:ipcmil(Mira  with  Wnahlngtnn  on 

tliu  ciiso  of  Andre,  407. 
Colli  Harbor,  till'  battle  of,  68!». 
CollKnl,  tlio  Fruuch  colony  of,  nutiuud, 

Colint 'II,  Jaini'si,  appointed  Qovcruor 

of  Curoliiiu,  305. 
Coluinlilii,  ^4.  Aiiiurica,  tlie  Kopulillc  of, 

fonnuil,  in. 
Columliia,  a.  C,  the  sockini;  of,  5S1, 

Capturii  of,  by  Shoriiuiii,  lAKt. 
Columbus,  Chrlatopber,  biUKruphy  of,  4, 
Death  of,  8. 
Huul'ii  litter*  to,  0. 
Hloi;rai>hy  of,  TO. 
L'kii.liiig  of,  80. 

Account  of  his  discoveries,  81,  87. 
Ills  arrival  In  Palo.4,  83. 
A  prisoner,  88. 
Death  of,  00,  187. 
'    Ills  account    of  the  aborigines   of 
America,  188. 
Notlceil,  188,  180. 
Noticed,  31U. 
Coinnierco  and  Navigation,  Oil. 
Communism  In  the  Revolution,  401. 
Couiplon,  Bishop,  see  William  Peon, 

iUS. 
Conciliation,  attempt  at,  between  Eng- 
land and  America,  431). 
Failure  of  attempt  at,  441. 
Conciliatory  RIIIk,  sec  Coiiulilatlon. 
Coiifedcrut4i  8tutes  of  America,  organ- 
ized, 553. 
Confess  of  1774,  meoUnf;  of  the,  373. 
Its  Declaration  of  Rl;;hts,  374. 
Ad(lrc.-s  to  the  people  of  Oroat  Brit- 
ain, 375. 
Proceedings  in  Oreat  Britain  In  ref- 
erence to  the,  S7tl. 
Duvisos  means  to  relievo  the  distress- 
es of  Uie  ucople  in  1780,  404. 
Connecticut,  louiidatlon  of,  310. 
Di:ipute  witli  Massachusetts  respect- 

tiii;  tuxes,  353. 
EstaDlidlied  by  Royal  Charter,  359. 
Recoptiou  of  Royal  Commissioners 

by  the  people  or,  880. 
Democratic  constitution  of,  375. 
Courteous  demeanor  of  the  people  of, 

37«. 
Boundary  with  New  Tork  determin- 
ed, 305. 


Massarliusctls  itnundary  settled,  MO. 
Hrilisb  iiuemtloiis  In,  in  17)0,  4M. 
Tnnipt  of,  in  I7M),  nintliiy,  4ilil. 
Consrrlplloii  ut  thn  noiiUi,  ln^i. 
Constitution  of  tliu  United  lit.i lea  aiiopt- 

•li,  4MI. 
"Conntituiiiin,"  tlia,  and  the  "(luer- 

rlerc,"  .'>U8. 
Contlmnlal  Army,  orgaiilxutioii  of,  IMS, 

Ml. 
Cuntliioiitid  Congress,  mestlug  of  the, 

Work  of,  In  1775,  !RB. 

Chuiigus  in  Its  |iUe*  of  aaaombling, 

CoKtIiientai  Money,  see  FInaues, 

Contrercs,  bjttle  of,  MO, 

Coodv,  John,  tcdIUous  o(iemtlona  of. 

Cooper,  Michael,  Captain,  bis  voyag* 

lo  <rirgiula,  rff. 
Cook.  Capt.,  dUcovarta*  of,  noticed, 

Corintli,  battle  of,  505. 
Curnbury,  i^inl,  succeeds  Bellamoot  aa 
•  toveniorof  N.  Y.,  314. 

Ills  Kovuruiiient  anil  deatll,  HIS. 

Appointed  (lovoruor  of  New  Jersey, 

Cornwsllls,  Lonl,  at  the  battle  of  Oer- 

niantown,  t3n. 
Movement  of  General  Oatea  in  1780 

agolust,  4011. 
Proi'laiiiutlonof,  1780,  401. 
Helreat  of,  4i'3. 
Pri'pares  to  Invade  North  Carolina, 

m. 

Operaltnns  of.  In  North  Csrolina,  47S. 

HI.4  niun'h  Ui  Virginia,  478. 

At  VorkUiwn,  m. 

Letter  to  (luneral  Washington,  481. 

Surrender  of,  4A 

KITect  of  the  capture  nf,  4M. 

Corlcs,  Coniiuest  of  New  8|iain  by, 

Notices  nf,  1»,  131, 137,  in. 
At  Tliiscal  I,  l£\. 
At  Clioliiia.  13t. 

Tlic   enmities  of,  lIM,  300,  noticed, 
100,  3U0. 
Cotton,  the  production  and  uses  of, 

tun. 
Colt  111,  John,  Rev.,  iintlecil,  344. 
"Couiiteriilant  ai;al!i«t  'roliiieeo,"  39^ 
Courts  of  Jiistleo,  09tui:llsliiiieiit  of,  in 

Aineriea,  305. 
Cowjieiis,  .8.  C,  liattic  of,  473. 
Cmiii|itoii  (liip.  Mil.,  battle  of,  573. 
Craimelii,  Governor  of  New  llampulilrc, 
iliilieulties   uttcndhig  his  govem- 
llieiil,  3li:i. 
Crawford,  Colonel,  expedition  ngulnst 

thn  8unilusky  Indians,  457. 
Crock  Indians,  trvaty  with  the,  533, 
CritteiuliMi  Ciiinproiiilse,  the,  555. 
Croinweii,  (llivcr,  noticed,  351,  357. 

Beiicticlul  to  America,  3.VV 
Cros*  Keys,  Vs.,  buttle  of,  ,109. 
Crown  Point,  General  Wluslow's  cxpe- 
illlion  nitamst,  355. 
Ciiptiire  of,  188. 
Cnlia,  the  eoiupiett  of,  00,  01. 
Course  of  Peru  in  tlie  cause  nf,  170. 
The  purcha.se  of,  considered,  553. 
Culpepper,  Lord,  noticed,  3!i0. 
The  tri  il  of,  In  England,  393. 
"Cuinberiind,"  sluiilng  of  the,  608. 
Cumberland  Gap,  Qon.  Bnigg's  opera- 
tions In,  574. 
Rebels  captured  at,  583. 
Cnrreni^y,  cuntUtion  of.  In  1780,  403. 
CurtM,    Geiiinil,  openitiims  in   West- 
cm  Department,  5UJ. 
Cusbinir,  Lieut.,    see  "  Albermarle," 

580. 
Cusliiiian,  Robert,  biography  of,  51. 
Cynthiuna,  Ky.,  raid  in,  574. 

Daiilorrn,  Ulrlc,  Col.,  death  of,  587. 

Dale,  XIr  Thomas,  the  admiaistratian 
of,  313. 
Bloijniphy  of,  33. 

Danelni;,  a  French  teacher  of,  in  Caro- 
lina, In  1700,  3i»8. 

Danbury.Conn.  .Tryon's  descent  on,  411. 

D.ire,  Aiiunlox,  the  birth  of,  10. 

Davis,  Jellernon,  the  capture  of,  593. 

Deanu,  Silus,  appointed  Commissioner 
to  France,  4^7. 

Decatur,  Capt.,  see  Macedonian,  509. 

Deception,  a  cnrinns  one,  .5. 

Declaration  of  ludependence,  fae-aimOe 
oi;400. 


HIgiiliig  the,  4IIN, 
Do  t'roli,  Maniulx,  notlrad,  ITO, 
Ih'i'p  HotUini,  Untier  at,  5H0. 
Detrtleld,  Mass.,  Indian  stUrk  nu,M 

•Ml,  ill. 
De  Fiien.  John,  hlnip-apliy  of,  10. 
Iki  llriase,  Cmint,  In  V  lri(llila,  47*, 
l>e  Kslli,  iiliil.  Gen.,  noticed,  450. 

Dentil  of,  iim, 
Delawiirii,  nellli'inKiitof  Hwedes  in,  IWI 

Dilleh  elaliii  In,  Ulll. 

I«i  llleineiit  of  llin  Dutch  In,  !M8. 

Hi wsl  III  |I|a|iiiUis  In,  330. 

Gerni.ni  (jiiukeis  In,  II3H. 
Ui'lawaie  linlliiiii,  relent"  tbrlr  rijrhl  Vl 

luml  essl  of  the  Mii<»l«Hlppl,  iSlli, 
Delaware  Hay,  lie  ilriiction  u*  Amerleaa 

slii|ipliig  In,  5110. 
Delaware,  Ltird  riioinos,  biography  of, 

Nntlceil,  33,  910,  IM3. 
D«  M  iiiu,  M.,  account  nf,  34. 
Denton,  his  description  of  New  Toik, 

8KI. 
De  Rnvter,  nnlered  to  recapture  Naw 

York,  3115. 
Do  Boto,  Verdlnando,  life  and  dUoovar> 

ics  of,  13. 
De  Estalivi;,  Count,  arrives  In  Ameriea 
Willi  the  French  licet,  4(1. 
At  Rhode  Island,  443. 
Arrives  In  Georgia,  4.13. 
Detroit,  the  orectiou  of  British  balto^ 

les  at,  508. 
Dickinson,  Jolin,  bis  writings  agaloat 
tazalion,  301. 
Noticed,  403. 
Diuskan,   John  Ilarmand,    notice  ot 

355. 
Donaldsonvllle,  La.,  attack  on,  570, 
Dougiin,  Colonel,  upiHiinted  Govemot 
of  Now  York,  'M. 
Character  nf,  3011. 
Donliihan,  Colonel,  aee  Nnw  Meileo, 

Donap,  Count,  the  death  nf,  435, 
•'  Don't  giro  up  the   Ship,*'  see  Law- 
rence, 510. 
Dorchester,  Mass.,  fnnndatlon  nf,  344, 
Tliu    Heights    nf,  occupied    My  tiM 
Americans,  300. 
Dondiesti'r,  8.  C,  fonndaUon  of,  307. 
l>nikn,  Sir  Francis,  expi'illtlnn  of,  319. 
Dninesvllle,  Vii.,  batMe  of.  5*^. 
Drayton,  Wllllain  Hunry,  iinticcd,  480. 
jlred  Scott  Case,  account  of  tii",  558. 
Druiniiiond,  Governor  of  the  Carulbiai, 

387. 
Dudley,  Tliomas,  noticed,  34L 
Duke  of  York,  the,  his  code  for  tlM 

governinont  of  Now  Tork,  305. 

Duuinorc,  Lord,  bis  opemtionil  at  Wtl- 

liainsbun;,  Vu.,  893,1)05. 

Message  of,  to  Va.  Asuutnbly    .sdL 

Dupoiit,  d.  F.  Com.,  see  Port  Royal 

Siil. 
Dutch,  reduction  of  tlio.  In  New  Tork 
300. 
Sottlo  at  New  Ncthcriands,  300. 
Dlllleiiltlcs  with  tlie  iicoplu  of  Con 

necllciit,  'Ml. 
Declare  wanwnnsl  the  F.nglish,  !I05 
Their  relations  with  the  Indians,  308 

EAni.r  Discoverers,  biograiihioA  of,  I. 
F.arth,  ancient  idea  of  the  torin  of,  187. 
East  Florida,  Gun.  Robert  Howe's  ex 

pcdltion  against,  444. 
Kiist  Jersey  governed  by  Quakers,  R3L 
Raton,  Willluin,  lieroic  (Iccds  of,  504. 
"Ebcnezer,"  tlie  Puritan's,  314. 
Eccles,    Solomon,    persecution  of,    M 

anecdote,  310. 
Ecuador,  liiaiirrectlon  at,  ITJ. 
EdiicuMon,  uecoiint  of,  014. 

See  Hurvani  College,  348. 
Eliot,  John,  Rev.,  noticed,  '3-44. 

His  work  among  the  Indians,  353. 
Elizabeth,  Quoon,  her  course  with  Sir 
Walter  Kal  igh,  i\ 

ExpcditUiiis  during  her  reign,  319. 
Ellzalietiituwn,  N.  J.,  foundation  o( 

317. 
Rllsworth,  E.  E.,  Col.,  dcnfi  of,  .WS. 
Eudlcot,  John,  Governor  of  New  Eng 

land,  notleeil,  351. 
England,  see  slaves,  313. 

War  with  France,  363. 

The  delit  of,  in  lfl«,  3.W. 

Proposes  to  tax  the  colonlea,  380. 

War  with  Holland,  460. 
"  Epervlor,"  capture  of  the,  513. 
EricBsun,  Capt.,  sco  "  Monitor  "  UK. 


uIk,  niiUptil,  I1D, 

iiilior  m,  (Ml. 

,,  liiilUn*turlion,M 

hl.iKriiiilijf  iif,  10, 
il,  (h  VIrvliila,  in, 
Ikii.,  iidUvi'iI,  4av. 

iii«ntiifMw('ili'*  In,  KM 

i>,  INll. 

thi<  Duedi  In,  ItM. 

ixi>iiU'»  III,  umt. 

lira  III,  Kt*. 

II,  riiluniii<  tholr  rlvhl  M 
tliii  Mlii»liiiilii|il,  iSlb. 
V  aniotliiii  u*  AiuKrlt'U 
IMW, 
Tliuiiiu,  litoKniphjr  uf, 

lU,  MS. 
ccoiint  of,  IM. 
i!ri|>lluii  iit  Naw  Turk, 

red  to  roc*|iture  N«w 

inilo,  Ufa  lud  dUoof nr* 

lit,  nrrlvci  In  Amarioa 

iicli  Hoot,  <M1, 

ml,  44-'l. 

iKla,  4.'W. 

lluu  u(  BrttUh  b*M•^ 

I,  bU  wilUngi  >g«la*( 


lUrmand,    niitlco  o( 

Lii.,  nttnck  iiii,  ftIO, 
I,  iii>jH>liitud  Uuvornaf 

m. 

ual,  wo  Nflw  M»loO| 

10  donth  of,  435. 
the   Htilp,''  ■<)«  Uw> 

I.,  fniiiulattnn  nf,  'H4. 

of,  uiTUulcd   I'v  Uia 

Wl. 

,  ronniliitliiii  iif,  SOT. 

In,  i-<|HMiiti(m  of,  aia. 
iiiitMi'  Iif.  wa. 

I  lluiiry,  ii:>tl('C(l,  480. 
ocviiuiit  of  til",  MS, 
Driioruf  tbo  C'arulliiM, 

iiotU'od,  Ml, 
the,  liU  ciido  for  th* 

f  Now  York, !««. 
Ills  (iiii'mtioiiii  at  WU- 

Vii.  AsAurnlily    .^S, 
Jill.,  acu  Pui't  Uoy«l 

ut  tlio,  In  New  Turk 

iethrrlnnda,  900. 
the  iico|ilu  uf  Cun 

iimt  lliu  fCtiitllsh,  IIOS 
with  thu  Indiuiift,  aUJ 

■9,  blOKraiihloi*  of,  I, 
u  of  the  (iirin  nf,  187, 

Hubert  lluwe'i  uz 
lat,  M. 

lied  by  Quakcra,  iBl 
eri>ie  ucvda  of,  601. 
'uriUn's,  )M1. 

persecution  of,   H 

lion  at,  irj. 
It  of,  014. 

icife,  aw, 

noticed,  'iU. 
the  Indiana,  353. 
hor  courao  with  Sir 

15. 

Uiii  hor  relini,  313. 
J.,  fuuudation  o( 

^)1.,  (loath  of,  KV*. 
vernor  of  New  £na 
a.51. 
8,  3iS. 

■ffIS,  S.W. 

the  colonies,  360, 
d,  401). 

ro  of  tha,  Sia. 
'  Monitor  "H8. 


INDEX. 


KMnlimai,  lUiir  waauuiM  uf  war  anil 

Um  cha<w,  lUB. 
**  Baanx,"  ca|iiari<  of  thx,  ni4. 
Rvaiia,  John,  niiii  I'uiinaylvunU.  lUI. 
Krana,  Thontiw  W.,  M.I).,  hi*  lltxralll; 

duriiiir  the  ITreueh  ■  Uuriiiun  war, 

tkKl. 
BTiirt«,  NVillUm  M.,  drfi-ndu  ProaldfRt 

Jolinaou  KKiiiiMl  iiiiiii'iulinii'ilt,  MM, 
ll>>u  the  WaahhiKtoii  irfatv,  OUT, 
BuUw  Hprlniia,  tlie  battle  of.  iVi. 

iTAiUi'iiiLu,  Conn.,  Tryon'a  diMcsulou. 
411, 
nrlllahatriHlilKaat,  417, 
ralrtliku,  hikltle  of,  hM, 
ITitlniouth,  Milan.,  diiatrucUon  of,  0X7. 
KarruK'it  utueka  thu  furta  In  Mobllo 

Day,  r>;il. 
raderullaU  iiotleoil,  SOO, 
I'oiiilal,  —~,  nedltloiia  iluolgna  uf,  IMS. 
f  ardliiaiul,  K  iik,  aeo  (/'oluinhua. 
fartfuauii,    Major,    opuratioua    of,    In 

North  Carolina,  4(11 , 
Flfteanth  Anifinlnii'iit  pruclalinod,  tMXl, 
yillmora,   Millard,  thu  adiululatratluii 

of,  sat), 
rinaiiooa  In  Now  Knrlanil  In  1730,  851. 
UurliiKtlie  KeviiluUon,  IIUI. 
lllatury   of  C'uutlueutal   paper  cur- 
rency, Vifi. 
DUIroaa  ooeaaluncd  by  tin)  condition 

of  the,  471. 
Prugmaa  In  1470,  OOli. 


Thai>aiiloof  l!i7a,tH)J, 
1,  paai4.-iiri 
Five  Natloiia  of  Indiana,  noticed,  lUS, 


Ttia  pi 
FUhorliK 


lea  Bill,  paai4.-iiro  of  the,  870, 


an,  ai:i,iii7. 

Their  relatlona  to  the  Dutch,  OM. 
Five  rorka,  Vik.,  Iiattic  of,  Ml. 
Flatohor,  (luvurnur  of  New  Vurk,  bia 
viKoroua  iroveniineiit,  813. 

Ajiiiointuil  Uuvernor  of  I'eniiaylvaulu, 
iiiiJI. 
Florida,  tlie  diacovnry  of,  IM,  tU. 

Narraax'a  exiHiiUtion  into,  lUSw 

Heo  liaat  Klorliia. 

Hpaniah  nettleiiioiita  In,  390, 

Account  of  Ita  hiatory,  3U0. 

(ien  OKlethoi'po'a  operationa  in,  Sn3. 

Hpaniali  expeultluna  ogalual  Kngilah 
In,  44M. 

Coded  to  the  United  8tat«a,  617. 

(JeorKO  McUregor'a  expedition  Into, 

Indian  tmnbica  In,  S!I8. 

War  conlluuea  In,  uil^I. 

(ten.  Seyinour'a  oiiorations  In,  fiSO. 
Fluyd,  John  B,,  (Jen,,  oporntloua  In 
Weet  Virginia,  K>1. 

At  fort  Uoiiclaou,  fi04. 
Fuota,  A.  II.,  Com.,  at  Furta  Donelaon 

aud  Henry,  SUI, 
Foreign  atfaira  In  1780, 1781,  40.S. 
Forroat,  N.  B.,  Uen.,  aetluu  at  Qun- 

tuwii,  !i'M. 
Furcata,  effucta  of,  on  climate,  101. 
Fort  Chaiiiblee,  roduetlun  of,  U8ti. 
Fort  Doiiclaon,  capture  of,  Stlil. 
Fort  I)u  (jucnne,  attack  on,  iHti. 
Fort  FlKhur,  expedition  oKaiuat,  hOO. 
Fort  Kruntlgnac,   oxpedttluu    auaiuat, 

UM. 
Fort  Ualnea,  capture  of,  SOt. 
Fort  tiuapi'reiiu,  captui-e  uf,  snt. 
Fort  (Icorue,  I..  I.,  reduction  of,  409. 
Fort  aranby>  Uritlab  evacuate,  477. 
Fort  Hattcma,  capture  of,  Ml, 
Fort  Henry,  capture  of,  5Utl, 
Fort  Jackson,  capture  of,  6U0. 
Fort  Morgan,  capture  of,  TilU, 
Vort  Moultrie, ».  C,  Britiah  attack  on, 

Sin 
Fort  Pillow,  attack  on,  504. 
Fort  PulttakI,  the  reduction  of,  584. 
Fort  Schuyler,  mutiny  at,  408. 
Vort  BU  Philip,  capture  of,  500. 
Fort  Steadinan,  capture  of,  507. 
Fort  tiumter,  attack  on,  by  the  Con- 
fi'ilemtes,  554. 

Naval  asaault  on,  tSSi. 

Bombardment  of,  5!i5, 
Fort  Waahlugton,  tlie  reduction  of,  403. 
Furt  WaU>on,  N.  C,  capture  uf,  470. 
Fort  Wlllluin  Ueniy,  selge  and  capture 

of,  855. 
f  ix,  Uenrgc,  the  character  of,  843. 

See  ()uukci9,  3.V>. 
Vnuice,  war  with  England,  853. 

Alliance  with  the  United  SUtca,  434. 

Frcah  troopa  from,  arrive  at  Bhode 
Ialand,4S5. 

•ee  UuDtown,  478, 


■m  RovharalMiau,  4N0,  4HI, 

Arinnl   voaaula   of,   excluded    from 

Aiiierlcih  waliin,  507, 
inincullli'x  with,  In  DMI,  53:1, 
Mee  U'KaUiKii. 
Franklin,  Beiijaniin,  Dr.,  oxainlntd  Im- 

for*  the  llouae  of  Coiuniona,  ii30. 
Letter  to  C'liiirlca  Thoniaoii  on  the 

uaaaotf*  ol  thu  Htuiup  Act,  801. 
Ill  KngTiiKi  In  1774,  .177, 
Nollcad,  Dili. 
VlaiU  Cmnbrlilgi',  805. 
(,'iirri'aiiiMiiliiiii'iiwlth  Lord  Howe.  RUO. 
Mectji  liord  Howe  uu  Htuteii  lawud, 

4U1. 
BloKTOphy  of,  4:V), 
Hunt  to  KraiMo,  «!.'). 
Letter  to  rttnilun,  4:M. 
Hce  iMiaeu  of  17M,  4>t0, 
Fraaer.  Uenaral,  killed  at  Btlilwatar, 

Frvdorleksliiirg,  Vii.,  battle  of,  570. 
Free  (jiiakim,  iiotlru  of,  :|:I4. 
Fremont,    J.  C,    (Ien.,    appointed  to 
comnianil  In  tlio  Wealum  Depart- 
ment, nil). 

Bee  Caiifortila,  StI. 

Ill  Wcat  VlrKliiia,  500. 
Freneau,  Plililii,  noUceil,  4lltl, 
French,  criii'ltU'n  of  the,  813, 
French  Hettlcra  In  Acudiu,  330. 
Frnncli  fliHit  roacliea  America,  441. 
Franch-Uerinan  war,  000. 
French  and  Inilian  war,  the,  813. 

175,5,  3.10,  ilS4. 
FroiH'litown,  the  maaaucre  at,  500. 
Frolihlicr,  .Miirtlii,  cxpi'ililliiii  of,  313. 
FroiillKniic,  i'ouiit,  (iuveriiorof  Canaila, 
notice  of,  3UU. 

Ilia  proponeil  attack  on  Maaiuchu- 
aett^i,  3rj. 

Noticed,  :ill. 
FruuUgnac,  Fort,  rupture  uf.  .I'l?. 
Front  Koyul,  Va.,  Iiuttlu  at,  6U0. 

(lADHiiRN,  (lov.,  noticed,  401. 
(Jailaiion    Treaty,  luiieiidineiit  tu  the, 

550. 
Unge,  (lovcmor,  ordora  the  Aaaenilily 

of  ,Ma><aacliUdetta  tu  meet  at  Solum, 

3TJ. 
Oalnua'  Mllla,  Vu.,  battle  of,  570. 
Qarlluld,  Jaiiiea  A.,  (Ien.,  opcratiuna  of, 

In  H.  K.  Kentucky,  SU8. 
At  Pound  (lap,  SOU. 
GaaciL  hla  goveroiuent  In  Peru,  148, 

Gatea,  rionitln,   appointod   Adjutant- 
(ieneral.  3.S0, 
Appolntcu  to  command  in  Canada, 

Captunia  Riirgoyno'a  nrmy,  438, 

Biogniphical  record  of,  483. 

Proclaiiiatlou  to  the  people  of  the 
Mouth.  400. 

At  Illllaborough,  N.  C,  403. 

Conduct  of,  coiiaiilcred,  403. 

Noticed,  450,  4110,  401. 
Oatea,  Sir  Thomaa,  biography  of,  83, 

31.5,319. 
Oanley  Bridge,  Va.,  battle  nf,  867. 
Qeography,  Ignomnco  of  the  anclenta 

concerning,  INO. 
Georgia,  the  colonization  of,  838. 

Betllomcnl  of,  863. 

See  Oglethorpe. 

Early  condition  In  the  Revolution, 
SU5. 

Operationa  in.  In  1T78, 444. 

Operationa  In  1780,  457. 

MlliUiry  operationa  In,  In  1781,  473, 
473. 
(ieorgctown,  8.  C,  deatmctlon  of,  477. 
(icrinantowii.  Pa,,  battle  of,  431 
Uettynburg,  the  battle  of,  580. 

National  Cemetery  at,  585. 
Gibruititr,  account  of  tbo  condition  of, 

408. 
Gilbert,  Bartholomew,  biography  of,  38. 
Gilbert,  Humphrey,  biography  of,  14. 
Glondalc,  Vu.,  battle  of,  571. 
Gloucei-tcr,  Va.,  aurreiidrr  of,  481. 
GnlTc,  Judge,  account  of,  357. 

Froinlses  of  Btuyvesant  concerning, 
303. 
Gomez,  dlacovcrlcs  of,  13. 
Gorges,  Fernando,  Sir,  his  discoveries. 

His  depredations   on  the    Indians, 

340. 
Illsdopredotlons  on  the  Indians,  340. 
NoUced,  343. 
Oorton,  Samuel,  account  of,  348. 


UomnliL  BarthidooMW,  dlaeoTWlw  of, 
17 
Bhignphy  nf,  8R, 
H4'e  Virginia,  315, 
Grand  (luU,  Com,  Purtor'a  attack  on, 

677. 
(Irangera,  movement  of  tlie,  (NM. 
(Iraiit   Ubaeea  S,,  Gen.,  at  Belmont, 

Mo.,  noo. 

At  Forte  Henry  and  Dunalaon,  ttU. 

At  VIckxbnrK,  505. 

At  the  biitllu  of  lukn,  574. 

Made  l,li<ut.  (Iiinnral  aud  called  t<i 

Wanblngtoii,  5S7. 
B<^e  Vickaliurg,  577. 
Ailvaiicea  uu  Hlcliinond,  6tt7, 607. 
Elected  Pnvldent,  Oirj 
Ilia  udiiilnlatratlon,  tlUII. 
Ilia  a>-c<md  election,  1107. 
Great  Britain,  atintlmcnlK  and  nplnlooa 
of  the  Americana  eoneenilng  the 
aovurelgnty  of,  at  the  cloao  uf  the 
I7tli  Century,  llOH,  810. 
Bituatiun  of,  In  177V,  450. 
IhMoivea  to  abanilou  oUenalve  opera- 
tiona In  America,  480. 
Armed  veaaela  of,    excludetl   ftrom 

Aiiierlean  water*,  507. 
Dcclarallun  uf  war  In  1813  against, 
508. 
Grcili'y,  Horace,  aco  Peace,  606. 
Grtuiic,    Nutliaulel,    appointed    Brig. 
Gen.,  880. 
Al  Monmouth  Court  Ilonse,  443. 
See  HiKHia  laUnd,  448. 
Blographleal  notice  of,  473. 
In  command  at  the  South,  473. 
AttliuHlver  y«(lkiii,  474. 
Itecroaaca  the  River  Dan,  478, 
Battle  with  Lord  Kawdun   ut  Cam- 
den, 470. 
Ilia  appeal  to  the  ()naken,  470. 
At  thu  Hiexe  of  NIncty-Blx,  477. 
()iH!rutloiia  111  thu  Carolliiaa,  4T7. 
At  Kntaw,  478. 
(Irci'iilaiid,  dliicovcry  uf,  313. 
Grenn'a  Furina,  Conn.,  dcatruetlon  of, 

447. 
Grcuvllle,  RiclianI,  biography  of,  1.5. 
Grey,  Major  General,  aeo  Maaaacro  at 

Tappaii,  44:1. 
Greytown,  bombardment  of,  861. 
Groton,  Conn.,  Indian  attack  on,  860. 
Grovcton,  battle  of,  5T3, 
Guaymaa,  the  attack  on,  648, 
(Inliroril,  Conn.,  foundathiii  of,  348. 
Guilford,  N.  C,  battle  near,  475. 
Giintown,  action  ut,  501. 
(luyuiiOottc,  Vu.,  Burprlae  at,  66& 
Gwyiinetli,  Uweu,  noticed,  8,  4. 

nAni.KT,  Muait.,  Indian  attack  on,  040. 

Hukluyt,  Richard,  noticoil,  315. 

Hale,    Natbttii,   Andre's  reference  to, 

400 
Ilallrck,  n.  W.,  Gen.,  see  Mlasourl,  503. 
Appointed  Commaijdor-ln-ehlefr674. 
Hamilton,   Alexander,   bis  character, 

4U»,4U0. 
Hamilton,  Andrew,  see  PennaylvanU. 
Hancock,  John,  cboaon  President  of 
Moaa.  Provincial  Coiigreas,  873. 
Pardim  denied  him,  383. 
Cliosen  President  of  tbo  Continental 

Cungress,  884. 
In  command  at  Rhode  Island,  443. 
Hancock,  W.  8.,  Gen.,  at  WUUamaburg, 

500. 
Hanging  Rock,  S.  C,  affair  at,  450, 
Hanover  Court-house,  battle  of,  670. 
Hannar,  Gen.,  aeo  Indians,  4I)«). 
Harper's  Ferry,  Va.,  John  Brown's  raid 
at,  658. 
Destruction  of  public  worka  at,  656. 
Investment  of,  673. 
"Harriet  Lane,'*  capture  and  destroo- 

tiiili  of,  578.  .  . 

Hatrison,  Wm.  Henry,  the  admlnlatra- 
Uon  of,  6»«. 
Death  of,  630. 
See  Wabash,  50a 
See  Thames,  610 
Harrison's  Bar,  McClcllan's  army  re- 
treat to,  571. 
Hartford  Convention,  account  of  the, 

518. 
Hartley,  D..  noticed,  879. 
Harvard  College,  establlahment  of,  348. 

Noticed,  '374. 
Harvey,  Sir  John,  appointed  Goremor 

of  Virginia,  234. 
HaverbIU,Mas8.,  Indian  attack  on,  663. 
Hawkins,  Sir  John,  see  slaves,  318. 


Ileal,  cnrloiM  Idea*  uf  Ik*  anateate  cn» 

ccrnliig  It  In  Um  liinid  annas,  IHT, 
Heath,  Mir  lUibert,  noUssd,  WW, 
Ueath,  Wlillam,  apiwlukd  Brl^-Oan'L 

JIHIl. 

lleleiM,  Ark.,  atUek  on,  678, 
llenehnian,  Daniel,  sooonut  of  todlaa 

alroritIeK  In  Now  England,  056. 
Ileiidriek,  the  Mohawk,  death  of,  aB4. 
Henry,  Patrick,  lee  W  lUlamaburg,  Va,, 

Horlot,  Thomaa,  bla   hiatory  of  Vlr> 
gliila,  15. 
See  Virginia,  314. 
Herriiii,  Gen,,  at  I'ralrla  Gmve,  5IM. 
Ileaiilaii  troupe  engaged  by  the  BrMtakf 

"  He  who  doea  not  work,  sbaU  not  aai," 

340. 
Illapanlula,  voyage  of  dUeoverjr  to.  Ml 
HiH'hulego,  aee  (Janada,  13. 
Holland,  Its  war  with  England,  iOt, 
llollanden  In  New  England,  34. 

Avarice  of,  35. 
Hominy,  how  made,  19. 
Hooker,  Joseph,  Gen.,  apnolntoItoIlM 
command   of  tbo    Army  ut  Ikt 
Potomac,  87V. 
At  Frrdertckaburc,  67V, 
Bee  Atlanta  rampalgn,  688, 601. 
IliHikct,  Thomas,  noticed,  344, 
lloukliison,  Francis,  noticed,  400. 
"  Uurnet,"  ease  of  tka,  and  Iha  ?••• 

cock,  50U, 
Howe,  Admiral,  Lord,  snrtved  tt  Mew 
York,  W7. 
Cnrreapondonce  with  Dr.  Fraaklia, 

SU9,  400. 
Death,  the  notice  of,  1187. 
Howe,  Itoliert,  Gen.,  oxiMiditlon agalnat 
Eoat  Florida,  441, 
Bee  Georgia, 
Howe,  BIr  William,  noticed,  807, 
Opiruthmn  of.  In  New  Jeraoy,  411. 
Laiida  In  Maryland.  41M. 
At  ItraiHlywIne,  413. 
TakcB  iinaaeaaion  of  Philadelphia,  491 
lluaiiiantla,  affair  at,  617. 
Hubhard,  Wlllluin,  narrative  of  thela* 

dtan  ware,  038. 
nuddy,  Capt.,  auffcringa  of,  485. 
Hnriaun,  Henry,  biography  of,  30. 

Ilia  voyage  of  dlacovery,  8(10. 
Huguenute   arrive    In   the  Carollnai, 
380. 
Noticed,  306. 
linger.  Gen.,  noticed,  474. 
Hull,  laaac,  aee  *■  ConatltnU  >n,"  OOt. 
Hunt,     Thomaa,    aella    I'lduos  into 

alavery,  !M, 
Hutchinson,  Governor,  h's  conn*  with 
the  people  uf  Maastcbnaette,  866^ 
807. 
Hutcblnaon,  Anne,  a^-count  oL  57. 
Noticed,  347. 

lU/tKots,  accnu'it  of  P.  Gabriel  lfa*> 
crt'a  travel*  In,  196. 

Admitted  tr  the  Union,  517. 
Immigration,  013. 
IndependCDje,  facsimile  of  tha  Deoi 

laiaUo'j  of,  400. 
Indiana,  Confederate  forces  enter,  SSL  ' 
"Indlanola,"  capture  of  the,  677. 
Indians,  Hubbard's  history  of,  quoted, 
49. 

Bee  biographies  of  early  dlscovaran. 

Soli*  aa  alavea,  38. 

8e«  King PbUlp,968. 

Hrasacre  by.  In  VliKloIa  in  1831^  2S. 

See  BUughler.  811. 

NoUced,  100, 108. 

The  Natches,  110. 

Account  of  the  bal>lte  andMtisaiauu 
of;  188, 194. 

Vanity  of  the  men,  US. 

'fhe  revengeful  temper  of  the,  US, 

MethodaoTwar,  US. 

As  miners,  306. 

Excluded  horn  the  priesthood,  306L 

Troubles  with  the.  In  Virginia,'  832; 
838. 

Puritan  dealings  with  the,  940. 

Troubles  In  Massacbusette,  344. 

John  Eliot's  work  among  the,  363. 

Sir  WilUum  Fhipp's  treaties  with 
873. 

War  of  the.  In  Carolina,  293. 

Five  Nations,  noticed,  £05. 

The  wan  of  1077,  808. 

The  Adirondack,  80a 

Jaanit  missions  ehlekud  anoM  IM 
81S. 


:  ■■  ■« 


IN  D  1  X. 


lw4<l«iilnrili«ilyln|ul4lln4UaKlii(   KnIplMiaiM,  (inMial, 
It  Burllngtim,  N.  J,,  MM.  1n|rt<in,  «M. 

Vviin't  tti'Miu'nt  »f  ino,  WIT.  KnowliDn, 

Munlwi  of,  In  Um  ABMiteaa  mlonlM   " 
In  ITW),  Ml. 

■omo  •Inipikir  iivmUoiu  bjr,  oonooni- 
Inic  ralliclon,  m 

IMI«(lnwlt>:nttt,M4. 

IiimihU  of  tliu,  HIkli 

Urt  Vmdmmhm.  tBU. 

Tliclr  UM  ti.  BunroyM't  eanipaign, 

AmM)iint  of  ftiMdiUi'M  dnriBf  Ih* 

Kf  roliitliin  Inln  tha  mitolry  uT,  tfft, 
Miwwn  urt'lTllliril,  UT. 
Th«  C'nwk  WW  nflTW,  MM. 
rtahM  of  81.  CUIr  1)/,  4W, 
(Jen.   Ilirrtioo'i  •ttaok  oa  III*  Wii- 

bMh,  IM<t. 
Opcniliun*  iif  the,  In  th«  Bouth,  Me 

Andrew  Jicluon,  SIL 
Be*  Craok  tiMtir,  MU. 
Bee  KuuM  IndUoi. 
Hee  Oetve*,  AiJD. 

In  (UlMicu  with  the  C<mfedentrt,  M9. 
UabhMd'i  Narretlvo  uf  the  wan  of 

the,  lUI. 
Bee  Nurtbem  CkmiielKn  of  ITTT, 
Puil'e  letter*  l<i  (Joluinhiie  ooncom- 

log  the  dlecovenr  of  the,  B. 

{•(lui,  the  t^dee  of  th«,  M. 
rrlug,  Wuhlnirtun,  hie  Knlvkeritockor 
iTletury  uf  new  York  rtsfurred  tu, 
iHft. 
iMhella,  Qneen,  len  Oidnmhn*,  TM, 
Inland  No.  to,  rvbvU'  retrrat  to,  3UI. 
luka,  the  battle  of,  574. 

Jacksok,  Andniw,  defeat*  the  Boutli- 

em  Indlann,  Ml. 
At  tlie  batllu  of  New  Orlcani,  At3. 
Blt>cl«d  I'riMidonI,  and  hie  iuauiiural, 

M». 
CoiMjdxrn  nnlllllratinn,  53<<, 
VeUwa  tbu  United  BUti!*  Bank  bill, 

Ma. 
ttiaot  II.,  liU  drtlfnii  upon  Maiiaclm- 

•I'Ua,  'JHil. 

NotioMi,  ^is,  am. 

Jamua  lllver,  Butler'a  oparatloni  on, 

fWU. 
Jameitown,  Va.,  ecttlflment  of,  87, 317. 
Clianu'tcr  of  thn  •cttler*  uf,  317. 
The  niauoom  at,  •JSU. 
Janaii,  k'x|i'.Mlitlun  to,  UO, 
•' JiiVK,"  unvul  rii^oK'''"'''*^  """■ 
Jajr,  Joliii,  »c«  eoiue  of  ITSJ,  im. 
Jplfenoii,  Thoniiia,  imllr'od,  4W,  SCO. 
Elected  Hrt-aldi'iit,  MM. 
Flnt  IiiiiUKural  of,  .tWI. 
Bn-elect^d  Prvaldeut,  fiOO. 
quoted,  5Ul 
Jefilw,  Jodie*,  th*cruettle«  of,  347. 
.tM9m  OoftveL  account  of,  »». 
^lUiWriHaaltfa,  eatabUnhment  of,  lu 
Acadtt,*^ 
Lawi  In  refonmra  to,  tS7, 
Mtr>(lon«  of,  checked  amonir  the  In- 
diana, mu. 
Joluison,  Andrew,  admlulitratlon  of, 
AW. 
H!i  difllcnltr  with  Conireu,  OqO. 
Hia  iwraonnl  poller,  ttUI. 
AttcnipU^d  liniHtucliment  of,  (MB. 
Jobrion,  Sir  John,  tee  Mortbem  Cam- 
paign, 4J0. 
Bve  Indlani*.  4%. 
Johnson,  Blr  WUIUm,  tt  Vort  NIacira, 
357. 
';4=>llobnwn'*  Landing,  battle  of;  577. 


KAMM^commencement  of  tronbl**  in, 

Kcamer,  Qeneral,  ace  Mow  Hesleo, 

Mi 
"Kvaraargo"    deatroya     the    "Al»- 

baimC'  5»L 
Ki'Ift,  Wlllliiin,  QoTamorot  New  Netb- 

orlandu,  bli  adailnlatnitlon,  DOl, 
Kvtih,  (k-onrn,  M,Qallini,  IBS. 
Kully'a  Ford,  tlMMffUf,  581. 
Ki'nu'>aw  Monnuinl,  battU  o£  IBV 
Kantucky,  attempt  to  take  her  ont  a< 

tha  Union,  667. 
KrmstowD,  Va.,  battle  of,  668.    „ 
Kcttlu  (Jreek,  0*.,  action  at,  tfL'* 
KMil,  Taptaln,  tiotlea  of,  314.         ^  ^  , 
Kirkxvlile,  .Mo.,  battle  of,  683.        ^4i. 
Kiiii;  L'blllp'*  War,  acconnt  of,  a<t3.     .,«  T-ia». 
Klns'a  Mountain,  acconutof  the  battle  KoBdon,  the  iirrcat  flro  In,  301 

of,  4001  Lone  Jack,  buttle  of,  668. 

Khiney,  OoioDel,  ae*  Nkaragoa,  661, 


"sa- 


■I  roH  Week- 

...(ton,  401. 
Knowlton,  LliiBt.'(!nl,,  death  of,  40}. 
Knoi,  tieneral,  iiollemi,  4W. 
Koala,  Martin,  the  raae  of,  Sno. 
Ku-KInx  i>ripinla<il|on>,  WM, 
Kyrb'.HIr  Hlrhanl,  appointed  OoTemor 

of  UaMllna,  liM. 

IttnoR  Convrnllnnt,  CM,  flpB, 
Labrador,  dlecovxry  of,  lit, 
Lafayette,  Oen.,  wouniled  at  Brandy- 
wine,  4IIII 

John  IjulncT  Adama*  oration  on,  419. 

Bi>*  RhiHie  leUnd. 

Vlall  t4>  the  United  BUtea,  8tM. 

Heply  to  the  Addne*  of  John  Uulncy 
Acfaiii*,  lot 

NoUcml,  478. 
I<aka  L'hamplaln,  dlwnveiT  of,  98. 

Military  and  naral  operaUon*  on,  BUB. 
Uka  Krle,  the  batUa  of,  610. 
Lake  Oeorin,  dlaeoTer*  of,  B8, 
Lanraater,  Maaa.,  Udkn  IroaMe*  at, 

d4«. 
Lane,  Joacnh,  Oen.,  notleed,  847. 
I^ni',  Kalph,  (lovemur  of  VlqilnU,  18. 
l.an|nlon,  John,  noticed,  87B. 
Uud,  ArohbUbop,  notteed.  MO. 
Luuri'na,  Henry,  elected  rreeldent  of 
C'onirresa,  408. 

Capturu  of,  on  hIa  way  to  Karopa, 

Rplaaaod  from  Imprlaonment  In  the 

Tower  of  litindon,  484. 
Ari'ount  of  hIa  ImprlaoooMnt,  48tl, 

4'«. 
Notlnd,  440. 
Hi'u  l'i'*i'«,  480. 
I.aiirenii,  John,  appointed  Bpecial  Mln- 
liitur  to  Krani-n,  4M). 
IIU  hnivery  at  Yorklown,  481. 
Notli'od,  44». 

Lawn'iii'e, ,  hIa  latt  word*,  810. 

Liiwn-ni-.<,    Kaiiaia,  dvicvnt  of  Quan- 

Iri'll  on,  5S4. 
Lawrcni'e'a  Ni'ck,  capture  of,  by  Col. 

Nclaon,  4UI. 
Lee,  Arthur,  appointed  Coaoilaeloner 

to  Frinre,  487. 
Lee,  Cliarli'*,  upiiolnlad  Major-Oeneral, 

aim. 

At  Monmouth  Conrt-houae,  441. 


Bloumpliltal  aketch  of,  441. 
,oe,  llonry.    Major,   capturea   blook- 

lioime  at  I'aulua  IIikiIi,  480. 
Lee,  Kiiliert  K.,  (I«n.  (nuu  Virginia),  — . 
Hce  Antlctani,  674. 
Ill  Prnntylranla,  8811. 
At  Wllllainaport,  Md.,  881. 
"Lcc,"    privateer,  capturea   the  brig 

"Nancy,"  887. 
I.oUler,  Oorernor,  noticed,  BIO. 
"Leopard,''  tlio  aRiiln.f  tbe"Cheaa- 

peiiku  "  and  the,  .VW. 
l.etcarbot.  Marc,  wrltlnira  of,  94. 
I^wlaburg,  Va.,  battle  of,  600. 
LcxIiiKton,  the  buttle  of.  »81. 
Liberty,  the  riae  of,  In  America,  SSI. 
Lincoln,  Abraham,  acconnt  of  bla  ad- 
mlulatratlon,  866. 
The  B<inthem   Commbalonora  Tialt 

him,  5^a. 
Attick  on  Sumter,  680, 
Proclamatlim   blockading   Southern 

porta,  6M, 
Proclamation  abollahing  Slavery,  575. 
Emancipation  Proclamation,  575. 
Addreae  at  Uettysburg,  AWi. 
Amneaty  IVoclamatlon,  685. 
Second  Inangaratlon  of.  SM. 
Tha  aaaaaalnatlon  of,  aw. 
Lincoln,  Bunlamln,  General,  aee  Geor- 
gbi  and  the  Carollnaa. 
NoUced,  4rie. 
Literature,  state  of,  In  America  In  1070, 
!33. 
Notice  of,  408. 
"UtUe  Belt,"  Engllah  war  ahlp,  cau 

oLSOH. 
LIttio  Egg  Harbor,  expedition  against, 

Llrlngaton,  H.  B.,  Col.,  noticed,  443. 
Loan,  Bun.,  (icii.,  noticed,  SOS. 
Locke,  John,  noticed,  8S1. 
Logs.t,  Juiiice,  of  I'vuiisylvunla,  Uter- 
^     ary  acc|Ulroinont«  of,  XfT. 
^<»in>  Croas  Itoads,  Ky,,  battle  of, 


Longlaland  granted  to  Lord  Stirling, 


The  beltl*  of,  and  ntmk  tnm,  MB, 

4110,  401.  ^  ^ 

Look    rarllament,   antfeoriljr   ol  the, 

questioned,  !iA4. 
LookliiK-iilassea   inaile  of  aton*,  and 

uned  nr  men  only,  IIM, 
IxMikout  Mountain,  battle  of,  88B. 
LopfB,  I'reslilunt,  bla  course  In  refer 
eiire  to  the  movement  of  BrailL  181. 
Nolind,  Its,  INR,  mt. 
Lo|N>a,  (li'iii'nl,  gamtled  at  llar*lM,8A0. 
Lord  llitltlniore,  aee  C'eclllus. 
!!>«  ( liJirlivi. 
Bee  William  Penn. 
I,ordt   t'oininl>*loners   for  trade  and 

pUtitatlona,  creation  of,  840. 
"Loyal  Anirrlcana,"    depredation*  of 

the,  4>l». 
LoulabourKh,  the  ennqueat  of,  840. 
The  atUck  im,  HAS,  du,  86M. 
Surrender  of,  860. 
Louisiana,  Iheatata  of  aifalrain.  In  17W, 
4W. 
The  aennlsltloa  of,  804. 
A  free  atata  government  orpolied, 

586. 
Operutlona  uf  the  British  In,  In  1813, 
613. 
Lovekce,  Lord,  appulnted  Ootemorof 

Now  Jeraey,  838. 
Lndwell,  Philip,  appointed  aoTemotof 

Carolina,  im. 
Lymuii,  IMiliieas,  (len.,  notice  of,  8niC 
l.yndi',  Major,  betrays  h|s  aoluler*  t<> 

the  Coiifodorates,  SOS. 
Lyon,  Nath.,  lu  command  In  Xlaaonri, 

At  Bprlngfleld,  Ho.,  560. 
Killed  at  Wllscm's  Creek,  600. 

"  Maoxdoiiian,"  capture  of  the,  HOD. 
Mackinaw,  tlie  affair  at.  In  1813,  508. 
Madlaoii,  Jnmea,  elected  President  of 
the  United  Htab-a,  607. 
Ilia  InauKurnI  address,  SU7. 
Mailoe,  bliiKraphy  of,  3. 
Msgaw,  Col.,  at  Fort  Washington,  403. 
Magidlan,   Irenliiiand,  dlacoverlea   uf, 

184. 
.Magellan,  noticed,  319. 
Maine,  early  dlscovorles  In,  90. 
Priu'ccdliigs  of  royal  commlsalonera 

In,  3110,  Sui. 
"  Temporary  government  of,"  988. 
Mllltnr}  opurntlona  In,  450. 
Admitted  t4i  the  Union,  517. 
"Hallory,"  Confederate  gunboat  sunk 

III  the  .Mlsklnalppl,  AOA. 
Malvern  Hill,  Vn.,  hattle  of,  671. 
Manhattan,  ace  New  York. 
Maiily,  Rohcrt.,  Capt.  uf  privateer  Lee, 

iiollfcd.  1187. 
MansHeld,  Lord,  notleed,  807. 
Mannfactiirus  In  the  United  States,  031. 
"  Marching  on  lllclinioiid,"  Illustrated, 

AW. 
Marlon,  nenoral,  noticed,  401. 
Bee  southuni  campaign  of  the  Ameri- 
can army. 
Capturea  Fort  Watson,  470. 
Markhain,  WlllUiii,  hU  dcalinjra  with 
the  i'onniiylvanla  Indians,  i97. 
Notleed  iSti. 
Martini's  vineyard,  dlacnvery  of,  318. 
Marllii,  (iovcmor  of  North  Carolina, 
Ilia  couroo  during  the  Kevulutlon, 
HIM. 
Maryhiiiil,  acatlement  of,  SO. 
IllHtorv  of  377. 
tirowtli  of,  under  Lord  Baltimore's 

govemiiifiiit,  'J78. 
Inillan  trout  lea  In,  370. 
HellKloua  dlfferenees  In,  370. 
Conillllon  of,  In  IflUO,  380. 
Htriet  obitervance  of  Sunday  In,  983. 
AiidroH  appointed  Governor  of,  384. 
Slavery  In,  385. 
Keccaatoii  of,  550. 
Confederate  army  enters,  678. 
Mascrt,  P.  Uabrlel,  hIa  tiuvels  In  Illi- 
nois, 105. 
Mason,  James  H.,  capture  of,  661, 
Mason,  John,  biography  of;  36. 
Massaeliusi'ttii,   account  ol    the   first 
(ioveriior  of,  67. 
Troulile  wllh  Virginia,  336. 
(Irowth  of  the  colony  of,  345, 
Dispute  with  Cunnecticut  respecting 

taxes,  !2S3. 
Rei'cptlon  of  royal  commissioners  by 

the  people  of,  9B0. 
Throatanad  alteration  of  the  eonstltu- 
Uon  01^986. 


UbeMjr  of  woMhto  gnalsd  in.  IBl 
Temporary  goTemmenl  of,  SIM. 
Bonndary  between  and  Connertlruk 
settlsd,  860. 
Maseaehusetta  Bar,  settlemsnt  at,  !M1. 
MasaaehnaetU     Pnivltu'lal     Congres* 

meela  at  CiroconI,  878, 
Maaaasoll,   the   Indian   chief,  aee  In- 
diana, 48. 
Matarooroa,  the  capture  of,  BtOl 
Mather,  Cotton,  Ida  "  Mstuoil*  CMsll 
Americana,"  374. 
Noticed,  344. 
Mather,  liicerraae,  aee  wlttberafl,  ITl, 

Noticed,  344. 
Mattbewa,    General,   see  Colyer'a  d*> 

scent  on  Virginia,  447. 
Maximilian,  aee  Mexico,  800. 
Maaittlan,  eautura  of,  M8. 
MoClellan,  George  B.,  operalioM  la 
Waat  Virginia,  657, 
In  command  of   the  Army  of  tk* 

Potuinac,  8aB. 
Operatloga  on  the  Virginia  penlnai' 

lar,  800. 
IIU  retreat  tnm  West  Fulnt,  Va., 

6T0. 
Again  called  to  the  command  of  lb* 

Irmy  of  the  I'otumao,  VN. 
At  Antietam,  678. 
Again  relieved,  874. 
MeCrea,  Mlaa,  the  murder  of,  438. 
McClemand,  John    A,,    General,    as* 

Forte  Ilenry  and  Donelaoii,  Sitt, 
McCulloeh,  Ben,  General,  killed  at  !■*• 

Ridge,  803. 
McDowell,  Irwin,  General,  at  Bull  Ron, 

560. 
McDowd,  Colonel,  noticed,  40']. 
McGregor,  Grvgor,  his  exiiedllloa  fail* 

Florida,  BIT. 
McIIenry,  James,  noticed,  4011. 
McPherson,  Geueral,  see  Atlanta  eaai* 
palgii,  601. 
Death  of,  503. 
Mechaiilcsrille,  Vs.,  battle  of,  670, 
MedHcbl,  Maoa,,  liiillnn  light  Ht,U47. 
"  Merrlinac,"  attack  on  the  "  (;uiigni**" 

and  "  Cumberland,"  508 
Mexico,  hlst'iry  of,  8. 
See  New  Spain. 
The  siege  of,  183, 

Eatlmated  niinilierof  people  in  'W 
IIow  government  was  suiipurtfd  la, 

903. 
Coni|uest  of,  noticed,  313. 
The  war  with,  8.10. 
Troops   of    France   In,   to   aopport 

Maximilian,  1100. 
Amendment  uf  the  Gadaden  treaty, 
580. 
Mexicans,  view  uf  the  manners  uf  the, 

150. 
Mlantonlma,    aee    Uubbard'a    IndlaB 

want,  OijU. 
Milan  Decree,  revocation  of,  507. 
Mllford,  Conn.,  foundation  of,  'M, 
Mllford,  Mo,,  n'bols  captured  ul,  MS. 

Miller, ,  sppuliitcd  (iuveruur  of 

Alhcmarle,  N.  C,  'JUl. 
TTIa  career,  309. 
MllUkon'a  Hend,  engagement  at,  577. 
Mine  Hun,  buttle  at,  5S1. 
MInea  and  mining,  1)1,1, 
Mlnlalnk,  burning  of,  by  Indl.ins,  460, 
MInneaota,  admitted  to  the  Unlun,  tOU, 
Minorca,  the  surrender  of,  480. 
Mississippi,  admitted  to  the  Union,  617. 
MIsslaalppI  River,  naval  wcurrences  on 

HIsBonri,  admitted  to  the  Union,  617. 
Compromise,  repeal  of  tlie,  S6S). 
Secession  movement  In,  667. 
Gen.  Price's  operations  In,  6BB. 
Mitchell,  O.  M.,  Gon.,  operation*  In 
Tennesaee,  506. 
Death  of,  500. 
Uoblle,   General    Canby'a   operations 

agalnat,  607. 
Hoet,    Captain,    destroys    Falmouth, 

Haas.,  887. 
KoUno  del  Roy,  attack  on,  840, 
"  Uonltor,"  the  Bght  at  Newport  Ncwa, 

808. 
Monk's  Comer,  Ga,,  affair  at,  458. 
Moncton,  General,  at  Quebec,  :I58. 
Uoninoutb  Court-house,  the  battle  *1 

411. 
Honroo,  Jamea,  acconnt  of  bla  aSuiln 

istretlun,  615, 
Ifootcalm,  General,  capture*  Oiwego 
868. 


woMhIy  grtatad  hi.  Mi. 
HOTirmuanl  of,  m. 
wtWMa  wil  L'unnurtlruli 

eo. 

\»  Bar,  MUUmmit  it,  'ill. 
»     PniTliM-lal     Cuncrw* 
C'unciiril,  UTS. 
Iia  Indfam  cbtof,  •••  In- 

ha  raplunt  of,  MX  _ 
>n.  Ilia  "  MaaualU  CMall 
la,"  irtl 

ivM«,  M«  wltthorafti  171, 

A. 

limml,   aM  Cotjrar'l  il» 

VIrfinU,  447. 

ie«M«xko.  MO. 

iilura  of,  MM. 

Uorga  B.,  oMrtUoM  li 

flnla,  M7. 

ml  i>f   Um  Ann*  of  Um 

,801. 

I  on  tba  YlrflDto  p«ulna«. 

t  Amn  Waat  Folnl,  Va., 

id  to  tha  command  of  Iba 
tha  I'otuiuao,  OTJ. 
ni,  6T& 
ivfd,  074. 

a,  tha  inurdar  nf,  4911. 
I  Jithii   A.,   (Iiiiitiral,   a«a 
mry  aod  OoiiclMin,  Suu. 
Bin,  Uenvral,  killed  at  I'aa 

rwin,  (lenaral.  at  Bull  Bun, 

ulonnl,  noUrcd,  40'). 
In-Kor,  Ilia  vxiwdlttoa  fail* 
517. 

amea,  nntlci'd,  401). 
(louenl,  au«  Atlanta  earn* 
01. 
MfJ. 

Ille,  Va.,  l)attl«  of,  670. 
aaa..  Imlliiii  lliiht  nt,  U47. 
"  atMck  on  tli«  "  CuiiKTvaa" 
unibc^rland,"  508 
VlVf  nf, ."}. 
tliiilll. 
of,  1U3. 

iiiiiiilier  of  people  m  W 
.'nimeut  waa  auppurUU  la, 

of,  noticed,  3U. 
>lth,5.'IO. 

Franca   In,   to   lopport 
llun,  UUI. 
lUl  of  tli«  Gadxdvn  treaty, 

low  of  the  mannrra  of  the. 


ace    Uubbard'a    IndLu 

e,  revocation  nf,  807. 
nil,,  foundation  of,  '.MA. 
>.,  n'bola  cuptured  ut,  fiA9. 
— ,  appuliit'd  (loveruur  of 
Tin,  N.  C,  !;»1. 
r,  laa.  ^ 

lend,  cngaeanient  at,  577. 
liuttio  at,  5S1. 
nliiliii;,  BIS. 

iimlnit  of,  by  Indtina,  480. 
adnilUcd  to  the  Union,  (B3. 
e  aurrcndcr  of,  480. 

admitted  to  the  Union,  517. 

River,  naval  wcurreucei  on 

limltted  to  the  Union,  517. 
liac,  repeal  of  tlie,  063. 
I  movement  In,  657. 
e'a  oporationa  In,  580. 
>.  M.,  Oon.,  opcratlona  la 
aee,  &W. 

800. 

eneral    Canby'a   opcratlona 
,507. 

»taln,    deatroya    Falmouth, 
887 

Rcy,  attack  on,  640. 
"  the  Bght  at  Newport  Ncwa, 

mcr,  Oa.,  affair  at,  4BS. 
Joneral,  nt  Quebec,  iimi. 
Court-houae,  the  battle  A, 

■mca,  account  of  bla  aSmlo 
)n,  515. 
Uencral,  captufta  Oaarego 


S- 


IMDK  X. 


AIAMlM.IMt 

i|SriS7rKi«w,  Ik*  Mi^  •!,  AM 
MaalaaMiwi  bla  puwar  la  Maileu,  110, 

lit. 

OWaa  praaanla  t*  Oortai,  Uft 

MualjiuMary,  iiskanl,  appulMt*)  M«- 

la  aowMMod  la  Oaaado,  m 
in  MoalraU,  Ml. 
IUUa4aiqaabaa,»l. 
Kuatraai,  Um  eapllalatloa  of,  mt, 
■vaaoalluo  of,  W. 

liiaOarullniia,  Wl 
Moon,  —  -.  OuL,  aa«  Tiymi  Oooatjr, 

Moora'a  c'nak  Mdfa,  tfkt  al,  ML 
Muora,  Jauiaa,  Oovarnor  of  loMk  Oar> 

ulfaM,  bla  admlolairallon,  WNi 
lloojj.«.eap.tw;rS?rurta,db,«-, 

Hormn,  DaaM,  QnMMi,  BoMgad,  Ml, 

A*Ooirpaaa,  4T4. 

Halraot  ut,  afUr  Oowpaoa,  4Ti 
Morgaa,  <lokn.  (tea.,  OunMafala  opar- 
oltooa  In  Tannaaaoa,  Ml 

IIU  raid  lalo  lodlaoo,  WL 
MorKan^niry,  tba  booaaaaar,  aooooal 

Sonia,  Uuuvaraanr,  ooUoad,  4n, 
orria.  Hub«rt,  ooUoad,  44a 

■a*  rr 


Muna,  Jadadlab,  bla |aogia|)luN4Hl 
lloryaon,  Uuloooi,  aoouunt  ot  SlO. 
"Metbar  Uuoatrr,"  oaa  oTlha  Una, 


itfS. 
Mottltria,  OaaaraL  at  SuUlTaa'a  laload, 

»»T. 
In  Uarollna  and  Oaorgla. 
"Moood  Ollr."  daatniethm  of    the 

Uoloa  (uoDoal,  ld& 
Mount  Daiart,  JaaulM  laMla  at,  U 
Hud  bland.  Pa.,  attaak  oo,  m 
MttlllKan,  Oulunal,  baroto 

Uzlnctou,  Mo.,  im, 
Mumfurd,  Mri.  B.,  bang  at  Mow  0^ 

laana,MT. 

e4«T00KBt,  dtaaoTory  ol,  K 
atMlaon  I.,  aau  HamboaUM  Ooaroa, 

ifarrwuiaaU  ladlana,  war  wttb  tba^ 

Ben  Uubbard'a  Indloa  Waio,  OM 
Aarvaai,  locldirat  of  Ui  ospadlltoo  lata 
riurlda,  IVO. 

Nolleed,  U. 
NaabTlUa,  battto  of,  Um. 

Uaoaral  Thonua  at,  SOS, 
"  UaabviUa,"  ataamer,  doalrayad,  OOi 
Hallonal  debt,  5IM. 
Naval  eagagenHmla  darin*  Iba  larola- 

Uoo,  aee  Blddle,  Moo^,  44>. 
Naval  aialiB  bi  ITHL  4Mk 
Naval  evenU.  UtarTsM,  4S0, 457,  SOi 
MuvigaUon,  507. 
Navl!(aUon  Acta,  bow  rooalvad  by  tba 


Nei 


Gulonlala,  1 


Vl^ 


Dgroaa  Impoitad  loto  Amerioa,  Ott 

Kmploymaot  uf,  aa  aoldlara,  MB. 
Negro  alavery   introdaoad    into 

gtnlo,  Ultf' 
Nelaon'a  Farm,  Va.,  battla  of,  STl. 
Nebioa'a  Feny^  Brttbb  avaeoala,  477. 
Nawbem,  N.  0.,  captura  of,  807. 
Maw  Hngland,  origin  of  tba  aama,  W. 

BatUemant  of,  ji. 

WInalow'a  aocouot  of  tba,  0& 

BUvaiy  in,  iHH. 

8ettUmenlof,SBl 

Oanaral  ooaaldentluna  for  Iba  pUO' 
UUon  of,  S41. 

Rallgloua  quaatlona  in,  9401 

Uondttlon  uf  affalra  In,  In  1818, 940. 

PopuUUon  of,  940. 

Klaalng  prohibited  in.  960. 

Dlipute  of  the  people  of,  wltb  tba 
Vrench  la  Acadia,  951. 

Phttfurm  of  Church  diaclpllne  In, 

Emignitlon  uf  clergymen  to,  960. 

Rollgluua  intolerance  In,  WL 

Indian  warfkre  in,  908. 

rioty  revived  in,  905. 

Education  and  habtta  of  the  naopla 
of,  a74.  '     " 

Commerce  of.  in  1790,  97S. 

Religion  in,  m.  976. 

Battlara  from,  Itva  at  Oapa  Fear,  907. 

Hnbbard  narrative  of  tba  Indtoa  ware 
ot,09B. 


wrKartaad'a  Tryab."  a  book  oMI- 


lUwtQtmtimk,  OwDtwy  ol,  U,  14, 

Maw  Fraaaa,  laifitor  af,  to  Iba  lag- 

BahrMOi 
Maw  Haoiaablra,  tha  oialoM  ol  Moaoa 

PriMMMNllaM  of  loyal  (Joouolaalaaaia 

In,  WO,  lit. 
Btola  oTafilra  la  Wn,  9W 
"Twaporary  aavanMMnt  of,"  Ml 
Maw  Haven,  fiiSadatbm  of,  9*1. 
•aatmoUoa  oMW. 

Saw  liolload,  aoMoa  of,  IW 
aw  liupiUhorab,  batUoiil  Ml, 
Maw  Jeraay,  Iba  Matory  of,  118. 
Boa  OarlorM  ood  loffialy,  118. 
lla  aoalaal  aaoM.  Ill 
loiMdaitaa  of,  adloatod,  Ml. 
AUompt  to  aaliiMlab  dlraol  Iroda 

tntm,  to  KaroMa,  lli 
Quahara  dIataitM  la.  IIU 
OpafaUaaalaltlO,«i8. 
MawModrid,  Uo.,  InvaatoMnl  of,  SOi 
Maw  Mailou,  Oanoml  Koamay'a  opera- 

ltoilaia,Mi. 
Maw  NatlMrlaoda    oapturad  by  tba 
Ka|llab.Wl      ^ 
aaaHiiwrorti. 
Maw  Urloaaa.  oMoak  oa,  and  aaptora 

Maw  nynxxtUii  iaIUaaMnI  of,  by  tba 
Puritaaa,  940. 
"'TaMparanr  govanHMal  of,"  900. 
MawporVCapiUbrlatophar,  blugrapby 

Vovoga'to  Vlrglalik  B1& 
Maw  Bpain,  hlatnry  of  tba  oonquaat  of, 
by^jurui,  Uf 

Munaatarlea  In,  901 

Mannera  of  tba  elargy  In,  900. 

Tba  minaa  of.  9U0. 

Praduatlou  of  aalt  Id,  900. 
Nawapapora  doilag  iba  Kavnintlon, 

lllalory  of,  Oil. 
Maw  York,  aarly  aotUtmant  of.  It,  81. 
Tba  radnotlua  of;  propoaad,  960. 
UMory  of,  109. 

Captured  from  tha  Dnteb,  KM. 
Baa  Maw  Malbarlaada. 
Baa  Manhattan. 
Boa  Woaler  Van  TwUlar. 
Baa  William  Kaift 
BoePatorltttyvaaant 
Tba  Uuka'a  Coda  notlead,  HO. 
Boundary  wltb  Connaethmt  detor- 

mined,  HO. 
Jaaob  Lolaler'a  opoiatlona  In,  110. 
Hoa  NIebolaon. 
Boa  Blonghtar. 
RngUah  guvamment  of,  811. 
Raugratlon  to,  111. 
Tba  clergy  in,  115. 
Piavalanoa  ol  Ihitob  longuoga  In, 

ns. 

MavetT  In,  118. 

laveriatotba  dominion  of  floUaod, 

and  la  agala  raatorad  to  tba  Eng- 

Uah,  IITT 
Danton'a  daaaHpttoa  of.  Ml 
Boundary  oL  adjuatad,  Ml. 
PualUon  of  aflaira  Inriaat  before  tba 

inrrendar  of  OomwaUla,  480. 
Tba  avaeuallon  of,  401 
Niagara,  Bblrlqr'a  aspodlllou  ogalnil, 

Mlagoia,  Fori  tha  reduotion  of,  857. 
Micoraiiia.  dlffleulty  with,  SSL 

Boa  WUllaffl  Walker,  859. 
Mlobolaon,    bla   oparatlona   In   Naw 

Tork,  810. 
MIoolla,  '    ■    ,  appointed  Oovomor  of 

Now  Yorit,  834,  806. 
NInaty-alx,  8.  C.^Aur  at,  480. 

The  alege  of,  477. 
Non-Intcrcourao  oonaidarod,  S07. 
Norfolk,  Va.,  flgbt  near,  1775, 801 
UcatrucUon  of,  1770, 8M. 
BeliuTO  uf  navy  yard  and  daatraellon 

of  iirouerty  at,  661 
D«atrUk'''in  uf  the  navy  yard,  eto.,  at, 
560. 
Norton,  John,  noticed,  358, 
North,  Lord,  hia  conrao  agolnat  the 
cotonlata,  880. 
HIa  ambition,  807. 
North  America,  hiatory  of,  by  Janiea 
araham,90e. 
Appendix  to  the  hiatory  of.  8118. 
Pruepoota  of  tbo  colonlea  of,  at  1700, 


TJjMjywjk  and  pfograaa  0^  «Ml 

lartytoSlltoa  to  the  Rofolalkm,  Ml 
Oparaltoaa  of  Migor  Farnaoa  la,  481. 
Oparaltoaa  of  Oanaral  OorawolUa  In, 

471 
laraalda'a  oparatlona  la,  MT,  Ml 
Unto*  auanaaaaa  In,  HH 
Notlbara  oampolgo,   acooual  of  Iba 

4111487, 
Morwaik,  Uuao.,  Lma'a 
411. 
Burning  of,  44T, 
Muva  Caaarla.  aoalant  ai 
Jaraay,  Itl  817, 


of  Now 


MoUlaatlMi 
oldarad, 


In   Bo«lh  Oaiollaa  aoa- 


NorUwnpton,  Maao.,  Indian  oaaault  on, 
•1. 


Ookarnoara,  Jaroaa,  notleatlHl 

Ilia  nparaUona  In  Florida,  IHl 
Ohio  admitted  to  the  Union,  MM. 
Oaondon,  Uooaa  Van  Bobalok'a  ampa- 

ditlun  Ui,  461 
Ontario,  Lain,   attempt    to  balld  a 

aqoodrun  on,  600. 
Orallona,  aoeount  of  hIa  voyage,  901. 
Oawego,  oaptum  of,  851 
Otto,  M.,  reniarka  on  tha  dlaoovarlaa  of 

Oolumbna,  V. 
Ovandu,  MIeholu  de,  aeeount  of,  81 
Owen,  Dr.  John,  Invltad  to  America, 

980. 

Pioino  Ooaaif,  how  named,  181 
Pakenham,  Sir  Edward,  aaa  New  Or- 

leana,  513. 
Palo  Alto,  tha  battla  of,  MO. 
Pooli  Tavera,  Pa.,  Amartoana  aurpilted 

at,  494 
Paper  money  tn  Maaaaebnaaita,  880. 
Paraguay,  the  IndaMndaaaa  of,  174. 
Alllanee  airalnat  the  paopla  ut,  181. 
War  ill,  1M\  lt»,  185. 
Parker,  Blr  Peter,  at  SalUnm'l  Iilond, 

Pauigonlana,  aome  account  of  tha^lH> 

Polioaa  of  buabondry,  tba,  801 

Paul,  BM  pbyalohui,  bla  atlaa  to  Colom- 

Panlding,  John,  aee  Major  Andre,  480. 
Panlua  HiKjk,  capture  of  block-bouae 

at,48U. 
Peace  In  17111,  aee  Foreign  AOatra,  488. 
NegotUUona  for  the,  480. 
Attempta  to  procure,  6UB. 
Peace  Convention,  1800,651 
Pea  Rldgu,  battlr  of,  809. 
PeekakOI,  N.  Y.,  daatruoUonot  Ameri- 
can alorea  at,  ill. 
Pemberton,  (len.,  oaa  Vickabnrg,  871 
Pann,  William,  biography  of,  00. 
HIa  Interview  with  Lord  Baltimore, 

989. 
Qia  odvlea  to  Qoakara .  eoooamlng 

New  Jeiaey,  891 
lllatorioal  notloe  of,  898. 
Beouring  tha  obartor  of  Fannaylvo- 

nla,a8t,Ml 
Compared  to  John  Wealey,  891 
HIa  Ideaa  of  «  good  government,  W7. 
lIUKovemmauot  Pennaylvanlo,  880, 

EatebUabea  adooatlonal  Inotttattona 

in  PennaylvaniaiM9. 
Deprived  of  hIa  goraramant  and  le- 

Inatated,  811 
Ula  eontroveray  with  Lord  BalMaoto, 

BW. 
Treaty  with  the  Indiana,  HO. 
Voltolre'a  oplnton  of  the  XnHif  of, 

aw. 

latuma  to  England,  885, 881 
The  laat  daya  of,  S48. 
Fenoaylvaaia,  aettlement  of,  00. 

Hiatory  of,  898.  

Fletcher  appointed  Governor  oi;  888. 
Dlaacnsloua  among  the  Quaken  In, 

Reuowal  of  diaputea  with  Delaware, 

830, 
Population  of.  In  1708, 817. 
LItcrotnro  In,  837. 
The  Planter'a  apcoch  to  hia  nelgh- 

hora  and  countrymen  of,  847. 
Sncccanea    of  General  Sir   WilUam 

llowo  in,  495. 
InaurrecUon  In  17W,  408.  ^ 

Leo'a  armv  entera,  580. 
Pennaylvanu  Line,  revolt  of  tha,  471 
Penobarat.  Ma.,  attack  on  BriUah  poet 


811 


Panalona,  W  oahlngtmi  nmnoaaa,  i 
Pruuot  Indiana,  uollcwl,  41 
IKMlruetlim  uf  the,  09V. 


PaoBot  ware,  aemiunt  of,  Ml 
Panplua  llaua<mla,  aecuant  uf  tbo.  IM 
Para,  auniiaeel  uf,  181 

Civil  ware  In,  140,  140. 

Later  dIfflculIlM  In,  171 

Prugmta  uf,  178, 

Ouarae  nf,  tn  the  caM  nf  Oabo,  IIU 

Mudu  of  Imtliling  In,  904. 

TaxaUun  In,  9US 

Ounqucat  of,  9H 
Kruvlona,  vluwuf  the  monntra  of  tbib 
ISO. 

Property  among  tha,  181 
Parry,  Com.,  aaaLake  Brie,  All 
Paten,  Hugh,  Krv,,  notice  nf.  Ml 
Petartburg'   Vn ,     General    Arnold'! 
operaUuna  at,  479. 

BuQar'a  attack  un,8iS0. 
"  Petrel,"  urivalear,  ainfcing  of  tbo,  ML 
PhlUdalphlo.  laid  out  after  tha  plan  of 
anetent  Babylon,  Ml 

Tbo  Frianda'  public  acbuol  of,  al' 
tobllahad.  Ml. 

Capture  of,  by  the  Brillah,  4M. 

Evaouated  by  the  Britteh,  441. 
Philippine  taUniU,  dloeovery  of,  IM. 
Phlllp'a  war,  mmanlio  advantoroa  and 
eaoapea  during  the,  114. 

Noticed,  868.  aw. 
Phlppa,  HIr  Wnitam,  noUea  of^W. 

Hb  expedlUoa  to  Quebec,  9W. 

lUa  eonnectiun  with  the  witehuofl 
triala,  979. 

Departun  for  England,  971 
Pbtanlclana,  dlacuverlea  uf  the,  TO,  71. 
PIckena,  Col.,  at  Kettle  Creek,  Ua.,  48L 

Expadltlun  agolnat  the  auuthcm  In- 
diana,  487. 

Bontheru  mlUtU  under  bla  command, 
478, 

Noticed,  474, 
Plokerinu,  Timothy,  noticed,  491 
Pierce,  Franklin,  account  of  tba  id- 

ralnlatratloa  at,  500. 
Pierce,  John,  aaa  New  England,  H    - 
Pllgrlma,  embarkation  of  tbe.  Ml    >. 

Landing  of  tbe,  938. 
Pillow,  Gideon  J.,  Cf«i: ,  a^  Masleo,  BMl 

At  Fort  Dunalaun,  804. 
Plncknev,  Colund,  at  BaUivw'f  lalaal 

lnl7J0,457. 
Pinion,  Vincent  Tanoa.  vnyaM  «t,  91. 
Piracy,  aaa  Henry  Moreui,  9A. 

See  Captain  KIdd,  3147 
Placate  way,  N.  J.,  foundatlun  of  fflT 
Pitt,  Wlllbim,  Eari  of  Chatham,  im»I 
of,  880. 

BeeStempAct,  I 


PlatUburgh,  batUe  of,  «l^,  /^  ^ 
Plymuutli,  Maaa.,  oetilinnanl  at,  HI 

Heaaon  for  the  atow  iocreaaa  of  edOi 
niate  In,  £49. 

Indian  attaek  on,  081. 

See  John  Cawar'a  Biography.  41 
Plymouth,  N.  0.,  attack  on;  SW, 
I'ooahonia*  oavaa  the  Ufa  of  Owtalr. 
Bmith,  17. 

Marrtea  John  Rolfe,  98. 

Bee  Captain  John  Smith,  811 

Sebnue  o(  and  her  mairiago,  990. 
Police,  origm  of.  In  America,  901 
Polk,  Jamea  K.,  admlniatntlon  of,  OS. 
PolkjLoonldos,  Qen.,  at  Belmoot,  lio^' 

Death  ol  Wl.  ^. 

Fomeroy,  Beth,  Col.,  notieedfVn. 

Appointed  Brig.-Oan'CHl 
Ponce  de  Leon,  expodMon  and  deal 

of,  18, 181 
Pope,  John,  Gen.-,  tMM  command  ol 
the  Army  of  tha  rblomae,  57L 

Succeeded  by  IMCIeUaB,  679. 

Ilia  fallumk MliiirWl 
Porter,  FltaJVHBli,'1he  oaaa  of,  SIK 

redaotlun  of,  SIT. 
paaaea  tba  battoMaa  at,  MB 
^      r  of,  671 

«publlc.Va^,bi|Maoi;881 
byal,  atteck  da,  ML 
Brtemouth,  N.  B.,  patnotlo  ' 
Inga  at,  S7d. 
Fortugneaa,  enterpriia  of  tba,  M 

Voyagea  of  the,  IB. 
Poetd  treaty  with  Franco,  601 
Potoal,  tha  minea  of.  107. 


t  i 


IWDIl. 


(MNl,  D»fM,  Ml  MMM  •(  Watttt  ft 


rrttwMW  to  b«  wmWmmmm,  iM  wo- 


RmiaUomMl 


Ik* 


frophvi'ii'Towa,  imtrnMim  vL  Ml 
rrolMtanl*,   pMTMraUM  ol  Hgliik, 

rabllo  debt  of  Um  UaiM  HUm  »t 

Um  ahiM  at  MNk  adi 

I M  Ikt,  MT. 


CwltMM,    MtoblMUMBl    0(      UM,    to 

AniMlMt  9t. 
tM  o(  tiM,  who  Mlttod  MtMMho- 

HUaBu,«. 

■  of,  toAi 

*th».~ 

•oflaitaci  of  Um, 


AewMHito  of.ttM,  Ml  Mf.  I 


■  ■■■■IH^WKW  WB    wav,  ^"1  www 

||g|n|>IU«lMll«»oC  Ml 


^l^rMta  «l  DfoMMA  Ml 

•«MflBB  oi;  to  Now  i«nw.  11%  til 
•m  tolEr  'lul  VoawtaMhl 
■••  WUilfM  Voom,  Ml 
■oMIo  to  W«M  Jonnr.  Ml 
OtaMwIoa  MMmg  IM,  to  FMUwylT*- 

■M%«oq«lun,  9*4 

1^  WwMI*t  MKowl  o<  IkOMU- 
forlMtoCMl 

loo  lolwaoa  Boclw,  9M. 

▲noodoto*  of  Ibo,  MT. 

QoMfil  Oramo't  oppool  to  Um,  411 
QirtiD,  Iko  eoptoN  ot.  Ml 

(Mifo  oad  otBlBio  o(,  881 

■onool  of  Um  AaMrteanofraa,  tM^ 
"QMom  of  Iko  Wott,"  ooptan  of  Um, 


VorNPtoVimtola^MA 
lUafioaUlot  OeoroMbe,  MT. 
Budolpl^Nytao,  rtMMMMMont  of 
Um  OoaKNM  of  tTN,  Mi    ■ 

Boa  NoTlgiiUoa  auto,  Mt. 
"  RMdotpk."  MowtiH|W«tMMfM|Mo, 

ItopiMluBiiook  StaUoQ,  boikii  of.  ML 
BowdoD,  Itoid,  to  oommnA  at  Cam 

deo,411 
RoTiDODd,  MIM.,  batUo  of,  BH. 
Raed,  jMsph,  noUead,  4M. 
Red  BMk,T*.,  alUck  on,  MB. 
Itod  Bivar  BxpedlUon,  Uia,  BBl 
Rt'llxloiMjtreTalllDK  to  Maw  lagland 
In  1T80,  MB,  m. 

Sl4>  <rf.  to  Uie  CyoilnHiJM. 

B«atoof,ta  Mow#«H«j,nl 

OfUiatodtoiM,8M 

;flao  PuriUaa  and  BrownMfc  j. 
Rmo.  Jmm  L.,  (to«.,  dMuF^  ■■ 
RapabiieaML  DoUoad,  aoo. 
Rataea,battl(oiLML 
■aaanadoto  raiia,  Ike  bi 


mu,Tm,  OoL,  doaUl  oC  Ml. 

lekarUoi^  WUUaia.  D.n. " 

BooUi  AaMrtM^'  ML 


oaky  iTowii,  10..  mm 


at  Ml 


■oaky 

aii,M0. 
■odM*,  Admiral,  aaa  Foniga  AAaiia, 

rifkl  wlUi  Um  riWMk  Baal,  M7. 

RodMy'a  laland,  ao«a  aaaoaal  ot  1 
Bogan,  RobtH,  M«lor,  noUaad,  MT. 
fionravUla,  Ky.,  flcSil  at,  Ofl 
lolb,  (f obo,  Banlaa  fOaalMatoi,  >B. 
Roaaaa,  dlaeovarlaa  ot  Iba,  Tl. 

Aoaoaat  o(  the,  19,  Tk 
Romney,  Va.,  aagafeaant  al,  8M 
Roaaeraaa,  Oanoiml,  oBoiaUoaa  to  Wort 
Vlr|luU,Mr. 

BaaloliarvTA 

Baa  Biona  Klrar,  SW. 

Ula  advaaeo  on  CbatiawMaL  IM 

Daiaal  at  Ohlckamauca,  8M7 
Roalar,  Jamaa,  obaarMlluM  oa  a  Toy- 

■fa  to  Amariea,  41. 
Roaban,  Maaa.,  foandalloa  oIL  MA 
Roah,  lh«Jamta,  Dr.,  noUoad,  441 
Rnaaia,  poall^M  of,  to  nfarenaa  to  Um 
United  Btotaa,  dirinc  Uia  Ravola- 

Rna^MH^  Oonanl,  at  Caebo  Rlrar, 

■MMtoa,  Jobs,  hia  awrloaa  to  Ooorfla 

■Mhaftod,  OaoMal,  Bottoad,  4H^  4B1. 

Bamm  Citt,  aspadliloa  watoat  BTl 
iMkatt'a  Harbor,  aMM*  m,  aoi 
Balmoa  raUa,  M.  U.,  Indian  batUa  at, 


Baiuno,ttiabalttoot,54t 

axpadlUon  aniaat  Ibo  la- 


10,  to 

"•ay. 
diana  at  and 
"  Baa  Vrinelaeo,"  ataamar,  loat.  Ml 
Baaltory  Commlialon,  Um  tobora  ol^ 

Baa  Juan,  aflhir  of,  Ml. 

San  Balr«dor,  dIaooTery  o<^  Sll 

Baato  Aaaa,  aaa  Mailoo,  5M 

Baata  ItabaL  batUa  o^  M7. 

Baaaaoua,  IM  rtqaoi  ohiaf;  aotload. 


batUaor,aM. 
Rbbda  laland.  now*  of  the  raatoratlon 
raMtfad  to,  MB. 
■aliilam  bgr  Ba>*al  charter,  M». 
PoUey  Of  Boyal  liommhilooaw  In, 
MO. 


'BM. 


>«  liiiai  tjfSt 

^Aa  af ~tftoAafliaa  Mi. 

"g»l!S!?'""te  to  YUfam, ^ ^ 

Ml  Ml. 
OparaUoaa  afoaad  Mikwdai,  IM  . 


Baa  Ilnbbard  "  ladlaa  Wan,"  BH 
Baraga'a  Btitton,  Va.,  baMa  A,  871 
Bavalat,  an  old  maitooft'tl 
laTannab,  On.,  rMaMW  of,  480, 481 

OaplaMd  by  UcatoM  Bbanaaa,  SBl 
••Bavaaaab,"  prtraMM,  eaoapa  of  Uie, 

OiDtaraataet. 
Bajr,Loid,M«toed,Mr 

Baa  Ooaaoetleat. 
Baybtook,  Oooa.,  Aadroa'  attack  on, 

BekpBal^,  Oeneral,  noUeed,  883, 
Bobaylar,  PblUp,  appototed  Majoraen- 
cral,a81 
In  command  of  expedition  to  Can- 
ada, 8W. 
Ifaliir,  ne  French  and  Indian  War, 

Sdenca  in  Mexico,  901 

Schenck,  Knbert  C.,  Uon.,  lee  Vienna. 

Hcott,  Winfl-ld,  Oon.,  tee  Mexico,  648. 

Bnpaneded  In  command  at  WaaUnc- 
ton,  B«l. 
Sale,  Lord,  noticed,  307. 

Bee  CounecUcat. 
"BeU-Lovc,"  Robert  Ciuhman'a   dto- 

coune  on,  51. 
Bemlnulu  War,  acconi  t  of  tlie,  538, 8M. 
Berler,  aeiienil,  notlceil,  4(13. 
Sierra  Oonlo,  buttle  of,  545. 
Shaftesbury,  Lord,  hi*  defence  of  Cal- 

peppor,  am. 


Oparattoaa  afoaad 
Bharmaa,  W.  T.,  Ooa., 
tba  PapartaMat  or 
Tba  aaaipalaa  agatoi 

,  Jilob,  batUa  of;  MB, 

•bMay, OaaaiaLto Iba  riWMk mM to- 

MMay.  H.  r!,  Oaa.,  nwaalwa  a  Nkri 
'  to  Ta«a%  Ml 

R.  Oaa,  aaa  Ana*  o( 

),H1 

fiaaa,  Oaa.,  opaiattoaa  to  Ma- 

BOvar  Maff,  B.  0.,  BiMhk  traaaata, 

477. 
Bloai  Indlaaa  opaa  war  oa  Ik*  wkUaa, 

Bkaoa,  Coloaal,  at  Baaatagtoe,  4Mk 
Bhenaaboruufli,'  alblr  at,  MT. 
Btotaa,  eairlad  to  Aaarloa  by  Mr  Jeka 
Uawktea,  811 
Uiad  In  Um  RaTolalloa,  8B1 
Btorary,  bow  praellead  by  tka  aaily 
dlioovarara,  M 
la  New  Bnaland,  an 
In  Marytand,  IIM 
In  New  JarMy,  BMi 
In  PannaTlvanuL  IM 
Praaldent  Uaooin  iMnaa  a  ptnalaaia- 
Uun  abolbhtoK,  aadar  ooadlltoaa, 
878, 
rorarer  prpblblted  to  Um  Dallad 

Baa  Mlaaoarl  Ooapfooilao, 
Btove  Trade,  aoto  oa  tka  orlgto  of  tka. 

Ml. 
Blldell,  John,  eaptnra  of,  BBl. 
Bloniblar,  Oct..  aotload,  ML 
BmllL  Jokn,  kla  Tuyafa  to  Vbitaw, 

Lllb  of,  11 

Ufa  MTod  by  PoeakoalM,  IT. 

True  Travela  ofL  M 

Mottoad,ni 
Bmtth,  PenlfMT,  Oan.,  aaa  Xaxlao,  B41 
Ballh,  BIr  Thomaa,  blonaphy  of,  BL 

Apmlnted  OoTcmor  of  taaOaroMnaa, 

Introdnoaa  tha  oalHTaUoa  of  ilaa, 
8ir7. 
Soeietir  of  the  OtodnnaU,  origta  of. 

Somen,  Sir  Oaorga,  biography  otL  Ml 

Notiead,  au.  Oil 
"  Bona  of  Ubarty,"  oiRaalaad  at  tha 

Weet,  8OT. 
South  Amariea,  Bobartaoo'a  hlatory  of, 

OIL 
Sonth  Carolina,  hlatofy  ol,  MB. 

The  growth  and  prograaa  a<,  Ml 

Storery  in,  Ml 

Brillah  InearaioB  toto,  ML 

Becuaaion  of,  884, 

Union  operatlona  In.  to  1881;  884. 
Soothem  Campaym  of  11M;  aea  Aiaar- 

lean  Army,  487. 
"  Southern  SympaUilsafa,"  aaa  BM 
BonUiweat  Creek,  N.  O.,  aSair  at,  801 
Spato,  Toragea  of  dlacoTory  ^aat  out 
from,  70,  88. 

The  decline  of,  17D. 

Fallnre  of  her  colonial  ayatan,  17L 

Stats  of  indoatry  In,  807. 

Integrity  of  mercbaato  in,  107,  981 

Money  in,  808, 

Declarea  war  asalnat  Ottri  Briiato, 
450. 

Bee  Florida,  488. 
Bpew,  General,  his  raid  toto  Canada, 

Spencer,  Joseph,  appointed  Brig. -Oan., 

SM. 
Spottsylvanla  Court-house,  the  batUe 

of,  587. 
8prini{flulil,  N.  J.,  burning  of,  481 
Siirinitfleld,  Mo.,  attack  on,  588. 

Battle  or,  590. 
StamfurJ,  Conn.,  f  >urdatinn  of,  340. 
Stamp  Act,  pusa^c  of  the,  881. 

Its  clfbct  m  America,  SM 


"  Lanr,  OoL,  aoUaa  ol,m. 
Joka'a,  aagagawrt  al,  BM 
Toba'a  latoaZ  dlaaovai*  ol  tU. 


Bi  VI 


.     ineaoaaa,  tha aSMr alTMl 
Btooyrolal,  eaplaiaat  bj  Ooa.  Wayai^ 

Bloaaf arry,  Piavoal'a altoah oa, Ml. 
Btoaa  ilTai;  batUa  of,  BM. 
Blaarl,  t.  R.  R,  Oaa.,  M  Ika  baMto  al 
Oraaaavllla,  8M 
Bla  oparaUooa  to  Thoroagbitoa  Oa^ 

BlayTaaaal  Fatar,  Oorcraor  of  Raw 

Netbarlaada,    hia    adatolalialtoa, 

801 

Bla  eoaraa  at  Ika  taptafa  ti  Na«i 

Natkarianda,  801 

Babnarlna  NaTlgaUoa,  laa  D»«M  Raik- 

nail,  481 
BnlUraa,  Joba.Qaa..aBttoad,  BH 
Appl  Biii^toa.,  Im  ^^ 
In  KodalakBd,  4M 
Ula  axpadlOoa  agataal  ika  ladtoaa, 

BnUiran'a  lalaad,  1  0.,  flabt  at,  MT. 
Bnmler,    OanaraL  oparMtooa   ol    al 
WllltoaMoa'aFlaataltoa,  S.  a,  Ml 

At  Blaeh  Bloaka,  4M 

SeeFergaaon. 
famtar.  Fort,  toe  attaek  on,  8M 


SaperaUtloa  '  praralaat    to 

America,  BM. 
BaUMrland'a  StoUoa,  Va.,  battta  al,  BBn 

TUttMBO  MMt,  Um,  178. 
Talbot,  M^,  aaptooa  Ika  1 

TalmaS^  M^  todaaUoa  M  Fort 

Qaocga  by,  4M 
Tappaa,  H.  T.,  Maaaaeri  al  4M 
TaHaton,  ColoaaL   opawtloaa  of,  to 
OarvUna  aadOaMgla,  481 
At  Black  Btoeha,  IW 
Wounded,  47S, 
NoUeed,  478,  4T4, 471 

Aceoaat  of  Ma  admtaMmiaa,  BM 

Death  olJM. 
Tasatlon,  England .  propoaoa  for  tka 

Amarleaa  oolonlaa.  Ml 
Taa,  daatraaUoa  of;  by  Iba  OoloaiaM^ 

Fraaaadtaga  of  the  BriUah  Parlto- 
■aat  to  refarenea  to  tka  deatrne- 
Uon  of;  IMl 
Tacnmseh  persnadea  the  Indiana  la 

aght  Uia  whitaa,  81L 
Tennessee,  attempt  to  aecod^8M 
Operatlona  of  Oen.  ZolUkonria,  881 
Babel  operations  in,  878, 
Texaa,  annexation  of,  881 

'Sibley's  rebel  brigade  of,  8M 
Teny,  A.  H.,  Oen.,  see  Fort  Flahar. 
ThAmea,  tha  batUa  of  toe,  810. 
Third  Term,  considered,  801 
Thomaa,  Qeorge  H.,  Oan.,  oparalaa 
against  ZouicoS'er'a  army  la  Ky., 

Thomaa,  John,  appototed  Brlg.-a«n., 

886.       

Death  of,  881 
Thomson,  Charies,  ehoaen  Sacretoiy  of 

the  Congresa  of  1774,  871 
TIconderoga,  noUoe  at  885. 
Abercrowble's  attaoli  00,  857. 
Capture  of,  887. 
Erscnatiun  of,  437. 
TOghman,  Unyd,  Oen.,  al  Fort  1 
8M 


^  --It^ 


%,^.   — - 


L  « 


laTkowHkbMOap. 
»,  Q«TMIMr  ol   lj<iw 

liM  wptaN  et  Mt» 

EtoB.  JMtlWd,  •»• 


^M.  n«MMM  o(  Vert 


le  ittMk  oa,  aai 
ranlMt    la    SfMlM 

.  Ota-jM*  MMiao,  1^ 

lsadmloMnH«M,SMl 

land  .  pfDDMM  to*  tk* 

m  of,  by  Um  OoIoomH, 

of  tha  BrttMi  .ri;tlto. 
ilanDM  to  tiM  dartme- 

nnadM  the  Indlm*  W 

hitM.61L 

nnDt  to  Mead^HS. 

t  Gan.  ZolUkOBariB,  Balk 

ioM  In,  6TB, 

tlon  of,  SW. 

il  brlnda  of,  DM, 

}an.,  laa  Fori  rialMr, 

•tUa  of  the,  610. 

DDildcrad,  sot. 

na  a,  Qvt.,  ofUjAm 

DDIcoS'aT'a  army  u  Ky,! 

B,  appoiatad  Bii||.-a«B., 

a.  , 

iriaa,  eboaaa  BaoretHy  « 

-aMof  imSTl 

notiea  ot  to-  ,_ 

e'l  attack  on,  867. 

387. 

of.  487.  „_^, 

nyd,  Oaa.,  at  Fort  i 


IMDIX. 


t)HlU«al«l  In  VInlHto,  fM      

Kln«  Jamaa'  "Uimatarblaai,"  W. 
MiMmla  liif  rttffjumt.  Ml. 
TnwtMawt,  UomnT,  at  ^uabaa.  Mil 
'•TrKnt,"  krIlMi  ■>  ■■It,  aaiMafa  *t 

Mllilull  and  Maaoa,  Ml. 
Trwiton,  N.  J.,  Um  kiMa  ul,  4M,  M^ 
tr«|ioll,  dlllkallhM  »Nh,  KM, 
TmabaN,  Junatiiaa,  aaWant,  m, 
tnon,  MaJ.'ilaMr«i,  gfaralloaa  ol,  kl 
t)iNtB««Ua«l,  «ll. 
Ilia  atroalUa*  In  OiwMaUaat,  MT. 
Tnrim   Oimntf,  N,  0.,  opafalloaa  of 
lii>railataln,  tMt, 
Baliaii*  hia  auMlaia  to  tha  Ooafadar- 
ilaa'aau. 
TanaUU'a  Mation,  Dan.  tluart  naptana 
Twiwa,  OMMial,  MM  Mvilan,  Mil 

ladaral  'Uifaa  at,  SW. 
Tjrbea,  Brltlah  fomx  arrlva  at,  467. 
tjiliir,  John,  atlmlulalrallon  of,  667. 
Tjn,  auma  aevuaiil  of,  IM. 

8D4U.,  John,  aesiiunt  of,  'i:l7. 
aliMi  AnnlM  iHUalarad  out  ul  tartlea, 
MM. 
Uultad  HUlMi,  Tnatjr  with  Franoa,  tti 
lyiinalltutliin  ot,  uidiiUhI,  Mk 
War  with  Mi'il>  •>,  nilu. 
JncraMoil  Ml«ri»a  uf  tba  oflcara  ot 

Uia,  twr. 
But'iiaent  nf  tba  Fubllfl  Dabl  uf  Ika, 
617. 
Unllail  At«l<«  Bank,  tha  raaa  uf,  6a>. 
(JruKuay,  aaa  FaraKUay,  IM. 

Valkmou,  n«n»ra),  tha  oaptura  o^  Mil 
VallanillKbam,  V.  U,  amat  al,  m. 
Valuanlao,  tha  boroiianluiant  of,  177. 
ValTvrdK,  balUa  of,  Mill. 
Van  Bun-n,  Martin,  appolnlad  Baoro' 

lary  uf  HUlo,  AII7. 
Tha  admlnUtraUun  of,  686. 
Vann,  Mir  lUtiry,  account  uf,  67. 

Hcfiirvnca  to,  it,\  Oil. 
Van  Hi'halck,  (Iimmk,  UoI,,  aipadlUoa 

tu  Onondaeii,  4M. 
Van  Twlllnr,  Wimkir,  Ooremor  of  Naw 

NothurlauiU,    hit    admlulatratlun, 

HUt. 
Van  Wart,  laaoe,  aca    Major  Andre, 

46111 
Valaaquai,  (M  Mexico  and  y-jll  Spain, 
Vara  Crux,  alaire  »n>i  uaptura  of,  646, 
Vsnuanl,  John,  dIaeoTeriaii  of,  It. 
Varplanck'i  iMiilInK,  aOalr  at,  460. 
Veapuelua,  Amarleoa,  dIaeoTartae  of, 

10. 
VIekabttrg,  opaatng  ot  tb*  ala|o  oi; 

Tba  InTeatmant  of,  678. 
Vienna,  Va.,  aflair  at,  868. 
Vlnrlnla,  early  diacovery  ot  16,  81. 

The  Arat  whlto  ohild  bom  In,  16. 

Bmllh'a  voyage  to,  17. 

Captain  Bainuel  Argol'a  Tialt  to,  O, 


V.  8.  STaTHTM,  RaTlalon  of,  731, 
Chattunooga  Conrentlon,  791. 
National  (InnKeni,  731. 
U.  8.  Ucbt,  1H74, 191. 
Cabinet  Cbaiihra,  1875,  Ti\. 
Traile,  State  uf,  187S,  781. 
Cabhisl  Chanireii,  1878,  Til. 
Centennial  iCxblblllon,  791. 
Pmidentlal  Norolualiona  and  Elec- 
tion, 1878,  791. 
Proildtnt  ITayea'  Fln>t  Moaaase,  731. 
U.  8.  Cabinet,  ISH,  T31.  [793. 

State  Cunatltntlonal  Amcndmnnta, ' 
Cummoii  Schoiila,  State  of,  789. 
Soitilon  Forty-fourtb  Congreaa,  799. 
CiillcKi'S,  Reniarka  un,  TO. 
Wrlleni  and  Publlahera,  788. 
Newt  C<>in|ianlPt,  Formation  of,  793. 
Indluu  Affulm,  ril. 
Oeueral  Orant,  788. 
Labor  Strikea  and  RloU,  798. 
Iniinlt^Uunt,  Condition  of,  794. 
Americana  Abroad,  791. 
Banka,  Inauranoe  and  Traat  Com- 
_  panloa,  FaUurea  of,  794. 
Brooklyn  Theatre,  Fire  In,  794. 
BlWer  BUI,  Paauge  of,  79t, 
BUrer  BUI,  Effecta  of  lU  Faasago, 
Flahaiy  Queatlon  Award,  794.    [IM. 
GoTemment  Sarinn  Banka,  194. 
Forelgii  Trade,  State  of,  7»i. 
llMiko  and  ValtM  Btataa,  794. 


ayki  tUifcaii  OMfw'* 

Nottaad,  M.  H.tT,  18,  m 

MTwilwMjUlalgk'a  Tuyagi  K  M. 
Baa  Capt  Nawpiirt,  it*  ^  ,  . 
Mr  TbOaaa  Mla'a  ralaa  aad  arttalM 

fur  Um  gBfaraiaaat  ot,  81% 
piwolttla  paopla  traaaportad  to,  M. 
WUb  kaylaffc,  MlT^^^ 
FarUlar  dUbMiaa  and  dtflaniUaa  to, 

BM. 
Bavult  ot  Mm  aokiay,  Wk 
Baaon'a  rakaUkm  m,  Wk 
Tha«i>wUlot,«t     _^ 
Baverlay'a  klalaty  ot,  Mt,M 
Military   aad  aival   oparaUoaa  la, 

"^  »a.iBi 

l—'a  qpaial 
•ala,  I8M,  BIBi 
Minor  anMaiMala  Ul  UI4. 1 
Bhariilaa'a  oparaUoaa  la,  KB, 
VlntaJa^Uoaipany,   


Royal  OovaraoMai 
Wr  Uooria  UuUyar'a 
Uanaral  Araold'a  op< 
Baeeaaloaot, 


I,  aw. 

"  VIrKlBliM, 


•••oaat  of  ,Um, 
tha  aaaa  ot  tha,  CM. 


WaiaMaa,  Sir  Faraaado,  blogiipby  of, 

Waldrekara,  aapiara  of  a  party  of, 

4U6. 
Walea,  Powal'a  hMory  of,  B 
Waikar,  WlUlam,  lafaaloa  ot  Nloara. 


Wallaea,  I..aw,  Oaa.,  aaa  Fori  Donal- 

aon,  8A4. 
War  of  1818,  ooiniaaneeffient  of,  608. 


Naval  oparallona  In  tha^MB. 
Oampawn  In  Canada,  608. 
Tba  bloekada  of  tha,  611, 
WardjArtamaa,  appoiatad  M^tor-Oaat, 

N4iUoad,  178. 
Wanlall,  Lydia,  haraeeoaalof  Ihaaaf- 

farinn  ot  tba  Ouakara,  tIB, 
Warner,  vJapL  Balb,  vaptoraa  Crown 


farii 
Warren,  Joaaph,  Oaa.,  death  ot,  184, 


Polol 


°SSt 

I  0OS. 


Waraaw,  Mo.,  bumlag  of,  ttk 
Waahlagtun,  Oaorife.  portrait  ot,  M, 

In  tha  Fraoqh  and  Indiaa  war,  664, 
MT. 

Appolntad   commaadar-bHihiat    of 
the  ConUnantal  army,  n6, 

Takaa  oomauod  al  OMabftdBa.  ■•, 

Takaa    poaaaaakm   of     DoreaaaMr 
Hal|th{L  mT 

AILohg  bland,  IBO. 

AtNawTork.401. 

At  Fori  Lae,  un 

At  Traatoo,  4001 

Oroaaea  tha  OaUwara,  dOB 

KacriMaaa  tha  OahiwaN,  401 

AtMonlatown.411. 

At  Middlabrook,  411. 

AIBraodywiBa,4Ul 


Al  (taniMnlnwa,  4M 

HIa  oaatatloM  ki  riaaatltaaK  4Ml 

Al  VUiayFtw,  BIB.  4« 

^1  MaawnwWi  Ctmrt  Wmmo,  441, 
popoaaa  half  pay  paaakHM,  4M. 
Thanked  by  CiMwriMa,  44ll  4I0l 
Ualla  fur  aapBllM  MMa arm ,  «M. 
flMMaa  urNator  Aadra,  m 
At  Ckealar,  PaT48t. 

£hla  dIahawiMait  tha  army,  tA 
lawUhbtoa«aara,4Bl 

^mlnlatoallMi  ol^  m, 
■la  dral  kMamral,  IM 
Oa  Um  Fraaah  Treat*,  ML 
Baaond  hMnMial,  in 
fatlraa  l»  Muaal  VanHm,  MB 
Farowall  adilraaa,  HO, 
MoUaadJU,  443^  Mb  4M,  4fM,  479, 

^■•l    ^^^    ^^^    ^^^    ^^^     ^^*l    ^^^ 

l>aatfcor,flaB 
Waahlnalon,   Ua«t,-<'ol.,    daalroya  a 
bloak-boaaa  al  ClaraMal,  B.  0., 
478, 
Waahlnalnii  Ctty.BrlUah  bara  paMla 

biiinilnica  In,  618, 
Waaliliiiilon  Traaly,  the,  MT, 
•>  Waaii,^'  mptnraof  the,  MB 
Oaniiiri'*     the 

ITaili 

Waapooa,  aaa  al 
WabSuivr — 

Notiaad, 
Waddarbama,  Inralglea 

Franklin,  88B 
Wamm  M^kJT,  oparaUoaa  ei;  oa  tha 

Waalay,  Johoi  aoaparad  to  WOMaai 

PanB,MB 
Waatara  Military  DaparlaMal,  opa(*> 

Uona  In,  880. 
Waal  Point,  Va.,  baMla  of,  MB 
Waal  Virginia,  mUllary  oparaMoaa  la, 

OparaUoaa  ot  Oaa.  Baaha  k,  MB 

Minor  balUaa  la,  681. 
Waymoatb,  Oapriri,  btography  oH  U. 

von^  of,  41. 
WhalMv,  Jodga,  aeeooal  of,  MT. 


Aviin"  andlalaalalaaa,IUk 
Waibaw.,  H,  0.,  Mght  al,  4H7 
WayiM,  Aiiilioiiy,  eaptaraa  Bloay  Mai, 


a,  aaa  aborlglaaa,  IML 
',  l>anl»l,  MO  naUMaaUoa. 

Id,  188,  litr. 

bama,  inralglea  agalaal    Dr. 


Vhallay,  Jodga,! 
ProBiaaa  of  Bl 


White,  Bar.  Mr.,  et  Dorehaatar, 

BoUeed,  941. 
Wlta-baylng  In  VIrgtada.  911. 
WUderMaaTUM  b«llla9  Um,  8ir.  MB 
WUkaa.  Okarlaa,  Com.,  aaplona  iHMl 

and  Maaoa.  IBL 
Wmiaai  aad  Mary  OoOaga,  Va.,  Mtghl 

of,  991.  ""•"•'»      »    *- 

WUIiama,  DaTtd,taa  Ma|or  Andra,  MB 
WUliama,  Bogar,  araatia  dir — ' 

among  UMMrtiaMrill 
WIUlamaboiK  Ta,,  powBir 


llamaboiK  ' 

thara^  8BB 

Mia  at  MB, 


BaMla  d( 


INDEX   TO   APPENDIX. 


Banioan  lalaodi.  Treaty  with,  794. 
Freab  Moala,  Foreign  Demand,  791. 
Importa,  794. 
Ex|H>rU,  794. 

MoTenienta  of  Bullion,  194. 
School  SUtlatlca  (18T6),  796. 
Theoluidcal  Semlnariea,  796. 
Unlveraltlea  and  Colleitea,  T3S. 
Expendlturea  of  Public  Scboola,  796. 
I.aw  School!,  786. 
UnlvenlUee,  etc.  (1876),  796. 
Public  Debt  of  U.  8,,  (1877),  797. 
Coin  and  Bullion  In  U.  B.  Treaaory, 

W7, 
Newtpuper*  and  Perlodlcala  In  the 

United  Statna  (1870-77),  797. 
Diilry  Pnxlucta,  797. 
Uiilil  and  Silver,  ProdncUon  of,  797. 
KallruadH  and  Population,  788. 
PenMiina  Paid  by  Uie  United  Statea 

In  1877,  788. 
Public  Londa,  TM, 

BsAzn. 
General  Deacrlptlon,  798. 
Dom  Pedro,  Sketeh  of,  788. 
Revenuea,  etc.,  TX. 
Boundary  Qneationa,  788. 
Slavery,  State  of,  r,M. 
Form  of  Sovemment,  198. 
Blie, PopaUMon,  Armj^ctc., 738. 
Agrienltora,  State  of,  790. 


TNL 


Ckili. 

PopolaUon,  IM. 

CommaroeiTIB,  ^ . 

Revenue,  190, 

NaUonal  Onard,  Navy,  ati., 
EoDiDon. 

PopulaUon,  Btata  ot  TraB^  Anoy 
and  Navy,  Coaat  Itaprowataoli. 
r«.  Prcaident,  A.  BcnorMW,  no. 
Paau, 

Boundartea  aad  POpnlatlaa,  IK. 

Preiident  Pardo,  7SD. 

Army,  Navy,  ManofactaraajnO. 

Revenuea,  Rallroada,  etc.,  190. 
Ubuodat. 

Prcaldent,  L.  Latorr,  780. 

Bnrplua  Revenne,  780. 

Honc-cara  Introduced,  780. 
Bolivia. 

Oovomment,  790. 

Prealdent,  Army,  etc.,  780. 

Trade  and  Commerce,  780. 

Rallra»da,7ao. 

Revolto,  190. 
ABOnTim  Raptmuo. 

PopolaUon,  Boundartea,  and  OoTam> 
meni,  780. 

Trade,  Great  Eztenalon  of,  7S0, 

ODATaMAI.A. 

Government,  Revenue,  780. 
Hoiaea,  Improvement  of,  730. 
Importa,  Bteamtn,  etc.,  780. 


WIUiaoMua'a  HaataUnB,  B  O.  Ooatnl 

WUaon'a  Uraah,  Mo.,  ballla  oTmB 
WUaMKJ.  llTOaii.,  aaa  AtakLoa,  MB 


'4 
A 


WUaon'i 

WUauo,! 
wiarBaaiari  va.,  na 

8{roy'3afMlali\L'k5^ 

Z'stZ'  jjzur'ito'ssiiii'i'ft*. 

VfMMWW|    **— .%    HIV    BMIPWI    99    MVW 

Wiaal!HoS[a|.-4laa.  Jafeo,  MMoa  H 

IB^ 
Wlalhiop^JohB.  OofMor  at 

Ay»mt»4  Oofamor  of  Mm 
aaltaBv.ik 

ted!tr*tf  •*'•'•"' 

Wbiikrap,  MiijarlhaaBafa, 
Wl>t^.  Jiaal^,  hllM  al 

WltakmA,  aaaooalof,  lBAwii<ia>MI« 

Trial  tbr^  hi  CaMttM,  MB 

ladiaabaltat  la,  nT 
Wotaoll.  OUrar.  aoUaad,  4BB 
WoKlba  death c<an)Mkaa, I 

WooMo  of  Iha  BiWliMiB, 

otjha,A. 
Baa  Ra*.  imm  CMwaO,  i 
MO  llffl*  MoMOi  vpH 

WooMa'a  Mgbta  Oa«v 
WooatajvDagl  apya 

wtadbrtlgajr.  l^lSwSaMaa  all  BIT. 
Wo^oBiB.,  Il4-a«t.,  iaa  MSriw^ 

""^lioailor  "  ighfal  Htm^SkWum, 
_  Ta.,  MB 
Wilghi,  air  ttmmjintmm  «<  r 


Tali  Oocuaa^  banHag  a&  MB 
TiiiiHi,  jroha,  aToiaiaaaB,  M.O, 
BoMaad,  MT.  _ 

AMowiiof,  IMk 


-^■'•^^s^iWS*' 


Torh,  Va.,  aon 
tarktoinstha 

lavaalmaalc-.  _ 
Tapa,  daaiHptioB 

BiBflWTi,  ktarary  a&  M 

BkCno.,  opanlNM  Ik 


oSkaiaMi 


OgtAJhfM. 


Istwl  «(^0ont7.  Iivorta.  ■» 

ponBijMa,,  18B 
BifiihboanI  Fona«  toI«R«k  IM. 
Onrntai,  Bnaioa. 
AUanpl  lo  BalUa  BMla  of  a  0«» 
fadeiaay,  laOl 
MtoAAiaoA. 

'%'i^.i.^i3:£si&..;s:% 

TmiuBu. 
Idoeattoa,  Qowwaal,  Amy,  ate, 

CojoMiBij^  inn 

Booadailca,  7SL 
Popokitloa,  ni. 
OovamaMBiniU 
Mhnlaa  BaOwM,  m. 
OooiaMfaa^  Dahta,  aM.,nL 

iiMgBiii»,nB 
Mastoa 
Boaaaa(ta8,r 
nada,Otala 
ChaagtaoCt 
Importaat  r 


